bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Allylation and Thermosetting of Acetosolv Wheat Straw Lignin
Authors: Truncali Alessio , Di Francesco Davide , Margarita Cristiana , Ribca Iuliana , Brandt Louise , Sochor Benedikt , Roth Stephan V. , Johansson Mats , Lundberg Helena
Published: November 2024

The acetosolv extraction, allylation and subsequent cross‐linking of wheat straw lignin to thermoset biomaterials is herein described. The extraction temperature proved to be of great importance for the quality of the resulting lignin, with moderate temperature being key for preservation of β‐O‐4’ linkages. The allylation of the acetosolv lignin was carried out using three different synthetic strategies, resulting in selective installation of either benzylic or phenolic allyl ethers, or unselective allylation of various hydroxyl groups via etherification and carboxyallylation. The different allylation protocols employed either allyl alcohol, allyl chloride, or diallylcarbonate as allyl precursors, with the latter resulting in the highest degree of functionalization. Selected allylated acetosolv lignins were cross‐linked using a thiol‐ene approach and the lignin with the highest density of allyl groups was found to form a cross‐linked thermoset material with properties comparable to kraft lignin‐based analogues.
An AMP‐activated protein kinase‐PGC‐1α axis mediates metabolic plasticity in glioblastoma
Authors: Sauer Benedikt , Kueckelhaus Jan , Lorenz Nadja I. , Bozkurt Süleyman , Schulte Dorothea , Weinem Jan‐Béla , Benzarti Mohaned , Meiser Johannes , Urban Hans , Villa Giulia , Harter Patrick N. , Münch Christian , Rieger Johannes , Steinbach Joachim P. , Heiland Dieter Henrik , Ronellenfitsch Michael W.
Published: November 2024

Glioblastoma, the most frequent primary malignant brain tumour in adults, is characterised by profound yet dynamic hypoxia and nutrient depletion. To sustain survival and proliferation, tumour cells are compelled to acquire metabolic plasticity with the induction of adaptive metabolic programs. Here, we interrogated the pathways necessary to enable processing of nutrients other than glucose.

We employed genetic approaches (stable/inducible overexpression, CRISPR/Cas9 knockout), pharmacological interventions with a novel inhibitor of AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) in glioblastoma cell culture systems and a proteomic approach to investigate mechanisms of metabolic plasticity. Moreover, a spatially resolved multiomic analysis was employed to correlate the gene expression pattern of PGC‐1α with the local metabolic and genetic architecture in human glioblastoma tissue sections.

A switch from glucose to alternative nutrients triggered an activation of AMPK, which in turn activated PGC‐1α‐dependent adaptive programs promoting mitochondrial metabolism. This sensor‐effector mechanism was essential for metabolic plasticity with both functional AMPK and PGC‐1α necessary for survival and growth of cells under nonglucose nutrient sources. In human glioblastoma tissue specimens, PGC‐1α‐expression correlated with nonhypoxic tumour niches defining a specific metabolic compartment.

Our findings reveal a cell‐intrinsic nutrient sensing and switching mechanism. The exposure to alternative fuels triggers a starvation signal that subsequently is passed on via AMPK and PGC‐1α to induce adaptive programs necessary for broader spectrum nutrient metabolism. The integration of spatially resolved transcriptomic data confirms the relevance of PGC‐1α especially in nonhypoxic tumour regions. Thus, the AMPK‐PGC‐1α axis is a candidate for therapeutic inhibition in glioblastoma.

Key Points/Highlights

AMPK activation induces PGC‐1α expression in glioblastoma during nutrient scarcity.

PGC‐1α enables metabolic plasticity by facilitating metabolism of alternative nutrients in glioblastoma.

PGC‐1α expression is inversely correlated with hypoxic tumour regions in human glioblastomas.
Chaperonin‐containing TCP1 subunit 6A inhibition via TRIM21‐mediated K48‐linked ubiquitination suppresses triple‐negative breast cancer progression through the AKT signalling pathway
Authors: Yang Mengdi , Cao Jianing , Liu Tiantian , Li Bin , Wang Jinyan , Pan Shuangyue , Guo Duancheng , Tao Zhonghua , Hu Xichun
Published: November 2024

Background

Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) is distinguished by a significant likelihood of distant recurrence and an unfavourable prognosis. However, the underlying molecules and mechanisms have not been fully elucidated.

Methods

We investigated the expression profile and clinical relevance of chaperonin‐containing TCP1 subunit 6A (CCT6A) in TNBC. We performed cell function assays on TNBC cells with CCT6A knockdown or overexpression. To further explore the mechanism of action of CCT6A, RNA sequencing and co‐immunoprecipitation–mass spectrometry analyses were utilized. Rescue and ubiquitination assays evaluated the impact of TRIM21‐mediated CCT6A ubiquitination and degradation on TNBC progression in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we studied the potential of Ipatasertib, a pharmacological AKT inhibitor, and/or anti‐PD1 therapy in inhibiting TNBC progression.

Results

Elevated CCT6A expression in TNBC patients was associated with an adverse prognosis and lymph node metastasis. Mechanistically, CCT6A facilitated cell migration, invasion, epithelial‐mesenchymal transition and proliferation by activating the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway. The TRIM21 RING domain is an E3 ligase, facilitating the K48‐linked ubiquitination‐mediated degradation of CCT6A, thereby impeding TNBC progression. Moreover, in the tumour tissues of the CCT6A‐overexpressing mice, the quantity of CD8+ T cells and the concentration of secreted interferon‐gamma were decreased, whereas in the group double‐overexpression of CCT6A and TRIM21, they were elevated; the opposite was observed in the knockdown and double‐knockdown groups. Ipatasertib demonstrated enhanced efficacy in inhibiting cell proliferation, invasion and migration in TNBC cells ectopically expressing CCT6A. When Ipatasertib and anti‐PD1 therapies were combined, both the tumour volume and mass exhibited a notable reduction, while the expression of CD45+CD8+ T cells increased, and that of CD45+CD4+CTLA4+ and CD45+CD4+PD1+ T cells decreased.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that TRIM21 inhibits TNBC progression by facilitating the K48‐linked ubiquitination‐mediated degradation of CCT6A via the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. This highlights the potential of Ipatasertib and/or anti‐PD1 as therapeutic strategies, particularly for TNBC patients overexpressing CCT6A.

Key points

Chaperonin TCP1 subunit 6A (CCT6A) plays an oncogenic role in triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) through the AKT signaling pathway.

TRIM21 facilitated K48‐linked ubiquitination‐mediated degradation of CCT6A, thereby impeding TNBC progression.

Our study collectively underscores the potential of Ipatasertib in conjunction with anti‐PD1 therapy as a promising strategy to counteract CCT6A/AKT hyperactivity‐driven TNBC progression.
Machine Learning Enabled Compact Frequency‐Tunable Triple‐Band Hexagonal‐Shaped Graphene Antenna for THz Communication
Authors: Rai Jayant Kumar , Patel Uditansh , Tiwari Poonam , Ranjan Pinku , Chowdhury Rakesh
Published: November 2024

In this article, a compact triple‐band frequency‐tunable (FT) hexagonal‐shaped graphene antenna through a machine learning (ML) approach for terahertz (THz) application is presented. The proposed THz antenna is designed on a polyamide () substrate with a thickness of 10 μm, and graphene is used as an antenna radiator. The size of the substrate is 38 × 46 μm2. The FT is achieved by changing the chemical potential of graphene material. The performance of the proposed THz antenna has been investigated, and the impacts of several conducting materials like gold, aluminum, copper, and graphene and dielectric materials like Rogers RT/duroid 5880, polyamide, quartz, and SiO2 are explored. The proposed THz antenna provides three operating bands. The frequency of operation in Band‐1 is 2.51–5.05 THz, Band‐2 is 5.99–7.43 THz, and Band‐3 is 7.94–9.63 THz. The bandwidth in Band‐1, Band‐2, and Band‐3 are 2.54, 1.44, and 1.69 THz, respectively. The % of impedance bandwidth in Band‐1, Band‐2, and Band‐3 are 67.19%, 24.02%, and 21.28% respectively. The proposed antenna has a maximum peak gain of 5 dBi. The proposed antenna is optimized through various ML algorithms like random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGB), K‐nearest neighbor (KNN), decision tree (DT), and artificial neural network (ANN). The RF algorithm gives more than 99% accuracy compared to other ML algorithms and accurately predicts the S11 of the proposed antenna. The proposed THz antenna would be suitable for applications related to imaging, medical, sensing, and ultra‐speed short‐distance communication applications in the THz region.
Metabolic Reprogramming of Fibroblastic Reticular Cells in Immunity and Tolerance
Authors: Kong Dejun , WillsonShirkey Marina , Piao Wenji , Wu Long , Luo Shunqun , Kensiski Allision , Zhao Jing , Lee Young , Abdi Reza , Zheng Hong , Bromberg Jonathan S.
Published: November 2024

Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) are pivotal stromal components that maintain the structure of secondary lymphoid tissues and modulate the immune responses within the lymphoid microenvironment. In response to specific immune or inflammatory stimuli, such as infection or autoimmune triggers, FRCs undergo significant metabolic reprogramming. This process, originally characterized in cancer research, involves the regulation of key metabolic enzymes, pathways, and metabolites, resulting in functional transformations of these cells. Specifically, viruses stimulate FRCs to enhance the tricarboxylic acid cycle, while rheumatoid arthritis and sepsis prompt FRCs to increase oxidative phosphorylation. These changes enable FRCs to adapt their functions, such as proliferation or cytokine secretion, thereby effectively regulating the immune microenvironment to meet the dynamic needs of the immune system. This review provides a comprehensive update on the metabolic reprogramming of FRCs, highlighting how these changes support immune tolerance and response under varied physiological conditions.
Catalytic Bond‐Forming Reactions Using Aluminium(III)
Authors: Choudhury Dipanjana , Wright Dominic S.
Published: November 2024

Static catalysis using neutral and cationic Al(III) complexes, in which the oxidation state of the metal does not change, can be applied to a range of catalytic bond‐forming reactions which have similar characteristics to transition metal analogues. This short review (although not intended to be comprehensive) highlights the current state of development in the areas of dehydrocoupling, alkene polymerisation, and other bond forming reactions involving single‐site Al(III) catalysts, focusing in particular on the key factors involved in molecular activation and the mechanisms of catalysis.
Doing Bad to Feel Good: Working Objectification Promotes Production Deviance Via Thwarted Perceived Control
Authors: Du Qiner , Wang Fang , Cheng Lei , Han Tailong , Hao Mingyang
Published: November 2024

What if employees engage in production deviance (e.g., take excessive breaks, intentionally work more slowly) not because they are lazy, but because they are trying to recover from working objectification? Through four studies (N = 1075), we test whether working objectification promotes production deviance via thwarted perceived control. The results showed that employees who experienced more working objectification reported lower levels of control and thus engaged in production deviance more frequently (Studies 1 to 4) and planned to spend more time on production deviance (Studies 3 and 4). Furthermore, restoring objectified employees’ perceived control can reduce the occurrence of production deviance (Study 4). Together, these studies provide insight into how working objectification promotes production deviance and how to mitigate this effect.
Cerebrospinal fluid metabolites as potential biomarkers for epilepsy: Insights from genome‐wide association studies
Authors: Zhao Zhenxiang , Xing Na , Hou Lin
Published: November 2024

Objectives

While metabolic imbalances have been observed in individuals with epilepsy, the direct involvement of specific metabolites in the development of the condition remains underexplored. A comprehensive analysis of the causality between cerebrospinal fluid metabolites (CSF) and epilepsy is pivotal in discovering innovative therapeutic interventions and prophylactic approaches.

Methods

Summary data from genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) of CSF metabolites and epilepsy subtypes were obtained separately. A total of 338 CSF metabolites were investigated as exposures, and 11 epilepsy phenotypes were examined as the outcomes. A two sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach was utilized to explore the causal influence of these metabolites on epilepsy. Causality was primarily estimated through inverse variance weighted (IVW) analysis, complemented by a range of sensitivity analyses to ensure result stability. Additionally, reverse MR analysis was performed to explore the possibility of bidirectional causality.

Results

The IVW method, reinforced by sensitivity analyses, pinpointed 17 CSF metabolites with causal implications for six epilepsy phenotypes. After False Discovery Rate (FDR) multiple testing correction, two metabolites (Methylmalonate and Gamma‐glutamyl‐alpha‐lysine) were found to have robust causal links to epilepsy (p < 0.05 and FDR<0.05). The other 15 metabolites exhibited suggestive evidence of a causal association (p < 0.05 and FDR>0.05).

Significance

This study highlights CSF metabolites that could serve as valuable biomarkers and may be critical in developing targeted treatments and preventing epilepsy.

Plain Language Summary

This study explores how certain chemicals in the brain fluid might influence the development of epilepsy, aiming to find new ways to treat or prevent it. Researchers looked at the relationship between 338 cerebrospinal fluid metabolites and 11 types of epilepsy using genetic data. They found that 17 of these chemicals could potentially cause six types of epilepsy. Two of these chemicals were strongly linked to epilepsy, suggesting they could be important for creating specific treatments or prevention strategies.
Shaking table test of a steel frame structure with layered three‐dimensional isolation
Authors: Shi Yundong , Wang Yuchen , Wang Qi , Dong Wenqing , Zhao Bo , Ding Yang , Li Zhong‐Xian , Wu Yitao
Published: November 2024

A three‐dimensional (3D) base isolation system can enhance the seismic performance of steel frame structures. However, the notable coupling effects and rocking behavior in the superstructure will complicate the design of base isolators and weaken the seismic resilience of the 3D base isolation system. To realize the 3D isolation function and constrain the coupling effects and rocking behavior of steel frame structures simultaneously, a layered 3D isolation system is proposed through the combination of a horizontal base isolation with friction pendulum bearings and a vertical floor isolation with steel coil springs installed beneath the floor slabs. A series of full‐scale shaking table tests of a two‐storey steel frame structure were conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed system. The test results indicate that the layered 3D isolation system with flexible horizontal displacement constraint devices decoupled the horizontal and vertical motions of the superstructure and improved the seismic behavior of steel frame structures. The horizontal–rocking coupling effects of the superstructure typically associated with traditional 3D base isolation were significantly suppressed. Due to the vertical acceleration isolation effects, the layered 3D isolation system led to stabler normal pressures on the friction pendulum and lower friction forces compared to the horizontal base isolation system, which mitigated the horizontal–vertical coupling effects of the structure and the stick‐slip motions of friction pendulums to result in higher horizontal acceleration isolation effects and self‐centering capacities. The unfavorable influence of elevating the floor slab on the seismic behavior of the superstructure was compensated by the horizontal isolation at the base.
Does Adoption of Multiple Climate‐Smart Agriculture Practices Improve Rural Farm Households' Food Security in Ethiopia?
Authors: Legesse Tibebu , Ganewo Zerhun , Alemu Abera , Ashebir Aneteneh , Samuel Andachew , Abayneh Yaynabeba
Published: November 2024

Climate‐smart agriculture (CSA) is a set of economically and environmentally friendly practices that can address the issues of food security under the new realities of climate change. However, the adoption of these practices among smallholder farmers is still low, especially in developing countries like Ethiopia. Thus, the main objective of this study was to assess the factors determining rural farm households' adoption of CSA practices and their impact on food security in the Sidama region, Ethiopia. Primary data for this study were obtained from a randomly selected sample of 523 households using a pre‐tested, structured questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multivariate probit, and an endogenous switching regression model. The study found that, in the study area, conservation of agriculture is the most popular CSA practice, which is adopted by 96.2% of the adopters, followed by soil fertility management (82.2%), crop diversification (62.3%), small‐scale irrigation (47.9%), and crop–livestock integration (40.7%). The multivariate probit model revealed that the sex of the household head, age of the household head, educational level of the household head, extension contact, information on climate change, and distance to the market were identified as determinants for the adoption of CSA practices. Furthermore, the endogenous switching regression model analysis revealed that adoption of CSA practices increased rural farm household food security status. Therefore, this paper suggests that smallholder farmers should incorporate CSA practices to improve their food security.
An investigation into the transcription factors and regulatory mechanisms of Aspergillus
Authors: Qin Yuxin , Yu Huawei , Tian Jun
Published: November 2024

Aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus, a group of filamentous fungi widely distributed in nature as foodborne pathogens, are a major threat to food safety. It is thus clear that Aspergillus is inextricably linked to the food sector. Transcription factors enable the correct expression of genes at specific spatial and temporal levels, and they constitute a considerable proportion of the fungal genome sequence. Their presence is particularly important for growth, secondary metabolism, stress response, and pathogenic process of Aspergillus. This article reviews the functional regulatory mechanisms of important transcription factors in the foodborne pathogen Aspergillus flavus and other Aspergillus species, the current status of research technologies, and the potential value of applying them to diverse fields such as food safety, biotechnology, medical health, and agricultural output in the future.
Data‐driven framework for predicting the sorption capacity of carbon dioxide and methane in tight reservoirs
Authors: Alqahtani Fahd Mohamad , Youcefi Mohamed Riad , Djema Hakim , Nait Amar Menad , Ghasemi Mohammad
Published: November 2024

As energy demand continues to rise and conventional fuel sources dwindle, there is growing emphasis on previously overlooked reservoirs, such as tight reservoirs. Shale and coal formations have emerged as highly attractive options due to their substantial contributions to global gas reserves. Enhanced shale gas recovery (ESGR) and enhanced coalbed methane recovery (ECBM) based on gas injection are advanced techniques used to increase the extraction of gas from shale and coal formations. One of the key challenges associated with these formations and their enhanced recovery methods is accurately predicting the sorption process and its profile. This is crucial because it affects how methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are stored and released from the rock, and it significantly impacts the evaluation of gas content and the potential productivity of these formations. Due to the high cost of experimental procedures and the moderate accuracy of existing predictive approaches, this study proposes various cheap and consistent data‐driven schemes for predicting the sorption of CH4 and CO2 in shale and coal formations. In this regard, three intelligent models, including generalized regression neural network (GRNN), radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), and categorical boosting (CatBoost), were taught and tested using more than 3800 real measurements of CH4 and CO2 sorption in shale and coal formations. To find automatically their appropriate control parameters and improve their prediction ability, RBFNN and CatBoost were evolved using grey wolf optimization (GWO). The obtained results exhibited the encouraging prediction capabilities of the suggested models. In addition, it was found that CatBoost‐GWO is the most accurate scheme with total root mean square (RMSE) and determination coefficient (R2) of 0.1229 and 0.9993 for CO2 sorption, and 0.0681 and 0.9970 for CH4 sorption, respectively. Additionally, this approach demonstrated its physical validity by respecting the real sorption tendencies with respect to operational parameters. Furthermore, the CatBoost‐GWO model outperforms recently published machine learning approaches. Lastly, the findings of this study offer a significant contribution by demonstrating that the suggested model can greatly improve the ease of estimating CO2 and CH4 sorption in tight formations, thereby facilitating the simulation of other parameters related to this process. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Role of Personalized Stenosing Tenosynovitis Brace Therapy Based on 3D Printing Technology: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Sun Guantong , Li Xiaodong , Dai Jingjing
Published: November 2024

Objective

To explore the clinical effect of personalized brace based on 3D printing technology in the treatment of stenosing tenosynovitis.

Methods

From September 2021 to June 2023, 20 patients with stenosing tenosynovitis were collected and randomly divided into the experimental group and the control group, with 10 cases in each group, and each patient signed an informed consent. The experimental group was treated with personalized brace combined with External Diclofenac Diethalamine Emulgel, and the control group was treated with External Diclofenac Diethalamine Emulgel, and the clinical efficacy and pain scores of the two groups were compared.

Results

After 8 weeks of treatment, the degree of pain relief, metacarpophalangeal joint mobility and proximal interphalangeal joint mobility of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group. The activity pain scores of both groups were reduced, but the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

For the treatment of patients with stenosing tenosynovitis, it is recommended to use personalized stenosing tenosynovitis brace therapy based on 3D printing technology combined with External Diclofenac Diethalamine Emulgel at the first visit, which can significantly reduce finger pain and improve hand function.
A State‐of‐the‐Art Review on the Recent Advances in Exosomes in Oncogenic Virus
Authors: Ebrahimi Fatemeh , Modaresi Movahedi Ali , Sabbaghian Mohammad , Poortahmasebi Vahdat
Published: November 2024

Background and Aims

Oncogenic viruses are responsible for approximately 12% of human malignancies, influencing various cancer processes through intricate interactions with host cells. Exosomes (EXOs), nanometric‐sized microvesicles involved in cell communication, have emerged as critical mediators in these interactions. This review aims to explore the mechanisms by which EXOs produced by cells infected with oncogenic viruses promote cancer growth, enhance viral transmissibility, and act as immunomodulators.

Methods

A comprehensive review was conducted, focusing on recent studies highlighting the mechanisms by which EXOs facilitate the oncogenic potential of viruses. The analysis included the characterization of exosomal content, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins, and their effects on tumor microenvironments and immune responses. A search was performed using databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. MeSH keywords related to EXOs, oncogenic viruses, and cancer were used to retrieve relevant review, systematic, and research articles.

Results

Findings indicate that EXOs from oncogenic virus‐infected cells carry viral components that facilitate infection and inflammation. These EXOs alter the tumor microenvironment, contributing to the development of virus‐associated cancers. Additionally, the review highlights the growing interest among researchers regarding the implications of EXOs in cancer progression and their potential role in enhancing the oncogenicity of viruses.

Conclusion

The findings underscore the pivotal role of EXOs in mediating the oncogenic effects of viruses, suggesting that targeting exosomal pathways may provide new therapeutic avenues for managing virus‐associated cancers. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the functional mechanisms of EXOs in viral oncogenesis.
Enhancing the Performance of Split Unit Air‐Conditioning System by Integrating Air–PCM Heat Transfer Unit: Numerical and Experimental Assessment
Authors: Hussein Noor A. , Abdul‐Zahra Amar S. , Al Jubori Ayad M.
Published: November 2024

The growing need for energy‐efficient cooling solutions has driven the exploration of cutting‐edge technologies in air‐conditioning (AC) systems. Therefore, this research aims to improve the energy efficiency of a split AC system by incorporating a phase change material (PCM) heat transfer element into the AC system. PCM can release and store thermal energy, assisting in decreasing the load on the AC system during peak cooling periods. The PCM utilized in the study is Rubitherm RT18HC. The study includes numerical and experimental evaluations to assess the impact of the air–PCM unit on the split unit's performance. The numerical simulations were conducted using computational fluid dynamics models based on ANSYS‐Fluent to choose the best design and conditions for the air–PCM unit. The experimental study was conducted in the hot environment of Iraq, where outdoor temperatures exceed 43°C. The numerical results showed that the best design and conditions concluded to be a 1‐cm PCM height in the panels, 3 cm air channel height, 0.9 m/s air velocity for charging, 0.45 m/s air velocity for discharging, 7°C inlet air temperature for charging, and 25°C inlet air temperature for discharging. In the experimental part, after validating the theoretical results, two practical cases were conducted to evaluate the split unit performance with and without PCM. The results showed an average of 5% lower room temperature, 9.5% lower air entering the evaporator temperature, 10% lower energy consumption, and a 12.5% increase in the AC unit's coefficient of performance when using the air–PCM heat transfer unit.
A Computational Analysis of Air‐Cooled Heat Sinks Designs for PV Solar Panel Cooling With Different Fin Numbers
Authors: Hasan Abdullah Al , Abdullah Md. , Sazid Abu Soyeb
Published: November 2024

The efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) solar panels is highly sensitive to operating temperatures, with increased temperatures leading to a significant decline in electrical output and overall performance. Despite extensive research into thermal management solutions for PV panels, there remains a gap in optimizing passive cooling systems, particularly air‐cooled heat sinks, to achieve effective heat dissipation. This study addresses the challenge by conducting a detailed computational analysis of air‐cooled heat sinks with varying fin configurations to enhance the thermal regulation of PV panels. Using computational fluid dynamics simulations, this work evaluates the influence of fin number and spacing on airflow dynamics and heat dissipation efficiency. Key findings from ANSYS Postprocessor simulations indicate that heat sinks with a higher number of fins improve heat dissipation, with the 11‐fin configuration demonstrating the highest temperature drop of 38.44 K. Comparatively, the base model (nine fins, 0.05 m fin spacing) exhibited a maximum temperature of 331.46 K and a mean velocity of 1.58 m/s. A parametric study of finless designs showed a lower mean temperature of 321.28 K, but with significantly reduced airflow velocity. Intermediate designs, such as the six‐fin and seven‐fin heat sinks, also demonstrated improved thermal performance over the finless model but were outperformed by the 11‐fin configuration. This study contributes to the ongoing efforts to optimize passive cooling for PV solar panels by demonstrating the critical impact of fin number on heat sink effectiveness. The findings offer valuable insights into the design of more efficient cooling mechanisms, potentially enhancing both the performance and longevity of PV systems.
Optimizing Hydrazine Activation on Dual‐Site Co‐Zn Catalysts for Direct Hydrazine‐Hydrogen Peroxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Liu Qian , Han Junwei , Yang Yue , Chen Zerui , Wu Hao Bin
Published: November 2024

Direct hydrazine‐hydrogen peroxide fuel cells (DHzHPFCs) offer unique advantages for air‐independent applications, but their commercialization is impeded by the lack of high‐performance and low‐cost catalysts. This study reports a novel dual‐site Co‐Zn catalyst designed to enhance the hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR) activity. Density functional theory calculations suggested that incorporating Zn into Co catalysts can weaken the binding strength of the crucial N2H3* intermediate, which limits the rate‐determining N2H3* desorption step. The synthesized p‐Co9Zn1 catalyst exhibited a remarkably low reaction potential of −0.15 V versus RHE at 10 mA cm−2, outperforming monometallic Co catalysts. Experimental and computational analyses revealed dual active sites at the Co/ZnO interface, which facilitate N2H3* desorption and subsequent N2H2* formation. A liquid N2H4‐H2O2 fuel cell with p‐Co9Zn1 catalyst achieved a high open circuit voltage of 1.916 V and a maximum power density of 195 mW cm−2, demonstrating the potential application of the dual‐site Co‐Zn catalyst. This rational design strategy of tuning the N2H3* binding energy through bimetallic interactions provides a pathway for developing efficient and economical non‐precious metal electrocatalysts for DHzHPFCs.
Machine learning model‐based preterm birth prediction and clinical nomogram: A big retrospective cohort study
Authors: Liu Ya , Liu Jiangling , Shen Heqing
Published: November 2024

Objective

This study sought to develop a multifactorial predictive model for preterm birth risk, with the goal of providing clinical practitioners with early prevention.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study utilized 2022 and 2018 National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) birth data, with the 2022 cohort arbitrarily split into training (70%) and internal verification (30%) subsets, and the 2018 cohort for external validation. Four machine learning algorithms—logistic regression, adaptive lasso regression, bootstrap forest, and boosted trees—identified features associated with preterm birth. The study then integrated the consensus features identified across the four models to construct a logistic regression‐based preterm birth prediction nomogram. To evaluate the model's efficacy, calibration, receiver operating characteristic (ROC), and decision curve analysis were applied to both the internal and external validation sets.

Results

The study included 2 567 040 mother–infant pairs from the 2022 cohort and 2 688 568 mother–infant pairs from the 2018 cohort. All four machine learning models demonstrated high accuracy (area under the curve [AUC] >0.7) in predicting preterm birth, and the internal validation results indicated good model generalizability. Feature selection identified nine common risk factors associated with preterm birth. The prediction nomogram based on these nine common features achieved AUCs of 0.701, 0.702, and 0.704 in the training, internal validation, and external validation sets, respectively. The calibration curves showed good agreement, and the decision curve analysis confirmed the model's net clinical benefits.

Conclusion

This study developed a reliable preterm birth prediction tool using large‐scale birth cohort data, filling the gap of lacking external validation for existing preterm birth prediction models.
A successful in vitro fertilization outcome in a hermaphrodite male
Authors: Albasha Shima Elbakhit M. E. , Al‐Said Sami Saadi , El Bardisi Haitham Tharwat M. H.
Published: November 2024

Synopsis

A case of male hermaphroditism who underwent surgery for the removal of female adnexa and bilateral gonadopexy at 2 years of age is presented.
Depletion of macrophages and osteoclast precursors mitigates iron overload‐mediated bone loss
Authors: Passin Vanessa , Ledesma‐Colunga Maria G. , Altamura Sandro , Muckenthaler Martina U. , Baschant Ulrike , Hofbauer Lorenz C. , Rauner Martina
Published: November 2024

Iron is an essential element for physiological cellular processes, but is toxic in excess. Iron overload diseases are commonly associated with low bone mass. Increased bone resorption by osteoclasts as well as decreased bone formation by osteoblasts have been implicated in bone loss under iron overload conditions. However, the exact contribution of individual cell types has not yet been formally tested. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of osteoclast precursors in iron overload‐induced bone loss. To that end, we used clodronate liposomes to deplete phagocytic cells (including macrophages and osteoclast precursors) in male C57BL/6J mice that were exposed to ferric derisomaltose. Bone microarchitecture and bone turnover were assessed after 4 weeks. The application of clodronate resulted in the efficient depletion of circulating myeloid‐lineage cells by about 70%. Depletion of osteoclast precursors mitigated iron overload‐induced trabecular bone loss at the lumbar vertebrae and distal femur. While clodronate treatment led to a profound inhibition of bone turnover in control mice, it significantly reduced osteoclast numbers in iron‐treated mice without further impacting the bone formation rate or serum PINP levels. Our observations suggest that even though bone formation is markedly suppressed by iron overload, osteoclasts also play a key role in iron overload‐induced bone loss and highlight them as potential therapeutic targets.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Oropharyngeal Floor of Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus, Linnaeus, 1758) Focusing on the Numerical and Regional Distribution of the Taste Buds
Authors: Madkour Fatma A. , Hiramatsu Kohzy , Mohamed Alsayed A.
Published: November 2024

The architecture of the avian oropharynx corresponds to the feeding pattern. The present study aims to provide data on morphology, morphometry, and spatial distribution of taste buds in the oropharyngeal floor of the northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) using gross anatomy, morphometric, and scanning electron microscopy. The lower beak tip and tomia revealed the presence of variably‐sized dermal papillae. The prefrenular part of the oral floor had an interrupted median groove. Numerous taste buds and rostral submandibular salivary gland openings were detected alongside this groove. The tongue partially filled the oral floor. Its rostral end formed a median pointed process, the lingual nail. The dorsolateral aspects of the lingual apex and body showed hair‐like and rosette‐shaped filiform papillae of variable densities and sizes. However, these parts were devoid of taste buds. On the other hand, the surface mucosa of the lingual root presented numerous scale‐like cellular elevations and a large number of taste buds. Examination of cross sections in the lingual root suggested the presence of two groups of caudal lingual salivary glands, central and lateral. The laryngeal mound contained taste buds that protruded from the surface epithelium into the lumen. The mucosa of the pharyngeal floor contained many taste buds that appeared similar to those detected on the laryngeal mound, except for the large taste pores, excessive cellular porosity, and denser microvilli. The total proportions of the taste buds in the oral and pharyngeal floors were 34.1% and 65.81%, respectively. The proportions of taste buds were 34.1%, 57.26%, 4.27%, and 4.27% in the sublingual floor, lingual root, laryngeal mound, and pharyngeal wall, respectively. In conclusion, this study provides comprehensive data on the oropharynx of northern bobwhite and will help to understand mechanisms governing food gustation in the studied bird and other related birds.
A Novel Cold‐Adapted Catechol 1,2‐Dioxygenase From Antarctic Sea‐Ice Bacterium Halomonas sp. ANT108: Characterization and Immobilization
Authors: Wang Quanfu , Zhang Xiaoxuan , Wang Anqi , Zhang Ailin , Wang Yatong , Hou Yanhua
Published: November 2024

The enzyme catechol 1,2‐dioxygenase (CAT) plays a critical role in the biosynthesis pathway of cis, cis‐muconic acid (CCMA), which serves as an indispensable raw material for various industrial applications. In this research, we cloned a novel cold‐adapted CAT (HaCAT) from the Antarctic sea ice bacterium Halomonas sp. ANT108. Homology modeling analysis revealed that HaCAT possessed the characteristic Fe3+ binding site and catalytic active site of typical CATs, and it exhibited unique structural adaptations to cold environments. The optimal temperature and pH for recombinant HaCAT (rHaCAT) were found to be 25°C and 6.5, respectively. At 0°C, the enzyme retained a maximum activity of 43.6%, and in the presence of 1.0 M NaCl, its activity reached 173.9%, demonstrating significant salt tolerance. Additionally, the Vmax and Km of rHaCAT were 6.68 μmol/min/mg and 128.90 μM at 25°C, respectively. Furthermore, rHaCAT was successfully immobilized in the metal‐organic framework ZIF‐8 and retained almost 50% of its activity after five reuse cycles, demonstrating excellent reusability. Overall, these results provided a new resource and theoretical foundation for the industrial biocatalytic production and modification of CAT.
Examining the role of single versus dual decision‐making approach for patient care: Evidence from cardiology patients
Authors: Goradia Deepa , Chandrasekaran Aravind
Published: November 2024

Research in healthcare suggests that repeated interaction between a provider and a patient can support better decision‐making, resulting in improved efficiencies. To date, these repeated interactions enabling continuity of care have not been studied in hospital inpatient settings. During a hospital stay, decisions related to patient treatment are usually made by two key decision‐makers: the attending physician (AP) and the operating physician (OP). Under the single decision‐making approach (S‐DMA), the AP and OP are the same; in contrast, under the dual decision‐making approach (D‐DMA), the AP and OP are different. In recent years, there has been an increasing trend toward the use of D‐DMA over S‐DMA across U.S. hospitals owing to scheduling conflicts. Although research outside healthcare operations management has argued for benefits from both approaches, their impacts on a patient's hospital stay are unclear. In this study, we address this gap by investigating the effects of S‐DMA and D‐DMA on patient care outcomes in terms of patient length of stay (LOS), treatment cost, and mortality. Data for our study come from the state of Florida and involve 520,554 cardiology patients treated by 9483 APs and 18,398 OPs at 241 hospitals between 2014 and 2016. We account for both patient and physician selection issues when choosing a particular decision‐making strategy. Our results suggest that, on average, using S‐DMA is associated with reduced patient LOS and treatment cost but has no effect on mortality. We also find that S‐DMA is more beneficial for patients with low comorbidity and low process uncertainty, whereas D‐DMA is more beneficial for patients with high comorbidity and high process uncertainty. Our results are robust to alternative explanations. We demonstrate that a single decision‐maker offers benefits in the context of healthcare delivery, but dual decision‐makers may yield benefits when caring for patients with high comorbidity and high process complexity. We discuss the implications of these findings for appropriately deploying S‐DMA and D‐DMA in inpatient services.
Risk factors for patellofemoral joint osteoarthritis following ACL reconstruction: A cluster analysis of anatomy and alignment
Authors: Demirjian Thomas , Crues John , Powers Christopher M.
Published: November 2024

Individuals who undergo anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction are at elevated risk for developing early‐onset patellofemoral joint osteoarthritis. Our objective was to use K‐means clustering to ascertain whether individuals at risk for patellofemoral joint osteoarthritis could be identified as determined by the presence of multiple co‐existing anatomical and patella alignment risk factors. Forty participants (20 after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, 20 healthy controls) underwent magnetic resonance imaging assessment of the patellofemoral joint. Measures of hypothesized risk factors for patellofemoral joint osteoarthritis were obtained including patella alignment (lateral patella displacement and tilt), trochlear morphology (sulcus angle, lateral inclination angle), patella height (Insall‐Salvati ratio and patella articulating overlap), and patellofemoral joint contact area. K‐means clustering (k = 2) was used to ascertain whether a high‐risk group could be identified. Following clustering, two distinct groups were detected. Participants assigned to cluster 1 exhibited features consistent with patellofemoral joint osteoarthritis including greater lateral patellar displacement and tilt, flatter trochlear grooves and lower lateral trochlear inclination, less patella articulating overlap, and reduced contact area. The proportion of females after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction assigned to cluster 1 was 75% (N = 15) compared to 25% of healthy females (N = 5). K‐means clustering was capable of characterizing individuals at elevated risk for patellofemoral joint osteoarthritis based on the presence of multiple co‐existing anatomical and patella alignment risk factors. The fact that a significant percentage of females were assigned to the high‐risk cluster supports the clinical observation that these individuals may be at higher risk of early‐onset patellofemoral joint osteoarthritis.
Machine learning‐based prediction of contralateral knee osteoarthritis development using the Osteoarthritis Initiative and the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study dataset
Authors: Kim Ji‐Sahn , Choi Byung Sun , Kim Sung Eun , Lee Yong Seuk , Lee Do Weon , Ro Du Hyun
Published: November 2024

Having osteoarthritis in one knee is reported as an independent risk factor for developing contralateral knee osteoarthritis (KOA). However, no study has been designed to predict the development of contralateral KOA (cKOA). The authors hypothesized that specific risk factors for cKOA development exist and that it could be accurately predicted with the assistance of machine learning. KOA was defined using the Kellgren‐Lawrence grade (KLG) of 2 or higher. Data from 1353 unilateral KOA patients (900 from the Osteoarthritis Initiative [OAI] and 453 from the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study [MOST]) over 4–5 years of follow‐up were examined. The risk factors for cKOA development were analyzed, and a machine learning model was developed to predict cKOA using OAI as the development data set and MOST as the test data set. cKOA developed in 172 (19.1%) and 178 (39.3%) of the patients (OAI and MOST, respectively) over a period of 4–5 years. A machine learning model was developed using the Tree‐based Pipeline Optimization Tool algorithm. This model utilized nine variables, including baseline lateral joint space narrowing grade of the contralateral knee (odds ratio 4.475). The area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristics curve, along with accuracy, precision, and F1‐score, were recorded as 0.69, 0.60, 0.50, and 0.58, respectively, in the test data set. The development of cKOA could be effectively predicted using a limited number of variables through machine learning. Surgeons should consider the development of cKOA in patients with identified risk factors when managing KOA patients.
Artificial intelligence with counseling on the treatment outcomes and quality of life in periodontitis patients
Authors: You Fu‐Tzu , Lin Pei‐Chen , Huang Chiung‐Lin , Wu Ju‐Hui , Kabasawa Yuji , Chen Chih‐Chang , Huang Hsiao‐Ling
Published: November 2024

Background

To evaluate the effects of artificial intelligence (AI)‐assisted dental monitoring (DM) with and without health counseling on the treatment outcomes and oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) of patients with periodontitis.

Methods

Patients with periodontitis were randomly assigned to either an AI group (AI group, n = 28), an AI and health counseling group (AIHC group, n = 27), or a control group (n = 27). All patients underwent nonsurgical periodontal treatment. Patients in the AI and AIHC groups underwent additional AI‐assisted DM and AI‐assisted DM with oral health counseling, respectively, for 6 months. Data on OHRQoL and periodontal measures were collected at baseline and follow‐ups.

Results

At 3 months of follow‐up, the AI and AIHC groups exhibited a significantly greater reduction in probing pocket depth (mean diff: −0.5 and −0.7) and clinical attachment level (mean diff: −0.5 and −0.6) compared with the control group. At 6 months of follow‐up, the AI and AIHC groups exhibited a significantly greater improvement in OHRQoL (mean diff: −4.5 and −4.7) compared with the control group. At 3‐month follow‐up, the AIHC group exhibited a greater improvement in plaque index (mean diff: −0.2) and OHRQoL (mean diff: −4.3) compared with the AI group.

Conclusion

AI‐assisted DM can be used to remind patients with periodontitis of their oral hygiene at home and effectively improve their periodontal measures and long‐term OHRQoL.

Plain Language Summary

Gum disease is a common problem, but new technology could help. In this study, researchers looked at how AI affects gum health and quality of life (QoL).

The researchers divided participants into 3 groups. One group used an AI system to monitor their gums at home. Another used AI plus got health advice. The third did not use any special technology.

After 3 and 6 months, the AI groups had healthier gums, with less deep pockets and better gum attachment, compared to the group without AI. The group that also got health advice saw even greater improvements, like cleaner teeth and a bigger boost to their QoL.

This is exciting because gum disease is tricky to manage alone. The AI system seems to help by reminding people to care for their teeth and gums. With expert guidance, the AI becomes an even more powerful tool for improving long‐term oral health and well‐being.

This study shows how new technologies like AI could transform how we approach common health problems. By providing personalized support, AI can empower people to better manage their own health, leading to better outcomes.