bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ratchet universality in the directed motion of spheres by unbiased driving forces in viscous fluids
Authors: Martínez Pedro J. , Chacón Ricardo
Published: May 2023

Directed motion of a sphere immersed in a viscous fluid and subjected solely to a nonlinear drag force and zero-average biharmonic forces is studied in the absence of any periodic substrate potential. We consider the case of two mutually perpendicular sinusoidal forces of periods T and T/2, respectively, which cannot yield any ratchet effect when acting separately, while inducing directed motion by acting simultaneously. Remarkably and unexpectedly, the dependence on the relative amplitude of the two sinusoidal forces of the average terminal velocity is theoretically explained from the theory of ratchet universality, while extensive numerical simulations confirmed its predictions in the adiabatic limit. Additionally, the dependence on the dimensionless driving frequency of the dimensionless average terminal velocity far from the adiabatic limit is qualitatively explained with the aid of the vibrational mechanics approach.
Rethinking the time spent at school: Could flexibility improve engagement and performance for students and teachers?
Authors: Watterston Jim , Zhao Yong
Published: May 2023

Is it possible to reduce the time students spend in classrooms and schools? Would such a reduction be better for learning and retaining teachers? How should learning be more flexibly enacted in the post-pandemic era? This article discusses the possibilities of rethinking school participation and calls for schools to reconsider the necessity and costs/benefits of forcing students and teachers to be physically present in schools for the traditional 5 days a week.
Learning in emergencies contexts: From the building of the concept to multifaced actions in the field
Authors: Akkari Abdeljalil , Radhouane Myriam
Published: May 2023

The article is structured into five parts. The first part explains the concept of education in emergencies (EiE) and highlights the challenge of applying it in countries with a fragile education system, particularly in Africa. The second part emphasizes the humanitarian foundation of EiE and recognizes the efforts of international organizations and United Nations agencies in promoting and developing the sector. The third part discusses the quality aspects of EiE, while the fourth part explores curricular choices and potential innovations. Collaboration between national authorities and international organizations is essential for progress in the field, and the choice of language of instruction can be a contentious issue. Finally, the fifth part briefly summarizes the various contributions to the special issue and draws some concluding remarks.
Positional Goods and Social Equality: Examining the Convergence Thesis
Authors: Cass Devon
Published: May 2023

Several philosophers argue for the ‘convergence thesis’ for positional goods: prioritarians, sufficientarians, and egalitarians may converge on favouring an equal (or not too unequal) distribution of goods that have positional aspects. I discuss some problems for this thesis when applied to two key goods for which it has been proposed: education and wealth. I show, however, that there is a variant of the thesis that avoids these problems. This version of the thesis is significant, I demonstrate, because it applies to a person’s status as a citizen, which I suggest is the central concern of social or ‘relational’ egalitarianism.
Are Cyberchondria and Intolerance of Uncertainty Related to Smartphone Addiction?
Authors: Vujić Aleksandar , Volarov Marija , Latas Milan , Demetrovics Zsolt , Kiraly Orsolya , Szabo Attila
Published: May 2023

Smartphones are a medium for performing online activities, and one such activity could be the compulsive online health information search — cyberchondria. This study aimed to test whether cyberchondria and intolerance of uncertainty (IU) positively predict smartphone addiction (SA), adjusted for age, gender, daily use duration, the reason for using smartphones, and symptoms of anxiety and depression. The sample consisted of 471 adults (55.2% women) from the general population without chronic diseases (Mage = 38.67). Regression analysis showed that IU was a positive predictor of SA (β = .17, p < .001), as well as cyberchondria (β = .14, p < .001), which had a unique contribution to the explanation of SA, relative to IU. Other significant predictors were average daily smartphone use and entertainment use, the latter being the strongest predictor in the model. These results revealed cyberchondria as a unique predictor of SA.
Unsupervised out-of-distribution detection for safer robotically guided retinal microsurgery
Authors: Jungo Alain , Doorenbos Lars , Da Col Tommaso , Beelen Maarten , Zinkernagel Martin , Márquez-Neila Pablo , Sznitman Raphael
Published: May 2023

Purpose

A fundamental problem in designing safe machine learning systems is identifying when samples presented to a deployed model differ from those observed at training time. Detecting so-called out-of-distribution (OoD) samples is crucial in safety-critical applications such as robotically guided retinal microsurgery, where distances between the instrument and the retina are derived from sequences of 1D images that are acquired by an instrument-integrated optical coherence tomography (iiOCT) probe.

Methods

This work investigates the feasibility of using an OoD detector to identify when images from the iiOCT probe are inappropriate for subsequent machine learning-based distance estimation. We show how a simple OoD detector based on the Mahalanobis distance can successfully reject corrupted samples coming from real-world ex vivo porcine eyes.

Results

Our results demonstrate that the proposed approach can successfully detect OoD samples and help maintain the performance of the downstream task within reasonable levels. MahaAD outperformed a supervised approach trained on the same kind of corruptions and achieved the best performance in detecting OoD cases from a collection of iiOCT samples with real-world corruptions.

Conclusion

The results indicate that detecting corrupted iiOCT data through OoD detection is feasible and does not need prior knowledge of possible corruptions. Consequently, MahaAD could aid in ensuring patient safety during robotically guided microsurgery by preventing deployed prediction models from estimating distances that put the patient at risk.
Comparison of structure and solar-selective absorbance properties of Al2O3 thin films with Al and Ni reflector interlayers
Authors: Abdelfatah Aliaa , Mohamed Lamiaa Z. , Elmahallawi Iman , Abd El-Fattah Hanan
Published: May 2023

This work aims at evaluating the selective solar absorbance (SSA) of Al2O3 thin films deposited by physical vapor deposition (PVD) with two different metallic reflector interlayers. Al2O3 thin films are deposited on the same substrate stainless steel (SS) 304L, with two different interlayers between the thin film and the substrate, namely, nickel (Ni) and aluminum (Al) are used as the reflector interlayer SS304L/Al/Al2O3 and SS304L/Ni/Al2O3. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was utilized to characterize the chemical composition by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and surface morphology of the deposited thin films. The phases of the thin films were analyzed and identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to detect the present phases. The surface topography and the thickness of the deposited thin films were investigated using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The optical properties of the substrate and the deposited thin films (absorbance & emittance) in two conditions were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and spectrophotometer. The obtained results demonstrate that both SS304L/Al/Al2O3 and SS304L/Ni/Al2O3 show good performance, such as high solar absorbance and low thermal emittance. However, the Al/Al2O3 thin film provides high selectivity (absorbance/emittance (α/ε)) of 0.916/0.05, compared to 0.913/0.15 for the Ni/Al2O3 coating. The effect of different properties and microstructure on the efficiency of deposited thin films showed that the SS304L/Al/Al2O3 has higher absorbance (92%) in visible and ultraviolet (UV) regions; and lower emittance (5%) than the SS304L/Ni/Al2O3. This work shows that the intermediate IR layer has a more pronounced effect on the emittance properties rather than the absorbance properties of the Al/Al2O3 layer.
Theory-based physical activity and/or nutrition behavior change interventions for cancer survivors: a systematic review
Authors: Rodrigues Bruno , Carraça Eliana V. , Francisco Beatriz B. , Nobre Inês , Cortez-Pinto Helena , Santos Inês
Published: May 2023

Purpose

Theory-based interventions aimed at promoting health behavior change in cancer survivors seem to be effective but remain scarce. More information on intervention features is also needed. This review aimed to synthesize the evidence from randomized controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of theory-based interventions (and its features) on physical activity (PA) and/or diet behaviors in cancer survivors.

Methods

A systematic search in three databases (PubMed, PsycInfo, and Web of Science) identified studies that (i) targeted adult cancer survivors and (ii) included theory-based randomized controlled trials designed to influence PA, diet, or weight management. A qualitative synthesis of interventions’ effectiveness, extensiveness of theory use, and applied intervention techniques was conducted.

Results

Twenty-six studies were included. Socio-Cognitive Theory was the most used theory, showing promising results in PA-only trials and mixed findings in multiple-behavior interventions. Mixed findings were observed for interventions based on the Theory of Planned Behavior and Transtheoretical Model. Limited findings were found in diet-only interventions. A large variability in the extensiveness of theory use, and in intervention techniques was found. Further research is required to understand how and why these interventions offer promise for improving behavior.

Conclusions

Theory-based interventions seem to improve PA and diet behaviors in cancer survivors. Further studies, including thorough intervention descriptions, are needed to confirm these findings and identify the optimal features and content of lifestyle theory-based interventions for cancer survivors.

Implications for Cancer Survivors

This systematic review can contribute to the development of more effective interventions to promote long-term adherence to healthy lifestyle behaviors.
Bone marrow embolism: should it result from traumatic bone lesions? A histopathological human autopsy study
Authors: Farid Maha , Zohny Esraa , Ismail Alaa , Ateya Mariem , Abdel-Razek Ahmed , Hamed Nermien , Elmarakby Alaa , Hassanin Arwa , Ismail Ahmed , Mansour Omar , Roshdy Hossam , Ahmed Yehia , Ismail Mariam , Amin Hebat Allah A.
Published: May 2023

Bone marrow embolism (BME) is likely a consequence of fractures in which pulmonary vessels are the most affected. However, some cases of BME were reported in the absence of trauma. Thus, a traumatic injury might not be necessary for developing BME. This study discusses BME cases in patients without signs of fractures or blunt trauma. The discussion addresses various possible mechanisms for the appearance of BME. Options include cancer in which bone marrow metastasis is a suggestive cause. Another proposal is the chemical theory where bone marrow fats are released via lipoprotein lipase in a pro-inflammatory state, resulting in vascular/pulmonary obstruction. Other cases discussed in this study are hypovolemic shock and drug-abuse related BME. All autopsy cases with BME were included regardless of the cause of death for a period of 2 years. Autopsies involved complete dissection with the macroscopic evaluation of the affected organs, including the heart, lungs, and brain. Tissues were also prepared for microscopic examination. Of the 11 cases, eight showed non-traumatic BME (72%). These findings conflict with theories in the literature that BME most commonly occurs after fractures or trauma. One of the eight cases exhibited mucinous carcinoma; one is presented with hepatocellular carcinoma; and two cases showed severe congestion. Lastly, one case was found to be associated with each of the following conditions: liposuction, drug abuse, pulmonary hypertension, and heart failure. Each case suggests a different pathophysiology for developing BME, yet the exact mechanisms are not fully understood. Further study of non-traumatic associated BME is recommended.
GSKIP modulates cell aggregation through EMT/MET signaling rather than differentiation in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells
Authors: Tsai Cheng-Yu , Ko Huey-Jiun , Chiou Shean-Jaw , Lin Xin-Yi , Chuang Tsung-Hsien , Cheng Jiin-Tsuey , Su Yu-Feng , Loh Joon-Khim , Hong Yi-Ren
Published: May 2023

GSK3β interacting protein (GSKIP) is a small A-kinase anchor protein previously reported to mediate the N-cadherin/β-catenin pool for differentiation in SH-SY5Y cells through overexpression of GSKIP to present the neuron outgrowth phenotype. To further investigate how GSKIP functions in neurons, CRISPR/Cas9 technology was utilized to knock out GSKIP (GSKIP-KO) in SH-SY5Y. Several GSKIP-KO clones resulted in an aggregation phenotype and reduced cell growth without retinoic acid (RA) treatment. However, neuron outgrowth was still observed in GSKIP-KO clones treated with RA. The GSKIP-KO clones exhibited an aggregation phenotype through suppression of GSK3β/β-catenin pathways and cell cycle progression rather than cell differentiation. Gene set enrichment analysis indicated that GSKIP-KO was related to epithelial mesenchymal transition/mesenchymal epithelial transition (EMT/MET) and Wnt/β-catenin/cadherin signaling pathways, suppressing cell migration and tumorigenesis through the inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin mediated EMT/MET. Conversely, reintroduction of GSKIP into GSKIP-KO clones restored cell migration and tumorigenesis. Notably, phosphor-β-catenin (S675) and β-catenin (S552) but not phosphor-β-catenin (S33/S37/T41) translocated into the nucleus for further gene activation. Collectively, these results suggested that GSKIP may function as an oncogene to form an aggregation phenotype for cell survival in harsh environments through EMT/MET rather than differentiation in the GSKIP-KO of SH-SY5Y cells.

Graphical abstract
Eelgrass Meadow Edge Habitat Heterogeneity Enhances Fish Diversity on the Pacific Coast of Canada
Authors: Proudfoot Beatrice , Thompson Patrick L. , Bohlen Krista , Collyer Mike , Yakimishyn Jennifer , Robinson Clifford L. K.
Published: May 2023

Eelgrass (Zostera marina) meadows are important fish habitats in temperate coastal areas. Understanding the relationships between seascape patterns—the spatial and temporal variability of biological and physiochemical drivers—and fish diversity in eelgrass meadows is crucial to conserving and managing these important habitats. The main objective of this study was to determine the environmental variables that influence the diversity of fish in eelgrass meadows in British Columbia, and whether a rich mosaic of edge habitats is positively associated with species richness and diversity, owing to the increased niche dimensionality and foraging opportunities provided by heterogeneous adjacent habitats. Using a spatiotemporal multispecies model based on long-term eelgrass fish diversity monitoring program data (2004–2020), we found that seascape variables, particularly those derived from unmanned aerial vehicles (meadow area, edge habitat heterogeneity), explained the most variation in species occurrence and abundance. We also found a positive effect of edge habitat heterogeneity on species richness in small and medium-sized meadows, with higher species richness and diversity in small and medium-sized meadows with high edge habitat heterogeneity. The relationship between edge habitat heterogeneity and species richness and diversity in large meadows was less clear. We also found that species richness has declined through time while diversity has been variable through time, remaining relatively stable in one region and generally decreasing in the other region. This analysis provides key insights into how seascape variables influence the distribution of species and the diversity of fish assemblages in nearshore eelgrass habitats in British Columbia.
A biobjective model for resource provisioning in multi-cloud environments with capacity constraints
Authors: Brotcorne Luce , Ezpeleta Joaquín , Galé Carmen
Published: May 2023

Private and public clouds are good means for getting on-demand intensive computing resources. In such a context, selecting the most appropriate clouds and virtual machines (VMs) is a complex task. From the user’s point of view, the challenge consists in efficiently managing cloud resources while integrating prices and performance criteria. This paper focuses on the problem of selecting the appropriate clouds and VMs to run bags-of-tasks (BoT): big sets of identical and independent tasks. More precisely, we define new mathematical optimization models to deal with the time of use of each VMs and to jointly integrate the execution makespan and the cost into the objective function through a bi-objective problem. In order to provide trade-off solutions to the problem, we propose a lexicographic approach. In addition, we introduce, in two different ways, capacity constraints or bounds on the number of VMs available in the clouds. A global limit on the number of VMs or resource constraints at each time period can be defined. Computational experiments are performed on a synthetic dataset. Sensitivity analysis highlights the effect of the resource limits on the minimum makespan, the effect of the deadline in the total operation cost, the impact of considering instantaneous capacity constraints instead of a global limit and the trade-off between the cost and the execution makespan.
Integration, harmonization, and processing of geomatic data for bridge health assessment: the Lastra a Signa case study
Authors: Mugnai Francesco , Bonora Valentina , Tucci Grazia
Published: May 2023

A visual inspection, which entails field surveying, such as photodocumentation and footage, is the first step of a multi-level approach to bridge health assessment. Furthermore, the use of surface models, CAD drawings, and orthophotos, guarantees complete and accurate documentation, thus allowing for a better understanding of the environment, the anthropic structures, and their relationships. All the georeferenced surveys’ outputs are especially advisable within a prespective of periodical monitoring, as forseen by national legislation. The work is aimed to study two adjacent bridges over the Arno River in Lastra a Signa, Italy. One of the bridges, Ponte nuovo sull’Arno, is an overpass for motor vehicles. The other one, which is called Passarella sull’Arno, is a pedestrian viaduct. A topographic reference network has been settled using the GNSS survey technique. 3D point clouds of the bridges have been acquired by performing a Laser Scanning survey. A bathymetric survey has been carried out to acquire a 3D point cloud of submerged bridges’ parts and the riverbed. Through a Photogrammetric survey from RPAS, an orthophoto of the area has been built. Finally, evidence of historical submerged bridge structures has been identified thanks to the multi beam survey. The work’s objective is to integrate surveying geomatics techniques to create a reliable survey of the bridges, the surrounding area, and the riverbed, as support to the most common structural health assessment methods.
A new perspective on Tegelbarg: character and chronology of a Late Neolithic shell midden in the western Baltic
Authors: Kleijne J.P. , Huisman D.J.
Published: May 2023

The site of Tegelbarg can be described as a Late Neolithic stratified occupation deposit, including a shell midden, situated on the Baltic coast in Northern Europe. Spatially and temporally separated from its famous Danish counterparts, it presents an intriguing anomaly in a full-fledged agricultural society. We present a combined perspective on the chronology and the character of this occupation using archaeological soil micromorphology and the Bayesian modelling of radiocarbon dates. The earliest human presence predates the shell midden formation. A coffin grave, in which a crouched inhumation burial was placed, dates to the middle of the 3rdmillennium BC. The late 3rdmillennium BC occupants provided a flint dagger to this grave, up to two centuries later, as an act of remembrance. Subsequent settlement activities included the construction of hearths, the production of flint daggers, and the intensive use of coastal resources. The absence of fish bones can be explained by taphonomy, instead of prehistoric subsistence strategies. Landscape changes led to the site’s abandonment and the start of peat development.
Molecular evidence for new foodways in the early colonial Caribbean: organic residue analysis at Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico
Authors: Briggs Lisa , Cooper Jago , Craig Oliver E. , Heron Carl , Lucquin Alexandre , Milantchi María Mercedes Martínez , Samson Alice
Published: May 2023

Ceramic objects account for over 90% of the cultural material recovered from archaeological sites in the Caribbean. However, little research has been conducted on molecular evidence for past food production from these same vessels. Forty ceramic sherds from Isla de Mona have been analysed by GC–MS and GC-C-IRMS in order to address questions surrounding foodways in the Greater Antilles prior to and post European arrival. We evaluate evidence for dietary changes to illuminate aspects of cultural exchange between Indigenous populations and the first generations of Spanish colonists. Here, we show that plant residues are found in a variety of pottery forms, with some evidence for non-ruminant and ruminant fats. The dearth of marine biomarkers is curious given the volume of fish bones found in archaeological contexts on Isla de Mona and may offer evidence for spit-roasting, pit-roasting, or the use of a ‘barbacoa’ to cook fish on the island. The ubiquity of plant residues in a variety of pottery forms may relate to the large-scale cultivation and export of cassava (Manihot esculenta) from the island. A Spanish olive jar revealed evidence of wine residues, which may constitute the earliest detection of wine residues in pottery found in the Americas.
Review and Comparison of US, EU, and UK Regulations on Cyber Risk/Security of the Current Blockchain Technologies: Viewpoint from 2023
Authors: Radanliev Petar
Published: May 2023

The first cryptocurrency was invented in 2008/09, but the Blockchain-Web3 concept is still in its infancy, and the cyber risk is constantly changing. Cybersecurity should also be adapting to these changes to ensure security of personal data and continuation of operations. This article starts with a comparison of existing cybersecurity standards and regulations from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO)—ISO27001, followed by a discussion on more specific and recent standards and regulations, such as the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA), Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures and the International Organisation of Securities Commissions (CPMI-IOSCO), and more general cryptography (and post-quantum cryptography), in the context of cybersecurity. These topics are followed up by a review of recent technical reports on cyber risk/security and a discussion on cloud security questions. Comparison of Blockchain cyber risk is also performed on the recent EU standards on cyber security, including European Cybersecurity Certification Scheme (EUCS)—cloud, and US standards—The National Vulnerability Database (NVD) Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS). The study includes a review of Blockchain endpoint security, and new technologies e.g., IoT. The research methodology applied is a review and case study analysing secondary data on cybersecurity. The research significance is the integration of knowledge from the United States (US), the European Union (EU), the United Kingdom (UK), and international standards and frameworks on cybersecurity that can be alighted to new Blockchain projects. The results show that cybersecurity standards are not designed in close cooperation between the two major western blocks: US and EU. In addition, while the US is still leading in this area, the security standards for cryptocurrencies, internet-of-things, and blockchain technologies have not evolved as fast as the technologies have. The key finding from this study is that although the crypto-market has grown into a multi-trillion industry, the crypto-market has also lost over 70% since its peak, causing significant financial loss for individuals and cooperation’s. Despite this significant impact to individuals and society, cybersecurity standards and financial governance regulations are still in their infancy, specifically in the UK.
Attenuation of acid rock drainage by stimulating sulfur-reducing bacteria
Authors: Byl Thomas D. , Oniszczak Ronald , Fall Diarra , Byl Petra K. , Bradley Michael
Published: May 2023

Iron-sulfide minerals found in shale formations are stable under anaerobic conditions. However, in the presence of oxygen and water, acid-loving chemolithotrophic bacteria can transform the iron-sulfide minerals into a toxic solution of sulfuric acid and dissolved iron and minerals known as acid rock drainage (ARD). The objective of this study was to disrupt chemolithotrophic bacteria responsible for ARD using chemical treatments and to foster an environment favorable for competing microorganisms to attenuate the biologically induced ARD. Chemical treatments were injected into flow-through microcosms consisting of 501 g of pyrite-rich shale pieces inoculated with ARD bacteria. Three treatments were tested in the microcosms: (1) a sodium hydroxide-bleach mix, (2) a sodium lactate solution, and (3) a sodium lactate-soy infant formula mix. The effectiveness of the treatments was assessed by monitoring pH, dissolved iron, and other geochemical constituents in the discharge waters. The optimal treatment was a sequential injection of 1.5 g sodium hydroxide, followed by 0.75 g lactate and 1.5 g soy formula dissolved in 20 mL water. The pH of the discharge water rose to 6.0 within 10 days, dissolved iron concentrations dropped below 1 mg/L, the median alkalinity increased to 98 mg/L CaCO3, and sulfur-reducing and slime-producing bacteria populations were stimulated. The ARD attenuating benefits of this treatment were still evident after 231 days. Other treatments provided a number of ARD attenuating effects but were tempered by problems such as high phosphate concentrations, short longevity, or other shortcomings. The results of these laboratory microcosm experiments were promising for the attenuation of ARD. Additional investigations and careful selection of treatment methods will be needed for field application.
A Bibliometric Analysis of Mindfulness and Acceptance Research in Sports from 1969 to 2021
Authors: Birrer Daniel , Scalvedi Beatrice , Frings Nina
Published: May 2023

Objectives

This study aimed to comprehensively summarize the historical developments, most prolific literature, countries, institutions, and journals related to mindfulness and acceptance research in sports from 1969 to 2021 as well as to identify active research areas and emerging trends, and anticipate future directions using bibliometrics.

Method

Using “mindfulness *” OR “meditation *” AND “sport *” OR “athletic performance *” OR “athlete *” as search terms, we conducted a search of articles and review articles in the Web of Science core database, obtaining a descriptive summary of the relevant bibliometric data. Keyword co-occurrence networks were visualized using VOSviewer. CiteSpace was used to identify article citation bursts.

Results

A total of 186 publications fulfilling the inclusion criteria were identified. Of these, 64 also included the keyword acceptance. The first article on mindfulness and sports was published in 1977. The first article with the additional search term “acceptance *” was published in 2004. The first randomized controlled trial (RCT) followed in 2014. An almost exponential growth in the number of publications started in 2014. The most prolific nation was initially the USA, while China has experienced the largest growth in recent years. Co-occurrence keyword analysis revealed that sport mindfulness research is focused on performance, flow, and acceptance. Recent trends reveal growing interest in impact mechanisms, self-compassion, and well-being, and a shift from review articles to RCTs. A future avenue might include neuroscientific studies.

Conclusions

Mindfulness research in sports lags somewhat behind general mindfulness research. There is still a demand for high-quality RCTs.
Lead concentrations in commercial dogfood containing pheasant in the UK
Authors: Pain Deborah J. , Green Rhys E. , Bates Nicola , Guiu Maider , Taggart Mark A.
Published: May 2023

UK and EU regulators are evaluating the potential health benefits of restricting the use of lead ammunition. Little information is available on exposure of pets to ammunition-derived dietary lead from petfood containing meat from wild-shot game animals. We found dogfood including wild-shot pheasant meat to be widely available in the UK. 77% of samples from three raw pheasant dogfood products exceeded the EU maximum residue level (MRL) for lead in animal feed, with mean concentrations approximately 245, 135 and 49 times above the MRL. Concentrations > MRL were also found in a dried food containing pheasant, but not in a processed food, nor in chicken-based products. Lead concentrations in raw pheasant dogfood considerably exceeded those in pheasant meat sold for human consumption, possibly because the dogfood mincing process further fragmented lead particles from shot. Dogs frequently consuming such high-lead food risk adverse health effects; this should be considered within decision-making processes about regulation.
Making embodied carbon mainstream: a framework for cities to leverage waste, equity, and preservation policy to reduce embodied emissions in buildings
Authors: Teicher Hannah M.
Published: May 2023

With anticipation building around embodied carbon as a “new frontier” of climate policy, it may appear that cities need to develop a whole suite of dedicated institutions and mechanisms to support its implementation. However, to do so risks placing an undue burden on already overstretched local and regional governments. Instead, embodied carbon policy can build on existing priorities that already galvanize resources and attention and have benefited from decades of policy development. Making strong links to a larger urban agenda offers a way to forge buy-in from a wide range of stakeholders. Current visions for embodied carbon policy broadly fall into two categories: (1) material substitution strategies, or technical solutions that incrementally reduce emissions, and (2) demand reduction strategies, more transformative solutions that avoid emissions. Both of these areas have strong ties to existing urban strategies for waste, equity, and preservation. Foundations in waste policy include increasing waste diversion, expanding green demolition, and increasing material efficiencies. Foundations in equity-oriented policy include retrofitting affordable housing, workforce development for deconstruction, and building lower carbon, lower cost housing. Foundations in preservation policy include incentivizing building reuse, supporting the use of low carbon materials for retrofits, and encouraging vertical infill. Amplifying existing policy efforts can bring substantive embodied carbon reductions to the forefront, leapfrogging a long technical start-up phase for implementing stand-alone embodied carbon policy.
Mining and might: reflections on the history of metals and power
Authors: Humphreys David
Published: May 2023

Economic and military power have rested on the possession of metallic minerals for many centuries; far longer than has been the case with hydrocarbons. Since minerals are unevenly distributed around the world, there have been many instances in history where countries have sought to bolster or extend their power by the acquisition of minerals from others through trade or through territorial expansion (empire-building). This article explores the interplay of mining, metals and power, through case studies of Ancient Rome, Spain during its colonisation of South and Central America, Britain’s maritime empire, and the Soviet Union’s belated and rapid industrialisation during the twentieth century. These case studies serve to make the point that current concerns in the USA, Europe, Japan and China about the vulnerability of their economies and military capabilities to the disruption of mineral supplies from overseas are nothing new, although the range of minerals now used, the complexity of modern supply chains and prevailing geopolitical norms suggest that there may not be too much in the historical record to assist these countries and regions address their concerns.
Healthy orthorexia vs. orthorexia nervosa: Italian validation of the Teruel Orthorexia Scale (TOS)
Authors: Falgares Giorgio , Costanzo Giulia , Manna Giovanna , Marchetti Daniela , Barrada Juan Ramón , Roncero María , Verrocchio Maria Cristina , Ingoglia Sonia
Published: May 2023

Purpose

Orthorexia nervosa (OrNe) is a potentially pathological condition characterized by a fixation on healthy diet. An increasing number of studies have been conducted on this mental preoccupation, but the validity and reliability of some of the psychometric instruments employed in its assessment are still under debate. Among these measures, the Teruel Orthorexia Scale (TOS) seems to be promising, given that it allows to differentiate between OrNe and other non-problematic forms of interest with healthy eating, named as healthy orthorexia (HeOr). The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of an Italian version of the TOS, by testing its factorial structure, internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and validity.

Method

Through an online survey, we recruited 782 participants from different regions of Italy, asking them to complete the following self-report instruments: TOS, EHQ, EDI-3, OCI-R, and BSI-18. From the initial sample, 144 participants agreed to complete a second TOS administration 2 weeks later.

Results

Data confirmed the validity of the 2-correlated factors structure of the TOS. The questionnaire also showed good reliability, both in terms of internal consistency and temporal stability. With regard to the TOS validity, results showed that OrNe was significantly and positively associated with measures of psychopathology and psychological distress, while HeOr showed no correlations or negative associations with the above-mentioned measures.

Conclusion

Based on these results, the TOS can be considered a promising measure for the assessment of both pathological and non-problematic forms of orthorexic eating behavior also in Italian population.

Level of evidence

Level V, descriptive cross-sectional study.
The Overlooked Disorder: (Un)awareness of Developmental Coordination Disorder Across Clinical Professions
Authors: Meachon Emily J. , Melching Hannah , Alpers Georg W.
Published: May 2023

Objectives

Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a common condition with core difficulties in motor skills. Recent research has identified links between DCD symptoms and negative outcomes for mental and physical health. Despite this, DCD appears to still not be well known, even to many clinicians. To date, this has been documented among specific groups of clinicians (e.g., occupational therapists) in primarily English-speaking regions, but has not been compared across specific clinical professions or across countries. Therefore, we conducted a cross-national study to examine if clinicians in primarily English-speaking and German-speaking communities of various professions are sufficiently informed about characteristics of DCD in comparison with ADHD and other neurodevelopmental disorders.

Methods

N = 346 clinicians responded to questions in an online survey about general awareness and their experience in treating neurodevelopmental disorders, especially regarding specific characteristics of DCD and ADHD. Moreover, we asked them to classify a case vignette with DCD.

Results

Overall, 58% of participants had heard of DCD but only 42% had treated individuals with DCD. More specific knowledge about DCD and ADHD was low, varied by profession, and was generally reduced among clinicians working in primarily German-speaking communities. Participants often gave an incorrect diagnosis for the case vignette (35% correct responses) but still offered correct treatment recommendations (61% correct responses).

Conclusions

Awareness of the specific nature of DCD is still lacking for many clinicians. More training about DCD and other neurodevelopmental disorders should be disseminated in clinical training.
Kinetics and Adsorption Isotherm of Strontium on Sugarcane Biochar and Its Application in Polluted Soil
Authors: Salem Laila R.
Published: May 2023

Removal of inorganic soil pollutants (e.g. Sr2+) is considered necessary requirement to protect the environment and public health. So sugarcane bagasse biochar (SCBB) was examined as a biosorbent material for Sr2+. This was done through adsorption Stirred-batch technique including a kinetic experiment, at two concentrations (50 and 150 mg/l) and an adsorption isotherm experiment at five concentrations (20, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/l), by using SrCl2·6H2O. Moreover, an examination of the role of SCBB at three dosages (0.5, 1, 2%w/w) in reducing the bioavailability of strontium in polluted soil through pots experiment by using Raphanus sativus. Kinetic data revealed that equilibration time was 3 h and pseudo-second-order model was more represented in data at low and high concentrations where (R2 = 0.999 and R2 = 1), respectively. Thus, chemisorption governed the adsorption process for Sr2+removal by SCBB. Furthermore, Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 0.99) described the adsorption data better, which indicated that a monolayer type of adsorption plays a vital role in the removal of Sr2+ by SCBB. Pots experiment revealed that SCBB could significantly reduce Sr2+ uptake by Raphanus sativus. The percentages of decrease in the shoot were 5.82, 18.17, and 26.80% for SCBB dosage 0.5, 1 and 2% w/w, respectively. The percentages of decrease in root were 17.20, 36.89, and 53.34% for SCBB dosage 0.5, 1 and 2% w/w, respectively. Specific surface area and surface functional groups of sugarcane bagasse play a vital role in the retention of strontium. Hence, biochar played an important role in the removal of Sr2+ from aqueous solution and reduced its uptake by plants in soil.
Heat-assisted extraction of phenolic-rich bioactive antioxidants from Enantia chlorantha stem bark: multi-objective optimization, integrated process techno-economics and profitability risk assessment
Authors: Adeyi Oladayo , Adeyi Abiola J. , Oke Emmanuel O. , Okolo Bernard I. , Olalere Olusegun A. , Taiwo Abiola E. , Aremu Oluwole S. , Qwebani-Ogunleye Tozama , Maphosa Yvonne , Ogunsola Akinola D.
Published: May 2023

This present study investigates the heat-assisted extraction (HAE) of bioactive antioxidants from Enantia chlorantha stem bark (ECSB). The effects of process parameters of operating temperature (OT: 35–55 °C), extraction time (ET: 100–200 min) and solid: liquid ratio (S/L: 1:20–1:50 g/mL) are determined on the total polyphenol content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AA) and extract yield (EY) using the D-Optimal design. Multi-criteria optimization is also conducted to determine the HAE optimum conditions. The integrated process for E. chlorantha stem bark extracts (ECBEs) production is thereafter designed with the optimum HAE conditions and techno-economically analysed. Three industrial ECBEs production setups (5, 100 and 1000 L extractor capacities) are analysed for probable scale-up and the risk & sensitivity analyses are conducted via Monte Carlo simulation. The HAE parameters affect the extraction process significantly. The OT, ET and S/L that maximize the TPC, AA and EY simultaneously are: OT = 54.10 °C, ET = 120.16 min and S/L = 1:50 g/mL. The 1000 L plant extractor setup is the most economical capacity having the least unit production cost (UPC) of 763.52 US$/kg ECBEs. The certainty of achieving 763.52 US$/kg ECBEs for the 1000 L capacity is 55.43% and the only variable with negative contribution (− 37.9%) on ECBEs UPC is the extract recovery variable.
Surface hydrophobicity-hydrophilicity switching induced interface heat and water transfer enhancement for high-efficiency solar steam generation
Authors: Tan Yubo , Jin Hui , Mao Samuel S. , Shen Shaohua
Published: May 2023

Beyond photothermal conversion, the surface wettability of light-absorbing materials should be also determinative to the efficiency of solar-driven interfacial steam generation (SISG). Herein, by modifying hydrophobic Cu nanoparticles (NPs) with a hydrophilic carbon (C) shell, hydrophilic Cu@C core–shell NPs were successfully fabricated and used for constructing evaporation films for SISG. In comparison to the film constructed with Cu NPs, the evaporation films constructed with Cu@C core–shell NPs exhibit much increased SISG efficiency, reaching 94.6% as high. Except for the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect of Cu NPs ensuring the excellent photothermal conversion, it is experimentally and theoretically revealed that the surface wettability switching from hydrophobicity to hydrophilicity, as induced by C coating, is beneficial to heat transfer at the solid/liquid interface and water transport at the evaporative surface, thus improving the thermal-evaporation conversion performance for efficient SISG. However, the further thickened C shells would weaken the LSPR effect and hinder the interface heat and water transfer, leading to the decreased photothermal and thermal-evaporation conversion efficiencies, and thus the lowered SISG performances. This demonstration gives an alternative and promising access to the rational design of photothermal materials featured with switchable surface wettability ensuring interface heat and water transfer enhancement for efficient SISG.
An Efficient Fault Diagnosis Framework for Digital Twins Using Optimized Machine Learning Models in Smart Industrial Control Systems
Authors: Zayed Samar M. , Attiya Gamal , El-Sayed Ayman , Sayed Amged , Hemdan Ezz El-Din
Published: May 2023

In recent times, digital twins (DT) is becoming an emerging and key technology for smart industrial control systems and Industrial Internet of things (IIoT) applications. The DT presently supports a significant tool that can generate a huge dataset for fault prediction and diagnosis in a real-time scenario for critical industrial applications with the support of powerful artificial intelligence (AI). The physical assets of DT can produce system performance data that is close to reality, which delivers remarkable opportunities for machine fault diagnosis for effective measured fault conditions. Therefore, this study presents an intelligent and efficient AI-based fault diagnosis framework using new hybrid optimization and machine learning models for industrial DT systems, namely, the triplex pump model and transmission system. The proposed hybrid framework utilizes a combination of optimization techniques (OT) such as the flower pollination algorithm (FPA), particle swarm algorithm (PSO), Harris hawk optimization (HHO), Jaya algorithm (JA), gray wolf optimizer (GWO), and Salp swarm algorithm (SSA), and machine learning (ML) such as K-nearest neighbors (KNN), decision tree (CART), and random forest (RF). The proposed hybrid OT–ML framework is validated using two different simulated datasets which are generated from both the mechanized triplex pump and transmission system models, respectively. From the experimental results, the hybrid FPA–CART and FPA–RF models within the proposed framework give acceptable results in detecting the most relevant subset of features from the two employed datasets while maintaining fault detection accuracy rates exemplified by the original set of features with 96.8% and 85.7%, respectively. Therefore, the results achieve good and acceptable performance compared to the other existing models for fault diagnosis in real time based on critical IIoT fields.
The Landscape of Currently Enrolling Maintenance Trials in Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Tariq Syed Maaz , Abdallah Al-Ola , Goodman Aaron , Sborov Douglas , Mohyuddin Ghulam Rehman , Britt Alec
Published: May 2023

Maintenance therapies in multiple myeloma improve survival after induction treatment. This study characterizes the strategies for maintenance therapy being employed in currently enrolling clinical trials for patients with multiple myeloma and highlights how high-risk myeloma patients may be assigned to maintenance strategies incongruent with current US guidelines.
Hylomorphism
Authors: Simpson William M. R.
Published: May 2023

This Element introduces Aristotle's doctrine of hylomorphism, which provides an account of substances in terms of their 'matter' and 'form', adapting and applying it to the interface between physics and biology. It begins by indicating some reasons for the current revival of hylomorphism and by suggesting a way of classifying the confusing array of hylomorphisms that have arisen. It argues that, in order for composite entities to have irreducible causal powers which make a difference to how nature unfolds, they must have substantial forms which transform their matter such that the powers of their physical parts are grounded in the composite entity as a whole. It suggests how a contemporary form of hylomorphism might contribute to the philosophy of biology by grounding the non-intentional form of teleology that features in the identity conditions of biological systems, affirming a real distinction between living organisms and heaps of matter. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Angeles Mastretta
Authors: Lavery Jane Elizabeth
Published: May 2023

The first major study on the works of the Mexican novelist, Angeles Mastretta, demonstrating the rich complexity and range of the author's fiction and essays.
Diamela Eltit
Authors: Green Mary
Published: May 2023

The textual and linguistic emphasis on the maternal body in the narrative fiction of Diamela Eltit is fundamental to understanding the critical challenge posed by her work in the Chilean context.
Góngora's Soledades and the Problem of Modernity
Authors: Chemris Crystal
Published: May 2023

Combining philological rigor with a capacity to engage the most contemporary transatlantic and comparatist concerns, this work situates Luis de Góngora's Soledades within the problematic evolution of Hispanic modernity.
Love, Desire and Identity in the Theatre of Federico García Lorca
Authors: McDermid Paul
Published: May 2023

Physical desire and metaphysical love in the theatre of Federico Garcí­a Lorca.