bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ACCURATE AND RAPID RECONDITIONING OF SPACED RESPONDING1
Authors: Reynolds G. S.
Published: March 2006

The performance maintained by reinforcing responses only when they terminated interresponse times (IRTs) of 20 sec or greater (DRL schedule) was almost the same during the first session of reconditioning as before extinction. As few as two reinforcements accurately reinstated both the pre‐extinction rate of responding and the function relating the duration of an IRT to its conditional probability of occurrence (IRTs/op).
BEHAVIOR STABILITY AND RESPONSE RATE AS FUNCTIONS OF REINFORCEMENT PROBABILITY ON “RANDOM RATIO” SCHEDULES1,2
Authors: Sidley N. A. , Schoenfeld W. N.
Published: March 2006

A random ratio schedule is one under which every ordinally specified response has the same probability of reinforcement as any other. Data have been gathered at several values of this type of schedule, using a separate group of pigeons for each schedule value and giving prolonged exposure to each value. No simple relationship was found between response rate and reinforcement probability. In general aspect group data from the present experiment agree with those from a single organism study cited. It was shown that 40 to 50 days of exposure to random ratio schedules yields fairly asymptotic response rate data. The tabulated raw data, and the results of some statistical manipulations, have been deposited with the American Documentation Institute.
SOME NOTES ON CONDITIONED SUPPRESSION AND REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES
Authors: Lyon David O.
Published: March 2006

Two pigeons were trained on an FR 150 schedule of reinforcement. An Estes‐Skinner conditioned suppression procedure was then superimposed on this performance at varied intervals. If the CS occurred during the early stages of the ratio run, complete suppression resulted. If the CS occurred during the later stages of the run, the birds continued to respond until the reinforcement was obtained, which was then followed by complete suppression.
EFFECTS OF AVERAGING DATA DURING STIMULUS GENERALIZATION
Authors: Migler Bernard
Published: March 2006

Rats were trained to press two keys consecutively for reinforcement. During stimulus one (slow clicker) a 6‐sec time delay was required between the two responses. During stimulus eight (fast clicker) no time delay was required between the two responses. When tested with intermediate stimuli (intermediate click rates) the median time delays emitted by the animals were intermediate between their performances on the original training stimuli, resulting in typical generalization gradients. Closer examination of the data revealed that the median values were not representative of the behavior of the animals.
REACTION TIME AS A FUNCTION OF STIMULUS INTENSITY FOR THE MONKEY1
Authors: Stebbins William C. , Miller Josef M.
Published: March 2006

Monkeys were trained to release a telegraph key in response to a visual or auditory stimulus. The latency of the key release response was measured for different stimulus intensities. In general, the relation between latency and intensity is inverse and exponential with greater variability of latency at the lower intensities. Some preliminary data involving differential reinforcement of short latencies are presented.
PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE ACQUISITION OF SIDMAN AVOIDANCE1
Authors: Bolles Robert C. , Popp Richard J.
Published: March 2006

Four studies were conducted to investigate the source of reinforcement of Sidman avoidance. First it was found that the acquisition of avoidance was seriously impaired if there was no immediate stimulus consequence of responding, i.e., proprioceptive and auditory feedback. The second study showed that if the shock‐shock interval was split so that only responses occurring in one half of the interval were effective in postponing shock, then learning was impaired. It made little difference which half of the interval was used. The third study demonstrated that Ss learn Sidman avoidance more quickly with a variable shock‐shock interval than with the usual fixed‐interval procedure. The results of the second and third experiments argue against the view that avoidance is reinforced by the decrease in conditioned aversiveness that occurs at long post‐shock times. The final experiment indicated that Ss do not learn Sidman avoidance if the response‐produced delay of shock is preceded by a shock, hence it seems unlikely that the crucial source of reinforcement is merely an overall reduction in shock density. All of the findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the avoidance response is reinforced by the decrease in conditioned aversiveness of stimuli at short post‐response times. This seems to be the case even at the beginning of acquisition.
REINFORCEMENT AND INSTRUCTIONS WITH MENTAL PATIENTS1
Authors: Ayllon T. , Azrin N. H.
Published: March 2006

An attempt was made to modify a socially desirable response of mental patients. It was found that instructions to the patients had no enduring effect unless accompanied by reinforcement. Also, it was found that reinforcement was not effective unless the reinforcement procedure was accompanied by instructions that specified the basis for the reinforcement. Maximum change in behavior was obtained when the reinforcement procedure took advantage of the existing verbal repertoire of the patients. A significant methodological finding was that substantial modification of the behavior of psychotics could be achieved by briefly delaying, rather than withholding, food reinforcement.
CONDITIONED SUPPRESSION IN GOLDFISH AS A FUNCTION OF SHOCK‐REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULE1
Authors: Geller Irving
Published: March 2006

The conditioned suppression technique (Estes and Skinner, 1941) was employed to study the effects of partial‐shock reinforcement in the goldfish. Lever‐pressing behavior of hungry goldfish was suppressed in the presence of a flashing light that had been previously paired with electric shocks. Fish that acquired the suppression under 50% and 100% shock‐reinforcement, respectively, were subjected to repeated presentations of the flashing light alone. This procedure revealed a more rapid extinction of the suppressed behavior in the 50% than in the 100% shocked group. The finding was compared with those from other experiments and possible reasons for the differences were examined.
OPERANT CONTROL OF PREENING IN PIGEONS
Authors: Hogan Jerry A.
Published: March 2006

Preening in four pigeons was observed and recorded during operant level determinations, continuous and variable interval reinforcement, and extinction. The rate at which preening responses occur seems to be controlled by reinforcement in the same way as other operant behavior. Preening during VI reinforcement and extinction appeared to be similar to preening in many natural situations. With respect to the part of the body preened, considerable stereotypy of responding was shown by all birds, particularly during VI training; there was, however, a conspicuous absence of consistency in the development of stereotypy both within and between individual birds, perhaps due to the nature of the response.
RESISTANCE TO EXTINCTION IN THE GOLDFISH FOLLOWING SCHEDULES OF CONTINUOUS AND VARIABLE INTERVAL REINFORCEMENT1
Authors: Wertheim George A. , Singer Robert D.
Published: March 2006

Four goldfish (Carassius auratus, comet) were reinforced with food when they intercepted a beam of light. Each fish performed on both CRF and VI 50‐sec schedules. In subsequent extinctions, the CRF schedule produced more responses on the first day than did VI, but after the first day the post‐CRF rate dropped much more rapidly. These results agree with those previously obtained in birds and mammals.
STIMULUS GENERALIZATION AND THE RESPONSE‐REINFORCEMENT CONTINGENCY
Authors: Hearst Eliot , Koresko Minnie B. , Poppen Roger
Published: March 2006

Generalization gradients along a line‐tilt continuum were obtained from groups of pigeons that had been trained to peck a key on different schedules of reinforcement. In Exp. I, gradients following training on a differential‐reinforcement‐of‐low‐rate (DRL) schedule proved to be much flatter than gradients following the usual 1‐min variable interval (VI) training. In Exp. II, the value of the VI schedule itself was parametrically studied; Ss trained on long VI schedules (e.g., 4‐min) produced much flatter gradients than Ss trained on short VI schedules (30‐sec; 1‐min). The results were interpreted mainly in terms of the relative control exerted by internal, proprioceptive cues on the different reinforcement schedules. Several implications of the results for other problems in the field of stimulus generalization are discussed.
AN AVERSIVE STIMULUS AS A CORRELATED BLOCK COUNTER IN FR PERFORMANCE1
Authors: Dardano J. F. , Sauerbrunn D.
Published: March 2006

After the performances of two pigeons had stabilized on an FR 100 grain reinforcement schedule, response‐contingent shock was introduced in the form of a block counter. When shock intensity increased in successive thirds of the ratio, duration of post‐reinforcement pauses increased and local rate in an advanced part of the ratio declined. With decrements of shock intensity in successive thirds of the ratio, running rate was not consistently affected but pauses after reinforcements were longer than those under the increasing counter. The results are interpreted in terms of the interaction among some controlling variables operating in the behavioral chain.
EFFECTS OF A DRL CONTINGENCY ADDED TO A FIXED‐INTERVAL REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULE1
Authors: Farmer John , Schoenfeld W. N.
Published: March 2006

Following 30 days of reinforcement for the bar press response of two white rats on 30‐sec fixed‐interval (FI), a DRL component was added so that a minimal interresponse time (IRT) for the reinforced response, in addition to the FI variable, was necessary for reinforcement. Marked control over response rate by the superimposed DRL requirement was demonstrated by an inverse hyperbolic function as the DRL component was increased from 1 to 24 sec within the constant 30‐sec FI interval. Interresponse time and post‐reinforcement (post‐SR) “break” distributions taken at one experimental point (DRL = 24 sec) suggested that a more precise temporal discrimination was initiated by an SR than by a response, since the relative frequency of a sequence of two reinforced responses appeared greater than that of a sequence of a non‐reinforced response followed by a reinforced one. This latter finding was confirmed with new animals in a follow‐up experiment employing a conventional 24‐sec DRL schedule.
EFFECT OF CER ON DRL RESPONDING
Authors: Leaf Russell C. , Muller Stanley A.
Published: March 2006

The effect of CER on DRL 16 was studied in four rats. All Ss showed complete CER suppression after five CER trials, together with some unconditioned post‐shock suppression. This post‐shock suppression showed complete recovery in all Ss after 10 days of five CER trials per day, but complete CER suppression continued throughout.
CHAINED VI PERFORMANCE OF PIGEONS MAINTAINED WITH AN ADDED STIMULUS1
Authors: Zimmerman J. , Ferster C. B.
Published: March 2006

Pecks at a first (left) key were reinforced by a partial movement (advance) of the voltmeter behind the key toward the maximum position. When the meter reached maximum deflection, pecks at a second key were continuously reinforced with food. The schedule of reinforcement by which pecking the first key produced a deflection, as well as the size of the deflection, were varied in a series of experiments. The rate of responding on the first key was more affected by changes in the number of steps required to move the meter to the maximum position (the size of the deflection) than by the value of the variable‐interval schedule by which pecking produced a meter deflection. The rate at which the bird pecked was low when the meter was near the null position, and high as the meter approached the maximum deflection.
REINFORCEMENT OF DRINKING BY RUNNING: EFFECT OF FIXED RATIO AND REINFORCEMENT TIME1
Authors: Premack David , Schaeffer Robert W. , Hundt Alan
Published: March 2006

Rats were required to complete varying numbers of licks (FR), ranging from 10 to 300, in order to free an activity wheel for predetermined times (CT) ranging from 2 to 20 sec. The reinforcement of drinking by running was shown both by an increased frequency of licking, and by changes in length of the burst of licking relative to operant‐level burst length. In log‐log coordinates, instrumental licking tended to be a linear increasing function of FR for the range tested, a linear decreasing function of CT for the range tested. Pause time was implicated in both of the above relations, being a generally increasing function of both FR and CT.
Interactions between zinc and cadmium uptake by free and immobilized cells of Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Breb.
Authors: Awasthi Mamta , Rai Lal Chand
Published: March 2006

Biological treatment of heavy metals is an effective technology for the treatment of low concentration industrial wastewater. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the zinc and cadmium removal capacities through absorption (active) and adsorption (passive) by free and alginate‐immobilized cells of Scenedesmus quadricauda. Immobilized cells have high capacities for uptake of both the heavy metal tested and the kinetics under the conditions studied were relatively fast. About 90% of the biosorption (adsorption) occurred within 10 min and equilibrium was reached within 30 minutes in both free and immobilized cells. However, a different pattern was observed for absorption. Maximum absorption by immobilized cells was found to be around 6.6 mmol Zn2+ and 8.0 mmol Cd2+ per mg protein, these values being approximately 1.4 and 1.6 fold higher than those of the free cells. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) confirmed the superiority of immobilized cells for metal absorption but not for adsorption. Free cells were equally good for adsorption. The results obtained on the patterns of metal/metal interactions showed either antagonistic, or non‐interaction type of behaviour for both adsorption and absorption. However, no synergistic type of behaviour was observed during treatment.
Effects of single and mixed diatom diets on the reproduction of copepod Calanus sinicus
Authors: Li Jie , Sun Song , Li Chao‐lun , Zhang Zhan , Tao Zheng‐Cheng
Published: March 2006

Under laboratory conditions, the potential influence of diatom diets on reproduction of zooplankton Calanus sinicus was studied. Four diatom diet ingredients: Skeletonema costatum (SC), Chaetoceros muelleri (CM), Phaeodactylum tricornutum (PT), diatom mixture (MIX) and a control diet: the flagellate Platymonas subordiformis (PS), were used at the same carbon concentrations of 2.0 μg mL–1 C. In a period of 17‐day laboratory experiment, the effects of these algae diets on egg production and hatching success of the copepod Calanus sinicus were examined. The diets were analyzed for fatty acid content as an indicator of food quality. The results showed that the female survival of all treatments reached more than 80% except PT. Comparing to the initial value, egg production of Calanus sinicus was reduced in diatom diets (PT, CM), but remained in normal level in SC and MIX, indicating that some single diatom diets had a negative effect on the egg production of Calanus sinicus. Feeding with mixed food however can eliminate this negative effect. Among all the treatments, hatching success in filtered seawater was significantly higher than in algal exudates, indicating that not only diatoms but also other phytoplankton in certain concentration can release extracelluar substance that may inhibit eggs from hatching. Fatty acid analysis showed that both egg production rate and hatching success were negatively correlated to the ratio of 20 : 5 ω3 and 14 : 0 in fatty acid composition.
Nutrient accumulation and nutrient retention in coastal waters – 30 years investigation in the Darss‐Zingst Bodden chain
Authors: Selig Uwe , Baudler Henning , Krech Mathias , Nausch Günther
Published: March 2006

Coastal waters are transitional zones between limnic waters and marine systems. The anthropogenic impact on these water bodies is high and a rapid change of trophic level was observed within the last 50 years. In the Darss‐Zingst Bodden chain (southern Baltic Sea – Mecklenburg‐West Pomerania, Germany), the change in trophic state during the last thirty years can be reconstructed by long‐term monitoring of chemical, hydrographical and biological parameters with an up to daily resolution. Until the 1980s, increased input of the anthropogenic nutrient load from the catchment area has been documented. However, with the implementation of the HELCOM recommendations the input of phosphorus and nitrogen was reduced in the 1990s. In contrast to the reduction of nutrient inputs, a decrease in nutrient concentrations and primary production could not be observed. The reasons are a high internal nutrient load and the release of nutrients out of the sediments. Numerous research projects allowed the description and quantification of these processes. Today, the internal phosphorus pool exceeds the external phosphorus load several fold. These results are the scientific basis for the development of restoration strategies of coastal waters. The development of suitable management plans is necessary for the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive to guarantee a good ecological state by 2015. The long time acquisition of monitoring data and voluminous complementary specific research projects was enabled by the local field research conditions of the Biological Station of the University of Rostock in Zingst.
Experimental study of removing trace H2S using solvent coated adsorbent for PSA
Authors: Zhou Li , Zhong Limei , Su Wei , Sun Yan , Zhou Yaping
Published: March 2006

Application of compressed natural gas (CNG) as the fuel of motor vehicles will continue to grow. A key requirement for this application is the removal of trace content of H2S from the fuel. A pressure swing operation was proposed to take the task. The key technique therein is to modify the ordinal adsorbents with a film of solvent. The dual modes of absorption by solvent and adsorption by the interior adsorbent provide a higher H2S capacity than each mode alone and render the sorbent regeneration possible at ambient temperature. Experiments are performed on a two‐column process to study the effect of operation condition on process performance. Consecutive cycling of the operation proves that the pressure swing technique can be used to remove the trace content of H2S in practice, which represents a major breakthrough in natural gas purification technology. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Cover Picture: Autonomous Fueled Mechanical Replication of Nucleic Acid Templates for the Amplified Optical Detection of DNA (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 14/2006)
Authors: Weizmann Yossi , Cheglakov Zoya , Pavlov Valeri , Willner Itamar
Published: March 2006

A catalytic cutter for the sensitive detection of a target DNA, a Tay–Sachs disorder mutant, is described by I. Willner and co‐workers in their Communication on page 2238 ff. As the cover picture shows, a tailored nucleic acid hairpin probe (top) is opened upon hybridization with the analyte DNA, activating the formation of the DNA cutter (central structure), which initiates the autonomous scission of a fuel substrate that leads to the replication of the catalytic cutter and to the formation of a fluorescent product as an optical readout signal.
A study of interface support mechanisms for interactive information retrieval
Authors: White Ryen W. , Ruthven Ian
Published: March 2006

Advances in search technology have meant that search systems can now offer assistance to users beyond simply retrieving a set of documents. For example, search systems are now capable of inferring user interests by observing their interaction, offering suggestions about what terms could be used in a query, or reorganizing search results to make exploration of retrieved material more effective. When providing new search functionality, system designers must decide how the new functionality should be offered to users. One major choice is between (a) offering automatic features that require little human input, but give little human control; or (b) interactive features which allow human control over how the feature is used, but often give little guidance over how the feature should be best used. This article presents a study in which we empirically investigate the issue of control by presenting an experiment in which participants were asked to interact with three experimental systems that vary the degree of control they had in creating queries, indicating which results are relevant in making search decisions. We use our findings to discuss why and how the control users want over search decisions can vary depending on the nature of the decisions and the impact of those decisions on the user's search.
Cancer surgery: risks and opportunities
Authors: Coffey J.C. , Smith M.J.F. , Wang J.H. , Bouchier‐Hayes D. , Cotter T.G. , Redmond H.P.
Published: March 2006

In the recent past, several papers have pointed to the possibility that tumour removal generates a permissive environment in which tumour growth is potentiated. This phenomenon has been coined “perioperative tumour growth” and whilst it represents a departure in terms of our attitude to the surgical process, this concept was first hinted at by Paget1

Sir James Paget (1814–1899) was a surgeon and physiologist who is widely held (along with Rudolph Virchow) to be the father of the science of pathology. Paget described Paget's disease of the nipple as well as Paget's disease of bone.

himself. Despite this, the time interval immediately before and after cancer surgery (i.e. the perioperative period) remains an underutilised interval during which chemotherapeutic regimens are rarely implemented. Herein, we present a summarised review of the literature that supports the concept that tumour removal may potentiate the growth of residual neoplastic disease. We also outline current knowledge regarding underlying mechanisms and in this manner highlight potential therapeutic entry points. Finally, we emphasise the urgent need for trials of agents that could protect patients against the harmful host–tumour interactions that may occur during the perioperative period. BioEssays 28: 433–437, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Environment and profitability in the reprocessing of paper in Norway: contradictory research reports in the context of circulation economics
Authors: Ingebrigtsen Stig , Jakobsen Ove D.
Published: March 2006

In this article we study three Norwegian reports concerning the environmental problems connected to use of natural resources and production of waste. The reports are responding to political initiatives in White Paper 58 (1996–97) and White Paper 8 (1999–2000). The reports describe, analyse and give reasons for various resolution strategies with regard to excessive consumption of virgin natural resources, inefficient economic processes and irresponsible waste management. The purpose of this article is threefold. First, we present a theoretical framework that enables an integrated analysis of economic problems. We have termed the theoretical context for our analysis circulation economics. Second, we illustrate the complexity of the problems through a discussion of the three different reports concerning waste management. Third, in the context of circulation economics the different reports elucidate various aspects of the phenomenon area and the new perspective can be used to synthesize the partial findings. In addition to this, we suggest where further work has to be done in the future. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Identifying priorities for action in corporate sustainable development indicator programs
Authors: Searcy Cory , McCartney Daryl , Karapetrovic Stanislav
Published: March 2006

This paper presents a case study on the identification of key sustainable development issues for the transmission system of an electric utility. It provides a structured approach to identifying priorities for action within existing corporate infrastructure. The application of the process is discussed, with an emphasis on strategies for the selection of priorities for immediate action, illustrating linkages between the selected key issues and lessons learned. To demonstrate how the issues may lead to the development of indicators, example sustainable development indicators are presented for a selected key issue. The case study illustrates that key stakeholders must be involved throughout the entire process, that the process of developing the issues and indicators is just as important as the final result and that any indicator development process must build on existing corporate infrastructure wherever possible. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The processes of defining corporate responsibility: a study of Swedish garment retailers' responsibility
Authors: Ählström Jenny , Egels‐Zandén Niklas
Published: March 2006

Despite extensive research on corporate responsibility, little research exists on how the inter‐organizational processes of defining corporate responsibility develop. In this paper, we present a framework based on actor‐network theory (ANT) for analysing these processes. The developed framework is illustrated in a study of the redefinition of Swedish garment retailers' responsibilities for workers' rights at suppliers' factories between 1996 and 2004. We show that definition processes can be characterized as battles for the right to interpretation, and that traditionally non‐dominant actors can, at least temporarily, win these battles and dictate the development of the processes for defining corporate responsibility. We also show that definition processes can take an exclusionary form prohibiting certain actors from participating. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
High‐Pressure Synthesis and Crystal Structure Analysis of NaMn2O4 with the Calcium Ferrite‐Type Structure.
Authors: Akimoto Junji , Awaka Junji , Kijima Norihito , Takahashi Yasuhiko , Maruta Yuichi , Tokiwa Kazuyasu , Watanabe Tsuneo
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Zn13Sb10: A Structural and Landau Theoretical Analysis of Its Phase Transitions.
Authors: Mozharivskyj Yurij , Janssen Yuri , Harringa Joel L. , Kracher Alfred , Tsokol Alexandra O. , Miller Gordon J.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Improved Synthetic Route to n‐B18H22.
Authors: Li Yuqi , Sneddon Larry G.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reaction of 2′‐Hydroxy‐5′‐acetamido Chalcones with Dimethyl Sulfoxide‐Iodine, Pyridine‐Mercuric(II) Acetate and Triethanolamine.
Authors: Agrawal Nitin N. , Soni P. A.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ultrasound‐Promoted Magnesium/Ammonium Bromide Mediated Pinacol Coupling of Aromatic Aldehydes and Ketones.
Authors: Li Ji‐Tai , Chen Yan‐Xue , Li Tong‐Shuang
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Immobilisation of the Grubbs III Olefin Metathesis Catalyst with Polyvinyl Pyridine (PVP).
Authors: Mennecke Klaas , Grela Karol , Kunz Ulrich , Kirschning Andreas
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Improved Synthesis of an Energetic Material, 1,3,3‐Trinitroazetidine (TNAZ) Exploiting 2‐Iodoxy Benzoic Acid (IBX) as an Oxidizing Agent.
Authors: Singh Alok , Sikder Nirmala , Sikder Arun K.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of trans‐Dihydrodiol Derivatives of Phenanthro[3,4‐b]thiophene and Phenanthro[4,3‐b]thiophene.
Authors: Kumar Subodh , Saravanan Srinivasan , Reuben Peter , Kumar Atul
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Enantioselective Copper(I)—Fesulphos‐Catalyzed 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides.
Authors: Cabrera Silvia , Gomez Arrayas Ramon , Carretero Juan C.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Biological Screening of Some New Novel Indole Derivatives.
Authors: Mehta D. S. , Sikotra K. H. , Shah V. H.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Antiinflammatory, Analgesic, Ulcerogenic and Lipid Peroxidation Activities of 3,5‐Dimethyl Pyrazoles, 3‐Methyl Pyrazol‐5‐ones and 3,5‐Disubstituted Pyrazolines.
Authors: Amir Mohd , Kumar Shikha
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 11H‐Indolo[3,2‐c]quinoline Derivatives Carrying a Substituent at the 6‐Position.
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Izumi Yusuke , Hayashi Kazutaka , Morikawa Osamu , Konishi Hisatoshi
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Enantioselective Biginelli Reaction Using a New Chiral Ytterbium Catalyst: Asymmetric Synthesis of Dihydropyrimidines.
Authors: Huang Yijun , Yang Fengyue , Zhu Chengjian
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Studies on Pyrazines. Part 39. Synthesis and Acidic Hydrolysis of 2‐Hydroxy‐5‐methoxypyrazine.
Authors: Sato Nobuhiro , Mizuno Akio
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation and Spectroscopic Study of 13‐Substituted 2,11‐Dithiahexahydro[3.3]paracyclophanes.
Authors: Lin Shaw‐Tao , Yang Ya‐Chen , Lin Shu‐Farn , Hwang Lih‐Jiun
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Trifluoromethyl‐Containing Depsipeptides via OH Insertion of Rhodium Carbenoid into the Carboxylic Group of N‐Protected α‐Amino Acids.
Authors: Vorob'eva Daria V. , Titanyuk Igor D. , Beletskaya Irina P. , Osipov Sergej N.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Diversity Oriented Synthesis of Tricyclic Compounds from Glycals Using the Ferrier and the Pauson—Khand Reactions.
Authors: Hotha Srinivas , Tripathi Ashish
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of HKI 0231B (I).
Authors: Scopton Alex , Kelly T. Ross
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of Murisolins and Evaluation of Tumor‐Growth Inhibitory Activity.
Authors: Maezaki Naoyoshi , Tominaga Hiroaki , Kojima Naoto , Yanai Minori , Urabe Daisuke , Ueki Risa , Tanaka Tetsuaki , Yamori Takao
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Isoflavones Containing Naturally Occurring Substitution Pattern by Oxidative Rearrangement of Respective Flavanones Using Thallium(III) p‐Tosylate.
Authors: Singh Om V. , Muthukrishnan M. , Sunderavadivelu M.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synchrotron X‐ray Diffraction Studies of Magnetic Materials under Extreme Conditions
Authors: Katsumata Koichi
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Soft Magnetic FeCo Alloys. Alloy Development, Processing, and Properties
Authors: Sundar R. S. , Deevi S. C.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chirality Transfer from Silicon to Carbon.
Authors: Oestreich Martin
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Partition Coefficients Involving Fluorous Solvents
Authors: Gladysz J. A. , Emnet Charlotte , Rabai Jozsef
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Special decompositions for eigenproblems in structural mechanics
Authors: Kaveh A. , Rahami H.
Published: March 2006

The main objective of this paper is to study those matrices which can be written as the sum of two Kronecker products. Special decompositions are proposed. Applications are extended to the eigensolution of problems from structural mechanics. It is also shown how the analysis of structures can be performed without finding the inverse of the structural matrices. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An MOCVD Approach to High‐k Praseodymium‐Based Films
Authors: Lo Nigro R. , Malandrino G. , Toro R. G. , Fragalà I. L.
Published: March 2006

New high‐k dielectric thin films have become of increasing interest over the last few years in the search for an alternative material to SiO2 gate insulators in MOS devices. Lanthanide oxides have been studied as potential candidates for SiO2 replacement. In this review, a description of the different CVD approaches to fabricating praseodymium oxide and silicate films with dielectric properties is presented. In particular, thermally activated and liquid‐injection metal‐organic (MO) CVD as well as atomic layer deposition (ALD), developed in recent years, are discussed. Examples highlighting the importance of different praseodymium precursors on the deposited phases are given. Special emphasis is placed upon deposition parameters crucial to obtain Pr2O3 films and upon interfacial characterization. In addition, dielectric properties have been correlated to structural and compositional characteristics of praseodymium‐containing films.
HfO2 and Hf1–xSixO2 Thin Films Grown by Metal‐Organic CVD Using Tetrakis(diethylamido)hafnium
Authors: Ohshita Y. , Ogura A. , Ishikawa M. , Kada T. , Hoshino A. , Suzuki T. , Machida H. , Soai K.
Published: March 2006

Pure tetrakis(diethylamido)hafnium (Hf(NEt2)4) has been synthesized as a precursor for depositing Hf‐compound films. Hf(NEt2)4 is liquid at room temperature and has sufficient vapor pressure (0.1 Torr at 80 °C) for the CVD of hafnium dioxide (HfO2) and hafnium silicate (Hf1–xSixO2). It is stable, not pyrophoric in air, and reacts violently with water. HfO2 films were grown by low‐pressure (LP)CVD using a Hf(NEt2)4/O2 gas mixture. Although nitrogen atoms tended to remain in the grown films, stoichiometric polycrystalline HfO2 films with few residual impurities and good step coverage were deposited. By introducing a silicon precursor (such as tris(diethylamino)silane ((NEt2)3SiH), tetraisocyanatosilane (Si(NCO)4), or tetraethoxysilane (Si(OEt)4)) during HfO2 LPCVD, amorphous hafnium silicate films were obtained. The amount of residual carbon and nitrogen in the Hf1–xSixO2 was affected by the type of Si precursor used. High‐purity Hf1–xSixO2 films were deposited when Si(OEt)4 was used as the silicon source.
MOCVD of Single‐Axis c‐Oriented Strontium Bismuth Titanate Thin Films and Their Electrical Properties
Authors: Takahashi K. , Suzuki M. , Oikawa T. , Kojima T. , Watanabe T. , Funakubo H.
Published: March 2006

SrBi4Ti4O15 (SBTi) films were fabricated for the first time at 700 °C by thermal metal‐organic (MO)CVD from a Bi(CH3)3‐Sr(O2C11H19)2(C8H23N5)2‐Ti(O·i‐C3H7)4‐O2 system. The deposition rate of each constituent oxide linearly increased with an increase in the input gas‐flow rate of the corresponding source. Perfectly single‐axis, c‐oriented SBTi films were obtained on (111)Pt/TiO2/SiO2/(100)Si substrates by inserting a (100)c‐oriented LaNiO3 conductive buffer layer as an interfacial template. These films had a relative dielectric constant of about 140 which showed no decrease when the film thickness was reduced to 30 nm.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Praseodymium Aluminum Oxide for Electrical Applications
Authors: de Rouffignac P. , Gordon R. G.
Published: March 2006

Praseodymium aluminum oxide (PAO) thin films were grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) from a new precursor, tris(N,N′‐diisopropylacetamidinato) praseodymium, (Pr(amd)3), trimethylaluminum (TMA), and water. Smooth, amorphous films having varying compositions of the general formula PrxAl2–xO3 were deposited on HF‐last silicon and analyzed for physical and electrical characteristics. The films were pure according to Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The permittivity of the thin film with the stoichiometry of Pr1.15Al0.85O3 was 18, and all annealed films displayed very low leakage currents compared to other high‐k oxide films deposited using ALD. A leakage current density of 1.1 × 10–4 A cm–2 was achieved for a PAO film with an equivalent oxide thickness of 1.46 nm. Annealed films also displayed nearly zero flat‐band voltage shifts and low hysteresis (< 10 mV). The optimal growth parameters and electrical properties were achieved with Pr1.15Al0.85O3. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) determined that high temperature annealing (850 °C) had no effect on the smoothness of the films (rms of 0.17 nm).
Atomic Layer Deposition and Properties of Lanthanum Oxide and Lanthanum‐Aluminum Oxide Films
Authors: Kukli K. , Ritala M. , Pore V. , Leskelä M. , Sajavaara T. , Hegde R. I. , Gilmer D. C. , Tobin P. J. , Jones A. C. , Aspinall H. C.
Published: March 2006

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of lanthanum oxide on glass and silicon substrates was examined using lanthanum silylamide, La[N(SiMe3)2]3, and water as precursors in the substrate temperature range of 150–250 °C. The effect of pulse times and precursor evaporation temperature on the growth rate and refractive index was investigated. The films remained amorphous regardless of the deposition conditions. The resulting La2O3 films contained noticeable amounts of hydrogen and silicon and were chemically unstable while stored in ambient air. Lanthanum aluminum oxide films were achieved with stoichiometry close to that of LaAlO3 at 225 °C from La[N(SiMe3)2]3, Al(CH3)3, and H2O. The lanthanum β‐diketonate precursor, La(thd)3, was used as the reference precursor.
MOCVD of ZrO2 and HfO2 Thin Films from Modified Monomeric Precursors
Authors: Patil U. , Thomas R. , Milanov A. , Bhakta R. , Ehrhart P. , Waser R. , Becker R. , Becker H.‐W. , Winter M. , Merz K. , Fischer R. A. , Devi A.
Published: March 2006

Metal‐organic precursors of Zr and Hf with excellent vaporization characteristics and low decomposition temperatures are reported. The new mixed alkoxide precursors [Zr(OtBu)2(tbaoac)2] (1) and [Hf(OtBu)2(tbaoac)2] (2) were synthesized by facile alcohol‐exchange reactions between [M(OiPr)2(L)2] and tert‐butanol [M = Zr, Hf; L = tert‐butylacetoacetate (tbaoac)]. The six‐coordinated monomeric compounds are volatile, stable in solution, and less sensitive to air and moisture compared to parent alkoxides such as [Zr(OtBu)4] and [Hf(OtBu)4]. It was possible to grow ZrO2 and HfO2 at low deposition temperatures, and the films were characterized by X‐ray diffraction ( XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Rutherford back scattering (RBS) analysis. [Zr(OtBu)2(tbaoac)2], evaluated in a multiwafer planetary MOCVD reactor combined with a liquid delivery system, yielded ZrO2 films that show promise for gate oxide applications.
Growth by Liquid‐Injection MOCVD and Properties of HfO2 Films for Microelectronic Applications
Authors: Dubourdieu C. , Rauwel E. , Millon C. , Chaudouët P. , Ducroquet F. , Rochat N. , Rushworth S. , Cosnier V.
Published: March 2006

Thin films of HfO2 were deposited on (100)Si/SiO2 by liquid‐injection metal‐organic (MO)CVD using [Hf(OtBu)2(mmp)2] dissolved in octane as the precursor. A precise thickness control on the nanometer scale was obtained by controlling the volume of injected precursor solution. Films of thickness below 10 nm were studied by means of X‐ray reflectometry (XRR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Films are amorphous for deposition temperatures below 350 °C; they are polycrystalline at deposition temperature of 360 °C and above, except for ultrathin films. Under the deposition conditions used, the main crystalline phase is the monoclinic phase as shown by ATR. AFM reveals smooth surfaces for both amorphous and polycrystalline films. The equivalent oxide thickness measured in MOS structures depends linearly on the film's thickness, and a relative dielectric permittivity ϵr of 19 is obtained, which is consistent with that expected for the monoclinic phase of bulk HfO2. Leakage current densities of the order of 1×10–4 A cm–2 for films with a physical thickness of 3.1 nm are obtained. Rapid thermal annealing under ammonia reduces the fixed charges in the oxide (Qox < 1×1011 cm–2) as well as the interfacial charge density (Dit peak = 8×1010 eV–1 cm–2).
Are carrots as good as sticks? Ex Ante efficiency of a Swedish environmental subsidy programme
Authors: Johansson Maria Vredin
Published: March 2006

We evaluate the ex ante efficiency of a major Swedish investment subsidy programme, the ‘local investment programme’ (LIP). The LIP, effective between 1998 and 2002, had parallel purposes: to step up the pace at which Sweden transforms into an ecologically sustainable society and to reduce unemployment. During the programme period, c670 million were granted to different municipal projects. We find that the marginal LIP subsidy to the largest beneficial environmental variable, reductions of carbon dioxide, does not vary significantly over projects, implying that LIP subsidy was efficiently allocated for such reductions. The beneficial variable with largest economic significance was, however, the employment variable. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Synthesis, Structure, Electrochemistry, and Metal‐Atom Dynamics of Cyclopentadienyl Ferracarboranes
Authors: Herber Rolfe H. , Kudinov Alexander R. , Zanello Piero , Nowik Israel , Perekalin Dmitry S. , Meshcheryakov Vladimir I. , Lyssenko Konstantin A. , Corsini Maddalena , Fedi Serena
Published: March 2006

A series of metallacarboranes, incorporating the CpFe fragment, were studied by electrochemical techniques, temperature‐dependent Mössbauer effect (ME) spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. The compounds studied include the parent dicarbollide complex CpFeC2B9H11 (1) and its reduced form [1]–, the charge‐compensated ferradicarbollides 1‐Cp‐4‐L‐1,2,3‐FeC2B9H10 [L = SMe2 (2a), NMe3 (2b), py (2c)] and their methylated analogs 1‐Cp‐2,3‐Me2‐4‐SMe2‐1,2,3‐FeC2B9H8 (2d) and 1‐Cp*‐4‐SMe2‐1,2,3‐FeC2B9H10 (2e), the isomeric ferratricarbollides CpFeC3B8H11 (3a–c), and the amino‐substituted derivative 1‐Cp‐12‐tBuNH‐1,2,4,12‐FeC3B8H10 (3d). The ferradicarbollides 2a–e were synthesized by reactions of the charge‐compensated dicarbollide anions [9‐L‐7,8‐R2‐7,8‐C2B9H8]– (R = H, Me) with [(C5R5)Fe(MeCN)3]+ cations. The structures of 1, [NMe3Ph][1], and 2b were investigated by X‐ray diffraction. The ME spectroscopic study elucidated the relationship between the nature of the five‐membered carborane face coordinated to the metal center and the hyperfine interaction parameters of the Fe atom. Temperature‐dependent recoil‐free fraction studies yielded the root‐mean‐square‐amplitude‐of‐vibration (rmsav) of the metal atom over a wide temperature range, which proved to be in good agreement with crystallographic Ui,j data for 1 and 3a,b. Electrochemistry shows that the isomeric ferratricarbollides 3a–c undergo reversible oxidation to the corresponding FeIII derivatives at potential values higher, on average, by about 0.4 V than those of the charge‐compensated complexes 2a–c and by about 0.8 V than that of the parent ferradicarbollide [1]–. This result indicates the strong electron‐withdrawing ability of the extra carbon atom relative to that of the replaced boron atom. As a consequence of the shift of the HOMO–LUMO frontier orbitals to the high energy levels, the FeII/FeI reduction becomes accessible. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Aryl Ferrophites – A New Class of Ligands for Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Albrow Victoria E. , Blake Alexander J. , Fryatt Ross , Wilson Claire , Woodward Simon
Published: March 2006

Enantiopure lithiated 1,2‐ferrocenes, [CpFe{1,2‐η5‐C5H3(Ar)(Li)}] (Ar = Ph, 4‐CF3C6H4, 1‐C10H7), react readily with PhOP(OR)2 to yield [CpFe{1,2‐η5‐C5H3(Ar)P(OR)2}] (R = Ph, 1,1′‐biphenyl‐based, 1,1′‐binaphthyl‐based) efficiently. Traditional routes to these species, involving the use of chlorophosphites ClP(OR)2 were found to be ineffective. These “ferrophite” ligands have been characterised by X‐ray crystallography (4 examples) and shown to be effective in both nickel‐catalysed addition of AlMe3 to PhCHO (up to 77 % ee) and copper(I)‐catalysed additions of organoaluminium reagents to enones (up to 92 % ee). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)