bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous diuresis cysto-urethrometry and multi-channel urethral pressure profilometry in female dogs with refractory urinary incontinence
Authors: Nickel Rafael F. , van den Brom Walter
Published: January 2024

Objective

To assess urethral closure and bladder storage function in female dogs with refractory urinary incontinence by use of simultaneous diuresis cysto-urethrometry (UCM) and multi-channel urethral pressure profilometry (UPP).

Animals

53 female dogs of various breeds with a history of ‘non-neurogenic,’ acquired urinary incontinence unresponsive to standard conservative treatment.

Procedure

UPP and UCM were performed on dogs sedated with xylazine, using a flexible polyvinylchloride multi-channel catheter connected to a perfusion system. Urine production was determined by use of radionucleotide dilution analysis. Values of reproducible urodynamic variables obtained previously in clinically normal dogs were compared with findings in the incontinent dogs. Cutoff values with the highest predictive values of urodynamic variables were determined and selected for functional classification.

Results

Except for threshold volume, median values of all urodynamic variables were significantly different between continent and incontinent dogs. Urethral pressure values, their relative variation, bladder threshold pressure, and prevalence of detrusor contractions were significantly lower than values in normal dogs, but compliance was higher. Forty-one dogs had urodynamic findings suggestive of poor urethral closure function assessed by UCM, but 10 of these had normal closure pressure values during UPP. Abnormal bladder storage function was interpreted from the findings of 19 dogs. Low capacity was found in 3, low threshold pressure in 15, and high compliance in 9 dogs. Seven of the dogs with abnormal bladder storage function had normal urethral closure function assessed by UPP and UCM. Five dogs had no abnormal findings, and 1 continent dog was abnormal by our classification.

Conclusions

Abnormal bladder storage function was suggested in a considerable number of dogs with refractory urinary incontinence. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:691–696)
Investigation of a listeriosis epizootic in sheep in New York state
Authors: Wiedmann Martin , Arvik Torey , Bruce James L. , Neubauer Joseph , del Piero Fabio , Smith Mary C. , Hurley Julie , Mohammed Hussni O. , Batt Carl A.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To investigate potential sources of an epizootic of listerial encephalitis, using molecular diagnostic and typing methods.

Sample Population

A flock of about 655 sheep.

Procedure

An epizootiologic investigation was performed. Clinical, feed, and environmental samples were tested for Listeria monocytogenes, using polymerase chain reaction and culture methods; recovered isolates were “fingerprinted,” using an automated ribotyping system.

Results

Listeria monocytogenes was recovered from brain specimens of 7 sheep with clinical signs of listerial encephalitis. All clinical isolates had fingerprints identical to those of isolates from farm equipment used to transport silage. Corn silage, which was not fed to the sheep, also contained L monocytogenes of the same pattern type as defined by ribotyping. Listeria monocytogenes was not isolated from the stored haylage designated for feeding the sheep (the cut-off point for isolation being < 102 colony-forming units/g).

Conclusions

Corn silage was implicated as the source of a listeriosis epizootic. It appears to have cross-contaminated the haylage destined for the sheep during handling with a front-end loader. Suspension of silage feeding coincided with cessation of listeriosis cases.

Clinical Relevance

Use of advanced molecular techniques can help to identify the sources and restrict the scope of an epizootic. In epizootics, a single L monocytogenes strain can lead to infection of multiple animals, with rapid progression of the disease. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:733–737)
Intrastrain variation of lipopolysaccharide of Pasteurella multocida in turkeys
Authors: Coy S. L. , Lee M. D. , Sander J.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To document intrastrain variation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Pasteurella multocida and correlate these changes with changes in determinants associated with virulence.

Animals

25 broad-breasted white turkeys.

Procedure

Phenotypic bacterial variants were identified by lectin affinity and were assayed for adherence to epithelial cells and complement resistance in vitro. The LPS purified from these variants was subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and lectin affinity analysis. Turkeys were challenge exposed, then observed for 1 week. At first sign of disease, or at the end of the study, turkeys were euthanatized, necropsied, and inspected for gross lesions.

Results

The LPS variant designated as Ricinus communis agglutinin-positive had greater adherence to epithelial cells, complement resistance, and virulence in turkeys than did the variant designated as R communis agglutinin-negative.

Conclusions

Intrastrain variation of LPS exists in P multocida, and changes in LPS are correlated with changes in virulence. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:755–759)
Physical, hematologic, biochemical, and immunologic effects of supranutritional supplementation with dietary selenium in Holstein cows
Authors: Ellis Roger G. , Herdt Thomas H. , Stowe Howard D.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To measure responses of cows to supplemental Se intake in excess of nutritional requirements, but lower than recognized toxic dosages.

Animals

24 healthy adult Holstein cows.

Procedure

Cows were allotted to 4 groups and fed sodium selenite to provide 0, 3, 20, or 50 mg of Se/cow/d for 90 days. Subsequently, the dosage for the group receiving 50 mg/cow/d was increased to 100 mg/cow/d for 28 d. Blood, liver specimens, feces, and urine were obtained at points during the trial.

Results

Serum and blood Se concentrations in groups receiving 20 or 50 mg/cow/d increased over time, compared with controls (P < 0.01). Increasing supplemental Se intake to 100 mg/cow/d further increased serum and blood Se concentrations (P < 0.05). Urine, fecal, and liver Se concentrations increased more markedly in response to treatment than did those of serum or blood. No effect of Se treatment was seen on blood cell counts or serum activities of hepatocellular enzymes. Likewise, neither titer response to rabies vaccination nor lymphocyte blastogenic response to nonspecific mitogens was affected by Se treatment. Objective or subjective physical signs of Se toxicosis were not observed at any Se dosage.

Conclusions

Inorganic Se intakes of up to 50 mg/d for 90 days or 100 mg/d for 28 days by adult Holstein cows do not affect the variables measured.

Clinical Relevance

Intakes of Se as sodium selenite in amounts 10 to 30 times the nutritional requirements are unlikely to cause health problems in adult cows. Urine and feces are good test samples for detection of Se supplementation greater than requirements. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:760–764)
Acid-base, metabolic, and hemodynamic effects of sodium bicarbonate or tromethamine administration in anesthetized dogs with experimentally induced metabolic acidosis
Authors: Moon P. F. , Gabor L. , Gleed R. D. , Erb H. N.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate buffering capacity and side effects of equivalent doses of tromethamine (THAM) and sodium bicarbonate (BIC).

Animals

18 purebred dogs.

Procedure

Acidosis was induced by having dogs breathe a hypoxic gas mixture (FIO2 = 0.10) until arterial base balance ≤ −7.5 mEq/L was reached. Dogs then received a 30-minute infusion of 5% BIC (n = 6) or 0.3M THAM (n = 8), and Fio2 increased to 0.30. Drug doses were calculated to correct base balance to zero.

Results

During hypoxia, for BIC- and THAM-treated groups, median (interquartile range [Q1, Q3]) pHa and arterial base balance decreased to 7.16 (7.07, 7.38) and 7.19 (7.11, 7.31), −14 (−16, 9) and −12 (−16, −11) mEq/L, respectively, and mixed venous lactate concentration increased to 7 (2, 15) and 6 (3, 13) mmol/L, respectively. Immediately after each infusion, acid-base and cardiopulmonary variables returned toward baseline. For respective BIC- and THAM-treated groups, pHa increased to 7.37 (7.26, 7.44) and 7.40 (7.33, 7.49) and base balance increased to 0 (−4, 7) and 0 (−4, 2) mEq/L. Lactate concentration decreased only slightly to 5 (2, 6) and 5 (2, 9) mmol/L, but continued to decrease throughout the study. The only significant (P ≤ 0.05) difference between groups was hypernatremia after BIC administration that persisted for 60 minutes. The PaCO2 in BIC-treated dogs increased immediately after infusion, compared with values during hypoxia. Standardized ionized calcium values initially decreased in both groups, but returned to baseline by 60 minutes.

Conclusion

The buffering capacity of THAM is equal to that of BIC, although THAM does not cause the transient hypernatremia or hypercapnia observed after BIC administration. Hypocalcemia may be transient after administration of either solution. Thus, THAM is an acceptable alternative to BIC for treatment of metabolic acidosis in selected anesthetized dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:771–776)
Detection of activated platelets and platelet-leukocyte aggregates in horses
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Evanson Oral A.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine the potential usefulness of tests for detection of platelet activation and platelet-leukocyte aggregates in horses.

Samples

Blood from 3 healthy Thoroughbreds.

Procedures

Microscopic and flow cytometric assays were used to evaluate spontaneous platelet aggregation, platelet activation, and platelet-leukocyte aggregates. Platelet activation was detected by evaluation of binding of anti-human fibrinogen to unactivated and ADP-, thrombin-, thrombin agonist receptor peptide-, and platelet activating factor-activated platelets. Platelet-leukocyte aggregates were evaluated microscopically and by flow cytometric determination of leukocyte fluorescence that resulted from binding of fluorescently labeled platelets to leukocytes.

Results

Equine platelets readily aggregated spontaneously when blood was stirred at low, medium, and high speeds. Compared with unactivated platelets, activated platelets had a marked increase in the percentage of cells with increased fluorescence intensity and in mean fluorescence intensity. Unactivated platelets formed aggregates with neutrophils and monocytes, but not with lymphocytes. Activation of platelets resulted in a calcium-dependent increase in platelet-leukocyte aggregates.

Conclusions

Flow cytometric techniques can be used to detect in vitro platelet activation and platelet-leukocyte aggregates in horses.

Clinical Relevance

Flow cytometric techniques may be useful for detection of prothrombotic disorders in horses. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:823–827)
Efficacy of a subcutaneously administered, ultraviolet light-killed Pasteurella multocida A:3-containing bacterin against transthoracic challenge exposure in goats
Authors: Purdy Charles W. , Straus David C. , Ayers J. R.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine the effectiveness of Pasteurella multocida biovar A, serovar 3 (Pm A:3) killed by exposure to UV light and incorporated with a polyacrylate bead carrier as a vaccine.

Animals

18 weanling male Spanish goats.

Procedure

Prospective, randomized controlled study with 3 treatment groups: positive-control (PC), negative-control (NC), and principal Pm A:3 bacterin (PA) groups. Six PC goats each received live Pm A:3 and polyacrylate beads twice, 22 days apart, by transthoracic injection into the left lung. Six NC goats each received only PA beads twice, 22 days apart, by transthoracic injection. Six principal goats each received Pm A:3 vaccine SC twice, 22 days apart. Fourteen days after the second vaccination, all goats were challenge exposed with live Pm A:3 by transthoracic injection into the right lung, and 4 days later they were euthanatized and necropsied.

Results

Mean volume of consolidated lung tissue at the challenge site was 1.75 cm3 for the PC group, 15.18 cm3 for the NC group, and 3.9 cm3 for the PA vaccine group. The NC group had a significantly (P ≤ 0.002) larger mean volume of consolidated lung tissue than did the PC and PA groups after challenge exposure.

Conclusions

The PA bacterin and the PC groups developed protective immunity against live Pm A:3 challenge exposure. An SC administered, UV light-killed, Pm A:3 bacterin induced protective immunity similar to that induced by virulent live Pm A:3 injected into the target organ, the lung. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:841–847)
Effects of oral or intravenous inoculation with Brucella abortus strain RB51 vaccine in Beagles
Authors: Palmer Mitchell V. , Cheville Norman F.
Published: January 2024

Objectives

To determine whether the vaccine Brucella abortus strain RB51 (SRB51) would infect dogs, be shed in urine or feces, or cause placentitis and abortion.

Animals

18 Beagles.

Procedure

Males (n = 3), nonpregnant females (n = 3), and pregnant females (n = 4) were inoculated orally with SRB51; control dogs (n = 2) were fed sterile saline solution. A separate group of pregnant females (n = 5) received SRB51 IV, and their controls (n = 1) received sterile saline solution IV. Dogs were observed twice daily for evidence of abortion. Urine and feces were collected periodically for bacteriologic culture, and blood was collected for bacteriologic culture and serologic analysis. At full gestation (oral and IV inoculated pregnant females) or on postinoculation day 49 (nonpregnant females and males), dogs were euthanatized and samples were collected for bacteriologic culture and microscopic examination.

Results

Abortion was not apparent during the study, and SRB51 was not found in samples of urine or feces from any dog. Strain RB51 was isolated from retropharyngeal lymph nodes from all orally inoculated dogs (9/9). One orally inoculated and 1 IV inoculated pregnant dog had SRB51 in placental tissues. Strain RB51 was also isolated from 1 fetus from the orally inoculated female dog with placentitis, but lesions were not detected in the fetus.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Oral inoculation of nonpregnant female or male dogs with SRB51 did not result in shedding in urine or feces, although oropharyngeal lymph nodes became infected; in pregnant females, it caused infection of the placenta, with resulting placentitis and fetal infection, but abortion was not apparent. Intravenous inoculation resulted in infection of maternal spleen, liver, and placenta; however, fetal infection and abortion were not observed. Infected canine placental membranes or fluids may be a source of infection for other animals and human beings. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:851–856)
Itraconazole disposition after single oral and intravenous and multiple oral dosing in healthy cats
Authors: Boothe D. M. , Herring I. , Calvin James , Way Nelson , Dvorak Joy
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine the disposition of itraconazole in cats after single IV and oral dosing (as a solution or capsule) and multiple oral (capsule) dosing, and to establish bioavailability after oral administration of the solution.

Animals

6 healthy cats for experiment 1 (E1), and 12 cats for experiment 2 (E2).

Procedure

For E1 (nonrandomized crossover design), each cat received a single dose of itraconazole solution (5 mg/kg of body weight) orally, and 1 month later, another dose IV. Blood samples were collected for 96 hours. For E2, each cat was given either 5 (group [G] 1) or 10 (G2) mg of itraconazole/kg (capsules) twice daily for 6 weeks. Samples were collected for 96 hours after the first and last dose. Itraconazole was detected by use of high-performance liquid chromatography.

Results

For E1, itraconazole plasma drug concentration extrapolated to time zero (IV dose) was 5.2 ±1.4 μg/ml, and mean residence time (MRT) was 37 ± 16 hours. For oral dosing, maximal itraconazole concentration was 1.69 ± 0.864 μg/ml, MRT was 48 ± 17 hours, and bioavailability was 78.8 ± 28%. For the multiple oral dosing study, MRT (at last dose: 81.1 ± 97.4 hours for G1, and 63.1 ± 15.1 hours for G2) was shorter (P = 0.02) at first dose, compared with last dose, for both groups but did not differ between groups. Maximal concentration did not differ between groups at either time. Steady state was achieved at 14 to 21 days. All cats tolerated itraconazole with no evidence of adverse effects.

Conclusions

The oral itraconazole solution is preferred to capsules; a 24-hour dosing interval should be sufficient; 10 mg/kg given daily should generate therapeutic concentrations in most cats; steady-state concentrations may take up to 3 weeks to achieve; and cats appear to tolerate itraconazole well. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:872–877)
Effects of airway obstruction on transmural pulmonary artery pressure in exercising horses
Authors: Jackson Jennifer Anne , Ducharme Norm Guy , Hackett Richard Patrick , Rehder Renata Schmidt , Ainsworth Dorothy Marie , Shannon Kevin James , Erickson Bruce Kipp , Erb Hollis Nancy , Jansson Nicolai , Soderholm Leo Vincent , Thorson Lisa Marie
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine whether laryngeal hemiplegia would increase transmural pulmonary artery pressure (TPAP).

Animals

6 horses.

Design

Horses were studied under 5 conditions: control conditions, after induction of left laryngeal hemiplegia, during obstruction of the left nostril, after placement of an instrumented tracheostomy, and after placement of an open tracheostomy. Horses were evaluated after being given saline solution and after being given furosemide.

Procedures

Horses were exercised on a high speed treadmill, using a maximum speed of 13 m/s. During each exercise, airway pressures, airflow, esophageal and pulmonary artery pressures, and blood gas partial pressures were measured.

Results

When adjusted for horse, speed, and obstruction condition, mean TPAP (pulmonary artery pressure – esophageal pressure) and minimum TPAP were significantly lower after administration of furosemide than after administration of saline solution. In horses given saline solution, respiratory obstruction that increased intrapleural pressure significantly increased mean TPAP, and respiratory obstruction that decreased intrapleural pressure significantly decreased minimum TPAP.

Conclusions

Changes in intrapleural pressure appear to play an important role in pulmonary artery pressure and TPAP.

Clinical Relevance

Because induction of laryngeal hemiplegia did not increase TPAP, laryngeal hemiplegia is unlikely to contribute to development of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:897–903)
Use of jugular venous blood, compared with mixed venous blood, for measurement of venous oxygenation indices in a porcine model of endotoxic shock
Authors: Wohl James S. , Baggs Aaron , Lin Jia L. , Fink Mitchell P. , Dhupa Nishi
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate the reliability of oxygen saturation and oxygen content values measured from jugular venous blood in estimating values measured from mixed venous blood during endotoxic shock.

Animals

14 random-bred 10- to 15-kg Yorkshire pigs.

Procedure

60 pairs of heparinized blood samples were simultaneously collected from the pulmonary artery and right jugular vein during an independent study, using a porcine model of endotoxic shock. Endotoxic shock was induced by infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin. Eighteen of the sample pairs were obtained from pigs prior to infusion of endotoxin or from control pigs. Oxygen saturation and venous oxygen content were measured by direct oximetry. Analysis of bias and precision was used to compare jugular venous blood values with values obtained from mixed venous blood. Samples from endotoxemic pigs were subclassified on the basis of abnormal states of global oxygen imbalance associated with septic shock.

Results

Indices of venous oxygenation measured from jugular venous blood were an imprecise method of estimating values measured from mixed venous blood. There was no significant difference in bias between nonendotoxemic and endotoxemic pigs, regardless of abnormal hemodynamic states.

Conclusion

Jugular venous blood oxygen saturation and oxygen content values should not be used to assess global oxygen transport during endotoxic shock. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:910–914)
Characterization of cytokine profiles and double-positive lymphocyte subpopulations in normal bovine lungs
Authors: Mathy Nathalie L. , Walker John , Lee Rogan P.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To characterize cytokine profiles and lymphocyte subpopulations in lung parenchyma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from normal bovine lungs.

Animals

Eight 12- to 18-month-old cattle.

Procedure

Cell populations in BAL fluid and collagenase-digested lung parenchyma were analyzed by flow cytometry and monoclonal antibodies. Proportions of total cell populations were determined, using Giemsa-stained cytospots. Distribution of lymphocytes within the lung parenchyma was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and cytokine mRNA species in the parenchyma were characterized by use of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis.

Results

Cytokine profiles indicated high amounts of mRNA for interleukins 6 and 10 and transforming growth factor β. In the BAL fluid and lung parenchyma, macrophages were the predominant cell type, although the proportion was lower in the parenchyma. Lymphocytes made up approximately 3% of both cell populations. Common to both lung compartments was the predominance of CD2+ and γδ T cells over B lymphocytes. There were more CD8+ T cells than CD4+ T cells in both compartments. The γδ cells made up approximately 9% of the lymphocyte populations. Two-color flow cytometry revealed CD8+ γδ T cell and CD8+CD5− populations that were unique to BAL fluid. In the BAL fluid and parenchyma, most CD4+ and CD8+T cells expressed high amounts of CD44, a characteristic of memory T cells. The γδ T cells were CD44lo, as were B cells in the lung parenchyma. The B cells from BAL fluid expressed high amounts of CD44. Immunohistologic analysis of lung tissue revealed bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue structures with distinctive germinal center organization of B cells encompassed by CD4+ T cells.

Conclusions

Results provided normal values for comparison with those of other species and with the bovine respiratory tract response to disease. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:969–975)
Effects of multiple freezing-thawing cycles on ultimate indentation load and stiffness of bovine cancellous bone
Authors: Kang Qian , An Yuehuei H. , Friedman Richard J.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To assess the effects of multiple freezing-thawing cycles on ultimate indentation load and stiffness of bovine tibial cancellous bone with regard to freezing conditions (saline solution or air) or methods of thawing (saline solution or air).

Samples

4 tibias from 4 adult cows.

Procedure

The proximal portions of the tibias were sectioned to produce 20-mm-thick bone slices. Slices were subjected to 5 freezing-thawing cycles under 4 conditions: freezing with and without saline solution, then thawing in saline solution or exposed to the air. The mechanical properties of the bone slices before and after the treatments were measured, using an indentation test for comparison. Indentation testing was performed before and after freezing-thawing cycles to measure differences in mechanical parameters.

Results

Significant differences in mechanical parameters were not found for bone specimens frozen in saline solution and thawed in saline solution; frozen without saline solution and thawed in air; frozen in saline solution and thawed in air; or frozen without saline solution and thawed in saline solution.

Conclusions

Multiple thawing-freezing cycles do not significantly affect the ultimate indentation load and stiffness of bovine tibial cancellous bone. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1171–1173)
Use of carbamylated hemoglobin concentration to differentiate acute from chronic renal failure in dogs
Authors: Vaden Shelly L. , Gookin Jody , Trogdon Maureen , Langston Cathy E. , Levine Jay , Cowgill Larry D.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine usefulness of carbamylated hemoglobin (CarHb) concentration for differentiation of acute renal failure (ARF) from chronic renal failure (CRF) in dogs.

Sample Population

Samples from dogs with ARF or CRF and from nonazotemic control dogs.

Procedure

CarHb concentration was determined in heparinized blood samples by measuring the micrograms of valine hydantoin (VH) per gram of hemoglobin (Hb), using a high-performance liquid chromatography assay, in which carbamyl valine is converted to VH via acid hydrolysis.

Results

CarHb concentration was significantly higher in dogs with ARF and CRF, compared with values in control dogs (ARF vs control, P < 0.05; CRF vs control, P < 0.001). Furthermore, CarHb concentration was significantly (P < 0.001) higher in dogs with CRF, compared with that in dogs with ARF. Carbamylated hemoglobin concentration did not correlate with serum urea nitrogen or creatinine concentration. Using a cutoff value of 100 μg of VH/g of Hb, the sensitivity and specificity of CarHb concentration for differentiating ARF from CRF was 96.1 and 84.2%, respectively.

Conclusions

CarHb concentration was useful in the differentiation of ARF from CRF in the dogs of this study.

Clinical Relevance

CarHb concentration may be used to increase the accuracy of identifying ARF, so that early, aggressive management can be instituted, thereby increasing the chance of recovery. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1193–1196)
Nucleic acid amplification for rapid detection of Rhodococcus equi in equine blood and tracheal wash fluids
Authors: Sellon Debra C. , Walker Kathy , Suyemoto Mitsu , Altier Craig
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate the ability of nucleic acid amplification techniques to detect Rhodococcus equi in equine buffy coat, blood, and tracheal wash fluid and to differentiate between virulent and avirulent strains of the bacteria.

Sample Population

Blood anticoagulated with EDTA and tracheal wash fluid from healthy horses.

Procedure

Logarithmic dilutions of virulent and avirulent strains of R equi were added to equine buffy coat and tracheal wash fluid samples. The DNA was extracted and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using primers specific for the 16S ribosomal subunit gene and the virulence plasmid of R equi.

Results

PCR with 16S ribosomal subunit primers amplified a 441-bp segment of DNA from virulent and avirulent strains of R equi, but not from samples containing other species of bacteria. The virulence plasmid primers amplified an 875-bp segment of DNA from virulent strains of R equi, but not from avirulent R equi, or from other species of bacteria. Virulent strains of R equi could be identified by PCR and differentiated from avirulent strains within 12 to 24 hours after sample collection, with as few as 10 to 100 organisms present.

Conclusions

PCR can be used to rapidly and accurately identify R equi in equine blood and tracheal wash fluid samples and can differentiate between virulent and avirulent strains of the organism.

Clinical Relevance

Because PCR can confirm a diagnosis of R equi infection in horses more rapidly and specifically than use of standard culture techniques, extrapolation of this assay to soil and fecal samples could be useful in epidemiologic studies and studies of environmental disinfection or decontamination. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1232–1237)
Influence of a blend of fructo-oligosaccharides and sugar beet fiber on nutrient digestibility and plasma metabolite concentrations in healthy Beagles
Authors: Diez Marianne , Hornick Jean-Luc , Baldwin Paule , Istasse Louis
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate effects of a blend of fructo-oligosaccharides and sugar beet fiber (4:1) at 3 incorporation rates on nutrient digestibility and plasma glucose, insulin, α-aminonitrogen, urea, cholesterol, and triglycerides concentrations measured weekly in nonfed dogs and during a 360-minute period after a meal.

Animals

8 castrated 1-to 1.4-year-old young adult male Beagles weighing 10.0 to 13.5 kg.

Procedure

Diets containing 2 incorporation rates of a blend of fructo-oligosaccharides and sugar beet fiber (5 and 10% on a dry matter basis [diets B and C, respectively]) were compared with a control diet without additional fiber (diet A). The 3 diets were evaluated for ability to modify digestibility of dry and organic matter, protein, fat, and ash and for effects on plasma glucose, insulin, α-aminonitrogen, urea, cholesterol, and triglycerides concentrations. Each diet was fed for 6 weeks; plasma samples were collected weekly before feeding and after feeding on the last day of the period. During 1 week at the end of the 6-week period, dogs were kept in metabolic cages. Each period of the block was followed by a 4-week washout period.

Results

Incorporating the blend of fructo-oligosaccharides and sugar beet fiber in the diet was associated with greater passage of wet feces (diets B and C) and lower protein digestibility (diet C). Postprandial glucose (diet C), urea (diets B and C) and triglyceride (diets B and C) concentrations were significantly (P < 0.01) decreased. Weekly preprandial measurements were characterized by decreased urea (diets B and C), cholesterol (diet C), and triglycerides (diets B and C) concentrations (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Chronic consumption of fermentable fiber is associated with mildly decreased protein digestibility and with metabolic effects in nonfed or fed dogs.

Clinical Relevance

A blend of fructo-oligosaccharides and sugar beet fiber should be tested as a dietary aid for treatment of chronic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus or hyperlipidemia, in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1238–1242)
Efficacy of eprinomectin against mange mites in cattle
Authors: Barth Dietrich , Hair Jakie A. , Kunkle Bruce N. , Langholff Wayne K. , Löwenstein Michael , Rehbein Steffen , Smith Lawrence L. , Eagleson Jane S. , Kutzer Erich
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine whether eprinomectin was effective against mange caused by Chorioptes bovis and Sarcoptes bovis in cattle.

Animals

80 cows naturally infested with C bovis and 30 cattle experimentally infested with S bovis.

Procedure

6 trials were performed to determine efficacy against C bovis, and 2 trials were performed to determine efficacy against S bovis. In each trial, a group of untreated animals or of animals treated with vehicle alone was compared with a group of animals treated with a 0.5% formulation of eprinomectin applied topically (500 μg/kg). Number of mites in skin scrapings was determined prior to treatment and at weekly intervals for 8 weeks after treatment. Severity of skin lesions was evaluated when skin scrapings were obtained. In 5 trials, animals were weighed before and 56 days after treatment.

Results

Mite counts for treated cattle were significantly less than counts for control cattle from day 14 onwards in trials to determine efficacy against C bovis and from day 7 onwards in trials to determine efficacy against S bovis. Mites were not detected in scrapings collected from treated cattle on day 56. Mean weight gain of treated cattle was not significantly different from mean weight gain of control cattle in trials evaluating efficacy against C bovis but was significantly greater in trials evaluating efficacy against S bovis.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

Eprinomectin was highly effective against C bovis and S bovis. Because eprinomectin can be administered to lactating cows, it may be useful for controlling mange in cattle. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1257–1259)
Comparison of flea control strategies using imidacloprid or lufenuron on cats in a controlled simulated home environment
Authors: Jacobs Dennis E. , Hutchinson Melanie J. , Fox Mark T. , Krieger Klemens J.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To compare the effect of monthly treatments with imidacloprid (an adulticide) or lufenuron (an insect development inhibitor) for protecting cats against Ctenocephalides felis felis in a simulated home environment.

Animals

3 matched groups of 4 cats each.

Procedure

A self-propagating flea life cycle continuously exposing cats to ‘natural’ infestation was established in 3 pens. Small artificial infestations were later superimposed to mimic the effect of a cat roaming outdoors and acquiring extraneous fleas. One pen housed an untreated control group, and the other 2 pens housed cats treated every 28th day with an imidacloprid spot-on formulation or lufenuron suspension, respectively. Flea counts were performed at 14-day intervals for 112 days.

Results

Flea numbers increased on control cats around day 42 when mean counts on cats in the imidacloprid and lufenuron groups decreased by 100 and 86.8 percent, respectively. Fleas were not found on any imidacloprid-treated cat, but lufenuron-treated cats were consistently parasitized.

Conclusions

Imidacloprid administered at monthly intervals maintained flea burdens below the limit of detection, whereas clinically important flea populations developed in the lufenuron treatment pen.

Clinical Relevance

Results from this experimental model suggest that flea populations within a home may be controlled by carefully timed on-host treatments with potent long-acting insecticides such as imidacloprid. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1260–1262)
Evaluation of selected cardiopulmonary and cerebral responses during medetomidine, propofol, and halothane anesthesia for laparoscopy in dogs
Authors: Bufalari Antonello , Short Charles E. , Giannoni Claudia , Pedrick Toi P. , Hardie Robert J. , Flanders James A.
Published: January 2024

Objectives

To compare the dose-sparing effect of medetomidine on the propofol induction dose and concentration of halothane for maintenance of anesthesia during laparoscopy and to provide guidelines for effective and safe use of these anesthetics in dogs to ensure desirable perioperative analgesia.

Animals

14 purpose-bred dogs.

Procedure

Cardiopulmonary and electroencephalographic responses were determined during 2 anesthesia protocols in dogs scheduled for laparoscopy. Fifteen minutes before anesthesia induction, all dogs received atropine sulfate (0.02 mg/kg of body weight, IM). Seven dogs were then given propofol (6.6 mg/kg, IV); anesthesia was maintained with halothane in oxygen. The other dogs were given medetomidine hydrochloride (10 μg/kg, IM) 5 minutes after administration of atropine sulfate; anesthesia was then induced by administration of propofol (2.8 mg/kg, IV) and was maintained with halothane in oxygen.

Results

The halothane concentration required for laparoscopy was lower in dogs given medetomidine. Anesthetic requirements were significantly increased during abdominal manipulation in both groups. Total amplitude of the electroencephalograph in medetomidine-treated dogs was not significantly lower than that in dogs not given medetomidine. Pulmonary responses were stable throughout all procedures. The primary cardiovascular response was an increase in blood pressure associated with the medetomidine-atropine preanesthetic combination. Significant differences in total amplitude or frequency shifts (spectral edge) of brain wave activity were not associated with surgical stimulation.

Conclusion

Lack of neurologic changes during laparoscopy supports the efficacy of either medetomidine-propofol-halothane or propofol-halothane combinations at higher concentrations to provide desirable analgesia and anesthesia in this group of dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1443–1450)
Keratometry, ultrasonic biometry, and prediction of intraocular lens power in the feline eye
Authors: Gilger Brian C. , Davidson Michael G. , Howard Peter B.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine ocular dimensions (using A-scan ultrasound biometry) and corneal curvature (using keratometry) in the feline eye and to calculate the appropriate dioptric power for a prototype posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) necessary to achieve emmetropia in the eyes of cats undergoing lens extraction.

Animals

25 clinically normal adult mixed-breed cats and 10 eyes from 10 clinically normal adult mixed-breed cat cadavers.

Procedure

A-scan ultrasonic biometry was performed on both eyes of each live cat. Cats were tranquilized, and keratometry was performed on each eye. Biometry was performed on the cadaver eyes. Five of the cadaver eyes had the lens extracted and an IOL, designed for use in dogs, was implanted. Biometry was repeated to estimate postoperative IOL position. Using 3 theoretical IOL formulas, data from biometry, keratometry, and postoperative IOL position were used to predict IOL strength required to achieve emmetropia after lens extraction in cats.

Results

Mean axial length of eyes in live cats was 20.91 ± 0.53 mm. Mean preoperative anterior chamber depth (ACD) was 5.07 ± 0.36 mm, and mean lens thickness was 7.77 ± 0.23 mm. Predicted postoperative ACD was calculated to be 10.84 mm. Measured postoperative ACD in the 5 cadaver eyes was 8.28 mm. Required IOL strength calculated, using the predicted postoperative ACD, was 73 to 76 diopters. The required IOL strength calculated, using the measured postoperative ACD, was 53 to 55 diopters.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

An IOL of substantially higher diopter strength than that needed in dogs is required to achieve emmetropia after lens extraction in average cats; an IOL strength of approximately 53 to 55 diopters will likely be required. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:131–134)
Efficacy of an in-feed formulation of ivermectin against somatic larvae of Strongyloides ransomi in pregnant swine
Authors: Drag Marlene D. , Green Sara E. , Howser Russell A. , Wallace Dennis H. , Cox James L. , Barrick Ruth A.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To confirm that ivermectin fed for 7 days to pregnant sows controls transmission of Strongyloides ransomi larvae to pigs via the colostrum or milk.

Animals

24 mixed-breed sows.

Procedure

The sows were infected with 250,000 S ransomi larvae on 3 occasions (days 63, 64, or 65, days 71 or 73, and days 78, 79, or 80 of gestation). Eight sows received ivermectin at a dosage of 100 μg of ivermectin/kg of body weight/d from days 92 to 99 of gestation, and 8 sows were treated from days 103 to 110 of gestation; 8 remaining sows received unmedicated vehicle. Numbers of S ransomi larvae were counted in samples of colostrum or milk collected 1, 2, and 7 days after parturition. At 7 and 14 days after parturition, fecal samples were collected from each sow and from 4 pigs from each litter for determination of nematode egg counts; at the latter date, pigs were euthanatized and necropsied for worm counting.

Results

Pigs born to ivermectin-treated sows had significantly (P < 0.01) fewer adult S ransomi than did those born to control sows; efficacy was 100%. Treated sows had significantly (P < 0.05) fewer S ransomi larvae in colostrum/milk samples taken 1, 2, and 7 days after parturition than did control sows; efficacy was 100%, with the exception of 1 S ransomi larva found in a milk sample from 1 treated sow at 2 days after parturition.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

Ivermectin fed to sows during the last third of gestation at a dosage of 100 μg/kg/d for 7 consecutive days is highly efficacious for control of transmission of infective S ransomi larvae to pigs via colostrum or milk. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:277–279)
Effects of experimental desmotomy on material properties and histomorphologic and ultrasonographic features of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon in clinically normal horses
Authors: Becker C. K. , Savelberg H. H. C. M. , Buchner H. H. F. , Barneveld A.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate posttrauma biomechanical behavior of the scar attributable to desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (AL-DDFT), compared with the histomorphologic and ultrasonographic appearance.

Animals

5 Standardbred trotters.

Procedure

Gross appearance, length, cross-sectional area (CSA), in vitro material properties, and ultrasonographic and histomorphologic features were studied 6 months after desmotomy. Tensile tests were conducted, with forces and elongation simultaneously recorded. Surgically treated limbs were compared with nontreated contralateral limbs.

Results

The CSA of the treated ligaments was increased threefold, and treated ligaments were 1 cm longer than control ligaments. In the healed AL-DDFT, stress and material stiffness were approximately a third of those values for controls. The functional characteristics, force and elongation at failure, reached 80% of control values. Ultrasonographic and the histomorphologic examination of the scar tissue revealed high amounts of randomly oriented collagen.

Conclusion

From the ultrasonographic and histomorphologic findings and the material properties, it was concluded that the scar tissue was of inferior quality. However, the functional properties had been restored for the most part by increase of the CSA. The length increase may lead to strain relief in the AL-DDFT after desmotomy.

Clinical Relevance

Desmotomy is recommended as treatment for chronic desmitis. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:352–358)
Evaluation of platelet activation and platelet-neutrophil aggregates in Thoroughbreds undergoing near-maximal treadmill exercise
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Evanson Oral A. , Fagliari José J. , Valberg Stephanie
Published: January 2024

Objectives

To determine whether platelets become activated and form platelet-neutrophil aggregates during near-maximal treadmill exercise in horses.

Animals

4 Thoroughbreds.

Procedure

Horses were subjected to 4 standardized exercise tests on a treadmill, and blood samples were collected before exercise, at treadmill speed of 12 m/s, and 5 minutes after exercise. Flow cytometric techniques were used to identify activated platelets, and flow cytometric and microscopic techniques were used to identify platelet-neutrophil aggregates.

Results

Platelet-neutrophil aggregates increased from 2.8 ± 0.4% at rest to 17.2 ± 1.1% and 14.7 ± 1.6% during and after exercise, respectively. Platelet activation was not detected during or after exercise.

Conclusions

Platelet-neutrophil aggregates consistently form during strenuous exercise in horses. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:393–396)
Prevention of fatal salmonellosis in neonatal calves, using orally administered chicken egg yolk Salmonella-specific antibodies
Authors: Yokoyama Hideaki , Peralta Robert C. , Umeda Kouji , Hashi Tomomi , Icatlo Faustino C. , Kuroki Masahiko , Ikemori Yutaka , Kodama Yoshikatsu
Published: January 2024

Objective

To protect neonatal calves against fatal salmonellosis within the first 2 weeks after birth, using chicken egg yolk antibodies specific against Salmonella typhimurium or S dublin.

Animals

38 neonatal Holstein calves from Salmonella-free farms.

Procedure

After removal of the lipid components with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate, egg yolk antibodies were spray dried. At 4 days of age, calves were challenge exposed by oral inoculation with 1011 virulent S typhimurium (experiment 1) or S dublin (experiment 2). Starting from the challenge-exposure day, egg yolk antibody preparations were administered orally 3 times a day for 7 to 10 days.

Results

In passive immunization trials, the orally administered antibodies conferred dose-dependent protection against infection with each of the homologous strains of Salmonella. Within 7 to 10 days after challenge exposure, all control calves died, whereas low-titer antibody-treated calves had 60 to 100% mortality. Only fever and diarrhea, but no deaths (P < 0.01), were observed in calves given the highest titer of antibody.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Compared with that in control calves, survival was significantly higher among calves given antibodies with titers of 500 (P < 0.05) and 1,000 (P < 0.01) homotypic for S typhimurium and with titer of 5,000 (P < 0.01) for S dublin. Egg yolk antibodies specific for whole cell S typhimurium or S dublin are protective against fatal salmonellosis when given in sufficiently high concentration, and may be clinically useful during a salmonellosis outbreak. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:416–420)
Kinematic gait analysis of hind limb symmetry in dogs at the trot
Authors: Schaefer Susan L. , DeCamp Charles E. , Hauptman Joe G. , Walton Aaron
Published: January 2024

Objective

To describe intratrial differences in hind limb symmetry in healthy dogs at the trot, using non-invasive, computer-assisted, three-dimensional kinematic gait analysis.

Animals

8 clinically normal large-breed adult dogs.

Procedure

Dynamic flexion and extension angles and angular velocities were calculated for the coxofemoral, femorotibial, and tarsal joints of dogs at the trot. Temporal and distance variables were computed. Essential Fourier coefficients were used to determine mean flexion and extension curves for all joints and to compare differences in movement between right and left hind limbs. Variances attributable to limb, dog, and trial were determined.

Results

Each joint had a characteristic pattern of flexion and extension movement that was used to compare intratrial symmetry of hind limb gait. Significant differences were not detected in temporal or distance variables between the right and left hind limbs. Significant differences were not noted in essential Fourier coefficients used to characterize coxofemoral, femorotibial, and tarsal joint angles and angular velocities, with the exception of the cosine-0 coefficient for coxofemoral angular velocity. Variation in joint angle and angular velocity measurements were attributable to individual dog and trial. Variation attributable to limb was negligible.

Conclusions

Intratrial evaluation of right-left hind limb symmetry, using kinematic gait analysis, indicated objectively that hind limb movement is symmetrical at the trot in healthy large-breed dogs.

Clinical Relevance

Documentation of hind limb symmetry at the trot will help provide a basis for direct comparison of both hind limbs in future studies evaluating gait and treatment of dogs with musculoskeletal disease. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:680-685)
Diagnostic value of full-mouth radiography in cats
Authors: Verstraete Frank J. Μ. , Kass Philip H. , Terpak Cheryl H.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine the diagnostic value of full-mouth radiography in cats.

Sample Population

115 cats referred for dental treatment without a previous full-mouth radiographic series available.

Procedure

In a prospective nested case-control analysis of multiple outcomes in a hospital cohort of cats referred for dental treatment, full-mouth radiography was done prior to oral examination and charting. After treatment, the clinical and radiographic findings were compared, with reference to presenting problems, main clinical findings, additional information obtained from radiography and unexpected radiographic findings. Importance of the radiographic findings in therapeutic decision making was assessed.

Results

The main clinical findings were radiographically confirmed in all cats. Odontoclastic resorption lesions, missed on clinical examination, were diagnosed in 8.7% of cats. Analysis of selected presenting problems and main clinical findings yielded significantly increased odds ratios for a variety of other conditions, either expected or unexpected. Radiographs of teeth without clinical lesions yielded incidental or clinically important findings in 4.8 and 41.7% of cats, respectively, and were considered of no clinical value in 53.6%. Radiographs of teeth with clinical lesions merely confirmed the findings in 13.9% of cats, but yielded additional or clinically essential information in 53.9 and 32.2%, respectively.

Clinical Relevance

The diagnostic yield of full-mouth radiography in new feline patients referred for dental treatment is high, and routine use of full-mouth radiography is justifiable. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:692-695)