bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A school fluoride varnish program for Aboriginal children in rural New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Dimitropoulos Yvonne , Gwynne Kylie , Blinkhorn Anthony , Holden Alexander
Published: June 2019

Issue addressed

Australian Aboriginal children are less likely to access preventive oral health services such as fluoride varnish. The regular application of fluoride varnish can prevent dental caries. This study aims to determine if a school‐based fluoride varnish program can provide Aboriginal children with at least three fluoride varnish applications over 12 months and whether the routine application of fluoride varnish for Aboriginal children in schools is a feasible approach for oral health promotion in Aboriginal communities.

Methods

A school fluoride varnish program was co‐designed with Aboriginal communities in Central Northern New South Wales, Australia and implemented in three schools where majority of enrolled children are Aboriginal. Four “fluoride varnish days,” 3 months apart, were held at each school over the 12‐month study period. On each “fluoride varnish day” an oral health therapist applied fluoride varnish to all children included in the study.

Results

This study took place between January and December 2017. About 153 children were eligible to participate and 131 (86%) were consented into the program by a parent or guardian. A total of 104 children were enrolled for the entire 12‐month study period and included in the analysis. Majority of children (65.4%) received at least three fluoride varnish applications, with an average of 70% of students receiving an application of fluoride varnish on each “fluoride varnish day.”

Conclusions

School‐based fluoride varnish programs, co‐designed with local Aboriginal communities, may be a feasible approach to oral health promotion aimed at improving the oral health of Aboriginal children.

This study aimed to improve access to fluoride varnish for Aboriginal children in Central Northern NSW. Four “fluoride varnish days,” each three months apart, were held in three schools over 12 months. Majority of children (65.4%) received at least three fluoride varnish applications during the fluoride varnish program.
p53‐induced long non‐coding RNA PGM5‐AS1 inhibits the progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through regulating miR‐466/PTEN axis
Authors: Zhihua Zhao , Weiwei Wang , Lihua Niu , Jianying Zhang , Jiang Guozhong
Published: June 2019

A growing body of evidence suggests that long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) is aberrantly expressed in human cancer and linked to cancer initiation and development. We previously identified Homo sapiens PGM5 antisense RNA 1 (PGM5‐AS1) as a novel esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC)‐related lncRNA by performing high‐throughput RNA sequencing. However, its clinical implication and biological function in ESCC are still uncharacterized. In the present study, we found that PGM5‐AS1 was frequently downregulated in ESCC tissues, plasma, and cell lines, and low PGM5‐AS1 expression was positively correlated with poor differentiation, advanced tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage, and lymph node metastasis. Importantly, PGM5‐AS1 was identified to be an effective diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for ESCC patients. Functional experiments revealed that exogenous expression of PGM5‐AS1 significantly suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of ESCC cells in vitro as well as tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, PGM5‐AS1 was transcriptionally activated by p53 and it could directly interact with and sequester miR‐466 to elevate PTEN expression, thereby inhibiting ESCC progression. Overall, our data indicate that PGM5‐AS1 is a novel tumor suppressor in ESCC and restoration of PGM5‐AS1 may be a promising avenue for treatment of ESCC patient.
Spectral histopathology of the lung: A review of two large studies
Authors: Diem Max , Ergin Ayşegül , Mu Xinying
Published: June 2019

This paper summarizes results from two large lung cancer studies comprising over 700 samples that demonstrate the ability of spectral histopathology (SHP) to distinguish cancerous tissue regions from normal tissue, to differentiate benign lesions from normal tissue and cancerous lesions, and to classify lung cancer types. Furthermore, malignancy‐associated changes can be identified in cancer‐adjacent normal tissue. The ability to differentiate a multitude of normal cells and tissue types allow SHP to identify tumor margins and immune cell infiltration. Finally, SHP easily distinguishes small cell lung cancer (SCLC) from non‐SCLC (NSCLC) and provides a further differentiation of NSCLC into adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas with an accuracy comparable of classical histopathology combined with immunohistochemistry. Case studies are presented that demonstrates that SHP can resolve interobserver discrepancies in standard histopathology.
Growth differentiation factor 11 locally controls anterior–posterior patterning of the axial skeleton
Authors: Suh Joonho , Eom Je‐Hyun , Kim Na‐Kyung , Woo Kyung Mi , Baek Jeong‐Hwa , Ryoo Hyun‐Mo , Lee Se‐Jin , Lee Yun‐Sil
Published: June 2019

Growth and differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) is a transforming growth factor β family member that has been identified as the central player of anterior–posterior (A–P) axial skeletal patterning. Mice homozygous for Gdf11 deletion exhibit severe anterior homeotic transformations of the vertebrae and craniofacial defects. During early embryogenesis, Gdf11 is expressed predominantly in the primitive streak and tail bud regions, where new mesodermal cells arise. On the basis of this expression pattern of Gdf11 and the phenotype of Gdf11 mutant mice, it has been suggested that GDF11 acts to specify positional identity along the A–P axis either by local changes in levels of signaling as development proceeds or by acting as a morphogen. To further investigate the mechanism of action of GDF11 in the vertebral specification, we used a Cdx2‐Cre transgene to generate mosaic mice in which Gdf11 expression is removed in posterior regions including the tail bud, but not in anterior regions. The skeletal analysis revealed that these mosaic mice display patterning defects limited to posterior regions where Gdf11 expression is deficient, whereas displaying normal skeletal phenotype in anterior regions where Gdf11 is normally expressed. Specifically, the mosaic mice exhibited seven true ribs, a pattern observed in wild‐type (wt) mice (vs. 10 true ribs in Gdf11−/− mice), in the anterior axis and nine lumbar vertebrae, a pattern observed in Gdf11 null mice (vs. six lumbar vertebrae in wt mice), in the posterior axis. Our findings suggest that GDF11, rather than globally acting as a morphogen secreted from the tail bud, locally regulates axial vertebral patterning.
Exome sequencing revealed a p.G299R mutation in the COMP gene in an Iranian family suffering from pseudoachondroplasia
Authors: Ansari Hossein , Mohammadi‐Asl Javad , Hajjari Mohammadreza , Tahmasebi‐Birgani Maryam , Kollaee Abolghasem , Jassemi‐zergani Farzad , Vakili‐Hajiagha Amin
Published: June 2019

Background

Short‐stature (SS) is multifactorial pathologic condition that originates from either genetic or environmental factors. The diagnosis is based on family history, clinical findings, radiological examination and genetic analysis. A variety of genes have been reported for SS, among which FGFR‐3 was the main gene in achondroplasia and hypochondroplasia. In other forms of SS, the gene involved varies from one patient to another. Whole exome sequencing (WES) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) have recently introduced a growing body of genes annually. The present study performed a WES analysis on an Iranian family suffering from an inherited form of SS aiming to diagnose the causative gene. The father and all of his four sons were diagnosed as SS.

Methods

The blood samples were collected from the proband and his available family members. Genomic DNA was extracted using salting‐out method. The DNA of the proband was analyzed using WES and confirmed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐sequencing. The WES‐extracted variant was evaluated in silico using software aiming to determine whether this nucleotide change is pathogenic. The presence of the variant was traced in other affected family members using PCR‐sequencing.

Results

Following segregation analysis, variant c.896 G>A of the COMP gene was found in all of the affected individuals in a heterozygous form. This variant resulted in substitution of glycine 299 with arginine and was previously predicted as pathogenic in the Human Gene Mutation Database dataset, although it represents the first report in Iran.

Conclusions

The findings of the present study suggest consideration of the c.896 G>A variant of the COMP gene with respect to the genetic counseling of inherited skeletal dysplasia in Iran.
AMP‐activated protein kinase signaling regulated expression of urea cycle enzymes in response to changes in dietary protein intake
Authors: Heibel Sandra K. , McGuire Peter J. , Haskins Nantaporn , Majumdar Himani D. , Rayavarapu Sree , Nagaraju Kanneboyina , Hathout Yetrib , Brown Kristy , Tuchman Mendel , Caldovic Ljubica
Published: June 2019

Abundance of urea cycle enzymes in the liver is regulated by dietary protein intake. Although urea cycle enzyme levels rise in response to a high‐protein (HP) diet, signaling networks that sense dietary protein intake and trigger changes in expression of urea cycle genes have not been identified. The aim of this study was to identify signaling pathway(s) that respond to changes in protein intake and regulate expression of urea cycle genes in mice and human hepatocytes. Mice were adapted to either HP or low‐protein diets followed by isolation of liver protein and mRNA and integrated analysis of the proteomic and transcriptomic data. HP diet led to increased expression of mRNA and enzymes in amino acid degradation pathways and decreased expression of mRNA and enzymes in carbohydrate and fat metabolism, which implicated adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) as a possible regulator. Primary human hepatocytes, treated with 5‐aminoimidazole‐4‐carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) an activator of AMPK, were used to test whether AMPK regulates expression of urea cycle genes. The abundance of carbamoylphosphate synthetase 1 and ornithine transcarbamylase mRNA increased in hepatocytes treated with AICAR, which supports a role for AMPK signaling in regulation of the urea cycle. Because AMPK is either a target of drugs used to treat type‐2 diabetes, these drugs might increase the expression of urea cycle enzymes in patients with partial urea cycle disorders, which could be the basis of a new therapeutic approach.
Expanding the genetic and phenotypic spectrum of branched‐chain amino acid transferase 2 deficiency
Authors: Knerr Ina , Colombo Roberto , Urquhart Jill , Morais Ana , Merinero Begona , Oyarzabal Alfonso , Pérez Belén , Jones Simon A. , Perveen Rahat , Preece Mary A. , Rogers Yvonne , Treacy Eileen P. , Mayne Philip , Zampino Giuseppe , MacKinnon Sabrina , Wassmer Evangeline , Yue Wyatt W. , Robinson Ian , Rodríguez‐Pombo Pilar , Olpin Simon E. , Banka Siddharth
Published: June 2019

The first step in branched‐chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism is catalyzed by the two BCAA transferase isoenzymes, cytoplasmic branched‐chain amino acid transferase (BCAT) 1, and mitochondrial BCAT2. Defects in the second step of BCAA catabolism cause maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), a condition which has been far more extensively investigated. Here, we studied the consequences of BCAT2 deficiency, an ultra‐rare condition in humans. We present genetic, clinical, and functional data in five individuals from four different families with homozygous or compound heterozygous BCAT2 mutations which were all detected following abnormal biochemical profile results or familial mutation segregation studies. We demonstrate that BCAT2 deficiency has a recognizable biochemical profile with raised plasma BCAAs and, in contrast with MSUD, low‐normal branched‐chain keto acids (BCKAs) with undetectable l‐allo‐isoleucine. Interestingly, unlike in MSUD, none of the individuals with BCAT2 deficiency developed acute encephalopathy even with exceptionally high BCAA levels. We observed wide‐ranging clinical phenotypes in individuals with BCAT2 deficiency. While one adult was apparently asymptomatic, three individuals had presented with developmental delay and autistic features. We show that the biochemical characteristics of BCAT2 deficiency may be amenable to protein‐restricted diet and that early treatment may improve outcome in affected individuals. BCAT2 deficiency is an inborn error of BCAA catabolism. At present, it is unclear whether developmental delay and autism are parts of the variable phenotypic spectrum of this condition or coincidental. Further studies will be required to explore this.
The influence of tooth location on the outcomes of multiple adjacent gingival recessions treated with coronally advanced flap: A multicenter re‐analysis study
Authors: Zucchelli Giovanni , Tavelli Lorenzo , Barootchi Shayan , Stefanini Martina , Rasperini Giulio , Valles Cristina , Nart José , Wang Hom‐Lay
Published: June 2019

Background

Tooth location has been shown to play a significant role on root coverage outcomes. However, whether this has an impact on the outcomes of coronally advanced flap (CAF) for treating multiple adjacent gingival recessions (MAGRs) remains to be determined. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of tooth location, flap design, and flap extension on the outcomes of MAGRs following CAF with or without a connective tissue graft (CTG).

Methods

A re‐analysis of six previously published clinical trials evaluating the outcomes of CAF in the treatment of MAGRs was performed using mixed regression and logistics to assess the influence of potentially influential factors on the treatment outcomes.

Results

Six hundred and nine MAGRs in 166 patients were evaluated. The anterior maxilla (second sextant) was associated to the highest mean root coverage (mRC) and complete root coverage (CRC) outcome (P < 0.05). In addition, the maxillary teeth showed significantly greater mRC and CRC than teeth in the mandible (with the lower anterior [fifth sextant] showing the lowest outcomes) (P < 0.05). A higher mRC was observed for the anterior teeth compared with posterior dentition (P < 0.05). While CAF + CTG achieved better results than CAF alone, no differences were found when the flap was performed with or without vertical releasing incisions (P > 0.05). Lastly, teeth in the distal part of the flap showed lower mRC and CRC than teeth in the central or mesial position (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Tooth location was found to play a key role in determining the amount of root coverage achievable, with maxillary canines and incisors being associated with the highest outcomes compared with other sextants. Maxillary MAGRs showed greater mRC and CRC than mandibular MAGRs.
Emulsions stabilized by soy protein nanoparticles as potential functional non‐dairy yogurts
Authors: Sengupta Samadrita , Bhattacharyya Dipak K , Goswami Riddhi , Bhowal Jayati
Published: June 2019

BACKGROUND

Rice bran oil and soy protein nanoparticles (SPNs) may be considered as novel functional food ingredients for soy yogurt production. Formulation of soy yogurt with SPNs and rice bran oil, which has significant physiological functions, will convert them into functional food products. This study was conducted to develop rice bran oil‐based soy protein nanoparticles emulsion (SPNE) and to evaluate physical properties, antioxidant activities, oxidative stability and microbiological load as well as textural attributes of SPNs incorporated yogurt (SPNY) during storage at 4 °C for 45 days.

RESULTS

SPNs were prepared from soy protein isolate of defatted soy flour. Solubilization, crystallization and ultrasonication was carried out six times. After the sixth cycle of repeated solubilizing, crystallization and ultrasonication, the size of nano protein was reduced to 72.42 ± 0.22 nm from 586.72 ± 0.75 nm (after first cycle). Viscosity, penetration values and water‐holding capacity of SPNs added to yogurt were decreased with increase in reduction size of SPNs. SPNs added to yogurt exhibited greater antiradical scavenging ability and ferric reducing antioxidant property than control yogurt. Fortified soy yogurt had significant higher oxidative stability and proteolytic activity.

CONCLUSION

Fortification of non‐dairy food products with SPNs, which has significant physiological functions, convert conventional soy yogurt into functional food products. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Arsenic interaction and bioaccumulation in food crops grown on degraded soil: Effect on plant nutritional components and other dietary qualities
Authors: Khan Sardar , Khan Anwarzeb , Khan Muhammad Amjad , Aamir Muhammad , Li Gang
Published: June 2019

Arsenic (As), being a toxic metalloid, is widely found in degraded land and severely affects the health of plants and human beings. Pot experiments were conducted to assess the effects of As on plant nutritional values (macronutrients and micronutrients). Three vegetables (potato, tomato, and lettuce), on the basis of taxonomic differences, were selected and grown on As degraded soils at four different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg kg−1); additionally, the effect of Cd and Pb on the As uptake by plants was studied. The edible parts were analysed for As, Cd, Pb, and essential macronutrients (vitamin C, protein, N, P, and K) and micronutrients (Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn). The As concentrations in lettuce, potato, and tomato were 0.76, 0.63, 0.57 mg kg−1, respectively, grown in soil with no contamination, whereas in contaminated vegetables, the concentration varied significantly depending upon the level of contamination. As interaction with Cd and Pb showed negative correlation, generally, with increasing of As concentration, the Cd and Pb concentrations decreased; however, this trend was not consistent for all treatments and selected plant species. The nutrient concentrations significantly (p < .001) varied in contaminated vegetables compared with the control. The amendments of As significantly (p < .01) increased the concentrations of Ca, N, and protein, whereas P and K concentrations were decreased. The correlation between As with Mn, Mg, and vitamin C depended upon the types of vegetables and the contamination levels. Mn contribution to the Recommended Dietary Allowance was significantly (p < .01) lower for contaminated vegetables, whereas less significant (p = .05) for Fe, Mg, P, and K and non‐significant for Ca, N, and protein for different age groups. It was observed that As degraded soil affected the quality and nutritional balance in vegetables and potentially the nutrient status of consumers. The nutrients degradation in contaminated vegetables was obviously higher because As concentration reduce soil to plant transfer of essential elements by forming metal‐oxide complexes.
Inexpensive high‐precision system for measuring air pressure fluctuations
Authors: Mohr Manuel , Laemmel Thomas , Maier Martin , Schindler Dirk
Published: June 2019

Small air pressure fluctuations (amplitude <10 Pa, frequency range 0.01–0.1 Hz) were simultaneously measured using an inexpensive differential air pressure sensor system and a significantly more expensive high‐precision absolute air pressure sensor reference. The measured air pressure fluctuations were compared and analysed in the time domain and in the time–frequency domain using the wavelet transform. Our analyses demonstrate that there are no significant differences between the measuring results of the two systems. The inexpensive system measures air pressure fluctuations with the same precision as the reference sensor or even a higher precision. As an application, the pressure pumping co‐efficients were calculated from the air pressure fluctuations recorded by both systems. A comparison again showed that both evaluated air pressure sensors yield very similar results. Therefore, it is concluded that the inexpensive system is suitable for reliable air pressure fluctuation measurements.
Multifrequency magnetic particle imaging enabled by a combined passive and active drive field feed‐through compensation approach
Authors: Pantke Dennis , Holle Nils , Mogarkar Akshay , Straub Marcel , Schulz Volkmar
Published: June 2019

Purpose

Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) allows fast imaging of the spatial distribution of superparamagnetic iron‐oxide based nanoparticles (SPIONs). Recent research suggests that MPI furthermore promises in‐vivo access to environmental parameters of SPIONs as temperature or viscosity. Various medical applications as nanomedicine, stem cell‐based therapies or magnetic hyperthermia could benefit from in‐vivo multiparameter estimation by MPI. One possible approach to get access to functional parameters is particle excitation at multiple frequencies. To enable the investigation of the mentioned approach, a novel MPI device capable of multifrequency excitation is needed.

Methods

MPI usually employs analog band‐stop filters to cancel the drive field feed‐through, which is magnitudes higher than the particle signal. To enable drive field frequency flexibility over a wide bandwidth, we propose a combined passive and active drive field feed‐through compensation approach. This cancellation technique further allows the direct detection of the SPIONs' signal at the fundamental excitation frequency.

Results

A combined feed‐through suppression of up to −125 dB is reported, which allows to adjust the drive field frequency from 500 Hz to 20 kHz. Initial spectroscopic measurements and images are shown that demonstrate the concept of multifrequency excitation and prove the imaging capability of the presented scanner. A mean signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) enhancement by the factor of 1.7 was shown when the first harmonic is used for measurement‐based image reconstruction compared to when it is omitted.

Conclusions

In this paper, the first one‐dimensional multifrequency magnetic particle imaging (mf‐MPI) that features adjustable excitation frequencies from 500 Hz to 20 kHz is presented. The device will be used to study the principle of multiparameter estimation by employing multifrequency excitation.
A systematic review and meta‐analysis on basic psychological need satisfaction, motivation, and well‐being in later life: Contributions of self‐determination theory
Authors: Tang Minmin , Wang Dahua , Guerrien Alain
Published: June 2019

As the population ages, it is important to understand the factors that contribute to well‐being in the elderly. The purpose of this study is to perform a systematic review and meta‐analysis of research on well‐being among elderly people conducted particularly within the framework of self‐determination theory and, more precisely, to study the relationships among basic psychological need satisfaction, motivation, and well‐being. Therefore, a systematic search of the literature was conducted using the databases PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, Academic Onefile, MEDLINE, Science Direct, and ERIC to find studies published in English and French. China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) was used to find studies published in Chinese. Ultimately, 23 studies (mainly from the United States, Canada, and Europe; no studies published in China were found) in the field of aging were used for the systematic analysis, 17 of which were used for the meta‐analysis. The results reported in these publications are relatively congruent with the idea that basic psychological need satisfaction and motivation (autonomous types) are positively associated with positive indicators of well‐being (meaning in life, life satisfaction, positive affect, self‐esteem, etc.) and negatively associated with negative indicators of well‐being (depression, apathy, etc.).
Thin‐film nanostructure and polymer architecture in semicrystalline syndiotactic poly(p‐methylstyrene)–(cis‐1,4‐polybutadiene) multiblock copolymers
Authors: Buonerba Antonio , Monica Francesco Della , Speranza Vito , Capacchione Carmine , Milione Stefano , Grassi Alfonso
Published: June 2019

The thin‐film morphology of stereoregular syndiotactic poly(p‐methylstyrene)–(cis‐1,4‐polybutadiene) (sP(pMS–B)) multiblock copolymers has been investigated using tapping mode atomic force microscopy with variation of the polymer composition and monomer block lengths. The morphology of the thin films ranges from isolated circular domains of sP(pMS) embedded into a matrix of polybutadiene (PB) to isolated domains of PB embedded into a matrix of sP(pMS), passing through bicontinuous (jagged) lamellae when the pMS concentration is in the range 20–67 mol%. Multiple folding of the polymer segments, i.e. where reciprocal inclusions of polymer segments to each other phase are able to generate greater domain, has been postulated and validated by considerations on the polymer architecture and the thermal and crystalline behaviour. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Defects in Oxidized p‐Type Si Wafers Observed by Surface Photovoltage Spectroscopy
Authors: Kolkovsky Vladimir
Published: June 2019

Surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SPV) is widely used for semiconductor characterization in modern microelectronics. Herein, the results of a comprehensive SPV analysis of oxidized n‐ and p‐type Czochralski (Cz) Si wafers with an oxygen concentration of about 5–7 × 1017 cm−3 are reported. It is demonstrated that the oxidation of the wafers with different H2/O2 ratios can significantly influence the diffusion length of minority carriers in p‐type Si. This effect is explained by the formation of oxygen–hydrogen‐related defects which are strong recombination centers in such wafers. In addition, a significant degradation of the diffusion length of minority carriers is observed in oxidized p‐type Si wafers after annealing at 90 °C and a subsequent illumination at room temperature. This degradation is found to be independent of oxide growth conditions, and it is not observed in n‐type wafers. This degradation is correlated with the presence of low concentrations of interstitial Fe (<1011 cm−3) in some wafers and with boron–oxygen‐related defects in some other wafers.
Physical Properties of Photonic Cooper Pairs Generated via Correlated Stokes–anti‐Stokes Raman Scattering
Authors: de Aguiar Júnior Filomeno S. , Monken Carlos H. , Santos Marcelo F. , de Melo e Souza Reinaldo , Saraiva André , Koiller Belita , Jorio Ado
Published: June 2019

The theoretical and experimental background for the creation of photonic Cooper pairs (PCPs) via correlated Stokes–anti‐Stokes Raman scattering is introduced, followed by experimental results on the second‐order photon time correlation g2(0) in diamond. It is shown how g2(0) changes with energy (Stokes–anti‐Stokes Raman shift), momentum (scattering angle) and excitation laser power. Both real and virtual phonon‐mediated scattering processes are addressed.
Electrolyte‐Gating‐Induced Metal‐Like Conduction in Nonstoichiometric Organic Crystalline Semiconductors under Simultaneous Bandwidth Control
Authors: Ito Hiroshi , Edagawa Yusuke , Pu Jiang , Akutsu Hiroki , Suda Masayuki , Yamamoto Hiroshi M. , Kawasugi Yoshitaka , Haruki Rie , Kumai Reiji , Takenobu Taishi
Published: June 2019

Heavily doped semiconductors are well investigated and widely used in inorganic electronics. However, controlled heavy doping of organic crystalline semiconductors is yet to be studied because of the lack of suitable methods. This article reports on doping by electrolyte gating combined with bandwidth control by uniaxial stress using a bilayered nonstoichiometric κ–β″‐type charge‐transfer salt, in which the β″ layer exhibits competition between metallic and charge‐ordered insulating states. A change from insulating‐like to metal‐like conduction with a positive temperature coefficient of resistance is induced by the simultaneous application of a negative gate voltage and compressive stress applied by bending the substrate. The simultaneous heavy doping and bandwidth‐control technique presents a novel approach for investigating nonstoichiometric doping of organic semiconductors for novel electronic functions using metal–insulator transitions and superconductivity of correlated electron systems.
Food packaging simulant failure mechanisms in next generation steel packaging
Authors: Allman Andrew , Jewell Eifion , de Vooys Arnoud , Hayes Rachel , McMurray H. Neil
Published: June 2019

Legislative pressures have led to the mature dominant chromium‐coated steel (ECCS) substrate and epoxy phenolic lacquer replacement in Europe. An investigation was carried out to examine the interaction between a steel surface engineered with a novel, developmental substrate coated using Cr (III)‐based electrolytes and the food stuff being canned. Samples of lacquered material were subjected to a typical retort process (121°C for 90 minutes) and examined using a variety of laboratory analytical techniques. The foodstuff being packaged has a significant impact on the substrate/lacquer adhesion with clear differences in failure mechanisms between foodstuffs. There is clear evidence of chemical species transfer through the next generation lacquer, and this can instigate corrosion at the surface where incomplete chromium coverage leads to exposed iron. In general, the novel developmental material exhibits lower adhesive properties and shows a greater sensitivity to the foodstuff, although this is largely attributed to the homogeneity of the coverage. The novel substrate proves to be a promising alternative to ECCS due to REACH legislation, but improvement is required to achieve equivalent performance.
Metal–free Efficient Method for the Synthesis of N‐(2‐haloethyl)benzamides through the Ring‐opening of2‐oxazolines
Authors: Guan Dan , Luan Huo‐Xin , Patiguli Maimaiti , Jiao Qiu‐Ju , Yun Qing‐Qing , Chen Quan‐Sheng , Xu Chong‐Jun , Nie Xiao‐Bin , Hu Fang‐Peng , Huang Guo‐Sheng
Published: June 2019

An efficient, metal‐free C–H halogenated method for the synthesis of β‐halogenated carboxamides using non‐corrosive NXS (X=Cl, Br) as the halogenated source and ammonium sulfocyanide (NH4SCN) as the additive was proposed and accomplished. Various substituted 2‐oxazolines efficiently afforded the corresponding β‐halogenated carboxamides via a ring‐opening reaction in good yields. The characteristic features of this reaction include readily available materials, mild reaction conditions and functional groups tolerance.
Analysis of cluster center initialization of 2FA‐kprototypes analogy‐based software effort estimation
Authors: Amazal Fatima Azzahra , Idri Ali , Abran Alain
Published: June 2019

Analogy‐based estimation is one of the most widely used techniques for effort prediction in software engineering. However, existing analogy‐based techniques suffer from an inability to correctly handle nonquantitative data. To deal with this limitation, a new technique called 2FA‐kprototypes was proposed and evaluated. 2FA‐kprototypes is based on the use of the fuzzy k‐prototypes clustering technique. Although fuzzy k‐prototypes algorithms are well known for their efficiency in clustering numerical and categorical data, they are sensitive to the selection of initial cluster centers. In this paper, the impact of cluster center initialization on improving the prediction accuracy of 2FA‐kprototypes was analyzed and discussed using two cluster initialization techniques: centrality‐based initialization and density‐based initialization. The performance of 2FA‐kprototypes using these two initialization techniques was evaluated and compared with that of 2FA‐kprototypes using random initialization over four datasets: ISBSG, COCOMO81, USP05‐FT, and USP05‐RQ. The results showed an improvement in the performance of 2FA‐kprototypes in terms of estimation accuracy when the all‐in method is used.
Business process improvement using Object‐Process Methodology
Authors: Casebolt Jason M. , Jbara Ahmad , Dori Dov
Published: June 2019

For decades, business process improvement (BPI) has been a persistent and expensive concern that spans across many industry sectors. We present OPM‐BPI—a model‐based method to improve business processes using ISO 19450—Object‐Process Methodology (OPM). The approach compares favorably to state‐of‐the‐art business process languages and approaches, such as Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN). An aviation manufacturing company case study of safely removing a part from an aircraft and reinstalling it demonstrates the method. We show how using OPM‐BPI enables removing a large portion of the supporting objects, and how related processes can be eliminated or merged, achieving considerable model simplification that represents a significantly improved, more effective and less wasteful business process.
Photobreathing Zwitterionic Micelles
Authors: Niskanen Jukka , Vapaavuori Jaana
Published: June 2019

A significant and reversible size change (up to 80 nm, representing 100 % increase in diameter, i. e. “breathing”) of polymeric micelles of poly(styrene)‐block‐poly(3‐(4‐vinylpyridin‐1‐ium‐1‐yl)propane‐1‐sulfonate) (PS‐P4VP‐zwitter) was observed during phototriggered loading and release of spiropyran. The breathing (i. e. “inhaling/exhaling” of the small molecules by the micelles) could be controlled by switching the wavelength of the light used. Spiropyran, which was converted into the zwitterionic merocyanine by UV light, was readily diffused and incorporated into the zwitterionic micelle cores, thus causing the micelles to expand. At the same time, the merocyanine was stabilized by the polyzwitterionic core of the micelles. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a supramolecular and reversibly photoloadable system that can be converted from a thermodynamically stable self‐assembled equilibrium system into a dynamic, self‐assembled system that is sustained by illumination.
Cognitive and motivational selectivity in healthy aging
Authors: Swirsky Liyana T. , Spaniol Julia
Published: June 2019

Normal aging is associated with a reduction in the selectivity of cognitive processes such as attention and memory. This loss of selectivity is attributed to diminished inhibition and cognitive control mechanisms in older adults, which render them more susceptible to distraction and more likely to attend to and encode irrelevant information. However, motivational selectivity appears largely preserved in aging. For example, older adults selectively avoid high‐demand tasks, exhibit a positivity bias in attention and memory, and show better memory for high‐value compared to low‐value information. The aim of this review is to integrate these seemingly paradoxical findings of reduced and preserved selectivity in aging, discuss potential neural mechanisms, and propose questions for future research.

This article is categorized under:

Neuroscience > Cognition

Psychology > Development and Aging
Health effects associated with wastewater treatment, reuse, and disposal
Authors: Choudri B. S. , Charabi Yassine
Published: June 2019

This paper highlights the review of scientific literature published in the year 2018 on issues related to health risks associated with human and the general environment on the reuse of wastewater, treatment as well as disposal. The literature review on the above issues divided into number of sections, and these sections include management of wastewater, wastewater reuse with focus on microbial hazards, and chemical hazards. Further, the review also provides some recent research related to wastewater treatment plants, disposal of wastewater, sludge, and biosolids management.

Practitioner points

This paper highlights the review of scientific literature published in the year 2018.

Review provide issues related to health risks associated with human and the general environment on the reuse of wastewater, treatment as well as disposal.

Literature review covers selected papers relevant to the topic.
Alkaline Earth Cluster Compounds AE[W6I14] and the Solvate [Ca(C2H6SO)6][W6I14]
Authors: Hummel Thorsten , Moś‐Hummel Agnieszka , Ströbele Markus , Meyer Hans‐Jürgen
Published: June 2019

Alkaline earth tungsten iodide clusters AE[W6I14] with AE = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and the solvated compound [Ca(C2H6SO)6][W6I14] were prepared and structurally characterized. A new synthesis was employed, starting from W6I22, which is an exceptional compound among binary tungsten iodides because it is soluble in common polar organic solvents. As evidence for the wide range of the applicability of W6I22, we report the synthesis of the new AE[W6I14] compounds in comparison to a solid‐state reaction departing from W3I12.
Predictors of Post‐operative Pain and Opioid Consumption in Patients Undergoing Liver Surgery
Authors: Behman R. , Cleary S. , McHardy P. , Kiss A. , Sawyer J. , Ladak S. S. J. , McCluskey S. A. , Srinivas C. , Katz J. , Coburn N. , Law C. , Wei A. C. , Greig P. , Hallet J. , Clarke H. , Karanicolas P. J.
Published: June 2019

Background

Post‐operative pain management is a critical component of perioperative care. Patients at risk of poorly controlled post‐operative pain may benefit from early measures to optimize pain management. We sought to identify risk factors for post‐operative pain and opioid consumption in patients undergoing liver resection.

Methods

This is a multi‐institutional prospective nested cohort study of patients undergoing open liver resection. Opioid consumption and pain scores were collected following surgery. To estimate the effects of patient factors on opioid consumption (oral morphine equivalents—OME) and on pain scores (NRS‐11), we used generalized linear models and multivariable linear regression model, respectively.

Results

One hundred and fifty‐three patients who underwent open liver resection between 2013 and 2016 were included in the study. The mean patient age was 62.2 years, and 43.3% were female. Younger patients were significantly more likely to use more opioids in the early post‐operative period (16.7 OME/10 years, p < 0.001). Patient factors that were significantly associated with increased NRS‐11 pain scores also included younger patient age (difference in pain score of 0.3/10 years with cough and 0.2/10 years at rest, p < 0.01 for both) as well as a history of analgesic use (difference in pain score of 0.9 with cough and 0.6 at rest, p < 0.01 and p = 0.07, respectively).

Conclusion

Younger patients and those with a history of analgesic use are more likely to report higher post‐operative pain and require higher doses of opioids. Early identification of these patients, and measures to better manage their pain, may contribute to optimal perioperative care.
A deep learning model for early prediction of Alzheimer's disease dementia based on hippocampal magnetic resonance imaging data
Authors: Li Hongming , Habes Mohamad , Wolk David A. , Fan Yong ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative and the Australian Imaging Biomarkers and Lifestyle Study of Aging
Published: June 2019

Introduction

It is challenging at baseline to predict when and which individuals who meet criteria for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) will ultimately progress to Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia.

Methods

A deep learning method is developed and validated based on magnetic resonance imaging scans of 2146 subjects (803 for training and 1343 for validation) to predict MCI subjects' progression to AD dementia in a time‐to‐event analysis setting.

Results

The deep‐learning time‐to‐event model predicted individual subjects' progression to AD dementia with a concordance index of 0.762 on 439 Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative testing MCI subjects with follow‐up duration from 6 to 78 months (quartiles: [24, 42, 54]) and a concordance index of 0.781 on 40 Australian Imaging Biomarkers and Lifestyle Study of Aging testing MCI subjects with follow‐up duration from 18 to 54 months (quartiles: [18, 36, 54]). The predicted progression risk also clustered individual subjects into subgroups with significant differences in their progression time to AD dementia (P < .0002). Improved performance for predicting progression to AD dementia (concordance index = 0.864) was obtained when the deep learning–based progression risk was combined with baseline clinical measures.

Discussion

Our method provides a cost effective and accurate means for prognosis and potentially to facilitate enrollment in clinical trials with individuals likely to progress within a specific temporal period.
Quasiconvex relaxation of isotropic functions in incompressible planar hyperelasticity
Authors: Martin Robert J. , Voss Jendrik , Neff Patrizio , Ghiba Ionel-Dumitrel
Published: June 2019

In this note, we provide an explicit formula for computing the quasiconvex envelope of any real-valued functionW; SL(2) → ℝ withW(RF) =W(FR) =W(F) for allF∈ SL(2) and allR∈ SO(2), where SL(2) and SO(2) denote the special linear group and the special orthogonal group, respectively. In order to obtain our result, we combine earlier work by Dacorogna and Koshigoe on the relaxation of certain conformal planar energy functions with a recent result on the equivalence between polyconvexity and rank-one convexity for objective and isotropic energies in planar incompressible nonlinear elasticity.
The Rigging of Aeroplanes
Authors: Crouch R. J. Goodman
Published: June 2019

The rigging of aeroplanes, although not a subject necessitating extensive research work or particular scientific knowledge, is of paramount importance, in view of its effect on the safety, reliability, and performance of machines.

The mechanical principles involved are well known to the engineer, and their application rests to a great extent on experience.

In a word, practicability governs both construction and erection.
Struts of Conical Taper
Authors: Webb H. A , Lang E. D.
Published: June 2019

The strength of wooden struts consisting of a parallel centre portion with ends of conical taper is considered rnathematically. It is shown that the best results are obtained when the parallel portion is half the total length of the strut, and when the taper of the ends is such that the end diameter is half the central diameter. Such a strut is 12% lighter than a simple parallel strut of the same length and strength, and only 1% heavier than the ideal strut of the best possible gradual taper. A simple formula for design is given.

The authors suggest that struts of this pattern might be adopted, for manufacture reasons, in many parts of an aeroplane in which solid wooden struts are used, especially if of circular section. They can then be turned in the ordinary lathe.
Metal Construction of Aircraft
Authors: Thurston A. P.
Published: June 2019

This war has been fought with machines made of wood, a most unsatisfactory material from a constructional point of view. Wood warps and cracks; is unsuitable for tropical climates; splinters easily in a crash; is liable to transfix the aviators; is non-homogeneous; uncertain in strength and weight; weakens rapidly when exposed to moisture; and is not produced in any quantity in this country.
Air Navigation
Authors: Wimperis H. E.
Published: June 2019

The subject of air navigation has been chosen because with the ending- of the Wiar this becomes the most important of the unsohed problems relating to aviation. It is unsolved mainly, I think, because the actual operations of the war, apart from certain individual efforts of great merit, did not reach the point at which really long flights were made. Had the activity of the Wiar continued there is little doubt that long distance air navigation would have been impelled to as high a degree of actual achievement as was attained by other branches of the new science of aeronautics.
The Supply of Meteorological Information
Authors: Lyons H. G.
Published: June 2019

Information relating- to weather and climate has always attracted the attention of the inhabitants of all countries, as is shown by the number of popular sayings which relate to the weather and its ciranges in civilised countries, and by the general identification of atmospheric phenomena with gods and demons among savage races.
The Large Aeroplane and Its Limitations
Authors: Ryan A.
Published: June 2019

The question of whether it is possible to construct very large aeroplanes equal or superior in efficiency to the smaller aeroplanes already in existence is a subject that must be occupying the minds of people connected with aeronautics.

The subject has been considered by various aeronautical engineers and scientists in the pages of the ROYAL AËRONAUTICAL JOURNAL and elsewhere.

A few of the statements of conclusions arrived at are quoted from the AËRONAUTICAL JOURNAL of 1917 in an appendix.

In England there is no doubt that the late Colonel Cody was the pioneer of the large aeroplane, as although his plane would be considered to be of moderate dimensions to-day, yet it was large in relation to its contemporaries.
Fabric and Dope, With Special Reference to Deterioration of Strength and Tautness
Authors: Aston F. W.
Published: June 2019

The first part of the paper deals with the action of light in deteriorating the strength of doped and undoped linen aeroplane fabric. Sunlight is shown to be the only serious agent. A curve is giver showing the change in rate of loss of strength throughout the year, the effect being very great in summer and practically negligible in winter. A comparison of the weathering properties of German and British material is given. Experiments are described which indicate the loss of strength is due to the action of ozone formed by ultra-violet liglit, the :distribution of the destructive power in the spectrum corresponding very welLwith a photo-electric theory of the formation of ozone proposed F. A. Lindemann. The efhciency of dyes and pigments as protective agents is shown to be excellent, but the latter are to be preferred on account of their effect in improving the tautness given by the dope.

The second part of the paper deals with tautness and its measurement, the more important methods are discussed, and a standard one proposed l)y which The tautness can be expressed directly as a tension. A description of the standard frames and the system of rneasurement of tautness at high humidities at presc'nt used at the R.A.E. is given. A theory to account for the tautening effect of dope is suggested.
Commercial and Pleasure Flying
Authors: Grahame-White Claude
Published: June 2019

May I say how glad I am to have this opportunity of speaking to you on a subject to which I, and others, have devoted so much time and thought. Not that any of us have ever begrudged this time or labour. Far from it. I myself, after twelve years as a student of aeronautics, cannot look back on any period when, even for a moment, I have wearied in my task. And indeed the more I study this subject the more convinced I am h*^w well worth while it is for us, now, to devote all the time we can to this question of commercial aeronautics. It is a subject which is something much more than purely commercial. It is not only national but also Imperial. It is something even more than both of these; it is a question which affects the development, happiness, and peace of the entire world. When, with the growing speed of aerial transport, we shall be able to dine in New York one evening and in London the next; when no part of the earth—surface, however remote, is more than a week's journey from London by air, then I think we may say that the coming of this aerial age will do more for the world than any other invention or discovery man has ever made.
Some Points in Aeroplane Design
Authors: Barnwell F. S.
Published: June 2019

It is quite impossible in the scope of a single paper to deal with more than a small part of the vast subject of aeroplane design. What I have attempted, therefore, is to work out a few points which seem worthy of particular attention, and thence to suggest what would appear to be the best practice.

It is probable that what I have done has been done already by most people who have been engaged on designing work for the last few years, and probably done more fully and more accurately.