bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Priming of Hippocampal Population Bursts by Individual Perisomatic-Targeting Interneurons
Authors: Ellender Tommas J. , Nissen Wiebke , Colgin Laura L. , Mann Edward O. , Paulsen Ole
Published: April 2010

Hippocampal population bursts (“sharp wave–ripples”) occur during rest and slow-wave sleep and are thought to be important for memory consolidation. The cellular mechanisms involved are incompletely understood. Here we investigated the cellular mechanisms underlying the initiation of sharp waves using a hippocampal slice model. To this end, we used a combination of field recordings with planar multielectrode arrays and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of individual anatomically identified pyramidal neurons and interneurons. We found that GABAAreceptor-mediated inhibition is necessary for sharp wave generation. Moreover, the activity of individual perisomatic-targeting interneurons can both suppress, and subsequently enhance, the local generation of sharp waves. Finally, we show that this is achieved by the tight control of local excitation and inhibition by perisomatic-targeting interneurons. These results suggest that perisomatic-targeting interneurons assist in selecting the subset of pyramidal neurons that initiate each hippocampal sharp wave–ripple.
Sequentially Switching Cell Assemblies in Random Inhibitory Networks of Spiking Neurons in the Striatum
Authors: Ponzi Adam , Wickens Jeff
Published: April 2010

The striatum is composed of GABAergic medium spiny neurons with inhibitory collaterals forming a sparse random asymmetric network and receiving an excitatory glutamatergic cortical projection. Because the inhibitory collaterals are sparse and weak, their role in striatal network dynamics is puzzling. However, here we show by simulation of a striatal inhibitory network model composed of spiking neurons that cells form assemblies that fire in sequential coherent episodes and display complex identity–temporal spiking patterns even when cortical excitation is simply constant or fluctuating noisily. Strongly correlated large-scale firing rate fluctuations on slow behaviorally relevant timescales of hundreds of milliseconds are shown by members of the same assembly whereas members of different assemblies show strong negative correlation, and we show how randomly connected spiking networks can generate this activity. Cells display highly irregular spiking with high coefficients of variation, broadly distributed low firing rates, and interspike interval distributions that are consistent with exponentially tailed power laws. Although firing rates vary coherently on slow timescales, precise spiking synchronization is absent in general. Our model only requires the minimal but striatally realistic assumptions of sparse to intermediate random connectivity, weak inhibitory synapses, and sufficient cortical excitation so that some cells are depolarized above the firing threshold during up states. Our results are in good qualitative agreement with experimental studies, consistent with recently determined striatal anatomy and physiology, and support a new view of endogenously generated metastable state switching dynamics of the striatal network underlying its information processing operations.
In VivoProliferation of Postmitotic Cochlear Supporting Cells by Acute Ablation of the Retinoblastoma Protein in Neonatal Mice
Authors: Yu Yiling , Weber Thomas , Yamashita Tetsuji , Liu Zhiyong , Valentine Marcus B. , Cox Brandon C. , Zuo Jian
Published: April 2010

Cochlear hair cells (HCs) are mechanosensory receptors that transduce sound into electrical signals. HC damage in nonmammalian vertebrates induces surrounding supporting cells (SCs) to divide, transdifferentiate and replace lost HCs; however, such spontaneous HC regeneration does not occur in the mammalian cochlea. Here, we acutely ablate the retinoblastoma protein (Rb), a crucial cell cycle regulator, in two subtypes of postmitotic SCs (pillar and Deiters' cells) using an inducible Cre line,Prox1-CreERT2. Inactivation of Rb in these SCs results in cell cycle reentry of both pillar and Deiters' cells, and completion of cell division with an increase in cell number of pillar cells. Interestingly, nuclei ofRb−/−mitotic pillar and Deiters' cells migrate toward the HC layer and divide near the epithelial surface in a manner similar to the SCs in the regenerating avian auditory epithelium. In contrast to postmitoticRb−/−HCs which abort cell division, postmitoticRb−/−pillar cells can proliferate, maintain their SC fate and survive for more than a week. However, no newly formed HCs are detected and SC death followed by HC loss occurs. Our studies accomplish a crucial step toward functional HC regeneration in the mammalian cochleain vivo, demonstrating the critical role of Rb in maintaining quiescence of postmitotic pillar and Deiters' cells and highlighting the heterogeneity between these two cell types. Therefore, the combination of transient Rb inactivation and further manipulation of transcription factors (i.e., Atoh1 activation) in SCs may represent an effective therapeutic avenue for HC regeneration in the mammalian cochlea.
Emotional Automaticity Is a Matter of Timing
Authors: Luo Qian , Holroyd Tom , Majestic Catherine , Cheng Xi , Schechter Julia , Blair R. James
Published: April 2010

There has been a long controversy concerning whether the amygdala's response to emotional stimuli is automatic or dependent on attentional load. Using magnoencephalography and an advanced beamformer source localization technique, we found that amygdala automaticity was a function of time: while early amygdala responding to emotional stimuli (40–140 ms) was unaffected by attentional load, later amygdala response (280–410 ms), subsequent to frontoparietal cortex activity, was modulated by attentional load.
Ghrelin affects the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid axis in humans by increasing free thyroxine and decreasing TSH in plasma
Authors: Kluge Michael , Riedl Stefan , Uhr Manfred , Schmidt Doreen , Zhang Xiaochi , Yassouridis Alexander , Steiger Axel
Published: April 2010

Objective

Ghrelin promotes a positive energy balance, e.g. by increasing food intake. Stimulation of the activity of the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis promotes a negative energy balance, e.g. by increasing energy expenditure. We therefore hypothesized that ghrelin suppresses the HPT axis in humans, counteracting its energy-saving effect.

Design and methods

In this single-blind, randomized, cross-over study, we determined secretion patterns of free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), TSH, and thyroid-binding globulin (TBG) between 2000 and 0700 h in 20 healthy adults (10 males and 10 females, 25.3±2.7 years) receiving 50 μg ghrelin or placebo at 2200, 2300, 0000, and 0100 h.

Results

FT4plasma levels were significantly higher after ghrelin administration than after placebo administration from 0000 h until 0620 h except for the time points at 0100, 0520, and 0600 h. TSH plasma levels were significantly lower from 0200 until the end of the study at 0700 h except for the time points at 0540, 0600, and 0620 h. The relative increase of fT4(area under the curve (AUC) 0130–0700 h (ng/dl×min): placebo: 1.31±0.03; ghrelin: 1.39±0.03;P=0.001) was much weaker than the relative decrease of TSH (AUC 0130–0700 h (mIU/ml×min): placebo: 1.74±0.12; ghrelin: 1.32±0.12;P=0.007). FT3and TBG were not affected.

Conclusions

This is the first study to report that ghrelin affects the HPT axis in humans. The early fT4increase was possibly induced by direct ghrelin action on the thyroid where ghrelin receptors have been identified. The TSH decrease might have been caused by ghrelin-mediated inhibition at hypothalamic level by feedback inhibition through fT4, or both.
Immediate Implant Placement in Fresh Mandibular Molar Extraction Socket: 8-Year Results. A Case Report
Authors: Zafiropoulos Gregory-George , Kasaj Adrian , Hoffmann Oliver
Published: April 2010

Recently, successful implant placement in fresh extraction sockets has been reported. In this case report, we present the results of an immediate implant placement in a fresh extraction socket of a mandibular molar with simultaneous bone regeneration using a nonresorbable membrane and no other graft materials. Clinical and radiographic findings acquired 8 years after implant placement demonstrated a stable peri-implant situation and confirmed a satisfactory treatment result.
Multidisciplinary Treatment for a Young Patient With Severe Maxillofacial Trauma From a Snowmobile Accident: A Case Report
Authors: Yamano Seiichi , Nissenbaum Mark , Dodson Thomas B. , Gallucci German O. , Sukotjo Cortino
Published: April 2010

This clinical report describes the oral rehabilitation of a 15-year-old male patient who was involved in a snowmobile accident and suffered multiple mid-face and mandibular fractures. Consequences of the accident included avulsion of teeth numbers 5 to 10 and 21 to 26, and a significant amount of maxillary and mandibular anterior alveolar bone loss. The patient underwent open reduction and rigid fixation of the fractured left zygoma, comminuted LeFort I maxillary fracture, and left body of the mandible; closed reduction of the bilateral condylar fractures; autologous corticocancellous bone grafting to the maxilla and mandible; implant placement; and prosthesis fabrication. This multidisciplinary approach successfully restored function and esthetics.
Intraoral Fixation of Endotracheal Tubes Using a Suture in Edentulous Patients Undergoing Maxillofacial Surgery
Authors: Xue Fu S. , Luo Mao P. , Liao Xu , Zhang Yan M.
Published: April 2010

Securing an endotracheal tube in completely edentulous patients undergoing maxillofacial surgery can pose difficulties. In this report, a readily available and easy method of securing the endotracheal tube to gums of the teeth using the suture in such a circumstance is described. This technique has been used successfully in more than 100 patients at our institutions. Our experience suggests that it can provide reliable tube fixation and does not hinder surgical access.
Hypodontia in Beare-Stevenson Syndrome: An Example of Dental Anomalies in FGFR-Related Craniosynostosis Syndromes
Authors: Tao You-Chen , Slavotinek Anne M. , Vargervik Karin , Oberoi Snehlata
Published: April 2010

The authors report a new case of Beare-Stevenson syndrome (BSS) characterized by cutis gyrata, craniosynostosis, acanthosis nigricans, ear defects, a prominent umbilical stump, and midface hypoplasia. The patient had dental findings of natal teeth and hypodontia of the primary and permanent teeth. This is the second patient with BSS syndrome to be reported with hypodontia and natal teeth; the first patient was described by Beare in 1969. The authors review the current literature to investigate the relationship between dental anomalies and fibroblast growth factor receptor-related mutations in BSS and other craniosynostosis syndromes such as Apert, Crouzon, and Pfeiffer.
Continuous Bupivacaine Infusion in Iliac Bone Graft Donor Sites to Minimize Pain and Hospitalization
Authors: Sbitany Hani , Koltz Peter F. , Waldman Jeremy , Girotto John A.
Published: April 2010

Purpose

To assess the efficacy of continuous bupivacaine infusion at the iliac crest donor site in reducing postoperative pain and inpatient hospital stay.

Methods

Forty consecutive cleft lip/palate patients who underwent alveolar bone grafting at a single institution between 2003 and 2008 were identified, and their charts were retrospectively reviewed. Opioid analgesic use, self-reported pain indices, and length of hospital stay were analyzed. Comparisons were made between those patients who received a bupivacaine infusion pump at the iliac crest harvest site and those who did not.

Results

Twenty patients underwent iliac crest bone graft harvest followed by intraoperative placement of a continuous 0.25% bupivacaine infusion pump, and 20 were managed primarily with postoperative intravenous and parenteral analgesics. There were no statistically significant differences in demographics between the two cohorts. Those patients receiving continuous bupivacaine had a decreased length of hospital stay (mean, 2.9 versus 1.4 days; p = .0077), a statistical trend toward decreased opioid use ( p = .032), and a lower average subjective pain score on the day of surgery ( p = .0058).

Conclusion

There is a significant decrease in the length of hospitalization when using a continuous local infusion pump to deliver bupivacaine to the iliac crest following bone graft harvest. The pump is tolerated by patients and carries little morbidity. As such, the benefit of reduced cost from a reduced hospital stay is worthwhile. Continuous bupivacaine infusion is recommended for the iliac crest donor site.
Repairing and strengthening of earthquake-damaged RC beams with CFRP strips
Authors: Tanarslan H.Murat
Published: April 2010

This paper summarizes the results of an experimental investigation into earthquake-damaged (damaged in shear under cyclic load) reinforced concrete (RC) beams repaired and strengthened by externally bonded carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips. Eight specimens, apart from the reference beam, were separated into two distinct groups. Four experimental beams in the first group were subjected to cyclic load up to failure then properly repaired and CFRP strengthened. Four undamaged specimens from the second group were repaired and strengthened following the identical scheme as the first group for comparison. This study examines whether earthquake-damaged RC beams that have been repaired and strengthened will demonstrate similar strength and behaviour to equally strengthened, undamaged RC beams. In the absence of steel stirrups, increases of minimum 57% and maximum 72% in shear capacity according to the reference were obtained from the strengthened specimens. Accordingly, a strength similarity with a distinction of 5% according to strengthened specimens was obtained for the repaired and strengthened specimens. Additionally, vertical and inclined CFRP strips were evaluated in the experimental programme to establish which application type is more efficient for repairing and strengthening. Test results confirmed that both strengthening schemes, which were evaluated in the experimental programme, were efficient for repairing and strengthening the specimens with the cracking patterns considered.
Determination of luminance distribution of autostereoscopic 3D displays through calculation of angular profile
Authors: Hong Hyungki , Lim Moojong
Published: April 2010

Abstract— The luminance distribution of autostereoscopic 3‐D displays using the parallax‐barrier method was simulated by two different calculation methods. The first method directly calculates the total luminance distribution by summing light rays coming from different positions on the imaging display through a parallax barrier at each eye position. The second method first calculates the angular distribution of light rays coming from the imaging display through a parallax barrier and then derives the spatial luminance distribution for each eye position. The two methods resulted in an equivalent distribution. Yet, the second method outperforms the first method in terms of calculating the speed and versatility.
Flexible amorphous‐silicon non‐volatile memory
Authors: Darbanian Nazanin , Venugopal Sameer M. , Gopalan Shrinivas G. , Allee David R. , Clark Lawrence T.
Published: April 2010

Abstract— The development of a flexible, rewritable, non‐volatile memory (NVM) that is implemented on a standard, low‐temperature a‐Si:H process without additional mask steps is reported. This NVM is a part of a flexible‐display system. Each NVM cell is composed of differentially configured thin‐film‐transistors (TFTs). The cell reads out one of two stable states depending on the relative threshold voltages of the differentially configured TFTs. Information is stored in each cell by increasing the threshold voltage of one differential TFT or the other, utilizing the well‐known electrical‐stress degradation intrinsic to a‐Si:H TFTs. The stored information is retained indefinitely with no applied power. A test array of individually addressable NVM cells has been successfully fabricated and tested on flexible stainless‐steel substrates. Read and write operation, as well as preliminary reliability measurements, are described. The design is readily scalable to large memory arrays.
Effects of color and background luminance on minimal legible size of dynamic Chinese characters presented on a LCD monitor for low‐vision and normally sighted users
Authors: Huang Kuo‐Chen
Published: April 2010

Abstract— The effects of velocity (3, 5, and 7 cm/sec), stimulus color (red, green, and blue), and background luminance (20–80% white, in increments of 15%) on minimal legible size of dynamic Chinese characters, were examined. Participants were divided into low‐vision, severely myopic, and normal‐vision groups. They were asked to recognize the stimulus Chinese characters, which were presented with varying velocity on a screen. Analysis showed that the minimal legible size was significantly greater for those in the low‐vision and severely myopic groups than for those in the normal‐vision group, and the minimal legible size for the low‐vision group was greater than that for the severely myopic group. The minimal legible size was significantly greater when the stimuli were green than when they were red or blue; however, no significant difference was found between green and blue stimuli or between blue and red ones. An effect was observed for background luminance: a higher ratio of white in the gray background yielded a smaller minimal legible size than did a lower ratio of white. Additionally, velocity significantly affected the minimal legible size: a velocity of 3 cm/sec resulted in lower minimal legible size than did a velocity of 7 cm/sec. Results have implications for electronic text information design or icon design for visually impaired individuals.
A 6:1 image‐compression method using directional prediction for LCD overdrive
Authors: Piao Yinji , Park JongHyon , Park JeaHyoung , Park HyunWook
Published: April 2010

Abstract— An overdrive technology was developed and is widely used to diminish motion blur in LCDs. To store a previous frame in the overdrive operation in a limited‐sized memory, simple image‐compression techniques are required. By considering the strong correlation of nearby pixels in natural images, a new 6:1 color‐image‐compression method based on directional prediction is proposed. Different from the directional prediction of intra‐coding in H.264/AVC, the predictable direction is determined beforehand to minimize the computation complexity. A simple content‐adaptive quantization and bit‐streaming method, which preserves image details and is free from blocking artifacts, is also proposed. The experimental results show that our proposed method outperforms the vector quantization block truncation coding method with an average 3‐dB peak signal‐to‐noise ratio (PSNR) as well as the subjective quality in terms of blocking artifacts.
Back to Basics: The Application of Cognitive and Behavior Theory to Forensic Treatment
Authors: Galietta Michele
Published: April 2010

Since 1976, when the landmark case Estelle v. Gamble first recognized the right of prisoners to medical care, subsequent legislation has expanded this right to include mental health treatment for serious disorders. National standards for the treatment of prisoners and other forensic populations have been developed, and continue to be debated. Research studies on effective interventions with forensic populations, as well as the large body of literature pertaining to empirically supported psychotherapies in general clinical samples, offer insights for the effective treatment of offenders. However, many gaps in knowledge remain. In particular, questions exist about whether transmission of empirically supported treatments (ESTs) from the lab into forensic contexts is possible. Moreover, there is little guidance available regarding how to adapt treatments for appropriate use in forensic settings, while maintaining fidelity to essential treatment principles. This article provides a framework for synthesizing literature related to this endeavor, and serves as an introduction to the special theme: applications of cognitive and behavioral therapy to forensic treatment.
Modeling Harvest Intensity of Sooty Shearwater Chicks by Rakiura Māori in New Zealand
Authors: MCKECHNIE SAM , FLETCHER DAVID , NEWMAN JAMIE , SCOTT DARREN , BRAGG COREY , MOLLER HENRIK
Published: April 2010

Abstract: Cultural evidence suggests that sooty shearwater (Puffinus griseus) chicks have been harvested by Rakiura Māori on islands in southern New Zealand since prehistoric times. Concerns exist that modern harvests may be impacting sooty shearwater abundance. We modeled human‐related and ecological determinants of harvest (total no. of individuals harvested) of sooty shearwater chicks on 11 islands and examined the relationship between shearwater abundance and harvesting rates (chicks/hr) and harvester behavior throughout the harvesting season. Models best explaining variation in harvest between harvesting areas (manu), for both the early and late parts of the harvesting season, included harvester‐days (included in all models with change in deviance information criteria [ΔDIC], ΔDIC < 8.36 and ΔDIC < 11.5, for the early and late periods, respectively). Other harvest determinants included shearwater density, size of the manu, and number of people helping harvesters (all included in the top 5 models within ΔDIC = 2.25 for the late period). Areas harvested by several families under a common‐property harvesting system had higher harvest intensity for their size (24% points higher, 95% credible interval 11–36%) than those managed as an exclusive resource for one family. The slowest harvesters spent more time harvesting but on average only harvested 36% (95% credible interval 15–65%) and 34% (95% credible interval 12–63%) of the harvest taken by the fastest harvesters during the early and late periods, respectively. Our results highlight the possibility of elevated harvest intensity as the population of harvesters increases. However, our models suggested that a corresponding reduction in harvesting rate at low prey densities during the most productive period could potentially regulate harvest intensity. Future research will integrate these results into prospective shearwater demographic models to assess the utility of a range of harvesting strategies in ensuring harvest sustainability.
Dynamics of Content and Authorship Patterns in The Wildlife Society Journals (1937–2007)
Authors: POWELL ROBERT A. , RANSOM DEAN , SLACK R. DOUGLAS , SILVY NOVA J.
Published: April 2010

Abstract:A previous analysis of the content of articles published in The Wildlife Society (TWS) journals from 1937 to 1989 concluded that TWS should strive to publish more articles on nongame and endangered species, ecosystems, habitat fragmentation, and human dimensions. We revisited this analysis and included the years 1990–2007 to determine whether, and how, TWS journals have addressed previous concerns. We also analyzed changes in subject content for TWS journals from 1937 to 2007 using selected terms that we considered indicative of emerging trends within the wildlife profession and society by documenting patterns of use of these terms as key words. Additionally, we evaluated authorship patterns for all TWS journals during 1937–2007 to determine trends in both numbers of authors per article and author affiliations. Our analysis demonstrated that the content of TWS journals has changed over time, and the changes reflected emerging themes in TWS, the wildlife profession, and society. We documented increases in published studies of nongame species and multiple species and articles with multiple authorships representing diverse affiliations. We argue that these patterns reflect a TWS response to shifts in public opinion, policy developments, advances in technology, and changes in university curricula. Although the number of studies published on human dimensions and conservation education has increased over time, these disciplines remained underrepresented.
Percentage of Fecal Moss in Arctic Ungulates as an Indicator of Wintering Area Quality
Authors: IHL CLAUDIA
Published: April 2010

Abstract: I investigated local and regional differences in percent moss in the feces of muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) and reindeer or caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in northwestern Alaska, USA, and related fecal moss to forage availability, snow conditions, animal density, and terrain ruggedness on wintering areas. Reindeer are a partially domesticated form of Rangifer tarandus originating from Europe and Asia and differ physiologically and ecologically from caribou. Percent moss in feces of muskoxen differed locally among individual wintering areas. Because of the large local variation in moss content of muskox feces, regional differences between the 2 study areas were difficult to resolve. Percent of moss in the feces of reindeer–caribou did not differ between wintering areas within the same study area but did differ between study areas. On muskox wintering areas, fecal moss correlated negatively with graminoid cover and snow hardness and positively with moss cover and muskox density, but fecal moss did not correlate with snow depth or terrain ruggedness. On reindeer–caribou wintering areas, fecal moss correlated positively with moss availability but not with lichen cover or snow depth or hardness. Because muskox groups in Alaska are isolated from each other in winter, even groups wintering on neighboring hills may face different foraging availability and might, therefore, exhibit differences in growth or productivity. Reindeer–caribou are more mobile than muskoxen in winter, and fecal samples may not be representative of vegetative and snow conditions at the wintering area where I collected them. I conclude that managers can use fecal moss as an indicator of overgrazed ranges, severe snow conditions, or crowded conditions on muskox wintering areas, but that the association between fecal moss and range conditions has to be drawn with caution for the more mobile reindeer–caribou.
Design and Analysis of Simple Choice Surveys for Natural Resource Management
Authors: FIEBERG JOHN , CORNICELLI LOUIS , FULTON DAVID C. , GRUND MARRETT D.
Published: April 2010

Abstract: We used a simple yet powerful method for judging public support for management actions from randomized surveys. We asked respondents to rank choices (representing management regulations under consideration) according to their preference, and we then used discrete choice models to estimate probability of choosing among options (conditional on the set of options presented to respondents). Because choices may share similar unmodeled characteristics, the multinomial logit model, commonly applied to discrete choice data, may not be appropriate. We introduced the nested logit model, which offers a simple approach for incorporating correlation among choices. This forced choice survey approach provides a useful method of gathering public input; it is relatively easy to apply in practice, and the data are likely to be more informative than asking constituents to rate attractiveness of each option separately.
Habitat Interference by Axis Deer on White‐Tailed Deer
Authors: FAAS CLINTON J. , WECKERLY FLOYD W.
Published: April 2010

Abstract: Many studies of interactions between exotic and native ungulates have not had temporal and spatial controls nor have they considered the types of competitive interactions that would allow coexistence. For exotic axis deer (Axis axis) and native white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to coexist one species should be superior at interference competition and the other species should be superior at exploitative competition. We generated and tested predictions, based on body size and diet breadth, about habitat selection by white‐tailed deer in the presence and absence of axis deer, dominance relationships, and time at sites provisioned with high quality forage. We conducted our study in treatment (axis and white‐tailed deer) and control (white‐tailed deer only) areas when both species were present and after axis deer were removed. We conducted vehicle surveys to determine habitat use of both species. At provisioned feeding sites we recorded aggressive behaviors and amount of time species spent at feeding sites alone and together. In the treatment area white‐tailed deer selection for wooded habitat increased 2.1 times after axis deer were removed, whereas habitat selection by white‐tailed deer was constant in the control area over the same time. At feeding sites axis deer were dominant to white‐tailed deer; both species spent a significantly greater amount of time alone than at feeders together, but amount of time that individuals of each species spent at feeders did not differ. Axis deer were superior at interference competition, but white‐tailed deer were not superior at exploitative competition; thus, species coexistence is unlikely. Whether white‐tailed deer are negatively impacted by axis deer at spatial scales larger than our experiment probably depends on abundance of axis deer at larger spatial scales. Experiments of species interactions with temporal and spatial controls that consider types of competitive interactions increase a manager's understanding of when and how native ungulates may be negatively impacted by exotic ungulates.
Hazards Affecting Grizzly Bear Survival in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
Authors: SCHWARTZ CHARLES C. , HAROLDSON MARK A. , WHITE GARY C.
Published: April 2010

Abstract: During the past 2 decades, the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) population in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) has increased in numbers and expanded its range. Early efforts to model grizzly bear mortality were principally focused within the United States Fish and Wildlife Service Grizzly Bear Recovery Zone, which currently represents only about 61% of known bear distribution in the GYE. A more recent analysis that explored one spatial covariate that encompassed the entire GYE suggested that grizzly bear survival was highest in Yellowstone National Park, followed by areas in the grizzly bear Recovery Zone outside the park, and lowest outside the Recovery Zone. Although management differences within these areas partially explained differences in grizzly bear survival, these simple spatial covariates did not capture site‐specific reasons why bears die at higher rates outside the Recovery Zone. Here, we model annual survival of grizzly bears in the GYE to 1) identify landscape features (i.e., foods, land management policies, or human disturbances factors) that best describe spatial heterogeneity among bear mortalities, 2) spatially depict the differences in grizzly bear survival across the GYE, and 3) demonstrate how our spatially explicit model of survival can be linked with demographic parameters to identify source and sink habitats. We used recent data from radiomarked bears to estimate survival (1983–2003) using the known‐fate data type in Program MARK. Our top models suggested that survival of independent (age ≥ 2 yr) grizzly bears was best explained by the level of human development of the landscape within the home ranges of bears. Survival improved as secure habitat and elevation increased but declined as road density, number of homes, and site developments increased. Bears living in areas open to fall ungulate hunting suffered higher rates of mortality than bears living in areas closed to hunting. Our top model strongly supported previous research that identified roads and developed sites as hazards to grizzly bear survival. We also demonstrated that rural homes and ungulate hunting negatively affected survival, both new findings. We illustrate how our survival model, when linked with estimates of reproduction and survival of dependent young, can be used to identify demographically the source and sink habitats in the GYE. Finally, we discuss how this demographic model constitutes one component of a habitat‐based framework for grizzly bear conservation. Such a framework can spatially depict the areas of risk in otherwise good habitat, providing a focus for resource management in the GYE.
Multi‐Scale Foraging Habitat Use and Interactions by Sympatric Cervids in Northeastern China
Authors: JIANG GUANGSHUN , MA JIANZHANG , ZHANG MINGHAI , STOTT PHILIP
Published: April 2010

Abstract: Moose (Alces alces) and roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) are sympatric in the forest region of northeastern China. Using univariate analyses of feeding sign data, we found the 2 species were positively associated, but there were distinctions between their use of forage resources across landscape, patch, and microhabitat scales. We used resource selection function models to predict the influence of environmental covariates on moose and roe deer foraging; we detected covariate effects at the landscape and microhabitat scales but not at the patch scale. Forage resources used by the 2 species were similar, but moose used wetter areas and more low‐visibility habitats than did roe deer, which strongly avoided areas with sparse vegetation. Both species were influenced by forage abundance and distribution at the microhabitat scale but exhibited differences in intensity of use of plant species and microhabitats. Moose used areas with deeper snow and avoided hiding cover; roe deer avoided areas with higher total basal areas of tree stems and preferred areas with high plant species richness. For moose, there was a trade‐off in the use of concealment cover between the landscape and microhabitat scales. We detected avoidance by moose of roads where roe deer occurred. Roe deer exhibited more capacity for coping with human disturbance and interspecific interaction. In areas similar to our study area, road closures and suppression of roe deer near roads within 3–5 years postlogging may benefit moose. Furthermore, a mosaic of areas with different logging intervals may contribute to spatial separation of moose and roe deer and promote their coexistence.
Universal Trap Timer Design to Examine Temporal Activity of Wildlife
Authors: SUTHERLAND DUNCAN R. , PREDAVEC MARTIN
Published: April 2010

Abstract: We designed a reliable and inexpensive universal trap timer that records the time from the moment a single‐live‐capture trap is triggered by an animal to when the observer checks the trap. Combined with trapping information, the diel activity pattern of a given species or demographic group can then be described or compared between imposed treatments. The universal trap timer is adaptable to operate reliably with most single‐capture trap designs, requires no permanent modification of traps, and is easy to construct.
Evaluating if Energy and Protein Limit Abundance of Hawaiian Moorhen
Authors: DESROCHERS DAVID W. , MCWILLIAMS SCOTT R. , REED J. MICHAEL
Published: April 2010

Abstract: Food abundance can affect a species' distribution. In many studies of potential food limitation, researchers focus on carrying capacity estimates during the nonbreeding season for temperate species consuming a fixed food source. Estimates of energetic carrying capacity for year‐round breeders feeding on a replenishing resource would be more difficult and require much data. To determine whether gathering detailed information on year‐round carrying capacity would be an important investment, we conducted an assessment to determine whether there was evidence that energy or protein might limit numbers of the tropical, endangered Hawaiian moorhen (Gallinula chloropus sandvicensis). We compared observed numbers of moorhen at 15 Oahu, Hawaii, USA, wetlands with predicted numbers based on measured energy and protein in food plants and abundance of these food plants in each wetland and on estimates of energy expenditure of moorhen. We made comparisons assuming moorhen are limited by their ability to metabolize food plants, by competition for food, and by estimated costs associated with reproduction. We also compared ranked moorhen abundance and density with ranked energy and protein under different wetland management regimes. Energy values consistently overestimated expected numbers of Hawaiian moorhen at wetlands except for one wetland location (predicted, 3803 ± 4856; observed, 6.2 ± 10.8). In addition, we detected no significant relationship between moorhen abundance and measures of energy (all r2 = 0.02–0.73, all P > 0.1) or protein abundance (all r2 = 0.08–0.50, all P > 0.3). This lack of relationship held once we controlled for wetland area or when we considered whether wetlands were managed for waterbirds. Hawaiian moorhen on Oahu did not appear to be limited by energy, nor did they appear to select sites based on energy or protein, in contrast to many studies relating animal numbers to energy in nonbreeding situations. Consequently, we suggest that researchers and managers explore other potentially limiting factors for Hawaiian moorhen.
Bispectral Index Analysis of Opioid Immobilization of Rocky Mountain Elk
Authors: KREEGER TERRY J. , MAMA KHURSHEED , HUIZENGA MATTHEW , HANSEN COLE , TATE CYNTHIA
Published: April 2010

Abstract: We immobilized elk with either isoflurane to produce general anesthesia (control), 0.01 mg/kg carfentanil plus 0.1 mg/kg xylazine, or 0.25 mg/kg butorphanol plus 0.4 mg/kg azaperone plus 0.15 mg/kg medetomidine (BAM) and measured the bispectral index (BIS). The carfentanil‐xylazine BIS (70.4 + 1.4) and the BAM BIS (60.2 + 1.5) were higher than the control BIS (47.2 + 4.1; P ≤ 0.001). These data indicate that opioids produce neuroleptanalgesia and not general anesthesia or sedation, which explains observed elk responses to these drugs.
Creatsas Modification of Williams Vaginoplasty for Reconstruction of the Vaginal Aplasia in Mayer–Rokitansky–KüSter–Hauser Syndrome Cases
Authors: Creatsas George , Deligeoroglou Efthimios
Published: April 2010

Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser syndrome has a prevalence of one in 4000 females and is the most common cause of vaginal aplasia. Management of Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser syndrome patients includes, along with psychological support, the creation of a neovagina. Creatsas vaginoplasty is a fast and simple technique in which a perineal skin flap is used to create a perineal pouch. Initially, the hymen is cut to avoid hemorrhage during the patient's first intercourse, and a U-shaped incision is made at the perineum. Afterwards, the tissues are mobilized and the inner skin margins of the created flap are stitched together using absorbable sutures. The same material is used to approximate the perineal muscles, subcutaneous fat and outer skin margins. In our institution, the Creatsas vaginoplasty has been performed in 200 patients over the last 23 years, with excellent results.
Enumerating set partitions by the number of positions between adjacent occurrences of a letter
Authors: Mansour Toufik , Shattuck Mark , Wagner Stephan
Published: April 2010

A partition ? of the set [n] = {1, 2,...,n} is a collection {B1,...,Bk} of nonempty disjoint subsets of [n] (called blocks) whose union equals [n]. Suppose that the subsets Bi are listed in increasing order of their minimal elements and ? = ?1, ?2...?n denotes the canonical sequential form of a partition of [n] in which iEB?i for each i. In this paper, we study the generating functions corresponding to statistics on the set of partitions of [n] with k blocks which record the total number of positions of ? between adjacent occurrences of a letter. Among our results are explicit formulas for the total value of the statistics over all the partitions in question, for which we provide both algebraic and combinatorial proofs. In addition, we supply asymptotic estimates of these formulas, the proofs of which entail approximating the size of certain sums involving the Stirling numbers. Finally, we obtain comparable results for statistics on partitions which record the total number of positions of ? of the same letter lying between two letters which are strictly larger.
On spectral radius of the distance matrix
Authors: Liu Zhongzhu
Published: April 2010

We characterize graphs with minimal spectral radius of the distance matrix in three classes of simple connected graphs with n vertices: with fixed vertex connectivity, matching number and chromatic number, respectively.
Determination of trans fatty acids in foodstuffs by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after simultaneous microwave-assisted extraction-esterification
Authors: Kravic Snezana , Suturovic Zvonimir , Svarc-Gajic Jaroslava , Stojanovic Zorica , Pucarevic Mira
Published: April 2010

A sample preparation method based on the simultaneous microwave-assisted extraction-esterification (SMAEE) was developed for the determination of the fatty acid composition of foodstuffs by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The proposed sample preparation method was validated by comparison with the reference Soxhlet extraction method followed by derivatisation by ester formation and the same determination step. The fatty acid compositions and the extraction efficiencies obtained using the proposed SMAEE method and the reference method were statistically similar. The results showed that compared to the conventional method, the SMAEE method offered the advantages of short sample preparation time, low consumption of expensive organic solvents and lower energy consumption. This good agreement between results provided by both the SMAEE and the reference method demonstrates the usefulness of the former as a routine method for the treatment of food samples prior to trans fatty analysis.
The Kerzman-Stein operator for the ellipse
Authors: Dostanic Milutin
Published: April 2010

We give, in the case of ellipse, a simple connection between the spectrum of the Kerzman-Stein operator and the eccentricity of the ellipse.
Parastrophically equivalent quasigroup equations
Authors: Krapez Aleksandar , Zivkovic Dejan
Published: April 2010

Fedir M. Sokhats'kyi recently posed four problems concerning parastrophic equivalence between generalized quasigroup functional equations. Sava Krstic in his PhD thesis established a connection between generalized quadratic quasigroup functional equations and connected cubic graphs. We use this connection to solve two of Sokhats'kyi's problems, giving also complete characterization of parastrophic cancellability of quadratic equations and reducing the problem of their classification to the problem of classification of connected cubic graphs. Further, we give formulas for the number of quadratic equations with a given number of variables. Finally, we solve all equations with two variables.
Maximum cuts in extended natural deduction
Authors: Borisavljevic Mirjana
Published: April 2010

We consider a standard system of sequents and a system of extended natural deduction (which is a modification of natural deduction) for intuitionistic predicate logic and connect the special cuts, maximum cuts, from sequent derivations and maximum segments from derivations of extended natural deduction. We show that the image of a sequent derivation without maximum cuts is a derivation without maximum segments (i.e., a normal derivation) in extended natural deduction.
A propositional p-adic probability logic
Authors: Milosevic Milos
Published: April 2010

We present the p-adic probability logic LpPP based on the paper [5] by A. Khrennikov et al. The logical language contains formulas such as P=s(?) with the intended meaning 'the probability of ? is equal to s', where ? is a propositional formula. We introduce a class of Kripke-like models that combine properties of the usual Kripke models and finitely additive p-adic probabilities. We propose an infinitary axiom system and prove that it is sound and strongly complete with respect to the considered class of models. In the paper the terms finitary and infinitary concern the meta language only, i.e., the logical language is countable, formulas are finite, while only proofs are allowed to be infinite. We analyze decidability of LpPP and provide a procedure which decides satisfiability of a given probability formula.
A logic for reasoning about qualitative probability
Authors: Ilic-Stepic Angelina
Published: April 2010

We offer extended completeness theorem for probabilistic logic that combines higher-order probabilities (nesting of probability operators) and the qualitative probability operator.
A note on suns in convex metric spaces
Authors: Narang T.D. , Sangeeta R.
Published: April 2010

We prove that in a convex metric space (X,d), an existence set K having a lower semi continuous metric projection is a ?-sun and in a complete M-space, a Chebyshev set K with a continuous metric projection is a ?-sun as well as almost convex.
Hungary's Antisemitic Provinces: Violence and Ritual Murder in the 1880s
Authors: Nemes Robert
Published: April 2010

The subject of this article is the Tiszaeszlár blood libel, one of several sensational Jewish ritual murder cases to unfold in central and eastern Europe in the last decades of the nineteenth century. By focusing on a region far removed from Tiszaeszlár, the article underscores the rapidity with which antisemitic violence traversed Hungary in the early 1880s. In examining the causes, function, and impact of this violence, Robert Nemes demonstrates the centrality of the provinces for understanding the depth and dynamism of political antisemitism in Hungary. Nemes also argues that Tiszaeszlár acted as a formative political experience for many people in the provinces and explores the wider consequences of this event, both in the near and in the long term.
Dostoevskii's Geography: Centers, Peripheries, and Networks inDemons
Authors: Lounsbery Anne
Published: April 2010

Demonstakes an infamous real-life Moscow event (the “Nechaev Affair“) and moves it to a nameless provincial city. What can this geographic shift tell us about both Fedor Dostoevskii's novel and the particular vision of Russian geographic space that informs it? Anne Lounsbery argues thatDemons’representation of the provinces responds to a certain imaginary geography of Russia, one that can locate meaning only in acenter.The ideological implications of this geography are played out in Dostoevskii's representation of the railroad as a sinister and ever-widening network extending across a blank landscape. The interlocking rail lines “covering Russia like a spider web” reflect the provincial revolutionaries’ paranoid political vision as well as their inability to see themselves as anything but tiny points on this network, insignificant without the web's power to connect them to a hub of meaning. Lounsbery relates Dostoevskii's geographic vision to patterns that structure the representation of Russian space in works by many nineteenth-century writers, including Nikolai Gogol', Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, and Anton Chekhov.
The Art of the Bribe: Corruption and Everyday Practice in the Late Stalinist USSR
Authors: Heinzen James
Published: April 2010

By drawing on materials in Soviet legal and party archives, James Heinzen explores the phenomenon of bribery in the decade between 1943 and 1953. Bribery, the prototypical type of corruption, enveloped people from all walks of Soviet life. Heinzen examines bribery as a mode of negotiation between common people and officials in the political and social context of late Stalinism, in a time of scarcity, reconstruction, and mass arrests. Discussing the diverse varieties of bribery, Heinzen illustrates how law, Stalinist ideology, popular attitudes, and everyday practices often stood in conflict. Graft had its own subculture with shared attitudes, rituals, and venues. Attitudes differentiating between accepting and offering bribes are explored, as is the existence of a veritable “market” for bribery, in which intermediaries played an important role.