bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Windage Losses of a Meshing Gear Pair Measured at Different Working Conditions
Authors: Massini D. , Fondelli T. , Facchini B. , Tarchi L. , Leonardi F.
Published: September 2018

In recent years the aero-engine community is looking towards the reduction of specific fuel consumption by increasing the efficiency of gearing systems. Considering their weight contribution, internal power losses and lubrication requirements, they have indeed a direct impact on the engine overall efficiency. Even though nowadays gears have reached very high efficiencies, over 99%, all the power dissipated through losses is converted into heat that must be removed by the lubrication system. Heat reduction is hence beneficial for minimizing lubrication system dimensions that is crucial in aero engine applications where it is mandatory to limit the weight of every component. Among the sources of loss, two main categories may be distinguished: load dependent and load independent losses. The first ones are due to the transmission of torque and have been deeply studied in the last years, the latter are related to fluid-dynamic interaction between gears and the surrounding environment, they are negligible at low pitch line velocities, but become very important in high speed applications, typical of turbomachinery. This work deals with an experimental investigation of the load independent losses due to a couple of spur meshing gears working at different conditions in presence of an oil-jet lubrication system. The test rig allows the gears to rotate, at different velocities up to 15000 rpm, in a controlled environment contained in a sealed box. Test rig pressure can be imposed (0.3–1.0 bar) and monitored as well as the oil jet conditions, in terms of mass flow rate (jet volume flow rate up to 1.65 litres per minute), temperature (80–140 °C) and inclination angle. A high precision bearing-less torque meter, equipped with a speedometer, was exploited to measure at the same time the torque losses and rotating speed. Results of the experimental survey allowed a better understanding of load independent losses at pitch line speed up to 100 m/s and in different environmental conditions.
Adiabatic Film Cooling Effectiveness of a LAM Fabricated Porous Leading Edge Segment of a Turbine Blade
Authors: Calderon Luisana , Curbelo Andres , Gupta Gaurav , Kapat Jayanta S.
Published: September 2018

Laser additive manufacturing (LAM) is an emerging technology that builds parts in a layer-by-layer process by selectively melting metal powders. This additive manufacturing technique among others can produce very complex geometries, which are not possible using conventional methods. A mock segment of the leading edge of a turbine blade, designed with both internal and external cooling features fabricated by LAM of Inconel powder, is investigated. This design consists of an internal impingement cooling array and an engineered-porous structure. This porous region consists of a lattice of intersecting cylinders that simulates the effect of a transpiration cooled segment or permeable wall with a designed porosity of 0.57.

Transpiration cooling is a promising external cooling technique capable of reducing thermal gradients at the surface of the blade by providing a more uniform film than conventional discrete film cooling holes. In this current study, adiabatic film cooling effectiveness is experimentally investigated using pressure sensitive paint (PSP) for blowing ratios ranging between 0.03 and 0.15. Using air as the mainstream, and CO2 as the coolant source, a density ratio of 1.5 is obtained. Steady state simulations using RANS are analyzed and used to compare against experimental results. All cases result in an increase in effectiveness values with increasing blowing ratio. Highest effectiveness values are associated with high pressure drop. Coolant uniformity is observed downstream the porous region and mixing becomes more significant as blowing ratio is increased.
Predictions for Non-Contacting Mechanical Face Seal Vibration With External Excitation From Pump Vibration: Part II — Flexibly Mounted Rotor
Authors: Norrbin Clay S. , Childs Dara W.
Published: September 2018

Stability and response predictions are presented for a Flexibly Mounted Rotor (FMR) mechanical seal ring using the model developed by Childs in 2018. The seal ring is excited by lateral/pitch vibration from the rotor/housing. The model includes a frequency dependent stiffness and damping model for the O-ring and a frequency independent model for the fluid film. The dynamic coefficients are speed and frequency dependent. The mechanical seal is modeled after a typical FMR mechanical seal. Parameters for radius, fluid film clearance, and O-Ring axial distances are varied. The axial distance between the O-Ring and seal ring inertia center doz is found to couple lateral rotor motion and seal ring pitch vibration. The predictions show a dependency on both excitation frequency and running speed. The analyzed FMR has a critical region with high transmissibility in a region around a speed and excitation frequency of 70 kRPM. Another region of high transmissibility is predicted to be with sub-harmonic excitation frequency. The FMR seal ring also has an unstable region that is sub-harmonic of 1% running speed. Running back on the HQ curve for a pump causes broadband sub-harmonic excitaiton, which can cause rub failures for FMR mechanical seals.
Absence of a High Level of Duplication of the Plasmepsin II Gene in Africa
Authors: Robert Marie Gladys , Foguim Tsombeng Francis , Gendrot Mathieu , Mosnier Joel , Amalvict Rémy , Benoit Nicolas , Torrentino-Madamet Marylin , Pradines Bruno ,   the French National Reference Centre for Imported Malaria Study Group D. Basset Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier P. Bastien Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier F. Benoit-Vical Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rangueil, Toulouse A. Berry Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rangueil, Toulouse P. Brouqui Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille M. Cividin Centre Hospitalier du Pays d'Aix, Aix en Provence P. Delaunay Centre Hospi
Published: September 2018

Resistance to piperaquine has been associated with the amplification of the plasmepsin II gene in Cambodia. None of the 175 African isolates that we analyzed had plasmepsin II gene amplification (piperaquine 50% inhibitory concentration ranged from 0.94 to 137.5 nM), suggesting there is a low prevalence of piperaquine reduced susceptibility in Africa.
The Small-Compound Inhibitor K22 Displays Broad Antiviral Activity against Different Members of the Family Flaviviridae and Offers Potential as a Panviral Inhibitor
Authors: García-Nicolás Obdulio , V'kovski Philip , Vielle Nathalie J. , Ebert Nadine , Züst Roland , Portmann Jasmine , Stalder Hanspeter , Gaschen Véronique , Vieyres Gabrielle , Stoffel Michael , Schweizer Matthias , Summerfield Artur , Engler Olivier , Pietschmann Thomas , Todt Daniel , Alves Marco P. , Thiel Volker , Pfaender Stephanie
Published: September 2018

The virus family
Flaviviridae
encompasses several viruses, including (re)emerging viruses which cause widespread morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Members of this virus family are positive-strand RNA viruses and replicate their genome in close association with reorganized intracellular host cell membrane compartments.
Cross-Feeding among Probiotic Bacterial Strains on Prebiotic Inulin Involves the Extracellular
exo
-Inulinase of Lactobacillus paracasei Strain W20
Authors: Boger Markus C. L. , Lammerts van Bueren Alicia , Dijkhuizen Lubbert
Published: September 2018

The human gut microbial community is associated strongly with host physiology and human diseases. This observation has prompted research on pre- and probiotics, two concepts enabling specific changes in the composition of the human gut microbiome that result in beneficial effects for the host. Here, we show how fructooligosaccharide-inulin prebiotics are fermented by commercial probiotic bacterial strains involving specific sets of enzymes and transporters. Cross-feeding strains such as
Lactobacillus paracasei
W20 may thus act as keystone strains in the degradation of prebiotic inulin in the human gut, and this strain–
exo
-inulinase combination may be used in commercial
Lactobacillus
-inulin synbiotics.
Stromal biology and therapy in pancreatic cancer: ready for clinical translation?
Authors: Neesse Albrecht , Bauer Christian Alexander , Öhlund Daniel , Lauth Matthias , Buchholz Malte , Michl Patrick , Tuveson David A , Gress Thomas M
Published: September 2018

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is notoriously aggressive and hard to treat. The tumour microenvironment (TME) in PDA is highly dynamic and has been found to promote tumour progression, metastasis niche formation and therapeutic resistance. Intensive research of recent years has revealed an incredible heterogeneity and complexity of the different components of the TME, including cancer-associated fibroblasts, immune cells, extracellular matrix components, tumour vessels and nerves. It has been hypothesised that paracrine interactions between neoplastic epithelial cells and TME compartments may result in either tumour-promoting or tumour-restraining consequences. A better preclinical understanding of such complex and dynamic network systems is required to develop more powerful treatment strategies for patients. Scientific activity and the number of compelling findings has virtually exploded during recent years. Here, we provide an update of the most recent findings in this area and discuss their translational and clinical implications for basic scientists and clinicians alike.
The degree of biholomorphisms of quasi-Reinhardt domains fixing the origin
Authors: Rong Feng
Published: September 2018

We clarify what was actually proven for automorphisms of quasi-circular domains in our earlier paper [F. Rong, The degree of automorphisms of quasi-circular domains fixing the origin, Internat. J. Math. 28 (2017), Article ID: 1740008, 5 pp.] and extend the results to biholomorphisms of quasi-Reinhardt domains.
Synthesis of amphiphilic meso-tetrasubstituted porphyrin-L-amino acid and -heterocyclic conjugates based on m-THPP
Authors: Sweed Ayman M. K. , Senge Mathias O. , Atta Sanaa M. Sh. , Farrag Dalia S. , Abdel-Rahman Abdel-Rahman H. , Shaker Yasser M.
Published: September 2018

Two series of amphiphilic meso-tetrasubstituted porphyrin conjugates based on 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin ([Formula: see text]-THPP) covalently linked to L-amino acids and heterocycles were synthesized efficiently in the context of a program targeting new photosensitizers for PDT. 5,10,15-Tris(3-hydroxyphenyl)-20-(3-oxyacetic acid)phenyl]porphyrin and the respective trihexyl ether derivatives were conjugated with polar and non-polar natural L-amino acids such as glycine, L-proline, and L-tyrosine via an amide bond linker using [Formula: see text]-tetramethyl-[Formula: see text]-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)uroniumhexafluorophosphate in diisopropylethylamine (HBTU/DIPEA). [Formula: see text]-THPP was also conjugated with heterocyclic systems such as indole 3-acetic acid, 4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylic acid, and thiophene-2-carboxylic acid via ester linker using [Formula: see text]-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-[Formula: see text]-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride in [Formula: see text]-hydroxysuccinamide or 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (EDCI, NHS or HOBt). The members of the two series were obtained in good yields and characterized by UV-vis, HRMS MALDI-TOF, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy.
A New Method for Emulating Self-Organizing Maps for Visualization of Datasets
Authors: Cordel Macario O. , Azcarraga Arnulfo P.
Published: September 2018

Several time-critical problems relying on large amount of data, e.g., business trends, disaster response and disease outbreak, require cost-effective, timely and accurate data summary and visualization, in order to come up with an efficient and effective decision. Self-organizing map (SOM) is a very effective data clustering and visualization tool as it provides intuitive display of data in lower-dimensional space. However, with [Formula: see text] complexity, SOM becomes inappropriate for large datasets. In this paper, we propose a force-directed visualization method that emulates SOMs capability to display the data clusters with [Formula: see text] complexity. The main idea is to perform a force-directed fine-tuning of the 2D representation of data. To demonstrate the efficiency and the vast potential of the proposed method as a fast visualization tool, the methodology is used to do a 2D-projection of the MNIST handwritten digits dataset.
The meaning of “coherent” and its quantification in coherent hemodynamics spectroscopy
Authors: Sassaroli Angelo , Tgavalekos Kristen , Fantini Sergio
Published: September 2018

We have recently introduced a new technique, coherent hemodynamics spectroscopy (CHS), which aims at characterizing a specific kind of tissue hemodynamics that feature a high level of covariation with a given physiological quantity. In this study, we carry out a detailed analysis of the significance of coherence and phase synchronization between oscillations of arterial blood pressure (ABP) and total hemoglobin concentration ([Hbt]), measured with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during a typical protocol for CHS, based on a cyclic thigh cuff occlusion and release. Even though CHS is based on a linear time invariant model between ABP (input) and NIRS measurands (outputs), for practical reasons in a typical CHS protocol, we induce finite “groups” of ABP oscillations, in which each group is characterized by a different frequency. For this reason, ABP (input) and NIRS measurands (output) are not stationary processes, and we have used wavelet coherence and phase synchronization index (PSI), as a metric of coherence and phase synchronization, respectively. PSI was calculated by using both the wavelet cross spectrum and the Hilbert transform. We have also used linear coherence (which requires stationary process) for comparison with wavelet coherence. The method of surrogate data is used to find critical values for the significance of covariation between ABP and [Hbt]. Because we have found similar critical values for wavelet coherence and PSI by using five of the most used methods of surrogate data, we propose to use the data-independent Gaussian random numbers (GRNs), for CHS. By using wavelet coherence and wavelet cross spectrum, and GRNs as surrogate data, we have found the same results for the significance of coherence and phase synchronization between ABP and [Hbt]: on a total set of 20 periods of cuff oscillations, we have found 17 coherent oscillations and 17 phase synchronous oscillations. Phase synchronization assessed with Hilbert transform yielded similar results with 14 phase synchronous oscillations. Linear coherence and wavelet coherence overall yielded similar number of significant values. We discuss possible reasons for this result. Despite the similarity of linear and wavelet coherence, we argue that wavelet coherence is preferable, especially if one wants to use baseline spontaneous oscillations, in which phase locking and coherence between signals might be only temporary.
The cyclic hypergroup associated with Sn, its automorphism group and its fuzzy grade
Authors: Al Tahan M. , Davvaz B.
Published: September 2018

Hyperstructure is the generalized concept of algebraic structure. The study of it and its applications is extremely interesting, offering interesting results to one who is willing to look for structure. This paper deals with hyperstructures associated to the symmetric group [Formula: see text]. First, we define a new hyperoperation [Formula: see text] on [Formula: see text] and study its properties. Next, we prove that [Formula: see text] is a single-power cyclic hypergroup with finite period. Then, we determine the set of all automorphisms of [Formula: see text] and prove that it is a finite group under the operation of function composition. Finally, we construct a sequence of join spaces on [Formula: see text] and find its fuzzy grade.
The number of maximal cliques and spectral radius of graphs with certain forbidden subgraphs
Authors: Jin Ya-Lei , Zhang Xiao-Dong
Published: September 2018

Turán theorem states that the Turán graph [Formula: see text] is the unique graph which has the maximum edge number among the [Formula: see text]-free graphs of order [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we prove that [Formula: see text] has both the maximum number of maximal cliques and the maximum spectral radius among all graphs of order [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] stands for the maximum number of disjoint [Formula: see text]cliques of [Formula: see text].
Shunt Active Power Filter Based on Proportional Integral and Multi Vector Resonant Controllers for Compensating Nonlinear Loads
Authors: Ye Sen , Zhang Youbing , Xie Luyao , Lu Haiqiang
Published: September 2018

The current tracking control strategy determines the compensation performance of shunt active power filter (SAPF). Due to inadequate compensation of the main harmonic by traditional proportional integral (PI) control, a control algorithm based on PI and multi vector resonant (VR) controllers is proposed to control SAPF. The mathematical model of SAPF is built, and basic principle of VR controller is introduced. Under the synchronous reference frame, the proposed control method based on pole zero cancellation is designed, which narrows the order of the control system and improves the system dynamic response and the control accuracy. Then the feasibility of the method is demonstrated by analyzing the closed loop frequency characteristics of the system. Finally, the simulation and experimental results are carried out to verify the performance of the proposed method.
Multifocal Warthin’s Tumor: An Uncommon Presentation of Bilateral Cervical Lymphadenopathy
Authors: Rimmer Ryan A. , Cottrill Elizabeth E.
Published: September 2018

Warthin’s tumor is the second most common benign lesion of the parotid gland. It is most commonly encountered in male smokers in the fifth to seventh decades of life. Uniquely, among benign lesions of the parotid gland, it can be seen bilaterally in 7–10% of cases. Very rarely, Warthin’s tumor can also mimic malignant or metastatic disease by presenting within cervical lymph nodes. We present a rare case of a 71-year old male smoker with bilateral parotid lesions in addition to progressively enlarging cervical and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Excisional biopsy of a cervical lymph node ultimately revealed Warthin’s tumor.
Increase and Redistribution of Sex Hormone Receptors in Premenopausal Women Are Associated with Varicose Vein Remodelling
Authors: García-Honduvilla Natalio , Asúnsolo Ángel , Ortega Miguel A. , Sainz Felipe , Leal Javier , Lopez-Hervas Pedro , Pascual Gemma , Buján Julia
Published: September 2018

In chronic venous insufficiency of the lower limbs, data show that the clinical manifestation is varicose veins (VVs), and VV epidemiology suggests that sex hormones directly influence disease development through intracellular receptors. This study aimed to determine the presence and localization of oestrogen receptors (ERs), progesterone receptors (PRs), and androgen receptors (ARs) in both healthy and VV wall cells and their relationship with gender. In this study, samples from patients without a history of venous disease (CV) (n = 18) and with VV (n = 40) were used. The samples were divided by gender: CV women (CVw) = 6, CV men (CVm) = 12, VV women (VVw) = 25, and VV men (VVm) = 15. RT‐qPCR and immunohistochemical techniques were performed, and increased ER and PR protein expression was found in VVw in all tunica layers. ARs were localized to the adventitial layer in the CV and were found in the neointima in VVs. mRNA expression was increased for ER and PR in VVw. AR gene expression was significantly decreased in VVm. The increase in the number of these receptors and their redistribution through the wall reinforces the role of sex hormones in varicose vein development.
Prevalence and Predictors of Overweight and Obesity among Somalis in Norway and Somaliland: A Comparative Study
Authors: Ahmed Soheir H. , Meyer Haakon E. , Kjøllesdal Marte K. , Madar Ahmed A.
Published: September 2018

Background and Aim. The knowledge about the health status of Somalis in Norway and Somaliland is limited. This paper reports the results of a comparative study on the prevalence and predictors of overweight/obesity among Somalis in Norway and Somaliland. Method. We conducted two cross-sectional studies using the same tools and procedures, between 2015 and 2016. The study population was adults aged 20–69 years (n=1110 (Somaliland) and n=220 (Norway)). Results. The prevalence of obesity (body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2) was 44% and 31% in women in Norway and Somaliland, respectively. In contrast, the prevalence of obesity was low in men (9% in Norway; 6% in Somaliland). Although the prevalence of high BMI was higher in Somali women in Norway than women in Somaliland, both groups had the same prevalence of central obesity (waist circumference (WC) ≥ 88 cm). In men, the prevalence of central obesity (WC ≥ 102 cm) was lower in Somaliland than in Norway. For women in Somaliland, high BMI was associated with lower educational level and being married. Conclusion. The prevalence of overweight and obesity is high among Somali immigrants in Norway, but also among women in Somaliland. The high prevalence of overweight and obesity, particularly among women, calls for long-term prevention strategies.
Insights into Geographic and Temporal Variation in Fatty Acid Composition of Croton Nuts Using ATR-FTIR
Authors: Bower Nathan W. , Brasuel Murphy G. , Fahrenkrug Eli , Cooney Matthew D.
Published: September 2018

Croton megalocarpus seedcake oils from 30 different locations in south central Kenya were analyzed for their fatty acid composition using ATR-FTIR to determine the efficacy of a simple procedure for measuring initial geographic and subsequent temporal variation during five months of seed storage. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing variation in how oils in untreated nuts from different locations change during storage, and how these differences are correlated with local environments. These variations are important to forensic authentication efforts and they provide insights into ways to optimize Croton oil composition.
Crack Detection of Reinforced Concrete Structures Based on BOFDA and FBG Sensors
Authors: Zhang Qinghua , Xiong Ziming
Published: September 2018

Reinforced concrete structural elements, as an important component of buildings and structures, require inspection for the purposes of crack detection which is an important part of structural health monitoring. Now existing crack detection methods usually use a single technology and can only detect internal or external cracks. In this paper, the authors propose a new sensing system combining BOFDA (Brillouin optical frequency‐domain analysis) and FBG (fiber Bragg grating) technology, which are used to detect internal and surface cracks and their development in reinforced concrete structures, and an attempt is made to estimate the width of surface cracks. In these experiments, a special reinforced concrete beam structure was designed by the author for crack detection under load. Four continuous distributed optical fibers are fixed on the steel skeleton, which is located within the reinforced concrete beam. Three FBG sensors are fixed on the lower surface of the beam, near its centre. By analysing the sensor data, it can be found that the BOFDA‐distributed fiber can be used to detect internal cracking before surface cracking, and the difference between scans can be used to judge the time of onset of internal cracking, but the relative error in position is about 5%, while the FBG sensor can detect the cracking time of microcracks on the lower surface in near‐real‐time and can be used to calculate the crack width. Through the experiment, it is found that if the combination of BOFDA and FBG technology is adopted, we can initially use the strain data obtained by multiple groups of BOFDA monitoring to predict the general location of the internal cracks, then to monitor the exact location of the surface cracks by FBG in the medium term, and to estimate the width of the final expansion of the cracks finally.
Performance Analysis of New Spectrum Sensing Scheme Using Multiantennas with Multiuser Diversity in Cognitive Radio Networks
Authors: Semba Yawada Prince , Trung Dong Mai
Published: September 2018

The spectrum detection (SD) is a critical step in cognitive radio (CR) to identify the available spectrum and avoid interference and harm to primary users (PUs). Nonetheless, the practical detection process is often compromised with problems of receptors uncertainty, shadows, and multipath fading. To overcome these problems, a cooperative SD scheme is proposed by exploiting the system multiantenna (MUA) with the multiuser diversity (MUD). The SD gives unlicensed secondary users (SUs) the opportunity to use the licensed spectral band until the PU makes its appearance. By allowing the cooperation between the SUs of the same spectral band, the time of the detection is reduced and increases the general dexterity, which is the strong point of cooperative SD. In this paper, we proposed an SD scheme using a new MUA design. The scheme proposed is a clear difference compared to other systems because in this design weight of quantification is multiplied by each receiving antenna. The scheme has the ability to detect low‐level signals to facilitate sharing between the SU and PU system. The numerical results are made to prove the performance of the proposed system compared to the conventional system. The results obtained confirm the efficiency of the proposed scheme.
Acetabular Reconstruction Using a Trabecular Metal Cup with a Novel Pelvic Osteotomy Technique for Severe Acetabular Bone Defect
Authors: Wada Keizo , Goto Tomohiro , Takasago Tomoya , Tsutsui Takahiko , Sairyo Koichi
Published: September 2018

Case. A 79-year-old woman with an extreme bone defect after failed cementless total hip arthroplasty underwent revision arthroplasty with a novel technique that involved cutting the anterior iliac bone and sliding it distally to reconstruct the anterior acetabular wall. A three-dimensional printed bone model enabled understanding the details of the bone defect. The clinical outcome at 3 years after surgery was favorable. Conclusion. The advantages of this technique are twofold, namely, stable fixation of the cup sandwiched between the anterior and posterior walls and reconstruction of the anterior wall using living bone, which allows bone ingrowth into the cup.
Conditions on the Energy Market Diversification from Adaptive Dynamics
Authors: Toro-Zapata Hernán Darío , Olivar-Tost Gerard , Dercole Fabio
Published: September 2018

We study a mathematical model based on ordinary differential equations to describe the dynamic interaction in the market of two types of energy called standard and innovative. The model consists of an adaptation of the generalized Lotka-Volterra system in which the parameters are assumed to depend on a quantitative and continuous attribute characteristic of energy generation. Using the analysis of the model the fitness function for the innovative energy is determined, from which conditions of invasion can be established in a market dominated by the conventional power. The canonical equation of the adaptive dynamics is studied to know the long-term behavior of the characteristic attribute and its impact on the market. Then we establish conditions under which evolutionary ramifications occur, that is to say, the requirements of coexistence and divergence of the characteristic attributes, whose occurrence leads to the origin of diversity in the energy market.
Amelanotic Ciliochoroidal Melanoma in a Patient with Oculocutaneous Albinism
Authors: Sivalingam Meera D. , Dalvin Lauren A. , Shields Carol L. , Mashayekhi Arman , Shields Jerry A.
Published: September 2018

To report a case of amelanotic ciliochoroidal melanoma in a patient with oculocutaneous albinism. A 76-year-old Caucasian male with a past medical history of oculocutaneous albinism and recurrent urothelial carcinoma was found to have a mass in the left eye, suspicious for ciliochoroidal melanoma. On examination, visual acuity was 20/400 in both eyes (OU). External examination showed iris transillumination defects. Funduscopic examination OU revealed blonde fundus, optic nerve hypoplasia, and foveal hypoplasia, confirmed on optical coherence tomography. Funduscopic examination of the left eye revealed an inferonasal amelanotic ciliochoroidal mass, measuring 12.0 mm × 13.0 mm × 8.8 mm. There was visible intrinsic tumor vasculature and overlying subretinal fluid. B-scan ultrasonography demonstrated a hypoechoic, dome-shaped mass. The clinical and imaging features were consistent with amelanotic ciliochoroidal melanoma. The patient was treated with iodine-125 plaque radiotherapy. At the 4-month follow-up, the tumor demonstrated regression from 8.8 mm to 3.2 mm in thickness. Despite the apparent lack of uveal pigmentation, patients with oculocutaneous albinism can develop uveal melanoma.
Transfer of Knowledge in Urology: A Case Study of Jacob Eduard Polak (1818–1891) and the Introduction of Contemporary Techniques of Lithotomy and Lithotripsy from Vienna to Persia in the Mid-19th Century: A New Analysis of Scientific Papers from the 19th Century
Authors: Gächter Afsaneh , Halling Thorsten , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Moll Friedrich H.
Published: September 2018

The middle of the 19th century marks the beginning of a global process of science and knowledge transfer from ­Europe to the rest of the world. During the phase of globali­zation, Austrian physician and ethnographer Jacob E. Polak (1818–1891) played a key role in the transmission of practical and scientific reasoning, leading to the development of medical science and clinical care in Persia. In 1851, Polak was commissioned by the Persian court to work as an academic teacher at the first secular institution of higher learning in Teheran, the Dār al-Fonūn. After 4 years of teaching and working as a doctor and surgeon, Polak was appointed personal physician to the Qājār king, Nāṣer-ad-Dīn Shāh (r. 1848–1896). During Polak’s 9 year stay in Persia, he performed numerous surgical operations with specific focus on lithotomies on men and women of all ages. He documented each operation and collected samples of bladder calculi for the purpose of chemical analysis. After his return to Austria, he published a detailed report on his practice of lithotomy in Persia. This extensive documentation is, we believe, the only known historical evidence that currently exists of the introduction of modern urology to Persia. This study will present Polak’s role as a pioneer of modern medicine and lithotomy, and will examine how he introduced the latest achievements of Viennese medicine in the field of operative urology to Persia.
Novel Compound Induces Erythropoietin Secretion through Liver Effects in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients and Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Shinfuku Aya , Shimazaki Toshiharu , Fujiwara Masanori , Sato Fumihiko , Watase Hirotaka , Numazaki Takumi , Kawakita Yasunori , Mutoh Masaru , Yamasaki Hironori , Takayama Noriko , Kato Sota , Sugimoto Tomohiro , Maruyama Jinsei
Published: September 2018

Background: TP0463518 is a novel hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor developed to aid in the treatment of anemia associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is expected to increase erythropoietin (EPO) derived from liver. Two phase I studies were conducted in healthy volunteers (HV) and CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis (i.e., HD patients) or those not undergoing dialysis (i.e., ND patients). Methods: Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety profiles of TP0463518 were assessed. Forty HV received single oral doses of TP0463518 at 3, 6, 11, 20, and 36 mg or placebo. Twenty ND patients received single doses of TP0463518 at 1, 6, and 11 mg and 9 HD patients received TP0463518 at 1 and 11 mg doses. To identify the source organ of EPO, glycosylation patterns were determined using percentage migrated isoform (PMI) values. Results: Declining renal function slowed elimination of TP0463518 and increased the mean AUC0–∞. ∆Emax of serum EPO in 11-mg groups of HV, ND patients, and HD patients were 24.37 ± 11.37, 201.57 ± 130.34, and 1,324.76 ± 1,189.24 mIU/mL respectively. A strong correlation was ­observed between logarithm conversions of ∆Emax and AUC0–∞ with correlation coefficients of 0.945. PMI values of blood after TP0463518 administration were elevated to similar or higher levels in comparison with those of umbilical cord blood, which mainly contains liver-derived EPO. Conclusions: TP0463518 induced dose-dependent EPO production, mainly derived from the liver in HV and CKD patients. These results suggest that TP0463518 is a new strategy for treating anemia in CKD, which can be used regardless of renal functions.
O psicanalista na clínica com bebês hospitalizados
Authors: Martins Alexandra De Oliveira , Rocha Guilherme Massara
Published: September 2018

A prática clínica com bebês hospitalizados despertou no analista o interesse pela constituição psíquica e pelas dimensões do enigma infantil. O psicanalista no hospital acolhe o encontro mãe e bebê como “resto” que escapa aos cuidados médicos, para escutar e intervir no que incide de singular nessa relação primordial e fundamental. A contingência da malformação congênita foi considerada, porém não como uma sentença definitiva que anulasse o desejo do bebê e de sua mãe. O incognoscível, esse ponto que escapa à medicina, constata a ligação ativa do corpo e do psiquismo de um ser humano em constituição.
O docente “em falta” como figura cristalizada
Authors: Revah Daniel
Published: September 2018

Uma das figuras docentes que os discursos pedagógicos produziram no Brasil, no âmbito da educação básica, e que nas últimas décadas tende a prevalecer, é a do docente que deve ser orientado em seu pensamento e ação educativa por especialistas de ordem diversa. Esse docente “em falta”, incapaz de responder adequadamente ao que dele se espera pelos seus próprios meios, tornou-se, em muitos discursos, o principal obstáculo para alcançar a almejada qualidade do ensino. Este artigo destaca alguns aspectos do processo de construção dessa figura docente e discute sua possível transformação tendo em vista os dispositivos discursivos que a sustentam.
Adolescência e diferença sexual
Authors: Marcos Cristina Moreira , Mendonça Renata Lucindo
Published: September 2018

Com a chegada da puberdade, ocorrem mudanças que levam a sexualidade ao primado da zona genital. Esse novo objetivo sexual traz funções diferentes aos dois sexos, cujo desenvolvimento sexual não se diferenciava muito até este momento. Freud compara este período à travessia de um túnel cavado a partir de ambos os lados que marca para o sujeito a desconexão entre o seu ser de criança e o seu futuro ser de homem ou de mulher. A partir de uma Conversação, fazemos a hipótese de que a gravidez pode ser, para algumas adolescentes, uma tentativa de resposta ao que é ser uma mulher.
IRDI
Authors: Kupfer Maria Cristina Machado , Bernardino Leda Mariza Fischer
Published: September 2018

Este artigo relata a história da proposta e da validação do instrumento Indicadores de Risco para Desenvolvimento Infantil (IRDI), composto de 31 indicadores clínicos de referência para o acompanhamento de problemas ou entraves no desenvolvimento psíquico de crianças de zero a dezoito meses. Aborda as discussões geradas no interior do campo psicanalítico em torno da criação daquele instrumento e da promulgação da Lei nº 13.438, examinando criticamente as objeções a esta levantadas por psicanalistas e técnicos do Ministério da Saúde. Finaliza com propostas de reformulação de alguns pressupostos do IRDI e de manutenção de outros, passados quase vinte anos desde sua criação.
O roteiro IRDI
Authors: Mariotto Rosa Maria Marini , Pesaro Maria Eugênia
Published: September 2018

O instrumento Indicadores de Risco para Desenvovimento Infantil (IRDI) foi construído e validado por meio de uma pesquisa multicêntrica, a partir de uma demanda do Ministério da Saúde, com o propósito de que os pediatras incluíssem em suas consultas de rotina o acompanhamento do desenvolvimento psíquico em bebês de até 18 meses e, ainda, pudessem localizar, por meio dos indicadores, problemas nesse desenvolvimento. Essa articulação da psicanálise com a pesquisa e a saúde pública, que esteve presente na origem do IRDI, mantém-se e pode ser acompanhada por meio dos artigos selecionados neste artigo. O levantamento realizado demonstra que o IRDI vem sendo utilizado nos serviços de saúde e de educação, na produção de conhecimento científico em pesquisas acadêmicas e na formação de profissionais. Pode-se concluir que os profissionais que utilizam o IRDI em suas práticas sustentam a não elisão do sujeito, o conceito de laço constituinte, a singularidade das pessoas envolvidas nos acompanhamentos realizados. Sustentam, portanto, a ética da psicanálise na pólis.
A practical guide to the analysis of non-response and attrition in longitudinal research using a real data example
Authors: Eisner Nora L. , Murray Aja L. , Eisner Manuel , Ribeaud Denis
Published: September 2018

Selective non-participation and attrition pose a ubiquitous threat to the validity of inferences drawn from observational longitudinal studies. We investigate various potential predictors for non-response and attrition of parents as well as young persons at different stages of a multi-informant study. Various phases of renewed consent from parents and young persons allowed for a unique comparison of factors that drive participation. The target sample consisted of 1675 children entering primary school at age seven in 2004. Seven waves of interviews, over the course of 10 years, measured levels of problem behavior as rated by children, parents, and teachers. In the initial study recruitment, where participation was driven by parental consent, non-response was highest amongst certain socially disadvantaged immigrant minority groups. There were fewer significant group differences at wave 5, when young people could be directly recruited into the study. Similarly, attrition was higher for some immigrant background groups. Methodological implications for future analyses are discussed.
Persistent Differences in Walking across the Socioeconomic Spectrum: Variations by Trip Purpose
Authors: Mondschein Andrew
Published: September 2018

The relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and walking remains underexamined, and prior research identifies multiple models of walking behavior. This research examines the distribution of walking across SES, using the 2001, 2009, and 2017 National Household Travel Surveys. Statistical models estimate walking rates and likelihoods by trip purpose, controlling for income, education, and other factors. Findings include less walking by middle-SES travelers and specific trip purposes favoring walking by high-SES adults in urban areas. Increases in walking between 2001 and 2017 are broad based, but persistent imbalances suggest the need for a more pluralistic view of walkability.
Factors Influencing the Implementation of Nutrition Policies in Schools: A Scoping Review
Authors: McIsaac Jessie-Lee D. , Spencer Rebecca , Chiasson Kaleigh , Kontak Julia , Kirk Sara F. L.
Published: September 2018

Background. Although school nutrition policies (SNPs) have been highlighted as an important intervention to support childhood nutrition, their implementation and maintenance within real-word settings is complex. There is a need to understand the factors that influence implementation by consolidating existing research and identifying commonalities and differences. Aims. The purpose of this review is to determine what is known about the influence of broad and local system factors on the implementation of SNPs internationally. Method. This scoping review involved identifying and selecting relevant literature that related SNP implementation in primary and secondary schools. Following the search process, 2,368 articles were screened and 59 articles were synthesized and charted and emerging themes were identified. Results. Across the final studies identified, factors emerged as barriers and facilitators to the implementation of SNPs, with system implications that related to five areas to support policy action: providing macro-level support may encourage policy implementation; addressing the financial implications of healthy food access; aligning nutrition and core school priorities; developing a common purpose and responsibility among stakeholders; recognition of school and community characteristics. Discussion. While SNPs can help to support childhood nutrition, strategies to address issues related to policy implementation need to be taken to help schools overcome persistent challenges. Conclusion. The results of this review provide opportunities for action across multiple system levels to ensure synergy and coordinated action toward SNP goals to foster the creation supportive nutrition environments for children.
Education, popular literature and future citizenship in Argentina’s Billiken children’s magazine (1919–1944)
Authors: Rea Lauren
Published: September 2018

This article places the study of Argentina’s Billiken magazine, the world’s longest-running children’s weekly, at the intersection between Popular Culture Studies and Childhood Studies to uncover how historical understandings of Argentine popular culture are challenged and transformed when the popular culture in question is made for children. Billiken is identified with the promotion of Argentine culture and history yet excludes the ultimate expression of Argentine national identity, the gaucho, from its popular literary content in favour of characters taken from, or inspired by, European children’s literature. This editorial decision is determined by Billiken’s construction of the child reader in terms of his or her future potential. Billiken’s self-imposed educational remit extends to the magazine’s popular cultural content which it employs as a way of socialising the child reader and forming notions of taste. The editorial construction of children as future citizens is used here as the lens through which to view the different and, at times, contradictory, ideological, pedagogical and commercial agendas found within this product of children’s popular culture.
Formal modeling of a complex adaptive air traffic control system
Authors: Jarrar Abdessamad , Balouki Youssef
Published: September 2018

Air traffic control system in airports is one of the most complex systems in the context of air traffic management due to the huge number of requirements. In order to help engineers to develop such complex system we propose a predefined model that includes the essence of air traffic control and the standard requirements. We develop this model using the Event-B formal method which is based on set theory and allows theorems proving. Event-B is also hinged on refinement which means starting with an abstract model and then enriching it in successive steps. Event-B has been successfully applied in several transportation systems and shows no bugs. This encourages us to use it in this critical system to guarantee a strong assurance of bugs’ absence and to ensure model correctness. Our approach provides a standard model to start with in order to model any airport control system, which allows engineers to focus on more typical requirements that are not developed here.
Re-visiting the ATA 2015 sonographic guidelines - who are we missing?: A retrospective review
Authors: Chan D. S. , Gong K. , Roskies M. G. , Forest V. I. , Hier M. P. , Payne R. J.
Published: September 2018

Background

The American Thyroid Association published revised guidelines in 2015 on the management of differentiated thyroid cancer in adults. One of the key changes introduced in the revision proposes that diagnostic biopsy be based on ultrasound findings (i.e. size and nodule characteristics). The overall effect of these changes results in fewer nodules requiring biopsy. This study was conducted to determine if the changes to the guidelines will result in overlooked thyroid cancers, specifically malignancies with aggressive characteristics measuring between 1 and 1.49 cm.

Methods

Patients ( n = 2083) with thyroid nodules who underwent total or subtotal/hemi thyroidectomy with or without neck dissection by a single surgeon between 2006 and 2016 were retrospectively enrolled. Demographic information and nodule characteristics were collected for all patients. Ultrasonography and final pathology reports were reviewed for patients with thyroid nodules between the sizes of 1–1.49 cm ( n = 155).

Results

45% ( n = 70) of patients with nodules between 1 and 1.49 cm were “low suspicion” nodules according to ultrasound. 47 of these nodules contained malignancies on final histopathological examination, 100% of which were of the papillary subtype. 21% ( n = 10) of these malignant nodules demonstrated extrathyroidal extension and 34% ( n = 16) were associated with regional metastases.

Conclusions

Reliance on sonographic patterns alone could result in missed cancer diagnoses in patients with thyroid nodules measuring between 1 and 1.49 cm. Moreover, a portion of these malignancies may be associated with aggressive features. The effect of this finding on long-term outcomes is unclear.
Shared decision making and decisional conflict in the Management of Vestibular Schwannoma: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Graham M. Elise , Westerberg Brian D. , Lea Jane , Hong Paul , Walling Simon , Morris David P. , Hebb Andrea L. O. , Galleto Rochelle , Papsin Emily , Mulroy Maeve , Foggin Hannah , Bance Manohar
Published: September 2018

Background

Patients with vestibular schwannomas (VS) are faced with complex management decisions. Watchful waiting, surgical resection, and radiation are all viable options with associated risks and benefits. We sought to determine if patients with VS experience decisional conflict when deciding between surgery or non-surgical management, and factors influencing the degree of decisional conflict.

Methods

A prospective cohort study in two tertiary ambulatory skull-base clinics was performed. Patients with newly diagnosed or newly growing vestibular schwannomas were recruited. Patients were given a demographic form and the decisional conflict scale (DCS), a validated measure to assess the degree of uncertainty when making medical decisions. The degree of shared decision making (SDM) experienced by the patient and physician were assessed via the SDM-Q-10 and SDM-Q-Doc questionnaires, respectively. Non-parametric statistics were used. Questionnaires and demographic information were correlated with DCS using Spearman correlation coefficient and Mann-Whitney U. Logistic regression was performed to determine factors independently associated with DCS scores.

Results

Seventy-seven patients participated (55% female, aged 37–81 years); VS ranged in size from 2 mm–50 mm. Significant decisional conflict (DCS score 25 or greater) was experienced by 17 (22%) patients. Patients reported an average SDM-Q-10 score of 86, indicating highly perceived level of SDM. Physician and patient SDM scores were weakly correlated ( p = 0.045, Spearman correlation coefficient 0.234). DCS scores were significantly negatively correlated with a decision to pursue surgery, presence of a trainee, and higher SDM-Q-10 score. DCS was higher with female gender. Using logistic regression, the SDM-Q-10 score was the only variable associated with significantly reduced DCS.

Conclusions

About one fifth of patients deciding how to manage their vestibular schwannoma experienced a significant degree of decisional conflict. Involving the patients in the process through shared decision-making significantly reduced the degree of uncertainty patients experienced.