bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Harnessing Brain Plasticity: The Therapeutic Power of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) and Theta Burst Stimulation (TBS) in Neurotransmitter Modulation, Receptor Dynamics, and Neuroimaging for Neurological Innovations
Authors: Sharbafshaaer Minoo , Cirillo Giovanni , Esposito Fabrizio , Tedeschi Gioacchino , Trojsi Francesca
Published: November 2024

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) methods have become exciting techniques for altering brain activity and improving synaptic plasticity, earning recognition as valuable non-medicine treatments for a wide range of neurological disorders. Among these methods, repetitive TMS (rTMS) and theta-burst stimulation (TBS) show significant promise in improving outcomes for adults with complex neurological and neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, Parkinson’s disease, etc. However, optimizing their effects remains a challenge due to variability in how patients respond and a limited understanding of how these techniques interact with crucial neurotransmitter systems. This narrative review explores the mechanisms of rTMS and TBS, which enhance neuroplasticity and functional improvement. We specifically focus on their effects on GABAergic and glutamatergic pathways and how they interact with key receptors like N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) and AMPA receptors, which play essential roles in processes like long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). Additionally, we investigate how rTMS and TBS impact neuroplasticity and functional connectivity, particularly concerning brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tropomyosin-related kinase receptor type B (TrkB). Here, we highlight the significant potential of this research to expand our understanding of neuroplasticity and better treatment outcomes for patients. Through clarifying the neurobiology mechanisms behind rTMS and TBS with neuroimaging findings, we aim to develop more effective, personalized treatment plans that effectively address the challenges posed by neurological disorders and ultimately enhance the quality of neurorehabilitation services and provide future directions for patients’ care.
Comparison of Empirical and Reinforcement Learning (RL)-Based Control Based on Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) for Walking Assistance: Does AI Always Win?
Authors: Drewing Nadine , Ahmadi Arjang , Xiong Xiaofeng , Sharbafi Maziar Ahmad
Published: November 2024

The use of wearable assistive devices is growing in both industrial and medical fields. Combining human expertise and artificial intelligence (AI), e.g., in human-in-the-loop-optimization, is gaining popularity for adapting assistance to individuals. Amidst prevailing assertions that AI could surpass human capabilities in customizing every facet of support for human needs, our study serves as an initial step towards such claims within the context of human walking assistance. We investigated the efficacy of the Biarticular Thigh Exosuit, a device designed to aid human locomotion by mimicking the action of the hamstrings and rectus femoris muscles using Serial Elastic Actuators. Two control strategies were tested: an empirical controller based on human gait knowledge and empirical data and a control optimized using Reinforcement Learning (RL) on a neuromuscular model. The performance results of these controllers were assessed by comparing muscle activation in two assisted and two unassisted walking modes. Results showed that both controllers reduced hamstring muscle activation and improved the preferred walking speed, with the empirical controller also decreasing gastrocnemius muscle activity. However, the RL-based controller increased muscle activity in the vastus and rectus femoris, indicating that RL-based enhancements may not always improve assistance without solid empirical support.
Optimal DMD Koopman Data-Driven Control of a Worm Robot
Authors: Rahmani Mehran , Redkar Sangram
Published: November 2024

Bio-inspired robots are devices that mimic an animal’s motions and structures in nature. Worm robots are robots that are inspired by the movements of the worm in nature. This robot has different applications such as medicine and rescue plans. However, control of the worm robot is a challenging task due to the high-nonlinearity dynamic model and external noises that are applied to that robot. This research uses an optimal data-driven controller to control the worm robot. First, data are obtained from the nonlinear model of the worm robot. Then, the Koopman theory is used to generate a linear dynamic model of the Worm robot. The dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) method is used to generate the Koopman operator. Finally, a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) control method is applied for the control of the worm robot. The simulation results verify the performance of the proposed control method.
Consciousness and Energy Processing in Neural Systems
Authors: Pepperell Robert
Published: November 2024

Background: Our understanding of the relationship between neural activity and psychological states has advanced greatly in recent decades. But we are still unable to explain conscious experience in terms of physical processes occurring in our brains. Methods: This paper introduces a conceptual framework that may contribute to an explanation. All physical processes entail the transfer, transduction, and transformation of energy between portions of matter as work is performed in material systems. If the production of consciousness in nervous systems is a physical process, then it must entail the same. Here the nervous system, and the brain in particular, is considered as a material system that transfers, transduces, and transforms energy as it performs biophysical work. Conclusions: Evidence from neuroscience suggests that conscious experience is produced in the organic matter of nervous systems when they perform biophysical work at classical and quantum scales with a certain level of dynamic complexity or organization. An empirically grounded, falsifiable, and testable hypothesis is offered to explain how energy processing in nervous systems may produce conscious experience at a fundamental physical level.
Judgement Differences of Types of Image-Based Sexual Harassment and Abuse Conducted by Celebrity Perpetrators and Victims
Authors: Fido Dean , Rushton Alex , Allen Ellie , Williams Jackie
Published: November 2024

An emerging corpus exists pertaining to societal judgements of image-based sexual harassment and abuse (IBSHA). This type of research centres on the non-consensual sharing of intimate images (NCSII; sometimes called ‘revenge pornography’), but recent legislative developments seeking to convict those who engage in the unsolicited sending of intimate images (USII; sometimes called ‘dick pics’) evoke a need to broaden this literature. Moreover, in the context of recent and highly publicised accounts featuring both celebrity perpetrators and victims of IBSHA, it is important to understand whether celebrity status impacts said judgements. We present three studies outlining judgement differences between vignettes featuring NCSII and USII as a function of perpetrator/victim celebrity status and as predicted by previously implicated personality traits and beliefs. In Studies 1 (N = 261) and 2 (N = 237), though vignettes involving NCSII were perceived more criminal in nature and anticipated to evoke more harm than USII, said victims also received more blame. Contrary to our hypotheses, there was no further impact of celebrity status on either the perpetrator (Study 2) or victim (Study 3; N = 207). Finally, although dark personality traits (associated with callousness and low empathy) predicted variation in judgements of IBSHA across all studies, in Study 2, psychopathic personality traits specifically predicted proclivity to engage in NCSII but not USII. The results are discussed in reference to the importance of IBSHA-related education on an international level and the pursuit of further legislation in this area.
Effects of Media Literacy Intervention on Weight-Control Products Digital Marketing Targeting Adolescents
Authors: Lin Li-Chuan , Chang Fong-Ching , Huang Tzu-Fu , Chen Tai-Yu , Chiu Chiung-Hui , Chen Ping-Hung , Miao Nae-Fang , Chuang Hung-Yi , Chen Hsueh-Chih
Published: November 2024

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a media literacy education intervention on adolescents’ responses to digital marketing of weight-control products, focusing on media literacy, persuasion resistance efficacy, and purchase intention. Using a quasi-experimental design, the study involved 326 11th-grade students from a municipal high school in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, with 189 students in the intervention group and 137 in the comparison group. Conducted in 2023, the intervention group participated in baseline and follow-up assessments and attended four 50 min media literacy sessions, while the comparison group completed only baseline and follow-up assessments with standard instruction. The results indicated that the media literacy intervention had positive effects on adolescents’ conceptual, attitudinal, and critical media literacy, as well as their persuasion resistance efficacy in relation to digital marketing of weight-control products. However, no significant effect was observed on purchase intention. In conclusion, media literacy interventions can effectively enhance adolescents’ media literacy and their ability to resist persuasion.
Experimental Study on the Effect of the Displacement Rate on the Shear Strength of Coastal Soft Soil
Authors: He Keqiang , Sun Yanlong , Zhao Min , Chen Xiaoyang , Jiao Anliang , Sun Linna , Wu Jingjiang , Li Jingkun
Published: November 2024

Dynamic consolidation is widely applied in the consolidation of soft soil foundation, though there is no in-depth subdivision research on the mechanism of dynamic consolidation of coastal soft soil foundation, and there is no independent, complete, theoretical system to support engineering practice. The effects of dynamic consolidation replacement rates on the shear strength of coastal soft soil were studied by the dynamic consolidation replacement undrained shear (CU) tests. CU tests were conducted for each set of samples under four confining pressures of 50 kPa, 100 kPa, 200 kPa, and 300 kPa, stress–strain curves and effective stress paths were obtained, and then shear strength parameters at different displacement rates were determined: effective cohesion and effective internal friction angle. The effective cohesion decreases, while the effective internal friction angle increases, with the increment of displacement rate. The shear strength of coastal composite soil is improved with the rising displacement rate, and the effects of multi-pile displacement on the shear strength of coastal soft soil are more significant at the same displacement rate. There is a quantitative power function relationship between the pile–soil interaction coefficient and displacement rate of coastal composite soil. Based on the test results, a modified formula for the shear strength parameters of dynamic tamper-replaced coastal soft soil is proposed.
Integration of Photovoltaic Shading Device and Vertical Farming on School Buildings to Improving Indoor Daylight, Thermal Comfort and Energy Performance in Three Different Cities in China
Authors: Hao Weihao , Xu Jiahua , Zhao Feiyu , Sohn Dong-Wook , Shi Xuepeng
Published: November 2024

This study explores the integration of photovoltaic (PV) shading devices and vertical farming (VF) in school buildings to optimize indoor daylight, thermal comfort, and energy performance across three different climate regions in China: Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen. With rapid urbanization and increasing energy consumption in educational buildings, this research investigates the impact of innovative facade design on both energy efficiency and occupant comfort. Through parametric simulations and multi-objective optimization, various PV and VF facade prototypes were evaluated to determine the best configurations for reducing energy consumption while enhancing thermal and visual comfort. This study optimized facade systems integrating photovoltaic and vertical farming for school buildings in Shenzhen, Beijing, and Shanghai. Key findings include: In Shenzhen, Model B’s UDI increased by 5.1% and Model C by 19.02%, with glare areas reduced by 5.4% and 21.40% and stable thermal comfort (PMV 0.52–0.59) throughout the year. In Beijing, Model B’s UDI decreased by 0.2%, while Model C increased by 6.55%. Glare areas reduced by 2.92% and 14.35%, with improved winter comfort (PMV −0.35 to −0.1). In Shanghai, Model C’s UDI increased by 6.7%, but summer thermal discomfort was notable (PMV up to 1.2). The study finds that PV shading systems combined with vertical farming can provide significant energy savings, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and offer organic vegetable production within school environments. The findings suggest that integrating these systems into the building envelope can optimize the energy performance of school buildings while improving the comfort and well-being of students and staff.
Effect of Sandstone Pore Morphology on Mechanics, Acoustic Emission, and Energy Evolution
Authors: Liu Gang , Wang Dongwei , Wang Shengxuan , Zan Yonglong , Zhang Qiqi , Yang Zhitao , Li Jiazhen , Wei Zhen
Published: November 2024

Roadway section form is an important part of the underground engineering structure, and it directly affects the overall stability of the roadway and the occurrence of underground disasters in coal mines. Based on this, this paper adopts a TYJ-500 electro-hydraulic servo rock shear rheology testing machine to conduct a uniaxial compression test on sandstone containing different prefabricated hole section morphology and analyzes the damage characteristics seen during the damage evolution process, with the help of a high-speed camera and acoustic emission monitoring equipment. The test results show that the pore morphology is the main factor affecting the mechanical parameters of sandstone, and the peak stress and elastic modulus of sandstone with pore sections have the characteristics of increasing and decreasing at the same time, except for the intact rock samples. The pore morphology exhibits central symmetry (circular holes and rectangular holes) damage, more pressure-shear cracks and shear cracks, and the acoustic emission characteristics of high-energy–low-amplitude–low-count of the “two low-trend and one high-trend characteristic curves” attributes; moreover, due to the special existence of its pore morphology, it leads to the rock samples having less energy accumulation and release. The axisymmetric hole types (trapezoidal holes and straight-wall domed holes) are damaged by tensile cracks and shear cracks, and their acoustic emission characteristics show the characteristic properties of “three high-trend characteristic curves” of high-energy–high-amplitude–high-count, and there is a strong elastic energy accumulation and output. The conclusions of this article can provide a certain theoretical basis for the design of coal mine roadway sections in underground structures, failure analysis, and stability evaluation of roadway structures.
Molecular Mechanisms of Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (HHV8)-Related Lymphomagenesis
Authors: Yu Caroline J. , Damania Blossom
Published: November 2024

Approximately 15–20% of cancers are caused by viruses. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), is an oncogenic virus that is the etiologic agent of not only Kaposi sarcoma but also the lymphoproliferative disorders, primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and multicentric Castleman disease (MCD). KSHV can infect a broad tropism of cells, including B lymphocytes, wherein KSHV encodes specific viral proteins that can transform the cell. KSHV infection precedes the progression of PEL and MCD. KSHV establishes lifelong infection and has two phases of its lifecycle: latent and lytic. During the latent phase, viral genomes are maintained episomally with limited gene expression. Upon sporadic reactivation, the virus enters its replicative lytic phase to produce infectious virions. KSHV relies on its viral products to modulate host factors to evade immune detection or to co-opt their function for KSHV persistence. These manipulations dysregulate normal cell pathways to ensure cell survival and inhibit antiviral immune responses, which in turn, contribute to KSHV-associated malignancies. Here, we highlight the known molecular mechanisms of KSHV that promote lymphomagenesis and how these findings identify potential therapeutic targets for KSHV-associated lymphomas.
Perineural Invasion in Head and Neck Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Pei Michelle , Wiefels Matthew , Harris Danielle , Velez Torres Jaylou M. , Gomez-Fernandez Carmen , Tang Jennifer C. , Hernandez Aya Leonel , Samuels Stuart E. , Sargi Zoukaa , Weed Donald , Dinh Christine , Kaye Erin R.
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common skin cancer, with a lifetime risk of 14–20% that is rising every year. Although prognosis for cSCC is generally good, certain high-risk features of cSCC portend increased rates of nodal and distant metastasis, recurrence, and disease-specific mortality. One such high-risk factor is perineural invasion (PNI), which is broadly defined as the invasion of cancer into and around nerves. Compared to other high-risk factors, PNI presence is associated with the highest risk for locoregional and distant metastasis. Still, the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of PNI remain poorly understood. Recent studies suggest the migration and invasion of tumors into nerves is a result of complex molecular crosstalk within the tumor-nerve microenvironment, wherein the milieu of signaling molecules simultaneously promote neuronal growth and tumor cell invasion. Methods: Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms that promote PNI will lead to future developments of targeted therapies that may improve locoregional control and survival. Results/Conclusions: In our article, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of recent findings about the pathogenesis of PNI, clinical implications of PNI-positive disease in cSCC, available treatment modalities, and potential future therapeutic targets.
Efficacy of Atezolizumab in Subsequent Lines of Therapy for NSCLC Patients: Insights from Real-World Data
Authors: Kontić Milica , Marković Filip , Nikolić Nikola , Samardžić Natalija , Stojanović Goran , Simurdić Petar , Petkov Svetlana , Bursać Daliborka , Zarić Bojan , Stjepanović Mihailo
Published: November 2024

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) like atezolizumab have improved outcomes in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, especially in the second-line setting after progression on platinum-based chemotherapy. However, access to ICIs remains limited in many developing nations. This study evaluated the efficacy of atezolizumab as a second-line versus later-line treatment for advanced NSCLC patients in Serbia. Methods: This retrospective study involved 147 advanced NSCLC patients treated with atezolizumab following progression on prior platinum-based chemotherapy at two academic centers in Serbia. Data on demographics and clinical, pathological, and molecular characteristics were collected. Median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method, and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression identified outcome predictors. Results: The median PFS was 7.13 months, and median OS was 38.6 months. The overall response rate (ORR) was 15%, with a disease control rate (DCR) of 57.9%. No significant PFS differences were observed between patients treated with atezolizumab in the second line versus later lines. Patients with good performance status (ECOG 0–1) had significantly better PFS compared to those with poorer status (12.03 vs. 1.63 months, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Atezolizumab is effective in both second-line and later-line settings for advanced NSCLC, particularly in patients with good performance status. This highlights the importance of patient selection based on performance status, as well as the need for wider access to ICIs in resource-limited regions.
Peri-Interventional Hemodynamic Management Strategies for Percutaneous Chemosaturation of the Liver in Metastatic Cancer
Authors: Rehn Patrick , Tan Benjamin , Turra Jan , Adler Patrick , Mayer Philipp , Fischer Dania , Fiedler-Kalenka Mascha O. , Schmitt Felix C. F. , Chang De-Hua , Lichtenstern Christoph , Wielpütz Mark O. , Kauczor Hans-Ulrich , Weigand Markus A. , Dietrich Maximilian
Published: November 2024

Background: Hepatic chemosaturation for inoperable liver tumors is a palliative treatment option with a beneficial effect on survival. However, the procedure regularly leads to circulatory failure during the filtration phase, and hemodynamic management is challenging. Our study aimed to compare two different strategies for hemodynamic management during chemosaturation to develop hypotheses for improving patient care and reducing peri-interventional morbidity. Methods: We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study including 66 procedures of chemosaturation between May 2016 and March 2024. Procedures were divided into two groups: group 1 was managed with norepinephrine as the only vasopressor and liberal use of hydroxyethyl starch (HES). Group 2 was managed with norepinephrine and vasopressin and the preferred use of balanced crystalloids. We compared these two groups with respect to hemodynamic parameters, laboratory values, and post-interventional complications. Results: The heart rate was highest and the mean arterial pressure (MAP) was lowest during the filtration phase in both groups (p = 0.868, p = 0.270). The vasoactive inotropic score (VIS) was significantly higher in group 2 during the filtration phase (31.5 vs. 89, p < 0.001). Group 1 received significantly more HES overall (1000 mL vs. 0 mL, p < 0.001). Lactate levels at admission to the ICU were higher in group 1 (22.9 vs. 14.45 mg/dL, p = 0.041). Platelet counts were lower in group 2 from directly after chemosaturation through day 2 (p = 0.022, p = 0.001, p = 0.032). The INR differed significantly directly after chemosaturation (1.13 vs. 1.26, p = 0.015). Overall, group 1 received significantly more blood products peri-interventionally. There were two bleedings and one ischemic stroke in the overall cohort. There was no peri-interventional mortality. Conclusions: Advanced hemodynamic management ensures low peri-interventional mortality and morbidity. High-dose vasopressors, including vasopressin and the preferred use of balanced crystalloids, are sufficient to stabilize circulatory function during chemosaturation.
The Evolution of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Imaging: From Computer Science to Machine and Deep Learning
Authors: Avanzo Michele , Stancanello Joseph , Pirrone Giovanni , Drigo Annalisa , Retico Alessandra
Published: November 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI), the wide spectrum of technologies aiming to give machines or computers the ability to perform human-like cognitive functions, began in the 1940s with the first abstract models of intelligent machines. Soon after, in the 1950s and 1960s, machine learning algorithms such as neural networks and decision trees ignited significant enthusiasm. More recent advancements include the refinement of learning algorithms, the development of convolutional neural networks to efficiently analyze images, and methods to synthesize new images. This renewed enthusiasm was also due to the increase in computational power with graphical processing units and the availability of large digital databases to be mined by neural networks. AI soon began to be applied in medicine, first through expert systems designed to support the clinician’s decision and later with neural networks for the detection, classification, or segmentation of malignant lesions in medical images. A recent prospective clinical trial demonstrated the non-inferiority of AI alone compared with a double reading by two radiologists on screening mammography. Natural language processing, recurrent neural networks, transformers, and generative models have both improved the capabilities of making an automated reading of medical images and moved AI to new domains, including the text analysis of electronic health records, image self-labeling, and self-reporting. The availability of open-source and free libraries, as well as powerful computing resources, has greatly facilitated the adoption of deep learning by researchers and clinicians. Key concerns surrounding AI in healthcare include the need for clinical trials to demonstrate efficacy, the perception of AI tools as ‘black boxes’ that require greater interpretability and explainability, and ethical issues related to ensuring fairness and trustworthiness in AI systems. Thanks to its versatility and impressive results, AI is one of the most promising resources for frontier research and applications in medicine, in particular for oncological applications.
Correction: Lepore Signorile et al. c-MYC Protein Stability Is Sustained by MAPKs in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers 2022, 14, 4840
Authors: Lepore Signorile Martina , Grossi Valentina , Fasano Candida , Forte Giovanna , Disciglio Vittoria , Sanese Paola , De Marco Katia , La Rocca Francesca , Armentano Raffaele , Valentini Anna Maria , Giannelli Gianluigi , Simone Cristiano
Published: November 2024

In the original publication [...]
TGF-β Signaling Loop in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Activates Fibroblasts and Increases Tumor Cell Aggressiveness
Authors: di Miceli Noemi , Baioni Chiara , Barbieri Linda , Danielli Davide , Sala Emiliano , Salvioni Lucia , Garbujo Stefania , Colombo Miriam , Prosperi Davide , Innocenti Metello , Fiandra Luisa
Published: November 2024

Background: The interaction between cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) is a key determinant of the rapid progression, high invasiveness, and chemoresistance of aggressive desmoplastic cancers such as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Tumor cells are known to reprogram fibroblasts into CAFs by secreting transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), amongst other cytokines. In turn, CAFs produce soluble factors that promote tumor-cell invasiveness and chemoresistance, including TGF-β itself, which has a major role in myofibroblastic CAFs. Such a high level of complexity has hampered progress toward a clear view of the TGFβ signaling loop between stromal fibroblasts and PDAC cells. Methods: Here, we tackled this issue by using co-culture settings that allow paracrine signaling alone (transwell systems) or paracrine and contact-mediated signaling (3D spheroids). Results: We found that TGF-β is critically involved in the activation of normal human fibroblasts into alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-positive CAFs. The TGF-β released by CAFs accounted for the enhanced proliferation and resistance to gemcitabine of PDAC cells. This was accompanied by a partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in PDAC cells, with no increase in their migratory abilities. Nevertheless, 3D heterospheroids comprising PDAC cells and fibroblasts allowed monitoring the pro-invasive effects of CAFs on cancer cells, possibly due to combined paracrine and physical contact-mediated signals. Conclusions: We conclude that TGF-β is only one of the players that mediates the communication between PDAC cells and fibroblasts and controls the acquisition of aggressive phenotypes. Hence, these advanced in vitro models may be exploited to further investigate these events and to design innovative anti-PDAC therapies.
The Influence of the Microbiome on the Complications of Radiotherapy and Its Effectiveness in Patients with Laryngeal Cancer
Authors: Dorobisz Karolina , Dorobisz Tadeusz , Pazdro-Zastawny Katarzyna , Czyż Katarzyna , Janczak Marzena
Published: November 2024

Introduction: Radiotherapy is an effective method of treating cancer and affects 50% of patients. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) is a modernized method of classical radiation used in the treatment of laryngeal cancer. Treatment with intent to preserve the larynx is not always safe or complication-free. The microbiome may significantly influence the effectiveness of oncological treatment, especially radiotherapy, and may also be modified by the toxic response to radiation. Objective: The aim of the study was to prospectively assess the microbiome and its influence on radiotherapy toxicity in patients with laryngeal cancer. Results: Statistically significant risk factors for complications after radiotherapy were the percentage of Porphyromonas of at least 6.7%, the percentage of Fusobacterium of at least 2.6% and the percentage of Catonella of at least 2.6%. Conclusions: The importance of the microbiome in oncology has been confirmed in many studies. Effective radiotherapy treatment and the prevention of radiation-induced oral mucositis is a challenge in oncology. The microbiome may be an important part of personalized cancer treatment. The assessment of the microbiome of patients diagnosed with cancer may provide the opportunity to predict the response to treatment and its effectiveness. The influence of the microbiome may be important in predicting the risk group for radiotherapy treatment failure. The possibility of modifying the microbiome may become a goal to improve the prognosis of patients with laryngeal cancer. Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas and Catonella are important risk factors for radiation-induced oral mucositis in patients with laryngeal cancer.
The Synthesis and Photocatalytic Efficacy of Distinct Nano-Oxides in the Breakdown of Organic Contaminants
Authors: Pavlović Jelena , Tušar Nataša Novak , Rajić Nevenka
Published: November 2024

Nano metal oxides (NMOs), with their unique physico-chemical properties and low toxicity, have become a focus of research in heterogeneous catalysis. Their distinct characteristics, which can be tailored based on size and structure, make them highly efficient catalysts. NMOs have the potential to significantly contribute to the degradation of numerous environmental pollutants through photolytic decomposition. This work comprehensively analyzes the synthesis, catalytic performance, and applications of photocatalytically active metal oxides, specifically titanium, zinc, copper, iron, silver, tin, and tungsten oxides. The primary objective is to demonstrate how the effectiveness of photocatalytic processes can be enhanced and optimized by incorporating metals, non-metals, and metalloids into their structure and forming heterostructures. Furthermore, the aim is to understand the underlying process of photocatalytic oxidation thoroughly. Photocatalysis, a promising approach in advanced oxidation processes, has garnered significant interest in these fields.
The Effect of WO3 on the Selective Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol to 1,3-Propanediol over Pt/WO3–Al2O3 Catalysts
Authors: Li Ziyang , Wu Chunjie , Zhang Chenhao , Li Hui
Published: November 2024

The selective hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO) presents a sustainable approach, leveraging a bio-renewable feedstock and significantly enhancing the economic viability of biodiesel production. However, the limited selectivity toward 1,3-PDO in glycerol hydrogenolysis has hindered its widespread adoption on an industrial scale. In this work, we synthesized a series of Pt/WO3–Al2O3 catalysts using a simple wetness sequential impregnation method. Comprehensive characterization and kinetic studies revealed that the surface tungsten content of the catalyst exerted a critical and multifaceted influence on the catalytic performances. Under optimal conditions, glycerol could be selectively converted to 1,3-PDO with a yield of 43% in a fixed-bed continuous flow reactor. Furthermore, a plausible reaction mechanism for glycerol hydrogenolysis was proposed based on the correlations between catalyst structure and catalytic performance.
Conventional and Emerging Diagnostic Approaches for Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Kristollari Kathelina , Paul Abraham Abbey , Angel Sagi , Marks Robert S.
Published: November 2024

Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) is among the most prevalent endocrine cancers. The diagnosis of DTC has witnessed tremendous progress in terms of technological advancement and clinical operational guidelines. DTC diagnostics have evolved significantly over centuries, from early clinical examinations to modern molecular testing and imaging modalities. The diagnosis and management of DTC are currently dependent on the international histological classification and identification of specific genetic abnormalities in tumor tissue, as well as the prognostic implications that can inform treatment decisions. This study goes down the memory lanes of various diagnostic methods for DTCs, highlighting recent advancements in molecular testing and point-of-care (POC) technology. Beginning with conventional methods like fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), and ultrasound (US) and moving to contemporary innovative approaches such as POC-thyroglobulin (POC-Tg) and liquid biopsy, this review showcases the current trends in DTC diagnostics. Although considerable progress has been achieved in early malignancy detection, patient stratification, prognosis, and personalized treatment, there is a need to refine the mainstay diagnostic procedures. Finally, future perspectives were provided, and emerging roles of artificial intelligence in DTC diagnostics were explored.
Thoracotomy vs. Thoracoscopy for Esophageal Atresia with Tracheoesophageal Fistula Repair: Is There a Difference in Quality of Life?
Authors: Di Fabrizio Donatella , Mastroberti Francesca , Cruccetti Alba , Bindi Edoardo , Cobellis Giovanni
Published: November 2024

Aim: Esophageal atresia (EA) is the most common congenital esophageal malformation. Thoracoscopic repair is gaining popularity, but controversy persists regarding the ideal surgical approach for this challenging anomaly. This study’s aim is to analyze outcomes in terms of quality of life (QoL) of children undergoing thoracotomy and thoracoscopy for type III EA repair. Methods: Perinatal characteristics, malformations, surgical procedures, complications, gastrointestinal, and respiratory current symptoms were collected. QoL was investigated through Esophageal-Atresia-QoL (EAQoL) and Pediatric-QoL (PedsQL) 4.0 standardized and validated questionnaires. Statistical Mann–Whitney test with significance level p < 0.05 was carried out. Main results: A total of 32 patients undergoing type III EA primary repair answered the questionnaire, including 17 thoracotomy and 15 thoracoscopy. Median birth weight was not significantly different between two groups (median [2.385; 2.475], p = 0.3529) while gestational age showed statistically difference (median [36; 38], p = 0.0063). Thirty-five associated malformations (15 thoracotomy, 20 thoracoscopy) in 23 patients were observed. Postoperative complications occurred in nine patients in the thoracotomy group (one recurrent fistula, two leakages, six stenosis) and in six patients in the thoracoscopic group (two recurrent fistula, four stenosis). Analyzing EAQoL, we found statistically significant difference in physical health between the two groups (median [83; 96], p = 0.0119), while there was no difference in social relations, eating, and total score (median [100; 100], p = 0.3473) (median [91; 97], p = 0.5749) (median [91; 96], p = 0.1710). Investigating PedsQL, psychosocial health score (median [88; 98], p = 0.0069), and total score (median [91;99], p = 0.0043) were statically significant different between the groups, whereas there was no difference for physical health score (median [91; 100], p = 0.0706). Conclusions: Thoracoscopic EA repair is safe and feasible, allowing patient to have a better QoL in terms of physical and psychosocial health score.
Clinical Manifestations of Acute COVID-19 in Previously Healthy Pediatric Patients Diagnosed by Rapid Antigen Screening in a Community-Based, Outpatient Primary Care Pediatrics Practice
Authors: Calderwood Stanley , Montoya Eduardo. L. , Brar Mandeep Singh
Published: November 2024

Background: The PediCenter and Niles Children’s Clinic provide pediatric primary and urgent care services in central California. We remained open throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, providing scheduled well child-care and sick visits. Methods: Beginning in September 2020, we implemented a COVID-19 screening program. Screening was performed on all patients presenting for care and was made available to patients requiring testing for any purpose. Herein, we provide results from that program, including a description of clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in our patients. Results: Key findings: A total of 11,649 COVID-19 antigen screening tests were performed (age range 0.1 to 17.0, mean 8.7, SD 4.5). In total, 1560 pts. (13.4%) tested positive. Among these, 665 (43%) were asymptomatic, 560 (36%) had mild disease, 318 (20%) had moderate disease, and 17 (1%) had severe disease. No critical cases or transfers to the emergency room were reported. Younger patient age was associated with an increased severity of illness, as was time from the onset of the pandemic. A total of 4446 patients reported no symptoms at the time of screening, 15% of whom tested positive. In total, 7203 patients reported symptoms at the time of testing. Among these, 87.6% tested negative and 12.4% tested positive. Disease severity was similar between these two groups. COVID-19 is generally a mild respiratory tract infection in healthy children. Conclusions: Screening is effective in identifying cases, including asymptomatic cases. Statistical models further revealed associations between patient age, time from the onset of the pandemic, and disease severity.
Age- and Gender-Specific Reference Values for Physical Performance in Tunisian Youth Basketball Players
Authors: Aouichaoui Chirine , Tounsi Mohamed , Racil Ghazi , Tabka Oussama , Zaouali Monia , Bragazzi Nicola Luigi , Trabelsi Yassine
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Physical performance is becoming increasingly critical in basketball, as it directly influences players’ agility, power, and endurance. This study aimed to assess the progression of body composition and physical performance metrics across different ages and genders, establishing age- and gender-specific reference values for Tunisian basketball athletes. Methods: A total of 469 Tunisian basketball players (239 boys and 230 girls) were assessed and grouped by age. Anthropometric measures—including standing and sitting height, body mass, leg length, body mass index, fat mass, fat-free mass, body fat percentage, wingspan, and leg muscle volume—were collected alongside physical performance metrics. Performance tests included countermovement and squat jumps, change-of-direction speed, maximal oxygen uptake, flexibility, the five-jump test, and 5 m, 10 m, and 20 m sprints with and without the ball. Normative data were generated based on age and gender categories. Results: The findings revealed significant age-related improvements in both anthropometric and performance parameters. Boys consistently outperformed girls in physical and fitness-related measures, with gender differences becoming more pronounced with age. Stepwise regression analyses indicated that, for boys, body fat percentage, leg muscle volume, standing height, and wingspan were the best predictors of physical performance. For girls, body fat percentage, standing height, and sitting height were identified as key predictors. Conclusions: The newly established Tunisian reference values for physical performance in youth basketball provide valuable benchmarks that can support the development of explosive power and strength in players, aiding in talent identification and potentially enhancing individual and team performance outcomes.
Mechanisms of Sensitive Skin and the Soothing Effects of Active Compounds: A Review
Authors: Chen Bei , Tang Haiyan , Liu Zhihui , Qiao Kun , Chen Xiaoting , Liu Shuji , Pan Nan , Chen Tingru , Liu Zhiyu
Published: November 2024

The incidence of skin sensitivity issues in human populations has increased steadily because of external factors, such as environmental changes and emotional stress. Skin sensitivity refers to a state of skin hyperreactivity that occurs under certain physiological or pathological conditions. Sensitive skin may manifest as redness, itching, and pain and even trigger skin diseases, such as eczema or dermatitis, in severe cases. This review discusses the sensitization mechanisms and characteristics of sensitive skin, with a focus on symptom alleviation through three key strategies: skin-barrier repair, reduction in TRPV1 receptor activity, and anti-inflammatory interventions utilizing active substances. The findings will enhance public knowledge regarding sensitive skin, promote further research and practical prevention and treatment methods, and provide theoretical support for developing soothing cosmetic products for sensitive skin.
Influence of Various Binder Jet Printers on the Additive Manufacturing of Hardmetals
Authors: Berger Christian , Pötschke Johannes , Scheithauer Uwe , Michaelis Alexander
Published: November 2024

Binder Jetting (BJT), a powder-based additive manufacturing technology, has been shown to be a fast and reproducible green shaping process for many different metals. Due to its high productivity and versatility in material processing, BJT is gaining increasing importance in the manufacturing sector. It can also be used for the production of WC-Co hardmetals, a primary ceramic-based composite often used for tools and wear parts. Five different BJT printers from four different manufacturers were evaluated to assess their effectiveness and feasibility in producing hardmetals based on the same WC-12 wt.% Co starting powders. The analysis focused on comparing the properties of the resulting hardmetals, as well as evaluating the printing performance. The results show that all tested BJT printers are fundamentally well suited for producing green hardmetal parts, which can achieve full density after sintering. This work highlights the potential of BJT technology in hardmetal manufacturing for tool production.
Surface Modification of Graphene Oxide and Its Strengthening and Toughening Mechanism for Alumina-Based Ceramic Materials
Authors: Hu Yangyang , Feng Zhenzhen , Xie Yonghui , Wang Hongyang , Ji Qinglong , Wang Jiaoni , Xu Chonghai
Published: November 2024

This study investigated the effects of incorporating reduced-graphene-oxide-coated alumina (Al2O3–RGO) nanoparticles and unmodified graphene oxide (GO) onto the microstructure as well as the mechanical properties of Al2O3/TiB2 matrix ceramic materials. The microstructure observation revealed that, compared with GO addition, the addition of Al2O3–RGO nanoparticles significantly improved RGO dispersion in the ceramic materials and reduced defects such as pores caused by graphene agglomeration. In addition, the uniformly dispersed RGO nanosheets were interwoven with each other to form a three-dimensional grid structure due to grain growth and the disappearance of pores during sintering, which increased the contact area and interface-bonding strength between the RGO and ceramic matrix. According to the results of microstructure observation and analysis, the good interfacial strength not only facilitated load transfer from the ceramic matrix to the RGO but also induced the fracture mechanism of the RGO, which consumes more fracture energy than the traditional toughening mechanism. The results of mechanical properties analysis showed that the hardness, flexural strength, and fracture toughness of the obtained ATB–RG3.0 ceramic material was measured at 19.52 GPa, 1063.52 MPa, and 9.16 MPa·m1/2, respectively. These values are 16.82%, 27.92%, and 26.87% higher than those of the ceramic material with 3.0 vol.% GO.
The Influence of Deposition Temperature on the Microscopic Process of Diamond-like Carbon (DLC) Film Deposition on a 2024 Aluminum Alloy Surface
Authors: Yang Li , Li Tong , Shang Baihui , Guo Lili , Zhang Tong , Han Weina
Published: November 2024

In this experiment, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition technology was used to deposit diamond-like carbon thin films on the surface of a 2024 aluminum alloy. The effects of deposition temperature on the microstructure, carbon, silicon, and aluminum element distribution, and film substrate adhesion of diamond-like carbon thin films were studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, XRD, scratch gauge, and ultra-depth-of-field microscopy. The results showed that with the increase in deposition temperature, the thickness of DLC film decreased from 8.72 μm to 5.37 μm, and the film bonded well with the substrate. There is a clear transition layer containing silicon elements between the DLC film and the aluminum alloy substrate. The transition layer is a solid solution formed by aluminum and silicon elements, which increases the bonding strength between the film and substrate. C-Si and C-C exist in the form of covalent bonds and undergo orbital hybridization, making the DLC film more stable. When the deposition temperature exceeds the aging temperature of a 2024 aluminum alloy, it will affect the properties of the aluminum alloy substrate. Therefore, the deposition temperature should be below the aging temperature of the 2024 aluminum alloy for coating. At a deposition temperature of 100 °C, the maximum membrane substrate bonding force is 14.45 N. When a continuous sound signal appears and the friction coefficient is the same as that of the substrate, the film is completely damaged. From the super-depth map of the scratch morphology, it can be seen that, at a deposition temperature of 100 °C, a small amount of thin film detachment appears around the scratch.
First Attempts at DNA Barcoding Lepidoptera in North Cyprus Reveal Unexpected Complexities in Taxonomic and Faunistic Issues
Authors: Huemer Peter , Özden Özge
Published: November 2024

The fauna of Lepidoptera in the Mediterranean is still inadequately documented. As a result, even remotely complete DNA barcode libraries (mt. COI (cytochrome c oxidase 1) gene) are lacking in most areas. This proposed gap is being analyzed for the first time for the fauna of North Cyprus. In the initial phase, 248 morphospecies from 29 families (exclusive Heterocera) were sampled, sequenced and compared with existing DNA reference sequences in the global BOLD database (Barcode of Life Data Systems) via BINs (Barcode Index Numbers). A total of 194 species could be unequivocally assigned to a Linnaean taxon. Additionally, six species previously unidentified in BOLD, as well as fourteen species without reference barcodes, were identified at the species level. Twenty-four of these species were new records for Cyprus. In addition, 25 taxa with new BINs could not be assigned to a valid species due to potential cryptic diversity or the lack of relevant revisions. Furthermore, a few species could not be identified due to barcode sharing and/or potential misidentifications in BOLD. Overall, approximately 20% of the samples could not be identified using the existing DNA barcode libraries, a significant deficit for European standards, which should be addressed as a priority issue in future studies.