bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Presence of TRPV3 in macrophage lysosomes helps in skin wound healing against bacterial infection
Authors: Sahu Ram P. , Goswami Chandan
Published: October 2022

Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid subtype 3 (TRPV3) is a non‐selective cation channel that is known to be activated by physiological temperature and endogenous ligands. Involvement of TRPV3 in different skin functions has been reported. In this work, we demonstrate that activation of TRPV3 by FPP, an endogenous ligand enhances skin wound healing and bacterial clearance there. We report for the first time that TRPV3 is endogenously expressed in macrophages and activation of TRPV3 results in efficient bacterial clearance. At the subcellular level, TRPV3 is present in the lysosome and also in the nucleolus. We demonstrate that pharmacological modulation of TRPV3 protects lysosomal functions at hyperthermic shock conditions. The localization of TRPV3 at the nucleolus is specific, more in case of LPS‐treatment and dynamic with respect to the cell signalling. We demonstrate that at certain conditions, the nucleolar localization of TRPV3 is correlated with the presence of TRPV3 at the lysosome and with the cellular stress in general. We propose that TRPV3 act as a lysosomal regulator and sensor for cellular stress. These findings may have broad implications in understanding the cellular stress and TRPV3‐induced channelopathies and may have clinical relevance to skin infection treatment.
Internalized stigma and caregiver burden among parents of young adults with substance use disorders
Authors: Russell Beth S. , D'Aniello Carissa , Tambling Rachel R. , Stekler Nathaniel
Published: October 2022

Objective

The present study explores mediation of the link between internalized stigma and caregiver burden by difficulties regulating distress and depression among a sample of family caregivers.

Background

Caregiver burden is a common experience among parents whose children struggle with substance use. Depression, anxiety, and difficulties regulating distress are significantly related to the strains associated with this family caregiver role; further, stigmatizing attitudes about substance use can further impact family caregivers' mental health, thus heightening caregiver burden.

Method

Two‐hundred and sixty‐four family caregivers completed online, anonymous surveys on their experiences as a parent of a young adult struggling with substance use.

Results

Parallel mediation modeling indicates significant effects such that difficulty regulating distress and depression symptoms partially explain the association between internalized stigma and caregiving burden.

Conclusion

Caregiver experiences occur in a societal context that includes stigmatizing attitudes toward the care recipient for their substance use balanced against their emotion regulation resources to manage psychological distress.

Implications

Family‐centered interventions to build caregiver emotion regulation resources are recommended, as these skills buffer against negative outcomes by reducing self‐critical judgments and encouraging nonreactive responses to perceived social threats like rejection, or shame.
Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis for structural health monitoring with crack propagation under random loads: A numerical framework in the frequency domain
Authors: Marques Denys , Vandepitte Dirk , Tita Volnei
Published: October 2022

The quantification of uncertainties in a system and the ability to identify the most influential parameters for a given structural health monitoring (SHM) strategy constitutes an important step for an in‐depth analysis of the problem. It is used in reliability assessment and for the definition of proper inspection intervals. In a recent paper, the authors proposed a methodology for SHM and fatigue life estimations of structures under random loads. This paper expands over those concepts and presents a framework for sensitivity and uncertainty analysis for SHM of structures in the frequency domain. The structure is an Euler–Bernoulli beam, which is modeled with the Ritz method. The conceptual simplicity of the Ritz model keeps the computational cost low. The results showed that the Walker parameter for the crack propagation law,
; the modal damping factor; and the input acceleration are important parameters affecting the variance of the remaining useful life.
Browning affects pelagic productivity in northern lakes by surface water warming and carbon fertilization
Authors: Puts Isolde C. , Ask Jenny , Deininger Anne , Jonsson Anders , Karlsson Jan , Bergström Ann‐Kristin
Published: October 2022

Global change impacts important environmental drivers for pelagic gross primary production (GPP) in northern lakes, such as temperature, light, nutrient, and inorganic carbon availability. Separate and/or synergistic impacts of these environmental drivers on pelagic GPP remain largely unresolved. Here, we assess key drivers of pelagic GPP by combining detailed depth profiles of summer pelagic GPP with environmental and climatic data across 45 small and shallow lakes across northern Sweden (20 boreal, 6 subarctic, and 19 arctic lakes). We found that across lakes summer pelagic GPP was strongest associated with lake water temperatures, lake carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations impacted by lake water pH, and further moderated by dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations influencing light and nutrient conditions. We further used this dataset to assess the extent of additional DOC‐induced warming of epilimnia (here named internal warming), which was especially pronounced in shallow lakes (decreasing 0.96°C for every decreasing m in average lake depth) and increased with higher concentrations of DOC. Additionally, the total pools and relative proportion of dissolved inorganic carbon and DOC, further influenced pelagic GPP with drivers differing slightly among the boreal, subarctic and Arctic biomes. Our study provides novel insights in that global change affects pelagic GPP in northern lakes not only by modifying the organic carbon cycle and light and nutrient conditions, but also through modifications of inorganic carbon supply and temperature. Considering the large‐scale impacts and similarities of global warming, browning and recovery from acidification of lakes at higher latitudes throughout the northern hemisphere, these changes are likely to operate on a global scale.
Sub‐Micrometre Resolution FIB‐SEM‐based ToF‐SIMS Used to Map Geochemical Zoning in Four Zircon Reference Materials
Authors: North Ryan , White Lloyd T. , Nancarrow Mitchell , Dosseto Anthony , Tanner Dominique
Published: October 2022

Zircon geochemistry can vary over micrometre scales; therefore, natural reference materials need to be well characterised before being used to calculate trace element mass fractions in unmeasured samples. Moreover, reference material homogeneity needs to be ensured with the accelerating rate of geoanalytical developments to map mineral chemistry at increasingly finer scales. Here, we investigate trace element zoning in four widely used zircon reference materials: 91500, Mud Tank, Temora and Plešovice, as well as zircon crystals from the Mount Dromedary/Gulaga Igneous Complex, Australia. Sub‐micrometre resolution focused ion beam scanning electron microscope (FIB‐SEM) based time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) and 5 μm resolution LA‐ICP‐MS mapping show that trace elements are zoned in all reference materials, though 91500 exhibited the least zonation. We demonstrate that FIB‐SEM‐based ToF‐SIMS can rapidly resolve variations in trace elements (e.g., U, Th, Sc, Y, Gd, Dy, Yb and Li) at sensitivities down to the μg g‐1 level with a spatial resolution of 195 nm for areas 100 × 85 μm to 959 × 828 μm. Zircon 91500 is recommended for future quantitative analyses provided that (1) the spatial distribution of elements is imaged before analysis of unknown samples and (2) it is used in conjunction with a doped glass as the primary reference material.
The use of flyswatter game to assist elementary learners’ vocabulary learning: Gamification in TCSOL
Authors: Xiao Xue , Li Shuangling
Published: October 2022

This study investigates the effects of the flyswatter game on elementary students’ Chinese vocabulary learning. Using a pre‐ and post‐test design, the study examined the development by two groups of beginner learners in Laos. Both groups received the same Chinese course, with the experimental group being taught with the flyswatter game while the control with a traditional method. The results suggest that the experimental group had significantly larger improvement than the control group, especially regarding the learning of the vocabulary types “dates” and “Chinese zodiac animals.” The results also indicate that this game may be more effective for the learning of vocabulary presented in characters than in other forms like pictures. These findings provide insights into a strategic use of this game in elementary classrooms.
Validation of a rapid potency assay for cord blood stem cells using phospho flow cytometry: The IL‐3‐pSTAT5 assay
Authors: Simard Carl , Fournier Diane , Trépanier Patrick
Published: October 2022

Introduction

Public cord blood banks (CBBs) are required to measure cord blood units (CBUs) potency before their release, allowing for the identification of units that may be unsuitable for haematopoietic transplantation. We have developed a rapid flow cytometry assay based on the measurement of STAT‐5 phosphorylation of CD34+ stem cells in response to IL‐3 stimulation.

Method

To adapt the assay from a research setting to its implementation within our CBB regulated operations, we proceded with a full method validation and a correlation comparison of the IL‐3‐pSTAT5 assay results with the colony‐forming unit assay (CFU) results. A total of 60 CBUs cryopreserved in vials were analysed by flow cytometry to determine the sensitivity, specificity, intra‐assay precision, robustness, reproducibility, and inter‐laboratory agreement of the assay. The CFU assay was also done on the same samples for comparison purposes.

Results

The assay threshold was established at 50% CD34+CD45+pSTAT5+, which provides a 100% sensitivity and a 98.3% specificity. An average intra‐assay CV of 7.3% was determined. All results met our qualitative results acceptance criteria regarding the inter‐user and inter‐laboratory agreements, IL‐3 stimulation time, post‐thaw incubation delay and staining time. The IL‐3‐pSTAT5 assay results correlated well with the total CFU determined using the CFU assay (r2 = 0.82, n = 56).

Conclusion

This study shows that our rapid flow cytometry assay can be successfully validated and that the potency data obtained display good sensitivity, specificity and robustness. These results demonstrate the feasibility of implementing this assay within CBB operations, as a validated potency assay.
Mothering in the context of intimate partner violence: A feminist intersectional critique of the nursing literature
Authors: Broughton Sharon , Ford‐Gilboe Marilyn , Varcoe Colleen
Published: October 2022

Aims

To describe how mothers and mothering in the context of IPV are conceptualized in the nursing research and practice literature with attention to underlying ideologies, biases and potential harms.

Design

Feminist intersectionality was used as a theoretical and analytic lens.

Data Sources

Articles published between 2000 and 2021 in the nursing literature, identified by searching Google Scholar, CINAHL, PubMed and Scopus databases, and conducting bibliographic reviews of published articles.

Review Methods

Search terms included: intimate partner violence, domestic violence, parenting, mother and nursing. Initial screening resulted in inclusion of 98 papers for analysis.

Results

Four dominant ways of conceptualizing mothering in the context of IPV were identified: (1) IPV is conceptualized as a discrete acute event and/or crisis, (2) mothering is treated as a practice, (3) mothers are valued as vehicles for child health and well‐being and (4) mothers are seen as vulnerable and ‘at risk’. These narrow constructions are rooted in ideologies such as normative motherhood, deficit and grit/resilience and neoliberalism. Emerging shifts in the literature are providing an important counter‐balance.

Conclusion

Biases in nursing knowledge about mothering in the context of IPV may limit nursing's capacity to support the health of these women and their children. The integration of emerging perspectives that emphasize strengths and equity is critical in strengthening nursing knowledge and practice and in beginning to redress existing limitations and potential harms.

Impact

This critique focused on higher‐income countries of the Global North but raises fundamental questions that should be considered in other contexts. Applying broader conceptualizations of mothers, mothering and IPV to research and practice can help improve the quality of care available.
Stream diatom biodiversity in islands and continents—A global perspective on effects of area, isolation and environment
Authors: Jamoneau Aurélien , Soininen Janne , Tison‐Rosebery Juliette , Boutry Sébastien , Budnick William R. , He Siwen , Marquié Julien , Jyrkänkallio‐Mikkola Jenny , Pajunen Virpi , Teittinen Anette , Tupola Vilja , Wang Beixin , Wang Jianjun , Blanco Saúl , Borrini Alex , Cantonati Marco , Valente Adelaide Clode , Delgado Cristina , Dörflinger Gerald , Gonçalves Vítor , Kennedy Bryan , Marques Helena , Papatheodoulou Athina , Raposeiro Pedro Miguel , Ritter Catarina , Serafim António , Van de Vijver Bart , Passy Sophia I.
Published: October 2022

Aim

The species–area relationship (SAR) is one of the most distinctive biogeographic patterns, but global comparisons of the SARs between island and mainland are lacking for microbial taxa. Here, we explore whether the form of the SAR and the drivers of species richness, including area, environmental heterogeneity, climate and physico‐chemistry, differ between islands and similarly sized areas on mainland, referred to as continental area equivalents (CAEs).

Location

Global.

Taxon

Stream benthic diatoms.

Methods

We generated CAEs on six continental datasets and examined the SARs of CAEs and islands (ISAR). Then, we compared CAEs and islands in terms of total richness and richness of different ecological guilds. We tested the factors contributing to richness in islands and CAEs with regressions. We used structural equation models to determine the effects of area versus environmental heterogeneity, climate and local conditions on species richness.

Results

We found a non‐significant ISAR, but a significant positive SAR in CAEs. Richness in islands was related to productivity. Richness in CAEs was mainly dependent on area and climate, but not directly on environmental heterogeneity. Species richness within guilds exhibited inconsistent relationships with island isolation and area.

Main conclusions

Ecological and evolutionary processes shaping diatom island biogeography do not depend on area at the worldwide scale probably due to the presence of distinct species pool across islands. Conversely, area was an important driver of diatom richness in continents, and this effect could be attributed to dispersal. Continents had greater richness than islands, but this was a consequence of differences in environmental conditions such as specific island climatic conditions. We stress the need for more island data on benthic diatoms, particularly from archipelagos, to better understand the biogeography of this most speciose group of algae.
The role of renal nerve stimulation in percutaneous renal denervation for hypertension: A mini‐review
Authors: Huang Hui‐Chun , Cheng Hao‐min , Chia Yook‐Chin , Li Yan , Van Minh Huynh , Siddique Saulat , Sukonthasarn Apichard , Tay Jam Chin , Turana Yuda , Verma Narsingh , Kario Kazuomi , Wang Tzung‐Dau
Published: October 2022

Recent trials have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of percutaneous renal sympathetic denervation (RDN) for blood pressure (BP)‐lowering in patients with uncontrolled hypertension. Nevertheless, major challenges exist, such as the wide variation of BP‐lowering responses following RDN (from strong response to no response) and lack of feasible and reproducible peri‐procedural predictors for patient response. Both animal and human studies have demonstrated different patterns of BP responses following renal nerve stimulation (RNS), possibly related to varied regional proportions of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve tissues along the renal arteries. Animal studies of RNS have shown that rapid electrical stimulation of the renal arteries caused renal artery vasoconstriction and increased norepinephrine secretion with a concomitant increase in BP, and the responses were attenuated after RDN. Moreover, selective RDN at sites with strong RNS‐induced BP increases led to a more efficient BP‐lowering effect. In human, when RNS was performed before and after RDN, blunted changes in RNS‐induced BP responses were noted after RDN. The systolic BP response induced by RNS before RDN and blunted systolic BP response to RNS after RDN, at the site with maximal RNS‐induced systolic BP response before RDN, both correlated with the 24‐h ambulatory BP reductions 3–12 months following RDN. In summary, RNS‐induced BP changes, before and after RDN, could be used to assess the immediate effect of RDN and predict BP reductions months following RDN. More comprehensive, large‐scale and long term trials are needed to verify these findings.
Who should be screened for primary aldosteronism? A comprehensive review of current evidence
Authors: Huang Wei‐Chieh , Lin Yen‐Hung , Wu Vin‐Cent , Chen Chen‐Huan , Siddique Saulat , Chia Yook‐Chin , Tay Jam Chin , Sogunuru Guruprasad , Cheng Hao‐Min , Kario Kazuomi
Published: October 2022

Arterial hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The prevalence of primary aldosteronism (PA) ranges from 5% to 10% in the general hypertensive population and is regarded as one of the most common causes of secondary hypertension. There are two major causes of PA: bilateral adrenal hyperplasia and aldosterone‐producing adenoma. The diagnosis of PA comprises screening, confirmatory testing, and subtype differentiation. The Endocrine Society Practice Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of PA recommends screening of patients at an increased risk of PA. These categories include patients with stage 2 and 3 hypertension, drug‐resistant hypertension, hypertensive with spontaneous or diuretic‐induced hypokalemia, hypertension with adrenal incidentaloma, hypertensive with a family history of early onset hypertension or cerebrovascular accident at a young age, and all hypertensive first‐degree relatives of patients with PA. Recently, several studies have linked PA with obstructive sleep apnea and atrial fibrillation unexplained by structural heart defects and/or other conditions known to cause the arrhythmia, which may be partly responsible for the higher rates of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular accidents in patients with PA. The aim of this review is to discuss which patients should be screened for PA, focusing not only on well‐established guidelines but also on additional groups of patients with a potentially higher prevalence of PA, as has been reported in recent research.
Central hypertension is a non‐negligible cardiovascular risk factor
Authors: Cheng Yi‐Bang , Li Yan , Cheng Hao‐Min , Siddique Saulat , Huynh Minh Van , Sukonthasarn Apichard , Chen Chen‐Huan , Wang Ji‐Guang
Published: October 2022

High blood pressure (BP) confers cardiovascular risk. However, the clinical value of central BP remains debatable. In this article, we aim to briefly review the prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of central hypertension. Central and brachial BPs are closely correlated. In most prospective investigations, elevated central and peripheral BPs were similarly associated with adverse outcomes. Outcome‐driven thresholds of the central systolic BP estimated by the type I device were on average 10 mmHg lower than their brachial counterparts. Cross‐classification based on the central and brachial BPs identified that nearly 10% of patients had discrepancy in their status of central and brachial hypertension. Irrespective of the brachial BP status, central hypertension was associated with increased cardiovascular risk, highlighting the importance of central BP assessment in the management of hypertensive patients. Newer antihypertensive agents, such as renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors and calcium channel blockers, were more efficacious than older agents in central BP reduction. Clinical trials are warranted to demonstrate whether controlling central hypertension with an optimized antihypertensive drug treatment will be beneficial beyond the control of brachial hypertension.
Effectiveness of salt substitute on cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Tsai Yi‐Ching , Tsao Yen‐Po , Huang Chi‐Jung , Tai Yen‐Hsuan , Su Yang‐Chin , Chiang Chern‐En , Sung Shih‐Hsien , Chen Chen‐Huan , Cheng Hao‐Min
Published: October 2022

Hypertension‐related death is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, making blood pressure (BP) control an important issue. Salt substitute is a non‐pharmaceutical strategy to improve hypertension control. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of salt substitute on BP and cardiovascular disease. The authors searched the Cochrane Library and PubMed databases through March 2022, and assessed the risk‐of‐bias for included studies by the Cochrane risk‐of‐bias tool. Twenty‐three randomized controlled trials with 32073 patients were included in our systematic review. A meta‐analysis with random effects was performed to analyze the effects of salt substitute on systolic and diastolic BP, 24‐h urinary sodium and potassium, and cardiovascular and all‐cause mortality. In the random‐effects model, participants consuming salt substitute showed significant reduction in systolic BP (mean difference (MD) −4.80 mmHg, 95% confidence interval (CI) −6.12 to −3.48, P < 0.0001) and diastolic BP (MD −1.48 mmHg, 95% CI −2.06 to −0.90, P < 0.0001) compared with participants consuming normal salt. In the urine electrolyte analysis, the salt substitute group had significant reduction in 24‐h urine sodium (MD −22.96 mmol/24‐h, P = 0.0001) and significant elevation in 24‐h urine potassium (MD 14.41 mmol/24‐h, P < 0.0001). Of the five studies with mortality outcome data, salt substitute significantly reduced all‐cause mortality (hazard ratio 0.88, P = 0.0003). In conclusion, our analyses showed that salt substitute has a strong effect on lowering BP and reducing all‐cause mortality. By modifying the daily diet with salt substitute, the authors can improve BP control by using this non‐pharmaceutical management.
2022 Thai Hypertension Society guidelines on home blood pressure monitoring
Authors: Kunanon Sirisawat , Roubsanthisuk Weranuj , Chattranukulchai Pairoj , Sangwatanaroj Somkiat , Ophascharoensuk Vuddhidej , Sitthisook Surapun , Sukonthasarn Apichard
Published: October 2022

In 2021, the Universal Health Coverage Payment Scheme of Thailand approved home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) devices for reimbursement. National utilization of HBPM devices will begin in 2022. This article provides the recommendations for HBPM from the Thai Hypertension Society. In this report, the authors review the benefits of HBPM and recommend confirming the diagnosis of hypertension by HBPM. Devices for HBPM should be the automated and validated upper arm cuff devices. HBPM should be ideally done for seven consecutive days before each clinic visit and take at least two readings (1 min apart) in the morning and before going to bed. The average blood pressure (BP) of 125–134/75–84 mmHg is classified as high normal BP and hypertension is BP of 135/85 mmHg or more. Target BP levels depend on the age of the patients; that is, < 125/75 mmHg for patients aged 18–65 years old, and <135/85 mmHg for patients over 65 years of age.
Epidemiology of inherited epidermolysis bullosa in Germany
Authors: Has Cristina , Hess Moritz , Anemüller Waltraud , Blume‐Peytavi Ulrike , Emmert Steffen , Fölster‐Holst Regina , Frank Jorge , Giehl Kathrin , Günther Claudia , Hammersen Johanna , Hillmann Kathrin , Höflein Bettina , Hoeger Peter H. , Hotz Alrun , Mai Thuy Anh , Oji Vinzenz , Schneider Holm , Süßmuth Kira , Tantcheva‐Póor Iliana , Thielking Frederieke , Zirn Birgit , Fischer Judith , Reimer‐Taschenbrecker Antonia
Published: October 2022

Background

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a rare genetic disorder manifesting with skin and mucosal membrane blistering in different degrees of severity.

Objective

Epidemiological data from different countries have been published, but none are available from Germany.

Methods

In this population‐based cross‐sectional study, people living with EB in Germany were identified using the following sources: academic hospitals, diagnostic laboratories and patient organization.

Results

Our study indicates an overall EB incidence of 45 per million live births in Germany. With 14.23 per million live births for junctional EB, the incidence is higher than in other countries, possibly reflecting the availability of early molecular genetic diagnostics in severely affected neonates. Dystrophic EB was assessed at 15.58 cases per million live births. The relatively low incidence found for EB simplex, 14.93 per million live births, could be explained by late or missed diagnosis, but also by 33% of cases remaining not otherwise specified. Using log‐linear models, we estimated a prevalence of 54 per million for all EB types, 2.44 for junctional EB, 12.16 for dystrophic EB and 28.44 per million for EB simplex. These figures are comparable to previously reported data from other countries.

Conclusions

Altogether, there are at least 2000 patients with EB in the German population. These results should support national policies and pharmaceutical companies in decision‐making, allow more precise planning of drug development and clinical trials, and aid patient advocacy groups in their effort to improve quality of life of people with this orphan disease.
Strategies for the enhancement of nail plate permeation of drugs to treat onychomycosis
Authors: Gupta Aditya K. , Polla Ravi Shruthi , Choi Su Yong , Konda Adarsh , Cooper Elizabeth A.
Published: October 2022

Onychomycosis is caused by dermatophytes, non‐dermatophytes and yeasts. It has a global prevalence of 5.5%, requires long treatment periods, and has high relapse rates following therapy. Oral antifungals are generally the most common treatment. While effective, they have limitations such as drug–drug interactions, hepatotoxicity and adverse side effects; thus, they cannot be used in several populations. Topical antifungals do not have the safety limitations but are typically not as effective. The primary challenge of topical treatment is the permeation of drug molecules across the nail plate barrier, which is a highly cross‐linked keratin network. The use of drugs and formulations with favourable characteristics such as small size, absence of lipophilicity, hydrophilic nature, hydrating properties and appropriate pH can greatly improve permeation. Here, we review physical, nanoparticle‐based, formulation‐based, mechanical and chemical drug delivery strategies to improve the permeation of drugs across the nail plate.
Skin hyperpigmentation after sclerotherapy with polidocanol: A systematic review
Authors: Bossart Simon , Daneluzzi Cloé , Cazzaniga Simone , Ramelet Albert‐Adrien , Uthoff Heiko , Seyed Jafari S. Morteza , Baumgartner Marc , Hunger Robert E. , Heidemeyer Kristine , Willenberg Torsten
Published: October 2022

Skin hyperpigmentation after sclerotherapy with polidocanol‐containing sclerosants is a common local side effect. Sclerotherapists should be familiar with factors that trigger hyperpigmentation after sclerotherapy with polidocanol‐containing sclerosants. A systematic literature review of works reporting hyperpigmentation after sclerotherapy for telangiectasias, reticular veins, side branches and truncal varices with polidocanol‐containing sclerosants was performed. Reported incidence rates, follow‐up periods and potentially triggering factors were assessed and analysed. The search yielded 1687 results; of these, 27 reports met the inclusion criteria. The incidence of hyperpigmentation seemed to increase with higher concentrations of polidocanol and was more evident after sclerotherapy for epifascial veins than for intrafascial truncal veins when the polidocanol concentration was more than 0.25%. Regarding sclerotherapy for telangiectasias and reticular veins, the incidence of hyperpigmentation ranged between 2% and 25% for polidocanol 0.25% (liquid and foam), between 12.5% and 67.9% for polidocanol 0.5% (liquid and foam) and between 13% and 73% for polidocanol 1% (liquid and foam). Regarding truncal veins, the incidence ranged from 7% to 45.8% for polidocanol 1% (liquid and foam), from 16% to 17% for polidocanol 2% (foam) and from 7.4% to 32.5% for polidocanol 3% (liquid and foam). Regarding the treatment of side branches, the incidence of hyperpigmentation ranged from 5.6% to 53% for both foam and liquid sclerotherapy. Regarding the duration of hyperpigmentation, there are few data describing reticular veins and telangiectasias. Hyperpigmentation persisting for more than 6 months has been reported to have an incidence of up to 7.5%. Hyperpigmentation persisting for more than 1 year after foam polidocanol 1%–3% treatment for truncal veins has an incidence ranging from 8.1% to 17.5%. Other factors such as higher volumes and compression therapy after treatment seem to have a minor influence. Data regarding hyperpigmentation after polidocanol‐related sclerotherapy are poor and should be improved by higher‐quality research.
Phylogenetic and environmental patterns of sex differentiation in physiological traits across Drosophila species
Authors: Kellermann Vanessa , Overgaard Johannes , Sgrò Carla M. , Hoffmann Ary A.
Published: October 2022

Sex‐based differences in physiological traits may be influenced by both evolutionary and environmental factors. Here we used male and female flies from >80 Drosophila species reared under common conditions to examine variance in a number of physiological traits including size, starvation, desiccation and thermal tolerance. Sex‐based differences for desiccation and starvation resistance were comparable in magnitude to those for size, with females tending to be relatively more resistant than males. In contrast thermal resistance showed low divergence between the sexes. Phylogenetic signal was detected for measures of divergence between the sexes, such that species from the Sophophora clade showed larger differences between the sexes than species from the Drosophila clade. We also found that sex‐based differences in desiccation resistance, body size and starvation resistance were weakly associated with climate (annual mean temperature/precipitation seasonality) but the direction and association with environment depended on phylogenetic position. The results suggest that divergence between the sexes can be linked to environmental factors, while an association with phylogeny suggests sex‐based differences persist over long evolutionary time‐frames.
Single‐rooted extraction socket classification: A systematic review and proposal of a new classification system based on morphologic and patient‐related factors
Authors: Sabri Hamoun , Barootchi Shayan , Heck Teresa , Wang Hom‐Lay
Published: October 2022

Taxonomy and classification of a disease contributes to facilitating the diagnosis and treatment planning process and simplifies communication between clinicians. The aim of this study was to provide a critical appraisal based on a systematic review of the single‐rooted extraction socket (ES) classifications and subsequently, introduce a new classification system combining the cornerstones of the previously proposed systems and based on the latest consensus in implant dentistry. Following the systematic search process in PubMed, EMBASE, and SCOPUS databases 13 ES classifications were detected. The most repeated hard and soft tissue factors in the previous classifications were buccal bone dehiscence, interproximal bone, gingival recession, and soft tissue phenotype. However, there was minimal attention to patient‐related factors such as systemic conditions and smoking. Therefore, a new classification system based on the combination of patient‐related factors, clinical and radiographical parameters was proposed. This divides an ES into three types. Class I and II sockets are candidates for receiving immediate implant placement and conversely, a class III socket includes a compromised condition that requires multiple‐stage reconstruction mostly suitable for standard delayed implant placement with alveolar ridge preservation. Within the limitations of this study, the new classification system not only provides comprehensive inclusion of various crucial parameters in implant placement (such as prediction of future implant position and osteotomy difficulty, etc.) but also, in contrast to the previously introduced systems, is able to classify the ES prior to extraction and also, takes into the account the patient‐related factors as the class modifiers following the extraction.
Observations of hypomelanosis in the nurse shark Ginglymostoma cirratum
Authors: Shipley Oliver N. , Fitzgerald Jamie , Horne Bryan , Crowe Steven , Gallagher Austin J.
Published: October 2022

Hypomelanosis refers to a suite of skin pigment abnormalities, including albinism, leucism and piebaldism. While documented across many vertebrate species, examples of hypomelanosis are rarely seen in chondrichthyans, with little insight into the potential effects on survival. Here, we report the first observation of abnormal skin pigmentation indicative of piebaldism in the Atlantic nurse shark Ginglymostoma cirratum, representing only the second reported case of skin aberrations for this species. This extremely rare observation is discussed in the broader context of fitness variation and long‐term survival.
A national qualitative study of Hospital‐at‐Home implementation under the CMS Acute Hospital Care at Home waiver
Authors: Gorbenko Ksenia , Baim‐Lance Abigail , Franzosa Emily , Wurtz Heather , Schiller Gabrielle , Masse Sybil , Ornstein Katherine A. , Federman Alex , Levine David M. , DeCherrie Linda V. , Leff Bruce , Siu Albert
Published: October 2022

Background

The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) announced the Acute Hospital Care at Home (AHCaH) waiver program in November 2020 to help expand hospital capacity to cope with the COVID‐19 pandemic. The AHCaH waived the 24/7 on‐site nursing requirement and enabled hospitals to obtain full hospital‐level diagnosis‐related group (DRG) reimbursement for providing Hospital‐at‐Home (HaH) care. This study sought to describe AHCaH implementation processes and strategies at the national level and identify challenges and facilitators to launching or adapting a HaH to meet waiver requirements.

Methods

We conducted semi‐structured interviews to explore barriers and facilitators of HaH implementation. The analysis was informed by the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, and Sustainment (EPIS) implementation framework. Interviews were audio recorded for transcription and thematic coding.

Principal Findings

We interviewed a sample of clinical leaders (N = 18; clinical/medical directors, operational and program managers) from 14 new and pre‐existing U.S. HaH programs diverse by size, urbanicity, and geography. Participants were enthusiastic about the AHCaH waiver. Participants described barriers and facilitators at planning and implementation stages within three overarching themes influencing waiver program implementation: 1) institutional value and assets; 2) program components, such as electronic health records, vendors, pharmacy, and patient monitoring; and 3) patient enrollment, including eligibility and geographic limits.

Conclusions

Implementation of AHCaH waiver is a complex process that requires building components in compliance with the requirements to extend the hospital into the home, in coordination with internal and external partners. The study identified barriers that potential adopters and proponents should consider alongside the strategies that some organizations have found useful. Clarity regarding the waiver's future may expedite HaH model dissemination and ensure longevity of this valuable model of care delivery.
Resident racial and ethnic composition, neighborhood‐level socioeconomic status, and COVID‐19 infections in California SNFs
Authors: Engeda Joseph C. , Karmarkar Ellora N. , Mitsunaga Tisha M. , Raymond Kristal L. , Oh Peter , Epson Erin
Published: October 2022

Background

In California, >29,000 residents in skilled nursing facility (SNFs) were diagnosed with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) between March 2020 and November 2020. Prior research suggests that SNFs serving racially and ethnically minoritized residents often have fewer resources and lower quality of care. We performed a cross‐sectional analysis of COVID‐19 incidence among residents in California SNFs, assessing the association of SNF‐level racial and ethnic compositions and facility‐ and neighborhood‐level (census tract‐ and county‐level) indicators of socioeconomic status (SES).

Methods

SNFs were grouped based on racial and ethnic composition using data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services; categories included SNFs with ≥88% White residents, SNFs with ≥32% Black or Latinx residents, SNFs with ≥32% Asian residents, or SNFs not serving a high proportion of any racial and ethnic composition (mixed). SNF resident‐level COVID‐19 infection data were obtained from the National Healthcare Safety Network from May 25, 2020 to August 16, 2020. Multilevel mixed‐effects negative binomial regressions were used to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRR) for confirmed COVID‐19 infections among residents.

Results

Among 971 SNFs included in our sample, 119 (12.3%) had ≥88% White residents; 215 (22.1%) had ≥32% Black or Latinx residents; 78 (8.0%) had ≥32% Asian residents; and 559 (57.6%) were racially and ethnically mixed. After adjusting for confounders, SNFs with ≥32% Black or Latinx residents (IRR = 2.40 [95% CI = 1.56, 3.68]) and SNFs with mixed racial and ethnic composition (IRR = 2.12 [95% CI = 1.49, 3.03]) both had higher COVID‐19 incidence rates than SNFs with ≥88% White residents. COVID‐19 incidence rates were also found to be higher in SNFs with low SES neighborhoods compared to those in high SES neighborhoods.

Conclusion

Public health personnel should consider SNF‐ and neighborhood‐level factors when identifying facilities to prioritize for COVID‐19 outbreak prevention and control.
Quantitative and carbon isotope ratio analysis of fatty acids isolated from human brain hemispheres
Authors: Lacombe R. J. Scott , Smith Mackenzie E. , Perlman Kelly , Turecki Gustavo , Mechawar Naguib , Bazinet Richard P.
Published: October 2022

Our knowledge surrounding the overall fatty acid profile of the adult human brain has been largely limited to extrapolations from brain regions in which the distribution of fatty acids varies. This is especially problematic when modeling brain fatty acid metabolism, therefore, an updated estimate of whole‐brain fatty acid concentration is necessitated. Here, we sought to conduct a comprehensive quantitative analysis of fatty acids from entire well‐characterized human brain hemispheres (n = 6) provided by the Douglas‐Bell Canada Brain Bank. Additionally, exploratory natural abundance carbon isotope ratio (CIR; δ13C, 13C/12C) analysis was performed to assess the origin of brain fatty acids. Brain fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were quantified by gas chromatography (GC)‐flame ionization detection and minor n‐6 and n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid pentafluorobenzyl esters by GC‐mass spectrometry. Carbon isotope ratio values of identifiable FAMEs were measured by GC‐combustion‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Overall, the most abundant fatty acid in the human brain was oleic acid, followed by stearic acid (STA), palmitic acid (PAM), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and arachidonic acid (ARA). Interestingly, cholesterol as well as saturates including PAM and STA were most enriched in 13C, while PUFAs including DHA and ARA were most depleted in 13C. These findings suggest a contribution of endogenous synthesis utilizing dietary sugar substrates rich in 13C, and a combination of marine, animal, and terrestrial PUFA sources more depleted in 13C, respectively. These results provide novel insights on cerebral fatty acid origin and concentration, the latter serving as a valuable resource for future modeling of fatty acid metabolism in the human brain.

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Dissonance, Reflection and Reframing: Unpacking the Black Box of Motivation Internalization
Authors: Hewett Rebecca
Published: October 2022

Self‐determination theory (SDT) suggests that motivation internalization is a proactive process in which people ‘take into themselves’ the reason for engaging in a task. This has important managerial implications because internalized motivation is beneficial for individual and group performance and wellbeing. Yet we know little about how individuals internalize their own motivation nor why individuals internalize their motivation for some tasks and not others. Through interviews with 40 employees in two charities I found that motivation internalization occurred through a process of reflection and cognitive reframing across three process narratives: developmental, opportunity‐enhancing, and prosocial internalization. Motivation internalization was triggered by cognitive dissonance arising from conflicting action tendencies and energized by the need to resolve motivational inconsistency or guilt. The source of this dissonance drives different process narratives, which are also associated with different behavioural and attitudinal outcomes. This research provides a deeper understanding of the proactive nature of motivation internalization and offers opportunities to integrate different theoretical perspectives on work motivation, which have traditionally been seen as conflicting.
Optic nerve sheath diameter in intracranial hypertension: Measurement external or internal of the dura mater?
Authors: Pansell Jakob , Bell Max , Rudberg Peter , Friman Ola , Cooray Charith
Published: October 2022

Background and Purpose

Optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) is a promising metric to estimate intracranial pressure (ICP). There is no consensus whether ONSD should be measured external (ONSDext) or internal (ONSDint) of the dura mater. Expert opinion favors ONSDint, though without clear evidence to support this. Adjustments of ONSD for eye diameter (ED) and optic nerve diameter (OND) have been suggested to improve precision. We examined the diagnostic accuracy of ONSDext and ONSDint for estimating ICP, unadjusted as well as adjusted for ED and OND.

Methods

We performed an observational cohort study, measuring ONSDext and ONSDint in patients with invasive ICP monitoring at Karolinska University Hospital in Stockholm, Sweden. We used ONSDext and ONSDint unadjusted as well as adjusted for ED and for OND. We compared the area under the receiver operator characteristics curve (AUROC) for these methods. Thresholds for elevated ICP were set at ≥20 and ≥22 mmHg, respectively.

Results

We included 220 measurements from 100 patients. Median ONSDext and ONSDint were significantly different at 6.7 and 5.2 mm (p = .00). There was no significant difference in AUROC for predicting elevated ICP between ONSDext and ONSDint (.67 vs. .64, p = .31). Adjustment for ED yielded better diagnostic accuracy (AUROC, cutoff, sensitivity, specificity) for ONSDext/ED (.76, .29, .81, .62) and ONSDint/ED (.71, .24, .5, .89).

Conclusions

ONSDext and ONSDint differ significantly and are not interchangeable. However, there were no significant differences in diagnostic accuracy between ONSDext and ONSDint. Adjustment for ED may improve diagnostic accuracy of ONSD.
Paediatric epilepsy surgery: Techniques and outcomes
Authors: Almojuela Alysa , Xu Qi , O'Carroll Aoife , Ritchie Lesley , Serletis Demitre
Published: October 2022

Epilepsy is a neurological condition characterised by recurrent and persistent seizures. For paediatric patients, achieving early seizure freedom can have positive impacts on cognition, development, social integration and mental health, leading to improved quality of life. In general, one third of patients with epilepsy are refractory to medication; for these patients, epilepsy surgery may offer the only chance for improved seizure control. Epilepsy surgery as a therapeutic intervention has become increasingly accepted in the past few decades, with more diverse options available (including neuromodulatory and minimally invasive techniques). In this context, we discuss here the pre‐operative workup for paediatric patients with medically refractory epilepsy and provide an updated review on current and emerging surgical therapies for this condition. We also discuss the clinical, neuropsychological, quality of life and economic impacts of epilepsy surgery.
Incipient woody plant encroachment signals heightened vulnerability for an intact grassland region
Authors: Fogarty Dillon T. , Allen Craig R. , Twidwell Dirac
Published: October 2022

Question

What constrains Juniperus virginiana encroachment in semi‐arid grasslands: precipitation‐based constraints on establishment or dispersal‐based constraints on spread?

Location

Sandhills grassland, Nebraska, USA.

Methods

We tracked juvenile and adult stages of J. virginiana encroachment using field sampling and remote sensing across a network of 40 sites spanning a wide precipitation gradient (399–655 mm). Regional patterns of encroachment were then used to assess the relative support for precipitation‐based constraints on establishment versus dispersal‐based constraints on spread in a region transitioning to a more encroached state.

Results

Woody encroachment was widespread and we found no evidence that low precipitation precludes encroachment in the Sandhills. Instead, encroachment patterns were best described by proximity to planted propagule sources. However, levels of encroachment were highly variable. Encroachment density was low at more arid sites that lacked nearby stands of planted J. virginiana, and encroachment tended to increase with proximity to plantings and higher mean annual precipitation, suggesting that both variables play a role in the rate of encroachment.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that woody encroachment is constrained by dispersal in the Sandhills and that planted propagule sources increase grassland vulnerability to encroachment, regardless of mean annual precipitation. This may be true for other intact grassland regions where barriers to woody plant establishment have been altered or overcome. A key implication is that programs and policies need to consider encroachment risks from planted propagule sources and how to manage them to avoid fragmentation of intact grasslands.