bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predictive validity of the structured assessment of violence risk in youth: A 4‐year follow‐up
Authors: Gammelgård Monica , Koivisto Anna‐Maija , Eronen Markku , Kaltiala‐Heino Riittakerttu
Published: July 2014

Background

Structured violence risk assessment is an essential part of treatment planning for violent young people. The Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) has been shown to have good reliability and validity in a range of settings but has hardly been studied in adolescent mental health services.

Aims

This study aimed to evaluate the long‐term predictive validity of the SAVRY in adolescent psychiatry settings.

Methods

In a prospective study, 200 SAVRY assessments of adolescents were acquired from psychiatric, forensic and correctional settings. Re‐offending records from the Finnish National Crime Register were collected. Receiver operating curve statistics were applied.

Results

High SAVRY total and individual subscale scores and low values on the protective factor subscale were significantly associated with subsequent adverse outcomes, but the predictive value of the total score was weak. At the risk item level, those indicating antisocial lifestyle, absence of social support and pro‐social involvement were strong indicators of subsequent criminal convictions, with or without violence. The SAVRY summary risk rating was the best indicator of likelihood of being convicted of a violent crime. After allowing for sex, age, psychiatric diagnosis and treatment setting, for example, conviction for a violent crime was over nine times more likely among those young people given high SAVRY summary risk ratings.

Conclusions

The SAVRY is a valid and useful method for assessing both short‐term and long‐term risks of violent and non‐violent crime by young people in psychiatric as well as criminal justice settings, adding to a traditional risk‐centred assessment approach by also indicating where future preventive treatment efforts should be targeted. The next steps should be to evaluate its role in everyday clinical practice when using the knowledge generated to inform and monitor management and treatment strategies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly Luminescent and Stable Hydroxypyridinonate Complexes: A Step Towards New Curium Decontamination Strategies
Authors: Sturzbecher‐Hoehne Manuel , Kullgren Birgitta , Jarvis Erin E. , An Dahlia D. , Abergel Rebecca J.
Published: July 2014

The photophysical properties, solution thermodynamics, and in vivo complex stabilities of CmIII complexes formed with multidentate hydroxypyridinonate ligands, 3,4,3‐LI(1,2‐HOPO) and 5‐LIO(Me‐3,2‐HOPO), are reported. Both chelators were investigated for their ability to act as antenna chromophores for CmIII, leading to highly sensitized luminescence emission of the metal upon complexation, with long lifetimes (383 and 196 μs for 3,4,3‐LI(1,2‐HOPO) and 5‐LIO(Me‐3,2‐HOPO), respectively) and remarkable quantum yields (45 % and 16 %, respectively) in aqueous solution. The bright emission peaks were used to probe the electronic structure of the 5f complexes and gain insight into ligand field effects; they were also exploited to determine the high (and proton‐independent) stabilities of the corresponding CmIII complexes (log β110=21.8(4) for 3,4,3‐LI(1,2‐HOPO) and log β120=24.5(5) for 5‐LIO(Me‐3,2‐HOPO)). The in vivo complex stability for both ligands was assessed by using 248Cm as a tracer in a rodent model, which provided a direct comparison with the in vitro thermodynamic results and demonstrated the great potential of 3,4,3‐LI(1,2‐HOPO) as a therapeutic CmIII decontamination agent.
Benzothiophene or Benzofuran Bridges in Diaryl Ethenes: Two‐Step Access by Pd‐Catalyzed CH Activation and Theoretical/Experimental Studies on Their Photoreactivity
Authors: Yuan Kedong , Boixel Julien , Chantzis Agisilaos , Jacquemin Denis , Guerchais Véronique , Doucet Henri
Published: July 2014

A series of terarylenes incorporating benzothiophene (BT)/benzofuran (BF) as the central ethene unit was synthesised by using sequential Pd‐catalysed CH activation reactions. This new methodology allows the easy modification of the nature of the pendant heteroarene groups. Diaryl ethene (DAE) derivatives with thiophene, thiazole, pyrrole, isoxazole and pyrazole rings were prepared. A large number of asymmetrical DAEs are easily accessible by this new method in both the BT and BF series. The study of their photochromic properties in solution revealed that the nature of the heteroarene and of the central unit drastically modify their photochromic behaviour. TD‐DFT calculations were performed to assess the nature of the relevant excited states.
Selectivity of a Lithium‐Recovery Process Based on LiFePO4
Authors: Trócoli Rafael , Battistel Alberto , Mantia Fabio La
Published: July 2014

The demand for lithium will increase in the near future to 713,000 tonnes per year. Although lake brines contribute to 80% of the production, existing methods for purification of lithium from this source are expensive, slow, and inefficient. A novel electrochemical process with low energy consumption and the ability to increase the purity of a brine solution to close to 98% with a single‐stage galvanostatic cycle is presented.
Antiaromaticity to Aromaticity: From Boroles to 1,2‐Azaborinines by Ring Expansion with Azides
Authors: Braunschweig Holger , Hörl Christian , Mailänder Lisa , Radacki Krzysztof , Wahler Johannes
Published: July 2014

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Holger Braunschweig at the Julius‐Maximilians‐Universität Würzburg (Germany). The image depicts the synthesis of 1,2‐azaborinines by a ring‐expansion reaction of boroles with azides. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201403101.
Investigation of DMSO‐Induced Conformational Transitions in Human Serum Albumin Using Two‐Dimensional Raman Optical Activity Spectroscopy
Authors: Batista Andrea N. L. , Batista João M. , Ashton Lorna , Bolzani Vanderlan S. , Furlan Maysa , Blanch Ewan W.
Published: July 2014

Recent Raman and Raman optical activity (ROA) results have demonstrated that dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) induces the selective conversion of α‐helix motifs into the poly(L‐proline) II (PPII) helix conformation in an array of proteins, while β‐sheets remain mostly unaffected. Human serum albumin (HSA), a highly α‐helical protein, underwent the most dramatic changes and, therefore, was selected as a model for further investigations into the mechanism of this conformational change. Herein we report the use of two‐dimensional ROA correlation analysis applying synchronous, autocorrelation, and moving windows approaches in order to understand the conformational transitions in HSA as a function of DMSO concentration. Our results indicate that the destabilization of native α‐helix starts at DMSO concentrations as little as 20% in water (v/v), with the transition to PPII helix being complete at ~80% DMSO. These results clearly indicate that any protein preparation containing relatively low concentrations of DMSO should consider possible disruptions in α‐helical domains. Chirality 26:497–501, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A semi‐automated method for measuring femoral shape to derive version and its comparison with existing methods
Authors: Berryman F. , Pynsent P. , McBryde C.
Published: July 2014

The measurement of femoral version is important in surgical planning of derotational osteotomies particularly for patients with proximal femoral deformity. It is, however, difficult to measure version accurately and differences of 10° to 15° have been found between repeated measurements. The aim of this work was first to develop a method of measuring femoral version angle where the definition of the neck axis is based on the three‐dimensional point cloud making up the neck, second to automate many of the processes involved thus reducing the influence of human error and third to ensure the method could run on freely available software suitable for most computer platforms. A CT scan was performed on 44 cadaveric femurs to generate point clouds of the femoral surfaces. The point clouds were then analysed semi‐automatically to determine femoral version angle between a neck axis defined by the bone surface points belonging only to the neck and a femoral condylar axis. The results from the neck fitting method were compared against three other methods typically used in the clinic (Murphy, Reikeras and Lee methods). Version angle measured by the new method gave 19.1°±7.3° (mean ± standard deviation) for the set of cadaveric femurs, 3.5° lower than the Murphy method and 6.8° and 11.0° higher than the Reikeras and Lee 2D methods respectively. The results demonstrate a method of measuring femoral version angle incorporating a high level of automation running on free software. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metric field construction for anisotropic mesh adaptation with application to blood flow simulations
Authors: Sauvage E. , Remacle J. F. , Marchandise E.
Published: July 2014

The goal of this paper is to generate an anisotropic metric field suitable for cardiovascular geometries before a fluid simulation. Starting from a curvature map, an initial surface metric field is computed. This metric is used for anisotropic surface mesh adaptation and consecutively extended inside the volume in a frontal manner. The algorithm is based on the method proposed by Alauzet but replaces the metric intersection steps by an original metric ‘blending’. This allows for a graded anisotropic volume mesh with a refinement layer close to the walls. The benefits of the resulting mesh are multiple: a reduced number of degrees of freedom, a priori refinement in areas with strong gradients of velocity and automatically increased resolution in regions with high surface curvature.

The primal application of this method is in the domain of cardiovascular flows. Flow fields and derived quantities (wall shear stress) through a model bypass around a stenosed artery obtained on an adapted and standard isotropic mesh are compared. In addition, the mesh generation method is tested on a more complex patient‐specific geometry. Values of computed wall shear stress are shown to be close to values obtained on anisotropic Hessian‐adapted mesh, demonstrating the computational efficiency of the approach in comparison with adaptation based on error indicators derived from flow field. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A computational model of drug delivery through microcirculation to compare different tumor treatments
Authors: Cattaneo L. , Zunino P.
Published: July 2014

Starting from the fundamental laws of filtration and transport in biological tissues, we develop a computational model to capture the interplay between blood perfusion, fluid exchange with the interstitial volume, mass transport in the capillary bed, through the capillary walls and into the surrounding tissue. These phenomena are accounted at the microscale level, where capillaries and interstitial volume are viewed as two separate regions. The capillaries are described as a network of vessels carrying blood flow. We apply the model to study drug delivery to tumors. The model can be adapted to compare various treatment options. In particular, we consider delivery using drug bolus injection and nanoparticle injection into the blood stream. The computational approach is suitable for a systematic quantification of the treatment performance, enabling the analysis of interstitial drug concentration levels, metabolization rates and cell surviving fractions. Our study suggests that for the treatment based on bolus injection, the drug dose is not optimally delivered to the tumor interstitial volume. Using nanoparticles as intermediate drug carriers overrides the shortcomings of the previous delivery approach. This work shows that the proposed theoretical and computational framework represents a promising tool to compare the efficacy of different cancer treatments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The risk for diabetic nephropathy is low in young adults in a 17‐year follow‐up from the Diabetes Incidence Study in Sweden (DISS). Older age and higher BMI at diabetes onset can be important risk factors
Authors: Svensson M. K. , Tyrberg M. , Nyström L. , Arnqvist H. J. , Bolinder J. , Östman J. , Gudbjörnsdottir S. , Landin‐Olsson M. , Eriksson J. W.
Published: July 2014

Aims

The main objective of this study was to estimate the occurrence of diabetic nephropathy in a population‐based cohort of patients diagnosed with diabetes as young adults (15–34 years).

Methods

All 794 patients registered 1987–1988 in the Diabetes Incidence Study in Sweden (DISS) were invited to a follow‐up study 15–19 years after diagnosis, and 468 (58%) participated. Analysis of islet antibodies was used to classify type of diabetes.

Results

After median 17 years of diabetes, 15% of all patients, 14% T1DM and 25% T2DM, were diagnosed with diabetic nephropathy. Ninety‐one percent had microalbuminuria and 8.6% macroalbuminuria. Older age at diagnosis (HR 1.05; 95% CI 1.01–1.10 per year) was an independent and a higher BMI at diabetes diagnosis (HR 1.04; 95% CI 1.00–1.09 per 1 kg/m2), a near‐significant predictor of development of diabetic nephropathy. Age at onset of diabetes (p = 0.041), BMI (p = 0.012) and HbA1c (p < 0.001) were significant predictors of developing diabetic nephropathy between 9 and 17 years of diabetes. At 17 years of diabetes duration, a high HbA1c level (OR 1.06; 95% CI 1.03–1.08 per 1 mmol/mol increase) and systolic blood pressure (OR 1.08; 95% CI 1.05 1.12 per 1 mmHg increase) were associated with DN.

Conclusions

Patients with T2DM diagnosed as young adults seem to have an increased risk to develop diabetic nephropathy compared with those with T1DM. Older age and higher BMI at diagnosis of diabetes were risk markers for development of diabetic nephropathy. In addition, poor glycaemic control but not systolic blood pressure at 9 years of follow‐up was a risk marker for later development of diabetic nephropathy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Point‐of‐care blood glucose measurement errors overestimate hypoglycaemia rates in critically ill patients
Authors: Nya‐Ngatchou Jean‐Jacques , Corl Dawn , Onstad Susan , Yin Tom , Tylee Tracy , Suhr Louise , Thompson Rachel E. , Wisse Brent E.
Published: July 2014

Background

Hypoglycaemia is associated with morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients, and many hospitals have programmes to minimize hypoglycaemia rates. Recent studies have established the hypoglycaemic patient‐day as a key metric and have published benchmark inpatient hypoglycaemia rates on the basis of point‐of‐care blood glucose data even though these values are prone to measurement errors.

Methods

A retrospective, cohort study including all patients admitted to Harborview Medical Center Intensive Care Units (ICUs) during 2010 and 2011 was conducted to evaluate a quality improvement programme to reduce inappropriate documentation of point‐of‐care blood glucose measurement errors. Laboratory Medicine point‐of‐care blood glucose data and patient charts were reviewed to evaluate all episodes of hypoglycaemia.

Results

A quality improvement intervention decreased measurement errors from 31% of hypoglycaemic (<70 mg/dL) patient‐days in 2010 to 14% in 2011 (p < 0.001) and decreased the observed hypoglycaemia rate from 4.3% of ICU patient‐days to 3.4% (p < 0.001). Hypoglycaemic events were frequently recurrent or prolonged (~40%), and these events are not identified by the hypoglycaemic patient‐day metric, which also may be confounded by a large number of very low risk or minimally monitored patient‐days.

Conclusions

Documentation of point‐of‐care blood glucose measurement errors likely overestimates ICU hypoglycaemia rates and can be reduced by a quality improvement effort. The currently used hypoglycaemic patient‐day metric does not evaluate recurrent or prolonged events that may be more likely to cause patient harm. The monitored patient‐day as currently defined may not be the optimal denominator to determine inpatient hypoglycaemic risk. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficacy of acarbose in different geographical regions of the world: analysis of a real‐life database
Authors: Weng Jianping , Soegondo Sidartawan , Schnell Oliver , Sheu Wayne H.‐H. , Grzeszczak Wladyslaw , Watada Hirotaka , Yamamoto Noriyuki , Kalra Sanjay
Published: July 2014

Background

Alpha‐glucosidase inhibitors are recommended in some international guidelines as first‐line, second‐line and third‐line treatment options but are not used worldwide due to perceived greater effectiveness in Asians than Caucasians.

Methods

Data from ten post‐marketing non‐interventional studies using acarbose, the most widely used alpha‐glucosidase inhibitor, from 21 countries, provinces and country groups were pooled. Effects on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were analysed for four major ethnicity/region groups (European Caucasians and Asians from East, Southeast and South Asia) to identify differences in the response to acarbose.

Results

The safety and efficacy populations included 67 682 and 62 905 patients, respectively. Mean HbA1c in the total population decreased by 1.12 ± 1.31% at the 3‐month visit from 8.4% at baseline (p < 0.0001). Reductions in HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose and post‐prandial plasma glucose were greater in patients with higher baseline values. Acarbose was well tolerated, with few episodes of hypoglycemia (0.03%) and gastrointestinal adverse events (2.76%). Data from 30 730 Caucasians from Europe and Asians from three major regions of Asia with non‐missing gender/age information and baseline/3‐month HbA1c data were analysed by multivariable analyses of covariance. After adjustment for relevant baseline confounding factors, Southeast and East Asians had slightly better responses to acarbose than South Asians and European Caucasians; however, the differences were small.

Conclusions

Acarbose was effective in both European Caucasians and Asians; however, after adjustment for baseline confounding factors, significant small differences in response favoured Southeast and East Asians. © 2014 The Authors. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The changes of leukocyte telomere length and telomerase activity after sitagliptin intervention in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes
Authors: Ma Delin , Yu Yuan , Yu Xuefeng , Zhang Muxun , Yang Yan
Published: July 2014

Background

In recent years, increasing evidence suggests a potential importance of telomere biology in type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine whether sitagliptin, a medicine generally used in diabetes, can influence the telomere and telomerase in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients.

Methods

Type 2 diabetic patients (T2D, n = 38) and non‐diabetic subjects (control, n = 31) were randomly selected from the outpatient of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong university of Science and Technology. Leukocyte telomere length ratio was measured using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction and was analysed. Telomerase activity was measured by polymerase chain reaction enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method. Peripheral insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment) was calculated from fasting plasma glucose and fasting plasma insulin.

Results

Telomere length of the type 2 diabetic patients (1.58 ± 0.57) was significantly shorter than those of control subjects (3.98 ± 0.90) and was significantly elongated after intervention by sitagliptin. There was no significant difference between the T2D and control group in telomerase activity, and the treatment of sitagliptin in T2D group showed no significant effect on the telomerase activity.

Conclusions

In type 2 diabetes patients, leukocyte telomere length is significantly reduced, whereas the telomerase activity seems less influenced. Sitagliptin might protect β‐cells in the pancreas by elongating the telomere length. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neonatal overexpression of estrogen receptor‐α alters midbrain dopamine neuron development and reverses the effects of low maternal care in female offspring
Authors: Peña Catherine Jensen , Champagne Frances A.
Published: July 2014

Maternal behavior is dependent on estrogen receptor‐alpha (ERα; Esr1) and oxytocin receptor (OTR) signaling in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) of the hypothalamus, as well as dopamine signaling from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to forebrain regions. Previous studies in rats indicate that low levels of maternal care, particularly licking/grooming (LG), lead to reduced levels of MPOA ERα and VTA dopamine neurons in female offspring and predict lower levels of postpartum maternal behavior by these offspring. The aim of this study was to determine the functional impact on maternal behavior of neonatal manipulation of ERα in females that had experienced low versus high levels of postnatal maternal LG. Adenovirus expressing ESR1 was targeted to the MPOA in female pups from low and high LG litters on postnatal day 2–3. Overexpression of ESR1 in low LG offspring elevated the level of ERα‐immunoreactive cells in the MPOA and of tyrosine hydroxylase cells in the VTA to that observed in high LG females. Amongst juvenile female low LG offspring, ESR1 overexpression also decreased the latency to engage in maternal behavior toward donor pups. These results show that virally mediated expression of ESR1 in the neonatal rat hypothalamus results in lasting changes in ESR1 expression through the juvenile period, and can “rescue” hormone receptor levels and behavior of offspring reared by low LG dams, potentially mediated by downstream alterations within reward circuitry. Thus, the transmission of maternal behavior from one generation to the next can be augmented by neonatal ERα in the MPOA. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 1114–1124, 2015
Dissecting the differentiation process of the preplacodal ectoderm in zebrafish
Authors: Yao Di , Zhao Feng , Wu Ying , Wang Jialiang , Dong Wei , Zhao Jue , Zhu Zuoyan , Liu Dong
Published: July 2014

Background: The preplacodal region (PPR) is a region of specialized ectoderm at the border of neural and nonneural ectoderm (NNE). Coordinated Bmp, Fgf, and Wnt signals are known to drive PPR development; however, the underlying mechanism is unknown. Results: We identified key components involved in PPR differentiation. The mesoderm/marginal Wnts at the early gastrula stage trigger differentiation by allowing the adjacent NNE border cells to start adopting caudal PPR fates; otherwise, the development of caudal PPR identity is hindered due to the persistent presence of gata3 mRNA. The caudal PPR fate dominates when foxi1 expression is enhanced at the late gastrula stage, and depleting Foxi1 after 6 hours postfertilization (hpf) reduces the otic‐epibranchial placodal domain. When the Gata3 level is manipulated at the fertilized egg stage or near 6 hpf, the lens is always affected. In establishing PPR polarity, both Gata3 and Foxi1 inhibit Bmp signaling, whereas Foxi1 inhibits, but Gata3 enhances, Fgf sensitivity of the PPR cells. Conclusions: Our study reveals that in zebrafish, (1) the PPR at the shield stage may enter a developmental state when the PPR cells preferentially adopt a particular placodal fate and (2) a network of genetically linked factors, including Wnt/beta‐catenin, Fgfr, Bmp, Gata3, and Foxi1, direct the process of PPR differentiation. Developmental Dynamics 243:1338–1351, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
TRIP6 regulates neural stem cell maintenance in the postnatal mammalian subventricular zone
Authors: Lai Yun‐Ju , Li Ming‐Yang , Yang Cheng‐Yao , Huang Kao‐Hua , Tsai Jui‐Cheng , Wang Tsu‐Wei
Published: July 2014

Background: Postnatal neurogenesis persists throughout life in the subventricular zone (SVZ)‐olfactory bulb pathway in mammals. Extrinsic or intrinsic factors have been revealed to regulate neural stem cell (NSC) properties and neurogenesis. Thyroid hormone receptor interacting protein 6 (TRIP6) belongs to zyxin family of LIM proteins, which have been shown to interact with various proteins to mediate cellular functions. However, the role of TRIP6 in NSCs is still unknown. Results: By performing double immunofluorescence staining, we found that TRIP6 was expressed by Sox2‐positive NSCs in embryonic and postnatal mouse forebrains. To study the function of TRIP6 in NSCs, we performed overexpression and knockdown experiments with neurospheres derived from postnatal day 7 SVZ. We found that TRIP6 was necessary and sufficient for self‐renewal and proliferation of NSCs, but inhibited their differentiation. To further investigate the mechanism of TRIP6 in NSCs, we performed Luciferase reporter assay and found that TRIP6 activated Notch signaling, a pathway required for NSC self‐renewal. Conclusions: Our data suggest that TRIP6 regulates NSC maintenance and it may be a new marker for NSCs. Developmental Dynamics 243:1130–1142, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Asymmetric dispersal structures a riverine metapopulation of the freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera laevis
Authors: Terui Akira , Miyazaki Yusuke , Yoshioka Akira , Kaifu Kenzo , Matsuzaki Shin‐ichiro S. , Washitani Izumi
Published: July 2014

Unidirectional water flow results in the downstream‐biased, asymmetric dispersal of many riverine organisms. However, little is known of how asymmetric dispersal influences riverine population structure and dynamics, limiting our ability to properly manage riverine organisms. A metapopulation of the freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera laevis may be sensitive to river currents because mussels are repeatedly exposed to downstream drift during floods—a parasitic life stage is the only, limited period (~40 days) during which larvae (glochidia) can move upstream with the aid of host fish. We hypothesized that water‐mediated dispersal would overwhelm upstream dispersal via host fish, and therefore, that upstream subpopulations play a critical role as immigrant sources. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effects of both up‐ and downstream immigrant sources on the size of target subpopulations in the Shubuto River system, Hokkaido, Japan. We found that target subpopulation size was dependent on the upstream distribution range of reproductive subpopulations and the number of upstream tributaries, which are proxies for the number of potential immigrants moving downstream. In contrast, little influence was observed of downstream immigrant sources (proximity to downstream reproductive subpopulations). These results were consistent even after accounting for local environments and stream size. Our finding suggests that upstream subpopulations can be disproportionately important as immigrant sources when dispersal is strongly asymmetric.
Dosage and duration effects of nitrogen additions on ectomycorrhizal sporocarp production and functioning: an example from two N‐limited boreal forests
Authors: Hasselquist Niles J. , Högberg Peter
Published: July 2014

Although it is well known that nitrogen (N) additions strongly affect ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal community composition, less is known about how different N application rates and duration of N additions affect the functional role EM fungi play in the forest N cycle.

We measured EM sporocarp abundance and species richness as well as determined the δ15N in EM sporocarps and tree foliage in two Pinus sylvestris forests characterized by short‐ and long‐term N addition histories and multiple N addition treatments. After 20 and 39 years of N additions, two of the long‐term N addition treatments were terminated, thereby providing a unique opportunity to examine the temporal recovery of EM sporocarps after cessation of high N loading.

In general, increasing N availability significantly reduced EM sporocarp production, species richness, and the amount of N retained in EM sporocarps. However, these general responses were strongly dependent on the application rate and duration of N additions. The annual addition of 20 kg·N·ha−1 for the past 6 years resulted in a slight increase in the production and retention of N in EM sporocarps, whereas the addition of 100 kg·N·ha−1·yr−1 during the same period nearly eliminated EM sporocarps. In contrast, long‐term additions of N at rates of ca. 35 or 70 kg·N·ha−1·yr−1 for the past 40 years did not eliminate tree carbon allocation to EM sporocarps, although there was a decrease in the abundance and a shift in the dominant EM sporocarp taxa. Despite no immediate recovery, EM sporocarp abundance and species richness approached those of the control 20 years after terminating N additions in the most heavily fertilized treatment, suggesting a recovery of carbon allocation to EM sporocarps after cessation of high N loading.

Our results provide evidence for a tight coupling between tree carbon allocation to and N retention in EM sporocarps and moreover highlight the potential use of δ15N in EM sporocarps as a relative index of EM fungal sink strength for N. However, nitrogen additions at high dosage rates or over long time periods appear to disrupt this feedback, which could have important ramifications on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in these forested ecosystems.
Measuring diurnal cycles of evapotranspiration in the Arctic with an automated chamber system
Authors: Cohen Lily R. , Raz‐Yaseef Naama , Curtis J. Bryan , Young Jessica M. , Rahn Thom A. , Wilson Cathy J. , Wullschleger Stan D. , Newman Brent D.
Published: July 2014

Properly quantifying evapotranspiration (ET) is a critical step in determining water and energy balances, especially in Arctic landscapes where spatial and temporal heterogeneity in soil water content and inundation is pronounced. Although the eddy covariance technique has gained popularity as an approach for estimating ET at aggregate scales, obtaining ET estimates at finer spatial scales remains problematic. Thus, ET is poorly estimated for highly variable tundra landscapes, despite the importance of this process for parameterization and validation of models. To overcome this methodological limitation, we developed an approach to measure diurnal ET by modifying a LI‐8100A (LI‐COR, Lincoln, NE, USA), a chamber‐based instrument typically used for measuring soil CO2 fluxes. To enable the use of the LI‐8100A for ET determinations, a calibration method was designed and implemented through laboratory and independent field measurements in Arctic and semi‐arid locations. Once calibrated, the instrument was deployed June–September 2013 for diel measurements of ET on the Arctic coastal plain near Barrow, Alaska, USA. We validated the system by comparison to four adjacent plots measured by a LI‐6400‐09 soil CO2 flux system that was also calibrated to calculate water vapour flux. In conclusion, we determined that with calibration, the LI‐8100A can make long‐term, high‐frequency measurements of ET, even in low flux, continuous‐permafrost landscapes. This technique provides an opportunity to assess fine‐scale ET and its topographic controls across low‐centre and high‐centre polygons and to rigorously compare such measurements with aggregate fluxes obtained with eddy covariance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Base‐Catalyzed Intramolecular 5‐exo‐dig Cyclization of 2‐Propynyl‐1,3‐dicarbonyl Compounds: An Atom‐Economic Route to Stereodefined 2‐Methylene‐2,3‐dihydrofurans
Authors: Ma Quan , Wang Yeming , Zhao Yuegang , Liao Peiqiu , Sun Bo , Bi Xihe
Published: July 2014

A new and straightforward base‐catalyzed 5‐exo‐trig cyclization of 2‐propynyl‐1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds leads to the corresponding stereodefined 2‐methylene‐2,3‐dihydrofurans in excellent yields.
On the relationship between personal experience, affect and risk perception:The case of climate change
Authors: van der Linden Sander
Published: July 2014

Examining the conceptual relationship between personal experience, affect, and risk perception is crucial in improving our understanding of how emotional and cognitive process mechanisms shape public perceptions of climate change. This study is the first to investigate the interrelated nature of these variables by contrasting three prominent social‐psychological theories. In the first model, affect is viewed as a fast and associative information processing heuristic that guides perceptions of risk. In the second model, affect is seen as flowing from cognitive appraisals (i.e., affect is thought of as a post‐cognitive process). Lastly, a third, dual‐process model is advanced that integrates aspects from both theoretical perspectives. Four structural equation models were tested on a national sample (N = 808) of British respondents. Results initially provide support for the “cognitive” model, where personal experience with extreme weather is best conceptualized as a predictor of climate change risk perception and, in turn, risk perception a predictor of affect. Yet, closer examination strongly indicates that at the same time, risk perception and affect reciprocally influence each other in a stable feedback system. It is therefore concluded that both theoretical claims are valid and that a dual‐process perspective provides a superior fit to the data. Implications for theory and risk communication are discussed. © 2014 The Authors.European Journal of Social Psychologypublished by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Affirming belief in scientific progress reduces environmentally friendly behaviour
Authors: Meijers Marijn H. C. , Rutjens Bastiaan T.
Published: July 2014

Many people are reluctant to behave in environmentally friendly ways. One possible explanation might be that the motivation to behave in environmentally friendly ways is undermined by the way scientific progress is overstated in the popular media. Four experiments show that portraying science as rapidly progressing—and thus enabling society to control problems related to the natural environment and human health in the not‐too‐distant future—is detrimental to environmentally friendly behaviour because such a frame affirms perceptions of an orderly (vs chaotic) world. This in turn negatively affects the likelihood of engaging in environmentally friendly behaviour. Simultaneously, communication that questions (vs affirms) scientific progress leads to lower perceptions of order and consequential increases in environmentally friendly behaviour. These findings show that when the aim is to promote environmentally friendly attitudes and behaviour, it helps to not overstate scientific progress. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Climate protection needs societal change: Determinants of intention to participate in collective climate action
Authors: Rees Jonas H. , Bamberg Sebastian
Published: July 2014

The aims of the current paper are to contribute to theorizing in the field of collective action and also to bring this body of research closer with the literature on climate change. We suggest integrating the concept of social norms into the social identity model of collective action, to investigate the determinants of individuals' collective climate action intention. We argue that perceived social norms will be helpful in understanding the social identity‐collective action link. Consistent with the proposed model, participants' (N = 538) intention to take part in a neighborhood‐based climate protection initiative was predicted via all of the model constructs (social identity, perceived collective efficacy, and group‐based emotions) but most strongly so by the perceived participation norm, which also fully mediated the effect of social identity on participation intention. Further analyses suggested that the emotional motivation to engage in collective climate action was based on group‐based guilty conscience rather than anger. Discussion focuses on the importance of social context in understanding and combating climatic change, the emotionally flexible motivations behind different forms of collective action, and the role of group identification in interventions aimed at promoting pro‐environmental behavior. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the interactive influence of facial appearance and explicit knowledge in social categorization
Authors: Rule Nicholas O. , Tskhay Konstantin O. , Freeman Jonathan B. , Ambady Nalini
Published: July 2014

Although people form impressions of others with ease, sometimes one's initial perceptions of individuals conflict with what one knows about them. Here, we aimed to investigate the process by which explicit knowledge about people interacts with initial perceptions on the basis of cues from facial appearance. Participants memorized the sexual orientations of men's faces wherein half of the targets were encoded with a sexual orientation opposite to their actual orientation. Subsequent categorization showed that perceivers favored appearance‐based information when temporally constrained but favored explicit knowledge about group membership with increased viewing time. Additionally, real‐time measures of participants' categorizations showed greater vacillation between appearance‐based cues and explicit knowledge as viewing time increased. These findings suggest that explicit knowledge does not simply overrule appearance‐based cues past a particular threshold but that the two may interact recurrently with top‐down knowledge directing attention and perception at later processing. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iteration schemes for rapid post‐stall aerodynamic prediction of wings using a decambering approach
Authors: Paul R. C. , Gopalarathnam A.
Published: July 2014

Nonlinear aerodynamics of wings may be evaluated using an iterative decambering approach. In this approach, the effect of flow separation due to stall at any wing section is modeled as an effective reduction in section camber. The approach uses a wing analysis method for potential‐flow calculations and viscous airfoil lift curves for the sections as input. The calculation procedure is implemented using a Newton–Raphson iteration to simultaneously satisfy the boundary condition, which comes from potential‐flow wing theory, and drive the sectional operating points toward their respective viscous lift curves, as required for convergence. Of particular interest in this research is the calculation of the residuals during the Newton iteration. Unlike a typical implementation of the Newton iteration, the residual calculation is not performed via a straightforward function evaluation, but rather by estimating the target operating points on the input viscous lift curves. Estimation of these target operating points depends on the assumptions made in the cross‐coupling of the decambering at the different sections. This paper presents four residual calculation schemes for the decambering approach. The residual calculation schemes are compared against each other to assess computational speed and robustness. Decambering results are also compared with higher‐order computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solutions for rectangular and swept wings. Results from the best scheme compare well with the CFD solutions for the rectangular wing, motivating further development of the method. Poor predictions for the swept wings are traced to spanwise propagation of separated flow at stall, highlighting the limitations of the current approach. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulations of wave interactions with vertical wave barriers using the SPH method
Authors: Ni Xingye , Feng W. B. , Wu Di
Published: July 2014

This paper focuses on the fluid boundary separation problem of the conventional dynamic solid boundary treatment (DSBT) and proposes a modified DSBT (MDSBT). Classic 2D free dam break flows and 3D dam break flows against a rectangular box are used to assess the performance of this MDSBT in free surface flow and violent fluid–structure interaction, respectively. Another test, water column oscillations in a U‐tube, is specially designed to reveal the applicability of dealing with two types of particular boundaries: the wet–dry solid boundary and the large‐curvature solid boundary. A comparison between the numerical results and the experimental data shows that the MDSBT is capable of eliminating the fluid boundary separation, improving the accuracy of the solid boundary pressure calculations and preventing the unphysical penetration of fluid particles. Using a 2D SPH numerical wave tank with MDSBT, the interactions between regular waves and a simplified vertical wave barrier are simulated. The numerical results reveal that the maximum horizontal force occurs at the endpoint of the vertical board, and with the enlargement of the relative submerged board length, the maximum moment grows linearly; furthermore, the relative average mass transportation under the breakwater initially increases to 11.14 per wave strike but is later reduced. The numerical simulation of a full‐scale 3D wave barrier with two vertical boards shows that the wave and structure interactions in the practical project are far more complicated than in the simplified 2D models. The SPH model using the MDSBT is capable of providing a reference for engineering designs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CSF1 overexpression has pleiotropic effects on microglia in vivo
Authors: De Ishani , Nikodemova Maria , Steffen Megan D. , Sokn Emily , Maklakova Vilena I. , Watters Jyoti J. , Collier Lara S.
Published: July 2014

Macrophage colony stimulating factor (CSF1) is a cytokine that is upregulated in several diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). To examine the effects of CSF1 overexpression on microglia, transgenic mice that overexpress CSF1 in the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) compartment were generated. CSF1 overexpressing mice have increased microglial proliferation and increased microglial numbers compared with controls. Treatment with PLX3397, a small molecule inhibitor of the CSF1 receptor CSF1R and related kinases, decreases microglial numbers by promoting microglial apoptosis in both CSF1 overexpressing and control mice. Microglia in CSF1 overexpressing mice exhibit gene expression profiles indicating that they are not basally M1 or M2 polarized, but they do have defects in inducing expression of certain genes in response to the inflammatory stimulus lipopolysaccharide. These results indicate that the CSF1 overexpression observed in CNS pathologies likely has pleiotropic influences on microglia. Furthermore, small molecule inhibition of CSF1R has the potential to reverse CSF1‐driven microglial accumulation that is frequently observed in CNS pathologies, but can also promote apoptosis of normal microglia. GLIA 2014;62:1955–1967
Autocrine/paracrine sphingosine‐1‐phosphate fuels proliferative and stemness qualities of glioblastoma stem cells
Authors: Marfia Giovanni , Campanella Rolando , Navone Stefania Elena , Di Vito Clara , Riccitelli Elena , Hadi Loubna Abdel , Bornati Andrea , de Rezende Gisele , Giussani Paola , Tringali Cristina , Viani Paola , Rampini Paolo , Alessandri Giulio , Parati Eugenio , Riboni Laura
Published: July 2014

Accumulating reports suggest that human glioblastoma contains glioma stem‐like cells (GSCs) which act as key determinants driving tumor growth, angiogenesis, and contributing to therapeutic resistance. The proliferative signals involved in GSC proliferation and progression remain unclear. Using GSC lines derived from human glioblastoma specimens with different proliferative index and stemness marker expression, we assessed the hypothesis that sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) affects the proliferative and stemness properties of GSCs. The results of metabolic studies demonstrated that GSCs rapidly consume newly synthesized ceramide, and export S1P in the extracellular environment, both processes being enhanced in the cells exhibiting high proliferative index and stemness markers. Extracellular S1P levels reached nM concentrations in response to increased extracellular sphingosine. In addition, the presence of EGF and bFGF potentiated the constitutive capacity of GSCs to rapidly secrete newly synthesized S1P, suggesting that cooperation between S1P and these growth factors is of central importance in the maintenance and proliferation of GSCs. We also report for the first time that S1P is able to act as a proliferative and pro‐stemness autocrine factor for GSCs, promoting both their cell cycle progression and stemness phenotypic profile. These results suggest for the first time that the GSC population is critically modulated by microenvironmental S1P, this bioactive lipid acting as an autocrine signal to maintain a pro‐stemness environment and favoring GSC proliferation, survival and stem properties. GLIA 2014;62:1968–1981
Investigating the tradeoffs between spatial resolution and diffusion sampling for brain mapping with diffusion tractography: Time well spent?
Authors: Calabrese Evan , Badea Alexandra , Coe Christopher L. , Lubach Gabriele R. , Styner Martin A. , Johnson G. Allan
Published: July 2014

Interest in mapping white matter pathways in the brain has peaked with the recognition that altered brain connectivity may contribute to a variety of neurologic and psychiatric diseases. Diffusion tractography has emerged as a popular method for postmortem brain mapping initiatives, including the ex‐vivo component of the human connectome project, yet it remains unclear to what extent computer‐generated tracks fully reflect the actual underlying anatomy. Of particular concern is the fact that diffusion tractography results vary widely depending on the choice of acquisition protocol. The two major acquisition variables that consume scan time, spatial resolution, and diffusion sampling, can each have profound effects on the resulting tractography. In this analysis, we determined the effects of the temporal tradeoff between spatial resolution and diffusion sampling on tractography in the ex‐vivo rhesus macaque brain, a close primate model for the human brain. We used the wealth of autoradiography‐based connectivity data available for the rhesus macaque brain to assess the anatomic accuracy of six time‐matched diffusion acquisition protocols with varying balance between spatial and diffusion sampling. We show that tractography results vary greatly, even when the subject and the total acquisition time are held constant. Further, we found that focusing on either spatial resolution or diffusion sampling at the expense of the other is counterproductive. A balanced consideration of both sampling domains produces the most anatomically accurate and consistent results. Hum Brain Mapp 35:5667–5685, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.