bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Power and sample size calculations for discrete bounded outcome scores
Authors: Tsonaka Roula , Rizopoulos Dimitris , Lesaffre Emmanuel
Published: August 2006

We consider power and sample size calculations for randomized trials with a bounded outcome score (BOS) as primary response adjusted for a priori chosen covariates. We define BOS to be a random variable restricted to a finite interval. Typically, a BOS has a J‐ or U‐shaped distribution hindering traditional parametric methods of analysis. When no adjustment for covariates is needed, a non‐parametric test could be chosen. However, there is still a problem with calculating the power since the common location‐shift alternative does not hold in general for a BOS. In this paper, we consider a parametric approach and assume that the observed BOS is a coarsened version of a true BOS, which has a logit‐normal distribution in each treatment group allowing correction for covariates. A two‐step procedure is used to calculate the power. Firstly, the power function is defined conditionally on the covariate values. Secondly, the marginal power is obtained by averaging the conditional power with respect to an assumed distribution for the covariates using Monte Carlo integration. A simulation study evaluates the performance of our method which is also applied to the ECASS‐1 stroke study. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tests of Complete Positivity in Fiber Optics
Authors: Benatti Fabio , Floreanini Roberto
Published: August 2006

We consider the propagation of polarized photons in optical fibers under the action of randomly generated noise. In such situation, the change in time of the photon polarization can be described by a quantum dynamical semigroup. We show that the hierarchy among the decay constants of the polarization density matrix elements as prescribed by complete positivity can be experimentally probed using standard laboratory set-ups.
Anisotropy-Induced Effects in the Dynamics of an Ion Confined in a Two-Dimensional Paul Trap
Authors: Scala M. , Militello B. , Messina A.
Published: August 2006

We investigate the role of anisotropy in the dynamics of a single trapped ion interacting with two orthogonal laser beams, considering how it modifies a scheme for the generation of Schrödinger cat states and the so called parity effect in two-dimensional isotropic Paul traps. We find that anisotropy gives rise to a richer class for the generated states and to a larger number of observables sensitive to the parity of the number of excitation of the vibrational motion of the ion.
Low-Frequency Noise Characterization in Charge-Based Coherent Nanodevices
Authors: Falci G. , Mastellone A. , D'Arrigo A. , Paladino E.
Published: August 2006

Low-frequency noise has been recognized as the main mechanism of decoherence in present-day solid state coherent nanodevices. Often low-frequency noise has a 1/f spectrum, thus the responsible degrees of freedom are almost static during the coherent time evolution of the device. Their effect is to reduce the amplitude of the measured signal by an effect analogous to in-homogeneous broadening in NMR. Here we present a way to characterize effects of adiabatic noise exploiting the tunability of nanodevices. The results apply in principle to many implementations of quantum bits, and are particularly suited for solid state devices. The accurate characterization of the physics of the noise sources represents the first step toward the design specific strategies to eliminate their effects.
Estimation of Potentially Unphysical Maps
Authors: Plesch Martin , Ziman Mário , Bužek Vladimír , Štelmachovič Peter
Published: August 2006

When standard methods of process (black-box) estimation are applied straightforwardly then it may happen that some sets of experimental data result in unphysical estimations of the corresponding channels (maps) describing the process. To prevent this problem, one can use the method of maximum likelihood (MML), which provides an efficient scheme for reconstruction of quantum channels. This scheme always results in estimations of channels that are fully physical, e.g. the corresponding maps are linear, positive and completely positive. To show this property, we use the MML for a derivation of physical approximations of truly unphysical operations. In particular, we analyze physical approximations of the universal-NOT gate, the quantum nonlinear polarization rotation and the map ρ → ρ2. Given the result of MML, we examine retrospectively the quality of the experiment. Depending on the resulting value of the MML functional we can determine (physical) consistency of the input data.
Decoherence in Holonomic Quantum Computation
Authors: Florio Giuseppe
Published: August 2006

Geometric phases are an interesting field of research in quantum mechanics. Recently both abelian and nonabelian geometric phases have been proposed as a useful resource for the experimental implementation of quantum computation. In this paper we focus on a particular physical model and study the effect of a bosonic bath on a class of holonomic transformations. We write a general master equation for time-dependent Hamiltonians and derive analytical and numerical solutions for the system considered. The fidelity is analyzed in the adiabatic and nonadiabatic regime. We also determine an optimal finite operation time for this class of gates.
Mesoscopic Continuous and Discrete Channels for Quantum Information Transfer
Authors: de Pasquale Ferdinando , Giorgi Gian Luca , Paganelli Simone
Published: August 2006

We study the possibility of realizing perfect quantum state transfer in mesoscopic devices. We discuss the case of the Fano-Anderson model extended to two impurities in a single excitation regime. For a channel with an infinite number of degrees of freedom, we obtain coherent behaviour in the case of strong coupling or in weak coupling off-resonance. For a finite number of degrees of freedom, coherent behaviour is associated to weak coupling and resonance conditions.
Long Time Behaviour of Unstable Multilevel Systems in Presence of Zero Energy Resonance
Authors: Miyamoto Manabu
Published: August 2006

Long time behaviour of the survival probability for unstable multilevel systems is studied based on the N-level Friedrichs model in the presence of zero energy resonance, that means the divergence of the resolvent at zero energy. With resort to the technique developed by Jensen and Kato [Duke Math. J. 46, 583 (1979)], the zero energy resonance of this model is characterized by the zero energy eigenstate that does not belong to the Hilbert space. It is then shown that for some kinds of the form factors, logarithmically slower decay of the survival probability can be realized.
Localization in a QFT Model
Authors: Buscemi Fabrizio , Compagno Giuseppe
Published: August 2006

Localization properties of a QFT model, consisting of a quantum scalar field interacting linearly with a classical localized source, are investigated using various approaches present in the literature. We evaluate, to any order of the field–matter coupling constant, the time evolution of average values of one-point localization observables and scalar product between the quantum field state of the evolving system and localized states. We show that the appearance of nonlocality can be connected to nonlocal properties of localized states used or to the fact that localization operators do not satisfy the microcausality principle and therefore does not imply the violation of causality.
English Midwives' Views and Experiences of Intrapartum Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring in Women at Low Obstetric Risk: Conflicts and Compromises
Authors: Hindley Carol , Hinsliff Sophie Wren , Thomson Ann M.
Published: August 2006

Over the last 20 years in the United Kingdom, midwives have implemented the routine use of intrapartum fetal monitoring regardless of the risk status of laboring women. This practice is at odds with the published research. The discrepancy between practice and best evidence merits further investigation. A qualitative study was conducted to evaluate midwives'attitudes and experiences about the use of fetal monitoring for women at low obstetric risk. Fifty‐eight midwives working in two hospitals in the north of England were interviewed by using a semistructured approach. The taped interviews were transcribed and analyzed by using a general thematic approach. Issues included midwives'perceptions of low‐risk status, the socialization of midwives, and the loss of woman‐centered care. Midwives subscribed to the notion of woman‐centered care, but because of a complexity of factors experienced in their daily working lives, they felt vulnerable when attempting to implement evidence‐based fetal monitoring practices. Midwives regretted the loss of a woman‐centered approach to care when technologic methods of intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring were used indiscriminately. An appreciation of the complex factors affecting the ability of midwives to implement evidence‐based practice is important when attempting to facilitate the development of appropriate fetal monitoring practices for women at low obstetric risk.
Abuse Disclosure in Privately and Medicaid‐Funded Pregnant Women
Authors: Bullock Linda , Bloom Tina , Davis Jan , Kilburn Erin , Curry Mary Ann
Published: August 2006

Disclosure of abuse by pregnant women can vary depending on whether the woman is assessed directly by a trained interviewer versus written questionnaires, and if she is asked repeatedly during the course of pregnancy. One thousand pregnant women were enrolled in a randomized clinical trial designed to assess the effects of a nursing case management intervention on the mental and physical well‐being of pregnant women experiencing or at risk for abuse. Thirteen percent of the total study participants reported current abuse and/or abuse within the past year, with only 2% of those reporting that the abuse occurred during pregnancy. The incidence of reported abuse was much higher among Medicaid‐funded women (28.9%) than privately insured women (8.7%). Regardless of source of payment, women reporting abuse were significantly younger, less educated, nonwhite with lower income, and had significantly higher stress and lower self‐esteem than women not reporting abuse. A high incidence of women reporting intimate partner violence described being choked on the Danger Assessment Screen (34%). We strongly urge that choking be added to routine screening questions used during pregnancy and that the Danger Assessment tool is used for further evaluation of women who screen positive. In addition, we believe another barrier to reporting abuse was fear of being reported to child protective services, contributing to the overall low rate of abuse disclosure.
Expectations, Perceptions, and Management of Labor in Nulliparas Prior to Hospitalization
Authors: Beebe Kathleen R. , Humphreys Janice
Published: August 2006

This ethnographic qualitative study was designed to explore the phenomenon of prehospitalization labor from the perspective of nulliparous women. Twenty‐three women were interviewed in the early postpartum period using a semistructured interview guide. The participants recounted their experiences with labor onset recognition and management before being admitted to the hospital for birthing. Qualitative analyses included verbatim transcription of audiotaped interviews, line‐by‐line coding, and categorization of data into codes and categories. Interpretive analyses were validated with a collaborative research team and the participants themselves. The central theme that emerged from this study was confronting the relative incongruence between expectations and actual experiences. Supporting categories included: expectations about the labor experience, identifying labor onset, managing the physical and emotional responses to labor, supportive resources, and decision making about hospital admission. Early labor experiences in nulliparas offer insight into the contributions of both expectations and environment to adaptation in labor. Midwives and perinatal nurses are in a unique position to design interventions that support and reinforce laboring women's activities outside of the hospital setting.
Experience of Taiwanese Women Living with Nausea and Vomiting During Pregnancy
Authors: Chou Fan‐Hao , Chen Chung‐Hey , Kuo Shih‐Hsien , Tzeng Ya‐Ling
Published: August 2006

Two common symptoms of pregnancy are nausea and vomiting, which, for some women, cause great discomfort and profoundly impact daily life. A descriptive phenomenological method was used to understand how Taiwanese women deal with nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. A purposive sample of 10 expectant mothers participated in the study. A transcription of each informant's verbal description of her nausea and vomiting experience was made and analyzed using Colaizzi's phenomenological methodology. Four themes emerged from the interview data after inductively analyzing the narrative content concerning nausea and vomiting: 1) understanding nausea and vomiting, 2) finding coping strategies, 3) psychosocial adaptation, and 4) needing support. The results also indicated the importance of social support to pregnant women's health, including instrumental and emotional forms of support. Health professionals, however, were not mentioned in the mothers'narratives as a source of support. The issues of social support, language translation, and western and eastern perspectives on nausea and vomiting and cultural differences in perceptions of their severity are discussed.
Key Components of Perioperative Orientation
Authors: Heizenroth Pauline Anne
Published: August 2006

The key components of any orientation program are the learner, the orientation process, and the learner's outcome as a new employee. Retention of a productive, competent perioperative nurse represents a successful outcome of any perioperative orientation program. To achieve optimal employee outcomes, perioperative nurse educators must consider each learner's proficiency level, preferred style of learning, and expectations of the position for which the employee was hired.AORN J63 (Jan 1996) 183‐190.
Intraoperative Reflectance Oximetry in Burn Patients
Authors: Girard Nancy J.
Published: August 2006

Intraoperative Reflectance Oximetry in Burn Patients, RL Sheridan, Journal of Clinical Monitoring, Vol 11, January 1995, 32–34
Advancing King's Systems Framework and Theory of Nursing
Authors: Ellis‐Stoll Cynthia C.
Published: August 2006

Advancing King's Systems Framework and Theory of Nursing Edited by Maureen A. Frey, Christina L. Sieloff 1995, 272 pp $22.95 paperback
Separation of Conjoined Twins
Authors: Wirt Shelia W. , Algren Chris L. , Wallace Valerie R. , Glass Nancy
Published: August 2006

Preparing for surgical separation of conjoined twins involves coordination, communication, and multidisciplinary planning by several specialties. This article discusses the embryology, etiology, and incidence of conjoined twins and provides a historical perspective of the different types of conjoined twins. A case study describes the perioperative management of conjoined twins at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston. Team members' roles are discussed, and the perioperative care of conjoined twins is detailed. AORN J 62 (Oct 1995) 527–545.
Excision of Renal Cell Carcinoma Involving the Inferior Vena Cava
Authors: Riddleberger Susan , Poetzsch Karen
Published: August 2006

Management and care of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) that extends into the inferior vena cava is challenging for perioperative nurses. Although prognosis for this condition is poor, excising the RCC is a palliative treatment and can offer improved quality of life for patients. Understanding the pathophysiology of RCC and the surgical technique involved in its removal increases perioperative nurses' effectiveness and enhances patient outcomes. AORN J 62 (Oct 1995) 551–555.
Improving Patient Outcomes Through System Change: A Focus on the Changing Roles of Healthcare Organization Executives
Authors: Gaberson Kathleen B.
Published: August 2006

Improving Patient Outcomes Through System Change: A Focus on the Changing Roles of Healthcare Organization Executives, LS Gelinas, M Manthey, Journal of Nursing Administration, Vol 25, May 1995, 55–63
Smoking Behaviors of Women After Diagnosis with Lung Cancer
Authors: Allen Janice R.
Published: August 2006

Smoking Behaviors of Women After Diagnosis with Lung Cancer, L Sarna, IMAGE: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, Vol 27, Spring 1995, 35–41
A Comparison of the Effects of Jaw Relaxation and Music on Postoperative Pain
Authors: Allen Janice R.
Published: August 2006

A Comparison of the Effects of Jaw Relaxation and Music on Postoperative Pain, M Good, Nursing Research, Vol 44, January/February 1995, 52–57
Transplantation Nursing: Acute and Long‐Term Management
Authors: Logan Robin
Published: August 2006

Transplantation Nursing: Acute and Long‐Term Management By Marie T. Nolan, Sharon M. Augustine 1995, 425 pp $47.95 hardcover
Mediating Bioethical Disputes: A Practical Guide
Authors: Schroeter Kathryn
Published: August 2006

Mediating Bioethical Disputes: A Practical Guide By Nancy Neveloff Dubler, Leonard J. Marcus 1994, 104 pp $20 paperback
The Stress of Nursing: Meeting the Challenge
Authors: Phillips Susan S.
Published: August 2006

The Stress of Nursing: Meeting the Challenge By David C. Rainham 1994, 109 pp $9.95 paperback
Outpatient Vaginal Hysterectomy as a New Trend in Gynecology
Authors: Bran Derita F. , Spellman Jana R. , Summit Robert L.
Published: August 2006

A large number of vaginal hysterectomies are performed on an outpatient basis through ambulatory surgery units (ASU). Recognizing this trend, we researched the possibility of performing vaginal hysterectomies in our ASU and developed an outpatient vaginal hysterectomy protocol. The preoperative and postoperative education we provide to patients is the key to our protocol's success. After conducting patient satisfaction surveys, we reached the conclusion that outpatient vaginal hysterectomles are a successful alternative to inpatient vaginal hysterectomies for many of our patients. AORN J 62 (Nov 1995) 810‐814.
Pediatric Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy Procedures
Authors: Derkay Craig S. , Darrow David H. , LeFebvre Susan M.
Published: August 2006

The most common pediatric surgical procedures performed in the United States today are tonsillectomies and adenoidectomies (T&A). Surgical team members must be highly trained and efficient to ensure optimal patient outcomes, reduce surgical costs, and decrease the risks and potential complications inherent in T&A procedures. The authors review current surgical indications for T&A procedures; recommended preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative patient care; and the management of potential complications. AORN J 62 (Dec 1995) 887‐904.
Leech Therapy in Digital Replantation
Authors: Golden Mary Ann , Quinn Jeanne J. , Partington Marshall T.
Published: August 2006

This article presents a protocol for the perioperative care of patients undergoing digital replantation, which is the most common microsurgical procedure performed today. Venous congestion, a common complication of digital replantation, often has been treated through surgical exploration and creation of arteriovenous anastomosis. Leech therapy, however, is experiencing a resurgence among surgeons as an alternative method for treating venous congestion. This article discusses the anatomical, physiological, and clinical indications and methods of leech therapy in digital replantation. AORN J 62 (Sept 1995) 364–375.
A Comparison of Two Skin Preps Used in Cardiac Surgical Procedures
Authors: Hagen Karen S. , Treston‐Aurand Jan
Published: August 2006

Postoperative surgical site infections contribute significantly to increased patient morbidity and mortality rates and unnecessary hospital costs. Effective and efficient preoperative patient skin preparation is an important perioperative nursing intervention that decreases the number of wound contaminants and reduces the risks for postoperative surgical site infections. This study examined the effectiveness and time and material costs of two preoperative patient skin prep methods (ie, isopropyl alcohol prep/iodophor‐impregnated adhesive drape method, iodophor scrub and paint prep/plain adhesive drape method). The isopropyl alcohol prep/iodophor‐impregnated adhesive drape method clinically was as effective as the iodophor scrub and paint prep/plain adhesive drape method, more cost‐effective when time and materials were compared, and less cost‐effective when materidls alone were compared. To make appropriate decisions about the use of preoperative patient skin prep methods, perioperative nurse managers and staff members need to examine and determine whether costs in time or materials have the greater impact on their surgical settings. AORN J 62 (Sept 1995) 393–402.
Marfan's Syndrome and Surgical Repair of Ascending Aortic Aneurysms
Authors: Wieczorek Patricia , Riegel Mary Beth , Quattro Lauren , DeMaio Karen
Published: August 2006

Marfan's syndrome is an inherited, degenerative connective tissue disorder that affects many body systems (eg, skeletal, ocular, cardiovascular, cutaneous, pulmonary, abdominal, neurologic). The cause of Marfan's syndrome is unknown, but recent genetic studies have linked this disorder to chromosome 15q15‐q21.3. The characteristics associated with Marfan's syndrome require a multidisciplinary approach to patient care. This article discusses one serious complication of Marfan's syndrome–aortic root dilatation–and composite graft repairs of ascending aortic aneurysms. Physicians and nurses must be more aware of Marfan's syndrome so that life‐threatening medical conditions can be evaluated and followed by health care providers. AORN J 64 (Dec 1996) 895–913.
Laser Ureterolithotripsy for Cystine Calculi
Authors: Adams Denise H. , Abernathy Brett B.
Published: August 2006

Until recently, treatment options for patients with cystine calculi were not favorable. Using holmium:yttrium‐aluminum‐garnet (YAG) lasers to fragment cystine calculi, however, may provide a minimally invasive and cost‐effective alternative to current treatments. This article describes cystine calculi and the diagnostic methods and current medical and surgical interventions used to treat patients and discusses the differences between flash lamp pulsed dye lasers and holmium:YAG lasers. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative considerations for laser ureterolithotripsy of cystine calculi also are discussed. AORN J 64 (Dec 1996) 924–930.
Development and Implementation of a Pain Management Program
Authors: Campese Claudia
Published: August 2006

Perioperative nurses at St Mary's Health Care System, Inc® (St Mary's), in Athens, Ga, recognized that some of their postoperative patients did not have an acceptable level of pain control. Based on the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research acute pain management guidelines, they developed and implemented a pain management program. This quality improvement program led to a multidisciplinary effort to maintain each postoperative patient's pain at a level acceptable to that individual. Using a pain level scale, patients are taught to self‐report their levels of pain so that medication can be administered appropriately and on a timely basis. A quality improvement team is studying compiled data and anticipates making recommendations about best practices with regard to medication utilization. In September 1995, St Mary's underwent a mock Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations survey. The surveyors were impressed with the quality and content of the pain management program. Suggestions for other facilities that wish to establish pain management programs are included. AORN J 64 (Dec 1996) 931–940.
Preoperative Patient Teaching in Ambulatory Surgery Settings
Authors: Brumfield Valerie C. , Kee Carolyn C. , Johnson Joyce Y.
Published: August 2006

The researchers conducted this descriptive replication study to identity preoperative teaching content deemed important by patients and nurses in ambulatory surgery settings. Thirty ambulatory surgery patients and 29 perioperative nurses participated in the study, which was conducted at a midsized hospital in the southeastern United States. Patients ranked situational information (eg, explaining activities, events) as the most important teaching content areas, whereas nurses ranked psychosocial support (eg, dealing with worries, concerns) as the most important. Patients preferred to have teaching conducted before they were admitted for ambulatory surgery, whereas nurses believed that some teaching could take place after admission. The study results suggest that addressing patients' priorities and initiating teaching earlier in the perioperative process is crucial to ambulatory surgery patients' postoperative outcomes. AORN J 64 (Dec 1996) 941–952.
Children's Traffic Safety Program: Influence of Early Elementary School Education on Family Seat Belt Use
Authors: Sapnas Kathryn G.
Published: August 2006

Children's Traffic Safety Program: Influence of Early Elementary School Education on Family Seat Belt Use, MF Hazinski, VA Eddy, JA Morris Jr, The Journal of Trauma, Vol 39, December 1995, 1063–1068
The Leadership Revolution in Health Care: Altering Systems, Changing Behaviors
Authors: Torresyap Pearl M.
Published: August 2006

The Leadership Revolution in Health Care: Altering Systems, Changing Behaviors By Tim Porter‐O'Grady, Cathleen Krueger Wilson 1995, 354 pp $55 hardcover
Pial Synangiosis for Treatment of Moyamoya Syndrome in Children
Authors: Hannon Kathleen E.
Published: August 2006

Moyamoya syndrome is a chronic cerebrovascular disorder that is characterized by a progressive narrowing of the intracranial internal carotid arteries and their main branches and a compensatory dilation of smaller arteries (ie, moyamoya vessels) at the base of the brain. Common signs and symptoms in children include recurrent episodes of cerebral ischemia, transient hemiparesis, seizures, and cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs). The diagnosis is made primarily by cerebral angiography, and surgical treatment consists of pial synangiosis, whereby surgeons suture the superficial temporal artery to the pia mater under microscopic visualization. The goal of surgical intervention is to promote the development of collateral circulation to the brain and decrease the risk of CVAs, transient ischemic attacks, and seizures. Follow‐up angiography demonstrates that pial synangiosis results in excellent postoperative collaterization of ischemic areas of the brain. AORN J (Oct 1996) 540‐554.
Cochlear Implantations in Children
Authors: Stinson Athena
Published: August 2006

Cochlear implant procedures are available for children who are diagnosed with severe hearing loss. Cochlear implants can restore children's perceptions of sound through the use of electronic devices. Perioperative nurses should be knowledgeable about all surgical aspects of cochlear implant procedures and be aware of the months of preparation before surgery and the lengthy rehabilitation afterward. This article discusses the historical development of the cochlear implant procedures, describes the hearing process, describes candidate selection, and discusses the perioperative care for a child receiving a cochlear implant in a case study presentation. AORN J 64 (Oct 1996) 561–571.
Microsurgical Transfer of Vascularized Tissue to Close Problem Wounds
Authors: Lutz Debra A. , Hallock Geoffrey G.
Published: August 2006

Interventions to achieve optimal wound healing challenge the skills of all health care professionals. Although most wounds are best managed by appropriate nursing intervention outside the OR, some complex wounds require more expeditious closure to ensure maximum preservation of vital structures and their functions. Microsurgical transfer of vascularized tissue (ie, flaps) often is the only method of achieving immediate wound coverage. Perioperative team members who treat such wounds must be aware of the distinct attributes and potential morbidity associated with flap procedures. AORN J 62 (Aug 1995) 234–243.
Cryosurgical Ablation of the Prostate
Authors: Keetch David W. , Moore Shirley , Shea Linda
Published: August 2006

A new surgical procedure, cryosurgical ablation of the prostate, offers patients with organ‐confined prostate cancer another treatment option. The advantages of this cryosurgical technique are complete ablation of prostatic cancers without radical prostatectomy procedures, less blood loss, decreased hospital stays, reduced health care costs, and minimal associated morbidity.

Some possible complications of cryosurgical ablation of the prostate procedures include incontinence, impotence, rectal freezing from inadequate monitoring of the freezing process, urethrocutaneous and urethrorectal fistula formations, and urethral tissue sloughing. The intraoperative nurse's prime responsibility is to monitor the subfreezing temperatures of the cryoprobes. Postoperatively, patients have only a few perineal incisions covered with sterile dressings and a suprapubic catheter. Most patients have minimal discomfort that is managed easily with opiate analgesics. AORN Journal 61 (May 1995) 807–813.
Role Redesign in Perioperative Settings
Authors: Wurstner Judy , Koch Fran
Published: August 2006

Perioperative services team members at Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas employed a methodical redesign process to redefine team members' relationships and revise roles to be patient focused. One outcome of this redesign process was the creation of multiskilled worker (ie, unlicensed assistive personnel) roles within self‐managed perioperative specialty teams. An initial pilot project using the multiskilled workers in the neurosurgical specialty service resulted in increased physician and perioperative nurse collaboration and efficiency. AORN J 6] (May 1995) 834–844.
Quantification of Occupational Latex Aeroallergens in A Medical Center
Authors: Fay Margaret F.
Published: August 2006

Quantification of Occupational Latex Aeroallergens in A Medical Center, M.C. Swanson, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Vol 94, September 1994, 445–451
Analysis and Evaluation of Conceptual Models of Nursing
Authors: Davis Janice L.
Published: August 2006

ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF CONCEPTUAL MODELS OF NURSING, third ed By Jacqueline Fawcett 1994, 576 pp $31.95 hardcover
Congenital Idiopathic Clubfoot Deformities
Authors: Kyzer Susan P. , Stark Sharon Lee
Published: August 2006

Clubfoot is a birth defect that is marked primarily by a deformed talus (ie, ankle) and calcaneous (ie, heel) that give the foot a characteristic “club‐like” appearance. In congenital idiopathic clubfoot (ie, talipes equinovarus), the infant's foot points downward (ie, equinus) and turns inward (ie, varus), while the forefoot curls toward the heel (ie, adduction). This congenital disorder has an incidence of 1 in 400 live births, with boys affected twice as often as girls. Unilateral clubfoot is somewhat more common than bilateral clubfoot and may occur as an isolated defect or in association with other disorders (eg, chromosomal aberrations, cerebral palsy, spina bifida, arthrogryposis). Infantile clubfoot deformity is painless and is correctable with early diagnosis and prompt treatment. AORN J 61 (March 1995) 492–506.
Economic Impact of the CNS: Practitioner Role
Authors: Shoup Anita Jo
Published: August 2006

Economic Impact of the CNS: Practitioner Role, D.J. Bakker, B.B. Vincensi, Clinical Nurse Specialist, Vol 9, January 1995, 50–53
Handbook of Vascular Surgery
Authors: Hidalgo Baldemar J.
Published: August 2006

Handbook of Vascular Surgery Edited by Clifford M. Sales et al 1994,370 pp $28 paperback
Perioperative Nurse Practitioners
Authors: Ladden Carol , Keane Anne
Published: August 2006

Perioperative nursing roles are evolving in response to health care reform, technological developments, and changing opportunities for advanced practice nursing. One response to these changes is the development of the perioperative nurse practitioner role. The perioperative base for this new advanced practice role is described in this article. The advanced practice role is effective in other specialty settings and can be developed readily in a variety of surgical settings. This role requires a master's degree in nursing to provide the academic and practice preparation for clinical decision making and patient management in the perioperative setting. Future opportunities for perioperative advanced practice nursing are discussed. AORN J 61 (June 1995) 1067–1071.
Nursing Staff Development
Authors: Lewis Linda C.
Published: August 2006

Nursing Staff Development By Russell C. Swansburg 1995, 410 pp $47.50 hardcover
1995 Physicians' Desk Reference
Authors: Schild Sophia M.
Published: August 2006

1995 Physicians' Desk Reference 49th ed By Medical Economics Data 1995,2,787 pp $64.95 hardcover
Übermässige Wasserzufuhr und ihre Folgen
Authors: Schnyder-Krieg  , Conen
Published: August 2006

Wir stellen einen 56-jährigen Patienten vor, der wegen Grand-Mal-Anfällen zugewiesen wird. Als Ursache der Anfälle findet sich eine hypotone Hyponatriämie, im Verlauf entwickelt sich eine massive asymptomatische Rhabdomyolyse infolge der Hyponatriämie. Ein Durstversuch weist schlussendlich eine psychogene Polydipsie nach. Verschiedene pathophysiologische Mechanismen werden diskutiert.
Eine seltene Ursache der Anstrengungsdyspnoe
Authors: Etter  , Brutsche  , Huegli  , Borer
Published: August 2006

Es wird eine 76-jährige Nichtraucherin mit Gesichtshämangiomen und Anstrengungsdyspnoe vorgestellt. Krankheitsbild, Diagnose und Behandlung der pulmonalen AV-Malformation werden diskutiert und ein kurzer Überblick über den Morbus Osler vermittelt.
Input and cycling of iron in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea
Authors: Chase Zanna , Paytan Adina , Johnson Kenneth S. , Street Joseph , Chen Ying
Published: August 2006

The Gulf of Aqaba, northern Red Sea, is an ideal natural laboratory for studying the impact of atmospheric dry deposition of iron to the ocean surface. We have measured atmospheric iron deposition weekly for 18 months, and dissolved and total dissolvable iron concentrations in the stratified summer (August) and well‐mixed winter (March) water column. Concentrations of dissolved and total dissolvable iron remain roughly constant with depth in March. In August, there is a strong surface enrichment of iron. The accumulation of iron at the surface during the rain‐free summer can be simulated by a one‐dimensional model including atmospheric iron flux and estimates of iron scavenging, biological uptake and dissolution. An overall dissolution of 2% of dry deposited aerosol iron produces the best fit to the observations. A residence time of half a year for dissolved iron in surface waters with respect to scavenging is calculated for this region.
A cause of rupture segmentation and synchronization in the Nankai trough revealed by seismic imaging and numerical simulation
Authors: Kodaira Shuichi , Hori Takane , Ito Aki , Miura Seiichi , Fujie Gou , Park Jin‐Oh , Baba Toshitaka , Sakaguchi Hide , Kaneda Yoshiyuki
Published: August 2006

A giant earthquake occasionally occurs in a subduction zone owing to a simultaneous rupture in adjacent segments which have been previously ruptured by large earthquakes. However, it is still unknown if a giant earthquake coincidentally occurs, or if there is a causal factor to control its generation. In this study we show a cause and a growth process of a giant earthquake which may occur along southwestern Japan, on the basis of seismic images obtained from wide‐angle seismic data and a numerical simulation incorporating the structural images. The wide‐angle seismic data were acquired along three trough parallel profiles crossing the rupture segmentation boundary between the 1944 Tonankai (moment magnitude Mw = 8.1) and the 1946 Nankai (Mw = 8.4) earthquakes. The seismic imaging detected a high seismic velocity body forming a strongly coupled patch at the segmentation boundary. The numerical simulation explained the historic rupture patterns and shows the occurrence of a giant earthquake along the entire Nankai trough, a distance of over 600 km long (Mw = 8.7). The growth process revealed from the simulated slip history in and around the strongly coupled patch is: (1) Prior to the giant earthquake, a small slow event (or earthquake) occurs near the segmentation boundary; (2) this accelerates a very slow slip (slower than the plate convergent rate), at the strong patch, which reduces a degree of coupling; and (3) then a rupture easily propagates through the strong patch when the next earthquake is nucleated near the segmentation boundary, consequently growing into a giant earthquake.
Satellite estimation of marine particulate organic carbon in waters dominated by different phytoplankton taxa
Authors: Pabi Sudeshna , Arrigo Kevin R.
Published: August 2006

The relationship between in situ remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) and particulate organic carbon (POC) was assessed for the continental shelf waters of the southwestern Ross Sea, Antarctica. This sector of the Southern Ocean supports two distinct phytoplankton communities, one dominated by diatoms and the other dominated by the haptophyte Phaeocystis antarctica. In both communities, Rrs exhibited a statistically significant (p < 0.05) positive linear correlation with POC concentration, although the slope of the regression was over twofold higher in waters dominated by P. antarctica. These distinct relationships between POC and Rrs are likely due to differences in the cell size and composition, as well as detrital degradation products, of the dominant taxa within each of these phytoplankton communities. Taxon‐specific POC‐Rrs relationships were translated into a bio‐optical algorithm for estimation of surface POC concentration from remotely sensed estimates of Rrs. Applying this algorithm to satellite‐derived Rrs from the Ross Sea, where distributions of P. antarctica and diatoms are reasonably well known, yields distributions of POC and POC:chlorophyll ratios that are in good agreement with field measurements. Performance of the algorithm can be improved by in situ characterization of the detrital contribution to total particle backscatter.
Foliage moisture content estimation from one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional spectroradiometry for fire danger assessment
Authors: De Santis A. , Vaughan P. , Chuvieco E.
Published: August 2006

Moisture content in live fuels is a critical variable in fire ignition and fire behavior assessment, but it is very difficult to estimate using traditional methods. Remote sensing measurements provide adequate temporal and spatial coverage to be used operationally in fire danger estimation. Before such applications can be routinely undertaken, reflectance changes caused by water content variations must be clearly separable from other factors in reflectance variation (leaf area index, chlorophyll content, dry matter, observation‐illumination angles, etc.). This paper analyzes the effect of these variables in a controlled experiment using young Holm oak (Quercus Ilex) plants, a common Mediterranean species. Spectro‐radiometric measurements were performed systematically in laboratory conditions using a GER 2600 spectroradiometer (point measurements, one‐dimensional (1‐D)) and a Specim hyperspectral camera system (matrix measurements, 2‐D). Leaf and canopy biophysical parameters were sampled to control their influence on reflectance as water stress increased. Equivalent water thickness (EWT) and fuel moisture content (FMC) were correlated against several variations of a new index: the Normalized Difference Spectral Index, (NDSI(λ1,λ2)). Results indicate that the choice of suitable spectral bands is critical to control plant physiological effects on reflectance. Strong correlations were obtained between NDSI and both EWT and FMC by applying operational bands at 1108 and 1242 nm (NDSI(1108,1242): r > 0.93), while the shorter near infrared bands (1000 and 860 nm) show a stronger influence of external factors. A combination of 2‐D pixel selection techniques and first derivative spectroscopy successfully solved absolute reflectance inconsistencies between 2‐D and 1‐D measurements, which may prove to be a helpful means of scaling up from leaf to canopy level, and from the ground to airborne observation.
Transient creep, aseismic damage and slow failure in Carrara marble deformed across the brittle‐ductile transition
Authors: Schubnel A. , Walker E. , Thompson B. D. , Fortin J. , Guéguen Y. , Young R. P.
Published: August 2006

Two triaxial compression experiments were performed on Carrara marble at high confining pressure, in creep conditions across the brittle‐ductile transition. During cataclastic deformation, elastic wave velocity decrease demonstrated damage accumulation (microcracks). Keeping differential stress constant and reducing normal stress induced transient creep events (i.e., fast accelerations in strain) due to the sudden increase of microcrack growth. Tertiary creep and brittle failure followed as damage came close to criticality. Coalescence and rupture propagation were slow (60–200 seconds with ∼150 MPa stress drops and millimetric slips) and radiated little energy in the experimental frequency range (0.1–1 MHz). Microstructural analysis pointed out strong interactions between intra‐crystalline plastic deformation (twinning and dislocation glide) and brittle deformation (microcracking) at the macroscopic level. Our observations highlight the dependence of acoustic efficiency on the material's rheology, at least in the ultrasonic frequency range, and the role played by pore fluid diffusion as an incubation process for delayed failure triggering.
Krakatoa lives: The effect of volcanic eruptions on ocean heat content and thermal expansion
Authors: Gleckler P. J. , AchutaRao K. , Gregory J. M. , Santer B. D. , Taylor K. E. , Wigley T. M. L.
Published: August 2006

A suite of climate model experiments indicates that 20th Century increases in ocean heat content and sea‐level (via thermal expansion) were substantially reduced by the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa. The volcanically‐induced cooling of the ocean surface is subducted into deeper ocean layers, where it persists for decades. Temporary reductions in ocean heat content associated with the comparable eruptions of El Chichón (1982) and Pinatubo (1991) were much shorter lived because they occurred relative to a non‐stationary background of large, anthropogenically‐forced ocean warming. Our results suggest that inclusion of the effects of Krakatoa (and perhaps even earlier eruptions) is important for reliable simulation of 20th century ocean heat uptake and thermal expansion. Inter‐model differences in the oceanic thermal response to Krakatoa are large and arise from differences in external forcing, model physics, and experimental design. Systematic experimentation is required to quantify the relative importance of these factors. The next generation of historical forcing experiments may require more careful treatment of pre‐industrial volcanic aerosol loadings.
Chemical characteristics of North American surface layer outflow: Insights from Chebogue Point, Nova Scotia
Authors: Millet Dylan B. , Goldstein Allen H. , Holzinger Rupert , Williams Brent J. , Allan James D. , Jimenez José L. , Worsnop Douglas R. , Roberts James M. , White Allen B. , Hudman Rynda C. , Bertschi Isaac T. , Stohl Andreas
Published: August 2006

We present a factor analysis‐based method for differentiating air masses on the basis of source influence and apply the method to a broad suite of trace gas and aerosol measurements collected at Chebogue Point, Nova Scotia, during the summer of 2004 to characterize the chemical composition of atmospheric outflow from eastern North America. CO, ozone, and aerosol mass were elevated by 30%, 56%, and more than 300% at Chebogue Point during U.S. outflow periods. Organic aerosol mass was highest during U.S. pollution events, but made up the largest fraction (70%) of the total aerosol during periods of primary and especially secondary biogenic influence, indicating the importance of both anthropogenic and biogenic organic aerosol. Anthropogenic and oxygenated volatile organic compounds account for the bulk of the gas‐phase organic carbon under most conditions; however, biogenic compounds are important in terms of chemical reactivity. Biogenic emissions thus have a significant impact on the chemistry of air masses downwind of the polluted northeastern United States. Using output from a global 3‐D model of atmospheric composition (GEOS‐Chem), we estimate that CO directly emitted from U.S. pollution sources makes up 28% of the total CO observed at Chebogue Point during U.S. outflow events and 19% at other times, although more work is needed to improve U.S. emission estimates for CO and other pollutants. We conclude that the effects of North American pollution on the chemistry of the western North Atlantic boundary layer are pervasive and not restricted to particular events.
Radiative transfer modeling of compositions of lunar pyroclastic deposits
Authors: Wilcox B. B. , Lucey P. G. , Hawke B. R.
Published: August 2006

While over 100 lunar pyroclastic deposits have been identified remotely, their compositions remain poorly constrained. In this work, we determine the compositions of three lunar regional pyroclastic deposits which are likely to contain large amounts of glass and for which we have high‐quality ground‐based spectra: the Aristarchus Plateau, Mare Humorum, and Sulpicius Gallus. We use radiative transfer theory and employ measured optical constants of glasses to predict the bidirectional reflectance of a particulate glass surface as a function of Fe and Ti concentration, particle size, and maturity in order to find the best spectral match to the remotely observed deposits. Tools are not available to model the optical effects of the unusual geometries of the ilmenite laths in the black beads, so we address their effects on spectra of the regional pyroclastic deposits using computational mixing. We find that model spectra of pure glass (as opposed to devitrified black beads) provide good matches to all three regions. Radiative transfer modeling predicts iron contents of 21, 20, and 17 wt% FeO for Aristarchus, Humorum, and Sulpicius Gallus, respectively, and suggests that all three regions are low in titanium, a result supported by Lunar Prospector neutron spectrometer data. However, we find that a moderate Ti glass mixed with a small fraction of black beads cannot be ruled out for the Sulpicius Gallus region.