bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Engineering Point Mutant and Epitope‐Tagged Alleles in Mice Using Cas9 RNA‐Guided Nuclease
Authors: Gertsenstein Marina , Nutter Lauryl M. J.
Published: April 2018

Mice carrying patient‐associated point mutations are powerful tools to define the causality of single‐nucleotide variants to disease states. Epitope tags enable immuno‐based studies of genes for which no antibodies are available. These alleles enable detailed and precise developmental, mechanistic, and translational research. The first step in generating these alleles is to identify within the target sequence—the orthologous sequence for point mutations or the N or C terminus for epitope tags—appropriate Cas9 protospacer sequences. Subsequent steps include design and acquisition of a single‐stranded oligonucleotide repair template, synthesis of a single guide RNA (sgRNA), collection of zygotes, and microinjection or electroporation of zygotes with Cas9 mRNA or protein, sgRNA, and repair template followed by screening of born mice for the presence of the desired sequence change. Quality control of mouse lines includes screening for random or multicopy insertions of the repair template and, depending on sgRNA sequence, off‐target mutations introduced by Cas9. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Measuring Preweaning Sensorial and Motor Development in the Mouse
Authors: Roubertoux Pierre L. , Ghata Adeline , Carlier Michèle
Published: April 2018

The immaturity at birth and the slowness of ontogenic processes in mice provide the opportunity to measure rates of development. We describe here 18 measures covering the sensorial and motor onset from birth to weaning. The measures are non‐invasive, making a follow‐up strategy possible. The first basic protocol indicates how to produce mice with known conceptional or chronological age, as the control of the age is a prerequisite to compare rates of development in groups of mice. The second basic protocol describes a set of methods for identifying the pups during a follow‐up study. A third basic protocol describes testing newborn mice for the appearance of sensorial and motor abilities in a follow‐up design. Taken together, the three protocols make possible the validation of potential murine models of interest for understanding human developmental disorders. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthesis of N6‐Substituted Adenosines as Cytokinin Nucleosides
Authors: Drenichev Mikhail S. , Oslovsky Vladimir E. , Tararov Vitali I. , Mikhailov Sergey N.
Published: April 2018

This unit describes preparation of N6‐substituted adenosines (cytokinin nucleosides), a unique class of compounds with a wide spectrum of biological activities. Regioselective alkylation of N6‐acetyl‐2′,3′,5′‐tri‐O‐acetyladenosine with alkyl halides under basic conditions or alcohols under Mitsunobu conditions followed by deprotection are the methods of choice for the preparation of the cytokinin nucleosides. The attractive feature of this strategy is the possibility of using a broad library of commercially available alkyl halides and alcohols under mild reaction conditions. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Luciferase Complementation Assay for Protein‐Protein Interactions in Plants
Authors: Zhou Zhaoyang , Bi Guozhi , Zhou Jian‐Min
Published: April 2018

Constitutive and dynamic protein‐protein interactions are fundamental to all aspects of cellular processes. Compared to other techniques measuring protein‐protein interactions in plants, the luciferase complementation assay has a number of advantages: it detects plant protein‐protein interactions in real time, requires little hands‐on manipulation of samples, is highly quantitative, has extremely low background, and can be easily scaled up for high‐throughput interactome studies. Here, we describe a protocol that includes two alternate data collection methods to quantify luminescence results based on Agrobacterium‐mediated transient luciferase expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. One data collection method employs a charge‐coupled device imaging system that allows the interactions to be presented as images, and the other employs a luminometer, which enables the assay to be conducted in a 96‐well plate. Technical parameters related to frequently encountered problems and common errors, presented here, are important for performing this assay successfully. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Binding Assays for Bromodomain Proteins: Their Utility in Drug Discovery in Oncology and Inflammatory Disease
Authors: Zolotarjova Nina I. , Wynn Richard
Published: April 2018

Bromodomains are protein domains that recognize acetylated lysine residues and are important for recruiting a large number of protein and multiprotein complexes to sites of lysine acetylation. They play an important role in chromatin biology and are popular targets for drug discovery. Compound screening in this area requires the use of biochemical assays to assess the binding potency of potential drug candidates. Foremost among the efforts to target bromodomains are those aimed at identifying compounds that interact with the bromodomain and extra‐terminal domain (BET) family of bromodomain‐containing proteins (BRD2, BRD3, BRD4, and BRDT). Inhibitors of these proteins are under clinical development for a large variety of oncologic indications. Described in this unit are several assays to assess the binding potency and selectivity within the BET protein family. Included are AlphaScreen, fluorescence polarization, and thermal shift assays. The strengths and weaknesses of each assay are discussed. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Electric Field Effects During Solidification of the Ternary Oxide Eutectic Al2O3‐YAG‐ZrO2
Authors: Cherif M. , Hicher P. , Benamara O. , Lebbou K. , Haumont R. , Duffar T.
Published: April 2018

LHPG and zone melting solidification of Al2O3‐YAG‐ZrO2:Y eutectic samples is performed in order to investigate intrinsic and extrinsic electric field phenomena. An intrinsic electric field is measured during solidification. Its decay with distance from the interface, and its relaxation with time, show that it is induced by the accumulation of positive electric charges at the solid‐liquid interface, that diffuse away when pulling is stopped. Under extrinsic electric field, a significant modification of the eutectic phase diagram is observed. The charged diffusive boundary layer interacts with the field and the microstructure is impacted. Those observations suggest that the segregating species is zirconium ions.
Growth of Highly Crystalline and Large Scale Monolayer MoS2 by CVD: The Role of substrate Position
Authors: Kumar Nand , Tomar Ruchi , Wadehra Neha , Devi M. Manolata , Prakash Bhanu , Chakraverty Suvankar
Published: April 2018

Monolayer (ML) molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) is of great interest for the scientific community due to its attractive electronic, optoelectronic and mechanical properties. Synthesis of high quality and large size ML MoS2 at low cost is still a challenge. Here, the growth of large area (≈5 × 1 mm2) ML MoS2 on SiO2/Si substrate via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method is reported. It is shown by changing the substrate position w.r.t. MoO3 precursor, that the quality and size of the ML MoS2 can be drastically tuned. Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy are performed in order to ascertain the growth and high crystallinity of MoS2. Uniformity of MoS2 layer is adjudged by Raman mapping while atomic force microscopy is performed to determine the thickness of the layer. Kelvin probe force microscopy is performed on ML MoS2 to draw the band line up of the material.
Hydride Shuttle Formation and Reaction with CO2on GaP(110)
Authors: Lessio Martina , Senftle Thomas P. , Carter Emily A.
Published: April 2018

Adsorbed hydrogenated N‐heterocycles have been proposed as co‐catalysts in the mechanism of pyridine (Py)‐catalyzed CO2reduction over semiconductor photoelectrodes. Initially, adsorbed dihydropyridine (DHP*) was hypothesized to catalyze CO2reduction through hydride and proton transfer. Formation of DHP* itself, by surface hydride transfer, indeed any hydride transfer away from the surface, was found to be kinetically hindered. Consequently, adsorbed deprotonated dihydropyridine (2‐PyH−*) was then proposed as a more likely catalytic intermediate because its formation, by transfer of a solvated proton and two electrons from the surface to adsorbed Py, is predicted to be thermodynamically favored on various semiconductor electrode surfaces active for CO2reduction, namely GaP(111), CdTe(111), and CuInS2(112). Furthermore, this species was found to be a better hydride donor for CO2reduction than is DHP*. Density functional theory was used to investigate various aspects of 2‐PyH−* formation and its reaction with CO2on GaP(110), a surface found experimentally to be more active than GaP(111). 2‐PyH−* formation was established to also be thermodynamically viable on this surface under illumination. The full energetics of CO2reduction through hydride transfer from 2‐PyH−* were then investigated and compared to the analogous hydride transfer from DHP*. 2‐PyH−* was again found to be a better hydride donor for CO2reduction. Because of these positive results, full energetics of 2‐PyH−* formation were investigated and this process was found to be kinetically feasible on the illuminated GaP(110) surface. Overall, the results presented in this contribution support the hypothesis of 2‐PyH−*‐catalyzed CO2reduction on p‐GaP electrodes.
Cryopreserved whole blood for the quantification of monocyte, T‐cell and NK‐cell subsets, and monocyte receptor expression by multi‐color flow cytometry: A methodological study based on participants from the canadian longitudinal study on aging
Authors: Verschoor Chris P. , Kohli Vikas
Published: April 2018

Immunophenotyping by multi‐color flow cytometry is arguably the best tool to identify and quantify distinct cell lineages from the peripheral blood and other biological fluids/tissues. Effective in both clinical and research settings, it can be used to estimate the frequency of a given cell type or measure its phenotypic or functional properties. Normally, immunophenotyping is performed in fresh or fractionated blood (i.e., PBMCs) the same day, or within 24 hours of collection; however, this may not be feasible for all study designs. We have previously shown that cryopreserved blood, a biospecimen that is simple and inexpensive to prepare, is comparable to fresh blood for the enumeration of major leukocyte cell types. For the following study, we sought to extend these observations to distinct subsets of: monocytes (classical, intermediate, and non‐classical), T‐cells (CD4/CD8 naïve, central and effector memory, senescent, and terminally differentiated, and regulatory T‐cells), and NK‐cells (CD56 bright and dim); we also examined the expression of monocyte cell‐surface receptors CX3CR1, CCR2, TLR2, and TLR4. Our results indicate that cryopreserved blood is comparable to fresh blood; with exception to relatively rare subsets and lowly expressed receptors, the absolute or relative frequency of cell subsets generally correlated >0.80 between blood types, while monocyte receptor expressed was mostly >0.70. Furthermore, the day‐to‐day coefficient of variation for most cell subsets and parameters was below 20%. Given these findings, we suggest that cryopreserved peripheral blood be given greater consideration for studies in which the quantification of distinct leukocyte subsets is required. © 2018 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Cultivate a culture of professional development with a real‐world framework
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: April 2018

PHOENIX — Encouraging professional growth for the staff in your office not only makes your office run more efficiently, but also leads to greater employee satisfaction and retention. But how do you efficiently encourage and foster professional growth while also getting everything done during your 40‐hour workweek?
Help students transition to college
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: April 2018

Getting students off to a good start can be key to retaining them. Andrew Zeisler, director of the J. Scott and Susan MacDonald Miller Center for Student Disability Services at Miami University in Ohio, explained strategies his office uses to help students make the transition.
The fluctuating resource hypothesis explains invasibility, but not exotic advantage following disturbance
Authors: Pearson Dean E. , Ortega Yvette K. , Villarreal Diego , Lekberg Ylva , Cock Marina C. , Eren Özkan , Hierro José L.
Published: April 2018

Invasibility is a key indicator of community susceptibility to changes in structure and function. The fluctuating resource hypothesis (FRH) postulates that invasibility is an emergent community property, a manifestation of multiple processes that cannot be reliably predicted by individual community attributes like diversity or productivity. Yet, research has emphasized the role of these individual attributes, with the expectation that diversity should deter invasibility and productivity enhance it. In an effort to explore how these and other factors may influence invasibility, we evaluated the relationship between invasibility and species richness, productivity, resource availability, and resilience in experiments crossing disturbance with exotic seed addition in 1‐m2 plots replicated over large expanses of grasslands in Montana, USA and La Pampa, Argentina. Disturbance increased invasibility as predicted by FRH, but grasslands were more invasible in Montana than La Pampa whether disturbed or not, despite Montana's higher species richness and lower productivity. Moreover, invasibility correlated positively with nitrogen availability and negatively with native plant cover. These patterns suggested that resource availability and the ability of the community to recover from disturbance (resilience) better predicted invasibility than either species richness or productivity, consistent with predictions from FRH. However, in ambient, unseeded plots in Montana, disturbance reduced native cover by >50% while increasing exotic cover >200%. This provenance bias could not be explained by FRH, which predicts that colonization processes act on species’ traits independent of origins. The high invasibility of Montana grasslands following disturbance was associated with a strong shift from perennial to annual species, as predicted by succession theory. However, this shift was driven primarily by exotic annuals, which were more strongly represented than perennials in local exotic vs. native species pools. We attribute this provenance bias to extrinsic biogeographic factors such as disparate evolutionary histories and/or introduction filters selecting for traits that favor exotics following disturbance. Our results suggest that (1) invasibility is an emergent property best explained by a community's efficiency in utilizing resources, as predicted by FRH but (2) understanding provenance biases in biological invasions requires moving beyond FRH to incorporate extrinsic biogeographic factors that may favor exotics in community assembly.
Impaired left ventricular diastolic function in T2DM patients is closely related to glycemic control
Authors: Clarke Geoffrey D. , Molina‐Wilkins Marjorie , Solis‐Herrera Carolina , Mendez Verna , Monroy Adriana , Cersosimo Eugenio , Chilton Robert J. , Abdul‐Ghani Muhammad , DeFronzo Ralph A.
Published: April 2018

Background

Left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction commonly is observed in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We employed transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) to investigate the hypothesis that LV diastolic dysfunction in T2DM is associated with poor glycemic control.

Methods

Forty subjects, 21 with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and 19 with T2DM, were studied with CMRI and TTE to assess LV function. Early‐to‐late transmitral flow ratio (E/A) and deceleration time (DecT) were assessed with both modalities. Normalized (to body surface area) end‐diastolic volume (EDV/BSA) and normalized peak LV filling rate (pLVFR/BSA) were assessed with CMRI. Early transmitral flow velocity to septal velocity (E/e’) and isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) were measured using TTE. Dimensional parameters were normalized to body surface area (BSA).

Results

CMRI measurements demonstrated impaired E/A (1.13 ± 0.34 vs 1.62 ± 0.42, P < .001), increased DecT (174 ± 46 ms vs 146 ± 15, P = .005), as well as lower EDV/BSA (63 ± 10 vs 72 ± 9 mL/m2, P < .01) and pLVFR/BSA (189 ± 46 vs 221 ± 48 mL s−1 m−2, P < .05) in T2DM subjects. TTE measurements revealed lower E/A (1.1 ± 0.4 vs 1.4 ± 0.2, P < .001) and E/e’ (6.8 ± 1.5 vs 8.7 ± 2.0, P < .0001) with higher DecT (203 ± 22 ms vs 179 ± 18, P < .001) and IVRT (106 ± 14 ms vs 92 ± 10, P < .001) in T2DM. Multiple parameters of LV function: E/ACMRI (r = −.50, P = .001), E/ATTE (r = −.46, P < .005), pLVFR/BSA (r = −.35, P < .05), E/e’ (r = −.46, P < .005), EDV/BSACMRI (r = −.51, P < .0001), EDV/BSATTE (r = −.42, P < .01) were negatively correlated with HbA1c. All but E/e’ also were inversely correlated with fasting plasma glucose (FPG).

Conclusions

Impaired LV diastolic function (DF) was found in T2DM subjects with both CMRI and TTE, and multiple LVDF parameters correlated negatively with HbA1c and FPG. These results indicate that impaired LVDF is inversely linked to glycemic control in T2DM patients.
Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of MEMS Deformable Mirror Actuated by Electrostatic Piston Array
Authors: UNO AKIKO , HIRAI YOSHIKAZU , TSUCHIYA TOSHIYUKI , TABATA OSAMU
Published: April 2018

In this report, we constructed a simple mathematical analysis model for a new MEMS deformable mirror using an electrostatic piston array. The deformable mirror has been developed as a wavefront compensation device in adaptive optics for retinal observation. The device realizes a large convex deformation with a low operation voltage because of moving bottom electrodes on the pistons. The constructed model is based on the plate theory and simple superposition of the actuation components. The calculated deformation analyzed using this model agrees well with that analyzed using the finite element method not only in deformation shape but the peak‐valley deformations. In addition, the calculation time is much shorter, so the model can be used for design optimization of the device.
The bone marrow is patrolled by NK cells that are primed and expand in response to systemic viral activation
Authors: Milo Idan , Blecher‐Gonen Ronnie , Barnett‐Itzhaki Zohar , Bar‐Ziv Raz , Tal Orna , Gurevich Irina , Feferman Tali , Drexler Ingo , Amit Ido , Bousso Philippe , Shakhar Guy
Published: April 2018

The bone marrow hosts NK cells whose distribution, motility and response to systemic immune challenge are poorly understood. At steady state, two‐photon microscopy of the bone marrow in Ncr1gfp/+ mice captured motile NK cells interacting with dendritic cells. NK cells expressed markers and effector molecules of mature cells. Following poly (I:C) injection, RNA‐Seq of NK cells revealed three phases of transcription featuring immune response genes followed by posttranscriptional processes and proliferation. Functionally, poly (I:C) promoted upregulation of granzyme B, enhanced cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo, and, in the same individual cells, triggered proliferation. Two‐photon imaging revealed that the proportion of sinusoidal NK cells decreased, while at the same time parenchymal NK cells accelerated, swelled and divided within the bone marrow. MVA viremia induced similar responses. Our findings demonstrate that the bone marrow is patrolled by mature NK cells that rapidly proliferate in response to systemic viral challenge while maintaining their effector functions.
Biomimetic Cannabinoid Synthesis Revisited: Batch and Flow All‐Catalytic Synthesis of (±)‐ortho‐Tetrahydrocannabinols and Analogues from Natural Feedstocks
Authors: Giorgi Pascal D. , Liautard Virginie , Pucheault Mathieu , Antoniotti Sylvain
Published: April 2018

Using a combination of Au nanoparticle‐catalyzed oxidation under an O2 atmosphere and a Ti‐doped montmorillonite (Ti‐MMT)‐catalyzed tandem arylation/double cyclization, we developed an original and highly selective method for the synthesis of ortho‐tetrahydrocannabinol derivatives from simple substrates. The reaction sequence could be performed in two steps in batch mode or in a single operation in continuous‐flow reactors. The abnormal regioselectivity was proposed to be the result of the non‐innocent role of the MMT support, TiIV cation coordination, and a Lewis acid‐assisted Brønsted acid (LBA) mechanism.
Formal Evaluation Versus Seat‐of‐the‐Jeans Thinking
Authors: Popham W. James
Published: April 2018

W. James Popham notes that moving from informal evaluation as a child to formal evaluation as a professional involved shifting emphasis from self‐interest to objective evidence. Helping young people learn to think evaluatively would involve simplifying this evaluation process, much like teaching them to use critical thinking. See the interview document here: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/ev.20293/suppinfo. Read only. This should not be used in any form without explicit permission from the author.
This Is Your (My) Life
Authors: Schwandt Thomas A.
Published: April 2018

Thomas A. Schwandt reflects on the comparison of professional and extra‐professional evaluation in terms of his own experience.
Q&A with David Hamilton
Authors: Hamilton David
Published: April 2018

David Hamilton responded to questions Williams e‐mailed to him to prepare for an interview; but they were never able to visit. His answers reveal a view that values built upon throughout his life have shaped his approach to formal evaluation and research AND his life choices as well.
One Ventilator Too Few?
Authors: Polzin‐Rosenberg Noah
Published: April 2018

Sometimes it's better to be lucky than good. As new blood filled our young patient's veins, her breathing became regular and her pulse full. She was so far gone I would not have expected her to recover consciousness for a day, if at all, but within an hour, she began to wake up. We removed the breathing tube a couple of hours later— no ventilator ever needed.

As life‐sustaining technology becomes more widely available in fortunate parts of the developing world, benefits come with complications. The temptation is to focus on the thing—the ventilator itself—as the crucial element and press to buy more, mistaking the problem for one of resource scarcity only. But we need a culturally relevant ethical framework to guide the use and withdrawal of ventilators and similar life‐sustaining tools. Resource scarcity is only part of the problem. Buying additional ventilators only defers allocation decisions and entirely fails to address end‐of‐life suffering. It is unsustainable in Rwanda; it is a dubious solution anywhere. The intangible need for an ethical framework hides beneath apparent scarcity and, when this need is not addressed and luck runs out, one salvageable patient can die for want of a ventilator that serves only to prolong the suffering of another.
Progress: Its Glories and Pitfalls
Authors: Callahan Daniel
Published: April 2018

Steven Pinker, a cognitive psychologist and linguist at Harvard and a savant of big ideas, is one of the latest to take on the idea of progress. He does it under the aegis of “enlightenment,” which comes down to a kind of holy trinity of reason, science, and humanism. His new book, Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress, is ambitious and cantankerous and heady with hope. On the whole, Pinker makes a good case for the benefits of progress, but with an overdose of feel‐good prose. His greatest failure comes in exaggerating the threats to science and in avoiding some problems altogether. He ignores its complexity, its shadows, its creation of new problems raised by its solutions to old ones. Pinker has a particular animus against bioethics, and he misses what has been, I would argue, at the heart of bioethics from its beginning fifty or so years ago. Bioethics was prompted by a new class of medical dilemmas that require a difficult balancing of harms and benefits. Most of them are still with us, and most of them are the result of the progress of postwar medical research and fast‐changing clinical practices.
A multiscaling‐based intensity–duration–frequency model for extreme precipitation
Authors: Van de Vyver Hans
Published: April 2018

Rainfall intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves are a standard tool in urban water resources engineering and management. They express how return levels of extreme rainfall intensity vary with duration. The simple scaling property of extreme rainfall intensity, with respect to duration, determines the form of IDF relationships. It is supposed that the annual maximum intensity follows the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution. As well known, for simple scaling processes, the location parameter and scale parameter of the GEV distribution obey a power law with the same exponent. Although, the simple scaling hypothesis is commonly used as a suitable working assumption, the multiscaling approach provides a more general framework. We present a new IDF relationship that has been formulated on the basis of the multiscaling property. It turns out that the GEV parameters (location and scale) have a different scaling exponent. Next, we apply a Bayesian framework to estimate the multiscaling GEV model and to choose the most appropriate model. It is shown that the model performance increases when using the multiscaling approach. The new model for IDF curves reproduces the data very well and has a reasonable degree of complexity without overfitting on the data.
The Future Direction of China's Cross‐border Insolvency Laws, Related Issues and Potential Problems
Authors: Parry Rebecca , Gao Nan
Published: April 2018

The enactment of bankruptcy laws by the People's Republic of China (PRC or China) in 2006 was a necessary step in the development of its economy. This law represented a significant modernisation of the insolvency framework, supporting the transforming economy, but it was also a law of political expediency, for the enhancement of external relations. One aspect of the enhancement of external relations was the provision of cross‐border insolvency rules. However, this complex area of law was addressed in only one article, which was only a starting point, leaving many details unaddressed, and further reforms are required. In particular, it is desirable that the law provides a greater level of predictability as to the likely outcomes of cross‐border insolvencies, to encourage inward trade and investment, as well as encourage external trade. Both inbound and outbound business dealings are important to China's continued economic development. It is clear also, however, that insolvency law and practice is still a developing area for China. The establishment of a modern and unified system of insolvency laws was a big step for China, representing a sacrifice of tight controls on insolvencies, but the impact of this law in practice is only recently developing, with a loosening of state controls, after a very slow start. The establishment of a cross‐border insolvency framework represents a further challenge; one that is likely to beset with considerable difficulties, as any further development of this law would potentially entail some further loss of control over proceedings, not least in outbound cases, and resistance may be anticipated. In keeping with China's historical approach to lawmaking in the area of bankruptcy law, it is likely that the cross‐border insolvency framework will develop gradually and with caution. This article assesses the way forward in respect of cross‐border insolvency laws, contending that an incremental approach over a period of years, in three broad stages, is required, with more developed and country‐specific approaches providing a link, or interim stage, between the clarification of the Article 5 and the formal adoption of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law Model Law on Cross‐Border Insolvency Proceedings 1997 (Model Law) in China. Copyright © 2018 INSOL International and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social decision making mediates the association between anger and externalising problems in Chinese adolescents
Authors: Li Nan , Hein Sascha , Ye Lin , Liu Yangyang
Published: April 2018

The goal of this study was to test the mediating effect of social decision making in the relations of anger and anger control to externalising and internalising problems. A sample of 174 Chinese adolescents (mean age = 15.36 years) completed self‐reports of trait anger, anger control, externalising problems, internalising problems and social decision making, which was operationalized as situational judgement reflecting an individual's ability to interact effectively with parents, teachers and peers. Findings indicated that adolescents' trait anger and anger control were positively related to both externalising and internalising problems. In addition, path analysis revealed that social decision making mediated the relationship between trait anger, anger control and externalising problems. Findings on the mediating effect will be discussed by referencing appraisal tendency theory and response evaluation and decision.
Regional Accreditation Standards and Contingent and Part‐Time Faculty
Authors: Pham Nhung , Osland Paton Valerie
Published: April 2018

Accreditation demonstrates an institution’s commitment to quality academic experiences for their students and consistent institutional development. This chapter discusses the role of contingent faculty in the accreditation process.
Publicity In Water Waste Prevention Work
Authors: Mercer Kenneth L. , Brush W.W.
Published: April 2018

The importance of communication between water utilities and the public has long been recognized, and W.W. Brush's 1919 article describing New York City's plans to reduce water waste provides a snapshot of how this was approached a century ago. As he highlights the wisdom of water conservation, Brush also points out the media's need for news value in its stories. As he sees it, “Where there is danger of serious shortage in the water supply if waste be not curtailed, then the press will actively support the water department in its effort to warn the consumers. Where the saving of waste is purely an economic question, the press shows but scant interest.” Sadly, the media today still prefers to report water stories through the darkest of lenses, typically covering real and perceived issues in an alarming manner. Regardless of how the information is framed, though, the public must be kept informed of their water supply system's capabilities and the challenges, or as Brush puts it, “All members of the community should have reliable information to the water supply and be interested therein.” Making information available to the public has never been easier; capturing their interest, however, is another story.
Respective role of membrane and nuclear estrogen receptor (ER) α in the mandible of growing mice: Implications for ERα modulation
Authors: Vinel Alexia , Coudert Amelie E , Buscato Melissa , Valera Marie-Cécile , Ostertag Agnès , Katzenellenbogen John A , Katzenellenbogen Benita S , Berdal Ariane , Babajko Sylvie , Arnal Jean-François , Fontaine Coralie
Published: April 2018

Estrogens play an important role in bone growth and maturation as well as in the regulation of bone turnover in adults. Although the effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) are well documented in long bones and vertebrae, little is known regarding its action in the mandible. E2 actions could be mediated by estrogen receptor (ER) α or β. ERs act primarily as transcriptional factors through two activation functions (AFs), AF1 and AF2, but they can also elicit membrane-initiated steroid signaling (MISS). The aim of the present study was to define ER pathways involved in E2 effects on mandibular bone. Using mice models targeting ERβ or ERα, we first show that E2 effects on mandibular bone are mediated by ERα and do not require ERβ. Second, we show that nuclear ERαAF2 is absolutely required for all the actions of E2 on mandibular bone. Third, inactivation of ERαMISS partially reduced the E2 response on bone thickness and volume, whereas there was no significant impact on bone mineral density. Altogether, these results show that both nuclear and membrane ERα are requested to mediate full estrogen effects in the mandible of growing mice. Finally, selective activation of ERαMISS is able to exert an effect on alveolar bone but not on the cortical compartment, contrary to its protective action on femoral cortical bone. To conclude, these results highlight similarities but also specificities between effects of estrogen in long bones and in the mandible that could be of interest in therapeutic approaches to treat bone mass reduction. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Differential Mortality and the Excess Rates of Hip Fracture Associated With Type 2 Diabetes: Accounting for Competing Risks in Fracture Prediction Matters
Authors: Tebé Cristian , Martinez-Laguna Daniel , Moreno Victor , Cooper Cyrus , Diez-Perez Adolfo , Collins Gary S , Prieto-Alhambra Daniel
Published: April 2018

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is associated with a reduced life expectancy. The latest published evidence suggests an increased risk of fractures among T2DM patients. We conducted a population-based cohort study to determine the impact of mortality as a competing risk in the study of the association between T2DM and hip fracture rates. Participants were all diagnosed T2DM patients registered in the Sistema de Información para el Desarrollo de la Investigación en Atención Primaria (SIDIAP) database aged 65 years and older; up to two non-T2DM were matched by age, sex, and primary care facility. We used Cox regression models to estimate cause-specific hazard ratio (HR) of death or hip fracture according to T2DM status. Fine and Gray models were then fitted to estimate the subhazard ratio (SHR) of hip fracture while accounting for competing risk with death and to estimate the probability of hip fracture within 5 years. A total of 55,891 T2DM and 103,093 matched non-T2DM patients were observed for a median of 8 years. Mortality was 48.8 per 1000 person years (py) in T2DM, and 33.8 per 1000 py in non-T2DM; hip fracture rates were 6.0 per 1000 py and 4.9 per 1000 py, respectively. Cox models confirmed a significant association for death and hip fracture: HR 1.51 (95% CI, 1.48 to 1.55), and HR 1.32 (95% CI, 1.24 to 1.40), respectively. Accounting for death as a competing event (Fine-Gray models), the association between T2DM and hip fracture risk remained statistically significant (SHR 1.15; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.21) and the probability of a hip fracture within 5 years was 2.3% for TD2M and 1.9% for non-TD2M patients compared to 2.6% and 2.1% respectively using Kaplan-Meier (KM) estimates. T2DM patients have a 50% increased mortality and, after adjusting for differential survival at 5 years, a 21% increased incidence of hip fracture when compared to matched non-T2DM. Failing to account for differential mortality leads to an overestimation of fracture risk. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
WAIF1 Is a Cell-Surface CTHRC1 Binding Protein Coupling Bone Resorption and Formation
Authors: Matsuoka Kazuhiko , Kohara Yukihiro , Naoe Yoshinori , Watanabe Atsushi , Ito Masako , Ikeda Kyoji , Takeshita Sunao
Published: April 2018

The osteoclast-derived collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 (CTHRC1) protein stimulates osteoblast differentiation, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we identified Wnt-activated inhibitory factor 1 (WAIF1)/5T4 as a cell-surface protein binding CTHRC1. The WAIF1-encoding Trophoblast glycoprotein (Tpbg) gene, which is abundantly expressed in the brain and bone but not in other tissues, showed the same expression pattern as Cthrc1. Tpbg downregulation in marrow stromal cells reduced CTHRC1 binding and CTHRC1-stimulated alkaline phosphatase activity through PKCδ activation of MEK/ERK, suggesting a novel WAIF1/PKCδ/ERK pathway triggered by CTHRC1. Unexpectedly, osteoblast lineage-specific deletion of Tpbg downregulated Rankl expression in mouse bones and reduced both bone formation and resorption; importantly, it impaired bone mass recovery following RANKL-induced resorption, reproducing the phenotype of osteoclast-specific Cthrc1 deficiency. Thus, the binding of osteoclast-derived CTHRC1 to WAIF1 in stromal cells activates PKCδ-ERK osteoblastogenic signaling and serves as a key molecular link between bone resorption and formation during bone remodeling. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Twenty‐First‐Century Counseling Theory Development in Relation to Definitions of Free Will and Determinism
Authors: Wilks Duffy
Published: April 2018

This article is a continuation of Wilks's () review of the development of counseling theory in relation to definitions of free will and determinism. The original review showed that theoretical synthesis was in part achieved when causal events inherent in absolute determinism were incorporated into a soft self‐determinist process. This review traces three 21st‐century challenges to self‐determinism and provides evidence supporting the inclusion of both self‐determinism and indeterminate free will in a single but asymmetrical causal model.
The digitalization and servitization of manufacturing: A review on digital business models
Authors: Luz Martín‐Peña María , Díaz‐Garrido Eloísa , Sánchez‐López José María
Published: April 2018

The digitalization and servitization of manufacturing lead to competitive advantages through innovative digital business models. The increase in competition has led many manufacturers to search for customized solutions through servitization. In the present study, a systematic review of literature informs on how the field is structured and the key concepts are defined.
Envelopment lessons to manage digital platforms: The cases of Google and Yahoo
Authors: Müller Christopher Nicolas , Kijl Björn , Visnjic Ivanka
Published: April 2018

Envelopment is a form of business model innovation where companies add new functionality to their platforms to outcompete rivals. The two large internet corporations analyzed in this study, Google and Yahoo, employed diverging envelopment strategies. Google added related functionality to their initial platform and then expanded into functionally distinct platforms. Yahoo, on the other hand, expanded directly into functionally distinct platforms.
Cover Image, Volume 98, Issue 6
Authors: Wang Jian , Wang Chang , Zhen Shoumin , Li Xiaohui , Yan Yueming
Published: April 2018

The cover image, by Jian Wang et al., is based on the Research Article Low‐molecular‐weight glutenin subunits from the 1U genome of Aegilops umbellulata confer superior dough rheological properties and improve breadmaking quality of bread wheat, DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8700.

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Methods of Wear Reduction Based on Bioprototypes of Tribojoints
Authors: Pleskachevsky Yu.M. , Shako S.V. , Ermakov S.F.
Published: April 2018

The main biological prototypes for tribomaterials include the surface layers of teeth, and hip and knee joints. Although the methods of functioning are not similar for artificial materials and biotissues, the localisation principle seems to be universal for them. In contrast to traditional composites with stable interfaces between matrix and reinforcing components ensuring constant technologically specified properties, dynamically optimal biotissues and adaptive (quasi‐biological) composites have mobile interfaces. For example, contacting bodies made of multimodular material with moving phase boundaries demonstrate ‘smart’ remodelling of the structure that decreases peak pressures and friction stresses. Cartilage surface microrelief influences the formation of the liquid‐crystalline phase with the molecules oriented in the preferential direction of the cartilage's relative motion, which minimises shear resistance. As a result, these structures have high wear resistance and low friction without seizure. The data obtained have led to a conclusion that the operation of the localisation principle in technical tribojoints brings about an effective control of the wear rate.
Viscometric Behaviour of Viscosity‐Index Improvers in Lubricant Base Oil over a Wide Temperature Range: II. Polyalphaolefin Synthetic Base Oil
Authors: Warren M.J. , Asfour A.-F.A. , Gao J.Z.
Published: April 2018

A polyalphaolefin (PAO) synthetic base oil was used to solvate four polymers known to be viscosity‐index improvers in lubricants, these being an olefin copolymer (OCP), a dispersant olefin copolymer (DOCP), a polymethacrylate (PMA), and a hydrogenated diene polymer (HDP). The kinematic viscosity and density data for each polymer were measured at five concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7% by mass) by capillary viscometry over the temperature range −20 to 150°C. The data were analysed using the Huggins equation. When compared to an earlier study using a hydroprocessed (Group II) base oil, the thickening efficiencies of the polymers were generally lower in PAO, which was mainly attributed to the weaker intermolecular hydrodynamic interactions.
The transparency of Islamic hotels: “Nice Islam” and the “self‐orientalizing” of Muslims?
Authors: Alserhan Baker Ahmad , Wood Bronwyn P. , Rutter Richard , Halkias Daphne , Terzi Hasan , Al Serhan Omar
Published: April 2018

The Crescent Ranking (CR) is a service benefiting both the supply‐side (“halal‐friendly” hotels) and the demand‐side (Muslims wanting to have a guest experience consistent with their way of living) within the tourism market. “Halal” is a technical term in the Arabic language usually translated as “permissible from the perspective of Islamic law (sharia'ah).” This study examines the transparency of the top and bottom 10 hotels listed on the CR site. First, we compared the hotel profile as per the CR listing with the hotel's own website. Next, we examined guest reviews on a word‐of‐mouth proxy site (booking.com), paying particular attention to the feedback of non‐Muslim guests. Following this analysis, self‐styled “Islamic” hotel managers were interviewed to triangulate the data. We found “Islamic” hotels to be intransparent to their guests seeking an Islamically compliant holiday and also to those seeking a conventional hotel experience. We suggest several reasons hotels misrepresent themselves—“self‐orientalization”, a necessity to present “nice Islam”, an “ethics gap”, and/or a poor understanding of marketing and market positioning. We consider regulation of the “Islamic” hotel industry to be a mechanism policy makers, and managers could, adopt to become transparent and to protect demand‐side (guests) rights. Regulation would also differentiate hotels operating an Islamic business model and those merely offering a few simple services appreciated by Muslim travellers.
A novel multimarker assay for the phenotypic profiling of circulating tumor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Court Colin M. , Hou Shuang , Winograd Paul , Segel Nicholas H. , Li Qingyu Wilda , Zhu Yazhen , Sadeghi Saeed , Finn Richard S. , Ganapathy Ekambaram , Song Min , French Samuel W. , Naini Bita V. , Sho Shonan , Kaldas Fady M. , Busuttil Ronald W. , Tomlinson James S. , Tseng Hsian‐Rong , Agopian Vatche G.
Published: April 2018

Current clinicopathologic staging systems and serum biomarkers poorly discriminate tumor biology in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with high recurrence rates following curative‐intent surgical resection and liver transplantation (LT). Identification of accurate biomarkers for improved prognostication and treatment selection is a critical unmet need. We sought to develop a novel “liquid‐biopsy” assay capable of detecting HCC circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and characterizing phenotypic subpopulations with prognostic significance. Using HCC cell lines, a tissue microarray, and human blood samples, an antibody cocktail targeting the cell‐surface markers asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), glypican‐3, and epithelial cell adhesion molecule was optimized for HCC CTC capture using the NanoVelcro CTC Assay. The ability of HCC CTCs and vimentin (VIM)–positive CTCs (a subpopulation expressing an epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal phenotype) to accurately discriminate tumor stage, recurrence, progression, and overall survival (OS) was evaluated in a prospective study of 80 patients. Multimarker capture detected greater numbers of CTCs than any individual antibody alone for both cell line and patient samples (P < 0.001). HCC CTCs were identified in 59/61 (97%) patients, and HCC (median, 6 CTCs) and non‐HCC patients (median, 1 CTC; area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC] = 0.92; P < 0.001; sensitivity = 84.2%; specificity = 88.5%) were accurately discriminated. VIM‐positive CTCs accurately discriminated early‐stage, LT eligible patients (median, 0 CTCs) from locally advanced/metastatic, LT ineligible patients (median, 6 CTCs; AUROC = 0.89; P = 0.001; sensitivity = 87.1%; specificity = 90.0%), and predicted OS for all patients (hazard ratio [HR], 2.21; P = 0.001), and faster recurrence after curative‐intent surgical or locoregional therapy in potentially curable early‐stage HCC (HR, 3.14; P = 0.002). In conclusion, we developed a novel multimarker CTC enrichment assay that detects HCC CTCs with high efficiency and accuracy. A phenotypic subpopulation of VIM‐positive CTCs appears to signify the presence of aggressive underlying disease and occult metastases and may have important implications for treatment selection. Liver Transplantation 24 946–960 2018 AASLD.
Influence of salt corrosion on the fatigue behaviour of aluminium alloys for chassis components under constant and variable amplitude loading
Authors: Duarte de Araújo F. , Engler T. , Andersohn G. , Oechsner M. , Kaufmann H. , Schönborn S. , Melz T.
Published: April 2018

This paper presents an approach to assessing the cumulative fatigue under spectrum loading and simultaneous salt corrosion for aluminium alloys. Fatigue tests, in air and in 5 % sodium chloride solution, were performed with two different structural aluminium alloys (EN AW‐6082 T6 and EN AW‐7075 T73) using unnotched and notched specimens. The alloy EN AW‐7075 T73 proved to be unsuitable for automotive applications due to its high susceptibility to corrosion. For fatigue lifing, a modified cumulative damage calculation based on the material susceptibility, which comprises the influence of salt corrosion on fatigue lifetime, has been proposed. On this basis, potential structural aluminium alloys for chassis applications can be evaluated and selected, prior to validation tests.
Fatigue life assessment of welded joints made of the stainless steel X6CrNiNb18‐10 for thermomechanical and variable amplitude loading
Authors: Bosch A. , Vormwald M. , Schackert S. , Schweizer C.
Published: April 2018

The aim of the presented work is to develop improved concepts for the prediction of fatigue lifetime under variable amplitude loading including plastic deformation and thermomechanical fatigue of welded joints made of the austenitic stainless steel 1.4550. Local strain amplitudes are located in the regime of low cycle fatigue, which is dominated by short crack growth. This can best be described by nonlinear fracture mechanics. To develop a fracture mechanics based lifetime model, different experiment types are carried out to estimate the influence of loading history, thermal cycling, and mean stresses. For the evaluation, different estimation concepts based on Palmgren‐Miner's classic linear damage accumulation rule are used: solely calculated by strain ranges, damage parameter established by Smith, Watson and Topper, and a damage parameter based on the cyclic effective J‐integral. The differences in the concepts are highlighted and used for further considerations on how to improve the lifetime prediction models.