bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crisis Management and Violent Radicalization: The Neglected Role of Risk Communication
Authors: Burato Alessandro
Published: February 2025

This paper focuses on the applicability of a crisis management model to issues such as violence, radicalization, extremism and terrorism. It argues that, although criticized, the model constitutes a valid method to approach those issues. It is important to recognize the fundamental role of risk communication and the importance of that dimension in broadening our approaches and providing a basis for a comprehensive crisis management and prevention strategy. To do so, it is essential that we develop a common understanding of the characteristics of risk communication, as a phenomenon, as well as the role of risk perception, and that we become aware of the promising potentials of risk communication as a basis for crisis management and the prevention of violent radicalization.
Protecting Critical Information Infrastructure from Terrorist Attacks in South East Europe: How Real is the Threat?
Authors: Hadji-Janev Metodi
Published: February 2025

The process of globalization and the rise of information and telecommunication technology have significantly affected global and South Eastern -SEE security. On one hand, thanks to the development of these technologies and geopolitical dynamics, the region of SEE is becoming more interconnected, interrelated and shaped by modern infrastructures that enable respective SEE countries’ commodities, prosperity and competitiveness. On the other hand, like in the rest of the world, these processes and dynamics have increased unpredictability, complexity and threats to the SEE security in the context of modern terrorism. At the same time, the recent history of violent conflicts, social stability challenges, Euro-Atlantic ambitions, support to the “global war on terror” and the increased presence of radical religious groups and individuals in the region of SEE are variables that further affect its security. Today, modern terrorist groups and individuals exploit cyberspace to achieve strategic advantages against the mightier enemies. Given that their agenda is violent, abstract and apocalyptic protection of the critical information infrastructure has become one of the main concerns for NATO and its allies. Therefore the article explores how and in which way terrorists' use of cyberspace could affect critical information infrastructure in the region of SEE. To achieve this, the article first explains contemporary terrorists' objectives around the globe and compares them with the objectives that these actors have in the region of SEE. In this context the article briefly explains the development and achievements of the ICT sector in the region of SEE and analyzes them into the context of cyber-based threats posed by modern terrorism. Then the article provides an assessment of how the terrorists' use of a cyberspace affects critical information infrastructures in the region of SEE.
Coping, Conflict and Culture: The Salutogenic Approach in the Study of Resiliency
Authors: Sagy Shifra
Published: February 2025

In this paper, I present the salutogenic paradigm in relation to coping, conflict and culture. The core concept of salutogenesis - sense of coherence (SOC) - is described as a powerful explanatory factor of resiliency, especially in conflict areas, which enables us to understand the highly resilient levels among young Israeli Jews and Arabs. The paper also relates to two cases in which the SOC does not contribute to moderating stress reactions: the first refers to acute stressful situations, while the second relates to the specific cultural-ethnic group of Bedouin-Arabs, living in the southern part of Israel.
A Theory of Networks: In the Beginning . . .
Authors: Zave Pamela
Published: February 2025

The geomorphic view of networking is a modular theory of contemporary networking, which is currently being developed. This paper presents the basic components and ideas of this theory in the form of a genesis story—what is needed to build the simplest possible network, and why other structures must be added as the network grows bigger and more complex. The story ends with the contemporary Internet, which is vastly more complex than what the classic Internet architecture describes. The paper also summarizes work on formalizing the theory and applying it to solve real problems.
Analysis of a Pulsed Eddy Current Testing Method for Ferromagnetic Pipeline Wall Thickness Determination Considering Minor Hysteresis
Authors: Xin Wei  , Lei Yin-Zhao
Published: February 2025

By applying a periodic pulsed current, the minor hysteresis curves of ferromagnetic material are measured. Because the minor hysteresis curve obtained has the characteristics of multiple values, the traditional solving method of nonlinear equations can't be directly applied. So considering a piecewise method, the multi-value minor hysteresis curve is converted to a series of single-value nonlinear curves according to the turning points, and then uses the solving method of nonlinear equations to solve every single-value curve. The paper uses finite element software for simulation to obtain the pulsed eddy current field distribution of a ferromagnetic pipeline and the transient induced voltage curve of pick-up coil. The experimental results show that the simulation results are effective. In the case of a constant pipeline outer radius, the wall thickness is changed, and the curves of the relative change of the transient induced voltage with pipelines and without pipelines are obtained. Then effective characteristics are extracted, the mathematical expressions are established between wall thickness and characteristics. The final experimental results which document the accuracy of the mathematical expressions can be used to detect the pipeline wall thickness. At the same time, it is proved that the characteristics extracted can effectively reflect the change of pipeline wall thickness.
Detection and Identification of Subsurface Corrosion in Ferromagnetic Double-casing Pipes via Pulsed Remote Field Eddy Current Technique
Authors: Li Yong  , Liu Xiangbiao  , Zhou Deqiang  , Zainal Abidin Ilham  , Chen Zhenmao  , Li Yili  , Yan Bei
Published: February 2025

Ferromagnetic Double-casing Pipes (FDPs) are widely employed in oil production. It is vital to non-destructively evaluate FDPs periodically before catastrophic accidents take place. This paper is focused on Pulsed Remote Field Eddy Current technique (PRFEC) for evaluation of integrity of FDPs, in light of the advantages of PRFEC for inspection of ferromagnetic single-casing pipes. The detection of Subsurface Corrosion (SSC) in FDPs via PRFEC is intensively investigated through simulations and experiments. The characteristics and features of PRFEC signals against different SSC are analysed. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) algorithm in conjunction with the PRFEC scanning curves are utilised for identification of SSC. From results of simulations and experiments, it is indicated that PRFEC is capable of not only detecting but also identifying SSC in FDPs effectively.
Nondestructive Evaluation of Eccentricity of ITER In-Vessel Coil Conductors Based on Pulsed ECT Method
Authors: Zhao Hongda  , Liu Xiangbiao  , Li Yong  , Xie Shejuan  , Chen Zhenmao
Published: February 2025

The In-Vessel Coil (IVC) is one of the key components of International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) for plasma control, which is wounded with tubular conductor of three-layers. In practice, eccentricity which reduces the insulation function of the middle layer may occur in the inner tube of IVC conductor due to manufacture reason. In earlier study, an Eddy Current Testing (ECT) method is proposed to detect and evaluate the eccentricity of IVC. In this paper, the relationship between IVC eccentricity and Pulse Eddy Current Testing (PECT) signals is investigated and analyzed through both numerical simulation based on superposition in frequency domain and experiments. It can be found that experimental results match well with simulation results, which demonstrates the feasibility of PECT for evaluating the eccentricity of IVC.
Study of Patch Antennas for Strain Measurement
Authors: Wang Wenjuan  , Ge Hangyu  , Liu Teng  , Liu Mabao
Published: February 2025

A strain measurement method based on the microstrip patch antenna sensor is introduced, in which the resonant frequency shift can be utilized to measure strain. An antenna sensor with a rectangular antenna patch radiates at two fundamental modes and the resonant frequencies of the two fundamental modes are determined by corresponding electrical length of the current flow. An applied strain changes the dimensions of the microstrip patch antenna, resulting in the electrical length change has different influences on the electricity flow as well. Therefore, the applied strain information can be collected by the changes of antenna resonant frequencies. Four kinds of microstrip patch antenna sensors with different dimensions were designed and manufactured to measure the strain, the results show that there is a strong linear relationship between the resonant frequency shift and the strain. Besides, the sensors have more sensitivity at higher initial resonant frequency, which is in good agreement with the theoretical analysis. The research can provide a preliminary theoretical basis for the application of this technology in the wireless structural health monitoring.
A New Electromagnetic Nondestructive Testing Method for Non-metallic Materials
Authors: Lin Jun-Ming
Published: February 2025

The electromagnetic nondestructive testing techniques are usually considered only suitable for NDT of conductive materials such as the metals and nonmetallic composites like graphite, carbon fiber etc. In view that the electric permittivity may also affect the impedance of the testing coil, a new NDT method for non-metallic materials is proposed, which detects defects in the non-metallic materials based on the change of the electric permittivity. In practice, as the impedance change due to the electric permittivity is very weak, bridge, amplifier, phase sensitive detection are used to pick up signals and to enhance the signal to noise ratio. Through theoretical analysis, the proposed method is proved efficient to detect defects in non-metallic materials.
Austenitic Steel Magnetic Properties Evaluation After Mechanical Deformation
Authors: Smetana Milan  , Capova Klara  , Palcek Peter
Published: February 2025

The article presents the procedure for diagnosis of real materials, which are often used in medicine praxis – stainless steel specimens, after mechanical deformation. Mechanical but also the magnetic properties are changed due to the previous deformation. This leads to phase transitions which are measurable by means of magnetic properties. Three types of steel grades are inspected under the same conditions. There are considered two types of advanced magnetic field sensors, namely fluxgate and GMR sensors. The gained results are presented and discussed in the paper.
Chabauty and the Mordell–Weil Sieve
Authors: Siksek Samir
Published: February 2025

These notes are based on lectures given at the “Arithmetic of Hyperelliptic Curves” workshop, Ohrid, Macedonia, 28 August–5 September 2014. They offer a brief (if somewhat imprecise) sketch of various methods for computing the set of rational points on a curve, focusing on Chabauty and the Mordell–Weil sieve.
Collaboration in 3D Virtual Worlds: designing a protocol for case study research
Authors: Cruz Armando  , Paredes Hugo  , Fonseca Benjamim  , Martins Paulo  , Morgado Leonel
Published: February 2025

Three-dimensional virtual worlds (3DVW) have been growing fast in number of users, and are used for the most diverse purposes. In collaboration, 3DVW are used with good results due to features such as immersion, interaction capabilities, use of avatar embodiment, and physical space. In the particular cases of avatar embodiment and physical space, these features support nonverbal communication, but its impact on collaboration is not well known. In this work we present the initial steps for creation of a protocol for case study research, aiming to assert itself as a tool to collect data on how nonverbal communication influences collaboration in 3DVW. We define the propositions and units of analysis, and a pilot case to validate them.
Using Serious Games in Higher Education: Reclaiming the Learning Time
Authors: Bouki Vassilki  , Economou Daphne
Published: February 2025

Today's technology provides learners with full control of when, where and how they will access the learning material. Although the advantages are apparent, there are also some “side-effects”. One of them is that the “learning time” is not explicitly defined anymore. It is the design of the learning application that should consider for this, reclaim the learning time and create the necessary conditions for the “learning momentum”. The aim of this paper is to present a serious game that has been created for Law students at the University of Westminster, London, and to discuss the cognitive processes it activates. Serious games aim to teach students, using techniques from the game industry. Gamified elements are used alongside educational theories. The game presented here is a simulation of a tutorial that teaches the “Law of murder”. Students are presented with a case, they are asked to apply the law and decide if this is a murder or not. During the game the main principle of “learning by doing” is applied. One of the objectives of the game is to make students to focus on the topic and make the best use of the “learning momentum”.
The Arms Trade Treaty and the Law of the Sea
Authors: Kitchen Cassie
Published: February 2025

As the first legally-binding international agreement aimed at placing controls on the global trade of conventional weapons, the Arms Trade Treaty is the culmination of years of negotiation. With broad provisions pertaining to the regulation of transfer of certain weapons, weapons systems, and ammunition, state parties have significant discretion to determine how their international obligations will be met. At the same time, the current state of international maritime security law places limitations on a coastal state’s competency to regulate vessels carrying weapons as cargo. In order to ameliorate the scourge posed by the unregulated movement of weapons effectively, and to give full force and effect to the treaty, nations will need to examine their authorities, capabilities, capacities, and partnerships closely.
Managing Stakeholder Voices for the Development of a Novel Device for the Elbow Forearm Rehabilitation
Authors: Callegaro Aline Marian  , Zenni Tanure Raffaela Leane  , Buss Amanda Sória  , Caten Carla Schwengber ten  , Soares Echeveste Márcia Elisa
Published: February 2025

This study aims to manage requirements from critical stakeholders for the development of a novel rehabilitation device for the elbow and forearm rehabilitation using Costumer Value Chain Analysis (CVCA) and Quality Function Deployment (QFD) tools. Results are described in accordance with the engineering requirement process adapted to this case: (i) elicitation: the requirements are from primary and secondary sources supported by CVCA application; (ii) analysis: requirements were identified and prioritized by means of QFD tool (quality, product and part characteristics matrices). The association of CVCA with QFD is an innovative and successful approach of mapping critical stakeholders to identify and prioritize requirements.
Implementation and Management of Design Systems for Highly Customized Products – State of Practice and Future Research
Authors: Hjertberg Tim  , Stolt Roland  , Poorkiany Morteza  , Johansson Joel  , Elgh Fredrik
Published: February 2025

Individualized products, resource-smart design and production, and a focus on customer value have been pointed out as three opportunities for Swedish industry to stay competitive on a globalized market. All these three opportunities can be gained by efficient design and manufacture of highly customized products. However, this requires the development and integration of the knowledge-based enabling technologies of the future as pointed out by The European Factories of the Future Research Association (EFFRA). Highly custom engineered products require an exercising of a very rich and diverse knowledge base about the products, their production and the required resources for design and manufacture. The development and implementation of systems for automated design and production preparation of customized products is a significant investment in time and money. However, our experience from industry indicates that significant efforts are required to introduce and align these kinds of systems with existing operations, legacy systems and overall state of practice. In this paper, support for system development in literature has been reviewed in combination with a survey on the state of practice in four companies regarding implementation and management of automated systems for custom engineered products. A gap has been identified and a set of areas for further research are outlined.
Manufacturing Resource Servitization Based on SOOA
Authors: Xu Wensheng  , Kong Lingjun  , Cha Jianzhong
Published: February 2025

Cloud manufacturing is a new service-oriented networked manufacturing model in which manufacturing resources can be shared in the cloud for customers to utilize as needed. Traditional resource servitization methods are mostly based on SPOA (Service Protocol-Oriented Architecture), which lacks the flexibility to cope with the dynamic nature of the network and the manufacturing resources. In this paper, based on the characteristics of manufacturing resources and the network, the SOOA (Service Object-Oriented Architecture) is adopted as the underling service architecture for resource servitization, and an SOOA-based resource servitization method is proposed, in which three stages are involved – service interface definition, manufacturing resource encapsulation and dynamic provisioning of manufacturing services. Through the three stages, different kinds of manufacturing resources from different perspectives, including software and hardware resources, static and dynamic resources, or unique and replaceable resources, can all be provisioned and accessed as manufacturing services on the dynamic network with standardized interfaces and SOOA characteristics. This approach can provide support for connect-in of manufacturing resources from resource providers and can adapt to the dynamic nature of manufacturing resources and the network very well.
Howtomation
Authors: Johansson Joel
Published: February 2025

This paper shows how to achieve flexibility in design automat systems through the introduction of knowledge objects and through the adoption of an oriented view of the product structure. To demonstrate the ideas a novel tool called Howtomation©Suite (for automated know-how) is presented. The new tool handles the addressed issues and has been successfully implemented at one company. That successful implementation is described at end of the paper.
Sustainable Product Development: Ecodesign Tools Applied to Designers
Authors: Fernandes Pâmela T.  , Canciglieri Junior Osíris
Published: February 2025

In general the concepts associated to sustainable product development have as objective to improve of products development process to reduce the environmental loads linked to them. Guidelines, checklists and other tools have been developed to product design for a long time with different complexity, structure and phase of application of development process. These characteristics bring many obstacles to use of these tools by designers mainly during the phase of creation of products, the most important moment where the responsible specifications about the level the sustainability of product will have are defined. Two main characteristics can be associated to difficulties that designers find to application of these tools: the first is related to the type of information needed for their use. Many ecodesign tools demand a long time of application and require a large amount of information about the projects that most of the time is not yet available in the early stages of the development process. And the second is related to specific know-how that generally the designers cannot to process. The objective this paper was to identify some the main ecodesign tools applied to designer throughout de product development process in the last decade. The results indicate that the use of tools that use qualitative information have better potential application by the designers during the creative phase of the process and may increase the product sustainability indices throughout their life.
Sustainable Consumption and Ecodesign: a Review
Authors: De Souza Vitor  , Borsato Milton
Published: February 2025

Sustainable products have arrived on the market and faced competition with traditional products with one extra challenge: they normally tend to be more expensive than traditional ones. Customers are yet to pay more for these products as they are alerted for environmental impacts. However, the gap between knowledge and action is being decreased slowly. One of the factors for this sluggish behavior is that the standing economic equation does not cover environmental issues. Traditional approaches for feasibility studies are yet to be changed, as initiatives such as the eco-cost emerge. From a Product Development Process point of view, customer satisfaction and selling price are two very important inputs that drive the process from the early beginning and determine whether the resulting product will achieve market success or not. A more sustainable product tends to be more durable as it reduces scrap. Currently, the world economic chain is configured respecting the pace in which products are consumed, as consumers are accustomed with traditional products and their durability. As the world grows more sustainable, the economic chain will be sustainability-driven and therefore, require more durable products and services. Using a bibliometric approach, this article proposes a review of sustainable product development and its interface with these economical and customer perception issues. First, research domains were prescribed and keywords were defined to narrow the search. Databases were selected and researched using boolean codes. The resulting list was finally reviewed and filtered, as to refine the search accordingly after defined criteria. Findings include (but are not limited to) a growth in the number of published articles year after year and also a list of journals with most publications in this research field. Finally, this article points new trends to be explored inside product development.
A Gingival Mucosa Geometric Modelling to Support Dental Prosthesis Design
Authors: de Andrade Rodrigo Meira  , Szejka Anderson Luis  , Canciglieri Junior Osiris
Published: February 2025

The integration between health and engineering areas promotes the increasing precision of medical devices, making the diagnostic process progressively more accurate and safe. In this context, the integration between Product Engineering and Dentistry has provided tools development that translates human reality through mathematical concepts aiding complex processes, such as dental implant. This research presents the development of a system for teeth and gums detection using Matlab®aiming the acquisition of the point cloud for teeth and gums 3D reconstruction in a CAD system. The development of this system has aimed to support dentists in their diagnostics, offering easy understandable information and creating a tool that can help the elaboration of auxiliary masks for dental implant process. The developed system also allows easy DICOM images manipulation, utilization of edge filters, highlighted of specific range of bone density and image reconstruction of different views. The use of mathematical concepts in some functionality of the system allowed the automatic identification and processing of images parts, eliminating the possibility of human error.
The Design Process Structural & Logical Representation in the Concurrent Engineering Infocommunication Environment
Authors: Tsygankov Denis  , Pokhilko Alexander  , Sidorichev Andrei  , Ryabov Sergey  , Kozintsev Oleg
Published: February 2025

Design of composite objects differs by the presence of the technical requirements to the entire device, without separate requirements to the components. Results of the design activity are the technical documentation and a 3D-assembly. Generation of a 3D-assembly includes adding 3D-models of components and the introduction of conjugations between them. For 3D-assembly corrections and adjustments, it is needed to replace manually the parts and install their conjugations that take considerable time. The proposed solution is to establish structural and logical relationships between the components of the 3D-assembly model. This allows components to bind with structural elements of each other. Interconnections between the components can determine their location and conjugation with each other, as well as to modify and export the final design solutions, not disrupting its integrity, what is not provided by any of the modern CAD systems.
Search Engine Optimization Process: A Concurrent Intelligent Computing Approach
Authors: Sagot Sylvain  , Fougères Alain-Jérôme  , Ostrosi Egon
Published: February 2025

The modification of customers' behaviors, the competition and the increase in the number of websites have forced companies to improve their visibility on the Internet. Search engines are widely used by customers and companies have to be present in the search engines results pages to be able to reach their clients. Different techniques have been developed to optimize the website's ranking on search engines, such as the SEO (Search Engine Optimization). The search engine optimization is the process of improving a website's position in the Internet search engine results. But the search engines protect their ranking models and results are long and difficult to obtain. Thus the non-transparency of ranking models, the important number of interactions, and the uncertainty in terms of results make the SEO process a complex problem. In order to permit its adaptability and sustainability in a dynamic and uncertain environment, the SEO process needs the elaboration of holistic and concurrent engineering approaches. In this paper, we used the multi-agent paradigm which is appropriate to solve concurrent and distributed problems. By decomposing the SEO process in sub-entities represented by communities of autonomous agents such as requirements, functions, constraints and solutions, we were able to analyze interactions and actions that take place into this process. A multi-agent based simulation using data from pharmacy websites was developed to test our approach.
Using Ontology-Based Patent Informatics to Describe the Intellectual Property Portfolio of an E-Commerce Order Fulfillment Process
Authors: Hsu Abby P.T.  , Trappey Charles V.  , Trappey Amy J.C.
Published: February 2025

Electronic commerce (EC) is the process of selling and buying goods or services through an online platform used for conducting the necessary business communications and transactions for sellers and buyers over the Internet. EC companies sell products online with an emphasis on running the entire supply chain process efficiently. The business processes, that enterprises use to conduct e-commerce business, are quite valuable and can be treated as intellectual properties (IPs). Business method patents provide inventors and enterprises with protection for the unique business process. The United States provides business method patent owners an exclusive IP right for 20 years. A good quality business method patent is considered a powerful and effective tool to generate revenue and bar potential competitors from duplicating the practices. Patent analysis can assist companies in evaluating their business strategies or redesign their business processes. Grouping patent documents and defining a domain ontology helps companies describe technology trends and innovations. This research uses Amazon's business processes as a case example to conduct business method patent analysis, particularly considering order fulfillment as a key method to manage inventory and purchase orders. An EC ontology schema is constructed based on the key EC business processes and key-phrase extraction from the patents. Understanding Amazon's patents and their relationships to the business process, other EC enterprises can examine their own patents' strategic strengths and weaknesses. In addition, they can prevent their business processes not to infringe upon existing EC patents.
4.4. A Method of a Wheel Power Distribution and its Application to Vehicles
Authors: Shukhman Sergey B.  , Vantsevich Vladimir V.
Published: February 2025

In this section, principles of wheel power split that are needed to design controls of all-wheel drive vehicles with hydrostatic drivelines are presented. Ecological aspects of the power distribution to the driving wheels are also included in the consideration and analyzed.
6.2. Application of the Generalized Polynomial Chaos to the LQR Control Problem with Uncertain Parameters in the Formulation
Authors: Sandu Corina  , Blanchard Emmanuel  , Sandu Adrian
Published: February 2025

We are not aware of any study trying to use the polynomial chaos framework to find a closed form solution for the LQR problem in this framework, i.e., a solution that would depend on the number of terms in the polynomial chaos expansions and that would numerically converge to the solution of the problem as S→∞. The original intent of the work presented here was to try deriving such a solution, but this proved to be extremely difficult, if not impossible. However, an efficient numerical method to solve this problem could be derived instead. Polynomial chaos based methods have the advantage of computationally much more efficient than Monte Carlo simulations. The method presented in this article treats the LQR problem as an optimality problem using Lagrange multipliers in an extended form associated with the polynomial chaos framework, and uses an iterative algorithm that converges to the optimal answer. Therefore, it goes at the root of the solution of the LQR problem, which is derived using Lagrange multipliers in the deterministic case, which leads to the well-known algebraic Riccati equations. Therefore, the method presented in this article might have the potential of being a first step towards the development of computationally efficient numerical methods for H∞design with parametric uncertainties.
A Lone Wolf Visionario in the American Midwest
Authors: Ronis Sheila  , Chasdi Richard
Published: February 2025

Visionarios are a tool to explore and test assumptions about a system, in this case a small element, and perhaps an optimistic depiction, of the anti-drug and terrorist violence community of the city of Chicago. When used in conjunction with functions such as planning or training in an institution, like many that are described by the story, the ability to understand the complex relationships that exist in real world systems, or the ability to see unintended consequences of decisions can become more obvious. Typically, visionarios are developed through discussions with subject matter experts. Visionarios, coupled with decision support tools such as system mapping or complex computer models that simulate reality, enable policy-makers and decision-makers to think through the ramifications of potential approaches to problem solving and improve system performance. Usually, next steps include the development of a systems map, with its key elements and their interdependencies. Visionarios are usually a part of an overall planning process that includes risk analysis across the entire sociological, technological, economic, environmental, and political spectrum and allows for stress testing of potential solutions to enduring problems institutions are facing.
In-Situ Geocharacterization of Soils in the Year 2016 and Beyond
Authors: Mayne Paul W.
Published: February 2025

The best possible program for geotechnical soils exploration involves a blend of rotary drilling, undisturbed sampling, laboratory testing, in-situ field tests, and geophysics, all taken within the context of engineering geology. Yet, this is only viable when sufficient allocations of time and funds are available, namely large or critical projects. Therefore, for routine site investigations, the use of hybrid geotechnical-geophysical methods should be adopted, including the seismic piezocone test (SCPTù) and seismic dilatometer (SDMTà), since they collect as many as five independent readings with depth, thereby optimizing the information gathered in an efficient, expeditious, and economical manner.
Fluidization in Geomaterials and Geostructures: the case of fast landslide propagation
Authors: Pastor Manuel  , Manzanal Diego  , Stickle Miguel M.  , Yagüe Ángel
Published: February 2025

The article is devoted to present the key aspect of the mathematical, constitutive and numerical modelling of the failure of geomaterials in the transition from solid to fluid. The aim is to provide the reader with an overview of the role of modelling the most relevant phenomena in soils behaviour in fast landslides.
Development of underground constructions in Chile
Authors: Villouta A.P.  , Torres R.A.
Published: February 2025

The number of underground constructions has increased massively due to environmental, social and economic reasons. Furthermore, design and construction solutions are even more challenging when attempting to obtain optimal underground solutions. This article is focused on the development of underground constructions in Chile, highlighting the necessary improvements in the design and construction areas, where key topics are seismic design related to urban tunnels, mechanized excavation method promise, and collaborative work between the industry and academics.
Probabilistic assessment of uplift pressure under concrete dams
Authors: Celestino Tarcisio B.  , Levis Leyser Silvia D.
Published: February 2025

The execution of grouting, associated with drainage, is very important for the control of seepage through concrete dam foundations. Most of the uplift pressure criteria used nowadays for dam design are based on methods, which are both deterministic and empirical, originated from accumulated experience under certain specific geological and geometrical conditions. When such criteria are used for a specific site, peculiar geological features may not be reflected on the data basis used as previous experience. In this work, grouting and drainage systems efficacy are evaluated in a probabilistic way, using statistical methods to analyze data obtained during grouting execution, which provide good assessment for the variability of foundation properties. A probabilistic analysis methodology is proposed, based on Monte Carlo Simulation principles, randomly generating hydraulic conductivity scenarios according to statistical distributions obtained from Lugeon tests carried out during site investigation. By means of finite element numerical simulations, adopting foundation permeability coefficients following those statistical distributions, it is possible to obtain a statistical distribution for uplift forces. Reliability analyses can be performed, and the probability of occurrence of any particular uplift force value can be assessed, such as values leading to failure, values predicted by any empirical criterion or even instrumentation readings.
The analysis of rock cutting processes employing finite and discrete element methods
Authors: da Fontoura Sergio A. B.  , Carrapatoso Carla  , Lautenschaler Carlos Emmanuel R.  , Righetto Guilherme  , Inoue Nelson
Published: February 2025

The petroleum industry has shown great interest in the study of drilling optimization on pre-salt formations given the low rates of penetration observed so far. Rate of penetration is key to economically drill the Brazilian pre-salt carbonate rock. This work presents the results of numerical modeling through finite element method and discrete element method for single cutter drilling in carbonate rocks. The work is relevant to understand the mechanics of drill bit – rock interaction while drilling deep wells and the results were validated with experimental data obtained under simulated downhole conditions. The numerical models were carried out under different geometrical configurations, varying the cutter chamfer size and back-rake angles. The forces generated on the cutter are translated into mechanical specific energy as this parameter is often used to measure drilling efficiency. Results indicate that the chamfer size does not change significantly the mechanical specific energy values, although the cutter aggressiveness is influenced by this geometrical characteristic. Results also show there is a significant increase in drilling resistance for larger values of back-rake angle.
Influence of Smectite Content on the One-Dimensional Deformation Behavior of Reconstituted High Plasticity Clays
Authors: Lodahl Michael Rosenlund  , Sorensen Kenny Kataoka
Published: February 2025

Danish geotechnical engineers are challenged when designing buildings and foundations on terrain-near Danish Palaeogene clays. The Palaeogene clays does not behave as the typical Danish deposits which have been subjected to glaciation events, which is why some of the characteristics of the Palaeogene clays are presented in the present paper. It has been speculated that the behavior to a large degree is due to the high content of the clay mineral smectite in the Palaeogene deposits, which is why a series of test on artificial, reconstituted, preconsolidated clay specimens has been conducted. From this series of tests it is seen that the content of smectite does significantly influence the deformation behavior of clay.
Laboratory Determination of Parameters for Transversely Anisotropic Model of Stiff Clay
Authors: Černíková Monika  , Krupička Martin  , Mohyla Tomáš  , Boháč Jan  , Rott Josef  , Mašín David
Published: February 2025

The overconsolidated Brno clay (Tegel) was subjected to the extensive laboratory testing. The obtained data were used in the anisotropic hypoplastic model and a backanalysis of coefficient of earth pressure at rest K0was performed. The resulting value of K0=0.75 was not estimated by more conventional methods.
Effects of inherent anisotropy on deformation and strength characteristics of a reconstituted sand
Authors: Toyota Hirofumi  , Takada Susumu
Published: February 2025

In order to design and construct the underground structures rationally, accurate elastic shear modulus of soils is an important parameter. The real ground formed by sands and/or clay has usually anisotropic mechanical behaviour. Although many researchers have discussed the anisotropy of strength, anisotropy concerning deformation modulus under small strain level have not been deeply understood. Anisotropy can be classified as an inherent anisotropy and an induced anisotropy, and the former anisotropy is treated in this study. Specimens are made using Toyoura sand with changing the angle of sedimentation. Local small strain (LSS) tests, by which precise deformation modulus can be measured, and bender element (BE) tests were simultaneously conducted in the same specimens to examine the influences of inherent anisotropy on deformation modulus and strength under triaxial state of stresses. The results show that drained shear strength decreases with the angle of sedimentation direction, which is defined as the angle of the depositional plane from the vertical. On the contrary, elastic shear modulus increases with the sedimentation angle.
Dynamic Shear Modulus of Kaolin-Silt Clay Using a Novel Technique
Authors: Ahmad Saeed  , Alnuaim Ahmed M.  , El Naggar M. Hesham
Published: February 2025

An artificial/reconstituted clay was prepared by mixing kaolin (K) and silt (S) in the proportion of 50% kaolin and 50% silt by weight employing a slurry deposition technique. The K-S clay has been used extensively to simulate natural clays for geotechnical centrifuge testing, often involving dynamic loading. It is necessary to accurately measure the soil shear wave velocity (Vs) or the low-strain shear modulus (Gmax ) for the analysis of geotechnical problems involving dynamic loading. In this study, Vsand Gmax of K-S clay were measured using a novel device, utilizing piezoelectric transducer ring actuators, incorporated in an oedometer. The new device eliminates some of the shortcomings of the bender element test. For example, the piezoelectric transducer ring actuators do not penetrate the soil and hence do not cause any sample disturbance.
Development of large size Disk Transducer to evaluate elastic properties of coarse granular materials
Authors: Pokhrel Abilash  , Kuwano Reiko  , Suwal Laxmi P.
Published: February 2025

A new type of Disk transducer with the size of 80 mm diameter has been developed by assembling p-type piezo ceramic elements and s-type piezo ceramic elements, in order to carry out the elastic wave study of small to large grain size geomaterials. It has been proved that by using multiple numbers of piezo ceramic elements, development of required size of wave measurement device (i.e. disk transducer) is possible. To clarify the workability of such disk transducer, elastic properties of Toyoura sand (D50 = 0.20mm) were evaluated by three sorts of method (i.e. static method, disk transducer method and Trigger accelerometer method) by using the large triaxial apparatus with the rectangular prismatic specimen of 50cm*23cm*23cm. All tested sample were in completely dry condition. Applying 11 number of very small strain (i.e. strain less than 0.001%) cyclic loading young's modulus and Poisson's ratios were derived and shear modulus were calculated. Both the axial and radial strain was locally measured by local deformation transducers. Newly developed large size disk transducer has been used to evaluate the elastic properties by wave measurement method. Trigger Accelerometer method was also used to compare the elastic wave properties obtained by elastic wave propagation method. To prove the reliability, consistency and further application on the geotechnical engineering study elastic properties measured by newly developed disk transducer method were compared with previous research and the stiffness found to be fallen in similar range within allowable scatters.
Environmentally Friendly Transparent Soil
Authors: Chow Jun Kang  , Ooi Ghee Leng  , Wang Yu-Hsing
Published: February 2025

Much of the work performed in geotechnical engineering cannot be directly observed and measured as everything beneath the Earth's surface is unobservable. Transparent soil modeling, a non-intrusive optical visualization technique, has been introduced to visualize the soil behavior. Limitations are found in using transparent soils developed, such as non-environmentally friendly, corrosive to latex membranes of geotechnical apparatus and hazardous to human health. Hence, safe, colorless, stable and odorless sugar solution (pore fluid) was selected, together with fused quartz (granular material), to develop transparent soil of environmentally friendly, compatible to geotechnical apparatus, safe to human health and feasible in geotechnical engineering modeling. To demonstrate the feasibility of this transparent soil, compaction grouting and pile installation processes were modeled. Based on the preliminary results, the environmentally friendly transparent soil developed was applicable to geotechnical engineering modeling to visualize the soil behavior from a different perspective.
Evaluation of stationarity and selection of appropriate transformation for geostatistical modeling of geotechnical projects
Authors: Bheemasetti Tejo V.  , Puppala Anand J.  , Pedarla Aravind  , Acharya Raju  , Caballero Santiago R.
Published: February 2025

Spatial variability of the soil properties is one of the major concerns for the design and analysis of geotechnical engineering projects. Kriging is a stochastic interpretation tool of geostatistics that considers the spatial variability to predict soil properties at unsampled locations. Often conventional geostatistics rely on second order stationarity, where mean and variances are assumed to be constant. Geostatistics being widely adopted tool for prediction analysis requires the data to be stationary and select appropriate transformation in the case of non-stationary data. In this research study, a formal approach to determine the stationarity and selecting the appropriate transformation using conventional statistics is discussed, where geostatistics is applied for predicting the stiffness of Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM) which is used as a bedding material for a pipeline. CLSM is initially tested using nondestructive testing for a 500feet pipeline test section comprising of 10 different segments of 50 feet each. In this paper, random factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) and bartlett's test is used to check the stationarity in the stiffness data at 10 different sections measured using Spectral Analysis of Surface Wave (SASW) technique. Also, in case of non-stationary data, different empirical methods, including box-cox method were discussed to find out appropriate transformation for stabilizing the variance. The test results and geoestatistical analysis depicted that the stiffness measurements obtained at different sections are stationary and this conclusion is validated using the semivariogram analysis. This analysis is successful in evaluating the stationarity of the data for geostatistical modeling and also assessed the performance of CLSM as a bedding material using geostatistical analysis.
The effect of Grain size distribution on the Shear strength- dilation relation of Granular material
Authors: Amirpour Harehdasht Samaneh  , Karray Mourad  , Hussien Mahmoud N.  , Roubtsova Varvara  , Chekired Mohamed
Published: February 2025

Over the past decades, investigating the dependence of mechanical response of granular material on the discrete constituent particle characteristics such as particle shape, particle surface, particle size and gradation, has attracted considerable attention from both experimental and numerical points of view. In the present paper, a framework is suggested to obtain initial insight into the contribution of some parameters, corresponding to the nature of the sand particles (size, shape) while evaluating the dilation response of granular material and developing a correlation between dilatancy and shear strength in further steps of this study. Extensive experimental results obtained from direct shear tests at different confining pressures and initial relative densities are analyzed. These results show that the particle size distribution and angularity have a substantial effect on the dilatancy characteristics of the granular assembly. Analyzing the results calls into question the accuracy of classical dilatancy theories to reflect the role of the grain size distribution on the shear response and dilation of granular material.
Investigation of Soil Nonlinearity at Very Small Strains Using Ground Buried Fiber Optic Sensors
Authors: Friedli Balz  , Puzrin Alexander M.
Published: February 2025

Effects of small strain nonlinearity on deformation behaviour of geotechnical structures have been extensively studied in the literature. This paper offers a slightly different perspective, looking at effects of the small strain non-linearity on the identification of surface loads caused by pedestrians and vehicles. Due to the small load magnitudes caused by these objects, the corresponding strains in the ground are extremely small, making them difficult to detect using conventional strain measurements. An experimental field study as been carried out to investigate deformation behaviour of soil using ground buried distributed fibre optic sensors (FOS). FOS has been proven an adequate tool for measuring extremely small strains in soils and capturing accurately the small strain nonlinearity of soil behaviour. In contrast to conventional discrete strain measurements at the surface, FOS provides a large array of strain data at higher accuracy. The deformation of soils at very low stresses and strains has been shown to be highly nonlinear, affecting the surface load identification.