bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial Correlation in Multilevel Crash Frequency Models
Authors: Aguero-Valverde Jonathan , Jovanis Paul P.
Published: October 2010

Recent research has shown the importance of spatial correlation in road crash models. Because many different spatial correlation structures are possible, however, this study tested several segment neighboring structures to establish the most promising one to model crash frequency in road networks. A multilevel approach was also used to account for the spatial correlation between road segments of different functional types, which are usually analyzed separately. The study employed a full Bayes hierarchical approach with conditional autoregressive effects for the spatial correlation terms. Analyses of crash, traffic, and roadway inventory data from rural engineering districts in Pennsylvania and Washington affirmed the importance of spatial correlation in road crash models. Pure distance-based neighboring models (i.e., exponential decay) performed poorly compared with adjacency-based or distance order models. The results also suggest that spatial correlation is more important in distances of 1 mi or less. The inclusion of spatially correlated random effects significantly improved the precision of the estimates of the expected crash frequency for all segments by pooling strength from their neighbors and thus reducing their standard deviation. Results from Pennsylvania and Washington showed that spatial correlation substantially increased the random effects. There was a consistent indication that 70% to 90% of the variation explained by the random effects resulted from spatial correlation. This suggests that spatial models offer a significant advantage, since poor estimates that result from small sample sizes and low sample means are a frequent issue in highway safety analysis. Application of spatial correlation to the identification of sites with promise indicated that more sites were identified because of a reduction in the variance of the estimates, which would allow for greater confidence in the selection of sites for treatment.
Multiple Applications of Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines Technique to Predict Rear-End Crashes at Unsignalized Intersections
Authors: Haleem Kirolos , Abdel-Aty Mohamed , Santos Joseph
Published: October 2010

Crash prediction models are used extensively in highway safety analysis. This paper discusses a recently developed data-mining technique to predict motor vehicle crashes: the multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) technique. MARS shows promising predictive power and does not suffer from a black-box limitation. Negative binomial (NB) and MARS models were fitted and compared with the use of extensive data collected on unsignalized intersections in Florida. Two models were estimated for rear-end crash frequency at three-and four-legged unsignalized intersections. Treatment of crash frequency as a continuous response variable to fit a MARS model was also examined by normalizing crash frequency with the natural logarithm of the annual average daily traffic. The combination of MARS with a machine learning technique (random forest) was explored and discussed. The significant factors that affected rear-end crashes were traffic volume on the major road, upstream and downstream distances to the nearest signalized intersection, median type on the major approach, land use at the intersection's influence area, and geographic location within the state. The study showed that MARS could predict crashes almost like the traditional NB models, and its goodness-of-fit performance was encouraging. The use of MARS to predict continuous response variables yielded more favorable results than its use to predict discrete response variables. The generated MARS models showed the most promising results after the covariates were screened by using random forest.
Gaussian Processes for Short-Term Traffic Volume Forecasting
Authors: Xie Yuanchang , Zhao Kaiguang , Sun Ying , Chen Dawei
Published: October 2010

The accurate modeling and forecasting of traffic flow data such as volume and travel time are critical to intelligent transportation systems. Many forecasting models have been developed for this purpose since the 1970s. Recently kernel-based machine learning methods such as support vector machines (SVMs) have gained special attention in traffic flow modeling and other time series analyses because of their outstanding generalization capability and superior nonlinear approximation. In this study, a novel kernel-based machine learning method, the Gaussian processes (GPs) model, was proposed to perform short-term traffic flow forecasting. This GP model was evaluated and compared with SVMs and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models based on four sets of traffic volume data collected from three interstate highways in Seattle, Washington. The comparative results showed that the GP and SVM models consistently outperformed the ARIMA model. This study also showed that because the GP model is formulated in a full Bayesian framework, it can allow for explicit probabilistic interpretation of forecasting outputs. This capacity gives the GP an advantage over SVMs to model and forecast traffic flow.
A transparent artificial dura mater made of silk fibroin as an inhibitor of inflammation in craniotomized rats
Authors: Kim Dae Won , Eum Won Sik , Jang Sang Ho , Park Jinseu , Heo Dong-Hwa , Sheen Seung-Hoon , Lee Hae-Ran , Kweon Haeyong , Kang Seok-Woo , Lee Kwang-Gill , Cho Se Youn , Jin Hyoung-Joon , Cho Yong-Jun , Choi Soo Young
Published: October 2010

Object

To improve the safety of dura repair in neurosurgical procedures, a new dural material derived from silk fibroin was evaluated in a rat model with a dura mater injury.

Methods

The authors prepared new, transparent, artificial dura mater material using silk fibroin from the silkworm, Bombyx mori. The cytotoxic and antiinflammatory effects of the artificial dura mater were examined in vitro and in vivo by histological examination, western blotting, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses.

Results

The novel artificial dura mater was not cytotoxic. However, it efficiently reduced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression as well as the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor–α. Cerebrospinal fluid leakage did not occur after repair of the brain of craniotomized rats with the artificial dura mater material.

Conclusions

The new artificial dura mater described in this study appears to be safe for application in neurosurgical procedures and can efficiently inhibit inflammation without side effects or CSF leakage. Although the long-term effects of this artificial dura mater material need to be validated in larger animals, the results from this study indicate that it is suitable for application in neurosurgery.
Postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients after craniotomy: incidence and risk factors
Authors: Latz Björn , Mordhorst Christine , Kerz Thomas , Schmidt Annette , Schneider Astrid , Wisser Gregor , Werner Christian , Engelhard Kristin
Published: October 2010

Object

The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence and risk factors of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) after craniotomy because most available data about PONV in neurosurgical patients are retrospective in nature or derive from small prospective studies.

Methods

Postoperative nausea and vomiting was prospectively assessed within 24 hours after surgery in 229 patients requiring supratentorial or infratentorial craniotomy. To rule out the relevance of the neurosurgical procedure itself to the development of PONV, the observed incidence of vomiting was compared with the rate of vomiting predicted with a surgery-independent risk score (Apfel postoperative vomiting score).

Results

The overall incidence of PONV after craniotomy was 47%. Logistic regression identified female sex as a risk factor for postoperative nausea (OR 4.25, 95% CI 2.3–7.8) and vomiting (OR 2.62, 95% CI 1.4–4.9). Both the incidence of nausea (OR 3.76, 95% CI 2.06–6.88) and vomiting (OR 4.48, 95% CI 2.4–8.37) were increased in patients not receiving steroids. Postoperative nausea and vomiting occurred after infratentorial as well as after supratentorial procedures. The observed incidence of vomiting within 24 hours after surgery was higher (49%) than would be predicted with the Apfel surgery-independent risk score (31%; p = 0.0004).

Conclusions

The overall incidence of PONV within 24 hours after craniotomy was approximately 50%. One possible reason is that intracranial surgeries pose an additional and independent risk factor for vomiting, especially in female patients. Patients undergoing craniotomy should be identified as high-risk patients for PONV.
Central core of the cerebrum
Authors: Choi Chan-Young , Han Seong-Rok , Yee Gi-Taek , Lee Chae-Heuck
Published: October 2010

Object

The purpose of this study was to understand 3D relationships of white matter fibers and subcortical areas of gray matter in the central core.

Methods

The lateral and medial aspects of 4 cerebral hemispheres were dissected, applying the fiber dissection technique under the microscope.

Results

The central core between the insula and midline includes the extreme, external, and internal capsules; claustrum; putamen; globus pallidus; caudate nucleus; amygdala; diencephalon; substantia innominata; fornix; anterior commissure; mammillothalamic tract; fasciculus retroflexus; thalamic peduncles, including optic and auditory radiations; ansa peduncularis; thalamic fasciculus; and lenticular fasciculus. It is attached to the remainder of the cerebral hemisphere by the cerebral isthmus, which is composed of white matter fibers located between the dorsolateral margin of the caudate nucleus and the full circumference of the circular sulcus of insula. The rostral fibers of the corpus callosum are included in the frontal portion of the cerebral isthmus.

Conclusions

It is very useful for neurosurgeons to facilitate the understanding of spatial relationships and pertinent surgical approaches in and around the central core with a highly complex anatomy by using fiber dissection.
A meta-analysis of tumor control rates and treatment-related morbidity for patients with glomus jugulare tumors
Authors: Ivan Michael E. , Sughrue Michael E. , Clark Aaron J. , Kane Ari J. , Aranda Derick , Barani Igor J. , Parsa Andrew T.
Published: October 2010

Object

Because of the rarity of glomus jugulare tumors, a variety of treatment paradigms are currently used. There is no consensus regarding the optimal management to control tumor burden while minimizing treatment-related morbidity. In this study, the authors assessed data collected from 869 patients with glomus jugulare tumors from the published literature to identify treatment variables that impacted clinical outcomes and tumor control rates.

Methods

A comprehensive search of the English-language literature identified 109 studies that collectively described outcomes for patients with glomus jugulare tumors. Univariate comparisons of demographic information between treatment cohorts were performed to detect differences in the sex distribution, age, and Fisch class of tumors among various treatment modalities. Meta-analyses were performed on calculated rates of recurrence and cranial neuropathy after subtotal resection (STR), gross-total resection (GTR), STR with adjuvant postoperative radiosurgery (STR+SRS), and stereotactic radiosurgery alone (SRS).

Results

The authors identified 869 patients who met their inclusion criteria. In these studies, the length of follow-up ranged from 6 to 256 months. Patients treated with STR were observed for 72 ± 7.9 months and had a tumor control rate of 69% (95% CI 57%–82%). Those who underwent GTR had a follow-up of 88 ± 5.0 months and a tumor control rate of 86% (95% CI 81%–91%). Those treated with STR+SRS were observed for 96 ± 4.4 months and had a tumor control rate of 71% (95% CI 53%–83%). Patients undergoing SRS alone had a follow-up of 71 ± 4.9 months and a tumor control rate of 95% (95% CI 92%–99%). The authors' analysis found that patients undergoing SRS had the lowest rates of recurrence of these 4 cohorts, and therefore, these patients experienced the most favorable rates of tumor control (p < 0.01). Patients who underwent GTR sustained worse rates of cranial nerve (CN) deficits with regard to CNs IX–XI than those who underwent SRS alone; however, the rates of CN XII deficits were comparable.

Conclusions

The authors' analysis is limited by the quality and accuracy of these studies and may reflect source study biases, as it is impossible to control for the quality of the data reported in the literature. Finally, due to the diverse range of data presentation, the authors found that they were limited in their ability to study and control for certain variables. Some of these limitations should be minimized with their use of meta-analysis methods, which statistically evaluate and adjust for between-study heterogeneity. These results provide the impetus to initiate a prospective study, appropriately controlling for variables that can confound the retrospective analyses that largely comprise the existing literature.
INVESTIGATION INTO THE QUALITY OF THERMALLY TREATED PACKAGE LAMINATION
Authors: Kazlauskas Darius , Sidaravičius Jonas
Published: October 2010

The article deals with the problem of delaminating the package after pasteurization at relatively high temperatures. The main parameters of the lamination process influencing lamination strength were determined. The role of the amount of lamination glue and tension in the rewinder for two glue types were experimentally examined defining lamination regimes at which the process of delamination is excluded.
INVESTIGATION INTO DELAMINATION
Authors: Limanovskis Valdemaras , Iljin Igor , Šešok Nikolaj
Published: October 2010

The paper investigates the process of delaminatinon. The carried out test included seven grades of paper and two types of lamination films (gloss and mat). Delamination was investigated at different ink coverage making from 400% to 90%. It was established that delamination was influenced by the properties of the paper, ink drying time, ink coverage, the type of a lamination film and folding direction. The optimal dependence of the lamination film on printing combination was established.
THE INFLUENCE OF FORMULATING A DAMPING SOLUTION ON DOT GAIN
Authors: Mikalainis Povilas , Sidaravičius Jonas , Turla Vytautas
Published: October 2010

Difference in dot gain using various additives to the damping solution was investigated on two offset web presses. Dot gain was measured using a densitometer and calculated considering CIE L*a*b* coordinates. It was found that while using a non alcohol additive instead of the alcohol one, dot gain became smaller and printing stability was lower. Changes in dot gain depend on the ink that may vary in colours. The influence of changes in dot gain on the colour was determined. Besides, it was found that differences in colour were unacceptable in many cases.
RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF ORTHOPAEDIC INSERTS ON PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN THE FOOT
Authors: Rutulys Ignas , Šešok Andžela
Published: October 2010

The article examines the influence of individual orthopaedic inserts on pressure distribution in the foot. Feet deformations, types of orthopaedic inserts, materials and pressure in the foot testing methods are discussed. Experimental computer measurements of pressure in the foot before and after the use of inserts have been done. During research, the inserts made of different kinds of materials selected according to human weight, pathology, skin sensitivity and many other reasons has been used. It has been determinated that orthopaedic inserts have a more noticeable impact on children whose feet is adjusted easier if compared with those of adults.
RESEARCH OF HUMAN POSTURAL BALANCE PARAMETERS
Authors: Griškevičius Julius , Jarmalienė Edita , Maskeliūnaitė Inga
Published: October 2010

In present article postural balance between subjects with stroke and healthy subjects, is being investigated with eyes opened and eyes closed. In the research participated 30 healthy subjects and 15 subjects with stroke. At the same time two experimental measurements were performed – postural balance was measured using balance platform and oscillations of the centre of mass were observed using two-axial accelerometer. It was noted, that amplitudes of subjects with stroke were larger almost two times than control group’s of healthy subjects. It was find out, that ratios of pressure distribution on both left and right legs are in range from 1 to 0.9 for healthy subjects, and ratios below 0.9 are common for subjects with stroke. When subjects were standing with eyes closed, sway amplitudes were higher and the ratios of load distribution on left and right legs were lower.
ABOUT THE POSSIBILITY OF USING ULTRASOUND IN THERMAL SPRAY TECHNOLOGIES
Authors: Škamat Jelena , Valiulis Algirdas V.
Published: October 2010

The present article introduces a survey on ultrasonic technologies applied to material processing and describes the possibilities of improving the quality of coating made by thermal spraying introducing ultrasound into the covering process. The article contains the results of some other research works and discusses a number of conclusions about the possibilities of applying ultrasound in thermal spray technologies.
RESEARCH ON THE EFFICIENCY OF SIDE EXHAUSTERS
Authors: Tetsman Ina , Striška Vytautas
Published: October 2010

The article focuses on the relevant technology of environmental protection which includes an effective collection, disposal and control of aerosol and gases contaminants removed from the evaporating surfaces of electroplating tanks. The task of the paper is to help with finding the new ways of collecting and disposing aerosol pollution and to reduce the quantity of equipment and service costs. The article also discusses pollution formation and sorts and performance of side draft and slot hoods for vapour capture. Besides, the paper deals with the formation of vapour over the tank and the features of benefit that depend on absorber‘s shape. Exhaust velocity and its dependencies are analyzed.
RESEARCH ON THE EFFICIENCY OF DRINKING WATER AERATION SYSTEMS
Authors: Styra Andrius , Striška Vytautas , Mokšin Vadim
Published: October 2010

A number of modern iron removal systems used in individual houses do not work properly. One of the reasons could be inappropriate work of the aeration system. Therefore, the aim of this research is to analyze three types of jet pumps used in individual houses in Lithuania and compare the amount of sucked oxygen with demand for dissolved oxygen the amount of which is calculated. When summarizing the results of research, it was discovered that the ejector worked unstable when flow was low, and therefore stable operation require additional pressure.
THE IMPACT OF THE WELDED JOINTS MADE OF X8CRNITI18–10 STAINLESS STEEL ON THE RELIABILITY ESTIMATION OF PIPES
Authors: Skindaras Raimondas , Bendikas Jonas , Kumšlytis Vigantas
Published: October 2010

The chrome-nickel stainless steels of austenitic class applied in chemistry and energy industry are often used in the production of exceptional structures employed in an environment aggressive and dangerous for human life. Therefore, it is particularly significant for durability and reliability requirements. The article explores cracks that appeared in a tube made of X8CrNiTi18–10 austenitic steel. The examined pipe has worked for 90 000 hours under high temperature and pressure in an aggressive media. To establish reasons for developed cracks, chemical composition, strength, hardness testing and metallographic structures have been examined. The performed investigations will prevent from potential emergencies and help with a more accurate assessment of the pipes made of particularly this class of steel in order to ensure operational reliability and durability in the future.
SORTING PLASTIC WASTE IN HYDROCYCLONE
Authors: Šutinys Ernestas , Striška Vytautas
Published: October 2010

The article presents material about sorting plastic waste in hydrocyclone. The tests on sorting plastic waste were carried out. Also, the findings received from the performed experiment on the technology of sorting plastic waste are interpreted applying an experimental model of the equipment used for sorting plastics of different density.
THE RESEARCH OF INFLUENCE OF VIBROMECHANICAL TREATMENT ON NI COATINGS PT-19N-01 ADHESION
Authors: Stukas Tomas , Černašėjus Olegas
Published: October 2010

Thermal spray coating is very widely used in various fields. It is technologically simple, compact, inexpensive, universal and mobile mode, which ensures a high process efficiency and good surface quality. In this paper, the examination of the possibilities to improve nickel base coating properties made by thermal spraying with vibromechanical treatment into the coating process. Studies at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 Hz frequencies of introducing vibrations, and three different vibration amplitudes (different signal strength), the steel S235JR specimens was coated by thermal spraying. The nickel base powder PT-19N-01 for thermal spraying was used. The analysis of experimental results shows that, irrespective of signal strength and frequency, adhesion is low. Maximum adhesion value was achieved when the working frequency of vibromechanical treatment was 120 Hz, and the signal strength of 10 V. The lowest adhesion value was achieved when vibromechanical treatment frequency was 30 Hz, and the signal strength of 5 V.
RESEARCH ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WELD SEAMS OF CONSTRUCTIONAL STEEL USING VIBRATION ENERGY METHOD DURING WELDING
Authors: Rumbutis Laurynas , Višniakas Ivanas , Jurčius Aurimas
Published: October 2010

The paper analyzes changes in the mechanical properties of the welded joints of steel S355J2 (LST EN 10025) using vibration energy method during welding done by applying semi automatic equipment under CO2 environment using supplementary wire ESAB OK 12.51. When welding, several levels of vibration energy are applied. For vibration treatment, proprietary equipment “MetaLax 2725” produced by the U.S. Company “Bonal” was employed. To investigate the effects of vibration energy on the weld seam, radiographic control and mechanical experiments on tensile, hardness distribution and impact resistance were performed.
METHODICAL ASPECTS OF CREATIVITY STIMULATION FOR THE PURPOSES OF INNOVATION DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Strazdas Rolandas , Bareika Rimvydas , Toločka Eligijus
Published: October 2010

The paper analyses a pressing problem of creativity stimulation for the purposes of innovation development. Creativity stimulation is analyzed as an element of an organic system and can be accepted as recourse development having a big influence on all elements of organic systems for creativity development that covers recourses, processing, results and consumption. The article analyzes relation between the level of employee’s creativity and an environment provided for creativity development in an enterprise. The classification of the methods stimulating creativity is present based on the analysis of 12 wildly used methods and is oriented toward innovation development. Proposals for how to use the methods of creativity stimulation for the purposes of innovation developments are presented.
RESEARCH ON CUTTING THE PLASMA OF ALUMINIUM ALLOYS
Authors: Jašinskas Mindaugas , Gedzevičius Irmantas , Garbinčius Giedrius , Gargasas Justinas
Published: October 2010

The paper analyses the plasma cutting process of nonferrous metals. The influence of aluminium and modes of brass plates cut on the quality of the cut using air plasma are presented. The modes of plasma cutting counting differences in speed, flow, the tip of the angle and the distance between the shell and the cutting plate are analysed. According to the given results, dependences are proposed. A particular influence of the cut parameter on the quality of the cut is determined.
THE INFLUENCE OF FEED RATE ON SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF TIC–WC CARBIDE AND AL2O3 CERAMICS SAWN-OFF WITH INNER EDGE OF DIAMOND DISC
Authors: Mikolaitis Raimundas , Bukauskas Valdas , Mokšin Vadim , Striška Vytautas
Published: October 2010

The paper presents results of measurements of surface roughness of titanium-tungsten carbide (T14K8) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) ceramics surfaces sawn-off with inner edge of diamond disc. The cutting process was performed by cutting machine “АЛМАЗ-4” with 60/40 grain size disc. The dependence of average roughness Ra of the sawn-off surface on feed speed of the workpiece was established.
RESEARCH ON THE TIME-DEPENDENT ADAPTATION OF ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE CONSIDERING LOAD VALUE
Authors: Mariūnas Mečislovas , Kuzborska Zyta
Published: October 2010

The article analyses the time-dependent adaptation of arterial blood pressure with reference to load value, age and gender. Three male and female groups of different age were investigated applying load from 50 W to 150 W. Veloergometer “Kettler” and computerized “Siemens” and SpaceLabs Medical” data recording systems were used during investigation. Variations in arterial blood pressure having established load within changing time period were recorded. It was discovered that along with changes in load from 50 W to 150 W, arterial blood pressure in male groups of different age increased approximately 1,2 times and adaptation time prolonged 2,9 times. In female groups of different age, arterial blood pressure increased approximately 1,3 times and adaptation time prolonged 2,6 times. It was acknowledged that the longer was adaptation time and the larger was an increase in arterial blood pressure, the more complicated was adaptation to the load.
A CASE STUDY ON IMPROVING THE PROCESS OF DECISION MAKING IN INDUSTRIAL COMPANIES
Authors: Bernatavičius Valdas , Juteikienė Vilmantė
Published: October 2010

The article deals with small and medium-sized industrial enterprises and looks into problems about the process of decision making in order to optimize the cost of enterprises within critical financial times. The article focuses on the theoretical models for decision making and presents the analysis of metal processing company „X“ to disclose multiple factors that have an influence on successful processes of selecting and making decisions. The paper also describes the theoretical decision-making model for optimizing company's costs on the basis of which decision-making processes should be moved to e-environment which may assist in improving the overall decision-making procedures in small enterprises.
TYPICAL LEXICAL AND SYNTACTICAL MISTAKES IN TECHNICAL TREATISES
Authors: Gedzevičienė Dalia
Published: October 2010

The present article suggests the analysis of typical mechanically made lexical and syntactical mistakes appearing in treatises. The article also provides the examples of mistakes found in this book. Causes for language mistakes (mistakes in using the wrong words, cases and prepositions) and correction of errors are given.
Civilisation(s) : pertinence ou résilience d'un terme ou d'un concept en géographie ?
Authors: Bruneau Michel
Published: October 2010

Le terme et le concept de civilisation(s) sont revenus à la mode dans les sciences humaines au cours des deux dernières décennies. Fruit de l’Europe des Lumières, le terme a connu un vif succès en histoire, alors qu’en sociologie et en anthropologie, il a été vite remplacé par le concept très proche de culture. La géographie l’a adopté plus tardivement par le biais des études rurales à travers les « civilisations agraires » et lui a longtemps préféré le concept plus spéciﬁque de « genre de vie », lui-même tombé en désuétude à partir des années 1960. Pierre Gourou a fait des civilisations le concept central de sa géographie humaine, concept qu’il a afﬁné tout au long de son œuvre. De même, le géohistorien Fernand Braudel a mené une réﬂexion approfondie sur la dimension spatiale des civilisations, tout en ressentant le besoin de leur adjoindre des concepts connexes. L’ambiguïté, la polysémie, le caractère ﬂou du concept de civilisation ont fait sa fortune en même temps que sa faiblesse théorique. La plupart des géographes l’ont aujourd’hui abandonné, tout en continuant à utiliser ponctuellement le terme et en le conservant dans leurs dictionnaires, mais en lui préférant les termes de culture ou de société. Toutefois, il a été récemment réintroduit en géopolitique par S. Huntington (1996) pour rendre compte des conﬂits ethniques ou « civilisationnels » de la ﬁn du XX e siècle. Cette approche très controversée, qui tend à essentialiser des entités culturelles juxtaposées sur une carte, ne rend pas sufﬁsamment compte des interférences et inﬂuences réciproques entre ces réalités mouvantes au sein desquelles les États-nations continuent à jouer un rôle essentiel.
« Déclin urbain » et Shrinking Cities : une évaluation critique des approches de la décroissance urbaine
Authors: Fol Sylvie , Cunningham-Sabot Emmanuèle C.
Published: October 2010

Le déclin des villes n’est pas un phénomène récent. De nombreux travaux ont analysé les causes et les manifestations de ce processus, inséparable de l’histoire des villes. Si, jusqu’aux années soixante-dix, le déclin urbain était l’apanage quasi exclusif des pays développés, depuis les années quatre-vingt-dix, le nombre de villes en déclin atteint à l’échelle mondiale plus du quart des villes de plus de 100000 habitants, témoignant d’un modèle internationalisé de Shrinking Cities . Alors que les processus de déclin urbain ont pris à la fois une ampleur croissante et de nouvelles formes, inscrivant ce phénomène dans une dynamique de plus en plus globale, leur étude peut être l’occasion d’un changement de paradigme par rapport aux analyses traditionnelles de la croissance et du changement urbain. Tandis que le contexte contemporain de mondialisation s’accompagne d’une accentuation et d’un renouvellement des formes de désindustrialisation et de suburbanisation, comme d’un profond changement démographique dans les pays développés, la croissance urbaine n’a plus rien d’acquis tandis que le déclin urbain, loin d’être une exception ou une aberration, peut être analysé comme un phénomène potentiellement global.
El derecho a la vida conyugal en la sociedad contemporánea
Authors: Peña Lorenzo
Published: October 2010

El derecho a vivir en pareja no es la mera facultad de contraer matrimonio, sino un derecho a vivir en una unión dual de individuos adultos para la felicidad mutua, compartiendo las cargas y disfrutando juntos de los goces de la vida. Tiene una doble cara de derecho de libertad y de bienestar, aunque es principalmente lo primero. Para respetarlo plenamente, la ley tiene que brindar un marco adecuado, que permita y ampare la comunidad matrimonial, regulando correctamente en ella los derechos y deberes concomitantes (sin los cuales se vaciaría el derecho genérico del art. 16.1 de la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos). La legislación española está lejos de respetar ese canon. Para solucionar ese problema, propongo una reforma que ofrezca una escala de pactos de vínculo conyugal, con diferentes grados de compromiso recíproco. Lamentablemente es seguro que el legislador no seguirá este consejo.
Relationship between adolescents’ family function with socio-demographic characteristics and behaviour risk factors in a primary care facility
Authors: Muyibi Abu S. , Ajayi Ike-Oluwapo O. , Irabor Achiaka E. , Ladipo Modupe M.A
Published: October 2010

Background: The family as a unit of care has great effect in tackling adolescent problems and this could be influenced by family functioning.Objective: This study assesses the relationship between adolescents’ family functioning with socio-demographic characteristics and behavioural risk factors.Method: The research was a cross-sectional, hospital-based study carried out at the General Outpatients Department, University College Hospital (GOPD,UCH), Ibadan, over a period of three months. Four hundred subjects were recruited using a modified Guideline for Adolescent Preventive Services (GAPS) questionnaire, with an incorporated family APGAR (Adaptation,Partnership, Growth, Affection, Resolve) score table. The results were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 11 and the findings on the family assessment and behavioural risk factors were relayed to the respondents.Results: The ages of the adolescents ranged from 10 to 19 years. Of the subjects, 8% were sexually active. Mean age for first coitus among the respondents was 15 ± 2.4 years. The rate of ingestion of alcohol and cigarette smoking was very low. The family APGAR scores obtained revealed that 84.5% subjects were rated as having a functional family (7–10 points) and 15.5% of the subjects were rated as having a dysfunctional family (0–6 points). There was a significant association between perceived family function and subjects’ occupation (p = 0.01), parent social class (p = 0.00) and subjects’ sexual activities (p = 0.00).Conclusion: The majority of the adolescents were rated as having functional families. Dysfunctional families had significantly sexually active respondents.
An Approach to Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli in Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Ranjan K Prabhat , Ranjan Neelima , Chakraborty Arindam , Arora D R
Published: October 2010

Purpose: To study the occurrence and characterization of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) in cases with urinary tract infections.

Materials and Methods: A total of 220 symptomatic cases from urinary tract infections and 50 stool samples from apparently healthy individuals were included. The colonies identified as Escherichia coli were screened for virulence factors, that is, hemolysin, Mannose Resistant and Mannose Sensitive Hemagglutination (MRHA, MSHA), Cell surface hydrophobicity, and Serum resistance.

Results: Among the 220 cases 91 (41.36%) were hemolytic, 68 (30.90%) showed MRHA, 58 (26.36%) were cell surface hydrophobicity positive, and 72 (32.72%) were serum-resistant. In 50 controls, three (6%) were hemolytic, six (12%) showed MRHA, nine (18%) showed cell surface hydrophobicity, and 12 (24%) were serum-resistant. The difference between cases and controls for hemolysis and MRHA were significant (P<0.001 and P<0.01, respectively). A total of 14 atypical E. coli were isolated from the urine and all showed the presence of one or the other virulence markers. Out of the 18 mucoid E.coli isolated, 10 were serum-resistant.

Conclusions: The present study revealed that out of 220 urinary isolates, 151 could be labeled as UPEC.
Serological Investigations of Flavivirus Prevalence in Khammouane Province, Lao People's Democratic Republic, 2007–2008
Authors: Hiscox Alexandra , Winter Christian H. , Vongphrachanh Phengta , Sisouk Thongchanh , Somoulay Virasack , Phompida Samlane , Kaul Surinder , Sananikhom Pany , Yen Nguyen Thi , Paul Richard E. , Brey Paul , Bryant Juliet E.
Published: October 2010

A large-scale cross-sectional seroprevalence study of dengue (DEN) and Japanese encephalitis (JE) was conducted in Khammouane province, Lao PDR, as part of the initial baseline health impact assessment of the Nam Theun 2 hydroelectric dam construction project. Health surveys were performed between May 2007 and February 2008 with serum samples collected from healthy individuals involved in the resettlement program of 16 villages (total surveyed population 4,369). Hemagglutination inhibition assay using flavivirus antigens (DENV1, DENV3, and JEV) performed on 1,708 plasma specimens revealed 30.4% (519) cross-reactive positives, and 10% (172) and 1.3% (22) positives to JEV or DENV, respectively. Entomological surveys conducted during the rainy season of 2008 indicated the presence of competent flavivirus vectors (Culex vishnui group and Aedes albopictus), although Aedes aegypti was not found. Continued surveillance and investigation is warranted to assess the clinical disease burden of flaviviruses in this area that is undergoing rapid ecological and demographic change.
Demographic and Clinical Factors Associated with Persistent Symptoms after West Nile Virus Infection
Authors: Cook Robert L. , Xu Xiaohui , Yablonsky Eric J. , Sakata Nikole , Tripp Jennifer H. , Hess Rachel , Piazza Paolo , Rinaldo Charles R.
Published: October 2010

Prognosis varies among persons with West Nile virus (WNV) infection, but the most important factors associated with persistent symptoms are not clear. In this cross-sectional study, 265 persons with symptomatic WNV infection during 2006–2008 completed a survey a mean of 7.7 months after diagnosis. We determined the association of demographic and clinical characteristics to the most common symptoms. Of 214 persons infected ≥ 6 months, 53% reported one or more persistent symptoms, including fatigue, muscle aches, decreased activity, difficulty with memory, and difficulty concentrating. Persons with neuroinvasive disease, hypertension, or diabetes were significantly more likely to report persistent symptoms, whereas age, sex, and time since infection were not associated with persistent symptoms. In conclusion, persistent symptoms persisted in most persons for more than six months after symptomatic WNV infection. Improved strategies for prevention and treatment are needed.
Is Structured Observation a Valid Technique to Measure Handwashing Behavior? Use of Acceleration Sensors Embedded in Soap to Assess Reactivity to Structured Observation
Authors: Ram Pavani K. , Halder Amal K. , Granger Stewart P. , Jones Therese , Hall Peter , Hitchcock David , Wright Richard , Nygren Benjamin , Islam M. Sirajul , Molyneaux John W. , Luby Stephen P.
Published: October 2010

Structured observation is often used to evaluate handwashing behavior. We assessed reactivity to structured observation in rural Bangladesh by distributing soap containing acceleration sensors and performing structured observation 4 days later. Sensors recorded the number of times soap was moved. In 45 participating households, the median number of sensor soap movements during the 5-hour time block on pre-observation days was 3.7 (range 0.3–10.6). During the structured observation, the median number of sensor soap movements was 5.0 (range 0–18.0), a 35% increase, P = 0.0004. Compared with the same 5-hour time block on pre-observation days, the number of sensor soap movements increased during structured observation by ≥ 20% in 62% of households, and by ≥ 100% in 22% of households. The increase in sensor soap movements during structured observation, compared with pre-observation days, indicates substantial reactivity to the presence of the observer. These findings call into question the validity of structured observation for measurement of handwashing behavior.
Scorpion Envenomation Among Children: Clinical Manifestations and Outcome (Analysis of 685 Cases)
Authors: Bahloul Mabrouk , Chabchoub Imen , Chaari Anis , Chtara Kamilia , Kallel Hatem , Dammak Hassen , Ksibi Hichem , Chelly Hedi , Rekik Noureddine , Hamida Chokri Ben , Bouaziz Mounir
Published: October 2010

Our objective was to characterize both epidemiologically and clinically manifestations after severe scorpion envenomation and to define simple factors indicative of poor prognosis in children. We performed a retrospective study over 13 years (1990–2002) in the medical intensive care unit (ICU) of a university hospital (Sfax-Tunisia). The diagnosis of scorpion envenomation was based on a history of scorpion sting. The medical records of 685 children aged less than 16 years who were admitted for a scorpion sting were analyzed. There were 558 patients (81.5%) in the grade III group (with cardiogenic shock and/or pulmonary edema or severe neurological manifestation [coma and/or convulsion]) and 127 patients (18.5%) in the grade II group (with systemic manifestations). In this study, 434 patients (63.4%) had a pulmonary edema, and 80 patients had a cardiogenic shock; neurological manifestations were observed in 580 patients (84.7%), 555 patients (81%) developed systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and 552 patients (80.6%) developed multi-organ failure. By the end of the stay in the ICU, evolution was marked by the death in 61 patients (8.9%). A multivariate analysis found the following factors to be correlated with a poor outcome: coma with Glasgow coma score ≤ 8/15 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.3), pulmonary edema (OR = 2.3), and cardiogenic shock (OR = 1.7). In addition, a significant association was found between the development of SIRS and heart failure. Moreover, a temperature > 39°C was associated with the presence of pulmonary edema, with a sensitivity at 20.6%, a specificity at 94.4%, and a positive predictive value at 91.7%. Finally, blood sugar levels above 15 mmol/L were significantly associated with a heart failure. In children admitted for severe scorpion envenomation, coma with Glasgow coma score ≤ 8/15, pulmonary edema, and cardiogenic shock were associated with a poor outcome. The presence of SIRS, a temperature > 39°C, and blood sugar levels above 15 mmol/L were associated with heart failure.
Heritability of Plasmodium Parasite Density in a Rural Ugandan Community
Authors: Pullan Rachel L. , Bukirwa Hasifa , Snow Robert W. , Brooker Simon
Published: October 2010

Many factors influence variation in Plasmodium infection levels, including parasite/host genetics, immunity, and exposure. Here, we examine the roles of host genetics and exposure in determining parasite density, and test whether effects differ with age. Data for 1,711 residents of an eastern Ugandan community were used in pedigree-based variance component analysis. Heritability of parasite density was 13% (P < 0.001) but was not significant after controlling for shared household. Allowing variance components to vary between children (< 16 years) and adults (≥ 16 years) revealed striking age differences; 26% of variation could be explained by additively acting genes in children (P < 0.001), but there was no genetic involvement in adults. Domestic environment did not explain variation in children and explained 5% in adults (P = 0.09). Genetic effects are an important determinant of parasite density in children in this population, consistent with previous quantitative genetic studies of Plasmodium parasitaemia, although differences in environmental exposure play a lesser role.
Outcomes of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis among Binational Cases in El Paso, Texas
Authors: Ferrer Gustavo , Acuna-Villaorduna Carlos , Escobedo Miguel , Vlasich Esteban , Rivera Manuel
Published: October 2010

In the United States, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is more commonly seen among foreign-born patients. We report outcomes for 46 patients with MDR-TB who were born in Mexico and treated along the United States–Mexico border. According to our definition, 30 were cured, 3 showed treatment failure, 3 died, and 10 abandoned treatment. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis can be successfully treated on an ambulatory basis.
Lipsosomal Amphotericin B for Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Authors: Wortmann Glenn , Zapor Michael , Ressner Roseanne , Fraser Susan , Hartzell Josh , Pierson Joseph , Weintrob Amy , Magill Alan
Published: October 2010

Treatment options for cutaneous leishmaniasis in the United States are problematic because the available products are either investigational, toxic, and/or of questionable effectiveness. A retrospective review of patients receiving liposomal amphotericin B through the Walter Reed Army Medical Center for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis during 2007–2009 was conducted. Twenty patients who acquired disease in five countries and with five different strains of Leishmania were treated, of whom 19 received a full course of treatment. Sixteen (84%) of 19 experienced a cure with the initial treatment regimen. Three patients did not fully heal after an initial treatment course, but were cured with additional dosing. Acute infusion-related reactions occurred in 25% and mild renal toxicity occurred in 45% of patients. Although the optimum dosing regimen is undefined and the cost and toxicity may limit widespread use, liposomal amphotericin B is a viable treatment alternative for cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Two Cases of Restavek-Related Illness: Clinical Implications of Foster Neglect in Haiti
Authors: Leeds Ira L. , Engel Patricia M. , Derby Kiersten S. , Kapadia Sameer M. , Chery Marie P. , Bhatt Ajay
Published: October 2010

Restaveks, or indentured foster children, are a poorly understood, vulnerable subclass of Haitian society. From 2001 to the present, a partnership between multiple US academic medical centers and Project Medishare for Haiti has held an ongoing series of mobile clinics in rural Haiti. Multiple cases of restavek-related illness were identified. At a recent pair of mobile clinics, the authors identified two restavek cases that were significantly worse off than their communal peer groups and required immediate care. Given the lack of a robust legal support to protect orphaned children in Haiti, clinicians have an important role in advocating for restaveks at the bedside. The plight of Haiti's restaveks is widely reported in the human rights literature but is not publicly recognized as an issue for community health and wellbeing among physicians. To address these health disparities, the health consequences of an entire class of neglected children must be further explored.
Longitudinal Studies of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Pregnant Women Living in a Rural Cameroonian Village with High Perennial Transmission
Authors: Leke Rose F. G. , Bioga Jude D. , Zhou James , Fouda Genevieve G. , Leke Robert J. I. , Tchinda Viviane , Megnekou Rosette , Fogako Josephine , Sama Grace , Gwanmesia Philomina , Bomback Germaine , Nama Charles , Diouf Ababacar , Bobbili Naveen , Taylor Diane Wallace
Published: October 2010

A prospective longitudinal study of Plasmodium falciparum in pregnant women was conducted in the rural village of Ngali II, where malaria is hyperendemic and individuals receive ~0.7 infectious mosquito bites/person/day throughout the year. Pregnant women (N = 60; 19 primigravidae, 41 multigravidae) were enrolled early in pregnancy (median 14 wk) and were followed monthly, with 38 women followed through term (5.7 ± 1.1 prenatal visits and delivery). The total number of times primigravidae were slide-positive during pregnancy was higher than multigravidae (3.3 ± 1.1 versus 1.3 ± 1.3 times; P < 0.001), but no difference in the number of polymerase chain reaction-positive cases (4.6 ± 1.7 and 3.4 ± 1.7 times, P = 0.106) or total genotypes they harbored (8.9 ± 3.2 and 7.0 ± 2.9) was found. Only 7.9% women developed symptomatic infections. All primigravidae and 38% multigravidae were placental malaria-positive at delivery (P = 0.009). Genotyping showed that 77% of placental parasites were acquired ≥ 30 wks in pregnancy. These results help identify the extent of malaria-associated changes women experience during pregnancy.
A Genotypic Approach for Detection, Identification, and Characterization of Drug Resistance in Mycobacterium ulcerans in Clinical Samples and Isolates from Ghana
Authors: Beissner Marcus , Awua-Boateng Nana-Yaa , Thompson William , Nienhuis Willemien A. , Klutse Erasmus , Agbenorku Pius , Nitschke Joerg , Herbinger Karl-Heinz , Siegmund Vera , Fleischmann Erna , Adjei Ohene , Fleischer Bernhard , van der Werf Tjip S. , Loscher Thomas , Bretzel Gisela
Published: October 2010

Standardized antimycobacterial therapy is considered the treatment of choice for Buruli ulcer disease. To assess the prevalence of drug resistance among clinical Mycobacterium ulcerans isolates in Ghana, we conducted a sequence-based approach to detect mutations associated with drug resistance. We subjected clinical samples to direct DNA sequencing of rpoB and rpsL genes and compared culture and whole-genome extracts regarding the efficiency of sequence analysis; 99.1% (rpoB) and 100% (rpsL) of the patients harbored M. ulcerans wild type. In one isolate (0.9%), a point mutation of the rpoB gene at codon Ser522 leading to an amino acid change was detected. Culture extracts yielded a significantly higher sequencing efficiency than whole-genome extracts. Our data suggest a low level of drug resistance in Ghana. However, mutations associated with drug resistance do occur and require monitoring. Improved techniques are necessary to enhance the efficiency of sequence analysis of whole-genome extracts.