bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Physiological Study of Electrolyte Transporters in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells
Authors: Ikari Akira
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Surfaces Exposed by Self‐Assembled Organothiol Monolayers: Preparation, Characterization, and Application
Authors: Kind Martin , Woell Christof
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Column Bioreactor Clarifier Process (CBCP)
Authors: Sverdlikov Anatoliy I. , Shcherbina Gennadij P. , Zemljak Michail M. , Sverdlikov Alexander A. , Haycock Donald H. , Lugowski Andrew , Nakhla George , Wang Lawrence K. , Hung Yung‐Tse
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Our Mechanistic Understanding of SNV Reactions
Authors: Bernasconi Claude F. , Rappoport Zvi
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of REDOR NMR in Natural Product Chemistry
Authors: Matsuoka Shigeru , Inoue Masayuki
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure—Function Relationship and Mechanistic Pathways in Homogeneous Catalysis as Probed by ENDOR Spectroscopy
Authors: Carter Emma , Murphy Damien M.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
5‐Benzylidenethiazolidin‐4‐ones as Multitarget Inhibitors of Bacterial Mur Ligases
Authors: Tomašić Tihomir , Zidar Nace , Kovač Andreja , Turk Samo , Simčič Mihael , Blanot Didier , Müller‐Premru Manica , Filipič Metka , Grdadolnik Simona Golič , Zega Anamarija , Anderluh Marko , Gobec Stanislav , Kikelj Danijel , Peterlin Mašič Lucija
Published: December 2009

Mur ligases participate in the intracellular path of bacterial peptidoglycan biosynthesis and constitute attractive, although so far underexploited, targets for antibacterial drug discovery. A series of hydroxy‐substituted 5‐benzylidenethiazolidin‐4‐ones were synthesized and tested as inhibitors of Mur ligases. The most potent compound 5 a was active against MurD–F with IC50 values between 2 and 6 μm, making it a promising multitarget inhibitor of Mur ligases. Antibacterial activity against different strains, inhibitory activity against protein kinases, mutagenicity and genotoxicity of 5 a were also investigated, and kinetic and NMR studies were conducted.
Novel Low Melting Point Barium and Strontium Precursors for the MOCVD Growth of Barium‐Strontium‐Titanate Films
Authors: Kuzmina Natalia , Malkerova Irina , Alikhanyan Andrey , Tsymbarenko Dmitry , Lyssenko Konstantin , Kreinin Oleg , Shuster Gregory , Lakin Evgeny , Zolotoyabko Emil
Published: December 2009

Novel barium and strontium precursors, belonging to the family of volatile complexes of the alkaline earth element (AEE) fluorinated β‐diketonates with polyglymes, [M(dfhd)2(tetraglyme)] [Hdfnd = 1,1,1,2,2,6,6,7,7,7‐dekafluoro‐heptane‐3,5‐dione, M = Ba (I), Sr (II)], are synthesized and tested with an aim to use them for metal‐organic (MO)CVD of BaxSr1‐xTiO3 (BST) thin films. The thermal behavior and composition of vapor phases for compounds I and II are studied by thermal analysis and mass spectrometry (MS). Considerable reduction of the melting point (down to 80–90 °C) for both compounds I and II, as compared to known volatile complexes, is achieved. By means of the developed precursors, epitaxial BST films (x = 0.5) are grown on SrTiO3 substrates by using the modified MOCVD facility. The quality of the grown films is examined by high‐resolution (HR) X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and high‐resolution (HR) scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Visual inspection versus quantitative flow cytometry to detect aberrant CD2 expression in malignant T cells
Authors: Arun Indu , Wulu Jacqueline A. , Janik John E. , Jasper Gregory A. , Yuan Constance M. , Venzon David , Stetler‐Stevenson Maryalice
Published: December 2009

Background:

Abnormal levels of T‐cell antigen expression occur in T‐cell neoplasia. We examined CD2 expression in malignant and normal T cells to determine if the level of CD2 expression differed significantly and if quantitation assisted in detecting this difference.

Method:

Flow cytometric immunophenotypic (FCI) evaluation was performed on specimens from 36 patients with mature T‐cell neoplasia. Abnormal T cells were identified based upon the abnormal FCI and morphology. Levels of CD2 expression were quantitated using 1:1 PE conjugates of anti‐CD2 and QuantiBRITE bead standards to calculate the antibodies bound per cell (ABC). The efficacy of ABC measurement versus simple examination of dots plots was compared.

Results:

Abnormal levels of CD2 expression were frequently observed in mature T‐cell malignancies. The CD2 ABC values were highly sensitive in detecting differences between malignant and normal T cells (P = 0.0028). In most cases (24/32 specimens, 75%), CD2 ABCs differed by >20%. CD2 ABCs had high variability in normal T cells.

Conclusions:

CD2 expression by malignant T cells differed significantly from that of normal T‐cells by CD2 ABC quantitation. The high variability in normal T‐cell CD2 ABCs limited the determination of normal reference ranges and, thus, its utility in the diagnosis of T‐cell neoplasia. However, examination of CD2 can help in detection of tumor cells when residual normal T cells are present for comparison. Moreover, the increased sensitivity of CD2 quantitation is valuable in confirming FCI cases where abnormalities in CD2 expression are difficult to appreciate by visual inspection alone. Published 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Testosterone metabolites differentially maintain adult morphology in a sexually dimorphic neuromuscular system
Authors: Verhovshek Tom , Buckley Katherine E. , Sergent Melissa A. , Sengelaub Dale R.
Published: December 2009

The lumbar spinal cord of rats contains the sexually dimorphic, steroid‐sensitive spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB). Androgens are necessary for the development of the SNB neuromuscular system, and in adulthood, continue to influence the morphology and function of the motoneurons and their target musculature. However, estrogens are also involved in the development of the SNB system, and are capable of maintaining function in adulthood. In this experiment, we assessed the ability of testosterone metabolites, estrogens and nonaromatizable androgens, to maintain neuromuscular morphology in adulthood. Motoneuron and muscle morphology was assessed in adult normal males, sham‐castrated males, castrated males treated with testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol, or left untreated, and gonadally intact males treated with the 5α‐reductase inhibitor finasteride or the aromatase inhibitor fadrozole. After 6 weeks of treatment, SNB motoneurons were retrogradely labeled with cholera toxin‐HRP and reconstructed in three dimensions. Castration resulted in reductions in SNB target muscle size, soma size, and dendritic morphology. Testosterone treatment after castration maintained SNB soma size, dendritic morphology, and elevated target muscle size; dihydrotestosterone treatment also maintained SNB dendritic length, but was less effective than testosterone in maintaining both SNB soma size and target muscle weight. Treatment of intact males with finasteride or fadrozole did not alter the morphology of SNB motoneurons or their target muscles. In contrast, estradiol treatment was completely ineffective in preventing castration‐induced atrophy of the SNB neuromuscular system. Together, these results suggest that the maintenance of adult motoneuron or muscle morphology is strictly mediated by androgens. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 70: 206–221, 2010.
Synthesis, Structure, and Polymerization Activity of Cyclopentadienylnickel(II) N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Selective Cross‐Metathesis in Metal Coordination Spheres
Authors: Buchowicz Włodzimierz , Wojtczak Wioleta , Pietrzykowski Antoni , Lupa Anna , Jerzykiewicz Lucjan B. , Makal Anna , Woźniak Krzysztof
Published: December 2009

The N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes [(RC5H4)Ni(X)(NHC)] (2–5) have been prepared by treating nickelocene [or 1,1′‐bis(alkenyl)nickelocene] with a suitable carbene precursor. The alkenylcyclopentadienido complexes 4 and 5 undergo chemoselective cross‐metathesis with methyl acrylate or methyl vinyl ketone in the presence of the seocnd‐generation Grubbs catalyst to yield complexes 6–8, which bear an α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl substituent on the cyclopentadienido ligand. The X‐ray crystal structure of 2 [monoclinic,P21/n, Ni–Ccarbene 1.879(3) Å] and 7 [triclinic, P$\bar {1}$, Ni–Ccarbene 1.8874(6) Å] reveal undistorted trigonal‐planar Ni coordination. VT‐NMR studies of complexes 2 and 3, which possess an N‐alkyl substituent, show hindered rotation of the carbene ligand. Complexes [(RC5H4)Ni(X)(NHC)], in the presence of an excess of MAO, display high activity in the polymerization of styrene and moderate activity in the oligomerization of phenylacetylene.
Synthesis of an (±)‐Estrone Precursor: The Scope of Zr‐ and Co‐Mediated Cycloannulations
Authors: Betík Robert , Herrmann Pavel , Kotora Martin
Published: December 2009

The synthesis of an estrone intermediate based on a new approach was studied. The construction of the basic framework was carried out in three steps from a simple styrene derivative. The crucial reaction sequence for the steroid skeleton construction relied on a Zr‐mediated cyclization (Zr‐ene reaction)/propargylation followed by a Co‐mediated diastereoselective Pauson–Khand reaction that afforded various D‐ring‐substituted tetracyclic ketones 11 with natural trans‐anti stereochemistry. The conjugated addition reaction of Me2CuLi to tetracyclic ketone 11a aiming at the installation of the angular methyl group in the 13‐position gave rise exclusively to product 12 with unnatural trans‐anti‐cis stereochemistry The successful synthesis of known estrone intermediate 4 with natural trans‐anti‐trans stereochemistry was accomplished by chemoselective reduction of the carbonyl group of ketone 11b. Attempts to use other metallo‐ene reactions to affect the synthesis of steroid B‐ring are also described.
Testing of the influenza virus purification by CIEF
Authors: Horká Marie , Kubíček Oldřich , Kubesoví Anna , Kubíčková Zuzana , Rosenbergová Kateřina , Šlais Karel
Published: December 2009

In virological practice, the pre‐concentration, purification and subsequent determination of the purity and concentration of the viruses from the cultural medium and/or from the real sample are required. The conventional techniques used today are equipment demanding, time‐consuming and laborious. In this study, the CIEF of influenza viruses with UV detection has been developed and subsequently used to test the purification of the virus from the biological samples. The equine and swine influenza viruses present in infected allantoic fluid of specific pathogen free embryonated chicken eggs were precipitated by using PEG 6000 and sodium chloride. The precipitated viruses were centrifuged at 14 000×g, and the impurities of different densities were removed by using the sucrose gradients. The efficiency of the virus purification technique was examined by the CIEF and compared to the results of real‐time PCR. The pIs of both influenza viruses were determined. Simultaneously, the CIEF was found to be a suitable method for the rapid testing of the efficiency of the virus purification.
CE‐ESI‐TOF/MS for human growth hormone analysis
Authors: Staub Aline , Giraud Sylvain , Saugy Martial , Rudaz Serge , Veuthey Jean‐Luc , Schappler Julie
Published: December 2009

CE is a powerful analytical tool used to separate intact biomolecules such as proteins. The coupling of CE with TOF/MS produces a very promising method that can be used to detect and identify proteins in different matrices. This paper describes an efficient, rapid, and simple CE‐ESI‐TOF/MS procedure for the analysis of endogenous human growth hormone and recombinant human growth hormone without sample preparation. Operational factors were optimized using an experimental design, and the method was successfully applied to distinguish human growth hormone and recombinant human growth hormone in unknown samples.
Study on enantiomeric separation of basic drugs by NACE in methanol‐based medium using erythromycin lactobionate as a chiral selector
Authors: Chen Bin , Du Yingxiang , Wang Hao
Published: December 2009

A wide variety of chiral selectors have been employed in CZE, and among them macrocyclic antibiotics including glycopeptides, ansamycins, aminoglycosides and polypeptides exhibited prominent enantioselective properties toward abundant racemic compounds. Compared with CZE, the use of macrocyclic antibiotics as chiral selectors in NACE has not been reported previously. In this study, an approach to the enantioseparation of basic drugs by means of NACE with erythromycin lactobionate (EL) belonging to the group of macrolide antibiotics has been investigated. Especially different from the above four classes of antibiotics, there are no reports concerned with the use of macrolides which belong to macrocyclic antibiotics as chiral selectors in CE. In this work EL is first used as a chiral selector in NACE for the enantiomeric separations of two racemic basic drugs that possess high separability consisting of propranolol and duloxetine. Furthermore, EL possesses advantages such as high solubility and low viscosity in the solvent and very weak UV absorption. The chiral separations were achieved using Tris‐boric acid as the BGE and methanol as the organic medium. In the course of this work we observed that both migration time and enantioseparation were influenced by several parameters such as the pH and composition of the BGE, EL concentration, capillary temperature and applied voltage. Consequently, these parameters were systematically optimized in order to obtain the optimum enantioseparations.
Ghrelin–liposome interactions: Characterization of liposomal formulations of an acylated 28‐amino acid peptide using CE
Authors: Østergaard Jesper , Moeller Eva H.
Published: December 2009

Ghrelin is a pharmacologically interesting peptide hormone due to its effects on appetite and metabolism. The cationic, octanoylated 28 amino acid peptide has a short biological half‐life; thus, prolonged release formulations are of interest. Acylated peptides have been suggested to bind to or be incorporated into liposomes. Formulations based on neutral dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) liposomes and phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol (70:30 mol%) liposomes, and negatively charged dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine:dipalmitoylphosphatidylserine (DPPC:DPPS) (70:30 mol%) liposomes (2 mM total lipid concentration) were characterized using ACE. Pre‐equilibrium CZE and frontal analysis CE methods circumventing capillary wall adsorption of the peptide and the liposomes and suitable for characterizing ghrelin–liposome interactions were developed. The cationic peptide exhibited low affinity (<10% bound) for DPPC and phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol (70:30 mol%) liposomes whereas electrostatic interactions caused a higher affinity for DPPC:DPPS (70:30 mol%) liposomes. Studies on desacyl ghrelin instead of ghrelin demonstrated the significance of the n‐octanoyl side chain as an affinity providing moiety towards DPPC:DPPS liposomes (48 and 73% bound peptide, respectively). CE experiments showed that the binding was characterized by rapid dissociation kinetics.
Corrosion of phosphate‐enriched titanium oxide surface dental implants (TiUnite®) under in vitro inflammatory and hyperglycemic conditions
Authors: Messer Regina L. W. , Seta Francesca , Mickalonis John , Brown Yolanda , Lewis Jill B. , Wataha John C.
Published: December 2009

Endosseous dental implants use is increasing in patients with systemic conditions that compromise wound healing. Manufacturers recently have redesigned implants to ensure more reliable and faster osseointegration. One design strategy has been to create a porous phosphate‐enriched titanium oxide (TiUnite®) surface to increase surface area and enhance interactions with bone. In the current study, the corrosion properties of TiUnite® implants were studied in cultures of monocytic cells and solutions simulating inflammatory and hyperglycemic conditions. Furthermore, to investigate whether placement into bone causes enough mechanical damage to alter implant corrosion properties, the enhanced surface implants as well as machined titanium implants were placed into human cadaver mandibular bone, the bone removed, and the corrosion properties measured. Implant corrosion behavior was characterized by open circuit potentials, linear polarization resistance, and electrical impedance spectroscopy. In selected samples, THP1 cells were activated with lipopolysaccharide prior to implant exposure to simulate an inflammatory environment. No significant differences in corrosion potentials were measured between the TiUnite® implants and the machined titanium implants in previous studies. TiUnite® implants exhibited lower corrosion rates in all simulated conditions than observed in PBS, and EIS measurements revealed two time constants which shifted with protein‐containing electrolytes. In addition, the TiUnite® implants displayed a significantly lower corrosion rate than the machined titanium implants after placement into bone. The current study suggests that the corrosion risk of the enhanced oxide implant is lower than its machined surface titanium implant counterpart under simulated conditions of inflammation, elevated dextrose concentrations, and after implantation into bone. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010
Fibrillogenesis in continuously spun synthetic collagen fiber
Authors: Caves Jeffrey M. , Kumar Vivek A. , Wen Jing , Cui Wanxing , Martinez Adam , Apkarian Robert , Coats Julie E. , Berland Keith , Chaikof Elliot L.
Published: December 2009

The universal structural role of collagen fiber networks has motivated the development of collagen gels, films, coatings, injectables, and other formulations. However, reported synthetic collagen fiber fabrication schemes have either culminated in short, discontinuous fiber segments at unsuitably low production rates, or have incompletely replicated the internal fibrillar structure that dictates fiber mechanical and biological properties. We report a continuous extrusion system with an off‐line phosphate buffer incubation step for the manufacture of synthetic collagen fiber. Fiber with a cross‐section of 53± 14 by 21 ± 3 μm and an ultimate tensile strength of 94 ± 19 MPa was continuously produced at 60 m/hr from an ultrafiltered monomeric collagen solution. The effect of collagen solution concentration, flow rate, and spinneret size on fiber size was investigated. The fiber was further characterized by microdifferential scanning calorimetry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), second harmonic generation (SHG) analysis, and in a subcutaneous murine implant model. Calorimetry demonstrated stabilization of the collagen triple helical structure, while TEM and SHG revealed a dense, axially aligned D‐periodic fibril structure throughout the fiber cross‐section. Implantation of glutaraldehyde crosslinked and noncrosslinked fiber in the subcutaneous tissue of mice demonstrated limited inflammatory response and biodegradation after a 6‐week implant period. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010
Mechanism of diepoxybutane‐induced p53 regulation in human cells
Authors: Yadavilli Sridevi , Chen Zhenping , Albrecht Thomas , Muganda Perpetua M.
Published: December 2009

Diepoxybutane (DEB) is the most potent active metabolite of the environmental chemical 1,3‐butadiene (BD). BD is a known mutagen and human carcinogen and possesses multisystems organ toxicity. We previously reported the elevation of p53 in human TK6 lymphoblasts undergoing DEB‐induced apoptosis. In this study, we have characterized the DEB‐induced p53 accumulation and investigated the mechanisms by which DEB regulates this p53 accumulation. The elevation of p53 levels in DEB‐exposed TK6 lymphoblasts and human embryonic lung (HEL) human fibroblasts was found to be largely due to the stabilization of the p53 protein. DEB increased the acetylation of p53 at lys‐382, dramatically reduced complex formation between p53 and its regulator protein mdm2 and induced the phosphorylation of p53 at serines 15, 20, 37, 46, and 392 in human lymphoblasts. A dramatic increase in phosphorylation of p53 at serine 15 in correlation to total p53 levels was observed in DEB‐exposed Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) proficient human lymphoblasts as compared to DEB‐exposed ATM‐deficient human lymphoblasts; this implicates the ATM kinase in the elevation of p53 levels in DEB‐exposed cells. Collectively, these findings explain for the first time the mechanism by which p53 accumulates in DEB‐exposed cells and contributes to the understanding of the molecular toxicity of DEB and BD. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 23:373–386, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20300
Oncogene expression profiles in K6/ODC mouse skin and papillomas following a chronic exposure to monomethylarsonous acid
Authors: Delker Don A. , Geter David R. , Roop Barbara C. , Ward William O. , Ahlborn Gene J. , Allen James W. , Nelson Gail M. , Ouyang Ming , Welsh William , Chen Yan , O'Brien Thomas , Kitchin Kirk T.
Published: December 2009

We have previously observed that a chronic drinking water exposure to monomethylarsonous acid [MMA(III)], a cellular metabolite of inorganic arsenic, increases tumor frequency in the skin of keratin VI/ornithine decarboxylase (K6/ODC) transgenic mice. To characterize gene expression profiles predictive of MMA(III) exposure and mode of action of carcinogenesis, skin and papilloma RNA was isolated from K6/ODC mice administered 0, 10, 50, and 100 ppm MMA(III) in their drinking water for 26 weeks. Following RNA processing, the resulting cRNA samples were hybridized to Affymetrix Mouse Genome 430A 2.0 GeneChips®. Micoarray data were normalized using MAS 5.0 software, and statistically significant genes were determined using a regularized t‐test. Significant changes in bZIP transcription factors, MAP kinase signaling, chromatin remodeling, and lipid metabolism gene transcripts were observed following MMA(III) exposure as determined using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery 2.1 (DAVID) (Dennis et al., Genome Biol 2003;4(5):P3). MMA(III) also caused dose‐dependent changes in multiple Rho guanine nucleotide triphosphatase (GTPase) and cell cycle related genes as determined by linear regression analyses. Observed increases in transcript abundance of Fosl1, Myc, and Rac1 oncogenes in mouse skin support previous reports on the inducibility of these oncogenes in response to arsenic and support the relevance of these genomic changes in skin tumor induction in the K6/ODC mouse model. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 23:406–418, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20304
Sex‐specific effects of gestational and lactational coexposure to lead and cadmium on hepatic phase I and phase II xenobiotic/steroid‐metabolizing enzymes and antioxidant status
Authors: Pillai Prakash , Patel Ritesh , Pandya Chirayu , Gupta Sarita
Published: December 2009

Liver has evolved complex enzymatic mechanisms to detoxify a wide array of xenobiotic substances, ranging from dietary components to environmental toxins to pharmaceuticals. Activities of many steroid‐metabolizing enzymes in adult rat liver microsomes are sexually differentiated. Toxic effects of lead and cadmium on hepatic tissue have been well established in our earlier studies. We thus monitored the effects of gestational and lactational coexposure to lead and cadmium on hepatic phase I and phase II xenobiotic‐ and steroid‐metabolizing enzyme activities in both male and female F1 generation postnatal day (PND) 56 rats. Adult pregnant female rats were treated subcutaneously [0.05 mg/(kg body wt. day)] with sodium acetate (control group), lead acetate, and cadmium acetate separately and in combination throughout the gestational and lactational period. Hepatic phase I xenobiotic‐metabolizing enzymes (NADPH‐ and NADH‐cytochrome c reductase) activities significantly decreased significantly in all the metal‐treated groups in both PND 56 male and female rats as compared with the control group. Hepatic phase II enzymes (uridine diphosphate‐glucuronosyl transferase, γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase, glutathione‐S‐transferase, 17‐β‐hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase) were also highly susceptible to all the metal‐treated groups. The observed alterations in the oxidative stress and biochemical parameters in the liver of F1 generation male and female rats resulted from an independent effect of lead and/or cadmium and also from their interaction. Results suggest that early developmental exposure to lead and cadmium both alone and in combination can suppress the hepatic xenobiotic‐metabolizing enzyme activities in the liver of F1 generation male and female rats in a sex‐dependent manner. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 23:419–431, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20305
Sonographic diagnosis of penile Mondor's disease associated with absence of a dorsal penile artery
Authors: Ozel Alper , Issayev Farkhad , Erturk Sukru Mehmet , Halefoglu Ahmet Mesrur , Karpat Zeki
Published: December 2009

Penile Mondor's disease is an unusual condition, which is characterized by thrombosis in superficial dorsal penile vein. Here, we report the sonographic findings of this disease in a 35‐year‐old male along with the absence of right dorsal penile artery. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 2010
Sonographic diagnosis of postpartum pseudoaneurysms of the uterine artery: A report of 2 cases
Authors: Marnela Katja , Saarelainen Sami , Palomäki Outi , Kirkinen Pertti
Published: December 2009

Two cases of post‐partum uterine artery pseudoaneurysm are described, 1 after normal vaginal delivery and the other after Caesarean section. Both cases were complicated by heavy bleeding and treated with catheter embolization. A turbulent arterial‐type velocity waveform with high peak velocity and forward end‐diastolic flow was registered in the feeding vessel. The peak blood flow velocity was high in both cases. The resistance index in the uterine artery was lower in the affected side of the uterus. Three‐dimensional angiosonography was used to calculate the volume of the lesion, demonstrate its shape, and identify the feeding vessel. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2010
Curcumin protects against hepatic and renal injuries mediated by inducible nitric oxide synthase during selenium‐induced toxicity in Wistar rats
Authors: Manikandan Ramar , Thiagarajan Raman , Beulaja Sivagnanam , Sudhandiran Ganapasam , Arumugam Munusamy
Published: December 2009

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of curcumin in protecting against selenium‐induced toxicity in liver and kidney of Wistar rats. Light microscopy evaluation of selenium alone administered rats showed liver to be infiltrated with mononuclear cells, vacuolation, necrosis, and pronounced degeneration. Control liver sections showed a regular morphology of parenchymal cells with intact hepatocytes and sinusoids. Kidney from selenium alone administered rats showed vacuolar degeneration changes in the epithelial cells, cellular proliferation with fibrosis, thickening of capillary walls, and glomerular tuft atrophy. Such changes were also observed in rats administered with selenium and curcumin simultaneously and rats administered first with selenium and then curcumin 24 h later. Interestingly, such degenerative changes observed in liver and kidney induced by selenium were not seen in rats that were administered with curcumin first and selenium 24 h later. This clearly suggests the protective nature of curcumin against selenium toxicity. To understand the probable mechanism of action of curcumin, we analyzed inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression by immunohistochemistry, and the results showed an increased iNOS expression in selenium‐alone induced liver and kidney. Such high iNOS levels were inhibited in liver and kidney of rats pretreated with curcumin and then with selenium 24 h later. Based on the histological results, it can be concluded that curcumin functions as a protective agent against selenium‐induced toxicity in liver as well as kidney, and this action is probably by the regulatory role of curcumin on iNOS expression. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A reproducible technique for specific labeling of antigens using preformed fluorescent molecular IgG‐F(ab′)2 complexes from primary antibodies of the same species
Authors: Owen Gethin RH. , Häkkinen Lari , Wu Chuanyue , Larjava Hannu
Published: December 2009

Immunolabeling two different antigens using the indirect approach with antibodies from the same species is not possible as secondary antibodies can bind to either primary target antibodies. In this study, we describe how preformed complexes of primary and secondary labeled antibodies can be used in such circumstances. In this situation, the first antigen is labeled using the conventional indirect method followed by incubation with the preformed primary–secondary antibody complex against the second antigen. To prevent unbound secondary antibody from binding the indirectly‐labeled antibodies, resulting in a false positive, we quenched excess secondary antibody with nonimmune murine serum from the species of the primary antibody. Before the formation of the preformed complex, the optimum dilution of both primary and secondary antibodies was determined. Once these concentrations were established, the concentration of nonimmune murine serum required to quench excess unbound secondary was determined. This step was accomplished by first incubating the sample with an antibody against an antigen known to be localized away from the antigen of interest, followed by the preformed complex. If specific staining was seen, other than that expected from the preformed complex, then the concentration of the serum was deemed insufficient for quenching, and increased accordingly. We demonstrate that this approach is successful in determining the optimum conditions for the preformation of ascites and purified monoclonal primary IgG with fluorescently conjugated F(ab′)2. Double immunolabelling of two focal adhesion antigens and two cytoskeletal proteins, with two murine primary antibodies, are presented as examples of the methodology. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Infection of the Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) by the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana: A SEM study
Authors: Güerri‐Agulló Berenice , Gómez‐Vidal Sonia , Asensio Leticia , Barranco Pablo , Lopez‐Llorca Luis V.
Published: December 2009

The Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) is a devastating pest of palms in the Mediterranean, Middle East, and Eastern countries. No effective control measures are available. R. ferrugineus has been found naturally infected by the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, but its infection process in this host is unknown. We have studied the infection of R. ferrugineus larvae and adults by B. bassiana using dry conidia and conidia suspensions using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In early stages, SEM revealed acquisition of B. bassiana conidia by cuticle ornamentation in legs, antennae, and elytra of R. ferrugineus adults. Subsequently, conidia germinated and frequent episodes of hyphal/conidial fusion were found. Appressoria, signs of adhesion and cuticle degradation led to penetration (even direct) and colonization of R. ferrugineus hosts by the fungus. B. bassiana conidiophores were found in a R. ferrugineus cuticle, which indicate the completion of the life cycle of the fungus in the insect host. SEM has proven that dry conidia of B. bassiana is an adequate inoculum for R. ferrugineus infection. SEM revealed that conidia of B. bassiana attached to the cuticle of R. ferrugineus can germinate and differentiate appressoria. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Existence of openly disjoint circuits through a vertex
Authors: Mader W.
Published: December 2009

We deal with conditions for a digraph of minimum degree r which imply the existence of a vertex x contained in r circuits which have pairwise only x in common. In particular, we give some positive answers to a question of P. Seymour, whether an r‐regular digraph has a vertex x which is contained in r circuits pairwise disjoint except for x, and show that the answer, in general, is negative. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 63: 93–105, 2010
Expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 and microsomal prostaglandin‐E synthase in amoeboid microglial cells in the developing brain and effects of cyclooxygenase‐2 neutralization on BV‐2 microglial cells
Authors: Li Ping , Kaur Charanjit , Lu Jia , Sivakumar V. , Dheen S. Thameem , Ling Eng‐Ang
Published: December 2009

Microglia express cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and microsomal prostaglandin‐E synthase (mPGES‐1) but their localization in the amoeboid microglial cells (AMC), considered to be the nascent brain macrophages, in the developing brain has remained unexplored; furthermore, their interrelation and regulation have also remained to be fully elucidated. We show here that AMC in postnatal rat brain constitutively expressed COX‐2 and mPGES‐1 whose immunoexpression was upregulated in rats given lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections. Reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis of the callosal tissue rich in AMC revealed that COX‐2 and mPGES‐1 mRNA and protein expression was augmented following LPS injections. BV‐2 cells also exhibited COX‐2 and mPGES‐1 expression which was enhanced by LPS. However, in cells treated with LPS coupled with COX‐2 neutralization, the mRNA expression levels of COX‐2, mPGES‐1, tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐1β and inducible nitric oxide synthase were significantly suppressed; production of prostaglandin E2 and reactive oxygen species also decreased. Western blot analysis confirmed the changes of protein levels of the above mediators. Remarkably, COX‐2 neutralization concomitantly suppressed the protein expression levels of nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB), phos‐NF‐κB and phos‐IκB‐α as well as translocation of NF‐κB as determined by flow cytometry. In conclusion, AMC in the developing brain expressed COX‐2 and mPGES‐1 notably when stimulated by LPS. It is suggested that this may be involved in local inflammation during development. Our results have further shown that COX‐2 neutralization may be effective in suppressing production of inflammatory mediators and hence its potential use in alleviating neuroinflammation. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
LC of sulfonamide residues in poultry muscle and eggs extracts using fluorescence pre‐column derivatization and monolithic silica column
Authors: Zotou Anastasia , Vasiliadou Christina
Published: December 2009

A new, rapid, sensitive and selective HPLC method with fluorescence detection is described for the simultaneous determination of 12 sulfonamides, in the presence of putrescine as internal standard, after pre‐column derivatization with fluorescamine. The drugs were separated on a Chromolith Performance RP‐18 column (100×4.6 mm), using a gradient elution with a binary mobile phase of methanol/0.05 M acetate buffer (pH 3.4). Linearity of derivatization was obtained for concentrations from 3.0 to 300 μg/L in standard solutions. The whole procedure was evaluated and fully validated, according to the European Union Decision 2002/657/EC, for the determination of sulfonamides in turkey muscle and hen eggs following SPE. The LODs varied from 2 to 17 μg/kg in turkey and 2 to 15 μg/kg in egg samples. The average recoveries ranged between 96.9–108.6% in turkey muscle and 96.0–108.4% in egg samples, respectively.
Learning by design: Developing an engine for transforming your company
Authors: Beer Michael , Finnström Magnus
Published: December 2009

Traditional leadership development programs often fail to achieve the desired results because they don't focus on learning linked to the company's business strategy and the real day‐to‐day challenges facing managers. The experience of Sweden‐based industrial group Cardo, which built its executive management program from scratch, shows how organizations can unleash the leadership capabilities required to drive transformation and strengthen business results.
Antioxidative and antigenotoxic properties of vegetables and dietary phytochemicals: The value of genomics biomarkers in molecular epidemiology
Authors: de Kok Theo M. C. M. , de Waard Pim , Wilms Lonneke C. , van Breda Simone G. J.
Published: December 2009

There is considerable evidence that consumption of fruits and vegetables may contribute to the prevention of cancer. It is however remarkable that evidence for such a preventive action arising from mechanistic studies is becoming stronger, whereas results of some recent prospective studies are less convincing. This apparent discrepancy may be overcome, or at least understood, by introducing molecular markers in future epidemiological studies, taking modulation of molecular processes as well as genetic variability in human populations into account. Both human and animal studies demonstrated that vegetable intake modulates gene expression in the gastrointestinal tract of many genes involved in biological pathways in favor of cancer risk prevention. Gene sets identified in this type of studies can be further evaluated, linked to the biological effects of phytochemicals and developed into biomarkers for larger human studies. Human dietary intervention studies have demonstrated that, apart from target tissues, also peripheral lymphocytes can be used for biomonitoring of chemopreventive effects. Transcriptomic responses and metabolite profiling may link phenotypic markers of preventive effects to specific molecular processes. The use of genomics techniques appears to be a promising approach to establish mechanistic pathways involved in chemoprevention by phytochemicals, particularly when genetic variability is taken into account.
Interstitial cells in the urinary bladder—localization and function
Authors: McCloskey Karen D.
Published: December 2009

Aims

This review summarizes the currently available literature on the localization and proposed functions of a novel group of cells in the urinary bladder known as interstitial cells or interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC).

Methods

On‐line searches of “Pubmed” for bladder, c‐Kit, ICC, interstitial cell and myofibroblast were performed to identify relevant studies for the review.

Results

The literature contains substantial data that several sub‐populations of ICC are present in the wall of the mammalian urinary bladder. These are located in the lamina propria and within the detrusor with distinctive cell shapes and morphological arrangements. Bladder ICC are identified with transmission electron microscopy or by immunohistochemical labeling using antibodies to the Kit receptor which is an established ICC marker. Lamina propria‐ICC form a loose network connected via Cx43 gap junctions and are associated with mucosal nerves. Detrusor ICC track the smooth muscle bundles and make frequent contacts with intramural nerves. Both groups of ICC exhibit spontaneous electrical and Ca2+‐signalling and also respond to application of neurotransmitter substances including ATP and carbachol. There is emerging evidence that the expression of ICC is upregulated in pathophysiological conditions including the overactive bladder.

Conclusions

There is now a convincing body of evidence that specialized ICC are present in the urinary bladder making important associations with other cells that make up the bladder wall and possessing physiological properties consistent with a role of bladder activity modulation. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29: 82–87, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Management of fecal incontinence in adults
Authors: Norton C. , Whitehead W.E. , Bliss D.Z. , Harari D. , Lang J.
Published: December 2009

This article summarises the findings from the conservative management of faecal incontinence in adults committee of the International Consultation on Incontinence. We conducted comprehensive literature searches using the following keywords combined with the relevant intervention: “anal, anorectal, bowel, faecal, fecal, rectal, stool” and “continent$ or incontinent$,” Prevalence etimates for faecal or anal incontinence vary widely, from 2.2% to 2.5%. Expert opinion supports the use of general health education, patient teaching about bowel function and advice on lifestyle modification, but the evidence base is small. Unlike urinary incontinence, few “lifestyle” associations have been identified with FI and little is known about whether interventions designed to reduce potential risk factors might improve FI. The article summarises the evidence and recommendations from the committee for clinical practice and future research. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29: 199–206, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cross‐talk and sensitization of bladder afferent nerves
Authors: Ustinova Elena E. , Fraser Matthew O. , Pezzone Michael A.
Published: December 2009

The coordination of pelvic physiologic function requires complex integrative sensory pathways that may converge both peripherally and/or centrally. Following a focal, acute irritative or infectious pelvic insult, these same afferent pathways may produce generalized pelvic sensitization or cross‐sensitization as we show bi‐directionally for the bladder and bowel in an animal model. Single unit bladder afferent recordings following intracolonic irritation reveal direct sensitization to both chemical and mechanical stimuli that's dependent upon both intact bladder sensory (C‐fiber) innervation and neuropeptide content. Concurrent mastocytosis (preponderantly neurogenic) likely plays a role in long‐term pelvic organ sensitization via the release of nociceptive and afferent‐modulating molecules. Prolonged pelvic sensitization as mediated by these convergent and antidromic reflexive pathway may likewise lead to chronic pelvic pain and thus the overlap of chronic pelvic pain disorders. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29: 77–81, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neural control of the lower urinary and gastrointestinal tracts: Supraspinal CNS mechanisms
Authors: Drake M.J. , Fowler C.J. , Griffiths D. , Mayer E. , Paton J.F.R. , Birder L.
Published: December 2009

Normal urinary function is contingent upon a complex hierarchy of CNS regulation. Lower urinary tract afferents synapse in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and ascend to the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG), with a separate nociception path to the thalamus. A spino‐thalamo‐cortical sensory pathway is present in some primates, including humans. In the brainstem, the pontine micturition center (PMC) is a convergence point of multiple influences, representing a co‐ordinating center for voiding. Many PMC neurones have characteristics necessary to categorize the center as a pre‐motor micturition nucleus. In the lateral pontine brainstem, a separate region has some characteristics to suggest a “continence center.” Cerebral control determines that voiding is permitted if necessary, socially acceptable and in a safe setting. The frontal cortex is crucial for decision making in an emotional and social context. The anterior cingulate gyrus and insula co‐ordinate processes of autonomic arousal and visceral sensation. The influence of these centers on the PMC is primarily mediated via the PAG, which also integrates bladder sensory information, thereby moderating voiding and storage of urine, and the transition between the two phases. The parabrachial nucleus in the pons is also important in behavioral motivation of waste evacuation. Lower urinary tract afferents can be modulated at multiple levels by corticolimbic centers, determining the interoception of physiological condition and the consequent emotional motor responses. Alterations in cognitive modulation, descending modulation, and hypervigilance are important in functional (symptom‐based) clinical disorders. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29: 119–127, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurologic fecal incontinence
Authors: Wyndaele J.J. , Kovindha A. , Igawa Y. , Madersbacher H. , Radziszewski P. , Ruffion A. , Schurch B. , Castro D. , Sakakibara R. , Wein A.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

This manuscript summarizes the work of Committee 10 on neurologic bladder and bowel of the International Consultation on Incontinence in 2008–2009. As the data are very large the outcome is presented in different manuscripts. This manuscript deals with neurologic fecal incontinence (FI).

Methods

Through in debt literature review all aspects of neurologic urinary and FI were studied for levels of evidence. Recommendations for diagnosis and treatment, and for future research were made.

Results

Pathophysiology was summarized for different levels of lesions. For epidemiology, specific diagnostics, conservative treatment, and surgical treatment of neurologic FI levels of evidence and grades of recommendation were made.

Conclusions

Though data are available that advice and guide in the management of FI in neurologic patients, not many data are with a high level of evidence or high grade of recommendation. More and well‐structured research is needed. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29: 207–212, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.