bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Survival of a Patient with Metastatic Small-Cell Carcinoma of the Stomach Treated with Radiation Therapy
Authors: Bergsma Derek P. , Schoeniger Luke O. , Bratton Laura , Katz Alan W.
Published: October 2015

Small-cell carcinoma (SCC), or high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the stomach, is a rare subtype of extra-pulmonary SCC which is almost invariably lethal. Gastric SCC often presents with local symptoms indistinguishable from other primary stomach cancers; however, both regional and distant spread are common at the initial presentation. Depending on symptoms and patient performance status, treatment typically consists of chemotherapy or resection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy, as even patients with limited stage gastric SCC likely have micrometastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. In this case report, we describe the long-term survival of a 75-year-old male with recurrent oligometastatic high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the stomach treated with radiation therapy (RT) alone. He presented with abdominal pain and dyspepsia and was found to have a 6 cm locally invasive node-positive gastric SCC initially treated with extensive surgical resection. He was not a candidate for adjuvant chemotherapy, and surveillance imaging subsequently confirmed metachronous liver and local recurrences within 1 year after surgery, which were managed with stereotactic body RT and conventional radiation, respectively. An additional para-aortic nodal recurrence was treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy 7 years after surgery with good response. He tolerated all RT courses without notable radiation-related toxicity and remains in complete remission 11 years after initial diagnosis.
Two Types of Renovascular Lesions in Lupus Nephritis with Clinical Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Authors: Sekine Akinari , Hasegawa Eiko , Hiramatsu Rikako , Mise Koki , Sumida Keiichi , Ueno Toshiharu , Yamanouchi Masayuki , Hayami Noriko , Suwabe Tatsuya , Hoshino Junichi , Sawa Naoki , Takaichi Kenmei , Ohashi Kenichi , Fujii Takeshi , Ubara Yoshifumi
Published: October 2015

Renovascular lesions of lupus nephritis (LN) were classified into five categories by D'Agati in Heptinstall's Pathology of the Kidney, with thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) and clinical thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) being combined. We encountered 2 cases with histological LN (class III and lass V), and they presented with clinical features of TTP, such as acute renal failure, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, fever, and central neurologic symptoms. Immunosuppressive therapy with plasmapheresis was performed in both patients. Case 1 progressed to end-stage renal failure requiring dialysis and died, while case 2 responded to treatment. In case 1, small renal arteries showed positive mural staining for IgG and C3, while intraluminal material was negative for IgG and C3 [although it was positive for phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin (PTAH), indicating fibrin deposition]. In case 2, small renal arteries showed mural staining for IgG, C1q, and C3, with the intraluminal material also being positive for these immunoglobulins, but negative for PTAH. These cases suggest that immunosuppressive therapy with plasmapheresis can control LN when intravascular thrombosis is related to immune complexes associated with activation of the early complement components C1q and C3. In contrast, immunosuppressive therapy with plasmapheresis may not be effective when intravascular thrombosis is unrelated to these factors and involves fibrin deposition. Accordingly, in LN patients with clinical features of TTP, we report two types of renovascular lesions, in addition to typical vascular change of TMA with no immune deposits seen in nonlupus patients.
Prevalence of Obesity and Overweight in an Indigenous Population in Central Brazil: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Oliveira Geraldo F. , Oliveira Teresinha Regina R. , Ikejiri Adauto T. , Galvao Tais F. , Silva Marcus T. , Pereira Mauricio G.
Published: October 2015

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of obesity and overweight and associated factors in indigenous people of the Jaguapiru village in Central Brazil. Methods: We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study between January 2009 and July 2011 in the adult native population of the Jaguapiru village, Central Brazil. Sociodemographic and lifestyle data were obtained; anthropometric measures, arterial blood pressure, and blood glucose were measured. The independent variables were tested by Poisson regression, and the interactions between them were analyzed. Results: 1,608 indigenous people (982 females, mean age 37.7 ± 15.1 years) were included. The prevalence of obesity was 23.2% (95% CI 20.9-25.1%). Obesity was more prevalent among 40- to 49-year-old and overweight among 50- to 59-year-old persons. Obesity was positively associated with female sex, higher income, and hypertension. Among indigenous people, interactions were found with hypertension and sedentary lifestyle - hypertension in males and sedentary lifestyle in females. Conclusions: The prevalence of obesity and overweight in indigenous people of the Jaguapiru village is high. Males as well as hypertensive and higher family income individuals have higher rates. Sedentary lifestyle and hypertension leverage the rates of obesity. Prevention and adequate public health policies can be critical for the control of excess weight and its comorbidities among Brazilian indigenous people.
Prior chronic clopidogrel therapy is associated with increased adverse events and early stent thrombosis
Authors: Fefer Paul , Sabbag Avi , Herscovici Romana , Regev Ehud , Mazin Israel , Shlomo Nir , Zahger Doron , Atar Shaul , Hammerman Haim , Polak Arthur , Beigel Roy , Matetzky Shlomi , Asher Elad ,   for The PLATIS (Platelets and Thrombosis in Sheba) Study Group
Published: October 2015

Despite the growing use of clopidogrel, limited data exist regarding the prognostic significance of chronic clopidogrel therapy in patients sustaining acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Our aim was to determine whether patients sustaining ACS while on chronic clopidogrel therapy have a worse prognosis than clopidogrel-naïve patients. A total of 5,386 consecutive ACS patients were prospectively characterised and followed-up for 30 days. Of them, 680 (13 %) were treated with clopidogrel prior to the index ACS. Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were defined as death, recurrent ACS, stroke and/or stent thrombosis. Compared with clopidogrel-naïve, chronic clopidogrel-treated patients were older (66 ± 12 vs 63 ± 13, respectively; p< 0.01), suffered more from diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, prior cardiovascular history, including prior myocardial infarction, revascularisation, coronary artery bypass graft and stroke (p< 0.01 for all), and were less likely to present with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (21 % vs 45 %; respectively; p < 0.001). Prior clopidogrel therapy was associated with a two-fold increase in in-hospital (1.6 °% vs 0.6, respectively; p =0.006) as well as 30-day stent thrombosis (2.2 % vs 1.0 %, respectively; p=0.007). MACE at 30 days was also higher among chronic clopidogrel-treated compared with clopidogrel-naïve patients [12.3 % vs 9.4 %, respectively; p< 0.01]. In multivariate log regression analysis chronic clopidogrel treatment was an independent predictor of stent thrombosis [OR=2.6 (95 %CI 1.2–5.6), p=0.001]. Patients sustaining ACS while on chronic clopidogrel treatment are at higher risk for in-hospital and 30-day adverse outcomes, including stent thrombosis.
A comparison of the safety and effectiveness of dabigatran and warfarin in non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients in a large healthcare system
Authors: Schnee Janet , Fraeman Kathy , Siu Kimberly , Reynolds Matthew W. , Collins Jenna , Schwartzman Eric , Villines Todd C.
Published: October 2015

Dabigatran is approved for stroke risk reduction in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). Data from diverse clinical practice settings will help establish whether the risk:benefit ratio seen in clinical trials is comparable with routine clinical care. This study aimed to compare the safety and effectiveness of dabigatran and warfarin in clinical practice. We undertook a propensity score-matched (PSM) cohort study (N=12,793 per group; mean age 74) comparing treatment with dabigatran or warfarin in the US Department of Defense claims database, October 2009 to July 2013. Treatment-naïve patients with first prescription claim for dabigatran (either FDA-approved dose) or warfarin between October 2010 and July 2012 (index) and a diagnosis of NVAF during the 12 months before index date were included. Primary outcomes were stroke and major bleeding. Secondary outcomes included ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke, major gastrointestinal (GI), urogenital or other bleeding, myocardial infarction (MI) and death. Time-to-event was investigated using Kaplan-Meier survival analyses. Outcomes comparisons were made utilising Cox-proportional hazards models of PSM groups. Dabigatran users experienced fewer strokes (adjusted hazard ratio [95 % confidence intervals] 0.73 [0.55–0.97]), major intracranial (0.49 [0.30–0.79]), urogenital (0.36 [0.18–0.74]) and other (0.38 [0.22–0.66]) bleeding, MI (0.65 [0.45–0.95]) and deaths (0.64 [0.55–0.74]) than the warfarin group. Major bleeding (0.87 [0.74–1.03]) and major GI bleeding (1.13 [0.94–1.37]) was similar between groups and major lower GI bleeding events were more frequent (1.30 [1.04–1.62]) with dabigatran. In conclusion, compared with warfarin, dabigatran treatment was associated with a lower risk of stroke and most outcomes measured, but increased incidence of major lower GI bleeding.
Extended anticoagulation with apixaban reduces hospitalisations in patients with venous thromboembolism
Authors: Liu Xianchen , Thompson John , Phatak Hemant , Mardekian Jack , Porcari Anthony , Johnson Margot , Cohen Alexander T.
Published: October 2015

Treatment with apixaban versus placebo for 12 months significantly reduced symptomatic recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) or all-cause death without increasing the rate of major bleeding in the AMPLIFY-EXT trial. This analysis examined the effects of apixaban versus placebo on the rate of all-cause hospitalisations, time to first hospitalisation, and predictors of first hospitalisation in patients with VTE enrolled in AMPLIFY-EXT. Treatment with apixaban 2.5 mg and 5 mg twice daily significantly reduced the rate of all-cause hospitalisations versus placebo (hazard ratio [95 % confidence interval], 0.64 [0.43, 0.95]; p=0.026 and 0.54 [0.36, 0.82]; p=0.004, respectively). Apixaban prolonged mean time to first hospitalisation versus placebo by 43 and 49 days for the 2.5-mg and 5-mg twice-daily groups, respectively. Median length of hospital stay during the first hospitalisation was longer for placebo than for apixaban 2.5 mg or 5 mg twice daily (7.0, 5.0, and 4.5 days, respectively). Treatment with apixaban was a significant predictor of lower rates of hospitalisations versus placebo, and severe/moderate renal impairment was a significant predictor of an increased rate. This study supports extended use of apixaban for reducing all-cause hospitalisations and extending time to first hospitalisation in patients with VTE enrolled in AMPLIFY-EXT (www.clinical trials.gov registration: #NCT00633893).
Another Case of Human Semen Eucharist Among the Manichaeans?
Authors: van Oort Johannes
Published: October 2015

The article focuses on a neglected passage in Cyril of Jerusalem’s Catechesis vi in which he speaks of the curious Manichaean ‘ceremony of the fig’. After providing the Greek text and a fresh translation of Cat. vi,33, an analysis is given of its contents. Noting that Cyril seems to have been well acquainted with those books of the Manichaeans (in all likelihood Mani’s Treasure) in which the myth of the Seduction of the Archons was told, I provide an overview and analysis of his description of the Manichaean ‘ceremony of the fig’. Cyril’s account seems to be corroborated by one or, perhaps, even two of the miniatures from Central Asia in which figs appear to be central in Manichaean sacred meals.
Nebuchadnezzar’s Siege of Tyre in Jerome’s Commentary on Ezekiel
Authors: Garstad Benjamin
Published: October 2015

In order to elucidate the prophecies of Ezekiel, especially those against Egypt in Book 29, Jerome reconstructed the siege of Tyre by the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar. He seems to have done this not so much on the basis of the predictions recorded in the Bible (to say nothing of accurate records), as by comparison with accounts of Alexander the Great’s siege of the same city more than two hundred years later. Jerome seems particularly dependent on the account of Alexander’s siege of Tyre given by Quintus Curtius Rufus. The following investigation broadens our understanding of the authors known and used by Jerome, the uses to which he put his historical reading, and the methods of his Biblical exegesis, especially historical reconstruction.
¿Y los pentecostales? ¡Presentes!: Public Theological Contributions from Latin America
Authors: Estrada-Carrasquillo Wilmer
Published: October 2015

This paper seeks to reiterate the social nature of Pentecostal spirituality. On the one hand, Pentecostals have done very well stressing their evangelistic mission as intrinsic to Spirit Baptism. On the other hand, they have often neglected the importance of issues of social justice. Yet, Latin American Pentecostals have been calling for and embodying an integral Pentecostal spirituality that includes justice within the mission of the Spirit’s mission in the world. Focusing on various contemporary challenges raised by globalization in Latin America, the paper will present how Latina/o Pentecostal theologians are challenging the Pentecostal movement to engage the public sphere integrally.
Dicranostigma platycarpum, a new synonym of Dicranostigma erectum (Papaveraceae)
Authors: Hongjin Dong , Chunlei Xiang
Published: October 2015

Dicranostigma Hooker f. & Thomson (1855: 255), a genus of three species in Papaveraceae (1789: 235), disjunctively distributed in the Loess Plateau and the Hengduan Mountains in China and the neighboring Himalayan Mountains. Species in Dicranostigma are typically yellow-lactiferous herbs with four yellow petals, numerous stamens, one-loculed ovary, terete or linear capsule, and tessellate seeds. According to Zhang & Grey-Wilson (2008), there are three species from China, i.e., D. lactucoides Hooker f. & Thomson (1855: 255), D. leptopodum (Maximowicz) Fedde (1905: 45), and D. platycarpum C.Y. Wu & H. Chuang (1985: 87), and the latter two are endemic to China.
Rotifera from the Mediterranean Sea, with description of ten new species
Authors: SMET WILLEM H. DE SMET
Published: October 2015

A total of 43 rotifer taxa, belonging to 14 genera, was identified in 47 psammon and periphyton samples collected in the northern part of the western basin of the Mediterranean Sea. Of these, 10 previously described species are new to the Mediterranean, 10 species are new to science and could be described, and 5 others are potential new ones of which insufficient material was available to warrant a full description.         Rotifers formed a constant component of meiofauna, from the eulittoral to at least 8 km off shore and a depth of 66 m. A clear zonation was apparent with one to two species only found in the eulittoral zone and sublittoral fringe, and 42 taxa occurring in the sublittoral zone.         The trophi of seven previously known species are redescribed based on scanning electron microscopy. Dicranophorus bulgaricus Althaus, 1957 is redirected to Allodicranophorus gen. nov. and Lepadella pontica Althaus, 1957 to Halolepadella gen. nov.
New Eocene damselflies and first Cenozoic damsel-dragonfly of the isophlebiopteran lineage (Insecta: Odonata)
Authors: Garrouste Romain , Nel André
Published: October 2015

The study of a new specimen of Petrolestes hendersoni from the Eocene Green Formation allows a more precise description of the enigmatic damselfly and the diagnosis of the Petrolestini. Petrolestes messelensis sp. nov. is described from the Eocene Messel Formation in Germany, extending the distribution of the Petrolestini to the European Eocene. The new damsel-dragonfly family Pseudostenolestidae is described for the new genus and species Pseudostenolestes bechlyi, from the Eocene Messel Formation. It is the first Cenozoic representative of the Mesozoic clade Isophlebioptera.
A new species of Hemerobiella Kimmins (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae) from Venezuela with notes on the genus
Authors: SOSA FRANCISCO , LARA ROGÉRIA I. R. , MARTINS CALEB C.
Published: October 2015

Hemerobiella periotoi Sosa & Lara sp. nov. is described from Venezuela. The new species was collected at the edges of a mature cloud forest in Lara state. This is the third species known in Hemerobiella Kimmins, and the second recorded from Venezuela. Additionally, new Venezuelan records and illustrations of H. oswaldi Monserrat, as well as, a key to Hemerobiella species are provided.
Molecular phylogeny of Caribbean dipsadid (Xenodontinae: Alsophiini) snakes, including identification of the first record from the Cay Sal Bank, The Bahamas
Authors: KRYSKO KENNETH L. , STEADMAN David W. , NUÑEZ LEROY P. , LEE DAVID S.
Published: October 2015

We document the first specimen of a dipsadid snake from the Anguilla Cays, Cay Sal Bank, The Bahamas. We analyze 3,426 base pairs (bp) of sequence data derived from five mitochondrial loci and one nuclear locus using Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) methods. Our molecular data agree with some aspects of morphology (e.g., scale counts, dentition, and color pattern) supporting identification of this specimen as the Cuban Racer, Cubophis cantherigerus cantherigerus (Bibron 1840), a species previously regarded as endemic to Cuba. This discovery provides another example of the strong Cuban affinities of the terrestrial vertebrate fauna of Bahamian islands.
Second-Moment Budgets and Mixing Intensity in the Stably Stratified Atmospheric Boundary Layer over Thermally Heterogeneous Surfaces
Authors: Mironov Dmitrii V. , Sullivan Peter P.
Published: October 2015

The effect of horizontal temperature heterogeneity of the underlying surface on the turbulence structure and mixing intensity in the stably stratified boundary layer (SBL) is analyzed using large-eddy simulation (LES). Idealized LESs of flows driven by fixed winds and homogeneous and heterogeneous surface temperatures are compared. The LES data are used to compute statistical moments, to estimate budgets of the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE), of the temperature variance and of the temperature flux, and to assess the relative importance of various terms in maintaining the budgets. Unlike most previous studies, the LES-based second-moment budgets are estimated with due regard for the subgrid-scale contributions.

The SBL over a heterogeneous surface is more turbulent with larger variances (and TKE), is better vertically mixed, and is deeper compared to its homogeneous counterpart. The most striking difference between the cases is exhibited in the temperature variance and its budget. Because of surface heterogeneity, the turbulent transport term (divergence of the third-order moment) not only redistributes the temperature variance vertically but is a net gain. The increase in the temperature variance near the heterogeneous surface explains the reduced magnitude of the downward buoyancy flux and the ensuing increase in TKE that leads to more vigorous mixing. Analysis of the temperature flux budget shows that the transport term contributes to net production/destruction. Importantly, the role of the third-order transport cannot be elucidated if the budgets are computed based solely on resolved-scale fields. Implications for modeling (parameterizing) the SBL over thermally heterogeneous surfaces are discussed.
A Bayesian Framework for Verification and Recalibration of Ensemble Forecasts: How Uncertain is NAO Predictability?
Authors: Siegert Stefan , Stephenson David B. , Sansom Philip G. , Scaife Adam A. , Eade Rosie , Arribas Alberto
Published: October 2015

Predictability estimates of ensemble prediction systems are uncertain because of limited numbers of past forecasts and observations. To account for such uncertainty, this paper proposes a Bayesian inferential framework that provides a simple 6-parameter representation of ensemble forecasting systems and the corresponding observations. The framework is probabilistic and thus allows for quantifying uncertainty in predictability measures, such as correlation skill and signal-to-noise ratios. It also provides a natural way to produce recalibrated probabilistic predictions from uncalibrated ensembles forecasts.

The framework is used to address important questions concerning the skill of winter hindcasts of the North Atlantic Oscillation for 1992–2011 issued by the Met Office Global Seasonal Forecast System, version 5 (GloSea5), climate prediction system. Although there is much uncertainty in the correlation between ensemble mean and observations, there is strong evidence of skill: the 95% credible interval of the correlation coefficient of [0.19, 0.68] does not overlap zero. There is also strong evidence that the forecasts are not exchangeable with the observations: with over 99% certainty, the signal-to-noise ratio of the forecasts is smaller than the signal-to-noise ratio of the observations, which suggests that raw forecasts should not be taken as representative scenarios of the observations. Forecast recalibration is thus required, which can be coherently addressed within the proposed framework.
Ensemble Mean Storm-Scale Performance in the Presence of Nonlinearity
Authors: Hollan Michael A. , Ancell Brian C.
Published: October 2015

The use of ensembles in numerical weather prediction models is becoming an increasingly effective method of forecasting. Many studies have shown that using the mean of an ensemble as a deterministic solution produces the most accurate forecasts. However, the mean will eventually lose its usefulness as a deterministic forecast in the presence of nonlinearity. At synoptic scales, this appears to occur between 12- and 24-h forecast time, and on storm scales it may occur significantly faster due to stronger nonlinearity. When this does occur, the question then becomes the following: Should the mean still be adhered to, or would a different approach produce better results? This paper will investigate the usefulness of the mean within a WRF Model utilizing an ensemble Kalman filter for severe convective events.

To determine when the mean becomes unrealistic, the divergence of the mean of the ensemble (“mean”) and a deterministic forecast initialized from a set of mean initial conditions (“control”) are examined. It is found that significant divergence between the mean and control emerges no later than 6 h into a convective event. The mean and control are each compared to observations, with the control being more accurate for nearly all forecasts studied. For the case where the mean provides a better forecast than the control, an approach is offered to identify the member or group of members that is closest to the mean. Such a forecast will contain similar forecast errors as the mean, but unlike the mean, will be on an actual forecast trajectory.
Union Experience and Worker Policy
Authors: Lamare J. Ryan
Published: October 2015

Unions influence the U.S. political process in numerous ways. Although scholarship has examined labor’s effects on political office-holding, less research is available on the relationship between unions and legislator policy choice. In this article, I use theories of social identification, civic engagement, and intergenerational transfer of political values to explore the relationship between various definitions of a legislator’s prior union experience and his or her roll-call voting once in office. I employ multilevel mixed-effects regressions to analyze 2,427 federal and statewide worker-related votes cast by California’s legislators from 1999 to 2012. Results indicate that higher probabilities of having worked in a unionized occupation or having a family member who belonged to a union are positively associated with voting for union-supported issues. The relationship is not cumulative, however, and is moderated by factors both endogenous and exogenous to the legislator.
Scotland’s knowledge network: a progress report on Knowledge into Action
Authors: Wales Ann , Boyle Derek
Published: October 2015

Launched in 2012, Knowledge into Action is the national knowledge management strategy for the health and social care workforce in Scotland. It is transforming the role of the national digital knowledge service – NHS Education for Scotlands’ Knowledge Network – and the NHSS librarian role to offer more active, tailored support for translating knowledge into frontline clinical practice. This includes the development of a national evidence search and summary service, help with converting knowledge into practical and usable formats for easy use at point of care and with using digital tools to share clinicians’ learning, experience and expertise. Through this practical support, Knowledge into Action is contributing to quality and safety outcomes across NHS Scotland, building clinicians’ capacity and capability in applying knowledge in frontline practice and service improvement.
Energy Biographies
Authors: Groves Christopher , Henwood Karen , Shirani Fiona , Butler Catherine , Parkhill Karen , Pidgeon Nick
Published: October 2015

The problem of how to make the transition to a more environmentally and socially sustainable society poses questions about how such far-reaching social change can be brought about. In recent years, lifecourse transitions have been identified by a range of researchers as opportunities for policy and other actors to intervene to change how individuals use energy, taking advantage of such disruptive transitions to encourage individuals to be reflexive toward their lifestyles and how they use the technological infrastructures on which they rely. Such identifications, however, employ narratives of voluntary change that take an overly optimistic view of how individuals experience lifecourse transitions and ignore effects of experiences of unresolved or unsuccessful transitions. Drawing on interview data from the Energy Biographies project at Cardiff University, we explore three case studies where the effects of such unresolved transitions are significant. Using the concept of liminal transition as developed by Victor Turner, we examine instances where “progressive” narratives of energy use reduction clash with other “narrative genres” used to make sense of change. Such clashes show how narratives that view lifecourse transitions as opportunities ignore the challenges that such transitions may pose to efforts to construct or sustain identities.
Roles as Mediators in Identity Work
Authors: Järventie-Thesleff Rita , Tienari Janne
Published: October 2015

In this article, we aim to revitalize the concept of role for advancing theory on identity work in organizations. Our article makes three contributions. First, we offer a critical review of how roles have been conceptualized in studies on identities, and develop a theoretical frame for understanding how people in organizations engage in transitions within and between roles that emerge and evolve in relational interaction and mediate their identity work. Second, we operationalize this frame in a longitudinal study of an organizational change initiative focusing on strategic rebranding in an industrial firm. We elucidate how roles and identities co-evolve over time and how roles and role transitions figure in the organization-based identity work of individuals. Third, we consider the implications of viewing roles as mediators in identity work. We highlight identity-related trade-offs made by individuals when they become associated with particular roles and show how they become disillusioned as organizational change agents.
Navigating an Obesigenic Environment
Authors: Downey Jacy C. , Gudmunson Clinton G.
Published: October 2015

The environment in which parents socialize children’s eating, physical activity, and screen-related behaviors has changed and has been widely faulted in the obesity epidemic. This phenomenological study examined the intentions, reflections, and strategies of a purposefully selected group of mothers, self-reported as successful in socializing their children’s obesity-related behaviors as determined by scoring highly on the Family Nutrition and Physical Activity screening tool. Mothers described the power of modeling positive obesity-related behaviors and creating a culture that promoted activity over sedentariness. By focusing on establishing positive behaviors at home, and framing choices and opportunities in support of child autonomy, mothers believed they were preparing children to resist threats from the obesigenic environment. The voices of these mothers present a strengths perspective and provide a narrative which complements research in representative and at-risk populations. Findings may inform obesity prevention and intervention programs as well as parenting education curricula.
‘Come and Dine’: The Dangers of Conspicuous Consumption in French Revolutionary Politics, 1789–95
Authors: Linton Marisa , Harder Mette
Published: October 2015

The consumption of food and drink was suffused with political meaning in the new culture of revolution. This article explores tensions arising from the dining culture of revolutionary politicians at a time when the activity of politics had become subject to public scrutiny. A deputy’s approach to food, and especially to the social activity of dining, was used to judge his authenticity. Conspicuous consumption by deputies became a source of conflict between a hungry populace and its elected representatives. Cafés and restaurants, together with private dinner parties (‘behind closed doors’), were locations where the tactical business of politics could be conducted, yet such venues were seen as redolent of Old Regime practices and against the culture of transparency. Deputies who were seen to engage in excessive consumption and attend select dinner parties, especially with ‘suspect’ characters, were vulnerable to the charge that they were engaging in a conspiracy against the Republic.
Competent and incompetent calf perforators in primary varicose veins: a resistant myth
Authors: Recek Cestmir
Published: October 2015

The pathophysiology of calf perforators is presented. Bidirectional flow within calf perforators with a prevailing inward, into deep veins oriented component arises during calf pump activity in varicose vein patients, as evidenced by venous pressure measurements, plethysmographic findings, duplex ultrasonography, and electromagnetic flow measurements. Reflux within calf perforators is an inward, not outward, flow; the opinion that the outward flow within calf perforators is a reflux is at odds with the reality. During calf muscle contraction, the pressure in the posterior tibial vein is higher than in the great saphenous vein; it induces the harmless outward flow within calf perforators, which runs further via great saphenous vein in the physiological direction toward the heart. Deep and superficial veins of the lower leg form conjoined vessels, as documented by nearly equal pressure curves registered simultaneously in the posterior tibial and great saphenous veins both in varicose vein patients and in healthy people. Calf perforators do not entail ambulatory venous hypertension or any other hemodynamic disorder, even if enlarged and incompetent; their ligation is needless. The diameter of calf perforators is influenced by the intensity of saphenous reflux; it enlarges with increasing intensity of saphenous reflux and diminishes after the abolition of reflux.
Relaxed hover solutions for multicopters: Application to algorithmic redundancy and novel vehicles
Authors: Mueller Mark W. , D’Andrea Raffaello
Published: October 2015

This paper presents a relaxed definition of hover for multicopters with propellers pointing in a common direction. These solutions are found by requiring that the multicopter remain substantially in one position, and that the solutions be constant when expressed in a coordinate system attached to the vehicle. The vehicle’s angular velocity is then shown to be either zero or parallel to gravity. The controllability of a vehicle’s attitude about these solutions is then investigated. These relaxed hover solutions may be applied as an algorithmic failsafe, allowing, for example, a quadrocopter to fly despite the complete loss of one, two, or three of its propellers. Experimental results validate the quadrocopter failsafe for two types of failure (a single propeller and two opposing propellers failing), and a nonlinear simulation validates the remaining two types of failure (two adjacent and three propellers failing). The relaxed hover solutions are also shown to allow a multicopter to maintain flight in spite of extreme center of mass offsets. Finally, the design and experimental validation of three novel vehicles is presented.
Meso-scale finite element analyses of three-dimensional five-directional braided composites subjected to uniaxial and biaxial loading
Authors: Zhang Diantang , Sun Ying , Wang Xinmiao , Chen Li
Published: October 2015

A meso-scale finite element-based model has been developed to evaluate the uniaxial and biaxial strength characterizations of three-dimensional five-directional braided composites. The representative volume cells are established based on the realistic geometry cross sections. A continuum damage mechanics model, which is implemented as a user-defined material subroutine in the ABAQUS commercial finite element code, is introduced to predict the mechanical responses and the failure locus under uniaxial and biaxial loadings. For the verification of numerical results, a series of tensile and compressive tests are conducted along the longitudinal and transverse directions. The results show that under uniaxial loading, the calculated max stress and the final damage morphology agree well with the experimental data. Moreover, it is found that the interaction effect between the axial stress and the shear stress is not apparent, whereas that between two axial stresses becomes significant. It is expected that such a numerical investigation will provide useful information for building a strength criterion of three-dimensional five-directional braided composites.
Development and characterization of three-dimensional woven-shaped preforms and their associated composites
Authors: Umair Muhammad , Nawab Yasir , Malik Mumtaz Hasan , Shaker Khubab
Published: October 2015

Three-dimensional multilayer woven preforms are mostly used in high-performance composite applications due to their better in-plane and out-of-plane mechanical properties. The present study aims to produce and characterize multilayer flax yarn-based three-dimensional-shaped preforms and their corresponding composites. The T- and H-shaped three-dimensional woven preforms were prepared on conventional dobby loom using two types of weaving pattern, i.e., layer-to-layer orthogonal and through thickness orthogonal. Composites were fabricated using open mould technique. Peel strength of T- and H-shaped structures was investigated and compared with laminated structures. Mechanical properties of layer-to-layer-interlocked structures in T and H shapes were found better than TT and laminated structure, both for reinforcement and composite.
Protecting the structural integrity of composites in fire: Intumescent coatings in the intermediate scale
Authors: Hörold Andreas , Schartel Bernhard , Trappe Volker , Gettwert Volker , Korzen Manfred
Published: October 2015

The fire behaviour of light-weight material used in structural applications is regarded as the main challenge to be solved for mass transportation. The task is to perform realistic experiments, including a mechanical test scenario under fully developed fires, to improve the material’s reliability in structural applications. Our approach utilises an intermediate-scale test set-up (specimen size 500 × 500 mm) to apply realistic compressive loads and fully developed fires directly to one side of a carbon-fibre-reinforced sandwich composite. Three different intumescent coatings were applied to sandwich structures and compared to a bench-scale study. The results emphasise intumescent coatings as a promising method to sustain fire resistance, multiplying the time to failure. Nevertheless, the realistic intermediate-scale test using severe direct flame application underlines the extremely short failure times when the actual composite components are tested without any additional insulation.
Markets, Nature, and Society
Authors: Kaup Brent Z.
Published: October 2015

Social scientists have drawn on theories of embeddedness to explain the different ways legal, political, and cultural frameworks shape markets. Often overlooked, however, is how the materiality of nature also structures markets. In this article, I suggest that neo-Polanyian scholars, and economic sociologists more generally, should better engage in a historical sociology of concept formation to problematize the human exemptionalist paradigm their work upholds and recognize the role of nature in shaping markets and society. Unearthing nature in the work of Karl Polanyi, I develop a theory of embeddedness that more closely accounts for the economic, the social, and the ecological. In doing so, I provide a way for scholars to conceptualize both how market societies shape nature and how nature shapes market societies.
Emerging Scripts of Global Speech
Authors: Aneesh A.
Published: October 2015

As work regimes become global, social communication increasingly occurs across locations far apart. In the absence of a common national, ethnic, or organizational culture across continents, what makes communication possible among social worlds technologically integrated in real time? Taking India’s global call centers as the focus of analysis, this article attempts to solve the riddle of communication by showing how transnational business practices rely on the transmutation of cultural communication into global communication through the processes of neutralization and mimesis. Neutralization refers to attempts at pruning unwanted cultural particulars, whereas mimesis refers to simulating desired cultural elements.
In the Driver’s Seat
Authors: Montenegro-Montero Alejandro , Larrondo Luis F.
Published: October 2015

Circadian clocks drive daily oscillations in a variety of biological processes through the coordinate orchestration of precise gene expression programs. Global expression profiling experiments have suggested that a significant fraction of the transcriptome and proteome is under circadian control, and such output rhythms have historically been assumed to rely on the rhythmic transcription of these genes. Recent genome-wide studies, however, have challenged this long-held view and pointed to a major contribution of posttranscriptional regulation in driving oscillations at the messenger RNA (mRNA) level, while others have highlighted extensive clock translational regulation, regardless of mRNA rhythms. There are various examples of genes that are uniformly transcribed throughout the day but that exhibit rhythmic mRNA levels, and of flat mRNAs, with oscillating protein levels, and such observations have largely been considered to result from independent regulation at each step. These studies have thereby obviated any connections, or coupling, that might exist between the different steps of gene expression and the impact that any of them could have on subsequent ones. Here, we argue that due to both biological and technical reasons, the jury is still out on the determination of the relative contributions of each of the different stages of gene expression in regulating output molecular rhythms. In addition, we propose that through a variety of coupling mechanisms, gene transcription (even when apparently arrhythmic) might play a much relevant role in determining oscillations in gene expression than currently estimated, regulating rhythms at downstream steps. Furthermore, we posit that eukaryotic genomes regulate daily RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) recruitment and histone modifications genome-wide, setting the stage for global nascent transcription, but that tissue-specific mechanisms locally specify the different processes under clock control.
Use of a Cholestyramine Washout in a Patient With Septic Shock on Leflunomide Therapy
Authors: Laub Melissa , Fraser Robert , Kurche Jonathan , Lara Abigail , Kiser Tyree H. , Reynolds Paul M.
Published: October 2015

Patients presenting with infections while receiving disease-modifying antirheumatic agents (DMARD) may be predisposed to a higher degree illness due to immunosuppression. This can be particularly problematic in patients who are receiving DMARDs with prolonged pharmacokinetic profiles. Leflunomide is a DMARD that has a prolonged half-life due to enterohepatic recirculation. We report a case of a patient with severe septic shock secondary to a prosthetic joint infection in which therapeutic levels of leflunomide were discovered, despite the patient ceasing therapy several weeks prior to admission. An orogastric cholestyramine washout was given to the patient to expedite the removal of the drug. Serum levels rapidly declined over the next several days, corresponding with resolution of her sepsis. A review of the literature relevant to the incidence of DMARD-related infections was conducted as well as discussion regarding the role of leflunomide drug monitoring and cholestyramine-facilitated removal of the drug in episodes of acute infectious syndromes.
Lubrication analysis and sub-surface stress field of an automotive differential hypoid gear pair under dynamic loading
Authors: Paouris Leonidas , Theodossiades Stephanos , De la Cruz Miguel , Rahnejat Homer , Kidson Adam , Hunt Gregory , Barton William
Published: October 2015

Film thickness and sub-surface stress distribution in a highly loaded automotive differential hypoid gear pair are examined. A 4-Degree of Freedom torsional gear dynamics model, taking into account the torsional stiffness of the pinion and the gear shafts, is used in order to evaluate the contact load, the surface velocities and the contact radii of curvature of the mating teeth during a full meshing cycle. The torsional gear dynamics model takes into account both the geometric non-linearities of the system (backlash non-linearity) as well as the time varying properties (contact radii, meshing stiffness) and the internal excitations caused by geometrical imperfections of the teeth pair (static transmission error). The input torque used for the study of the film thickness and the sub-surface stress distribution corresponds to the region after the main resonance, where no teeth separation occurs. The contact conditions predicted by the gear dynamics are used as the input for the elastohydrodynamic elliptical point contact analysis. The lubricant film thickness, the corresponding pressure and surface traction distributions are obtained quasi-statically using the output load of the dynamic gear pair model. The variation of the induced sub-surface stress field is determined throughout a meshing cycle. Based on the sub-surface reversing orthogonal shear stresses, marginal differences occur when the viscous shear on the conjunctional surfaces are taken into account, which are mainly influenced by the applied pressure distribution. The numerical prediction of lubricant film thickness agrees reasonably well with that predicted using the well-established extrapolated oil film thickness formulae reported in the literature.
Load distribution of planetary roller screw mechanism and its improvement approach
Authors: Zhang Wenjie , Liu Geng , Tong Ruiting , Ma Shangjun
Published: October 2015

A model of load distribution over threads of planetary roller screw mechanism (PRSM) is developed according to the relationships of deformation compatibility and force equilibrium. In order to make the applied load of PRSM uniformly distributed over threads, an improvement approach is proposed, in which the parameters of thread form of roller and nut are redesigned, and the contact conditions of roller with screw and nut are changed to compensate the axial accumulative deformation of shaft sections of screw and nut. A typical planetary roller screw mechanism is taken as example to analyze the load distribution, and the effects of installation configurations, load conditions and thread form parameters on load distribution are studied. Furthermore, the improvement approach is applied to the PRSM, and it is proved to be beneficial to reach uniform load distribution over threads.
Aero engine compressor fouling effects for short- and long-haul missions
Authors: Igie Uyioghosa , Goiricelaya Mike , Nalianda Devaiah , Minervino Orlando
Published: October 2015

The impact of compressor fouling on civil aero engines unlike the industrial stationary application has not been widely investigated or available in open literature. There are questions about the impact of fouling for short- and long-haul missions comparatively, given their unique operational requirements and market. The aim of this study is to quantify the effects of different levels of fouling degradation on the fan, for two different aircraft with different two-spool engine models for their respective typical missions. Firstly, the study shows the increase in turbine entry temperature for both aircraft engines, to maintain the same level of thrust as their clean condition. The highest penalty observed is during take-off and climb, when the thrust setting is the highest. Despite take-off and climb segment being a larger proportion in the short-haul mission compared to the long-haul mission, the percentage increase in fuel burn due to fouling are similar, except in the worst case fouling level were the former is higher by 0.8% points. In addition to this, for all the cases, the additional fuel burn due to fouling and its cost is shown to be small. Likewise, the increase in turbine entry temperature for both missions at take-off are similar, except in the worst case fouling level for the short-haul mission were the turbine entry temperature is 7 K higher than the corresponding long-haul mission for the same level of degradation. The study infers that the penalty due to rise in temperature is of more concern than the additional fuel burn. Hence the blade technology (cooling and material) and engine thrust rating are key factors in determining the extent to which blade fouling would affect aero engine performance in short- and long-haul missions.
Computational investigation of the flow structure over a pitching delta wing at supersonic speeds
Authors: Hadidoolabi Mostafa , Ansarian Hossein
Published: October 2015

Compressible flows over a 60° sweep delta wing with a sharp leading edge undergoing pitching oscillations are computationally studied. Emphasis in this study is on possible supersonic flow structures and their variations during the pitching motion of a delta wing. Unstructured grid, [Formula: see text] turbulence model and a dual-time implicit time integration are used. Accurate simulations are performed for various Mach number and angles of attack to cover different flow structures and phenomena associated with them. Variations of flow patterns in a crossflow plane, pressure coefficient on the wing surface, and hysteresis loops associated with vortex core location during a pitching cycle are investigated. The trends with Mach number, mean angle of attack, amplitude of pitching and pitching frequency are illustrated.