bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of volumetric efficiency direct injection diesel engine using a Biodiesel Pertamina and D70J30
Authors: Duling J R , Wiyogo W , Debora D
Published: March 2020

The problem of increasing scarcity of petroleum. This encourages researchers to develop alter-native fuels. This study attempts to compare and analyze the volumetric efficiency of the mixture of PER-TAMINA Biodiesel and D70J30 fuel mix (70% Biodiesel PERTAMINA and 30% Jatropha Biodiesel). The purpose of this research is to know the ratio of volumetric efficiency of fuel mixture D70J30 with PERTAMINA biodiesel in 4-stroke direct injection diesel motor, 4-cylinder engine with 2.8-liter cylinder volume, in order to find solution to improve engine performance. The method used in this study is experimental. The results showed the volumetric efficiency of diesel engines when using D70J30 mixed fuel at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% loads was 83.71%; 83.96%; 83.96%; 83.84% decreased compared to volumetric efficiency of PERTAMINA biodiesel at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% loads were 89, 5%; 89, 7%; 89, 5%; 89, 7%. The implications of the research results are the power and torque of the diesel engines are also down. In order to improve engine performance there are two ways that can be done, first fix the fuel mixture D70J30, the second modify the engine.
Selection criteria of feasibility assessment on mini hydro power plant in Batang Sumani River Solok West Sumatera
Authors: Suryadimal S , Ambiyar A , Ganefri G , Rizal F , Jalinu N
Published: March 2020

In a feasibility analysis, there are many involved factors giving influences on a feasibility decision of a hydro power plant. The research aims to assess the extent of criteria benefits obtained in running an investment business activity. Results of the assessment are used as considerations in decision making, whether it is to accept or reject a power plant investment plan. Methodology used in feasibility assessment is Analytic Hierarchy Process. AHP is a simple and flexible decision making method to deal with qualitative assessment giving integration to all expert decisions through structured linkages and by weighting on some variables giving influences on feasibility aspects, such as technical aspects and non-technical aspects through instruments that are validated by project planner party, capital and investment agency, as well as provincial energy mining office and also engineering consultant. Research benefits can minimize any undesired risks, both controllable risks and uncontrollable risks. Proposed plans will be references in running each business stage, so that there will be systematic and effective work; it also facilitates supervision and control. The conclusion leads to eight important criteria giving great determinant and priority in assessment of a feasibility preparation results, so there will be a standard and valid feasibility decision.
Determination of the parameters of diffusion and unsteady filament currents in a cylindrical chalcogenide glassy semiconductor
Authors: Sovtus N V , Mynbaev K D
Published: March 2020

For the Ge-Sb-Te system, the heat equation describing the current filament in the cylindrical semiconductor plate is approximately solved. The scale of the lateral current flowing perpendicular to the filament is estimated. It is shown that for the infinitely long times, the current in the filament is proportional to the square of the maximum temperature at the centre of the filament and inversely proportional to the applied electric field. It is established that the lateral current is small as compared to the current flowing in the filament, so the occurrence of lateral filaments growing from the main filament is unlikely.
The increase in band bending at the p-GaN(Cs) – vacuum interface due to the photoemission from surface states
Authors: Rozhkov S A , Bakin V V , Kosolobov S N , Scheibler H E , Terekhov A S
Published: March 2020

The photoelectron processes in a p-GaN(Cs) photocathode with the effective negative electron affinity were studied experimentally within the 90–295 K temperature range. It was found that the photocathode illumination at the photon energies, which are below the energy gap of the p-GaN layer, increases the band bending at a semiconductor surface due to the photoemission from surface states.
III-N heterostructures for monolithic integration of enhancement/depletion-mode high-electron-mobility transistors
Authors: Arteev D S , Sakharov A V , Nikolaev A E , Lundin W V , Tsatsulnikov A F
Published: March 2020

Simulation analysis of III-N two-dimensional electron gas-based structures that could be used for stable monolithically integrated enhancement/depletion-mode circuits was carried out. Three different designs were proposed and analysed, including a novel p-GaN/AlN-GaN SPSL/GaN, which is expected to have lower ON-state resistance and higher transconductance than conventional normally-off GaN-based transistors.
Numerical investigation of longitudinal spatial hole burning (LSHB) in high-power semiconductor lasers
Authors: Golovin V S , Gavrina P S , Romanovich D N , Slipchenko S O , Pikhtin N A
Published: March 2020

Longitudinal spatial hole burning (LSHB) and its effect on output power of broad-area semiconductor lasers are examined using one-dimensional rate equations. It is shown that direct LSHB can be separated into two mechanisms – an increase in the effective threshold current and a decrease in the output efficiency. The LSHB dependence on laser diode parameters is analysed. In particular, a large optical confinement factor Γ is shown to suppress the LSHB-induced power decrease.
High-speed photodetector with controlled relocation of carrier density peaks
Authors: Pisarenko I V , Ryndin E A
Published: March 2020

Nowadays, metal interconnections are near to the physical limit of their application in integrated circuits due to the continued scaling of transistors and an increase in the integration degree. An optoelectronic approach to the solution of this problem considers optical systems as advanced on- and inter-chip connections. Our previous papers were aimed at the development of an injection laser with a double AIIIBV heterostructure and a functionally integrated optical modulator. Owing to the principle of controlled relocation of carrier density peaks within quantum regions, the laser-modulator can generate optical signals with terahertz modulation frequencies. To detect such signals, a technologically compatible photodetector with subpicosecond response time is needed. In this paper, we propose a novel design of AIIIBV high-speed photodetector for optical interconnections in integrated circuits. It is based on the same relocation principle as the laser-modulator and includes a traditional p-i-n photosensitive junction and an orthogonal control heterostructure that displaces the peaks of electron and hole densities into special low-temperature-grown regions during the back edge of a laser pulse. We developed a numerical model of the photodetector with controlled relocation of carrier density peaks and estimated the duration of the photocurrent back edge.
Terahertz photoconductivity enhancement in graphene in magnetic fields
Authors: Baryshnikov K A , Vasilyev Yu B , Novikov S , Danilov S N , Ganichev S D
Published: March 2020

The terahertz photoconductivity of epitaxial graphene grown on a SiC substrate is studied in magnetic fields. Under a magnetic field applied perpendicular to the sample’s plane, a strong increase in the photoconductivity signal was detected due to suppression of electron-electron scattering. The photoconductivity mechanism based on the heating of electrons by terahertz radiation explains the experimental results.
The recent and future health burden of the U.S. mobile sector apportioned by source
Authors: Davidson Kenneth , Fann Neal , Zawacki Margaret , Fulcher Charles , Baker Kirk R.
Published: March 2020

Mobile sources emit particulate matter as well as precursors to particulate matter (PM2.5) and ground-level ozone, pollutants known to adversely impact human health. This study uses source-apportionment photochemical air quality modeling to estimate the health burden (expressed as incidence) of an array of PM2.5- and ozone-related adverse health impacts, including premature death, attributable to 17 mobile source sectors in the US in 2011 and 2025. Mobile sector-attributable air pollution contributes a substantial fraction of the overall pollution-related mortality burden in the U.S., accounting for about 20% of the PM2.5 and ozone-attributable deaths in 2011 (between 21 000 and 55 000 deaths, depending on the study used to derive the effect estimate). This value falls to about 13% (between 13 000 and 37 000 deaths) by 2025 due to regulatory and voluntary programs reducing emissions from mobile sources. Similar trends across all morbidity health impacts can also be observed. Emissions from on-road sources are the largest contributor to premature deaths; this is true for both 2011 (between 12 000 and 31 000 deaths) and 2025 (between 6700 and 18 000 deaths). Non-road construction engines, C3 marine engines and emissions from rail also contribute to large portions of premature deaths. Across the 17 mobile sectors modeled, the PM2.5-attributable mortality and morbidity burden falls between 2011 and 2025 for 12 sectors and increases for 5. Ozone-attributable mortality and morbidity burden increases between 2011 and 2025 for 10 sectors and falls for 7. These results extend the literature beyond generally aggregated mobile sector health burden toward a representation of highly-resolved source characterization of both current and future health burden. The quantified future mobile source health burden is a novel feature of this analysis and could prove useful for decisionmakers and affected stakeholders.
The fallout from Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident profiles a new dating reference in ice and comparison with the Chernobyl accident
Authors: Wang Feiteng , Ming Jing , Edwards Ross , Li Zhongqin , Wang Ninglian
Published: March 2020

Absolute-age dating horizons play a pillar role in the reconstruction of an ice core chronology. In the modern era, these have included the global fallout from massive volcanic eruptions, atmospheric and marine thermonuclear weapons testing and nuclear accidents. After the occurrence of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident (FDNA) on March 11 2011, the simulation of the radioactivity from the FDNA by a dispersion model (HYSPLIT) shows that the nuclides reached the study area in late March, consistent with the ground measurements in Xi’an, Lanzhou and Urumqi. To investigate the deposition of radioactivity resulting from the FDNA, we collected snowpack samples from four glaciers (i.e. Glacier No. 1, Glacier No. 72, Qiyi and Shiyi glaciers, respectively) in northwestern China and analysed them for total β activity (TBA). The measured TBA in the FDNA layers were increased by two to four times, compared with the averages in the non-FDNA layers. We revisited Glacier No. 1 in 2018 and studied a much deeper snow-pit profile for the TBA, seven years after the first-time investigation into a relatively shallow snow pit in 2011. The TBA concentrated in a dust layer and became more significant in 2018 compared to that in 2011. We compared the TBA in Glacier No. 1 with that in the Muztagata glacier from the Chernobyl accident in 1986, and the depositions of radioactivity in the two High-Asian glaciers were comparable. We conclude that the FDNA formed a distinctly new lasting reference in the snow, which could help date the snow and ice in the Northern Hemisphere.
Human influence strengthens the contrast between tropical wet and dry regions
Authors: Schurer Andrew P , Ballinger Andrew P , Friedman Andrew R , Hegerl Gabriele C
Published: March 2020

Climate models predict a strengthening contrast between wet and dry regions in the tropics and subtropics (30 °S–30 °N), and data from the latest model intercomparison project (CMIP6) support this expectation. Rainfall in ascending regions increases, and in descending regions decreases in climate models, reanalyses, and observational data. This strengthening contrast can be captured by tracking the rainfall change each month in the wettest and driest third of the tropics and subtropics combined. Since wet and dry regions are selected individually every month for each model ensemble member, and the observations, this analysis is largely unaffected by biases in location of precipitation features. Blended satellite and in situ data from 1988–2019 support the CMIP6-model-simulated tendency of sharpening contrasts between wet and dry regions, with rainfall in wet regions increasing substantially opposed by a slight decrease in dry regions. We detect the effect of external forcings on tropical and subtropical observed precipitation in wet and dry regions combined, and attribute this change for the first time to anthropogenic and natural forcings separately. Our results show that most of the observed change has been caused by increasing greenhouse gases. Natural forcings also contribute, following the drop in wet-region precipitation after the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo, while anthropogenic aerosol effects show only weak trends in tropic-wide wet and dry regions consistent with flat global aerosol forcing over the analysis period. The observed response to external forcing is significantly larger (p > 0.95) than the multi-model mean simulated response. As expected from climate models, the observed signal strengthens further when focusing on the wet tail of spatial distributions in both models and data.
Impoverishment of local wild resources in western Amazonia: a large-scale community survey of local ecological knowledge
Authors: Coomes Oliver T , Takasaki Yoshito , Abizaid Christian
Published: March 2020

A growing number of studies point to the depletion of flora and fauna along rivers of the Brazilian Amazon but the status of wild resources over large areas in Western Amazonia remains poorly known. In this paper we report on findings from the Peruvian Amazon based on the first large-scale community survey that uses local ecological knowledge to assess the presence of indicator species and expected harvest yields of game, fish and timber along four major rivers. Our findings from nearly 700 communities suggest that the forest and lakes near riverine communities have been impoverished over the past 50 years, especially of vulnerable species of high commercial value. A zone of species depletion is detected around the two major regional cities of Iquitos and Pucallpa as well as around an important oil town. Local extirpations are common though some recovery is noted for specific fish and timber species. Expected yields are falling and evidence is found for harvesting of previously non-preferred species. Newer communities face lower initial availability of wild resources and forest impoverishment is driven by market demand over subsistence needs. Our findings illustrate the value of drawing on local ecological knowledge and the importance of considering historical baseline conditions in assessments of the fate of wild resources in tropical forests.
Spatial arrangement of biogenic reefs alters boundary layer characteristics to increase risk of microplastic bioaccumulation
Authors: Lim Hyee Shynn , Fraser Alex , Knights Antony M
Published: March 2020

Microplastics are now synonymous with human impacts on the environment and as a threat to marine organisms. Numerous taxa are at risk from microplastics including commercially valuable bivalves as seafood, which are also disproportionately important as biogenic reef-forming species that enhance biodiversity such that they are commonly protected under conservation actions. As a sessile filter-feeding organism, bivalves are highly susceptible to microplastic ingestion but despite their socio-economic and ecological importance, no research has been undertaken to assess how a reef’s structural arrangement might affect plastic ingestion. Here, using a series of flume experiments, we examined how change in spatial arrangement of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, interacts with different flow speeds to effect retention of microplastic over reef surfaces and ingestion risk by individual mussels. Our results show that clumped spatial arrangements reduce boundary layer velocities, and increase turbulence, boundary layer thickness and plastic retention over reef surfaces under faster flow conditions, increasing plastic ingestion by 3-fold. Our findings suggest that the structural arrangement and rugosity of natural reef structures may create natural sinks of anthropogenic pollution, and species like Mytilus that are also important species for human consumption, while disproportionately susceptible to microplastic pollution, may be useful bioindicators of microplastic pollution.
Time evolution of entanglement negativity across a defect
Authors: Gruber Matthias , Eisler Viktor
Published: March 2020

We consider a quench in a free-fermion chain by joining two homogeneous half-chains via a defect. The time evolution of the entanglement negativity is studied between adjacent segments surrounding the defect. In case of equal initial fillings, the negativity grows logarithmically in time and essentially equals one-half of the Rényi mutual information with index α = 1/2 in the limit of large segments. In sharp contrast, in the biased case one finds a linear increase followed by the saturation at an extensive value for both quantities, which is due to the backscattering from the defect and can be reproduced in a quasiparticle picture. Furthermore, a closer inspection of the subleading corrections reveals that the negativity and the mutual information have a small but finite difference in the steady state. Finally, we also study a similar quench in the XXZ spin chain via density-matrix renormalization group methods and compare the results for the negativity to the fermionic case.
Physicochemical properties of white oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) flavouring powder
Authors: Rahmah N L , Sukardi  , Wulantiasari W , Wijayanti N
Published: March 2020

White oyster mushroom – WOM- (Pleurotus ostreatus) was only has a shelf life of 2-3 days so it needs further processing to extend its shelf life. WOM contains 41 mg of glutamic acid/g dried mushrooms. It makes WOM have a savory taste or umami. The drying process of WOM broth could affect the physicochemical properties of WOM flavouring powder. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of temperature and drying time on the physicochemical properties of WOM flavouring powder and to know the best treatment. This study used a factorial randomized block design with two factors, namely temperature (60, 70, and 80°C) and drying time (8, 10, and 12 hours). Replication was done 3 times. Data analyzed using variance analysis (α = 0.05). The drying temperature significantly affected the yield, solubility, and water content parameters but did not significantly affect the glutamate acid level while the drying time significantly affected all parameters. The best treatment of WOM flavouring powder was obtained with a drying temperature of 80°C for 8 hours with physicochemical properties are 21.30% of yield, 82.58% of solubility, 7.75% of moisture content and 621.54 ppm of glutamic acid content.
Molecular docking studies and physicochemical properties on the interaction of xanthone with whey protein (β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin)
Authors: Rahayu P P , Andriani R D , Maligan J M
Published: March 2020

Whey protein (WP) is a good encapsulating material of food applications and can act as a delivery vehicle for bioactive compounds, including xanthone. The objective of this research is to analyze the interaction of WP with xanthone using molecular modeling and investigate the effect of whey protein at different concentration of xanthone (0.025%; 0.05% and 0.1% (v/v) ) on emulsion stability, antioxidant, and chemical structure by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared). Each treatment was replicated four times. The docking studies were performed with Programme Autodock Vina PyRx 0.8. Molecular docking studies revealed that interaction of xanthone and whey protein are stabilized by hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interaction, and van der walls bond. The different concentrations of xanthone gave a highly significant effect on emulsion stability and didn’t give a significant difference between the three treatments on antioxidant activity. FTIR result showed that wave numbers 690-900 and 3010-3100 cm-1 indicate the presence of CH groups and 1500-1600 cm-1 which may indicate the presence of C = C aromatic ring groups, respectively. The highest emulsion stability was at 0.1% with 99.23%. The highest antioxidant was at 0.1% with 86.40%.
Fortification of skim milk with whey protein xanthone and its effect on antihyperglycemic activities in animal model
Authors: Andriani R D , Rahayu P P , Chairunnisa F , Wulan S N , Maligan J M
Published: March 2020

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disease characterized by the increase of blood sugar levels, due to the damage of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. DM management includes taking glucose-lowering bioactive compounds from natural products such as xanthone and its derivatives from mangosteen peel. Bioactive compounds are susceptible to degradation; therefore, it needs to be protected by whey protein. Whey protein is believed to be a delivery system or carrier in the food system by means of nanocapsules. In addition, fortification of whey protein and xanthone combined into liquid skim milk is a way to diversify dairy products for diabetics. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of fortification of skim milk with whey protein xanthone on blood glucose levels of hyperglycaemic rats. The results of in vivo study prove that xanthone from mangosteen peel extract and its combination with whey protein nor liquid skim milk significantly affects (α=0.05) the decreased level of blood glucose male Wistar rats.
Analysis and design of transparent smart contract based on blockchain technology for supply chain in “Gasol flour” industry
Authors: Kurnia E , Djatna T , Udin F
Published: March 2020

The current contract system that has been running in a supply chain is not necessarily going well. Particularly, this contract was attributed by unfairness distribution of margins in each stakeholder, which causes one of the stakeholders took place as disadvantaged ones. This challenges potentially overcame by industry 4.0 paradigm constructing a smart contract system based on blockchain technology. This study aims to analyze the task of each stakeholder to achieve a transparent smart contract system and design system for a transparent smart contract that is able to provide a fair and transparent contract for each stakeholder involved in the supply chain of “Gasol flour” industry. By the existence of a smart contract, each stakeholder visibly and determine what contracts to establish and to create with other parties a transparently. The relief method used in this research provides input in the form of features needed to make a contract system in the supply chain of “Gasol flour” industry. Furthermore, these features are selected to obtain an output in the form of contract items to display in the distributed smart contract system. The selected items are input to run IF-THEN logic on the smart contract system using the M5P Tree algorithm method. The main results of this study are to obtain features that have the most influence on a transparent smart contract system and the rule of the selected feature so that a system is able to provide a fair contract for each stakeholder established in the supply chain of “Gasol flour” industry.
Physical characteristics of edible film from modified breadfruit starch (Artocarpus atilis F.) with glycerol
Authors: Arifin H R , Indiarto R , Ciptaningtiyas D
Published: March 2020

Along with the increasing public awareness of environmental sustainability, the use of packaging that is environmentally friendly also increases. One of the research that supports it is the development of packaging such as edible film which is biodegradable from breadfruit starch. Utilization of breadfruit starch as the basic material for making an edible film is an effort in diversifying food processing. Edible films from modified breadfruit starch are considered to provide better physical characteristics of the film. The method used was an experimental method that was analyzed by the explorative description. This research consisted of 4 treatments with two repetitions and calculated the standard deviation. The results showed that the modified treatment of breadfruit starch had an influence on film color characteristics (L*, a*, b*), film thickness, and film solubility. The highest L* film color was owned by native starch treatment. The most reddish color a* film was owned by the heat-moisture treatment (HMT). The lowest color value b* is owned by the microwave heat treatment (MHT). The thinnest film thickness was owned by heat-moisture treatment and microwave heat treatment. The highest solubility was owned by microwave heat treatment.
Anti-microbial activity of the red beet extract (Beta vulgaris L.) with solvent ethanol and acid addition variation
Authors: Lembong E , Utama G L
Published: March 2020

The aim of this study was to identify the effectiveness of antimicrobial extract of red beets against E. coli and S. aureus. Extraction was carried out by maceration using ethanol solvents which added by acid variation then stored in an airtight, and light-resistant container for 24 hours at room temperature. The extraction results were then filtered using filter paper and the filtrate obtained. This filtrate was concentrated using a rotary evaporator and stored in a sealed dark bottle in the refrigerator. The research method was experimental with a total of 9 treatments and replicated (r) 2 times, data analysis was performed using descriptive methods. The treatment carried out was antimicrobial activity of red beet extract with ethanol solvent with variations of acid (citric, ascorbate and tartaric) and variations in concentration (10, 30, 50%) towards E. coli and S. aureus. The results showed that the higher concentration of the acid added increases the antimicrobial activity. Meanwhile, the use of acid variations showed tartaric acid gave the highest antimicrobial activity compared to citric acid and ascorbic acid.
Production process technology and characteristics of cassava nori
Authors: Herawati H , Kamsiati E
Published: March 2020

Nori is a snack product made from seaweed. The development of nori products from cassava leaves is done to produce snack products from highly nutritious cassava leaves. Cassava leaves have protein and vitamin C quite high content. One of the opportunities to increase the added value of cassava leaf products is by making a snack nori process. This study aims to characterize the effect of processes and formulas on the cassava products produced. The research was designed through preliminary stages and advanced research stages based on the results obtained from previous studies. In the next stage, the research was compiled using a complete randomized design, which was the optimal process combination and previous formula. Based on the results of the study, nori without using GMS has lower water content compared to other formulas. Nori without the addition of emulsifiers also had higher protein and fat content compared to other treatments which were 11.51% and 16.22%. The XRD results show that there are 2θ peaks at 20 and 35. The microstructure structure of SEM results shows sheets of film containing several granules.
Genetic relatedness of local Cronobacter sakazakii based on invasion gene ompA
Authors: Nisa R F , Dewanti-Haryadi R , Nurjanah S , Komalasari E , Rahman K P
Published: March 2020

Cronobacter sakazakii is a foodborne pathogen, one of which due to the possession of invasion gene ompA. Ten C. sakazakii previously isolated from dried foods in Indonesia were found to own the ompA gene. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic relationship among these local isolates and their similarity with C. sakazakii references based on the ompA gene. DNA isolation was carried out using Chelex, the ompA gene was amplified with PCR followed by agarose gel electrophoresis and sequencing. The sequences were subjected to contig analysis using Bioedit software, and the results were analyzed for homology by the BLAST on NCBI website. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA v.6 with the maximum-likelihood algorithm and 1000 replication bootstrap. The result shows that C. sakazakii FWHb6 and FWHd16 were in one cluster with C. sakazakii ATCC 29544 known to invade the human intestine. In general, the ompA gene of the local isolates had a close genetic relationship with C. sakazakii references. This study suggests that local C. sakazakii possess similar invasion to other C. sakazakii. This finding can contribute to Cronobacter classification.
Linking agro-industrial engineering body of knowledge with industry 4.0: A case study of agro-industrial engineering study program at IPB University
Authors: Djatna T
Published: March 2020

The emergence of Industry 4.0 paradigms has been forcing and changing the landscape aspect of engineering education, as seen in agro-industrial engineering body of knowledge (AIEBoK). These paradigms push to adapt and to prepare a new approach for curriculum content and delivery. It is urgent to re-think and redefine how to prepare a newer perspective into the three combined disciplines that form AIE-BoK, namely Industrial and system engineering, process/bioprocess engineering, and industrial environmental engineering. They should clearly intertwine their relevance in parallel with pillars of the industry 4.0. These stakeholder’s requirements are the main motivation of this work. Within Industry 4.0 vision, AIE-BoK is investigated on how disruptive technologies play a role in changes. Some issues related to how to utilize common connectivity in technology advancement and to push a relevant curriculum both content and structure are discussed. In order to construct a new map and landscape of curriculum relevancy, it continues with the discussion of how and where agro-industrial engineering education attempts to interpret new roles in industrial revolution 4.0. Along with the consideration of how this interpretation potentially changes agro-industrial products, services, and manufacturing. In closing, a discussion of how agro-industrial engineering curriculum should respond is briefly discussed.
The quality of corn milk-based cheese analogue made with virgin coconut oil as a fat substitute and with various emulsifiers
Authors: Aini N , Sumarmono J , Sustriawan B , Prihananto V , Priscillia E
Published: March 2020

Cheese analogues can be produced by modifying ingredients to produce low-fat cheese. Low-fat cheese generally has a less preferable texture and taste, so it is used as a fat substitute. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is commonly used as a fat substitute because it can reduce total cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in the blood. In this study, we aimed to: 1) determine the effect of VCO concentration on the quality of corn milk-based cheddar cheese analogue; and 2) study the effect of emulsifier type on the quality of the cheese analogue. This research used experimental methods with a randomized group design. Two factors were studied: the concentration of VCO (i.e. 15%, 20%, 25%) and type of emulsifier (Span 80, Tween 80 (1%), Span 80:Tween 80 (1:1)). The observed variables included yield, total solids, total titrated acidity, moisture content, fat content, protein content, and sensory properties. The results showed that an increase in VCO concentration of 15–25% in the cheese analogue-making process increased fat and moisture content, but reduced sensory value. The emulsifiers did not influence the physicochemical variables and sensory properties of the produced cheese analogue significantly. The best cheese analogue was produced using 25% VCO and Tween 80. The characteristics of this product were: 59.93% bb yield, 54.62% moisture content, 30.2 degrees Brix total solids, pH 5.62, 19.96% fat content, 11.51% soluble protein with colour sensory value of 3.84 (yellowish white), scent value of 4.07 (slightly typical of cheese), taste value of 5.48 (slightly salty), texture value of 2.55 (not hard) and favourite value of 4.38 (slightly favourable).
Color development and antioxidant activity in honey caramel
Authors: Rahardjo M , Sihombing M , Anggraeni M K
Published: March 2020

Honey is a kind of food that used widely in culinary and health fields. Honey contains 50.90%–53.60% of glucose and fructose. The heating process in food would slightly convert sugars in honey to caramel. In food products, the caramel was used as a flavoring and coloring agent. Sugar degradation products formed during caramelization could contribute to antioxidants activity of honey caramel. Therefore, this study aims to identify the color development in honey caramel and antioxidant activity from honey caramelization. Antioxidant activity was analyzed with DPPH and color was analyzed by chromameter. The result showed that L*, a*, and b* value decreased as the temperatures increased. The inhibition result from light caramel 12.816%, medium caramel 29.098%, and dark caramel 33.533%. The antioxidant capacity increased as the color darkened and the temperature increased. Based on correlation analysis, there was significant value 0.058, α=0.1 between a* and b* value and antioxidant activity. Blue-green low molecular weight compounds that formed during the caramelization process could contribute to dark color and antioxidant capacity in honey caramel.
Quantitative determination of quercitrin and myricitrin in three different parts of Euphorbia hirta as bioflavonoid source for functional food
Authors: Nugroho A , Heryani H , Istikowati W T
Published: March 2020

Euphorbia hirta L. is one of the potential sources for functional food material due to its sufficient biological activity coming from its active flavonoid. Quantitative analysis of its active substances using an adequate method and determining the plant part which possesses the highest yield are essential. However, there was no study reported such that information. Therefore, this study was aimed to analyze flavonoid content (quercitrin and myricitrin) of the three parts (leaf, flower, and stem) of E. hirta in order to determine the part with the highest productivity for production of bioflavonoid-rich extract. A precise and accurate HPLC quantitative analysis was performed to quantify the content of quercitrin and myricitrin in the ethanol extracts of leaves, flowers, and stems of E. hirta. The HPLC analysis showed that quercitrin and myricitrin was the most dominant flavonoid in the leaf, flower, and stem of E. hirta. The leaves exhibited the highest yield of quercitrin and myricitrin (27.55 mg/g and 8.43 mg/g, respectively). It was more than two times of the content of those substances in the flowers and stems. Thus, it can be determined that leaf was the prominent part of E. hirta, especially for the production of bioflavonoid-rich extract which can be used as a functional food active substance.
Adsorption effectivity of combined adsorbent zeolite, activated charcoal, and sand in liquid waste processing of agroindustrial laboratory
Authors: Maharani S , Nailufhar L , Sugiarti Y
Published: March 2020

The quality control laboratory of the department of agroindustrial technology produces a lot of liquid waste that has not been maximally treated. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the adsorbent in treatment wastewater by filtration and adsorption methods. Zeolite, activated charcoal, and sand, with a ratio of 1:1:1, are used as adsorbents. One liter of liquid waste was inserted into the filter and gradually repeated up to five times so that the filtrate P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5 were obtained. Liquid waste before treatment and after treatment with adsorbent was analyzed include Total dissolved solids (TDS), Total suspended solids (TSS), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), and pH. The results showed that adsorbent effectively reduced up to 40%, 80%, 58%, of TDS, TSS, and COD of liquid waste, Respectively. This adsorbent is very effective as a laboratory-scale waste treatment even though it has not met regulations.
Mapping of business potentials of Maha orange plantation using the Business Model Canvas and BCG matrix
Authors: Maha K A , Cahyandito M F , Purnomo D
Published: March 2020

This study aims to find out the business model that has been used by Maha Plantation and the business model that will be used to be able to implement strategies using what aspects need to be addressed by the internal business of Maha Plantation. The type of research used by researchers in this study is descriptive with a qualitative approach. The results of the identification of Business Model Canvas can provide the best strategy implementation according to respondents for business in each element contained in BMC. Based on the results of interviews with internal respondents and the overall respondents, the BMC that has been determined by the researchers to establish a strategy is quite good, but improvements are still needed in the future.
Evaluation types of solvents on the extraction of Bixa orellana and application of extract on a chicken sausage product as natural colour and antioxidant sources
Authors: Handayani I , Setyawati R
Published: March 2020

Bixa orellana known as annatto is often used as a natural colorant in some food industries. This pigment is potential as an antioxidant due to high levels of total phenol and carotenoid in seeds. This study aims to evaluate the effect of polarity of solvents in annatto extraction on colour and antioxidant content in the extracts as well as the application of extracts of annatto on chicken sausage products. The solvent used for extraction annatto was hexane (nonpolar), chloroform (semipolar) and ethanol (polar), and concentration of extracts used in the making of chicken sausage were 1, 2 and 3% respectively. Colour observation of extract was done visually and by using a tintometer to measuring the color components while the colour observation of chicken sausage was done using Munsell chard as well as sensory evaluation by the panelist. The antioxidant content in the extracts as well as in the chicken sausages was evaluated by measuring the total phenol and carotenoid. The result of this research shows that hexane extract had a yellow colour, which composed of red and yellow colour with intensity 9 and 37. The chloroform extract had red dense colour, which composed of red, yellow and blue with intensity 12, 4 and 6.9, respectively, while the ethanol extract had orange colour, which composed of red and yellow colour with intensity of 12, and 50. The highest content of total phenol (115 mg/g) was found in ethanol extract while the highest content of carotenoid (11.77mg/g) was produced in hexane extract. Addition of 2 % hexane extract gives the best colour on the chicken sausage, and based on the measuring with the Munsell chard was produced orange colour with hue 2.5 Y; value 7; and chrome 6, with the level of joy is like (3.8). The highest total phenol content (29.95 mg/g) was found in the chicken sausage which was added of 1% extract of hexane whereas the highest carotenoid content (16.17 ug/g) found in the chicken sausage which was added of 3 % extract of hexane.
Formula optimization of functional beverage made from Carica seeds
Authors: Erminawati  , Astuti S D , Novitasari I , Suri A
Published: March 2020

Cheese Carica fruit (Carica pubescens, Lenne) is a geographical indication product of Wonosobo District. Usually, Carica fruit is processed into cocktails before consumption. Carica seeds are one of the wastes produced from the processing of cocktails. Research on processing Carica seeds has never been done. Carica seeds can be processed into ready-to-drink beverages through the fermentation process of seeds with commercial inoculums containing microorganisms and mixing with other ingredients such as jackfruit (in the form of dried jackfruit powder). This study was aimed to 1) determine the appropriate fermentation method to produce Carica seeds with high content of phenol and antioxidants; 2) optimizing the fermentation time of Carica seeds and the proportion between Carica seeds and jackfruit to produce a beverage that has a sensory responses, i.e. overall acceptability (maximum), fruity flavor (maximum), bitter taste (minimum) and after taste (minimum); 3) examine the sensory characteristics of product with optimum formula by quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) used 15 cm unstructured scale; 4) examine the physicochemical properties of product with optimum formula. The study of determination of Carica seed fermentation methods and the physicochemical properties of the product was carried out 2 times and the data were analyzed by Ms. Excel 2010. Formula optimization was done by surface response methodology with a central composite design using Design Expert V.7 software (for trial). The sensory responses were tested by 10 trained panelists with rating method using 9 intensity scales. The results showed that: 1) Solid-state fermentation method with a proportion of 0.2% commercial inoculum resulted in Carica seed powder which had the highest phenol and antioxidant content compared to other methods (0.27 and 86.17%, respectively); 2) Formula with 0.9 of desirability value consisting of 75 hours of fermentation time, 72% of Carica seeds powder and 28% of jackfruit powder produce beverage with actual rating score (range = 1–9) of overall acceptability, fruity flavor, bitter taste, and after taste i.e 8.23, 7.76, 4.41, 3.79, respectively. Compared to control (a beverage made from 100% Carica seeds without fermentation), the optimum product has a stronger fruity flavor and sweet taste and a weaker in a bitter taste. Products with optimum formula preferred by 25 semi-trained panelists and have a higher content of antioxidant, phenol, vitamin C, sugar, potassium than control, i.e 89.21% db, 0.35% db, 135.25 mg/100 g db, 10.94% db, 90.65 ppm, and 51.66 ppm, respectively. (slightly favourable).
Optimization of the extraction process of coffee pulp as a source of antioxidant
Authors: Kusumocahyo S P , Wijaya S , Dewi A A C , Rahmawati D , Widiputri D I
Published: March 2020

Coffee pulp is a by-product of coffee cherry processing during the production of coffee beans, and is usually disposed of as waste or used as compost. The valorization of coffee pulp is very important since a large quantity of coffee pulp is produced during coffee processing. In this study, the coffee pulp was extracted using various solvents at different temperatures and times to maximize the total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of the extract. The total phenolic content was analyzed using Folin-Ciocalteu method, whereas the antioxidant activity was analyzed using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. It was found that the total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of the coffee pulp extract were strongly influenced by the extraction condition. The coffee pulp extract in powder form produced using a spray dryer also showed a high total phenolic content and a high antioxidant activity. The findings of this study showed that coffee pulp extract has great potential to be used as a source of antioxidants for various products such as foods, beverages, and herbals.
Protein isolation techniques of beans using different methods: A review
Authors: Kusumah S H , Andoyo R , Rialita T
Published: March 2020

The trend that is developing now is that more people choose to reduce their consumption of animal protein due to health reasons, and replace it with vegetable protein to meet their protein intake. Proteins obtained from beans can be separated from other components called protein concentrates and isolates. Bean protein isolation techniques can use extraction methods with acid-base solvents, salting out methods with salt solvents, and modification by enzymatic hydrolysis. This discussion is being able to clearly see the differences or similarities characteristics of bean protein isolates/concentrates by different isolation methods. The isoelectric point and protein solubility are the main concerns for maximizing the protein of the bean to be isolated. The use of protease enzymes can be useful for breaking peptide bonds so that isolate/concentrate of bean protein becomes easily digested.
Supply chain performance measurement and improvement of palm oil agroindustry: A case study at Riau and Jambi Province
Authors: Marimin  , Djatna T , Machfud  , Asrol M , Papilo P , Taufik B , Darmawan M A
Published: March 2020

Supply chain performance measurement and improvement is required to control the performance and define a strategy to improve agroindustry’s competitiveness. The objectives of the research were to identify supply chain configuration and mechanism, and to analyze the supply chain performance and define the supply chain performance improvement for palm oil agroindustry. The research was conducted at Riau Province and Jambi Province as the central palm oil production in Indonesia. The Supply Chain Operation Reference (SCOR) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) were applied to analyze the supply chain performance and the performance improvement strategies were formulated descriptively with expert discussion. The results showed that the average performance of farmers, traders and refinery at Riau Province were 77.77%, 74.60% and 79.20%. The average performance of farmers, traders and refinery at Riau Province were 72.66%, 75.39% and 83.11%. This research had succeeded to define the strategies to improve palm oil supply chains at Riau Province and Jambi Province. The strategies were focused on good agricultural and good handling practice, specifying the palm oil prices refractions based on quality and implementing the information system to improve the supply chain performance.
The shallot agro-industrial cluster based on regional characteristic with soft system methodology approach: A conceptual design
Authors: Sofiyessi E , Marimin  , Eriyatno  , Sutrisno
Published: March 2020

Un-structured problems of shallots are a result of asymmetric information along the supply chain. In recent years, shallot is strategic horticultural commodities with high price fluctuation and contributes to instability of the regional economic development. This study was conducted in Brebes District of Central Java, the biggest production centre for shallot in Indonesia. This study was used an agro-industry cluster development initiated by Bank Indonesia (BI). The main objective of this study was to describe the unstructured or ill-structure problematic situation, then formulate a strategic assumption in the development of agro-industrial cluster of shallot often involving behavioural variable and, should not addressed by hard methodologies. We proposed a solution in order solve the problems above and as a reference through the inductive process with the application of a methodological approach called Soft System Methodology (SSM). The result of the SSM is capabilities to organize consensus among the stakeholders in the scope of agro-industrial cluster of shallot by SSM as qualitative method which was combined with Interpretative Structural Modelling (ISM) also produce design functional improvement of farmers’ institution.