bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Socio-demographic factors of overweight patients with bronchial asthma associated with receiving counseling on weight loss: population study data
Authors: Kashutina Maria I. , Zhernov Yury V. , Kontsevaya Anna V.
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND: Asthma and obesity have a close relationship: obesity is a risk factor for asthma, the link of its pathogenesis, a predictor of heavier flow and the worst control. One of the priorities of non-drug therapy of asthma is the fight against overweight. Preventive counseling allows doctors to teach patients the principles of a healthy lifestyle, including controlling body weight. There is no domestic population-based research that reflects the coverage of overweight persons with asthma of the counseling on weight loss in various socio-demographic groups. Thus our study is actual.
AIMS: Determine socio-demographic factors of overweight patients with bronchial asthma living in Russian urban areas associated with receiving counseling on weight loss.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was based on a cross-sectional population-based study Know Your Heart (20152018, Arkhangelsk, Novosibirsk, n=4504). For this research, we selected overweight patients with asthma (n=167). We applied the CHAID (Chi-Squared Automatic Interaction Detection) decision tree to identify socio-demographic factors associated with receiving weight loss counseling. CHAID method allows for the automated classification of the sample and the detection of relationships between the predictors and the analyzed outcome.
RESULTS: The probability of obtaining counseling on weight loss increased by 1.39 times among retired women with obesity compared with the coverage level of counseling in the studied sample as a whole (61.7%). Among the men, the probability of obtaining counseling on weight loss increased 1.27 times in the presence of obesity. Reducing the likelihood of getting counseling both among women (1.39 times compared with the general indicator) and among men (2.2 times compared with the general indicator) was noted if their weight corresponded to the category of the excess body (BMI 25.029.9).
CONCLUSION: 61.7% of the overweight urban population of two regions of Russia with asthma received counseling on weight loss. Groups of overweight patients with asthma, which are statistically significantly less often obtaining counseling on weight loss: persons with BMI 25.029.9, regardless of gender, and non-retired women with BMI 30.0. The decision tree developed by us will allow allergists-immunologists and doctors of related specialities to be wary of patients from the population groups identified in the study where the activity of conducting preventive counseling is reduced. In turn, this will increase the coverage of preventive counseling for patients with bronchial asthma and, as a result, will contribute to improving asthma control.
METHODOLOGICAL SUPPORT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF TEACHERS’ READINESS FOR THE FORMATION OF STUDENTS’ FUNCTIONAL LITERACY
Authors: Dikikh E.R. , Makarova N.S.
Published: December 2021

Based on the study of teachers’ professional deficits in the field of functional literacy of students, the article presents a program of methodological support based on a combination of individual and group forms of work, training sessions and tutor techniques. The authors proceed from the idea that awareness of professional deficits is the starting point in overcoming them. The author’s interpretation of the obtained data on teachers’ professional deficits is presented, the scenario of methodical training, the plan of individual consultations, the program of tutor support of teachers for the academic year is presented.
DIDACTIC POTENTIAL OF INTERNET MEMES AS A MEANS OF DEVELOPING GRAMMATICAL COMPETENCE (BASED ON TEACHING STUDENTS OF LANGUAGE UNIVERSITIES)
Authors: Yataeva E.V. , Koksharova A.I.
Published: December 2021

The article argues the possibility of using Internet memes as a grammar teaching means to students of language universities. The relevance of the article is determined by the need to use innovative educational technologies in the learning process that contribute to the development of foreign language communicative competence, and the insufficient development of the methodology for using these tools.
FEATURES OF EDUCATION CREDIT DEVELOPMENT IN MODERN CONDITIONS
Authors:   Doctor of Economics, Professor of the Department of Finance, Credit and Insurance, Stavropol State Agrarian University, Stavropol, Russia, DORONIN B. A. , GLOTOVA I. I. ,   Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department “Finance, Credit and Insurance”, Stavropol State Agrarian University, Stavropol, Russia, TOMILINA E. P. ,   Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department “Finance, Credit and Insurance”, Stavropol State Agrarian University, Stavropol, Russia
Published: December 2021

The article, along with the classical understanding of the essence of lending to individuals, which does not accurately reflect reality, presents the features of the appointment of an educational loan. According to the authors, lending to an individual for training is aimed at meeting a person's needs for his intellectual de-velopment and at the same time forms human capital. The relevance of this topic is increasing in terms of the formation of high-level human capital for high-tech sectors of the economy. A special role in this regard is assigned to financial and credit organizations, which ideally will allow them to enter the high-tech sectors of the economy and, along with commercial issues, solve the problem of increasing the country's human capital.
LIFE INSURANCE IN RUSSIA UNDER COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Authors:   Doctor of Economics, Professor of the Department of Finance, Credit and Insurance, Stavropol State Agrarian University, Stavropol, Russia, DORONIN B. A. , KLISHINA Yu. E. ,   Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department “Finance, Credit and Insurance”, Stavropol State Agrarian University, Stavropol, Russia, UGLITSKIKH O. N. ,   Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department “Finance, Credit and Insurance”, Stavropol State Agrarian University, Stavropol, Russia
Published: December 2021

The situation related to the COVID-19 pandemic has clearly shown the financial instability of the economy and the need to provide insurance protection not only for property, but also for one's own life. The COVID-19 pandemic is a new phenomenon for the entire insurance system, so it is difficult to predict how it will work in these conditions. The article assesses the current state of compulsory health insurance, reflects the reasons that contribute to the more active use of voluntary insurance tools. The analysis of the dynamics of insurance premiums for the main types of insurance is carried out, the factors of the growth of the need to create addi-tional income and their subsequent accumulation in order to avoid the onset of a crisis situation are consid-ered.
SCHEME OF MULTI-STEP THEORETICAL-GAME AUCTION OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES WITH POSSIBLE ORIGIN OF CORRUPTION
Authors:   Ph.D., Head of the Department “Modeling of Socio-Economic Systems”, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia, MALAFEYEV O. A. , DEMCHUK A. A. ,   Ph.D., Associate Professor of the Department of Mathematics, Air Force “Air Force Academy named after Prof. N. E. Zhukovsky and Yu. A. Gagarin”, Voronezh, Russia, NOVIKOVA S. S. ,   Ph.D., Associate Professor of the Department of Mathematics, Air Force “Air Force Academy named after Prof. N. E. Zhukovsky and Yu. A. Gagarin”, Voronezh, Russia
Published: December 2021

The game formalizes the game-theoretic model of the first price auction with many employers and em-ployees, implemented in l steps, with the possible occurrence of corruption. The first paragraph presents the statement of the problem, then the first price auction model is formalized with a number of assumptions. Next, corruption that occurs in this model and its effect on the auction process of the first price is considered, com-pared with the case of absence of corruption. At the end of the paper, we consider the statements formalizing the optimal anti-corruption auction scheme.
METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING A SET OF MEASURES TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE POPULATION IN RURAL AREAS
Authors:   Doctor of Economics, Professor of the Department of Economic Analysis and Audit, Stavropol State Agrarian University, Stavropol, Russiа, LESHCHEVA M. G. , STEKLOVA T. N. ,   Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Economic Analysis and Audit, Stavropol State Agrarian University, Stavropol, Russia, URYADOVA T. N. ,   Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Economic Analysis and Audit, Stavropol State Agrarian University, Stavropol, Russia
Published: December 2021

The high quality of life of the population in rural areas is the key to the safety of the latter. The article discusses the methodology for developing a set of measures to improve the quality of life and testing this technique in a particular locality. To determine possible measures, the current state programs of the Russian Federation, the departmental subprograms included in them, national and federal projects were analyzed. The analysis allowed us to conclude that the main sources of financing of program activities are budgetary funds. Along with them, grant support can be used, as well as funds from investors.
ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGIONAL MEAT CLUSTER
Authors:   Stavropol State Agrarian University, Stavropol, Russia, URYADOVA T. N. , DEMCHENKO I. A. ,   Stavropol State Agrarian University, Stavropol, Russia, SAFIULLAEVA R. I. ,   Stavropol State Agrarian University, Stavropol, Russia
Published: December 2021

The meat cluster plays a significant role in ensuring sustainable development of the regional economy. This article is devoted to the study of the main factors in the development of the meat cluster of the Stavropol Territory. The strengths and conditions constraining its development are revealed. The main ele-ments of the cluster are assessed.
CARBON TAX ON LIVESTOCK FARMING AND FOOD SECURITY
Authors:   Vyatka State University, Kirov, Russia, STEPANYAN V. Kh.
Published: December 2021

This article examines the risks associated with the introduction of a carbon tax on domestic agricultural products. The professional community is increasingly raising issues of regulating the generation of greenhouse gases in various sectors of the national economy through the introduction of the so-called carbon tax, which implies the collection of additional fees in proportion to the amount of greenhouse gases produced per unit of production. If this measure of state regulation is applied, a change in the cost of meat due to an additional tax burden will lead to a significant decrease in its consumption.
GLOBAL TRENDS AND CHALLENGES WORLD ECONOMY
Authors:   Stavropol State Agrarian University, Stavropol, Russia, AGARKOVA L. V. , GURNOVICH T. G. ,   Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubilin, Krasnodar, Russia, RUSETSKY M. G. ,   North Caucasus Federal University, Stavropol, Russia, PODKOLZINA I. M. ,   North Caucasus Federal University, Stavropol, Russia
Published: December 2021

This article examines the main global threats of 2021 presented at the World Economic Forum, namely, the economic risks that are most likely to affect the international community in the current year. The article also analyzed the financial consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, which undoubtedly made ad-justments to the definition of the main global threats of our time. In addition, the risks were considered in relation to the current statistical indicators of the Russian and global economy.
Is Russia a “good CBSS citizen”?
Authors: Sergunin Alexander
Published: December 2021

This study examines Russia’s policies towards and within the Councilof the Baltic Sea States in the aftermath of the Ukrainian and other internationalcrises. More specifically, this paper analyses Russia’s interest in andexpectations from the CBSS, as well as Moscow’s institutional behaviour in theCouncil. The CBSS is viewed by Russia as both a centrepiece and cornerstoneof the regional governance system. Moscow also sees the CBSS as an importanttool for overcoming the politico-diplomatic isolation where Russia founditself with the start of the Ukrainian crisis. With the help of the CBSS, it retainsits ability to influence socioeconomic, political, environmental, and humanitariandevelopments in the Baltic Sea region. Russia supported the Council’sthree long-term priority areas: a regional identity, a sustainable and prosperousregion, and a safe and secure region. Russia favoured further the Council’sinstitutionalization and strengthening of its role in the regional governancesystem. Despite the fact that Russia’s relations with other CBSS member-statesremain tense and that Moscow does not always manage to use the Councilto promote its interests in the region, the CBSS is still seen by Russia as animportant platform for regional cooperation.
Endangered Oarisma poweshiek butterfly larval foraging and adult habitat interactions in Manitoba, Canada
Authors:   ,   University of Winnipeg Library, Henault Justis
Published: December 2021

The Poweshiek skipperling (Oarisma poweshiek) is endemic to the tall grass prairie in North America, and is now critically endangered globally. Existing populations are scattered amongst tall grass prairie remnants. However, the host food plants eaten by Poweshiek skipperling larvae, the vegetative and microclimatic descriptions of immature and adult microhabitats as well as O. poweshiek behaviour in Manitoba are unknown. I observed the foraging behaviour of larval O. poweshiek in natural habitat to determine the plant species that they consume and document their development. I also followed adults in prairie patches to identify locations in which various activities, such as egg laying or nectar feeding, were facilitated by the habitat. I measured vegetative, structural and microclimatic attributes of microhabitats to determine potential characteristics which facilitate various adult activities and larval development. Larvae appeared to navigate microhabitats to locate host food plant species, alternating between shoots of various species throughout their development. Adults flew almost exclusively in the prairie plant community, rarely flew in shrub or ephemeral wetland communities and were never observed flying in wetland or forest communities. Adult activities appeared to be distributed along a soil moisture gradient, with egg laying associated with the mesic section of the moisture gradient, resting and/or basking associated with the drier section and nectar feeding generally associated with sections throughout the moisture gradient. My research contributes knowledge about larval O. poweshiek foraging and adult habitat interactions in prairies in Manitoba, Canada. Discoveries from my research may guide habitat stewardship to ensure that high quality habitat is available for every life stage and inform reintroduction activities to ensure potential release locations contain required habitat features. Novel descriptions of locations which facilitate larval development and various adult activities may inform provincial and federal recovery strategies to increase the chances of O. poweshiek’s survival. My findings may also initiate further research about the Poweshiek skippering and possibly guide the strategies to recover other Lepidopterans-at-risk. Now with a greater understanding of larval foraging and adult interactions, we may hopefully generate potential causes which explain O. poweshiek’s decline and identify possible solutions to facilitate its successful recovery!
A method for analyzing generalized characteristics of the South Asia Low structure taking into account a thermal regime of underlying surface
Authors:   Central Scientific Research Institute of Air Force (RF Ministry of Defense), Moscow, Russia, Shipko Yu.V. , Kolychev O.V. ,   Central Scientific Research Institute of Air Force (RF Ministry of Defense), Moscow, Russia, Dykov S.A. ,   MERC of Air Force «Air Force Academy named after professor N.E. Zhukovskiy and Yu.A. Gagarin» (RF Ministry of Defense), Voronezh, Russia, Kyznetsov I.E. ,   MERC of Air Force «Air Force Academy named after professor N.E. Zhukovskiy and Yu.A. Gagarin» (RF Ministry of Defense), Voronezh, Russia, Zakusilov V.P. ,   MERC of Air Force «Air Force Academy named after professor N.E. Zhukovskiy and Yu.A. Gagarin» (RF Ministry of Defense), Voronezh, Russia
Published: December 2021

The South Asia Low is considered, that is a seasonal center of atmospheric action, a predominant type of circulation in the lower troposphere during the warm season over the Near and Middle East. The generalized factorial model of the low for the levels of 1000, 925, and 850 hPa is presented. The dependence of generalized characteristics of the low structure on surface air temperature in the summer months is estimated for different types of the low. The results of the present study extend information about the seasonal center of atmospheric action: they allow obtaining typical fields of the low taking into account the features of internal structure; revealing peculiarities of meteorological conditions for different types of the low (in different parts of the analyzed macroregion). The identified generalized characteristics of the low structure can be used for constructing forecast models. Keywords: South Asia Low, geopotential height, reanalysis, isobaric level, factor, cluster, correlation coefficient
Comparison of Short-Chain Fatty Acid (SCFA) and Interleukin-10 (IL-10) Levels in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Compared to Healthy Populations at RSUP Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang
Authors: Nova Kurniaty  , Eddy Mart Salim  , Yuniza  , Tiara Rasmita  , Farianty Amelia
Published: December 2021

Background. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypical autoimmune disease with various significant diseases, where SLE can affect the entire population in the world. This study aims to compare and analyze differences in the composition of the gut microbiota of SLE patients compared to healthy controls based on SCFA examination in Indonesia.

Methods. The type of research conducted in this research is an analytical observational study with a case-control design. The research was conducted at Dr. RSUP. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang from October 2020 to October 2021. The sample in this study was divided into two groups, namely, the case group, and the control group. The case group was all SLE patients who met the inclusion criteria, while the control group was a healthy population who did a medical check-up at Dr. RSUP. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang. SCFA examination was carried out using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) from fecal samples.

Results. The results showed that there were two groups of SCFA values, namely the normal group and the microbiota dysbiosis group where the SCFA value was low or less than 4. in the SLE and normal populations where there were 6 SLE subjects who had normal SCFA values or 37.5% and there were 10 SLE subjects who experienced microbiota dysbiosis. or 62.5%. In the healthy population group, all subjects had SCFA values that were included in the normal category, namely 16 subjects or 100%. Based on the severity of SLE using the SLEDAI MEX score, all SLE patients in the study were in the active or category flare where the SLEDAI MEX score was > 5.

Conclusion. Patients with microbiota dysbiosis tended to have an LES of 7,222 or 7 times greater than patients who did not have microbiota dysbiosis or had normal SCFA values.
A Közbeszerzési Hatóság legfrissebb állásfoglalásai : 2021. decemberi összefoglaló
Authors: Borza Balázs Domonkos
Published: December 2021

A Közbeszerzési Hatóság állásfoglalások formájában ad felvilágosítást a közbeszerzési eljárásokban résztvevő jogalkalmazók számára a közbeszerzési törvény és kapcsolódó végrehajtási rendeleteinek alkalmazásával összefüggő általános jellegű megkeresésekre. Alábbiakban a közbeszerzésekről szóló 2015. évi CXLIII. törvény (a továbbiakban: Kbt.) alkalmazásával összefüggő kérdésekre adott válaszainkat rendeztük sorrendbe, bízva abban, hogy iránymutatásaink nem csak a kérdésfeltevőknek, hanem valamennyi Olvasónknak hasznos információkkal szolgálnak. Felhívjuk Tisztelt Olvasóink figyelmét, hogy a közbeszerzésekre irányadó jogszabályok alkalmazásával kapcsolatos döntések meghozatala mindenkor a közbeszerzési eljárások résztvevőinek joga és felelőssége. Hangsúlyozzuk továbbá, hogy az állásfoglalásokban megfogalmazott véleményeknek jogi ereje, kötelező tartalma nincsen.
Jogorvoslati aktualitások : D.247/24/2021.számú határozat
Authors: Horváth Éva
Published: December 2021

A Közbeszerzési Értesítő Plusz jelen számában a bírálat jogintézményével foglalkozunk, elsődlegesen a szakmai ajánlattal kapcsolatban.
The Signs of the Subject of a Crime under Article 243.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation
Authors:   Kazan Law Institute (Branch) of the University of Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation, Kazan, Russian Federation, Khalikov Iskander A.
Published: December 2021

Introduction. When studying history, the results of the work of archaeologists play a significant role. At the same time, for science, only those studies that are conducted by scientists on the basis of a state-issued permit (the so called open sheet) are of value. In accordance with the permit, scientists are required to provide reports on the excavations carried out and information about the objects found. This is what distinguishes professional archaeologists from non- professional history enthusiasts. Such enthusiasts dig atr archaeological sites because of their interest, to create private collections and to sell items of historical value in antique markets. By their actions, they commit crimes against cultural heritage. This makes it necessary to study the characteristics of the subject of the crime provided for in art. 243.2 of the Criminal code of the Russian Federation in order for criminal officers to properly deal with crimes in the field of archeology. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The research is based on general scientific and special research methods. The theoretical base consists of the works of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of law, history, archaeology, as well as the experience of competent authorities in the field of cultural heritage preservation. Results. The analysis of the work of the competent authorities and the study of legal literature led to the conclusion about the problems associated with the attribution to the subject of crime of persons searching for archaeological objects without obtaining a state permit. Discussion and Conclusion. Taking into account the accumulated international experience of countering illegal archaeology, studying domestic law enforcement practice, it is concluded that it is necessary to clarify the characteristics of the subject of the crime by making changes to the disposition of part 1 of art. 243.2 of the Criminal code of the Russian Federation.
The social significance of the regulation of non-cri- minal acts in the criminal law
Authors:   Ural Branch, Russian State University of Justice, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation, Gаrbatovich Denis A.
Published: December 2021

Introduction. In science, it is already proved that the effectiveness of criminal legislation in relation to crime prevention is very limited. The criminal law is objectively unable to eliminate the causes of crime due to their social nature. Nevertheless, the regulation of non-criminal acts is a socially significant area of criminal law policy that helps to resolve or reduce the painful difficulties that arise in the process of law-making and law enforcement activities in relation to the criminal law. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The theoretical basis of the research is based on Russian doctrinal sources devoted to modern concepts of criminal policy, forms and means of its implementation, and the social consequences of mitigating or toughening criminal repression. Results. The social importance of the regulation of non-criminal legal acts is determined by the ability to resolve three central problems. Firstly law-making activities when determining the boundaries of criminalisation. Secondly, maintaining human resources to implement repressive penal policy. Thirdly conservation of the economic resource, as the impact of penal policy and define ensuring the principle of inevitability of criminal responsibility and alternative ways to resolve a criminal law conflict. This includes the possibility of self-defense of individual rights by means of criminal law. Discussion and Conclusion. Regulation of non-criminal acts is a kind of “safety mechanism” of criminal law policy. It is a means of protection against excessive criminalisation, a means of ensuring compliance of legislative formulas with the realities of life, and a means of ensuring a balance between lawmaking and law enforcement.
The Institution of Recusal of Judges in Civil Proceedings: Historical Aspect
Authors:   Russian State University of Justice, Moscow, Russian Federation, Poskrebnev Maxim E.
Published: December 2021

Introduction. This article is devoted to the study of the history of the development of the institution of recusal in civil proceedings. A number of separate norms of the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation are devoted to the institution of recusal of a judge in civil proceedings. A correct understanding of these norms is possible with the help of their historical analysis. The study of the historical aspect of the institution of recusal of a judge in civil proceedings can be useful in developing new legislative initiatives on this issue, and can also contribute to the removal of controversial issues in this area. Theoretical Basis. Methods. A number of historical periods in the development of judicial recusal were studied: the period from the Council Code of 1649 in Russia to the Code of Civil Laws of 1832 in Russia, the period of the Charter of Civil Proceedings of 1864, the Soviet period, and the modern period. Special attention is paid to the Russian pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods of development of the institution of judicial recusal in civil proceedings. This approach is due to the fact that in these periods of development of the Institute, the rules of withdrawal are most similar to the modern rules of withdrawal. The study uses the historical method, as well as the method of analysis and comparison. Results. The results of the study are: familiarise the reader with the history of recusal in civil proceedings; a comparative analysis of the development of the Institute in different periods of history, the formation on this basis conclusions about the Genesis of the withdrawal; identify trends in the development of the institution of disqualification and the proposals on the prospects of its reforming. Discussion and Conclusion. The modern recusal is a receiver of the Soviet recusal, so it has all the main distinctive features of the Soviet recusal indicated in this article. Recent changes of the recusal can be grouped as follows. First, these are changes related to the judicial reform. These changes are detailed in the article. Secondly, the change of the recusal, which is a consequence of allowing the recognition of the judge as suspicious at any time of the trial, as well as the lack of responsibility for unscrupulous applicants of the recusal. The first group of changes is the result of judicial reform in general. The second change is an attempt by the modern legislator to correct an error in the rules of Soviet recusal, in which the recusal of a suspicious judge was allowed without a time limit.
Special Rules for Imposing Punishment: Conceptual Framework and Problems of Interaction
Authors:   Kuban State University, Krasnodar, Russian Federation, Prokhorov Leonid A. , Poltavets Valeriya V. , Yelets Elena A.
Published: December 2021

Introduction. The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the conceptual foundations of the institution of the special rules for assigning punishment and the mechanism of the interaction of those punishments. Looked at through the prism of the signs of system formation, their essence and boundaries, their legal nature and the purposes of applying these rules are made clearly visible. This study also investigates the problems of the interaction of special rules for their appointment both among themselves as well as with other structural units of the institution of sentencing. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The methods were selected based on an understanding of the goals, objectives and the object of the research. The methodological basis of the work is a set of both general scientific and specific scientific methods of the cognition of social and legal phenomena. These are the analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, system-structural, comparative-legal, historical-legal, and formal-legal methods. Results. The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the conceptual foundations of the in- stitution of special sentencing rules. Their essence is revealed through the prism of system-form- ing features, their circle, content and legal nature, and the purpose of applying these rules are specified. The problems of interaction of special rules of appointment both among themselves and with other structural units of the institution of sentencing are also investigated. Discussion and Conclusion. On the basis of this study, the distinctive features of the special rules for the assignment of punishment are established, Using this, the author formulates a definition, according to which the special rules for the assignment of punishment are the rules provided for in the criminal and criminal procedure code of the Russian Federation, and which are applied by the court in the process of individualising the punishment to the guilty person. This needs to take take into account the understanding of the characteristics of the committed crime, the identity of the perpetrator and the specifics of the implemented form of criminal proceedings. Finally, a conclusion is made about the relative independence of the above rules, which is confirmed not only by their separate consolidation in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, but also by the presence of iinherent features which allow them to be distinguished from general principles, principles and other rules for assigning punishment. The ratio of general and special rules is due to the specifics of the application, the interaction of the named rules, and their influence on the choice of the punishment and their functional purpose.
Regulating Fintech in Russia: The Issues Raised from the Absence of Legal Definition
Authors:   University of Macau, Macau SAR, People’s Republic of China, Kuchina Yaroslava O.
Published: December 2021

Introduction. Financial technology or fintech is one of the most discussed problems of the modern digitalization. Particular attention is paid to describing what the fintech industry is, how it relates to traditional financial regulation and to what extent the official recognition of financial technologies can affect economic regulation and the global economy. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The article examines the concept of fintech and the regulatory as- pects of the so-called “sandbox”, which allows, being based on the comparative legal method and the method of legal expertise, to extrapolate specific problems to the entire situation in the field of fintech regulation. The author offers an overview of the main stages of the formation of legislation on financial technologies and examines the role of the Bank of Russia in this process. Results. Arguing about the consequences of such a concentration of regulatory mechanisms in the banking sector, the author thinks about the actual leveling of digitalization of banks with banking financial technologies in the science and practice of the Russian Federation. Based on a brief review of academic approaches to the definition of financial technologies, the author draws a number of parallels that allow one to outline the reasons for judicial errors and the reasons for excluding changes in fintech legislation from the attention of domestic courts, and draws conclu- sions about the general and particular consequences of the current situation. Discussion and Conclusion. During the study, the author comes to the conclusion that the scien- tific opinion about the development of the fintech industry and the need for its regulation in the Russian Federation is based on a narrow understanding of fintech itself and the peculiarities of introducing financial technologies into the practice of services. The author believes that the par- adigm for the development of the domestic fintech market is focused on the so-called banking fintech, when financial technologies are consumed and built into the ecosystem of specific banks’ activities and are not provided by non-banking entities. This leads to the fact that legislative regu- lation focuses on the development of banking law and, at the same time, excludes from the atten- tion of the legislator and the main regulator – the Central Bank of the Russian Federation – other areas, such as, for example, insurance or non-banking investment. This situation makes it pos- sible to ask the question of how much the image of fintech, formed in domestic law, corresponds to its actual state and market development, and in what proportion is the process of digitalization of traditional banking services understood by fintech.
Transformation of Criminal Proceedings against Minors in Contemporary Russian Criminal Procedure: Towards the Twentieth Anniversary of the Adoption of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation
Authors:   Russian State University of Justice, Moscow, Russian Federation, Nikolyuk Vyacheslav V. , Markovicheva Elena V.
Published: December 2021

Introduction. In the Russian criminal process, criminal proceedings against minors have historically taken shape as a complicated procedure. Twenty years of operation of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation have shown sufficient efficiency of legal regulation of criminal procedural relations having to do with the investigation and consideration of this category of criminal cases. But in the process of law enforcement, a number of problems were identified that required resolution through the adjustment of the current criminal procedure law. This article is devoted to the analysis of the most significant changes in the normative regulation of criminal proceedings against minors during the period of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. A critical understanding of the process of transformation of the relevant norms will contribute to the development of an updated regulatory model of criminal justice involving minors. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The theoretical basis of the study consisted of both Russian and foreign scientific works in the field of criminal procedural law, specifically those devoted to both complicated proceedings in general and the specifics of juvenile criminal proceedings. The use of a formal legal research method allowed us to identify patterns in the transformation of criminal proceedings against minors. Results. The article reveals the most significant transformations of the normative regulation of criminal proceedings against minors. Some changes and additions made to the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation during the period of its validity are analysed. Further, he main directions for further scientific discussion on the legal regulation of criminal procedure relations with the participation of minors are outlined. Discussion and Conclusion. Although criminal proceedings against minors show sufficient efficiency and compliance with international law, there is a need to systematise the criminal procedural norms governing the participation in criminal proceedings of all minors, regardless of their procedural status. The authors propose, within the framework of the updated criminal procedure law, to systematically consolidate the norms governing the legal status of not only the underage defendants, but also the juvenile victims and witnesses.
Forensic Linguistic Examination of a Documentary Text: Foreign Experience
Authors:   Scientific and Practical Center, State Forensic Committee of the Republic of Belarus, Minsk, Republic of Belarus, Babuk Alexandr V.
Published: December 2021

Introduction. Forensic linguistic examination is, currently, an essential type of forensic anal- ysis. Herewith, forensic linguistic examination of a documentary text appears to be one of the most relevant and promising modern types of forensic linguistic examination. Theoretical Basis. Methods. Forensic linguistic examination of a documentary text in for- eign countries is not associated with language documentation, which means documenting languages, but with legal linguistic examination and legal language – the knowledge is re- quired to compile legal documents. The objective of selecting methods to conduct a foren- sic linguistic examination of a documentary text is, primarily, a search of a correlation (and differentiation) between language and law.. Results. Preparation of legal documents in English is provided according to a certain stan- dard that is called “plain language”. The object of a document’s forensic linguistic exam- ination is a text of such documents as contracts, agreements, notifications, interrogation protocols, etc. The need to conduct a forensic linguistic examination of a documentary text arises when it is required to explain and describe various linguistic wordings in the docu- ment that may be incomprehensible to the forensic examination initiator. The author has illustrated, by the example of the trial cases of such advanced Western countries as Great Britain and the United States, that forensic linguistic examination of a documentary text abroad has its own unique features. Discussion and Conclusion. An analysis of forensic best practice in the UK and the USA shows that plain language standards violation leads to a misunderstanding of the entire document meaning, which may entail certain legal consequences for one of the parties in- dicated in the document. Sometimes a replacement of wording in a document is carried out by criminals with the purpose of committing a crime. This is related to the fact that a male- factor deliberately counts on a misinterpretation of a document meaning by an ordinary cit- izen due to the lack of relevant special knowledge and training.
Determinants of Legal Behaviour
Authors:   Timiryasov Kazan Innovative University, Kazan, Russian Federation, Scorobogatov Andrey V.
Published: December 2021

Introduction. This article is devoted to the research of essence and the legal behaviour of the person. The purpose of article is the identification of the factors influencing formation, development and content of legal behaviour. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The article is based methodologically on the post-classical anthropological paradigm which allows consideration of legal behaviour through a prism of subjective perception by the person. The studying of fundamental bases of legal behaviour is impossible without identification of their valuable basis. Results. It is proved that the commission by the person of certain actions in the legal sphere depends on the individual and the social system of legal values, the individual and society (social group) relation to them, legal status of the personality and the social role which is carried out by it. The classification of legal behaviour on the basis of an axiological approach assumes an allocation of the person which is active, ordinary and passive depending on degree of readiness to carry out the legal actions, being guided by the valuable orientations and installations determined by legal socialisation and the system of legal values of group with which the subject identifies themselves. At the same time, it is insignificant how these actions meet the standards of positive law. However, the legal behaviour often has situational character. In this case its contents are defined by the system of so-called individual person law. The behaviour of the person is the result of operation of the special mechanism consisting of consistently realised elements that connected among themselves not only cognitively but also functionally including legal requirement, legal interest, legal motive, legal orientation, legal installation, legal decision, and legal act. These elements consistently replace each other, providing an interrelation of legal behaviour with legal awareness. The role of the state in formation of the person’s legal behaviour, though is very considerable, but it is not defining. In the process of legal socialisation the cognitive elements of the mechanism of legal behavior determined by legal tradition in combination with social and individual legal experience are formed. Discussion and Conclusion. The analysis of legal behaviour is aimed at expanding the value ideas of legal reality. This will allow a deeper look at legal development on a global scale.
Challenging Decisions on Non-Admission to the Russian Federation: the Practice of Considering Migration Disputes
Authors:   Russian State University of Justice (Moscow), Davydova M. A. , Sadovskaya T. D.
Published: December 2021

The article examines the problem of the lack of uniform practice of courts of general jurisdiction in the consideration of disputes related to the appeal of decisions taken by the authorized executive authorities on the non-admission of a foreign citizen or a stateless person to the Russian Federation. The purpose of the study is to determine the specifics of the consideration of disputes on appeal of decisions on non-admission, to identify current problems related to the legislative regulation and application of the grounds for making such decisions, as well as to develop proposals for their resolution. The achievement of this goal is realized through the solution of such tasks as the analysis of the national migration legislation, the legal positions of the European Court of Human Rights, the highest judicial bodies of the country, the materials of current administrative and judicial practice, the development of recommendations to ensure the unity of approaches to the resolution of this category of disputes. Research methods: general scientific methods are used: analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, as well as private scientific methods. Research results: based on the conducted research, a number of theoretical propositions are systematized, judicial errors are analyzed, issues requiring legal solutions are identified, and measures aimed at improving legislation in this area are proposed. It is noted that the establishment of detailed grounds and criteria in the national legislation for the adoption of decisions on non-admission by the authorized bodies will reduce the additional burden on the courts, as well as the risks of non-compliance by Russia with its international obligations, will contribute to a uniform law enforcement practice, the full implementation of the rights and freedoms of foreign citizens and stateless persons, and reduce the number of violations of migration legislation.
About the Jurisdiction of Cases of Administrative Offenses
Authors:   Russian State University of Justice (Moscow), Skutin A. F.
Published: December 2021

The article examines the issues of the competence of the arbitral tribunal in cases of administrative offenses, their legal nature, analyzes the judicial practice in this category of cases. The author made proposals on the need to optimize the legislation governing legal proceedings in cases of administrative offenses in courts of general jurisdiction and arbitration courts, taking into account the novelties of the Federal Law of 11.28.2018, appropriate adjustments are proposed for the new edition of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation.
About the Classification of Housing Legal Relationship to Regulatory and Protective
Authors:   Institute of Service, Tourism and Design (Branch) of North Caucasus Federal University (Pyatigorsk), Mil’kov A.V. , Mukhametova S. I. ,   Law Institute of the North Caucasus Federal University (Stavropol)
Published: December 2021

Statement of the problem. The question of the classification of housing legal relations into regulatory and protective ones is not debatable. But not because there is a consensus on this issue in the doctrine, but because until now it has not become the subject of special research. In some works, one can find a brief mention of the division of housing legal relations into regulatory and protective, but it is difficult to find a detailed presentation of the author’s position on this issue. Against the background of the active development of the classification of civil legal relations into regulatory and protective inattention to this issue in the science of housing law looks like a serious omission over the past decades. Goals and objectives of the study. The article discusses the main provisions justifying the classification under consideration, examines the attitude towards it in the literature of a housing legal nature. Research methods: the article uses a logical method, and above all such techniques as analysis and synthesis, functional and comparative legal methods. Results, brief conclusions: ignoring the classification in question leads to contradictions in the doctrine of housing legal relations, to the ingraining of unreliable ideas about the ratio of the categories included in this doctrine. It seems important to carry out further research of housing legal relations on the basis of a consistent classification of housing legal relations into regulatory housing legal relations and protective housing legal relations.
Notarization of a Mediation Agreement as a Way to Implement and Protect Consumer Rights Mediation Services
Authors:   Russian State University of Justice (Moscow), Zarapina L. V. , Kostina O. V.
Published: December 2021

Тhe article provides a comprehensive assessment of the new legislation on the introduction of the Institute of notarial certification of a mediation agreement as a result of mediation services. The authors come to the conclusion that it is necessary to introduce new rules for certifying mediation agreements, while identifying the problems of the procedure and rules for notarizing mediation agreements as a way to implement and protect the rights of consumers (parties to the dispute), the legal status of the mediator as a person responsible for conducting mediation services, and the inclusion of agreed terms in the mediation agreement. Elimination of the identified problems and suggestions of ways to overcome them will allow the new institution to develop and become an effective tool in ensuring the implementation of mediation agreements.