bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Girl bosses, punk poodles, and pink smoothies: Girlhood as Enterprising Femininity
Authors: Alexandersson Anna , Kalonaityte Viktorija
Published: November 2020

The purpose of this paper is to add to the broader field of feminist organization and entrepreneurship scholarship by introducing and theorizing girlhood as a distinct enterprising femininity. More specifically, we investigate how girlhood, now enjoying a prominent role in commercial culture, impacts the relationship between enterprising self and femininity due to girlhood's many non‐entrepreneurial features. We draw on the scholarship from the field of cultural studies to present the core politico‐aesthetical categories, used to express girlhood as a distinct form of femininity. Empirically, we present and analyze an illustrative case of two large women‐only professional networks that use girlhood and enterprising as their core message to their audiences. Our contributions render visible and provide a theoretical framework for studying girlhood as enterprising femininity, and add to the theorization of gendered and intersectional tensions and struggles between the market pressures to conform to the prevailing ideals of individualized success and the political ambition to challenge the status quo. More so, our theorization of girlhood as enterprising femininity allows us to raise question of what facets of femininity remain excluded – and thus in need of further theorization and critical feminist interventions – within the economic domain.
Association of body mass index with immune recovery, virological failure and cardiovascular disease risk among people living with HIV
Authors: Han WM , Jiamsakul A , Jantarapakde J , Yunihastuti E , Choi JY , Ditangco R , Chaiwarith R , Sun LP , Khusuwan S , Merati TP , Do CD , Azwa I , Lee M‐P , Van Nguyen K , Chan Y‐J , Kiertiburanakul S , Ng OT , Tanuma J , Pujari S , Zhang F , Gani YM , Sangle S , Ross J , Kumarasamy N ,   the the TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database (TAHOD) of IeDEA Asia‐Pacific
Published: November 2020

Objectives

We conducted a longitudinal cohort analysis to evaluate the association of pre‐treatment body mass index (BMI) with CD4 recovery, virological failure (VF) and cardiovascular risk disease (CVD) markers among people living with HIV (PLHIV).

Methods

Participants who were enrolled between January 2003 and March 2019 in a regional Asia HIV cohort with weight and height measurements prior to antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation were included. Factors associated with mean CD4 increase were analysed using repeated‐measures linear regression. Time to first VF after 6 months on ART and time to first development of CVD risk markers were analysed using Cox regression models. Sensitivity analyses were done adjusting for Asian BMI thresholds.

Results

Of 4993 PLHIV (66% male), 62% had pre‐treatment BMI in the normal range (18.5–25.0 kg/m2), while 26%, 10% and 2% were underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2), overweight (25–30 kg/m2) and obese (> 30 kg/m2), respectively. Both higher baseline and time‐updated BMI were associated with larger CD4 gains compared with normal BMI. After adjusting for Asian BMI thresholds, higher baseline BMIs of 23–27.5 and > 27.5 kg/m2 were associated with larger CD4 increases of 15.6 cells/µL [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.9–28.3] and 28.8 cells/µL (95% CI: 6.6–50.9), respectively, compared with normal BMI (18.5–23 kg/m2). PLHIV with BMIs of 25–30 and > 30 kg/m2 were 1.27 times (95% CI: 1.10–1.47) and 1.61 times (95% CI: 1.13–2.24) more likely to develop CVD risk factors. No relationship between pre‐treatment BMI and VF was observed.

Conclusions

High pre‐treatment BMI was associated with better immune reconstitution and CVD risk factor development in an Asian PLHIV cohort.
The Role of Needs Assessment in the Effective Engagement of People with Convictions
Authors: WONG KEVIN , HORAN RACHEL
Published: November 2020

We argue for the potential for needs assessment and sentence planning to transcend their core justice functions and set the tone for effective engagement between probation supervisee and supervisor. We draw on lived experience – analysis of interview and observational data from probation supervisors and supervisees, collected during the testing of a new needs assessment and sentence planning tool which aims to integrate the risk, needs, responsivity (RNR) model with desistance principles. After testing the findings against established models and principles of effective engagement, counter‐intuitively, we found that: disagreement can lead to agreement and more effective engagement. Additionally, that attention should be paid to the potential for the physical case management and supervision environment to positively influence the needs assessment and sentence planning process. These and the other findings have implications for policy and practice in the United Kingdom and other jurisdictions where probation is a core criminal justice function.
Spatial segregation in the reproductive activity of Neotropical fish species as an indicator of the migratory trait
Authors: Rauber Rafaela G. , Strictar Larissa , Gomes Luiz C. , Suzuki Harumi I. , Agostinho Angelo A.
Published: November 2020

This study focused on the distribution of fish with high reproductive activity along a basin, using a 430 km stretch of the Cuiabá River in Brazil as a model. The main objective of this study was to identify those fish that migrate long distances for reproduction, among all the basin species. Thus, a set of working criteria are proposed to classify species according to their reproductive behaviour (i.e., reproductive activity and distribution). Samplings were performed in the Cuiabá River basin, encompassing several environments (river, channels and lakes) during the reproductive periods (between October and February), from 2000 to 2004. Species occurrence (presence and absence – proxy of distribution) across the basin and index of reproductive activity values were used as criteria to identify the species that perform long‐distance longitudinal migrations for reproduction. The study confirmed the classification of long‐distance longitudinal migration species; nonetheless, some species were not classified as described in the literature. The proposed sequential criteria have proven to be effective in the classification of long‐distance longitudinal migrations species and certainly contribute to filling some existing knowledge gaps of reproductive traits. This classification is of fundamental importance in planning new dam projects, in decision making and in the development of management and conservation actions for the ichthyofauna.
Optimization of Prosthodontic Computer‐Aided Designed Models: A Virtual Evaluation of Mesh Quality Reduction Using Open Source Software
Authors: Farook Taseef Hasan , Barman Aparna , Abdullah Johari Yap , Jamayet Nafij Bin
Published: November 2020

Purpose

Mesh optimization reduces the texture quality of 3D models in order to reduce storage file size and computational load on a personal computer. This study aims to explore mesh optimization using open source (free) software in the context of prosthodontic application.

Materials and Methods

An auricular prosthesis, a complete denture, and anterior and posterior crowns were constructed using conventional methods and laser scanned to create computerized 3D meshes. The meshes were optimized independently by four computer‐aided design software (Meshmixer, Meshlab, Blender, and SculptGL) to 100%, 90%, 75%, 50%, and 25% levels of original file size. Upon optimization, the following parameters were virtually evaluated and compared; mesh vertices, file size, mesh surface area (SA), mesh volume (V), interpoint discrepancies (geometric similarity based on virtual point overlapping), and spatial similarity (volumetric similarity based on shape overlapping). The influence of software and optimization on surface area and volume of each prosthesis was evaluated independently using multiple linear regression.

Results

There were clear observable differences in vertices, file size, surface area, and volume. The choice of software significantly influenced the overall virtual parameters of auricular prosthesis [SA: F(4,15) = 12.93, R2 = 0.67, p < 0.001. V: F(4,15) = 9.33, R2 = 0.64, p < 0.001] and complete denture [SA: F(4,15) = 10.81, R2 = 0.67, p < 0.001. V: F(4,15) = 3.50, R2 = 0.34, p = 0.030] across optimization levels. Interpoint discrepancies were however limited to <0.1mm and volumetric similarity was >97%.

Conclusion

Open‐source mesh optimization of smaller dental prostheses in this study produced minimal loss of geometric and volumetric details. SculptGL models were most influenced by the amount of optimization performed.
Monolithic Zirconia Partial Coverage Restorations: An In Vitro Mastication Simulation Study
Authors: Gupta Savita , Abdulmajeed Awab , Donovan Terry , Boushell Lee , Bencharit Sompop , Sulaiman Taiseer A.
Published: November 2020

Purpose

To evaluate the survival rate (fatigue resistance), bonding efficiency and marginal integrity of monolithic zirconia partial and full coverage single restorations adhesively bonded to the tooth structure using air‐particle abrasion, a primer with 10‐methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate and a composite‐resin cement (APC) protocol.

Materials and Methods

Extracted human premolars (N = 32) were randomly divided into four groups of eight specimens each. Premolars were prepared for the following restorations: full crown (group 1, control), mesial‐occlusal‐distal‐facial onlay (MODF, group 2) preserving 2 mm facio‐lingual functional cusp width, mesial‐occlusal‐distal‐lingual onlay (MODL, group 3) preserving 2 mm facio‐lingual nonfunctional cusp width, mesial‐occlusal‐distal‐buccal‐lingual onlay (MODBL, group 4), overlay preparation. All restorations were milled from monolithic 3 mol% yttria (3Y) zirconia blocks (ZirCad, A1 LT, Ivoclar Vivadent) with CAD/CAM software presets at minimum occlusal and axial thicknesses of 1 mm. The intaglio surface of the restorations was air‐particle abraded (50 µm Al2O3, 2‐Bar pressure, 15 s, 10 mm distance) and primed. An adhesive cement system was used to bond the restorations. Each group was subjected to thermomechanical loading for 1.2 million cycles (force = 70 N, 1.4 Hz) with simultaneous thermocycling (5‐55°C, 30 s dwell time) using a mastication simulator. All specimens were examined under scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis (30, 100, and 150×) to evaluate cracks and marginal defects. Fracture of restoration and/or fracture within tooth structure, and debonding were considered modes of failure.

Results

One specimen from group 2 debonded at 632,000 cycles. None of the specimens failed due to fracture. SEM analysis at 30× indicated marginal integrity issue of the remaining seven intact specimens of group 2 in the area of antagonist contact. No specimens from group 1, 3, and 4 demonstrated marginal integrity issue at 30×. None of the specimens demonstrated any microcrack at 100× and150×.

Conclusions

Due to its fatigue resistance, 3Y‐zirconia is a viable option for partial and full coverage single restorations. Following a strict bonding protocol, zirconia demonstrated durable adhesion to the tooth structure. Occlusal contact on restoration margins should be avoided.
Paediatric pancreatic diseases
Authors: Coffey Michael J , Ooi Chee Y
Published: November 2020

Paediatric pancreatic diseases are often under‐recognised and may be associated with severe diseases and significant clinical consequences. In recent years, advances have been made in key areas, particularly with the contributions from international societies and study groups focused on paediatric pancreatic disease research. This review focuses on the two key manifestations of pancreatic disorders in childhood, pancreatitis and exocrine pancreatic dysfunction.
Standard management protocol to improve the short‐term outcome of biliary atresia
Authors: Chung Patrick HY , Wong Kenneth KY , Tam Paul KH
Published: November 2020

Aim

This study compared the outcomes of patients with biliary atresia (BA) treated according to a standardised protocol with historical patients.

Methods

This is a single‐centred retrospective study of BA patients treated from 1980 to 2016. A standardised treatment protocol was established since 2008 regarding peri‐operative management. The outcomes being compared between the two groups (Groups I and II = before and after 2008, respectively) were jaundice clearance (JC), incidence of recurrent cholangitis, hospital admission and native liver survival (NLS).

Results

A total of 128 patients were included (Group I = 100, Group II = 28). The overall median follow‐up period was 15.3 years (I vs. II = 20.6 years vs. 5.1 years, respectively). There was no significant difference in the JC at the sixth month between the two groups (I vs. II = 60.0 vs. 82.1%, respectively, P = 0.07). The incidence of recurrent cholangitis was similar between the two groups (I vs. II = 39 vs. 35.7%, respectively, P = 0.45), but the median hospital admission episode per patient was non‐significantly higher in Group I (I vs. II = 4.2 vs. 2.7, respectively, P = 0.08). There was an improvement in the 1‐year NLS rate in Group II (I vs. II = 69.0 vs. 85.7%, respectively, P = 0.05).

Conclusions

The introduction of a standardised management protocol has improved the short‐term outcome of BA patients, with a better 1‐year NLS observed.
Future of paediatric gastroenterology
Authors: Couper Richard
Published: November 2020

This article explores what an ‘ideal’ paediatric gastroenterology department in the future should look like and what it could potentially provide if given carte blanche by health funds.
Competitive screening and information transmission
Authors: Bó Inácio , Ko Chiu Yu
Published: November 2020

We consider a model in which schools and colleges compete for high‐ability students, which are independently identified through a costly screening procedure. This independence creates a channel through which students' preferences affect the strategic interaction between schools: students with competing offers accept the most‐preferred one, increasing the screening costs of unpopular schools. When preferences between schools are more heterogeneous, schools screen more, increasing the proportion of students with multiple offers, but paradoxically reducing the extent to which their preferences determine their outcomes. By observing the students' schools of origin, colleges can free‐ride of the fierce competition that occurs during screening.
Japanese and British Children's Understanding of the Social Function of Pretend Crying
Authors: Mizokawa Ai
Published: November 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate cross‐cultural differences in children's understanding of pretend crying. Five‐ and 6‐year‐olds from Japan and the United Kingdom (N = 71) heard two hypothetical stories in which the protagonist of each story pretended to cry in front of another person. Children were asked about the appearance–reality distinction of pretend crying, the other character's thoughts and behavior, and the children's own moral judgment of pretend crying. Cultural differences were found in their understanding of the social function of pretend crying. Japanese children judged that pretend crying elicited another's concern and prosocial behavior more than British children. There were no significant differences in appearance–reality distinction or moral judgments between Japanese and British children. All participants successfully discriminated between pretend crying and real crying, and most participants judged pretend crying as “not good” behavior. These results suggested that Japanese children might be more expected to be sensitive to others’ feelings, and that such cultural differences in communication and socialization lead to different patterns in expectations of the social consequences of pretend crying.
Exploring the impact of RNA editing on mitochondrial phylogenetic analyses in liverworts, an early land plant lineage
Authors: Dong Shan‐Shan , Li Hong‐Lei , Goffinet Bernard , Liu Yang
Published: November 2020

Plant mitochondrial protein‐coding genes are slow evolving, and therefore are less subject to substitution saturation, and therefore perhaps more suitable for resolving deep relationships of high taxonomic categories. Plant mitochondrial genes hold, however, hundreds of RNA editing sites, involving mostly non‐synonymous substitutions in the first and second codon positions, which has been reported to affect phylogenetic reconstructions. We have previously identified ca. 4700 mitochondrial RNA editing sites within a group of liverworts representing the ordinal diversity of liverworts, allowing us to critically evaluate the impacts of RNA editing sites on phylogenetic reconstructions in liverworts. Our phylogenetic inferences are mostly congruent on topology inferred from the original mitochondrial gene dataset, dataset with RNA editing sites corrected, and dataset with RNA editing sites excluded. The RNA editing site excluded dataset recovered a topology identical to that of the RNA editing site corrected dataset, supporting the sister relationship of Ptilidium and Jungermanniales, whereas the original dataset supported the sister relationship of Ptilidium and Jungermanniidae. The controversial placements of Ptilidium could be explained by site‐wise log‐likelihood analysis, as the majority of liverwort RNA editing sites supported the sister relationship of Ptilidium and Jungermanniidae, hence the correction or exclusion of the RNA editing sites changed the tree topology and supported the sister relationship of Ptilidium and Jungermanniales. Our study shows that RNA editing sites potentially impact phylogenetic analyses, suggesting that both genome and transcriptome derived data should be used with caution for phylogenetic reconstruction with genes hosting vast numbers of RNA editing sites such as plant organellar genes.
Steroid precursors, steroids, neuroactive steroids, and neurosteroids concentrations in serum and saliva of healthy neonatal heifer Holstein calves
Authors: Aleman Monica , Chigerwe Munashe , Varga Anita , Madigan John E.
Published: November 2020

Background

Persistence of high neurosteroid concentrations in blood is associated with neonatal encephalopathy and septicemia in foals. This has not been investigated in calves.

Objectives

To determine concentrations of steroid compounds in serum and saliva within the first 48 hours after birth in healthy neonatal calves, identify potential markers for disease, and investigate the association between serum steroid compounds concentrations in calves and their respective dams within 2 hours after birth.

Animals

Twelve healthy neonatal heifer Holstein calves and their dams.

Methods

Prospective study. Serum and saliva were collected from calves at 2, 6, 24, and 48 hours after birth. Steroid compounds were analyzed using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. A nonlinear regression model was used to determine half‐lives of the neurosteroids. Serum concentrations of neurosteroids between the cows and calves were compared using the Wilcoxon signed rank test.

Results

Half‐lives (95% confidence intervals) of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and 17α,20α‐dihydroxyprogesterone in calf serum were 2.9 (2.1, 4.3), and 2.1 (1.3, 3.0) hours, respectively. Pregnanediol in saliva had a half‐life (95% confidence interval) of 24.5 (14.2, 66.5) hours. Serum DHEA (1718.7 ± 2313 vs 57.7 ± 44) and 17α,20α‐dihydroxyprogesterone (207.8 ± 198.2 vs 43.5 ± 33.5) concentrations respectively were higher (P< .05) in calves compared to cows.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Dehydroepiandrosterone, 17α,20α‐dihydroxyprogesterone, and pregnanediol could be potential markers of disease in neonatal heifer calves with unexplained failure to thrive or encephalopathy. However, because of the wide 95% confidence interval of the half‐life, pregnanediol in saliva might not be a potential marker.
Reduced Surgical Time and Higher Accuracy of Distal Locking with the Electromagnetic Targeting System in Humeral Shaft Intramedullary Nailing
Authors: Huichao Fu , Xiaoming Wu
Published: November 2020

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of the electromagnetic distal targeting system in the treatment of humeral shaft fractures.

Methods

From January 2012 to December 2018, we retrospectively reviewed 60 patients with humeral shaft fractures treated by intramedullary nailing. Among 60 cases, 41 were men and 19 were women. The average age at surgery was 48.5 years (range, 21–81 years). We performed the same surgical procedure for all patients. According to the different distal locking technique used, all patients were divided into two groups. The standard fluoroscopic freehand technique was used for Group FH, while the electromagnetic real‐time targeting technique was used for Group EM. All procedures were performed by two senior surgeons. Overall surgical time, cases of complications, failure of distal locking, union time, and shoulder function assessment were recorded intraoperatively and during follow‐up.

Results

Twenty‐seven patients in Group FH and 33 patients in Group EM met the inclusion criteria. No significant difference was found in the demographic data of the two groups. The mean surgical time was 76.48 ± 10.73 min in Group FH and 65.61 ± 8.91 min in Group EM (P < 0.05), showing significant difference. Seven failures occurred in Group FH and two failures occurred in Group EM (P < 0.05). No relevant complications were noted. The average union time was 3.37 ± 0.49 months in Group FH and 3.39 ± 0.50 months in Group EM (P = 0.855). The mean follow‐up was 14.30 ± 2.28 months in Group FH and 15.27 ± 2.83 months in Group EM (P = 0.153). The disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand score (DASH) score, the range of motion (checked with the constant score), and the degree of functionality were, respectively, 21.52 ± 3.23, 27.04 ± 1.84, and 81.31% ± 3.88% in Group FH and 19.09 ± 2.40, 26.18 ± 1.70, and 77.97% ± 3.91% in Group EM (P = 0.233, 0.971, and 0.607).

Conclusion

The electromagnetic real‐time targeting system reduced surgical time and improved accuracy, and there was no radiation exposure in the distal locking procedure for humeral shaft fractures.
Effect of Strain Rates on Failure of Mechanical Properties of Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Under Flexion
Authors: Li Kun , Zhang Shi‐jie , Du Cheng‐fei , Zhao Ji‐zhe , Liu Qing , Zhang Chun‐qiu , Sun Yan‐fang
Published: November 2020

Objective

To evaluate the strain‐rate‐dependent viscoelastic properties of the intervertebral disc by in vitro experiments.

Method

The biomechanical experiments were conducted from September 2019 to December 2019. The lumbar spines of sheep were purchased within 4–6 hours from the local slaughterhouse, and the intervertebral disc samples were divided into three groups. In rupture group, the samples were used to test the mechanical behavior of the intervertebral disc rupture at different strain rates. In fatigue injury group, the samples were used to test the mechanical behavior of fatigue injury on the intervertebral disc under different strain rates. In internal displacement group, the samples were used to test the internal displacement distribution of the intervertebral disc at different strain rates by applying an optimized digital image correlation (DIC) technique.

Results

Both the yielding and cracking phenomenon occurs at fast and medium loading rates, while only the yielding phenomenon occurs at a slow loading rate. The yield stress, compressive strength, and elastic modulus all increase with the increase of the strain rate, while the yield strain decreases with the increase of the strain rate. The logarithm of the elastic modulus in the intervertebral disc is approximately linear with the logarithm of the strain rate under different strain rates. Both before and after fatigue loading, the stiffness in the loading and unloading curves of the intervertebral disc is inconsistent, forming a hysteresis loop, which is caused by the viscoelastic effect. The strain rate has no significant effect on the internal displacement distribution of the intervertebral disc. Based on the experimental data, the constitutive relationship of the intervertebral disc at different strain rates is obtained. The fitting curves are well coupled with the experimental data, while the fitting parameters are approximately linear with the logarithm of the strain rate.

Conclusions

These experiments indicate that the strain rate has a significant effect on the mechanical behavior of the intervertebral disc rupture and fatigue injury, while the constitutive equation can predict the rate‐dependent mechanical behavior of lumbar intervertebral disc under flexion very well. These results have important theoretical guiding significance for preventing lumbar disc herniation in daily life.
Rethinking Thomas Hobbes on the Passions
Authors: Bobier Christopher
Published: November 2020

There is widespread scholarly disagreement whether Hobbesian passions are or involve a type of cognition (i.e., imagination). This largely overlooked disagreement has implications for our understanding of Hobbesian deliberation. If passions are intrinsically cognitive, then, because Hobbesian deliberation is a series of alternating passions, deliberation would appear to be intrinsically cognitive as well. In this paper, I bring to light this overlooked disagreement and argue for a non‐cognitive reading of Hobbesian passions, according to which, a passion is an appetite or aversion caused by, but distinct from, an imagination of a future good or harm.
Altered Cortical Reorganization and Brain Functional Connectivity in Phantom Limb Pain: A Functional MRI Study
Authors: Zheng Bi‐Xin , Yin Yan , Xiao Hong , Lui Su , Wen Chuan‐Bing , Dai Yue‐E , Yang Guang , Liu Jin , Gong Qiyong
Published: November 2020

Objectives

Functional neuroimaging studies have shown that amputees have altered cortical reorganization and functional connectivity (FC). This study aimed to investigate whether patients with phantom limb pain (PLP) and PLP‐free lower limb amputees exhibit changes in corresponding primary cortical motor area/somatosensory cortex (M1/S1) cortical reorganization and supplementary motor area (SMA) network FC. The association between functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) changes and clinical parameters is also explored.

Methods

A total of 10 PLP patients were matched with 10 PLP‐free amputees and 10 healthy controls (HCs). Before undergoing fMRI, all participants completed questionnaires evaluating pain, anxiety, depression, and health‐related quality of life. Task‐related activation and regions of interest (ROI)‐wise connectivity analysis were applied to differentiate the brain regions of amputees from those of HCs. Linear correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between altered FC and clinical manifestations.

Results

As compared with HCs, PLP patients showed increased cortical activation in M1/S1 when moving the intact foot, imagining phantom big toe movement, or having the corresponding thumb stimulated. The increased FC in the SMA network included the SMA‐caudate nucleus, SMA‐bilateral insula, and SMA‐anterior cingulate cortex. Furthermore, results of the linear correlation analysis demonstrated that this increased FC was positively correlated with VAS scores, negatively correlated with Medical Outcomes Study 36‐item Short‐Form (SF‐36) scores, and not correlated with anxiety or depression scores.

Conclusions

Phantom limb pain in lower limb amputees is associated with M1/S1 cortical reorganization and altered SMA network FC in different areas of the brain, which could help to support our understanding of the central mechanism of PLP.
The Success Rate of Ultrasound‐Guided Sacroiliac Joint Steroid Injections in Sacroiliitis: Are We Getting Better?
Authors: Fouad Ahmed Zaghloul , Ayad Amany Ezzat , Tawfik Karim Alaaeldin Wagdi , Mohamed Eslam Ayman , Mansour Mohamed Ahmed
Published: November 2020

Background

The sacroiliac joint is one of the most common sources of low back pain; however, it is difficult to place the needle accurately inside the joint space without image guidance. Improvement of ultrasound technology may lead to a high success rate for intra‐articular drug deposition.

Objective

Assessment of the success rate of ultrasound‐guided intra‐articular sacroiliac joint injection.

Design

Prospective observational study.

Methodology

Ultrasound‐guided injections were performed on 34 patients suffering from sacroiliitis. After injection of the drug solution and withdrawal of the needle, an anteroposterior fluoroscopy image was obtained and recorded for the injected joint to detect whether it was predominantly intra‐articular or peri‐articular. Clinical outcome using a numeric pain rating scale as well as limitation of physical functioning measured by the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were determined.

Results

Thirty‐three injections (84.6%) were intra‐articular, while 6 injections (15.4%) were peri‐articular, as confirmed by fluoroscopy, with no statistical difference regarding clinical outcome between them. The baseline mean pain score decreased from 7.21 to 1.92 1 month after injection, and the mean ODI scores improved from 61.41% to 17.13%. Intervention was well tolerated, and 91.2% of patients were satisfied or mostly satisfied.

Conclusion

Ultrasonography provides a high success rate of intra‐articular sacroiliac joint injection as confirmed by fluoroscopy. No significant difference in clinical outcome between intra‐articular and peri‐articular injection was found.
Fundamental Yet Grounded
Authors: Giannotti Joaquim
Published: November 2020

Grounding is claimed to offer a promising characterization of the fundamental as that which is ungrounded. Detractors of this view argue that there can be fundamental and yet mutually grounded entities. Such a possibility undermines the definition of the fundamental as the ungrounded. I aim to show, however, that the possibility of fundamental mutually grounded entities does not force us to renounce the prospects of characterizing fundamentality in terms of grounding. To accomplish this aim, I defend a grounding‐based view that accommodates fundamental mutually grounded entities straightforwardly. My definition of fundamentality is similar to, but importantly different from, one that Karen Bennett discusses. I conclude by resisting two objections raised by Jessica Wilson against the Bennettian framework that also target the proposed view.
Estimates of on‐farm antimicrobial usage in broiler chicken production in the United States, 2013–2017
Authors: Singer Randall S. , Porter Leah J. , Schrag Nora F. D. , Davies Peter R. , Apley Michael D. , Bjork Kathe
Published: November 2020

Antimicrobial use is a key selective force behind the emergence of resistant bacteria. Therefore, optimizing strategies for more efficacious and targeted antimicrobial use is an essential component of efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance. To bolster stewardship programmes in animal agriculture, processes are needed for the systematic collection of on‐farm antimicrobial use data. The objective of this study was to develop a system for collecting on‐farm antimicrobial use data from the US broiler industry and to have it be representative of the largest commercial broiler producers in the United States that comprise the vast majority of national broiler production. Participation was voluntary. Data were collected for the period 2013 through 2017 and are reported on a calendar year basis. Using statistics from USDA:NASS as a denominator, the data supplied by participating companies accounted for approximately 81.7% of broiler production in the United States in 2013 and increased to approximately 87.2% in 2017. The data that were submitted for 2017 are based on approximately 7,897,339,357 chicks placed, 7,541,449,430 chickens slaughtered and 48,225,124,865 pounds liveweight produced. The use of antimicrobials in the hatchery decreased substantially between 2013 and 2017; the approximate percentage of broiler chicks placed that received hatchery antimicrobials decreased from 93% in 2013 to 17% in 2017. Medically important in‐feed antimicrobial use decreased substantially. For example, in‐feed tetracycline use decreased approximately 95% between 2013 and 2017. Medically important water‐soluble antimicrobial use decreased substantially for most antimicrobials. Between 2013 and 2017, water‐soluble penicillin use decreased approximately 21%, water‐soluble tetracycline use decreased approximately 47%, and water‐soluble lincomycin use decreased approximately 28%. While a reduction in antimicrobial amounts used may be an important indicator of improved stewardship, reducing the need for antimicrobials through improved disease prevention should be considered a more important objective and a better indicator of overall flock health and optimal antimicrobial use.
Comparison of surveys and use records for quantifying medically important antimicrobial use in 18 U.S. beef feedyards
Authors: Hope Katie J. , Apley Michael D. , Schrag Nora F.D. , Lubbers Brian V. , Singer Randall S.
Published: November 2020

The objective of this study was to evaluate agreement between medically important antimicrobial use metrics derived from in‐person surveys of feedyard management as opposed to metrics derived from production unit‐level antimicrobial use records. Survey respondents were asked to estimate values which would allow calculation of the metrics of regimens per animal year (Reg/AY) and milligrams of antimicrobial per kilogram of liveweight sold (mg/kg‐LW). At the study level, values were calculated by antimicrobial class within the use categories of in‐feed use, control of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and individual animal treatment. At the feedyard level, values were calculated by total overall use and total use within use category. Feedyard level correlation coefficients between survey and record values for total use were 0.76 (p = .0004) and 0.73 (p = .0009) for Reg/AY and mg/kg‐LW, respectively. Correlation coefficients for use category within metric ranged from 0.25 (p = .3224) to 0.65 (p = .0061). Comparing feedyard level survey and record values for total Reg/AY and mg/kg‐LW using a Wilcoxon signed‐rank test resulted in p‐values (95% CI) of 0.3247 (−1.06, 0.25) and 0.7019 (−14.49, 10.387), respectively. Evaluation of comparative rankings as total use by metric indicated that for Reg/AY, only two of the five top‐ranked feedyards were consistent between the two data sources. The relationship for mg/kg‐LW demonstrated the lowest two and highest three values were consistent between sources; however, the ranking similarities appear to markedly decline in the middle ranks. This report demonstrates that survey‐based antimicrobial use data may closely reflect summary values determined from records across multiple beef feedyards. However, individual feedyard relationships between their record and survey values vary widely and ranking by survey may lead to different conclusions as to highest and lowest use than ranking by data collected from use records.
1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 stimulates active phosphate transport but not paracellular phosphate absorption in mouse intestine
Authors: Hernando Nati , Pastor‐Arroyo Eva Maria , Marks Joanne , Schnitzbauer Udo , Knöpfel Thomas , Bürki Matthias , Bettoni Carla , Wagner Carsten A.
Published: November 2020

Key points

Intestinal absorption of phosphate proceeds via an active/transcellular route mostly mediated by NaPi‐IIb/Slc34a2 and a poorly characterized passive/paracellular pathway.

Intestinal phosphate absorption and expression of NaPi‐IIb are stimulated by 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 but whether NaPi‐IIb is the only target under hormonal control remains unknown.

We report that administration of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 to wild‐type mice resulted in the expected increase in active transport of phosphate in jejunum, without changing paracellular fluxes. Instead, the same treatment failed to alter phosphate transport in intestinal‐depleted Slc34a2‐deficient mice.

In both genotypes, 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 induced similar hyperphosphaturic responses and changes in the plasma levels of FGF23 and PTH.

While urinary phosphate loss induced by administration of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 did not alter plasma phosphate, further studies should investigate whether chronic administration would lead to phosphate imbalance in mice with reduced active intestinal absorption.

Intestinal absorption of phosphate is stimulated by 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3. At least two distinct mechanisms underlie phosphate absorption in the gut, an active transcellular transport requiring the Na+/phosphate cotransporter NaPi‐IIb/Slc34a2, and a poorly characterized paracellular passive pathway. 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 stimulates NaPi‐IIb expression and function, and loss of NaPi‐IIb reduces intestinal phosphate absorption. However, it is remains unknown whether NaPi‐IIb is the only target for hormonal regulation by 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3. Here we compared the effects of intraperitoneal administration of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 (2 days, once per day) in wild‐type and intestinal‐specific Slc34a2‐deficient mice, and analysed trans‐ vs. paracellular routes of phosphate absorption. We found that treatment stimulated active transport of phosphate only in jejunum of wild‐type mice, though NaPi‐IIb protein expression was upregulated in jejunum and ileum. In contrast, 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 administration had no effect in Slc34a2‐deficient mice, suggesting that the hormone specifically regulates NaPi‐IIb expression. In both groups, 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 elicited the expected increase of plasma fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and reduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Treatment resulted in hyperphosphaturia (and hypercalciuria) in both genotypes, though mice remained normophosphataemic. While increased intestinal absorption and higher FGF23 can trigger the hyperphosphaturic response in wild types, only higher FGF23 can explain the renal response in Slc34a2‐deficient mice. Thus, 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 stimulates intestinal phosphate absorption by acting on the active transcellular pathway mostly mediated by NaPi‐IIb while the paracellular pathway appears not to be affected.
Macroscale Modeling of Solid–Liquid Phase Change in Metal Foam/Paraffin Composite: Effects of Paraffin Density Treatment, Thermal Dispersion, and Interstitial Heat Transfer
Authors: Yao Yuanpeng , Wu Huiying
Published: November 2020

This work focuses on macroscale modeling of solid–liquid phase change in metal foam/paraffin composite (MFPC), addressing the treatment of paraffin density (under distinct paraffin filling conditions in metal foam), thermal dispersion effect, and influence of thermal diffusion-dominated interstitial heat transfer. To this end, a macroscale thermal non-equilibrium model for melting in MFPC with fluid convection is developed by employing the enthalpy-porosity technique and volume-averaging approach. Meanwhile, visualized experiments on the melting of the MFPC sample are carried out to validate the modeling results. Comparing the numerical modeling and experimental visualization results, it is found that for MFPC with an initially saturated filling condition in metal foam using solid paraffin, the varied paraffin density is preferred to be employed for developing accurate phase change model. However, for MFPC that can be just filled with liquid paraffin after melting (i.e., non-saturated filling condition using solid paraffin), the Boussinesq approximation is preferred to achieve satisfying phase change simulation. Thermal dispersion effect in MFPC is proved to be negligible, which should not be overvalued to avoid inducing physical distortions of heat transfer and fluid flow. Consideration of diffusion-dominated interstitial heat transfer in the thermal non-equilibrium model is vital to accurately capture phase interface evolutions as well as to reasonably simulate the mushy zone of paraffin, and the model only incorporating the convection-induced interstitial heat transfer will predict quite inaccurate phase change process. This study can provide useful guidance in macroscale modeling of phase change in MFPC associated with the thermal energy storage applications.
Polymer microarrays rapidly identify competitive adsorbents of virus-like particles
Authors: Blok Andrew J. , Gurnani Pratik , Xenopoulos Alex , Burroughs Laurence , Duncan Joshua , Urbanowicz Richard A. , Tsoleridis Theocharis , Müller-Kräuter Helena , Strecker Thomas , Ball Jonathan K. , Alexander Cameron , Alexander Morgan R.
Published: November 2020

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 highlights the global need for platform technologies to enable the rapid development of diagnostics, vaccines, treatments, and personal protective equipment (PPE). However, many current technologies require the detailed mechanistic knowledge of specific material-virion interactions before they can be employed, for example, to aid in the purification of vaccine components or in the design of a more effective PPE. Here, we show that an adaption of a polymer microarray method for screening bacterial-surface interactions allows for the screening of polymers for desirable material-virion interactions. Nonpathogenic virus-like particles including fluorophores are exposed to the arrays in an aqueous buffer as a simple model of virions carried to the surface in saliva/sputum. Competitive binding of Lassa and Rubella virus-like particles is measured to probe the relative binding properties of a selection of copolymers. This provides the first step in the development of a method for the discovery of novel materials with promise for viral binding, with the next being development of this method to assess absolute viral adsorption and assessment of the attenuation of the activity of live virus, which we propose would be part of a material scale up step carried out in high containment facilities, alongside the use of more complex media to represent biological fluids.
Politiques, associations et spectacles sportifs dans un « régime sultanique »: le cas de Cuba sous Batista, 1952-1958
Authors: Gounot André
Published: November 2020

La dictature qu’a imposé Fulgencio Batista à Cuba de 1952 à 1958 correspond à la catégorie bien particulière des « régimes sultaniques » si l’on suit la typologie proposée par le politiste Juan Linz. Dénués de toute idéologie mobilisatrice, ceux-ci servent avant tout les intérêts personnels du chef de l’État et de son clan. Certains de leurs traits saillants, comme le haut degré de corruption, le népotisme et le manque de professionnalisme, se dégagent clairement de l’analyse des activités de la Comisión nacional de deportes (CND) dirigée par le beau-frère de Batista. Plus près en cela d’un système autoritaire « classique », le clan au pouvoir a tenté de contrôler le mouvement sportif associatif et même de prendre en possession le Comité olympique cubain. La manière dont le mouvement sportif s’est opposé à ces tentatives témoigne de la subsistance d’une société civile intacte. Quant aux grands spectacles sportifs organisés et financés par la CND, ils n’ont guère apporté de la légitimité au gouvernement, étant trop marqués par la corruption et le dilettantisme répandus dans l’appareil d’État. Notre article reconstitue les fonctions et dysfonctionnements de la politique sportive sous Batista en s’appuyant sur de nombreux documents d’archives et des périodiques cubains, et en mettant à l’épreuve le concept de Juan Linz.
Genetic Variation in Toll-Like Receptor 5 and Colonization with Flagellated Bacterial Vaginosis-Associated Bacteria
Authors: dela Cruz Erin J. , Fiedler Tina L. , Liu Congzhou , Munch Matthew M. , Kohler Christina M. , Oot Antoinette R. , Wallis Jacqueline M. , Wang Junhui , Frishman Anna , Garcia Kristina , Wiser Andrew , Balkus Jennifer E. , Srinivasan Sujatha , Golob Jonathan L. , Sycuro Laura K. , Marrazzo Jeanne M. , Hawn Thomas R. , Fredricks David N.
Published: November 2020

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a vaginal dysbiotic condition linked to negative gynecological and reproductive sequelae. Flagellated bacteria have been identified in women with BV, including
Mobiluncus
spp. and BV-associated bacterium-1 (BVAB1), an uncultivated, putatively flagellated species.
Unstimulated Pleural Fluid Interferon Gamma for Diagnosis of Tuberculous Pleural Effusion: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Aggarwal Ashutosh Nath , Agarwal Ritesh , Dhooria Sahajal , Prasad Kuruswamy Thurai , Sehgal Inderpaul Singh , Muthu Valliappan
Published: November 2020

Unstimulated interferon gamma may be a useful pleural fluid biomarker in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE). However, the exact threshold of pleural fluid interferon gamma and its accuracy during routine clinical decision-making is not clear.
Lymphatic Type 1 Interferon Responses Are Critical for Control of Systemic Reovirus Dissemination
Authors: Phillips Matthew B. , Dina Zita Marcelle , Howells Morgan A. , Weinkopff Tiffany , Boehme Karl W.
Published: November 2020

Type 1 interferons (IFN-1) are critical host responses to viral infection. However, the contribution of IFN-1 responses to control of viruses in specific cell and tissue types is not fully defined.
Burned-out testicular germ cell tumour presenting as acute inferior vena cava syndrome
Authors: de Souza Peter , So Chun Wah , Batura Deepak , Gayed Wade , Vrentzou Eirini
Published: November 2020

Germ cell tumours (GCT) are the most common testicular neoplasms, seen mainly in young adults. Rarely they can affect extragonadal tissues, either as primary tumours or as metastases, most commonly to retroperitoneal lymph nodes. A ‘burned-out’ testicular tumour is a metastatic GCT with a relatively occult primary testicular tumour, which has histologically spontaneously regressed. We report a case of a 26-year-old man who presented with an acute history of lower back pain and leg swelling. CT demonstrated a large retroperitoneal soft tissue mass causing right-sided hydronephrosis with inferior vena cava and iliofemoral vein thrombosis. Although clinical examination of the testis was normal, ultrasound imaging of the scrotum identified a burned-out testicular primary. Orchiectomy confirmed the diagnosis and the patient responded well to chemotherapy, with no viable residual tumour on follow-up imaging. However, despite nephrostomy insertion, a dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scan demonstrated loss of function of the right kidney after treatment.