bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coracoclavicular Ligament Reconstruction for Acromioclavicular Dislocation Using 2 Suture Anchors and Coracoacromial Ligament Transfer
Authors: Shin Sang-Jin , Yun Yeo-Hon , Yoo Jae Doo
Published: November 2008

Background

The ideal surgical treatment for complete acromioclavicular dislocation is considered to be restoring separately each ligament supporting the joint to achieve optimal clinical outcomes.

Hypothesis

Reconstruction of the coracoclavicular ligaments using 2 suture anchors and coracoacromial ligament transfer in patients with acromioclavicular dislocation provides reliable clinical outcomes.

Study Design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

Twenty-nine patients with acute acromioclavicular dislocation were treated using the devised technique. All patients had type V acromioclavicular dislocation and underwent surgery within 3 weeks of injury. Two 3.5-mm suture anchors with doubly loaded sutures were separately inserted into the anterolateral and posteromedial portions of the coracoid process, the coracoid insertions of the trapezoid, and conoid ligaments. For each suture anchor, 2 clavicular holes were made above the anchor through which the suture strands were passed, and the strands were tied over the clavicle. The coracoacromial ligament was then transferred to the undersurface of the distal end of the clavicle.

Results

After a mean follow-up of 28 months, mean Constant score improved to 97 points. All 29 patients returned to normal life at a mean of 3 months postoperatively. According to radiologic findings, 24 patients achieved anatomical reduction of the acromioclavicular joint. In 2 patients, the mean vertical coracoclavicular distance difference between both shoulders was 50% to 100%. Three patients showed reduction loss of more than 100% within 3 weeks after the operation.

Conclusion

Coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction using 2 suture anchors and coracoacromial ligament transfer in complete acromioclavicular dislocation is a reliable technique for restoring stability to the acromioclavicular joint.
Electromyographic Analysis of Forearm Muscles in Professional and Amateur Golfers
Authors: Farber Adam J. , Smith J. Steve , Kvitne Ronald S. , Mohr Karen J. , Shin Steven S.
Published: November 2008

Background

No fine-wire electromyography studies have been performed to compare the activity of forearm muscles in professional golfers versus amateur golfers.

Hypothesis

The fine-wire electromyographic activity of forearm muscles differs between professional and amateur golfers during the different phases of the golf swing.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

Ten male right-handed amateur golfers and 10 male right-handed professional golfers without history of elbow symptoms were tested with fine-wire electromyographic electrodes inserted into the flexor carpi radialis, pronator teres, flexor carpi ulnaris, and extensor carpi radialis brevis muscles of both forearms. Electromyographic data were synchronized with video data, and the muscle activity was expressed as a percentage of maximum manual muscle test activity for each phase of the golf swing.

Results

Compared with professional golfers, amateur golfers had more muscle activity in the pronator teres of the trail arm (right arm in a right-handed golfer) in the forward swing phase (120.9% maximum manual muscle test vs 57.4% maximum manual muscle test; P =. 04) and a trend toward increased activity in the acceleration phase (104.8% maximum manual muscle test vs 53.1% maximum manual muscle test; P =. 08). In contrast, professional golfers had more muscle activity in the pronator teres of the lead arm (left arm in a right-handed golfer) in the acceleration phase (88.1% maximum manual muscle test vs 36.3% maximum manual muscle test; P =. 03) and a trend toward increased activity in the early follow-through phase (58.1% maximum manual muscle test vs 28.8% maximum manual muscle test; P =. 06).

Conclusion

Pronator teres muscle activity in the golf swing differs significantly between professional and amateur golfers.

Clinical Relevance

Exercises with an emphasis on stretching and strengthening of the pronator teres may be useful in treating and/or preventing medial epicondylitis in amateur golfers.
Sporting Activity after High Tibial Osteotomy for the Treatment of Medial Compartment Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Salzmann Gian M. , Ahrens Philipp , Naal Florian D. , El-Azab Hosam , Spang Jeffrey T. , Imhoff Andreas B. , Lorenz Stephan
Published: November 2008

Background

Isolated varus osteoarthritis of the knee is a common problem in patients engaged in sports and recreational activities.

Hypothesis

Patients will be able to resume sporting activity after high tibial osteotomy.

Study Design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

A total of 65 patients were surveyed by postal questionnaires to determine their sporting and recreational activities at an average of 36 ± 8.1 months (range, 14-84) after high tibial osteotomy for the treatment of medial compartment knee osteoarthritis. The clinical evaluation included the Lysholm score, the Tegner activity scale, the Activity Rating Scale, and a visual analog scale for pain.

Results

At the time of survey, 90.9% of patients were engaged in sports and recreational activities, compared with 87.9% before surgery (P = .182). The number of different sporting activities declined from 3.5 preoperatively to 3.0 after surgery (P = .178). The sports frequency per week (2.1 sessions) and the activity duration per week (4.1 hours) did not significantly change from preoperative to postoperative (2.3, P = .211; and 4.2 hours, P = .709, respectively). The Lysholm score (42.4) and the visual analog scale (6.9) illustrated significant improvements (69.6, P = .001; and 2.9, P < .001, respectively). No patient returned to competitive sports after surgery, and declines were noted in the Tegner (4.9 ± 2.3 to 4.3 ± 1.5, P < .05) and Activity Rating Scale (5.7 ± 5.2 to 3.3 ± 4.6, P = .001) scores. After surgery, many patients continued to engage in high-level activities such as downhill skiing or mountain biking.

Conclusion

High tibial osteotomy for the treatment of medial compartment knee osteoarthritis in the active patient demonstrated favorable clinical results and allowed patients to return to sports and recreational activities similar to the preoperative level.
Mode II Delamination Toughness in Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymers with Bridging Fibers and Stitching Threads
Authors: Chengye Fan  , Ben Jar P.-Y. , Cheng J.-J. Roger , Davies Peter
Published: November 2008

This article presents results for mode II delamination resistance of fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) using a recently developed internal notched flexure (INF) test. The study showed that the decrease of the compliance with the growth of delamination in the INF test was much less than that predicted by analytical or finite element analyses of the same configuration. The difference was mainly due to pronounced shear force interaction generated by bridging fibers and stitching threads between fracture surfaces. A new data-deducing method, named direct method with correction (DMC), was developed for establishing a delamination resistance curve (R-curve), which can take into account the effects of shear force interaction but does not require in situ measurement of crack growth length. The DMC was further examined using results from a series of INF tests with variation in test set-up configurations and types of glass fiber preform.
Tensile Properties and Thermal Degradation Parameters of Polyalthia Cerasoides Natural Fabric Reinforcement
Authors: Jayaramudu J. , Reddy K. Obi , Maheswari C. Uma , Reddy D. Jeevan Prasad , Rajulu A. Varada
Published: November 2008

The natural uniaxial fabric from the bark of the tree Polyalthia cerasoide was extracted. The fabric was treated with 5% aqueous NaOH solution. The primary thermograms of both untreated and the alkali treated fabrics were recorded in an inert atmosphere at a heating rate of 10°C/min. Using these thermograms, the initial and final degradation temperatures and inflection points were calculated. Employing the Doyle method, the integral procedural degradation temperature and refractoriness were also determined. The thermal stability was found to slightly increase on alkali treatment. The morphology of the fabric before and after alkali treatment was studied. The tensile parameters — maximum stress, Young’s modulus, and percent elongation at break — were also determined for both untreated and alkali treated Polyalthia Cerasoides fabrics. An improvement in tensile properties was observed on alkali treatment.
The Experimental Research on Recycling of Aramid Fibers by Solvent Method
Authors: Yuyan Liu , LI LI , Linghui Meng
Published: November 2008

Chemical degradation of aramid/epoxy composites to the recycle of aramid fibers is presented in this article. 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene served as the main solvent decomposes the epoxy matrix and the virgin fibers are released under different decomposition conditions. The influence of reaction time, temperature, and feedstock ratio on the decomposition rate is investigated to ascertain the optimum condition of this recycle process. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), single fiber tensile strength, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) are used to characterize the recycled fibers respectively, illustrating that aramid/epoxy composites can be decomposed successfully with this chemical method on the experimental condition. The hydrogenative mechanism of epoxy resin is also discussed tentatively according to the experimental result.
Influence of Rigid Inserts on Shear Modulus and Strength of Sandwich Beams with Polyurethane Foam as Core
Authors: Sharma Ramesh S. , Raghupathy V.P.
Published: November 2008

In the present work, core shear modulus and flexural rigidity of sandwich panels with three different densities ranging from 100 to 300 kg/m3 and with two different thicknesses (8 and 6 mm) of polyurethane foams separated by glass fiber bi-woven impregnated with epoxy resin as facings have been experimentally determined as per ASTM C 393 and analyzed in the light of data obtained by other researchers. The influence of different volume fractions (0.1 and 0.2) of rigid inserts made of polyurethane foam of 900 kg/m3 density between facing and core at beam center on core shear modulus have been examined. The results have also been analyzed with core shear modulus obtained from direct shear test. Also, the failure modes of the sandwich panels and the corresponding strengths of the sandwich panels tested have been analyzed in detail. The influence of rigid inserts on the failure mode and strength of the sandwich panel has also been investigated.
Investigation on Composite Coating of Low Grade Minerals
Authors: Mishra S.C. , Das Satyabati , Satapathy Alok , Sarkar S. , Ananthapadmanabhan P.V. , Sreekumar K.P.
Published: November 2008

In this investigation, coatings of fly ash (an industrial waste) mixed with illmenite (a low grade ore mineral) have been deposited on mild steel and copper substrates using conventional atmospheric plasma spray technique. Micro-hardness measurement, phase composition analysis, coating porosity measurement, and surface and interface morphology are studied to characterize the coatings.
The Effect of Silane Coupling Agent on Mechanical Properties of Feldspar Filled Polypropylene Composites
Authors: Ansari M.N.M. , Ismail H.
Published: November 2008

The effect of silane coupling agent, 3-(aminopropyl) triethoxy silane (3-APE) on mechanical properties of feldspar filled polypropylene (PP) composites was investigated. Silane treated feldspar filled polypropylene composites were prepared using a Polydrive Thermo Haake internal melt mixer. The tensile strength, elongation at break, Young’s modulus, and impact strength were found to be increased in silane treated composites. The improvement in tensile strength and elongation at break was due to enhancement of the interfacial adhesion between feldspar and PP matrix. FTIR spectra analyses were performed on the untreated feldspar/PP composites and the silane treated feldspar filled PP composites to study the interaction between the polypropylene —(C—H2), feldspar (—OH) group and the amino functional group of silane.
Effect of MAPE on Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Wheat Straw/HDPE Injection Molded Composites
Authors: Zabihzadeh Majid , Dastoorian Foroogh , Ebrahimi Ghanbar
Published: November 2008

The effect of MAPE as compatibilizer on mechanical and morphological properties of a wheat straw/high density polyethylene composite was investigated. Tensile strength, tensile modulus, tensile energy absorption, failure strain, and notched Izod toughness were much higher for composites with compatibilizer as compared with the composites with no compatibilizer. The use of 2% compatibilizer improved the tensile strength as high as 43%, tensile modulus to 116% and impact strength (notched) by 12%. Remarkably improvements were attained even with 1% compatibilizer. There was little difference in the properties obtained between the 1% and 2% compatibilizer. SEM micrographs of tensile fracture surfaces with 2% compatibilizer indicated a continuous failure and the particles are not released from the matrix which is the case in samples without compatibilizer.
Properties of Regenerated Cellulose Lyocell Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Authors: Carrillo F. , Colom X. , Cañavate X.
Published: November 2008

Properties of composites based on short regenerated cellulose lyocell fibers as a reinforcement and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix were analyzed in this study. The effect of the fiber content and chemical pre-treatments (silane coupling agent, grafting of polymethyl metacrylate, PMMA) on composite mechanical and physical properties were investigated by mechanical tensile testing, water absorption test and fracture surface microstructure analysis. Mechanical tensile test indicated that fiber-reinforced composites show higher modulus than pure HDPE. In addition, silane and grafting (with PMMA) treatments of lyocell fibers resulted in a significant increase of the Young’s modulus. Also, the effect of silane pre-treatment on fiber—matrix adhesion resulted in better mechanical properties when treatment was performed on lyocell fibers compared with flax fibers (used as reference fibers). Moreover, it was observed that the tensile strength of composites with a fiber content higher than 13.8% lay below the tensile strength of HDPE due to an inadequate stress transfer between fiber and matrix which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Water absorption test indicated that moisture absorption decreased for chemically treated lyocell, improving the dimensional stability of the composites.
Effect of Acetylation and MAPE on the Properties of Steam-Exploded Acacia mangium Fiber—HDPE Composites
Authors: Mat Taib R. , Ramarad S. , Mohd Ishak Z.A. , Rozman H.D.
Published: November 2008

Composites of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and alkali-extracted steam-exploded Acacia mangium fiber (AEF) were prepared using 2-roll mill and compression molding. AEF was acetylated (AAEF) to three different wt% gains (WPG) and maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAPE) was used as compatibilizer. Acetylation of AEF (AAEF) did not improve the tensile properties, particularly tensile strength of the composites. Addition of maleic anhydride-grafted polyethylene (MAPE) to either HDPE—AEF or HDPE—AAEF composites improved the composite strength. The effectiveness of MAPE, however, was limited by the weight percent gain (WPG) of AAEF resulting in a decrease in composite strength and stiffness. Sorption kinetics and characteristics of water absorption of the composites immersed in distilled water at room temperature for 30 days were determined and compared. All composites were found to exhibit Fickian diffusion process. Results showed that acetylation and MAPE reduced equilibrium water uptake as well as rate of water absorption (diffusion coefficient) of the composites. A synergistic effect, however, was only observed for the equilibrium water uptake when both were considered in a composite formulation.
Prosecution and Conviction Rates for Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Garner Joel H. , Maxwell Christopher D.
Published: November 2008

The prosecution of intimate partner violence is thought to be infrequent, as is the rate at which those prosecutions result in a criminal conviction. The paucity of prosecutorial and court response to intimate partner violence is considered one of the inadequacies of the justice system, an indicator of society's inattentiveness to violence against women, and another reason to question the criminal justice system's ability to successfully address violence between intimate partners. Our review of 135 English language studies leads us to challenge the widely accepted notion that prosecution and conviction for this offense are infrequent. There is great variability in the reported rates of prosecution and conviction for intimate partner violence. These studies report that, on average, about one third of the reported offenses and more than three fifths of arrests result in the filing of charges; more than half of all prosecutions result in a criminal conviction.
Preservice Teacher Preparation for Inclusion
Authors: Harvey Michael W. , Yssel Nina , Bauserman Adam D. , Merbler John B.
Published: November 2008

Performance mandates of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 and the Individuals with Disabilities Improvement Act of 2004 have demanded ever-greater access to the general curriculum for all students, including those with disabilities. Inclusive classrooms and the elevated expectations for all students have a profound impact on preservice teacher preparation. This study obtained information about preservice teacher preparation for inclusive classrooms from a national sample of faculty members in special education, elementary and secondary education, and curriculum and instruction at teacher-education institutions. Faculty perceptions of training efforts used to prepare preservice teachers for inclusion were assessed through electronic survey methods. The survey instrument used a 5-point, Likert-type scale and open-ended questions focused on program elements and perceived effectiveness of inclusion and collaboration. Results indicated a high level of agreement among respondents regarding training efforts and program effectiveness. The study identified issues with current practices, program coordination or collaboration efforts, and training needed for preservice educators. Recommendations for further research and programming suggestions for inclusion and collaboration are provided.
Acute toxicity assessment of textile dyes and textile and dye industrial effluents using Daphnia magna bioassay
Authors: Verma Y
Published: November 2008

Aquatic toxicity of textile dyes and textile and dye industrial effluents were evaluated in an acute toxicity study using Daphnia magna as an aquatic experimental animal model. The 48-h EC50 value for the azo dyes, Remazol Parrot Green was 55.32 mg/L and for Remazol Golden Yellow was 46.84 mg/L. Whereas 48-h EC50 values for three dye industrial effluents (D1, D2, and D3) were 14.12%, 15.52%, and 29.69%, respectively. Similarly, EC50 value for three textile mill effluents (T1, T2, and T3) were >100%, 62.97%, and 63.04%, respectively. These results also showed linear relationship with high degree of confidence ( r2 = >0.84 to >0.99) between immobility and test concentrations. The ratio of 24 to 48-h EC50 remains to be in between 1.1 and 1.2. The general criteria of toxicity classification showed that both dyes were minor acutely toxic having 48-h EC50 in between 10 and 100 mg/L. Of the six textile and dye industrial effluents tested, one was not acutely toxic (48-h EC50 > 100%) and five were minor acutely toxic (48-h EC50 > 14.12–29.69%). The toxicity classification of effluent based on toxic unit (TU) showed that of the six effluents tested five were found toxic (TU = >1) and one was non-toxic (TU = <1). Thus, dye effluents showed highest toxicity and textile effluents lowest toxicity. The study also suggested that the assay with D. magna was an excellent method for evaluation of aquatic toxicity of dyes and dyes containing industrial effluents.
A study on the ALAD gene polymorphisms associated with lead exposure
Authors: Shaik AP , Jamil K
Published: November 2008

δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) plays an important role in lead poisoning, and polymorphisms in this gene may affect the response of individuals to lead toxicity symptoms. This study was carried out to examine the effects of ALAD gene polymorphism (G177C) on blood lead levels (BLL) and hematological parameters. In all, 113 battery manufacturing unit workers and 102 occupationally unexposed controls from Hyderabad, A.P, India formed the study group. Genotypes for the ALAD G177C polymorphism were determined by Polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length digestion. BLL were determined by anode stripping voltammetry using ESA Model 3010B Lead analyzer. Complete blood picture was analyzed using ADVIA cell counter for each sample. The frequencies for ALAD1 and ALAD2 alleles were 0.98 and 0.01, respectively. ALAD 1-2 and ALAD 2-2 genotypes together were considered as a single group and compared with the ALAD 1-1 genotype group. BLL did not differ significantly among ALAD1-1, 1-2, and 2-2 genotypes; however, subjects from the ALAD 1-2/2-2 genotype group showed higher BLL concentrations of 80.51 μg/dL when compared with subjects from the ALAD 1-1 genotype group (50.4 μg/dL). Approximately 29.2% volunteers ( n = 33) from the occupationally exposed group had hemoglobin levels below 10.0 g/dL. There was no significant difference in total white cell count and platelet count between occupational and non-exposed lead-exposed groups. BLL of occupationally exposed individuals were significantly high compared with the unexposed group. ALAD G177C polymorphism along with BLL and assessment of hematological parameters may play an important role in evaluation and better understanding of the consequences of lead exposure.
Nonlinear Analysis and Optimization of Diamond Cell Morphing Wings
Authors: Johnson Terrence , Frecker Mary , Abdalla Mostafa , Gurdal Zafer , Lindner Doug
Published: November 2008

In this work, a two-stage design optimization procedure is developed to explore the effect of optimal actuator placement and position on energy efficiency in morphing wings. Diamond-shaped cells similar to NextGen's Batwing concept are used to examine this procedure. The finite element model considers elastic skin, actuator, and aerodynamic loads. Force displacement and efficiency studies are conducted using one and two unit cells, respectively. The model is then expanded to include multiple unit cells and actuators. A two-stage optimization process using a Genetic Algorithm and gradient-based optimization is also developed. The two-stage optimization is used to optimize actuator position and placement for different constraints and load cases. Results show that placement and position optimization produce small gains in energy efficiency; morphing using a soft isotropic skin is more efficient than stiff isotropic or anisotropic skins. In addition, the GA did not use all of the available actuators to maximize energy efficiency. The total actuator mass is also considered and is dependent on the maximum applied force per actuator and the number of actuators in the mechanism.
Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting and Dissipation on Structural Damping
Authors: Liang J.R. , Liao W.H.
Published: November 2008

This article aims to provide a comparative study on the functions of piezoelectric energy harvesting, dissipation, and their effects on the structural damping of vibrating structures. Energy flow in piezoelectric devices is discussed. Detailed modeling of piezoelectric materials and devices are provided to serve as a common base for both analyses of energy harvesting and dissipation. Based on these foundations, two applications of standard energy harvesting (SEH) and resistive shunt damping (RSD) are investigated and compared. Furthermore, in the application of synchronized switch harvesting on inductor (SSHI), it is shown that the two functions of energy harvesting and dissipation are coexistent. Both of them bring out structural damping. Further analyses and optimization for the SSHI technique are performed.
Effects of an Embedded Phonological Awareness Intervention During Repeated Book Reading on Preschool Children With Language Delays
Authors: Ziolkowski Robyn A. , Goldstein Howard
Published: November 2008

Efficacy of an explicit phonological awareness intervention embedded within repeated shared book reading with preschool children from low-income backgrounds with language delays was investigated. A multiple-baseline design across behaviors assessed the effects of phonological awareness training on rhyme and letter-sound knowledge with 13 preschool children with language delays from high-poverty communities. Rhyme intervention improved children's rhyme production and rhyme identification. Initial sound intervention enhanced children's alliteration and initial sound fluency skills. These effects were replicated within and across all 13 participants. Classroom teachers perceived meaningful changes in rhyme and letter-sound production. Interventionists and teachers reported high satisfaction with the procedures. Embedding an explicit phonological awareness intervention into repeated storybook reading resulted in improved emergent literacy skills for children at high risk for reading disorders.
Assessing the Relationships Among Delinquent Male Students' Disruptive and Violent Behavior and Staff's Proactive and Reactive Behavior in a Secure Residential Treatment Center
Authors: Rozalski Michael , Drasgow Erik , Drasgow Fritz , Yell Mitchell
Published: November 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among students' disruptive and violent behavior and staff's use of proactive and reactive strategies in a secure residential treatment center serving delinquent adolescent males. One hundred hours of observational data were collected, and linear regression models were used to explore the degree to which students' behavior and staff's behavior predict violence. Results indicate that a moderate to strong relationship exists between students' disruptive and violent behavior, although these relationships vary across settings within the facility. Data suggest that these locations differ in staff coverage, staff's use of proactive strategies, focal activity, and behavioral expectations, thus accounting for differences in the strengths of the relationships. Further analyses reveal that regardless of location, students' disruptive behavior is the best predictor of students' violent behavior.
A Woman With Rectal Sinus and Left Transversal Sinus Thrombosis After Ovarian Stimulation: Case Report
Authors: Santoro Rita
Published: November 2008

Thromboembolic events are an infrequent complication of hormonal treatment for infertility and are generally related to the ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. The presence of factor V Leiden and a mutation of G20210A prothrombin mutation are further risk factors for thromboembolic events. We describe a case of dual cerebral vein thrombosis in a woman with prothrombin mutation homozygosity and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.
Correlation Between Maternal Plasma Thrombomodulin and Infant Birth Weight in Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
Authors: Varol Füsun G. , Ozgen Levent , Sayin N. Cenk , Demir Muzaffer
Published: November 2008

Objective: To evaluate the association between maternal plasma thrombomodulin levels and infant birth weights in pregnancy-induced hypertension. Study design: Plasma thrombomodulin levels were measured in 80 pregnant women living in the Trakya region of Turkey. Of these patients, 30 were with severe preeclampsia, 10 with HELLP syndrome, 10 with eclampsia, and 30 were normotensive healthy pregnant women. Plasma thrombomodulin levels were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The correlation analysis between thrombomodulin and birth weight and placental weights was done using analysis of variance and Bonferroni test (significance at P < .05). Kruskal-Wallis statistical analysis was performed in comparison of the descriptive and laboratory data (significance at P < .05).

Results: The plasma thrombomodulin values in hypertensive disorders in pregnancy were found to be highly correlated with the infant birth weights (P < .001). In HELLP syndrome, the highest thrombomodulin levels (94.69 + 10.41 ng/mL) were associated with the lowest infant birth weight (1509.70 + 187.55 g) in the study population. Thrombomodulin in eclampsia (81.37 + 3.59 ng/mL) showed an association with infant birth weight (2078 + 132.65 g). Although thrombomodulin levels in severe preeclampsia (67.15 + 3.72 ng/mL) were associated with the values (1748.20 + 132.62 g) in infant birth weight, thrombomodulin levels of the control group demonstrated the mean (48.06 + 2.45) with the highest infant birth weight (3228.85 + 84.83) in the total group.

Conclusion: Elevated plasma thrombomodulin levels in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy were well correlated with related infant birth weights of these pathologies. Plasma thrombomodulin levels might point out placental vascular endothelial damage reflecting on infant birth weights.
Emerging Concepts in Acute Kidney Injury Following Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Hudson Christopher , Hudson Jordan , Swaminathan Madhav , Shaw Andrew , Stafford-Smith Mark , Patel Uptal D.
Published: November 2008

Acute kidney injury (AKI) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality following cardiac surgery. Through a more thorough understanding of perioperative genomics and the evolving role of early biomarkers ofAKI, the authors seek to improve meaningful outcomes among cardiac surgery patients. In this review, the focus will be on advances in risk stratification, evolving definitions and improving early diagnosis of AKI, identification of effective individualized therapies, and future directions.
Proteomic identification of altered apolipoprotein patterns in pulmonary hypertension and vasculopathy of sickle cell disease
Authors: Yuditskaya Susan , Tumblin Ashaunta , Hoehn Gerard T. , Wang Guanghui , Drake Steven K. , Xu Xiuli , Ying Saixia , Chi Amy H. , Remaley Alan T. , Shen Rong-Fong , Munson Peter J. , Suffredini Anthony F. , Kato Gregory J.
Published: November 2008

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is emerging as a major complication and independent risk factor for death among adults with sickle cell disease (SCD). Using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS), we searched for biomarkers of PAH in plasma specimens from 27 homozygous sickle cell anemia (HbSS) patients with PAH and 28 without PAH. In PAH patients, analysis consistently showed lower abundance of a 28.1-kDa peak (P < .001), identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry as the oxidant-scavenging protein apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), which correlated with clinical assays of apoA-I (r = .58, P < .001) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels (r = .50, P = .001). Consistent with endothelial dysfunction that may mediate this effect in PAH, HbSS patients with lower apoA-I levels also displayed impaired vasodilatory responses to acetylcholine (mean ± SEM, 189% ± 34% [n = 13] vs 339% ± 51% [n = 13], P < .001). As a group, patients with SCD demonstrated significantly lower apoA-I levels than African-American control subjects. The PAH cohort was further characterized by high levels of apolipoproteins A-II and B and serum amyloid A, and low levels of haptoglobin dimers and plasminogen. These results imply a relationship of apolipoproteins to the development of PAH vasculopathy in SCD, potentially involving an unexpected mechanistic parallel to atherosclerosis, another proliferative vasculopathy.
Analysis of somatic hypermutation in X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome shows specific deficiencies in mutational targeting
Authors: Longo Nancy S. , Lugar Patricia L. , Yavuz Sule , Zhang Wen , Krijger Peter H. L. , Russ Daniel E. , Jima Dereje D. , Dave Sandeep S. , Grammer Amrie C. , Lipsky Peter E.
Published: November 2008

Subjects with X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome (X-HIgM) have a markedly reduced frequency of CD27+ memory B cells, and their Ig genes have a low level of somatic hypermutation (SHM). To analyze the nature of SHM in X-HIgM, we sequenced 209 nonproductive and 926 productive Ig heavy chain genes. In nonproductive rearrangements that were not subjected to selection, as well as productive rearrangements, most of the mutations were within targeted RGYW, WRCY, WA, or TW motifs (R = purine, Y = pyrimidine, and W = A or T). However, there was significantly decreased targeting of the hypermutable G in RGYW motifs. Moreover, the ratio of transitions to transversions was markedly increased compared with normal. Microarray analysis documented that specific genes involved in SHM, including activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AICDA) and uracil-DNA glycosylase (UNG2), were up-regulated in normal germinal center (GC) B cells, but not induced by CD40 ligation. Similar results were obtained from light chain rearrangements. These results indicate that in the absence of CD40-CD154 interactions, there is a marked reduction in SHM and, specifically, mutations of AICDA-targeted G residues in RGYW motifs along with a decrease in transversions normally related to UNG2 activity.
Risk factors for overweight and obesity, and changes in body mass index of Chinese adults in Shanghai
Authors: Hou Xuhong , Jia Weiping , Bao Yuqian , Lu Huijuan , Jiang Shan , Zuo Yuhua , Gu Huilin , Xiang Kunsan
Published: November 2008

Background

Over the past two decades, the prevalence of overweight or obesity has increased in China. The aims of this study were to firstly assess the baseline prevelences and the risk factors for overweight and obesity, and secondly to detect the changes of body mass index (BMI) over a follow-up period in Chinese adults in Shanghai.

Methods

The data set of a population-based longitudinal study was analyzed. Anthropometric and biochemical data were collected for 5364 subjects (aged 25–95 years) during a period of 1998–2001. Among those individuals, 3032 subjects were interviewed and reexamined at the second survey from 2003 to 2004. Then the standardized prevalences for overweight and obesity were calculated using baseline data; the possible contributing factors of overweight and obesity were detected using binary logistic regression analysis; and the changes of BMI were evaluated after an average of 3.6-year follow-up period.

Results

(1) According to the WHO standard and the Chinese standard, the sex- and age-standardized prevalences were 27.5% and 32.4% for overweight, and 3.7% and 9.1% for obesity, respectively. (2) The risks of overweight and obesity differed among different age groups. Family history of obesity increased the risk of overweight and obesity by about 1.2-fold for both genders. Current male smokers had a lower risk of overweight and obesity (OR = 0.76, p < 0.05) than nonsmokers. In contrast, current male drinkers had a higher risk of overweight and obesity (OR = 1.42, p < 0.05) than nondrinkers. Compared with low-educated women, medium- and high- educated women were at lower risk of overweight and obesity, and the corresponding ORs (95% CIs) were 0.64 (0.52–0.79) and 0.50(0.36–0.68), respectively. (3) The annual changes of BMI means ranged from an increase of 0.1 kg/m2 to a decrease of 0.2 kg/m2 (by genders and age groups). Meanwhile, the BMI increase was statistically significant in the 35–44 years age group, and the BMI decrease was significant above 65 years for both genders.

Conclusion

This study showed high prevalence of overweight and obesity in Shanghai metropolis populations. The risk factors of overweight and obesity were multifactorial and gender specific. After 3.6 years, BMI means changed slightly, BMI increased mainly in middle-aged individuals and decreased in old individuals.
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Us3 Gene Deletion Influences Toll-like Receptor Responses in Cultured Monocytic Cells
Authors: Peri Piritta , Mattila Riikka K , Kantola Helena , Broberg Eeva , Karttunen Heidi S , Waris Matti , Vuorinen Tytti , Hukkanen Veijo
Published: November 2008

Background

Toll-like receptors have a key role in innate immune response to microbial infection. The toll-like receptor (TLR) family consists of ten identified human TLRs, of which TLR2 and TLR9 have been shown to initiate innate responses to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and TLR3 has been shown to be involved in defence against severe HSV-1 infections of the central nervous system. However, no significant activation of the TLR3 pathways has been observed in wild type HSV-1 infections. In this work, we have studied the TLR responses and effects on TLR gene expression by HSV-1 with Us3 and ICP4 gene deletions, which also subject infected cells to apoptosis in human monocytic (U937) cell cultures.

Results

U937 human monocytic cells were infected with the Us3 and ICP4 deletion herpes simplex virus (d120), its parental virus HSV-1 (KOS), the Us3 deletion virus (R7041), its rescue virus (R7306) or wild type HSV-1 (F). The mRNA expression of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR9 and type I interferons (IFN) were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. The intracellular expression of TLR3 and type I IFN inducible myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA) protein as well as the level of apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. We observed that the mRNA expression of TLR3 and type I IFNs were significantly increased in d120, R7041 and HSV-1 (F)-infected U937 cells. Moreover, the intracellular expression of TLR3 and MxA were significantly increased in d120 and R7041-infected cells. We observed activation of IRF-3 in infections with d120 and R7041. The TLR4 mRNA expression level was significantly decreased in d120 and R7041-infected cells but increased in HSV-1 (KOS)-infected cells in comparison with uninfected cells. No significant difference in TLR2 or TLR9 mRNA expression levels was seen. Both the R7041 and d120 viruses were able to induce apoptosis in U937 cell cultures.

Conclusion

The levels of TLR3 and type I IFN mRNA were increased in d120, R7041 and HSV-1 (F)-infected cells when compared with uninfected cells. Also IRF-3 was activated in cells infected with the Us3 gene deletion viruses d120 and R7041. This is consistent with activation of TLR3 signaling in the cells. The intracellular TLR3 and type I IFN inducible MxA protein levels were increased in d120 and R7041-infected cells but not in cells infected with the corresponding parental or rescue viruses, suggesting that the HSV-1 Us3 gene is involved in control of TLR3 responses in U937 cells.
Effects of short duration stress management training on self-perceived depression, anxiety and stress in male automotive assembly workers: a quasi-experimental study
Authors: Edimansyah BA , Rusli BN , Naing L
Published: November 2008

To examine the effects of short duration stress management training (SMT) on self-perceived depression, anxiety and stress in male automotive assembly workers, 118 male automotive workers from Pekan, Pahang (n = 60, mean age = 40.0 years, SD = 6.67) and Kota Bharu, Kelantan (n = 58, mean age = 38.1 years, SD = 5.86) were assigned to experimental and control group, respectively. A SMT program consisting of aerobic exercise, stress management manual, video session, lecture, question and answer session, and pamphlet and poster session were conducted in the experimental group. A validated short-form Malay version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) were self-administered before and after the intervention program in the experimental and control group and their time and group interaction effects were examined using the repeated measure ANOVA test. Results indicated that the mean (SD) scores for DASS-Depression (p = 0.036) and DASS-Anxiety (p = 0.011) were significantly decreased, respectively, after the intervention program in the experimental group as compared to the control group (significant time-group interaction effects). No similar effect was observed for the mean (SD) scores for DASS-Stress (p = 0.104). However, the mean (SD) scores for subscales of DASS-Depression (Dysphoria, p = 0.01), DASS-Anxiety (Subjective Anxiety, p = 0.007, Situational Anxiety, p = 0.048), and DASS-Stress (Nervous Arousal, p = 0.018, Easily Upset, p = 0.047) showed significant time and group interaction effects. These findings suggest that short duration SMT is effective in reducing some aspects of self-perceived depression, anxiety and stress in male automotive workers.
Cell death upon epigenetic genome methylation: a novel function of methyl-specific deoxyribonucleases
Authors: Fukuda Eri , Kaminska Katarzyna H , Bujnicki Janusz M , Kobayashi Ichizo
Published: November 2008

Background

Alteration in epigenetic methylation can affect gene expression and other processes. In Prokaryota, DNA methyltransferase genes frequently move between genomes and present a potential threat. A methyl-specific deoxyribonuclease, McrBC, of Escherichia coli cuts invading methylated DNAs. Here we examined whether McrBC competes with genome methylation systems through host killing by chromosome cleavage.

Results

McrBC inhibited the establishment of a plasmid carrying a PvuII methyltransferase gene but lacking its recognition sites, likely through the lethal cleavage of chromosomes that became methylated. Indeed, its phage-mediated transfer caused McrBC-dependent chromosome cleavage. Its induction led to cell death accompanied by chromosome methylation, cleavage and degradation. RecA/RecBCD functions affect chromosome processing and, together with the SOS response, reduce lethality. Our evolutionary/genomic analyses of McrBC homologs revealed: a wide distribution in Prokaryota; frequent distant horizontal transfer and linkage with mobility-related genes; and diversification in the DNA binding domain. In these features, McrBCs resemble type II restriction-modification systems, which behave as selfish mobile elements, maintaining their frequency by host killing. McrBCs are frequently found linked with a methyltransferase homolog, which suggests a functional association.

Conclusions

Our experiments indicate McrBC can respond to genome methylation systems by host killing. Combined with our evolutionary/genomic analyses, they support our hypothesis that McrBCs have evolved as mobile elements competing with specific genome methylation systems through host killing. To our knowledge, this represents the first report of a defense system against epigenetic systems through cell death.
Seismic Intensity Estimation through Questionnaire Survey and Collapse Rates of Various Building Types in the 2003 Bam, Iran, Earthquake
Authors: Tobita Tetsuo , Miyajima Masakatsu , Fallahi Abdolhossein , Alaghebandian Reza , Ghayamghamian Mohanmad Reza
Published: November 2008

Seismic intensity in the epicentral area of the 2003 Bam, Iran earthquake is estimated using a questionnaire survey conducted two months after the earthquake. The estimated average seismic intensity on the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) scale is 6.1 (VIII to IX in the MMI scale). The peak frequency of the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio derived from microtremor measurements conducted during reconnaissance is also compared with the seismic intensity. Collapse rates for various structure types, such as adobe, unreinforced/reinforced masonry, steel-frame, and reinforced concrete, are obtained by counting the number of demolished buildings within an area of about 50-m radius around an observation point. Results show large differences in collapse rates between unreinforced and reinforced masonry, and suggest the upper limit of seismic intensity that unreinforced masonry can sustain. This fact can be utilized for an initial damage assessment within affected areas after large earthquakes.
Uncertainty and Correlation for Loss Assessment of Spatially Distributed Systems
Authors: Lee Renee , Kiremidjian Anne S.
Published: November 2008

Seismic risk assessment for a spatially distributed system, such as a lifeline network, involves characterization of ground shaking and structural damage for multiple structures in a region. The expected value of monetary loss, a common measure of the risk, has been previously formulated but with little attention to the uncertainty around this monetary loss. Furthermore, prior research on risk assessment for lifeline systems, in particular transportation networks, assumes no spatial ground motion correlation and no structure-to-structure damage correlation between sites in the network. In this paper, a framework for treating these correlations in the network risk analysis is presented. A demonstration of this methodology is carried out for two transportation networks located in the San Francisco Bay region. Coefficients of variation for network physical loss using a non–distance dependent ground motion correlation model in the framework range between 0.6 and 1.5 for the sample networks presented here. Coefficients of variation for network physical loss using a distance-dependent ground motion correlation model in the framework range between 1.0 and 1.4 for the same networks. It is demonstrated through these applications that assuming no correlation in ground motion and in damage may potentially underestimate uncertainty in the overall loss estimation.
Vulnerability Maps for Reinforced Concrete Structures for Mexico City's Metropolitan Area under a Design Earthquake Scenario
Authors: Tena-Colunga Arturo , Godínez-Domínguez Eber Alberto , Pérez-Rocha Luis Eduardo
Published: November 2008

This paper presents vulnerability maps for reinforced concrete moment frames (RCMFs) in Mexico City's Metropolitan Area (MCMA) for a Ms=8.1 earthquake scenario assessing peak nonlinear dynamic responses using the concept of displacement ductility demand spectra (DDDS). The considered earthquake scenario is the 1985 Michoacán Earthquake. Artificial and recorded ground motions were used. Takeda model was used to simulate nonlinear behavior of RCMFs. Seismic strength for existing RCMFs structures was estimated according to the nominal strength required by versions of Mexico's Federal District Code (MFDC) that were effective before the 1985 earthquake. Overstrength sources for RCMFs were also evaluated. With all of this information, DDDS were obtained for different sites in MCMA. Later, vulnerability maps based on contours of equal displacement ductility demands and nonlinear displacements for a given structural period and a version of MFDC were defined. These vulnerability maps were compared with the geographic area of severe structural damage and collapses mapped during the 1985 earthquake. Based on the results of this study, it is believed that this procedure can be useful to forecast demands for different structural systems for a given earthquake scenario, being therefore potentially useful for urban planning of cities located in zones of high seismic risk.