bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distance Education and Accreditation
Authors: Swail Watson Scott , Kampits Eva
Published: September 2023

Distance learning and technology have taken on a life of their own in higher education. We need to find a way of assessing distance‐education programs that breaks away from traditional accreditation standards.
Immobilized Rose Bengal as Photocatalyst for Metal‐Free Thiocyanation of Azaheterocycles under Continuous Flow Conditions
Authors: Colombo Eleonora , Fiorenza Boselli Monica , Raimondi Laura , Puglisi Alessandra , Rossi Sergio
Published: September 2023

The immobilization of Rose Bengal onto Merrifield resin and its application in the light‐driven metal‐free thiocyanation of azaheterocycles in continuo were investigated. The supported photocatalyst was used in batch reactions under heterogeneous conditions, with different azaheterocycles, and proved to efficiently promote the reaction. Its recovery and recycle were also demonstrated for up to four times. The resin‐supported Rose Bengal was then employed under continuous flow conditions, affording thiocyanate functionalized azaheterocycles with higher space‐time‐yields than the in‐batch transformations, and in a shorter reaction time. The easily modification of the SCN groups was also demonstrated by synthetizing trifluoromethyl thioethers and sulfenyl tetrazoles derivates in high yields.
Googling long‐acting reversible contraception: A scoping review examining the information available online about intrauterine devices and contraceptive implants
Authors: Caddy Cassandra , Coombe Jacqueline
Published: September 2023

Issue Addressed

The internet is an important source of health information, however, the quality of information about long‐acting reversible contraception (LARC, including intrauterine devices (IUDs) and contraceptive implants) found online is largely unknown.

Methods

A scoping review of webpages returned in a Google search was conducted. The first three pages of results were included if they were written in English and contained information about LARC. Results were critically reviewed and assessed using the DISCERN quality of health information tool.

Results

Of 778 results, 306 pages met the eligibility criteria. While most webpages provided key information about LARC, including location in the body, benefits, side effects and risks, the information provided varied considerably. Only half mentioned efficacy and many webpages did not provide information about the cost of insertion and removal, how and where to access the devices or how they work. Despite side effects being mentioned in more than three‐quarters of webpages, the depth and specificity of these varied considerably and were often contradictory across different webpages.

Conclusions

Most webpages provided medically accurate information to consumers; however, many did not include key information such as cost or how they work. Descriptions of side effects varied between webpages, and this may inhibit informed decision‐making.

So What?

Most people make decisions about what contraceptive method they might like to use before visiting a health care provider, and most will get this information from the internet. Providing comprehensive, medically accurate and consistent information about both IUDs and contraceptive implants is vital to support informed decision‐making.
Theory of reinforcement schedules
Authors: Killeen Peter R.
Published: September 2023

The three principles of reinforcement are (1) events such as incentives and reinforcers increase the activity of an organism; (2) that activity is bounded by competition from other responses; and (3) animals approach incentives and their signs, guided by their temporal and physical conditions, together called the “contingencies of reinforcement.” Mathematical models of each of these principles comprised mathematical principles of reinforcement (MPR; Killeen, 1994). Over the ensuing decades, MPR was extended to new experimental contexts. This article reviews the basic theory and its extensions to satiation, warm‐up, extinction, sign tracking, pausing, and sequential control in progressive‐ratio and multiple schedules. In the latter cases, a single equation balancing target and competing responses governs behavioral contrast and behavioral momentum. Momentum is intrinsic in the fundamental equations, as behavior unspools more slowly from highly aroused responses conditioned by higher rates of incitement than it does from responses from leaner contexts. Habits are responses that have accrued substantial behavioral momentum. Operant responses, being predictors of reinforcement, are approached by making them: The sight and feel of a paw on a lever is approached by placing paw on lever, as attempted for any sign of reinforcement. Behavior in concurrent schedules is governed by approach to momentarily richer patches (melioration). Applications of MPR in behavioral pharmacology and delay discounting are noted.
High‐dose IV magnesium in mesothelioma patients receiving surgery with hyperthermic intraoperative cisplatin: Pilot studies and design of a phase II randomized clinical trial
Authors: Gupta Shruti , Wells Sophia L. , Jose Arunima M. , Seitter Robert H. , Feghali Lea , Devaraj Nishant , Hartigan Philip M. , Yacoubian Stephanie , Kwiatkowski David J. , Burke Donna M. , Barlow Julianne , Bueno Raphael , Leaf David E.
Published: September 2023

Introduction

Hyperthermic intraoperative cisplatin (HIOC) is associated with acute kidney injury (AKI). Administration of high‐dose magnesium attenuates cisplatin‐induced AKI (CP‐AKI) in animal models but has not been rigorously examined in humans.

Methods

We tested the feasibility and safety of different doses of magnesium in mesothelioma patients receiving HIOC. In Pilot Study 1, we administered a 36‐h continuous infusion of magnesium at 0.5 g/h, targeting serum magnesium levels between 3 and 4.8 mg/dL. In Pilot Study 2A, we administered a 6 g bolus followed by an infusion starting at 2 g/h, titrated to achieve levels between 4 and 6 mg/dL. We eliminated the bolus in Pilot Study 2B.

Results

In Pilot Study 1, all five patients enrolled completed the study; however, median postoperative Mg levels were only 2.4 mg/dL. In Pilot Study 2A, two of four patients (50%) were withdrawn due to bradycardia during the bolus. In Pilot Study 2B, two patients completed the study whereas two developed postoperative bradycardia attributed to the magnesium.

Conclusions

A 0.5 g/h infusion for 36 h did not achieve therapeutic magnesium levels, while an infusion at 2 g/h was associated with bradycardia. These studies informed the design of a randomized clinical trial testing whether intravenously Mg attenuates HIOC‐associated AKI.
Psychiatric co‐morbidity in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa: A cross‐sectional study of clinical characteristics and burden of disease
Authors: Holgersen Nikolaj , Nielsen Valdemar Wendelboe , Ring Hans Christian , Rosenø Nana Aviaaja Lippert , Egeberg Alexander , Thyssen Jacob Pontoppidan , Thomsen Simon Francis
Published: September 2023

Background

Psychiatric co‐morbidity (PCM) constitutes a major complicating factor for patients with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) but individuals at risk are ill defined.

Objectives

To examine the differences in demographic and clinical characteristics, co‐morbidities, and disease burden in patients with HS with and without PCM.

Methods

Data were obtained through clinical examination and interviews. Disease burden was evaluated based on clinical severity, VAS‐10 for overall bother and pain, and dermatology life quality index. Analysis was conducted on all patients and amongst PCM‐subgroups. All current physician diagnosed psychiatric conditions were included.

Results

667 consecutive, adult patients with HS from a dermatological university outpatient clinic were included. Of these, 183 (27.4 %) had a diagnosis of PCM, with affective disorders (16.2%) being most prevalent.

PCM was associated with being unemployed (52.5 vs. 18.7 %) OR 5.50 (3.73–8.10) p < 0.001, Caucasian (88.5 vs. 80.6 %) OR 1.86 (1.12–3.09) p < 0.05, younger at HS‐onset (23.6 vs. 26.2 years) p < 0.01, obese (44.0 vs. 34.5 %) OR 1.50 (1.06–2.13) p < 0.05 and smoker (89.6 vs. 73.2 %) OR 3.76 (2.20–6.40) p < 0.001. Differences within PCM‐subgroups were also discovered.

Patients with PCM were more likely to have asthma or/and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (9.8 vs. 5.6 %) OR 1.94 (1.03–3.66) p < 0.05. Patients with PCM had higher VAS‐10 bother scores (mean 7.3 vs. 6.7) p < 0.05, but no differences in disease severity.

Patients with HS‐onset before the age of 15 had the highest risk of developing PCM within the following 10 years, HR 3.37 (1.56–7.31) p = 0.002.

Conclusions

Patients with PCM and HS vary in demographic and clinical characteristics, risk factors and burden of disease, compared to patients with HS without PCM. This calls for a multidisciplinary approach and increased awareness from the clinician.
Experimental investigation to assess the effect of graphene blended lithium grease on friction, wear, and surface morphology of 52100 chrome alloy steel contacts
Authors: Prasad Deepak Kumar , Kamarapu Santhosh Kumar , Bhoi Neeraj Kumar , Amarnath M. , Chelladurai H.
Published: September 2023

The results of a research on the tribological behaviour of lithium grease with the addition of graphene nanoparticles are presented in current work. Using a four‐ball tribometer, the wear and friction coefficient of lithium grease and blended grease samples with graphene additions were assessed. The significance of graphene in enhancing the tribological properties of grease materials is evident from experimental results. In the experimental investigation, a considerable decrease in wear and friction co‐efficient values was also noted. One weight percent addition of graphene to base grease decreases friction by 23.73% and wear scar width by 19.51%.
Proprioceptive Modulation of Pallidal Physiology in Cervical Dystonia
Authors: Sedov Alexey , Joshi Prajakta , Semenova Ulia , Usova Svetlana , Asriyants Svetlana , Gamaleya Anna , Tomskiy Alexey , Jinnah Hyder A. , Shaikh Aasef G.
Published: September 2023

Background

There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that botulinum toxin can alter proprioceptive feedback and modulate the muscle‐spindle output for the treatment of dystonia. However, the mechanism for this modulation remains unclear.

Methods

We conducted a study involving 17 patients with cervical dystonia (CD), seven of whom had prominent CD and 10 with generalized dystonia (GD) along with CD. We investigated the effects of neck vibration, a form of proprioceptive modulation, on spontaneous single‐neuron responses and local field potentials (LFPs) recorded from the globus pallidum externus (GPe) and internus (GPi).

Results

Our findings demonstrated that neck vibration notably increased the regularity of neck‐sensitive GPi neurons in focal CD patients. Additionally, in patients with GD and CD, the vibration enhanced the firing regularity of non‐neck‐sensitive neurons. These effects on single‐unit activity were also mirrored in ensemble responses measured through LFPs. Notably, the LFP modulation was particularly pronounced in areas populated with burst neurons compared to pause or tonic cells.

Conclusion

The results from our study emphasize the significance of burst neurons in the pathogenesis of dystonia and in the efficacy of proprioceptive modulation for its treatment. Moreover, we observed that the effects of vibration on focal CD were prominent in the α band LFP, indicating modulation of pallido‐cerebellar connectivity. Moreover, the pallidal effects of vibration in GD with CD involved modulation of cerebro‐pallidal θ band connectivity. Our analysis provides insight into how vibration‐induced changes in pallidal activity are integrated into the downstream motor circuit. © 2023 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Alanine Scanning of the Unstructured Region of Ara h 2 and of a Related Mimotope Reveals Critical Amino Acids for IgE Binding
Authors: Canon Nicole , Schein Catherine H. , Braun Werner , Negi Surendra S. , Chen Xueni , Kulis Michael D. , Kim Edwin H. , Pathy Vidya , Pozzoli Marina , Liu Weimin , Dreskin Stephen C.
Published: September 2023

Scope

The unstructured region of Ara h 2, referred to as epitope 3, contains a repeated motif, DYPSh (h = hydroxyproline) that is important for IgE binding.

Methods and results

IgE binding assays to 20mer and shorter peptides of epitope 3, defines a 16mer core sequence containing one copy of the DPYSh motif, DEDSYERDPYShSQDP. This study performs alanine scanning of this and a related 12mer mimotope, LLDPYAhRAWTK. IgE binding, using a pool of 10 sera and with individual sera, is greatly reduced when alanine is substituted for aspartate at position 8 (D8; p < 0.01), tyrosine at position 10 (Y10; p < 0.01), and hydroxyproline at position 12 (h12; p < 0.001). IgE binding to alanine‐substituted peptides of a mimotope containing the DPY_h motif confirm the critical importance of Y (p < 0.01) and h (p < 0.01), but not D. Molecular modeling of the core and mimotope suggests an h‐dependent conformational basis for the recognition of these sequences by polyclonal IgE.

Conclusions

IgE from pooled sera and individual sera differentially bound amino acids throughout the sequences of Epitope 3 and its mimotope, with Y10 and h12 being most important for all sera. These results are highly significant for designing hypoallergenic forms of Ara h 2.
Arbitrary mesh‐moving velocity‐based space‐time finite element method for large deformation analysis of solids
Authors: Shimizu Shion , Sharma Vikas , Fujisawa Kazunori
Published: September 2023

This paper presents a new velocity‐based space‐time finite element method for computing the large deformation of solids over arbitrary Lagrange/Eulerian moving meshes. The proposed method is oriented toward quasi‐static deformation problems with hypoelastic and neo‐Hookean hyperelastic constitutive models. The Cauchy stress in the weak form of the linear momentum equation is explicitly described in terms of deformation velocity through consistent time integration of objective stress rates transferred in the arbitrary moving mesh. Consequently, the resultant system equation only contains the space‐time nodal velocity as the primary unknown. An iterative algorithm for solving the discretized system equation is implemented, whereby the nonlinearities induced by geometrical change in the computational domain as well as nonlinear constitutive equations are computed in an iterative manner updating the stress and the strain over the moving mesh of the deforming domain. Three benchmark problems, such as uniform beam compression, thick‐cylinder compression with superimposed rigid body rotation and extrusion of a column involving material loss, have been solved in order to examine the accuracy of the proposed numerical scheme. The numerical results have revealed the proper computation of the stress and the displacement of the solids undergoing the large deformation and rotation over the arbitrary Lagrange/Eulerian moving meshes, and have shown the validity and applicability of the proposed method with linear convergence of the iterative algorithm.
Prednisone Decreases Opioid Use in Adults Undergoing Benign Oropharyngeal Surgery
Authors: Butkus Joann M. , Sagalow Emily S. , Alfonsi Samuel , Riordan Jacob , Zhan Tingting , McGettigan Brian , Fisher Kyle , Rosen David , Boon Maurits , Huntley Colin
Published: September 2023

Objective

This study sought to analyze the efficacy and safety of postoperative prednisone to reduce reliance on opioids in adult benign oropharyngeal surgery.

Study Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

Single tertiary‐care facility.

Methods

Patients undergoing tonsillectomy (T), tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A), and/or modified uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) from December 2020 to January 2023 received the standard of care postoperative management. A prednisone taper was dependent on surgeon preference. Cohorts were based on the prescription of postoperative steroids. Patients completed a survey to assess opioid usage, pain scores, and steroid compliance.

Results

Seventy‐two patients were included. The nonsteroid cohort (N = 29) received an average of 467 ± 94.1 morphine milligram equivalents (MME), and the steroid cohort (N = 43) received an average of 285 ± 128 MME (P < 0.001). The nonsteroid cohort consumed 1.62 times more opioids than the steroid cohort (P < 0.002). There were no significant differences in complication or refill rates between treatment groups. There were no significant differences in pain scores on the day of surgery or postoperative days 1, 5, or 10 (P = 0.34, P = 0.66, P = 0.62, and P = 0.22, respectively). Patients undergoing T&A (p = 0.019) or who had current psychiatric medication use (P < 0.006) consumed significantly more opioids. Patients who received a total opioid prescription of >300 MME (40 5‐mL doses of 5 mg/5 mL liquid oxycodone) consumed 2.27 times more postoperative opioids than patients with opioid prescriptions ≤300 MME (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Patients who did not receive steroids consumed 1.62 times more postoperative opioids compared to those who completed a steroid taper. Corticosteroid use was not associated with changes in pain scores, refill rates, or complication rates and may be considered in a multimodal approach to pain management in adults undergoing benign oropharyngeal surgery, although further study is warranted.
The Intersection Between Meritocracy and Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Authors: Wackym Phillip Ashley , Toh Elizabeth Hui Yee , Moody‐Antonio Stephanie Ann , Woodard Troy Donovan
Published: September 2023

Embracing meritocracy and diversity, equity, and inclusion is critical to the future of otolaryngology–head and neck surgery. Understanding the intersection of these two concepts is particularly important. Meritocracy, a key principle utilized in academic medicine and surgery, rewards individual achievement. However, it can inadvertently result in a widening disparity between individuals who have access to environments promoting and facilitating meritocracy and those facing systemic structural barriers. Navigating the intersection of meritocracy and diversity, equity, and inclusion is a complex endeavor. However, it is crucial to understand that these concepts can coexist. With a balanced approach, we can appreciate individual merit while fostering diversity, equity, and inclusion. It requires a commitment to systemic change, ongoing evaluation, and collaboration to create environments where everyone has an equal opportunity to succeed and contribute unique talents and perspectives. Through these efforts, our specialty of otolaryngology–head and neck surgery will be stronger.
Effect of carbon dioxide on lamellar arrangement in poly(lactic acid) ring band spherulites
Authors: Peng Qianyun , Li Shaojie , Liu Feng , Zou Fangfang , Han Weiqiang , Zhao Yishen , Li Guangxian , Liao Xia
Published: September 2023

In this research, the formation of ring band spherulite of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) under carbon dioxide (CO2) was in‐situ studied and the internal lamellar arrangement of ring band spherulite formed under CO2 was revealed for the first time. The spherulites by PLA crystallized under air and different CO2 pressures have been studied, and the surface and internal lamellar arrangement of the ring band spherulites have also been analyzed in detail. It was found that PLA would form ring band spherulite under air and 6 MPa CO2, while the internal structures of the two types of ring band spherulites were different. The surface height difference of ring band spherulites formed under air was small, at 278.9 nm, and the twisting angle of the lamellae was also small. However, the difference in the surface height of the ring band spherulite formed under 6 MPa CO2 was big, reaching 778.3 nm. Through analysis on the internal lamellar arrangement of the ring band spherulite, it was found that the valley for the ring band spherulites formed under 6 MPa CO2 was composed of flat‐on lamellae, the ridge was composed of edge‐on lamellae and the sudden twist occurred between the flat‐on lamellae and edge‐on lamellae.
Hydrophobic Modification of Spherical Y2O3:Eu3+ Powder Using Nonfluorinated Alkyl Silanes
Authors: Zhou Runzi , Wen Cheng , Xu Haijun , Qiu Zenghui , Zhang Xin
Published: September 2023

Europium‐doped yttrium oxide (Y2O3:Eu3+) is one of the main red‐emitting luminescent materials currently used in light‐emitting devices owing to its high luminous efficiency, high color purity, and other excellent optical characteristics. However, Y2O3:Eu3+ is hydrophilic, which is a major obstacle to its long‐term application in high‐humidity outdoor environments. Hydrophobic modification is a viable solution to this problem, and can give Y2O3:Eu3+ many excellent properties and functions, such as self‐cleaning ability, anti‐static performance, oil/water separation functions, and corrosion resistance. This study reports the preparation of hydrophobic Y2O3:Eu3+ particles modified with nonfluorinated alkyl silanes. Several influencing factors, including the length of the carbon chain in the silane coupling agent, the pH value of the reaction system, the reaction temperature, and the ratio of reactants, on the hydrophobicity of the prepared samples are studied in detail, and the optimal conditions are determined. A superhydrophobic Y2O3:Eu3+ material with a water contact angle of 151.6° is finally obtained. Moreover, FTIR, TG, SEM, XPS, XRD, and PL are used to explore the mechanism of the hydrophobic modification and the structural and fluorescence performance changes imparted by this modification.
DFT Study about the Effect of Doping on the Properties of GaSb Material and Designing of High‐Efficiency Infrared Photodetector
Authors: Bhandari Bikash , Yadav Ashish Kumar , Singh Rohit , Kiran G. , Singh Amit Kumar , Garg Vivek , Pandey Sushil Kumar
Published: September 2023

The gallium antimonide (GaSb) material has very attractive electronic and optoelectronic properties which are suitable for next‐generation infrared (IR) photodetector applications. In this work, properties of undoped GaSb material such as density of states, bandstructure, electron density, absorption coefficient, dielectric function, refractive index, and extinction coefficient are calculated using density‐functional theory (DFT). Moreover, the effects of doping with Ge, Sn, and Zn elements on these properties of GaSb material are investigated. It is found that undoped GaSb material exhibits a direct gap of ≈0.72 eV. Among different doping elements, Ge‐doped GaSb produces a very significant enhancement in optical properties. The Ge‐doped GaSb demonstrates a four times higher absorption coefficient in comparison to undoped GaSb in the IR region at 0.8 eV photon energy. GaSb‐based photodetector device is designed using the Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS) 1D tool. The efficiency of the designed photodetector with optimum thicknesses and doping of different layers is found to be improved from 21.34% to 25.91% after incorporating the absorption data set obtained from the DFT calculations. Additionally, the photodetector with optimum parameters demonstrates maximum responsivity of value ≈0.31 A W−1. In the previous findings, it is demonstrated that GaSb is a very suitable material for next‐generation IR photodetector applications.
Formation of Dewetted Epitaxial Structures of Fe3O4/Fe and Their Magnetic Switching Properties
Authors: Ye Jongpil , Jin Yongsik , Lee Dongchul , Ju Seungjin , Kim Dong Hwan , Kim Dong Seob , Choi Jun Woo
Published: September 2023

Herein, it is demonstrated that the solid‐state dewetting of patterned Fe(100) films can lead to the formation of epitaxial heterostructures of Fe3O4 and Fe. Fe3O4 layers can be grown conformally on multiple facets of dewetted Fe patterns, without buckle delamination, creating epitaxial interfaces. The dewetted line patterns show switching behaviors that are indicative of parallel and antiparallel coupling of Fe3O4 and Fe magnetization, when magnetic fields are applied along their long and short axes, respectively. By comparing this behavior with the results of micromagnetic simulations, it is suggested that the anisotropic switching behavior cannot be solely attributed to the shape anisotropy of the dewetted patterns; their interfacial atomic structures should also be considered.
Rapid progressive spontaneous hemothorax caused by carcinoma of unknown primary: A very rare case
Authors: Koike Sachie , Kobayashi Nobutaka , Miyazawa Masahisa , Yamashita Naho
Published: September 2023

We present a very rare case of spontaneous hemothorax which was caused by carcinoma of unknown primary. To the best of our knowledge, there are no other such cases reported worldwide. The patient was 72‐year‐old male who was referred to our department for massive hemothorax. We undertook surgical treatment for haemostasis, and found multiple tumours which led to the diagnosis of carcinoma of unknown primary as the cause of haemorrhage. The tumours increased and grew rapidly after surgery and hemothorax progressed despite our treatment. The patient died from disseminated intravascular coagulation caused by continuous bleeding on postoperative day 19.
Distributed rendezvous and tracking for multiple unicycles with heterogeneous input disturbances
Authors: Yang Chengshuai , Chen Fei , Xiang Linying , Lan Weiyao
Published: September 2023

This paper addresses the distributed rendezvous and tracking problems for multiple unicycles in the presence of unknown heterogeneous disturbances. Disturbance compensators are designed to attenuate the effect of unknown disturbances, which rely on a state estimator constructed to estimate the disturbance‐free states of the controlled agents. LaSalle's invariance principle and Barbalat's lemma are employed, respectively, to prove the convergence of the systems. For the rendezvous problem, all agents will rendezvous at a pre‐specified point eventually under the effect of input disturbances. For the tracking problem, all follower agents will track the leader agent and then move with the leader at the same linear and angular velocities under the effect of input disturbances. The potential function approach is employed in constructing the control laws that are capable of avoiding inter‐agent collisions. With this method, the tracking error can be made upper bounded while all the agents keep a ‘safe’ distance from each other. Simulation examples are finally presented to verify the effectiveness of the designed controllers. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the estimation of interval censored destructive negative binomial cure model
Authors: Treszoks Jodi , Pal Suvra
Published: September 2023

In this article, a competitive risk survival model is considered in which the initial number of risks, assumed to follow a negative binomial distribution, is subject to a destructive mechanism. Assuming the population of interest to have a cure component, the form of the data as interval‐censored, and considering both the number of initial risks and risks remaining active after destruction to be missing data, we develop two distinct estimation algorithms for this model. Making use of the conditional distributions of the missing data, we develop an expectation maximization (EM) algorithm, in which the conditional expected complete log‐likelihood function is decomposed into simpler functions which are then maximized independently. A variation of the EM algorithm, called the stochastic EM (SEM) algorithm, is also developed with the goal of avoiding the calculation of complicated expectations and improving performance at parameter recovery. A Monte Carlo simulation study is carried out to evaluate the performance of both estimation methods through calculated bias, root mean square error, and coverage probability of the asymptotic confidence interval. We demonstrate the proposed SEM algorithm as the preferred estimation method through simulation and further illustrate the advantage of the SEM algorithm, as well as the use of a destructive model, with data from a children's mortality study.
Activating MoO3 nanobelts via aqueous intercalation as a near‐infrared type I photosensitizer for photodynamic periodontitis treatment
Authors: Li Bohua , Chu Dandan , Cui Haohao , Li Zhanrong , Zhou Zhan , Tan Chaoliang , Li Jingguo
Published: September 2023

Although molybdenum trioxide nanomaterials have been widely explored as nanoagents for biomedical applications against bacteria through photothermal therapy, chemodynamic therapy, and catalytic therapy, their utilization as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) have been rarely reported so far. Herein, we report the activation of MoO3 nanobelts via aqueous co‐intercalation of Na+ and H2O into their van der Waals gaps as a near‐infrared Type I photosensitizer for photodynamic periodontitis treatment. The Na+/H2O intercalation of MoO3 nanobelts can shorten its length, generate rich oxygen vacancies, and enlarge its interlayer gaps. Such structural changes thus can induce the color change from white to dark blue with a strong near‐infrared (NIR) absorption. When used as a photosensitizer, the I‐MoO3−x nanobelts exhibit much higher activities for the generation of superoxide radical (·O2−) under an 808 nm laser irradiation than that of the pristine MoO3 nanobelts. Therefore, the prepared I‐MoO3−x nanobelts show a spectral antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces aureus, thus yielding a good clinical therapeutic effect on periodontitis. Our study proves that aqueous intercalation can be a simple but powerful strategy to activate layered MoO3 nanomaterials for high‐performance PDT.
Microcommitments: Mitigating procrastination with more than a nudge
Authors: Felkey Amanda J. , Dziadula Eva , Chiang Eric P.
Published: September 2023

Technological improvements have changed the way class content is delivered and absorbed, with new modes of communication and collaboration creating viable alternatives to the traditional classroom. While online learning has many benefits in terms of greater flexibility and convenience, the lack of face‐to‐face interaction creates potential consequences in the form of greater propensity for procrastination in completing coursework. Microcommitments, defined as small daily tasks accompanied by a soft commitment device delivered via an online platform providing social accountability, increase engagement with course content and have been shown to improve exam performance among students enrolled in online courses. We randomly assigned 276 online students into a treatment or control group and investigate whether reduced procrastination may be a channel contributing to the observed gains in academic performance. Our results support this hypothesis as we document a reduction in procrastination. Students exposed to microcommitments with social accountability are nearly twice as likely to complete at least some of the assigned work more than a week prior to the due date as opposed to leaving all of the work for the last week.
Self‐Adaptive Colored Radiative Cooling by Tuning Visible Spectra
Authors: Guo Na , Yang Ruyi , Chen Meijie , Yan Hongjie , Chen Wei
Published: September 2023

Traditional radiative cooling leads to overcooling in the winter season and increases the total energy consumption of buildings. And, the super white color limits its practical applications. In this work, a bilayer coating consisting of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)@thermochromic dye film as the top layer and a super white polytetrafluoroethylene film as the bottom layer is designed to achieve self‐adaptive colored radiative cooling by tuning visible spectra. The mass ratio of PDMS to the black thermochromic dye is 1: 0.04 to balance the solar heating and radiative cooling performances although the thermal emittance is constant (0.95). The designed black adaptive coating can achieve modulations of visible and solar reflectance from 0.36 to 0.91 and from 0.62 to 0.92, respectively. And its net power can switch from 331 W m−2 at −10 °C for heating to 70 W m−2 at 50 °C for cooling down. In the indoor and outdoor experiments, it is shown that adaptive coatings can achieve heating performance in a cold environment while cooling performance in a hot environment. Further energy consumption calculation indicates that adaptive coatings can save 5%−44% of energy consumption in different climates. Various colors and critical transition temperatures can be regulated by different thermochromic dyes for various scenarios.
Comparison of metrics to assess antibiotic use in small ruminants at a university referral clinic between 2005 and 2019
Authors: Firth Clair L. , Keppelmüller Hanna , Käsbohrer Annemarie , Hund Alexandra , Wittek Thomas
Published: September 2023

Background

Monitoring antibiotic use is essential to provide a framework enabling veterinarians to use antibiotics prudently.

Methods

Electronic medical records from the University of Veterinary Medicine's Clinic for Ruminants in Vienna were analysed with respect to sheep and goat antibiotic doses administered over a 15‐year period (2005–2019). Antibiotic use was assessed using total milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg), total milligrams, number of doses administered, defined daily doses (DDD) for cattle and estimated DDD for sheep.

Results

A total of 5113 antibiotic doses were recorded over the 15‐year period. Urinary tract disorders required the highest number of doses administered per animal (mean 16.9; median 16.0). Antibiotic use patterns varied according to the metrics used for analysis. By mg/kg, the largest proportion of antibiotics administered were penicillin/streptomycin (43.0% of the total mg/kg), followed by tetracyclines (17.3%) and sulphonamide/trimethoprim combinations (15.2%). By number of doses administered, the most frequently used antibiotics were penicillins (excluding combinations with streptomycin) (33.9% of total number of doses administered), fluoroquinolones (25.1%), third/fourth‐generation cephalosporins (13.6%) and penicillin/streptomycin (13.4%).

Limitations

As the university clinic was a city‐based referral centre, this analysis cannot be compared directly with antibiotic use in commercial herds or flocks.

Conclusions

The considered choice of antibiotic use metrics is essential for an effective and meaningful analysis of the responsible use of antibiotics by veterinarians in practice.
Commutative families in W∞, integrable many-body systems and hypergeometric τ-functions
Authors: Mironov A. , Mishnyakov V. , Morozov A. , Popolitov A.
Published: September 2023

Abstract

We explain that the set of new integrable systems, generalizing the Calogero family and implied by the study of WLZZ models, which was described in arXiv:2303.05273, is only the tip of the iceberg. We provide its wide generalization and explain that it is related to commutative subalgebras (Hamiltonians) of the W1+∞ algebra. We construct many such subalgebras and explain how they look in various representations. We start from the even simpler w∞ contraction, then proceed to the one-body representation in terms of differential operators on a circle, further generalizing to matrices and in their eigenvalues, in finally to the bosonic representation in terms of time-variables. Moreover, we explain that some of the subalgebras survive the β-deformation, an intermediate step from W1+∞ to the affine Yangian. The very explicit formulas for the corresponding Hamiltonians in these cases are provided. Integrable many-body systems generalizing the rational Calogero model arise in the representation in terms of eigenvalues. Each element of W1+∞ algebra gives rise to KP/Toda τ-functions. The hidden symmetry given by the families of commuting Hamiltonians is in charge of the special, (skew) hypergeometric τ-functions among these.
HS–SPME–GC–MS profiling and sensory analyses of juices from red-fleshed ‘Weirouge’ apples made with innovative and conventional dejuicing systems
Authors: Wagner Annette , Irmler Jan , Nagypál Jelena , Bach Peter , Ludwig Michael , Will Frank , Schweiggert Ralf , Steingass Christof Björn
Published: September 2023

Volatiles, descriptive sensory profiles as well as consumer acceptance and preference of juices from red-fleshed ‘Weirouge’ apples produced in 2019 and 2020 with three different dejuicing systems were assessed. HS–SPME–GC–MS analyses revealed differences in the profiles of volatiles in juices processed in an oxygen-reduced atmosphere with an innovative spiral filter press as compared to those obtained using conventional systems, i.e., horizontal filter press and decanter. A total of 49 volatiles was tentatively assigned and permitted a clustering of the samples according to vintage and processing technology by multivariate statistics. Tentative markers to differentiate the individual samples were deduced from the multivariate models. In both years, each three 1,3-dioxanes and C6 alcohols were revealed as discriminative markers of horizontal filter pressed juices. Descriptive sensory analysis by trained panelists revealed higher intensity scores of ‘oxidized’ and ‘apple-like’ orthonasal odors in juices produced by horizontal filter press and decanter as compared to those obtained by spiral filter press. The visual appearance of the spiral filter pressed juices was significantly higher rated compared to those obtained by conventional pressing systems as revealed by an untrained consumer panel (n = 65). In contrast, both odor and taste were lower rated, ultimately resulting in a clear-cut higher acceptance and preference of the decanter-made juices, followed by those obtained by horizontal and spiral filter press.
Pathophysiology of primary hypertension in children and adolescents
Authors: Litwin Mieczysław
Published: September 2023

The progress in research on the physiology of the cardiovascular system made in the last 100 years allowed for the development of the pathogenesis not only of secondary forms of hypertension but also of primary hypertension. The main determinants of blood pressure are described by the relationship between stroke volume, heart rate, peripheral resistance, and arterial stiffness. The theories developed by Guyton and Folkow describe the importance of the volume factor and total peripheral resistance. However, none of them fully presents the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. The multifactorial model of primary hypertension pathogenesis developed by Irving Page in the 1940s, called Page's mosaic, covers most of the pathophysiological phenomena observed in essential hypertension. The most important pathophysiological phenomena included in Page's mosaic form a network of interconnected “nodes”. New discoveries both from experimental and clinical studies made in recent decades have allowed the original Page mosaic to be modified and the addition of new pathophysiological nodes. Most of the clinical studies confirming the validity of the multifactorial pathogenesis of primary hypertension concern adults. However, hypertension develops in childhood and is even perinatally programmed. Therefore, the next nodes in Page’s mosaic should be age and perinatal factors. This article presents data from pediatric clinical trials describing the most important pathophysiological processes associated with the development of essential hypertension in children and adolescents.
Evaluation of electronic patient–reported outcome assessment in inpatient cancer care: a feasibility study
Authors: Salm Hanna , Hentschel Leopold , Eichler Martin , Pink Daniel , Fuhrmann Stephan , Kramer Michael , Reichardt Peter , Schuler Markus K.
Published: September 2023

Purpose

Patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures are increasingly important in evaluating medical care. The increased integration of technology within the healthcare systems allows for collection of PROs electronically. The objectives of this study were to Ashley et al. J Med Internet Res (2013) implement an electronic assessment of PROs in inpatient cancer care and test its feasibility for patients and Dawson et al. BMJ (2010) determine the equivalence of the paper and electronic assessment.

Methods

We analyzed two arms from a study that was originally designed to be an interventional, three-arm, and multicenter inpatient trial. A self-administered questionnaire based on validated PRO-measures was applied and completed at admission, 1 week after, and at discharge. For this analysis — focusing on feasibility of the electronic assessment — the following groups will be considered: Group A (intervention arm) received a tablet version, while group B (control arm) completed the questionnaire on paper. A feasibility questionnaire, that was adapted from Ashley et al. J Med Internet Res (2013), was administered to group A.

Results

We analyzed 103 patients that were recruited in oncology wards. ePRO was feasible to most patients, with 84% preferring the electronic over paper-based assessment. The feasibility questionnaire contained questions that were answered on a scale ranging from “1” (illustrating non achievement) to “5” (illustrating achieving goal). The majority (mean 4.24, SD .99) reported no difficulties handling the electronic tool and found it relatively easy finding time for filling out the questionnaire (mean 4.15, SD 1.05). There were no significant differences between the paper and the electronic assessment regarding the PROs.

Conclusion

Results indicate that electronic PRO assessment in inpatient cancer care is feasible.
Bacterial contamination potential of personal protective equipment itself in dental aerosol-producing treatments
Authors: Gund Madline Priska , Naim Jusef , Rupf Stefan , Gärtner Barbara , Hannig Matthias
Published: September 2023

Personal protective equipment (PPE) has long been a high priority in dental aerosol-producing treatments. Since COVID-19 pandemic, its importance has increased yet again. While importance of PPE in preventing transmission and thus possible infection of pathogens is well known, contamination potential of PPE after treatment itself is less investigated. This review aims to give an overview of the current literature and contamination potential (viral, blood, bacterial) of components of protective equipment itself. The literature search was performed using the Medline database; furthermore, a hand search was conducted. Last search took place on 23 November 2022. Two categories of hygiene-related keywords were formed (category A: mask, face shield, goggles, eyewear, personal protective equipment; category B: contamination, aerosol). Each keyword from one category was combined with all keywords from the other one. In addition, the keyword “dental” was always added. First, a title and abstract screening was performed. Afterward, a full-text analysis was followed for the included studies. A total of 648 search hits were found in the Medline database. 47 were included after title and abstract screening. 22 studies were excluded after full-text analysis, 25 studies were included. The hand search resulted in 4 studies that were included. Bacterial contamination of PPE after treatment has been adequately studied, contamination with blood less. Microorganisms mainly originate from the oral and cutaneous flora; however, a transmission of potential pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli was also described. Studies showing transmission pathways starting from PPE and its various components are lacking. No measures have yet been described that fully protect the protective equipment from contamination. There is growing awareness that PPE itself can be a source of pathogen transmission, and thus possible infection. Therefore, not only wearing of protective clothing, but also conscious handling of it is crucial for transmission and possible infection prevention. However, studies showing transmission pathways starting from PPE and its various components are lacking. Several studies have investigated what measures can be taken to protect the protective equipment itself. So far, none of the methods evaluated can prevent contamination of PPE.
The role of pharmacists in supporting service users to optimise antipsychotic medication
Authors: Howe Jo , Lindsey Laura
Published: September 2023

Pharmacists have a contribution to make in improving optimising medication use for people on antipsychotic medication. The rates of prescribing antipsychotics have increased in England with an 18% rise from 2015 to 2020. People on antipsychotic medication are not treated as equal partners in conversations about their medications. This can leave people to make decisions about their antipsychotic medications without input from their prescribers which can have significant consequences for individuals. Involving people in the decision-making process, as experts on their own condition, has the potential to improve treatment outcomes. The evidence suggests that involving pharmacists in supporting people with serious mental illnesses will lead to improved clinical outcomes. Key areas for pharmacist involvement are providing information, education and counselling on antipsychotic medication and the side effects and reducing polypharmacy especially when antipsychotics are prescribed off license.
Insight on the deterioration of cultural objects: a multi-analytical approach to characterize degradation products of lead weights from a Steinway & sons piano
Authors: Faggiano Antonio , Pironti Concetta , Motta Oriana , Miele Ylenia , Fiorentino Antonino , Marchettini Nadia , Ricciardi Maria , Proto Antonio
Published: September 2023

The identification of the degradation products in objects of cultural significance, including musical instruments (e.g., a piano), is a key issue for the preservation and valorisation processes of cultural heritage. The aim of this study is to characterize the degradation products of lead weights from an important Steinway & sons piano using a multi-analytical approach that includes ionic chromatography (IC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses. These techniques allowed us to identify hydrocerussite as the main degradation product on the superficial layer of lead weights, followed by lead acetate and formate. Moreover, accelerated corrosion experiments in closed environments were performed under acetic and formic acid atmospheres to evaluate the development of lead acetate and formate over time. Exposure of lead weights to formic and acetic acid vapours leads to the prevalent formation of basic lead formate, which promotes the formation of hydrocerussite. These results can help to limit the degradation of these piano components and consequently preserve the sound of the piano itself.
Regulating Movement in Pandemic Times
Authors: Jefferies R. , Barratt T. , Huang C. , Bashford A.
Published: September 2023

As COVID-19 and its variants spread across Australia at differing paces and intensity, the country’s response to the risk of infection and contagion revealed an intensification of bordering practices as a form of risk mitigation with disparate impacts on different segments of the Australian community. Australia’s international border was closed for both inbound and outbound travel, with few exceptions, while states and territories, Indigenous communities, and local government areas were subject to a patchwork of varying restrictions. By focusing on borders at various levels, our research traces how the logics of medico-legal bordering have filtered down from the international to the intra-national, and indeed, into hyper-local spaces. This is not just apparent in the COVID-19 moment but in previous pandemics of 1918 to 1919 influenza and smallpox, in which practices of quarantine and lockdowns were both unevenly distributed and implemented on multiple scales of social organization. An interdisciplinary approach between history and law reveals that human movement during pandemic times in Australia has been regulated in a manner that sees mobility as a risk to public health capable of mitigation through the strict enforcement of borders as a technology of both confinement and exclusion.