bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical Features and Diagnosis of Hypochondriasis
Authors: Starcevic Vladan
Published: November 2023

The term “hypochondriasis” has been in use for more than 2,000 years. How ever, its meaning throughout this time has been changing (see also Chapter 1). Today, it seems more difficult to agree on the defining characteristics of hypochondriasis than on its negative interpersonal and social implications. As a result, hypochondriasis is still frequently used as a derogatory label, and not as a medical diagnosis per se.
Hypochondriasis and Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Fava Giovanni A , Mangelli Lara
Published: November 2023

In contrast to the relationship between hypochondriasis and depression, which has been the focus of physicians for centuries (Chapter 1 of this volume), an interest in the relationship of hypochondriasis to specific anxiety disorders is of relatively recent origin. This is despite the fact that the acknowledgment of the link between hypochondriasis and anxiety is not “new,” and is likely to be due to recent advances in the diagnosis and recognition of various anxiety disorders, their better differentiation, and increasingly frequent observations of a substantial overlap between hypochondriasis and some of these conditions.
Epidemiology of Hypochondriasis
Authors: Noyes Russell
Published: November 2023

Relatively little is known about the epidemiology of hypochondriasis. The reasons for this are several, but, importantly, no surveys of the general population have been completed. Consequently, data from the community concerning prevalence, risk factors, morbidity, and so on, are not available, and information from clinical samples may be influenced by selection bias. The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study and the National Comorbidity Survey failed to include hypochondriasis.
Hypochondriasis in Primary Care
Authors: Kirmayer Laurence J , Looper Karl J
Published: November 2023

Ms. A, a 46-year-old single clerical worker who lives with and cares for her disabled mother, presented to a community walk-in clinic with concern about a 2 cm bruise on her left hand. She did not know how she had received the bruise. The clinic physician told her that it would resolve spontaneously and she was offered no follow-up. She returned 2 days later, however, with the complaint that “my left arm is not right.” She explained that in the past week she had had the feeling that her left arm felt different than usual, and was slightly swollen. Six months earlier she had had an episode of chest pain.
Attending Walt Whitman High: The Lessons of Pomo Afro Homos’ Dark Fruit
Authors: Plum Jay
Published: November 2023

Pomo Afro Homos (Postmodern African American Homosexuals) was a San Francisco–based performance group founded in November 1990 by Brian Freeman, Djola Bernard Branner, and Eric Gupton. The three performers met as part of the support group Black Gay Men United. Among its twenty some members was the late filmmaker Marlon Riggs, whose 1991 film, Tongues Untied (in which Branner appeared and for which Freeman served as executive producer), inspired the trio to form a company. In January 1991, the Pornos debuted Fierce Love: Stories from Black Gay Life at Josie’s Cabaret and Juice Joint, a performance space located in San Francisco’s Castro District that is well-known for producing queer work. That year, the production traveled to Seattle, Chicago, and Los Angeles before the group received an invitation from George C. Wolfe to appear as part of Moving beyond the Margins: A Festival of New Voices at the Joseph Papp Public Theater in New York. Dark Fruit, the group’s second and only other collaboration, received a workshop production at the Public on 14 December 1991. Fierce Love and Dark Fruit subsequently toured in repertory throughout the United States and Great Britain over the course of the next four years. Marvin K. White joined the company in 1993 during Gupton’s brief sabbatical. The group officially disbanded in 1995 to pursue individual projects.1
Products
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith
Published: November 2023

If the genius of modern European civilization is largely defined by such creators as Newton, Shakespeare, Michelangelo, and Beethoven, so are these geniuses themselves mostly defined by the creative products on which their respective reputations are founded. Take away the Principia, the Opticks, and the mathematical essays, and Newton would become just a paranoid and emotionally volatile aficionado of alchemy and esoteric biblical exegesis. If it is ever proven that Shakespeare was, not the true author of the plays and poems currently attached to his name, all that would remain would be a meager residual of mundane facts about an obscure Elizabethan actor. If all of Michelangelo’s artistic and architectural achievements were destroyed in some tragic holocaust, there would survive only a minor writer of Italian sonnets. And Beethoven, in the absence of his concert, chamber, church, and theater compositions, would become a once promising piano virtuoso sadly reduced by progressive deafness to an impoverished alcoholic.
Satan And Perpendicular Worlds
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

You and Sally are traveling in your car toward the White House. Snow continues to fall, and the asphalt roads start to break up. Soon sand begins to cover vast stretches of road.

You turn to Sally. “Sorry for the scare with the guinea pigs. I believe the Omegamorphs keep them as pets. The 4-D pigs seem to like the taste of breakfast cereals that I place in the jars every now and then.”

Sally stares at you. “You mean they just materialize in your jars for treats. That’ s nuts.”

You shake your head. “Haven’ t you ever wondered why breakfast cereals come in such big boxes and when you open brand-new boxes some of the cereal seems to have been removed? Sure, the cereal manufacturers tell you that the packages are sold by weight, not volume, and that the cereal settles over time. But the manufacturers are merely hiding the fact that the 4-D guinea pigs have entered the cereal boxes without breaking the cardboard ”
Mirror Worlds
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

You look out the window. The rain has stopped. “Let’ s continue our discussion in the fresh air,” you say to Sally. “I’ m in the mood for river sights.” You carry a bag with props that will be useful later in your lessons.

Third Street winds downhill-past Leo’ s Pizza and Pasta, past life-size holograms of Clinton, Reagan, and Carter-following the kinks and bends of the Potomac River. The buildings are set well back from the streets and it isn’ t until you get nearer to the water that you see a considerable number of people. Hundreds. The nearby avenues are themselves very busy with endless streams of noisy taxis. A few joggers pass-no matter how swiftly they run, they are constrained to the asphalt and concrete and probably always would be. Would they want to experience, as you do, a jog into the fourth dimension?
Appraisal Theory Overview, Assumptions, Varieties, Controversies
Authors: Roseman Ira J , Smith Craig A
Published: November 2023

What is appraisal theory? In simplest form, its essence is the claim that emotions are elicited by evaluations (appraisals) of events and situations. For example, sadness felt when a romantic relationship ends may be elicited by the appraisals that something desired has been lost, with certainty, and cannot be recovered (Roseman, 1984; see, e.g., Frijda, 1986; Oatley & Johnson-Laird, 1987; Scherer, 1993b; Smith & Lazarus, 1993; Stein & Levine, 1987).
The Psychophysiology of Appraisals
Authors: Pecchinenda Anna
Published: November 2023

Understanding the relationship between emotional responses and physiological activity has always been an important topic for research on emotion. In the past decades researchers have tried to identify the specific patterns of autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity associated with different emotions (e.g., Ax, 1953; Ekman, Levenson, & Friesen, 1983; Levenson, Ekman, & Friesen, 1990; Stemmler, 1989). However, after the initial enthusiasm, the interest in this topic has declined, mainly because of the difficulties encountered and the lack of clear results.
Sources of Continuity and Change in Observed Temperament
Authors: Saudino Kimberly J , Cherny Stacey S
Published: November 2023

Longitudinal studies of infant temperament consistently yield moderate cross age correlations (see reviews by Hubert et al.. 1982; Salbach et al.. 1991). This finding has two important implications for developmentalists. First, there is some consistency across age for those behaviors that we define as tempera mental. Second, from an individual differences perspective, there is substantial change in temperament. That is, although age-to-age correlations have typically been interpreted in terms of stability, correlations that are less than the reliable variance of the measure reflect genuine developmental change (Clarke & Clarke, 1984). The present chapter uses developmental behavioral genetic strategies to explore genetic and environmental sources of temperamental continuity and change across the transition from infancy to early childhood.
Empathy and Prosocial Patterns in Young MZ and DZ Twins: Development and Genetic and Environmental Influences
Authors: Zahn-Waxler Carolyn , Schiro Kimberlea , Robinson Joann L , Emde Robert N , Schmitz Stephanie
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on empathic development in the second and third years of life. Patterns of heritability, continuity, and change over this time period are considered, extending earlier twin research on genetic and environmental influences (Zahn-Waxler et al., 1992b) to include later time points. In the Mac Arthur Longitudinal Twin Study, ages were chosen so as to bracket a major developmental transition from 20 to 24 months. This transition period includes marked changes in cognitive and linguistic abilities, self-regulation, reflective self-awareness and self-differentiation, the appreciation of standards, and a moral sense (Kagan & Lamb, 1987; Plomin et al., 1993; Zahn-Waxler & Radke-Yarrow, 1990). We viewed this as a unique opportunity to consider children’s patterns of caring for others in the context of these other pivotal devel opmental transformations.
Continuity and Change in General Cognitive Ability from 14 to 36 Months
Authors: Cherny Stacey S , Fulker David W , Emde Robert N , Plomin Robert , Corley Robin P , Defries John C
Published: November 2023

The Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID; Bayley, 1969) are the most widely used measurement scales of general intelligence in infancy and were the first commonly used measures nominated for a marker variable for purposes of making comparisons among longitudinal studies in early development (Bell & Hertz, 1976). However, early in the second year of life, tests of general cognitive ability, such as the BSID, are only moderately predictive of later general intelligence (e.g., Cherny et al., 1995; Wilson, 1983). Thus, there are both continuities and discontinuities from infancy onward in the development of general cognitive ability.
An Experiment in Collaborative Science
Authors: Plomin Robert , Emde Robert N , Hewitt John K , Kagan Jerome , Defries John C
Published: November 2023

This book celebrates the success of an experiment in collaborative science. The MacArthur Longitudinal Twin Study brought together some key developmental psychologists and behavioral geneticists and gave them the opportunity to discuss the difficult issues of individual differences and nature and nurture, not just in the abstract, but in the concrete context of planning a collaborative study that integrated their diverse interests and expertise. Al though there was friction along the way, the sparks produced by this collaborative culture were in the end channeled into producing a unique multivariate longitudinal twin study that focused on development during the critical but neglected second year of life.
Studying Attention Shifts With Location Cueing
Authors: Wright Richard D , Ward Lawrence M
Published: November 2023

Helmholtz demonstrated that focused attention can be shifted voluntarily and independently of eye position. He also suggested that shifting focused attention to a particular region in the visual field can increase the eﬃciency of analysis of the items located there. With respect to the study of attention, the importance of this finding cannot be overstated. One challenge facing researchers who systematically studied Helmholtz’s finding was the need to develop a procedure that gave them some control over subjects’ attention shifts. Keep in mind that in his demonstration, Helmholtz himself was the observer and he therefore had complete control over changes in his attentional state while performing the task. Unlike Helmholtz, experimental subjects are typically not as motivated to perform to the best of their ability. 7us, researchers needed a procedure that allowed them to know where subjects covertly shift their attention to, and when these shifts occur. Different methods for doing this have been developed, and they usually involve presenting some form of location cue about the impending target.
Epilogue
Authors: Wright Richard D , Ward Lawrence M
Published: November 2023

Helmholtz’s 19th-century foundational demonstration that attention can be shifted independently of ocular gaze influenced, to a great degree, the contemporary study of attention shifts now known as covert orienting. Posner is credited with developing the location-cueing task best suited for studying it, and so many researchers have used a variant of this method that it is often referred to simply as the “Posner task.” Its simplicity and flexibility preserve links with neuroscience research because it can be performed by animals and by brain-injured patients. The task has also been used to show that attention can be shifted crossmodally between all possible cue-target pairings of visual, auditory, and tactile stimuli.
Winds From Main-Sequence And Post-Main-Sequence Stars
Authors: Hartquist T W , Dyson J E , Ruffle D P
Published: November 2023

Winds of LMYSOs are driven by the rotation of magnetized material (cf. section 5.6). A number of other mechanisms can also drive mass loss. This chapter contains treatments of the mechanisms causing mass loss from stars that have evolved beyond infancy. The concept of the escape speed was used in section 4.2. The square of the escape speed from a body is approximately equal to the product of its mass with the universal gravitational constant, G, divided by the distance from the center of the object. Generally the mechanisms driving mass loss from objects result in outflows having speeds of about two to three times the escape speeds from the objects’ surfaces. Thus, the mechanisms are fairly energy efficient in the sense that each uses only a few times more than the minimum energy required to cause material to escape.
The Trivers-Willard Effect
Authors: Trivers Robert
Published: November 2023

Dan Willard was a graduate student in mathematics at Harvard University, and he wanted to meet some women. There were very few women in math-ematics at Harvard in those days (1970), so Dan started to prowl the halls in search of courses with more agreeable sex ratios. He soon found one in Professor Devore’s renowned primate behavior course. This course attracted almost three hundred students each year, about two-thirds of them women. Dan developed an interest in primate behavior. I was a graduate teaching assistant in Professor Devore’s course, and my duties included giving a few lectures to the class. One lecture was on the sex ratio at birth, and another one was on the logic of mate choice. Dan Willard put pieces of the two lectures together and came up with a brand new argument for adaptive variation in the sex ratio at birth.
Taphonomy of the Swartkrans Hominid Postcrania and Its Bearing on Issues of Meat-Eating and Fire Management
Authors: Pickering Travis R
Published: November 2023

The Plio-Pleistocene cave site of Swartkrans (Gauteng, South Africa) has long been a valuable source for evidence of early hominid evolution and behavior. Most recently, the meticulous excavations and analyses of Swartkrans fossils under the direction of C. K. Brain (1965–1986) have prompted exciting new ideas about the behavioral and technological capabilities of early hominids in South Africa (summarized in Brain 1981, 1993a, 1993b; Brain et al. 1988). Particularly, the juxtaposition of cut marked and burned bones, with stone tools and hominid fossils in Swartkrans Member 3 raises an important question. The question is whether the spatial association between stone tools, cut marked and burned bones, and the remains of hominid individuals implicates these particular individuals as the parties completely or partially responsible for these cultural traces that indicate the utilization of large mammal carcasses and a mastery of fire.
Is Meat the Hunter’s Property?: Big Game, Ownership, and Explanations of Hunting and Sharing
Authors: Hawkes Kristen
Published: November 2023

Meat plays a prominent role in popular scenarios of human evolution. One influential view depicts ancestral males hunting to feed their mates and offspring as the keystone adaptation favoring the spread of features that distinguish us from the other apes (e.g., Washburn and Lancaster 1968; Lovejoy 1981; Lancaster and Lancaster 1983; Tooby and DeVore 1987; Fisher 1992; Ridley 1996; Pinker 1997). This story of human evolution locates the origin of men’s work in paternal investment (Trivers 1972). Males in most primate species allocate their reproductive effort largely to mating competition instead of parenting. Any tendency in ancestral human males to shift effort from mating to parental provisioning could only spread if the youngsters a man fed were his own offspring.
Intragroup Resource Transfers: Comparative Evidence, Models, and Implications for Human Evolution
Authors: Winterhalder Bruce
Published: November 2023

The notion that early hominid social groups might have engaged in routine sharing of meat or other highly valued food-stuffs apparently is seen by paleoanthropologists as a bit romantic and wholly naive. The site-level empiricism that fueled Isaac’s (1978a, 1978b, 1984) promotion of the idea has given way to taphonomic caution (Binford 1985). Alternative interpretations—such as the putative living sites may have been stone caches used briefly for secondary processing of animal parts removed from kill sites (Potts 1984)—have become available. The ethnographic analogy with extant hunter-gatherers that seemed to Isaac and others to offer decisive comparative confirmation is now viewed with skepticism. Prehistorians no longer willingly suffer the “tyranny of the ethnographic record” (Wobst 1978).
Judgments Under Stress
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Judgments Under Stress presents a new and exciting approach to understanding the effects of stressful conditions on judgment and decision making -- a topic so important it was addressed in a Congressional Hearing in 1988. Consisting mainly of two parts, the book synthesizes a vast body of cognitive psychology research into an innovative theoretical framework. Part I provides the reader with background in regards to judgment under stress while Part II discusses a new approach to studying it. Author Kenneth Hammond extends his examination from the effects of stress on professional judgments to its effects on moral and political judgments, working out a conceptual framework wholly within a psychological context. The book also includes discussions on sleep deprivation, fatigue, noise, heat, shock, and time pressure. In addition to laboratory experiments, Hammond looks at real life historical events such as Iran Flight 655 and the Bay of Pigs Invasion. Judgments Under Stress provides a shrewd analysis of the effects of stress on human rationale, making it ideal for professional psychologists as well as for those interested in political science and social policy.
Two Metatheories That Control Theory and Research in Judgment and Decision Making
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Frameworks for describing a variety of theories and models are called metatheories. What is a metatheory? It is simply a means for describing and dassifying different types of theories. Classifying various theories and naming them-is useful because it enables us to see their differences in goals, and thus enables us to see why their content and their associated methodologies differ. I will put the idea of metatheories to work immediately by pointing out that two metatheories have controlled the direction of research in judgment and decision making from its beginning in the 1950s. One is named the coherence metatheory because it refers to those theories and models that are concerned with the coherence-that is, the rationality of a per son’ s judgments and decisions. Research carried out within these theories seeks to discover what factors affect whether a person’ s judgment process will meet the test of rationality, that is, logical or mathematical consistency, or in the case of a narrative, an absence of contradictions. A second metatheory controlling research in judgment and decision making is named the correspondence metatheory because it refers to those theories that are concerned with the correspondence of a judgment with the empirical facts, that is, the empirical accuracy of a judgment.
Introduction
Authors: Olsen Christopher J
Published: November 2023

It was late October, 1855, in Handsboro, Mississippi. A typical afternoon barbecue turned tense and violent when Democrat Robert Saffold drew a loaded pistol, aimed, and threatened to shoot his opponent for the state senate, prominent attorney Roderick Seal (figure 1.1). The trouble began when, along with a crowd of several hundred others, Saffold and Seal listened to a speech by Know-Nothing Isaac Martin, a local Harrison County politician. In the course of his remarks, Martin claimed that President Thomas Jefferson had once directed his postmaster general to bar all foreigners from post office patronage. This order, he implied, demonstrated that the Democratic Party had discriminated against foreigners in the past, making its current complaints about the Know Nothings’ nativist platform hypocritical and dishonest.
Early Autumn
Authors: Olsen Christopher J
Published: November 2023

Between 1849 and 1851 Mississippians wrestled with a number of sectional issues: the Wilmot Proviso, California’s possible admission to the Union as a free state, and the Compromise of 1850. At first uniting men across party lines, these problems ultimately divided the state’s voters into new factions supporting or opposing the compromise and culminated in a convention to consider secession. Throughout the long controversy, men’s behaviour and rhetoric exemplified the foremost qualities of Mississippi’s antebellum political culture. First, it betrayed voters’ feeble attachment to the Whig and Democratic parties as thousands of men discarded their former affiliations in favor of new ones. The 1851 contests at every level evinced an energy and intensity far greater than earlier contests between the two old parties. Second, the nearly two-year-long debate—really one uninterrupted political season—revealed a common.
Valediction
Authors: Olsen Christopher J
Published: November 2023

After 1855 the nascent institutional parties spawned by the Know-Nothings’ oaths and organization withered. Voters reaffirmed their primary commitment to personal relationships, ensuring that Mississippi’s antiparty tradition would continue to define its political culture. At least one perceptive editor recognized the potential consequences of this antiparty “if,aw”: “So long as the Convention [or party] system is [accepted], the candidate loses sight of himself and becomes the mere representative or exponent of a class of principles.” If one loses, it is with the “honors of party” and “there is nothing personal in his defeat or triumph.” But, the editor concluded, when candidates are separated from the institutional context of parties, “all is personal, nothing but personal, and it is a miracle if it terminates otherwise than in hostilities.”
Issues in the Study of Scrambling
Authors: Kidwai Ayesha
Published: November 2023

This book investigates the syntactic and interpretive properties of the leftward argument scrambling operation in Hindi-Urdu,1 and through it, the status of derived XP-adjunction in the model of Universal Grammar (UG) conceived of in the minimalist program (Chomsky 1992, 1993, 1995, Chomsky and Lasnik 1993). The study of argument scrambling has, over the past decade or so, made this leap from empirical fact to theoretical conjecture quite distinctly its own, mainly because the (leftward) argument scrambling operation crosslinguistically exhibits a puzzling variety of properties that resist description in more traditional terms of reference.
The Structure of the UG Clause
Authors: Kidwai Ayesha
Published: November 2023

Inquiry in recent years into the architecture of the UG clause has yielded quite fruitful results. Since Chomsky (1989), structural Case and verb agreement is considered to be a reflex of the configuring of an argument and the verb in a SPEC-head relationship, now assumed to be effected via a checking relation in the universal clause structure as presented in example (2) of chapter 2. This chapter investigates the validity of this UG clause structure and the attendant assumption that Case can only be checked from a position narrowly L-related to an L-related head. Specifically, I argue that considerations of data and theory require the relocation of the AGR-oP projection to a position internal to VP as in (1), and that indirect objects check structural dative Case from a position broadly L-related to this VP-internal AGR-o.
Scrambling, Focus, and Specificity
Authors: Kidwai Ayesha
Published: November 2023

The theories of binding and coreference developed in the previous chapter suggest a way in which the binding-theoretic challenges to an analysis of scrambling as XP-adjunction may be tackled. Although this is an obvious step forward in the study of the phenomenon, it still remains to be shown why scrambling takes place at all and why it must necessarily be an overt phenomenon. If standard approaches to the phenomenon are to be believed, then scrambling is both an entirely optional and a semantically vacuous operation, but such a characterization of the phenomenon is simply inadequate from the perspective of minimalism.
“A Moralist in Disguise”: Mark Twain and American Religion
Authors: Bush Harold K
Published: November 2023

Around the summer of 1874, Mark Twain rapidly read and digested W E. H. Lecky’s History of European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne(1869), writing the following in the margins: “If I have understood this book aright, it proves two things beyond shadow or question: I: That Christianity is the very invention of Hell itself; 2 & that Christianity is the most precious and elevating and ennobling boon ever vouchsafed to the world.” The first half of this inscription constitutes by far the most popular critical approach to Twain’s treatment of religion: he mocked and ridiculed it. However, much less has been said about Twain’s affinities for and his deep attractions to the “invisible domains” of faith, as signified by the second half of the inscription. This attraction can be seen throughout Twain’s life, from his highly religious courting letters to Livy, to his close friendships with clergymen (especially the Rev. Joseph Twichell), his regular attendance and charitable giving to Twichell’s Asylum Hill Congregational Church, and more generally to his lifelong championing of moral causes and his cagey deployment of Christian rhetoric.
Mark Twain and Social Class
Authors: Weir Robert E
Published: November 2023

Two homes that sheltered Twain reflect the social, intellectual, and material worlds that he sought his entire life to reconcile. The white clapboard two-story frame house at 208 Hill Street, Hannibal, Missouri—Twain's boyhood home—bespeaks modesty.
Aging, Intimate Relationships, and Life Story among Gay Men
Authors: Cohler Bertram J , Hostetler Andrew J
Published: November 2023

editors’ introduction This essay by Cobler and Hostetler is the first of three sets of case studies that show the way people’s lives take shape and how their histories help decide what matters to them as they enter later life. In this essay and in the two autobiographical accounts that follow we can see how people express what they find important in life in the direction their lives take, even as their attention is absorbed by day-to-day challenges. They make known their values and goals not in declarations but in the relationships they establish, the decisions they make, and the lives they fashion.
Spidery Math
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Dr. Googol has always been interested in spiderwebs, and he continually searches for beautiful specimens throughout the world. Spiderwebs come in all shapes, sizes, and orientations. The largest of all webs are the aerial ones spun by tropical orb weavers of the genus Nephila—they can grow up to 18 feet in circumference! Spiders sometimes make mistakes. Researchers have found that spiders under the influence of mind-altering drugs spin abnormal webs. Marijuana, for example, causes spiders to leave large spaces between the framework threads and inner spirals. Spiders on benzedrine produce an erratic, seemingly unfinished web, and caffeine leads to haphazardly spun threads.
The Fractal Overdrive
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Dr. Googol belongs to a group of mathematicians who meet each month in a secret club. Status in their Fractal Society is based on the prowess with which an individual plays mathematical games and proves mathematical theorems. The center of such activity is a building called the Imaginarium, which is shaped like a Mandelbrot set. There are various pleasurable rewards bestowed upon club members in proportion to the novelty of theorems they solve. Dr. Googol’s favorite society game is called Fractal Fantasies.
Satanic Cycles
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Dr. Googol brought a large unicycle to his classroom and started riding up and down the aisles. “Sir,” said a student after several minutes, “why are you doing this?”Dr. Googol hopped off the unicycle. “Why? I’ll tell you why. Listen to my tale about a demon bicyclist riding through the burning depths of Hell.”
Persistence
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Dr. Googol once lectured during a summer session at Harvard University. As he looked over his class of eager postdoctoral students, he smiled at Monica, his best pupil. Dr. Googol started by drawing on the blackboard: He turned back to the class. “Can anyone tell me how the following sequence arises?”Monica instantly stuck up her hand. “Sir, in ‘969, 486, 192, 18, 8’ each term is the product of the digits of the previous term.”
The Spring of Khosrow Carpet
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

The merchant told Dr. Googol that the carpet was called the Spring Carpet because it represented, in silk, gold, silver, and jewels, the blossoming splendor of spring. It was also called the Winter Carpet because it was used in bad weather, when real gardens were unavailable. In this way, it symbolized the king’s power to command the return of the seasons.
The Omega Prism
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

On a cool night in November, Dr. Googol sees a streaking across the sky. After a few minutes, there is a glowing in a nearby cornfield. Upon closer inspection, he finds an object resembling a Rubik’s cube protruding from the ground.
1,OO1 Scheherazades
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

The question “What is the Arabian Nights factorial?” is from a collection of thousands compiled by Chris Cole, the editor of the rec.puzzles frequently asked questions list.
l±l-Numbers from Los Alamos
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

L. Kerry Mitchell, an aerospace engineer at the NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia, suggested to Dr. Googol the concept of modified U-numbers, or ⊗-numbers. In these cases, addition is replaced by multiplication in the definition of U-numbers. Starting with 2 numbers greater than 1, continue the sequence with those numbers that can be written only in 1 way as the product of 2 previous elements.
Jacksonian Epilepsy
Authors: York George K , Koehler Peter J
Published: November 2023

The name of John Hughlings Jackson is associated with a form of focal seizure featuring the march of ictal movements through one side of the body, commonly beginning in the thumb. Hughlings Jackson also made important observations on aphasia and developed a theory of evolutionary neurophysiology which formed the basis of a practical model of bedside cerebral localization used in neurology and psychiatry. John HughlingsJackson was born in Green Hammerton, Yorkshire, on 4 April 1835, the youngest of five children. His father, Samuel Jackson, was a prosperous farmer and brewer who later suffered a severe financial crisis. His mother, Sarah Hughlings, was of Welsh descent. John Hughlings Jackson attended provincial schools in Green Hammerton and Nailsworth, Gloucestershire. At the age of 15 he was apprenticed to William Anderson, a physician in the city of York. After two years, he entered the York Medical School, where Anderson taught obstetrics.
The Reflexes Of Hoffmann, Tromner, And Mayer
Authors: Krouwer Hendril<us G J , Barkhaus Paul E , Antuono Piero G
Published: November 2023

The clinical neurological examination played a key role in the evaluation of the patient in the era preceding high-technology medicine. In contemporary medical practice, laboratory tests and imaging are given greater weight in diagnostic decision making. Therefore the clinical neurological examination has lost ground as the primary tool in clinical localization and in the problem-solving process. The seemingly obsessive and eccentric pursuit of reflexes by early clinicians can be understood through an appreciation of the historical perspective of lack of technology and much greater reliance on bedside skills.
Jendrassik’S Maneuver
Authors: Stam Jan
Published: November 2023

Erno (Ernst) Jendrassik (1858-1921) was 24 years old when he wrote his first paper on the tendon reflexes.1 At that time (1883) he worked as a resident in internal medicine in Budapest, as he remained two years later, when he wrote about the maneuver that would immortalize his name in neurology. Jendrassik was born in 1858 in Cluj in Transylvania, Romania (at that time called Kolozsvar in Hungarian), where his father was professor of theoretical medicine. In 1860, when Erno was two years old, his father was appointed professor of physiology at the University of Budapest. At age 22, in 1880, Erno was graduated as a medical doctor. In 1884 and 1885, at the Salpetriere, directed by Charcot (1825-1893), he worked with Pierre Marie (1852-1940) on cerebral hemiatrophy. Their collaboration resulted in an influential paper3 and in lifelong friendship.
Wernicke’S Aphasia
Authors: Dalman Annelies J E , Eling Paul
Published: November 2023

Carl Wernicke was born on 15 May 1848 in Tarnowitz, Upper Silesia.1•2 His father worked as a secretary of a mining company’s main administration. Wernicke’s childhood was not easy; there were constant worries about money and he suffered from poor health. He attended the Gymnasia in Oppeln and Breslau. Subsequently, he studied medicine at the University of Breslau and took the doctoral degree in 1870. He spent six months as assistant to the ophthalmologist R. F. Foerster (1825-1902), not to be confused with the neurologist and neurosurgeon Otfrid Foerster (1873-1941), one ofWernicke’s students. During the Franco-German War of 1870-1871, he assisted a surgeon named Fischer on the battlefields. After the war he became a registrar at the All Saints Hospital in Breslau, where Heinrich Neumann acted as his superior.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Authors: Poser Charles M , Bruyn George W
Published: November 2023

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is one of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) characterized clinically by the triad of rapidly devastating dementia, pyramidal and extrapyramidal disease with myoclonus, and triphasic discharges in the electroencephalogram. The pathologic hallmarks are neuronal loss, spongy changes in the gray matter, and an astrocytic response. It has been argued by a number of authors, most convincingly by Walter Kirschbaum,1 a student of Alfons Maria Jakob, and by F. Katscher,2 that the correct eponymous designation should be Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease. There is now a majority view that it was indeed Jakob who first described this disease. Kirschbaum titled his 1968 book Jakob-Creutzfeldt Disease, despite the fact that in 1922 the foremost German neuropathologist, Walther Spielmeyer,3 had given precedence to his erstwhile student Creutzfeldt. The CJD eponym continues to be so widely used that any attempt to redress a slight to the memory of Alfons Jakob seems futile. Consequently, we use CJD in this essay.
Acquired Dyslexia
Authors: Coslett H Branch
Published: November 2023

Unlike the ability to speak, which has presumably evolved over hundreds of thousands of years, the ability to read is a relatively recent development that is dependent upon both the capacity to process complex visual stimuli and the ability to engage phonologic, syntactic, and other language capacities. Perhaps as a consequence of the wide range of cognitive operations required, reading is compromised in many patients with cerebral lesions, particularly those involving the left hemisphere. The resultant reading impairments, or acquired dyslexias, take many different forms, reflecting the breakdown of specific aspects of the reading process. In this chapter, we briefly review the history of the study of acquired dyslexia and discuss a model of the processes involved in normal reading. Specific syndromes of acquired dyxlexia are discussed. We also briefly discuss connectionist accounts of reading and the anatomic basis of reading as revealed by re- cent functional imaging studies. Lastly, the clinical assessment of reading and attempts at reading remediation are briefly described.
The Frontal Lobes
Authors: Damasio Antonio R , Anderson Steven W
Published: November 2023

Although this is a time of unprecedented progress in cognitive neuroscience, clinicians who evaluate and treat frontal lobe dysfunction still face many of the frustrations encountered by prior generations. Damage to the frontal lobes can disrupt in various ways a set of very complex neuroanatomical and functional systems, which for the most part remain incompletely understood. The frontal lobes make up over one-third of the human cerebral cortex and have diverse anatomical units, each with distinct connections to other cortical and subcortical regions and to each other. Although we have made progress in elucidating the connectional pattern and physiology of some of its subregions in nonhuman primates (see below), we have not had a means to map the equivalent complexity in the human brain. Paralleling the challenges presented by the anatomical complexity of the frontal lobes are those which stem from the nature of the signs and symptoms of frontal damage, since they do not lend themselves easily to quantitative analysis in a laboratory setting. Nonetheless, new findings on frontal lobe dysfunction are appearing regularly, and have provided support for some long-held suppositions as well as new ideas regarding the operations of the frontal lobes. The central role of the frontal lobes in higher cognitive activities is not in question, and there is growing evidence that frontal dysfunction may contribute to certain psychiatric disorders.
A C’ontest of Resolve
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

In mid-june Acheson set out his views to the intcnkpartmcntal group on[krlin contingency planning-, prdiminary to the n:kasc of his final report at the end of the month.’ His starting-point was that the cxncisc was for rcal-”Khrushchcv meant what he said”-and that this involved “deeply the prcstig-c of the United States and perhaps its very survival.” As there was no evident political solution available, the issue was one or “US will,”and America had to be prepared to act “regardless or the opinions or our allies.” Vv’hen on 14 June Lord 1 lome t)qiressed concern that Acheson’s proposed measures would all appear rather warlike, Acheson replied that was precisely the point.
Tests and Tension
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

i\ C .NFl.:AI l!N .ASF SOON IH,V .I.Ol’FD. “[‘he Herlin issue was apparently no closer to resolution. Norhmg really had changed for \.\-’esr Herlin, except rhar its isolation was more complete. Khrushchev gave no grounds for assuming that the wall had resolved anything other than the inuncdiatc probkm of mass ddcction. He was not about to admit that it was an alternative to a scpar:itc pc::ice tn:::ity.1 So by the time the Ilcrlin Steering Croup met on 17 August, the mood was far kss relaxed :rnd much more alive to the danger, :ls .i\1cNanura put it, that “this nloc :iction might portend a speed-up of Khrushchev’s schedule:.” The conclusion: “lOJur own military preparations should be hastened accordingly.” Though there was some disagreement with his diagnosis, there was none with his pre scription. Kennedy was now coming around to the view that “the Com munists in Fast Herlin might become ‘dizzy with success’ and act rashly.”
Back to Square One
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

As tiie standing group decided against a diplomatic initiative on n April. its llllrnlwrs Wl.H: still short of alternatives. Unkss something was done, Castro’s position would only improve, and so .i\1cNamara argued for going back to the old Pentagon policy of “creating such a situation of dissidence within Cuba as to allow the U.S. to use force in support of anti-Castro forces without leading to retaliation by the USSR on the \;Vest.” The attorney general moved things along by proposing three studies: how the United States might respond to specific contingencies, including the death or Castro or the shooting down or a U-2, how to overthrow Castro in eighteen months; and how “to cause as much ffot1ble as we can ror Communist Cuba during the ne.,t eighteen months.”1
Decisions
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

If the taylor-rostow report had been intended to galvanize the American government into action, initially it seemed to have succeeded. Momentum was building up behind a step change in the character of the American contribution to the South’s war effort.
Introduction
Authors: Şükrü Hanioğlu M
Published: November 2023

This study is about the Young Turk opposition movement against the regime of Abdülhamid II between 1902 and 1908, with particular emphasis on the Committee of Progress and Union (CPU)/Committee of Union and Progress (CUP). This story has its climax in the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, which marked a watershed in Otto man history and made a profound impact on the shaping of the modem Middle East and the Balkans.
The Reorganization of the Coalition and the Emergence of the CPU
Authors: Şükrü Hanioğlu M
Published: November 2023

In June 1905 Şûra-yz Ümmet proudly announced that the coalition had received a sum of FFr 2,000, “sent by a generous person who had combined patriotism and sublimity in his soul.”1 Shortly afterward, the same journal informed its readership of the arrest of many officials in the entourage of Yusuf İzzeddin Efendi, the second Ottoman prince in the line of succession to the throne.2 The private doctor of the prince was among those who were arrested and banished.
Reconstructing A National Identity
Authors: Rozenblit Marsha L
Published: November 2023

This book explores the impact of war and political crisis on the national identity of Jews, both in the multinational Habsburg monarchy and in the new nation-states that replaced it at the end of World War I. Jews enthusiastically supported the Austrian war effort because it allowed them to assert their Austrian loyalties and Jewish solidarity at the same time. They faced a grave crisis of identity when the multinational state collapsed and they lived in nation-states mostly uncomfortable with ethnic minorities. This book raises important questions about Jewish identity and about the general nature of ethnic and national identity.
Temperament, Type A, and Motives: A Time Sampling Study
Authors: Eliasz Andrzej
Published: November 2023

Reactivity, which plays a crucial role in regulating stimulation, is one of the most important dimensions of temperament (Strelau, 1983, 1988, 1998). Strelau coined the term “reactivity” to replace the well-known Pavlovian term: “strength of excitation” (or “strength of nervous system”). This dimension includes such characteristics as sensitivity to weak stimuli and endurance against strong stimuli. The more reactive individuals are, the more sensitive they are to weak stimuli and the less resistant to strong ones. It means that “high-reactives” show high sensitivity and low endurance. In contrast to high-reactives, “low-reactives” are supposed to be low in sensitivity and high in endurance.1
Freedom as Moderator of the Personality-Mood Relationship
Authors: Kiss Gyoängyi B , Dornai Erika , Brandstaätter Hermann
Published: November 2023

The striving for and experience of freedom are of central importance in human life. Our concern here is not freedom as a characteristic of a social (political) system or as a social value, but the experience of external and internal freedom in the natural surroundings of everyday life. There are situations that offer little restraint, in terms of both physical obstacles and social pressures. In such a situation a person experiences external freedom: If one wanted to, one could leave the situation or do something different within the situation without an effort to overcome physical obstacles and/or without being blamed (punished) by social agents. Thus, the concept of external freedom implies both being able and being allowed to do what one wants to do. There are, on the other hand, situations or activities that one can leave or change without acting against one’s personal norms, and feeling guilty. In this case we speak of internal freedom. In this sense, a person, even if experiencing an irresistible impulse to act in a certain way, is internally free to act if the desire is fully compatible with his or her values, that is, if he or she does not have to overcome anticipated feelings of guilt.
Stopping the “Madness” Positive Psychology and the Deconstruction of the Illness Ideology and the DSM
Authors: Maddux James E
Published: November 2023

The short history of clinical psychology suggests, however, that any such change will not come easily. The field began with the founding of the first “psychological clinic” in 1896 at the University of Pennsylvania by Lightner Witmer (Reisman, 1991). Witmer and the other early clinical psychologists worked primarily with children who had learning or school problems— not with “patients” with “mental disorders” (Reisman, 1991; Routh, 2000). Thus, they were influenced more by psychometric theory and its attendant emphasis on careful measurement than by psychoanalytic theory and its emphasis on psychopathology. Following Freud’s visit to Clark University in 1909, however, psychoanalysis and its derivatives soon came to dominate not only psychiatry but also clinical psychology (Barone, Maddux, & Snyder, 1997; Korchin, 1976).
Widening the Diagnostic Focus A Case for Including Human Strengths and Environmental Resources
Authors: Wright Beatrice A , Lopez Shane J
Published: November 2023

The problem of labeling always will be a problem. This assertion embraces two quite different meanings of the word problem. In the first instance, the problem refers to perplexing questions proposed for investigation and academic discussion. In the second instance, the reference is to problems that add to disadvantagement caused by negative labeling.