bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HMicroDB: A Comprehensive Database of Herpetofaunal Microbiota With a Focus on Host Phylogeny, Physiological Traits, and Environment Factors
Authors: Li Jiaying , Gao Yuze , Shu Guocheng , Chen Xuanzhong , Zhu Jiahao , Zheng Si , Chen Ting
Published: November 2024

Symbiotic microbiota strongly impact host physiology. Amphibians and reptiles occupy a pivotal role in the evolutionary history of Animalia, and they are of significant ecological, economic, and scientific value. Many prior studies have found that symbiotic microbiota in herpetofaunal species are closely associated with host phylogeny, physiological traits, and environmental factors; however, insufficient integrated databases hinder researchers from querying, accessing, and reanalyzing these resources. To rectify this, we built the first herpetofaunal microbiota database (HMicroDB; https://herpdb.com/) that integrates 11,697 microbiological samples from 337 host species (covering 23 body sites and associated with 23 host phenotypic or environmental factors), and we identified 11,084 microbial taxa by consistent annotation. The standardised analysis process, cross‐dataset integration, user‐friendly interface, and interactive visualisation make the HMicroDB a powerful resource for researchers to search, browse, and explore the relationships between symbiotic microbiota, hosts, and environment. This facilitates research in host–microbiota coevolution, biological conservation, and resource utilisation.
Auditor distraction: The case of outside job opportunities for external auditors and audit quality
Authors: Ege Matthew , Kim Young Hoon , Wang Dechun
Published: November 2024

Public accountants are in high demand by non‐accounting firms. While this demand attracts high‐quality accountants to public accounting, it can negatively impact audit quality by distracting auditors. We find that the number of metropolitan statistical area–level busy season job postings for public accountants by non‐accounting firms is positively associated with misstatements. Results are most pronounced (1) when outside job opportunities are from non–publicly traded companies, which likely provide better work‐life balance, and (2) when auditors are under a heavier workload, as captured by higher audit fee‐to‐auditor ratios and increased job postings by audit offices leading into the busy season. Results also suggest that accounting firms that provide large pay increases before the busy season can mitigate the negative audit‐quality effects of busy season job postings for public accountants. These results suggest that accounting firms are not immune to negative effects of auditor distraction from outside job opportunities despite accounting firms knowing that their auditors are highly sought after by non‐accounting firms.
Parameter estimation for allometric trophic network models: A variational Bayesian inverse problem approach
Authors: Tirronen Maria , Kuparinen Anna
Published: November 2024

Differential equation models are powerful tools for predicting biological systems, capable of projecting far into the future and incorporating data recorded at arbitrary times. However, estimating these models' parameters from observations can be challenging because numerical methods are often required to approximate their solution. An example of such a model is the allometric trophic network model, for which studies considering its inverse problem are limited, particularly in the Bayesian framework. Here we develop a variational Bayesian method for parameter inference of the allometric trophic network model and explore how accurately we can recover its parameter values.

We represent the model as a Bayesian neural network, which combines an artificial neural network with Bayesian inference, using a surrogate for the posterior distribution of model parameters, and train this model by evolutionary optimization to avoid potentially costly computation of the gradient with respect to the model parameters. Using synthetic data, we compare the accuracy of this variational inference to ordinary least squares estimation. To reduce the number of estimated parameters, we focus on the inference of functional response parameters.

Our variational Bayesian method yields parameter estimates that are comparable to the ordinary least squares results in terms of accuracy. The method provides a promising approach for including uncertainty quantification in parameter estimation, which the simple ordinary least squares approach as it is does not address. Regardless of the method, potential multimodality of the inference problem is nonetheless important to keep in mind.

The present study suggests a technique for parameter inference of ordinary differential equation models in the Bayesian context. We propose the method especially for validation of the allometric trophic network model against empirical data.
Does cytochrome 2D6 genotype affect the analgesic efficacy of codeine after ambulatory surgery? Prospective trial in 987 adults
Authors: Poikola Satu , von Plato Hanna , Harju Jukka , Kiiski Johanna I. , Mattila Kristiina , Olkkola Klaus T. , Niemi Mikko , Kalso Eija , Kontinen Vesa
Published: November 2024

Background

Paracetamol–codeine combination tablet is widely used in pain management after day surgery. For safety reasons, its use has decreased in recent years. Codeine is a prodrug metabolised in the liver by the cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) enzyme to morphine that produces the analgesic effect of codeine. CYP2D6 is highly polymorphic, and based on genotypes, individuals can be divided into four categories: poor‐, intermediate‐, normal‐ and ultrarapid metabolisers. Differences in morphine and its metabolite concentrations have been described between different CYP2D6 genotypes following codeine administration. The aim of the study was to investigate the possible effect of CYP2D6 genotype on codeine efficacy and adverse effects in a large cohort of adult patients undergoing ambulatory surgery.

Methods

A total of 987 patients scheduled for ambulatory surgery were included in the analyses. Operation types or anaesthesia methods were not limited in the study protocol. All study patients received a fixed dose of paracetamol (1000 mg) and codeine (60 mg) orally for premedication. A blood sample was drawn to identify the genotype of CYP2D6. At home, the first‐line analgesic was paracetamol–codeine combination of 1–2 tablets at 1–3 times per day. Data on the efficacy and side effects of codeine were collected on the day of surgery and the following two postoperative days.

Results

Of the studied patients, 37 (3.7%) were poor CYP2D6 metabolisers, 264 (27%) were intermediate, 623 (63%) were normal and 63 (6.4%) were ultrarapid metabolisers. Activity scores ranged from 0 to 4. CYP2D6 genotype was not associated in a statistically significant manner with postoperative pain, opioid consumption or the adverse effects of codeine, except for constipation at home. Poor CYP2D6 metabolisers reported significantly less severe constipation compared with normal metabolisers (p = .009, OR 0.40, 95% Cl 0.20–0.80).

Conclusion

CYP2D6 genotype appears to be of minor importance for the analgesic efficacy of oral paracetamol‐codeine combination therapy after ambulatory surgery in adult patients undergoing similar types of surgery as in the present study but it may affect the risk of constipation.
Metabolomic characterization of unintentional weight loss among community‐dwelling older Black and White men and women
Authors: Yao Shanshan , Marron Megan M. , Farsijani Samaneh , Miljkovic Iva , Tseng George C. , Shah Ravi V. , Murthy Venkatesh L. , Newman Anne B.
Published: November 2024

This study aims to understand the metabolic mechanisms of unintentional weight loss in older adults. We investigated plasma metabolite associations of subsequent weight change over 2 years in 1536 previously weight stable participants (mean age 74.6 years, 50% women, 35% Black) from the Health, Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study. Multinomial logistic regressions were used to examine associations of the 442 metabolites with weight loss with/without an intention and weight gain >3% annually relative to weight stability. The metabolite associations of unintentional weight loss differed from those of intentional weight loss and weight gain. Lower levels of aromatic amino acids, phospholipids, long‐chain poly‐unsaturated triglycerides, and higher levels of amino acid derivatives, poly‐unsaturated fatty acids, and carbohydrates were associated with higher odds of unintentional weight loss after adjusting for age, sex, race, and BMI categories. Prevalent diseases attenuated four and lower mid‐thigh muscle mass and poorer appetite each attenuated 2 of 77 identified metabolite associations by >20%, respectively. Other factors (e.g., energy expenditure, diet, and medication) attenuated all associations by <20%. While 16 metabolite associations were attenuated by 20%–48% when adjusting for all these risk factors, 47 metabolite associations remained significant. Altered amino acid metabolism, impaired mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, and inflammaging implicated by identified metabolites appear to precede unintentional weight loss in Health ABC older adults. Furthermore, these pathways seem to be associated with prevalent diseases especially diabetes, lower muscle mass, and poorer appetite.
Alcohol‐attributable deaths in Thai people from 2015 to 2021 using the comparative risk assessment approach
Authors: Nontarak Jiraluck , Rehm Jürgen , Rovira Pol , Assanangkornchai Sawitri
Published: November 2024

Background

The alcohol‐attributable mortality rate is an important health indicator for surveillance of health‐related impacts of alcohol consumption. This study aimed to estimate the annual number and rate of alcohol‐attributable deaths among the Thai population aged 15 years and over during 2015–2021.

Methods

Mortality data were drawn from the National Death Registry based on ICD‐10. We used the standard methodology of comparative risk assessments for alcohol within the general framework of the Global Burden of Disease Studies and used alcohol‐attributable fractions, derived from exposure, and relative risk compared to lifetime abstainers as the counterfactual. Age‐standardization was used to adjust mortality rates which were calculated by cause, age group, and sex.

Results

The estimated annual number of alcohol‐attributable deaths was 20,039 (men: 17,726 [6.50% of total annual deaths of the Thai population] and women: 2312 [1.11%]). The age‐standardized alcohol‐attributable mortality rates continuously increased from 33.8 to 37.5 deaths per 100,000 population from 2015 to 2019 and slightly decreased to 34.5 and 35.3 in 2020 and 2021, respectively. The three leading causes of death attributed to alcohol consumption were road injuries, cirrhosis and other liver diseases, and other unintentional injuries.

Conclusion

Alcohol remains an important preventable cause of death among Thais. The alcohol‐attributable mortality rate increased from 2015 to 2019 but declined in 2020 and 2021, possibly due to the coronavirus pandemic and lockdown measures. Culturally appropriate, cost‐effective interventions should be used to control alcohol accessibility, particularly among young people who frequently sustain injuries from external causes and have high mortality rates.
The ever ongoing cosmetic quest to change eye colour
Authors: Zegers Richard H. C.
Published: November 2024

Purpose

To provide a historical overview of the various efforts to change eye colour for purely cosmetic reasons, along with the associated potential risks and harms.

Methods

Literature and online search.

Results

Eye drops containing adrenaline were used during World War II on involuntary inmates of concentration camp Auschwitz‐Birkenau. Prostaglandin drops, used in glaucoma therapy since 1996, can increase iris pigmentation as an undesired side effect. Commercial drops, available since 2011, are not effective and potentially dangerous. Iris implants, commercially available since 2011, led to serious complications like corneal decompensation, uveitis and glaucoma, and for this reason, implants had to be removed, leaving some patients almost blind. Also commercially in use since 2011 are laser treatments to make brown eyes blue. Among the possible complications are anterior uveitis and (pigmentary) glaucoma. Corneal tattooing has existed for almost 2000 years. Complications of modern, intrastromal keratopigmentation include corneal perforation, bacterial infection, allergic or toxic reaction to pigment, migration of pigment, and functional complications like visual field limitation and light sensitivity. Personal identity and self‐esteem are likely contributing factors to undergo this potentially harmful cosmetic eye surgery. In addition to the earlier discussed complications, the artificial layer of colour can obscure ocular pathology of the cornea or iris. As the majority of individuals undergoing these procedures are relatively young, problems may arise in the future when they will need cataract or other eye surgeries.

Conclusion

Permanently changing eye colour in healthy eyes for purely cosmetic reasons is a risky procedure.
Mesh Simplification for Unfolding*
Authors: Bhargava M. , Schreck C. , Freire M. , Hugron P. A. , Lefebvre S. , Sellán S. , Bickel B.
Published: November 2024

We present a computational approach for unfolding 3D shapes isometrically into the plane as a single patch without overlapping triangles. This is a hard, sometimes impossible, problem, which existing methods are forced to soften by allowing for map distortions or multiple patches. Instead, we propose a geometric relaxation of the problem: We modify the input shape until it admits an overlap‐free unfolding. We achieve this by locally displacing vertices and collapsing edges, guided by the unfolding process. We validate our algorithm quantitatively and qualitatively on a large dataset of complex shapes and show its proficiency by fabricating real shapes from paper.
Older Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People's Experiences With Hearing Loss and Audiological Services: A Scoping Review
Authors: Chowdhury Ayesha , Tian Rong , McIlhiney Paul , Jayakody Dona M. P.
Published: November 2024

Introduction

In Australia, older Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have the highest prevalence of hearing loss, for which dedicated audiological services are available.

However, there is limited research on the experiences older Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have with hearing loss and audiological services. Therefore, this study aimed to consolidate existing literature with a scoping review, specifically on the above to identify gaps and guide future research.

Method

Ten databases, including electronic journal databases and government databases, were systematically searched. Additional studies were sought from article reference lists, review articles, conference abstracts and Google Scholar. We identified 540 records and 22 of them met our inclusion criteria. Our inclusion criteria constituted research of any design on the experiences of older Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people (aged 45+ years) with hearing loss and audiological services.

Results

Seventeen studies reported on experiences with hearing loss, four studies reported on experiences with audiological services and one study reported on both experiences. Prevalence of hearing loss was estimated to be 20%–34% in older Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people; a discrepancy between self‐reported and objective hearing difficulties was also identified. Audiological services currently available to older Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were also underutilised.

Conclusions

Future research on older Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people is required to uncover: (1) the reasons for underreported hearing loss; (2) types of hearing loss experienced; (3) barriers to accessing audiological services; and (4) best hearing‐loss management and rehabilitation practices.
A pedicled anterolateral thigh flap decreased the risk of empty pelvis syndrome following total pelvic exenteration
Authors: Hirata Shintaro , Kanemitsu Yukihide , Moritani Konosuke , Arikawa Masaki , Kudose Yozo , Takamizawa Yasuyuki , Inoue Manabu , Tsukamoto Shunsuke , Daiko Hiroyuki , Akazawa Satoshi
Published: November 2024

Aim

Total pelvic exenteration (TPE) can be complicated by empty pelvis syndrome (EPS), and none of the currently available procedures completely mitigate this problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of a pedicled anterolateral thigh (p‐ALT) flap for preventing EPS.

Method

All cases of TPE at the National Cancer Center Hospital in Tokyo between 2008 and 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. The main indication for TPE was colorectal cancer, with some other malignancies. Background factors, surgical outcomes and postoperative complications were compared between patients who underwent primary suture closure (the PC group) and those who underwent p‐ALT flap reconstruction (the flap group).

Results

A total of 114 patients underwent TPE during the study period. Twenty patients in whom a different procedure was performed or a different flap was used for reconstruction were excluded, leaving 94 for analysis (PC group, n = 54; flap group, n = 40). There was no significant between‐group difference in patient characteristics. Severe pelvic abscess developed in 12 patients (22.2%) in the PC group and 2 (5%) in the flap group. Multivariable analysis identified a significantly lower risk of severe pelvic abscess in the p‐ALT flap reconstruction (OR 0.07, 95% CI 0.01–0.58, p = 0.01). EPS‐related readmissions were more common in the PC group [37.0% (20/54) vs. 25% (10/40)].

Conclusions

The risk of severe pelvic abscesses and readmission for EPS was significantly lower after perineal reconstruction with a p‐ALT flap. Perineal reconstruction with this flap is a feasible and effective method in TPE.
Famine and food security: new trends and systems or politics as usual? An introduction
Authors: Jaspars Susanne , Kuol Luka Biong Deng
Published: November 2024

Over the past decade, famine and food insecurity have increased, yet there have been few articles with a critical analysis of their social and political dynamics. This special issue of Disasters aims to revive such analysis and to provide new insights. The special issue contains eight articles, with topics ranging from the role of global politics and neoliberal strategies, to sanctions, war, settler‐colonialism, elite capture and inequalities, actions of resistance and resilience, and the challenges of famine prevention in today's global political context. The papers provide both global and local analysis, with the latter covering Kashmir, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, and Syria.
Increased gallbladder emptying and reduced GLP‐1 response in pregnancy with and without gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Gether Ida M. , Andersen Emilie S. , Foghsgaard Signe , Ellegaard Anne‐Marie , Kelstrup Louise , Sonne David P. , Brønden Andreas , Gillum Matthew P. , Holst Jens J. , Hartmann Bolette , Rehfeld Jens F. , Vilsbøll Tina , Knop Filip K.
Published: November 2024

Aim

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has been associated with reduced postprandial glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1) responses. As pregnancy induces changes in gallbladder motility and bile acids stimulate GLP‐1 secretion, we investigated postprandial gallbladder emptying and GLP‐1 responses in women with GDM.

Methods

Women with and without GDM underwent two 240‐min mixed meal tests; one during third trimester of pregnancy and one 3–6 months postpartum. We evaluated ultrasonography‐assessed gallbladder emptying, plasma concentrations of glucometabolic hormones including GLP‐1, paracetamol absorption (proxy for gastric emptying) and circulating factors known to affect gallbladder dynamics.

Results

Fifteen women with GDM and 15 pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) (baseline median age 31 (interquartile range 29;33) versus 32 (28;33) years, body mass index (BMI) 27.2 (24.7;30.7) versus 28.4 (26.2;31.0) kg/m2, HbA1c 30 (29;32) versus 30 (28;31) mmol/mol) were included. No differences in postprandial gallbladder emptying or GLP‐1 responses were observed between women with and without GDM, neither during pregnancy nor postpartum. Pregnancy increased fasting gallbladder volumes by 69 (30;122)% and 103 (59;156)% and postprandial gallbladder emptying by 77 (28;236)% and 99 (37;190)% compared with postpartum in women with and without GDM, respectively. Postprandial GLP‐1 responses were reduced by 60 (3;82)% and 81 (11;90)% during pregnancy compared with postpartum in women with and without GDM, respectively.

Conclusion

Pregnancy‐induced changes in gallbladder motility seem to play no or a limited role in previously reported GDM‐associated reduced postprandial GLP‐1 responses as gallbladder emptying was greater and postprandial GLP‐1 response was lower in pregnancy than postpartum regardless of GDM status.
Clinical measures in chronic neuropathic pain are related to the Kennedy and endocannabinoid pathways
Authors: Bourke Stephanie L. , Suarez Eva Gonzalez , Islam Barira , Stephenson John , Finn David P. , McHugh Patrick C.
Published: November 2024

Background

Chronic neuropathic pain (CNP) is a debilitating condition, often refractory to currently available drugs. Understanding biochemical alterations in peripheral tissues such as blood will be useful for understanding underlying pathophysiological processes relating to CNP.

Methods

We collected blood from two independent cohorts of CNP and pain‐free controls (CNP n = 129/Controls n = 127) in the UK and Ireland to investigate the relationship between CNP‐associated molecular/biochemical alterations and a range of clinical and pain metric parameters. Multiple statistical comparisons were conducted on the data, with selected variables included in one or more of the intended inferential analyses (six models).

Results

Gene expression analysis showed that choline phosphotransferase (CHPT1) was increased (p < .001) in the CNP group compared to controls. The levels of phosphatidylcholine, a metabolite of CHPT1 in the Kennedy Pathway, were significantly (p = .008) decreased in the plasma of patients with CNP. Given the relationship between the Kennedy pathway and endocannabinoids, plasma endocannabinoids and related N‐acylethanolamines were quantified in clinical samples by HPLC‐Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Plasma levels of the endocannabinoid 2‐arachidonoylglycerol were higher in CNP samples compared to controls, and in the statistical models applied, 2‐arachidonoylglycerol significantly increased the odds of CNP (p < .001). The expression of genes related to the synthesis and catabolism of endocannabinoids also corroborated the increased plasma 2‐arachidonoylglycerol levels in patients with CNP.

Conclusions

Endocannabinoid levels, expression of genes related to endocannabinoid metabolism, age, sex, depression and anxiety state together were strong predictors of CNP. The observed molecular changes indicate that lipid metabolism is altered in CNP and thus may represent a viable target for novel analgesics or biomarker development.
Challenges in the diagnosis and management of patients with rare coagulation disorders in Lebanon and consequences of a social and economic crisis
Authors: Farah Roula , Boustany Michel , Saad Philippe , Casini Alessandro , de Moerloose Philippe
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Rare coagulation disorders (RCDs) constitute an important health risk. Data on epidemiology, quality of life (QoL), access to care, and impact of the ongoing economic crisis on RCDs in Lebanon is limited.

Aim

We aimed to address these gaps by evaluating effect of the crisis on the management of RCDs.

Methods

We performed a retrospective chart review of RCD pediatric patients in a tertiary hospital between 2003 and 2023. Patients with deficiencies of fibrinogen, factor (F)II, FV, combined FV and FVIII, FVII, FXI, FXII, FXIII, and congenital deficiency of vitamin K‐dependent factors (VKCFDs) underwent a qualitative assessment of the impact of the economic crisis on care and quality of life by an interview aimed at investigating obstacles to diagnosis, disparities in access to treatment, impact of the crisis on QoL and disease management, and opinion on governmental efforts to solve the health crisis.

Results

46 patients were included. The response rate for the interview was 63%. Among the cohort, 21 (72.4%) reported difficulty accessing treatment since the start of the crisis and 18 (62%) reported “lack of healthcare coverage for necessary treatments” as the main issue. Most participants reported that the Lebanese government did not adequately address their needs during the crisis.

Conclusion

Our study showcased that management of RCD patients in Lebanon has been severely affected by the economic crisis. Combined efforts by public and private sectors are needed to appropriately address this issue. Lessons can be learned from the Lebanese experience to appropriately screen for actionable factors in vulnerable populations.
Anxiety, depression, and headache‐related disability in a large pediatric clinic–based sample
Authors: Murphy Christina , Ladak Ali , Szperka Christina L. , Marquez De Prado Blanca , Hershey Andrew D. , Gentile Carlyn Patterson
Published: November 2024

Objective

To explore the relationships among anxiety, depression, and headache‐related disability in a pediatric clinic–based retrospective cross‐sectional study.

Background

Anxiety and depression are commonly considered comorbidities of headache disorders and are frequently seen in children and adolescents. These conditions can contribute to disability and may have a cumulative impact. In this study, we tested whether self‐reported anxiety and/or depression in youth were associated with headache‐related disability.

Methods

This was a retrospective cross‐sectional study of children ages 6–17 years old who completed a headache intake questionnaire at the time of a new outpatient neurology visit. Those who reported on behavioral health symptoms, involvement of a behavioral health provider (i.e., yes/no), and the PedMIDAS (a validated metric of headache‐related disability) were included. The relationship between anxiety and/or depression and headache‐related disability was examined.

Results

Of the 12,660 questionnaires queried, 9118 met criteria for inclusion. Respondents were 64.0% female and had a median age of 13.5 years (interquartile range [IQR] 10.3, 15.7). Compared to patients without self‐reported anxiety/depression, patients with anxiety and depression reported higher headache‐related disability (M = 17.0, [IQR 6.0, 41.0]) even after accounting for covariates (estimated difference = 6.0, 95% confidence interval [CI: 4.4–7.5]). For participants with anxiety and/or depression, having a behavioral health provider was associated with greater headache‐related disability (estimated difference = 7.0; 95% CI 4.6–9.3).

Conclusions

Patients with self‐reported anxiety and/or depression reported higher headache‐related disability. Having a behavioral health provider was associated with greater headache‐related disability, indicating the complexity and high level of need for this population. Further research is needed to understand the directionality of these results; however, patients with headache as well as depression and or anxiety are a vulnerable group who may benefit from an integrated care model.
In vitro and patient studies with platelets to explore off‐target cardiovascular effects of integrase inhibitors
Authors: Keniyopoullos R. , Khawaja A. A. , Boffito M. , Emerson M.
Published: November 2024

Introduction

People with HIV currently face a tenfold higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) than those without HIV. Studies have shown various off‐target effects of antiretroviral treatment (ART) on the cardiovascular system, but little is known about the effects of currently used integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) on platelets. Platelet activation is associated with increased CVD, thrombus formation, and release of proinflammatory mediators, so exploring platelet effects from currently prescribed ART may contribute to the understanding of CVD etiopathogenesis in people with HIV.

Methods

We aimed to identify potential effects of INSTIs on platelet aggregation and activation markers from individuals without HIV after in vitro treatment with clinically relevant drug concentrations. We used bictegravir (BIC) and dolutegravir (DTG) individually or in the therapeutic drug combinations BIC/emtricitabine (FTC)/tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF) or DTG/lamivudine (3TC). Additionally, we conducted a pilot study to compare platelet activity profiles from people with HIV on BIC/FTC/TAF and DTG/3TC.

Results

Changes to in vitro platelet aggregation responses upon exposure to different INSTIs were observed both upon individual drug application and when using therapeutic combinations. However, these effects were not reflected in flow‐cytometric evaluation of platelet degranulation. A pilot study in eight people with HIV and eight without HIV revealed no significant effects but established protocols for future patient studies.

Conclusion

There is currently no consistent evidence of an effect of INSTIs on platelet activation. Further study is warranted, focusing on models with more pathophysiological relevance, including extensive studies in people with HIV.
One name for two concepts: A systematic literature review about meta‐organizations
Authors: Coulombel Philippe , Berkowitz Héloïse
Published: November 2024

Existing literature on meta‐organization is divided into two distinct streams in organizational and management studies, with different definitions and boundaries, potentially leading to inconsistencies and theoretical misalignment. Can we disambiguate the conceptualizations of meta‐organizations, and what insights can be gleaned from this clarification? Using a systematic review of the meta‐organization literature, we propose a novel classification, distinguishing between meta‐organizations as ‘meta‐level actors’, rooted in the organizational perspective, and meta‐organizations as ‘orchestrated systems’, grounded in the management perspective. While synthesizing current knowledge about meta‐organizations, we highlight the commonalities, divergences and specificities of both perspectives. We contribute to the literature on meta‐organizations by bringing greater clarity to the field, by disambiguating the uses of meta‐organization, by outlining a state of the art for both new categories and by providing a detailed research agenda. We also provide fundamental insights about two distinct ways of meta‐organizing, that is creating order among and beyond single organizations through collectively decided social orders and orchestrated social orders.
Pressureless sintering and properties of additively manufactured ZrB2–SiC
Authors: Lakusta Marharyta , Timme Nicholas M. , Watts Jeremy L. , Fahrenholtz William G. , Hilmas Gregory E. , Lipke David W.
Published: November 2024

Densification behavior, grain growth kinetics, mechanical and thermal properties of pressurelessly sintered zirconium diboride–silicon carbide (ZrB2–SiC) fabricated by extrusion of high solids loading pastes have been studied. The effects of sintering temperature (1600–2300°C), heating rate during constant heating rate sintering (10–50°C/min), and time during isothermal sintering (3–24 h) on density and grain size were examined. The apparent activation energy for densification was determined to be 940 ± 90 kJ/mol, suggesting lattice diffusion as the dominant sintering mechanism. Grain growth of both ZrB2 and SiC followed a normal grain growth power law with grain growth exponent n = 2 indicating diffusion‐controlled coarsening. The activation energies for grain growth were 267 ± 10 kJ/mol for ZrB2 and 264 ± 15 kJ/mol for SiC. Sintered microstructures were homogeneous with relative densities of 95%–99% depending on heat treatment schedules. Flexural strength (270 ± 40 MPa) was lower than hot‐pressed materials of equivalent composition by a factor of two or more due to the presence of pores originating from paste inhomogeneities. Young's modulus (482 ± 20 GPa) and Vicker's microhardness (22 ± 5 MPa HV0.2), as well as thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity up to 1800°C were found to be comparable to hot‐pressed materials.
The Effects of Wildfires on the Mental and Physical Health of School‐Age Children in North America: A Scoping Review
Authors: Oerther Sarah , Manspeaker Sarah , Wix Alison , Oerther Daniel , Marsit Carmen
Published: November 2024

Background

Wildfires are occurring more often and with greater intensity, leading to longer and harsher fire seasons. As a result, children are more frequently exposed to wildfire smoke, which increases their risk of mental and physical health effects.

Purpose

The purpose of our scoping review is to explore the current literature on what is known about the direct and indirect impacts of wildfires on the mental and physical health of school‐age children in North America (5 to 18‐year‐olds).

Methods

A health sciences librarian‐assisted literature search, with input from the research team, was performed.

Results

A total of 16 studies were selected. Common mental health symptoms such as anxiety, depression, suicidal thinking, and post‐traumatic stress disorder have been identified. The findings of this review are in line with recent studies showing a connection between adult wildfire exposure and respiratory conditions; however, no cardiovascular health effects in children were identified.

Conclusions

The available studies in our review demonstrate that wildfires do increase the impacts on both mental and physical health postexposure in school‐age children. Future research should specifically include larger samples, more qualitative and longitudinal studies that can more effectively analyze the effects of wildfire events on psychological factors over time, conceptual frameworks, and exposure metrics specific for PM2.5 from wildfire smoke.
Correlations of the Circadian Rhythmicity of Blood Pressure With Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Koçak Ajar , Şenol Cem , Yıldırım Onur , Arıkan Ergün Bilgesu
Published: November 2024

Erectile dysfunction (ED) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) share common pathophysiological mechanisms. This study aimed to assess the relationship between ED and its severity with the risk of developing CVD by analyzing changes in the circadian blood pressure (BP) rhythm. In the study, 24‐h BP levels of 192 (94 with ED and 98 controls) participants with no history of CVD were evaluated using an ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) device. The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire was used to assess the ED severity in the study group. ABPM measurements revealed higher BP values among the ED group. The nondipper pattern was significantly more frequent in the ED group compared to the controls (56.2% vs. 77.1%, p < 0.01). Blood pressure variability parameters, including systolic standard deviation (SD) and average real variability (ARV), were notably higher in the ED group (16.3 ± 3.9 vs. 14.6 ± 4.3, p < 0.01 and 13.39 ± 7.24 vs. 11.5 ± 2.1, p < 0.01, respectively). Furthermore, parameters reflecting arterial stiffness including pulse pressure index (PPI) and ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) were higher in the ED group (0.81 ± 0.33 vs. 0.73 ± 0.18, p = 0.03 and 0.71 ± 0.09 vs. 0.59 ± 0.17, p = 0.014, respectively). Both AASI and ARV were significantly correlated with the severity of ED. This study suggests a significant association between ED severity and altered blood pressure patterns which in part explains the increased risk of CVD among individuals with ED.
Simulation Study on the Optimization of Temperature Cable Layout in a Warehouse During the Ventilation
Authors: Yang Kaimin , Chu Fengjiao , Wang Yuancheng , Dong Xiaoqian
Published: November 2024

The temperature data obtained from cables monitoring stored grain are crucial for real‐time surveillance of grain storage and serve as a reference for processes such as ventilation. This study focuses on optimizing the arrangement of temperature cables within the warehouse and employing numerical simulations to analyze the variation in grain temperature during a 7‐day cooling ventilation period. By comparing the predicted average temperature of bulk grain with the temperatures recorded by cable sensors, the study evaluates the potential benefits and cost implications of various cable layouts. The maximum difference in the average temperature between the monitoring temperature by cables and the predicted temperature in bulk grain was 0.70°C, and the root mean square error (RMSE) was 25.83% when the cables were arranged according to the national standard (National Standard of P.R. China, GB/T 26882.1‐2011). The study further examines the impact of optimizing cable layout, including variations in horizontal spacing, on the RMSE. It was found that reducing cable spacing decreased the RMSE but necessitated an increased number of cables. Conversely, increasing cable spacing led to a decrease in the number of cables but resulted in a higher RMSE. Based on an optimized non‐uniform layout with the less cables, which were inserted with dense cables near the wall and sparse cables in bulk grain, it was found that the RMSE was reduced to 22.23%, and the number of the cables was reduced by four cables compared to the national standard layout. The non‐uniform layout was also verified for applicability in large‐scale warehouses, showing a reduction of 26 cables compared to the national standard. The results demonstrated that the current cable layout of the national standard needs optimization, and that the optimization direction of the uniform layout does not guarantee economy and accuracy at the same time during the monitoring temperature in bulk grain. The non‐uniform cable layout, with fewer cables and improved monitoring accuracy, presents a promising approach for practical application.
Automatic localization and deep convolutional generative adversarial network‐based classification of focal liver lesions in computed tomography images: A preliminary study
Authors: Gupta Pushpanjali , Hsu Yao‐Chun , Liang Li‐Lin , Chu Yuan‐Chia , Chu Chia‐Sheng , Wu Jaw‐Liang , Chen Jian‐An , Tseng Wei‐Hsiu , Yang Ya‐Ching , Lee Teng‐Yu , Hung Che‐Lun , Wu Chun‐Ying
Published: November 2024

Background and Aim

Computed tomography of the abdomen exhibits subtle and complex features of liver lesions, subjectively interpreted by physicians. We developed a deep learning‐based localization and classification (DLLC) system for focal liver lesions (FLLs) in computed tomography imaging that could assist physicians in more robust clinical decision‐making.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study (approval no. EMRP‐109‐058) on 1589 patients with 17 335 slices with 3195 FLLs using data from January 2004 to December 2020. The training set included 1272 patients (male: 776, mean age 62 ± 10.9), and the test set included 317 patients (male: 228, mean age 57 ± 11.8). The slices were annotated by annotators with different experience levels, and the DLLC system was developed using generative adversarial networks for data augmentation. A comparative analysis was performed for the DLLC system versus physicians using external data.

Results

Our DLLC system demonstrated mean average precision at 0.81 for localization. The system's overall accuracy for multiclass classifications was 0.97 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.95–0.99). Considering FLLs ≤ 3 cm, the system achieved an accuracy of 0.83 (95% CI: 0.68–0.98), and for size > 3 cm, the accuracy was 0.87 (95% CI: 0.77–0.97) for localization. Furthermore, during classification, the accuracy was 0.95 (95% CI: 0.92–0.98) for FLLs ≤ 3 cm and 0.97 (95% CI: 0.94–1.00) for FLLs > 3 cm.

Conclusion

This system can provide an accurate and non‐invasive method for diagnosing liver conditions, making it a valuable tool for hepatologists and radiologists.
Novel analysis tool for the distance of gold dimers controlled by the DNA strand length on the DNA origami
Authors: Guckel Jannik , Liu Zhe , Wang Zunhao , Lalkens Birka , Etzkorn Markus , Park Daesung
Published: November 2024

Metallic nanoparticle dimers have been used to enhance the excitation rate of single‐quantum emitters. The interparticle distance (d) of the dimers has a crucial influence on the signal enhancement. Therefore, precise control of d is desired for optimal performance. However, statistical analysis of d has been often restricted to a small number of dimers due to the lack of reliable automatic software tools.

For this reason, we developed a novel analysis tool for automatic dimer analysis. Our approach combines particle detection by circle Hough transformation (CHT) with custom classification routines optimised for distinct types of particles. We applied our tool to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and achieved great agreement in dimer detection, reaching an agreement of around 97% between automatic analysis and manual inspection for more than 3000 metallic nanoparticle dimers on DNA origami controlled by a combination of multiple DNA strands.

Our study revealed the effects of the strand length (L) on the distribution of d. Based on geometric consideration, we expected a strong correlation between L and the standard deviation (σ) of d. We could verify this correlation by characterising four dimer designs with different L while analysing more than 1000 dimers per specimen.
Taking a social‐class‐in‐context perspective on the psychology of social class
Authors: Stephens Nicole M. , Emery Lydia F. , Townsend Sarah S. M. , Song Hannah J.
Published: November 2024

Social class researchers in social psychology have pushed the field to become more focused on and attentive to the critical role of sociocultural contexts. In this article, we label and articulate the key ingredients of the approach that many social psychological researchers have come to use: what we refer to as a social‐class‐in‐context perspective. This perspective means attending to the contextual differences in resources that create social class differences in psychology and behavior. We also suggest some additional steps that researchers can take to become even more attentive to and responsive to the important role of contexts in creating social class. As a first step, we suggest the importance of adopting a definition of social class that directly explicates its relationship to similar constructs, such as power and status, and also links it to the contexts that produce it. Second, building on this definition of social class, we then describe the importance of taking a multi‐level approach to understanding how different social class contexts shape psychology and behavior. Finally, we articulate the important implications and future directions that emerge from intentionally adopting this perspective.
Preferences and Feasibility of Long‐Acting Technologies for the Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus: A Survey of Patients in Diverse Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries
Authors: Furl Renae , Scarsi Kimberly K. , Sayles Harlan , Anderson Matt , Ofimboudem Joelle Dountio , Weld Ethel D. , Waked Imam , Gomaa Asmaa , Al‐Khatib Alzhraa , Elshobary Fatma Mohammed , Desalegn Hailemichael , Fisseha Henok , Solomon Sunil , Mehta Shruti , Owen Andrew , Rannard Steve , Thomas David L. , Swindells Susan
Published: November 2024

Despite available curative treatments, global rates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection persist with significant burden in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). Long‐acting (LA) antiviral products are in development. This study explored the challenges and opportunities in LA‐HCV treatment across three LMICs: Egypt, Ethiopia and India. The survey focused on understanding barriers and facilitators to treatment, with emphasis on LA treatment preferences. Four‐hundred respondents completed a survey including demographics, HCV treatment history and preferences for injections, implants and microarray patches (MAPs) compared to pills. Overall, 78% of respondents were willing to receive injections, 43% were willing to receive implants and 55% were willing to receive MAPs. Marked heterogeneity in acceptability of non‐oral treatments was observed. Among respondents who had not previously received HCV treatment, 94%, 43%, and 75% were willing to receive injections, implants, or MAPs, respectively. In contrast, among those already cured by oral HCV treatment, 61%, 40% and 43% were willing to receive injections, implants or MAPs. Other characteristics associated with willingness to receive an injection included urban residence, younger age, male sex, higher education level and taking pills for any reason (all results p < 0.001). The most common concern for all LA modalities was lack of effectiveness. Prior experience with injection or implant increased willingness to receive any LA modality (p < 0.001). Coupled with a point‐of‐care HCV diagnostic test, availability of and willingness to receive HCV treatment delivered by a LA formulation could simplify and expand treatment access in LMICs and contribute towards global HCV elimination goals.
Microglial activation without peripheral immune cell infiltration characterises mouse and human cerebral small vessel disease
Authors: Deshpande Tushar , Hannocks Melanie‐Jane , Kapupara Kishan , Samawar Sai Kiran Reddy , Wachsmuth Lydia , Faber Cornelius , Smith Colin , Wardlaw Joanna , Sorokin Lydia
Published: November 2024

Aims

Cerebral small vessel diseases (SVDs) involve diverse pathologies of the brain's small blood vessels, leading to cognitive deficits. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reveals white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), lacunes, microbleeds and enlarged perivascular spaces in SVD patients. Although correlations of MRI and histopathology help to understand the pathogenesis of SVD, they do not explain disease progression. Mouse models, both genetic and sporadic, are valuable for studying SVD, but their resemblance to clinical SVD is unclear. The study examined similarities and differences between mouse models of SVDs and human nonamyloid SVD specimens.

Methods

We analysed four mouse models of SVD (hypertensive BPH mice, Col4a1 mutants, Notch3 mutants and Htra1−/− mice) at different stages for changes in myelin, blood‐brain barrier (BBB) markers, immune cell populations and immune activation. The observations from mouse models were compared with human SVD specimens from different regions, including the periventricular, frontal, central and occipital white matter. Postmortem MRI followed by MBP immunostaining was used to identify white matter lesions (WMLs).

Results

Only Notch3 mutant and hypertensive BPH mice showed significant changes in myelin basic protein (MBP) immunostaining, correlating with MRI patterns. These changes were linked to altered microglial morphology and focal plasma protein staining around blood vessels, without peripheral immune cell infiltration. In human specimens, both normal‐appearing white matter (NAWM) and WMLs lacked peripheral cell infiltration. However, WMLs displayed altered microglial morphology, reduced myelin staining and occasional fibrinogen staining around arterioles and venules.

Conclusions

Our data show that Notch3 mutants and hypertensive BPH/2J mice recapitulate several features of human SVD, including microglial activation, focal sites of demyelination and perivascular plasma protein leakage without peripheral immune cell infiltration.