bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genotoxic Assessment of Pterocarpus marsupium Extract
Authors: Mohammadi Mahnaz , Gaikwad Swati Swapnil , Devasagayam Thomas , Ghaskadbi Saroj S.
Published: June 2010

Pterocarpus marsupium is a deciduous tree native to India, Nepal and SriLanka. Various portions of the bark are used as astringent, anti-diarrheal, antacid, for treatment of toothache and for management of diabetes. We have demonstrated strong antioxidant activity of this extract using different biochemical assays. Since this extract is being used as antidiabetic agent for a longer duration, studies were undertaken to evaluate the genotoxicity of this extract if any using both somatic cells and germ cells. Results obtained clearly demonstrate that the extract by itself is not genotoxic. Additionally it reduced the genotoxic effect of cyclophosphamide in a dose dependent manner which was comparable to a known antimutagen, vitamin C. Thus this data clearly demonstrates that there are no genotoxic effects after administration of this drug in mice.
Thermal and Mechanical Effects on Retention of Food-Grade ?-carotene during Extrusion Processing
Authors: Yajnik Monali M. , Dolan Kirk D , Ng Perry K.W.
Published: June 2010

To determine the separate thermal effects of extrusion, nonisothermal experiments were conducted by heating wheat flour mixed with 0.46% (w/w) food-grade ?-carotene in an oil bath nonisothermally at 149°C at 28% (w/w) moisture content. To determine the total (thermal plus mechanical) effects of extrusion on retention of trans-?-carotene, the same mixture was extruded at 30/50/70/90/110°C and 50/70/90/110/130°C (barrel temperatures feed to exit) at screw speeds of 200, 250, 300, and 400 rpm on two separate days with a dough moisture content 30% (w/w). The rate constant at 100°C, 3.56 x 10-4s-1, and activation energy, 18.82 kJ/gmol, obtained from the nonisothermal experiments were used to calculate trans-?-carotene retention due to thermal effects during extrusion. For both temperature profiles, total trans-?-carotene retention ranged from 58 - 97%. Thermal effects accounted for less than 5% of the loss, showing that mechanical effects were the predominant cause of trans-?-carotene degradation. A linear statistical model worked well for separate days of extrusion; however, an exponential model was more effective for combined days of extrusion. Overall, food-grade ?-carotene was more stable than that of pure trans-?-carotene.
A Direct Process for the Production of High Fructose Syrups from Dates Extracts
Authors: Gaily Mohamed H. , Elhassan Basheir M. , Abasaeed Ahmed E , Al-Zahrani Saeed M.
Published: June 2010

A process comprising of extraction, fermentation, separation and decolorization for the production of high fructose syrups and/or ethanol from dates' extract was developed. In this paper, selective fermentation of the glucose component in dates' extract by Saccharomyces cerevisiae was employed to tailor the composition of the final product (fructose- or ethanol-rich). Over 90% of dates sugar was extracted by water. The fermentation experiments were conducted at 30 °C and 120 rpm. The commonly marketed 55% fructose syrup was obtained at two operating conditions, i.e., low (<50%) and high (>92%) sugar conversions. Maximum fructose concentrations (77.2-78.2%) were obtained at moderately high sugar conversions (74-82%). Decolorization by activated carbon for the fructose-rich syrup resulted in 87% of color removal. Preliminary economic analysis revealed the viability of this process.
Izazovi u unapredjenju zbrinjavanja povredjenih u Republici Srbiji
Authors: Nikolic V.T. , Karamarkovic A.R. , Popovic N.M. , Stijak L. , Djukic V.R. , Sijacki A. , Babic M. , Blagojevic Z.B.
Published: June 2010

There are many problems that trauma care system in Serbia is facing today. Few of them are: 1) Lack of categorization of trauma centers; 2) Diversity in managing of trauma patients among institutions; 3) There is no trauma management training, 4) Inappropriate cooperation between pre hospital trauma care and hospital trauma care; 5) There is no standard in managing of trauma patients as well as procedures. To improve trauma care quality throughout the country we must learn from the experiences of other countries. The aim of this paper was to report representative data about organization, management, stuff and equipment of ambulance and emergency services in Serbia. We analyzed 12 out of 138 parameters we obtained from the relevant institutions.
Damage control surgery in abdominal trauma
Authors: Karamarkovic A.R. , Popovic N.M. , Blagojevic Z.B. , Nikolic V.T. , Gregoric P.B. , Bukurov M.N. , Djukic V.R. , Bajec Dj.D.
Published: June 2010

The damage control laparotomy is an advancement in the management of massively injured trauma patients. Massive liver injuries, pelvic trauma and some retroperitoneal injuries are some of the indications for this approach. The damage control laparotomy is the phased approach to severe abdominal injury that might best be described with the acronym STIR (Staged Trauma Injury Repair). The initial procedure requires rapid abdominal exploration with hemorrhage and contamination control, using suture repair combined with abdominal packing. Temporary abdominal wall closure without tension is recommended. After abrevated initial surgical procedure, the patient is transferred to the intensive care unit where continued resuscitation is performed. Careful replacement of blood and blood products along with correction of hypothermia, acidosis and optimalization of oxygen transport represents a critical phase in this management approach. Once the coagulation profile has normalized, planned re-intervention, with repeat abdominal exploration to remove the packs and perform definitive surgical repair and reconstruction takes place. When applied judiciously, the damage control laparotomy with the staged abdominal repair and reconstruction for severe trauma is associated with an improved outcome in the selected group of patients.
Early complications in elderly patients operated because of the fracture of the femoral neck
Authors: Timotijevic S. , Bascarevic Z. , Vukasinovic Z. , Trajkovic G. , Bascarevic V. , Bascarevic V.
Published: June 2010

Fractures of the femoral neck are the most common with the older population, and in this population are dominantly made by the forces of low strength intensity. Aim: To show early complications ensued during the first 6 weeks after the surgical treatment of the older patients with fractures of the femoral neck. Materials and method: 315 hospitalised patients are included within the retrospective analysis who are operated because of the fracture of the femoral neck in KBC Bezanijska Kosa in Belgrade, in the period 2007-2010. Results: Early complications noted during the first 6 weeks after the surgery were: death of the patient 17 (5.3%), dislocation of the endoprosthesis 12 (3.8%), wound infection 8 (2.5%), pulmonary embolism 1 (0,3%), deep-vein thrombosis 6 (1.9%), lesion n. peroneusa 4 (1.2%), paraplegia 1 (0.3%), decubital wounds of sacral region 15 (4.8%). Conclusion: Aloplastic surgery of dislocated fractures of the femoral neck with the older population enables relatively fast mobilisation of the patients, early rehabilitation of the patients with acceptable number of the early complications.
Treatment of occipitocervical instability by Summit
Authors: Milinkovic Z.B. , Krneta O. , Milickovic S. , Basara V. , Dozic D. , Jesic B. , Poleksic Z. , Lalosevic V.
Published: June 2010

The occipitocervical junction with its complex anatomy and biomechanics represents unique anatomical structure difficult for operative treatment. Biomechanics forces in this region need to be resisted with rigid metallic construction to facilitate bone fusion. Surgeon must be careful about close relations of the bone, vascular and neurologic structures and must have good skills and knowledge to avoid serious complications during operations. Before 2004 for instability treatment in this region of spine wires and pin construction for fixation of bone grafts were used. In our Institute rod constructions with screws have been used to get more rigid construction since 2004. In this paper we will present our early results in occipitocervical instability treatment by SUMMIT instrumentation.
Unusual position of bone tunnels in failed ACL reconstruction
Authors: Blagojevic Z.B. , Crnobaric A.S. , Stevanovic V.M. , Diklic I.D. , Glisic M. , Granic Z.
Published: June 2010

Introduction Surgery of ACL deficient knees is very frequent nowadays due to advanced surgical techniques, sophisticated implants and large number of surgeons. Therefore, the number of revisions for various reasons is growing up. There are several well known reasons for failed surgery This paper reported a case of revision surgery in a patient with previously done and failed reconstruction of ACL Case outline: Reviewing the clinical findings and X rays we found out peculiar position of the transplant and tunnels as a cause of the failure. We haven't found such complication reported in literature therefore we decided to report the case. Conclusion: Variety of implants and instruments can ease the surgery but basic anatomical knowledge of position and relations of the knee ligaments are essential for good surgical outcome.
Postoperativna primena nesteroidnih antiinflamatornih lekova u ortopedskoj hirurgiji
Authors: Popovic N.M. , Karamarkovic A.R. , Blagojevic Z.B. , Terzic B.V. , Nikolic V.T. , Gregoric P.B. , Djokovic J. , Bajec Dj.D.
Published: June 2010

Nonsteroidal antiinflamatory drugs (NSAIDs) lead to satisfactory acute and chronic pain relief. Besides that, they exert potent antiinflamatory effect. Their analgesic potency is dose related and limited. Orthopedic patients are often on these medications preoperatively and experience opioid-sparing effect in the postoperative period. Chronic NSAIDs use is related to higher rate of sistemic adverse effects , but even short time exposure in the postoperative period is not risk-free. Although Coxibs reduce GIT bleeding incidence due to prolonged use of NSAIDs, there has to be judicious decision considering their cardiovascular adverse effects. There is evidence that NSAIDs interfere with antihypertensive medications, as well as producing moderate, dose-dependent increased bleeding time within normal values. High risk of bleeding have patients with established coagulopathy, alcohol abuse and on anticoagulant treatment. There is no strong evidence on influence of NSAIDs on bone growth. Nevertheless, there is evidence that NSAIDs do prevent heterotropic ossification. Prostaglandins are vital contributors for maintainig tissue homeostasis and NSAIDs use can lead to many unwanted effects.Those adverse effect are more common with prolonged exposure, are dose-related and risks have to be carefully and individually assesed in the postoperative pain management.
Znacaj skorova u proceni klinickog ishoda tesko povredjenih bolesnika
Authors: Krstic S.N. , Lausevic Z.D. , Alempijevic T.M. , Cubrilo M.J. , Arsenijevic V.S. , Resanovic V.R.
Published: June 2010

A trauma-scoring system converts the severity of injury into a number, so helping clinicians to define patient's condition. Aim of our investigation was assessment of scoring systems in clinical outcome of patients with severe trauma. We analyzed age, gender and mechanism of traumatic injury, as well as ISS, AIS, APACHE II and SOFA score were counted. Mean age of traumatized patients was 35yrs, predominantly males. Based on results of our investigation we concluded that ISS, APACHE II and SOFA score adequately can be used for predicting clinical outcome of severe traumatized patients.
Topographic localisation of insertion of the anterior cruciate ligament
Authors: Stijak L. , Sladojevic M. , Nikolic V. , Blagojevic Z. , Sijacki A. , Djulejic V. , Dulic B. , Filipovic B.
Published: June 2010

INTRODUCTION: Determining the center of tibial insertion of the anterior cruciate ligament is important during reconstruction ligament. AIM: Determining the center of insertion of the anterior cruciate ligament on the anterior intercondylar area relate to anterior and medial edge of the upper end of tibia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The messurement has been done on 102 tibia. We measured distance from the center of ACL to anterior and medial edge of the uper part of tibia, and the lenght and the width of the tibial insetion. Also, we showed the procentual ratio these distances with medio-lateral and anteroposterior diametar of upper tibial part. RESULTS: The distance between the centre of attachment and medial edge is at 39% from entire latero-medial diametar, while the distance from anterior edge is at 31% from entire anterioposterior diametar. The possitive correlation between the distance of centar of the anterior cruciate ligament from anterior and inner edge (r=0.366, p) was found. CONCLUSION: The center of the attachment of the ACL at anterior intercondylarl area is at 1/3 of antero-posterial diametar behind the anterior edge of the upper part of tibia and 2/5 of latero-medial diametar inside from the medial edge.
The position of anterior cuciate ligament in frontal and sagittal plane
Authors: Stijak L. , Santrac-Stijak G. , Nikolic V. , Blagojevic Z. , Malis M. , Sijacki A. , Rasulic L. , Radonjic V.
Published: June 2010

INTRODUCTION: Position of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) represents one of the anatomical factors which can lead to the rupture of the ligament. AIM: The aim of this study was to overview and compare gender and age differences of the position of the ACL and its relation with the medial aspect of the lateral femoral condyle. METHOD: The measurements were performed on the fifty cadaver knees (32 male and 18 female) aged between 15 - 53 years with intact ACL. We were measuring the angle of the ACL in sagittal and frontal plane and the angle of the medial aspect of the lateral condyle in frontal and horizontal plane. RESULTS: Measurements of the ACL in sagittal plane and measurements of the angle of the medial aspect of the lateral femoral condyle in horizontal plane showed statistically significant variations with the age (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). The angle of the medial aspect of the lateral femoral condyle in frontal plane was statistically significant higher than the same measured angle in the horizontal plane (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: ACL forms narrower angle with medial aspect of the lateral femoral condyle in extension of lower leg than in flexion as a result of smaller angle of the medial aspect of the lateral femoral condyle in frontal compared to horizontal plane.
VisualLISA: A visual environment to develop attribute grammars
Authors: Oliveira Nuno , Pereira Varanda , Henriques Rangel , Da Cruz , Cramer Bastian
Published: June 2010

The focus of this paper is on crafting a new visual language for attribute grammars (AGs), and on the development of the associated programming environment. We present a solution for rapid development of VisualLISA editor using DEViL. DEViL uses traditional attribute grammars, to specify the language's syntax and semantics, extended by visual representations to be associated with grammar symbols. From these specifications a visual programming environment is automatically generated. In our case, the environment allows us to edit a visual description of an AG that is automatically translated into textual notations, including an XML-based representation for attribute grammars (XAGra), and is intended to be helpful for beginners and rapid development of small AGs. XAGra allows us to use VisualLISA with other compiler-compiler tools.
Subtree matching by pushdown automata
Authors: Flouri Tomás , Janousek Jan , Melichar Bořivoj
Published: June 2010

Subtree matching is an important problem in Computer Science on which a number of tasks, such as mechanical theorem proving, term-rewriting, symbolic computation and nonprocedural programming languages are based on. A systematic approach to the construction of subtree pattern matchers by deterministic pushdown automata, which read subject trees in prefix and postfix notation, is presented. The method is analogous to the construction of string pattern matchers: for a given pattern, a nondeterministic pushdown automaton is created and is then determinised. In addition, it is shown that the size of the resulting deterministic pushdown automata directly corresponds to the size of the existing string pattern matchers based on finite automata.
A tool for modeling form type check constraints and complex functionalities of business applications
Authors: Lukovic Ivan , Popovic Aleksandar , Mostic Jovo , Ristic Sonja
Published: June 2010

IIS*Case is a software tool that provides information system modeling and prototypes generation. At the level of platform independent model specifications, IIS*Case provides conceptual modeling of database schemas that include specifications of various database constraints, such as domain, not null, key and unique constraints, as well as various kinds of inclusion dependencies. It also provides conceptual modeling of business applications. In the paper, we present new concepts and a tool embedded into IIS*Case, that is aimed at supporting specification of check constraints. We present a domain specific language for specifying check constraints and a tool that enables visually oriented design and parsing check constraints. Also, we present concepts and a tool that is aimed at supporting specification of complex (i.e. 'nonstandard') functionalities of business applications. It is provided visually oriented and platform independent specification of business application functions.
Phytophthora root and crown rot on apples in Bulgaria
Authors: Nakova Mariana
Published: June 2010

Phytophthora is a genus of Oomycota responsible for some of the most serious diseases with great economic impact (Judelson and Blanco, 2005). While 54 species were found in the 20th century (Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996) another 51-54 new species have been identified (Brasier, 2008) since the year 2000. They are spread worldwide and have broad range of host plants - fruit trees, citrus, forest and park species. Phytophthora can cause serious damages in orchards and nurseries of apples, cherries, etc. In Bulgaria they have been found first on young apples and cherries (1998-1999) in Plovdiv region (Nakova, 2003). Surveys have been done for discovering disease symptoms in Plovdiv and Kjustendil regions. Isolates have been obtained from infected plant material (roots and stem bases) applying baiting bioassay (green apples, variety Granny Smith) and/or PARP 10 selective media. Phytophthora strains were identified based on standard morphology methods - types of colonies on PDA, CMA, V 8, type and size of sporangia, oogonia and antheridia, and oospores. Cardial temperatures for their growth were tested on CMA and PDA. For molecular studies, DNA was extracted from mycelium using the DNA extraction kit. DNA was amplified using universal primers ITS 6 and ITS 4. Amplification products concentrations were estimated by comparison with the standard DNA. Sequencing was done at the Scottish Crop Research Institute (SCRI, Dundee, Scotland). Phytophthora root and crown rot symptoms first appear in early spring. Infected trees show bud break delay, have small chlorotic leaves, and branches die all of a sudden. Later symptoms are found in August-September. Leaves of the infected trees show reddish discoloration and drop down. Both symptoms are connected with lesions (wet, necrotic in appearance) at stem bases of the trees. Disease spread was 2-3% in most gardens, only in an apple orchard in Bjaga (Plovdiv region) it was up to 8-10%. Morphologically, the isolates acquired from the apple trees were identified as Phytophthora cactorum, P. citrophthora and P. cryptogea. Cardial temperatures for their growth were tested on CMA and PDA. PCR tests with ITS primers 4 and 6 generated a band at about 800 bP. Consequent sequencing showed that 2 strains, Bg 1/1 and Bg ?, belong to Phytophthora cryptogea.
Possible influence of MLP regulators in foliage of host species on invasion of phyllophagous insects
Authors: Ponomarev Vasiliy , Shatalin Nikolay , Strelskaya Tatiana , Klobukov Georgiy
Published: June 2010

On the northern border of the Gypsy moth area (Lymantria dispar L., 1758), caterpillars are reorient to exogenous regulators of membrane lipid peroxidation in connection with repeated cold periods during feeding. In case of an introduction of host plants with high contents of exogenous regulators of MLP (e.g. Fe2+) in foliage in these areas that may affect diapause duration, the boundaries of spreading and intensity of outbreaks may change.
What can nutritional indices tell us about gypsy moth larvae (Lymantria dispar L.)?
Authors: Andreeva Elena
Published: June 2010

In the submitted work, important factors for planning out experiments for studying nutritional indices, whose choice may affect research results, and opportunities for using the indices of feeding to study the ecology of species are evaluated. The dependence of nutritional indices on great many factors and significant variation in their absolute values over different years make possible their research only as part of a complex issue together with population factors and external conditions. A careful comparison of results from different studies is made.
Effect of Azotobacter chroococcum on sugar beet and microbial activity of rhizosphere
Authors: Kuzevski Janja , Milosevic Nada , Krstanovic Sasa , Jelicic Zora
Published: June 2010

In sugar beet production, one of the most important factors that affect the yield, apart from genetic properties, is the use of mineral fertilizers. Considerate amounts of mineral fertilizers are used in sugar beet production. However, if agroecological conditions are not optimum, mineral fertilizers cannot be completely absorbed, which may lead to soil contamination. Therefore, research has been focusing on ways of using atmospheric nitrogen by means of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Numerous researches have proved that one part of mineral fertilizers can be replaced by biological nitrogen. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of genotype, azotobacter and the amount of mineral fertilizers on the root yield of sugar beet and on the microbiological activity of the sugar beet rhizospheric soil. Three hybrids of sugar beet were used during the two years of the research. The seed of the hybrids was inoculated with three strains of azotobacter. Various amounts of NPK were used (0;30;60;90 kg/ha). At the end of the vegetation period, the following were determined: root yield, total number of bacteria, number of azotobacter, oligotrophic bacteria, ammonifiers, fungi, and actinomycetes in soil. Dehydrogenase activity was measured. The results were processed statistically (analysis of variance for factorial trials) and the effect of the factors was determined upon the expected mean square values. The yield was mainly affected by the amount of mineral fertilizers. However, the effect of mineral fertilizers was different with different inoculation treatments. The effect of the examined factors was dependant upon genotype, amount of mineral fertilizers, inoculation and the year of trials. The interaction between genotype, mineral fertilizers, inoculation and the year of trials was the factor that had the greatest effect on the number of almost all the examined soil microorganisms.
Genetic variability of mineral elements concentration in pepper varieties (Capsicum annuum L.)
Authors: Krstic Borivoj , Gvozdenovic Djuro , Nikolic Natasa
Published: June 2010

Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the major members of the vegetable kingdom. The differences between the individual varieties in mineral nutrition and the uptake of mineral elements have provoked our interest for the investigations of their genotype specificity. The chemical composition of pepper leaves at flowering and at the end of the growing season was analyzed. On the average, the content of total ash was app. 22%, namely 19-20% (soluble) and 2-3% (insoluble) at both stages. The highest accumulation values were obtained with nitrogen, then potassium, calcium and phosphorus, whereas the lowest with sodium. The most remarkable genotypic differences were recorded at the end of the growing season. The results obtained clearly demonstrate the chemical heterogeneity of pepper varieties. This crop may be grown successfully only if specificity of its mineral nutrition is known.
Mechanisms of adaptation of small grains to soil acidity
Authors: Djalovic Ivica , Maksimovic Ivana , Kastori Rudolf , Jelic Miodrag
Published: June 2010

Acid soils limit crop production on 30-40% of the world's arable land and up to 70% of the world's potentially arable land. Over 60% of the total arable lands in Serbia are acid soils. Soil acidity is determined by hydrogen (H+) in soil solution and it is influenced by edaphic, climatic, and biological factors. Major constraints for plant growth on acid mineral soils are toxic concentrations of mineral elements like Al of H+ and/or low mineral nutrient availability due to low solubility (e.g. P and Mo) or low reserves and impaired uptake (e.g. Mg2+) at high H+ concentrations. Aluminum (Al) toxicity is primary factor limiting crop production on acid soils. This review examines our current understanding of mechanisms of Al-toxicity, as well as the physiological and genetic basis for Al-toxicity and tolerance. Inhibition of root growth by Al leads to more shallow root systems, which may affect the capacity for mineral nutrient acquisition and increase the risk of drought stress. Of the two principal strategies (tolerance and avoidance) of plants for adaptation to adverse soil conditions, the strategy of avoidance is more common for adaptation to acid mineral soils. At the same, the short view of the most important genetics tolerance mechanisms, developed and determined in some small grains genotypes, is showed as well.
Physical properties of thin films on implant-materials
Authors: Mirjanic Vladan , Arbutina Radmila , Setrajcic Jovan , Dzambas Ljubisa
Published: June 2010

In this paper, we present the analysis of thin films in implant materials. Based on preliminary results, it can be concluded that thin polymer films between bone and implant achieve biocompatibility. In addition, analysis will be conducted for other characteristics, such as bioinertia, and biofunctionality.
Species composition and number of breeding birds in urban parks in Novi Sad
Authors: Tucakov Marko
Published: June 2010

Numbers of breeding pairs of breeding birds and breeding density are established by territory mapping in Limanski (12.9 ha), Futoski (8.26 ha), and Dunavski (3.9 ha) Parks in Novi Sad from early March to late June 2007. In Limanski Park 11 species of breeders were found, the most numerous being tree sparrow (Passer montanus). Futoski Park had 15 breeders and the most numerous were great tit (Parus major). The smallest number of species (9) bred in Dunavski Park, with great tit as the most common breeder. The greatest density of breeding pairs was recorded in the largest park (37.7 pairs/km2). Hole-breeders dominated in Futoski and Dunavski Park, but their number was the same as the number of canopy-breeders in Limanski Park. Measured with Sorensen index of similarity, the greatest similarity was found between breeding avifauna of Futoski and Dunavski Park (72), then between Futoski and Limanski (61), while the smallest similarity was found if we compare breeding avifauna of Dunavski and Limanski Park. Compared with breeding avifauna in other parks in Central Europe, breeding avifauna of Novi Sad parks is relatively poor.
How Measurement Characteristics Can Affect ECERS-R Scores and Program Funding
Authors: Hofer Kerry G.
Published: June 2010

This project involved examining the most widely used instrument designed to evaluate the quality of early learning environments, the Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale-Revised Edition (ECERS-R). There are many aspects related to the way that the ECERS-R is used in practice that can vary from one observation to the next. The method in which the ECERS-R is scored, the time point of the year in which the ECERS-R observations are conducted, the length of an observation period, and the start time of an observation are dependent entirely by the observer. However, there is little research on the susceptibility of the resulting scores to the influence of such measurement methods. Although the instrument developers can't possibly regulate exactly how the ECERS-R is used, it is important to know what the implications of these alternatives are. Using secondary data from over 250 classrooms, this article demonstrates how the effects of these measurement attributes can have important considerations for the policy realm, particularly when ECERS-R scores are tied to program funding considerations.
Mortality, All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease, Over 15 Years in Multiethnic Mauritius
Authors: Magliano Dianna J. , Söderberg Stefan , Zimmet Paul Z. , Cartensen Bendix , Balkau Beverly , Pauvaday Vassen , Kowlessur Sudhir , Tuomilehto Jaakko , Alberti K. George M.M. , Shaw Jonathan E.
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE

Little information is available on the impact of abnormal glucose tolerance on mortality in South Asian and African populations in the developing world. We explored this issue in a large, multiethnic cohort from the developing nation of Mauritius.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Population-based surveys were undertaken in 1987, 1992, and 1998. The 9,559 participants (20–82 years old) comprised 66% South Asian (Indian), 27% Creole (African), and 7% Chinese descent. Mortality was ascertained in 2007.

RESULTS

Over a median 15.1-year follow-up, 1,557 participants died. Compared with those with normal glucose tolerance, the all-cause mortality hazard ratios (HR) for known diabetes, newly diagnosed diabetes, and impaired glucose tolerance were 3.35 (95% CI 2.77–4.04), 2.11 (1.73–2.57), and 1.53 (1.26–1.87) in South Asians and 2.14 (1.65–2.79), 1.41 (1.06–1.88), and 1.08 (0.83–1.40) in Africans, respectively. Those with impaired fasting glucose were not at increased risk in either ethnicity. In the Chinese, only those with known diabetes were at increased risk of mortality with HR 3.68 (1.87–7.25).

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first study in a developing country of the impact of glucose intolerance on mortality in an African population, and one of the first studies of a South Asian population. It shows that the impact on mortality in these populations in Mauritius is comparable to that seen in developed countries. These results are important in a global context for future health policy in light of the impact of the rapid increase in prevalence of diabetes, especially in developing nations.
Video-Based Assessment of Operative Competency in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Laeeq Kulsoom , Infusino Scott , Lin Sandra Y. , Reh Douglas D. , Ishii Masaru , Kim Jean , Lane Andrew P. , Bhatti Nasir I.
Published: June 2010

Background

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education requires that residency programs have an effective plan for assessing their residents’ competence. Current evaluation tools used for the assessment of operative competency are subjective, recall based, and do not allow providing formative feedback to the resident. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and validity of video-based assessment of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) skills.

Methods

Five junior (postgraduate year levels 1–3[PGY-1 to -3]) and three senior (PGY-4 and -5) residents were videotaped as they performed ESS on cadavers in the laboratory. Five faculty members watched the recorded videotapes and rated performance using global and checklist assessment tools for ESS. Evaluators were blinded to the identity of the performers. Rating was made feasible by allowing the raters to fast-forward through the tapes when appropriate. Construct validity was calculated by comparing total scores and score on each item of the instrument across the training levels. For all statistical purposes p < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results

Results showed construct validity with senior residents performing better than junior residents. It took an average of 20 minutes (range, 7- 39 minutes) to watch and evaluate a video. Interrater reliability, as measured by interclass correlation coefficient across evaluators, was 0.62.

Conclusion

The use of videotapes combined with the objective assessment tool is a feasible and valid method for evaluating surgical skills. It has implications for residency programs, because it will increase faculty buy-in and reduce the potential for biased assessment.
Effects of Simulated Bleeding in an in Vitro Nasal Fibroblast Wound Healing Model
Authors: Beule Achim Georg , Athanasiadis Theodore , Field John , Hosemann Werner , Wormald Peter-John , Tan Lor Wai
Published: June 2010

Background

We investigated the effect of simulated bleeding on plasminogen activity, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, and wound healing using a human fibroblast model.

Methods

Nasal fibroblasts from three chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients with nasal polyps and three controls were grown in culture and a standardized injury was created using a punch. To mimic bleeding, fibroblasts were stimulated with plasminogen (100 μg/mL), plasminogen + tranexamic acid (TA; 100 μg/mL) or media only. At 24, 48, and 72 hours after injury, we measured urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) activities and inactive and active MMP-2 and -9 expression.

Results

Injury stimulated the nasal fibroblasts to express uPA and tPA and active and inactive MMP-2 and -9. In CRS patients, plasminogen significantly decreased MMP-9 expression after 48 hours (p < 0.04). In untreated fibroblasts, we observed a decrease in active MMP-9 expression, whereas plasminogen increased active MMP-9 expression after 48 hours (p < 0.04). At 24 hours, active MMP-9 expression was reduced by plasminogen ± TA (p < 0.02). Plasminogen also stimulated uPA expression in CRS patient fibroblasts after 48 hours (p < 0.04). Fibroblast proliferation occurred when exposed to plasminogen and was strongly modulated by uPA and inactive and active MMP-2. The quality of wound healing was affected by inactive MMP-2, uPA and tPA, simulation, and inhibition of bleeding.

Conclusion

Activation of the plasminogen pathway and inactive MMP-2 expression tended to increase both proliferation of nasal fibroblasts and MMP-9 expression as a marker for deterioration of the quality of wound healing.
Automatic exposure control in computed tomography – an evaluation of systems from different manufacturers
Authors: Söderberg Marcus , Gunnarsson Mikael
Published: June 2010

Background: Today, practically all computed tomography (CT) systems are delivered with automatic exposure control (AEC) systems operating with tube current modulation in three dimensions. Each of these systems has different specifications and operates somewhat differently.

Purpose: To evaluate AEC systems from four different CT scanner manufacturers: General Electric (GE), Philips, Siemens, and Toshiba, considering their potential for reducing radiation exposure to the patient while maintaining adequate image quality.

Material and Methods: The dynamics (adaptation along the longitudinal axis) of tube current modulation of each AEC system were investigated by scanning an anthropomorphic chest phantom using both 16- and 64-slice CT scanners from each manufacturer with the AEC systems activated and inactivated. The radiation dose was estimated using the parameters in the DICOM image information and image quality was evaluated based on image noise (standard deviation of CT numbers) calculated in 0.5 cm2 circular regions of interest situated throughout the spine region of the chest phantom.

Results: We found that tube current modulation dynamics were similar among the different AEC systems, especially between GE and Toshiba systems and between Philips and Siemens systems. Furthermore, the magnitude of the reduction in the exposure dose was considerable, in the range of 35–60%. However, in general the image noise increased when the AEC systems were used, especially in regions where the tube current was greatly decreased, such as the lung region. However, the variation in image noise among images obtained along the scanning direction was lower when using the AEC systems compared with fixed mAs.

Conclusion: The AEC systems available in modern CT scanners can contribute to a significant reduction in radiation exposure to the patient and the image noise becomes more uniform within any given scan.
Renal lesions associated with autoimmune pancreatitis: CT findings
Authors: Triantopoulou Charikleia , Malachias George , Maniatis Petros , Anastopoulos John , Siafas Ioannis , Papailiou John
Published: June 2010

Background: Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by IgG4-positive plasma cells. Recent evidence suggests that it is a systemic disease affecting various organs. Tubulointerstitial nephritis has been reported in association with AIP.

Purpose: To investigate the incidence and types of renal involvement in patients with AIP.

Material and Methods: Eighteen patients with no history of renal disease and a diagnosis of AIP (on the basis of histopathologic findings or a combination of characteristic imaging features, increased serum IgG4 levels, and response to steroid treatment) were included. All patients underwent computed tomography (CT) imaging and follow-up ranged from 6 months to 2 years. CT images were reviewed for the presence of renal lesions.

Results: Seven patients had renal involvement (38.8%). None of the lesions was visible on non-contrast-enhanced CT scan. Parenchymal lesions appeared as multiple nodules showing decreased enhancement (four cases). Pyelonephritis, lymphoma, and metastases were considered in the differential diagnosis. An ill-defined low-attenuation mass-like lesion was found in one patient, while diffuse thickening of the renal pelvis wall was evident in the last two cases. Renal lesions regressed in all patients after steroid treatment, the larger one leaving a fibrous cortical scar.

Conclusion: Different types of renal lesions in patients with AIP are relatively common, appearing as multiple nodules with decreased enhancement. These findings support the proposed concept of an IgG4-related systemic disease. Autoimmune disease should be suspected in cases of renal involvement in association with pancreatic focal or diffuse enlargement.
Comparing the Risks and Benefits of Early Applications of Chlorimuron for Weed Control in Peanut
Authors: Johnson W. Carroll , Prostko Eric P. , Davis Jerry W.
Published: June 2010

Chlorimuron is applied from 60 days after peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) emergence (DAE) until 45 days prior to harvest to control Florida beggarweed [Desmodium tortuosum (Sw.) DC]. Research trials were conducted in Georgia from 2006 to 2008 to determine whether the benefits of controlling smaller weeds earlier in the season compensate for the potential risk of significant peanut injury from chlorimuron. Chlorimuron at 9 g ai/ha was applied at 21, 35, 49, 63, 77, and 91 DAE. Additionally, flumioxazin (105 g ai/ha) preemergence was included as a treated control, along with a nontreated control. Main plots were split into subplots; weed-free and weeds present. Flumioxazin controlled Florida beggarweed 82%. Chlorimuron controlled Florida beggarweed 38 to 67%, with applications 21 and 35 DAE more efficacious than later applications. With weeds present, peanut treated with chlorimuron at any application timing yielded less than peanut treated with flumioxazin. Weed-free peanut treated with chlorimuron at any application timing yielded less than peanut treated with flumioxazin. These data indicate that chlorimuron applied earlier than 60 DAE provided better Florida beggarweed control with greater peanut yield than when applied at the recommended time intervals. However, Florida beggarweed control and peanut yield from any of the chlorimuron treatments were consistently less than flumioxazin.
Prehistoric resource procurement in the central Mesa Verde region: A study of human mobility and social interactions using GIS
Authors: Arakawa Fumiyasu , Nicholson Christopher
Published: June 2010

The use of a Geographic Information System (GIS) in the study of lithic procurement patterns provides crucial information about energy expenditure and territoriality of prehistoric communities. Cost-weight analyses calculate proxy energetic expenditures of agents who transport lithic materials from a quarry to the nearest habitation site. Illustrating energy expenditure values onto maps helps us understand changes in toolstone procurement patterns through time. Comparing energy expenditure values from one time period to another also demonstrates when agents developed the sense of territoriality. This research investigates how the central Mesa Verde Puebloans utilised resources on their landscape from A.D. 600 to 1280.
Residential Energy Performance Metrics
Authors: Wright Christopher , Baur Stuart , Grantham Katie , Stone Robert B. , Grasman Scott E.
Published: June 2010

Techniques for residential energy monitoring are an emerging field that is currently drawing significant attention. This paper is a description of the current efforts to monitor and compare the performance of three solar powered homes built at Missouri University of Science and Technology. The homes are outfitted with an array of sensors and a data logger system to measure and record electricity production, system energy use, internal home temperature and humidity, hot water production, and exterior ambient conditions the houses are experiencing. Data is being collected to measure the performance of the houses, compare to energy modeling programs, design and develop cost effective sensor systems for energy monitoring, and produce a cost effective home control system.
Coarse Grained Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Transmembrane Protein-Lipid Systems
Authors: Spijker Peter , Van Hoof Bram , Debertrand Michel , Markvoort Albert J. , Vaidehi Nagarajan , Hilbers Peter A. J.
Published: June 2010

Many biological cellular processes occur at the micro- or millisecond time scale. With traditional all-atom molecular modeling techniques it is difficult to investigate the dynamics of long time scales or large systems, such as protein aggregation or activation. Coarse graining (CG) can be used to reduce the number of degrees of freedom in such a system, and reduce the computational complexity. In this paper the first version of a coarse grained model for transmembrane proteins is presented. This model differs from other coarse grained protein models due to the introduction of a novel angle potential as well as a hydrogen bonding potential. These new potentials are used to stabilize the backbone. The model has been validated by investigating the adaptation of the hydrophobic mismatch induced by the insertion of WALP-peptides into a lipid membrane, showing that the first step in the adaptation is an increase in the membrane thickness, followed by a tilting of the peptide.
New Peptides Isolated from Lyngbya Species: A Review
Authors: Liu Li , Rein Kathleen S.
Published: June 2010

Cyanobacteria of the genusLyngbya have proven to be prodigious producers of secondary metabolites. Many of these compounds are bioactive and show potential for therapeutic use. This review covers peptides and hybrid polyketide-non-ribosomal peptides isolated from Lyngbya species. The structures and bioactivities of 50 Lyngbya peptides which were reported since 2007 are presented.
Representing Knowledge
Authors: Paquette Gilbert
Published: June 2010

The invention of writing more than 6,000 years in Mesopotamia is a recent phenomenon in human history. In the few million years that preceded this event, knowledge was passed on from generation to generation by oral tradition. Writing was a huge factor in accelerating civilization and transferring knowledge by enabling us to externalize our thoughts first on stone, parchment, then paper, and finally by digitizing and recording them on optical disks and computer servers. These media act as a kind of external memory that extends the storage capacity of our brain. This external memory can be accessed on demand, made permanent, changed in a multitude of ways, sent to others, used as a basis for mass communication orally or electronically, and distributed through print, analog, or digital media. The purpose of this chapter is to broaden our understanding of knowledge representation through organized systems of symbols, to present these systems, and to describe how they are used to understand, communicate, and solve problems.
Types and Examples of Knowledge Models
Authors: Paquette Gilbert
Published: June 2010

With only a few object and link types, it is possible to construct representations of complex knowledge systems such as the taxonomies, theories, processes, or methodologies used to describe various fields of knowledge. In this chapter, we will present a taxonomy of knowledge models and provide examples of each model type. Our goal is to demonstrate the generality of the MOT representation system by modeling a wide variety of situations usually modeled by other representations, or in some cases, not at all. In so doing, we will develop a library of models from which designers can choose to adapt to their own areas of concern.
Knowledge, Skills, and Competency
Authors: Paquette Gilbert
Published: June 2010

A search on the Internet shows the renewed importance given to competency-based approaches in Education and Administration. Ministries of education, school boards, and teacher training institutes use competency profiles to define school programs or required qualities from the teachers, especially in the use of technologies in education. Consulting companies present their expertise by enumerating competencies, marketing their services in this way. Other companies offer services or computerized tools to help their prospective customers define or manage the competence of their staff, looked upon as the main asset of an organization in a knowledge management perspective. Governmental agencies or professional associations use competency-based approaches to define conditions to the exercise of a profession and to orient their vocational training programs.
Competency-Driven Scenarios and Actor Modeling
Authors: Paquette Gilbert , Marino Olga
Published: June 2010

In this chapter, we will present further applications of the notions of generic skill and competency developed in the previous chapters. The first of these applications is to define the concept of “competency gap” that extends the notion of “knowledge gap” introduced in Chapter 4 to guide the domain modeling process. Then, we show how we can use a model of the generic skill involved in a competency definition, to form the skeleton of an activity scenario. Afterwards, we use competencies to help define the roles and the resources needed by different actors in a virtual learning or knowledge management environment. Finally we use different viewpoints on a user’s competencies at the center of a user model that can help personalize or adapt a Web-based environment.