bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A model of human behaviour for sustainability
Authors: Zabel Hans‐Ulrich
Published: July 2005

Purpose

The paper aims to explicate the systematic creation of social and ecological scarcities within an absolutely monetised economy and derives the necessity to change the “rules of the game” for doing business towards sustainability. Therefore, a model of human behaviour is developed to explain, on the one hand, sustainability‐hostile behaviour and to contribute to sustainability‐supporting behaviour and “rules of the game” in dynamic interactions, on the other hand.

Design/methodology/approach

A model of human behaviour is developed, integrating socio‐scientific insights as well as socio‐biological and evolutionary‐psychological findings. The emergence of human behaviour is conceptualised as an interactive process using the theory of nested control loops including constructivist impulses.

Findings

Human behaviour is regarded as the result of three constituting components: cultural shaping (cultural artefacts, education, socialization, enculturation), genetic predisposition (pattern recognition based on instincts, needs, drives, etc.), and situational correctives. These components are connected and interlinked in an “inner model” with the help of four feedback loops (constructivist feedback loop, emergency and reflex feedback loop, interaction feedback loop, and adaptation feedback loop) in the unity of eco‐ and psychosphere.

Research limitations/implications

The developed model of behaviour offers a relatively high degree of abstraction. Further research should consider in detail the constituting components of the model and scrutinise the underlying presumptions and conclusions.

Practical implications

Conclusions arise for designing institutional arrangements, on the one hand, and management approaches and dialogue forms for shaping work processes in the dynamic interaction of individuals and institutions (companies and their units, NGOs, financial institutions, insurance companies, public authorities, etc.), on the other hand.

Originality/value

Because of the cybernetic interlock of the three constituting impulses for human behaviour cultural factors, genetic predispositions, and situational influences, the presented model provides possibilities to explain sustainability‐hostile as well as sustainability‐supporting behaviour within the dynamic interaction of individuals and institutions. The target group includes social scientists and economists as well as managers and persons with practical experience in business and politics.
Co‐sizing of an electromechanical device by using optimisation process
Authors: Ammar I. , Gerbaud L. , Marin Ph. R. , Wurtz F.
Published: July 2005

Purpose

This paper deals with the collaborative design of electromagnetic devices over the internet network. The design is made by both mechanical and electrical engineers. So, the paper tries to show the importance but also constraints to size such a system using a collaborative optimisation process.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper compares two approaches in order to size an electromechanical actuator between mechanical and electrical engineers. In the first one, each profession designs its part, and only common constrained are negotiated. This can result in a design process with many iterations. In the second one, electrical and mechanical engineers built together a common model of the structure and a common list of specifications: this allows a global optimisation that is more efficient.

Findings

The main result of the paper is that the second approach in which a global model is built between electrical and mechanical engineers is more efficient.

Originality/value

The originality of the paper is to explore the problems and difficulties of an optimisation of an electromechanical device between engineers of different culture working together over the internet network.
Philosophy of information and messages in DNA
Authors: Andrew Alex M.
Published: July 2005

Purpose

A recent discussion on the CybCom discussion list is reviewed, making a comparison of views of information due to Bateson and Shannon. The discussion extends to theories involving cellular automata and their relationship, as well as that of mathematics in general, to the real world. A recent suggestion that messages from extraterrestrials may be coded in DNA is discussed.

Design/methodology/approach

The aim is to review developments on the internet, especially those of general cybernetic interest.

Findings

The discussion is essentially philosophical and thought‐provoking.

Practical implications

A passing reference is made to methods for pattern recognition, and to the Bremermann limit with its bearing on ultimate computing capability. Attitudes to information exchange have a bearing on sociological theories, and behaviour of cellular automata is claimed to model communication between bacteria. The final note on extraterrestrial communication via DNA may redirect activity in the search for such communication and is evidence of an increasingly liberal attitude to scientific publication.

Originality/value

It is hoped this is a valuable periodic review.
Dynamic analysis of a production‐inventory model
Authors: Wikner Joakim
Published: July 2005

Purpose

A production‐inventory system based on a model proposed by Axsäter is examined with the purpose of understanding the dynamic properties of the model.

Design/methodology/approach

The information flow concept is discussed and a dynamic analysis using a system simplification approach is carried out to achieve an understanding of the dynamic behaviour of the system. Finally, the information flow is examined and analysed from a hierarchical perspective.

Findings

The model is extended to include an order decision rule and a production unit and it is shown that the extended model has the capability to represent the dynamics of a number of different system management principles. The three different model instances of base stock, kanban and material requirements planning character are analysed.

Originality/value

Dynamic modelling of production‐inventory and supply chain models are usually analysed at an aggregate level not involving any complex relations of materials or capacities. In this paper, this line of research is merged with an approach based on multiple information channels using matrix representation and it is shown how a system simplification approach can be used for this purpose.
Store visits and information sources among urban Chinese children
Authors: Chan Kara
Published: July 2005

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to examine how often urban children in mainland China interact with different types of retail shops, how they learn about new products and services, and their attitudes toward different sources of product information.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey of 965 urban children ages six to 13 in four Chinese cities, including Beijing, Guangzhou, Nanjing and Shanghai, was conducted in November 2003 to May 2004. Questionnaires were distributed through eight elementary schools and local researchers were appointed to administer the data collection.

Findings

The three most popular retail shops among urban Chinese children were bookstores/stationery stores, supermarkets, and restaurants and fast food shops. Store visits and consumption varied greatly with age and gender. Generally speaking, urban children perceived personal sources as useful as, and more credible than commercial sources in obtaining information about new products and services. Older children found commercial sources more useful and credible than younger children. Older children also found more information sources useful than younger children.

Research limitations/implications

Three of the four surveyed cities were highly advanced in terms of economical and advertising development when compared with all other Chinese cities.

Practical implications

A very useful advice for marketers and advertisers to select the right type of retail outlets and media to reach urban Chinese children. Internet and children's print media can be good potential media for promotion.

Originality/value

This paper offers insight to design retail and media strategies to disseminate new product information to urban children in China.
Determinants of multiple channel choice in financial services: an environmental uncertainty model
Authors: Coelho Filipe , Easingwood Chris
Published: July 2005

Purpose

The use of multiple channels is increasingly an option for many products. Yet, despite their popularity, little is known in a systematic way about such channel structures. In particular, there is a lack of research in respect of the reasons why multiple channels of distribution emerge. This work proposes to attempt to deal with this problem by developing and testing a model comprising a set of hypotheses regarding the circumstances under which companies go multi‐channel.

Design/methodology/approach

The work draws on the organisational environment literature and, in particular, the sources of environmental uncertainty. Data were collected from firms in the UK financial services industry through personally administered questionnaires. Research hypotheses were tested using logistic regression.

Findings

The results suggest that customer heterogeneity, customer volatility and environmental conflict positively influence the choice of multiple channels, whereas intermediary heterogeneity and volatility may reduce the need to use such channel strategies.

Research limitations/implications

The extent to which results can be generalised is limited by the relatively small sample size and by the focus on financial services. Additionally, it is also possible that channel typologies other than that considered in this study might have yielded different results.

Practical implications

The degree of environmental uncertainty is an important issue affecting multiple channel choices, and should be considered at the channel design stage.

Originality/value

This study has helped understand the drivers of multiple channel strategies, a poorly understood topic.
The effects of surface finish on the reliability of lead free and tin lead chip scale package solder joints
Authors: Huang Meng‐Kuang , Lee Chiapyng , Wu Pei‐Lin , Tzan Shyh‐Rong
Published: July 2005

Purpose

The effects of thermal fatigue and printed circuit board (PCB) surface finish on the pull strength, failure modes and reliability of chip scale package (CSP) solder joints were investigated.

Design/methodology/approach

Mechanical pull test, metallographic examination and electrical measurement were used. Tin lead (Sn‐Pb) and lead free (Sn‐Ag‐Cu) alloys were used with Au/Ni and organic solderability preservative (OSP) surface finishes.

Findings

The experimental results showed that the pull strength of the Sn‐Ag‐Cu/(Au/Ni) solder joint did not change noticeably with an increasing number of thermal cycles. However, the pull strength of the Sn‐Pb/(Au/Ni) solder joints drastically degraded and that of the Sn‐Ag‐Cu/OSP and Sn‐Pb/OSP solder joints slightly decreased during thermal cycling. For both Sn‐Ag‐Cu and Sn‐Pb alloys, the solder joint fracture of as‐soldered samples was the main failure mode when an Au/Ni surface finish was used. For the Sn‐Ag‐Cu/(Au/Ni) and Sn‐Ag‐Cu/OSP solder joints, the proportion of component trace tearing considerably decreased, whereas that of PCB trace tearing considerably increased, during thermal cycling. The Weibull lifetimes of the solder joints were increasingly longer in the order of Sn‐Pb/(Au/Ni), Sn‐Pb/OSP, Sn‐Ag‐Cu/OSP, and Sn‐Ag‐Cu/(Au/Ni).

Research limitations/implications

This was not an exhaustive study and all of the findings are for lead free and tin lead CSP solder joints, which perhaps limits the usefulness of the results elsewhere.

Practical implications

A very useful source of information and impartial advice for engineers planning to conduct a switch from tin lead to lead free technology in their production lines.

Originality/value

This paper fulfils an identified information/resources need and offers practical help to an engineer starting out on an engineering development.
Application of a design of experiments approach to the reliability of a PBGA package
Authors: Hyuck Yang Ji , Yong Lee Kang
Published: July 2005

Purpose

To apply the design of experiments (DOE) methodology to the problem of cracking of plastic ball grid array (PBGA) packages during the reflow soldering process.

Design/methodology/approach

The DOE methodology was used in order to identify the optimum design. CAE was used for the required stress analysis and for integral calculation during crack analysis.

Findings

The optimum design to reduce the stress and fracture probability for the PBGA package was obtained and the DOE technique was shown to be very powerful for establishing the optimum design when there are many design parameters.

Research limitations/implications

In future research, a robust design methodology could be applied including design for six sigma considering the noise parameters.

Practical implications

For better design of a PBGA package, the DOE methodology has been shown to be very useful.

Originality/value

In this paper, application of the DOE approach to a PBGA package design in order to reduce the stresses and probability of fracture was attempted for the first time.
Principal leadership for outstanding educational outcomes
Authors: Dinham Stephen
Published: July 2005

Purpose

Aims to explore the role of Principals in producing outstanding education outcomes in Years 7 to 10 in New South Wales (Australia) government schools.

Design/methodology/approach

Sites where “outstanding” educational outcomes were believed to be occurring were selected using a variety of data including performance in standardised tests, public examinations, various value added measures and nominations from various stakeholders. Sites were of two types: subject departments responsible for teaching certain subjects and teams responsible for cross‐school programs in Years 7 to 10. Sites were selected to be broadly representative. Some schools had more than one site, e.g. Mathematics and Student Welfare. A total of 50 sites across NSW from 38 secondary schools were studied.

Findings

With both subject departments and teams responsible for cross‐school programs, leadership was found to be a key factor in the achievement of outstanding educational outcomes. Often, this leadership was exercised by the Principal, but additional key personnel included Head Teachers (heads of faculties/departments), Deputy Principals, and teachers playing leading roles in faculties and programs. Analysis of data revealed certain attributes and practices of the Principals of these schools, which are explored, central to which is a focus on students and their learning.

Research limitations/implications

Principals were those of secondary schools from one educational system. Other papers will explore the role of leaders such as Heads of Department, Deputy Principals and teacher leaders.

Practical implications

This article has implications for principal selection, training, appraisal and professional development.

Originality/value

Detailed case studies have provided an examination of leadership effectiveness in a wide range of contexts, which much commonality confirmed.
Teacher appraisal: the experiences of Kenyan secondary school teachers
Authors: Odhiambo George O.
Published: July 2005

Purpose

This paper seeks to report the findings of a study focusing on the state of teacher appraisal in Kenyan secondary schools and to argue for an improved (facilitating) model of teacher appraisal.

Design/methodology/approach

The study adopted a qualitatively‐oriented case study using multiple cases and drawing on multiple methods of data collection.

Findings

The findings indicate that teacher appraisal policies and practices in Kenyan secondary schools exhibit weaknesses, which need to be urgently addressed if teacher appraisal is to be used to improve the quality of teaching and education in Kenya.

Research limitations/implications

Of the eight administrative regions in Kenya, only one region was selected for data gathering. The reason for restricting the scope of the study related to availability of time in the first instance and the need for in‐depth investigation. The research was also limited to a study of six secondary schools. While including more schools in the sample would have widened the focus of the study, limited time and funding made such a wider study prohibitive. Moreover, the six schools, consisting of two private schools, and four public schools of various sizes, provided the opportunity to study Kenyan secondary schools in a variety of contexts.

Originality/value

There is a dearth of research‐based information on teacher appraisal in third world countries – especially Kenya – and this paper will therefore in itself be beneficial to education policy makers. This paper offers a more sophisticated conceptualisation of teacher appraisal, thereby laying a foundation for subsequent investigations. Such a conceptualisation should serve as a basis, not only for evaluating the existing teacher appraisal system in Kenya, but also for offering guidance for future practice and policy.
A customized measure of service quality in the UAE
Authors: Jabnoun Naceur , Khalifa Azaddin
Published: July 2005

Purpose

The concerns of service quality may differ from one country to another. It is therefore crucial to develop measures of service quality that are pertinent to the country and culture where the service is offered. This paper proposes developing a measure of service quality in the UAE and then testing this measure in UAE conventional and Islamic banks.

Design/methodology/approach

The components of service quality were developed through a brainstorming and sorting exercise. Based on the results of this exercise, the authors developed a 30‐item questionnaire comprising the five dimensions of SERVQUAL and two other dimensions called values and image. The questionnaire was distributed to customers of UAE conventional and Islamic banks in Dubai and Sharjah. Factor analysis of the responses resulted in four dimensions. The reliability and predictive validity of these dimensions were confirmed. Finally separate regression models were developed for conventional and Islamic banks. These models were analyzed and compared.

Findings

Factor analysis resulted in four dimensions: personal skills, reliability, values, and image. Results of regression analysis revealed that all four dimensions were significant in determining service quality in conventional banks. Values and image were however the most important of these dimensions. On the other hand, only personal skill and values were significant in determining service quality in Islamic banks.

Originality/value

This paper emphasizes the need to customize measures of service quality to different countries. This is particularly important for multi‐national corporations. This paper also provides guidelines for bank managers in the UAE on which dimensions of service quality they should emphasize in order to retain their customers and attract new ones. This paper has important research implications on the relationship between national culture and service quality and on the service quality of Islamic banks.
Analyzing the social capital value chain in community network interfaces
Authors: Chewar C.M. , McCrickard D. Scott , Carroll John M.
Published: July 2005

Purpose

This work aims to probe how interface designers concerned with human‐computer interaction of community networks might use the theoretical constructs of social capital and activity awareness.

Design/methodology/approach

A design model for community network interfaces is introduced that reconciles various computer‐mediated communication research contributions with support for typical community network scenarios of use. Using this model, an inspection is performed on existing community network implementations (available December 2002) and then the adequacy of the model for informing the design process is examined.

Findings

Based on the insight gained through this analysis, a generic prototype and new user evaluation method are introduced that allow survey of user reaction to community network design elements under differing conditions. It is shown how results obtained through this method frame a value‐chain understanding of conceptual tradeoffs.

Research limitations/implications

To demonstrate the new user evaluation method in an analysis of critical design tradeoffs, the issues of persistent virtual identity implementation and usage motivation are probed. However, the evaluation method must be validated with other issues and tested by researchers that were not part of its creation process.

Practical implications

Contributions from this paper include tools (a design model, a generic prototype, and an evaluation method) linking theory with community design artifacts, building on previous work. Evaluators now have indicators for assessing community informatics.

Originality/value

Interface designers of community networks and those interested in social capital theory will appreciate the link between practice and theory provided by this approach.
Institutional change in “The Academy”
Authors: Abeles Tom P.
Published: July 2005

Purpose

This essay aims to present role of education and its response to institutional change.

Design/methodology/approach

Explores both a shift in its purpose and its role in a wired/global environment. The principal focus is on the traditional post‐secondary education but considers changes that are occurring as society moves to lifelong learning. It challenges the current model of change of the institutions as being cosmetic and only delaying a profound shift in the form, direction and purpose of education, as an institution.

Findings

While changes are occurring within The Academy, most academics who are working in the arena of e‐learning are worrying about changes at the micro level. Most of the power of institutional change has been given up by the faculty in exchange for their sinecure. While administrators are concerned about fiscal solvency, the faculty has expectations that in the end, after the storm has passed, the landscape will not be the same.

Originality/value

Provides an overview of the role of education and its response to institutional change.
Videogames and the future of education
Authors: Bogost Ian
Published: July 2005

Purpose

Proposes to look at how many designers and researchers have become interested in how videogames can serve as forms of cultural expression beyond entertainment alone.

Design/methodology/approach

The study is based on views from the videogame industry and the educational system.

Findings

This article suggests that both the videogame industry and the compulsory educational system are engaged in commensurate crises. The videogame industry is creatively rich but risk‐averse, motivated primarily by wealth and reinforced by its own success. The education establishment is bureaucratic and self‐effacing, endorsing the production of complacency over challenge. With videogames and education caught in similar ruts, to support change in one means endorsing a revolution in the other.

Originality/value

Compares the videogame industry with the educational establishment and suggests ways in which the videogame industry can assist education.
The Bain 2005 management tool survey
Authors: Rigby Darrell , Bilodeau Barbara
Published: July 2005

Purpose

The past dozen years in business have witnessed an explosion in the use of management tools and techniques. Keeping up with the tools and deciding which ones to use have become an essential part of every executive's responsibilities.

Design/methodology/approach

In 1993, Bain & Company launched a multiyear research project to get the facts about management tool use. Over 12 years Bain assembled a global database of more than 7,000 respondents, including 960 this year. They supplement the survey with follow‐up interviews to probe the specifics of tool use in individual companies.

Findings

This year, the news is that executives are using more tools for acquiring customers, keeping them, learning more about what they want, and then satisfying and delighting them. They know they need tools to innovate, but they are not entirely sure how to go about it. To free up cash, they are outsourcing like crazy. And they are relying on information technology to run their businesses more efficiently.

Research limitations/implications

This survey formerly was done annually and now is taken every other year.

Practical implications

Managers who promote tool fads undermine employees' confidence that they can create the change that is needed. Executives are better served by championing realistic strategic directions – and viewing the specific tools they use to get there as subordinate to the strategy.

Originality/value

Without satisfaction and usage data from companies that have adopted management tools, choosing and using them becomes a risky and potentially expensive gamble.
Coordinating operations to enhance innovation in the global corporation
Authors: Koudal Peter , Coleman Gary C.
Published: July 2005

Purpose

Over the last two years, the authors have studied the growth strategies and the supporting operations of nearly 650 companies around the world. While most have the expectation that innovation will drive corporate fortunes, the research makes it clear that building or restructuring business operations to profitably bring new products and services to market is a top priority only for best performing companies but near the bottom of most companies' priorities.

Design/methodology/approach

Explains how top‐performing global companies are investing in the product development capabilities, the supply chain process infrastructure, and the sophisticated information systems needed to support and synchronize innovation across the value chain.

Findings

Research on a subset of the survey base (the 300+ larger companies and business units with revenues ranging from US$200 million to US$10 billion and higher) shows that those that can synchronize complex global value chains – the complexity masters – are up to 73 percent more profitable than the others.

Research limitations/implications

Interviews with senior managers at leading firms and case studies on the complexity masters would be of high value.

Practical implications

The authors suggest three steps: create innovation – build an idea‐generation machine; exploit innovation where and when it matters; and invest in innovation capabilities for creating and sustaining a profit cycle. The four ingredients that make top‐performing companies stand out are visibility, flexibility, collaboration, and technology.

Originality/value

Lists the best practices – the strategies and tactics – of the most profitable innovators, the elite “complexity masters.”
Innovation networks: good ideas from everywhere in the world
Authors: Fowles Stephen , Clark Wayne
Published: July 2005

Purpose

With more companies working to innovate across corporate boundaries, protecting intellectual property is becoming a much bigger issue. The authors find that the best way to handle this threat is to face it head‐on.

Design/methodology/approach

While co‐sponsoring an innovation awards program the authors saw first‐hand some of the skills and attributes of up and coming innovators in the UK. From observing leading firms they developed practical steps that underpin a successful innovation network and can help protect intellectual property.

Findings

The authors defined and tested four practical best practices that firms can use in the ideas‐to‐market race, in which many of the best and most innovative products and services (and their inspirations) come from new and varied sources.

Research limitations/implications

The authors offer short snapshot case examples. Longer cases and research over a longer time frame would be valuable.

Practical implications

Managers will want to follow these best practices: know your partners; structure the relationship so all parties, particularly aspiring innovators, are treated as valued partners; define mutual benefits; and establish performance targets and offer incentives

Originality/value

Open innovation is one of the newest strategic management tools. This is one of the first articles to describe how to manage it effectively based on experience.
Strategies for managing mature products
Authors: Hutt Ken , Davidson Alistair
Published: July 2005

Purpose

Two leading technology companies, Intel and H‐P, illustrate both the challenges that managing mature successful products pose and some of the responses companies need to consider.

Design/methodology/approach

A major consulting firm studied public data about two firms and consulted with their senior managers.

Findings

Both Intel and H‐P have recognized that the marketplace and the evolving value requirements of customers and potential customers should drive every decision a business makes about what activities to focus on; what innovations to add to products; what to outsource; and when and how to change.

Research limitations/implications

More studies are needed on selecting the right R&D strategy and better execution of the product life cycle management processes to speed up development.

Practical implications

The Intel and H‐P cases suggest that being competitive is about meeting the needs of customers better than your competition; staying competitive is about learning new tricks sooner and better than your competition. Selecting the right R&D strategy and better execution of the product life cycle management processes to speed up development are critical in rapidly changing markets.

Originality/value

This article provides a wake up call to any manager who assumes that a firm can innovate its way to sustained competitive advantage. Commoditization can happen rapidly, even on the cutting edge of high tech.
Linkage between knowledge management and R&D management
Authors: Park Yongtae , Kim Seonwoo
Published: July 2005

Purpose

The relationship between knowledge management (KM) and research and development (R&D) management is intrinsically close. However, little attention has been paid to the development and implementation of KM systems for R&D organizations. The main objective of this current research is, from the perspective of evolutionary ecology, to suggest a framework of system design to link KM and R&D management.

Design/methodology/approach

The chronological profile of R&D management systems over the past few decades is reviewed and the salient features of respective generations are identified. Then, the list of requirements for KM systems is suggested for each generation.

Findings

Finds that these requirements constitute crucial variables for the design of KM systems and, as a whole, provide the building‐blocks for integrating R&D management and KM.

Originality/value

The proposed architecture is considered as a starting‐point and serves as a milestone in implementing KMS in accordance with the R&D characteristics of a particular firm.
The application of knowledge management in call centres
Authors: Koh S.C.L. , Gunasekaran A. , Thomas A. , Arunachalam S.
Published: July 2005

Purpose

The paper proposes to evaluate the need for knowledge management in a call centre for improving quality of customer services, by addressing the issues specifically relating to information and knowledge management.

Design/methodology/approach

Methodology adopted in this research is qualitative, namely ethnography. After examining six models from literature review, a knowledge management model is developed for implementation to assess the required effort to compare against the expected benefits.

Findings

Knowledge management could be achieved by effectively managing the five roles of knowledge, namely knowledge acquisition, utilisation, adaptation, distribution, and generation. Comparison of the benefits against the efforts has clearly justified the knowledge management efforts in the case study.

Research limitations/implications

The knowledge management model could be adapted in other service sectors with similar characteristics to a call centre.

Practical implications

The paper provides details of solutions to call centres on the approach to making knowledge management work in practice.

Originality/value

A new knowledge management model was developed for applying the knowledge management concept in call centres. The approaches to managing knowledge in the model have yielded a number of benefits as demonstrated by a case study. This work will be beneficial to researchers and practitioners who are interested in applying knowledge management in call centres and/or service sectors with similar characteristics.
Knowledge management effectiveness factors: the role of HRM
Authors: Oltra Victor
Published: July 2005

Purpose

Within the search of the key factors that explain knowledge management (KM) effectiveness, this paper aims to advance a simultaneously conceptual and practical framework that links human resource management (HRM) and KM.

Design/methodology/approach

A literature‐based preliminary framework assumes that a number of critical KM characteristics and KM‐related human resource (HR) practices impact on KM effectiveness. Qualitative methods are used for data collection and analysis. Three knowledge‐intensive Spanish business units of multinational companies are the target case‐study settings.

Findings

Systematic patterns are found regarding the impact of critical KM characteristics and KM‐related HR practices on KM effectiveness. An induced framework, encompassing a number of specific variables and propositions, is developed.

Research limitations/implications

The lack of a longitudinal study demands caution in the results interpretation. Also, similar studies in cultural contexts other than Spain could produce differing results. Moreover, further qualitative methods would be helpful for explanatory framework refinement, whereas quantitative surveys would test propositions, thus assessing the statistical generalisability of the results.

Practical implications

KM‐enhancing recommendations for practitioners are discussed. Special emphasis is placed on the great complexity that social and cultural issues pose on KM, and on senior managers' key actions aimed at involving the HR function more in KM strategy development.

Originality/value

This paper tackles KM‐related social and cultural issues through a broad but practical HRM perspective. It helps to advance a better understanding of the causes of KM success or failure, useful both to academics seeking theory building and to practitioners interested in insightful advice.
The impact of trust and reputation on the transfer of best practices
Authors: Lucas Leyland M.
Published: July 2005

Purpose

This research study, which is based on social information‐processing theory, proposes examining factors that affect intra‐organizational efforts at promoting the successful transfer of best practices.

Design/methodology/approach

Using data collected from multiple respondents in a Fortune 500 company whose primary line of business is electricity generation, the author examines three impediments to knowledge transfer: trust, provider reputation, and recipient reputation.

Findings

The findings indicate that these factors provide a signaling effect to employees and play a critical role in the transfer of best practices. These findings reinforce the notion that the successful transfer of best practices is highly dependent on the willingness of employees to share. More important, achieving knowledge transfer objectives is easier said than done. Trust and reputation develop over time, are closely guarded by its representatives, and must be nurtured and protected.

Research limitations/implications

One limitation of this study is that its generalizability may be limited because it is a single organization study. However, it does have significant practical implications, as it reinforces the need to create an appropriate environment for employees to engage in these activities.

Originality/value

The findings reinforce the need to create an appropriate environment for employees to engage in activities, and the notion that knowledge management is critical to success, but its management requires specific approaches that do not apply to other resources.
Building ICT regulatory capacity in developing economies: a learning framework for regulators
Authors: Goulden Brian
Published: July 2005

Purpose

The credibility of information and communication technology (ICT) regulatory bodies is crucial to governing the sector but developing countries in particular face a difficult task in developing skilled and competent staff. Schware, in an article published in 2003, suggested appropriate functions, structures and best operational practices for new regulatory agencies. He highlights a number of the key challenges for regulators, including the need for cross‐cutting skills, and the importance of having adequate human resources to fulfil the regulatory mission. This article attempts to move the capacity‐building agenda forward to facilitate the development of people to meet Schware's recommendations – in particular his proposal for professional training.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is based upon experience of working with a number of agencies.

Findings

This paper proposes a learning framework for regulatory staff that will enable adoption of a consistent approach to learning and embed learning as a routine activity for all regulatory staff.

Originality/value

This article attempts to move the capacity building agenda forward to facilitate the development of people particularly regarding professional training.
IP telephony and voice over broadband
Authors: Graham Terence , Ure John
Published: July 2005

Purpose

To consider the various challenges raised by Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). These include commercial, technological, marketing and regulatory issues.

Design/methodology/approach

First explores the technological issues, such as quality assurance and load control, then marketing issues by contrasting the various service providers and their approaches, and finally regulatory concerns by comparing European and US approaches to issues such as emergency services, numbering, law enforcement and security.

Findings

VoIP raises complex questions beyond whether or not consumers get cheaper telephone calls. IP technology is ushering in a world of peer‐to‐peer communications that provides opportunities (and dangers) for multiple business models and players.

Originality/value

Provides an overview of the issues raised by a potentially disruptive technology and contributes a perspective on the opportunities and threats for incumbents and new entrants to the market.
An investigation into internationalisation among mobile telecommunication companies in 2003
Authors: Whalley Jason , Curwen Peter
Published: July 2005

Purpose

To assess the extent to which the owners of mobile telecommunication companies could be said to be internationalised at the end of 2003, and to make comparisons among them.

Design/methodology/approach

A database is created, based upon the analysis of 39 mobile telcos' international footprints, which is designed to permit the calculation of the extent of internationalisation based upon two contrasting, but related measures.

Findings

A comparison of the internationalisation status of the 39 telcos at the end of 2003 broken down by region.

Research limitations/implications

Some difficulties with measurement of the main variables were met but satisfactorily resolved.

Practical implications

Individual mobile telcos are constantly making comments in the media about their internationalisation strategy. This study provides a context for such comments and provides the opportunity to assess individual overseas investments in the light of a company's existing overseas profile.

Originality/value

The approach employed for the assessment of internationalisation is entirely new and unique.
Good corporate practices in poor corporate governance systems
Authors: Cornelius Peter
Published: July 2005

Purpose

Attempts to benchmark corporate governance practices have focused primarily on developed capital markets, whereas cross‐country comparisons remain difficult for emerging markets. Given the growing importance of emerging markets as an asset class, this paper attempts to shed some light on the quality of governance practices in a large sample of countries and the extent to which that quality may offset perceived weaknesses in the institutional framework in which companies operate.

Design/methodology/approach

In the absence of comparable data for many emerging markets, the paper employs new survey evidence from the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report.

Findings

The analysis suggests the following: first, legal institutions play a key role for corporate governance, but other factors, such as politics and cultural and historical roots, matter too. While corporate governance practices in emerging markets tend to be weaker than in developed capital markets, several emerging markets have already made substantial progress in upgrading their practices and, as their institutions continue to emerge, the existing quality gap looks set to narrow further. There are several countries whose companies on average appear to follow better practices than the quality of their legal and regulatory environments would suggest.

Research limitations/implications

Good corporate governance at the company level need not be tied or constrained by its local environment. That good company practices may at least partly offset weak framework conditions and could have important implications for the mode of entry foreign investors choose, an issue to be left for further research.

Originality/value

Overall, the paper's main contribution lies in its novel approach to disaggregate different levels of corporate governance, thus allowing a more textured assessment of corporate governance risk.
Responding to global business critical issues
Authors: Fiona Cumming Jane , Bettridge Neela , Toyne Paul
Published: July 2005

Purpose

The main aim of this research was to review which FTSE 350 companies were responding to social, ethical and environmental business‐critical global issues such as climate change, governance and technology. If they were, did this response result in innovation and transformation? The 14 issues were identified by a range of business practitioners and experts through a visioning exercise.

Design/methodology/approach

Independent data analysis of the companies, excluding around 50 investment trusts, by SERM Rating Agency provided a sector review of how companies were innovating or transforming their business as a response to the 14 issues. This review identified 40 companies as being most active in demonstrating their response. Of these 40, further analysis identified ten companies that showed signs of innovation or transformation.

Findings

The identified ten companies demonstrated evidence of pilot business transformation (or incremental innovation towards transformation) as a direct result of responding to the issues. For example, a mining company's HIV treatment program for its workers in South Africa. Most approaches were characterized by a wide‐ranging series of incremental changes, with no convincing examples yet existing of transformation implemented across the entirety of the company's operations. Hints of this radical direction, however, are evident from the vision statements of several organizations.

Research limitations/implications

The research methodology is dependent on publicly available evidence. However, the implication of the research findings is that the 14 issues identified can be viewed as opportunities rather than obligations. Realizing the opportunity relies on integrating the issues in the core strategy of the organization.

Practical implications

This paper provides insight for business strategists and practitioners into potential new ways of working by companies. It illuminates an emerging source of innovation and ultimately business transformation driven by the growing significance of world issues to implementing corporate strategy and delivering sustainable profit.

Originality/value

The value of this paper is in the insight it provides on how companies are finding a source of innovation through responding to global issues.
Dealing with a global issue: contributing to poverty alleviation
Authors: Denby Wilkes Vincent
Published: July 2005

Purpose

To present one approach to integrating societal expectations in business as adopted by Electricité de France through their Access to Energy Program.

Design/methodology/approach

The objective is achieved through three main actions, one of which is explored here: rural electrification through the setting‐up of rural energy services companies in developing countries which bring energy (electricity or gas) services to isolated populations, thereby encouraging the development of local economic activities and contributing to poverty reduction.

Findings

Findings range from the importance of an existing and suitable institutional framework, through the reduction of start‐up costs and the cash‐flow problems of these small companies, to the definition of a sustainable model (fee for service) and the provision of accompanying services (gas, water, telephone, etc.) and capacity building.

Research limitations/implications

Further research will be determined following monitoring and evaluation feedback from these local companies.

Practical implications

Working in countries with suitable institutional frameworks and with grant financing to cover most of initial equipment investment to keep tariffs low. Establishing local business zones with higher power levels to encourage local economic development. Ensuring maximum equipment efficiency (particularly batteries).

Originality/value

Identification of a sustainable model in rural electrification that is now being replicated on a major scale in Morocco and South Africa.
Exploring leadership in times of paradox and complexity
Authors: Martin André , Ernst Christopher
Published: July 2005

Purpose

Increasingly, organizations are faced with complex challenges stemming from integrating societal change into business. These challenges create new demands for leadership. The paper aims at more clearly identifying these leadership demands and possible courses of development.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on an exploratory, multi‐method program of research at the Center for Creative Leadership, this paper reports on cross‐national data from 157 practicing managers to uncover the patterns that exist between the societal context, organizations, and the changing nature of leadership. Specifically, the paper addresses the following questions: What skills do individual leaders need to be successful in the future? How is leadership at the organizational level different today, and what will it look like in the future? Are there differences between the US and non‐US populations in their view of organizational leadership? What is the current capacity of organizations to accomplish leadership?

Findings

Results demonstrate a shift in the practice of leadership from more traditional, individual approaches to more innovative, collaborative approaches. Further, the comparison of non‐US with US data shows that non‐US populations expect more innovative leadership approaches/philosophies in the future.

Research limitations/implications

The implications for research are discussed in terms of expanding the definition of leadership, while implications for practice are framed within the context of emerging approaches to leadership development.

Originality/value

This paper will be of value to those practicing leaders, researchers, and development specialists who are interested in exploring the frontiers of leadership in times of paradox and complexity.