bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Football stadia disasters in the United Kingdom: learning from tragedy?
Authors: Elliott Dominic , Smith Denis
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to examine a number of sports stadia disasters involving British fans since 1971. While each of the four incidents described (Ibrox 1971, Bradford 1985, Heysel 1985, Hillsborough 1989) can be described as crises in their own right (and led to the deaths of about 250 peo ple in total) it is argued here that they are the effect of a wider crisis of man agement within the football industry, rooted in poor and inadequate manage ment of sports stadia and the crowds that use them. It should be noted from the outset, however, that this is not simply a British phenomena, as the tragedies in Mexico City (1985) and Bastia (1992) indicate and that findings from this research should be of use to all involved in the management of sporting events.
Crisis Management And Civil Unrest: Seeing The La Riots Through An Industrial Lens
Authors: Pearson Christine M. , Kirby Mindy
Published: March 2007

Pearson, C. and Kirby, M., 1993, Crisis management and civil unrest: seeing the LA riots through an industrial lens, Industrial & Environmental Crisis Quarterly, 7:4, 262-278.

This article describes an industrial perspective of the effects of and respons es to the Los Angeles riots of 1992. Using a time phase model, this study examines the efforts made by businesses to detect early warning signals, pre pare for the riots, contain damages, and resume operations. In addition, the authors identify lessons that businesses can apply to prepare for civil unrest.
Environmental Contamination and Human Rights — Case of Minamata Disease
Authors: Harada Masazumi
Published: March 2007

Minamata disease is methylmercury poisoning that occurred in humans who ingested fish and shellfish contaminated by methylmercury discharged in waste water from a chemical plant.

A total of 2,255 persons have been diagnosed with the Minamata disease, as of January 1993, 1,096 have already died. In addition, about 10,000 per sons are suspected of Minamata disease. What is the reason for this disaster that is unprecedented and unparalleled in the history of mankind?

World War II ended in August 1945 with Japan's defeat. Japan was faced with the urgent need to restore its devastated land and rebuild its economy. Under these conditions, priority was given to industrialization at all costs. The rights of individuals were slighted because the government subsidized industry, and collaborated with it. Productivity and efficiency were valued above anything else. Safety and post-treatment technologies were ignored. Japan rapidly achieved economic development, but experienced many inci dences of occupational hazards and environmental contamination. The most typical example is Minamata disease.

People who suffer first from the damages of environmental contamina tion are always those who maintain close contact with nature, particularly children and the elderly.

Minamata disease brought about tragic results because the patient's cen tral nervous system was primarily damaged. People became acutely aware of environmental contamination when they learned that the fetus of a contami nated mother may suffer more serious damages.

This paper discusses the outline of Minamata disease and its etiologi cal changes.
Social comprehension of children with hyperactivity
Authors: Zentall S.S. , Cassady J.C. , Javorsky J.
Published: March 2007

From a social cognitive perspective, the social problems of children with hyperactivity could represent failure to attend to certain social cues. To assess the responses of 17 children with hyperactivity and 17 comparisons, 3 taped stories of social problems were presented.
Relationship between current quality of life and family of origin dynamics for college students with Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Grenwald-Mayes Gloria
Published: March 2007

Objective: This study examines the relationship between current quality of life, family of origin relationship dynamics, and the presence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in college students.

Method: Participants were 37 ADHD undergraduate college students and 59 non-ADHD undergraduate students. Participants completed a background information questionnaire, Quality of Life Questionnaire, Family Environment Scale, and the Family Adaption and Cohesion Scale II.

Results: In comparison to the control group, the ADHD group reported lower quality of life. The ADHD and non-ADHD groups did not differ significantly in reported family of origin relationship dynamics. Family of origin dynamics were highly predictive of current overall quality of life for the ADHD group, but less so for the non-ADHD group.

Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that family of origin relationship dynamics deserve further study with respect to how they impact adult quality of life for individuals with ADHD.
The Assessment of Hyperactivity and Attention: Development and preliminary validation of a brief self- assessment of adult ADHD
Authors: Mehringer Ann M. , Downey K.K. , Schuh Leslie M. , Pomerleau C.S. , Snedecor Sandy M. , Schubiner Howard
Published: March 2007

A brief self-rating scale, the Assessment of Hyperactivity and Attention (AHA), was developed and validated using a "gold standard' DSM-based semi-structured interview. The sample consisted of 101 smokers (74% male, 73% Caucasian)-38.6% with no DSM-IV ADHD diagnosis, 10.9% with a childhood diagnosis only, and 50.5% with an adult diagnosis (requiring childhood diagnosis as well). The mean age ± SD was 33.7 ± 9.7; participants smoked a mean of 19.0 ± 5.6 cigarettes/day.

Results indicate that the AHA has utility as a screening tool and as a self-report assessment of ADHD with sensitivity of .80, specificity of .60, positive predictive power of .67, negative predictive power of .75, kappa of 40, odds ratio of 6.15, and an area under the curve (receiver operating characteristic analysis) of .79. Given the high rate of ADHD among smokers, the AHA may be useful in identifying smokers who may need more in-depth clinical evaluation for attentional problems.
A Meta-Analytic Review of Gender Differences in ADHD
Authors: Gershon J. , Gershon Jonathan
Published: March 2007

The present study examined gender differences in ADHD through a meta-analysis. Effect size estimates for the primary symptoms and correlates of ADHD were calculated in an attempt to replicate and extend a previous meta-analysis on gender differences in the disorder. Relatively lenient inclusion criteria were used in order to maximize the number of studies included in the effect sizes.

The results indicated that in comparison to ADHD boys, ADHD girls had lower ratings on hyperactivity, inattention, impulsivity, and externalizing problems. In addition, ADHD girls had greater intellectual impairments and more internalizing problems than ADHD boys. Overall, the results of the current meta-analysis indicated general agreement with the previous meta-analysis. The clinical implications of these gender differences and future research considerations are discussed.
Psychosocial adjustment and peer competence of siblings of children with Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Smith A.J. , Brown R.T. , Bunke V. , Blount R.L. , Christophersen E. , Smith A.J. , Brown R.T. , Bunke V. , Christophersen E. , Blount R.L.
Published: March 2007

Preliminary data examined the relationships between mothers, their sons with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and younger siblings. We hypothesized that the conflict between the mother and the son with ADHD would also occur in the relationship between the child with ADHD and the younger sibling.

Significant associations were found among ADHD behaviors, family conflict variables, conflict in the relationship between mother and child with ADHD, conflict in the relationship between mother and younger sibling, and conflict in the relationship between the child with ADHD and the younger sibling. Further, significant associations were found between behavior symptoms associated with ADHD and more problematic family relationships. Of particular interest was the finding of an unexpected inverse association between siblings' peer competence and mother-ADHD conflict; specifically, that conflict occurring at home from ADHD accounted for a greater percentage of the variance in peer competence as rated by teachers. Recommendations are made for future research with larger samples, alternative designs, older siblings, and fathers.
The Relationship Between Drug Education Programs in the Greater New Haven Schools and Changes in Drug Use and Drug-Related Beliefs and Perceptions
Authors: Berberian Rosalie M. , Thompson W. Douglas , Kasl Stanislav V. , Gould Leroy C. , Kleber Herbert D.
Published: March 2007

This study presents a broad epidemiological approach to evaluation of drug education. Data on adolescent drug use and on drug-related beliefs and perceptions, collected yearly over a three-year period in 33 schools in the Greater New Haven area, were analyzed in relation to information on drug education programs in these schools. Changes in the general prevalence rates for the study period (1970-1973) and with age were the background against which the effects of the independent variable — presence or absence of specific drug education activities in the various schools — were explored While the overall evidence suggested that drug education does not have a strong, across-the-board influence on either drug use rates or beliefs and perceptions, more modest and specific effects were noted which have implications for drug education.
Developmental Status, Gender, Age, and Self-Reported Decision-Making Influences on Students' Risky and Preventive Health Behaviors
Authors: Tmsley Barbara J. , Holtgrave David R. , Reise Steven P. , Erdley Cynthia , Cupp Robert G.
Published: March 2007

This study used decision-making theory to analyze the developmental changes associated with children's and adolescents' health behavior. High school and elementary school children completed surveys concerning (1) the extent to which they engage in a variety of preventive and risky health behaviors, and (2) influence sources used in decision making concerning the enactment of these behaviors. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the sources of influence children and adolescents report considering in making health-related decisions change developmentally and as a function of gender. Moreover, within and across age, children's sources of influence with respect to health decision making are dependent on the health domains being considered. The findings are discussed in relation to decision-making theory and the implications for the content and timing of health education initiatives for adolescents.
Concurrent Multifrontal Methods: Shared Memory, Cache, and Frontwidth Issues
Authors: Benner R.E. , Montry G.R. , Weigand G.G. , Duff Iain
Published: March 2007

Frontal methods are an efficient and pop ular means of Gauss elimination of matrix equations that arise in finite element analysis. Nested dissection of a computa tional domain makes possible high-level parallelism in a widely used frontal algo rithm for unsymmetric systems. A concur rent, highly vectorized, multifrontal, finite element analysis of axisymmetric liquid drop oscillations with 2,210 equations runs on the CRAY X-MP/48 with factors of 1.9 and 2.9 reduction in elapsed time on two and four processors, respectively. On an ELXSI 6400 (which has an additional memory level, local processor cache, ig nored in the algorithm's design for the CRAY), implementation of the same problem initially achieved a speedup of only 1.4 on four processors. Modification of the concurrent algorithm, to take ad vantage of the cache and frontwidth re duction by element reordering, doubled the concurrent speedup on the ELXSI to 2.8 on four processors.
Assessing the Benefits of Fine- Grain Parallelism in Dataflow Programs
Authors: Arvind  , Culler David E. , Maa Gino K.
Published: March 2007

A method for assessing the benefits of fine-grain paral lelism in "real" programs is presented. The method is based on parallelism profiles and speedup curves de rived by executing dataflow graphs on an interpreter under progressively more realistic assumptions about processor resources and communication costs. Even using traditional algorithms, the programs exhibit ample parallelism when parallelism is exposed at all levels. The bias introduced by the language ld and the compiler is examined. A method of estimating speedup through analysis of the ideal parallelism profile is developed, avoiding repeated execution of programs. It is shown that fine-grain parallelism can be used to mask large, unpredictable memory latency and synchronization waits in architectures employing dataflow instruction execu tion mechanisms. Finally, the effects of grouping por tions of dataflow programs, and requiring that the oper ators in a group execute on a single processor, are explored.
Massively Parallel Mathematical Sieves
Authors: Montry Gary R.
Published: March 2007

The Sieve of Eratosthenes is a well-known algorithm for finding all prime numbers in a given subset of integers. A parallel version of the Sieve is described that produces computational speedups over 800 on a hypercube with 1,024 processing elements for problems of fixed size. Computational speedups as high as 980 are achieved when the problem size per processor is fixed. The method of parallelization generalizes to other sieves and will be efficient on any ensemble architecture. We in vestigate two highly parallel sieves using scattered de composition and compare their performance on a hyper cube multiprocessor. A comparison of different paralleli zation techniques for the sieve illustrates the trade-offs necessary in the design and implementation of mas sively parallel algorithms for large ensemble computers.
Three-Dimensional Dip Moveout On the Sx-2: an XMU Implementation
Authors: Leiss Ernst L. , Thapar Raj H.
Published: March 2007

In the past few years, a seismic processing technique called dip moveout (DMO) has been investigated with the objective of improving the quality of seismic data. The main memory requirement of a three-dimensional DMO program with a realistic data set may be on the order of several gigabytes, a requirement that none of today's supercomputers can satisfy. One solution may be to implement out-of-core algorithms, which process only a subset of data at any time. So, only (part of) the instructions and part of the data need to reside in the main memory. The entire program data could reside on a secondary storage unit. The NEC SX-2 supercomputer used in this study has a main memory size of 128 me gabytes. It also has an extended memory unit (XMU) size of 1 gigabyte. The XMU is connected to the main memory unit by a 1.3 gigabyte/sec channel. An out-of- core algorithm has been implemented on the SX-2. The XMU was used to store the program data. The program was tested with three-dimensional data from an acoustic tank used for physical modeling. The results indicate that the speedup between the SX-2 and the VAX-11/780 is in excess of 100.
A Study of the Evolution of a Numerically Modeled Severe Storm
Authors: Wilhelmson Robert B. , Jewett Brian F. , Shaw Crystal , Wicker Louis J. , Arrott Matthew , Bushell Colleen B. , Bajuk Mark , Thingvold Jeffrey , Yost Jeffery B.
Published: March 2007

The numerical model simulation of thunderstorms in three spatial dimensions and time is leading to im proved understanding of severe storm structure and evolution. The results from one of these simulations is presented using a variety of display techniques to illus trate the water and ice structure of a severe storm, how air moves and rotates in and around the storm, and how different physical processes influence storm rotation near the ground. The visualization of the data was a team ef fort, and the accompanying video illustrates the value of animation in studying complex fluid flow problems and the kind of visualization tools that will be readily avail able to most researchers in the near future.
Visual Simulation of a Chemical Reaction
Authors: Koide Akio
Published: March 2007

To assist the computational study of chemical reactions, this paper presents a new visualization method for elec tronic structures and discusses how to use it in the search for the atomic configurations of transition states. The simulated reaction of butadiene and ethylene (C 4H6 + C2H4) is presented in the accompanying video tape, in which the electron density and interacting fron tier orbitals are displayed as semitransparent multiple surfaces along the intrinsic reaction coordinate.
Quantum Molecular Dynamics: a New Algorithm for Linear and Nonlinear Electron Transport in Disordered Materials
Authors: Kalia Rajiv K. , Vashishta Priya , Yang Lin H. , Dech Fred W. , Rowlan John
Published: March 2007

Quantum molecular dynamics (QMD) simulations pro vide the real-time dynamics of electrons and ions through numerical solutions of the time-dependent Schrödinger and Newton equations, respectively. With this technique it is possible to go beyond the structural aspects to study electron dynamics, including linear and nonlinear electron transport, in materials at finite tem peratures. The solution of the time-dependent Schrö dinger equation for the electron wave function is ob tained by a spectral method, which for bulk systems is implemented with discrete fast Fourier (FFT) transforms. For systems with broken symmetry due to surfaces or interfaces, the spectral method combines the solution of a tridiagonal set of equations with FFT. Using QMD simulations we have investigated the localization be havior and the mobility of excess electrons at finite tem peratures in highly disordered systems such as a dense helium gas and amorphous silicon. Future QMD simula tions for many electrons within the framework of time- dependent density functional theory and implementation of molecular dynamics on massively parallel architec tures are discussed.
Hadron Structure and Interaction From Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics Calculations
Authors: Liu Keh-Fei
Published: March 2007

We report the results of the U.S. Department of Energy "Grand Challenge" project on the ab initio calculations of hadron structure (proton, neutron, and other strongly interacting particles) and interaction in the framework of lattice gauge quantum chromodynamics. The electric and magnetic form factors which are deduced from the elastic scattering of electrons off the proton and neutron targets are simulated on a quenched 163 x 24 lattice. The masses of the exotic four-quark mesoniums, the molecules of the strongly interacting mesons, are calcu lated on a 24 x 12 × 12 x 24 lattice. Stable and meta stable configurations are found in certain quantum states. This finding agrees with the observed experi mental trend.
A Technique To Evaluate Benchmarks: a Case Study Using the Livermore Loops
Authors: Wang Jack C. M. , Gary John M. , lyer Hari K.
Published: March 2007

This paper is devoted to an analysis of the data from the Livermore kernels benchmark. We will show that in the sense of least squares prediction the dimension of these data is rather small; a reduction of the data to dimen sion four has about the same predictive power as the original data. Two techniques are used that reduce the 72 kernel timings for each machine to a few scores by which the machine is characterized. The first is based on a principal component analysis, the second on a cluster analysis of the kernels. The validity of the reduction to lower dimension is checked by various means. The pos sible use of the Livermore data to predict the running time of larger codes is demonstrated.
Concurrent Vector Algorithms for Spline Solutions of the Helium Pair Equation
Authors: Fischer Charlotte Froese
Published: March 2007

An algorithm for the solution of the pair equation for helium is described, suitable for concurrent vector pro cessors. Emphasis is placed on minimizing memory re quirements so that the technique may be extended to systems with more electrons. The pair function is ex panded in a series of partial waves whose radial factor is represented by a tensor product of B-splines. Perfor mance is analyzed for the ground and first excited 1 S state, and for the lowest 3 S and 1,3 P states. An odd-even, column Nesbet algorithm is derived for solving the gen eralized eigenvalue problem and is shown to converge in all cases.
Purchasing attitudes & Behavior in Canadian Foodservice Firms
Authors: Riegel Carl D. , Haywood K. Michael
Published: March 2007

This section is intended to supply the readers with quick informa tion on recent developments in Hospitality Education and Research.

Research Notes may consist of: (1) new research findings including preliminary data from pilot studies; (2) reports on small research pro jects not requiring extensive presentation; (3) case study reports that describe a truly new phenomenon; (4) methodological comments; (5) brief theoretical statements that are either an original contribution or comments on previously published studies. All such notes must be prepared in the appropriate Hospitality Education and Research Journal style and not exceed 3000 words.
An Empirical Test of the Satisfaction With and the Importance of Food Service Management Companies
Authors: Olsen Michael , Rary Janice M.
Published: March 2007

Two hundred twenty-nine hospital food-service administrators were surveyed in order to determine the following: 1) the type of goods and services offerred to them by food-service contract management companies, 2) what goods and services are most important to food service administrators, and 3) to what degree are these administrators satisfied with what is provided by contract management companies.
Accountability in Education: Assessing Program Outcomes
Authors: Sneed Jeannie , Carruth Betty Ruth
Published: March 2007

Accountability for program quality is becoming a major thrust in higher educa tion. This article describes the process for assessing program quality currently used in a university hospitality education program. The test development process is presented along with results from the first administration of a programmatic test for graduating seniors. Discussion focuses on how this process can improve education quality.
Communication in Fast Food Organizations
Authors: Buergermeister Jim
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study is to examine the activities associated with the day- to-day communications in fast food chain restaurants. Special attention will focus on the "manager/employee" relationships, and "employee/employee" interaction. Specific objectives of the study include:

1. Identify the "manager/employee" relationship and relate it to modern organization theory.

2. Study the process or systems that are used to produce the menu items and relate this to communication networks and their effect on the organization.

3. Observe the type of organizational structure and relate it to the operational climate in the restaurant.
Autonomous Hotel and Restaurant Schools: an Emerging Model
Authors: Moreo Patrick J.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to identify and select a model to use in the analysis of autonomous schools of hotel, restaurant and institutional management. The model was then used to examine three autonomous HRI programs and determine if there were any common patterns of structure or characteristics to emerge from among them. Such patterns did emerge and are presented herein. Key Words: Organizational Structures; Higher Education Administration; Hospitality Education; Organizational Models; Organizational Analysis.
Conducting a Statewide Club Membership Survey: Methodological Issues and Learning Opportunities
Authors: Kluge E. Alan
Published: March 2007

A presentation of the difficulties experienced and results obtained in conducting a region-wide survey to measure member satisfaction in the private club industry. Paperreviews the methodological issues and concerns of developing such a survey, industry response to participating in the survey, and learning opportunities afforded students involved in conducting the research.
Hotel Sanitation Regulations and the Incidence of Sanitation- Related Disease Outbreaks: Are There Implications?
Authors: Reutter Beth , Logomarsino Jack
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to: a) compare the degree of hotel sanitation regulations and standards of enforcement which exist in state and federal agencies of the United States, and b) test the hypothesis that there is an inverse relationship between standards of government sanitation regulations of hotel properties and the incidence of sanitation-related disease outbreaks. Hotel sanitation regulations were solicited from each state health department. Only 33 of the 50 states had published regulations specifically related to hotel sanitation. Critical sanitation measures considered important for the control of hotel sanitation-related disease outbreaks included the hotel water distribution system, ventilation system maintenance, swimming pool and whirlpool spa requirements, and inspection frequency. Alabama was the only state to cover each of these measures in their regulations. An inverse relationship between standards of government regulations and disease outbreaks was not observed because a) the exact incidence of sanitation-related disease outbreaks was unknown, b) compliance to hotel sanitation regulations was not guaranteed, and c) outbreaks occurred in states with and without hotel regulations.
The Use of Higher Wages in the Foodservice Industry to Motivate and Retain Hourly Employees
Authors: Fried Sheryl D. , Tucker David L.
Published: March 2007

One of the most critical problems facing management in the foodservice industry is maintaining adequate staffing levels during the labor shortage. This is a study of hiring employees at premium wages to reduce the effects of the labor shortage. It will attempt to show that higher wages produce an increase in productivity and a reduction in turnover.

The methodology will include visiting and interviewing the management of a fast food style restaurant in operation that used higher wages as a method to increase productivity and reduce turnover. The study includes financial data pertaining to wages, sales, and profit. The ability to maintain and recruit staff will be monitored by tracking labor turnover, absenteeism, and tardiness. The wage rate differences and staffing ability of the establishment and its competitors will also be monitored.
Combustibility of Loose Fiber Fill Cellulose Insulation: the Role of Borax and Boric Acid
Authors: Day M. , Wiles D.M.
Published: March 2007

The influence of borax and boric acid on the resistance of cellulose insulation to smouldering and flaming combustion has been examined using material treated by a wet application process. Boric acid has been shown to be required at an add-on level of at least 11.6 parts to 100 parts (by weight) of cellulose if resistance to smouldering combustion by cigarette ignition is to be achieved. In order to increase the resistance of the material to flaming combustion, however, it has been shown that borax is required in the formulation. Moreover, in order to maintain the resis tance to smouldering combustion it has been found necessary subsequently to increase the add-on of boric acid. The relationship between the amount of boric acid required to maintain resistance to smouldering combustion while providing for resistance to flaming combustion with borax is given by: boric acid required (pph) = 11.6 + [0.185 × (borax used)]
Kemetic (Egyptian) Historical Revision: Implications for Cross-Cultural Evaluation and Research in Education
Authors: Hilliard Asa G.
Published: March 2007

Feature articles should deal with topics applicable to the broad field of program evaluation. Implications for practicing evaluators should be clearly identified. Examples of contributions include but are not limited to reviews of new developments in evaluation; descriptions of a current evaluation effort, research problem, or technique; and discussions of theoretical, legal, or ethical issues affecting evaluation. Manuscripts should include appropriate references and should not exceed 10 double-spaced typewritten pages in length.
Evaluation and the Management Process
Authors: Muscatello Daniel B.
Published: March 2007

Essays, opinions, and professional judgments are welcome in this section.Forum articles speak to and about the philosophical and ethical dilemmas of our profession. Authors are invited to express their views to encourage constructive dialogue centered on issues. To keep the dialogue substantive, other articles motivated by previousForum presentations should have independent titles and themes. Items labeled "Comments on ... " and "Rejoinder to ... " will not be published inForum— such responses, and those not of article length or nature, are welcome and encouraged in theLetters section. Standard citations and reference lists will acknowledge and identify earlier contributions and viewpoints. Manuscripts should not exceed 10 double- spaced typewritten pages.
Ray Rist Talks about the IIAS Working Group on Policy and Program Evaluation
Authors: Johnson Paul L.
Published: March 2007

Interviewees should be persons who are important stakeholders for evaluations and those with views of general interest to practicing evaluators. Interviewers and interviewees may be one person or several (i.e., one person may interview one individual or a panel of individuals, a panel of interviewers may interview one or more interviewees, and so on). Paul Johnson, of the U.S. Public Health Service, is coordinating this section. Suggestions for interviewees and interviewers should be sent to Paul at 740-G Humphrey Bldg., 200 Independence Ave., S. W. , Washington, DC 20201.
Stress and Coping in Police Officers
Authors: Aaron Jeffrey D. K.
Published: March 2007

Police officers encounter numerous stressors as part of their professional duties. Dissociation, the splitting off from awareness thoughts, feelings, or memories of stressful events, is one psychological defense associated with avoidance of emotionally painful material. In this study, dissociation, stressful or traumatic experiences, and psychological adjustment were measured in a sample of police officers. Stress was not directly associated with psychological adjustment, but increased stress did predict increased dissociation. Increased dissociation was associated with poorer adjustment. These data suggest that it is not the stressors themselves but officers' manner of coping with them that determine psychological adjustment.
Key Books in Business and Management Studies: An Ana lysis of Heavily Used Literature in UK Business Schools
Authors: Smith Gerry
Published: March 2007

The heavily used books in four leading British business school libraries are analysed by type of author; subject; type of book; publisher; language; nationality and date of publication. Implications of the findings for management educators are discussed.
Justification by Works or by Faith?
Authors: Pollitt Christopher
Published: March 2007

The article first defines a set of policy measures that constitute the 'New Public Management' (NPM). Evidence is cited to support the contention that the NPM has been widely adopted, with local variations, in many Western states. The impacts of such large-scale reform are considerable. The article therefore explores the extent to which the NPM has been subject to serious and systematic evaluation. It is argued that there have been relatively few broad-scope evaluations and that the methodologies adopted for these have tended to leave some fundamental questions about the effectiveness of the NPM unanswered. Despite this, political enthusiasm for reforms of this type apparently continues to run at a high level. The article concludes with some modest suggestions for ways in which the evaluation of NPM-style reforms could be improved.
Evaluation Innovations for Environments of Systemic Social Change
Authors: Kaufman Gathy
Published: March 2007

Transformed societal relationships in nations emerging from former Soviet influence present unique evaluation challenges. Altered links between governance and instruction create a climate in which the instruments for evaluation must differ not only in their scope but also in their intent. A central question in evaluating educational reform is how classroom, local school and community data can be made accessible to policy-makers who may not have the time, the training or the inclination to search through what has been traditionally regarded as ethnographic data. This article shares frameworks designed to: frame qualitative evaluation data in a manner that addresses both macro perspectives of communities and micro concerns of individuals; illuminate educational obstacles and conflicts surrounding the conditions and consequences of reformed social policies; portray the social, cultural and psychological concerns of participants in their acceptance or rejection of changed policies; and develop clarity in representing the transactional nature of evaluation.
Evaluation Strategies and Analysis of the Policy Process
Authors: Radaelli Claudio M. , Dente Bruno
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the theoretical development of evaluation research from the perspective of public-policy analysis. The discontinuity between the first stage of evaluation research and its more recent stage is assessed by arguing that the main problems in early evaluation research were related to an inadequate conceptualization of the evaluator's role, whilst the recent debate in evaluation research correctly acknowledges the endogeneity of the evaluator to the policy process. Consequently, it seems possible to elaborate upon this by investigating the strategies available to the evaluator as actor. In this respect the literature on the cognitive aspects of politics provides useful hints. Following a discussion of this literature, the authors argue that the choice of evaluation strategies is contingent upon the characteristics of the policy process. Two dimensions of the policy process (i.e. the degree of social conflict and the degree of innovation) are employed in order to present a typology of strategies.
Evaluating Services for People with Disabilities
Authors: Midgley Gerald
Published: March 2007

No single evaluation method, or method of directing organizational change, can cope with every issue faced when evaluating, or intervening in, service systems for people with disabilities. By identifying the strengths as well as the weaknesses of various methods, we might find that they complement one another. This paper explores this complementarity of different methods, pointing the way to a more flexible, responsive and critically aware evaluation and change practice. A framework of four methods is presented: PASS/ING, Viable System Diagnosis, Strategic Assumption Surfacing and Testing, and Soft Systems Methodology. These may be used in conjunction with one another to address a variety of ethical and organizational issues in the evaluation and change of service systems for people with disabilities.
Social Support, Health and Satisfaction among the Elderly with Chronic Conditions in Taiwan
Authors: Lu Luo , Chang Chai-Jan
Published: March 2007

This study examines possible relationships between perceived social support, physical and mental health, satisfaction towards hospital services, and satisfaction towards life-asa-whole, among the community elderly with chronic conditions. A sample of 172 Chinese elderly living in a metropolitan Taiwanese city were home-interviewed. Results indicated that (a) the elderly perceived good social support, and tangible support was the most important aspect; (b) the elderly did not perceive great impact of illness(es) upon their life, and both physical and mental health were satisfactory; (c) the elderly were generally satisfied with both the hospital services and life-as-a-whole; (d) apart from health and illness factors, social support appeared to have profound and pervasive protective effects on adjustment and satisfaction of the elderly.
Epilepsy in Developing Countries
Authors: Andermann Lisa Francesca
Published: March 2007

The management of epilepsy in developing countries requires cultural knowledge and approaches beyond the usual practices of western medicine. This paper focuses on explanatory mod els of epilepsy in different cultures throughout Africa, India, China, South America, and the Middle East. It examines the social impact of epilepsy on individuals, families and commu nities. The role of traditional healing practices is reviewed, along with new policies for allocation of scarce health care resources for the treatment of epilepsy in the developing world.
Cultural, Linguistic and Contextual Factors in Validating the Mental Status Questionnaire: The Experience of Aboriginal Elders in Manitoba
Authors: Kaufert Joseph M. , Shapiro Evelyn
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the impact of linguistic, cultural and contextual factors on the validity of mental status instruments through comparison of the performance of Native and non- Native respondents in a population-based survey of elderly Manitobans. Qualitative data describing potential biases associated with language, cultural and contextual factors are also drawn from observations of interviews using a culturally adapted instrument to screen for dementia among Cree speak ing Native elders living on Manitoba reserves and English speaking non-Native elders living in Winnipeg.
Misunderstanding School Improvement
Authors: Wrigley Terry
Published: March 2007

This may be too provocative a title. Nevertheless, it should serve to signal an acute concern at the direction of much recent work in school improvement and, more so, the pro fessional consciousness generated by it. Has there emerged a dominant model in school improvement studies and prac tices which is predetermining the nature of investigations and excluding other more worthwhile approaches?
Reducing Differential Educational Attainment: Have We Really Tried?
Authors: Robinson Viviane
Published: March 2007

At any one time, approximately 15% of New Zealand's self- managing schools are receiving extra assistance from the Ministry of Education under the National School Support policy. The purpose of the policy is to build the capacity of schools and local communities to meet national ad ministrative and educational guidelines, without the need for further central intervention. The intensity, length and type of assistance offered is tailored to the needs of the local school or school cluster. One of the initiatives taken under the National School Support Policy provides a range of assistance to the schools and communities of Mangere and Otara (Annan, 1999). These predominantly Maori and Pacific communities are culturally rich but economically poor, and some of the local schools have struggled to retain the confidence of parents in the face of negative reviews and fierce competition for enrolments (Education Review Office, 1996). Viviane Robinson is co-leader of a team of researchers who won the contract to conduct a process evaluation of this initiativel known as 'Strengthening Education in Mangere and Otara (SEMO)' (Timperley, Robinson, and Bullard, 1999) In the following, she steps back from the details of the project to reflect more widely on some of the themes that have dominated debate about educational attainment in New Zealand in recent years.
Aid and Growth in India: Some Evidence from Disaggregated Aid Data
Authors: Mavrotas George
Published: March 2007

The article focuses on the impact of aid on growth by using a new approach in the aid-effectiveness literature related to the composition of foreign aid. We present a model of the impact of aid on growth in an aid-recipient economy to derive a reduced-form growth equation, which is subsequently estimated by using time- series data for India over the period 1970-92. The paper improves upon earlier work in the area of aid effectiveness by focusing on a neglected, though important issue, namely the aid-disaggregation and the way it affects the empirics of aid effec tiveness. Disaggregated aid data has been constructed by the OECD to test the rel evance of the aid-disaggregation hypothesis to aid effectiveness for India. Furthermore, the paper employs modern time-series econometric analysis based on general-to-specific modelling and co-integration to shed more light on a highly debatable topic. The empirical results obtained seem to suggest that the composi tion of aid matters for deriving robust conclusions on aid effectiveness in the case of India; at the same time, they seem to call for further work in this promising area within the context of more individual country studies.
Does Human Development Policy Matter for Economic Growth? Evidence from Indian States
Authors: Pradhan Jaya Prakash , Abraham Vinoj
Published: March 2007

For explaining growth differentials across the countries, recent growth literature is increasingly relying on the process of human capital accumulation along with the traditional factors like labour and non-human capital. This study has investigated the role of human development policy on the economic growth of Indian states for the period 1980-97. Evidences suggest that the human development position of the states is strongly determined by the human development policy pursued. Panel data evidence investigating the growth impact of human development policy found that economic growth significantly depends upon the human development policy It confirmed that the government allocation for education is critical for eco nomic development. However, per capita health expenditure does not posses any significant growth impact.
A Study of Area and Personal Airborne Asbestos Samples during Abatement in a Crawl Space
Authors: Lange J.H. , Kuhn B.D. , Thomulka K.W. , Sites S.L.M.
Published: March 2007

Air sample data were collected during asbestos abate ment of two buildings using area and personal sampling methods. Abatement involved removal of pipe insula tion from crawl spaces. The two sampling methods were compared to determine if there was a relationship be tween them. A relationship was observed between area and personal airborne samples in building 2 as deter mined by correlation and regression but is most likely due to chance. One major outlier was detected for both area and personal measurement sample data sets in building 2. It was concluded that any relationship be tween area and personal sample measurements must be viewed with caution. Concentrations measured from personal sampling were statistically higher than those from area sampling. Also, the distributions of concentra tions in the samples were calculated to be nonnormal (logarithmic form). It is proposed that area sampling under-estimates worker exposure compared to personal measurements and is not applicable for exposure and hazard assessment. It is suggested that area and person al samples measure two different population concentra tions of airborne fibers. Use of area samples in lieu of personal measurements should only be employed with caution.
Indoor Air Pollution in a Zone of Extreme Poverty of Metropolitan Santiago, Chile
Authors: Adonis M. , Gil L.
Published: March 2007

Few studies have been done on indoor air pollution in areas of extreme poverty in developing countries. In such countries, for economic reasons, people use solid fuel for cooking and heating fuels which by incomplete combustion generate high levels of toxic pollutants. These represent an important risk factor for human health. We have investigated the levels of carbon mon oxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (SO2), respirable particulate matter (PM10), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and mutagenicity in the PM5 fraction, as well as tempera ture and humidity, in the interior of 24 houses in La Pinta na, Santiago. In addition, we have conducted a survey about symptoms, signs and respiratory diseases possi bly associated with socio-economic factors in the area. The survey showed that in children younger than 2 years, most respiratory diseases occur during winter (75%), the most frequent complaint being bronchitis (62%) and obstructive bronchitis (50%). The higher pol lutant concentrations were observed during heating hours, in houses that used coal (mean PM 10 250 μg.m-3, CO 42 ppm, SO2 192 ppb) or firewood (mean PM10 489 μg.m-3, CO 57 ppm, SO 2 295 ppb). PAHs were detected in all houses and we concluded that they came from inside the house and not from outdoor infiltration. Coal, firewood and cigarette smoke were important sources of mutagenic and carcinogenic PAHs, whereas kerosene and gas contributed mainly to the non-carcino genic PAH fraction. In the houses studied, the population was exposed to levels of toxic pollutants that are much higher than those found outdoors in the highly polluted city of Santiago. In addition, overcrowding, excessive indoor humidity, very low indoor temperatures when the heating system was turned off, the presence of domestic animals, cats and dogs indoors and general lack of hygiene (with attendant bacteria and fungi) are risk fac tors to explain the high incidence of respiratory diseases in children.
An Investigation of the Genotoxic Effects of Airborne Particulate Matter Using Single-Cell Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Curnow Alison , Parsons Barbara , Salter Leo , Morley Nick , Gould David
Published: March 2007

Samples of the PM 10 fraction of airborne particulate mat ter were collected from a roadside location in Cornwall using a Partisol 2000 gravimetric air sampler. Cultured human lung fibroblasts were exposed to a sonicated extract of this matter for various periods of time (0-120 h) and the presence of DNA damage was then assessed using single-cell gel electrophoresis. Four times the level of DNA damage was detected in the PM10-exposed cells than that observed in similarly treated but non-PM10 exposed control cells. This indicates that the airborne PM10 from this site has significant genotoxic effects in this experimental system and that single-cell gel electro phoresis is a useful technique for the assessment of this form of particulate matter-induced biological damage.
Risk Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke Emissions
Authors: El-Hougeiri N. , El Fadel M.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents an assessment of occupational in door exposure to air pollutants emitted from environ mental tobacco smoke in a public restaurant. Field moni toring data of carbon monoxide (CO) and total sus pended particulates (TSP) levels were used to calibrate the model RISK and simulate pollutant concentration profiles in various subdivisions of the prototype restau rant, and instantaneous as well as cumulative exposure levels for working individuals. The risk assessment of occupational exposure to environmental tobacco smoke was then examined using risk levels associated with CO and TSP. Mitigation measures were evaluated in terms of efficiency of decreasing pollutant exposure levels.
Chemical Gas Sensors for Car Exhaust and Cabin Air Monitoring
Authors: Kalman Eva-Lotta , Winquist Fredrik , Löfvendahl Anders , Rudell Bertil , Wass Urban
Published: March 2007

A combination of charcoal and particle filters has pre viously been shown to reduce effectively the smell of diesel exhaust. In this paper it is shown that the smell of diesel exhaust can successfully be predicted by the con centration of total volatile organic compounds and the concentration of certain carbonyl compounds. Projection to latent structures was utilised for model building. An electronic nose consisting of MOSFET and MOS sensors could less successfully predict the smell, but identified the same filter combination as being most efficient. The car cabin air during urban driving was also monitored, both by the means of MOSFET sensors and by chemilu minescence. The pollution level inside the car is shown to be elevated by about 30% compared to outside the car. A combination filter together with an air inlet sensor switch is shown to reduce the NOx levels inside the car by 30% compared to outside, with the ability to signifi cantly decrease the peak levels. Copyright © 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel