bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the time‐specific kinetic energy of simulated rainfall using a dynamic rain gauge system
Authors: Wacha Kenneth M. , Huang Chi‐hua , O'Brien Peter L. , Papanicolaou Athanasios N. , Hatfield Jerry L.
Published: March 2021

Raindrop impact derives from the kinetic energy of falling raindrops. Determining the kinetic energy of rainfall requires the size distribution and terminal velocity of raindrops, which necessitates complex instrumentation. To avoid this, empirical relations have been developed that relate rainfall intensity and the rate of kinetic energy, i.e., time‐specific kinetic energy (KEtime). In this study, a dynamic rain gauge system (DRGS) was used to quantify the KEtime generated by a rainfall simulator without need of measuring raindrop size distributions or impact velocities. In a series of 10 rainfall tests, the KEtime and rainfall intensity were 860.9 (±88.6) J m2 h−1 and 72.1 (±1.9) mm h−1, respectively. Estimated KEtime was found to agree well with the power‐law relation presented by Petrů and Kalibová for high‐intensity simulated rainfall, which are the conditions when higher deviations occur. The DRGS may be a useful tool in quantifying the KEtime of rainfall simulators in hopes to better understand raindrop impact mechanisms.
Clinical and molecular characterization of patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: Experience from an HHT Center of Excellence
Authors: Latif Muhammad A. , Sobreira Nara Lygia D. , Guthrie Kelsey S. , Motaghi Mina , Robinson Gina M. , Shafaat Omid , Gong Anna J. , Weiss Clifford R.
Published: March 2021

In this retrospective single‐center study, we evaluated whether/how pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants of three hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT)–associated genes (ENG, ACVRL1, and SMAD4) are associated with specific clinical presentations of HHT. We also characterized the morphological features of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in patients with these variants. Pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were detected in 64 patients. Using nonparametric statistical tests, we compared the type and prevalence of specific HHT diagnostic features associated with these three variants. Pathogenic variants in these genes resulted in gene‐specific HHT clinical presentations. Epistaxis was present in 93%, 94%, and 100% of patients with ENG, ACVRL1, and SMAD4 variants, respectively (p = 0.79). Pulmonary AVMs were more common in patients with the ENG variant (p = 0.034) compared with other subgroups. ACVRL1 variant was associated with the lowest frequency of pulmonary AVMs (p = 0.034) but the highest frequency of hepatic AVMs (p = 0.015). Patients with the ACVRL1 variant did not have significantly more pancreatic AVMs compared with the other groups (p = 0.72). ENG, ACVRL1, and SMAD4 pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants are associated with gene‐specific HHT presentations, which is consistent with results from other HHT centers.
Stereoselective Directed Cationic Cascades Enabled by Molecular Anchoring in Terpene Cyclases
Authors: Schneider Andreas , Jegl Philipp , Hauer Bernhard
Published: March 2021

Cascade reactions appeared as a cutting‐edge strategy to streamline the assembly of complex structural scaffolds from naturally available precursors in an atom‐, as well as time, labor‐ and cost‐efficient way. We herein report a strategy to control cationic cyclization cascades by exploiting the ability of anchoring dynamic substrates in the active site of terpene cyclases via designed hydrogen bonding. Thereby, it is possible to induce “directed” cyclizations in contrast to established “non‐stop” cyclizations (99:1) and predestinate cascade termination at otherwise catalytically barely accessible intermediates. As a result, we are able to provide efficient access to naturally widely occurring apocarotenoids, value‐added flavors and fragrances in gram‐scale by replacing multi‐stage synthetic routes to a single step with unprecedented selectivity (>99.5 % ee) and high yields (up to 89 %).
Study on polyurethane‐acrylate/cerium dioxide modified by 3‐(Methylacryloxyl)propyltrimethoxy silane and its UV absorption property
Authors: Yu Xiaochen , Zheng Jia , Zhou Zhaoxi , Chen Qihui , Hong Maochun , Fu Heqing
Published: March 2021

Firstly, cerium dioxide(CeO2) was modified by 3‐(Methylacryloxyl)propyltrimethoxy silane (KH‐570), and modified CeO2 (mCeO2) was prepared. Then poly (urethane‐acrylate) was modified by mCeO2, and poly (urethane‐acrylate)/modified CeO2 (PUA/mCeO2) composites with ultraviolet absorption property were prepared. The morphology, thermal hydrophobicity, mechanical properties, optical properties, and UV‐absorption properties of PUA/mCeO2 composites were studied. XRD and SEM analysis showed that the modified CeO2 had better dispersion in the matrix than that of pure CeO2. Ultraviolet–visible spectrum and thermogravimetric analysis were used to characterize the optical properties and thermal stability of PUA/mCeO2 composites. The results showed that with the increasing of the mCeO2 content, the UV‐absorption property of PUA/mCeO2 composites was improved gradually. When the content of mCeO2 is 3%, the absorption of ultraviolet of PUA/mCeO2 composites is about 5 times of pure PUA film, and the absorption band is mainly in the UVA section. The thermal stability of PUA/mCeO2 composites was improved with the adding of mCeO2. With the increasing of mCeO2 content, the contact angle of PUA/mCeO2 composites increased significantly. And the UV‐absorption mechanism of PUA/mCeO2 Composites was studied. UV‐curable PUA/mCeO2 composites have good UV absorption property and water resistance. They will be used in the sun screen and protect people's skin.
Anthropogenic influence on the intensity of extreme precipitation in the Asian‐Australian monsoon region in HadGEM3‐A‐N216
Authors: Liu Jieyu , Qiao Shaobo , Li Chao , Tang Shankai , Chen Dong , Feng Guolin
Published: March 2021

The Asian‐Australian monsoon (AAM) region is characterized as abundant summer monsoon rainfall, which provides fresh water resources for high‐density population there. The research uses HadGEM3‐A‐N216 model simulations to compare the change of extreme rainfall intensity in the AAM region with and without anthropogenic influences. Although the anthropogenic forcing exerts a weak impact on the climatological mean distribution of the extreme precipitation, it significantly increases the extreme precipitation intensity at each degree in most parts of the AAM region, especially for the northern East Asia, the Bay of Bengal, and Australia. As the extreme degree increases from the 50–98%, the extreme precipitation intensity in the northern East Asia, the Bay of Bengal, and the Australia increase more and more rapidly, while that in the southern East Asia changes from a decreasing trend to an increasing trend. Overall, the stronger extreme precipitation is accompanied by a stronger growth trend under the anthropogenic forcing.
Autocorrelation and estimates of treatment effect size for single‐case experimental design data
Authors: Barnard‐Brak Lucy , Watkins Laci , Richman David M.
Published: March 2021

We examined the degree of autocorrelation among single‐case design data with six measures used to estimate treatment effect size. The most commonly used measures of effect size for single‐case data over the last 5 years published in peer‐reviewed journals were selected for comparison. The overall mean degree of autocorrelation was 0.46 (SD = 0.33) across the 304 data paths, which represents a moderate degree of autocorrelation. Overall, it appears that non‐parametric measures of effect size (i.e., percent of non‐overlapping data [PND], non‐overlap of all pairs [NAP], and improvement rate difference [IRD] values) were substantially and significantly more influenced by the degree of autocorrelation. Tau‐U effect size estimate was the non‐parametric exception as it was not significantly influenced by the degree of autocorrelation. Parametric measures of effect sizes such as standardized mean difference (SMD) and log response ratio (LRR) values did not appear to be significantly influenced by the degree of autocorrelation. For SMD, LRR, and Tau‐U values, the correlation between the effect size value and the degree of autocorrelation was minimal. For NAP, IRD, and PND values, the correlation between the effect size value and the degree of autocorrelation was moderate, indicating that these estimates of effect size should be avoided as the degree of autocorrelation between data points increases.
Cerebral glucose metabolism in bipolar disorder: A voxel‐based meta‐analysis of positron emission tomography studies
Authors: Wu Chujun , Ren Chutong , Teng Ziwei , Li Sujuan , Silva Floyd , Wu Haishan , Chen Jindong
Published: March 2021

Background

Previous positron emission tomography studies have reported the changes of cerebral glucose metabolism in bipolar disorder. However, the findings across studies remain controversial, containing differing results.

Methods

A systematic literature search of the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases was conducted. We conducted a voxel‐wide meta‐analysis of cerebral glucose metabolism studies, using the seed‐based mapping approach, in patients with bipolar disorder (BD).

Results

We identified 7 studies suitable for inclusion, which included a total of 126 individuals with BD and 160 healthy controls. The most consistent and robust findings were an increase in cerebral glucose metabolism in the right precentral gyrus and a decrease in the left superior temporal gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus, and cerebellum. Additionally, the sex distribution and illness duration had significant moderating effects on cerebral glucose metabolism alterations.

Conclusions

Cerebral glucose metabolism alterations in these brain regions are likely to reflect the disease‐related functional abnormalities such as emotion and cognition. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of bipolar disorder.

Limitations.

This study was done at a study level and cannot be addressed at the patient level. Subgroup analysis of BD I and BD II is not possible due to limited literature data.
Hyperandrogenism, oligomenorrhea, and erythrocytosis caused by an ovarian Leydig cell tumor: A case report
Authors: Mendonça Fernando , Souto Selma , Magalhães Daniela , Portugal Raquel , Coelho Ana Rita , Fernandes Ana Sofia , Falcão Vera , Tavares Sara , Portugal Inês , Beires Jorge , Carvalho Davide
Published: March 2021

Leydig cell tumors are rare ovarian neoplasms. Affected individuals typically present with amenorrhea/oligomenorrhea and rapidly progressive features of virilization. Erythrocytosis can also occur as a result of high testosterone levels.
Circularly Polarized Fluorescent Helicene‐Boranils: Synthesis, Photophysical and Chiroptical Properties
Authors: Macé Aurélie , Hamrouni Khaoula , Gauthier Etienne S. , Jean Marion , Vanthuyne Nicolas , Frédéric Lucas , Pieters Grégory , Caytan Elsa , Roisnel Thierry , Aloui Faouzi , Srebro‐Hooper Monika , Carboni Bertrand , Berrée Fabienne , Crassous Jeanne
Published: March 2021

Mono‐ and di‐boranil‐substituted helicenes were prepared by BF2‐borylation of the corresponding anils, readily synthesized by condensation of 2‐amino‐ and 2,15‐diamino‐helicenes with 4‐(diethylamino)salicylaldehyde. After enantiomeric resolution using HPLC, their chiroptical properties including circularly polarized fluorescence in solution and in PMMA films were investigated and rationalized with the help of NMR, X‐ray and quantum‐chemical calculations.
Structural Effects of Incorporation of 2'‐Deoxy‐2'2'‐Difluorodeoxycytidine (Gemcitabine) in A‐ and B‐Form Duplexes
Authors: Cabrero Cristina , Martín‐Pintado Nerea , Mazzini Stefania , Gargallo Raimundo , Eritja Ramon , Aviñó Anna , González Carlos
Published: March 2021

We report the structural effect of 2'‐deoxy‐2',2'‐difluorocytidine (dFdC) insertions in the DNA strand of a DNA : RNA hybrid duplex and in a self‐complementary DNA : DNA duplex. In both cases, the modification slightly destabilizes the duplex and provokes minor local distortions that are more pronounced in the case of the DNA : RNA hybrid. Analysis of the solution structures determined by NMR methods show that dFdC is an adaptable derivative that adopts North type sugar conformation when inserted in pure DNA, or a South sugar conformation in the context of DNA : RNA hybrids. In this latter context, South sugar pucker favors the formation of a 2'F⋅⋅H8 attractive interaction with a neighboring purine, which compensates the destabilizing effect of base pair distortions. These interactions share some features with pseudohydrogen bonds described previously in other nucleic acids structures with fluorine modified sugars.
Transition‐Metal‐Free α Csp3−H Cyanation of Sulfonamides
Authors: Zhou Liejin , Wei Siqi , Lei Ziran , Zhu Gangguo , Zhang Zuxiao
Published: March 2021

This report describes the site‐selective α‐functionalization of sulfonylamide derivatives through the in‐situ generation of imine intermediates. The N−F sulfonylamides, which could facilitate the elimination to generate imines, are coupled with TBACN to efficiently and mildly afford α‐amino cyanides. Comparing with Strecker reaction, this transformation offers a complementary strategy to efficiently construct α‐amino cyanides from direct α C−H functionalization of sulfonylamindes. The reaction is also characterized by broad substrate scope and flash chromatography column free workup. More importantly, the new two‐electron pathway to generate imines through manipulation of the leaving group allows us to achieve excellent α site‐selectivity.
[As3M(As3Pb3)]3− (M = Nb, Ta): Ternary Heterometallic Clusters with Early Transition Metal Atoms and Aromatic [Pb3]2−
Authors: Shu Cong‐Cong , Qiao Lei , Muñoz‐Castro Alvaro , Sun Zhong‐Ming
Published: March 2021

Main observation and conclusion

Two ternary clusters, [As3Nb(As3Pb3)]3− 1 and [As3Ta(As3Pb3)]3− 2, were directly extracted from “K8NbPbAs5” and “K8TaPbAs5” intermetallic solid in the presence of ethylenediamine and 2.2.2‐crypt, respectively. Both 1 and 2, comprising an electron‐poor early transition metal‐atom Nb or Ta coordinated to a As3 triangle and a bowl‐like As3Pb3, were characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction, energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) and electrospray ionization mass‐spectrometry (ESI‐MS). They also represent the first examples of the Pb‐As hybrid in solution‐based Zintl anion chemistry and DFT calculations revealed a σ‐aromaticity of the [Pb3]2− unit.
Identification of NTRK gene fusions in lung adenocarcinomas in the Chinese population
Authors: Zhao Ruiying , Yao Feng , Xiang Chan , Zhao Jikai , Shang Zhanxian , Guo Lianying , Ding Wenjie , Ma Shengji , Yu Anbo , Shao Jinchen , Zhu Lei , Han Yuchen
Published: March 2021

The molecular profile of neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor (NTRK) gene fusions in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is not fully understood. Next‐generation sequencing (NGS) and pan‐tyrosine kinase receptor (TRK) immunohistochemistry (IHC) are powerful tools for NTRK fusion detection. In this study, a total of 4,619 LUAD formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues were collected from patients who underwent biopsy or resection at the Shanghai Chest Hospital during 2017–2019. All specimens were screened for NTRK1 rearrangements using DNA‐based NGS. Thereafter, the cases with NTRK1 rearrangements and cases negative for common driver mutations were analyzed for NTRK1/2/3 fusions using total nucleic acid (TNA)‐based NGS and pan‐TRK IHC. Overall, four NTRK1/2 fusion events were identified, representing 0.087% of the original sample set. At the DNA level, seven NTRK1 rearrangements were identified, while only two TPM3‐NTRK1 fusions were confirmed on TNA‐based NGS as functional. In addition, two NTRK2 fusions (SQSTM1‐NTRK2 and KIF5B‐NTRK2) were identified by TNA‐based NGS in 350 ‘pan‐negative’ cases. Two patients harboring NTRK1/2 fusions were diagnosed with invasive adenocarcinoma, while the other two were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma in situ and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma. All four samples with NTRK fusions were positive for the expression of pan‐TRK. The two samples with NTRK2 fusions showed cytoplasmic staining alone, while the other two samples with NTRK1 fusions exhibited both cytoplasmic and membranous staining. In summary, functional NTRK fusions are found in early‐stage LUAD; however, they are extremely rare. According to this study's results, they are independent oncogenic drivers, mutually exclusive with other driver mutations. We demonstrated that NTRK rearrangement analysis using a DNA‐based approach should be verified with an RNA‐based assay.
Intelligent implementation of residential demand response using multiagent system and deep neural networks
Authors: Saeed Faisal , Paul Anand , Ahmed Muhammad Jamal , Gul Malik Junaid Jami , Hong Won‐Hwa , Seo Hyuncheol
Published: March 2021

A successful implementation of demand response (DR) always depends on proper policy and their empower technologies. This article proposed an intelligent multiagent system to idealize the residential DR in distributed network. In our model, the primary stakeholders (smart homes and retailers) are demonstrated as a multifunctional intelligent agent. Home agents (HAs) are able to predict and schedule the energy load and retailer agents (RAs) predicts wholesale market price, sells energy to HAs. Both HAs and RAs are modeled to predict the real‐time pricing. Deep neural networks, that is, long short‐term memory network and hybrid CNN‐LSTM are used to predict the electricity load and energy price. Simulation results present good accuracy. Proposed work is compared with existing model w.r.t RMSE, MSE, and MAE. Comparison shows our model outperformed the existing models.
Book Reviews
Authors: Reeves Dianne M. , Buller Jeffrey L.
Published: March 2021

A Handbook for College and University Advisory Boards
Systematic evaluation of a panel of 30 synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists structurally related to MMB‐4en‐PICA, MDMB‐4en‐PINACA, ADB‐4en‐PINACA, and MMB‐4CN‐BUTINACA using a combination of binding and different CB1 receptor activation assays—Part II: Structure activity relationship assessment via a β‐arrestin recruitment assay
Authors: Grafinger Katharina Elisabeth , Cannaert Annelies , Ametovski Adam , Sparkes Eric , Cairns Elizabeth , Banister Samuel D. , Auwärter Volker , Stove Christophe P.
Published: March 2021

Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) are the second largest class of new psychoactive substances (NPS) and are associated with serious adverse effects and even death. Despite this, little pharmacological data are available for many of the most recent SCRAs. This study consists of three different parts, aiming to systematically evaluate a panel of 30 SCRAs using binding and different in vitro human cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1) activation assays. The present Part II investigated the SCRA analogs for their CB1 activation via a β‐arrestin recruitment assay. The panel was systematically designed to include key structural sub‐features of recent SCRAs. Thus, the 4‐pentenyl tail of MMB‐4en‐PICA and MDMB‐4en‐PINACA was retained while incorporating varying head groups from other prevalent SCRAs, including amides and esters of L‐valine, L‐tert‐leucine, and L‐phenylalanine, and adamantyl and cumyl moieties. All 30 SCRAs activated CB1, with indazoles generally showing the greatest potency (EC50 = 1.88–281 nM), followed by indoles (EC50 = 11.5–2293 nM), and the corresponding 7‐azaindoles (EC50 = 62.4–9251 nM). Several subunit‐linked structure–activity relationships were identified: (i) tert‐leucine‐functionalized SCRAs were more potent than the corresponding valine derivatives; (ii) no major difference in potency or efficacy was observed between tert‐leucine/valine‐derived amides and the corresponding methyl esters; however, phenylalanine analogs were affected by this change; and (iii) minor structural changes to the 4‐pentenyl substituent had little influence on activity. These findings elucidate structural features that modulate the CB1 activation potential of currently prevalent SCRAs and a systematic panel of analogs, some of which may appear in NPS markets in future.
When are hypotheses useful in ecology and evolution?
Authors: Betts Matthew G. , Hadley Adam S. , Frey David W. , Frey Sarah J. K. , Gannon Dusty , Harris Scott H. , Kim Hankyu , Kormann Urs G. , Leimberger Kara , Moriarty Katie , Northrup Joseph M. , Phalan Ben , Rousseau Josée S. , Stokely Thomas D. , Valente Jonathon J. , Wolf Chris , Zárrate‐Charry Diego
Published: March 2021

Research hypotheses have been a cornerstone of science since before Galileo. Many have argued that hypotheses (1) encourage discovery of mechanisms, and (2) reduce bias—both features that should increase transferability and reproducibility. However, we are entering a new era of big data and highly predictive models where some argue the hypothesis is outmoded. We hypothesized that hypothesis use has declined in ecology and evolution since the 1990s, given the substantial advancement of tools further facilitating descriptive, correlative research. Alternatively, hypothesis use may have become more frequent due to the strong recommendation by some journals and funding agencies that submissions have hypothesis statements. Using a detailed literature analysis (N = 268 articles), we found prevalence of hypotheses in eco–evo research is very low (6.7%–26%) and static from 1990–2015, a pattern mirrored in an extensive literature search (N = 302,558 articles). Our literature review also indicates that neither grant success nor citation rates were related to the inclusion of hypotheses, which may provide disincentive for hypothesis formulation. Here, we review common justifications for avoiding hypotheses and present new arguments based on benefits to the individual researcher. We argue that stating multiple alternative hypotheses increases research clarity and precision, and is more likely to address the mechanisms for observed patterns in nature. Although hypotheses are not always necessary, we expect their continued and increased use will help our fields move toward greater understanding, reproducibility, prediction, and effective conservation of nature.
Asymmetric Organocatalytic Synthesis of aza‐Spirocyclic Compounds from Isothiocyanates and Isocyanides
Authors: Laviós Adrián , Sanz‐Marco Amparo , Vila Carlos , Blay Gonzalo , Pedro José R.
Published: March 2021

The spirocyclic motif is present in natural products, chiral ligands, and compounds of pharmacological interest. Isothiocyanates as well as isocyanides bearing electron‐withdrawing groups in the α‐position can be deprotonated and react as formal dipoles on account of the presence of a nucleophilic carbanion and an electrophilic atom in the isothiocyanate or isocyanide functional groups. In the last years a number of procedures involving the formal [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of isothiocyanates or isocyanides with cyclic compounds bearing electrophilic exocyclic double bonds have been developed for the enantioselective synthesis of aza‐spirocyclic compounds. Among them, organocatalysis has played a predominant role in the development of asymmetric versions for these reactions. The synthesis of spirooxindoles by using this methodology has received especial attention, although other spirocyclic scaffolds are available depending on the structure of the dipolarophiles and the formal isothiocyanate and isocyanide dipoles.
Facile Synthesis of Spirocyclic Lactams via [3+2] and [3+3] Aza‐Annulation Reactions
Authors: Hayrapetyan Davit , Stepanova Valeriya
Published: March 2021

Spirocyclic pyrrolidones and piperidones were synthesized starting from readily available α‐ketolactones and α‐ketolactams employing [3+2]‐ and [3+3]‐aza‐annulation reactions. Annulation reactions proceeded with good yields and further reduction of the exocyclic C=C double bond of the enamide moiety proceeded with excellent diastereoselectivity. Overall, one C−C and two C−N bonds, as well as three new stereocenters were created in a diastereoselective manner resulting in a fast upbuild of molecular complexity.
Para‐Functionalization of N‐Substituted 4‐amino[2.2]paracyclophanes by Regioselective Formylation
Authors: Felder Simon , Micouin Laurent , Benedetti Erica
Published: March 2021

Herein, we report a simple and convenient procedure to prepare para‐disubstituted [2.2]paracyclophanes in a straightforward manner. Our approach relies on a regioselective formylation of N‐substituted 4‐amino[2.2]paracyclophanes, which allows an easy access to a series of products incorporating a reactive aldehyde function para to the electron‐donating group. These compounds can be engaged in a variety of orthogonal late‐stage derivatization processes involving either the carbonyl group or the amine function, and can serve as precursors to rapidly access more complex paracyclophane derivatives. Control of planar chirality is also possible by performing a kinetic resolution of key racemic intermediates through asymmetric transfer hydrogenation. The formylation can be run on a synthetically useful scale, thus confirming the practical applicability of our method.
Comparison of CO2 absorption performance between methyl‐di‐ ethanolamine and tri‐ethanolamine solution systems and its analysis in terms of amine molecules
Authors: Han Sang‐Jun , Wee Jung‐Ho
Published: March 2021

The present study analyzes the features of chemical CO2 absorption using tertiary amine solvents by comparing the absorption performance and electrical properties between methyl‐di‐ethanolamine (MDEA) and tri‐ethanolamine (TEA) systems. The results are mostly attributed to the different structures of the two amine molecules. Absorption performance is significantly affected by the molecular structure and water concentration in the amine solution. The absorption performance of the MDEA system is better than that of TEA, which is basically ascribed to the MDEA molecule's more asymmetric and irregular shape than that of TEA, which thus enhances the catalytic activity of MDEA and the reactivity of the −OH moiety in water. The difference of electrical properties such as ionic conductivities (ICs) of the two protonated amines and real ionic activity coefficients (RIAC) between the two systems might be also caused by the different molecular structures of the two amines. The IC of protonated MDEA is estimated to be 23.70% higher than that of protonated TEA, because of the higher ionic mobility and charge density of MDEA. The RIAC of the MDEA system is higher than that of TEA, which is explained by the different physicochemical interactions between the molecules in the two systems. Since water is one of the reactants in the absorption, its concentration in solution significantly affects the results of the systems. In addition, the absorption using tertiary amine is a base‐catalyzed reaction, and thus variations of the overall absorption rate follow a parabolic curve. Therefore, it is maximized to be 14.2 and 9.8 mmol CO2·L−1·min−1 in the 15 wt% MDEA and TEA solutions, respectively. Finally, the correlated equations for in situ estimation of chemical absorption capacity by electrical conductivity measured during the absorption are derived in the two systems. © 2021 The Authors. Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tumor Necrosis Factor α–Induced Protein 8–Like 2 Alleviates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Through Suppressing Transforming Growth Factor Beta–Activated Kinase 1 Activation
Authors: Liu Yupeng , Song Jingjing , Yang Juan , Zheng Jilin , Yang Ling , Gao Jun , Tian Song , Liu Zhen , Meng Xiangbin , Wang Jian‐Cheng , Dai Zhifei , Tang Yi‐Da
Published: March 2021

Background and Aims

NAFLD prevalence has increased rapidly and become a major global health problem. Tumor necrosis factor α–induced protein 8–like 2 (TIPE2) plays a protective role in a cluster of liver diseases, such as autoimmune hepatitis, hepatitis B, and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the function of TIPE2 in NAFLD remains unknown. Here, we investigated the role of TIPE2 in the development of NAFLD.

Approach and Results

Our study found that in vitro overexpression or knockout of TIPE2 significantly ameliorated or aggravated lipid accumulation and inflammation in hepatocytes exposed to metabolic stimulation, respectively. Consistently, in vivo hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, inflammation, and fibrosis were alleviated in hepatic Tipe2‐transgenic mice but exaggerated in hepatic Tipe2‐knockout mice treated by metabolic challenges. RNA sequencing revealed that TIPE2 was significantly associated with the mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway. Mechanistic experiments demonstrated that TIPE2 bound with transforming growth factor beta–activated kinase 1 (TAK1), prevented tumor necrosis factor receptor–associated factor 6–mediated TAK1 ubiquitination and subsequently inhibited the TAK1 phosphorylation and activation of TAK1–c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK)/p38 signaling. Further investigation showed that blocking the activity of TAK1 reversed the worsening of hepatic metabolic disorders and inflammation in hepatic‐specific Tipe2‐knockout hepatocytes and mice treated with metabolic stimulation.

Conclusions

TIPE2 suppresses NAFLD advancement by blocking TAK1‐JNK/p38 pathway and is a promising target molecule for NAFLD therapy.
A Mouse Model of Cholangiocarcinoma Uncovers a Role for Tensin‐4 in Tumor Progression
Authors: Di‐Luoffo Mickaël , Pirenne Sophie , Saandi Thoueiba , Loriot Axelle , Gérard Claude , Dauguet Nicolas , Manzano‐Núñez Fátima , Alves Souza Carvalhais Natália , Lamoline Florence , Cordi Sabine , Konobrocka Katarzyna , De Greef Vitaline , Komuta Mina , Halder Georg , Jacquemin Patrick , Lemaigre Frédéric P.
Published: March 2021

Background and Aims

Earlier diagnosis and treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) are necessary to improve therapy, yet limited information is available about initiation and evolution of iCCA precursor lesions. Therefore, there is a need to identify mechanisms driving formation of precancerous lesions and their progression toward invasive tumors using experimental models that faithfully recapitulate human tumorigenesis.

Approach and Results

To this end, we generated a mouse model which combines cholangiocyte‐specific expression of KrasG12D
with 3,5‐diethoxycarbonyl‐1,4‐dihydrocollidine (DDC) diet‐induced inflammation to mimic iCCA development in patients with cholangitis. Histological and transcriptomic analyses of the mouse precursor lesions and iCCA were performed and compared with human analyses. The function of genes overexpressed during tumorigenesis was investigated in human cell lines. We found that mice expressing KrasG12D
in cholangiocytes and fed a DDC diet developed cholangitis, ductular proliferations, intraductal papillary neoplasms of bile ducts (IPNBs), and, eventually, iCCAs. The histology of mouse and human IPNBs was similar, and mouse iCCAs displayed histological characteristics of human mucin‐producing, large‐duct–type iCCA. Signaling pathways activated in human iCCA were also activated in mice. The identification of transition zones between IPNB and iCCA on tissue sections, combined with RNA‐sequencing analyses of the lesions supported that iCCAs derive from IPNBs. We further provide evidence that tensin‐4 (TNS4), which is stimulated by KRASG12D
and SRY‐related HMG box transcription factor 17, promotes tumor progression.

Conclusions

We developed a mouse model that faithfully recapitulates human iCCA tumorigenesis and identified a gene cascade which involves TNS4 and promotes tumor progression.
Elective Surgery but not Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Precipitates Acute‐On‐Chronic Liver Failure
Authors: Chang Johannes , Bamarni Avend , Böhling Nina , Zhou Xin , Klein Leah‐Marie , Meinke Jonathan , Duerr Georg Daniel , Lingohr Philipp , Wehner Sven , Brol Maximilian J. , Rockstroh Jürgen K. , Kalff Jörg C. , Manekeller Steffen , Meyer Carsten , Spengler Ulrich , Jansen Christian , Arroyo Vicente , Strassburg Christian P. , Trebicka Jonel , Praktiknjo Michael
Published: March 2021

Acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a syndrome associated with organ failure and high short‐term mortality. Presence of ACLF at interventions, such as surgery or transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), has been shown to determine outcome, but those interventions have also been attributed to precipitate ACLF in different studies. However, dedicated investigation for the risk of ACLF development in these interventions, especially in elective settings, has not been conducted. Patients with cirrhosis undergoing elective surgery were propensity score matched and compared to patients receiving TIPS. The primary endpoint was ACLF development within 28 days after the respective procedure. The secondary endpoint was 3‐month and 1‐year mortality. In total, 190 patients were included. Within 28 days, ACLF developed in 24% of the surgery and 3% of the TIPS cohorts, with the highest ACLF incidence between 3 and 8 days. By day 28 after the procedure, ACLF improved in the TIPS cohort. In both cohorts, patients developing ACLF within 28 days after surgery or TIPS placement showed significantly worse survival than patients without ACLF development at follow‐up. After 12 months, mortality was significantly higher in the surgery cohort compared to the TIPS cohort (40% vs. 23%, respectively; P = 0.031). Regression analysis showed a European Foundation Chronic Liver Failure Consortium acute decompensation (CLIF‐C AD) score ≥50 and surgical procedure as independent predictors of ACLF development. CLIF‐C AD score ≥50, C‐reactive protein, and ACLF development within 28 days independently predicted 1‐year mortality. Conclusion: Elective surgical interventions in patients with cirrhosis precipitate ACLF development and ultimately death, but TIPS plays a negligible role in the development of ACLF. Elective surgery in patients with CLIF‐C AD ≥50 should be avoided, while the window of opportunity would be CLIF‐C AD <50.
Impact of Metabolic Activity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Association With Immune Status and Vascular Formation
Authors: Itoh Shinji , Yoshizumi Tomoharu , Kitamura Yoshiyuki , Yugawa Kyohei , Iseda Norifumi , Shimagaki Tomonari , Nagao Yoshihiro , Toshima Takeo , Harada Noboru , Kohashi Kenichi , Baba Shingo , Ishigami Kousei , Oda Yoshinao , Mori Masaki
Published: March 2021

We evaluated the prognostic value of fluorine‐18 fluorodeoxyglucose (18F‐FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Their association with programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression and vascular formation was further investigated. In this retrospective study, using a database of 418 patients who had undergone 18F‐FDG PET/CT before hepatic resection for HCC, immunohistochemical staining of PD‐L1, clusters of differentiation (CD) 8, CD68, and CD34 was performed. Patients with a high maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) on 18F‐FDG PET/CT showed a significantly worse recurrence‐free survival (RFS) (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.500; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.088‐2.069; P = 0.0133) and overall survival (OS) (HR: 2.259; 95% CI: 1.276‐4.000; P = 0.0052) than patients with a low SUVmax. Logistic regression analysis showed that a high SUVmax in HCC was significantly associated with PD‐L1‐positive expression (odds ratio: 4.407; 95% CI: 2.265‐8.575; P < 0.0001). SUVmax values of HCC were associated with intratumoral CD8‐positive T‐cell counts (P = 0.0044) and CD68‐positive macrophage counts (P = 0.0061). Stratification based on SUVmax, PD‐L1 expression, and the vessels that encapsulate tumor clusters (VETC) status was also significantly associated with RFS and OS. SUVmax, VETC, and PDL1 expression were independently predictive of survival on multivariable analysis. Conclusion: Our large cohort study showed that a high SUVmax on 18F‐FDG PET/CT is associated with a poor clinical outcome and PD‐L1 expression in patients with HCC. Additionally, stratification of patients based on the combination of SUVmax, PD‐L1 expression, and the VETC status predicts poor clinical outcome.
Understanding the synthesis of anthropometric diversity and workspace dimensions in ergonomic design of light armored vehicle
Authors: Wibneh Amare , Singh Ashish K. , Karmakar Sougata
Published: March 2021

Background and objective

To ensure effective carrying, scouting, patrolling, and large‐scale combat operations, the workspace design of light armored vehicles (LAVs) should be compatible with anthropometry and range of motion (ROM) measurements of the soldiers. This study examines the extent of mismatch between the anthropometric dimensions of the Ethiopian army and existing workspace dimensions of the LAV. Predictive equations have been formulated for design dimensions considering anthropometry and ROM of the target population to avoid possible incompatibility.

Method

The assessment was conducted on three existing Ethiopian LAVs, and mathematical equations were framed to predict the vehicular design dimensions. Anthropometric and ROM data of Ethiopian soldiers (n = 310) from an earlier reported survey by the authors were utilized. The accommodation capacity of existing LAVs was evaluated using a one‐way or two‐way (mis)match criterion, based on individual workspace characteristics. Along with the predicted dimensions, key vehicular dimensions were compared with other globally accepted vehicular standard dimensions.

Results

Twenty‐two basic design dimensions that comply with ergonomics principles were proposed. A high mismatch (in terms of the accommodating capacities of the three LAVs) between the existing and predicted design dimensions indicates the incompatibility of the existing design dimensions in their accommodation of most Ethiopian army personnel. The predicted dimensions comply with different global vehicular standards, thus validating the results.

Conclusion

The research findings indicate that the incompatibilities between vehicular space dimensions and army personnel's anthropometry must be addressed to evade the adverse consequences on occupational health. The LAVs should be redesigned according to the anthropometry and ROM dimensions of Ethiopian soldiers.
Luquillo Experimental Forest: Catchment science in the montane tropics
Authors: McDowell William H. , Leon Miguel C. , Shattuck Michelle D. , Potter Jody D. , Heartsill‐Scalley Tamara , González Grizelle , Shanley James B. , Wymore Adam S.
Published: March 2021

Catchments in the Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF) of Puerto Rico are warm, wet and tropical with steep elevational relief creating gradients in temperature and rainfall. Long‐term objectives of research at the site are to understand how changing climate and disturbance regimes alter hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the montane tropics and to provide information critical for managing and conserving tropical forest ecosystems globally. Measurements of hydrology and meteorology span decades, and currently include temperature, humidity, precipitation, cloud base level, throughfall, groundwater table elevation and stream discharge. The chemistry of rain, throughfall, and streams is measured weekly and lysimeters and wells are sampled monthly to quarterly. Multiple data sets document the effects of major hurricanes including Hugo (1989), Georges (1998) and Maria (2017) on vegetation, biota and catchment biogeochemistry and provide some of the longest available records of biogeochemical fluxes in tropical forests. Here we present an overview of the findings and the data sets that have been generated from the LEF, highlighting their importance for understanding montane tropical watersheds in the context of disturbance and global environmental change.
Postemergence Polygonum aviculare control in Cynodon dactylon turf
Authors: Askew Whitnee L. B. , Willis John B. , Beam Josh B. , Venner Katelyn A. , Gonçalves Clebson G. , Askew Shawn D.
Published: March 2021

Peer‐reviewed research is not available to explain Polygonum aviculare L. (prostrate knotweed) control in Cynodon dactylon (bermudagrass) turf, yet P. aviculare is common and troublesome in managed C. dactylon turf. Six experiments were conducted to determine control options for P. aviculare in C. dactylon golf roughs managed in Hanover, VA. Studies evaluated hormone, photosystem, and ALS inhibiting herbicides. Among a group of eighteen herbicide treatments, only six controlled P. aviculare over 80% and these included single products or mixtures containing 2,4‐D, dicamba, metsulfuron, or chlorsulfuron. Imazaquin, quinclorac, and triclopyr caused transient C. dactylon injury. Treatments dependent on bromoxynil, triclopyr, clopyralid, quinclorac, metribuzin, rimsulfuron, imazaquin, foramsulfuron, flazasulfuron, trifloxysulfuron sodium, or sulfosulfuron are unlikely to adequately control P. aviculare in C. dactylon turf.
Field assessment of flazasulfuron and trifloxysulfuron sodium drift
Authors: Askew Shawn D. , Gonçalves Clebson G. , Jester Jennifer L.
Published: March 2021

Exposure of non‐target species pesticide via drift is of concern to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as evidenced by required buffer zones and language on labels regarding offsite exposure to endangered species. In 2008, flazasulfuron received a conditional registration that specified a 30‐m nontreated buffer between treated areas and sensitive plants. This buffer would make most intended uses of flazasulfuron in warm‐season turfgrass impossible. Assessment of drift in field conditions is required to replace model‐predicted buffer restrictions. Studies were conducted to assess drift of flazasulfuron and a similar herbicide, trifloxysulfuron sodium, in field conditions using conventional turfgrass spray equipment and maximum boom height and minimum droplet size specified on product labels. Herbicides were applied perpendicular to a 6.4 to 9.7 km h−1 wind over ‘Riviera’ bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] turf and sentinel corn plants were placed at distances between 0 and 30.5 m downwind. A bioassay based on reduction of corn height growth rate and shoot biomass indicated trifloxysulfuron sodium and flazasulfuron reduced corn growth similarly but the magnitude of these effects were dependent on year. Year dependency was likely associated with differences in corn cultivars between years. Herbicide drift was not detected beyond 4.6 m downwind of any application. Upon reviewing these and other data, EPA approved a label modification for flazasulfuron that reduced the minimum buffer to 7.6 m.
Influence of grass species and mowing practices on weed cover and quality in infrequently mowed grass stands
Authors: Landschoot Peter J. , Fidanza Michael A. , Kister Shawn M.
Published: March 2021

Infrequently mowed grass areas on institutional grounds and golf courses can reduce mowing costs and impart a natural appearance to the property. However, weed encroachment into these areas can compromise aesthetic appeal of the stand and increase costs associated with weed control. The objective of this 2‐yr field study was to determine the influence of grass species and mowing frequency on weed cover and stand quality. Six grass species or mixtures of species were established from seed and subjected to three mowing frequency treatments at a 12.5‐cm mowing height: one mowing per year (December); two mowings per year (April and December); and three mowings per year (April, June, and December). Grass species treatment influenced weed cover and quality on all rating dates. Treatments showing the least weed cover over two growing seasons included strong creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L. ssp. rubra Gaudin) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb). The treatment showing greatest weed cover was autumn bentgrass [Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerman]. Mowing frequency did not have a significant influence on weed cover. Stand quality varied among species treatments over the course of the study and among mowing frequency treatments for individual species. Autumn bentgrass, a little‐studied species native to North America, generally provided poor quality throughout the study and appeared unsuitable for use in infrequently mowed grass areas on institutional grounds and golf courses. Whereas the quality of strong creeping red fescue and tall fescue varied with time of year and mowing frequency in this study, both species provide effective weed suppression and can likely serve as acceptable plantings in infrequently mowed, out‐of‐play locations on golf courses and in areas that are typically viewed from a distance on large institutional properties.
Humic acids‐based biostimulants impact on root viability and hormone metabolism in creeping bentgrass putting greens
Authors: Zhang Xunzhong , Goatley Mike , McCall David , Kosiarski Kelly , Reith Frank
Published: March 2021

Creeping bentgrass putting greens experience quality decline during summer due to heat and drought stress in U.S. transition zone and other areas with similar climate. Plant biostimulants have been used to improve turfgrass tolerance to abiotic stress. This study was designed to investigate the effect and modes of action of humic acid (HA) based biostimulants on turf quality, root viability, and hormone metabolism of creeping bentgrass during summer stress. The two humic acid formulations – solid powder and liquid, were characterized and applied at two rates of each formulation to a creeping bentgrass putting green from May through August in this study. Auxin indole‐3‐butyric acid (IBA) served as the positive control. Foliar application of either solid or liquid HA at 0.2% and 0.3% biweekly improved turf quality, photochemical efficiency and chlorophyll content at certain sampling dates. The HA treatments also increased leaf growth hormone cytokinin zeatin riboside (ZR) on July 25 and August 22 and auxin indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) on August 22. The HA treatments improved root length, surface area (SA), root volume, biomass, and viability. Solid HA (HA‐S) at 0.2%, 0.3% solution, liquid HA (HA‐L) at 0.2%, and 0.3% increased root viability by 91.8%, 122.4%, 57.1%, and 71.4%, respectively, when compared to the control. This study suggests foliar application of humic acid‐based biostimulants may be considered as an effective tool to improve turf performance in creeping bentgrass putting greens during summer months.
Evaluating biological thatch control on Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr. golf greens
Authors: Weaver Josh R. , McCarty Lambert B. , Quisenberry Virgil L. , Hubbard L. Ray , Bridges William G. , Brown Philip J.
Published: March 2021

Thatch is a layer of living and dead plant material (stems and roots) between turfgrass leaf tissue and the soil surface. If excessive, thatch can decrease turf playability, increase scalping and disease pressure, reduce pesticide efficacy and water infiltration, and harbor insects. In golf putting greens, disruptive mechanical practices such as vertical mowing, core cultivation, grooming, and topdressing are traditional agronomic methods for managing thatch/organic matter. Non‐disruptive biological thatch reducers have been used as an alternative. Field studies were conducted to evaluate two commercial biostimulant products, a liquid vermicompost extract marketed as Worm Power® Turf and a liquid humate derivative marketed as EarthMAX, and their ability to reduce thatch on a Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr. ‘Diamond’ putting green; rooting depth and weight were also evaluated. EarthMAX® was applied at two rates/frequencies, EarthMAX (1) and EarthMAX (2). In addition, two industry standards were included: blackstrap molasses and sand topdressing. In Year 2, untreated resulted in ≥42% thicker thatch than EarthMAX (2) and blackstrap molasses, no other treatment was statistically different to untreated for both years. All treatments provided lower (≥48%) thatch thickness than the industry standard sand topdressing for both years. No treatment performed differently to the untreated for thatch weight. Blackstrap molasses provided greatest root weight for both years (≥133% and ≥184% than all other treatments); however, it also provided amongst the lowest root length. Inconsistent results make it difficult to recommend biostimulants for thatch reduction. Improvements amongst some treatments over untreated and sand topdressing indicate potential benefits of their use.