bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heat Release Rate and Effective Heat of Combustion Measurements: A Comparative Study of Thermal and Oxygen Consumption Techniques
Authors: Moussan Fatima , Delfau Jean-Louis , Vovelle Christian , Pham Van Cang Christian , Bosseboeuf Gérard
Published: March 2007

A new calorimeter especially built for the measurement of the heat release rate and effective heat of combustion of composite materials is pre sented. Two procedures can be used to obtain these data: the first one is based on the direct measurement of the convective and radiant heat liberated by the flame, the second involves oxygen consumption measurement. Preliminary ex periments were carried out with a gas burner to calibrate and check the inertia of the thermal method. In a second step, measurements were performed on PMMA and PVC samples. The results obtained with both methods are very similar and in agreement with literature values.
Thermal and Thermo-Oxidative Degradation of Polystyrene with Ammonium Polyphosphate
Authors: Xinsheng Zhu
Published: March 2007

The effect of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) on thermal and thermo-oxidative degradation of polystyrene (PS) was studied with methods of Thermogravimetry (TG), Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS), Thermochromatography (ThGC), Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra (IR). APP slightly accelerated thermal degradation of PS in nitrogen due to its acidity. However, whether APP accel erated or retarded thermo-oxidative degradation of PS much depended on addi tion levels in air. At the low addition levels, APP seemed to retard thermal degradation of PS via formation of a glassy layer; at the high addition levels, APP seemed to accelerate thermal degradation of PS due to its acidity.
Flame Retarding of Polymers with Sulfamates. I. Sulfation of Cotton and Wool
Authors: Lewin Menachem
Published: March 2007

Some results of work carried out on flame retarding of cotton and wool fabrics are reviewed.* Cotton fabrics are rendered flame retardant upon treatment with ammonium sulfamate (AS) with urea or a urea-based cross linking agent, as co-additive, in the pad-dry-cure finishing treatment, with curing at 180-200°C for one to three minutes. Wool fabrics are similarly treated with sul famic acid (SA) in the presence of urea at 140-160°C. In both cases a very high de gree of flame retardancy is obtained and the treated fabrics pass the vertical strip test (VST) also after fifty hard water alkaline launderings. In both cases, the fab rics retain their soft hand. In order to overcome the afterglow in cotton, a com bined sulfation-phosphorylation process was developed.
Effect of High Temperature Additives in Fire Resistant Materials
Authors: Koo Joseph H. , Ng Peter S. , Cheung Fan-Bill
Published: March 2007

The effect of high temperature additives in intumescent systems was examined in a laboratory environment. A matrix of ceramic fibers/minerals was incorporated into two intumescent systems. The material performance was determined using a series of small-scale propane-fired furnace tests based on the ASTM E119 time-temperature curve for fire tests of building construction and materials. Several formulations were identified using a 15-minute screening fire test before testing for a longer time period.
The Initiation of Smolderin Combustion in Cellulosic Fabrics
Authors: Kellogg Diane S. , Waymack Bruce E. , Mcrae Douglas D. , Peishi Chen  , Dwyer R. William
Published: March 2007

The time and heat flux required for the initiation of smoldering com bustion in cellulosic fabrics depends on the properties of both the environment and the fabric. In the environment, there must be sufficient oxygen to support smolder ing combustion and there must be sufficient heat to raise the temperature of the fabric to the point where combustion becomes self supporting. The critical factors for the cellulosic fabrics are the potassium and/or sodium ion content and the ther mal characteristics of the fabric. A series of simple weave, raw cotton fabrics, com monly referred to as cotton ducks, and an upholstery fabric were examined. The requirements for the initiation of smoldering combustion were similar for both the ducks and the upholstery fabric. However, the situation for the upholstery fabric was complicated by the non-homogeneous distribution of ions in the material and spatial variations in fabric thickness and basis weight. Also, for fabrics with potas sium and sodium ion contents in the range of approximately 1500 to 2500 ppm, there was an increased sensitivity to the environmental factors.
Effects of Fire Combustion Products on Degradation of Cable Insulation
Authors: Dervos C.T. , Vassiliou P.
Published: March 2007

During fire accidents, aggressive chemical compounds and free radicals associated with the decomposition of burning materials are absorbed by the diffusion process into the volume of solids. This is likely to initiate a chemical attack leading to degradation and irreversible deterioration of serviceability in electrical systems.
Fire Retardant Action of Resorcinol Bis(Diphenyl Phosphate) in a PC/ABS Blend. I. Combustion Performance and Thermal Decomposition Behavior
Authors: Murashko E.A. , Levchik G.F. , Levchik S.V. , Bright D.A. , Dashevsky S.
Published: March 2007

The combustion performance of polycarbonate (PC), ABS or PC/ABS blend fire retarded by resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP) was studied by LOI and UL94 tests. It was shown that RDP is active in pure PC but shows weak or moderate efficiency in ABS and PC/ABS. Various co-additives which are expected to contribute to vapor or condensed phase fire retardant mechanisms were tested in PC/ABS containing RDP or PC/ABS/RDP containing novolak. Non-dripping formulations with marginal V-1/V-0 UL94 ratings and im proved LOI were identified. In accordance with the combustion study, thermogra vimetry suggests that condensed phase co-additives are preferable for improvement of RDP performance in PC/ABS.
Modeling of Heat Transfer of a Polypropylene-Based Intumescent System during Combustion
Authors: Bourbigot Serge , Duquesne Sophie , Leroy Jean-Marie
Published: March 2007

The modeling of heat transfer during combustion of the intumes cent formulation PP-APP/PER is studied. It is proposed a model based on the as sumption that it exits an intumescent front analogous to the phase change process which can describe the fire behavior of an intumescent material in condi tions of forced combustion.
Direct Evidence for the Low Reactivity Towards Oxygen of Elemental Carbon
Authors: Jones J.C.
Published: March 2007

Graphite flakes were examined in a microcalorimeter and zero results obtained at the operating temperatures, signifying very low reactivity. Other materials including sawdust and coal were examined in the instrument in similar quantities, with positive results. A semi-quantitative calculation was performed to deduce at what temperature the graphite would give a positive sig nal, and this was shown to be 50-60° above the operating range of the instru ment.
Plasticised Chlorinated Poly(vinyl chloride)-PY/GC/MS Studies Pertinent to the Role of FeOOH as a Smoke Suppressant
Authors: Carty Peter , Price Dennis , Milnes John , Radcliffe Claire , White Stewart
Published: March 2007

This paper describes experiments and results that have been ob tained from a pyrolysis/gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy study on chlori nated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC-65% Cl) containing two commercially available plasticisers, namely, DOP and Santicizer 2148 with and without modest amounts of an iron (III) smoke suppressing compound. Careful analysis of the mass spectra obtained from the pyrolysis products has shown that the smoke suppressing effect of basic iron (III) oxide (FeOOH) is essentially the result of two sets of chemical reactions. This iron compound reacts with the CPVC poly mer and the plasticisers present. Increased amounts of char formed from the CPVC combined with changes in the path of decomposition during pyrolysis of both plasticisers to give fewer smoke precursor molecules resulted in a signifi cant reduction in smoke formation.
Meal Timing in Humans during Isolation without Time Cues
Authors: Aschoff Jürgen , Von Goetz Christiana , Wildgruber Christine , Wever Riitger A.
Published: March 2007

In an underground isolation unit, 46 subjects lived singly without time cues under conditions of self-selected light-dark (LD,) cycles or constant illumination (LL). They all devel oped free-running circadian rhythms that either remained internally synchronized (i.e., with equal periods in all functions; n = 24) or became desynchronized by a sudden lengthening (n = 14) or shortening (n = 8) of the sleep-wake cycle. Six further subjects were synchronized to 24 hr by an externally controlled LD cycle. All subjects had to prepare their own meals. Signals were given by the subjects when they woke up, had a meal, and retired. Of the 52 subjects, 43 consistently had three meals per "day," and 9 had two meals, irrespective of the length of the circadian cycle and despite the fact that, due to desynchronization, wakefulness varied from over 30 hr to less than 12 hr. The intervals between meals, between wake-up time and breakfast, and between last meal and bedtime were "stretched" or "compressed" in strong proportionality to the duration of wakefulness.
Synthesis and Characterization of Non-Fouling Polymer Surfaces: I. Radiation Grafting of Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate and Polyethylene Glycol Methacrylate onto Silastic Film
Authors: Sun Y.H. , Gombotz W.R. , Hoffman A.S.
Published: March 2007

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) surfaces have been shown to be resistant to fouling by adsorbed proteins and cells. We have studied radiation induced graft copoly merization of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) monomer and different molecular weight polyethylene glycol methacrylate (PEGMA) and methoxy PEGMA (MPEGMA) macromers onto Silastic film. The extent of grafting and chemical composition of the graft were found to be dependent on the HEMA/PEGMA ratio and the molecular weight of PEGMA. The influence of PEGMA molecular weight on grafting is explained in terms of both steric hin drance of PEG chains and the effect of radiation on the pendant polyether chains. Furthermore, the reactivity ratios in conventional copolymerizations initiated by y-ray or chemical initiators have been evaluated and compared with grafting reactivity ratios. The formation of interpenetrating chains was verified through microscopic observation of the cross section of the grafted film.
Microencapsulation of Langerhans Islets in Agarose Microbeads and Their Application for a Bioartificial Pancreas
Authors: Iwata Hiroo , Amemiya Hiroshi , Matsuda Takehisa , Takano Hisateru , Akutsu Tetuzou
Published: March 2007

Microencapsulation of islets is considered to be a promising approach to the development of a bioartificial pancreas. In this study agarose was examined as a material to microencapsulate islets. By a low-temperature gelation tech nique, islets can be easily microencapsulated into agarose microbeads without any adverse effect on the functions of islets. Encapsulated islets in agarose microbeads maintained their intact round shapes during the entire period of culturing. They secreted 50-70 μU islet-1 day -1 insulin into the culture medium and regulated insulin secretion minute by minute in response to the change of glucose concentration even after 140 days of in vitro culture. The molecular weight permeability of agarose microbeads can be modulated by changing the agarose concentration. Agarose microbeads containing higher than 10 wt% can hinder the penetration of bovine serum albumin (M.W. = 67,000), and thus can protect islets from the attack of immunoglobulin. Hamster islets encapsulated in microbeads containing 11 wt% agarose were xenogenically transplanted into the peritoneal cavity of a diabetic mouse. Before the transplantation plasma glucose levels were higher than 400 mg dL-1. After transplantation plasma glucose levels were normalized within two days and the normoglycemic period was 29 days. Although more studies are needed to prolong this period for bioartificial pancreas function, agarose is a prominent basic material for en capsulating islets.
Antithrombogenic Poly(vinyl chloride) with Heparin- and/or Prostaglandin I2-Immobilized in Hydrogels
Authors: Akashi Mitsuru , Takeda Shinji , Miyazaki Tsuyoshi , Yashima Eiji , Miyauchi Noriyuki , Maruyama Ikuro , Okadome Toshihide , Murata Yoshishige
Published: March 2007

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) with heparin- and/or prostaglandin I2 (PGI2)- immobilized on crosslinked polyacrylamide hydrogels were prepared by the ad dition of the dry hydrogels to a PVC tetrahydrofuran solution. Immobilized heparin was found to be continuously released from the PVC matrix at 37 ° C in a physiological saline. Antithrombogenic activity of PVCs with heparin and/or PGI2 was evaluated by activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), whole blood clotting time, and inhibition of platelet aggregation. The heparin- immobilized PVC's exhibited excellent anticoagulant activity and the PGI2 immobilized PVC's completely inhibit platelet aggregation of human blood after sitting for 46 h in a physiological saline.
Effects of Coupling Chemistry on the Activity of Poly(ethylene glycol)-Modified Alkaline Phosphatase
Authors: Yoshinga Koji , Harris J. Milton
Published: March 2007

Proteins modified by covalent coupling to poly(ethylene glycol) are of interest for several biotechnical applications. In the present work we compare the effects of four commonly used coupling methods on alkaline phosphatase activi ty ; the four methods use the PEG tresylate, succinimidyl succinate, cyanuric chloride derivative, or carbonyl diimidazole derivative. All routes give active enzyme, with only the cyanuric chloride route giving significant deactivation; none the less the cyanuric chloride derivative is useful at lower degrees of modification. Examination of the Michaelis-Menten parameters for the cy anuric chloride coupling suggests that the loss of activity from this route results from intramolecular crosslinking of the protein, which in turn leads to loss of protein conformational flexibility.
Polyesters Based on Glyceric Acid Derivatives as Potential Biodegradable Materials
Authors: Chiellini Emo , Faggioni Simonetta , Solaro Roberto
Published: March 2007

The preparation of racemic and optically active glyceric acid de rivatives as suitable precursors for the formulation of a new class of bioerodible and/or biodegradable polymers is described. Details are provided for the prepa ration of chiral 3-0-alkyl substituted methyl glycerates and on their potential to form the corresponding polyesters. In any case no high molecular weight polymer has been obtained and the structure of the oligomers formed is depen dent upon the nature of the starting precursors and polymerization conditions.
Synthesis and in vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Chloramphenicol- Conjugated Copolymers
Authors: Franko Mark D. , Gates James E. , Ottenbrite Raphael M.
Published: March 2007

Two copolymers of maleic anhydride, 10-undecendyl chloride-co- maleic anhydride and acryloyl chloride-co-maleic anhydride, were synthesized, esterified with chloramphenicol, and tested for antimicrobial activity via Kirby-Bauer disk sensitivity and broth dilution methods. Both polymer-drug conjugates exhibited antimicrobial activities of at least 10% of that exhibited by unconjugated chloramphenicol. As maleic anhydride copolymers are taken up selectively by macrophages, they should be effective in concentrating the an tibiotic in these cells allowing for its use at lower dosage. Such agents might prove effective in treating diseases such as legionellosis with fewer toxic side- effects such as aplastic anemia.
Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Polymeric Derivatives of Anti-Inflammatory Agents Such as Alclofenac, Ketoprofen, and Ibuprofen
Authors: Giammona Gaetano , Carlisi Bianca , Pitarresi Giovanna , Fontana Giacomo
Published: March 2007

Macromolecular prodrugs of a hydrophilic polymer [α,β-poly( N- hydroxyethyl)-DL-aspartamide (PHEA)] was used as a drug carrier. Three poly- (HEA)-NSAID adducts were studied: poly(HEA)-Alclofenac, poly(HEA)-Keto profen, and poly(HEA)-Ibuprofen. Prodrugs with different drug content were synthesized both as water-soluble and water-insoluble agents. Hydrolysis of water-soluble adducts in a simulated gastric juice was studied.
Active Site Protection of Proteolytic Enzymes by Poly(ethylene glycol) Surface Modification
Authors: Caliceti Paolo , Schiavon Oddone , Sartore Luciana , Monfardini Cristina , Veronese Francesco M.
Published: March 2007

A method to prevent the loss of enzymatic activity of proteolytic enzymes toward high molecular weight substrates that occurs upon derivatiza tion with monomethoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) is described. It is based on the heterogenous phase enzyme modification after the enzyme is bound to an active site inhibitor immobilized on an insoluble resin. This procedure pro tects the active site and the surrounding area from mPEG linkage. Trypsin modified by mPEG in a heterogeneous phase, using benzamidine bound to Sepharose maintained a high degree of its ability to hydrolize large molecular weight substrates, such as bovine serum albumin or casein, compared to the mPEG derivatives obtained without any protection or with free benzamidine in solution.
Synthesis and Characterization of Polystyrene Core/Polyacrolein Shell Latexes
Authors: Basinska Teresa , Slomkowski Stanislaw , Delamar Michel
Published: March 2007

The poly(styrene/acrolein) latexes were synthesized in an emul sifier-free emulsion-precipitation polymerization. Monodisperse particles from 0.30 μm to 0.52 μm, depending on the acrolein monomer feed, were obtained. More acrolein in the monomer feed yielded latex particles with smaller di ameters. Analyses indicate that the particles have a core-shell morphology. The core is rich in the hydrophobic (polystyrene) component whereas the shell is composed mainly of hydrophilic polyacrolein. Significant changes in polyacro lein in the latexes (from 0.03 to 0.28) has less influence on the composition of the shell (from 0.5 to 0.84, respectively). The surface of the latex particles is smooth and can be penetrated by 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine to the depth from 1.5 to 3.5 Å. These poly(styrene/acrolein) latexes are capable of binding ca. 3 mg of human globulins or ca. 1 mg of human serum albumin on 1 m2 of the latex surface.
Changes in Conformation of Human Serum Albumin (HSA) and Gamma Globulins (γG) upon Adsorption to Polystyrene and Poly(styrene/acrolein) Latexes: Studies by Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Kowalczyk Dorota , Slomkowski Stanislaw , Wang Francis W.
Published: March 2007

Changes of human serum albumin (HSA) and gamma globulins (γG), labelled with 1-pyrene-carboxaldehyde (PCA) and/or with 1,3-bis(1- pyrene)-propane (BPP), resulting from interactions with polystyrene (PS) and poly(styrene/acrolein) (PSA) latexes, were investigated by fluorescence spectros copy. The proteins in solution readily exchanged with the adsorbed proteins. The fluorescence spectra of the PCA label and BPP probe, incorporated into the protein macromolecules, indicate that the protein macromolecules undergo sig nificant conformational changes on contact with the surface of the latex par ticles, and that these changes are not reversible. The internal fluidity for desorbed protein macromolecules is lower than before the interaction with the latex particles. Moreover, due to the conformational changes the PCA labels, formerly present in the hydrophilic and hydrophobic protein regions, became located predominantly in the latter. The differences in the emission spectra for the labelled proteins before attachment to the latex particles and after desorp tion were used to study the kinetics of the protein conformational changes. The dependence of the overall rate constants for protein conformational rearrange ments on the latex concentration was investigated.
Synthesis of Bioerodible Poly(ε-caprolactone) Latexes and Poly(D, L-lactide) Microspheres by Ring-Opening Polymerization
Authors: Sosnowski S. , Gadzinowski M. , Slomkowski S. , Penczek S.
Published: March 2007

Poly(ε-caprolactone) [poly(CL)] latexes and poly(D,L-lactide) [poly(D,L-Lc)] microspheres were prepared directly by ring-opening precipita tion polymerization carried out in heptane-dioxane (4:1 v/v) mixed solvent in the presence of poly(dodecyl acrylate)-g-poly(ε-caprolactone) used as the surface active agent. This designed synthetic method yielded latexes and microspheres with narrow size distribution; poly(CL) latex Dv/Dn = 1.038 and for poly(D,L- Lc) microspheres Dv/Dn = 1.15. (Dv and Dn denote the volume and number average diameters of particles.) The poly(CL) latex, synthesized by using CH3CH2OAl(CH2CH3) 2 as initiator, had a narrow polymer polydispersity of 1.11. Poly(D,L-Lc) microspheres, besides polymer with Mw/M n = 1.05 contained some unreacted lactide. Adsorption of human serum albumin and human gamma globulins on both kinds of polyester particles was studied for their potential use as polypeptide and protein delivery systems.
Domestic Abuse of the Elderly
Authors: SENGSTOCK MARY C. , HWALEK MELANIE
Published: March 2007

This article examines the role of the police in cases of elder abuse. This study of police involvement grew out of an earlier study conducted in 1981 by the Wayne State University Institute of Gerontology. This study analyzed 77 cases of elder abuse reported by medical and social service providers in the Detroit Metropolitan Area. Analysis of these cases suggested that there was a lack of involvement of the police in elder abuse cases. These observations were confirmed in interviews with the two supervisors of the only Adult Protective Services units in Wayne County (Detroit), along with an analysis of a random sample of 75 of the 360 cases reported to the Adult Protective Services division of Wayne County Department of Social Services in 1983. Case examples and reasons why the Adult Protective Services (APS) workers do not refer elder abuse cases to the police are discussed.
Assessing the Prevalence of Marital Rape
Authors: HANNEKE CHRISTINE R. , SHIELDS NANCY M. , McCALL GEORGE J.
Published: March 2007

The small literature on marital rape has placed much theoretical weight on the generalization that marital rape rarely occurs within otherwise nonviolent marriages. However, most existing estimates of the prevalence of marital rape have been essentially by-products of research on other problems, without having directly sought marital rape victims per se. Employing an unusually wide range of case-finding strategies to identify marital rape victims, this study does also sustain that central generalization and critically explores several of its varied implications.
Current Psychological Functioning of Child Sexual Assault Survivors
Authors: MURPHY SHANE M. , KILPATRICK DEAN G. , AMICK-McMULLAN ANGELYNNE , VERONEN LOIS J. , PADUHOVICH JANET , BEST CONNIE L. , VILLEPONTEAUX LORENZ A. , SAUNDERS BENJAMIN E.
Published: March 2007

We interviewed a community sample of 391 women to obtain a thorough history of lifetime victimization experiences, including experiences such as childhood and adult sexual assault, aggravated assault, robbery, and burglary. In order to assess current psychological functioning, participants were administered the Derogatis Symptom Checklist-90 Revised, the Modified Fear Survey, and the Impact of Event scale. Results indicated that childhood sexual abuse victims could be distinguished from nonvictims by a pattern of elevated anxiety, heightened interpersonal sensitivity, increased anger problems, more paranoid ideation, and increased obsessive-compulsive symptoms. The age at which the sexual assault took place was found to be related to current adult functioning, with women assaulted in adolescence displaying more elevations in hostility, interpersonal sensitivity, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, anxiety, and paranoid ideation than nonvictims. Women sexually abused in early childhood displayed only elevated anxiety symptoms as adults, although they also revealed significantly more psychological symptoms on a global mental health measure than did nonvictims. In addition, revictimization was found to be strongly related to increased symptomatology.
Self-Appraisals of Abusive Parents
Authors: NURIUS PAULA S. , LOVELL MADELINE , EDGAR MAGGIE
Published: March 2007

This article argues for more systematic attention to self-appraisal processes in study and treatment of abusive parents. The article first summarizes the existing empirical literature regarding parental self-appraisals as they relate to child abuse, then discusses current issues in self-concept research. Findings are reported regarding self-appraisal profiles, change during treatment, and relation to indicants of well-being from a treatment outcome study of abusive mothers. Implications of the conceptual framework and empirical findings for future study are considered.
Criminal Determination for Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: MAC MURRAY BRUCE K.
Published: March 2007

Considerable discussion has focused upon the appropriateness and efficacy of criminal justice intervention in cases of family violence in recent years. Particular concerns regarding possible criminal court action for child sexual abuse include issues dealing with the age of the victim, the intra- or extrafamilial relationship between the victim and alleged offender, and the nature and seriousness of the abuse, as well as broader issues of criminal justice policy and social service involvement. This article examines initial prosecutorial decision making for child sexual abuse focusing upon the role of these issues in official judgments about case screening. The data for this research were collected within the context of the Massachusetts District Attorney Reporting Law (“Chapter 288”). This 1983 bill was designed to increase criminal justice system involvement in the handling of “serious” child abuse cases by mandating the referral to prosecutors of substantiated cases. Utilizing a metropolitan Boston County District Attorney's Office as the research site (“South” County), this study reports on documentary data from prosecutor case files for a random sample of sexual abuse cases. The results indicate that the initial screening point is a crucial decision-making stage for prosecution and that specific case features related to the victim, perpetrator, and the nature of the sexual abuse are important in understanding prosecutorial decisions for case attrition. Implications of these findings for research and policy on criminal justice decision making for child sexual abuse are discussed.
A Portrait of Crime Victims Who Fight Back
Authors: MARSHALL CHRIS E. , WEBB VINCENT J.
Published: March 2007

Although many victims of crime apparently remain passive during criminal victimization, some choose to respond with force. In this article, the authors have used National Crime Survey data to examine this type of response to victimization. Using the NCS data, the authors have described three groups of victims: (a) those who use a gun in self-defense, (b) those who use a weapon other than a gun, and (c) those who use no weapon but fight back by kicking, hitting, or biting. Further, the authors have described some of the key aspect characteristics of the victimization incident for each of these three victim-response groups in an effort to identify differences between them.
The Impact of Christian Faith on the Prevalence and Sequelae of Sexual Abuse
Authors: ELLIOTT DIANA M.
Published: March 2007

The present study examines the impact of religious faith on the prevalence and long-term sequelae of childhood sexual abuse in a sample of 2,964 professional women. No significant difference was found on the prevalence of abuse based on religious preference within the family of origin, but the rate of abuse was mediated by the extent to which religious beliefs were integrated into family life. Whether or not a survivor was religiously active as an adult was mediated by the religious orientation of her family of origin and by whether or not the abuse occurred within the nuclear family. Finally, the severity of adult symptomatology was mediated by both the religious practices of the adult survivor and by whether or not the abuse occurred within the nuclear family.
Predictors of Child Abuse in Maritally Violent Families
Authors: O'KEEFE MAURA
Published: March 2007

The focus of the present study was twofold: (a) to examine the differences between children from maritally violent homes who witnessed marital violence and those who were both witnesses as well as victims of abuse; and (b) to determine the best predictors of child abuse among maritally violent families. Participants included 184 children, ages 7 to 13, and their mothers who were residing at battered women shelters. Compared to children who witnessed interparental violence, children who were both witnesses as well as victims of physical abuse scored significantly higher on externalizing behavior problems. A stepwise logistical regression analysis identified numerous predictors of child abuse among maritally violent families. These included a greater frequency and severity of marital violence, less marital satisfaction, and a poorer quality of father-child relationship as perceived by the children. In addition, children from families where child abuse occurred were more likely to exhibit aggressive behavior problems than children who only witnessed marital violence.
Definitional Issues and Mediating Variables in the Sexual Revictimization of Women Sexually Abused as Children
Authors: MAYALL ALICE , GOLD STEVEN R.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the effect of child sexual abuse, defined three different ways, and three definitions of adult sexual assault on revictimization rates. Child definitions varied in the degree of contact; adult definitions varied in degree of contact and force used. Variables hypothesized to mediate the rate of revictimization included parental support, attributional style, coping style, severity of abuse, and involvement in psychotherapy. Subjects were 654 college females. Contact forms of child sexual abuse were associated with significant rates of revictimization, although noncontact child sexual abuse was not associated with revictimization. Revictimized women could not be discriminated from nonrevictimized women on the basis of the proposed mediating variables. Level of adult sexual experience was the best predictor of adult sexual assault. High levels of sexual activity is proposed as the link between child sexual abuse and adult sexual assault.
Incidence and Correlates of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Battered Women
Authors: KEMP ANITA , GREEN BONNIE L. , HOVANITZ CHRISTINE , RAWLINGS EDNA I.
Published: March 2007

Battered women have been identified as being at risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study further articulated the nature of the relationship between the trauma of battery and PTSD. One hundred seventy-nine battered women and 48 nonbattered but verbally abused women were recruited from several sources (shelters, support groups, therapist referrals, community). Battered women with and without PTSD were compared with the finding that battered women with PTSD had experienced more physical abuse, more verbal abuse, more injuries, a greater sense of threat, and more forced sex than battered women without PTSD. Eighty-one percent of the physically abused group met the criteria for the PTSD diagnosis, although 63% of the verbally abused group met the criteria. In multiple regression analyses in the battered sample, the strongest predictors of extent of PTSD were (in order of variance explained) the use of disengagement coping strategies to handle the battery, experiencing of negative life events, the battery experience, and lack of perceived social support. The diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder is important to consider when a woman has experienced a physically abusive relationship, but also when the experience has been of a verbally abusive relationship. It also is important to assess coping strategies, social support, and stressors to evaluate the potential psychological impact of the abuse.
A Systematic Approach to University Faculty Compensation
Authors: Milkovich George T. , Richardson Roy , Weiner Nan
Published: March 2007

Academic pay plans are often so haphazard and unrealistic they become a source of campus discontent. What's needed is ...
An Overview of the Canadian Wage Control Program
Authors: Stikeman Robert H.
Published: March 2007

Canada has been and is facing economic problems very similar to those of concern in the United States. In October 1975 the Canadian government passed the Anti- Inflation Act that imposes wage and salary controls on Canadian businesses and governmental units. "Here is ...
Another Look at Merit Pay Programs
Authors: Goldberg Myles H.
Published: March 2007

Few managers dispute the wisdom of relating pay to performance. Even fewer, however, think that present pay practices enable them to do this. A fresh approach—one-time merit increases—may work better.
Trends in Executive Benefits and Deferred Compensation
Authors: Paine Thomas H.
Published: March 2007

A look at the major themes in executive benefits and perks as they are projected into the early 1980s.
A Statistical Approach to Assessing Minority/White Pay Equity
Authors: Bohlander George W.
Published: March 2007

A three-step statistical method that focuses on the distribution of wages in a single organization can help that organization determine whether its wage and salary structure is equitable and free from illegal bias.
Long-Term Incentives for Management, Part 5: Formula Value Incentive Plans
Authors: Lerner Robert J.
Published: March 2007

As a long-term incentive for executives, formula value plans provide alternatives to those incentive plans that are based on achievement of a company's financial goals or on stock market activity.
Pay Secrecy and Performance: The Psychological Research
Authors: Burroughs Julio D.
Published: March 2007

Is establishing an open-pay system and abolishing pay secrecy an inexpensive yet simple way for compensation managers to gain employee satisfaction with pay? The jury is still out.
Using Incentives to Increase Absenteeism: A Plan That Backfired
Authors: Schnebller George O. , Kopelman Richard E.
Published: March 2007

This is a cautionary tale about an incentive plan that, though designed to decrease absenteeism, had the opposite effect.
Auditing the Compensation Function for Race- and Sex-Based Salary Differences: Further Needed Refinements
Authors: Burkhalter Bettye B. , Wilmoth James Noel , Essex Nathan L. , Buford James A.
Published: March 2007

Building on their previous research (reported in this journal), the authors determined that path analysis is a viable analytical tool that can help managers develop a legally defensible compensation program.
Trends in Compensation For Outside Directors
Authors: Tauber Yale D.
Published: March 2007

As outside directors become more professional and the demand for them increases, corporations are finding that they have to reward such directors with a varied compensation package—a package that includes not only fees and retainers, but perquisites, insurance and other benefits, and retirement benefits.
What's Wrong with Point-Factor Job Evaluation
Authors: Lawler Edward E.
Published: March 2007

The point-factor job-evaluation system reinforces the traditional bureaucratic style of management. Survival in the 1980s and 1990s will depend on developing new approaches.
Designing Incentives for Top Financial Performance
Authors: Schuster Jay R. , Zingheim Patricia K.
Published: March 2007

To be competitive in their newly deregulated industry, financial organizations have had to develop incentive plans that motivate key personnel to operate efficiently. This article tells how incentives in successful financial organizations differ from those in unsuccessful ones.
Multiple-Pay Systems: Are They Worth the Risk?
Authors: Hoffmann Carl C.
Published: March 2007

Companies that adopt multiple-pay systems risk causing rivalries between long-term employees and new hires, dividing the company into highly competitive "fiefdoms," creating equal pay and comparable worth problems, and generally creating discontent among employees
The Florida Breastfeeding Promotion Project: A Coalition Effort to Improve Hospital Practices and Policies
Authors: Breunig Sharon , Brady Carol
Published: March 2007

The Florida Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies Coalition initiated a breastfeeding promotion project. The Coalition focused on hospital policies because of their impact on breastfeeding success and because of the potential for working with other state efforts directed at pregnant women or new mothers. The Florida Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies Coalition developed a three-part program. It consists of model hospital policies concerning breastfeeding, a lecture series which educates hospital nursing staff on the implementation of these model policies and a workshop through which trainers are prepared to present the educational program. Nurses' Association of the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (NAACOG), Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), and Florida Lactation Consultant Association (FLCA) all contributed to this project.
Inactivation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I in Human Milk: Effects of Intrinsic Factors in Human Milk and of Pasteurization
Authors: Orloff S. L. , Wallingford J. C. , McDougal J. S.
Published: March 2007

Human milk was inoculated with human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) or with HIV-1-infected cells in volumes and containers typically used in human milk banks. The inoculated milk was pasteurized at 62.5°C for 30 minutes in a water bath, i.e., conditions currently in use or proposed for human milk pasteurization. The process of HIV-1 inoculation and pasteurization effectively inactivated the infectivity of both cell-free HIV-1 and HIV-1-infected cells. No virus was recovered after the process, even after repeated subculturing in attempts to rescue the virus. Pasteurization reduced the infectious titer of cell-free HIV-1 and HIV-1-infected cells by more than 5 logs and 6 logs respectively. Human milk contains one or more components that inactivate HIV-1 but that are not toxic for the cells used to replicate virus. These components have not been identified, but physical and solubility properties are consistent with characteristics of lipids.
Supporting the Father When an Infant is Breastfed
Authors: Jordan Pamela L. , Wall Virginia R.
Published: March 2007

Breastfeeding is the best form of infant nutrition for mother and infant, but because it perpetuates the exclusive mother-infant relationship that existed during pregnancy, the father may feel excluded, jealous, and resentful to the detriment of breastfeeding success and the adult couple relationship. Supporting the father during breastfeeding may help improve the mother's satisfaction with breastfeeding, duration of breastfeeding, and adaptation of both parents to parenting. This paper provides recommendations for education and support related to breastfeeding based on recent research findings on the male experience of expectant and new parenthood. Recommendations based on these findings focus on anticipatory guidance about breastfeeding, anticipatory guidance to support the adult couple relationship during the transition to parenthood, and ways to enhance the father-infant relationship.
Estimating Milk Intake of Hospitalized Preterm Infants Who Breastfeed
Authors: Meier Paula P. , Engstrom Janet L. , Fleming Barbara A. , Streeter Pamela L. , Lawrence Patricia B.
Published: March 2007

This study describes the accuracy of clinical indices to estimate the milk intake of breastfed preterm infants. Twenty-nine mother-infant pairs were studied for a total of 39 breastfeeding sessions. Two NICU nurses (RN1 and RN2) and one certified lactation educator (CLE) collected data, each blind to the others' measures. RN1 and RN2 performed test-weights using the Smart Model 20 electronic scale. The CLE observed the breastfeeding and estimated milk intake, using clinical indices of milk transfer. Clinical indices did not provide an accurate estimate of milk intake (r=.48). The mean absolute difference between the test-weights and clinical estimates was 5.79 ml, with a maximal difference of 20 ml. These differences were random in that clinical indices did not consistently over- or underestimate milk intake. None of 17 clinical indices of milk intake significantly lowered the magnitude of error in the clinical esti mate. These data suggest that clinical indices cannot serve as a replacement for test- weighing of preterm infants when an accurate estimate of milk intake is necessary. JHL 12:21-26, 1996.
A Breastfeeding Evaluation and Education Tool
Authors: Tobin Deborah L.
Published: March 2007

New parents need a way to assess the adequacy of their baby's breastfeeding. Health care providers, in addition, need a tool for teaching breastfeeding technique. This article describes a tool that focuses parental attention on eight elements relating to early breastfeeding: feedings, positioning, latch, suck, milk flow, intake, output, and infant weight gain. JHL 12:47-49, 1996.
Twenty Questions for the Consumer: A Quality Assurance Tool for the Lactation Consultant
Authors: Turner Mechell R.
Published: March 2007

A simple post-service consumer survey is presented with which the lacta tion consultant can gather and analyze data to determine the extent to which services are meeting the needs of clients. The brief survey can be used to gather data from all clients or from a sample of clients. The survey can be administered by telephone or by postal return form. After analyzing the data obtained, the lactation consultant can iden tify where improvement in practice is needed. An additional "self assessment question naire" enables the lactation consultant to identify areas where personal growth is needed. JHL 12:50-53, 1996.
Reviews : The Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative: The Whole Story
Authors: Sharp Katherine
Published: March 2007

Any reviews, ratings, or reports contained in this column are intended solely for the use of our readers. These reviews, ratings, or reports may not be used in advertising or for any other commercial purpose, unless prior written consent is obtained from the Interna tional Lactation Consultant Association (ILCA). ILCA will take all available measures to prevent the unauthorized commercial use of its materials, its name, or the name of the Journal of Human Lactation. Readers interested in writing book reviews should contact Nicole Bernshaw, Book Review Editor, 5878 S. Country Hills Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84118 USA. Readers interested in writing film/ video reviews should contact Nikki Lee, 230 East Church Road, Elkins Park, PA 19027 USA. These Editors also should be informed of books and audio-visual materials relevant to JHL readers.
An Archival Study of Depression Before and After Age 55
Authors: Wesner Robert B. , Winokur George
Published: March 2007

In this archival study, 58 patients with unipolar depression who were 55 years of age or older were compared to 155 depressed control patients age 54 years or less. The older patients with unipolar depression had a significantly worse outcome, with only 51.7% experiencing a period of full remission during follow-up. Medical disorders were common, and older depressed patients showed a clear excess of cardiovascular disorders. Clinical symptoms did not separate the two groups, with the exception of psychomotor retardation and agitation. Electroconvulsive therapy was associated with less continuous hospitalization and an overall superior outcome. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988;1:220-225).
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy With Agitation: Response to Trazodone but not to Thiothixine or Carbamazepine
Authors: Schneider Lon S. , Gleason Ronald P. , Chui Helena C.
Published: March 2007

A 66-year-old man with progressive supranuclear palsy is described. Although generally apathetic, withdrawn, and aspontaneous in speech and behavior, he had sudden episodes of agitation, during which he was verbally threatening and physically abusive. Treatment with thiothixine and then with carbamazepine was ineffective in controlling his violent behavior. He responded temporarily to trazodone, and a recurrence of aggressive behavior was suppressed by increasing the dose of trazodone; this response may be related to trazodone's putative effect on the serotonin system. Although both carbamazepine and trazodone have been advocated for the control of aggression in organically impaired patients, they were not equally effective in this case. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1989;2:109-112).
Binswanger's Disease (Part II): Pathogenesis of Subcortical Arteriosclerotic Encephalopathy and Its Relation to Other Dementing Processes
Authors: Peterson Bradley , Summergrad Paul
Published: March 2007

Subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy (SAE) is a common though infrequently recognized dementia of the elderly. The unique vascular anatomy of the subcortical white matter and central brain stem probably predisposes those regions to chronic ischemia and incomplete infarction in the presence of various cardiovascular and hemodynamic insults. Recent studies have begun to define the risk factors for SAE, and others have shown it to be a condition frequently comorbid with the dementias of Alzheimer's disease, the multi-infarct state, and normal pressure hydrocephalus. Recent research into the etiologies of these disorders suggest certain pathogenetic links between them, strongly implying that they are not neatly distinct disease entities, as is commonly believed, and accounting for some of the overlap between these dementing illnesses seen clinically. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1989; 2:171-181).
A Pilot Study of Low-Dose L-Deprenyl in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Schneider Lon S. , Pollock Vicki E. , Zemansky Mary F. , Gleason Ronald P. , Palmer Ruby , Sloane R. Bruce
Published: March 2007

The use of low-dose L-deprenyl, a selective MAO-B inhibitor, in Alzheimer's disease patients has been associated previ ously with improvements in agitation and episodic learning and memory. Behavioral, cognitive, and regional electroen cephalogram (EEG) measures were obtained in a 4-week open pilot study of 14 patients with probable Alzheimer's disease by NINCDS criteria who were administered 10 mg L-deprenyl per day. L-Deprenyl administration was associated with significant improvements on the agitation and depression factors of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia, and spouses' blind ratings. Recall improved on the Buschke Selective Reminding Task, but intrusions also tended to increase; verbal fluency decreased. Absolute EEG delta measures were selectively sup pressed in the right frontal region. The pattern of changes suggests that L-deprenyl may be associated with improvement in behavioral and cognitive performance, in part through a mild behavioral disinhibiting effect. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991;4:143-148).