bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
« Un roman ? Non, ma vie… » Histoires de vie de femmesmigrantes : un récit adressé
Authors: Leroy Delphine
Published: October 2015

Cet article met en résonance et en tension les particularités de deux formes de récits migratoires : ceux qui sont rédigés par les protagonistes de l’histoire et ceux qui sont reconstruits par le chercheur à partir d’entretiens oraux. Même s’ils ne relèvent pas a priori des mêmes problématiques, ils comportent des fictions narratives qui se distinguent et se font écho.Récits de vie collectés oralement ou histoires de vie écrites par l’un des protagonistes, l’un des points communs de ces témoignages de migrantes est l’attention portée à leurs parcours vis-à-vis de l’écriture. Femmes rencontrées par le biais de cours de langue et qui parlent de l’écriture ou femmes ayant produit un écrit, les situations sont d’emblée dissemblables.Quelles incidences l’interaction directe avec un tiers produit-elle sur le discours ? Quels freins à la narration l’écriture non anonyme engendre-t-elle ? La question de la relation avec le chercheur ou/et le lecteur potentiel sera posée ici.
Comment vivre après Auschwitz ? Romain Gary et l’écriture de l’après (1946-1956)
Authors: Spire Kerwin
Published: October 2015

Dès l’immédiat après-guerre, la figure littéraire du rescapé de la Shoah hante l’œuvre romanesque de Romain Gary : c’est Tulipe, dans le récit éponyme (1946), qui au sortir de Buchenwald s’installe dans le « nouveau monde » de Harlem ; c’est Vanderputte, dans Le Grand vestiaire (1948), qui a dénoncé un réseau de Résistants ; c’est le Compagnon de la Libération Jacques Rainier dans Les Couleurs du jour (1952) qui voit l’idéal de la France Libre se déliter et s’engage comme volontaire en Corée ; c’est Morel, dans Les Racines du ciel (1956) qui a survécu à l’expérience concentrationnaire en imaginant des troupeaux d’éléphants battre la savane.Entre 1946 et 1956, Romain Gary interroge et expérimente, à travers l’existence de ces quatre personnages, différentes attitudes post-Shoah. Tous quatre mourront, laissant penser qu’il est impossible de vivre après Auschwitz.
Le jardin et le désert, ou le « théâtre sacré » des protestants français (xvie-xviiie siècle)
Authors: Carbonnier-Burkard Marianne
Published: October 2015

Le jardin de Bernard Palissy, l’artiste militant de la Réforme en Saintonge, et le désert des camisards des Cévennes sont interprétés comme deux lieux symboliques du culte interdit, deux faces d’un même « théâtre sacré » des protestants français.
L’apport des réfugiés huguenots à l’agriculture et aux jardins du Brandebourg au lendemain de 1685
Authors: Rosen-Prest Viviane
Published: October 2015

Cette contribution présente et commente des extraits des Mémoires des réfugiés françois (1782-1799) de J.P. Erman et P.C.F. Reclam. Dans cet ouvrage célèbre et pourtant méconnu de la fin de l’Aufklärung, les deux pasteurs huguenots de Berlin mettent en relief le rôle des réfugiés dans l’introduction de nouveaux légumes et fruits et de fleurs ornementales, dans la culture du tabac, ainsi que dans les tentatives pour développer la culture des mûriers et du ver à soie.
Commemorating the Righteous Among the Nations at Yad Vashem. The History of a Unique Program
Authors: Steinfeldt Irena
Published: October 2015

Cinquante ans en arrière, Yad Vashem, le Mémorial de l’Holocauste à Jérusalem, s’est lancé dans un projet unique, au nom du peuple juif et de l’État d’Israël, destiné à conférer le titre de Justes à des non-juifs qui prirent de grands risques pour sauver des juifs pendant l’Holocauste. Le titre, qui a depuis conquis un renom mondial, symbolise la réaffirmation des valeurs humaines et l’espérance dans le futur de l’humanité. L’article retrace l’histoire de ce programme.
La mémoire du bien et l’éducation à la responsabilité personnelle. L’action du Comité pour la forêt des Justes
Authors: Nissim Gabriele
Published: October 2015

Le concept original du « Juste », issu de l’expérience de Yad Vashem, est une catégorie morale universelle qui peut être élaborée à partir de la mémoire de tous les génocides et crimes contre l’humanité. Il ne met pas en lumière le saint ou le héros parfait et sans tache, mais la personne qui, dans des circonstances extrêmes, s’est assigné une responsabilité envers son prochain et a défendu la dignité humaine. Il n’existe pas de type unique de Juste, mais une pluralité de figures qui peuvent varier dans chaque situation, parce que le mal extrême qui promeut l’élimination d’êtres humains se présente dans l’histoire avec des visages toujours divers et que les hommes responsables sont appelés à chaque fois à des tâches différentes. La mémoire du bien a une grande valeur éducative pour les nouvelles générations parce qu’elle enseigne comment, face au renversement des valeurs morales qui caractérise tous les systèmes génocidaires, l’unique salut provient de la capacité des hommes à penser et à juger par eux-mêmes, comme l’a montré Hannah Arendt. Il faut toutefois souligner qu’il n’existe pas de formule magique du bien, mais qu’il s’agit d’un processus complexe qui concerne l’intériorité de chacun.
La Mosquée de Paris a-t-elle sauvé des juifs ? Une énigme, sa mémoire, son histoire
Authors: Katz Ethan
Published: October 2015

Le film Les Hommes libres (2011) a attiré une attention sans précédent sur l’histoire de la Grande Mosquée de Paris comme refuge pour les juifs durant la Shoah. L’article propose la première analyse scientifique à la fois de la mémoire collective de cette histoire, et de la documentation historique contradictoire qui la concerne. La première partie pose que les discussions autour de l’histoire de la Mosquée durant la guerre sont déterminées par trois débats historiques plus larges, et ont dès lors abouti à une impasse entre mythologie et silence. La seconde tente de dépasser ces débats et d’aborder les traces historiques de la conduite de la Mosquée dans la France occupée. Elle met en valeur les choix contradictoires effectués par la Mosquée et son recteur, Si Kaddour Benghabrit, qui s’est comporté, tout à la fois, comme un acteur de la collaboration, de l’accommodement et de la Résistance.
Altérité et rapports à l’espace des populations « noires » : regards croisés entre l’Europe et les Amériques
Authors: Audebert Cédric , Cunin Elisabeth , Hoffmann Odile , Poiret Christian
Published: October 2015

La mise en dialogue de divers contextes stato-nationaux dans l’espace met en lumière la diversité des logiques d’altérisation des populations afrodescendantes. Les processus d’ethnicisation des espaces locaux ne sont pas étrangers au renouveau de ces catégories et le territoire est aujourd’hui à nouveau convoqué par les sociétés et leurs institutions, mais selon de nouvelles modalités et à d’autres fins. La fluidité des identités globalisées, les passerelles observées localement entre les logiques culturelles et politiques qui les dynamisent et l’instrumentalisation du territoire par le politique à des fins de racialisation ou d’ethnicisation des populations nous rappellent que les identités et les territoires restent avant tout des productions sociales, que l’on ne saurait donc considérer comme essentielles. Le cadre de notre analyse, centrée sur les processus d’identification, nous conduit à questionner les acteurs opérant à différentes échelles (globale, locale), les dynamiques sociales dont ils sont porteurs et le rôle conjoint des logiques culturelles, politiques et spatiales dans ces dynamiques.
Enseigner l’histoire des traites, des esclavages et de leurs abolitions, mutations et ambiguïtés sensibles dans une discipline scolaire
Authors: Mesnard Éric , Suremain Marie-Albane de
Published: October 2015

Depuis une dizaine d’années, l’histoire des traites, des esclavages et de leurs abolitions occupe une place plus importante dans l’enseignement en France, même si celle-ci peut être ambiguë et si les controverses ou polémiques à ce sujet sont loin d’être taries. Le croisement de l’analyse des programmes d’histoire, des manuels et des résultats d’une enquête menée par l’INRP montre que la thématique est envisagée de façon contrastée par l’histoire scolaire. Elle tend à être davantage présente en collège, sans échapper aux anachronismes, et en lycée professionnel, mais se cantonne à l’étude des abolitions en lycée général. D’une façon plus générale, le traitement de cette question souligne la difficulté à intégrer la dimension coloniale et impériale de l’histoire nationale et de l’Europe, ainsi que les interrogations suscitées par l’enseignement de questions sensibles dans la pratique quotidienne des professeurs.
Les Grecs de l’Extrême-Orient hellénistique constituaient-ils une diaspora ?
Authors: Martinez-Sève Laurianne
Published: October 2015

Après les conquêtes d’Alexandre le Grand (336-323 av. J.-C.) et l’imposition d’une domination gréco-macédonienne sur la plus grande partie des territoires qui s’étendaient jusqu’au Pakistan actuel, des populations d’origine grecque vinrent s’installer dans des villes nouvelles fondées par Alexandre et ses successeurs, les rois séleucides. L’objectif de l’article est de montrer en quoi les instruments élaborés dans le cadre des études sur les diasporas peuvent aider à mieux connaître les communautés que ces populations ont formées en Iran et en Asie centrale, régions les plus orientales de l’espace grec et les moins bien documentées, car les sources disponibles sont rares et très dispersées. Un article récemment paru de Stéphane Dufoix, qui précise la notion de diaspora et en définit les possibles significations, fournit les éléments de départ de la réflexion.
Migrations et mobilités commerciales entre le Massif central et la péninsule ibérique au xviie siècle
Authors: Poujade Patrice
Published: October 2015

À l’époque moderne, et particulièrement au xviie siècle, des colonies de marchands et chaudronniers, originaires d’Auvergne et Limousin, se sont implantées dans diverses villes de la péninsule Ibérique. Leurs membres jouèrent un rôle central dans l’animation du commerce et furent les intermédiaires de l’introduction de marchandises diverses par leurs allers et retours incessants et par l’utilisation des réseaux qu’ils contribuèrent à animer. Toulouse était pour eux une plaque tournante où ils s’approvisionnaient régulièrement. Cet article replace ces migrations dans l’ensemble de celles qui touchent la péninsule moderne et en donne quelques-unes des caractéristiques.
Confiscations et séquestres des biens des exilés politiques dans les États italiens au xixe siècle. Questions sur une pratique et projets de recherches
Authors: Brice Catherine
Published: October 2015

Cet article est une première étape dans un projet de recherche visant à mieux comprendre, au plus près des acteurs et du terrain, les logiques à l’œuvre dans le départ pour l’exil des opposants politiques dans l’Italie de la Restauration. S’interrogeant sur la vision « héroïque » de l’exil transmise par les acteurs, et la vulgate du Risorgimento et de l’Italie libérale, on voudrait mieux comprendre les ressorts de ces départs et les conditions dans lesquelles ils se font. Cet article vise à expliciter ce qu’on appelle exil, juridiquement, dans l’Italie du xixe siècle, quels types de peines ce terme recouvre, et démêler les liens, souvent présentés comme allant de soi, entre exil politique et confiscation des biens.
« Dans les forêts d’Adjarie… » : Franchir la frontière turco-soviétique, 1922-1937
Authors: Forestier-Peyrat Étienne
Published: October 2015

L’article étudie les différentes formes de circulations à la frontière entre l’Union soviétique et la Turquie dans les années 1920-1930. Il se concentre sur le cas de l’Adjarie, république autonome de Géorgie soviétique, qui constitue un carrefour majeur de ces circulations dans l’entre-deux-guerres. En partant notamment des archives des gardes-frontières soviétiques, l’article s’attache à montrer les différentes échelles impliquées dans ces processus et les transformations observables à partir de la fin des années 1920 dans le fonctionnement de la frontière.
Penser la diaspora arménienne par le clivage
Authors: Kunth Anouche
Published: October 2015

L’article s’attache à un groupe méconnu de réfugiés arméniens ayant appartenu naguère aux élites de l’Empire tsariste. Leur histoire d’exil s’est écrite sur le front de la révolution d’Octobre (1917) et de la soviétisation du Caucase (1920-1921). Ils sont ici traités comme un cas d’école pour appréhender le caractère composite de la Grande diaspora, particulièrement affirmé aux premiers temps de l’exil en France où l’origine impériale des uns (Arméniens de l’ancien Empire ottoman) et des autres (Arméniens de Russie) serait pour longtemps la source d’importantes différenciations.
Les sociétés balkaniques et la guerre des mondes
Authors: Gossiaux Jean-François
Published: October 2015

Situés au carrefour de trois mondes, l’Occident et les deux Orients, les Balkans ont vécu le dernier siècle entre guerre et paix – la paix des sociétés et la guerre des communautés. Les récents conflits ont fréquemment été interprétés par leurs acteurs directs ou indirects sur le mode du « choc des civilisations » théorisé par Huntington. Dans les faits, c’est essentiellement « l’Occident », comme civilisation ou comme communauté imaginée, qui a donné aux guerres yougoslaves leur dimension huntingtonienne.
Trajectoires ibériques, échappatoires romaines. Arpenter le cœur européen de la Monarchie catholique au second xvie siècle
Authors: Jeanne Boris
Published: October 2015

Afin d’explorer de l’intérieur l’aspect concret des frontières de la Monarchie catholique qui réunit les couronnes d’Espagne et de Portugal de 1580 à 1640, l’article analyse les trajectoires d’ecclésiastiques en poste dans des territoires américains, et qui sont venus à Madrid puis à Rome pour diverses raisons et selon divers itinéraires, certains poursuivant le voyage en dehors des royaumes des Habsbourg, vers la France, l’Allemagne, les Pays-Bas. L’article entend démontrer le caractère politique des mobilités ecclésiastiques, en donnant un éclairage précis sur les choix qui s’offraient en Europe aux voyageurs qui avaient traversé l’Atlantique, ainsi que le rôle-pivot de Rome.
Circulations entre Chrétienté et Islam. Quelques réflexions à propos des « méritos y servicios » au service de la Monarchie hispanique (xvie-xviie siècles)
Authors: Tarruell Cecilia
Published: October 2015

Le propos de cet article est d’explorer l’intérêt des pensions militaires comme l’une des sources possibles de l’étude des circulations au sein de la Monarchie hispanique, notamment celles des « gens ordinaires ». Les résultats détaillés proviennent d’une enquête en cours sur les pensionnaires qui avaient vécu au long de leur vie entre Chrétienté et Islam entre la fin du xvie siècle et le début du xviie siècle : des anciens captifs chrétiens, des renégats, des convertis d’origine musulmane ou juive, ainsi que des chrétiens ottomans qui servirent les Habsbourg espagnols au sein de leurs armées.
Il faut sauver l’auditeur Matías Delgado y Florez. Lettre d’un magistrat de Manille du 30 novembre 1631, à son frère Sancho, à Cáceres
Authors: Gaudin Guillaume
Published: October 2015

La lettre du magistrat de Manille Delgado y Florez à son frère Sancho resté en Espagne est inédite, car nous disposons rarement d’écrits privés d’agents de la Monarchie hispanique. Tout d’abord, la lettre éclaire l’obstacle de la distance dans les communications entre les différentes parties de l’empire espagnol. Ensuite, elle montre les différents cercles de relations sociales de Delgado depuis les proches l’accompagnant aux Philippines, jusqu’aux puissants personnages de la Cour, en passant par la famille restée en Espagne. Enfin, la lettre permet d’approcher du vécu et des sentiments d’un haut magistrat castillan qui s’estime reclus au bout du monde, dans l’archipel asiatique des Philippines.
French Railway Workers and the Question of Rescue During the Holocaust
Authors: Broch Ludivine
Published: October 2015

Only one French railway worker has been honoured as a Righteous Amongst the Nations for rescuing Jews during the Holocaust. But to what extent can one reduce the history of railwaymen, rescue and the deportations in Vichy France to this single incident? This article reveals the more complicated history of the Jewish but also non-Jewish deportation trains, and how it intersected with the history of the cheminots and of rescue operations between 1940 and 1944. Without aggrandizing the actions of the cheminots themselves, it seeks to rectify simplistic assumptions that cheminots failed to rescue Jews during the Holocaust.
Politiques de valorisation patrimoniale et figuration des habitants en banlieue parisienne (Plaine Commune)
Authors: Jacquot Sébastien
Published: October 2015

Plaine Commune, banlieue parisienne en Seine-Saint-Denis, est marqué par des politiques de valorisation du patrimoine, notamment à des fins touristiques. Toutefois le sens de ces politiques a évolué. Pendant longtemps est valorisé un patrimoine classique, reflet de l’histoire nationale. Les années 1990 font rupture, valorisant un patrimoine qui témoigne de l’histoire populaire et industrielle de ce territoire. Cette action publique patrimoniale comporte une dimension symbolique, produisant des discours sur les habitants, et leur définissant des places et rôles. Ces habitants sont interpellés de différentes façons par l’action publique de valorisation patrimoniale : bénéficiaires, témoins, ambassadeurs, participants, et même touristes. Ces figurations révèlent aussi un brouillage de la distinction habitant – institutions, au cœur des logiques de l’action publique patrimoniale.
Le quartier de l’Arsenal, un « village dans la ville » entre patrimonialisation et normalisation
Authors: Miralles Buil Diego
Published: October 2015

La cité ouvrière de l’Arsenal, dans le département de la Loire, est située entre les deux communes de Roanne et de Mably. Or, les deux municipalités n’ont pas la même attitude face aux processus socio-spatiaux que subit aujourd’hui cette cité ouvrière. À partir de ce cas d’étude, cet article souhaite montrer comment les municipalités peuvent s’emparer du concept de patrimonialisation afin de valoriser leur territoire, dans une logique de « marketing territorial ». Il aborde les tentatives de création d’une « volonté patrimoniale » qu’une municipalité peut tenter d’impulser sur sa commune et analyse les limites de la notion de « participation habitante » dans l’élaboration d’un processus de patrimonialisation de ces « isolats urbains ». Enfin, il questionne le devenir de ces formes urbaines situées dans les villes moyennes françaises.
Les nouvelles causes du patrimoine. L’exemple du Musée Urbain Tony Garnier à Lyon
Authors: Chenevez Alain
Published: October 2015

In this article, it is argued that 'heritage' is a product of history that requires cultural and political recognition if that status is to be attributed. The Etats-Unis neighbourhood of residential blocks was built in suburban Lyon during the 1930s, following the designs of Tony Garnier. The aim was to provide good housing and services for members of the working class, although some professionals also moved in. By the 1960s, many buildings had deteriorated; not until the late 1980s was restoration started. Now, the area forms the 'Tony Garnier Urban Museum', with UNESCO recognition. The transformation from dilapidated housing estate to heritage feature, with remarkable external murals, required complex negotiation between residents, planners, architects and local politicians, often involving significant social contestation.
La place des habitants dans la patrimonialisation conflictuelle du logement social
Authors: Djament-Tran Géraldine
Published: October 2015

À l’heure d’une crise métropolitaine de l’habitat populaire, cet article montre à partir du cas de Plaine Commune que la mobilisation des habitants en faveur de la patrimonialisation du logement social reste exceptionnelle (cas de la cité Meissonnier de Saint-Denis), tandis que domine une patrimonialisation par expertise (cas de la cité Renaudie de Villetaneuse) et que l’intercommunalité promeut un militantisme de l’habiter (cas de la cité-jardin de Stains). Cette patrimonialisation est tendue entre deux risques : la mobilisation anti-patrimoniale d’habitants confrontés à un seuil rédhibitoire de problèmes sociaux (cas de la cité des Poètes à Pierrefitte) et la sortie du logement social.
Grands ensembles, cités ouvrières, logement social : patrimoines habités, patrimoines contestés
Authors: Auclair Elizabeth , Hertzog Anne
Published: October 2015

Metropolitan growth, de-industrialization, urban sprawl, renovation, gentrification, impoverishment and tourism development are among the many urban and social changes that affect suburbs and peripheries of French towns and cities. These processes interact with the attribution of heritage status to some areas. The present number of this journal contains five articles that explore aspects of the recognition of urban heritage. Attention is focused on heritage features in areas undergoing recomposition, and on 'actors' involved, especially the position of residents in these processes.
Commitment-Trust Dynamics in the Internationalization Process
Authors: Moreira António , Alves Carolina Batista
Published: September 2015

This chapter describes the market entry process of Portuguese small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) into the Brazilian. This chapter explores an under-researched strand in the studies of internationalization of SMEs, namely how trust and commitment leveraged the relationship orientation of the Portuguese SME in entering into the Brazilian market. Through a Case Study the chapter explores the concept of relationship orientation, trust and commitment to analyze how a Portuguese SME managed to turn around a difficult situation transforming its associates in business partners and prevented a process of desinternationalization.
Business Development Opportunities and Market Entry Challenges in Latin America
Authors: Asturias Luis Rodrigo
Published: September 2015

Considering Latin American economies have introduced various forms of attaining combat the economic crisis mostly through short-term policies based on credit incentive and increased public expenditure in order to revive the same; however, a long-term strategy where inclusive and sustainable growth which can be clearly discerned through innovation can play a key role prioritizing necessary. Thus in the course of this chapter create an analysis of the benefits of innovation and technological development taking into account the current state in Latin America and the possible scenarios in which technology serves as an important tool for economic and social development which translates into basic cornerstone for business and growth enhancer.
Total Interpretive Structural Modeling of Emotional Intelligence at Workplace
Authors: Kaur Irameet , Shri Charu
Published: September 2015

In today's competitive scenario, the increasing work stress and responsibilities demand efficient management of emotions while dealing with others at workplace. The concept of emotional intelligence (EI) of employees is hence gaining critical importance in maintaining effective workplace relationships and increased performance. To gain a deeper insight about the concept of EI, it becomes important to understand the major variables that influence it and their mutual interplay for enhancement of employee EI. Based on literature inputs and expert views, eight most important variables influencing emotional intelligence have been identified and a hierarchical model has been developed. The approach of TISM (Total Interpretive Structural Modelling) has been used to conceptualize the model which provides a practical structure of variables of emotional intelligence that can aid in decision making processes for performance management. The paper is a significant leap towards understanding the strategic structure of emotional intelligence of employees at workplace.
Prenatal Counseling and Care for Single-Ventricle Heart Disease: One Center’s Model for Care
Authors: Lafranchi Terra , Lincoln Patricia
Published: October 2015

Advances in prenatal imaging allow early detection of single-ventricle congenital heart disease, which may enhance prenatal care and maximize care options and decision making. Boston Children’s Hospital’s Advanced Fetal Care Center and fetal cardiology program provide prenatal counseling and care for single-ventricle congenital heart disease. Key points for optimal prenatal counseling and education include explanation of the diagnosis, delivery, the first surgery, cardiac neurodevelopmental issues, feeding and growth issues, quality of life and long-term care, family stressors, and fetal cardiac intervention. Such counseling and education help families make the difficult decisions required in this situation.
IL-25 or IL-17E Protects against High-Fat Diet–Induced Hepatic Steatosis in Mice Dependent upon IL-13 Activation of STAT6
Authors: Wang An-Jiang , Yang Zhonghan , Grinchuk Viktoriya , Smith Allen , Qin Bolin , Lu Nonghua , Wang Duan , Wang Hongbing , Ramalingam Thirumalai R. , Wynn Thomas A. , Urban Joseph F. , Shea-Donohue Terez , Zhao Aiping
Published: October 2015

IL-25 or IL-17E is a member of IL-17 cytokine family and has immune-modulating activities. The role of IL-25 in maintaining lipid metabolic homeostasis remains unknown. We investigated the effects of exogenous IL-25 or deficiency of IL-25 on hepatic lipid accumulation. IL-25 expression was examined in paraffin-embedded tissue sections of liver from patients or in the livers from mice. Mouse model of steatosis was induced by feeding a high-fat diet (HFD). Extent of steatosis as well as expression of cytokines, key enzymes for lipid metabolic pathways, markers for Kupffer cells/macrophages, and lipid droplet (LD) proteins, were analyzed. Our results show that hepatic steatosis in mice was accompanied by increased LD proteins, but decreased IL-25 in the liver. Decreased hepatic IL-25 was also observed in patients with fatty liver. Administration of IL-25 to HFD-fed wild-type mice led to a significant improvement in hepatic steatosis. This effect was associated with increased expression of IL-13, development of alternatively activated Kupffer cells/macrophages, and decreased expression of LD proteins in the liver. In contrast, administration of IL-25 to HFD-fed mice deficient in STAT6 or IL-13 had no effects. In addition, stimulation of primary hepatocytes with IL-13, but not IL-25, resulted in downregulation of LD proteins. Finally, mice deficient in IL-25 had exacerbated hepatic lipid accumulation when fed the HFD. These data demonstrate that dysregulated IL-25 expression contributes to lipid accumulation, whereas exogenous IL-25 protects against hepatic steatosis through IL-13 activation of STAT6. IL-25 and IL-13 are potential therapeutic agents for hepatic steatosis and associated pathologies.
SARM1, Not MyD88, Mediates TLR7/TLR9-Induced Apoptosis in Neurons
Authors: Mukherjee Piyali , Winkler Clayton W. , Taylor Katherine G. , Woods Tyson A. , Nair Vinod , Khan Burhan A. , Peterson Karin E.
Published: October 2015

Neuronal apoptosis is a key aspect of many different neurologic diseases, but the mechanisms remain unresolved. Recent studies have suggested a mechanism of innate immune-induced neuronal apoptosis through the stimulation of endosomal TLRs in neurons. TLRs are stimulated both by pathogen-associated molecular patterns as well as by damage-associated molecular patterns, including microRNAs released by damaged neurons. In the present study, we identified the mechanism responsible for TLR7/TLR9-mediated neuronal apoptosis. TLR-induced apoptosis required endosomal localization of TLRs but was independent of MyD88 signaling. Instead, apoptosis required the TLR adaptor molecule SARM1, which localized to the mitochondria following TLR activation and was associated with mitochondrial accumulation in neurites. Deficiency in SARM1 inhibited both mitochondrial accumulation in neurites and TLR-induced apoptosis. These studies identify a non–MyD88 pathway of TLR7/ TLR9 signaling in neurons and provide a mechanism for how innate immune responses in the CNS directly induce neuronal damage.
Adaptor Protein-3–Mediated Trafficking of TLR2 Ligands Controls Specificity of Inflammatory Responses but Not Adaptor Complex Assembly
Authors: Petnicki-Ocwieja Tanja , Kern Aurelie , Killpack Tess L. , Bunnell Stephen C. , Hu Linden T.
Published: October 2015

Innate immune engagement results in the activation of host defenses that produce microbe-specific inflammatory responses. A long-standing interest in the field of innate immunity is to understand how varied host responses are generated through the signaling of just a limited number of receptors. Recently, intracellular trafficking and compartmental partitioning have been identified as mechanisms that provide signaling specificity for receptors by regulating signaling platform assembly. We show that cytokine activation as a result of TLR2 stimulation occurs at different intracellular locations and is mediated by the phagosomal trafficking molecule adaptor protein-3 (AP-3). AP-3 is required for trafficking TLR2 purified ligands or the Lyme disease causing bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi, to LAMP-1 lysosomal compartments. The presence of AP-3 is necessary for the activation of cytokines such as IL-6 but not TNF-α or type I IFNs, suggesting induction of these cytokines occurs from a different compartment. Lack of AP-3 does not interfere with the recruitment of TLR signaling adaptors TRAM and MyD88 to the phagosome, indicating that the TLR-MyD88 signaling complex is assembled at a prelysosomal stage and that IL-6 activation depends on proper localization of signaling molecules downstream of MyD88. Finally, infection of AP-3–deficient mice with B. burgdorferi resulted in altered joint inflammation during murine Lyme arthritis. Our studies further elucidate the effects of phagosomal trafficking on tailoring immune responses in vitro and in vivo.
Use of Team-Based Learning Pedagogy for Internal Medicine Ambulatory Resident Teaching
Authors: Balwan Sandy , Fornari Alice , DiMarzio Paola , Verbsky Jennifer , Pekmezaris Renee , Stein Joanna , Chaudhry Saima
Published: October 2015

Background

Team-based learning (TBL) is used in undergraduate medical education to facilitate higher-order content learning, promote learner engagement and collaboration, and foster positive learner attitudes. There is a paucity of data on the use of TBL in graduate medical education. Our aim was to assess resident engagement, learning, and faculty/resident satisfaction with TBL in internal medicine residency ambulatory education.

Methods

Survey and nominal group technique methodologies were used to assess learner engagement and faculty/resident satisfaction. We assessed medical learning using individual (IRAT) and group (GRAT) readiness assurance tests.

Results

Residents (N = 111) involved in TBL sessions reported contributing to group discussions and actively discussing the subject material with other residents. Faculty echoed similar responses, and residents and faculty reported a preference for future teaching sessions to be offered using the TBL pedagogy. The average GRAT score was significantly higher than the average IRAT score by 22%. Feedback from our nominal group technique rank ordered the following TBL strengths by both residents and faculty: (1) interactive format, (2) content of sessions, and (3) competitive nature of sessions.

Conclusions

We successfully implemented TBL pedagogy in the internal medicine ambulatory residency curriculum, with learning focused on the care of patients in the ambulatory setting. TBL resulted in active resident engagement, facilitated group learning, and increased satisfaction by residents and faculty. To our knowledge this is the first study that implemented a TBL program in an internal medicine residency curriculum.
Promoting Success: A Professional Development Coaching Program for Interns in Medicine
Authors: Palamara Kerri , Kauffman Carol , Stone Valerie E. , Bazari Hasan , Donelan Karen
Published: October 2015

Background

Residency is an intense period. Challenges, including burnout, arise as new physicians develop their professional identities. Residency programs provide remediation, but emotional support for interns is often limited. Professional development coaching of interns, regardless of their performance, has not been reported.

Objective

Design, implement, and evaluate a program to support intern professional development through positive psychology coaching.

Methods

We implemented a professional development coaching program in a large residency program. The program included curriculum development, coach-intern interactions, and evaluative metrics. A total of 72 internal medicine interns and 26 internal medicine faculty participated in the first year. Interns and coaches were expected to meet quarterly; expected time commitments per year were 9 hours (per individual coached) for coaches, 5 1/2 hours for each individual coachee, and 70 hours for the director of the coaching program. Coaches and interns were asked to complete 2 surveys in the first year and to participate in qualitative interviews.

Results

Eighty-two percent of interns met with their coaches 3 or more times. Coaches and their interns assessed the program in multiple dimensions (participation, program and professional activities, burnout, coping, and coach-intern communication). Most of the interns (94%) rated the coaching program as good or excellent, and 96% would recommend this program to other residency programs. The experience of burnout was lower in this cohort compared with a prior cohort.

Conclusions

There is early evidence that a coaching program of interactions with faculty trained in positive psychology may advance intern development and partially address burnout.
Observations of surface momentum exchange over the marginal-ice-zone and recommendations for its parameterization
Authors: Elvidge A. D. , Renfrew I. A. , Weiss A. I. , Brooks I. M. , Lachlan-Cope T. A. , King J. C.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Comprehensive aircraft observations are used to characterise surface roughness over the Arctic marginal ice zone (MIZ) and consequently make recommendations for the parameterization of surface momentum exchange in the MIZ. These observations were gathered in the Barents Sea and Fram Strait from two aircraft as part of the Aerosol–Cloud Coupling And Climate Interactions in the Arctic (ACCACIA) project. They represent a doubling of the total number of such aircraft observations currently available over the Arctic MIZ. The eddy covariance method is used to derive estimates of the 10 m neutral drag coefficient (CDN10) from turbulent wind velocity measurements, and a novel method using albedo and surface temperature is employed to derive ice fraction. Peak surface roughness is found at ice fractions in the range 0.6 to 0.8 (with a mean interquartile range in CDN10 of 1.25 to 2.85 × 10−3). CDN10 as a function of ice fraction is found to be well approximated by the negatively skewed distribution provided by a leading parameterization scheme (Lüpkes et al., 2012) tailored for sea ice drag over the MIZ in which the two constituent components of drag – skin and form drag – are separately quantified. Current parameterization schemes used in the weather and climate models are compared with our results and the majority are found to be physically unjustified and unrepresentative. The Lüpkes et al. (2012) scheme is recommended in a computationally simple form, with adjusted parameter settings. A good agreement is found to hold for subsets of the data from different locations despite differences in sea ice conditions. Ice conditions in the Barents Sea, characterised by small, unconsolidated ice floes, are found to be associated with higher CDN10 values – especially at the higher ice fractions – than those of Fram Strait, where typically larger, smoother floes are observed. Consequently, the important influence of sea ice morphology and floe size on surface roughness is recognised, and improvement in the representation of this in parameterization schemes is suggested for future study.
Forecasting the North African dust outbreak towards Europe in April 2011: a model intercomparison
Authors: Huneeus N. , Basart S. , Fiedler S. , Morcrette J.-J. , Benedetti A. , Mulcahy J. , Terradellas E. , Pérez García-Pando C. , Pejanovic G. , Nickovic S. , Arsenovic P. , Schulz M. , Cuevas E. , Baldasano J. M. , Pey J. , Remy S. , Cvetkovic B.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. In the framework of the World Meteorological Organisation's Sand and Dust Storm Warning Advisory and Assessment System, we evaluated the predictions of five state-of-the-art dust forecast models during an intense Saharan dust outbreak affecting Western and Northern Europe in April 2011. We assessed the capacity of the models to predict the evolution of the dust cloud with lead-times of up to 72 h using observations of aerosol optical depth (AOD) from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and dust surface concentrations from a ground-based measurement network. In addition, the predicted vertical dust distribution was evaluated with vertical extinction profiles from the Cloud and Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP). To assess the diversity in forecast capability among the models, the analysis was extended to wind field (both surface and profile), synoptic conditions, emissions and deposition fluxes. Models predict the onset and evolution of the AOD for all analysed lead-times. On average, differences among the models are larger than differences among lead-times for each individual model. In spite of large differences in emission and deposition, the models present comparable skill for AOD. In general, models are better in predicting AOD than near-surface dust concentration over the Iberian Peninsula. Models tend to underestimate the long-range transport towards Northern Europe. Our analysis suggests that this is partly due to difficulties in simulating the vertical distribution dust and horizontal wind. Differences in the size distribution and wet scavenging efficiency may also account for model diversity in long-range transport.
Fuzzy logic filtering of radar reflectivity to remove non-meteorological echoes using dual polarization radar moments
Authors: Dufton D. R. L. , Collier C. G.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. The ability of a fuzzy logic classifier to dynamically identify non-meteorological radar echoes is demonstrated using data from the National Centre for Atmospheric Science dual polarisation, Doppler, X-band mobile radar. Dynamic filtering of radar echoes is required due to the variable presence of spurious targets, which can include insects, ground clutter and background noise. The fuzzy logic classifier described here uses novel multi-vertex membership functions which allow a range of distributions to be incorporated into the final decision. These membership functions are derived using empirical observations, from a subset of the available radar data. The classifier incorporates a threshold of certainty (25 % of the total possible membership score) into the final fractional defuzzification to improve the reliability of the results. It is shown that the addition of linear texture fields, specifically the texture of the cross-correlation coefficient, differential phase shift and differential reflectivity, to the classifier along with standard dual polarisation radar moments enhances the ability of the fuzzy classifier to identify multiple features. Examples from the Convective Precipitation Experiment (COPE) show the ability of the filter to identify insects (18 August 2013) and ground clutter in the presence of precipitation (17 August 2013). Medium-duration rainfall accumulations across the whole of the COPE campaign show the benefit of applying the filter prior to making quantitative precipitation estimates. A second deployment at a second field site (Burn Airfield, 6 October 2014) shows the applicability of the method to multiple locations, with small echo features, including power lines and cooling towers, being successfully identified by the classifier without modification of the membership functions from the previous deployment. The fuzzy logic filter described can also be run in near real time, with a delay of less than 1 min, allowing its use on future field campaigns.
Bisulfate – cluster based atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometer for high-sensitivity (< 100 ppqV) detection of atmospheric dimethyl amine: proof-of-concept and first ambient data from boreal forest
Authors: Sipilä M. , Sarnela N. , Jokinen T. , Junninen H. , Hakala J. , Rissanen M. P. , Praplan A. , Simon M. , Kürten A. , Bianchi F. , Dommen J. , Curtius J. , Petäjä T. , Worsnop D. R.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Atmospheric amines may play a crucial role in formation of new aerosol particles via nucleation with sulfuric acid. Recent studies have revealed that concentrations below 1 pptV can significantly promote nucleation of sulfuric acid particles. While sulfuric acid detection is relatively straightforward, no amine measurements to date have been able to reach the critical sub-pptV concentration range and atmospheric amine concentrations are in general poorly characterized. In this work we present a proof-of-concept of an instrument capable of detecting dimethyl amine (DMA) with concentrations even down to 70 ppqV (parts per quadrillion, 0.07 pptV) for a 15 min integration time. Detection of ammonia and amines other than dimethyl amine is discussed. We also report results from the first ambient measurements performed in spring 2013 at a boreal forest site. While minute signals above the signal-to-noise ratio that could be attributed to trimethyl or propyl amine were observed, DMA concentration never exceeded the detection threshold of ambient measurements (150 ppqV), thereby questioning, though not excluding, the role of DMA in nucleation at this location.
The far-ultraviolet main auroral emission at Jupiter – Part 2: Vertical emission profile
Authors: Bonfond B. , Gustin J. , Gérard J.-C. , Grodent D. , Radioti A. , Palmaerts B. , Badman S. V. , Khurana K. K. , Tao C.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. The aurorae at Jupiter are made up of many different features associated with a variety of generation mechanisms. The main auroral emission, also known as the main oval, is the most prominent of them as it accounts for approximately half of the total power emitted by the aurorae in the ultraviolet range. The energy of the precipitating electrons is a crucial parameter to characterize the processes at play which give rise to these auroral emissions, and the altitude of the emissions directly depends on this energy. Here we make use of far-UV (FUV) images acquired with the Advanced Camera for Surveys on board the Hubble Space Telescope and spectra acquired with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph to measure the vertical profile of the main emissions. The altitude of the brightness peak as seen above the limb is ~ 400 km, which is significantly higher than the 250 km measured in the post-dusk sector by Galileo in the visible domain. However, a detailed analysis of the effect of hydrocarbon absorption, including both simulations and FUV spectral observations, indicates that FUV apparent vertical profiles should be considered with caution, as these observations are not incompatible with an emission peak located at 250 km. The analysis also calls for spectral observations to be carried out with an optimized geometry in order to remove observational ambiguities.
The biogeochemical structuring role of horizontal stirring: Lagrangian perspectives on iron delivery downstream of the Kerguelen Plateau
Authors: d'Ovidio F. , Della Penna A. , Trull T. W. , Nencioli F. , Pujol M.-I. , Rio M.-H. , Park Y.-H. , Cotté C. , Zhou M. , Blain S.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Field campaigns are instrumental in providing ground truth for understanding and modeling global ocean biogeochemical budgets. A survey however can only inspect a fraction of the global oceans, typically a region hundreds of kilometers wide for a temporal window of the order of (at most) several weeks. This spatiotemporal domain is also the one in which the mesoscale activity induces through horizontal stirring a strong variability in the biogeochemical tracers, with ephemeral, local contrasts which can easily mask the regional and seasonal gradients. Therefore, whenever local in situ measures are used to infer larger-scale budgets, one faces the challenge of identifying the mesoscale structuring effect, if not simply to filter it out. In the case of the KEOPS2 investigation of biogeochemical responses to natural iron fertilization, this problem was tackled by designing an adaptive sampling strategy based on regionally optimized multisatellite products analyzed in real time by specifically designed Lagrangian diagnostics. This strategy identified the different mesoscale and stirring structures present in the region and tracked the dynamical frontiers among them. It also enabled back trajectories for the ship-sampled stations to be estimated, providing important insights into the timing and pathways of iron supply, which were explored further using a model based on first-order iron removal. This context was essential for the interpretation of the field results. The mesoscale circulation-based strategy was also validated post-cruise by comparing the Lagrangian maps derived from satellites with the patterns of more than one hundred drifters, including some adaptively released during KEOPS2 and a subsequent research voyage. The KEOPS2 strategy was adapted to the specific biogeochemical characteristics of the region, but its principles are general and will be useful for future in situ biogeochemical surveys.
Seasonal hydrology drives rapid shifts in the flux and composition of dissolved and particulate organic carbon and major and trace ions in the Fraser River, Canada
Authors: Voss B. M. , Peucker-Ehrenbrink B. , Eglinton T. I. , Spencer R. G. M. , Bulygina E. , Galy V. , Lamborg C. H. , Ganguli P. M. , Montluçon D. B. , Marsh S. , Gillies S. L. , Fanslau J. , Epp A. , Luymes R.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Rapid changes in the volume and sources of discharge during the spring freshet lead to pronounced variations in biogeochemical properties in snowmelt-dominated river basins. We used daily sampling during the onset of the freshet in the Fraser River (southwestern Canada) in 2013 to identify rapid changes in the flux and composition of dissolved material, with a focus on dissolved organic matter (DOM). Previous time series sampling (at twice monthly frequency) of dissolved inorganic species in the Fraser River has revealed smooth seasonal transitions in concentrations of major ions and tracers of water and dissolved load sources between freshet and base flow periods. In contrast, daily sampling reveals a significant increase in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration (200 to 550 μmol L−1) occurring over a matter of days, accompanied by a shift in DOM optical properties, indicating a transition towards higher molecular weight, more aromatic DOM composition. Comparable changes in DOM composition, but not concentration, occur at other times of year, underscoring the role of seasonal climatology in DOM cycling. A smaller data set of total and dissolved Hg concentrations also showed variability during the spring freshet period, although dissolved Hg dynamics appear to be driven by factors beyond DOM as characterized here. The time series records of DOC and particulate organic carbon (POC) concentrations indicate that the Fraser River exports 0.25–0.35 % of its annual basin net primary productivity. The snowmelt-dominated hydrology, forested land cover, and minimal reservoir impoundment of the Fraser River may influence the DOC yield of the basin, which is high relative to the nearby Columbia River and of similar magnitude to that of the Yukon River to the north. Anticipated warming and decreased snowfall due to climate changes in the region may cause an overall decrease in DOM flux from the Fraser River to the coastal ocean in coming decades