bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solution of Moore–Gibson–Thompson Equation of an Unbounded Medium with a Cylindrical Hole
Authors: Abouelregal Ahmed E. , Ersoy Hakan , Civalek Ömer
Published: June 2021

In the current article, in the presence of thermal and diffusion processes, the equations governing elastic materials through thermodiffusion are obtained. The Moore–Gibson–Thompson (MGT) equation modifies and defines the equations for thermal conduction and mass diffusion that occur in solids. This modification is based on adding heat and diffusion relaxation times in the Green–Naghdi Type III (GN-III) models. In an unbounded medium with a cylindrical hole, the built model has been applied to examine the influence of the coupling between temperature and mass diffusion and responses. At constant concentration as well as intermittent and decaying varying heat, the surrounding cavity surface is traction-free and is filled slowly. Laplace transform and Laplace inversion techniques are applied to obtain the solutions of the studied field variables. In order to explore thermal diffusion analysis and find closed solutions, a suitable numerical approximation technique has been used. Comparisons are made between the results obtained with the results of the corresponding previous models. Additionally, to explain and realize the presented model, tables and figures for various physical fields are presented.
Improved Methods for Mid-Term Blood Glucose Level Prediction Using Dietary and Insulin Logs
Authors: Karim Rebaz A. H. , Vassányi István , Kósa István
Published: June 2021

Background and Objectives: The daily lifestyle management of diabetes requires accurate predictions of the blood glucose level between meals. The objective of this study was to improve the accuracy achieved by previous work, especially on the mid-term, i.e., 120 to 180 min prediction horizons, for insulin-dependent patients. Materials and Methods: An absorption model-based method is proposed to train an artificial neural network with the bolus and basal insulin dosing and timing, the baseline blood glucose level, the maximal glucose infusion rate, and the total carbohydrate content as parameters. The approach was implemented in various algorithmic setups, and it was validated on data from a small-scale clinical trial with continuous glucose monitoring. Results: Root mean square error results for the mid-term horizons are 1.72 mmol/L (120 min) and 1.95 mmol/L (180 min). The accuracy of the proposed model measured on the clinical data is better than the accuracy reported by any other currently available and comparable models. Conclusions: A relatively short (ca. two weeks) training sample of a continuous glucose monitor and dietary/insulin log is sufficient to provide accurate predictions. For the outpatient application in practice, a hybrid model is proposed that combines the present mid-term method with the authors’ previous work for short-term predictions.
The Case for Whole-Person Integrative Care
Authors: Jonas Wayne B. , Rosenbaum Elena
Published: June 2021

Rationale: There is a need for medicine to deliver more whole-person care. This is a narrative review of several models of whole-person care and studies that illustrate the business case for whole-person models in primary care. Objectives: To provide an overview of what whole-person care models exist and explore evidence to support these models. Study Selection: Representative whole-person care models widely used in the United States are summarized and evaluated. Selected studies focused on outpatient primary care with examples from programs that integrate the delivery of conventional medical care, complementary and alternative medicine, and self-care within the context of social and cultural environments. Methods: Pubmed search conducted December 2020–February 2021. Two iterative searches using terms for “Whole Health Veterans Administration”, “integrative medicine”, “integrative health”, “complementary and alternative medicine”, and, as they related to the outcomes, of “health outcomes”, “cost-effectiveness”, “cost reduction”, “patient satisfaction”, and “physician satisfaction”. Additional studies were identified from an initial search and the authors’ experience of over 50 years. We looked for studies of whole-person care used in general primary care, those not using a single modality and only from United States practices. Results: A total of 125 (out of 1746) studies were found and met our inclusion criteria. We found that whole-person models of primary care exist, are quite heterogeneous in their approaches, and routinely report substantial benefits for improving the patient experience, clinical outcomes and in reducing costs. Conclusions: Evidence for the benefit of whole-person care models exist but definitions are quite heterogenous and unfocused. There is a need for more standardization of whole-person models and more research using whole systems approaches rather than reductionistic attempts using isolated components.
Effect of Operating Conditions on Membrane Fouling in Pilot-Scale MBRs: Filaments Growth, Diminishing Dissolved Oxygen and Recirculation Rate of the Activated Sludge
Authors: Gkotsis Petros , Banti Dimitra , Pritsa Anastasia , Mitrakas Manassis , Samaras Petros , Peleka Efrosini , Zouboulis Anastasios
Published: June 2021

This is the first study that examines the effect of operating conditions on fouling of Membrane Bio-Reactors (MBRs), which treat municipal wastewater in field conditions, with specific regard to the controlled development of filamentous microorganisms (or filaments). The novelty of the present work is extended to minimize the dissolved oxygen (DO) in recirculated activated sludge for improving the process of denitrification. For this purpose, two pilot-scale MBRs were constructed and operated in parallel: (i) Filament-MBR, where an attempt was made to regulate the growth of filaments by adjustment of DO, the Food-to-Microorganisms (F/M) ratio and temperature, and (ii) Control-MBR, where a gentle stirring tank was employed for the purpose of zeroing the DO in the recycled sludge. Results showed that low temperature (<15 °C) slightly increased the number of filaments in the Filament-MBR which, in turn, decreased the Trans-Membrane Pressure (TMP). As the Soluble Microbial Products (SMP) and the colloids are considered to be the basic foulants of membranes in MBR systems, specific attention was directed to keep their concentration at low values in the mixed liquor. The low F/M ratio in the aeration tanks which preceded the membrane tank was achieved to keep the SMP proteins and carbohydrates at very low values in the mixed liquor, i.e., less than 6 mg/L. Moreover, as a result of the low recirculation rate (2.6∙Qin), good aggregation of the produced excess sludge was achieved, and low concentration of colloids with a size ≤50 nm (nearly the membranes’ pore size used for filtration/separation) was measured, accounted for maximum 15% of the total colloids. Additionally, the increase in filamentous population at the Filament-MBR contributed to the further reduction of colloids in the mixed liquor at 7.9%, contributing beneficially to the reduction of TMP and of membrane fouling. The diminishing of DO in the recirculated sludge improved denitrification, and resulted in lower concentrations of Ν-NO3− and TN in the effluent of the Control-MBR. Furthermore, the recirculation rate of Qr = 2.6∙Qin, in comparison with Qr = 4.3∙Qin, resulted in improved performance regarding the removal of N-NH4+. Finally, high organics removal and ammonium nitrification was observed in the effluent of both pilots, since COD and Ν-ΝH4+ concentrations were generally in the range of 10–25 mg/L and <0.1 mg/L, respectively.
Phase Composition of Austenitic Stainless Steels in Additive Manufacturing: A Review
Authors: Astafurov Sergey , Astafurova Elena
Published: June 2021

Additive manufacturing (AM) is among the novel industrial technologies for fast prototyping of complex parts made from different constructional and functional materials. This review is focused on phase composition of additively manufactured chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steels. Being produced by conventional methods, they typically have single-phase austenitic structure, but phase composition of the steels could vary in AM. Comprehensive analysis of recent studies shows that, depending on AM technique, chemical composition, and AM process parameters, additively manufactured austenitic stainless steels could be characterized by both single-phase austenitic and multiphase structures (austenite, ferrite, σ-phase, and segregations of alloying elements). Presence of ferrite and other phases in AM steels strongly influences their properties, in particular, could increase strength characteristics and decrease ductility and corrosion resistance of the steels. Data in review give a state-of-art in mutual connection of AM method, chemical composition of raw material, and resultant phase composition of AM-fabricated Cr-Ni steels of 300-series. The possible directions for future investigations are discussed as well.
Aluminium Recycling in Single- and Multiple-Capillary Laboratory Electrolysis Cells
Authors: Yasinskiy Andrey , Padamata Sai Krishna , Moiseenko Ilya , Stopic Srecko , Feldhaus Dominic , Friedrich Bernd , Polyakov Peter
Published: June 2021

This work is a contribution to the approach for Al purification and extraction from scrap using the thin-layer multiple-capillary molten salt electrochemical system. The single- and multiple-capillary cells were designed and used to study the kinetics of aluminium reduction in LiF–AlF3 and equimolar NaCl–KCl with 10 wt.% AlF3 addition at 720–850 °C. The cathodic process on the vertical liquid aluminium electrode in NaCl–KCl (+10 wt.% AlF3) in the 2.5 mm length capillary had mixed kinetics with signs of both diffusion and chemical reaction control. The apparent mass transport coefficient changed from 5.6∙10−3 cm.s−1 to 13.1∙10−3 cm.s−1 in the mentioned temperature range. The dependence between the mass transport coefficient and temperature follows an Arrhenius-type behaviour with an activation energy equal to 60.5 kJ.mol−1. In the multiple-capillary laboratory electrolysis cell, galvanostatic electrolysis in a 64LiF–36AlF3 melt showed that the electrochemical refinery can be performed at a current density of 1 A.cm−2 or higher with a total voltage drop of around 2.0 V and specific energy consumption of about 6–7 kWh.kg−1. The resistance fluctuated between 0.9 and 1.4 Ω during the electrolysis depending on the current density. Thin-layer aluminium recycling and refinery seems to be a promising approach capable of producing high-purity aluminium with low specific energy consumption.
Large-Strain Softening of Metals at Elevated Temperatures by Deformation Texture Development
Authors: Kassner Michael E. , Ermagan Roya
Published: June 2021

Many (if not a majority) of metals and alloys evince substantial softening with torsion deformation to strains not usually achievable in tension. Of course, softening has long been observed by discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) but this paper will discuss cases where softening is associated by texture development with large-strain deformation that is not reliant on changes in the dislocation density. This paper discusses the work of the current authors on FCC metals and alloys and extends to a new discussion of BCC and HCP cases. The analysis of the basis for torsional softening in BCC steel and HCP Zr discussed here is a novel concept that has not been addressed in the literature before.
Distribution and Diversity of Beauveria in Boreal Forests of Northern European Russia
Authors: Kazartsev Igor A. , Lednev Georgy R.
Published: June 2021

The distribution and genetic diversity of 91 of Beauveria isolates collected during a long-term survey in boreal forests of northern European Russia was studied. Based on morphological and sequence analysis of TEF and Bloc loci, three Beauveria spp. were identified: B. pseudobassiana, B. bassiana, and B. caledonica, with abundance of 81, 11, and 8%, respectively. Through multilocus sequencing, four haplotypes of B. bassiana and two haplotypes of B. caledonica were detected. Twelve haplotypes of B. pseudobassiana with non-random distribution were identified. Two haplotypes of B. pseudobassiana were the most abundant and widespread occurring across the whole study area, whereas others tended to be more specific to either the north or south of the study area, indicating the presence of different subpopulations. For further analysis of these putative subpopulations, southern and northern areas were separated along the boundary of the Köppen–Geiger climate zones (dfb and dfc), and the genetic structure was examined by analysis of molecular variance and spatial autocorrelation. Molecular evidence of intraspecific recombination of B. pseudobassiana and B. bassiana across northern European Russia area was indicated.
Interaction between a Novel Oligopeptide Fragment of the Human Neurotrophin Receptor TrkB Ectodomain D5 and the C-Terminal Fragment of Tetanus Neurotoxin
Authors: Candalija Ana , Scior Thomas , Rackwitz Hans-Richard , Ruiz-Castelan Jordan E. , Martinez-Laguna Ygnacio , Aguilera José
Published: June 2021

This article presents experimental evidence and computed molecular models of a potential interaction between receptor domain D5 of TrkB with the carboxyl-terminal domain of tetanus neurotoxin (Hc-TeNT). Computational simulations of a novel small cyclic oligopeptide are designed, synthesized, and tested for possible tetanus neurotoxin-D5 interaction. A hot spot of this protein-protein interaction is identified in analogy to the hitherto known crystal structures of the complex between neurotrophin and D5. Hc-TeNT activates the neurotrophin receptors, as well as its downstream signaling pathways, inducing neuroprotection in different stress cellular models. Based on these premises, we propose the Trk receptor family as potential proteic affinity receptors for TeNT. In vitro, Hc-TeNT binds to a synthetic TrkB-derived peptide and acts similar to an agonist ligand for TrkB, resulting in phosphorylation of the receptor. These properties are weakened by the mutagenesis of three residues of the predicted interaction region in Hc-TeNT. It also competes with Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, a native binder to human TrkB, for the binding to neural membranes, and for uptake in TrkB-positive vesicles. In addition, both molecules are located together in vivo at neuromuscular junctions and in motor neurons.
Physicochemical Characterization of Resistant Starch Type-III (RS3) Obtained by Autoclaving Malanga (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) Flour and Corn Starch
Authors: Espinosa-Solis Vicente , Zamudio-Flores Paul Baruk , Espino-Díaz Miguel , Vela-Gutiérrez Gilber , Rendón-Villalobos J. Rodolfo , Hernández-González María , Hernández-Centeno Francisco , López-De la Peña Hayde Yajaira , Salgado-Delgado René , Ortega-Ortega Adalberto
Published: June 2021

The feasibility of obtaining resistant starch type III (RS3) from malanga flour (Xanthosoma sagittifolium), as an unconventional source of starch, was evaluated using the hydrothermal treatment of autoclaving. The physicochemical characterization of RS3 made from malanga flour was carried out through the evaluation of the chemical composition, color attributes, and thermal properties. In addition, the contents of the total starch, available starch, resistant starch, and retrograded resistant starch were determined by in vitro enzymatic tests. A commercial corn starch sample was used to produce RS3 and utilized to compare all of the analyses. The results showed that native malanga flour behaved differently in most of the evaluations performed, compared to the commercial corn starch. These results could be explained by the presence of minor components that could interfere with the physicochemical and functional properties of the flour; however, the RS3 samples obtained from malanga flour and corn starch were similar in their thermal and morphological features, which may be related to their similarities in the content and molecular weight of amylose, in both of the samples. Furthermore, the yields for obtaining the autoclaved powders from corn starch and malanga flour were similar (≈89%), which showed that the malanga flour is an attractive raw material for obtaining RS3 with adequate yields, to be considered in the subsequent research.
Glyconectin Cell Adhesion Epitope, β-d-GlcpNAc3S-(1→3)-α-l-Fucp, Is Involved in Blastulation of Lytechinus pictus Sea Urchin Embryos
Authors: Misevic Gradimir , Checiu Iacob , Popescu Octavian
Published: June 2021

Glycans, as the most peripheral cell surface components, are the primary candidates to mediate the initial steps of cell recognition and adhesion via glycan–glycan binding. This molecular mechanism was quantitatively demonstrated by biochemical and biophysical measurements at the cellular and molecular level for the glyconectin 1 β-d-GlcpNAc3S-(1→3)-α-l-Fucp glycan structure (GN1). The use of adhesion blocking monoclonal antibody Block 2 that specifically recognize this epitope showed that, besides Porifera, human colon carcinoma also express this structure in the apical glycocalyx. Here we report that Block 2 selectively immune-precipitate a Mr 580 × 103 (g580) acidic non-glycosaminoglycan glycan from the total protein-free glycans of Lytechinus pictus sea urchin hatched blastula embryos. Immuno-fluorescence confocal light microscopy and immunogold electron microscopy localized the GN1 structure in the apical lamina glycocalyx attachments of ectodermal cells microvilli, and in the Golgi complex. Biochemical and immune-chemical analyses showed that the g580 glycan is carrying about 200 copies of the GN1 epitope. This highly polyvalent g580 glycan is one of the major components of the glycocalyx structure, maximally expressed at hatched blastula and gastrula. The involvement of g580 GN1 epitope in hatched blastula cell adhesion was demonstrated by: (1) enhancement of cell aggregation by g580 and sponge g200 glycans, (2) inhibition of cell reaggregation by Block 2, (3) dissociation of microvilli from the apical lamina matrix by the loss of its gel-like structure resulting in a change of the blastula embryonal form and consequent inhibition of gastrulation at saturating concentration of Block 2, and (4) aggregation of beads coated with the immune-purified g580 protein-free glycan. These results, together with the previous atomic force microscopy measurements of GN1 binding strength, indicated that this highly polyvalent and calcium ion dependent glycan–glycan binding can provide the force of 40 nanonewtons per single ectodermal cell association of microvilli with the apical lamina, and conservation of glycocalyx gel-like structure. This force can hold the weight of 160,000 cells in sea water, thus it is sufficient to establish, maintain and preserve blastula form after hatching, and prior to the complete formation of further stabilizing basal lamina.
Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. and Cyanthillium cinereum (Less) H. Rob. Lozenges in Volunteer Smokers
Authors: Luetragoon Thitiya , Sranujit Rungnapa Pankla , Noysang Chanai , Thongsri Yordhathai , Potup Pachuen , Somboonjun Jukarin , Maichandi Nucharee , Suphrom Nungruthai , Sangouam Supaporn , Usuwanthim Kanchana
Published: June 2021

Smokers have high plaque accumulation that initiates gingival inflammation and progresses to periodontitis. Thus, oral hygiene to control microbial plaque formation is an effective method of preventing gingivitis. Medicinal plants such as Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) and Cyanthillium cinereum (Less.) H. Rob. (CC) have an anti-inflammatory effect that might improve oral health in smokers. This study evaluated the effect of MO leaf and CC extracts using MO lozenges and a combination of MO + CC lozenges on oral inflammation and gingivitis in volunteer smokers. Lozenges consisting of MO and CC extracts were developed and studied in vivo. The results showed that lozenges significantly reduced oral inflammation and gingivitis in volunteers. The gingival index (GI) of group III (MO + CC lozenges) significantly decreased, while the percentage decrease of oral inflammation in group II (MO lozenges) was significantly higher than the other groups. The percentage decrease of GI values in group II (MO lozenges) and group III (MO + CC lozenges) were significantly higher than the placebo group I. Our findings indicated that MO and MO + CC lozenges reduced oral inflammation and gingivitis and showed potential to improve oral health in smokers.
Jatropha Curcas Biodiesel: A Lucrative Recipe for Pakistan’s Energy Sector
Authors: Yaqoob Haseeb , Teoh Yew Heng , Sher Farooq , Ashraf Muhammad Umair , Amjad Sana , Jamil Muhammad Ahmad , Jamil Muhammad Musaddiq , Mujtaba M. A.
Published: June 2021

One of the greatest challenges of the 21st century is to fulfill the growing energy needs sustainably and cost-effectively. Among the different sources of energy, biodiesel is one of the alternative energy sources that has tremendous potential to become a major mainstream renewable energy mix. Jatropha is an important raw input for biodiesel that provides an ecological and sustainable solution for emerging greenhouse gas emissions over the other biomass feedstock. This paper critically evaluates different factors and presents a SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) and barriers to the adoption of Jatropha biodiesel. In Pakistan, the estimated production of Jatropha biodiesel is expected to be 2.93 million tons, that are calculated from available barren land and possible shortlisted suitable areas for Jatropha plantation. It is ~25% of the total import (11.84 million tons) of petroleum products, which can save ~$2 billion USD reserves of Pakistan. The cultivation of Jatropha on barren land is an environmentally and economically lucrative approach for Pakistan. This study has real implications for developing a policy framework related to the environment and socio-economic feasibility of Jatropha biodiesel production in Pakistan.
Particulate Matter Exposures under Five Different Transportation Modes during Spring Festival Travel Rush in China
Authors: Zhang Yao , Yu Nu , Zhang Mengya , Ye Quan
Published: June 2021

Serious traffic-related pollution and high population density during the spring festival (Chinese new year) travel rush (SFTR) increases the travelers’ exposure risk to pollutants and biohazards. This study investigates personal exposure to particulate matter (PM) mass concentration when commuting in five transportation modes during and after the 2020 SFTR: China railway high-speed train (CRH train), subway, bus, car, and walking. The routes are selected between Nanjing and Xuzhou, two major transportation hubs in the Yangtze Delta. The results indicate that personal exposure levels to PM on the CRH train are the lowest and relatively stable, and so it is recommended to take the CRH train back home during the SFTR to reduce the personal PM exposure. The exposure level to PM2.5 during SFTR is twice as high as the average level of Asia, and it is higher than the WHO air quality guideline (AQG).
Heat Transfer Enhancement of Indirect Heat Transfer Reactors for Ca(OH)2/CaO Thermochemical Energy Storage System
Authors: Wang Boyan , Wang Zhiyuan , Ma Yan , Liang Yijing
Published: June 2021

The efficiency of a thermochemical energy storage system can be improved by optimizing the structure of the thermochemical energy storage reactor. We proposed two modified structures for indirect heat transfer thermochemical energy storage reactors for a Ca(OH)2/CaO system to improve their heat transfer performance. Our results showed that improving convective heat transfer offered varying effects on heat transfer performance in different reaction processes. For a half-plate pin fin sinks (HPPFHS) reactor and a plate pin fin sinks (PPFHS) reactor, enhancing the convective heat transfer process could improve the heat transfer performance in the dehydration process for a porosity of 0.5, and the time needed to complete reaction was reduced by around 33% compared with plate fin sinks (PFHS) reactor. As for the hydration process, because heat conduction along the bed dominated heat transfer performance, this method had little effect. Furthermore, we found that enhancing heat conduction along the bed and convective heat transfer had different effects on reaction process at different reaction areas. The HPPFHS reactor had a lower pressure drop along the HTF channel and exorbitant velocity of heat transfer fluid (HTF) was unnecessary. Under the condition of the bed porosity of 0.8, due to the lower thermal conductivity of material, both modified reactor structures had little effect on dehydration. However, because the temperature difference between bed and HFT was bigger, the PPFHS reactor could reduce the time of completing the hydration reaction by 20%. Above all, when planning to modify the reactor structure to improve the heat transfer performance to enhance the reaction process, the heat conditions along the bed, convective heat transfer between HTF and the bed and material parameters should be considered totally.
‘When the Animals Came’: The Genesis and Writing of an Ecotheological Poem, with Commentary
Authors: Davies Hilary
Published: June 2021

This article traces the genesis and composition of my poetic sequence, ‘When the Animals Came’ including as illustration of the poetic process a section from Part IV, ‘Spring’ with commentary. In order to understand the culture, art and religious beliefs of Paleolithic society, extensive research was needed, both at prehistoric sites, and in the archaeological literature, which I discuss; writing this poem also led me to re-assess how deeply and anciently faith is linked to our place in nature. Thus, the compositional process afforded me a new understanding of the complex relationship between humankind, environment and spiritual belief. Paleolithic culture engaged all three directly, seeing them as interdependent; this has considerable relevance to modern ecological concerns. My poem is an attempt to show creatively how such engagement constitutes part of our identity as human beings.
Effects of Temperature and Mounting Configuration on the Dynamic Parameters Identification of Industrial Robots
Authors: Raviola Andrea , Guida Roberto , De Martin Andrea , Pastorelli Stefano , Mauro Stefano , Sorli Massimo
Published: June 2021

Dynamic parameters are crucial for the definition of high-fidelity models of industrial manipulators. However, since they are often partially unknown, a mathematical model able to identify them is discussed and validated with the UR3 and the UR5 collaborative robots from Universal Robots. According to the acquired experimental data, this procedure allows for reducing the error on the estimated joint torques of about 90% with respect to the one obtained using only the information provided by the manufacturer. The present research also highlights how changes in the robot operating conditions affect its dynamic behavior. In particular, the identification process has been applied to a data set obtained commanding the same trajectory multiple times to both robots under rising joints temperatures. Average reductions of the viscous friction coefficients of about 20% and 17% for the UR3 and the UR5 robots, respectively, have been observed. Moreover, it is shown how the manipulator mounting configuration affects the number of the base dynamic parameters necessary to properly estimate the robots’ joints torques. The ability of the proposed model to take into account different mounting configurations is then verified by performing the identification procedure on a data set generated through a digital twin of a UR5 robot mounted on the ceiling.
Wide-Field-of-View Longwave Camera for the Characterization of the Earth’s Outgoing Longwave Radiation
Authors: Schifano Luca , Smeesters Lien , Berghmans Francis , Dewitte Steven
Published: June 2021

The measurement of the Earth’s Outgoing Longwave Radiation plays a key role in climate change monitoring. This measurement requires a compact wide-field-of-view camera, covering the 8–14 µm wavelength range, which is not commercially available. Therefore, we present a novel thermal wide-field-of-view camera optimized for space applications, featuring a field of view of 140° to image the Earth from limb to limb, while enabling a high spatial resolution of 4.455 km at nadir. Our cost-effective design comprises three germanium lenses, of which only one has a single aspherical surface. It delivers a very good image quality, as shown by the nearly-diffraction-limited performance. Radiative transfer simulations indicate excellent performance of our camera design, enabling an estimate of the broadband Outgoing Longwave Radiation with a random relative error of 4.8%.
High Spatial-Resolution Red Tide Detection in the Southern Coast of Korea Using U-Net from PlanetScope Imagery
Authors: Shin Jisun , Jo Young-Heon , Ryu Joo-Hyung , Khim Boo-Keun , Kim Soo Mee
Published: June 2021

Red tides caused by Margalefidinium polykrikoides occur continuously along the southern coast of Korea, where there are many aquaculture cages, and therefore, prompt monitoring of bloom water is required to prevent considerable damage. Satellite-based ocean-color sensors are widely used for detecting red tide blooms, but their low spatial resolution restricts coastal observations. Contrarily, terrestrial sensors with a high spatial resolution are good candidate sensors, despite the lack of spectral resolution and bands for red tide detection. In this study, we developed a U-Net deep learning model for detecting M. polykrikoides blooms along the southern coast of Korea from PlanetScope imagery with a high spatial resolution of 3 m. The U-Net model was trained with four different datasets that were constructed with randomly or non-randomly chosen patches consisting of different ratios of red tide and non-red tide pixels. The qualitative and quantitative assessments of the conventional red tide index (RTI) and four U-Net models suggest that the U-Net model, which was trained with a dataset of non-randomly chosen patches including non-red tide patches, outperformed RTI in terms of sensitivity, precision, and F-measure level, accounting for an increase of 19.84%, 44.84%, and 28.52%, respectively. The M. polykrikoides map derived from U-Net provides the most reasonable red tide patterns in all water areas. Combining high spatial resolution images and deep learning approaches represents a good solution for the monitoring of red tides over coastal regions.
Hybrid Simulation and Planning Platform for Cryosurgery with Microsoft HoloLens
Authors: Condino Sara , Cutolo Fabrizio , Cattari Nadia , Colangeli Simone , Parchi Paolo Domenico , Piazza Roberta , Ruinato Alfio Damiano , Capanna Rodolfo , Ferrari Vincenzo
Published: June 2021

Cryosurgery is a technique of growing popularity involving tissue ablation under controlled freezing. Technological advancement of devices along with surgical technique improvements have turned cryosurgery from an experimental to an established option for treating several diseases. However, cryosurgery is still limited by inaccurate planning based primarily on 2D visualization of the patient’s preoperative images. Several works have been aimed at modelling cryoablation through heat transfer simulations; however, most software applications do not meet some key requirements for clinical routine use, such as high computational speed and user-friendliness. This work aims to develop an intuitive platform for anatomical understanding and pre-operative planning by integrating the information content of radiological images and cryoprobe specifications either in a 3D virtual environment (desktop application) or in a hybrid simulator, which exploits the potential of the 3D printing and augmented reality functionalities of Microsoft HoloLens. The proposed platform was preliminarily validated for the retrospective planning/simulation of two surgical cases. Results suggest that the platform is easy and quick to learn and could be used in clinical practice to improve anatomical understanding, to make surgical planning easier than the traditional method, and to strengthen the memorization of surgical planning.
SAVSDN: A Scene-Aware Video Spark Detection Network for Aero Engine Intelligent Test
Authors: Kou Jie , Zhang Xinman , Huang Yuxuan , Zhang Cong
Published: June 2021

Due to carbon deposits, lean flames, or damaged metal parts, sparks can occur in aero engine chambers. At present, the detection of such sparks deeply depends on laborious manual work. Considering that interference has the same features as sparks, almost all existing object detectors cannot replace humans in carrying out high-precision spark detection. In this paper, we propose a scene-aware spark detection network, consisting of an information fusion-based cascading video codec-image object detector structure, which we name SAVSDN. Unlike video object detectors utilizing candidate boxes from adjacent frames to assist in the current prediction, we find that efforts should be made to extract the spatio-temporal features of adjacent frames to reduce over-detection. Visualization experiments show that SAVSDN can learn the difference in spatio-temporal features between sparks and interference. To solve the problem of a lack of aero engine anomalous spark data, we introduce a method to generate simulated spark images based on the Gaussian function. In addition, we publish the first simulated aero engine spark data set, which we name SAES. In our experiments, SAVSDN far outperformed state-of-the-art detection models for spark detection in terms of five metrics.
Investigation of the Effects of Electrode Geometry on the Performance of C4D Sensor with Radial Configuration
Authors: Huang Qiang , Huang Junchao , Jiang Yandan , Ji Haifeng , Wang Baoliang , Huang Zhiyao
Published: June 2021

Electrodes are basic components of C4D (capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection) sensors, and different electrode structures (the configuration pattern or the electrode geometry) can lead to different measurement results. In this work, the effects of electrode geometry of radial configuration on the measurement performance of C4D sensors are investigated. Two geometrical parameters, the electrode length and the electrode angle, are considered. A FEM (finite element method) model based on the C4D method is developed. With the FEM model, corresponding simulation results of conductivity measurement with different electrode geometry are obtained. Meanwhile, practical experiments of conductivity measurement are also conducted. According to the simulation results and experimental results, the optimal electrode geometry of the C4D sensor with radial configuration is discussed and proposed. The recommended electrode length is 5–10 times of the pipe inner diameter and the recommended electrode angle is 120–160°.
Neural Network for Metal Detection Based on Magnetic Impedance Sensor
Authors: Ha Sungjae , Lee Dongwoo , Kim Hoijun , Kwon Soonchul , Kim EungJo , Yang Junho , Lee Seunghyun
Published: June 2021

The efficiency of the metal detection method using deep learning with data obtained from multiple magnetic impedance (MI) sensors was investigated. The MI sensor is a passive sensor that detects metal objects and magnetic field changes. However, when detecting a metal object, the amount of change in the magnetic field caused by the metal is small and unstable with noise. Consequently, there is a limit to the detectable distance. To effectively detect and analyze this distance, a method using deep learning was applied. The detection performances of a convolutional neural network (CNN) and a recurrent neural network (RNN) were compared from the data extracted from a self-impedance sensor. The RNN model showed better performance than the CNN model. However, in the shallow stage, the CNN model was superior compared to the RNN model. The performance of a deep-learning-based (DLB) metal detection network using multiple MI sensors was compared and analyzed. The network was detected using long short-term memory and CNN. The performance was compared according to the number of layers and the size of the metal sheet. The results are expected to contribute to sensor-based DLB detection technology.
Annular Fiber Probe for Interstitial Illumination in Photoacoustic Guidance of Radiofrequency Ablation
Authors: Kruit Hindrik , Joseph Francis Kalloor , Rascevska Elina , Manohar Srirang
Published: June 2021

Unresectable liver tumors are commonly treated with percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA). However, this technique is associated with high recurrence rates due to incomplete tumor ablation. Accurate image guidance of the RFA procedure contributes to successful ablation, but currently used imaging modalities have shortcomings in device guidance and treatment monitoring. We explore the potential of using photoacoustic (PA) imaging combined with conventional ultrasound (US) imaging for real-time RFA guidance. To overcome the low penetration depth of light in tissue, we have developed an annular fiber probe (AFP), which can be inserted into tissue enabling interstitial illumination of tissue. The AFP is a cannula with 72 optical fibers that allows an RFA device to slide through its lumen, thereby enabling PA imaging for RFA device guidance and ablation monitoring. We show that the PA signal from interstitial illumination is not affected by absorber-to-surface depth compared to extracorporeal illumination. We also demonstrate successful imaging of the RFA electrodes, a blood vessel mimic, a tumor-mimicking phantom, and ablated liver tissue boundaries in ex vivo chicken and bovine liver samples. PA-assisted needle guidance revealed clear needle tip visualization, a notable improvement to current US needle guidance. Our probe shows potential for RFA device guidance and ablation detection, which potentially aids in real-time monitoring.
A Computational Study on the Role of Parameters for Identification of Thyroid Nodules by Infrared Images (and Comparison with Real Data)
Authors: González José R. , Damião Charbel , Moran Maira , Pantaleão Cristina A. , Cruz Rubens A. , Balarini Giovanna A. , Conci Aura
Published: June 2021

According to experts and medical literature, healthy thyroids and thyroids containing benign nodules tend to be less inflamed and less active than those with malignant nodules. It seems to be a consensus that malignant nodules have more blood veins and more blood circulation. This may be related to the maintenance of the nodule’s heat at a higher level compared with neighboring tissues. If the internal heat modifies the skin radiation, then it could be detected by infrared sensors. The goal of this work is the investigation of the factors that allow this detection, and the possible relation with any pattern referent to nodule malignancy. We aim to consider a wide range of factors, so a great number of numerical simulations of the heat transfer in the region under analysis, based on the Finite Element method, are performed to study the influence of each nodule and patient characteristics on the infrared sensor acquisition. To do so, the protocol for infrared thyroid examination used in our university’s hospital is simulated in the numerical study. This protocol presents two phases. In the first one, the body under observation is in steady state. In the second one, it is submitted to thermal stress (transient state). Both are simulated in order to verify if it is possible (by infrared sensors) to identify different behavior referent to malignant nodules. Moreover, when the simulation indicates possible important aspects, patients with and without similar characteristics are examined to confirm such influences. The results show that the tissues between skin and thyroid, as well as the nodule size, have an influence on superficial temperatures. Other thermal parameters of thyroid nodules show little influence on surface infrared emissions, for instance, those related to the vascularization of the nodule. All details of the physical parameters used in the simulations, characteristics of the real nodules and thermal examinations are publicly available, allowing these simulations to be compared with other types of heat transfer solutions and infrared examination protocols. Among the main contributions of this work, we highlight the simulation of the possible range of parameters, and definition of the simulation approach for mapping the used infrared protocol, promoting the investigation of a possible relation between the heat transfer process and the data obtained by infrared acquisitions.
3D Antenna Characterization for WPT Applications
Authors: Jordão Marina , Pires Diogo , Belo Daniel , Pinho Pedro , Carvalho Nuno Borges
Published: June 2021

The main goal of this paper is to present a three-dimensional (3D) antenna array to improve the performance of wireless power transmission (WPT) systems, as well as its characterization with over-the-air (OTA) multi-sine techniques. The 3D antenna consists of 15 antenna elements attached to an alternative 3D structure, allowing energy to be transmitted to all azimuth directions at different elevation angles without moving. The OTA multi-sine characterization technique was first utilized to identify issues in antenna arrays. However, in this work, the technique is used to identify which elements of the 3D antenna should operate to transmit the energy in a specific direction. Besides, the 3D antenna design description and its characterization are performed to authenticate its operation. Since 3D antennas are an advantage in WPT applications, the antenna is evaluated in a real WPT scenario to power an RF–DC converter, and experimental results are presented.
Phase Demodulation Method for Fringe Projection Measurement Based on Improved Variable-Frequency Coded Patterns
Authors: Lv Shanshan , Jiang Mingshun , Su Chenhui , Zhang Lei , Zhang Faye , Sui Qingmei , Jia Lei
Published: June 2021

The phase-to-height imaging model, as a three-dimensional (3D) measurement technology, has been commonly applied in fringe projection to assist surface profile measurement, where the efficient and accurate calculation of phase plays a critical role in precise imaging. To deal with multiple extra coded patterns and 2π jump error caused to the existing absolute phase demodulation methods, a novel method of phase demodulation is proposed based on dual variable-frequency (VF) coded patterns. In this paper, the frequency of coded fringe is defined as the number of coded fringes within a single sinusoidal fringe period. First, the effective wrapped phase (EWP) as calculated using the four-step phase shifting method was split into the wrapped phase region with complete period and the wrapped phase region without complete period. Second, the fringe orders in wrapped phase region with complete period were decoded according to the frequency of the VF coded fringes and the continuous characteristic of the fringe order. Notably, the sampling frequency of fast Fourier transform (FFT) was determined by the length of the decoding interval and can be adjusted automatically with the variation in height of the object. Third, the fringe orders in wrapped phase region without complete period were decoded depending on the consistency of fringe orders in the connected region of wrapped phase. Last, phase demodulation was performed. The experimental results were obtained to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method in the phase demodulation of both discontinuous objects and highly abrupt objects.
Noninvasive Estimation of Hydration Status in Athletes Using Wearable Sensors and a Data-Driven Approach Based on Orthostatic Changes
Authors: Kamran Fahad , Le Victor C. , Frischknecht Adam , Wiens Jenna , Sienko Kathleen H.
Published: June 2021

Dehydration beyond 2% bodyweight loss should be monitored to reduce the risk of heat-related injuries during exercise. However, assessments of hydration in athletic settings can be limited in their accuracy and accessibility. In this study, we sought to develop a data-driven noninvasive approach to measure hydration status, leveraging wearable sensors and normal orthostatic movements. Twenty participants (10 males, 25.0 ± 6.6 years; 10 females, 27.8 ± 4.3 years) completed two exercise sessions in a heated environment: one session was completed without fluid replacement. Before and after exercise, participants performed 12 postural movements that varied in length (up to 2 min). Logistic regression models were trained to estimate dehydration status given their heart rate responses to these postural movements. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was used to parameterize the model’s discriminative ability. Models achieved an AUROC of 0.79 (IQR: 0.75, 0.91) when discriminating 2% bodyweight loss. The AUROC for the longer supine-to-stand postural movements and shorter toe-touches were similar (0.89, IQR: 0.89, 1.00). Shorter orthostatic tests achieved similar accuracy to clinical tests. The findings suggest that data from wearable sensors can be used to accurately estimate mild dehydration in athletes. In practice, this method may provide an additional measurement for early intervention of severe dehydration.
Exploring the Use of Mobile and Wearable Technology among University Student Athletes in Lebanon: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Bardus Marco , Borgi Cecile , El-Harakeh Marwa , Gherbal Tarek , Kharroubi Samer , Fares Elie-Jacques
Published: June 2021

The markets of commercial wearables and health and fitness apps are constantly growing globally, especially among young adults and athletes, to track physical activity, energy expenditure and health. Despite their wide availability, evidence on use comes predominantly from the United States or Global North, with none targeting college student-athletes in low- and middle-income countries. This study was aimed to explore the use of these technologies among student-athletes at the American University of Beirut (AUB). We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 482 participants (average age 20 years) enrolled in 24 teams during Fall 2018; 230 students successfully completed the web-based survey, and 200 provided valid data. Fifty-three (26.5%) have owned a fitness tracker, mostly for self-monitoring. The most popular were Fitbit, Apple Watch, and Garmin. Similarly, 82 students (40%) used apps, primarily MyFitnessPal, Apple Health, and Samsung Health. Nevertheless, many participants discontinued use due to loss of interest or technical issues (breaking, usability, obsolescence, or lack of engagement). Wearable devices were considered superior to mobile phones alone as physical activity monitors. However, forming regular habits made self-monitoring via technology irrelevant. Further research is needed to better understand what motivates continuous use among student-athletes, who could use trackers to improve athletic performance and overall health.