bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dryden and the Dissolution of Things: The Decay of Structures in Dryden’S Later Writing
Authors: Zwicker Steven N
Published: November 2023

In his last years, Dryden paused more than once to remark the digressive character of his writing, and to explain his casual and ruminative manner as a mere symptom of age. It may be tempting to take Dryden at his word, but digression in these years was more than physiology; it was also a structure of feeling and association that allowed him to brood over and accommodate a powerful set of personal disruptions and public dislocations. Of course, Dryden had begun to use digression early in his career: he points to his own digressive manner in the Preface to Annus Mirabilis (1667), and thereafter he made a habit of noting his digressive moves. By the middle of his career, digression had become one of the most telling marks of Dryden‘s strongly purposeful style. Behind the veil of the casual and the digressive, Dryden constructed superbly shaped literary instruments; the occasional diffidence and self-consciousness of both prose and verse mask daring arguments and demolitions. Yet the inward turn of his prose in the 1690s and the ruminative and associative structures of his late verse were not merely habit.
Introduction: Production, Place, and Fantasy
Authors: Lawton David
Published: November 2023

This, the third volume of New  MedievalLiteratures, is the first to consist mainly of essays submitted to the editors without commission. An exception is the analytical survey: this is, and will remain, a com¬ missioned project, though the editors are highly receptive to suggestions about what to commission and from whom. The editors also take pride in publishing the prizewinning essay, by William Kuskin, in our first essay competition. We are grateful for the sponsorship that made the competition possible in the form of financial and other support from the University of East Anglia; and we owe much to our (conventionally anonymous) judges and readers.
Panopticon is her Bedroom: Voyeurism and the Concept of Space in the Love Lyrics of Early Medieval China
Authors: Birrell Anne
Published: November 2023

Two key concepts in postmodernist literary theory, gender and space, have recently been explored in studies of the European Middle Ages. As a Sinologist specializing in medieval Chinese Literature, I aim in this study to apply these two concepts to medieval Chinese poetics.
Analytical Survey3:The New Philology
Authors: Sarah Kay
Published: November 2023

The new philology came to prominence in 1990 when a special issue of Speculum was published with that title, edited by two senior medievalists in French, R. Howard Bloch and Stephen G. Nichols. ‘New Philology’ also heads a section of a book called TheNewMedievalism, published in 1991, and edited by Nichols again, this time with co-editors Marina Brownlee and Kevin Brownlee, and again containing an essay by Bloch. The controversy aroused by the New Philoogy volume in particular led to the New Philology figuring in a number of polemical discussions.
Wandering the London Wasteland
Authors: Parsons Deborah L
Published: November 2023

The literature of the Second World War has been marginalized compared to other periods in the twentieth century; Salman Rushdie bluntly summarized the consensus of opinion that ‘America, Germany and Italy all produced extraordinary novels about it; England didn’t’, going on to suggest that this was the result of the English tendency to live in ‘a green world of the past’, as the young male characters in Bowen and Macaulay’s novels are certainly shown to do.1 Yet this is to overlook the distinctive representation of the city in wartime, largely created by women writers; the world of Bowen’s Heat of the Day (1949), H.D.’s Trilogy (1942-4), and Macaulay’s The World My Wilderness (1950). As Phyllis Lassner’s metaphor appropriately describes, these writers literally took on the identity of the wandering
Punning Eroticisms
Authors: Bly Mary
Published: November 2023

This chapter will argue that the primary cultural deviation apparent in White friars comedies—the lack of any patriarchal disapproval of wantonly spoken young women—can be rendered intelligible by rethinking the linguistic transgression involved in the characterization of these females. By focusing not on bawdy jests given to virgins, but on bawdy jests used to breach culturally prescribed, gendered behaviour, it is possible to see the White friars specialization quite differently. As White friars puns ignore conventional proscriptions for female behaviour, they also abrogate conventional proscriptions for sexual desire.
George Egerton and Eugenic Morality
Authors: Richardson Angelique
Published: November 2023

The writer George Egerton, popular, polemical, and best known—then as now—for her experimental short stories, openly celebrated female sexuality, upturning conventional morality concerning marriage and monogamy and redeeming illegitimacy.
Introduction: Where No Bard Has Gone Before
Authors: Lanier Douglas
Published: November 2023

A crucial early scene in the film Star Trek VI (dir. Nicholas Meyer, 1991) features a diplomatic banquet on that most famous of fictional starships, the USS Enterprise. The Klingons, an alien warrior race, have engaged in an intergalactic cold war with the Federation, a loose alliance of races headquartered on Earth, and they find themselves.
According to Shakespeare: Allusion and Citation
Authors: Lanier Douglas
Published: November 2023

We often conceive of popular culture as a body of mass-produced cultural materials-films, television, radio, records, popular fiction, advertising, video games, kitsch, and the like-without recognizing that popular culture is also the uses-the social meanings, pleasures, and ways of life-that people make of those materials in their every day lives. What makes popular culture popular is how it is used, not necessarily the size of its audience, its mass reproduction or its commerciality. Popular culture’s meanings and pleasures are created by ‘the people’ from a position of relative subordination or disempowerment within a social order, in particular the order which de veloped under modern industrialized capitalism.
Shakespeare Tourism and Festivals
Authors: Lanier Douglas
Published: November 2023

One of the most memorable and celebrated sequences in any Shake spearian film is the opening of Laurence Olivier’s Henry V (1944). The first shots bring us from the heavens to earth, treating us to an extraordinary panorama of Renaissance London straight out of Visscher’s famous 1616 engraving, the Tower and St Paul’s in the back ground, London Bridge laden with houses with working chimneys.
Introduction
Authors: Wood Marcus
Published: November 2023

To answer the question it is possible to begin at a beginning, but that does not necessarily make things any more straightforward. Here is, arguably, the first written account of the conception of the first English slaving voyage: ‘Master John Haukins being amongst other particulars assured that Negroes were very good marchandise in Hispaniola, and that store of negroes might easily be had upon the coast of guinea, resolved with himself to make triall thereof.’ This then leads straight into the first English account of the gathering of a slave cargo, of the middle passage, and of the sale of the slaves:
Jews, Jubilee, and Harringtonianism in Coleridge and Maria Edgeworth: Republican Conversions
Authors: Manly Susan
Published: November 2023

Perhaps you think it sufficient to follow, without enquiry, the religion of your Fathers. Had your Fathers in succession done the same, what would now be the religion of this country? Three Centuries ago, they were immersed in ignorance and Papery; some Centuries farther back, they were gross idolaters.
The Grand Theatre Of Reform
Authors: Swindells Julia
Published: November 2023

Immediately on the words “NOT GUILTY” being pronounced by the foreman of the worthy jury, the Sessions House, where the court sat, was almost rent with loud and reiterated shouts of applause. The vast multitude that were waiting anxiously without, caught the joyful sound, and like an electric shock, or the rapidity of lightning, the glad tidings spread through the whole town, and were conveyed much quicker than the regular post could travel, to the most distant parts of the island, where all ranks of people were anxiously awaiting the result of the trial.
Dark Satanic Mills, Transforming The Face Of England
Authors: Swindells Julia
Published: November 2023

There are at least two other areas, both related to the reform movement, where the discourses of anti-slavery assume a powerful significance. One is the specific use of the lexicon of slavery in application to the role of women, particularly within marriage and the household. In 1825, William Thompson and Anna Wheeler named the problem directly by equating the absence of womens enfranchisement, and of any significant position for them in civil society, with their domestic slavery.
Women Players And The Protection Racket
Authors: Swindells Julia
Published: November 2023

Earlier chapters have made reference to womens central involvement in the political agitation of the period. As has already been mentioned, women, together with black activists, were in many ways the prime movers in the abolition movement, carrying over arguments about slave ownership and slave labour into other domains, and in particular creating a set of analogies between slavery and the condition of women in marriage and the household.
The Grand Theatre Of Political Change, I789 To I833
Authors: Swindells Julia
Published: November 2023

Political movements in Britain following the French Revolution, up until the 1832 Reform Act and the Emancipation Act a year later, were strongly informed and characterized by the vitality of theatrical performance and the ebullience of theatre audience. We have seen how all the glorious causes of 1789 to 1833, including the factory movement, the early womens movement, agrarian reform, the abolition movement, and above all, the movement to reform the parliamentary franchise itself, drew heavily on the rhetoric of the drama and theatrical forms.
Irenius’s Mother Tongue
Authors: McCabe Richard A
Published: November 2023

For Sir Walter Ralegh, Spenser is the pre-eminent poet of ‘our English tongue’ and The Faerie Queene marks both his and the language’s coming of age. Yet the phrase ‘our English tongue’ begs a number of crucial questions. On whose behalf is Ralegh speaking? Their mutual involvement in the Irish colonial enterprise had familiarized Spenser and Ralegh with varieties of English unknown to most of their countrymen. Colin Clout complains to the Shepheard of the Ocean of the ‘nightly bodrags’ that characterize life in Ireland (314-15), but the allusion would be opaque to most English readers.
‘Now you see it; now you don’t’: Nation, Identity, and Otherness
Authors: Sease Wendy
Published: November 2023

The essays in this fourth volume of New Medieval Literatures explore nation, identity, and otherness. Within this frame of reference, they reflect on the origins of the ‘medieval’ as a kind of otherness, and on the ideological implications of reading the past using this category of analysis. Some of the essays consider medieval efforts of the historical and geographical imagination and their production of identity and otherness. Some offer sharply lit portraits of medieval individuals negotiating selfhood, creating the illusion of identity distinct from medieval textuality. Two essays reflect on the origins of reading Middle English literature as ‘medieval’ and ‘other’ and on ways of revising and refounding that discipline. One essay thinks about medieval engagement with the ways in which otherness can be made to appear and disappear, and insists on the imperative of reading practices that disclose that engagement. Appearing in several guises in this volume is the figure of the traveller, surveying other lands, or the other countries of the past. The traveller is in several of these essays a metaphor for the reader of this volume. The traveller may expect to acquire particular insight into the nature of frontiers, geographical and historical. Just so, the reader surveying all of the essays becomes aware of their collective engagement with making the frontier of the medieval appear and disappear.
The Surveying Subject and the ‘Whole World’ of Belief: Three Case Studies
Authors: Lawton David
Published: November 2023

On the edge of the world, a man travels. He rides away from court and home; his work will be to traverse a map, to write of what he sees and reads. The traveller has a name, John; he is under royal commission. His journey is difficult. He rides through light and darkness, obscurities of rite and language, in the shadow of death.
The Making of the Rule
Authors: Golding Brian
Published: November 2023

One of the most striking features of the twelfth-century Church was the growing desire and demand of women for a place in the new spiritual commonwealth. Typically they were described by an anonymous contemporary writer as those ‘who sweetly take up Christ’s yoke with holy men or under their guidance’. Until c.1100 there were few nunneries, and many of these were considered by contemporary reformers to be suspect and lax. The lack of cenobitic opportunities for women was especially apparent in England, where in 1066 there were only ten nunneries. All were royal or aristocratic foundations which offered no opportunity for the spiritual desires of the majority of women. In the next century the number increased tenfold.
Labour’s Everyman, 1859–1886
Authors: Shepherd John
Published: November 2023

On 23 April1930 a group of figures appeared on the Northumberland horizon walking slowly in the brilliant sunlight along Hadrian’s Wall. Included in the party were officials of local antiquarian societies, civil servants, businessmen, and newspaper reporters. In the midst was the Cabinetminister from Whitehall: a large-framed seventy-year-old man, with white hair and ruddy face adorned by mutton-chop whiskers, attired in an old alpaca suit and bowler hat. Instantly recognized wherever he went, he possessed an unmistakable ringing voice, in which he greeted everyone as his friend.
Direct Action, 1919–1920
Authors: Shepherd John
Published: November 2023

In the post-war era, as editor of the Daily Herald, Lansbury became the established tribune of the political left in Britain. This independent Labour paper-a platform for his views of Christian socialism, pacifism, and passive resistance-was closely identified with the waves of working-class militancy and social disturbance that occurred, as well as its wide-ranging coverage of events in other parts of the world.
Party Leadership Crisis, 1934–1935
Authors: Shepherd John
Published: November 2023

In 1934, while George Lansbury was still in the Manor House Hospital, his son, Edgar, published a book-George Lansbury: My Father-that told the life-story of the exuberant seventy-five-year-old Labour leader and gave some fascinating glimpses into his family life in the East End. One scene evoked echoes of E. Nesbit’s The Railway Children, as Edgar remembered the Great Eastern expresses that thundered past near the Lansbury home at Bow, with their father waving his large red flag to his watching children as he journeyed to preach socialism the length and breadth of Britain.
The King’s Navy
Authors: Davies J D
Published: November 2023

In this way, in his diary entry for 23 May 1660, the young clerk Samuel Pepys recorded the actions by which Charles II and his brother James took possession of their navy. For the next three decades, the royal brothers were to enjoy a unique relationship with their sea service. Its numerical strength was greatly augmented under their sponsorship. It fought their wars, and protected their trade; its internal systems and procedures were reformed under their auspices, and (at least in part) through the work of the same young clerk from the Naseby’s quarter deck. The degree of personal interest which Charles and James took in the fleet, and in the careers of its officers and men, had no parallel between the reigns of Henry VIII and William IV.
A Projected Cromwellian Foundation at Oxford and the ‘True Reformed Protestant ‘ Interest, c.1657-8
Authors: Beddard R A
Published: November 2023

The number of Oxford colleges founded in the three centuries following the break from Rome is so small as to make even an unsuccessful attempt to erect a new college in the seventeenth century a development of considerable historical interest. The attempt is all the more intriguing, given that it occurred during the contradictory years of the Cromwellian Interregnum: a period which incongruously witnessed repeated calls for the abolition of university education from the radical sectaries, and a determined move to found a third national university at Durham, notwithstanding the vociferous opposition of the Oxford and Cambridge academics. With Christ Church (1525) being more Cardinal Wolsey ‘s creation than Henry VIII ‘s, and Trinity (1555) and St. John ‘s (1557) being Marian foundations, only five colleges can truly be said to have been Protestant foundations before the nineteenth century-Jesus (1571), Wadham (1610), Pembroke (1624), Worcester (1714), and Hertford (1740), and several of them were grafted onto the relics of earlier, medieval halls. The new Oxford college was to be raised on the basis of the ailing St Mary Hall, an institution which by the late 1650s was on the verge of collapse. The evidence for the existence of such a project depends on a unique seventeenth-century document found in British Library, MS Additional 32,093, fos 399-400v: an undated item which once belonged to the Nonjuring antiquary, George Harbin,4 the learned librarian and honorary chaplain of Thomas Thynne, first Viscount Weymouth, and a former University Burgess, at Longleat House, in Wiltshire. The document is an incomplete draft of what was obviously intended to be, in its final form, a letters patent suitable for Oliver Cromwell to sign as Lord Protector.
The Role of Irish Clerics in Paris University Politics 1730-40
Authors: ‘Connor Thomas O
Published: November 2023

Anti-Jansenist Purges and Irish Clerics The debate about grace, which divided the Counter-Reformation Church and pitted Jesuits against Jansenists, would have been a mere affaire de cures had the European ancien regime distinguished theology and politics. This was emphatically not the case. In France, the Gallican church was a monument to the interpenetration of the ecclesiastical and the civil domains. The French king had a particular duty to uphold its privileges and protect true religion.2 In the early eighteenth century it mattered a great deal to Louis XIV that his Gallican church was still divided over the grace question, particularly as the politics of grace had penetrated the politics of state. Indeed, by this time the original theological debate had become profoundly politicised and religious language was used to articulate the claims of conflicting authorities, secular as well as ecclesiastical. The theology of grace favoured by the Jesuits was associated with monarchical centralization as well as with papal authority and episcopal hegemony. The Jansenists ‘ theology of grace, on the other hand, attracted the support of more traditionally-minded Gallicans in general, a few episcopal devotees of the Doctor of Hippo, a number of lower clergy Richerists and those institutions of the French ancien regime which traditionally opposed monarchical centralization. The parlement of Paris was foremost among these. The early eighteenth-century focus for the conflict of authorities was the papal bull, Unigenitus. Published by Clement XI in 1713 at Louis XIV ‘s behest, it was part of Louis ‘s strategy of rapprochement with the papacy. As such it was motivated by changing circumstances in international diplomacy and represented a marked change from the Gallicanism of the earlier part of his reign.
Propaganda and Legitimation in Castile: Religion and Church, 1250–1500
Authors: Soria Jos é Manuel Nieto
Published: November 2023

Since1934, the year which saw the publication of Georges Lagarde’s book on the rise and development of’ laicization’ in the later Middle Ages (above all from the thirteenth century), it has been commonplace to associate the idea of the genesis of the modem state with the concept of secularization.’ As far as the Castilian monarchy is concerned, this association occurred at a fairly early date, as was demonstrated, also in 1934, by the first article of its kind on this particular subject (the significance for political theory of Alfonso X’s code, Las Siete Partidas), the work of Angel Ferrari.
Drama
Authors: Braden Gordon
Published: November 2023

The legacy of classical drama to our world can be difficult to distinguish from the very idea of drama itself. Borges builds a famous fable around the bafflement of Averroes before Aristotle’s Poetics (‘Averroes’ Search’, in Labyrinths, ed. Donald A. Yates and James E. Irby (New York, 1964) ); the conclusion that a ‘tragedy’ is a panegyric and a ‘comedy’ a satire or an anathema (‘Admirable tragedies and comedies abound in the pages of the Koran and in the mohalacas of the sanctuary’; p. 155) is the best that an educated and subtle mind is going to make of that text in medieval Islam, without the nurture of an ongoing theatrical tradition to let it know just what kind of thing a play is. The numbest modern television addict would on this score be a better reader of Aristotle than the great Arab philosopher who devoted his life to studying that author.
Confrontation and defeat
Authors: Sheehan James J
Published: November 2023

IN the summer of 1789 Heinrich Steffens was a sixteen-year-old schoolboy living in Copenhagen. He heard that the Bastille had fallen from his father, an army surgeon down on his luck, who tearfully told him, ‘You are to be envied-what beautiful, happy times lie ahead.’ And so, Heinrich later recalled, ‘I was pulled from the quiet solitude of childhood.’ Long after he had become disillusioned with the revolution, Steffens remembered his initial enthusiasm as ‘something pure, even sacred’. Johanna Schopen¬hauer, the young wife of a wealthy businessman, learned about the Bastille when her husband rushed home to their suburban villa near Danzig with the news. Like Steffens, Schopenhauer was drawn into the world of politics by the events of 1789. From then on, she wrote in her memoirs, a new life, filled with unprecedented hopes for total change throughout the world, surged inside me.... Perhaps only a few of my contemporaries will immediately recall this event, but after a moment they too will bring to mind the burning enthusiasm and that sublime, reckless sense of Freedom which inflamed the sensibility of the noblest youth.... For Steffens, Schopenhauer, and thousands of other Germans, the outbreak of the revolution in France was an unforgettable confrontation with history, the dawn of a new age.
The Cultural Establishment and its Critics
Authors: Sheehan James J
Published: November 2023

FRANZ KUGLER, a merchant’s son from Stettin, established his scholarly reputation with influential works on Greek sculp¬ture, European painting, and Prussian history. In 1835, when he was just twenty-seven, he became a professor at the Academy of Art in Berlin; eight years later he took charge of artistic affairs in the Prussian Ministry of Culture. In 1847 Kugler wrote an essay on art as an administrative concern in which he called for a series of state-initiated cultural programmes, including the creation of art schools, passage of copyright laws, establishment of awards for creative achievement, constr11ction of museums and monuments, and the renovation or p1eservation of important historical build¬ ings. ‘Just as science is designed to make people spiritually free,’ Kugler argued, ‘art gives them the mark of spiritual nobility. Therefore since one of the government’s duties is to further and direct the education of the Volk, this duty must include art as well as science.’ But, while Kugler saw the need for state initiative in the promotion of art, he also recognized that another, no less powerful force was at work; in addition to being an object of ‘administrative concern’, art was also an object of what he called ‘mercantile speculation’. Kugler found nothing wrong with this: ‘a fresh, mobile commerce’ belonged to a well-developed national existence and had its place in the realm of artistic production. But Kugler, like many German liberals, feared that commerce might lead to chaos and corruption, so he advocated a variety of governmental measures to preserve art’s purity and honour from ‘the remorseless drive of speculation’.
Society in the Age of the Bürgertum
Authors: Sheehan James J
Published: November 2023

DERMANS do not have a theory of society, Lorenz von Stein wrote in 1842, because in Germany ‘the life of society and the struggle of its elements have not yet begun to develop independently’. Shortly thereafter Karl Marx made the same point when he explained German ‘ideology’ in terms of his society’s fundamental backwardness. But even as these theorists noted German underdevelopment, the social order was in the process of transformation. By the 1850s the concept of society-and the fact of social change-were part of the German scene. In 1851, for example, Robert von Mohl insisted that the autonomy of social forces made it necessary to study them outside the political realm. That same year Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl described ‘the emancipa¬ tion of the idea of society from the despotism of the idea of the state’ as ‘the most genuine property of the present age, the source of a thousand conflicts and discontents, but also the hope of our political future’. This viewpoint was not universally accepted: political theorists like Heinrich von Treitschke regarded any effort to separate state and society as intellectually flawed and politically dangerous. Nevertheless, to radicals like Marx, liberals like Mohl, and conservatives like Riehl, the centrality of social forces was an inescapable fact oflife.
Political Opportunities and Alternatives
Authors: Sheehan James J
Published: November 2023

THE discussion of the question, who should rule ... belongs in the realm of philosophical speculation; the practical question only has to do with the simple fact that it is power alone which can rule.’ These lines from the opening pages of Ludwig August von Rochau’s Grundsiitze der Realpolitik are often taken as a kind of epigraph for the post-revolutionary era, just as Rochau’s personal evolution from student rebel to political exile to enthusiastic advocate of the Bismarckian Reich apparently illus¬trates a generational shift from opposition to reconciliation. Like so many contemporary philosophers, scientists, and writers, Rochau based his view of the world on a new appreciation of the importance of facts:It is certain that the spoken and written word can accomplish nothing in the face of physical facts and that facts can only give way to other facts, and it is equally certain that the fragmented German powers will not be united by a principle, an idea, or a treaty, but only by an overwhelming power that will subdue the rest. When it appeared in 1853, Rochau’s book enjoyed considerable success. The young Heinrich von Treitschke, for example, believed that it contained ‘more that was useful for scholarship than a thick textbook on politics’. But, despite its supposedly exemplary character, Rochau’s Grundsiitze der Realpolitik is an ambiguous and problematic document. As a description of political behaviour, the concept of Realpolitik involves difficulties similar to those we encountered when we tried to apply ‘realism’ to literary works.
The Past in the Present
Authors: Byron Reginald
Published: November 2023

A: I think it was the Famine, I guess, or they were really poverty-stricken over there, and a lot of people got out. It wasn’t like they all came over in families, in fact my great-grandmother and great-grandfather came over without family and later their families met them. Her sisters and brothers would eventually have come over. Some stayed there in Ireland. That is really all I know about the legacy.
The Number One Reindeer Brigade
Authors: Anderson David G
Published: November 2023

UPON ARRIVING IN Taimyr, my professed desire to learn about Evenkis was met with some confusion. In the district capital of Dudinka many Russians and members of the native intelligentsia alike told me with authority that there were no Evenkis in Taimyr. The more anxious among them suggested I get back on an aeroplane and travel to the Evenki Autonomous District where, judging by the map at least, I should be able to find Evenkis. Those with a deeper understanding of the history of Taimyr politely informed me that if there were any tungusy left in Taimyr they were very few and had most certainly ‘forgotten’ their culture. These practically minded advisers invited me to study Dolgans, Nenetses, or Nias-all of whom are classically associated with Taimyr. At Khantaika, the place where most of Taimyr’s Evenki population is officially registered, the reaction to my project was even more polarized. Dolgans who worked in the office of the state farm, at the school, or for the village council laughed at the thought that ‘the tongustar’, as they are called locally, could offer much of interest to a foreigner. Once again I was invited to learn about old legends from Dolgan elders or to study the beadwork of Dolgan seamstresses. To my surprise, many Evenkis to whom I was introduced initially repeated the same trope by emphasizing that their language was forgotten, that the ‘old people’ were now all gone, and that their people had all but vanished. Using the last resort of a desperate student, I pleaded with my hosts that I had to learn some Evenki words or at least understand a bit about Evenki pastoralism since I had travelled so far to write a project for my school. With greater sympathy, I was then told by Dolgans, Russians, and village Evenkis alike that the only people who could help me were tundroviki-the ‘people who live on the tundra’. Among tundrwviki the place to start, they said, was with the Number One Reindeer Brigade; the ‘most Evenki brigade’ on the territory of the Khantaiskii state farm.
Exclusive Territories
Authors: Anderson David G
Published: November 2023

THE FOUNDATION OF Soviet power, with its characteristic centralization of economic, political, and cultural activity in the hands of carefully recruited managers, is often thought to begin with the policy of collectivization [kollekfivizatsiia]. The second, successful attempt at nationalizing the tundras of the native peoples of Taimyr in 1938 did indeed discipline people to work within a rationalized system of accounting and spatial control. However, this was achieved only after land had already been parcelled into territories. The distinctive segmenting of administrative power into councils, districts, and republics, stratified by nationality, owes its origins to an early series of campaigns to carve out the ‘territorial formations’ thought to be congruent with a socialist society. While the internal dynamics of collective institutions are important for understanding post-Soviet society, the ‘territories’ in which work-units were inscribed were both a necessary first step in building a new order and proved to be a more poignant legacy than the institutions themselves. This chapter explores the manner in which a different type of ‘knowing’-termed here ‘intelligence’-was used to construct boundaries which came to be meaningful to managers and producers alike as territories were linked to nationalities.
Javanese Cosmology
Authors: Headley Stephen c.
Published: November 2023

Theories on the indestructibility of a king “s body and the continuity of the royal house are equally relevant. A few fragments were enough to maintain the physical permanence of the family line and the sacred fire of the domus. Both conceptions, royal and peasant, noble and common, must have germinated at some period unknown to us, in the same magical subsoil. Historians of Indonesia have given anthropologists a new framework for their study of Javanese society. Notions of static oriental despotism within patrimonial regional kingdoms, each with its exemplary centre, have been modified by an appreciation of the importance of contested vertical hierarchies. Court ceremonies are shown to express accommodation to ambitious houses and lineages competing for control. As H. Schulte Northolt, has said (1996: 7), conflict and hierarchy are complementary dimensions of this history. The ethnographic data on ritualized mythology provided in this book do not pretend to provide an abstract model, a conceptual repertory of the means used by those trying to monopolize political power.
Interpreting Aristotle’s Contingency-Syllogistic
Authors: Thom Paul
Published: November 2023

The present paper revives a suggestion advanced by Alexander of Aphrodisias concerning the principal point of articulation of Prior Analytics I. 14–22, where the theory of contingency-syllogisms is expounded. Two different ways of developing Alexander’s suggestion are distinguished. One of them is argued to provide the framework for a satisfactory interpretation of these chapters.
Olympiodorus on Pleasure and The Good in Plato’s Gorgias
Authors: Lycos Kimon
Published: November 2023

The aim of this paper is to work through a sample of Olympiodorus’ method of interpreting Plato’s arguments in the Gorgias. The passage concerns Socrates’ attempt to establish the nonidentity of pleasure and the good (Garg. 495 B-497 E). This part of the Gorgias has received considerable critical attention by contemporary commentators, who, on the whole, find the argument weak or inconclusive. Olympiodorus, as we shall see in the first part of this paper, has some interesting things to say about it. Having presented the interpretative perspective from which Olympiodorus tries to make sense of Socrates’ argument, I shall, in Section II, briefly sketch some key respects in which contemporary treatments differ from his. I conclude by suggesting that in spite of considerable differences in philosophical outlook between us and Olympiodorus, his work provides a plausible and legitimate variant to our current interpretative practices.
Schopenhauer as Nietzsche’s Educator
Authors: Way Christopher Jana
Published: November 2023

‘Nice letter from Prof. Nietzsche, though informing us that he now rejects Schopenhauer’s teachings!’-thus wrote Cosima Wagner in her diary for 24 December I 876, her exclamation elicited by the following communication sent from Sorrento on 19 December: Would you be amazed if I confess something that has gradually come about, but which has more or less suddenly entered my consciousness: a disagreement with Schopenhauer’s teaching? On virtually all general propositions I am not on his side; when I was writing on Schopenhauer, I already noticed that I had left behind everything concerning dogma; for me what mattered was the human being.
Schopenhauer and Nietzsche: Temperan1ent and Temporality
Authors: Higgins Kathleen Marie
Published: November 2023

The history of philosophy is to a great extent that of a certain clash of human temperaments.... Of whatever temperament a professional philosopher is, he tries when philosophizing to sink the fact of his temperament. Temperament is no conventionally recognized reason, so he urges impersonal reasons only for his conclusions. Yet his temperament really gives him a stronger bias than any of his more strictly objective premises. It loads the evidence for him one way or another. ... He trusts his temperament. Wanting a universe that suits it, he believes in any representation of the universe that does suit it. He feels men of opposite temper to be out of key with the world’s character, and in his heart considers them incompetent and ‘not in it,’ in the philosophic business, even tho they may far excel him in dialectical ability.
Scepticism, Existence, and Belief
Authors: Fine Gail
Published: November 2023

There has lately, and rightly, been a resurgence of interest in ancient sceptidsm. But though there have recently been a number of superb articles on the topic, there was no current book-length synoptic treatment available in English. Hankinson’ book therefore fills an unfortunate gap in the literature.. The book is divided into two parts. Part I is a historical survey of ancient scepticism from Xenophanes to Galen and Favorinus; Part II is a topical discussion focused primarily, though not solely, on Sextus.
Two conceptions of hylomorphism in metaphysics zhΘ
Authors: Yu Jiyuan
Published: November 2023

Since ZhΘ treat substance as matter (υλ  η), form ((μ,  ορ  ϕ). and their composites, their doctrines can be labelled as ‘hylomorphism’, in contrast to the Categories, where the category of substance is not divided. However, the determinations of both matter and form and their relations are so various and even contradictory that scholars continue to be perplexed over what exactly hylomorphism is. It is well known that various discrepancies, both textual and philosophical, exist in Metaphysics ZHΘ, and there is virtually no general agreement on any issue in these books. Nevertheless, there is a prevailing assumption that in principle they form a unity which contains a consistent theory of substance. In this unity H and Θ are commonly viewed as supplementary to Z, as components or further explanations of some major thesis in Z. And the task of the interpreter is supposed to be to sort out the various discrepancies in hylomorphism so as to produce a coherent theory.
Introduction. The Study of Stoicism: Its Decline and Revival
Authors: Ierodiakonou Katerina
Published: November 2023

This book was first published in 1974. As I remarked in the original preface, Hellenistic philosophy seemed then to need not only a general appraisal but a substantial rehabilitation. Though well looked after by a few devoted specialists, this period of Greek philosophy, broadly speaking, was depreciated and neglected by comparison with the enormous interest taken in Plato, Aristotle and their predecessors. A decade later, the fortunes of Hellenistic philosophy have changed dramatically ... The old prejudices seem to have been removed once and for all. New vistas have appeared, and it is already evident that they are altering the perspectives of ancient philosophy and stimulating philosophers in general.It is often remarked that Hellenistic philosophy has come to the centre of discussions on ancient philosophy only in our century, and especially since the last war. Since then, recovering the philosophical doctrines of the Stoics, the Epicureans, and the Sceptics has been an ongoing process, which was initiated by scholars who are still among us and who continue to contribute to our better understanding of the Hellenistic theories. However, no attempt has been made either to explain the reasons which led to this renewal of interest in Hellenistic philosophy, or to specify the factors which had previously marginalized its study in the history of ancient philosophy.
Truth as the Positive Reality of Ideas
Authors: Campbell Richard
Published: November 2023

For all the superficial aflinities between them, there is a deep incompatibility between Greek metaphysics (especially that of Plato and Aristotle) and the biblical thinking which could allow no uncreated being that was not God. Despite that incompatibility, various forms of synthesis between them persisted for more than 1,500 years. The slow but rigorous working-through of the implications of the Christian belief in a sovereign creator imposed severe stresses on the basic Platonic conception of truth, even after its sophisticated modulations through the medieval Aristotclians. By the seventeenth century that strain reached breaking-point.
The True as a Historical Result
Authors: Campbell Richard
Published: November 2023

Vico’S New Science exhibited a sense of the historicity of human institutions far in advance of his time. That sense was not fully affirmed again until Hegel, who incorporated development into the conception of truth itself. More characteristic of the eighteenth century was the attitude of the philosophes of the self-styled Enlightenment, whose thought was fundamentally anti-historical. It was not simply that they shared the Cartesian doubt about the possibility of historical knowledge. Historical judgements could be made with more or less probability, and many volumes of ‘probable’ history appeared during this period. The basic point was that they perceived a radical distinction between any such judgements and those truths which reason could discover concerning human nature, the world, and God (if there is one). These latter topics raised questions the answers to which would be eternal truths.
Individual Existence and the Appropriation of Truth
Authors: Campbell Richard
Published: November 2023

The ambition of the Hegelian program was to comprehend all distinctions-the concrete and the universal, the sensuous and the conceptual, the essential and the accidental, matter and form, reality and thought, the contingent and the necessary, quantity and quality, the finite and the infinite, nature and spirit, becoming and being, the practical and the theoretical, and all the rest-within itself. Quibbles can be raised about Hegel’s success in achieving all these syntheses. But these are internal difficulties which faithful disciples might devote themselves to remedying. Greater cause for concern is the suspicion that, in the final synthesis, for all that each side of these distinctions is supposed to modify the other as they are taken up and overcome (aufheben), it is the ideal, the necessary, the theoretical which swallows up the real, the contingent, the practical.
The Historicity of Truth
Authors: Campbell Richard
Published: November 2023

TO journey through the past as we have is to undertake an extended act of self reflection. Not that the past is a mirror in which we can simply look at ourselves. In the wake of Freud and Jung, self-reflection is now known to be an oblique process of recovering those past events and unconscious factors which have been incorporated into one’s self-formation but whose significance has been repressed from one’s consciousness. Accordingly, Hegel’s notion of philosophy as after-thinking (nach denken) takes on renewed significance; it involves the difficult task of recalling those climactic moments in our past through which our own way of thinking has been formed, in order to reintegrate those insights, perhaps inadequately expressed at the time, which were suppressed by the emergence of newly dominant orthodoxies. Only so can the fragmentation of thought manifest in our present intellectual predicament be overcome. itis now time to begin drawing together the threads which have been teased out and see where we might go from here.
Plato’s ‘Refutation’ of Protagorean Relativism: Theaetetus 170–171
Authors: Ketchum Richard J
Published: November 2023

Highly revisionary philosophical theories are those which state or imply that a large number of our common-sense beliefs are false. The more beliefs a theory asks us to give up, the more revisionary it is. Bishop Berkeley’s subjective idealism, on some interpretations, is such a theory. To the extent that we think of trees and tables as material objects, Berkeley is asking us to give up our belief in trees, tables, and all other material objects. While it may not be difficult to find errors in the Bishop’s arguments, his subjective idealism is difficult to refute without begging the question against him. Johnson’s kicking of the stone fails, but it is difficult to improve upon.
Socratic Puzzles: A Review of Gregory Vlastos, Socrates: Ironist and Moral Philosopher
Authors: Irwin T H
Published: November 2023

Readers of this journal do not need to be told that the publication of a book on Socrates by Gregory Vlastos is a major event in the study of Greek philosophy. This book is entirely characteristic of Vlastos at his best; and it is difficult to think of any higher praise for a book on the history of philosophy. It is a remarkable achievement to write a book that can stimulate and hold the interest of readers who are not professional students of Greek philosophy. It is a remarkable achievement of a different sort to write a book that requires specialists to reexamine their basic assumptions about Socrates. It is still more remarkable, however, to write one book that combines both these achievements; and this is what Vlastos has done. I cannot think of any book written on Greek philosophy that has so much to say both to the non-specialist and to the specialist. In the breadth of its appeal it deserves comparison with E. R. Dodds’s The Greeks and the Irrational, and, like Dodds’s book, it is one of the classics of twentieth-century humanism.
Introduction
Authors: Scaltsas Theodore , Charles, David , Gill Mary Louise
Published: November 2023

Prevailing movements in contemporary metaphysics have fuelled debate on the central books of Aristotle’s Metaphysics. For instance, recent work on essentialism by Saul Kripke and Hilary Putnam has motivated a rereading of Aristotle to see whether, or to what extent, his account of essentialism corresponds to theirs. But the return to Aristotle has also revealed that understanding his theory can contribute new insights to current discussion. The papers in this volume examine the nature of essences, how they differ from other components of a substance, and how they are related to these other constituents, both ontologically and definitionally. Addressing these questions is fundamental for understanding the unity of composite substances and their identity over time.
Socratic Justice and Self-sufficiency
Authors: Vander Waerdt Paul A
Published: November 2023

My principal objective in this paper is to show that Xenophon wrote his Apology of Socrates directly in reply to Plato’s work of the same title in order to reconfigure discussion of Socrates’ trial in accordance with his own antecedent understanding of Socrates’ moral philosophy and philosophical mission. More specifically, I shall argue, Xenophon advances several controversial claims concerning the motivation of Socrates’ defense speech which correct or clarify central features of the Platonic account: that Socrates deliberately provoked his own condemnation at the trial by offering a forensically deficient but boastful response to the formal charges against him, that he aimed above all not to win acquittal on these charges, but rather to defend his reputation for justice by instructing the jury in his own, Socratic understanding of it, and that Socrates conducted himself in this manner in order to provide for posterity a publicly respectable defense of Socratic philosophy. The advantages of developing an interpretation of Xenophon’ s Apology in comparison with Plato’s account will emerge through a brief reconsideration of the ‘Socratic problem’.
Aristotle’s Epistemic Progress
Authors: Broadie Sarah
Published: November 2023

This remarkable book is about Aristotle’s method, and it also raises fundamental questions of method and purpose in the study of historical philosophers. Aristotle’s First Principles [AFP], like several other works, tells a story of Aristotle’s development. But this is a new sort of developmental account, since the principal movements here described are revisions not of doctrine but of Aristotle’s epistemic standards. Doctrinal change is said to be a secondary phenomenon.
Aristotle on Cambridge Change
Authors: Williams C J F
Published: November 2023

IT seems that fourth-century Greek philosophers shared Peter Geach’s doubts about ‘merely Cambridge change’. Is it enough, for real change to have occurred, that a predicate which was at one time true of a thing should no longer be true of it? One of the prime examples used by Geach in introducing the notion was borrowed from Plato: although at the beginning of 400 BC it was true of Socrates that he was taller than Theaetetus and by the end of the year this was no longer true of him, nevertheless there had been no real change in Socrates’ height during the interval (Theaet. 155 B-C).