bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella Serotypes in Feces of Bison in North Dakota
Authors: Khaitsa Margaret L. , Kegode Redempta B. , Doetkott Dawn M.
Published: March 2023

The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of Campylobacter , Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in fecal samples from a herd of bison and determine antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of pathogens isolated. Fecal grabs were obtained from the rectum of each bison ( n =20). None of the fecal samples tested positive for E. coli O157:H7 or Campylobacter spp. Two of 20 (10%) bison fecal samples tested positive for Salmonella spp. The Salmonella isolates belonged to the serotypes Salmonella Typhimurium (Copenhagen) and Salmonella Worthington. Both isolates were resistant to the same 13 of 20 antimicrobials tested, including macrolides (erythromycin, tilmicosin, tylosin), tetracyclines (chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline), florfenicol, most sulfonamides and penicillin. S. Worthington was also resistant to ampicillin. They were susceptible to at least six antimicrobials including ceftiofur, enrofloxacin and some aminoglycosides.
Case report
Authors: Buczinski Sebastueb , Belanger Ann-Marie , Badillo Mauricio
Published: March 2023

Two heifers and one cow died shortly after calving: all three calved with the calf in posterior presentation. The first heifer was examined for recumbency and shock, and died despite therapy, while the second heifer died acutely without being examined premortem. The adult cow died from acute peritonitis three days after an uncomplicated standing left-flank cesarean-section. At necropsy, all animals had ruptured intestines and hyperacute peritonitis with digestive content free in the abdominal cavity. No signs of trauma were seen in the uterus and vagina of the two heifers. The uterine suture and uterine involution were considered normal in the cow that underwent the C-section. This is the first report of perforated intestines secondary to posterior presentation during calving without trauma of the reproductive tract. Although the precise physiopathology of this abnormality is still unknown, entrapment of the small intestine between the uterus and the pubis of the cow, and falling down during expulsion of the calf, might explain the cause.
Clinical report
Authors: Van Amstel Sarel R. , Shearer Jan K.
Published: March 2023

Thin soles have been identified as a major economic problem in large confinement dairy operations, particularly in the United States. These case studies are from two herds, one in the midwest (Herd 1) and the other in the southeast (Herd 2). Herd 1 and Herd 2 had 3,221 and 2,200 lactating cows, respectively, with records of lameness events over a 12-month period. The incidence of thin soles reported in farm records was 30.1% and 12% for Herds 1 and 2, respectively. A diagnosis of thin soles was based on criteria established in a previous study, which include a soft flexible sole on thumb pressure and a short dorsal wall (less than 3 inches; 7.5 cm). Rear feet were more commonly affected. Break or separation of the sole from the white line adjacent to zones 1 and 2 was a consistent finding in severe cases, and was termed a thin sole-induced toe ulcer (TSTU). Thin sole-induced toe ulcer lesions progressed to a subsolar abscess in zone 5, which in the worst cases progressed to septic osteitis of the third phalanx with osseous sequestration. Thin sole-induced toe ulcer is often reported as white line disease, toe abscess or sole abscess, which leads to inaccurate on-farm lesion recording and misdirected management strategies. The objective of this communication is to distinguish between laminitis-induced toe ulcer, thin sole-induced toe ulcer and white line disease. The treatment approach adopted in the study herds is discussed.
Effect of castration timing, technique, and pain management on health and performance of young feedlot bulls in Alberta
Authors: Booker Calvin W. , Abutarbush Sameeh M. , Schunicht Oliver C. , Pollock Colleen M. , Perrett Tye , Wildman Brian K. , Hannon Sherry J. , Pittman Tom J. , Jones Corey W. , Jim G. Kee , Morley Paul S.
Published: March 2023

A total of 956 feedlot bulls were randomly allocated to one of eight castration groups based on a combination of castration timing, castration technique and pain management options. Bulls castrated at allocation had a higher occurrence of undifferentiated fever (UF) (P=0.086) and a higher proportion of yield grade Canada 3 carcasses (P=0.002) than those castrated at 70 days post-allocation. Bulls castrated using a band had a lower occurrence of UF (P=0.021), improved average daily gain (live weight basis P=0.056 and carcass weight basis P=0.048), dry matter intake-to-gain ratio (live weight basis P=0.075 and carcass weight basis P=0.066), and higher proportions of quality-grade (QG) Canada Prime carcasses (P=0.018) and QG Canada A carcasses (P=0.020) than bulls castrated surgically. There were no significant (P≥0.100) differences in animal health or feedlot performance between bulls given analgesia and anesthesia and those that were not. This study suggests that band castration is superior to surgical castration, and delayed castration is beneficial in bull calves with high risk of developing UF.
Evaluating relationships among blood glucose, plasma urea nitrogen, performance, morbidity, and mortality in high-risk feedlot heifers
Authors: Donley H. J. , Reinhardt C. D. , Sindt J. J. , Montgomery S. P. , Drouillard J. S.
Published: March 2023

Two experiments were conducted using crossbred beef heifers (Exp. 1: n=332, 403 lb [183 kg] BW; Exp. 2: n=334, 456 lb [207 kg] BW) to evaluate relationships between blood glucose, plasma urea nitrogen, average daily gain (ADG), and morbidity and mortality rates. Whole blood glucose (Glc) was measured 24 hours after arrival using a handheld Glc monitor. Plasma was obtained from 179 heifers in Exp. 1 and from 334 heifers in Exp. 2 to determine concentrations of plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) and plasma Glc measured using a spectrophotometer. Heifers were placed into blood Glc categories of high (HGlc) and low (LGlc) Glc and high (HPUN) and low (LPUN) plasma urea nitrogen categories based on whether they had higher or lower levels than the mean of the group with which they arrived. In Exp. 1 ADG was lower for heifers categorized as HGlc and HPUN (P<0.05), but in Exp. 2 ADG was lower (P<0.05) for LPUN than HPUN heifers. Clinical signs (CS), first treatment, and retreatment rates were not different among groups in Exp. 1, but mortality rate was highest for HGlc (10.3 vs 6.0%; P<0.03). In Exp. 2. CS. first treatment, and retreatment rates were lower for heifers categorized as LGlc vs HGlc heifers (P<0.03). Days to first treatment were greater (P<0.05) for heifers categorized as HPUN vs LPUN heifers in Exp. 1 and 2. Elevated PUN may be an indicator of existing catabolism and stress in feedlot calves.
Magnitude and Duration of Effects of Two Corticosteroid Formulations (Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate and Phenyl Propionate; Prednisolone Acetate) on Blood Glucose, Leukocyte Values, and Milk Yield in Dairy Cows
Authors: Lima M. S. , Stilwell G. , Carolino N. , Hjerpe C. A.
Published: March 2023

The magnitude and duration of the effects of two corticosteroid formulations were determined on blood glucose and leukocyte values and milk yield in normal, lactating dairy cows. One formulation contained a combination of dexamethasone sodium phosphate and dexamethasone phenyl propionate (DEX). The other contained prednisolone acetate (PRED). Blood samples were obtained prior to and at 6, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 144 hours following administration of a single dose of DEX or PRED. Milk yield was determined for two days prior to drug administration and for seven days afterwards. Both corticosteroids caused significant increases in blood glucose values, although DEX caused significantly larger and longer lasting increases. DEX also caused significant leukocytosis and neutrophilia. PRED caused significant, very short lasting neutrophilia, but had no significant effect on total blood leukocyte values. Both drugs caused significant reductions in blood eosinophil and lymphocyte values, and significant increases in monocyte values. DEX also caused a significant, marked drop in milk production on days 1, 2, and 6, post-administration. PRED did not significantly affect milk production. Because DEX produced more dramatic and persistent changes in blood glucose values and milk production than did PRED, the authors believe that DEX is likely to be more efficacious than PRED for treating ketosis in dairy cows. Because DEX produced more dramatic and persistent effects on blood neutrophil values than PRED, it is also likely to be a better option for use as an anti-inflammatory drug.
AABP News and Conference Highlights
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Officers, district news, the annual conference, events, awards, and other news.
Efficacy of a new navel dip to prevent umbilical infection in dairy calves.
Authors: Grover Wayne M. , Godden Sandra
Published: March 2023

A field study was conducted utilizing 495 newborn calves in 13 commercial Wisconsin dairy herds to evaluate the use of a new umbilical disinfectant dip (Navel Guard (NG), Sirius Chemical Group, McDonough, GA) to prevent umbilical infections (omphalitis) as compared to control groups (CG): (1) not dipping the umbilicus at birth (CGNodip; trial conducted in two herds), (2) dipping the umbilicus with 7% tincture of iodine (CG7TI; trial conducted in seven herds), or (3) dipping with solutions containing a low concentration (0.5 to 2%) of iodine (CGILow; trial conducted in four herds). In all three trials, newborn calves were alternately assigned (every other calf) to have their navel dipped with either NG or the control article (CGNodip, CG7TI or CGILow) as soon as possible after birth. A study technician evaluated each calf's navel once per week for the first three weeks of life by measuring the diameter of the umbilical stalk and determining whether a painful response was elicited upon palpation of the umbilicus. Results indicate that Navel Guard was more effective for reducing the incidence of umbilical infections in neonatal calves compared to calves not dipped shortly after birth. The risk for umbilical infection was numerically, but not statistically, reduced in calves when the umbilicus was dipped with Navel Guard as compared to calves for which the umbilicus was dipped with 7% tincture of iodine or solutions containing low concentrations of iodine (0.5 to 2.0%).
Comparison of tilmicosin to gamithromycin for on arrival treatment of bovine respiratory disease in feeder steers
Authors: Van Donkersgoed Joyce , Merrill John K.
Published: March 2023

A trial was conducted in a commercial feedlot in western Canada using fall-placed feedlot calves at moderate risk of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) to compare the efficacy of gamithromycin to tilmicosin for metaphylactic treatment of BRD. First-pull treatment rates for BRD were significantly lower (P=0.01) in calves in the gamithromycin group than in the tilmicosin group. There were no other significant differences in health or performance between the two groups. The 6.6 percentage point difference in treatment rates for BRD equated to a net advantage of $0.03 CAN/head for those calves given gamithromycin as a metaphylactic drug on arrival compared to metaphylactic treatment with tilmicosin. Drug cost and disease risk should be carefully evaluated in each feedlot and group of incoming cattle to determine the most cost-effective metaphylaxis protocol.
Animal science and veterinary student perception of farm animal welfare practices
Authors: Cleere J. J. , Loux Shavahn , Holub Glenn , Degenhart Shannon H. , Hairgrove Tom
Published: March 2023

This study was part of a larger study conducted by Texas AgriLife Extension Service surveying livestock producers, livestock market employees, and students studying animal agriculture to determine their perceptions of animal agriculture's animal welfare practices as well as their understanding of Beef Quality Assurance (BQA). This paper focuses on students engaged in the study of production animal agriculture. To identify students' overall perception of animal welfare in production agriculture, five constructs were developed. The five constructs of animal welfare used in this study were: (1) production agriculture; (2) production methods; (3) attitudes toward animals in general; (4) attitudes toward animals in production agriculture; and (5) production practices. In addition, students were surveyed to assess their basic knowledge of BQA practices. Overall, results indicated that students felt production agriculture was doing a good job as it relates to animal welfare, with favorable attitudes toward current animal agriculture production practices. Student responses to the BQA-related questions indicated a lack of knowledge of BQA principles.
Effects of injectable fat-soluble vitamins and selenium on serum status in young beef calves
Authors: Dahlen Carl R. , Stuart Rob L. , Neville Bryan W.
Published: March 2023

Crossbred beef calves (age 3 to 20 days) were used to determine effects of injectable vitamins on serum concentrations of selenium, vitamin A (retinol), and vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol). Spring-born calves were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: (1) no treatment (Control, n=10); (2) 4 mL of a product containing selenium and vitamin E (SE, n=10); (3) 5 mL of a product containing vitamin E, vitamin A, and vitamin D (EAD, n=10); or (4) 4 mL SE and 5 mL EAD (Both, n=10). Blood samples were taken from calves immediately prior to (day 0) and 48 hours after treatment, and from their dams on day 0. Concentrations of selenium, vitamin A, and vitamin E in the dams were 112.8 ng/mL, 0.21 æg/mL, and 2.84 æg/mL, respectively. Calves administered SE (70.3 ng/mL) or Both (72.9 ng/mL) had greater (P<0.05) concentrations of selenium on day 2 compared with Control (57.2 ng/mL) or EAD (56.0 ng/mL) calves. Calves administered EAD (0.21 æg/mL) or Both (0.22 æg/mL) had greater (P<0.05) concentrations of vitamin A compared with SE (0.17 æg/mL) or Control calves (0.15 æg/mL). Calves administered EAD (13.8 æg/mL) or Both (15.0 æg/mL) had greater (P<0.05) concentrations of vitamin E compared with SE (6.2 æg/mL) or Control calves (3.4 æg/mL). Administration of injectable EAD increased serum concentration of vitamin A and vitamin E in young beef calves, whereas SE increased concentrations of selenium. Neither duration nor clinical significance of increased concentrations of vitamins and selenium were investigated.
Comparing respiratory disease treatment rates in preconditioned calves vaccinated with 4-way killed or modified-live virus vaccine
Authors: Wells Michael R.
Published: March 2023

This prospective longitudinal study was conducted in a commercial backgrounding operation to compare bovine respiratory disease (BRD) treatment rates of 2 groups of 491 lb (223 kg) preconditioned feeder calves (n=772) during 2 backgrounding periods (average 134 days). The preconditioning program was the same for both groups of calves, with the exception that 1 group was vaccinated prior to delivery with 4-way killed-virus (KV) respiratory vaccine, and the other group with 4-way modified-live virus (MLV) respiratory vaccine. Assessment of vaccine efficacy was determined by BRD treatment rates during the backgrounding periods. Results demonstrated a treatment by weight interaction, as calves at the 25th percentile of the population for initial weight and vaccinated with MLV respiratory vaccine had a significantly (P=0.03) lower treatment rate compared with calves at the 25th percentile that were vaccinated with KV vaccine. Over both backgrounding periods, 66 of 380 calves (17%) that received KV vaccine were treated for disease and 56 survived, whereas 17 of 381 calves (4%) that received MLV respiratory vaccine were treated and 9 survived. An analysis of risk factors showed that the relative risk that calves receiving KV vaccine would require treatment for BRD was 26% higher than for calves receiving MLV vaccine; that 74% fewer calves were treated for BRD when MLV vaccines were administered; and that for every 8 calves vaccinated with MLV vaccine, 1 fewer calf would require treatment for BRD than if the same number of calves were vaccinated with KV vaccine.
Growth promotant implants in suckling calves and stocker cattle
Authors: Reinhardt Chris D. , Thomson Dan U.
Published: March 2023

Growth promotant steroid implants increase average daily gain (ADG) by approximately 5% when used in suckling calves, and approximately 14% when used in stocker cattle. Implants used during the suckling or stocker phase do not affect subsequent growing or finishing performance, nor diminish the performance response to implants used during subsequent production phases. Weight added due to the use of implants is, generally speaking, cumulative over the productive life of the animal. In carcasses with a similar degree of marbling, implants do not affect tenderness or eating satisfaction of beef. Dosage of implant should be matched to the weight and age of the animal and to the level of nutrients available; that is, suckling calves should be given a mild implant approved for use in suckling calves, whereas weaned stocker calves grazing a moderate-quality and abundant-quantity forage base should be given a moderate dose implant approved for use in grazing cattle. There is a risk that implants given to replacement heifers at birth may reduce subsequent pregnancy rate; if a single estrogenic implant is provided after 1 to 3 months of age the risk is minimal. A 5% increase in ADG for calves gaining 1.88 lb (0.85 kg)/day for 100 days after implant administration through weaning equates to 9.4 additional pounds (4.26 kg) per calf for sale at weaning, which, based on a $1.82/lb market value for 500 lb (226.80 kg) calves with a 14 cent/lb slide from 500 to 600 pounds (226.80 kg to 272.16 kg), results in an additional $10.40 per calf sold at weaning.
Survey of treatment practices on Midwest dairy farms
Authors: Schuler A. M. , Rice C. , Gordon P. J.
Published: March 2023

The objective of this study was to assess current antimicrobial use practices and veterinarian involvement with these practices on upper Midwest dairy farms. Eighty-five dairy farms ranging in size from 105 to 5,400 lactating cows located in 6 states (SD, NE, IA, MN, WI, and IL) were visited by 2 veterinary students during the summer of 2015. Interns observed farm treatment practices, reviewed individual herd treatment protocols and records, and conducted a standardized survey with farm management assessing mastitis, metritis, lameness, pneumonia, heifer pneumonia, and heifer diarrhea. Results indicate the presence of written treatment protocols varied by disease type. Metritis was the most common disease for which a protocol was found on-farm (49%), followed by mastitis ( 46%), lameness (39%), adult cow pneumonia (34%), heifer pneumonia (21 %), and heifer diarrhea (19%). Ceftiofur was the most common primary antimicrobial selected for the treatment of mastitis (61 %), metritis (82%), lameness (54%), and pneumonia (72%). Thirty-nine percent of farms selected enrofloxacin as their primary antimicrobial for the treatment of calf diarrhea. This use of enrofloxacin was also the most common unapproved treatment observed in the study. Results of this study demonstrate an opportunity for veterinarians to educate producers about judicious antimicrobial use on dairy farms.
Randomized controlled trial to test the effect of on- arrival vaccination and deworming on Stocker cattle health and growth performance
Authors: Griffin Courtney M. , Scott Jenna A. , Karisch Brandi B. , Woolums Amelia R. , Blanton John R. , Kaplan Ray M. , Epperson William B. , Smith David R.
Published: March 2023

Our objective was to determine the effect of vaccination and deworming at arrival (d 0) on bovine respiratory disease (BRD) incidence, mortality, and growth of Stocker calves. Calves (n=80) were stratified by d -3 weight and fecal egg count (FEC) into 20 pens of 4 calves. Pens were randomly assigned to treatments in a 2x2 factorial design, testing d 0 vaccination (modified-live respiratory virus and clostridial vaccine, or not) and deworming (oral fenbendazole and levamisole, or not). Body weights were measured on days 0, 14,28,42, 56, 70, and 85, and FEC were measured on days -3, 28, 56, and 85. Incidence of BRD was greater for d 0 vaccination (RR=3.2), high fever (>104°F, >40°C) at d 0 (RR=6), and higher d -3 FEC (RR=1.2 per 100 epg). Mortality was greater for d 0 vaccination (OR=8.3) and high fever (OR=41.6). Growth was 10.3 lb (4.7 kg) lower for d 0 vaccination, 24 lb (11 kg) and 16 lb (7.3 kg) lower for moderate (103°F to 103.9°F; 39.4°C to 39.9°C) and high fever, respectively, and 17.6 lb (8 kg) lower for each additional BRD treatment a calf received. Deworming was neither beneficial nor detrimental to any health or performance factors. Health and growth performance of Stocker calves may be adversely affected by vaccination at arrival, higher arrival FEC, and fever at arrival.
Review of health and performance effects of bovine viral diarrhea virus and testing for persistently infected feedlot cattle
Authors: Theurer Miles E. , Fox J. Trent
Published: March 2023

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important pathogen commonly associated with bovine respiratory disease in feedlot cattle, and has varying effects on animal health and performance outcomes. The objective of this paper is to provide a review of the literature evaluating the effects of continued exposure to cattle persistently infected (PI) with BVDV, as well as testing and removing PI cattle from pen cohorts, on calf health and performance outcomes. Nine studies evaluated health and performance outcomes of cattle exposed to a PI-BVDV calf in their pen vs pens of cattle not exposed. Two additional studies evaluated the effects of testing and removal of PI animals from pens on health and performance outcomes compared to leaving a Pi-positive animal(s) in the pen with cohorts for varied periods of time. The literature evaluating the effects of testing and removing PI-BVDV calves from pen cohorts is limited, but does not suggest improvement in health and/or performance in calves by testing and removing PI-BVDV calves after arrival into the feedlot. Additional research is needed to evaluate the effect of testing and removing PI-BVDV calves prior to incorporating the practice in the field.
Influence of vaccination with a combined chemically altered/inactivated BHV-1/BVD vaccine or a modified- live BHV-1/BVD vaccine on reproductive performance in beef cows and heifers
Authors: Perry George A. , Geary Thomas W. , Walker Julie A. , Rich Jerica J. J. , Northrop Emmalee J. , Perkins Stephanie D. , Mogck Christina L. , Van Emon Megan L. , Zezeski Abby L. , Daly Russell F.
Published: March 2023

A field trial was conducted on 10 herds of previously- vaccinated cows and heifers (n=1,567) to evaluate the reproductive effects of prebreeding vaccination with either a modified-live virus (MLV) or a chemically altered/inactivated (CA/IV] BHV-1/BVDV vaccine. Animals received a single (cows) or 2 injections (heifers) of either vaccine, with the final injection between 27 and 89 days before breeding, which consisted of timed AI following a 7-d CO-Synch + CIDR synchronization. Conception rates to AI were greater in the CA/IV vaccine group compared to the MLV vaccine group (P=0.05; 60% vs 52%). Interval from vaccination with either vaccine until AI also influenced conception rates (P=0.02), with animals vaccinated 27 to 29 (52%) days or 30 to 37 (52%) days prebreeding exhibiting decreased conception rates compared to animals vaccinated 46 to 89 days prebreeding (P<0.03; 64%). There was no treatment by interval interaction (P=0.79), effect of treatment (P=0.18), or treatment by interval interaction (P=0.17) on breeding season pregnancy rates. In summary, vaccination of previously vaccinated beef cows and heifers with a MLV vaccine pre-breeding (27 to 89 d) was associated with decreased AI conception rates compared to a CA/IV vaccine.
AABP Conference (2017): Executive Vice-President's Report
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Executive Vice-President's Report given September 16, 2017 by Fred Gringrich.
Efficacy of a DNA immunostimulant for on-arrival control of bovine respiratory disease in fall-placed feedlot calves
Authors: Van Donkersgoed Joyce , Hendrick Steve , Hofstede Tamara
Published: March 2023

A randomized complete block design trial was conducted in a commercial finishing feedlot in southern Alberta, Canada using auction-market origin fall-placed steer calves (n = 5430; initial body weight 618 ± 22 lb; 280.9 ± 10.0 kg) to evaluate the comparative efficacy of on-arrival treatment with a DNA immunostimulant and tulathromycin versus tulathromycin alone for prevention of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). The addition of the DNA immunostimulant reduced first-pull treatment rates for BRD (P=0.02), case fatality rate for BRD (P=0.08), mortality rate for BRD (P=0.03), mortality rate for BRD and histophilosis (P=0.09), average daily gain (P<0.01) with dead weights included, and increased dry matter conversion (P<0.01) with dead weights included.
Case report
Authors: Hubbard Kristina J. , Woolums Amelia R. , Karisch Brandi B. , Blanton John R. , Epperson William B. , Smith David R.
Published: March 2023

Risk factors and production losses are reported for an outbreak of bovine respiratory disease (BRD] in stocker cattle in a southeastern US grass-based system. Beef calves purchased from livestock auctions arrived in 2 groups 1 week apart (n=133 and 77, respectively]. Cattle were mass- medicated with antibiotics and vaccinated 3 days after arrival, then commingled on ryegrass pasture. A daily BRD score (0-4] based on presence and severity of clinical signs was used to determine antibiotic treatment eligibility over the 150-day stocker phase. BRD morbidity and mortality were 61.9% and 12.9%, respectively. Cattle in arrival group 2 had a greater incidence density of BRD (rate ratio = 1.54,95% Cl: 1.07,2.22]. Odds for death were 5.0 times greater for cattle in arrival group 2 (95% Cl: 2.0,12.2] and 42.5 times greater for cattle diagnosed with BRD (95% Cl: 2.5,713.2]. Average daily gain was decreased 0.15 lb/day (0.07 kg/day] in cattle with BRD. Including death loss, calves with BRD gained an average of 64.1 lb (29.1 kg] less than unaffected calves over the stocker phase. Despite metaphylaxis and prompt identification of sick cattle, this BRD outbreak resulted in high morbidity, mortality, and production loss in a stocker cattle system.
randomized trial comparing effects of respiratory disease metaphylaxis with gamithromycin or ceftiofur crystalline free acid on the health, performance, and economic return of auction market-derived stocker calves backgrounded on Missouri pastures
Authors: Valencia Diana M. A. , Liebstein Martin L. , Thompson Peggy A. R. , Renter David G.
Published: March 2023

The objective was to compare gamithromycin (GAM) and ceftiofur crystalline free acid (CCFA) metaphylaxis for controlling bovine respiratory disease (BRD) impacts in auction market-derived steers. Steers (n=240; initial BW = 537.54 ± 60.61 lb [243.82 ± 27.49 kg]) were randomly allocated to 16 pastures randomized to the 2 treatment groups. Caretakers and data analyst were masked to treatments. Data were analyzed using linear models with means ( ± standard errors of means) reported. Following metaphylaxis, 16 steers (GAM, n=3; CCFA, n=13) required treatment for BRD. Mean BRD morbidity was higher (P=0.03) in the CCFA group (10.83 ± 2.84%) compared to the GAM group (2.50 ± 1.43%). Four steers in each group died or were removed from the 59-day trial due to non-BRD health reasons. Average daily gain in steers finishing the study was greater (P=0.03) in GAM (2.90 ± 0.09 lb [1.32 ± 0.04 kg]) vs CCFA (2.57 ± 0.09 lb [1.17 ± 0.04 kg]) steers. Mean net return per head for steers finishing the study was greater (P≤0.01) for GAM ($22.34 ± 6.75) vs CCFA (-$6.67 ± 6.75). Overall, steers administered GAM metaphylaxis had lower morbidity, increased weight gain, and increased net revenue, compared to those given CCFA.
efficacy of Norgestomet implants on performance and preventing pregnancy in grazing postpubertal beef heifers
Authors: Hawley Jamie , Powell Jeremy G. , Kegley Elizabeth B. , Rorie Rick W. , Taube Patrick C.
Published: March 2023

A 240-d study was conducted to assess the efficacy of long-acting, erodible implants containing Norgestomet (NOR; 11β-methyl-17α-acetoxy-19-norprogesterone) on growth performance and preventing pregnancy in grazing postpubertal beef heifers. Nonpregnant, cyclic crossbred beef heifers (n = 240) were stratified by BW (763 ± 7.5 lb [346 ± 3.40 kg]) and assigned to 80 blocks (3 heifers/block). Blocks were allocated randomly to 5 pastures (48 heifers/pasture). Heifers were assigned randomly within block to receive 1 of 3 implants (randomized complete block design) containing 0 (control), 100, or 150 mg NOR (d 0). Heifers grazed mixed fescue-bermudagrass pastures with ad libitum access to mineral-vitamin mix. Heifers were exposed to fertile bulls from d 7 to 200 (≥ 1 bull/25 heifers). Bull breeding soundness evaluations were conducted on d 0, 50, 100, and 150. Heifer BW was recorded pretreatment and on d 50, 100, 150, 200, and 240. Pregnancy was diagnosed by ultrasonography on d 50, 100, 150, 200, and 240. Orthogonal contrasts were used to assess the effects of control vs NOR (100 or 150 mg NOR) and dose efficacy (100 vs 150 mg NOR). Control heifers exhibited lower (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) when compared to heifers that received 100 or 150 mg NOR (0.84 vs 1.04 and 1.06 lb [0.38 vs 0.47 and 0.48 kg]/d, respectively). Implants did not completely eliminate pregnancy at any NOR dosage. Pregnancy rates were 90.0 (90% CI = [82.9, 94.4]), 8.9 (90% CI = [4.8, 15.8]), and 12.5% (90% CI = [7.5, 20.0]) for control, 100, or 150 mg NOR, respectively. Heifers that received 100 or 150 mg NOR experienced lower (P < 0.0001) pregnancy rates compared to control heifers. By d 150, 88.8% (71/80) of control heifers were pregnant, and 90.0% (72/80) were pregnant by d 200. Administration of 100 or 150 mg NOR prevented pregnancy in at least 92.5% of heifers for 200 d. Pregnancy rates of heifers that received 100 or 150 mg NOR were not different (P = 0.46). These data suggest that implants containing 100 or 150 mg NOR increased rate of gain and decreased pregnancy rates in grazing postpubertal beef heifers.
There Is No Monster Outside: It's A Virus! (Chinese)
Authors: Tong Fuhui , Irby Beverly , Lara-Alecio Rafael , Abdelrahman Nahed , Schiller Pam
Published: March 2023

No abstract needed.
A Short Note on Scientific Research Methodologies
Authors: Bahishti Adam A
Published: March 2023

Scientific research methodologies are critical to the advancement of scientific knowledge and the development of new theories and concepts. Researchers use a variety of methodologies to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, and answer research questions. Understanding the different research methodologies available is essential for selecting the appropriate approach to address specific research questions. This article provides a comprehensive overview of scientific research methodologies, including experimental research, observational research, survey research, case study research, and correlational research.
Indicator of thyroid hormones in newborns from mothers with diffuse-endemic goiter
Authors: Makhkamova G. T. , Turdieva Sh. T.
Published: March 2023

Introduction. Pathologies of thyroid dysfunction associated with iodine deficiency remain one of the urgent problems throughout the world and are mainly associated with natural iodine deficiency in places where about 30% of the world’s population lives.

Objective. Study of the dynamics of thyroid hormones in infants born from mothers with diffuse endemic goiter.

Materials and methods. A retrospective study of 68 infants from mothers with diffuse endemic goiter (DEG) was carried out. Research methods included: analysis of anamnestic data, palpation, and ultrasound in mothers, with a study of the level of thyroid hormone in newborns and parturient women.

Results. Infants from mothers with DEG have characteristic changes in the level of thyroid hormones in the blood, in particular, in the cord blood, the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is 22.4% higher than in the control group (p < 0.05). The difference between free triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) is on average lower by 8.6% and 4.3%, respectively, (p < 0.05 and p < 0.1). On the 3rd day of life, these fluctuations persist, and the level of TSH in the peripheral blood exceeded up to 20.9%, but there were no pronounced clinical signs of congenital pathology associated with the thyroid gland. At the same time, in the first months of life in infants, there is a lag in weight gain by an average of 9.6% about practically healthy newborns.

Conclusion. In infants born to mothers with DEG, there is an increase in the umbilical blood level of TSH up to 22.4% about practically healthy newborns, with a simultaneous decrease in T4 to 4.3%, T3 to 8.6%, without pronounced clinical signs of congenital pathology. In these children, in the first months of life, there is a lag in physiological weight gain of up to 9.6%, which should be taken into account when managing children in an outpatient setting.
Local therapy of acute otitis media in children
Authors: Delyagin V. M.
Published: March 2023

Acute otitis media (AOM), one of the most common infectious and inflammatory diseases in infants, toddlers and young children, is defined as an infectious inflammation of the middle ear, usually bacterial, often with earache, fever, and possibly otorrhea. Almost all children suffer from otitis media, 80–90% – at preschool age. The frequency of acute otitis media in children in a megapolis is more than 4 000 cases per 100 000 population, however, given the large proportion of asymptomatic variants against the background of acute respiratory infections, insufficient equipment of pediatricians with otoscopes, registration of acute otitis media almost exclusively by ENT doctors, the frequency of acute otitis media may be significantly higher. The clinical picture may be nonspecific. Ear pain and otoscopy are decisive for the diagnosis. The severity of inflammation correlates well with the scale of visual assessment of pain according to the child’s facial expressions. The aims of treatment are to relieve pain using topical or systemic analgesics, decide together with an ENT specialist on the need for antibiotic therapy, avoid not indicated antibiotic therapy, prevent complications (tympanic membrane perforation, acute mastoiditis, meningitis). With unexpressed otitis media, it is advisable to use symptomatic therapy and drops. A complex of compounds (lidocaine, phenazone) provides a quick therapeutic effect. Topical anaesthetics block the transmission of the pain signal from the receptor to the central nervous system through the inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels. The symptomatic treatment (analgesics, antipyretics, topical therapy) results in improvement in 60% of patients within the next 24 hours, and in 80% within the next 3 days.

For prophylaxis of otitis, it is necessary to prevent acute respiratory infections, do vaccination against influenza and pneumococcal infections, avoid exposure to tobacco smoke, and keep babies breastfeeding.
Experience in the use of phytotherapy in the treatment of bronchitis in children
Authors: Potapova N. L. , Markovskaya A. I.
Published: March 2023

Introduction. Cough is one of the most common symptoms faced by a pediatrician in clinical practice. The most common cause of acute cough in children is a viral infection. A growing amount of scientific data indicates that phytotherapy is an effective and safe form of auxiliary treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract, accompanied by cough and sputum formation (tracheitis, tracheobronchitis, bronchitis).

Aim. To evaluate the effectiveness of the use of herbal medicinal product (extract combination of thyme herb and Hedera helix leaves) in acute bronchitis, including in children with bronchitis of atypical etiology.

Materials and methods. A comparative prospective follow-up of 60 outpatient patients aged 3–12 years with a diagnosis of Acute bronchitis was carried out. The patients were divided into groups: group 1 (n = 28) – receiving the phytopreparation, of which 8 children with mycoplasma bronchitis – a combination of herbal medicinal product + clarithromycin; group 2 (n = 32) – receiving ambroxol, of which 10 patients with mycoplasma bronchitis – a combination of ambroxol + clarithromycin. Patients were included in the study for 2–3 days of the disease, control points of examinations – 6–7 days and 10–12 days. The time period of the study is 2019–2021.

Results. Against the background of taking the drug herbal medicinal product, there was a faster decrease in cough episodes (from 85 to 10% of patients), the transfer of dry cough to wet, as well as normalization of daily activities (95%), compared with ambroxol. The maximum effect was achieved by the 10th day of observation. In atypical bronchitis, results were obtained confirming the effectiveness and safety of using the drug herbal medicinal product with an antibiotic.

Conclusions. The results obtained indicate the expediency of using the drug herbal medicinal product in acute bronchitis, including in combination with an antibiotic for bronchitis of atypical etiology.
Perfil bioquímico e de sensibilidade de Escherichia coli isoladas de leite mastítico bovino
Authors: Ulsenheimer Bruna Carolina , Caduri Tatiana Melina , Dalla Rosa Silvana Konageski , Viero Luciana Mori , Viana Luciane Ribeiro
Published: March 2023

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência, o comportamento bioquímico e o perfil de sensibilidade e resistência das cepas de Escherichia coli, isoladas na Região Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Foram analisadas 919 amostras de leite mastítico provenientes da Região Noroeste do Estado do RS e realizou-se o exame de cultura bacteriana, bioquímico e antibiograma no Laboratório de Microbiologia Veterinária da Unijuí. Para a cultura foi realizada a semeadura do leite em ágar sangue ovino 5% e ágar MacConkey. Desenvolveu-se os seguintes testes bioquímicos: produção de gás sulfídrico e de indol, motilidade, citrato, produção de urease, além dos testes de fermentação de carboidratos (glicose, arabinose, lactose, manose, manitol, sorbitol, sacarose e trealose). Quanto ao antibiograma, alíquotas de leite foram espalhadas em ágar Mueller Hinton, e, sobre esta, foram dispostos discos de antibióticos. Observou-se, nesta pesquisa, que a Escherichia coli foi uma das bactérias com maior prevalência na região estudada. O perfil bioquímico encontrado foi de alta positividade para os testes de glicose, lactose, maltose, manitol, sorbitol, sacarose e trealose. Esta bactéria demonstrou maior sensibilidade antimicrobiana para a enrofloxacina (92%), ciprofloxacina (85%) e gentamicina (82%), e resistência para a penicilina (95%), ampicilina (86%) e eritromicina (80%). É possível verificar que mastites causadas por Escherichia coli representam um entrave à produção leiteira pelo grande impacto causado ao setor, tanto econômico quanto sanitário, além dos riscos ocasionados à saúde pública.
Associação do nível de atividade física com sintomas depressivos, sono e humor em universitários
Authors: Lima Eva Marco , Correa Gabriel Couto , Fontanelli Matheus de Sousa , Guiraldelli Luciano Rogério , Bertin Renata Labronici , Mocelin Aurenzo , Ulbrich Anderson Zampier
Published: March 2023

Pesquisas têm demonstrado que a população universitária pratica irregularmente atividade física e têm demonstrado mudanças no comportamento do sono e sintomas depressivos. O presente estudo, portanto, teve por objetivo verificar a associação do nível de atividade física (NAF) com sintomas depressivos, sonolência diurna e estado de humor em estudantes universitários. É um estudo descritivo transversal com participação de 75 universitários (20,64 ± 2,41 anos) de um curso da área da saúde de uma universidade do Sul do Brasil. Os estudantes responderam a questionários on-line sobre sintomas depressivos (Beck Depression Inventory), sonolência diurna (Epworth) e estado de humor (POMS e BRUMS). O nível de atividade física foi verificado por acelerômetro durante sete dias. A análise estatística compreendeu o teste t Student, Anova one way, correlação de Pearson e análise de regressão linear, considerando p < 0,05. De forma geral, os resultados demonstraram que somente 28% da amostra do estudo foi considerada ativa, que 14% dos alunos apresentaram sintomas depressivos e 61% relataram distúrbios de sonolência. Os estudantes considerados insuficientemente ativos obtiveram 84% e 73% mais chance de apresentar maiores distúrbios de sonolência e alteração no estado de humor relacionado à tensão, respectivamente. No presente estudo a maioria dos universitários apresentou comportamento sedentário, e este associou-se com maiores chances ao distúrbio de sonolência e tensão.
Transtorno do espectro autista: Diagnóstico e compreensão da temática pelos responsáveis
Authors: Gaiato Mayra Helena Bonifácio , Zotesso Marina Cristina , Ferreira Lidiane , Silveira Rodrigo da Rosa , Diodato Renata
Published: March 2023

O Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) é uma condição voltada aos aspectos do neurodesenvolvimento, e tem ganhado destaque na literatura pelo aumento das taxas de diagnósticos e importância da compreensão do transtorno, porém uma ênfase menor é dada aos pais e responsáveis de crianças com TEA, os quais estão sujeitos a vivências e variáveis emocionais intensas após o diagnóstico e busca do auxílio adequado ao tratamento. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar a compreensão de pais e responsáveis de crianças com TEA sobre o transtorno, tratamento e suas variações, bem como as vivências do diagnóstico e suas percepções emocionais. Foram avaliados 894 pais e/ou responsáveis por meio de um questionário de uma plataforma digital, na qual investigou-se três critérios: I. Sobre a criança; II. Tratamento e terapia e III. Estudando o autismo. Os resultados mostraram que os responsáveis estão sujeitos e propensos ao adoecimento psicológico, como a exaustão, depressão e ansiedade por lidarem com questões novas e desafiadoras que englobam o TEA e a aceitação do mesmo aos seus entes, destacando uma participação maior das mães, vivências de ações preconceituosas, altas taxas de tratamentos duvidosos encontrados pelos responsáveis com promessas de cura do autismo, além de alta busca dos mesmos por cursos on-line e informações sobre o autismo. Destaca-se, assim, a importância do olhar para os cuidados e suporte emocional e comportamental do pais e responsáveis por crianças com autismo, a fim de que tais taxas de adoecimento possam ser amenizadas, prezando pelo cuidado parental de tais responsáveis.
Agriculture in the Baksan Gorge of the Central Caucasus, Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia
Authors: Abakumov Evgeny , Tembotov Rustam
Published: March 2023

No agriculture is possible without soil. This article reviews available data on the soils of the Baksan Gorge located in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Russia. The research objective was to collect and analyze information on the soil composition and crop yields in this region of the Central Caucasus. The review covered the last five years of scientific publications cited in Scopus, Web of Science, and Elibrary. It also featured contemporary and archival documents on the soil composition and periglacial agriculture in the Baksan Gorge. The agriculture and cattle breeding started in the Central Caucasus in the first millennium BC when the local peoples began to develop these lands as highland pastures and, subsequently, for agricultural farming. During the second millennium BC, crop production became one of the most important economic sectors in the Central Caucasus. Corn, barley, wheat, and millet were the main agricultural crops in the Baksan Gorge. Millet has always been a traditional Kabardian crop, and millet farming occupied the largest flatland areas. Barley was the staple crop in the highlands. Currently, the list of local staple crops includes corn, wheat, and sunflower. Barley, oats, peas, potatoes, vegetables, berries, nuts, grapes, and annual herbs are also popular. The past fifteen years have seen an extensive development of intensive horticulture in the Baksan Gorge. Agricultural ecology and production problems depend on the localization of agriculture in the Central Caucasus. This research reviewed data on the effect of soil composition on the yield and value of agricultural crops in the Baksan Gorge of the Central Caucasus.
Computer games in legal research: On the prerequisites of the regulation model
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Arkhipov Vladislav V. , Vasiliev Anton A. ,   Altai State University, Andreev Nikolai Yu. ,   State Academic University for the Humanities, Pechatnova Yulia V. ,   Altai State University
Published: March 2023

Games in general and computer games in particular have long been a subject of research in legal research starting from the focus on the analogy between law and games (known inter alia from the works by A. Ross). However, by the beginning of the 21st century computer games and, above all, multiplayer computer games (virtual worlds) became an independent subject of legal research, both because of the interest in private legal problems and based on the methodological premise in the spirit of L. Lessig, according to which the study of the legal dimension of multiplayer game worlds, just as it was earlier with the Internet, can provide new knowledge about the law in general. Computer games are a commercially successful type of media, reflecting the acute problems of “digital law” and one of the significant theoretical and legal problems of determining the reasonable limits of law intervention in “non-serious” or “virtual” relationships. To understand the peculiarities of computer games, including for the purposes of legal research and improvement of the model of legal regulation, a broad interdisciplinary view that takes into account the approaches developed in media studies (M. McLuhan, L. Manovich et al.) and in studies of games as such (J. Huizinga and R. Caillois et al.). As a result, computer games can be considered as a kind of new media the qualities of which are reflected in their main legal qualifications — as the results of intellectual activity, information, means of communication and, actually, games. These qualities can be considered as basic for the development of the model of regulation of computer games and the game industry, taking into account the balance of interests of developers, publishers and the game community, as well as taking into account national interests.