bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RNA-Based Strategies for Cardiac Reprogramming of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
Authors: Mueller Paula , Wolfien Markus , Ekat Katharina , Lang Cajetan Immanuel , Koczan Dirk , Wolkenhauer Olaf , Hahn Olga , Peters Kirsten , Lang Hermann , David Robert , Lemcke Heiko
Published: February 2020

Multipotent adult mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) could represent an elegant source for the generation of patient-specific cardiomyocytes needed for regenerative medicine, cardiovascular research, and pharmacological studies. However, the differentiation of adult MSC into a cardiac lineage is challenging compared to embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells. Here we used non-integrative methods, including microRNA and mRNA, for cardiac reprogramming of adult MSC derived from bone marrow, dental follicle, and adipose tissue. We found that MSC derived from adipose tissue can partly be reprogrammed into the cardiac lineage by transient overexpression of GATA4, TBX5, MEF2C, and MESP1, while cells isolated from bone marrow, and dental follicle exhibit only weak reprogramming efficiency. qRT-PCR and transcriptomic analysis revealed activation of a cardiac-specific gene program and up-regulation of genes known to promote cardiac development. Although we did not observe the formation of fully mature cardiomyocytes, our data suggests that adult MSC have the capability to acquire a cardiac-like phenotype when treated with mRNA coding for transcription factors that regulate heart development. Yet, further optimization of the reprogramming process is mandatory to increase the reprogramming efficiency.
Lactate in Sarcoma Microenvironment: Much More than just a Waste Product
Authors: Taddei Maria Letizia , Pietrovito Laura , Leo Angela , Chiarugi Paola
Published: February 2020

Sarcomas are rare and heterogeneous malignant tumors relatively resistant to radio- and chemotherapy. Sarcoma progression is deeply dependent on environmental conditions that sustain both cancer growth and invasive abilities. Sarcoma microenvironment is composed of different stromal cell types and extracellular proteins. In this context, cancer cells may cooperate or compete with stromal cells for metabolic nutrients to sustain their survival and to adapt to environmental changes. The strict interplay between stromal and sarcoma cells deeply affects the extracellular metabolic milieu, thus altering the behavior of both cancer cells and other non-tumor cells, including immune cells. Cancer cells are typically dependent on glucose fermentation for growth and lactate is one of the most heavily increased metabolites in the tumor bulk. Currently, lactate is no longer considered a waste product of the Warburg metabolism, but novel signaling molecules able to regulate the behavior of tumor cells, tumor-stroma interactions and the immune response. In this review, we illustrate the role of lactate in the strong acidity microenvironment of sarcoma. Really, in the biological context of sarcoma, where novel targeted therapies are needed to improve patient outcomes in combination with current therapies or as an alternative treatment, lactate targeting could be a promising approach to future clinical trials.
Nucleolar Organization and Functions in Health and Disease
Authors: Stochaj Ursula , Weber Stephanie C.
Published: February 2020

The nucleolus is a prominent, membraneless compartment found within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It forms around ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, where it coordinates the transcription, processing, and packaging of rRNA to produce ribosomal subunits. Recent efforts to characterize the biophysical properties of the nucleolus have transformed our understanding of the assembly and organization of this dynamic compartment. Indeed, soluble macromolecules condense from the nucleoplasm to form nucleoli through a process called liquid–liquid phase separation. Individual nucleolar components rapidly exchange with the nucleoplasm and separate within the nucleolus itself to form distinct subcompartments. In addition to its essential role in ribosome biogenesis, the nucleolus regulates many aspects of cell physiology, including genome organization, stress responses, senescence and lifespan. Consequently, the nucleolus is implicated in several human diseases, such as Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome, Diamond–Blackfan anemia, and various forms of cancer. This Special Issue highlights new insights into the physical and molecular mechanisms that control the architecture and diverse functions of the nucleolus, and how they break down in disease.
Deciphering the Mounting Complexity of the p53 Regulatory Network in Correlation to Long Non-Coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Pal Sonali , Garg Manoj , Pandey Amit Kumar
Published: February 2020

Amongst the various gynecological malignancies affecting female health globally, ovarian cancer is one of the predominant and lethal among all. The identification and functional characterization of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are made possible with the advent of RNA-seq and the advancement of computational logarithm in understanding human disease biology. LncRNAs can interact with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), proteins and their combinations. Moreover, lncRNAs regulate orchestra of diverse functions including chromatin organization and transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. LncRNAs have conferred their critical role in key biological processes in human cancer including tumor initiation, proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, and metastasis. The interwoven function of tumor-suppressor protein p53-linked lncRNAs in the ovarian cancer paradigm is of paramount importance. Several lncRNAs operate as p53 regulators or effectors and modulates a diverse array of functions either by participating in various signaling cascades or via interaction with different proteins. This review highlights the recent progress made in the identification of p53 associated lncRNAs while elucidating their molecular mechanisms behind the altered expression in ovarian cancer tumorigenesis. Moreover, the development of novel clinical and therapeutic strategies for targeting lncRNAs in human cancers harbors great promise.
Column Separation of Am(III) and Eu(III) by α-Zirconium Phosphate Ion Exchanger in Nitric Acid
Authors: Wiikinkoski Elmo W. , Rautsola Iiro , Xu Junhua , Koivula Risto
Published: February 2020

The trivalent lanthanide-actinide separations are a major challenge in reprocessing of nuclear fuels. To achieve this, commonly organic extractants and solvents are utilized in elaborate processes. Here we report a simple new method that can perform a supportive or alternative role. A nanocrystalline α-zirconium phosphate ion exchanger was utilized for Eu(III)/Am(III) column separation. Comprehensive preliminary studies were done using batch experiments to optimize the final separation conditions. The distribution coefficients for Eu were determined as a function of pH (from 0 to 3) and salinity (Na, Sr). The distribution coefficients for Am were determined as a function of pH, and Eu concentration, from 1:40 to 10,000:1 Eu:Am molar ratio. The exchanger always preferred Eu over Am in our experimental conditions. Separation factors (Eu:Am) of up to 400 were achieved in binary Eu-Am solution in pH 1. The breakthrough capacity was determined in dynamic column conditions using Eu: 0.3 meq∙g−1, which is approximately 4% of the theoretical maximum capacity. Two types of hot column separation tests were conducted: (i) binary load (selective Am elution), and (ii) continuous equimolar binary feed. In both cases separation was achieved. In (i), the majority (82% of the recovered 93%) of Am could be purified from Eu with extremely high 99.999% molar purity, while alternatively even more (95% of the recovered 93%) at a lower purity of 99.7 mol %. In (ii), up to 330 L∙kg−1 of the equimolar solution per mass of the exchanger could be treated with Am purity above 99.5 mol % in the total eluate. Alternatively, up to 630 L∙kg−1 above 95 mol %, or up to 800 L∙kg−1 above 90 mol % purities.
Percolation Model for Renewable-Carbon Doped Functional Composites in Packaging Application: A Brief Review
Authors: Sun Bo , Kong Fangong , Zhang Min , Wang Weijun , KC Birat Singh , Tjong Jimi , Sain Mohini
Published: February 2020

This review summarizes the application of percolation theory for the behavior simulation of renewable-carbon in its doped packaging composites. Such dopant-reinforced materials have sparked considerable interest due to the significant improvement on the aesthetic and mechanical properties at considerable low filler content (<1% in some cases), which would further boost their potential use in the food and pharmaceutical packaging industries. We focused mainly on the percolation behavior, which is closely related to the distribution of renewable carbon particles in the presence of polymeric matrix. The effect of geometry, alignment and surface property is of particular relevance to the percolation threshold of composites containing carbon fillers. Validity, as well as limitations of the mostly used percolation models, is further discussed. Finally, despite its recent emergence as functional filler, carbon-based nanocellulose has been extensively developed for a wide range of applications. This inspired the concept to use nanocellulose as a secondary bio-additive for packaging purposes, such as functional nanocellulose-coated film where primarily synthetic polymers are used. The microstructure and functionality of rod-like nanocellulose in its use for film composite are specifically discussed.
Low-Complexity Nonlinear Self-Inverse Permutation for Creating Physically Clone-Resistant Identities
Authors: Mulhem Saleh , Mars Ayoub , Adi Wael
Published: February 2020

New large classes of permutations over ℤ 2 n based on T-Functions as Self-Inverting Permutation Functions (SIPFs) are presented. The presented classes exhibit negligible or low complexity when implemented in emerging FPGA technologies. The target use of such functions is in creating the so called Secret Unknown Ciphers (SUC) to serve as resilient Clone-Resistant structures in smart non-volatile Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) devices. SUCs concepts were proposed a decade ago as digital consistent alternatives to the conventional analog inconsistent Physical Unclonable Functions PUFs. The proposed permutation classes are designed and optimized particularly to use non-consumed Mathblock cores in programmable System-on-Chip (SoC) FPGA devices. Hardware and software complexities for realizing such structures are optimized and evaluated for a sample expected target FPGA technology. The attained security levels of the resulting SUCs are evaluated and shown to be scalable and usable even for post-quantum crypto systems.
Rabies: Knowledge, Attitude and Practices in and Around South Gondar, North West Ethiopia
Authors: Bihon Amare , Meresa Desalegn , Tesfaw Abraham
Published: February 2020

A cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2017 to April 2017 to assess knowledge, attitude and practices of the community towards rabies in south Gondar zone, Ethiopia. A structured closed ended questionnaire was used to collect the data through face to face interviews among 384 respondents. The data were then analyzed using SPSS statistical software version 20. Almost all (91.5%) surveyed individuals were aware of rabies. Bite was known as mode of rabies transmission by majority of the respondents (71.1%) with considerable means of transmission through wound contact with saliva of diseased animals. Sudden change of behavior was described as a major clinical sign of rabies in animals by the majority of the respondents. Nearly half of the respondents (48.2%) believed that consumption of rabid animal’s meat can be a medicine for human rabies and majority of the respondents (66.7%) indicated crossing a river before 40 days after dog bite increases severity of the disease. More than eighty percent of the respondents prefer traditional medicines for treating rabies in humans. In total, 51% of the respondents had poor Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) level about the disease rabies. Educational status (χ2 = 21.152), Monthly income (χ2 = 23.059), Sex (χ2 = 11.249), source of information (χ2 = 8.594) and Residence (χ2 = 4.109) were significantly associated with KAP scores (p < 0.05). Education and awareness creation should be given to increase communities KAP about the disease with special focus to traditional healers.
Thermodynamic Neural Network
Authors: Hylton Todd
Published: February 2020

A thermodynamically motivated neural network model is described that self-organizes to transport charge associated with internal and external potentials while in contact with a thermal reservoir. The model integrates techniques for rapid, large-scale, reversible, conservative equilibration of node states and slow, small-scale, irreversible, dissipative adaptation of the edge states as a means to create multiscale order. All interactions in the network are local and the network structures can be generic and recurrent. Isolated networks show multiscale dynamics, and externally driven networks evolve to efficiently connect external positive and negative potentials. The model integrates concepts of conservation, potentiation, fluctuation, dissipation, adaptation, equilibration and causation to illustrate the thermodynamic evolution of organization in open systems. A key conclusion of the work is that the transport and dissipation of conserved physical quantities drives the self-organization of open thermodynamic systems.
A Method for Efficiency Determination of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
Authors: Dambrauskas Karolis , Vanagas Jonas , Zimnickas Tomas , Kalvaitis Artūras , Ažubalis Mindaugas
Published: February 2020

The utilization rate of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) is increasing in the industry today. Due to this fact, the high efficiency ratio of PMSMs has reached IE5 premium class efficiency. Therefore, the efficiency coefficient of the PMSM varies from 92% to 97%. As a result, this type of motor is replacing traditional asynchronous motor by falling into efficiency classes of IE1, IE2, IE3, and IE4, which range from 75% to 92% in the industry. Thus, the object of the research was to develop a method to determine the efficiency of permanent magnet synchronous motor applications in order to identify and verify the variating parameters. In this study, an innovative and safe method of PMSM testing when the nominal parameters of the motor are unknown was presented through research. Also, the comparison of PMSM oscillograms with different types of load types and phase shift oscillograms, generated using operation amplifier, were analyzed and is scrutinized. During the design process, the PMSM was projected for the IE5 premium efficiency class. However, after production, the PMSM sometimes does not match the nameplate parameters, which are declared by the factory. As a result, during the testing procedures, the PMSM nameplate parameters did not match the projected parameters. Facing the problem of the projected and tested efficiency mismatch, the PMSM highest efficiency determination experiments were performed in a laboratory in order to prove the highest efficiency of the PMSM. The results showed different PMSM input parameters. Furthermore, the experimental results of the PMSM testing were confirmed with electrical machines theory, and simulation results were performed with electrical circuits. The theory of PMSM operating in different values of input voltage is represented in graphical abstract.
Dynamic and Economic Investigation of a Solar Thermal-Driven Two-Bed Adsorption Chiller under Perth Climatic Conditions
Authors: Alahmer Ali , Wang Xiaolin , Alam K. C. Amanul
Published: February 2020

Performance assessment of a two-bed silica gel-water adsorption refrigeration system driven by solar thermal energy is carried out under a climatic condition typical of Perth, Australia. A Fourier series is used to simulate solar radiation based on the actual data obtained from Meteonorm software, version 7.0 for Perth, Australia. Two economic methodologies, Payback Period and Life-Cycle Saving are used to evaluate the system economics and optimize the need for solar collector areas. The analysis showed that the order of Fourier series did not have a significant impact on the simulation radiation data and a three-order Fourier series was good enough to approximate the actual solar radiation. For a typical summer day, the average cooling capacity of the chiller at peak hour (13:00) is around 11 kW while the cyclic chiller system coefficient of performance (COP) and solar system COP are around 0.5 and 0.3, respectively. The economic analysis showed that the payback period for the solar adsorption system studied was about 11 years and the optimal solar collector area was around 38 m2 if a compound parabolic collector (CPC) panel was used. The study indicated that the utilization of the solar-driven adsorption cooling is economically and technically viable for weather conditions like those in Perth, Australia.
Study of the Installation Process of the Subsea Tree Passed Through the Splash Zone
Authors: Li Yufang , Zhao Honglin , Xu Ning , Wang Xiaoyu , Wang Deguo
Published: February 2020

The subsea tree is one of the critical pieces of equipment in the subsea production system, and its installation is related to the safe production of offshore oil and gas. Due to the differences in the form of the structures, the speed of entering the water, the marine environment, and other factors, the process of the structure entering the water is exceedingly complicated. During the engineering installation, the most dangerous phase involves the structure passing through the splash zone. Based on the theory of the movement of the subsea tree passing through the splash zone, Lingshui 17-2 subsea tree installation was analyzed with the marine engineering software OrcaFlex, and a sensitivity analysis of the lowering of the subsea tree was performed. During the splash zone phase, the wave height had the highest impact on the subsea tree, affecting the horizontal offset and cable load, which may lead to the oil tree capsizing and cable breakage. Furthermore, the velocity only affected the horizontal offset, and the overall effect was not noticeable. The operational safety window for the subsea tree installation was established according to the operational safety standards. Therefore, the recommended lowering speed was 0.50 m/s, while the flow velocity should not exceed 1.50 m/s, and the wave height should not be higher than 4.5 m.
The Effect of CO2 Partial Pressure on CH4 Recovery in CH4-CO2 Swap with Simulated IGCC Syngas
Authors: Ding Ya-Long , Wang Hua-Qin , Xu Chun-Gang , Li Xiao-Sen
Published: February 2020

To investigate the influence of CO2 partial pressure on efficiency of CH4-CO2 swap from natural gas hydrates (NGHs), the replacement of CH4 from natural gas hydrate (NGH) is carried out with simulated Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) syngas under different pressures, and the gas chromatography (GC), in-situ Raman, and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) are employed to analyze the hydrate compositions and hydrate structures. The results show that with the P-T (pressure and temperature) condition shifting from that above the hydrate equilibrium curve of IGCC syngas to that below the hydrate equilibrium curve of IGCC syngas, the rate of CH4 recovery drastically rises from 32% to 71%. The presence of water can be clearly observed when P-T condition is above the hydrate equilibrium curve of IGCC syngas; however the presence of water only occurs at the interface between gas phase and hydrate phase. No H2 is found to present in the final hydrate phase at the end of process of CH4-CO2 swap with IGCC syngas.
Vibration Levels of Used Chainsaws
Authors: Landekić Matija , Bačić Marin , Pandur Zdravko , Šušnjar Marijan
Published: February 2020

Although professional chainsaws have come a long way regarding technical and ergonomic development since first introduced into forestry, they still remain a high-risk tool that can cause serious health problems. In this research, three types of used professional chainsaws were observed regarding harmful vibrations they emit and possible connection to years in use, chainsaw type, characteristics and level of vibrations. Measurements were performed in accordance with the recommendations of ISO 5349:2001. For the measurements, a measuring chain consisting of a triaxial accelerometer manufactured by Bruel & Kjaer and a vibrometer of the same manufacturer Type 4447. To evaluate the emitted vibrations, a daily exposure value A(8) was used. Exposure durations to predefined working operations were identical for every used chainsaw to enable the possibility of equal comparability. Obtained results indicate that the daily vibration exposure A(8) is not affected by the years in use of the chainsaw. Results also show that the power and chainsaw type have an influence on daily vibration exposure. The recommendation for the praxis is to use even lighter and smaller chainsaw wherever is possible.
Magnitude and Edaphic Controls of Nitrous Oxide Fluxes in Natural Forests at Different Scales
Authors: Zhang Kerou , Wu Haidong , Li Mingxu , Yan Zhongqing , Li Yong , Wang Jinzhi , Zhang Xiaodong , Yan Liang , Kang Xiaoming
Published: February 2020

Forest nitrous oxide (N2O) emission plays an important role in the greenhouse gas budget of forest ecosystems. However, spatial variability in N2O fluxes complicates the determination of key factors of N2O fluxes at different scales. Based on an updated database of N2O fluxes and the main edaphic factors of global forests, the magnitude of N2O fluxes from forests and the relationships between edaphic factors and N2O fluxes at different scales were analyzed. According to the results, the average annual N2O flux of the global forest was 142.91 ± 14.1 mg N m−2 year−1. The range of total forest estimated N2O emission was 4.45–4.69 Tg N in 2000. N2O fluxes from forests with different leaf traits (broadleaved and coniferous) have significant differences in magnitude, whereas the leaf habit (evergreen and deciduous) was an important characteristic reflecting different patterns of N2O seasonal variations. The main factors affecting N2O fluxes on the global scale were ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−) concentrations. With an increasing scale (from the site scale to the regional scale to the global scale), the explanatory power of the five edaphic factors to N2O flux decreased gradually. In addition, the response curves of N2O flux to edaphic factors were diversified among different scales. At both the global and regional scales, soil hydrothermal condition (water filled pore space (WFPS) and soil temperature) might not be the main spatial regulation for N2O fluxes, whereas soil nutrient factors (particularly NO3− concentration) could contribute more on N2O flux spatial variations. The results of site-control analysis demonstrated that there were high spatial heterogeneity of the main N2O controls, showing N2O fluxes from low latitude forests being more likely associated with soil WFPS and temperature. Thus, our findings provide valuable insights into the regulatory edaphic factors underlying the variability in N2O emissions, when modeling at different scales.
Know Your Customer (KYC) Implementation with Smart Contracts on a Privacy-Oriented Decentralized Architecture
Authors: Kapsoulis Nikolaos , Psychas Alexandros , Palaiokrassas Georgios , Marinakis Achilleas , Litke Antonios , Varvarigou Theodora
Published: February 2020

Enterprise blockchain solutions attempt to solve the crucial matter of user privacy, albeit that blockchain was initially directed towards full transparency. In the context of Know Your Customer (KYC) standardization, a decentralized schema that enables user privacy protection on enterprise blockchains is proposed with two types of developed smart contracts. Through the public KYC smart contract, a user registers and uploads their KYC information to the exploited IPFS storage, actions interpreted in blockchain transactions on the permissioned blockchain of Alastria Network. Furthermore, through the public KYC smart contract, an admin user approves or rejects the validity and expiration date of the initial user’s KYC documents. Inside the private KYC smart contract, CRUD (Create, read, update and delete) operations for the KYC file repository occur. The presented system introduces effectiveness and time efficiency of operations through its schema simplicity and smart integration of the different technology modules and components. This developed scheme focuses on blockchain technology as the most important and critical part of the architecture and tends to accomplish an optimal schema clarity.
The Effect of Air, Ar and O2 Plasmas on the Electrical Resistivity and Hand-Feel Properties of Polyester/Cotton Blend Fabric
Authors: Yilma Baye Berhanu , Luebben Joern Felix , Nalankilli Govindan
Published: February 2020

The conventional chemical-based antistatic agents possess ecological and technological drawbacks, such as altering the bulk characteristics, flammability, and toxicity, but not the cost effective process. Recently, using conductive metal fibers in the woven structure also affects the mechanical properties of the fabric. To overcome these challenges, plasma treatment needs to be quite an effective method. In this study, polyester/cotton (P/C), 65/35%, blend fabric was treated in a vacuum-plasma-chamber using air, argon and oxygen. The electro-physical property of the samples were evaluated by measuring the surface and volume resistivities (ρs, ρv) using textile electrode Tera Ohmmeter (TO-3). Textile Softness Analyzer (TSA) has also been used to investigate hand-feel properties of the fabric. After treatment, the results revealed that the surface resistivity was reduced by 35.5% in the case of O2, 27.3% for air and 18.4% for Ar, and also volume resistivity was decreased by 40.9%, 20.3% and 20% after O2, air and Ar-plasma, respectively, whereas hand-feel properties are slightly affected at a higher power level and treatment time. Out of the three gases, oxygen had less effect on hand-feel properties and highly reduced the fabric resistivity. In addition, the SEM images showed that the surface morphology of the fibers changed to being rough due to the plasma.
A New Edible Film to Produce In Vitro Meat
Authors: Orellana Nicole , Sánchez Elizabeth , Benavente Diego , Prieto Pablo , Enrione Javier , Acevedo Cristian A.
Published: February 2020

In vitro meat is a novel concept of food science and biotechnology. Methods to produce in vitro meat employ muscle cells cultivated on a scaffold in a serum-free medium using a bioreactor. The microstructure of the scaffold is a key factor, because muscle cells must be oriented to generate parallel alignments of fibers. This work aimed to develop a new scaffold (microstructured film) to grow muscle fibers. The microstructured edible films were made using micromolding technology. A micromold was tailor-made using a laser cutting machine to obtain parallel fibers with a diameter in the range of 70–90 µm. Edible films were made by means of solvent casting using non-mammalian biopolymers. Myoblasts were cultured on flat and microstructured films at three cell densities. Cells on the microstructured films grew with a muscle fiber morphology, but in the case of using the flat film, they only produced unorganized cell proliferation. Myogenic markers were assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. After 14 days, the expression of desmin, myogenin, and myosin heavy chain were significantly higher in microstructured films compared to the flat films. The formation of fiber morphology and the high expression of myogenic markers indicated that a microstructured edible film can be used for the production of in vitro meat.
Biogenic Amine Contents and Microbial Characteristics of Cambodian Fermented Foods
Authors: Ly Dalin , Mayrhofer Sigrid , Schmidt Julia-Maria , Zitz Ulrike , Domig Konrad J.
Published: February 2020

Naturally fermented foods are an important part of the typical diet in Cambodia. However, the food safety status of these products has not been widely studied. The aim of this study was, therefore, to provide an overview of the quality of these foods in relation to microbiology and biogenic amines. Additionally, the obtained results were compared to the habits and practices of Cambodians in handling this type of food. A total of 57 fermented foods (42 fishery and 15 vegetable products) were collected from different retail markets in the capital of Cambodia. Pathogenic Salmonella spp., Listeria spp., and Listeria monocytogenes were not detected in 25 g samples. Generally, less than 102 cfu/g of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacteriaceae, and molds were present in the fermented foods. Bacillus cereus group members (<102 to 2.3 × 104 cfu/g), lactic acid bacteria (<102 to 1.1 × 107 cfu/g), halophilic and halotolerant bacteria (<102 to 8.9 × 106 cfu/g), sulfite-reducing Clostridium spp. (<102 to 3.5 × 106 cfu/g), and yeasts (<102 to 1.1 × 106 cfu/g) were detected in this study. Still, the presence of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms in these fermented foods was within the acceptable ranges. Putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, and histamine were detected in 100%, 89%, 81%, and 75% of the tested products, respectively. The concentrations of histamine (>500 ppm) and tyramine (>600 ppm) were higher than the recommended maximum levels in respectively four and one of 57 fermented foods, which represents a potential health risk. The results suggest that the production process, distribution, and domestic handling of fermented foods should be re-evaluated. Further research is needed for the establishment of applicable preservation techniques in Cambodia.
Unique Distribution of Diacyl-, Alkylacyl-, and Alkenylacyl-Phosphatidylcholine Species Visualized in Pork Chop Tissues by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization–Mass Spectrometry Imaging
Authors: Enomoto Hirofumi , Furukawa Tomohiro , Takeda Shiro , Hatta Hajime , Zaima Nobuhiro
Published: February 2020

Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the major phospholipid in meat and influences meat qualities, such as healthiness. PC is classified into three groups based on the bond at the sn-1 position: Diacyl, alkylacyl, and alkenylacyl. To investigate their composition and distribution in pork tissues, including longissimus thoracis et lumborum (loin) spinalis muscles, intermuscular fat, and transparent tissues, we performed matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI–MSI). Eleven diacyl-, seven alkylacyl-, and six alkenylacyl-PCs were identified using liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem MS (MS/MS) analysis. Despite many alkylacyl- and alkenylacyl-PC species sharing identical m/z values, we were able to visualize these PC species using MALDI–MSI. Diacyl- and alkylacyl- and/or alkenylacyl-PC species showed unique distribution patterns in the tissues, suggesting that their distribution patterns were dependent on their fatty acid compositions. PCs are a major dietary source of choline in meat, and the amount was significantly higher in the muscle tissues. Consumption of choline mitigates age-related memory decline and neurodegenerative diseases; therefore, the consumption of pork muscle tissues could help to mitigate these diseases. These results support the use of MALDI–MSI analysis for assessing the association between PC species and the quality parameters of meat.
Using Chemometric Analyses for Tracing the Regional Origin of Multifloral Honeys of Montenegro
Authors: Vukašinović-Pešić Vesna , Blagojević Nada , Brašanac-Vukanović Snežana , Savić Ana , Pešić Vladimir
Published: February 2020

This is the first study of mineral content and basic physicochemical parameters of honeys of Montenegro. We examined honey samples from eight different micro-regions of Montenegro, and the results confirm that, with the exception of cadmium in samples from two regions exposed to industrial pollution, none of the 12 elements analyzed exceeded the maximum allowable level. The samples from areas exposed to industrial pollution were clearly distinguished from samples from other regions of Montenegro in the detectable contents of Pb, Cd, and Sr. This study showed that chemometric techniques might enhance the classification of Montenegrin honeys according to their micro-regional origin using the mineral content. Linear discriminant analysis revealed that the classification rate was 79.2% using the cross-validation method.
Effect of Roasting Time and Cryogenic Milling on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Dried Ginseng Powder
Authors: Jeong Hayeong , Park Dong Hyeon , Seo Han Geuk , Choi Mi-Jung , Cho Youngjae
Published: February 2020

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of reduced particle size of ginseng by roasting and cryogenic milling on increasing its water solubility and physiological activity. The samples were roasted for different times (9–21 min) and generated in different sizes (10–50, and >50 μm). All roasted samples revealed significantly smaller particle sizes than did non-roasted samples, based on Sauter mean diameter (D [3,2], p < 0.05). Furthermore, the particle sizes of roasted samples decreased until roasting up to 15 min. In terms of the water solubility index (WSI), antioxidant activity, total polyphenol content (TPC), and total polysaccharides according to particle size, 10–20 μm-sized samples showed the highest values when compared with >50 μm-sized samples. Based on roasting time, WSI values of all samples roasted for up to 15 min were higher than those of the control (not roasted) (p < 0.05). Antioxidant activity and TPC also increased with increasing roasting time. Total polysaccharide content was the highest upon roasting for 15 min, except for the 10–20 μm sample. Ginsenoside content of roasted samples >20 μm size was higher than that of the control (not roasted) except after 15 min of roasting. Therefore, roasting and cryogenic milling are effective in producing ginseng root powder.
Antioxidant, Biochemical, and In-Life Effects of Punica granatum L. Natural Juice vs. Clarified Juice by Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membrane
Authors: Morittu Valeria Maria , Mastellone Vincenzo , Tundis Rosa , Loizzo Monica Rosa , Tudisco Raffaella , Figoli Alberto , Cassano Alfredo , Musco Nadia , Britti Domenico , Infascelli Federico , Lombardi Pietro
Published: February 2020

A clarification method was proposed to ameliorate the technological quality of fruit juices by preserving bioactive compounds. This study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities and the in vivo effects of Punica granatum L. natural (NJ) and clarified (CJ) juice by polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hollow fiber membrane. CJ was more active as an antioxidant and as a α-glucosidase inhibitor than NJ. Mice were orally gavaged with water (Control), NJ, and CJ for 28 days. NJ group showed significant decrease of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate amino transferase, and creatine-phosphokinase. CJ administration was associated with urea, creatine-phosphokinase, and triglycerides values significantly lower with respect to the control. Oxidative status was ameliorated with CJ administration, showing a reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) reduction of 32% and a biological antioxidant potential (BAP) boosting of 23% compared to the control, whereas NJ did not show a similar effect. Results confirmed the beneficial properties of pomegranate juice, showing that membrane clarification may enhance such effects in terms of antioxidant activity.
Effect of Rice Protein Hydrolysates as an Egg Replacement on the Physicochemical Properties of Flaky Egg Rolls
Authors: Chan Yung-Jia , Lu Wen-Chien , Lin Hui-Yao , Wu Zong-Ru , Liou Chen-Wei , Li Po-Hsien
Published: February 2020

Eggs are linked to some health-related problems, for example, allergy, and religious restrictions, thus the food manufacturer is challenged to find egg replacements and include the physicochemical properties of egg in food. In this study, enzymatic hydrolysis of rice protein was used to produce rice protein hydrolysates (RPHs) for use as an egg replacement in flaky egg rolls. Formulations were control (A), rice protein isolate (B), RPH15 (C), RPH30 (D), and RPH60 (E), respectively. The protein content of formula E increased from 19.69 to 22.18 g/100 g, while carbohydrate and sugar content decreased to 64.12 and 12.26 g/100 g, respectively. Overall amino acid contents significantly increased as compared with formula A. The overall acceptability for sensory evaluation was higher with formula C. The color of the sample was highly affected by the protein-rich ingredients accounting to a Maillard reaction progression and causing a decrease in brightness (L*) and increase in redness (a*). RPHs successfully maintained the functional and physiochemical properties, along with flavor and texture, of flaky egg rolls and could be an egg replacement. These high-value RPHs produced by enzymatic hydrolysis could be beneficial for various applications, particularly food and related industries.
New Evidences of Antibacterial Effects of Cranberry Against Periodontal Pathogens
Authors: Sánchez María C. , Ribeiro-Vidal Honorato , Bartolomé Begoña , Figuero Elena , Moreno-Arribas M. Victoria , Sanz Mariano , Herrera David
Published: February 2020

The worrying rise in antibiotic resistances emphasizes the need to seek new approaches for treating and preventing periodontal diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of cranberry in a validated in vitro biofilm model. After chemical characterization of a selected phenolic-rich cranberry extract, its values for minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were calculated for the six bacteria forming the biofilm (Streptococcus oralis, Actinomyces naeslundii, Veillonella parvula, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans). Antibacterial activity of the cranberry extract in the formed biofilm was evaluated by assessing the reduction in bacteria viability, using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) combined with propidium monoazide (PMA), and by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and anti-biofilm activity by studying the inhibition of the incorporation of different bacteria species in biofilms formed in the presence of the cranberry extract, using qPCR and CLSM. In planktonic state, bacteria viability was significantly reduced by cranberry (p < 0.05). When growing in biofilms, a significant effect was observed against initial and early colonizers (S. oralis (p ≤ 0.017), A. naeslundii (p = 0.006) and V. parvula (p = 0.010)) after 30 or 60 s of exposure, while no significant effects were detected against periodontal pathogens (F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis or A. actinomycetemcomitans (p > 0.05)). Conversely, cranberry significantly (p < 0.001 in all cases) interfered with the incorporation of five of the six bacteria species during the development of 6 h-biofilms, including P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and F. nucleatum. It was concluded that cranberry had a moderate antibacterial effect against periodontal pathogens in biofilms, but relevant anti-biofilm properties, by affecting bacteria adhesion in the first 6 h of development of biofilms.
Identification, Expression, and Functions of the Somatostatin Gene Family in Spotted Scat (Scatophagus argus)
Authors: Feng Peizhe , Tian Changxu , Lin Xinghua , Jiang Dongneng , Shi Hongjuan , Chen Huapu , Deng Siping , Zhu Chunhua , Li Guangli
Published: February 2020

Somatostatins (SSTs) are a family of proteins consisting of structurally diverse polypeptides that play important roles in the growth regulation in vertebrates. In the present study, four somatostatin genes (SST1, SST3, SST5, and SST6) were identified and characterized in the spotted scat (Scatophagus argus). The open reading frames (ORFs) of SST1, SST3, SST5, and SST6 cDNA consist of 372, 384, 321, and 333 bp, respectively, and encode proteins of 123, 127, 106, and 110 amino acids, respectively. Amino acid sequence alignments indicated that all SST genes contained conserved somatostatin signature motifs. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the SST genes were expressed in a tissue specific manner. When liver fragments were cultured in vitro with synthetic peptides (SST1, SST2, or SST6 at 1 μM or 10 μM) for 3 h or 6 h, the expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 and 2 (Igf-1 and Igf-2) in the liver decreased significantly. Treatment with SST5 had no significant effect on Igf-1 and Igf-2 gene expression. This study provides an enhanced understanding of the gene structure and expression patterns of the SST gene family in S. argus. Furthermore, this study provides a foundation for future exploration into the role of SST genes in growth and development.
CRb and PbBa8.1 Synergically Increases Resistant Genes Expression upon Infection of Plasmodiophora brassicae in Brassica napus
Authors: Shah Nadil , Li Qian , Xu Qiang , Liu Ju , Huang Fan , Zhan Zongxiang , Qin Ping , Zhou Xueqing , Yu Wenlin , Zhu Li , Zhang Chunyu
Published: February 2020

PbBa8.1 and CRb are two clubroot-resistant genes that are important for canola breeding in China. Previously, we combined these resistant genes and developed a pyramid-based, homozygous recurrent inbred line (618R), the results of which showed strong resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae field isolates; however, the genetic mechanisms of resistance were unclear. In the present work, we conducted comparative RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis between 618R and its parental lines (305R and 409R) in order to uncover the transcriptomic response of the superior defense mechanisms of 618R and to determine how these two different resistant genes coordinate with each other. Here, we elucidated that the number and expression of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in 618R are significantly higher than in the parental lines, and PbBa8.1 shares more DEGs and plays a dominant role in the pyramided line. The common DEGs among the lines largely exhibit non-additive expression patterns and enrichment in resistance pathways. Among the enriched pathways, plant–pathogen interaction, plant hormone signaling transduction, and secondary metabolites are the key observation. However, the expressions of the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway and reactive oxygen species (ROS) appear to be crucial regulatory components in defense response. Our findings provide comprehensive transcriptomic insight into understanding the interactions of resistance gene pyramids in single lines and can facilitate the breeding of improved resistance in Brassica napus.
Food and Non-Food-Related Behavior across Settings in Children with Prader–Willi Syndrome
Authors: Gantz Marie G. , Andrews Sara M. , Wheeler Anne C.
Published: February 2020

This study sought to describe food- and non-food-related behaviors of children aged 3 to 18 years with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) in home and school settings, as assessed by 86 parents and 63 teachers using 7 subscales of the Global Assessment of Individual’s Behavior (GAIB). General Behavior Problem, Non-Food-Related Behavior Problem, and Non-Food-Related Obsessive Speech and Compulsive Behavior (OS/CB) scores did not differ significantly between parent and teacher reports. Food-Related Behavior Problem scores were higher in parent versus teacher reports when the mother had less than a college education (difference of 13.6 points, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 5.1 to 22). Parents assigned higher Food-Related OS/CB scores than teachers (difference of 5.7 points, 95% CI 2.4 to 9.0). Although teachers reported fewer Food-Related OS/CB, they scored overall OS/CB higher for interfering with daily activities compared with parents (difference of 0.9 points, 95% CI 0.4 to 1.4). Understanding how behaviors manifest in home and school settings, and how they vary with socio-demographic and patient characteristics can help inform strategies to reduce behavior problems and improve outcomes.
Heteroplasmy and Copy Number in the Common m.3243A>G Mutation—A Post-Mortem Genotype–Phenotype Analysis
Authors: Motlagh Scholle Leila , Zierz Stephan , Mawrin Christian , Wickenhauser Claudia , Lehmann Urban Diana
Published: February 2020

Different mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations have been identified to cause mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactate acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS). The underlying genetic cause leading to an enormous clinical heterogeneity associated with m.3243A>G-related mitochondrial diseases is still poorly understood. Genotype–phenotype correlation (heteroplasmy levels and clinical symptoms) was analysed in 16 patients (15 literature cases and one unreported case) harbouring the m.3243A>G mutation. mtDNA copy numbers were correlated to heteroplasmy levels in 30 different post-mortem tissue samples, including 14 brain samples of a 46-year-old female. In the central nervous system, higher levels of heteroplasmy correlated significantly with lower mtDNA copy numbers. Skeletal muscle levels of heteroplasmy correlated significantly with kidney and liver. There was no significant difference of heteroplasmy levels between clinically affected and unaffected patients. In the patient presented, we found >75% heteroplasmy levels in all central nervous system samples, without harbouring a MELAS phenotype. This underlines previous suggestions, that really high levels in tissues do not automatically lead to a specific phenotype. Missing significant differences of heteroplasmy levels between clinically affected and unaffected patients underline recent suggestions that there are additional factors such as mtDNA copy number and nuclear factors that may also influence disease severity.
Evolutionary Dynamics of the POTE Gene Family in Human and Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Maggiolini Flavia Angela Maria , Mercuri Ludovica , Antonacci Francesca , Anaclerio Fabio , Calabrese Francesco Maria , Lorusso Nicola , L’Abbate Alberto , Sorensen Melanie , Giannuzzi Giuliana , Eichler Evan E. , Catacchio Claudia Rita , Ventura Mario
Published: February 2020

POTE (prostate, ovary, testis, and placenta expressed) genes belong to a primate-specific gene family expressed in prostate, ovary, and testis as well as in several cancers including breast, prostate, and lung cancers. Due to their tumor-specific expression, POTEs are potential oncogenes, therapeutic targets, and biomarkers for these malignancies. This gene family maps within human and primate segmental duplications with a copy number ranging from two to 14 in different species. Due to the high sequence identity among the gene copies, specific efforts are needed to assemble these loci in order to correctly define the organization and evolution of the gene family. Using single-molecule, real-time (SMRT) sequencing, in silico analyses, and molecular cytogenetics, we characterized the structure, copy number, and chromosomal distribution of the POTE genes, as well as their expression in normal and disease tissues, and provided a comparative analysis of the POTE organization and gene structure in primate genomes. We were able, for the first time, to de novo sequence and assemble a POTE tandem duplication in marmoset that is misassembled and collapsed in the reference genome, thus revealing the presence of a second POTE copy. Taken together, our findings provide comprehensive insights into the evolutionary dynamics of the primate-specific POTE gene family, involving gene duplications, deletions, and long interspersed nuclear element (LINE) transpositions to explain the actual repertoire of these genes in human and primate genomes.