bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tooth transplantation after dental injury sequelae in children
Authors: Andrés Díaz Jaime , Marcelo Almeida Andrés , Adrián Benavente Anibal
Published: May 2008

Abstract –  Ten immature autotransplanted lower premolars from six patients from 7 to 12 years of age were studied and assessed clinically and radiographically at Regional Clinical Hospital in Temuco between January 2004 and April 2006. All transplantations were performed both because of a missing anterior tooth by dental trauma or by healing complications after injuries. The mean age at the time of the surgery was 10 years (range 7–12 years) and the postoperative follow‐up period varied from 5 to 27 months with a mean of 16.9 months. All teeth were stabilized with flexible composite resin wire splints. Within the follow‐up period, clinical evaluation was made through percussion and mobility tests. At radiographic evaluation, pulpal canal obliteration (PCO), presence of perirradicular area, inflammatory root resorption (IRR), replacement resorption (RR), stage of root development, lamina dura formation, outline of the periodontal membrane, and arrest in root growth were registered. Pulp healing was observed in 6 of 10 teeth; the other transplanted teeth developed pulp necrosis after 6–8 months possibly related to operative aesthetic procedures. Four teeth showed different grades of PCO at radiographic examination. None of transplanted teeth developed replacement resorption or ankylosis. In this 27‐month follow‐up period, the survival rate was 100%, regarding aesthetics, function, clinical appearance, and radiographic image of alveolar process.
Are all mouthguards the same and safe to use? Part 2. The influence of anterior occlusion against a direct impact on maxillary incisors
Authors: Takeda Tomotaka , Ishigami Keiichi , Nakajima Kazunori , Naitoh Kaoru , Kurokawa Katsuhide , Handa Jun , Shomura Masahito , Regner Connell Wayne
Published: May 2008

Abstract –  The purpose of this study was to clarify the influence anterior occlusion, of mouthguards, has on protecting against a direct collision to the maxillary anterior teeth. In other words, the support mandibular dentition has when wearing a mouthguard. Two types of mouthguards were used for this study, one with an appropriate anterior occlusion or a mouthguard with positive anterior occlusion (MGAO+) and another which was a single‐layer mouthguard lacking the same occlusion or a mouthguard with negative anterior occlusion (MGAO−) but with the same thickness on the buccal side. The instruments used for testing were a pendulum‐type impact device with two interchangeable impact objects (a steel ball and a baseball), with a plastic jaw model having artificial teeth. Four testing conditions were observed: one with the jaw open without a mouthguard (Open NoMG), the second with the jaw clenching (loaded with 30 kg weight) without a mouthguard (Clench. NoMG), the third with the jaw clenching with MGAO− (Clench. MGAO−) and the last with the jaw clenching with MGAO+ (Clench. MGAO+). The results are as follows: both types of mouthguards showed the effects in reducing the distortion of the teeth. However, the effect was significantly obvious (steel ball = about 57% shock absorption ability, baseball = about 26%) in the mouthguard with anterior occlusion or support by lower dentition through mouthguard (Clench. MGAO+) than Clench. MGAO−. Thus, the influence of anterior occlusion of mouthguards or the support of mandibular dentition through wearing a mouthguard (MGAO+) is indispensable in reducing the impact force and tooth distortion. The results of this research should further contribute to the establishment of guidelines for safer mouthguards.
Conditions for treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformation associated with ectasia of the vein of Galen in the newborn
Authors: Swanström S , Flodmark O , Lasjaunias P
Published: May 2008

The survival rate and subsequent quality of life has improved significantly for neonates with cerebral arteriovenous malformation associated with ectasia of the vein of Galen, with recent advances in interventional neuroradiology. Transarterial endovascular occlusive techniques have emerged as the treatment of choice. However, this treatment is technically very demanding and good results are seen only in institutions with large experience in treating this rare type of congenital malformation. The conditions for granting the neonate access to this sophisticated type of treatment include appropriate clinical and neuroradiological evaluation at the highest possible level, combined with the establishment of early communication with a trained interventional neuroradiological team capable of this treatment. Not all neonates are suited to this form of treatment, but only rapid, careful and competent treatment and evaluation of the neonate can assure appropriate pre‐procedural evaluation in order to give each patient, wherever born, a similar and optimized chance of survival without unnecessary sequelae.
Patent foramen ovale with left to right shunt in bronchopulmonary dysplasia: coincidental or associated complication?
Authors: Hascoët J‐M , Hamon I , Didier F , Maurer P , Vert P
Published: May 2008

Despite the use of exogenous surfactants, the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) has not decreased as much as expected. Of 208 newborns involved in trials with Exosurf at our center, 51 had BPD. Among these newborns, 8 were found retrospectively to have secondary worsening of respiratory distress syndrome after initial improvement with surfactant treatment. Oxygen requirements decreased from 89±15% to 58±16% (mean ± SD), respectively, before and 48 h after surfactant, and then reached a plateau of 34±10% before dramatic deterioration at 22 ± 9 days of life. The patients had signs of cardiac failure and increased oxygen requirements of up to 76 ± 19% within 6 h. A patent foramen ovale (PFO) was demonstrated at echocardiography with a left to right shunt at Doppler. No other cause of worsening was found. Five infants had significant improvement when treated with digoxin and furosemide. This retrospective study raises questions about the relationship between PFO and BPD that should be explored in a prospective study.
Intraventricular streptokinase increases cerebrospinal fluid D dimer in preterm infants with posthaemorrhagie ventricular dilatation
Authors: Whitelaw A , Mowinckel M‐C , Larsen ML , Røkås E , Abildgaard U
Published: May 2008

Failure to lyse multiple small blood clots in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) reabsorption pathways may be one of the mechanisms leading to posthaemorrhagie ventricular dilatation (PHVD). It has been suggested that intraventricular administration of streptokinase may resolve PHVD but it is not known whether such treatment produces an increase in fibrin degradation products in the CSF. Ventricular CSF was collected from six infants with PHVD before and during intraventricular treatment with streptokinase 1000 units/h. In all six infants, CSF D dimer increased during streptokinase treatment. Median D dimer before treatment was 1642 μg/1 and during treatment 5440 μg/1 (p < 0.05). Undetectable D dimer levels in plasma during streptokinase treatment ruled out the possibility that D dimer had merely diffused into the CSF. This augmentation of local fibrinolysis may have therapeutic potential. There was no evidence of systemic fibrinolysis.
Turner's syndrome in Italy: familial characteristics, neonatal data, standards for birth weight and for height and weight from infancy to adulthood
Authors: Bernasconi S , Larizza D , Benso L , Volta C , Vannelli S , Milani S , Aicardi (Genova) G , Berardi (Siena) R , Borrelli (Roma) P , Boscherini (Roma) B , Pasquino AM , Buzi (Brescia) F , Cacciari E , Mazzanti (Bologna) L , Cavallo (Bari) L , Chiumello G , Nizzoli (Milano) G , Dammacco (Bari) F , DeLuca (Messina) F , DeMatteis (L'Aquila) F , DeSanctis C , Matarazzo (Torino) P , DeSanctis (Ferrara) V , DiMaio (Napoli) S , Gabrielli (Ancona) O , Giovannelli G , Balestrazzi (Parma) P , Klain (Napoli) U , Morabito F , Mazzilli (Novara) G , Pintor (Cagliari) C , Radetti (Bolzano) G , Rigon F , Licursi (Padova) A , Saggese (Pisa) G , Severi F , Lamanna (Pavia) S , Spada (Cuneo) A , Stoppoloni (Napoli) GP , Tato (Verona) L , (Trieste) GTonini
Published: May 2008

In 1990, the Italian Study Group for Turner's Syndrome (ISGTS) undertook a nationwide survey, involving the retrospective collection of cross‐sectional data and longitudinal growth profiles of 772 girls with Turner's syndrome born between 1950 and 1990. The study was carried out in 29 pediatric endocrinological centers. In this first report, the familial characteristics and neonatal data of Turner girls are described, compared to those of the general population, and related to postnatal somatic development. Furthermore, charts for birth weight and growth standards for height and weight from infancy to adulthood are presented (these are the first charts based on a large sample from the Mediterranean area). The main findings were: (1) incidence of Turner births increases with parental age or parity; (2) most of the neonates are small for dates; (3) girls with normal birth weight tend to be both taller and heavier than girls with low birth weight during the whole growth period; and (4) a 10‐cm difference in midparental height leads to a 6.5‐cm difference in adult stature.
Simultaneous immunoglobulin/T‐cell receptor gene rearrangements and multiclonality in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Forestier E , Nordensotr I , Lindstrom A , Roos G , Lindh J
Published: May 2008

Twenty‐five children less than 16 years of age with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were investigated with immunologic, cytogenetic and molecular genetic techniques at diagnosis. All pre‐B‐cell ALL showed clonal rearrangements in the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene (JH and/or Cμ). A very high proportion of the pre‐B‐cell leukemias (17 of 23 cases) also snowed clonal rearrangements in T‐cell receptor genes (Tγ and/or Tβ). The two T‐cell leukemias exhibited clonal T‐cell receptor gene rearrangements and in one Jh and kappa light chain rearrangments also. The T‐cell receptor gene rearrangements found in pre‐B‐cell leukemias appeared to occur randomly with respect to the Tβ and Tγ genes. A significant proportion of the leukemias (at least 24%) seemed to harbor more than one malignant (sub)clone at diagnosis. Cytogenetic studies revealed a clonal abnormality in 10 cases. Only 2 showed hyperdiploidy (> 50 chromosomes). The only correlation between cytogenetic findings and rearrangement patterns was extra bands corresponding to a possible trisomy of chromosome 14. Our data indicate, in line with previous studies, that childhood ALL has complex rearrangement patterns not useful for lineage sub‐classification. For this purpose immunophenotyping appears to be superior. However, molecular analysis can reveal the presence of more than one clone not detected by immunophenotyping or karyotyping, and distribution of clones in different compartments. In this study no correlation with clinical outcome was observed.
Muscular sufficiency, serum protein, enzymes and bioenergetic studies (31‐phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy) in chronic malnutrition
Authors: Gupta RK , Mittal RD , Agarwal KN , Agarwal DK
Published: May 2008

Muscle sufficiency was significantly lower in 1336 children with chronic malnutrition of moderate to severe degree. Eighteen children with a chronic moderate degree of malnutrition and 8 well‐nourished, age‐matched controls were selected for biochemical and 31‐phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31 ‐P MRS) studies. The results showed that: (a) serum total protein, albumin, iron, calcium and inorganic phosphate were similar in both groups; (b) serum enzyme levels were significantly increased in the malnourished group; (c) 31‐P MRS showed significantly higher means for total ATP, β‐ATP, a‐ATP and inorganic phosphate for the malnourished compared to the control group. In chronic malnutrition, proteins are maintained by degradation in muscle resulting in release of amino acids and enzymes. 31‐P MRS studies showing increases in total ATP, β‐ATP and inorganic phosphate and a decrease in phosphocreatine suggest that ATP is maintained at the cost of phosphocreatine.
What is a normal rate of weight gain in infancy?
Authors: Wright CM , Matthews JNS , Waterston A , Aynsley‐Green A
Published: May 2008

We have retrieved weights from the Child Health records of an annual cohort of 3418 full‐term children, aged 18–30 months in order to define a lower limit of normality for weight gain for both clinical and research purposes. There was a strong tendency for children at the extremes of the distribution to move inwards towards the average: only 26% of those below the 3rd centile for weight at six weeks were still below it at one year. We describe a method based on conditional standards to correct for this “regression to the mean” and produce a measure of the discrepancy between a child's predicted and actual growth: the “thrive index”. The value of the thrive index below which only a minority of children fell provided a lower threshold for normality. While most children below the 3rd centile for weight at 9–24 months of age also had subnormal weight gain, 41 % of those with subnormal weight gain had not fallen below the 3rd centile.
Plasma gastrin and somatostatin levels in newborn infants receiving supplementary formula feeding
Authors: Marchini G , Simoni M‐R , Bartolini F , Uvnäs‐Moberg K
Published: May 2008

Plasma gastrin and somatostatin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in exclusively formula‐fed infants and in breast‐fed infants receiving supplementary formula during the first five postnatal days. Infants exclusively formula fed had a progressive increase in mean plasma gastrin concentration from 109±42 pmol/l (mean±SD) on the first day to 236±103 pmol/l on the fifth day after birth (p= 0.0001). Breast‐fed infants receiving supplementary formula had similar hormone concentrations as formula‐fed infants of corresponding postnatal age and they also had a significant increase in hormone levels from the first to the fifth day (p= 0.0001). A positive relationship was found between gastrin concentration and ingested milk volume: Rs = 0.51, n= 105, p= 0.0001. The high gastrin concentrations most probably reflect enhanced hormonal release from the gastrin‐producing cells in response to increasing volumes of milk ingested by the infant. The mean plasma somatostatin concentration on the first day after birth was 18 ± 6 pmol/l. No significant change occurred during the first five postnatal days, independent of feeding type.
Nutritional and genetic contributions to serum cholesterol concentration in a children's follow‐up study
Authors: Pesonen E , Viikari J , Räsänen L , Moilanen T , Turtinen J , Åkerblom HK
Published: May 2008

In the Finnish multicentre study of cardiovascular risk in young Finns in 1980, 1983 and 1986, 2429, 2052 and 1841 9 to 18‐year‐old children and adolescents participated. In 1980, subjects of eastern origin living in the west had, despite their western diet, higher serum cholesterol concentrations than subjects both residing in and originating from the west. In males, eastern origin increased the eastlwest difference in serum cholesterol concentrations. Between 1980 and 1986 the mean serum total cholesterol of the study cohorts decreased by 5.5% and simultaneously the east/west differences in serum cholesterol concentrations disappeared in boys. The study suggests that genetic background is a separate factor determining serum total cholesterol level, but with declining serum cholesterol concentrations the effect of the genetic factor does not become manifest.
Visual outcome of low‐birth‐weight infants (1500–2500 g) at one year of corrected age
Authors: Hermans AJM , Van Hof‐van Duin J , Oudesluys‐Murphy AM
Published: May 2008

Visual functions (grating acuity, visual field size, optokinetic nystagmus and eye alignment) were tested as part of a longitudinal study in 96 low‐birth‐weight infants (birth weight 1500–2500 g) at one year of corrected age. Except for optokinetic nystagmus, deficit rates of all visual functions were low, and the obtained values comparable with normal age values in full‐term infants. Effects of gestational duration, birth weight and intrauterine growth retardation on visual functions could not be demonstrated. Some perinatal risk factors (mechanical ventilation, oxygen treatment for more than one day, the presence of maternal hypertensive disorders) and a less‐optimal neurodevelopmental status at one year had a negligible effect on visual field size. The observed deficits are not likely to cause disability. Low‐birth‐weight infants appeared not to be at risk for developing visual deficits at one year of corrected age.
Severe retinopathy of prematurity in infants from the southern regions of Sweden
Authors: Schollin J , Crafoord S , Stenström I , Wesstrom G
Published: May 2008

We studied children born in 1986–1989 with severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) defined as stage 3 “plus” or more. Sixteen children from the southern and central areas of Sweden were identified and 15 of these were referred to Orebro Medical Center Hospital for surgical treatment of ROP. The incidence of severe ROP was estimated as 0.8 per 10000 newborns per year. All children were born before 29 weeks' gestation and weighed less than 1310 g; they also needed ventilatory support for a long time. The overall neonatal morbidity was high. A model for eye examination in premature newborns is suggested.
Relative nocturnal hypertension in children with insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus
Authors: Madacsy L , Yasar A , Tulassay T , Körner A , Kelemen J , Hóbor M , Miltényi M
Published: May 2008

Twenty‐four‐hour blood pressure and heart rate measurements were carried out in 14 newly diagnosed diabetics and in 28 diabetics with 5–13 years' duration of the disease; 8 healthy children were used as controls. Mean arterial blood pressure increased at night in 5, decreased slightly (less than 10%) in 5 and decreased markedly (more than 10%) in 18 diabetics with longer duration of the disease. The diurnal‐nocturnal differences in heart rates were significantly lower in diabetics with relative “nocturnal hypertension” compared to the control group (p < 0.05). A significant negative correlation was found between maximal arterial blood pressure during physical exercise and the diurnal‐nocturnal differences in mean arterial blood pressure in diabetics (r=−0.58; p < 0.02). In conclusion, we found elevated nocturnal blood pressure in a subgroup of children with longer duration of diabetes and without increased albumin excretion. However, longitudinal studies of blood pressure profiles are needed to identify the candidates for diabetic vasculopathy among diabetic children.
Factors associated with response to methotrexate in systemic‐onset juvenile chronic arthritis
Authors: Ravelli A , Ramenghi B , Fuccia GDi , Ruperto N , Zonta L , Martini A
Published: May 2008

We retrospectively investigated, in 19 children with systemic‐onset juvenile chronic arthritis (SoJCA), the possible influence on the outcome of methotrexate (MTX) therapy of several independent variables, including age at onset of juvenile chronic arthritis, disease duration and severity of the disease at baseline. The dosage of MTX ranged from 7.5 to 11.O mg/m*/week (median 9.3 mg/m2/week) and was given as a single, oral weekly dose. After 6 months of treatment, 12 (63%) patients were judged as responders on grounds of a 50% reduction in the number of joints with active arthritis and/or an articular severity score; 7 (37%) did not respond to therapy. When the baseline values of the selected variables were compared, we found that the responder group had, with respect to the non‐responder group, a lower percentage of radiographic lesions (p < 0.005), a shorter duration of the disease (p < 0.05) and a lower number of joints with limitation of motion (p < 0.01), functional limitation score (p < 0.05) and articular severity score (p < 0.05). A threshold value of disease duration of two years and the presence/absence of radiographic lesions gave a correct classification with respect to the treatment outcome of 73.7% and 83.3%, respectively. The predictive value of these two variables was confirmed by a multivariate analysis. We conclude that earlier treatment with MTX, possibly before the appearance of radiographic changes, may favourably influence the outcome of MTX treatment in those patients with SoJCA who require a second‐line drug.
Fetal hypopituitarism: perinatal endocrine and morphological studies in two cases
Authors: Heinrichs C , de Zegher F , Vansnick F , Vokaer A , Christophe C , Frankenne F
Published: May 2008

We report two infants with congenital absence of the anterior pituitary gland, documented by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or autopsy. In cord plasma obtained at birth from both infants, prolactin (PRL), pituitary growth hormone (hGH), placental growth hormone (hPGH) and thyrotropin (TSH) were undetectable; cortisol was low; thyroxine (T4) was 31 nmol/l in one infant and 85 nmol/l in the other infant who had been treated prenatally with intra‐amniotic L‐T4 administration. In maternal plasma at birth, PRL, hPGH and T4 were normal and hGH was undetectable. These observations suggest that plasma hGH and PRL in the fetus are exclusively of fetal pituitary origin, hPGH is secreted into the maternal circulation and is not transferred to the fetus and fetal growth can be normal in the absence of hGH, hPGH and PRL in fetal plasma.
Change in speaking fundamental frequency in hormone‐treated patients with Turner's syndrome‐a longitudinal study of four cases
Authors: Andersson‐Wallgren Gunnel , Albertsson‐Wikland Kerstin
Published: May 2008

Change in speaking fundamental frequency for four hormone‐treated girls with Turner's syndrome was registered using two computerized analysis methods for a period of four years. The girls were treated with human growth hormone, oxandrolone and ethinyl estradiol. The overall pattern for three of the girls was a distinct decline in speaking fundamental frequency during the first year, while for the fourth patient the pattern of change was more complicated. For all four girls, the final pitch level was within the normal range for adult women. It is important that voice effects are taken into account in the hormonal treatment of Turner's syndrome and that patients are informed of the changes to be expected.
Facial features in children with the 22q11 deletion syndrome
Authors: Óskarsdóttir S , Holmberg E , Fasth A , Strömland K
Published: May 2008

Aim: To find a pattern of the most typical facial features in children with the 22q11 deletion syndrome, which could serve as an aid in identifying patients with the syndrome.

Methods: In 80 children and adolescents with the 22q11 deletion syndrome, three investigators evaluated the facial features separately using frontal and profile photographs. A patient was considered to have a given feature if at least two of the evaluators agreed.

Results: The most common facial features found in at least 50% of the patients were malar flatness, fullness of eyelids (hooded eyelids), broad nasal bridge/tubular nose, broad/round nasal tip, round ears, thick/overfolded helix and slightly low‐set ears. These were also the most common features when all agreed, although a considerable variation in the assessment by the three evaluators was observed.

Conclusions: The 22q11 deletion syndrome is a differential diagnosis in children with a variety of symptoms and signs including congenital malformations, developmental delay and speech abnormalities. Almost all children with the syndrome show a characteristic pattern of minor facial variants, which can be difficult to recognise, unless specifically looked for. A systematic evaluation of facial features might help in identifying children with the syndrome.
Very early neonatal apparent life‐threatening events and sudden unexpected deaths: incidence and risk factors
Authors: Dageville C , Pignol J , De Smet S
Published: May 2008

Aim: To evaluate the incidence of neonatal apparent life‐threatening events and sudden unexpected deaths during the first 2 h after birth.

Methods: A prospective study was conducted over a 1‐year period in all the maternities of the French region of Provence, Alpes, Côte d'Azur, which included all presumably healthy full‐term neonates. Twenty‐three previously published cases were also studied in order to identify possible risk factors.

Results: Sixty two thousand nine hundred sixty‐eight live births were recorded over the study period. There were two neonatal apparent life‐threatening events and no neonatal sudden unexpected death. The overall rate of neonatal apparent life‐threatening events and unexpected deaths was thus 0.032 per 1000 live births. Three potential risk factors were identified: skin‐to‐skin contact, primiparous mother and mother and baby alone in the delivery room.

Conclusion: A neonatal apparent life‐threatening event or sudden unexpected death during the first 2 h of life is very uncommon. Skin‐to‐skin contact between mother and infant left alone in the delivery room may constitute the main risk situation. This must not lead to reconsider skin‐to‐skin contact that has been proven beneficial and seems per se almost safe, but must induce maternity staff to pay particular attention to a skin‐to skin infant when left alone with its mother.
Early nasal continuous positive airway pressure and low threshold for intubation in very preterm infants
Authors: Te Pas Arjan B , Spaans Vivian M , Rijken Monique , Morley Colin J , Walther Frans J
Published: May 2008

Aim: To determine if selective intubation, use of early nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) at birth with a low threshold for early surfactant treatment, reduces the need for intubation in very preterm infants in the first days after birth.

Methods: Two cohorts of very preterm infants ≤ 32 weeks, born at the Leiden University Medical Center in the Netherlands, were compared retrospectively before (1996–1997) and after (2003–2004) introducing selective intubation and use of early NCPAP. A FiO2≥ 0.40 was used as criterion for intubation. Primary outcome measure was intubation < 72 h of age. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) was a secondary outcome.

Results: The rate of intubation in the delivery room (69% vs. 46%, p < 0.001) and within 72 h of age (73% vs. 57%, p < 0.001) was lower following the change in policy. Early NCPAP was, in 2003–2004, increasingly used as primary treatment (10% vs. 33%, p < 0.001) with higher maximum NCPAP levels (4.0 (0.9) vs. 5.8 (1.5), p < 0.001). There was no change in BPD (14.3% vs. 15.2%, p = 0.82).

Conclusion: Avoiding intubation by using early NCPAP while maintaining a low‐threshold for surfactant treatment decreased the need for intubation.
Surveillance of extreme hyperbilirubinaemia in Denmark. A method to identify the newborn infants
Authors: Bjerre Jesper Vandborg , Petersen Jes Reinholdt , Ebbesen Finn
Published: May 2008

Aim: To describe the incidence of infants born at term or near‐term with extreme hyperbilirubinaemia.

Methods: The study period was between 1 January 2002 and 31 December 2005, and included all infants born alive at term or near‐term in Denmark. Medical reports on all newborn infants with a total serum bilirubin concentration (TSB) ≥ 450 μmol/L were obtained by linking laboratory data to the unique Danish personal identification number.

Results: In total, 113 infants were included, that is, an incidence of 45/100 000 live births. Thirty‐seven infants presented in hospital, 2 after home birth and the others after having been discharged. The maximum TSB was 485 (450–734) μmol/L (median [range]) and appeared latest amongst those infants admitted from home, but was not different from the maximum TSB of the nondischarged infants. Forty‐three infants had symptoms of early‐phase acute bilirubin encephalopathy; one infant had advanced‐phase symptoms. Four infants received an exchange transfusion. ABO blood group incompatibility was present in 52 infants. Thirty‐seven infants were of non‐Caucasian descent.

Conclusion: A method to obtain the national epidemiological data is presented. The observed incidence of extreme hyperbilirubinaemia is higher than previously reported in Denmark. This is mainly due to a very sensitive method of identifying the study group.
Progressive decrease of phosphocreatine, creatine and creatine kinase in skeletal muscle upon transformation to sarcoma
Authors: Patra Subrata , Bera Soumen , SinhaRoy Soumya , Ghoshal Sarani , Ray Subhankar , Basu Abhimanyu , Schlattner Uwe , Wallimann Theo , Ray Manju
Published: May 2008

In vertebrates, phosphocreatine and ATP are continuously interconverted by the reversible reaction of creatine kinase in accordance with cellular energy needs. Sarcoma tissue and its normal counterpart, creatine‐rich skeletal muscle, are good source materials to study the status of creatine and creatine kinase with the progression of malignancy. We experimentally induced sarcoma in mouse leg muscle by injecting either 3‐methylcholanthrene or live sarcoma 180 cells into one hind leg. Creatine, phosphocreatine and creatine kinase isoform levels decreased as malignancy progressed and reached very low levels in the final stage of sarcoma development; all these parameters remained unaltered in the unaffected contralateral leg muscle of the same animal. Creatine and creatine kinase levels were also reduced significantly in frank malignant portions of human sarcoma and gastric and colonic adenocarcinoma compared with the distal nonmalignant portions of the same samples. In mice, immunoblotting with antibodies against cytosolic muscle‐type creatine kinase and sarcomeric mitochondrial creatine kinase showed that both of these isoforms decreased as malignancy progressed. Expressions of mRNA of muscle‐type creatine kinase and sarcomeric mitochondrial creatine kinase were also severely downregulated. In human sarcoma these two isoforms were undetectable also. In human gastric and colonic adenocarcinoma, brain‐type creatine kinase was found to be downregulated, whereas ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase was upregulated. These significantly decreased levels of creatine and creatine kinase isoforms in sarcoma suggest that: (a) the genuine muscle phenotype is lost during sarcoma progression, and (b) these parameters may be used as diagnostic marker and prognostic indicator of malignancy in this tissue.
Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects ofCyathea phalerataMart. (Cyatheaceae)
Authors: Hort Mariana Appel , DalBó Silvia , Brighente Inês Maria Costa , Pizzolatti Moacir Geraldo , Pedrosa Rozangela Curi , Ribeiro‐do‐Valle Rosa Maria
Published: May 2008

Abstract: The present study investigated the antioxidant properties ofCyathea phalerataMart. (Cyatheaceae) usingin vitroandin vivoassays. Thein vitroantioxidant potential of the crude extract (CE), precipitate (PPT), aqueous fraction (AQF), n‐butanolic fraction (BUF) and ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) fromC. phaleratawas evaluated through the scavenging of diphenyl‐1‐picryl‐hydrazyl‐hydrate (DPPH), superoxide anion (O2•−) (nitroblue tetrazolium assay) and hydroxyl radicals (OH•) (deoxyribose assay), and lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenate. In these assays, it was observed that EAF had marked antioxidant potential, especially as a scavenger of the OH•radical and in inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Thein vivoevaluation of oxidative stress (DNA fragmentation, membrane lipoperoxidation and carbonyl protein formation) and the antioxidant defenses (concentration of reduced glutathione, as well as catalase and glutathione S‐transferase activities) were measured in mice pre‐treated with EAF (10, 30 or 100 mg/kg, orally) and later exposed to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The EAF decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels, DNA damage and carbonyl protein contents, and increased catalase and glutathione S‐transferase activities. Based on these results, it is concluded that the EAF fromC. phalerataprotects liver from oxidative stress induced by CCl4in mice and these effects are probably related to the antioxidant activity associated with the free radical scavenging property of this fraction.
“IT'S IN THEIR CULTURE”: FAIRNESS AND CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS IN DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
Authors: Warrier Sujata
Published: May 2008

This essay attempts to critique the prevailing thinking on culture and cultural competency within the context of domestic violence. Current thinking and presentations of culture usually consists of providing court personnel with essentialist pictures of various groups of people with suggestions on how to work with them. These pictures obscure the reality that cultures are often unstable and generalizations that lead to providing more misinformation. The essay develops a critical framework on the issue and provides specific ways in which a more nuanced understanding of culture is helpful for court personnel as they grapple with how to work with a diverse population.
FAMILY CARE COMMITMENT DISCRIMINATION: BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN WORK AND FAMILY
Authors: Taylor Lindsay
Published: May 2008

This Note discusses the pervasive problem of employment discrimination based on family responsibilities, or family care commitment discrimination. Employees with family care commitments often find themselves being pulled in opposing directions—between work and family. When an employee is forced to choose work, for financial reasons, over family, his or her family ends up suffering. The current state and federal statutes aimed at employment discrimination are insufficient to deal with family care commitment discrimination. This Note proposes a change to the current legislation and explains how this change will protect employees and families, while causing employers to internalize externalities by adopting more family‐friendly policies.
Egr‐1 mRNA induction by medium flow involves mRNA stabilization and is enhanced by the p38 inhibitor SB203580 in osteoblast‐like cells
Authors: Ogata T.
Published: May 2008

Aim:  Mechanical stimuli are important for maintaining organ structure and tissue function. To elucidate signalling pathways activated by mechanical stimuli, the contribution of mRNA stabilization to induction of egr‐1 mRNA by medium flow was examined and the mechanisms responsible for stabilization were analysed. An early‐response gene that encodes a transcription factor, egr‐1, activates transcription of several genes in response to mechanical stimuli, and was therefore selected to resolve how early‐induced signals are integrated and connected to subsequent response.

Methods:  Mouse osteoblast‐like MC3T3E1 cells were stably transfected with the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene linked to the egr‐1 promoter, and inductions of endogenous egr‐1 and transfected CAT mRNA following medium flow were compared using real‐time reverse transcriptase PCR. The mechanism of induction was examined using a transcription inhibitor and mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitors. Activation of MAP kinases by medium flow was investigated using western blotting.

Results:  Induction of egr‐1 mRNA by medium flow was twofold higher than CAT mRNA induction. Induction of egr‐1 mRNA was also observed in cells pre‐treated with transcription inhibitor. The p38 inhibitor SB203580 enhanced induction of egr‐1 mRNA by medium flow. Extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), p38 and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) were activated by medium flow.

Conclusion:  A considerable part of egr‐1 mRNA induction by medium flow may be due to mRNA stabilization. The p38 inhibitor SB203580 enhances induction.
Best practice for the management of older people with dementia in the acute care setting: a review of the literature
Authors: Moyle Wendy , Olorenshaw Rachel , Wallis Marianne , Borbasi Sally
Published: May 2008

Aim. This paper reviews the theoretical and research‐based literature related to the management of people with chronic confusion as a consequence of dementia in the acute care setting.

Background. People aged 65 years and over are at increased risk of poor outcomes when admitted to the acute care setting as a result of comorbity and mismanagement of their chronic confusion. The challenge of caring for people with dementia in acute care is one that requires special attention.

Results. The theoretical literature outlines a number of principles of care necessary for best practice in the care of people with dementia. A number of different models of care are reported in the literature and some evaluative research has been undertaken to assess the benefits of the different models.

Conclusion. There are a number of interventions that if put into place in acute care may improve care of people with dementia and reduce the burden of care. There is emerging evidence that interventions such as staff education, skilled expertise, standardized care protocols and environmental modification help to meet the needs of people with dementia in acute hospital settings. This paper adds to our current understanding of management of dementia in the acute care setting, an area that demonstrates the need to move from descriptive to intervention studies to ensure evidence for care of persons with a dementing condition.
Application to practice guidelines
Authors: Hudson Rosalie
Published: May 2008

Drawing on the international literature for 2006 as discussed in the previous paper, this paper explores key issues for translating the evidence into practice. It brings the themes of ageing, spirituality and nursing more sharply into focus, providing practical suggestions for care in a variety of settings. Taking seven identified themes into consideration, the paper draws out implications for practice from each theme. This discussion is intended to provide encouragement for nurses to consider the spiritual domain in holistic care, not as an optional extra but as the centre of a dynamic partnership with the older people in their care. The paper concludes with recommendations for further research and development work.
Cell Cycle Elongation Impairs Proliferation of Cerebellar Granule Cell Precursors in the Ts65Dn Mouse, an Animal Model for Down Syndrome
Authors: Contestabile Andrea , Fila Tatiana , Bartesaghi Renata , Ciani Elisabetta
Published: May 2008

Mental retardation, the hallmark of Down syndrome (DS), has been attributed to the reduced number of neurons populating the DS brain. The Ts65Dn mouse model of DS displays several anomalies analogous to those in individuals with DS, including neurogenesis impairment. The goal of the current study was to determine whether cell cycle alterations underlie neurogenesis impairment in the cerebellum of the Ts65Dn mouse and to identify the molecular mechanisms responsible for this defect. In neonatal (2‐day old) Ts65Dn mice, cerebellar granule cell precursors exhibited a reduced proliferation rate (−40%) and a notable elongation (+45%) of the cell cycle. Alteration of cell cycle rate was due to elongation of the G2 and G1 phases. Microarray screening of cell cycle regulatory genes showed that Ts65Dn mice had a decreased expression of Cyclin B1 and Skp2, two key regulators of G2/M and G1/S transition. Results point at cell cycle elongation as major determinant of neurogenesis reduction in the cerebellum of Ts65Dn mice and suggest that this defect is specifically linked to an altered expression of two cell‐cycle regulatory genes, Cyclin B1 and Skp2. These findings may establish the basis for a therapeutic approach aimed at restoring neurogenesis in the DS brain.
Seeing the Forest Beyond the Trees: A Construal‐Level Approach to Self‐Control
Authors: Fujita Kentaro
Published: May 2008

Self‐control failure is a ubiquitous and troubling problem people face. This article reviews psychological models of self‐control and describes a new integrative approach based on construal level theory (e.g., Trope & Liberman, 2003). This construal‐level perspective proposes that people's subjective mental construals or representations of events impacts self‐control. Specifically, more abstract, global (high‐level) construals promote self‐control success, whereas more concrete, local (low‐level) construals tend to lead to self‐control failure. That is, self‐control is promoted when people see the proverbial forest beyond the trees. This article surveys research findings that demonstrate that construing events at high‐level versus low‐level construals promotes self‐control. This article also discusses how a construal‐level perspective promotes understanding of self‐control failures.
Offset Slices for Multidirection Layered Deposition
Authors: Singh Prabhjot , Dutta Debasish
Published: May 2008

Layered Manufacturing (LM) techniques build a part by adding thin layers of material. In this process, overhangs need to be supported by sacrificial supports, resulting in an increase in the build time, wastage of material, and costly post-processing. Metal-based LM machines with the capability to deposit material along multiple directions resolve most of the above problems. Importantly, these machines can deposit nonplanar slices. In this paper, we study such slices and present a task framework for their use with multidirectional layered deposition machines. The aim of the analysis is to identify part subvolumes that can be built using nonplanar slices for a process-dependent overhang angle. Solution methodologies for 2D, extruded parts, and general 3D parts are presented. Algorithms and illustrative example parts are included.
Orientation Capability, Error Analysis, and Dimensional Optimization of Two Articulated Tool Heads With Parallel Kinematics
Authors: Liu Xin-Jun , Bonev Ilian A.
Published: May 2008

Because of the increasing demand in industry for A/B-axis tool heads, particularly in thin wall machining applications for structural aluminium aerospace components, the three-degree-of-freedom articulated tool head with parallel kinematics has become very popular. This paper addresses the dimensional optimization of two types of tool head with 3-P̱VPHS and 3-P̱VRS parallel kinematics (P, R, and S standing for prismatic, revolute, and spherical joint, respectively; the subscripts V and H indicating that the direction of the P joint is vertical or horizontal, and the joint symbol with underline means the joint is active) by considering their orientation capability and positioning accuracy. We first investigate the tilt angle of the spherical joint, the orientation capability, and the error of one point from the mobile platform caused by input errors. Optimization of the 3-P̱VPHS tool head is easy. For the 3-P̱VRS tool head, a design space is developed to illustrate how the orientation capability and error index are related to the link lengths. An optimization process is accordingly presented. Using the optimization method introduced here, it is not difficult to find all the possible optimal solutions.
Numerical Analysis of Roll Deflection for Sendzimir Mill
Authors: Yu H. L. , Liu X. H. , Lee G. T. , Li X. W. , Park H. D.
Published: May 2008

The present work introduces a new type of numerical analyzing method: the contact element method with two relative coordinates (CEM). The main characteristic of the procedure is elements meshing on the basis of the contact length between objects and that each element has two relative coordinates. The ordinary expression of this procedure is DX[CXY(i)]=DY[CYX(i)]. Through this method, the CEM function of the 20-high Sendzimir mill and the deflection function expression of every roll are obtained. A computational software SM4SM for the Sendzimir mill has been developed, by which the deflection condition of rolls S, O, I, and A can be obviously seen. The results obtained by CEM have also been compared to that by the finite element method.
Analytical and Thermal Modeling of High-Speed Machining With Chamfered Tools
Authors: Karpat Yiğit , Özel Tuğrul
Published: May 2008

High-speed machining offers several advantages such as increased flexibility and productivity for discrete-part manufacturing. However, excessive heat generation and resulting high temperatures on the tool and workpiece surfaces in high-speed machining leads to a shorter tool life and poor part quality, especially if the tool edge geometry and cutting conditions were not selected properly. In this study, analytical and thermal modeling of high-speed machining with chamfered tools in the presence of dead metal zone has been presented to investigate the effects of cutting conditions, heat generation, and resultant temperature distributions at the tool and in the workpiece. An analytical slip-line field model is utilized to investigate the process mechanics and friction at the tool-chip and tool-workpiece interfaces in the presence of the dead metal zone in machining with a negative rake chamfered polycrystalline cubic boron nitride tool. In order to identify friction conditions, a set of orthogonal cutting tests is performed on AISI 4340 steel and chip geometries and cutting forces are measured. Thermal modeling of machining with chamfered tools based on moving band heat source theory, which utilizes the identified friction conditions and stress distributions on the tool-chip and tool-workpiece interfaces, is also formulated and temperature distributions at the tool, cutting zone, and in the workpiece are obtained. These temperature distributions are compared with the results obtained from finite element simulations. The comparison of temperature fields indicates that the proposed model provides reasonable solutions to understand the mechanics of machining with chamfered tools. Models presented here can be further utilized to optimize the tool geometry and cutting conditions for increasing benefits that high-speed machining offers.
Experimental Study of the Dry and Near-Dry Electrical Discharge Milling Processes
Authors: Tao Jia , Shih Albert J. , Ni Jun
Published: May 2008

This study investigates the dry and near-dry electrical discharge machining (EDM) milling to achieve a high material removal rate (MRR) and fine surface finish for roughing and finishing operations, respectively. Dry EDM uses gas and near-dry EDM applies a liquid-gas mixture as the dielectric medium. Experimental studies leading to the selection of oxygen gas and copper electrode for high MRR dry EDM and the nitrogen-water mixture and graphite electrode for fine surface finish near-dry EDM are presented. Near-dry EDM exhibits the advantage of good machining stability and surface finish under low discharge energy input. A 25−1 fractional factorial design is applied to investigate the effect of discharge current, pulse duration, and pulse interval on the MRR and surface finish in dry and near-dry EDMs. Lower pulse duration and lower discharge current are identified as key factors for improving the surface finish in near-dry EDM.
A New Algorithm for the Numerical Simulation of Machined Surface Topography in Multiaxis Ball-End Milling
Authors: Zhang Wei-Hong , Tan Gang , Wan Min , Gao Tong , Bassir David Hicham
Published: May 2008

In milling process, surface topography is a significant factor that affects directly the surface integrity and constitutes a supplement to the form error associated with the workpiece deformation. Based on the tool machining paths and the trajectory equation of the cutting edge relative to the workpiece, a new and general iterative algorithm is developed here for the numerical simulation of the machined surface topography in multiaxis ball-end milling. The influences of machining parameters such as the milling modes, cutter runout, cutter inclination direction, and inclination angle upon the topography and surface roughness values are studied in detail. Compared with existing methods, the basic advantages and novelties of the proposed method can be resumed below. First, it is unnecessary to discretize the cutting edge and tool feed motion and rotation motion. Second, influences of cutting modes and cutter inclinations are studied systematically and explicitly for the first time. The generality of the algorithm makes it possible to calculate the pointwise topography value on any sculptured surface of the workpiece. Besides, the proposed method is proved to be more efficient in saving computing time than the time step method that is commonly used. Finally, some examples are presented and simulation results are compared with experimental ones.