bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transgenic overexpression of VEGF-C induces weight gain and insulin resistance in mice
Authors: Karaman Sinem , Hollmén Maija , Yoon Sun-Young , Alkan H. Furkan , Alitalo Kari , Wolfrum Christian , Detmar Michael
Published: August 2016

Obesity comprises great risks for human health, contributing to the development of other diseases such as metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Previously, obese patients were found to have elevated serum levels of VEGF-C, which correlated with worsening of lipid parameters. We recently identified that neutralization of VEGF-C and -D in the subcutaneous adipose tissue during the development of obesity improves metabolic parameters and insulin sensitivity in mice. To test the hypothesis that VEGF-C plays a role in the promotion of the metabolic disease, we used K14-VEGF-C mice that overexpress human VEGF-C under control of the keratin-14 promoter in the skin and monitored metabolic parameters over time. K14-VEGF-C mice had high levels of VEGF-C in the subcutaneous adipose tissue and gained more weight than wildtype littermates, became insulin resistant and had increased ectopic lipid accumulation at 20 weeks of age on regular mouse chow. The metabolic differences persisted under high-fat diet induced obesity. These results indicate that elevated VEGF-C levels contribute to metabolic deterioration and the development of insulin resistance and that blockade of VEGF-C in obesity represents a suitable approach to alleviate the development of insulin resistance.
Ternary Pd–Ni–P hybrid electrocatalysts derived from Pd–Ni core–shell nanoparticles with enhanced formic acid oxidation activity
Authors: Liang Xin , Liu Bo , Zhang Juntao , Lu Siqi , Zhuang Zhongbin
Published: August 2016

Highly active formic acid electro-oxidation performance was achieved by using ternary Pd–Ni–P hybrid electro-catalysts with a strong synergistic effect.
Activation of C–F bonds in fluoroarenes by N-heterocyclic carbenes as an effective route to synthesize abnormal NHC complexes
Authors: Kim Youngsuk , Lee Eunsung
Published: August 2016

An unexpected consecutive C–F activation of fluoroarenes by NHCs is presented, offering a versatile strategy to access aNHC metal complexes.
Enhancing the magnetic blocking temperature and magnetic coercivity of {CrIII2LnIII2} single-molecule magnets via bridging ligand modification
Authors: Langley Stuart K. , Wielechowski Daniel P. , Moubaraki Boujemaa , Murray Keith S.
Published: August 2016

Replacing bridging benzoate ligands with 2-chloro-4,5-fluorobenzoate in a family of {CrIII2LnIII2} (Ln = Tb, Dy and Ho) single-molecule magnets results in significant improvements in magnetic relaxation time, magnetic hysteresis blocking temperature and magnetic coercivity.
Recent advances in the biomimicry of structural colours
Authors: Dumanli Ahu Gümrah , Savin Thierry
Published: August 2016

This review presents the recent progress in mimicking the shiny and iridescent structural colours found in nature.
Near infrared light-mediated photoactivation of cytotoxic Re(i) complexes by using lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles
Authors: Hu Ming , Zhao Jixian , Ai Xiangzhao , Budanovic Maja , Mu Jing , Webster Richard D. , Cao Qian , Mao Zongwan , Xing Bengang
Published: August 2016

Photoactivation of cytotoxic Re(i) complexes by using lanthanide doped upconversion nanoparticles upon near infrared illumination was demonstrated to selectively activate Re(i) complexes in tumor cells for enhanced anti-cancer effect.
Solid state π–π stacking and higher order dimensional crystal packing, reactivity, and electrochemical behaviour of salphenazine actinide and transition metal complexes
Authors: Hardy E. E. , Eddy M. A. , Maynard B. A. , Gorden A. E. V.
Published: August 2016

Here, we describe and compare the synthesis, solution characterization, and solid-state behaviour of the salphenazine ligand and metal complexes.
Single-molecule devices with graphene electrodes
Authors: Lumetti S. , Candini A. , Godfrin C. , Balestro F. , Wernsdorfer W. , Klyatskaya S. , Ruben M. , Affronte M.
Published: August 2016

Design, fabrication and low temperature characterization of a molecular spin transistor made of graphene electrodes and a TbPc2 molecular dot are reported.
Room temperature magnetoelectric coupling in intrinsic multiferroic Aurivillius phase textured ceramics
Authors: Li Zheng , Ma Jing , Gao Zhipeng , Viola Giuseppe , Koval Vladimir , Mahajan Amit , Li Xuan , Jia Chenglong , Nan Cewen , Yan Haixue
Published: August 2016

Spark plasma sintering was employed in order to obtain textured Aurivillius phase ceramics that simultaneously exhibit ferroelectric and ferromagnetic properties at room temperature.
The significance of secondary interactions during alkaline earth-promoted dehydrogenation of dialkylamine-boranes
Authors: Bellham Peter , Anker Mathew D. , Hill Michael S. , Kociok-Köhn Gabriele , Mahon Mary F.
Published: August 2016

Reactions of anilidoimine magnesium n-butyl and calcium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide derivatives with Me2NH·BH3 at 25 °C resulted in the isolation of complexes containing [NMe2BH2NMe2BH3]− and [NMe2BH3]− anions respectively.
Sublethal doses of ZnO nanoparticles remodel production of cell signaling metabolites in the root colonizer Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6
Authors: Goodman Jordan , Mclean Joan E. , Britt David W. , Anderson Anne J.
Published: August 2016

Cell signaling molecules function in ZnO NPs alter cell signaling in a plant-beneficial pseudomonad to impair phenazine production between cells.
Functional polyurethane–urea coatings from sulfur rich hyperbranched polymers and an evaluation of their anticorrosion and optical properties
Authors: Ireni Nagaraj Goud , Narayan Ramanuj , Basak Pratyay , Raju Kothapalli Venkata Suryanarayana
Published: August 2016

Solvent free, one pot, multistep synthesis of sulfur rich hyperbranched polyols (SHBPs). SHBPs yielded excellent corrosion resistant, transparent polyurethane–urea coatings.
Cyclic polymers with pendant triphenylene discogens: convenient synthesis and topological effect on thermotropic liquid crystal behavior and fluorescence enhancement
Authors: Mu Bin , Li Qian , Li Xiao , Pan Shi , Zhou Yang , Fang Jianglin , Chen Dongzhong
Published: August 2016

Cyclic topological constraint suppresses columnar ordering while showing remarkably enhanced fluorescence as a supplement of aggregation-induced emission (AIE).
Hydrothermal liquefaction and in situ supercritical transesterification of algae paste
Authors: Patel B. , Hellgardt K.
Published: August 2016

This manuscript presents the outcome of simultaneous hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and in situ supercritical transesterification (SCT) of algal biomass at reaction temperature of 300–380 °C and reaction times (RT) of 5–30 min.
Effect of chitosan quaternary ammonium salt on the growth and microcystins release of Microcystis aeruginosa
Authors: Zhu Yaowen , Pei Haiyan , Hu Wenrong , Jin Yan , Xu Hangzhou , Ren Ying , Xue Di
Published: August 2016

This present study was the first time to research the application potential of HTCC inM. aeruginosacontrol. To balance the inhibition efficiency ofM. aeruginosaand the release of MCs, 1.2 mg L−1was chosen as appropriate dose.
An emission-tunable fluorescent organic molecule for specific cellular imaging
Authors: Tang Fu , Wang Xiaoyu , Yao Chuang , Chen Shuai , Li Lidong
Published: August 2016

A color-tunable fluorescent molecule was synthesized and applied in specific lysosomal imaging.
Facile synthesis of hierarchical pore foam catalysts with Brønsted–Lewis acid sites for the one-pot conversion of cellulose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural
Authors: Shen Yating , Zhang Yunlei , Zhu Enwei , Chen Yao , Jin Pei , Liu Meng , Yan Yongsheng , Li Chunxiang
Published: August 2016

The Whole process of synthesis of HPFCs by Pickering high internal phase emulsions and application in conversion of cellulose to HMF.
Transferrin-conjugated paclitaxel prodrugs for targeted cancer therapy
Authors: Shan Lingling , Shan Xin , Zhang Tinging , Zhai Kefeng , Gao Guizhen , Chen XiaoYuan , Gu Yueqing
Published: August 2016

Paclitaxel (PTX) is one of the most effective chemotherapeutic drugs ever developed and is effective against a wide spectrum of tumors.
Melohemsines A-I, melodinus-type alkaloids from Melodinus hemsleyanus
Authors: Zhang Jian , Yun ding Yun ding , Huang Xiao-Jun , Jiang Ren-Wang , Wang Ying , Sun Ping-Hua , Fan Run-Zhu , Zhang Xiao-Qi , Ye Wen-Cai
Published: August 2016

Melohemsines A-I (1–9) were obtained from Melodinus hemsleyanus. 1 is the first melodinus-type alkaloid possessing a 6/6/5/5/6/3 six ring skeleton system. 2 and 3 are the first natural melodinus-type alkaloids with a reduction of two carbon units at C-20.
Pressure effect on the structural, electronic, and elastic properties and Debye temperature of Rh3Nb: first-principles calculations
Authors: Zhao Chunyang , Wang Xueye , Peng Jiayun
Published: August 2016

The structural, electronic, and elastic properties and Debye temperature (ΘD) of the L12-type intermetallic compound Rh3Nb ranging from 0 to 45 GPa have been systemically investigated using first-principles calculations.
Ultrathin PtCu hexapod nanocrystals with enhanced catalytic performance for electro-oxidation reactions
Authors: Wang Kai , Sriphathoorat Rinrada , Luo Shuiping , Tang Min , Du Hongyu , Shen Pei Kang
Published: August 2016

This work first describes a high-yield (∼100%) synthesis of ultrathin PtCu hexapod nanocrystals with a 3D accessible surface and abundant tips and they exhibit enhanced catalytic performance for the electro-oxidations of methanol and ethanol.
Numerical investigation of the haemodynamics in the human fetal umbilical vein/ductus venosus based on the experimental data
Authors: Rezaee Taraneh , Hassani Kamran
Published: August 2016

Abortion of the fetus due to a disease, in an early stage of pregnancy, has been dramatically increased in the last decades. There is a still lack of knowledge on the various types of diseases which lead fetus to a vulnerable circumstance. The transport of oxygenated blood from the placenta to the human fetus has been an important clinical feature in Doppler velocimetry studies, especially the ductus venosus (DV). The DV connects intra-abdominal portion of the umbilical vein and the inferior vena cava (IVC) at the inlet of the right atrium and is, therefore, important when examining the fetus state of health. An abnormal flow in the DV can indicate a fetal disease such as, chromosomal abnormalities, cardiac defect, hypoxaemia and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). The blood flow in the fetal circulation has not been investigated much in detail. The blood flow in the fetal circulation provides necessary information for physician to make a suitable decision on abortion or alternative medical practice before or even after birth. The present study performed a comparative study to quantify the blood velocity in DV by a combination approach based on 3D computational simulation and Doppler measurement. The results showed that the velocity value in DV is significant and can be considered as an indicator of any kind of disease in fetal. The nodal displacement of the model was also analysed. It shows that DV tolerates a higher level of displacement compared with the other regions of the model, whereas the nodal pressure shows different results as the lowest values are located in DV.
IL-1β/HMGB1 signalling promotes the inflammatory cytokines release via TLR signalling in human intervertebral disc cells
Authors: Fang Fang , Jiang Dianming
Published: August 2016

Inflammation and cytokines have been recognized to correlate with intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD), via mediating the development of clinical signs and symptoms. However, the regulation mechanism remains unclear. We aimed at investigating the regulatory role of interleukin (IL)β and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in the inflammatory response in human IVD cells, and then explored the signalling pathways mediating such regulatory effect. Firstly, the promotion to inflammatory cytokines in IVD cells was examined with ELISA method. And then western blot and real time quantitative PCR were performed to analyse the expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs), receptors for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) and NF-κB signalling markers in the IL-1β- or (and) HMGB1-treated IVD cells. Results demonstrated that either IL-1β or HMGB1 promoted the release of the inflammatory cytokines such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 in human IVD cells. And the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) such as MMP-1, -3 and -9 was also additively up-regulated by IL-1β and HMGB1. We also found such additive promotion to the expression of TLR-2, TLR-4 and RAGE, and the NF-κB signalling in intervertebral disc cells. In summary, our study demonstrated that IL-1β and HMGB1 additively promotes the release of inflammatory cytokines and the expression of MMPs in human IVD cells. The TLRs and RAGE and the NF-κB signalling were also additively promoted by IL-1β and HMGB1. Our study implied that the additive promotion by IL-1β and HMGB1 to inflammatory cytokines and MMPs might aggravate the progression of IDD.
Graphene‐metal based tunable band‐pass filters in the terahertz band
Authors: Yao Yuan , Cheng Xiaohe , Qu Shi‐Wei , Yu Junsheng , Chen Xiaodong
Published: August 2016

The authors propose the concept, analysis, and design of frequency tunable band‐pass filters operating in the terahertz band. The proposed structure is composed of two metal tapped line and five metal‐contacted graphene hairpin resonators transferred onto a dielectric. This structure implements low insertion loss and frequency tunability by adequately controlling DC bias applied on the graphene. An efficient synthesis method has been presented, through combining classical microwave filter theory and the electrical properties of graphene. The theoretical and extracted resonance frequency of resonator (f0), external quality factor (QE) and coupling coefficient (Kij) are utilised to determine the filter circuit dimensions. Then the authors proposed two examples with different operating bandwidths to validate the theoretical design. The potentially high losses of graphene is also evaluated.
Magnetresonanztomografie peripherer Gelenke – up-date 2016
Authors: Sewerin P. , Schleich C. , Ostendorf B.
Published: August 2016

Moderne und innovative bildgebende Verfahren spielen heute in der Rheumatologie eine zunehmend wichtige Rolle und werden dabei regelhaft bei Diagnosestellung und Therapiekontrolle eingesetzt. Neben der Sonografie, welche heute die rechte Hand des Rheumatologen darstellt, ist die Magnetresonanz-Tomografie (MRT), auch und gerade peripherer Gelenke, zunehmend in den wissenschaftlichen Fokus gerückt. Sie ist in der Lage hochsensitiv entzündliche artikuläre, periartikuläre und ossäre Veränderungen (wie die Synovialitis oder das Knochenmarködem) zu erkennen und dann darüber hinaus deutlich früher als bspw. das konventionelle Röntgen erosive Gelenkveränderungen ab zu bilden. Neben diesen Vorteilen ist es heute durch standardisierte Scoring-Systeme möglich MRT-Untersuchungen besser zu vergleichen, wobei hierfür erste vereinfachte Scores entwickelt und evaluiert wurden. Durch neue und innovative Sequenzen können frühzeitig Veränderungen des Knorpels erkannt werden. Dynamische MRT-Sequenzen versprechen eine noch genauere Darstellung lokaler Inflammation und sind neben hybriden bildgebenden Verfahren (z. B. PET-MRT oder SPECT-MRT) aktuell Gegenstand intensiver wissenschaftlicher Forschung.
Initial mechanisms for the unimolecular decomposition of electronically excited nitrogen-rich energetic salts with tetrazole rings: (NH4)2BT and TAGzT
Authors: Yuan Bing , Bernstein Elliot R.
Published: August 2016

Unimolecular decomposition of nitrogen-rich energetic salt molecules bis(ammonium)5,5′-bistetrazolate (NH4)2BT and bis(triaminoguanidinium) 5,5′-azotetrazolate TAGzT, has been explored via 283 nm laser excitation. The N2 molecule, with a cold rotational temperature (<30 K), is observed as an initial decomposition product, subsequent to UV excitation. Initial decomposition mechanisms for the two electronically excited salt molecules are explored at the complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) level. Potential energy surface calculations at the CASSCF(12,8)/6-31G(d) ((NH4)2BT) and ONIOM (CASSCF/6-31G(d):UFF) (TAGzT) levels illustrate that conical intersections play an essential role in the decomposition mechanism as they provide non-adiabatic, ultrafast radiationless internal conversion between upper and lower electronic states. The tetrazole ring opens on the S1 excited state surface and, through conical intersections (S1/S0)CI, N2 product is formed on the ground state potential energy surface without rotational excitation. The tetrazole rings open at the N2—N3 ring bond with the lowest energy barrier: the C—N ring bond opening has a higher energy barrier than that for any of the N—N ring bonds: this is consistent with findings for other nitrogen-rich neutral organic energetic materials. TAGzT can produce N2 either by the opening of tetrazole ring or from the N=N group linking its two tetrazole rings. Nonetheless, opening of a tetrazole ring has a much lower energy barrier. Vibrational temperatures of N2 products are hot based on theoretical predictions. Energy barriers for opening of the tetrazole ring for all the nitrogen-rich energetic materials studied thus far, including both neutral organic molecules and salts, are in the range from 0.31 to 2.71 eV. Energy of the final molecular structure of these systems with dissociated N2 product is in the range from −1.86 to 3.11 eV. The main difference between energetic salts and neutral nitrogen-rich energetic material is that energetic salts usually have lower excitation energy.
Absolute calibration of sniffer probes on Wendelstein 7-X
Authors: Moseev D. , Laqua H. P. , Marsen S. , Stange T. , Braune H. , Erckmann V. , Gellert F. , Oosterbeek J. W.
Published: August 2016

Here we report the first measurements of the power levels of stray radiation in the vacuum vessel of Wendelstein 7-X using absolutely calibrated sniffer probes. The absolute calibration is achieved by using calibrated sources of stray radiation and the implicit measurement of the quality factor of the Wendelstein 7-X empty vacuum vessel. Normalized absolute calibration coefficients agree with the cross-calibration coefficients that are obtained by the direct measurements, indicating that the measured absolute calibration coefficients and stray radiation levels in the vessel are valid. Close to the launcher, the stray radiation in the empty vessel reaches power levels up to 340 kW/m2 per MW injected beam power. Furthest away from the launcher, i.e., half a toroidal turn, still 90 kW/m2 per MW injected beam power is measured.
An O(N) and parallel approach to integral problems by a kernel-independent fast multipole method: Application to polarization and magnetization of interacting particles
Authors: Jiang Xikai , Li Jiyuan , Zhao Xujun , Qin Jian , Karpeev Dmitry , Hernandez-Ortiz Juan , de Pablo Juan J. , Heinonen Olle
Published: August 2016

Large classes of materials systems in physics and engineering are governed by magnetic and electrostatic interactions. Continuum or mesoscale descriptions of such systems can be cast in terms of integral equations, whose direct computational evaluation requires O(N2) operations, where N is the number of unknowns. Such a scaling, which arises from the many-body nature of the relevant Green’s function, has precluded wide-spread adoption of integral methods for solution of large-scale scientific and engineering problems. In this work, a parallel computational approach is presented that relies on using scalable open source libraries and utilizes a kernel-independent Fast Multipole Method (FMM) to evaluate the integrals in O(N) operations, with O(N) memory cost, thereby substantially improving the scalability and efficiency of computational integral methods. We demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency, and scalability of our approach in the context of two examples. In the first, we solve a boundary value problem for a ferroelectric/ferromagnetic volume in free space. In the second, we solve an electrostatic problem involving polarizable dielectric bodies in an unbounded dielectric medium. The results from these test cases show that our proposed parallel approach, which is built on a kernel-independent FMM, can enable highly efficient and accurate simulations and allow for considerable flexibility in a broad range of applications.
Noether theorem for nonholonomic nonconservative mechanical systems in phase space on time scales
Authors: Zu Qi-hang , Zhu Jian-qing
Published: August 2016

The paper focuses on studying the Noether theorem for nonholonomic nonconservative mechanical systems in phase space on time scales. First, the Hamilton equations of nonholonomic nonconservative systems on time scales are established, which is based on the Lagrange equations for nonholonomic systems on time scales. Then, based upon the quasi-invariance of Hamilton action of systems under the infinitesimal transformations with respect to the time and generalized coordinate on time scale, the Noether identity and the conserved quantity of nonholonomic nonconservative systems on time scales are obtained. Finally, an example is presented to illustrate the application of the results.
Regular biorthogonal pairs and pseudo-bosonic operators
Authors: Inoue H. , Takakura M.
Published: August 2016

The first purpose of this paper is to show a method of constructing a regular biorthogonal pair based on the commutation rule: ab − ba = I for a pair of operators a and b acting on a Hilbert space H with inner product (⋅| ⋅ ). Here, sequences {ϕn} and {ψn} in a Hilbert space H are biorthogonal if (ϕn|ψm) = δnm, n, m = 0, 1, …, and they are regular if both Dϕ ≡ Span{ϕn} and Dψ ≡ Span{ψn} are dense in H. Indeed, the assumptions to construct the regular biorthogonal pair coincide with the definition of pseudo-bosons as originally given in F. Bagarello [“Pseudobosons, Riesz bases, and coherent states,” J. Math. Phys. 51, 023531 (2010)]. Furthermore, we study the connections between the pseudo-bosonic operators a,  b,  a†,  b† and the pseudo-bosonic operators defined by a regular biorthogonal pair ({ϕn}, {ψn}) and an ONB e of H in H. Inoue [“General theory of regular biorthogonal pairs and its physical applications,” e-print arXiv:math-ph/1604.01967]. The second purpose is to define and study the notion of D-pseudo-bosons in F. Bagarello [“More mathematics for pseudo-bosons,” J. Math. Phys. 54, 063512 (2013)] and F. Bagarello [“From self-adjoint to non self-adjoint harmonic oscillators: Physical consequences and mathematical pitfalls,” Phys. Rev. A 88, 032120 (2013)] and give a method of constructing D-pseudo-bosons on some steps. Then it is shown that for any ONB e = {en} in H and any operators T and T−1 in L†(D), we may construct operators A and B satisfying D-pseudo bosons, where D is a dense subspace in a Hilbert space H and L†(D) the set of all linear operators T from D to D such that T*D⊂D, where T* is the adjoint of T. Finally, we give some physical examples of D-pseudo-bosons based on standard bosons by the method of constructing D-pseudo-bosons stated above.
A study of the glow discharge plasma jet of the novel Hamburger-electrode
Authors: Liu Wenzheng , Ma Chuanlong , Yang Xiao , Cui Weisheng , Chen Xiuyang
Published: August 2016

To generate atmospheric pressure glow discharge plasma jets (APGDPJs), a novel Hamburger-electrode was proposed. Through the study on electric field distributions, flow field distributions, and characteristics of the discharge and jet, we found that adopting the mode of dielectric barrier discharge with non-uniform thickness of dielectric, it was easy to form the strong electric field areas which were conducive to generate discharge and electric field distributions with large electric field intensity in the narrow gap and weak electric field intensity in the wide gap that were not inclined to form a filament discharge. Using the structure of evenly distributed inner electrodes, it was easy to weaken the pressure of strong electric field areas and form flow field distributions which is beneficial for taking out the high density charged particles and generating APGDPJs. Stable APGDPJs in nitrogen with 3.5 mm in diameter and 9 mm in length were formed by using the novel Hamburger-electrode.
Transparent conducting oxide clad limited area epitaxy semipolar III-nitride laser diodes
Authors: Myzaferi A. , Reading A. H. , Cohen D. A. , Farrell R. M. , Nakamura S. , Speck J. S. , DenBaars S. P.
Published: August 2016

The bottom cladding design of semipolar III-nitride laser diodes is limited by stress relaxation via misfit dislocations that form via the glide of pre-existing threading dislocations (TDs), whereas the top cladding is limited by the growth time and temperature of the p-type layers. These design limitations have individually been addressed by using limited area epitaxy (LAE) to block TD glide in n-type AlGaN bottom cladding layers and by using transparent conducting oxide (TCO) top cladding layers to reduce the growth time and temperature of the p-type layers. In addition, a TCO-based top cladding should have significantly lower resistivity than a conventional p-type (Al)GaN top cladding. In this work, LAE and indium-tin-oxide cladding layers are used simultaneously in a (202¯1) III-nitride laser structure. Lasing was achieved at 446 nm with a threshold current density of 8.5 kA/cm2 and a threshold voltage of 8.4 V.
Transconductance sensitivity enhancement in gated-MIS(p) tunnel diode by self-protective effective local thinning mechanism
Authors: Kao Wei-Chih , Chen Jun-Yao , Hwu Jenn-Gwo
Published: August 2016

Gated-MIS tunnel diode with ultrathin oxide has been proposed as a transconductance device. The on/off current ratio of a device is sensitive to oxide thickness. For thicker oxide, the on/off current ratio and transconductance sensitivity are inferior due to the lower oxide tunneling rate. In this work, a technique of utilizing the effective local thinning effect created by positive voltage stress (PVS), which only occurs with the oxide thickness larger than about 3 nm, is demonstrated to improve the on/off current ratio and transconductance sensitivity. After PVS, the on/off current ratio and transconductance sensitivity are strongly enhanced by the creation of an effective local thinning at the edge of the MIS(p) tunnel diode. A transconductance of 8.5 × 10−7 S was found in gated-MIS(p) tunnel diode operated at VTD = 0.5 V and VG ≅ −0.12 V after PVS treatment in contract to that of 1.8 × 10−10 S before PVS.
Manipulation of σy/κ ratio in single phase FCC solid-solutions
Authors: Lee J. I. , Oh H. S. , Park E. S.
Published: August 2016

We investigate how to manipulate the ratio between thermal conductivity (κ) and yield strength (σy) in face-centered cubic solid-solutions by varying the number of principal elements (NPEs) and temperature. The influence of NPEs on κ and its electronic (κe) and lattice (κl) contribution is evaluated using the Wiedemann–Franz law. Positive Δκ/ΔT and the highest κl/κe ratio in high-entropy alloys (HEAs) can be understood by considering severe lattice distortion and compositional complexity. Among the solid-solutions from Ni to quinary alloys, the NiCoFeCrMn HEA exhibits the lowest κ. However, σy increases with increasing NPEs and decreasing temperature. Thus, the NiCoFeCrMn HEA exhibits the highest σy/κ ratio, higher than those of representative cryogenic alloys, which can be distinctively increased with a decrease in temperature. These results would give us a guideline on how to manipulate properties using HEA design concept in order to develop idealized cryogenic materials.
Thick homoepitaxial (110)-oriented phosphorus-doped n-type diamond
Authors: Balasubramaniam Y. , Pobedinskas P. , Janssens S. D. , Sakr G. , Jomard F. , Turner S. , Lu Y.-G. , Dexters W. , Soltani A. , Verbeeck J. , Barjon J. , Nesládek M. , Haenen K.
Published: August 2016

The fabrication of n-type diamond is essential for the realization of electronic components for extreme environments. We report on the growth of a 66 μm thick homoepitaxial phosphorus-doped diamond on a (110)-oriented diamond substrate, grown at a very high deposition rate of 33 μm h−1. A pristine diamond lattice is observed by high resolution transmission electron microscopy, which indicates the growth of high quality diamond. About 2.9 × 1016 cm−3 phosphorus atoms are electrically active as substitutional donors, which is 60% of all incorporated dopant atoms. These results indicate that P-doped (110)-oriented diamond films deposited at high growth rates are promising candidates for future use in high-power electronic applications.
Oxygen defects in amorphous Al2O3: A hybrid functional study
Authors: Guo Zhendong , Ambrosio Francesco , Pasquarello Alfredo
Published: August 2016

The electronic properties of the oxygen vacancy and interstitial in amorphous Al2O3 are studied via ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and hybrid functional calculations. Our results indicate that these defects do not occur in amorphous Al2O3, due to structural rearrangements which assimilate the defect structure and cause a delocalization of the associated defect levels. The imbalance of oxygen leads to a nonstoichiometric compound in which the oxygen occurs in the form of O2– ions. Intrinsic oxygen defects are found to be unable to trap excess electrons. For low Fermi energies, the formation of peroxy linkages is found to be favored leading to the capture of holes. The relative +2/0 defect levels occur at 2.5 eV from the valence band.
The plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi influences habitat use by the obligate nectarivore honey possum (Tarsipes rostratus)
Authors: Dundas Shannon J. , Hardy Giles E. St J. , Fleming Patricia A.
Published: August 2016

Introduced plant pathogens can devastate susceptible plant communities, and consequently impact on animal communities reliant on plants for food and habitat. Specifically, plant pathogens change the floristic diversity of vegetation communities, thereby reducing availability of food sources for fauna (e.g. pollen and nectar) and result in major changes to habitat structure when canopy and understorey plant species succumb to disease. Phytophthora cinnamomi poses a threat to flowering plant species (e.g. Banksia species) which are important food sources for nectarivorous fauna. The honey possum (Tarsipes rostratus) is the only obligate nectarivorous non-flying mammal living on a restrictive diet of nectar and pollen; consequently, these tiny mammals are likely to be particularly vulnerable to the landscape-wide devastation caused by P. cinnamomi. We investigated habitat selection by honey possums in a vegetation community infested with P. cinnamomi to determine how these mammals respond to habitat affected by this pathogen. Over four seasons, 18 honey possums were fitted with radio-transmitters and tracked to identify habitat preferences. Vegetation surveys were compared for locations selected by honey possums (as determined from tracking) and randomly selected sites. Radio-tracking revealed that sites selected by honey possums were significantly taller, denser, and more floristically diverse than their paired random locations. The presence of P. cinnamomi influences habitat use by honey possums, but animals show resilience in terms of using the best of what is available in both P. cinnamomi–affected and unaffected locations. Habitat patches comprising less susceptible species, or plants that have yet to succumb to infection, provide refuge and food resources for honey possums. Management to reduce the spread of existing P. cinnamomi infestations and prevent contamination of new locations will benefit vegetation communities and associated faunal communities, while identifying honey possum food plant species that are resilient to the pathogen may support revegetation attempts.
Authenticity and the indigenous
Authors: Washbourne Kelly
Published: August 2016

This study will entertain considerations of authenticity and identity in translating Spanish American Neoindigenist fiction. Ladino writing and its translatability, its translinguistic and transcultural nature, are explored, particularly insofar as its context intersects with the oral and written traditions and their convergences and divergences. Notions about authenticity that adhere to these forms and expressions are considered. The translational origins of supposedly “pure” works of indigenousness, including the Popol Vuh, are traced in order to show an anti-essentialist hybridity that embraces an aesthetic realism rather than a mimetic one. The impure, then, describes the multivocal, multigeneric, and even multilingual texts from which translators work in this genre, creating in their turn “twice translated” texts. The tensions of these texts must be accounted for in translation. The glossary and other paratexts in Neoindigenismo and its precursor, Indigenismo, are surveyed as strategic repositories, sometimes of ideological slippages and always of contentions between worldviews. The goal of representing the cultural frame, the ecology of the source text, is championed, as are other considerations in the historicized and ethical presentation of difference.
Das Übersetzungswesen im kommunistischen Polen zwischen Dominanz und Vielfalt (1944–91)
Authors: Hofeneder Philipp
Published: August 2016

Translation played a constitutive role in the formation and further existence of the Soviet Union. From the very beginning up to the decline in 1991, it pervaded every aspect of life. Due to the language policy a huge amount of books, brochures and other publications were translated not only from “capitalist” languages but also between the many languages of the Soviet Union. To a certain degree, this holds true also for the Socialist camp. Nevertheless, up to now, translation studies only showed a superficial interest in translation history of communist reigned countries. The focus in research laid around the question how and up to which extend censorship influenced translations. By that, the systemic character of translation was neglected. In the course of this article, I would like to highlight some systemic features of communist translation methods in communist Poland (1944–1991). Poland was in comparison to other communist reigned states with respect to cultural affairs more liberal. A closer look on translational activities will go beyond the traditional concentration of translations of fictional work. By that, we gain to seek deeper structural features. Based on detailed figures about translations made from and into Polish in the mentioned period of time, we get to see, how cultural policy did not directly depend from the Soviet Union, but showed several independent features.
Whensomethingbecomesa bit
Authors: Amaral Patrícia
Published: August 2016

This paper analyzes the mechanisms of syntactic and semantic change involved in the development of the degree modifieralgo“a bit, a little” in Spanish from an indefinite pronoun with inanimate reference meaning “something”. Specifically, it focuses on the distribution of the pronoun in the Medieval and Classical periods of Spanish and its interpretation in partitive and pseudo-partitive constructions. I argue for combination of structural and pragmatic factors in the creation of the degree modifier and relate this change to other diachronic developments of indefinites across languages. I also discuss implications for models of the distribution of degree modifiers crosslinguistically.
Promoting self-regulation through collaborative work
Authors: Nakata Yoshiyuki
Published: August 2016

There is plenty of evidence both from classrooms and from research literature suggesting that the teacher can help monitor learners’ minds, seeing beyond their surface behaviour, and can thereby help them deal with learning issues more appropriately. Self-regulation is one of the key factors determining success in foreign language learning, and self-regulated language learning should be seen as an important aspect of L2 study. This paper reports on a multiple case study of two graduate students who took part in a hands-on workshop on self-regulated language learning. It asks what is going on in their minds to account for success or lack of success in performance. A qualitative analysis of multiple data sources revealed that through the hands-on workshop and the focus-group interview, the participants came to be able to monitor what was impeding their language learning and decide what they needed to do to make the flow of the self-regulation cycle smoother. The qualitative analysis also highlighted the reciprocal and cyclical relations between self-regulation and co-regulation, suggesting need of the social aspect in explaining the cyclical phases of self-regulation.
Motivation, ideal self and willingness to communicate as the predictors of observed L2 use in the classroom
Authors: Munezane Yoko
Published: August 2016

Willingness to Communicate (WTC), the most immediate antecedent of actual communication behavior in an L2, is widely believed to facilitate the acquisition of the target language. Higher WTC is generally associated with higher L2 use (MacIntyre, Clément, Dörnyei & Noels 1998), though it has not been empirically tested. This article reports on an attempt to fill this gap by investigating to what degree learners’ self-reported L2 WTC predicts actual L2 use in the classroom. A group of 372 Japanese university EFL learners majoring in science and human arts subjects participated in the study. Students’ oral performance data were collected three times during the group discussions in one academic semester. The number of words each student produced during each discussion was counted. The results of structural equation modelling analyses suggested that self-reported L2 WTC predicted actual L2 use in the classroom. Second, gender differences in L2 use in the language classroom has not been empirically explored in the quantitative studies, therefore, whether L2 WTC would predict observed L2 use equally among males and females, and whether males and females produce equal amount of L2 in the classroom will be explored. Implications of the research findings will be discussed.
A study on explicit instruction and its relation to knowing/using linguistic forms and individual learner readiness
Authors: Baten Kristof
Published: August 2016

This paper reports the results of a study on the effects of explicit instruction, which examined the L2 development of the German case system. The study investigated to what extent the effects of instruction, if any, depend on (i) the type of linguistic performance (knowledge vs. use) and (ii) the developmental readiness of the learners. The pretest-posttest study involved 18 first-year university students of German (L1 Dutch), who were administered a grammatical judgment task (which examined their knowledge of the case rule) and an oral production task (which examined their case use). The findings uncover differences between pretest and posttests, which shows that explicit instruction improves linguistic performance in general. Further analysis reveals that the effect does not depend on ‘type of performance’, but that it does depend on ‘developmental readiness’.
Deficient non-native speakers or translanguagers?
Authors: Ke I-Chung
Published: August 2016

This study investigated how the experience of a multilingual and multimodal English as a lingua franca (ELF) online intercultural exchange (OIE) influenced Taiwanese university students’ linguistic identities. Data was drawn from 26 Taiwanese students who had 10 weekly one-hour video live-chats with 18 Japanese students in 2 semesters. Taiwanese participants were interviewed on their language use and issues related to identities before, during, and after the exchange. Students’ language use patterns in the OIE and reflections on the OIE were also analyzed. Interviews revealed that the multilingual ELF experience had a liberating and empowering effect for students’ English use. In multimodal communication, they felt more comfortable using English together with other languages, evidenced by increasing productions of code-mixing utterances in later weeks. However, the anxiety of using Japanese with a native Japanese speaker still persisted. In particular, the native-speaker (NS)–nonnative-speaker (NNS) interactions constrained them to pay more attention to form and accuracy, which positioned both Taiwanese and Japanese students as either native speakers or deficient nonnative language learners.
Experiences and identities in ELF communication
Authors: Sung Chit Cheung Matthew
Published: August 2016

This paper examines a group of Hong Kong university students’ experiences and identities in English as a lingua franca (ELF) communication. As part of a larger research study, this paper analyzes narratives written by eighteen English majors at a Hong Kong university on their experiences of communicating through ELF. The findings show that these students had generally positive experiences and reported achieving mutual understanding through ELF by employing various communicative strategies. The analysis also points to the complexity of the students’ identity formation in ELF communication. As a result of their perceptions of the unequal power relations between native and non-native speakers of English, these students were found to perceive themselves in an inferior position when interacting with native speakers of English in ELF communication. Moreover, the students were found to reveal ambivalence in the perceptions of their identities in ELF communication, owing to their struggle over the competing desires of appropriating a native-speaker accent commonly associated with prestige and retaining some traces of their own accent in an attempt to maintain their lingua-cultural identity.
What is (not) web localization in translation studies
Authors: Jiménez-Crespo Miguel A.
Published: August 2016

In the midst of a shift from paper to digital texts, web localization represents one of the fastest growing sectors in the translation industry. In this paper, I will argue that Translation Studies (TS) has not devoted enough attention to this phenomenon, partly due to the lack of definition and delimitation of the object of study, and partly due to the quickly evolving intersection of technology, digital text and novel forms of language and culture mediation. In order to overcome this situation and promote new research in this area, this paper extends the prototype approach advocated by Halverson (1999, 2002) to the definition of web localization. This type of approach can help bridge the gap between industry and TS disciplines, providing a framework to classify exemplars of web-mediated communication more or less at the core of the study of web localization phenomena. The main features that this paper will propose as prototypical features of web localization in relation to other translational phenomena are: (1) that the object of the process is web digital genres (i.e. corporate websites, social networking sites, institutional sites), and that (2) texts are digital and hyperlinked. The proposed web genre classification by Jimenez-Crespo (2013a) will be reviewed as a potential foundation to identify exemplars of the web localization prototype.
Language localization in scientific drug information
Authors: Wermuth Maria-Cornelia
Published: August 2016

Although localization is, in the first place, related to the cultural adaptation and translation of software and websites, it is important for written materials as well. In this paper we investigate how specialized medical discourse used in the Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) is localized in patient leaflets (PL). Both documents are issued by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and provide detailed information on the product compiled and distributed by the drug manufacturer, after EMA review and approval. We describe by means of a case study the formal and linguistic features of SmPCs and PLs and we investigate how the specialized source text is localized in its patient-friendly version. The aim of this investigation is to increase awareness and understanding of localization strategies adopted on the intralingual level in the communication of scientific-medical knowledge to a non-expert audience.
Beyond instrumentalism
Authors: Sun Xiaofei
Published: August 2016

The Chinese domesticating translation norms and Sino-centric values have been historically dominating print media translation in China, hindering the introduction of foreignness in the form of written text. Recent Sino-centric values in the Chinese translation field further hamper the introduction of foreign translation study methods. In this context, this paper looks at the non-localization strategy of Apple’s official websites; this strategy produces original English texts, such asiPhone, on the target website. It verifies the point that this strategy could effectively give foreignizing and challenging exceptions to how texts have been traditionally domesticated in China with strategies that sit in line with Chinese translation norms. That is to say, characterized by industrial natures of localization, internationalization and digital media, the implementation of non-localization strategy and the display of highly foreign non-localized texts on the Chinese site are almost under the control of source website owner, i.e. Apple Company. This non-localization strategy, therefore, has a foreignizing impact on the Chinese translation norm, due to its source-driven and digital-media based industrial nature. The cultural study of localization is necessary, as it greatly transcends instrumentalism, which could have implications on mainstream translation studies.
Opposing orientations in interactions with individuals with Frontotemporal Dementia
Authors: Mikesell Lisa
Published: August 2016

Clinically, frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is described as primarily affecting personality and interpersonal conduct and resulting in social behavioral disruptions, thus often giving rise to interpersonal conflict. Conflict behavior in both typical and dementia populations is frequently identified as explicit physical and verbal acts such as assault, yelling or insulting, and research often situates conflict and collaboration as opposing dimensions. The premise of this article is to examine the unfolding of moments in which individuals diagnosed with FTD and their carers demonstrate opposing orientations towards an activity in real time interaction: A home nurse needing to fulfill an institutional agenda — taking sitting blood pressure — seeks the cooperation from an individual who, in attempting to lie down, interferes with this agenda. These moments constitute sources of interactional conflict that carers attempt to resolve. However, often conflict behavior and cooperative behavior are not neatly teased apart; for instance, individuals often display conflicting orientations towards an overarching or guiding activity while cooperating in more immediate and discrete interactional tasks. These verbal/nonverbal conflicts are not large acts of aggression; rather, they may be viewed as arising within the mundane moments of life that individuals face in everyday contexts and frequently.