bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of competencies for professionals in open innovation teams
Authors: Chatenier Elise du , Verstegen Jos A. A. M. , Biemans Harm J. A. , Mulder Martin , Omta Onno S. W. F
Published: February 2010

In the open innovation management literature, it is widely acknowledged that individuals play a crucial role in collaborative knowledge creation processes. However, the literature tends not to explore the human side of open innovation teams. The present article therefore examines the competencies that professionals need for working in open innovation teams (specific but not necessarily unique to open innovation) and to cope with the challenges they face. A qualitative study consisting of explorative interviews and focus group discussions was conducted, resulting in a competence profile for open innovation professionals. The profile adds a new perspective to the field of open innovation management by focusing on how individuals involved in open innovation teams can enhance open innovation success. It reveals, among other things, how professionals can generate new knowledge, build trust, and deal with low reciprocal commitment in open innovation teams. Especially, brokering solutions and being socially competent seem to be important for open innovation professionals. Companies should focus on these competencies when supporting their professionals in open innovation teams.
A sociological approach to ageing, technology and health
Authors: Joyce Kelly , Loe Meika
Published: February 2010

This special monograph issue builds on sociology of health and illness scholarship and expands the analytical lens to examine how old people, healthcare professionals, and technology designers create, use, and modify science and technology to negotiate and define health and illness. Far from passive consumers, elders are technogenarians, creatively utilising and adapting technological artefacts such as walking aids and medications to fit their needs. This publication adds theoretical and empirical depth to our understanding of the multiple and overlapping socio‐historical contexts surrounding ageing bodies and ageing enterprises, including the biomedicalisation of ageing that includes the rise of anti‐ageing or longevity medicine; and the rise of gerontechnology industries and professions ‐‐ fields that largely accept the ageing body as a given. This collection sociologically investigates how and where these two trends overlap and diverge in relation to a global context of ageing and ageism, and calls for further scholarship in this area. Combining science and technology studies and sociology of health and illness frameworks together provides an empirical basis from which to analyse technogenarians in action, as well as the stakeholders and institutions involved in the ageing, health, and technology matrix.
Semiparametric Methods for Evaluating the Covariate-Specific Predictiveness of Continuous Markers in Matched Case–Control Studies
Authors: Huang Y. , Pepe M. S.
Published: February 2010

To assess the value of a continuous marker in predicting the risk of a disease, a graphical tool called the predictiveness curve has been proposed. It characterizes the marker’s predictiveness, or capacity to stratify risk for the population, by displaying the distribution of risk endowed by the marker. Methods for making inference about the curve and for comparing curves in a general population have been developed. However, knowledge about a marker’s performance in the general population only is not enough. Since a marker’s effect on the risk model and its distribution can both differ across subpopulations, its predictiveness may vary when applied to different subpopulations. Moreover, information about the predictiveness of a marker conditional on baseline covariates is valuable for individual decision-making about having the marker measured or not. Therefore, to realize the usefulness of a risk prediction marker fully, it is important to study its performance conditional on covariates. We propose semiparametric methods for estimating covariate-specific predictiveness curves for a continuous marker. Unmatched and matched case–control study designs are accommodated. We illustrate application of the methodology by evaluating serum creatinine as a predictor of risk of renal artery stenosis.
Remittances, Business Cycles and Poverty: The Recent Turkish Experience
Authors: Sayan Serdar , Tekin‐Koru Ayça
Published: February 2010

We investigate whether remittances sent to Turkey by Turkish workers living in Germany are countercyclical or procyclical with Turkish and German national outputs and discuss possible reasons underlying the resulting patterns and their implications. We also take up a previously unexplored issue and discuss poverty alleviation potential of remittances at a macroeconomic level by examining the statistical properties of any co‐movements between remittances cycles and cycles in consumption spending on food and durable goods in Turkey. Our results reveal that real remittance flows from Germany to Turkey move procyclically with the real output in Turkey, and are primarily driven by (largely independent of) the developments in the Turkish economy (German economy).

We also find that remittances cycles remain procyclical to the consumption cycles throughout our sample period. This direct co‐movement between the two cycles becomes synchronous, however, only after a phase shift occurring around 1992, pointing to the increasing role of the level of economic activity in Turkey as the leading determinant of remittance receipts from Germany and the declining strength of consumption smoothing motive over time. Our results all together point out a low potential for remittances sent from Germany to reduce poverty in Turkey, at least as far as the past fifteen years are concerned.
Cerebral palsy in siblings caused by compound heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding protein C
Authors: FONG CHOONG YI , MUMFORD ANDREW D , LIKEMAN MARCUS J , JARDINE PHILIP E
Published: February 2010

We report two sisters with extensive bilateral periventricular haemorrhagic infarction (PVHI) causing cerebral palsy (CP). The older sister presented at 20 months with cortical visual blindness, spastic diplegia, and purpura fulminans. The younger sister presented aged 3 days old with apnoeas and multifocal seizures. She subsequently had global developmental delay, cortical visual blindness, spastic quadriplegia, epilepsy, and purpura fulminans at age 2 years. Neuroimaging of both siblings showed bilateral PVHI consistent with bilateral cerebral intramedullary venous thrombosis occurring at under 28 weeks’ gestation for the older sister and around time of birth for the younger sister. At latest follow‐up, the older sister (13y) has spastic diplegia at Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level II, and the younger sister (10y) has spastic quadriplegia at GMFCS level IV. Both sisters showed partial quantitative reduction in plasma protein C antigen and severe qualitative reduction in plasma protein C anticoagulant activity. They were heterozygous for two independent mutations in the protein C gene (PROC). There was no other risk factor for CP. To our knowledge, this is the first family reported with compound heterozygous PROC mutations as the likely genetic cause of familial CP. This report adds to the list of known monogenic causes of CP.
Familial paroxysmal exercise‐induced dystonia: atypical presentation of autosomal dominant GTP‐cyclohydrolase 1 deficiency
Authors: DALE RUSSELL C , MELCHERS ANNA , FUNG VICTOR SC , GRATTAN‐SMITH PADRAIC , HOULDEN HENRY , EARL JOHN
Published: February 2010

Paroxysmal exercise‐induced dystonia (PED) is one of the rarer forms of paroxysmal dyskinesia, and can occur in sporadic or familial forms. We report a family (male index case, mother and maternal grandfather) with autosomal dominant inheritance of paroxysmal exercise‐induced dystonia. The dystonia began in childhood and was only ever induced after many minutes of exercise, and was never present at rest, or on initiation of movements. In addition, family members suffered restless legs syndrome (RLS), depression, and adult‐onset Parkinsonism. The index case had low cerebrospinal fluid neurotransmitters and pterins. The PED and RLS stopped on initiation of l‐Dopa therapy. Both live family members were found to have a nonsense mutation (p.E84X) in exon 1 of the GTP‐cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH‐1) gene. We propose that GCH‐1 mutations should be considered a genetic cause of familial PED, especially if additional clinical features of monoaminergic deficiency are present in affected individuals.
Understanding loneliness in the lived experiences of Iranian elders
Authors: Heravi‐Karimooi Majideh , Anoosheh Monireh , Foroughan Mahshid , Sheykhi Mohammad Taghi , Hajizadeh Ebrahim
Published: February 2010

Scand J Caring Sci; 2010; 24; 274–280
 
Understanding loneliness in the lived experiences of Iranian elders

Elderly people are especially vulnerable to loneliness. Loneliness as an important phenomenon is correlated with a variety of emotional, physical and health‐related complications. However, a few studies have investigated the experience of loneliness from the perspectives of elderly people living in communities. The aim of this study was to explore the lived experiences of Iranian elders of loneliness. A qualitative study using phenomenological approach was employed with four men and nine women living in their own houses. In‐depth interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using hermeneutic methods. The emerged themes were ‘an aversive emotional state’, ‘isolated from intimate relationships’, ‘being deprived from social and external support systems’ and ‘being abused and neglected’. Our study findings support the view that the experience of loneliness creates an aversive emotional state which is associated with negative and painful feelings. In addition, it was revealed that lack of access to intimate relationships and supportive systems as well as the experience of being abused and neglected were major factors contributing to the feelings of loneliness among Iranian elders. In terms of recommendation for practice, worldwide nurses are expected to be knowledgeable about the factors which increase feelings of loneliness. Alternatively, they should develop coping mechanisms among elders with the cooperation of their family members; also, attract community attention in order to improve social services in both quality and quantity.
Bayesian Networks and Adaptive Management of Wildlife Habitat
Authors: HOWES ALISON L. , MARON MARTINE , MCALPINE CLIVE A.
Published: February 2010

Abstract:  Adaptive management is an iterative process of gathering new knowledge regarding a system's behavior and monitoring the ecological consequences of management actions to improve management decisions. Although the concept originated in the 1970s, it is rarely actively incorporated into ecological restoration. Bayesian networks (BNs) are emerging as efficient ecological decision‐support tools well suited to adaptive management, but examples of their application in this capacity are few. We developed a BN within an adaptive‐management framework that focuses on managing the effects of feral grazing and prescribed burning regimes on avian diversity within woodlands of subtropical eastern Australia. We constructed the BN with baseline data to predict bird abundance as a function of habitat structure, grazing pressure, and prescribed burning. Results of sensitivity analyses suggested that grazing pressure increased the abundance of aggressive honeyeaters, which in turn had a strong negative effect on small passerines. Management interventions to reduce pressure of feral grazing and prescribed burning were then conducted, after which we collected a second set of field data to test the response of small passerines to these measures. We used these data, which incorporated ecological changes that may have resulted from the management interventions, to validate and update the BN. The network predictions of small passerine abundance under the new habitat and management conditions were very accurate. The updated BN concluded the first iteration of adaptive management and will be used in planning the next round of management interventions. The unique belief‐updating feature of BNs provides land managers with the flexibility to predict outcomes and evaluate the effectiveness of management interventions.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Hyperresistinemia – a Novel Feature in Systemic Infection During Human Pregnancy
Authors: Mazaki‐Tovi Shali , Vaisbuch Edi , Romero Roberto , Kusanovic Juan Pedro , Chaiworapongsa Tinnakorn , Kim Sun Kwon , Ogge Giovanna , Yoon Bo Hyun , Dong Zhong , Gonzalez Juan M. , Gervasi Maria Teresa , Hassan Sonia S.
Published: February 2010

Citation Mazaki‐Tovi S, Vaisbuch E, Romero R, Kusanovic JP, Chaiworapongsa T, Kim SK, Ogge G, Yoon BH, Dong Z, Gonzalez JM, Gervasi MT, Hassan SS. Hyperresistinemia – a novel feature in systemic infection during human pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010

Problem  Resistin, originally described as an adipokine, has emerged as a potent pro‐inflammatory protein associated with both acute and chronic inflammation. Moreover, resistin has been proposed as a powerful marker of sepsis severity, as well as a predictor of survival of critically ill non‐pregnant patients. The aim of this study was to determine whether pyelonephritis during pregnancy is associated with changes in maternal plasma resistin concentrations.

Methods of study  This cross‐sectional study included the following groups: (i) normal pregnant women (n = 85) and (ii) pregnant women with pyelonephritis (n = 40). Maternal plasma resistin concentrations were determined by ELISA. Non‐parametric statistics was used for analyses.

Results  (i) The median maternal plasma resistin concentration was higher in patients with pyelonephritis than in those with a normal pregnancy (P < 0.001); (ii) among patients with pyelonephritis, the median maternal resistin concentration did not differ significantly between those with and without a positive blood culture (P = 0.3); (iii) among patients with pyelonephritis who were diagnosed with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), those who fulfilled ≥3 criteria for SIRS had a significantly higher median maternal plasma resistin concentration than those who met only two criteria; and (iv) maternal WBC count positively correlated with circulating resistin concentration (r = 0.47, P = 0.02).

Conclusion  Hyperresistinemia is a feature of acute pyelonephritis during pregnancy. The results of this study support the role of resistin as an acute‐phase protein in the presence of bacterial infection during pregnancy.
The Cultural Defense as Courtroom Drama: The Enactment of Identity, Sameness, and Difference in Criminal Trial Discourse
Authors: D'hondt Sigurd
Published: February 2010

This article traces cultural defense as a discursive realization‐in‐context, rather than as a legal‐doctrinal figure, in a Belgian real‐life criminal trial. In examining the defense plea for a Turkish man accused of battery, three discursive techniques are identified for making Cultural Otherness visible: de‐individualization, reporting preparatory meetings with the client, and supplying ethnographic “expert” knowledge that transforms the client into the “object” of discourse. Apart from providing information about the defendant's background, cultural defenses also involve particular modes of behaviorally orienting toward the defendant in the courtroom. Otherness must be enacted in court, and to this end attorneys often actively disaffiliate themselves from their clients, marking them as impenetrable, mute, and unemancipated. In doing so, they draw extensively upon the indexical and iconic modalities of talk, which is convenient because the matrix of sameness and difference on which the cultural defense is founded escapes formal legal definition.
Goodbye to the Despot: Feldman on Islamic Law in the Ottoman Empire
Authors: Greene Molly
Published: February 2010

Noah Feldman's 2008 book, The Fall and Rise of the Islamic State, provides a sweeping review of the constitutional history of the Islamic polity that connects the past to developments in the Middle East today. The Ottoman Empire is vital to his argument. This essay critically evaluates Feldman's treatment of the Ottoman period, within the larger context of Islamic history, and in so doing considers the understudied constitutional history of the empire. Without denying the importance of the ulema and the shari'a, it argues that the empire was a hybrid of many different traditions and the centrality of Islamic law should not be overstated.
Design of Polymethine Dyes with Large Third-Order Optical Nonlinearities and Loss Figures of Merit
Authors: Hales Joel M. , Matichak Jonathan , Barlow Stephen , Ohira Shino , Yesudas Kada , Brédas Jean-Luc , Perry Joseph W. , Marder Seth R.
Published: February 2010

Dying by Design

To make optical-switching applications a reality, losses from scattering and other absorption processes have to be minimized.

Hales
et al.

(p.
1485
, published online 18 February; see the Perspective by

Haque and Nelson

) present a strategy to explore the refraction and absorption properties of a group of cyanine dyes for designing materials that have properties corresponding to technologically interesting telecommunications windows. The optical properties of the cyanine molecule was controlled by adding heavy chalcogen atoms (selenium) into the end groups of the molecular structure. While producing a series of molecules meeting criteria for feasible application, the work also demonstrates a route to improve the performance of nonlinear optical materials.
Muscle shear elastic modulus measured using supersonic shear imaging is highly related to muscle activity level
Authors: Nordez Antoine , Hug François
Published: February 2010

This pilot study was designed to determine whether the shear elastic modulus measured using supersonic shear imaging can be used to accurately estimate muscle activity level. Using direct visual feedback of torque, six healthy subjects were asked to perform two incremental isometric elbow flexions, consisting of linear torque ramps of 30 s from 0 to 40% of maximal voluntary contraction. Both electromyographic (EMG) activity and shear elastic modulus were continuously measured in the biceps brachii during the two ramps. There was significant linear regression ( P < 0.001) between shear elastic modulus and EMG activity level for both ramps of all six subjects ( R2 = 0.94 ± 0.05, ranging from 0.82 to 0.98). Good repeatability was found for shear elastic modulus estimated at both 3% ( trial 1: 21.7 ± 6.7 kPa; trial 2: 23.2 ± 7.2 kPa, intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.89, standard error in measurement = 2.3 kPa, coefficient of variation = 12.7%) and 7% ( trial 1: 42.6 ± 14.1 kPa; trial 2: 44.8 ± 15.8 kPa, intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.94, standard error in measurement = 3.7 kPa, coefficient of variation = 7.1%) of maximal EMG activity. The shear elastic modulus estimated at both 3 and 7% of maximal EMG activity was not significantly different ( P > 0.05) between the two trials. These results confirm our hypothesis that the use of supersonic shear imaging greatly improves the correlation between muscle shear elastic modulus and EMG activity level. Due to the nonlinearity of muscle mechanical properties, the muscle elasticity should be linked to the muscle stress. Therefore, the present study represents a first step in attempting to show that supersonic shear imaging can be used to indirectly estimate muscle stress.
Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Does Not Have a Clear Role in the Treatment of Poisoning
Authors: Kim Zae , Goldfarb David S.
Published: February 2010

Extracorporeal removal of drugs and other poisons is occasionally indicated in the management of intoxications. The available modalities include hemodialysis and several methods of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), including continuous venovenous hemofiltration with or without dialysis augmenting drug removal. A growing literature promoting CRRT for extracorporeal removal has been published and is reviewed here. Estimates of clearance achieved by these techniques uniformly demonstrate that hemodialysis achieves higher clearances. CRRT may be appropriate for more hypotensive and unstable patients, though these might be the patients most in need of a more rapidly effective technique. For the most part, these case reports have not demonstrated that CRRT was necessary because of hemodynamic instability. Hemodialysis remains the first choice among modalities of extracorporeal removal with CRRT reserved for patients who truly cannot tolerate hemodialysis.
Fluid Overload in Critically Ill Patients with Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Cerda Jorge , Sheinfeld Geoffrey , Ronco Claudio
Published: February 2010

Fluid overload may occur in critically ill patients as a result of aggressive resuscitation therapies. In such circumstances, persistent fluid overload must be avoided since it does not benefit the patient while it may be harmful. In the septic patient, early volume expansion seems to be beneficial. Beyond that threshold, when organ failure develops, fluid overload has been shown to be associated with worse outcomes in multiple disparate studies. One well-designed randomized controlled trial showed the benefit of a conservative fluid management strategy based on limited fluid intake and use of furosemide in such patients. Use of diuretics should be only short term as long as it is effective, generally at high doses, while avoiding simultaneous utilization of nephrotoxins such as aminoglycosides. Multiple randomized controlled trials have not shown benefit in the use of diuretics, either to prevent AKI or to treat established AKI. If fluid overload (defined as fluid accumulation >10% over baseline) develops and the patient does not respond to diuretics, persistent use of these drugs will only lead to a delay in the initiation of dialysis or ultrafiltration and an increased risk of negative patient outcomes. In that setting, early initiation of continuous renal replacement therapies may be preferable.
Haemostatic reference intervals in pregnancy
Authors: Jørgensen Maja , Klajnbard Anna , Andersen Malene , Colov Nina , Stender Steen , Szecsi Pal
Published: February 2010

Haemostatic reference intervals are generally based on samples from non-pregnant women. Thus, they may not be relevant to pregnant women, a problem that may hinder accurate diagnosis and treatment of haemostatic disorders during pregnancy. In this study, we establish gestational age-specific reference intervals for coagulation tests during normal pregnancy. Eight hundred one women with expected normal pregnancies were included in the study. Of these women, 391 had no complications during pregnancy, vaginal delivery, or postpartum period. Plasma samples were obtained at gestational weeks 13–20, 21–28, 29–34, 35–42, at active labor, and on postpartum days 1 and 2. Reference intervals for each gestational period using only the uncomplicated pregnancies were calculated in all 391 women for activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), fibrinogen, fibrin D-dimer, antithrombin, free protein S, and protein C and in a subgroup of 186 women in addition for prothrombin time (PT), Owren and Quick PT, protein S activity, and total protein S and coagulation factors II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII. The level of coagulation factors II, V, X, XI, XII and antithrombin, protein C, aPTT, PT remained largely unchanged during pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum and were within non-pregnant reference intervals. However, levels of fibrinogen, D-dimer, and coagulation factors VII, VIII, and IX increased markedly. Protein S activity decreased substantially, while free protein S decreased slightly and total protein S was stable. Gestational age-specific reference values are essential for the accurate interpretation of a subset of haemostatic tests during pregnancy, delivery, and puerperium.
Association of Circulating Matrix Metalloproteinases With Carotid Artery Characteristics
Authors: Gaubatz John W. , Ballantyne Christie M. , Wasserman Bruce A. , He Max , Chambless Lloyd E. , Boerwinkle Eric , Hoogeveen Ron C.
Published: February 2010

Objective—

To examine the relationship of plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) with carotid artery characteristics measured by MRI in a cross-sectional investigation among Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Carotid MRI Study participants.

Methods and Results—

A stratified random sample was recruited based on intima-media thickness from a previous ultrasonographic examination. A high-resolution gadolinium-enhanced MRI examination of the carotid artery was performed from 2004 to 2005 on 1901 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities cohort participants. Multiple carotid wall characteristics, including wall thickness, lumen area, calcium area, lipid core, and fibrous cap measures, were evaluated for associations with plasma MMPs 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, and 9 and TIMP-1. Plasma MMPs 1, 3, and 7 were significantly higher among participants in the high intima-media thickness group compared with those in the low intima-media thickness group. The normalized wall index was independently associated with MMPs 3 and 7 and TIMP-1. MMP-7 was positively associated with carotid calcification. The mean fibrous cap thickness was significantly higher in individuals with elevated TIMP-1 levels. In addition, TIMP-1 was positively associated with measures of lipid core.

Conclusion—

Circulating levels of specific MMPs and TIMP-1 were associated with carotid wall remodeling and structural changes related to plaque burden in elderly participants.
DGAT1 Participates in the Effect of
HNF4A
on Hepatic Secretion of Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins
Authors: Krapivner Sergey , Iglesias Maria Jesus , Silveira Angela , Tegnér Jesper , Björkegren Johan , Hamsten Anders , van't Hooft Ferdinand M.
Published: February 2010

Objective—

Hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α (HNF4A) is a transcription factor that influences plasma triglyceride metabolism via an as of yet unknown mechanism. In this study, we searched for the critical protein that mediates this effect using different human model systems.

Methods and Results—

Up- and downregulation of
HNF4A
in human hepatoma Huh7 and HepG2 cells was associated with marked changes in the secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs). Short interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibition of
HNF4A
influenced the expression of several genes, including
acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1
(
DGAT1
). siRNA knockdown of
DGAT1
reduced DGAT1 activity and decreased the secretion of TRLs. No additive effects of combined siRNA inhibition of
HNF4A
and
DGAT1
were found on the secretion of TRLs, whereas the increase in TRL secretion induced by
HNF4A
overexpression was largely abolished by
DGAT1
siRNA inhibition. A putative binding site for HNF4A was defined by in silico and in vitro methods.
HNF4A
and
DGAT1
expressions were analyzed in 80 human liver samples, and significant relationships were observed between
HNF4A
and
DGAT1
mRNA levels (
r
2
=0.50,
P
<0.0001) and between
DGAT1
mRNA levels and plasma triglyceride concentration (
r
2
=0.09,
P
<0.01).

Conclusion—

This study identified DGAT1 as an important protein that participates in the effect of HNF4A on hepatic secretion of TRLs.
A Matching Algorithm to Address Imbalances in Study Populations
Authors: Mandava Pitchaiah , Kalkonde Yogeshwar V. , Rochat Ryan H. , Kent Thomas A.
Published: February 2010

Background and Purpose—

Outcome from stroke is highly dependent on baseline conditions. Patients with stroke have a wide range of severities, ages, and etiologies and it has proven difficult to achieve randomization of key variables in clinical trials. We present a new post hoc approach to achieve balance among selected variables. To illustrate the approach, we rebalanced the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator trial, in which the contribution of baseline imbalances continues to be debated.

Methods—

We selected baseline stroke severity (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale), age, and glucose as matching criteria. The closest matched placebo and treated subjects were identified based on nearness to each other in 3-dimensional Euclidean space. Matching was performed within the quintiles of National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale that have been previously used to assess balance. Subjects who could not be matched were eliminated. Outcomes were assessed using the original specified National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke trial measures.

Results—

We successfully matched the 2 arms resulting in nearly identical baseline characteristics and distribution among quintiles. Despite fewer subjects after outlier elimination, the primary outcome measures remained significantly improved. After rebalancing, the magnitude of benefit was reduced by 13% to 23%. Benefit was apparent mostly in the large vessel occlusion subtype.

Conclusion—

This study demonstrated the feasibility of rebalancing individual subjects within a randomized trial. After rebalancing and outlier elimination, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator continued to demonstrate improved outcome. That the apparent treatment effect was reduced suggests that imbalances contributed to the magnitude of the original National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke outcomes. This method could in theory be applied to any data set to find matched subjects for outcome or other analyses.
“American Laughter”: Nietzsche ReadsTom Sawyer
Authors: Griffin Benjamin
Published: February 2010

The strength of Friedrich Nietzsche's interest in the works of Mark Twain has not been sufficiently noted. His “special favorite,” The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), has philosophical parallels to the works of Nietzsche's “middle period,” in which he anatomizes the sources of conventional morality.
Geography and Community: New Forms of Interaction Among People and Places
Authors: Erickson Ingrid
Published: February 2010

Today location-based data, such as GPS coordinates, are increasingly being incorporated into Internet sites such as Flickr, Jaiku, and Placeopedia. In turn, new practices are emerging that evoke innovative ways of relating among people and between individuals and places. This article investigates this geographic turn in networked interaction—particularly, emergent sensemaking regarding the role of location in distributed communities. The author uses an inductive, grounded theory methodology based on ethnographic interview and artifact data to compare the microblogging practices of two communities: those using Twitter and those using Jaiku. Findings suggest that the organizing practices of the two groups are quite different, despite the similarities in the tools they use to interact. Although each platform allows for the development of peripheral awareness and ambient intimacy within user groups, the design affordances of Twitter as a straightforward broadcasting tool result in social patterns that are quite distinct from those of Jaiku, whose design enables threaded conversation. As a result, the communal bonds among Jaiku users appear to be built on thematic, conversational interaction that relies little on shared geographical references. Twitter users, with less robust means of threaded response, tend to broadcast individual reports from various geographical outposts. Communal bonds are thus formed on the basis of recognizing the highly indexical references, which in turn reinforce a common geographical locus for the community. The article concludes with a discussion of how design, though not determinate of interaction directly, is influential in shaping social patterns that emphasize different types of communal bonds.
Gangs, Sectarianism and Social Capital
Authors: Deuchar Ross , Holligan Chris
Published: February 2010

In recent years, there has been continuing debate about the extent and significance of sectarianism in Scotland and the wider links with territorial gang culture. This article focuses on a small qualitative study conducted in some of the most deprived urban communities in Glasgow. Semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with 10 youth workers and 40 young persons (aged 16—18 years), with follow-up interviews conducted with senior operational police officers. Social capital indicators generated by recent research were used as a lens through which to explore the participant responses. The findings suggest that the combined social forces associated with territoriality and intense football rivalry limit the young people’s potential for maximizing social capital. However, the extent to which these issues can be fully ascribed to the continued existence of sectarianism in Scotland is less clear. The article concludes with some implications for further sociological debate around these issues.
Animal Shelter Emotion Management
Authors: Taylor Nik
Published: February 2010

Based on participant observation this article investigates the role and function of emotion management in an animal shelter. Disavowing traditional approaches which confirm the epistemic privilege of researchers, this article instead, takes the in situ, performative aspect of emotion displays as its evidence base. After discussing the methodological implications of such a stand, this article argues that one of the primary functions of emotion talk in animal shelters is to resist hegemonic beliefs regarding the taken for granted human—animal divide.
Academic Vulnerability and Resilience during the Transition to High School
Authors: Langenkamp Amy G.
Published: February 2010

The transition to high school is a critical stage in students’ academic trajectories and can be especially difficult for middle school students who struggle academically. Starting high school on a low academic track and with low academic performance often leads to dropping out of high school. This study investigates what might protect academically vulnerable students during the transition to high school by exploring the potential effects social relationships and changing context have on academic outcomes in high school. As students move from middle school to high school, their social relationships are transformed. The degree to which social relationships change is in part a function of the way school districts are organized. The results suggest that middle school social relationships are protective against low academic outcomes in the first year of high school, but not for low-achieving middle school students. In addition, a district context characterized by greater reconfiguration of peer social relationships is not associated with math course placement but protects against course failure, especially among low-achieving middle school students. These results suggest implications for the way districts organize students and how contexts of school transitions have the potential to provide resilience.
Stabilizing design for switched linear control systems: a constructive approach
Authors: Zhendong Sun  , Yuping Peng
Published: February 2010

In this paper, we develop a unified constructive design approach for continuous-time/discretetime switched linear control systems, which is analogous to the standard design mechanism of linear time-invariant systems. First, we prove that any switched linear system admits a system canonical decomposition with clear controllability structures. Then, we show that any controllable single-input switched linear system can be converted into a normal form by means of a state feedback transformation and a co-ordinate change, while a controllable multiinput system is feedback reducible to a controllable single-input system via non-regular state feedback. Next, based on the system normal form, we present constructive design procedures for quadratic and non-quadratic feedback stabilization for switched linear control systems. Finally, illustrative examples are carried out to exhibit the effectiveness of the proposed design method.
From ‘Ivory Tower Traditionalists’ to ‘Entrepreneurial Scientists’?
Authors: Lam Alice
Published: February 2010

Growing intensity of university—industry ties has generated an intense debate about the changing norms and practices of academic scientific work. This study challenges the protagonists’ views on the emergence of a dominant market ethos in academic science and growing influence of the ‘new school’ entrepreneurial scientists. It argues that academic scientists are active agents seeking to shape the relationships between science and business, and shows continued diversity in their work orientations. Drawing on neo-institutional theory and the notion of ‘boundary work’, the study examines how scientists seek to protect and negotiate their positions, and also make sense of their professional role identities. It identifies four different orientations: the ‘traditional’ and ‘entrepreneurial’, with two hybrid types in between. The hybrids are the dominant category and are particularly adept at exploiting the ambiguities of ‘boundary work’ between academia and industry. The study is based on 36 interviews and a survey sample of 734 academic scientists from five UK research universities.
Treating and Training: A 30 Year Experience of a Team with a Group-Analytic Framework: Part I
Authors: Manso Neto Isaura , Fialho Teresa , Godinho Paula , Centeno Maria João
Published: February 2010

The authors are currently responsible for the Day Hospital at the Psychiatric Service of the Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Mental Health of the Hospital de Santa Maria, a large general and university hospital in Lisbon. They are the heiresses of a group of psychiatrists with group analytic training, who founded this Day Hospital and initiated its constitution in 1977, by adapting group analytic concepts to the treatment of patients in states of acute dis-compensation, as well as simultaneously investing in the post-graduate training of psychiatry and paedopsychiatry interns, psychologists and nurses. This training has been recently extended to medical students, on a regular basis.

In Part I of this article, the authors will approach the importance of the senior technicians’ group analytic training, and of the essentially group functioning of the Day Hospital, as well as describe it, by characterizing the patients, the programme and the therapeutic and training tools of this therapeutic and training Unit, which is a reference in Portugal.

In Part II, the authors will present a survey questionnaire that was elaborated with the aim of evaluating the training received during the 30 years of existence of this Unit. This questionnaire was sent to all the technicians who trained at the Day Hospital during the period between 1977 and 2007. The results will be presented as well as the conclusions of this research.
Décisions individuelles et décisions collectives
Authors: Elster Jon
Published: February 2010

L’article met en lumière des similitudes et en particulier des différences entre la théorie normative des décisions individuelles et celle des décisions collectives. Alors que les décisions individuelles concernent principalement le choix de moyens, les décisions collectives peuvent inclure l’établissement de faits, le choix de moyens et l’adoption de fins. Deux tentatives d’assimiler les décisions collectives aux décisions individuelles sont discutées et rejetées. Selon Rousseau, le but du vote majoritaire est de révéler la volonté générale plutôt que de la déterminer, comme si elle préexistait au processus politique. Des défenseurs du vote fondé sur l’agrégation des prémisses dans le cas du dilemme discursif partagent apparemment cette conception. Elle est pourtant fondée sur des prémisses métaphysiques inacceptables. Selon d’autres, le but de la décision collective est de maximiser l’utilité agrégée, tout comme celui des décisions individuelles est de maximiser l’utilité de l’individu. Cette thèse s’avère mal fondée du fait des problèmes bien connus que posent les comparaisons interpersonnelles des utilités.
Disparities in Work Conditions Among Early Career Special Educators in High- and Low-Poverty Districts
Authors: Fall Anna-Mária , Billingsley Bonnie S.
Published: February 2010

The authors used teacher data from the Study of Personnel Needs in Special Education to compare the district and school supports, work manageability, professional development, and induction of early career special educators in high- and low-poverty districts. Teachers in high-poverty districts reported less desirable work conditions than their counterparts in more affluent districts. When compared to teachers in low-poverty districts, those in less affluent districts viewed their principals and colleagues as less supportive, perceived less involvement in school decisions, reported having fewer materials, and indicated higher and more diverse caseloads. By contrast, the two teacher groups reported similar professional development and induction opportunities.
A Glimmer Into the Understanding of Family
Authors: Florczak Kristine L. , Falkenstern Sharon K. , Baumann Steven L.
Published: February 2010

This column is concerned with research and the family. An interview with both Sharon Falkenstern, who ascribes to health as expanding consciousness, and Steven Baumann, whose work is underpinned by the humanbecoming school of thought, is presented. Finally, insights into research and the family will be brought to light.
Money and Happiness
Authors: Boyce Christopher J. , Brown Gordon D.A. , Moore Simon C.
Published: February 2010

Does money buy happiness, or does happiness come indirectly from the higher rank in society that money brings? We tested a rank-income hypothesis, according to which people gain utility from the ranked position of their income within a comparison group. The rank hypothesis contrasts with traditional reference-income hypotheses, which suggest that utility from income depends on comparison to a social reference-group norm. We found that the ranked position of an individual’s income predicts general life satisfaction, whereas absolute income and reference income have no effect. Furthermore, individuals weight upward comparisons more heavily than downward comparisons. According to the rank hypothesis, income and utility are not directly linked: Increasing an individual’s income will increase his or her utility only if ranked position also increases and will necessarily reduce the utility of others who will lose rank.
Orthographic Depth and Its Impact on Universal Predictors of Reading
Authors: Ziegler Johannes C. , Bertrand Daisy , Tóth Dénes , Csépe Valéria , Reis Alexandra , Faísca Luís , Saine Nina , Lyytinen Heikki , Vaessen Anniek , Blomert Leo
Published: February 2010

Alphabetic orthographies differ in the transparency of their letter-sound mappings, with English orthography being less transparent than other alphabetic scripts. The outlier status of English has led scientists to question the generality of findings based on English-language studies. We investigated the role of phonological awareness, memory, vocabulary, rapid naming, and nonverbal intelligence in reading performance across five languages lying at differing positions along a transparency continuum (Finnish, Hungarian, Dutch, Portuguese, and French). Results from a sample of 1,265 children in Grade 2 showed that phonological awareness was the main factor associated with reading performance in each language. However, its impact was modulated by the transparency of the orthography, being stronger in less transparent orthographies. The influence of rapid naming was rather weak and limited to reading and decoding speed. Most predictors of reading performance were relatively universal across these alphabetic languages, although their precise weight varied systematically as a function of script transparency.
Babydaze
Authors: Bartlett Alison
Published: February 2010

As an example of the gendering of time, this article considers the ways which women have available to construct their experience of time spent breastfeeding. Many women struggle to accommodate the time it takes to care for babies into their already established regimes of temporality. The struggle, I suggest, is in assuming that maternity is a temporary or passing stage, after which everything will return to ‘normal’. As our experiences of time are intimately linked to the language available to conceptualize it, this article seeks alternative discourses which expand maternal agency and the ontological value of maternity and care.
Becoming-Woman
Authors: Burchill Louise
Published: February 2010

The category of ‘the feminine’ deployed in some of the most important French philosophical texts of the last 50 years critically draws upon historical associations linking female subjectivity to temporal modalities other than the ‘linear’ time composed of a homogeneous succession of present moments. As such, ‘the feminine’ functions within French philosophy as a ‘schema’ of a non-linear temporality calling into question the conception of time that the continental tradition, from Heidegger on, has viewed as determining the entire history of metaphysics. After revisiting Julia Kristeva’s influential article ‘Women’s Time’, this article focuses on Deleuze and Guattari’s notion of becoming-woman which is inseparable from the authors’ conception of a pure, non-chronological ‘time of the event’. Commentators who persist in situating this notion as a form of deconstructive reiteration of gender stereotypes are shown not only to radically misunderstand the spatio-temporal determination of the ‘singularities’ proper to becoming-woman but, equally, the very notion of becoming as a mode of repetition constitutive, not of the past, but of the future.
New and Unexpected!
Authors: Huijer Marli
Published: February 2010

Most philosophers who have written about time are born in a male body, are raised in a masculine fashion and lived or live in a world in which men predominantly shaped language and order. Do female philosophers conceptualize time differently from their male colleagues? Female philosophers, like Hannah Arendt and Elizabeth Grosz, seem to be more concerned with natality, the new and unexpected, than with mortality. The article explores to what extent this interest can be attributed to the fact that these philosophers are women. Or is this concern more related to an involvement with raising and educating children?
Where Do Egyptian Palliative Care Patients With Cancer Die?
Authors: Alsirafy Samy A. , El Mesidy Salah M. , Abou-Elela Enas N.
Published: February 2010

This report describes the death place of patients with advanced cancer referred to an Egyptian palliative care program over 1 year. Of 79 patients included, 73% died at home and 27% in hospital or ambulance. Patients who were visited by a palliative care physician at home were significantly more likely to die at home compared to those who did not (92% vs 64%, P = .008). The palliative care survival of those who died at home was significantly longer than those who died in hospital or ambulance (63 vs 39 days, P = .04). These results demonstrate the need for the integration of effective home care model in evolving Egyptian palliative care programs and suggest that physician home visits and earlier referral to palliative care help patients die at home.