bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Summerspace: Three Revivals
Authors: Brown Carolyn
Published: February 2008

Space was always central to Merce's choreographic intention for the dance; there were twenty-one different spatial paths, which carried the dancers through the space, not just into it. He says the “summer” part of the title came later. Chance processes were used to determine entrances and exits, number of dancers onstage, who did what phrase when, and so forth. Merce had completed most of the time-consuming chance operations in New York, before rehearsals began in Connecticut. At Connecticut College we worked in a wonderful space— the enormous parlor/ballroom on the ground floor of a large, handsome stone dormitory. Tall windows opened onto an expanse of green lawn and vistas of lush and stately shade trees. It was a hot and humid summer, as summers in New London tended to be. A summer space.

The movement vocabulary is comprised of a variety of turns—slow turns, fast turns, jumping turns, turns ending in falls, and complex combinations of turns, as well as leaps, jumps, leg extensions, arabesques—a vocabulary far more balletic than had appeared in previous Cunningham group dances and yet, although the actual shapes and combinations of steps look deceptively like classical ballet, the abrupt changes in direction and speed, the rhythmic permutations unrelated to Morton Feldman's music, the devouring of space using walks, runs, skips, and leaps, and the surprising use of falls to the floor were not at all familiar to ballet dancers when they came to perform Summerspace. Nor were these ballet dancers attuned to the concept of “stillness.”
Flamenco and Spanish Dance
Authors: Thomas Katherine
Published: February 2008

There is so much information available on flamenco in music books and magazines, on video and DVD inserts and film covers, compact disc jackets, and especially the Internet that it is difficult to determine what materials are worthwhile and reliable. In the world of flamenco, artists' and aficionados' opinions are inclined to be subjective. Given flamenco's exoticized nature juxtaposed with its current drive toward modernity, one wonders where the truth lies.

The biggest problem has been that Spanish and flamenco dance scholarship often contains questionable opinions and observations, as is the case in the book Flamenco, edited by Claus Schreiner, with contributions on Baile Flamenco by Schreiner and Marion Papenbrok (Schreiner 1990). There is some good material here on flamenco dancing, but it is tainted by a lack of understanding of flamenco dance history, for example, when Schreiner ponders “what is to be made of Carlos Saura's [films] Carmen [Piedra 1984/1986] or Blood Wedding? No matter how well Antonio Gades and his troupe dance in these films…they have little to do with true flamenco” (Schreiner 1990, 31).
Dancing Democracy
Authors: Daly Ann
Published: February 2008

Our panel, on “Dancing Democracy,” was conceived and organized this spring and summer, well before September 11. The New School turns out to be a prime location for the topic, and its unanticipated urgency, given the proximity of the New School to ground zero and its historical connection with the self-consciously democratic endeavor of modern dance. This was a genre that sought to distinguish itself as a democratic art form, in response to the perceived elitism of the European ballet. It was here at the New School in the 1930s that dance classes, recitals, and a now-famous series of lecture-demonstrations helped to cohere the young modern dance community.

Talk of dance and democracy has crystallized again 60-some years later, the result of a convergence of three intellectual and artistic trends.

First, there is the growing concern that a people once known for their civic associations are now, as sociologist Robert Putnam famously put it, “bowling alone.” Political philosophers such as Benjamin Barber have been analyzing the theory and practice of civil society as fundamental to the operation of what he terms “strong democracy.” We don't have to make an either-or choice, Barber tells us, between the purely public space of an invasive government and the purely private space of a crassly commercialized market.
Differentiating Students with Mathematics Difficulty in College: Mathematics Disabilities vs. No Diagnosis
Authors: McGlaughlin Sean M. , Knoop Andrew J. , Holliday Gregory A.
Published: February 2008

Difficulties with college algebra can be the gatekeeper for earning a degree. Students struggle with algebra for many reasons. The focus of study was to examine students struggling with entry-level algebra courses and differentiate between those who were identified as having a mathematics disability and those who were not. Variables related to working memory, math fluency, nonverbal/visual reasoning, attention, and reading were analyzed using a MANOVA and separate ANOVAs. Significant differences were found on all but attention, supporting the findings of research on students in elementary and secondary education. Implications include a focus on techniques that help to remediate these specific deficits.
The Return of Hephaistos, Dionysiac Processional Ritual and the Creation of a Visual Narrative
Authors: Hedreen Guy
Published: February 2008

The return of Hephaistos to Olympos, as a myth, concerns the establishment of a balance of power among the Olympian gods. Many visual representations of the myth in Archaic and Classical Greek art give visible form to the same theme, but they do so in a manner entirely distinct from the manner in which it is expressed in literary narratives of the tale. In this paper, I argue that vase-painters incorporated elements of Dionysiac processional ritual into representations of the return of Hephaistos in order to articulate visually the principal theme of the myth. The vase-painters structured the myth along the lines of epiphanic processions in which Dionysos was escorted into the city of Athens. Like Dionysiac epiphanic processions, the procession of Hephaistos, Dionysos and the wine-god's followers is distinguished visually by drunkenness, ostentatious display of the phallus and obscene or insulting behaviour. To judge from the aetiological myths associated with them, the epiphanic processions symbolized the triumph of Dionysos over, and his belated acceptance by, those who denied his status as a god. By structuring the visual representations of the return of Hephaistos along the lines of such Dionysiac processions, artists conveyed visually the idea that the myth also concerned the triumph of a god over those who rejected him, and his acceptance among the Olympians. It is not necessary to assume that the vase-painters relied on a detailed poetic account of the myth to create their representations of it, because they employed elements of religious spectacle, an inherently visual phenomenon, to convey the essence of the story.
Judging Athenian Dramatic Competitions
Authors: Marshall C.W. , Willigenburg Stephanie van
Published: February 2008

This paper presents a new model for how the voting worked at the Athenian dramatic competitions, and demonstrates its viability mathematically. Previous proposals have either failed to take full account of the ancient sources or have not considered all the possible permutations of judging results. As is generally recognized, ten votes were cast, but in most circumstances not all were counted. Sections I–IV consider the tragic competition at the Dionysia, in which three competitors vied for the prize. For the questions we consider, two likely cases are examined (when the votes are divided 4–3–3 and 5–3–2), then a random distribution covering all possible cases, and finally the situation when two competitors are favoured against a third (when the votes are divided 5–5–0, 5–4–1 and 4–4–2). Section I presents the proposal and situates it within the Athenian cultural context. Section II asks how many lots are typically drawn before a victory is obtained. Section III considers how other places are determined. Section IV introduces the question of ‘fairness’: does the person who receives the most votes actually win? Section V considers adjudication for comedies and at the Lenaia. Section VI considers dithyrambic competitions.
Mycenaean Centaurs Still
Authors: Shear Ione Mylonas
Published: February 2008

FRAGMENTARY Mycenaean terracottas are unquestionably difficult to interpret, particularly when seen only in photographs. In an attempt to question the identity of the Ugarit figurine now in the Aleppo Museum as a centaur it is claimed that an added strip of clay was attached to the preserved upright portion of the figurine and that the curving sides of the upper section were painted a solid colour. Both observations are incorrect. Since the new identification of this figurine is based on these incorrect observations, the new identification itself remains questionable.
Bayesian identifiability and misclassification in multinomial data
Authors: Swartz Tim B. , Haitovsky Yoel , Vexler Albert , Yang Tae Y.
Published: February 2008

The authors consider the Bayesian analysis of multinomial data in the presence of misclassification. Misclassification of the multinomial cell entries leads to problems of identifiability which are categorized into two types. The first type, referred to as the permutation‐type nonidentifiabilities, may be handled with constraints that are suggested by the structure of the problem. Problems of identifiability of the second type are addressed with informative prior information via Dirichlet distributions. Computations are carried out using a Gibbs sampling algorithm.
Testing the equality of multinomial populations ordered by increasing convexity under the alternative
Authors: Liu Xinsheng , Wang Jinde
Published: February 2008

The authors derive the asymptotic null distribution of the likelihood ratio statistic for testing equality of multinomial populations whose parameters are ordered by increasing convexity under the alternative. They also show how to compute critical values for the test.
Goodness‐of‐fit methods for matched case‐control studies
Authors: Arbogast Patrick G. , Lin Danyu Y.
Published: February 2008

The authors propose graphical and numerical methods for checking the adequacy of the logistic regression model for matched case‐control data. Their approach is based on the cumulative sum of residuals over the covariate or linear predictor. Under the assumed model, the cumulative residual process converges weakly to a centered Gaussian limit whose distribution can be approximated via computer simulation. The observed cumulative residual pattern can then be compared both visually and analytically to a certain number of simulated realizations of the approximate limiting process under the null hypothesis. The proposed techniques allow one to check the functional form of each covariate, the logistic link function as well as the overall model adequacy. The authors assess the performance of the proposed methods through simulation studies and illustrate them using data from a cardiovascular study.
Equiangular polygons
Authors: Ball Derek
Published: February 2008

The defining property of a rectangle is that it is a quadrilateral whose angles are all equal (or are right angles, which amounts to the same thing).

The opposite sides of a rectangle are equal. If a and b are the lengths of adjacent sides of a rectangle, such a rectangle can be described as an abab rectangle (or an (ab)2 rectangle). The area of the rectangle is ab.

As far as I understand the latest version of the national curriculum and the new A level syllabuses, which make no serious reference to irrational numbers, students leaving school will not necessarily know that there are two sorts of rectangle: those coverable by a set of identical squares, which can therefore be drawn on squared paper; and those not, such as the golden rectangle. An (ab)2 rectangle is coverable by squares if, and only if, a/b is rational.
Squares in triangles
Authors: Wetzel John E.
Published: February 2008

When can a triangle cover a square? More precisely, when can a square of side s fit into a triangle with sides a, b, c?

Questions about when, and whether, one shape can fit into another are fundamental to the elementary study of shapes in geometry, and yet such questions have only rarely been considered in the literature. In 1872 Cayley thought the question of determining precisely when a given triangle fits into a given circle sufficiently interesting that he posed it as a problem in the Educational Times. In 1956 Ford asked when one given rectangle fits in another given rectangle. A necessary and sufficient condition on the sides was soon supplied by Carver (see also Wetzel). The corresponding question for two triangles, asked in 1964 by Steinhaus, went unanswered for thirty years until Post supplied a set of 18 inequalities on the six sides whose disjunction is both necessary and sufficient.
Peak numbers
Authors: Mingus Tabitha T. Y. , Grassl Richard
Published: February 2008

Two recent problems appearing in die September 1997 and September 1999 issues of the NCTM publication Mathematics Teacher asked the following:

A. An integer is called decreasing if each digit is less than the one to its left. Determine the number of decreasing integers between 2000 and 7000.

B. A 5-digit integer is a peak number if its digits strictly increase to the middle one then strictly descend. Determine the number of 5-digit peak numbers that are greater than 70,000.
A disc rolling in a tray
Authors: Beardon Alan F.
Published: February 2008

Imagine a horizontal rectangular tray with vertical sides, and a disc lying flat in the tray and rolling around the inside of the tray in such a way that its circumference is always in contact with the edge of the tray. We shall suppose that the disc has been rolling for ever in the past, and that it will continue to roll for ever in the future. What can we say about this physical system? Our aim is to illustrate the complexity and the discontinuous nature of the system under arbitrarily small changes in the size of the tray (a feature that is typical of many dynamical systems).
Managers’ Double Fiduciary Duty: to Stakeholders and to Freedom
Authors: Kaufman Allen
Published: February 2008

In providing an ethical guide for managers, the Clarkson Principles offer one part of a possible professional code, namely, that managers have a fiduciary duty—a duty of loyalty of the corporation’s stakeholders. However, the Clarkson Principles contain little advise for managers when they act politically to fashion the regulatory framework in which stakeholders negotiate. When managers participate in these arenas, I argue that they ought to assume a second fiduciary duty—a duty of loyalty to fair bargaining. Where the first duty of loyalty pertains to the firm’s “constituents,” the second refers to the firm’s “constitution”—to the rules by which the firm’s stakeholders bargain and to the background conditions that distribute advantages. Together, these two fiduciary duties establish the large good—development as freedom—from which a managerial profession can mature.
Fulfilling Institutional Responsibilities in Health Care: Organizational Ethics and the Role of Mission Discernment
Authors: Gallagher John A. , Goodstein Jerry
Published: February 2008

In this paper we highlight the emergence of organizational ethics issues in health care as an important outcome of the changing structure of health care delivery. We emphasize three core themes related to business ethics and health care ethics: integrity, responsibility, and choice. These themes are brought together in a discussion of the process of Mission Discernment as it has been developed and implemented within an integrated health care system. Through this discussion we highlight how processes of institutional reflection, such as Mission Discernment, can help health care organizations, as well as corporations, make critical choices in turbulent environments that further the core mission and values and fulfill institutional responsibilities to a broad range of stakeholders.
Total Quality Management and the Silent Patient
Authors: Mills Ann E. , Rorty Mary V.
Published: February 2008

This essay examines the impact of the imposition of businesses techniques, in particular, those associated with Total Quality Management, on the relationships of important components of the health care delivery system, including payers, managed care organizations, institutional and individual providers, enrollees, and patients. It examines structural anomalies within the delivery system and concludes that the use of Total Quality Management techniques within the health care system cannot prevent the shift of attention of other components away from the enrollee and the patient, and may even contribute to it. It speculates that the organization ethics process may serve as a quality control mechanism to prevent this shift and so help eliminate some of the ethically problematic processes and outcomes within the health care delivery system.
Social Science and State Policy in World War II: Human Relations, Pedagogy, and Industrial Training, 1940–1945
Authors: Breen William J.
Published: February 2008

During World War II, the organization Training Within Industry (TWI) developed programs to help industry cope with the flood of new and unskilled war workers. Guided by representatives of the new profession of personnel management and assisted by university-based social scientists, the organization developed innovative methods of industrial training that drew on both the scientific management tradition and the newer human relations approach fostered by the Hawthorne experiments. The introduction of the human relations approach was severely criticized in the postwar era for its manipulative potential, but the wartime training program on which it wasbased did not exhibit that tendency. Moreover, management, which theoretically should have embraced TWI programs, was unsupportive, and organized labor, which had reason to be suspicious, wasvery responsive. Workplace reform, not the psychological conditioning of workers, drove the TWI programs.
Settling the Canadian Colonies: A Comparison of Two Nineteenth-Century Land Companies
Authors: Browde Anatole
Published: February 2008

Two British land companies, the Canada Company and the British American Land Company (BALC), were active during the nineteenth century in settling what are now Ontario and the Eastern Townships of Quebec. Both purchased large tracts of land from the British government, with two goals: to provide funds for the governors of Canada and to relieve Britain of its surplus population. The Canada Company worked closely with the government to meet these objectives, whereas BALC indulged in land speculation and made immigration a secondary priority. One was successful, and the other struggled throughout its existence. Their success or failure was the directresult of how well they dealt with both the changing economic climate and the British and Canadian political situation.
They Go Along Singing: Reconstructing the Hopi Past from Ritual Metaphors in Song and Image
Authors: Sekaquaptewa Emory , Washburn Dorothy
Published: February 2008

This article demonstrates how the cosmological metaphors in ritual song texts are an important but unrecognized resource in the repertoire of oral tradition that can be used to reconstruct past lifeways. We test this proposition with a study of 125 Hopi katsina song texts from the 20th century and show how the cosmological principles underlying the Hopi lifeway are embedded in special song word and phrase metaphors. Through the transcription and translation of the content of these song metaphors we reveal a consistency of thought and prescribed social action that has sustained the Hopi people as they have followed a lifeway of corn agriculture done by hand. We then show how these same principles for living expressed metaphorically in words are visually repeated in the same metaphors in mural images on 15th- and 16th-century kiva murals from the Hopi sites of Awatovi and Kawaika'a as well as on associated Jeddito and Sikyatki yellow ware ceramic design.
Dental Caries, Prehistoric Diet, and the Pithouse-to-Pueblo Transition in Southwestern Colorado
Authors: Schollmeyer Karen Gust , Turner Christy G.
Published: February 2008

Researchers in different parts of the southwestern United States continue to debate whether the end of the Basketmaker period coincides with a general shift from supplemental to intensive maize agriculture across the U.S. Southwest. In some areas this transition appears to have occurred earlier, with heavy reliance on agriculture appearing by the Basketmaker II period. In this study, evidence from dental caries in southwestern Colorado populations supports the latter view, suggesting that Basketmaker subsistence in this area included a heavy reliance on agricultural products. Dental caries frequencies in both Basketmaker and post-Basketmaker samples are well within the expected range for full-time agriculturalists. Although there is no significant association between time period and caries rate, frequencies of interproximal caries and numbers of carious teeth per individual may indicate maize-processing differences between samples obtained from the two temporal periods. Differences in the intensity of maize production, rather than consumption, may contribute to the current lack of agreement on the timing of Southwestern agricultural dependence.
Sociopolitical Implications of Mississippian Mound Volume
Authors: Blitz John H. , Livingood Patrick
Published: February 2008

Variation in the scale of Mississippian mound building is an important measure of regional settlement hierarchies. However, factors thought to determine the size of platform mounds are subject to two contradictory interpretations. Mound volume is said to result from either the duration of mound use or the size of the labor force recruited by leaders for mound construction. To evaluate these competing propositions, a sample of excavated mounds is examined and four variables are recorded for each mound: a mound volume index, the duration of mound use, the number of construction stages, and the number of mounds at the site. The relationships among these variables are summarized, and the relative merits of the two competing interpretations are assessed. It is concluded that not all of the variation in mound volume can be explained by duration of use, that additional factors must be considered, and that the social context of mound construction probably differed at large multiple-mound sites and smaller mound sites.
Repetition, Innovation, and Representation in Don Messer’s Media Repertoire
Authors: Rosenberg Neil V.
Published: February 2008

Canadian fiddler Don Messer saved a massive collection of personal documents that enable researchers to examine questions of repertoire, including definition, use, and meaning. The contrast between his relatively well-documented "old-time" media repertoire and the less-documented "modern" dance repertoire underscores the selective nature of the process of canon formation.
An inexpensive method to test for mercury vapor in herbarium cabinets
Authors: Hawks Catharine , Makos Kathryn , Bell Deborah , Wambach Paul F. , Burroughs G. Edward
Published: February 2008

Mercuric chloride has been used for control of insect and fungal infestations in herbarium collections for over two centuries. One of the lasting effects of this use is the long­term evolution of elemental mercury vapor from treated specimens. The vapor can contaminate untreated specimens sharing the same closed environment and can pose a human health hazard. By modifying the technique for use of a commercially available mercury indicating powder (Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc., J. T. Baker Mercury Indicator) it is possible to create an inexpensive and fairly rapid test for mercury vapor in herbarium cabinets. The indicator is mixed with deionized water and applied to glass microscope slides. One or more slides are placed inside a cabinet and any color change in the indicator is compared to unexposed controls. In the authors’ experiments, the indicator results were compared against readings taken using a Jerome 431­X Mercury Vapor Analyzer and a Lumex RA­915+ Multifunctional Mercury Analyzer and were found to be broadly related to the concentration of mercury vapor present in each cabinet. The method can be used to check for mercury contamination in incoming shipments of specimens and to identify cabinets that currently contain or formerly contained contaminated specimens. Practical safety guidelines have been developed for accessing cabinets that give a positive test for the vapor and for handling contaminated specimens.
Harpochilus neesianus and other novel cases of chiropterophily in neotropical Acanthaceae
Authors: Vogel Stefan , MacHado Isabel Cristina , Lopes Ariadna Valentina
Published: February 2008

Floral adaptation to pollination by bats is rare in Acanthaceae and only known from neotropical species. Two novel cases are described in detail from field observations. Harpochilus neesianus, a shrub endemic in NE Brazil, with long emergent thyrses, was seen being regularly visited by hovering glossophagine bats (Glossophaga soricina). Its large, pale lemon­green corollas are strongly bilabiate, a shape uncommon in the syndrome. The lower lip segments are recurved and the upper lip is reduced to a narrow, arcuate, tubular organ serving to support stamens and style. A sour, cabbage­like odour is released, and copious nectar is secreted by a voluminous disk. Pollen is transferred by the bat's upper, rear surface. Anthesis is confined to a single night. Chiropterophily in Ruellia eurycodon is deduced from the floral syndrome. The flowers of this shrub, studied in Goyás, Central Brazil, share the same features as Harpochilus except for the corolla shape, which conforms to the "short bell type" frequent in neotropical bat flowers. Based on literature sources, bat pollination is also predicted for Ruellia malaca and R. exostemma from Venezuela. The occurrence of this floral type in other genera of the family is briefly surveyed.
Actinocephalus (Körn.) Sano (Paepalanthus sect. Actinocephalus), a new genus of Eriocaulaceae, and other taxonomic and nomenclatural changes involving Paepalanthus Mart.
Authors: Sano Paulo Takeo
Published: February 2008

Paepalanthus Mart., the largest genus of Eriocaulaceae, has been shown to be polyphyletic by all the phylogenetic analyses performed so far in the family. After intensive and extensive field work and an analysis of various characters in a recent revision of Paepalanthus section Actinocephalus (Körn.) Ruhland, I encountered consistent evidence that this group should be elevated to generic status. This proposal, meant to bring a better comprehension of this group within the family, is supported by the phylogenetic analyses of Giulietti et al. (1995, 2000) that show the group to be monophyletic. Actinocephalus (Körn.) Sano, as proposed here, contains 28 species. The necessary nomenclatural changes are made for the new status, with 28 new combinations proposed, 17 new synonyms, eight lectotypifications, five stati novi and one new name. Actinocephalus (Körn.) Sano is characterized principally by inflorescences composed of capitula in umbels and in having a geographic range restricted to Brazil.
Down‐facing flowers, hummingbirds and rain
Authors: Aizen Marcelo A.
Published: February 2008

Flower orientation, the angle between a flower’s main axis and the horizontal, is an important but understudied flower trait. I explore the relationship between flower orientation, hummingbird pollination, and rain, and review evidence for the adaptive significance of a down‐facing orientation as a mechanism to avoid flower flooding. A screening of a tropical and a temperate flora showed that hummingbird flowers more commonly face down than insect flowers. In the temperate forests of southern South America, genera pollinated by hummingbirds and genera with down‐facing flowers—irrespective of pollination mode—increase along a strong E‐W precipitation gradient across the Andes. These patterns suggest that flowers with a down‐facing orientation are associated with pollinators that, like hummingbirds, remain active during rain and that this type of flower orientation may constitute an adaptation against the deleterious effects of nectar dilution and pollen rainwash. Still scarce experimental evidence confirms that a down‐facing morphology may prevent flower flooding. However, other morphological traits, like corolla closure and a narrow tubular shape, could also be effective in hindering nectar dilution and pollen rainwash.
Generalist flowers, biodiversity and florivory: implications for angiosperm origins
Authors: Frame Dawn
Published: February 2008

A brief overview of arthropod/insect evolution with particular emphasis on herbivory provides the starting point for discussion of increased herbivory over time. The term "flower" is defined, and it is noted that angiosperm flowers are distinguished by their edibility. It is observed that the phenomenon of florivory is a primary plant‐animal interaction, and pollination, as one possible outcome of the eating of flowers, is a secondary phenomenon. An hypothesis reconciling the facts that angiosperms are the most eaten of all plant groups and the most successful in term of number of species is proposed. From the perspective of a floral morphologist, I discuss what a generalist flower is and how archaic angiosperms are characterized by this flower type. Biodiversity arguments underpin a discourse on why researchers should investigate generalist flowers and florivory.
Taxonomy of the Euphrasia transmorrisonensis (Orobanchaceae) complex in Taiwan based on nrITS
Authors: Wu Ming-Jou , Huang Tseng-Chieng
Published: February 2008

Species delineation in Euphrasia has long been a challenge for taxonomists. In this paper, DNA sequences are used to evaluate the morphological taxa of Taiwanese Euphrasia as well as to elucidate the phylogenetic relationship among them. ITS sequences of 147 samples of Euphrasia, one Aeginetia, and one Pedicularis from Taiwan along with nine samples of Euphrasia from abroad were studied. Six non­native species of Section Euphrasia were used as outgroups and 14 haplotypes from four taxa of Taiwanese Euphrasia , E. tarokoana Ohwi, E. nankotaizanensis Yamam., E. transmorrisonensis Hayata, and E. transmorrisonensis var. durietziana (Ohwi) T.C. Huang & M.J. Wu, served as the ingroup to reconstruct a phylogenetic tree according to the criterion of maximum parsimony. Based on the phylogenetic tree, three monophyletic haplotype lineages of the ingroup were obtained, closely correlating with geographical distributions (with some overlap in adjacent regions). However, plants of different taxa are found in the same lineage. Lineage I includes all four Taiwanese taxa, whereas lineage II includes two taxa, E. transmorrisonensis, and E. transmorrisonensis var. durietziana . Lineage III includes three taxa: E. nankotaizanensis , E. transmorrisonensis, and E. transmorrisonensis var. durietziana. Different taxa share a common haplotype. Euphrasia nankotaizanensis , E. transmorrisonensis , and E. transmorrisonensis var. durietziana share haplotype E; E. nankotaizanensis and E. transmorrisonensis share haplotype D; and E. transmorrisonensis and E. transmorrisonensis var. durietziana share haplotypes G and N. The shared haplotypes may reflect retained ancestral polymorphisms at a neutral locus (ITS) through a series of recent speciation events (lineage sorting). The nucleotide additivities are found frequently among taxa. For example, the A+B additivity pattern of E. tarokoana and E. transmorrisonensis var. durietziana could reflect hybridization. Nucleotide additivity also provided insight into reticulate relationships among populations within and between taxa. Lineage sorting and hybridization might be mechanisms driving speciation in Taiwanese Euphrasia, resulting in retention of morphology and adaptation to distinct habitats. According to ITS evidence, we reconfirm four taxa of Euphrasia in Taiwan.
Systematic relationships in southern African Oxalis L. (Oxalidaceae): congruence between palynological and plastid trnL­F evidence
Authors: Oberlander Kenneth C. , Dreyer Leanne L. , Bellstedt Dirk U. , Reeves Gail
Published: February 2008

In the most recent morphology­based taxonomic classification of African Oxalis L., 206 species were recognized in nine indigenous southern African sections. A subsequent palynological review of these taxa conflicted with their taxonomic classification. In the present study, phylogenetic relationships within section Angustatae subsection Lineares are re­assessed, using plastid trnL­F non­coding DNA sequence data. The results of this study clearly indicate that, based on the DNA evidence, subsection Lineares is non­monophyletic. Previously hypothesized relationships within the subsection are also refuted. In contrast, molecular and palynological data are highly congruent, and both differ substantially from the current morphological classification for subsection Lineares.
Typification of two Linnaean names in Araceae: Arum proboscideum L. and Arum muscivorum L. f.
Authors: Galán Mera Antonio , Castroviejo Santiago
Published: February 2008

As part of a study of Iberian and Balearic Araceae, two Linnaean names, Arum proboscideum L. and A. muscivorum L. f., are lecto­ and neotypified, respectively.
Phylogenetic relationships and genetic divergence among endemic species of Berberis, Gunnera, Myrceugenia and Sophora of the Juan Fernández Islands (Chile) and their continental progenitors based on isozymes and nrITS sequences
Authors: Ruiz Eduardo , Crawford Daniel J. , Stuessy Tod F. , González Fidelina , Samuel Rosabelle , Becerra Jose , Silva Mario
Published: February 2008

Phylogenetic relationships and genetic divergence among congeneric species endemic to the Juan Fernández Islands and their relatives in continental Chile were estimated using percentage of divergence of ITS of nrDNA and genetic identity (Nei) based on allozyme variability. A total of 1151 individuals in 85 populations of 17 species was analyzed belonging to the genera Berberis (four spp.), Gunnera (four spp.), Myrceugenia (five spp.), and Sophora (four spp.). ITS regions 1 and 2 ranged between 442 and 504 bp long. The number of loci resolved differed within each genus and ranged between 5 and 11 (in Gunnera and Sophora, respectively). The new data allowed testing of previous hypotheses of relationship based on morphology and secondary products chemistry. Genetic identity values among insular congeneric species ranged between 0.936 (Gunnera) and 0.670 (Myrceugenia). ITS sequence divergence ranged from 0% (Gunnera and Sophora) to 4.2% (Myrceugenia). These values are within the ranges obtained for insular endemic species in other oceanic archipelagoes. Estimates of time of divergence of endemics from progenitors, based on isozyme data, lie between 188,500 and 2,580,000 years. The oldest island, Masatierra, is approximately 4 million years old and the youngest, Masafuera, 1–2 million years old. Genetic divergence between endemic species of Masafuera and their continental relatives is in general lower than that between endemic species of Masatierra and their putative continental ancestors. Genetic divergence is also greater between continental progenitors and derivative species in Masatierra than between endemic species pairs between Masatierra and Masafuera.
A phylogenetic study of the tribe Sipaneeae (Rubiaceae, Ixoroideae), using trnL–F and ITS sequence data
Authors: Delprete Piero G. , Cortés–B Rocio
Published: February 2008

The genera of tribe Sipaneeae have been either included within tribe Rondeletieae or treated as its sister tribe, and historically placed in subfamily Cinchonoideae. The herbaceous habit was the only character used to separate Sipaneeae from Rondeletieae. Recent molecular phylogenies included Maguireothamnus, Sipanea, Sipaneopsis, and Neobertiera in Sipaneeae, and positioned the tribe in subfamily Ixoroideae. These results stimulated a detailed analysis of this tribe and an evaluation of the position and delimitation of several genera believed to be related because of their morphological similarity. Our study indicates that tribe Sipaneeae is monophyletic, and confirms its placement within Ixoroideae. The Sipaneeae clade included Chalepophyllum, Dendrosipanea, Limnosipanea, Maguireothamnus, Neobertiera, Sipanea, and Sipaneopsis. Several genera of this group are small shrubs, and the woody habit is shown to be basal in Sipaneeae. Sipanea and Limnosipanea are shown to be monophyletic and not sister taxa, indicating that the herbaceous habit evolved two times in the tribe. Sequences of Steyermarkia, Pteridocalyx and Neblinathamnus were not available in this study, but because of overall morphological similarity with the genera of Sipaneeae, they are tentatively included in the tribe.
One or more species in the arctic grass genus Dupontia? – a contribution to the Panarctic Flora project
Authors: Brysting Anne K. , Fay Michael F. , Leitch Ilia J. , Aiken Susan G.
Published: February 2008

The grass family (Poaceae) is the largest family of vascular plants in the Arctic. The family includes several species complexes that show high ploidy levels, predominantly reproduce asexually, are poorly morphologically delimited, and have a possible origin within the Arctic area by reticulate evolution. Challenged by work on the Panarctic Flora project and apparent discrepancies in recent taxonomic treatments, we investigated the arctic grass genus Dupontia by molecular and cytogenetic methods. Identical plastid DNA (trnL–F) sequences and very similar AFLP profiles indicated that Dupontia and Arctophila are closely related and that the latter might have been involved in a possible intergeneric hybrid origin of Dupontia. Despite the presence of intraindividual rDNA (ITS) variation in Dupontia indicating an allopolyploid hybrid origin of the genus, it was not possible to predict the second parental species from sequence data or from fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) experiments using genomic probes. Due to lack of sequence divergence within Dupontia, AFLP fingerprinting was applied to investigate whether any genetic subdivision exists within the genus. The data sorted Dupontia first of all according to geography and not to ploidy or morphological characters that have previously been used to discriminate between proposed taxa. The results indicate that the recognition of a single polymorphic species is the best solution for the genus Dupontia.
The new taxa of lichens and other ascomycetes from Mozambique collected by Pires de Lima and described by E. A. Vainio
Authors: Paz–Bermúdez Graciela
Published: February 2008

In 1929, Edvard August Vainio authored 66 new names of lichens and six new names of non–lichenized ascomycetes from Mozambique based on material collected by the Portuguese scientist Américo Pires de Lima and deposited in three herbaria: Porto (PO), the Vainio collection in Turku (TUR–V), and Helsinki (H). A list of the original material studied by Vainio, with indications of the types, is presented here.
Qiongzhuea and Dendrocalamopsis (Poaceae–Bambusoideae): publication by descriptio generico–specifico and typification
Authors: Stapleton Christopher M.A. , Xia Nian–He
Published: February 2008

Qiongzhuea and its species have received considerable attention concerning the validity of publication of names in different publications. However, it has apparently not been appreciated that both Qiongzhuea and a further bamboo genus, Dendrocalamopsis, were validly published by descriptio generico–specifico. Consequently they were validly published at an earlier date, with different types, than has been generally understood. The correct place of publication, authorship and typification is given and discussed for both genera, and a new section name, Chimonobambusa sect. Neoqiongzhuea, is published for those species of that genus with greatly swollen nodes.
On the lectotypification of the names of four species described by Desfontaines reported for Calabria (S. Italy)
Authors: Peruzzi Lorenzo , Passalacqua Nicodemo Giuseppe
Published: February 2008

The typification of the names of four species originally described by Desfontaines and reported in the literature for Calabria (S Italy) is discussed. Lectotypes from the Desfontaines Herbarium (P) are designated for Aristida adscensionis subsp. coerulescens (Desf.) Bourreil & Trouin ex Auquier & J. Duvign. (= A. coerulescens Desf., Poaceae), Helianthemum sessiliflorum (Desf.) Pers. (= Cistus sessiliflorus Desf., Cistaceae), Ranunculus spicatus Desf. (Ranunculaceae), and Salsola oppositifolia Desf. (Chenopodiaceae).
Phylogenetic utility and evidence for multiple copies of Granule­Bound Starch Synthase I (GBSSI) in Araliaceae
Authors: Mitchell Anthony , Wen Jun
Published: February 2008

Sequence data from a portion of the Granule­Bound Starch Synthase I (GBSSI) gene or waxy, were used to infer the phylogeny of the core Asian Araliaceae clade. The amplified region included exons 10 and 11 together with the intervening intron. The level of intrageneric variation was low (~2%) relative to that among genera (4­5%). Two main paralogous copies ofwaxywere revealed by sequencing cloned PCR products forOreopanax floribundum,O. capitatus,Tetrapanax papyrifer, andSchefflera delavayi, which might be the result of gene duplication or polyploidy. Analyses based on parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods supported several clades, includingBrassaiopsiswithTrevesia,MacropanaxwithMetapanax,EleutherococcuswithKalopanax, andPanaxwithAralia. Analyses also suggested a possible relationship betweenTetrapanax papyriferandSchefflera delavayiwithin the Asian core Araliaceae. Thewaxyphylogeny was largely congruent with the topologies based on previous analyses of nuclear ribosomal ITS and chloroplastndhFdata. The phylogenetic inference from eachwaxycopy was similar, although both copies were not recovered for all species sampled. It is concluded that with special consideration and care given to detecting and accounting for the presence of multiple copies, waxy can provide information within Araliaceae. However, efforts should now be directed towards exploring a larger portion of the gene, particularly the 5' region.
Beyond Tannenbaum
Authors: Díaz María Elena
Published: February 2008

After several decades of intellectual labor invested in the Tannenbaum debate—a long and exhausting controversy well summarized in the first part of Alejandro de la Fuente's article—I am wary at the prospect of opening a new round of this “many-headed-hydra” debate. Aside from the conceptual limitations of the (overly ambitious) thesis and the reins it can impose on fresh formulations of research agendas, there are other reasons why it may be wise to put Tannenbaum to rest. His thesis is burdened with a series of charged subtexts that surreptitiously make their way into the discussion and inflect the terms of the debate. Some of these subtexts carry long (and polemical) histories behind them that are difficult to obliterate.
Popular Perceptions of Rape as a Capital Crime in Eighteenth-Century England: The Press and the Trial of Francis Charteris in the Old Bailey, February 1730
Authors: Simpson Antony E.
Published: February 2008

Social and legal historians have long been attracted to well-publicized court cases as primary sources for illustrating the feelings and attitudes of particular historical settings. Such cases are frequently extensively documented, and the detail of their reporting often seems to provide unique insight into the thoughts, attitudes, and even the speech of a past not otherwise accessible. Use of the “famous case” as an image of its time is tempting and can be rewarding if its limitations are recognized. By definition, the “famous case” involves extraordinary events and/or extraordinary personages. Cases of this nature cannot therefore be taken as representative of all that they portray.
Bauman’sVerbal Artand the Social Organization of Attention: The Role of Reflexivity in the Aesthetics of Performance
Authors: Berger Harris M. , Del Negro Giovanna P.
Published: February 2008

In Richard Bauman’s landmark study Verbal Art as Performance, reflexivity plays a small but important role. Combining ideas from Verbal Art with insights from phenomenology, this article uses the concept of reflexivity to re-examine basic facets of expressive interaction and explores the structure of intersubjectivity in performance. Field data on American heavy metal music and the promenade of central Italy are used to reveal the crucial role that reflexivity plays in the aesthetics of performance.
Pharmacokinetics of TDP223206 following intravenous and oral administration to intact rats and intravenous administration to bile duct‐cannulated rats
Authors: Chen Yanmin , Cheng Deping , Marugan Juan Jose , Manthey Carl , Tomczuk Bruce , Huebert Norman
Published: February 2008

The pharmacokinetics of TDP223206 was studied following single intravenous and oral administrations in rats. A mixture of TDP223206 and 14C‐TDP223206 were administered to intact and bile duct‐cannulated rats. Following intravenous administration, plasma concentrations declined biphasically. The AUCinf increased linearly with dose but was not dose proportional. The PK parameters of TDP223206 indicated low clearance (254–386 ml/h/kg) and a moderate volume of distribution (968–1883 ml/kg). The bioavailability was 32.95% and 24.46% for 10 and 50 mg/kg oral doses, respectively. 14C‐TDP223206 was distributed widely into different tissues with small intestine, liver, kidneys and large intestine having large tissue to plasma ratios. 14C‐TDP223206 was the major circulating component in the plasma. A total of 91.2% of administered radioactivity of 14C‐TDP223206 was recovered in bile indicating that biliary excretion was the major pathway for drug elimination. 14C‐TDP223206‐acyl glucuronides were the major metabolites in bile. The oxo‐14C‐TDP223206 was the major metabolite in plasma and an important metabolite in bile. Two forms of diastereomeric acyl glucuronides of 14C‐TDP223206 were detected in bile with similar LC/MS intensities suggesting a similar biotransformation capacity. Only one form of these 14C‐TDP223206‐acyl glucuronides was detected in plasma suggesting that enterohepatic recirculation was related to the nature of the stereo‐isomers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An internally quenched fluorescent substrate for collagenase
Authors: Saikumari Y. K. , Balaram P.
Published: February 2008

A synthetic collagenase substrate containing the internal peptide sequence—Gly‐Gly‐Pro‐Leu‐Gly‐Pro‐Pro‐Gly‐Pro—has been synthesized, with an N‐terminus 4‐((4‐(dimethylamino)phenyl)azo)‐benzoyl (DABCYL) group and C‐terminus 5‐[2‐(acetamido)ethylamino] naphthalene‐1‐sulfonic acid (AEDANS) moiety resulting in internal quenching of AEDANS fluorescence. Peptide bond hydrolysis results in a large increase in fluorescence at 490 nm upon excitation at 336 nm. The substrate is cleaved exclusively by Clostridium histolyticum collagenase and is completely resistant to attack by proteases like thermolysin, proteinase K, and trypsin. Km and Vmax values for substrate hydrolysis by collagenase have been determined, establishing the peptide as one of the best binding substrates for the enzyme. MALDI mass spectrometry using a derivative of the substrate establishes that the sites of cleavage lie within the collagen like domain. The CD spectrum of an analog peptide lacking the donor and acceptor groups reveals spectral features that are reminiscent of weak polyproline structures. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 90: 131–137, 2008.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com