bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Innovations in Treatment for Drug Abuse: Solutions to a Public Health Problem
Authors: Sindelar Jody L , Fiellin David A
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Illicit drug use is an important public health problem with broad social costs. The low effectiveness of prevention efforts leaves treatment of drug dependence as one of the most powerful means of fighting illicit drug use. Treatment reduces drug use and crime and increases individuals' functioning. However, programs that treat drug dependence have high dropout rates and low completion rates. In addition, some individuals continue to use drugs while in treatment, and relapse is common. Furthermore, only a fraction of those who need treatment receive it. Recently, there have been important innovations that reduce barriers and increase effectiveness of treatment. These innovations include new pharmacological agents, novel counseling strategies, promising ways to motivate, and treatment in new settings. This paper describes standard treatments and recent innovations designed to increase (a) effectiveness of treatment, (b) motivation to seek care, (c) access, (d) retention, and (e) cost-effectiveness. We provide criteria on how these innovations should be evaluated in order to determine which should be adopted, funded, and transferred to existing and future treatment programs.
Challenges in Motor Vehicle Safety
Authors: Waller Patricia F.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Reductions in motor vehicle injury and death represent a major public health success. Since the advent of the federal program in highway safety in 1966, motor vehicle deaths have dropped dramatically, not only in rates per miles driven but also in absolute numbers. Key to this success has been the broad-based comprehensive approach promoted by the program's first administrator, a public health physician. The federal program provided leadership and coordination that leveraged national, state, and local programs to bring about safer vehicles, improved traffic records, more effective enforcement, enormously improved emergency medical services, more responsible judicial systems, and many other accomplishments. Although progress has been made on many fronts, major areas addressed here include federal motor vehicle safety standards, alcohol safety programs, occupant restraint laws and usage, and speed limits. The achievements in motor vehicle safety provide a model for other injury control efforts.
LOOKING BACK AT 25 YEARS OF SOCIOLOGY AND THE ANNUAL REVIEW OF SOCIOLOGY
Authors: Smelser Neil J.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  This essay engages the daunting task of encapsulating and reflecting on the 25 year history of the Annual Review of Sociology. After giving a short account of my own involvement in ARS, I give a brief rendition of what sociology as a field has been during the past quarter century—that is, what was “out there” to be reflected in the pages of ARS. I lay out some statistics on trends in the size, countries, and universities represented, coauthorship patterns, and gender ratios in ARS. These statistics are very informative but contain few surprises. Next I trace and analyze an issue that has commmanded the attention of editors of ARS throughout its history—unity or diversity of sociology as a discipline. Finally I conclude that the ARS does indeed reflect the field in ways that can be documented, but that this process of reflection is subject to many imprecisions generated by the editorial process itself.
Political Sociological Models of the U.S. New Deal
Authors: Manza Jeff
Published: July 2002

The U.S. New Deal raises issues of class, race, gender, region, social movements, and institutional constraint in the context of a societal-wide economic and political crisis, and has not surprisingly generated a considerable body of work by political sociologists over the past twenty years. In particular, the New Deal has served as a major empirical context for developing, testing, or applying broader theoretical models of political change in the United States. In this sense, it is a paradigmatic example of the “historical turn” in the social sciences. This paper examines the theoretical and empirical controversies that have persisted between four competing theoretical models of New Deal political change: (a) those emphasizing the importance of social movements from below in generating momentum for political reform, (b) those highlighting the centrality of business influence on successful New Deal reform initiatives, (c) feminist models, and (d) historical institutional models. I then turn to a survey of more recent work on some of the topics that have been the most widely debated in more recent scholarship and pose some questions for future research.
Prospective Study of C-Reactive Protein, Homocysteine, and Plasma Lipid Levels as Predictors of Sudden Cardiac Death
Authors: Albert Christine M. , Ma Jing , Rifai Nader , Stampfer Meir J. , Ridker Paul M.
Published: July 2002

Background
—

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is an important cause of mortality even among apparently healthy populations. However, our ability to identify those at risk for SCD in the general population is poor, and more specific markers are needed.

Methods and Results
—

To compare and contrast the relative importance of C-reactive protein (CRP), homocysteine, and lipids as long-term predictors of SCD, we performed a prospective, nested, case-control analysis involving 97 cases of SCD among apparently healthy men enrolled in the Physician’s Health Study. Of these plasma markers measured, only baseline CRP levels were significantly associated with the risk of SCD over the ensuing 17 years of follow-up (
P
for trend=0.001). The increase in risk associated with CRP levels was primarily seen among men in the highest quartile, who were at a 2.78-fold increased risk of SCD (95% CI 1.35 to 5.72) compared with men in the lowest quartile. These results were not significantly altered in analyses that (in addition to the matching variables of age and smoking status) controlled for lipid parameters, homocysteine, and multiple cardiac risk factors (relative risk for highest versus lowest quartile 2.65, 95% CI 0.79 to 8.83;
P
for trend=0.03). In contrast to the positive relationship observed for CRP, neither homocysteine nor lipid levels were significantly associated with risk of SCD.

Conclusions
—

These prospective data suggest that CRP levels may be useful in identifying apparently healthy men who are at an increased long-term risk of SCD.
Late Vascular Response to Repeat Stenting for In-Stent Restenosis With and Without Radiation
Authors: Morino Yoshihiro , Limpijankit Thosaphol , Honda Yasuhiro , Lansky Alexandra J. , Waksman Ron , Bonneau Heidi N. , Yock Paul G. , Mintz Gary S. , Fitzgerald Peter J.
Published: July 2002

Background

—

Re-stenting of in-stent restenosis (ISR) improves acute angiographic results.

Methods and Results

—

Volumetric intravascular ultrasound analysis was performed in 70 ISR lesions that received either placebo (n=36) or
192
Ir radiation (n=34). ISR lesions treated by re-stenting were divided into 3 groups: old stent not re-stented (A), old/new stent overlap (B), and new stent only (C). ISR lesions treated without re-stenting were categorized as D. In placebo patients, postintervention lumen volume index (LVI) was significantly greater in re-stented segments B and C than in non–re-stented segment A (
P
<0.05).At follow-up, however, LVI was similar in all 4 segments secondary to the increased intimal hyperplasia (IH) reaccumulation within the re-stented segments. In patients treated with
192
Ir radiation, LVI was maintained from baseline to follow-up only in non–re-stented segments A and D. Conversely, there was a significant decrease in LVI in re-stented segments B and C (
P
<0.05). Qualitatively, 79% of patients in the irradiated group had stent struts with undetectable neointimal versus only 27% in the placebo group (
P
<0.001). Coefficient of variation of IH reaccumulation was greater in re-stented segments of
192
Ir patients (B=57.3% and C=58.9%) than in re-stented segments in placebo patients (B=27.3% and C 26.8%) and non–re-stented segments in irradiated patients.

Conclusions

—

Additional lumen gain from re-stenting ISR lesions is counteracted by exaggerated neointimal proliferation in placebo patients. Maximum effectiveness and safety of radiation can be achieved for ISR lesions when treated without re-stenting. Thus, regardless of supplementary intravascular brachytherapy, repeat stenting strategies provided little long-term advantage.
Small Centrum Ovale Infarcts on Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Yonemura Kiminobu , Kimura Kazumi , Minematsu Kazuo , Uchino Makoto , Yamaguchi Takenori
Published: July 2002

Background and Purpose

—

A small centrum ovale infarct (SCOI), caused by occlusion of the white matter medullary arteries, is often equated with a lacunar infarct. We sought to clarify the clinical characteristics of a SCOI visualized by diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) compared with those of a small basal ganglia infarct (SBGI).

Methods

—

Patients with a SCOI (SCOI group; n=38) or SBGI (SBGI group; n=68) ≤15 mm in diameter on conventional MRI and DWI were selected from 582 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke. Sex, age, neurological symptoms, vascular risk factors, emboligenic heart disease, arterial occlusive disease in the ipsilateral carotid system, and recurrent stroke within the initial 30 days were compared between the 2 groups.

Results

—

Only 47% of SCOIs but 87% of SBGIs could be identified with the use of conventional MRI, whereas DWI could detect them all. Age, sex, and vascular risk factors were not significantly different between the 2 groups. The SCOI group had more frequently an abrupt onset of symptoms (63% versus 26%;
P
=0.0002), emboligenic heart diseases (34% versus 12%;
P
=0.0054), occlusive carotid and/or middle cerebral artery diseases (53% versus 19%;
P
=0.0004), and recurrent stroke (13% versus 1%;
P
=0.0216) but less frequently a classic lacunar syndrome (50% versus 81%;
P
=0.0009) than the SBGI group. On a multivariate analysis, both arterial and heart diseases were independently associated with the SCOI group.

Conclusions

—

Symptomatic SCOIs detected by DWI may be associated with large-vessel and heart diseases and should be distinguished from lacunar infarcts.
Foreign Aid and Statehood in Africa
Authors: Goldsmith Arthur A.
Published: July 2002

Has foreign aid destroyed state institutions in Africa? African states depend on development assistance to conduct basic government operations, yet few of these states are well governed or effective at providing public goods. The two trends, mounting foreign aid and static or diminishing state performance, raise an obvious question: Is aid dependency contributing to misrule and state failure in Africa? Many critics argue the two phenomena are related. I find they are not. My analysis fails to show a negative association between aid receipts and two measures of democracy and economic freedom. Instead, the evidence is consistent with a small, positive relationship between aid and these indicators of state performance. Since the international community seems bent on reducing foreign aid, an important issue is how African states can maintain and improve their performance with less foreign assistance.
Color Music: Visual Color Notation for Musical Expression
Authors: Poast Michael
Published: July 2002

In this article, the author de-scribes Color Music, an alternative notation system for musical expres-sion. The system uses colors and shapes-powerful tools of expres-sion-in conjunction with sound to form a new language for musical no-tation. The author briefly describes the history of color/sound relation-ships since the time of Aristotle and discusses the use of color in scores by Alexander Scriabin, Arnold Schoenberg, John Cage, Krzysztof Penderecki, Gyorgy Ligeti, Olivier Messiaen and other contemporary composers who recognized color as a tool of expression for musical no-tation. He also discusses the psy-chology and musical meaning of col-ors, along with the role of performers as interpreters of Color Music, and the use of standard mu-sical forms as structural devices for applying color to scores. He de-scribes his Color Music: Toccata and Fugue (1995) in detail.
Cyborgs, Agents, and Transhumanists: Crossing Traditional Borders of Body and Identity in the Context of New Technology
Authors: Becker Barbara
Published: July 2002

In current discourses of technoscience, body, nature, and even life are often described as code, text, or information. On the one hand, classical dichotomies (body/mind, subject/object, man/machine) and their restrictions are dissolving; on the other hand, this discourse often reveals a hidden desire to ignore both the fragility and the sense-giving capacity of materiality. In this paper, the proper dynamic of materiality is explored by looking in particular at what it means to be in a permanent touch with the world with the body. Against this background, efforts at denying or transforming the body in the context of new technologies can be interpreted as the wish to control or avoid the unpredictable and unconscious dimensions of human existence.
Interaction in an IVR Museum of Color: Constructivism Meets Virtual Reality
Authors: Spalter Anne Morgan , Stone Philip Andrew , Meier Barbara J. , Miller Timothy S. , Simpson Rosemary Michelle
Published: July 2002

Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR) environments would seem naturally to lend themselves to hands-on approaches to learning, but the success of such virtual “direct experience” depends heavily on the design of interface and interaction techniques. IVR presents surprisingly difficult interface challenges, and the study of interface and interaction design for educational IVR use is just beginning. In this paper, the authors discuss three issues encountered in the creation of an IVR-based educational project: the use of architectural spaces for structuring a sequence of modules, the tradeoffs between metaphorical fidelity and convenience, and the use of IVR in interaction with visualizations of abstract concepts.
Functional Anatomy of High-Resolution Visual Mental Imagery
Authors: Mellet E. , Tzourio-Mazoyer N. , Bricogne S. , Mazoyer B. , Kosslyn S. M. , Denis M.
Published: July 2002

This study had two purposes. First, in order to address the controversy regarding activation of the primary visual area (PVA) during visual mental imagery, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was recorded while subjects performed a task that required high-resolution visual mental imagery. Second, in order to discover whether verbal descriptions can engage visual mechanisms during imagery in the same way as visual stimuli, subjects memorized 3D scenes that were visually presented or were based on a verbal description. Comparison of the results from the imagery conditions to a non-imagery baseline condition revealed no activation in PVA for imagery based on a verbal description and a significant decrease of rCBF in this region for imagery based on visual learning. The pattern of activation in other regions was very similar in the two conditions, including parietal, midbrain, cerebellar, prefrontal, left insular, and right inferior temporal regions. These results provide strong evidence that imagery based on verbal descriptions can recruit regions known to be engaged in high-order visual processing.
Global Spectral and Location Effects in Auditory Perceptual Grouping
Authors: O'Connor Kevin N. , Sutter Mitchell L.
Published: July 2002

An important problem in cognitive and systems neuroscience concerns the extent to which perceptual organization can be explained by “local”, peripheral physiological mechanisms, or rather by more “global”, central, and higher-level processes. Though central in vision research, this issue has received little attention in the field of audition. One claim is that auditory-perceptual grouping mechanisms, possibly related to visual figure-from-ground segregation or “pop-out”, are low level, resulting from local processing in the frequency domain. However, no experiments have been performed specifically to test this question. We examined the effects of perceptual grouping on detection for reversal of two repeated target tones, one constant in frequency (1030 Hz), the other free to vary between trials (1045-8580 Hz). Detection was examined in the presence of a 1000-Hz background tone that repeated between target presentations. By varying the frequency of the high-target tone, this task was designed to modulate grouping between the background and low-target tones, thereby affecting reversal detection. We predicted that at large target frequency differences (Δf), the high-target tone would segregate from the background and low-target tones, and so render the background and low-target tones less distinct. We found that reversal detection declined from optimal levels with increasing Δf, and that performance was improved by spatially separating the location of the target and background sounds by at least 32°. These results demonstrate that global frequency integration over at least three octaves occurs through grouping, and that grouping is affected by source location. This implies that auditory-perceptual grouping involves global neural processing, i.e., the participation of neurons with very broad frequency input that are also sensitive to spatial location.
Volitional Covert Orienting to a Peripheral Cue Does Not Suppress Cue-induced Inhibition of Return
Authors: Berlucchi Giovanni , Chelazzi Leonardo , Tassinari Giancarlo
Published: July 2002

Detection reaction time (RT) at an extrafoveal location can be increased by noninformative precues presented at that location or ipsilaterally to it. This cue-induced inhibition is called inhibition of return or ipsilateral inhibition. We measured detection RT to simple light targets at extrafoveal locations that could be designated for covert orienting by local or distant cues. We found that cue-induced inhibition co-occurred in an additive fashion with the direct effects of covert orienting, i.e., it detracted from facilitation at attended locations and increased the disadvantage for unattended locations. Thus, cue-induced inhibition cannot be suppressed by a volitional covert orienting to the cued location; the cooccurrence of different facilitatory and inhibitory effects confirms the simultaneous operation of multiple independent, attentional mechanisms during covert orienting.
Prosopagnosia as a Deficit in Encoding Curved Surface
Authors: Laeng Bruno , Caviness Verne S.
Published: July 2002

RP is a case of “developmental” prosopagnosia who, according to brain-imaging segmentation data, shows a reduction in volume of a limited set of structures of the right hemisphere. RP is as accurate as control subjects in tasks requiring the perception of nonface objects (e.g., matching subordinate labels to exemplars, naming two-tone images), with the exception of one perceptual task: The matching of different perspectives of amoebae-like stimuli (i.e., volumes made of a single smooth surface). In terms of speed (“efficiency”) of responses, RP's performance falls clearly outside the normal limits also in other tasks that include “natural” but nonface stimuli (i.e., animals, artifacts). Specifically, RP is slow in perceptual judgments made at very low (subordinate) levels of semantic categorization and for objects and artifacts whose geometry present much curved features and surface information. We conclude from these analyses that prosopagnosia can be the result of a deficit in the representation of basic geometric volumes made of curved surface. In turn, this points to the importance (necessity) for the normal visual system of such curved and volumetric information in the identification of human faces.
Working Memory and the Suppression of Reflexive Saccades
Authors: Mitchell Jason P. , Macrae C. Neil , Gilchrist Iain D.
Published: July 2002

Conscious behavioral intentions can frequently fail under conditions of attentional depletion. In attempting to trace the cognitive origin of this effect, we hypothesized that failures of action control—specifically, oculomotor movement—can result from the imposition of fronto-executive load. To evaluate this prediction, participants performed an antisaccade task while simultaneously completing a working-memory task that is known to make variable demands on prefrontal processes (n-back task, see Jonides et al., 1997).

The results of two experiments are reported. As expected, antisaccade error rates were increased in accordance with the fronto-executive demands of the n-back task (Experiment 1). In addition, the debilitating effects of working-memory load were restricted to the inhibitory component of the antisaccade task (Experiment 2). These findings corroborate the view that working memory operations play a critical role in the suppression of prepotent behavioral responses.
Semantic and Visual Determinants of Face Recognition in a Prosopagnosic Patient
Authors: Dixon Mike J. , Bub Daniel N. , Arguin Martin
Published: July 2002

Prosopagnosia is the neuropathological inability to recognize familiar people by their faces. It can occur in isolation or can coincide with recognition deficits for other nonface objects. Often, patients whose prosopagnosia is accompanied by object recognition difficulties have more trouble identifying certain categories of objects relative to others. In previous research, we demonstrated that objects that shared multiple visual features and were semantically close posed severe recognition difficulties for a patient with temporal lobe damage. We now demonstrate that this patient's face recognition is constrained by these same parameters. The prosopagnosic patient ELM had difficulties pairing faces to names when the faces shared visual features and the names were semantically related (e.g., Tonya Harding, Nancy Kerrigan, and Josée Chouinard— three ice skaters). He made tenfold fewer errors when the exact same faces were associated with semantically unrelated people (e.g., singer Celine Dion, actress Betty Grable, and First Lady Hillary Clinton). We conclude that prosopagnosia and co-occurring category-specific recognition problems both stem from difficulties disambiguating the stored representations of objects that share multiple visual features and refer to semantically close identities or concepts.
Illusory Contour Perception and Amodal Boundary Completion: Evidence of a Dissociation Following Callosotomy
Authors: Fendrich Paul M. Corballis and Robert , Shapley Robert M. , Gazzaniga Michael S.
Published: July 2002

A fundamental problem in form perception is how the visual system can link together spatially separated contour fragments to form the percept of a unitary shape. Illusory contours and amodal completion are two phenomena that demonstrate this linking process. In the present study we investigate these phenomena in the divided hemispheres of two callosotomy (“split-brain”) patients. The data suggest that dissociable neural mechanisms are responsible for the generation of illusory contours and amodal completion. Although both cerebral hemispheres appear to be equally capable of perceiving illusory contours, amodal completion is more readily utilized by the right hemisphere. These results suggest that illusory contours may be attributable to low-level visual processes common to both hemispheres, whereas amodal completion reflects a higher-level, lateralized process.
On the Effect of Analog Noise in Discrete-Time Analog Computations
Authors: Maass Wolfgang , Orponen Pekka
Published: July 2002

We introduce a model for analog computation with discrete time in the presence of analog noise that is flexible enough to cover the most important concrete cases, such as noisy analog neural nets and networks of spiking neurons. This model subsumes the classical model for digital computation in the presence of noise. We show that the presence of arbitrarily small amounts of analog noise reduces the power of analog computational models to that of finite automata, and we also prove a new type of upper bound for the VC-dimension of computational models with analog noise.
The Role of the Hippocampus in Solving the Morris Water Maze
Authors: Redish A. David , Touretzky David S.
Published: July 2002

We suggest that the hippocampus plays two roles that allow rodents to solve the hidden-platform water maze: self-localization and route replay.

When an animal explores an environment such as the water maze, the combination of place fields and correlational (Hebbian) long-term potentiation produces a weight matrix in the CA3 recurrent collaterals such that cells with overlapping place fields are more strongly interconnected than cells with nonoverlapping fields. When combined with global inhibition, this forms an attractor with coherent representations of position as stable states. When biased by local view information, this allows the animal to determine its position relative to the goal when it returns to the environment. We call this self-localization.

When an animal traces specific routes within an environment, the weights in the CA3 recurrent collaterals become asymmetric. We show that this stores these routes in the recurrent collaterals. When primed with noise in the absence of sensory input, a coherent representation of position still forms in the CA3 population, but then that representation drifts, retracing a route.

We show that these two mechanisms can coexist and form a basis for memory consolidation, explaining the anterograde and limited retrograde amnesia seen following hippocampal lesions.
On Stuart Marshall: Composer, Video Artist and Filmmaker, 1949–1993
Authors: Lucier Alvin
Published: July 2002

Alvin Lucier reminisces about his former student and colleague Stuart Marshall. Marshall's sound works investigated such phenomena as the threshold of hearing and the displacement of sound environments, through scores that combined participants and equipment in incongruous ways, with instructions based on seemingly contradictory statements, creating unexpected groupings and responses.
Change Over Time: Responsibility and Power in the Midst of Catastrophe
Authors: Warde Ann
Published: July 2002

After outlining a background of catastrophe theory and its links to musical composition, the author presents a manifestation of those links in the form of a “catastrophe machine”—an interactive musical system in which abrupt changes in computer-generated sound processing are dependent upon performers' sensitive control of acoustic instruments. She then discusses notions of power and responsibility as they stem from a specific realization of this system, Berubah.
Supporting Rich And Dynamic Communication In Large-Scale Collaborative Virtual Environments
Authors: Greenhalgh Chris , Benford Steve
Published: July 2002

We focus on the problem of constructing collaborative virtual environments (CVEs) that scale to large numbers of simultaneous participants and yet which still afford rich and varied possibilities for communication. This is achieved by extending our previously defined spatial model of interaction for CVEs to include third-party objects that provide support for contextual factors in awareness calculations and that enhance scaleability. Third parties can have two effects on awareness: attenuation or amplification of existing awareness relationships, and the introduction of new aggregate awareness relationships. We propose a range of applications for third-party objects including world structuring regions, aggregate views, dynamic crowds of participants, common foci, representational and group services, and dynamic load management. We also discuss how the third-party concept relates to other approaches to structuring virtual environments such as tiles, zones, and locales. We then present an implementation, the MASSIVE-2 system, focusing on its network architecture which is based on a dynamic and selfconfiguring hierarchy of multicast groups. Finally, we describe four demonstration applications that have been developed in MASSIVE-2: an environment for staging a public poetry performance that includes semiprivate zones for social interaction; the Panoptican Plaza, which demonstrates a variety of differently bounded regions; a collaborative 3-D Web browser that groups pages into server regions; and the Arena, a performance space that supports both static and mobile crowd aggregations of groups of participants.
Descartes, Heidegger, Gibson, and God: Toward an Eclectic Ontology of Presence
Authors: Sheridan Thomas B.
Published: July 2002

With regard to “presence” and “reality,” the philosophical perspectives of Heidegger and Gibson are commonly seen to be in opposition to those of Descartes. This paper questions the validity of these differences and suggests a framework that would seem to accommodate both perspectives, namely that of engineering estimation theory. In this same regard—and in view of our interest in virtual reality—an ultimate challenge is posed as an exercise: how to treat the “presence” and “reality” of God.
Variable Length Representation in Evolutionary Electronics
Authors: Zebulum Ricardo S. , Vellasco Marley , Pacheco Marco Aurélio
Published: July 2002

This work investigates the application of variable length representation (VLR) evolutionary algorithms (EAs) in the field of Evolutionary Electronics. We propose a number of VLR methodologies that can cope with the main issues of variable length evolutionary systems. These issues include the search for efficient ways of sampling a genome space with varying dimensionalities, the task of balancing accuracy and parsimony of the solutions, and the manipulation of non-coding segments. We compare the performance of three proposed VLR approaches to sample the genome space: Increasing Length Genotypes, Oscillating Length Genotypes, and Uniformly Distributed Initial Population strategies. The advantages of reusing genetic material to replace non-coding segments are also emphasized in this work. It is shown, through examples in both analog and digital electronics, that the variable length genotype's representation is natural to this particular domain of application. A brief discussion on biological genome evolution is also provided.
Congress and the Cold War
Authors: Johnson Robert David
Published: July 2002

Congress has received insufficient attention from scholars of Cold War foreign policy for a number of reasons, including historiographical patterns and the scattered nature of congressional sources. This gap in the literature has skewed our understanding of the Cold War because it has failed to take into account the numerous ways in which the legislature affected U.S. foreign policy after World War II. This article looks at Cold War congressional policy within a broad historical perspective, and it analyzes how the flurry of congressional activity in the years following the Vietnam War was part of a larger trend of congressional activism in foreign policy. After reviewing the existing literature on the subject of Congress and the Cold War, the article points out various directions for future research.
YAHYĀ IBN ĀDAM'S KITĀB AL-KHARĀDJ: RELIGIOUS GUIDELINES FOR PUBLIC FINANCE
Authors: Kallek Cengiz
Published: July 2002

This article emphasizes the importance of Yahyā ibn Ādam's Kitāb al-Kharādj to the investigation of public finance in the second century of Islam. His work stands out as the accessible terminus a quo documenting the foundations of the "traditionistic school" of economic thinking. Under the Abbāsid caliphs, who came to power with (cl)aims for reform, he attempted to compose policy guidelines for public finance for both believers and officials. His views on the limits of the imam's jurisdiction, on land and taxation policy, and on bedouin-urban dichotomy are revealing. Cette contribution met l'accent sur l'importance du Kitāb al-Kharādj de Yahyā ibn Ādam pour l'étude des finances publiques au second siècle de l'Islam. Son oeuvre apparaît comme le terminus a quo documentant les fondements de "l'école traditionnistique" de la pensée économique. Sous les califes abbāsides arrivés au pouvoir avec des revendications de réformes, il tente d'esquisser les lignes directrices d'une politique des finances publiques à l'usage des croyants et des gouvernants. Ses opinions sur les limites des compétences de l'imam, sur la politique foncière et fiscale, et sur la dichotomie nomades-urbains sont révélatrices.
McDonald's "Empirical Look at Becoming Vegan"
Authors: MacNair Rachel
Published: July 2002

McDonald (2000) offers insights from in-depth interviews with twelve long-term vegans. I have done similar qualitative work with two focus groups, and I have done a quantitative survey with 385 respondents recruited through vegetarian channels (MacNair, 1998). Several points McDonald made can be confirmed or expanded upon from these studies, and there are other important considerations in the investigation of becoming vegetarian or vegan. As McDonald says, the current literature on becoming vegetarian or vegan is scant. One addition is recent figures on the percentage of the American population that is vegetarian. A Zogby Poll (Vegetarian Resource Group, 2000) shows that 2.5% of Americans - the vegetarians - never eat meat, poultry, or fish. Nine of the 968 polled - the vegans - also eat no dairy, eggs, or animal products. My findings were similar to McDonald's on the importance of reading vegan materials to maintain a vegan lifestyle. Similarly, my focus groups' remarks echoed the travails of persuading others and finding social support. The interplay of emotion and logic is also echoed, with some people starting with one and including the other. The survey (MacNair, 1998) suggested that those who became vegetarian because of animal concerns were more likely to answer that their initial impetus had been emotional. When health concerns were the beginning motivation, they were more likely to answer that they had used logic.
DIE URSPRÜNGLICHEN BEWOHNER DES LANDES KANAAN IM DEUTERONOMIUM SINN UND ABSICHT DER BESCHREIBUNG IHRER IDENTITÄT UND IHRES CHARAKTERS
Authors: Houtman Cornelis
Published: July 2002

Das Bild, das im Deuteronomium von der Identität und dem Charakter der autochthonen, vorisraelitischen Bewohner Kanaans wie auch von den autochthonen Bewohnern der von Israels Nachbarvölkern bewohnten Gebiete vermittelt wird, hat zweierlei Absicht: (1) Die Charakterisierung JHWH's als eines universalen Gottes, dem nichts entgegengesetzt werden kann und dessen Handeln hinsichtlich Israels Nachbarvölker – er hat ihre 'Landnahme' möglich gemacht – alles Vertrauen in die Realisierung dessen, was er Israel zugesagt hat, weckt; (2) die Charakterisierung der autochthonen Bewohner Kanaans als gottlose Wesen und völlige Unmenschen, um schlussendlich ihre Liquidierung von Seiten Israels zu legitimieren und den Eindruck zu entkräften, dass Israel sich des unmoralischen Verhaltens und Genozids schuldig gemacht haben soll.
SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS AS AN INDICATOR OF SUCCESSFUL PACK FORMATION IN FREE-RANGING AFRICAN WILD DOGS
Authors: McCreery E. Kim
Published: July 2002

Pack formation in the African wild dog is a social process that usually involves more than two individuals. Typically, same-sex relatives emigrate and join opposite-sex groups. Same-sex relatives have a shared social history and, consequently, established social bonds. In contrast, opposite-sex groups are unfamiliar with one another. Patterns of association (approaches and resting partners) were recorded during the daily resting period for three newly formed packs. Two packs annulled (Gijima and Amazoro) and one pack (Sinajima) became a stable reproductive unit (i.e. an established pack). An analysis of resting patterns suggests that spatial relationships mirror the relative strength of social bonds and thus the degree of social integration between females and males. Former members of the annulled Gijima pack rested with the same sex more often, and actively maintained this pattern, while opposite-sex associations were observed and maintained more often in the Sinajima pack. The Amazoro pack appeared more integrated than the Gijima pack, but less integrated than the Sinajima pack. Mate choice (i.e. group compatibility) may have influenced the outcome of attempted pack formation. The two cases of pack annulment were not the result of takeovers (i.e. the forceful expulsion of same-sex individuals), and same-sex associations were more common in these packs suggesting that opposite-sex group members were incompatible. The extremely social nature of this canid is reflected in the maintenance of physical contact or relatively short inter-individual distances while resting.
The demise of the Platonic worm
Authors: Leroi Armand , Emmons Scott , Cunha Ana , Azevedo Ricardo B.R.
Published: July 2002

Nematodes are generally considered to have an adult cell number that does not vary among wildtype individuals as a consequence of invariant cell lineages (eutely). However, there is extensive evidence that at least some cell lineages can be variable in nematodes. In a comparative study of 13 free-living nematode species, we have shown that the adult epidermis of most species contained variable numbers of nuclei and that this variance was positively correlated with mean epidermal nuclear number. Here we present simulations of the lateral seam cell lineages of four species and show that variance in cell number is influenced by lineage topology, as well as by the frequency of lineage variants. We show that the epidermal variability of Panagrellus redivivus cannot be accounted for by the complexity of its lineage, but requires higher levels of lineage variability than are found in Caenorhabditis elegans, Oscheius myriophila and Rhabditella octopleura. Our findings suggest that many nematodes may have tissues composed of indeterminate numbers of cells formed from variable lineages and, as such, resemble other metazoans. Les nématodes sont généralement considérés comme ayant un nombre de cellules invariable chez les individus de type sauvage, conséquence d’un lignage cellulaire fixe (eutélie). Cependant, il est d’évidence qu’au moins certains des lignages cellulaires peuvent varier chez les nématodes. Dans une étude comparative portant sur 13 espèces de nématodes libres, nous avions montré que l’épiderme de la plupart de ces espèces comportait un nombre variable de noyaux et que cette variabilité était corrélée positivement avec le nombre de noyaux épidermiques. Nous présentons ici des simulations des lignages cellulaires de la suture latérale de quatre espèces et démontrons que le nombre de cellules est influencé tant par la topologie du lignage que par la fréquence des variants de ce lignage. Nous montrons que la variabilité de l’épiderme de Panagrellus redivivus ne peut être mise au compte de la complexité de son lignage, mais demande des niveaux élevés de variabilité de ce lignage, tels ceux trouvés chez Caenorhabditis elegans, Oscheius myriophila et Rhabditella octopleura. Nos observations suggèrent que nombre de nématodes possèdent des tissus composés d’un nombre indéterminé de cellules dérivant de lignages variables et, de ce fait, ressemblent aux autres metazoaires.
Purification and partial characterisation of hatching factors for the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis from potato root leachate
Authors: Devine Ken , Jones Peter
Published: July 2002

Hatching factors with activity towards Globodera rostochiensis were isolated from the root leachates produced by 1500 potato plants grown in gravel. In total, nine hatching factors, each with molecular weight 530.5 Da, were isolated. The main differences in the daughter ions produced from different hatching factors after fragmentation by mass spectrometry occurred between 245 and 500 Da. The main hatching factor, HF E, was found in extremely low concentrations in the leachate (less than 2.9 × 10­5% of recovered organic material) and was active in vitro at less than 2.1 × 10­8 M. Separation of the different hatching factors during purification was found to decrease the percentage hatch achieved in vitro at optimum concentration. Aus Wurzelablaufwasser von 1500 in grobem Sand gehaltenen Kartoffelpflanzen wurden gegenüber Globodera rostochiensis wirksame Schlüpffaktoren isoliert. Insgesamt wurden neun Schlüpffaktoren isoliert, jeder mit einem Molekulargewicht von 530.5 Da. Die grössten Unterschiede bei den Tochterionen, die bei einer Zerlegung durch Massenspektrometrie erzielt wurden, traten zwischen 245 und 500 Da auf. Der Hauptschlüpffaktor, HF E, wurde in extrem niedrigen Konzentrationen (weniger als 2.9 × 10­5% des gewonnenen organischen Materials) im Ablaufwasser gefunden. Er war in vitro noch bei weniger als 2.1 × 10­8 M wirksam. Eine Trennung der verschiedenen Schlüpffaktoren im Laufe der Reinigung verminderte den prozentualen Schlupf in vitro bei optimaler Konzentration.
Description of Bursaphelenchus conicaudatus n. sp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae), isolated from the yellow-spotted longicorn beetle, Psacothea hilaris (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and fig trees, Ficus carica
Authors: Kanzaki Natsumi , Tsuda Kaku , Futai Kazuyoshi
Published: July 2002

Bursaphelenchus conicaudatus n. sp. is described and figured. Specimens were
collected from a 3-week-old culture on Botrytis cinerea. The new species is
characterised by the roundish trapezoid bursa of males and tapered and
mucronate tail of females. The new species is closely related to B.
xylophilus, B. mucronatus and B. fraudulentus in the shapes of spicule and
vulval flap, but was easily distinguished from these three species by the
shapes of the bursa and female tail. Bursaphelenchus conicaudatus n. sp. est
décrit et illustré. Des spécimens ont été collectés à partir d’une culture
de 3 semaines sur Botrytis cinerea. La nouvelle espèce est caractérisée par
une bourse trapézoïdate et arrondie chez le mâle et par l’extrémité mucronée
de la queue chez la femelle. La nouvelle espèce est très proche de B.
xylophilus, B. mucronatus et B. fraudulentus par la forme des spicules et du
volet vulvaire mais elle a été facilement différenciée de ces trois espèces
par la forme de la bourse du mâle et de la queue de la femelle.
Five new species of Rhigonema Cobb, 1898 (Rhigonematida: Rhigonematidae) from the Philippines and Vietnam with observations on the morphology of the Indo-Malayan forms and nematophagy by R. voratum sp. n.
Authors: Hunt David
Published: July 2002

Five new species of Rhigonema are described and illustrated from the gut of diplopods collected from the Philippines and Vietnam. R. flabellifer sp. n., R. golovatchi sp. n., R. rigonanae sp. n., R. spiridonovi sp. n. and R. voratum sp. n. are differentiated from one another and the remaining species in the genus by a combination of characters including form of the cephalic extremity, development and extent of the pilose region, female genital tract type, male and female tail shape, spicule form and number and disposition of the copulatory papillae. Two species, both from polydesmid diplopods, bear an unusual pedunculate, flap-like projection on each sector of the triangular oral aperture and have only thirteen copulatory papillae. Such projections have only previously been described from R. lanceacauda, a species from the West Indies that also shares a reduced and similarly arranged complement of thirteen male papillae. The morphology, bionomics and distribution of Rhigonema are discussed and evidence presented for the first time that nematophagy is practised by at least one species in the genus. Rhigonema leonilae (Sanchez-Velazquez, 1979) comb. n. is proposed for Ruizia leonilae Sanchez-Velazquez, 1979. Cinq nouvelles especes de Rhigonema Cobb, 1898 (Rhigonematida: Rhigonematidae) des Philippines et du Vietnam et observations sur la morphologie des formes indo-malaises et la nematophagie chez R. voratum sp. n. - Cinq nouvelles especes de Rhigonema provenant des intestins de diplopodes collectes aux Philippines et au Vietnam sont decrites et illustrees. R. flabellifer sp. n., R. golovatchi sp. n., R. rigonanae sp. n., R. spiridonovi sp. n. et R. voratum sp. n. sont differencies les uns des autres et des autres especes du genre par une combinaison de caracteres incluant la forme de l'extremite cephalique, le developpement et l'etendue de la pilosite, le type de tractus genital femelle, la forme de la queue du male et de la femelle, la forme des spicules et le nombre et la repartition des papilles copulatrices. Deux especes, provenant toutes deux de Diplopodes Polydesmides, portent une projection inhabituelle, pedonculee, en forme de languette, sur chacun des secteurs de l'ouverture buccale triangulaire et comptent seulement treize papilles copulatrices. De telles projections n'ont ete precedemment decrites que chez R.lanceacauda, une espece originaire des Antilles, qui exhibe egalement un cortege reduit de treize papilles chez le male avec la meme repartition. La morphologie, le comportement et la repartition des Rhigonema sont discutes et la preuve est apportee pour la premiere fois que la nematophagie est pratiquee par au moins une espece de ce genre. Rhigonema leonilae (Sanchez-Velazquez, 1979) comb. n. est propose pour Ruizia leonilae Sanchez-Velazquez, 1979.
Discussion of “Extracting K-Ar ages from shales: a theoretical test”
Authors: Ylagan R. F. , Pevear D. R. , Vrolijk P. J .
Published: July 2002

Illite age analysis (Pevear, 1992) and similar mixing methods demonstrate nearlinear behaviour when corrected for smectite content in illite-smectite and substitutions for K+ in illite layers. Srodon (1999) found that highly curved mixing lines result from theoretical calculations and challenged the validity of IAA. However, our theoretical calculations indicate near-linear mixing lines result when corrected for the amount of smectite and known K+ substitutions (Na+ or NH4+). We conclude that perfect linearity is unattainable because IAA attempts to unmix a system linearly, but the system is based on an exponential function (K-Ar equation). In practice, we believe IAA can successfully determine the age range of illite diagenesis, even though perfect linearity is not attainable because: (1) significant deviations from linearity occur only if >500 Ma separate the diagenetic and detrital ages; (2) IAA analytical uncertainties result in diagenetic and detrital ages that span a range of ages.
Structural collapse of Al13- intercalated montmorillonite by Na- salicylate solutions
Authors: Molis E. , Thomas F. , Faisandier K. , Bihannic I.
Published: July 2002

The chemical, textural and structural transformations of Al13-intercalated montmorillonite, resulting from the depolymerization of the interlamellar Al13 polycations by Na salicylate solutions, were studied. Nitrogen gas adsorption shows a dramatic decrease in specific surface area from 493 to 39 m2g–1, due to the loss of microporosity. Modelling of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) curves shows that the final product contains two phases: a Na-exchanged swelling phase accounting for 40% of the clay, and a fixed interlayer distance (20.8 Å ) phase accounting for 60% of the clay. The Al remaining in the clay galleries (45% of the initial Al) is composed of 13% Al13– and 87% hexacoordinated Al, probably Al(OH)03 and oligomeric Al-salicylate complexes, as shown by 27Al NMR. The instability of Al13-intercalated montmorillonite towards organic ligands is related to the hydration shell of the tridecamer, revealed by SAXS. These results focus on the necessity to take into account the presence of organic ligands in natural media when using materials such as Al13-intercalated clays.