bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resistência ao cisalhamento de lajes nervuradas unidirecionais de concreto armado
Authors: Souza W. M. , Caetano T. R. G. , Ferreira M. P. , Oliveira D. R. C.
Published: August 2014

A resistência ao cisalhamento de lajes nervuradas unidirecionais de concreto armado sem estribos nas nervuras ainda gera controvérsias quando sua estimativa não considera a contribuição da capa monolítica. Visando contribuir para o melhor entendimento do comportamento destas lajes, foram confeccionados em laboratório 8 painéis de lajes nervuradas unidirecionais de concreto armado onde as principais variáveis foram a distância entre as nervuras e a espessura da capa. Foram avaliadas as recomendações normativas da NBR 6118, ACI 318 e EUROCODE 2 para as resistências últimas destas lajes. Os resultados experimentais mostraram que houve acréscimo de resistência ao cisalhamento com o aumento da espessura da capa, resultando também em maiores deformações nas armaduras e em flechas mais elevadas.
O papel do metacaulim na proteção dos concretos contra a ação deletéria de cloretos
Authors: Figueiredo C. P. , Santos F. B. , Cascudo O. , Carasek H. , Cachim P. , Velosa A.
Published: August 2014

O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a capacidade de proteção de concretos produzidos com metacaulim em relação ao transporte e penetração de cloretos. Para tanto, a partir de um concreto comercial de fck igual a 30 MPa, foram produzidos mais dois concretos substituindo-se 10% da massa de cimento por metacaulim, a saber: em um dos concretos manteve-se a mesma relação água/aglomerante do traço inicial de referência (a/ag = 0,60) e no outro manteve-se fixa a resistência à compressão. Em todas as três dosagens foi mantida a mesma faixa de consistência do concreto, com abatimento igual a (100 + 10) mm. A frente de cloretos na matriz cimentícia foi avaliada por meio da aspersão de solução de nitrato de prata, após ataque de 8 ciclos semanais de molhagem e secagem em solução contendo cloretos. Foram, então, realizadas avaliações da porosidade aberta, a partir do ensaio de absorção de água por imersão, para se ter um indicativo da estrutura interna dos concretos, assim como se procederam análises de DRX e MEV em amostras de concreto. Estes estudos objetivaram verificar as potencialidades do metacaulim na fixação de cloretos na forma de sal de Friedel, além de propiciar as análises microestruturais dos concretos. Concluiu-se com o trabalho que a incorporação de metacaulim diminui a difusividade de cloretos, na medida em que essa adição mineral produz refinamento da estrutura de poros do concreto e também porque ela induz à formação de sal de Friedel, o que a torna um agente eficaz na prevenção da corrosão das armaduras em ambientes ricos em cloretos.
Programa único o diferenciado: especificidad curricular de la escuela rural uruguaya
Authors: Santos Limber Elbio
Published: August 2014

El artículo refiere al fenómeno de la especificidad curricular que las escuelas rurales han tenido durante más de un siglo y al quiebre registrado en 2009 cuando se comenzó a aplicar una estructura curricular común a escuelas urbanas y rurales. Se analizan las circunstancias históricas de la pedagogía rural y en particular, una de sus materialidades simbólicamente más potentes, constituida por el Programa para Escuelas Rurales de 1949. Se hace referencia asimismo, al peso que esa pedagogía continúa teniendo en la actualidad y de qué manera influye en la gestión curricular del programa único. Las especificidades social y didáctica de la escuela rural tienen evidentes efectos sobre lo curricular en sentido amplio, con alcances mucho más extensos que los relativos al currículo prescripto. Por lo tanto, el desafío en la escuela rural actual de abordar la nueva estructura curricular de carácter único no es tan diferente del que se registró históricamente: dialogar con el medio de igual a igual y aprovechar al máximo el potencial para aprender que brinda la institución educativa, la comunidad y el grupo de estructura multigrado.
O espírito de horror à vida educativa nos campos: a educação rural paulista nas décadas de 1930 e 1940
Authors: Celeste Filho Macioniro
Published: August 2014

Nas décadas de 1930 e 1940 o sistema escolar paulista se consolidou em nova organização institucional em todo o Estado. Administradores escolares, os delegados regionais do ensino, organizaram em novo patamar a educação primária neste período. No espaço urbano, os grupos escolares eram o modelo a ser seguido. Contudo, como se encontravam as escolas rurais? Apresenta-se neste trabalho a visão destes delegados de ensino sobre a situação da educação rural em São Paulo neste período. O texto aborda o conflito entre a realidade cotidiana do sistema escolar possível e o ideal almejado para a educação rural no Estado de São Paulo. Os documentos utilizados foram os relatórios destes administradores escolares, preservados no Arquivo Público do Estado de São Paulo.
Da roça para a escola: institucionalização e expansão das escolas primárias rurais no Paraná (1930-1960)
Authors: Schelbauer Analete Regina
Published: August 2014

No âmbito do presente artigo propõe-se a compreender o processo de institucionalização e expansão das escolas primárias rurais no Estado do Paraná, Brasil, por meio das iniciativas empreendidas pelo governo estadual, suas relações com as diretrizes federais e as tematizações relacionadas à educação rural, entre as décadas de 30 a 60 do século 20. Os documentos que deram suporte à investigação constituem-se das mensagens e relatórios de governadores estaduais e interventores federais, analisadas a partir da produção historiográfica sobre o tema. Tais documentos possibilitaram construir um quadro das ações governamentais acerca da educação rural, identificar o tratamento dado à temática da escola do meio rural, verificar os modelos de escolas criadas e analisar as particularidades que marcaram o ensino primário rural no Estado.
Pensar o homem como corpo: a cunhagem simbólica em Portugal e Espanha (século 19)
Authors: Brás José Viegas , Gonçalves Maria Leal , Hernandez Dias José
Published: August 2014

Neste artigo investigamos a construção do corpo pelos manuais de civilidade publicados em Portugal e em Espanha no século 19. Os manuais de civilidade constituíram um mecanismo de poder-saber disciplinador da burguesia em ascensão eque marcaram certo processo de subjectivação. A partir do corpo estabeleceu-se uma nova ordem, que elevou o orgânico ao funcional e simbólico, em sintonia com a classe burguesa em ascensão, e que buscou orientar cada indivíduo a constituir-se como um sujeito moral, dando-lhe distinção e prestígio.
Genealogia feminina: diálogo silencioso entre gerações
Authors: Werle Flávia Obino Corrêa
Published: August 2014

Este artigo, desenvolvido na linha da História Cultural, adota como metodologia uma abordagem biográfico-narrativa. Discute, dentre outros conceitos, os de tradição, inovação, genealogia feminina na perspectiva de novos enfoques para a História da Educação. Considera a memória, tanto como um discurso, quanto como uma presença nos objetos e cultura material. Analisa um objeto guardado e presenteado de gerações em gerações a ser usado pelas mulheres de uma mesma família na hora do parto. Problematiza o tema da formação humana em espaços de relações familiares e em modalidades não escolarizadas e questiona o que as irmãs ensinam umas às outras, que aprendizagens ocorrem nas relações entre mulheres que são vizinhas, amigas, primas, tias, sobrinhas.
Modos de fazer história da educação: pensando a operação historiográfica em temas regionais
Authors: Luchese Terciane Ângela
Published: August 2014

No presente texto estão sistematizadas reflexões produzidas no decurso dos processos de pesquisa que tenho desenvolvido em História da Educação, com ênfase em termas regionais. O objetivo é apresentar pressupostos e alternativas metodológicas que tem orientado a condução das pesquisas, construídas especialmente a partir do vínculo teórico com autores da Nova História, com ênfase, na História Cultural. Restrinjo-me aos documentos escritos e, portanto, à análise documental, para partilhar as dimensões metodológicas que tenho considerado na produção de pesquisas em História da Educação.
Orphanato Municipal de Belém: acolhimento, educação e instrução a meninas (1893-1911)
Authors: Duarte Antonio Valdir Monteiro
Published: August 2014

Este artigo analisa as práticas educativas aplicadas a centenas de meninas que viveram em condição asilar durante a administração de Antonio José de Lemos (1897-1911), período marcado por transformações políticas, econômicas e sociais na capital paraense. Com o objetivo entender as práticas educativas no internato, o estudo revelou que, mesmo se tratando de uma instituição de natureza filantrópica, pelo menos no seu início, os regulamentos, programas e compêndios eram semelhantes aos estabelecidos para as demais escolas públicas. Ficou evidenciado que as disciplinas que envolviam as habilidades práticas, como trabalhos manuais, trabalhos de agulha e as prendas domésticas, tinham prioridade e ocupavam grande parte do tempo das educandas órfãs.
Energy and environmental forensic analysis of public buildings
Authors: Kinnane Oliver , Dyer Mark , Grey Tom
Published: August 2014

This paper outlines a forensic method for analysing the energy, environmental and comfort performance of a building. The method has been applied to a recently developed event space in an Irish public building, which was evaluated using on-site field studies, data analysis, building simulation and occupant surveying. The method allows for consideration of both the technological and anthropological aspects of the building in use and for the identification of unsustainable operational practice and emerging problems. The forensic analysis identified energy savings of up to 50%, enabling a more sustainable, lower-energy operational future for the building. The building forensic analysis method presented in this paper is now planned for use in other public and commercial buildings.
Soil impacts on UK infrastructure: current and future climate
Authors: Pritchard Oliver G. , Hallett Stephen H. , Farewell Timothy S.
Published: August 2014

This paper undertakes a critical review of the literature concerning mechanisms and impacts of soil-related geohazards to UK infrastructure. The country is predicted to have drier, hotter summers and wetter, warmer winters that in turn will increase the magnitude and frequency of many soil-related geohazards – predominantly due to changes in soil moisture. Probabilistic assessment will be required given the inherent uncertainty in assessing chronic soil hazards. The aim of this paper is to recommend a national framework methodology to aid the management of future risks posed by soil geohazards to UK infrastructure. The framework will help to prioritise ground investigations in high-risk areas, help to design suitable mitigation measures and encapsulate expert knowledge to interpret risk.
Sustainability assessment of urban water systems: a case study
Authors: Motevallian Seyed Sajed , Tabesh Massoud , Roozbahani Abbas
Published: August 2014

The concept of sustainability has received much attention from urban water systems planners and decision makers during the last two decades. A variety of system analysis tools have been used to assess the performance of urban water systems in achieving sustainability goals. This paper presents the lessons learned from conducting a hypothetical case study in the context of sustainability assessment of urban water systems. A fuzzy analytic hierarchy process, a well-known multi-criteria decision-making tool, is employed in terms of a group decision-making model as the sustainability assessment method. The case study is performed for a hypothetical region in Iran; however, data and information obtained from Tehran's urban water system are applied to simulate the real-world situation in the case study. The objective of the case study is the sustainability assessment and prioritisation of development scenarios for the region's urban water system. The results show that group decision-making models are efficient tools to provide a framework for incorporating stakeholder participation into the decision-making processes of urban water systems development. Also, fuzzy techniques can aid decision makers in dealing with the uncertainties and ambiguities of sustainability assessment models, particularly when most data and information are non-quantitative.
Phenological mismatch with abiotic conditions—implications for flowering in Arctic plants
Authors: Wheeler Helen C. , Høye Toke T. , Schmidt Niels Martin , Svenning Jens-Christian , Forchhammer Mads C.
Published: August 2014

Although many studies have examined the phenological mismatches between interacting organisms, few have addressed the potential for mismatches between phenology and seasonal weather conditions. In the Arctic, rapid phenological changes in many taxa are occurring in association with earlier snowmelt. The timing of snowmelt is jointly affected by the size of the late winter snowpack and the temperature during the spring thaw. Increased winter snowpack results in delayed snowmelt, whereas higher air temperatures and faster snowmelt advance the timing of snowmelt. Where interannual variation in snowpack is substantial, changes in the timing of snowmelt can be largely uncoupled from changes in air temperature. Using detailed, long‐term data on the flowering phenology of four arctic plant species from Zackenberg, Greenland, we investigate whether there is a phenological component to the temperature conditions experienced prior to and during flowering. In particular, we assess the role of timing of flowering in determining pre‐flowering exposure to freezing temperatures and to the temperatures experienced prior to flowering. We then examine the implications of flowering phenology for flower abundance. Earlier snowmelt resulted in greater exposure to freezing conditions, suggesting an increased potential for a mismatch between the timing of flowering and seasonal weather conditions and an increased potential for negative consequences, such as freezing damage. We also found a parabolic relationship between the timing of flowering and the temperature experienced during flowering after taking interannual temperature effects into account. If timing of flowering advances to a cooler period of the growing season, this may moderate the effects of a general warming trend across years. Flower abundance was quadratically associated with the timing of flowering, such that both early and late flowering led to lower flower abundance than did intermediate flowering. Our results indicate that shifting the timing of flowering affects the temperature experienced during flower development and flowering beyond that imposed by interannual variations in climate. We also found that phenological timing may affect flower abundance, and hence, fitness. These findings suggest that plant population responses to future climate change will be shaped not only by extrinsic climate forcing, but also by species' phenological responses.
New Insulin Glargine 300 Units·mL−1 Provides a More Even Activity Profile and Prolonged Glycemic Control at Steady State Compared With Insulin Glargine 100 Units·mL−1
Authors: Becker Reinhard H.A. , Dahmen Raphael , Bergmann Karin , Lehmann Anne , Jax Thomas , Heise Tim
Published: August 2014

OBJECTIVE

To characterize the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of a new insulin glargine comprising 300 units·mL−1 (Gla-300), compared with insulin glargine 100 units·mL−1 (Gla-100) at steady state in people with type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A randomized, double-blind, crossover study (N = 30) was conducted, applying the euglycemic clamp technique over a period of 36 h. In this multiple-dose to steady-state study, participants received once-daily subcutaneous administrations of either 0.4 (cohort 1) or 0.6 units·kg−1 (cohort 2) Gla-300 for 8 days in one treatment period and 0.4 units·kg−1 Gla-100 for 8 days in the other. Here we focus on the results of a direct comparison between 0.4 units·kg−1 of each treatment. PK and PD assessments performed on the last treatment day included serum insulin measurements using a radioimmunoassay and the automated euglycemic glucose clamp technique over 36 h.

RESULTS

At steady state, insulin concentration (INS) and glucose infusion rate (GIR) profiles of Gla-300 were more constant and more evenly distributed over 24 h compared with those of Gla-100 and lasted longer, as supported by the later time (∼3 h) to 50% of the area under the serum INS and GIR time curves from time zero to 36 h post dosing. Tight blood glucose control (≤105 mg·dL−1) was maintained for approximately 5 h longer (median of 30 h) with Gla-300 compared with Gla-100.

CONCLUSIONS

Gla-300 provides more even steady-state PK and PD profiles and a longer duration of action than Gla-100, extending blood glucose control well beyond 24 h.
Sulfonylurea Use and Incident Cardiovascular Disease Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Prospective Cohort Study Among Women
Authors: Li Yanping , Hu Yang , Ley Sylvia H. , Rajpathak Swapnil , Hu Frank B.
Published: August 2014

OBJECTIVE

Evidence is inconsistent for the association between sulfonylurea use and risk of cardiovascular disease among patients with diabetes. We aimed to prospectively evaluate this association using the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS), a well-established cohort of U.S. women with long-term follow-up.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We followed 4,902 women (mean age 68 years) with diabetes (mean duration 11 years), but without cardiovascular disease at baseline. The use of sulfonylureas and other medications was self-reported at baseline and during the follow-up period of up to 10 years. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the relative risk (RR) and 95% CI for the association between the sulfonylurea use and incident cardiovascular disease while accounting for potential confounders, including age, diabetes duration, diabetes-related complications, other antihyperglycemic medications, BMI, lifestyle factors, family history of cardiovascular diseases, and present chronic conditions. We also applied the propensity score stratification method to address the possibility of residual confounding.

RESULTS

We identified 339 incident cases of cardiovascular disease, including 191 cases of coronary heart disease (CHD) and 148 cases of stroke. A longer duration of sulfonylurea use was significantly associated with a higher risk of CHD (P for trend = 0.002); the RRs for CHD were 1.24 (95% CI 0.85–1.81) for patients who used sulfonylurea therapy for 1–5 years, 1.51 (0.94–2.42) for 6–10 years, and 2.15 (1.31–3.54) for >10 years, compared with nonusers. Compared with users of metformin monotherapy, the RR for CHD was 3.27 (1.31–8.17) for those who were treated with the combination of metformin and sulfonylurea. The analysis using propensity score stratification yielded similar results. We did not observe a significant association between sulfonylurea therapy and stroke risk.

CONCLUSIONS

Long-term use of sulfonylureas was associated with a significantly higher risk of developing CHD among women with diabetes.
Maternal Hyperglycemia During Pregnancy Predicts Adiposity of the Offspring
Authors: Kubo Ai , Ferrara Assiamira , Windham Gayle C. , Greenspan Louise C. , Deardorff Julianna , Hiatt Robert A. , Quesenberry Charles P. , Laurent Cecile , Mirabedi Anousheh S. , Kushi Lawrence H.
Published: August 2014

OBJECTIVE

To investigate associations between maternal pregnancy hyperglycemia, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and offspring adiposity.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We evaluated these associations in a longitudinal study of 421 mother-daughter pairs at Kaiser Permanente Northern California. Maternal pregnancy glucose values were obtained from maternal medical records. Outcomes included three measures of girls’ adiposity, measured annually: 1) ≥85th age-specific percentile for BMI; 2) percent body fat (%BF); and 3) waist-to-height ratio (WHR).

RESULTS

Adjusting for maternal age at delivery, race/ethnicity, pregravid BMI, girl’s age, and girl’s age at onset of puberty, having a mother with GDM increased a girl’s risk of having a BMI ≥85th percentile or having %BF or WHR in the highest quartile (Q4), compared with those in the lowest quintile of blood glucose (odds ratio [OR] 3.56 [95% CI 1.28–9.92]; OR 3.13 [95% CI 1.08–9.09]; and OR 2.80 [95% CI 1.00–7.84], respectively). There was a significant interaction between the presence of GDM and pregravid BMI; girls whose mothers had both risk factors had the highest odds of having a BMI ≥85th percentile (OR 5.56 [95%CI 1.70–18.2]; Q4 %BF, OR 6.04 [95%CI 1.76–20.7]; and Q4 WHR, OR 3.60 [95%CI 1.35–9.58]). Similar, although weaker, associations were found in the association between hyperglycemia and offspring adiposity.

CONCLUSIONS

Girls who were exposed to maternal GDM or hyperglycemia in utero are at higher risk of childhood adiposity; risk increases if the mother is overweight or obese. Screening and intervention for this high-risk group is warranted to slow the intergenerational transmission of obesity and its sequelae.
Laser ablation via programmable image projection for submicron dimension machining in diamond
Authors: Mills B. , Heath D. J. , Feinaeugle M. , Grant-Jacob J. A. , Eason R. W.
Published: August 2014

A digital micromirror device is used as an intensity spatial light modulator, in conjunction with a femtosecond laser, for programmable image-projection-based laser ablation of polycrystalline diamond. Results show the machining of complex structures on the diamond surface, where individual structures have submicron features, covering a total area of 10 × 10 μm and fabricated using ten laser pulses. This dynamic image-based machining technique may offer speed advantages over serial-writing procedures, whilst still producing wavelength-scale feature sizes.
Final-Year Veterinary Students' Perceptions of Their Communication Competencies and a Communication Skills Training Program Delivered in a Primary Care Setting and Based on Kolb's Experiential Learning Theory
Authors: Meehan Michael P. , Menniti Marie F.
Published: August 2014

Veterinary graduates require effective communication skills training to successfully transition from university into practice. Although the literature has supported the need for veterinary student communication skills training programs, there is minimal research using learning theory to design programs and explore students' perceptions of such programs. This study investigated veterinary students' perceptions of (1) their communication skills and (2) the usefulness of a communication skills training program designed with Kolb's Experiential Learning Theory (ELT) as a framework and implemented in a primary care setting. Twenty-nine final-year veterinary students from the Ontario Veterinary College attended a 3-week communication skills training rotation. Pre- and post-training surveys explored their communication objectives, confidence in their communication skills, and the usefulness of specific communication training strategies. The results indicated that both before and after training, students were most confident in building rapport, displaying empathy, recognizing how bonded a client is with his or her pet, and listening. They were least confident in managing clients who were angry or not happy with the charges and who monopolized the appointment. Emotionally laden topics, such as breaking bad news and managing euthanasia discussions, were also identified as challenging and in need of improvement. Interactive small-group discussions and review of video-recorded authentic client appointments were most valuable for their learning and informed students' self-awareness of their non-verbal communication. These findings support the use of Kolb's ELT as a theoretical framework and of video review and reflection to guide veterinary students' learning of communication skills in a primary care setting.
Synthesis and Crystal structure of 5,5'-Dinitro-[5,5'-Bi-(1,3,2-Dioxathiane)]2,2'-Dioxide
Authors: Zhang Pan , Li Jia-Rong , Yang De-Li , Shi Da-Xin
Published: August 2014

A novel 1,3,2-dioxathiane-2-oxide derivative 5,5'-dinitro-[5,5'-bis(1,3,2-dioxathiane)]2,2'-dioxide was synthesised. Moreover, the molecular structure of the compound was confirmed by the X-ray crystal structure determination.
A Novel Rhodamine Based Fluorescent Sensor for Mercuric Ion
Authors: Li LianQing
Published: August 2014

A novel fluorescent sensor, 2-(2-(1,4-dioxa-7,13-dithia-10-azacyclopentadecan-10-yl) ethyl)-3’,6'-bis(diethylamino)spiro [isoindoline-1,9'-xanthen]-3-one, has been synthesised and shows high selectivity for monitoring Hg2+ ion in ethanol solution.
Three-Component coupling of Alkyl/Aryl Isocyanides, Acetylene Dicarboxylates and (2,4-Dioxothiazolidin-3-Yl)Acetic Acids
Authors: Sanaeishoar Tayebeh , Mohave Fouad
Published: August 2014

The adducts produced in the reaction between alkyl/aryl isocyanides and dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates were trapped by (2,4-dioxothiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid to afford highly functionalised dialkyl ( E)-2-{[N-alkyl/aryl-2-(2,4-dioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl)acetamido]carbonyl}but-2-enedioates in good yields. When (5-arylidene-2,4-dioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl)-acetic acids were employed in these reactions, similar products were obtained.
Efficient Chiral Resolution of (±)-Cyclohexane-1,2-Diamine
Authors: Gao Chuan-Zhu , Wang Tian-Shuai , Chen Jia , Fei Fan , Chen Ji , Zhang Yan , Yang Bo
Published: August 2014

A novel and efficient method has been developed for the chiral resolution and separation from cis-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine of (±)-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine, which reacts with xylaric acid, a substitute for tartaric acid. This method provides (1R,2R)-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine, and (1S,2S)-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine and cis-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine in good yield with high optical purity.
Facile synthesis of 3-Benzylsulfinyl- and 3-Benzylsulfonyl-7-Diethylaminocoumarins
Authors: Wang Xiaolong , Xue Ziyan , Ma Yanying , Yang Fang
Published: August 2014

The efficient synthesis of a 3-benzylsulfinylcoumarin and a 3-benzylsulfonylcoumarin starting from thiobenzyl alcohol using solvent-free Knoevenagel reaction as the key step is reported. Moreover, the molecular structure of 3-benzylsulfonyl-7-diethylaminocoumarin is confirmed by X-ray crystal analysis.
A Facile Route to the synthesis of 1,3,4-Oxadiazoline Derivatives
Authors: Hassanabadi Alireza , Zhiani Rahele
Published: August 2014

N-Acyl araldehyde hydrazones when treated with Ac2O/pyridine were acetylated and cyclised to 5-substituted 2-aryl-3-acetyl-1,3,4-oxadiazolines in good yield.
Synthesis of 2-Aryl-1,1-Bis(Silyl)Alkenes Containing Alkyl(Aryl)Amine Groups
Authors: Safa Kazem Dindar , Nadimi Sanaz , Alyari Maryam
Published: August 2014

4-Alkyl-(aryl)aminobenzaldehydes have been generated via the nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction of 4-fluorobenzaldehyde with appropriated amines and N-heterocycles using hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide as catalyst and converted to 1,1-bis(silyl)-1-alkene derivatives via the Peterson olefination reaction. The reaction of (HMe2Si)3CLi with these aromatic aldehydes led to new 2-aryl-1,1-bis(silyl)alkenes.
Synthesis of Thiotetrazoles and Arylaminotetrazoles Using Rutile Tio2 nanoparticles as a heterogeneous and reusable catalyst
Authors: Maham Mehdi , Khalaj Mehdi
Published: August 2014

A novel method is described to prepare rutile TiO2 nanoparticles which are reusable and efficient heterogeneous catalysts for the synthesis of thiotetrazoles and arylaminotetrazoles – compounds widely used in medicinal and coordination chemistry. This procedure has the advantages of good to excellent yields of products, elimination of homogeneous catalysts and toxic and explosive reagents, simple methodology, easy work up and the reusability of the heterogeneous catalyst.
Synthesis of An Impurity in Crude Roflumilast
Authors: Zhang Hankang , Lin Yan , Li Yan , Dong Kai , Chen Ligong , Wang Donghua
Published: August 2014

A simple synthetic method has been developed for the synthesis of 3,4-bis(cyclopropylmethoxy)-N-(3,5-dichloropyridin-4-yl) benzamide (an impurity in crude roflumilast) from 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde via alkylation, oxidation, chlorination and acylation reactions. Acetonitrile was used as the solvent in all the three steps for convenient recovery. The oxidation of 3,4-bis(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzaldehyde (purity, 86.2%) by sodium chlorite afforded the corresponding acid with purity of 99.2%. Finally, N-acylation of 3,5-dichloropyridin-4-amine yielded 3,4-bis(cyclopropylmethoxy)-N-(3,5-dichloropyridin-4-yl) benzamide. Without column chromatography, the overall yield of the target compound was about 70%.
Development and Validation of a SYBR Green I Real-time RT-PCR Assay for Detecting Duck Reovirus
Authors: Hu Xueying , Jin Hui , Yang Xu , Li Meixia , Yu Aihua , Lu Xidong , Gu Changqin , Zhang Wanpo , Cheng Guofu
Published: August 2014

SYBR Green I based real-time RT-PCR assay was developed for the detection and quantification of duck reovirus (DRV) using ABI PRISM 7500 sequence detection system. The assay was carried out using a set of primer designed to amplify highly conserved sequences of S2 gene of DRV. A 10-fold dilution series assay using a plasmid containing the cDNA of DRV S2 gene demonstrated the high sensitivity of the assay with a lowest detection limit of ≤1.48 copies/μL Standard deviation and coefficient of variation were low for both intra-assay and inter-assay variability. The assay performance was evaluated on 80 samples obtained from artificially infected Cherry Valley ducklings and 10 field specimens compared with the conventional RT-PCR assay. It was shown that 10 artificially infected samples tested negative in gel-based assay were positive for the real-time RT-PCR. DRV could be detected in all eight different tissues collected from the ducklings infected artificially. In contrast, the higher detection rate was obtained in the bursa of fabricius (90%), lung (90%), spleen (80%), and thymus (70%) than that in the liver (30%) as well as in the pancreas (10%). This method was rapid, specific, and sensitive for the detection of DRV and will be useful in veterinary diagnostic applications.
Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy Studies of Quail Tongues
Authors: Uppal Varinder , Bansal Neelam , Anuradha  , Pathak Devendra , Singh Amandeep
Published: August 2014

The present study was conducted on the tongues of six Punjab white quails. The tissues from the apex, body and root of the tongue were processed for paraffin sectioning and scanning electron microscopy studies. The tongue was triangular in shape having an apex, body and root. The dorsal surface of the apex and body was smooth whereas large lingual conical papillae were located symmetrically and converging in median line between the body and the root. There was an additional layer of conical papillae composed of two large papillae behind the main row of papillae. The tongue was lined by stratified squamous epithelium which was keratinised at the apex. The anterior lingual salivary glands were mainly serous type whereas the posterior salivary glands were mucous type. There were topographical differences in the size, shape and appearance of the exfoliated superficial cells of the dorsal surface epithelium in the apex and body of the tongue.
Avian Cloning: Adaptation of a Technique for Enucleation of the Avian Ovum
Authors: Kjelland Michael E. , Romo Salvador , Kraemer Duane C.
Published: August 2014

The use of reproductive technologies such as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) for avian species has been limited by the inability to visualise the pronucleus or pronuclei within the blastodisc or germinal disc region, respectively, primarily due to the opacity of the large, lipid filled yolk. The main objective in the present study was to assess a method for visualising and enucleating the avian ovum, a critical step in developing the capability for cloning birds. The method utilised in the present investigation was epi-fluorescence transmitted light (top-side UV) microscopy (EFTLM), also known as fluorescence/oblique or fluorescence/differential interference contrast (DIC) illumination, combined with vital staining and DNA visualisation techniques. The use of EFTLM combined with micromanipulation methods adapted from mammalian cloning procedures showed that the vitelline membrane of the avian ovum can be pierced and aspiration of the pronucleus, once visualised, can be performed without compromising the ovum's structure. Two approaches for domestic chicken ova collection, i.e., in vivo and in vitro, were utilised and ova recovery rates were compared. Based on a statistical analysis, i.e., Fisher's exact test, the results of the in vivo versus in vitro ovulation ova recovery methods were significantly different (P < 0.05), with the in vivo ovulation method yielding more viable intact ova. In conclusion, enucleating the avian ovum using EFTLM combined with vital staining, DNA visualisation, and micromanipulation techniques can be a feasible option for future avian cloning endeavours; although it will require further refinement to improve overall efficiency.
Insight into the Predictive Binding Modes of the Influenza a Neuraminidase in Complexes with Avian and Human Receptor Analogues
Authors: Wang Jinhu , Zhou Changxue , Liu Yongjun , Wang Wen , Song Junding
Published: August 2014

The binding modes of the influenza A(H7N9) neuraminidase in complexes with avian-type (3′-SLN) and human-type (6&prime-SLN) receptor analogues are investigated by combined homology modelling, molecular docking and quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) methods. The results reveal that these two analogues could be docked into the active site surrounding by residues of R118, T148, R152, E227, R276 and R371, and bind well in the receptor binding site. Comparing with the docking results, we find that the stabilities of the binding modes are all strengthened after optimisation. However, human-type 6′-SLN might be a preferable receptor analogue as it generates more HB interactions. Whether in the docking results or in the optimised structures, both of analogues (3′-SLN and 6′-SLN) bind in the receptor binding site mainly using their sialic acid groups of the analogues. This conclusion is consistent with most experimental results obtained from crystal structures. Our results give a good understanding on how the N9 interacts with host receptors from a structural perspective. They support the conclusion that the receptor binding mode might be changed from a avian-type to human-type receptor binding. This result might provide a theoretical guide for the study of the influenza A (H7N9) in the future.
The Effects of Dietary L-Carnitine and Gemfibrozil on Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Cholesterol and Triglycerides in Broiler Chicks
Authors: Farrokhyan Pouyan , Bouyeh Mehrdad , Lartey Frederick M. , Seidavi Alireza
Published: August 2014

Gemfibrozil and L-carnitine are involved in fatty acid metabolism. We assessed the impact of administering gemfibrozil together with L-carnitine on the performance, lipid redistribution, intramuscular fat, and carcass quality in broiler chickens. Day-old male Ross 308 chicks were randomly divided among nine treatments, with three replicates per treatment. There were of 10 chicks in each replicate. The experiment involved a 3×3 factorial arrangement of treatments, with three levels of L-carnitine, in combination with three levels of gemfibrozil. Body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were obtained weekly from 3 to 6 weeks of age. At the end of the experimental period, the chicks were sacrificed and carcass and blood samples were obtained for various measures. There were interactions between L-carnitine and gemfibrozil on weight gain, feed intake, FCR, full and empty abdominal carcass weights, breast and wing weights, abdominal fat weight, heart weight and triglyceride concentration (P>0.05). The presence of dietary L-carnitine and gemfibrozil together reduced the weight gain, feed intake, abdominal fat weight and triglyceride concentration. Conversely, combinations of L-carnitine and gemfibrozil significantly increased the heart weight. There were no effects of L-carnitine and gemfibrozil on eviscerated carcass weight nor on liver weight. Dietary L-carnitine and gemfibrozil together influence measures of performance, fat distribution and carcass quality in broiler chickens.
Geochemistry of Tertiary Sequence in Shahbajpur-1 Well, Hatia Trough, Bengal Basin, Bangladesh: Provenance, Source Weathering and Province Affinity
Authors: Roy Dhiman Kumer , Roser BP
Published: August 2014

Major and trace element compositions of Neogene sandstones and mudrocks from the Shahbajpur-1 (SB-1) well, Hatia trough, Bengal basin, Bangladesh were determined to examine their geochemical characteristics and provenance, in relation to Himalayan uplift, sediment dispersal, and correlation of coeval successions in a basinal context. Major and trace element abundances in the SB-1 succession vary vertically, with SiO2 content decreasing and Al2O3 increasing from the older (Surma and Tipam Groups) to younger (Dupi Tila Group) sediments. Marked geochemical fractionation between sandstones and mudrocks reflects advanced hydrodynamic sorting, and relative enrichment of several elements (e.g., TiO2, Zr, Ce, Th, Cr) suggests sporadic heavy mineral concentration in some sandstones. Major and trace element provenance discriminants indicate a uniform felsic source (Himalayan detritus and recycled sediments) for the entire succession. Values for the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) record moderate weathering in the source, and non-steady state conditions produced by Himalayan uplift. Comparison between the Hatia trough samples and coeval Sylhet trough (P2) sediments shows that the more distal SB-1 succession is compositionally more uniform. Strong similarity in geochemical composition between SB-1 and P2 support the hypothesis that the Hatia trough is an extension of P2, fed by the same dispersal system. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jles.v7i0.20115 J. Life Earth Sci., Vol. 7: 1-13, 2012
Pattern of Temperature Structures in Himalayan Subduction Zone: A Review
Authors: Hossain Ismail , Islam Md Rezaul
Published: August 2014

The present study deals with the temperature structures (e.g., mantle wedge and slab) in Himalayan subduction zone. The estimated maximum temperature in the mantle wedge, Tr is 1420°C, whereas temperature at the top of the slab, Ts ranges from 1081.31119.5°C. The average value of the temperature and standard deviation at the top of the slab is 1103±10.7°C. The study shows that the temperature of the mantle wedge is more or less stable and the slab temperature of the entire Himalayan belt is slightly varied. The mantle wedge temperature of the Himalayan subduction zone is correlated with Kamchatka subduction zone (1450ºC) and Tohoku subduction zone (1400°C) in Northeast Japan. From overall observation, the Himalayan subduction zone is characterized with high compression and high seismic activity of the entire tectonic boundary along both the eastern and western sections. In these contexts, there might have a great possibility for large earthquakes to creep up in this region. The results of the research may contribute to explain geometry, rheology, heat transport and petrological processes of Himalayan subduction zone. Generally a temperature dependent process in the mantle wedge is responsible for the focusing of volcanic activity at the sharp fronts to the arcs. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jles.v7i0.20116 J. Life Earth Sci., Vol. 7: 15-20, 2012
Productivity, Cost-Benefit Analyses, Market Prices and Constraints to Poultry Farming in the Northern Districts of Bangladesh
Authors: Islam M Saiful , Kabir Md Ashraful , Dutta Ripon Kumar
Published: August 2014

A total of 6,41,004 chickens were produced by 10 farms, of which Cobb 500 (broilers) in P1 were the highest in number (2,43,000) and G1 yielded the lowest (10,117 Fayoumi, RIR and Sonali breeds). The most common chicken breed reared in the area was Cobb 500 (2,76,350) and the least common was ISA Brown (43,163). With regard to productivity, significant differences existed among the farms (F9, 103= 29.32; P<0.001), among the chicken breeds (F4, 108= 3.03; P<0.05), as well as between the government and private farms (F1, 111= 6.17; P<0.05). It was interesting to note that all the government farms were losing concerns (G2 > G3 = G4 > G1), while all the private farms were making profits (P1 > P3 > P2 > P6 > P4 = P5). The overall profitability index (PI) values of government farms ranged between -0.09 and -0.13, whereas those of private farms between 0.18 and 0.52. Cobb 500 was the commonest but the least profitable breed, and Sonali was the most popular and cheapest one; and the growers achieved the maximum profit from Fayoumi. High feed cost, outbreak of diseases, inadequate supply of vaccines/medicines, lack of credit facilities and capital funding were recognized to be the major constraints to the poultry farming in the study area. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jles.v7i0.20117 J. Life Earth Sci., Vol. 7: 21-27, 2012
Bioactivity Studies of Solanum ferox L. Against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) Adults
Authors: Abdullah M , Nesa M , Islam R , Banu J , Sarkar J , Islam N
Published: August 2014

Dose-mortality and repellent activity tests of the chloroform extracts of fruit, leaf, root and stem of Solanum ferox L. against the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) adults have been done. The fruit, leaf and stem extracts offered promising toxicity to the beetles within 30 min. of exposure. The LD50 values for 30 min., 12, 24, 36 and 48h of exposures were 0.440, 0.247, 0.211, 0.207 and 0.164mg cm-2 respectively for the fruit extract; 2.394, 1.712, 1.540, 1.239 and 0.993mg cm-2 respectively for the leaf extract; and 4.918, 0.871, 0.546, 0.472 and 0.522mg cm-2 respectively for the stem extract. However, the root extract did not offer any mortality for 30 min. and 12h of exposure; and thus the LD50 values for 24, 36 and 48h of exposure were 6.667, 5.086 and 3.357mg cm-2 respectively. While the dose-mortality activity can be arranged in the order of fruit> leaf> stem> root extracts. The fruit and stem extracts showed repellent activity against T. castaneum adults at P<0.01 and the leaf extract at P<0.05 level of significance, while the root extract did not show any repellency. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jles.v7i0.20118 J. Life Earth Sci., Vol. 7: 29-32, 2012
Attitude towards Stress of Cancer and Cardiac Patients
Authors: Rahman Md Azibar , Ara Shawkat , Haque Md Enamul , Shahrier Mohd Ashik
Published: August 2014

The study focused on exploring the attitude towards stress of cancer and cardiac patients as related to gender and SES. The sample of the study comprised of 360 respondents selected purposively. Attitude towards Stress Scale (Rahman, 2010) was used for data collection. The sample was equally divided into three categories-cancer, cardiac and normal on the basis of type of individuals (N=120 for each category).Again they were equally subdivided into male and female on the basis of gender (N=60 for each group).Each category was again equally subdivided into lower middle and upper middle on the basis of SES (N=30 for each group). Results analyzed through ANOVA revealed that the main effects for type of individuals, gender and SES were statistically significant. That is, both cancer and cardiac patients expressed higher stress attitudes as compared to normal individuals, females expressed higher stress attitudes as compared to males and lower middle SES individuals expressed higher stress attitudes as compared to upper middle SES. Again interaction effect of a three-way analysis of variance involving type of individual, gender and SES was statistically significant. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jles.v7i0.20119 J. Life Earth Sci., Vol. 7: 33-41, 2012
Management Practices, Disease Incidence, Uses of Indigenous Knowledge, and Conditions and Problems of the Poultry Farmers in Rajshahi, Bangladesh
Authors: Dutta Ripon Kumar , Islam M Saiful , Kabir Md Ashraful
Published: August 2014

Data on management practices, incidences of common diseases, uses of indigenous knowledge (IK) and conditions and problems of the poultry farmers in some selected areas of Rajshahi, Bangladesh, were investigated. Data from small, medium and large poultry enterprises situated in the urban, semi-urban and rural areas at six Upozillas of Rajshahi District viz., Boalia, Godagari, Motihar, Mohonpur, Poba and Rajpara were collected. An indigenous (IND), four exotic (EXO) viz. Cob 500 breed of broiler, Cockerel, Fayoumi (FAY), and Rhode Island Red (RIR), and a crossbred (CRO) called Sonali (derived from RIR cock × FAY hen) chicken breeds were included in the study. Eighteen parameters on management practices, 13 diseases, 20 indigenous knowledge (IK) items, 3 major conditions, 11 problems encountered and top 10 opinions of the poultry farmers were identified. Satisfactory to good management practices were recorded for IND in Godagari and that for EXO and CRO in Rajpara. All the remaining farms practiced moderate to unacceptable management practices. Bacillary white diarrhoea (39.56%), omphalitis (57.40%) and hypervitaminosis (55.56%) were the most frequent diseases whereas common cold (10.16%), bacillary white diarrhoea (32.82%) and bacillary white diarrhoea (27.62%) were the least frequent diseases for IND, EXO and CRO chickens, respectively. However, no incidence of bird flu (avian influenza) was recorded during the survey period. Uses of broody hens (82.25%), changing of waterier (62.45) and vaccination (49.19) were found to be the prevalent IK items for IND, EXO and CRO birds. Separating healthy versus diseased respectively, chicks (26.45%), feeding maize grain (52.45%) and feeding molasses (49.10%) were healthcare IK items for the chicken breeds, respectively. Majority of the poultry farmers of IND, EXO and CRO breeds had respectively primary (50.08%), graduate (47.18%) and higher secondary (45.77%) education levels. Agriculture (60.71%), miscellaneous (46.14%) and miscellaneous (35.50%) were dominant occupations among the three categories of poultry farmers. IND farmers predominantly had cultivable land (50.16%) in comparison with the cultivable landholdings by the EXO (21.69%) and homestead landholdings by their CRO (31.16%) counterparts. Poor housing (44.86%), disorganized and unreliable marketing system (52.05%) and lack of institutional credit facilities (47.89%) were identified to be the major problems for the IND, EXO and CRO farmers respectively, who opined strongly in favour of improved native breeds (30.04%), proper breeding facilities (49.90%) and government co-operation (48.01%). The impacts of these findings on the poultry enterprise in Rajshahi have been discussed. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jles.v7i0.20120 J. Life Earth Sci., Vol. 7: 43-49, 2012
Socio-Demographic Factors as Moderators of Attitude Towards Coping Among Cancer and Cardiac Patients
Authors: Shahrier Mohd Ashik , Haque Md Enamul , Rahman Md Azibar
Published: August 2014

The study was designed to explore the attitude towards coping of cancer and cardiac patients as related to certain socio-demographic factors like gender and SES. Purposively selected 360 respondents constituted the sample of the present study. Attitude towards Coping Scale (Rahman, 2010) was used for the collection of data. The sample was equally divided into three categories (cancer. cardiac, normal) on the basis of type of individuals (N=120 for each category).Again they were equally subdivided into male and female on the basis of gender (N=60 for each group).Each category was again equally subdivided into lower middle and upper middle on the basis of SES (N=30 for each group). Results analyzed through ANOVA revealed that the main effects for type of individuals, gender and SES were statistically significant. That is, both cancer and cardiac patients expressed lower coping attitudes as compared to normal individuals, females expressed lower coping attitudes as compared to males and lower middle SES individuals expressed lower coping attitudes as compared to upper middle SES. Again the two way interactions between type of individuals and gender, and type of individual and SES were statistically significant. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jles.v7i0.20121 J. Life Earth Sci., Vol. 7: 51-60, 2012