bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alteration Mineralogy of the Zhengguang Epithermal Au-Zn Deposit, Northeast China: Interpretation of Shortwave Infrared Analyses During Mineral Exploration and Assessment
Authors: Wang Le , Percival Jeanne B. , Hedenquist Jeffrey W. , Hattori Keiko , Qin Kezhang
Published: January 2021

Alteration mineralogy from shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectroscopy was compared with X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses for samples from the Zhengguang intermediate sulfidation epithermal Au-Zn deposit, eastern Central Asian orogenic belt, northeast China. The SWIR and XRD analyses indicate that alteration minerals in the vein-adjacent halo mainly comprise quartz, illite, and locally pyrite (QIP) and chlorite, whereas samples from the pervasive propylitic alteration of host basaltic andesite lava contain epidote, chlorite, carbonate, montmorillonite, and locally illite. SWIR mineral identifications from automated mineral identification software may not always be accurate; thus, the results should be validated by the user. The wavelength position of the Al-OH (~2,200 nm; wAlOH) absorption feature can be used to approximate the composition of illite or white mica. However, caution is required when using the wAlOH value to assess paleotemperatures, as the composition of illite can be influenced by the composition of the host rocks or the hydrothermal fluid. In addition, values of the illite spectral maturity (ISM; ratio of the depth of the ~2,200 nm minima divided by the ~1,900 nm minima) can be affected by the presence of other hydrous minerals, quartz-sulfide veins, and absorption intensity (which can be a function of rock coloration). Despite these cautions, the spatial distribution and variation of the wAlOH and ISM values for illite suggest that the high paleotemperature hydrothermal upflow zones related to the Zhengguang Au-Zn deposit were located below ore zones I and IV, which are predicted to be proximal to the intrusive center of the system.
Social Media among Thai students: Narcissism, self-identity or empowerment?
Authors: Gulatee Yuwanuch , Combes Babara , Yoosabai Yuwadee
Published: January 2021

Background: Social media has now become a ubiquitous part of everyday life, especially for young people. This technology is a double-edged sword and can be used to empower or isolate users. This research is designed to enhance our understanding of how social media is being used by young people, how it affects them and their attitudes towards it.

Results: This paper reports on the findings of a follow-up study to explore student feelings and attitudes and student preferences and self-perceptions when using technology. Earlier research examined emerging trends and changes in how students and staff use technology for learning and teaching and ownership of technology. This part of the long-term research project explored student attitudes and self-perceptions when using social media for personal use. Findings confirmed that there is a high use of Facebook amongst the young people in this study and their attitudes toward social media are more positive than negative. Participants felt that social media helped them to communicate with people from around the world, was easy to use for communication and could be used anywhere and at any time. They used social media most often to communicate with friends, colleagues, family and significant others, rather than people they did not know personally. However, they did use social media to build an online presence or profile and used this online platform to raise their status and for self-promotion to the wider community. Participants also admitted that social media impaired concentration, listening and completing activities in the classroom and sometimes caused personal relationship problems. A mobile phone is the device they use most often to access social media. Results also indicate that young people using social media in Thailand do not have a high level of concern about third-party access to their data. However, results from the study do not clearly show that using social media affects the ability of young people to communicate face-to-face.

Conclusion: The widespread use of Facebook amongst the Thai students taking part in this study was found to have both positive and negative effects on their communication, entertainment, academic and social lives, their sense of self and personal empowerment.
Business Incubator and Its Impact on Business Success: A Case Study of Jordan Enterprise Development Corporation (JEDCO)
Authors: Al-Damen Rula Ali
Published: January 2021

This study aimed to identify the level of services provided by the business incubators and their impact on business success. The sample for the field study consisted of 30 businesses that benefited from business incubator services at Jordan Enterprise Development Corporation (JEDICO). Various techniques, such as descriptive and analytical methods, were utilized in the study to test the hypotheses. The results demonstrated that beneficiaries perceived business incubators’ support practices as high level and that there was a statistically significant impact of business incubators on business success where the networking support services dimension had the highest influence on business success, followed by infrastructure support services. As a result of the findings, the study has provided a set of recommendations.
Lysinibacillus massiliensis Isolated from the Synovial Fluid: A Case Report
Authors: Eryıldız Canan , Tabakçıoğlu Kıymet , Kehaya Sezgin , Şakru Nermin , Gürcan Şaban
Published: January 2021

Lysinibacillus massiliensis is an aerobic, endospore-forming, gram-negative staining bacterium with peritrichous flagella belonging to the Bacillaceae family. A few cases of L. massiliensis isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid and tissue have been reported. In this study, we aimed to describe a case of L. massiliensis isolated from the synovial fluid. The synovial fluid from a 74-year-old female patient was inoculated into blood culture bottle. Gram-negative rods were observed in a gram-stained smear from a positive blood culture bottle. The bacterium was identified as Lysinibacillus sphaericus/Lysinibacillus fusiformis, with a probability of 89% using an automated bacterial identification system (VITEK2; Biomerieux, France). Subsequently, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed, and the sequence was analyzed using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. The sequence had 99.9% (1426/1427) identity with the strain L. massiliensis (GenBank ID: NR_043092.1). To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of L. massiliensis isolated from the synovial fluid. When an endospore-forming gram-negative staining bacterium can not be identified by phenotypic characterization, L. massiliensis should be considered, and different microbiological methods should be used for identification.
Funkcjonowanie ucznia z niedowidzeniem ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem choroby Stargardta w ogólnodostępnej szkole podstawowej – studium przypadku
Authors: Łuczak Dariusz , Brzuzy Grzegorz , Szmalec Jacek
Published: January 2021

W artykule przedstawiono zarówno zalety, jak i trudności oraz efekty kształcenia ucznia ze specjalnymi potrzebami edukacyjnymi (SPE) w ogólnodostępnej szkole podstawowej w porównaniu z placówkami specjalnymi, które dysponują specjalistycznym wyposażeniem i wyspecjalizowaną kadrą. Podkreślono skuteczność szkół specjalnych w zakresie opanowywania wiedzy, ale niedostatki w uspołecznianiu i kształtowaniu poczucia własnej wartości ich absolwentów. Na przykładzie chłopca z niedowidzeniem z powodu choroby Stargardta, której skutki opisano, przedstawiono jej negatywny rozwój postępujący z wiekiem ucznia, co uwidoczniało się w jego wyglądzie i zachowaniu podczas zajęć, a w konsekwencji wpływało na jego funkcjonowanie w przestrzeni fizycznej i społecznej szkoły oraz pogłębiało trudności w opanowywaniu przez niego umiejętności założonych programem nauczania powszechnej szkoły podstawowej.
By zrealizować ten program, podjęto różnorakie działania organizacyjne i metodyczne na bazie opinii i wytycznych poradni psychologiczno-pedagogicznej, wywiadu z rodzicami, doświadczeń zdobytych przez nauczyciela edukacji wczesnoszkolnej i podczas następnych okresów edukacji do ukończenia gimnazjum.
Wspomniany uczeń ze SPE został przygotowany do podjęcia dalszej nauki, w tym nauki zawodu w kolejnych placówkach edukacyjnych. Zapobieżono jego wykluczeniu społecznemu z powodu jego niepełnosprawności dzięki obecności w grupie pełnosprawnych rówieśników, przez których został zaakceptowany, przy jednoczesnym codziennym wsparciu jego rodziny i niedalekiej odległości szkoły od jego miejsca zamieszkania, czego nie mogłaby zapewnić specjalistyczna placówka z internatem. Wykazano zalety i efektywność, w konsekwencji zasadność nauczania dziecka ze SPE, w tym przypadku niedowidzącego, w publicznej szkole podstawowej z uwzględnieniem ograniczeń sprzętowych, metodycznych i osobowych placówki.
Multiterritorialidade no Facebook: cidadãos em busca de autonomia
Authors: Pavanello Alice
Published: January 2021

Em páginas do Facebook criadas por moradores de bairros periféricos com a intenção de trocar informações hiperlocais (NUNES, 2017), os cidadãos que já compartilham uma proximidade geográfica podem criar multiterritórios de informação. Por meio do método etnográfico para internet (HINE, 2015), este artigo analisa como acontecem e quais as características dos processos de desterritorialização e reterritorialização dos sujeitos nos campos digitais. Para tal, utiliza-se o embasamento teórico de Haesbaert (2014), Santos (2006) e Lemos (2007). Conclui-se que a multiterritorialidade se dá em perfis pessoais e páginas e que os processos de reterritorialização acontecem devido à necessidade de reforçar a ideia de comunidade e de buscar a resolução de problemas sem depender do poder público.
Vínculos migratórios e interações digitais: novos arranjos disposicionais na Cuba transnacional
Authors: Marques Ângela Cristina Salgueiro , Hernandez Elisa Beatriz Ramirez
Published: January 2021

Este artigo considera o contexto atual da experiência migratória de Cuba, configurada a partir de uma dinâmica de comunicação digital transnacional. Na primeira parte do texto são apresentados alguns elementos do ativismo digital na ilha, evidenciando como experiências de injustiça podem configurar dispositivos midiáticos que atuam como articuladores de múltiplas forças e arranjos que podem atravessar um contexto de comunicação transmidiática e transnacional. A seguir, são apresentados os procedimentos metodológicos adotados para a análise de caso das narrativas construídas na mobilização online em torno da morte de uma criança cubana de um ano, Paloma, após ter sido vacinada. Argumentamos que a criação de um dispositivo (trans) midiático transnacional de interações comunicativas off-line/online foi possível nesse caso pelo engajamento político-afetivo de atores localizados dentro e fora de Cuba em múltiplos espaços off-line e online.
Governança e mediações algorítmicas da plataforma YouTube durante a pandemia de COVID-19
Authors: Fonseca Gregório de Almeida , D'Andréa Carlos
Published: January 2021

O presente artigo busca explorar como a governança e as mediações algorítmicas da plataforma YouTube se modificaram durante os primeiros meses da pandemia de COVID-19. Visa-se compreender as políticas de moderação, monetização e recomendação de conteúdos considerados confiáveis ou desinformativos. O trabalho concentra-se em duas frentes de análise: exploração dos documentos publicados pelo YouTube e de dados sobre os vídeos mais relevantes sobre "vacina" publicados antes e depois do início da pandemia. Dentre os resultados, destacam-se um aumento nos esforços para evitar a publicação de vídeos desinformativos e uma maior “relevância” atribuída a vídeos recentes sobre o tema “vacina”.
The Prevalence of Blastocystis Infection in Pediatric Patients with Malignancy: A Single-Center Study in Ahvaz, Iran
Authors: Salehi Kahish Roya , Alghasi Arash , Hadadi Shekoufe , Abasi Nasab Marziyeh , Mafakherzadeh Aida
Published: January 2021

Background: Blastocystis spp. is known as one of the few intestinal parasites, prevalent in more than 5% and 30 - 60% of the population in industrialized and developing countries, respectively. In this respect, immunocompromised individuals, such as patients undergoing chemotherapy or those with malignancies, are at risk of the clinical symptoms of Blastocystis infection; however, the given condition is often self-limiting in healthy individuals. Objectives: The current study aimed at evaluating the prevalence of Blastocystis infection in children with malignancies receiving chemo drugs. Methods: The current descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on 52 stool specimens collected from patients with cancer admitted to the Oncology Ward of Shahid Baqaei 2 Hospital, Ahvaz, Iran, for six months. A standardized questionnaire was filled out for all cases. Each specimen was also prepared using direct smear, the Lugol iodine staining, and the formalin-ether condensation method. Results: Blastocystis spp. was detected in 21.1% of the cases among them, 11.5% demonstrated gastrointestinal symptoms; therefore, a significant relationship was observed between Blastocystis infection and gastrointestinal symptoms. Conclusion: Patients undergoing chemotherapy should be screened for opportunistic parasitic infections such as Blastocystis to avoid potentially life-threatening outcomes. Besides, further studies are required to identify the subtypes of Blastocystis.
Practical Mathematics for High Schools
Authors: Dooley W. H.
Published: January 2021

One of the most constructive critićisms that have been made of secondary-school mathematics, by a general educator, was made by H. C. Morrison, State Commissioner of Education, of New Hampshire, when he said, “The traditional courses in algebra, geometry, trigonometry and advanced algebra must be revised as to organization and content to meet the need of the adolescent, and the social purpose of the high school … mathematics must be considered as a language to interpret science. … It must be presented to give immediate opportunity for functioning. It should be adapted to meet the needs of the different courses.” These suggestions were offered after years of observation of high-school teaching of mathematics, and were no doubt due to the following causes: change in type of pupil in the high school; feeling that the industrial and commercial needs should be recognized in secondary-school mathematics; disbelief in the formal discipline theory.
A Statistical Study in Correlation of Efficiency in Secondary Mathematics and Efficiency in other High School Branches
Authors: Ingels Nelle L.
Published: January 2021

It is the purpose of this paper to record the results obtained from an investigation concerning the correlation of efficiency— (1) in the study of mathematics and history, (2) in the study of mathematics and foreign language, and (3) in the study of history and foreign language. A similar investigation was made several years ago by Prof. H. L. Rietz and Miss Imogene Shade, “On the Correlation of Efficiency in Mathematics and Efficiency in Other Branches,” in the University of Illinois.*
The Teaching of Verbal Problems
Authors: Smith Eugene R. , Gaylord Harry D. , Chambers Geo. Gailey , Breckenridge William E. , Breslich E. R.
Published: January 2021

Verbal problems in algebra are usually regarded by the pupil as the most difficult part of the course. This difficulty arises out of a number of causes. The ideas involved are sometimes remote from the pupil’s experience and are therefore of little interest to him.
Vectors for Beginners
Authors: Reynolds Joseph B.
Published: January 2021

The vector idea is so common in the study of science and the vector method so easy and effectual in application that students in preparatory schools should acquire an understanding of the subject. Its importance is emphasized when we recall that displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, electric cnrrent, stresses, strains and many other physical quantities can be correctly represented by vectors.
A Great Mathematician as a School Boy
Authors: Smith David Eugene , Sanford Vera
Published: January 2021

There is always and everywhere present in the human mind the tendency to hero worship. Iconoclastic as we may conceive ourselves to be, theoretically regicidal as we may proclaim our intentions, radical as may the group of which we are members boast itself, we all admire real ability and we tend to bow down before it. This is the reason why we exalt, even unduly, those whose genius we admire, placing them upon pedestals and considering that human frailties are alien to their nature. To us they are heroes ever,— born great and never descending to the average human level.
Experimental Courses in Secondary School Mathematics
Authors: Schorling Raleigh
Published: January 2021

The National Committee on Mathematical Requirements, working under the auspices of the Mathematical Association of America, and numerous cooperating organizations, has prepared various reports dealing with the reorganization problems of secondary school mathematics. There is a growing sentiment against accepting materials of instruction or even outlines of courses that express merely an individual's opinion, especially if that opinion is not based upon class-room experience. Rut it is equally important to realize that a curriculum constructed in committee sessions, differs only in degree, not in kind. Fortunately, a milestone on the road of progress in education has been reached, which indicates that committee work that would eventuate, must be prefaced and supplemented by carefully made inventories of the experience that bears upon the problems studied. In consequence, a number of sub-committees have made studies of some of the details involved in the fundamental recommendations of the National Committee. One of these investigations deals with experimental courses in mathematics.
Prescribed versus Elective Mathematics in Junior High Schools
Authors: Snedden David
Published: January 2021

1. Assume the existence of a large (1,600-pupil) junior high school, well staffed and amply supported, receiving all seventh and eighth grade pupils, and also all retarded pupils over 12 years of age. Assume that such a school makes no attempt to give specific training for any vocation or group of related vocations, hut offers “vocationally flavored” courses, if thereby it can better motivate specific branches of the cultural, civic, and physical education (the components of general or liberal education) which are its primary concern.
Reaction vs. Radicalism in the Teaching Of Mathematics
Authors: Myers G. W.
Published: January 2021

The writer did not choose his theme but he very readily consents to discuss it, as the price of the privilege to appear on this program. There has not recently been a time in which it was more important to the teaching of mathematics than it is now to get right on mental attitudes towards reform in that teaching. The terms reactionary, conservative, radical, moribund, etc., are being bandied about, sometimes cast as aspersions upon otherwise altogether respectable folk, to such an extent that we need to know how to comport ourselves gracefully when we are labelled for one of the groups. The appearance of such terms in periodical literature may be taken as a pretty sure indication that something in the nature of reform is operating on the minds of the users of the terms. It is readily admitted that no one need be disturbed whether his opponents classify him in the category to which he thinks he belongs, nevertheless it is worth while to know what sort of impression one's attitudes, views and arguments are making on those whose views he seeks to influence.
The Definition of Similarity
Authors: Evans George W.
Published: January 2021

I suggest for the teaching of elementary geometry a change in the customary definition of similar figures. The altered definition will not only be more generally applicable, more nearly commensurate with the idea which we all have of similarity, but will tend towards simplifying and unifying the teaching of certain separate parts of the subject of elementary geometry.
Discussion
Authors: Potter Marry A. , Hart H. F. , Laird Robert A. , Webb Harrison E.
Published: January 2021

In ancient times the few greatest scholars of a generation studied geometry; it was a senior study at Yale until 1742; but now we expect Mechalus Pezanoski, aged 16, who came over in the steerage from Poland when he was a baby, to grasp demonstrative geometry in one year. Obviously, our task of teaching that geometry is vastly different from that of our predecessors.
Some Mathematics of the Calculating Machine
Authors: Locke L. Leland
Published: January 2021

There are certain relatively simple properties of numbers which would be deemed of little importance in the science of numbers except for their application in the field of machine calculation. In considering such properties no detailed knowledge of the mechanical features of the machine is necessary. We are concerned only with the set-up and final recording or registering dials. One unit of our primitive machine will consist of a set of nine keys numbered from 1 to 9, and a registering dial actuated by the keys in such a manner as to turn one tenth of a revolution for each unit in the number on the key pressed down. In the diagram, if O appears at window D, over registering dial C, and if key 7 is pushed down, the segmental gear B causes dial C to rotate in a counter clockwise direction until 7 appears at the window. If key 5 is then operated the dial C is turned 5 more spaces and 2 appears at the window. This primary actuation will be called digital addition, as only the unit's digit of the sum is registered.
Problems Concerning the Teaching of Secondary Mathematics
Authors: Davis Alfred
Published: January 2021

It is not our purpose to enumerate all the problems connected with the teaching of secondary mathematics, even if that were possible, much less to attempt to solve all of them. It is, of course, much easier to state an educational problem than it is to solve it. A prominent educator said, not very long ago, that this is an age of diagnosis in the field of education, and we have not yet reached the stage of prescribing adequate remedies for our ills. We shall survey briefly only a few outstanding problems, and we hope to suggest possible solutions for some of these.
The Function Concept in High School Mathematics
Authors: Kinney J. M.
Published: January 2021

The perimeter of a square depends on the length of a side. The area of a circle depends on its radius. The time of vibration of a simple pendulum is related in a very definite way to the length of the pendulum. The distance passed over by a body moving with uniform velocity depends on the velocity and the time. The amount of a sum of money placed at compound interest depends on the principal, rate, and time. The size of the crops depend on the acreage, on heat, moisture, fertility of the soil, and the industry of the farmer.
Discussion
Authors: Richardson R. P. , Landis Edward H.
Published: January 2021

To the Editor of The Mathematics Teacher—In your issue of November, 1922, Professor Bessie I. Miller includes in a “reading list for browsing” Fundamental Concepts of Modern Mathematics by Richardson and Landis with the comment: “This is one of the disappointments of this generation. Its mathematics cannot be trusted.”
Textbooks in Unified Mathematics for College Freshmen
Authors: Sanford Vera
Published: January 2021

In recent years, many colleges have altered their courses in freshman mathematics with the object, as one teacher expresses it, of “condensation and acceleration”: the condensation is effected by the elimination of subject matter whose intrinsic usefulness is slight; the acceleration consists in an earlier approach to important topics which, under the old regime, would be postponed to a later year when the student might or might not elect them.
Magic Circles
Authors: Sanford Vera
Published: January 2021

The Algebraic Magic Squares of Mr. McLaughlin's article (Mathematics Teacher, February, 1921) have a natural corollary in the magic circles of Japanese Mathematics.
Present Tendencies in High School Mathematics
Authors: Rorer Jonathan T.
Published: January 2021

The present tendencies in high school mathematics are well reflected by the report of the National Committee on Mathematical Requirements, which was organized in 1916, and which has completed the most exhaustive research ever attempted into the conditions now existing in mathematics teaching. The work of the National Committee already has had a far-reaching influence on mathematics teaching. It represents a great piece of cooperative work, a systematic presentation of the thought and practice of many members of this association and of other teachers interested in the improvement of mathematics teaching. It will be for a long while a standard source of information for anyone who desires to know modern tendencies in secondary school mathematics.
On The Role of Notation in Mathematics
Authors: Winger R. M.
Published: January 2021

When Ahmes the Egyptian, author of the oldest mathematical treatise now extant—written nearly two thousand years before Christ, i. e., about the time of Joseph—was presented to Pharaoh, his king, as a learned mathematician, Pharaoh remarked: “Professor, I assure you that I entertain a profound respect for one skilled in the higher mathematics for of all the subjects with which my tutor sought vainly to acquaint me, this was the one to which I could discover neither head, tail nor middle.” This little piece of unwritten history I am able to announce to you for the first time, having inferred it by a process of generalization. For this is the substance of the first remark ventured by Augustus Mutt when introduced to Mathematicus ever since. That Ahmes, too, was a genuine mathematician is attested by his behavior—likewise here reported for the first time—for he assumed a look of superior wisdom and reserve, mingled wits satisfaction, but deprecated the royal humility and presented Pharaoh with a copy of payrus, which bore the modest title: “Directions for obtaining the knowledge of all dark things.”
Four Years of Mathematics for Commercial Pupils
Authors: Hussey Frederick K.
Published: January 2021

By four years of Mathematics I refer to grades 9, 10, 11 and 12. Just a word as to what previous preparation in mathematics pupils have when they reach the 9th grade. Their work in the 7th and 8th grades has been a General Course, bringing in and using simple Algebra in the solution of problems, also Geometric drawings and measurements. Business applications have been simplified in these grades and the time somewhat reduced. The above work has been outlined and supervised by Mr. H. C. Barber, Supervisor of Mathematics in Newton.
Some Applications of Algebra to Theorems in Solid Geometry
Authors: Reynolds Joseph B.
Published: January 2021

The student in the secondary school is likely to feel when studying geometry that the methods of analysis used are far removed from those used in the study of other branches of mathematics. Some recent authors have made extensive use of elementary algebra in texts on geometry. The scope of algebra employed could well be extended to the advantage of the student in both subjects. When once a student sees a useful application of a particular topic in algbra its value is immediately apparent and his interest and efforts are stimulated. It is the purpose of this article to draw the attention of teachers to certain neat applications of limiting values of fractions and summation of series to theorems in solid geometry.
Drawing for Teachers of Solid Geometry
Authors: Bradshaw John W.
Published: January 2021

To meet the difficulty that one unaided picture does not suffice to reconstruct the space object, the engineer commonly avails himself of two or more pictures, plan, elevation, profile, which he places side by side. To discuss the mutual relations of these and to solve problems in space by means of constructions on these plane figures is the object of technical descriptive geometry as usually treated in the text books. This is really only a branch of descriptive geometry, which, broadly defined, includes every attempt to represent a space figure by a plane figure in which straight lines are represented by straight lines. We are here interested not in the method of the engineer but in another branch of descriptive geometry called axonometry. We can make out with one picture if we'll put into it something familiar, something that wo shall agree represents a cube; or, what amounts to the same thing, if we'll introduce axes into the figure. We make use, then, of the frame-work of solid analytic geometry or coordinate geometry of space. Without presupposing any knowledge of this branch of mathematics, it is a simple matter to explain the fundamental notions on which it rests, as far as they are needed for our purpose.
Adapting Plane Geometry to Pupils of Limited Ability
Authors: Hirdebrandt Martha
Published: January 2021

I wonder how many teachers really look forward to teaching a class of pupils, made up of those who are usually conceded to be slow to grasp a subject—especially if that subject is geometry? Not very many, if the comments of the average teacher of mathematics may be used as a basis for forming this opinion. I will frankly admit that I accepted my first such class in plane geometry with many misgivings. However, as the years have rolled by, we have had many such classes and I have had to teach my share of them.
Improvements in Teaching Algebra and Geometry Made Possible by the New College Board Requirements
Authors: Ebicker Paul E.
Published: January 2021

The topic assigned sets a task almost impossible at such an early day. To ascertain at this date improvements in the teaching of mathematics, resultant of the new requirements set by the College Entrance Examination Board, or to foretell with even a fair degree of accuracy, is certainly beyond my powers. I shall not attempt it.
Minutes of Meeting of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics held at Cincinnati, February 21, 1925
Authors: Foberg J. A.
Published: January 2021

President Schorling called together a group of members of the Council in the ball room of the Sinton Hotel at 9:30 for informal discussion of the Council's affairs. Ways and means of strengthening local groups, increasing the influence of the Council, and enlarging the subscription list of Mathematics Teacher were the topics of greatest interest. In the course of the discussion, Professor Slaught laid before the group the experience of the Mathematical Association. Miss Gugle, Miss Worden, and Messrs. Austin, Schorling, Schreiber, Reeve, and Overman and others took part in the discussion.
The Sequence of Theorems in School Geometry
Authors: Nunn T. P.
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this article is to restate and develop certain proposals set out in an address to the Mathematical Association of Great Britain given at the annual meeting held in January, 1917.
Real Improvement in Algebra Teaching
Authors: Barber Harry C.
Published: January 2021

You are experts in education. You are experts in that part of education which is concerned with the teaching of mathematics. As such I have a question to ask you.
Reflections on Fourth Dimension
Authors: Altieri A. M.
Published: January 2021

For over two thousand years Euclid was the accepted authority for geometry. In fact, in England the terms “reading geometry” and “reading Euclid” were considered synonymous. The learned Greek mathematician founded his geometry upon a set of axioms whence he derived all his theorems. These axioms, or truths, he derived from his own experiences, being unable to prove any of them. There was one which subsequent mathematicians did not consider self-evident, and which they tried fruitlessly for centuries to prove. It is a long, involved declaration which is equivalent to the statement that “through a point outside a line, only one parallel can be drawn to the line,” and is universally known as the “eleventh axiom of parallels.”
A Study of the Effect of Checking Upon Accuracy in Addition
Authors: Clark John R. , Vincent E. Leona
Published: January 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect, of twenty days of practice in cheeking in single column addition, upon speed and accuracy in single column addition and upon efficiency in more complex addition and in multiplication.
Heresy and Orthodoxy in Geometry
Authors: Evans George W.
Published: January 2021

In discussing the content of school geometry, we may well take as a basis what has always been the basis, namely, the systematic treatise on geometry that was written by Euclid about 300 B. C. America and France have been in the habit of following Legendre's arrangement of this; England has until the present century followed Euclid faithfully; but everywhere more than half of the ancient text has been omitted.
The Human Significance of Mathematics
Authors: Schaaf William L.
Published: January 2021

What is mathematics? This is a question which it is well nigh impossible to answer in a few concise words. Among other things, the various phases of mathematics endeavor to explain this universe of endless ideas and complex phenomena as an orderly system under the control of external law. Or, as it has been aptly characterized, mathematics is the manifestation of “a passion for infinite harmony in a world of apparent chaos.” It is no wonder, then, that Prof. T. P. Nunn regards mathematics as a “glorious intellectual adventure in the expansion of the human spirit,” and that its art lies in the noble human effort rather than in the achievement alone. He therefore regards as a basal reason for teaching mathematics, the fact that it represent a line of development of the human mind, a great human and intellectual movement throughout the ages.
Shortening the Course in Arithmetic
Authors: Williams Sherman
Published: January 2021

The great amount of time given to the study of arithmetic, and the very meager results secured, is not after all due so much to the extent and variety of the work attempted as to inefficient teaching, though much of the work might be omitted without serious loss. All the work in arithmetic might be included under three heads.
The Use of Problems in Teaching Elementary Algebra
Authors: Taylor E. H.
Published: January 2021

Elementary algebra should begin and end with the solution of problems. That is my text.
A Number of Things for Beginners in Geometry
Authors: Richmond Vesta A.
Published: January 2021

Among the aims of mathematical instruction given by the National Committee are the cultural aims, and listed under these is “appreciation of beauty in the geometrical forms of nature, art, and industry.” Young, in The Teaching of Mathematics, says “subjects have value on account of the information they impart,” and another report says “… on the other hand the power of viewing mathematically the world of phenomena surrounding us should be developed as highly as possible,” and still another writer says “a preliminary test of the worthwhileness of a course in mathematics is the contribution that such a course makes in the direction of greater intelligence in the other subjects of the curriculum.”
What are the real values of Geometry?
Authors: Perry Winona
Published: January 2021

About twenty or even ten years ago, if a person had been asked what parts of geometry he remembered, he might have replied after a few seconds' hesitation that there were many statements which had to be proved, and that for most of them the proofs were given in detail. It is possible that he might have added that he found geometry quite difficult to learn, for memorizing with him was a long and tedious process.
The Graph as a means of Picturing Relationships
Authors: Christofferson H. C.
Published: January 2021

In the last few years there has been a tremendous wave of progress in the field of secondary school mathematics. The ideas of Perry in England, Tannery in France, Klein in Germany, Moore and Myers in Chicago, followed up and amplified by men like Professor Hedrick of Southern California, Young at Dartmouth, Reeve at Teachers College, Breslich at Chicago, Schorling at Michigan, Clark at New York University and others are beginning to be felt. This is evidenced by the great number of textbooks published during the last few years.
Mathematics in Modern Business
Authors: Clarke Edith
Published: January 2021

I consider it a great opportunity to be allowed to speak to you to-day. The subject assigned to me is Mathematics in Modern Business, as exemplified in a large corporation such as the General Electric Company. So, first, I shall try to tell you some of the ways in which mathematics is used to solve our technical problems. After that, if you will allow me, I would like to tell you how you can increase this use.
Educational Tests—To Standardize or Not To Standardize
Authors: Reeve W. D.
Published: January 2021

A steamboat should not be condemned because it is not a RollsRoyce It was not so intended. In like manner, standardized tests are not to be condemned if they serve adequately the purposes for which they are constructed. A standardized test is an example of one kind of the so-called new-type test, in contrast to the old essay-type of examination, in which some standard performance of so many questions correctly answered in a certain number of minutes has been worked out. No one who has followed the testing movement will question the fact that standardized tests have made certain contributions to education, some of which we shall now enumerate.
The Visual Method of Solving Arithmetic Problems
Authors: Otis Arthur S.
Published: January 2021

The problem that is failed most often among the 20 reasoning problems in the Otis Arithmetic Reasoning Test1 is this:

If a stick 20 inches long is cut into two pieces so that one piece is 2/3 as long as the other, how long will the longer piece be?

In order to best understand this article, you should stop just long enough now to work this problem. You might time yourself while you solve and check the solution. (You may use paper and pencil if you wish.) What answer did you get? The most common answer is 13⅓ inches, which of course is wrong. If you get that for an answer, you did not cheek your work. You might look at your watch and try again.
Concerning Orientation and Application in Geometry
Authors: Ziegler D. G.
Published: January 2021

Every teacher of geometry must answer in one way or another two questions that are certain to arise in the minds of his pupils early in the course. On the answer given to these questions will rest largely the success or failure of the pupil to profit by his experience with geometry.
The Newer Type of Mathematics
Authors: Swenson John A.
Published: January 2021

The Report of the National Committee on Mathematical Requirements appeared in 1922. This report makes recommendations which when adopted will bring us into closer agreement with the mathematical curricula of the other leading countries of the world. What these recommendations are need not be stated here since they are familiar to most teachers of mathematics.
Mathematics in Industry and Research
Authors: Martin E. J.
Published: January 2021

In discussing mathematics in industry and research I have in mind the role of tbe mathematical sciences in industrial work undertaken to improve the products of industry, assure satisfactory supplies of raw materials, lower manufacturing costs, predict as far as possible future demands in various divisions of the market, facilitate distribution, and prepare the way in advance for the creation of new products when it seems advisable. It is the purpose of this paper to illustrate the importance of mathematical training for the personnel selected to solve these problems.
Some Objectives to be Realized in a Course in Plane Geometry
Authors: Irene Sister Alice
Published: January 2021

The title of this paper—" Some Objectives to be Realized in a Course in Plane Geometry"—naturally suggests to the mind of the reader the question: What Objectives? The National Council classifies Mathematical Objectives as (1) Practical or utilitarian, (2) Disciplinary, and (3) Cultural. Cultural Objectives are subdivided into three parts: (a) Appreciation of beauty in the geometric forms of nature, art, and industry, (b) Ideals of perfection as to logical structure, precision of statement and thought, discrimination between the true and the false, etc., and (c) Appreciation of the power of Mathematics. Important as are the practical and disciplinary ends, I am not going to touch on them except in an indirect way, and as to the cultural, I shall confine myself to only one division, namely, appreciation of beauty in the geometric forms of nature and art.
Mathematical Objectives
Authors: Winger R. M.
Published: January 2021

The practical man, who frequently finds time between business and golf to lament the sins of the schools, is likely to insist that edueat ion be directed toward a definite goal. A considerable number of the students, on the other hand, still exemplify the refrain of the old song "I don't know where I'm going, but I'm on the way." Our pedagogical friends who, in the emergency, have accepted the weighty but voluntary task of rebuilding the curriculm, have adopted a catch-word made popular by the war. Before any course may be considered for the new curriculum, the expert must first ascertain its objectives-although his vague ideas of the objectives of education itself may defy formulation. "what are the objectives of your course in trigonometry?" one of these zealots will demand, in a manner that implies that the q naking victim is expected to "stand and deliver." On such occasions I am reminded of a colloquy that once occurred at a district school meeting when the school board was censured for squandering $32 of the sovereign taxpayers' money for a set of geometrical models, which, except for a physiological "chart," comprised the entire scholastic equipment of the school. " What do they use them fur?" demanded an irate father of a numerous progeny, none of whom it must be confesse ever profited by the novel luxury. "To teach the children mathematics" was the devastating reply of the director.
Suggestions for a First Lesson in Algebra
Authors: Munch H. F.
Published: January 2021

The following suggestions are designed to give the teacher an appropriate introduction to the subject of algebra. It probably should not take more than 25 to 30 minutes of the first day's work to present the material below. The objective of this part of the first lesson should be to develop in the pupils proper attitudes toward algebra and toward the teacher. Many pupils, when they come to the algebra class the first day, have built up a defense attitude or an attitude of dislike if not hatred for the subject. Such a lesson, if given by the teacher in a frank, open, friendly manner, should tend to change this attitude to one of tolerance if not to one of interest in and like for it. If this can be accomplished the first day, surely the algebra period will be well spent.
Home Work Papers in First Year Algebra
Authors: Jackson Nelson A.
Published: January 2021

Is it worth while in beginning algebra to look over carefully, mark, and return daily home work papers?

In order to obtain some idea of the value of home work papers in marking and also their value as a means of determining the pupil's grasp of the problems and exercises assigned, a colleague and I carried on the following study.
Commercial Mathematics in a Small High School
Authors: Moore Lillian
Published: January 2021

Most references on this subject express the view that arithmetic is the only mathematical study necessary for the pupil preparing to enter the business world, and such is the practice at the present time. Mathematics for the commercial student is confined to a one-year course in commercial arithmetic. However from personal experience as a statistician, I have reached the conclusion that something is radically wrong. Either commercial students are not receiving enough mathematical training; the subject matter taught is not of value to them after leaving school; or the material is not taught, so that they acquire the ability to use it or rather apply it to the new conditions which they must meet. I am inclined to believe that the fault does not lie in any one of the above conditions, but in all of them. There should be a radical revision of both our curricula and teaching methods, and a realization of the need for more thorough mathematical preparation for the commercial student.
Report of the Retiring President
Authors: Barber H. C.
Published: January 2021

The National Council makes possible the organization of all our teachers of secondary mathematics into a unit. Such organization is important. It increases the opportunity for formulation and study of our professional problems. It helps us to take our place among educational organizations in this country and abroad. It enables us to speak with considerable effectiveness in regard to educational matters which concern us. It makes possible the continuance of the campaign initiated by The National Committee on Mathematical Requirements.
Mathematics Manuals and Keys
Authors: Hunter Harold E.
Published: January 2021

It Is A Common Practice for publishers of textbooks in mathematics, geometry texts in particular, to publish manuals or keys for the use of teachers of these subjects. Such manuals are usually characterized by two essential features: 1. the key proper, in which are found more or less complete solutions for all original exercises given in the text; 2. the manual, in which the authors give suggestions for the presentation of the subject matter of the text.
News Notes
Authors: Pendlebury C. , Punnett Margaret
Published: January 2021

William S. Schlauch, the new vicepresident of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics and for twelve years Chairman of the mathematics department of the High School of Commerce in New York City and for twenty-four years a member of the faculty in that institution was recently elected to the position of assistant professor of mathematics at New York University.
Florian Cajori
Authors: Eugene Smith David
Published: January 2021

Florian Cajori, the foremost writer on the history of mathematics in this country, and well known to the readers of THE MATHEMATICS TEACHER, died at his home in Berkeley, California, on August 14, 1930, of pneumonia. He was born in Switzerland, and came to this country at the age of sixteen. He attended the State Nonnal School at Whitewater, Wisconsin, took his college work at the state university, and received the degree of B.S. in 1883. He then spent a year and a half at Johns Hopkins University after which he was called to Tulane University as assistant professor of mathematics (1885-1887), becoming professor of applied mathematics in 1888. The following year he was employed in the Bureau of Education at Washington, and secured much of the material that entered into his first printed book, The Teaching and History of Mathematics in the United States (1890). In 1889 he went to Colorado College as professor of physics, assuming the professorship of mathematics the following year and continuing in this position for twenty years (1898-1918), serving also as dean of the department of engineering for fifteen years (1903-1918). He was then given the unique position of professor of the history of mathematics at the University of California, retiring as professor emeritus in 1929.
Some Simple Logical Notions Encountered in Elementary Mathematics
Authors: A. Garabedian Carl
Published: January 2021

It is a serious shortcoming of our elementary texts that they fail to explain the logical notions which underlie the processes employed in proving identities and in solving equations. The situation might be less embarrassing were it not met so early. But it is at the very beginning of the study of formal algebra that it becomes necessary to distinguish between, and to deal with, identical equations and conditional equations; and, following closely upon the course in algebra, comes trigonometry with its chapter on identities.