bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantum spin liquid: design of a quantum spin liquid next to a superconducting state based on a dimer-type ET Mott insulator
Authors: Hiramatsu Takaaki , Yoshida Yukihiro , Saito Gunzi , Otsuka Akihiro , Yamochi Hideki , Maesato Mitsuhiko , Shimizu Yasuhiro , Ito Hiroshi , Kishida Hideo
Published: December 2014

We propose the material design for a quantum spin liquid next to a superconducting state based on a dimer-type ET Mott insulator.
Broadening the “Ports of Entry” for Speech-Language Pathologists: A Reflective Model of Supervision
Authors: Geller Elaine
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this article is to explore core concepts that are integral to developing a relationship-based and reflective model of supervision in speech-language pathology. Many of the concepts to be discussed emerged from the study of infancy and mental health. These fundamental constructs will be used to illustrate how clinical educators can expand their traditional approaches to supervision with the goal of embedding these constructs within discipline-specific training. Each construct will be briefly defined followed by how the construct can be applied to supervision. Two supervision scenarios will be examined as to how relationship-based and reflective principles were integrated into supervision.
Variational learning in L2
Authors: Rankin Tom
Published: December 2014

This study examines the interpretation of constituent wh-questions in L2 English by learners whose L1 is Austrian German. Austrian German and English share identical surface word order patterns for a range of question forms, but with distinct semantic interpretations. Non-target patterns of interpretation show that the learners ay high levels of proficiency continue to optionally parse English questions with the L1 syntax. The continued presence of thematic verb movement and head-final VP syntax in L1 German-L2 English interlanguage challenges previous findings that headedness is reset very early and that V2 is realised by auxiliary verbs. This is analysed as an instance of Variational Learning (Yang, 2002), whereby the L1 grammar is accessed to parse L2 input where possible. The L1 syntactic representation thus continues to be available at high proficiency levels to parse input strings that are linearly compatible, giving rise in the case of L1 German-L2 English to non-target parses and interpretation of wh-questions.
When the speaker is a great performer
Authors: Errico Elena , Ballestrazzi Elisa
Published: December 2014

This article analyzes an interpreter-mediated speech event from Spanish into Italian. In the case study, the interactional dominance of the main speaker and his communicative style repeatedly challenge the participatory status and the face of the interpreter, who is constantly coping with the speaker’s attempts to involve her in the interaction as an entertainment resource. Although the communicative setting — a book presentation — is typical of conference interpreting events, this encounter was structured unconventionally as an informal story-telling session interspersed with several ad-libs and impromptu conversation exchanges with other participants, all interpreted in the short consecutive mode. The high degree of interactivity that emerged among the participants suggested the adoption of a qualitative multidisciplinary approach which, in addition to conference interpreting research, also draws on dialogue and media interpreting, as well as sister disciplines such as social psychology and conversation analysis in intercultural settings.
Subjunctive use variation among monolingual native speakers of Spanish
Authors: Gallego Muriel , Alonso-Marks Emilia
Published: December 2014

Research conducted with monolingual native Spanish speakers has yielded discrepant results concerning the loss or maintenance of the subjunctive, whereas studies conducted with heritage speakers point to a gradual subjunctive loss (Montrul 2009; Mikulski 2010; Silva-Corvalán 1994a, 1994b, 2001). Cross-dialectal studies (Blake 1982; De Sterck 2000; Fernández Ulloa & Portillo Mayorga 2000; Menegotto 2003, 2004, 2008) have mainly focused on past tenses, and scarce are cross-dialectal studies investigating native speakers’ subjunctive use in the present tense. This study examines mood use by means of an acceptability test and a forced choice cloze test conducted by native speakers of two varieties of Spanish. One hundred and four adult monolingual native speakers of Spanish participated in the study — N = 56 from Rosario, Argentina and N = 56 from Toledo, Spain. Results indicate an overall vitality of the subjunctive and also reveal slight differences regarding acceptability based on gender and region.
Afro-Peruvian Spanish in the context of Spanish Creole Genesis
Authors: Sessarego Sandro
Published: December 2014

This study presents linguistic and sociohistorical data on Afro-Peruvian Spanish (APS), an Afro-Hispanic dialect spoken in the province of Chincha (coastal Peru) by the descendants of the slaves taken to this region to work on sugarcane plantations in the seventeenth century. The present work provides new information on the origin of APS. In so doing, it casts new light on the genesis and evolution of Afro-Hispanic languages in the Americas and shows that, in light of recent works on the nature of Venezuelan, Ecuadorian and Bolivian slavery (Díaz-Campos & Clements 2008; Sessarego 2013a, 2014), colonial coastal Peru did not represent a “canonical breeding ground” (McWhorter 2000,7) for a creole language to form.
Lexical coding vs. syntactic marking of homogeneity
Authors: Høeg Müller Henrik
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this article is to substantiate the claim that the semantic feature of homogeneity manifests itself differently in different languages. By contrasting data from Spanish and Danish it is shown that homogeneity is lexically coded in Danish nouns, whereas Spanish nouns are lexically neutral to homogeneity. In Spanish the homogeneity interpretation of nouns is determined when they are inserted into a syntactic structure. The empirical relevance of this assumption is assessed by investigating syntactic and semantic aspects related to the occurrence of bare nominals in object position in the two languages under scrutiny. It is well-known that Spanish as a canonical pattern does not semantically license bare singular nouns with count interpretation (BNs) in object position, viz. #Juan repara coche[Juan repairs car], while in Danish the occurrence of BNs in object position is both possible and normal, viz.Ole maler hus[Ole paints house]. It is argued that this contrast is a predictable consequence of the premise that, in Spanish, transitive activity verbs impose a mass reading on any bare object noun whereas, in Danish, BNs maintain their lexically encoded denotation as inhomogeneous entities. However, contrasting with the leading pattern, the so-called HAVE-verbs (Borthen, 2003) actually license Spanish BNs in object position (cf., e.g., Espinal, 2010; Espinal & Mcnally, 2011), viz.Juan tiene perro[Juan has dog]. It is claimed that the occurrence of BNs in these cases is strongly related to the assumption that HAVE-verbs, contrary to activity verbs, are functionally non-eventive and, therefore, do not impose a specific homogeneity reading on the bare noun in object position.
Reviewers
Authors: Désy N
Published: December 2014

All papers published in this Volume 22 of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the editors of the 27 th IAHR Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems proceedings, Normand Désy, Prof. Claire Deschênes, Prof. François Guibault, Maryse Page and Mario Turgeon, Anne-Marie Giroux.

Reviews were conducted by expert referees from the Scientific Committee to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.
The members of the Scientific Committee who selected and reviewed the papers included in the Proceedings of the 27th IAHR Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems are detailed in the pdf.
Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Taft Casey T. , LaMotte Adam D. , Gilbert Karina S.
Published: December 2014

Intimate partner violence (IPV) remains a significant public health concern. Research has demonstrated that IPV can hold numerous and severe consequences for those victimized, and thus IPV necessitates effective evidence-based assessment, prevention, and treatment approaches. This chapter provides an overview of several different aspects of this phenomenon, starting with the definitions of distinct forms of IPV. Next, rates and consequences of IPV victimization are investigated. Additionally, four prominent theories of IPV perpetration are examined in conjunction with relevant research: feminist theory, social learning theory, I3 theory, and social information processing theory. Following, the chapter reviews different instruments developed to assess risk of IPV perpetration and victimization as well as the efficacy of existing interventions designed to treat and prevent IPV. Finally, important areas for future directions are discussed.
Brief Interventions and Motivational Interviewing
Authors: Hettema Jennifer , Wagner Christopher C. , Ingersoll Karen S. , Russo Jennifer M.
Published: December 2014

This chapter focuses on the use of brief interventions for the treatment of alcohol and other substance use disorders and risky use. The authors provide definitions of brief interventions and a rationale for their use. They review the evidence base for brief interventions across primary care, emergency medical, college, and correctional settings, and include analysis of the impact of brief intervention on drinking and drug use and the relative costs of such services. They also describe several widely used frameworks or organizing structures for brief interventions including FRAMES (provide feedback, emphasize responsibility, give advice, menu of options, express empathy, support self-efficacy), SBIRT (screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment), and the five As (ask, assess, advise, assist, arrange). Finally, the authors discuss the therapeutic approach of motivational interviewing as an interaction style that can be used within the context of many brief intervention structures.
Ecological Momentary Assessment
Authors: Shiffman Saul
Published: December 2014

Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) is a method for collecting data in real time and in real-world settings in order to avoid retrospective biases, collect ecologically valid data, and study behavioral processes over time. EMA is particularly suited for studying substance use because use is episodic and related to contextual factors like mood, setting, and cues. This chapter addresses the application of EMA to substance use research, describing important elements of EMA design and analysis and illustrating them with examples from substance use research. It discusses and reviews data on methodological issues such as compliance and reactivity and covers considerations in designing EMA studies of substance use. Data on the associations between EMA data on substance use and more traditional self-report data are reviewed. EMA methods reveal substance use patterns not captured by questionnaires or retrospective data and hold promise for substance use research and treatment.
French Colonial Louisiana
Authors: Gray D. Ryan , Dawdy Shannon Lee
Published: December 2014

This chapter provides a brief review of the archaeology of French colonial Louisiana, covering the period of nominal French control over the Lower Mississippi Valley and Gulf Coast between 1699 and 1768. The authors situate major archaeological findings from Lower Louisiana within a framework that questions the territorial and material sovereignty of empire. It is not simply that ‘the French’ failed to execute a master plan, but rather that colonialism on the ground never conformed to the spatial imaginaries of mapmakers. The classic heuristic division of ‘Native American’, ‘French’, and ‘African’ as the three hearths of Louisiana’s creole culture breaks down almost immediately upon studying the lived practices of specific village, fort, and plantation sites. Colonial zones were spatially porous, temporally undulant, and materially hybrid.
The Gibbs Farmstead
Authors: Groover Mark D.
Published: December 2014

Historical archaeology has much to contribute to the study of rural life, since farmsteads offer a compelling context to explore a wide range of anthropologically relevant issues. Historical archaeology conducted at the Gibbs farmstead in East Tennessee reveals material conditions experienced by rural residents of southern Appalachia during the 1800s. The persistence of the Gibbs lineal family at the farmstead during the 1800s provides considerable historically documented time depth and allows the study of continuity and change within an extended rural family. Using the generation as an analytical unit, material continuity is apparent at the farm in agricultural production and foodways. Conversely, expansion episodes to the log dwelling and landscape change coincided with household transitions at the farmstead.
Beyond Squanto and the Pilgrims
Authors: Rubertone Patricia E.
Published: December 2014

Recent historical archaeological research in New England has questioned colonialism’s narratives about entanglements between Native Americans and Europeans. Drawing on approaches that situate colonial relations in diachronic perspectives, landscapes, and cultural and social pluralism, and theories of agency, daily practice, memory, identity, and postcolonialism, researchers have explored interconnected histories that are more complicated and enduring. This chapter discusses the recovery of these complexities envisioned by critical studies of historical archaeological evidence, and increasingly through collaborations with indigenous groups to challenge assumptions about when, where, how, and why the experiences of natives and colonizers intersected. Examples from ancestral places to the colonized landscape’s plantations, reservations, diasporic enclaves, and urban homelands reveal the region’s Indians on different stages and in different roles from those scripted for them and subvert overly simplistic expectations about their shared histories with colonizers to amend colonialism’s injustices.
British Military Sites from Albany to Crown Point
Authors: Starbuck David R.
Published: December 2014

British forces on the frontier of eighteenth-century North America faced potent adversaries in the form of French armies and forts, often accompanied by their Native American allies. The lack of easily traversed roads could have been a logistical nightmare, but armies were able to overcome this by travelling along the waterways that formed a natural transportation corridor between Canada and New York City. Numerous British fortifications were constructed in the 1750s along Lake Champlain, Lake George, and the Hudson River north of Albany, and many of these positions were reoccupied twenty years later during the American Revolution. Strategically positioned forts were accompanied by large seasonal encampments, by specialized structures that included blockhouses and hospitals, and by battlefields where clashes occurred. Archaeologists have conducted excavations at many of these sites, seeking to understand the strategies, provisioning, and building techniques employed by British Regulars as they fought on the American landscape.
Hume and Smith on Moral Philosophy
Authors: Hanley Ryan Patrick
Published: December 2014

Scholars of eighteenth-century Scottish philosophy today tend to agree that Adam Smith, while deeply indebted to Hume, was also engaged in a comprehensive and creative transformation and extension of certain of Hume’s fundamental concepts. But what exactly did Smith take from Hume, and precisely how did he transform these concepts? This chapter traces Smith’s appropriation and transformation along five fronts: sympathy and humanity, justice and utility, judgment and impartiality, virtue and commercial society, and epistemology and religion. In so doing, it aims to provide a synthetic account of previous scholarship on the Hume–Smith relationship and to supplement these accounts with an examination of several further points of contact that have yet to receive significant attention.
A “Catholic Layman of German Nationality and Citizenship”?
Authors: Mehring Reinhard
Published: December 2014

Carl Schmitt positioned his constitutional theory in the context of a “political theology” and referred to himself repeatedly as a Catholic. Schmitt scholarship has long pursued this self-depiction without establishing a convincing “Catholic” doctrine, political position, or life praxis. This chapter provides an overview and critical interrogation of Schmitt’s self-description. By emphasizing his political and theological distance from his early background and from the political Catholicism of the interwar period, the chapter analyzes his systematic connection of theism, personalism, and decisionism, and considers Schmitt as a “religious” author and person. Schmitt’s apocalyptically dramatized perception and stylization of life as a permanent “state of exception” can be seen as a religious practice of testing contingency and sovereignty and self-assigning to “salvation.” Schmitt must thus be understood not as a part of majority Catholicism, but beyond it, among the religious movements in the history of modern secular faith.
Is “the Political” a Romantic Concept?
Authors: Campe Rüdiger
Published: December 2014

This chapter analyzes Carl Schmitt’s concept of the political from the vantage point of German Romanticism. For Schmitt, Romanticism wasan intellectual attitude that precluded the concept and practice of “the political.” Through an in-depth reading of a preeminent document of political thought in German Romanticism, Novalis’s Love and Faith, this chapter considers and qualifies this view, arguing that “political theology” can be understood as a reaction to the French Revolution rather than as a tradition reaching back to medieval or baroque times. This chapter also argues that Novalis’s famous essay must be seen as a precursor to Schmitt’s own political theory. Overlap exists both in the blend of conservatism and radical constructivism in Novalis and Schmitt and in the interventionist character of both men’s statements on politics. Read as a precursor to Schmitt, Novalis’s philosophy of politics also offers a meaningful critique of Schmitt’s later theories.
Fiscal Policy Transparency
Authors: Begg Iain
Published: December 2014

Public expenditure and taxation are at the core of the relationship between governments and citizens. Yet transparency in fiscal policy has been relatively neglected, compared to its significance in other policy areas, notably monetary policy. This chapter first discusses what is meant by transparency, then goes on to explore the underlying rationale and theoretical models for having it. The varied experience of fiscal transparency and the role of international organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, in encouraging governments to implement it are reviewed. The principles that fiscal policy should seek to follow are discussed as is its role in the policy process, and the chapter concludes by highlighting issues on which further research might focus, such as how information disclosure affects policy making and the optimal degree of transparency.
Transparency of Climate Change Policies, Markets, and Corporate Practices
Authors: Brewer Thomas L. , Mehling Michael
Published: December 2014

This chapter considers transparency with respect to carbon markets, government policies on climate change, and corporate exposures and disclosure practices concerning climate-related risks. It discusses carbon market issues concerning the infrastructure and transactions in three market segments: voluntary markets, emission allowances allocated by governments including the European Union, and project-based emission reduction credits as mandated by the Clean Development Mechanism and Joint Implementation programs of the Kyoto Protocol. It also examines corporate practice issues that reflect the exposure of firms to various risks posed by the consequences of climate change, as well as government policy issues involving policymaking processes and outcomes in several policy areas, such as monitoring, reporting, and verifying of countries’ greenhouse gas emissions.
Transparency and Inward Investment Incentives
Authors: Lehmann Frederick , Tavares-Lehmann Ana Teresa
Published: December 2014

This chapter examines transparency in relation to inward foreign direct investment (FDI), particularly inward investment-focused policies and incentives. It begins by reviewing the literature on transparency and inward investment incentives before discussing some of the merits of transparency based on its effects on the quantity and quality as well as the process by which FDI is attracted. It then considers the distinction between transparency in norms versus transparency in processes and how these differences affect FDI attraction. It also explores multilevel transparency and its impact on inward investment, along with multiparty transparency and its effect on FDI. The chapter concludes by focusing on the relationship between multinational corporations and host countries.
Transparency and Corruption
Authors: Cuervo-Cazurra Alvaro
Published: December 2014

In this chapter I analyze how transparency can deter corruption. I first review the concept of corruption, its types, and the reasons why it exists. I then consider corrupt relationships as multiagency relationships before explaining how transparency can help tackle corruption by solving the information asymmetries in the agency relationships. I argue that increasing transparency, although necessary, is not sufficient to reduce corruption, and I suggest that transparency must be complemented by monitoring and punishment to be effective at reducing corruption.
Transparency of Fair Value Accounting and Tax
Authors: Eberhartinger Eva , Lee Soojin
Published: December 2014

This chapter examines transparency in fair value accounting (measurement, presentation, additional disclosure), with special emphasis on tax disclosure and on the presentation of fair values in the statement of other comprehensive income. After considering the international relevance of the International Financial Reporting Standards, the chapter discusses fair value accounting in the context of accounting standards. It then reviews prior research to determine whether fair value accounting adds to accounting transparency. It also looks at the measurement and presentation of the transparency of fair value accounting based on relevance and reliability, along with issues of earnings management and procyclical effects.
The Effect of Social Media on End-of-Life Decision Making
Authors: Berg Jessica
Published: December 2014

This article explores the ethical and legal issues involved in the use of social media to make end-of-life decisions. After providing an overview of social media such as online forums, virtual worlds, blogs, and social network sites, it considers the many different ways that social media might play a role in medical decision making. It then looks at the current legal framework for surrogate decision making and the concerns arising from the use of social media in such an endeavor. The article concludes by stressing the role of clinicians and ethics committees in helping surrogates navigate the complexities of medical decision making in the Internet age.
Legal Issues in Death and Dying
Authors: Meisel Alan
Published: December 2014

This article examines the legal issues surrounding death and dying, emphasizing how clinical practice with respect to end-of-life decisions has been shaped by rights and autonomy. It shows how state and federal court decisions, beginning with the Karen Ann Quinlan case in 1975, led to the emergence of a consensus about the legality of withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining medical treatment. It considers three important court cases in 1972 involving “informed consent” to medical treatment, followed by other cases such as those involving Quinlan in 1975 and Nancy Cruzan in 1990. It then considers two modes of analyzing the propriety of end-of-life decisions that arose mostly from judicial opinions: the “state interests” approach and the “categorical” approach. It also discusses the explanations offered by the courts as to why foregoing life-sustaining medical treatment does not result in legal culpability for physicians, including causation, intent, right to refuse treatment, and palliative care.
Brain Biology and Gendered Discourse
Authors: Case Susan S. , Oetama‐Paul Angela J.
Published: December 2014

Despite the greater presence of women in the workforce, their organisational experiences remain different from many men's. Most explanations for this difference are based on cultural socialisation or power and dominance. This paper offers the role of brain biology as a missing mediating link explaining the persistence of gendered communication in organisational discourse. The way men and women talk in interactions is mediated by differences in their brain structure, function, and chemistry. This produces gendered communication styles influenced by biology. A biopsychosocial model explains the simultaneous effects that biology, psychology, and socialisation have on each other for understanding gendered discourse style persistence. Following a characterisation of talk, a primer on brain biology is provided in three areas: (1) structure including hemisphere asymmetry, corpus callosum size, and defined brain areas; (2) function including organisation for language and information processing, attention, and emotion; and (3) chemistry, linking each area of brain biology to examples of gendered discourse differences characterising normatively masculine and feminine discourse styles, and a wide‐verbal‐repertoire style (WVR), used by some men and women. We conclude with implications of brain science for “doing leadership” through discourse in the workplace, in any role, at any organisational level, and the value of such differences.
Survey of antifungal prophylaxis and fungal diagnostic tests employed in malignant haematology and haemopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) inAustralia andNewZealand
Authors: van Hal S. J. , Gilroy N. M. , Morrissey C. O. , Worth L. J. , Szer J. , Tam C. S. , Chen S. C. , Thursky K. A. , Slavin M. A.
Published: December 2014

This article reports the findings of a survey developed to assess the current use of antifungal prophylaxis among haematology and infectious disease clinicians across Australia andNewZealand, and their alignment with existing consensus guidelines for the use of antifungal agents in the haematology/oncology setting (published 2008). Surveyed clinicians largely followed the current recommendations for prophylaxis in the setting of induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukaemia, as well as autologous and low‐risk allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In keeping with guideline recommendations, posaconazole was the agent used by most centres for high‐risk allogeneicHSCT. However, its routine continuation for 75–100 days post‐transplantation without de‐escalation suggested use beyond those indications described in the 2008 guidelines, namely pre‐engraftment neutropenia and graft‐versus‐host disease. Variations in practice were observed in other settings, such as acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndrome, reflecting the general lack of evidence for antifungal prophylaxis in these patient populations and changing perceptions of risk. With regard to the availability of testing in cases of suspected breakthroughIFD, 40% of centres did not have access to investigative bronchoscopy within 48 h of referral, and results ofAspergillusgalactomannan (GM), fungal polymerase chain reaction and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) were not available within 48 h in 83%, 90% and 85% of centres respectively. The survey's findings will influence the recommendations provided in the updated 2014 consensus guidelines for the use of antifungal agents in the haematology/oncology setting.
Hybrid Views in Meta‐ethics: Pragmatic Views
Authors: Fletcher Guy
Published: December 2014

A common starting point for ‘going hybrid’ is the thought that moral discourse somehow combines belief and desire‐like aspects, or is both descriptive and expressive. Hybrid meta‐ethical theories aim to give an account of moral discourse that is sufficiently sensitive to both its cognitive and its affective, or descriptive and expressive, dimensions. They hold at least one of the following: (i) moral thought: moral judgements have belief and desire‐like aspects or elements; (ii) moral language: moral utterances both ascribe properties and express desire‐like attitudes. This entry concerns hybrid theories of moral language. The main division within such theories is between those treating the expression of desire‐like attitudes (hereafter ‘attitudes’) as semantic and those treating it as pragmatic. This entry exclusively focuses on pragmatic forms of (ii) and examines the prospects for treating moral attitude expression as working via certain standard pragmatic mechanisms. I explain these mechanisms, outline the properties that standardly define them, and test to see whether moral attitude expression matches them. At the end, I briefly explain a more minimal pragmatic alternative. The main conclusions are that we should disregard presupposition and conventional implicature views and that the most plausible options for a pragmatic hybrid view are a generalised conversational implicature view and a more minimal pragmatic view.
Adam Smith on Markets and Justice
Authors: Herzog Lisa
Published: December 2014

This paper discusses Adam Smith's views of social justice. It first describes Smith's optimistic view of markets, for example with regard to the absence of negative externalities, which implies that he considered certain normative problems to be the exception rather than the rule. Then, Smith's views on redistribution are discussed: although he is sympathetic to progressive taxation, his main focus remains on free markets, which can partly be explained by his distrust of politicians. If one takes a closer look as Smith's views of markets, however, it turns out that one of the reasons why he endorses them is their distributive features. He saw them as an antidote to the inequalities of the feudal age, offering all individuals an opportunity to work their way up to a decent standard of living and leading to more equality in the long run. Thus, Smith's account, while out‐dated in certain ways, can serve as an inspiration for thinking about distributive justice not only as a question of redistributive taxation but also as a question of the institutional design of markets.
Measurements of NOx Emissions From DLE and Non-DLE Gas Turbine Engines Employed in Natural Gas Compressor Stations and Comparison With PEM Models
Authors: Botros K. K. , Siarkowski L. , Barss S. , Manabat R.
Published: December 2014

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) publishes emissions factors for gas turbines in its Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, “Volume I Stationary Point and Area Sources, Publication No. AP-42”. This document uses an emissions factor (EF) which is a representative value that attempts to relate the quantity of a pollutant released to the atmosphere with an activity associated with the release of that pollutant. For natural gas-fired gas turbines, EPA NOx (nitrogen oxides) emissions factors are usually expressed as the weight of pollutant per unit fuel volume burned or its equivalent heating value (e.g. kg/m3 or kg/GJ). In most cases, these factors are simply averages of available data, and are generally assumed to be representative of long-term averages for all facilities in the source category. Additionally, AP-42 specifies two EFs depending on the engine load being above or below 80% of rated power. In this paper, NOx emissions tests were conducted on four gas turbines. The first two were non dry low emissions (non-DLE) General Electric engines (LM1600), one in Alberta and the other in Ontario, with significant elevation difference. The other two were Rolls-Royce (R-R) engines; one DLE (RB211-24G) while the other is a non-DLE (RB211-24C), both in Alberta at the same elevation. These tests were conducted at different ambient temperatures varying from −7°C to +28°C using Continuous Emissions Monitoring (CEM) emissions samples based on EPA Method 7E standard. Predictive Emission Monitoring (PEM) systems were also developed based on these and previous testing, and predictions are compared to measured data. The difference between NOx emissions from these four engines at different loads (minimum to maximum) and different ambient conditions are presented and compared. A comparison with AP-42 emissions factors is presented and discussed. It was found that the elevation difference between the two LM1600 engines makes a significant difference in NOx emissions. Additionally, the emissions from the DLE engine when it is operating out of the DLE mode (at low loads) emits higher NOx than a non-DLE engine at the same load and ambient conditions.
Dynamics of the Recycle Systems of Two Centrifugal Compressors Operating in Series in a Natural Gas Compressor Station
Authors: Botros K. K. , Ruggiero B. , Szwarz M. , Ho C.
Published: December 2014

Compression systems employed in gas pipeline transmission systems and gas processing plants provide a vital function to the overall operation of both systems, and therefore must be vigilantly monitored in order to ensure a high level of operational reliability. The majority of these compression systems employ centrifugal compressors, driven by either gas turbines or electric motors with/without gearboxes. These systems are designed and operated in a manner to eliminate or minimize the potential for surge, which is a dynamic instability detrimental to the integrity of the unit. Surge can occur when compressors are subjected to rapid transients such as one following an emergency shutdown (ESD) or power failure. To prevent this, compressor stations are designed with recycle systems and special types of recycle valves required to open upon ESD. This paper describes the dynamics surrounding an ESD operation of a compression system composed of two units in series and two independent recycle systems, one for each unit. The conventional sizing of the recycle system applied to a single unit operation needs to be evaluated carefully when there are two units operating in series, and in particular sizing of the recycle system surrounding the higher pressure unit, i.e. the downstream unit. This paper provides an insight into the salient parameters that impact the operation of such system via several dynamic simulations of an ESD event. Different ‘what-if’ design scenarios are analyzed and results presented. The data was obtained from an actual station operation on TransCanada’s Alberta gas transmission system in Canada. This station also employs two large gas volume capacitance aerial coolers which are also involved in the dynamics of the system during ESD.
Multiple Data Inspection of Hard Spots and Cracking
Authors: Belanger Adrian , Barker Tod
Published: December 2014

Hard spots are serious threats to pipeline operations, especially in pre-1970s vintage pipe where they were unintentionally created in the manufacturing process. Steels with high hardness and tensile strength are susceptible to hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) and thus hard spots with hardnesses higher than that of the surrounding base material are areas in need of remediative action. One course of remediation has been sleeving, but if the sleeve is not properly sealed to the pipe, cracking can be accelerated due to the trapping of moisture. An inspection with multiple data sets (MDS) is capable of identifying hard spots through the use of high and low levels of magnetization and identifying cracking even in sleeved areas using helical field technology. This paper will show the initial tests that were done using an 18-inch MDS tool to measure different types of hardening and quenching. The results are compared to actual hard spots from a 30-inch diameter vintage pipe before and after notches were made, both with and without sleeves. The ability to assess hardness and the detectability of cracking is discussed.
Enhancing Liquid Hydrocarbon Pipeline Leak Detection Using Instrumented Aerial Surveillance
Authors: Banica Adrian , Waslen Doug , Tolton Boyd T.
Published: December 2014

Suncor Energy Inc. contacted Synodon as part of an effort to enhance pipeline leak detection. Ideally, Suncor needed a technology that could detect natural gas as well as liquid hydrocarbon releases. Synodon’s new technology is an aircraft mounted gas remote sensing instrument that has been used for detecting leaks from natural gas pipelines for over four (4) years and was expanding their capability to include liquid hydrocarbons.

This paper will describe the steps that Suncor and Synodon have taken over the last two years to develop and validate this detection technology. Synodon completed a number of studies including laboratory and field tests that demonstrated the ability of Synodon’s technology to remotely detect ground-level plumes of vapours released from a liquid hydrocarbon pipeline.

Synodon conducted full atmospheric analytic modeling followed by laboratory measurements to determine the level of sensitivity of its instrument measurement to both methane and various liquid hydrocarbon vapors including gasoline, condensates and synthetic crude oil. Suncor participated in the development of test methodology and field execution in order to witness and validate the results.

Based on this work, Suncor has determined an optimum inspection frequency based on theoretical spill size, SCADA leak detection thresholds and conventional aerial patrol constraints.

The results and conclusions of this work will be presented.
Interpretation and Evaluation of Near Girth Weld, Short Axial Cracks in a Petroleum Pipeline
Authors: Chebaro Mohamed R. , Hugger Achim F. , Ironside Scott D. , Garcia Luis A. Torres , Rusu Dorin I.
Published: December 2014

A Canadian crude oil pipeline presented a unique cracking mechanism exhibited by short, branched axial cracks located in the vicinity of girth welds. These attributes, among others, translated into added depth sizing complexity for ultrasonic crack in-line inspection (ILI) tools. The scope presented in this paper encompasses results from three crack ILIs carried out between 2011 and 2013.

The assessment and mitigation of such atypical cracks required innovative interpretation and evaluation techniques. First, unique ILI analysis approaches and reporting criteria were implemented and validated beyond established design specifications. The goal was to characterize the very short features at girth welds, while understanding and managing sizing limitations associated with conventional ILI analysis methods. This was attained from a laboratory ILI pull-testing program performed on field cut-outs containing cracks of interest, in addition to detailed non-destructive examinations (NDE) completed in field and laboratory settings. Second, customized, depth-independent, likelihood-based evaluation criteria were developed to identify and mitigate cracking with such distinct attributes. The ensuing model was then validated against a comprehensive field NDE program using different sizing techniques (e.g., Phased Array and Multi-angle Shear Wave). This paper highlights the key findings from the analytical, experimental and field studies and describes the novel methodology followed in the assessment of crack-related features reported by ILI.
Building a Target Reliability Adaptive to China Onshore Natural Gas Pipeline
Authors: Zhang Jinyuan , Zhang Zhenyong , Yu Zhifeng , Wu Wen , Chen Yingshuai
Published: December 2014

To introduce and apply Reliability-Based Design and Assessment (RBDA) method to China’s onshore natural gas pipelines, China Petroleum Pipeline Engineering Corporation (CPPE) undertook a research project based on achievements from a series of researches sponsored by PRCI. RBDA method aims to maintain a consistent risk level throughout the lifecycle of pipelines by rational designs, professional operations and scientific maintenance. The basis of RBDA method is a set of risk-based reliability targets for pipelines, especially the target value of Ultimate Limit State (ULS). CPPE has developed a database for 37,000km natural gas pipelines in China and defined 148 operating conditions corresponding to various pressures, pipeline diameters, steel grades and pipeline lengths in different location classes. Failure calculation models are modified according to the corrosion and equipment impact under each specified operating condition. While calculating the failure consequences, 20,000 kilometers pipes from different locations classes were selected and statistics of average population density was made. Statistics of failure consequences were made again. Finally, the overall risk level of built natural gas pipelines was calculated. This paper introduces 148 operating conditions, failure probabilities, calculation method regarding failure consequences and average population density of all locations of different classes. Based on target reliability of pipelines set on country level, design and construction plan for newly-built pipelines are optimized by using RBDA method for rationally guiding subsequent operation and maintenance to reach the most optimal and cost-efficient plan in whole lifecycle of pipelines.
Bicarbonate, Temperature, and pH Influences on the Passivation of API-X100 Pipeline Steel in Simulated Groundwater Solutions
Authors: Gadala Ibrahim M. , Alfantazi Akram
Published: December 2014

The influence of bicarbonate ion (HCO3−) concentration and related environmental parameters such as pH and temperature on the passivation of API-X100 pipeline steel is the focus of this investigation. NS4 solution simulating groundwater trapped under disbonded coatings at regions where near-neutral stress corrosion cracking (SCC) occurs was used as a reference. Bicarbonate content in the solutions was increased steadily and the critical HCO3− concentration at which passivation becomes evident is found using potentiodynamic polarization sweeps. Multi-step dissolution is observed especially in higher pH solutions, owing to the involvement of hydroxide ions (OH−) in the adsorption of hydrous Fe(OH)2. Dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (DEIS) is used to study and compare interfacial processes in active, pre-passive, passive, and trans-passive regions. The results of the potentiodynamic and DEIS tests achieve good agreement.

The protective properties of the passive film formed at three different HCO3− concentrations (critical passivation and two higher concentrations) and temperatures (25, 50, and 75 °C) are studied. The combined effect of HCO3− and temperature resulted in a pH range from ∼6.7 to 9.3 for the nine conditions in the corresponding test matrix. Passive films were formed at a suitable anodic potential and then studied with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Mott-Schottky, and cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests. Evidence of adsorption and diffusion, in addition to significant resistance from the passive film, is observed and accounted for in the equivalent circuit, which achieved good correspondence when fitted with the experimental data. The protective properties of the overall passive film are enhanced with increased bicarbonate and decreased temperature. Positive slopes in the Mott-Schottky plots reveal the n-type semi-conductive behavior of the passive films in all conditions and the CV results highlight the proposed reaction sequences occurring in different potential scan regions. CV measurements also confirm the enhanced protective properties of passive films with increased bicarbonate and lower temperatures observed in the EIS analysis.
IWEX: New Horizons for Pipeline Girth-Weld AUT Inspection
Authors: Portzgen Niels , Deleye Xavier , Gaffard Vincent , van der Ent Jan , Schouten Jasper
Published: December 2014

AUT inspections of pipeline girth-welds are increasingly performed in the context of strain or fatigue sensitive applications (such as arctic, deepwater or ultra deepwater applications) with increased O&G companies’ requirements in terms of reliability, sensitivity and accuracy.

Commonly used ultrasonic girth weld solutions (based on the Zone Discrimination Technique) exhibits some weaknesses and limitations. The performance of the inspection (probability of detection “PoD” and sizing accuracy) strongly depends on geometric and metallurgical properties such as:

- wall thickness variations,

- UT probes positioning (as a result of band and scanner positioning),

- surface conditions,

- flaw type and orientation

- pipe to pipe alignment

- Geometry information (cap and root profiles) cannot effectively be extracted from AUT scans and defects interaction rules are very difficult to apply.

To reach a high confidence level in AUT inspection PoD and sizing accuracy, extensive and time consuming qualification programs as well as project specific qualification tests are carried out. By way of consequence, from an operating O&G Company point of view, there is a strong interest to promote the development of new inspection methods with lower sensitivity to equipment settings and less operator dependency and possibly reduced qualification requirements.

Inverse Wave Field Extrapolation (IWEX) is an image reconstruction process from UT propagated waves that, until now, was mainly used in seismic exploration. Recently, APPLUS RTD has pushed forward the technology to make it applicable to pipeline girth-weld inspection not only for onshore applications but also for an offshore lay barge context (e.g. with high productivity requirements).

In this paper, the weaknesses of the zone discrimination technique are first described and the areas where IWEX should bring improvements are highlighted. The IWEX technology is then described and an IWEX technology qualification route, matching both expectations of an AUT solutions provider and an O&G Operating company, is proposed.

The results of the qualification tests performed so far (including tests on defective welds) are detailed and the technology readiness level is discussed.

Recommendations for next qualification and operational steps are given.
Assessing the Probability of Detecting Crack Features Using Ultrasonic In-Line Inspection Tool Run Results and Excavation Data
Authors: Lu Dongliang , Skow Jason , Keane Sean
Published: December 2014

The probability of detection (POD) describes the ability of an in-line inspection (ILI) tool to detect cracks and is one of the key performance indicators for ILI system qualification. The POD of an ILI tool is often specified by the vendor as the probability of a feature above a certain threshold size being detected by the tool. To verify the POD performance of ILI tools, selected pipeline sections from the ILI runs are excavated and inspected. The excavation data provide valuable information that can be used to assess the performance that the ILI tool achieved in a field environment.

This paper analyzes the performance of an ultrasonic testing (UT) tool in detecting stress corrosion cracking (SCC) features using the ILI run results and excavation data from several operating pipelines. Analysis of the excavation data shows that the POD for SCC features is dependent on both the maximum depth and the longest interacting length of the feature. As the SCC becomes deeper and longer, the POD increases. An analytical POD model is described in which the POD of the UT tool for SCC features is modeled as a function of the maximum depth and the longest interacting length. Parameters of the POD model are estimated using a maximum likelihood method based on the ILI and excavation data. The analytical POD model provides refined means to evaluate the POD performance for SCC features of the tool. The methodology described in this paper can be used for similar analyses of POD performance of other tools or for other types of features.