bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparing Low-Cost Sensors with Ground-Based and Airborne In-Situ and Column Observations of NO2 and HCHO during the FRAPPE Field Campaign in Colorado, USA
Authors: Okorn Kristen , Iraci Laura , Hannigan Michael
Published: February 2023

Even in the presence of more reliable air quality tools, low-cost sensors have the benefit of recording data on highly localized spatial and temporal scales, allowing for multiple measurements within a single satellite pixel and on pixel boundaries. However, they are less accurate than their regulatory-grade counterparts, requiring regular co-locations with accepted instruments to ensure their validity. Thus, the addition of low-cost sensors to a field campaign – where reference-grade air quality instruments are abundant – not only provides ample opportunities for low-cost sensor co-location and calibration, but also allows the low-cost instruments to be used for sub-pixel validation, covering more surface area than the regulatory instruments alone with a network of sensors. During the summer of 2014, our low-cost sensor network was deployed during the Front Range Air Pollution and Photochemistry Éxperiment (FRAPPÉ) campaign conducted to sample the composition of air at and above ground level in northeastern Colorado, USA. The low-cost sensor platform included a suite of gas-phase sensors, notably NO2 and two generalized volatile organic compound (VOC) sensors, which were leveraged together to quantify speciated hydrocarbons such as formaldehyde. These key pollutants were chosen for their impacts on human health and climate change, as well as their inclusion on the TEMPO satellite launching this year. Airborne campaign measurements included slant column optical observations of formaldehyde (HCHO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3). Myriad additional in-situ instruments described chemical composition up to approximately 5 km above surface level. Ground-based instrumentation included both stationary and mobile regulatory-grade instruments, which were used for sensor calibration. Machine learning techniques such as artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used to match the low-cost signals to that of the reference-grade instruments. Here, we compare calibrated low-cost sensor data collected at ground level in a variety of locations along Colorado’s Front Range to various data sources from the FRAPPÉ campaign to better understand how well airborne and regulatory ground-based measurements can be extrapolated to other locations. Further, as the slant column measurements act as satellite simulators, we explore how low-cost instruments can be used for satellite validation purposes. Comparisons among these different data types also have important implications in data fusion.
Destination Earth - Processing Near Data and Massive Data Handling
Authors: Puechmaille Danaele , Duatis Juarez Jordi , Stoicescu Miruna , Schick Michael , Saulyak Borys
Published: February 2023

Destination Earth is an operational service under the lead of the European Commission being implemented jointly by ESA, ECMWF and EUMETSAT.
The presentation will provide insights of how Destination Earth provides Near Data Processing and deals with Massive Data.
The objective of the European Commission’s Destination Earth (DestinE) initiative is to deploy several highly accurate digital replicas of the Earth (Digital Twins) in order to monitor and simulate natural as well as human activities and their interactions, to develop and test “what-if” scenarios that would enable more sustainable developments and support European environmental policies. DestinE addresses the challenge to manage and make accessible the sheer amount of data generated by the Digital Twins and observation data located at external sites such as the ones depicted in the figure below. This data will be made available fast enough and in a format ready to support analysis scenarios proposed by the DestinE service users.
 

Figure 1 :  DestinE Data Sources (green) and Stakeholders (orange)
 
The “DestinE Data Lake” (DEDL) is one of the three Destination Earth components interacting with:

the Digital Twin Engine (DTE), which runs the simulation models, under ECMWF responsibility
the DestinE Core Service Platform (DESP), which represents the user entry point to the DestinE services and data, under ESA responsibility

The DestinE Data Lake (DEDL) fulfils the storage and access requirements for any data that is offered to DestinE users. It provides users with a seamless access to the datasets, regardless of data type and location. Furthermore, the DEDL supports big data processing services, such as near-data processing to maximize throughput and service scalability. The data lake is built inter alia upon existing data lakes such as Copernicus DIAS, ESA, EUMETSAT, ECMWF as well as complementary data from diverse sources like federated data spaces, in-situ or socio-economic data. The DT Data Warehouse is a sub-component of the DEDL which stores relevant subsets of the output from each  digital twin (DT) execution being powered by ECMWFs Hyper-Cube service.
During the session, EUMETSAT’s representative will share to the community how the Destination Earth Data Lake component implements and takes advantage of Near Data Processing and also how the System handles massive data access and exchange. The Destination Earth Data Portfolio will be presented.

Figure 2: Destination Earth Data Portfolio
Improving the performance of a dynamic slope stability model (TRIGRS) with integrated spatio-temporal precipitation data
Authors: de Vugt  Lotte , Zieher Thomas , Schneider-Muntau Barbara , Moreno Mateo , Steger Stefan , Rutzinger Martin
Published: February 2023

Most shallow landslides are triggered by prolonged or short intense precipitation events. In dynamic physically-based model approaches for landslide susceptibility assessment, the input precipitation data is often derived from a single or a small number of rain gauges. However, precipitation patterns show a high variance in their spatial distribution that is insufficiently captured by standard rain gauge networks, particularly if inter-station distances are large. Spatially distributed weather radar-derived rainfall products have been used as input for physically-based landslide models to overcome the shortcomings of interpolated station measurements. However, the use of weather radar precipitation in physically-based modelling is not straightforward, since it represents an indirect measurement and thus requires pre-processing steps. With this in regard, the Integrated Nowcasting through Comprehensive Analysis (INCA) system (publicly released by GeoSphere Austria) provides historical (from 2011) hourly precipitation data at a 1 x 1 km resolution that combines weather radar data, station data and elevation data for the inclusion of elevation effects. The result is a pre-processed dataset that integrates the quantitative accuracy of station data with the spatial information provided by the radar data.In this study, we investigate whether the use of INCA precipitation data leads to improved model performance of TRIGRS compared to a conventional set-up using station data. We model slope stability in a 53 km2 sub-catchment located in South Tyrol (Italy) for an event that occurred in August 2016 with the INCA data and with precipitation data derived from a single station. The study compares the performances of the two model set-ups and their required parameter calibrations. First tests indicate that the model set-up using INCA data outperforms the station data set-up, as the spatial trend present in the INCA dataset of the modelled storm event follows the spatial trend present in the landslide inventory. In earlier studies and in a preliminary comparison with station data from South Tyrol, the historical INCA data was also shown to underestimate higher precipitation intensities, indicating that the two model set-ups require separate parameter calibrations. In future research, the calibrated model using the historical INCA dataset could be used with the nowcasting datasets from INCA to investigate if and how the INCA dataset can be used for landslide early warning systems.This study is related to the PROSLIDE project that received funding from the research program Research Südtirol/Alto Adige 2019 of the Autonomous Province of Bozen/Bolzano (Südtirol/Alto Adige). In addition, the study also made use of the High-Performance Computing systems at the University of Innsbruck.
Selection of a sub-ensemble of CMIP6 projections for the EDF in-house climate service
Authors: Michelangeli Paul-Antoine , Parey Sylvie , Boé Julien , Omrani Hiba , Filahi Hajar , Collet Lila , Oueslati Boutheina , Pol Katy , Legorgeu Carole
Published: February 2023

As a power company, EDF must adapt its activities and assets to the ongoing climate change. EDF/R&D has been involved in climate research for a long time and giving the ever-growing number of climate impact studies to conduct, it has been decided in 2014 to create an in-house climate service. This service is meant as a bridge between the scientific community and EDF’s operational needs. It relies on three main pillars: data, tools and expertise.
With the availability of the new CMIP6 climate projections and the huge amount of data involved, the question of the choice of projections to be downloaded has arisen. It has been studied in collaboration with the CERFACS global change team. Using a set of criteria, a sub-ensemble of around 20 climate models with four emission scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5) has been selected. The criteria are the following:

availability of the necessary variables at the daily timescale
available projections for the 4 scenarios
consideration of model dependencies and Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity
representation of the ensemble spread in terms of climate response
model performance across France

Models with an ECS inside the very likely range of observed climate sensitivity estimated in IPCC AR6 are preferred, while one or two higher sensitivity models are also selected as “low likelihood high impact” scenarios, used for the most sensitive assets.
Once all the projections have been retrieved, this database stands as the reference database for all EDF impact studies. Then, depending on the impact study, a further step of sub-sampling inside the database may be necessary.
The selection will be presented and motivated, together with some examples of use in impact studies, with or without further sub-sampling.
High-resolution characterization of nanoparticle transport in heterogeneous porous media via low-field nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Zhang Qian , Dong Yanhui
Published: February 2023

Nanoparticles (NPs), especially nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) particles, have been extensively used to directly treat contaminated zones in aquifers because of their desirable properties, i.e., high specific surface area and potential mobility. Understanding the transport of nZVI particles, through water-saturated porous media has important implications for many natural and engineered systems. For the first time, we used spin-echo single point imaging (SE-SPI) of low-field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (LF-NMR) to monitor nanoparticle transport through a heterogeneous porous medium. The ability of this method to provide information of nano- to micro-scale pore structure and to monitor transient processes is verified by a transport experiment using modified nZVI particles. Experimental observations, including (i) the more rapid migration of the front relative to bulk transport of the injected solution of NPs and (ii) the retention of NPs, with 27% of the iron retained at the conclusion of deionized water flushing, highlight the important controls of complex pore structure on the resulting retardation, attenuation and efflux of NPs. Complementary numerical simulations evaluate sample heterogeneity and its effects on local transport properties. In general, the model considering four regions of distinct porosities shows improved performance, as highlighted by the low overall residual sum of squares (0.041 to 0.138), compared to another model assuming a homogeneous pore structure (0.044 to 0.328). Overall, SE-SPI imaging is shown to be an important tool in refining transport processes of NPs in heterogeneous porous media with application to constrain complex natural systems. 
Data Quality and Availability Tests of public Seismometer Data in Europe
Authors: Eckel Felix , Stampa Johannes , Timkó Máté , Vecsey Luděk
Published: February 2023

The dense coverage of Europe with seismological stations offers a large variety of advanced seismological data processing options. With thousands of stations available a manual quality check of the data becomes more and more unfeasible. Moreover, with rising network traffic, increasing amounts of users, data requests and data size, errors are more likely to occur and the requested data will not always be available for various reasons. Identifying stations and networks that are more likely to be unavailable during data requests is also part of a data quality control. We show how randomized tests can be used to evaluate the data availability for the European stations and how very simple data processing routines calculating average noise levels at stations can be used to identify erroneous data or metadata.
Current Operational Implementation of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Finkele Klara , Flattery Padraig , Nugent Ciaran , Downes Paul
Published: February 2023

Since 2006 the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System (FWI) has been employed operationally at Met Éireann to predict the risk of forest fires in Ireland (Walsh, S, 2006). Around 11% or 770,000 ha of the total land area of Ireland is afforested, but there are also large areas of open mountain and peatlands covered in grasses, dwarf-shrub and larger woody shrub type vegetation which can provide fuel for spring wildfires under suitable conditions. Following winter, vegetation can be dead or have a very low live moisture content, and the flammability of this vegetation can be readily influenced by prevailing weather, especially following prolonged dry periods.The Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine is the Forest Protection authority in Ireland responsible for issuing Fire Danger Notices. These notices improve preparedness for fire responses and are based on information provided by Met Éireann who calculate the FWI and FWI components using observation data at synoptic stations, and the predicted FWI for the next five days ahead based on numerical weather prediction data.The FWI is determined based on the types of forest fuel and how quickly they dry out/get rewetted, and components of fire behaviour. The FWI represents the fire intensity as the rate of energy per unit length of fire front (kW/m). The components which provide the most accurate indication of risk under Irish conditions are the Fine Fuel Moisture Code and Initial Spread Index, based on the fuels involved and ignition patterns observed to date. Since 2022 Met Eireann provide the FWI as well as the individual components Fine Fuel Moisture Content and Initial Spread Index via the public website for synoptic stations. These indices are based on observations and a seven-day forecast into the future using ECMWF predictions. This allows all county councils responsible for wildfire preparedness to access this information swiftly and directly.Met Éireann also use the ANYWHERE multi-hazard warning tool which allows for visualisation of multiple fire-related risk factors and warning indices to be viewed simultaneously. The ANYWHERE system, in combination with our station-based forecast and antecedent conditions, provide fire managers and response teams with excellent information with which to make decisions. 
The potential of plantations to restore ecosystem services, a case study from Ghana
Authors: Berninger Frank , Brown Hugh , Appiah Mark
Published: February 2023

The role of plantations for restoring humid forest ecosystems is subject to intense debate. Some studies suggest that plantations are inferior to secondary forests in most ecosystem services. In contrast, other studies emphasise the role of planted trees that could catalyse an accelerated development towards late-successional forests. Our study analyses a unique dataset of old (>40 years) unmanaged timber plantations. Planted species were Aucoumea klaineana, Cedrela odorata, Tarrietia utilis, and Terminalia ivorensis. We compare these to secondary forests, and pristine primary stands. Our results indicate that in the unmanaged plantations, species-rich stands with high biomass evolved. The carbon stocks of the unmanaged plantations exceeded the secondary forest and had similar levels to the primary stands. The biomass of the naturally regenerated trees in the plantations was similar to secondary forests. Not surprisingly, timber value of the plantations surpassed both primary forests and secondary forests. Results were more mixed for biodiversity attributes. Plantations of Aucoumea klaineana had lower diversity values than the primary and secondary forests. However, other species, especially plantations of Cedrela odorata, had similar diversity to primary and secondary forests. Species with high conservation value were present in all three ecosystem types. Above-ground carbon stocks in plantations were highest, and there were no statistical differences in below-ground carbon stocks. Our results indicate that plantations could play a role in rapidly accruing carbon in tropical landscapes. 
Sea level maps of the Arctic (and southern) ocean from satellite altimetry from 2011 to 202
Authors: Veillard Pierre , Prandi Pierre , Auger Matthis , Faugere Yannice , Dibarboure Gérald
Published: February 2023

In the polar regions satellite sea level observations are limited by the sea ice. Thanks to a dedicated processing, sea level can however be estimated within fractures in the ice (leads) enabling to produce continuous sea level maps including the ice-covered region.Maps of sea level of the Arctic (Prandi et al., 2021) and Southern (Auger et al., 2022) ocean were produced over 2011-2021 by combining measurements of 3 satellites from 50°N/S to 88°N/S through optimal interpolation. The three satellite missions (Sentinel-3A, SARAL/AltiKa and Cryosat-2) are processed using the same standards and are in great agreement. The along-track data were ingested in the new CNES/CLS22 mean sea surface solution and in a prototype of global sea level maps. The products are provided on the Aviso Regional Products portal and serve as demonstration products for the future generation of operational CMEMS-SLTAC products.The sea level maps are validated against hourly Gloss/Clivar tide gauge at Prudoe Bay and monthly PSMSL tide gauges. It is also compared to bottom pressure recorders at the north pole and in the Beaufort sea (BGEP project) showing great correlation at monthly timescale. At inter-annual timescale, the product sea level and steric height from in-situ profiles (BGEP project) show the same evolution in the Beaufort sea. Sea level trends are also estimated from this product and compared to model trends.Arctic sea level is influenced by the atmospheric circulation. At large scale, the product sea level is correlated to the arctic oscillation index. At smaller scale in the Kara and Laptev sea regions, the product sea level is well correlated with zonal wind producing cross-shelf sea level accumulation.
Marine Heatwaves – Ocean Research Through Art
Authors: Ryan Svenja , Ummenhofer Caroline , Ehrens Deb
Published: February 2023

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are extreme events in the ocean when temperatures are well above the long-term average. As global temperatures rise, MHWs are becoming more frequent, more intense, and dramatically impacting marine biodiversity, fisheries, and, ultimately, our coastal communities. The Northeast U.S. continental shelf has become a hotspot for such events in the recent decade. 'Marine Heatwaves' is part of SYNERGY II - a collaboration between Art League Rhode Island and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Self-selected pairs of scientists and artists collaborate to create a 'common language' using the arts to illustrate and communicate science. Through extensive conversations, we examined the scientific and artistic process and were surprised and delighted at the many similarities in our work. We spoke in-depth about the challenges of communicating big ideas, big data, and multi-scale, complex bio-physical interactions in meaningful ways and how we all had to be compelling storytellers. As our 3D kinetic sculptures spin, they capture the ocean's constantly moving and swirling motions. The printed imagery evokes the thrill of discovery and details the complexity and phases of our research: data acquisition from historical sources, research vessels, and remote sensing to ocean and climate model simulations, coding to visualization, and ultimately conveying a message. This collaboration has not only added a new enriching dimension to our work scientifically and artistically but has also inspired students and engaged adults.
Predicting spatial precipitation extremes with deep learning models. A comparison of existing model architectures.
Authors: Horton Pascal , Otero Noelia
Published: February 2023

The rapid development of deep learning approaches has conquered many fields, and precipitation prediction is one of them. Precipitation modeling remains a challenge for numerical weather prediction or climate models, and parameterization is required for low spatial resolution models, such as those used in climate change impact studies. Machine learning models have been shown to be capable of learning the relationships between other meteorological variables and precipitation. Such models are much less computationally intensive than explicit modeling of precipitation processes and are becoming more accurate than parametrization schemes.Most existing applications focus either on precipitation extremes aggregated over a domain of interest or on average precipitation fields. Here, we are interested in spatial extremes and focus on the prediction of heavy precipitation events (>95th percentile) and extreme events (>99th percentile) over the European domain. Meteorological variables from ERA5 are used as input, and E-OBS data as target. Different architectures from the literature are compared in terms of predictive skill for average precipitation fields as well as for the occurrence of heavy or extreme precipitation events (threshold exceedance). U-Net architectures show higher skills than other variants of convolutional neural networks (CNN). We also show that a shallower U-Net architecture performs as well as the original network for this application, thus reducing the model complexity and, consequently, the computational resources. In addition, we analyze the number of inputs based on the importance of the predictors provided by a layer-wise relevance propagation procedure.
Measures of effectiveness to compare the climate mitigation potential of afforestation and BECCS
Authors: Egerer Sabine , Frank Stefanie , Pongratz Julia
Published: February 2023

The climate mitigation potential of terrestrial carbon dioxide removal (CDR) methods remains highly uncertain depending on the timing and magnitude of climate mitigation but also due to model uncertainty in the underlying Earth System models. In addition to these uncertainties, there are different approaches to measuring the effectiveness of CDR methods for climate change mitigation. In our study, we introduce various measures of effectiveness and evaluate the climate mitigation potential of afforestation and bioenergy plants under the low-emission scenario ssp126. To do this, we use the land component JSBACH3 of the Earth System Model MPI-ESM; afforestation is represented as the spatial increase of four forest plant functional types. Bioenergy plants are represented as highly efficient C4 plants (miscanthus and panicum). There are various assumptions concerning fossil fuel substitution and carbon capture and storage. Measuring effectiveness over time, we show how bioenergy plants become more effective over the long term compared to afforestation. In addition to this temporal measure, the climate mitigation potential of bioenergy plants depends significantly on the rate of fossil fuel substitution. Lastly, the spatial extent that is needed to match a given CDR amount in time by afforestation and BECCS can be quantified. Our study thus asses and compares the potentials of the two CDR methods highlighting the various perspectives of assessment.
The importance of the plant physiological response to rising CO2 in projections of future water availability
Authors: Stacey Jessica , Betts Richard , Hartley Andrew , Mercado Lina
Published: February 2023

Reliable and useful future projections of water scarcity are vital for incorporating into climate policy and national adaptation plans for building climate resilience. However, projections of water scarcity are often based on hydrology models which do not include an important climate feedback affecting the water cycle: the response of plant physiology to rising atmospheric CO2, or “physiological forcing”. With higher atmospheric CO2, plant physiology can affect the water cycle in two contradictory ways. Plant stomata do not open as widely in higher CO2, and therefore transpiration rates are lower, leaving relatively more water in the ground increasing runoff and soil moisture. However, faster rates of photosynthesis with higher CO2 also encourages greater leaf area, and thus higher overall canopy transpiration (even though transpiration of an individual stomata still decreases). The influence of physiological forcing on physical quantities within the water cycle such as transpiration and runoff have been well studied; however, there is a requirement to quantify how this translates to human impacts and more policy-relevant metrics on water resources, such as the water scarcity index. I will present findings from experiments using the Joint UK Land Environmental Simulator (JULES) forced with four earth system models which quantify and highlight the importance of including the plant physiological response in water-related impact studies.
Is the current methane growth event comparable to a glacial/interglacial Termination event?
Authors: Nisbet Euan , Manning Martin , Lowry David , Fisher Rebecca , France James
Published: February 2023

Atmospheric methane shows very sharp growth since 2006. Growing evidence for methane's main sink, atmospheric OH, being relatively stable implies a major increase in methane emissions is occurring. Methane's synchronous isotopic shift to more negative d13C(CH4) values means the increase is primarily driven by rapid growth in emissions from biogenic sources, such as natural wetlands and agriculture. Recent acceleration in the increase is also strong evidence that it is too large to be caused primarily by anthropogenic sources. Instead, much of the growth may come from large-scale climate-change feedbacks affecting the productivity and balance between methanogenic and methanotrophic processes in tropical and boreal wetlands. Emissions from tropical wetlands in particular may be larger and more influenced by climate shifts than hitherto realised. If so, even despite the Global Methane Pledge, achieving the goals of the UN Paris Agreement may be much harder than previously anticipated.Modelling indicates that, for scale and speed, the biogenic feedback component of methane's growth and isotopic shift in the 16 years from 2006-2022 is comparable to (or greater than) phases of abrupt growth and isotopic shift during glacial/interglacial terminations, from Termination V (about 430 ka BP) to Termination I that initiated the Holocene. These were rapid global-scale climate shifts when the Earth system reorganised from cold glacial to warmer interglacial conditions.  Methane's recent 2006-2022 growth in biogenic sources may be within Holocene variability, but it is also a possibility that methane may be providing the first indication that a very large-scale end-of-Holocene reorganisation of the climate system is already under way: Termination Zero.
Apatite as a monitor for sulfur redox reactions during fluid-rock interaction in the subduction channel
Authors: Walters Jesse , Marschall Horst , Grützner-Handke Tobias , Klimm Kevin , Konecke Brian , Simon Adam
Published: February 2023

The oxidation state of sulfur in slab fluids is controversial, with both dominantly oxidized and reduced species proposed. Here we use in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy analysis of sulfur-in-apatite to monitor changes in the oxidation state of sulfur during high-P metasomatism by slab fluids in the subduction channel. Our samples include a 73 cm continuous transect of reaction zones between a metagabbroic eclogite block and serpentinite matrix from a mélange zone on the island of Syros, Greece. The block core consists of garnet, omphacite, phengite, paragonite, epidote-clinozoisite, and rutile. In this region, apatite is only observed as elongate inclusions in omphacite cores. From the core outwards micas are increasingly replaced by epidote-clinozoisite, garnets are smaller and more frequent, pyrite + bornite is observed as inclusions in recrystallized omphacite, and apatite is increasingly abundant in the matrix and inclusions in garnet. A major transition at 48 cm separates an assemblage of Ca-Na amphibole, omphacite, chlorite, pyrite, and apatite from the inner garnet-bearing eclogite assemblages. Omphacite disappears from the assemblage at ~56 cm and amphibole compositions sharply transition to tremolite at 59 cm. Finally, the assemblage tremolite + talc + pyrite is observed after ~70 cm.Apatites in the eclogite assemblages exclusively display S6+ peaks in their absorption spectra. This includes apatite inclusions in omphacite in the least altered lithology, as well as matrix apatite and isolated apatite inclusions in garnet in the outermost metasomatized eclogite zone. In the intermediate pyrite-rich (~1–5 vol %) amphibole + omphacite + chlorite zone, apatite displays a strong S1- absorption peak in most grains, with rare analyses showing mixed S1- and S6+. Finally, apatite in the outermost tremolite-bearing assemblages only displays a S6+ peak. The pyrite-rich zone at 48 cm occurs at the initial interface between the serpentinite matrix and eclogite block, characterized by a dramatic decrease in Na content and Mg#. Our data suggest that reduction of S6+ in infiltrating fluids to S1- in pyrite became focused as Fe diffused across the steep Mg# gradient, resulting in pyrite precipitation. In contrast, S reduction in the Mg-rich tremolite-dominant portions of the transect was limited by a lack of Fe, resulting in low modes of pyrite and fluid buffered S6+ in apatite. Finally, S6+-bearing apatite is also observed in reaction zone lithologies from elsewhere on Syros, suggesting our observations are not isolated.Two important conclusions are drawn from these data and observations: (1) In the case of Syros, slab fluids at eclogite-facies conditions carried oxidized S6+, and (2) The interaction of these fluids with eclogites composed of ferrous-Fe silicates resulted in extensive sulfide precipitation.
Geodynamic inversion to explain the present-day plate motion in the Alpine-Mediterranean area
Authors: Schuler Christian , Kaus Boris
Published: February 2023

The Alpine-Mediterranean region is area of interest for many studies seeking to better understand the geological evolution as well as the present-day mantle and lithosphere structure. However, despite numerous studies, the geological structure of the upper mantle and the geometry of the different subduction zones remain matter of debate.Here, we use 3D geodynamic models to investigate the impact of the structure and material properties of the upper mantle and lithosphere on the motion of the Alpine-Mediterranean area. The geodynamic simulations are performed by the finite-difference code LaMEM (Kaus et al. (2016)) and a visco-plastic rheology is used to explore the dynamic behaviour of the upper mantle. In particular, we use the recently developed Julia interface to LaMEM to start simulations and read back the results which simplifies postprocessing and comparing the results to observational constraints.Specifically, we compare the models with recently compiled GPS velocity data (Serpelloni at al. (2022)). As a result of the geological history in the Mediterranean the density and viscosity structure of the upper mantle is rather complex and influenced by various subduction zones, such that geometry, viscosity and density structures are primary parameters of interest in this study.First results suggest that the Calabria subduction and the Hellenic subduction explain the fastest horizontal velocities in the Mediterranean whereas the horizontal motion in the Alpine area cannot arise from an active subduction zone but rather from large density and viscosity differences caused by the remnants of older subduction zones. Kaus B J P, Popov A A, Baumann T S, Pusok A E, Bauville A, Fernandez N, and Collignon M (2016): Forward and inverse modelling of lithospheric deformation on geological timescales. Proceedings of NIC Symposium.Serpelloni E, Cavaliere A, Martelli L, Pintori F, Anderlini L, Borghi A, Randazzo D, Bruni S, Devoti R, Perfetti P and Cacciaguerra S (2022): Surface Velocities and Strain-Rates in the Euro-Mediterranean Region From Massive GPS Data Processing. Front. Earth Sci. 10:907897. doi: 10.3389/feart.2022.907897
Anthropocene stratigraphy, and the urban sediments of Karlsplatz, Vienna
Authors: Wagreich Michael , Meszar Maria , Koukal Veronika , Hain Karin
Published: February 2023

The Anthropocene Working Group (AWG) of the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, a part of the International Commission on Stratigraphy, is evaluating stratigraphic successions, as potential stratotypes, in order to facilitate a formal submission of a GSSP (Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points) proposal, from which a specific year for the onset of the "geological" Anthropocene will be established. The aim is to seek ratification of the Anthropocene as a geological epoch starting in the mid-twentieth century. Stratigraphic records, including a range of novel materials, geochemical and biological signals spanning the mid-twentieth century interval, are being gathered on twelve sections from around the planet.

The tested archaeological site Karlsplatz, Wien Museum, is situated in the city of Vienna (Austria). Archaeology and historical data set provide age constraints around 1922, post-1945, and at 1959. A layer on top of the WW2 rubble post-dates 1945, and pre-dates the levelling of the artificial park ground in 1959. The fine-grained sediment matrix of these layers is mixed with backfilled soil material. Samples were analysed for trace elements such as lead, copper and zinc, and analyses of actinides using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). Several artificial radionuclides, including the plutonium and uranium isotopes 239Pu, 240Pu and 236U, were found in the1945-1959 layer, and the 240Pu/239Pu isotope ratio clearly points to the presence of atmospheric atomic bomb fallout material of the 1950s. Thus, the "bomb-spike" can be identified and used as a primary stratigraphic marker even in coarse urban anthropogenic sediments, exemplifying the correlation potential of these radionuclide markers and demarking a correlative reference section and point.
Effects of different slurry application techniques on Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) in an extensive grassland
Authors: Floßmann Sebastian , Lei Kaiyu , van Grinsven Sigrid , Völkel Jörg , Kögel-Knabner Ingrid , Dannenmann Michael
Published: February 2023

Optimized slurry management targeted to increase nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) can be fundamental for limiting fertilizer N losses from agricultural grasslands causing eutrophication of ground- and surface water as well as air pollution. However, a holistic assessment of both agronomic and environmental impacts including key soil functions is still missing. This study aims to provide such information by assessing the impacts of traditional vs. modern slurry application techniques on NUE, hydrological and gaseous N losses, productivity and fodder quality, soil organic nitrogen formation and total N balances.  In a plot-scale grassland experiment 15N enriched slurry was applied after the first cut in early summer. The application treatments included: (1) traditional slurry broadcast spreading under dry weather; (2) application like (1) followed by a heavy rainfall event to increase slurry infiltration into soil; (3) broadcast spreading of slurry diluted with water; (4) injection of slurry into soil via shallow slits; and (5) injection of slurry into soil via deep slits. Variant (4) and (5) represent modern trailing shoe injections requiring extensive machinery. Fates of fertilizer N such as plant uptake, immobilization in soil and microbial biomass as well as NO3 leaching were investigated by 15N tracing approaches in order to create full N balances. For this, biomass harvest and soil sampling were conducted after a growth period of 2 months. Here, we will present first results of our work that are expected to provide highly relevant decision support for grassland management. 
Fates of the Beaufort Gyre: Location, Extent and Strength
Authors: Köhler Raphael , Athanase Marylou , Levine Xavier , Williams Ryan , Heuzé Céline
Published: February 2023

The Beaufort Gyre is a major reservoir of freshwater in the Arctic Ocean and plays an important role in shaping the sea ice distribution. The variations in Beaufort Gyre strength, and its capacity to accumulate or release freshwater, are primarily determined by the stationary Beaufort High pressure system. Multiple studies have suggested a potential future weakening of the Beaufort High, thus driving a projected weakening of the Beaufort Gyre. Yet, in contrast, the ongoing reduction and thinning of the Arctic sea ice has been shown to strengthen the Gyre in recent years – a trend likely to continue into the future. We investigate these potentially competing effects of projected sea ice decline and changing atmospheric patterns on the Beaufort Gyre location, extent, and strength. To this end, we employ a novel storyline approach to identify plausible fates of the Beaufort Gyre in a warming climate, generated from the suite of available CMIP6 models. The different storylines are determined based on the strong or weak modelled response to these two local drivers - Arctic sea ice decline and Beaufort High pressure system weakening - on changes in Beaufort Gyre strength. While the CMIP6 multi-model mean response in the location, extent and strength of the Beaufort Gyre does not exhibit any distinct future changes under emission scenario SSP585, the storylines however reveal contrasting futures. For example, in a future with strong sea ice decline but only a weak decrease of Beaufort High pressure, the storyline indicates a spin-up of the Beaufort Gyre alongside a strong Arctic-wide surface salinity reduction. In contrast, a future with weak sea ice decline but a strong Beaufort High pressure decrease is characterised by a slow-down of the Beaufort Gyre and more regionally confined surface salinity changes. The storyline approach thus highlights that we urgently need to better constrain our model projections in order to reliably predict changes in upper Arctic ocean circulation and freshwater distribution, which play a crucial role for the future Arctic climate and response of both marine and terrestrial ecosystems. 
Macroplastic concentrations in the water column of rivers increase with higher discharge
Authors: Vriend Paul , Schoor Margriet , Rus Mandy , Oswald Stephanie B. , Collas Frank P. L.
Published: February 2023

Riverine macroplastic pollution (>0.5 cm) negatively impacts ecosystems and human livelihoods. Monitoring data are crucial for understanding this issue and designing effective interventions. Macroplastic pollution floating on the river surface and plastic deposited on riverbanks are studied relatively often. Data on riverine plastics in the water column remain scarce. In this study we utilize trawl nets at different depths to sample plastic pollution in the water column at the entry point of the river Rhine to the Netherlands. We show that plastic concentrations in the water column increased during higher discharge. The combination of higher macroplastic concentrations and higher discharge leads to considerably higher plastic transport during high discharge events. Moreover, the results indicate that the vertical distribution of macroplastic pollution changes during different flow conditions. Significantly higher concentrations of macroplastic can be seen near the riverbed during low discharge conditions, while no significant differences in concentration are observed between the bottom, middle and surface samples during high discharge conditions. These findings provide first insights into the key role of hydrology in explaining macroplastic transport in the water column. These insights can be used to improve future monitoring and intervention strategies. 
The ‘Inverse-Gaussian’ SW proton populations: Do they tell something about heating/acceleration by turbulence ?
Authors: Louarn Philippe ,   SWA Team + RPW and MAG
Published: February 2023

The solar wind proton distributions measured by PAS (Proton Alfa Sensor -Solar Orbiter)  are often constituted by a core and a beam. If the core is generally gaussian, the beam is asymmetric and non-gaussian with a more populated high-energy side (‘heavy tail’) in the magnetic field direction. It appears that the ‘Inverse Gaussian Distribution’ (IG), a type of hyperbolic statistical distributions, provides good fits of these skewed distributions. Then, excellent models of the whole proton distribution are obtained by superposing a gaussian (or almost gaussian distribution) for the core and an IG for the beam.  This modelling (Gaussian + Inverse Gaussian) applies to different situations: relatively slow and fast winds, single and double-bump populations, low or high level of turbulence. An interpretation is given, inspired by the ‘Normal-Inverse Gaussian’ (NIG) process, common in finance applications. Our ‘toy’ model assumes that the acceleration/heating is modelled as a drifting gaussian process in velocity space controlled (or subordinated) by an independent time-control process that follows an IG distribution. It is proposed that this control process is linked to the time of residence of the particles within accelerating structures of finite size, the relative motion between the particles and the structures being a drifting random walk (problem of the 'first passage time' of a random walk). Some applications of the model are discussed, as the estimate of the relative importance of heating and acceleration or the possible role of ambipolar fields.
Comparison of Solitary waves and Dust Impact Signals Detected by Electric Field Instruments onboard MAVEN
Authors: Ijaz Samia , Vaverka Jakub , Šafránková Jana , Němeček Zdeněk
Published: February 2023

Dust impact on the spacecraft body can result in short pulses in the measured electric field. Our study is focused on these pulses detected by the Langmuir Probe and Waves (LPW) instrument onboard the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) spacecraft. LPW detects electric field signals in dipole and monopole configurations using two long identical stacer booms. Out of all the modes, we use the medium frequency burst mode, the data covers 62.5 milliseconds using 4096 measured points which gives us a sampling frequency of 66.67 kHz. We present a preliminary statistical analysis over the year 2015 (360000 waveforms) and the analysis is focused on distinguishing dust impact signatures from solitary structures. To reliably distinguish solitary waves from dust impact signals by an automatic code is a challenging task as the solitary wave signatures in the electric field data can be similar to the transient pulses generated by dust impacts. Therefore, we choose two different parameters to classify two groups of events: the ratio of rising and decay times and the ratio of positive and negative peaks of the pulse. In total, we find approximately 10000 events which compose both solitary waves and the most probable dust impacts. We discuss signals generated by dust impacts and solitary waves for different operation modes of electric field probes, spacecraft potentials, and distance of probes to the spacecraft surface.
Connected urban green spaces for pluvial flood risk reduction in the Metropolitan area of Milan
Authors: Staccione Andrea , Hrast Essenfelder Arthur , Bagli Stefano , Mysiak Jaroslav
Published: February 2023

Rethinking cities in a more sustainable and integrated way is a key opportunity for successful climate change adaptation and mitigation. Nature-based solutions and green infrastructures can help to safeguard urban nature and biodiversity while providing multiple benefits to reduce climate risks and improving human well-being. Nature-based solutions help to mitigate flood risk by regulating storm-water runoff and peak-flow. This paper investigates the effects of nature-based solutions and green infrastructure networks on pluvial flood risk in Milan metropolitan area in terms of direct economic damage to buildings and population exposed. Results show that extended urban green networks can reduce pluvial flood damages (by up to 60%) and the population exposed (up to 50%). For all analysed rainfall intensities, damages to buildings and share of population exposed decrease as green area coverage increases, with slightly higher risk reduction for lower-intensity events. 25% of additional urban green coverage can halve the expected annual damage and reduce by 40% the expected annual population exposed. The applied methodological framework makes it possible to identify priority-action urban areas and hence inform decision-making processes as for where green solutions are most efficient.
The time-dependent stress changes within the seismic gap of the Eastern Marmara Sea (NW Türkiye) through multiple earthquake cycles since 715 AD.
Authors: utkucu Murat , durmuş Hatice , uzunca Fatih , nalbant Süleyman , kIZILBUĞA Serap
Published: February 2023

The M7.4 1999 İzmit earthquake apparently advanced the occurrence of possible future event or events along the segments of North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) beneath the Eastern Marmara Sea due to the positive stress load. This part of the NAFZ did not produce any large earthquake since the May 1766 earthquake, constituting a seismic gap close to the city of Istanbul. In the present study we constructed a Coulomb stress evolution model for the seismic gap that includes the effect of coseismic, time-dependent postseismic viscoelastic relaxation of the substrate beneath the elastic crust and secular stress loadings through the multiple earthquake cycles since 715 AD. The snapshots of stress changes before and after the large and destructive earthquakes of 740, 989, 1343, 1509, May 1766 and 1999 İzmit have been carefully examined. It has been estimated that the total stress changes before 989, 1343, 1509 and May 1766 earthquakes were in the range from 26 to131 bars. Present stress values at the eastern, middle and western sampling points on the faults within the gap are computed as 115, 131 and 85 bars respectively. Considering that the global mean of stress drops for continental strike-slip faults is about 35 bars, it is suggested that the earthquake hazard for the seismic gap critically high.