bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beat-to-Beat, Reading-to-Reading, and Day-to-Day Blood Pressure Variability in Relation to Organ Damage in Untreated Chinese
Authors: Wei Fang-Fei , Li Yan , Zhang Lu , Xu Ting-Yan , Ding Feng-Hua , Wang Ji-Guang , Staessen Jan A.
Published: January 2014

Whether target organ damage is associated with blood pressure (BP) variability independent of level remains debated. We assessed these associations from 10-minute beat-to-beat, 24-hour ambulatory, and 7-day home BP recordings in 256 untreated subjects referred to a hypertension clinic. BP variability indices were variability independent of the mean, maximum–minimum difference, and average real variability. Effect sizes (standardized β) were computed using multivariable regression models. In beat-to-beat recordings, left ventricular mass index (n=128) was not (
P
≥0.18) associated with systolic BP but increased with all 3 systolic variability indices (+2.97–3.53 g/m
2
;
P
<0.04); the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio increased (
P
≤0.03) with systolic BP (+1.14–1.17 mg/mmol) and maximum–minimum difference (+1.18 mg/mmol); and pulse wave velocity increased with systolic BP (+0.69 m/s;
P
<0.001). In 24-hour recordings, all 3 indices of organ damage increased (
P
<0.03) with systolic BP, whereas the associations with BP variability were nonsignificant (
P
≥0.15) except for increases in pulse wave velocity (
P
<0.05) with variability independent of the mean (+0.16 m/s) and maximum–minimum difference (+0.17 m/s). In home recordings, the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (+1.27–1.30 mg/mmol) and pulse wave velocity (+0.36–0.40 m/s) increased (
P
<0.05) with systolic BP, whereas all associations of target organ damage with the variability indices were nonsignificant (
P
≥0.07). In conclusion, while accounting for BP level, associations of target organ damage with BP variability were readily detectable in beat-to-beat recordings, least noticeable in home recordings, with 24-hour ambulatory monitoring being informative only for pulse wave velocity.
Inocellia rara sp. nov. (Raphidioptera: Inocelliidae), a new snakefly species from Taiwan, with remarks on systematics and biogeography of the Inocelliidae of the island
Authors: LIU XINGYUE , ASPÖCK HORST , ASPÖCK ULRIKE
Published: January 2014

A new species of the snakefly genus Inocellia Schneider, 1843 from Taiwan is described: Inocellia rara sp. nov. It represents the third species in the family Inocelliidae and the first record of the Inocellia fulvostigmata species group from Taiwan.
Service-Learning as a Catalyst for Community Development
Authors: Geller Joanna D. , Zuckerman Natalie , Seidel Adam
Published: January 2014

Service-learning has the potential to create mutually beneficial relationships between schools and communities, but little research explores service-learning from the community’s perspective. The purpose of this study was to (a) understand how community-based organizations (CBOs) benefited from partnering with students and (b) examine whether organizational capacity (e.g., organization size) or employee vision (e.g., belief in the abilities of children) had a greater impact on the extent to which organizations benefited from their partnerships. The sample consisted of 129 CBOs that received a grant from K-12 students engaged in a service-learning program. Organizational capacity was more predictive of CBO behaviors, such as involving students in service projects and interacting with students, whereas employee vision was more predictive of positive CBO beliefs, such as the future potential of their partnership. This study helps service-learning practitioners and researchers understand how to better support CBOs that wish to form meaningful partnerships with schools.
The Oder–Neisse Line as a Place of Remembrance for Germans and Poles
Authors: Halicka Beata
Published: January 2014

This article takes the Oder region as an example to demonstrate the way in which memories of the Second World War and the postwar years are cultivated by residents of the region, and furthermore, how the place of remembrance of the Oder–Neisse line was encoded by Germans and Poles respectively. The Oder region saw an almost complete population exchange, which was a result of several migration processes. On both sides of the Oder–Neisse line, the memories of these events were manipulated politically and influenced the collective memory of the respective groups. The following text is based on the results of an Oral History project ( www.pyrzany-kozaki.eu ) carried out under my direction in 2011, as well as on the analysis of memoirs written by Polish new settlers in the 1950s and on reports by German refugees and expellees. These sources were the main focus of my research on the topic of ‘“Poland's Wild West” – forced migration and cultural appropriation of the Oder region 1945–1948’.
Citizens and Non-Citizens: The Relevance of Citizenship Status in Labour Migration within Italy and to Germany from the 1950s to 1970s
Authors: Sparschuh Olga
Published: January 2014

From the 1950s to 1970s large numbers of workers migrated not only from the south of Italy to the industrial areas in the north of the country but also to West Germany. Whereas the former movement was an internal migration within a nation state, the latter can be defined as transnational migration. Both migration movements had similar characteristics, however there was one major difference regarding the legal status of the labour migrants: while they were citizens in Northern Italy, they were non-citizens in Germany. This article discusses what relevance the formal qualification of citizenship, with the codification of civil, political and social rights, had for the labour migrants in everyday life. On the one hand the changing supranational regulations that extended the range of citizenship status are scrutinized, on the other the background of the Italian labour migrants in marginal areas of the country that limited their possibilities of exerting citizenship is taken into consideration. By assessing what impact the dissimilar legal status had on the labour migrants’ opportunities within both receiving societies the article contributes to the recently opened research agenda of a combined study of internal and transnational migrations.
Negotiating Integration in Berlin’s Waxing Studios: Brazilian Migrants’ Gendered Appropriation of Urban Consumer Spaces and ‘Ethnic’ Entrepreneurship
Authors: Lidola Maria
Published: January 2014

Current discussions on immigration in Germany emphasize the economic benefits of migrant economies and ethnic entrepreneurship, pointing to the positive effects on the ‘integration’ of migrants into the German labour market and into German society. This article focuses on the ethnographic example of Brazilian small-scale businesswomen in Berlin, who run cosmetic salons specialized in body hair removal, and how they embed their businesses in the Berlin landscape of multicultural consumption. On the basis of their migration trajectories I discuss these women's manifold cultural, gendered and class-informed strategies of negotiating integration, encompassing not just their economic activity, the role of independent work and the associated social effects, but also the commodified beauty practice itself. Thereby, the article inquires into conceptions of emancipation connected to migrant women's entrepreneurship in their everyday life that is still highly constrained by migration and gender regimes.
Migration and Urban Transformations: Frankfurt in the 1960s and 1970s
Authors: Espahangizi Raika
Published: January 2014

This article investigates the intersections of urban transformations and migration in the 1960s and 1970s, in the case of Frankfurt am Main. The socio-political and spatial transformations of the city, which began in the course of the guest worker regime, will be examined through exploring the housing situation and the settlement pattern in the urban space. In order to do this, the practices and effects of the gradual long-term settlement of working migrants and the subsequent influx of their families will be presented in relation to the formation of urban foreigner and social policies as well as local migration debates. An examination of the chosen time period will enable a discussion of the meaning of urban conflicts about migration for the negotiation of the national immigration question, which took place from the 1960s and 1970s in the context of an effective immigration reality in the cities on the one hand, and the federal guidelines of a non-immigration country, on the other.
New directions in Spirit Christology: A foundation for a charismatic theology
Authors: Peppiatt Lucy
Published: January 2014

In recent years there has been an upsurge of interest in the person and work of the Holy Spirit in academic circles. It is even common now to find that the Holy Spirit has been elevated to a primary position in theological discussion. One of the main reasons for this move in academic circles is, I believe, the burgeoning Pentecostal Church and the spread of the Charismatic movement worldwide and across the denominations. The ‘experience’ of the Holy Spirit in the lives of Christians is acting as a catalyst and foundation for theological reflection, and influencing the theological agenda. In addition to this, the study of pneumatology (a theology of the Holy Spirit) is being viewed as a potentially fruitful point of departure for a theology of religions and interreligious dialogue; a topic that has increasing relevance for people of all faiths as we learn to live in pluralist societies. Moreover, there is a growing interest in many academic disciplines in the notion of ‘spirit’ as a category, which has contributed to the contemporary discussions on what it means to consider the question of the S/spirit in the theological world. A theology of the Spirit in relation to Christology yields a great number of generative ideas both for systematic theology and for church life and practice, which this article begins to explore.
Telling stories about intersex and Christianity: Saying too much or not saying enough?
Authors: Cornwall Susannah
Published: January 2014

Intersex conditions (those where an individual’s body cannot be classified as male or female) have received little attention in theological or church circles. This paper draws on empirical research with ten intersex Christians, suggesting that their stories are of relevance to broader theological discourse about sex, gender and sexuality. In a narrative theological framework, stories constitute and reinforce world-views. Christian communities which invest only clearly male or clearly female bodies with legitimacy and cosmic significance risk eliding other types of body-story.
Advances in motor neurone disease
Authors: Bäumer Dirk , Talbot Kevin , Turner Martin R
Published: January 2014

Summary

Motor neurone disease (MND), the commonest clinical presentation of which is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), is regarded as the most devastating of adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders. The last decade has seen major improvements in patient care, but also rapid scientific advances, so that rational therapies based on key pathogenic mechanisms now seem plausible. ALS is strikingly heterogeneous in both its presentation, with an average one-year delay from first symptoms to diagnosis, and subsequent rate of clinical progression. Although half of patients succumb within 3–4 years of symptom onset, typically through respiratory failure, a significant minority survives into a second decade. Although an apparently sporadic disorder for most patients, without clear environmental triggers, recent genetic studies have identified disease-causing mutations in genes in several seemingly disparate functional pathways, so that motor neuron degeneration may need to be understood as a common final pathway with a number of upstream causes. This apparent aetiological and clinical heterogeneity suggests that therapeutic studies should include detailed biomarker profiling, and consider genetic as well as clinical stratification. The most common mutation, accounting for 10% of all Western hemisphere ALS, is a hexanucleotide repeat expansion in C9orf72. This and several other genes implicate altered RNA processing and protein degradation pathways in the core of ALS pathogenesis. A major gap remains in understanding how such fundamental processes appear to function without obvious deficit in the decades prior to symptom emergence, and the study of pre-symptomatic gene carriers is an important new initiative.
Online Item Calibration for Q-Matrix in CD-CAT
Authors: Chen Yunxiao , Liu Jingchen , Ying Zhiliang
Published: January 2014

Item replenishment is important for maintaining a large-scale item bank. In this article, the authors consider calibrating new items based on pre-calibrated operational items under the deterministic inputs, noisy-and-gate model, the specification of which includes the so-called [Formula: see text]-matrix, as well as the slipping and guessing parameters. Making use of the maximum likelihood and Bayesian estimators for the latent knowledge states, the authors propose two methods for the calibration. These methods are applicable to both traditional paper–pencil–based tests, for which the selection of operational items is prefixed, and computerized adaptive tests, for which the selection of operational items is sequential and random. Extensive simulations are done to assess and to compare the performance of these approaches. Extensions to other diagnostic classification models are also discussed.
Machiavelli’s republican political theory
Authors: Vujadinovic Dragica
Published: January 2014

The author argues that the interpretation of Machiavelli’s political theory is to be prominently a republican one, escaping its commonly simplified and stereotypical interpretations, which reduce his theoretical legacy to so-called ‘Machiavellianism’. The article claims that while elements of ‘Machiavellianism’ do exist in all of his books (especially in The Prince), they do not define the core line and purpose of Machiavelli’s political theory. This article presents how Machiavelli followed the legacy of republican Rome and of the medieval and Renaissance city-republics of Italy (including Florence) in developing his republican conception. Furthermore, it is argued that the theory of the humours – used as a basis of his interpretation of republican tradition – resulted in the anticipation of modern liberal republicanism in Machiavelli’s legacy. His statements that conflicts of interests among different humours/classes/estates were not only unavoidable, but were also useful in enacting good laws, did anticipate modern pluralism. The author argues that the theory of the humours served Machiavelli as the core background he used in differentiating the main forms of political orders: monarchy/principality, republic and lizenzia (institutionally, a republic, but effectively, an imbalanced quasi-aristocratic rule). The criterion Machiavelli used was the quality of relations existent among those humours, in the sense that only the republic secured the satisfaction of the needs and interests of all humours, and insofar represented a well-balanced, healthy body politic. Machiavelli’s intention was to offer ‘practical lessons from the study of history’ through comparison of the ‘ancient events’ of the Roman republic with the ‘modern events’ of the existing lizenzia in Florence, so that a real republican order be (re)established in the Florence of his days.
Inferentialism, culture and public deliberation
Authors: Marchettoni Leonardo
Published: January 2014

My aim in this article is to compare traditional multiculturalist political theory with a new paradigm in which the usual strategies for dealing with cultural diversities are replaced by the tools provided by inferential semantics as developed by Robert Brandom. The upshot is the transition from a landscape which is highly demanding with respect to the common assumptions among different views of the world to a dialogical context in which contrasting beliefs can come to light more freely.
Gender associations with world music instruments by secondary school music students from the USA
Authors: Kelly Steven N. , VanWeelden Kimberly
Published: January 2014

This article investigated possible gender associations with world music instruments by secondary school-age music students from the USA. Specific questions included: (1) Do the primary instruments played by the students influence gender associations of world music instruments? (2) Does age influence possible gender associations with world music instruments? (3) Does students’ gender affect possible gender associations? (4) Do presentation modes of visual only, instrument timbre, or a combination of visual and timbre influence gender associations? (5) What variables may influence possible gender association with world music instruments?

Participants ( N = 455) were band and string students attending a large university-based summer music camp. Participants were randomly divided into three treatment groups: visual only, audio only, and visual/audio combination and exposed to 10 world music instruments that have specific sex-role associations in the culture of which they are a part. Participants completed a survey to indicate their perception of the extent of gender association with each instrument. Results showed that students were influenced by similar variables regarding gender associations with world music instruments as they are with traditional public school instruments typically found in the USA.
Corporatist Ideas in Inter-war Greece: From Theory to Practice (1922–1940)
Authors: Ploumidis Spyridon
Published: January 2014

The article examines the reception, conception and practical application of corporatist ideas in inter-war Greece. Drawing on Peter Williamson’s terms, this study looks closely at both consensual- and authoritarian-licensed corporatist theories and policies. In the period under consideration, Greece was a fledgling, fast industrializing society that was significantly affected by the economic advantages and misgivings of the ‘gloomy thirties’. High rates of unemployment, which were aggravated by the global economic crisis of 1929, low wages, long working hours and insufficient enforcement of labour law increased the dissatisfaction of the working classes and fanned social unrest.

Consensual-licensed corporatist proposals for ‘professional representation’ entered the debate on the (re-)establishment of the Senate in 1928–29. Authoritarian-licensed corporatism found a much broader audience and practical scope during the Kondylis and the Metaxas dictatorships in the period 1935–40. Fascist-like corporatist practices were applied in agriculture and in the bargaining of collective agreements that regulated minimum wages and salaries. In fact, Metaxas had pronounced the transformation of his anti-parliamentary regime into a corporatist ‘new State’. However, the eventual implementation of corporatist ideas was rather limited. For that matter, I argue that interbellum Greece remained, in its European setting, a marginal case of corporatist theories and policies.
Agonist of inward rectifier K+ channels enhances the protection of ischemic postconditioning in isolated rat hearts
Authors: Liao Z , Feng Z , Long C
Published: January 2014

Background:

Selective inhibition of inward rectifier K+ channels could abolish the protection mediated by ischemic preconditioning, but the roles of these channels in ischemic postconditioning have not been well characterized. Our study aims to evaluate the effect of inward rectifier K+ channels on the protection induced by ischemic postconditioning.

Methods:

Langendorff-perfused rat hearts (n=8 per group) were split into four groups: postconditioning hearts (IPO group); ischemic postconditioning with BaCl2 hearts (PB group); ischemic postconditioning with zacopride hearts (PZ group); and without ischemic postconditioning (CON group). After suffering 30 minutes of global ischemia, groups IPO, PB and PZ went through 10 seconds of ischemic postconditioning with three different perfusates: respectively, Krebs–Henseleit buffer (IPO group); 20 μmol/L BaCl2 (antagonist of the channel, PB group); 1 μmol/L zacopride (agonist of the channel, PZ group).

Results:

At the end of reperfusion, the myocardial performance was better preserved in the PZ group than the other three groups. The PB group showed no significant differences from the CON group.

Conclusions:

Our study has shown that the IK1 channel agonist zacopride is associated with the enhancement of ischemic postconditioning.
Blood transfusion during versus after cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with postoperative morbidity in neonates undergoing cardiac surgery
Authors: Redlin M , Boettcher W , Kukucka M , Kuppe H , Habazettl H
Published: January 2014

Introduction:

Cardiac surgery on neonates for the correction of congenital heart defects is usually associated with the transfusion of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) into the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuit. We hypothesised that such transfusions of stored PRBCs directly into the arterial system may increase postoperative morbidity when compared to intravenous transfusion.

Patients and Methods:

In this retrospective cohort study, data from 122 consecutive neonates who received transfusions of PRBCs in the course of corrective surgery for congenital heart defects were analysed. Group assignment was according to the timing of the first transfusion: during CPB (On-CPB) or after weaning from CPB (Post-CPB). Chi Square and rank sum tests were applied to compare clinical characteristics. Times until extubation and release from the intensive care unit were analysed by Kaplan-Meier curves and by multivariate Cox regression.

Results:

Transfusion of PRBCs during CPB was associated with greater 48 hour blood loss (mean±standard deviation, 86±125 versus 32±16 mL/kg, p<0.001), longer duration of mechanical ventilation (214±268 versus 99±75 h, p<0.001) and longer stay on the intensive care unit (10.9±12.1 versus 5.3±3.5 days, p<0.001). However, the groups also differed in many characteristics, such as bodyweight, complexity of surgery or preoperative haemoglobin concentration, which may also affect outcome. Yet, multivariate analyses confirmed an independent association of transfusion On-CPB with an adverse clinical outcome.

Conclusions:

Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the transfusion of PRBCs during CPB may increase postoperative morbidity. However, due to the limitations of this retrospective analysis, further studies are needed to confirm a causal relationship between the timing of the transfusion and the clinical outcome and to elucidate putative mechanisms of such an association.
Occurrence of Multinucleated Hepatocytes in Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) From Different Geographical Regions
Authors: Novilla M. N. , Jackson M. K. , Reim D. A. , Jacobson S. B. , Nagata R. A.
Published: January 2014

Multinucleated hepatocytes (MNHs) have been occasionally reported in macaques, as well as chimpanzees and gorillas, as an incidental finding. However, information is sparse on variations in incidence in the cynomolgus macaque ( Macaca fascicularis). A survey was conducted to assess the occurrence of MNHs in the liver of stock (nonstudy) animals from SNBL SRC (Alice, TX) and SNBL USA (Everett, WA) submitted for diagnostic purposes. A total of 215 cynomolgus monkeys originally from Cambodia (61), China (5), Indonesia (125), and Mauritius (24) were used for this investigation. From each animal, usually 2 liver samples were processed for histopathology with 2 sections in each slide. An MNH was defined as a hepatocyte with 3 or more nuclei. A threshold of 3 MNHs was selected for the Multinucleated Hepatocyte Grading System: 0 = not remarkable (≤3 MNHs counted from 2–4 liver sections), minimal = 4 to 15 MNHs, mild = 16 to 30 MNHs, moderate = 31 to 59 MNHs, and severe ≥60 MNHs. The incidence of MNHs was 60 of 86 (70%) in males and 72 of 129 (56%) in females for a total overall incidence of 132 of 215 animals (61%). Affected hepatocytes were frequently observed close to the capsule and generally had 3 to 8 nuclei per hepatocyte but as many as 15 occurred in a single cell. Awareness of the incidence of MNHs in cynomolgus monkeys is important for potential use as background data in preclinical safety and toxicity evaluation studies.
Pathology of Runting in Farmed Saltwater Crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) in Australia
Authors: Shilton C. , Brown G. P. , Chambers L. , Benedict S. , Davis S. , Aumann S. , Isberg S. R.
Published: January 2014

Extremely poor growth of some individuals within a birth cohort (runting) is a significant problem in crocodile farming. We conducted a pathological investigation to determine if infectious disease is associated with runting in farmed saltwater crocodiles ( Crocodylus porosus) and to look for evidence of other etiologies. In each of 2005 and 2007, 10 normal and 10 runt crocodiles, with an average age of 5.5 months and reared under identical conditions, were sampled. Laboratory testing included postmortem; histological examination of a wide variety of tissues (with quantitation of features that were noted subjectively to be different between groups); hematology; serum biochemistry (total protein, albumin, globulins, total calcium, phosphorus, and iron); bacterial culture of liver and spleen (2005 only); viral culture of liver, thymus, tonsil, and spleen using primary crocodile cell lines (2007 only); and serum corticosterone (2007 only). The only evidence of infectious disease was mild cutaneous poxvirus infection in 45% of normal and 40% of runt crocodiles and rare intestinal coccidia in 5% of normal and 15% of runt crocodiles. Bacterial and viral culture did not reveal significant differences between the 2 groups. However, runt crocodiles exhibited significant ( P < .05) increases in adrenocortical cell cytoplasmic vacuolation and serum corticosterone, decreased production of bone (osteoporosis), and reduced lymphoid populations in the spleen, tonsil, and thymus. Runts also exhibited moderate anemia, hypoalbuminemia, and mild hypophosphatemia. Taken together, these findings suggest an association between runting and a chronic stress response (hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis).
Supporting Independence in Adolescents on the Autism Spectrum
Authors: Hume Kara , Boyd Brian A. , Hamm Jill V. , Kucharczyk Suzanne
Published: January 2014

The development of independent behavior is a critical, challenging process for all youth as they pass through the high school environment into adulthood. Although most high school students gain skills related to independence, the independent behaviors of their peers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) plateau and decline. These skill deficits and resulting poor post-secondary outcomes for students with ASD highlight the great need for programming in this area. This article begins by defining independence and the influence of independence on post-secondary outcomes, and explores the factors that contribute to the difficulties in independence for individuals with ASD. Then, a review of school-wide positive behavior support and focused evidence-based practices (EBPs) related to independence is presented. Recommendations are made for practitioners and caregivers implementing interventions intended to support student independence, and recommendations for future research and practice are offered.
Improving Reading Comprehension and Fluency Outcomes for Adolescents With Emotional-Behavioral Disorders
Authors: Garwood Justin D. , Brunsting Nelson C. , Fox Leslie C.
Published: January 2014

As the reading difficulties experienced by students with emotional-behavioral disorders (EBD) receive more attention, the corresponding call for evidence-based practices has become more pronounced. We conducted a systematic review of comprehension and fluency interventions for middle and high school students with EBD served outside of the general education classroom in the years since the Individuals With Disabilities Education Improvement Act (2004). This literature synthesis represents a response to previous reviews to provide an updated state of the field regarding reading intervention research for students with EBD. The nine studies meeting inclusion criteria, all of which employed a single-subject design, contained a variety of intervention procedures and practices. Results indicated an increased amount of research involving middle and high school students with EBD. Effect sizes are reported, in addition to implications and recommendations for school-based practitioners and directions for future research.
Equipping Youth With Autism Spectrum Disorders for Adulthood
Authors: Test David W. , Smith Leann E. , Carter Erik W.
Published: January 2014

Equipping students with ASD for a good life after high school is the overarching goal of secondary special education services and supports. In this paper, we review important elements of effective transition education for adolescents with ASD. First, we review recent findings related to the post-school employment, education, and independent living outcomes of young adults with ASD. Next, we describe a framework for addressing three important aspects of secondary schooling: rigor, relevance, and relationships. At present, an emphasis on promoting rigor, relevance, and relationships offers a promising approach for addressing the multifaceted needs of youth and young adults with ASD. Rigor, relevance, and relationships should not be viewed as distinct or competing priorities, but as essential, inseparable elements of comprehensive transition education for students with ASD. We conclude with research and policy recommendations for improving the impact of transition service delivery for students with ASD.
N-Acetylcysteine for Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in a Woman With Williams Syndrome
Authors: Pineiro Mildred Lopez , Roberts Antoinette M. , Waxler Jessica L. , Mullett Jennifer E. , Pober Barbara R. , McDougle Christopher J.
Published: January 2014

Williams syndrome is a relatively rare genetic disorder caused by the hemizygous microdeletion of a region in chromosome 7q11.23. Individuals with Williams syndrome typically present with a highly social, overfriendly, and empathic personality. Comorbid medical and neuropsychiatric disorders are common. Reports of effective pharmacological treatment of associated neuropsychiatric disorders are limited. The authors describe the successful treatment of interfering anger, aggression, and hair-pulling with N-acetylcysteine in a 19-year-old woman with Williams syndrome. The neuropsychiatric symptoms emerged 1 week following an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, for which fentanyl, midazolam, and propofol were used as anesthetics. The patient’s treatment course and hypothesized mechanisms underlying the clinical presentation and symptom resolution are described.
Mechanical and morphological properties of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene terpolymer/nitrile butadiene rubber thermoplastic vulcanizates plasticized by dioctyl phthalate
Authors: Wei Dongya , Zhao Jing , Liu Tong , Wang Zhaobo
Published: January 2014

Thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) based on acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene terpolymer (ABS)/nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) blends were prepared by dynamic vulcanization where ABS matrix was plasticized by dioctyl phthalate (DOP), and the influences of DOP plasticizer dosage on mechanical properties, Mullins effect, and morphological properties of the TPVs were investigated systematically. Experimental results indicated that the mechanical properties of ABS/NBR TPVs were improved significantly with the incorporation of DOP. Compared with ABS/NBR TPVs, the tensile strength and the elongation at break went through maximum values at a plasticizer content of 10 phr, while the Shore A hardness was decreased apparently. Mullins effect results showed that the TPVs incorporated with DOP had relatively lower stress-softening effect, residual deformation, and internal friction loss than that of the ABS/NBR TPVs, indicating the improvement of elasticity. Morphology studies showed that the fracture surface of ABS/NBR/DOP TPVs was relatively smoother, indicating the significantly improved elastic resilience ability.
Flow properties and extensional viscosity prediction of high-density polyethylene and poly(butylene succinate) blends
Authors: Yang Jia , Qin Gang , Liang Jizhao
Published: January 2014

Shear and extensional properties of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) blends were measured using capillary rheometers to investigate the influences of processing conditions and mixing ratios on flow behaviors, and the predictive abilities of extensional master curve, back propagation neural network model, and constitutive equation were analyzed for the extensional flow. The results showed that the shear flow of blend melts obeyed the power law, and the influence of PBS content on shear-thinning behavior was obvious. The extensional viscosity of the blends decreased with extensional strain rate, extrusion rate, and PBS content increasing. The extensional master curve was applied for HDPE/PBS blends, and scaling factor reduced with the increasing extrusion rate. In addition, the approach of back propagation neural network model was an effective approach to predict extensional viscosity for the purposes of polymer processing control and monitoring.
Welcome to the “Hunger Games”
Authors: Gill Rebecca , Wells Celeste C.
Published: January 2014

In this paper, we articulate how nonprofit legitimacy is generated through the rhetorical construction of symbolic capital by nonprofit organizations. Our analysis demonstrates how symbolic capital responds to and reflects the local values of a donor/volunteer base, thus allowing nonprofits to assuage the potential for dissonance between image and behavior in humanitarian aid. To make this claim, we engage in a rhetorical analysis of one international nonprofit organization headquartered in the United States that conducts most of its humanitarian work in and around Africa. Implications of this study underscore how nonprofits capitalize on organizational identification and point to the value of understanding nonprofit legitimacy as the rhetorical construction of a “donor gaze” and a nonprofit “space of freedom.”
CSR as Organization–Employee Relationship Management Strategy
Authors: Dhanesh Ganga S.
Published: January 2014

This study examined corporate social responsibility (CSR) as a probable relationship management strategy that could strengthen relationships between organizations and their employees. Specifically, this study explored linkages between employee perceptions of their organizations’ CSR practices and organization–employee relationship dimensions of trust, commitment, satisfaction, and control mutuality. Results, based on a survey ( N = 244) with employees of two large, publicly listed companies in India, revealed strong, significant, and positive associations between CSR and organization–employee relationships, especially between legal, ethical, and discretionary dimensions of CSR and relationships. CSR is then proposed as a relationship management strategy, especially in the context of employee relations.
Discipline and Power in the Digital Age: The Case of the US Consumer Data Broker Industry
Authors: Roderick Leanne
Published: January 2014

While many scholars have commented on the rise of consumer finance, few have sought to critically explore a largely invisible segment of this industry: the multi-billion dollar consumer data broker industry. The industry has amassed trillions of digital consumer records, or ‘big data’, that are stockpiled, analyzed, and sold. The odious under-regulation of this industry, as well as the role it plays in consumer debt and data breaches, often flies under the radar of critical social analyses. I adopt a neo-Gramscian approach to make sense of the material, historical, and social dimensions of this phenomenon. This article asks: what are the sources and nature of this industry’s power, and how does it relate to consumer debt? The analysis suggests that these systems demonstrate how financial capital can constitute certain domains of public policy.
Employer occupation of regulatory space of the Employee Information and Consultation (I&C) Directive in liberal market economies
Authors: Dundon Tony , Dobbins Tony , Cullinane Niall , Hickland Eugene , Donaghey Jimmy
Published: January 2014

This article shows how both employers and the state have influenced macro-level processes and structures concerning the content and transposition of the European Union (EU) Employee Information and Consultation (I&C) Directive. It argues that the processes of regulation occupied by employers reinforce a voluntarism which marginalizes rather than shares decision-making power with workers. The contribution advances the conceptual lens of ‘regulatory space’ by building on Lukes’ multiple faces of power to better understand how employment regulation is determined across transnational, national and enterprise levels. The research proposes an integrated analytical framework on which ‘occupancy’ of regulatory space can be evaluated in comparative national contexts.
Capitalist exploitation without capitalist production: The consequences of imperfect contracting
Authors: Skillman Gilbert
Published: January 2014

On the basis of a static general equilibrium analysis premised on frictionless exchange conditions in competitive markets, John Roemer’s General Theory of Exploitation and Class challenges the canonical Marxian account of capitalist exploitation by arguing that unequal distribution of economically scarce productive assets suffices to enable the exploitation of labor by capital. Marxian critics have dismissed Roemer’s characterization partly on the presumption that capitalist exploitation requires direct capitalist control of the labor process, but offer no rigorous theoretical or empirical basis for this categorical claim. This paper seeks to advance the debate by considering conditions enabling equilibrium exploitation in capital–labor transactions for which workers control the production process and, as a consequence, capital suppliers cannot directly observe either labor effort or the product of that effort. The formal argument of the paper is animated by reference to the historical literature on proto-industrial forms such as the Kauf (artisanal) and Verlag (putting-out) systems of production, as well as Marx’s own analysis of pre-industrial capital relations in drafts of Capital preceding his publication of Volume I.
The facets of exploitation
Authors: Fleurbaey Marc
Published: January 2014

This paper proposes four concepts of exploitation that encapsulate common uses of the word in social interactions: unfair advantage, unequal exchange, using persons as means, and free-riding. It briefly discusses how these concepts appear in the literature (the first two are prominent in Roemer’s classical work), and then examines how these forms of exploitation are related and how they can occur.
Evaluation of the hunting behaviour of a railway vehicle in a curve
Authors: Mazzola Laura , Alfi Stefano , Bruni Stefano
Published: January 2014

Experimental evidence, as obtained from line tests, shows that, under some circumstances, the level of hunting motion experienced by a railway vehicle negotiating a curve can be higher than for the same vehicle running at the same speed on tangent track. Starting from this experimental observation, this paper aims to propose a physical explanation for the different hunting behaviour of a railway vehicle running in a curve. After presenting the available experimental evidence, a qualitative examination of the phenomenon is provided. A multi-body model of the vehicle running in a curve is defined and validated against line measurements. This model is then used to numerically evaluate the hunting behaviour of the vehicle in a wide range of curve radii relevant for high-speed lines. In this way, the experimental findings are extended to curve radius and cant deficiency values that were not observed in line tests, due to the use of a specific track section and to the range of speeds covered by the tests.
Feeling the Conflict
Authors: Desender Kobe , Van Opstal Filip , Van den Bussche Eva
Published: January 2014

In the study reported here, we examined the role of conflict experience in cognitive adaptation to conflict. Although the experience of conflict is generally neglected in theoretical models of cognitive control, we demonstrated that it plays a critical role in cognitive adaptation. Using a masked-priming paradigm, we showed that conflict adaptation was present only after trials on which participants experienced response conflict. Furthermore, when subjective experience did not coincide with actual conflict, adaptation effects in the error rates were observed after the experience of conflict, not after response conflict. We conclude that the experience of conflict, and not response conflict per se, is the crucial factor underlying cognitive adaptation effects. The current findings provide a new perspective on the question of why the human cognitive system exerts cognitive control, and they suggest that a crucial role of subjective experience is to allow for top-down control of behavior.
Late-Holocene paleoclimate and treeline fluctuation in Wyoming’s Wind River Range, USA
Authors: Morgan Christopher , Losey Ashley , Trout Lukas
Published: January 2014

This study presents evidence for treeline advance in the central Rocky Mountains, United States, between 1800 and 800 cal. yr BP. This evidence was generated by systematic survey, sampling, and accelerator-mass spectrometer (AMS) dating of remnant Pinus albicaulis above the modern treeline ecotone of Union Peak, in the Wind River Range of western Wyoming. The survey identified 257 tree remnants, of which AMS dates were generated on 15 samples. Based on AMS results, it appears that treeline was approximately 100 m higher in elevation and covered an additional 1 km of horizontal distance for approximately a millennium, 1800–800 cal. yr BP. These findings are surprising given the tendency of remnant forests across the region to date to the middle Holocene but are consistent with regional evidence for increases in effective moisture that are contemporaneous with the Union Peak treeline advance. The age of death for most of the sampled trees occurred, however, near 800 cal. yr BP, 200 or more years prior to the onset of the type of regional and hemispheric temperature decreases that might be expected to result in treeline decline. Given the contemporaneity of the Union Peak treeline decline with a substantial regional megadrought 820–780 cal. yr BP, it is hypothesized that declining moisture availability played a fundamental role in this phenomenon. If true, the late-Holocene advance and subsequent decline of treeline on Union Peak would emphasize the role effective moisture plays in the complex interactions between temperature, precipitation, and local-scale factors conditioning treeline elevation across the central Rocky Mountain region.
High-resolution productivity record and reconstruction of ENSO dynamics during the Holocene in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific using coccolithophores
Authors: Cabarcos Eloy , Flores Jose-Abel , Sierro Francisco J
Published: January 2014

We provide high-resolution paleoproductivity data for the Holocene in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific (EEP). We describe the coccolithophore assemblages at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1240 located in the Panama basin. Coccolithophore assemblages are proposed as a productivity proxy and nutricline position for the tropical Pacific Ocean. Our proxies can be used as a tool to reconstruct the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the main factor controlling the climate variability in the EEP. The equatorial upwelling intensity and the influence of waters with a Sub-Antarctic origin have controlled the productivity and the phytoplankton composition during the Holocene, and this has been strongly controlled by ENSO dynamics and, as our data suggest, by Southern Hemisphere ocean dynamics. Our results reveal a clear prevalence of dominant La Niña-like conditions during the early Holocene, with an intense upwelling and high primary productivity conditions in the EEP. La Niña-like conditions prevailed during the middle Holocene, although important fluctuations were observed in paleoproductivity, and some periods with a low primary productivity were recognizable (between 8.2 and 8 kyr and around 7 and 6.5 kyr), indicating a weakened upwelling stage, as occurs during El Niño events. A strong decrease in paleoproductivity occurred between 5 and 4.3 kyr, suggesting a relevant shift toward dominant El Niño-like conditions, with an increase in the stratification of the water column. An alternation between El Niño-like and La Niña-like dominant conditions occurred during the late Holocene, characterized by a clear trend toward prevailing El Niño-like conditions, with a low primary productivity.
Summary measure of discrimination in survival models based on cumulative/dynamic time-dependent ROC curves
Authors: Lambert Jérôme , Chevret Sylvie
Published: January 2014

Assessments of the discriminative performance of prognostic models have led to the development of several measures that extend the concept of discrimination as evaluated by the receiver operating characteristics curve and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of diagnostic settings. Thus, several time-dependent-receiver operating characteristic curve and AUC( t) have been proposed. One of the most used, the cumulative/dynamic AUCC,D( t) is the probability that, given two randomly chosen patients, one having failed before t and the other having failed after t, the prognostic marker will be correctly ranked. In this paper, we propose a weighted AUCC,D( t) with time- and data-dependent weights as a summary measure of the mean AUCC,D( t), restricted to a finite time range to ensure its clinical relevance. A simulation study shows that estimated restricted mean AUC increased with the strength of association of the covariate with the outcome, with low impact of censoring, and adequate coverage of bootstrap confidence intervals. We illustrate this methodology to two real datasets from two randomized clinical trials to assess the prognostic factors of the overall mortality in patients who have compensated cirrhosis and to assess the prognostic factors of event-free survival in patients who have acute myeloid leukemia.
Techno-Nostalgia: Colorization of K. Asif’s Mughal-e-Azam
Authors: Walia Ramna
Published: January 2014

The incantatory aura associated with K. Asif’s magnum opus, Mughal-e-Azam (1960), a film that was marveled at as a technological benchmark for its experimentation with the new technology of color in Bombay cinema, has greatly mobilized the vocabulary of a “classic” as it traveled from the restricted and potentially obscure space of traditional archives back into the domain of public exhibition through its re-release in a colorized avatar. This article traces the material displacement and virtual dispersion of the film through the category of the remake. As the film goes through optical and chemical changes, memory of the film is mobilized to reflect on the digital and its relationship to the traditional film archive. In this process, the cultural biography of the film as a classic is employed to not just map the divergent impulses of cinema’s celluloid history and its interaction with contemporary digital culture, but also as a way of re-telling the history of the Bombay film industry as it recycles its archive and allegorizes the past.