bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficiency of Water Curtains
Authors: Kadlec Zdeněk , Kvarčák Miloš
Published: October 2014

It is possible to use a water curtain to preclude a house fire spreading. Water curtains are designed pursuant to theoretical calculations. Experiments were prepared and realised with a goal to determine the radiant heat flux intensity reduction of fire passing through a water curtain in VŠB, TU – Ostrava.
Diagnosis of Elected Industrial Hall Object and Idea for its Reconstruction
Authors: Katunská Jana , Oberleová Jana , Rusnák Andrej , Tóth Stanislav
Published: October 2014

The article presents the monitoring of physical aspects of choices hall objects before reconstruction, which are in poor technical condition. The content of this contribution is the comparison of energy savings in selected hall object, which can be achieved by the refurbishment of envelope structures as against the present state. The article is trying to solve the problem of alternative creating envelope structures for an industrial hall depending on the activity performed inside respective plants, its reconstruction in relation to year energy consumption for heating, taking into account necessary thermal and humidity microclimate of a real workshop.
Firefighting Systems and Video Smoke Detection as a Significant Part of Fire Safety in the Building
Authors: Mikolai Imrich , Tkáč Ján
Published: October 2014

Full functionally fire safety in the building is very important and significant factor of well designed, built and used building. The safety of persons in the building increases except passive fire protection (fire splitting building by fire protection structure) also by proposition and realization of active firefighting equipment; which are not designed only for detection of fire, but also for fire localization and people security against hot of fire and against combustion products and smoke. Lately, the phenomenon of human life protection begins consistently monitored in the building. Major factor in the monitoring of fire and smoke is video smoke detection.
Assessment of Internal Residential Environment with Regard to Noise Load in Slovak Republik
Authors: Dlhý Dušan , Tomašovič Peter , Mihalčík Ladislav
Published: October 2014

The paper points at complex methodical approach when assessing noise coming from exterior into residential interior with emphasis on prevention and recommendations of WHO and EC in the phase of designing of building or territory. The ventilation system of the facade of particular building and its functional properties including acoustic and infiltration capability etc. should be designed and controlled upon ensuring complex function of such system and in compliance with the health and hygiene parameters of protected room.
The Effect of the Colour Selection for Internal Surfaces on Non-Visual Daylight Human Response
Authors: Hartman Peter , Hanuliak Peter , Maňková Lucia , Hraška Jozef
Published: October 2014

Nowadays lighting criterions for internal spaces can be widened; because there is need to not only stimulate properly the human visual system but also to entrain the non-visual system of users or inhabitants. Since the medical discoveries in the field of light influence of circadian system, a system that controls our daily body rhythms, gave us basic principles how it works, we can use advanced methods how to evaluate internal light climate in the buildings. We focused on the colours of wall finishes, which influence the spectral composition of the light that enters the eye of inhabitants in specified locations. A set of specified applied colors were compared to the neutrally coloured walls. Also the effect of external shading obstruction was examined in this study. This observation, based on the spectral examination of light conditions, may provide more complex overview on selection of internal surfaces colours in long-term occupied spaces, taking health and wellbeing into consideration.
Numerical Analysis of Window Structure Seating Depth Effects on Surface Temperature and Linear Thermal Transmittance
Authors: Zozulák Marek , Vertaľ Marián , Katunský Dušan
Published: October 2014

The paper deals with effect of window structure seating depth in window lining on the deformation of thermal field represented by the change in surface temperatures and thermal coupling coefficient. Alternative depths of window structure seating are analysed by the numerical experiment using the computer simulation of thermal field. The objective of analysis is to optimize the window structure seating depth in the existing experimental wall. The effect of deformation amount of thermal field of analyzed contact on the course of surface temperatures and thermal coupling coefficient of the binding has also been analysed.
Determination of the Wind Pressure Coefficients on the Model of the Silsoe Cube by the Measurements Made in Wind Tunnels
Authors: Lobotka Peter , Žilinský Juraj
Published: October 2014

Nowadays, the architects often design interesting atypical structures or the set of the structures. In these cases, it is important to consider also the wind effects and their correct values (wind load). Recommended values in Eurocode cannot be used in many times, because of difficult shapes of the structures, their large heights, or surrounding structures. Therefore, detailed analyses of wind effects either on designed structure or the pedestrians walking near the structure have to be done. The results can be used for better and more saving design, or more appropriate arrangement of planned structures. The analyses can be done by numerical methods (computing programs) or by experimental measurements in wind tunnels or by the combination of the both.
CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON HIV-ASSOCIATED PLASMABLASTIC LYMPHOMA
Authors: Bibas Michele , Castillo Jorge J
Published: October 2014

HIV-associated PBL is an AIDS-defining cancer, classified by WHO as distinct entity of aggressive DLBCL. To date less than 250 cases have been published, of them17 are pediatric. The pathogenesis of this rare disease is related to immunodefiency, chronic immune stimulation and EBV. Clinically is a rapid growing destructive disease mainly of oral cavity, but frequently involves extraoral and extranodal sites. The diagnosis requires tissue mass or lymph node biopsy, but  core needle or fine needle biopsy is acceptable for difficult access sites. Immunophenotype is CD45, CD20, CD79a negative and CD38, CD138, MUM1 positive, EBER and KI67 is >80%. Frequently is diagnosed in patients with low CD4+ and high viral load, however is reported also in patients on effective cART and high CD4. Treatment administered is usually CHOP or CHOP-like regimens, more intensive regimens as CODOX-M/IVAC or DA-EPOCH are possible options. Intensification with ABMT in CR1 may be  considered for fit patients. Rituximab is not useful for this CD20- disease. Bortezomib and new drugs were used at case report level, with transient response. CNS prophylaxis is mandatory. Use of cART is recommended during chemotherapy, keeping in mind the possible overlapping toxicities. For refractory/relapsed patients, therapy is usually considered  palliative, however in chemosensitive disease intensification + ABMT or new drugs may be considered. Factors affecting outcome are achieving complete remission, PS, clinical stage, MYC , IPI. Reported median PFS ranges between  6-7 months and median OS ranges between 11-13 months. Long term survivor are reported but mostly in pediatric patients.  Due to the scarcity of data on this subtype of NHL we suggest that the diagnosis and the management of HIV-positive PBL patients should be performed in specialized centers.
DIAGNOSIS AND SUBCLASSIFICATION OF ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA
Authors: Chiaretti Sabina , Zini Gina , Bassan Renato
Published: October 2014

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a disseminated malignancy of B- or T-lymphoblasts which imposes a rapid and accurate diagnostic process to support an optimal risk-oriented therapy and thus increase the curability rate. The need for a precise diagnostic algorithm is underlined by the awareness that both ALL therapy and related success rates may vary greatly in function of ALL subset, from standard chemotherapy in patients with standard-risk ALL, to allotransplantation (SCT) and targeted therapy in high-risk patients and cases expressing suitable biological targets, respectively. This review offers a glimpse on how best identify ALL and the most relevant ALL subsets.
The Rare Sprengel Deformity: Our Experience with Three Cases
Authors: Bindoudi Antonia , Kariki Eleni P , Vasiliadis Konstantinos , Tsitouridis Ioannis
Published: October 2014

Sprengel shoulder is a rare congenital deformity of one or both scapulae that is usually detected at birth. It occurs due to failure of the scapula to descend during intrauterine development and its cause is still unknown. Although the deformity appears randomly most of the time, familial cases have been reported. Sprengel shoulder is often associated with Klippel–Feil syndrome and other congenital skeletal deformities. Anteroposterior X-ray imaging can accurately diagnose Sprengel deformity. However, computed tomography and magnetic resonance scans with three-dimensional reconstruction are nowadays used in everyday practice in order to diagnose concomitant abnormalities, study in detail the anatomy of the affected shoulder(s), and plan appropriate management. We present here our imaging experience from three pediatric cases with Sprengel shoulder and take the opportunity to discuss this rare entity, which is, nevertheless, the commonest congenital defect of the scapula.
Ewing's Sarcoma of the Finger
Authors: Gökalp Mehmet Ata , Kaplanoğlu Veysel , Ünsal Seyyid Şerif , Erten Remzi
Published: October 2014

Ewing's sarcoma is a mesenchymal cell tumor usually seen in long bones but very rarely seen in the bones of a finger. Swelling and pain are the most common complaints of the affected finger. In radiological imaging, it may be seen as permeative bone destruction accompanied by a soft tissue component or an expansile bone lesion. A 27-year-old right-hand dominant female patient presented with a swelling on the proximal phalanx of her right 3rd finger that had existed for 3 years. However, the mass started to gradually increase in size and the pain worsened over a period of 5 weeks. The mass was excised under regional intravenous anesthesia and Ewing's sarcoma was confirmed following a histopathological evaluation. No local recurrence or metastasis was detected 1 year after surgery. Since Ewing's sarcoma is rarely seen in the finger, we present this case with its radiological and clinical findings.
Prevalence of Laryngeal and Pharyngeal Symptoms in Patients with Environmental Allergy
Authors: Shah Manish D , Wise Sarah K , Rotella Melissa R , Ingley Avani P , Johns Michael M
Published: October 2014

Background

The effect of environmental allergy on laryngeal and pharyngeal complaints is not well understood. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of laryngeal and pharyngeal symptoms in patients with environmental inhalant allergy.

Methods

A retrospective review was conducted of all patients undergoing allergy skin testing between 2006 and 2009. Patients with positive skin tests were included and were classified as ‘mild’ or ‘extensive’ reactors based on skin testing results. Data regarding laryngeal and pharyngeal complaints, as well as ocular and nasal symptoms, had been systematically documented for all patients. The prevalence of these complaints was calculated in each group of reactors and overall.

Results

The prevalence of laryngeal and pharyngeal complaints was 42.0% overall, 45.5% among the mild reactors, and 39.3% in the extensive reactors. No patients complained of hoarseness or were felt to have dysphonia. There was no statistically significant difference between the mild and extensive reactors (p = 0.78). The prevalence of ocular and/or nasal symptoms was 96.0, 90.9 and 100%, respectively.

Conclusion

The prevalence of laryngeal and pharyngeal complaints in allergy sufferers was low in this study. Given the conflicting literature on this topic, there is insufficient evidence to establish a causal link between environmental allergy and laryngeal and pharyngeal symptoms.

How to cite this article

Shah MD, Wise SK, Rotella MR, Ingley AP, Johns MM. Prevalence of Laryngeal and Pharyngeal Symptoms in Patients with Environmental Allergy. Int J Phonosurg Laryngol 2014;4(1):1-4.
An Unusual Presentation of Bilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis due to Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Authors: Agrawal Priyanka , Kulkarni Pradnya
Published: October 2014

Background

Spinal muscular atrophy is a rare autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder. We report a case of 62-year-old female of spinal muscular atrophy presenting with bilateral vocal fold paralysis, her diagnosis and management.

Objective

Case report of a case of spinal muscular atrophy presenting with bilateral vocal fold paralysis.

Conclusion

Spinomuscular atrophy though rarely associated with laryngeal symptoms should be kept in mind as a possible etiology of bilateral vocal fold paralysis. The surgical decision and the postoperative sequeale will be affected due to the presence of this disease and thus a high index of suspicion is required.

How to cite this article

Nerurkar NK, Deshmukh S, Agrawal P, Kulkarni P. An Unusual Presentation of Bilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis due to Spinal Muscular Atrophy. Int J Phonosurg Laryngol 2014;4(1):27-29.
Near-total Laryngectomy: An Oncologically Safe Alternative
Authors: Verma Hitesh
Published: October 2014

Traditional treatment for advanced transglottic laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers is wide field laryngectomy. Patients who undergo wide field laryngectomy must also undergo voice rehabilitation with a prosthesis, electrolarynx or esophageal speech. These are associated with complications, such as bloating of the stomach, stenosis, aspiration and difficulty with hygiene of the TEP prosthesis. Near-total laryngectomy is a surgical treatment modality, where speech is maintained by way of a dynamic myomucosal shunt. It was specially designed to overcome the serious complications of adynamic tracheoesophageal shunt methods.

How to cite this article

Dass A, Singhal SK, Gupta N, Verma H. Near-total Laryngectomy: An Oncologically Safe Alternative. Int J Phonosurg Laryngol 2014;4(1):30-32.
An Unusual Asymptomatic Foreign Body at Tracheobronchial Tree
Authors: Mishra Sanghamitra , Dash Mrutunjay
Published: October 2014

Inhalation of foreign body is usually seen in children which should be promptly and immediately removed otherwise it leads to complications and death. Early detection of foreign bodies is essential to safe removal. Management approach has to be systematic. Preoperative history taking, radiological assessment followed by rapid intervention by skilled bronchoscopist usually results in favorable outcome. We here report an interesting and an unusual presentation of a sharp and long iron nail in trachea and right bronchus, which was expelled spontaneously after coughing.

How to cite this article

Swain SK, Mishra S, Dash M. An Unusual Asymptomatic Foreign Body at Tracheobronchial Tree. Int J Phonosurg Laryngol 2014;4(1):40-42.
Glottic Papilloma in Pregnancy
Authors: Mittal Rashu , Mathur Navneet , Bhuie Harjinder Singh
Published: October 2014

Respiratory papilloma (RP) is the most common benign neoplasm of the larynx, both in children and in adult. The etiology of recurrent respiratory papilloma is human papilloma virus (HPV), which has propensity to lay in normal epithelium, hence the high rate of recurrence. We report a case of an adult onset large glottic papilloma seen in a female with 3rd trimester pregnancy, which was excised under microscope under local anesthesia. The effect of pregnancy and latest modalities of treatment are discussed in this article.

How to cite this article

Mittal R, Verma H, Mathur N, Bhuie HS. Glottic Papilloma in Pregnancy. Int J Phonosurg Laryngol 2014;4(1):43-44.
Kijk, ik spreek illegaals!
Authors: Jaspers Jürgen , Mercelis Heleen
Published: October 2014

Despite the fact that linguistic contact phenomena have been observed in various cities across the Netherlands and Flanders, it may be imprudent to label these phenomena with names such as Murks, straattaal and recently Illegaals. We argue that these labels, in particular Illegaals, so far have functioned as floating signifiers that are variably attributed to a wide range of different linguistic targets such as imitations of accented Dutch, learner Dutch or even competent fluent Dutch. We suggest that these signifiers do not so much hint at the existence of new separate urban varieties of language, but rather offer clues for how speakers navigate linguistic complexity and difference in contemporary cities, and what language use may come to be seen as normal, attractive and worth pursuing in the future.
No Evading the Jokes
Authors: McCoy Sharon D.
Published: October 2014

Using biographical, historical, and textual analysis, this essay explores the complex dynamics that emerge among Huck, Jim, and Tom, especially during the pranks of the “evasion.” While biographical events do not translate into literary inspiration, Twain's inter-class and interracial relationships, particularly with George Griffin and John T. Lewis, can illuminate the role of pranks, their complex effect on power dynamics in friendship, and the underlying coherence of the novel. As part of Clemens's domestic sphere, these men helped Clemens to envision a sense of male friendship separate from but partly constrained by societal strictures. While many readers have caviled at Tom Sawyer's return in the novel's final section, that return tests everything Huck has learned or thought he has learned about himself, friendship, society, integrity, and community. Tom's secure sense of self within society's hierarchy exposes Huck's and Jim's tenuous positions and disrupts their fragile, insular, and domestically based friendship.
La sindicación de acciones
Authors: Robleto Arana Christian
Published: October 2014

Los pactos parasocietarios constituyen en Nicaragua, una de las instituciones jurídicas mercantiles que merece ser estudiada a la luz del derecho vigente, independientemente que en nuestro derecho no existe una regulación legal, ni jurisprudencial propia, como lo tienen los países objeto de estudio, en especial Perú, Chile, España, Brasil, Italia, Francia. Por esta razón, el presente artículo de investigación analiza críticamente la naturaleza de los sindicatos de acciones identificándolos como contratos plurilaterales, con carácter asociativo, destinados para las empresas y accesorio al contrato de sociedad; destacándose su valor jurídico y eficacia según el derecho vigente. Asimismo, se logra enfatizar las principales características de cada uno y los vacíos y deficiencias normativas de los mismos. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/derecho.v0i16.1488 Revista de Derecho No.16 2013 pp.77-124
El cambio climático y el comercio de derechos de emisión en la Unión Europea
Authors: Novelli Mariano H. , Tabares Julieta C.
Published: October 2014

El presente estudio aborda desde una perspectiva compleja la problemática del ambiente, focalizándose en la respuesta jurídica que brinda la Unión Europea ante el cambio climático. A tal fin, se detiene inicialmente en el fenómeno del efecto invernadero, para luego analizar los graves riesgos del cambio climático. Indaga asimismo sobre los instrumentos normativos que rigen en el ámbito internacional, en particular la Convención Marco sobre el Cambio Climático y el Protocolo de Kioto. Finalmente, examina exhaustivamente el Régimen para el comercio de derechos de emisión de gases de efecto invernadero, vigente en la Unión Europea a partir de la Directiva 2003/87, sus normas modificatorias y complementarias. Como conclusión, la investigación afirma que el comercio de derechos de emisión constituye la herramienta fundamental con que cuenta el bloque integrado para mitigar los efectos adversos del cambio climático.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/derecho.v0i17.1577
Análisis, interrogantes y recomendaciones sobre la Ley de contrataciones administrativas del sector público de Nicaragua
Authors: Arríen Somarriba Juan Bautista
Published: October 2014

A poco más de tres años de haber entrado en vigencia la Ley No. 737, Ley de contrataciones administrativas del Sector Público, es un momento oportuno, para realizar desde la academia, una evaluación teórica sobre su contenido, pero sobre todo de su  aplicación, haciendo énfasis en algunos de los problemas más comunes que han enfrentado las principales entidades, tanto públicas como privadas, sujetas a la regulación de esta normativa. Para lograr esta finalidad se presenta un análisis detallado, de varios de los puntos que la integran, partiendo de sus definiciones, principios, objeto, materias excluidas, los sujetos contractuales, sus derechos, órganos rectores y de ejecución, los procedimientos de compras, especialmente el de licitación pública, las garantías contractuales y los recursos administrativos para el control de las compras públicas.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/derecho.v0i17.1579
Long-term incidence of urolithiasis post-bariatric surgery
Authors: Haddad Nicholas , Scheffler Patrick , Elkoushy Mohamed Aly , Court Olivier , Christou Nicolas V , Andersen Ross E , Andonian Sero
Published: October 2014

Introduction: The risk of urolithiasis post-Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery is higher when compared to the general population. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation is routinely prescribed to these patients, yet compliance with these supplements is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of symptomatic de novo urolithiasis post-RYGB and compliance with calcium and vitamin D supplementation.Methods: A standardized telephone questionnaire was administered to patients who underwent RYGB between 1996 and 2011. Personal and medical histories were obtained with emphasis on episodes of symptomatic urolithiasis and calcium and vitamin D supplementation.Results: The response rate was 48% with 478 patients completing the telephone questionnaire. After a mean follow-up of 7.0 years (range: 1-15), the incidence of post-RYGB symptomatic urolithiasis was 7.3%, while the rate of de novo symptomatic urolithiasis was 5%. The overall median time to present with symptomatic urolithiasis was 3.1 years, with 3.3 years for de novo stone-formers, and 2.0 years for recurrent stone-formers (p = 0.38). In de novo stone-formers, 33% presented with symptomatic urolithiasis 4 to 14 years postoperatively. Compliance with calcium and vitamin D supplementation was 56% and 51%, respectively.Conclusions: Despite recall bias and lack of confirmatory imaging studies, a high postoperative incidence of symptomatic urolithiasis was found in a large sample of post-RYGB patients. A third of patients with de novo stones, presented with symptomatic urolithiasis 4 to 14 years postoperatively. Compliance with postoperative calcium and vitamin D supplementation was poor and needs improvement.
Assessing radiation exposure during endoscopic-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy
Authors: Lantz Andrea G , O'Malley Padraic , Ordon Michael , Lee Jason Y
Published: October 2014

Introduction: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) may be associated with significant ionizing radiation exposure for patients and operating room staff. Endoscopic-guided PCNL (ePCNL) is a technique that may be associated with less radiation exposure. This study examines ePCNL-related radiation exposure (fluoroscopytime, effective dose) and investigates variables that may predict increased exposure.Methods: A retrospective review of all consecutive ePCNLs performed at our institution, by a single surgeon, was conducted between November 2011 and November 2013. Patient demographics, stone characteristics and perioperative details were recorded, including radiation exposure. Pearson and Spearman correlation were used to assess variables correlated with radiation exposure.Results: In total, 55 ePCNL cases were included in the study. The mean age was 60 ± 15 years, mean body mass index (BMI) 30.0 ± 6.4 kg/m2 and mean stone size 3.2 × 2.1 cm. Seven cases (13%) involved complete staghorn stones, and 69% involved supracostal punctures. The mean fluoroscopy time was 3.4 ± 2.3 minutes, mean ED 2.4 ± 1.9 mSv. The treatment success rate, assessed 1-week postoperatively, was 87.3% and 7.3% of cases required ancillary procedures. The overall complication rate was 29%, but only 3 cases (5.5%) were Clavien ≥3. Longer fluoroscopy time correlated with increased stone size (p < 0.01), longer operative time (p < 0.01) and lower treatment success rates (p < 0.01); higher effective dose correlated with longer fluoroscopy time (p < 0.01) and increased skin-to-stone distance (p < 0.01). BMI did not correlate with fluoroscopy time or effective dose.Conclusions: Outcomes of ePCNL are comparable to traditional PCNL techniques and may be associated with lower radiation exposure, particularly beneficial for patients with higher BMI.
Robot-assisted versus laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for uppertract urothelial cancer: A population-based assessment of costs and perioperative outcomes
Authors: Trudeau Vincent , Gandaglia Giorgio , Shiffmann Jonas , Popa Ioana , Shariat Shahrokh F , Montorsi Francesco , Perrotte Paul , Trinh Quoc-Dien , Karakiewicz Pierre I , Sun Maxine
Published: October 2014

Introduction: We compared short-term outcomes and costs between robotic-assisted nephroureterectomy (RANU) and laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy (LNU) in a large population-based cohort of patients with upper-tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC).Methods: Overall, 1914 patients with UTUC treated with RANU or LNU between 2008 and 2010 within the Nationwide Inpatient Sample were abstracted. Propensity-score matching was performed to account for inherent differences between patients undergoing RANU and LNU. Multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to compare postoperative complications, blood transfusions, prolonged length of stay, and costs between the 2 procedures.Results: Overall, a weighted estimate of 1199 (62.6%) and 715 (37.4%) patients received LNU and RANU, respectively. In multivariable analyses no significant differences were observed in postoperative transfusion and length of stay between the 2 surgical approaches (all p > 0.1). However, patients undergoing RANU were less likely to experience any complications compared to their counterparts undergoing LNU (p = 0.04). The utilization of RANU was associated with substantially higher costs compared to the laparoscopic approach. Our study is limited by its retrospective nature and the lack of adjustment for tumour stage and grade.Conclusions: Our results support the safety and feasibility of RANU for the treatment of UTUC. Indeed, the use of the robotic approach was associated with lower probability of experiencing perioperative complications compared to LNU. On the other hand, the utilization of RANU is associated with higher costs compared to LNU.
Treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer in Canada: A survey of genitourinary medical oncologists and urologists
Authors: Hsu Tina , Black Peter C , Chi Kim N , Canil Christina M , Eigl Bernie J , Kulkarni Girish , North Scott , Wood Lori , Zlotta Alexandre , Lau Anthea , Panzarella Tony , Sridhar Srikala S
Published: October 2014

Introduction: Uptake of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NC) for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) has been low despite evidence of a survival benefit. The primary aim of this study was to better understand why the rates are low and determine what factors specifically influence the decision to recommend NC for MIBC.Methods: A 31-question survey was emailed between 2009 and 2011 to medical oncologists belonging to the Canadian Association of Genitourinary Medical Oncologists (CAGMO); and to urologists belonging to the Canadian Urologic Oncology Group (CUOG). We gathered data on practice characteristics, referrals for NC, factors influencing NC use, and chemotherapy regimens offered. Responses were summarized using descriptive statistics.Results: In total, 26/30 (87%) medical oncologists and 25/84 (30%) urologists, who were primarily academic, completed the survey. Most clinicians (medical oncologists 96%, urologists 88%) recommended NC for MIBC, because they considered it to be the standard of care, but most medical oncologists saw ≤6 referrals annually. Performance status, presence of comorbidities and renal function were key considerations in offering NC. NC was not offered if performance status ≥2 (medical oncologists 38%, urologists 44%), age >80 (medical oncologists 46%, urologists 39%), or glomerular filtration rate ≤40 mL/min (medical oncologists 81%, urologists 50%).Conclusions: Most academic clinicians in Canada believe that cisplatin-based combination NC is the standard of care for MIBC and recommend it for patients with adequate performance status and renal function. Using a multidisciplinary approach to treat this disease may be one strategy to increase referral rates for NC and uptake of NC.
Offer and Acceptance and the Dynamics of Negotiations: Arguments for Contract Theory from Negotiation Studies
Authors: Pannebakker Ekaterina
Published: October 2014

Offer and Acceptance and the Dynamics of Negotiations: Arguments for Contract Theory from Negotiation Studies

The doctrine of offer and acceptance forms the basis of the rules of contract formation in most western legal systems. However, if parties enter into elaborate negotiations, these rules may become difficult to apply. This paper addresses the application of the doctrine of offer and acceptance to the formation of contract in the context of negotiations. The paper argues that while the doctrine of offer and acceptance is designed to assess the issues related to the substance of the future eventual contract (the substantive constituent of negotiations), these issues overlap within the context of negotiations with the strategic and tactical behaviour of the negotiators (dynamic constituent of negotiations). Analysis of these two constituents can be found in negotiation studies, a field which has developed over the last decades. Using the rules of offer and acceptance of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts as an example, this paper shows that the demarcation between the substantive and the dynamic constituents of negotiations can be used as the criterion to distinguish between, on the one hand, the documents and conduct forming a contract, and, on the other hand, other precontractual documents and conduct. Furthermore, the paper discusses the possibility of using the structure of negotiation described by negotiation studies as an additional tool in the usual analysis of facts in order to assess the existence of a contract and the moment of contract formation.
An Eclectic Approach to Loyalty-Promoting Instruments in Corporate Law: Revisiting Hirschman's Model of Exit, Voice, and Loyalty
Authors: Bootsma Bart
Published: October 2014

An Eclectic Approach to Loyalty-Promoting Instruments in Corporate Law: Revisiting Hirschman's Model of Exit, Voice, and Loyalty

This essay analyses the shareholder role in corporate governance in terms of Albert Hirschman's Exit, Voice, and Loyalty. The term 'exit' is embedded in a law & economics framework, while 'voice' relates to a corporate constitutional framework. The essay takes an eclectic approach and argues that, in order to understand the shareholder role in its full breadth and depth, the corporate law & economics framework can 'share the analytical stage' with a corporate constitutional framework. It is argued that Hirschman's concept of 'loyalty' is the connecting link between the corporate law & economics and corporate constitutional framework. Corporate law is perceived as a Janus head, as it is influenced by corporate law & economics as well as by corporate constitutional considerations. In the discussion on the shareholder role in public corporations, it is debated whether corporate law should facilitate loyalty-promoting instruments, such as loyalty dividend and loyalty warrants. In this essay, these instruments are analysed based on the eclectic approach. It is argued that loyalty dividend and warrants are law & economics instruments (i.e. financial incentives) based on corporate constitutional motives (i.e. promoting loyalty in order to change the exit/voice mix in favour of voice).
A Turn to Legal Pluralism in Rule of Law Promotion?
Authors: Janse Ronald
Published: October 2014

A Turn to Legal Pluralism in Rule of Law Promotion?

Over the past 25 years, international organizations, NGOs and (mostly Western) states have spent considerable energy and resources on strengthening and reforming legal systems in developing countries. The results of these efforts have generally been disappointing, despite occasional successes. Among donors, one of most popular explanations of this failure in recent years is that rule of law promotion has wrongly focused almost exclusively on strengthening the formal legal system. Donors have therefore decided to 'engage' with informal justice systems. The turn to legal plu‍ra‍lism is to be welcomed for various reasons. But it is also surprising and worrisome. It is surprising because legal pluralism in developing countries was a fact of life before rule of law promotion began. What made donors pursuing legal reform blind to this reality for so long? It is worrisome because it is not self-evident that the factors which have contributed to such cognitive blindness have disappeared overnight. Are donors really ready to refocus their efforts on legal pluralism and 'engage' with informal justice systems? This paper, which is based on a review of the literature on donor engamenet with legal pluralism in so-called conflict affected and fragile states, is about these questions. It argues that 7 factors have been responsible for donor blindness regarding legal pluralism. It questions whether these factors have been addressed.
Hang the Kaiser! But for What, and Would It Be Justice?
Authors: Mevis Paul , Reijntjes Jan M.
Published: October 2014

Hang the Kaiser! But for What, and Would It Be Justice?

The Versailles Treaty (Art. 227) called for the prosecution of Wilhelm II, the German ex-Kaiser. Because of the refusal of the Dutch Government to surrender Wilhelm, a trial never took place. This paper tries to elaborate some questions concerning this possible trial. What was the background of the said Treaty paragraph? What would have happened when Wilhelm had been surrendered? Based on a report of a special committee to the peace conference, the possible indictment is discussed. The authors try to elaborate some thoughts for answering the question about Wilhelm’s criminal responsibility, especially as author of the war (‘ius ad bellum’) by starting an aggressive war and/or by violating the neutrality of Belgium and Luxemburg. Wilhelm’s possible responsibility for violations of the ‘ius in bello’ (laws and customs of war) in Belgium, France, and Poland and/or by ordering an unlimited submarine war is discussed as well. It is concluded that it would have been very difficult for the tribunal to have Wilhelm find criminal responsible for the indictment, except for the violation of the neutrality of Belgium and Luxemburg. But then, the tribunal would have been obliged to answer fundamental questions about the command responsibility of Wilhelm. From a point of view of international criminal law, it is rather unfortunate that the unique opportunity for a ‘Prologue to Nuremberg’ was not realised, although a trial would not have made history take a different turn than it did in the twentieth century after the ‘Great War’.
Archiving and Analysing Techniques of the Ultra-Large-Scale Web-Based Corpus Project of NINJAL, Japan
Authors: Asahara Masayuki , Maekawa Kikuo , Imada Mizuho , Kato Sachi , Konishi Hikari
Published: October 2014

In 2011, the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (NINJAL) launched a corpus compilation project to construct a web corpus for linguistic research comprising ten billion words by 2016. The project is divided into four categories: Page Collection, Linguistic Annotation, Release and Preservation. For Page Collection, web crawlers are employed to collect web text by crawling 100 million pages every three months and retaining several versions of the text for three-month periods. For Linguistic Annotation, the linguistic studies web corpus contains annotated linguistic information. To improve the usability of these linguistic resources, normalization tasks such as tag removal, word segmentation, dependency parsing, and register estimation are performed. For Release, word lists and n-gram data are published based on the crawled and annotated text corpus. In addition, applications are being developed to enable searching for morphosyntax patterns in the ten-billion-word corpus. For Preservation, crawled web pages are preserved in chronological order as web archives primarily to support the survey of ongoing linguistic changes. In this paper, we present the basic design of the four categories. Additionally, we report the current status of the corpus using basic statistics of the crawled data and discuss the importance of deduplicating sentences.
Measurement of average decoding rates of the 61 sense codons in vivo
Authors: Gardin Justin , Yeasmin Rukhsana , Yurovsky Alisa , Cai Ying , Skiena Steve , Futcher Bruce
Published: October 2014

Most amino acids can be encoded by several synonymous codons, which are used at unequal frequencies. The significance of unequal codon usage remains unclear. One hypothesis is that frequent codons are translated relatively rapidly. However, there is little direct, in vivo, evidence regarding codon-specific translation rates. In this study, we generate high-coverage data using ribosome profiling in yeast, analyze using a novel algorithm, and deduce events at the A- and P-sites of the ribosome. Different codons are decoded at different rates in the A-site. In general, frequent codons are decoded more quickly than rare codons, and AT-rich codons are decoded more quickly than GC-rich codons. At the P-site, proline is slow in forming peptide bonds. We also apply our algorithm to short footprints from a different conformation of the ribosome and find strong amino acid-specific (not codon-specific) effects that may reflect interactions with the exit tunnel of the ribosome.
Estudos cromossômicos em populações de Leptodactylus chaquensis (Anura, Leptodactylidae) e Hypsiboas raniceps (Anura, Hylidae) do cerrado mato-grossense
Authors: Barth Adriane , De Carvalho Fabricia Kohler , Campos Vitor Azarias , Fernandes Anderson
Published: October 2014

O Cerrado brasileiro é considerado um hotspots de biodiversidade e apresenta um ritmo acelerado de perda de hábitat. Este trabalho objetivou realizar análises citogenéticas em duas espécies do Cerrado mato-grossense Leptodactylus chaquensis e Hypsiboas raniceps. Para L chaquensis foi encontrado número cromossômico de 2n=22 com morfologia 2K=16M+4SM+2ST. A NOR foi observada no par cromossômico oito. Para H. raniceps foi observado número cromossômico de 2n=24 com morfologia 2K=12M+8SM+4ST. A NOR esteve localizada no braço longo do par 11. Foi observado uma variação interpopulacional na posição de uma terceira NOR, localizada na região terminal de um dos homólogos do par cromossômico 4 (população A) e próxima ao centrômero do braço longo de um dos homólogos do par cromossômico 1 (população C). Os dados aqui observados diferem dos encontrados na literatura para estas duas espécies, demonstrando a importância de se realizar análises citogenéticas com a fauna da região.
Palinotaxonomia de seis variedades de Passiflora edulis (Passifloreaceae)
Authors: Melhorança Estevão , Siminski Tâmila , Willian Krause , Fernandes Anderson
Published: October 2014

A família Passifloreaceae está amplamente distribuída no Brasil e grande diversidade polínica que podem ser usadas como caracteres taxonômicos. Com isso o presente trabalho tem como objetivo caracterizar morfologicamente os grãos de pólen de seis variedades de Passiflora edulis. Os grãos de pólen utilizados nas preparações das lâminas histológicas foi retirado de seis variedades de P. edulis presentes na área experimental da Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT). O experimento foi conduzido em blocos inteiramente casualizados, sendo cinco amostras e com cinco repetições por variedade. Os grãos de pólen foram classificados com muito grandes (100-200 µm). Todas as variedades foram classificadas como esféricas, com exceção da BRS rubi que foi classificada como prolato-esferoidal. Foi possível verificar a existência de dois grupos quando as médias do diâmetro polar e equatorial foram analisadas. Estes dados indicam que estas medidas podem ser usadas para diferenciar dois grupos de variedades de P. edulis.
Mass changes of outlet glaciers along the Nordensjköld Coast, northern Antarctic Peninsula, based on TanDEM‐X satellite measurements
Authors: Rott Helmut , Floricioiu Dana , Wuite Jan , Scheiblauer Stefan , Nagler Thomas , Kern Michael
Published: October 2014

We analyzed volume change and mass balance of outlet glaciers of the northern Antarctic Peninsula over the period 2011 to 2013, using topographic data of high vertical accuracy and great spatial detail, acquired by bistatic radar interferometry of the TanDEM‐X/TerraSAR‐X satellite formation. The study area includes glaciers draining into the Larsen‐A, Larsen Inlet, and Prince‐Gustav‐Channel embayments. After collapse of buttressing ice shelves in 1995 the glaciers became tidewater calving glaciers and accelerated, resulting in increased ice export. Downwasting of most glaciers is going on, but at reduced rates compared to previous years in accordance with deceleration of ice flow. The rate of mass depletion is 4.2 ± 0.4 Gt a−1, with the largest contribution by Drygalski Glacier amounting to 2.2 ± 0.2 Gt a−1. On the technological side, the investigations demonstrate the capability of satellite‐borne single‐pass radar interferometry as a new tool for accurate and detailed monitoring of glacier volume change.
Transformation of ENSO‐related rainwater to dripwater δ18O variability by vadose water mixing
Authors: Moerman Jessica W. , Cobb Kim M. , Partin Judson W. , Meckler A. Nele , Carolin Stacy A. , Adkins Jess F. , Lejau Syria , Malang Jenny , Clark Brian , Tuen Andrew A.
Published: October 2014

Speleothem oxygen isotopes (δ18O) are often used to reconstruct past rainfall δ18O variability, and thereby hydroclimate changes, in many regions of the world. However, poor constraints on the karst hydrological processes that transform rainfall signals into cave dripwater add significant uncertainty to interpretations of speleothem‐based reconstructions. Here we present several 6.5 year, biweekly dripwater δ18O time series from northern Borneo and compare them to local rainfall δ18O variability. We demonstrate that vadose water mixing is the primary rainfall‐to‐dripwater transformation process at our site, where dripwater δ18O reflects amount‐weighted rainfall δ18O integrated over the previous 3–10 months. We document large interannual dripwater δ18O variability related to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), with amplitudes inversely correlated to dripwater residence times. According to a simple stalagmite forward model, asymmetrical ENSO extremes produce significant offsets in stalagmite δ18O time series given different dripwater residence times. Our study highlights the utility of generating multiyear, paired time series of rainfall and dripwater δ18O to aid interpretations of stalagmite δ18O reconstructions.
Vertical mixing due to double diffusion in the tropical western Pacific
Authors: Lee Chorong , Chang Kyung‐Il , Lee Jae Hak , Richards Kelvin J.
Published: October 2014

This study calculates the vertical diffusivity and the fluxes of heat, salt, and buoyancy due to turbulence and double diffusion based on a 14 day time series of observations of the dissipation rates of turbulent kinetic energy and thermal variance at 0°N, 156°E from 25 October to 18 November 2012. Salt fingering dominates shear‐driven turbulence below 100 m. The estimated flux and associated vertical diffusivity due to double diffusion are approximately 1 order of magnitude higher for temperature and density and 2 orders of magnitude higher for salinity compared to values calculated from a turbulence model. Under weak turbulence conditions, the turbulence model significantly underestimates the magnitude of the vertical buoyancy flux with the flux having the wrong sign. Under these conditions, fluxes induced by double‐diffusive mixing need to be considered.
Full‐depth temperature trends in the northeastern Atlantic through the early 21st century
Authors: Desbruyères D. G. , McDonagh E. L. , King B. A. , Garry F. K. , Blaker A. T. , Moat B. I. , Mercier H.
Published: October 2014

The vertical structure of temperature trends in the northeastern Atlantic (NEA) is investigated using a blend of Argo and hydrography data. The representativeness of sparse hydrography sampling in the basin mean is assessed using a numerical model. Between 2003 and 2013, the NEA underwent a strong surface cooling (0–450 m) and a significant warming at intermediate and deep levels (1000 m to 3000 m) that followed a strong cooling trend observed between 1988 and 2003. During 2003–2013, gyre‐specific changes are found in the upper 1000 m (warming and cooling of the subtropical and subpolar gyres, respectively), while the intermediate and deep warming primarily occurred in the subpolar gyre, with important contributions from isopycnal heave and water mass property changes. The full‐depth temperature change requires a local downward heat flux of 0.53 ± 0.06 W m−2 through the sea surface, and its vertical distribution highlights the likely important role of the NEA in the recent global warming hiatus.
Evidence for the core field polarity of magnetic flux ropes against the reconnection guide field
Authors: Teh W.‐L. , Abdullah M. , Hasbi A. M.
Published: October 2014

We present the observational evidence by Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS)‐D spacecraft to demonstrate that magnetic flux rope can have a core field polarity opposite to the guide field during asymmetric reconnection with a high magnetic shear across the magnetopause. In the presented event, a bipolar reconnection outflow was observed at the magnetopause, across which the magnetic shear was ~149° corresponding to a predicted guide field BG = −15.6 nT. The ratios for magnetic field strength and ion density between the magnetospheric and magnetosheath sides of the magnetopause were ~1.6 and ~0.15, respectively. During the event, the component of magnetic field along the M axis (the intermediate variance direction) remained negative and stable for most of the time, and its mean value agreed with the BG. Two magnetic flux ropes with a strong core field were identified, but one flux rope had a core field polarity against the guide field BG. Our finding differs from current theoretical simulations that the core field polarity of the flux ropes inherits from the guide field.