bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outcomes After Skin and Soft Tissue Infection in Infants 90 Days Old or Younger
Authors: Hester Gabrielle , Hersh Adam L. , Mundorff Michael , Korgenski Kent , Wilkes Jacob , Stoddard Gregory , Byington Carrie L. , Srivastava Rajendu
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are an increasingly common cause of pediatric hospital visits among infants. The optimal evaluation strategy for younger infants with SSTI is unknown because there is little information about outcomes including risks of concomitant bacterial infections and treatment failure. This study was designed to determine rates of concomitant invasive bacterial infection and hospital revisits for treatment failure as well as factors associated with treatment failure in infants presenting with SSTI.

METHODS:

Retrospective study of patients ≤90 days of age who received care from the 22 emergency departments and hospitals in the Intermountain Healthcare system from July 1, 2004 to December 31, 2011, with a primary discharge diagnosis of SSTI. Concomitant bacterial infections were defined as urinary tract infection (UTI; culture-confirmed) or invasive bacterial infection (IBI; culture-confirmed bacteremia and/or meningitis). Treatment failure was defined as any unplanned change in care at hospital revisit within 14 days of discharge.

RESULTS:

The study included 172 infants; 29 (17%) were febrile, and 91 (53%) had ≥1 sterile site culture performed. One case of bacteremia in a febrile infant was identified giving an overall proportion with UTI/IBI of 0.58% (95% confidence interval 0.01%–3.2%). Sixteen infants (9.3%; 95% confidence interval 5.4%–14.7%) returned for treatment failure. Perianal location (P = .03) and private insurance status (P = .01) were associated with more treatment failures compared with other locations or payer types. No patients returned for missed UTI/IBI.

CONCLUSIONS:

Concomitant bacterial infections were rare in infants with SSTI, with none identified in afebrile infants. Treatment failure of SSTI leading to hospital revisit was common.
An Examination of Physician-, Caregiver-, and Disease-Related Factors Associated With Readmission From a Pediatric Hospital Medicine Service
Authors: Wallace Sowdhamini S. , Keller Stacey L. , Falco Carla N. , Nead Jennifer A. , Minard Charles G. , Nag Pratip K. , Quinonez Ricardo A.
Published: November 2015

OBJECTIVES:

The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics and reasons for pediatric hospital medicine readmissions. We also aimed to describe characteristics of potentially preventable cases and the reliability of classification.

METHODS:

Retrospective descriptive study from December 2008 through June 2010 in a large academic tertiary care children’s hospital in Houston, Texas. Children were included if they were readmitted to the hospital within 30 days of discharge from the pediatric hospital medicine service. Reasons for readmission were grouped into three categories: physician-related, caretaker-related, and disease-related. Readmissions with physician- or caretaker-related reasons were considered potentially preventable.

RESULTS:

The overall readmission rate was 3.1%, and a total of 204 subjects were included in the analysis. Lymphadenitis and failure to thrive had the highest readmission rates with 21%, and 13%, respectively. Twenty percent (n = 41/204) of readmissions were preventable with 24% (n = 10/41) being physician-related, 12% (n = 5/41) caregiver-related, and 63% (n = 26/41) for mixed reasons. When comparing classification of readmissions into preventable status, there was moderate agreement between 2 reviewers (K = 0.44, 95% confidence interval: 0.28–0.60). Among patients with preventable readmission, the probability of having had a readmission by 7 days and 15 days was 73% and 78%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:

Reliable identification of preventable pediatric readmissions using individual reviewers remains a challenge. Additional studies are needed to develop a reliable approach to identify preventable readmissions and underlying modifiable factors. A focused review of 7-day readmissions and diagnoses with high readmission rates may allow use of fewer resources.
A Pilot Study of the Pediatric Oral Medications Screener (POMS)
Authors: Jacobsen Laura , Patel Amee , Fox Meghan , Miller Sara , Bradford Kathleen , Jhaveri Ravi
Published: November 2015

OBJECTIVE:

Oral medications are commonly used to treat acute and chronic conditions, but formal evaluation of a child’s pill-swallowing ability rarely occurs. In this pilot study, the Pediatric Oral Medication Screener (POMS) was used to physically assess a child’s pill swallowing ability and identify children who would benefit from a targeted intervention.

METHODS:

We identified children 3 to 17 years old admitted to a general pediatric service over a 3-month period in 2014. Patients were asked to swallow several different-sized placebo formulations. If subjects did not meet age-based goals, they were referred for pill swallowing interventions (POMS+). Follow-up parental surveys were performed for patients completing the intervention.

RESULTS:

The prospective pilot study recruited 34 patients. Twenty-eight patients (82%) passed the screening, and a majority of this group started or continued taking pill medications. Six did not pass the screen. Three of the 6 completed the intervention, improved their pill swallowing ability, and were taking oral pill medications at discharge. Parent prediction of pill swallowing was accurate only 56% of the time. Follow-up survey of the 3 families who completed POMS+ reported satisfaction with the program, and 2 of the patients had continued success with swallowing pills 5 months later.

CONCLUSIONS:

The POMS was effective at identifying children who could benefit from an intervention to improve pill-swallowing ability. Our analysis demonstrated that POMS has the potential to improve patient satisfaction and discharge planning.
The Cost of a Culture and Doctoring at a Distance
Authors: Pai Vidya V. , Vella Laura A. , Fieldston Evan S.
Published: November 2015

A term infant at a community hospital was noted to be apneic with thick meconium at birth. She required intubation for respiratory distress and had an initial axillary temperature of 38.27°C (100.9°F). Blood culture was drawn, umbilical catheter was placed, and ampicillin and gentamicin were started for presumed sepsis. The C-reactive protein (CRP) level at birth was 12.3 mg/L and rose to 30.8 mg/L on day of life (DOL) 2. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was drawn, but the fluid had too many red blood cells for a reliable white blood cell count. The CSF was sent for culture, which remained negative. The NICU team trended CRP levels, and on DOL 3, the CRP fell to 20 mg/L. The neonate continued to do well clinically and on DOL 3 was transitioned to room air. On DOL 7, she was ready for discharge, but the care team decided to obtain another CRP before discontinuation of antibiotics. It was then 88 mg/L. Because of the elevated CRP, peripheral blood and CSF cultures were again obtained while the infant remained on antibiotics administered via umbilical catheter. The blood culture grew Klebsiella pneumoniae that was sensitive to gentamicin. The CSF culture was negative. The NICU team wanted to treat the infection appropriately and called the infectious diseases service at the regional referral hospital for advice on antibiotic choice. The infectious diseases team suggested that either ciprofloxacin or a carbapenem would be appropriate given the resistance pattern. Still, the infectious diseases team thought that bacteremia in an infant who was otherwise clinically ready for discharge was surprising. They suggested consideration of an endovascular source and an ultrasound of the umbilical vein given the concurrent presence of an umbilical line and the growth of a gentamicin-susceptible organism during gentamicin therapy. The radiology department at the community hospital was reportedly unable to obtain neonatal endovascular ultrasound, and therefore the NICU team requested that the infant be transferred to the regional children’s hospital. The infant was switched to intravenous ciprofloxacin, and the umbilical line was removed before transfer.
A New Way to Accelerate the Distraction of the Transpalatal Suture in Growing Dogs Using Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2
Authors: Guiran Zhao , Ying Wang , Guijun Wang , Chengyue Wang , Yusheng Yao
Published: November 2015

Objective

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the administration of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) on trans-sutural distraction osteogenesis (TSDO) of the transverse palatal suture in growing dogs.

Study Design

A total of 36 growing dogs were used in this study. The experimental animals were treated with different elastic force and rhBMP-2. The bone regeneration was determined with X-ray, histology, and clinical evaluation. The computed values underwent statistical analyses using analysis of variance.

Results

The maxillary complex was most noticeably advanced with an applied elastic force of 600 g (22.4 ± 5.0 mm) and 800 g + rhBMP-2 (24 ± 5.1 mm). Immunohistochemical staining showed that the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and bone morphogenetic protein-4 varied with different elastic force. These changes were statistically significant when 600 g and 800 g + rhBMP-2 were applied within 2 weeks of distraction when compared with controls ( P < .05).

Conclusions

The results of this study suggest that TSDO in the growing dog should be safe and well tolerated when inducing bony lengthening of the maxilla. rhBMP-2 plays an important role in bone regeneration using TSDO.
Clinician's Primer to ICD-10-CM Coding for Cleft Lip/Palate Care
Authors: Allori Alexander C. , Cragan Janet D. , Delia Porta Gina C. , Mulliken John B. , Meara John G. , Bruun Richard , Shusterman Stephen , Cassell Cynthia H. , Raynor Eileen , Santiago Pedro , Marcus Jeffrey R.
Published: November 2015

On October 1,2015, the United States required use of the Clinical Modification of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10-CM) for diagnostic coding. This primer was written to assist the cleft care community with understanding and use of ICD-10-CM for diagnostic coding related to cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P).
Kenneth Goldsmith and the Poetics of Information
Authors: Pound Scott
Published: November 2015

Kenneth Goldsmith, a sculptor turned writer who now refers to himself as a “word processor,” makes mundane yet strangely enthralling poetry out of transcribed speech. Rather than stake claims to originality and value, Goldsmith extols “uncreativity” and “being boring” as new benchmarks of literary achievement. So far, critics have abjured these claims in favor of close readings of the texts. This essay aims to take the critical conversation in a new direction by arguing that what deserves critical examination is Goldsmith's attempt to conceptualize and practice poetry as information management. Information culture provides Goldsmith with a new understanding of language, a new view of the literary, and a new take on authorship, and the methods of text production that result from these resources travesty literary culture as we know it, which is exactly the point. Goldsmith's indifference to literary culture yields a method for generating texts that is as instructive as it is shocking because it requires us to face the strange prospect of a literature that chooses information culture over literary culture as its ground.
Inter-imperiality and Literary Studies in the LongerDurée
Authors: Doyle Laura
Published: November 2015

What would it mean for literary and cultural scholars to incorporate the new historical scholarship on early world systems and states? In particular, what might we who study literature in the context of empire, capitalism, modernity, and globalization since 1500 make of the most recent historical and archival work on non-European parts of the world before 1500?
Reading Medieval French Literature from a Global Perspective
Authors: Amer Sahar
Published: November 2015

Only in the last decade has the field of medieval french literature recognized the need for a critical gaze that looks outside France and beyond the persistent Eurocentric accounts of medieval French literary history. These accounts long viewed medieval French literary production primarily in relation to the Latin, Celtic, and Provençal traditions. My research over the last twenty years has called for a revisionist history of literature and of empires and has highlighted the fact that throughout the Middle Ages France entertained “inter-imperial” literary relations—not only with European traditions but also with extra-European cultures, specifically with the Islamicate world.
Scripts in Motion: Writing as Imperial Technology, Past and Present
Authors: Liu Lydia H.
Published: November 2015

Civilization is unthinkable without writing. This statement is a commonplace, and like all commonplaces its reiteration merits critical reflection, especially when we ponder why stakes become so high whenever writing is concerned. The shared modern Chinese and Japanesekanjirendering of the word for “civilization,” for instance, means “enlightening through writing/text” ([wenmingin Mandarin]), which puts emphasis literally on the value of writing. For centuries, writing has been invoked as a positive index to the hierarchy of human societies and their intellectual attributes, whereby orality is relegated to primitive and pretechnological cultures. The presumed dichotomy of writing and orality often relies on a flawed, representational view of writing that is phonocentric to the core, à la Derrida, and remains almost always blind to the presence of script or medium—including that of alphabetical writing—which requires a different kind of analytical approach.
The Reformation, Inter-imperial World History, and Marlowe'sDoctor Faustus
Authors: Degenhardt Jane Hwang
Published: November 2015

In what has often been read as a comic display of frivolity, the protagonist of christopher marlowe'sdoctor faustus(c. 1589-92) produces a dish of grapes to satisfy the craving of a pregnant duchess. The duchess, a German, had implied that such a delicacy would be available to her in the summertime but was quite out of reach in the current month, January—“the dead time of the winter” (4.2.11). Whereas modern-day global capitalism makes fresh fruits and vegetables available year-round in northern supermarkets, the gratification of a wintertime desire for them in the late sixteenth century required magic or stagecraft. Asked how he managed to procure the grapes out of season, Faustus explains, “[T]he year is divided into two circles over the whole world, that when it is here winter with us, in the contrary circle it is summer with them, as in India, Saba, and farther countries in the East; and by means of a swift spirit that I have, I had brought them hither, as ye see” (4.2.22-27). Thus, instead of simply conjuring the grapes out of thin air, Faustus employs a spirit courier who swiftly retrieves the grapes and transports them across the globe, from the warm climates of the Eastern Hemisphere to the German court of Vanholt. If Faustus's spirit transgresses the laws of nature, it also relies on a kind of scientific knowledge and technology to ascertain where grapes naturally grow in January. Additionally, the seizure of the grapes from “India, Saba, and farther countries in the East” implies a right of access that is attained (or circumvented) by Faustus's magic. In short, the magic for which Faustus has sold his soul to the devil is, in this instance, that of effortless global commerce—or, rather, the ability to attain a foreign commodity while bypassing the means of production and contingencies of exchange.
Another Turn for Transnationalism: Empire, Nation, and Imperium in Early Modern Studies
Authors: Fuchs Barbara
Published: November 2015

How might early modern studies participate in the larger conversations and transformations of postcolonial studies while attending to the specificities of the age? How might we develop and mobilize period-specific understandings of a moment when states aspire to both empire and nation? My inquiry is motivated not only by the questions posed by the cluster of essays to which it belongs but also by the generalized, and often historically imprecise, move totransnationalismas a catchall for work that complicates our traditional nation-based categories. As I will suggest here, despite the strategic advantages of transnationalism for forging trans-historical connections, for developing a critical pedagogy, and for interrogating our own academy, the approach threatens to occlude the intertwined histories of nation and empire, even as it fails to capture the liminal, transitional qualities of the early modern. Instead, I propose a focus on imperium, to highlight the mimetic rivalries occurring among emergent empires at the very time they solidify sovereignty. Imperium studies challenges the self-sufficient histories of nation and empire by arguing for their imbrication and competition: only a plural history of the intersections among them can provide the full picture. Moreover, imperium studies explicitly engages with the multiple early modern temporalities, as well as allegiances—to an imperial future, certainly, but also to a classical past that remained central as exemplar and motivator and to the imperfect, incomplete work of nation making.
Reframing Vernacular Culture on Arabic Fault Lines: Bamba, Senghor, and Sembene's Translingual Legacies in French West Africa
Authors: Lienau Annette Damayanti
Published: November 2015

This PMLA cluster invites us to rethink questions of language, script, and literary traditions in a long-historical framework. Several other essays here address the inter-imperial dynamics accompanying the rise of Arabic from a localized dialect to a transregional language with a religious valence. My contribution considers the legacy of the Arabic language in the twentieth-century sub-Saharan West African context, in its contact with Senegalese vernaculars and with French as an imperial challenger. It further explores the broader implications of retracing the longue durée history of Arabic-script vernaculars for comparative work in postcolonial studies.
Everybody's Authority
Authors: Cecire Natalia
Published: November 2015

The incursion of the unwanted thus seems to be part of the risk of thinking with others, part of the vulnerability of opening oneself, one's words and one's thoughts, to anyone who might venture upon them.

—Jodi Dean, “Blogging Theory”

Ah, the peace and quiet that follows a “block” on twitter.

—Saree Makdisi,Twitter

One day in 2012, while a presidential election campaign was in full swing, i wrote a blog post and hit “publish.” the post was pretty niche, I thought—the ninth in a series of posts that I had been tagging “puerility,” all incipient ideas for a future project that would draw on childhood studies, the history of statistics, and poetics. With “puerility,” I sought to describe a ludic epistemological mode that draws its power from its very willingness to disclaim power and embrace provisionality—an ambivalence often figured through, and associated with, boyhood. My previous blogging on puerility had mused over the Google N-gram Viewer and the widespread propensity to describe it as a “fun” “toy,” the foulmouthed parodyTwitteraccount @MayorEmanuel, and Wes Anderson's 2012 filmMoonrise Kingdom.The new post was about election predictions and a recent media flap around the statistician Nate Silver.
Growing Up in Public: Academia, Journalism, and the New Public Intellectual
Authors: Kindley Evan
Published: November 2015

When I was in graduate school ten years ago, we were discouraged from writing book reviews. The professional rationales behind this advice were sound enough: book reviewing, whether for a scholarly journal or a mass-market publication, requires a considerable investment of time and a public statement of position. Neither venture was a risk that budding graduate students could afford: you don't want to make enemies in your field too soon, especially inadvertently, and you don't want to waste precious time forming an opinion before you've proved your entitlement to one, or so our professors' argument ran. We were advised, sensibly enough, to focus on our coursework and our own progress as scholars.
Make Revolution Irresistible: The Role of the Cultural Worker in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Tillet Salamishah
Published: November 2015

I was introduced to the term public intellectual almost twenty years ago when I was an undergraduate in a literary course on African American music taught by the cultural critic Farah Jasmine Griffin. The class conversations began with readings of jazz and hip-hop artists as “organic intellectuals” in the sense developed by Antonio Gramsci. We quickly moved to the debates sparked by Edward Said's Representations of the Intellectual (1993) and to the rise of the black public intellectual as demonstrated by the formation by Henry Louis Gates, Jr., of an academic “dream team” in African American studies at Harvard, Cornel West's publication of Race Matters (1994), and Robert Boynton's March 1995 article in the Atlantic entitled “The New Intellectuals,” which added Toni Morrison, Stanley Crouch, Patricia Williams, Michael Eric Dyson, Derrick Bell, June Jordan, and many others to that category. By the time I arrived at Harvard in 1999, for graduate study in African American literature, the idea of the black public intellectual served as a backdrop and a blueprint for how my generation of scholars could live inside and beyond the campus walls. As beneficiaries of that era, my peers and I did not necessarily have to prove that our work belonged in the public; instead, we had to wrestle with newer questions of format and forum in the digital age.
Chinese Translation: A Vehicle of Cultural Influence
Authors: Chang Eileen
Published: November 2015

Translation played a central role in the life of Eileen Chang (Zhang Ailing, 1920-95). One of the most iconic figures in twentieth-century Chinese literature, Chang also wrote extensively in English throughout her career, which began in the early 1940s in Japanese-occupied Shanghai. She achieved fame quickly but fell into obscurity after the war ended in 1945. Chang stayed in Shanghai through the 1949 Communist revolution and in 1952 moved to Hong Kong, where she worked as a freelance translator and writer for the United States Information Service and wrote two anti-Communist novels in English and Chinese,The Rice-Sprout Song(1955) andNaked Earth(1956).
MONITORAMENTO AMBIENTAL NA ZONA DE AMORTECIMENTO DO PARQUE ESTADUAL DE PORTO FERREIRA, PORTO FERREIRA – SP.
Authors: Lucca André Luis Teixeira De , Dickfeldt Ernesto Pedro , Evangelista Sonia Aparecida de Souza
Published: November 2015

RESUMOAtividades de monitoramento ambiental foram implantadas na Zona de Amortecimento do Parque Estadual de Porto Ferreira com o objetivo de identificar ações antrópicas conflitantes e buscar a minimização dos seus efeitos negativos. Entre os anos de 2006 a 1015 foram identificadas 26 ações conflitantes em relação à flora, fauna, solo, recursos hídricos e ar. O apoio do Conselho Consultivo contribuiu com discussões e encaminhamentos na perspectiva de favorecer a manutenção dos processos ecológicos, a adequação e a sustentabilidade ambiental na região da unidade de conservação. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Uso do Solo. Ações Antrópicas. Plano de Manejo.
A INTERLIGAÇÃO DA PAISAGEM GEOMORFOLÓGICA DA PEDRA FURADA COM A RELAÇÃO HOMEM NATUREZA
Authors: MACEDO DARLA JULIANA CAVALCANTI , SILVA FILHO JEOVANE LISBOA DA , AMADOR MARIA BETÂNIA MOREIRA
Published: November 2015

Palavras-chave: Paisagem geomorfológica, relação homem-natureza, sistemismo.
A EXPANSÃO DA MONOCULTURA CANAVIEIRA NO MUNICÍPIO DE OURO VERDE – SP
Authors: Lelis Leandro Reginaldo Maximino , Avelino Júnior José Francisco
Published: November 2015

RESUMO O processo de modernização da agricultura foi incentivado pelo Estado e viabilizou a expansão das atividades agrícolas desenvolvidas em grande escala no Brasil, como é o caso da monocultura da cana-de-açúcar. Destarte, este artigo tem como objetivo analisar os impactos gerados pela expansão da cana-de-açúcar no município de Ouro Verde. A partir da leitura do material bibliográfico selecionado e da análise dos dados de fontes secundárias, constatamos que a expansão da lavoura canavieira gerou impactos socioambientais significativos no município analisado. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Modernização da agricultura. Cana-de-açúcar. Impactos socioambientais. THE EXPANSION OF SUGARCANE MONOCULTURE IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF OURO VERDE – SP  ABSTRACTThe process of agricultural modernization was encouraged by the State and made viable the expansion of farming activities developed on a large scale in Brazil, as is the case the sugarcane monoculture. Thus, this article aims to analyze the impacts generated by the expansion of sugarcane in the municipality of Ouro Verde. From the reading of the selected bibliographic material and analysis of data from secondary sources, we verified that the expansion of sugarcane tillage generated significant social and environmental impacts in the municipality analyzed. KEYWORDS: Modernization of agriculture. Sugarcane. Social and environmental impacts.  LA EXPANSIÓN DE MONOCULTIVO DE CAÑA DE AZÚCAR EN EL MUNICIPIO DE OURO VERDE – SP   RESUMENEl proceso de modernización de la agricultura fue alentado por el Estado e viabilizó la expansión de las actividades agrícolas a gran escala en Brasil, como es el caso de monocultivo de la caña de azúcar. Así, este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar los impactos generados por la expansión de la caña de azúcar en el municipio de Ouro Verde. A partir de la lectura del material bibliografico selecionado y de análisis de datos de fuentes secundarias, constatamos que la expansión de labranza de caña de azúcar generó impactos sociales y ambientales en el municipio analizado. PALABRAS CLAVE: Modernización de la agricultura. Caña de azúcar. Los impactos sociales y ambientales.
AS DISPUTAS TERRITORIAIS ENTRE O AGRONEGÓCIO E O CAMPESINATO
Authors: Lelis Leandro Reginaldo Maximino , Avelino Júnior Francisco José
Published: November 2015

RESUMOO campo brasileiro possui duas lógicas distintas de produção e organização: o agronegócio e o campesinato. Essa situação gera disputas territoriais entre essas duas lógicas. Assim, este artigo tem como objetivo analisar as disputas territoriais entre o agronegócio e o campesinato. A partir da leitura e análise do material bibliográfico selecionado e dos dados de fontes secundárias, notamos que o campesinato sofre com a violência praticada pelos capitalistas do agronegócio, porém continua lutando para entrar e permanecer na terra.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Disputas territoriais. Agronegócio. Campesinato. TERRITORIAL DISPUTES BETWEEN AGRIBUSINESS AND THE PEASANTRY ABSTRACTThe Brazilian countryside has two different logics of production and organization: agribusiness and the peasantry. This situation generates territorial disputes between these two logics. Thus, this article aims to analyze the territorial disputes between agribusiness and the peasantry. From the reading and analysis of selected bibliography and secondary data sources, we note that the peasantry suffers from violence practiced by agribusiness capitalists, but still struggling to enter and remain in the land.KEYWORDS: Territorial disputes. Agribusiness. Peasantry.  DISPUTAS TERRITORIALES ENTRE AGRONEGOCIOS Y EL CAMPESINADORESUMENEn la actualidad, el campo brasileño tiene dos lógicas de producción y organización distinta: la agroindustria y el campesinado. Esta situación genera disputas territoriales entre estas dos lógicas. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar las disputas territoriales entre la agroindustria y el campesinado. A partir de la lectura y análisis de bibliografía seleccionada y fuentes de datos secundarios, observamos que el campesinado sufre de la barbarie y la violencia practicada por los capitalistas agroindustriales, pero sigue luchando para entrar y permanecer en la tierra.PALABRAS CLAVE: Las disputas territoriales. Agronegocios. Campesinado.
ARMAZENAMENTO E QUALIDADE DA NOZ MACADÂMIA
Authors: Ávila Fernanda de , Palharini Maria Cecília de Arruda , Perdoná Marcos José
Published: November 2015

RESUMO O cultivo e comercialização da macadâmia estão crescendo rapidamente no Brasil. As colheitas se concentram entre os meses de fevereiro a abril, porém, os melhores preços para a noz são alcançados no final do ano. O armazenamento nas propriedades pode ser uma estratégia para que os produtores consigam maiores preços de venda e tenham maior êxito nessa atividade, entretanto, existe o risco da perda da qualidade das nozes, o que acarretaria sérios prejuízos. Essa revisão objetivou agregar informações sobre o cultivo e armazenamento da noz macadâmia nas propriedades e sobre os métodos disponíveis para avaliar o sucesso do armazenamento nas condições brasileiras. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:Macadamia integrifolia, pós-colheita, rancidez.  Storage and quality of macadamia nuts ABSTRACT The cultivation and marketing of macadamia is rapidly growing in Brazil. The harvest are concentrated between the months from February to April, however, the best prices for the nut are achieved at the end of the year. Storage in the properties may be a strategy so that producers are able to higher sales prices and have greater success in this activity, however, there is a risk of loss of quality of the nuts, which would cause serious damage. This review aimed to add information on the cultivation and storage of macadamia nuts in the properties and the methods available to evaluate the success of storage in Brazilian conditions. KEY-WORDS: Macadamia integrifolia, postharvest, rancidity.  Almacenamiento y calidad de las nueces de macadamia RESUMENEl cultivo y la comercialización de macadamia está creciendo rápidamente en Brasil. Los cosechas se concentran entre los meses de febrero a abril, pero, los mejores precios de nueces son alcanzados al final del año. El almacenamiento en las propiedades puede ser una estrategia para que los productores obtendrán mayores precios de venta y tiendrán un mayor éxito en esta actividad, sin embargo, existe el riesgo de pérdida de la calidad de los frutos secos, lo que causaría graves daños. Esta revisón apunta a agregar información sobre el cultivo y almacenamiento de nueces de macadamia en las propiedades y los métodos disponibles para evaluar el éxito de su almacenamiento en condiciones brasileñas. PALABRAS CLAVE:Macadamia integrifolia, después de la cosecha, la rancidez
SISTEMA SILVIPASTORIL NA PRODUÇÃO DE OVINOS
Authors: Estremote Marcelo , Melo Verônica Freitas de Paula , Pinheiro Rafael Silvio Bonilha
Published: November 2015

RESUMOA preservação do meio ambiente, cada vez mais, vem sendo objeto de preocupação no mundo. No agronegócio, produtores e técnicos buscam alternativas para a pecuáriasustentável, sem agredir o meio ambiente. Uma das alternativas é o sistema silvipastoril, pois contribui para reduzir os problemas relacionados as alterações no ecossistemadecorrente do desmatamento. Contudo, a degradação das pastagens pode ser vista como um grande problema econômico e ambiental no Brasil. Esta revisão de literaturaobjetivou analisar as alternativas para a produção de ovinos de forma sustentável, utilizando a produção silvipastoril em diferentes sistemas de produção, juntamente com a recuperação de pastagens degradadas e espécies arbóreas, visando o lucro e a biodiversidade na propriedade rural. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:Pequenos ruminantes, Sistemas de produção, Sustentável. SILVIPASTORAL SYSTEM IN SHEEP PRODUCTION ABSTRACTThe preservation of the environment, increasingly, come being concern object in the world. In agribusiness, producers and technicians seek alternatives for sustainable livestock without harming the environment. One alternative is the silvopastoralsystem, it helps to reduce the problems related changes to the ecosystem resulting from deforestation. However, degradation of pastures can be seen as great hum Economic and Environmental problem in Brazil. This literature review aimed to analyze the alternatives for the production of sustainable sheep, using silvopastoral production in different production systems, along with the recovery of degraded pastures and tree species, for profit and biodiversity on the farm. KEYWORDS: Ruminant, Production Systems, Sustainable.  SISTEMA SILVOPASTORALES EN PRODUCCIÓN OVEJAS RESUMENLa preservacióndelmedio ambiente, cada vez más, ha sido motivo de preocupaciónenel mundo. Enlaagroindustria, productores y técnicos buscan alternativas para laganaderíasosteniblesindañarelmedio ambiente. Una alternativa esel sistema silvopastoril, que ayuda a reducirlos problemas de cambiosenelecosistema como resultado de ladeforestación. Sin embargo, ladegradación de los pastos puede ser visto como un problema económico y ambiental importante en Brasil. Estarevisión de la literaturadestinada a analizarlasalternativas para la producción de ovejassostenible, mediante la producciónsilvopastorilendiferentessistemas de producción, junto con la recuperación de pastosdegradados y especies de árboles, tiendocomoobjecivo el lucro y la biodiversidaden la granja. PALABRAS CLAVE:Rumiantespequeños, Sistemas de producción, Sostenibles.
Evaluating the United Nation’s Agenda for Atrocity Prevention: Prospects for the International Regulation of Internal Security
Authors: Jacob Cecilia
Published: November 2015

In recent years the UN Secretary-General has promoted mass atrocity prevention as the priority agenda for the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) at the UN, redirecting debates on R2P away from military interventionism towards improved state capacity to prevent atrocity crimes and protect populations. This focus has been illustrated in the UNSG’s annual reports on R2P since 2009, and the 2014 “Framework of Analysis for Atrocity Crimes”, that emphasise state institutional capacity and the identification of atrocity-risk indicators. Through a case-study of Pakistan, this article problematizes the relationship between internal security and the UN agenda on atrocity prevention to evaluate the viability of promoting atrocity prevention as currently conceived by the Office of the UNSG in high-risk contexts. It argues that an atrocity prevention agenda informed by a responsive regulation framework would be more effective in taking into account the relational dynamics of atrocity crimes. This includes accounting for the interaction between the micro-dynamics of political violence with macro-dynamics created by lengthy historical conflicts and strategic repertoires.
Moving Upstream and Going Local: The Responsibility to Protect Ten Years Later
Authors: Moix Bridget
Published: November 2015

Ten years ago the international community pledged to protect civilians from genocide, ethnic cleansing, war crimes, and crimes against humanity by endorsing the responsibility to protect (R2P) doctrine. Yet today, horrific violence against civilians continues in places like Syria, Iraq, and South Sudan. This article examines some of the progress and gaps in the international community’s efforts to better protect civilians against mass violence over the past decade. It proposes two emerging directions for advancing the R2P agenda in the coming years: 1) greater focus on upstream prevention, and 2) increased support for locally-led peacebuilding and prevention actors and capacities.
The Viability of the “Responsibility to Prevent”
Authors: Hehir Aidan
Published: November 2015

The efficacy of the Responsibility to Prevent suffers from two key problems; causal indeterminacy, and a dependence on the political will of states, particularly the permanent five members of the Security Council. The vast array of factors which can be cited as potentially contributing to the outbreak of conflict and atrocity crimes mitigates against the determination of definite “conflict triggers”. This does not mean prevention is impossible but does limit the efficacy of “early warning systems”. The dynamics of the “four crimes” within R2P’s purview further limits the efficacy of prevention as the decision to engage in mass atrocities is taken in response to a perceived existential crisis. This significantly limits the scope for leveraging the “internal” aspect of R2P as the decision to commit these acts is invariably born from a belief that no other option is available to the potential aggressors. Thus the specifics of atrocity crime prevention places great emphasis on the operationalisation of the external dimension of R2P, namely the role of the international community. So long as the response of the “international community” is predicated on the political will of states, however, the efficacy of prevention in these areas will be limited, as the “international” response is prey to narrowly defined national interests.
Understanding Mass Atrocity Prevention during Periods of Democratic Transition
Authors: McLoughlin  Stephen
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this article is to provide a better understanding of why some countries experience mass atrocities during periods of democratic transition, while others do not. Scholars have long regarded democracy as an important source of stability and protection from mass atrocities such as genocide, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing. But democratic transition itself is fraught with the heightened risk of violent conflict and even mass atrocities. Indeed, a number of studies have identified regimes in transition as containing the highest risk of political instability and mass atrocities. What is overlooked is the question of how and why some regimes undergo such transitions without experiencing mass atrocities, despite the presence of a number of salient risk factors, including state-based discrimination, inter-group tension and horizontal inequality. Utilizing a new analytical framework, this article investigates this lacuna by conducting a comparative analysis of two countries—one that experienced atrocities (Burundi) during transition, and one that did not (Guyana). How countries avoid such violence during transition has the potential to yield insights for the mitigation of risk associated with mass atrocity crimes.
Preventing Mass Atrocities: Ideological Strategies and Interventions
Authors: Leader Maynard Jonathan
Published: November 2015

Both scholars and international actors frequently stress the important role played by anti-civilian ideologies in escalating risks of mass atrocities against civilians. Yet strategies to combat and counter anti-civilian ideologies remain an uncertain and understudied component of atrocity prevention, and scepticism about their efficacy is to be expected. This paper provides a preliminary framework for thinking about strategies and interventions designed to counter the ideological causes of mass atrocities. First, I briefly clarify what existing research seems to suggest the role of ideology in mass atrocities is, and is not. I caution against cruder or overly strong theses about the role ideology plays, but clarify that whilst ideology’s actual causal impact is varying and complex, it is also significant. Second, I clarify what ideological interventions and strategies might be reasonably expected to do, and comparatively assess them against more dominant existing prevention tools to show that their preventive potential is sufficiently high to warrant usage. Finally, I provide guidelines on how the effort to formulate ideological strategies and interventions for preventing mass atrocities should best proceed.
Changes is genes coding for laccases 1 and 2 may contribute to deformation and reduction of wings in apollo butterfly (Parnassius apollo, Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) from the isolated population in Pieniny National Park (Poland).
Authors: Łukasiewicz Kinga , Węgrzyn Grzegorz
Published: November 2015

An isolated population of apollo butterfly (Parnassius apollo, Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) occurs in Pieniny National Park (Poland). Deformations and reductions of wings in a relatively large number of individuals from this population is found, yet the reasons for these defects are unknown. During studies devoted to identify cause(s) of this phenomenon, we found that specific regions of genes coding of enzymes laccases 1 and 2 could not be amplified from DNA samples isolated from large fractions of malformed insects while expected PCR products were detected in almost all (with one exception) normal butterflies. Laccases (p-diphenol:dioxygen oxidoreductases) are oxidases containing several copper atoms. They catalyse single-electron oxidations of phenolic or other compounds with concomitant reduction of oxygen to water. In insects, their enzymatic activities were found previously in epidermis, midgut, Malpighian tubules, salivary glands, and reproductive tissues. Therefore, we suggest that defects in genes coding for laccases might contribute to deformation and reduction of wings in apollo butterflies, though it seems obvious that deficiency in these enzymes could not be the sole cause of these developmental improperties in P. apollo from Pieniny National Park.
Penyelesaian Persamaan Nonlinier Orde-Tinggi untuk Akar Berganda
Authors: Jamhuri Mohammad
Published: November 2015

Dalam paper ini dikembangkan sebuah metode Orde-Empat untuk mencari akar berganda dari persamaan nonlinier. Metode tersebut di dasarkan pada metode Orde-Lima dari Jarrat (untuk akar-akar sederhana) yang hanya memerlukan satu perhitungan fungsi dan tiga kali perhitungan turunan. Efisiensi informasi dari metode tersebut sama dengan metode-metode dengan orde yang lebih rendah. Untuk kasus-kasus akar berganda, telah ditemukan metode-metode yang hanya memerlukan satu kali perhitungan turunan. Sehingga metode-metode tersebut lebih efisien jika dibandingkan dengan metode-metode lainnya.
Model Penyebaran Penyakit Menular dengan Transmisi Vertikal
Authors: Pagalay Usman
Published: November 2015

The dynamics of many epidemic models for infectious diseases that spread in a single host population demonstrate a threshold phenomenon. If the basic reproduction number R0 is below unity, the disease free equilibrium P is globally stable in the feasible region and the disease always dies out. If R0 1, a unique endemic equilibrium P is globally asymptotically stable in the interior of the feasible region and the disease will persist at the endemic equilibrium if it is initially present. In this paper this threshold phenomenon is established for two epidemic models of SEIR type using two recent approaches to the global-stability problem.
Optimalisasi Reduksi Noise Menggunakan Chain-Code Termodifikasi pada Pendeteksian Wajah
Authors: Rijal Yusron
Published: November 2015

Digital image face detection had been developing so much in this last decade. The searching for the best method is still walking until today. This face detection research is using color model based segmentation method combined with template matching. There are 4 main process in this research. First, motion detection is used to minimize the size of the image by subtracting image n with image n+m. Then, by using YCbCr color model based segmentation, the image is separated by skin color area and non-skin color area. Third, is to reduce the noise by using the blurring way and by filtering its wide. The last one is matching the area that last with template that has been prepared to detect which area is face. The result of the research, from 217 images and 10 videos , shows that this method reach up to 70,5% face detection accuration  procentage.
Studi Tentang Persamaan Fuzzy
Authors: Sari Elva Ravita , Alisah Evawati
Published: November 2015

Bilangan fuzzy merupakan konsep perluasan dari bilangan tegas. Misalkan adalah himpunan fuzzy dalam semesta himpunan semua bilangan riil , maka disebut bilangan fuzzy jika memenuhi empat sifat diantaranya yaitu: himpunan fuzzy normal, mempunyai support yang terbatas, semua merupakan interval tertutup untuk semua dalam , dan konveks. Operasi aritmetika pada bilangan fuzzy dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan α- yang berbentuk interval tertutup dengan menggunakan fungsi keanggotaan bentuk segitiga, karena bentuk ini sederhana dan sudah memenuhi syarat keanggotaan bilangan fuzzy, dan sudah mewakili dari representasi fungsi keanggotaan bentuk yang lainnya. Persamaan fuzzy adalah kombinasi dari bilangan fuzzy dan operasi aritmetika fuzzy. Misalkan dan adalah bilangan fuzzy pada semesta dengan fungsi keanggotaan masing-masing µ . adalah empat operasi aritmetika dasar pada , maka operasi yaitu adalah interval tertutup untuk setiap, dan dan adalah bilangan fuzzy, maka juga bilangan fuzzy. Prosedur penyelesaian persamaan fuzzy yaitu dengan merepresentasikan bilangan fuzzy dalam bentuk - menggunakan fungsi keanggotaan segitiga. Kemudian mengoperasikannya menggunakan operasi aritmetika pada bilangan fuzzy. Penentuan hasil operasi aritmetika pada persamaan fuzzy dilakukan dengan merepresentasikan ulang bilangan fuzzy tersebut dengan -, sehingga didapatkan bilangan fuzzy baru sebagai hasil penyelesaian dari persamaan fuzzy. Pada skripsi ini hanya memfokuskan pokok bahasan pada persamaan fuzzy. Maka dari itu, disarankan kepada pembaca untuk mengkaji lebih lanjut tentang bentuk aljabar klasik yang lainnya yaitu pertidaksamaan linier yang dikembangkan menjadi pertaksamaan fuzzy. Dapat juga mengkaji lebih lanjut tentang sistem persamaan fuzzy.
Bilangan Rainbow Connection dari Hasil Operasi Penjumlahan dan Perkalian Kartesius Dua Graf
Authors: Saputra Fuad Adi
Published: November 2015

Graf dengan pewarnaan sisi disebut pelangi sisi terhubung, jika setiap titik pada graf dihubungkan oleh lintasan yang memiliki sisi-sisi dengan warna yang berbeda. Rainbow connection pada graf yang terhubung, disimbolkan oleh yaitu bilangan terkecil dari warna yang dibutuhkan untuk membuat graf menjadi pelangi sisi terhubung. Sedangkan graf dengan pewarnaan titik adalah pelangi titik terhubung, jika setiap titik pada graf dihubungkan oleh lintasan yang memiliki titik-titik interior dengan warna yang berbeda. Rainbow vertex-connection pada graf yang terhubung disimbolkan oleh yaitu bilangan terkecil dari warna yang dibutuhkan untuk membuat graf menjadi pelangi titik terhubung. Penelitian ini menganalisis besarnya bilangan dan dari graf hasil penjumlahan dan perkalian kartesius dua sebarang graf. Penjumlahan dua graf dan yang dinotasikan mempunyai himpunan titik dan himpunan sisi . Bilangan rainbow connection dari graf adalah: 1) dan adalah graf komplit, dan 2) atau adalah bukan graf komplit sedangkan bilangan rainbow vertex-connection dari graf adalah graf komplit.
Proyeksi Geometri Fuzzy pada Ruang
Authors: Ubaidillah Muhammad Izzat
Published: November 2015

Fuzzy geometry is an outgrowth of crisp geometry, which in crisp geometry elements are exist and not exist, but also while on fuzzy geometry elements are developed by thickness which is owned by each of these elements. Crisp projective geometries is the formation of a shadow of geometries element projected on the projectors element, with perpendicular properties which are represented by their respective elemental, the discussion focused on the results of the projection coordinates. While the fuzzy projective geometries have richer discussion, which includes about coordinates of projection results, the mutual relation of each element and the thickness of each element. This research was conducted to describe and analyzing procedure fuzzy projective geometries on the plane and explain the differences between crisp projective geometries and fuzzy projective geometries on plane.