bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tracheal Intubation without Muscle Relaxant Comparison Between Three Techniques
Authors: Ali M , Iqbal KM , Chowdhury AYF Elahi
Published: January 2015

The standard techniques of tracheal intubation are usually done after induction of anaesthesia followed by skeletal muscle relaxation. The muscle relaxants are associated with many side effects. These side effects have spurred research into development of alternative methods for providing good intubation condition. Forty-five patients with ASA grade I or II, having Mallampati class-I or II airways were divided in three groups depending on administration of drugs in a double blind randomized study. Group-A, thiopental sodium (5mg/kg) + fentanyl (10mcg/ kg) + lignocaine(1mg/kg), Group-B, thiopental sodium (5mg/kg) + fentanyl (10mcg/kg ) and Group-C, thiopental sodium (5mg/kg) + suxamethonium(1mg/kg) Group-C acted as control. The blood pressure and heart rate were measured before induction,after induction and after intubation. Ease of intubation was judged by Scheller intubation criteria. The intubation was possible in all patients of the three groups and there were no significant differences between them in respect to total score.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsa.v17i1.4049 Journal of BSA, Vol. 17, No. 1 & 2, 2004 p.32-35
Pre-Anaesthetic Assessment: Its Role in Preventing Mortality
Authors: Khanam Razia
Published: January 2015

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsa.v17i1.4051Journal of BSA, Vol. 17, No. 1 & 2, 2004 p.39-47
Personalised External Aortic Root Support (PEARS) Compared with Alternatives for People with Life-Threatening Genetically Determined Aneurysms of the Aortic Root
Authors: Treasure Tom , Pepper John
Published: January 2015

Personalised external aortic support was first proposed in 2000 by Tal Golesworthy, an engineer with familial Marfan syndrome and an aortic root aneurysm. After putting together a research and development team, and finding a surgeon to take on the challenge to join him in this innovative approach, he was central to the manufacture of the device, custom made for his own aorta. He was the patient for the ‘first in man’ operation in 2004. Ten years later he is well and 45 other people have had their own personalised device implanted. In this account, the stepwise record of proof of principle, comparative quantification of the surgical and perioperative requirements, 10 years of results, and development and research plans for the future are presented.
Power Quality Disturbances Recognition Based on a Multiresolution Generalized S-Transform and a PSO-Improved Decision Tree
Authors: Huang Nantian , Zhang Shuxin , Cai Guowei , Xu Dianguo
Published: January 2015

In a microgrid, the distributed generators (DG) can power the user loads directly. As a result, power quality (PQ) events are more likely to affect the users. This paper proposes a Multiresolution Generalized S-transform (MGST) approach to improve the ability of analyzing and monitoring the power quality in a microgrid. Firstly, the time-frequency distribution characteristics of different types of disturbances are analyzed. Based on the characteristics, the frequency domain is segmented into three frequency areas. After that, the width factor of the window function in the S-transform is set in different frequency areas. MGST has different time-frequency resolution in each frequency area to satisfy the recognition requirements of different disturbances in each frequency area. Then, a rule-based decision tree classifier is designed. In addition, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is applied to extract the applicable features. Finally, the proposed method is compared with some others. The simulation experiments show that the new approach has better accuracy and noise immunity.
The Socio-Demographic and Psychological Predictors of Residential Energy Consumption: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Frederiks Elisha , Stenner Karen , Hobman Elizabeth
Published: January 2015

This article provides a comprehensive review of theory and research on the individual-level predictors of household energy usage. Drawing on literature from across the social sciences, we examine two broad categories of variables that have been identified as potentially important for explaining variability in energy consumption and conservation: socio-demographic factors (e.g., income, employment status, dwelling type/size, home ownership, household size, stage of family life cycle) and psychological factors (e.g., beliefs and attitudes, motives and intentions, perceived behavioral control, cost-benefit appraisals, personal and social norms). Despite an expanding literature, we find that empirical evidence of the impact of these variables has been far from consistent and conclusive to date. Such inconsistency poses challenges for drawing generalizable conclusions, and underscores the complexity of consumer behavior in this domain. In this article, we propose that a multitude of factors—whether directly, indirectly, or in interaction—influence how householders consume and conserve energy. Theory, research and practice can be greatly advanced by understanding what these factors are, and how, when, where, why and for whom they operate. We conclude by outlining some important practical implications for policymakers and directions for future research.
Agreement Between Exhaled Breath Carbon Monoxide Threshold Levels and Self-Reported Cigarette Smoking in a Sample of Male Adolescents in Jordan
Authors: Al-Sheyab Nihaya , Kheirallah Khalid , Mangnall Linda , Gallagher Robyn
Published: January 2015

This study aimed to measure the percent agreement between Exhaled Breath Carbon Monoxide (eBCO) measure using a piCO+ smokerlyzer® and self-reported cigarette smoking status and to determine the optimal thresholds for definite identification of cigarette smokers of male school students in Jordan. A descriptive, cross sectional, study of a random sample of male adolescents in grades 7 and 8 from four public high schools in Irbid, completed an adaptation of a standardized Arabic-language tobacco smoking questionnaire and an eBCO measure. Sensitivity and specificity of the eBCO were calculated against self-reported cigarette smoking. Participants (n = 439) had a mean age of 12.5 years (SD = 0.50) and 174 (39.9%) reported being an ever smoker of whom 59 (33.9%) reported being a recent (30-day) smoker. The optimal eBCO cut-off point for recent smoking was 4.5 ppm with a sensitivity of 84.7% and specificity of 65.5%. Overall, eBCO can accurately identify recent smokers and distinguish them from non-smokers. The eBCO use enables healthcare professionals and researchers to assess efficacy of smoking cessation and prevention programs without necessarily relying on self-report. Further research is indicated to validate our findings and should be expanded to include females, detailed characteristics of cigarette and waterpipe smoking.
Analyzing the Correlation between Deer Habitat and the Component of the Risk for Lyme Disease in Eastern Ontario, Canada: A GIS-Based Approach
Authors: Chen Dongmei , Wong Haydi , Belanger Paul , Moore Kieran , Peterson Mary , Cunningham John
Published: January 2015

Lyme borreliosis, caused by the bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi, is an emerging vector-borne infectious disease in Canada. According to the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), by the year 2020, 80% of Canadians will live in Lyme endemic areas. An understanding of the association of Ixodes scapularis, the main vector of Lyme disease, with it hosts is a fundamental component in assessing changes in the spatial distribution of human risk for Lyme disease. Through the application of Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping methods and spatial analysis techniques, this study examines the population dynamics of the black-legged Lyme tick and its primary host, the white-tailed deer, in eastern Ontario, Canada. By developing a habitat suitability model through a GIS-based multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) analysis, the relationship of the deer habitat suitability map was generated and the results were compared with deer harvest data. Tick submission data collected from two public health units between 2006 and 2012 were used to explore the relationship between endemic ticks and deer habitat suitability in eastern Ontario. The positive correlation demonstrated between the deer habitat suitability model and deer harvest data allows us to further analyze the association between deer habitat and black-legged ticks in our study area. Our results revealed that the high tick submission number corresponds with the high suitability. These results are useful for developing management strategies that aim to prevent Lyme from becoming a threat to public health in Canada. Further studies are required to investigate how tick survival, behaviour and seasonal activity may change with projected climate change.
Structural Diversity of the Microbial Surfactin Derivatives from Selective Esterification Approach
Authors: Shao Chuanshi , Liu Lin , Gang Hongze , Yang Shizhong , Mu Bozhong
Published: January 2015

Surfactin originated from genus Bacillus is composed of a heptapeptide moiety bonded to the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of a β-hydroxy fatty acid and it can be chemically modified to prepare the derivatives with different structures, owing to the existence of two free carboxyl groups in its peptide loop. This article presents the chemical modification of surfactin esterified with three different alcohols, and nine novel surfactin derivatives have been separated from products by the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The novel derivatives, identified with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), are the mono-hexyl-surfactin C14 ester, mono-hexyl-surfactin C15 ester, mono-2-methoxy-ethyl-surfactin C14 ester, di-hexyl-surfactin C14 ester, di-hexyl-surfactin ester C15, di-2-methoxy-ethyl-surfactin ester C14, di-2-methoxy-ethyl-surfactin ester C15, di-6-hydoxyl-hexyl-surfactin C14 ester and, di-6-hydoxyl-hexyl-surfactin C15 ester. The reaction conditions for esterification were optimized and the dependence of yields on different alcohols and catalysts were discussed. This study shows that esterification is one of the most efficient ways of chemical modification for surfactin and it can be used to prepare more derivatives to meet the needs of study in biological and interfacial activities.
Isolation and Expression of NAC Genes during Persimmon Fruit Postharvest Astringency Removal
Authors: Min Ting , Wang Miao-Miao , Wang Hongxun , Liu Xiaofen , Fang Fang , Grierson Donald , Yin Xue-Ren , Chen Kun-Song
Published: January 2015

NAC genes have been characterized in numerous plants, where they are involved in responses to biotic and abiotic stress, including low oxygen stress. High concentration of CO2 is one of the most effective treatments to remove astringency of persimmon fruit owing to the action of the accumulated anoxia metabolite acetaldehyde. In model plants, NAC genes have been identified as being responsive to low oxygen. However, the possible relationship between NAC transcription factors and persimmon astringency removal remains unexplored. In the present research, treatment with a high concentration of CO2 (95%) effectively removed astringency of “Mopan” persimmon fruit by causing decreases in soluble tannin. Acetaldehyde content increased in response to CO2 treatment concomitantly with astringency removal. Using RNA-seq and Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), six DkNAC genes were isolated and studied. Transcriptional analysis indicated DkNAC genes responded differentially to CO2 treatment; DkNAC1, DkNAC3, DkNAC5 and DkNAC6 were transiently up-regulated, DkNAC2 was abundantly expressed 3 days after treatment, while the DkNAC4 was suppressed during astringency removal. It is proposed that DkNAC1/3/5/6 could be important candidates as regulators of persimmon astringency removal and the roles of other member are also discussed.
Insecticide Resistance in Eggs and First Instars of the Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)
Authors: Campbell Brittany , Miller Dini
Published: January 2015

Two strains of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., eggs and first instars collected from pyrethroid-resistant adults were evaluated for insecticide resistance and compared to a susceptible strain. Dose-response bioassays were conducted using two insecticide formulations (Temprid: imidacloprid/β-cyfluthrin, and Transport: acetamiprid/ bifenthrin). The lethal concentration (LC50) for the two resistant egg strains exposed to imidacloprid/β-cyfluthrin ranged from 3 to 5-fold higher than susceptible strain eggs. Resistant strain eggs dipped into formulations of acetamiprid/bifenthrin had LC50 values which were significantly greater (39 to 1,080-fold) than susceptible strain eggs. Similar to eggs, resistant strain first instars exposed to residual applications of imidacloprid/β-cyfluthrin had LC50 values ranging from 121 to 493-fold greater than susceptible strain first instars. When resistant strain first instars were treated with acetamiprid/bifenthrin, they had LC50 values that were 99 to >1,900-fold greater than susceptible strain first instars. To determine differences between egg and first instar resistance, stage resistance ratios (SRR) were compared between the two stages. There was little difference between the egg and first instar stages, indicated by small SRR values ranging from 1.1 to 10.0. This study suggests that insecticide resistance is expressed early during bed bug development.
A Methodology for a Comprehensive Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment: Multiple Sources and Short-Term Interactions
Authors: Anita Grezio , Tonini Roberto , Sandri Laura , Pierdominici Simona , Selva Jacopo
Published: January 2015

We propose a methodological approach for a comprehensive and total probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment (TotPTHA), in which many different possible source types concur to the definition of the total tsunami hazard at given target sites. In a multi-hazard and multi-risk perspective, the approach allows us to consider all possible tsunamigenic sources (seismic events, slides, volcanic eruptions, asteroids, etc.). In this respect, we also formally introduce and discuss the treatment of interaction/cascade effects in the TotPTHA analysis and we demonstrate how the triggering events may induce significant temporary variations in short-term analysis of the tsunami hazard. In two target sites (the city of Naples and the island of Ischia in Italy) we prove the feasibility of the TotPTHA methodology in the multi—source case considering near submarine seismic sources and submarine mass failures in the study area. The TotPTHA indicated that the tsunami hazard increases significantly by considering both the potential submarine mass failures and the submarine seismic events. Finally, the importance of the source interactions is evaluated by applying a triggering seismic event that causes relevant changes in the short-term TotPTHA.
1,1,2,2,7,7,8,8-Octaethoxyocta-3,5-diyne
Authors: Holmelid Bjarte , Sydnes Leiv
Published: January 2015

1,1,2,2,7,7,8,8-Octaethoxyocta-3,5-diyne has been observed as a minor product in several syntheses utilizing 3,3,4,4-tetraethoxybut-1-yne (TEB) as starting material. In order to access this highly functionalized diyne, we have developed a procedure that provides the title compound in excellent yield.
Seven-Membered Rings through Metal-Free Rearrangement Mediated by Hypervalent Iodine
Authors: Silva Siguara , Torre Adriana , De Carvalho João , Ruiz Ana , Silva Luiz
Published: January 2015

A versatile and metal-free approach for the synthesis of carbocycles and of heterocycles bearing seven- and eight-membered rings is described. The strategy is based on ring expansion of 1-vinylcycloalkanols (or the corresponding silyl or methyl ether) mediated by the hypervalent iodine reagent HTIB (PhI(OH)OTs). Reaction conditions can be easily adjusted to give ring expansion products bearing different functional groups. A route to medium-ring lactones was also developed.
Tree Nut Consumption Is Associated with Better Nutrient Adequacy and Diet Quality in Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2010
Authors: O'Neil Carol , Nicklas Theresa , III Victor
Published: January 2015

Nutrient adequacy of tree nut consumers has not been examined. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2010 data were used to assess the association of tree nut consumption by adults 19+ years (n = 14,386) with nutrient adequacy and diet quality. Covariate adjusted usual intake was determined using two 24-h dietary recalls and the National Cancer Institute method. Percentages of the consumption groups below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) or above the Adequate Intake (AI) were determined. Diet quality was determined using the Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI) score. Usual intake data showed consumers of tree nuts had a lower percentage (p < 0.0001) of the population below the EAR for vitamins A (22 ± 5 vs. 49 ± 1), E (38 ± 4 vs. 94 ± 0.4) and C (17 ± 4 vs. 44 ± 1); folate (2.5 ± 1.5 vs. 12 ± 0.6); calcium (26 ± 3 vs. 44 ± 1); iron (3 ± 0.6 vs. 9 ± 0.4); magnesium (8 ± 1 vs. 60 ± 1); and zinc (1.5 ± 1 vs. 13 ± 1). Tree nut consumers had a higher percentage (p < 0.0001) of the population above the AI for fiber (33 ± 3 vs. 4 ± 0.3) and potassium (12 ± 3 mg vs. 2 ± 0.2 mg). HEI-2005 total score was higher (p < 0.0001) in tree nut consumers (61 ± 0.7 vs. 52 ± 0.3) than non-consumers. Health professionals should encourage the use of tree nuts as part of a dietary approach to healthy eating.
Estimation of Daily Air Temperature Based on MODIS Land Surface Temperature Products over the Corn Belt in the US
Authors: Zeng Linglin , Wardlow Brian , Tadesse Tsegaye , Shan Jie , Hayes Michael , Li Deren , Xiang Daxiang
Published: January 2015

Air temperature (Ta) is a key input in a wide range of agroclimatic applications. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Ts (Land Surface Temperature (LST)) products are widely used to estimate daily Ta. However, only daytime LST (Ts-day) or nighttime LST (Ts-night) data have been used to estimate Tmax/Tmin (daily maximum or minimum air temperature), respectively. The relationship between Tmax and Ts-night, and the one between Tmin and Ts-day has not been studied. In this study, both the ability of Ts-night data to estimate Tmax and the ability of Ts-day data to estimate Tmin were tested and studied in the Corn Belt during the growing season (May–September) from 2008 to 2012, using MODIS daily LST products from both Terra and Aqua. The results show that using Ts-night for estimating Tmax could result in a higher accuracy than using Ts-day for a similar estimate. Combining Ts-day and Ts-night, the estimation of Tmax was improved by 0.19–1.85, 0.37–1.12 and 0.26–0.93 °C for crops, deciduous forest and developed areas, respectively, when compared with using only Ts-day or Ts-night data. The main factors influencing the Ta estimation errors spatially and temporally were analyzed and discussed, such as satellite overpassing time, air masses, irrigation, etc.
An Image Stabilization Optical System Using Deformable Freeform Mirrors
Authors: Hao Qun , Cheng Xuemin , Kang Jiqiang , Jiang Yuhua
Published: January 2015

An image stabilization optical system using deformable freeform mirrors is proposed that enables the ray sets to couple dynamically in the object and image space. It aims to correct image blurring and degradation when there is relative movement between the imaging optical axis and the object. In this method, Fermat’s principle and matrix methods are used to describe the optical path of the entire optical system with a shift object plane and a fixed corresponding image plane in the carrier coordinate system. A constant optical path length is determined for each ray set, so the correspondence between the object and the shift free image point is used to calculate the solution to the points on the surface profile of the deformable mirrors (DMs). Off-axis three-mirror anastigmats are used to demonstrate the benefits of optical image stabilization with one- and two-deformable mirrors.
Research Trends in Wireless Visual Sensor Networks When Exploiting Prioritization
Authors: Costa Daniel , Guedes Luiz , Vasques Francisco , Portugal Paulo
Published: January 2015

The development of wireless sensor networks for control and monitoring functions has created a vibrant investigation scenario, where many critical topics, such as communication efficiency and energy consumption, have been investigated in the past few years. However, when sensors are endowed with low-power cameras for visual monitoring, a new scope of challenges is raised, demanding new research efforts. In this context, the resource-constrained nature of sensor nodes has demanded the use of prioritization approaches as a practical mechanism to lower the transmission burden of visual data over wireless sensor networks. Many works in recent years have considered local-level prioritization parameters to enhance the overall performance of those networks, but global-level policies can potentially achieve better results in terms of visual monitoring efficiency. In this paper, we make a broad review of some recent works on priority-based optimizations in wireless visual sensor networks. Moreover, we envisage some research trends when exploiting prioritization, potentially fostering the development of promising optimizations for wireless sensor networks composed of visual sensors.
A Fast and Precise Indoor Localization Algorithm Based on an Online Sequential Extreme Learning Machine
Authors: Zou Han , Lu Xiaoxuan , Jiang Hao , Xie Lihua
Published: January 2015

Nowadays, developing indoor positioning systems (IPSs) has become an attractive research topic due to the increasing demands on location-based service (LBS) in indoor environments. WiFi technology has been studied and explored to provide indoor positioning service for years in view of the wide deployment and availability of existing WiFi infrastructures in indoor environments. A large body of WiFi-based IPSs adopt fingerprinting approaches for localization. However, these IPSs suffer from two major problems: the intensive costs of manpower and time for offline site survey and the inflexibility to environmental dynamics. In this paper, we propose an indoor localization algorithm based on an online sequential extreme learning machine (OS-ELM) to address the above problems accordingly. The fast learning speed of OS-ELM can reduce the time and manpower costs for the offline site survey. Meanwhile, its online sequential learning ability enables the proposed localization algorithm to adapt in a timely manner to environmental dynamics. Experiments under specific environmental changes, such as variations of occupancy distribution and events of opening or closing of doors, are conducted to evaluate the performance of OS-ELM. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed localization algorithm can provide higher localization accuracy than traditional approaches, due to its fast adaptation to various environmental dynamics.
Burhanpur Cultural Landscape Conservation: Inspiring Quality for Sustainable Regeneration
Authors: Wahurwagh Amit , Dongre Alpana
Published: January 2015

The heritage landscape of Burhanpur has an architectural and horticultural composition, consisting of many historic gardens, a unique water management system, a sustainable planning and design framework, the use of landscape and topography with numerous heritage components and historical monuments, temples, tombs and mosques that are locally, regionally and nationally significant. Conserving Burhanpur as an inspirational model for other sites is not only a cultural heritage objective, but it is also a crucial component of the heritage-based sustainable regeneration of the landscape, because it is directly linked to environmental integrity, economic efficiency and resources for present and future generations. Although the last decade has witnessed vigorous efforts by the municipal corporation to preserve and develop Burhanpur by designating it as one of the heritage cities of the UNESCO—Indian Heritage Cities Network (in 2006), a coherent, holistic and sustainable heritage outcome has not been achieved. This paper proposes to harness the cultural landscape as an approach for the sustainable regeneration of Burhanpur heritage and takes a holistic approach to the interpretation of the historic district and natural landscape of the city, where historic buildings are located.
Developing countries: health round-trip
Authors: Moreno Cea Lourdes , Fernández Espinilla Virginia , Ruíz López del Prado Gema , Hernán García Cristina , Cepeda Casado Javier , Polo Polo Mª José , Delgado Márquez Antonio , Andrés García Irene
Published: January 2015

International travel can pose various risks to health, depending both on the health needs of the traveller and on the type of travel to be undertaken. Travellers intending to visit a destination in a developing country should consult a travel medicine clinic or medical practitioner before the journey. General precautions can greatly reduce the risk of exposure to infectious agents. Vaccination is a highly effective method of preventing certain infectious diseases. The aim of this study is to know the risks involved and the best way to prevent them.
Antibiotic susceptibility and prevalence of foodborne pathogens in poultry meat in Romania
Authors: Dan Sorin Daniel , Tabaran Alexandra , Mihaiu Liora , Mihaiu Marian
Published: January 2015

Introduction: The occurrence of pathogenic strains in poultry meat is of growing concern in Romania. Another problem found on a global level is the continuous increase of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from food. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in poultry carcasses obtained in Romania in 2012–2013 and to reveal the most prevalent patterns of antimicrobial resistance in the isolated strains. Methodology: A total of 144 broiler chicken carcasses were evaluated according to classical microbiological methods. The DNA was extracted from the bacterial colonies and the resistance genes were identified by PCR. Results: In 2012, 47.2% of the samples revealed at least one of the following bacteria: Campylobacter jejuni (9.72%; n = 7), Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (4.17%; n = 3), Listeria monocytogenes (15.28%; n = 11), and Escherichia coli (16.67%; n = 12). In 2013, the number of positive samples of pathogenic bacteria decreased, although Campylobacter jejuni was isolated in a higher percentage (20.8% vs. 9.72%). The percentage of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria was high (23%); the most prevalent pattern included resistance to tetracycline, sulfonamides, and quinolones/fluoroquinolones. All the resistant Salmonella and E. coli strains were tested for the presence of characteristic resistance genes (Kn, blaTEM, tetA, tetB, tetG, DfrIa, aadA1a, Sul) and revealed that these isolates represent an important reservoir in the spread of this phenomenon. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that Romania urgently needs an integrated surveillance system within the entire chain, for drug-resistant pathogens isolated from poultry meat.
A case of imported neurocysticercosis in Portugal
Authors: Valadas Emilia , Badura Robert , Marques Tiago , Neno Miguel , Boura Márcia , Sutre Ana Filipa , Beato Sílvia , Grácio Maria Amélia , Neves José Cordeiro
Published: January 2015

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the most common cause of acquired epilepsy in resource-poor countries. We report the case of a 24-year-old woman born and residing in Guinea-Bissau, who was transferred to Portugal two months after the onset of a possible meningitis (fever, headache, seizures, and coma) that did not respond to antibiotic treatment. The diagnosis of NCC was confirmed by MR imaging, which showed multiple lesions compatible with cysticercus, and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the cerebrospinal fluid. After 28 days on albendazole and dexamethasone without improvement, she was started on praziquantel, which she completed in six weeks with progressive recovery.
Effectiveness of the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine in an Indonesian population with D543N NRAMP1 polymorphism
Authors: Putera Ikhwanuliman , Pakasi Trevino Aristarkus , Syahmar Ikrar , Bramantyo Aulia Akbar , Karyadi Elvina , Melani Ani , Sahiratmadja Edhyana
Published: January 2015

Introduction: Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination remains a routine immunization in primary care in tuberculosis (TB)-endemic areas, though several studies found that its efficacy was inconclusive. Natural resistance-asociated machrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1) polymorphism has been shown to result in higher susceptibility to TB. Information on genetic susceptibility in populations will be useful in planning the application of the BCG vaccine. The present study explored BCG efficacy in a rural Timor population with specific NRAMP1 polymorphism in a TB-endemic region of eastern Indonesia. Methodology: A case-control study with 64 newly diagnosed pulmonary TB patients and 65 healthy controls was performed. BCG scars were examined by a physician. NRAMP1 polymorphism was evaluated using molecular methods. Results: Half of the subjects (65; 50.4%) had a clear presenting BCG scar on the upper arm, suggesting a successful BCG vaccination. Among the subjects, D543N NRAMP1 polymorphism, history of contact with TB patients, and not having a clear BCG scar on the upper arm tended to be significantly association with active TB. The significant differences were more profound when subjects were divided based on presenting BCG scar. Subjects without clear BCG scars had significant association with developing TB disease (p = 0.014). In multivariate analysis, history of previous contact with TB patients and unclear presenting BCG scar were associated with active TB (OR 9.2; 2.0–43.8 95% CI, OR 4.8; 2.1–11.0 95% CI, respectively). Conclusions: BCG vaccination in our population was effective for TB protection, especially in highly endemic areas of TB, regardless genetic susceptibility.
Impact of sporadic reporting of poultry Salmonella serovars from selected developing countries
Authors: Barbour Elie K , Ayyash Danielle B , Alturkistni Wafa , Alyahiby Areej , Yaghmoor Soonham , Iyer Archana , Yousef Jehad , Kumosani Taha , Harakeh Steve
Published: January 2015

This review documents the sporadic reporting of poultry Salmonella serovars in South Africa, Egypt, Indonesia, India, and Romania, five countries selected based on the importance of their distribution in different regions of the world and their cumulative significant population size of 1.6 billion. South Africa reported contamination of its poultry carcasses by S. Hadar, S. Blockley, S. Irumu, and S. Anatum. Results from Egypt showed that S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium were predominant in poultry along with other non-typhoid strains, namely S. Infantis, S. Kentucky, S. Tsevie, S. Chiredzi, and S. Heidelberg. In Indonesia, the isolation of Salmonella Typhi was the main focus, while other serovars included S. Kentucky, S. Typhimurium, and S. Paratyhi C. In India, S. Bareilly was predominant compared to S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Paratyphi B, S. Cerro, S. Mbandaka, S. Molade, S. Kottbus, and S. Gallinarum. Romania reported two Salmonella serovars in poultry that affect humans, namely S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium, and other non-typhoid strains including S. Infantis, S. Derby, S. Colindale, S. Rissen, S. Ruzizi, S. Virchow, S. Brandenburg, S. Bredeney, S. Muenchen, S. Kortrijk, and S. Calabar. The results showed the spread of different serovars of Salmonella in those five developing countries, which is alarming and emphasizes the urgent need for the World Health Organization Global Foodborne Infections Network (WHO-GFN) to expand its activities to include more strategic participation and partnership with most developing countries in order to protect poultry and humans from the serious health impact of salmonellosis.
Treatment of Tularemia during pregnancy
Authors: Kosker Mustafa , Celik Tuba , Yuksel Dilek
Published: January 2015

This item has no abstract. Follow the links below to access the full text.
Antibiotic use in Albania between 2011 and 2012
Authors: Hoxha Iris , Malaj Admir , Malaj Ledjan
Published: January 2015

Introduction: Health institutions in Albania have recently reported an increase in antibiotic misuse and microbial resistance. Until now, there have been no comprehensive studies that analyzed the overall use of antibiotics in Albania. The aim of this study was to analyze the overall antibiotic use in Albania between 2011 and 2012, using standardized methodology of measurement, based on World Health Organization guidelines. Methodology: Data from 2011 and 2012 on antibiotic use from ambulatory and hospital sector were examined. Antibiotics were divided based on anatomic therapeutic chemical classification. Defined daily dose (DDD) for each drug was assigned, and DDD per 1,000 inhabitants per day (DID) was used as a measurement unit. In cases of antibiotic combinations for which DDD were not available, unit doses were assigned. Results: In 2011–2012, total antibiotic use decreased from 24.25 to 20.66 DID. Penicillin’s were the most used antibiotic class, with 10.62 DID (2011) and 10.51 DID (2012). Tetracycline use decreased from 5.45 DID (2011) to 0.98 DID (2012). Macrolides increased from 1.36 to 1.88 DID, quinolones from 1.72 to 2.51 DID. The overall antibiotic use was significantly higher than the reimbursed antibiotic use – 3.17 DID (2011) and 2.79 DID (2012) – based on the official data for the same period. Conclusions: This study enables policymakers to further analyze the quality of antibiotic prescriptions and draw comparisons to other countries. The analyzed data suggest there are different factors influencing out-of-pocket use of antibiotics and wrongly prescribed antibiotics. Further studies are necessary to evaluate these factors.
The prevalence of Trichuris spp. infection in indoor and outdoor cats on St. Kitts
Authors: Ketzis Jenifer Kathleen , Shell Linda , Chinault Sarah , Pemberton Charles , Pereira Mary M
Published: January 2015

Introduction: The present study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of Trichuris spp. and other intestinal parasitic infections in owned cats on St. Kitts. Methodology: The feces of 41 non-feral cats (23 indoor only; 18 indoor/outdoor) were examined for the presence of Trichuris spp. eggs. Results: Nine (22%) of the cats were positive for Trichuris spp. Prevalence of trichuriasis in indoor cats was 26.0% as compared to 16.7% in outdoor cats. Other parasites identified included Ancylostoma spp. (10%; 4 cats), Toxocara cati (2%; 1 cat), Platynosomum spp. (22%; 9 cats), Mammomonogamus spp. (2%; 1 cat) and coccidia (7%; 3 cats). Conclusion: On St. Kitts, indoor cats are as likely to have parasite infections as outdoor cats. Given the zoonotic potential of some of the identified parasites, periodical anthelmintic treatment should be provided to both indoor and outdoor cats.
A bibliometric study of international scientific productivity in giardiasis covering the period 1971–2010
Authors: Escobedo Angel A , Arencibia Ricardo , Vega Rosa L. , Rodriguez-Morales Alfonso J. , Almirall Pedro , Alfonso Maydel
Published: January 2015

Introduction: Despite years of relative neglect, interest in Giardia infection seems to be recently growing, perhaps in part due to its inclusion into the World Health Organization’s Neglected Diseases Initiative since 2004. The purpose of this study was to provide an overview of Giardia and giardiasis research over time, as represented by the quantity of published papers. Methodology: Data for this study were collected from the electronic PubMed/Medline database of National Library of Medicine's (NLM), due to it is easily accessibility and wide use. It was accessed online between April and December 2011. Data for the period 1971–2010 were obtained and information was downloaded using the EndNote program developed by Thomson Reuters. Results: During the study period, a total of 6,964 references (articles, reviews, editorials, letter to the editor, etc.) covering different aspects of Giardia and giardiasis were located in the PubMed database after applying the search strategy reported above. Most papers were original articles and published in English. Conclusions: In this first effort to explore the development and research productivity on giardiasis over time (no previously published bibliometric studies on giardiasis exist), two interesting characteristics of the Giardia and giardiasis literature were discovered: the concentration of papers over journals disseminating the research results, and that research in this field is growing and will likely continue to grow in the coming years.
Assessment of Fatigue in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Psychometric Comparison of Single-item, Multiitem, and Multidimensional Measures
Authors: Oude Voshaar Martijn A.H. , ten Klooster Peter M. , Bode Christina , Vonkeman Harald E. , Glas Cees A.W. , Jansen Tim , van Albada-Kuipers Iet , van Riel Piet L.C.M. , van de Laar Mart A.F.J.
Published: January 2015

Objective.

To compare the psychometric functioning of multidimensional disease-specific, multiitem generic, and single-item measures of fatigue in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods.

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and longitudinal item response theory (IRT) modeling were used to evaluate the measurement structure and local reliability of the Bristol RA Fatigue Multi-Dimensional Questionnaire (BRAF-MDQ), the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (SF-36) vitality scale, and the BRAF Numerical Rating Scales (BRAF-NRS) in a sample of 588 patients with RA.

Results.

A 1-factor CFA model yielded a similar fit to a 5-factor model with subscale-specific dimensions, and the items from the different instruments adequately fit the IRT model, suggesting essential unidimensionality in measurement. The SF-36 vitality scale outperformed the BRAF-MDQ at lower levels of fatigue, but was less precise at moderate to higher levels of fatigue. At these levels of fatigue, the living, cognition, and emotion subscales of the BRAF-MDQ provide additional precision. The BRAF-NRS showed a limited measurement range with its highest precision centered on average levels of fatigue.

Conclusion.

The different instruments appear to access a common underlying domain of fatigue severity, but differ considerably in their measurement precision along the continuum. The SF-36 vitality scale can be used to measure fatigue severity in samples with relatively mild fatigue. For samples expected to have higher levels of fatigue, the multidimensional BRAF-MDQ appears to be a better choice. The BRAF-NRS are not recommended if precise assessment is required, for instance in longitudinal settings.
Anti-carbamylated Protein Antibodies Are Present Prior to Rheumatoid Arthritis and Are Associated with Its Future Diagnosis
Authors: Gan Ryan W. , Trouw Leendert A. , Shi Jing , Toes René E.M. , Huizinga Tom W.J. , Demoruelle M. Kristen , Kolfenbach Jason R. , Zerbe Gary O. , Deane Kevin D. , Edison Jess D. , Gilliland William R. , Norris Jill M. , Holers V. Michael
Published: January 2015

Objective.

Anti-carbamylated protein (anti-CarP) antibodies could further elucidate early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis and predict clinical disease. We compared the diagnostic accuracy of anti-CarP antibodies for future RA to other RA-related antibodies in military personnel.

Methods.

Stored pre-RA diagnosis serum samples from 76 RA cases were tested for anti-CarP fetal calf serum (FCS), anti-CarP fibrinogen (Fib), anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies version 2 (anti-CCP2), rheumatoid factor-nephelometry (RF-Neph), and RF isotypes [immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG, and IgA]. Positivity for all antibodies was determined as ≥ 2 SD of log-transformed means from controls. Relationships between autoantibodies and future RA were assessed in prediagnosis serum for all RA cases compared to controls using sensitivity, specificity, and logistic regression. Differences in diagnostic accuracy between antibody combinations were assessed using comparisons of area under the curves (AUC).

Results.

Anti-CarP-FCS was 26% sensitive and 95% specific for future RA, whereas anti-CarP-Fib was 16% sensitive and 95% specific for future RA. Anti-CarP-FCS positivity was associated with future RA, while anti-CarP-Fib trended toward association. The antibody combination of anti-CCP2 and/or ≥ 2 RF (RF-Neph and/or RF-isotypes) resulted in an AUC of 0.72 for future RA, where the AUC was 0.71 with the addition of anti-CarP-FCS to this prior combination.

Conclusion.

Adding anti-CarP-FCS to antibody combinations did not improve AUC. However, anti-CarP-FCS was associated with future onset of RA, and was present in prediagnosis serum in ∼10% of RA cases negative for anti-CCP2 but positive for RF.
Quantitation of Circumferential Syndesmophyte Height along the Vertebral Rim in Ankylosing Spondylitis Using Computed Tomography
Authors: Tan Sovira , Yao Jianhua , Flynn John A. , Yao Lawrence , Ward Michael M.
Published: January 2015

Objective.

Using the 3-D imaging capability of computed tomography (CT), we developed an algorithm quantitating syndesmophyte height along the entire vertebral rim. We investigated its reliability and sensitivity to change, performed a 2-year longitudinal study, and compared it to CT measures of syndesmophyte volume.

Methods.

We performed thoracolumbar spine CT scans on 33 patients at baseline, Year 1, and Year 2, and computed syndesmophyte height in 4 intervertebral disc spaces (IDS). Height was computed every 5° (72 angular sectors) along the vertebral rim. These 72 measures were summed to form the circumferential height per IDS, and results from 4 IDS were summed to provide results per patient. To assess reliability, we compared results between 2 scans performed on the same day in 9 patients. Validity was assessed by associations with spinal flexibility.

Results.

Coefficient of variation for circumferential syndesmophyte height was 0.893% per patient, indicating excellent reliability. Based on the Bland-Altman analysis, an increase in circumferential height of more than 3.44% per patient represented a change greater than measurement error. At years 1 and 2, mean (SD) circumferential syndesmophyte height increases were 10.2% (11.7%) and 16.1% (14.0%), respectively. Sensitivity to change was 0.72 and 0.87 at years 1 and 2, respectively. Circumferential syndesmophyte height correlated with the Schober test (r = −0.56, p = 0.0003) and lateral thoracolumbar flexion (r = −0.73, p < 0.0001).

Conclusion.

CT-based circumferential syndesmophyte height had excellent reliability and good sensitivity to change. It was more highly correlated with spine flexibility than syndesmophyte volume. The algorithm shows promise for longitudinal studies of syndesmophyte growth.
Les structures européennes de contrôle des administrations pénitentiaires
Authors: Snacken Sonja
Published: January 2015

Le rôle et l’impact du Comité de Prévention de la Torture sont analysés en interaction avec les autres instruments de protection des droits des détenus du Conseil de l’Europe : la Cour Européenne des Droits de l’Homme et les Recommandations du Comité des ministres. L’analyse démontre un renforcement réciproque du travail normatif ces vingt dernières années entre ce niveau judiciaire, politique et de contrôle sur le terrain. Par contre, peu de données empiriques sont disponibles quant à l’impact de ce travail normatif sur la réalité pénitentiaire. Une telle évaluation suppose des critères de succès ou d’échec clairs et des études systématiques sur le terrain. D’autre part, il importe de ne pas se limiter à une approche purement instrumentale et descendante de ‘mise en application’ des normes. La protection des droits de l’homme est un mouvement socio-politique et culturel qui dépasse de loin les murs de la prison. Mais qui n’est aussi qu’un des mouvements ayant des répercussions sur le monde pénitentiaire.
Les prisons en Europe
Authors: Tulkens Françoise
Published: January 2015

La vigilance et le contrôle de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme dans le monde clos de la prison se sont considérablement accrus et diversifiés ces dernières années, avec notamment la nouvelle procédure des arrêts pilotes. Les questions abordées ici sont celles du droit à la vie et du suicide en prison, du droit à la santé et de la surpopulation carcérale au regard de l’interdiction de la torture et des traitements inhumains ou dégradants, ainsi que de certains aspects liés au respect de la vie privée et familiale en détention. Ces droits sont des ressources pour les détenus mais aussi pour les agents pénitentiaires.
Genèse et structure des conflits politiques sur les droits des détenus dans la France contemporaine
Authors: Bérard Jean
Published: January 2015

Cet article analyse deux séquences, les années 1970 et les années 2000, qui ont vu l’émergence de la nécessité de reconnaître les droits des prisonniers et de permettre le contrôle de leur application par des instances indépendantes. Il décrit la structure des conflits politiques liés à la reconnaissance de ces droits. Les militants et les instances de protection des droits de l’homme expriment l’exigence de la constitution d’un socle de droits commun à l’ensemble des prisonniers. L’administration pénitentiaire met en place des stratégies pour reconnaître la légitimité de l’entrée du droit en prison tout en modulant son application selon des régimes de détention distincts. Des conflits nés de ces approches opposées naissent des contentieux portés devant les tribunaux.
Le contrôle judiciaire européen de la prison : les droits de l'homme au fondement d'un panoptisme inversé ?
Authors: Cliquennois Gaëtan , Cartuyvels Yves , Champetier Brice
Published: January 2015

On observe, en Belgique, en matière pénitentiaire, une faiblesse du contrôle national exercé notamment par les juridictions administratives et judiciaires. Cette faible activité de contrôle est liée à la fois à ce que le Conseil d’État refuse en partie de contrôler ce type de contentieux et à la répartition des compétences entre juridictions de l’ordre administratif et de l’ordre judiciaire. La pauvreté du contrôle est encore renforcée par le défaut de ratification par la Belgique du Protocole facultatif à la Convention des Nations Unies pour la prévention de la torture et des traitements inhumains et dégradants (OPCAT), ce qui se traduit par l’absence d’indépendance des commissions de surveillance et du conseil central de surveillance qui constituent les organismes nationaux de contrôle en Belgique. Toutefois, le contrôle européen opéré notamment par les différents organes du Conseil de l’Europe se révèle de plus en plus serré, notamment en matière de suicide, de soins de santé et de légalité de la détention.
L'Église et la révolution des esclaves à Saint-Domingue (1791-1804)
Authors: Fritzner Étienne Jean
Published: January 2015

En août 1791, la plus grande révolution servile des temps modernes éclata à Saint-Domingue. Les prêtres dominicains et capucins, chargés du service divin dans la colonie, furent accusés de connivence avec les insurgés. En effet, de nombreux religieux demeurèrent en territoire rebelle et continuèrent d’y exercer leur ministère. Cette attitude des ecclésiastiques fut considérée par le pouvoir comme un acte de trahison. Le présent article montre que le choix de ces prêtres, loin d’être un choix révolutionnaire, relève d’une stratégie politique visant à conserver à l’Église coloniale ses privilèges dans la société.
Pentecôtisme, baptisme et système politique en Haïti
Authors: Corten André
Published: January 2015

Si le pentecôtisme a en Haïti une importance au plan politique, ce n’est pas à vrai dire au niveau électoral. L’objet de ce texte est de montrer que, si le pentecôtisme a une grande importance politique, c’est en tant que médiation du vodou. Pour appréhender et comprendre cette médiation, il faut aborder la question politique au plan des imaginaires sociaux.