bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance of different fetal growth charts in prediction of large‐for‐gestational age and associated neonatal morbidity in multiethnic obese population
Authors: Verger C. , Moraitis A. A. , Barnfield L. , Sovio U. , Bamfo J. E. A. K.
Published: July 2019

Objectives

To examine the performance of different fetal growth charts in the prediction of large‐for‐gestational age (LGA) and associated neonatal morbidity at term in a multiethnic, obese population.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of 253 non‐anomalous, singleton, term pregnancies that underwent serial third‐trimester ultrasound scans due to maternal body mass index ≥ 35 kg/m2. We compared the performance of the Hadlock, Gestation Related Optimal Weight (GROW), INTERGROWTH‐21st (IG‐21), World Health Organization (WHO) and Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF) fetal growth reference charts in the prediction of LGA at birth, defined as birth weight > 90th percentile, and neonatal morbidity, defined as a composite of neonatal intensive care unit admission or 5‐min Apgar score < 7.

Results

In the study population, 53 (20.9%) infants were born LGA, 27 (10.7%) experienced neonatal morbidity and nine (3.6%) were LGA with associated neonatal morbidity. The Hadlock and GROW charts showed similar performance in predicting LGA, with sensitivity of 66.0% for both and specificity of 82.5% and 83.5%, respectively. The positive likelihood ratios (LR+) were 3.77 (95% CI, 2.64–5.40) and 4.00 (95% CI, 2.77–5.78), respectively. The IG‐21, WHO and FMF charts performed similarly and had higher sensitivity of about 85%, with specificity between 66% and 72%. LR+ was 2.74 (95% CI, 2.16–3.47), 2.50 (95% CI, 2.00–3.12) and 3.03 (95% CI, 2.36–3.89), respectively. All charts had high sensitivity for predicting neonatal morbidity associated with LGA, with LR+ ranging between 2.35 and 3.61.

Conclusions

In our multiethnic, obese population, all fetal growth charts performed well in predicting LGA and associated neonatal morbidity. However, the choice of fetal reference chart is likely to affect intervention rates. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Fat mass compared to four body condition scoring systems in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)
Authors: Chusyd Daniella E. , Brown Janine L. , Golzarri‐Arroyo Lilian , Dickinson Stephanie L. , Johnson Maria S. , Allison David B. , Nagy Tim R.
Published: July 2019

Captive elephant populations are not self‐sustaining due to health concerns possibly related to obesity. Categorizing obesity relies on qualitative analyses like body condition scores (BCS). However, elephant indices have not been validated against measured body composition. The objective was to compare BCS systems to body composition determined by deuterium dilution in 28 zoo‐kept Asian elephants. Elephants were weighed and given deuterated water orally (0.05 ml/kg). Blood was collected at ~0, 24, 120, 240, 360, and 480 hr after dosing. Photographs were taken to score the elephant based on four BCS systems (BCSWemmer[0 to 11 scoring], BCSMorfeld[1 to 5 scoring], BCSFernando[0 to 10 scoring], BCSWijeyamohan[1 to 10 scoring]). Based on regression analysis, relative fat ranged from −305 kg to 515 kg, where negative values indicate less and positive values indicate more fat than expected for the elephant's mass in this population. BCSFernandowas associated with relative fat (p = .020,R2 = 0.194). Relative fat, adjusted for sex and age in the statistical model, was associated with BCSWemmer(p = .027,R2 = 0.389), BCSFernando(p = .002,R2 = 0.502), and BCSWijeyamohan(p = .011,R2 = 0.426). Inclusion of zoo and familial relatedness resulted in all BCS systems associated with relative fat (p ≤ .015). Only BCSFernandopredicted relative fat, unadjusted, suggesting it is the most capable system for practical use. Compared to absolute fat, relative fat may be more biologically relevant as greater fat relative to body mass is more likely to lead to health issues.
Was this an ending? The destruction of samples and deletion of records from the UK Police National DNA Database
Authors: SKINNER DAVID , WIENROTH MATTHIAS
Published: July 2019

Between December 2012 and September 2013 the United Kingdom government oversaw one of the largest destructions of a collection of human-derived samples ever conducted. Approximately 7,753,000 DNA samples and 1,766,000 DNA computerized profiles associated with the UK's policing National DNA Database (NDNAD) were destroyed or deleted. This paper considers this moment of exceptional erasure and the consequent implementation of new processes for routinely discarding and keeping samples and their associated computer records. It is divided into two parts. The first discusses the rapid growth of the NDNAD; the changing legal, ethical and political landscape within which it was promoted and contested; and the developments that led to the decision to limit its scope. The second shifts focus to the operational challenge of implementing the destruction of samples and deletion of records. The NDNAD case allows us to examine the labour and continuing uncertainties involved in erasure of biological data and the emerging norms and practices associated with collecting DNA in differing formats. It also sheds new light on the importance, interconnection and ongoing instability of the ethical and practical biovalue of genetic collections: as the paper argues, far from ending the NDNAD, a more rigorous regime of erasure has helped, for the moment at least, to secure its future.
The Medical, Public Health, and Emergency Response to the Impact of 2017 Hurricane Irma in Cuba
Authors: Zakrison Tanya L. , Valdés Davel Milian , Shultz James M.
Published: July 2019

In 2017, Cuba was pummeled by Hurricane Irma, one of the strongest and most devastating Atlantic basin hurricanes in history. Twelve of Cuba’s 15 provinces and 90 percent of the population were affected, and there was island-wide loss of electrical power. Despite the significant damage, ongoing economic hardships, and the political realities that required Cuba to handle the situation without response support from other nations, Cuba’s recovery was swift and effective. Cuba’s disaster self-sufficiency and timely response to Hurricane Irma was grounded on 5 decades of disaster planning coupled with ongoing evolution of disaster risk reduction and management strategies. While the central command center, with local dispatch response teams, and mandated citizen engagement are features unique to Cuba’s political structure, in this study, we highlight 5 defining attributes of Cuba’s hurricane response that can constructively inform the actions of other island and coastal nations vulnerable to Atlantic tropical cyclones. These attributes are: (1) actively learning and incorporating lessons from past disaster events, (2) integrating healthcare and public health professionals on the frontlines of disaster response, (3) proactively engaging the public in disaster preparedness, (4) incorporating technology into disaster risk reduction, and (5) infusing science into risk planning. In terms of hurricane response, as a geopolitically isolated nation, Cuba has experienced particular urgency when it comes to protecting the population and creating resilient infrastructure that can be rapidly reactivated after the onslaught of storms of ever-increasing intensity. This includes planning for worsening future disaster scenarios based on a clear-eyed appreciation of the realities of climate change.
Co-ingestion of whole almonds and almond oil with carbohydrate suppresses postprandial glycaemia in mice in an insulin-dependent and insulin-independent manner
Authors: Kato Kazuko , Vo Phuong H. T. , Furuyashiki Takashi , Kamasaka Hiroshi , Kuriki Takashi
Published: July 2019

Co-ingestion of almonds with carbohydrate prevents excessive increase in plasma glucose level (PGL), but information about the functional fraction is limited. Identifying the functional fraction is necessary to use almonds more efficiently in terms of controlling postprandial glycaemia after a high-carbohydrate meal. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of almond skin, oil, water-soluble fraction and water-insoluble fraction on both postprandial glycaemia and insulinaemia. The effect of almond skin was tested by comparing the effect of whole almonds with the effect of skinless almonds. Male ICR mice were administered dextrin and 4 g/kg body weight test samples. After the administration, 2-h postprandial changes in glycaemia and insulinaemia were measured. Oil was the only fraction being able to blunt postprandial glycaemia. Interestingly, when co-ingesting with dextrin, almond oil did not change the insulin level compared with the control but whole almonds or skinless almonds triggered a 4-fold increase in insulin level. The co-ingestion of whole almonds or skinless almonds similarly suppressed the PGL at 15 and 30 min (P < 0·05), which means almond skin has no effect on postprandial glycaemia. Neither soluble nor insoluble fractions lead to any significant changes in postprandial glycaemia and insulinaemia. In conclusion, oil is the main functional component accounting for the glycaemia-lowering effect without altering insulin level.
Brief Report: A Pilot Study Into the Efficacy of a Brief Intervention to Teach Original Fictional Narratives to a Child With ASD and Language Disorder
Authors: Favot Kate , Carter Mark , Stephenson Jennifer
Published: July 2019

The ability to generate narratives is important for literacy development. Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been found to generate less complex narratives than typically developing peers. This pilot AB study was designed to investigate the efficacy of a brief intervention procedure to develop the macrostructure of original fictional narratives based on a realistic scenario in one child, aged 9 years 8 months, with autism spectrum disorder and language disorder. The intervention targeted the characters, setting, problem, feelings, and fix of fictional narrative. Intervention involved the use of macrostructure icons, pictures to support the generation of narratives, clinician modelling, and the participant telling the entire narrative each session. The participant received 12 training sessions of 4–6 minutes each and the intervention was effective. Areas for future research include implementation of a stronger research design and investigation of generalisation to fantasy-based fictional narratives.
Brain glutathione levels and age at onset of illness in chronic schizophrenia
Authors: Yang Yvonne S. , Maddock Richard J. , Lee Junghee , Zhang Huailin , Hellemann Gerhard , Narr Katherine L. , Marder Stephen R. , Green Michael F.
Published: July 2019

Objective:

Oxidative stress is implicated in the aetiology of schizophrenia, and the antioxidant defence system (AODS) may be protective in this illness. We examined the major antioxidant glutathione (GSH) in prefrontal brain and its correlates with clinical and demographic variables in schizophrenia.

Methods:

GSH levels were measured in the dorsolateral prefrontal region of 28 patients with chronic schizophrenia using a magnetic resonance spectroscopy sequence specifically adapted for GSH. We examined correlations of GSH levels with age, age at onset of illness, duration of illness, and clinical symptoms.

Results:

We found a negative correlation between GSH levels and age at onset (r = −0.46, p = 0.015), and a trend-level positive relationship between GSH and duration of illness (r = 0.34, p = 0.076).

Conclusion:

Our findings are consistent with a possible compensatory upregulation of the AODS with longer duration of illness and suggest that the AODS may play a role in schizophrenia.
A Laboratory for a Composite India? Jamia Millia Islamia around the time of partition
Authors: GAUTIER LAURENCE
Published: July 2019

This article explores the role of Jamia Millia Islamia—the National Muslim University—in the formation of a composite national identity in India around the time of partition. This institution, born under the dual influence of the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movements, constituted for its members a ‘laboratory’ for the nation. Through their educational experiments and constructive workà laGandhi, Jamia teachers and students sought to lay the ground for an independence that would be ‘meaningful’ not only for Muslims but for the entire nation. In so doing, Jamia members claimed the right for Muslims to be recognized as ‘unhyphenated Indians’, able to speak for the nation. This article thus discusses the efforts of Jamia members to promote an inclusive conception of ‘composite India’ of which Muslims were fully part. At the same time, it highlights the ambiguous attitude of government authorities vis-à-vis the institution. Despite Jamia members’ strong affinities with Congress leaders, notably Nehru, the school received little support from state authorities after independence. Paradoxically, Nehru's government preferred to turn towards another Muslim institution—Aligarh Muslim University—often considered the ‘cradle’ of ‘Muslim separatism’, in order to reach out to Muslim citizens and promote national integration. By exploring the motivations behind this paradoxical choice as well as the complex relations between Jamia and Nehru's government, this article highlights some of Nehru's own ambiguities towards the ‘Gandhian’ legacy as well as to Muslim representation in secular India.
Sex matters: a focus on the impact of biological sex on metabolomic profiles and dietary interventions
Authors: Brennan Lorraine , Gibbons Helena
Published: July 2019

The metabolomic profile of a biofluid can be altered by dietary intake, exercise and disease processes and, thus provides an important tool for the study of many physiological processes. However, in addition to perturbation due to disease, the metabolomic profile of urine and plasma has also been shown to vary due to many intrinsic physiological factors such as age, sex, hormonal status and diurnal variation. Characterisation of this normal degree of variation in the metabolomic profiles of human biofluids is a necessary and important step in the development of metabolomics for use in nutrition-related research. The current review focuses on the impact of sex on the metabolomic profile. A number of studies have reported that sex impacts metabolites such as amino acids, lipids, sugars and keto acids. Furthermore, we examine the effect of the menstrual cycle on the metabolomic profile. Responses to dietary interventions can also differ between the sexes and highlighting this is important for the development of the field of precision nutrition.
Evidence of shared familial factors influencing neurocognitive endophenotypes in adult- and childhood-onset schizophrenia
Authors: Bigdeli Tim B. , Nuechterlein Keith H. , Sugar Catherine A. , Subotnik Kenneth L. , Kubarych Thomas , Neale Michael C. , Kendler Kenneth S. , Asarnow Robert F.
Published: July 2019

Background

The aggregation of neurocognitive deficits among the non-psychotic first-degree relatives of adult- and childhood-onset schizophrenia patients suggests that there may be a common etiology for these deficits in childhood- and adult-onset illness. However, there is considerable heterogeneity in the presentation of neurobiological abnormalities, and whether there are differences in the extent of familial transmission for specific domains of cognitive function has not been systematically addressed.

Methods

We employed variance components analysis, as implemented in SOLAR-Eclipse, to evaluate the evidence of familial transmission for empirically derived composite scores representing attention, working memory, verbal learning, verbal retention, and memory for faces. We contrast estimates for adult- and childhood-onset schizophrenia families and matched community control pedigrees, and compare our findings to previous reports based on analogous neurocognitive assessments.

Results

We observed varying degrees of familial transmission; attention and working memory yielded comparable, significant estimates for adult-onset and community control pedigrees; verbal learning was significant for childhood-onset and community control pedigrees; and facial memory demonstrated significant familial transmission only for childhood-onset schizophrenia. Model-fitting analyses indicated significant differences in familiality between adult- and childhood-onset schizophrenia for attention, working memory, and verbal learning.

Conclusions

By comprehensively assessing a wide range of neurocognitive domains in adult- and childhood-onset schizophrenia families, we provide additional support for specific neurocognitive domains as schizophrenia endophenotypes. Whereas comparable estimates of familial transmission for certain dimensions of cognitive functioning support a shared etiology of adult- and childhood-onset neurocognitive function, observed differences may be taken as preliminary evidence of partially divergent multifactorial architectures.
Interaction of maternal choline levels and prenatal Marijuana's effects on the offspring
Authors: Hoffman M. Camille , Hunter Sharon K. , D'Alessandro Angelo , Noonan Kathleen , Wyrwa Anna , Freedman Robert
Published: July 2019

Background

This study investigated whether higher maternal choline levels mitigate effects of marijuana on fetal brain development. Choline transported into the amniotic fluid from the mother activates α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on fetal cerebro-cortical inhibitory neurons, whose development is impeded by cannabis blockade of their cannabinoid-1(CB1) receptors.

Methods

Marijuana use was assessed during pregnancy from women who later brought their newborns for study. Mothers were informed about choline and other nutrients, but not specifically for marijuana use. Maternal serum choline was measured at 16 weeks gestation.

Results

Marijuana use for the first 10 weeks gestation or more by 15% of mothers decreased newborns' inhibition of evoked potentials to repeated sounds (d’ = 0.55, p < 0.05). This effect was ameliorated if women had higher gestational choline (rs = −0.50, p = 0.011). At 3 months of age, children whose mothers continued marijuana use through their 10th gestational week or more had poorer self-regulation (d’ = −0.79, p < 0.05). This effect was also ameliorated if mothers had higher gestational choline (rs = 0.54, p = 0.013). Maternal choline levels correlated with the children's improved duration of attention, cuddliness, and bonding with parents.

Conclusions

Prenatal marijuana use adversely affects fetal brain development and subsequent behavioral self-regulation, a precursor to later, more serious problems in childhood. Stopping marijuana use before 10 weeks gestational age prevented these effects. Many mothers refuse to cease use because of familiarity with marijuana and belief in its safety. Higher maternal choline mitigates some of marijuana's adverse effects on the fetus.
Longitudinal Regrasping of Elongated Objects
Authors: Sintov Avishai , Tslil Or , Frenkel Shahar
Published: July 2019

Regrasping is a manipulation to alternate between grasp configurations of an object to perform different tasks. We address a regrasping problem termed longitude regrasping to reposition a gripper along an elongated object. We propose an algorithm using the dynamics of the arm and a non-dexterous gripper to perform the manipulation. Energy control is used to toss the object up and catch it under the goal position. Clipped Linear Quadratic Regulator control approach is then applied to the gripper jaws to control the friction force on the object and to let it slide to the final goal position. The object sliding within the gripper is modeled as a semi-active linear joint where only dissipative forces can be applied to it. A set of experiments validated the feasibility of the method.
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH): potential mechanisms of action against risk factors of the metabolic syndrome
Authors: Akhlaghi Masoumeh
Published: July 2019

The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of disorders dominated by abdominal obesity, hypertriacylglycerolaemia, low HDL-cholesterol, high blood pressure and high fasting glucose. Diet modification is a safe and effective way to treat the metabolic syndrome. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) is a dietary pattern rich in fruits, vegetables and low-fat dairy products, and low in meats and sweets. DASH provides good amounts of fibre, K, Ca and Mg, and limited quantities of total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol and Na. Although DASH was initially designed for the prevention or control of hypertension, using a DASH diet has other metabolic benefits. In the present review, the effect of each dietary component of DASH on the risk factors of the metabolic syndrome is discussed. Due to limited fat and high fibre and Ca content, individuals on the DASH diet are less prone to overweight and obesity and possess lower concentrations of total and LDL-cholesterol although changes in TAG and HDL-cholesterol have been less significant and available evidence in this regard is still inconclusive. Moreover, high amounts of fruit and vegetables in DASH provide great quantities of K, Mg and fibre, all of which have been shown to reduce blood pressure. K, Mg, fibre and antioxidants have also been effective in correcting glucose and insulin abnormalities. Evidence is provided from cross-sectional investigations, cohort studies and randomised controlled trials, and, where available, from published meta-analyses. Mechanisms are described according to human studies and, in the case of a lack of evidence, from animal and cell culture investigations.
International Migration and Turnout Bias
Authors: Wigginton Michael J. , Stockemer Daniel , van Schouwen Jasmine
Published: July 2019

This article focuses on two commonly used indicators of turnout, VAP turnout (the number of votes cast as a percentage of the voting-age population) and RV turnout (votes cast as a percentage of the number of registered voters), and discusses possible biases induced by migration flows. Using a global dataset on elections in more than 100 democracies between 1990 and 2012, we tested the potential bias induced by the percentage of resident noncitizens and nationals living abroad on VAP and RV turnout, respectively. Through time-series cross-sectional analysis, we found that the number of resident noncitizens negatively biases VAP turnout, to the extent that a country with 10% noncitizen residents would have turnout underreported by nearly 4 percentage points. In contrast, we found that the number of nationals living abroad does not induce a turnout bias.
Jointly learning sentence embeddings and syntax with unsupervised Tree-LSTMs
Authors: Maillard Jean , Clark Stephen , Yogatama Dani
Published: July 2019

We present two studies on neural network architectures that learn to represent sentences by composing their words according to automatically induced binary trees, without ever being shown a correct parse tree. We use Tree-Long Short-Term Memories (LSTMs) as our composition function, applied along a tree structure found by a differentiable natural language chart parser. The models simultaneously optimise both the composition function and the parser, thus eliminating the need for externally provided parse trees, which are normally required for Tree-LSTMs. They can therefore be seen as tree-based recurrent neural networks that are unsupervised with respect to the parse trees. Due to being fully differentiable, the models are easily trained with an off-the-shelf gradient descent method and backpropagation.

In the first part of this paper, we introduce a model based on the CKY chart parser, and evaluate its downstream performance on a natural language inference task and a reverse dictionary task. Further, we show how its performance can be improved with an attention mechanism which fully exploits the parse chart, by attending over all possible subspans of the sentence. We find that our approach is competitive against similar models of comparable size and outperforms Tree-LSTMs that use trees produced by a parser.

Finally, we present an alternative architecture based on a shift-reduce parser. We perform an analysis of the trees induced by both our models, to investigate whether they are consistent with each other and across re-runs, and whether they resemble the trees produced by a standard parser.
Language model adaptation for language and dialect identification of text
Authors: Jauhiainen T. , Lindén K. , Jauhiainen H.
Published: July 2019

This article describes an unsupervised language model (LM) adaptation approach that can be used to enhance the performance of language identification methods. The approach is applied to a current version of the HeLI language identification method, which is now called HeLI 2.0. We describe the HeLI 2.0 method in detail. The resulting system is evaluated using the datasets from the German dialect identification and Indo-Aryan language identification shared tasks of the VarDial workshops 2017 and 2018. The new approach with LM adaptation provides considerably higher F1-scores than the basic HeLI or HeLI 2.0 methods or the other systems which participated in the shared tasks. The results indicate that unsupervised LM adaptation should be considered as an option in all language identification tasks, especially in those where encountering out-of-domain data is likely.
Measurement and Modulation of Working Memory-Related Oscillatory Abnormalities
Authors: Kavanaugh Brian C. , Fryc Alexa , Carpenter Linda L.
Published: July 2019

Despite the critical role of working memory (WM) in neuropsychiatric conditions, there remains a dearth of available WM-targeted interventions. Gamma and theta oscillations as measured with electroencephalography (EEG) or magnetoencephalography (MEG) reflect the neural underpinnings of WM. The WM processes that fluctuate in conjunction with WM demands are closely correlated with WM test performance, and their EEG signatures are abnormal in several clinical populations. Novel interventions such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have been shown to modulate these oscillations and subsequently improve WM performance and clinical symptoms. Systematically identifying pathological WM-related gamma/theta oscillatory patterns with EEG/MEG and developing ways to target them with interventions such as TMS is an active area of clinical research. Results hold promise for enhancing the outcomes of our patients with WM deficits and for moving the field of clinical neuropsychology towards a mechanism-based approach.
Are our diets getting healthier and more sustainable? Insights from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition – Netherlands (EPIC-NL) cohort
Authors: Biesbroek Sander , Verschuren WM Monique , Boer Jolanda MA , van der Schouw Yvonne T , Sluijs Ivonne , Temme Elisabeth HM
Published: July 2019

Objective:

To identify differences in dietary quality, dietary greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and food consumption over 20 years in a Dutch cohort.

Design:

Participants (n 8932) filled out an FFQ in 1993–1997 and in 2015. The Dutch Healthy Diet index 2015 (DHD15-index) score, GHG emissions and consumption of food groups (g/4184 kJ (1000 kcal)) were compared between the time points with paired t tests.

Setting:

The Netherlands.

Participants:

European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition – Netherlands (EPIC-NL) cohort, aged 18–65 years at baseline.

Results:

Total energy intake decreased by –678 (95 % CI –4908, 3377) kJ/d (–162 (95 % CI –1173, 807) kcal/d) for men and –372 (95 % CI –3820, 3130) kJ/d (–89 (95 % CI –913, 748) kcal/d) for women. DHD15-index scores increased by 11 % (from 64·8 to 71·9 points) and 13 % (from 65·2 to 73·6 points) in men and women, respectively (P < 0·0001), mainly due to an increased (shell)fish and nuts/seeds/nut paste consumption. After energy intake adjustment, dietary-related GHG emissions increased by 5 % in men (2·48–2·61 kg CO2-eq/4184 kJ (1000 kcal), P < 0·0001) and were similar in women (0·4 %, 2·70–2·71 kg CO2-eq/4184 kJ (1000 kcal), P = 0·3930) due to the increased consumption of (shell)fish, nuts/seeds/nut paste, poultry and higher GHG-intensive red meats such as beef.

Conclusions:

This Dutch cohort analyses showed more healthy diets without mitigated GHG emissions over a 20-year period, at similar energy intakes. Higher consumption of (shell)fish and poultry was not yet at the expense of red and processed meat. Lower consumption of animal-based foods is needed to achieve healthier as well as environmentally friendly diets.
Medical compression stockings on the skin moisture in patients with	chronic venous disease
Authors: Westphal Thea , Konschake Wolfgang , Haase Hermann , Vollmer Marcus , Jünger Michael , Riebe Helene
Published: July 2019

Summary: Background: Because of side effects like skin dryness and consecutive symptoms like itching the therapy of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) with medical compression stockings (MCS) can lead to a diminished wear comfort and restricted compliance. Compression stockings with integrated skin care may have a positive influence on the skin hydration and moreover a positive effect on patients compliance. Patients and methods: In this monocentric, randomized prospective, controlled trial a below knee conventional MCS was compared to a medical compression stocking with integrated skin care (MCS-SC), interface pressure range 23–32 mmHg. Participants: 50 patients with CVI. Primary outcome: skin hydration. Secondary outcomes: transepidermal water loss, skin roughness, leg volume, interface pressure and questionnaires about quality of life and wear comfort. Results: In patients wearing MCS the skin moisture decreased (p = 0.021) and the skin roughness increased significantly (p = 0.001), whereas in patients wearing the MCS-SC skin moisture and skin roughness changed only slightly (n.s.). These protective effects of MCS-SC compared to MCS were most common in patients with CVI at stage 3 (p = 0.046), in male patients (p = 0.013) and patients with initial dry skin (p = 0.034). Both MCS reduced lower leg volume, MCS by 80 ml (p < 0.001) and MCS-SC by 60 ml (p < 0.001), both MCS improved quality of life: leg complaints (p = 0.0003); functional status (p = 0.010), well-being and life satisfaction (p = 0.030). Wear comfort: In terms of tightness, constriction in bond area and strenuous donning the MCS-SC was assessed significantly more comfortable than MCS (p < 0.001). Conclusions: MCS-SC revealed to be superior to MCS with regard to skin moisture, particularly in patients with low skin humidity, in male patients and in patients with C3, varicose veins accompanied by edema.
Die Teilhabe von Kindern an Sustained Shared Thinking im Freispiel
Authors: Cusati Müller Medea , Wustmann Seiler Corina , Simoni Heidi , Hedderich Ingeborg
Published: July 2019

Zusammenfassung. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die Beteiligung von Kindern an Sustained Shared Thinking (SST) mit dem Erzieher bzw. der Erzieherin im Freispiel und analysiert, ob individuelle Merkmale der Kinder (Geschlecht, Alter) einen Einfluss auf ihre Teilhabe haben. Dazu wurden Erzieher_in-Kind-Interaktionen in 12 Kindergruppen im Freispiel in 12 Deutschschweizer Kindertageseinrichtungen videographiert. Insgesamt wurden 12 Erzieher_innen und 56 Kinder im Alter von 6 Monaten bis 5 Jahren ( M = 3.01, SD = 1.82) beobachtet. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Kinder in 13.2 % aller Interaktionen mit dem Erzieher bzw. der Erzieherin an SST beteiligt waren. Dabei begünstigen weibliches Geschlecht und höheres Alter der Kinder die Teilhabe an SST. Das Geschlecht der Kinder moderiert den altersbedingten Einfluss: Ein höheres Alter unterstützt die Beteiligung an SST nur für Mädchen, für Jungen nicht.
Three‐Dimensional S Velocity Structure of the Mantle Transition Zone Beneath Central America and the Gulf of Mexico Inferred Using Waveform Inversion
Authors: Borgeaud Anselme F. E. , Kawai Kenji , Geller Robert J.
Published: July 2019

Travel time tomography studies have reported various modes of subduction of slabs around the mantle transition zone, but the causes of this variability are still controversial. In order to place additional constraints on the style of subduction in and near the mantle transition zone, we apply waveform inversion to S wave triplications due to the 410‐ and 660‐km discontinuities, and infer the regional three‐dimensional S velocity structure in the depth range 370–820 km beneath Central America and the Gulf of Mexico. We use ~3,400 transverse component records at epicentral distances 17–30° from 20 intermediate focus earthquakes beneath Central America recorded at stations of the USArray and other smaller networks. We filter the records between 20 and 100 s, and use the portions of the waveforms from 10 s before to ~40–80 s after the arrival of the direct S wave, thereby including the S wave triplications while excluding the sS depth phase. We correct the data for the structure above our target region using previous S velocity models, and we show that the results of the inversion do not depend heavily on which correction is used. Resolution tests confirm that we can resolve small‐scale structure in the target region. Our inferred models show that the Cocos slab penetrates into the lower mantle, but with important variations along the Middle America Trench in the subduction style of the slab. We suggest that this variability could be due to the thermal structure of the Cocos slab, and to the interaction of the slab with a possible lower mantle plume.
A Geostatistical Framework for Quantifying the Imprint of Mesoscale Atmospheric Transport on Satellite Trace Gas Retrievals
Authors: Torres Anthony D. , Keppel‐Aleks Gretchen , Doney Scott C. , Fendrock Michaela , Luis Kelly , De Mazière Martine , Hase Frank , Petri Christof , Pollard David F. , Roehl Coleen M. , Sussmann Ralf , Velazco Voltaire A. , Warneke Thorsten , Wunch Debra
Published: July 2019

National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Orbiting Carbon Observatory‐2 (OCO‐2) satellite provides observations of total column‐averaged CO2 mole fractions (
) at high spatial resolution that may enable novel constraints on surface‐atmosphere carbon fluxes. Atmospheric inverse modeling provides an approach to optimize surface fluxes at regional scales, but the accuracy of the fluxes from inversion frameworks depends on key inputs, including spatially and temporally dense CO2 observations and reliable representations of atmospheric transport. Since
observations are sensitive to both synoptic and mesoscale variations within the free troposphere, horizontal atmospheric transport imparts substantial variations in these data and must be either resolved explicitly by the atmospheric transport model or accounted for within the error covariance budget provided to inverse frameworks. Here, we used geostatistical techniques to quantify the imprint of atmospheric transport in along‐track OCO‐2 soundings. We compare high‐pass‐filtered (<250 km, spatial scales that primarily isolate mesoscale or finer‐scale variations) along‐track spatial variability in
and
from OCO‐2 tracks to temporal synoptic and mesoscale variability from ground‐based
and
observed by nearby Total Carbon Column Observing Network sites. Mesoscale atmospheric transport is found to be the primary driver of along‐track, high‐frequency variability for OCO‐2
. For
, both mesoscale transport variability and spatially coherent bias associated with other elements of the OCO‐2 retrieval state vector are important drivers of the along‐track variance budget.
Huge Aquifer Imaged off the Atlantic Coast
Authors: Morton Mary
Published: July 2019

Offshore aquifers may be a common feature along passive continental margins around the world.
Detailed Origins of Sea Spray Revealed, One Droplet at a Time
Authors: Sidder Aaron
Published: July 2019

An energized air-sea interface facilitates exchange between the atmosphere and the ocean. A new study looks at the formation of sea spray, an important component of this exchange.
Dynamic Wedge Failure and Along‐Arc Variations of Tsunamigenesis in the Japan Trench Margin
Authors: Ma Shuo , Nie Shiying
Published: July 2019

Elastic dislocation models require large near‐trench slip to explain large tsunamigenesis, which is probably best exemplified in the 2011 M9 Tohoku earthquake. However, it is puzzling that the largest Tohoku tsunami heights occurred about 100 km north of the largest slip zone, where bathymetric surveys indicate no large slip at the trench or submarine landslides. Here we show that coseismic yielding of plentiful sediments in the northern Japan Trench margin can induce large inelastic uplift landward from the trench and diminish slip near the trench. The scarcity of sediments in the south leads to nearly elastic response with large slip at the trench and mostly horizontal seafloor displacement. Thus, the variations of sediments along the Japan Trench and sediment yielding can explain the puzzling variations of tsunamigenesis and near‐trench slip in this earthquake. Inelastic wedge deformation can be an important mechanism of tsunamigenesis in accretionary and other sediment‐filled plate margins.
Meteor Radar Estimations of Gravity Wave Momentum Fluxes: Evaluation Using Simulations and Observations Over Three Tropical Locations
Authors: Pramitha M. , Kishore Kumar K. , Venkat Ratnam M. , Rao S. Vijaya Bhaskara , Ramkumar Geetha
Published: July 2019

Meteor radars are widely used to study gravity wave (GW) variances and their momentum fluxes at the altitudes where meteor counts are sufficient to yield good statistical fits to the data. These radars provide hourly zonal and meridional wind observations round the clock in 80‐ to 100‐km height domain. However, the capability of meteor radars in estimating GW momentum fluxes should be evaluated before they can be used for any research applications. In this regard, the present study evaluates the meteor radar observations of GW momentum fluxes obtained from Thumba (8.5°N, 77°E; 2006–2015), Kototabang (0.2°S, 100.3°E; 2002–2017), and Tirupati (13.63°N, 79.4°E; 2013–2018) using three‐dimensional wind field simulations, which include specified tidal, planetary and GW fields. A modified composite day analysis is adopted to estimate the GW momentum fluxes, which also accounts for the tidal and planetary wave contributions. The results showed that the retrieved and specified GW momentum fluxes agree very well over Tirupati followed by Thumba and Kototabang. It is noted that the agreement between the retrieved and simulated fields depend on the number of meteor detections used in the analysis. After evaluating the meteor radar retrieved GW momentum fluxes by employing simulations, their interannual variability and climatologies over the three observational locations are constructed. The significance of the present study lies in evaluating the capability of three meteor radars located in equatorial and low‐latitudes in estimating GW momentum fluxes by employing three‐dimensional wind field simulations with specified mean winds, tidal, planetary, and GW fields.
Particle Orbits at the Magnetopause: Kelvin‐Helmholtz Induced Trapping
Authors: Leroy M. H. J. , Ripperda B. , Keppens R.
Published: July 2019

The Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability is a known mechanism for penetration of solar wind matter into the magnetosphere. Using three‐dimensional, resistive magnetohydrodynamic simulations, the double midlatitude reconnection (DMLR) process was shown to efficiently exchange solar wind matter into the magnetosphere, through mixing and reconnection. Here we compute test particle orbits through DMLR configurations. In the instantaneous electromagnetic fields, charged particle trajectories are integrated using the guiding center approximation. The mechanisms involved in the electron particle orbits and their kinetic energy evolutions are studied in detail, to identify specific signatures of the DMLR through particle characteristics. The charged particle orbits are influenced mainly by magnetic curvature drifts. We identify complex, temporarily trapped trajectories where the combined electric field and (reconnected) magnetic field variations realize local cavities where particles gain energy before escaping. By comparing the orbits in strongly deformed fields due to the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability development, with the textbook mirror‐drift orbits resulting from our initial configuration, we identify effects due to current sheets formed in the DMLR process. We do this in various representative stages during the DMLR development.
Investigation of Single‐Station Classification for Short Tectonic Tremor in Taiwan
Authors: Liu Yi‐Hung , Yeh Ting‐Chen , Chen Kate Huihsuan , Chen Yaochieh , Yen Yuan‐Yi , Yen Horng‐Yuan
Published: July 2019

Tectonic tremor in Taiwan is known for its short duration and weak amplitude. Recent observations from the mountain area (Central Range) allows us to document such type of tectonic tremor recorded at a close distance and to investigate a single station technique for a minute‐long tremor. To effectively distinguish tremor from earthquakes and noise, we applied the Fisher's class separability criterion to automatically select the optimal feature subset from a set of commonly adopted feature candidates. During the study period of 1 January to 16 September 2016 when a local seismic array was deployed, we successfully differentiated tremor from local earthquakes and noise with high accuracy of 86.6% to 98.9% from three stations using a k‐nearest neighbors classifier. Other than the maximum amplitude, number of peaks, and energy of the 2‐ to 8‐Hz passband, the spikiness of discrete Fourier transforms median in time is also found to be important to separate tremor from noise.
Balancing Accuracy, Efficiency, and Flexibility in Radiation Calculations for Dynamical Models
Authors: Pincus Robert , Mlawer Eli J. , Delamere Jennifer S.
Published: July 2019

This paper describes the initial implementation of a new toolbox that seeks to balance accuracy, efficiency, and flexibility in radiation calculations for dynamical models. The toolbox consists of two related code bases: Radiative Transfer for Energetics (RTE), which computes fluxes given a radiative transfer problem defined in terms of optical properties, boundary conditions, and source functions; and RRTM for General circulation model applications—Parallel (RRTMGP), which combines data and algorithms to map a physical description of the gaseous atmosphere into such a radiative transfer problem. The toolbox is an implementation of well‐established ideas, including the use of a k‐distribution to represent the spectral variation of absorption by gases and the use of two‐stream, plane‐parallel methods for solving the radiative transfer equation. The focus is instead on accuracy, by basing the k‐distribution on state‐of‐the‐art spectroscopy and on the sometimes‐conflicting goals of flexibility and efficiency. Flexibility is facilitated by making extensive use of computational objects encompassing code and data, the latter provisioned at runtime and potentially tailored to specific problems. The computational objects provide robust access to a set of high‐efficiency computational kernels that can be adapted to new computational environments. Accuracy is obtained by careful choice of algorithms and through tuning and validation of the k‐distribution against benchmark calculations. Flexibility with respect to the host model implies user responsibility for maps between clouds and aerosols and the radiative transfer problem, although comprehensive examples are provided for clouds.
Multiscale Digital Porous Rock Reconstruction Using Template Matching
Authors: Lin W. , Li X. , Yang Z. , Manga M. , Fu X. , Xiong S. , Gong A. , Chen G. , Li H. , Pei L. , Li S. , Zhao X. , Wang X.
Published: July 2019

Rocks are heterogeneous multiscale porous media: two rock samples with identical bulk properties can vary widely in microstructure. The advent of digital rock technology and modern 3‐D printing provides new opportunities to replicate rocks. However, the inherent trade‐off between imaging resolution and sample size limits the scales over which microstructure and macrostructure can be identified and related to each other. Here, we develop a multiscale digital rock construction strategy by combining X‐ray computed microtomography and focused‐ion beam (FIB)‐scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, and we apply the technique to a tight sandstone. The computed tomography (CT) scanning images characterize macroscale pore structures, while the FIB‐SEM images capture microscale pore textures. The FIB‐SEM images are then coupled to CT images via a template‐matching algorithm and superposition. Bulk properties, including porosity and pore and throat size distribution, can be recovered with this approach. Permeability prediction with a pore network model for the largest connected pore network are 3 orders and 1 order of magnitude greater than the bulk rock measured value using the CT‐only and the SEM‐CT coupled images, respectively.
Correction: Systemically administered peptain-1 inhibits retinal ganglion cell death in animal models: implications for neuroprotection in glaucoma
Authors: Stankowska Dorota L. , Nam Mi-Hyun , Nahomi Rooban B. , Chaphalkar Renuka M. , Nandi Sandip K. , Fudala Rafal , Krishnamoorthy Raghu R. , Nagaraj Ram H.
Published: July 2019

Following publication of the original article, the authors noticed that scale bars were missing in Fig. 7 and four labels in Fig. 2c.

The PDF and HTML versions of the paper have been modified accordingly.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Cell-type-specific resolution epigenetics without the need for cell sorting or single-cell biology
Authors: Rahmani Elior , Schweiger Regev , Rhead Brooke , Criswell Lindsey A. , Barcellos Lisa F. , Eskin Eleazar , Rosset Saharon , Sankararaman Sriram , Halperin Eran
Published: July 2019

High costs and technical limitations of cell sorting and single-cell techniques currently restrict the collection of large-scale, cell-type-specific DNA methylation data. This, in turn, impedes our ability to tackle key biological questions that pertain to variation within a population, such as identification of disease-associated genes at a cell-type-specific resolution. Here, we show mathematically and empirically that cell-type-specific methylation levels of an individual can be learned from its tissue-level bulk data, conceptually emulating the case where the individual has been profiled with a single-cell resolution and then signals were aggregated in each cell population separately. Provided with this unprecedented way to perform powerful large-scale epigenetic studies with cell-type-specific resolution, we revisit previous studies with tissue-level bulk methylation and reveal novel associations with leukocyte composition in blood and with rheumatoid arthritis. For the latter, we further show consistency with validation data collected from sorted leukocyte sub-types.
Sequencing of Chinese castor lines reveals genetic signatures of selection and yield-associated loci
Authors: Fan Wei , Lu Jianjun , Pan Cheng , Tan Meilian , Lin Qiang , Liu Wanfei , Li Donghai , Wang Lijun , Hu Lianlian , Wang Lei , Chen Chen , Wu Aimin , Yu Xinxin , Ruan Jue , Yu Jun , Hu Songnian , Yan Xingchu , Lü Shiyou , Cui Peng
Published: July 2019

Oil produced by castor (Ricinus communis) has broad industrial applications. However, knowledge on the genetic diversity, especially genetic alterations that occurred during domestication and subsequent traits selection, of this oil crop is limited. Here, our population genomics analyses show that the Chinese castors have developed a geographic pattern, classified into the southern-, the middle-, and the northern-China groups. We detect a number of candidate genomic loci that are associated with the selection signals during the geographical differentiation and domestication. Using genome-wide association analysis, we identify candidate genes associated with nine agronomically important traits. One of the candidate genes encoding a glycosyltransferase related to cellulose and lignin biosynthesis is associated with both capsule dehiscence and endocarp thickness. We hypothesize that the abundance of cellulose or lignin in endocarp is an important factor for capsule dehiscence. Our results provide foundation for castor breeding and genetic study.