bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feminized Intergenerational Mobility Without Assimilation? Post-1965 U.S. Immigrants and the Gender Revolution
Authors: Park Julie , Nawyn Stephanie J. , Benetsky Megan J.
Published: September 2015

Women in the United States have made significant socioeconomic advances over the last generation. The second generation of post-1965 immigrants came of age during this “gender revolution.” However, assimilation theories focus mainly on racial/ethnic trajectories. Do gendered trajectories between and within groups better capture mobility patterns? Using the 1980 decennial census and the 2003–2007 Current Population Survey (CPS), we observe the socioeconomic status of Latino and Asian immigrant parents and their second-generation children 25 years later. We compare the educational, occupational, and earnings attainment of second-generation daughters and sons with that of their immigrant mothers and fathers. We simultaneously compare those socioeconomic trajectories with a U.S.-born white, non-Latino reference group. We find that second-generation women experience greater status attainment than both their mothers and their male counterparts, but the earnings of second-generation women lag behind those of men. However, because white mainstream women experienced similar intergenerational mobility, many gaps between the second generation and the mainstream remain. These patterns remain even after we control for parenthood status. With feminized intergenerational mobility occurring similarly across race, the racial/ethnic gaps observed in 1980 narrow but persist into the next generation for many outcomes. Both gender and race shape mobility trajectories, so ignoring either leads to an incomplete picture of assimilation.
Catholic Puritanism in Pre-Reformation England
Authors: Marshall Peter
Published: September 2015

This article seeks to identify a vein of ‘Puritanism’ running through orthodox religious culture in England over the century or so prior to the Break with Rome. It suggests that alongside the strong emphasis on the sensual and material in worship, it is possible to identify a current of austere and moralistic teaching, which was guarded or sceptical about the value of relics, images and pilgrimage. In the religious ferment around the turn of the fifteenth century, such attitudes developed alongside the forms of heterodoxy known as Lollardy, but were often explicitly anti-Lollard in intention. The article argues further that the strain of ‘puritanical’ Catholicism survived and developed through the fifteenth century, and into the sixteenth, partly as a consequence of the ability of print to preserve and promote old arguments. It converged with currents of Christian humanism, as well as providing a point of connection and reception for emergent evangelical ideas in the 1520s and later. The article thus aims to shed new light on the proposition that the origins of the Reformation are best looked for within the confines of late medieval orthodoxy.
Recognising the archpriest: seeking clarification or fomenting schism?
Authors: McCoog Thomas M.
Published: September 2015

Rome’s decision to name an archpriest and to erect a highly irregular administrative structure, the archpresbyterate, surprised secular clergy and Jesuits who had advocated the establishment of bishops. Recent tension between Jesuits and secular clergy highlighted the need and importance of an hierarchical, ecclesiological office. But the appointment was made in such a way that some secular clergy questioned its legitimacy and authenticity. Until they ascertained that the decision had in fact been made by the pope, they withheld recognition of the archpriest. As they awaited a reply to their appeal, two Appellants, John Colleton and William Clarke, debated the matter with two Jesuit supporters of the archpriest, Henry Garnet and Edward Oldcorne who apparently failed to see the canonical issue involved, as they perceived anti-Jesuitism as the motivating factor.
Map-Making in World History - an Interview with Kären Wigen
Authors: Stolte Carolien
Published: September 2015

This interview took place at Harvard University, where Kären Wigen, the Frances and Charles Field Professor in History of Stanford University gave the 2015 Reischauer Lectures. This year’s theme was ‘Where in the World? Map-Making at the Asia-Pacific Margin, 1600-1900.’ Carolien Stolte and Rachel Koroloff interviewed Professor Wigen to the tunes of Persian music at the Kolbeh of Kabob restaurant on Cambridge Street.
‘Canaanising Madagascar’: Africa in English imperial imagination, 1635–1650
Authors: Smith Edmond J.
Published: September 2015

Africa has often been seen as a barrier between oceanic systems, and a dividing line within English imperial activity – with colonialism a key strategy to the west and trading favoured to the east of the continent. This article will consider English plans for colonisation on the islands of Madagascar and Assada on the east African coast and question how these can help us understand how the English thought about Africa as a geographical and imagined space within England’s developing imperial activities. This, in turn, will support an argument that English activities overseas operated within an environment where information was carefully controlled, created and disseminated to support the aims of the commercial community.
Live 3D image overlay for arterial duct closure with Amplatzer Duct Occluder II additional size
Authors: Goreczny Sebstian , Morgan Gareth J. , Dryzek Pawel
Published: September 2015

Despite several reports describing echocardiography for the guidance of ductal closure, two-dimensional angiography remains the mainstay imaging tool; three-dimensional rotational angiography has the potential to overcome some of the drawbacks of standard angiography, and reconstructed image overlay provides reliable guidance for device placement. We describe arterial duct closure solely from venous approach guided by live three-dimensional image overlay.
Three-Dimensional Microstructure Reconstruction and Finite Element Simulation of Gas Pores in the High-Pressure Die-Casting AZ91 Mg Alloy
Authors: Jiang Wei , Cao Zhanyi , Sun Xu , Liu Haifeng
Published: September 2015

High-pressure die-casting (HPDC) AZ91 tensile specimens were used to investigate characteristics of gas pores and their effects on mechanical properties of HPDC AZ91 magnesium (Mg) alloy. Combining the stereoscopic morphology of gas pores obtained from a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction technique with the experimental data from uniaxial tensile testing, we worked on finite element simulation to find the relationship between gas pores and the mechanical properties of HPDC AZ91 Mg alloy. Results indicate that the 2D metallography images have one-sidedness. Moreover, gas pores >100 µm in the center region have a remarkable negative influence on the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation. With an increase in the size of large gas pores in the center region, the UTS and elongation of the material decreases. In addition, the distribution of gas pores in the specimens and the areal fraction of gas pores >100 µm on cross sections can also affect the UTS and elongation to some extent.
Light-induced metal-like surface of silicon photonic waveguides
Authors: Grillanda Stefano , Morichetti Francesco
Published: September 2015

The surface of a material may exhibit physical phenomena that do not occur in the bulk of the material itself. For this reason, the behaviour of nanoscale devices is expected to be conditioned, or even dominated, by the nature of their surface. Here, we show that in silicon photonic nanowaveguides, massive surface carrier generation is induced by light travelling in the waveguide, because of natural surface-state absorption at the core/cladding interface. At the typical light intensity used in linear applications, this effect makes the surface of the waveguide behave as a metal-like frame. A twofold impact is observed on the waveguide performance: the surface electric conductivity dominates over that of bulk silicon and an additional optical absorption mechanism arises, that we named surface free-carrier absorption. These results, applying to generic semiconductor photonic technologies, unveil the real picture of optical nanowaveguides that needs to be considered in the design of any integrated optoelectronic device.
Magnetoresistance in the Spin-Orbit Kondo State of Elemental Bismuth
Authors: Craco Luis , Leoni Stefano
Published: September 2015

Materials with strong spin-orbit coupling, which competes with other particle-particle interactions and external perturbations, offer a promising route to explore novel phases of quantum matter. Using LDA + DMFT we reveal the complex interplay between local, multi-orbital Coulomb and spin-orbit interaction in elemental bismuth. Our theory quantifies the role played by collective dynamical fluctuations in the spin-orbit Kondo state. The correlated electronic structure we derive is promising in the sense that it leads to results that might explain why moderate magnetic fields can generate Dirac valleys and directional-selective magnetoresistance responses within spin-orbit Kondo metals.
Plasma Levels of High Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T in Adults with Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: Lai Clare T. M. , Wong Sophia J. , Ip Janice J. K. , Wong Wai-keung , Tsang Kwong-cheong , Lam Wendy W. M. , Cheung Yiu-fai
Published: September 2015

Detectable low circulating level of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) may reflect subclinical myocardial injury. We tested the hypothesis that circulating levels of hs-cTnT are altered in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and associated with ventricular volume load and function. Eighty-eight TOF patients and 48 controls were studied. Plasma hs-cTnT levels were determined using a highly sensitive assay (hs-cTnT). The right (RV) and left ventricular (LV) volumes and ejection fraction (EF) were measured using 3D echocardiography and, in 52 patients, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). The median (interquartile range) for male and female patients were 4.87 (3.83–6.62) ng/L and 3.11 (1.00–3.87) ng/L, respectively. Thirty percent of female but none of the male patients had increased hs-cTnT levels. Female patients with elevated hs-cTnT levels, compared to those without, had greater RV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes and LV systolic dyssynchrony index (all p < 0.05). For patient cohort only, hs-cTnT levels correlated positively with CMR-derived RV end-diastolic volume and negatively with echocardiography-derived LV and RV EF (all p < 0.05). Multiple linear regression identified sex and RV EF as significant correlates of log-transformed hs-cTnT levels. Increased hs-cTnT levels occur in 30% of female patients after TOF repair and are associated with greater RV volumes and worse RV EF.
One, two or three? Probing the stoichiometry of membrane proteins by single-molecule localization microscopy
Authors: Fricke Franziska , Beaudouin Joel , Eils Roland , Heilemann Mike
Published: September 2015

Probing the oligomeric state of abundant molecules, such as membrane proteins in intact cells, is essential, but has not been straightforward. We address this challenge with a simple counting strategy that is capable of reporting the oligomeric state of dense, membrane-bound protein complexes. It is based on single-molecule localization microscopy to super-resolve protein structures in intact cells and basic quantitative evaluation. We validate our method with membrane-bound monomeric CD86 and dimeric cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein as model proteins and confirm their oligomeric states. We further detect oligomerization of CD80 and vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein and propose coexistence of monomers and dimers for CD80 and trimeric assembly of the viral protein at the cell membrane. This approach should prove valuable for researchers striving for reliable molecular counting in cells.
Vapour sensing of explosive materials
Authors: Lefferts Merel J. , Castell Martin R.
Published: September 2015

The ability to accurately and reliably detect the presence of explosives is critical in many civilian and military environments, and this is often achieved through the sensing of the vapour emitted by the explosive material. This review summarises established and recently developed detection techniques.
Assignment of photoelectron spectra of silatranes: first ionization energies and the nature of the dative Si←N contact
Authors: Sidorkin Valery F. , Belogolova Elena F. , Doronina Evgeniya P.
Published: September 2015

The problematic experimental (8–12 eV) photoelectron spectra of silatranes were theoretically studied and the correlation was found between the first vertical ionization energies, VIEs1, and the various characteristics of the coordination Si←N contact.
pH effects on the structural dynamics of cutinase from Trichoderma reesei: insights from molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Duan Mei Lin , Liu Lin , Du Juan , Yao Xiao Jun
Published: September 2015

The influence of different pH conditions on conformational changes ofTrcutinase was investigated using molecular dynamics simulations.
Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of aluminum substituted lanthanum ferrites LaFe1−xAlxO3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0)
Authors: Kuznetsov Maxim V. , Morozov Iurii G. , Parkin Ivan P.
Published: September 2015

An external magnetic field results in more complete combustion reaction as well as the change in structural, magnetic and Mössbauer characteristics of ferrites.
Ag3PO4 nanoparticle decorated on SiO2 spheres for efficient visible light photocatalysis
Authors: Sharma Manu , Ojha Kasinath , Ganguly Aparna , Ganguli Ashok K.
Published: September 2015

Light irradiation on Ag3PO4 decorated SiO2 generates three reactive species (˙OH, O2−˙, and hole) leading to efficient photocatalysis.
Single electrospun nanofiber and aligned nanofiber belts from copolyimide containing pyrimidine units
Authors: Chen Linlin , Jiang Shaohua , Chen Juan , Chen Fei , He Yunyun , Zhu Yongmei , Hou Haoqing
Published: September 2015

Single electrospun co-PI nanofiber and aligned co-PI nanofiber belts containing pyrimidine units possessed superior mechanical strength and modulus.
The effect of nanonization on poorly water soluble glibenclamide using a liquid anti-solvent precipitation technique: aqueous solubility, in vitro and in vivo study
Authors: D. Deshpande Rohan , D. V. Gowda , Vegesna Naga Sravan Kumar Varma , Vaghela Rudra , P. K. Kulkarni
Published: September 2015

In the present study, efforts were made to optimize the process parameters of LAS technique for developing GLB NPs, in order to enhance the aqueous solubility as well as oral bioavailability.
Copper(ii) phthalocyanine supported on a three-dimensional nitrogen-doped graphene/PEDOT-PSS nanocomposite as a highly selective and sensitive sensor for ammonia detection at room temperature
Authors: Dehsari Hamed Sharifi , Gavgani Jaber Nasrollah , Hasani Amirhossein , Mahyari Mojtaba , Shalamzari Elham Khodabakhshi , Salehi Alireza , Taromi Farmarz Afshar
Published: September 2015

A novel CuTSPc@3D-(N)GF/PEDOT-PSS nanocomposite gas sensor allowed excellent sensitivity and selectivity for NH3 at room temperature.
A novel permanganate–morin–CdS quantum dots flow injection chemiluminescence system for sensitive determination of vancomycin
Authors: Khataee Alireza , Lotfi Roya , Hasanzadeh Aliyeh
Published: September 2015

The intensity of emitted light from KMnO4−morin−CdS QDs system is described as a novel chemiluminescence (CL) reaction. The CL intensity of this CL system was remarkably enhanced in the presence of vancomycin.
Magnetic alginate–Fe3O4 hydrogel fiber capable of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride adsorption/separation in aqueous solution
Authors: Konwar Achyut , Gogoi Ansumi , Chowdhury Devasish
Published: September 2015

Magnetic alginate–Fe3O4 hydrogel fibers were successfully prepared and used as adsorption/separation of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride using a simple laboratory micropipette, employing the basic principle of the wet spinning technique.
Towards a statistical mechanical theory of active fluids
Authors: Marini Bettolo Marconi Umberto , Maggi Claudio
Published: September 2015

We present a stochastic description of a model of N mutually interacting active particles in the presence of external fields and characterize its steady state behavior in the absence of currents.
Crystallization and arrest mechanisms of model colloids
Authors: Haxton Thomas K. , Hedges Lester O. , Whitelam Stephen
Published: September 2015

A thorough computational investigation of colloidal crystallization across parameter space illustrates several distinct mechanisms for crystallization and dynamical arrest.
Coal derived porous carbon fibers with tunable internal channels for flexible electrodes and organic matter absorption
Authors: Guo Mingxi , Guo Jixi , Jia Dianzeng , Zhao Hongyang , Sun Zhipeng , Song Xianli , Li Yinhua
Published: September 2015

CPCFs with tunable internal channels were preparedviasingle-nozzle electrospinning, which exhibited excellent performance for energy storage and environmental protection.
Segregated and synchronized vector solutions to linearly coupled systems of Schrödinger equations
Authors: Long Wei , Wang Qingfang
Published: September 2015

In this paper, we study the following linearly coupled system −ε2Δui+Pi(x)ui=ui3+∑j≠iNλijuj,ui∈H1(R3),i=1,…,N, where ε > 0 is a small parameter, Pi(x) are positive potentials, and λij = λji > 0 (i ≠ j) are coupling constants for i, j = 1, …, N. We investigate the effect of potentials to the structure of the solutions. More precisely, we construct multi-spikes solutions concentrating near the local maximum point x0i of Pi(x). When x0i=x0j, Pi(x0i)=Pj(x0j)=a,i≠j, i,j=1,…,N, the components have spikes clustering at the same point as ε → 0+. When x0i≠x0j, i≠j, the components have spikes clustering at the different points as ε → 0+.
Complex network approach to fractional time series
Authors: Manshour Pouya
Published: September 2015

In order to extract correlation information inherited in stochastic time series, the visibility graph algorithm has been recently proposed, by which a time series can be mapped onto a complex network. We demonstrate that the visibility algorithm is not an appropriate one to study the correlation aspects of a time series. We then employ the horizontal visibility algorithm, as a much simpler one, to map fractional processes onto complex networks. The degree distributions are shown to have parabolic exponential forms with Hurst dependent fitting parameter. Further, we take into account other topological properties such as maximum eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix and the degree assortativity, and show that such topological quantities can also be used to predict the Hurst exponent, with an exception for anti-persistent fractional Gaussian noises. To solve this problem, we take into account the Spearman correlation coefficient between nodes' degrees and their corresponding data values in the original time series.
Atmospheric pressure plasma polymerization using double grounded electrodes with He/Ar mixture
Authors: Kim Dong Ha , Kim Hyun-Jin , Park Choon-Sang , Shin Bhum Jae , Seo Jeong Hyun , Tae Heung-Sik
Published: September 2015

In this study, we have proposed the double grounded atmospheric pressure plasma jet (2G-APPJ) device to individually control the plasmas in both fragmentation (or active) and recombination (or passive) regions with a mixture of He and Ar gases to deposit organic thin films on glass or Si substrates. Plasma polymerization of acetone has been successfully deposited using a highly energetic and high-density 2G-APPJ and confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Plasma composition was measured by optical emission spectroscopy (OES). In addition to a large number of Ar and He spectra lines, we observed some spectra of C2 and CH species for fragmentation and N2 (second positive band) species for recombination. The experimental results confirm that the Ar gas is identified as a key factor for facilitating fragmentation of acetone, whereas the He gas helps the plume of plasma reach the substrate on the 2nd grounded electrode during the plasma polymerization process. The high quality plasma polymerized thin films and nanoparticles can be obtained by the proposed 2G-APPJ device using dual gases.
Electromechanical resistive switching via back-to-back Schottky junctions
Authors: Li Lijie
Published: September 2015

The physics of the electromechanical resistive switching is uncovered using the theory of back-to-back Schottky junctions combined with the quantum domain space charge transport. A theoretical model of the basic element of resistive switching devices realized by the metal-ZnO nanowires-metal structure has been created and analyzed. Simulation results show that the reverse biased Schottky junction and the air gap impedance dominate the current-voltage relation at higher external voltages; thereby electromechanically varying the air gap thickness causes the device exhibit resistive tuning characteristics. As the device dimension is in nanometre scale, investigation of the model based on quantum mechanics has also been conducted.
Regional origin affects the interpretation of linking elements in spoken Dutch compounds
Authors: Hanssen Esther , Banga Arina , Neijt Anneke , Schreuder Robert
Published: September 2015

In Dutch, the linking element en in compounds is often homophonous with the regular plural suffix -en. Both are pronounced as [ә], [әn] or [ṇ] in different regions of the Netherlands. As a consequence, speakers of standard Dutch may interpret linking en in spoken compounds as a plural marker. The present study investigates whether the regional origin of the participants affects their interpretation of regional speech variants of linking en. In an auditory decision task, speakers from four regions decided if a compound was singular or plural. While all critical compounds required the singular response, reaction times were delayed when the compound contained a linking en: All speech variants of en produced interference for speakers from four regions of the Netherlands. Region North showed the greatest interference compared to the Middle region. Also, region Northeast revealed larger interference effects for linking [ә] and region South for linking [ṇ]. We conclude that a speaker’s regional origin affects interpretation.
Lexicality judgements in healthy aging and in individuals with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Azevedo Nancy , Kehayia Eva , Atchley Ruth Ann , Nair Vasavan N.P.
Published: September 2015

Neighbourhood density (N) has been shown to influence how lexical stimuli are accessed. In young adults, a large N is facilitatory for words but inhibitory for pseudowords in English. While there is a paucity of studies probing N as people age, results to date point towards changes in lexical processing that occur with aging. We are not aware of any studies that have sought to investigate N in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in English. Results from the lexical decision task reported here support previous N findings for young adults. However, older adults and those with AD showed a different pattern of performance. Both were slower to respond to and made more errors to high versus low N pseudowords but, unlike young adults, older adult groups showed a decrease in sensitivity to N for words. Results suggest that the aging process may change how N is processed; older individuals are no longer as sensitive to N and this appears to be further altered by AD. In the context of the multiple read-out model of lexical processing, this change may be due to a longer time required to activate lexical neighbours which, in turn, results in differential N effects for words and pseudowords.
Credence in the Image of Chance
Authors: Caie Michael
Published: September 2015

In this article, I consider what sorts of chance credence norms can be justified by appeal to the idea that ideal credences should line up with the chances. I argue that the Principal Principle cannot be so justified but that an alternative norm, the Temporal Principle—which maintains that an agent’s credence in a proposition ϕ, conditional on the temporal proposition that says that the chance of ϕ is x, should be x—can be so justified.
Inferred miRNA activity identifies miRNA-mediated regulatory networks underlying multiple cancers
Authors: Lee Eunjee , Ito Koichi , Zhao Yong , Schadt Eric E. , Irie Hanna Y. , Zhu Jun
Published: September 2015

Motivation: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a key role in regulating tumor progression and metastasis. Identifying key miRNAs, defined by their functional activities, can provide a deeper understanding of biology of miRNAs in cancer. However, miRNA expression level cannot accurately reflect miRNA activity.

Results: We developed a computational approach, ActMiR, for identifying active miRNAs and miRNA-mediated regulatory mechanisms. Applying ActMiR to four cancer datasets in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we showed that (i) miRNA activity was tumor subtype specific; (ii) genes correlated with inferred miRNA activities were more likely to enrich for miRNA binding motifs; (iii) expression levels of these genes and inferred miRNA activities were more likely to be negatively correlated. For the four cancer types in TCGA we identified 77–229 key miRNAs for each cancer subtype and annotated their biological functions. The miRNA-target pairs, predicted by our ActMiR algorithm but not by correlation of miRNA expression levels, were experimentally validated. The functional activities of key miRNAs were further demonstrated to be associated with clinical outcomes for other cancer types using independent datasets. For ER−/HER2− breast cancers, we identified activities of key miRNAs let-7d and miR-18a as potential prognostic markers and validated them in two independent ER−/HER2− breast cancer datasets. Our work provides a novel scheme to facilitate our understanding of miRNA. In summary, inferred activity of key miRNA provided a functional link to its mediated regulatory network, and can be used to robustly predict patient’s survival.

Availability and implementation: the software is freely available at http://research.mssm.edu/integrative-network-biology/Software.html.

Contact:  jun.zhu@mssm.edu

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Debt and Corporate Governance
Authors: Whitehead Charles K.
Published: September 2015

This chapter focuses on the evolving role of debt as a tool of corporate governance, or debt governance, within the context of developments in the private credit market. It first discusses debt’s traditional function, with particular emphasis on illiquid loans and the lenders’ reliance on monitoring and covenants in order to manage a borrower’s credit risk. It then considers how loans and lending relationships have evolved over time in light of the increased liquidity of traditionally private instruments. One outcome for debt governance may be a shift from the traditional dependence on covenants and monitoring to a greater reliance on the disciplining effect of liquid credit instruments.
Related Party Transactions
Authors: Enriques Luca
Published: September 2015

This chapter examines the legal and policy implications of transactions between a corporation and a “related party.” It begins by spelling out the reasons why related party transactions (RPTs) are a common phenomenon worldwide before discussing RPTs as an instrument for tunneling and why many jurisdictions provide for specific regulations on RPTs in addition to general rules or standards against dominant shareholders’ abuse. It then looks at the legal tools that can prevent the use of RPTs for tunneling purposes, namely: prohibitions, procedural safeguards such as majority of the minority shareholder approval and independent directors’ involvement, mandatory disclosure, external fairness opinions, and ex post standard-based judicial review. Finally, the chapter discusses the challenges of enacting reforms that would make regulation of RPTs (or tunneling) more effective in preventing (minority) shareholder expropriation, and suggests the importance of sophisticated enforcement actors such as experienced courts and/or active, committed securities regulators in battling tunneling as a business practice.
Corporate Governance in Emerging Markets
Authors: Pargendler Mariana
Published: September 2015

Despite deep differences in their political systems, legal regimes, and economic structures, emerging markets share a recent history of rapid economic growth and capital market expansion. This chapter explores the degree and direction of transformation in corporate governance in emerging markets in the last decades. It begins by surveying the interaction between the ownership structures prevailing in emerging markets – marked by the presence of controlling shareholders, business groups, and state ownership – and the underlying institutional environment. It then examines the driving forces of change by comparing the relative roles played by legislatures, regulators, courts, and alternative institutional arrangements in corporate governance reform in Brazil, Russia, India, and China (collectively known as the BRIC countries). The chapter concludes by evaluating the degree of convergence and persistence in emerging markets governance, and underscoring the need to consider the particular contextual significance of different practices.
Private and Public Enforcement of Securities Regulation
Authors: Jackson Howell E. , Zhang Jeffery Y.
Published: September 2015

This chapter examines the impact of private and public enforcement of securities regulation on the development of capital markets. After a review of the literature, it considers empirical findings related to private and public enforcement as measured by formal indices and resources, with particular emphasis on the link between enforcement intensity and technical measures of financial market performance. It then analyses the impact of cross-border flows of capital, valuation effects, and cross-listing decisions by corporate issuers before turning to a discussion of whether countries that dedicate more resources to regulatory reform behave differently in some areas of market activities. It also explores the enforcement of banking regulation and its relationship to financial stability and concludes by focusing on direct and indirect, resource-based evidence on the efficacy of the US Securities and Exchange Commission’s enforcement actions.
Habit and Karmic Result in the Yogaśāstra
Authors: Framarin Christopher
Published: September 2015

The most popular interpretation of the theory of karma in the Yogaśāstra states that actions produce merit and demerit in the form of habits (saṃskāras) to repeat similar actions in the future. This chapter argues that this interpretation is implausible. The Yogaśāstra does outline an influential account of habit-formation. It also offers an explanation of how actions produce karmic results that correspond with the quality of the actions that produced them. These two processes, however, are generally distinct.
Coreference and Qualification
Authors: Taber John , Kataoka Kei
Published: September 2015

The Buddhist thinker Dignāga justified his proposal that words refer to “exclusions” (apohas) in part as the only way two words could be used to refer to the same thing or qualify each other in expressions such as “existing pot” and “blue lotus.” Specifically, he argued that if words referred to real universals their meanings would block each other, preventing the words from being used in combination. The advantage of apohas, he believed, is that they are “insubstantial” and so do not resist being combined. Kumārila challenged Dignāga’s view by alleging that all of the problems that he saw for universals when it comes to coreference and qualification are problems for apohas as well. Dharmakīrti, then, defended Dignāga’s apoha theory against these attacks by emphasizing the conventional nature of meaning and the flexibility of words to convey whatever we want—whether properties in isolation or things possessing multiple properties.
Jayarāśi Against the Philosophers
Authors: Balcerowicz Piotr
Published: September 2015

Jayarāśi Bhaṭṭa (c.800–840), one of the most original Indian philosophers, a skeptic with a strong affiliation to the materialists, launches a devastating project against all philosophical schools: to demonstrate the existence of inherent flaws in any philosophical system one may construct. He does this by demonstrating systemic inconsistencies primarily involving the mutual dependence of our knowledge, on the one hand, and the means and categories, epistemic and ontological, we adopt in order to establish its validity and certitude, on the other. The upshot is that no consistent philosophical system is possible in which its fundamental premises can be proved by a valid, effective procedure. Perhaps the most significant outcome of Jayarāśi’s project is that all philosophical claims are necessarily made within a particular set of beliefs, or a particular closed system, the foundations of which are based on arbitrarily accepted criteria, definitions, and categories.
Posthuman Feminist Theory
Authors: Braidotti Rosi
Published: September 2015

This chapter maps the emergence of a posthuman turn in feminist theory, based on the convergence of posthumanism with postanthropocentrism. The former critiques the universalist posture of the idea of “Man” as the alleged “measure of all things.” The latter criticizes species hierarchy and the assumption of human exceptionalism. Although feminist posthuman theory benefits from multiple genealogical sources and cannot be reduced to a single or linear event, it can be analyzed in terms of its conceptual premises, the methodology and its implications for feminist political subjectivity and for sexual politics, notably in relation to nonhuman agents.
Representation
Authors: Disch Lisa
Published: September 2015

The concept of representation may be second only to gender in its centrality to mid-twentieth-century feminist theory and practice. This chapter provides an overview of feminist explorations of the relationship between political representation and aesthetic/semiotic/cultural representation. It analyzes three approaches, comparing feminist discussions of “Vamps” (cultural representation), with “Visibility” (historical representation) and “Voice” (political representation) to emphasize the interdisciplinarity of feminist explorations of representation. Running through all three sections are concerns about the interplay between how representations picture women and who speaks for them, and how acts of representation work to constitute that for which they purport merely to stand.
Monitoring and Regulation of Accuracy in Eyewitness Memory
Authors: Hollins Timothy J. , Weber Nathan
Published: September 2015

Eyewitness metacognition has been studied in two broad areas, event memory and identification decisions. Event memory research has focused primarily on metacognitive control over what is reported, while identification research has focused primarily on metacognitive monitoring. Event memory studies show that witnesses can control the accuracy and precision of answers that they choose to report but control is limited by social factors such as perceived informativeness or concerns with self-presentation. Contrary to prior claims, recent eyewitness identification research shows that confidence is predictive of the likely accuracy of a selection from a lineup, but is not informative about the accuracy of lineup rejections. The few studies to examine the control in identification suggest that the option to respond don’t know offers a practical method to improve the quality of identification evidence with minimal impact on the amount of trustworthy evidence obtained.
How Much Has America Changed in 50 Years?
Authors: Brief Arthur
Published: September 2015

This chapter examines the extent to which social justice in America has progressed since the Civil Rights Act of 1964 from an organizational psychology perspective. In particular, it evaluates the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in relation to the progress Blacks have and have not made in the last five decades. It first considers the progress brought by the civil rights movement and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 based on attitudinal data and employment statistics. It then reviews the literature on organizational psychology and social justice, suggesting that America has achieved much when it comes to social justice but still has a long way to go. It proposes what an organizational psychologist’s social justice research agenda should look like, with emphasis on the need to more fully recognize the roles played by stereotypes and prejudices in employment discrimination. The article concludes with a few personal observations from the author.
A Primer on Equal Employment Opportunity Law and Contemporary Enforcement
Authors: Dunleavy Eric M. , Engelsted Lia , Morris Alexander
Published: September 2015

The purpose of this chapter is to provide a brief overview of the legal issues that are most relevant to industrial/organizational psychologists in the United States. The chapter first reviews the legal process, describing laws and acts relevant to the workplace, such as Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, Executive Order (EO) 11246, Age Discrimination in Employment Act, American with Disabilities Act, and the Equal Pay Act of 1963. Next, it outlines the equal employment opportunity (EEO) enforcement agencies. It then describes the two broad theories of discrimination, disparate treatment and adverse impact, and the regulatory frameworks. The chapter provides basic primers for a set of contemporary EEO topics, including disability discrimination, pay equity, employer retaliation, and age discrimination. The chapter concludes with the notion that EEO law is constantly evolving, particularly as the scope of who is protected expands and the legal system clarifies ambiguities in the law.
Laws of Nature
Authors: Roberts John T.
Published: September 2015

Scientists (and scientifically literate laypersons) regard certain regularities or uniformities in the course of nature—but not others—as laws of nature; the ones they regard as laws they allow to play a distinguished role in explanation and in evaluating counterfactuals. The philosophical problem about laws is: What laws of nature could be such that this would be a reasonable and fruitful way for scientists to proceed? This article explores the major current philosophical theories of laws, including dispositional essentialism and the best-system analysis. It also explores several major questions about laws, including the question of their modal status, nomic necessity, the question of Humeanism, the question of hedged laws (i.e., ceteris paribus laws), and the question of governing.
Philosophy and Cosmology
Authors: Beisbart Claus
Published: September 2015

Cosmological questions (e.g., how far the world extends and how it all began) have occupied humans for ages and given rise to numerous conjectures, both within and outside philosophy. To put to rest fruitless speculation, Kant argued that these questions move beyond the limits of human knowledge. This article begins with Kant’s doubts about cosmology and shows that his arguments presuppose unreasonably high standards on knowledge and unwarranted assumptions about space-time. As an analysis of the foundations of twentieth-century cosmology reveals, other worries about the discipline can be avoided too if the universe is modeled using Einstein’s general theory of relativity. There is now strong observational support for one particular model. However, due to underdetermination problems, the big cosmological questions cannot be fully answered using this model either. This opens the space for more speculative proposals again (e.g., that the universe is only part of a huge multiverse).
Competitive Communication Among Women
Authors: Anderson Grace L.
Published: September 2015

According to many communication scholars, aggression is a consequence of sociocultural experiences and less often considered an evolved response to environmental triggers. While there are many factors of aggression, an evolutionary rationale helps to isolate which of these factors are more crucial in explaining aggression among women, one of which is physical attractiveness. Far from superficial, attractive women enjoy better bargaining positions during intrasexual competition than those less attractive, and aggress to negotiate better treatment from rivals. However, evidence of this is mixed because women exaggerate their physical attractiveness during times of heightened ovulatory fertility. Consequently, women’s competitive bargaining positions are based on the interplay between everyday attractiveness and their exaggerations of physical attractiveness. In comparison to traditional social psychology and communication models of aggression, human evolution more parsimoniously explains the ways women functionally match their communication of aggression to many environmental triggers and individual differences between competitors.
Ravishing Rivals
Authors: Dubbs Shelli L. , Kelly Ashleigh J. , Barlow Fiona Kate
Published: September 2015

Intrasexual competition between women is a critically important construct with real implications for women’s physical and psychological health. This chapter argues that female competition can cause women to fixate on their appearance and take unnecessary risks in an effort to improve it. Western society sets seemingly impossible criteria for female beauty that few women can naturally—and healthily—achieve. These standards and evolved partner preferences for physical attractiveness in women help to explain why women generally feel enormous pressure to be attractive and are compelled to compete intensely with one another in the realm of physical attractiveness. The authors suggest that intrasexual competition may lead some women to alter their physical appearance through unnecessary, expensive, and ultimately risky medical procedures in order to outdo female mating rivals and attain the best-quality mate. This is may be a dangerous strategy, equivalent to the overt risk-taking behaviors that exemplify male–male intrasexual competition.
The Anthropometric History of the Mediterranean World
Authors: A’Hearn Brian
Published: September 2015

Long-run height series for several southern European countries stagnate or decline from the early 18th to the mid-19th century. Read jointly with estimates of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and real wages, this evidence indicates that Mediterranean households were forced to work increasing annual hours in an effort to protect an already meager living standard. After the mid-19th century, conditions improved in all countries, but with different timing. Also different was the phasing of anthropometric and economic improvements, reflecting distributional and public health influences on living conditions. Today’s southern Europeans are typically shorter than their northern neighbors, which is only partly explicable in terms of measured health and wealth in the region. New evidence indicates that genetic differences may also play a role.
Self-Presentation and Social Influence
Authors: Tyler James M. , Adams Katherine E.
Published: September 2015

Self-presentation is a social influence tactic in which people engage in communicative efforts to influence the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of others as related to the self-presenter. Despite theoretical arguments that such efforts comprise an automatic component, the majority of research continues to characterize self-presentation as primarily involving controlled and strategic efforts. This focus is theoretically challenging and empirically problematic; it fosters an exclusionary perspective, leading to a scarcity of research concerning automatic self-presentations. With the current chapter, we examine whether self-presentation involves an automatic cognitive mechanism in which such efforts spontaneously emerge, nonconsciously triggered by cues in the social environment.
Animals as Legal Subjects
Authors: Waldau Paul
Published: September 2015

This chapter contrasts the dominant sense of the phrase “animals as legal subjects,” which minimizes fundamental protections for nonhuman animals, with alternative senses of the same phrase that focus on nonhuman animals’ realities, such as consciousness and intelligence. Support for the alternatives comes from developments within different domains, including legal education and society more broadly, where the meaning of such phrases as “legal person,” “legal personhood,” and “legal rights” is being debated regarding companion animals, wildlife, and many other forms of life. The upshot of the debate taking place over the status of nonhuman animals in law and broader phenomenon of human exceptionalism is a wide-ranging discussion of additional forms of animal protection.
Medical Futility and Potentially Inappropriate Treatment
Authors: White Douglas , Pope Thaddeus
Published: September 2015

This article provides a historical, ethical, and conceptual review of medical futility disputes in the intensive care unit (ICU). Particular emphasis is placed on the role that physician power plays in these disputes. Specifically, the article analyzes the circumstances and arguments proposed to justify when physicians may stop life-sustaining treatment without the consent of either the patient or surrogate. The article begins by reviewing the history of the medical futility movement and the causes of medical futility disputes. Second, the major positions and policy statements addressing how such disputes should be resolved are summarized. Third, the article turns from an objective, descriptive approach to a more normative approach by highlighting the value-laden nature of most “futility” judgments regarding potentially inappropriate treatment. Finally, an outline of how clinicians should respond to requests for ICU interventions that they deem medically or ethically inappropriate is provided.
Marketing Palliative Care
Authors: Morrison Rolfe Sean , Tracy Bridget
Published: September 2015

This article examines why palliative care remains inaccessible to most persons with serious illness, citing the lack of a successful social marketing platform directed to consumers as a primary reason. It argues that the growth of palliative care has been hindered by the failure of palliative care professionals to consider the basic principles of social marketing in early language and messaging. The article first provides a historical background on the development of modern hospice care and of palliative care before turning to a discussion of how palliative care has failed to generate widespread public support and engagement. It then considers how early messaging by palliative care professionals hindered referrals to palliative care by other health-care professionals and concludes by explaining how recent attempts to use principles of audience research and targeted social marketing have led to the rapid spread and uptake of palliative care services in the United States.