bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Barbarian Tributes and Great Processions
Authors: Huber Toni
Published: November 2023

Once every twelve years, at the beginning of each monkey year in the Tibetan calendar, large crowds of pilgrims assembled and camped at the base of Pure Crystal Mountain. They gathered there in preparation for the long pilgrimage procession known as the Tsari Rongkor Chenmo, or “great ravine circuit of Tsari.” When performed in full, this clockwise journey circumscribed the outer perimeter of the great, sublime landscape mal).calla that radiated outward around Pure Crystal Mountain (see figure 8.1). The prominent reputation this event enjoyed throughout Tibet was based on the fact that it involved intense physical hardships, even at times actual mortal danger, due to the prevailing conditions along the route. The procession ’s great attraction came from beliefs that the place itself and the journey were powerful enough to effect strong personal transformations in the participants. It was believed to be a particularly efficacious means of cleansing the great defilement resulting from the killing of animals, acts of homicide, and even parricide. For some, the deaths they had caused could be dealt with here ritually by facing the prospect of death itself, while for most the possibility of death during the procession held the promise of rebirth in a Buddhist paradise. Yet, ironically, as I shall show, participation in the great ravine circuit could also entail the necessity of taking human life.
The Chief Tar’iqa Lines
Authors: Trimingham J Spencer
Published: November 2023

Having outlined the general stages in the development of the Sufi organization leading to the formation of schools of teaching and training we may now say something about the personalities from whom the great tariqas derive and their subsequent development. We have shown that they came into existence through an outstanding director being succeeded by men who combined practical abilities along with spiritual qualities and insight, who made collections of his sayings and episodes from his life, and taught their own pupils in his name. The difficulty of utilizing the lives of the saints as historical sources is well recognized. Hagiographa is simply biography designed, and consequently distorted, to serve the cult of the saints. It forms an essential aspect of any study of the orders since these qualities, deeds, and manifestations are real to the believer, but they obscure the historical personality. At the same time, the historian is concerned with the effects, if not the reality, of such beliefs, since they account for the existence of the cult and help to elucidate its objective expression in an organization.
Role of the Orders in the Life of Islamic Society
Authors: Trimingham J Spencer
Published: November 2023

So important were the orders in traditional society that an attempt should be made to bring out aspects of their social and religious significance during stage three, until the present-century process of secularization brought about their rapid decline. This brief excursion into the field of religious sociology is confined in the main to Arabic-speaking peoples, since these are the only peoples of whom the writer has had the personal experience that is necessary if one is to gauge the significance of religious institutions upon society in the past, since it is expressed in the outlook and attitudes of the shaikhs and adherents of the orders as they survive today.
The Orders in the Conternporary Islamic World
Authors: Trimingham J Spencer
Published: November 2023

These movements, emanating from the more backward parts of the Arab world, had in fact less influence upon Arabs than upon Africans. Each offered a different response by traditional Islam to the challenges of the age, and they undoubtedly met many men’s needs. Yet established Islamic institutions., in the persons of the ‘ulamii’, attacked all three, whilst the new men who made their appearance towards the end of the century attacked the f,ariqas in particular.
Women of Principle
Authors: Bennion Janet
Published: November 2023

This book offers an in-depth study of the female experience in one Mormon polygynous community, the Apostolic United Brethren. Women in such rigid, patriarchal religious groups are commonly portrayed as the oppressed, powerless victims of male domination. Janet Bennion show, however, that the reality is far more complex. Many women converts are attracted to this group, and they are much more likely than male converts to remain there. Often these women are seeking improved socio-economic status for themselves and their children, as well as an escape from their marginalized status in the mainstream Mormon church. In the polygynous group women experience rapid assimilation, autonomy, and upward mobility. Bennion supports her study with narratives from the lives of women now living in the group--narratives that clearly reveal why many mainstream Mormon women are viewing polygyny as a viable alternative to the difficulties to single-motherhood, "spinsterhood," poverty, and emotional deprivation.
About Sickness, Barrenness, Aging, and Death
Authors: Bennion Janet
Published: November 2023

Women generally work together to find solidarity and love in the com munity. This solidarity is achieved in spite of community norms that shun barrenness and sickness and a structure that criticizes those who cannot pull their own weight. This chapter provides narratives of four women who were able to overcome their dysfunctional status through female friendship and creative stewardships. More broadly, these stories illustrate how women, when going through the natural processes of life, often find that the best source of comfort during these difficult times is their friendships with other women in the community. These stories are highly representative of women’s experiences in Harker. At one point or another, all women experience sickness, aging, and death.
Bowing To The Taxman
Authors: Fitzgerald Timothy
Published: November 2023

The story is frequently told in history of religion books how Buddhism originated in North India and then spread in many directions across Asia, taking root in different societies and developing its various cultural forms. One of the countries into which it was transplanted, the story goes, was Japan, where it still thrives as Japanese Buddhism.
Religious Studies, Cultural Studies, And Cultural Anthropology
Authors: Fitzgerald Timothy
Published: November 2023

In the humanities we inevitably operate with a number of very general categories, as well as more specific ones, and one common reaction to critiques of ‘religion’ by those who find it a useful, if imprecise, concept is that other related categories such as society and culture are equally imprecise yet we could hardly proceed without them. Some scholars within religious studies who wish to defend the status quo hold that ‘religion’ holds a logical weight equivalent to ‘society’ but demarcates a different (albeit related) object of study and analysis. It therefore seems to follow for such defenders of ‘religion’ on this line of reasoning that problems with the category of religion are similar to problems with the category of society, and that worrying about so-called definitional problems in religion is a complete waste of time. This book has been partly an attempt to expose the mistake in this way of thinking.
Lodowick Muggleton, The Acts of the Witnesses
Authors: Underwood T L
Published: November 2023

To all True Christian People that do or shall hereafter come to believe in this Third and Last Spiritual Commission, is this ensuing Treatise directed, with love and peace to you be multiplied: It being a Legacy left you by the Lords last True Prophet, for your further establishment in Truth: As also it is left for a Convincement of the Seed of Reason, when he is in the dust; that by these Acts they may see how he hath been slandered, reproached, and belied, persecuted and imprisoned without a Cause. For how many Lying Reports hath been not only flung upon them, but also upon the True Believers of them; saying. That we own neither God nor Devil, Heaven or Hell; and all because they see us use no outward glittering shew in fruitless Forms of Worship; whilst we worship an invisible Spiritual, yet personal God, in Spirit and Truth, which the World knows nothing of.
John Reeve And Lodowick Muggleton, A Transcendent Spiritual Treatise
Authors: Underwood T L
Published: November 2023

An Epistle from the holy Spirit of the Lord Jesus Christ the eternal Father, written by the Lords two last witnesses and prophets, that ever shall declare the mind of God the man Jesus, that was crucified without the gates of Jerusalem: the Lord Jesus by us his poor despised messengers hath sent this Writing unto the Christian world so called. Wherefore we declare by virtue of our Commission, given unto us by voice of words from the holy Spirit of the Lord Jesus from the throne of his glory, to make known his prerogative will and pleasure both to the elect world, and reprobate world, a little before his glorious coming to separate between the two worlds, that whosoever despiseth this Writing, whether he be a King, or a Begger, by calling it blasphemy, or heresie, or delusion, or a lye, or speaking evil of it in any kind whatsoever; in so doing they have committed that unpardonable sin against the holy Ghost, or spirit that sent us, Wherefore in obedience to our Commission from the Lord Jesus Christ, whom they have despised, and not us, we pronounce them cursed both soule and body from the presence of the Lord Jesus, elect men, and Angels, to all eternity.
Songs and Miscellaneous
Authors: Underwood T L
Published: November 2023

On the 17th of January 1676 [7] being the day the prophett Muggleton was tryed at the Old Baily for Blasphemy fined £500: Imprisoned till pay’d and to stand 3 days on the Pillory.

[The following explanation appears at the end of the song: These Verses were made By John Ladd, and Sung Before the Prophet Muggleton, on the Nineteenth of July 1681 being kept as a Day of Jubele for his happy Deliverance out of Prison, &c.]
“Yankee Faith” and Southern Redemption White Southern Baptist Ministers, 1850-1890
Authors: Harvey Paul
Published: November 2023

The southern ministry before the Civil War largely reaffirmed the view that “pure religion” involved defining and enforcing the proper behavior of individuals in their God-given social duties, not questioning the roles themselves. Ministers called people to their duties, exhorted the unconverted to repent, and condemned slave owners who failed to evangelize their property. They also offered elaborate justifications of the rights of white Americans to own as property people of African descent.
Stonewall Jackson and the Providence of God
Authors: Stowell Daniel W
Published: November 2023

When General Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson died on May ro, 1863, all white southerners were stunned. Religious southerners were especially disturbed, however, because Jackson embodied the Christian attributes they considered vital to the success of the Confederacy. A Presbyterian deacon and Sunday school superintendent, Jackson had encouraged revivals among his troops and had often inquired about the spiritual state of his men. He prayed fervently before and during battles and ascribed all successes to God ‘s providential assistance. For a people committed to the belief that an omnipotent God controlled the destiny of men and of nations, Jackson ‘s death was a spiritual crisis.
Christian Soldiers? Perfecting the Confederacy
Authors: Mitchell Reid
Published: November 2023

The figure of the Confederate soldier as Christian soldier has had a powerful hold on our imagination. It remains a crucial part of the myth of the superiority of the Confederate soldier, itself one of the most enduring components of Lost Cause mythology. While historians of the Civil War might disagree with the relationship between Confederate Christianity and Confederate irresistibility, some arguing that the impact of religion on military service has been exaggerated, the Confederate Christian soldier himself endures as an article of faith.
The Case of the Terrifying Toddlers
Authors: Zimring Franklin E
Published: November 2023

Aremarkable part of the current dialogue about youth violence in the United States has been its future orientation. We saw in chapter 1 how the concerns and rhetoric in the mid- 1990s, paralleled earlier alarms in the mid-1970s, with one significant exception. Missing from earlier eras was a focus not on current conditions but on future developments. A large number of analyses began in 1995 to project increases in the volume and severity of youth violence in the first decade of the next century. Statistical analyses of crime trends are projected to the year 2005 or 2010. Demographic data about adolescent populations have been combined with assumptions about the crime rates of future cohorts of teen of fenders. For this reason, projections about the number of teenagers expected in coming years and their social characteristics are important elements in debates about policy.
Mary and Jesus
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

And in the sixth month the angel Gabriel was sent from God unto a city of Galilee, named Nazareth, to a virgin espoused to a man whose name was Joseph, of the house of David; and the virgin’s name was Mary. And the angel came in unto her, and said, Hail, thou that art highly favored, the Lord is with thee: blessed art thou among women. And when she saw him, 5 she was troubled at his saying, and cast in her mind what manner of salutation this should be.
The World Child
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

Where there are heroes there are stories of the miraculous birth. King Sargon of Babylonia was born of a virgin, hidden in a basket, released into a river, and adopted by a menial. Heracles’ mother-to-be was tricked by Zeus into a thirty-six-hour love bout appropriate to the conception of such a hero. John the Baptist was miraculously conceived by a barren mother. The Persian mangod Mithras was born on December 25 from a rock and was attended in some versions by lowly shepherds.
Cuchulainn
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

Before his fifth year, when already possessed of man’s strength, he heard of the “boy corps” of his uncle Conchobar and went to test them, taking his club, ball, spear, and javelin, playing with these as he went. At Emain he joined the boys at play without permission; but this was an insult, and they set upon him, throwing at him clubs, spears, and balls, all of which he fended off, besides knocking down fifty of the boys, while his “contortion” seized him-the first reference to this curious phenomenon.
Draupadi
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

The Pandava brothers had lost everything on a few rolls of the dice, and their hostile cousins, the Kauravas, were triumphant. Gone was the Pandava wealth, their gems, their homes, their lands-everything. But Yudhishthira, the leader of the Pandava brothers, could not let the game stop. To the amazement of the other nobles assembled to watch, he put first tering with the strength of her heart, and demanded the freedom of Yudhishthira and his brothers-her husbands.
Moses
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

When Moses drew near to Mount Horeb, he was aware at once that it was a holy place, for he noticed that passing birds did not alight upon it. At his approach the mountain began to move, as though to go forward and meet him, and it settled back into quietude only when his foot rested upon it. The first thing Moses noticed was the wonderful burning bush, the upper part of which was a blazing flame, neither consuming the bush, nor pre venting it from bearing blossoms as it burnt, for the celestial fire has three peculiar qualities: it produces blossoms, it does not consume the object around which it plays, and it is black of color.
Dionysos (Dionysus)
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

After the child had been nursed (or before, in some accounts), Zeus transformed him into a kid in order to hide him from the jealous Hera. Hermes then carried him to the nymphs of Nysa, a mountain that different writers have located in Thrace, Asia, and Africa. Some accounts identify these nymphs as the Hyades, formerly called the Dodonidae, and add that Dionysus later placed them in the stars out of gratitude. Whoever they were, the Nysaean nymphs reared the goat-child in a cave on the mountain.
Origins and Initiation
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

To deny the past which lives in us is to deny the source of psychic reality. The role of the child-hero is to lead us to that source. Without roots neither the hero nor the individual nor the race can be whole. The child-hero is more than human; he is a symbol of what Jung called “the pre-conscious childhood aspect of the collective psyche.”
Wunzh
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

In times past, a poor Indian was living with his wife and children in a beautiful part of the country. He was not only poor, but inexpert in procuring food for his family, and his children were all too young to give him assistance. Although poor, he was a man of a kind and contented disposition. He was always thankful to the Great Spirit for everything he received. The same disposition was inherited by his eldest son, who had now arrived at the proper age to undertake the ceremony of the Keiguishimowin, or fast, to see what kind of a spirit would be his guide and guardian through life.
The Pleiades
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

In various parts of the world and among different races there are traditions that the lustre of the Pleiades is associated with acts in which women were concerned. There is an Australian legend on the subject. According to this story, it was the girls who had reached the age of adolescence who perceived the necessity for bringing the body under subjection to the mind in order to restrain physical appetite and control the effects of pain and fear. They saw that without such control there could be no real racial advancement.
The Seven Sleepers
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

The Seven Sleepers were natives of the city of Ephesus. The Emperor Decius, the persecutor of the Christians, came to Ephesus, and built temples in the centre of the city, that all might take part with him in the worship of the idols. And when he ordered all the Christians to be sought out, that all the bishops who had professed the resurrection of the dead should receive indulgence.
Sita
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

Then Sita, circumambulating Rama, standing with downcast eyes, approached the fire; with folded hands she stood and prayed: “Inasmuch as my heart has never turned from Rama, do thou,0 Fire, all men’s witness, guard me; since Rama casts me away as stained, who in sooth am stainless, do thou be my refuge.”
Gawain And Percival
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

“Sir Gawain, this marvel which is of God may not be known unto all, but shall be held secret, yet since ye have asked thereof, sweet kinsman and dear guest, I may not withhold the truth. ‘Tis the Grail which ye now behold. Herein have ye won the world’s praise, for manhood and courage alike have ye right well shown, in that ye have achieved this toilsome quest.
Jesus
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

In that hour Jesus rejoiced in spirit, and said, I thank thee,0 Father, Lord of heaven and earth, that thou hast hid these things from the wise and prudent, and hast revealed them unto babes: even so, Father; for so it seemed good in thy sight. All things are delivered to me of my Father; and no man knoweth who the Son is, but the Father; and who the Father is, but the Son, and he to whom the Son will reveal him.
Wanjiru
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

The sun was very hot and there was no rain, so the crops died and hunger was great. This happened one year; and it happened again a second, and even a third year, that the rain failed. The people all gathered together on the great open space on the hilltop, where they were wont to dance, and they said to each other, “Why does the rain delay in coming?” And they went to the Medicine-Man and they said to him, “Tell us why there is no rain, for our crops have died, and we shall die of hunger.”
Kutoyis
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

Then the little girl, who was watching, came up to him, and said, “Pity me, man-eater, my mother is hungry and asks you for those bones.” So the old man bunched them up together and handed them to her. She took them out, and called all the dogs to her, and threw the bones down to the dogs, crying out, “Look out, Kutoyis; the dogs are eating you!” and when she said that, Kutoyis arose from the pile of bones.
Introduction
Authors: Fletcher George P
Published: November 2023

Criminal law has become codified law. Everyplace you go in the Western world, you will find a criminal code that lays out the definitions of offenses in the code’s “special part” and prescribes general principles of responsibility in the code’s “general part.” Germans are proud of their code enacted in 1975. Americans cherish their Model Penal Code, which has provided the model for the recent reform of criminal codes in at least thirty-five states. The French show off a new 1994 code, as do the Spanish in their 1995 innovation. One of the first items of business in the post-Communist countries of Eastern Europe is to adopt new criminal codes to reflect their new emphasis on human rights and the just treatment of criminal suspects.

One consequence of codification is that every country goes its own way. Every country has adopted its own conception of punishable behavior, its own definitions of offenses, its own principles for determining questions of self-defense, necessity, insanity, negligence, and complicity. Criminal law has become state law, parochial law. If there was ever much unity among the countries that succeeded to the domain of Roman law, there is none now. If there was ever a common vocabulary and set of principles used by common law jurists, that commonality has long since disintegrated. In the United States today, it is almost impossible to find two states that have the same law of homicide. Every state that has followed the Model Penal Code has amended and adapted the model code to meet its own local preferences.
The Crime versus the Offender
Authors: Fletcher George P
Published: November 2023

When defense lawyer Clarence Darrow was defending two young men accused of a brutal and senseless murder, he appealed to the jury to direct their condemnation to the crime instead of the accused criminals. They should hate the evil done, he said, but not those who did it. Judging crime, he argued, did not preclude compassion for those charged as offenders. With his plea for understanding, he managed to rescue the two defendants, Nathan Loeb and Richard Leopold, from a threatened death sentence.
Introduction Greetings From Another World: Romantic Rediscoveries
Authors: Silver Carole G
Published: November 2023

In A Letter, Quoted By Jonathan Cott In Beyond the Lookina Glass, his friend, David Dalton remarked on “how elemental the Victorians were, how intact that cord was that tied them to savage Celtic tradition, almost like an underground railway transporting treasures from the incredible depths of the past to the very door of the crystal palace” (Acknowledgements).
On The Origins Of Fairies
Authors: Silver Carole G
Published: November 2023

In 1846, WILLIAM JOHN THOMS, who contributed the term folklore to the English language, commented in The Athenaeum that “belief in fairies is by no means extinct in England” (Merton, p. 55). Thoms was not alone in his opinion; he was merely echoing and endorsing the words of others such as Thomas Keightley, the author of The Fairy Mytholo BJ. For believers were not limited to gypsies, fisherfolk, rural cottagers, country parsons, and Irish mystics. Antiquarians of the romantic era had begun the quest for fairies, and throughout Victoria’s reign advocates of fairy existence and investigators of elfin origins included numerous scientists, social scientists, historians, theologians, artists, and writers. By the r88os such leading folklorists as Sabine Baring-Gould, Andrew Lang, Joseph Jacobs, and Sir John Rhys were examining oral testimony on the nature and the customs of the “little folk” and the historical and archaeological remains left by them. At the be ginning of the twentieth century, eminent authors, among them Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Arthur Machen, swelled the ranks of those who held the fairy faith and publicized their findings. In a remarkable “trickle up” of folk belief, a surprisingly large number of educated Victorians and Edwardians speculated at length on whether fairies did exist or had at least once existed.
“Come Away Thou Human Child”: Abductions, Change, and Changelings
Authors: Silver Carole G
Published: November 2023

When, In A Climatic Moment in Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights (1847), Lockwood is troubled by an apparition of Catherine Earnshaw and hysterically exclaims “she must have been a changeling-wicked little soul” (p. 13), he is expressing a fantastic anxiety peculiar to the period. Similarly, when Edward Rochester, angered at her rejection of his prenuptial caresses, accuses Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre of being not his Jane but a “changeling,” he is attempting to fathom what to him is a strange transformation in personality and behavior. In actuality even more than in fiction, changelings-that is, children perceived as abnormal surreptitiously sub stituted for normal ones-were very much a part of the Victorian world. An article in the Daily Telegraph of 19 May 1884 informed readers that Ellen Cushion and Anastatia Rourke were arrested at Clonmel on Saturday charged with cruelly illtreating a child three years old, named Philip Dillon. The prisoners were taken before the Mayor, when evidence was given showing that the neighbours fancied that the boy, who had not the use of his limbs, was a changeling left by the fairies in ex change for the original child. While the mother was absent, the prisoners entered her house and placed the lad naked on a hot shovel under the impression that this would break the charm.
Little Goblin Men: On Dwarfs and Pygmies, Racial Myths and Mythic Races
Authors: Silver Carole G
Published: November 2023

This fear took on new meaning in the 1870s, when actual races of “little people” known as Pygmies were discovered, mainly in central Africa. But even before that time, and throughout the Victorian period, dwarfs natural and supernatural- had been conflated with each other and equated with goblins (a generic name for small, hostile, unattractive, grotesque, and almost exclusively male supernatural creatures) and thus with malice and evil. By the end of the century, the dwarf, remythified and racialized, had become a new variety of monster.
Henry VI: The Loss of Empire
Authors: Saccio Peter
Published: November 2023

Of Henry VI it has been wittily pointed out that he is the only king of England to have been twice crowned, twice deposed, and twice buried. He also reigned over England nearly twice as long as any of the other later Plantagenets. Born in 1421 to Henry V and the French princess Catherine, he succeeded to his father’s throne in August 1422, at the age of nine months. He was formally crowned king of England at Westminster in 1429 and king of France at Paris in 1431. France he lost in 1453 to the successful generals of his maternal uncle Charles VII.
Henry VIII: The Supreme Head
Authors: Saccio Peter
Published: November 2023

We must begin with two negative statements. First, Shakespeare’s Henry VIII may not be entirely the work of William Shakespeare. Written probably in 1613, at the close of Shakespeare’s career and more than a dozen years after he had completed his other histories, the play may also contain the hand of his successor in the post of principal dramatist for the King’s Men, John Fletcher.
The Poem of Queen Esther
Authors: Delgado João Pinto , Slavitt David R
Published: November 2023

Describing the Monarchy of Ahasuerus, the grandeur of his opulent house, the banquet and the guest list, how he ordered Queen Vashti to appear, her disobedience, his vow in response to this refusal, and the law generally established on this subject.
War And Peace
Authors: Meron Theodor
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I will examine attitudes towards war and demonstrate the anti-war bent of many of Shakespeare’s characters. War was a major theme, perhaps the most important theme, in Shakespeare’s plays, especially the Histories but also his classical and mythological plays. War provided Shakespeare with a dramatic vehicle through which his characters could highlight and praise such concepts as honour, courage and patriotism. In addition, it was the ideal setting for an articulation of ethical and humanitarian attitudes towards war. Shakespeare’s treatment of war cannot be understood without taking into account both the perspective on war provided by the literature of chivalry and the immediate historical context of the period when he was writing, some two centuries after Agincourt.
A pagan knight?: shakespeare’s ancient wars
Authors: Meron Theodor
Published: November 2023

Shakespeare’s ability to extrapolate medieval and Christian concepts of chivalry to Roman, Trojan, early British and mythical wars and yet, at the same time, employ those early wars as a purported source and authority for chivalry should not come as a surprise. In this respect, he follows the tradition of chivalric and English humanist literature. English medieval and humanist writers regarded the Roman and Greek heroes as chivalrous pagan knights and good citizens, similar to those of the Middle Ages, except for their paganism. Shakespeare was apparently familiar with The Song of Roi.and, an eleventh-century epic poem ( I Henry VI, l.iii.8-9), which describes the Saracen Blancadrin as “one of the wisest of the pagans [and a] most valiant and worthy knight.
The Brave Or The Wise?: Two Conflicting Of Chivalric Conceptions Honour
Authors: Meron Theodor
Published: November 2023

Shakespeare’s abiding interest in chivalry1-William Henry Schofield remarked that Shakespeare’s “whole face was tanned by the sun of chivalry” - is reflected in his writings. In this chapter, I would like to demonstrate by a number of texts how deeply Shakespeare’s work is rooted in the literature, norms and myths of chivalry.
Chivalry as a Normative Ideal
Authors: Meron Theodor
Published: November 2023

The literature of chivalry paints a noble and idealistic picture of the perfect knight. For the modem reader, that image is unrealistic and unachievable, a beautiful fiction. Nevertheless, as a catalogue of virtues and values, it remains an enviable model for honourable conduct in peace and in war. Divorced from its aristocratic and martial as¬pects, chivalry’s pertinence persists, not only for honourable and therefore humanitarian behaviour in war, but also as a model of responsible conduct in the civil society. Commands to spare the enemy who asks for mercy, to aid women in distress, to keep one’s promise, to act charitably and to be magnanimous transcend any one particular historical period or sociopolitical context. Malcolm Vale suggests that chivalric ideals such as honour, loyalty, courage and generosity fulfilled a fundamental human need, especially among the warrior elites. Chivalry was thus “the sentiment of honour in its medieval guise ... [, which] among warrior classes ... possesses a universal and, perhaps, an eternal validity.”1 By creating a culture in which honour and shame are cardinal, chivalry sends a lasting message. In his classical Libre del ordre de cavayleria, translated into English by William Caxton in the fifteenth century, Ramon Lull writes that the duties of the chevalier sans reproche are to defend the faith against unbelievers, to defend the temporal lord and to protect the weak, women, widows and orphans.
Slaves, Trade, and Religious Change in Eighteenth-Century Esulalu
Authors: Baum Robert M
Published: November 2023

As the people of Esulalu faced the difficult task of integrating Floup and Koonjaen communities and creating a common Diola tradition, they also confronted the disruptive influence of a growing European commercial presence in the region. As early as the midseventeenth century, European willingness to sell such strategic items as muskets, gunpowder, and iron created clear military and economic advantages for those societies willing to engage in trade. An expanding market for slaves and the increasing availability of iron and muskets escalated both the level and frequency of violence throughout the Casamance. Despite the Diolas’ initial reluctance to trade directly with Europeans, it became increasingly difficult to avoid participation in this Atlantic trade system. By the early eighteenth century, Diola communities utilized various African middlemen to become actively involved in the sale of rice, slaves, and beeswax in exchange for cattle or for European trade goods.
Chandogya Upanisad
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

The Chandogya (the Upanisad of “the singers of the Samaveda,” i.e., the Udgatr priest) is a section of the Chandogya Brahmana belonging to the Tannlya school of the Samaveda. Like the BrhadĀraiyaka, the Chandogya is the work of an editor or a series of editors who created an anthology of passages and stories that must have previously existed as separate texts. The unifying theme, if there is one, of the Upanisad is the speculation regarding the cosmic and ritual correspondences of the Saman (the Samavedic chant in the Soma sacrifice: see CU 2.2.1 n.) and especially of the High Chant (Udgftha), the central element of a Saman. The preoccupation with these chants is consistent with the fact that the authors were Samavedic priests. In a similar fashion, the works of the Rgveda speculate on the Uktha (AA 2.3.1, 4), the B.gvedic recitation (BU 1.6.1 n.), and the BrhadĀraiyaka begins with the parts of a horse, consistent again with the fact that the Adhvaryu, the Yajurvedic priest, is in charge of butchering the sacrificial animal. The fact that the Chandogya and the BrhadĀraiyaka include versions of identical passages and stories indicates that the editors of both have drawn from a common stock of Upanisadic lore.
Lanyer And Spenser
Authors: Woods Susanne
Published: November 2023

Edmund Spenser left London and the Merchant Taylor’s School for the fens of Cambridge in April 1569, three months after yay Amelia Bassano was born. Their lives have few apparent connections, but the one they certainly have is important: both

were at Elizabeth’s court between 1589 and 1591, during which time Spenser very probably made himself and his Faerie Queen part of the court entertainments supervised by Lanier’s protector, the lord chamberlain.1 In the thinly allegorized autobiographical poem Colin Clouts Come Home Again, “Colin” tells of his trip to “Cynthia’s” court accompanied by “the shepherd of the Ocean” (Sir Walter Raleigh). There “that Goddesses,” the queen, “to mine oaten pipe inclined her care” and found the poet’s performance “worth harkening to amongst the learned throng” (11. 359-60, 68). Lanier may well have been among those who heard Spenser read his poetry to the queen and her court “at timely hour’s” (1. 362).
Lanyer And Shakespeare
Authors: Woods Susanne
Published: November 2023

William Shakespeare (1564-1616) and Amelia Lanier have been linked in many minds since 1973, when A. L. Rows declared that he had discos red the “dark lady” of Shakespeare’s son nets.1 There is no direct evidence for any connection between

Shakespeare and Lanier, but Rose’s identification of her with Shakespeare’s Petrarchan fiction has received so much notice that I address it briefly here and return to it in more detail at the end of this chapter. More interesting than the speculation about a roman tic or sexual relationship, in my judgment, is what Lanier as a poet may have found in Shakespeare’s published work. This chapter seeks to situate Lanier fairly in relation to Shakespeare.
Lanyer And English Religious Verse
Authors: Woods Susanne
Published: November 2023

Religion defined the social, political, and intellectual life of me devil and Renaissance Europe. From the imperialist folly of the Crusades to individual sacrifices, from cathedrals and epics to vestments and sonnets, religion also infused and trans- ported the period’s artistic imagination. Today many find it hard to grasp the ubiquity and power of religion in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It underlay virtually every assumption about the nature, purpose, and value of life, and what appear to us as small differences within a hegemonic worldview were reasons for debate, imprisonment, and even martyrdom.
Divine Dis-order:On Social Planes
Authors: Sered Susan
Published: November 2023

“Okinawans like to use the word tege-tege yasa. This is a special Okinawan word; Japanese don’t say this word. It means something like ‘I don’t mind’ or ‘almost’ or ‘it’s not good and it’s not bad but that’s okay.”‘ (Kumi Yamada Okinawan friend, key informant, and interpreter) Social relations in Henza tend to be easygoing, nonhierarchical, and, for the most part, without rigid rules or reified classifications. For Henza villagers, the ubiquitous term yasashii (lit. ‘easy’) encodes positive valences of dis-order: a broad attitude of tolerance toward deviance and difference, indifference to categorical opin ions and prohibitions, and rejection of ambition, authority and pushiness. Although Japanese-English dictionaries tell us only that yasashii means “nice” or “gentle,” in Henza, being yasashii is the single most important personal quality for women and for men (cf. T. Lebra 1984: 137); it conveys profound cosmological and communal connotations and it is a central element of village identity. Villagers often comment that “nothing ever gets done here,” “nothing here is ever organized well,” “nothing ever starts on time,” and “no one ever knows exactly how to do things correctly.” These comments, however, are rarely made in a plaintive manner. To the contrary, depending on the speaker and the situation, these sorts of remarks are made either as simple statements of fact or with a certain amount of pride. Dis-order is not seen as bothersome but rather as a group expression of being yasashii. According to Mrs. Yasamura, “Henza people are all yasashii; there are no people with bad hearts here.” A bad heart, other villagers explained, is what causes people to hurt other people. As we see in the next chapter, in the context of a cosmology without a punishing deity, a “bad heart” is the ultimate symbolic statement of cosmic disharmony. “There are no people here with bad hearts” suggests that the normal, natural, existential state of being in Henza is yasashii.
Divine Dis-order:On Cosmological Planes
Authors: Sered Susan
Published: November 2023

“In the old days Henza was called kami’s country because there are many things here related to kami.” (Mrs. Adaniya, eighty-four years old) “Henza’s religion is the natural one, that came up in the natural way, but now people from mainland Japan come and say, 'What are these people doing?’ Even if I explain that this is the natural way, the custom, they don’t understand.” (former village headman) MRS. ASATO: The Agaregusuku [east sacred grove] kami-sama is a male kami-sama, it is big, its body is muscular, very hairy.
Born to Be Kami-sama
Authors: Sered Susan
Published: November 2023

Initiation into the priestess role does not include either formal or informal instruction regarding ritual tasks; the essence of the priestess role is pres ence rather than doing. Initiation or more properly, accession-is therefore concerned primarily with the process through which a woman recognizes, assumes, experiences, and becomes kami-sama. During the time that I was in Henza, a new village priestess, Mrs. Hamabata, began to sit in the kami-sama’s seat. In this chapter I describe the process in detail.1 I spoke to Mrs. Hamabata for the first time in February, shortly after a ritual to in form the kami-sama that she will begin to sit as a priestess in May. The events that she describes in this first excerpt took place over a period of about twenty years. MRS. HAMABATA: My husband’s mother, also my mother. We used to go of ten. My legs were hurting, arthritis. I went to see the doctor, and they had so many records on me at the hospital, I went every month and they couldn’t find anything, an examination of the whole body and they couldn’t find anything. One hospital, Awase Hospital, I went there from when they first opened the hos pital. It was so strange that I felt so bad, but they said there was nothing wrong. with me. Then the parents died and we moved into this house. We have been in Henza for seven years. Before that we lived in Naha.
Progress And Revolution
Authors: Stevenson William R
Published: November 2023

Freedom as Detachment from “Outward Things” he beginning of believers’ dissociation from their cultural context, and ultimately of the church’s role as a progressive agent of change in history, then, resides in Christian freedom’s declaration of the “things indifferent” (adiaphora) (3.19.7, 838).1 The adiaphora are of course those things believers can literally take or leave, things ultimately irrelevant to their spiritual journey and their salvation in Christ. To announce this irrelevance is not to devalue such things per se, but only to place their value in the proper light. Their value consists not in their intrinsic worth as much as in their significance as symbols of divine mercy and grace. Hence, their value emerges not only when believers approach them in a spirit of temperance and detachment for what they are but also in a spirit of enjoyment and gratitude for God’s lovingkindness, which they signify. The double danger of either “mistaken strictness” or “mistaken laxity”2 is thus to be avoided. We should, as Calvin paraphrases Paul, “use this world as if not using it” (3.rn.1, 72o[on I Corinthians 7:30-31]). Or as Bavinck expresses the point, the believer should “possess everything as not possessing it,” thereby “put[ting] his confidence in God alone” (459).
The Acts Of Peter Among The Novels And Histories
Authors: Thomas Christine M
Published: November 2023

The complicated compositional processes among the various versions of the Acts of Peter would not incline the observer to class it among the works of ancient historiography. Histories are works of known authors, written with literary aspirations. Several features of the Acts of Peter, however, show that the purpose of the narrative was historiographic, although the nature of the historical consciousness differs radically from that found in the more literary historical texts of antiquity. The first of these features is characterization. Although the development of the characters in the Acts of Peter shows distinct similarities to novelistic processes, the types of characters chosen and their precise treatment have very few points of comparison with the five surviving erotic novels, but find their counterparts among the historical and biographical novels.
Master Texts and Slave Narratives: Race, Form, and Intertextuality in the Field of Cultural Production
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H A
Published: November 2023

In the 1960s a set of intellectual and social conditions associated with the civil rights and Black Power movements generated a change in the historiography of slavery. This convergence of an intellectual change in the academic study of the American past and the social movements of the decade, especially Black Power, in turn, affected the fictional representation of slavery from the late sixties to the present.
Serving the Form, Conserving the Order: Charles Johnson’s Oxherding Tale
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H A
Published: November 2023

In order to demonstrate how race is a proscriptive political construct created and recreated in daily life, both Flight to Canada and Dessa Rose explore the performative aspect of a given social role and challenge those who hold simplistic notions of authenticity. Ishmael Reed and Sherley Anne Williams complicate representations of black social subjects by showing how racial identities, even those held to be most inauthentic historically and most dangerous for contemporary racial politics (the “Uncle Tom” and the “Mammy”), are based on intricate performances within perilous social conditions.
Revising the Form, Misserving the Order: Charles Johnson s Middle Passage
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H A
Published: November 2023

If Oxherding Tale, Charles .Johnson’s “platform book,” is a meditation on the sixties, then Middle Passage, building on that platform, can be said to be his meditation on the “Sixties-within-the-Eighties.” Having explored in his first Neo-slave narrative the ways race is recreated institutionally and then experienced personally, .Johnson turns to an examination of how race is structured in the economic sphere.
Reading the Promise to David
Authors: Schniedewind William M
Published: November 2023

God promised David an eternal kingdom. What happened to it? It was read and reread over the course of centuries by a multitude of audiences and under widely divergent social and political conditions. The changing face of the Promise to David reflects the changing faces of those who read and passed it on. This book is a study of those readers and their interpretations. It follows the reception and transformations of the Promise to David in 2 Samuel 7:1-17 from the inception of the Hebrew monarchy until the dawn of Christianity. Throughout this historical adventure, societies reshape the Promise through reading and rewriting, and at the same time societies are constituted through these activities. To understand the interpretations of the Promise at various historical moments, we must begin by placing them in the societies in which they belong and which they address. This is the proper task of a literary history of the Promise to David.
Forging a Common Ideology: Origns Of Promise
Authors: Schniedewind William M
Published: November 2023

The rise of the United Monarchy is one of the curiosities of history. The geography of Palestine lends itself to neither a united nor independent polity. The position of Palestine between the African and Asian continents made it the crossroads of commerce and conflict and usually resulted in its domination by foreign powers-Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, Persia, Rome, and the Arab empires. The local topography subdivides the land into relatively small geographical units. These small geographical entities are more naturally suited to loosely organized, clan­ based chiefdoms. These relatively weak, decentralized political systems further encourage Palestine’s domination by outsiders. The formation of a large independent state in Palestine thus swims against several currents, and it should hardly be surprising that some scholars wish to dispose of it completely. Only within a unique configuration of historical circumstance and individual personality did a united and independent state emerge under David and Solomon. It lasted scarcely more than a generation, even according to the biblical account. Yet, through the nostalgic literary development of a golden age of David and Solomon, it lived on and grew.