bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uveitis In Children
Authors: Dumitrache Marieta
Published: March 2023

Uveitis in children is rarer than in adults, has variable clinical aspects, depending on etiopathogenesis, many forms are asymptomatic, and there can be difficulties in diagnosis and treatment. Uveitis in children can cause significant eye morbidity, with vision loss in 25/30% of cases, through complications, such as: cataract, glaucoma, band keratopathy. Uveitis in children is more frequently bilateral, with persistent, recurrent chronic evolution, resistant to conventional treatment and can be anterior, intermediate, posterior, panuveitis, acute or chronic. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common cause of anterior uveitis in children 60% (girls, under 6 years old), in which uveitis is unilateral, non-granulomatous, with chronic evolution, associated with positive ANA. Uveitis in JIA has multiple complications and sequelae, with decreased vision. The prognosis of the disease is dependent on the establishment of an adequate early treatment in which the first line of therapy is topical, periocular, systemic, intravitreal corticotherapy, with possible side effects of steroid medication. Immunosuppressive treatment – the second line of therapy, is instituted if children do not respond to steroids, are cortico-dependent or have ocular and/or systemic complications – Methotrexate, Azathioprine, Cyclophosphamide, Cyclosporine, Chlorambucil, antiTNF alfa which are administered to patients at high risk of decreased vision – Infliximab, Adalimumab. The objective remains the treatment of complications: phacoemulsification in cataract with/without IOL (per primam, per secundam), medical and surgical treatment of glaucoma. Intermediate uveitis in children (10-25%) is manifested by myodesopsia, with a white eye, the most common etiology being idiopathic intermediate uveitis. Posterior uveitis represents almost 30% of cases, with multiple etiology, infectious inflammatory diseases (bacterial, viral, parasitic) non-infectious diseases (sarcoidosis, Behcet, VKH). Panuveitis in children may be present in acute tubulointerstitial nephritis in adolescents. Pseudouveitis is uveitis in retinoblastoma, leukemia. Uveitis in children is a serious disease, in which the diagnosis must be established quickly, with an appropriate (even aggressive) treatment, because the complications and sequelae present in the prolonged evolution of uveitis are accompanied by decrease/loss of vision. Ocular and systemic monitoring and screening of the disease are necessary for a favourable prognosis of the disease.
Unrelated versus related living-donor kidney transplantation is associated with higher acute rejection rate but similar graft survival Running title: Outcomes in living-donor kidney transplantation
Authors: R. Pereira Pedro
Published: March 2023

Kidney transplantation (KT) from living donors has been shown to have multiple benefits compared with that from deceased donors. We sought to compare significant graft outcomes, namely acute rejection (AR), graft function, and survival, between transplant recipients who received a kidney from a living-related donor (LRD) and from a living unrelated donor (LURD). Our cohort comprised 198 donor and recipient pairs undergoing living-donor KT at our center over 10 years. LRD recipients were compared with LURD recipients according to demographic and clinical characteristics, transplant variables (including immunosuppression), graft function, survival, and AR rate. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was similar in both groups over the follow-up time, of 60-65 mL/min (p<0.05 over a 10-year period). Censored graft survival was similar between LRD and LURD recipients (96.9% vs. 98.0% at 5 years and 87.8% vs. 79.4% at 10 years, respectively; p=0.837). LURD recipients had a higher incidence of AR, although LURD recipient status was not an independent risk factor for AR. Multivariate analysis showed that human leukocyte antigen (HLA) -DR mismatch (MM) was an independent predictor of AR (hazard ratio [HR] 2.256, p<0.05). HLA-A and HLA-B MM did not affect the AR HR between the groups. Graft function and censored-death survival rates were similar between the LURD and LRD KT recipients. HLA-DR MM was an independent risk factor for AR.
“A tropical home”: Myanmar and reinterpretation of traditional architecture to contemporary cultural center in Bagan
Authors:   , Thaung Hein
Published: March 2023

This architectural design research study is about the understanding of the architectural tradition by means of chosen geometrical framework, or ‘Taxis’ in the Greek language, spatial compositions, sensuality experiences, local materials and construction techniques. The objective is to see the possibilities of reinterpreting analytical drawings of Ananda Temple, Thatbyinyu Temple and a Burmese traditional house in order to synthesis the analyses upon the contemporary architectural design process. Literature Reviews and Case Studies have been done upon the theory, practice, and philosophy of contemporary architects whose design processes are reflected on the history, human experience, and memory of the site. The site, surrounded by the historical landscape of Bagan heritage zone, is chosen to be a testing ground for the reinterpretation design process for the Bagan Cultural Center.
The economic impact of gastronomic tourism: the Ubud food festival
Authors:   , Amilia Sabrina
Published: March 2023

The main objective of this paper is to assess the economic impact in Bali during the Covid-19 pandemic by proposing the case of Ubud Food Festival 2019 with input-output analysis. Due to the outbreak, most scheduled festivals in 2020 have been cancelled, including Ubud Food Festival 2020. Computing the festival impact generated by 54 sectors in Bali’s economy, this study constructs regional output, value-added, and income multipliers. The result figured that among the gastronomic tourism-related sector, the food and beverage service industry has the largest number on regional output multiplier, recreational and sporting activities have the largest number on value-added multiplier, and the transportation support service industry has the largest number on income multiplier. Considering the backward linkage and large multiplier numbers of the tourism sector, gastronomic tourism could be the ‘key’ sector to expand Bali’s economic growth.
Treffinger Learning Model Assisted by PPT Media is it Affects Student Learning Outcomes?
Authors: Azzajjad Muhammad Fath , H Halima  , Rahayu Ayu , Ahmar Dewi Satria
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of treffinger learning model assisted by PPT media on the learning outcomes of students in class XI MIPA SMA Negeri 1 Wundulako. This type of research is quantitative research using quasi experimental method with post-test design only design. The sample of this study amounted to 26 students of class XI MIPA 2 as an experimental class taught using the treffinger learning model assisted by PPT media and 26 students of class XI MIPA 1 as a control class taught using conventional models. Article 24 of Permendikbud No 17/2017 stipulates that the number of students in one study group is at least 20 and at most 28. Based on the results showed that the experimental class obtained an average post-test value of 72.40 while the control class obtained an average post-test value of 62.20. The normality test results obtained the significance value of the experimental class post-test 0.141 and the control class post-test 0.200 showed results > 0.05. The homogeneity test of the experimental group and the control group from the post-test results, the significance value > 0.05. Furthermore, the hypothesis test obtained a significance value of 0.002 <0.05, then H0 was rejected and H1 was accepted. So it can be concluded that there is an effect of Treffinger learning model assisted by PPT media on the learning outcomes of students in class XI MIPA SMA Negeri 1 Wundulako
Importance of job autonomy at the companies in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq
Authors: Dler Shekh Mohammed , Top Cemil
Published: March 2023

Job autonomy is the respect for employees to choose their own methods of approaching the work demands besides, Innovative culture promotes innovation and innovation creates value for organizations further, job satisfaction is one of the many important concepts that are required to reach high performances by the staff, in this respect, this paper assumes that job autonomy and job satisfaction have positive effects on employee innovative behavior in Kurdistan. To do then we have organized a survey questionnaire and visited various in Sulaymaniyah city in Kurdistan, as a result 191 data has been used and found that true regression analysis that job satisfaction and job autonomy positively related to employees’ innovative behaviors in the region, it is recommended that residential managers should give autonomy to their employees in their responsibilities for the sake of their job satisfaction and performances
Thirsty Islands and Water Inequality: The Impact of Colonial Practices on Freshwater Challenges in the Dutch Caribbean
Authors: Loen Suzanne
Published: March 2023

Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and Territories in the Dutch Caribbean face unique water challenges related to climate change. With fragile ecosystems and surrounded by rising sea levels and limited natural resources, island communities are increasingly faced with the reality of life withextreme drought and floods. While Caribbean SIDS in general have limited freshwater resources and limited water-retaining capacity due to natural characteristics, it is undeniable that unsustainable actions, practices and attitudes under colonial rule, such as deforestation and “property-thinking,” have contributed to present-day environmental degradation, freshwater resource management problems and water inequality. In the Netherlands, there are ongoing discussions about reparative justice compensation for the impact of Dutch colonial imperialism. In this light, it is worth considering whether reparative justice for the former colonial territories could take the form of eco- and heritage- system reparations and substantial investments in nature- and heritage-based solutions.
"THE PRONUNCIATION OF DIPHTHONGS BY IRAQI LEARNERS OF ENGLISH "
Authors:   West University of Timișoara, Aljomaely Raad
Published: March 2023

This study examines the phonetic problems that Iraqi speakers encounter when learning and speaking English. The analysis of the data collected reveal s that Iraqi learners face difficulty in the production of most English diphthongs. The comparative analysis between Iraqi English (IE) and Standard British English (BE) helps in determining which similarities and differences either facilitate or hinder communication. The study offers a phonetic description and analysis of IE as spoken by five Iraqis. First, the study explores the problems that these speakers face in the pronunciation of English. Second, it compares their spoken English with Standard British English (BE). Third, it reveals the pedagogical implications that result from the comparison.
DEUTSCH ALS FREMDSPRACHE IM AKADEMISCHEN BEREICH
Authors:   Politehnica University Timişoara, Dejica-Carțiș Anca
Published: March 2023

Deutsch als Fremdsprache wird multidimensional im akademischen Bereich unterrichtet. Die Sprache wird auf sozialer, auf kultureller, auf akademischer und auf fachlicher Ebene von Studenten aufgenommen. Zu den wichtigsten Schlüsselkompetenzen zählen Sprach- und Fachkompetenzen. Die Entwicklung von Sprachkompetenzen basiert auf lexikalische, linguistische und kommunikative Inhalte, die Studenten helfen sich mündlich und schriftlich adäquat auszudrücken. Die vorliegende Arbeit, befasst sich mit Sprachkompetenzen, die für Studenten hilfreich beim Üben der deutschen Sprache sind.
COMMUNICATION CHALLENGES FOR SUSTAINABILITY
Authors:   Politehnica University Timişoara, Suciu Sorin
Published: March 2023

More and more studies address the impact of economic activities on the environment. Applied to different sectors of goods and services production or consumption, they all converge to the same result: unregulated economic activities driven merely by strict economic criteria such as profit and market share , affect the environment in a serious and irreversible manner. These findings imply increased responsibility on the part of companies, both to consumers and the general public, as well as to future generations. My article aims to highlight the importance of communicating sustainability in an efficient manner and to provide a series of landmarks that will render it more effective.
Poisonings in childhood: A 5-year experience of a tertiary city hospital in İstanbul
Authors: Köle Mehmet Tolga , Çağ Yakup , Hüsrevoğlu Esen Feyza , Günhan Hakan , Pişmişoğlu Kemal , Kandemir İbrahim , Mehmetoğlu Serdar , Erdem Aydan , Erkin Gökşen , Akın Yasemin
Published: March 2023

Objective: Poisoning is a substantial public health problem preventable with basic precautions. This study aims to contribute to the literature by analyzing the demographic variables, epidemiological characteristics, and prognosis of children brought to the pediatric emergency department of our center due to poisoning in the last five years.
Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the medical records of 1928 patients who were under-18 years old and admitted with acute intoxication diagnosis to our tertiary hospital’s pediatric emergency department in Istanbul between 2016 and 2021. Patients were divided into two groups by poisoning factors: drug and non-drug substances.
Results: We included all 1928 patients (55.1% male, 44.9% female). The median age was 30 (20-49) months, and 85.5% (n=1650) of patients were under 72 months old. There was a male gender dominance (62.4%) among patients aged 3-6, all of whom had accidental poisoning (100%). Poisonings among patients older than 12years of age were more common in girls (59.8%) and were mainly suicidal attempts (65.2%). We detected drug exposure in 58.9% (n=1047) of patients; the most common drugs were analgesics (13.5%, n=269), psychotropics (6.2%, n=102), and hormone preparations (4.5%, n=86). We also detected non-drug exposure in 41.1% (n=792) of patients; the most common non-drug substances were corrosive-caustic substances (14.6%, n=284), and detergent poisonings (5.5%, n=106). None of the patients died.
Conclusion: Patients in the under 6 years old group admitted due to poisoning were predominantly male, and all cases were accidental. Whereas poisonings above the age of 12 were more common in girls and were usually due to suicide. Our study also showed that poisonings in children passed with milder symptoms, and we discharged most of the children after a short observation without the need for hospitalization. Well-balanced clinical management may prevent unnecessary hospitalization and unnecessary medical interventions.
Retrospective evaluation of candida infections in pediatric intensive care units
Authors: Çoban Yasemin , Köker Alper , Öz Tunçer Gökçen , Akbaş Yılmaz , Aydın Sultan , Tural Kara Tuğçe
Published: March 2023

Objective: Candida species are the most common infectious agents among the pathogens responsible for nosocomial fungal infections. Transmissions in intensive care units account for a significant proportion of the mortality and morbidity associated with candida infections. The present study evaluates the prevalence, type, treatment approach, underlying risk factors, and outcomes of candida infections in patients treated in a pediatric intensive care unit in Türkiye with a dense population of children who have fled the war in Syria.
Methods: The study was conducted in the 14-bed tertiary pediatric intensive care unit of a city hospital between March 2018 and March 2019.
Results: Candida species were reproduced in the studied samples of 28 (15.7%) of the 176 patients treated in the intensive care unit during the study period. Mortality occurred in six (21.4%) patients with invasive candidiasis of varying species, namely: C. lusitaniae (n=2); C. parapsilosis (n=2); C. krusei (n=1), and C. albicans (n=1), and candida was considered the cause of mortality in five of the six non-survivors. Resistance to liposomal amphotericin-B was observed in the Candida species isolated from the non-survivors.
Conclusion: In the present study, a prolonged stay in the intensive care unit, a higher number of indwelling medical devices, the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, the presence of an underlying condition, and renal failure were observed to increase incidence of candida infection.
Results confirming the efficacy of oral L-dopa on cortisol secretion in patients being evaluated for suspected growth hormone deficiency
Authors: Kırkgöz Tarık , Acar Sezer , Nalbantoğlu Özlem , Özkan Behzat
Published: March 2023

Objective: Adrenal insufficiency is a life-threatening disease and therefore, accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment are life-saving. The main purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the serum cortisol levels measured during the L-dopa test in cases suspected GH deficiency and to compare the effect of L-dopa on cortisol secretion with the results of previous studies.
Method: Between January 2019 and January 2021, patients who underwent the L-dopa test for the evaluation of GH deficiency in our Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic and whose basal cortisol levels were measured at the baseline and at the 120th minutes of the test were included. The clinical, anthropometric, and laboratory data of the patients were obtained from the medical records.
Results: Eighty-five patients (38 girls, 47 boys) were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 10.3 ± 3.5 years (range, 4.1 - 14.9 years). The mean serum cortisol level was 11.1 ± 3.6 µg/dL at baseline and 20.9 ± 3.8 µg/dL at 120th minutes (the mean cortisol increase was 9.8 ± 4.1 µg/dL). Cortisol response was adequate (> 18 µg / dL) in 76 cases (89.4%). Nausea/vomiting was observed in 53 (62.4%) of the patients during the L-dopa test. Peak cortisol responses of the cases with and without side effects were similar (20.9 ± 3.8; 20.8 ± 3.7; p = 0.945).
Conclusion: In conclusion, the L-dopa test is easy to apply, effective, and safe and can be performed to evaluate cortisol adequacy at least in patients being evaluated for suspected GH deficiency.
The effects of transcatheter atrial septal defect closure on appetite, nutritional hormones and growth in children
Authors: Taşcı Onur , Pamukçu Özge , Narin Nazmi , Barlak Keti Didem , Sunkak Süleyman , Vural Çağdaş , Baykan Ali
Published: March 2023

Objective: Children with congenital heart disease are at risk of malnutrition due to inadequate calorie intake, increased energy expenditure, pulmonary infections, and malabsorption. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in appetite, nutritional hormones, and anthropometric measurements before and after the transcatheter closure of the atrial septal defect.
Method: The study included 27 patients whose atrial septal defect closed percutaneously and 25 children as a healthy control group. The initial symptoms, anthropometric measurements, and laboratory tests were recorded initially, and 1 month and 6 months after the closure.
Results: The mean age of patients and control group were 88.29 ± 58.25 months, 86.52 ± 55.81 months respectively. At the 1st month after the closure, all the symptoms in the patient group decreased compared to the initial visit except rapid breathing (p <0.05). The percentage of patients who had a lack of appetite decreased from 45% to 5% at the 1st month visit. After the closure, the increase in weight for age, body mass index, and z-score were statistically significant at the 1st and 6th months (p <0.05). Insulin-like growth factor-1 levels increased compared to the initial values at the 1st month (p =0.016). A linear decrease in ghrelin levels and a linear increase in leptin levels were observed in the atrial septal defect group during the 6-month follow-up after the closure.
Conclusion: Children with atrial septal defect are at the risk of malnutrition. The primary prevention of malnutrition should be the goal of our treatment plan for these children; the timing of the interventional treatment is critical and has to be before the development of malnutrition.
Balloon angioplasty for postoperative aortic recoarctation in children: A 10-year, single-center experience
Authors: Doğan Eser , Aydın Derya , Ülger Zülal , Levent Ertürk
Published: March 2023

Objective: Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital anomaly observed in 8% to 10% of all cases of congenital heart disease. In patients with postoperative aortic recoarctation, reoperation is associated with high morbidity and mortality risk, and percutaneous balloon angioplasty is widely accepted as a first-line option in these patients regardless of the primary surgery or recoarctation anatomy. Our aim in this study was to share our experience with balloon angioplasty in patients who developed recoarctation after surgery for aortic coarctation.
Methods: A total of 39 patients aged 0-18 years who underwent percutaneous balloon angioplasty in the Pediatric Cardiology Department of Ege University between January 2010 and January 2020 were included in the study. All of the patients developed aortic recoarctation after surgical repair of aortic coarctation and were referred from various centers.
Results: On echocardiography performed before balloon angioplasty, the mean pressure gradient between the ascending and descending aorta was 50±11 mmHg. Transcatheter peak systolic pressure gradient between the ascending and descending aorta was 35 ± 13 mmHg before the procedure and decreased to 8 ± 11 mmHg after the procedure. The mean balloon diameter used for balloon angioplasty was 10 ± 4 mm. Adequate gradient reduction was achieved in all patients during balloon angioplasty. No major complications were observed. In our study, after balloon angioplasty, the prevalence of recoarctation was 7%.
Conclusion: In conclusion, balloon angioplasty can be used safely in the treatment of postoperative recoarctations.
ПОЛНЫЕ ДВУМЕРНЫЕ ПОВЕРХНОСТИ В 2 R5
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, Б М Мамадалиев
Published: March 2023

В рассматриваемом пространстве 2 R5 любая двумерная поверхность имеет касательную плоскостей, геометрия которых бывает трёх типов. Определено условие, когда геометрия на касательной двумерной поверхности бывает одного типа.
ЧИСЛЕННОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ПРОЦЕССА ТЕПЛОПРОВОДНОСТИ С ДВОЙНОЙ НЕЛИНЕЙНОСТЬЮ В ДВУМЕРНОМ СЛУЧАЕ ПРИ НАЛИЧИИ ПЕРЕНОСА И ИСТОЧНИКА(ПОГЛОЩЕНИЯ)
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, А У Маматов
Published: March 2023

В статье были получены следующие результаты: в многомерном поле было построено автомодельное решение для уравнения теплопроводности нелинейни n=2, из полученного автомодельного решения выбрана исходная функция для условия Коши, в числовом моделировании применен метод прогонки, в процессе получены результаты с помощью программ C#, Mathcad и Matlab и представлены в графическом виде.
О СПЕКТРЕ ДВУХЧАСТИЧНОГО ОПЕРАТОРА ШРЕДИНГЕРА С ТОЧЕЧНЫМ ПОТЕНЦИАЛОМ В ОДНОМЕРНОМ СЛУЧАЕ
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, У Н Кулжанов
Published: March 2023

В работе рассматривается точечно-взаимодействующая двухчастичная квантовая система. Соответствующий оператор Шредингера (оператор энергии) строится как самасопряженное расширение симметрического оператора Лапласа. Описан существенный спектр и доказано существование одного отрицательного собственного значения оператора Шредингера при положительных значениях параметра расширения.
CHETLARI SHARNIRLI MAHKAMLANGAN ELASTIK PLASTINKANING SIMMETRIK TEBRANISHLARI
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, X u d a y b e r d i y e v Z , X u d a y b e r d i y e v a S h , A m i r o v I
Published: March 2023

Ishda chetlari sharnirli mahkamlangan uch qatlamli elastik plastinkaning tanlangan o‘rta sirtidagi ko‘chishlarining bosh qismlari izlanuvchi funksiyalar sifatida kiritilgan. Shunga ko‘ra bir qancha matematik amallar bajarilibб izlanuvchi funksiyalarga nisbatan amaliy masalalarni yechishda qo‘llash mumkin bo‘lgan beshinchi tartibli differensial tenglamalar sistemasi keltirib chiqarilgan va bu tenglamalar sistemasidan xususiy holda bir qatlamli elastik plastinka tebranish tenglamalari sistemasi olingan. Olingan tebranish tenglamalari sistemasi Maple 17 dasturi yordamida sonli yechilib, sharnirli mahkamlangan bir jinsli plastinka qatlamlarida yuzaga keladigan ko‘chishlar va kuchlanishlarni aniqlash imkoniyati yaratilgan.
STEGANOGRAFIYA USULLARINI TASNIFLASHDAGI YANGI YONDASHUV
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, P o r s a y e v G ‘ M , U X Narzullayev , N R Zaynalov
Published: March 2023

. Hozirgi kunda shiddat bilan rivojlanayotgan axborot tizimlari va texnologiyalari sohasida mavjud axborot xavfsizligi sohasiga mansub bo‘lgan steganografiya usullari tahlili va ularni qo‘llash yo‘llari yoritilgan. Shulardan kelib chiqqan holda yangi tasniflash yondashuvi taklif etilgan
SKREMBLERNING TURINI ANIQLASH ALGORITMI
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, Y u l d a s h e v G ‘ , M O Shamiyev
Published: March 2023

Chiqish signaliga asoslangan uzatuvchi tomonga tadbiq qilinadigan ckrembler turini aniqlash masalasi ko‘rilgan. Bunday turdagi masalalar radiomonitoring tizimi va qabul qilishning kognitiv tizimini yaratish, raqamli signalni qayta ishlash uchun aktual hisoblanadi. Tizimlarni additiv, shuningdek multiplikativ sklember ko‘rinishida identifikatsiyalashga imkon beruvchi texnik yechimlar ma’lum. Lekin skrembler turini avtomatik aniqlaydigan algoritmlar keltirilgan maqolalar mavjud emas. Ushbu maqolada bu muommo qisman to‘ldirilgan. Yuqoridagi masalani yechishga imkon beruvchi algoritm va uni modellashtirish natijalari keltirilgan
QISQA DAVRLI PULSATSIYALANUVCHI 2MASS_22472590+5407249 VA 2MASS_22431277+5439408 O‘ZGARUVCHAN YULDUZLARINI FOTOMETRIK TADQIQI
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, X a m r a k u l o v F , L a p u k h i n E , A l i m o v T , K u l m u r a d o v A
Published: March 2023

Ushbu maqolada tanlangan ikki yulduzning kuzatuv natijalari VAST dasturi bilan fotometrik tahlil qilinib, davri, vaqtga bog‘liq bo‘lgan yorqinlik egri chizig‘ini o‘zgarishi va chastotalar bo‘yicha tahlili WinEff dasturi yordamida bajarlidi. Aniqlikni oshirish maqsadida natijalar qaytadan L-K period dasturi tahlil qilinib taqqoslandi.
ПРИЧИНА СМЕНЫ ВРЕМЕН ГОДА А ТАКЖЕ СУЩЕСТВОВАНИЯ ТЕПЛОВЫХ И ХОЛОДНЫХ ПОЯСОВ НА ЗЕМЛЕ
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, Ж у р а е в Б , Т у р н и я з о в Р , А ж а б о в А , О д и л о в а Н
Published: March 2023

. В работе приведены причины смены времен года на Земле а также общая картина изменения суточного пути Солнца на протяжении года. Приведены данные об изменении условий освещения и обогревания Земли на разных географических широтах.
ВЫСОКОЧУСТВИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЛАЗЕРНАЯ СПЕКТРОСКОПИЯ УЛЬТРАМАЛЫХ КОНЦЕНТРАЦИЙ АТОМОВ И АЭРОЗОЛЕЙ В РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ФАЗОВЫХ СОСТОЯНИЯХ ВЕЩЕСТВА
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, А Т Халманов
Published: March 2023

В данной статье приведены результаты исследования динамики и типов физических процессов с возбужденными атомами и молекулами в атомизаторе «Графитовая печь». Показан физический механизм увеличения атомно-ионизационного сигнала для двухступенчатой схемы возбуждения. Показано, что максимальный сигнал наблюдается для атомов In при переходе 5p2 Р3/2→6s2 S3/2→8p2 P1/2 и для атомов Li, Na, Ag, Au, Pt при переходе (n)s→(m)p→(k)d соответственно (где n, k, m и f главные квантовые числа уровней). В результате эксперимента разработаны фотоионизационный и столкновительный механизмы ионизации. Полученные результаты показывают, что столкновительный механизм ионизации является доминирующим процессом. В работе использованы различные атомизаторы типа «пламя», «стержень-пламя» и «лазерная атомизация». Впервые выявлены новые параметры аэрозолей по физико-химическим свойствам аэрозольных факелом от твердых поверхностей и аэрозолей соли металлом и органических аэрозолей
О СВОЙСТВАХ НАНОВОЛОКОННЫХ АНИЗОТРОПНЫХ НАНОПОРИСТЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, А А Холмуминов , Б М Матякубов
Published: March 2023

В статье приводятся результаты исследования по получению нановолоконных анизотропных нанопористых материалов в виде тонкого материала на основе фиброина шелка и хлопковой целлюлозы методом электроспиннинга с использованием эксцентрично-вращающегося экрана-приёмника. Исследование анизотропических свойств, механо-структурних изменений полученных нановолоконных тонкослойных полимерных материалов выполнено непосредственно при помощи метода эффект двухлучевой преломления с применением поляризационно-оптической установки.
KOGERENT POTENSIALLAR METODI YORDAMIDA AMORF HOLATDAGI CuxTi1-x QOTISHMALARDA XOLL KOEFFITSIYENTINI HISOBLASH
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, О К Кувандиков , Д Х Имамназаров
Published: March 2023

. Kuchli o‘zaro ta’sir hamda gibridizatsiyani hisobga olgan holda s-d modeli uchun kogerent potentsial metodi yordamida amorf holatdagi paramagnit CuxTi1-x qotishmalarning elektron strukturasi, solishtirma elektr qarshiligi ρ va Hall koeffitsienti R0 hisoblandi. O'tkinchi metallar va ular qotishmalarining kinetik xususiyatlarining konsetrasiyaga qarab anomal o'zgarishi zaryad tashuvchilarning oraliq zonalararo o'tishlari bilan birga kuchli elektron-electron o'zaro ta'siri bilan bog‘liqligi ko'rsatilgan. Hisoblangan kattaliklarning ρ va R0 konsentratsiyaga bog‘liqligi tajriba natijalari bilan mos kelishishiga erishildi.
ЭЛЕКТРОХИМИЧЕСКОЕ ПОВЕДЕНИЕ ДИЭТИЛАМИНО-4-МЕТИЛ-ГЕКСИН-ОЛА-4 НА ПЛАТИНОВОМ ДИСКОВОМ МИКРОАНОДЕ В НЕВОДНЫХ СРЕДАХ
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, Х Б Рахматов , Г Э Сафарова , Н Т Юлдашев , Х З Фармонов
Published: March 2023

В статье показано влияние природы фоновых электролитов на электроокислениедиэтиламино -4-метил-гексин -2- ола-4 (ДЭМГО) и определены числа электронов при электроокислении, также установлены природыанодных токов при различных скоростях вращения микродискового электрода и температурах исследуемого раствора. Установлено, что ДЭАМГО можно успешно применять в качестве специфичного аналитического реагента на ионы различных металлов в неводной амперометрии.
АМПЕРОМЕТРИЧЕСКОЕ ТИТРОВАНИЕ Bi(III) РАСТВОРОМ ДИЭТИЛДИТИОКАРБОМАТА В СМЕШАННОЙ СРЕДЕ
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, З  З Яхшиева , Р  М Калонов
Published: March 2023

Показана возможность и оптимизированы условия амперометрического титрования Bi(III) раствором ДДТКNa с двумя платиновыми индикаторными электродами в различных по кислотно-основным свойствам средах по току анодного окисления реагента и катодного восстановления ионов Bi(III), в результате улучшены метрологические характеристики с целью последующего их применения при контроле составов природных объектов и промышленных материалов.
SURXONDARYO SUVI TARKIBIDAN IA VA IIA GURUH IONLARINI ANIQLASH
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, X R Tillaev , X X Turayev , I A Umbarov
Published: March 2023

Maqolada Surxondaryo viloyatining asosiy suv manbai hisoblangan Surxondaryo daryosi suvining turli hududlardagi tarkibini kimyoviy jihatdan o‘rganish natijasida, kimyoviy tahlilining ba’zi jihatlari ochib berilgan. Kimyoviy tahlil uchun namunalar daryoni tashkil etuvchi irmoqlardan, daryo hosil qilgandagi o‘zanidan hamda Surxondaryoning Amudaryoga quyilish qismi Manguzardan olingan.
O‘RTA OSIYO CHO‘L LANDSHAFTLARI VA ULARNING BARQAROR RIVOJLANISHI
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, A A Abdulqosimov , E B Ulug‘murodov
Published: March 2023

Maqolada O‘rta Osiyo cho‘l landshaftlarining geografik tarqalishi, Turon pasttekisligida o‘zining tabiiy chegarasiga ega bo‘lgan geografik o‘rni, Orol dengizining akvatoriyasini yillar davomida qisqarib borishi, ikki qismga bo‘linish jarayoni e’tirof etilgan.
THE PROBLEM OF RESTORING A FUNCTION BY FAMILIES OF SPHERES IN SPACE
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, X B e g m a t o v   А , S А k t a m o v   K h , М S h a r i p o v a
Published: March 2023

In this chapter, we study the question of reducing the problem of integral geometry for a special class of surfaces to the Cauchy problem for some equation of evolutionary type. Fourier transform methods are also used. Methods are obtained that allow reducing the problem of integral geometry for special families of curves and surfaces to the Cauchy problem for equations of evolutionary type, and classes of such problems are distinguished. Uniqueness theorems are proved for some new classes of operator equations of Voltaire type in three-dimensional space.
ОБ ОДНОМ АЛГОРИТМЕ ЧИСЛЕННОГО РЕШЕНИЯ КРАЕВЫХ ЗАДАЧ ТЕРМОУПРУГО-ПЛАСТИЧНОСТИ
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, А Халджигитов А , А Каландаров А , З Джумаёзов У
Published: March 2023

В статье рассмотрен эффективный численный метод решения двухмерных термо-упруго-пластических краевых задач для изотропных тел. Дискретные уравнения составлены конечно-разностным методом. Суть предложенного метода состоит в разрешении конечноразностных уравнений относительно центральных узловых точек искомой функции перемещений, отдельно для внутренних и граничных точек и организации итерационного процесса. Исследовано напряженно-деформированное состояние термо-упруго-пластического прямоугольника, находящегося под действием внутреннего теплового поля с защемленными и свободными границами, соответственно.
STRESS-STREIN STATE OF THE ROCK MASS AROUND THE VERTICAL MINE
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, I Khalmuradov R , K h u d o y n a z a r o v K h , B Omonov S h
Published: March 2023

The article deals with the problem of the stress-strain state of a rock mass around a vertical working of a circular cross-section. An exact formulation of the three-dimensional problem of the deformation of a half-space weakened by a deep cylindrical cavity is used. The stress-strain state of a half-space, as a three-dimensional body, strictly obeys the basic requirements of the three-dimensional linear theory of elasticity and is described by its corresponding equations and relations in a cylindrical coordinate system. The specific problem of rock mechanics has been solved, i.e. the considered rock mass works only in compression. The deformation process and stress state around vertical shafts of circular cross-section are expressed in terms of stress functions. Calculation formulas are derived for all nonzero components of the strain and stress tensors, taking into account the axisymmetry of the problem under consideration, represented in terms of stress functions.
IMPROVEMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF THE RATING POINT SYSTEM OF EMPLOYMENT
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, R Akhatov A , R Mardonov D , Q Nurmamatov and F M Nazarov M
Published: March 2023

The rapid development of information technology and the growing flow of information require the management of processes without the human factor. At the same time, it serves to organize the management of processes without the human factor in the learning process, to create a transparent environment for assessment, and to improve the quality of education. At present, it is important to meet the demand for quality personnel and youth employment in all countries. To solve these problems, it is necessary to determine the ranking of students in higher education institutions and provide employment based on the rating, as well as to develop an automated system for evaluating the ranking of these higher education institutions. Employers should be able to offer jobs to students with high ratings by selecting higher educational institutions in the required specialization, with open access to an automated system of rating and employment relations. In this paper, mathematical models for calculating rating processes for a system of automation of ratings and employment relationships are studied. In the process of calculating the rating, several parameters were adopted, namely the results of educational, scientific-creative, spiritual-educational activities and indicators of noncompliance of the student with the rules of the higher education institution. Mathematical models of calculation of rating points on the results of educational, scientific-creative, spiritual-enlightenment activity of the student are developed. An experimental experiment is conducted based on the developed mathematical models and the state of the models is analyzed.
Концентрационные и температурные зависимости соотношения Ландау-Плачека в водных растворах -пиколина
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, С Хайдаров Х
Published: March 2023

В статье исследована тонкая структура спектра изотропного рассеяния света в области прямого контакта водных растворов без электролита с конкретной точкой неустойчивого термодинамического равновесия в широком диапазоне температур и концентраций. Раскрыта закономерность изменения частотного распределения интенсивности тонких структурных элементов вокруг определенной точки (соотношение Ландау-Плачека). Определены закономерности изменения изотермической сжимаемости при изменении температуры и концентрации раствора, ее связь с флуктуационными и структурными процессами образования, а также ее влияние на формирование тонкого структурного спектра в конкретной точке исследуемых систем
EUPHORBIA O‘SIMLIKLARIDAN AJRATIB OLINGAN TANINLARNING OQSILLAR BILAN BIRIKISH XUSUSIYATLARI
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, H R a x i m o v   R , O K a d i r o v a   S h , G A b d u l l a d j a n o v a   N , A D o l i y e v   G ‘ , А A b d u l l a j a n o v   О , A Z i y a e v   D , A S m a n o v a   Z
Published: March 2023

. Euphorbia Franchetii (B.fedtsch), Euphorbia Canescens (L.), Euphorbia humifuza

(willd) o’simliklari tarkibidan 1-О-galliol-2,3-geksagidroksidifenoil-4,6-valoneil-β-D-гglyukoza (ТН-1),

1,4,6 tri-О-galloil-2,3-valoneil-β-D-glyukoza (ТН-2), 1-О-galloil-6-О-bisgalloil-2,4- valoneil-β-D

glyukoza (ТН-3) taninlar ajratib olindi. Ajratib olingan taninlarning oqsillar bilan birikish xususiyatlari

o’rganildi.
ZOL-GEL USULIDA YARIMOʻTKAZGICHLI METALL OKSID NANOMATERIALLARINI OLISH
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, E M i r z a y e v   S h , M N a s i m o v   A , Sh T a s h p u l a t o v   X , T T a s h p u l a t o v   D , A B e g i m q u l o v a   S h , N T o j i b o y e v   N , B N o r m o ʻ m i n o v   A
Published: March 2023

Ushbu ishda zol-gel usulida metall oksid nanozarrachalari sintez qilindi.

Olingan nanozarrachalarni TEOS asosida boradigan zol-gel qatlamga dopant sifatida biriktirish uchun

harorat, konsentratsiya va pH koʻrsatkichlarining optimal sharoitlari oʻrganildi. Olingan optik

qatlamlarning xossalari, yuza sirti yorugʻlik mikroskopida oʻrganildi va optik sensorlarda foydalanish

jarayonida fizik-kimyoviy xossalari tahlil qilindi.
РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЕ РОДА FERULA L. ВО ФЛОРЕ УЗБЕКИСТАНА
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, У М у к у м о в   И , Т М у к и м о в
Published: March 2023

. В статье представлены материалы по ареалу распространения видов

ферулы в Узбекистане. Материалы получены в результате полевых исследований, собраны

гербарные материалы, определен химический состав различных видов. Дана хозяйственная

характеристика видов ферулы.
РЕЛИГИОЗНЫЙ СОСТАВ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ МИРА
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, А К а д и р о в   М , И О ч и л о в   Ж
Published: March 2023

В статье рассматривается религиозный состав населения мира, мировые

религии - христианство, ислам, буддизм. Кроме того, изучается большие местные религии –

конфуцианство, синтоизм, иудаизм, индуизм. Эти типы религий анализируются и приводятся

выводы
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ КОЛЛОИДНО-ХИМИЧЕСКИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК ФЛОТОРЕГАНТОВ ДЛЯ ОБЕСШЛАМЛИВАНИЯ СИЛЬВИНИТОВЫХ РУД
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, Б Б у х о р о в   Ш
Published: March 2023

Приводятся результаты исследований, направленные на получения новых

импортозамещающих собирателей шламов (СШ) для флотационного обесшламливания

сильвинитовых руд и изучения их коллоидно-химических и технологических характеристик.

Исследование пенообразующих свойств синтезированных ПАВ и анализ степени устойчивости

образованных пен показало их сравнительно высокую устойчивость в момент их зарождения.

Оказалось, с увеличением пенообразующих способностей ПАВ меняются и их устойчивость.

 

Относительно наибольшей устойчивостью обладают пены, образованные реагентом ТИАБ, а

относительно наименьшей – образованные ЭАФК; пены, образованные другими

вспенивателями, по этой характеристике занимают промежуточное положение.
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПОВЕРХНОСТНЫХ СВОЙСТВ МОДИФИЦИРОВАННЫХ ГЛИН.
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, Б А б д и к а м а л о в а   А , М К а л б а е в   А , XXX М а м а т а л и е в   Н , И У т а ш е в   Ё , Д Э ш м е т о в   И
Published: March 2023

Статья посвящена комплексному исследованию природных глинистых

минералов различных месторождений Узбекистана и способов их модификации для получения

сорбентов различного назначения. Для этого был проведён химико-минералогический и

гранулометрический анализ. Анализ соотношения интенсивностей глинистой и

грубодисперсной составляющей показывает , что наибольшее количество глинистых минералов

имеет Крантауская глина и массовая доля монтмориллонита уменьшается в ряду

Кr2˃НЩБ˃НЩЗБ˃Кr1. Модифицирование значительно увеличивает адсорбционные

способности готовых материалов по отношению к анионам , что согласуется с увеличением их

удельной поверхности и возрастанием количества анионообменных центров Al-OH и Fe-OH,

вследствие образования металлооксидных столбиков между силикатными слоями глины .
ВНУТРЕННИЕ ЗАДАЧИ ДЛЯ ПОЛИГАРМОНИЧЕСКОГО УРАВНЕНИЯ
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, И ш а н к у л о в Т , А б д у к а р и м о в А , М а н н о н о в М , Х о л м у р з а е в Х
Published: March 2023

Рассматривается задача определения m-гармонической функции одной

переменной по ее значениям на конечном множестве точек лежащих внутри области

регулярности. Также рассматривается внутренняя задача продолжения для бигармонической

функции в единичном круге по ее значениям на границе и на двух радиусах.
NEW EQUIVALENT CONDITIONS FOR HARDY-TYPE INEQUALITY WITH OINAROV KERNEL
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, K u l i e v K , K u l i e v a G , E s h i m o v a M
Published: March 2023

In this work are presented some new equivalent pair-conditions for satisfying

Hardy-type inequality with Oinarov kernel. Moreover, there are given lower and upper estimates for

the best constant of the inequality.
POWER TRANSFORMATIONS OF NONLINEAR ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS IN THE PLANE
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, А Azimov A
Published: March 2023

This article allows an algebraic curve in the plane using the Newtonian polygon

to find real algebraic curve branches around its special point (zero) and construct its diagrams.

The algorithms of computer algebra that simplify these calculations are shown.
MODIFIED NON-CLASSICAL THEORY OF PLATE BENDING
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, B  Akhmedov A , A  Kuldibaeva L , YU  Kholmanov N
Published: March 2023

This work is devoted to constructing a modified non-classical theory of plates

without preliminary hypotheses about the distribution of the displacement vector and the deformation

tensor on the basis of three-dimensional equations of the nonlinear elasticity theory of V.V.

Novozhilov.

The proposed approach is applicable to deformation of non-canonical plates and shallow

shells. The recurrent relations have been obtained;
URAN SANOATI TA’SIRI HUDUDLARIDAN OLINGAN TUPROQLARDAGI RADIONUKLIDLAR TADQIQOTI
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, A x m e d o v a G , E s h b o ‘ r i y e v R , T o g ‘ a y e v B , X o l o v D , F a y z u l l a y e v a M , H a y i t o v S h , Y u n u s o v a U , K a x a r o v a A
Published: March 2023

Mazkur tadqiqot ishida Samarqand va Navoiy viloyatlari hududlari tuproqlari

tarkibida mavjud tabiiy kaliy-40, toriy-232, radiy-226 va texnogen seziy-137 ning solishtirma

aktivligini o‗zgarishi tajribada o‗rganilgan. Ishning asosiy maqsadi Navoiy viloyatidan olingan

tuproqlar namunalarida aniqlangan tabiiy radionuklidlar K40 , Th232 va Ra226 hamda texnogen 137Cs

ning miqdorining o‗zgarishiga hududda uran ishlab chiqarish korxonalarining ta‘sir darajasini

baholash hamda uran ishlab chiqarish ta‘siri bo‗lmagan namunalardagi K40, Th232, Ra226 va Cs137

radionuklidlarining solishtirma aktivliklarini qiyosiy o‗rganishdan iborat.
СИНТЕЗ И ИК СПЕКТРОСКОПИЧЕКОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ГИДРАЗОНОВ 1- ФЕРРОЦЕНИЛБУТАНДИОНА-1,3 И ИХ КОМПЛЕКСОВ
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, А Сулаймонова З , Б Умаров Б , Б Муталипова Д
Published: March 2023

Нами конденсацией Кляйзена получен β-дикетон-1-ферроценилбутандион-

1,3. Синтезированыгидразоны монокарбоновых кислот 1-ферроценилбутандиона-1,3 (H2L)

взаимодействием гидразидов карбоновых кислот с ферроценоилацетоном. На их основе

получены комплексы с ионами меди(II), цинка(II) и никеля(II). Изучены ИК спектры

синтезированных соединений. Результаты исследований показали, что H2L в растворе

существует в виде таутомерной смеси: гидразонной, α-оксиазинной и циклической 5-

оксипиразолиновой формах. По результатам ИК спектров комплексам приписано плоско-

квадратное строение и в них дважды депротонированный остаток лиганда координирован

атомом металла через два атома кислорода и атом азота гидразонного фрагмента. Четвертое

место в плоском квадрате транс-N2O2-координационного узла занимает молекула аммиака.
NAVOIY VILOYATI AHOLISINING YOSH-JINSIY TARKIBI
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, I Sherxolov O
Published: March 2023

Ushbu maqolada Navoiy viloyati aholisining yosh-jinsiy tarkibi viloyatning

shahar va tumanlari boʻyicha oʻrganilgan. Viloyat aholisining yosh-jins piramidasi tuzilgan va oldingi

yillar bilan taqqoslangan. Viloyat aholisi yoshi boʻyicha guruhlarga ajratilgan.
O‘ZBEKISTONDA RAQAMLI IQTISODIYOTGA O‘TISH TALABLARI VA RIVOJLANISH ISTIQBOLLARI
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, Gʼ Z Ubaydullaev
Published: March 2023

Iqtisodiyotning raqamli sektorini rivojlantirish masalasi O‘zbekistonda davlat darajasiga ko‘tarilgan bo‘lib, bu borada keng ko‘lamli chora-tadbirlar amalga oshirilmoqda. Mazkur maqolada bugungi kunda O‘zbekistonda amalga tatbiq etilayotgan elektron hujjat aylanishi tizimlarining joriy etilishi, elektron to‘lov turlarini rivojlanib borishi va elektron tijorat sohasida yaratilgan ma'lumotlar bazasini takomillashtirilishi tahlil etilgan
MOTIVATSIYA SAMARADORLIK GAROVI SIFATIDA
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, M  A Aynaqulov , B  B Xudoyberdiyev
Published: March 2023

Maqolada samaradorlikning asosiy unsuri sanalgan motivatsiya tushunchasi, motivatsiya funksiyasini amalga oshirishda menejmentning vazifalari, motivatsiyaning tashkilotda biror faoliyatga undash, qiziqtirish jarayonining yo‘lga qo‘yilganligi, shaxsiy va guruhiy motivatsiyalar va ular o‘rtasidagi o‘zaro bog‘liqligi, har bir xodimning faoliyatiga turtki berish dinamikasi, xodimlar faoliyatining natijasiga motivatsiyaning ta’siri, shuningdek, motivatsiyaning tashkilotdagi asosiy turlari, motivatsiya faoliyatning xususiyatlariga ta’sir qilishi,motivatsiyani uyg’otuvchi diversifikatsiya jarayolariga e’tibor qaratilgan
AQSH VA RIVOJLANGAN DAVLATLAR MONETAR SIYOSATI TAJRIBALARIDAN QO‘LLASHNING NAZARIY VA AMALIY MASALALARI
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, E  T Xamdamov
Published: March 2023

Ushbu maqolada Markaziy bank monetar siyosat instrumentlarini qo‘llashning nazariy va amaliy masalalari o‘rganiladi. Monetar siyosatning asosiy yo‘nalishlarida makroiqtisodiy siyosatning maqsadlari, iqtisodiy kon’yunkturaning tahlili, jumladan, real sektor, davlat byudjeti, investitsiya, tashqi savdo aylanmasi, to‘lov balansi, asosiy makroiqtisodiy va monetar ko‘rsatkichlar holati, monetar siyosat vositalaridan foydalaniladi
MASOFAVIY TA’LIM ASOSIDA IMKONIYATI CHEKLANGAN BOLALARNI SAVODINI OSHIRISH
Authors:   Samarqand davlat universiteti, A b d u y e v S h
Published: March 2023

Ushbu maqolada imkoniyati cheklangan bolalar uchun masofaviy o'qitish texnologiyalaridan foydalangan holda umumta'lim maktablari bazasida o'quv mashg'ulotlarini tashkil etish tajribasi jamlangan. Masofaviy o'qitish modeli imkoniyati cheklangan bolalar uchun davlat ta’lim standartlari talablariga muvofiq taklif etiladi. Metod uchta blokdan iborat: axborot-tahliliy, amaliy va aks ettiruvchi. Metodning tarkibi keltirilgan (individual o'quv rejasi, o'quv dasturlarini moslashtirish, imkoniyati cheklangan bolasi bor oilalarga psixologik yordam, o'qitishda shaxsga yo'naltirilgan yondashuv). Metod samaradorligi parametrlari ta'kidlangan.