bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antidiabetic and Hypolipidaemic Action of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana)-Enriched Probiotic Fermented Milk
Authors: Chaudhary Jinal Kesharbhai , Mudgal Sreeja
Published: June 2020

Research background. Diabetes is a chronic multi-system disease having long term consequences to the health of people suffering from it. This study investigates the role of finger millet (Eleusine coracana)-enriched probiotic fermented milk in alleviating the diabetic complications in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Experimental approach. The probiotic strain used in the study was Lactobacillus helveticus MTCC 5463. Study comprised six groups each containing 6 Sprague Dawley rats: two controls (nondiabetic and diabetic), and four diabetic groups fed finger millet-enriched probiotic fermented milk, probiotic fermented milk, finger millet flour or metformin (standard drug). Samples were administered orally for four weeks, and parameters associated with diabetic disorders were studied. Results and conclusions. Oral administration of finger millet-enriched milk significantly (p<0.001) decreased (64.26 %) the fasting blood glucose level of diabetic rats compared to metformin (56.43 %) and diabetic groups receiving the probiotic fermented milk (18.88 %) and finger millet flour (47.14 %) after four weeks of treatment. The finger millet-enriched milk significantly ameliorated the diabetic symptoms polyphagia and polydipsia and improved body mass. In diabetic control group, body mass was reduced up to 15.60 % at the end of experiment, while in the group receiving the probiotic fermented milk, body mass significantly (p<0.0001) increased by about 5-30 %. Significant (p<0.0001) reduction in total cholesterol, triglyceride levels in the groups treated with finger millet flour, finger millet-enriched probiotic fermented milk and probiotic fermented milk was observed compared to diabetic control rats. The probiotic fermented milk enriched with finger millet caused significant (p<0.05) decrease in low-density lipoprotein and very-low-density lipoprotein levels (p<0.0001) and insignificant increase in high-density lipoprotein level. A reversal of altered activities of hepatic marker enzymes aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase was observed in the group receiving the probiotic milk enriched with finger millet. Histological observations of pancreatic tissues and liver showed that the enriched milk prevents more severe changes in the acinar cells and ameliorated the inflammation and alteration in the liver structure to some extent. Therefore, the finger millet-enriched probiotic fermented milk can be a potential functional food in the management of diabetes. Novelty and scientific contribution. This is the only paper reporting about the antidiabetic potential of finger millet-enriched milk fermented using probiotic Lactobacillus helveticus MTCC 5463 and Streptococcus thermophilus MTCC 5460. It also shows the synergistic antidiabetic effect of milk and finger millet used in combination, thus offering a novel functional food.
Reconstruction of the Human Brain Functional Structure Based on the Electroencephalography Data
Authors: Ustinin M.N. , Rykunov S.D. , Boyko A.I. , Maslova O.A.
Published: June 2020

New method for the data analysis was proposed, making it possible to transform multichannel time series into the spatial structure of the system under study. The method was successfully used to investigate biological and physical objects based on the magnetic field measurements. In this paper we further develop this method to analyze the data of the experiments where the electric field is measured. The brain activity in the state of subject “eyes closed” was registered by the 19-channel electric encephalograph, using the 10-20 scheme. The electroencephalograms were obtained in resting state and with arbitrary hands motions. Detailed multichannel spectra were obtained by the Fourier transform of the whole time series. All spectral data revealed the broad alpha rhythm peak in the frequency band 9-12 Hz. For all spectral components in this band the inverse problem was solved, and the 3D map of the brain activity was calculated. The inverse problem was solved in elementary current dipole model for one-layer spherical conductor without any restrictions for the source position. The combined analysis of the magnetic resonance image and the brain functional structure leads to the conclusion that this structure generally corresponds to the modern knowledge about the alpha rhythm. The 3D map of the vector field of the dominating directions of the alpha rhythm sources was also generated. The proposed method can be used to study the spatial distribution of the brain activity in any spectral band of the electroencephalography data.
PRECLINICAL STUDY OF SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY OF THE DRUG ON THE BASIS OF ACADESINE IN RATS
Authors: Ermakova N. Р. , Merkulova I. B. , Konyaeva O. I. , Chaley V. A. , Abramova T. V. , Bukhman V. M. , Yarotsky S. V. , Lobanov K. V. , Kulbachevskaya N. Yu.
Published: June 2020

IntroductionAt the national medical research center of оncology N.N. Blokhin preclinical toxicological studies of a lyophilized dosageform of a drug based on acadesin, a new antitumor drug, were conducted.The aimof the study to study the subchronic toxicity of the drug on the basis of acadesine in rats to evaluate its toxicity.Materials and methodsThe study was conducted on 40 noninbred male mongrel rats. The drug was administered intraperitoneal daily15-fold in total doses of 750, 1150 and 2300 mg/kg. Clinical and laboratory tests were performed during the entire observation period(30 days). The pathomorphological study was performed on the 1stand 30thday of observation.ResultsIt was found that the drug based on acadesin, when applied repeatedly to rats in all the studied doses, did not cause changesin the indicators of peripheral blood of animals, morphological changes in all the studied organs and tissues of animals (except the kidneys),functional changes in the state of the liver, heart, kidneys and gastrointestinal tract. However, morphologically revealed changes in the kidneys when using the drug in the total dose of 1150 mg/kg on the 1stand 30thday of observation, and in the total dose of 2300 mg/kg onlyon the 30thday of observation.ConclusionThe detected toxic effect of the drug based on acadesin on the kidneys of rats is dose-dependent. When using the drug in the courseof the course at a total dose of 750 mg/kg, which is 60 times higher than the single therapeutic dose for rats (12.5 mg/kg), toxic manifestations were completely absent during the entire period of observation. This allowed us to recommend a drug based on acadesin for furtherresearch.
Tasa de embarazo en mujeres usuarias de implantes subdérmicos, en un instituto prestador de salud del sur de Bogotá
Authors: Rubio Campo Santiago , Bustacara Díaz Maximiliano
Published: June 2020

Este artículo determina las tasas de embarazo en usuarias de implantes Jadelle e Implanon y el porcentaje de continuidad de este método durante su uso en pacientes de un instituto prestador de salud (ips) del sur de la ciudad. A través de un estudio descriptivo se revisaron las bases de datos de 14.566 mujeres fértiles que asistieron a la consulta de planificación para portar el implante subdérmico entre 2014 y 2017. Gracias a esto, se encontró que la tasa de embarazo promedio en este periodo fue, para el Jadelle, de 2,81 por 1000, y para el Implanon, de 1,19 por 1000, lo que evidencia cifras mayores a las esperadas. Asimismo, se evidenció que la colocación del implante después de la fecundación es la principal causa del aumento de las tasas. El fallo de los implantes valorado por la presencia de embarazo es inferior al 1 %, pero para mantener esta cifra se debe realizar rutinariamente una detección precoz de embarazo.
Prevalencia y variables asociadas a la transmisión de Enterobius vermicularis en niños en edad preescolar y escolar en dos municipios de Cundinamarca, Colombia
Authors: Giraldo Forero Julio Cesar , Rodríguez Fonseca Laura Catalina , Pinzón Triana Lina Maria , Vega Díaz Valentina
Published: June 2020

El presente artículo busca determinar la prevalencia de Enterobius vermicularis y variables asociadas en población preescolar y escolar del área urbana del municipio de Chaguaní y dos jardines en Cajicá, Cundinamarca, Colombia. Para esto se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal con toma única de muestra en la población mencionada en 44 y 42 participantes, respectivamente, cuyos padres aceptaron participar voluntariamente firmando un consentimiento para desarrollar una encuesta epidemiológica estructurada, que indagó condiciones socioeconómicas, epidemiológicas y medioambientales. El diagnóstico parasitológico se realizó con la técnica de Graham. Los participantes se distribuyeron por grupo etario: el primero estuvo conformado por 76 niños (88,4 %) con edades entre 1,5 y 8 años; el segundo, por 7 niños mayores de 8 años (8,1%), y el tercero, por 3 niños (3,5 %) sin información al respecto. La variable con significancia estadística (p≤0.05) y posible asociación protectora fue la asistencia médica trimestral y como posible riesgo el contacto con fómites. Así, se encontró que la oxiuriasis es una parasitosis prevalente en la población preescolar y escolar, asociada a condiciones higiénico-sanitarias deficientes.
Vitamin D and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis patients: a retrospective study in a Romanian cohort
Authors: Sirbu Elena , Buleu Florina , Tudor Anca , Dragan Simona
Published: June 2020

Background. The relationship between the serum levels of Vitamin D and the severity of RA is a subject of great interest for the future therapeutic strategies. Although the evidence on the relationship between hypovitaminosis D and early RA is contradictory, preliminary data suggest that the serum levels of vitamin D are inversely associated with the disease activity. Aim: the main objectives of this study include: (1) to analyze the serum levels of vitamin D in patients with RA in comparison to healthy controls; (2) to investigatea possible correlation with disease activity. Materials and Methods. This was a retrospective, comparative study conducted on 37 subjects suffering from RA and a group of 21 healthy matched controls. The following were determined in all studied subjects: erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), white blood cells (WBC), hemoglobin (Hb), platelets (PLT), serum calcium (Ca), serum phosphorus (Phos), and serum 25 hydroxy-vitamin D. Moreover, in the RA group the IgM-Rhematoid Factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) (immune-enzymatic method) were assessed. The Disease Activity Score of 28 joints (DAS28) was calculated for the RA patients. Results. We observed that vitamin D deficiency is more common in RA patients than in healthy controls. No significant correlation between 25OHvitD and DAS28-ESR was found in our study cohort. Conclusions. There is no significant association of serum 25(OH)D with disease severity in a Western Romanian cohort with RA. However, this result could have implications for the disease management, as patients with RA could be supplemented with vitamin D even in the absence of disease activity.
Pesquisa em Educação Ambiental e Questões Epistemológicas: desafios e perspectivas
Authors: Feiteiro Cavalari Rosa Maria , Schilling Trein Eunice
Published: June 2020

Entendemos por desafios a crise das muitas dimensões da vida que estamos atravessando neste momento. Ela não é somente de ordem empírica, senão que se expressa, também, na nossa percepção teórica da realidade. Se há insegurança há, igualmente, referências sobre as quais podemos buscar apoios. Em meio à perplexidade de uma desordem que beira o caos, cumprimos com nossas tarefas na intenção de abrir novas perspectivas. Nesse sentido é que trazemos, aqui, os resultados das discussões ocorridas no âmbito do Grupo de Discussão de Pesquisa (GDP) Pesquisa em Educação Ambiental e questões epistemológicas, durante a realização do X Encontro de Pesquisa em Educação Ambiental (X EPEA), realizado no período de 01 a 04 de setembro de 2019, Aracaju-SE.  Assim, neste artigo, além de apresentar uma breve síntese dos onze trabalhos inscritos no GDP, cinco pesquisas teóricas e seis pesquisas empíricas buscamos, ainda, apresentar os principais desafios enfrentados pelo GDP ao longo das três últimas edições do EPEA (VII, VIII e IX EPEAs), a partir dos artigos publicados na Revista de Pesquisa em Educação Ambiental (REVPEA), nos números dedicados aos Encontros de Pesquisa em Educação Ambiental (EPEA). Além dos desafios, de natureza teórico-epistemológica e de natureza institucional, procuramos apontar, também, perspectivas de continuidade dos trabalhos do GDP.
ISPRAZNOST NEPRIRODNOSTI
Authors: RUJEVIĆ GORAN
Published: June 2020

Argument neprirodnosti se koristi za opravdavanje pripisivanja (najčešće) negativne vrednosti stvarima ili postupcima time što se oni opisuju kao neprirodni. Predmeti primene ovog argumenta su raznoliki, počev od tvrđenja o neprirodnosti genetički modifikovanih organizama, pa do neprirodnosti homoseksualnih odnosa. Značenje neprirodnosti se u tim slučajevima konkretizuje ili kao artificijelnost ili kao disharmoničnost ili kao kršenje prirodne svrhe. Razmatranjem svake od ovih instanci, dolazimo do zaključka da pojam neprirodnosti ni u jednoj od njih nema suvislu i doslednu upotrebu. Artificijelnost nije neprirodna, jer i ono što je veštačko prati tokove i zakone prirode. Disharmoničnost je loš opozit prirodi jer je postuliranje harmoničnosti prirode neosnovana pretpostavka. Kršenje prirodne svrhe je pogotovo problematičan vid argumenta neprirodnosti jer se u njemu tendenciozne namere maskiraju u ruho objektivnosti. Jedini smisleni opozit pojmu prirodnog jeste pojam natprirodnog, a njemu nema mesta u prosuđivanju realnih stvari i događaja.
The Current State of Research of the Content, Forms, Tools and Mechanisms of Introducing Unconditional Basic Income
Authors: Chernykh Yekaterina A.
Published: June 2020

The Object of the Study is the definition of the UBI, concept, content, forms, tools and mechanisms, properties and characteristics of unconditional basic income The Subject of the Study is the concept of unconditional basic income in the works of foreign and Russian scientists and researchers from the 16th century to the present day The Purpose of the Study is analyzing the state of research in the field of UBI, study the results of existing simulation experiments, systematize the available disparate information. Identify fields requiring further research. Conduct a statistical analysis of the frequency of use of the term UBI in the scientific literature, build «word clouds» of scientific articles on UBI. The Main Provisions of the Article. The article provides a detailed review and classification of studies on the subject of unconditional basic income (UBI); its content, forms, tools and mechanisms of administration; UBI is compared with similar forms of social support. The author considers both the works of classical authors and contemporary works, where the effects of introducing UBI using simulation methods are studied. The UBI studies of leading world financial and research organizations (OECD, World Bank, IMF) are analyzed. A review of modern Russian studies on the topic of UBI is conducted. We identified problem fields requiring further investigation and areas with great research potential. «Word clouds» were created and a frequency analysis of mentions of terms related to the UBI was carried out. The article consists of the following sections: 1) Introduction; 2) UBI research history; 3) Contribution of Russian scientists to the development of UBI issues; 4) Simulations of the introduction of UBI; 5) Statistical analysis of citation and text analysis; 6) Conclusions.
Faktor Risiko Kejadian Atonia Uteri
Authors: Lestari Mega , Mulawardhana Pungky , Utomo Budi
Published: June 2020

Introduction: Postpartum Hemorrhage is one of the main cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worlwide. Every 4 minutes one woman is estimated dead by this case. The cause of postpartum hemorrhage is known as ‘4 T’s’ (tone, tissue, trauma, and thrombin). Common aetiology of hemorrhage postpartum is uterine atony. Uterine atony can be caused by several risk factors . The aim of this study is to determine the correlation between advanced maternal age, grande multiparity, uterine overdistension, labour augmented, and prolonged labour as risk factors with the incidence of uterine atony.Methods: This study was an analysis of observational study with case-control design conducted at a tertiary hospital in Surabaya. The population was all medical record of postpartum women who had hemorrhage in 2016-2018. The case group was postpartum woman who had  hemorrhage due to uterine atony and the control group due to other causes. The sample size of the case group was 37 respondents and the control group was 35 respondents, they were obtained through purposive sampling. The independent variables in this study was maternal age, parity, uterine overdistension, labour augmented, and prolonged labour; the dependent variable was uterine atony. Univariate analysis was used to describe respondent’s characteristic and bivariate analysis was used to determine the correlation between risk factors and the incidence of uterine atony. Fisher Exact was used to analyze the data with α= 0,05.Results: Fisher Exact showed there was correlation between uterine overdistension and uterine atony (p value=0,036; OR= 4,423; 95% CI 1,023-27,267) on the other hand it showed no correlation between maternal age, parity, augmented labour, and prolonged labour with uterine atony (p value >0,05).Conclusion: Increased awareness of pre-conceptual care and early detection of risk factors are needed to reduce the risk factors of the incidence of uterine atony especially in uterine overdistension.
THE EFFECT OF Streptococcus sp AND Lactobacillus sp ATTACHMENT ON THE LEVEL OF FLUORIDE ION SOLUBILITY IN GIC RESTORATION
Authors: Fauzan Rizki Fajar , Ichrom Nahzi Muhammad Yanuar , Maglenda Buyung
Published: June 2020

Background: Glass ionomer cement (GIC) is a restoration material that has the ability to release Fluoride ion. The Extrinsic factor that affect the solubility of fluoride is low or acidic pH. Streptococcus sp and Lactobacillus sp are asiduric and acidogenic bacteria which are resistant to acidic conditions and may produce acid. A lower pH (acid) causes higher level of fluoride to be released. Objective: This study was to analyze the effect of Streptococcus sp and Lactobacillus sp attachment on solubility of fluoride level on GIC restoration Method: Twenty-one specimens (5mm diameter x 2mm thickness; n = 7 / group) were fabricated with GIC. The treatment group (Streptococcus sp and Lactobacillus sp) while the control group (Artificial Saliva) was immersion for 7 days in an incubator 37oC. Solubility of fluoride was measured using a pH meter Lutron (208) TL Lutron (Taiwan). Result: One Way Anova and Post Hoc Bonferonni showed that there were significant differences between the treatment groups of Streptococcus sp (5.13 ± 0.86ppm) and Lactobacillus sp (6, 02 ± 0.79ppm) with artificial Saliva group controls (3.03±0,56ppm). Conclusion: There was an effect of Streptococcus sp and Lactobacillus sp bacteria attachment on the solubility of fluoride from the GIC restoration.
LINEAR MEASUREMENT OF THE CONDYLE POSITION IN HIV-INFECTED CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Authors: Epsilawati Lusi , N.Firman Ria , Sufiawati Irna , Sarifah Norlaila , Gunawan Indra
Published: June 2020

Background: The incidence of HIV had recently increased rapidly. People infected with HIV were required to take anti-viral drugs. The severity of HIV also contributes to a decrease in bone mineral density due to taking antiviral drugs. Decreased bone density in people with HIV was a chronic disease due to the long-term use of drugs. TMD in people with HIV was often associated with several factors including emotional states such as depression. Patient infected HIV was vulnerable to TMD because it triggers physical and psychological changes. TMD and decreased bone density are common in people with HIV. Researchers hope that later there will be the latest findings that can make patients infected with HIV felt safe to take drugs without worrying about the decline in bone quality. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the value of linear measurement of the condyle position in HIV- infected children and adolescents based on panoramic radiographs in Dental Hospital Padjadjaran University. Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional method was conducted on panoramic radiographs of HIV-infected children and adolescents since was born. Condyle position was defined by linear measurement using a protractor that divides the condyle 45° of anterior, 90° of superior, and 135° of posterior joint space from a horizontal line. The distance was then measured using a digital caliper. Results: According to linear measurements of the condyle position, all samples had abnormal linear distances in children and adolescents in all gender. The standard range of anterior joint space (Ajs) was 1.3 mm, superior joint space (Sjs) was 2.1 mm, and the posterior joint space (Pjs) was 1.8 mm. The result of this research, the right women condyle sample, the standard distance of the AJS was 0%, SJS was 16%, Pjs was 18%. While the left condyle, the usual range of the AJS was 4%, SJS was 12%, Pjs was 24%. The right men condyle sample, the standard distance of the Ajs was 0%, Sjs was 17.65%, Pjs was 11.76%. While the left condyle, the usual range of the Ajs was 0%, Sjs was 11.76%, Pjs was 5.88%. Conclusions: The abnormal distance measured was found in the condyle position of children and adolescents infected with HIV.
ANALYSIS OF SULFUR VAPOR EXPOSURE TO THE NUMBER OF MICRONUCLEUS AND ORAL BUCCAL EPITHELIAL MORPHOLOGY
Authors: Amalina Rizki , Rohmania Aulia , Feranisa Anggun
Published: June 2020

Background: The sulfur vapor consists of  SO2 and CO2 which are genotoxins that may cause the damage of DNA to the micronucleus in buccal epithelial cells. Micronucleus is a mass like a nucleus, measuring one-third of the nucleus. DNA damage can also be seen from changes in the morphology of epithelial cells. Objective: This study aimed to identify the effect of sulfur vapor exposure on the number of micronucleus and morphology epithelial cells in the oral cavity on the sulfur miner. Methods: The method of this study was analytic observational with a cross-sectional approach. The total sample of this study was 24  respondents divided into 2 groups, each group contained 12 respondents. Exfoliated buccal cells were collected by scrapping the buccal mucosa. The specimens stained using Hematoxylin and Eosin. Nucleus and cytoplasmic area were examined using image J 1.40 Results: The result showed the average number of buccal mucosa micronucleus on coal miners higher (35,50) than controls (11,58). The result of Independent-measures T-test obtained significant different on the number of micronucleus between sulfur miner and controls (p=0,000). The result of Independent-measures T-test on the nuclear area and cytoplasmic area between sulfur miner and controls obtained insignificant different (p=0,379 dan p=0,616). Conclusion: Based on this study can be concluded that sulfur vapor exposure affected on the number of micronucleus on sulfur miners, but did not influence morphology of epithelial cells.
TOXICOLOGICAL SCREENING OF ELLAGIC ACID IN POMEGRANATE FRUIT AND HYDROXYAPATITE COMBINATION AS BONE GRAFT MATERIAL ON BHK-21 FIBROBLAST CELL
Authors: Wardhana Agung Satria , Erlita Isyana , Nirwana Intan , Setiabudi Hendrik
Published: June 2020

Background: Bone graft is an alternative therapy for periodontitis and other bone destructive lesions. Several studies had revealed Ellagic Acid (EA) ability in increasing osteogenesis process. EA contains polyphenols, such as Ellagitannin, Gallotannin, and Anthocyanin, which demonstrate anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity as well as growth factor stimulating effect. EA combination with bone graft material (hydroxyapatite) is anticipated to enhance bone osteogenesis yet no investigation was performed to identify its toxicity towards fibroblast cell. Objective: To analyze EA toxicity on fibroblast cell in vitro. Methods: This was a true experimental study using post-test only with control group design. Fibroblast cell was exposed with EA in eight different concentrations: 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%. Control group comprised of cell control and media group. All groups were exposed to MTT Assay test and measured using Elisa Reader. Result: The calculation of cell viability value in EA groups at 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% concentration were 88.2%, 92.3%, 97.5%, 89.5%, 84.2%, 90.7%, 88.9% and 89.4% respectively. Conclusion: All EA and hydroxyapatite combinations are not toxic towards BHK-21 fibroblast cells.
Consciousness as an Emergent Phenomenon: A Tale of Different Levels of Description
Authors: Guevara Erra Ramon , Mateos Diego M. , Perez Velazquez Jose Luis
Published: June 2020

One of the biggest queries in cognitive sciences is the emergence of consciousness from matter. Modern neurobiological theories of consciousness propose that conscious experience is the result of interactions between large-scale neuronal networks in the brain, traditionally described within the realm of classical physics. Here, we propose a generalized connectionist framework in which the emergence of “conscious networks” is not exclusive of large brain areas, but can be identified in sub-cellular networks exhibiting non-trivial quantum phenomena. The essential feature of such networks is the existence of strong correlations in the system (classical or quantum coherence) and the presence of an optimal point at which the system’s complexity is maximized, expressed either by maximization of the information content in large scale functional networks or by achieving optimal efficiency through the quantum Goldilock effect.
Universality of Mass to Area Ratio: from Biological to Astronomical Structures
Authors: Kenath Arun , Sivaram C , OV Kiren
Published: June 2020

For a hierarchy of large scale structures, like galaxies, galaxy clusters, super-clusters, etc. the requirement that their gravitational (binding) self-energy density must at least equal or exceed the background repulsive dark energy density implies a universal mass-radius relation given by M/R2 ~ 1g/cm2. Here we point out that this mass-radius relation also holds for important individual biological structures, and even various organisms as a whole such as humans, trees, and to behemoths like whales, even though the physics is different. Here we try to understand this universality from two different physical considerations. We also point out the coincidence that the densities of most biological entities are close to that of water, and that the average density of main-sequence stars and giant planets are close to this density. We give a physical basis for the same.
CoV-GLUE: A Web Application for Tracking SARS-CoV-2 Genomic Variation
Authors: Singer Joshua , Gifford Robert , Cotten Matthew , Robertson David
Published: June 2020

Summary CoV-GLUE is an online web application for the interpretation and analysis of SARS-CoV-2 virus genome sequences, with a focus on amino acid sequence variation. It is based on the GLUE data-centric bioinformatics environment and provides a browsable database of amino acid replacements and coding region indels that have been observed in sequences from the pandemic. Users may also analyse their own SARS-CoV-2 sequences by submitting them to the web application to receive an interactive report containing visualisations of phylogenetic classification and highlighting genomic variation of potentially high impact, for example linked to primer mismatches.Availability and implementation Available at http://cov-glue.cvr.gla.ac.uk. Implemented using GLUE, an open source framework for the development of virus sequence data resources. Contact josh.singer@glasgow.ac.uk
Las trayectorias de las mujeres sin hijos en Uruguay
Authors: Pardo Ignacio , Cabella Wanda , Nathan Mathias
Published: June 2020

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la población de mujeres uruguayas que finalizan su vida reproductiva sin hijos. Además de cuantificar el fenómeno, se busca responder las siguientes preguntas: ¿qué rasgos socioeconómicos las caracterizan?; ¿cuáles son las trayectorias típicas que conducen a la nuliparidez?; ¿en qué medida es el resultado de aspiraciones reproductivas frustradas o de la voluntad de no tener hijos? Para responder estas preguntas, se utiliza una estrategia de métodos combinados que integra datos cuantitativos y cualitativos. Los resultados muestran que la proporción de nulíparas descendió aproximadamente de 25% a 10%, entre las nacidas entre 1900 y 1960, y que en los datos más recientes se detecta un incipiente incremento. Además, hay una mayor proporción de nulíparas entre las mujeres de nivel educativo alto. Finalmente, la tipologización de trayectorias hacia la nuliparidez definitiva reafirma la heterogeneidad de caminos y atributos: aunque se identificaron trayectorias guiadas por la intención de no tener hijos, un conjunto importante de mujeres llega a la nuliparidez como una consecuencia no buscada de la postergación de la maternidad.
Changes to Contraceptive Method Use at Title X Clinics Following Delaware Contraceptive Access Now, 2008–2017
Authors: Boudreaux Michel , Xie Liyang , Choi Yoon Sun , Roby Dylan Habeeb , Rendall Michael S.
Published: June 2020

Objectives. To measure changes in the contraceptive methods used by Title X clients after implementation of Delaware Contraceptive Access Now, a public–private initiative that aims to increase access to contraceptives, particularly long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs).

Methods. Using administrative data from the 2008–2017 Family Planning Annual Reports and a difference-in-differences design, we compared changes in contraceptive method use among adult female Title X family planning clients in Delaware with changes in a set of comparison states. We considered permanent methods, LARCs, moderately effective methods, less effective methods, and no method use.

Results. Results suggest a 3.2-percentage-point increase in LARC use relative to changes in other states (a 40% increase from baseline). We were unable to make definitive conclusions about other contraceptive method types.

Conclusions. Delaware Contraceptive Access Now increased LARC use among Title X clients. Our results have implications for states considering comprehensive family planning initiatives.
Work Requirements and Medicaid Disenrollment in Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, and Texas, 2018
Authors: Chen Lucy , Sommers Benjamin D.
Published: June 2020

Objectives. To identify risk factors for Medicaid disenrollment after the implementation of Arkansas’s work requirements.

Methods. Using a 2018 telephone survey of 1208 low-income adults aged 30 to 49 years in Arkansas (expansion state with work requirements implemented in June 2018), Kentucky (expansion state with proposed work requirements blocked by courts), Louisiana (expansion state without work requirements), and Texas (nonexpansion state), we assessed Medicaid disenrollment rates among the age group targeted by Arkansas’s policy.

Results. The Medicaid disenrollment rate was highest in Texas (12.8%), followed by Arkansas (10.5%), Kentucky (5.8%), and Louisiana (2.8%). Over half of those who disenrolled in Texas and Arkansas became uninsured, compared with less than a quarter in Kentucky and Louisiana. In multivariate models, Arkansas had significantly higher disenrollment compared with the 3 comparison states; men and non-Hispanic Whites experienced higher disenrollment than women and racial minorities. In Arkansas, having a chronic condition was associated with higher disenrollment.

Conclusions. As states debate work requirements and Medicaid reforms, our findings provide insights for policymakers about which populations may be most vulnerable to losing Medicaid coverage.
Aktivitas In Vitro Penurun Gula Darah dari Ekstrak Buah Parijoto (Medinilla speciosa B.)
Authors: Vifta Rissa , Wilantika NFN , Advistasari Yustisia Dian
Published: June 2020

Diabetes mellitus is one of the highest causes of death in the world, with symptoms of increased blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia). One of the efforts made as a treatment and prevention of DM is through complementary therapy using natural ingredients. Parijoto fruit (Medinilla speciosa) contains flavonoid compounds potential to reduce glucose levels. The study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of ethanol extracts and its fractions of parijoto fruit (EEBP) to decrease glucose levels in vitro. The study was conducted at the Ngudi Waluyo University Laboratory in April to August 2018. Identification and screening of flavonoid compounds from ethanol extracts and its fractions of parijoto fruit were performed qualitatively and by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). In vitro testing for  antidiabetic activity of EEBP was performed with non-enzymatic reaction by Nelson Somogyi method (ethanol extract and its fractions). Experiment  was arranged in a randomized block design, with 12 treatments and three replications. The concentrations of parijoto fruit tested were 10 ppm, 20 ppm, 30 ppm, 40 ppm, 50 ppm, and 60 ppm. The results of qualitative identification and TLC showed that the ethanol extract and its fraction of EEBP contained flavonoid compounds. At a concentration of 30 ppm, EEBP was able to reduce glucose levels by 42.43 %, while the ethanol fraction decreased glucose levels by 83.38 %. The results showed parijoto fruit ethanol extract and its fractions were sources of antidiabetic. Hence its pharmacologically effect was necessary to be further studied.
Karakteristasi Bakteri Asal Lahan Gambut Jambi dan Potensinya Sebagai Pupuk Hayati
Authors: Pratiwi Etty , Satwika Taruna D. , Akhdiya Alina , Agus Fahmuddin
Published: June 2020

Abstak. Penggunaan pupuk hayati di Indonesia menunjukkan tren yang semakin meningkat.  Pupuk hayati mulai banyak diaplikasikan di lahan optimal maupun di lahan suboptimal, termasuk lahan rawa dan lahan gambut. Tanah gambut memiliki banyak kendala, diantaranya adalah pH yang sangat rendah, dan kandungan serta ketersediaan unsur hara yang sangat rendah. Selain itu lahan gambut pada musim penghujan akan terjadi penggenangan air, sedangkan pada musim kemarau akan terjadi kekeringan. Untuk mendapatkan mikroba yang mampu bertahan di lingkungan ekstrim seperti ini kami isolasi mikroba indigenous dari lahan gambut di Tanjung Jabung Timur, Jambi. Daya adaptasi dan daya kompetisi mikroba di lapangan, merupakan dasar pemilihan mikroba sebagai pupuk hayati. Hasil pengujian karakterisasi dan fungsional isolat-isolat bakteri asal tanah gambut perkebunan kelapa sawit menunjukkan isolat Bacillus cereus 1, Bacillus soli 2, Mycobacterium cubense 8, Rhodococcus equi 15, Bacillus pumilus 21 dan Nocardia jiangxiensis 24 memiliki potensi sebagai pupuk hayati pemacu tumbuh tanaman. Bakteri-bakteri ini tidak bersifat patogen terhadap tanaman dan hewan mamalia, mampu memproduksi fitohormon IAA, mampu melarutkan P dan memfiksasi nitrogen.

 

Abstrac. The use of biofertilizers in Indonesia shows an increasing trend. Biofertilizer is widely applied in optimal or suboptimal land, including swamp lands and peatlands. Peat soils has many problems, including very low pH, and very low concentration and availability of nutrients. In addition, peatlands are prone to seasonal waterlogging and drought. To be able to utilize microbes that survive the extreme environments, we isolated indigenous microbes from peatland in Tanjung Jabung Timur, Jambi. The adaptability and survival of the microbes in the field conditions are the basis for choosing microbes as biofertilizer. Results of the characterization and functional isolates of bacteria from peat soils under oil palm plantations at the site show that isolates of Bacillus cereus 1, Bacillus soli 2, Mycobacterium cubense 8, Rhodococcus equi 15, Bacillus pumilus 21 and Nocardia jiangxiensis 24 had the potential as biofertilizers. These bacteria were not pathogenic to plants and mammals, could produce IAA phytohormones, and were able to solubilize P and fix nitrogen.
Genome-wide identification and comparison of differentially expressed profiles of miRNAs and lncRNAs with associated ceRNA networks in the gonads of Chinese soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis
Authors: Ma Xiao , Cen Shuangshuang , Wang Luming , Zhang Chao , Wu Limin , Tian Xue , Wu Qisheng , Li Xuejun , Wang Xiaoqing
Published: June 2020

Background: The gonad is the major factor affecting animal reproduction. The regulatory mechanism of the expression of protein-coding genes involved in reproduction still remains to be elucidated. Increasing evidence has shown that ncRNAs play key regulatory roles in gene expression in many life processes. The roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in reproduction have been investigated in some species. However, the regulatory patterns of miRNA and lncRNA in the sex biased expression of protein coding genes remains to be elucidated. In this study, we performed an integrated analysis of miRNA, messenger RNA (mRNA), and lncRNA expression profiles to explore their regulatory patterns in the female ovary and male testis of Pelodiscus sinensis.Results: We identified 10 446 mature miRNAs, 20 414 mRNAs and 28 500 lncRNAs in the ovaries and testes, and 633 miRNAs, 11 319 mRNAs, and 10 495 lncRNAs showed differential expression. A total of 2 814 target genes were identified for miRNAs. The predicted target genes of these differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs and lncRNAs included abundant genes related to reproductive regulation. Furthermore, we found that 189 DEmiRNAs and 5 408 DElncRNAs showed sex-specific expression. Of these, 3 DEmiRNAs and 917 DElncRNAs were testis-specific, and 186 DEmiRNAs and 4 491 DElncRNAs were ovary-specific. We further constructed complete endogenous lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks using bioinformatics, including 103 DEmiRNAs, 636 DEmRNAs, and 1 622 DElncRNAs. The target genes for the differentially expressed miRNAs and lncRNAs included abundant genes involved in gonadal development, including Wt1, Creb3l2, Gata4, Wnt2, Nr5a1, Hsd17, Igf2r, H2afz, Lin52, Trim71, Zar1, and Jazf1.Conclusions: In animals, miRNA and lncRNA as master regulators regulate reproductive processes by controlling the expression of mRNAs. Considering their importance, the identified miRNAs, lncRNAs, and their targets in P. sinensis might be useful for studying the molecular processes involved in sexual reproduction and genome editing to produce higher quality aquaculture animals. A thorough understanding of ncRNA-based cellular regulatory networks will aid in the improvement of P. sinensis reproductive traits for aquaculture.
Inequity under Equality: Research on the Benefits Equity of Chinese Basic Medical Insurance
Authors: Diao Li , Liu Yiwei
Published: June 2020

Background: The pursuit of equity is one of the basic principles behind the strengthening of health care reform. China's new rural cooperative medical insurance (NRCMI) and urban residents' basic medical insurance (URBMI) are both “equalized” in terms of fundraising and reimbursement. This paper studies the benefits equity under this "equalized" system.Methods: The data analysed in this paper are from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) from 2014 to 2016, implemented by the Institute of Social Science Survey at Peking University. A two-part model and a binary choice model are used in the empirical test.Results: The empirical test revealed that high-income people benefit more from basic medical insurance than low-income people. Mechanism analysis demonstrated that high-income people have higher medical insurance applicability and can utilize better health care. Since low-income people are unhealthier, inequity in benefits exacerbates health inequity. We also found that the benefits equity of URBMI is better than that of NRCMI.Conclusions: The government needs to pay more attention to the issue of medical insurance inequity. We should consider allowing different income groups to pay different premiums according to their medical expenses or applying different reimbursement policies for different income groups.
The Kickstart Walk Assist system for improving balance and walking function in stroke survivors: a feasibility study
Authors: Yao Jiajia , Sado Takashi , Wang Wenli , Gao Jiawen , Zhao Yichao , Qi Qi , Mukherjee Mukul
Published: June 2020

Background: Compared with traditional physical therapy for stroke patients, lower extremity exoskeletons can provide patients with greater endurance and more repeatable and controllable training, which can reduce the therapeutic burden of the therapist. However, most exoskeletons are expensive, heavy or require active power to be operated. Therefore, a lighter, easy to wear, easy to operate, low-cost technology for gait rehabilitation in stroke survivors would be a welcome opportunity for stroke survivors, caregivers and clinicians. One such device is the Kickstart Walk Assist system and the purpose of this study was to determine feasibility of using this unpowered exoskeleton device in a sample of stroke survivors. Methods: Thirty stroke survivors were enrolled in the study and experienced walking with the Kickstart exoskeleton device that provided spring-loaded assistance during gait. After 5 days of wearing the exoskeleton, participants were evaluated in the two states of wearing and not wearing the exoskeleton. Outcome measures included: a) gait measures, b) balance measures and c) exoskeleton-use feedback questionnaire. Results: In comparison to not wearing the device, wearing the Kickstart Walk Assist system, weight bearing asymmetry was reduced. The time spent on the 10-meter walk test was reduced, but there was no difference in the timed-up-and-go test (TUGT). Gait analysis data showed reduction in step time and double support time. Stroke survivors were positive about the Kickstart Walk Assist system’s ability to improve their balance, speed and gait. In addition, their confidence level and willingness to use the device was also positive. Conclusions: These findings show the feasibility of using the Kickstart Walk Assist system for improving walking performance in stroke survivors. Our future goal is to perform a longer duration study with more comprehensive pre- and post-testing in a larger sample of stroke survivors.
Facility level factors that determine consistent delivery of essential newborn care at health centers in Ethiopia
Authors: Desta Binyam Fekadu , Beshir Ismael Ali , Tafesse Zergu , Segni Hailemariam
Published: June 2020

Background: Essential newborn care (ENC) is a package of interventions which should be provided for every newborn baby regardless of body size or place of delivery immediately after birth and should be continued for at least the seven days that follows. Although a minimum package of proven interventions to reduce newborn mortality have been adopted, countries are still challenged by multiple system related problems. Methods: This study employed a retrospective cross-sectional study design and used program monitoring data collected from 425 facilities between October and December 2019. Descriptive statistics were formulated and presented in tables. Binary logistic regression was employed to assess the statistical association between the outcome variable and the independent variables. All variables with p<0.2 in the bivariate analysis were identified as candidate variables. Then, multiple logistic regression analysis was performed using candidate variables to determine statistically significant predictors of the consistent delivery of ENC by adjusting for possible confounders. Results: A total of 273, (64.2%), of facilities demonstrated consistent delivery of ENC. Five factors - availability of essential obstetrics drugs in delivery rooms, high CSC performances, availability of maternity waiting homes, consistent partograph use, and availability of women-friendly delivery services were included in the model. The strongest predictor of CD-ENC was consistent partograph use, recording an odds ratio of 2.66. Similarly, providing women-friendly services was strongly associated with increased likelihood of exhibiting CD-ENC. Furthermore, facilities with essential obstetric drugs had 1.88 times higher odds of exhibiting consistent delivery of ENC. Conclusion: Health worker commitment to provide ENC is linked to the practices and platforms created by health facility management. Health facility managers should establish a platform or mechanism to enhance providers relationship with their clients as well as comprehensive tools to remind health workers’ responsibilities with regards to ENC. In addition, the health service managers should also consider availing the required supplies and drugs closer to the service delivery rooms and tables.
Dignity of informal caregivers of migrant patients in the last phase of life. A qualitative study.
Authors: de Voogd Xanthe , Willems Dick , Torensma Marieke , Onwuteaka-Philipsen Bregje , Suurmond Jeanine
Published: June 2020

Background
An important aim of palliative care is to improve the family’s and patient’s quality of life. To ensure quality of life for migrant patients’ families, the objective of this study was to get insight into the dignity of informal caregivers. This could provide insight on family-centered care for migrant patients.
Methods
20 semi-structured interviews with informal caregivers with a Turkish, Moroccan or Surinamese migration background living in the Netherlands were analyzed thematically.
Results
We found the dignity of the patient and the dignity of the informal caregiver were strongly related. Most important for the dignity of the informal caregiver was to ensure good care for and preserve the dignity of the patient. Ensuring good care encompassed advocating for good and dignified care and wishes of the patient. For many caregivers, it also included delivering care to the patient themselves or with other family members, despite having to give up a part of their own lives. Giving care themselves was part of maintaining a good relationship, it could cater to the patient’s preferences or preserve the patient’s dignity, and it could come with valuable aspects such as times for good conversations. The informal caregiver’s dignity and the patient’s dignity were often compromised simultaneously. When informal caregivers felt healthcare professionals were impairing the dignity of the patient, their own dignity suffered. Also, dignified behavior by the patient such as thankfulness influenced the informal caregiver’s dignity positively, undignified behavior of the informal caregiver themselves, such as showing their emotions to significant others could influence it negatively. According to informal caregivers, healthcare professionals can help them preserve their dignity by taking their advice about the patient seriously, informing them about the disease and the patient’s prognosis, and dealing respectfully with value differences at the end of life.
Conclusion
The dignity of migrant patients’ informal caregivers in the last phase of the patient’s life is entwined with ensuring good care for and dignity of the patient. Healthcare professionals could strengthen the informal caregiver’s dignity by supporting their role.