bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Choosing Biot parameters for modeling water-saturated sand
Authors: Hickey C. J. , Sabatier J. M.
Published: July 2002

The work of Chotiros [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 97, 199–214 (1995)] has stimulated renewed interest in detecting the Biot type II (slow) P wave for the purpose of ocean bottom characterization. Chotiros postulates that total internal reflection of the type I (fast) P wave can occur at a water–sediment interface and that the observed refracted energy below the critical angle is associated with the type II (slow) P wave. The choice of parameters used in the Biot theory to model these observations is discussed. Two major differences between the parameter set proposed by Chotiros and previous parameter sets for sandy sediments exist. First, the value for the unjacketed bulk modulus, Kr, is about five times less than the bulk modulus for quartz crystals, which is commonly used. This value is obtained by equating it to a value of effective grain modulus measured by Molis and Chotiros [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 91, 2483(A) (1992)]. Second, the value for the frame bulk modulus, Kb, obtained by fitting to measured values of the type I (fast) P wave speed, is from 50 to 100 times larger than in the previous models. The larger value for the frame bulk modulus is in part a consequence of the smaller value of the unjacketed bulk modulus. Within the constraints imposed by the Biot theory, subject to the assumption of an effective homogeneous solid, the proposed values of unjacketed bulk modulus and frame bulk modulus are incompatible. It is shown here that it is not possible to predict Chotiros’ observed large phase speed of the type II P wave by assuming an equivalent homogeneous solid. However, it is possible to choose a compatible set of parameters for the Biot theory so as to fit the velocity observations once the assumption of an equivalent homogeneous solid is relaxed.
Elasticity of fused silica spheres under pressure using resonant ultrasound spectroscopy
Authors: Isaak Donald G. , Carnes John D. , Anderson Orson L. , Oda Hitoshi
Published: July 2002

Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) is a powerful tool for determining the elastic properties of solids at high temperature. Before RUS can be used to measure the pressure derivatives of elasticity, however, effects of boundary conditions between the pressurizing gas and specimen must be understood. Data are presented that show effects of different pressurizing gases on the apparent or measured values of (∂G/∂P)T of fused silica spheres, where G is the shear modulus, P is pressure, and T is temperature. The value of (∂G/∂P)T is found to depend on the molecular mass, M, of the pressurizing gas via −3.425(0.032)−5.9(1.6)×10−3M, when M is in grams. Extrapolating to zero gas mass gives (∂G/∂P)T=−3.42(0.03), a value bracketed by results from previous plane-wave, ultrasonic measurements. An alternative analysis in which effects of the pressurizing gas are removed by theoretical concerns is also presented and suggests that (∂G/∂P)T is −3.32(0.03). Our results quantify the effect of pressurizing gas on measured pressure derivatives of G when using RUS and indicate that systematic problems in transducer-specimen bonding from previous acoustic plane-wave measurements on fused silica at elevated pressure are not yet measurable.
Syllabic strength and lexical boundary decisions in the perception of hypokinetic dysarthric speech
Authors: Liss Julie M. , Spitzer Stephanie , Caviness John N. , Adler Charles , Edwards Brian
Published: July 2002

This investigation evaluated a possible source of reduced intelligibility in hypokinetic dysarthric speech, namely the mismatch between listeners’ perceptual strategies and the acoustic information available in the dysarthric speech signal. A paradigm of error analysis was adopted in which listener transcriptions of phrases were coded for the presence and type of word boundary errors. Seventy listeners heard 60 phrases produced by speakers with hypokinetic dysarthria. The six-syllable phrases alternated strong and weak syllables and ranged in length from three to five words. Lexical boundary violations were defined as erroneous insertions or deletions of lexical boundaries that occurred either before strong or before weak syllables. A total of 1596 lexical boundary errors in the listeners’ transcriptions was identified unanimously by three independent judges. The pattern of errors generally conformed with the predictions of the Metrical Segmentation Strategy hypothesis [Cutler and Norris, J. Exp. Psychol. 14, 113–121 (1988)] which posits that listeners attend to strong syllables to identify word onsets. However, the strength of adherence to this pattern varied across speakers. Comparison of acoustic evidence of syllabic strength to lexical boundary error patterns revealed a source of intelligibility deficit associated with this particular type of dysarthric speech pattern.
The oscillation of gas bubbles in tubes: Experimental results
Authors: Geng X. , Yuan H. , Og̃uz H. N. , Prosperetti A.
Published: July 2002

An experimental study is presented of the frequency dependence and damping of the forced volume oscillations of gas bubbles in liquid-filled tubes. The bubbles occupy the entire section of the tube and are driven by a needle attached to a loudspeaker cone. The liquids used were water, a water–surfactant solution, and silicon oil, and the tube diameters were 1 and 3 mm. The results are in excellent agreement with the theory developed in two earlier papers. This work is motivated by the possibility of using gas bubbles as actuators in fluid-handling microdevices.
Particle Motions in Sheared Suspensions. XXIV. Rotation of Rigid Spheroids and Cylinders
Authors: Anczurowski E. , Mason S. G.
Published: July 2002

The rotation of rigid prolate spheroids, obtained by polymerization of an electrically deformed liquid drop suspended in a liquid undergoing Couette flow has been studied. The variation of azimuthal angle φz and the period of rotation were found to be in good agreement with the theory of Jeffery. Measurements of the equivalent ellipsoidal axis ratio re of cylinders have established that the transition from disks, for which re<1, to rods (re>1) occurs at a particle axis ratio r=0.86 and that re=r when r=1.68.
The elastic stress in “film fluids”
Authors: Larson R. G.
Published: July 2002

Micromechanical models for the instantaneous elastic stress tensor τ of “film fluids,” i.e., fluids with internal interfaces such as foams, emulsions, and immiscible blends, yield formulas that are similar to each other and are well approximated simply by τ∝C1/2, where C is the Cauchy strain tensor. This expression can be derived as an approximation by assuming that the interfaces deform affinely and that the tension in the interface is independent of the deformation. The expression τ∝C1/2 is, therefore, the analog of the classical expression τ∝C−1 for the instantaneous elastic stress in polymeric “line fluids.” The second normal stress difference of a “film fluid” is predicted to be negative and of comparable magnitude to the first normal stress difference.
Secondary motions in straight and tapered channels: Experiments and three-dimensional finite element simulation with a multimode differential viscoelastic model
Authors: Debbaut Benoı̂t , Dooley Joseph
Published: July 2002

The development of secondary motions due to the nonzero second normal stress difference is observed and analyzed by tracking the motion of the interface between two batches of the same low density polyethylene, each with a different pigmentation. In this article we focus on straight and tapered channels with a square cross section. Three-dimensional numerical simulations are also performed on the basis of a multimode differential viscoelastic fluid model. These calculations allow the investigation of the development of secondary motions in space. Predictions are compared with the experiments: good agreement is found between the experimental observations and their numerical counterparts. The magnitude and the relevance of secondary motions are also discussed. A numerical analysis is carried out on the sensitivity of secondary motions with respect to the nonlinear properties of the viscoelastic model. Finally, we make a brief attempt to explain the mechanism which drives the secondary motions.
Comparison of Distal Radius Fracture Outcomes in Older Adults Stratified by Chronologic vs Physiologic Age Managed With Casting vs Surgery
Authors: Jayaram Mayank , Wu Hao , Yoon Alfred P. , Kane Robert L. , Wang Lu , Chung Kevin C.
Published: February 2023

Importance

Casting is recommended for adults older than 65 years with distal radius fractures (DRFs) because similar long-term outcomes are achieved regardless of treatment. However, physiologically younger adults could benefit from operative DRF management despite advanced chronologic age.

Objective

To examine how chronologic age compares with measures of physiologic age in DRF treatment recovery.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective secondary analysis of the Wrist and Radius Injury Surgical Trial (WRIST) was performed from May 1 to August 31, 2022. WRIST was a 24-center randomized clinical trial that enrolled participants older than 60 years with unstable DRFs from April 1, 2012, to December 31, 2016.

Interventions

Participants selected casting or surgery. Patients who selected surgery were randomly assigned to volar lock plating, percutaneous pinning, or external fixation. Participants were stratified by chronologic age, number of comorbidities, and activity status.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire (MHQ) score assessed at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year. Partial correlation (PC) analysis adjusted for confounding.

Results

The final cohort consisted of 293 participants (mean [SD] age, 71.1 [8.89] years; 255 [87%] female; 247 [85%] White), with 109 receiving casting and 184 receiving surgery. Increased chronologic age was associated with increased MHQ scores in the surgery group at all time points but decreased MHQ scores in the casting group at 12 months (mean [SD] score, −0.46 [0.21]; P = .03). High activity was associated with improved MHQ scores in the surgical cohort at 6 weeks (mean [SD] score, 12.21 [5.18]; PC = 0.27; P = .02) and 12 months (mean [SD] score, 13.25 [5.77]; PC = 0.17; P = .02). Comorbidities were associated with decreased MHQ scores at all time points in the casting group. Clinically significant differences in MHQ scores were associated with low physical activity, 4 or more comorbidities, or increased age by 15 years.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this retrospective secondary analysis of WRIST, chronologic age was not associated with functional demand. These findings suggest that physicians should counsel active older adults with few comorbidities on earlier return to daily activities after surgery compared with casting.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01589692
Prevalence and Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation Among Older Primary Care Patients
Authors: Khurshid Shaan , Ashburner Jeffrey M. , Ellinor Patrick T. , McManus David D. , Atlas Steven J. , Singer Daniel E. , Lubitz Steven A.
Published: February 2023

This cohort study is a secondary analysis of the VITAL-AF trial and assesses the prevalence and incidence of atrial fibrillation among the trial’s control participants.
State-Level Indicators of Childhood Educational Quality and Incident Dementia in Older Black and White Adults
Authors: Soh Yenee , Whitmer Rachel A. , Mayeda Elizabeth Rose , Glymour M. Maria , Peterson Rachel L. , Eng Chloe W. , Quesenberry Charles P. , Manly Jennifer J. , Gilsanz Paola
Published: February 2023

Importance

Higher educational attainment is associated with reduced dementia risk, but the role of educational quality is understudied, presenting a major evidence gap, especially as it may contribute to racial inequities.

Objective

To evaluate the association between state-level educational quality during childhood and dementia risk.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study analyzed longitudinal data collected from January 1, 1997, through December 31, 2019 (23-year follow-up period). The sample comprised members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC), a large integrated health care delivery system, who completed an optional survey during 1964-1972. Eligible individuals were US born; non-Hispanic Black or non-Hispanic White; aged 65 years or older as of January 1, 1996; were still alive; and did not have a dementia diagnosis or lapse in KPNC membership greater than 90 days between January 1 and December 31, 1996.

Exposures

Historical state-level administrative indicators of school quality (school term length, student-teacher ratio, and attendance rates) linked to participants using birth state and birth year (with a 6-year lag) and divided into tertiles using the pooled sample.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Dementia diagnoses from electronic health records between 1997 and 2019 were analyzed between March 1 and August 31, 2022. The associations of educational quality with incident dementia were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models.

Results

Among 21 450 KPNC members who participated in the optional survey, individuals born before availability of educational quality records (n = 87) and missing educational attainment (n = 585) were excluded. The final analytic sample was 20 778 individuals (56.5% women, 43.5% men; mean [SD] age, 74.7 [6.5] years; 18.8% Black; 81.2% White; 41.0% with less than high school education). Among Black individuals, 76.2% to 86.1% (vs 20.8%-23.3% of White individuals) attended schools in states in the lowest educational quality tertiles. Highest (vs lowest) educational quality tertiles were associated with lower dementia risk (student-teacher ratio: hazard ratio [HR], 0.88 [95% CI, 0.83-0.94]; attendance rates: HR, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.73-0.88]; term length: HR, 0.79 [95% CI, 0.73-0.86]). Effect estimates did not differ by race and were not attenuated by adjustment for educational attainment.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study, lower state-average educational quality was more common among Black individuals and associated with higher dementia risk. Differential investment in high-quality education due to structural racism may contribute to dementia disparities.
Faster and Protective Wound Healing Mechanistic of Para‐Coumaric Acid Loaded Liver ECM Scaffold Cross‐linked with Acellular Marine Kelp
Authors: Arin Asuva , Rahaman Md Sohanur , Farwa Ume , Lee Byong‐Taek
Published: February 2023

Decellularized liver‐derived extracellular matrix is a unique combination of a complex milieu of growth factors and proteins that stimulate biochemical, physical, and mechanical cues to the cells. However, the lack of mechanical strength hindering the applicability of extracellular matrix (ECM) is an outstanding challenge. Herein, to deal with this problem, decellularized kelp is introduced as a crosslinking material thereby strengthening the physical structure of ECM for its utilization as a wound‐healing material. Consequently, a significant architectural change is observed in the ECM by forming a solid‐shaped scaffold. Nevertheless, the hindrance of high pH is addressed by incorporating the acidic drug p‐coumaric acid. To evaluate the innate regenerative abilities, the scaffolds are applied to rat excisional wounds. A remarkable wound healing capability is demonstrated by both the EK scaffolds, but a faster regeneration is achieved with only EK‐20@cou. The speculated hypothesis is that the incorporation of p‐coumaric acid can offer many additional bioactive benefits to the scaffold such as remarkable biocompatibility, antioxidant, and anti‐bacterial properties that are deliberately supported by the in vitro results. In silico molecular simulations (MS) validated that p‐Cou released from the EK‐20@Cou scaffold is accountable for the observed extraordinary regenerative behavior as compared to EK‐20(PW).
Highly Stretchable Electronic‐Skin Sensors with Porous Microstructure for Efficient Multimodal Sensing with Wearable Comfort
Authors: Zhang Xuanning , Li Jianwei , Lin Jun , Li Wen , Chu Wei , Zhang Mingming , Lu Yuyan , He Xinhai , Zhao Qiangli
Published: February 2023

Wearable electronic skins have aroused extensive interest in health detection, human–computer interaction, and robotics. However, it remains a great challenge to realize the multifunctional electronic skin with a wide detection range, high sensitivity, multi‐stimulus response, and wearable comfort on a single device. Here, a flexible porous thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/carbon black (CB) multimodal sensor that perceives multiple stimuli of pressure, strain, and humidity is prepared by the water vapor‐induced phase separation method. The as‐prepared device exhibits a wide pressure detection range (up to 49 kPa), excellent sensitivity (0.21 kPa−1), fast response (150 ms), and recovery time (120 ms). Furthermore, as a strain sensor, it is not only highly stretchable (730%), but also can operate over a strain range of 0–240% with a sensitivity of up to 1485.2 and excellent durability. Moreover, the designed sensor can detect humidity changes from 35% to 90% and has a fast response time (1.2 s), while enabling non‐contact sensing of a fingertip. Importantly, the porous TPU/CB film presents excellent breathability, enabling it to achieve a high level of comfort. Therefore, the perfect integration of these features ensures the potential applications of porous TPU/CB sensors in human activity detection, exhale monitoring, and breathable wearable devices.
An Efficient Fog Collector Achieved by Optimal Hierarchical Surface Patterns and Wetting Gradient
Authors: Wang Xiaobo , Guo Zhiguang , Liu Weimin
Published: February 2023

With the decrease in fresh water resources, fog collection has become a promising way to obtain fresh water. This paper presents an efficient fog collector that combines wettability and spokes geometry. Water droplets move along a fixed route on the mist collector and can easily overcome the pinning effect at the end of the structure to detach from the surface and then be collected. Its fog collecting efficiency can be 1.82 times that of a planar zinc sheet, which provides a new idea for the design of subsequent fog collectors.
Black Phosphorus‐Based Absorbing Bionic Stacked Structured Linear Polarization Detector
Authors: Zhang Ran , Duan Bin , Wang Ruofan , Fan Yuanyi , Chu Jinkui
Published: February 2023

Polarization detection technology is developing toward miniaturization and high integration from the early time‐division type, amplitude‐division type, aperture‐division type, etc., to a more integrated focal plane‐integrated array type. Focal plane detectors that rely on metal nanogrids are not able to guarantee both temporal and spatial resolution for lossless polarized light detection with a guaranteed level of integration. Inspired by Agabus japonicus, the black phosphorus (BP)‐based absorbing bionic stacked structured linear polarization detector (BSLD) is proposed. The BSLD exploits the polarization absorption properties of BP to achieve near‐lossless linear polarization detection. The design includes two orthogonally aligned polarization‐ and angle‐sensitive BP photodetectors. The detection performance of the detector is investigated and analyzed under a green laser beam (wavelength 532 nm). The BSLD designed in this paper can simultaneously measure the multi‐angle component information of the incident light at one point in space in order to resolve the polarization state of the incident light, providing a potential solution for an integrated, real‐time, and high‐resolution loss‐free polarization image sensor.
Anisotropic Optical and Mechanical Properties in Few‐Layer GaPS4
Authors: Liu Shuai , Cui Xuwei , Zhang Qinghua , Shen Wanfu , Du JianTao , Lin Ting , Wang Yunkun , Wu Minghui , Gu Lin , Gao Yunan , Hu Chunguang , Liu Luqi , Yang Shengxue , Jiang Chengbao
Published: February 2023

Low‐symmetry 2D materials have received tremendous attention due to their anisotropic optical, electrical, and mechanical properties and viable candidates for polarized photodetectors, anisotropic field‐effect transistors, and nanomechanical systems. Here, an interesting low‐symmetry 2D material (GaPS4) is reported and its in‐plane anisotropic structure, optical, and mechanical properties are investigated. The polarized Raman and absorption spectra prove the sensitivity of GaPS4 to crystalline orientation and linear dichroism. The experimental results of azimuth‐dependent reflectance difference microscopy can visually reveal the in‐plane optical anisotropy of GaPS4 flakes. Moreover, an interesting pressurized bubble method is designed to verify the anisotropic mechanical properties of GaPS4 flakes and saddle‐like bubble devices of GaPS4 are successfully fabricated. The saddle‐like bubble devices exhibit visual anisotropic deflection variations along the orthogonal direction. Kelvin probe force microscope enables the direct identifying of the surface potential distribution of bubble devices under strain. Interest would be excited in the anisotropic optical and mechanical properties and relevant device applications of low‐symmetry 2D materials.
Highly Efficient Blue Electro‐Fluorescence and Hybrid White Electroluminescence Basing on a Novel Hybrid Local and Charge‐Transfer (HLCT) Material with Weak Donor–Acceptor Structure and High Carrier Mobilities
Authors: Cui Wei , Liu Chaoke , Chao Xun , Xie Mingliang , Sun Qikun , Liu Danfeng , Pan Yuyu , Zhang Shi‐Tong , Xue Shanfeng , Yang Wenjun
Published: February 2023

High efficiency and luminance are critical for commercialized blue organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). Herein, a novel donor–acceptor (D–A) blue‐emissive molecule with a weak donor and acceptor is synthesized. The moderate hybrid local and charge transfer (HLCT) state character endows PPIBPO with blue fluorescence and high quantum efficiency. More importantly, the rigid, rod‐like molecular structure gives rise to the regularity of the stacking pattern of PPIBPO, which enables its extraordinary carrier mobilities in non‐doped OLED, the hole mobility and electron mobility are as high as 5.09 × 10−5 cm2 V−1 s−1 and 3.22 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. The non‐doped blue OLED of PPIBPO achieves a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 12.0% and a maximum luminance of 55023 cd m−2, which is one of the best values among the non‐doped blue OLEDs based on HLCT molecules. Furthermore, high‐efficiency two‐color hybrid warm white OLED with a maximum EQE up to 22.5% and maximum power efficiency of 87.0 lm W−1 is also achieved using PPIBPO as blue‐fluorophor.
EHBP1L1 Drives Immune Evasion in Renal Cell Carcinoma through Binding and Stabilizing JAK1
Authors: Pan Yihui , Shu Guannan , Fu Liangmin , Huang Kangbo , Zhou Xinwei , Gui Chengpeng , Liu Huashan , Jin Xiaohan , Chen Minyu , Li Pengju , Cen Junjie , Feng Zihao , Lu Jun , Chen Zhenhua , Li Jiaying , Xu Quanhui , Wang Yinghan , Liang Hui , Wang Zhu , Deng Qiong , Chen Wei , Luo Junhang , Yang Jiefeng , Zhang Jiaxing , Wei Jinhuan
Published: February 2023

High lymphocyte infiltration and immunosuppression characterize the tumor microenvironment (TME) in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). There is an urgent need to elucidate how tumor cells escape the immune attack and to develop novel therapeutic targets to enhance the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in RCC. Overactivated IFN‐γ‐induced JAK/STAT signaling involves in such TME, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, EH domain‐binding protein 1‐like protein 1 (EHBP1L1) is identified as a crucial mediator of IFN‐γ/JAK1/STAT1/PD‐L1 signaling in RCC. EHBP1L1 is highly expressed in RCC, and high EHBP1L1 expression levels are correlated with poor prognosis and resistance to ICB. EHBP1L1 depletion significantly inhibits tumor growth, which is attributed to enhanced CD8+ T cell‐mediated antitumor immunity. Mechanistically, EHBP1L1 interacts with and stabilizes JAK1. By competing with SOCS1, EHBP1L1 protects JAK1 from proteasomal degradation, which leads to elevated JAK1 protein levels and JAK1/STAT1/PD‐L1 signaling activity, thereby forming an immunosuppressive TME. Furthermore, the combination of EHBP1L1 inhibition and ICB reprograms the immunosuppressive TME and prevents tumor immune evasion, thus significantly reinforcing the therapeutic efficacy of ICB in RCC patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) models. These findings reveal the vital role of EHBP1L1 in immune evasion in RCC, which may be a potential complement for ICB therapy.
London Dispersion Effects in a Distannene/Tristannane Equilibrium: Energies of their Interconversion and the Suppression of the Monomeric Stannylene Intermediate
Authors: Zou Wenxing , Bursch Markus , Mears Kristian L. , Stennett Cary R. , Yu Ping , Fettinger James C. , Grimme Stefan , Power Philip P.
Published: February 2023

Reaction of {LiC6H2−2,4,6‐Cyp3⋅Et2O}2 (Cyp=cyclopentyl) (1) of the new dispersion energy donor (DED) ligand, 2,4,6‐triscyclopentylphenyl with SnCl2 afforded a mixture of the distannene {Sn(C6H2−2,4,6‐Cyp3)2}2 (2), and the cyclotristannane {Sn(C6H2−2,4,6‐Cyp3)2}3 (3). 2 is favored in solution at higher temperature (345 K or above) whereas 3 is preferred near 298 K. Van't Hoff analysis revealed the 3 to 2 conversion has a ΔH=33.36 kcal mol−1 and ΔS=0.102 kcal mol−1 K−1, which gives a ΔG300 K=+2.86 kcal mol−1, showing that the conversion of 3 to 2 is an endergonic process. Computational studies show that DED stabilization in 3 is −28.5 kcal mol−1 per {Sn(C6H2−2,4,6‐Cyp3)2 unit, which exceeds the DED energy in 2 of −16.3 kcal mol−1 per unit. The data clearly show that dispersion interactions are the main arbiter of the 3 to 2 equilibrium. Both 2 and 3 possess large dispersion stabilization energies which suppress monomer dissociation (supported by EDA results).
Effect of heat treatment on the performance of 3D printed thermoplastic polyurethane flexible substrates
Authors: Gu Sujuan , Ma Jing , Kang Luhan , Wei Hongtao , Jiang Lin , Wang Lixia
Published: February 2023

3D printing technology combined with thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is increasingly being used in flexible electronics. However, the defects induced by 3D printing may degrade the mechanical properties of the TPU substrates significantly and result in the decrease in breaking elongation, tensile strength, and waterproof performance. In this article, we investigate the effect of heat treatment on improving the mechanical and waterproof properties of TPU substrate experimentally. The results show that heat treatment can effectively reduce the defects such as bubbles and pores inside the 3D printed TPU structure and increase the bonding area of the filament, and thus making the 3D printed TPU structure dense. After heat treatment at 180°C, the tensile strength and elongation at break of 3D printed TPU samples in the fiber direction (filling angle of 0°) increased by 67% and 38%, respectively. The tensile strength and elongation at break in the bonding direction (filling angle of 90°) increased by 100% and 75%. In addition, the waterproof performance of the samples has been enhanced, and the water contact angle of the surface has increased from 90.4°to 95.25°. Therefore, the heat treatment can effectively improve the mechanical properties and waterproof performance of 3D printed TPU samples.
Gas‐phase degradation of VOCs using supported bacteria biofilms
Authors: Xu Chao , Frigo‐Vaz Benjamin , Goering Joshua , Wang Ping
Published: February 2023

Herein we report the use of Pseudomonas putida F1 biofilms grown on carbonized cellulosic fibers to achieve biodegradation of airborne volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the absence of any bulk aqueous‐phase media. It is believed that direct exposure of gaseous VOC substrates to biomass may eliminate aqueous‐phase mass transfer resistance and facilitate VOC capture and degradation. When tested with toluene vapor as a model VOC, the supported biofilm could grow optimally at 300 p.p.m. toluene and 80% relative humidity, with a specific growth rate of 0.425 day−1. During long‐term VOC biodegradation tests in a tubular packed bed reactor, biofilms achieved a toluene degradation rate of 2.5 mg gDCW−1 h−1 during the initial growth phase. Interestingly, the P. putida F1 film kept biodegrading activity even at the stationary nongrowth phase. The supported biofilms with a biomass loading of 20% (wt) could degrade toluene at a rate of 1.9 mg gDCW−1 h−1 during the stationary phase, releasing CO2 at a rate of 6.4 mg gDCW−1 h−1 at the same time (indicating 100% conversion of substrate carbon to CO2). All of these observations promised a new type of “dry” biofilm reactors for efficient degradation of toxic VOCs without involving a large amount of water.
Multiple roles of released c‐type cytochromes in tuning electron transport and physiological status of Geobacter sulfurreducens
Authors: Liu Jia‐Qi , Ma Xin , Liu Dong‐Feng , Yang Chuan‐Wang , Li Dao‐Bo , Min Di , Yu Han‐Qing
Published: February 2023

Dissimilatory metal‐reducing bacteria (DMRB) can transfer electrons to extracellular insoluble electron acceptors and play important roles in geochemical cycling, biocorrosion, environmental remediation, and bioenergy generation. c‐type cytochromes (c‐Cyts) are synthesized by DMRB and usually transported to the cell surface to form modularized electron transport conduits through protein assembly, while some of them are released as extracellularly free‐moving electron carriers in growth to promote electron transport. However, the type of these released c‐Cyts, the timing of their release, and the functions they perform have not been unrevealed yet. In this work, after characterizing the types of c‐Cyts released by Geobacter sulfurreducens under a variety of cultivation conditions, we found that these c‐Cyts accumulated up to micromolar concentrations in the surrounding medium and conserved their chemical activities. Further studies demonstrated that the presence of c‐Cyts accelerated the process of microbial extracellular electron transfer and mediated long‐distance electron transfer. In particular, the presence of c‐Cyts promoted the microbial respiration and affected the physiological state of the microbial community. In addition, c‐Cyts were observed to be adsorbed on the surface of insoluble electron acceptors and modify electron acceptors. These results reveal the overlooked multiple roles of the released c‐Cyts in acting as public goods, delivering electrons, modifying electron acceptors, and even regulating bacterial community structure in natural and artificial environments.
Two New α‐Glucosidase Inhibitory Depsidones from the Lichen Parmotrema cristiferum (Taylor) Hale
Authors: Do Thanh‐Hung , Duong Thuc‐Huy , Nguyen Minh An Tran , Vo Thi‐Phi‐Giao , Do Van‐Mai , Nguyen Ngoc‐Hong , Sichaem Jirapast
Published: February 2023

A bioactivity‐guided investigation of the lichen Parmotrema cristiferum (Taylor) Hale (Parmeliaceae) led to the isolation of two new depsidones, cristifones A and B (1 and 2). The structures of the isolated compounds were identified by spectroscopic methods and comparison with the literature data. Compound 1 showed the initial combined structures of depsidone and depside cores. The two isolated compounds were then evaluated for α‐glucosidase inhibition. Compounds 1 and 2 were confirmed as potent, with IC50 values of 21.5 and 18.4 μM, respectively. Compound 2 was a non‐competitive inhibitor against α‐glucosidase, as indicated by the intersect in the second quadrant of each respective plot.
Intracellular Delivery of mRNA for Cell‐Selective CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing using Lipid Nanoparticles
Authors: Ma Tianyu , Chen Xianghan , Wang Ming
Published: February 2023

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is being used as part of an emerging class of biotherapeutics with great promise for preventing and treating a wide range of diseases, as well as encoding programmable nucleases for genome editing. However, mRNA's low stability and immunogenicity, as well as the impermeability of the cell membrane to mRNA greatly limit mRNA's potential for therapeutic use. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are currently one of the most extensively studied nanocarriers for mRNA delivery and have recently been clinically approved for developing mRNA‐based vaccines to prevent COVID‐19. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in designing ionizable lipids and formulating LNPs for intracellular and tissue‐targeted mRNA delivery. Furthermore, we discuss the progress of intracellular mRNA delivery for spatiotemporally controlled CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing by using LNPs. Finally, we provide a perspective on the future of LNP‐based mRNA delivery for CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing and the treatment of genetic disorders.
Double spatial confinement on ruthenium nanoparticles inside carbon frameworks as durable catalysts for a quasi‐solid‐state Li–O2 battery
Authors: Wang Meiling , Yao Ying , Yang Feiyang , Tang Zhenwu , Ren Jingjie , Zhang Cunzhong , Wu Feng , Wang Xiangke
Published: February 2023

The rational design of large‐area exposure, nonagglomeration, and long‐range dispersion of metal nanoparticles (NPs) in the catalysts is critical for the development of energy storage and conversion systems. Little attention has been focused on modulating and developing catalyst interface contact engineering between a carbon substrate and dispersed metal. Here, a highly dispersed ultrafine ruthenium (Ru) NP strategy by double spatial confinement is proposed, that is, incorporating directed growth of metal–organic framework crystals into a bacterial cellulose templating substrate to integrate their respective merits as an excellent electrocatalytic cathode catalyst for a quasi‐solid‐state Li–O2 battery. The porous carbon matrix with highly dispersed ultrafine Ru NPs is well designed and used as cathode catalysts in a Li–O2 battery, demonstrating a high discharge areal capacity of 6.82 mAh cm–2 at 0.02 mA cm–2, a high‐rate capability of 4.93 mAh cm–2 at 0.2 mA cm–2, and stable discharge/charge cycling for up to 500 cycles (2000 h) with low overpotentials of ~1.4 V. This fundamental understanding of the structure–performance relationship demonstrates a new and promising approach to optimize highly efficient cathode catalysts for solid‐state Li–O2 batteries.
Surface‐Stabilized CsPbI3 Nanocrystals with Tailored Organic Polymer Ligand Binding
Authors: Liu Xiao , Lv Jing , Yao Shunwei , Wang Yanan , Peng Lin , Chen Jing , Liu Xiaolin , Lin Jia , Chen Xianfeng
Published: February 2023

Perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) exhibit attractive photophysical properties by combining the excellent optoelectronic properties of bulk perovskites with the strong quantum confinement effect at the nanoscale. However, CsPbI3 NCs easily transform into a non‐perovskite phase because of the ionic lattice and dynamic ligand binding. Herein, stable black‐phase CsPbI3 NCs capped with a new organic ligand, HO‐PS‐N3 (HOPS), which consists of a polystyrene segment with hydroxyl and azide end groups, are reported. This organic polymer ligand passivated the surface defects and enhanced the stability of CsPbI3 NCs by exposing the linking hydrophobic polystyrene segment. Consequently, the optimized CsPbI3 NCs exhibit significantly improved resistance to moisture or light and maintained 70 % of the original luminous intensity after immersion in water for two months. The theoretical results revealed that the binding energy of the HOPS ligand on the surface of the CsPbI3 NCs is higher than that of the commonly used oleic acid, alleviating the defects‐induced degradation during purification. Thus, surface‐stabilized CsPbI3 NCs are beneficial for a broad range of optoelectronic applications.
Prognosis and subtype analysis of left ventricular noncompaction in adults: A retrospective multicenter study
Authors: Feng Yunfei , Ning Lili , Zhang Jing , Wang Huaigen , Zhang Hanzhao , Zhang Ruochen , Deng Zhengrong , Ni Yajuan , Ye Yulan , Ma Aiqun , Zhang Yun , Wang Tingzhong
Published: February 2023

Background

Left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) is a heterogeneous myocardial disorder with an uncertain prognosis. There was a lack of studies on LVNC subtypes at present. This study sought to identify the prognosis of the overall population of LVNC and to describe the distribution of different subtypes and compare their prognosis.

Hypothesis

Patients with different subtypes of LVNC may have different prognoses.

Methods

Patients who fulfilled the Jenni criteria and/or Petersen criteria were included. Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were defined as a combination of heart failure (HF) hospitalization and all‐cause mortality.

Results

A total of 200 patients from four hospitals were included. The mean age at diagnosis was 48.2 years, and 61.5% of the patients were male. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 50% was present in 54% of the patients. Over a mean retrospective time period of 22.2 months, 47 (23.5%) patients experienced MACE. Age (hazard ratio [HR] 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–1.06; p = .004), LVEF < 50% (HR 2.32; 95% CI 1.09–4.91; p = .028) and ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation (HR 2.17; 95% CI 1.08–4.37; p = .03) were significantly associated with the risk of MACE. The most common subtype was dilated LVNC (51.3%), followed by benign LVNC (21.3%) and LVNC with arrhythmias (10.5%). Patients with dilated LVNC had significantly increased cumulative incidence of MACE, HF hospitalization, and all‐cause mortality (p < .05).

Conclusions

Age, LVEF < 50%, and ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation were independent risk factors for prognosis of LVNC. The most common subtype was dilated LVNC, which had a worse prognosis.
Evaluation of advanced, pathophysiologic new targets for imaging of CNS
Authors: Singh Priya , Singh Deepika , Srivastava Pooja , Mishra Gauri , Tiwari Anjani K.
Published: February 2023

The inadequate information about the in vivo pathological, physiological, and neurological impairments, as well as the absence of in vivo tools for assessing brain penetrance and the efficiency of newly designed drugs, has hampered the development of new techniques for the treatment for variety of new central nervous system (CNS) diseases. The searching sites such as Science Direct and PubMed were used to find out the numerous distinct tracers across 16 CNS targets including tau, synaptic vesicle glycoprotein, the adenosine 2A receptor, the phosphodiesterase enzyme PDE10A, and the purinoceptor, among others. Among the most encouraging are [18F]FIMX for mGluR imaging, [11C]Martinostat for Histone deacetylase, [18F]MNI‐444 for adenosine 2A imaging, [11C]ER176 for translocator protein, and [18F]MK‐6240 for tau imaging. We also reviewed the findings for each tracer's features and potential for application in CNS pathophysiology and therapeutic evaluation investigations, including target specificity, binding efficacy, and pharmacokinetic factors. This review aims to present a current evaluation of modern positron e40ers for CNS targets, with a focus on recent advances for targets that have newly emerged for imaging in humans.
Comorbid eating, depressive, and anxiety psychopathology is associated with elevated shame in women with food insecurity
Authors: Davis Heather A. , Kells Meredith , Todorov Sophia , Kosmas Jacqueline , Wildes Jennifer E.
Published: February 2023

Objective

To compare participants with current food insecurity and different psychopathology profiles on shame, guilt, anxiety, and depression using a cross‐sectional design.

Method

Women with current food insecurity (n = 99; 54% White) were placed into four groups based on their endorsement of symptoms of psychopathology: eating disorder with depression/anxiety comorbidity (ED‐C group; n = 17), depression/anxiety only (Depression/anxiety group; n = 34), eating disorder only (ED group; n = 12), and No‐diagnosis group (n = 36). Groups were compared on self‐report measures of shame, guilt, depression, and anxiety using analysis of covariance.

Results

The presence of an eating disorder was associated with quadruple the risk of screening positive for comorbid depression and anxiety. The ED‐C group reported elevated shame relative to the ED and No‐diagnosis groups. The ED‐C group reported the highest levels of anxiety, followed by the Depression/anxiety group, and the ED and No‐diagnosis groups.

Discussion

The presence of an eating disorder with comorbidity among women with food insecurity is associated with heightened shame. Given shame's status as a transdiagnostic predictor of psychopathology, it may serve as a putative mechanism underlying the relationship between food insecurity and eating disorder comorbidity.

Public Significance Statement

Women with food insecurity and an ED were more likely to also screen positive for depression and/or anxiety than women with food insecurity and no ED. Overlap between ED, depression, and anxiety was associated with elevated shame, a harmful, maladaptive emotion with negative psychosocial consequences.
Iodine: Physiological importance and food sources
Authors: Nedić Olgica
Published: February 2023

Iodine is essential for humans who can ingest or inhale different forms of this microelement. Its primary role is to be a constituent of thyroid hormones that control basal metabolism, growth, and development. Iodine deficiency causes major health problems and still persists in the population. During pregnancy, it may endanger neurodevelopment and even the life of the fetus. The objective of this article is to review the physiological importance of iodine, the consequences of iodine deficiency, methods to determine iodine status, recommendations for satisfactory iodine intake and risk limits, data on iodine concentrations in most common foods, as well as procedures that can increase iodine content in food. Iodization of kitchen salt is a method used for almost a century, but newer techniques for the production of iodine‐fortified foods have emerged offering additional means to deal with insufficient iodine intake. Biotechnology solutions for food fortification, which include iodine addition during and after plant/animal growth, are reviewed as well. Although the general health situation regarding iodine status has improved over years, iodine deficiency has not been eradicated. Further efforts to create safe and more efficient fortification procedures, focused follow‐up programs and healthy nutritional habits are still needed.
Innate immune inflammatory cell death: PANoptosis and PANoptosomes in host defense and disease
Authors: Chen Wen , Gullett Jessica M. , Tweedell Rebecca E. , Kanneganti Thirumala‐Devi
Published: February 2023

Regulated cell death (RCD) triggered by innate immune activation is an important strategy for host survival during pathogen invasion and perturbations of cellular homeostasis. There are two main categories of RCD, including nonlytic and lytic pathways. Apoptosis is the most well‐characterized nonlytic RCD, and the inflammatory pyroptosis and necroptosis pathways are among the best known lytic forms. While these were historically viewed as independent RCD pathways, extensive evidence of cross‐talk among their molecular components created a knowledge gap in our mechanistic understanding of RCD and innate immune pathway components, which led to the identification of PANoptosis. PANoptosis is a unique innate immune inflammatory RCD pathway that is regulated by PANoptosome complexes upon sensing pathogens, pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) or the cytokines produced downstream. Cytosolic innate immune sensors and regulators, such as ZBP1, AIM2 and RIPK1, promote the assembly of PANoptosomes to drive PANoptosis. In this review, we discuss the molecular components of the known PANoptosomes and highlight the mechanisms of PANoptosome assembly, activation and regulation identified to date. We also discuss how PANoptosomes and mutations in PANoptosome components are linked to diseases. Given the impact of RCD, and PANoptosis specifically, across the disease spectrum, improved understanding of PANoptosomes and their regulation will be critical for identifying new therapeutic targets and strategies.
Halogen Dance on 2‐Iodobenzofuran and 2‐Iodobenzothiophene and Related Reactions
Authors: Elmir Loubna , Bentabed‐Ababsa Ghenia , Erb William , Roisnel Thierry , Mongin Florence
Published: February 2023

When 2‐iodobenzofuran was treated sequentially with lithium 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidide in tetrahydrofuran at −50 °C and an aldehyde, the 2‐substituted 3‐iodobenzofuran resulting from the halogen dance was the only isolated product. However, from 2‐iodobenzothiophene, these conditions led to mixtures in which the 2‐substituted 3‐iodobenzothiophene was always accompanied by the 2‐substituted benzothiophene. The use of 2‐bromobenzothiophene as a catalyst made it possible to significantly reduce this competitive dehalogenation. To confirm the halogen dance reaction, the products were unambiguously synthesized by using direct halogenations and deprotolithiation‐trapping sequences as key steps. Our efforts to access 2,7‐disubstituted and 7‐substituted derivatives of benzofuran and benzothiophene have also been reported.
PRRT2‐positive self‐limited infantile epilepsy: Initial seizure characteristics and response to sodium channel blockers
Authors: Lee Jiwon , Kim Young Ok , Lim Byung Chan , Lee Jeehun
Published: February 2023

Objective

Self‐limited infantile epilepsy (SeLIE) has distinctive clinical features, and the PRRT2 gene is known to be a considerable genetic cause. There have been a few studies on PRRT2‐positive SeLIE only, and anti‐seizure medications are often required due to frequent seizures at initial seizure onset. This study aimed to provide clinical information for the early recognition of patients with PRRT2‐positive SeLIE and to propose effective anti‐seizure medications for seizure control.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 36 patients diagnosed with SeLIE with genetically confirmed pathogenic variants of PRRT2. In addition, six atypical cases with neonatal‐onset seizures and unremitting after 3 years of age were included to understand the expanded clinical spectrum of PRRT2‐related epilepsy. We analyzed the initial presentation, clinical course, and seizure control response to anti‐seizure medications.

Results

Patients with PRRT2‐related epilepsy had characteristic seizure semiology at the initial presentation, including all afebrile, clustered (n = 23, 63.9%), short‐duration (n = 33, 91.7%), and bilateral tonic–clonic seizures (n = 26, 72.2%). Genetic analysis revealed that c. 649dupC was the most common variant, and six patients had a 16p11.2 microdeletion containing the PRRT2 gene. One‐third of the patients were sporadic cases without a family history of epilepsy or paroxysmal movement disorders. In the 33 patients treated with anti‐seizure medications, sodium channel blockers, such as carbamazepine, were the most effective in seizure control.

Significance

Our results delineated the clinical characteristics of PRRT2‐positive SeLIE, differentiating it from other genetic infantile epilepsies and discovered the effective anti‐seizure medications for initial clustered seizure control. If afebrile bilateral tonic–clonic seizures develop in a normally developed infant as a clustered pattern, PRRT2‐positive SeLIE should be considered as a possible diagnosis, and sodium channel blockers should be administered as the first medication for seizure control.