bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hordein gene dose effects in triploid endosperm of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Authors: Perovic Dragan , Zoric Dragica , Milovanovic Milivoje , Prodanovic Slaven , Yan Yueming , Jankovic Snezana , Surlan-Momirovic Gordana
Published: January 2010

The presence of two maternal chromosome sets in triploid barley endosperm allows the distinction of maternal and paternal hordein bands in an electrophoregram: the maternal bands are stronger due to the higher gene dose. In the F1 generation there are differences between reciprocal crosses and in the F2 generation all 16 classes that are theoretically possible for a pair of polymorphic loci can be distinguished. This full classification is rarely possible in genetic studies, and allows more accurate estimates of recombination rates. Two hordein gene clusters (Hor1 and Hor2, corresponding to hordein C and hordein B respectively) were analyzed in hybrids obtained by crossing two winter barley cultivars Partizan and HWV-247. Hordein separation was performed by acid-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 3.2 (A-PAGE). A set of most informative bands of B and C hordeins was selected in each cross by two criteria: (1) presence or absence of bands in the parents and (2) signal strength to allow doses scoring. The average genetic distance between Hor1 and Hor2 loci was 11 cM. Distances in male and female maps were not significantly different, suggesting a similar recombination rate in male and female meiosis.
Decision making by hybrid probabilistic: Possibilistic utility theory
Authors: Pap Endre
Published: January 2010

It is presented an approach to decision theory based upon nonprobabilistic uncertainty. There is an axiomatization of the hybrid probabilistic possibilistic mixtures based on a pair of triangular conorm and triangular norm satisfying restricted distributivity law, and the corresponding non-additive Smeasure. This is characterized by the families of operations involved in generalized mixtures, based upon a previous result on the characterization of the pair of continuous t-norm and t-conorm such that the former is restrictedly distributive over the latter. The obtained family of mixtures combines probabilistic and idempotent (possibilistic) mixtures via a threshold.
Enhancing bank transparency: What role for the supervision authority?
Authors: Giuli Francesco , Manzo Marco
Published: January 2010

We apply a three-tier hierarchical model of regulation, developed along the lines of Laffont and Tirole (1993), to an adverse selection problem in the corporate bond market. The bank brings the bonds to the market and informs the potential buyers about the bond risks; a unique benevolent public authority aims at maximising investors' welfare. The main goal is to investigate whether this unique authority is able to fully inform the market on a firm's true credit worthiness when banks, in order to recover doubtful credits, favour the placement of bonds issued by levered firms by concealing their true risk. By establishing the necessary conditions that allow optimal sanctions to produce the first best equilibrium, we show that the core problem of adverse selection in the corporate bond market does not lie so much in the benevolence of the delegated monitoring system, but rather in the possibility of affecting and sanctioning a firm's behavior.
Economic planning: Time to reconsider?
Authors: Kafouros Wassily
Published: January 2010

Together with the collapse of what was once called the socialist system, was also the collapse of research on any other form of economic organization of a society. Administrative methods for running an economy, with economic planning foremost among them, were inseparably linked to the collapse of the socialist system and, in essence, were held responsible for it. Thus, although the dominant economic paradigm has once again failed to deliver in recent years, the research for other methods fell into oblivion along with the system they were attached to. This work represents an attempt to reconsider the potential of economic planning as a means of organizing an economy at various levels, at various degrees and in various environments. I shall try to illustrate that the blame for the collapse of different socialist systems should not have fallen on the systemic deficiencies of economic planning but, instead, on the political institutions responsible for its application. In addition, I will stress that economic planning has been condemned by non-economic parameters and the application of wrong planning methods. In making this argument I hope to provide an angle through which the discussion of economic organization can be opened to a broader scope of research.
The definition of planet: A dynamicist's point of view
Authors: Valsecchi G.B.
Published: January 2010

It is here argued that the problem of a meaningful definition of 'planet' is best addressed on a dynamical basis; we show that in this way it is possible to obtain a planet definition that is both unambiguous and useful.
A new kinematical definition of orbital eccentricity
Authors: Ninkovic S.
Published: January 2010

A new concept of orbital eccentricity is given. The dimensionless quantities proposed in the present paper to serve as orbital eccentricities have a kinematical nature. The purpose is to use them in describing the motion for the case of three-dimensional orbits. A comparison done for nearly planar orbits shows that the values of the eccentricities proposed here do not differ significantly from those corresponding to the eccentricities of geometric nature usually applied.
Zernike basis to cartesian transformations
Authors: Mathar R.J.
Published: January 2010

The radial polynomials of the 2D (circular) and 3D (spherical) Zernike functions are tabulated as powers of the radial distance. The reciprocal tabulation of powers of the radial distance in series of radial polynomials is also given, based on projections that take advantage of the orthogonality of the polynomials over the unit interval. They play a role in the expansion of products of the polynomials into sums, which is demonstrated by some examples. Multiplication of the polynomials by the angular bases (azimuth, polar angle) defines the Zernike functions, for which we derive transformations to and from the Cartesian coordinate system centered at the middle of the circle or sphere.
Functional Role of Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Upregulation in Hypothalamic Leptin Resistance and Long-Term Energy Homeostasis
Authors: Reed Alison S. , Unger Elizabeth K. , Olofsson Louise E. , Piper Merisa L. , Myers Martin G. , Xu Allison W.
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE

Hypothalamic leptin resistance is found in most common forms of obesity, such as diet-induced obesity, and is associated with increased expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (Socs3) in the hypothalamus of diet-induced obese animals. This study aims to determine the functional consequence of Socs3 upregulation on leptin signaling and obesity, and to investigate whether Socs3 upregulation affects energy balance in a cell type–specific way.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We generated transgenic mice overexpressing Socs3 in either proopiomelanocortin (POMC) or leptin receptor–expressing neurons, at levels similar to what is observed in diet-induced obesity.

RESULTS

Upregulation of Socs3 in POMC neurons leads to impairment of STAT3 and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)–S6K-S6 signaling, with subsequent leptin resistance, obesity, and glucose intolerance. Unexpectedly, Socs3 upregulation in leptin receptor neurons results in increased expression of STAT3 protein in mutant hypothalami, but does not lead to obesity.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study establishes that Socs3 upregulation alone in POMC neurons is sufficient to cause leptin resistance and obesity. Socs3 upregulation impairs both STAT3 and mTOR signaling before the onset of obesity. The lack of obesity in mice with upregulated Socs3 in leptin receptor neurons suggests that Socs3's effect on energy balance could be cell type specific. Our study indicates that POMC neurons are important mediators of Socs3's effect on leptin resistance and obesity, but that other cell types or alteration of other signaling regulators could contribute to the development of obesity.
High Glucose–Induced Oxidative Stress Increases Transient Receptor Potential Channel Expression in Human Monocytes
Authors: Wuensch Tilo , Thilo Florian , Krueger Katharina , Scholze Alexandra , Ristow Michael , Tepel Martin
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channel–induced cation influx activates human monocytes, which play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In the present study, we investigated the effects of high glucose–induced oxidative stress on TRP channel expression in human monocytes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Human monocytes were exposed to control conditions (5.6 mmol/l d-glucose), high glucose (30 mmol/l d-glucose or l-glucose), 100 μmol/l peroxynitrite, or high glucose in the presence of the superoxide dismutase mimetic tempol (100 μmol/l). TRP mRNA and TRP protein expression was measured using quantitative real-time RT-PCR and quantitative in-cell Western assay, respectively. Calcium influx and intracellular reactive oxygen species were measured using fluorescent dyes.

RESULTS

Administration of high d-glucose significantly increased reactive oxygen species. High d-glucose or peroxynitrite significantly increased the expression of TRP canonical type 1 (TRPC1), TRPC3, TRPC5, TRPC6, TRP melastatin type 6 (TRPM6), and TRPM7 mRNA and TRPC3 and TRPC6 proteins. High d-glucose plus tempol or high l-glucose did not affect TRP expression. Increased oxidative stress by lipopolysaccharide or tumor necrosis factor-α increased TRP mRNA expression, whereas the reduction of superoxide radicals using diphenylene iodonium significantly reduced TRP mRNA expression. Increased TRPC3 and TRPC6 protein expression was accompanied by increased 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol–induced calcium influx, which was blocked by the TRPC inhibitor 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane. TRPC6 mRNA was significantly higher in monocytes from 18 patients with type 2 diabetes compared with 28 control subjects (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

High d-glucose–induced oxidative stress increases TRP expression and calcium influx in human monocytes, pointing to a novel pathway for increased activation of monocytes and hence atherosclerosis in patients with diabetes.
Deficiency of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Enhancer Protects Mice From Diet-Induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance
Authors: Chan Chi Bun , Liu Xia , Jung Dae Young , Jun John Y. , Luo Hongbo R. , Kim Jason K. , Ye Keqiang
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase enhancer A (PIKE-A) is a proto-oncogene that promotes tumor growth and transformation by enhancing Akt activity. However, the physiological functions of PIKE-A in peripheral tissues are unknown. Here, we describe the effect of PIKE deletion in mice and explore the role of PIKE-A in obesity development.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Whole-body PIKE knockout mice were generated and subjected to high-fat–diet feeding for 20 weeks. The glucose tolerance, tissue-specific insulin sensitivity, adipocyte differentiation, and lipid oxidation status were determined. The molecular mechanism of PIKE in the insulin signaling pathway was also studied.

RESULTS

We show that PIKE-A regulates obesity development by modulating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. PIKE-A is important for insulin to suppress AMPK phosphorylation. The expression of PIKE-A is markedly increased in adipose tissue of obese mice, whereas depletion of PIKE-A inhibits adipocyte differentiation. PIKE knockout mice exhibit a prominent phenotype of lipoatrophy and are resistant to high-fat diet–induced obesity, liver steatosis, and diabetes. PIKE knockout mice also have augmented lipid oxidation, which is accompanied by enhanced AMPK phosphorylation in both muscle and adipose tissue. Moreover, insulin sensitivity is improved in PIKE-A–deficient muscle and fat, thus protecting the animals from diet-induced diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that PIKE-A is implicated in obesity and associated diabetes development by negatively regulating AMPK activity.
The Prostacyclin Analog Beraprost Sodium Ameliorates Characteristics of Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Zucker (Fatty) Rats
Authors: Sato Nahoko , Kaneko Masayuki , Tamura Mitsutaka , Kurumatani Hajimu
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE

The prostacyclin analog, beraprost sodium (BPS), was examined for its potential to improve the symptoms of obesity-type diabetes (i.e., hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, histopathologic changes, and diabetic complications).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Obese Zucker rats, an experimental model of genetic obesity-induced type 2 diabetes, were repeatedly administered BPS at oral doses of 0.2 or 0.6 mg · kg−1 · day−1 b.i.d. for 12 weeks, and serum chemistry, urinalysis, and histopathologic examination were performed.

RESULTS

BPS dose-dependently suppressed serum glucose, insulin, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels in obese animals. In oral glucose tolerance test, BPS suppressed the post–glucose-loading elevation of serum glucose in a dose-dependent manner. Urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase was significantly lower in BPS-treated obese animals compared with control animals, although no significant differences were observed in urinary protein levels between the BPS-treated groups and the control group. In addition, histopathologic examination revealed significant protective effects of BPS against renal disorder in obese animals. Histopathologically, BPS also inhibited the progression of hepatic steatosis, hypertrophy of adipose tissue, and pancreatic fibrosis. Furthermore, thermographic analysis of the hind limb sole skin surface indicated a significant increase in temperature in BPS-treated animals, compared with control animals, which was likely due to improved blood circulation by administration of BPS.

CONCLUSIONS

BPS suppressed the pathogenesis and development of diabetes and its complication, nephropathy, which was presumably accompanied by improving glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in obese Zucker rats.
Lipocalin-2 Deficiency Attenuates Insulin Resistance Associated With Aging and Obesity
Authors: Law Ivy K.M. , Xu Aimin , Lam Karen S.L. , Berger Thorsten , Mak Tak W. , Vanhoutte Paul M. , Liu Jacky T.C. , Sweeney Gary , Zhou Mingyan , Yang Bo , Wang Yu
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE

The proinflammatory cytokines/adipokines produced from adipose tissue act in an autocrine and/or endocrine manner to perpetuate local inflammation and to induce peripheral insulin resistance. The present study investigates whether lipocalin-2 deficiency or replenishment with this adipokine has any impact on systemic insulin sensitivity and the underlying mechanisms.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Under conditions of aging or dietary-/genetic-induced obesity, lipocalin-2 knockout (Lcn2-KO) mice show significantly decreased fasting glucose and insulin levels and improved insulin sensitivity compared with their wild-type littermates. Despite enlarged fat mass, inflammation and the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products are significantly attenuated in the adipose tissues of Lcn2-KO mice. Adipose fatty acid composition of these mice varies significantly from that in wild-type animals. The amounts of arachidonic acid (C20:4 n6) are elevated by aging and obesity and are paradoxically further increased in adipose tissue, but not skeletal muscle and liver of Lcn2-KO mice. On the other hand, the expression and activity of 12-lipoxygenase, an enzyme responsible for metabolizing arachidonic acid, and the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), a critical insulin resistance–inducing factor, are largely inhibited by lipocalin-2 deficiency. Lipocalin-2 stimulates the expression and activity of 12-lipoxygenase and TNF-α production in fat tissues. Cinnamyl-3,4-dihydroxy-α-cyanocinnamate (CDC), an arachidonate lipoxygenase inhibitor, prevents TNF-α expression induced by lipocalin-2. Moreover, treatment with TNF-α neutralization antibody or CDC significantly attenuated the differences of insulin sensitivity between wild-type and Lcn2-KO mice.

CONCLUSIONS

Lipocalin-2 deficiency protects mice from developing aging- and obesity-induced insulin resistance largely by modulating 12-lipoxygenase and TNF-α levels in adipose tissue.
Association Between Iron Deficiency and A1C Levels Among Adults Without Diabetes in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2006
Authors: Kim Catherine , Bullard Kai McKeever , Herman William H. , Beckles Gloria L.
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE

Iron deficiency has been reported to elevate A1C levels apart from glycemia. We examined the influence of iron deficiency on A1C distribution among adults without diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Participants included adults without self-reported diabetes or chronic kidney disease in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2006 who were aged ≥18 years of age and had complete blood counts, iron studies, and A1C levels. Iron deficiency was defined as at least two abnormalities including free erythrocyte protoporphyrin >70 μg/dl erythrocytes, transferrin saturation <16%, or serum ferritin ≤15 μg/l. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin <13.5 g/dl in men and <12.0 g/dl in women.

RESULTS

Among women (n = 6,666), 13.7% had iron deficiency and 4.0% had iron deficiency anemia. Whereas 316 women with iron deficiency had A1C ≥5.5%, only 32 women with iron deficiency had A1C ≥6.5%. Among men (n = 3,869), only 13 had iron deficiency and A1C ≥5.5%, and only 1 had iron deficiency and A1C ≥6.5%. Among women, iron deficiency was associated with a greater odds of A1C ≥5.5% (odds ratio 1.39 [95% CI 1.11–1.73]) after adjustment for age, race/ethnicity, and waist circumference but not with a greater odds of A1C ≥6.5% (0.79 [0.33–1.85]).

CONCLUSIONS

Iron deficiency is common among women and is associated with shifts in A1C distribution from <5.5 to ≥5.5%. Further research is needed to examine whether iron deficiency is associated with shifts at higher A1C levels.
Type 2 Diabetes, Medication-Induced Diabetes, and Monogenic Diabetes in Canadian Children
Authors: Amed Shazhan , Dean Heather J. , Panagiotopoulos Constadina , Sellers Elizabeth A.C. , Hadjiyannakis Stasia , Laubscher Tessa A. , Dannenbaum David , Shah Baiju R. , Booth Gillian L. , Hamilton Jill K.
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE

To determine in Canadian children aged <18 years the 1) incidence of type 2 diabetes, medication-induced diabetes, and monogenic diabetes; 2) clinical features of type 2 diabetes; and 3) coexisting morbidity associated with type 2 diabetes at diagnosis.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This Canadian prospective national surveillance study involved a network of pediatricians, pediatric endocrinologists, family physicians, and adult endocrinologists. Incidence rates were calculated using Canadian Census population data. Descriptive statistics were used to illustrate demographic and clinical features.

RESULTS

From a population of 7.3 million children, 345 cases of non–type 1 diabetes were reported. The observed minimum incidence rates of type 2, medication-induced, and monogenic diabetes were 1.54, 0.4, and 0.2 cases per 100,000 children aged <18 years per year, respectively. On average, children with type 2 diabetes were aged 13.7 years and 8% (19 of 227) presented before 10 years. Ethnic minorities were overrepresented, but 25% (57 of 227) of children with type 2 diabetes were Caucasian. Of children with type 2 diabetes, 95% (206 of 216) were obese and 37% (43 of 115) had at least one comorbidity at diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first prospective national surveillance study in Canada to report the incidence of type 2 diabetes in children and also the first in the world to report the incidence of medication-induced and monogenic diabetes. Rates of type 2 diabetes were higher than expected with important regional variation. These results support recommendations that screening for comorbidity should occur at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.
Failure to Preserve β-Cell Function With Mycophenolate Mofetil and Daclizumab Combined Therapy in Patients With New- Onset Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Gottlieb Peter A. , Quinlan Scott , Krause-Steinrauf Heidi , Greenbaum Carla J. , Wilson Darrell M. , Rodriguez Henry , Schatz Desmond A. , Moran Antoinette M. , Lachin John M. , Skyler Jay S. ,   for the Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet MMF/DZB Study Group
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE

This trial tested whether mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) alone or with daclizumab (DZB) could arrest the loss of insulin-producing β-cells in subjects with new-onset type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A multi-center, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-masked trial was initiated by Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet at 13 sites in North America and Europe. Subjects diagnosed with type 1 diabetes and with sufficient C-peptide within 3 months of diagnosis were randomized to either MMF alone, MMF plus DZB, or placebo, and then followed for 2 years. The primary outcome was the geometric mean area under the curve (AUC) C-peptide from the 2-h mixed meal tolerance test.

RESULTS

One hundred and twenty-six subjects were randomized and treated during the trial. The geometric mean C-peptide AUC at 2 years was unaffected by MMF alone or MMF plus DZB versus placebo. Adverse events were more frequent in the active therapy groups relative to the control group, but not significantly.

CONCLUSIONS

Neither MMF alone nor MMF in combination with DZB had an effect on the loss of C-peptide in subjects with new-onset type 1 diabetes. Higher doses or more targeted immunotherapies may be needed to affect the autoimmune process.
Genetic Architecture of Plasma Adiponectin Overlaps With the Genetics of Metabolic Syndrome–Related Traits
Authors: Henneman Peter , Aulchenko Yurii S. , Frants Rune R. , Zorkoltseva Irina V. , Zillikens M. Carola , Frolich Marijke , Oostra Ben A. , van Dijk Ko Willems , van Duijn Cornelia M.
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE

Adiponectin, a hormone secreted by adipose tissue, is of particular interest in metabolic syndrome, because it is inversely correlated with obesity and insulin sensitivity. However, it is not known to what extent the genetics of plasma adiponectin and the genetics of obesity and insulin sensitivity are interrelated. We aimed to evaluate the heritability of plasma adiponectin and its genetic correlation with the metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome–related traits and the association between these traits and 10 ADIPOQ single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We made use of a family-based population, the Erasmus Rucphen Family study (1,258 women and 967 men). Heritability analysis was performed using a polygenic model. Genetic correlations were estimated using bivariate heritability analyses. Genetic association analysis was performed using a mixed model.

RESULTS

Plasma adiponectin showed a heritability of 55.1%. Genetic correlations between plasma adiponectin HDL cholesterol and plasma insulin ranged from 15 to 24% but were not significant for fasting glucose, triglycerides, blood pressure, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and C-reactive protein. A significant association with plasma adiponectin was found for ADIPOQ variants rs17300539 and rs182052. A nominally significant association was found with plasma insulin and HOMA-IR and ADIPOQ variant rs17300539 after adjustment for plasma adiponectin.

CONCLUSIONS

The significant genetic correlation between plasma adiponectin and HDL cholesterol and plasma insulin should be taken into account in the interpretation of genome-wide association studies. Association of ADIPOQ SNPs with plasma adiponectin was replicated, and we showed association between one ADIPOQ SNP and plasma insulin and HOMA-IR.
Circulating Vascular Progenitor Cells in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria
Authors: Dessapt Cecile , Karalliedde Janaka , Hernandez-Fuentes Maria , Martin Paz Prieto , Maltese Giuseppe , Dattani Nikesh , Atkar Ravinder , Viberti GianCarlo , Gnudi Luigi
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE

Patients with type 1 diabetes and microalbuminuria are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Abnormalities in vascular progenitor cells, which participate in vascular repair, may be implicated in this susceptibility.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We studied the number and function of vascular progenitor cells in 22 type 1 diabetic patients with history of microalbuminuria (MA+) and 22 type 1 diabetic patients without history of microalbuminuria (MA−), of similar age, diabetes duration, glycemic control, renal function, and no history of CVD.

RESULTS

MA+ patients had lower circulating CD34+ and CD34+/CD133+ cell numbers compared with MA− patients (P < 0.006). In in vitro functional assays, MA+ patients had a significantly lower number of colony-forming units and impaired vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A–mediated tube formation, when compared with MA− patients (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

In type 1 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria, a marker of microvascular injury and a risk factor for CVD, circulating vascular progenitor cell number is reduced and function is impaired.
Prevalence of Diabetes and High Risk for Diabetes Using A1C Criteria in the U.S. Population in 1988–2006
Authors: Cowie Catherine C. , Rust Keith F. , Byrd-Holt Danita D. , Gregg Edward W. , Ford Earl S. , Geiss Linda S. , Bainbridge Kathleen E. , Fradkin Judith E.
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE

We examined prevalences of previously diagnosed diabetes and undiagnosed diabetes and high risk for diabetes using recently suggested A1C criteria in the U.S. during 2003–2006. We compared these prevalences to those in earlier surveys and those using glucose criteria.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

In 2003–2006, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey included a probability sample of 14,611 individuals aged ≥12 years. Participants were classified on glycemic status by interview for diagnosed diabetes and by A1C, fasting, and 2-h glucose challenge values measured in subsamples.

RESULTS

Using A1C criteria, the crude prevalence of total diabetes in adults aged ≥20 years was 9.6% (20.4 million), of which 19.0% was undiagnosed (7.8% diagnosed, 1.8% undiagnosed using A1C ≥6.5%). Another 3.5% of adults (7.4 million) were at high risk for diabetes (A1C 6.0 to <6.5%). Prevalences were disproportionately high in the elderly. Age-/sex-standardized prevalence was more than two times higher in non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican Americans versus non-Hispanic whites for diagnosed, undiagnosed, and total diabetes (P < 0.003); standardized prevalence at high risk for diabetes was more than two times higher in non-Hispanic blacks versus non-Hispanic whites and Mexican Americans (P < 0.00001). Since 1988–1994, diagnosed diabetes generally increased, while the percent of diabetes that was undiagnosed and the percent at high risk of diabetes generally decreased. Using A1C criteria, prevalences of undiagnosed diabetes and high risk of diabetes were one-third that and one-tenth that, respectively, using glucose criteria.

CONCLUSIONS

Although A1C detects much lower prevalences than glucose criteria, hyperglycemic conditions remain high in the U.S., and elderly and minority groups are disproportionately affected.
Role of Adiposity and Lifestyle in the Relationship Between Family History of Diabetes and 20-Year Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in U.S. Women
Authors: van 't Riet Esther , Dekker Jacqueline M. , Sun Qi , Nijpels Giel , Hu Frank B. , van Dam Rob M.
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate to what extent the association between family history of diabetes and risk of type 2 diabetes can be explained by excess adiposity and lifestyle risk factors.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We analyzed data from 73,227 women who participated in the Nurses' Health Study cohort. A family history of diabetes was defined as having at least one first-degree family member with diabetes. Lifestyle factors, weight, and height were assessed by using validated questionnaires, and BMI was calculated. The relative risk of type 2 diabetes was estimated using Cox proportional hazards analysis.

RESULTS

We documented 5,101 cases of type 2 diabetes during 20 years of follow-up. The age-adjusted relative risk of type 2 diabetes in participants with a family history was 2.27 (95% CI 2.14–2.40) compared with the risk in those without a family history of diabetes. Participants with a family history of diabetes had a higher BMI and were more likely to have a parental history of obesity. BMI explained 21.1% (19.4–22.9) of the association between family history of diabetes and risk of type 2 diabetes. Intakes of red meat, alcohol, and sugar-sweetened beverages explained 1.1% (0.8–1.3), 4.8% (4.3–5.3), and 2.8% (2.4–3.2) of this association, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that excess adiposity and, to a lesser extent, specific dietary habits can explain a substantial part of the association between having a family history of diabetes and risk of type 2 diabetes.
Effect of Pioglitazone on Energy Intake and Ghrelin in Diabetic Patients
Authors: Martin Corby K. , Gupta Alok K. , Smith Steven R. , Greenway Frank L. , Han Hongmei , Bray George A.
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE

To measure ghrelin and energy intake in the laboratory after pioglitazone treatment.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This was a parallel, three-arm study with 51 obese diabetic subjects randomized to either 1) pioglitazone plus a portion-controlled diet (Pio+PC), 2) pioglitazone plus American Diabetes Association (ADA) dietary advice (Pio+ADA), or 3) metformin plus ADA advice (Met+ADA). Energy intake and the suppressive response of a meal on ghrelin were measured at weeks 0 and 16. Mixed models tested if changes from week 0 to 16 differed by group.

RESULTS

The Pio+ADA group had a significantly larger increase (P < 0.05) in energy intake ([adjusted means ± SE] 207 ± 53 kcal) compared with the Pio+PC (50 ± 46 kcal) and Met+ADA (52 ± 49 kcal) groups. Change in restraint and disinhibition (variables associated with eating behavior) mediated weight change. Ghrelin suppression increased in the Pio+ADA group, which gained weight.

CONCLUSIONS

A portion-controlled diet attenuated the increase in energy intake after pioglitazone. Ghrelin responded to weight change not pioglitazone exposure.
Effects of Intravenous Glucose Load on Insulin Secretion in Patients With Ketosis-Prone Diabetes During Near-Normoglycemia Remission
Authors: Gosmanov Aidar R. , Smiley Dawn , Robalino Gonzalo , Siqueira Joselita M. , Peng Limin , Kitabchi Abbas E. , Umpierrez Guillermo E.
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE

Most patients with ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes (KPD) discontinue insulin therapy and remain in near-normoglycemic remission. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of glucotoxicity on β-cell function during remission in obese patients with KPD.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Age- and BMI-matched obese African Americans with a history of KPD (n = 8), severe hyperglycemia but without ketosis (ketosis-resistant type 2 diabetes, n = 7), and obese control subjects (n = 13) underwent intravenous infusion of 10% dextrose at a rate of 200 mg per m2/min for 20 h. β-Cell function was assessed by changes in insulin and C-peptide concentrations during dextrose infusion and by changes in acute insulin response (AIR) and first-phase insulin release (FPIR) to arginine stimulation before and after dextrose infusion.

RESULTS

The mean ± SD time to discontinue insulin therapy was 7.1 ± 1.7 weeks in KPD and 9.6 ± 2.3 weeks in ketosis-resistant type 2 diabetes (NS). During a 20-h dextrose infusion, changes in insulin, C-peptide, and the C-peptide–to–glucose ratio were similar among diabetic and control groups. During dextrose infusion, subjects with ketosis-resistant type 2 diabetes had greater areas under the curve for blood glucose than subjects with KPD and control subjects (P < 0.05). The AIR and FPIR to arginine stimulation as well as glucose potentiation to arginine assessed before and after dextrose infusion were not different among the study groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Near-normoglycemia remission in obese African American patients with KPD and ketosis-resistant type 2 diabetes is associated with a remarkable recovery in basal and stimulated insulin secretion. At near-normoglycemia remission, patients with KPD displayed a pattern of insulin secretion similar to that of patients with ketosis-resistant type 2 diabetes and obese nondiabetic subjects.
Serum Vitamin D Concentration Does Not Predict Insulin Action or Secretion in European Subjects With the Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Gulseth Hanne L. , Gjelstad Ingrid M.F. , Tierney Audrey C. , Lovegrove Julie A. , Defoort Catherine , Blaak Ellen E. , Lopez-Miranda Jose , Kiec-Wilk Beata , Ris Ulférus , Roche Helen M. , Drevon Christian A. , Birkeland Kåre I.
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the relation between serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and insulin action and secretion.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

In a cross-sectional study of 446 Pan-European subjects with the metabolic syndrome, insulin action and secretion were assessed by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) indexes and intravenous glucose tolerance test to calculate acute insulin response, insulin sensitivity, and disposition index. Serum 25(OH)D was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

The 25(OH)D3 concentration was 57.1 ± 26.0 nmol/l (mean ± SD), and only 20% of the subjects had 25(OH)D3 levels ≥75 nmol/l. In multiple linear analyses, 25(OH)D3 concentrations were not associated with parameters of insulin action or secretion after adjustment for BMI and other covariates.

CONCLUSIONS

In a large sample of subjects with the metabolic syndrome, serum concentrations of 25(OH)D3 did not predict insulin action or secretion. Clear evidence that D vitamin status directly influences insulin secretion or action is still lacking.
Increased Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) Activation and TLR Ligands in Recently Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetic Subjects
Authors: Dasu Mohan R. , Devaraj Sridevi , Park Samuel , Jialal Ishwarlal
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE

Individuals with type 2 diabetes have a myriad of metabolic aberrations including increased inflammation, increasing their cardiovascular risk. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their ligands play a key role in insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. However, there is a paucity of data examining the expression and activity of TLRs in type 2 diabetes. Thus, in the present study, we examined TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA and protein expression, their ligands, and signaling in monocytes of recently diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

TLR mRNA, protein expression, TLR ligands, and TLR signaling were measured in freshly isolated monocytes from healthy human control subjects (n = 23) and type 2 diabetic subjects (n = 23) using real-time RT-PCR, Western blot, and flow cytometric assays.

RESULTS

Type 2 diabetic subjects had significantly increased TLR2, TLR4 mRNA, and protein in monocytes compared with control subjects (P < 0.05). Increased TLR2 and TLR4 expression correlated with BMI, homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), glucose, A1C, Nε-(carboxymethyl) lysine (CML), and free fatty acid (FFA). Ligands of TLR2 and TLR4, namely, HSP60, HSP70, HMGB1, endotoxin, and hyaluronan levels, were elevated in type 2 diabetic subjects and positively correlated with TLR2 and TLR4. Type 2 diabetic subjects showed increased MyD88, phosphorylated IRAK-1, Trif, TICAM-1, IRF-3, and NF-κB p65 expression in monocytes compared with control subjects. Furthermore, TLR-MyD88-NF-κB signaling resulted in elevated levels of cytokines (P < 0.05), but increased interleukin (IL)-1β, interferon (IFN)-γ, and endotoxin were not significant when adjusted for BMI.

CONCLUSIONS

In this comprehensive study, we make the novel observation that TLR2 and TLR4 expression and their ligands, signaling, and functional activation are increased in recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes and contribute to the proinflammatory state.
Diabetes Trends Among Delivery Hospitalizations in the U.S., 1994–2004
Authors: Albrecht Sandra S. , Kuklina Elena V. , Bansil Pooja , Jamieson Denise J. , Whiteman Maura K. , Kourtis Athena P. , Posner Samuel F. , Callaghan William M.
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE

To examine trends in the prevalence of diabetes among delivery hospitalizations in the U.S. and to describe the characteristics of these hospitalizations.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Hospital discharge data from 1994 through 2004 were obtained from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Diagnosis codes were selected for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and unspecified diabetes. Rates of delivery hospitalization with diabetes were calculated per 100 deliveries.

RESULTS

Overall, an estimated 1,863,746 hospital delivery discharges contained a diabetes diagnosis, corresponding to a rate of 4.3 per 100 deliveries over the 11-year period. GDM accounted for the largest proportion of delivery hospitalizations with diabetes (84.7%), followed by type 1 (7%), type 2 (4.7%), and unspecified diabetes (3.6%). From 1994 to 2004, the rates for all diabetes, GDM, type 1 diabetes, and type 2 diabetes significantly increased overall and within each age-group (15–24, 25–34, and ≥35 years) (P < 0.05). The largest percent increase for all ages was among type 2 diabetes (367%). By age-group, the greatest percent increases for each diabetes type were among the two younger groups. Significant predictors of diabetes at delivery included age ≥35 years vs. 15–24 years (odds ratio 4.80 [95% CI 4.72–4.89]), urban versus rural location (1.14 [1.11–1.17]), and Medicaid/Medicare versus other payment sources (1.29 [1.26–1.32]).

CONCLUSIONS

Given the increasing prevalence of diabetes among delivery hospitalizations, particularly among younger women, it will be important to monitor trends in the pregnant population and target strategies to minimize risk for maternal/fetal complications.
Fusarium spp. Contamination of Wheat, Maize, Soybean, and Pea Grain in Croatia
Authors: Ivić Dario , Domijan Ana-Marija , Peraica Maja , Miličević Tihomir , Cvjetković Bogdan
Published: January 2010

Fusariumspp. Contamination of Wheat, Maize, Soybean, and Pea Grain in Croatia

From 2002 to 2008, 203 samples of wheat, maize, soybean, and pea were analysed for the presence ofFusariumspecies. Contamination withFusariumspp., expressed as the percentage of seeds withFusariumcolonies, ranged from 5 % to 69 % for wheat, from 25 % to 100 % for maize, from 4 % to 17 % for soybean, and from 3 % to 17 % for pea. 187 isolates were collected and the following 19 species determined:F. graminearum, F. poae, F. avenaceum, F. verticillioides, F. sporotrichioides, F. heterosporum, F. crookwellense, F. tricinctum, F. semitectum, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. solani, F. equiseti, F. pseudograminearum, F. chlamydosporum, F. sambucinum, F. compactum, F. scirpi, and F. culmorum.Dominant species wereF. graminearumon wheat (27 % of isolates),F. verticillioideson maize (83 % of isolates),F. sporotrichioideson soybean (34 % of isolates), andF. proliferatumon pea (29 % of isolates). Among species identified,F. heterosporum, F. crookwellense, F. pseudograminearum, F. sambucinum, andF. compactumhave been reported for the first time in Croatia.
A Journey Through Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Ochratoxin A Interactions
Authors: Rumora Lada , Grubišić Tihana
Published: January 2010

A Journey Through Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Ochratoxin A Interactions

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a ubiquitous mycotoxin with potential nephrotoxic, carcinogenic, and cytotoxic action. It has been proposed that OTA might be involved in the development of Balkan endemic nephropathy, which is associated with an increased risk of urinary tract tumours, and of other forms of interstitial nephritis. Cell susceptibility to OTA mainly depends on mycotoxin concentrations, duration of exposure, and intracellular molecular and genetic context. OTA can affect a cell by stimulating or inhibiting certain signalling pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Three major mammalian MAPKs have been described: extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAPK. All MAPKs regulate diverse cellular programmes, but in most cases ERKs have been linked to cell survival, while JNKs, and p38 MAPKs have been implicated in cell death by apoptosis. This review looks into OTA-mediated MAPK activation and its effects.
Evaluation of Patulin Toxicity in the Thymus of Growing Male Rats
Authors: Arzu Koçkaya Evrim , Selmanoğlu Güdeniz , Özsoy Nesrin , Gül Nursel
Published: January 2010

Evaluation of Patulin Toxicity in the Thymus of Growing Male Rats

Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by several Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Byssachlamys species growing on food products. In this study, we investigated the effects of patulin on the thymus of growing male rats aged five to six weeks. The rats were receiving it orally at a dose of 0.1 mg kg-1 bw a day for either 60 or 90 days. At the end of the experiment, the thymus was examined for histopathology by light microscopy and for epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) by immunolocalisation. For morphometry we used the Bs200prop program to analyse images obtained with the Olympus BX51 light microscope. Cell ultrastructure was studied by electron microscopy. In rats treated with patulin, the thymus showed haemorrhage, plasma cell hyperplasia, a dilation and fibrosis in the cortex, enlarged interstitial tissue between the thymic lobules, enlarged fat tissue, thinning of the cortex, and blurring of the cortico-medullary demarcation. Electron microscopy showed signs of cell destruction, abnormalities of the nucleus and organelles, and loss of mitochondrial cristae. However, no differences were observed in thymus EGF and EGFR immunoreactivity between treated and control rats.
Fumonisin B1 Neurotoxicity in Young Carp (Cyprinus Carpio L.)
Authors: Kovačić Sanja , Pepeljnjak Stjepan , Petrinec Zdravko , Klarić Maja
Published: January 2010

Fumonisin B1 Neurotoxicity in Young Carp (Cyprinus CarpioL.)

For years scientists have suspected that the environment plays a role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Mycotoxin fumonisin B1(FB1) is produced by severalFusariumspecies, mainly byFusarium verticilioides, which is one of the most common fungi associated with corn worldwide. Fumonisins are known to cause equine leukoencephalomalacia, a disease associated with the consumption of corn-based feeds contaminated with FB1. Here we have reported chronic experimental toxicosis in one-year-old carp (Cyprinus carpioL.) receiving feed containing 100 mg kg-1or 10 mg kg-1of added FB1for 42 days. We focused on fumonisin toxicity in the fish brain. After staining with hemalaun-eosin, histology of the fish brain revealed vacuolated, degenerate, or necrotic neural cells, scattered around damaged blood capillaries and in the periventricular area. These findings suggest that fumonisin, although it is a hydrophilic molecule, permeated the blood-brain barrier of young carp and had a toxic effect on neuronal cells.
Application of Real-Time Locating in Health Care
Authors: Žigman Dubravko , Krajina Slaven , Krznarić Marija
Published: January 2010

Application of Real-Time Locating in Health Care

This paper describes real-time locating technology and its possible use in health care. Real time locating may be applied in different segments of everyday life, including hospitals (medical equipment and devices, locating patients, and alarm in case of emergency), working environment (locating persons to control access to restricted areas or in case of fire to see if anyone has been trapped inside the building), sports, logistics, retail trade, and offices. Tagged hospital equipment is easy to trace inside hospital premises and the system makes it possible to track patients and staff, and to redistribute work in particular wards.
Prevalence of Candida Species in Fresh Fruit Juices
Authors: Uhitil Sunčica , Hađina Suzana , Granić Kornelija , Jakšić Slavica
Published: January 2010

Prevalence of Candida Species in Fresh Fruit Juices

Fruit juices are popular soft drinks with an important role in human nutrition. Fruit juices are often infested by yeast species that can survive different storage conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the degree of yeast contamination of freshly squeezed juices in three large supermarkets in Zagreb, Croatia. The analysis included 84 juice samples obtained from freshly squeezed orange, lemon, grapefruit, and apples. Their acidity varied between pH 2.1 and pH 4.9. Juice samples were plated directly on Sabouraud 4 % glucose Agar (Merck, 1.05438) and processed according to standardised methods (HRN ISO 7954:2002). Yeasts were isolated in all 84 samples and ranged between 0.005×103 and 23×103 colony forming units per mL (CFU mL-1). The most common yeasts identified using the API 20C AUX yeast kit included Candida guillermondii, C. krusei, C. famata, C. spherica, C. colliculosa, C. albicans, Trichosporon mucoides, Kloeckera spp. and yeast-like fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. C. guillermondii prevailed in 55.95 % of all samples.
Pap Smear and Chlamydia
Authors: Wiwanitkit Viroj
Published: January 2010

Pap Smear and Chlamydia
Contaminants of Medicinal Herbs and Herbal Products
Authors: Kosalec Ivan , Cvek Josipa , Tomić Siniša
Published: January 2010

Contaminants of Medicinal Herbs and Herbal Products

Medicinal plants have a long history of use in therapy throughout the world and still make an important part of traditional medicine. Thus, medicinal plants and herbal products must be safe for the patient (consumer). This review addresses biological contaminants (microbes and other organisms) and chemical contaminants (mycotoxins, toxic elements such as heavy metals, and pesticide residues) as major common contaminants of medicinal herbs and herbal products. To prevent and screen for contamination and ensure safety and conformity to quality standards, medicinal herbs and herbal products should be included in appropriate regulatory framework.
TiO2 modified by ammonia as a long lifetime photocatalyst for dyes decomposition
Authors: Choina Julia , Dolat Diana , Kusiak Ewelina , Janus Magdalena , Morawski Antoni
Published: January 2010

TiO2 modified by ammonia as a long lifetime photocatalyst for dyes decomposition

Ammonia-modified TiO2 (TiO2/N), prepared in a pressure reactor was used as the well- active and longlife photocatalyst for the azo dye (Reactive Red 198) decomposition. The effect of aeration and the different value of the pH of the reaction medium on the photocatalytic degradation of Reactive Red 198 in water has been investigated. It has been reported that the degradation is greatly influenced by the reaction pH and the faster decomposition of azo dye took place at pH 3.5. When the solution was acidic, a larger amount of azo dye on the positively charged surface of TiO2 photocatalysts was adsorbed. From the obtained results it can be seen that the effectiveness of the decolourisation of the solution was faster by using the nitrogen-modified TiO2.
Thermal decomposition of acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives
Authors: Czech Zbigniew , Pełech Robert , Zych Krzysztof
Published: January 2010

Thermal decomposition of acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives

The general aim of this article is to review the state of knowledge on pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) and pyrolysis. Recent research data in the field of pyrolysis gas- chromatography (Py-GC) analysis of acrylic PSAs are presented. First, PSA characteristics and applications, pyrolysis (including Py-GC) as an analytical method, and system solutions, are described. The latest scientific achievements in the analysis of thermal degradation products of acrylic PSAs are then presented.