bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Chiral Acetoxy Lactones via the Baeyer—Villiger Oxidation of Cyclic Aromatic Acetoxy Ketones.
Authors: Demir Ayhan S. , Aybey Asuman
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Intermolecular Silacarbonyl Ylide Cycloadditions: A Direct Pathway to Oxasilacyclopentenes.
Authors: Bourque Laura E. , Woerpel K. A.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Silicon—Boron Additions to Cyclic 1,3‐Dienes Catalyzed by the Platinum Group Metal Complexes.
Authors: Gerdin Martin , Penhoat Mael , Zalubovskis Raivis , Petermann Claire , Moberg Christina
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Ireland—Claisen Approach to β‐Alkoxy α‐Amino Acids.
Authors: Tellam James P. , Kociok‐Koehn Gabriele , Carbery David R.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Alafosfalin (V) and Its Phosphinic Analogue and Their Fungicidal Activity.
Authors: Khomutov Radii M. , Osipova Tatyana I. , Khurs Elena N. , Dzhavakhiya Vitalii G.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of α‐Glycosyl Phosphites and Phosphoramidites via O‐Selective Glycosylation of H‐Phosphonate Derivatives.
Authors: Matsumura Fumiko , Oka Natsuhisa , Wada Takeshi
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring‐Opening of 3‐β‐D‐Ribofuranosyl‐3,7,8,9‐tetrahydropyrimido[1,2‐i]purin‐8‐ol and Preparation of 2‐Thio‐ and 2‐Aza‐Adenosine Derivatives.
Authors: Sund Pernilla , Kronberg Leif
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Flavanes from Dracaena cambodiana.
Authors: Liu Jian , Dai Hao‐Fu , Wu Jiao , Zeng Yan‐Bo , Mei Wen‐Li
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: SYBYL Line Notation (SLN): A Single Notation to Represent Chemical Structures, Queries, Reactions, and Virtual Libraries.
Authors: Homer R. Webster , Swanson Jon , Jilek Robert J. , Hurst Tad , Clark Robert D.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Building a BioChemformatics Database.
Authors: Jensen Jan H. , Hoeg‐Jensen Thomas , Padkjaer Soeren B.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Gram‐Scale Synthesis of Cu2O Nanocubes and Subsequent Oxidation to CuO Hollow Nanostructures for Lithium‐Ion Battery Anode Materials.
Authors: Park Ji Chan , Kim Jeonghan , Kwon Hyuksang , Song Hyunjoon
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hazard Identification of Nanomaterials
Authors: Tsuda Hiroyuki , Tokunaga Hiroshi , Hirose Akihiko , Kanno Jun
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemistry with Micro‐ and Mesoporous Silicates
Authors: Walcarius Alain
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothermal Synthesis of Zeolitic Coatings for Applications in Micro‐structured Reactors
Authors: Rebrov Evgeny V. , Mies Martijn J. M. , de Croon Mart H. J. M. , Schouten Jaap C.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Remarkably Stabilized Metal Nanostructures Using Polyoxometalates
Authors: Keita Bineta , Liu Tianbo , Nadjo Louis
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Renaissance of Aluminum Chemistry
Authors: Roesky Herbert W.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Heteroligated Supramolecular Coordination Complexes Formed via the Halide‐Induced Ligand Rearrangement Reaction
Authors: Oliveri Christopher G. , Ulmann Pirmin A. , Wiester Michael J. , Mirkin Chad A.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Decade Journey in the Chemistry of Sandwich‐Type Tetrapyrrolato—Rare Earth Complexes
Authors: Jiang Jianzhuang , Ng Dennis K. P.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Self‐Assembly into One‐Dimensional Nanostructures
Authors: Palmer Liam C. , Stupp Samuel I.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Making Molecules Make Themselves — The Chemistry of Artificial Replicators
Authors: Vidonne Annick , Philp Douglas
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorinated Carbohydrates
Authors: Hein Martin , Miethchen Ralf
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Automated Synthesis of Oligosaccharides Provides Access to Chemical Tools and Vaccine Candidates
Authors: Kroeck Lenz , Seeberger Peter H.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Synthesis of Dolichyl Phosphates, Their Analogues and Derivatives and Application in Biochemical Assays
Authors: Danilov Leonid L. , Druzhinina Tatyana N.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Combinatorial Synthesis of Organophosphorus Compounds
Authors: Lesch Bernhard , Thomson Douglas W. , Lindell Stephen D.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Triazole and Coumarin Compounds and Their Physiological Activity
Authors: Hamdi Naceur , Dixneuf Pierre H.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Chemical Development of the Commercial Route to Sildenafil Citrate
Authors: Dunn Peter J.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Allenes
Authors: Ma Shengming
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Aza‐Claisen Rearrangement
Authors: Nubbemeyer Udo
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Exploration and Exploitation of Synthetic Use of Oxoammonium Ions in Alcohol Oxidation
Authors: Iwabuchi Yoshiharu
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Solvent‐ and Halide‐Free Oxidation with Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Chishiro Takefumi , Kon Yoshihiro , Sato Kazuhiko
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synergistically Integrated Nanoparticles as Multimodal Probes for Nanobiotechnology
Authors: Cheon Jinwoo , Lee Jae‐Hun
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Electronic Devices Based on Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Electrodes
Authors: Feldman Alina K. , Steigerwald Michael L. , Guo Xuefeng , Nuckolls Colin
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficacy and Safety of Poly(γ‐glutamic acid) Based Nanoparticles (γ‐PGA NPs) as Vaccine Carrier
Authors: Nakagawa Shinsaku
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Predicting Hydrogen‐Bond Strengths from Acid—Base Molecular Properties. The pKa Slide Rule: Toward the Soution of a Long‐Lasting Problem
Authors: Gilli Paola , Pretto Loretta , Bertolasi Valerio , Gilli Gastone
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Complementary Structure‐Sensitive and Insensitive Catalytic Relationships
Authors: Van Santen Rutger A.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Laser Fabrication and Spectroscopy of Organic Nanoparticles
Authors: Asahi T. , Sugiyama T. , Masuhara H.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Pipeline processing: Mass transfer in the horizontal pipeline flow of solid‐liquid mixtures
Authors: Figueiredo O. , Charles M. E.
Published: March 2009

Experiments have been performed to determine mass transfer coefficients for the dissolution of sodium chloride particles carried as a “settling” suspension in a horizontal pipeline. The coefficients obtained for two sizes of particles, along with other coefficients available from the literature for different systems, have been correlated with an average deviation of only 7% by making use of Durand's equation for predicting pressure gradients for the flow of “settling” suspensions and the analogy between momentum and mass transfer.
Rigorous design of multipass exchangers when overall heat transfer coefficient is a parabolic function of temperature
Authors: Ramalho R. S. , Alabastro E. G.
Published: March 2009

The “thermal effectiveness‐transfer unit” charts developed by the authors, for multipass exchangers, assume that the overall heat transfer coefficient varies as a parabolic function of temperature; their use can lead to greater accuracy in calculating heat transfer areas.
Residence time distribution function for multi‐stage systems with backmixing
Authors: Haddad A. H. , Wolf D.
Published: March 2009

The residence time distribution functions for multistage systems with backmixing are derived. The effect of backmixing on the system behavior is analyzed. In addition, an analytical expression for the probabilities for backmixing is given.
Turbulent flow properties of viscoelastic fluids
Authors: Sever F. A. , Metzner A. B.
Published: March 2009

The abnormally high resistance of viscoelastic fluids to sudden deformations and to stretching may be expected to cause the structure of turbulent velocity fields in these systems to differ appreciably from those of Newtonian fluids. An analysis based on these considerations is presented and supported using friction factor data for three concentrations of a water soluble polymer. Pressure losses predicted by use of this correlation are within 15% or less of the experimental values, but as all dimensionless groups which influence the results were not varied independently, the correlation developed may not be universally applicable to all fluids. Suggestions for further and more more specific analyses are made.
Absorption of chlorine into still liquid in a simple stop‐cock type absorber
Authors: Takahashi Tetsvo , Hatanaka Masahide , Konaka Ryvsei
Published: March 2009

Rates of absorption of chlorine from the downwardfacing surface into still liquids of various solutions, such as hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride solution, sodium hydroxide solutions, and pure water, were measured at 25°C. and 1 atm. in a simple stop‐cock type absorber. It was found that the absorption rates followed Higbie's penetration theory for long contact times when the effects of free convection of the liquid near the gas‐liquid interface were negligible.

Using this type of absorber, results suggest that diffusivity of the gaseous solute in liquid can be conveniently measured with only a small amount of absorbent, and, in addition, that kinetic studies on moderately slow gas‐liquid chemical reaction systems should be possible.
Particle liquid mass transfer in stirred tanks
Authors: Sykes P. , Gomezplata A.
Published: March 2009

Mass transfer coefficients were determined for 1/8 inch diameter spherical particles suspended in stirred aqueous iodine solutions. Particle density was adjusted to within 5% of the liquid density. For these particles, suspended in a covered and fully baffled vessel, the effect of impeller speed (200‐600 rpm), system Schmidt number (770‐11, 300) and impeller type (fan disk turbine, propeller and 45° paddle and turbine) on the mass transfer coefficient, was examined.

A dimensionless group correlation using the impeller blade tip velocity represent the data with an average deviation of 8% and a maximum deviation of 27%.

Nsh = 2 + 0.109

Because the particles used in the present study are considerably different from the tablets, beads and crystals that have been used previously, the coefficients of this study are a strict test of existing correlations. Partial agreement of coefficients and recent correlations was observed, but no single correlation can be recommended. Considerable discussion of the many aspects of Harriott's method of correlation also is presented.
Direct contact heat transfer between two immiscible liquids during vaporisation
Authors: Prakash C. B. , Pinder K. L.
Published: March 2009

A cine‐photographic technique was used to study the evaporation of single droplets of furan, cyclopentane and isopentane rising in water. Measurements were possible over a range from zero to 10% evaporation. The best correlation of the data for the three systems over the measurable range of parameters was:

All the data was fitted by this equation to within ± 20%.

A second correlation with a slightly larger variance

because of the manner in which the density ratio term varies with % evaporation, was recommended for extrapolation to higher percentage evaporations.
Contro'le dcun réacteur par action anticipée pour une réaction chimique du deuxième ordre au moyen 'une calculatrice analogique
Authors: Ruel El M. , Cloutier Leonce
Published: March 2009

A feedforward control system for a CSTR has been constructed and studied theoretically and experimentally.

The critical frequency of this control system is greater than the one for a feedback system. For all types of variations, the control of the reactor is improved. At low frequencies, the advantages of this type of control over the feedback system becomes rather negligible.
Distribution of ultrasonic cavitation intensities in a liquid system
Authors: Weber M. E. , Chon W. Y.
Published: March 2009

Measurements of the intensity of ultrasonic cavitation using a thermocouple probe are reported for an ultrasound frequency of 21.5 keps in water in both flat and round bottom tubes. The highest intensities were obtained when the flat bottom tube was located in the coupling fluid at a distance of one‐half wavelength above the transducer. The axial intensity profiles showed several local maxima.
Explorations of surface and cavity properties on the nucleate boiling of carbon tetrachloride
Authors: Preckshot George W. , Denny Vernon E.
Published: March 2009

Natural convection and pool boiling heat transfer were observed on centrally heated, flat superfinished nickel surfaces using thoroughly degassed, spectroscopic grade carbon tetrachloride at 0.5, 1, and 1.5, atm. pressure. Three distinct modes of natural convective circulation were observed and surface superheats as high as 125°F. were recorded.

Single and multiple cylindrical cavities (0.0002 to 0.001 inch in diameter) served as active nuclei. Each cavity exhibited characteristic ebullition and disarming temperature excesses which were indicative of critical internal geometries.
Mass transfer between liquids in cocurrent pipeline flow
Authors: Watkinson A. P. , Cavers S. D.
Published: March 2009

Mass transfer between n‐butanol and water has been studied in cocurrent pipeline flow. Phase NTU's correlated with individual phase velocities, and also depended on the input ratio of the two phases and the contactor length. Mass transfer stage efficiencies varied from near zero to essentially 100%. End effects were large. Pressure drop data agreed with the correlation of Charles and Lilleleht. The pipeline contactor showed contactor effectiveness and energy requirements similar to those of other experimental liquid‐liquid extraction devices.
Optimization of a reaction and heat exchange system with recycle
Authors: Pacey W. C. , Rvstin A.
Published: March 2009

Data obtained from an operating plant involving a gas phase reaction and heat exchange system has been correlated using a multiple regression program. The results of the regression analysis have been incorporated in a mathematical model of the plant which can determine the steady state optimum conditions for the major process variables.

This approach to optimization has been successfully employed on an existing vinyl chloride plant where significant gains in production have been obtained, and a more thorough understanding of process variables has been acquired.
Some general observations on tubular reactor stability
Authors: Luss Dan , Amundson Neal R.
Published: March 2009

A sufficient condition under which a tubular reactor with axial diffusion is globally stable is derived by use of the maximum principle for parabolic equations. It is shown that by use of some topological concepts the asymptotic stability of a steady state can be determined without the necessity of performing any computations. If a unique steady state exists it is asymptotically stable. If three steady states exist, the high and low temperature steady states are asymptotically stable, while the intermediate one is unstable.
On the two‐derative method of optimization
Authors: Smith W. R. , Missen R. W.
Published: March 2009

The Two‐Derivative Method of optimization, recently described by Methot, Cloutier and Cholette, has been shown to be a special case of the Newton‐Raphson Method, and results when the matrix of second derivatives is assumed to be diagonal. Examples are given to illustrate that the Two‐Derivative Method may diverge if a convergence forcer is not used. A simple form of forcer is shown to improve convergence, and it is suggested that a forcer should always be used with this method.
The diffusion of carbon dioxide in organic liquids
Authors: Davies G. A. , Ponter A. B. , Craine K.
Published: March 2009

Methods of predicting gas‐liquid diffusion coefficients are reviewed. A study has been made on the diffusion of carbon dioxide into a range of organic liquids and hydrocarbon mixtures over a sixty fold range of solvent viscosity. All available models for predicting diffusion coefficients were tested. It is shown that the data presented are best fitted by Arnold's equation.

Until more exact models to represent the liquid state are available this affords a reliable method for correlating gas‐liquid diffusion data.
The variation of nucleate boiling of toluene with liquid velocity and subcooling
Authors: Andrews D. G. , Al‐Shahristani H.
Published: March 2009

A detailed study of the variation of the boiling curve with degree of subcooling and liquid velocity has been made for toluene at atmospheric pressure. It is shown that the effect of these two parameters on the nucleate boiling curve is quite complex, but by no means non‐existent, as is often assumed. Mention has been made of the possible bearing of the results on selection of a boiling mechanism.
A theoretical treatment of catalyst decay
Authors: Wojciechowski B. W.
Published: March 2009

A theoretical treatment of the decay of activity in aging catalysts is presented. In this treatment it is assumed that catalyst activity is a function of time‐on‐stream only and on the basis of this assumption the behavior of static bed catalytic reactors is studied. From these considerations it is deduced that there are three distinguishable types of behavior in decaying catalysts. These types are described in terms of their characteristic behavior and it is shown how the performance of certain rapidly decaying catalysts can be optimized in plant operation.
Reciprocating flow ion exchange part II: Application to saline water softening
Authors: Hunter R. F. , Simmons P. J. , Tan K. S. , Spinner I. H.
Published: March 2009

The “hardness” components in sea water can be considerably reduced by means of a new economical fixed bed technique called “Reciprocating Flow Ion Exchange”, when used in conjunction with a closed cycle exchanger‐evaporator system.

Removal of 87.9% of the calcium and 54.5% of the magnesium in sea water has been obtained with an overall flow rate of 5.0 U. S. g. p. m./sq. ft. Results from bench scale and a 5,000 g. p. d. pilot plant were identical. The virtually continuous cyclic steady‐state process requires a small amount of exchanger (0.5 to 2% of the usual ion exchange methods, such as conventional fixed beds or fluidized beds).

The effects of variation in operating parameters are discussed.
Critical fluid velocity and power requirement for the startup of a capsule pipeline
Authors: Figueiredo O. , Charles M. E.
Published: March 2009

The pipeline transport of solids in the form of capsules appears to have advantages over the conventional slurry operation. One of the problems which must be faced, however, is the startup of a capsule pipeline which has been temporarily shut down. Data are presented for the fluid velocity and pressure gradient which were required to initiate movement of 3‐in. long cylindrical capsules equally spaced at various linear concentrations on the bottom of a 1‐in. diameter model pipeline. The specific gravity of the capsules ranged from 1.40 to 8.44 and capsule diameter to pipe diameter ratio ranged from 0.247 to 0.868.

For a given set of capsules, the critical fluid velocity passed through a minimum, and the critical pressure gradient passed through a maximum, at a linear concentration of about 60–65%. The critical power consumption, however, was only slightly dependent on linear concentration. For a given linear concentration, the critical power requirement increased concomitantly with capsule specific gravity.
Heat transfer to spheres in a confined plasma jet
Authors: Kvbanek G. R. , Chevalier P. , Gauvin W. H.
Published: March 2009

An experimental study was conducted with a 40 kw. direct‐current nitrogen plasma jet confined in an 8.00‐in. i.d. graphite chamber. The heat transfer rates were determined at a test section located 10.5‐in. below the entry of the jet to water‐cooled 0.625 and 1.000‐in. diameter spheres at temperature differences of up to 5,000°f. and over the Reynolds number ranges of 600 to 4,300. The data were correlated in terms of the Nusselt and Reynolds numbers, with gas properties taken at the bulk temperature. The high intensity of turbulence increased the heat transfer rates to above most of those previously reported, and Reynolds number exponents typical of turbulent systems were obtained.
Effectiveness factors for heat transfer in fluidized beds
Authors: Petrovic Louis J. , Thodos George
Published: March 2009

Rates of heat transfer associated with the evaporation of water from the surface of porous particles into air were measured for both packed and fluidized beds. Direct measurements of the temperature on the surface of these particles permitted the calculation of the heat transfer coefficient, hg, for both packed and fluidized bed systems. An effectiveness factor, χ, has been introduced to account for the non‐plug flow characteristics of fluidized beds. This quantity has been used to define the rate of particle to gas heat transfer as follows

where (δt)m represents the log‐mean temperature difference across the bed and hg b is the heat transfer coefficient at the initiation of two phase fluidization defined as the “bubble point”. An analysis of the experimental measurements indicates that

where g represents the ratio of the heat transfer factor of the fluidized bed to that corresponding at the bubble point of this bed. This effectiveness factor has also been related to the void fraction ratio as follows

where ϵt, and ϵp, are the void fractions of the fluidized bed and its corresponding packed bed arrangement. This equation applies for ϵt/ϵp > 1.22.
Extractive distillation employing a dissolved salt as separating agent
Authors: Cook Roger A. , Fvrter William F.
Published: March 2009

A process of extractive distillation, employing a dissolved salt rather than a liquid solvent as separating agent, was studied on a pilot plant scale. Aqueous ethanol was fractionated in a 12‐tray, bubble cap column with potassium acetate present in the liquid phase. Even relatively small concentrations of salt eliminated the azeotrope. An overhead product completely free of separating agent was obtained directly from the column. A technique is described for metering salt at a steady rate, and for achieving rapid solution of the salt in the reflux stream.
Power‐law fluids flow through multiparticle system
Authors: Yu Y. H. , Wen C. Y. , Bailie R. C.
Published: March 2009

A study on the flow of power‐law fluids through a multi‐particle system including both fixed bed and fluidized bed is presented. Equations for the pressure drop, the minimum fluidization velocity, and the bed expansion are obtained by extending the Blake‐Kozeny's equation for the pressure drop through packed beds to power‐law fluids. Bed expansion equations are also obtained by extending the Richard‐son‐Zaki's theory for the drag force in a multiparticle suspension to power‐law fluids. These equations are compared with experimental data.
Some electrical effects in an aluminum/propane/oxygen flame jet at atmospheric pressure
Authors: Brzvstowski T. A. , Keshavan R.
Published: March 2009

Three electrical effects in an approximately stoichiometric propane‐oxygen flame seeded with aluminum powder were studied: a) increase in flame current caused by the addition of aluminum, b) effect of transverse electrical field on the rate of aluminum oxide deposition onto a solid surface, c) effect of the field on the rate of heat transfer to a flat plate immersed in the flame. The maximum field was limited by breakdown to about 450 v/cm. It appears that the oxide deposition rate and the heat transfer rate can be influenced by relatively small electric fields.
The heat and mass transfer from a fluid sphere at large reynolds and peclet number
Authors: Winnikow S.
Published: March 2009

Analytic expressions have been derived for the steady rate of heat or mass transfer from a fluid sphere in uniform motion at large Reynolds and Peclet number. The solution is applicable to cases where both phase resistances are of the same order of magnitude, or when the resistance of one phase is negligible.

The analysis has shown that if finite values of fluid viscosity and density are considered the transfer rates are considerably less than those obtained from the ideal fluid model.

The maximum flux for a fluid sphere occurs near the equatorial plane and in this respect its behavior differs significantly from a solid sphere.
Dissolution of carbon steel scrap in hydrochloric acid
Authors: Rigg Tyson
Published: March 2009

The dissolution of carbon steel in hydrochloric acid has been investigated from the point of view of large scale manufacture of ferrous chloride. It has been found that the rate of dissolution at 95°c. can be represented by the equation

R = k ([HCl] + 0.58 [FeCl2)0.45

where k varies with the physical and chemical nature of the steel. The activation energy varies with the particular experimental conditions over the range 12.0 to 18.1 K.cal/ mole. The rate of reaction is not influenced by agitation. The mechanism of the dissolution process is discussed together with practical aspects and pilot plant results.
Boiling heat transfer from a rotating horizontal cylinder
Authors: Nicol A. A. , Mclean J. T.
Published: March 2009

Boiling heat transfer from a horizontal copper cylinder rotating on its axis in water has been investigated. An increase in heat transfer coefficient wag obtained over the entire range of rotational speeds with a maximum occurring at 150 rpm.

The results were correlated in terms of the factors influencing the boiling mechanism, which differed above and below the critical speed.

Below 150 rpm the effects of rotation were correlated by the inclusion of a Weber‐Reynolds number term in the boiling equation of Lienhard (1), and above 150 rpm the same basic boiling equation was modified to include a Froude Number.
On the conditions for stability of falling films subject to surface tension disturbances; the condensation of binary vapors
Authors: Ford J. D. , Missen R. W.
Published: March 2009

Examination of available experimental information, including that on condensation of binary vapors, indicates that the Marangoni effect provides a consistent interpretation of falling film behavior, when surface tension disturbances are important. Criteria provided by the Marangoni effect are: d/db 0 for stability, where is surface tension and b film thickness, and d/db > 0 for instability; the latter is evidently a necessary but not sufficient condition. Methods are given for evaluating the sign of d/db in terms of the product of two factors, one characteristic of the system and one of the operation.
A transcendental approximation for natural convection at small prandtl numbers
Authors: Cygan D. A. , Richardson P. D.
Published: March 2009

An improved method of approximation for natural convection at small Prandtl numbers is described. It involves simple transcendental functions for profile representation. The method utilizes a physically significant model of the velocity distribution in which regions of the thermal boundary layer and viscous boundary layer are distinguished. The shape of the velocity profile is allowed to vary with Prandtl number. The method is checked against known exact results for natural convection on a vertical flat plate and is used to obtain results for a horizontal cylinder.
Maximum spoutable bed depths of mixed particle‐size beds
Authors: Reddy K. V. S. , Fleming R. J. , Smith J. W.
Published: March 2009

Maximum spoutable bed depths for mixed particle‐size beds of alundum, glass and polystyrene have been found experimentally to reach a peak at a critical particle Reynolds number of about 70. Using Becker's criterion that Vm f = Vmf and the correlations of Smith‐Reddy for V, and of Wen‐Yu for Vmf, the maximum spoutable bed depths Hmax were theoretically predicted to reach a maximum at a critical NRem = 68. The experimental maximum spoutable bed depts in a 6‐in. I. D. column fitted with a 60° cone were in good agreement with theoretical predictions.
Improved gas'liquid contacting in co‐current flow
Authors: Voyer R. D. , Miller A. I.
Published: March 2009

A new method of increasing interfacial area for gas‐liquid contacting in co‐current flow using screen packings has been evaluated in a 51/2‐in. I. D. column using CO2 chemisortpion in sodium hydroxide solution and CO2 physical desorption from water.

The study investigated the effect of gas velocity (0.3‐2.7‐ft/sec.), liquid velocity (0.018‐0.1‐ft/sec), and of column height (0.67‐7.8‐ft.) on the interfacial area, a, and the physical desorption liquid phase mass transfer coefficient, KL.

The two types of screen packing tested produced interfacial areas of 2 to 4 times that generated in an unpacked column. KL showed no effect of gas velocity but increased with liquid velocity, a and KL decreased with increasing column height. Generally, photographic evaluation gave unrealistically high values of a.
The preparation and structure of electrodeposited sponge cadmium electrodes
Authors: Henderson I. H. S. , Ladan S. G.
Published: March 2009

A method is described for preparing coherent sponge cadmium electrodes on cadmium‐plated substrates by electrodeposition from cadmium chloride solutions in the absence and presence of potassium chloride. The deposit morphology was shown to be a function of current density, pH, plating bath composition and temperature. Of the five main deposit types observed, only one, a sponge with very small crystallites, displayed high electrochemical activity when cycled in KOH solution and had sufficient coherence and adherence to its substrate to be considered suitable as a battery electrode. This material had a useful capacity approximately twice that of conventional electrodes, implying a net increase in battery capacity of at least 30% if conventional sintered plate positives were used. In addition, the elimination of the sintered nickel substrate and the possibility of continuous production methods promised a lower cost.

In a separate series of experiments, ultramicrotome sections of the sponge deposits were examined by transmission electron microscopy. For specimens having a high electrochemical activity (more than 70% of the deposit being capable of reversible cycling in KOH solution) crystallite dimensions up to several microns in length and 0.5 to 1 micron in diameter appeared to predominate. This was consistent with measurements of the depth of oxidation observed on block cadmium electrodes and with the structure inferred from powder X‐ray diffraction examination.
Continuous and discrete time response analysis of the backflow cell model for linear interphase mass transfer on a distillation plate
Authors: Dickey B. R. , Durbin L. D.
Published: March 2009

An analysis of the backflow cell model of a distillation plate with linear interphase mass transfer is given. The steady state character is discussed in terms of liquid phase concentration profiles and plate efficiencies. The dynamics due to liquid and vapor phase concentration perturbations are derived for continuous time and discrete times based upon two point time difference methods of numerical solution. The moments of the discrete impulse response are related to those for continuous time. Stability and convergence are discussed. For the liquid on a valve plate, the backflow cell model outlet response due to a measured inlet response is compared to the monitored outlet response resulting from upstream salt tracer injection.
An experimental investigation of heat transfer to water in film flow Part I – non‐boiling runs with and without induced swirl
Authors: Herbert L. S. , Sterns V. J.
Published: March 2009

Local heat transfer coefficients have been measured in the range of Reynolds Numbers 3,000‐20,000 for non‐boiling heat transfer to water flowing down the inside of a copper tube. The tube was 0.948‐in. Inside diameter and 8‐ft long, heated in 15 sections 6‐in. long, by electrical resistance heaters wound on the outside of the tube. Thermocouples measured the wall temperature at the midpoint of each section. Coefficients obtained for downward, non‐swirling, full tube flow were correlated by the Dittus Boelter equation, with a correction for heat flux. An experimental correlation was obtained for the improved coefficients resulting from the use of a swirl generator in full tube flow. Non‐swirling falling film data were correlated by an equation:

hLA = 3.9 ReLA0.05

It is to be noted that the exponent on ReLS is higher than the value of 0.1‐0.33 found by previous workers. The effect of swirl on falling film heat transfer was complex; increased coefficients were noted at ReL below 10,000 but much reduced coefficients were obtained at RL above 15,000 in the lower parts of the tube.
An experimental investigation of heat transfer to water in film flow Part II – boiling runs with and without induced swirl
Authors: Herbert L. S. , Sterns V. J.
Published: March 2009

In the previous paper, (Part I)(1), the results were presented of an investigation of heat transfer to non‐boiling falling films of water in an electrically heated copper tube of 0.948‐in. i.d. and 8‐ft. long. Comparative measurements of heat transfer in full tube flow were also given, and the effect of a simple swirl‐type turbulence promoter was studied for both full tube and film‐type flow.

The present paper presents the results of an investigation of boiling heat transfer in the same apparatus.
Reaction between two immiscible fluids in countercurrent flow in a series of stirred tanks: Design equations and optimum operations
Authors: Ahluwalia M. S. , Levenspiel Octave
Published: March 2009

An explicit expression is found for the conversion of two immiscible fluids reacting by a second order reaction while in countercurrent flow through a series of equal sized backmix reactors. It is also shown that the equal sized set‐up is always optimum in that it minimizes the total volume needed for any duty. Design charts are presented.
Heats of mixing for binary systems: n‐Alkanes + n‐Alcohols and n‐Alcohols
Authors: Ramalho R. S. , Ruel M.
Published: March 2009

The heats of mixingof 23 binary systems are reported at 20, 25 and 30°C. Of these systems, 14 binaries are mixtures of n‐alcohols + n‐alkanes and the remaining 9 systems are mixtures of n‐alcohols. The applicability of an extension of the principle of congruence to the data was investigated.
A steady'state capillary cell method for measuring gas‐liquid diffusion coefficients
Authors: Malik V. K. , Hayduk W.
Published: March 2009

A simple method for measuring diffusion coefficients of gases in liquids using capillary cells has been shown to give accurate results for the diffusivities of carbon dioxide in water, methane in carbon tetrachloride, and carbon dioxide in ethanol when compared with reported values. Diffusivities were also measured at 30°C. for ethane in n‐hexane and ethane in n‐heptane, and at 40°C. for ethane in n‐heptane. The steady‐state capillary cell technique appears to be capable of giving reliable diffusivities for a large number of gas‐liquid systems.
Heats of mixing for ternary systems: n‐Alkanes + Two n‐Alcohols
Authors: Ramalho R. S. , Ruel M.
Published: March 2009

Heats of mixing for 21 ternary systems of one n‐alkane + two n‐alcohols are reported at 25°C. Evaluation of four equations permitting the prediction of heats of mixing of ternary systems from binary data is made. Scatchard's modified equation for systems containing a polar component was found to be the most accurate.
An experimental study of the effect of dump packing on wall to fluidized bed heat transfer
Authors: Capes C. E. , Sutherland J. P. , Mcllhinney A. E.
Published: March 2009

The improvements in the performance of gas‐fluidized beds to be gained from the introduction of baffles or packing pieces have been discussed in the literature. These include higher conversions in chemical reactions(1), reduction of freeboard necessitated by fluctuations in bed height(2) and the possibility of operating with larger length to diameter ratios(3). In the case of wall‐to‐bed heat transfer, however, a preliminary investigation(4) into the effect of fixed packing in a 4‐in. column indicated that the rate of heat transfer was in most cases adversely affected by the presence of packing because of the restriction of particle movement within the bed. This was certainly true in the case of packings of closed structure such as solid spheres, although the data suggested(4) that heat transfer in beds containing screen mesh packings of open structure may exceed that in unpacked beds in some cases.

The work described herein is a quite comprehensive experimental investigation of the effect of many types of dump packings on the rate of wall‐to‐bed heat transfer. Several commercially available packings as well as cylindrical screen packings produced in this laboratory were employed. A 12‐in. diameter bed was used so that the work would give an indication of the effects occurring in larger‐scale equipment.