bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How urban proximity shapes agricultural pest dynamics: a review
Authors: Blank Lior
Published: January 2025

Agricultural landscapes adjacent to human settlements are subject to unique ecological dynamics that influence pest populations, yet the complexity of these relationships remains relatively underexplored. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the impacts of urban proximity on agricultural plant pathogen pest dynamics, focusing on spatial distribution patterns, theoretical frameworks from landscape ecology, and the specific mechanisms driving these interactions. The urban heat island effect, habitat fragmentation, and human activities contribute to altered microclimates, reduced natural predator populations, and increased pest proliferation near settlements. Additionally, regulatory constraints on pest control near human communities further complicate management efforts. The role of urban environments as potential sources of agricultural pests is analyzed through empirical case studies, highlighting both predictable patterns and varying outcomes depending on specific local conditions. Gaps in understanding the movement of pests across urban–agricultural boundaries are discussed, alongside recommendations for future research aimed at enhancing pest control strategies in these complex landscapes. © 2025 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Testing an integrated approach for managing roof rats in citrus orchards
Authors: Baldwin Roger A. , Meinerz Ryan , Shiels Aaron B.
Published: January 2025

Background

Roof rats (Rattus rattus) are a substantial pest throughout citrus crops, yet little is known about efficacious, cost‐effective strategies to manage this rodent. Therefore, we developed two integrated pest management (IPM) programs that incorporated elevated bait stations containing diphacinone‐treated oats and trapping, and we compared those programs to a bait‐station only approach to determine which strategies were most practical for the management of roof rats in citrus orchards.

Results

Bait applications substantially reduced rat activity within orchards. However, our initial IPM approach that used a combination of baiting, snap trapping and Goodnature® A24 traps were not successful at keeping rats from rapidly repopulating. A second IPM strategy that relied on baiting and more extensive snap trapping was effective at reducing rat activity up to, and likely beyond, a 6‐month treatment period. Although baiting by itself was less expensive than IPM plots, the difference in cost between baiting and the IPM approach that used only baiting and snap trapping should be minimal during long‐term management programs.

Conclusion

The high efficacy of a management program that incorporates an initial bait application, followed by a long‐term snap‐trapping program, should yield effective management of roof rats in citrus orchards. © 2025 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
Enhancing compatibility of polylactic acid and lignin through acetylation for improving controlled release of pesticide
Authors: Peng Xiongyi , Jiang Fangyuan , Li Zhili
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUND

Improving the compatibility between polylactic acid (PLA) and lignin is crucial for developing innovative PLA‐based controlled release systems for pesticides. This study addresses the challenge of enhancing the compatibility of alkali lignin (AL) with PLA by acetylated lignin (ACL). The main aim is to synthesize and evaluate pesticide‐loaded microspheres for controlled release performance using fluazinam (FZ) as the model pesticide.

RESULTS

We synthesized three distinct pesticide‐loaded microspheres (FZ@PLA, FZ@AL‐PLA, and FZ@ACL‐PLA). The results demonstrated a significant enhancement in the spherical morphology of FZ@ACL‐PLA compared to FZ@AL‐PLA, attributed to the introduction of acetyl groups that transformed the surface from irregularities to a smooth, rounded, and microporous architecture. This structural modification notably boosted the pesticide loading capacity to 42.44 wt% and entrapment efficiency to 89.20%. Controlled release studies exhibited prolonged release beyond 30 days without equilibrium attainment for FZ@ACL‐PLA. This was facilitated by hydrogen bonding between ACL‐PLA and FZ, coupled with a spatial site‐blocking effect, effectively restraining abrupt pesticide release. Kinetic analysis revealed Fickian diffusion as the primary release mechanism at moderate temperatures and anomalous transport at elevated temperatures. Additionally, FZ@ACL‐PLA demonstrated commendable storage stability and photostability.

CONCLUSION

The study underscores the efficacy of ACL‐modified PLA microspheres in efficiently entrapping FZ and enabling controlled release. The findings offer crucial insights for developing PLA‐based pesticide‐controlled release systems, highlighting the significance of ACL in enhancing pesticide loading, entrapment efficiency, and controlled release performance. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
Minimum Cost Redundancy Optimization for a Parallel Application on Engineering Systems
Authors: Zhang Jingru , Fang Zhigeng , Tao Liangyan , Pan Hui , Wu Shuang
Published: January 2025

The redundancy technique is widely used in practice to improve performance and enhance the survivability of engineering systems. This paper addresses the problem of minimizing redundancy to satisfy task requirements for a parallel application within engineering systems. According to different task requirements, three redundancy deployment cases with minimum cost are studied. First, we establish an optimization model for redundancy without considering performance demand, and based on this, the case with performance demand is further modeled. Second, we investigate the best allocation policies for a batch of heterogeneous spares while considering performance demand. It is shown that deploying both genuine components and false elements results in a more reliable system. Finally, an example of a control center in the power grid is introduced to illustrate the models, and the results offer useful insights for deciding on redundancy design.
A Novel Multinozzle Targeting Pollination Robot for Clustered Kiwifruit Flowers Based on Air–Liquid Dual‐Flow Spraying
Authors: Gao Changqing , He Leilei , Ding Yusong , Murengami Bryan Gilbert , Chen Jinyong , Zhou Chengquan , Ye Hongbao , Li Rui , Fu Longsheng
Published: January 2025

Manual pollination of kiwifruit flowers is a labor‐intensive work that is highly desired to be replaced by robotic operations. In this research, a pollination robot was developed to achieve precision pollination of clustered kiwifruit flowers in the orchard. The pollination robot consists of five systems, including a multinozzle end‐effector, a mechanical arm, a vision system, a crawler‐type chassis, and a control system. The robot can select preferential flowers and then target their pistil to achieve precision pollination. First, statistical analysis of the dimensions of flower clusters and individual flowers was conducted to fit normal distribution curves, which guided the design of the spray coverage and combination intervals for the multinozzle end‐effector. Second, optimal spray parameters were determined based on a three‐factor, five‐level quadratic orthogonal experiment, that is, air pressure of 70.4 kPa, rate of flow of 86.0 mL/min, and spray distance of 27.8 cm. A targeted pollination strategy was developed based on the preferential flower selection strategy and structure of the multinozzle end‐effector. Field experiments were conducted in a commercial kiwifruit orchard to evaluate its feasibility and performance, and an average success targeting rate of 93.4% at an average speed of 1.0 s per flower was achieved. Furthermore, compared with artificial assisted pollination methods, it can improve the utilization rate of kiwifruit pollen with an average consumption of 0.20 g in every 60 flowers with an average fruit set rate of 88.9%. The validations demonstrated that the pollination robot can efficiently pollinate kiwifruit flowers and save pollen.
Enhanced FeIV═O Generation via Peroxymonosulfate Activation by an Edge‐Site Engineered Single‐Atom Iron Catalyst
Authors: Lee Donghyun , Lee Jaewoo , Yu Gwonho , Kim Kang , Kim Joohyun , Mok Dong Hyeon , Jang Alim , Jung Muho , Ahn Hyunsoo , Back Seoin , Hyeon Taeghwan , Lee Changha
Published: January 2025

As an oxidant, the ferryl‐oxo complex (FeIV═O) offers excellent reactivity and selectivity for degrading recalcitrant organic contaminants. However, enhancing FeIV═O generation on heterogeneous surfaces remains challenging because the underlying formation mechanism is poorly understood. This study introduces edge defects onto a single‐atom Fe catalyst (FeNC‐edge) to promote FeIV═O generation via peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. In the presence of PMS, the FeNC‐edge catalyst at a low dose (20 mg L−1, equivalent to 0.14 mg L−1 Fe) exhibits unprecedented activity for organic contaminant degradation. Electrochemical analysis, in situ Raman spectroscopy, and FeIV═O probe experiments confirm that FeIV═O generation is enhanced on the surface of FeNC‐edge. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the introduced edge sites concentrate electron density on active Fe atoms, facilitating charge transfer from Fe to PMS. Notably, FeNC‐edge immobilized on a polymeric membrane functioned as a continuous‐flow oxidation system with efficient catalyst recycling and minimal Fe leaching.
Hierarchical MoS2@NiFeCo‐Mo(doped)‐Layered Double Hydroxide Heterostructures as Efficient Alkaline Water Splitting (Photo)Electro‐catalysts
Authors: Moradi Kayvan , Ashrafi Maysam , Salimi Abdollah , Melander Marko M.
Published: January 2025

Designing cost‐effective electrocatalysts with fast reaction kinetics and high stability is an outstanding challenge in green hydrogen generation through overall water splitting (OWS). Layered double hydroxide (LDH) heterostructure materials are promising candidates to catalyze both oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), the two OWS half‐cell reactions. This work develops a facile hydrothermal route to synthesiz hierarchical heterostructure MoS2@NiFeCo‐LDH and MoS2@NiFeCo‐Mo(doped)‐LDH electrocatalysts, which exhibit extremely good OER and HER performance as witnessed by their low IR‐corrected overpotentials of 156 and 61 mV with at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 under light assistance. The MoS2@NiFeCo‐Mo(doped)‐LDH‐MoS2@NiFeCo‐LDH OWS cell achieves a low cell voltage of 1.46V at 10 mA cm−2 during light‐assisted water electrolysis. Both materials exhibited exceptional stability under industrially relevant HER and OER conditions, maintaining a current density of 1 A cm−2 with minimal alterations in their potential and performance. The experimental and computational results demonstrate that doping the LDH matrix with high‐valence Mo atoms and MoS2 quantum dots improves the electrocatalytic activity by 1) enhancing electron transfer, 2) making the electrocatalyst metallic, 3) increasing the number of active sites, 4) lowering the thermodynamic overpotential, and 5) changing the OER mechanism. Overall, this work develops a facile synthesis method to design highly active and stable MoS2@NiFeCo‐Mo(doped)‐LDH heterostructure electrocatalysts.
A Powerful Tumor Catalytic Therapy by an Enzyme‐Nanozyme Cascade Catalysis (ENCAT) System
Authors: Zhou Min , Feng Jiayuan , Mei Qi , Li Tong , Zhang Yihong , Liu Wanling , Wei Hui
Published: January 2025

Complexity of tumor and its microenvironment as obstacles often restrict traditional tumor therapies. Enzyme/nanozyme‐mediated catalytic therapy has been emerged, but the efficacy of single catalytic therapy is still moderate. Inspired by the concepts of catalytic and synergetic therapy, an enzyme‐nanozyme cascade catalysis (ENCAT)‐enhanced tumor therapy is developed. First, metal–organic framework (MOF) PCN222‐Mn (PM) and glucose oxidase (GOx) are chosen as nanozyme and natural enzyme, respectively. Then two assembled together to form enzyme‐nanozyme complex PCN222‐Mn@GOx (PMG). To achieve tumor targeting and GOx protection, hyaluronic acid (HA) is modified on PMG to obtain PCN222‐Mn@GOx/HA (PMGH). Both cellular and animal studies demonstrate a cascade catalysis‐enhanced tumor therapy by PMGH. Specifically, a cascade catalysis‐enhanced PDT is achieved based on enzyme‐nanozyme mediated cascade‐catalyzed O2 generation; an enhanced synergistic therapy is demonstrated by combining PM‐mediated PDT, GOx‐mediated starvation therapy, and activated/promoted immunotherapy together. Additionally, the designed tumor catalytic therapy is explored in a tumor bearing mouse model, where it exhibits powerful anti‐tumor effects against both primary and metastatic tumors. This strategy has the potential to broaden tumor therapeutic approaches.
Highly Efficient Degradation of Bisphenol A by Peroxymonosulfate Activation Using Bamboo Kraft Lignin Single‐Atom Catalyst
Authors: Ma Jianfeng , Zhang Shumin , Shi Xin , Dai Linxin , Liu Zhenzhen , Liu Xinge , Lu Xihong , Jiang Zehui
Published: January 2025

A nitrogen‐coordinated Fe single‐atom catalyst (SA Fe‐N/C) is synthesized using a homogeneous ethanol‐based dissolution system with bamboo kraft lignin serving as the carbon source. Uniformly dispersed Fe atoms with an interatomic distance of less than 2 Å throughout the SA Fe‐N/C structure are revealed through X‐ray absorption spectral analysis and HAADF‐STEM images, which possessed a high Fe loading of 2.69%. The degradation rate of bisphenol A (BPA) approached 99% within 5 min, with the observed rate constant (kobs) of the catalysts markedly increasing from 0.070 to 0.615 min−1. The catalyst‐mediated electron transfer pathway is identified as the predominant mechanism for BPA degradation. Both experimental data and DFT analysis of the nitrogen ligands demonstrated that pyridinic N‐coordinated Fe single atoms are the principal active sites, attributed to the enhanced electron density and delocalization concentrated around the Fe sites. These findings significantly elucidate the role of nitrogen ligands in designing efficient lignin‐derived carbon single‐atom catalysts for environmental applications.
Machine Learning‐Assisted Microstructural Quantification of Multiphase Cathode Composites in All‐Solid‐State Batteries: Correlation with Battery Performance
Authors: Hwang Heesu , Jeong Hyeseong , Cho Jeong‐Won , Oh Youkeun , Kim Dokyun , Shin Dongwook , Lee Jong‐Ho , Kim Hyoungchul , Hwang Jin‐Ha
Published: January 2025

Microstructure optimization and high‐performance material development are crucial for improving the electrochemical performance of all‐solid‐state batteries (ASSBs). Researchers frequently record numerous micro‐scale or nano‐scale electron micrographs for unbiased post‐mortem analysis, performance evaluation, and improvement of ASSBs. However, these micrographs are often underutilized and typically analyzed qualitatively without ensuring an accurate representation of the experimental objectives. This study explores machine learning (ML)‐based quantitative analysis techniques using electron microscopy images, combined with a stereology‐driven linear‐intercept concept method and semantic segmentation, to extract quantitative microstructural parameters for optimizing ASSB performance. The applicability of ML‐assisted image analytics is demonstrated by employing composite cathodes in ASSBs to achieve unbiased automation and deep semantic segmentation during microstructural characterization. Furthermore, the ramifications of this ML‐assisted method are discussed, along with its advantages and disadvantages in battery research.
Unveiling Aqueous Potassium‐Ion Batteries with Prussian Blue Analogue Cathodes
Authors: Tan Xu , Gao Chenyang , Luo Zhifen , Fan Weijia , Xiong Xiaosong , Shi Zezhong , Zhang Ningxun , Yang Zheng , Ma Yuan , Cheng Xin‐Bing , Zhong Yiren , He Jiarui , Zhu Zhi , Wang Faxing , Wang Tao , Lu Bingan , Wu Yuping
Published: January 2025

Aqueous rechargeable potassium‐ion batteries have considerable advantages and potentials in the application of large‐scale energy storage systems, owing to its high safety, abundant potassium resources, and environmental friendliness. However, the practical applications are fraught with numerous challenges. Identification of suitable cathode materials and potassium storage mechanisms are of great significance. Herein, an aqueous potassium‐ion battery comprising Prussian blue analogs cathode (K1.15Fe[Fe(CN)6]·1.36H2O) and perylene‐3,4,9,10‐tetracarboxylic anode is designed, which delivers a high energy density of 52.0 Wh kg−1 and excellent cycling stability with high capacity retention of 84.5% after 4000 cycles. Importantly, a synergistic study of the relationships among crystal structure, spin state, kinetics, and electrochemical performances is thoroughly conducted. By employing in situ and ex situ characterizations, the potassium storage mechanism is comprehensively elucidated from multiple perspectives.
A Fused Membrane‐Camouflaged Biomimetic Nanosystem for Dual‐Targeted Therapy of Septic Arthritis
Authors: Yu Zeping , Wang Mengxian , Li Junqiao , Xu Hong , Zhang Wenli , Xing Fei , Li Jian , Yang Jiaojiao , Xiong Yan
Published: January 2025

Due to the inherent aseptic and enclosed characteristics of joint cavity, septic arthritis (SA) almost inevitably leads to intractable infections and rapidly progressing complex pathological environments. Presently, SA faces not only the deficient effectiveness of the gold‐standard systemic antibiotic therapy but also the scarcity of effective localized targeted approaches and standardized animal models. Herein, an ingenious multifunctional nanosystem is designed, which involves the methylation of hyaluronic acid (HA), copolymerization with DEGDA, loading with vancomycin (VAN), and then coating with fused macrophage‐platelet membrane (denoted as FM@HA@VAN). Upon intra‐articular administration, FM@HA@VAN nanoparticles exhibit sustained retention and selectively targeting to infected sites, leveraging macrophage‐mediated inflammation homing and platelet‐directed bacteria targeting. The acidic microenvironment triggers responsive release of vancomycin, leading to potent bactericidal effects. Subsequently, the exposed HA@VAN nanoparticles are efficiently internalized by activated macrophages, releasing HA to alleviate oxidative stress and achieve chondroprotection by inhibiting pro‐inflammatory cytokines, neutralizing ROS and upregulating macrophage M2 polarization. In vivo model and experiments confirm the efficacy of this dual‐targeting antibacterial approach, demonstrating its precision in eradicating bacterial infections and alleviating associated pathological processes, including synovial hyperplasia and cartilage erosion. The dual‐targeting therapeutic nanosystem, coordinated with fused‐membranes, holds promise for enhancing the treatment efficacy of SA.
Synergistic Enhancement of Ligand & Cluster Connectivity to Construct Highly Stable Fluorescein‐Based MOFs with Thickened Channel Walls for Boosting Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Li Han‐Shu , Zheng Ruiting , Liu Yanhong , Pei Li , Wu Pengyan , Yang Yan , Wang Jian
Published: January 2025

Fabricating visible‐light‐responsive metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) with high stability and effective catalytic functionality remains a long‐term pursuit yet a great challenge. Herein, a strategy of increasing ligand and cluster connectivity is developed to construct highly stable fluorescein MOFs, La‐CFL, presenting a new (4,8)‐connected topological structure compared to Cd‐FL constructed using 6‐connected dinuclear clusters and 3‐connected tritopic ligands. La8(CFL)4 containers like Chinese “Ritual Wine Vessels (Jue)” resemble linear arrangements interconnected by the [La2(COO)4] clusters. This arrangement induces benzene rings and xanthene rings to locate on the inner walls of 1D channels, resulting in thicker channel walls that contribute to enhanced stability. Consequently, La‐CFL demonstrates outstanding catalytic performance in thiol–ene reactions under green LED irradiation. It exhibits 2.3 times higher efficiency than Cd‐FL while reducing reaction time to one‐fifth at 20 min. Furthermore, La‐CFL displays size‐selective catalysis and retains full activity for 20 cycles without degradation, an improvement over Cd‐FL's recyclability limitations.
Patterning of Photochromic Diarylethene Crystals by Sublimation for Morphological Controls
Authors: Isobe Mami , Kitagawa Daichi , Kobatake Seiya
Published: January 2025

A patterned growth of crystals of 1,2‐bis(2,5‐dimethyl‐3‐thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene (1a) on the glass substrate with convex guides is reported by sublimation methods. The lower supersaturation of substrate surfaces with higher temperatures can facilitate the vapor‐to‐liquid process rather than the vapor‐to‐crystal process in the early stage of the sublimation. Micro‐droplets of melts of 1a are generated on the sidewalls of the convex guides, then crystallized into the microcrystals, accompanied by the rearrangements of the crystallographic in‐plane orientations. Moreover, the crystalline patterns fringed with the rod crystals are colored red upon irradiation with ultraviolet light. This well‐controllability of crystal morphologies in a simple use of sublimation methods will pave the way for large‐sized photomechanical materials with the desired morphologies.
Stable Electrochemical Lithium Extraction Using LiMn2O4 Coated With Lithiated Nafion
Authors: Xue Ning , Zhang Yuyao , Wu Xiaoyan , Yu Jiameng , Zhang Yining , Wei Ran , Yu Yi , Cui Yuanyuan , Liu Wei
Published: January 2025

Electrochemical lithium extraction from salt lakes using LiMn2O4 (LMO) presents an eco‐friendly, highly controllable, and efficient method. However, its practical application is limited due to its structure instability and manganese dissolution in water. Herein, a high‐performance LMO coated with ≈3.5 nm thickness lithiated Nafion (Li‐Nafion) for electrochemical lithium extraction is reported. The Li‐Nafion coating constructs a fast lithium‐ion transport pathway and enhances the hydrophilicity of the LMO particles, promoting charge transfer and improving rate capability. Thereby, an enhanced lithium extraction capacity of 4 mmol g−1 is achieved. Importantly, the coating significantly inhibits Mn loss in LMO, resulting in significantly improved cyclic stability, with a capacity retention rate of 96% after 50 cycles. Furthermore, the Li‐Nafion modified LMO effectively extracts lithium electrochemically in Zabuye salt lake, showcasing practical potential.
Botnets Attack Detection Using Bio‐Inspired Deep Learning Techniques in Internet of Medical Things (IoMT)
Authors: Haq Baseer Ul , Faisal Mohammad , Zahid khan Muhammad , Rahman Haseeb Ur , Hussain Tariq
Published: January 2025

According to the experts, the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is the next big thing and a revolutionary technology that is fast and provides more accurate diagnoses to deliver efficient healthcare services with reduced costs. The IoMT network mostly consists of low computational power devices, which makes them an easy target for serious security and privacy threats, one of which is botnet attacks. Botnet attacks pose a severe threat to IoMT, and detecting them in a timely and accurate manner is crucial for maintaining the confidentiality and integrity of sensitive medical data. A botnet in IoMT leads to attacks on confidentiality, authenticity, integrity, and availability of data and resources. The existing approaches have failed to accurately identify and detect botnet attack traffic in the IoMT environment. To accurately identify and detect botnet attacks in the IoMT environment, we proposed deep learning techniques. This is a novel botnet attack detection system for IoMT that utilizes feed‐forward neural networks (FFNNs) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs). First, we train the system using FFNN to identify and extract relevant features from the network traffic generated by IoMT devices. We then retrain the system using CNN to enhance its accuracy and performance in detecting botnet attacks. In this regard, we achieved a high accuracy of 99.94%, which is a notable achievement. To assess the overall performance, this study has incorporated various important metrics, such as accuracy (99.8%), F1 score (1.00%), specificity (0.998), sensitivity (0.997), precision (1.00), and ROC AUC (0.998). For a secure and reliable IoMT, detection is insufficient; we must also take steps to prevent IoMT attacks.
Experiences with Japanese Kampo medicine for pain management in Germany
Authors: Reißenweber‐Hewel Heidrun
Published: January 2025

Based on a longstanding tradition of herbal medicine usage, plant‐based drugs today have the status of well‐controlled registered pharmacy‐only drugs in Germany. More than two thirds of the German population are regularly taking herbal medicinal products confirming the high acceptance of phytotherapy.

Among other foreign herbal traditions, Japanese traditional herbal Kampo medicine with its unique diagnostic and therapeutic characteristics and high level of scientific evidence meets growing interest in Germany and is applied by medical doctors within the framework of integrative medicine. Main indications for Kampo prescriptions are various functional complaints and chronic conditions, among them also chronic pain.

Representing our clinical experiences with Kampo treatment in Germany over many years, four exemplary clinical cases are presented here, where Kampo prescriptions were successfully administered to German outpatients to relieve pain. The conditions were: two different patient cases suffering from recurrent migraines, one case of chronic abdominal pain due to adhesions, and a case of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS).

In all four cases, Kampo diagnostics including abdominal palpation helped to identify considerable microcirculatory impairment (oketsu) as the main underlying pathologic condition. Individual Kampo therapy resulted in substantial relief of pain and prevention of recurrent attacks. Concurrently, the general constitution of the patients improved, including sleep, vitality, and appetite.

Along with conventional biomedicine, Kampo herbal therapy can provide a comprehensive option not only to ameliorate chronic pain but to improve quality of life and thus to facilitate the overall multimodal management of chronic pain conditions.
Novel approach to thoracoscopic removal of a mediastinal neuroendocrine tumour in a dog
Authors: Connolly Christopher , Porter Ian , Balkman Cheryl , Buote Nicole
Published: January 2025

An 8‐year‐old, female, spayed bloodhound mix was presented for a 9‐day history of right‐sided Horner's syndrome. Thoracic computed tomography revealed a right‐sided, 4.1 × 2.2 cm, round, soft tissue opacity located in the cranial aspect of the dorsal mediastinum ventral to the T2–T3 vertebrae. Due to the location of the tumour, a novel approach with the patient in sternal recumbency was performed. The mass was highly vascular, but was successfully removed through this technique and the patient recovered uneventfully. The patient was started on chemotherapy for a total of 13 months postoperatively, and was euthanased for unrelated reasons 24 months after surgery.
Time‐Dependent Vibrational Coupled Cluster Theory With Static and Dynamic Basis Functions
Authors: Højlund Mads Greisen , Zoccante Alberto , Jensen Andreas Buchgraitz , Christiansen Ove
Published: January 2025

In recent decades, coupled cluster theory has proven valuable in accurately describing correlation in many‐body systems, particularly in time‐independent computations of molecular electronic structure and vibrations. This review describes recent advancements in using coupled cluster parameterizations for time‐dependent wave functions for the efficient computation of the quantum dynamics associated with the motion of nuclei. It covers time‐dependent vibrational coupled cluster (TDVCC) and time‐dependent modal vibrational coupled cluster (TDMVCC), which employ static and adaptive basis sets, respectively. We discuss the theoretical foundation, including many‐mode second quantization, bivariational principles, and various parameterizations of time‐dependent bases. Additionally, we highlight key features that make TDMVCC promising for future quantum dynamical simulations. These features include fast configuration‐space convergence, the use of a compact adaptive basis set, and the possibility of efficient implementations with a computational cost that scales only polynomially with system size.
Soft X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy With a Flat Liquid Jet in Vacuum Using a Table‐Top Laser‐Induced Plasma Source
Authors: Holburg Jonathan , Figul Stephan , Charvat Ales , Bluhm Hendrik , Abel Bernd , Marowsky Gerd , Mai Dong‐Du , Mann Klaus
Published: January 2025

In this work, we demonstrate the integration of a flat liquid jet sample delivery system into a compact soft x‐ray absorption spectrometer using a table‐top laser‐induced plasma source. A high‐speed flat liquid sheet is formed by the collision of two cylindrical jets. This micrometer‐thin lamella can ideally be utilized for transmission‐mode soft x‐ray absorption spectroscopy using krypton plasma emission. Detailed analysis of the jet's thickness profile is achieved applying Lambert–Beer's law. Measurements on water, focusing on the oxygen K‐edge, reveal a lamella thickness profile ranging from 500 nm to 1 μm over a length of 3.8 mm. Additionally, we have investigated aqueous solutions of iron salts, capturing near edge x‐ray absorption fine structure spectra over a broad spectral range from the nitrogen K‐edge to the iron L‐edge. Focused analysis on iron species in aqueous solutions enabled us to distinguish quantitatively between the oxidation states of Fe2+ and Fe3+ at the iron L‐edge. Our results are compared with measurements obtained under similar conditions at a synchrotron.
CBL Categorisation Through a Micro, Meso, Macro Framework
Authors: Dikilitaş Kenan , Marshall Tim , Shahverdi Masoumeh
Published: January 2025

This chapter sets out the rationale for categorizing the case studies commissioned for this book using a micro, meso, and macro frameworks and our intention to further document emerging practical knowledge which can contribute to the development of theoretical understanding in the field of CBL. It contextualizes our research approach through the use of case studies within the wider literature around case study-based research, presenting the benefits of using such a method. It sets out the context of the ECIU university alliance collaboration and the specifics of our research call to contribute to this book.
Was unterscheidet Medienschaffende von Beschäftigten in anderen Branchen?
Authors: von Rimscha M. Bjørn , Ehrlich Gianna L. , Siegert Gabriele
Published: January 2025

Kreativität, Stars, Motivation, Identifikation, Qualifikation
Warum gibt es Differenzen zwischen nationalen Medienangeboten?
Authors: von Rimscha M. Bjørn , Ehrlich Gianna L. , Siegert Gabriele
Published: January 2025

Struktur-Verhaltens-Ergebnis-Paradigma, Kulturunterschiede, Politische Einflüsse auf Medien, Regulierung, Marktstruktur
Three-dimensional Analysis of the Distribution of Smooth and Skeletal Muscle Tissue Around the Female Urethra
Authors: Liu Tong , Muro Satoru , Tharnmanularp Suthasinee , Akita Keiichi
Published: January 2025

Introduction and Hypothesis

The urethra is surrounded by layers of smooth muscle, including inner longitudinal and outer circler muscles, as well as the skeletal muscle of the external urethral sphincter. However, the extent of these muscles and their relationship with the levator ani (LA) remain unclear. This study aimed to clarify the composition of muscle layers around the female urethra and their three-dimensional arrangements.

Methods

Pelvises from five female cadavers were collected for histological analysis. The surrounding urethral tissue was serially sectioned and stained with Elastica van Gieson stain to identify the connective and muscular tissues. Immunohistological staining with an anti-smooth muscle antibody was performed to confirm the distribution of the smooth and skeletal muscles. Thereafter, muscle layers were three-dimensionally reconstructed on the basis of serial histological sections.

Results

The female urethra was surrounded by four muscle layers arranged from inner to outer layers in the following order: longitudinal smooth muscle, circular smooth muscle, the external urethral sphincter (EUS), and an outermost smooth muscle layer. These muscles surrounded the urethra and partially extended anteriorly. Moreover, smooth muscle fibers extending from the vagina were found between the LA and EUS.

Conclusions

This study clarified the distribution of muscle tissue surrounding the female urethra, showing that the EUS is connected to the LA through the outermost smooth muscle layer. Thus, urination control likely involves both the urethral muscle layers and the pelvic floor muscles.
New approaches to secondary metabolite discovery from anaerobic gut microbes
Authors: Butkovich Lazarina V. , Vining Oliver B. , O’Malley Michelle A.
Published: January 2025

The animal gut microbiome is a complex system of diverse, predominantly anaerobic microbiota with secondary metabolite potential. These metabolites likely play roles in shaping microbial community membership and influencing animal host health. As such, novel secondary metabolites from gut microbes hold significant biotechnological and therapeutic interest. Despite their potential, gut microbes are largely untapped for secondary metabolites, with gut fungi and obligate anaerobes being particularly under-explored. To advance understanding of these metabolites, culture-based and (meta)genome-based approaches are essential. Culture-based approaches enable isolation, cultivation, and direct study of gut microbes, and (meta)genome-based approaches utilize in
silico tools to mine biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) from microbes that have not yet been successfully cultured. In this mini-review, we highlight recent innovations in this area, including anaerobic biofoundries like ExFAB, the NSF BioFoundry for Extreme & Exceptional Fungi, Archaea, and Bacteria. These facilities enable high-throughput workflows to study oxygen-sensitive microbes and biosynthetic machinery. Such recent advances promise to improve our understanding of the gut microbiome and its secondary metabolism.

Key points

• Gut microbial secondary metabolites have therapeutic and biotechnological potential

• Culture- and (meta)genome-based workflows drive gut anaerobe metabolite discovery

• Anaerobic biofoundries enable high-throughput workflows for metabolite discovery

Graphical abstract
Teaching of the subject ‘Biomolecules in Living Organisms’ using 3D printing models
Authors: Gul Seyda , Yalinkilic Funda
Published: January 2025

In recent years, 3D printing technology or 3D printing models have become a powerful educational tool used in many fields such as medicine, engineering and science. However, research on the integration of these technologies into formal educational environments and the researches examining their effect on students’ learning biology is quite limited. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of using 3D printing models on students’ learning the subject ‘Biomolecules in Living Organisms’. In the study, the students were also interviewed, and the usefulness of 3D printing models was evaluated. For this aim, a quasi-experimental design was used in the study. The study group consisted of 61 ninth grade students (37 females, 24 males), 32 students in the control group and 29 students in the experimental group, attending a public high school during the academic year 2023–2024. The findings indicated that the achievement levels of the students in the experimental group (3D printing models) were statistically higher than those in the control groups (non-3D printing models) after a 9-week instruction. The findings also indicated that there is a statistically important difference in students’ scores on retention tests in favour of the experimental group. Similarly, as a result of student interviews, it was determined that 3D models were evaluated by most of the students as materials that were interesting, arousing curiosity, increased the memorability of information, concretized the subject and facilitated learning. Despite these positive effects of 3D printing models on learning, some limitations, such as small sample selection, reduced the generalizability of the study results. Considering these limitations, some suggestions for future research were made.
A comprehensive framework for assessing circular economy strategies in agri-food supply chains
Authors: Veloso Vânia , Santos Andreia , Carvalho Ana , Barbosa-Póvoa Ana
Published: January 2025

The current food system primarily follows a linear model, yet the circular economy (CE) offers significant potential to improve food supply chains’ sustainability. Despite this, concrete strategies and robust measurement systems are essential for a successful transition to CE. This paper addresses this need by developing a comprehensive framework for assessing CE in agri-food supply chains (AFSCs). Our contribution focuses on bridging the gaps identified in the literature by (1) providing actionable CE strategies tailored to various stages of the AFSC, (2) offering a detailed classification of performance indicators with specific metrics for effective measurement, and (3) grounding our framework in empirical data. To achieve this goal, we employed a case-based methodology, analyzing sustainability reports from companies across four AFSC echelons: production, processing, distribution, and valorization. These reports, based on the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) standards, were subjected to content analysis to identify strategies that promote circularity and to select suitable sustainability indicators. The analysis highlights AFSC’s adoption of circular practices, particularly focusing on reducing and recycling strategies. Out of 86 GRI indicators assessed, 31 were identified as suitable for measuring, supporting, or controlling CE strategies, and categorized by CE-specificity levels in a proposed pyramid classification: 6 key indicators (1st level), 11 less specific indicators (2nd level), and 14 auxiliary indicators (3rd level). The study identified gaps in existing standards, proposing five new disclosures: avoided food waste; food waste identification and management; reverse logistics; circular packaging design; and regenerative farming. These strategies and indicators were compiled into a framework that serves as a roadmap for agri-food companies to monitor their CE transition. The framework was validated through focus groups with experts and interviews with specialists from the Portuguese agri-food sector. This research contributed to identifying essential CE strategies and performance indicators for AFSCs, providing a validated tool for companies to enhance their sustainability performance.
Attendance of Underserved Populations at Field-Based Health Services Events: Application of Quasi-Experimental Methods that Accommodate the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Leve Leslie D. , DeGarmo David S. , Searcy Jacob , Budd Elizabeth L. , Ramírez García Jorge I. , Mauricio Anne Marie , Cresko William A.
Published: January 2025

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the ability to receive health care services. Field-based health services became a logistically feasible alternative to medical center-based care. We compared two different field-based approaches to the delivery of SARS-CoV-2 testing and health education services for Latine communities using a quasi-experimental design that included propensity score matching to accommodate the challenges posed to research by the pandemic. From September 2021 through October 2022, we held 434 testing events, of which 234 used a geolocation approach and 200 used a partner-located approach to determine the location of the health services (n = 68 field sites in Oregon). We hypothesized that partner-located sites would obtain higher numbers of tests collected relative to geolocated sites, and that longer drive times to testing sites would be associated with lower testing rates. There were no differences in the number of tests collected by geolocated versus partner-located sites, controlling for population size and time-varying pandemic vulnerabilities measured as COVID-19 cases and deaths. Prior to propensity score weighting, a longer drive time to the testing site (both site types) was associated with a lower likelihood of total tests (IRR = .87, p < .01, CI [0.54, 0.92]), of Latine tests (IRR = .69, p < .001, CI [0.56, 0.84]), and of male tests collected (IRR = .67, p < .05, CI [0.47, 0.94]). The site’s number of prior tests was associated with a significant 2% increase in tests collected and the prior week’s number of county deaths was associated with a roughly 30% decrease in the likelihood of tests collected. However, the reduced testing rate when the death rate was higher was less likely in geolocated sites (IRR = 1.55, p < .001, CI [1.20, 2.01]). Implications for the utility of propensity score matching and time-varying covariates to accommodate pandemic challenges posed to research are discussed. Clinicaltrials.gov registration number: NCT05082935. Date of registration: 10/15/2021.
Clinical cut-offs for hip- and knee arthroplasty outcome - minimal clinically important improvement (MCII) and patient acceptable symptom state (PASS) of patient-reported outcome measures (PROM)
Authors: Paulsen Aksel , Djuv Ane , Dalen Ingvild
Published: January 2025

Purpose

Clinical cut-offs like minimum clinically important improvement (MCII) and patient acceptable symptom state (PASS) increase the interpretability of patient reported outcome measures (PROMs), but cut-off estimates vary considerably, clouding a clear definition of a successful surgical outcome. We report estimates of MCII and PASS following hip- and knee arthroplasty using multiple methods and compare the different estimation methods.

Methods

Elective hip or knee arthroplasty patients who underwent the regular pre- and postoperative assessments 2014–2018 were included. The generic EQ-5D-5L and either the Hip or Knee disability/injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS/KOOS) were used. MCII and PASS were estimated based on multiple estimation techniques.

Results

Distributions were skewed, with up to 95% being acceptable according to anchor questions. MCII estimates for HOOS/KOOS Pain ranged 21–60/10–47, with fewest in-sample misclassifications for the lowest cut-offs, provided by the 75th percentile approach. PASS estimates for HOOS/KOOS Pain ranged 84–93/78–91, for EQ-5D Index/EQ-VAS 0.87–0.92/66–79 (for hip), and 0.79–0.88/66–76 (for knee), with fewest misclassifications for the 75th percentile approach (hip) and Pythagoras approach (knee). The 75th percentile approach was the approach most often giving MCII estimates below the minimal detectable change (MDC).

Conclusions

We report new one-year estimates of MCII and PASS of HOOS, KOOS and EQ-5D subscales following hip- and knee arthroplasty. Estimates varied considerably when using different anchors and estimation techniques. Overall, the 75th percentile approach had fewest misclassifications, and had the lowest thresholds for the MCII estimations, but which were often below the MDC.
How government procurement shapes corporate climate disclosures, commitments, and actions
Authors: Even-Tov Omri , She Guoman , Wang Lynn Linghuan , Yang Detian
Published: January 2025

This study examines how government procurement impacts firms’ environmental disclosures and whether they have tangible effects. Using a triple-difference research design that exploits the exogenous increase in federal funding allocations to counties based on population census revisions, we find that firms with high exposure to government contracts significantly increase climate disclosure following expanded procurement opportunities. We also document that enhanced disclosure is characterized by a positive tone that emphasizes firms’ green investment and commitment to climate adaptation. The effect is more pronounced in counties with a greater increase in procurement volume and when firms have lower ex ante sustainability performance. Finally, we find firms that increase climate disclosure are more likely to earn government contracts, and they undertake real actions by reducing toxic emissions and enhancing the development of green products. Overall our results suggest government procurement promotes corporate climate responsibility by incentivizing firms to undertake climate mitigation actions.
Ultrathin [C1C1Im][Tf2N] Layers on Supported Mn3O4(001) Films
Authors: Barreto Jade , Talwar Timo , Steinrück Hans-Peter , Maier Florian
Published: January 2025

In the Solid Catalyst with Ionic Liquid Layer concept, activity and selectivity of a solid catalyst such as metal particles supported on porous oxides can be tuned and optimized by ultrathin ionic liquid (IL) coatings. In this context of ILs interacting with oxide surfaces, we report on the adsorption behavior and thermal stability of the IL 1,3-dimethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C1C1Im][Tf2N]) on well-ordered Mn3O4(001) thin films grown on Au(111) using angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We observe the formation of a two dimensional IL wetting layer for IL coverages ≤ 0.5 ML, while multilayers on top of the closed wetting layer (≥ 0.5 ML) grow in 3D islands. For both coverage regimes, the IL anion is preferentially oriented in a cis conformation with the CF3 groups preferentially pointing to the vacuum and SO2 groups towards the oxide surface. Temperature-programmed XPS shows that the multilayer starts to desorb at around 300 K as neutral ion pairs. Above 400 K, the IL wetting layer decomposes, which is characterized by the disappearance of cation-related XPS signals until ~ 450 K, while anion signals remain until 500 K. In comparison to [C1C1Im][Tf2N] films on reactive metal surfaces such as Cu(111) and Pt(111), the IL exhibits a higher thermal stability on Mn3O4(001).

Graphical abstract
Avian haemosporidian parasites affecting non-descript village chickens in Africa
Authors: Matloa Tlalemasego , Erasmus Rulien , Ledwaba Maphuti Betty , Malatji Dikeledi Petunia
Published: January 2025

Smallholder farmers in most of the rural areas in African countries rear non-descript village chickens for petty cash, food provision and for performing rituals. Village chicken production systems are regarded as low input- low output because the chickens receive minimum care and produce average to less eggs and meat. The chickens receive minimal biosecurity and are often left to scavenge for feed and thus exposes them to potential vector parasites that can transmit parasites such as haemoparasites. Haemosporidian parasites (Haemosporidia, Apicomplexa) are blood parasites infecting avian species, especially chickens. They are transmitted by blood sucking vectors such as biting midges, mosquitoes, black flies and louse flies. Infections are mild to severe causing reproduction, production and health losses such as decreased fertility, reduced body weight and egg production, anaemia and inflammation of vital organs such as the liver and spleen. Haemoparasites infections in chickens can be lowered through controlling vector parasites and the use of antimalarial drugs on exotic chicken breeds. The aim of this review is to characterize the avian haemosporidian parasites affecting non-descript village chickens in Africa, describing their morphology, life cycle, pathogenicity, control and prevention measures.