bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abberent expression of NOR1 protein in tumor associated macrophages contributes to the development of DEN‐induced hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Chen Shengnan , Zheng Pan , Wang Wei , Yi Mei , Chen Pan , Cai Jing , Li Junjun , Peng Qian , Ban Yuanyuan , Zhou Ying , Zeng Zhaoyang , Li Xiaoling , Xiong Wei , Li Guiyuan , Xiang Bo
Published: December 2017

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary tumor of the liver and the sixth most common lethal cancer worldwide. Recent evidences demonstrated that oxidored nitro domain containing protein 1 (NOR1), a putative tumor suppressor gene, is overexpressed in human HCC tissues. However, the role of NOR1 in HCC development remains unclear. Here, we described that NOR1 protein level is elevated in HCC and is associated with poorer clinical outcome. However, ecotopic overexpression of NOR1 protein in human HCC cell line HepG2 cells had no effect on cells proliferation, migration, and clonality. Immunofluoresence assay indicates NOR1 protein is mainly expressed at CD163 positive M2 tumor associated macrophages (TAMs). To explore the role of NOR1 in the development of HCC, we interrogated the susceptibility of mice lacking the NOR1 gene to DEN‐induced hepatocarcinogenesis. NOR1 deficient mice displayed resistance to DEN‐induced HCC. We also demonstrate that mNOR1 protein is enriched in F4/80 positive Kupffer cells (KCs) infiltrated in DEN induced murine HCC tissues. Loss of NOR1 led to increase of iNOS whereas decrease of Arg1, Ym1 expression in KCs. Overexpression of NOR1 in THP‐1 macrophages led to decrease of iNOS but increase of Arg1. Mechanistic investigations showed that inflammatory cytokines IL‐6, TNF‐α production, and NF‐κB activation were also decreased in NOR1 knockout mice exposed to DEN treatment. Our data suggested that NOR1 is overexpressed in HCC associated TAMs and promotes M2 alternative polarization. Genetic deletion of NOR1 in mice leads to impairment of IL‐6 production and NF‐κB activation, which in turn attenuates DEN‐induced HCC development.
Sevoflurane induces liver injury by modulating the expression of insulin‐like growth factor 1 via miR‐214
Authors: Ma Ligang , Zhao Jingjing , Xie Xiaojuan
Published: December 2017

This study aimed to detect the effect of sevoflurane anesthesia on liver injury through modulating IGF‐1. The expression of IGF‐1 and IGF‐1R in liver tissues of sevoflurane‐exposed rats was examined by qRT‐PCR and Western blot. The expression levels of miR‐214 in liver cells treated with different concentration of sevoflurane at different time points were detected by qRT‐PCR. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assay was used to analyze serum IGF‐1 concentration in cell culture media. After pre‐treatment with 100 nM miR‐214 inhibitor followed by exposure to sevoflurane, the expression level of miR‐214 and IGF‐1 protein in liver cells was examined. Hematoxylin‐Eosin (HE) staining and TUNEL assay was performed to analyze liver tissue necrosis and apoptosis. The expression levels of apoptosis‐related proteins (caspase 3 and Bcl‐xL) were examined using Western blot. The mRNA and protein expression level of IGF‐1 and IGF‐1R in rats was significantly down‐regulated after 90 min exposure to sevoflurane. QRT‐PCR results suggested that exposure to sevoflurane upregulated the expression level of miR‐214 and decreased the concentration of IGF‐1 in a dose and time dependent manner. Sevoflurane inhibited the expression of IGF‐1 through up‐regulating miR‐214. IGF‐1 inhibited the positive effect of sevoflurane on cell necrosis and apoptosis. Sevoflurane could induce liver injury by modulating IGF‐1 expression via miR‐214.
LncRNA MALAT1 induces colon cancer development by regulating miR‐129‐5p/HMGB1 axis
Authors: Wu Qiong , Meng Wen‐Ying , Jie Ying , Zhao Haijian
Published: December 2017

Recent studies have exhibited significant roles of lncRNAs in various tumors' development, including colon cancer. Our study focused on the biological roles of lncRNA MALAT1 in colon cancer. In our study, it was demonstrated that MALAT1 was upregulated in human colon cancer cell lines including Lovo, HCT116, SW480, and HT29 cells compared to the normal human intestinal epithelial HIEC cells. Moreover, we observed that miR‐129‐5p was downregulated in colon cancer cells with a significant increase of HMGB1 expression. Inhibition of MALAT1 can inhibit the proliferation of colon cancer SW480 and HCT116 cells and next, bioinformatics analysis was used to predict the target microRNA of MALAT1. miR‐129‐5p was identified and confirmed as a direct regulator of MALAT1 and it was shown that miR‐129‐5p mimics were able to restrain the progression of colon cancer cells. In addition, high motility group box protein 1 (HMGB1), was predicted as a mRNA target of miR‐129‐5p. Furthermore, we found that MALAT1 exerted its biological functions through regulating HMGB1 by sponging miR‐129‐5p in vitro. Silencing MALAT1 greatly inhibited HMGB1 expression which can be reversed by miR‐129‐5p inhibitors. It was indicated in our investigation that MALAT1 may serve as a competing endogenous lncRNA (ceRNA) to mediate HMGB1 by sponging miR‐129‐5p in colon cancer. Taken together, our results indicated that MALAT1/miR‐129‐5p/HMGB1 axis could be provided as an important prognostic biomarker in colon cancer development.
Prevention of chemotherapy‐induced cachexia by ACVR2B ligand blocking has different effects on heart and skeletal muscle
Authors: Hulmi Juha J. , Nissinen Tuuli A. , Räsänen Markus , Degerman Joni , Lautaoja Juulia H. , Hemanthakumar Karthik Amudhala , Backman Janne T. , Ritvos Olli , Silvennoinen Mika , Kivelä Riikka
Published: December 2017

Background

Toxicity of chemotherapy on skeletal muscles and the heart may significantly contribute to cancer cachexia, mortality, and decreased quality of life. Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective cytostatic agent, which unfortunately has toxic effects on many healthy tissues. Blocking of activin receptor type IIB (ACVR2B) ligands is an often used strategy to prevent skeletal muscle loss, but its effects on the heart are relatively unknown.

Methods

The effects of DOX treatment with or without pre‐treatment with soluble ACVR2B‐Fc (sACVR2B‐Fc) were investigated. The mice were randomly assigned into one of the three groups: (1) vehicle (PBS)‐treated controls, (2) DOX‐treated mice (DOX), and (3) DOX‐treated mice administered with sACVR2B‐Fc during the experiment (DOX + sACVR2B‐Fc). DOX was administered with a cumulative dose of 24 mg/kg during 2 weeks to investigate cachexia outcome in the heart and skeletal muscle. To understand similarities and differences between skeletal and cardiac muscles in their responses to chemotherapy, the tissues were collected 20 h after a single DOX (15 mg/kg) injection and analysed with genome‐wide transcriptomics and mRNA and protein analyses. The combination group was pre‐treated with sACVR2B‐Fc 48 h before DOX administration. Major findings were also studied in mice receiving only sACVR2B‐Fc.

Results

The DOX treatment induced similar (~10%) wasting in skeletal muscle and the heart. However, transcriptional changes in response to DOX were much greater in skeletal muscle. Pathway analysis and unbiased transcription factor analysis showed that p53‐p21‐REDD1 is the main common pathway activated by DOX in both skeletal and cardiac muscles. These changes were attenuated by blocking ACVR2B ligands especially in skeletal muscle. Tceal7 (3‐fold to 5‐fold increase), transferrin receptor (1.5‐fold increase), and Ccl21 (0.6‐fold to 0.9‐fold decrease) were identified as novel genes responsive to blocking ACVR2B ligands. Overall, at the transcriptome level, ACVR2B ligand blocking had only minor influence in the heart while it had marked effects in skeletal muscle. The same was also true for the effects on tissue wasting. This may be explained in part by about 18‐fold higher gene expression of myostatin in skeletal muscle compared with the heart.

Conclusions

Cardiac and skeletal muscles display similar atrophy after DOX treatment, but the mechanisms for this may differ between the tissues. The present results suggest that p53‐p21‐REDD1 signalling is the main common DOX‐activated pathway in these tissues and that blocking activin receptor ligands attenuates this response, especially in skeletal muscle supporting the overall stronger effects of this treatment in skeletal muscles.
Impetus for a robust science of behavior: A review of Nevin's Behavioral Momentum: A scientific metaphor
Authors: Charles Catania A.
Published: December 2017

Nevin provides a scientific role model, illustrating momentum in his own research and providing impetus through his effects on the scientific behavior of his students and his colleagues. I discuss his book in the context of a review of the history of the concept of extinction, I cite his introduction of signal‐detection analysis into behavior analysis as a contribution not covered in this book, I briefly consider applications, such as the potential extension to fluency procedures in education, and I critique his concept of momentum, relating it to other metaphors for maintained behavior such as the dynamics of sensory systems and robustness in biological accounts of the stability of phenotypes.
Investigation of diffusion kurtosis imaging for discriminating tumors from inflammatory lesions after treatment for bladder cancer
Authors: Wang Fang , Jin Di , Hua Xiao‐Lan , Zhao Zi‐Zhou , Wu Lian‐Ming , Chen Wei‐Bo , Wu Guang‐Yu , Chen Xiao‐Xi , Chen Hai‐Ge
Published: December 2017

Background

The bladder wall may thicken resulting from chronic inflammation after initial treatment (transurethral resection [TUR] or neoadjuvant chemotherapy), which may mimic the feature of recurrent or residual bladder tumors (RBT). Therefore, it is critical to discriminate RBT from benign lesions after initial treatment.

Purpose

To investigate whether diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) could discriminate RBT from post‐therapy bladder inflammatory lesions.

Study Type

Retrospective.

Subjects

Fifty patients diagnosed with bladder cancer underwent TUR or received neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Field Strength/Sequence

3.0T MRI/conventional T1‐weighted imaging (T1WI), T2WI, and diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) with nine b‐values ranging from 0–2000 s/mm2.

Assessment

Mean diffusion coefficients (MDa, MDb, and MDc) and mean kurtosis values (MKa, MKb, and MKc) were obtained from three different measurement methods. The region of interest (ROI) was placed 1) to encompass the entire portion of the thickening bladder wall or to portions that were the most restricted, with a b‐value of 2) 2000 s/mm2 or 3) 1000 s/mm2.

Statistical Tests

The independent‐samples t‐test was used to compare the differences between RBT and the inflammatory group. Differences in DKI parameters were analyzed by comparing the areas under the receiver‐operator characteristic curves (AUCs).

Results

In patients with RBT, the MD (MDa, MDb, MDc) values were significantly lower and the MK (MKa, MKb, MKc) values were significantly higher than those in patients in the inflammatory lesions group (all P < 0.01). The AUC of MKb (0.934) was significantly larger than those of MDb, MKa, and MKc (0.793, P < 0.05; 0.694, P < 0.01; 0.719, P < 0.01, respectively).

Data Conclusion

MK obtained from DKI provided better performance than conventional DWI in distinguishing RBT from inflammatory lesions after bladder cancer treatment. MK calculated with high b‐values setting provided better performance in differentiation.

Level of Evidence: 1

Technical Efficacy Stage 3

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017.
Analysis of variation in virulence of Beauveria bassiana against insect pests of pigeonpea using qPCR
Authors: Senthilraja Govindasamy , Anand Theerthagiri , Mohankumar Subbarayalu , Raguchander Thiruvengadam , Samiyappan Ramasamy
Published: December 2017

Beauveria bassiana is a broad spectrum microbial bioagent used for the control of agriculturally important insect pests. However, in our experiments, two virulent isolates of B. bassiana (B2 and B10) showed specific preference toward Maruca vitrata and Helicoverpa armigera of pigeonpea. To better understand this feature, we developed a qPCR assay to quantify the chitinase (virulence factor) of B. bassiana during the infection process. Isolates of B. bassiana were grown on insect cuticle amended medium and minimal medium (without insect cuticle) to assess the induction of chitinase. Our results revealed a positive correlation between expression of chitinase by B. bassiana and the substrates (with or without cuticles of M. vitrata and H. armigera) used. This study showcases the methodology to quantify the chitinase and analysis of variation in virulence of B. bassiana (B2 and B10) against M. vitrata and H. armigera.
The formula for successful innovation at SAS: Integrating internal and external knowledge
Authors: Pangarkar Nitin
Published: December 2017

Many strategies have been identified to achieve the high levels of innovation that are essential to ensure optimum corporate performance. These include the formation of external alliances and internal policies to support research and development (R&D). The experiences of SAS—a leading software firm based in North Carolina that provides analytics, business intelligence, and data management products and services—show that companies can boost their innovation by adopting three interrelated policies: nurturing internal knowledge, sourcing knowledge from external parties, and combining the internal and external knowledge they procure.
Magnetic resonance measurements of tissue quantity and quality using T2* relaxometry predict temporal changes in the biomechanical properties of the healing ACL
Authors: Beveridge Jillian E. , Machan Jason T. , Walsh Edward G. , Kiapour Ata M. , Karamchedu Naga Padmini , Chin Kaitlyn E. , Proffen Benedikt L. , Sieker Jakob T. , Murray Martha M. , Fleming Braden C.
Published: December 2017

The purpose of this study was to develop a magnetic resonance T2* relaxometry‐based multiple linear regression model to predict the structural properties of the healing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) over a 24‐week healing period following ACL repair in Yucatan minipigs. Two hypotheses were tested: (i) that a regression model based on ACL sub‐volumes containing short and long T2* relaxation times would outperform a competing model based on sub‐volumes of short T2* relaxation times only; and (ii) that an optimized regression model would be capable of predicting ACL structural properties between 6 and 24 weeks post‐repair. ACLs were imaged in 24 minipigs (8/group) at either 6, 12, or 24 weeks after ACL repair. The structural properties of the ACLs were determined from tensile failure tests. Four multiple linear regression models of increasing complexity were fitted to the data. Akaike Information Criterion values and Bland–Altman tests were used to compare model performance and to test the hypotheses. The structural properties predicted from the multiple linear regression model that was based on the change in ACL sub‐volumes of both the short and long T2* relaxation times over the healing period were in closest agreement to the measured values, suggesting that the amounts of both organized and disorganized collagen, and the change in these quantities over time, are required to predict the structural properties of healing ACLs accurately. Clinical significance: our time‐specific, T2*‐based regression model may allow us to estimate the structural properties of ACL repairs in vivo longitudinally. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1701–1709, 2018.
Obesity/type 2 diabetes increases inflammation, periosteal reactive bone formation, and osteolysis during Staphylococcus aureus implant‐associated bone infection
Authors: Farnsworth Christopher W. , Schott Eric M. , Benvie Abigail M. , Zukoski Jacob , Kates Stephen L. , Schwarz Edward M. , Gill Steven R. , Zuscik Michael J. , Mooney Robert A.
Published: December 2017

Obese and type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients have a fivefold increased rate of infection following placement of an indwelling orthopaedic device. Though implant infections are associated with inflammation, periosteal reactive bone formation, and osteolysis, the effect of obesity/T2D on these complicating factors has not been studied. To address this question, C57BL/6J mice were fed a high fat diet (60% Kcal from fat) to induce obesity/T2D, or a control diet (10% Kcal from fat) for 3 months, and challenged with a transtibial pin coated with a bioluminescent USA300 strain of S. aureus. In the resulting infected bone, obesity/T2D was associated with increased S. aureus proliferation and colony forming units. RNA sequencing of the infected tibiae on days 7 and 14 revealed an increase in 635 genes in obese/T2D mice relative to controls. Pathways associated with ossification, angiogenesis, and immunity were enriched. MicroCT and histology on days 21 and 35 demonstrated significant increased periosteal reactive bone formation in infected obese/T2D mice versus infected controls (p < 0.05). The enhanced periosteal bone formation was associated with increased osteoblastic activity and robust endochondral ossification, with persistant cartilage on day 21 that was only observed in infected obesity/T2D. Osteolysis and osteoclast numbers in obesity/T2D were also significantly increased versus infected controls (p < 0.05). Consistent with an up‐regulated immune transcriptome, macrophages were more abundant within both the periosteum and the new reactive bone of obese/T2D mice. In conclusion, we find that implant‐associated S. aureus osteomyelitis in obesity/T2D is associated with increased inflammation, reactive bone formation, and osteolysis. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1614–1623, 2018.
Emergency contraception – an evidence‐based practice guide
Authors: Grzeskowiak Luke E. , Roberts Claire T. , Calabretto Helen E.
Published: December 2017

Emergency contraception (EC) has the potential to reduce unintended pregnancy and abortion rates. This review provides an overview of the three main methods of EC available in Australia, including the copper intrauterine device and oral ECs, levonorgestrel and ulipristal acetate, and brings together evidence from several guidelines to assist pharmacists’ practices. The relative efficacy and safety of each method are discussed, together with practical recommendations regarding special considerations, including ongoing contraception, women with an elevated body mass index, drug interactions and breastfeeding. An evidence‐based treatment algorithm is provided to assist in decision‐making regarding EC use, with ulipristal acetate now likely to be the first‐line oral EC given its superior efficacy relative to levonorgestrel, irrespective of time taken following unprotected sexual intercourse, but there are special considerations regarding its use. Pharmacists must be aware of key differences in available methods of EC and be prepared to counsel women on such to facilitate shared decision‐making.
Axillary reverse mapping with indocyanine green or isosulfan blue demonstrate similar crossover rates to radiotracer identified sentinel nodes
Authors: Foster Deshka , Choy Nicole , Porter Catherine , Ahmed Shushmita , Wapnir Irene
Published: December 2017

Background

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) resection is imperative for breast cancer staging. Axillary reverse mapping (ARM) can preserve arm draining nodes and lymphatics during surgery. ARM is generally performed with isosulfan blue (ISB), restricting its use for concurrent SLN biopsy. Indocyanine green (ICG) could serve as an alternative to ISB for ARM procedures.

Methods

SLN mapping and biopsy was performed via periareolar injection of 99technetium‐sulfur colloid (99mTcSc, TSC). ISB and ICG were injected in the upper arm. Blue‐stained lymphatics or nodes were visualized in the axilla; ICG was identified using the SPY Elite® system.

Results

Twenty‐three patients underwent SLN biopsy with or without axillary node dissection and ARM procedures. Twenty of these patients had at least one hot node; 12 patients had SLNs that were only hot, 6 hot/blue/fluorescent, and 2 hot/fluorescent. Overall, crossover of ARM agents with SLNs occurred in 8 cases. Inspection of the axillary cavity after SLN biopsy revealed fluorescent lymphatics and nodes remaining in 14 and 7 patients, respectively. Blue lymphatics and blue nodes were detected in fewer cases.

Conclusion

Nearly one‐third of patients showed crossover between breast and arm draining nodes, which provides insight as to why some patients develop lymphedema symptoms after SLN biopsy. ICG and ISB identify similar numbers of SLNs. As such ICG could substitute for ISB in ARM procedures.
Prognostic significance of neoadjuvant rectal score in locally advanced rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and construction of a prediction model
Authors: Sun Yanwu , Zhang Yiyi , Wu Xuejing , Lin Huiming , Lu Xingrong , Huang Ying , Xu Zongbin , Huang Shenghui , Wang Xiaojie , Chi Pan
Published: December 2017

Aim

To evaluate the prognostic significance of neoadjuvant rectal (NAR) score after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC), and to develop a nomogram predicting disease‐free survival (DFS).

Method

A total of 522 LARC patients undergoing nCRT and surgery were included. NAR scores were calculated using the equation [5pN−3(cT−pT) + 12]^2/9.61, and classified as low (<8), intermediate (8‐16), and high (>16). Clinicopathological and survival outcomes were compared. Cox regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors of DFS. A predicting nomogram was developed and validated internally.

Results

For NAR score classification, 193 (37.0%) were low, 183 (35.0%) were intermediate, and 146 (28.0%) were high. Higher NAR score was associated with fewer pCR, lower tumor regression grade (TRG), and higher ypTNM stage. A total of 5‐year DFS for low, intermediate, and high NAR groups was 85.6%, 71.9%, and 47.2%, respectively (P < 0.001). NAR score (HR = 2.488, P = 0.002), TRG (HR = 2.811, P = 0.047), CRM involvement (HR = 2.703, P = 0.002), and IMA nodal metastasis (HR = 2.441, P = 0.001) were independent prognostic factors of DFS. A predicting nomogram was developed with C‐index of 0.701.

Conclusion

NAR score could help in predicting DFS after nCRT. A nomogram was developed to identify subpopulations with aggressive tumors during clinical decision‐making.
Transcutaneous immunization with pneumococcal surface protein A in mice
Authors: Nagano Hiromi , Kawabata Masaki , Sugita Gen , Tsuruhara Akitoshi , Ohori Junichiro , Jimura Tomohiro , Miyashita Keiichi , Kurono Yuichi , Tomonaga Kazuhiro , Briles David E. , Fujihashi Kohtaro
Published: December 2017

Objective

Pneumococcal infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major upper respiratory tract disease that causes severe illness and mortality. Therefore, it is important to develop safe and effective vaccines to prevent pneumococcal infections. The goal of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of transcutaneous immunization (TCI) for induction of pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) responses in the upper respiratory tract.

Methods

C57BL/6 mice were transcutaneously immunized with 1 μg of PspA and 2 μg of cholera toxin (CT) six times at weekly intervals and compared with transcutaneously treated controls (PBS alone/PspA alone/CT alone). Two weeks after the final immunization, nasal washes (NWs), saliva, and plasma samples were collected and subjected to a PspA‐specific ELISA. Three weeks after the final immunization, mice were challenged with S. pneumoniae strain EF3030, and the numbers of CFUs in NWs and nasal passages (NPs) were determined.

Results

Higher levels of PspA‐specific IgM, IgG, and IgA Abs were noted in plasma of TCI with PspA plus CT compared with controls. Transcutaneous immunization mice also had significantly increased PspA‐specific S‐IgA Ab responses in NWs and saliva and, importantly, showed significantly lower numbers of bacteria CFUs in NWs and NPs compared with controls.

Conclusion

These results show that TCI with PspA plus CT induces antigen‐specific mucosal and systemic immune responses. This suggests that this method is an effective mucosal immunization strategy for induction of protective pneumococcal‐specific Ab responses in blockade of S. pneumoniae colonization of the nasal cavity.

Level of Evidence

NA. Laryngoscope, 128:E91–E96, 2018
Tandem walking as a quick screening test for vestibular disorders
Authors: Cohen Helen S. , Stitz Jasmine , Sangi‐Haghpeykar Haleh , Williams Susan P. , Mulavara Ajitkumar P. , Peters Brian T. , Bloomberg Jacob J.
Published: December 2017

Objectives/Hypothesis

Although many screening tests of balance are available, few of them have been well validated for clinical or research uses. The goal of this study was to test an updated version of an old test, Tandem Walking, to determine how useful it is for screening patients with vestibular disorders.

Study Design

Case‐control study.

Methods

Subjects were 90 adult patients with vestibular disorders and 292 healthy adult controls. They were tested on the number of correct tandem steps they could perform with arms crossed and eyes closed in a series of 10 steps. Correct steps could be nonconsecutive. Subjects were given one practice trial with eyes open and three experimental trials with eyes closed.

Results

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC), and sensitivity and specificity were calculated. ROC values, sensitivity, and specificity were, at best, only moderate, no matter how the age range was cut. Even for subjects in the age group with the highest ROC value (i.e., age less than 50 years), ROC = 0.8, sensitivity = 0.77, and specificity = 0.72.

Conclusions

These results indicate that 23% of patients will not be identified. Therefore, we recommend that if this test is used for screening patients in the clinic or healthy volunteers, the result should be interpreted with care.

Level of Evidence

3b. Laryngoscope, 128:1687–1691, 2018
Mercury speciation and Hg stable isotope ratios in sediments from Amazon floodplain lakes—Brazil
Authors: Araujo Beatriz Ferreira , Hintelmann Holger , Dimock Brian , de Lima Sobrinho Rodrigo , Bernardes Marcelo Correa , de Almeida Marcelo Gomes , Krusche Alex V. , Rangel Thiago Pessanha , Thompson Fabiano , de Rezende Carlos Eduardo
Published: December 2017

Hg concentrations and isotope ratios were measured to better characterize the mercury dynamics related to Hg cycling in Amazon floodplain lakes. We collected sediments, suspended particulate material (SPM), and plankton from floodplain lakes and compared then to sediments from rivers and soils of the central Amazon basin by measuring concentrations of total Hg (THg) and methylmercury (MMHg), and mercury isotope ratios. Concentrations of THg and MMHg in the lake sediments ranged to 69–109 ng g−1 and 0.62–4.78 ng g−1, respectively. A positive correlation between THg and MMHg in soils and sediments suggest that inorganic Hg in this system is highly bioavailable and readily converted to MMHg. δ202Hg values ranged from −1.40‰ to −0.89‰ and Δ199Hg from −0.34‰ to −0.18‰. These values were comparable to those measured in riverine sediments (−2.14‰ to −1.23‰ and −0.51‰ to −0.05‰), suggesting a contribution of riverine sediments to lake sediments, at least during the season of rising waters, during which lake samples were collected. SPM on the other hand was much elevated in THg (590–1066 ng g−1) and showed more negative δ202Hg (−3.00 to −2.15), similar to those found in soils (−2.99‰ to −2.17‰), suggesting that Hg in SPM may originate from erosion of floodplain soils.
Using unmanned aerial vehicles to sample aquatic ecosystems
Authors: Song Keunyea , Brewer Austin , Ahmadian Shawyan , Shankar Ajay , Detweiler Carrick , Burgin Amy J.
Published: December 2017

In limnology, aquatic samplings are labor‐intensive, and research locations can be hindered by limited accessibility. As lightweight unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can provide enhanced spatial and temporal resolutions of ecological data as well as better accessibility to study areas, we questioned the potential of UAVs as an alternative limnologist's tool to overcome the limitations of current limnologic sampling techniques. In this study, we compared the reliability and effectiveness of UAV‐based in situ readings (i.e., temperature and conductivity) and water sampling with two conventional methods (i.e., manual reading using a hand‐held device and grab sampling and sensor reading). We found that UAV‐based in situ readings better represented the spatial and temporal variations of thermal and chemical distributions in water bodies compared to manual and sensor readings. High data density within a relatively short‐sampling time demonstrate the effectiveness UAV‐based in situ readings. Additionally, UAV enhanced reliability of data by minimizing connection with water (e.g., boat movement). Unlike outstanding performance of UAV for in situ readings, however, UAV collected water samples appeared to be less representative of water chemistry compared to manually collected samples. This is likely due to small water sampling volume (25 mL) of UAV compared to over 1 L of water collection by manual sampling. This study confirms that UAVs hold high potential to improve our ability to collect reliable and fine scale in situ data, but carrying capacity of UAVs needs to be improved to be fully integrated into a limnological study.
Sediment reflectance spectroscopy as a paleo‐hydrological proxy in East Africa
Authors: Meyer Inka , Van Daele Maarten , Fiers Geraldine , Verleyen Elie , De Batist Marc , Verschuren Dirk
Published: December 2017

This study presents the merit of visible‐spectrum scanning reflectance spectroscopy (VIS‐RS) as a rapid technique for determining the concentration of chlorophyll a (Chl a) and its derivatives in lake sediments. In a 25,000‐yr sediment record from Lake Challa, in East Africa, we found that VIS‐RS values correlate with Chl a concentrations measured by High Performance/Pressure Liquid Chromatography. Observed variation in sedimentary values of RABD660;670 appears linked to proxies of climatic moisture balance as well as to a seismically‐derived lake‐level reconstruction over this period, indicating that VIS‐RS can be used as a proxy for long‐term paleo‐hydrological change. Changes in the reflectance of Lake Challa sediments are likely related to differences in the preservation/degradation of algal pigments in response to changes in water‐column depth and the stability of stratification. The connecting mechanism may be that during lake lowstands, more frequent injection of oxygen to (near‐) bottom waters enhance the breakdown of labile organic compounds before permanent burial. We suggest that fast and inexpensive VIS‐RS scanning, although less specific than HPLC in quantifying individual pigments, provides accurate data on down‐core variations in the concentration of Chl a and its derivatives in lake sediments, hence allows to reconstruct long‐term changes in the hydrology of climate‐sensitive lakes. The main prerequisite for its successful application is that temporal variation in lake hydrology over the period of interest has not appreciably affected sedimentation dynamics at the core site, since major changes in sediment texture and organic content are likely to create confounding effects in the VIS‐RS signature.
Anionic Polymerization of 2‐Hexyl[3]dendralene
Authors: Takamura Yuki , Takenaka Katsuhiko , Toda Tomoyuki , Takeshita Hiroki , Miya Masamitsu , Shiomi Tomoo
Published: December 2017

In this study, the polymerization behavior of 2‐hexyl[3]dendralene (H3D), which is an alkyl‐group‐derived [3]dendralene, is examined. The polymerization of H3D in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at −78 °C with potassium naphthalenide as the initiator affords poly(H3D) with a narrow molecular weight distribution, although a small shoulder peak is observed at a high molecular weight even before the monomer is completely consumed. The molecular weight distribution of poly(H3D) prepared in heptane is broader than that prepared in THF, indicating that the nucleophilic addition of a propagating carbanion to the carbon–carbon double bond in the polymer chain occurs in addition to polymerization. Furthermore, the microstructure of poly(H3D) is investigated by NMR. Signals corresponding to the conjugate addition structure, that is, 1,4‐ and 4,6‐structures, are exclusively observed. Poly(H3D) prepared in heptane contains a higher content of the 4,6‐structures compared with those prepared in THF.
CdS–Oleic Acid Quantum Dots as Long‐Wavelength Photoinitiators in Organic Solvent and Preparation of Luminescent, Colloidal CdS/Polymer Nanocomposites
Authors: Buz Enes , Morlet‐Savary Fabrice , Lalevée Jacques , Acar Havva Yagci
Published: December 2017

Photoexcitation of luminescent semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) generates an electron–hole pair, which can be utilized for photoinitiation of radical polymerization reactions. Here, oleic acid coated CdS QDs (CdS–OA) are demonstrated as successful photoinitiators in the absence of a protic solvent or a hole scavenger for the first time. This provides photopolymerization of hydrophobic methyl methacrylate in toluene, providing colloidal and strongly luminescent CdS/poly(methacrylic acid) (PMMA) hybrid structures with improved stability of the CdS. Besides, successful photopolymerization of poly(ethylene glycol)diacrylate at different excitation windows (320–480 and 400–500 nm) is demonstrated. This indicates that CdS–OA can act as a long‐wavelength initiator. Electron spin resonance (ESR) studies and control experiments suggest decarboxylation of the oleic acid as the initial source of the free radical. This method represents a unique and very simple way to create luminescent, small, stable, and colloidal QD/polymer hybrids.
Photoresponsive Coumarin‐Based Supramolecular Hydrogel for Controllable Dye Release
Authors: Ji Wei , Qin Minggao , Feng Chuanliang
Published: December 2017

Recently, photoresponsive hydrogels have attracted increasing interest due to their ability to provide precise spatial and temporal control of drug release. Herein, a new kind of coumarin‐based photoresponsive supramolecular hydrogelator without conventional gelation motif is designed and synthesized through a facile one‐pot method. The gelation process, photoresponsiveness, self‐assembly morphology, self‐assembly mechanism, and release kinetics are fully investigated by various characterization methods (e.g., scanning electron microscopy, single crystal X‐ray diffraction, high pressure liquid chromatography, UV–vis spectroscopy). Furthermore, encapsulated methyl violet dye molecules can be precisely released from the hydrogel by manipulating photoirradiation time. The study reveals that the coumarin‐based photoresponsive hydrogel holds great potential as soft materials for controllable drug release.
Star Polymers from Single‐Chain Cyclized/Knotted Nanoparticles as a Core
Authors: Huang Xiaobei , Zhou Dezhong , A Sigen , Gao Yongsheng , Wang Xi , Li Xiaolin , Xu Qian , Greiser Udo , Yin Guangfu , Wang Wenxin
Published: December 2017

Star polymers are comprised of a spatially defined “core‐shell‐periphery” structure. Their unique properties render them for diverse applications. One of the central challenges in the synthesis of star polymers is the design of a multifunctional core with many reaction sites for the conjugation with presynthesized arms or the initiation of the growth of arms. In this paper, it is demonstrated that the single‐chain cyclized/knotted nanoparticles (SCKPs) with multiple vinyl functional groups can be synthesized by Cu0&CuII‐mediated homopolymerization of bisphenol A ethoxylate diacrylate. Furthermore, the SCKPs with multiple pendant vinyl groups are used as the core and uniform amphiphilic star poly(β‐amino ester)s with 17 high‐molecular‐weight arms are synthesized via a grafting‐onto approach. This facile approach opens new avenues for the design and preparation of novel star polymers.
Features of western disturbances simulated over north India using different land‐use data sets
Authors: Thomas Liby , Dash S. K. , Mohanty U. C. , Babu C. A.
Published: December 2017

Three strong western disturbances (WDs) that occurred over north India in 2008 and 2009 are simulated with two different types of land‐use data using a Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The two different land‐use land covers (LULCs) used are Advanced Wide Field Sensor (AWiFS) data and United States Geological Survey (USGS) data. The distribution pattern of rainfall produced by the WRF is compared with a corresponding Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) pattern. Rainfall at specific locations is compared with India Meteorological Department (IMD) station data at different locations over north India. Root mean square errors (RMSEs) in rainfall from model simulations using two sets of land‐use data are compared with the TRMM and it is found that the simulations with AWiFS data show lower RMSEs. The wind, mean sea‐level pressure and relative humidity simulated by the model are compared with the patterns from National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Final Analysis (FNL) data. From the study, it is observed that precipitation is affected by land‐cover changes. The precipitation and circulation patterns are better simulated using AWiFS land‐use data compared with USGS data.
Demonstration of Survival, Growth, and Reproduction of Gulf Killifish in Freshwater Ponds
Authors: Burger Wesley S , Ramee Shane W , Culpepper Charlie M , Green Chris C , Allen Peter J
Published: December 2017

The Gulf Killifish Fundulus grandis, a popular baitfish species inhabiting estuaries in the northern Gulf of Mexico, has potential as an aquaculture species, particularly if it can be produced in low-salinity or freshwater ponds. Because growth and survival in freshwater ponds are not known, two size-classes were examined over a 16-week period. Initial mean stocking weights and densities were 0.47 g/fish and 26,500 fish/ha for the smaller size-group, which was stocked into three 0.04-ha ponds, and 6.12 g/fish and 20,450 fish/ha for the larger size-group, which was stocked into two 0.04-ha ponds. Growth and survival were similar between size-classes: mean final weight and mean survival were 7.88 g/fish and 54.3%, respectively, for the smaller size-group, and 13.90 g/fish and 43.1% for the larger size-group. Mean weight gain was very similar between size-groups (small: 7.41 g; large: 7.78 g); steady growth was observed from June until mid-September, whereas little growth and declines in condition factor were observed from mid-September to mid-October, corresponding with decreases in water temperature. Gulf Killifish were resilient to a wide range of water quality conditions in freshwater ponds and reached market sizes of 3 g at about 4 weeks and 5 g by 8 weeks.
Tolerance of Prenant's Schizothoracin Schizothorax prenanti to Total Dissolved Gas Supersaturated Water at Varying Temperature
Authors: Yuan Yuan , Wang Yuanming , Zhou Chengyang , An Ruidong , Li Kefeng
Published: December 2017

Hydropower development changes the temporal and spatial distribution of water temperature and causes total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation downstream of dams. We conducted laboratory experiments to determine the effects of TDG supersaturation on Prenant's Schizothoracin Schizothorax prenanti at varying water temperatures. The fish were exposed to 120, 130, 135, and 140% TDG-supersaturated water at different water temperatures within the range of 12–24°C for 96 h. Survival rate of Prenant's Schizothoracins declined with increasing TDG saturation. At 120% TDG, the final survival rate of fish was over 50% at the different temperatures. However, when the TDG level increased to 130% or above, the survival rate decreased sharply. The median survival time of fish ranged from 5.22 to 18.62 h when exposed to 130% TDG, ranged from 2.41 to 9.41 h at 135% TDG, and was less than 5 h at 140% TDG. Under 120% TDG conditions, fish survival rate was not significantly different among water temperatures (12–24°C). However, when the TDG level was 130%, the survival rate of the fish declined with increasing water temperature. In 135% and 140% TDG-supersaturated water, the survival time of the fish was longer at 16°C than at other temperatures.
Addition of Emulsifiers to Hydrogenated Soybean Oil-Based Feeds for Yellowtail
Authors: Bergman Alexis M , Trushenski Jesse T , Drawbridge Mark
Published: December 2017

Hydrogenated soybean oil can be used to spare fish oil in aquafeeds, but lipid digestibility may be a limiting factor. We evaluated the performance and tissue fatty acid composition of juvenile Yellowtail Seriola dorsalis that were fed diets containing menhaden fish oil (positive control), hydrogenated soybean oil (negative control), or hydrogenated soybean oil amended with 1% mixed bile acids, casein, whey protein, or monoglycerides as emulsifying agents. Juvenile fish (~10 g) were stocked in a semi-closed recirculation aquaculture system (15 fish/tank), diets were randomly assigned to tanks in triplicate (N = 3), and fish were fed in slight excess of estimated apparent satiation amounts for 6 h/d with belt feeders. After 8 weeks, production performance was equivalent for fish fed the positive control and negative control feeds; amending the hydrogenated soybean oil-based feeds with casein, whey protein, or monoglycerides did not affect performance, whereas adding mixed bile acids significantly impaired performance (weight gain = 655–681% versus 459%; survival = 98–100% versus 49%; feed conversion ratio = 1.19–1.22 versus 1.56). Whole-body fatty acid composition tended to mirror dietary composition except that fish receiving the hydrogenated soybean oil-based feeds exhibited disproportionately lower levels of saturated fatty acids and higher levels of monounsaturated fatty acids, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, and n-3 and n-6 fatty acids compared to dietary levels. Results suggest that casein, whey protein, and monoglycerides could be added to saturated fatty acid-rich hydrogenated soybean oil-based diets to reduce tissue fatty acid profile distortion, but production performance might not be enhanced. Of all the hydrogenated soybean oil-based feeds in this study, the one supplemented with casein resulted in a whole-body fatty acid profile closest to that of fish fed the fish oil-based feed. Mixed bile acids should not be added due to the resulting negative impacts on survival and growth.
Differential Responses of the Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) Gene to Immunological Challenges in Noble Scallop Chlamys nobilis
Authors: Zhang Hongkuan , Lu Yeqing , Yang Jianqin , Zhang Yun , Liu Hongxing , Cheng Dewei , Zheng Huaiping
Published: December 2017

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) plays important roles in the immune system of animals. As an important marine bivalve cultured in south China, the noble scallop Chlamys nobilis is subject to diseases of various kinds, leading to decrease harvest. To investigate whether NOS in the noble scallop (hereafter, CnNOS) plays a significant role in immune defense, the full-length open-reading frame (ORF) of the CnNOS gene was cloned, and its expression levels in different tissues were determined. The complementary DNA nucleotide sequence of CnNOS encompassed 5,345 bp, with a full-length ORF of 4,647 bp. The gene consisted of the typical NOS structure, including an NOS domain, a flavodoxin 1 domain, a flavin adenine dinucleotide binding domain, and a conservative nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide binding domain. Subsequently, transcript levels of CnNOS in hemocytes were determined by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR, indicating that CnNOS expression was significantly up-regulated in noble scallops injected with different immunostimulants, including lipopolysaccharides; the synthetic double-stranded RNA, polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid; and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The present results suggest that the CnNOS might play a crucial role in the noble scallop's defense against exogenous stimuli.
Photoacoustic Imaging: Technology, Market and Trends
Authors: Bouyé Clémentine , Faucheux Marc
Published: December 2017

A new report by Tematys with Laser & Medical Devices Consulting, both France, studies photoacoustic imaging technologies and systems from research labs to clinical products and provides an understanding of the market, current and future trends.
Cripto stabilizes GRP78 on the cell membrane
Authors: Kouznetsova Valentina L. , Hu Hannah , Teigen Knut , Zanetti Maurizio , Tsigelny Igor F.
Published: December 2017

The ER resident chaperone molecule GRP78 has been shown to translocate to the cell surface where it associates with Cripto and signals cell growth, playing a still partially understood role in tumorigenesis. Consequently, a better understanding of GRP78 topology and structure at the surface of cancer cells represents an important step in the development of a new class of therapeutics. Here, we used a set of programs for creation of a complex containing GRP78 and Cripto proteins. We elucidated possible interactions of GRP78, Cripto, and their complex with the membrane. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrated that Cripto binding to GRP78 completely changes the dynamics of its behavior on the membrane, not allowing GRP78 to disconnect from it, thus enabling GRP78 tumorigenic functions.
Contributions to nucleosome dynamics in chromatin from interactive propagation of phosphorylation/acetylation and inducible histone lysine basicities
Authors: Manning Lois R. , Manning James M.
Published: December 2017

The effect of phosphorylation on the basicities of amines in histone H3 peptides and their acetylation kinetics is probed with a mild chemical acetylating agent. Phosphorylation of Ser‐10 lowers the rate of chemical acetylation of Lys‐9, Lys‐14, and Lys‐18 by methyl acetyl phosphate in that order consistent with a higher pKa of these Lys residues induced by phosphorylation; basicities increase up to 3 pKa units as a function of distance from Ser‐10 phosphate. Enzymic acetylation of Lys residues with high pKa values in nucleosomes is also expected to be enhanced by phosphorylation, consistent with the known mechanism involving binding of protonated amines to N‐acetyltransferases; fetal hemoglobin has a related linkage of increased basicity at a specific site, its acetylation, and a resulting decrease in subunit interaction strength. In the absence of a phosphate on Ser‐10, the amines of Lys‐9, Lys‐14, and Lys‐18 have lowered pKa values. Chemical acetylation of glycine and glycinamide have analogous kinetic profiles to the histone peptides but the phosphate inductive effect in histone H3 is more potent since the linkage between phosphorylation and acetylation is propagated with a range extending 9–10 amino acids in either direction from the phosphorylation site enhancing protonation of amino groups. We conclude that lysine amine basicities in histone tails are not static but inducible and variable due to a dynamic and immediate interaction between phosphorylation/acetylation that may contribute to inactive heterochromatin by compaction through such Ser phosphate–Lys amine electrostatic interactions and their relaxation by acetylation in euchromatin.