bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two-weight Caccioppoli inequalities for solutions of nonhomogeneous 𝐴-harmonic equations on Riemannian manifolds
Authors: Ding Shusen
Published: April 2004

In this paper, we first prove the local two-weight Caccioppoli inequalities for solutions to the nonhomogeneous

A
A

-harmonic equation of the form

d

⋆

A
(
x
,
d
ω
)
=
B
(
x
,
d
ω
)

d^{\star } A(x, d \omega ) =B(x,d\omega )

. Then, as applications of the local results, we prove the global two-weight Caccioppoli-type inequalities for these solutions on Riemannian manifolds.
A counterexample to a conjecture of S. E. Morris
Authors: Feinstein J.
Published: April 2004

We give a counterexample to a conjecture of S. E. Morris by showing that there is a compact plane set

X
X

such that

R
(
X
)

R(X)

has no nonzero, bounded point derivations but such that

R
(
X
)

R(X)

is not weakly amenable. We also give an example of a separable uniform algebra

A
A

such that every maximal ideal of

A
A

has a bounded approximate identity but such that

A
A

is not weakly amenable.
Individual ergodic theorem for unitary maps of random matrices
Authors: Jajte Ryszard
Published: April 2004

Using simple techniques of finite von Neumann algebras, we prove a limit theorem for random matrices.
Density of irregular wavelet frames
Authors: Sun Wenchang , Zhou Xingwei
Published: April 2004

We show that if an irregular multi-generated wavelet system forms a frame, then both the time parameters and the logarithms of scale parameters have finite upper Beurling densities, or equivalently, both are relatively uniformly discrete. Moreover, if generating functions are admissible, then the logarithms of scale parameters possess a positive lower Beurling density. However, the lower Beurling density of the time parameters may be zero. Additionally, we prove that there are no frames generated by dilations of a finite number of admissible functions.
There are 2^{ℵ₀} many 𝐻-degrees in the random reals
Authors: Yu Liang , Ding Decheng
Published: April 2004

We prove that there are

2

ℵ

0

2^{\aleph _{0}}

many

H
H

-degrees in the random reals.
Decomposition of an order isomorphism between matrix-ordered Hilbert spaces
Authors: Miura Yasuhide
Published: April 2004

The purpose of this note is to show that any order isomorphism between noncommutative

L

2

L^{2}

-spaces associated with von Neumann algebras is decomposed into a sum of a completely positive map and a completely co-positive map. The result is an

L

2

L^{2}

version of a theorem of Kadison for a Jordan isomorphism on operator algebras.
Discs in complex manifolds with no bounded plurisubharmonic functions
Authors: Rosay Jean-Pierre
Published: April 2004

Roughly speaking: In a complex manifold on which all bounded plurisubharmonic functions are constant, the center of a holomorphic disc and its boundary can be prescribed somewhat arbitrarily.
Convergence of harmonic maps on the Poincaré disk
Authors: Yao Guowu
Published: April 2004

Let

{

f
n

:

D

→

D

}

\{f_n:{\mathbb D}\to { \mathbb D}\}

be a sequence of locally quasiconformal harmonic maps on the unit disk

D

{\mathbb D}

with respect to the Poincaré metric. Suppose that the energy densities of

f
n

f_n

are uniformly bounded from below by a positive constant and locally uniformly bounded from above. Then there is a subsequence of

{

f
n

}

\{f_n\}

that locally uniformly converges on

D

{\mathbb D}

, and the limit function is either a locally quasiconformal harmonic map of the Poincaré disk or a constant. Especially, if the limit function is not a constant, the subsequence can be chosen to satisfy some stronger conditions. As an application, it is proved that every point of the space

T
0

(

D

)

T_0({\mathbb D})

, a subspace of the universal Teichmüller space, can be represented by a quasiconformal harmonic map that is an asymptotic hyperbolic isometry.
A generalization of a theorem of Rankin and Swinnerton-Dyer on zeros of modular forms
Authors: Getz Jayce
Published: April 2004

Rankin and Swinnerton-Dyer (1970) prove that all zeros of the Eisenstein series

E

k

E_{k}

in the standard fundamental domain for

Γ
\Gamma

lie on

A
:=
{

e

i
θ

:

π
2

≤
θ
≤

2
π

3

}

A:= \{ e^{i \theta } : \frac {\pi }{2} \leq \theta \leq \frac {2\pi }{3} \}

. In this paper we generalize their theorem, providing conditions under which the zeros of other modular forms lie only on the arc

A
A

. Using this result we prove a speculation of Ono, namely that the zeros of the unique “gap function" in

M

k

M_{k}

, the modular form with the maximal number of consecutive zero coefficients in its

q
q

-expansion following the constant

1
1

, has zeros only on

A
A

. In addition, we show that the

j
j

-invariant maps these zeros to totally real algebraic integers of degree bounded by a simple function of weight

k
k

.
Subvarieties of general type on a general projective hypersurface
Authors: Pacienza Gianluca
Published: April 2004

We study subvarieties of a general projective degree

d
d

hypersurface

X
d

⊂

P

n

X_d\subset \mathbf {P}^n

. Our main theorem, which improves previous results of L. Ein and C. Voisin, implies in particular the following sharp corollary: any subvariety of a general hypersurface

X

d

⊂

P

n

X_{d}\subset {\mathbf P}^n

, for

n
≥
6

n\geq 6

and

d
≥
2
n
−
2

d\geq 2n-2

, is of general type.
Symplectic semifield planes and ℤ₄–linear codes
Authors: Kantor William , Williams Michael
Published: April 2004

There are lovely connections between certain characteristic 2 semifields and their associated translation planes and orthogonal spreads on the one hand, and

Z

4

\mathbb {Z}_4

–linear Kerdock and Preparata codes on the other. These inter–relationships lead to the construction of large numbers of objects of each type. In the geometric context we construct and study large numbers of nonisomorphic affine planes coordinatized by semifields; or, equivalently, large numbers of non–isotopic semifields: their numbers are not bounded above by any polynomial in the order of the plane. In the coding theory context we construct and study large numbers of

Z

4

\mathbb {Z}_4

–linear Kerdock and Preparata codes. All of these are obtained using large numbers of orthogonal spreads of orthogonal spaces of maximal Witt index over finite fields of characteristic 2. We also obtain large numbers of “boring” affine planes in the sense that the full collineation group fixes the line at infinity pointwise, as well as large numbers of Kerdock codes “boring” in the sense that each has as small an automorphism group as possible. The connection with affine planes is a crucial tool used to prove inequivalence theorems concerning the orthogonal spreads and associated codes, and also to determine their full automorphism groups.
Semilinear parabolic equations involving measures and low regularity data
Authors: Amann H. , Quittner P.
Published: April 2004

A detailed study of abstract semilinear evolution equations of the form

u
˙

+
A
u
=
μ
(
u
)

\dot u+Au=\mu (u)

is undertaken, where

−
A

-A

generates an analytic semigroup and

μ
(
u
)

\mu (u)

is a Banach space valued measure depending on the solution. Then it is shown that the general theorems apply to a variety of semilinear parabolic boundary value problems involving measures in the interior and on the boundary of the domain. These results extend far beyond the known results in this field. A particularly new feature is the fact that the measures may depend nonlinearly and possibly nonlocally on the solution.
Homeomorphism groups of manifolds and Erdos space
Authors: Dijkstra Jan , van Mill Jan
Published: April 2004

LetMMbe either a topological manifold, a Hilbert cube manifold, or a Menger manifold and letDDbe an arbitrary countable dense subset ofMM. Consider the topological groupH(M,D)\mathcal {H}(M,D)which consists of all autohomeomorphisms ofMMthat mapDDonto itself equipped with the compact-open topology. We present a complete solution to the topological classification problem forH(M,D)\mathcal {H}(M,D)as follows. IfMMis a one-dimensional topological manifold, thenH(M,D)\mathcal {H}(M,D)is homeomorphic toQ∞\mathbb {Q}^\infty, the countable power of the space of rational numbers. In all other cases we found thatH(M,D)\mathcal {H}(M,D)is homeomorphic to the famed Erdős spaceE\mathfrak E, which consists of the vectors in Hilbert spaceℓ2\ell ^2with rational coordinates. We obtain the second result by developing topological characterizations of Erdős space.
Parametrized dynamics of the Weierstrass elliptic function
Authors: Hawkins Jane , Koss Lorelei
Published: April 2004

We study parametrized dynamics of the Weierstrass elliptic

℘
\wp

function by looking at the underlying lattices; that is, we study parametrized families

℘

Λ

\wp _{\Lambda }

and let

Λ
\Lambda

vary. Each lattice shape is represented by a point

τ
\tau

in a fundamental period in modular space; for a fixed lattice shape

Λ
=
[
1
,
τ
]

\Lambda = [1, \tau ]

we study the parametrized space

k
Λ

k \Lambda

. We show that within each shape space there is a wide variety of dynamical behavior, and we conduct a deeper study into certain lattice shapes such as triangular and square. We also use the invariant pair

(

g
2

,

g
3

)

(g_2, g_3)

to parametrize some lattices.
Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice: Model Characterization and Application for Genetically Modified Mice
Authors: Nakamura Takehiro , Xi Guohua , Hua Ya , Schallert Timothy , Hoff Julian T. , Keep Richard F.
Published: April 2004

Gene knockout or transgenic animals may assist in elucidating the mechanisms of brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, almost all commercially available transgenic or knockout animals are mice. The purpose of this study was to develop an ICH model in mice and to investigate the influence of gender and complement C5 genetic differences on outcome after ICH. Male and female C57BL/6 mice and C5-deficient and -sufficient control mice were anesthetized and then received an injection of 30 μL autologous whole blood into the right basal ganglia. Brain water content was studied at 1 and 3 days after ICH. Behavioral tests (forelimb use asymmetry and corner turn test) were performed at 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, or 28 days after ICH. In male mice, brain water content was significantly increased in the ipsilateral basal ganglia 1 and 3 days after ICH, compared with saline injection controls ( P>0.01). There were marked neurological deficits 1 and 3 days after ICH, with progressive recovery over 28 days. In contrast, although brain edema and behavioral deficits were similar at 1 day after ICH in female and male mice, female mice showed reduced edema at 3 days and a faster recovery of behavioral deficits after ICH. 17β-estradiol treatment in male mice markedly reduced ICH-induced edema ( P>0.01). Brain water content was significantly increased in C5-deficient mice compared with C5-sufficient at 3 days after ICH ( P>0.05). These findings suggest that the mouse ICH model is a reproducible and feasible model. These results also suggest that gender and complement C5 are factors affecting brain injury after ICH.
The “Dark Side” of Endocannabinoids: A Neurotoxic Role for Anandamide
Authors: Cernak Ibolja , Vink Robert , Natale JoAnne , Stoica Bogdan , Paul M. Lea , Movsesyan Vilen , Ahmed Farid , Knoblach Susan M. , Fricke Stanley T. , Faden Alan I.
Published: April 2004

Endocannabinoids, including 2-arachidonoylglycerol and anandamide ( N-arachidonoylethanolamine; AEA), have neuroprotective effects in the brain through actions at CB1 receptors. However, AEA also binds to vanilloid (VR1) receptors and induces cell death in several cell lines. Here we show that anandamide causes neuronal cell death in vitro and exacerbates cell loss caused by stretch-induced axonal injury or trophic withdrawal in rat primary neuronal cultures. Administered intracerebroventricularly, AEA causes sustained cerebral edema, as reflected by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, regional cell loss, and impairment in long-term cognitive function. These effects are mediated, in part, through VR1 as well as through calpain-dependent mechanisms, but not through CB1 receptors or caspases. Central administration of AEA also significantly upregulates genes involved in proinflammatory/microglial-related responses. Thus, anandamide produces neurotoxic effects both in vitro and in vivo through multiple mechanisms independent of the CB1 receptor.
Assessment of office market in Hong Kong decentralized district versus CBD
Authors: Hui Eddie C.M. , Tse Raymond Y.C.
Published: April 2004

Office decentralization has been developing rapidly in Hong Kong since the early 1980s. Office tenants relocated their businesses to the Decentralized District (DD) with the benefits of lower rent, higher flexibility of space use and better supporting facilities. This study examines office decentralization in Hong Kong's office market, both the upturn and downturn. It analyzes the vacancy trend of the Grade A office market in Hong Kong: DD versus Central Business District (CBD), based on a Decentralization Index. This study found that the CBD is a more stable office market sector than the non‐CBD. During a market upturn, the Grade A office market in Hong Kong DD has outperformed that in the CBD. However, during a market downturn, the vacancy rate in the DD tends to increase at a greater rate than that in the CBD. The study also found that periods with a sufficiently high index of decentralization generally experienced increases in CBD rent premiums.
Internet versus traditional office sales
Authors: Dermisi Sofia V.
Published: April 2004

This paper focuses on a comparison between Internet and traditionally presented and transacted office properties for sale in Boston/US and London/UK. This comparison provides a better understanding of the effect of the Internet on the real estate office market based on a data‐driven, rather than an opinion‐based, study. The study of both cities for a 6 month period, from September 2000 to February 2001, indicated that small properties are more likely to be sold through the Internet than in the traditional office market. Moreover, in both cities, there are differences in the distributions of price per square foot and area in square feet between Internet and traditionally transacted office properties.
EScholarship at the University of California: a case study in sustainable innovation for open access
Authors: Hughes Carol Ann
Published: April 2004

This paper describes the history of the University of California eScholarship program, a joint effort of the University of California Libraries in collaboration with the California Digital Library. It discusses the context that gave rise to the creation of the eScholarship Repository, the logistical issues involved in setting up a multi‐campus persistent repository for scholarly output, and future issues to be addressed in developing experimental reconfigurations of the components of scholarly communication in collaboration with communities of scholars.
Public libraries in a multicultural space: a case study of integration processes in local communities
Authors: Elbeshausen Hans , Skov Peter
Published: April 2004

This article discusses how integration processes in Denmark can be more efficiently supported by public libraries. The theoretical framework used in the research is connected to the notion of social capital and transnational spaces. From this point of departure, the authors do not view integration as a convergence of different value systems, but rather as an expansion and a diversification of the points of contact ethnic minority groups are developing within Danish society. The authors' basic conclusion is that public libraries will serve integration purposes more efficiently if they cease to be bound to integration concepts where the culture of countries of origin and that of an oversocialized actor are centrally placed.
Benchmarking challenges to supply‐chain integration
Authors: Briscoe Jason , Nels Lee Terry , Fawcett Stanley E.
Published: April 2004

The goal is to manage the key value‐added processes from the “suppliers' supplier to the customers' customer.” Such end‐to‐end supply chain integration is very rare; however, many companies actively strive to implement initiatives in the areas of new product development, cycle time reduction, process redesign, cost minimization, and quality improvement across organizational boundaries. Most efforts are dyadic, focusing on a buyer/supplier relationship. Few examples of multi‐tier implementation efforts have been documented. This paper looks at the challenges encountered in the implementation of a quality initiative in the semiconductor industry. The focus is on the challenges encountered as a successful first‐tier implementation was driven back to the second tier. Initial efforts failed and responsibility for second‐tier implementation was passed back to the first‐tier suppliers. Efforts at this level continued to stall because the leverage dynamics of the supply chain was very different as smaller, second‐tier suppliers were engaged and encouraged to adopt the new quality standard.
Preoperative stellate ganglion blockade prevents tourniquet‐induced hypertension during general anesthesia
Authors: Arai Y‐C. P. , Ogata J. , Matsumoto Y. , Yonemura H. , Kido K. , Uchida T. , Ueda W.
Published: April 2004

Background:  Prolonged and excessive inflation of pneumatic tourniquets leads to a hyperdynamic circulatory response. Sympathomimetic activity is an important factor in tourniquet‐induced hypertension. Stellate ganglion block specifically blunts sympathetic efferent nerves and prevents hypertension induced by sympathomimetic stimulation. The present study was performed to investigate the effects of stellate ganglion block (SGB) on arterial pressure and heart rate during prolonged tourniquet use under general anesthesia.

Methods:  Twenty patients scheduled for knee arthroscopy were either treated with 10 ml of 1% lidocaine for SGB (SGB group; n = 10), or intramuscular injection (IM group; n = 10) before tourniquet inflation. Comparisons of systolic and diastolic arterial pressure and heart rate were made before and after the induction of anesthesia, 10 min after the lidocaine treatment, every 5 min during the first 60 min after tourniquet inflation, and immediately before and 5 min following deflation. The maximum values of the circulatory variables were compared.

Results:  Tourniquet inflation caused increases in the circulatory variables in both groups. Systolic arterial pressure in the SGB group was significantly lower than that in the IM group after 55 min of tourniquet inflation. Diastolic arterial pressure also was significantly lower in the SGB group immediately before the deflation. The maximum values of the three hemodynamic variables were significantly lower in the SGB group. Arterial pressure significantly decreased after tourniquet deflation in the IM group.

Conclusion:  Ipsilateral SGB attenuated the hyperdynamic response mediated by prolonged tourniquet inflation during knee arthroscopy.
The Contemporary Presidency: Presidential Safety, Prosecutorial Zeal, and Judicial Blunders: The Protective Function Privilege
Authors: ABRAMS HERBERT L.
Published: April 2004

During the Clinton‐Lewinsky episode of 1998, the independent prosecutor issued subpoenas to Secret Service agents to force them to testify. Presidential safety was at the heart of the debate that followed. The Treasury Department asserted a protective function privilege, whereby the agents could maintain confidentiality and thereby preserve the president's trust and decrease his tendency to distance himself. The courts rejected the privilege on the grounds that there was no precedent, that the agents were federal officials with a duty to testify, and that no harm would follow the president. In their decisions, the courts blurred the margins of separation and devalued the opinions of the experts–the Secret Service director and all prior living heads of the agency. To safeguard future presidents, the best recourse for the nation is legislative enactment of a protective function privilege, which would preserve confidentiality between the president and the agents who guard him.
Source Material: His Heart's Abundance: Notes of a Nixon Speechwriter
Authors: GAVIN WILLIAM F.
Published: April 2004

Richard M. Nixon used rhetoric as a means of solving specific political problems. Yet, despite his reputation as a pragmatist and a “nuts‐and‐bolts” politician, he was always asking his speechwriters for an elusive, never‐defined but, to him, all‐important quality he called “heart.” The least experienced member of his speech‐writing team, William F. Gavin, was able to provide that quality, especially in Nixon's acceptance speech in Miami Beach in 1968. Gavin describes what it was like to write for a man who hid his heart from public view but always wanted “heart” to inspire his rhetoric.
The Contemporary Presidency: The Presidential Election of 2000: A Great Civics Lesson?
Authors: DUDLEY ROBERT L.
Published: April 2004

As the 2000 postelection period wore on, media commentators began to refer to it as a great civics lesson. Unfortunately, too much of the commentary focused on the dramatic story unfolding in Florida and the voting systems used by some Florida communities. More important, the 2000 election provides an opportunity to relearn some old lessons about elections and serves to remind us that elections are not simply exercises in preference ordering but responses to an electoral environment defined by state and local jurisdictions. Issues of ballot design, the voting mechanisms used, and the efforts to make voting more convenient are questions of great political importance–questions that cannot be solved by technological fixes alone. Reform is needed, but reform efforts must to be guided by a better understanding of how voters actually relate to the voting process.
Never Cared to Say Goodbye: Presidential Legacies and Vice Presidential Campaigns
Authors: Murphy John M. , Stuckey Mary E.
Published: April 2004

Presidents are always concerned with their places in history and spend considerable time trying to influence historical judgments. One important locus for the exercise of such influence is the campaign of a potential successor. This article analyzes the ways in which presidents attempt to influence judgments of their legacies through the campaigns of their vice presidents. We focus on presidential discourse during the campaigns of 1960, 1968, 1988, and 2000. Each president used three primary rhetorical strategies in support of his vice president. These strategies formed a coherent narrative, a story that almost inevitably diminished the vice president and cut against the ostensible goal of the discourse: the elevation of the vice president to the presidency.
Ambassadorial Roles and Foreign Policy: Elbridge Durbrow, Frederick Nolting, and the U.S. Commitment to Diem's Vietnam, 1957–61
Authors: Adamson Michael R.
Published: April 2004

This study examines the roles played by Elbridge Durbrow and Frederick Nolting, U.S. ambassadors to South Vietnam from 1957 to 1961 and 1961 to 1963, respectively, in the implementation of U. S. policy at a pivotal moment when Washington conceded some of the leverage that it might have wielded over South Vietnamese president Ngo Dinh Diem. It illustrates how presidential administrations redefine ambassadorial roles and how ambassadors carry out their instructions. Both ambassadors acted in ways that officials in Washington may not have appreciated or expected, and therefore the study stresses the contribution of the embassy to policy development. The ambassadors who were posted to Saigon prior to the introduction of U.S. combat troops occupied a critical post for the implementation of policy. Ultimately, the manner in which Nolting played the role that the Kennedy administration scripted for him increased the odds that the only way of dealing with Diem would be through his ouster.
The Money Primary: What Influences the Outcome of Pre‐Primary Presidential Nomination Fundraising?
Authors: Adkins Randall E. , Dowdle Andrews J.
Published: April 2004

Since 1980, the positive influence of candidate performance and campaign organization explains much of the variation in fundraising during the pre‐primary season. Candidate performance is measured by national poll results, change in candidate viability, and length of candidacy. Campaign organization includes the amount of money the candidate's campaign spent on fundraising, size of the candidate's electoral constituency, and whether the candidate self‐financed his campaign. Using three ordinary least square recession models (for Democrats, Republicans, and combined), the authors examine the effects of these variables on pre‐primary fundraising from 1980 to 2000 where the incumbent president did not sit for reelection. In the combined model national poll results, change in candidate viability, fundraising expenditures, and self‐financing significantly affect fundraising during the money primary. Partisan models suggest that while Republicans benefit more from earlier national poll results, Democrats profit from changes in viability during the course of the pre‐primary season.
The Law: Homeland Security: The Concept and the Presidential Coordination Office–First Assessment
Authors: Relyea Harold C.
Published: April 2004

Federal response to recent terrorist attacks is being made in terms of homeland security, a new policy concept, and it is supposedly being coordinated by a recently established presidential homeland security office. At the moment, the concept is one of evolving meaning, but may be used, like national security, to justify the exercise of prerogative power in ways harmful to constitutional arrangements of government and guaranteed citizen rights. The presidential coordination office has been mandated in such a manner as to seemingly frustrate both congressional access to its director and congressional efforts to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of its operations.
Knowing What Really Happened
Authors: Beschloss Michael
Published: April 2004

Historians of the past have depended upon the creation and later the release of private diaries, letters, memos, and other records that shed light on the inner workings of a president's mind and his behind‐the‐scenes actions. Due to a number of forces, such records are increasingly less likely to be created or released, preventing scholars from having the kind of understanding of the hidden core of a presidency that they once were able to command.
A Dose of Law and Realism for Presidential Studies
Authors: Fisher Louis
Published: April 2004

Despite Tom Cronin's critique more than three decades ago objecting to theheroic qualities routinely assigned to the presidency, scholarly works and public debate continue to place the president on an artificially high pedestal. Students leave the university believing that the president–compared to Congress–represents the national interest, has special expertise and wisdom (especially in foreign affairs), and is more apt to protect the public purse andrestrain spending. These generalizations find no support in what we know about the two institutions. Those who write about the presidency need to look beneath the glowing generalizations to see some disturbing weaknesses. Why do we think so highly of the presidency when the individual occupants of the White House have been, to put it mildly, a mixed lot?
Why Do They Talk That Way? A Research Agenda for the Presidency
Authors: Hart Roderick P.
Published: April 2004

This article surveys the available explanations for why presidential discourse adopts the patterns it does and then suggests new ways of studying the presidency in the future. The article's operat‐ingpremises are these: (1) presidential scholars have been insufficiently attentive to theory building in the past, (2) the available ontological explanations for presidential discourse should be reinterrogated, (3) scholars need to go beyond traditional disciplinary boundaries when studying the presidency, and (4) a number of exciting new areas of study beckon on the basis of the preceding assumptions.
Knowing What We Want to Know about the Presidency
Authors: Jones Charles O.
Published: April 2004

Attention is directed to the intersection between the personal and the institutional in the study of the presidency, as suited to its place in the separated system. The postwar era is stressed, featuring, as it does, split‐party government in many variants. A range of research topics is proposed as a rich agenda of studies contributing to our understanding of the personal/institutional nexus.
Presidency and American Political Development: A Third Look
Authors: Skowronek Stephen
Published: April 2004

Over the course of the past century, the presidency was construed first as the solution to theprob‐kms of governing in America, and then as the source of America's governing problems. In its time, each of these constructions elaborated a history of the office andanchoredan agenda for presidential studies. It would seem, however, that political experience, if not the mere passage of time, has robbed both constructions of much of their bite, and that presidential studies finds itself for the first time without a dear historical program to exploit. This article explores the potential of reviving the research community through ct conceptual realignment of past and present. It examines three dimensions of the historicalreassessment of the office now in the offing: a constitutional dimension, aperiodization dimension, and a political agency dimension.
Why is the Nation‐State so Vulnerable to Ethnic Nationalism?
Authors: Brown David
Published: April 2004

Abstract. The strength of national identity derived from the belief that state elites would be the agents of equitable development. Their invented ideology of the social justice community resonated with the psychological needs of individuals in search of an imagined kinship community able to replicate the security of the family. From the late 1960s, the inability of state elites to fulfil their developmental promises led to a decline in state authority, which then translated into the erosion of its main legitimatory ideology – the myth of the assimilating nation. This generated the new legitimacy of countervailing ethnic nationalisms. Instead of looking to the state as the imagined kinship community, disillusioned citizens became receptive to new social justice claims by aspiring political elites, which depicted ethnicity as the alternative imagined kinship community. Attempts by state elites to manage these new ethnic claims face problems relating to the neutrality of the state and to the resonance of myths of the multicultural nation.
An Empirical Survey of Social Structure and Nationalistic Identification in Spain in the 1990s
Authors: De Rafael Gonzalo Herranz
Published: April 2004

Abstract. The present study aims to advance somewhat more in the subjective margins of what has become known as nationalistic consciousness. Based on two types of studies, one descriptive and the other explicative, and based on primary data from surveys from the CIRES,1 an attempt has been made to prove or refute two hypotheses: first, that the non–existence of nationalistic consciousness means that nationalism does not exist in an existing or projected nation; and second, that the social structure of nationalism has no definite profile, but that there are different types of nationalism, all with the same objective, that of gaining independence or political–cultural autonomy for their existent or projected nation.

These data demonstrate two important facts; the first is the non–existence of nationalistic consciousness in Spain. The second, which joins both hypotheses, is that in Spain there is a dual nationality or a shared nationalism, since the majority of Spaniards identify themselves with Spain as well as with their region and/or nation of origin, regardless of their ideology, religious beliefs, class, educational and professional status, etc. On the other hand, this leads us to suggest, and perhaps it is the most important result of the research, that this represents a consolidation of the system of Autonomous Communities.
Identity, Gender, and the History of European Nations and Nationalisms
Authors: Sluga Glenda
Published: April 2004

Abstract. The distinction between cultural and political nationalisms has become a commonplace in writings on nations and nationalism. In this article I analyse the relation of culture to politics in the history of modem European nationalist thought from a gender perspective. I argue that gendered forms of national identification and masculinist definitions of the body politic and the national citizen were mutually reinforcing. The article has three main sections. First, I draw on feminist historio–graphy to show that the central event of modem European nationalism, the French Revolution, involved a differentiation of masculine from feminine forms of national citizenship. Second, I use nineteenth‐century sources to argue that the ‘separation of spheres’ and an image of the bourgeois family effectively diminished the role of women in relation to the nation. In the final section I show that the history of changing perceptions of the sexed human body is implicit in the imagining of national communities and in the political legitimation of national boundaries and national identities.
The Reproductive State of Female Voles Affects their Scent Marking Behavior and the Responses of Male Conspecifics to Such Marks
Authors: Ferkin M. H. , Lee D. N. , Leonard S. T.
Published: April 2004

During the breeding season, the reproductive condition of female mammals changes. Females may or may not be sexually receptive. We conducted a series of experiments to determine whether reproductive condition of female meadow voles affects their scent marking behavior as well as the scent marking behavior of male conspecifics. In expt 1, females in postpartum estrus (PPE females) deposited more scent marks than females that were neither pregnant nor lactating (REF females) or ovariectomized females (OVX females). In expt 2, male voles scent marked more and deposited more over‐marks in areas marked by PPE females than by REF and OVX females. In expt 3, PPE females deposited more scent marks and over‐marks in areas marked by males than did females in the other reproductive states. The results of these experiments showed that male and female voles may vary in the number, type and location of scent marks they deposit in areas scented by particular conspecifics.
Nursing practice issues in Jordan: student‐suggested causes and solutions
Authors: Mrayyan M. T. , Acorn S.
Published: April 2004

Background:  The causes of the worldwide shortage of registered nurses are complex and require a multifaceted approach to the solution. It is imperative that issues of the practice environment are addressed because creating quality practice environments is essential to provide high‐quality care and to persuade nurses to remain in practice.

Aims:  The aims of this paper are to describe an international collaborative relationship, and to identify, describe and suggest solutions to three nursing practice issues relevant to Jordanian nursing.

Method:  Two faculty members, one from Jordan and one from Canada, collaborated via e‐mail to develop a fourth‐year course on nursing leadership and management, which was then jointly taught by them. A student assignment required students, working in groups, to identify a nursing practice issue in Jordan and suggest contributing causes and solutions.

Conclusion:  The issues identified by the students were: unclear role expectations, burnout and turnover, all of which were viewed as contributing to problematic practice settings. The students suggested possible solutions to the practice environment issues.
Using a FOCUS‐PDCA Quality Improvement Model for Applying the Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines to Practice: Process and Outcomes
Authors: Bader Mary Kay , Palmer Sylvain , Stalcup Connie , Shaver Thomas
Published: April 2004

In 2001, the Honor Society of Nursing, Sigma Theta Tau International and Nursing Spectrum sponsored an “Innovations in Clinical Excellence” contest to recognize examplars of evidence‐based nursing practice. This clinical column is one of the winning entries.
Critical Moments as Relational Moments: The Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue and the Conflict in Aceh, Indonesia
Authors: Leary Kimberlyn
Published: April 2004

Comments about the role of the mediator made by Lakhdar Brahimi, United Nations Special Envoy to Afghanistan, frame this inquiry into the relational milieu favorable to dialogue that explores a series of facilitated discussions between the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) and the Republic of Indonesia convened by the Henry Dunant Centre (HDC). Participants were interviewed as part of an oral history project investigating critical moments in negotiation. This method permitted an in‐depth study of a dialogue process as it was understood by the parties themselves, and highlighted the distinctive perspectives practitioners bring to bear with respect to accounting for decisive shifts in negotiation. Critical moments, for this dialogue community, included both macrolevel turning points and microlevel relational exchanges. Attention to the microprocess of exchanges deemed critical by participants suggests the crucial roles played by the practitioners’ attitudes and relational dispositions.
Contraceptive Use Before and After Marriage in Shanghai
Authors: Che Yan , Cleland John
Published: April 2004

Data from a cohort study of 7,336 newly married fertile couples conducted between 1987 and 1995 were used to analyze contraceptive method choice, switching, and discontinuation in two districts of Shanghai. Twelve percent of couples reported that they had had sexual intercourse before marriage. Only one‐third of those exposed to premarital risk of conception were protected by some form of contraception, mostly by withdrawal and periodic abstinence. As a consequence, a majority of these couples conceived, prompting rapid marriage in most cases and induced abortion among one‐fourth of them. After marriage, about half of the couples used contraceptives to postpone the birth of their first child, but of these, 40 percent experienced an unintended pregnancy. Method choice was dominated by condoms, withdrawal, and abstinence. After the birth of their first child, almost all couples (98 percent) adopted contraceptives, but one‐third of them used ineffective methods. Failure and discontinuation rates were high, giving rise to a high incidence of induced abortion. Increasing numbers of couples switched to the IUD, and this was the preferred method for the majority by the third year following childbirth. These results suggest that wider method choice that includes hormonal contraceptives should be provided to meet couples' needs in Shanghai and that the family planning program's attention should be focused specifically on sexually active unmarried individuals and on the availability of postpartum services.
Estimating Induced Abortion Rates: A Review
Authors: Rossier Clémentine
Published: April 2004

Legal abortions are authorized medical procedures, and as such, they are or can be recorded at the health facility where they are performed. The incidence of illegal, often unsafe, induced abortion has to be estimated, however. In the literature, no fewer than eight methods have been used to estimate the frequency of induced abortion: the “illegal abortion provider survey,” the “complications statistics” approach, the “mortality statistics” approach, self‐reporting techniques, prospective studies, the “residual” method, anonymous third party reports, and experts' estimates. This article describes the methodological requirements of each of these methods and discusses their biases. Empirical records for each method are reviewed, with particular attention paid to the contexts in which the method has been employed successfully. Finally, the choice of an appropriate method of estimation is discussed, depending on the context in which it is to be applied and on the goal of the estimation effort.
Contraceptive Use in a Changing Service Environment: Evidence from Indonesia During the Economic Crisis
Authors: Frankenberg Elizabeth , Sikoki Bondan , Suriastini Wayan
Published: April 2004

In the late 1990s, most Southeast Asian countries experienced substantial economic downturns that reduced social‐sector spending and decreased individuals' spending power. Data from Indonesia were collected in 1997 (just before the crisis) and in 1998 (during the crisis) that are used in this study to examine changes in the contraceptive supply environment and in women's choices regarding contraceptive use. Despite substantial changes in providers' characteristics during the first year of the crisis, no statistically significant differences are found between 1997 and 1998 in overall levels of prevalence, in unmet need, or in method mix. Women's choices regarding source of contraceptive supplies, however, changed considerably over the period. Changes in the contraceptive supply environment are linked here to changes in women's choice of source of supply, and a number of providers' characteristics are found to be significantly associated with women's choices in this regard.
Does Use of the Calendar in Surveys Reduce Heaping?
Authors: Becker Stan , Diop‐Sidibé Nafissatou
Published: April 2004

This study examines heaping of reported durations of three postpartum variables in five countries based on two methods of data collection in retrospective surveys. Two Demographic and Health Surveys were conducted for each of the countries, one that used a five‐year month‐by‐month calendar to record the durations and a subsequent survey in which duration information was collected from simple questions in the body of the questionnaire. Heaping indexes were calculated for breastfeeding, amenorrhea, and abstinence at six, 12, 18, and 24 months postpartum. Use of the calendar was associated with a significant reduction in the proportion of heaped responses for both breastfeeding and amenorrhea, and the effect increased for longer durations. To obtain more accurate information about these variables, the authors recommend the use of the calendar.
Rural Indian Women's Care‐seeking Behavior and Choice of Provider for Gynecological Symptoms
Authors: Rani Manju , Bonu Sekhar
Published: April 2004

This study uses data from the India National Family and Health Survey–2 conducted in 1998–99 to investigate the level and correlates of care‐seeking and choice of provider for gynecological symptoms among currently married women in rural India. Of the symptomatic women surveyed, 31 percent sought care, overwhelmingly from private providers (70 percent). Only 8 percent of women consulted frontline paramedical health workers. Care‐seeking behavior and type of providers consulted varied significantly across different Indian states. Significant differentials in care‐seeking by age, caste, religion, education, household wealth, and women' autonomy suggest the existence of multiple cultural, economic, and demand‐side barriers to care‐seeking. Although socially disadvantaged women were less likely than better‐off women to consult private providers, the majority of even the poorest, uneducated, and lower‐caste women consulted private providers. Geographical access to public health facilities had no significant association with choice of provider, whereas access to private providers had only a moderately significant association with that choice. The predominance of use of private services for self‐perceived gynecological morbidity warrants the inclusion of private providers in the national reproductive health strategy to enhance its effectiveness.
Adolescents in Vietnam: Looking Beyond Reproductive Health
Authors: Mensch Barbara S. , Clark Wesley H. , Anh Dang Nguyen
Published: April 2004

The research that has been conducted to date on Vietnamese adolescents has focused on unprotected and unsanctioned sexual activity and its health consequences, specifically abortion and sexually transmitted diseases, especially HIV. The question we pose in this article is whether this concern is warranted. Is the population community justified in limiting research on this population to early sexual activity and HIV risk? Even if the sexual behavior of young people can be considered problematic, are there perhaps other aspects of young peoples' lives to which more attention should be devoted? The literature on adolescent sexual behavior in Vietnam is reviewed and data on premarital sex and reproductive behavior are analyzed from a 1999 survey conducted in six provinces among nearly 1,500 adolescent boys and girls aged 15–22. Descriptive data on schooling and work are included in order to put the information on sexual activity in perspective. The data analysis reveals that, at least currently, the sexual behavior of unmarried adolescents in Vietnam is not what jeopardizes their health and well‐being.
The Rise of Women in Family Firms: A Call for Research Now
Authors: Nelton Sharon
Published: April 2004

Women are rising to positions of top leadership faster than we had expected 10 or 15 years ago. If ownership and leadership of family firms follow the pattern of women's ownership of all businesses, within 25 years a third of America's family firms will be owned and run by women. Research is needed to prepare family business professionals for this massive change.
Defining and Describing Family Business Ownership Configurations
Authors: Ward John , Dolan Christina
Published: April 2004

This paper attempts to further family business research and theory by more thoroughly defining the stages of ownership configuration in family firms. In addition, these definitions are applied to a database of family firms to test the definitions and provide some insight into the make-up of U.S. family firms.
Ethics in Personal Behavior in Family Business
Authors: Gallo Miguel Angel
Published: April 2004

This article summarizes the initial findings of a research project that explored violations of ethics in Spanish family businesses. The main results indicated that the most frequently perceived ethics violations were delaying succession processes, avoiding complex strategic planning, and building an organization based on the buying of loyalties. The age of the respondent affected the way in which these behaviors were perceived.
The F-PEC Scale of Family Influence: A Proposal for Solving the Family Business Definition Problem1
Authors: Astrachan Joseph H. , Klein Sabine B. , Smyrnios Kosmas X.
Published: April 2004

This article proposes an alternative method for assessing the extent of family influence on any enterprise, enabling the measurement of the impact of family on outcomes such as success, failure, strategy, and operations. This proposed method, utilizing a standardized and valid instrument— the F-PEC—enables the assessment of family influence on a continuous scale rather than restrict its use as a categorical (e.g., yesqno) variable. The F-PEC comprises three subscales: power, experience, and culture. This article discusses these scales in detail.