bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of styrene‐maleic anhydride as a reactive compatibilizer on the mechanical properties and flammability of intumescent flame retardant polystyrene
Authors: Chen Yajun , Guo Zhenghong , Fang Zhengping
Published: May 2010

Polystyrene (PS) was flame retarded with a polymeric intumescent flame retardant, poly(diaminodiphenyl methane spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphonate) (PDSPB), and in situ compatibilized with styrene‐maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymer. Compatibilization reaction was verified by IR spectroscopy and gel content measurement. Electron microscopy images showed that compatibilization could considerably reduce the size of the flame retardant domains and improve the interfacial adhesion between PS and PDSPB. With the same PDSPB loading (20 wt %), addition of 5, 10, and 20 wt % SMA increased the impact strength of the flame retarded PS by about 29, 103, and 201%, respectively. Compared with PS/PDSPB sample, addition of 5 wt % of SMA improved the limiting oxygen index from 23.8 to 24.2 and reduced the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of the blend by 18.3%. However, further increment of SMA content deteriorated the flame retardancy of the blend. It was found that the NH2 groups changed into more stable imide groups at high temperature, causing the absence of gas source. Therefore, the intumescent char could not be formed during combustion process, which was the main reason for the deteriorate effect of flame retardancy at high SMA loading. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Timing of Ectocranial Suture Activity in Pan troglodytes as Related to Cranial Volume and Dental Eruption
Authors: Cray James , Mooney Mark P. , Siegel Michael I.
Published: May 2010

Research has shown that Pan and Homo have similar ectocranial suture synostosis patterns possibly because of their phylogenetic relationship. However, unlike human data, it is unclear if the ontogeny of suture activity for Pan exhibits a relationship with the expanding neurocranium or the masticatory apparatus. These relationships were assessed by examining the associations between ectocranial suture status and morphology and cranial volume (as a proxy for neurocranial expansion) and dental development (as an indicator of adulthood and proxy for masticatory influence) in a large sample of Pan troglodytes skulls. One hundred and fifty‐five P. troglodytes dry skulls were examined, and data were collected on ectocranial suture closure status, cranial volume, and dental eruption status. Regression models were calculated for suture status by cranial volumes, and Kendall's tau (a nonparametric measure of association) was calculated for suture status by dental eruption status. Results suggest that suture synostosis activity in P. troglodytes exhibits a period of stasis after neurocranial expansion cessation and does not have a strong relationship with brain development (r2 ranged from 0.09 to 0.28), as similarly seen in Homo. Instead, suture synostosis has a stronger relationship with dental development (τ ranged from 0.59 to 0.72), where most osseous activity occurs after full adult dental eruption. This suggests that masticatory forces may influence both ectocranial suture morphology and synostosis more than brain expansion does in Pan, as also similarly noted in Homo. Anat Rec 293:1289–1296, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Topological centrality and its e‐Science applications
Authors: Zhuge Hai , Zhang Junsheng
Published: May 2010

Network structure analysis plays an important role in characterizing complex systems. Different from previous network centrality measures, this article proposes the topological centrality measure reflecting the topological positions of nodes and edges as well as influence between nodes and edges in general network. Experiments on different networks show distinguished features of the topological centrality by comparing with the degree centrality, closeness centrality, betweenness centrality, information centrality, and PageRank. The topological centrality measure is then applied to discover communities and to construct the backbone network. Its characteristics and significance is further shown in e‐Science applications.
Reactions of 7,8‐Dithiabicyclo[4.2.1]nona‐2,4‐diene 7‐exo‐Oxide with Dodecacarbonyl Triiron Fe3(CO)12: A Novel Type of Sulfenato Thiolato Diiron Hexacarbonyl Complexes
Authors: Windhager Jochen , Apfel Ulf‐Peter , Yoshino Tomoharu , Nakata Norio , Görls Helmar , Rudolph Manfred , Ishii Akihiko , Weigand Wolfgang
Published: May 2010

The reaction of Fe3(CO)12 (13) with 7,8‐dithiabicyclo[4.2.1]nona‐2,4‐diene 7‐exo‐oxide (12) yields the sulfenato‐thiolato complex 14, which is used as starting material for further reactions. The disulfenato complex 17 is obtained by using one equivalent of dimethyldioxirane (DMD), and the monoepoxide 18 is prepared by the oxidation of 14 with an excess of DMD. Complex 14 can be converted to the monophosphine complexes 19a and 19b by subsequent substitution of one CO ligand using trimethylaminoxide Me3NO and triphenylphosphine PPh3. Additional substitution reactions are done with 17 by using acetonitrile as a ligand to form 20a and 20b. In the electrochemical part of the paper, the reactions of the reduced iron species 14, 15, 17, and 19a are studied.
Zeitschichten des Klons. Anmerkungen zu einer Begriffsgeschichte
Authors: Brandt Christina
Published: May 2010

Temporal Layers of the Clone. Remarks on a Conceptual History. This paper aims at a history of the clone concept in 20th‐century life science and culture. The first part of the paper is concerned with conceptual history approaches. Here, the idea of ‘Zeitschichten’ by Reinhart Koselleck is discussed and its implications for the history of science are explored. In the following parts of the paper, I trace the historical dynamics of the clone concept in various fields of 20th‐century life sciences. I argue that the clone concept, which originated in plant breeding around 1900, soon developed into a technical tool in a variety of research areas. With this, specific meanings became attached: the idea of standardization, genetic identity, and mass reproduction. A further connotation of the clone was the idea of stagnancy with respect to processes in time: The clone was seen as something that was exempt from evolutionary changes. In the last section of the paper, I trace the shifting meanings of the clone concept in the 1960s and 1970s, when the clone became a widespread metaphor that pointed to future biotechnologically driven possibilities to reshape the nature of human beings. In this regard, the debates of the 1970s are analyzed as a turning point: Whereas utopian and eugenic visions predominated the debates in the 1960s (when the human clone was seen as something which will occur in a distant future), the 1970s discussion focused on the advent of a biotechnological era and the human clone had became a reality.
An evaluation of emerging preference for non‐preferred foods targeted in the treatment of food selectivity
Authors: Penrod Becky , VanDalen Kate H.
Published: May 2010

Several studies have shown that the acquisition of food consumption does not occur until after escape prevention is implemented. However, the mechanism responsible for the maintenance of food consumption may be due to participants contacting the reinforcing properties of food targeted during intervention such that the food naturally reinforces food consumption. The present study extended the literature on feeding disorders by conducting pre‐ and post‐treatment preference assessments to determine if preference for non‐preferred foods (NPFs) had developed after exposure to a treatment comparison of sequential and simultaneous food presentation; presentation methods were implemented alone and combined with escape prevention in the form of a non‐removal of the spoon (NRS) procedure. Results for three participants with food selectivity indicated that preference for NPFs developed after being exposed to those foods during either treatment sessions or generalization probes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Randomized clinical trial of single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy versus minilaparoscopic cholecystectomy
Authors: Lee P-C , Lo C , Lai P-S , Chang J-J , Huang S-J , Lin M-T , Lee P-H
Published: May 2010

Background

Transumbilical single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy (SILC) and minilaparoscopic cholecystectomy (MLC) are both increasingly being used to treat symptomatic gallstones. The present study compared SILC and MLC with respect to outcome in a prospective randomized trial.

Methods

Seventy patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis were randomized to SILC or MLC (35 in each group). The primary outcome measure was postoperative pain. Secondary outcomes were duration of operation, complications, postoperative analgesic requirements, length of hospital stay, cosmetic result, wound length and time to return to work.

Results

Surgical complications, postoperative pain scores, analgesic requirements and time to return to work were similar for both procedures. Statistically significant advantages of SILC were a shorter hospital stay, shorter total wound length and better cosmetic appearance. Duration of operation was significantly shorter for MLC.

Conclusion

SILC is superior to MLC in terms of cosmetic outcome, but not in postoperative pain and requirement for analgesics.
Long-term quality of life after surgery for chronic pancreatitis
Authors: van Loo E S , van Baal M C P M , Gooszen H G , Ploeg R J , Nieuwenhuijs V B
Published: May 2010

Background

Surgery for chronic pancreatitis is indicated for intractable pain or the treatment of complications. This retrospective cohort study evaluated the applicability of pain coping and quality-of-life (QOL) scoring in patients with chronic pancreatitis.

Methods

Between 1995 and 2008, 155 patients underwent surgery for chronic pancreatitis in two Dutch university hospitals. Medical charts were reviewed, and QOL and coping with pain were assessed by two validated questionnaires.

Results

Median follow-up was 5·6 years. The aetiology was alcohol related in 48·3 per cent. Some 111 resections and 46 drainage procedures were performed. Fifty-seven patients had major complications and the hospital mortality rate was 1·3 per cent. After surgery the number of patients needing analgesics was reduced (P < 0·001). Alcohol consumption significantly reduced pain coping mechanisms (P = 0·032). Overall, QOL remained poor after surgery. Scores on three dimensions of the QOL questionnaire were significantly better after drainage than after resection procedures.

Conclusion

In general, QOL after surgery for chronic pancreatitis remains poor, owing to pre-existing lifestyle and co-morbidity. Patients selected for a pancreatic duct drainage procedure have a better postoperative QOL than those undergoing resectional procedures. Alcohol consumption is associated with poor ability to cope with pain after surgery and should be discouraged.
Objective assessment of technical surgical skills
Authors: van Hove P D , Tuijthof G J M , Verdaasdonk E G G , Stassen L P S , Dankelman J
Published: May 2010

Background

Surgeons are increasingly being scrutinized for their performance and there is growing interest in objective assessment of technical skills. The purpose of this study was to review all evidence for these methods, in order to provide a guideline for use in clinical practice.

Methods

A systematic search was performed using PubMed and Web of Science for studies addressing the validity and reliability of methods for objective skills assessment within surgery and gynaecology only. The studies were assessed according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine levels of evidence.

Results

In total 104 studies were included, of which 20 (19·2 per cent) had a level of evidence 1b or 2b. In 28 studies (26·9 per cent), the assessment method was used in the operating room. Virtual reality simulators and Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS) have been studied most. Although OSATS is seen as the standard for skills assessment, only seven studies, with a low level of evidence, addressed its use in the operating room.

Conclusion

Based on currently available evidence, most methods of skills assessment are valid for feedback or measuring progress of training, but few can be used for examination or credentialing. The purpose of the assessment determines the choice of method.
Absolute configurations and CD spectra of axially chiral biphenyls prepared in a facile manner by crystallization‐induced configuration transformation
Authors: Wang Limin , Cheng Senxiang , Chen Rongfeng , Chang Junbiao
Published: May 2010

Axially chiral biphenyls such as (M,S)‐3k have been conveniently obtained by crystallization of their diastereomeric mixtures, which were synthesized from racemic 4,4′‐dimethoxy‐5,6,5′,6′‐bis(methylenedioxy)‐2‐carboxylester‐2′‐carboxyl‐biphenyls 4 and chiral amino alcohols (R)‐alaninol, (S)‐alaninol, (S)‐valinol, and (S)‐phenylalaninol. A crystallization‐induced configuration transformation of the biphenyls was thus achieved. It was found that amide formation of an (S)‐valinol or (S)‐phenylalaninol at the 2′‐position of the biphenyl usually induced the deposition of crystals with the (M)‐configuration from ethanol in yields higher than 50%. The absolute configurations (ACs) of two crystalline biphenyls have been determined by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. The ACs of nine biphenyls have been assigned based on their CD spectra. Further, stability investigation of these axially chiral biphenyls revealed that the ACs could revert upon redissolution. The energy barrier to epimerization between (P,R)‐3b and (M,R)‐3b was measured as ΔG# = 21.45 kcal/mol and the half‐life in ethanol at 301 K was 17.1 h. Chirality, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Asymmetric epoxidation of olefins using novel chiral dinuclear Mn(III)‐Salen complexes with inherent phase‐transfer capability in ionic liquids
Authors: Chen Longhai , Cheng Feixiang , Jia Lei , Zhang Aijiang , Wu Jincai , Tang Ning
Published: May 2010

Two new chiral dinuclear Mn(III)‐Salen complexes with inherent phase‐transfer capability have been synthesized, which serve as catalysts in the asymmetric epoxidation of nonfunctionalized alkenes. Experimental results show these complexes are effective catalysts for the asymmetric epoxidation of some cyclic alkenes and the catalysts have certain inherent phase‐transfer capability during the epoxidation because of their weak water solubility. In general, good enantioselectivity and acceptable yields were achieved when NaClO was used as oxidant under three different reaction systems. Among these alkenes, the catalyst 6a gave the highest ee (94%) for 6‐chloro‐2,2‐dimethylchromene in the presence of ionic liquid 2. Additionally, the recovery and recycling of one dimeric Mn(III)‐Salen complex were tested to investigate atom efficiency of the catalyst in different reaction systems on the alkenes epoxidations. The catalyst 6a could be recovered and recycled for six times without losing activity and selectivity. Chirality, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Biological Testing of N‐Aminoimidazole‐Based p38α MAP Kinase Inhibitors
Authors: Bracht Claudia , Hauser Dominik R. J. , Schattel Verena , Albrecht Wolfgang , Laufer Stefan A.
Published: May 2010

The p38 mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase α plays a central role in the regulation of cellular responses such as differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation. Inhibition of p38 results in decreased synthesis of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. To date, diverse p38α inhibitors are in phase II clinical trials for numerous cytokine‐dependent diseases. 2‐Sulfanylimidazole derivatives offer advantages over the prototype inhibitor SB 203580, including fewer cytochrome P450 interactions and better kinetic properties. The aim of this study was to develop novel 1,2,4,5‐tetrasubstituted pyridinylimidazoles with acyl residues at the imidazole N1 position that can interact with the kinase's hydrophobic region II (HR II) or sugar pocket (SP) to improve both selectivity and activity. The substitution pattern was optimized by variation of the acyl moiety at the N1 position of the N‐aminoimidazole core. Acylation of the amino function was used for optimization and led to potent p38α MAPK inhibitors.
Highly constrained backprojection for improving dynamic 3He MR ventilation imaging in rats
Authors: Cieślar Katarzyna , Faraj Achraf Al , Stupar Vasile , Gaillard Sophie , Crémillieux Yannick
Published: May 2010

The highly constrained backprojection algorithm (HYPR) has recently been shown to allow accelerated acquisition in various fields of MRI, including angiography, perfusion and diffusion imaging as well as hyperpolarized gas imaging. Increase in temporal resolution is of particular interest in the case of small animal ventilation imaging due to the high respiration rate. In the present study, the two‐dimensional HYPR technique and its iterative version (I‐HYPR) were applied to 3He ventilation imaging in rats. Two imaging protocols were used for two separate groups of animals. A single inspiration protocol consisted of 3He imaging of the lungs during gas inflow and a following apnea. A multiple inspiration protocol involved spontaneous breathing of 3He contained in a gas reservoir. Series of HYPR frames with four‐fold increase in the temporal resolution were obtained in the case of the single inspiration experiment. For the multiple inspiration protocol, series of HYPR images corresponding to four different echo times were obtained and were used to reconstruct T2* maps at the inspiration and the expiration phases of the breathing cycle. The feasibility of using the two‐dimensional HYPR technique for different 3He ventilation protocols in small animals is demonstrated. Image quality and signal kinetics representations are compared for two variants of the HYPR algorithm. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor‐induced dermatologic toxicities on quality of life
Authors: Joshi Smita S. , Ortiz Sara , Witherspoon Joslyn N. , Rademaker Alfred , West Dennis P. , Anderson Roger , Rosenbaum Sara E. , Lacouture Mario E.
Published: May 2010

BACKGROUND:

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors frequently result in dermatologic toxicities, including rash, xerosis, pruritus, and paronychia. Although the frequency and severity of these events have been described, their effect on health‐related quality of life (QoL) remains poorly understood. By using a dermatology‐specific questionnaire, the authors examined the effect of these toxicities on QoL.

METHODS:

Patients completed the Skindex‐16, a questionnaire that measures the effects on 3 domains of QoL: symptoms, emotions, and functioning. The severity of dermatologic toxicities was assessed using the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 3.0 (NCI‐CTCAE). Correlations of dermatology QoL scores with NCI‐CTCAE grade, skin phototype (SPT), sex, age, type of EGFR inhibitor, and cancer type were investigated.

RESULTS:

Concordant with greater severity of rash grade, there was an increase in median scores for symptoms (P = .0006), emotions (P < .0001), function (P = .001), and overall score (P < .0001). There was an inverse correlation between age and emotions (r = −0.26; P = .03) and overall score (r = −0.25; P = .04). There was a significant difference between patients aged ≤50 years and patients aged >50 years with regard to symptoms (P = .02), emotions (P = .03), functioning (P = .04), and overall score (P = .02). There were no significant differences between QoL and SPT, sex, treatment type, or cancer type (P > .05).

CONCLUSIONS:

Toxicities, including rash, xerosis, paronychia, and pruritus, adversely affected QoL, and rash was associated with a QoL greater decrease. Younger patients reported lower overall QoL than older patients who had the same toxicities. The current results support using the NCI‐CTCAE as a correlative tool for measuring the effects of rash on dermatology‐specific QoL. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion versus systemic chemotherapy alone for colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis
Authors: Franko Jan , Ibrahim Zuhaib , Gusani Niraj J. , Holtzman Matthew P. , Bartlett David L. , Zeh Herbert J.
Published: May 2010

BACKGROUND:

Survival benefit of cytoreductive surgery combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion was demonstrated by a prospective randomized trial for colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis. Because of a recent substantial improvement in chemotherapy, the authors analyzed treatment options of colorectal carcinomatosis in the current era.

METHODS:

Consecutive patients with colorectal carcinomatosis treated by cytoreductive surgery combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion from 2001 to 2007 were included. The control group patients with carcinomatosis received contemporary chemotherapy alone. Overall survival was the primary endpoint.

RESULTS:

All patients underwent systemic chemotherapy. The cytoreductive surgery combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion group (n = 67) was similar to the control group (n = 38) in sex, tumor grade, site of tumor origin, T status, and N status. The control group was, however, older (59 vs 51 years; P<.001). Median survival measured from the diagnosis of peritoneal disease was longer with cytoreductive surgery combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion (34.7 months vs 16.8 months; P<.001). Presence of liver metastasis was a significant negative predictor of survival (hazard ratio, 2.13).

CONCLUSIONS:

The authors concluded that 1) contemporary chemotherapy is associated with prolonged survival among patients with carcinomatosis as compared with historical controls, and 2) addition of cytoreductive surgery combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion to modern chemotherapy regimens may significantly prolong survival. Cytoreductive surgery combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion and systemic chemotherapy are not competitive therapies, and they both have a role in a multidisciplinary approach to patients with carcinomatosis. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Highly predictive survival nomogram after upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Jeldres Claudio , Sun Maxine , Lughezzani Giovanni , Isbarn Hendrik , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Widmer Hugues , Graefen Markus , Montorsi Francesco , Perrotte Paul , Karakiewicz Pierre I.
Published: May 2010

BACKGROUND:

Nephroureterectomy is the surgical standard of care for patients with upper urinary‐tract urothelial carcinoma. The objectives of the current study were to identify the most informative predictors of cancer‐specific mortality after nephroureterectomy, to devise an algorithm capable of predicting the individual probability of cancer‐specific mortality, and to compare its prognostic accuracy to that of the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) staging system.

METHODS:

Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, the authors identified 5918 patients who had been treated with nephroureterectomy. Within the development cohort (n = 2959), multivariate Cox regression models predicting cancer‐specific mortality were fitted by using age, stage, nodal status, sex, grade, race, type of surgery (nephroureterectomy with or without bladder‐cuff removal), and tumor location (renal pelvis vs ureter). Backward variable elimination according to the Akaike information criterion identified the most accurate and parsimonious model. Model validation and calibration were performed within the external validation cohort (n = 2959). External validation was also applied to the UICC staging system.

RESULTS:

The 5‐year freedom from cancer‐specific mortality rates in both the development and external validation cohorts was 77.3%. The most informative and parsimonious nomogram for cancer‐specific‐mortality–free survival relied on age, pT and pN stages, and tumor grade. In external validation, nomogram prediction of 5‐year cancer‐specific‐mortality–free rate was 75.4% accurate and was significantly better (P < .001) than the UICC staging system (64.8%).

CONCLUSIONS:

The current nomogram is capable of predicting the prognosis in patients with upper urinary‐tract urothelial carcinoma treated by nephroureterectomy with better accuracy than the UICC staging system. The authors recommend the application of this nomogram to routine clinical practice when counseling or making clinical decisions. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Carbon‐ion beam treatment induces systemic antitumor immunity against murine squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Matsunaga Akinao , Ueda Yasuji , Yamada Shigeru , Harada Yui , Shimada Hideaki , Hasegawa Mamoru , Tsujii Hirohiko , Ochiai Takenori , Yonemitsu Yoshikazu
Published: May 2010

BACKGROUND:

Carbon‐ion beam (CIB) treatment is a powerful tool for controlling primary tumors in the clinical setting. However, to date, few clinical or experimental studies have investigated the effects of CIB treatment on tumor recurrence and antitumor immunity.

METHODS:

A multiple challenge test was performed using syngenic and nude mouse models of a poorly immunogenic squamous cell carcinoma cell line (SCCVII) after CIB treatment at a clinically available dose (77 kiloelectron volts [keV]/μm) to primary tumors. To further examine changes in antitumor immunity in this model, the authors used dendritic cell (DC)‐based immunotherapy.

RESULTS:

In a syngenic model, CIB treatment itself resulted not only in efficient elimination of the primary tumor but also in a dramatic reduction of tumor formation after secondary tumor challenge at a contralateral site (P < .0001). Conversely, CIB treatment eliminated neither the primary nor the secondary tumor in nude mice. This antitumor effect produced by CIB treatment was enhanced significantly by combining it with DC immunotherapy (P = .0007). Combined CIB and DC treatment induced more intense cytolytic activity than CIB in a chromium‐release assay. The third challenge tests, which included challenge with a third‐party tumor cell line (FM3A) and effector depletion, revealed that the antitumor effects were the results of tumor‐specific, long‐lasting antitumor immunity through CD8‐positive T lymphocytes.

CONCLUSIONS:

To the authors' knowledge, this is the first demonstration of strong antitumor immunity induced by CIB treatment in a dermal tumor, and this effect was enhanced by combining it with DC‐based immunotherapy. The authors concluded that this combination warrants further investigation as a promising modality for the prevention of tumor recurrence. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
A study of body image in long‐term breast cancer survivors
Authors: Falk Dahl Christian A. , Reinertsen Kristin V. , Nesvold Inger‐Lise , Fosså Sophie D. , Dahl Alv A.
Published: May 2010

BACKGROUND:

In this controlled postdiagnosis study, the authors examined various aspects of body image of breast cancer survivors in cross‐sectional and longitudinal designs.

METHODS:

In 2004 and 2007 the Body Image Scale (BIS) was completed by the same 248 disease‐free women who had been treated for stage II and III breast cancer between 1998 and 2002. “Poorer” body image was defined as greater than the 70th percentile (N = 76 women) of the BIS scores in contrast to “better” body image (N = 172 women). Breast cancer survivors were examined clinically in 2004, and their BIS scores were compared with the scores from an age‐matched group of women from the general population.

RESULTS:

In this cross‐sectional study, poorer body image in 2004 was associated significantly with modified radical mastectomy, undergoing or planning to undergo breast‐reconstructive surgery, a change in clothing, poor physical and mental health, chronic fatigue, and reduced quality of life (QoL). In univariate analyses, most of these factors and manually planned radiotherapy were significant predictors of poorer body image in 2007. In multivariate analyses, manually planned radiotherapy, poor physical QoL and high BIS score in 2004 remained independent predictors of a poorer body image in 2007. Body image ratings were relatively stable from 2004 to 2007. Twenty‐one percent of breast cancer survivors reported body image dissatisfaction, similar to the proportion of dissatisfaction in controls.

CONCLUSIONS:

In this cross‐sectional analysis, body image in breast cancer survivors was associated with the types of surgery and radiotherapy and with mental distress, reduced health, and impaired QoL. Body image ratings were relatively stable over time, and the antecedent body image score was a strong predictor of body image at follow‐up. Body image in breast cancer survivors differed very little from that in controls. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Responsible leadership? Development of CSR at danfoss, Denmark
Authors: Lehmann Martin , Toh ImnLin , Christensen Per , Ma Rufei
Published: May 2010

Responsible leadership is not just about creating value for shareholders. This viewpoint has created significant challenges to the field of leadership and strategic management but has also generated opportunities for businesses to distinguish themselves positively in the eyes of stakeholders. The Danfoss Group, Denmark, is one such business, now at an advanced stage of CSR development focusing both on Products & Processes and Employee Relations. This development has been a gradual progression influenced by environmental and labor market issues, climate change, its commitment to the UN Global Compact, and a profound learning capacity. The current financial crisis has not impeded implementation of CSR initiatives, but rather has provided an opportunity to ‘walk‐the‐talk’. This underlines that the CSR policies are in place because Danfoss, its owners, and its managers feel it is the right thing to do and that responsible leadership indeed does entail more than just creating short‐term value for owners. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Zinc fixation preserves flow cytometry scatter and fluorescence parameters and allows simultaneous analysis of DNA content and synthesis, and intracellular and surface epitopes
Authors: Jensen Uffe Birk , Owens David M. , Pedersen Søren , Christensen Rikke
Published: May 2010

Zinc salt‐based fixation (ZBF) has proved advantageous in histochemical analyses conducted on intact tissues but has not been exploited in flow cytometry procedures that focus on quantitative analysis of individual cells. Here, we show that ZBF performs equally well to paraformaldehyde in the preservation of surface epitope labeling and forward and side scatter parameters as measured by flow cytometry. ZBF‐fixed mouse epithelial keratinocytes exhibit a staining pattern for the surface markers Sca‐1, CD34 and α6 integrin that is highly analogous to live cells. Furthermore, ZBF also preserves DNA allowing subsequent quantitative PCR analysis or labeling for incorporation of the thymidine analog EdU following surface and intracellular epitope staining. Finally, ZBF treatment allows for long‐term storage of labeled cells with little change in these parameters. Thus, we present a protocol for zinc salt fixation of cells that allows for the simultaneous analysis of DNA and intracellular and cell surface proteins by flow cytometry. © 2010 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Oral anticoagulant treatment and risk for bone fractures in uremic hemodialysed patients
Authors: Griveas I. , Gompou A. , Kyritsis E. , Agroyannis I. , Tsakoniatis M. , Agroyannis B.
Published: May 2010

Vitamin K is involved in bone metabolism, and the clinical use of vitamin K antagonists as an anticoagulant may increase the risk of bone fracture. In our renal unit, approximately 140 uremic patients were hemodialyzed. From these patients, 11 have been under anticoagulant treatment for a long time. For the last 2 years, 5 patients presented with bone fracture, and 4 of them were undergoing oral anticoagulant treatment (acenocoumarol 1 mg daily). The dose was modified according to international normalized ratio (INR) units. The use of vitamin K antagonists as anticoagulants has been considered a cause of bleeding and is related to low bone‐mineral density and a high risk of fracture. In our data, the number of patients who received oral anticoagulants (11 patients) and the number of them who presented with bone fracture (4 patients) raises the suspicion that there is an association between anticoagulant treatments and bone fractures.
HLA‐matched kidney transplantation in the era of modern immunosuppressive therapy
Authors: Amatya Arun , Florman Sandy , Paramesh Anil , Amatya Anup , McGee Jennifer , Killackey Mary , Ren Quing , Alper Brent , Heneghan Jean , Simon Eric , Sullivan Karen , Slakey Douglas , Zhang Rubin
Published: May 2010

BACKGROUND

The effect of HLA match on renal graft survival has become controversial as has the policy of mandatory sharing of kidneys.

METHOD

We performed a retrospective analysis of HLA matched (M) and mismatched (MM) kidney transplants in our center. Tacrolimus, mycophenolic acid, and steroids were used as maintenance therapy and basiliximab induction was added for high‐risk patients.

RESULT

A total of 229 kidney transplants were included with median follow‐up of 5.1 years. The 5‐year death‐censored graft survival by Kaplan‐Meier method was significantly higher in the M group than in the MM group for deceased‐donor kidney transplants (log‐rank, p = .018). This graft survival advantage was detected in patients with a peak panel reactive antibody (PRA) greater than 20% (p = .023), but not in those with a PRA level of less than 20% (p = .32). The graft survival was not statistically different for live donor kidney transplants (p = .077). A mismatched kidney was an independent risk for graft loss (hazard ratio: 2.27, 95% confidence interval: 1.009–5.09, p = .047) and acute rejection was a significant cause of graft loss in mismatched deceased‐donor transplants (p = .035).

CONCLUSION

Acute rejection remains a significant cause of graft loss in HLA‐6‐antigen mismatched deceased‐donor kidney transplants. Our data support mandatory sharing of HLA‐matched kidneys in sensitized patients with a PRA level greater than 20%.
Donor perspectives in living kidney transplantation
Authors: Rana T. A. , Akoh J. A.
Published: May 2010

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to determine the overall experience of living kidney donors.

METHODS

All 80 kidney donors at a teaching hospital between 2003 and 2008 were sent a postal questionnaire to determine the level of satisfaction with the kidney donation process, including post‐operative pain and return to fitness after surgery.

RESULTS

A total of 56 donors returned the questionnaires. The average loss of earnings in 29 donors was £995.17 6 £297.03. A total of 52 donors (93%) rated their overall experience as excellent or good, 55 donors (98%) had no regrets about donation, and 26 donors (46%) would have considered altruistic donation if they were unable to donate to their intended recipient. Qualitative analysis of responses showed a positive attitude to organ donation, with a willingness to encourage others, a request for chat facilities on the unit's website, and a more regular follow‐up.

DISCUSSION

Living kidney donors were generally satisfied with the organ donation process and likely to recommend it to others. The issue of compensation for loss of earnings must be addressed in order to encourage other potential donors. Perhaps other potential donors withdrawing from the assessment process due to inability to donate to their intended recipient should be counseled about altruistic non‐directed donation.
High infectious risk organ donors in kidney transplantation: Risks, benefits, and current practices
Authors: Kucirka Lauren M. , Dagher Nabil N. , Montgomery Robert A. , Segev Dorry L. , Singer Andrew L.
Published: May 2010

Approximately 9% of deceased kidney donors are classified by the Centers for Disease Control as high infectious risk donors (HRDs), donors thought to be at increased risk for having HIV infection. While the use of HRDs expands the organ supply, there is a small risk of infectious transmission. All donors are tested for antibodies to a variety of viral infections including HIV, hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis B virus; however, infections acquired in the weeks to months before death may not be serologically detectable, but will likely be transmitted to the recipient. Nucleic acid testing (NAT) shortens the window between acquisition of infection and serologic detectability, from approximately 22 days to 9 days for HIV and from 66 days to 7 days for HCV. Nucleic acid testing has not been universally adopted because it is expensive, time consuming, and has a higher rate of false positives compared with an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which might lead to discarding viable organs. Further studies are needed to quantify the risk of infectious transmission from HRDs, identify patients on the waitlist who would most benefit from HRD receipt, and guide NAT policies.
Characteristic cytologic findings of epithelioid hemangioendothelioma: A case report and review of literature
Authors: Kurisu Yoshitaka , Tsuji Motomu , Kuwabara Hiroko , Shibayama Yuro
Published: May 2010

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is a rare vascular neoplasm of low‐grade malignancy. We observed a case of epithelioid hemangioendothelioma arising in a cervical lymph node. Fine needle aspiration cytology showed several characteristic findings of epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, that is, nuclear inclusion bodies, nuclear grooves, and amorphous material, in addition to physaliform chromatin pattern of a new clue. By reviewing the reports, the prevalence of these is clarified. Complex appearance of these findings is useful in the diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011;39:124–127. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of measuring cable on lightning impulse parameters
Authors: Sato Shuji , Yamaguchi Toshihisa , Nishimura Seisuke , Nishimura Shota
Published: May 2010

The influences of coaxial measuring cables on waveform parameters have been neglected in lightning impulse measurements. This is partly because the tolerable uncertainty for determining the front timeT1in the reference measuring system is 3% and the induced influence due to using a long measuring cable is expected to be much smaller than the margin. The authors have suspected the validity of the expectation as a result of experience. This paper proposes an analytical treatment of the impulse response at the end of a lossy measuring cable. Using the proposed technique, the measured parameter errors are compared to numerically evaluated ones and it is confirmed that the two are in good agreement. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 93(6): 1–7, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10288
Long peptides induce polyfunctional T cells against conserved regions of HIV‐1 with superior breadth to single‐gene vaccines in macaques
Authors: Rosario Maximillian , Bridgeman Anne , Quakkelaar Esther D. , Quigley Maire F. , Hill Brenna J. , Knudsen Maria L. , Ammendola Virginia , Ljungberg Karl , Borthwick Nicola , Im Eung‐Jun , McMichael Andrew J. , Drijfhout Jan W. , Greenaway Hui Yee , Venturi Vanessa , Douek Daniel C. , Colloca Stefano , Liljeström Peter , Nicosia Alfredo , Price David A. , Melief Cornelis J. M. , Hanke Tomás̆
Published: May 2010

A novel T‐cell vaccine strategy designed to deal with the enormity of HIV‐1 variation is described and tested for the first time in macaques to inform and complement approaching clinical trials. T‐cell immunogen HIVconsv, which directs vaccine‐induced responses to the most conserved regions of the HIV‐1, proteome and thus both targets diverse clades in the population and reduces the chance of escape in infected individuals, was delivered using six different vaccine modalities: plasmid DNA (D), attenuated human (A) and chimpanzee (C) adenoviruses, modified vaccinia virus Ankara (M), synthetic long peptides, and Semliki Forest virus replicons. We confirmed that the initial DDDAM regimen, which mimics one of the clinical schedules (DDDCM), is highly immunogenic in macaques. Furthermore, adjuvanted synthetic long peptides divided into sub‐pools and delivered into anatomically separate sites induced T‐cell responses that were markedly broader than those elicited by traditional single‐open‐reading‐frame genetic vaccines and increased by 30% the overall response magnitude compared with DDDAM. Thus, by improving both the HIV‐1‐derived immunogen and vector regimen/delivery, this approach could induce stronger, broader, and theoretically more protective T‐cell responses than vaccines previously used in humans.
Chain‐Type Lithium Rare‐Earth Nitridosilicates – Li5Ln5Si4N12 with Ln = La, Ce
Authors: Lupart Saskia , Zeuner Martin , Pagano Sandro , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: May 2010

The quaternary lithium rare‐earth nitridosilicates Li5Ln5Si4N12 with Ln = La, Ce were synthesized at moderate temperatures below 900 °C in closed tantalum ampoules employing liquid lithium as a flux. Thereby, nitridosilicate substructures with a low degree of condensation were obtained. The air and moisture sensitive title compounds are the first representatives of quaternary lithium rare‐earth nitridosilicates and crystallize in space group P$\bar {4}$b2 [Li5La5Si4N12: a = 1104.28(16), c = 557.30(11) pm, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0498, 873 data, 56 parameters; Li5Ce5Si4N12: a = 1097.78(16), c = 551.43(11) pm, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0334, 748 data, 56 parameters]. The nitridosilicate substructure consists of infinite nonbranched zweier single‐chains of vertex sharing SiN4 tetrahedra running parallel to [001]. The chains exhibit a stretching factor fS = 0.981 for La and 0.977 for Ce, respectively. The two crystallographically independent Li+ sites are each coordinated by four nitrogen atoms. Lattice energy calculations (MAPLE) and EDX measurements confirmed the electrostatic bonding interactions and the chemical compositions. For the La containing compound 7Li solid‐state MAS NMR investigations are reported.
Enantioselective Synthesis of (+)‐α‐Conhydrine and (–)‐Sedamine by L‐Proline‐Catalysed α‐Aminooxylation
Authors: Shaikh Tanveer Mahamadali , Sudalai Arumugam
Published: May 2010

An efficient organocatalytic approach to the enantioslective synthesis of two important piperidine alkaloids, namely (+)‐α‐conhydrine (98 % ee) and (–)‐sedamine (95 % ee), by L‐proline‐catalysed α‐aminooxylation of aldehydes has been developed. The strategy involves an intramolecular cyclization to construct the piperidine core.
Versatile Access to 2‐Aminocyclobutene‐1‐carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Their Incorporation into Small Peptides
Authors: de Meijere Armin , Limbach Michael , Janssen André , Lygin Alexander , Korotkov Vadim S.
Published: May 2010

Under a newly developed set of mild conditions [EtN(iPr)2, LiI, DMF, 20 °C, 3 d], methyl 2‐chloro‐2‐cyclopropylideneacetate (1) smoothly undergoes Michael addition ofvarious benzylamines (4 examples) with ensuing ring enlargement and elimination to give in very good yields (81–99 %) the correspondingly substituted methyl 2‐(benzylamino)cyclobutenecarboxylates 3a–d, which were subsequently converted into the N‐Boc‐protected derivatives 4a–d. After hydrolysis of the esters, the free β‐amino acids 5a,b were cleanly condensed with the methyl esters of glycine, (S)‐proline, (S)‐phenylglycine and (S)‐tryptophan to give the dipeptides 6a–8a, 9b in 58–89 % yield. The cyclic dipeptides 15e,f, consisting of a 2‐aminocyclobutenecarboxylic acid and a glycine fragment, were obtained in 38 and 45 % yield, respectively, upon treatment of the spirocyclopropanated chlorohexahydrodiazepinediones 10e,f with sodium cyanide in DMSO at elevated temperatures. Palladium‐catalyzed hydrogenation of 4a afforded methyl N‐Boc‐2‐aminocyclobutanecarboxylate 19 as a mixture of cis and trans isomers.
4‐Isoxazolines: Scaffolds for Organic Synthesis
Authors: Pinho e Melo Teresa M. V. D.
Published: May 2010

This review provides coverage of the more relevant contributions to the synthesis and reactivity of 4‐isoxazolines (2,3‐dihydroisoxazoles). The richness of the reactivity of these heterocycles makes them interesting building blocks for the synthesis of both cyclic and acyclic compounds.
Indium Triiodide Catalyzed Direct Hydroallylation of Esters
Authors: Nishimoto Yoshihiro , Inamoto Yoshihiro , Saito Takahiro , Yasuda Makoto , Baba Akio
Published: May 2010

The InI3‐catalyzed hydroallylation of esters by using hydro‐ and allysilanes under mild conditions has been accomplished. Many significant groups such as alkenyl, alkynyl, cyano, and nitro ones survive under these conditions. This reaction system provided routes to both homoallylic alcohols and ethers, in which either elimination of the alkoxy moiety or of the carbonyl oxygen atom could be freely selected by changing the substituents on the alkoxy moiety and on the hydrosilane. In addition, the hydroallylation of lactones took place without ring cleavage to produce the desired cyclic ethers in high yields.
Names will never hurt me? Naming and the development of racial and gender categories in preschool‐aged children
Authors: Waxman Sandra R.
Published: May 2010

For children as well as adults, object categories (e.g., dog, animal, car, vehicle) serve as a rich base for inductive inferences. Here, we examine children's inferences regarding categories of people. We showed 4‐year‐old children a picture of an individual (e.g., a white woman), taught them a novel property of the individual (e.g., is good at a new game called zaggit), and examined children's projections of that property to other individuals. Experiment 1 revealed that children used the broad category person as an inductive base: they extended the novel property to other people, regardless of their race or gender, but not to non‐human animals or artifacts. However, naming prompted children to use more specific social categories as an inductive base. When the target individual was identified as a member of a named, novel social category, children were more likely to extend the property to members of the same race‐based (Experiment 2) or gender‐based (Experiment 3) category as the target. Implications of naming in children's formation of social categories based on race or gender are discussed, and the consequences on the emergence of stereotypes are considered. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cultural values and outgroup negativity: A cross‐cultural analysis of early and late adolescents
Authors: Schiefer David , Möllering Anna , Daniel Ella , Benish‐Weisman Maya , Boehnke Klaus
Published: May 2010

Based on Schwartz' theory of cultural values, the present research tested whether the level of outgroup negativity among adolescents is influenced by the preferred values shared by the individual's cultural group. Furthermore, it was expected that this correspondence increases during adolescence, due to (individual and social) identity development in that age period. Measures of cultural values as well as derogatory attitudes towards outgroups were administered to young (age 9‐12) and older (age 15‐18) adolescents in Germany (Native Germans, Turkish and Former Soviet Union immigrants) and Israel (Native Israelis, Former Soviet Union immigrants, Arab Israelis). Data were analysed on both the individual and the group level. Results confirm the hypothesis that cultural values are associated with outgroup negativity, especially for the culture‐level value dimension of hierarchy versus egalitarianism. Both the degree to which a cultural group prefers one value and the degree to which the individual accepts this value for itself are influential for the level of outgroup negativity. On both levels of analyses, our data show that the relationship between the culture‐level value dimension of hierarchy versus egalitarianism and outgroup negativity is stronger among older compared to younger adolescents. Our data imply that the cultural context an individual lives in needs more attention when examining origins of outgroup negativity among adolescents. Furthermore, it is argued that relationships between outgroup negativity and relevant predictors undergo crucial changes during adolescence. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.