bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CENTERA: A Centralized Trust-Based Efficient Routing Protocol with Authentication for Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Tajeddine Ayman , Kayssi Ayman , Chehab Ali , Elhajj Imad , Itani Wassim
Published: February 2015

In this paper, we present CENTERA, a CENtralized Trust-based Efficient Routing protocol with an appropriate authentication scheme for wireless sensor networks (WSN). CENTERA utilizes the more powerful base station (BS) to gather minimal neighbor trust information from nodes and calculate the best routes after isolating different types of “bad” nodes. By periodically accumulating these simple local observations and approximating the nodes’ battery lives, the BS draws a global view of the network, calculates three quality metrics—maliciousness, cooperation, and compatibility—and evaluates the Data Trust and Forwarding Trust values of each node. Based on these metrics, the BS isolates “bad”, “misbehaving” or malicious nodes for a certain period, and put some nodes on probation. CENTERA increases the node’s bad/probation level with repeated “bad” behavior, and decreases it otherwise. Then it uses a very efficient method to distribute the routing information to “good” nodes. Based on its target environment, and if required, CENTERA uses an authentication scheme suitable for severely constrained nodes, ranging from the symmetric RC5 for safe environments under close administration, to pairing-based cryptography (PBC) for hostile environments with a strong attacker model. We simulate CENTERA using TOSSIM and verify its correctness and show some energy calculations.
Optimal Water Resources Allocation under the Constraint of Land Use in the Heihe River Basin of China
Authors: Wang Zhanqi , Yang Jun , Deng Xiangzheng , Lan Xi
Published: February 2015

In recent years, water scarcity and irrational utilization have become the pivotal issues for the sustainable development of river basins in China. This paper attempts to propose a new perspective for the optimization of water resources allocation in a typical river basin. In order to conduct an accurate and feasible program for water resources allocation in the water-deficient river basin, a multi-objective and multi-constraint programming model was developed by embedding land use effect as a constraint on water allocation, which was currently solely decided by water resources demand in different water use sectors. The program includes two layers, namely water allocation among different counties located in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin and among domestic, industrial, agricultural and ecological uses within one county. Empirical analysis shows that the structural change of land use has an important influence and restriction on the water resources allocation in the river basin. The least cultivated areas that ensure food security and the constraint of construction land quota have great impact on agricultural and industrial water allocation. Moreover, the quantitative change of ecological land greatly affects ecological water allocation. The results demonstrate that the optimal program calculated from land use embedded model can well predicate the actual situation of water allocation in the future. To ensure regional sustainable development, it is vital that reasonable water-saving measures in each water use sector and ecological protection policies be taken.
Toxicity of the Anti-ribosomal Lectin Ebulin f in Lungs and Intestines in Elderly Mice
Authors: Garrosa Manuel , Jiménez Pilar , Tejero Jesús , Cabrero Patricia , Cordoba-Diaz Damián , Quinto Emiliano , Gayoso Manuel , Girbés Tomás
Published: February 2015

All parts of dwarf elder (Sambucus ebulus L.) studied so far contain a ribosome-inactivating protein with lectin activity (ribosome-inactivating lectin; RIL), known as ebulin. Green fruits contain ebulin f, the toxicity of which has been studied in six-week-old mice, where it was found that the intestines were primary targets for it when administered intraperitoneally (i.p.). We performed experiments to assess whether ebulin f administration to six- and 12-month-old mice would trigger higher toxicity than that displayed in six-week-old mice. In the present report, we present evidence indicating that the toxicological effects of ebulin f after its i.p. administration to elderly mice are exerted on the lungs and intestines by an increased rate of apoptosis. We hypothesize that the ebulin f apoptosis-promoting action together with the age-dependent high rate of apoptosis result in an increase in the lectin’s toxicity, leading to a higher lethality level.
Exploiting the hierarchical morphology of single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotube films for highly hydrophobic coatings
Authors: De Nicola Francesco , Castrucci Paola , Scarselli Manuela , Nanni Francesca , Cacciotti Ilaria , De Crescenzi Maurizio
Published: February 2015

Self-assembled hierarchical solid surfaces are very interesting for wetting phenomena, as observed in a variety of natural and artificial surfaces. Here, we report single-walled (SWCNT) and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) thin films realized by a simple, rapid, reproducible, and inexpensive filtration process from an aqueous dispersion, that was deposited at room temperature by a dry-transfer printing method on glass. Furthermore, the investigation of carbon nanotube films through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals the multi-scale hierarchical morphology of the self-assembled carbon nanotube random networks. Moreover, contact angle measurements show that hierarchical SWCNT/MWCNT composite surfaces exhibit a higher hydrophobicity (contact angles of up to 137°) than bare SWCNT (110°) and MWCNT (97°) coatings, thereby confirming the enhancement produced by the surface hierarchical morphology.
Properties of cationic monosubstituted tetraalkylammonium cyclodextrin derivatives – their stability, complexation ability in solution or when deposited on solid anionic surface
Authors: Popr Martin , Filippov Sergey K , Matushkin Nikolai , Dian Juraj , Jindřich Jindřich
Published: February 2015

The thermal stability of the monosubstituted cationic cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives PEMEDA-β-CD and PEMPDA-β-CD, which differ in their substituent linker length (ethylene and propylene, respectively), was studied via 1H NMR experiments. PEMPDA-β-CD exhibited higher resistance towards the Hofmann degradation and was chosen as a more suitable host molecule for further studies. Inclusion properties of PEMPDA-β-CD in solution with a series of simple aromatic guests (salicylic acid, p-methoxyphenol and p-nitroaniline) were determined by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and compared to the native β-CD. Permanently charged cationic CD derivatives were successfully deposited on the anionic solid surface of polymeric Nafion® 117 membrane via electrostatic interactions. Deposition kinetics and coverage of the surface were determined by ELSD. Finally, the ability of the CD derivatives bound to the solid surface to encapsulate aromatic compounds from aqueous solution was measured by UV–vis spectroscopy. The obtained results are promising for future industrial applications of the monosubstituted β-CD derivatives, because the preparation of cationic CD derivatives is applicable in large scale, without the need of chromatographic purification. Their ionic deposition on a solid surface is simple, yet robust and a straightforward process as well.
Clinical and Serological Analysis of Patients with Positive Anticyclic Citrullinated Peptide Antibodies Referred Through a Rheumatology Central Triage System
Authors: Martin Liam , Steber Whitney A. , Lupton Terri L. , Mahler Michael , Fitch Christie M. , McMillan Jacob D. , Schmidt Danielle R. , Fritzler Marvin J.
Published: February 2015

Objective.

Anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) are a highly specific and sensitive biomarker for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Some patients who were found to have a positive ACPA test were referred to our Rheumatology Central Triage (CT; Calgary, Alberta, Canada) for assessment by a rheumatologist. The objectives of our study were to determine the clinical accuracy of ACPA in establishing a diagnosis of RA in a real-time clinical setting.

Methods.

Cases that met 3 criteria were included in the study: (1) referred to the CT over 3 calendar years (n = 20,389), (2) reason for referral was a positive ACPA test (n = 568), and (3) evaluated by a certified rheumatologist (n = 314). An administrative serological database was used to retrieve specific ACPA results.

Results.

Of patients referred through our CT for evaluation of a positive ACPA test, 57.6% received a diagnosis of RA; the remainder had a variety of other diagnoses, some of which might be considered early RA (9%). The predictive values of ACPA for the diagnosis of RA were increased when rheumatoid factor (RF) results were included in the analysis. When definite and possible RA were combined and the prevalence of moderate/high ACPA was compared to all other individuals, the positive and negative predictive values for moderate/high ACPA for RA were 74.3% and 68.4%, respectively.

Conclusion.

About 58% of patients with a positive ACPA referred through a triage system for a rheumatologist opinion received a diagnosis of RA at their first visit. RF provides additional useful information to guide the diagnosis and urgency of referral.
Choosing Wisely: The Canadian Rheumatology Association’s List of 5 Items Physicians and Patients Should Question
Authors: Chow Shirley L. , Carter Thorne J. , Bell Mary J. , Ferrari Robert , Bagheri Zarnaz , Boyd Tristan , Colwill Ann Marie , Jung Michelle , Frackowiak Damian , Hazlewood Glen S. , Kuriya Bindee , Tugwell Peter
Published: February 2015

Objective.

To develop a list of 5 tests or treatments used in rheumatology that have evidence indicating that they may be unnecessary and thus should be reevaluated by rheumatology healthcare providers and patients.

Methods.

Using the Delphi method, a committee of 16 rheumatologists from across Canada and an allied health professional generated a list of tests, procedures, or treatments in rheumatology that may be unnecessary, nonspecific, or insensitive. Items with high content agreement and perceived relevance advanced to a survey of Canadian Rheumatology Association (CRA) members. CRA members ranked these top items based on content agreement, effect, and item ranking. A methodology subcommittee discussed the items in light of their relevance to rheumatology, potential effect on patients, and the member survey results. Five candidate items selected were then subjected to a literature review. A group of patient collaborators with rheumatic diseases also reviewed these items.

Results.

Sixty-four unique items were proposed and after 3 Delphi rounds, this list was narrowed down to 13 items. In the member-wide survey, 172 rheumatologists responded (36% of those contacted). The respondent characteristics were similar to the membership at large in terms of sex and geographical distribution. Five topics (antinuclear antibodies testing, HLA-B27 testing, bone density testing, bone scans, and bisphosphonate use) with high ratings on agreement and effect were chosen for literature review.

Conclusion.

The list of 5 items has identified starting points to promote discussion about practices that should be questioned to assist rheumatology healthcare providers in delivering high-quality care.
Multiresponse Analysis in Abrasive Waterjet Machining Process on AA 6351
Authors: Munuswamy Naresh Babu , Krishnan M. Nambi
Published: February 2015

This study investigates optimal parameter setting in abrasive waterjet machining (AWJM) on aluminium alloy AA 6351, using taguchi based Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) is been reported. The water pressure, traverse speed and stand-off-distance were chosen as the process parameters in this study. An L9 orthogonal matrix array is used for the experimental plan. The performance characteristics which include surface roughness (Ra) and kerf angle (KA) are considered. The results indicate that surface roughness and kerf angle decreases, with increase in water pressure and decrease in traverse speed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) illustrates that traverse speed is the major parameter (89.7%) for reducing surface roughness and kerf angle, followed by water pressure (5.85%) and standoff distance (2%) respectively. The confirmation results reveal that surface roughness reduced by 16% and kerf angle reduced by 47%. Furthermore, the surfaces were examined under scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) for a detailed study
Bone Scintigraphy Hot-Spot in Projection to Rib and Kidney: Role of Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography/Computer Tomography in Distinguishing a Urine Collection in Renal Calyx from a Metastasis to Rib
Authors: Swietaszczyk Cyprian , Pilecki Stanislaw , Kobus Błachnio Katarzyna
Published: February 2015

On planar bone scintigrams, activity enhancement foci in projection to kidney and lower ribs can arise from the kidney, or from bone lesions. A differentiation based only on the exact location and shape of the hot spot can sometimes be misleading, resulting in a false qualification of a rib metastatic lesion as urine collection in the kidney or opposite. The authors illustrate the problem with three cases: In two patients, such a hot spot appeared to be the solitary metastatic focus; in one, highly suggestive for solitary metastatic focus, it was proven to be a urine collection.
Positron Emission Mammography Imaging with Low Activity Fluorodeoxyglucose and Novel Utilization in Core-needle Biopsy Sampling
Authors: Choudhery Sadia , Seiler Stephen
Published: February 2015

Positron emission mammography (PEM), a relatively novel breast imaging modality, provides certain advantages over magnetic resonance imaging, including the ability to image biopsy samples. However, the radiation activity associated with PEM has remained a concern in clinical practice. We present a case of an invasive ductal carcinoma that was adequately imaged with a much lower than the standard 185 to 370 MBq activity of 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose. In addition, we demonstrate ultrasound-guided core-needle biopsy sample imaging with PEM to assess adequacy of sampling, a strategy that has previously only been documented with vacuum-assisted biopsy samples.
Review of Feynman’s Path Integral in Quantum Statistics: from the Molecular Schrödinger Equation to Kleinert’s Variational Perturbation Theory
Authors: Wong Kin-Yiu
Published: February 2015

Feynman’s path integral reformulates the quantum Schrödinger differential equation to be an integral equation. It has been being widely used to compute internuclear quantum-statistical effects on many-body molecular systems. In this Review, the molecular Schrödinger equation will first be introduced, together with the Born-Oppenheimer approximation that decouples electronic and internuclear motions. Some effective semiclassical potentials, e.g., centroid potential, which are all formulated in terms of Feynman’s path integral, will be discussed and compared. These semiclassical potentials can be used to directly calculate the quantum canonical partition function without individual Schrödinger’s energy eigenvalues. As a result, path integrations are conventionally performed with Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics sampling techniques. To complement these techniques, we will examine how Kleinert’s variational perturbation (KP) theory can provide a complete theoretical foundation for developing non-sampling/non-stochastic methods to systematically calculate centroid potential. To enable the powerful KP theory to be practical for many-body molecular systems, we have proposed a new path-integral method: automated integration-free path-integral (AIF-PI) method. Due to the integration-free and computationally inexpensive characteristics of our AIF-PI method, we have used it to performab initiopath-integral calculations of kinetic isotope effects on proton-transfer and RNA-related phosphoryl-transfer chemical reactions. The computational procedure of using our AIF-PI method, along with the features of our new centroid path-integral theory at the minimum of the absolute-zero energy (AMAZE), are also highlighted in this review.
Vpliv povezovanja predmetnega pouka z nemščino na dvigovanje bralne motivacije
Authors: Lazar Jolanda
Published: February 2015

Prispevek se ukvarja z novimi pogledi in zahtevami, ki so postavljeni tako pred učence kot tudi pred učitelje. Poskušali smo zaobjeti teoretična izhodišča, ki predstavljajo temelj za povezovanje predmetnega pouka z nemščino. Predstavljene so različne oblike tujejezikovnega predmetnega poučevanja, ki so našle skupno poimenovanje – CLIL. Preverjali smo našo hipotezo: Poučevanju po CLIL-u pozitivno vpliva na motivacijo učencev. Naš poudarek je bil na bralni motivaciji. Na podlagi analize zbranih podatkov s pomočjo ankete iz treh šol v slovenskem ruralnem okolju, lahko potrdimo omenjeno hipotezo.
Attività rivolte allo sviluppo e al consolidamento della competenza metalinguistica nell'ambito dell'italiano commerciale (Naloge za razvijanje in utrjevanje metajezikovne zmožnosti v okviru pouka poslovnega italijanskega jezika)
Authors: Lenassi Nives
Published: February 2015

Prispevek prikazuje pogostnost in tipologijo nalog za razvijanje in utrjevanje metajezikovne zmožnosti v okviru poučevanja poslovnega italijanskega jezika, pri čemer se posebej osredinja na poslovne dopise. Čeprav naloge s poudarkom na omenjeni zmožnosti, ki omogoča razvijanje zavedanja o jezikovnem sistemu, kar vključuje razumevanje in poimenovanje jezikovnih sredstev z ustreznimi termini in njihovo uvrščanje v sistem, predstavljajo le manjši odstotek vseh nalog v proučenih gradivih za poučevanje poslovnega italijanskega jezika, njihova vloga ni zanemarljiva. Slušatelje namreč ozaveščajo o pomenu različnih sporazumevalnih praks pri stilistični in materialni izvedbi dopisov in o relevantnosti določenih makrostrukturnih elementov, ki so v določenih tematskih zvrsteh (ponudba, naročilo, reklamacija itn.) pričakovani. Analize, opravljene v 6 različnih učbenikih, so ugotovile zanimive podobnosti in razlike med posameznimi gradivi ter tipološke skupine nalog, za katere je značilna raba nekompleksnega metajezika in pretežno receptivna naravnanost. Pridobljene ugotovitve učitelju lahko služijo za nadaljnje izboljševanje in dopolnjevanje obstoječih učnih modelov in lastnih gradiv, namenjenih poučevanju poslovne korespondence.
Nichts ist vorbei, alles kommt wieder Romantik – Ring der ewigen Wiederkehr – und die deutsche Literatur des 20. Jahrhunderts (Nič ni minljivo, vse se vrača: Romantika – krog večnega vračanja – in nemška literatura 20. stoletja)
Authors: Skapin Anja
Published: February 2015

Die deutsche Romantik ist eine der einflussreichsten Strömungen der deutschen Literatur. Trotz der Stereotypisierung, die deutsche Kultur sei zu rational, ist der romantische Künstler durch das Dionysische und das Gefühl definiert. Die Gesellschaftskrise lässt sich in der Literatur durch das Restaurieren der traditionellen Erzählformen, vorwiegend des Bildungsromans bzw. Künstlerromans entfalten. Da der Mensch dem ewigen Leiden und der Sehnsucht, so Schopenhauer, und die Geschichte der Menschheit der ewigen Wiederkunft der gleichen Ideen und Formen geweiht ist, so Nietzsche, drängt sich in den Vordergrund des literarischen Schaffens immer wieder diejenige Strömung, die ein solches Schicksal der Menschheit entdeckte und definierte – die Romantik. Die Literatur neigt dazu, in der akuten Gesellschaftskrise den Künstler zum Protagonisten zu erheben, der sich der Gesellschaft und der Welt entgegensetzt. Da aber die menschliche Natur dekadent und (selbst)destruktiv ist, soll der Protagonist kein glückliches Ende finden. Nemška romantika ostaja s svojo bogato tradicijo globoko zakoreninjena še danes. Kljub stereotipnemu povezovanju nemške kulture z razumom pa je bistvo nemške literarne (in tudi filozofske) ideologije temna stran človeka z vsemi viharnimi čustvi, ki jih le-ta premore. Družbeno krizo, ki se zrcali tudi in predvsem v literaturi kot subtilnemu, prefinjenemu pokazatelju družbenih razmer, le-ta rešuje z obujanjem tradicionalnih pripovednih oblik, predvsem razvojnega romana oziroma romana o umetniku. Ker je človek zapisan večnemu trpljenju in hrepenenju (Schopenhauer) ter zgodovina človeštva večnemu vračanju ponavljajočih se oblik in idej (Nietzsche), ne gre zanemariti dejstva, da se v ospredju nemške literarne produkcije vedno znova pojavlja tista smer, ki je to človeško usodo odkrila in definirala – romantika. Literatura v vsaki krizi prikliče v ospredje umetnika kot protagonista, ki se s svojimi čustvi in dionizično naravo bori proti družbi. Vendar pa je usoda mnogih protagonistov zavezana propadu, najsi je ta fizične ali psihične narave, ravno tako, kot je sama narava človeštva naravnana k dekadenčni (samo)destruktivnosti.
Travestissement burlesque et parodie du roman africain dans Les écailles du ciel de Tierno Monénembo (Burleskna travestija in parodija afriških romanov v Luskah neba Tierna Monénemba)
Authors: Gacoin-Marks Florence
Published: February 2015

V članku avtorica analizira roman gvinejskega pisatelja Tierna Monénemba Les Écailles du ciel (Luske neba). Preučuje, v čem lahko imamo ta roman za komično sintezo afriških romanov, ki so pred njim nastali, zlasti romanov o polpretekli zgodovini Gvineje. Avtorica ugotavlja, da sintezo avtor doseže s pomočjo dveh različnih komičnih literarnih žanrov: z burleskno travestijo in s parodijo.
Meta Lah: Bralno razumevanje pri pouku tujega jezika – vloga tipa in avtentičnosti besedila
Authors: Schlamberger Brezar Mojca
Published: February 2015

Lah, Meta (2012): Bralno razumevanje pri pouku tujega jezika: vloga tipa in avtentičnosti besedila. Ljubljana: Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete. ISBN 978-961-237-540-9, mehka vezava, 214 strani, 19,90 EUR
Los valores del pretérito perfecto compuesto y del pretérito perfecto simple en Inquieta compañía de carlos fuentes (Vrednosti sestavljenega in nesestavljenega preteklika v Inquieta compañía Carlosa Fuentesa)
Authors: Seljak Adimora Katja
Published: February 2015

En el presente artículo se analiza la oposición entre el pretérito perfecto compuesto y el pretérito perfecto simple a partir del texto literario hispanoamericano Inquieta compañía (2004) del escritor Carlos Fuentes. Se presentan los usos característicos de dichos tiempos verbales del español mexicano, algunos exclusivos y otros compartidos con el español peninsular, y se proporcionan los datos de frecuencia de uso de los tiempos verbales mencionados en los diferentes dialectos del español. Aunque el pretérito perfecto compuesto se utiliza menos que el pretérito perfecto simple, tanto en el español mexicano como en el español peninsular, no está desapareciendo, sino que su uso es limitado. Članek se osredotoča na nasprotje med sestavljenim in nesestavljenim preteklim časom, tako v teoriji kot v literarnem hispanoameriškem besedilu Inquieta compañía (2004) avtorja Carlosa Fuentesa. Predstavljene so značilne rabe omenjenih glagolskih časov v mehiški španščini, nekatere posebne in druge skupne tudi evropski španščini. Avtorica predstavi pogostnost rabe omenjenih časov v dveh španskih dialektih. Čeprav se sestavljen pretekli čas uporablja manj kot nesestavljen, tako v mehiški kot v evropski španščini, ne izginja, ampak je njegova uporaba omejena.
Teaching Literature With Pictures: Visual Representations of the Context and Imagery in Literary Works
Authors: Krašovec David
Published: February 2015

Literature and art influence each other reciprocally, but it is rarely used in the teaching of literature. And the teacher has everything to gain by using this potential: not just to illustrate a text, but as a true didactic tool. Thus, it‘s possible to show the complexity of the context, to immerse themselves in his actuality. And implement analytical methods differently.Key words: didactic of literature, art and literature, literary context
Aspects of Code-switching Concerning Spanish-Romanian Virtual Communication
Authors: Jieanu Ioana
Published: February 2015

The paper Aspects of Code-switching Concerning Spanish-Romanian Virtual Communication reveals some characteristics of languages in contact phenomenon, in the case of the Romanian communities in Spain, starting from the characteristics of the languages involved in this process: Romanian and Spanish.In our study, we analyze the linguistic attitude of the Romanian immigrants in Spain on internet communication and we present some aspects of Rumañol, the sociolect resulted from the combination between the Romanian and Spanish words within the same discourse, considered to be the language of Romanian migration in Spain.The manifestations of code-switching phenomenon are presented at emblematic, inter-sentential and intra-sentential levels. We have observed that intra-sentential code-switching appears intently, and inter-sentential code-switching is determined by the situational context in witch the communication takes place.Key words: emblematic code-switching, intra-sentential code-switching, inter-sentential code-switching, Rumañiol, migration, internet communication.
Multisensory Teaching of Foreign Languages
Authors: Šepec Vanja
Published: February 2015

Multi sensory teaching techniques stimulate learning by engaging students on multiple levels and help them to learn a new language through using a variety of senses.Those techniques are hardly ever used in Slovenian school system and the below article focuses on presenting the latest findings in regards to benefits that sensory perception can have in learning processes. The article also outlines useful tools and various sensory and perception classroom activities  used  in teaching French as a second language.Key words: multisensory leaching, VAKOG, adapting teaching methods to a specific learning type of students
Poročilo o doktorskem seminarju »Appropriation et transmission des langues et des cultures du monde«
Authors: Zidar Forte Jana , Premrl Darja
Published: February 2015

Od 20. do 22. septembra 2012 je v Londonu potekal Mednarodni doktorski seminar z naslovom »Appropriation et transmission des langues et des cultures du monde« (Usvajanje in prenašanje jezikov in kultur sveta) in podnaslovom «Au-delà de la compétence linguistique dans un monde globalisé: action, interaction et médiation interculturelle« (Onkraj jezikovne kompetence v globaliziranem svetu: medkulturno udejstvovanje, interakcija in posredovanje), ki sta ga organizirala francoska inštituta PLIDAM (Pluralité des langues et des identités: didactique, acquisitions, médiations, Paris) in INALCO (Institut national des langues et civilisation orientales, Paris) v sodelovanju z ustanovo gostiteljico SOAS (School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, department of Linguistcs, Centre for language Pedagogy).
Hundert Tage (One Hundred Days), a novel by Lukas Bärfuss: A literary attempt of critical discussion of the Swiss postcolonial past
Authors: Požgan Jure
Published: February 2015

This article analyses the literary representation of the Rwandan genocide in the novel Hundert Tage (One Hundred Days) by Lukas Bärfuss, a Swiss author. It focuses on the literature as a form of cultural memory and the question of its function in the history formation, i.e. in a self-reflexive confrontation with the Swiss post-colonial past. Through the problematisation of shared responsibility for genocide the author attempts to critically evaluate the role and guilt-question of the international community, especially of Switzerland. David, the novel’s main protagonist, narrator and commentator, constantly questions his individual and collective guilt; therefore he symbolically reflects the attitude and the approach of the international community. Thus Bärfuss delivers his sharpest critique at the meta-level narration, where the excessive reproduction of the post-colonial discourse in the novel represents a stark contrast to the protagonist itself and offers an ironised, critically-reflexive assessment of the development policy as a policy for and not against genocide. The question of collective responsibility for the genocide remains unresolved and is merely compensated by the representation of resignation, apathy and helplessness of the international community in the presence of the largest humanitarian crisis after the Second World War.Keywords: Africa, question of guilt, genocide in Rwanda, post-colonialism, development policy
Magica Italia (livello 1, 2 e 3)
Authors: Mertelj Darja
Published: February 2015

Apicella, Maria Angela  & Madè, Marina (2013): Magica Italia (livello 1), libro dello studente. Loreto: ELI, ISBN 978-88-536-1483-4, mehka vezava, 80 strani, 14,00 EUR Apicella, Maria Angela  & Madè, Marina (2013): Magica Italia (livello 1), Quaderno. Loreto: ELI, ISBN 978-88-536-1484-1, mehka vezava, 48 strani, 8,80EUR Apicella, Maria Angela  & Madè, Marina (2013): Magica Italia (livello 1), Gudia didattica. Loreto: ELI, ISBN 978-88-536-1485-8, mehka vezava, 80 strani, 22,50 EUR Apicella, Maria Angela  & Madè, Marina (2013): Magica Italia (livello 2), libro dello studente. Loreto: ELI, ISBN 978-88-536-1488-9, mehka vezava, 80 strani, 14,00 EUR Apicella, Maria Angela  & Madè, Marina (2013): Magica Italia (livello 2), Quaderno. Loreto: ELI, ISBN 978-88-536-1489-6, mehka vezava, 48 strani, 8,80 EUR Apicella, Maria Angela  & Madè, Marina (2013): Magica Italia (livello 2), Gudia didattica. Loreto: ELI, ISBN 978-88-536-1490-2, mehka vezava, 80 strani, 22,50 EUR Apicella, Maria Angela  & Madè, Marina (2013): Magica Italia (livello 3), libro dello studente. Loreto: ELI, ISBN 978-88-536-14893-3, mehka vezava, 80 strani, 14,00 EUR Apicella, Maria Angela  & Madè, Marina (2013): Magica Italia (livello 3), Quaderno. Loreto: ELI, ISBN 978-88-536-1494-0, mehka vezava, 48 strani, 8,80 EUR Apicella, Maria Angela  & Madè, Marina (2013): Magica Italia (livello 3), Gudia didattica. Loreto: ELI, ISBN 978-88-536-1495-7, mehka vezava, 80 strani, 22,50 EUR
Upwards Intensifiers in the English, German and Croatian Language
Authors: Pavić Pintarić Anita , Frleta Zrinka
Published: February 2015

This paper investigates the upwards intensifiers (adverbs of intensifying) in the English, German and Croatian language. Intensity as an important human cognitive category, and language expressivity is differently treated in grammars and dictionaries of all three languages, especially with respect to different degrees of intensity. In this paper we argue that it is possible to model a typology of upwards adverb intensifiers in the three languages, according to their morphosyntactic and semantic aspects. When it comes to intensifiers, it is necessary to describe which collocates are modified by intensifiers and which semantic fields the collocates belong to. The results of the corpus analysis based on Harry Potter novels show that all the three languages express the category of the upwards intensity in the same way: the number of intensifiers is similar, the collocates mostly belong to the same semantic fields and word classes, they have similar syntactic functions.
Prevod na pogled (prima vista) – od popestritve klasičnega pouka prevajanja do lakmusovega papirja za prevajalske probleme
Authors: Rieger Mladen
Published: February 2015

Ko se študenti/ke prvič srečajo s prevajanjem, še posebej v nematerni jezik, je razkorak med znanim in novim velik in zahteva drugačne pristope, prilagojeno progresijo, postavljanje ožjih didaktičnih ciljev, ki omogočajo hkratno razvijanje prevajalskih kompetenc in zagotavljajo jezikovno sprejemljivost prevodov, prevajalskih vaj pa ne spreminjajo v jezikovni pouk.V naši raziskavi, v kateri smo združili uveljavljeno empirično metodo protokola glasnega razmišljanja in metodo dela prevajanja na pogled, smo preverili, kako se študenti/ke znajdejo pri prevajanju kulturno specifičnih besedil v materni in nematerni jezik, ali pri tem upoštevajo rezultate besedilne analize in kako udejanjajo prevodno naročilo. Z analizo smo pokazali, da so poskusne osebe sicer ustrezno prepoznale kulturno specifične elemente in poiskale kulturne ustreznice, hkrati pa so zaradi pomanjkljive ali izpuščene prevodno usmerjene besedilne analize nastajali funkcijsko nesprejemljivi prevodi.
Superficial and invasive infections following flooding disasters
Authors: Diaz, MD, MPH&TM, DrPH, FCCM James H.
Published: February 2015

Objectives: Given the loss of laboratory infrastructure following flooding disasters, the objectives of this review were (1) to describe current practices in the treatment of aquatic injuries and infections in nondisaster scenarios; (2) to describe how lessons learned from the management of superficial and invasive infections in survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami could improve current management practices; (3) to stratify waterborne infections by causative agents and preferred saline levels; and (4) to recommend initial wound and empiric antibiotic management strategies for specific aquatic infections.Design: Retrospective systematic review.Setting: Not applicable.Participants: References were selected to provide clinicians with a broader knowledge of causative aquatic pathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibilities.Interventions: Internet search engines were queried with key words to identify salient case reports, retrospective series, observational studies, and additional references on wound and antimicrobial management from Southeast Asian and other countries providing intensive care to tsunami survivors and from other similar series on the management of flooding and near-drowning victims.Main outcome measures: Identify causative pathogens of aquatic infections and their antimicrobial susceptibilities in flooding disaster victims and recommend effective arsenals of empiric antimicrobial therapies.Results: The causative pathogens of wound and systemic infections in near-drowning and tsunami survivors ranged from typical human skin and enteric contaminants to aquatic organisms and soil contaminants, including fungi. There was an early predominance of polymicrobial Gram-negative causative organisms in wound infections, Unanticipated, delayed mycobacterial and fungal infections occurred frequently, even after traumatic wounds healed.Conclusions: Clinicians who care for victims of flooding disasters and near-drowning can apply lessons learned from the management of tsunami survivors to selecting initial antimicrobials for empiric therapy of aquatic injuries based on their sources and distributions of aquatic exposures.
Implementation and modeling of a Regional Hub Reception Center during mass evacuation operations
Authors: Wojtalewicz, MS, CEM®, LTC (R) Cliff , Kirby, MS Adam , Dietz, PhD, PE, LTC (R) J. Eric
Published: February 2015

When developing response plans in the aftermath of a catastrophic incident, jurisdictions often fail to conduct the necessary interdisciplinary planning needed to fully address the needs across jurisdictional borders. The Purdue Homeland Security Institute (PHSI) was selected by the City of Chicago Office of Emergency Management and Communications (OEMC) in 2010 to lead an effort to address planning across jurisdictional borders during mass evacuations following a catastrophic incident. Specifically, PHSI was chosen to lead the effort in developing a planning and implementation guide for standing up a conceptual Regional Hub Reception Center (RHRC). A major component within the mass evacuation and sheltering continuum, the RHRC is designed to provide evacuees with quick-response mass care and emergency assistance while their other needs are assessed and appropriate shelter locations are identified. The RHRC also provides a central location to leverage governmental, nongovernmental, and private sector resources and is the first point in the evacuation, mass care, and sheltering concept of operations where more comprehensive support (food, shelter, medical, psychological, household pet sheltering, reunification, etc) can be expected. PHSI undertook this lead role working within the Illinois-Indiana-Wisconsin (IL-IN-WI) Combined Statistical Area (CSA) as part of the US Department of Homeland Security Regional Catastrophic Planning Grant Program. Coordinating closely with the City of Chicago OEMC and IL-IN-WI CSA Regional Catastrophic Planning Team, PHSI lead the research effort using resource and capability data compiled from all 17 jurisdictions within the IL-IN-WI CSA and validated the RHRC concept using three tabletop exercises. Upon completion, the PHSI team published the RHRC planning guide complete with procedures and processes that define the roles and responsibilities of government, nongovernment organizations, and private sector for providing RHRC mass care functions and RHRC capability and capacity assessments. This article further examines the potential for using simulation modeling as a cost-effective means to rapidly evaluate any facility for potential use as a RHRC and to measure and maximize RHRC operational efficiency. Using AnyLogic simulation software, PHSI developed a first-ever model of a theoretical RHRC capable of simulating, measuring, and manipulating RHRC operations under specified conditions/ scenarios determined by the emergency management planner. Future simulation modeling research promises to promote the Whole Community Approach to response and recovery by reinforcing interdisciplinary planning, enhancing regional situational awareness, and improving overall jurisdictional coordination and synchronization.
Emergency planning for people with disabilities and others with access and functional needs to ensure inclusiveness
Authors: Webster, JD Elizabeth M.
Published: February 2015

Recent investigations and litigation have prompted a shift in the way the field of emergency management plans for people with disabilities and others with access and functional needs. The purpose of this article is to aid readers in understanding some of the legal and practical requirements that may apply to jurisdictions' emergency preparedness programs to ensure the ability of plans, planning efforts, programs, and services to meet the needs of people with disabilities and others with access and functional needs. The cases of Communities Actively Living Independent and Free (CALIF) v. City of Los Angeles1 and Brooklyn Center for Independence of the Disabled v. Bloomberg2 will be used as case studies. Note that this is not intended nor should it be construed as legal advice.
Stress and coping in wildland firefighting dispatchers
Authors: Palmer, EdD Charles G.
Published: February 2015

Objective: To gain a better understanding of the stressors faced by wildland firefighting dispatchers and how they cope with it.Design: Qualitative method of phenomenology.Setting: Dispatch centers around the western United States.Subjects: Subjects were recruited via e-mail solicitation. Only currently employed wildland firefighting dispatchers with extensive dispatching experience were selected. Dispatchers included in this study were employed at the local (3), geographic (4), or national level (4). Eleven dispatchers in total were interviewed, six females and five males. Average experience level as a dispatcher was 14.2 years.Interventions: In-person interviews.Results: Three broad categories of stressors were revealed: balancing personal and professional lives, contending with job-related issues, and dealing with issues related to control. Four coping strategies also emerged: taking time off, exercising, providing a service to firefighters, and receiving support from others.Conclusions: In general, a complex and at times even a paradoxical relationship between the dispatchers interviewed and stress was noted. In other words, while subjects felt that the stressors experienced as a dispatcher had the ability to negatively affect their performance, they also believed that stress was beneficial at times. Future research is recommended to further our understanding of workplace stressors for wildland fire dispatchers, and how they cope with them.
Influence of biomass burning plumes on HONO chemistry in eastern China
Authors: Nie W. , Ding A. J. , Xie Y. N. , Xu Z. , Mao H. , Kerminen V.-M. , Zheng L. F. , Qi X. M. , Huang X. , Yang X.-Q. , Sun J. N. , Herrmann E. , Petäjä T. , Kulmala M. , Fu C. B.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Nitrous acid (HONO) plays a key role in atmospheric chemistry by influencing the budget of hydroxyl radical (OH). In this study, a two-month measurement of HONO and related quantities were analyzed during a biomass burning season in 2012 at a suburban site in the western Yangtze River delta, eastern China. An overall high HONO concentration with the mean value of 0.76 ppbv (0.01 ppbv to 5.95 ppbv) was observed. During biomass burning (BB) periods, both HONO concentration and HONO/NO2 ratio were enhanced significantly (more than a factor of 2, p < 0.01) compared with non-biomass burning (non-BB) periods. A correlation analysis showed that the HONO in BB plumes was more correlated with nitrogen dioxide (NO2) than that with potassium (a tracer of BB). Estimation by the method of potassium tracing suggests a maximum contribution of 17 ± 12% from BB emission to the observed HONO concentrations, and the other over 80% of the observed nighttime HONO concentrations during BB periods were secondarily produced by the heterogeneous conversion of NO2. The NO2-to-HONO conversion rate (CHONO) in BB plumes was almost twice as that in non-BB plumes (0.0062 hr−1 vs. 0.0032 hr−1). Given that the residence time of the BB air masses was lower than that of non-BB air masses, these results suggest BB aerosols have higher NO2 conversion potentials to form HONO than non-BB aerosols. A further analysis based on comparing the surface area at similar particle mass levels and HONO/NO2 ratios at similar surface area levels suggested larger specific surface areas and higher NO2 conversion efficiencies of BB aerosols. A mixed plume of BB and anthropogenic fossil fuel (FF) emissions was observed on 10 June with even higher HONO concentrations and HONO/NO2 ratios. The strong HONO production potential (high HONO/NO2 to PM2.5 ratio) was accompanied with a high sulfate concentration in this plume, suggesting a promotion of mixed aerosols to the HONO formation. In summary, our study suggests an important role of BB in atmospheric chemistry by affecting the HONO budget. This can be especially important in eastern China, where agricultural burning plumes are inevitably mixed with urban and industrial pollution.
Recent trends and drivers of regional sources and sinks of carbon dioxide
Authors: Sitch S. , Friedlingstein P. , Gruber N. , Jones S. D. , Murray-Tortarolo G. , Ahlström A. , Doney S. C. , Graven H. , Heinze C. , Huntingford C. , Levis S. , Levy P. E. , Lomas M. , Poulter B. , Viovy N. , Zaehle S. , Zeng N. , Arneth A. , Bonan G. , Bopp L. , Canadell J. G. , Chevallier F. , Ciais P. , Ellis R. , Gloor M. , Peylin P. , Piao S. L. , Le Quéré C. , Smith B. , Zhu Z. , Myneni R.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. The land and ocean absorb on average just over half of the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) every year. These CO2 "sinks" are modulated by climate change and variability. Here we use a suite of nine dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) and four ocean biogeochemical general circulation models (OBGCMs) to estimate trends driven by global and regional climate and atmospheric CO2 in land and oceanic CO2 exchanges with the atmosphere over the period 1990–2009, to attribute these trends to underlying processes in the models, and to quantify the uncertainty and level of inter-model agreement. The models were forced with reconstructed climate fields and observed global atmospheric CO2; land use and land cover changes are not included for the DGVMs. Over the period 1990–2009, the DGVMs simulate a mean global land carbon sink of −2.4 ± 0.7 Pg C yr−1 with a small significant trend of −0.06 ± 0.03 Pg C yr−2 (increasing sink). Over the more limited period 1990–2004, the ocean models simulate a mean ocean sink of −2.2 ± 0.2 Pg C yr−1 with a trend in the net C uptake that is indistinguishable from zero (−0.01 ± 0.02 Pg C yr−2). The two ocean models that extended the simulations until 2009 suggest a slightly stronger, but still small, trend of −0.02 ± 0.01 Pg C yr−2. Trends from land and ocean models compare favourably to the land greenness trends from remote sensing, atmospheric inversion results, and the residual land sink required to close the global carbon budget. Trends in the land sink are driven by increasing net primary production (NPP), whose statistically significant trend of 0.22 ± 0.08 Pg C yr−2 exceeds a significant trend in heterotrophic respiration of 0.16 ± 0.05 Pg C yr−2 – primarily as a consequence of widespread CO2 fertilisation of plant production. Most of the land-based trend in simulated net carbon uptake originates from natural ecosystems in the tropics (−0.04 ± 0.01 Pg C yr−2), with almost no trend over the northern land region, where recent warming and reduced rainfall offsets the positive impact of elevated atmospheric CO2 and changes in growing season length on carbon storage. The small uptake trend in the ocean models emerges because climate variability and change, and in particular increasing sea surface temperatures, tend to counter\\-act the trend in ocean uptake driven by the increase in atmospheric CO2. Large uncertainty remains in the magnitude and sign of modelled carbon trends in several regions, as well as regarding the influence of land use and land cover changes on regional trends.
Seasonal and inter-annual variability in wetland methane emissions simulated by CLM4Me' and CAM-chem and comparisons to observations of concentrations
Authors: Meng L. , Paudel R. , Hess P. G. M. , Mahowald N. M.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Understanding the temporal and spatial variation of wetland methane emissions is essential to the estimation of the global methane budget. We examine the seasonal and inter-annual variability in wetland methane emissions simulated in the Community Land Model (CLM4Me'). Methane emissions from both the Carbon-Nitrogen (CN, i.e. CLM4.0) and the Biogeochemistry (BGC, i.e. CLM4.5) versions of the CLM are evaluated. We further conduct simulations of the transport and removal of methane using the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM-chem) model using CLM4Me' methane emissions from both CN and BGC along with other methane sources and compare model simulated atmospheric methane concentration with observations. In addition, we simulate the atmospheric concentrations based on the TransCom wetland and rice paddy emissions from a different terrestrial ecosystem model VISIT. Our analysis suggests CN wetland methane emissions are higher in tropics and lower in high latitudes than BGC. In CN, methane emissions decrease from 1993 to 2004 while this trend does not appear in the BGC version. In the CN versions, methane emission variations follow satellite-derived inundation wetlands closely. However, they are dissimilar in BGC due to its different carbon cycle. CAM-chem model simulations with CLM4Me' methane emissions suggest that both prescribed anthropogenic and predicted wetlands methane emissions contribute substantially to seasonal and inter-annual variability in atmospheric methane concentration. It also suggests that different spatial patterns of wetland emissions can have significant impacts on N–S atmospheric CH4 concentration gradients and growth rates. This study suggests that large uncertainties still exist in terms of spatial patterns and magnitude of global wetland methane budgets, and that substantial uncertainty comes from the carbon model underlying the methane flux modules.