bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometric Observation of the Coordinative Interaction of α,β-Unsaturated Ketones with Cerium(III) Cation
Authors: Asakura Katsuo , Yamaguchi Kentaro , Imamoto Tsuneo
Published: December 2003

The coordinative interaction of carbonyl oxygen of α,β-unsaturated ketones with the cerium(III) cation is observed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
Photophysical and Photochemical Behavior of Triplet Excited State of C60 in Unimer Micelle
Authors: Onodera Hitoshi , Masuhara Akito , Fujitsuka Mamoru , Ito Osamu , Higashida Suguru , Imahori Hiroshi , Sakata Yoshiteru
Published: December 2003

Photophysical and photochemical properties of C60-pendant polymer in aqueous solution, in which C60 was covalently incorporated into polymer cluster (C60/unimer), have been studied by transient absorption spectroscopy. 3C60*/unimer was quenched by O2 in two routes; the initial fast decay component was increased by addition of a detergent. From these observations, kinetic models for the quenching are proposed.
Hydrogenation of Five-Membered Heteroaromatic Compounds Catalyzed by a Rhodium-Phosphine Complex
Authors: Kuwano Ryoichi , Sato Koji , Ito Yoshihiko
Published: December 2003

The rhodium complex generated in situ from Rh(acac)(cod) and 2 equivalents of triphenylphosphine is an effective catalyst for hydrogenation of various five-membered heteroaromatic compounds.
DDQ as a Versatile Reagent for Oxidative Cleavage of Tosylhydrazones and Oximes
Authors: Chandrasekhar S , Reddy Ch Raji , Reddy M Venkat
Published: December 2003

2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) was found to be a very efficient oxidative reagent for the selective cleavage of tosylhydrazones and oximes of carbonyl compounds for the first time.
Rhamnosylation Reaction with a Phenyl 1-Thiorhamnoside and a Rhamnosyl Fluoride Which Have 4C1 Conformation
Authors: Yamada Hidetoshi , Ikeda Tomonari
Published: December 2003

Rhamnosylation reaction with a phenyl 1-thiorhamnoside and a rhamnosyl fluoride that has chair conformation with more axial substituents (4C1) is described. Flipping of the ring conformation changed the high α-selectivity of the general rhamnosylation reaction. More β-rhamnosides were afforded under several conditions.
Activation of a trans-Dialkyl(oxo)tungsten Complex Bearing a 2,6-Pyridinediethanolate Ligand with Aluminum Cocatalysts to Catalyze the ROMP of Norbornene
Authors: Nakayama Yuushou , Ikushima Naoko , Ueyama Norikazu , Nakamura Akira , Harada Akira
Published: December 2003

A novel trans-bis(trimethylsilylmethyl)(oxo)tungsten complex bearing an O–N–O tridentate ligand, WO(Me4pyde)(CH2SiMe3)2 (4, pyde = 2,6-pyridinediethanolate), was synthesized and was confirmed to have octahedral structure with two alkyl groups in trans position by X-ray analysis. Complex 4 catalyzed the polymerization of norbornene although its activity was rather low. The activity of 4 could be dramatically enhanced by the use of AlEt3 or AlCl3 as a cocatalyst.
Effect of MgCl2 in Vapor-Phase Hydrogen Transfer Reaction between Acrolein and 2-Propanol over MgO Catalyst Systems
Authors: Nagase Yoshinori , Katou Tokumitsu
Published: December 2003

Vapor-phase hydrogen transfer reaction between acrolein and 2-propanol over MgO catalyst systems has investigated. We found that, particularly at early reaction time, both the high activity and remarkable increase of allyl alcohol selectivity were achieved by the addition of a small amount of MgCl2 on MgO catalyst.
Highly α-Selective Synthesis of Disaccharide Using Glycosyl Bromide by the Promotion of Phosphine Oxide
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Kobashi Yohei
Published: December 2003

A simple and practical method for the glycosylation of several acceptors with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-d-glucopyranosyl bromide was established by the promotion of phosphine oxide. The corresponding disaccharides were obtained in high yields with extremely high α-selectivities under almost neutral condition.
Photoinduced Reorientation of Polymethacrylate Film with 4-Methoxyazobenzene Side Groups Using Linearly Polarized He–Ne Laser and Annealing
Authors: Kawatsuki Nobuhiro , Uchida Emi , Ono Hiroshi
Published: December 2003

This letter describes thermally enhanced reorientation of azobenzene-containing polymer films by linearly polarized (LP) 633 nm He–Ne laser light. Axis-selective photoreaction of the Z-isomers and subsequent annealing generated parallel reorientation with a reorientational order larger than +0.8 although the film was almost off-resonant at 633 nm.
Biphasic Hydroformylation of 1-Hexene with Carbon Dioxide Catalyzed by Ruthenium Complex in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Tominaga Ken-ichi , Sasaki Yoshiyuki
Published: December 2003

Hydroformylation of 1-hexene using carbon dioxide as carbonyl carbon source attained high yield and good chemoselectivity in heptanols when a ruthenium complex was used in biphasic ionic liquid–toluene system.
Effects of Molybdenum Doping on the Layered Li[Ni0.5+xMn0.5−2xMox]O2 Cathode Materials for Lithium Secondary Batteries
Authors: Park Sang Ho , Oh Sung Woo , Kang Sung Goon , Myung Seung-TaeK , Sun Yang-Kook
Published: December 2003

Molybdenum-doped layered Li[Ni0.5+xMn0.5−2xMox]O2 materials were synthesized by an ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. Single phase of Li[Ni0.5+xMn0.5−2xMox]O2 could be prepared in 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.05 region. Structural and electrochemical properties of the Li[Ni0.5+xMn0.5−2xMox]O2 were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, Rietveld refinements, and galvanostatic charge/discharge test. The discharge capacity increased linearly with the increase of molybdenum contents, x, and exhibited a high discharge capacity over 175 mAh/g between 2.8 and 4.4 V with a good capacity retention.
An Artificial Regulation System for DNA-transcription: Learning from Prokaryotic Organisms
Authors: Murata Masaharu , Yamasaki Tomo , Maeda Mizuo , Katayama Yoshiki
Published: December 2003

A small molecule was labeled as an antigen in DNA during PCR. In vitro transcription reaction using the DNA as a template was regulated by specific interaction between the antigen and its monoclonal antibody.
O2 Gas Sensor Using Supported Hydrophobic Room-temperature Ionic Liquid Membrane-coated electrode
Authors: Wang Rong , Hoyano Satoshi , Ohsaka Takeo
Published: December 2003

A solid-state amperometric O2 gas sensor was successfully fabricated by using supported 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIPF6) porous polyethylene membrane as a solid-state electrolyte. The present O2 gas sensor, which is capable of being operated at room temperature, shows a wide detection range and a high stability.
A Facile One-pot Benzylation of Sodium Enolates Using Trifluoromethansulfonic Anhydride and Diphenyl Sulfoxide
Authors: Takuwa Tomofumi , Onishi Jim Yoshitaka , Matsuo Jun-ichi , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: December 2003

A facile one-pot C-benzylation reaction proceeded smoothly and in good yields by treating various sodium enolates and benzyl alcohol with in situ generated alkoxy diphenyl sulfonium salt derived from trifluoromethansulfonic anhydride and diphenyl sulfoxide.
Telehealth in Western Australia: The challenge of evaluation
Authors: Dillon Eric , Loermans Jozef
Published: December 2003

summary

Between 1996 and 2003, a network of 85 telehealth videoconference sites was implemented in Western Australia (WA), together with 19 teleradiology facilities. Telehealth services have been growing steadily, and in 2002 there were over 30,000 teleradiology transmissions and 1250 clinical occasions of service via videoconference. The funding bodies, and in particular the WA Department of Health, need to know whether the aims of the project have been achieved. They must also decide whether investment should continue. A process of progressive evaluation has been implemented to identify progress to date, the benefits achieved and the potential for further development. However, it is difficult to evaluate a broad range of programmes in rural and remote locations for such an embryonic service. These difficulties are compounded by the lack of a strategy at national level to ensure consistency and compatibility not only of infrastructure, equipment and standards but also of data capture and evaluation methodologies for telehealth. This would allow comparisons across regions and states, which in turn would provide opportunities to learn from others and thus improve health-care nationally.
Dermatology education on the Web
Authors: Mccoll Ian
Published: December 2003

summary

Conventional dermatology teaching favours a didactic, factual approach, rather than a problem-solving approach. A Web-based education system that uses a problem-solving approach offers many advantages. Several international Websites now provide continuing education to specialist dermatologists. These are all ‘discretionary’ Websites, that is, they are visited by choice; ‘obligatory’ educational Websites are those tied to a university medical faculty or postgraduate college and which host either online tasks that must be completed or unique examinable material. An interactive education Website, named Dermconsult, has been established unofficially for fellows of the Australasian College of Dermatologists and registrars in training. However, a successful Website will require backing from certifying organizations. Continuing medical education will need to be compulsory for potential users if an educational Website is to be successful.
The use of online health techniques to assist with the delivery of specialist paediatric diabetes services in Queensland
Authors: Smith Anthony C , Batch Jennifer , Lang Eunice , Wootton Richard
Published: December 2003

summary

We have tested an alternative method of delivering health services to regional areas of Queensland. By integrating telepaediatrics into an existing outreach programme for children with diabetes and endocrine conditions, we were able to reduce travel for specialist hospital staff while maintaining (and sometimes increasing) the contact patients had with the specialist team. In the first 28 months, we facilitated 160 patient consultations and 10 education sessions via videoconference through the telepaediatric service. By the end of the study, site visits were taking place annually and routine videoconference clinics were scheduled quarterly for the review of new patients and follow-up. Telepaediatric services in endocrinology and diabetes were established at three levels: the coordination of routine specialist clinics via videoconference; ad hoc patient consultations for collaborative management during acute presentations and at times of urgent clinical need; and the delivery of education to staff and patients throughout the state. The net result was improved access to specialist services from rural and remote areas of Queensland.
A national survey of telehealth activity in Australian hospitals
Authors: Wootton Richard , Blignault Ilse , Cignoli Joanne
Published: December 2003

summary

We conducted a nationalsurvey of Australian hospitals to assess their use of telehealth. Information was sought from the 814 hospitals with 10 or more beds, excluding the small number that provided only day surgery and seven for which we could not identify a contact person. A total of 564 replies were received (a 69% response rate). Nationally, nearly half (49%) reported that they were engaged in some telehealth activity. However, there was a significant difference across jurisdictions. Hospitals in the public sector were significantly more likely to report the use of telehealth than those in the private sector (62% vs 14%). Hospital remoteness was measured according to the Accessibility/Remoteness Index of Australia (ARIA). The highest levels of use were reported by hospitals in ‘very remote’ and ‘remote’ areas (90% and 88%, respectively), with moderate levels of use in ‘moderately accessible’ and ‘accessible’ areas (67% and 52%, respectively) and the lowest level of use in ‘highly accessible’ areas (35%). This trend was significant.
Telehealth responses to bio-terrorism and emerging infections
Authors: Yellowlees Peter , Mackenzie John
Published: December 2003

summary

Emerging infectious diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), are of huge economic importance. They are difficult to predict. The World Health Organization has a Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network, which was involved at an early stage in the SARS outbreak in 2003. Three major lessons were learned as a result of the SARS epidemic in 2003, involving communication, evidence-based action and global partnerships. It is proposed that a series of broadband global response networks should be developed. At a technical level the networks are essentially in place, such as the Internet2 global network. Suitable peripheral devices also exist. What has not yet been created is the appropriate software to allow the use of these networks, although a number of commercial products are in the process of development.
Attitudes and evaluative practices: Category vs. item and subjective vs. objective constructions in everyday food assessments
Authors: Wiggins Sally , Potter Jonathan
Published: December 2003

In social psychology, evaluative expressions have traditionally been understood in terms of their relationship to, and as the expression of, underlying ‘attitudes’. In contrast, discursive approaches have started to study evaluative expressions as part of varied social practices, considering what such expressions are doing rather than their relationship to attitudinal objects or other putative mental entities. In this study the latter approach will be used to examine the construction of food and drink evaluations in conversation. The data are taken from a corpus of family mealtimes recorded over a period of months. The aim of this study is to highlight two distinctions that are typically obscured in traditional attitude work (‘subjective’ vs. ‘objective’ expressions, category vs. item evaluations). A set of extracts is examined to document the presence of these distinctions in talk that evaluates food and the way they are used and rhetorically developed to perform particular activities (accepting/refusing food, complimenting the food provider, persuading someone to eat). The analysis suggests that researchers (a) should be aware of the potential significance of these distinctions; (b) should be cautious when treating evaluative terms as broadly equivalent and (c) should be cautious when blurring categories and instances. This analysis raises the broader question of how far evaluative practices may be specific to particular domains, and what this specificity might consist in. It is concluded that research in this area could benefit from starting to focus on the role of evaluations in practices and charting their association with specific topics and objects.
I feel for us: The impact of categorization and identification on emotions and action tendencies
Authors: Yzerbyt Vincent , Dumont Muriel , Wigboldus Daniel , Gordijn Ernestine
Published: December 2003

Building upon the social emotion model (Smith, 1999), we examined the combined impact of categorization context and social identification on emotional reactions and behavioural tendencies of people confronted with the victims of harmful behaviour. Depending on conditions, participants were led to categorize the victims and themselves in the same common group or in two distinct subgroups of the larger common group. We also measured participants' level of identification with the group that was made contextually salient. As predicted, emotional reactions of anger and their associated offensive action tendencies were more prevalent when participants were induced to see the victims and themselves as part of the same group and when they were highly identified with this common group. In line with appraisal theories of emotion, we also found that the emotional reaction fully mediated the impact of categorization context and identification on action tendencies. We discuss the data with respect to their implications for the role of emotion in improving intergroup relations.
Proximity and Nervous Shock
Authors: Wheat Kay
Published: December 2003

This article examines the detail of the proximity requirements in ‘nervous shock’ cases and argues that, even though it may be desirable that Parliament legislates to remedy the current anomalous situation in relation to secondary victims, it can be remedied by a proper application of the common law. The origin of the present requirements is identified in the case of Hambrook v Stokes [1925] 1 KB 141 which, almost incidentally, raised the secondary victim requirement of spatio/temporal proximity. This, it is argued, arose because the judgments concentrated on the position of a road user. The article goes on to suggest that there is nothing in the law of negligence which requires that the secondary victim have a close tie of love and affection with the primary victim and that there be spatio/temporal closeness to the injurious event. This restrictive approach is contrasted with a more flexible approach in the pure economic loss case of White v Jones [1995] 1 All ER 691. Finally, the article considers different approaches to proximity in nervous shock cases.
Stranger Than Fiction? The Jennens Inheritance in Fact and Fiction Part Two: The Business of Fortune Hunting
Authors: Polden Patrick
Published: December 2003

The first part of this article ((2003) 32(3) CLWR 211) outlined the early history of the Jennens family and the origins of the fortune of William Jennens, whose death in 1798 led to the litigation which is often described as the model for the case of Jarndyce v Jarndyce in Charles Dickens's novel, Bleak House. In addition to the series of law suits described in Part One, the second part shows that many other men and women from the British Isles and abroad (especially from the USA) made claims to be entitled to some or all of ‘William the Rich's' fortune. The article seeks to explain why this particular inheritance should have generated such exceptional interest and situates the claims in the context of both real and fictional fortune hunting in Victorian England, a species of litigation scarcely examined by historians. It concludes by examining how far the Jennens saga supports Dickens's attack on the workings of the legal system.
When is a Colony Not a Colony? England and the Isle of Man
Authors: Pearce Augur
Published: December 2003

Manx emancipation from English tutelage still falls short of independence. Island courts' and constitutionalists' efforts to reconcile the continuing role of Crown and Parliament with insular aspirations are typified by dicta of the Staff of Government Division in Crookall v Isle of Man Harbour Board and Re CB Radio Distributors.

These cases suggest the Queen legislates for the Island as Lord of Man, successor to its former rulers; whether with Parliament or with Tynwald is secondary, so an Act of either body can repeal inconsistent Acts of the other. This article contests the claim of continuity between former rulers and the Kings of England, also the assumption that there can be no hierarchy between different legislative acts of the one ruler.

This article argues that the law considers Man conquered by English arms in 1399, a continuity breach which gave King and Parliament unfettered law-making power as explained in Calvin's Case and Campbell v Hall. Centuries of government by royal tenants-in-chief do not affect the position after the surrender of their estate. Royal continuance of the former Lords' concessions to Tynwald, and Man's exclusion from the Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865, are both explicable on policy rather than constitutional grounds.
Guilty until Proved Innocent? The Diminished Status of Suspects at the Point of Remand and as Unconvicted Prisoners
Authors: Jones Stephen
Published: December 2003

One of the basic principles of English criminal law is that a person suspected of committing a crime is presumed innocent until proved guilty in a court of law. Nowadays, this notion is also enshrined in international law. Arguments about further restrictions to the right of bail following a moral panic concerning so-called ‘bail bandits' have usually overlooked the fact that the detention of people charged with crimes following the refusal of bail is arguably in breach of this presumption, especially where the refusal was based on the likelihood of (further) offending while on bail. Even if such detention is considered permissible, it might reasonably be expected that special provision would be made for the incarceration of the unconvicted. However, once imprisoned, the suspect is increasingly treated as a convicted offender, and in many respects suffers even worse conditions. In the face of official rhetoric which claims that the solution lies either in the hands of the courts (in granting bail more frequently) or in the availability of greater resources (for example, to establish more bail hostels or build more prisons), this paper argues that the same view of ‘no smoke without fire’ which underlies the increasing legal restrictions placed on the right to bail also explains the indifference to the lot of the unconvicted prisoner.
Policing the Railways and Related Legal Issues
Authors: Reid Kiron
Published: December 2003

This article takes the form of a critique of the government implementation of the new statutory accountability of British Transport Police (BTP). It starts with a brief review of why the role of BTP is important to the public and how the force interacts with other forces (including wider concerns about rail safety and responsibility of rail companies to the law through development of the law of corporate manslaughter). The article also considers whether current developments over policing the railways are influenced by the increasing national coordination of policing and whether national or local coordination or control of police should be increased and what legal issues arise. This is particularly debated with regard to controversy over police numbers, and touching on other non-Home Office forces such as Ports Police, as well as the role of Special Branch. An evaluation of the changes on powers and jurisdiction for the BTP in the recent anti-terrorist legislation is also included, in comparison with the extended powers and jurisdiction for UK Atomic Energy Authority and Ministry of Defence police. As with the author's previous work many localised examples are given to give a real picture to the legal issues raised.
The Ethnic Dimension in Jury Selection: UK and USA Approaches
Authors: Robertshaw Paul
Published: December 2003

This article commences with a discussion of recent research on perceptions of treatment of ethnic minority defendants in England, including jury trial. In this context a recent Court of Appeal decision affirms its previous decision that judges may not interfere in jury selection to ensure a fair ethnic or other balance in a jury; European Convention jurisprudence was not relevant to the particular issue before the court. At the same time the US Supreme Court made a rare visit to the problem of ethnic balance in jury selection. The majority held that the prosecution measures during the voir dire did discriminate against the defendant. The dissident justice's opinion is also analysed. The article then uses tests for statistical significance on the measures in issue considered by both majority and dissident. It is suggested that such tests would be helpful to courts generally in such cases. In conclusion a ‘guaranteee’ for fair ethnic representation in British juries is proposed.
Police Force! An Examination of the Use of Force, Firearms and Less-Lethal Weapons by British Police
Authors: Rogers Michael David
Published: December 2003

Since the turn of the century the police use of firearms has become increasingly scrutinised by the press and public. To answer the increasing demands for better policing of firearms situations, the government and police forces of the UK have committed to the research of less-lethal weapons. This article strives to discuss how the police use of firearms may develop in the future with the introduction of less-lethal weapons. The discussion is based around three main themes: the development of the police use of firearms since the 1960s; the comparison of the main types of less-lethal weapons currently available; and a review of a Police Complaints Authority report into police shootings arguing that less-lethal weapons may have made a difference. It is concluded by proposing that a risk assessment procedure is created so that firearms officers can decide which weapon is best suited to each incident.
Cyberstalking: The Technology of Hate
Authors: Bocij Paul , McFarlane Leroy
Published: December 2003

This article discusses the emergence of cyberstalking as a means of victimising individuals and minority groups. However, rather than focusing on the activities of far-right groups, we discuss how technology can encourage individuals to harass others. The central argument made is that technology both enables and invites participation in criminal or antisocial behaviour from individuals who would not normally take part in such activities. One way in which this can be explained is by suggesting that some of the social and technological characteristics of the Internet act together in order to lower inhibitions and establish new norms. For instance, the anonymity offered by the Internet enables people to participate in activities such as encouraging violence against others with little fear of retaliation. In addition, by allowing a cyberstalker to harm another person at a distance, the victim is effectively depersonalised. In this way it can be argued that some of those who sympathise with the goals of far-right organisations may be reluctant to act in the offline world but more willing to act in the online world.
Ethnic and Racial Minorities and the Police: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Antonopoulos Georgios A
Published: December 2003

The purpose of this literature review, which is primarily based on British research (although an abundance of international data is provided), is to look at the available research on the issues relating to ethnic and racial minorities, and the police, and to provide an overview of what is really known about them. The review starts with the practice of ‘stop and search’ and continues with arrests, cautions, bail/pre-trial detention before moving on to the police response to the victimisation of minorities, the victimisation of minorities by the police, and the situation with minorities as employees in the police.
An International Marketing Manifesto
Authors: Czinkota Michael R. , Ronkainen Ilkka A.
Published: December 2003

In spite of important global inroads and successes scored by international marketing, the field stagnates in the eyes of academics, practitioners, and policymakers and is harshly attacked by activists. The people defending international marketing usually point to vague theoretical and long-term goals, whereas opponents serve up facile polemics, which acquire sympathies from the uninformed public. The authors postulate that the field of international marketing has already and can continue to make major contributions to the improvement of society. They offer seven theses in support of a lively debate for the sake of a renaissance of the field: (1) remember the roots and purpose of the field, (2) resist the temptations of overspecialization, (3) work with a new paradigm and new methods, (4) look to the world, (5) maintain the dialogue with all possible constituents, (6) work also with those who place or show, and (7) profess expertise.
Executive Insights: Marketing Strategy in Emerging Markets: The Case of China
Authors: Walters Peter G.P. , Samiee Saeed
Published: December 2003

The Chinese market's attractiveness to international marketers has recently received a significant boost as a result of the country's admission into the World Trade Organization. Membership in the World Trade Organization requires trade barriers to be reduced and new sectors of the economy to be opened to foreign firms according to a predesignated timetable, which in turn will make this most populous country a promising market for marketers. Despite these positive developments, acquiring reliable information and, in particular, the understanding of the market presents big challenges to the development of a viable Chinese marketing strategy. In this article, the authors explore barriers to information acquisition in China and focus on the need to understand crucial dimensions of the operating environment with respect to internal protectionism, relationship development, the diversity of the market, and competitive contexts.
Examining the Intricacies of Promotion Standardization: Factors Influencing Advertising Message and Packaging
Authors: Griffith David A. , Chandra Aruna , Ryans John K.
Published: December 2003

Standardization of promotional elements in an international context is an important issue faced by multinational managers and has been the subject of debate for several decades. However, to date, few empirical studies have examined the intricacies of this issue, and thus there is little guidance for academics or practitioners. This study empirically examines the influence of four factors—market similarity, process standardization, environmental similarity, and mode of entry—on two elements of promotion standardization: advertising message and packaging. The authors test the hypotheses with both quantitative and qualitative data from U.S. multinational corporations conducting business in the emerging market of India. Results indicate that the four antecedent factors have different effects on advertising message and packaging standardization. The authors present several academic and managerial implications.
Executive Insights: Use of the Internet in International Marketing: A Case Study of Small Computer Software Firms
Authors: Moen Øystein , Endresen Iver , Gavlen Morten
Published: December 2003

This study focuses on how small exporting firms use the Internet in their international marketing activities. The authors conducted six case studies of software firms. The software sector has several notable features: It is one of the world's fastest-growing industries, its products can be distributed electronically, and software companies are “Internet literate.” This study's findings suggest that most firms use the Internet to search for information about customers, distributors, and partners. The Internet does not replace personal sales; most firms reported a rather complex purchasing process and an extensive need for communication with customers before the purchase decision. The authors found standardized products to be most suited for Internet-based sales; however, standardization reduced firms’ competitive advantage and profit margins. Software firms’ most significant use of the Internet was for postsales service and support activities; these activities both generated revenue and improved customer relations. Partnership agreements with well-known firms, positive product reviews, and image building through the Internet were important to most firms in order to reduce the uncertainty that potential customers often experience when unknown suppliers offer unfamiliar products. The authors also discuss implications for managers in industrial sectors other than software.
Developing Global Segments and Forecasting Market Shares: A Simultaneous Approach Using Survey Data
Authors: Agarwal Manoj K.
Published: December 2003

Managers who introduce a new product into the global market must answer critical questions about market size, market responsiveness, and segmentation strategy. Current methods provide a piecemeal approach toward answering these questions. This article provides a new integrated method. The author uses survey-based discrete-choice methodology coupled with latent-class models to identify responsive global segments for a new global satellite-based paging service. The findings reveal seven distinct segments in terms of price responsiveness, size, and market potential. The author shows how these data can be used to develop target segments and marketing strategies. The study adds to the growing literature on international segmentation and pricing.
Determinants of Korean and Japanese New Product Performance: An Interrelational and Process View
Authors: Im Subin , Nakata Cheryl , Park Heungsoo , Ha Young-Won
Published: December 2003

Firms in South Korea and Japan are designing and introducing new products to global markets, contributing to their strong export-led economic growth. To better understand how Korean and Japanese firms are succeeding, the authors conducted a study on new product development. They surveyed product developers in both countries about how strategic, organizational, and process factors influence new product performance (NPP). The authors learned that the determinants of NPP are interrelated and that the new product development process itself is central, namely the stages of initiation and implementation. These two stages directly determine NPP, though initiation appears to be more important. The stages are strengthened by factors such as customer orientation, cross-functional integration, and new product team proficiency; however, the effects are not uniform. Although the model and hypotheses are largely supported, indicating that, in general, they describe South Korean and Japanese new product development, the authors found a few differences between the countries.
Managing Images in Different Cultures: A Cross-National Study of Color Meanings and Preferences
Authors: Madden Thomas J. , Hewett Kelly , Roth Martin S.
Published: December 2003

Color is an integral part of products, services, packaging, logos, and other collateral and can be an effective means of creating and sustaining brand and corporate images in customers’ minds. Through an eight-country study, the authors explore consumers’ preferences for different colors and color combinations. The results show cross-cultural patterns of both similarity and dissimilarity in color preferences and color meaning associations. When subjects are asked to match colors for a product logo, some color combinations suggest a consistency in meaning, whereas other combinations suggest colors whose meanings are complementary. The authors discuss implications for managing color to create and sustain brand and corporate images across international markets.
Strategic Export Pricing: A Long and Winding Road
Authors: Stöttinger Barbara
Published: December 2003

“Pricing is the moment of truth.” This phrase is especially valid for international pricing. As most markets reach saturation, communication technologies such as the Internet lead to more transparency, retail price maintenance disappears, and product life cycles become shorter, firms will find it increasingly difficult to establish and maintain price differences across markets. Given their power, pricing issues have attracted little research interest compared with other marketing tools. The author aims to shed more light on the process of industrial exporters’ international pricing practices. On the basis of a series of 45 qualitative interviews with seasoned international business executives from five different industries, the author describes common “best practices.” Along with insights gained from the available literature, these linkages are tied to a conceptual framework. As the information comes from experienced, internationally active firms from a European Union country, findings are indicative for other European Union countries.
Executive Insights: Growing Consumer Power in China: Some Lessons for Managers
Authors: Ho Suk-ching
Published: December 2003

The economic reform in China has led to the emergence of a consumer society. Concomitant with the development of the consumer society comes a growing power of the consumers in the marketplace. This is occurring in the form of consumers’ rising awareness of their rights and increasing readiness to take the companies to court to protect their rights. The author describes seven litigation cases pertaining to consumer issues that involve multinational corporations operating in China. The author identifies some general characteristics that cut across the cases, along with suggestions and managerial implications.
Executive Insights: Emerging Market Segments in a Transitional Economy: A Study of Urban Consumers in China
Authors: Cui Geng , Liu Qiming
Published: December 2003

How to integrate the emerging consumer segments in transitional economies into multinational corporations’ global marketing strategies presents a significant challenge. An analysis of China's urban consumers based on a 1997 national survey reveals several market segments that are distinctive in their demographics, psychographics, lifestyles, media usage, and consumption patterns. The findings suggest that multinational corporations need to adapt to the local market conditions in China and other transitional economies.
Motivational Influences on “Buy Domestic” Purchasing: Marketing Management Implications from a Study of Two Nations
Authors: Granzin Kent L. , Painter John J.
Published: December 2003

“Buy domestic” promotions in various countries often urge citizens to help domestic workers whose jobs are threatened by imports. To explain why purchasers might engage in buy domestic purchase activities, the authors develop and test a model that features six explanatory constructs drawn from previous behavioral research about why people help distressed victims. The authors use multiple-group structural equation analysis of survey data from Portugal and the United States to test the model. The results strongly support the model and are quite consistent for both nations. In both nations, supportive purchase-related behavior increases as purchasers feel competent to help; believe that the threat from imports is salient; perceive social influences that support helping; hold values that derogate foreigners but support domestic citizens; and, for the United States only, perceive lower personal costs of helping. These findings suggest implications for buy domestic promotions.
The Value of Pricing Control in Export Channels: A Governance Perspective
Authors: Myers Matthew B. , Harvey Michael
Published: December 2003

In this article, the authors expand traditional channel control models to investigate the value of absorbing pricing decisions within an exporter's decision-making domain. From a governance perspective, pricing control is considered a structured continuum driven by factors both internal and external to the firm. More specifically, the authors investigate the organizational and environmental influences driving pricing control decisions and the impact of pricing control on both the economic and strategic performance of the firm. Using linear and moderated regression analysis, the authors find that both the strategic perspectives and the organizational characteristics of exporters significantly influence pricing control, yet in ways counterintuitive to traditional thinking. Similarly, the performance implications add new insight to the value of pricing control in dynamic overseas environments. The authors discuss managerial and research implications.
Executive Insights: The Global Network Communications Agency
Authors: Tharp Marye , Jeong Jaeseok
Published: December 2003

Cross-ownership of brand-name agencies, spin-offs of functional areas, and incorporation of nontraditional marketing communications services are the structural foundations of the global network communications agency. Global capabilities are the new criteria for managing agency–client partnerships. In response, agencies differentiate themselves, increase input, and assure clients of uniform decision-making processes across their network by using “branded” decision tools and agency–client intranets. The core competencies expected from the global network communications agency include brand-planning skills, understanding of relevant consumers, decision aids that facilitate decision processes, information systems that maximize experiences and communications, and an ability to bridge cultures. These changes highlight the need to improve human resources management and the competitive appeal of service portfolios, as well as institutionalized knowledge sharing within networks.
Adaptation of International Marketing Strategy Components, Competitive Advantage, and Firm Performance: A Study of Hong Kong Exporters
Authors: Albaum Gerald , Tse David K.
Published: December 2003

The authors examine how firms adapt different components of their marketing strategies in foreign markets compared with their domestic market and how such adaptation decisions influence the firms' competitive positions and performance in foreign markets. The authors conceptualize that adaptation of a marketing-mix component is a purposeful process that is influenced by a firm's past adaptation strategy, and they investigate the importance of that marketing-mix component to the firm's success. The authors propose that the adaptation process helps define a firm's competitive advantage, which in turn affects its performance in the foreign market. The authors develop hypotheses and propositions and test them with a sample of 183 export firms in Hong Kong.
Erweiterte Dokumentgrammatiken als Grundlage innovativer XML-Tools (Extended Document Grammars as a Basis for Innovative XML Tools)
Authors: Lobin Henning
Published: December 2003

Wohlgeformte XML-Dokumente lassen sich als Bäume interpretieren und diese wiederum durch Grammatiken beschreiben. Dokumentgrammatiken weisen einige Besonderheiten auf, die sie von Grammatiken für natürliche Sprachen oder Programmiersprachen unterscheidet. Dieser Beitrag erläutert die Verarbeitungsmöglichkeiten, die aus der Nutzung von formalen Dokumentgrammatiken erwachsen.
Production of 55Co via the 54Fe(d,n)-process and excitation functions of 54Fe(d,t)53Fe and 54Fe(d,α)52mMn reactions from threshold up to 13.8 MeV
Authors: Zaman M. R. , Spellerberg S. , Qaim S.M.
Published: December 2003

For production of the medically interesting β
+-emitter 55Co (T
1/2=17.6 h) via the 54Fe(d,n)-reaction, 91.6% enriched 54Fe2O3, mixed with Al powder, was pressed to a pellet which could be irradiated with 14 MeV deuterons at 4µA in a water-cooled target system. A separation method was developed which led to >99.9% pure 55Co and allowed a recovery of the enriched target material. For a target thickness of E
d=12.6 → 5 MeV, the experimental thick target yield of 55Co after chemical separation amounted to about 13 MBq/µA·h, which is about 60% of the theoretical value. In a 3 h irradiation at 4µA, the batch yield of 55Co achieved was 160 MBq (4.3 mCi). An 8 h irradiation could lead to a batch yield of about 400 MBq. The 54Fe(d,n) reaction leads to the highest purity 55Co but it is essential that the isotopic enrichment of the target is not less than 90%. In addition to the production work, cross sections were measured for the 54Fe(d,t) 53Fe and 54Fe(d,α)52mMn reactions using the standard stacked-foil technique and high-resolution γ-ray spectrometry. The cross section ratio for the isomeric pair 52m,gMn is discussed in terms of the spins of the two states involved and the increasing projectile energy.
Some rules to improve the energy resolution in alpha liquid scintillation with beta rejection
Authors: Aupiais J. , Aubert C. , Dacheux N.
Published: December 2003

Two common scintillating mixtures dedicated to alpha measurements by means of alpha liquid scintillation with pulse shape discrimination were tested: the di-isopropylnaphthalene — based and the toluene-based solvents containing the commercial cocktails Ultima Gold AB® and Alphaex®. We show the possibility to enhance the resolution up to 200% by using no-water miscible cocktails and by reducing the optical path. Under these conditions, the resolution of about 200 keV can be obtained either by the Tri CarbTM or by the PeralsTM spectrometers. The time responses, e.g., the time required for a complete energy transfer between the initial interaction alpha particle-solvent and the final fluorescence of the organic scintillator, have been compared. Both cocktails present similar behavior. According to the Förster theory, about 6-10 ns are required to complete the energy transfer. For both apparatus, the detection limits were determined for α emitters. The sensitivity of the Tri Carb was improved by 300% but remains 40% lower than that of Perals, due to a higher α/β discrimination and the use of vials with lower optical path.
Confidence intervals for experiments with background and small numbers of events
Authors: Brüchle W.
Published: December 2003

Methods to find a confidence interval for Poisson distributed variables are illuminated, especially for the case of poor statistics. The application of ‘central’ and ‘highest probability density’ confidence intervals is compared for the case of low count-rates. A method to determine realistic estimates of the confidence intervals for Poisson distributed variables affected with background, and their ratios, is given.
Enhanced extraction and separation of trivalent lanthanoids with 3-phenyl-4-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-5-isoxazolone and dicyclohexano-18-crown-6
Authors: Pavithran Rani , Reddy M.L.P.
Published: December 2003

The synergistic extraction of trivalent lanthanoids Nd, Eu and Tm with mixtures of 3-phenyl-4-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-5-isoxazolone (HFBPI) and dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (DC18C6) in 1,2-dichloroethane from nitrate solutions has been investigated. The results demonstrated that these trivalent lanthanoids were extracted into 1,2-dichloroethane as Ln(FBPI)3with HFBPI alone and as Ln(FBPI)3· DC18C6 in the presence of crown ether. The equilibrium constants of the above extracted complexes have been deduced by non-linear regression analysis. The equilibrium constants of the synergistic species were found to increase monotonically with decrease in ionic radii of these metal ions. The addition of a crown ether to the metal chelate system not only enhanced the extraction efficiency significantly but also improved the selectivites among these trivalent lanthanoids. Solid complexes of these metal ions with HFBPI and with mixtures of HFBPI and crown ether have also been isolated and characterised by IR and1H NMR spectroscopic techniques.
Chemistry of rhenium as an analogue of technetium: Experimental studies of the dissolution of rhenium oxides in aqueous solutions
Authors: Kim E. , Boulègue J.
Published: December 2003

The migration of fissiogenic Tc into the environment can be predicted by studying the dissolution behavior of Re, a chemical analogue of Tc, avoiding the use of a radioactive element at high concentration. We developed a series of experimental studies of the solubility of Re oxides under various oxidation states (+VII, +IV, and +III), in oxidizing and anoxic media, so as to verify the validity of the available thermodynamic data concerning Re. The experimental results confirm that the predictable solubility of Re, under the conditions found in radioactive wastes storage, is very high when in the form of {ReO4-}, an analogue of {TcO4-}. The Re(III) oxide, Re2O3, is not stable in aqueous solutions and therefore the existence of Re(III) in surface conditions is not much likely. The Re(IV) oxide, ReO2, is weakly soluble. Its solubility is in the range 4×10-7-10-6mol L-1, which suggests that Re(IV) can be found in noticeable concentrations in aqueous solutions even in anoxic media; similar result is expected for Tc.