bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The (Non‐)Equivalence of Input and Output Taxes Under Monopoly
Authors: Bayındır‐Upmann Thorsten
Published: March 2003

The author argues that a government taxing a polluting monopoly by means of levies on output and inputs can implement the first‐best allocation through a continuum of tax profiles. Using this degree of freedom in the tax system, the government is, in general, able to transfer income from the firm to the public sector, so that the additional tax rate acts as a non‐distorting tax on profits. This transfer – and therefore public revenue – is the higher, the lower (higher) the input taxes are, and correspondingly the higher (lower) the output tax is, provided that the production function exhibits decreasing (increasing) returns to scale.
Knowledge Games
Authors: Van Ditmarsch Hans
Published: March 2003

The subject of epistemic logic is firmly entrenched in game theory, including the analysis of common knowledge and of public announcements, such as in ‘hat problems’. How to analyse communications to subgroups of the public, and the effects of such common knowledge of a subgroup on the information state of a larger group, has only recently come into fruition. Knowledge games are introduced to provide a comfortably concrete vehicle for the study of such interactions. This paper introduces the concepts of knowledge game, deal of cards, knowledge game state, game action, and action execution. A deal of cards is a function from cards to players. A knowledge game state is represented by a pointed multiagent S5 model on the set of card deals where all players hold the same number of cards as in the actual deal. A game action combines a question with an answer, and is represented by a pointed multiagent S5 frame on the set of possible answers. The execution of a game action in a knowledge game state corresponds to the computation of a pointed multiagent S5 model that is a restriction of the direct product of the corresponding action frame and game model.
A General Approach to Rational Learning in Games
Authors: Gilli Mario
Published: March 2003

This paper provides a general framework for analysing rational learning in strategic situations in which the players have private priors and private information. The author analyses the behaviour of Bayesian rational players both in a repeated game and in a recurrent game when they are uncertain about opponents’ behaviour and the game they are playing. The aim of the paper is to explain how Bayesian rational agents learn by playing and to characterize the outcome of this learning process. By studying the concept of ‘conjectural equilibrium’ and analysing the process of convergence of players’ behaviour, the roles played by the notions of merging and of consistency are demonstrated.
Competition Among Universities and the Emergence of the Élite Institution
Authors: De Fraja Gianni , Iossa Elisabetta
Published: March 2003

We consider an environment where two education institutions compete by selecting the proportion of their funding devoted to teaching and research and the criteria for admission for their students, and where students choose whether and where to attend university. We study the relationship between the cost incurred by students for attending a university located away from their home town and the equilibrium configuration that emerges in the game played by the universities. Symmetric equilibria, where universities choose the same admission standard, only exist when the mobility cost is high; when the mobility cost is very low, there is no pure strategy equilibrium. For intermediate values of the mobility cost, only asymmetric equilibria may exist; the final section of the paper provides an example where asymmetric equilibria do indeed exist for a plausible and robust set of parameters.
Entry into the Schooling Market: How is the Behaviour of Private Suppliers Influenced by Public Sector Decisions?
Authors: Downes Thomas A. , Greenstein Shane M.
Published: March 2003

This research examines the location choice of private schools entering the California schooling market in 1979–80. We find that entrants are more likely to locate in public school districts with lower levels of per–pupil expenditure and higher fractions of public school students who reside in low–income households. In addition, we provide evidence of differences in the responsiveness of different types of private schools to the underlying conditions. Also, in comparing our results to those of previous research, we find that the determinants of the location choices of entrants appear to be the same as the determinants of the location pattern of incumbent private schools.
Ethics in the Petrochemical Industry
Authors: Wright Clive
Published: March 2003

The public attitude towards the petrochemical industry tends to be one of ethical disapproval and suspicion. But how justified is it? A knowledgeable look at how the industry in general, and one major company in particular, addresses its ethical responsibilities provides a quite different picture. The author has long experience of the petrochemical industry and was most recently Public Affairs Director of ARCO Chemical Europe Inc. He now runs his own Corporate Affairs Consultancy at 82 St George’s Square, London SW1V 3QX.
Ethics for Management Consultants
Authors: Poulfelt Flemming
Published: March 2003

Management consultants and their moral standards and behaviour have been questioned and caricatured, but it is not sufficiently appreciated that they frequently have to operate in situations which are characterized by ambiguity, ignorance, uncertainty and sensitivity and they cannot always simply apply ethical rules in cooperating with their clients. In addition, more attention should be given to the ethics of the client, and “dual ethics” should be a joint concern. Research among consultants and clients has identified several ethical dilemmas frequently experienced by consultants which are explained and explored. Dr Poulfelt is Associate Professor of Management at the Department of Management, Politics and Philosophy at Copenhagen Business School, Blaagaardsgade 23 B, DK‐2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
Attitudes Towards Some Aspects Of Business Ethics Among Students From Countries In Transition: An Empirical Research
Authors: Grubišić Dragana , Goić Srećko
Published: March 2003

In this paper certain parameters of ethical values and attitudes of students in economics from different countries are analysed (attitudes toward work and organisation; goals of work; readiness to work for common benefit, etc.). The basic question was whether, and to what extent, such attitudes differ in countries in transition (former communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe) compared with western countries with a developed market economy and Latin‐American countries. On the basis of empirical research we conclude that there are significant differences, i.e., that students from countries in transition show more self‐oriented attitudes, less readiness to help others and tend to consider work in an organisation primarily as a means to achieve one's own goals (always compared with students from the other two groups of countries). The main explanation for this is found in the transition itself, i.e., conditions and processes in those countries in the 1990s, and less in the heritage of the previous (communist) system. The authors are at the University of Split, Faculty of Economics, Radovanova 13, 21000 Split, CROATIA. phone: +385/21/366‐033; fax: +385/21/366‐026 e‐mail: grubisic@oliver.efst.hr and goic@oliver.efst.hr
The UK Food Supply Chain – An Ethical Perspective
Authors: Stainer Lorice , Gully Alan , Stainer Alan
Published: March 2003

“The moral issues generated by the food supply chain demand attention and analysis. There must be an ethical approach balancing profitability with the welfare of life and the conservation of the environment.” Lorice Stainer is a business ethics consultant and Visiting Fellow at Leicester University Management Centre; Alan Gully is Principal Lecturer in Business Studies, and Member for the Centre for Research in International Economics, at Middlesex University Business School; and Alan Stainer is Head of Engineering Management and Professor of Productivity and Performance Management at Middlesex University.
Independence in Corporate Governance: the Audit Committee Role
Authors: Spira Laura
Published: March 2003

The Code of Best Practice produced by the Cadbury Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance (Cadbury Committee 1992) may be viewed as an ethical code in that it prescribes standards of board behaviour. The Code’s specific recommendations with regard to audit committees appear to offer a practical mechanism for the promotion of ethical behaviour through the inhibition of potentially unethical influences exerted by executive directors over external auditors. The rationale for these recommendations centres on the independence of audit committee members, implying that independence is a prerequisite for ethical behaviour. This paper questions the assumptions regarding the role of independence through an exploration of conceptions of independence held by individuals involved in the activities of audit committees in major UK public limited companies. It suggests that audit committees may have an unarticulated role in providing an arena for the display of independence by the participants. This display forms a part of the ceremonial performance which builds confidence in corporate governance mechanisms.
Civil society and social auditing
Authors: Henriques Adrian
Published: March 2003

‘Social auditing’ is everywhere. An increasing number of companies – and also public and voluntary sector organisations – are trying to assess their social performance systematically. Shell, BP and General Motors are among them. How are they doing it? What impact do NGOs and civil society organisations have on this process? Do they have a privileged place in social audits? This article looks at these questions, and sets out a framework for understanding social audits and civil society. Examples are drawn particularly from the recent Camelot social audit (‘Camelot and Social Responsibility’, Social Report 1999). Camelot plc is the operator of the UK national lottery.
Testing the bases of ethical decision‐making: a study of the New Zealand auditing profession
Authors: Gowthorpe Catherine , Blake John , Dowds Jack
Published: March 2003

This paper reports on a survey of auditors in New Zealand which investigates the nature of the moral judgements they make on a series of problems with ethical dimensions. The framework adopted for this purpose is developed from earlier work which identifies a range of ethical principles which may be involved in business ethical decision‐making. Auditors responded to a questionnaire which posed, firstly, several questions about the context of their ethical decision‐making, and secondly, a series of vignettes elaborating problematical dilemmas which required the selection of one of four possible responses. Data was analysed to determine whether or not it confirmed previous findings in suggesting a predominant ethical orientation for auditors. The results were correlated with demographic variables in order to determine whether or not age, gender, position in firm and size of employee firm were significantly correlated to ethical response. The survey results, on the whole, confirmed the ethical orientation suggested by previous findings, but there were some unexpected results in three out of the ten vignettes examined. Although some correlations were found between the demographic variables and subject responses, the evidence of this survey does not strongly suggest a consistent significant correlation.
Ethical decision–making in business: focus on Mauritius
Authors: Napal Geetanee
Published: March 2003

This paper explores management attitudes towards ethical issues in an attempt to shed some light on the determinants of ethical issue intensity in the context of business. A sample of business executives in Mauritius was surveyed in order to establish their ethical perceptions when exposed to potentially questionable business practices. The findings demonstrated the significant influence of factors associated with moral deliberations on strategies for ethical decision–making as compared with the impact of company policy and legal requirements. Participants revealed that, irrespective of codes of conduct, personal ethics predominate when it comes to making ethical choices. Some view the behaviour of management as a key determinant of ethical conduct. This trend differs from predictions in the literature. To date, research conducted in the developed world shows that employee perception of ethics of their superiors is a stronger predictor of behaviour than employees’ personal ethical beliefs. This article focuses on Mauritius as an emerging economy, and looks at potential strategies for ethical decision–making, where business people do not necessarily operate under a specific code of conduct.
The Family as Stakeholder
Authors: Campbell Mary
Published: March 2003

This article argues that if stakeholding has any validity, then the family should be numbered among the stakeholders. It then goes on to discuss how the family’s stake in the firm could be distinguished from its stake in society and suggests ways in which the family’s stake could be embodied.
The Information Society – the EU Framework
Authors: Bangemann Martin
Published: March 2003

On January 1 1998, the crucial European Commission Directive concerning full competition in telecommunications markets comes into force. In this abridged version of the last of the 1997 Stockton Lectures, the Member of the Commission who was responsible for it outlines the route to its implementation. This story is part of the broader issue of the way the European Union (EU) has approached the questions raised by the evolving information society. Starting with the establishment of the internal single European market in 1992, the author traces the elimination of public monopolies in telecommunications, the Commission’s changing approach to regulation and the way that public fears have been allayed by use of pilot projects. He then examines the significance of technological convergence and globalisation for economics, politics and culture.
Business @ the Speed of Thought
Authors: Gates Bill
Published: March 2003

Bill Gates’ first book, “The Road Ahead”, focused on the broad impact of technology. His new book, “Business @ the Speed of Thought”, asks what this means for business. How should firms organize themselves differently? In what new ways should information flow? What metrics can managers use to judge how far down the path they are to what he calls the “digital nervous system” approach? In this article, Mr Gates comments on some of the themes of the book, including issues within Microsoft itself.
Valuing Internet Business
Authors: Higson Chris , Briginshaw John
Published: March 2003

Is there a bubble in internet stock prices, has the new economy changed the rules of stock valuation? In this article, the authors argue that the old rules still apply. The only way to test the reasonableness of new economy stock prices is to model the company's ability to generate cash in the future. This analysis also allows the development of a view about the performance that would be needed to justify current valuations. The analysis suggests that many internet valuations are stretched. Investors are focused on growth prospects for the firms, but realistic analysis about future profitability has been neglected in what will be an increasingly competitive world. Further, investors' assumptions that the new economy businesses will not require assets are unrealistic in many cases. Finally, because some new economy stocks are overvalued, there is a risk of misdirection of productive resources.
Risk, Greed, Sound and Fury
Authors: Willman Paul
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed:

Peter Bernstein, Against the Gods: The Remarkable Story ofRisk
Multi‐Channels: The Real Winners in the B2C Internet Wars
Authors: Vishwanath Vijay , Mulvin Gerry
Published: March 2003

This article presents evidence that multi‐channel retailers are out‐performing online‐only (“pure‐play”) retailers, and that their success is reflected in their market value. Multi‐channel retailers are most successful when they define distinct roles for each channel, use the Web creatively as a customer acquisition tool, and work hard at converting browsers to buyers. To help get this last part right, the authors isolate key defection points – critical moments when retailers are apt to lose customers. They conclude that, for retailers, the key to making the most of the Internet is to correctly determine its strategic role in relation to other channels and invest to play that role excellently.
Did Enron’s Investors Fool Themselves?
Authors: Higson Chris
Published: March 2003

So far the Enron story has mostly been about executives and accountants. This article focuses on the professional investment community ‐ fund managers and financial analysts. It argues that the data in Enron’s published accounts should have been sufficient to trigger warning bells long before the share price started falling. Enron’s reported revenue grew fast, but at lower margins ‐ with the result that it was failing to earn an adequate return on capital. As with the internet bubble, the investment community neglected the question of whether the growth was valuable.
Why Being Local Just Isn’t Enough
Authors: Nachum Lilach , Keeble David
Published: March 2003

For some industry clusters, being local may not be enough. A study of the media industries in the Soho district of central London suggests that global links are also essential.
Setting Standards: Strategic Advantages in International Trade
Authors: Egan Michelle
Published: March 2003

Among the most important technical barriers to trade are the different standards, testing and certification measures for products and services. Efforts to co‐ordinate these within Europe ‐ including the EU’s increasing reliance on private sector standards bodies ‐ are now underway. The EU’s single market has not only integrated national markets, but has also shaped trading principles at the international level. The EU has exported its trade principles to third country markets and European companies have gained strategic advantages in influencing standards both internally within Europe and externally at the international and transatlantic level. Firms should invest resources and actively participate in setting standards to protect and increase their competitive advantage.
Strategy and structure redux
Authors: Rodrigues Jorge Nascimento
Published: March 2003

Forty years on from Alfred Chandler’s seminal book Strategy and Structure, in the following pages contemporary strategists examine the book’s impact and Chandler’s contribution to business theory.
A Short History of Efficiency
Authors: Witzel Morgen
Published: March 2003

Efficiency is a management concept with a long history, running from scientific management to business process reengineering. In the early 20th century Harrington Emerson, an engineer, argued that an efficient organisation was a necessary prerequisite to task and process efficiency. Rejecting the machine metaphor of scientific management, Emerson conceived of an organic organisation where efficiency was a natural occurrence, not an imposed set of targets and procedures — a concept that has a lot in common with total quality management and a management philosophy that remains valid and important.
Children “Tune Out” in Response to the Ambiguous Communication Style of Powerless Adults
Authors: Bugental Daphne , Lyon Judith E. , Lin Eta K. , McGrath Emily , Bimbela Alfred
Published: March 2003

Changes in children's attentional engagement were assessed as a function of their exposure to “teachers” who differed in perceived power and the communication style that is associated with perceived power. In Study 1, “teachers” (women assigned to an instructional role) were selected on the basis of their perceived power; low‐power women were more likely than high‐power women to display communication ambiguity. Children responded to low‐power women with low levels of (1) autonomic orienting (consistent with low attention) and (2) high errors on a cognitively demanding task (mental arithmetic). Attentional disengagement was found to be mediated by the ambiguous communication style of low‐power adults. In Study 2, the “teacher” was a confederate who systematically varied the facial and vocal ambiguity of her instructions. Children showed the lowest levels of orienting and the highest level of errors when the “teacher” was ambiguous in both face and voice. Results were interpreted as showing that adult ambiguity (naturally occurring or experimentally produced) leads to reductions in children's attentional engagement.
The Role of an Early Intervention on Enhancing the Quality of Mother‐Infant Interaction
Authors: Wendland‐Carro Jaqueline , Piccinini Cesar A. , Millar W. Stuart
Published: March 2003

The study examines an intervention designed to influence mothers' sensitive responsiveness toward their infant by presenting information about the newborn's competence to interact and promoting affectionate handling and interaction with the infant. Thirty‐six primiparous mothers and their newborn infants participated in the study. On day 2/3 after delivery, mother‐infant dyads were assigned to either: (1) an experimental group that received an intervention program designed to enhance mother‐infant interaction; or (2) a control group that was presented with an intervention that emphasized basic caregiving skills. One month later an observation was undertaken in the home to assess mother‐infant synchronous and asynchronous co‐occurrences during free‐play and infant bathing. The enhancement group showed a reliably greater frequency of co‐occurrences involving vocal exchanges, looking to the partner, and physical contact. There also were differences in mothers' responsiveness to infant crying and involuntary responses. The findings show that even a modest videotaped early intervention can enhance mothers' sensitive responsiveness to the infant.
Predicting Mothers' Beliefs about Preschool‐Aged Children's Social Behavior: Evidence for Maternal Attitudes Moderating Child Effects
Authors: Hastings Paul D. , Rubin Kenneth H.
Published: March 2003

Maternal beliefs about children's social behavior may be important contributors to socialization and development, but little is known about how such beliefs form. Transactional models suggest that children's characteristics may influence parents. At 2 years of age, the shy and aggressive behaviors of 65 toddlers (28 females) were observed during interactions with an unfamiliar peer; as well, mothers described the extent to which they advocated protective and authoritarian childrearing attitudes. These variables were used to predict mothers emotions, attributions, parenting goals, and socialization strategies in response to vignettes depicting aggressive and withdrawn child behaviors 2 years later. Most child effects were moderated by maternal attitudes or gender effects. Authoritarian mothers of aggressive toddlers were most likely to report high control and anger, to blame their children for aggression, and to focus on obtaining compliance rather than teaching skills to their children. Protective mothers reported that they would use warmth and involvement to comfort withdrawn children, especially their daughters.
The Impact of After‐School Peer Contact on Early Adolescent Externalizing Problems Is Moderated by Parental Monitoring, Perceived Neighborhood Safety, and Prior Adjustment
Authors: Pettit Gregory S. , Bates John E. , Dodge Kenneth A. , Meece Darrell W.
Published: March 2003

Unsupervised peer contact in the after‐school hours was examined as a risk factor in the development of externalizing problems in a longitudinal sample of early adolescents. Parental monitoring, neighborhood safety, and adolescents' preexisting behavioral problems were considered as possible moderators of the risk relation. Interviews with mothers provided information on monitoring, neighborhood safety, and demographics. Early adolescent (ages 12 – 13 years) after‐school time use was assessed via a telephone interview in grade 6 (N = 438); amount of time spent with peers when no adult was present was tabulated. Teacher ratings of externalizing behavior problems were collected in grades 6 and 7. Unsupervised peer contact, lack of neighborhood safety, and low monitoring incrementally predicted grade 7 externalizing problems, after controlling for family background factors and grade 6 problems. The greatest risk was for those unsupervised adolescents living in low‐monitoring homes and comparatively unsafe neighborhoods. The significant relation between unsupervised peer contact and problem behavior in grade 7 held only for those adolescents who already were high in problem behavior in grade 6. These findings point to the need to consider individual, family, and neighborhood factors in evaluating risks associated with young adolescents' after‐school care experiences.
Welfare Dynamics, Support Services, Mothers' Earnings, and Child Cognitive Development: Implications for Contemporary Welfare Reform
Authors: Yoshikawa Hirokazu
Published: March 2003

This prospective longitudinal study, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY; N = 614), addresses the gap in the research literature regarding the effects of welfare reform on children. Key questions addressed include whether welfare dynamics and support services relevant to welfare reform, both measured across the first 5 years of life, are associated with mothers' earnings in the 6th year and three child cognitive outcomes in the 7th and 8th years: Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT) math and reading scores, and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT). Welfare dynamics are represented by total time on welfare, degree of cycling on and off welfare, and degree to which welfare and work are combined. Support services measured include three forms of child care (relative, babysitter, and center‐based), as well as three forms of human capital supports (child support, job training, and education). Controlling for a range of background factors and for different patterns of welfare use across the first 5 years, small positive associations with mother's earnings were found for child support, education, and job training. Small positive associations also were found between child support and both math and reading scores. Finally positive associations of medium effect size were found between center care and both mothers' earnings and child PPVT scores. Although effect sizes are generally small, the results suggest the potential value of welfare reform approaches that emphasize long‐term human capital development. Interactions between welfare dynamics and support services suggest subgroup differences. Specifically, positive effects of support services on earnings are strongest among mothers with higher levels of human capital (higher levels of work while on welfare, lower total time on welfare). Babysitter care appears to have negative effects on both reading and math scores of children whose mothers report low levels of work while on welfare. Implications for welfare reform policy are discussed.
Charting the Relationship Trajectories of Aggressive, Withdrawn, and Aggressive/Withdrawn Children during Early Grade School
Authors: Ladd Gary W. , Burgess Kim B.
Published: March 2003

The premises examined in this longitudinal investigation were that specific behavioral characteristics place children at risk for relationship maladjustment in school environments, and that multiple behavioral risks predispose children to the most severe and prolonged difficulties. Aggressive, withdrawn, and aggressive/withdrawn children were compared to normative and matched control groups on teacher and peer relationship attributes, loneliness, and social satisfaction from kindergarten (M age = 5 years, 7 months; n = 250) through grade 2 (M age = 8,1; n = 242). Children's withdrawn behavior was neither highly stable nor predictive of relational difficulties, as their trajectories resembled the norm except for initially less close and more dependent relationships with teachers. Aggressive behavior was fairly stable, and associated with early‐emerging, sustained difficulties including low peer acceptance and conflictual teacher‐child relationships. Aggressive/withdrawn children evidenced the most difficulty: compared to children in the normative group, they were consistently more lonely, dissatisfied, friendless, disliked, victimized, and likely to have maladaptive teacher‐child relationships. Findings are discussed with respect to recent developments in two prominent literatures: children at‐risk and early relationship development.
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Vocabulary IQ: Parental Education Level as Moderator
Authors: Rowe David C. , Jacobson Kristen C. , Van den Oord Edwin J. C. G.
Published: March 2003

This article examines how parental education level moderates the genetic and environmental contributions to variation in verbal IQ. Data are from 1909 non‐Hispanic Whites and African American sibling pairs from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, which obtained nationally‐based samples of identical (MZ) twins, fraternal (DZ) twins, full and half siblings, cousins (in the same household), and biologically unrelated siblings. In the whole sample, the variance estimate for heritability (h2 = .57, SE = .08) was greater than that for shared environment (c2 =.13, SE = .04). Both heritability and the shared environmental estimate were moderated, however, by level of parental education. Specifically, among more highly educated families, the average h2 = .74 (SE = .10) and the average c2 = .00 (SE = .05). Conversely, among less well‐educated families, heritability decreased and shared environmental influences increased, yielding similar proportions of variance explained by genetic and environmental factors, average h2 = .26 (SE = .15), and average c2 = .23 (SE = .07).
The Use of Epidemiological Methodology as a Means of Influencing Public Policy
Authors: Scott Keith G. , Mason Craig A. , Chapman Derek A.
Published: March 2003

To best influence policymakers, researchers need to provide information and measures of effects that reflect the nature of policy decisions. Specifically, policymakers are often interested in factors associated with changes in the number of cases or rate of disorders in a community. Regression/analysis of variance (ANOVA) models, which focus on the prediction of means, slopes, and variances, do not directly address such questions. In contrast, epidemiological statistics, which focus on differences in proportions of cases, do provide such information. Three epidemiological measures of effect (the risk‐ratio, the odds‐ratio, and the population attributable fraction) are reviewed; their value as tools for informing public policy is discussed; and examples are provided illustrating their use. Researchers are encouraged to consider adopting an epidemiological perspective as part of their work.
Young Children's Overgeneralizations with Fixed Transitivity Verbs
Authors: Brooks Patricia J. , Tomasello Michael , Dodson Kelly , Lewis Lawrence B.
Published: March 2003

The present study examined English‐speaking children's tendency to make argument structure overgeneralization errors (e.g., I disappeared it). Children were exposed to several English verbs of fixed transitivity (exclusively intransitive or exclusively transitive) and then asked questions that encouraged them to overgeneralize usage of the verbs. Seventy‐two children (24 in each of three age groups: 3, 4/5, and 8 years of age) experienced four actions performed by puppets. Each action had two verbs of similar meaning associated with it in the context of the experimental action: one more familiar to young children and one less familiar. Children at all ages were more likely to overgeneralize usage of verbs that were less familiar to them, supporting the hypothesis that children's usage of verbs in particular construction types becomes entrenched over time. As children solidly learn the transitivity status of particular verbs, they become more reluctant to use those verbs in other argument structure constructions.
Toward a Science for and of the People: Promoting Civil Society through the Application of Developmental Science
Authors: Lerner Richard M. , Fisher Celia B. , Weinberg Richard A.
Published: March 2003

Applied developmental science (ADS) is scholarship that seeks to advance the integration of developmental research with actions — policies and programs — that promote positive development and/or enhance the life chances of vulnerable children and families. Through this integration ADS may become a major means to foster a science for and of the people. It may serve as an exemplar of the means through which scholarship, with community collaboration, may contribute directly to social justice. In so doing, ADS helps shift the model of amelioration, prevention, or optimization research from one demonstrating efficacy to one promoting outreach. When this contribution occurs in the context of university–community partnerships, ADS may serve also as a model of how higher education may engage policy makers, contribute to community capacity to sustain valued programs, and maintain and perpetuate civil society through knowledge‐based, interinstitutional systems change.
The Promise of Dynamic Systems Approaches for an Integrated Account of Human Development
Authors: Lewis Marc D.
Published: March 2003

After decades of theoretical fragmentation and insularity, a converging explanatory framework based on general scientific principles is an important goal for developmental psychology. Dynamic systems approaches may provide such a framework, using principles of self‐organization to explain how novel forms emerge without predetermination and become increasingly complex with development. New trends in traditional theoretical families emphasize systemic, emergent processes, and these can now be explicated with principles of self‐organization that apply to all natural systems. Self‐organization thus provides a single explanation for the multiple facets of development, integrating diverse developmental viewpoints within a larger scientific perspective.
Beliefs about Truth and Beliefs about Rightness
Authors: Chandler Michael , Sokol Bryan W. , Wainryb Cecilia
Published: March 2003

Children's developing conceptions of what is right or proper are commonly studied without reference to concomitant changes in their understanding of beliefs, just as studies of young people's maturing grasp of the belief entitlement process ordinarily proceed separately from any examination of the value considerations that invest beliefs with meaning. In an effort to reverse these isolationist practices, a case is made for rereading the fact–value dichotomy that currently works to divide the contemporaneous literatures dealing with children's moral reasoning development and their evolving theories of mind. Findings from two research programs, in which children's beliefs about truth and rightness are combined, serve to illustrate the natural interdependence of these moral and epistemic matters.
Fatherhood in the Twenty‐First Century
Authors: Cabrera Natasha , Tamis‐LeMonda Catherine S. , Bradley Robert H. , Hofferth Sandra , Lamb Michael E.
Published: March 2003

The twentieth century has been characterized by four important social trends that have fundamentally changed the social cultural context in which children develop: women's increased labor force participation, increased absence of nonresidential fathers in the lives of their children, increased involvement of fathers in intact families, and increased cultural diversity in the U.S.. In this essay, we discuss how these trends are changing the nature of father involvement and family life, and in turn affecting children's and fathers' developmental trajectories. We end with an eye toward the twenty‐first century by examining how the children of today will construct their expectations about the roles of fathers and mothers as they become the parents of tomorrow. This life‐span approach to fatherhood considers the broader sociohistorical context in which fatherhood develops, and emphasizes the urgent need to consider mothers, fathers, and family structure in future research as we seek to understand and model the effects of parenting on children's development.
Development of Face Processing: The Effect of Face Inversion
Authors: Schwarzer Gudrun
Published: March 2003

The present experiment examined the degree to which analytic and holistic modes of processing play a role in the way children and adults categorize upright and inverted faces. Seven‐year‐old children (n = 38), 10‐year‐old children (n = 40), and adults (n = 55) were instructed to classify upright and inverted faces into two categories. The construction of the categories allowed participants to categorize the faces either analytically (by focusing on a single attribute) or holistically (in terms of overall similarity). The results show both a developmental trend from analytic to holistic processing and an effect of face inversion with increasing age. Thus, it appears that 7‐year‐old children process upright and inverted faces in a way comparable to their processing of nonfacial visual stimuli, namely analytically, whereas a growing proportion of 10‐year‐olds and adults process only upright faces holistically by adopting a specific mode of face processing.
Some Thoughts about Resilience versus Positive Development, Main Effects versus Interactions, and the Value of Resilience
Authors: Roosa Mark W.
Published: March 2003

Interaction effects are the defining feature of resilience and resilience research and are responsible for the unique contributions of this field of study to our understanding of human development. The methodological and statistical challenges posed by interaction effects do not, by themselves, undermine the value of resilience as a construct.
Collective Construction of the Self and Social Relationships: A Rejoinder and Some Extensions
Authors: Kitayama Shinobu
Published: March 2003

This commentary elaborates on the basic thesis developed by Rothbaum, Pott, Azuma, Miyake, and Weisz and underscores the significance of the co‐constructive process of the self and social relationship. Implications for future cultural psychological inquiry in this area are discussed.
Prosodic Correlates of Stress in Babbling: An Acoustical Study
Authors: Davis Barbara L. , MacNeilage Peter F. , Matyear Christine L. , Powell Julia K.
Published: March 2003

Prelinguistic babbling often seems remarkably speech‐like, not because it has recognizable words but because it seems to have adult‐like prosody. To quantify this impression, we compared disyllabic sequences from five infants and five adults in terms of the use of frequency, intensity, and duration to mark stress. Significantly larger values for the three acoustic variables were observed on stressed than on unstressed syllables independent of syllable position for both groups. Adults showed the correlates of utterance final syllables — lower f0, lower intensity, and longer duration; infants showed only decrease in intensity. Ratios for stressed to unstressed syllables and participation of the three variables in stress production in individual disyllables were highly similar in both groups. No bias toward the English lexical trochaic stress pattern was observed. We conclude that infants in English environments produce adult‐like stress patterns before they produce lexical items, which specify stress. Acoustic and perceptual analyses are used to explore stress marking by prelinguistic infants in an English language environment. Results show that infants employ the three acoustic correlates of stress in individual syllables in a manner largely similar to that of adult speakers, although they do not show second‐syllable declination effects or an English language trochaic stress bias.
Mother–Child Discourse, Attachment Security, Shared Positive Affect, and Early Conscience Development
Authors: Laible Deborah J. , Thompson Ross A.
Published: March 2003

The separate literatures on parental discipline, maternal discourse about emotion, and autobiographical memory support the idea that parent–child discourse in the context of a supportive relationship plays a role in a child's early conscience development, and this study was designed to examine this issue. Forty‐two preschool children and their mothers took part in a 45‐min structured laboratory session, and at their homes, mothers completed the Attachment Q‐Set. As part of the laboratory session, each mother was asked to discuss with her child one incident that occurred within the last week in which her child behaved well and one in which her child misbehaved. These conversations were transcribed verbatim and coded for maternal references to feelings, rules, consequences of the child's actions, and moral evaluatives. Each child also took part in a behavioral measure of internalization and several compliance tasks, and mothers completed a maternal report of the child's early conscience development. Consistent with attachment theory, attachment security predicted maternal and child references to feelings and moral evaluatives. Attachment security, shared positive affect between the mother and child, and maternal references to feelings and moral evaluatives also predicted specific aspects of early conscience development.
Agents of Change: Pathways through Which Mentoring Relationships Influence Adolescents' Academic Adjustment
Authors: Rhodes Jean E. , Grossman Jean B. , Resch Nancy L.
Published: March 2003

A conceptual model was tested in which the effects of mentoring relationships on adolescents' academic outcomes were hypothesized to be mediated partially through improvements in parental relationships. The parameters of the model were compared with those of an alternative, in which improved parental relationships were treated as an outcome variable rather than a mediator. The study included 959 young adolescents (M age = 12.25 years), all of whom applied to Big Brothers Big Sisters programs. The adolescents were randomly assigned to either the treatment or control group and administered questions at baseline and 18 months later. The hypothesized model provided a significantly better explanation of the data than the alternative. In addition to improvements in parental relationships, mentoring led to reductions in unexcused absences and improvements in perceived scholastic competence. Direct effects of mentoring on global self‐worth, school value, and grades were not detected but were instead mediated through improved parental relationships and scholastic competence. Implications of the findings for theory and research are discussed.
A Mediational Model for the Impact of Exposure to Community Violence on Early Child Behavior Problems
Authors: Linares L. Oriana , Heeren Timothy , Bronfman Elisa , Zuckerman Barry , Augustyn Marilyn , Tronick Edward
Published: March 2003

This study examined how maternal distress mediates the link between exposure to community violence (CV) and the development of early child behavior problems. Research was conducted among 160 children, 3,0 to 5,11 in age, who resided in high‐crime neighborhoods. Using structural equation modeling, latent variables were constructed to identify model components: maternal socioeconomic status (SES) and public assistance status, exposure to CV (maternal perceptions of local violence, social disorder, and fear of crime; and frequency of child cowitnessing violent events), family aggression (partner aggression toward mother and partner aggression toward child), maternal distress (global distress and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms), and early child behavior problems (internalizing and externalizing). Bivariate correlations indicated that CV, maternal distress, and early child behavior problems were significantly intercorrelated. A series of structural equation models was specified to estimate the direct and indirect effect of CV on early child behavior problems. A direct model indicated a significant path from CV to early child behavior problems, after controlling for maternal SES and family aggression. The direct CV – early child behavior problems path diminished, however, when maternal distress was included in the model, after controlling for maternal SES and family aggression. Results are consistent with a mediation model of the impact of maternal distress symptoms on the link between CV and early child behavior problems.
Evidence for Referential Understanding in the Emotions Domain at Twelve and Eighteen Months
Authors: Moses Louis J. , Baldwin Dare A. , Rosicky Julie G. , Tidball Glynnis
Published: March 2003

Infants as young as 12 months readily modulate their behavior toward novel, ambiguous objects based on emotional responses that others display. Such social‐referencing skill offers powerful benefits to infants' knowledge acquisition, but the magnitude of these benefits depends on whether they appreciate the referential quality of others' emotional messages, and are skilled at using cues to reference (e.g., gaze direction, body posture) to guide their interpretation of such messages. Two studies demonstrated referential understanding in 12‐ and 18‐month‐olds' responses to another's emotional outburst. Infants relied on the presence versus absence of referential cues to determine whether an emotional message should be linked with a salient, novel object in the first study (N= 48), and they actively consulted referential cues to disambiguate the intended target of an affective display in the second study (N= 32). These findings provide the first experimental evidence of such sophisticated referential abilities in 12‐month‐olds, as well as the first evidence that infant social referencing at any age actually trades on referential understanding.
Mother – Child Conversational Interactions as Events Unfold: Linkages to Subsequent Remembering
Authors: Haden Catherine A. , Ornstein Peter A. , Eckerman Carol O. , Didow Sharon M.
Published: March 2003

The study reported here was designed to examine linkages between mother – child conversational interactions during events and children's subsequent recall of these activities. In this longitudinal investigation, 21 mother – child dyads were observed while they engaged in specially constructed activities when the children were 30, 36, and 42 months of age. Analyses of the children's 1‐day and 3‐week recall of these events indicated that at all age points, features of the activities that were jointly handled and jointly discussed by the mother and child were better remembered than were features that were either (1) jointly handled and talked about only by the mother, or (2) jointly handled and not discussed. Potential linkages were also explored between incidental memory for personal experiences and deliberate recall of familiar but arbitrary materials. In this regard, children's recall of the special activities was positively correlated with their recall of objects in a deliberate memory task performed at 42 months.