bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In search of the Absent Father—Meta‐Analyses of Infant‐Father Attachment: A Rejoinder to Our Discussants
Authors: van Ijzendoorn Marinus H. , De Wolff Marianne S.
Published: July 2006

In our meta‐analysis on sensitivity and attachment, studies on the role of the father in the development of infant attachment were excluded in this rejoinder to our discussants, We present new meta‐analytic evidence on the association between paternal sensitivity and infant‐father attachment combined effe3ct size r[544] = 13; k= 8 studies; N= 546 families), and on the association between infant‐mother and infant‐father attachement (overall correlation φpH = .17; k= 14 studies; N= 950). Combining the findings from several earlier meta‐analyses, we present a data‐based model of attachment within the family system.
State and Regional Economic Data Needs
Authors: Editor The
Published: July 2006

A panel discussion on economic data needs at the state and regional levels, featuring both producer and consumer participants, seemed to the editors of Growth and Change to merit a wider audience than it achieved at the November 1971 convention of the Southern Economic Association. We therefore offer to our readers the following slightly abridged version of the seven presentations.
The Case for a Gross State Product Series
Authors: RATAJCZAK DONALD , WILLIAMS ROBERT M.
Published: July 2006

Regional economists in search of data by state usually turn first to Washington. There they are generously served in the tasteful surroundings of the U.S. Department of Commerce. Sometimes they come away hungry, however. Two data consumers at the Graduate School of Management, UCLA, believe that a gross state product series should be added to the menu. They are respectively Lecturer in Business Economics and Professor of Business Economics and Statistics. Dr. Williams is also Director of the UCLA Business Forecasting Project.
The View from Washington
Authors: GRAHAM ROBERT E.
Published: July 2006

The case against a gross state product series is presented by the Associate Director for Regional Economic Analysis of the Commerce Department's Office of Business Economics (which recently changed its name to the Bureau of Economic Analysis). Dr. Graham, the newest member of this journal's editorial board, also provides some glimpses into the kitchen where his office is preparing new data morsels for regional economists.
Forecasting State Variables from National Econometric Models
Authors: GREEN GEORGE R.
Published: July 2006

As the science of econometrics becomes more sophisticated, its practice also becomes more expensive, and attention needs increasingly to be directed to the exploration of possible shortcuts and cost‐sharing arrangements. The Executive Director, Short‐Tern Forecasting, Wharton Econometric Forecasting Associates, believes that one answer lies in exploiting the decreasing cost characteristics of the econometric forecasting industry. In this paper, he demonstrates how a model designed for national forecasting can be put to state and regional uses.
Data Needs of a Developing State
Authors: COTHAM JAMES C. , QUINDRY KENNETH E.
Published: July 2006

The states, in their taxing and regulating activities, are in contact with a rich lode of information which could be of immense value to them in their efforts to achieve more rapid economic development. Two University of Tennessee regionalists are concerned that in many states this valuable resource is neither exploited nor conserved. Dean Cotham is Director of Executive Programs and Dr. Quindry is Research Professor at the Center for Business and Economic Research, both in the College of Business Administration.
The Measurement Problem: Adequacy and Relevancy
Authors: CHARLESWORTH HAROLD K.
Published: July 2006

Is there a Phillips curve relating accuracy and relevancy? Are there significant variables in planning and forecasting which are not readily quantified? In this day when people are beginning to ask whether economic development is really desirable, such questions acquire a new urgency. They are examined in this concluding paper in our symposium. Dean Charles‐worth is Director, Office of Business Development and Government Services, College of Business and Economics, University of Kentucky.
A Note on Growth Poles
Authors: CAMPBELL JOHN
Published: July 2006

The bitter truth is this: growth does not appear everywhere at the same time; it becomes manifest at points or poles of growth, with variable intensity; it spreads through different channels, with variable terminal effects on the whole of the economy.1
Employment Multipliers and Functional Types of Communities: Effects of Public Transfer Payments
Authors: MULLIGAN GORDON F.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT The Arizona Community Data Set (ACDS) now contains the results of 40 separate establishment‐level, community‐wide surveys. These communities can be classified into different functional types, and OLS regression models can be used to explore the relationships among community functions, levels of public transfer payments, and magnitudes of economic base multipliers. The statistical analysis suggests that employment‐derived estimates of the base multiplier tend to be biased upward unless transfer payments are specified in the model.
A Leading Indicator Model for Ohio SMSA Employment
Authors: LESAGE JAMES P. , MAGURA MICHAEL
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT The methodology used to build a leading indicator model for Ohio SMSA employment is described in this paper. A composite leading indicator series for each of the eight major metropolitan areas and the state of Ohio was constructed. These composite indicators appear to work well in a “real‐time” simulation of their actual use. The methodology employed here departs from traditional methods for constructing such leading indicators in the approach to weighting the individual indicator series in order to devise a composite index. An econometric approach to determining the weights was employed. The weighting method can be said to be “optimal” in that the weights were chosen to maximize the out‐of‐sample ability of the composite index to detect future changes in economic activity, proxied here by the level of employment. This approach to weighting the component series in devising a composite index is computationally expensive, since it requires that a number of models be estimated and simulated in an actual use environment. It does overcome the usual subjective nature of the weighting schemes employed, and has resulted in composite indexes for the eight metropolitan areas and Ohio that perform quite well.
Economic Impact of a Port on a Regional Economy: Note
Authors: YOCHUM GILBERT R. , AGARWAL VINOD B.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT This paper attempts to identify and adjust for several shortcomings of previous port impact studies in the estimation of primary port economic impact. These shortcomings are found to create the potential for both positive and negative bias. Also presented in this paper is a technique for circumventing several practical problems in the estimation of secondary economic impact. These adjustments are applied to estimate the economic impact of the Port of Hampton Roads, Virginia.
An Approach to Estimating a Consistent Aggregate Input‐Output Model
Authors: CROWN WILLIAM H.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT There is a large literature concerning the effects of aggregation on the output estimates produced by, and information content of, input‐output models. However, virtually no attention has been given to the effects of aggregation on input‐output multipliers. This paper presents a methodology for calculating consistent aggregate input‐output multipliers for any given change in final demands.
Forecasting Housing Investment in Developing Countries
Authors: CHANG CHIN‐OH , LINNEMAN PETER
Published: July 2006

In this paper we estimate alternative models of the growth rate of real housing investment for Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and the U.S. Pure time series models generally provide superior fit to these growth rate data both within and out of the sample period. These time series models are then used to forecast investment growth rates in other countries. The results indicate that such time series models can be used to provide reasonable accurate forecasts for other countries.
Lotto Sales Stagnation: Product Maturity or Small Jackpots?
Authors: DeBOER LARRY
Published: July 2006

New York State lotto data are examined to determine whether the sales slowdown experienced by many state lotteries between 1985 and 1987 was due to a decline in interest by bettors or to a scarcity of large jackpots. Regression analysis shows that lotto sales accelerate as jackpots grow. Rising bettor participation causes fewer rollovers and smaller jackpots; this was the primary cause of the sales slowdown in New York. Increasing the odds against winning generates larger prizes and sales growth.
Highway Accessibility, Location Rents, and the Efficiency of Metropolitan Area Tax Base Sharing
Authors: McHONE W. WARREN
Published: July 2006

One solution that has been proposed for the fiscal disparities in fragmented metropolitan areas is the sharing of taxes generated by commercial and industrial property. A criticism of this proposal is that it distorts the efficient pattern of business locations resulting when an implicit market for business locations is allowed to develop through the independent fiscal behavior of communities and the optimizing location behavior of businesses. Critics recognize that the efficiency argument against sharing a metropolitan area's business tax base must be qualified to the extent that local governments possess location advantages which enable them to extract rents from business firms. This paper presents an empirical analysis which permits a partition of the local property tax payments from industrial firms into accessibility location rents and compensation payments to the community for the negative externalities of industrial development. The empirical analysis suggests that approximately 40 percent of the industrial taxes received by communities in this analysis represents accessibility location rents. It is concluded that these receipts could be redistributed through a metropolitan area tax base sharing program without affecting the efficiency of the implicit market for business locations.
Environmental Interest Group Behavior and Self‐Selection Bias in Contingent Valuation Mail Surveys
Authors: WHITEHEAD JOHN C.
Published: July 2006

This paper analyzes the behavior of a general sample and an environmental interest group sample in a contingent market for wetlands preservation. Mail survey response rates and environmental values for wetlands preservation are significantly greater in the environmental interest group sample than in the general population sample. An estimate of the potential self‐selection bias in the benefits of wetlands preservation is made. These results suggest that self‐selection bias in contingent valuation mail surveys could upwardly bias aggregate benefit estimates as much as 50 percent. Potential, but costly, solutions to the problem of self‐selection bias are suggested.
Electronics Assembly Subcontracting in Southern California: Production Processes, Employment, and Location
Authors: SCOTT ALLEN J.
Published: July 2006

In this paper, I deal with three main facets of the electronics assembly subcontract industry in Southern California: (a) its technological and organizational structure, (b) its employment characteristics, and (c) its transactional‐locational logic. I begin by describing production processes in the industry, and I suggest that the industry is marked by two distinctive kinds of flexible specialization. On the basis of a questionnaire survey, I show that the industry's labor force is composed for the most part of women and immigrants, and that there is a fairly distinctive gender and ethnic division of labor within individual establishments. I show too that the industry is typically arranged in an agglomerated locational pattern resulting from its transactions‐intensive nature. I end the paper with a brief allusion to some possible restructuring trends that may affect the future functioning and locational structure of the industry.
Human‐Capital Selectivity in Interstate Migration
Authors: KRIEG RANDALL G.
Published: July 2006

Many states are concerned hat they are losing a disproportionate amount of human capital through interstate migration. This may be happening not only because migrants tend to possess more human capital than nonmigrants, but also because of human‐capital selectivity in interstate migration. Using Public Use Microdata Sample A from the 1980 United States Census, human capital measures are developed and used to test whether states experience human‐capital migration that is significantly different from human migration. Strong evidence demonstrates that human‐capital migration differs significantly from human migration. For example, Arkansas and Vermont are shown to have a net in‐migration of people, but a net out‐migration of human capital. Conversely, the data for Connecticut and Minnesota indicate a net out‐migration of people and a net in‐migration of human capital. This study suggests that traditional models of interstate migration mask the flow of human capital.
Evaluating Alternative Regional Planning Models
Authors: CRIHFIELD JOHN B. , CAMPBELL HARRISON S.
Published: July 2006

The REMI and IMPLAN models are widely used approaches to estimating economic impacts for small regions. However, few benchmarks exist for assessing these estimates. This paper evaluates the relative performance of these models in terms of a given impact: the opening of an automobile assembly plant in central Illinois. Although our results are not conclusive and are limited by our application, we find that in terms of several indirect performance criteria, IMPLAN's outcomes, on balance, are somewhat more plausible than those for REMI.
Developments in the Location of Selected Computer‐Related Industries in the united states
Authors: PARK SIYOUNG , LEWIS LAWRENCE T.
Published: July 2006

This study focuses upon changes in three computer‐related industries between 1974 and 1985. An attempt is made by means of entropy indices and shift‐share analysis to determine if diffusion in those industries conforms to the product‐cycle model. We employ primarily state‐level data derived from County Business Patterns and supplemented by US. Censuses of Manufacturing and Services. Our findings indicate that all the industries displayed substantial increases in employment and considerable dispersion, although by no means were the changes uniform. The hypothesis that the dispersion is following the product‐cycle model, that is, from core areas to peripheral regions, receives little support from this study. The model, however, should not be rejected out of hand, because all three industries studied have a duality in the size of firms that the data masks. This duality may affect the applicability of any model. Further attempts to explain the spatial distribution of any of these industries should begin with disintegrated data. Unfortunately such data are not presently easily attainable.
Capital Scarcity and Banking Industry Structure in Montana
Authors: BARRETT RICHARD , UNGER KAY
Published: July 2006

Capital scarcity is widely believed to impede regional economic growth. We examine whether the distinctive nature of Montana's local banking markets exacerbate capital scarcity, either by reducing bank lending or raising bank loan rates.
House Prices in a Small Island Economy: The Isle of Man
Authors: JOHNES GERAINT
Published: July 2006

Cointegration techniques are used in order to estimate a long‐run equation explaining the movement of average house prices in the Isle of Man. The tendency for the population of a small island economy to fluctuate sharply introduces into the process of price determination a number of features which are not replicated in larger economies.
High‐Level Nuclear Waste Disposal: A Perspective on Technocracy and Democracy
Authors: MALONE CHARLES R.
Published: July 2006

The difficulties encountered in siting a repository for disposing of high‐level nuclear waste in the U.S. typify a fundamental conflict between technocracy and participatory democracy. Similar problems are likely to occur increasingly as society and technology become more complex and will persist until effective institutional mechanisms exist for their resolution. In the interim, the difficulties encountered from public resistance to the local siting of noxious technological facilities can be relieved by a return to fundamental participatory democratic principles. Prospective host communities for the facilities should be allowed to volunteer a candidate site, be given an opportunity to understand the risks and uncertainties involved in accepting a facility, and be able to withdraw from an agreement if subsequent circumstances warrant such action.
On the Value of Homotheticity in the Shift‐Share Framework
Authors: KEIL STANLEY R.
Published: July 2006

The purpose of this paper is to examine the usefulness of homothetic reformulations of the shift‐share accounting model to the practitioner of regional growth studies. The reformulations of Esteban‐Marquillas (1972) and Arcelus (1984) are examined to determine if they improve the shift‐share framework as a means for accounting for regional economic growth or decline. The purpose of the homothetic models is to separate out change in a region's employment (or value added) associated with its prior or base year specialization in particular industries from change associated with changes in the mix of industries that occurred during the period under study. It is contended while the resulting accounts may help in understanding individual industry's growth rates, they shed little light on total regional growth. Indiana employment data from 1977 and 1986 are used to illustrate the arguments.
A Composite Index for Statistical Inference for Ranking Metropolitan Areas
Authors: NISSAN EDWARD
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT The construction of a composite index is described to rank U.S. metropolitan areas for educational attainment. The suggested methodology departs from traditional rank sum methods in that this approach utilizes data resulting in a continuous scale, whereas in the rank sum method, no use is made of the actual values of the data, but merely their rankings. The proposed index circumvents several practical problems because the numbers generated are metric measures allowing the use of arithmetic and statistical operations. Data used are pupil/teacher ratio, an effort index, and academic options in higher education. Comparisons are made across areas by population size and by geographic region.
The End of an Era: Asian NIEs in the Global Economy
Authors: CLARK GORDON L.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT Hong Kong, Singapore, Korea, and Taiwan (the Asian newly industrialized economies [NIEs]) were the economic success stories of the 1970s and 1980s. While there are a number of competing explanations for their rapid growth, some focusing upon the process of export‐led development, the Asian NIEs face a more hostile global competitive environment than heretofore acknowledged. Their competitiveness in labor‐intensive and traded‐goods manufactured industries has been undermined by new competitors including the ASEAN countries of Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines, as well as China. With new competitors, the rise of trading blocs, and the shrinkage of export surpluses (over imports) it is doubtful if the NIEs will be able to sustain past rates of growth over the coming years. The capacity to adjust efficiently to changing circumstances has become a vital determinate of long‐term growth of the NIEs. Whatever the virtues of past state‐based industrial policies, restructuring is now a very important part of the life of firms in the NIEs’labor‐intensive industries. Moreover, the significance of these industries in each of the NIEs has been undercut by the growing importance of the global finance industry and its attendant political economy.
Continuity and Change in an Old Industrial Region
Authors: BROWN LAWRENCE A. , LOBAO LINDA M. , VERHEYEN ANTHONY L.
Published: July 2006

Analysts have debated the extent to which recent economic changes represent a continuation of earlier patterns or a fundamental shift to a new industrial order. We trace and extend the spatial implications of this debate for a mature industrial region, the Ohio River Valley, part of the American Manufacturing Belt, for the 1980‐90 period. The paper builds on recent research arguing that such regions had a diverse, rather than homogeneous, space‐economy. Empirical findings clearly demonstrate diversity of economic structures, sectorally and spatially, emphasizing both continuity and change in an old industrial region, and the totality of economic activity rather than specific sectors identified with the rise or transformation of industrial capitalism. In terms of change, aggregate trends follow national ones, but do not wash evenly over the Ohio River Valley. Nor do they mirror, when considered at a sub‐regional scale, patterns indicated by de‐industrialization and post‐Fordist transition frameworks. Findings provide implications for elaborating or augmenting these perspectives, and types of research needed to accomplish the task.
An Economic Model of Socio‐Political Bargaining
Authors: Wade Larry L. , Curry Robert L.
Published: July 2006

Abstract Non‐economic social phenomena have been, and are being, explored with analytic methods drawn from economic analysis. Two such analytic concepts, indifference curves and offer curves, have proved useful in such efforts. The concepts are integrated here within a specific formal model which is held to be useful in exploring the central social and political process of bargaining. The impact of three variables–preference, impatience (or time), and reciprocal demand intensity–on political bargaining is shown. The framework provides a scheme around which empirical research can be organized to assist in the integration of economic with other social science theory.
Beliefs About the Rich, the Poor and the Taxes They Pay
Authors: Williamson John B.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Beliefs about tax burdens are frequently distorted in the direction of the believer's economic self‐interest, according to a study of 300 White women in the Boston Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, of 50 of their husbands in a matched pairs analysis and of 25 Black women. Socioeconomic status is a consistently stronger predictor of the federal tax burden than is ideology, but neither is effective. The federal income tax component of the total tax burden is consistently overestimated. But there is a general tendency to underestimate the total tax burden of the poor.
The Speculative Demand for Money: An Alternative Approach
Authors: Laumas G. S.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The speculative demand for money has occupied an important role in Keynes’ General Theory. Since then it has received only sporadic attention. The lack of sustained interest among specialists in monetary theory is largely due to the fact that the theory, in its original form, has usually failed to survive the empirical tests. In this paper, an attempt is made to estimate the speculative demand for money using the general framework of the “Efficient Markets Theory.” The study uses the United States seasonally adjusted monthly data for the period 1952‐72. The results strongly indicate the existence of the speculative demand for money.
Welfare Economic Aspects of Capital Punishment
Authors: McKee David L. , Sesnowitz Michael L.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Much has been written in recent years concerning the issue of capital punishment. The major argument on the side of the retentionists appears to revolve around deterrence. Using postulates from modern welfare economics the authors demonstrate that the deterrence question is largely irrelevant. Attention is also given to extracting materials from the writings of earlier economists from Petty to Mill which may be helpful in resolving the issue. The conclusion which emerges is that capital punishment is not justifiable on economic grounds.
Public Policy and Attitudes on Tax Support for Live Artistic Communications Media
Authors: Nielsen Richard P. , McQueen Charles , Nielsen Angela B.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Hypothesized direct and interaction relationships among the dependent variable willingness to pay more taxes for support of live artistic communications media and the independent variables of past attendance, education, income, leisure time, and liberalism‐conservatism are tested. Past enjoyment probably makes people more favorable to tax support. Social policy implications of the results are discussed.
The Classical Base of Modem Rent Theory
Authors: Lackman Conway L.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Adam Smith considered rent a surplus which arises because some produce sells for a price in excess of the cost of production. Thus rent is price‐determined rather than price determining. Thomas Malthus contributed the beginnings of the differential theory of rent, endeavoring to show that rent will not arise until land of inferior quality is taken under cultivation. David‘Ricardo fully developed the theory of rent which is named Ricardian: rent is a surplus in the form of a differential. Henry George brought the classical position to its logical conclusion: rent is an unearned increment.
Henry George and Henry M. Hyndman, I:
Authors: Newton Bernard
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Henry George, an individualistic American reformer and economist, and Henry M. Hyndman, an English democratic Marxist, formed a tenuous alliance in 1882. It was based on their mutual advocacy of land nationalization and Irish land tenure reform. During the next few years, the tensions derived from differing weltanschauungen and from differing programmatic directions gradually weakened their mutual bond, despite a continual, but grudging, mutual personal regard.
Managerial Professionalism and the Use of Organization Resources
Authors: Haga William James
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Coase, Kaldor, and Baumol represent a pattern of thinking among microeconomists which regards professionalism among organization managers as contributing to efficiency and, therefore, a source of expansion of an organization's size beyond the limits otherwise expected. This paper takes the contrary position that managerial professionalism does not lead to technical efficiency but to the consumption of organization resources for competitive performances aimed at impressing outside audiences. The implications of empirical findings from a time series study of professionalizing functionaries are discussed.
The NCAA: A Socio‐economic Analysis: The Development of the College Sports Cartel from Social Movement to Formal Organization.
Authors: Koch James V. , Leonard Wilbert M.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Economic cartel theory and Sociological social movement theory are used to achieve a socio‐economic analysis of the problems and behaviour of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). It is demonstrated that both cartel theory and social movement theory predict substantially similar behavior on the part of the NCAA and its 800‐plus member institutions. Specific issues such as “need”scholarships, the possibility that the” big‐time”football powers, may leave the NCAA, and the NCAA's relation with women's athletics, are considered. It is concluded that the NCAA is not likely to persist is an organization in its current form.

“… the NCAA is a body primarily designed to protect and defend its member institutions from the professional sports world and to make sure that collegiate sports get its share of the sports business pie.”

Senator Marlow Cook of Kentucky (1973)
Institutional Economics: Its Influence and Prospects
Authors: Gruchy Allan G.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The influence of institutional economics is determined more by the contributions of outstanding mainstream institutionalists such a Myrdal, Colm, and Galbraith than by the Association for Evolutionary Economics (AFEE) established to advance institutionalism. This association as a collective body has a clearcut theoretical image because its membership is largely made up of advocates of a vague evolutionary economics or of a proposed but not clearly defined new general theory of institutionalism regarded as a substitute for mainstream institutionalism regarded as a substitute for mainstream institutionalism. Mainstream institutionalists from Veblen to Myrdal have constructed a well‐defined theory of the evolving industrial system, a technological interpretation of this evolving system, and a logic of industrialism that points in the direction of 'indicative’ national planning. Until AFEE builds upon this theoretical work of the mainstream institutionalists it will have neither a well‐defined institutionalist image nor policy proposals appropriate to the coming post‐industrial society.
John A. Hobson: Economic Heretic
Authors: Richmond W.H.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. John A. Hobson was a self‐styled economic heretic who developed and original and remarkably comprehensive system of economic and social thought. This system is based on certain distinctively Hobsonian concepts and theories. Hobson's economic heresies were based on his theory of distribution in which he rejected orthodox marginal productivity theory and developed a theory of economic surplus the distribution of which is determined by economic power. This underlay his theory of under‐consumption which in turn was used to explain and analyze economic and social issues such as unemployment, the business cycle, the labor movement, imperialism and taxation. Hobson was also critical of the whole methodology of economic science on the grounds that it abstracted from human welfare in its widest sense. He argued that proper values should be introduced into the study of economic activity so that it could assist in the attainment of the best conditions of human life, both social and individual.
Community Classification and Growth in Effective Property Tax Rates: A Case Study of Rate Divergence in 39 Rhode Island Towns
Authors: Heinze Edward H.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. A multiple regression analysis of cross‐sectional data for 39 Rhode Island towns indicates that variation in the level of effective property tax rates among communities can be substantially explained. The determinants are a community's population density, median family income, real property per capita, and the ratio of commercial to total property tax, revenue. Population density serves as a criterion for judging the “cityness” (1) of a community, that is, its degree of urbanization. A positive relationship exists between population density and effective property tax rate. Communities with the highest population density tend to have the highest tax rates. This relationship is shown in each analyzed year. Covariance analysis applied to the regression coefficients for the various years reveals a significant change in the population density coefficient. This coefficient change indicates a divergence in effective property tax rates among city, suburban, and rural communities.
The Effect of Monopoly Power on National Income, Wage Income and Interest Rates
Authors: Miller Edward M.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. That part of business profits due to monopoly power or other forms of imperfect competition is capitalized into stock prices.Common stock is part of gross wealth, and as such provides a store of value for consumers against emergencies. A very simple graphical model is developed to show how interest rates, gross wealth holdings, and holdings of physical capital are jointly determined. In turn the levels of national income, property income, and wage income are determined once the stock of physical capital and the interest rate are known. In essence, capitalized monopoly profits substitute for physical capital, reducing the economy's stock of capital goods. Similar effects are produced by government debt.
A Canonical Quality of Life Model
Authors: Rooy Jacob De
Published: July 2006

Abstract. A five equation model was developed which related measurements of quality of life (QOL) to policy variables and to economic and social characteristics. The model was used to, i) determine the jointness, or interdependency, of components of QOL, ii) demonstrate the usefulness of canonical correlation for measuring the marginal products of determinants of QOL, and iii) construct QOL indexes of social indicators. The model's parameters were estimated from state data for the U.S.A. Among the determinants of QOL educational attainment, investments in transportation facilities, region size and urbanization were most important. Expenditures on higher education, health care, and law enforcement had very little effect on socio‐economic well being. Most of the differences in QOL between states were due to economic factors.
The Long Run Problem of Financing the Social Security System
Authors: Cox Steven R. , Wooten Philip R.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The Social Security Amendments of 1972 radically altered the Social Security System (SSS) by including, among other things, provisions whereby the taxable wage base would thereafter rise with increases in the average U.S. wage level and benefits would rise with increases in the Consumer Price Index. These provisions, in fact, have so affected the magnitude of present and potential future social security benefit payments that today, in spite of the restoration of short‐run financial viability, the very financial solvency of the system over the long run is at issue. In an attempt to understand this financial solvency problem, three questions are examined: 1) how are social security benefits calculated today; 2) how have the underlying principles of the SSS changed recently; and 3) what does the future of the SSS look like? The results of that examination leave little doubt that the SSS must again be changed significantly if its long run financial solvency is to be restored, but President Carter's recent recommendations for change appear to be only a temporary solution to a long run problem.
Discrimination Against Women Reconsidered
Authors: Niemi Albert W.
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Sexist earnings differences must not be confused with wage discrimination; wage discrimination against females is only one source of the large sexist earnings gap. The author agrees that his calculations of adjusted earnings ratios do not capture all changes in relative productivity between male and female workers.His present value estimates compared male and female earnings during entire productive lives, from labor market entrance to retirement. Hence they do reflect earnings variations at all age levels and thus the average experience of females with comparable educational attainment.
Ethnicity and Economic Opportunity
Authors: Stewart James B. , Hyclak Thomas
Published: July 2006

Abstract

In this analysis, data from the 1970 Census of Population are used to determine whether ethnic discrimination has been an important factor contributing to differential economic performance among immigrant groups. The measures of economic performance employed in this investigation are mean family income and the extent of poverty among cohorts of immigrants. Stepwise multiple regression analysis is used to select among possible influences on these measures of economic performance. Dummy variables are defined in a manner that allows the impact of discrimination on economic performance to be measured directly. The results of this analysis support the hypothesis that discrimination against particular groups has been a major contributing factor to differential economic performance among groups. As a consequence, we are led to reject the competing explanation of differential economic performance advanced by some analysts that differentials in economic performance merely reflect skill differentials among groups.
Alternative Methods of School Finance: An Empirical Analysis of Cities in San Diego County
Authors: Popp Dean , Vogt Walter
Published: July 2006

Abstract

. Two alternatives to the local school property tax are explored using a simulation model: a power equalizing property tax and a state‐wide property tax. The effects on residents’tax burdens and service levels are estimated and compared for residents of 13 cities in San Diego County. Under each of the available options shifts in tax burdens would occur. One high income city is a major beneficiary. Three others which would be required to contribute more to education are otherwise dissimilar; one is already taxing itself heavily. When tax effort is considered, cities intended to be prime beneficiaries do benefit but not greatly. The principal gainer is a city with high income and high property values. This analysis does not indicate that these alternative programs are more equitable than the present property tax.
Public Choice and Land Tax Fairness
Authors: Lindholm Richard W.
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Land value taxation (LVT) as desirable U.S. tax policy was brilliantly set forth by the American publicist and economist, Henry George, in the book Progress and Poverty, published 100 years ago. Economists concerned with state and local taxation have generally accepted the basic elements of George's analysis. The absence of substantial LVT legislation despite the economic efficiency and ethical strengths of land as a tax base arises from two sources. First, the public perception of land has not separated land's attributes from those possessed by other property. Second, land ownership data have not been gathered and publicized. Groups favoring taxes that promote economic justice and efficiency should support efforts to develop land ownership data. It would be an important first step toward fully utilizing the potential of LVT.
The Distribution of Criminal Offenses in an Urban Environment: A Spatial Analysis of Criminal Spillovers and of Juvenile Offenders
Authors: Fabrikant Richard
Published: July 2006

Abstract. In order to derive a basis for an optimal allocation of police manpower among contiguous communities criminal spillovers among these communities must be explicitly taken into account. Under the assumptions established in the economic theory of choice a criminal spillovers model is derived. The hypothesized variables within this model which serve as motivating factors for criminal spillovers are economic gain and competitive criminal pressures. Those factors which deter criminal spillovers are costs of committing offenses and the relative risks in committing crimes in distant communities. The model is then tested using data on juvenile offenders supplied by the City of Los Angeles, for the crimes of robbery, burglary and larceny. The results suggest that on an aggregate basis juvenile criminal behavior is not purely opportunistic and that certain control and motivating factors are significant in the juvenile's judgments for the spatial selection of offense targets.
Economic Growth and Quality of Life: A Comparative Indicator Analysis Between China (Taiwan), U.S.A. and Other Developed Countries
Authors: Liu Ben‐Chieh
Published: July 2006

Abstract. A composite Quality of Life (QOL) indicator model of five major components—Social, Economic, Energy and Environmental, Health and Education, and National Vitality and Security—was developed. Based on cross‐national data of 1975, 32 developed countries and China (Taiwan) were ranked according to their component and overall QOL measures. The influence of income and other variables on QOL was analyzed; it was found that the income variable is not as significantly related to the composite QOL indexes as are other variables and China (Taiwan's) QOL rankings far exceed its per capita income ranking in the international comparison. The U.S. surpassed all the countries studied in providing its citizens with basic human needs and the highest material standard of living. The national vitality and security component indicated, however, that the U.S. may have lost, militarily and strategically, some of its influence and perceived power to the U.S.S.R.
The Rise and Fall of Maya Civilization
Authors: Crist Raymond E. , Paganini Louis A.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. ‘Savages,’ as Europeans considered the Americans of ancient times, never built the great Mayan centers. The builders of great cities in Meso‐America were a well‐organized group with an adequate land base and a rather sophisticated technology. From 300 B.C. to 900 A.D. the Maya developed and perfected an agriculture‐based economy with a well developed commerce, writing, art, science, religion and government, as well as an advanced architecture of monuments, palaces, temples and pyramids. Their civilization reached intellectual heights unique in the Western Hemisphere. What conditions caused its decline and fall? Interpreting the geographic and historical record in the light of the relevant social sciences, one can say a complex of circumstances: ecological abuse, exploitation of the working population, mismanagement, militarism, bad weather, famines, and epidemics.
Structural‐Functional Dynamics in the Analysis of Socio‐economic Systems: Adaptation of Structural Change Processes to Biological Systems of Human Interaction
Authors: Chase Richard
Published: July 2006

Abstract. This article is the second of two that suggest outlines for a biological {evolutionary) model for analyzing socioeconomic systems. The first article developed concepts applicable to non‐human biological systems.* This article broadens the model to incorporate factors pertinent to human societal systems. First discussed is human volition or purposive choice. Because of this, the particular path of socioeconomic change need not be “accidental” or statistical as with the “natural selection” applicable to non‐human biological systems, but rather may proceed by “volitional selection” from among feasible change paths. Second, the thermodynamic concept of increasing entropy (order to disorder) indicates that economics’“production functions” need be seen more as transformation functions; and thus to overcome accumulating entropic disorder, continuous technological change is necessary. Such technical (man‐thing) changes induce broader societal (man‐man) changes. This is consistent with the evolutionary argument for unidirectional change from the less complex and less stable to the more complex. A third article on the economic theory consistent with the above concepts is planned.
The Sociology of Knowledge as a Tool for Research Into the History of Economic Thought
Authors: Wisman Jon D.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Hill and Rouse's formulation of Mannheim's framework for the sociology of knowledge as a means of examining the history of economic thought is rejected although it is held that they render an important service to economics by arguing the need for employment of the sociology of knowledge as a research tool. They have not appropriated Mannheim's categories authentically and they apply them in an overly simplified and undialectical manner. Even Mannheim's authentic formulation of the sociology of knowledge suffered limitations which more recent work enables us to overcome. What is believed to be a superior sociology of knowledge framework for investigating the evolution of economic thought is constructed by joining the Berger‐Luckmann model of legitimation with Habermas's philosophical anthropology. Increasingly economists are recognizing that their discipline is in a state of crisis. The crucial issue is how we can better understand the sociological nature of economic thought—its social functioning—to enable us to formulate our own economic theory so as to maximize human welfare.
The Theoretical Background of Henry George's Value Theory*
Authors: Forkosch Morris D.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Henry George intended that his last work. The Science of Political Economy, (which his untimely death left unfinished), should recast economics in a new mold. He argued that if economics is the science of the nature of wealth and the laws of its production and distribution and if in present society there is some deep and widespread wrong in its distribution, if not in its producton, it is the office of an honest science to disclose that. He therefore sought a philosophical basis for an investigation into the nature of wealth which led him into an investigation of the idea of value. These investigations were preceded by an attempt to set out a philosophy of science with respect to one of the sciences, economics.
Property Tax Circuit Breakers Reconsidered: Continuing Issues Surrounding a Popular Program
Authors: Bowman John H.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Property tax circuit‐breaker programs—provision for tax relief for selected groups of the population believed to be adversely affected by rising state and local taxation on residences—exist in 30 states and the District of Columbia. They are still in controversy. The best available evidence on some of the basic issues being debated is considered in an effort to evaluate their policy implications. The device is found to be desirable and, if the residential property tax were regressive in certain respects, a move in the direction of tax equity. “Current income” is found more useful in determining eligibility; net worth tests would be difficult to apply. Relief for tax burdens above an acceptable share of household income is preferable to one based on a sliding scale formula. However, the tendency dearly is to liberalize benefits. This creates the danger of eroding the tax base.
Joshua K. Ingalls, American Individualist: Land Reformer, Opponent of Henry George and Advocate of Land Leasing, Now an Established Mode
Authors: Hall Bowman N.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Joshua K. Ingalls was a member of a particularly cohesive group of 19th century intellectual iconoclasts in America, the individualists. Two controversies made him widely known at the time: the land reform vs. abolition argument before the Civil War, and his attacks on Henry George in the 1880s over the issue of land reform through tax reform or land reform through land leasing under an occupancy and use system of tenure. Ingalls held George failed to understand the “true” nature of capitalism; rent goes to the landlord as capitalist as reward for his investment; the landowning capitalist appropriates this by his dominion over the land. Though Ingalls’ argument did not prevail, land leasing, which he advocated, is the form in which some resources are now disposed of, as in grazing rights and mineral exploration on public land, and in oil exploration rights on the continental shelves; and in the disposition of urban sites such as the site of Rockefeller Center and the Chrysler Building in New York (the former to the benefit of Columbia University, the latter Cooper Union, both by legislative action).
The Michigan Circuit Breaker and its Impact on the Incidence of the Property Tax
Authors: May Phillip , Zaki Mokhlis
Published: July 2006

Abstract. In the absence of any program of property tax relief, the relationship between homestead property values and household incomes in Michigan introduces an inherent bias towards regressivity into the property tax. Analysis of a sample of 15,620 owner‐occupied households showed a tax relief program, called the Michigan Circuit Breaker, and in particular the special relief afforded to taxpayers 65 and over (senior citizens), to be highly effective in reducing this inherent regressivity in the tax. As a result of the circuit breaker, this tendency towards regressivity in the property tax is effectively offset to the extent of producing near proportionality in the incidence of the tax as applied to owner‐occupied housing.