bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High temperature performance of composite adhesives based on PEEK and boron carbide particles
Authors: Kumar Kadiyala Ajay , Bijwe Jayashree , Kalappa Prashantha
Published: November 2018

In the present work, poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) composites reinforced with increasing amount of particles of boron carbide (B4C) were developed and characterized for thermal, mechanical, and high‐temperature adhesive properties. The inclusion of B4C particles led to decrease in crystallization temperature (Tc) and a slight increase in % crystallinity. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed an increase in thermal stability due to the B4C particles. The adhesive strength of composites showed improvement as compared to virgin PEEK apart from better retention of strength at higher temperatures. 20 wt% of B4C particles was found to be the optimum amount for highest adhesion at high temperatures in the developed series. Fracture analysis was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). POLYM. COMPOS., 40:2473–2481, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Slacktivist USA and Authoritarian China? Comparing Two Political Public Spheres With a Random Sample of Social Media Users
Authors: Bolsover Gillian
Published: November 2018

The rise of social media has put back on the agenda questions about the Internet's potential as an online public sphere, particularly in authoritarian states. However, random samples have never been employed to investigate political speech on social media, necessarily limiting knowledge. This article presents an analysis of political speech based on a random sample of more than 1,000 active U.S. Twitter users and Chinese Weibo users collected in late 2014. Political speech by ordinary users was found to be more frequent on both platforms than expected—9.4 percent on Weibo and 6.8 percent on Twitter—lending support to hopes of an online public sphere. However, existing powerholders make up around a fifth of U.S. Twitter accounts, and political speech acts by ordinary U.S. Twitter users are largely “slacktivist” in nature. In contrast, 98 percent of active accounts on Weibo belong to ordinary users, with active political speech making up more than 1 in 50 posts by these users. Although they largely fall within the bounds of what is permitted by the Chinese state, these findings point to the potential of the Internet as a (limited) public sphere in China, while raising questions about its contribution to political processes in the United States.
The Formation and Evolution of Defects in Nanocrystalline Fe During Indentation: The Role of Twins in Pop‐Ins
Authors: Kuhr Bryan R. , Aifantis Katerina E.
Published: November 2018

Nanoindentation is a most common experimental tool used for obtaining information on the mechanical behavior of materials. This is done by qualitatively relating the occurrence of pop‐ins (in the load–displacement plots) to microstructural changes such as dislocation formation, fracture of surface oxides, or slip transmission. The present study takes a first approach in directly verifying the micro‐plasticity processes that give rise to such pop‐ins by performing molecular dynamics indentation simulations in BCC Fe‐nanocrystals with a Σ5 symmetric tilt boundary. The simulations allow to track the material behavior throughout the indentation process, and illustrate that each pop‐in is related to twin formation, twin growth, de‐twinning, dislocation nucleation and glide, or dislocation–grain boundary interactions. For the particular Σ5 boundary considered, it is found that the pop‐ins are most closely associated with twin formation. Although pop‐ins have been related to dislocation nucleation, a direct correlation between twinning and pop‐ins has not been shown before. Adding C segregants to the Fe sample, reduced the formation of twins after initial yielding, and allowed for dislocation activity to become the more dominant deformation mechanism.
Single Crystal Growth and Magnetic Properties of High Oxidation State Material Ba2CoO4
Authors: Ryu Gihun , Guo Hanjie , Zhao Li , Fernández‐Díaz Maria Teresa , Drees Yvo , Li Z. W. , Hu Zhiwei , Komarek Alexander C.
Published: November 2018

This study reports on the physical properties of Ba2CoO4 single crystals grown in a high pressure mirror furnace at oxygen pressures of 20 bar. Direction dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements on the single crystals below K reveal a spin direction which is parallel to the crystallographic a‐axis. Therefore, the spin structure of Ba2CoO4 has been re‐analyzed and a different magnetic structure with magnetic moments pointing mainly in a‐direction is proposed which reconciles neutron, µSR, and magnetic susceptibility measurements.
Aorto‐pleural fistula successfully treated by one‐lung ventilation and Endobronchial Watanabe Spigots
Authors: Hozumi Takunori , Kajiura Koichiro , Nakamura Kei , Taniguchi Haruki , Goto Takao , Nasu Michitaka
Published: November 2018

Aorto‐pleural fistula (APF) is a rare, potentially fatal condition that should be immediately treated by an endovascular or surgical approach. In this case, we treated APF using bronchial occlusion with Endobronchial Watanabe Spigots (EWSs) after one‐lung ventilation. Notably, EWS is composed of silicon for endobronchial occlusion under bronchoscopy. An 88‐year‐old man was referred to our hospital for sudden massive hemoptysis. We maintained the airway by emergent intubation into the right main bronchus through guided bronchoscopy. Computed tomography demonstrated an aortic aneurysm at the aortic arch, penetrating the upper lobe of the left lung. On the 18th hospital day, we performed prophylactic endobronchial occlusion with EWS. The patient was extubated shortly thereafter. Endobronchial occlusion with EWS might be effective in patients with APF who exhibit generally poor conditions. Endobronchial occlusion treatment should be performed after controlling massive bleeding by one‐lung ventilation.
An Aggregate Cluster‐Dispersed Electrolyte Guides the Uniform Nucleation and Growth of Lithium at Lithium Metal Anodes
Authors: Lee Min‐Suk , Roev Victor , Jung Changhoon , Kim Ji‐Rae , Han Sangil , Kang Hyo‐Rang , Im Dongmin , Kim Il‐Seok
Published: November 2018

Rechargeable lithium metal battery technology is widely recognized as being a suitable candidate for replacing lithium ion batteries. A critical barrier preventing its application to electrical storage systems is that lithium grows irregularly, which is the fundamental cause of poor characteristics during a battery‘s lifetime, and also causes safety concerns. There are two reasons for the irregular growth of lithium: lithium prefers to nucleate on specific surfaces; subsequently, the lithium atoms grow rapidly from any protrusions. To suppress such irregularities in electroplating, we combined two approaches; applying a coating of lithiophilic metal to a substrate that would otherwise attract the nucleation of lithium, and using an electrolyte in which aggregate clusters are dispersed, with strongly solvated ionic liquids enclosed by another solvent such as a hydrofluoroether. Together, these are intended to guide the uniform nucleation and growth of lithium. By tuning the combination of the two approaches, it was concept proven that lithium would nucleate and grow more uniformly than on a pristine Cu or Ni substrate.
Visible‐Light Response and High‐Efficiency Photocatalytic Elimination of Polycyclic Organic Pollutants of Layer‐By‐Layer Assembled Ternary Nanotubular Catalysts
Authors: Qin Qingyuan , Shi Qingdan , Meng Junjing , Wan Junmin , Hu Zhiwen
Published: November 2018

Recently, visible‐light response and high–efficient photocatalysis for polycyclic organic pollutants of cancer risk has attracted great attention. However, the efficient control and heterojunction fabrication of nanocomposite catalysts for enhanced separation and transfer of interfacial charges remains challenging. Herein, a ternary heterojunction composite photocatalyst (HTTC) was fabricated by utilizing the ultrathin layered titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanostructures, with photocatalytic reactive facets (A101 and R101) prepared from the commercially available TiO2, coating onto outside surface of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with chemical connection of Ti‐O=C and Ti‐O−C bond, and then the single layer H2TCPP molecules chemically coated onto outside surface of ultrathin layered TiO2 nanostructures with formation of Ti−O‐C=O chemical bond by layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly. The interface layer synergistic effects greatly enhance photocatalytic efficiency for high concentrations solution of polycyclic organic pollutants (methylene blue (MB), Rhodamine B (RhB) and oxytetracycline (OTC) under visible light irradiation, and the photodegradation rates of the photocatalysts for MB (and RhB) were 61 times (and 8 times) higher than that of pure P25. The joint interfacial fabrication strategy and composite engineering affords us a facile guideline for the nanocomposite photocatalysts for environmental protection and ecological conservation.
Hybrid Composite Based on Porous Cobalt‐Benzenetricarboxylic Acid Metal Organic Framework and Graphene Nanosheets as High Performance Supercapacitor Electrode
Authors: Punde Ninad S. , Rawool Chaitali R. , Rajpurohit Anuja S. , Karna Shashi P. , Srivastava Ashwini K.
Published: November 2018

Poor electrical conductivities, structural instabilities and long synthesis procedures, limit the application of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) in energy storage systems. In the present work, we synthesize a cobalt‐benzene tricarboxylic acid based MOF (CoBTC MOF) via two different approaches i. e. solvothermal route and mechanochemical grinding for its utility in energy storage. When characterized structurally and electrochemically, the CoBTC MOF synthesized by mechanochemical method is found to be superior because of large surface area, enhanced porosity/diffusion process through MOF and structural robustness along with less time requirement. Further, its hybrid composite with graphene nanosheets (CoBTC MOF/GNS) was prepared for its performance as a supercapacitor material. The characterization reveals the formation of sandwich structure where CoBTC MOF rods (thickness ranging from 0.5 to 2 μm) are placed in between GNS. This arrangement has resulted into high specific capacitance of 608.2 F.g−1 at current density of 0.25 A.g−1 in 1 M KOH electrolyte along with excellent capacitance retention up to 94.9% after 2000 charge/discharge cycles. Also, a symmetric supercapacitor has been assembled for practical application of CoBTC MOF/GNS which demonstrates specific capacitance of 183.2 F.g−1 with high energy density and power density of 49.8 Wh.kg−1 and 1025.8 W.kg−1 respectively, along with 92.1% retention of initial capacitance after 5000 charge‐discharge cycles.
Revisited Dual Luminescence of 2,2′‐Dipyridylamine Hydrochloride in Solution and Physical Processes behind It
Authors: Bulatov Evgeny , Haukka Matti
Published: November 2018

Reaction of 2,2′‐dipyridylamine (dpa) with hydrochloric acid results in formation of dpa hydrochloride (dpa⋅HCl), leading to substantial changes in its luminescent properties. Luminescence of dpa⋅HCl in solution has been previously interpreted as aggregation‐induced phenomenon. In this work, the emission properties of dpa⋅HCl in solution were revisited, focusing on the impact of methanol and chloroform solvents. Luminescence, absorption, and 1H NMR spectroscopy were used to study physical state of the solute molecules and photophysical properties associated with them. The results clearly indicate that the concentration and solvent dependencies of luminescence are due to equilibrium between protonated dpaH+ and neutral dpa forms, rather than aggregation in solution. In chloroform, strong emission with λem ≈ 430 nm is associated with the cationic dpaH+ form. Polar and hydrogen bonding methanol not only facilitates dissociation of dpaH+ cation, but also seems to quench its luminescence through pyridinium hydrogen bond, and the residual weak emission at λem ≈ 360 nm is associated with the neutral dpa form. The obtained results can be applied in design of new dpa based materials with desirable luminescent properties in both solution and solid state.
Soluble Pt Nanoparticles Stabilized by a Tris‐imidazolium Tetrafluoroborate as Efficient and Recyclable Catalyst for the Stereoselective Hydrosilylation of Alkynes
Authors: Fernández Guillem , Pleixats Roser
Published: November 2018

Soluble platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) have been prepared by a two‐step procedure involving the reduction of chloroplatinic acid with ethylene glycol/NaOH at 160 °C and subsequent treatment with a THF solution of a tris‐imidazolium tetrafluoroborate at room temperature. The isolated Pt NPs have been characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), electron diffraction (ED), Energy‐Dispersive X‐ray Spectroscopy (EDS), and elemental analysis. They proved to be efficient and recoverable catalysts for the stereoselective hydrosilylation of internal alkynes in the presence and absence of solvent.
Modification of Mo Back Contact with MoO3−x Layer and its Effect to Enhance the Performance of Cu2ZnSnS4 Solar Cells
Authors: Liu Lishu , Lau Tsz‐Ki , Zhi Zong , Huang Lan , Wang Shijin , Xiao Xudong
Published: November 2018

Kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) has been investigated intensively as a promising absorber material for thin film solar cells. However, the reported best power conversion efficiency (PCE) is still low due to the intrinsic limitations of CZTS defects and the unfavorable front and back contact interfaces. In this study, an intermediate MoO3−x layer is introduced as a primary back contact prior to the Cd‐doped Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZCTS) absorber layer growth. It has been demonstrated that the insertion of the MoO3−x layer can suppress the decomposition reaction between CZCTS and Mo, reducing secondary phases and voids and improving the rear interface quality. The MoO3−x layer can also accelerate potassium diffusion into the CZCTS layer and interfaces, which facilitates the grain growth, passivates interfaces and hence yields better crystallinity. Moreover, the band alignment at the back contact is modified by the MoO3−x layer, resulting in better minority carrier collection and improvement of open‐circuit voltage (VOC). With the optimal MoO3−x layer, the PCE of CZCTS solar cells has increased from ≈5.43 to ≈7%, largely attributed to the ≈60 mV VOC increment. Through the modification of the CZCTS precursor and optimizing the anti‐reflection coating layer, the best PCE achieved is 8.98%, with an active area efficiency of 9.26%.
Positioning the Positioned: Deconstructing Masculinities in Multicultural Affairs
Authors: Wong Alina , Haigh Chris , Ward Anna , Klunder Laura , Angeles Ana , Mata Eric
Published: November 2018

Using a framework developed through an autoethnographic process, this chapter identifies strategies for naming, using, and resisting masculinity in multicultural affairs work.
An Intersectional Multicultural Approach to Advising and Counseling Transborder Mexican‐American Men in the Community College
Authors: Falcón Orta Vannessa , Harris Frank , Leal Ulises , Vasquez Marissa
Published: November 2018

The purpose of this chapter is to propose multicultural gender‐aware counseling practices from an intersectionality perspective to advising Mexican‐American men in the community college who live a transborder lifestyle in the San Diego–Tijuana region.
Amplifying the Whispers: A Critical Gendered Examination of Fraternal Culture
Authors: Nicolazzo Z , Karikari Shamika N.
Published: November 2018

As a functional unit, fraternity and sorority life has often—and many would argue rightly—been critiqued for its perpetuation of hegemonic ideologies, spaces, and student demographics. In this chapter, the authors use critical theoretical perspectives to explore alternative possibilities for professional practice in fraternity life.
Sub‐synoptic scale features associated with extreme surface gusts during the South Australia Storm of September 2016 – Part I: characteristics of the event
Authors: Earl Nick , Simmonds Ian , Rudeva Irina
Published: November 2018

Winds are one of the major meteorological contributors to deaths, damage and insured losses in Australia. A ‘freak storm’ hit the state of South Australia on 28 September 2016, causing state‐wide blackouts and leaving 1.7 million people without power. In the first part of this two‐part study, we analyse this event and find that it was indeed extreme, deepening more explosively than all but two Adelaide‐affecting extratropical cyclones over the past 37 years and exhibiting the lowest central pressure. This generated hurricane force winds, with the central South Australia site of Neptune Island recording a gust of over 120kmh−1. We show that this storm potentially contained a sting jet. Such jets are well known as a cause of major damage across Europe, and this is the first study which investigates whether a sting jet can be produced over Australia. The main deepening of the system occurred over the Great Australian Bight, so if a sting jet did form and make it to the surface, it was not the cause of the state‐wide damage. However, the cyclone did contain numerous extreme gust‐producing mesoscale features, as explored in part II of this paper (Earl and Simmons, 2018).
The Role of International Service‐Learning in Cultivating Global Citizenship and Leadership
Authors: Santulli David P.
Published: November 2018

The power of intentional and reflective experience in international service‐learning, internships, and other pathways, effectively inspires and prepares students for next‐generation global leadership. Service‐learning often includes cross‐cultural engagement which is particularly powerful.
Enterothorax After Hepatic Surgery: A Single‐Center Experience
Authors: Manzini G. , Kuemmerli C. , Reiner C. S. , Petrowsky H. , Gutschow C. A.
Published: November 2018

Background

Enterothorax (ET) is a rare complication after hepatic surgery. The literature in this field is limited and mainly based on case reports. The aim of this study was to review our department’s experience.

Patients and methods

We retrospectively analyzed 602 patients who underwent hepatic resection between November 2008 and December 2016. Major hepatic surgery (n = 321) was defined as right or extended right hepatectomy (n = 227), left or extended left hepatectomy (n = 63), trisegmentectomy (n = 13), and living donor liver transplantation (n = 18). ET cases were identified by analyzing clinical courses and radiological imaging.

Results

ET was observed in five out of 602 patients (0.8%). All patients developed the complication after major hepatic surgery (five out of 321, 1.6%). ET exclusively occurred after right (n = 3) or extended right hepatectomy (n = 2). Median time to diagnosis was 22 months. Radiological imaging showed herniation of small (n = 2), large bowel (n = 2), or omental fat (n = 1) with a median diaphragmatic defect of 3.9 cm. Two patients presented with acute incarceration and underwent emergency surgery, one patient reported recurrent pain and underwent elective repair, and two patients refused surgery. Follow‐up imaging in two operated patients showed no recurrence of ET after 36 and 8 months.

Conclusions

Patients after right hepatectomy have a substantial risk of ET. Acute right upper quadrant pain and/or dyspnea after hepatectomy should be investigated with adequate radiological imaging. Elective surgical repair of ET is recommended to avoid emergency surgery in case of incarceration.
Soluble Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor (suPAR) as an Added Predictor to Existing Preoperative Risk Assessments
Authors: Alstrup Morten , Meyer Jeppe , Schultz Martin , Rasmussen Line Jee Hartmann , Rasmussen Lars Simon , Køber Lars , Forberg Jakob Lundager , Eugen‐Olsen Jesper , Iversen Kasper
Published: November 2018

Background

Risk assessment strategies, such as using the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification, attempt to identify surgical high‐risk patients. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is a biomarker reflecting overall systemic inflammation and immune activation, and it could potentially improve the identification of high‐risk surgical patients.

Methods

We included patients acutely admitted to the emergency department who subsequently underwent surgery within 90 days of admission. Patients were stratified into low‐risk or high‐risk groups, according to ASA classification (ASAlow: ASA I–II; ASAhigh: ASA III–VI) and suPAR level, measured at admission (suPARhigh above and suPARlow below 5.5 ng/ml), respectively. Pre‐specified complications were identified in national registries and electronic medical records. The association between ASA classification, suPAR level, CRP and the rate of postoperative complications was analyzed with logistic regression and Cox regression analyses, estimating odds ratios and hazard ratios (HRs).

Results

During 90‐day follow‐up from surgery, 31 (7.0%) patients died and 158 (35.6%) patients had postoperative complications. After adjusting for age, sex, and ASA classification, the HR for 90‐day postoperative mortality was 2.5 (95% CI 1.6–4.0) for every doubling of suPAR level. suPAR was significantly better than CRP at predicting mortality and all complications (P = 0.0036 and P = 0.0041, respectively). Combining ASA classification and suPAR level significantly improved prediction of mortality and the occurrence of a postoperative complication within 90 days after surgery (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Measuring suPAR levels in acutely admitted patients may aid in identifying high‐risk patients and improve prediction of postoperative complications.
Superolateral Hoffa's Fat Pad Edema and Trochlear Sulcal Angle Are Associated with Isolated Medial Patellofemoral Compartment Osteoarthritis
Authors: Weintraub Sara , Sebro Ronnie
Published: November 2018

Purpose

To evaluate whether mediopatellar plica and knee morphometric measurements obtained from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies are associated with isolated medial patellofemoral osteoarthritis in young adults.

Methods

MRI studies from 60 patients with isolated medial patellofemoral osteoarthritis and 90 control patients with normal knee MRI studies were reviewed. The presence of mediopatellar plica, the presence of edema in the superolateral aspect of Hoffa's fat pad and suprapatellar fat pad, quadriceps and patellar tendinosis, and axial and sagittal alignment of the patellar and trochlear morphology were assessed using MRI. The relationship between mediopatellar plica, alignment, or morphology and the presence of isolated medial patellofemoral osteoarthritis was evaluated using logistic regression.

Results

Superolateral Hoffa's fat pad edema (odds ratio [OR] = 3.4, P = .009) and decreased trochlear sulcal angle (OR = 0.95, P = .045) were associated with increased odds of isolated medial patellofemoral osteoarthritis. Decreased lateral patellar tilt (OR = 0.93, P = .087) and patellar tendinosis (OR = 4.13, P = .103) trended toward being associated with increased odds of isolated medial patellofemoral osteoarthritis but were not statistically significant. No significant association was seen between the presence of mediopatellar plica and medial patellofemoral osteoarthritis (OR = 0.95, P = .353).

Conclusions

Medial patellofemoral osteoarthritis is associated with trochlear morphology and patellar alignment but not with mediopatellar plica.
Utility of the NIH Toolbox for assessment of prodromal Alzheimer's disease and dementia
Authors: Hackett Katherine , Krikorian Robert , Giovannetti Tania , Melendez‐Cabrero Josefina , Rahman Aneela , Caesar Emily E. , Chen Jaclyn L. , Hristov Hollie , Seifan Alon , Mosconi Lisa , Isaacson Richard S.
Published: November 2018

Introduction

The NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB‐CB) is a computer‐based protocol not yet validated for clinical assessment.

Methods

We administered the NIHTB‐CB and traditional neuropsychological tests to 247 Memory Disorders and Alzheimer's Prevention Clinic patients with subjective cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, mild dementia due to Alzheimer's disease, and normal cognition. Principal component analysis, partial correlations, and univariate general linear model tests were performed to assess construct validity. Discriminant function analyses compared classification accuracy.

Results

Principal component analysis identified three conceptually coherent factors: memory (MEMNIH), executive function (EFNIH), and crystallized intelligence (CINIH). These factors were strongly associated with corresponding traditional tests and differed across diagnostic groups as expected. Both NIHTB and traditional batteries yielded strong overall discriminative ability (>80%).

Discussion

The NIHTB‐CB is a valid method to assess neurocognitive domains pertinent to aging and dementia and has utility for applications in a memory clinic setting.
CSF total tau levels are associated with hippocampal novelty irrespective of hippocampal volume
Authors: Düzel Emrah , Berron David , Schütze Hartmut , Cardenas‐Blanco Arturo , Metzger Coraline , Betts Matthew , Ziegler Gabriel , Chen Yi , Dobisch Laura , Bittner Daniel , Glanz Wenzel , Reuter Martin , Spottke Annika , Rudolph Janna , Brosseron Frederic , Buerger Katharina , Janowitz Daniel , Fliessbach Klaus , Heneka Michael , Laske Christoph , Buchmann Martina , Nestor Peter , Peters Oliver , Diesing Dominik , Li Siyao , Priller Josef , Spruth Eike Jakob , Altenstein Slawek , Ramirez Alfredo , Schneider Anja , Kofler Barbara , Speck Oliver , Teipel Stefan , Kilimann Ingo , Dyrba Martin , Wiltfang Jens , Bartels Claudia , Wolfsgruber Steffen , Wagner Michael , Jessen Frank
Published: November 2018

Introduction

We examined the association between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease, neural novelty responses, and brain volume in predementia old age.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional analysis of the observational, multicentric DZNE‐Longitudinal Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Study (DELCODE) study. Seventy‐six participants completed task functional magnetic resonance imaging and provided CSF (40 cognitively unimpaired, 21 experiencing subjective cognitive decline, and 15 with mild cognitive impairment). We assessed the correlation between CSF biomarkers and whole‐brain functional magnetic resonance imaging novelty responses to scene images.

Results

Total tau levels were specifically and negatively associated with novelty responses in the right amygdala and right hippocampus. Mediation analyses showed no evidence that these associations were dependent on the volume of hippocampus/amygdala. No relationship was found between phosphorylated‐tau or Aβ42 levels and novelty responses.

Discussion

Our data show that CSF levels of total tau are associated with anatomically specific reductions in novelty processing, which cannot be fully explained by atrophy.
Medical Countermeasures for Children in Radiation and Nuclear Disasters: Current Capabilities and Key Gaps
Authors: Gardner Aaron H. , Dziuban Eric J. , Griese Stephanie , Berríos-Cartagena Nairimer , Buzzell Jennifer , Cobham-Owens Karen , Peacock Georgina , Kazzi Ziad , Prasher Joanna M.
Published: November 2018

Objective

Despite children’s unique vulnerability, clinical guidance and resources are lacking around the use of radiation medical countermeasures (MCMs) available commercially and in the Strategic National Stockpile to support immediate dispensing to pediatric populations. To better understand the current capabilities and shortfalls, a literature review and gap analysis were performed.

Methods

A comprehensive review of the medical literature, Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved labeling, FDA summary reviews, medical references, and educational resources related to pediatric radiation MCMs was performed from May 2016 to February 2017.

Results

Fifteen gaps related to the use of radiation MCMs in children were identified. The need to address these gaps was prioritized based upon the potential to decrease morbidity and mortality, improve clinical management, strengthen caregiver education, and increase the relevant evidence base.

Conclusions

Key gaps exist in information to support the safe and successful use of MCMs in children during radiation emergencies; failure to address these gaps could have negative consequences for families and communities. There is a clear need for pediatric-specific guidance to ensure clinicians can appropriately identify, triage, and treat children who have been exposed to radiation, and for resources to ensure accurate communication about the safety and utility of radiation MCMs for children. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:639-646)
The birth of language or the necessity of rule
Authors: Martinon Jean-Paul
Published: November 2018

As is well known, the biblical sixth commandment, “Thou shall not kill”, is intimately linked to the First Commandment, “I am the Lord”. By linking the two at the top of Moses's two-column table, language is given priority: the name of God can be uttered only when the possibility of death has been set aside. In this way, the linking of these two commandments marks not only the birth of language, but also, more importantly, the start of ethics. As such, commandments one and six form the basis of practically all Western ethics from Kant's categorical imperative (the unconditional maxim needs a First Word to enter into force) to Lyotard's language games (for which all utterances are charged with the moral imperative to respond), for example. But how on earth does this famous linguistic and ethical structure fare in a context whereby the written text is not given priority, in a situation where prohibitions are inherited orally? This paper will attempt to expose the thorny issue of the role of the sixth commandment in the context of Rwanda. This will imply neither the exposition of the history of the arrival of the Bible in Rwanda nor the way it helped to consolidate the colonial regime. This paper will also not examine the neglect of the prohibition against murder during the genocide of 1994. Instead, the essay will examine the linguistic and cultural problems one faces when determining the birth of ethics in two radically different contexts.
What weight can a language bear? Translatability and Ngugi wa Thiong'o
Authors: Farred Grant
Published: November 2018

Using theorists such as Deleuze, Guattari and Heidegger, this essay is a critique of Ngugi wa Thiong'o's much publicized decision to write in Gikuyu rather than English, the language Ngugi condemns as the instrument of colonialism and its successor, neo-imperialism. In line with Deleuze and Guattari's argument that Kafka's work is best apprehended as the determination to make German bear the full weight of his “minor” (as a Czech Jew) experience, this essay elucidates the ways in which Ngugi's ostensibly political turn is unable to write what it means to live, in Deleuze and Guattari's phrase, “in another's language”. To live, that is, the experience of “dislocation” (a rubric which would include colonialism and the failures of African sovereignty, not least among them) from one's own language (however provisional and contingent such a claim on language always is) as the first – necessary – condition of making literature. Of making language bear the weight of the very experience it is intent on denying articulation.
Eighteenth-century German emigrants from Hanau-Hesse: who
went east and who went west
Authors: Wegge Simone A.
Published: November 2018

During the eighteenth century, Germans from the Hessian county of
Hanau-Münzenberg emigrated westward to the American colonies, and
east to Hungary, Russia, and other parts of Europe. Using new
emigrant data, I examine their age, occupation, and emigration
strategies. Those who settled in Pennsylvania were the richest of
these emigrants, more likely to travel as intact families and the
most networked. The poorest were the Hessians who went to Russia,
mostly in 1766. A large percentage of the Hanau-Hessians settled in
Pennsylvania, suggesting that eighteenth-century German emigration
to Hungary and Russia has possibly been overestimated.
Measuring the Research Productivity of Political Science Departments Using Google Scholar
Authors: Peress Michael
Published: November 2018

This article develops a number of measures of the research productivity of political science departments using data collected from Google Scholar. Departments are ranked in terms of citations to articles published by faculty, citations to articles recently published by faculty, impact factors of journals in which faculty published, and number of top publications in which faculty published. Results are presented in aggregate terms and on a per-faculty basis.
Selbstregulationsstrategien bei Früh- und Reifgeborenen im Alter von zwei Jahren
Authors: Stern Maren , Gärtner Kim A. , Vetter Verena C. , Hertel Silke , Reuner Gitta
Published: November 2018

Zusammenfassung. Frühgeburtlichkeit stellt einen Risikofaktor für die kognitive Entwicklung und die selbstregulatorischen Fähigkeiten dar. Bisher ist jedoch nicht bekannt, welche Strategien frühgeborene Kinder zur Regulation nutzen. Die aktuelle Studie untersuchte daher erfolgreiche Selbstregulationsstrategien von 30 früh- (Gestationsalter < 37 Wochen) und 30 reifgeborenen Kindern (Gestationsalter ≥ 37 Wochen) im (korrigierten) Alter von 2 Jahren. Die Kinder wurden während einer Aufgabe zum Bedürfnisaufschub videographiert und spezifische Verhaltensweisen (Blick, Sprache, Bewegungen der Hände, des Kopfes und des Körpers) kodiert. Mikroanalysen ergaben, dass Fokussierungs- als auch Ablenkungsstrategien, sowie motorische Kontrollstrategien für einen erfolgreichen Bedürfnisaufschub angewendet wurden. Die Gruppen unterschieden sich nicht signifikant im Gebrauch der Strategien; lediglich am Ende des letzten Durchgangs wurden bei Frühgeborenen vermehrt Ablenkungsstrategien beobachtet. Frühgeburtlichkeit scheint somit keinen direkten Einfluss auf die Anwendung der Strategien zu haben. Das Ausmaß der Frühgeburtlichkeit und das Alter der Kinder sollten in zukünftiger Forschung differenzierter betrachtet werden.
Downregulation of ASPP2 promotes gallbladder cancer metastasis and macrophage recruitment via aPKC-ι/GLI1 pathway
Authors: Tian Li , Deng Zhengdong , Xu Lei , Yang Tao , Yao Wei , Ji Lei , Lu Yun , Zhang Jian , Liu Yan , Wang Jianming
Published: November 2018

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a highly malignant bile duct cancer with poor prognosis due to early invasion and metastasis. However, the molecular mechanisms through which GBC cells interact with the tumor microenvironment (TME) remain poorly understood. Here, we examined the role of the tumor suppressor apoptosis-stimulating of p53 protein 2 (ASPP2) in regulating GBC invasion and metastasis and macrophage recruitment. The clinicopathological significance of ASPP2 expression was measured by immunohistochemical analysis in 72 patients with GBC. Lentivirus-mediated knockdown or overexpression of ASPP2 was used to investigate the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of ASPP2 in GBC cells. Our data showed that downregulation of ASPP2 in patients with GBC was linked to poor prognosis. Knockdown of ASPP2 induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in GBC cells and influenced the TME. Mechanistically, we further confirmed that ASPP2 affected the expression and protein binding between atypical protein kinase C (aPKC)-ι and glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI1). ASPP2 also induced C−C motif chemokine ligand (CCL) 2, CCL5, and tumor necrosis factor-α secretion by cancer cells, thereby promoting macrophage recruitment. The latter also induced EMT-like changes in GBC. Furthermore, ASPP2 deficiency regulated GLI1 transcriptional activity via the noncanonical Hedgehog (Hh) pathway and aPKC-ι/GLI1 signaling loop and promoted GLI1 nuclear localization and binding to the promoters of target genes. Our findings revealed that downregulation of ASPP2 promoted GBC invasion and metastasis through the aPKC-ι/GLI1 pathway and enhanced macrophage recruitment. Thus, ASPP2/aPKC-ι/GLI1 pathway may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of GBC.
Tubeimoside I induces accumulation of impaired autophagolysosome against cervical cancer cells by both initiating autophagy and inhibiting lysosomal function
Authors: Feng Xuping , Zhou Jing , Li Jingyi , Hou Xueyan , Li Longhao , Chen Yongmin , Fu Shuyue , Zhou Li , Li Changlong , Lei Yunlong
Published: November 2018

Cervical cancer is one of the most aggressive human cancers with poor prognosis due to constant chemoresistance and repeated relapse. Tubeimoside I (TBM) has been identified as a potent antitumor agent that inhibits cancer cell proliferation by triggering apoptosis and inducing cell cycle arrest. Nevertheless, the detailed mechanism remains unclear and needs to be further elucidated, especially in cervical cancer. In this study, we found that TBM could induce proliferation inhibition and cell death in cervical cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Further results demonstrated that treatment with TBM could induce autophagosome accumulation, which was important to TBM against cervical cancer cells. Mechanism studies showed that TBM increased autophagosome by two pathways: First, TBM could initiate autophagy by activating AMPK that would lead to stabilization of the Beclin1-Vps34 complex via dissociating Bcl-2 from Beclin1; Second, TBM could impair lysosomal cathepsin activity and block autophagic flux, leading to accumulation of impaired autophagolysosomes. In line with this, inhibition of autophagy initiation attenuated TBM-induced cell death, whereas autophagic flux inhibition could exacerbated the cytotoxic activity of TBM in cervical cancer cells. Strikingly, as a novel lethal impaired autophagolysosome inducer, TBM might enhance the therapeutic effects of chemotherapeutic drugs towards cervical cancer, such as cisplatin and paclitaxel. Together, our study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of TBM in the antitumor therapy, and establishes potential applications of TBM for cervical cancer treatment in clinic.
Phosphatidylserine is a marker for axonal debris engulfment but its exposure can be decoupled from degeneration
Authors: Shacham-Silverberg Vered , Sar Shalom Hadas , Goldner Ron , Golan-Vaishenker Yarden , Gurwicz Neta , Gokhman Irena , Yaron Avraham
Published: November 2018

Apoptotic cells expose Phosphatidylserine (PS), that serves as an “eat me” signal for engulfing cells. Previous studies have shown that PS also marks degenerating axonsduring developmental pruning or in response to insults (Wallerian degeneration), but the pathways that control PS exposure on degenerating axons are largely unknown. Here, we used a series of in vitro assays to systematically explore the regulation of PS exposure during axonal degeneration. Our results show that PS exposure is regulated by the upstream activators of axonal pruning and Wallerian degeneration. However, our investigation of signaling further downstream revealed divergence between axon degeneration and PS exposure. Importantly, elevation of the axonal energetic status hindered PS exposure, while inhibition of mitochondrial activity caused PS exposure, without degeneration. Overall, our results suggest that the levels of PS on the outer axonal membrane can be dissociated from the degeneration process and that the axonal energetic status plays a key role in the regulation of PS exposure.
Manipulating azobenzene photoisomerization through strong light–molecule coupling
Authors: Fregoni J. , Granucci G. , Coccia E. , Persico M. , Corni S.
Published: November 2018

The formation of hybrid light–molecule states (polaritons) offers a new strategy to manipulate the photochemistry of molecules. To fully exploit its potential, one needs to build a toolbox of polaritonic phenomenologies that supplement those of standard photochemistry. By means of a state-of-the-art computational photochemistry approach extended to the strong-coupling regime, here we disclose various mechanisms peculiar of polaritonic chemistry: coherent population oscillations between polaritons, quenching by trapping in dead-end polaritonic states and the alteration of the photochemical reaction pathway and quantum yields. We focus on azobenzene photoisomerization, that encompasses the essential features of complex photochemical reactions such as the presence of conical intersections and reaction coordinates involving multiple internal modes. In the strong coupling regime, a polaritonic conical intersection arises and we characterize its role in the photochemical process. Our chemically detailed simulations provide a framework to rationalize how the strong coupling impacts the photochemistry of realistic molecules.
Three-dimensional localization spectroscopy of individual nuclear spins with sub-Angstrom resolution
Authors: Zopes J. , Cujia K. S. , Sasaki K. , Boss J. M. , Itoh K. M. , Degen C. L.
Published: November 2018

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful method for analyzing the chemical composition and molecular structure of materials. At the nanometer scale, NMR has the prospect of mapping the atomic-scale structure of individual molecules, provided a method that can sensitively detect single nuclei and measure inter-atomic distances. Here, we report on precise localization spectroscopy experiments of individual13C nuclear spins near the central electronic sensor spin of a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in a diamond chip. By detecting the nuclear free precession signals in rapidly switchable external magnetic fields, we retrieve the three-dimensional spatial coordinates of the nuclear spins with sub-Angstrom resolution and for distances beyond 10 Å. We further show that the Fermi contact contribution can be constrained by measuring the nuclearg-factor enhancement. The presented method will be useful for mapping atomic positions in single molecules, an ambitious yet important goal of nanoscale nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
TAp73-induced phosphofructokinase-1 transcription promotes the Warburg effect and enhances cell proliferation
Authors: Li Le , Li Lijia , Li Wei , Chen Taiqi , Bin Zou  , Zhao Lina , Wang Huili , Wang Xueying , Xu Lina , Liu Xiaohui , Wang Dong , Li Bo , Mak Tak W. , Du Wenjing , Yang Xiaolu , Jiang Peng
Published: November 2018

The Warburg effect is a prominent metabolic feature associated with neoplastic diseases; however, the underlying mechanism remains incompletely understood. TAp73, a structural homolog of the tumor suppressor p53, is frequently overexpressed in human tumors, indicating a proliferative advantage that it can confer to tumor cells. Here we show that TAp73 stimulates the expression of phosphofructokinase-1, liver type (PFKL), which catalyzes the committed step in glycolysis. Through this regulation, TAp73 enhances glucose consumption and lactate excretion, promoting the Warburg effect. By activating PFKL, TAp73 also increases ATP production and bolsters anti-oxidant defense. TAp73 deficiency results in a pronounced reduction in tumorigenic potential, which can be rescued by forced PFKL expression. These findings establish TAp73 as a critical regulator of glycolysis and reveal a mechanism by which tumor cells achieve the Warburg effect to enable oncogenic growth.
Electrochemically-mediated selective capture of heavy metal chromium and arsenic oxyanions from water
Authors: Su Xiao , Kushima Akihiro , Halliday Cameron , Zhou Jian , Li Ju , Hatton T. Alan
Published: November 2018

The removal of highly toxic, ultra-dilute contaminants of concern has been a primary challenge for clean water technologies. Chromium and arsenic are among the most prevalent heavy metal pollutants in urban and agricultural waters, with current separation processes having severe limitations due to lack of molecular selectivity. Here, we report redox-active metallopolymer electrodes for the selective electrochemical removal of chromium and arsenic. An uptake greater than 100 mg Cr/g adsorbent can be achieved electrochemically, with a 99% reversible working capacity, with the bound chromium ions released in the less harmful trivalent form. Furthermore, we study the metallopolymer response during electrochemical modulation by in situ transmission electron microscopy. The underlying mechanisms for molecular selectivity are investigated through electronic structure calculations, indicating a strong charge transfer to the heavy metal oxyanions. Finally, chromium and arsenic are remediated efficiently at concentrations as low as 100 ppb, in the presence of over 200-fold excess competing salts.
Plasma Tie2 is a tumor vascular response biomarker for VEGF inhibitors in metastatic colorectal cancer
Authors: Jayson Gordon C. , Zhou Cong , Backen Alison , Horsley Laura , Marti-Marti Kalena , Shaw Danielle , Mescallado Nerissa , Clamp Andrew , Saunders Mark P. , Valle Juan W. , Mullamitha Saifee , Braun Mike , Hasan Jurjees , McEntee Delyth , Simpson Kathryn , Little Ross A. , Watson Yvonne , Cheung Susan , Roberts Caleb , Ashcroft Linda , Manoharan Prakash , Scherer Stefan J. , del Puerto Olivia , Jackson Alan , O’Connor James P. B. , Parker Geoff J. M. , Dive Caroline
Published: November 2018

Oncological use of anti-angiogenic VEGF inhibitors has been limited by the lack of informative biomarkers. Previously we reported circulating Tie2 as a vascular response biomarker for bevacizumab-treated ovarian cancer patients. Using advanced MRI and circulating biomarkers we have extended these findings in metastatic colorectal cancer (n = 70). Bevacizumab (10 mg/kg) was administered to elicit a biomarker response, followed by FOLFOX6-bevacizumab until disease progression. Bevacizumab induced a correlation between Tie2 and the tumor vascular imaging biomarker,Ktrans(R:−0.21 to 0.47) implying that Tie2 originated from the tumor vasculature. Tie2 trajectories were independently associated with pre-treatment tumor vascular characteristics, tumor response, progression free survival (HR for progression = 3.01,p = 0.00014; median PFS 248 vs. 348 daysp = 0.0008) and the modeling of progressive disease (p < 0.0001), suggesting that Tie2 should be monitored clinically to optimize VEGF inhibitor use. A vascular response is defined as a 30% reduction in Tie2; vascular progression as a 40% increase in Tie2 above the nadir. Tie2 is the first, validated, tumor vascular response biomarker for VEGFi.
Combined effusive-explosive silicic volcanism straddles the multiphase viscous-to-brittle transition
Authors: Wadsworth Fabian B. , Witcher Taylor , Vossen Caron E. J. , Hess Kai-Uwe , Unwin Holly E. , Scheu Bettina , Castro Jonathan M. , Dingwell Donald B.
Published: November 2018

Magma is a viscoelastic fluid that can support fracture propagation when local shear stresses are high, or relax and flow when shear stresses are low. Here we present experiments to confirm this using synthetic and natural magmatic liquids across eruptive conditions and use Maxwell’s linear viscoelasticity to parameterize our results and predict the maximum stresses that can be supported during flow. This model proves universal across a large range of liquid compositions, temperatures, crystallinity and rates of strain relevant to shallow crustal magma ascent. Our results predict that the 2008 Volcán Chaitén eruption resided in the viscous field at the onset of magma ascent, but transitioned to a mixed viscous-brittle regime during degassing, coincident with the observed combined effusive-explosive behaviour during dome extrusion. Taking a realistic maximum effusive ascent rate, we propose that silicic eruptions on Earth may straddle the viscous-to-brittle transition by the time they reach the surface.