bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Culture, Context, and Managerial Behaviour
Authors: Nardon Luciara
Published: April 2017

Cross-cultural interactions do not happen in a vacuum; they happen within an organizational context, with specific actors involved and in a particular physical setting. This chapter draws on a perspective of situated cognition to examine how various layers of context can influence cognitions and behaviours in cross-cultural situations. It proposes that action results from the interaction of cognitive schemas, including cultural values and assumptions, and contextual variables. Context is conceptualized as a multilayered construct including institutional, organizational and situational layers which influences what individuals notice, how they interpret information, and the actions they take. Further, it is argued that the context of global management is malleable and changes as a product of the actions of multiple players. Implications of a focus on context for the theory and practice of cross-cultural management are discussed.
Management and Consultancy
Authors: Sturdy Andrew , Wright Christopher , Wylie Nick
Published: April 2017

This chapter explores an important, but much-neglected feature of management—its relationship with management consultancy. It firstly contrasts the dominant definitions of consulting as either inclusive or exclusive of management. Rather, management and consulting are shown to be both the same and different, especially in terms of a recent convergence towards both ‘consultancy as management’ and ‘management as consultancy’. The chapter looks at these developments in terms of the emergence of neo-bureaucratic organizations and a consultant manager role with an emphasis on change management, formal tools, project working, and facilitation. It then examines the relationship between management and consultancy in terms of their interactions in practice, through the idea of the activity and passivity of managerial clients of consultancy and the ideas they promote. Overall, the chapter seeks to broaden the analysis of management away from concerns within organizations towards that which spans organizational boundaries.
Operations Management
Authors: Spring Martin
Published: April 2017

The emergence of Operations Management (OM) in the early 1960s is described, showing how it was based on the adoption of mathematical models from operational research during the Second World War. Subsequent major developments such as Materials Requirements Planning, Japanese manufacturing, manufacturing strategy, and supply chain management, and their effect on the OM discipline are outlined. These often attempted to reconcile the reductive analytical approach of early OM with the consideration of larger systems. The adoption of empirical research methods and theory from outside OM during the 1990s is examined, as well as the ever-present tension between practical relevance and academic rigour. Finally, the chapter reflects on ‘where the management is’ in operations management. It suggests that the managerial substance of OM is in exercising judgement on issues not susceptible to modelling, generating alternative courses of action, managing change, and judging how and when to use models, given the specific context of the operation.
Future in the Past
Authors: Clegg Stewart , Berti Marco , Jarvis Walter P.
Published: April 2017

Management studies has “lost its way” by advancing instrumental research too frequently foreclosing its larger ethical and practical implications. The authors argue for bracketing the excessively technical and scientistic orientation of much management research by re-questioning the purposes, presuppositions and prejudices on which management and organization theories have been based. They explore philosophical approaches capable of grounding a restored public trust. These range from the use of phronesis (practical wisdom) in Business School curricula, rather than either pure techne or pure theoria, to recovering exemplars of codetermination in workplace practices and cultures that affirm in practice a deeper regard for human dignity than mere resource efficiency. These examples offer antidotes to entrenched managerialism in neoliberalism, embedding social and ecological concerns in organizational purposes. Management legitimacy is enhanced when viewed as a process accomplishing ends that support rather than alienate public confidence.
Managing People
Authors: Charlwood Andy , Hoque Kim
Published: April 2017

HRM comprises of a set of activities (recruitment and selection, training, reward, performance management, etc.) related to the management of people. It is often posited that because people are a key source of competitive advantage, such activities should be seen as central to organizational success. However, the HR function in most organizations is typically administrative in character, and seen as a cost to be minimized. Normative models of HRM that stress HR’s strategic dimension are rarely adopted in practice. This chapter seeks to explain why this is. It argues that five powerful forces constrain the role of HR: continued scepticism over their performance effects when put into practice; the history of the HR function and the expectations, skills and competencies of HR professionals that follow from that history; the impact of competing narratives; the impact of globalization and financialization logics; and societal rules and norms.
Intellectual Property as a Public Interest Mechanism
Authors: Tushnet Rebecca
Published: April 2017

This chapter describes the principal arguments about intellectual property rights as mechanisms for promoting the public interest, as opposed to particular private interests. Public interest arguments typically feature in balancing accounts of intellectual property rights that evince concern for the distribution of benefits as well as for the production of new works or inventions. Public interest rationales also often feature in justifications both for the rights themselves and for limitations or exceptions to those rights when private control of an intellectual resource would not promote the general welfare. The chapter considers patents, copyright, trademarks, and related rights, including the right of publicity. It concludes by examining various challenges faced by public interest accounts.
The Emergence and Development of Intellectual Property Law in the Middle East
Authors: Birnhack Michael , Khoury Amir
Published: April 2017

The Eurocentric term “Middle East” captures the historical sources and emergence of intellectual property (IP) in this region. Early colonial influences had a long-lasting effect. In the mid-1990s the global replaced the colonial, imposing new demands. Both the colonial and globalized IP frameworks have allowed only a narrow leeway for the expression of local interests. This chapter explores the emergence and development of IP law in the Middle East as a case of a western legal transplant, and focuses on Egypt, Israel, the Palestinian Authority, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. Instead of a technocratic doctrinal approach that compares local law to international standards and asks about “compliance,” it advocates a richer evaluation. In assessing IP laws against global standards, it suggests contextualizing the local law within the country’s larger legal framework to take into consideration its political economy, local and global politics, and unique cultural needs.
Three Centuries and Counting
Authors: Ncube Caroline B.
Published: April 2017

This chapter provides a historical account of the development of intellectual property (IP) law on the African continent, and how IP systems and their transposed legislation displaced existing knowledge governance systems. It discusses how the entrenched primarily extractor-biased IP system in the post-TRIPs era led to a compliance confidence crisis in which ill-equipped African states were overwhelmed by the political dynamics that led to a compliance overdrive manifested in developing countries and least-developed countries (LDCs) enacting provisions they were not required to enact under prevailing transitional periods. In this context, it canvasses the continent’s attempt to leverage fully TRIPS flexibilities, and discusses the current continental IP system. It briefly considers the protection of traditional knowledge and plant varieties as exemplars of aspects of IP that are critical to the continent due to the nature of the primacy of a traditional way of life for a significant portion of its population.
Intership
Authors: Bal Mieke
Published: April 2017

The well-known problem with “adaptation” is that the word is fraught with normative assumptions. Adaptation implies comparison, and comparison implies standards, grounds of comparison. Instead, a dialogue with a past that once was there but cannot be “restored” is a productive deployment of anachronism as a figure of intertemporal thought. Chapter 10 offers a detailed commentary on an “adaptation” of the author’s own that adopts an attitude of loyalty, rather than fidelity, to the text it engages: Flaubert’s Madame Bovary. Flaubert wrote his novel in a strong and critical contemporaneity. The historicity of the cinematic images of most Madame Bovary films thus obliterates from the novel its own historicity, substituting for it a theatrical mask that puts everything at a distance. The audiovisual work discussed here seeks both to actualize the novel and to be loyal to it in the manner of its actualizing.
The Intratextuality of Film Adaptation
Authors: Boozer Jack
Published: April 2017

By observing the authorial intentions on the part of the novelist and the adapted film’s producer, screenwriter, director, and cast, Chapter 11 examines the intratextual process at work in the transformation of Philip Roth’s novella The Dying Animal to the big screen as Elegy. The notion of serial authorship can capture the creative interaction of intentions characteristic of the multi-source nature of film adaptation, whose products serve two texts: the source literary work and the screenplay derived from it. The essay considers the hints of Roth’s personal views and autobiography implied through his narrator, David Kepesh, and this character’s relationships with women, as well as through the implied author’s own position as a writer—a self-conscious status the film does not engage.
Revisionist Adaptation
Authors: Stam Robert
Published: April 2017

Cross-cultural adaptations can revitalize their source texts through provocative changes in their setting, genre, casting, or production processes. Chapter 13 examines a series of frankly revisionist adaptations that mount a critique of source texts drawn from other cultures by adapting new perspectives, restoring excised material, or allowing previously silenced voices to speak. The power of such cross-cultural adaptations finds subversive new meanings in their canonical texts by staging conflicts of languages and discourses. Instead of reflecting or refracting the reality beneath their source texts, they emphasize the refractions of those source texts themselves. In translating the discourses of past cultures into those of present, often insurgent cultures, they can give voice to a revealing kind of social unconscious.
Telenovelas and/as Adaptations
Authors: Joye Stijn , Biltereyst Daniël , Adriaens Fien
Published: April 2017

Within an emerging tradition of adaptation research that looks beyond fidelity-driven inquiries into exclusively literary adaptations, the case of telenovelas is exemplary for a contemporary media industry that is characterized by a cross-media and cross-border exchange of narratives. Focusing on the recent revival and international success of the telenovela genre and format, Chapter 20 reflects on a series of extra-textual features and contexts that are related to the practice of adapting global telenovela formats into different cultural environments. It approaches telenovelas as localizable yet universally appealing cultural products and narratives that undergo a tailoring process to match local expectations or to conform to local sensibilities and cultural, narrative, and production codes.
Roads Not Taken in Hollywood’s Comic Book Movie Industry
Authors: Hassler-Forest Dan
Published: April 2017

Chapter 23 approaches the phenomenon of the comic book movie as a complex and dynamic adaptation process. While superhero movies and other comics-inspired franchises now dominate the global box office, it is rare that they adapt comic books’ formal features in a meaningful way. By foregrounding three comic book movies that have largely been considered failures, the essay discusses innovative ways of adapting comics to film through a media-archaeological approach to the genre. The films Popeye (1980), Dick Tracy (1990), and Hulk (2002) can be read, each in its own way, as provocative “roads not taken” by the Hollywood film industry.
Ekphrasis and Adaptation
Authors: Clüver Claus
Published: April 2017

In discussing word-and-image interactions, ekphrasis and adaptation are frequently cited as major instances of intermedial transposition. Ekphrasis, redefined as “the verbal representation of real or fictive configurations composed in a non-kinetic visual medium,” can occur in literary and non-literary texts and represent two- and three-dimensional images. Some ekphrastic texts can be read as fully developed intermedial translations; others may render readers’ encounters with visual images that the text does not actually transpose at all. Ekphrasis is a descriptive monomedial mode of intermedial reference. In contrast, adaptations incorporate transmedial elements of the source texts transposed into a new medium. Verbal texts are most frequently adapted to plurimedial media, but also to such mixed-media forms as the comic book. Novelizations of films or videogames exemplify adaptation to the verbal medium. More common is the adaptation to literary texts of structural devices employed in other media, as in the musicalization of fiction.
Transmedia Storytelling as Narrative Practice
Authors: Ryan Marie-Laure
Published: April 2017

Chapter 30 defines transmedia storytelling as a hybrid of adaptation and transfictionality. Like the former, it involves several media; like the latter, it builds a storyworld through multiple narratives. Two types of transmedia storytelling are distinguished: top-down, the deliberate spreading of narrative content across multiple media; and bottom-up, the use of many media to develop a narrative originally conceived as mono-medial. If transmedia is to be a truly new mode of narration, it should proceed top-down, but actual examples are rare. The essay considers what kinds of phenomena can be regarded as transmedia storytelling; what are the relations between transmedia and interactivity; whether transmedia promote collective world creation; and whether the dispersion of content across multiple media is favorable or detrimental to the two basic elements of narrative: plot and storyworld.
Politics and Adaptation
Authors: Bubeníček Petr
Published: April 2017

Chapter 32 deals with the ways the image of Jan Hus (c. 1370–1415), the Czech priest and theorist of ecclesiastical Reformation, changes in new political, social, and cultural contexts. It aims to show how the communist regime appropriated Jan Hus through Otakar Vávra’s eponymous adaptation, filmed in 1953, in which Hus is portrayed as a revolutionary. After introducing Jan Hus in his historical and theological role, it focuses on the different ways he and the Hussite movement were perceived from the eighteenth century onward. A pivotal figure in this process is the writer Alois Jirásek, whose novels and plays sought, in historical traditions, answers to the questions of Czech culture and identity. The communist appropriation of Jirásek’s work, including his drama Jan Hus (1911), claimed that Czech medieval society was headed in the direction of revolution, even if that society had no term for such a thing.
Making Adaptation Studies Adaptive
Authors: Boyd Brian
Published: April 2017

An evolutionary (or “adaptationist”) perspective on adaptation studies offers ways past the “fidelity discourse” that has long vexed adaptation scholars. Biological adaptation forgoes exact fidelity to solve the new problems posed by inevitably changing environments, in a process that is fertile as well as faithful. Artistic adaptation also looks two ways, toward retention or fidelity and toward innovation or fertility. The complex and multiple adaptations and hybridizations of art and nature, of page, stage, screen, and painting in Nabokov’s 1969 novel Ada suggest that the more exactly you know your world, or the world of art, the more you can transform them as you wish. Charlie Kaufman’s 2002 screenplay Adaptation. resembles Ada not only in spotlighting orchids but also in being meta-adaptational, addressing, like Ada, both fidelity within adaptation and the creative fertility to be found in building on prior design but moving beyond fidelity.
The Recombinant Mystery of Frankenstein
Authors: Perry Dennis
Published: April 2017

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, itself adapted from several sources, has triggered a never-ending series of film adaptations, each exploring the meaning of human life through the evolving landscapes of cultural and technological development. Adapted in James Whale’s Frankenstein as a figure of both horror and deep pathos, the monster and his creator have played a pivotal role in the development of the cinema of gothic horror, borrowing along the way from a wide array of genres as different as surrealism, slapstick comedy, and the Western. This basic story of human fears and desires has become the archetype of intertextual adaptation methods, providing a resonant metaphor for even such homely details as the process of film editing.
Literary Learning
Authors: Tian Xiaofei
Published: April 2017

This chapter discusses two major ways of organizing and disseminating knowledge in premodern China, namely, compiling an encyclopedia and making an epitome. An encyclopedia, leishu, consists of extracts taken from a variety of earlier works and classified under different categories. It is supposed to present an organized system of knowledge of the world, reflecting an orderly universe in its comprehensive, structured arrangement of ideas, concepts, and things. The imperial commissioning of a large-scale encyclopedia is also a way of demonstrating the state’s cultural power and political legitimacy. An epitome (chao or shuchao) is usually based on either one work or one type of work; it includes what are considered key passages from a work, and sometimes summarizes or paraphrases the content of a work. The making and circulating of encyclopedia and epitome raise important questions about what, and how, people read in medieval Chinese society.
Libraries, Book Catalogues, Lost Writings
Authors: Dudbridge Glen
Published: April 2017

Literature can be seen from two perspectives, contrasting a textual heritage sanctioned by cultural arbiters with a fluid scene in which written culture mutates according to the dynamics of open society. In China, a tradition of imperially sponsored bibliography, library formation, and cataloguing set out to standardize the mass of inherited writing. As libraries moved through cycles of formation, destruction, and reconstruction, they struggled to accommodate new work within traditional frameworks. Classification was an intellectual adventure that developed through two parallel traditions, in seven and four main parts respectively. By the eighth century ce, the four-part system imposed became dominant. Vast amounts of literature lost to direct transmission survived in edited collections that inevitably compromised the integrity of vanished originals. Conversely, finds in tombs, caves, and excavations have recovered a rich harvest of ancient writings, many of them previously unknown. The results have brought those two rival perspectives into direct confrontation.
Histories (shi史)
Authors: Durrant Stepphen
Published: April 2017

The Chinese tradition of historical writing is rich and complex. That tradition is outlined here from its earliest appearance in such canonical texts as Shangshu, Chunqiu, and Zuozhuan down to the establishment of the Tang Bureau of History in 629 and the completion of Liu Zhiji’s masterful book-length study of Chinese historiography in 710, a text that provides much of the framework for the discussion. The chapter explores such issues as the tension throughout this period between official historical writing, sponsored by the ruler and sometimes sustained by the government bureaucracy, and historical texts produced by private parties; the search for appropriate forms to recount the past; and the boundaries of “histories” in early Chinese systems of bibliographic classification.
Collections (ji集)
Authors: Tian Xiaofei
Published: April 2017

Ji, “collection,” is the last of the four-part Chinese bibliographical scheme after “Classics,” “Histories,” and “Masters.” Referring to collections of literary works, it is central to our understanding of the premodern Chinese conception of literature. This chapter focuses on bieji (literary collections by individual authors) and introduces the fundamental issues regarding the formation and content of a literary collection. It discusses when the term bieji first appeared, and what the early collections were; how a literary collection was constituted, circulated, transmitted, and reconstituted; what genres a literary collection might include, and more important, exclude; and in what ways a bieji is important to a historicized understanding of what constituted “literature” in the Middle Period. The coda briefly discusses the rebuilding of the lost and scattered medieval literary collections and the proliferation of specialized collections in the Song and beyond.
Elite versus Popular Literature
Authors: Idema Wilt
Published: April 2017

Ever since the May Fourth Movement of the 1920s, scholars of Chinese literary history have deployed a distinction between elite literature and popular literature, claiming that the “dead” elite literature was only revitalized by its constant borrowings from the language, subjects, and forms of popular literature. This chapter questions this simplistic binary, which depends on the exclusive identification of “the popular” with the vernacular and oral transmission, problematic propositions in both cases. It argues that the oral literature of the first millennium bce and the first millennium is irretrievably lost. Before the emergence of a mature print culture, sharp distinctions between elite and popular culture are hard to draw, and in China, the vernacular was not a different language but at the most a different register within a shared literary culture.
Classicisms in Chinese Literary Culture
Authors: Shields Anna
Published: April 2017

The tradition of classical studies in China after the fall of the Han continued to flourish, though in changing forms from the period of division through the end of the Tang dynasty. The ongoing relevance of the Classics and the Masters Texts to both the educational and institutional systems of successive dynasties guaranteed that elites would sustain a heritage of scholarship and transmit commentaries over generations. And yet the classicist tradition was not merely a static corpus of commentary on “dead” texts but rather a dynamic and stimulating body of knowledge that inspired new literary compositions, philosophical reflection, and ultimately new styles of writing, both poetry and prose. This chapter traces the most important classicist revivals and the most prolific and influential writers in the classicist tradition, including authors such as Yuan Jie, Li Hua, Han Yu, Bai Juyi, and others.
Literary Media
Authors: Nugent Christopher M.B.
Published: April 2017

This chapter explores the various media by means of which literature was produced and disseminated prior to the spread of printing. It looks both at material media, such as bronze, bamboo, and paper, and at the use of oral and memorial transmission, which played crucial roles in the periods covered here as well. In addition to descriptions of how these media were produced and used, it discusses the impact that they had on conceptions of literary composition and transmission. It emphasizes that, in many contexts, literature was as likely to be heard as to be read and that writing was only one of the forms in which Classical Chinese literature existed for those who created and first experienced it.
Manuscript Culture
Authors: Nugent Christopher M.B.
Published: April 2017

This chapter examines issues of manuscript culture as they apply to China prior to the spread of print. The discussion is centered around questions of how literary texts were produced, circulated, and changed in contexts in which every reproduction of a text was done by hand and the oral and the written remained closely intertwined. In addition to accounts of how texts were circulated and altered during circulation, the chapter discusses the implications of these aspects of manuscript culture for our understanding of how this literature was experienced by audiences in a context in which texts were more fluid and every instance of textual reproduction entailed individual decisions. Many of the issues discussed here are relevant to later periods as well, as even after the wide spread of printing, texts continued to be produced by hand (and orally) in a range of contexts up through the twentieth century.
The Relationship of Calligraphy and Painting to Literature
Authors: Egan Ronald
Published: April 2017

Calligraphy and painting have a long and rich history of association with literary composition, especially poetry. These three “arts of the brush” share not just materials and tools of production but also a critical vocabulary and certain aesthetic ideals. The pronounced attention in the early history of each art to the world of nature as a source of verbal imagery, subject matter, and even graphic design bound these arts together in the formative stage of theoretical writings about each. As the practice of these arts matured in medieval times, it became common for them to appear together in a single, composite work: a painting inscribed with a poem, written as a calligraphic display. This composite form became a hallmark of Chinese visual and literary culture. Thus even when they were used separately, the aesthetic values of the others often remained in the minds of the poet-artist and reader or viewer.
Education and the Examination System
Authors: Doran Rebecca
Published: April 2017

This chapter provides a historical examination of education and the examination system in China from the Former Han period through the tenth century. Particular educational practices and attitudes to education played an essential role in shaping elite culture. The civil service examination was equally fundamental as both an institution and a cultural ideal or motif. The chapter begins with an overview of educational systems (public, private, and religious) before turning to methods of recruitment and evaluation, including the civil service examinations. The chapter provides a special emphasis on the connection between the civil service examinations and literature, analyzing the development of new genres associated with the exams and the emergence of the examinations as a literary trope.
Text and Commentary in the Medieval Period
Authors: Cheng Yu-yu
Published: April 2017

In classical Chinese tradition, writing a commentary is a basic way of interpreting texts and teaching classics. A commentator not only speculates on an author’s intent but also cites from various oral or written accounts to annotate a text. Commentary thus becomes a core text for converging knowledge and conserving culture, and sometimes it is many times longer than the original text. This chapter focuses on a series of commentaries on literary texts in the early medieval period and shows that, instead of being secondary to the original text, a commentary constitutes a new text on a par with the urtext in many ways.
In Conclusion
Authors: King Eden B. , Colella Adrienne J. , Markell Hannah
Published: April 2017

The chapters in this book address the factors that give rise to discrimination, its manifestations and consequences, and strategies for its reduction. In so doing, evidence is synthesized and future directions encouraged. Yet it is critical that these pages be interpreted in light of the context in which they were written. This concluding chapter identifies themes that emerge across chapters within the context of the particular time of their publication and in relation to a highly visible discrimination case. In so doing, it considers dual signs of social progress and retreat that relate to workplace discrimination and envision continuing uneven improvements in the future.
Humans and mammals in the Upper Palaeolithic of Russia
Authors: Germonpré Mietje , Sablin Mikhail
Published: April 2017

This chapter focuses on the mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) and large canid (wolf (Canis lupus) and/or dog (Canis familiaris)) assemblages recorded at Upper Palaeolithic sites from the Russian Plain and Siberia. It accordingly pursues the following questions: (1) Is the mammoth ubiquitously found in the Upper Palaeolithic sites of Russia?, (2) Are large canids as often present at Siberian sites as they are at sites from the Russian Plain? and (3) Could the high frequency of the mammoth remains in several Upper Palaeolithic assemblages be due to hunting by prehistoric humans? Finally, this essay underlines the need for further studies in this area.
Fishing, wildfowling, and marine mammal exploitation in northern Scotland from prehistory to Early Modern times
Authors: Serjeantson Dale
Published: April 2017

Fishing, seabird fowling, and the exploitation of marine mammals persisted in settlements around the coast and islands of western and northern Scotland from prehistoric times until the twentieth century. Until the mid-first millennium ad most fishing focused on immature saithe and was carried out close to the shore, but from Norse times onwards intensive deep-sea fishing for cod took place and, in the Hebrides, a herring fishery developed. Seabirds were a minor but regular part of subsistence; some were harvested from breeding colonies and others caught more casually, often in association with fishing. Marine mammals provided food and oil; whalebone was an important raw material. As well as exploiting stranded whales, people hunted seals from their breeding sites and small cetaceans by herding them into bays and inlets.
The zooarchaeology of early historic periods in the southern Levant
Authors: Whitcher Kansa Sarah , Lev-Tov Justin E.
Published: April 2017

This chapter explores the zooarchaeology of the southern Levant over a 3,000-year period, from the late fourth to the mid-first millennium bc. Highlighting contributions from zooarchaeological research, we explore broad-scale issues related to the archaeology and history of the region. Examples include the intersection of states and animal economies, religion and diet/sacrifice, ethnic foodways, and the appearance of new domesticates. Since much zooarchaeological research engages with the region’s archaeology by being contextually and historically grounded, we have organized this chapter chronologically, from the Early Bronze I to the Iron Age II. We also summarize the geography and history of zooarchaeological practice in the region. We close with recommendations for future research in Levantine zooarchaeology, including closer integration with archaeobotany and other related disciplines, as well as more formalized practices around data documentation and dissemination.
Fauna and the emergence of intensive agricultural economies in the United States Southwest
Authors: Dean Rebecca M.
Published: April 2017

The Hohokam of Arizona, USA, created one of the most intensive agricultural systems in North America. Their hunting economy intensified along with the agricultural system, but intensification (measured through the diversification of hunting strategies) was mitigated by a variety of processes, not all of which are easily understood by traditional methods of measuring intensification, such as diet breadth models. Hunting intensification was limited by constraints placed on hunters due to agricultural labour needs, and affected by changes in local landscapes for agricultural purposes. The hunting behaviour of the Hohokam cannot be understood solely in its own terms, as a product of optimal decision-making based on the availability of prey in the landscape at large. Rather, decisions were contextualized within the constraints of the social and labour organization of the agricultural system, and were contingent on the changes that had been made to that landscape as a result of agricultural demands.
Zooarchaeology of Brazilian shell-mounds
Authors: Klokler Daniela
Published: April 2017

Brazilian zooarchaeology originated and primarily developed through the study of coastal sites. Shell-mounds were among the first archaeological sites to be identified in Brazil due to their visibility, aided by their size, prominent locations, and proximity to the coast. Since the seventeenth century, religious missionaries, travellers, naturalists, and researchers proposed explanations for the origins and significance of these shell concentrations. This chapter reviews theoretical and methodological changes in perspective regarding shell-mounds and presents recent developments focusing on the ritual aspect of these sites in Brazil. Site formation analysis based upon faunal remains has proven to be advantageous to discussions on shell-mound construction, function, and performance of feasts.
Themes in the zooarchaeology of Pleistocene Melanesia
Authors: Leavesley Matthew
Published: April 2017

The first human populations colonized the Bismarck Archipelago about 40,000 years ago. The zooarchaeological evidence from Buang Merabak (New Ireland) reveals that, at a first stage, hunter-gatherers only focused on the exploitation of local faunal resources, especially cave-dwelling bats and varanids. As for other Pleistocene assemblages, the contribution of fish to the diet is negligible. Introduced species appear since about 23,050 cal bp with the northern common cuscus (endemic of New Guinea), although bats still provided most of the meat consumed at the site. In later times, the cuscus dominates the assemblage, partially replacing cave-dwelling bats, and the wallaby is also introduced from New Guinea. The introduction and increasing consumption of the cuscus had major implications in terms of land use and mobility. The initial focus on cave-dwelling bats implied shorter stays at sites and required constant movements through the landscape; the shift towards cuscus consumption reduced mobility.
Spatial variability and human eco-dynamics in central East Polynesian fisheries
Authors: Allen Melinda S.
Published: April 2017

Marine resources were, and continue to be, dietary mainstays of Pacific Island communities. In this article, archaeological fish-bone assemblages from twelve central-east Polynesian (CEP) islands are used to examine spatial and temporal patterning in indigenous marine fisheries in the first millennium ad. Settled by biologically and culturally closely related peoples from western Polynesia, CEP colonists encountered a familiar but biologically impoverished fish fauna. Common cultural and faunistic origins, in combination with ecologically diverse seascapes, make CEP an ideal setting for investigating long-term social-natural interactions. Most spatial variability appears linked to natural fish abundances, but a distinctive and geographically circumscribed colonizer strategy targeting pelagic fishes is also identified. Over time, fishing declines, inshore fisheries intensify and angling is reduced while mass harvesting increases. Harvesting impacts are sometimes intimated but generally not well demonstrated. The causes underlying these processes are considered, along with methodological improvements that would enhance regional comparisons.
The exploitation of aquatic resources in Holocene West Africa
Authors: Linseele Veerle
Published: April 2017

In sub-Saharan West Africa, substantial archaeological evidence only appears from about 2000 bc. From that time onwards, sites with large proportions of fish-bones and large numbers of fish taxa, including open-water fish, are known. Deep-water fishing requires a well-developed fishing technology. Links have been made between the sites and modern, specialized fishers. However, because of the high component of crops in the diets of modern fishers, the recent levels of specialization were probably only possible with the appearance of fully fledged farming around the beginning of the current era. The exploitation of aquatic resources in Holocene West Africa is discussed, mainly based on archaeozoological evidence from the Lake Chad area. The methodology used, especially regarding quantification, is also presented.
Force and Dynamics
Authors: Garber Daniel , Tho Tzuchien
Published: April 2017

Leibniz’s mature physics is most noted for the centrality of the notion of force and the development of the dynamics, the science of force. This chapter examines the development and challenges of this “dynamics project,” active from 1676–c. 1700, from its initial motivations and methodological maturation to its important convergence with the systematic metaphysics of his later writings. The chapter begins with Leibniz’s early approach to physical questions and his development in Paris (1672–76), then turns to the emerging theory of power or force from the late 1670s to the late 1680s. In 1689, Leibniz coined the term “dynamica” and composed the two most significant texts of the project. Finally, during the period after 1690, Leibniz not only developed the internal structure of the dynamics but also employed its results toward a convergence between his scientific work and his systematic metaphysics of substantial forms.
Body and Corporeal Substance
Authors: Garber Daniel
Published: April 2017

This chapter discusses Leibniz’s conception of body and the closely related concept of corporeal substance. Leibniz saw problems with Descartes’s and Hobbes’s view and introduced a new conception of body based on a metaphysical argument that multiplicity presupposes unities, leading Leibniz to the view that extended bodies are made up of corporeal substances, genuine unities on the model of living animals, and a physical argument that the proper laws of nature require forces, active and passive in bodies; thus, that extended bodies are to be understood in terms of corporeal substances considered as unities of form (active force) and matter (passive force). The chapter traces the development of this view of body as Leibniz introduces monads as metaphysically more fundamental than corporeal substances and struggles to integrate them into the world of nonextended monads.
Gender and Poverty
Authors: Gornick Janet C. , Boeri Natascia
Published: April 2017

This article examines the link between gender and poverty. It begins with a discussion of selected theoretical perspectives that have informed the study of poverty, with emphasis on economic insufficiency, capabilities deprivation, and social exclusion as well as the feminization of poverty. It then considers key contributions to the empirical literature on poverty and gender, focusing on interdisciplinary studies that define poverty based on economic resources. It also reviews selected empirical results from a group of twenty-six high- and middle-income countries, based on data from the Luxembourg Income Study Database. More specifically, it explores the likelihood that women and men live in poor households, and how that likelihood varies by family structure and the strength of their attachment to the labor market. Finally, it explains how the empirical results and the main findings from the literature review contribute to the challenge of evaluating the connection between gender and poverty.
Economic Performance, Poverty, and Inequality in Rich Countries
Authors: Brady David , Jäntti Markus
Published: April 2017

This article explores the interrelationships among poverty, economic performance, and inequality in rich countries. It argues that poverty rises and falls with the business cycle and economic performance. Business cycle refers to macroeconomic fluctuations in economic growth, unemployment, and employment. Higher economic growth and lower unemployment rates mean more individuals employed. Because a job is one of the most effective ways to remove a household from poverty, macroeconomic performance should directly influence individual poverty. This article first describes the statistical models used to estimate the effects of economic performance on poverty before reviewing studies that assess the effects of economic performance on poverty and income inequality. In terms of economic performance, it analyzes the effects of the business cycle, economic growth, unemployment rates, and GDP per capita.
Poverty Measurement
Authors: Smeeding Timothy M.
Published: April 2017

This article focuses on the complexities and idiosyncrasies of poverty measurement, from its origins to current practice. It first considers various concepts of poverty and their measurement and how economists, social statisticians, public policy scholars, sociologists, and other social scientists have contributed to this literature. It then discusses a few empirical estimates of poverty across and within nations, drawing primarily on data from the Luxembourg Income Study and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to highlight levels and trends in overall poverty, while also referring to the World Bank’s measures of global absolute poverty. In the empirical examinations, the article takes a look at rich and middle-income countries and some developing nations. It compares trends in relative poverty over different time periods and in relative and anchored poverty across the Great Recession.
Poor People’s Politics
Authors: Piven Frances Fox , Minnite Lorraine C.
Published: April 2017

This article examines how political action by poor people can influence public policy. It begins with a critique of theories about poverty policy development for the poor as well as the political agency of the poor before discussing the dissensus politics arguments of Piven and Cloward. It then considers how globalization and the neoliberal assault on the welfare state are producing limited conditions of convergence between rich and poor countries with respect to policy, including countries in the West and in Latin America. It also offers suggestions aimed at addressing the neglect of poor people’s politics by focusing specifically on the American case, while also suggesting the relevance of that case to other societies. It asserts that the politics of the poor that stem from their interdependent power and their disruptive actions, as well as the policy consequences, can look different depending on the changing institutional and political context.
A Pluralism of Legal Pluralisms
Authors: Melissaris Emmanuel , Croce Mariano
Published: April 2017

Legal pluralism, as a way of thinking about law, is the seemingly straightforward idea that there is a range of normative orders, which are independent from the state and can be properly described as legal without committing any conceptual mistake. Without giving a full survey of the long and varied history of legal pluralism theory, this article will discuss some central moments in that history. It will focus specifically on the question whether it is possible and useful to capture law as conceptually separate from other normative phenomena so as to speak of specifically legal pluralism or whether it is best to take a panlegalist approach and not draw any clear distinctions between law and other instances of social normativity.
Modern Pure Land Thinkers
Authors: Unno Mark
Published: April 2017

Kiyozawa Manshi (1863–1903) and Soga Ryōjin (1875–1971) were Shin Buddhist thinkers of the Pure Land tradition of Higashi Honganji, one of the two main branches of the largest sect of Japanese Buddhism. Kiyozawa, together with his student Soga, spearheaded the modernization of Shin Buddhism by addressing and incorporating Western religious and philosophical ideas as well as the broader context of Mahayana Buddhism, as religious seekers attempting to deepen their own realization, and as institutional leaders who sought reform in what they perceived as an antiquated, corrupt ecclesiastical hierarchy. Kiyozawa focused on the synthesis of Shin Buddhism and Western thought and Soga on the reformulation of Shin within the Mahayana. Kiyozawa emphasized Amida Buddha as absolute other power. Soga reformulated Dharmākara Bodhisattva as the embodiment of the “storehouse consciousness” (Sk. ālaya-vijñāna) of the Yogacara.
Risk of Epidural Hematoma after Neuraxial Techniques in Thrombocytopenic Parturients
Authors: Lee Linden O. , Bateman Brian T. , Kheterpal Sachin , Klumpner Thomas T. , Housey Michelle , Aziz Michael F. , Hand Karen W. , MacEachern Mark , Goodier Christopher G. , Bernstein Jeffrey , Bauer Melissa E. ,   on behalf of the Multicenter Perioperative Outcomes Group Investigators
Published: April 2017

Background

Thrombocytopenia has been considered a relative or even absolute contraindication to neuraxial techniques due to the risk of epidural hematoma. There is limited literature to estimate the risk of epidural hematoma in thrombocytopenic parturients. The authors reviewed a large perioperative database and performed a systematic review to further define the risk of epidural hematoma requiring surgical decompression in this population.

Methods

The authors performed a retrospective cohort study using the Multicenter Perioperative Outcomes Group database to identify thrombocytopenic parturients who received a neuraxial technique and to estimate the risk of epidural hematoma. Patients were stratified by platelet count, and those requiring surgical decompression were identified. A systematic review was performed, and risk estimates were combined with those from the existing literature.

Results

A total of 573 parturients with a platelet count less than 100,000 mm–3 who received a neuraxial technique across 14 institutions were identified in the Multicenter Perioperative Outcomes Group database, and a total of 1,524 parturients were identified after combining the data from the systematic review. No cases of epidural hematoma requiring surgical decompression were observed. The upper bound of the 95% CI for the risk of epidural hematoma for a platelet count of 0 to 49,000 mm–3 is 11%, for 50,000 to 69,000 mm–3 is 3%, and for 70,000 to 100,000 mm–3 is 0.2%.

Conclusions

The number of thrombocytopenic parturients in the literature who received neuraxial techniques without complication has been significantly increased. The risk of epidural hematoma associated with neuraxial techniques in parturients at a platelet count less than 70,000 mm–3 remains poorly defined due to limited observations.