bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Carbon Content on Annealing Texture, Plastic Anisotropy, and Mechanical Properties of 0.07% Phosphorus Sheet Steels
Authors: Hu Hsun
Published: April 2008

The effects of carbon content on the crystallographic texture, plastic anisotropy, and mechanical properties of cold‐rolled and annealed sheets of 0.07 percent phosphorus steels have been studied. Both vacuumand air‐melted laboratory heats were used. Results show that although the strength of the sheet increased with increasing carbon content, the rm value decreased. The detrimental effect of carbon on rm value was more pronounced after annealing at an intercritical temperature of 780°C (1435℉) than at a subcritical temperature of 710°C (1310℉). These and other observations, including variations in texture, anisotropy, strength, work hardening, and grain size, are discussed.
An Analysis of Elastic Anisotropy and Microyielding in Polycrystalline Molybdenum TZM
Authors: Kumar A. , Hutchinson W. B.
Published: April 2008

Samples of molybdenum TZM alloy in sheet form have been investigated in the warm‐worked condition and after recrystallisation heat treatments to produce a range of different grain sizes. Orientation distributions were calculated from measured pole figure data and specimens were cut at various angles around the sheet to determine the planar variations in Young′s modulus and microyield stress. Elastic moduli have been calculated for the materials on the basis of several different models using the preferred orientation data. Excellent agreement is found between the measured moduli and those calculated according to the Eshelby‐Kröner‐Kneer model. Variations in stress level from grain to grain were also calculated according to this model and used to predict the initiation of plastic flow, i.e. the microyield point. These predictions also agree closely with measured values. Variation of grain size did not have a major influence on elasticity or microyielding.
Effect of Carbide Size, Cold Reduction and Heating Rate in Annealing on Deep‐Drawability of Low‐Carbon,Capped Cold‐Rolled Steel Sheet
Authors: Matsudo Kazuo , Shimomura Takayoshi , Nozoe Osamu
Published: April 2008

The effects of carbide size prior to cold
rolling, cold reduction and heating rate in annealing
on ‐value, and texture of cold‐rolled steel sheets were
investigated. The main results obtained were as follows:
(1) When the carbide size prior to cold rolling
is large, ‐value can be improved with a faster heating
rate in annealing. (2) Moreover, the cold reduction of
peak ‐value shifts to the higher cold reduction side,
and ‐value tends to increase with cold reduction up to
90%. These phenomena are thought to be based on the delay
in dissolution of carbide at the initial state of
recrystallization, the change in recrystallization temperature
and the preferred nucleation.
Geometrical Foundations of Texture Analysis. Geodesic Curves and Motions in the group Space of Three‐Dimensional Rotations
Authors: Yashnikov V. P. , Bunge H. J.
Published: April 2008

Principal concepts and selected results relating to the inner geometry of the three‐dimensional
rotation group SO(3) are presented in a form which is appropriate for further
applications to various problems of texture analysis. Starting from the basic concepts of
regular and piecewise regular curves in the group space SO(3) we consider the functional
of the angular length and introduce further geodesic curves. It is shown that the geodesics
can be fully characterized, in the group‐theoretical terms, as cosets of all possible one‐parametric
subgroups in the space SO(3). Two kinds of parallelism between geodesics in
the group space are discussed as well as related congruences. Geodesic curves are characterized
also in terms of their constitutive vectors. The related transformational rules
under motions are obtained. The geometrical structure of general motions and non‐euclidean
rotations of the space SO(3) is described on the base.
High Temperature Texture Goniometer for in Situ Measurements of Transformation Textures
Authors: Brückner G. , Reher F. R. , Gottstein G.
Published: April 2008

A high temperature stage was designed for mounting onto a computer controlled four
circle X‐ray texture goniometer. This technique allowed to conduct in situ texture measurement,
i.e. the determination of the texture evolution during rather than subsequent to
annealing. The device was employed for temperatures up to 1000°C.

The furnace consisted of a resistance wire of Pt30Rh, which was isolated against the
specimen with Al2O3 glue. The furnace with the specimen was covered by a hemispherical
KaptonTM foil. Inside the hemisphere a reducing gas atmosphere was used to avoid
oxidation of the sample surface.
The Effect of Soller Slit and Monochromator Used for Background Reduction in Texture Measurements
Authors: Van Acker K. , Van Houtte P.
Published: April 2008

An X‐ray texture goniometer equipped with a vertical Soller slit and a monochromator in the secondary beam in combination with Cu radiation is found to be useful for pole figure measurements on different materials, e.g. Al and Fe, as well as for low incident beam angle measurements on thin coatings. The obtained ODF′s are less sensitive to errors in the procedure used for background correction of the pole figures than obtained with the classical setup used for pole figure measurements. The reason for that is the drastically ameliorated Intensity/Background (I/B) ratio by the use of the monochromator. Examples for cold rolled Fe and Al are presented. One of the merits of the new setup is that pole figures of Al, Cu, Ti, Fe can all be measured by using Cu Kα radiation, thus avoiding frequent and time‐consuming exchanges of X‐ray tubes.
New Possibilities of Phase, Texture, and Stress Analysis Using Energy Dispersive Detectors
Authors: Moras K. , Arnhold R.
Published: April 2008

For angular dispersive and energy dispersive phase, texture, and stress analysis of compact samples (TiAl) and thin TiN layers, an electroluminescence detector and a Si(Li) semiconductor detector were applied. The parameters and application properties of the detectors are described. For angular dispersive measurements higher reflection intensities and better peak‐to‐background ratios can be attained, in comparison to conventional methods, by using multichannel pulse accumulation and mathematical spectrum evaluation.

In energy dispersive texture and stress measurements, reflection data from several lattice planes can be obtained simultaneously. In stress measurement, variations of lattice spacings in the order of 10-3 are reliably detectable. In principle, texture and stress
information can be received from one measurement.
Magnetic‐Coupling Properties in Polycrystals
Authors: Fuentes L.
Published: April 2008

Quantitative Texture Analysis procedures for characterisation of polycrystal pyromagnetic,
magnetoelectric and piezomagnetic effects are proposed. The considered phenomena link
the thermic, electric and elastic subsystems of a given body with its magnetic subsystem.
Brief resumes of required thermodynamic, tensor and texture methods are given. Peculiar
behaviour of magnetic (axial‐tensor) quantities under colour symmetry operations is
described. The use of Neumann′s Principle in the investigation of the considered effects is
discussed. Surface representation of magnetic‐coupling properties is analysed in detail.
Colour symmetry, combined with the axial nature of the related tensors, determines the
shapes of properties′ surfaces. Bunge′s spherical harmonics treatment of surface representations
is adapted to axial‐tensor cases. Computer‐generated cases of pyromagnetic,
magnetoelectrie and piezomagnetic textures are solved.
Comments to a Publication of T.I. Savyolova Concerning Domains of Dependence in Pole Figures
Authors: Matthies S. , Esling C.
Published: April 2008

A questionable publication of T.I. Savyolova is analysed. The paper claims, that it is possible to determine Ph(y) pole figure values for y ∈ Y(h; h0, Y0) using only data from y ∈ Y0 of a single pole figure . The contradiction to the common knowledge can be resolved well understanding that there is a general difference between the term solutions
(or continuation of solutions) of an ultrahyperbolic equation (satisfied by the axis distribution function A(h, y)) and the term pole figure. Pole figures considered in texture analysis are two‐dimensional projections of a three‐dimensional object (the ODF f(g)). For limited data sets the equation ΔhA(h, y) = ΔyA(h, y) bears only a necessary, but not sufficient character in order to get solutions of interest, i.e. it cannot be guaranteed that a h‐specific continuation of a starting solution will be a “h‐projection” of the same ODF, which belongs to a concrete sample and possesses the “h0‐projection” .

Consequently, to name such a h‐specific continuation “pole figure” is incorrect. The consideration of formal (unambiguous only by artificial conditions) continuations of solutions may be mathematically interesting, but is of no practical importance for texture analysis. Examples (already considered by the authors about twenty years ago) are given, how to construct in a much more simple way continuations of solutions of the same useless type like in the paper under discussion.
Texture Distributions Through the Thickness of an ELC‐BH Sheet With Very High r¯‐Value Produced by a New Technology
Authors: Guan Xiaojun , Zhou Jiajuan , Hu Xiaojun , Wu Qiulin
Published: April 2008

Effects of a new technology which made ‐value increase remarkably on the distributions of the cold rolling and annealing textures through the thickness of an extra low‐carbon and high strength bake‐hardening sheet steel have been researched by means of the method of ODF. The results are expressed as follows: (1) γ‐fiber axis texture in the ELC‐BH sheet obtained by the new technology develops so strongly and purely, especially within the sheet. This is the essential cause why ‐value of the sheet remarkably increases. (2) The very strong γ‐fiber axis texture of being completely different from conventional one is closely related to the cold rolled sheet supplied by the new technology which benefits to develop {111} annealing texture strongly. The inside of the cold rolled sheet is far more favorable than its surface to the development of the γ‐fiber axis texture.
Oxidation of Zirconium Alloys. Crystallographic Texture of Zirconia: Interpretation and Mechanical Consequences
Authors: Parise M. , Touet I. , Sicardy O.
Published: April 2008

In order to have a better knowledge of the mechanical behaviour of the oxide layers growing on zirconium alloys in pressurized water reactors, the textures of different zirconium alloys and their oxide layers are studied. The results show that the texture of the oxide layers present a feature common to all the layers: the tilt angle of the maximum intensities of the pole figures obtained on the layers is almost quite identical for all the studied substrates. The azimuthal reinforcements depend on the metallurgical state of the substrate.

The crystallographic direction of monoclinic zirconia common to all the oxide grains is identified. A computation based on mechanical issues is presented: considering the anisotropic elastic properties of the monoclinic monocrystal, it is shown that the particular crystallographic direction is linked to an isotropic state of strains in the plane of the metal–oxide interface.
Thickness Determination of Surface Film for Textured Specimens by X‐ray Diffraction
Authors: Yu-Shu Liu , Yu Zhao
Published: April 2008

A simple and convenient X‐ray diffraction method is proposed to determine the thickness
of surface film for textured specimens. The analysis result for a synthetic specimen with
surface film has proved that the method is applicable and reliable.
Quantitative Prediction of Cold Rolling Textures in Low‐CarbonSteel by Means of the Lamel Model
Authors: Van Houtte P. , Delannay L. , Samajdar I.
Published: April 2008

Rolling textures of low‐carbon steel predicted by full constraints and relaxed constraints
Taylor models, as well by a self‐consistent model, are quantitatively compared to experimental
results. It appears that none of these models really performs well, the best results
being obtained by the Pancake model. Anew model (“Lamel model”) is then proposed as a
further development of the Pancake model. It treats a stack of two lamella‐shaped grains
at a time. The new model is described in detail, after which the results obtained for rolling of
low‐carbon steel are discussed. The prediction of the overall texture now is quantitatively
correct. However, the γ‐fibre components are better predicted than the α‐fibre ones. Finally
it is concluded that further work is necessary, as the same kind of success is not guaranteed
for other cases, such as rolling of f.c.c, materials.
X‐Ray Study of Rolled Single Crystals of Ti–48%Ni–2%FeAlloy. Part I: Texture Development and Mechanisms of PlasticDeformation
Authors: Perlovich Yu. , Bunge H. J. , Isaenkova M. , Fesenko V. , Rustamov R.
Published: April 2008

Rolled single crystals of the alloy Ti–48%Ni–2%Fe were
studied by methods of X‐ray diffractometry using a PSD‐technique.
Single crystals, consisting of the phase B2, were rolled in 11
initial orientations at 350°C with deformation degrees up to
~80%. Texture development in single crystals under rolling was
analyzed to determine the acting mechanisms of plastic
deformation. Three stable orientations of single crystals were
found: {011}〈011〉 ,{111}〈011〉 and {111}〈112〉. It was shown on the basis of texture data, that Ti–Ni
single crystals deform by means of combined action of slip in the
systems {011}〈001〉 and twinning. For the first time, along with twinning
in the known systems {114}〈221〉 , twinning in the systems {118}〈441〉
was revealed. A
number of concrete cases was considered to refine the
contributions of slip and twinning into reorientation of single
crystals depending on their initial orientations as well as to
ascertain the interrelation of different mechanisms.
Texture in Cold Rolled and Magnetically Aged Fe–Mo–Ni–C Alloys
Authors: Abreu H. F. G. , Teodósio J. R. , Da Costa Viana C. S.
Published: April 2008

The texture change due to the increase of cold rolling reduction
in Fe‐Mo‐Ni‐C alloys is described. Orientation Distribution
Functions (ODF) for samples cold rolled 80%, 90%, 97%
and 99% are shown and discussed. Below 90% cold rolling
reduction, the texture in
these alloys is similar to that of cold rolled low carbon steels. Above 90% cold rolling
reduction, a decrease in the component {001}〈110〉 is observed and the texture becomes weaker probably
due to the development of shear bands. Magnetic age‐annealing at
610°C for 1 h does not recrystallize completely these alloys.
Samples cold rolled above 90% (97% and 99%)
present an increase in the {001}〈110〉 component, this being responsible for a corresponding
increase in the magnetic anisotropy of these alloys.
Texture of Cold‐Rolled β‐Titanium Alloys With Additions ofHydrogen
Authors: Sokolova T. A. , Anisimova L. I. , Sokolov B. K.
Published: April 2008

This paper presents a study of texture investigations in a cold‐rolled VT‐35 titanium alloy
with hydrogen concentration varied within 0.04–0.55 wt. %. It is shown that the character
of the rolling texture depends on hydrogen contents and is caused by changes in the
mechanism of plastic deformation of the alloy. The poorly deformable alloy may be
plastified by introducing small additions of hydrogen (0.06–0.12wt.%.). The texture
formed in this case has a relatively strong {112}–{100}〈111〉 component and a lowintense
111 component.
Goss Texture Development in Fe–Si Steels
Authors: Rajmohan N. , Szpunar J. A. , Hayakawa Y.
Published: April 2008

Goss texture development in silicon steels has been studied through EBSP measurements
and various computer simulations and calculations. The results of these studies suggest
the possible role of high energy grain boundaries (HEGB) in the abnormal growth of
Goss grains. The Goss orientation has a fraction of HEGBs that is higher than any other
commonly observed orientations in the primary recrystallized silicon steels. The HEGBs
have high GB diffusion coefficients which cause rapid coarsening of precipitates on these
HEGBs and release them earlier, at the time when other GBs are still pinned. A difference
in the mobility between the HEGBs and the other GBs favours the abnormal growth of
Goss grains. The Monte‐Carlo methods that have been developed and used to validate
this assumption have generated abnormally growing Goss grains. The experimentally
observed grain boundary character distributions (GBCD) around the growing Goss
grains have been reproduced in simulation by assuming high mobility to HEGBs. Apart
from the high mobility differences between different GBs, the importance of the fraction
of GBs with high mobility around growing Goss grains is realized.
A Simulation of Recrystallization Textures of Al‐Alloys WithConsideration of the Probabilities of Nucleation and Growth
Authors: Engler O.
Published: April 2008

The characteristic recrystallization texture components of cold rolled Al‐alloys can be
traced back to a growth selection of grains with an approximate 40º 〈111〉
orientation
relationship out of a limited spectrum of preferentially formed nucleus orientations.
Accordingly, recrystallization textures can be modeled by the multiplication of a function
f(g)nucl describing the probability of nucleation of the various orientations and a function
f(g)grow representing their growth probability.

Whereas the growth probability can be accounted for by a 40 111 transformation of the
rolling texture, the nucleation probability of the respective grains is given by the distribution
of potential nucleus orientations, which is known from local texture analysis for the most
important nucleation sites in cold rolled Al‐alloys, cube‐bands, grain boundaries and
second‐phase particles. If several nucleation sites are active simultaneously, the nucleation
probabilities have to be weighted according to their respective proportions. For that purpose,
the numbers of nuclei forming at the various nucleation sites were calculated according
to a model approach proposed by Vatne et al. (Acta Mater 44, 1996, 4463–4473).

The paper describes the model for recrystallization texture simulation in Al‐alloys and
gives examples of recrystallization textures simulated regarding a variation of different
microstructural parameters to demonstrate the predictive power of the model.
3‐Dimensional Structure‐Imitation Model of Evolution ofMicrostructure of Powder Body During Sintering
Authors: Kamenin I. G. , Kadushnikov R. M. , Alievsky V. M. , Alievsky D. M. , Somina S. V.
Published: April 2008

This paper describes a 3D structure‐imitation computer model of evolution of the powder
compact during sinteringand recrystallization without nucleation. At the initial stages of the
evolution processes (sintering until a mosaic structure of boundaries is formed) the model
particles are spheres, and two‐particle interaction laws control their evolution. During
sintering the degree of mutual penetration of the particles increases, regions where spherical
particles are wholly facetted by contacts with neighboring particles are formed and grow.
These particles are described using the formalism of Voronoi radical polyhedra, and grain
growth laws govern their evolution. The model predicts the time dependencies of the
following structure parameters of the polyhedra: average polyhedron size and dispersion, total surface of the facets of the polyhedra and total lenght of the edges of the polyhedra.
Influence of Nanocrystalline Structure on the Magnetic Propertiesof Wires and Microwires
Authors: Vázquez M. , Marin P. , Arcas J. , Hernando A. , Zhukov A. P. , González J.
Published: April 2008

The determining factors of the outstanding magnetic properties of the so‐called nanocrystalline
materials are described. The discussion is based on results performed on wires
and microwire materials with general composition FeSiB(CuNb) and obtained by different
rapid solidification techniques. The evolution of magnetic properties (i.e., coercivity,
magnetostriction) is correlated with the structural evolution associated to the corresponding
heating parameters, experimentally determined by X‐ray diffraction or differential
scanning calorimetry. Finally, a discussion is introduced on the important role
played by the structural nature of a two‐phase system into the above‐mentioned magnetic
properties. A final analysis of some technological applications of devitrified magnetic wires
and microwires is presented.
Influence of Various Heat Treatments on Giant MagnetoimpedanceEffect in Nanocrystalline FeSiBNbCu Ribbons
Authors: Kurlyandskaya G. V. , Vázquez M. , Sinnecker E. H.C.P. , Zhukov A. P. , Sinnecker J. P. , Hernando A. , El Ghannami M.
Published: April 2008

In this paper we present studies on the frequency dependence of the magneto‐impedance in
the range of 0.1–2 MHz for Fe73.5Si13.5B9Nb3Cu1 and Fe73.5Si16.5B6Nb3Cu1 nanocrystalline
ribbons, which differ in the sign of the magnetostriction constant. As cast samples
were annealed in Ar atmosphere at 560℃, with and without an DC and AC magnetic field.
At a fixed frequency, an improvement in the field annealed 13.5% Si samples, when
compared with the zero field annealed ones, can be observed. On the 16.5% Si field
annealed samples only a reduction of magneto‐impedance ratio could be observed, when
compared to the non‐field annealed ones. Analysis of the magnetic properties and X‐ray
data shows that the observed changes in magneto‐impedance effect are consequence of the
induced magnetic anisotropy.
Thermal Stability of Field‐ and Stress‐Induced Anisotropy inNanocrystalline Fe‐Based and Amorphous Co‐Based Alloys
Authors: Dmitrieva N. V. , Lukshina V. A. , Kurlyandskaya G. V. , Potapov A. P.
Published: April 2008

Thermal stability of induced magnetic anisotropy (IMA) was studied in a course of subsequent
annealings without any external effects for already field‐ or stress‐annealed specimens
of the nanocrystalline Fe73.5Cu1Nb3Si13.5B9 and amorphous Fe3Co67Cr3Si15B12
alloys. For these alloys the dependence of IMA thermal stability on the magnitude of the
IMA constant (Ku) and temperature of stress‐annealing was investigated. For the nanocrystalline
alloy thermal stability of field‐ and stress‐induced anisotropy with identical Ku
was compared. It was shown that nanocrystalline specimens with identical Ku values after
field‐ or stress‐annealing have identical thermal stability of IMA. This can point to a
similarity of the mechanisms of IMA formation after field‐ or stress‐annealings. Thermal
stability of stress‐induced anisotropy in the nanocrystalline alloy with Ku value less than
1000 J/m3 and the amorphous alloy with Ku less than 100 J/m3 depends on the value of Ku.
For both stress‐annealed nanocrystalline and amorphous alloys magnetic anisotropy
induced at higher temperatures is more stable because more long‐range and energy‐taking
processes take place at these temperatures.
Field‐ and Stress‐Induced Magnetic Anisotropy in NanocrystallineFe‐Based and Amorphous Co‐Based Alloys
Authors: Lukshina V. A. , Dmitrieva N. V. , Potapov A. P.
Published: April 2008

For nanocrystalline alloy Fe73.5Cu1Nb3Si13.5B9 thermomechanical treatment was carried
out simultaneously with nanocrystallizing annealing (1) or after it (2). It was shown that a
change in magnetic properties for the case 1 is essentially greater than for the case 2.
Complex effect of thermomagnetic and thermomechanical treatments on magnetic properties
was studied in the above‐mentioned nanocrystalline alloy as well as in the amorphous
alloy Fe5Co70.6Si15B9.4., During the annealings both field and stress were aligned with the
long side of the specimens. It was shown that the magnetic field, AC or DC, decreases an
effect of loading. Moreover, the magnetic field, AC or DC, applied after stress‐annealing
can destroy the magnetic anisotropy already induced under load.
Thermal Expansion Anomalies at Spin‐Reorientation inSmFe2: the Role of the Magnetic Texture
Authors: Podgornykh S. M. , Korolyov A. V. , Gaviko V. S. , Mushnikov N. V.
Published: April 2008

Temperature dependency of the thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) was studied at 4.2–
300K in SmFe2 ferromagnetic compound having spin‐reorientation temperature near
190 K. We have found a strong effect of the magnetic texture on TEC of this high magnetostrictive
compound at the spin‐reorientation phase transition from [1 1] to [1 10] easy
direction. The substantial role in the texture formation is expected to belong to atoms of
hydrogen that are always present in a small amount in the compounds of such type.
Calculation of Microstresses in Textured Polycrystals With CubicCrystal Symmetry
Authors: Mityushov E. A. , Berestova S. A.
Published: April 2008

The problem of the analytic determination of microstresses in textured polycrystals with
cubic symmetry under general static loading has been solved. The solution is based on the
expansion of macroscopic and microscopic stress fields into hydrostatic and deviatoric
portions. This essentially simplifies the description of microstresses in polycrystals.
Texture and Young′s Modulus Anisotropy in Nanostructured Copper
Authors: Alexandrov I. V. , Serebryany V. N. , Sarvarova L. N. , Alexandrova M. V. , Valiev R. Z.
Published: April 2008

It was shown that in ultrafine‐grained nanostructured Cu processed by severe plastic
deformation and subjected to cold rolling and annealing, the level and character of Young′s
modulus anisotropy is significantly different from values corresponding to cold rolled and
annealed coarse‐grained Cu. The crystallographic texture formation processes are investigated
in these states in parallel. The comparative study of the elastic behaviour and
crystallographic texture lets us draw conclusions concerning the leading role of not only
developing crystallographic texture but a specific defect structure of grain boundaries as
well in the formation of unusual elastic properties of ultrafine‐grained materials processed
by severe plastic deformation.
The Influence of Crystallographic Texture on DynamicRecrystallization
Authors: Kaibyshev R. , Sokolov B. , Galiyev A.
Published: April 2008

The influence of a crystallographic texture (CT) on Dynamic Recrystallization (DRX)
was investigated at T= 300℃ and 2.8 x 10-3 s-1 in Mg–5.8% Zn–0.65% Zr in
detail. It was shown that mechanics and kinetics of DRX are in strong dependence on
location of basal planes. Initial texture effects recrystallized grain size too. Extensive
recrystallization process was observed in cases when basal planes locate parallelly or at
right angles to a compression axis. Almost full recrystallization structure was formed after
moderate strains. If basal planes locate at 45° to the compression axis DRX occurs slowly
and the formed grain size is less as compared to the other two cases. Microstructure
evolution was considered in context of relationship between DRX and mechanisms of
plastic deformation. It was established that the effect of initial texture on DRX is promoted
by its influence on the character of dislocation slip. The reasons for the influence of
the character of dislocation slip on DRX are discussed.
Influence of the Texture on the Al–6%Mg Alloy Deformation
Authors: Lychagina T. A. , Nikolayev D. I.
Published: April 2008

The influence of the texture on material mechanical properties and deformation behaviour was widely discussed. (refer to Bunge, H.J. (1982). Texture Analysis in Materials Science Mathematical Methods). Butterworths, London. In this work elastic properties (Young′s modulus) of cold rolled Al–6%Mg alloy sheet were estimated taking into account lattice preferred orientations, which can be described by the orientation distribution function (ODF). The ODF was reconstructed from pole figures measured by means of neutron diffraction and was approximated by normal distributions (Savyolova, T.I. (1994)Zavodskaya Laboratoria 50, N5, 48–52). The method used for calculation is able to express explicitly the polycrystalline elastic property via the single crystal property and the texture parameters.

Stress–strain dependenc (deformation curves) was measured by means of uniaxial tensile tests for Al–6%Mg alloy samples with different tensile axis directions. Samples for uniaxial tests were cut at different angles to the rolling direction. The conformity between experimental and computed results is discussed.
Advances and Applications of Neutron Texture Analysis
Authors: Brokmeier H.-G.
Published: April 2008

Due to the high penetration depth of thermal neutrons for most materials, neutron diffraction is an efficient tool for bulk texture analysis. The main applications are investigations of coarse‐grained materials, non‐destructive pole figure measurements of identical samples at different states, detection of weak textures, measurement of unprepared samples and texture investigations of multi‐phase systems. It should be pointed out that neutron texture analysis is suitable for basic research as well as for applications.
Texture Analysis of Quartzite by Whole Pattern Deconvolution
Authors: Matthies S. , Lutterotti L. , Ullemeyer K. , Wenk H.-R.
Published: April 2008

The recently developed RITA concept combines algorithms of the Rietveld structure analysis with those from modern texture analysis in order to get texture information from d‐spacing diffraction spectra. It is demonstrated for a low symmetry material (quartz) and a minimum pole sphere covering by the measured spectra. The quality of the results underlines the efficiency of this new approach especially for time‐of‐flight neutron diffraction studies where access to the beam is limited. New interesting aspects for crystal structure refinement are discussed.
Advances in Neutron Diffraction for Engineering Residual Stress Measurements
Authors: Ezeilo A. N. , Webster G. A.
Published: April 2008

The increasing awareness amongst engineers and designers, of the significance of residual stresses in influencing the useful lifetimes of engineering components, has resulted in more demanding expectations being placed on the methods used to obtain these stresses. The neutron diffraction technique is emerging as the most attractive measuring method as the residual stresses can usually be obtained non‐destructively to depths of up to 40 mm in some common engineering materials. Although it is a relatively new technique it has been used to measure the residual stresses in a range of engineering materials introduced by a wide variety of manufacturing processes such as welding, quenching, machining, shot peening, cold hole expansion and autofrettage.

In this paper the neutron diffraction technique for non‐destructive residual stress measurements will be described including methods used to validate the measurements. Precautions that should be taken in order to obtain reliable measurements are outlined. Procedures being investigated in order to produce a code of practice will be presented.
A representative selection of stress distributions developed by a range of manufacturing processes is examined. Some comparisons are made with strain gauge, X‐ray and numerical predictions. It is shown how the results can be of benefit in engineering stress analysis.
Bragg‐Edge Transmission as an Additional Tool for StrainMeasurements
Authors: Priesmeyer Hans Georg , Stalder Meinhard , Vogel Sven , Meggers Kay , Bless Ralf , Trela Walter
Published: April 2008

Solid state information from coherent neutron scattering can be extracted from transmission
experiments on polycrystalline materials. The transmission technique has been
applied to dynamic structural and phase change investigations and will be developed to
cover the fields of strain mapping and structural tomography.
Determination of Residual Stresses in WCu Gradient Materials
Authors: Bokuchava G. , Shamsutdinov N. , Schreiber J. , Stalder M.
Published: April 2008

Residual stress measurements were carried out on copper–tungsten gradient materials by
means of neutron diffraction on the High Resolution Fourier Diffractometer on IBR‐2,
JINR, Dubna. The samples so far investigated had a concentration profile that approximates
the gradient by step functions. The results show an averaged positive stress (stretch)
in the copper phase and negative (compression) in the tungsten phase. A comparison to
analytical linear elastic calculations shows that the measured values are nearly an order of
magnitude too low, whereas however, a qualitative agreement of the stress distribution
exists. That this quantitative discrepancy can be attributed to the model′s simplifying
assumption of pure elastic behaviour can be shown by recent calculations that also include
plasticity and show a much better agreement with the experimental values. Single peak
evaluation also strongly suggests that plasticity does indeed play a significant role.
Measurements of Residual Stresses in a Shape Welded Steel Tube byNeutron and X‐Ray Diffraction
Authors: Kockelmann H. , Bokuchava G. D. , Schreiber J. , Taran Yu. V.
Published: April 2008

Shape welding of a ferritic steel layer on an austenitic steel tube is used to build compressive stresses on its outer surface, and as a result, suppress stress corrosion. Investigations of residual stresses in such bi‐layer tubes are important for developing optimal welding techniques. The neutron and X‐ray diffraction methods were used to analyze the stress behavior around the welded region on the tube. To this end, strain components in the radial, axial and tangential directions were measured across the weld. The results are compared to the data obtained by the destructive turning out technique and theoretical predictions by the finite element method.
Neutron, X‐Ray, and Finite‐Element Stress Analysis on BrazedComponents of Steel and Cemented Carbide
Authors: Pintschovius L. , Schreieck B. , Eigenmann B.
Published: April 2008

Plates of cemented carbide were joined to steel by brazing. The structure was designed in imitation of a rock drill. Two types of steel were used which, after cooling from brazing temperature, showed a normalized ferritic–perlitic or a martensitic material state, respectively. Copper foil containing a nickel mesh was used as braze material. The residual stresses resulting from the different thermal shrinkage and elastic–plastic behavior of the materials as well as from the different phase transformation behavior of the steels during cooling of the samples from the brazing temperature (1100℃) to room temperature were investigated by neutron diffraction with special attention to the regions near the interface between steel and cemented carbide. Additional measurements were performed by X‐ray diffraction on selected surface areas. Most of the experimental results could be satisfactorily modelled by three‐dimensional finite‐element calculations employing the temperature dependent elastic–plastic behavior of the materials. In particular, characteristic differences between the residual stress states of components with ferritic–perlitic or martensitic steel bodies were found experimentally as well as by the model calculations. Some points are discussed which require further investigations.
Residual Stress Investigations in Austenitic Steel Samples WithDifferent Degree of Low Cycle Fatigue
Authors: Bokuchava G. D. , Luzin V. V. , Schreiber J. , Taran Yu. V.
Published: April 2008

Austenitic stainless steels are widely used because of their high corrosion resistance and toughness. The influence of the applied cyclic load on the mechanical properties of the material is of great current interest. In order to investigate residual stress evolution a series of the austenitic steel samples (X6CrNiTi1810) with different degrees of low cycle fatigue was studied. Martensitic phase formation was observed at different degrees of low cycle fatigue. Residual stresses, microstresses in both phases, as well as martensitic precipitation volume fractions, were estimated. Usually after plastic deformation the martensite phase produces a structure of oriented plates or laths. Therefore martensite texture formation during phase transition can be expected. Indeed the registered neutron diffraction spectra from austenitic fatigued samples show texture presence and its variation in dependence of the fatigue degree. The attempt to consider the texture evolution in dependence of fatigue degree and its influence on the residual stresses was made.
A VME Based Accumulation, Control and Supervising System forNeutron Texture Measurements
Authors: Kirilov A. S. , Heinitz J. , Korobchenko M. L. , Rezaev V. E. , Sirotin A. P.
Published: April 2008

Nowadays VME based systems to control neutron measurement instruments are forcing out those built with PC and CAMAC. One of the several alternative solutions is presented here. Its main feature is the implementation of the entire system on the VME site. Both, the hardware and the software parts are considered. The instrument can be controlled locally or remotely via local network (even from PCs) with a modern‐styled graphical user interface.
Optimal Calculation of ODF With the Canonical Normal Distributionon the Rotation Group
Authors: Savyolova T. I. , Davidzhan E. A. , Ivanova T. M.
Published: April 2008

Macroscopic physical properties of most polycrystalline materials are controlled by orientation distribution of their grains. The orientation distribution function (ODF) of a polycrystal is seldom if ever determined directly from an experiment. Usually experimental data are represented by a set of pole figures (PFs), these latter are some integral projections of the ODF. The main problem of quantitative texture analysis is to recover ODF from its corresponding PFs. With any set of PFs the solution of this problem is non‐unique. That is why some assumptions about ODF structure are necessary. We consider ODF as superposition of the canonical normal distribution (CND) on the rotation group SO(3).
Optimization of Texture Measurements—Part I: Method: Optimal GridParameter
Authors: Luzin V.
Published: April 2008

In texture experiments one always measures a sample with some constrained number of grains N (see the discussion in Bunge (1996). Proc. of Workshop ‘Math. Methods of Texture Analysis’, Textures and Microstructures 25, 71–108). It is clear that the orientation distribution function (ODF) and pole figures (PFs) measured for this limited N may differ from actual ones. How well do texture measurements reproduce the actual distribution densities? The statistical relevance of such measurements is the main area of interest in the present paper.

In this article the RP‐value is adopted as the value quantitatively characterizing this relevance. From this point of view the problem of evaluation of true distribution densities means the minimization of the RP‐value over some variables. For evaluation of the pole density (for some PF), we consider the parameter of the measurement grid as the variable of the minimization problem. The number of grains N and the sharpness of the texture are the additional parameters of the problem.

Two approaches to solve the mentioned problem are proposed. One is the numerical simulation of the given distribution as the normal (Gaussian) distribution. The other is based on some estimation of the expected RP‐value between the actual and experimental PFs.

It turns out that for the given type of the measurement grid (an equidistant grid) the optimal measurement grid parameter exists. This is one that minimizes the RP‐value in dependence on the number of grains N in the sample and sharpness of the texture.
Orientation Distributions of Low Symmetry Polyphase Materials Using Neutron Diffraction Data: Application to a Rock Composed of Quartz, Biotite and Feldspar
Authors: Chateigner D. , Wenk H. R. , Pernet M.
Published: April 2008

The crystallographic texture of the three main constituting phases of a granodioritic rock
have been determined quantitatively, using neutron diffraction with a position sensitive
detector. Intensities deconvoluted from the full profiles were used in the orientation distribution
refinements using the WlMV algorithm. Satisfactory results were obtained for
the three phases.
Optimization of Texture Measurements—Part II: Further Applications:Optimal Smoothing
Authors: Luzin V.
Published: April 2008

In our previous paper (Luzin, 1997. Proc. of Workshop ‘Neutron Textures and Stress Analysis’) the basic principles of the quantitative approach to optimize the texture measurements were outlined. This paper is the report of advances in this direction.

The quantitative approach is used to solve the smoothing problem. Smoothing by singular integrals with an integral kernel used by Nikolayev and Ullemeyer (1996). Proc. of Workshop ‘Math. Methods of Texture Analysis’, Textures and Microstructures25, 149– 158 is used in this paper. It is shown how the optimal smoothing parameter depends on the grain statistics, i.e. the number of grains in the sample. The algorithm for optimal smoothing of real pole density data (pole figures) is proposed.

Also, the application of optimal smoothing for solving the central problem of quantitative texture analysis (QTA), i.e. orientation distribution function (ODF) reproduction, is discussed.
The de la Vallée Poussin Standard Orientation Density Function
Authors: Schaeben H.
Published: April 2008

The de la Vallée Poussin standard orientation density function νκ(ω) = C(κ)cos⁡2κ(ω/2) is discussed with emphasis on the finiteness of its harmonic series expansion which, advantageously
distinguishes it from other known standard functions. Given its halfwidth, the de la Vallée Poussin standard orientation density function allows, for example, to tabulate the degree of series expansion into harmonics required for its exact representation.
Texture Asymmetries as Shear Sense Indicators in NaturallyDeformed Mono‐ and Polyphase Carbonate Rocks
Authors: Leiss B. , Siegesmund S. , Weber K.
Published: April 2008

The microstructural and quantitative texture analyses of a naturally deformed calcite
mylonite, a dolomite mylonite and a dolomitic calcite mylonite reveal different texture
asymmetries for comparable deformation conditions. Calcite shows a c‐axis maximum
rotated against the shear sense with regard to the main shear plane. In contrast, the
dolomite shows a c‐axis maximum rotated with the shear sense. In accordance with the
experimental and simulated textures from the literature, this difference proves e‐twinning
and r‐slip for calcite and f‐twinning and c‐slip for dolomite as the main deformation
mechanisms. The dolomitic calcite mylonite shows for both the calcite and the dolomite a
c‐axis maximum rotated against the shear sense. On account of the microstructure of this
sample, the dolomite texture has been passively overtaken from the deformation texture of
calcite during a late‐deformative dolomitization. The results significantly contribute to the
interpretation that the sampled shear zone is a transpressive strike–slip fault.
Neutron Texture Analysis of Melt‐Textured YBCO Bulk Samples
Authors: Schmidt Lothar , Ullrich Martin , Kuhs Werner F.
Published: April 2008

Neutron texture measurements on YBCO bulk samples show a very
sharp texture of the superconducting phase YBa2Cu3O7-x with
half‐widths of less than 5°. Even with a rather coarse measurement
grid of only 722 points per complete pole figure, satisfactory
results for the recalculated (002) pole figures could be obtained.
However, for a reliable calculation of a complete ODF, finer grids
will have to be used. Due to the importance of a good alignment of
the c‐axes in the material, a quantitative analysis of the (002)
pole figures, including an error estimation due to measurement
grid and counting statistics, was made. An outline for the
determination of a reliable background estimate is given.
Texture Control in Thin Films Using Ion Bombardment
Authors: Was G. S. , Ji H. , Ma Z.
Published: April 2008

The development of texture in thin films under ion bombardment is believed to occur due to
the preferential growth of the aligned grains in the film relative to the unaligned grains. The
difference in growth rates between aligned and unaligned grains results in the development
of texture with increasing thickness. Both out‐of‐plane (fiber) and in‐plane texture can be
controlled during ion bombardment. Experiments were performed to create a (110) out‐of‐plane
texture in thin aluminum films and to create a (110) in‐plane texture in niobium films.
Results showed that the texture in both cases increases in strength with depth, and that for
500 nm Al films, the (110) texture was stronger than the thermodynamically‐preferred (111)
texture obtained by physical vapor deposition. Results confirm a texturing mechanism
based on ion channeling and preferential sputtering.
The Growth of Oxide Scales on Textured Nickel
Authors: Czerwinski F. , Szpunar J. A.
Published: April 2008

Improvement in the understanding of the influence of crystallographic texture on the
diffusion behavior of protective oxides, formed at high temperatures on metallic substrates,
is being sought through the study of a simple model system such as nickel–nickel
oxide. Examples of textures in metallurgical nickel products and the correlation between
the substrate and oxide textures, are discussed. Techniques of surface texturing are suggested
and the texture leading to the highest oxidation resistance is selected on the basis of
existing experimental evidence.
Study of the Deformation Mechanisms of the Superplastic Alloy Ai–Li 2090 by Texture Analysis
Authors: Pérez-Prado M. T. , Cristina M. C. , Ruano O. A. , González-Doncel G.
Published: April 2008

The deformation mechanisms of a superplastic Al–Li 2090 alloy have been investigated by
means of texture analysis. It has been found that both crystallographic slip (CS) and grain
boundary sliding (GBS) operate in response to the applied stress over a wide range of
deformation, conditions. This is in contrast to well‐accepted creep models, which predict
that only one mechanism should operate and that the transition from one mechanism
to another is abrupt and takes place over a narrow range of deformation conditions.
Additionally, according to geometric (Taylor‐type) models of uniaxial deformation
for CS, the 〈110〉, 〈111〉, or 〈001〉 fibers should appear when 4, 6, or 8 slip systems
operate. Here, however, CS contributes to stabilize orientations belonging to the α and
β fibers.
Microstructure and Texture of a Warmed Rolled IF Steel
Authors: Viana C. S. da Costa , Matheus J. R. G. , Lopes A. M. , El-Sharawy H. H. Aly
Published: April 2008

Steel rolling within the temperature range intermediate between hot and cold rolling
represents today a very economical and technically viable operation. The present work
investigates the microstructure and the texture developed in a Ti microalloyed IF steel by
rolling at 400°C and 600°C. Reductions of 40% and 60% were applied to a set of as hot
rolled strip specimens part of which was subsequently annealed at 800°C for 5 minutes.
Both the microstructure and the texture were examined by scanning electron microscopy.
The texture was analysed by Electron Back Scattering Diffraction (EBSD) and Orientation
Image Microscopy (OIM), and represented via the ODF method. The plastic anisotropy
was also characterised. It was found that the textures developed by warm rolling
are similar to those obtained by cold rolling, the intensities being also of comparable
value. The microstructure is characterised by the presence of many shear banded grains
whose amount was also quantified.
Statistical Analysis of Misorientation Distributions From Growth SelectionExperiments in Iron–3% Si
Authors: Magnusson Helena , Sandberg Nils
Published: April 2008

The frequency of occurrence of differently misoriented grain boundaries in growth
selection experiments in silicon–iron was reported by Ibe and Lücke and has been the
basis of many texture models. However, this pattern of behaviour bears much similarity
to misorientation frequencies calculated from random textures. A comparison of the
experimental and computed frequency distribution shows that there are statistically
significant differences and therefore that some possibilities for growth selection do exist