bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temporal window of integration of auditory information in the human brain
Authors: Yabe Hirooki , Tervaniemi Mari , Sinkkonen Janne , Huotilainen Minna , Ilmoniemi Risto J. , Näätänen Risto
Published: July 2002

A deviation in the acoustic environment activates an automatic change‐detection system based on a memory mechanism that builds a neural trace representing the preceding sounds. The present study revealed that the auditory‐cortex mechanisms underlying this sensory memory integrate acoustic events over time, producing a perception of a unitary auditory event. We recorded magnetic responses (MMNm) to occasional stimulus omissions in trains of stimuli presented at a constant stimulus‐onset asynchrony (SOA) that was, in different blocks, either shorter or longer in duration than the assumed length of the temporal window of integration. A definite MMNm was elicited by stimulus omission only with the three shortest SOAs used: 100, 125, and 150 ms, but not with 175 ms. Thus, 160–170 ms was estimated as the length of the temporal window used by the central auditory system in integrating successive auditory input into auditory event percepts.
The effect of response execution on P3 latency, reaction time, and movement time
Authors: Doucet Cynthia , Stelmack Robert M.
Published: July 2002

This study examined the effect of response selection and execution on P3 latency during the performance of simple reaction time (RT) and stimulus–response compatibility tasks. Response time on these tasks was defined in terms of RT and movement time (MT). Event‐related brain potentials were recorded from 67 female participants concurrently with the performance measures. On the simple RT task, the distance of the response button from the home button was varied (7, 15, and 23 cm). When stimulus evaluation demands were minimal, response execution affected P3 latency, with increased response button distance resulting in increased P3 latency. However, these movement effects were modest, and in most protocols, would not be a confounding factor. The stimulus–response compatibility task examined the interaction of stimulus evaluation demands and response requirements. RT, MT, and P3 latency were affected by stimulus congruency, whereas RT and P3 amplitude were affected by response compatibility.
Précis of The brain and emotion
Authors: Rolls Edmund T.
Published: July 2002

The topics treated in The brain and emotion include the definition, nature, and functions of emotion (Ch. 3); the neural bases of emotion (Ch. 4); reward, punishment, and emotion in brain design (Ch. 10); a theory of consciousness and its application to understanding emotion and pleasure (Ch. 9); and neural networks and emotion-related learning (Appendix). The approach is that emotions can be considered as states elicited by reinforcers (rewards and punishers). This approach helps with understanding the functions of emotion, with classifying different emotions, and in understanding what information-processing systems in the brain are involved in emotion, and how they are involved. The hypothesis is developed that brains are designed around reward-and punishment-evaluation systems, because this is the way that genes can build a complex system that will produce appropriate but flexible behavior to increase fitness (Ch. 10). By specifying goals rather than particular behavioral patterns of responses, genes leave much more open the possible behavioral strategies that might be required to increase fitness. The importance of reward and punishment systems in brain design also provides a basis for understanding the brain mechanisms of motivation, as described in Chapters 2 for appetite and feeding, 5 for brain-stimulation reward, 6 for addiction, 7 for thirst, and 8 for sexual behavior.
Sensorimotor EEG rhythms and their connection to local/global neocortical dynamic theory
Authors: Andrew Colin
Published: July 2002

The EEG activity recorded from the human sensorimotor cortical area exhibits rhythmic activity covering a broad range of frequencies, including alpha, mu, beta, and gamma (40-Hz) rhythms. This commentary elaborates on connections between these sensorimotor rhythms and Nunez's neocortical dynamic theory.
Encyclopedia of computational neuroscience: The end of the second millennium
Authors: Borisyuk Roman
Published: July 2002

Arbib et al. describe mathematical and computational models in neuroscience as well as neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of several important brain structures. This is a useful guide to mathematical and computational modelling of the structure and function of nervous system. The book highlights the need to develop a theory of brain functioning, and it offers some useful approaches and concepts.
Further arguments in support of localist coding in connectionist networks
Authors: Bowers Jeffrey S.
Published: July 2002

Two additional sources of evidence are provided in support of localist coding within connectionist networks. First, only models with localist codes can currently represent multiple pieces of information simultaneously or represent order among a set of items on-line. Second, recent priming data appear problematic for theories that rely on distributed representations. However, a faulty argument advanced by Page is also pointed out.
The case against distributed representations: Lack of evidence
Authors: Farrell Simon , Lewandowsky Stephan
Published: July 2002

We focus on two components of Page's argument in favour of localist representations in connectionist networks: First, we take issue with the claim that localist representations can give rise to generalisation and show that whenever generalisation occurs, distributed representations are involved. Second, we counter the alleged shortcomings of distributed representations and show that their properties are preferable to those of localist approaches.
Brain function theories, EEG sources, and dynamic states
Authors: Pflieger Mark E.
Published: July 2002

This commentary discusses three features of the general theoretical framework proposed by Nunez: (1) Functional concepts, such as computation and control, are not foundational. (2) A mismatch between the concept of subcortical input and EEG output is problematic for the input/output operator concept of cortical dynamics. (3) The concept of brain state is relatively static.
Needed: A new theory
Authors: Domhoff G. William
Published: July 2002

Dream content is more coherent, consistent over time, and continuous with waking emotional concerns than most brainstem-driven theories of dreaming allow, but dreaming probably has no adaptive function. A new neurocognitive perspective focusing on the forebrain system of dream generation should begin with the findings on dream content in adults and the developmental nature of dreaming in children.

[Hobson et al.; Nielsen; Revonsuo; Solms; Vertes & Eastman]
Integrating exemplars in category learning: Better late than never, but better early than late
Authors: Ivancich J. Eric , Schwartz David A. , Kaplan Stephen
Published: July 2002

Page's target article makes a good case for the strength of localist models. This can be characterized as an issue of where new information is integrated with respect to existing knowledge structures. We extend the analysis by discussing the dimension of when this integration takes place, the implications, and how they guide us in the creation of cognitive models.
The elementary units of meaning
Authors: Jorion Paul J. M.
Published: July 2002

Examining the implications of a localist model for linguistic performance, I show the strengths of the P-graph, a network of elementary units of meaning where utterance results from relaxation through the operation of a dynamics of affect values. A unit of meaning is stored in a synaptic connection that brings together two words. Such a model, consistent with the anatomy and physiology of the neural tissue, eschews a number of traditional pitfalls of “semantic networks”: (1) ambiguity ceases to be an issue, as similar uses of a word are automatically clustered together; (2) faster retrieval of words acquired early is explained by the larger number of their instances. In addition the P-graph takes advantage of a plausible form of information storage: the local topology of the neural tissue.
Do we need two systems for reasoning?
Authors: Oberauer Klaus
Published: July 2002

The hypothesis of two separate reasoning systems, one subserving individual goals and the other our genes, is theoretically implausible and not supported by the data. As an alternative, I propose a single system for analytical reasoning backed up by simple mechanisms for the selection of relevant information. This system can generate normative behavior as well as systematic deviations from it.
The rationality debate: Look to ontogeny before phylogeny
Authors: Stolarz-Fantino Stephanie , Fantino Edmund
Published: July 2002

Subjects have a rich history of decision making which would be expected to affect reasoning in new tasks. For example, averaging, a strategy that is effectively used in many decisions, may help explain the conjunction fallacy. Before resorting to accounts based on phylogeny, more parsimonious accounts in terms of ontogeny should be explored.
Process based functionalism instead of structural functionalism is needed
Authors: Kadar Endre E. , Turvey M. T.
Published: July 2002

Latash & Anson's intention to describe only the
regularities of motor behavior is compromised by the homunculus
paradigm. Although we concur on the need to redefine “normal
movements” in atypical populations, we contend that this
enterprise requires a process based functionalism. We argue for
accommodating movement control and perceptual processes with
physical and task constraints in a natural setting.
Productivity and propositional construal as the meshing of embodied representations
Authors: Solomon Karen O. , Barsalou Lawrence W.
Published: July 2002

Contrary to prevailing views, productivity and
propositional construal are not problematic for
perceptual views of representation. Glenberg's embodied
representations contribute to our understanding of how these two
important processes might be implemented perceptually.
Pains, brains, and opium
Authors: Dickenson Anthony H.
Published: July 2002

In this response, I discuss the roles of the peripheral
afferent drive in the maintenance of persistent pain, the concept of
pre-emptive analgesia and the importance of the brain, the detailed
involvement of which in pain is far less well understood compared to
the events in the spinal cord. A comparison of pain to other sensory
modalities is then made together with a discussion of learning and
pain. These facets of pain are discussed in the light of treatment
strategies for this condition.
Embodiment, muscle sense, and memory for speech
Authors: Buckingham Hugh W.
Published: July 2002

MacNeilage's target article develops a theory for the
evolution of human speech articulation along the lines of “slot-
filler” structure. His content/frame schema commits him to the
tenets of embodiment, muscle sense, and a memory for speech. My
commentary ties these aspects together in their historical and current
perspective.
Speech evolution: Let barking dogs sleep
Authors: Lieberman Philip
Published: July 2002

Many animals, including dogs, produce vocal signals in which
their mouths open and close producing “syllables.” In
contrast, the vocal signals of species other than humans are tied to
emotional states. The Broca's-Wernicke's area model of the
brain bases of language is wrong.
A curiously ubiquitous articulatory movement
Authors: Lindblom Björn
Published: July 2002

The frame/content theory justifiably makes tinkering an
important explanatory principle. However, tinkering is linked to the
accidental and, if completely decoupled from functional constraints,
it could potentially play the role of an “idiosyncracy
generator,” thus offering a sort of “evolutionary”
alibi for the Chomskyan paradigm – the approach to language that
MacNeilage most emphatically rejects. To block that line of reasoning,
it should be made clear that evolutionary opportunism always operates
within the constraints of selection.
Parts, features, and expertise
Authors: Tanaka James
Published: July 2002

Research in expert categorization is consistent with the
Schyns et al. claim that functional features are determined by
constraints imposed by the learning history of the categorizer and the
demands of the categorization task. However, the expertise work also
suggests that a distinction should be drawn between the
categorizer's perceptions of the constituent parts of the object
and its functional features. Although experts and novices may parse a
domain-specific object into the same parts, their featural
interpretations of those parts may differ significantly.
Words are invitations to learn about categories
Authors: Waxman Sandra , Thompson William
Published: July 2002

Evidence from language acquisition suggests that words are
powerful mechanisms in the acquisition of substance concepts. Infants
initially approach language with the general expectation that words
refer to real kinds, regardless of grammatical cues to the
contrary.
Lexical storage and regular processes
Authors: Booij Geert
Published: July 2002

Clahsen's claim that output forms of productive processes are never listed in the lexicon is a consequence of the rule/list fallacy, empirically incorrect, and not necessary for the hypothesis that the human language faculty has a dual structure, that is, a lexicon and a set of rules.
Better theories are needed to distinguish perception from cognition
Authors: Dawson Michael R. W. , Piercey C. Darren
Published: July 2002

Pylyshyn argues that many of the methods used to study
perception are too coarse to detect the distinction between perceptual
and cognitive processing. We suggest that the reason for this is that
the theories used to guide research in perception are at fault. More
powerful theories – for instance, computer simulations –
will be required to identify where perception ends and where cognition
begins.
Explaining gender differences in aggression: An ambitious but inconclusive attempt
Authors: Harris Mary B.
Published: July 2002

Campbell's ambitious target article attempts to
explain gender differences in both aggressive behavior and cultural
representations of aggressive behavior. I comment on some of the
specific arguments that require further clarification, some areas that
merit expanded discussion, some topics which should be mentioned,
and some research and theoretical questions raised by the
article.
A “presence/absence hypothesis” concerning hippocampal function
Authors: Murray David J.
Published: July 2002

According to a “presence/absence hypothesis,”
the hippocampus is not necessary for the formation of learned
associations between currently present stimuli and responses (as
in classical conditioning), but is necessary whenever a stimulus,
if it is to activate a particular response, must first activate a
memory-representation of something not present in the here-and-now.
The distinction between responses made to present stimuli as opposed
to (memories of) absent stimuli was first stressed by Romanes (1889),
but we find evidence in the target article that supports the relevance
of this distinction to our understanding of hippocampal
functioning.
Can metacognition be explained in terms of perceptual symbol systems?
Authors: Oehlmann Ruediger
Published: July 2002

Barsalou's theory of perceptual symbol systems is
considered from a metacognitive perspective. Two examples are discussed
in terms of the proposed perceptual symbol theory. First, recent results
in research on feeling-of-knowing judgement are used to argue for a
representation of familiarity with input cues. This representation
should support implicit memory. Second, the ability of maintaining a
theory of other people's beliefs (theory of mind) is considered and
it is suggested that a purely simulation-based view is insufficient to
explain the available evidence. Both examples characterize areas where
Barsalou's theory would benefit from additional detail.
Frequency determines defaults in German: Default perfect -t versus irregular plural -s
Authors: Stemberger Joseph Paul
Published: July 2002

The German facts are consistent with the hypothesis that the default is the most frequent allomorph. Plural -s is the least frequent allomorph and does not act as a default. There is another way to measure the frequency of perfects in which no single -n allomorph is as frequent as -t. Lexical versus computational components do not correlate with regularity.
Aperiodic automorphisms of nuclear purely infinite simple $C^{\ast}$-algebras
Authors: NAKAMURA HIDEKI
Published: July 2002

We show that if two aperiodic automorphisms of a separable nuclear unital purely infinite simple $C^{\ast}$-algebra are asymptotically unitarily equivalent, then they are outer conjugate with respect to an automorphism which is isotopic to the identity automorphism. Thus, by Kirchberg and Phillips, they have the same KK-class if and only if they are outer conjugate with respect to an automorphism which is in the KK-class of the identity automorphism.
Entropy and finite generators for locally compact subshifts
Authors: FIEBIG DORIS , FIEBIG ULF-RAINER
Published: July 2002

We introduce transition entropy and periodic entropy for locally
compact subshifts. Finiteness of both characterizes the existence
of a finite generator. Finiteness of the transition entropy
characterizes the existence of a generator with bounded degree.
We extend Krieger's embedding theorem and characterize the
locally compact non-dense subsystems of a (compact) mixing
shift of finite type.
On the complete integrability of the geodesic flow of manifolds
all of whose geodesics are closed
Authors: DURÁN CARLOS E.
Published: July 2002

We show that the geodesic flow of a metric
all of whose geodesics are closed is completely integrable,
with tame integrals of motion. Applications
to classical examples are given; in particular,
it is shown that the geodesic flow of any quotient $M/\Gamma$ of a compact,
rank one symmetric space $M$ by a finite group acting freely by isometries
is completely
integrable by tame integrals.
Sums of Lyapunov exponents for some polynomial maps of ${\bf C}^2$
Authors: JONSSON MATTIAS
Published: July 2002

We give a formula for the sum of the Lyapunov exponents of a nondegenerate polynomial map $f$ of ${\bf C}^{2}$ close to $(z,w)\to (z^d,w^d)$. The formula only involves the behavior of $f$ at infinity. In particular, it follows that the sum only depends on the homogeneous part of $f$ of degree $d$.
Research as a Public Enterprise: Social
Science Data on Ageing in the Public Domain
Authors: MADDOX GEORGE L.
Published: July 2002

A revolution is occurring in information exchange among gerontologists
worldwide. For research investigators the increasingly easy accessibility of
public use datasets promises to facilitate both research training and useful
exchange of evidence. A brief history of the development of public use datasets
for research in ageing is provided, and datasets of particular interest are
described. While the illustrations focus on experience in the United States the
implications of these developments for training and communication among
gerontologists worldwide are noted.
Bitter Harvest: the Implications of Continuing War-related Stress on
Reminiscence Theory and Practice
Authors: BENDER M. P.
Published: July 2002

This paper, after reporting some research indicating the
long-term effects of
the experience of the Second World War, looks at how such a traumatic event
and its sequelae should be understood in terms of the theoretical framework
supporting the use of reminiscence work, most especially Erikson's life stages.
Traumatic memories of the war are rarely reported in published accounts of
reminiscence work. It is pointed out that this may be partly due to people with
painful memories not volunteering for reminiscence groups, and that
Coleman's (1986) research data would support this conclusion. Coleman's
work has not been sufficiently ‘heard’ because
of the much stronger framing
of reminiscence as stimulation by such authors as Norris (1986). The paper
looks at interpersonal difficulties of servicemen and civilians in communicating
about the war; and why they might well find it easier to utilise the emotionally
simpler and less unpleasant accounts offered by the media, especially film. The
leaders of reminiscence groups, often having had little training, operate
without awareness of such issues, and within a framework where ‘reminiscence
as stimulation’ has been transmuted into the trivialising
‘reminiscence as fun’.
It is suggested that mental health workers should offer regular supervision and
training to reminiscence group leaders. The need for clinical awareness of the
importance of the war in shaping people's lives both before and after the war
is highlighted, as is the need for readily available and sympathetic
psychotherapeutic services for this cohort.
The impact of the marital relationship on
the experience of caring for an elderly spouse with dementia
Authors: LEWIS ROSE D. H.
Published: July 2002

Husbands and wives constitute a large proportion of carers of those
older
people suffering dementia. Many older people with dementia have had a long

history of personal relationships, often having lived with the same partner
for
most of their lives. Following the life course approach, this study explores
the
ways in which a couple's marital experiences impinge upon the challenges

faced when a spouse develops dementia in late life and is cared for by
his or
her partner. I start by surveying the relevant literature. The second section

outlines a study of nine couples and includes brief case vignettes. In
the third
section I seek to test out hypotheses extrapolated from the material, with
the
theme of how perceptions of the caring situation are related to perceptions
of
the pre-morbid marital relationship, drawing heavily upon the case material.

No single discussion is exhaustive, as any of these hypotheses are worthy
of
intensive study in their own right. I conclude with a summary of the findings

and a reflection on how professionals might put these findings into practice.
Intergenerational solidarity networks of instrumental and cultural transfers within migrant families in Turkey
Authors: KALAYCIOĞLU SIBEL , RITTERSBERGER-TILIÇ HELGA
Published: July 2002

Over the last fifty years, the pattern of family life in Turkey has been seriously
affected by migration. Despite this, there remains a high degree of solidarity
typified by transfers of income, material goods and cultural mores between
and within family generations. This article is based on the life histories of
fifteen migrant families living in Ankara, the capital city of Turkey. In-depth
interviews were used to collect information about at least three generations in
each family. Information was collected about occupational, educational and
migration histories, property ownership, care of dependents, and parent-child
relations covering three generations.
Forum: The view from everywhere
Authors: GERAS NORMAN
Published: July 2002

In The Transformation of Political Community Andrew Linklater has given us a most impressive synthesis of critical normative thinking about international relations theory, and I might as well begin by emphasizing that I will not be able to do justice to the rich detail of its content in the space here allotted to me, and so I shall not try. I offer just an individual response to Linklater's book, addressed to its core theoretical assumptions. I shall propose a critique of it in two particulars. These relate to a central ambiguity in its underwriting of discourse ethics on the one hand, and to a certain too ready levelling, so to say, vis-à-vis modes of social oppression and exclusion on the other.
Reply
Authors: COLLINS ALAN
Published: July 2002

It is some time since I wrote GRIT, Gorbachev and the End of the Cold War and I am grateful to Jason Ralph for giving me an opportunity to re-examine the piece. It is always nice to be ‘congratulated’ and to be noted for providing ‘instructive’ analysis, even if, apparently, the article ‘suffers from epistemological flaws’ and ‘obstructs’ the future construction of security communities. The latter is particularly puzzling since the pursuit of GRIT-type strategies is an aid, not a hindrance, to the creation of security communities.
Third Latin American Conference of the International Association for the Study of Popular Music
Authors: González Juan Pablo
Published: July 2002

Thanks to the generous support of the Municipality of Bogota, the Academia Superior de Artes of Bogota and the Colombian Ministry of Culture, IASPM held its Third Latin American Conference under excellent technical and organisational conditions. Almost seventy papers and plenaries were presented and debated in the Luis Angel Arango Library in Bogota between 23 and 27 August 2000. Scholars took part from Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Brazil, Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Cuba, Puerto Rico, El Salvador, Canada, the US, the UK, Switzerland and Spain.
Formation of diamond-like carbon films and carbon foam by
ultrafast laser ablation
Authors: GAMALY E.G. , RODE A.V. , LUTHER-DAVIES B.
Published: July 2002

The ultra-fast ablation of a graphite target using
high repetition rate Nd:YAG lasers allows us to deposit
two distinctly different carbonaceous structures, depending
on the ambient Ar pressure: a diamond-like carbon film
with the surface finish down to atomic level at a pressure
below 0.1 Torr, and a fractal C nanofoam with air-like
density and diamond-like resistivity at higher pressure.
The experimental characterization of vapors and carbonaceous
materials produced is presented and compared to the theoretical
predictions. The analysis of the formation conditions leads
to the qualitative understanding of the formation mechanism
for both C structures.
Fast and accurate collision detection based on enclosed ellipsoid
Authors: Ju Ming-Yi , Ju Ming-Yi , Liu Jing-Sin , Shiang Shen-Po , Chien Yuh-Ren , Hwang Kao-Shing , Lee Wan-Chi
Published: July 2002

A fast and accurate method for detecting the collisions of convex polyhedra in a graphical simulation environment based on a newly developed method of distance estimate is presented. By the simultaneous use of the enclosing and the

enclosed ellipsoids of convex polyhedra, potential collisions can be detected more accurate than those methods using only bounding volume for object representation, and more efficient than the polyhedral methods. An approach for computing the enclosed ellipsoid of a convex polyhedron by compressing, stretching and scaling operations on its best-fit enclosing

ellipsoid is introduced. Graphical simulations of two case studies (moving polyhedral objects in three-dimensional space and multiple robot arms undergoing straight line motions) are conducted to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed algorithm for collision detection.
On dynamic stability of manipulators mounted on mobile platforms
Authors: Abo-Shanab R.F. , Sepehri N.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents the development of a model which can adequately simulate the dynamic stability of manipulators mounted on moveable platforms. The model takes into account the dynamics of the base that can potentially rock back-and-forth. Particularly, the model predicts the changes in the velocities of the manipulator links and

the base due to impact with the ground. The application of the study is directed at industrial machines that carry human-operated hydraulic manipulators. The model is therefore used to simulate for the first time, planar movements of'a Caterpillar 215B excavator-based

log-loader. The results clearly show the effect of the manipulator movement on turning the base over. The results also show that by proper manipulation of the arms, one can achieve

a stable condition and even reverse the ‘tipover' situation in such machines.
A workspace evaluation of an eclipse robot
Authors: Ceccarelli Marco , Ottaviano Erika
Published: July 2002

In this paper we have proposed a numerical procedure for determining and evaluating the workspace of the eclipse robot architecture. The eclipse robot is a novel parallel architecture, which has been conceived and designed at the National Seoul University, Korea. The Eclipse robot design has been characterized in term of workspace characteristics, and optimum design solutions have been investigated as functions of the effect of design parameters on workspace.
Optimal Robot Motion Planning and Work-Cell Layout Design
Authors: Shiller Zvi
Published: July 2002

This paper describes an interactive software system, developed at the Robotics and Automation Laboratory at UCLA to demonstrate innovative approaches to off-line robot programming and work-cell layout design. The software computes the time-optimal motions along specified paths, local optimal paths around an initial guess, and the global optimal path between given end-points. It considers the full robot dynamics, actuator constraints, on the payload acceleration or the gripping force, and any number of polygonal obstacles of any shape. The graphic displays provide a useful tool for interactive motion planning and workcell design.
SMAR: A Robot Modeling and Simulation System
Authors: Zeghloul S. , Blanchard B. , Ayrault M.
Published: July 2002

In this paper we present the SMAR CAD-robotics system (Système de Modélisation et d'Animation de Robots), which we developed at the University of Poitiers. This system allows its user to deal with a great number of robotics problems through the use of a graphic simulator. We will discuss the different parts which form the SMAR system. This includes the following:

—The modeler which allows the user to build a database, describing the robot and its environment. The database generated by the system is composed of the geometric description of the objects and the kinematics description of the environment.

—The simulator and the coordinates reverser, which simulate the robot's movements.

—The collision detection algorithms used to verify task accomplishment.

—A calculation algorithm in order to find optimal placement, which determines the relative position robot/task, allowing the robot to efficiently execute the assigned task.

—The collision free-path planning algorithm allowing the system to generate trajectories in a cluttered environment.

An example dealing with a complex robotized cell will also be presented in order to demonstrate the capabilities of the system.
C4: a software environment for modeling self-organizing behaviors of autonomous robots and groups
Authors: Liu Jiming , Qin Hong
Published: July 2002

One of the important characteristics of an autonomous robot lies in the capability of self-organizing its own behaviors in order to adapt to an unknown environment. The goal of this paper is to present an effective means for investigating such a capability, which enables us to graphically build a model of the autonomous robot and dynamically observe the emergence of reactive behaviors as a result of external stimulus controlled behavioral self-organization. In particular, the paper describes an integrated software workbench, called C4 (which stands for Create, Coordinate, Condition, and Co-evolve), for modeling and simulating autonomous robotic systems, e.g., legged and dual-arm ones. The module create enables us to build top-down graphical models of novel mechanisms, followed by primitive motion pattern (e.g., gaits) specification and visualization in the coordinate module. Learning mechanisms, as embedded in module condition further allow us to test how the animated robots acquire new behavioral rules triggerable by external stimuli. Finally, the module co-evolve facilitates the analysis of the distributed intelligence of robot groups, which manifests itself from the behaviors emergent from the interaction among individual robots.
Interactive building and updating of a 3D database for teleoperation
Authors: N'Zi Edie Camille , Mallem Malik , Chavand Florent
Published: July 2002

The paper deals with the modelling of unknown objects and location
determination of known ones. The operator models objects using data issued
from the video image and a time of flight infra red range finder. We present
methods to build an embodying volume for unknown objects. These methods are
available for polyhedral and conical objects, which represent the basis of
most industrial environments. The location determination of known objects is
determined using 2D clues obtained through video image. A two-step algorithm
is implemented and assessed. The first step is available in case of object
large motion, it is a geometric algorithm, which doesn't use redundant data;
it provides a first estimate of the pose. The second step is available in case
of object small motion. A linear approach is carried out to determine the pose.
It allows the use of redundant data, so it improves the accuracy achieved after
the first step.
A new closed-form kinematics of the generalized 3-DOF spherical parallel
manipulator
Authors: Huang Zhen , Yao Y. Lawrence
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a new method to analyze the closed-form kinematics of a generalized three-degree-of-a-freedom spherical parallel manipulator. Using this analytical method, concise and uniform solutions are achieved. Two special forms of the three-degree-of-freedom spherical parallel manipulator, i.e. right-angle type and a decoupled type, are also studied and their unique and interesting properties are investigated, followed by a numerical example.
Iterative learning in variable structure position/force hybrid control of manipulators
Authors: Azenha Abílio
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a novel approach to the hybrid position/force control of robot manipulators employed in executing repetitive tasks that involve contact with the environment. The constraint surface is assumed to be a plane and its respective dynamics
is modelled by a mass-dashpot-spring scheme. Time results obtained by simulations are very encouraging for future research and developments, because the system's behaviour is very efficient.
Musical learning: Differences between boys and girls in Hong Kong Chinese co-educational secondary schools
Authors: Ho Wai-chung
Published: July 2002

This paper presents an overview of boys' and girls' musical learning inside and outside school. This involves a sampling survey of 877 pupils (414 boys and 463 girls) in nine Chinese secondary schools. The paper argues that patterns of gender stereotyping associated with music among Hong Kong students have some similarities with those in the Western world. The impact of gender beliefs was most evident in types of instrumental learning, types of music activities, and listening and singing preferences. The subjects' attitudes towards the promotion of popular and Western classical musics in school emerged as statistically significant, while their attitude towards Chinese classical music was non-significant.
TESTING FOR DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGE IN TIME SERIES
Authors: Inoue Atsushi
Published: July 2002

This paper proposes nonparametric tests of change in the
distribution function of a time series. The limiting null
distributions of the test statistics depend on a nuisance
parameter, and critical values cannot be tabulated a priori.
To circumvent this problem, a new simulation-based statistical
method is developed. The validity of our simulation procedure
is established in terms of size, local power, and test consistency.
The finite-sample properties of the proposed tests are evaluated
in a set of Monte Carlo experiments, and the distributional
stability in financial markets is examined.
THE ECONOMETRICS OF FINANCIAL MARKETS
Authors: Andersen Torben G.
Published: July 2002

The abundance of high-frequency financial data
and the rapid development of computer hardware have combined
to transform financial economics into, arguably, the most
empirically oriented field within the social sciences.
At the same time, as a result of the difficulty of conducting
genuine market experiments, empirical finance remains firmly
grounded in the tradition of model-driven statistical inference
that is characteristic of economics. Even so, the richness
of data has often spurred a practical orientation that
is more familiar in the natural sciences. The combination
has proved fertile, leading to the classification of a
set of loosely connected empirical topics as a distinct
entity, financial econometrics.
Logical methods for computational intelligence
Authors: ANTONIOU GRIGORIS , MURRAY NEIL V.
Published: July 2002

Over the past years, two main approaches to computational intelligence have emerged: the symbolic and the non-symbolic approach. The perhaps most prominent methods of the symbolic approach are based on logic. Logical methods exhibit a series of desirable properties:

[bull ] Transparent representation of meaning

[bull ] Precise understanding of the meaning of statements (semantics).

[bull ] Sound reasoning methods.

[bull ] Explanation capabilities.

A special session on logical methods for computational intelligence was held at the 3rd Joint Conference on Information Sciences. The field of computational logic is so broad that it is impossible to review the main developments in an article. Therefore, in the following we will restrict attention to two areas that turned out to be the focus of the special session: automated reasoning, and reasoning with incomplete and changing information.
Learning probabilistic networks
Authors: KRAUSE PAUL J.
Published: July 2002

A probabilistic network is a graphical model that encodes probabilistic relationships between variables of interest. Such a model records qualitative influences between variables in addition to the numerical parameters of the probability distribution. As such it provides an ideal form for combining prior knowledge, which might be limited solely to experience of the influences between some of the variables of interest, and data. In this paper, we first show how data can be used to revise initial estimates of the parameters of a model. We then progress to showing how the structure of the model can be revised as data is obtained. Techniques for learning with incomplete data are also covered. In order to make the paper as self contained as possible, we start with an introduction to probability theory and probabilistic graphical models. The paper concludes with a short discussion on how these techniques can be applied to the problem of learning causal relationships between variables in a domain of interest.
ASPECTS OF ARGUMENT STRUCTURE ACQUISITION IN INUKTITUT.Shanley E. M. Allen. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1996. Pp. xvii + 248. $79.00
cloth.
Authors: Young Hilary
Published: July 2002

The acquisition of Native American languages is an area of study in which there is still much
work to be done, and this is especially true of Inuit languages. That alone makes Shanley
Allen's Aspects of argument structure acquisition in Inuktitut a welcome
addition to the list of publications on first language learning. The book is not, however, strictly
intended for those who study Native American language acquisition. The extensive background
information provided, both theoretical and methodological, makes Allen's work accessible
to linguists with various interests. Furthermore, although her analysis is based largely on
principles and parameters theory, she deliberately makes her research amenable to a variety of
theoretical frameworks.
THE ACQUISITION OF SECOND-LANGUAGE SYNTAX. Susan
Braidi. London: Arnold, 1999. Pp. x + 221. $70.00 cloth, $19.95 paper.
Authors: Eubank Lynn
Published: July 2002

Braidi's new textbook is intended to provide an overview of multiple perspectives on
the acquisition of second language syntax to “applied linguistics students” and
“prospective L2 teachers” (preface, p. vii). After an introduction that lays a good
deal of historical and conceptual groundwork, we find a chapter on “first-language and
second-language interrelations” and then the core of the volume comprising a chapter
each on Universal Grammar (UG) perspectives, perspectives based in typological universals,
processing approaches, and functional approaches. She ends with a conclusion that summarizes
major findings and discusses implications for her readership. The text includes fairly extensive
references as well as name, language, and subject indexes.
THE LIMITS OF GRAMMATICALIZATION. Anna Giacalone Ramat and
Paul J. Hopper (Eds.). Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1998. Pp. vi + 302. $79.00 cloth, $29.95
paper.
Authors: Schmitt Cristina
Published: July 2002

The papers in this book were presented at the Symposium on Grammaticalization held in
Leiden 1995, with the exception of the paper by Tabor and Traugott. This collection of 11 papers
deals with a variety of cases of language change that do not fit perfectly into the models of
grammaticalization as a unidirectional process by which open-class elements are weakened and
become part of the closed-class set. Briefly described case studies in a variety of
languages—from Romance, Germanic, and South East Asian languages to Ancient Greek,
Hittite, Basque, and others—allow the reader to peer through the overwhelming number of
factors and interactions among factors involved in language change. At the same time, one can
also examine the struggle to define and determine which facts do and do not belong to the realm
of grammaticalization. To illustrate some of the issues addressed in this book, I will briefly
describe some of the papers.
IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT PROCESSES
Authors: MacWhinney Brian
Published: July 2002

The relation between experimental psychology and second language acquisition research has
gone through at least two major swings of the pendulum. During the heyday of behaviorism, the
pendulum swung strongly toward psychology. The behaviorist psychologists advised us to think
of language learning as nothing more than habit formation (Mowrer, 1960), and second language
learning materials reflected an emphasis on repetition, drill, rewards, practice, and conditioning.
During the early years of the cognitive revolution, Chomsky (1959) argued that viewing language
as a conditioned response (Skinner, 1957) ignores the complexities of both language structure
and cognition. Persuaded by these arguments, second language researchers turned away from
behaviorist psychology and sought the explanation for language acquisition in universals of
language structure (Dulay & Burt, 1974).
COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE THEORY AND CLASSROOM PRACTICE:
TEXTS AND CONTEXTS IN SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING (2nd ed.).Sandra J. Savignon. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1997. Pp. v + 287. $40.70
paper.
Authors: Glew Margo
Published: July 2002

Savignon writes in her book, Communicative Competence Theory and Classroom
Practice: Texts and Contexts in Second Language Learning (2nd ed.), that the
communicative approach to language teaching has become so popular that many materials
developers have jumped on the bandwagon, claiming a communicative focus to their materials.
She writes, “What ‘nutritious’ and ‘natural’ are today to
breakfast foods, ‘communicative’ and ‘functional’ are to language
texts. How much change has actually taken place is debatable. Just as cereals containing
‘all natural’ honey are no less sweet, so ‘asking questions’ may be
no more than a new label for an old unit on the formation of the interrogative” (p.
138).
Irregularity of canonical pencils for a threefold of general type
Authors: CHEN MENG , CHEN ZHIJIE J.
Published: July 2002

Let X be a complex nonsingular projective threefold
of general type. Suppose the
canonical system of X is composed of a pencil, i.e.
dimΦ∼KX∼(X)=1.
It is often
important to understand birational invariants of X such as
pg(X), q(X),
h2(OX) and
χ(OX) etc. In this paper, we mainly
study the irregularity of X.

We may suppose that ∼KX∼ is
free of base points. There is a natural fibration
f[ratio ]X→C onto a nonsingular curve
after the Stein factorization of Φ∼KX∼.

Let F be a
general fibre of f, then we know that F is a
nonsingular projective surface of general
type. Set b[ratio ]=g(C) and
pg(F), q(F)
for the respective invariants of F. The main result
is the following theorem.
Loran-C Chain and UTC Synchronisation
Authors: Roland William F.
Published: July 2002

There has been much discussion recently implying that Loran-C chain synchronisation using
‘System Area Monitor’ (SAM) control and using ‘Time of Transmission (or Emission)’
(TOT or TOE) are incompatible mechanisations of Loran-C chain time management
because of their differing impact on users. Further, the mechanisation of UTC
synchronisation is described as either satellite (GPS/GLONASS) based or Loran Chain
measurement based, thereby excluding integrated use of both techniques for reliability.
These differences are not mutually exclusive. Well-defined chain synchronisation can
logically apply all measurement and control techniques as well as providing improved
accuracy. This paper defines synchronisation and describes the history of Loran-C
synchronisation control and the current methods employed. The existence of Cesium
Standards at Loran stations, and the recent introduction of digital signal processing
receivers, have greatly changed the potential for extremely precise timing control, detection
of extraordinary timing changes, and the maintenance of very tight UTC synchronisation.
This paper describes a number of techniques for defining, observing and applying the various
sources of timing information, optimising performance for users and simplifying
implementation for service providers.
‘Traditional Aids to Navigation: The Next 25 Years.’
Authors: Colchester C.
Published: July 2002

In the May 1997 issue of the Journal, a paper on this
subject
was presented by Captain
Turner on behalf of the General Lighthouse Authorities. I read the paper
with interest,
and in general concur with their assessment of the situation. However,
I think that the
situation regarding visual Aids to Navigation (AtoN) needs further consideration.