bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Copper–Nickel Nitride Nanosheets as Efficient Bifunctional Catalysts for Hydrazine‐Assisted Electrolytic Hydrogen Production
Authors: Wang Zhaoyang , Xu Lin , Huang Fuzhi , Qu Longbing , Li Jiantao , Owusu Kwadwo Asare , Liu Ziang , Lin Zifeng , Xiang Binhua , Liu Xiong , Zhao Kangning , Liao Xiaobin , Yang Wei , Cheng Yi‐Bing , Mai Liqiang
Published: April 2019

Electrocatalytic water splitting is one of the sustainable and promising strategies to generate hydrogen fuel but still remains a great challenge because of the sluggish anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). A very effective approach to dramatically decrease the input cell voltage of water electrolysis is to replace the anodic OER with hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR) due to its lower thermodynamic oxidation potential. Therefore, developing the low‐cost and efficient HzOR catalysts, coupled with the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), is tremendously important for energy‐saving electrolytic hydrogen production. Herein, a new‐type of copper–nickel nitride (Cu1Ni2‐N) with rich Cu4N/Ni3N interface is rationally constructed on carbon fiber cloth. The 3D electrode exhibits extraordinary HER performance with an overpotential of 71.4 mV at 10 mA cm−2 in 1.0 m KOH, simultaneously delivering an ultralow potential of 0.5 mV at 10 mA cm−2 for HzOR in a 1.0 m KOH/0.5 m hydrazine electrolyte. Moreover, the electrolytic cell utilizing the synthesized Cu1Ni2‐N electrode as both the cathode and anode display a cell voltage of 0.24 V at 10 mA cm−2 with an excellent stability over 75 h. The present work develops the promising copper–nickel‐based nitride as a bifunctional electrocatalyst through hydrazine‐assistance for energy‐saving electrolytic hydrogen production.
Catalytic Strategies to Convert 2‐Halopyridines to 2‐Alkylpyridines
Authors: Blackburn J. Miles , Roizen Jennifer L.
Published: April 2019

Over the past decade, improvements in synthetic technologies have increased the feasibility and practicality of the preparation of 2‐alkylpyridines from 2‐halopyridines. Advances in iron‐, nickel, and palladium‐catalysis have increased efficiency in the access of 2‐alkylpyridines with traditional cross‐coupling approaches. Additionally, the emergence of cross‐electrophile coupling reactions and photoredox catalysis strategies have proven to be enabling technologies for the synthesis of 2‐alkylpyridines. Nevertheless, these developments reveal remaining opportunities for more efficient, mild, and straightforward methods to access a broader range of 2‐alkylpyridines from 2‐halopyridines.
Fe3O4@SiO2@Im‐bisethylFc [HC2O4] as a novel recyclable heterogeneous nanocatalyst for synthesis of bis‐coumarin derivatives
Authors: Teimuri‐Mofrad Reza , Tahmasebi Shabnam , Payami Elmira
Published: April 2019

Nanomagnetic bisethylferrocene‐containing ionic liquid supported on silica‐coated iron oxide (Fe3O4@SiO2@Im‐bisethylFc [HC2O4]) as a novel catalyst was designed and synthesized. The described catalyst was recycled and used without change in the time and efficiency of the condensation reaction. The Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), scanning electron microscopy images, X‐ray diffraction patterns, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope and vibrating‐sample magnetometer results confirmed the formation of Fe3O4@SiO2@Im‐bisethylFc [HC2O4] magnetic nanoparticle. The novel bis‐coumarin derivatives were identified by 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, FT‐IR and CHNS analysis.
Helical side chain chemistry of a peptoid‐based SP‐C analogue: Balancing structural rigidity and biomimicry
Authors: Brown Nathan J. , Lin Jennifer S. , Barron Annelise E.
Published: April 2019

Surfactant protein C (SP‐C) is an important constituent of lung surfactant (LS) and, along with SP‐B, is included in exogenous surfactant replacement therapies for treating respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). SP‐C's biophysical activity depends upon the presence of a rigid C‐terminal helix, of which the secondary structure is more crucial to functionality than precise side‐chain chemistry. SP‐C is highly sequence‐conserved, suggesting that the β‐branched, aliphatic side chains of the helix are also important. Nonnatural mimics of SP‐C were created using a poly‐N‐substituted glycine, or “peptoid,” backbone. The mimics included varying amounts of α‐chiral, aliphatic side chains and α‐chiral, aromatic side chains in the helical region, imparting either biomimicry or structural rigidity. Biophysical studies confirmed that the peptoids mimicked SP‐C's secondary structure and replicated many of its surface‐active characteristics. Surface activity was optimized by incorporating both structurally rigid and biomimetic side chain chemistries in the helical region indicating that both characteristics are important for activity. By balancing these features in one mimic, a novel analogue was created that emulates SP‐C's in vitro surface activity while overcoming many of the challenges related to natural SP‐C. Peptoid‐based analogues hold great potential for use in a synthetic, biomimetic LS formulation for treating RDS.
Vitamin D3 enhances the response to cisplatin in bladder cancer through VDR and TAp73 signaling crosstalk
Authors: Bunch Brittany L. , Ma Yingyu , Attwood Kristopher , Amable Lauren , Luo Wei , Morrison Carl , Guru Khurshid A. , Woloszynska‐Read Anna , Hershberger Pamela A. , Trump Donald L. , Johnson Candace S.
Published: April 2019

Background

Vitamin D3 (VitD) deficiency is linked to increased incidence and worse survival in bladder cancer (BCa). In addition to cystectomy, patients are treated with cisplatin‐based chemotherapy, however 30%‐50% of patients do not benefit from this treatment. The effects of VitD deficiency on response to chemotherapy remain unknown.

Methods

To test effects of VitD supplementation on the response to cisplatin we analyzed patient serum VitD levels and correlated that with survival. In vivo, VitD deficient mice were treated with cisplatin, with or without pretreatment with the active VitD metabolite, 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3). Lastly, using BCa cell lines, T24 and RT‐112, the mechanism of action of 1,25D3 and cisplatin combination treatment was determined by apoptosis assays, as well as western blot and RT‐PCR.

Results

In this study, we determined that low serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D3 (25D3) levels was significantly associated with worse response to cisplatin. Pretreating deficient mice with 1,25D3, reduced tumor volume compared to cisplatin monotherapy. In vitro, 1,25D3 pretreatment increased the apoptotic response to cisplatin. 1,25D3 pretreatment increased expression of TAp73 and its pro‐apoptotic targets, in a VDR dependent manner. VDR and its transcriptional targets were induced after 1,25D3 treatment and further increased after the combination of 1,25D3 and cisplatin in a TAp73 dependent manner.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that VitD deficiency could be a biomarker for poor response to cisplatin, and pretreating with VitD can increase the apoptotic response to cisplatin through VDR and TAp73 signaling crosstalk.
A three‐leg resonant converter for two output LED lighting application with independent control
Authors: Ch Kasi Ramakrishnareddy , Porpandiselvi Shunmugam , Vishwanathan Neti
Published: April 2019

A three‐leg resonant converter is proposed to drive two light emitting diode (LED) lamps of different power ratings. This may be required when both main and local lighting are essential. The proposed converter is operated simultaneously at two different frequencies. Two series resonant circuits are used to allow two different frequency currents. Each lamp is powered through a series resonant circuit and is controlled independently. LED lamp currents are regulated at the desired operating current by using phase‐modulation control and asymmetrical duty ratio control. In addition, pulse‐width modulation (PWM) dimming control is implemented for two LED lamps independently. The proposed topology has advantages of zero‐voltage switching (ZVS), regulation of lamp currents, independent illumination control, and high efficiency. A 126‐W prototype has been developed experimentally to confirm its working principle, performance, and validity.
Counseling Jewish Americans: Considerations for Practice
Authors: Flasch Paulina , Fulton Cheryl L.
Published: April 2019

Jewish Americans represent both a minority religious group and a minority ethnic group with specific concerns related to Jewish identity, stereotypes, antisemitism, and invisibility as a minority. Counselors may lack spiritual, religious, and overall multicultural competencies for working effectively with this population. The authors offer a brief primer on Jewish Americans, literature on Jewish identity and potential client concerns, practical and clinical considerations, and suggestions for future research.
Counselors' Experiences of Workplace Aggression and Organizational Values: A Descriptive Analysis
Authors: Honderich Eleni M. , Grunhaus Colleen M. , Martin Clayton V.
Published: April 2019

Limited research exists on workplace aggression within the counseling profession despite its negative ramifications for clinical practice. The authors conducted a descriptive study to explore the prevalence and common forms of workplace aggression experienced by a sample of practicing counselors (N = 117). More than 50% of counselors reported the experience of at least 1 aggressive act, and nearly 25% met the threshold for workplace aggression. The authors discuss the implications of these results and consider workplace aggression's incongruity with professional counseling values.
microRNA‐30a inhibits the liver cell proliferation and promotes cell apoptosis through the JAK/STAT signaling pathway by targeting SOCS‐1 in rats with sepsis
Authors: Yuan Feng‐Hua , Chen You‐Lian , Zhao Ying , Liu Zhen‐Mi , Nan Chuan‐Chuan , Zheng Biao‐Lin , Liu Xue‐Yan , Chen Xiao‐Yin
Published: April 2019

Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response that may be induced by trauma, infection, surgery, and burns. With the aim of discovering novel treatment targets for sepsis, this current study was conducted to investigate the effect and potential mechanism by which microRNA‐30a (miR‐30a) controls sepsis‐induced liver cell proliferation and apoptosis. Rat models of sepsis were established by applying the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) method to simulate sepsis models. The binding site between miR‐30a and suppressor of cytokine signaling protein 1 (SOCS‐1) was determined by dual luciferase reporter gene assay. The gain‐of‐and‐loss‐of‐function experiments were applied to analyze the effects of miR‐30a and SOCS‐1 on liver cell proliferation and apoptosis of the established sepsis rat models. The expression of miR‐30a, SOCS‐1, Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), Bcl‐2 associated X protein (Bax), B cell lymphoma‐2 (Bcl‐2), toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4), and high‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and the extent of JAK2 and STAT3 phosphorylation were all determined. Sepsis led to an elevation of miR‐30a and also a decline of SOCS‐1 in the liver cells. SOCS‐1 was negatively regulated by miR‐30a. Upregulated miR‐30a and downregulated SOCS‐1 increased the expression of JAK2, STAT3, Bax, TLR4, and HMGB1 as well as the extent of JAK2 and STAT3 phosphorylation whereas impeding the expression of SOCS‐1 and Bcl‐2. More important, either miR‐30a elevation or SOCS‐1 silencing suppressed liver cell proliferation and also promoted apoptosis. On the contrary, the inhibition of miR‐30a exhibited the opposite effects. Altogether, we come to the conclusion that miR‐30a inhibited the liver cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis by targeting and negatively regulating SOCS‐1 via the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in rats with sepsis.
One functional variant in the 3′‐untranslated region of TLR4 is associated with the elevated risk of ventilator‐associated pneumonia in the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Zhao Xiaoyun , Feng Jihong , Zhang Li , Zhao Fang , Li Meifeng , Du Ying , Li Yuechuan , Wu Qi , Li Guanhua
Published: April 2019

The aim of this study was to identify the association polymorphism (rs11536889) in the 3′‐untranslated region (3′‐UTR) of Toll‐like receptors 4 (TLR4) and the risk for ventilator‐associated pneumonia (VAP). miRNA database online and luciferase assays were used to validate TLR4 as the target gene of miR‐1236. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay analysis and western blot were used to analyze the level of TLR4 in different genotype groups. In the present study, miR‐1236 was predicted to bind to the rs11536889 G allele rather than the rs11536889 C allele, which was further confirmed by the luciferase activity suppressed by a fragment of 3′‐UTR containing the rs11536889 G allele induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6). Bronchial epithelial cells isolated from participants genotyped as GG, GC, and CC, with no remarkable difference in TLR4 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were observed among these genotype groups. After stimulating by LPS, a TLR4 ligand, the CC‐genotyped cells expressed higher levels of IL‐8, IL‐6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) on their surfaces than cells with the other genotypes. Finally, the western blot analysis results showed that the expression level of IL‐8, IL‐6, and TNF‐α protein was much higher in the CC group than the GC and GG groups subsequent to stimulation by LPS, and the IL‐8, IL‐6, and TNF‐α protein levels in the GC were grouped much lower compared with the GG group. These findings indicated the regulatory association of miR‐1236 with TLR4 and the abnormal expression of TLR4 caused by the presence of rs11536889 in the 3′‐UTR of mRNA, which interfere with its interaction with the miR‐1236, contributing to the risk of VAP.
Immune effects of glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation metabolic pathway in protecting against bacterial infection
Authors: Li Yan , Jia Anna , Wang Yuexin , Dong Lin , Wang Yufei , He Ying , Wang Shiyao , Cao Yejin , Yang Hui , Bi Yujing , Liu Guangwei
Published: April 2019

The metabolism of immune cells reprograms inflammatory responses to protect against infection by pathogenic microorganisms, but the immune effects of glycolysis and the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) metabolic pathway remain unclear. Herein, the effects of glycolysis or OXPHOS on the neutrophils and T cells were investigated using a pharmacological approach in mice. 2‐Deoxy‐d‐glucose (2‐DG), which blocks the key enzyme hexokinase of glycolysis, and dimethyl malonate (DMM), which blocks the key element succinate of OXPHOS, both efficiently expanded the population of neutrophils, but significantly inhibited tumor necrosis factor a secretion and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. These compounds also effectively inhibited the differentiation of type 1 T helper cells (Th1) but had no effects on the differentiation of type 2 T helper cells (Th2) and regulatory T cells. A study of the underlying mechanism showed that hypoxia‐inducible factor 1‐alpha (HIF1α) was an upstream signal in the regulation of glycolysis, but not OXPHOS. In thioglycolate broth‐induced neutrophil peritonitis, blockade of glycolysis or OXPHOS efficiently expanded the population of neutrophils, but diminished their abilities to secrete proinflammatory factors, produce ROS, and phagocytose bacteria. In Listeria monocytogenes bacteria‐infected mice, 2‐DG or DMM treatment consistently inhibited antibacterial activity and Th1 function. Thus, our results provide a basis for comprehensively understanding the role of glycolysis and OXPHOS in anti‐infectious immunity.
Are all rivers equal? The role of education in attitudes towards temporary and perennial rivers
Authors: Leigh Catherine , Boersma Kate S. , Galatowitsch Mark L. , Milner Victoria S. , Stubbington Rachel
Published: April 2019

Temporary rivers (TRs) are prevalent, biodiverse ecosystems yet often overlooked and underprotected. This may be because inadequate understanding of their ecosystem services leaves them undervalued by society. However, evidence of negative attitudes towards TRs is scant.

We investigated the strength and extent of negative attitudes by surveying undergraduate students from Australia, UK, and USA on their agreement (positive attitude) or disagreement (negative attitude) with statements about the ecosystem services, moral consideration, and protection of perennial and TRs. Students were surveyed at the start and end of teaching units covering environmental topics.

Disagreement with statements was uncommon (17% across all statements and surveys) and attitudes towards TRs were mostly positive. However, attitudes towards perennial rivers were more positive, particularly in comparison with non‐flowing TRs and with regard to their aesthetic value and recreational amenity. There were no significant differences in attitudes towards perennial and TRs in one teaching unit in Australia, and responses were more often more positive at the end of teaching units in the UK.

Our study indicates education can change attitudes. The overall positive response to statements may reflect underlying environmental awareness and pre‐existing interest of participants enrolled in environmental and biology degrees, but not necessarily specific knowledge of TRs. General environmental education across the wider community could improve attitudes towards TRs, particularly when they are not flowing or in regions where they are uncommon or inconspicuous, and could support positive protection measures and innovative, inclusive management.

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Erratum zu: Qualitätskriterien forensischer Ambulanzen des Strafvollzugs
Authors: Schwarze C. , Voß T. , Kliesch O. , Bauer A. , Braunisch S. , Feil M. G. , Fellmann H. , von Franqué F. , Freese R. , Gretenkord Y. , Huchzermeier C. , Jückstock V. , Klemm T. , Kroon-Heinzen H. , Martin R. , Pitzing J. , Wegner K. , Zisterer-Schick M.
Published: April 2019

Erratum zu:

Forens Psychiatr Psychol Kriminol 2018

10.1007/s11757-018-0476-1

Der Artikel Qualitätskriterien forensischer Ambulanzen des Strafvollzugs von C. Schwarze et al. wurde ursprünglich am 1. Juni 2018 ohne „Open Access“ online auf der Internetplattform des Verlags publiziert. …
Factors influencing Detrital Mineralogy and Tectono-provenance of Fort Member Sandstone, Jaisalmer Formation, Western Rajasthan, India
Authors: Ahmad Faiz , Quasim M. A. , Ahmad A. H. M. , Ghaznavi Asma A. , Khan Z. , Albaroot M.
Published: April 2019

Detrital mineralogy of the sandstone of Fort Member of Jurassic Jaisalmer basin has been investigated with respect to provenance, the influence of palaeoclimate, distance of transport and effects of diagenesis on the detrital mineralogy. Petrographic studies based on quantitative analysis of the detrital minerals revealed that the sandstones are composed mostly of quartz, feldspar, mica, chert, rock fragments and heavy minerals. The detrital modes of the studied Fort Member sandstone, which are indicative of mature stable cratonic blocks and recycled orogen provenance, where sediments are likely to be derived from collision orogen under semi-humid to humid climatic conditions. Petrographic data coupled with the palaeocurrent analysis results indicate a mixed provenance including granites, granite-gneisses, low and high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Aravalli craton.
Mineralogical and Chemical Characterization of Low Grade Iron Ore Fines from Barsua Area, Eastern India with Implications on Beneficiation and Waste Utilization
Authors: Patra Satyananda , Pattanaik Abhyarthana , Venkatesh Akella Satya , Venugopal Rayasam
Published: April 2019

The consumption of iron ore has increased rapidly over the past decade due to the tremendous growth of iron and steel industry. The depletion of high grade iron ore resources make it inevitable to utilize the existing low grade iron ores/ fines/ tailings with effective beneficiation to meet the present specification and demand. Enormous amounts of fines are produced both from the natural geological process as well during the mechanized mining operations which is hitherto in unknown resource present in the form of waste. Beneficiation and utilization of these fines/tailings still remains a challenging task. In order to find out the effective way of utilization of these fines, an in-depth characterization study is essential. A detailed insight into the different mineralogical attributes involving microscopic SEM-EDX, EPMA, XRD, FTIR, TGA, physical and chemical characterization are undertaken on the Barsua iron ores fines. These studies revealed that hematite and goethite are the major iron bearing minerals with gibbsite, kaolinite and quartz present as gangue that makes up the deleterious Al and Si content. Traces of magnetite is also observed along with martite. The liberation size of the sample is found to be below 150 μm. The bulk chemical composition shows around 57.67% Fe, 6.29% Al2O3, 3.52% SiO2 and 6.93% LOI. Based on the detailed characterization, possible routes of beneficiation of the iron ore fines are discussed.
Influence of Thermal Conductivity of Rocks on Polar Ice Sheet Recession near Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica
Authors: Swain Ashit Kumar
Published: April 2019

Thermal conductivity of individual rock types plays a noteworthy role in melting of the ice mass at the contact with the rocks. These are heavily influenced by their mineral constituents and the structural fabrics within the rocks. In the decreasing order of influence on melting of the nearby ice mass, the exposed rock units of Schirmacher Oasis are demarcated as metapelites (6.1 ± 0.37 Wm−1K−1), quartzofeldspathic augen gneiss (6.08 ± 0.04 Wm–1K–1), garnet rich biotite quartzofeldspathic gneiss with rare layers of amphibolites (4.34 ± 0.68 Wm–1K–1), charnockite-enderbite interlayered with pyroxene granulite (3.99 ± 0.44 Wm–1K–1), quartzofeldspathic gneiss ± garnet with few enclaves of charnockite and pyroxene granulites (3.53 ± 0.22 Wm–1K–1), norite (3.38 ± 0.26 Wm–1K–1), dolerite dykes (3.32 ± 0.15 Wm–1K–1). Metamafic and metaultramafic rocks occurring as enclaves in charnockitic zones (3.07 ± 0.11 Wm–1K–1), nodular basaltic dykes (2.98 ± 0.16 Wm–1K–1) and lamprophyre dykes (2.77 ± 0.18 Wm–1K–1). The detail investigation around Dakshin Gangotri Glacier snout at the margin of the Schirmacher Oasis and the Polar ice sheet indicates that the rocks with higher thermal conductivity values show a higher average annual recession than that of the lower thermal conductivity values. The spatial distribution and the variations in the thermal conductivity of the rocks in different places within the Schirmacher Oasis are one of the factors contributing to the differential rate of Polar ice sheet recession at its margin.
Clay Minerals and Associated Metals in Mudflat Core Sediments of the Vaghotan Estuary, India: Implications of Metal Sorption
Authors: Nasnodkar Maheshwar R. , Nayak Ganapati N.
Published: April 2019

Mudflat core sediments representing sub (V-1) and main (V-2) channels of the Vaghotan estuary were investigated for clay mineralogy and their chemistry. The depositional environment has regulated differential flocculation of clay minerals in sub and main channels of the estuary. The concentration of kaolinite and smectite was higher than illite and chlorite in sediments which was attributed to the weathering of laterites and Deccan basalts in the drainage basin, and river-sea water mixing condition. Further, the concentration of Al, Fe, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn and Cr in the clay fraction was higher in the sub-channel than the main channel of the estuary. The variation in clay minerals composition, source of metals and depositional conditions regulated the distribution of metals in sub and main channels of the estuary. The significant correlation of smectite with Zn, and kaolinite with Al, Fe, Mn, Ni, Co and Cr in core V-2 suggests their role in sorption of metals. However, clay minerals (except smectite with Zn) showed insignificant correlation with metals in the core V-1. In the sub-channel adsorbents, other than the clay minerals seemed to have regulated the sorption of metals.
Tailored Text Message Prompts to Increase Therapy Homework Adherence: A Single-Case Randomised Controlled Study
Authors: Alfonsson Sven , Englund Joakim , Parling Thomas
Published: April 2019

Background:Psychotherapy homework completion is associated with positive treatment outcomes, but many patients show low adherence to prescribed assignments. Whether text-message prompts are effective in increasing adherence to assignments is unknown.Aims:To evaluate whether tailored daily text-message prompts can increase homework adherence in a stress/anxiety treatment.Method:This study used a randomised controlled single-case alternating treatment design with parallel replication in seven participants. Participants received a five-week relaxation program for stress and anxiety with daily exercises. The intervention consisted of daily text messages tailored for each participant. Phases with or without text messages were randomly alternated over the study course. Randomisation tests were used to statistically analyse differences in mean number of completed relaxation exercises between phases.Results:There was a significant (combinedp= .018) effect of daily text messages on homework adherence across participants with weak to medium effect size improvements. No negative effects of daily text messages were identified.Conclusions:Tailored text messages can marginally improve adherence to assignments for patients in CBT. Further studies may investigate how text messages can be made relevant for more patients and whether text messages can be used to increase homework quality rather than quantity.
LIU ZEHUA 劉澤華 (1935–2018)
Authors: Pines Yuri
Published: April 2019

This obituary surveys the biography and major works of Liu Zehua, a leading scholar of China’s intellectual history, political thought, and political culture. It explores the impact of Liu Zehua’s personal experience, in particular the upheavals of the Cultural Revolution, on his conceptualization of Chinese political culture as subjugated to the overarching principle of monarchism. Liu Zehua’s critical engagement with China’s past distinguished him from proponents of revival of traditional values and made him one of the powerful opponents of cultural conservatives in China.
Simplicity of Lyapunov spectrum for linear cocycles over non-uniformly hyperbolic systems
Authors: BACKES LUCAS , POLETTI MAURICIO , VARANDAS PAULO , LIMA YURI
Published: April 2019

We prove that generic fiber-bunched and Hölder continuous linear cocycles over a non-uniformly hyperbolic system endowed with a$u$-Gibbs measure have simple Lyapunov spectrum. This gives an affirmative answer to a conjecture proposed by Viana in the context of fiber-bunched linear cocycles.
On the robustness of emptying filling boxes to sudden changes in the wind
Authors: Craske John , Hughes Graham O.
Published: April 2019

We determine the smallest instantaneous increase in the strength of an opposing wind that is necessary to permanently reverse the forward displacement flow that is driven by a two-layer thermal stratification. With an interpretation in terms of the flow’s energetics, the results clarify why the ventilation of a confined space with a stably stratified buoyancy field is less susceptible to being permanently reversed by the wind than the ventilation of a space with a uniform buoyancy field. For large opposing wind strengths we derive analytical upper and lower bounds for the system’s marginal stability, which exhibit a good agreement with the exact solution, even for modest opposing wind strengths. The work extends a previous formulation of the problem (Lishman & Woods, Build. Environ., vol. 44 (4), 2009, pp. 666–673) by accounting for the transient dynamics and energetics associated with the homogenisation of the interior, which prove to play a significant role in buffering temporal variations in the wind.
Dynamic Ecological Inference for Time-Varying Population Distributions Based on Sparse, Irregular, and Noisy Marginal Data
Authors: Caughey Devin , Wang Mallory
Published: April 2019

Social scientists are frequently interested in how populations evolve over time. Creating poststratification weights for surveys, for example, requires information on the weighting variables’ joint distribution in the target population. Typically, however, population data are sparsely available across time periods. Even when population data are observed, the content and structure of the data—which variables are observed and whether their marginal or joint distributions are known—differ across time, in ways that preclude straightforward interpolation. As a consequence, survey weights are often based only on the small subset of auxiliary variables whose joint population distribution is observed regularly over time, and thus fail to take full advantage of auxiliary information. To address this problem, we develop a dynamic Bayesian ecological inference model for estimating multivariate categorical distributions from sparse, irregular, and noisy data on their marginal (or partially joint) distributions. Our approach combines (1) a Dirichlet sampling model for the observed margins conditional on the unobserved cell proportions; (2) a set of equations encoding the logical relationships among different population quantities; and (3) a Dirichlet transition model for the period-specific proportions that pools information across time periods. We illustrate this method by estimating annual U.S. phone-ownership rates by race and region based on population data irregularly available between 1930 and 1960. This approach may be useful in a wide variety of contexts where scholars wish to make dynamic ecological inferences about interior cells from marginal data. A new R package estsubpop implements the method.
Bulk Stable Isotope Analyses of 14C Dated Carbonized Crusts on the Earliest Potteries of Northeastern Europe
Authors: Mökkönen Teemu , Nordqvist Kerkko
Published: April 2019

This paper presents bulk stable isotope (δ13C, δ15N, C/N ratio) measurements of14C dated carbonized crusts on 6th and 5th millennium cal BC pottery from Finland and northwestern Russia. Based on this data, it explores the differences in the origins of crusts attached on the inner and outer surfaces of vessels, and the changes in dietary practices and pottery use. It is argued that during the earliest phase of pottery use, mostly terrestrial ingredients were processed in the vessels, and aquatic resources became visible centuries later during the 5th millennium cal BC.
Public Attitudes Toward Immigration in the United States, France, and Germany. By Joel S. Fetzer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 272p. $54.95 cloth, $19.95 paper.
Authors: Lahav Gallya
Published: April 2019

Joel Fetzer is to be congratulated for a serious attempt to bring a public opinion approach to comparative immigration politics. His book represents an ambitious step toward bridging the gap between policy input and output in the immigration equation of advanced industrialized democracies. Its occasional choppy organization and underdeveloped data analysis tend to distract from the import of the work and leave the reader yearning for a deeper and more substantive discussion.
The Cultural Construction of International Relations: The Invention of the State of Nature. By Beate Jahn. New York: Palgrave, 2000. 182p. $65.00. The State and Identity Construction in International Relations. Edited by Sarah Owen Vandersluis. New York: St. Martin's, 2000. 207p. $69.95.
Authors: Weber Cynthia
Published: April 2019

Conceptualizing the sovereign nation-state remains a core concern in the discipline of international relations (IR). Yet, as the volumes by Sarah Owen Vandersluis and Beate Jahn demonstrate, the theoretical location of this conceptual debate is shifting. Questions of identity, like those regarding sovereign nation-states, were answered in the 1990s with reference to terms like social construction. In the new millennium, “the social” is increasingly joined by “the cultural” as an intellectual marker of how serious IR scholars must pose questions of identity. Why this shift? And what difference does it make to our understandings of sovereign nation-states, not to mention IR theory more generally?
Same Bed, Different Dreams: Managing U.S.-China Relations, 1989–2000. By David M. Lampton. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. 497p. $35.00.
Authors: Bachman David
Published: April 2019

David M. Lampton's book on the U.S.-China relationship is the best in a series of strong works on the topic in recent years. In contrast to James Mann's About Face (1999) and Patrick Tyler's A Great Wall (1999), books by scholarly journalists that cover the history of the relationship from the late 1960s to the late 1990s and that use declassified documents from the U.S. side extensively, Lampton concentrates solely on the former Bush and Clinton administrations. Moreover, he takes great advantage of his experience as president of the National Committee on United States–China Relations from 1988 to 1996 (he was professor of political science at Ohio State University before serving on the committee, and he is now a professor at Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies) to illustrate the ins and outs of U.S.-China relations. In contrast to Mann and Tyler, Lampton had great access to top Chinese leaders (and top U.S. officials as well) on a recurring basis, and the Chinese side is presented here with more insight than in any other source.
IBN KHALDUN: THE LAST GREEK AND THE FIRST ANNALISTE HISTORIAN
Authors: Dale Stephen Frederic
Published: April 2019

Despite the attention that scholars have lavished on Ibn Khaldun's Muqaddima, the historiographical significance of that remarkable work is still not well understood. Scholars continue to discuss the Muqaddima largely within the context of Islamic historiography, even though most of them regard it as an anomaly that differs fundamentally from the works of other Muslim historians. In certain respects, the Muqaddima belongs to an Islamic historical tradition, that of al-Tabari and al-Masעudi. Yet, its dominant intellectual lineage is the rationalist thought that stretches from the Peripatetic philosophers, and especially from Aristotle (384–322 BCE), through such Greco–Islamic thinkers as al-Farabi (870–950 CE), Ibn Sina (980–1037 CE), and Ibn Rushd (1126–1198 CE) onward to European philosophical historians and sociologists of the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. It is precisely because Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406 CE) used the logical apparatus and materialist assumptions of this rationalist tradition as the conceptual basis for his new historical science that he can be characterized as the last Greek historian. He can be considered the first Annaliste historian because the same Greek philosophical heritage influenced both the sociologist Émile Durkheim, who wrote his Latin dissertation on Montesquieu (1689–1755 CE), and also Durkheim's student, Marc Bloch, the cofounder of the Annales School. This heritage is also visible in an attenuated form in Fernand Braudel's distinction between the longue durée and the history of events. Indeed, Ibn Khaldun developed what modern scholars would identify as a structuralist methodology, using classical logic to identify enduring socioeconomic realities underlying cultural phenomena and ephemeral events, what he describes as the “general conditions of regions, races and periods that constitute the historian's foundation.”
NOTORIOUS SUBJECTS, INVISIBLE CITIZENS: NORTH CAUCASIAN RESISTANCE TO THE TURKISH NATIONAL MOVEMENT IN NORTHWESTERN ANATOLIA, 1919–23
Authors: Gingeras Ryan
Published: April 2019

This piece raises the historical and contemporary importance of a little-known campaign of resistance to the ascendancy of the Turkish National Movement (a movement that would later spawn the Republic of Turkey) during the Turkish War of Independence. Unlike other acts of resistance carried out by Ottoman Christians and Kurds, the rebellion profiled here was largely led and populated by members of the north Caucasian or Circassian diaspora of northwestern Anatolia. As a population that became economically and socially disjointed through settlement along the southern littoral of the Marmara Sea, a significant component of this exile community repeatedly rejected forces led by Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk). This article approaches the Circassian rebels' provincial origins and motivations and offers new insights into localist, as opposed to nationalist, forces that have both shaped and resisted the formation of the Republic of Turkey.
REASSESSING EGYPT'S DUAL SYSTEM OF EDUCATION UNDER ISMAʿIL: GROWING ʿILM AND SHIFTING GROUND IN EGYPT'S FIRST EDUCATIONAL JOURNAL, RAWDAT AL-MADARIS, 1870–77
Authors: Yousef Hoda A.
Published: April 2019

The comprehensive attempt at school reform undertaken in Egypt in the 1870s is often depicted as part of a larger process of reform whereby “new” notions of education were irrevocably parting ways with the “old,” creating the outlines of a bifurcated system of education that pitted new modern/secular/government schools against traditional/religious/Islamic schools of Egypt's past. Far from a clean break or clear progression from old to new, however, writers, reformers, and bureaucrats of the time were actively negotiating a shifting educational landscape—one that did not see the path of educational reform necessarily diverging from older modes of teaching and learning. This examination of the era and Egypt's first educational journal, Rawdat al-Madaris (The Garden of the Schools), explores early tensions in the Egyptian educational system. While emphatically espousing an inclusive definition of knowledge (ʿilm), the budding Egyptian educational bureaucracy represented in Rawdat al-Madaris was simultaneously reinforcing certain institutional realities that would profoundly impact how, where, and ultimately at whose hands this knowledge would be imparted
In vitro anthelmintic activity ofSiparuna guianensisextract and essential oil againstStrongyloides venezuelensis
Authors: Carvalho V.F. , Ramos L. dos A. , da Silva C.A. , Nebo L. , Moraes D. , da Silva F.F.A. , da Costa N.C.A. , Rodrigues Junior R. de O. , de Souza L.F. , Rodrigues R.M.
Published: April 2019

New therapeutic approaches are necessary to control strongyloidiasis due to the side effects of, and resistance to, currently available drugs thiabendazole, albendazole, and ivermectin. This study examined the anthelmintic properties of extracts and isolated compounds fromSiparuna guianensisagainstStrongyloides venezuelensiseggs and larvae, using the egg hatching test (EHT) and larval motility test (LMT). Albendazole (0.025 mg/ml) and ivermectin (0.316 mg/ml) were used as the positive controls for the EHT and LMT assays, respectively.Strongyloides venezuelensiseggs or larvae (±50 specimens) were treated with ethanol extract (0.05–1.0 mg/ml), ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions (0.05–0.8 mg/ml), essential oil (0.2–1.0 mg/ml) and α-bisabolol (0.2–1.0 mg/ml) fromS. guianensis, and analysed by optical microscopy after 48 h (EHT), or after 24, 48 and 72 h (LMT). All the tested compounds exhibited ovicidal activity equivalent to the positive control and changed the morphology of the eggs. TheS. guianensisethanol extract and aqueous fraction were as effective as the positive control. Phytochemical analysis of the ethanol extract and fractions revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, tannins and flavonoids. Therefore,S. guianensisis effective againstS. venezuelensiseggs and larvaein vitro, and can be considered as a potential alternative treatment for strongyloidiasis.
Arabic in Madagascar
Authors: VERSTEEGH KEES
Published: April 2019

This paper deals with a secret language (kalamo) spoken by the Anakara clan of the Antaimoro tribe in the south-east of Madagascar. According to their own tradition, they migrated to the island between the twelfth and the fifteenth centuries, from the Arabian peninsula. Their sacred writings (sorabe) are written in Arabic script in a mixture of Malagasy and Arabic. The secret language kalamo contains a large number of Arabic loanwords, as well as Malagasy words that have been coded by various phonological processes. The analysis of the loanwords helps to elucidate the origin of the kalamo, which may contain elements of a pre-existing Arabic pidgin. Their phonetic form shows that the Islamic migrants in Madagascar may indeed have come originally from the Arabian peninsula.
Woodblock dyeing and printing technology in China, c. 700 A.D.: the innovations of Ms. Liu, and other evidence
Authors: BARRETT T. H.
Published: April 2019

Francesca Bray has recently pointed to the neglected role of women in the history of Chinese technology. This article takes up one example, and shows that the work of one woman inventor, whose personal name is unknown but whose family name was Liu, may be securely dated to between 712 and 724. From later descriptions it is also possible to discern that her invention (or just possibly the invention of another craftsperson, which she was able to introduce to court circles) consisted of the bringing together of two carefully carved woodblocks to create a resist for dyeing cloth. Ths in turn suggests that she may well have been familiear with woodblock printing, an invention for which there are also other forms of indirect evidence at about the same time. Since her family was relatively prominent, it may in future be possible to find about more about this inventor from genealogical materials.
Short-term memory problems for phonemes’ serial order in adults with dyslexia: Evidence from a different analysis of the Nonword repetition task
Authors: Schraeyen Kirsten , Van der Elst Wim , Geudens Astrid , Ghesquière Pol , Sandra Dominiek
Published: April 2019

Many studies show that poor readers make more errors in nonword repetition than better readers. Although this finding is generally linked to the lower quality of poor readers’ phonological representations in verbal short-term memory, the nature of this poor performance remains unclear. We addressed this issue by focusing on two types of phoneme-related performance in a nonword repetition task: (a) recall of phonemes irrespective of their serial order (phoneme identity) and (b) recall of correctly reproduced phonemes’ serial order (serial order). We tested 91 young adults with and without dyslexia. Generalized linear mixed-effects models demonstrated that controls outperformed individuals with dyslexia in the recall of phonemes’ serial order but failed to detect a difference in the recall of phonemes’ identity. These findings are discussed not only in terms of the nature of or access to phonological representations but also in terms of another concept that has recently been advanced in the literature: a specialized serial order mechanism in verbal short-term memory. We also consider the possibility that individuals with dyslexia may be less sensitive to phonotactic constraints.
A GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE STREET OF THE DEAD AT THE TLAJINGA DISTRICT, TEOTIHUACAN, MEXICO
Authors: Stahlschmidt Mareike C. , McClung de Tapia Emily , Gutiérrez-Castorena Ma. del Carmen
Published: April 2019

Archaeological investigations undertaken by the Proyecto Arqueológico Tlajinga Teotihuacán are focused on understanding urban expansion and household economies in this southern district of the city. Our geoarchaeological research addresses similar topics through examination of relevant microstratigraphic and botanical signatures as well as those relevant to reconstructing paleoenvironment. We investigated four different contexts at Tlajinga: the southern extension of the Street of the Dead, an obsidian working area outside Compound 17:S3E1, anthropogenic and natural layers below Compound 18:S3E1, and a soil profile at the San Lorenzo river. We employed micromorphological, pollen, and phytolith analyses as well as standard soil analytics to study the various deposits in these contexts. Our analysis demonstrates artificial lowering of the tepetate for continuing the axis of the Street of the Dead, microdebitage from obsidian working outside Compound 17:S3E1, and the preservation of in situ burning activities at Compound 18:S3E1. Further, we reconstruct alluvial infilling of the Street of the Dead with pedogenetic overprinting and present further evidence on the occurrence and variability of the Black San Pablo Paleosol and its agricultural significance.
ESTUDIO DE CONJUNTOS DEPARTAMENTALES Y ORGANIZACIÓN DE BARRIOS UTILIZANDO SENSORES REMOTOS Y GEOFÍSICA EN EL DISTRITO DE TLAJINGA, TEOTIHUACAN
Authors: Blancas Jorge , Barba Luis , Ortiz Agustín , Acosta Guillermo , Mejía Ramón Andrés G. , Carballo David M.
Published: April 2019

Estudios geofísicos, técnicas de sensores remotos y realización de mapas topográficos con GPS diferencial y vehículos aéreos no tripulados (VANT) han proporcionado una mejor comprensión de la organización espacial de los conjuntos departamentales y barrios en Teotihuacán. Nuestras investigaciones demuestran que en contraste con el mapa producido por el Teotihuacan Mapping Project (TMP) (Millon et al. 1973), el distrito de Tlanjinga es más rectangular y está más formalmente organizado, mientras que los conjuntos individuales tienen formas más irregulares, como lo había mostrado la excavación de Tlajinga 33 (Widmer y Storey 1993). Esto difiere de los nítidos cuadrados y rectángulos interpretados por las reconstrucciones arquitectónicas del TMP. El estudio de las imágenes satelitales mostró manchas blanquecinas en el terreno que parecen corresponder con áreas elevadas del mismo y con la desintegración de los aplanados de cal, destruidos por el tiempo y el trabajo agrícola. También verificamos la continuación del trazo de la Calzada de los Muertos que cruza este distrito mediante la modificación del relieve ocasionada por la excavación realizada en la toba volcánica subyacente (tepetate).
Manipulating parallel circuits: the perioperative management of patients with complex congenital cardiac disease
Authors: Lawrenson John , Eyskens Benedicte , Vlasselaers Dirk , Gewillig Marc
Published: April 2019

In all patients undergoing cardiac surgery, the effective delivery of oxygen to the tissues is of paramount importance. In the patient with relatively normal cardiac structures, the pulmonary and systemic circulations are relatively independent of each other. In the patient with a functional single ventricle, the pulmonary and systemic circulations are dependent on the same pump. As a consequence of this interdependency, the haemodynamic changes following complex palliative procedures, such as the Norwood operation, can be difficult to understand.

Comparison of the newly created surgical connections to a simple set of direct current electrical circuits may help the practitioner to successfully care for the patient. In patients undergoing complex palliations, the pulmonary and systemic circulations can be compared to two circuits in parallel. Manipulations of variables, such as resistance or flow, in one circuit, can profoundly affect the performance of the other circuit. A large pulmonary flow might result in a large increase in the saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen returning to the heart via the pulmonary veins at the expense of a decreased systemic flow. Accurate balancing of these parallel circulations requires an appreciation of all interventions that can affect individual components of both circulations.