bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dehulling cottonseed and separating kernels and hulls: Comparison of several varieties of seed
Authors: Clark S. P. , Wiederhold L. R. , Cater C. M. , Mattil K. F.
Published: June 2007

The proteinaceous components of cottonseed can be converted into several different forms for use in human food. All of them require nearly complete separation of kernels and hulls. In research on improving separation processes, eight multiton lots of cottonseed were processed through pilot size commercial‐type dehulling and kernel‐hull separating machinery. The machinery was operated to produce the cleanest separations possible. Each lot of seed was from a different variety of cotton. For six of the lots, seed were delinted to 2 levels of ca. 7.0 and 2.5% residual linters; and separate dehulling runs were made on seed of each level. Weak hulled seeds were the only lots showing any important differences in dehulling characteristics. They produced higher yields of coarse kernels than the other lots. In terms of nearly pure kernels, good results were obtained with all lots. Yields of kernels averaging 90% of the total kernels from each variety were concentrated into a product which contained less than 1.0% hulls. These products could be converted into meals of more than 55% protein and less than 3% crude fiber. With the addition of a specific gravity separator to the process, loose hulls in coarse kernels can be reduced to nearly zero.
System for production of high and low protein dispersibility index edible extracted soybean flakes
Authors: Milligan E. D. , Suriano J. F.
Published: June 2007

A standard flash desolventizing system has been combined with horizontal agitated meal stripping and cooking vessels operating at atmospheric pressure to provide an integrated system for the production of high, intermediate, or low protein dispersability index edible soybean flakes from extracted solvent‐wet flakes. Flash desolventizing removes most of the hexane in the wet flakes by evaporation at low temperature in a turbulent stream of superheated hexane vapor. The small remaining hexane quantity is removed in a stripping process capable of producing the full range of protein dispersability index values in the flakes by treating the flash desolventized flakes with either dry superheated steam or wet saturated steam under carefully controlled conditions of steam temperature, pressure, flow rate, and moisture content. The products are light colored, with little production of fine particles.
Extraction of lipids from cottonseed tissue: IV. Use of hexane‐acetic acid
Authors: Hensarling T. P. , Jacks T. J. , Yatsu L. Y.
Published: June 2007

Hexane and mixtures of hexane and 2–25% acetic acid (v/v) were used to prepare oil and protein from glanded cottonseed by solvent extraction. As the amount of acetic acid in the solvent increased, the amounts of total lipid, phospholipid, neutral oil, and gossypol in each miscella increased, but the amount of free fatty acids did not change significantly. However, the solubility of protein in 0.02N NaOH decreased as the amount of acetic acid in the solvent used to prepare each meal increased. Other aspects of using acidified hexane are described.
Physical properties and aflatoxin content of individual cateye fluorescent cottonseeds
Authors: Koltun S. P. , Gardner H. K. , Dollear F. G. , Rayner E. T.
Published: June 2007

The density and aflatoxin content of individual cateye fluorescent cottonseeds have been investigated. In general, higher average levels of aflatoxin contamination were found among the lower density seeds. However, significant amounts of aflatoxins were detected in a few of the higher density seeds. Subjective evaluation of color and texture of disected kernels indicated a predominance of poor quality seeds at the lower densities. Visually determined physical characteristics, however, were not indicative of the presence or absence of aflatoxins.
Determination of tocopherols, sterols, and steryl esters in vegetable oil distillates and residues
Authors: Feeter D. K.
Published: June 2007

A twofold technique for determination of tocopherols and a gas liquid chromatography procedure for determination of sterols and steryl esters are described. Incorporated herein are a modified Emmerie‐Engel procedure for total tocopherols and gas liquid chromatographic analysis for tocopherols and sterols as their propionate esters. The approach is directly applicable to quality control and production use.
Study on skin roughness caused by surfactants: I. A new method in vivo for evaluation of skin roughness
Authors: Imokawa G. , Sumura K. , Katsumi M.
Published: June 2007

A simple and accurate method for evaluating skin roughness caused by surfactants has been developed. The intensities of the roughness have been correlated with the chemical structures of surfactants by using this method. Results indicated in general, that the surfactants having 12 carbons in their alkyl chain gave the skin more roughness than did those which had more or less than 12. The results obtained by this method were in good agreement with those from the immersion method usually used.
Lipids of seven cereal grains
Authors: Price P. B. , Parsons J. G.
Published: June 2007

Grain samples of representative varieties of barley, corn, oats, rye, sorghum, triticale, and wheat grown commercially in the north central US were analyzed. Chemical constituents of the varieties studied are presented to provide an overview of their characteristics.

Lipids of the milled grain samples were solvent extracted, classified by silicic acid column chromatography, and separated by thin layer chromatography. Fatty acid composition of the total lipid was determined by gas liquid chromatography and the fatty acid content was determined by saponification and extraction.

Total lipid content of the grains ranged from 2.3% for ‘Polk’ wheat to 6.6% for ‘Chief’ oats. Lipid composition varied considerably. The row crops, corn and sorghum, have a high neutral lipid and low glycolipid content. The small grain varieties have a more balanced distribution among neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids. Fatty acid composition of the total lipid was similar for all grains. Minor qualitative differences were noted among the lipid classes of the 7 cereals.
Lubricants and lubricant additives: II. Performance characteristics of some substituted fatty acid esters
Authors: Magne F. C. , Mod R. R. , Sumrell G. , Koos R. E. , Parker W. E.
Published: June 2007

Sixty‐one compounds, principally substituted fatty esters of mono‐ and polyhydric alcohols, but including some amides and two imidazolidines, were prepared and evaluated as lubricants and lubricant additives for paraffin and diester base oils. The effects of chloro, phosphato, phosphorodithio, thio, epithio, mercapto, and sulfuryl substituents, alone and in certain combinations, on the performances of the compounds as antiwear and extreme pressure lubricants were investigated. The epithio (thiirane) group was the most effective and consistent in enhancing extreme pressure and antiwear performances of the compounds as additives. Sulfurized and chloro‐sulfone derivatives also were effective, but perhaps somewhat less predictably so, than the epithio derivatives. The phosphato and phosphorodithio derivatives were good, consistent, antiwear additives, but only the latter seemed potentially useful for improving extreme pressure lubrication. Structure‐performance correlations favor use of the esters over the amides.
Acyl esters from oxo‐derived hydroxymethylstearates as plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride
Authors: Frankel E. N. , Neff W. E. , Thomas F. L. , Khoe T. H. , Pryde E. H. , Riser G. R.
Published: June 2007

Hydroxymethylstearates were made by hydroformylation or oxo reaction of mono‐ and polyunsaturated fats and esters with either rhodium‐triphenylphosphine or cobalt carbonyl catalysts. Rhodium‐oxo products were hydrogenated with nickel catalyst, whereas, cobalt‐oxo products were heated directly under hydrogen pressure. Hydroxymethyl fatty alcohols also were prepared by a two‐step copper‐chromite hydrogenation of hydroformylated linseed fatty esters. Of these hydroxymethyl compounds, 39 were converted to their acetates and other acyloxy derivatives and then evaluated as primary plasticizers for polyvinylchloride. For compounds with good compatibility, methyl 9(10)‐acetoxymethylstearate and 9(10)‐acetoxymethyloctadecyl acetate gave the lowest flex temperature (−47 C). An unusual combination of good compatibility and low flex temperature was obtained with 2‐methoxyethyl 9(10)‐acetoxymethylstearate. Addition of more than one acetoxymethyl group in the fatty acid molecule, made possible by rhodium hydroformylation, imparted good compatibility and outstanding permanence (low migration and volatility) but raised flex temperature. Butyl diacetoxymethylstearate, methyl triacetoxymethylstearate, and polyacetoxymethyloctadecyl acetate from linseed esters displayed good compatibility, strength, and volatility characteristics. As glycerides, acetoxymethylated safflower and linseed oils produced good compatibility and outstanding permanence, better than esters commonly used as commercial plasticizers.
Differential scanning calorimetry of palm kernel oil products
Authors: Rossell J. B.
Published: June 2007

A variety of fractionated and hydrogenated fats were derived from a commercial sample of Malayan palm kernel oil. These were studied by differential scanning calorimetry at different rates of cooling and heating. The resulting thermograms, and latent heats derived from them, were compared with one another and with underlying triglyceride compositions. This enabled three potential interpretations of the thermograms to be compared. The shapes of the cooling thermograms were most complicated, and dependent on the influence of the spontaneous crystallization, which followed supercooling when cooling rates of 8 C per min or more were imposed. Triglyceride composition had a less significant influence on the shapes of the curves, while polymorphism had almost no influence. The cooling thermograms, thus, are more complicated than heating thermograms, a conclusion at variance with one expressed elsewhere. The dynamic nature of the differential scanning calorimetry method is highlighted by the results of this work, and it is concluded that there are dangers in conducting differential scanning calorimetry studies at a single rate of temperature change.
Effects of refining and bleaching on oxidative stability of sunflowerseed oil
Authors: Morrison W. H.
Published: June 2007

Sunflowerseed oils extracted from seed grown in the northern and southern US were laboratory refined and bleached with 1 and 3% activated clay. The crude, refined, and bleached oils were heated for four 8‐hr days. Samples of oil were taken daily and active oxygen method values determined. In addition, “Ple‐zrs,” a porous, fat free snack item, were fried in the oils at the end of each day and stored for 5 weeks. Plots of the log of the active oxygen method values versus the number of hr the oil had been heated were straight lines, the slope of which reflected the oxidative stability of the oil on heating. The lack of change in slopes for the southern oils indicated that oxidative stability after heating was not changed markedly by refining or bleaching. Two samples of northern oil, the refined and oil bleached with 1% activated clay, showed an increase in oxidative stability on heating but a lowering of overall stability. The peroxide values of the oils expressed from the stored “Ple‐zrs” indicated that the southern oil was slower than the northern oil to oxidize on storage in a fried product.
Fatty acid composition of oleaster pulp and pit oils
Authors: Farrohi F. , Mehran M.
Published: June 2007

Fatty acid compositions of oleaster pulp and pit oils were determined by gas chromatography in 4 samples of different varieties. Pit oils were highly unsaturated, containing >90% linoleic, oleic, and linolenic acids, as well as traces of palmitoleic acid. Saturated fatty acids consisted of palmitic and stearic acids with traces of arachidic acid. Pulp oils showed fatty acid compositions entirely different from that of pit oils. They contained 9 saturated fatty acids, C12 to C24, some of them with high quantities, up to 34.9%, of the total fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids, mainly oleic and linoleic, with low quantities of palmitoleic and linolenic acids composed about one‐third of the total fatty acids.
Precipitation of nonionic surfactants by polymeric acid
Authors: Saito Shuji , Taniguchi Takumi
Published: June 2007

Nonionic surfactants of the polyethylene oxide type are precipitated by carboxy vinyl polymer (CVP) in its acid form. While the reduced viscosity of the CVP solution is affected more markedly by a surfactant with a longer polyethylene oxide chain, the binding to CVP of the nonionic surfactants with the same hydrophobic parts occurs more effectively with shortening of the polyethylene oxide chain or with lowering of the critical micelle concentration. The structure of the complexes formed is discussed.
Hyperchlorinated fatty acids: II. Photochlorination of stearic acid in carbon tetrachloride, reaction study
Authors: Chals M. , Perron R.
Published: June 2007

The free radical chlorination of stearic acid in carbon tetrachloride was studied with variation of the chlorine flow rate, the active light intensity and the initial fatty acid concentration. In addition the variation of temperature with time was measured. The chlorine flow rate affects only the reaction time and modifies neither the chlorine content of the products obtained nor the yield, approximating 100%. On the other hand, the initial fatty acid concentration seems to be the prime factor determining the chlorine content of the products. Similarly, the onset of the polymerization of the chlorinated monomers depends essentially on the initial fatty acid concentration. These polymers are probably chlorinated polyesters. This behavior can be explained by the incursion of radical ions RCOO·+ resulting from irradiation of exciplexes formed by interaction between the more or less highly chlorinated fatty acid and the solvent. These interactions take place when the fundamental complex occupies a critical volume, which depends on the acid concentration.
Distribution of fatty acids during germination of soybean seeds
Authors: Joshi A. C. , Chopra B. K. , Collins L. C. , Doctor V. M.
Published: June 2007

Gas chromatographic determination of the fatty acids in the seeds of soybean (Glycine max) showed mainly linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids with linoleic acid being the major component. Changes in the distribution of fatty acids were measured during germination in the cotyledons and roots. A decrease in palmitic and oleic acids was observed in the cotyledons from 6 to 12 days, while linoleic acid increased during the same period. In roots also, the major fatty acid was linoleic acid, while palmitic and linolenic acids were higher in roots in comparison with the cotyledons. During the 3–12 days of germination period, no major changes in the distribution pattern of fatty acids were observed in the roots. The possible significance of these changes is discussed.
Epimino derivatives from β‐lodoazides
Authors: Foglia T. A. , Barr P. A. , Schmeltz I.
Published: June 2007

The preparation of the epimino derivatives of oleyl alcohol and methyl oleate by a two‐step procedure has been studied. The procedure utilized the addition of iodine azide to the unsaturated compound, followed by reductive cyclization to the aziridine. For the latter step, several hydride‐reducing agents and direct hydrogenation over metal catalysts were investigated. Comparison of the various methods studied showed that the best yields of epimino derivatives were obtained with lithium aluminum hydride, whereas direct hydrogenation gave the poorest yield. The reaction of the β‐iodoazide adducts with trimethyl phosphite was also investigated and was shown to give rise to the dialkylphosphonoaziridinyl derivative of the starting olefin.
Automated determination of silicate and carbonates in detergents
Authors: Babulak S. W. , Gildenberg L.
Published: June 2007

The analysis of silicate and carbonate builders in detergents is time consuming by standard gravimetric procedures (1,2). By modifying established Technicon AutoAnalyzer methods, rapid and simple methods of analyzing these detergent builders have been achieved. Standard AutoAnalyzer modules, arranged for colorimetric analysis, are used, and 10–15 samples per hour can be handled. In the silicate analysis, an aqueous solution of the sample is reacted with ammonium molybdate in an acid medium to form silicomolybdic acid. This acid is partially reduced by ascrobic acid forming the pentavalent molybdenum blue complex. The carbonate method is based upon the evolution of carbon dioxide gas, which is reacted with a buffered phenolpthalein solution. The color intensity of the system is inversely proportional to the carbon dioxide concentration. When a blend of carbonate and bicarbonate is present in the sample, analysis before and after heating is required.
Sources of error in determination of available lysine in cottonseed and peanut meals
Authors: Frampton V. L. , Kuck J. C.
Published: June 2007

Experiments were made to identify the sources of error in the Rao procedure for available lysine in cottonseed and peanut meals and to estimate the magnitude of each. The partition of squares in analyses of variance of the data reported revealed that the major error can be attributed to sampling. The variances due to other possible sources of error, such as dinitrophenylation, hydrolysis, chromatography, etc., were not significantly different from the error variance, which (after the sampling error is accounted for) corresponds to confidence limits at the 5% level of probability of ±0.5% of the mean of the available lysine concentration.
Participation of singlet oxygen in photosensitized oxidation of 1,4‐dienoic systems and photooxidation of soybean oil
Authors: Clements A. H. , Van Den Engh R. H. , Frost D. J. , Hoogenhout K. , Nooi J. R.
Published: June 2007

Sensitized photooxidation of a model 1,4‐diene, 4cis, 7cis‐undecadiene, was shown to yield 4‐hydroperoxy‐5trans,7cis‐undecadiene and 5‐hydroperoxy‐3trans,7cis‐undecadiene as initial products. Further irradiation (in the presence of the sensitizer) caused the isomerization of 4‐hydroperoxy‐5trans,7cis‐undecadiene to 4‐hydroperoxy‐5trans,7trans‐undecadiene. Oxidation of 4cis,7cis‐undecadiene with chemically formed singlet oxygen gave the same initial products as the photosensitized oxidation. 5‐Hydroperoxy‐3trans,7cis‐undecadiene is, however, not formed in the radical autoxidation of the diene. It is concluded that singlet oxygen is the reactive intermediate in the photooxidation. Comparison with this model reaction suggests that the photooxidation of refined soybean oil in propanol also proceeds via singlet oxygen: the photooxidations of both 4,7‐undecadiene and soybean oil are inhibited by β‐carotene and by triethylamine, but unlike radical chain autoxidation, they are not inhibited by 2,6‐di‐t‐butyl‐4‐methylphenol. Also soybean oil can act as a sensitizer for the photooxidation of 4,7‐undecadiene. Chlorophyl‐like sensitizers are probably unimportant in the well refined soybean oil used in this work. The observed photooxidation of the skipped dienoic components of soybean oil, which is probably due to some other, unidentified sensitizer(s), absorbing below 500 nm, can be avoided by using a yellow filter.
Polyurethane foams from hydroxymethylated fatty diethanolamides
Authors: Khoe T. H. , Otey F. , Frankel E. N. , Cowan J. C.
Published: June 2007

Satisfactory rigid polyurethane foams were prepared from diethanolamides of hydroxymethylated oleate, linseed oil, safflower oil and their methyl esters. These foams were improved when the fatty polyols were blended with a commercial, low molecular weight polyol.
Aflatoxin in Arizona cottonseed: Field inoculation of bolls byAspergillus flavus spores in wind‐driven soil
Authors: Lee L. S. , Lee L. V. , Russell T. E.
Published: June 2007

Conditions typical of an Arizona monsoon were mimicked in the field to inoculate cotton plants withAspergillus flavus. Spores, mixed with autoclaved local soil, were blown onto cotton plants having bolls at all stages of maturity, using a modified commercial leaf blower. Half the plants were sprayed with water following inoculation. After one month, plants were pulled and the position of bolls mapped. All bolls were examined for bright‐green‐yellow fluorescence (BGYF) of lint, and ginned seeds from each boll were assayed for aflatoxin. Control non‐wetted, non‐inoculated bolls had no BGYF lint and no aflatoxin‐containing seed. In contrast, 15% of the bolls from wetted, inoculated plants exhibited BGYF; 18% of these BGYF bolls had toxin. Only 3% of the non‐wetted bolls had BGYF lint and none contained toxin. Lower bolls (fully fluffed at inoculation) were not infected, nor were upper bolls (flower stage at inoculation). Infection occurred only in bolls that had opened during the 30 days following inoculation. While the position of BGYF bolls on naturally contaminated plants was the same as for the inoculated, the ratio of toxic bolls to BGYF bolls was different. All BGYF bolls from plants naturally contaminated withA. flavus contained aflatoxin.
Aflatoxin inactivation of undelinted cottonseed by ammoniation
Authors: Koltun Stanley P.
Published: June 2007

The inactivation of aflatoxin in cottonseed products has been restricted principally to ammoniation of cottonseed meal. More recently, attention has been focused on the feasibility of ammoniating whole cottonseed as a feed for ruminants. Preliminary work is presented on treatment with gaseous ammonia of undelinted (fuzzy) cottonseed containing an average of 1,500 µg/kg total aflatoxins. These seed were treated with 4% anhydrous ammonia (w/w) for 30 min at temperatures ranging from 66 C to 82 C. The data obtained in this study indicate that inactivation of aflatoxins in undelinted whole cottonseed may be accomplished using processing conditions comparable to those proposed for cottonseed meal.
Lipase‐catalyzed hydrolysis of palm oil
Authors: Khor H. T. , Tan N. H. , Chua C. L.
Published: June 2007

The hydrolysis of palm oil, palm olein and palm stearin, soybean oil, corn oil and peanut oil by the commercial lipase fromCandida rugosa (formerly known asC. cylindracea) was studied. The optimal conditions for the hydrolysis of palm oil by the lipase were established. The lipase fromC. rugosa exhibits an optimal activity at 37 C and at pH 7.5. The optimal oil to hexane ratio is 1 g of oil to 0.5 ml hexane. The rate of hydrolysis of palm oil by the lipase is linear on a logarithmic scale. Under the same conditions, palm oil and palm olein were hydrolyzed at the same rate, whereas palm stearin was hydrolyzed much more slowly.
A comparative fatty acid profile of seeds rich in oleic and linoleic acid with corresponding calli
Authors: Pandey Banibrata , Mandal Sukla , Gadgil D. R.
Published: June 2007

A comparative study was made of the fatty acid composition of the total lipid extracted from cotyledons and the corresponding calli of five species ofSolanum and two varieties ofCarthamus tinctorius. The investigation revealed a closer resemblance in the fatty acid composition of callus cells than that of the cotyledons of different species ofSolanum; inC. tinctorius fatty acid composition of calli was influenced by the character of the original material from which calli were derived.
Composition of unsaponifiable lipid from seed oils ofPanax ginseng andP. quiquefolium
Authors: Matsumoto Taro , Akihisa (ne Itoh) Toshihiro , Soma Shin‐ichi , Takido Michio , Takahashi Shushichi , Yamanouchi Sakae
Published: June 2007

The composition of the unsaponifiable lipid, which consisted of squalene, squalene‐2,3‐oxide, triterpene alcohols, 4α‐methyl‐sterols, and sterols, of the seed oils ofPanax ginseng andP. quiquefolium, was determined. Squalene was the most abundant component (54%) of the unsaponifiable lipid fromP. ginseng, whereas sterols constituted the principal components of unsaponifiable lipid fromP. quiquefolium. Both ginseng seed oils showed specific features in sterol composition, i.e., 28‐isofucosterol (40%) and 24‐ethyl‐22E‐dehydrocholesterol (66%) constituted the most predominant components of the sterol fractions fromP. ginseng andP. quiquefolium seed oils, respectively.
Radiolytic resistance of DL‐α‐tocopherol in lipid systems with different degrees of unsaturation
Authors: Stamatov S. D.
Published: June 2007

The radiolytic resistance of the DL‐α‐tocopherol irradiated by low (105rad), medium (106rad) and high (107rad) doses of gamma rays at a molar ratio of 1:1, 1:1 × 10−2 and 1:1 × 10−3 mole in methyl laurate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, methyl linolenate and benzene (chosen as solvent media) has been studied.

Under the experimental conditions stated, it has been established that, contrary to ordinary autoxidation, the unsaturated lipid systems exert a progressive, protective effect on DL‐α‐tocopherol as the number of double bonds increases.

When the DL‐α‐tocopherol was in a pure state, for example in benzene and in methyl esters of the fatty acids at a molar ratio 1:1, no effect of ionizing radiation was detected.
Acetals and ethers: XV. Reactivity of mono‐ and disubstituted cyclic acetals toward ozone in aqueous solution
Authors: Piasecki A. , Sokolowski A. , Burczyk B. , Piasecka K.
Published: June 2007

Mono‐ and disubstituted derivatives of 1,3‐dioxolane and 1,3‐dioxane were oxidized by ozone in aqueous solutions containing monosodium carbonate. In both alkylsubstituted 1,3‐dioxacyclane series the rates of oxidation increase with increasing length of alkyl substituents at the C‐2 dioxacyclane carbon atom. However, the alkyl derivatives of 1,3‐dioxane (III, IV, V) are more resistant toward ozone than the respective 1,3‐dioxolane derivatives (I, II). The pseudo‐first order rate constants for the oxidation of glycerol acetals (VIIa–VIId) decrease in the order:cis‐dioxolane>trans‐dioxolane>cis‐dioxane>trans‐dioxane.
Study of kettle wax in the sodium palmitate‐water‐electrolyte system at 90C
Authors: Vincent J. M. , Skoulios A.
Published: June 2007

An X‐ray diffraction study has been carried out on kettle wax occurring at 90C for the ternary system sodium palmitate‐water‐sodium chloride.

It was found that kettle wax is not a simple phase, according to Gibb's phase rule, but a mixture of curd, neat and lye.
The direct gas chromatographic analysis of long chain quaternary ammonium compounds
Authors: Metcalfe L. D.
Published: June 2007

Long chain quaternary ammonium compounds are used as germicides, textile softeners and in many other industrial applications. In working with these compounds, it was found desirable to be able to determine their long chain homolog composition. Experiments were carried out attempting to perform this determination using gas chromatography. The first approach was to try and do the Hofmann degradation of the quaternaries on strongly alkaline columns used for amine determination. However, the postulated hydrocarbon peaks were not obtained. Instead, a series of peaks that represented identifiable tertiary amines emerged from the column. Using these peaks, the homolog composition of the original quaternary ammonium compound could be determined. Quaternaries containing up to 38 carbons have been identified. The types of columns and conditions used in this work are described. The quantitative relationship of the composition found was related to that of the actual composition. The apparent unequivalence of various carbon‐nitrogen bondings is discussed.
Extraction of distillers' dried grains in a soybean solvent extraction plant
Authors: Walker D. D.
Published: June 2007

Conclusion

The processing of distillers' dried grains in existing basket type soybean solvent extraction plants, or new plants built expressly for the grains, is practical from the standpoint of mechanical operation and extraction results. As shown in Figure 1, not all the steps in the soybean process are necessary for processing the distillers' dried grains. Extracted oil from the grains is similar to corn oil except for its higher color and refining loss. The extracted grains are higher in protein than the original grains which should increase the value for certain types of feed. The lower fat content should not significantly alter the value as a part of dairy rations.
Catalytic hydrogenation of soybean oil methyl esters and some related compounds
Authors: Bailar John C. , Itatani Hiroshi
Published: June 2007

Mixtures of platinum complexes and tin(II) chloride are effective homogeneous catalysts for the hydrogenation of soybean oil methyl ester, reducing it to the monoene stage only. Hydrogenation and isomerization reactions have been examined under various conditions, using a solvent consisting of 60% benzene and 40% methanol.

The extent of hydrogenation depends upon the temperature (90C>60C>30C) but not upon the pressure (1075 psi as compared with 525 psi). It almost stops after 3 hr, although one double bond remains in the molecule.

After hydrogenation with a catalyst consisting of a mixture of dichloro‐bis‐triphenylphosphine‐platinum(II) and tin(II) chloride, soybean oil methyl ester shows an increase in monoene, a decrease in diene and triene, and formation of conjugatedcis‐trans andtrans‐trans dienes, but no increase in stearate. Similarly, methyl oleate and methyl linoleate were converted to trans monoene, but not to stearate.

Hydrogenations with mixtures of tetrachloroplatinum(II) ion or hexachloro‐platinum(IV) ion and tin(II) chloride were similar to those described above but they form some stearate.

Several other metal ions were studied as replacements for tin. None of them were effective.
Structure of unsaturated glycerides. Analysis by countercurrent distribution and lipase hydrolysis
Authors: Evans C. D. , McConnell D. G. , Scholfield C. R. , Dutton H. J.
Published: June 2007

The structure of highly unsaturated triglycerides isolated from soybean, linseed and safflower oils by countercurrent distribution has been determined by the pancreatic lipase hydrolysis technique. Compositions of positionally distinguishable glyceride isomers for the 5‐double bond fraction obtained from safflower oil, the 7‐double bond fraction from soybean oil and the 8‐double bond fraction from linseed oil agreed with the theoretical values calculated according to the VanderWal‐Coleman theory of 1,3‐random‐2‐random distribution. The fatty acid analyses for individual isomers of the unsaturated glycerides demonstrated that positional isomers of glycerides may be present in nonrandom amounts even though the compositionally distinguishable glycerides approximate a random pattern.
Relationship among 舠emulsion舡 type, detergency and foam
Authors: Kelly Walter R.
Published: June 2007

Three test methods have been developed to show the measurably close relationship existing among detergency, foam, and the indication of the type of 舠emulsion舡 naturally inclined to form. Visual recognition of the state of the emulsion makes it possible to assess the system as to its comparative detergent capabilities and its foaming proclivities. Guided steps can then be taken for improvements. The methods have been used with success in formulating alkaline cleaning mixtures.

The first two methods relate emulsion type with wetting and detergency. They are used to show the effects upon that relationship of such factors as a) concentration of surfactant, b) concentration of added sodium chloride, c) temperature, and d) the nature of the oil.

It is pointed out that while the o/w emulsion conditions favor dishwashing metal cleaning and bubble bathing, laundering would be favored by the w/o 舠system舡 where optimum conditions are to be found well‐removed from the 舠inversion point.舡

The third method relates emulsion type with foam in an equally precise manner. The foam is produced by pouring intermittently. The tester for it is described more fully in a separate article (1). The role of foam in detergency is assessed. At the inversion point of the emulsion foam stability, not due to small bubble size, is at its greatest and, for example, so is the ease, speed, and completeness with which oily soils can be removed舒a situation explaining hand dishwashing at its best.
Determination of ethylene oxide based nonionic detergents in sewage
Authors: Burttschell R. H.
Published: June 2007

A sensitive analytical method has been developed for the determination of ethylene oxide based nonionic detergents in sewage. After suitable cleanup procedures, which are described, the detergent is complexed with phosphotungstic acid in the presence of excess reagent. The excess reagent is then decomposed by raising the pH to 5 while the complex remains stable for a short period. The complex is separated from reagent decomposition products by partition between methyl ethyl ketone and dilute sodium chloride solution buffered to pH 5. Quantitative assay is made for tungsten since the amount of tungsten bears a stoichiometric relation to the ethylene oxide chain length.
Biodegradation studies on ap,tert.‐octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol
Authors: Lashen E. S. , Blankenship F. A. , Booman K. A. , Duprȳ J.
Published: June 2007

Recent results have suggested thatp,tert.‐octylphenoxynonaethoxyethanol (OPE10) has a high degree of degradability. These results have been confirmed and extended. The loss of response to cobalt thiocyanate under a wide variety of laboratory test conditions demonstrates that OPE10 will readily undergo bacterial attack. Significant loss of foaming and ethylene oxide in laboratory continuous and semicontinuous activated sludge units and septic tank‐percolation field units demonstrate that the degree of degradation under reasonable conditions can be extensive. Tracer studies and oxygen consumption tests are used to support this conclusion. These results indicate that OPE10 should be adequately degraded in conventional sewage disposal systems.
Safflower meal
Authors: Kohler G. O. , Kuzmicky D. D. , Palter R. , Guggolz J. , Herring V. V.
Published: June 2007

Safflower meal from undecorticated commercial seed is useful feed for ruminant animals. Its low energy content is a problem in poultry and swine rations.

Partially decorticated meals are valuable for ruminants and are also quite suitable in poultry rations if provision is made for extra metabolizable calories, and if other feed ingredients supply additional lysine and methionine. In a properly balanced ration safflower meal produces growth rates superior to those from optimally supplemented soybean oilmeal.

The flour obtained by essentially complete removal of oil and hulls is light colored, bitter, and contains about 60% protein. Debittering yields a relatively bland, 70% protein flour which has potential as a human food.
Polyester amides from linseed oil for protective coatings
Authors: Gast L. E. , Schneider Wilma J. , Cowan J. C.
Published: June 2007

The sodium alkoxide‐catalyzed reaction of linseed oil or linseed methyl esters with diethanolamine produces almost exclusively linseed diethanolamides. Reaction conditions, e.g., temperature, amount of excess diethanolamine and mode of adding reactants, are reported. The best conditions for producing diethanolamide directly from linseed oil (1 mole) required adding oil to the sodium alkoxide in diethanolamine (6 moles) and heating at 110舑115C for 35 min. The linseed diethanolamide isolated in 93舑95% yield was an amber oil. Progress of the reaction, followed by thin‐layer chromatography, showed only trace amounts of byproducts.

Polyester amides were prepared by heating linseed diethanolamide in refluxing xylene with dibasic acids or anhydrides, e.g., azelaic, maleic, fumaric, phthalic, terephthalic, itaconic, brassylic and dimer acids. Molecular weight, viscosity and film properties (air‐dried and baked) of the polyester amides were determined.
Oxyluminescence of fatty natural substances
Authors: Pittman Robert A. , Skau Evald L. , Tripp Verne W.
Published: June 2007

A number of fatty substances, covering a range from low to high degree of unsaturation, have been observed to emit light when heated. Relative intensities of light emitted at 200C are compared to degree of unsaturation. Activation energies were calculated for those samples giving approximately straight line plots of logG vs. 1/T, whereG is galvanometer deflection andT is the absolute temperature.
Protective Factors Associated with Preadolescent Violence: Preliminary Work on a Cultural Model
Authors: Jagers Robert J. , Sydnor Kim , Mouttapa Michele , Flay Brian R.
Published: June 2007

This study explores the influences of communal values, empathy, violence avoidance self‐efficacy beliefs, and classmate's fighting on violent behaviors among urban African American preadolescent boys and girls. As part of a larger intervention study, 644 low‐income 5th grade students from 12 schools completed a baseline assessment that included the target constructs. Boys reported more violent behaviors, and lower levels of empathy and violence avoidance self‐efficacy beliefs than girls. Path analyses revealed that, after controlling for the positive contributions of classmate's fighting, violence avoidance self‐efficacy beliefs were a negative predictor of violent behavior. Communal values had a direct negative relationship with violence for boys, but not girls. Both communal values and empathy were associated with less violent behavior through positive relationships with violence avoidance self‐efficacy beliefs. For girls, classmate fighting had an indirect positive association with violent behavior through its negative relationship with violence avoidance self‐efficacy beliefs. Findings are discussed in terms of implications of basic and applied research on violence among African American youth.
Association of two proteolipids of unknown function with ATP synthase from bovine heart mitochondria
Authors: Chen Ruming , Runswick Michael J. , Carroll Joe , Fearnley Ian M. , Walker John E.
Published: June 2007

ATP synthase, or F‐ATPase, purified from bovine heart mitochondria in the absence of phospholipids is an assembly of 16 different subunits. In the presence of exogenous phospholipids, two additional hydrophobic proteins, a 6.8 kDa proteolipid and diabetes associated protein in insulin sensitive tissue (DAPIT), were associated with the purified complex, with DAPIT at sub‐stoichiometric levels. Both proteins are conserved in vertebrates and invertebrates, but not in fungi, and prokaryotic F‐ATPases do not contain orthologues of either of them. Therefore, their roles are likely to be peripheral to the synthesis of ATP.
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2: Analysis of membrane association and complex structure with a substrate analog
Authors: Rufer Arne C. , Lomize Andrei , Benz Jörg , Chomienne Odile , Thoma Ralf , Hennig Michael
Published: June 2007

The mitochondrial membrane‐associated carnitine palmitoyltransferase system is a validated target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. To further facilitate structure‐based drug discovery, we determined the crystal structure of rat CPT‐2 (rCPT‐2) in complex with the substrate analogue palmitoyl‐aminocarnitine at 1.8 Å resolution. Biochemical analyses revealed a strong effect of this compound on rCPT‐2 activity and stability. Using a computational approach we examined the membrane association of rCPT‐2. The protein interacts with the membrane as a functional monomer and the calculations confirm the presence of a membrane association domain that consists of layers of hydrophobic and positively charged residues.
Olive oil containing olive oil fatty acid esters of plant sterols and dietary diacylglycerol reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and decreases the tendency for peroxidation in hypercholesterolaemic subjects
Authors: Chan Yen-Ming , Demonty Isabelle , Pelled Dori , Jones Peter J. H.
Published: June 2007

Plant sterols (PS) and MUFA are well-documented cholesterol lowering agents. We aimed to determine the effect of PS esterified to olive oil fatty acids (PS-OO) on blood lipid profile and lipid peroxidation in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Twenty-one moderately overweight, hypercholesterolaemic subjects consumed three consecutive treatment diets, each lasting 28 d and separated by 4-week washout periods, using a randomized crossover design. Diets contained 30 % energy as fat, 70 % of which was provided by olive oil (OO), and differed only in the treatment oils: OO, PS esterified to sunflower oil fatty acids (PS-SO), and PS-OO. Both PS-SO and PS-OO treatments provided 1·7 g PS /d. PS-OO and PS-SO consumption resulted in a decrease (P = 0·0483) in LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations compared with the OO diet. Although total cholesterol and apo B-100 levels were not significantly affected, PS-SO and, to some extent, PS-OO reduced the total:HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio (P = 0·0142) and the apo B-100:apo A-I ratio (P = 0·0168) compared with the OO diet. There were no differences across diets in lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) and lipid peroxidation levels. However, following consumption of OO and PS-SO, Lp(a) concentrations increased (P = 0·0050 and 0·0421, respectively), while PS-OO treatment did not affect Lp(a) levels. Furthermore, there was a decrease (P = 0·0097) in lipid peroxidation levels with PS-OO treatment during the supplementation phase. Our results suggest that supplementing an OO-rich diet with PS-OO favourably alters the plasma lipid profile and may decrease the susceptibility of LDL-C to lipid peroxidation in hypercholesterolaemic subjects.
Language acquisition and bilingualism: Consequences for a multilingual society
Authors: BIALYSTOK ELLEN
Published: June 2007

Language is the key interface between our social and cognitive worlds. As a social tool, it is the means by which human interactions occur, social position is determined, and educational opportunities are defined; as a cognitive instrument, it provides access to concepts and meanings, the logical system for problem solving, and creates the organizational basis for knowledge. It is not an accident that a significant portion of all developmental research is addressed to issues of language acquisition and language performance, that the primary focus of school curricula in the early years is on the language arts, and that an ongoing concern of parents is their children's language acquisition. Language has consequence. However, language acquisition occurs in a context, and differing environments are bound to influence the way language is learned and used by young children. Children growing up in bilingual environments will have different experiences than those who encounter only one language, and these differences may have a profound impact on children's social, cognitive, and linguistic development. Understanding how these linguistic environments affect children's development requires an examination of the interactions between the social and cognitive dimensions of development in different learning environments.
Social factors in childhood bilingualism in the United States
Authors: PEARSON BARBARA ZURER
Published: June 2007

A number of studies have shown that approximately one-quarter of children in potentially bilingual environments do not become bilingual. This article explores several key factors that influence the likelihood that a child who has access to interactions in two languages will learn them both. The five factors discussed are input, language status, access to literacy, family language use, and community support, including schooling. It is argued that the quantity of input has the greatest effect on whether a minority language will be learned, but language status and attitudes about language also play a role. When families are proactive and provide daily activities for children in the minority language, the children respond by learning it. In addition, dual-immersion, “two-way” schooling is shown to benefit children's level of language proficiency in the minority language without diminishing their progress in the community language.
Early bilingualism, language transfer, and phonological awareness
Authors: VERHOEVEN LUDO
Published: June 2007

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relations between early bilingualism and phonological awareness in a sample of 75 Turkish–Dutch bilingual kindergarten children living in The Netherlands. In a longitudinal design, the children's first (L1) and second (L2) language abilities were measured at the beginning and end of kindergarten. At the end of kindergarten, the children's metalinguistic skills within the domain of phonological awareness were also assessed. Linear structural equation modeling was used to examine the types of intralingual (language-specific) and interlingual (language-transfer) processes over time. In addition, just how the patterns of bilingual development related to the children's later phonological awareness was examined. Turkish was found to be the dominant language on both measurement occasions. In addition to the expected longitudinal relations, there was evidence for transfer from L1 to L2. Two interrelated phonological factors emerged: phonotactic awareness and phonemic awareness. Variation in the two types of children's phonological awareness was predicted by both L1 and L2 abilities.
The effect of bilingualism on the use of manual gestures
Authors: NICOLADIS ELENA
Published: June 2007

Gestures are often used while speaking to aid in the speaker's packaging of the verbal message and/or to aid the listener in decoding the message. The ways in which bilinguals use gestures are reviewed in this article. Researchers have predicted that bilinguals' gesture use is related to bilinguals' language proficiency. However, no clear pattern of a link between proficiency and gesture use has been observed across studies, probably because gestures rarely compensate for weak language proficiency, functioning instead to facilitate speech production in both first and second language use. Researchers have reported bilinguals using language-specific gestures in the other language. In addition, bilinguals have been shown to use gestures at a higher rate than monolinguals. These results suggest that cross-linguistic transfer can apply to gestures, as well as to other linguistic units. In conclusion, gestures play an important role in accessing language in the process of speech production. This conclusion has implications for second-language teaching; teaching through gestures and speech might be more effective than teaching the spoken component alone.
Onset of word form recognition in English, Welsh, and English–Welsh bilingual infants
Authors: VIHMAN MARILYN MAY , THIERRY GUILLAUME , LUM JARRAD , KEREN-PORTNOY TAMAR , MARTIN PAM
Published: June 2007

Children raised in the home as English or Welsh monolinguals or English–Welsh bilinguals were tested on untrained word form recognition using both behavioral and neurophysiological procedures. Behavioral measures confirmed the onset of a familiarity effect at 11 months in English but failed to identify it in monolingual Welsh infants between 9 and 12 months. In the neurophysiological procedure the familiarity effect was detected as early as 10 months in English but did not reach significance in monolingual Welsh. Bilingual children showed word form familiarity effects by 11 months in both languages and also revealed an online time course for word recognition that combined effects found for monolingual English and Welsh. To account for the findings, accentual, grammatical, and sociolinguistic differences between English and Welsh are considered.