bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review and judgement: Measurement and control (systems science) in social contexts
Authors: Flood R.L.
Published: August 2008

The essence of this paper recommends some major shifts in emphasis and approach, away from the scientific base of traditional systems science (as exemplified by traditional measurement and control methods) toward interpretive, subjective methods, when context relates to social situations. Radical change in place of regulation will also be discussed. This paper is equally a review paper, in that an historical overview is necessarily taken, and the development of systems science is traced therefrom. Particular attention is paid to systems in organisation theory and so-called problem solving'.
Stable H- an H∞ control-system design package
Authors: Postlethwaite I. , O'Young S.D. , Gu D.-W.
Published: August 2008

Stable-H is a CAD package for designing H∞ optimal controllers for linear, time-invariant finite-dimensional continuous-time, multivariable systems. H2 (eg, LQG) optimal controllers can also be designed but the main purpose of Stable-H is H∞ design. The name Stable-H was coined because the package optimises, over the set of all stabilising controllers, the H∞ or H2 norm of a given cost function. In this paper we will describe the important features of Stable-H and give an example of its application.
"Seeing' Complexity - the cybernetic viewpoint
Authors: Espejo Raul
Published: August 2008

This paper explores the meaning of complexity in human activities and offers a way to deal with it. Complexity is defined as the number of distinct outcomes that a viewpoint 'sees' in a situation, and not as an objective property of the situation itself. Moreover, it is argued that seeing complexity depends on the history of the viewpoint. However, this subjective definition of complexity does not imply that all appreciations of complexity are equally adequate. Whether the viewpoint is responding or not to the appropriate complexity in a situation depends on its perceptions of stability with other viewpoints. Instability may suggest that too much or too little complexity is seen in the situation. Thus, the problem for viewpoints is that of discovering economic forms of seeing this complexity in order to improve their chances of maintaining stability. It is argued that, while human situations are essentially black boxes for the viewpoints, the naming of systems is a way of focusing their attentions in different transformations, and that modelling the complexity entailed by these transformations is potentially a way to make them more manageable.
Application of digital control systems analysis and design techniques to improve instrument performance
Authors: Huang C.L.D. , Hu Y.C. , Lu H.Y.
Published: August 2008

This work describes the application of digital control systems analysis and design techniques to improve performance of an instrument. The basic approaches are the mathematical modelling of the instrument, stability analysis, controller design to achieve satisfactory performance, and computer simulations of the system. The combination of theoretical analysis and computer simulation provides an effective and economical solution.
Image processing and understanding for automatic inspection
Authors: West G.A.W. , Ellis T.J. , Finkelstein L.
Published: August 2008

This paper reviews the techniques and methodologies that have been proposed for industrial applications of image processing. The application considered here is related to its use in automatic inspection, where techniques for the detection and identification of manufacturing defects are used to support decisions for product quality control. It describes fundamental principles and techniques that have become apparent over the past 20 years giving examples mainly from research perfomed at the Measurement and Instrumentation Centre.
Postvictimization Fear of Crime
Authors: VAN DER WURFF ADRI , STRINGER PETER
Published: August 2008

Many relatively mundane forms of victimization have attracted little research attention. This study concentrates on the differential effect of contact and noncontact victimization on people's fear of crime and perceptions of their social and physical environment. Results are based on a survey carried out among 440 respondents in four neighborhoods in two medium-sized Dutch cities. Contrary to expectations, victims of burglary did not seem to have developed strong negative feelings toward their homes and their neighborhoods. On some measures, differences were found between victims of contact crime and nonvictims or noncontact victims, but no indication was found of a clearly identifiable victimization syndrome. It is suggested that one reason for equivocal results in the literature may be a failure to distinguish primary and secondary effects of victimization.
Anti-Gay Violence and Victimization in the United States
Authors: BERRILL KEVIN T.
Published: August 2008

This article provides a general description of the nature and scope of violence and harassment against lesbians and gay men in the United States. It summarizes the results of local, state, and national surveys, and discusses gender and recial/ethnic differences in types and incidence of victimizations. The article examines anti-gay violence and harassment in such contexts as the home, schools, college and university campuses, and prisons and jails. There is a discussion of the perpetrators of anti-gay violence and the growing role of organized hate groups in such attacks. The article also examines time trends in anti-gay violence and the possible relationship between such violence and increasing public awareness about AIDS. It concludes with a discussion of the limitations of existing data and the need for greater attention to the issue.
Polyincestuous Families
Authors: FALLER KATHLEEN COULBORN
Published: August 2008

Forty-eight polyincestuous families were examined to determine the characteristics of this type of sexual abuse and subcategories of polyincest. The mean number of perpetrators per family was 3.3, and the mean number of victims 2.7. Almost 40% of perpetrators were female. Five families had only male victims, 19 only female, and 24 both male and female victims. In 71% of cases, there were offenders from both within the nuclear family and the extended family. In approximately 60% of cases, there were victims or offenders from outside the family who were involved in the sexual abuse. In more than a third of cases, there appeared to be a belief system supporting incest, and in about 40% victims seemed to find something positive in the sexual abuse. Forty-five of the cases could be classified into one of three categories, based on some perpetrator characteristics: (a) offenders: a mother and a father figure; (b) offenders: male relatives; and (c) offenders: a mother figure, a father figure, and others.
Procedures for Adjusting Self-Reports of Violence for Social Desirability Bias
Authors: SAUNDERS DANIEL G.
Published: August 2008

Clinicians and researchers frequently rely on self-reports of interpersonal violence. These reports are likely to be biased because of respondents' inclination to give socially desirable answers. This article describes methods for adjusting measures of violence and its correlates to take such response bias into account. Several studies are used to illustrate the application of an adjustment procedure to research and clinical assessment.
Hidden Child Molestation
Authors: FROMUTH MARY ELLEN , BURKHART BARRY R. , JONES CATHERINE WEBB
Published: August 2008

To examine and describe hidden child sexual molestation committed by adolescent males, 582 college men were surveyed via an extensive questionnaire. Three percent (N = 16) of the men reported activity that met the criterion for sexually molesting a younger child. Most of the victimization experiences were initiated by the men (86%), and most involved female victims (67%). Few differences emerged between the molesters and nonmolesters on the family background variables, current adjustment measures, or measures of attitudes conceptually linked to sexually aggressive behavior. Compared to nonmolesters, however, the molesters were more likely to endorse rape myths and were more likely to have been sexually victimized as children.
Psychopathy and Violence in Criminals
Authors: SERIN RALPH C.
Published: August 2008

The present study investigated the relationship between criminal psychopathy and violent behavior. Groups were defined according to psychopathy ratings (Hare's Psychopathy Checklist) and violence. Psychopaths scored higher than nonpsychopaths on measures of impulsiveness and aggressiveness, and they were more likely than other inmates to behave aggressively, to have committed more serious past offenses, to have used weapons, threats and instrumental aggression, and to have suffered physical abuse as a child. When presented with hypothetical situations that involved a frustrating outcome, psychopaths reported that they would be more angry than nonpsychopaths, and they attributed greater hostile intent to others. Violent psychopaths were seen as qualitatively different than violent nonpsychopaths in their use of violence, yet they did not differ in terms of the seriousness of their index offense.
Perceptions of Physical Punishment
Authors: KELDER LESLIE RISIN , McNAMARA J. REGIS , CARLSON BRUCE , LYNN STEVEN JAY
Published: August 2008

The present study investigated the impact of diverse childhood and adolescent experiences on adults' perceptions of physical punishment. Subjects judged the appropriateness of scenarios in which the degree to which a child was physically punished and the degree of provocation by the child were systematically varied. The results indicated that appropriateness ratings decreased as the severity of punishment increased, and increased as the degree of child provocation increased. Subjects who reported being more severely disciplined as children rated punishment as more appropriate than those who reported being less severely disciplined, although this was not true of subjects who reported experiencing the most extreme forms of discipline. Subjects were particularly likely to rate punishment as more appropriate if they perceived their harsh disciplinary experiences as deserved. Males perceived punishment as more appropriate than females. Subjects who reported initiating more physical fights at home as children were more likely to perceive punishment as appropriate. Hypotheses relating the effects of observation of violence and nurturant behavior to perceptions of punishment were not supported. The implications of these findings for the cycle of violence and the prevention of child abuse are discussed.
Male Peer Support of Wife Abuse
Authors: SMITH MICHAEL D.
Published: August 2008

Feminist theorizing about familial patriarchy as a source of violence against wives suggests that abusive husbands' male peers provide ideological support for such violence. This study was an exploratory examination of the peer support thesis using quantitative and qualitative data from a survey of Toronto women. The results indicate that the male friends of abusive husbands were more likely to approve of violence against wives than were the male friends of nonabusive husbands and that such approval tends to reflect an ideology supportive of patriarchy in the familial sphere.
Priming Macho Attitudes and Emotions
Authors: BEAVER ERIK D. , GOLD STEVEN R. , PRISCO ANDREW G.
Published: August 2008

Effects of reading one of four prime stories (control, consenting sex, rape, family) on 173 undergraduate males' evaluations of and emotional reactions to two videotaped date rape scenarios were investigated. Subjects were grouped according to level of hypermasculinity and prime. Dependent measures were perceived degree of male and female responsibility, perceived degree of force, proposed length of prison sentence, likelihood of similar behavior, and subjectively rated empathy and anger. Results supported the concept of a macho personality and revealed interactive effects for both the rape and family prime, each amplifying hypermasculine effects.
Frequency and Severity of Psychological Abuse in a Dating Population
Authors: KASIAN MARILYN , PAINTER SUSAN L.
Published: August 2008

The Psychological Maltreatment of Women Inventory was modified and used to assess the occurrence of psychological abuse in 1,625 college-age males and females. Six reliable factors were extracted from the scale reflecting the following concepts: positive behaviors, diminishment of self-esteem, verbal abuse, social and emotional control, jealousy, and withdrawal. Males currently involved in a relationship at the time the questionnaire was administered reported higher levels of psychological abuse and fewer positive behaviors than did females. However, the occurrence of psychologically abusive behaviors within a relationship were likely to result in a lower relationship satisfaction rating for both males and females. In addition, women in more formally committed relationships were most likely to report psychological abuse. Finally, the termination of a relationship was associated with an absence of positive behaviors, rather than a high frequency of negative behaviors. These findings are discussed with respect to physically abusive relationships.
False Negatives in Sexual Abuse Disclosure Interviews
Authors: LAWSON LOUANNE , CHAFFIN MARK
Published: August 2008

Verbal disclosure of abuse in a specialized interview was studied in a sample of 28 children, ages 3 to menarche, who presented with purely physical complaints later diagnosed as a sexually transmitted disease, in the absence of any known prior disclosure or suspicion of sexual abuse. Only 43% gave any verbal confirmation of sexual contact. Fifty-seven percent were “false negatives.” Disclosure was strongly associated with the attitude taken by the child's caretaker toward the possibility of abuse. Children whose caretakers accepted the possibility that their child might have been sexually abused disclosed at a rate almost 3.5 times as great as those whose caretakers denied any possibility of abuse (63% vs. 17%). The results suggest that caretaker attitude and support is a critical variable in the child's disclosure process and a valuable target for intervention and prevention efforts. In addition, it was found that, aside from their STD, many of these abused children presented as free from any specifically suspicious abuse symptoms, suggesting that reliance on single interviews and identification of “red flags” cannot be expected to identify many hidden victims.
The Assessment of Dating Aggression
Authors: CAULFIELD MARIE B. , RIGGS DAVID S.
Published: August 2008

Two studies were conducted to examine the component structure of response patterns on the Conflict Tactics Scale in dating samples. In Study 1, CTS responses for 268 male and 399 female unmarried college students were subjected to principal components analyses. For both sexes, these analyses revealed a 4-component solution (Reasoning, Verbal Aggression/Coercion, Physical Aggression/Threat, and Severe Aggression). In Study 2, the component solution was replicated with a combined-sex sample of 288 (116 men, 172 women) unmarried college students. The component solution found in these samples was consistent with those found in earlier studies of the CTS with married samples. Differences between the empirically supported component structure and the rationally derived aggression indices for the CTS may have implications for understanding the underlying dimensions tapped by the CTS.
Transference and Countertransference Issues Unique to Long-Term Group Psychotherapy of Adult Women Molested as Children
Authors: ABNEY VERONICA D. , YANG JANET ANDERSON , PAULSON MORRIS J.
Published: August 2008

This article discusses transference and countertransference issues associated with long-term, psychodynamic group treatment of adult women molested as children, using the authors' experience from several such groups as clinical data. Survivors' transference reactions toward group members and the therapist are described and examined. The specific effects of race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, and gender of the clients' abuse perpetrators are also explored. The therapists' countertransference reactions to the clients are candidly shared. The authors' manner of addressing these transference and countertransference issues and the relative success of their interventions are discussed.
Relationship Problems and Dating Aggression
Authors: RIGGS DAVID S.
Published: August 2008

This study investigated the association between problems in dating relationships and the occurrence of physical aggression in these relationships. A total of 667 college students (268 men, 399 women) completed the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) and the Relationship Problem Scale (RPS). A factor analysis of the RPS revealed seven underlying problem areas: subject's jealousy, partner's jealousy, fighting, interference of friends, lack of time together, breakdown of relationship, and problems outside the relationship. Individuals who were aggressive toward their partners and those who were victims of their partner's aggression reported more problems in their relationships than did individuals in nonaggressive relationships. Also, several specific problem areas such as jealousy, fighting, breakdown of the relationship, and the interference of friends were reported more often by aggressive individuals. Aggressive individuals also indicated that the problems were more severe. The results are discussed with respect to treatment and prevention programs to address the problem of dating aggression.
Children's Evaluations of Retaliatory Aggression Against Siblings and Friends
Authors: HERZBERGER SHARON D. , HALL JENNIFER A.
Published: August 2008

Using vignettes, we examined children's judgments about aggressive retaliation against siblings and friends. We studied the role of relationship as it interacts with the type of retaliation depicted in the story, the age relationship of the story characters, and the intentionality of the initial aggression, as well as the respondent characteristics of gender and aggressiveness. Physical and verbal retaliation generally were considered most wrong when directed at a younger sibling; when the retaliation involved property damage such aggression was considered least wrong. Children, as expected, rated retaliation against an accidental aggressor as more wrong than against an intentional aggressor, regardless of relationship. There were also no overall gender differences in judgments of retaliation against siblings and peers. However, aggressive girls rated retaliation against siblings less severely than less aggressive girls. Judgments of retaliation among boys were unrelated to level of aggression. The findings are discussed in relation to previous literature on sibling conflict and family violence.
A Treatment Model for Sexually Abused Preschoolers
Authors: COHEN JUDITH A. , MANNARINO ANTHONY P.
Published: August 2008

This article describes a structured, short-term treatment model for sexually abused preschool children (ages 3-6 years) and their primary (nonperpetrator) caretakers. The theoretical basis for this model is discussed. The general structure and format of this approach are presented, and specific interventions for the child and parent are described. Although empirical data regarding the efficacy of this approach are not yet available, a clinical instrument for monitoring the progress of symptomatic change is presented. The need for empirical treatment outcome studies for this and other therapeutic interventions for sexually abused children is also addressed.
Heightened Child Physical Abuse Potential
Authors: KOLKO DAVID J. , KAZDIN ALAN E. , THOMAS AMANDA McCOMBS , DAY BRIAN
Published: August 2008

This study evaluates child, parent, and family factors related to parents' heightened potential for child physical abuse. Mothers ( n = 113) of child psychiatric patients and nonpatients (ages 6-13) were classified as being at low, moderate, or high risk for child abuse. Group comparisons revealed that high-abuse-potential mothers reported greater child externalizing and depressive symptoms, child rejection, personal psychological dysfunction, stressful life events, and family problems, but there were few differences in reports of parent management practices or family violence. Child reports indicated a few group differences in child dysfunction and violence. The results are in accord with interactional models and extend prior research by elaborating possible correlates of physical abuse.
Childhood Sexual Abuse
Authors: BRIERE JOHN , RUNTZ MARSHA
Published: August 2008

This article examines the long-term sequelae of childhood sexual abuse in six areas: posttraumatic stress, cognitive distortions, altered emotionality, disturbed relatedness, avoidance, and impaired self-reference. It is concluded that childhood sexual abuse has a variety of long-term impacts and that the measurement strategies used to demonstrate these sequelae require further development.
Developmental Considerations for the Effects of Childhood Sexual Abuse
Authors: DOWNS WILLIAM R.
Published: August 2008

Childhood sexual abuse has numerous negative effects for the victim. The severity and specific form of these effects vary across individual victims and within individuals over time. The timing of the impact of childhood sexual abuse on the victim's course of psychosocial development is considered as a source of this variation. First, the variation in effects from childhood sexual abuse across individuals and within individuals over time is discussed, with implications for the developmental impact of that abuse. Second, the timing of the impact of the abuse on the victim's psychosocial development is discussed, specifically for adolescence. Third, implications for treatment are considered.
The Differential Effects of Abuse Characteristics and Attachment in the Prediction of Long-Term Effects of Sexual Abuse
Authors: ALEXANDER PAMELA C.
Published: August 2008

It was hypothesized that sexual abuse severity and adult attachment (reflective of the more pervasive experience of growing up in a family) would each have significant but distinct effects on the long-term functioning of incest survivors. A sample of 112 incest survivors completed the Beck Depression Inventory, the Symptom Checklist-10, the Impact of Event Scale, the MCMI-II, and the Relationship Questionnaire (a measure of adult attachment). Hierachical regression analyses indicated that sexual abuse characteristics (particularly early age of onset) predicted depression, intrusive thoughts, and, to a lesser degree, avoidance of memories of the abuse (symptoms consistent with a traditional PTSD conceptualization). Adult attachment (in particular, a lack of secure attachment) predicted avoidance of memories of the abuse. In addition, adult attachment predicted avoidant, dependent, self-defeating, and borderline personality disorders. Implications for the focus of therapy with the sexual abuse survivor are discussed.
Research in Action
Authors: CHAFFIN MARK
Published: August 2008

Selected recent studies on child sexual abusers and abuser treatment are reviewed from the perspective of their implications for patient assessment and treatment. Emphasis is placed on the settings in which studies are conducted and the corresponding treatment settings to which they might be generalized. It is suggested that clinicians be aware of the vast diversity in the abuser population and the corresponding need to individualize treatment appropriate to their own clientele. Recidivism outcome studies are reviewed from the perspective of their contribution to questions of which sorts of treatments appear to be effective with which populations, rather than whether they do or do not support a generalized conclusion regarding treatment efficacy. Studies addressing the scope of deviance, nonsexual antisocial behavior, treatment outcome, prediction of compliance, and the question of coerced treatment are examined.
Gender Differences in Serial Murderers
Authors: KEENEY BELEA T. , HEIDE KATHLEEN M.
Published: August 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate and describe the demographic, behavioral, and background characteristics of female serial murderers. A series of postulates about male serial murderers were developed after an extensive literature review. Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources on 14 female serial murderers in the United States. A preliminary profile of female serial murderers was then compared to the current knowledge of male serial murderers. Overall, there were generally more differences than similarities between male and female serial murderers. Results suggested differences in nine areas: victim damage, victim torture, weapon/method, stalking versus luring behaviors, crime scene organization, reasons for the murders, substance abuse history, psychiatric diagnosis, and household composition. Similarities appeared in five areas: broken homes, childhood abuse, race, educational level, and occupation.
Subjective Assessment of Relationships With Parents by Sexually Aggressive and Nonaggressive Men
Authors: LISAK DAVID
Published: August 2008

Data are reported from three studies that describe the development of a self-report assessment of subjects' relationships with their parents and the replication of previous findings of a link between a negative father-son relationship and the son's tendency toward sexual aggression. Factor and item analyses of the assessment instruments indicated conceptually coherent and reliable subscales. In each of the three studies, sexually aggressive men rated their relationships with their fathers as significantly more problematic than did nonaggressive men. There were no similar findings for subjects' relationships with their mothers. Results are discussed in relation to increasing evidence of the importance of factors in the home environment and delinquent behavior in the fostering of male sexual aggression.
Advocating Legal Intervention in Wife Assaults
Authors: CHOI ALFRED , EDLESON JEFFREY L.
Published: August 2008

As this century draws to a close, governments around the world are increasing their legal intervention in cases of wife assault. Yet few studies have examined the degree of popular approval for such interventions. This article reports the findings of a random sample of 510 adults in Singapore who responded to a series of questions regarding formal legal intervention in wife assaults. The results indicated that Singaporeans support police intervention in cases of wife assault and expect judges to treat such cases as seriously or more seriously than similar crimes while mandating abusers to receive treatment. Several demographic, personal history, and attitudinal factors affected the strength of an individual's advocacy for legal intervention.
The Relationship of Abuse Characteristics to Symptoms in Sexually Abused Girls
Authors: MENNEN FEROL E. , MEADOW DIANE
Published: August 2008

This study evaluated the relationship between abuse-specific variables and levels of depression, anxiety, and self-worth in a racially mixed sample of 134 sexually abused girls. Multivariate analysis revealed that penetration predicted a more serious outcome on all study variables. There was an interaction effect between force and the perpetrator's identity. Girls abused with force by a non-father figure had much higher levels of distress than those abused by a non-father figure without force. Force did not predict a more serious outcome in girls abused by father figures. Age, age at onset, duration, and whether a girl was removed from the home after the abuse had no relationship to symptom levels.
The Prevalence and Context of Sexual Harassment Among African American and White American Women
Authors: WYATT GAIL E. , RIEDERLE MONIKA
Published: August 2008

Ethnic differences in the prevalence, type, and outcome of sexual harassment in various work and social settings were examined in a stratified community sample of 248 African American and White American women. Almost half of the women reported sexual harassment in work and social environments. Significant ethnic differences were found in the prevalence and type of sexual harassment and in victim characteristics in work settings. Single African American victims of harassment in social settings were significantly more likely to have incomes at or below the poverty level, compared to their White peers. The finding that significantly more White than African American women reported sexual harassment in a workplace contradicts previous research and suggests the need for further study with multiethnic populations. Future research needs to include a variety of private and public social settings. Factors that prevent women from taking action to remedy sexual harassment across settings should also be examined.
Comparing Female and Male Perpetrators' Modus Operandi
Authors: KAUFMAN KEITH L. , WALLACE ANNE M. , JOHNSON CHARLES FELZEN , REEDER MARK LESLEY
Published: August 2008

Although a sizable percentage of all sexual abuse in the United States is perpetrated by females, until recently the subject of sexual offending by this population has been largely overlooked. In this study, reports of child sexual abuse by 53 victims of female perpetrators were compared with reports by a group of 53 victims of male perpetrators. Victims were matched for age, race, and sex. The purpose of this investigation was to gain information about similarities and differences in the modus operandi of female and male offenders. Females were more often involved with males in co-offender situations. They were also more likely to exploit their victims than males. Male offenders were reported to be more sexually invasive in their abuse and were more likely to use bribes to obtain victim cooperation than females.
Effects of Victim Gaze Behavior and Prior Relationship on Rape Culpability Attributions
Authors: WILLIS CYNTHIA E. , WRIGHTSMAN LAWRENCE S.
Published: August 2008

A rape victim's gaze behavior when identifying a defendant and the prior relationship between victim and defendant were examined for their effects on rape culpability attributions. The victim's gaze behavior and prior relationship intimacy independently influenced culpability attributions. In comparison with a victim who used gaze maintenance or natural gaze behavior, a rape victim's gaze avoidance was perceived as indicative of less truthfulness rather than emotional upset. Evidence for discounting the defendant's culpability was found when relationship intimacy existed. The findings have implications for introduction of expert testimony on postrape behavior and trauma, and discounting of the defendant's culpability with relationship intimacy is examined.
What Works for Children in Resisting Assaults?
Authors: ASDIGIAN NANCY L. , FINKELHOR DAVID
Published: August 2008

Although educators frequently try to teach children how to resist victimization, children's responses to actual threats and their perceptions of the effectiveness of those behaviors have not been systematically examined. In this national telephone survey, 1,011 boys and girls between the ages of 10 and 16 were questioned about how they responded to threatened assaults. Boys, especially those in their teens, used more aggressive forms of resistance and felt those strategies had been more effective, relative to younger children and girls. Children advised by their fathers to stand up and fight also felt more successful using aggressive resistance. The findings from the present analysis suggest that different children may feel more successful with different protection strategies. As such, this argues against a unifaceted or “one size fits all” approach to victimization prevention. Prevention educators are encouraged to consider tailoring their messages to different subgroups of children.
A Descriptive Model of the Offense Chain for Child Molesters
Authors: WARD TONY , LOUDEN KIRSTEN , HUDSON STEPHEN M. , MARSHALL WILLIAM L.
Published: August 2008

A grounded theory approach was taken to the qualitative analysis of the descriptions of thoughts and feelings provided by 26 incarcerated child molesters while describing their most recent or typical offense. The resulting descriptive model comprised nine stages, with three contributing factors that describe the sequence of cognitive and behavioral events that form an offense chain. The model incorporates offender type, offense type, and offers a description of the possible interactions between the various stages and factors. The model was then applied to the offense descriptions of an independent sample of 12 incarcerated child molesters in order to ascertain its cross-sample validity and the reliability of classification. The results suggest that the model has provisional validity and adequate interrater reliability. The theoretical, research, and clinical implications of the descriptive model are then discussed.
Jealousy and Romantic Attachment in Maritally Violent and Nonviolent Men
Authors: BARNETT OLA W. , MARTINEZ TOMAS E. , BLUESTEIN BRENDON W.
Published: August 2008

This study investigated whether maritally violent males are more jealous than maritally nonviolent males. The subjects were 180 cohabiting men divided into four groups selected on dimensions of marital violence, marital satisfaction, and amount of counseling. Multivariate analyses of covariance (MANCOVAs) revealed significantly elevated jealousy levels in the two abusive groups and also in the unsatisfactorily married, nonviolent group. Indeed, jealousy correlated negatively with marital satisfaction level. Although jealousy seems not to be the primary precipitant of battering, it may interact with other variables, such as emotional dependence, to increase the likelihood of marital abuse.
Childhood Sexual Abuse Among Clinicians Working With Sex Offenders
Authors: HILTON N. ZOE , JENNINGS KATHRYN T. , DRUGGE JEFFREY , STEPHENS JUDITH
Published: August 2008

Child sexual abuse (CSA) has been related to a range of psychiatric problems. Given CSA prevalence estimates, it would be surprising not to find some victims among clinicians working with sex offenders. The present mail survey obtained reports of CSA from 36.9% of female and 27.3% of male respondents (N = 150), higher-than-typical estimates from studies using similar methodology. The reported acts ranged from noncontact to penetration, but were mostly minor with few emotional effects reported. Clinicians reporting CSA perceived its effects on their work with sex offenders to be positive or nonexistent. Possible reasons for the high prevalence of CSA reports are considered. The authors encourage awareness of apparently high rates of subjectively mild CSA among clinicians working with sex offenders.
Relational Data Base Structures and Concept Formation in the Social Sciences
Authors: Brent Edward E.
Published: August 2008

Relational data base procedures developed in computer science for constructing more efficient data bases are described and shown to be useful for concept formation in the social sciences. These procedures take advantage of dependencies among concepts to develop a com prehensive conceptual framework reflecting the natural structure of those concepts. That framework organizes concepts into the formal categories of entities, attributes, and relationships. These procedures, when examined in depth in a sociological application, are found to meet criteria for concepts advocated by Hempel and Blumer; to offer promising substantive insights; and to be compatible with established procedures for typology construction, facet analysis, and multidimensional scaling.
A Classification of the Literature on Computers and the Social Sciences
Authors: Anderson Ronald E.
Published: August 2008

Common categories of scholarly work are needed to facilitate communication among di verse researchers. Although a theoretically derived taxonomy is generally important, nevertheless, for constructing a bibliography, reviewing new books, and refereeing article submissions, a classification that reflects the terminology of the entire literature is more practical. A classification scheme is out lined and within this context, the growing body of literature on computer research in the social scien ces is highlighted. Readers are invited to propose alternatives, revisions, or extensions to this class ification.
Keyboarding as a Social Form
Authors: Altheide David L.
Published: August 2008

An analysis of keyboarding logic, pro cedures, products and uses in contemporary life sug gests the rise of an emergent social form which both reflects, as well as directs, formal, technical ration ality. Conceptualizing keyboards as a social form which communicates a sense of the ordinariness, orderliness and bureaucratic reality of our world, provides a way to theoretically surround a variety of equipment, e.g., typewriters, computers, tele phones, video games, etc., as well as bureaucratic communication formats, e.g., memos. Field mater ials illustrate the appropriateness of this conceptual ization for clarifying communication, social interac tion and social organizations as further elaborations of the keyboard form.
The Computer-Assisted Literature Review
Authors: Brent Edward E.
Published: August 2008

This paper describes several techniques for using computers to assist with literature reviews. It identifies various literature review tasks, then discusses how existing programs can be used to address them. Programs discussed include word processors, qualitative analysis programs, content analysis programs, file management systems, database management systems, spreadsheets, and statistical programs. The paper concludes that judicious use of existing programs offers a powerful means to transform the literature review from a burdensome task resulting in a quickly outdated product to a more manageable task producing a product that is flexible, cumulative, and better able to cope with the rapid growth of knowledge.
Software Reviews : AIDA (Apple Interactive Data Analysis)
Authors: Serow William J.
Published: August 2008

AIDA is a statistics package designed for use by owners of the Apple II family desk-top computer. The program performs a standard set of descriptive statistics, some bivariate measures of statistical inference, and multiple linear regression. With at least 64K, the program can handle about 16,500 data points in memory.

Social scientists who are Apple users and wish to perform statistical analysis on their desktops have long been at a comparative disadvantage relative to colleagues with IBM or IBM-compatible hardware. While numerous relatively sophisticated packages are available for the latter type system, Apple users have had little choice in terms of available software. As far as this reviewer is aware, the most comprehensive statistics package available for the Apple has been DAISY which, while easy to use and fairly powerful (up to stepwise multiple regression), is quite limited in the number of data points it can handle (maximum about 2800). AIDA is capable of handling larger data sets (over 16,000 cells in cases of 64K or more memory).
Software Reviews : THOR, Version 1.83 Publisher: Fastware, Inc., 200 Freeway Drive East, East Orange, NJ 07018 (telephone: 201-676-7963) Year of Publication: 1984 Materials: 1 program disk, 1 demonstration disk Price: $295 Machine Specificity: IBM PC and compatibles System Requirements: 128K RAM (larger RAM is highly desirable), two 320K disk drives Effectiveness: Good User-Friendliness: Excellent Documentation: Excellent
Authors: Schutt Russell K.
Published: August 2008

THOR is an idea processor that allows users to store ideas and retrieve them using preassigned category labels or full text searches. Ideally suited to collecting and organizing class or observational notes, managing research and other projects, and recording flashes of inspiration or other potentially usable ideas, THOR combines the capabilities of word processing and freeform textual data management. Ease of use and simplicity of design make this a useful alternative to larger text management programs for many applications.
Software Reviews : Writer's Helper
Authors: Tankard James W.
Published: August 2008

WRITER'S HELPER is an attempt to take the next step in computer-assisted composition beyond the word processing program. It is really a collection of 22 programs rather than a single program. Some of the programs are essentially gimmicks, while others are more useful. One of the most useful is "Five-Paragraph Theme," which not only forces the student to deal with questions of audience and purpose but actually produces a rough draft of an essay.
Software Reviews : Microtim, 1.4
Authors: Lodge Peter
Published: August 2008

MICROTIM is a very powerful test item management system with a number of sophisticated attributes. Though potentially extremely useful for online testing, it seems to me to be of interest only to a limited number of members of the social science community. It is cumbersome to use and not particularly user-friendly.
Software Reviews : Test Plus Publisher: METRITECH Inc., 111 N. Market Street, Champaign, IL 61802 Year of Publication: 1985 Materials: One program/data disk and an additional copy, a 47-page manual Price: Standard version, $379; with long form option, $479 Availability: IBM PC microcomputer, PC DOS Version 2.10 and later System Requirements: 256K RAM and one disk drive (129K of disk storage) Effectiveness: Potentially excellent User-Friendliness: Excellent Documentation: Excellent
Authors: Hilgert Larry D.
Published: August 2008

TEST PLUS is a software package based on the Adult Personality Inventory (API). It allows the API user to make decisions based on a systematic comparison of 25 personality factors to a database of up to 100 other examinees or to a "referenced model" constructed by the evaluator. This makes TEST PLUS extremely useful in a variety of settings.
Software Reviews : American History Achievement Series Publisher: CBS Interactive Learning, One Fawcett Place, Greenwich, CT 06836 (telephone: 203-622-2771) Year of Publication: 1986 Materials: Four disks and four manuals Price: $175 Availability: Apple II +, IIE, IIC System Requirements: 128K, one drive, and printer Effectiveness: Good User-Friendliness: Good Documentation: Fair
Authors: Bowden John M.
Published: August 2008

AMERICAN HISTORY ACHIEVEMENT reviews the whole of American history from pre-Columbian times to the present. Though the project is aimed at high school students, its question-and-answer format reinforces learning at almost every level. Advanced placement classes will find this a good review throughout the year, especially within 2 weeks of the test. Some may find the questions repetitious, but they are in-depth. AHA is recommended for high schools for this reason. Education methods courses in social studies might find it of interest as well as student teachers conducting survey courses.
Software Reviews : Law Publisher: Academic Hallmarks, PO Box 998, Durango, co 81301 (telephone : 800-321-9218) Year of Publication: 1984 Price: $27 Availability: Apple II series Effectiveness: Poor User-Friendliness: Poor Documentation: Fair
Authors: Koohang Alex A.
Published: August 2008

LAW is said to be a CAI software package to help students, teachers, schools, and school administrators in different ways. The package consists of one diskette and a four-page documentation. It is a menu-driven program with three options: the quiz mode, the competition mode, and the exit mode.
Software Reviews : Statistix, Version 1.1 Publisher: NH Analytical Software, 801 West Iowa Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55117 (telephone: 612-488-4436) Years of Publication: 1985, 1986 Materials: Two disks (not copy-protected) and a spiral-bound manual Price: $75 Availability: IBM PC/XT/AT and compatible MS DOS machines. The reviewer tested the program on two machines, an IBM XT and a Zenith 158, both equipped with 20-megabyte hard disks. The program ran successfully at clock speeds of 4.77 and 8.0 megahertz. Versions are available for Apple computers. An 8087 optional version is available also. System Requirements: Two floppy drives or a hard disk, 256K RAM for PC/MS DOS versions, either 64K or 128K RAM for Apple versions. Maximum size of dataset varies with amount of RAM. Effectiveness: Excellent User-Friendliness: Excellent Documentation: Excellent
Authors: Yeager Sam
Published: August 2008

STATISTIX is easy to learn and use. It is a powerful and flexible statistical toolbox. Some routines are included that are not present in higher-priced competing products. At $75, STATISTIX is a bargain.
Software Reviews : LOTUS Manuscript, Version 1.0 Publisher: Lotus Development Corp., 55 Cambridge Parkway, Cambridge, MA 02142 (telephone: 617-253-9150) Year of Publication: 1986 Materials: Eight disks, two manuals Price: $495 Availability: IBM XT, AT, Portable, COMPAQ Portable, Deskpro, Plus, COMPAQ 286, Hewlett-Packard Vectra PC System Requirements: Minimum 512K, DOS 2.0, hard disk Effectiveness: Good User-Friendliness: Poor Documentation: Fair
Authors: Nichols W. Thomas
Published: August 2008

LOTUS MANUSCRIPT is a sophisticated word and document processor that mixes different types of information on the same page: text, graphs, charts, tables, and equations. It accepts material from 1-2-3, SYMPHONY, and THINKTANK. Text is divided into blocks and sections that can be moved, indexed, footnoted, and cross-referenced. The document-compare feature highlights changes between revisions. A powerful print formatter makes tables and columns and sets fonts and point sizes. MANUSCRIPT includes a document outliner and a spell checker.
Book Reviews : People and Computers: The Impacts of Computing on End Users in Organizations
Authors: Danziger James N. , Kraemer Kenneth L.
Published: August 2008

Social scientists seeking empirical knowledge of the effects of computer use in organizations continue to rely on the findings of the University of California, Irvine's Urban Information Systems Project. Danziger and Kraemer's book is one result of that project and a recent addition to the CORPS (Computing, Organizations, Policy, and Society) monograph series, which promises to have a major impact on the sociology of computing literature. Their research includes a detailed 1975 survey of computer use in the governments of all large U.S. cities and counties, supplemented by systematic field studies of 42 municipal governments and 50 additional exploratory case studies chosen for their particular interest. Besides being a model of clearly designed and presented survey research, this book transcends many of survey research's limitations by incorporating direct observation, in-depth interview material, and the authors' considerable personal experience with computing in organizations. Despite its quantitative focus, this is a remarkably readable book of interest to readers concerned with the qualitative dimensions of computer use. It would also be suitable for students in a graduate or advanced undergraduate class.
Book Reviews : Computing Information Directory 1987
Authors: Myers Hildebrandt Darlene
Published: August 2008

This is a herculean but ultimately flawed directory of computer-related resources, not including software listings. It includes 1700 journal listings, organized by subject, machine, and computer language; 200 computer center newsletters, with listings of the mainframes each university uses; 30 pages of bibliographic resources, computer dictionary lists, and indexing services; 73 pages on software review listings, mainly from journals; 64 pages on hardware reviews; 95 pages on computer-language resources; plus appendixes on Association for Computing Machinery Proceedings, university computer science libraries, the Library of Congress classification schema, and publishers' addresses. This work is a useful resource for one's library, providing a good start toward finding general computer resources, but it is oriented toward computer science, with only some coverage of instructional computing and very little on social science.
Software Reviews : Statistics Software for Microcomputers, Version 1
Authors: Quast T.E.
Published: August 2008

STATISTICAL SOFTWARE FOR MICROCOMPUTERS is a statistical package with 19 procedures, including descriptive statistics, variance analysis, linear regression, and scatterplots. The manual is clearly written. This text/software package is primarily for teaching statistics, especially where control groups are applicable.