bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding monoclonal nonspecific suppressor factor.
Authors: Nakamura M , Xavier R M , Tsunematsu T , Tanigawa Y
Published: May 2006

The monoclonal nonspecific suppressor factor (MNSF) is a lymphokine product of a murine T-cell hybridoma that inhibits the generation of lipopolysaccharide-induced immunoglobulin-secreting cells in an antigen-nonspecific manner. A cDNA clone encoding MNSF beta (an isoform of MNSF) was isolated and expressed in bacteria. The sequence obtained is virtually identical to the Fau protein, a product of the ubiquitously expressed fau gene with unknown function. Northern blot analysis demonstrated a single, 0.6-kb transcript. Specific polyclonal antibodies against synthetic peptides corresponding to the deduced amino acid sequences were elicited in rabbits. Immunoprecipitation experiments with these antibodies showed that MNSF beta is released extracellularly in an aggregate form, albeit it lacks a signal peptide sequence. The anti-MNSF beta affinity eluate from the MNSF-producing murine hybridoma (E17) and concanavalin A-activated splenocyte culture supernatants inhibited the immunoglobulin production by lipopolysaccharide-activated splenocytes. Recombinant MNSF beta also showed a similar biologic activity. Thus, ubiquitin-like protein(s) may be involved in the regulation of the immune responses.
Coexpression of two functionally independent p58 inhibitory receptors in human natural killer cell clones results in the inability to kill all normal allogeneic target cells.
Authors: Vitale M , Sivori S , Pende D , Moretta L , Moretta A
Published: May 2006

In the present study, we define a group of natural killer (NK) clones (group 0) that fails to lyse all of the normal allogeneic target cells analyzed. Their specificity for HLA class I molecules was suggested by their ability to lyse class I-negative target cells and by the fact that they could lyse resistant target cells in the presence of selected anti-class I monoclonal antibodies. The use of appropriate target cells represented by either HLA-homozygous cell lines or cell transfectants revealed that these clones recognized all the HLA-C alleles. By the use of monoclonal antibodies directed to either GL183 or EB6 molecules, we showed that the EB6 molecules were responsible for the recognition of Cw4 and related alleles, while the GL183 molecules recognized Cw3 (and related C alleles). These data suggest that the GL183 and the EB6 molecules can function, in individual NK clones, as independent receptors for two different groups of HLA-C alleles, (which include all known alleles for locus C), thus resulting in their inability to lyse all normal HLA-C+ target cells. Indirect immunofluorescence and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis revealed that the presently defined GL183+EB6+ group 0 NK clones brightly express EB6 molecules (EB6bright) while the GL183+EB6+ group 2 clones (unable to recognize Cw4) express an EB6dull phenotype. These data also imply that the density of EB6 receptors may be critical for the generation of an optimal negative signal upon interaction with appropriate HLA-C alleles.
Folate receptors targeted to clathrin-coated pits cannot regulate vitamin uptake.
Authors: Ritter T E , Fajardo O , Matsue H , Anderson R G , Lacey S W
Published: May 2006

Potocytosis is an endocytic process that is specialized for the internalization of small molecules. Recent studies on the uptake of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate by the folate receptor have suggested that the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchor on this protein causes it to cluster and be internalized by caveolae instead of coated pits. To test this hypothesis directly, we have constructed a chimeric folate receptor that has the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchor replaced with the transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail of the low density lipoprotein receptor. The cells with wild-type receptors delivered 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to the cytoplasm more rapidly than did cells expressing the chimeric receptor. This suggests that efficient delivery to the cytoplasm depends on caveolae. In sharp contrast to cells with wild-type folate receptors, cells internalizing folate by clathrin-coated pits were unable to decrease vitamin uptake when they were either folate replete or confluent.
Evidence for a hypothalamothalamocortical circuit mediating pheromonal influences on eye and head movements.
Authors: Risold P Y , Swanson L W
Published: May 2006

A method for simultaneous iontophoretic injections of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinin and the retrograde tracer fluorogold was used to characterize in the rat a hypothalamothalamocortical pathway ending in a region thought to regulate attentional mechanisms by way of eye and head movements. The relevant medial hypothalamic nuclei receive pheromonal information from the amygdala and project to specific parts of the thalamic nucleus reuniens and anteromedial nucleus, which then project to a specific lateral part of the retrosplenial area (or medial visual cortex). This cortical area receives a convergent input from the lateral posterior thalamic nucleus and projects to the superior colliculus. Bidirectional connections with the hippocampal formation suggest that activity in this circuit is modified by previous experience. Striking parallels with basal ganglia circuitry are noted.
Transendothelial migration of neutrophils involves integrin-associated protein (CD47).
Authors: Cooper D , Lindberg F P , Gamble J R , Brown E J , Vadas M A
Published: May 2006

Inflammation is a primary pathological process. The development of an inflammatory reaction involves the movement of white blood cells through the endothelial lining of blood vessels into tissues. This process of transendothelial cell migration of neutrophils has been shown to involve neutrophil beta 2 integrins (CD18) and endothelial cell platelet-endothelium cell adhesion molecules (PECAM-1; CD31). We now show that F(ab')2 fragments of the monoclonal antibody B6H12 against integrin-associated protein (IAP) blocks the transendothelial migration of neutrophils stimulated by an exogenous gradient of the chemokine interleukin 8 (IL-8; 60% inhibition), by the chemotactic peptide N-formyl-methionylleucylphenylalanine (FMLP; 76% inhibition), or by the activation of the endothelium by the cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (98% inhibition). The antibody has two mechanisms of action: on neutrophils it prevents the chemotactic response to IL-8 and FMLP, and on endothelium it prevents an unknown but IL-8-independent process. Blocking antibodies to IAP do not alter the expression of adhesion proteins or production of IL-8 by endothelial cells, and thus the inhibition of neutrophil transendothelial migration is selective. These data implicate IAP as the third molecule essential for neutrophil migration through endothelium into sites of inflammation.
Isolation and molecular characterization of a human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II), subtype B, from a healthy Pygmy living in a remote area of Cameroon: an ancient origin for HTLV-II in Africa.
Authors: Gessain A , Mauclère P , Froment A , Biglione M , Le Hesran J Y , Tekaia F , Millan J , de Thé G
Published: May 2006

We report characterization of a human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) isolated from an interleukin 2-dependent CD8 T-cell line derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a healthy, HTLV-II-seropositive female Bakola Pygmy, aged 59, living in a remote equatorial forest area in south Cameroon. This HTLLV-II isolate, designated PYGCAM-1, reacted in an indirect immunofluorescence assay with HTLV-II and HTLV-I polyclonal antibodies and with an HTLV-I/II gp46 monoclonal antibody but not with HTLV-I gag p19 or p24 monoclonal antibodies. The cell line produced HTLV-I/II p24 core antigen and retroviral particles. The entire env gene (1462 bp) and most of the long terminal repeat (715 bp) of the PYGCAM-1 provirus were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction using HTLV-II-specific primers. Comparison with the long terminal repeat and envelope sequences of prototype HTLV-II strains indicated that PYGCAM-1 belongs to the subtype B group, as it has only 0.5-2% nucleotide divergence from HTLV-II B strains. The finding of antibodies to HTLV-II in sera taken from the father of the woman in 1984 and from three unrelated members of the same population strongly suggests that PYGCAM-1 is a genuine HTLV-II that has been present in this isolated population for a long time. The low genetic divergence of this African isolate from American isolates raises questions about the genetic variability over time and the origin and dissemination of HTLV-II, hitherto considered to be predominantly a New World virus.
Calcium-dependent Gating of MthK, a Prokaryotic Potassium Channel
Authors: Zadek Brittany , Nimigean Crina M.
Published: May 2006

MthK is a calcium-gated, inwardly rectifying, prokaryotic potassium channel. Although little functional information is available for MthK, its high-resolution structure is used as a model for eukaryotic Ca2+-dependent potassium channels. Here we characterize in detail the main gating characteristics of MthK at the single-channel level with special focus on the mechanism of Ca2+ activation. MthK has two distinct gating modes: slow gating affected mainly by Ca2+ and fast gating affected by voltage. Millimolar Ca2+ increases MthK open probability over 100-fold by mainly increasing the frequency of channel opening while leaving the opening durations unchanged. The Ca2+ dose–response curve displays an unusually high Hill coefficient (n = ∼8), suggesting strong coupling between Ca2+ binding and channel opening. Depolarization affects both the fast gate by dramatically reducing the fast flickers, and to a lesser extent, the slow gate, by increasing MthK open probability. We were able to capture the mechanistic features of MthK with a modified MWC model.
Fungal colonization of soil-buried plasticized polyvinyl chloride (pPVC) and the impact of incorporated biocides
Authors: Sabev H. A. , Handley P. S. , Robson G. D.
Published: May 2006

Plasticized polyvinyl chloride (pPVC) with or without incorporated biocides was buried in grassland and forest soil for up to 10 months. The change with time in viable counts of fungi on the plastic surface was followed, together with the percentage capable of clearing the two plasticizers dioctyl adipate (DOA) and dioctyl phthalate (DOP). With time fungal total viable counts (TVC) on control pPVC increased and the fraction able to clear DOA was considerably higher than the average estimated in both soil types. A total of 92 fungal morphotypes were isolated from grassland soil and 42 from forest soil with the greatest variety of fungal isolates observed on control pPVC. The incorporation of biocides into pPVC affected both fungal TVC and the richness of species isolated. The biocides NCMP [n-(trichloromethylthio)phthalimide], OBPA (10,10′-oxybisphenoxarsine) and OIT (2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one) were the most effective in grassland soil, and TCMP [2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4-(methylsulphonyl)pyridine] and NCMP the most effective in forest soil. In grassland soil, Penicillium janthinellum established as a principal colonizer and was recovered from all pPVC types. DOP clearers were found at much lower levels than DOA clearers, with Doratomyces spp. being the most efficient. At the end of 10 months the physical properties of the pPVC were altered; changes in stiffness were the most significant for heavily colonized grassland-buried pPVC samples, whereas in forest soil, the extensibility of the pPVC was affected more than the stiffness. These results suggest that fungi are important colonizers of pPVC buried in soil and that enrichment of soil fungi capable of clearing DOA occurs during colonization of the plastic surface. The results also demonstrate that incorporated biocides have a marked impact on the richness of species colonizing the pPVC surface.
Mutation analysis of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa mvfR and pqsABCDE gene promoters demonstrates complex quorum-sensing circuitry
Authors: Xiao Gaoping , He Jianxin , Rahme Laurence G.
Published: May 2006

The LysR-type transcriptional regulator MvfR (PqsR) (multiple virulence factor regulator) plays a critical role in Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenicity via the transcriptional regulation of multiple quorum-sensing (QS)-regulated virulence factors. LasR activates full mvfR transcription, and MvfR subsequently activates pqsA–E expression. This study identifies and characterizes the key cis-regulatory elements through which mvfR and pqsA–E transcription is regulated in the highly virulent P. aeruginosa strain PA14. Deletion and site-directed mutagenesis indicate that: (1) LasR activates mvfR transcription by binding to a las/rhl box, CTAACAAAAGACATAG, centred at −513 bp upstream of the MvfR translational start site; and (2) RhlR represses pqsA transcription by binding to a las/rhl box, CTGTGAGATTTGGGAG, centred at −311 bp upstream of the pqsA transcriptional initiation site. Furthermore, it is shown that MvfR activates pqsA–E transcription by binding to a LysR box, TTCGGACTCCGAA, centred at −45 bp relative to the pqsA transcriptional initiation site, demonstrating that this LysR box has a critical role in the physical interaction between the MvfR protein and the pqsA promoter. These results provide new insights into the regulatory relationships between LasR and mvfR, and between MvfR/RhlR and the pqs operon, and elucidate further the complex regulation of the P. aeruginosa QS circuitry.
Promoter prediction in the rhizobia
Authors: MacLellan Shawn R. , MacLean Allyson M. , Finan Turlough M.
Published: May 2006

The ability to recognize and predict non-σ54promoters in the alphaproteobacteria is not well developed. In this study, 25 experimentally verifiedSinorhizobium melilotipromoter sequences were compiled and used to predict the location of other related promoters in theS. melilotigenome. Fourteen candidate predictions were targeted for verification and of these at least 12 proved to be genuine promoters. As a result, the experimental identification of 12 novel promoters linked to genesrpoD,topA,rpmJ,trpS,ropB1,metC,rpsT,secE,trkHand three tRNA genes is reported. In all, 99 predicted and verified promoters are reported, including those linked with 13 tRNA genes, eight ribosomal protein genes and a number of other physiologically important or essential genes. On the basis of sequence conservation and a mutational analysis of promoter activity, the −35 and −10 consensus for these promoters is 5-CTTGAC-N17-CTATAT. This promoter structure, which seems to be widely conserved amongst several other genera in the alphaproteobacteria, shares significant similarity with, but is skewed by a 1 nt step from, the canonicalEscherichia coliσ70promoter. Perhaps this difference is responsible for the observation thatS. melilotipromoters are often poorly expressed inE. coli. In this regard, expression data from plasmid-bornegfp-reporter fusions to eight of theS. melilotipromoters verified in this work revealed that while these promoters were very active inS. melilotiandAgrobacterium tumefaciensonly very low, near-background activity was detected inE. coli.
Comparison of otolith growth and morphology with somatic growth and age in young‐of‐the‐year bluefin tuna
Authors: Megalofonou P.
Published: May 2006

Otolith morphological characteristics were studied using image analysis techniques and the relationships between otolith growth and somatic growth and age, as estimated from counting daily otolith increments, were examined in young‐of‐the‐year (YOY) bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus ranging in fork length (LF) from 8·5 to 55·5 cm. Whole otolith length, width, area and perimeter, and three shape indexes, circularity, E value and rectangularity, were extracted for each pair of sagittae. Since no statistical significant differences between left and right otolith morphometrics were found, only one otolith from each fish was used for correlations. Statistically significant relationships were observed between otoliths measurements and fish somatic growth when a linear regression was applied after logarithmic transformation of all variables tested. Among the variables, otolith length was the one that showed the highest correlation with LF, followed by otolith area and perimeter, whereas otolith rectangularity exhibited the lowest correlation. Statistically significant relationships were also observed between the otolith variables tested and the age of the fish, which ranged from 20 to 129 days. The ages estimated using otolith mass were very close to those assessed using daily increment counts (bias ranged from 1 to 24 days). Therefore, otolith mass could represent a valuable criterion for age estimation in YOY bluefin tuna that is objective, economic and easy to perform compared to daily increment counting method.
Cloning and expression analysis of takeout/JHBP family genes of silkworm, Bombyx mori
Authors: Saito K. , Su Z.‐H. , Emi A. , Mita K. , Takeda M. , Fujiwara Y.
Published: May 2006

A Bombyx EST cDNA database was searched using the Drosophila takeout gene and nine cDNAs were obtained. The homology search suggested that these genes are widespread in insects and organize a large gene family, and that they have hydrophobic ligands. A phylogenetic tree indicated that the genes are first divided into two large groups, juvenile hormone binding protein and other protein genes, and the latter group diversified within a short time at an early stage. The expression study of five Bombyx genes indicated that they are expressed in various tissues and are regulated by development and feeding conditions. The Bombyx genes might have roles related to the regulation of metabolism, growth or development related to nutritional conditions.
Normative reference values for lung transfer factor in Isfahan, Iran
Authors: AMRA Babak , ASADI Mehrnaz , SALEHI Hassan , ZAMANI Ahmad R. , GOLSHAN Mohammad
Published: May 2006

Objectives and background:  Transfer factor or carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO) is a particularly valuable test of the appropriateness of gas exchange across the alveolocapillary membrane. The purpose of this study is to derive predictive equations for DLCO and its derivative volume‐corrected DLCO (DLCO/VA) measured by single‐breath method in a large non‐smoking population sample in Isfahan.

Methodology:  We evaluated 1429 randomly selected subjects (732 men, aged 5–85 years). Gender‐specific linear prediction equations were developed by multiple regression analysis; with measured DLCO, and DLCO/VA values (mmol/min/kPa), as dependent variables regressed against age (A), height (H) and body surface area (BSA).

Results:  For both genders, age had negative effects on DLCO, while height had a positive effect on DLCO and DLCO/VA (P < 0.01). The prediction equations for DLCO and DLCO/VA are: ‘0.152 × height − 0.056 × age − 11.595’ and ‘−0.12 × age + 2.467’, for men and: ‘−0.035 × age − 0.133 × height − 10.707’ and ‘−0.012 × age − 0.02 × height + 2.755’, for women, respectively.

Conclusions:  Our results therefore provide an original frame of reference for either DLCO or DLCO/VA in Iranian population, obtained from a standardized single‐breath technique.
Populations of hippocampal inhibitory neurons express different levels of cytochrome c
Authors: Gulyás Attila I. , Buzsáki György , Freund Tamás F. , Hirase Hajime
Published: May 2006

Cytochrome c (CC) immunoreactivity was quantified in functionally distinct rat hippocampal inhibitory neuron populations using double immunocytochemistry and laser scanning confocal microscopy to measure the CC expression level as well as the amount of mitochondria within the cells, which is a sign of neuronal activity. The CC signal showed a similar distribution to cytochrome c oxidase histochemical staining. Strongly stained somata, dendrites and axon terminal clouds were dispersed over the low intensity neuropil staining. The staining was granular and electron microscopic investigation confirmed that the signal was localized in mitochondria. Intensively labeled neurons, showing the morphological features of inhibitory cells, were most frequently found in the principal cell layers, stratum oriens of the CA1–3 areas, stratum lucidum and hilus. These neurons contained not only a higher number of mitochondria than the principal cells but the intensity of the mitochondrial staining was evidently stronger. Among the examined interneuronal populations, parvalbumin‐immunoreactive neurons were intensively labeled for CC. Calbindin D28k‐ (CB), somatostatin‐ and cholecystokinin‐labeled cells showed heterogeneous CC levels, whereas calretinin‐immunoreactive cells never showed a strong CC signal. CB cells in stratum oriens and alveus layers, lucidum and the hilus were strongly labeled for CC. CB cells in such regions are known to project to the medial septum and contain somatostatin. We have demonstrated that the CA1 interneurons that project to the medial septum (hippocampo‐septal neurons) express a high level of CC. Thus, similar to the parvalbumin‐containing basket and axo‐axonic cells, the hippocampo‐septal neurons potentially have a high average activity level.
Personality Science, Self‐Regulation, and Health Behavior
Authors: Bermúdez José
Published: May 2006

In their paper, Cervone, Shadel, Smith, and Fiori (2006) present a thorough analysis of self‐regulatory behavior, understood as the most genuine expression of the agentic and purposive nature of human beings. Therefore, we can expect that research on personality could shed light on our understanding of self‐regulatory processes and behavioral expressions. With this aim, Cervone et al. have carried out an updated analysis of personality psychology theory and research, resuming the debate between variable and person‐centered approaches, and commenting on the contributions the Knowledge‐and‐Appraisal Personality Architecture (KAPA) can make to the design of idiosyncratic tools and strategies for personality assessment and to the understanding of the role of the personality system in different contexts of applied psychology, such as health, clinical and industrial/organisational psychology. Here, I would like to examine two topics, to which Cervone et al. pay substantial attention in their paper: self‐regulation and personality dynamics, and the role of personality science in addressing central questions in health psychology.
Cross‐Shattered Christ: Meditations on the Seven Last Words – Stanley Hauerwas
Authors: Fout Jason A.
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed:

Cross‐Shattered Christ: Meditations on the Seven Last Words, Stanley Hauerwas, Brazos 2004 (1‐58743‐131‐9), 108 pp., hb $14.99/£9.95
A Seat at the Table: Huston Smith in Conversation with Native Americans on Religious Freedom – Edited by Huston Smith (ed.)
Authors: Smith‐Christopher Daniel L.
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed:

A Seat at the Table: Huston Smith in Conversation with Native Americans on Religious Freedom, Huston Smith (ed.), University of California Press 2006 (0‐520‐24439‐7), xxi + 232 pp., hb $24.95
Christ and Culture – Graham Ward
Authors: McCosker Philip
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed:

Christ and Culture, Graham Ward, Blackwell 2005 (hb 1‐4051‐2140‐8; pb 1‐4051‐2141‐6), x + 277 pp., hb $84.95/£50.00, pb $34.95/£22.99
Disclosures. Conversations Gay and Spiritual – Michael Ford
Authors: Guest Deryn
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed:

Disclosures. Conversations Gay and Spiritual, Michael Ford, Cowley Publications 2005 (1‐56101‐228‐9), 216 pp., pb $14.95
Belonging – Lucinda Mosher
Authors: Jung Ken Alan
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed:

Belonging, Lucinda Mosher, Church Publishing 2005 (1‐59627‐010‐1), 186 pp., pb $15.00
Two Worlds Are Ours: An Introduction to Christian Mysticism – John Macquarrie
Authors: Magill Kevin
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed:

Two Worlds Are Ours: An Introduction to Christian Mysticism, John Macquarrie, SCM Press 2004 (0‐334‐02965‐1), viii + 287 pp., pb £19.99
The Hindu World – Edited by Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby (eds)
Authors: Bishop Peter D.
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed:

The Hindu World, Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby (eds), Routledge 2004 (0‐415‐21527‐7), xi + 657 pp., hb £120
Postmodernity’s Transcending: Devaluing God – Laurence Paul Hemming
Authors: Webb Stephen H.
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed:

Postmodernity’s Transcending: Devaluing God, Laurence Paul Hemming, SCM Press 2005 (0‐334‐02992‐9), 269 pp., pb £30.00
The God Who Believes: Faith, Doubt, and the Vicarious Humanity of Christ – Christian D. Kettler
Authors: Schweitzer William
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed:

The God Who Believes: Faith, Doubt, and the Vicarious Humanity of Christ, Christian D. Kettler, Cascade 2005 (1‐59752‐188‐4), xiv + 194 pp., pb $24.00
Revisionist Koran Hermeneutics in Contemporary Turkish University Theology: Rethinking Islam – Felix Körner
Authors: Marshall David
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed:

Revisionist Koran Hermeneutics in Contemporary Turkish University Theology: Rethinking Islam, Felix Körner, Ergon Verlag 2005 (3‐89913‐373‐0), 230 pp., n/p
Is Scripture the Origin of Halakhah? – Jacob Neusner  The Talmud: Law, Theology, Narrative: A Sourcebook – Jacob Neusner  Theology of Normative Judaism: A Source Book – Jacob Neusner  The Vitality of Rabbinic Imagination: The Mishnah against the Bible and Qumran – Jacob Neusner
Authors: Chester Michael A.
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed:

Is Scripture the Origin of Halakhah?, Jacob Neusner, University Press of America 2005 (0‐7618‐3117‐7), xiv + 217 pp., pb $34.00

The Talmud: Law, Theology, Narrative: A Sourcebook, Jacob Neusner, University Press of America 2005 (0‐7618‐3115‐0), xxxiv + 251 pp., pb $39.00

Theology of Normative Judaism: A Source Book, Jacob Neusner, University Press of America 2005 (0‐7618‐3116‐9), vi + 156 pp., pb $26.00

The Vitality of Rabbinic Imagination: The Mishnah against the Bible and Qumran, Jacob Neusner, University Press of America 2005 (0‐7618‐3118‐5), xxxiv + 226 pp., pb $35.00
After the Spirit: A Constructive Pneumatology from Resources outside the Modern West – Eugene F. Rogers
Authors: Fout Jason A.
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed:

After the Spirit: A Constructive Pneumatology from Resources outside the Modern West, Eugene F. Rogers Jr, Eerdmans Press 2005 (0‐8028‐2891‐4), xi + 251 pp., pb $22.00/£12.99
A More Profound Alleluia: Theology and Worship in Harmony – Leanne Van Dyk (ed.)
Authors: Thangaraj M. Thomas
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed:

A More Profound Alleluia: Theology and Worship in Harmony, Leanne Van Dyk (ed.), William B. Eerdmans Publishing 2005 (0‐8028‐2854‐X), xx + 155 pp., pb $15.00
The Spirit in Public Theology: Appropriating the Legacy of Abraham Kuyper – Vincent E. Bacote
Authors: Ables Travis E.
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed:

The Spirit in Public Theology: Appropriating the Legacy of Abraham Kuyper, Vincent E. Bacote, Baker Academic 2005 (0‐8010‐2740‐3), 172 pp., pb $18.99
What’s Faith Got to Do with It? Black Bodies/Christian Souls – Kelly Brown Douglas
Authors: Vinten Gerald
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed:

What’s Faith Got to Do with It? Black Bodies/Christian Souls, Kelly Brown Douglas, Orbis 2005 (13‐978‐1‐57075‐609‐2), xix + 252 pp., pb $18.00
The Eschatology of Hans Urs von Balthasar: Being as Communion – Nicholas J. Healy
Authors: McCosker Philip
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed:

The Eschatology of Hans Urs von Balthasar: Being as Communion, Nicholas J. Healy, Oxford University Press 2005 (0‐19‐927836‐9), viii + 232 pp., hb £55.00
Approximate Variance for a Standardized Composite Measure of Linkage Disequilibrium
Authors: Hamilton D. C. , Liu Q. , Cole D. E. C.
Published: May 2006

The approximate variance for the standardized measure of gametic linkage disequilibrium has been described. However, this approach assumes knowledge of the phase of double heterozygotes or Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium. Here we give the approximate variance for a composite measure of linkage disequilibrium which depends only on genotype frequencies. We show by simulation that this variance approximation is valid over a range of allele probabilities and departures from Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium.
Factors affecting the predation of otter (Lutra lutra) on European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis)
Authors: Lanszki J. , Molnár M. , Molnár T.
Published: May 2006

In this case study, the ecological background of an unusual hunting behaviour was investigated, when ottersLutra lutrapreyed upon European pond turtlesEmys orbicularisin a Hungarian fish pond system during an 18‐month period. Predation on turtle was found only during cold periods (established by spraint analysis and also by the collection of 182 turtle carcasses in 2003). The relationship was not close between fish availability and turtle consumption (rP=−0.325,P=0.19). The crude protein content of the turtle head and leg was higher than that of fish, frog and turtle body, whereas the energy content of the samples was similar. The mean body weight of the killed turtles (460 g) fell within the range of the optimal prey size of the otter. Turtles were used as cache foods by otters during extreme environmental conditions (as in the long winter), but occurred only rarely as buffer foods during moderate winter. In fish ponds, the conservation of the coexistent otter and turtle depends on pond management. The maintenance of a higher fish availability in ponds during winter makes it possible to avoid the need to acquire a proper hunting technique on turtle, indicated by the scarcity of primary fish food.
Craniofacial sexual dimorphism in Alouatta palliata, the mantled howling monkey
Authors: Blanco M. B. , Godfrey L. R.
Published: May 2006

Ontogenetic scaling has been hailed as an explanation of the differences in craniofacial morphology between adult males and females of a number of non human primate species. This inference has implications for the evolutionary processes underlying patterns of sexual variation, as several heterochronic processes (rate and time hypo‐ and hypermorphosis) predict ontogenetic scaling. Primary among species for which ontogenetic scaling of craniofacial dimensions has been claimed is Alouatta palliata, the mantled howling monkey. This study uses a variety of analytical tools to explore the efficacy of ontogenetic scaling as an explanatory paradigm for this classic example. Multivariate analysis captures shape far better than does bivariate analysis. However, multivariate analysis does not support the traditional inference of ontogenetic scaling. Explanations for contradictory results are considered.
Association of Moderate Consumption of Alcohol With Rates of Heavy Drinking and Abstinence in Spain
Authors: Rodriguez‐Artalejo Fernando , de Andrés Manzano Belén , Guallar‐Castillón Pilar , Banegas Banegas José Ramón , del Rey Calero Juan
Published: May 2006

Background: Moderate consumption of alcohol reduces general mortality among middle‐aged and elderly persons through a reduction in cardiovascular risk. Furthermore, higher consumption of wine is associated with lower cardiovascular mortality in northern Spain. This information may be used to promote moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages in Spain. However, alcohol consumption is influenced by the drinking habits of the individual's social environment. Therefore, we examine the relation between average consumption of alcohol and the prevalence of heavy drinkers, who most often have adverse effects from alcohol, and the prevalence of abstainers, who do not benefit from alcohol, in Spain.

Methods: Spam's 17 administrative regions are the units of analysis. Alcohol consumption data were taken from the 1993 National Health Survey. Data were analyzed using weighted correlation coefficients and linear regression.

Results and Conclusions: Mean alcohol consumption among moderate drinkers showed a positive correlation with the proportions of men (r= 0.63; p= 0.007) and women (r= 0.58; p= 0.015) whose alcohol intake was above the 90th percentile of consumption distribution. Similar results were yielded when median rather than mean consumption was used, and when heavy drinking was defined as the consumption of 210 g and 140 g of alcohol per week, in men and women, respectively. The association also was observed across all ages and all types of beverages. However, no statistically significant association was seen between mean and median alcohol consumption and the proportion of abstainers.

Significance: Moderate consumption of alcohol is associated with the prevalence of heavy drinkers in all regions of Spain. Therefore, promotion of moderate consumption of alcohol in Spain might be associated with a rise in the prevalence of heavy drinkers, those who most frequently suffer the harmful effects of alcohol.
In Utero Ethanol Exposure Increases Proenkephalin, a Precursor of a Neuropeptide That Is Inhibitory to Neuronal Growth
Authors: Druse Mary J. , Hao Hong‐Lin , Eriksen Jason L.
Published: May 2006

Background: One of the effects of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is altered motor function. In an attempt to elucidate a potential cause of this ethanol‐associated damage, we investigated the effects of in utero ethanol exposure on the production of proenkephalin (PE).

Methods: PE is the precursor of met‐ and leu‐enkephalin, two neuropeptides that inhibit the proliferation of neurons and astrocytes. PE mRNA and PE peptide were measured in the striatum and nucleus accumbens because of the importance of these brain regions to motor function, their sensitivity to the effects of in utero ethanol exposure, and their high concentration of PE mRNA and PE peptide.

Results: The present studies demonstrated that in utero ethanol exposure is associated with increased PE mRNA in the striatum and nucleus accumbens. Of specific interest is the elevation in PE mRNA in the nucleus accumbens in 5‐, 12‐, and 19‐day‐old ethanol‐exposed offspring and the fact that this change persists for at least 19 days after the last exposure to ethanol. Further studies of postnatal day 19 (PN19) offspring localized the abnormality in the nucleus accumbens to the core region, an area that contains enkephalinergic projections to another motor area–the substantia nigra. In the nucleus accumbens, the increased PE mRNA was associated with a greater proportion of PE‐expressing neurons that have 41% to 60% of the cell area covered by grains associated with PE mRNA.

Conclusions: Although we were not able to detect a change in the concentration of the PE peptide in the nucleus accumbens or striatum, we cannot rule out the possibility that the increase in PE mRNA was reflective of a functional abnormality.
Radical Surgical Resection of Locally Invasive Oro‐Cutaneous Tumors in the Buccal Region of 2 Horses
Authors: LYKKJEN SIGRID , STRAND ERIC , ANDREAS HAGA HENNING , LIE KAI INGE
Published: May 2006

Objective—To report treatment and wound healing after radical surgical mass excision in the equine buccal region.

Study Design—Clinical case reports.

Animals—An 11‐year‐old Warmblood gelding and a 9‐year‐old Norwegian Trotter gelding.

Methods—Large tumoral masses were removed from the buccal region by radical electrosurgery, creating large defects into the oral cavity. Wound ultimately healed by second intention.

Results—Buccal defects in both horses healed well by second intention without tumor recurrence.

Conclusions—Locally invasive tumors involving the cheek region of the horse can be successfully treated by radical electroexcision alone, creating transmural defects up to 14 cm length × 8 cm height.

Clinical Relevance—Large transmural defects in the cheek region of the horse, formed by radical surgery can heal satisfactorily by second intention healing without undue discomfort to the patient or major complications.
Evaluation of a Vessel‐Sealing Device for Laparoscopic Granulosa Cell Tumor Removal in Standing Mares
Authors: HUBERT JEREMY D. , BURBA DANIEL J. , MOORE RUSTIN M.
Published: May 2006

Objective—To describe a laparoscopic technique for granulosa cell tumor removal using a vessel sealing device (LigaSure™) in standing mares.

Study Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—Eight mares (8–24 years old; weighing, 406–525 kg).

Methods—Before surgery, ovarian size and adjacent body wall thickness was determined by ultrasonography. Mares were sedated and after local anesthesia (inverted L and local infiltration), laparoscopic cannulation was performed without insufflation. The mesovarium was anesthetized and the LigaSure instrument applied to the mesovarium for hemostasis and resection to remove the affected ovary. Mares were hospitalized for 24 hours before discharge.

Results—Median ovarian diameter was 10.5 cm (range, 6–14 cm). Median surgery time was 75 minutes (range, 40–180 minutes). Hemostasis was achieved using the LigaSure device in all mares. Median length of the abdominal wall incision made to remove the ovary was 13 cm (range, 5–17 cm); no incisional complications occurred.

Conclusions—The LigaSure vessel sealing device provided adequate hemostasis for removal of larger neoplastic ovaries in standing mares.

Clinical Relevance—Concerns of ligature placement can be alleviated by use of the LigaSure device and standing laparoscopic technique provides excellent observation of the surgical field ensuring hemostasis.
Comparison of Right Atrium Incision and Right Ventricular Outflow Incision for Surgical Repair of Membranous Ventricular Septal Defect Using Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Dogs
Authors: SHIMAMURA SHUNSUKE , KUTSUNA HIROMI , SHIMIZU MIKI , KOBAYASHI MASAYUKI , HIRAO HIDEHIRO , TANAKA RYOU , TAKASHIMA KAZUAKI , MACHIDA NOBORU , YAMANE YOSHIHISA
Published: May 2006

Objective—To compare right atrium incision (RAI) and right ventricular outflow incisions (RVI) for surgical repair of membranous ventricular septal defect (VSD) facilitated by cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).

Study Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—Dogs (n=10) with VSD.

Methods—Medical records of dogs that had VSD repair were reviewed. Membranous VSD without any malformation and abnormality was confirmed on several clinical examinations and by angiocardiography. RAI (5 dogs) and RVI (5 dogs) was used for VSD access and repair facilitated by CPB. Procedure comparison was by surgical duration, postoperative recovery period, and occurrence of postoperative arrhythmia.

Results—Duration of surgery was similar for RAI and RVI; however, postoperative recovery time was significantly reduced with RAI. Significant moderate operative damage occurred with right atrium incision.

Conclusions—Right atrium incision was more effective than RVI for repair of membranous VSD using CPB.

Clinical Relevance—RAI should be considered in preference to RVI for repair of membranous VSD using CPB.
Quantification of Surgical Blood Loss
Authors: LEE MARCEL H. , INGVERTSEN BRITT T. , KIRPENSTEIJN JOLLE , JENSEN ASGER L. , KRISTENSEN ANNEMARIE T.
Published: May 2006

Objective—To compare gravimetric and colorimetric methods of quantifying surgical blood loss, and to determine if there is a correlation between preoperative hemostatic tests (buccal mucosa bleeding time [BMBT] and intraoperative blood loss).

Study Design—Prospective clinical study.

Animals—Dogs (n=15) admitted for cutaneous tumor excision, orthopedic procedure, or exploratory laparotomy.

Methods—Intraoperative blood loss was quantified by measuring irrigation fluid and weighing surgical sponges used for blood and fluid collection during surgery. Results of gravimetric measurements were then correlated to blood loss quantified using spectrophotometric analysis of hemoglobin (Hb) content. Hemostatic variables including BMBT were measured before surgery and compared with the calculated amount of blood loss.

Results—Blood loss quantified by gravimetric measurement showed a significant correlation with colorimetric determination of Hb content in surgical sponges and collected irrigation fluid (r=0.93,P<.0001). BMBT correlated weakly but significantly with intraoperative blood loss (r=0.56,P<.05).

Conclusions—Quantifying intraoperative blood loss using spectrophotometric Hb analysis accurately assessed the amount of blood loss; however, it is a time‐consuming procedure, primarily applicable as a research tool. Gravimetric evaluation of intraoperative blood loss was found to be an accurate method, which can be recommended for use in a clinical setting.

Clinical Relevance—Estimation of blood loss using a gravimetric method is accurate and applicable in the clinical setting and provides surgeons with a simple and objective tool to evaluate intraoperative blood loss.
How Unique Are the Price–Anderson Limitations on Nuclear Accident Liability?
Authors: Solomon Kenneth A.
Published: May 2006

In this paper we extend the work reported in prior studies. The conclusion drawn from the aggregate of those studies was that the limitation on liability imposed by the Price–Anderson Act for a catastrophic accident at a nuclear power plant ($560 million) is comparable to de facto limitations on recovery following catastrophic events in many other industries. The analysis in those reports was at a high level of abstraction, comparing almost exclusively the potential loss from high consequence accidents with the current assets of major firms in relevant industries. We found that potential loss exceeded assets.
EFFECT OF MANNITOL TREATMENT ON ULTRASOUND EMISSION DURING TEXTURE PROFILE ANALYSIS OF POTATO AND APPLE TISSUE
Authors: ZDUNEK ARTUR , BEDNARCZYK JUSTYNA
Published: May 2006

An ultrasound acoustic emission (AE) signal was recorded during texture profile analysis (TPA) of potato and apple tissue with different texture. The acoustic sensor was in contact with the sample through solid medium. Texture of the tissue was controlled by soaking it in different mannitol solutions. Both TPA and AE parameters change with the texture of potato and apple samples. However, correlation coefficients of linear regression of acoustic parameters are higher than TPA parameters and all of them are significant at a higher confidence level. Critical stress and strain indicate micro‐cracking of the material and they increase with decreasing tissue turgor. The ratio of the critical stress to hardness allows an analysis of sound duration. The sound lasts longer when the tissue is more turgid as a result of the decrease of critical stress to hardness ratio. Counts of AE recorded in the whole TPA test decreased logarithmically with tissue osmolality. The article showed that contact AE can be used for texture evaluation of potato and apple tissue.
Trade Impacts of China's World Trade Organization Accession
Authors: IANCHOVICHINA Elena , MARTIN Will
Published: May 2006

This study examines China's World Trade Organization (WTO) accession commitments and assesses their implications for China and the world using a model reflecting the importance of duty‐free intermediate inputs in China's exports. The WTO agreement built on earlier reforms that introduced competition into the trade regime, eliminated nontariff barriers and exchange rate overvaluation, and reduced tariffs. The reforms associated with accession were conservatively estimated to increase global real incomes by $74 billion per year, with $29 billion accruing to China and the remainder primarily to those countries trading directly with China. Some lower‐income developing countries faced greater competition from China in third markets.
Free fatty acids normalize a rosiglitazone-induced visfatin release
Authors: Haider Dominik G. , Mittermayer Friedrich , Schaller Georg , Artwohl Michaela , Baumgartner-Parzer Sabina M. , Prager Gerhard , Roden Michael , Wolzt Michael
Published: May 2006

The detrimental effect of elevated free fatty acids (FFAs) on insulin sensitivity can be improved by thiazolidinediones (TZDs) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is unknown whether this salutary action of TZD is associated with altered release of the insulin-mimetic adipocytokine visfatin. In this study, we investigated whether visfatin concentrations are altered by FFA and TZD treatment. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study 16 healthy volunteers received an infusion of triglycerides/heparin to increase plasma FFA after 3 wk of treatment with rosiglitazone (8 mg/day, n = 8) or placebo ( n = 8), and circulating plasma visfatin was measured. As a corollary, human adipocytes were incubated with synthetic fatty acids and rosiglitazone to assess visfatin release in vitro. The results were that rosiglitazone treatment increased systemic plasma visfatin concentrations from 0.6 ± 0.1 to 1.7 ± 0.2 ng/ml ( P < 0.01). Lipid infusion caused a marked elevation of plasma FFA but had no effect on circulating visfatin in controls. In contrast, elevated visfatin concentrations in subjects receiving rosiglitazone were normalized by lipid infusion. In isolated adipocytes, visfatin was released into supernatant medium by acute addition and long-term treatment of rosiglitazone. This secretion was blocked by synthetic fatty acids and by inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or Akt. In conclusion, release of the insulin-mimetic visfatin may represent a major mechanism of metabolic TZD action. The presence of FFA antagonizes this action, which may have implications for visfatin bioactivity.
Antagonistic Modulation of a Hyperpolarization-Activated Cl– Current in Aplysia Sensory Neurons by SCPB and FMRFamide
Authors: Buttner Ned , Siegelbaum Steven A.
Published: May 2006

Whole cell voltage-clamp recordings from Aplysia mechanosensory neurons obtained from the pleural ganglion were used to investigate the actions on membrane currents of the neuropeptides SCPB and FMRFamide. At the start of whole cell recording, SCPB typically evoked an inward current at a holding potential of –40 mV, due to the cAMP-mediated closure of the S-type K+ channel, whereas FMRFamide evoked an outward current, due to the opening of the S-type K+ channels mediated by 12-lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid. However, after several minutes of whole cell recording with a high concentration of chloride in the whole cell patch pipette solution, the responses to SCPB and FMRF-amide at –40 mV were inverted; SCPB evoked an outward current, whereas FMRFamide and YGGFMRFamide evoked inward currents. Ion substitution experiments and reversal potential measurements revealed that these responses were due to the opposing regulation of a Cl– current, whose magnitude was greatly enhanced by dialysis with the high Cl–-containing pipette solution. SCPB inhibited this Cl– current through production of cAMP and activation of PKA. YGGFMRFamide activated this Cl– current by stimulating a cGMP-activated phosphodiesterase that hydrolyzed cAMP. Thus a cAMP-dependent Cl– current undergoes antagonistic modulation by two neuropeptides in Aplysia sensory neurons.