bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cutaneous manifestations of chikungunya fever: observations made during a recent outbreak in south India
Authors: Inamadar Arun C. , Palit Aparna , Sampagavi V. V. , Raghunath S. , Deshmukh N. S.
Published: September 2009

Background  Chikungunya fever is an Aedes mosquito‐borne Arbo viral illness with significant morbidity.

Methods  In a recent outbreak of the disease in south India, the dermatologic manifestations of 145 patients attending a tertiary care hospital were recorded.

Results  All age groups were affected, including newborns. Some of the cutaneous features were observed during the acute stage of the illness, and others during convalescence or thereafter. Pigmentary changes were found to be the most common cutaneous finding (42%), followed by maculopapular eruption (33%) and intertriginous aphthous‐like ulcers (21.37%). Lesions with significant morbidity were generalized vesiculobullous eruptions (2.75%), found only in infants, lymphedema, and intertriginous aphthous‐like ulcers. Exacerbation of existing dermatoses, such as psoriasis, and unmasking of undiagnosed Hansen's disease were observed. A perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate was a consistent histopathologic finding in all types of skin lesions. All patients responded well to symptomatic, conservative treatment.

Conclusions  The cutaneous findings hitherto not reported may be the result of the African genotype of the virus detected during this outbreak in India.
United airways: the impact of chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps in bronchiectasic patient’s quality of life
Authors: Guilemany J. M. , Angrill J. , Alobid I. , Centellas S. , Prades E. , Roca J. , Pujols L. , Bernal‐Sprekelsen M. , Picado C. , Mullol J.
Published: September 2009

Background:  The nose and the bronchi belong, in anatomical and physiopathological terms, to the concept of united airways. Associations between upper and lower airways diseases have been demonstrated in allergic rhinitis and asthma, nasal polyposis (NP) and asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and more recently CRS/NP and bronchiectasis (BQ).

Objective:  To evaluate the impact of CRS on quality of life (QoL) of patients with BQ, and to correlate these findings with the pulmonary status, nasal symptoms, and general health status.

Methods:  In a prospective study, patients with BQ (n = 80) were evaluated for CRS and NP using EP3OS criteria, and severity of BQ using chest high resolution computed tomography (HRCT)‐scan. Quality of life was assessed in all patients by using specific [Sinonasal Outcome Test‐20 (SNOT‐20), St George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ)], and generic (Short Form‐36; SF‐36) questionnaires.

Results:  Using SNOT‐20, patients with CRS had worse QoL (2.1 ± 0.1; P < 0.001) than patients without CRS (0.4 ± 0.06). Using SGRQ total score, patients with CRS had worse QoL (43.7 ± 2.2; P < 0.001) than patients without CRS (24.7 ± 2.5). Using SF‐36, patients with CRS had worse QoL, both in the physical summary (64 ± 3.4; P < 0.05) and the mental summary (65.5 ± 4.7; P < 0.05), than patients without CRS (physical summary [PS]: 76.2 ± 3.3; mental summary [MS]: 78.3 ± 5.3, respectively). Sinonasal Outcome Test‐20 was correlated with SGRQ total score (r = 0.72; P < 0.01), and SF‐36 physical summary (r = −0.63; P < 0.01). St George Respiratory Questionnaire was correlated with SF‐36 on physical summary (r = −0.58; P < 0.05) and with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (r = −0.41; P < 0.05).

Conclusion:  These results suggested that CRS, measured by both specific and generic questionnaires, has a considerable impact on the QoL of patients with BQ.
Infant feeding and allergy prevention: a review of current knowledge and recommendations. A EuroPrevall state of the art paper
Authors: Grimshaw K. E. C. , Allen K. , Edwards C. A. , Beyer K. , Boulay A. , Van Der Aa L. B. , Sprikkelman A. , Belohlavkova S. , Clausen M. , Dubakiene R. , Duggan E. , Reche M. , Marino L. V. , Nørhede P. , Ogorodova L. , Schoemaker A. , Stanczyk‐Przyluska A. , Szepfalusi Z. , Vassilopoulou E. , Veehof S. H. E. , Vlieg‐Boerstra B. J. , Wjst M. , Dubois A. E. J.
Published: September 2009

The relationship between infant feeding patterns and the later development of food allergies has been the focus of much debate and research over the last decade. National recommendations have been made by many countries on how to feed infants to reduce the risk of food allergy but due to the lack of firm evidence the recommendations differ widely. This review has been developed as part of EuroPrevall, a European multicentre research project funded by the European Union, to document the differing feeding recommendations made across Europe, to investigate the current evidence base for any allergy prevention feeding recommendations and to identify areas where further research is needed. This review will also provide information which, when combined with the infant feeding data collected as part of EuroPrevall, will give an indication of compliance to national feeding guidelines which can be utilised to assess the effectiveness of current dissemination and implementation strategies.
In a study for acne vulgaris, sequence‐based HLA typing showed a novel DPB1 allele, DPB1*2402
Authors: Witter K. , Kirchner E. , Borelli C. , Messer G. , Albert T. , Zahn R. , Kauke T.
Published: September 2009

In this paper, we characterize the novel human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐DPB1*2402 allele that we found in a patient suffering from acne vulgaris. In comparison to the closest related allele DPB1*0401, HLA‐DPB1*2402 has a single nucleotide exchange at position 115 (202), T replaces G. In consequence, codon 39 (68) TAC encodes for tyrosine in the novel allele instead of aspartic acid 39 (68) GAC in DPB1*0401. In November 2008, the DNA samples of a cohort of patients who were afflicted with acne vulgaris were sent to our laboratory for human leucocyte antigen (HLA) high‐resolution typing. This happens in course of a study of HLA pattern in respect to the disease. In one of these samples, a male patient of German Caucasoid origin (laboratory code 191849), we showed a novel DPB1 allele.
Distribution of killer‐cell immunoglobulin‐like receptor genes in Eastern mainland Chinese Han and Taiwanese Han populations
Authors: Wu G.‐Q. , Zhao Y.‐M. , Lai X.‐Y. , Yang K.‐L. , Zhu F.‐M. , Zhang W. , Wang W. , Luo Y. , Tan Y.‐M. , Wang Y.‐J , Cao W.‐J. , Huang H.
Published: September 2009

The interaction between killer‐cell immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIRs) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules expressed on target cells is known to modulate the cytolytic activity of natural killer (NK) cells. To date, a wide range of KIR genotypes has been observed, which varies among different ethnic populations. We report here comparison of the KIR gene content and genotypic structure of KIRs in 106 individuals from Eastern mainland Chinese Han and 97 from Taiwanese Han. All 17 KIR genes were observed in the two populations. Framework genes 2DL4, 3DL2, 3DL3 and 3DP1 were present in all individuals. The two populations had very similar frequencies in most loci, however, significant differences were noted in the frequencies of KIR3DS1 and KIR2DS4D (KIR2DS4 deletant variant). A total of 35 and 29 genotypes were identified in the individuals from the Eastern mainland Chinese and the Taiwanese Hans, respectively. Some pairs of KIRs showed significant positive and negative linkage disequilibrium (LD). Our data showed that there were minor distinctions in KIR gene frequencies, genotypes and LD between the two populations, which shed light on a possible geographic genetic demarcation among different Chinese communities.
New HLA polymorphism detection by molecular and serologic typing procedures. Complete coding region characterization of Cw*0525, Cw*0825, B*3950 and A*3219N alleles
Authors: Balas A. , Bustamante L. , García‐Sánchez F. , Vicario J. L.
Published: September 2009

Four new HLA class I alleles, Cw*0525, Cw*0825, B*3950 and A*3219N, have been characterized.
Propofol has anti‐inflammatory effects on alveolar type II epithelial cells
Authors: MA L. , WU X. , CHEN W. , FUJINO Y.
Published: September 2009

Background: We investigated whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammation in alveolar epithelial type II (ATII) cells is through cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) and Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the effect of different dosages of propofol on the inflammation in primary cultured rat ATII cells.

Methods: Cultured ATII cells were randomly assigned to one of the following five groups: Group C: untreated group (control) cultured in the absence of propofol and LPS; Group LPS: treated with 1 μg/ml LPS; Group P1: treated with 1 μg/ml LPS and 25 μM propofol; Group P2: treated with 1 μg/ml LPS and 50 μM propofol; Group P3: treated with 1 μg/ml LPS and 100 μM propofol. ATII cells in all groups were cultured at 37 °C for 3 h. CD14 and TLR4 mRNA was detected using real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Western blot was used to detect CD14 and TLR4 protein expression. CD14 and TLR4 expression on the ATII cells was imaged using immunofluorescence. Tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) production was determined using an ELISA kit.

Results: LPS stimulation resulted in an increased CD14 and TLR4 expression and increased TNF‐α production in ATII cells. Propofol, at concentrations ≥50 μM, significantly (P<0.05) and dose‐dependently decreased CD14 and TLR4 mRNA expression and protein expression in ATII cells. This was accompanied by a decrease in TNF‐α production (P<0.05).

Conclusion: These results suggest that propofol, at clinically relevant concentrations, can reduce inflammatory responses in LPS‐induced ATII cells injury through downregulation of CD14 and TLR4 expression.
Comparative Anatomical Study on Fissura Nasolacrimalis and Nasomaxillaris in Skull of the Korean Native Goat (Capra hircus)
Authors: Yi S. J. , Kim J. S. , Lee H. S.
Published: September 2009

We found specific anatomical strucutre on the fissura nasolacrimalis and fissura nasomaxillaris of the skull of the Korean native goat. It has quite a wide opening on each side of the os nasale and could be classified into four types according to various patterns of articulations of the neighbouring bones.
Ultrastructure of Centrifuged Bovine Oocyte‐Cumulus Complexes after Pre‐treatment with Cytoskeletal Relaxant
Authors: Isachenko V. , Alabart J. L. , Michelmann H. W. , Bezugly N. , Isachenko E. , Soler C. , Nawroth F.
Published: September 2009

The objective of this study was the electron microscope examination of the localization of lipid droplets, mitochondria and other intracellular organelles in bovine oocytes and cumulus cells after Cytochalasin B pre‐treatment and ultra‐centrifugation. Bovine (n=180) oocyte cumulus complexes on a germinal vesicle stage were treated with 5 μg/ml Cytochalasin B at 38.5°C for 10–15 min. They were then centrifuged at 15 800 g and fixed at 39°C immediately after centrifugation in 3% glutaraldehyde with 0.5% formaldehyde for the microscopic examinations. The centrifugal pole of the oocytes was filled with mitochondria. The centripetal part contained lipid granules and vesicles. Cytoplasm of low density was located in the equatorial region. Hyaloplasm with spontaneously formed membrane and non‐membrane vacuoles was located in a supra‐equatorial zone of the oocytes. In the cumulus cells the lipid vesicles formed one dark mass in the centripetal pole. The nuclei of these cells were deformed and vacuolization of the cytoplasm was noted.
Mucous Cells in Micropogonias furnieri gills: Histochemistry and Ultrastructure
Authors: Díaz A. O. , García A. M. , Devincenti C. V. , Goldemberg A. L.
Published: September 2009

The characteristics of the mucous cells located in the gills of the fish Micropogonias furnieri were investigated. Using histochemical procedures that included methods for localization and characterization of glycoproteins (GPs), no differences were detected between the mucous cell contents of the primary and secondary lamellae. The GPs were identified with (a) oxidizable vecinal diols; (b) sialic acids and some of their chain variants, C7 or C9; (c) carboxyl groups and (d) sulphate groups. The electron microscope showed large mucous globules of different electro densities from mucous cells located deep in the epithelium between the other epithelial cells; the release of mucus by exocytosis was observed. GPs secreted on the surface of the mucous cells was suggested to be important for the lubrication, protection and inhibition of micro‐organisms. It is possibility that GPs could have similar roles in Micropogonias furnieri gills.
Characteristics of Dorsal Lingual Papillae of the Bactrian Camel (Camelus bactrianus)
Authors:   EErdunchaolu, Takehana  , Yamamoto  , Kobayashi  , Cao  ,   BAIYIN, Ueda  , Tangkawattana
Published: September 2009

The morphology of dorsal lingual papillae of the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) was studied by using light and scanning electron microscopy. Filiform and lenticular papillae were considered as mechanical papillae but fungiform and vallate papillae were considered as gustatory papillae. Filiform papillae were distributed mostly in the anterior two‐thirds region of the tongue. Each filiform papilla consisted of one primary papilla and a few smaller secondary papillae. Lenticular papillae were distributed on the torus linguae. The larger papillae were arranged in two parallel lines medially whereas the smaller papillae were laterally located. Most of the fungiform papillae were found on the lateral margins of the anterior two‐thirds of the tongue. These papillae were small and round. Intra‐epithelial taste buds were located on the dorsal surface of each papilla. The vallate papillae were arranged in two rows on each rim of the torus linguae. Each round‐ and flat‐shaped vallate papilla was surrounded by a prominent gustatory groove and an annular pad. A few taste buds were observed in the lateral epithelium of the papillae. The keratinization of the covering stratified squamous epithelium of the mechanical lingual papillae was relatively thicker than those of the gustatory papillae. The lingual papillae of the Bactrian camel exhibited some different characteristics from other domestic ruminants. These morphological characteristics of the tongue of the Bactrian camel might have evolved to assist the camel in prehension and manipulating of the inorganic stiff plants that grow in its environment and therefore might relate to the feed and feeding habits of the animal.
The Position and Shape of Osteophyte Formations at Canine Vertebral Endplates and its Influence on Radiographic Diagnosis
Authors: Breit  , Künzel
Published: September 2009

The relationship between the risk of missing osteophytes in lateral radiographs and their position was determined in a sample of German shepherd dogs (GSDs,n=42) and dachshunds (DHs,n=36). Only 10% of osteophytes which were not detected on radiographs were located in the ventral median area (position 1) and classified as type 1 (small spur with narrow base). The highest risk for being affected next to the intervertebral foramen and/or the dorsal area of the vertebral endplate (position 3) was noticed in the lumbar segment (95% CI: 5.2–9.8% in DHs; 11.9–17.7% in GSDs). The minimum risk of missing osteophytes in this position radiologically was 33.3% in the GSDs and 26.4% in the DHs. In the GSDs a higher proportion of type 2 osteophytes (spur with broader base of origin, tending to extend up to half the way along the disc space) was not visualized on radiographs. Peak incidences of osteophytes in positions 1 and 3 were located at the centres of spinal flexion and extension. Therefore, distribution patterns of osteophytes in these positions confirmed mechanical factors being important in pathogenesis of vertebral osteophytosis.
The Lingual Dorsal Surface of the Blue‐Tongue Skink (Tiliqua scincoides)
Authors: Abbate F. , Latella G. , Montalbano G. , Guerrera M. C. , Germanà G. P. , Levanti M. B.
Published: September 2009

The blue‐tongue lizard (Tiliqua scincoides) is a variety of large skink common throughout Australia. There are seven species of Tiliqua and all of them have long bodies, short limbs and short and robust tails. T. scincoides occurs in a wide range of habitats; its diet is omnivorous. When threatened, it opens the mouth and protrudes its characteristic large fleshy cobalt blue tongue. It is currently found as a popular species and also as a pet animal in the European countries. No data are available in literature about the morphology of the tongue of T. scincoides; therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate by means of scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy, the anatomy of the dorsal lingual surface. Our results demonstrate the presence of a tongue tip with a smooth surface without papillae. The foretongue was characterized by a stratified epithelium with foliate‐like papillae and deep inter‐papillar spaces in the middle part and cylindrical papillae with a flat surface in the lateral parts. All the posterior area of the tongue was characterized by more compacted papillae and the inter‐papillar spaces were very narrow. Light microscopy showed the presence of melanin throughout the tongue. No taste buds were recognized on the lingual dorsal surface. Therefore, the papillae probably have a mechanical function showing an important role in the swallowing phase. The morphology of the tongue surface can be correlated to the diet and, different roles, as in other examined species, can be hypothesized for different areas.
Is Tryptophan ‘more’ Essential than Other Essential Aminoacids in Development? A Morphologic Study
Authors: Imbesi R. , Mazzone V. , Castrogiovanni P.
Published: September 2009

An ontogenetic study was designed on developing rats in uterus of mothers tryptophan deprived at day 1 (exp. 1) and day 14.5 (exp. 2) of conception to verify the supposed determining role of the serotoninergic system (SS) in sexual differentiation in mammals. Tryptophan‐free feeding was pursued uninterruptedly in the litter after birth, during lactation and post‐natal development. Tryptophan‐free pregnant rats were obtained by exclusion of tryptophan sources from chow. In both exp. 1 and exp. 2, the litter showed at birth a significant physical under evolution that worsened, during post‐natal development, to a much more marked dwarfism in exp. 1 pups. Growth hormone concentrations in both sexes of dwarf rats were lower than that in the control rats. At 30 days post‐natal age, whereas exp. 1 female rats showed a right‐timed onset of puberty, no descensus of testes could be observed in male rats of same experiment. Dwarf male rats showed an evident hypotrophy of the whole reproductive apparatus. In histological examination of testes, neither spermatogenesis nor Leydig cells have been observed. Moreover, dwarf female rats showed a pronounced hypotrophy of reproductive organs, but a normal puberal status pattern was evident. In exp. 2, litters showed a less pronounced dwarfism, but a normal right‐timed onset of puberty in both male and female rats. Data indicate that role of tryptophan in physical and sexual maturation in both male and female rats is essential.
Effect of Maternal Lead Exposure on Craniofacial Ossification in Rat Fetuses and the Role of Antioxidant Therapy
Authors: Saleh H. A. , El‐Aziz G. A. , El‐Fark M. M. , El‐Gohary M.
Published: September 2009

Lead exposure during intrauterine life was found to result in reduced birth weight, impaired skeletal development and post‐natal neurotoxic effects. In this study, the effect of pre‐natal exposure to different doses of lead on the development of craniofacial skeleton in rat fetuses was investigated. Vitamin E was tested as a concomitant treatment, aiming to improve the fetotoxic effects of lead. Positively pregnant female rats were randomly divided into four groups; groups I and II (L250 and L500), exposed to lead acetate in doses of 250 and 500 mg/l respectively, group III (L500 + E), exposed to lead acetate (500 mg/l) wit concomitant vitamin E and group IV (Control) which was given sodium acetate only. All the treatments started from the first day of gestation till the 20th day, where all rats were sacrificed and the fetuses were recovered. Fetuses were processed to alizarin red staining for ossified components. Twenty‐seven bones of the craniofacial skeleton were studied in each fetus where the ossification was scored as being complete, delayed or absent. In all studied fetuses from all groups, changes were found only in eight bones while the remaining craniofacial bones were normally ossified. In affected bones there was a significant decrease in the number of completely ossified bones; associated with a significant increase of both partially ossified and absent bones in L250 and L500 treated groups when compared to the control group. These differences were more significant in the L500 treated group. Giving vitamin E improved the percentage of completely ossified craniofacial bones and decreased the percentage of both partially ossified and absent bones. The most affected bone was presphenoid, then to a lesser extent supraoccipital, squamosal, parietal, interparietal and frontal bone respectively. In conclusion, lead exposure to rats during pregnancy led to varying degrees of fetal growth retardation as well as delayed ossification of some craniofacial bones which were dose dependent and the concomitant supplementation with vitamin E greatly improved the deleterious effect of lead.
The Prenatal Development and Histochemistry of the Ileal Mucins in the Bovine Fetuses
Authors: Beyaz F. , Liman N.
Published: September 2009

Few studies exist regarding the distribution of intestinal mucins in fetuses of mammalians such as cattle and sheep. In this study, we aimed to describe the changes in the mucin production by ileal epithelium of bovine fetuses during their prenatal development. The goblet cells showed heterogeneity in mucins and the apical cytoplasm of the enterocytes demonstrated Periodic acid Schiff‐positive reaction which declined gradually towards the birth. Moreover, the number of the goblet cells containing acidic and mixed mucins augmented, whereas those containing neutral mucins decreased with advancing gestational age. After sixth month of gestation, with the initiation of the ileal Peyer patches and follicle‐associated epithelium development, a gradual increase in the number of goblet cells containing sulfomucins was also noticed towards the birth. The presence of different mucins in the ileum of bovine fetuses throughout prenatal development might play a role in the protection of the intestinal mucosa against urinary waste products in swallowed amniotic fluid and bile. Furthermore, mucins can also contribute for the formation of meconium in intra‐uterine life and building of strong intestinal barrier with predominating sulfomucins, protecting the intestine against potential pathogens and digestive enzymes after birth.
The Sound of Arousal: The Addition of Novel Non‐linearities Increases Responsiveness in Marmot Alarm Calls
Authors: Blumstein Daniel T. , Récapet Charlotte
Published: September 2009

Vocal structure should reflect vocal function. While much attention has focused on quantifying attributes of harmonic vocalizations, the vocalizations of many species also may contain non‐linear phenomena such as warbles, subharmonics, biphonation, and deterministic chaos or noise. The function of these non‐linearities remains enigmatic. In some species, harmonic vocalizations abruptly become ‘noisy’ when individuals are physiologically aroused and the sudden onset of these non‐linearities could signal arousal or fear to receivers. One untested functional hypothesis is that vocalizations containing non‐linearities are more variable from one rendition to the next, and thus are harder to habituate to. In some situations, reducing the likelihood of habituation could be important. Signals that are highly evocative are more difficult to habituate to. Thus, we conducted playback experiments to foraging yellow‐bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) to determine whether the addition of white noise (a non‐linear acoustic phenomenon) to alarm calls elicited a greater response than control calls without the non‐linearity or control calls with silence, rather than noise, added to them. Marmots spent less time foraging after hearing calls that included noise than after normal or control calls. This result is consistent with the unpredictability hypothesis and suggests that the adaptive value of non‐linearities is to prevent habituation.
Stearoyl‐CoA desaturase 1 3′UTR SNPs and their influence on milk fatty acid composition of Canadian Holstein cows
Authors: Kgwatalala P.M. , Ibeagha‐Awemu E.M. , Hayes J.F. , Zhao X.
Published: September 2009

Stearoyl‐CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) catalyses the synthesis of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and mono‐unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in the mammary gland of ruminant animals. Considerable variations in CLA and MUFA have been reported among animals of the same contemporary group. We hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) of the SCD1 gene would influence the production of SCD1 enzyme and consequently its activity in the mammary gland, which may account for some of the observed within breed variations in CLA and MUFA. The 5′ and 3′UTRs of the SCD1 gene of 46 Holsteins and 35 Jerseys were analysed for SNPs by sequencing. No SNPs were identified in the 5′UTR, while 14 SNPs were identified in the 3′UTR region. Further analysis revealed three haplotype structures or regulatory variants in Holsteins: named H1, H2 and H3 and only H1 and H3 in Jerseys. An IRES motif was found in the H1 variant. A subsequent association study involving the milk fatty acid profiles of 862 Holstein cows found the H1 regulatory variant to be associated with higher C10 and C12 desaturase indices and consequently with higher contents of C10:1 and C12:1 relative to the H3 variant. The effects of the H2 variant were intermediate to those of H1 and H3. SNPs in the 3′UTR of the SCD1 gene could therefore explain some of the within‐breed variations in MUFA content of milk fat.
Multi‐trait animal model estimation of genetic parameters for linear type and gait traits in the Belgian warmblood horse
Authors: Rustin M. , Janssens S. , Buys N. , Gengler N.
Published: September 2009

Genetic parameters for the height at withers, 27 linear type and six linear gait traits were estimated for the Belgian warmblood horse. Observations on 987 mares, mostly 3 years old, were analysed using a multi‐trait animal model. The statistical model included appraiser, age and location (date × place of appraisal) as fixed effects. Genetic parameters were estimated using a canonical transformation and an expectation‐maximization restricted maximum likelihood algorithm with an additional deceleration step. Estimates of heritability for the 33 linear traits were between 0.15 and 0.55. Heritability of the height at withers was 0.34 ± 0.06. Estimated genetic correlations ranged from −0.60 to 0.98 with an average SE of 0.10. The highest positive correlations were found among traits of walk and among traits of trot. Volume and the quality of legs were the most negatively correlated. Estimated genetic parameters indicated that the linear scoring system is a valuable tool to assess conformation. The full (co)variance matrix is now available for breeding value estimation to support selection for conformation and gaits.
Field Studies on Cross‐protection against Japanese yam mosaic virus in Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita) with an Attenuated Strain of the Virus
Authors: Kajihara H. , Kameya‐Iwaki M. , Oonaga M. , Kimura I. , Sumida Y. , Ooi Y. , Ito S.
Published: September 2009

An attenuated strain of Japanese yam mosaic virus (JYMV), designated T‐3, was evaluated for its cross‐protection efficacy against virulent (native) strains of JYMV in Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita) grown in farmers’ fields in Japan. Native strains of JYMV were detected by a polymerase chain reaction‐based assay in all the Chinese yam plants grown from virus‐free tubers in the first growing season in the fields. In contrast, the virus was detected in only one of fifty plants grown from tubers preinoculated with T‐3 during the experiments for 6 years, suggesting that T‐3 consistently cross‐protected against native JYMV in Chinese yam in the field. Chinese yam plants preinoculated with T‐3 produced significantly greater yield of tubers per plant compared with non‐inoculated plants.
Anesthesia for children with hyperleukocytosis a retrospective review
Authors: FONG CLEMENT , FUNG WINNIE , McDONALD JANE , DALLA‐POZZA LUCE , DE LIMA JONATHAN
Published: September 2009

Background:  Hyperleukocytosis (a white cell count in peripheral blood >100 × 109 l−1) is a well‐recognized medical emergency. Rates of morbidity associated with anesthesia in hyperleukocytotic patients have not been previously described. This retrospective study describes the perioperative morbidity and mortality of children who present acutely with hyperleukocytosis.

Methods:  All patients under 17 years of age with leukemia complicated by hyperleukocytosis and who received general anesthesia as part of their acute care at the Children’s Hospital in Westmead from July 1999 to June 2008 were included. Data describing perioperative adverse events within 48 h of anesthesia were collected using a systematic chart review.

Results:  Over the 8‐ year period, 60 children were admitted with hyperleukocytosis related to a new diagnosis of leukemia. Fifty‐two children had general anesthesia within 48 h of their admission. Eleven children required two separate general anesthetics within this same time frame. Two deaths were recorded within 48 h of anesthesia; one child died from neurological complications of her disease, and the second died from multi‐organ failure. Three children had serious respiratory adverse events requiring postanesthesia intensive care. Thirteen children had notable but less serious adverse events. These were typically respiratory in nature and required supplemental oxygen for more than 2 h after anesthesia.

Conclusion:  Children with leukemia‐related hyperleukocytosis often require general anesthesia at the time of presentation and are at significant perioperative risk. Respiratory adverse events are very common and mandate close postanesthesia care.
R&D INVESTMENTS AND SEQUENTIAL WAGE NEGOTIATIONS*
Authors: BÁRCENA‐RUIZ JUAN CARLOS , CAMPO M. LUZ
Published: September 2009

This paper analyses how the structure of wage bargaining affects R&D investment by firms that increases the productivity of labour in a Cournot duopoly. We find that total expenditure on R&D is greater when wages are set simultaneously than when they are set sequentially. Thus sequential wage negotiations reduce the incentive for firms to innovate and affect the productivity of labour. When wage negotiations are sequential the productivity of labour is greater (lower) in the follower (leader) firm than when negotiations are simultaneous. We also obtain that for same parameter values it is possible for the firm with the lower productivity to end up paying a higher wage than the firm with the higher level of labour productivity.
A MODEL OF ENDOGENOUS PAYOFF MOTIVES AND ENDOGENOUS TIMING IN A MIXED DUOPOLY*
Authors: CHOI KANGSIK , LU YUANZHU
Published: September 2009

A model of endogenous payoff motives and endogenous order of moves is analysed in a mixed duopoly. We find that, when a non‐negative price constraint is imposed on public and private firms' quantity choice, both firms always choose to be relative‐payoff‐maximisers, and both simultaneous move and sequential move can be sustained in equilibrium. In contrast, when non‐negative absolute profit constraint is imposed, public and private firms always choose to be absolute‐payoff‐maximisers, and only sequential move can be sustained in equilibrium.
Giving Meaning to Sport Involvement in Managerial Work
Authors: Knoppers Annelies
Published: September 2009

I use a discursive analytical approach to explore ways in which senior managerial men working in nonprofit organizations understand the contribution, if any, of their own sport history to their work skills, how this may vary by organizational contexts and how the subtexts of these discourses may strengthen the dominance of managerial men in a specific context. I used semi‐structured interviews to ask 67 senior managerial men about the role they perceive their sport history plays in their managerial skills. Two overlapping topics emerged from the data: team and leadership skills and perseverance and toughness. I explore the meaning these topics had for the managers and the possible gendered subtexts of these meanings. The findings are situated in the critical feminist management and sport literature.
Angioplasty and stenting of symptomatic and asymptomatic vertebral artery stenosis: to treat or not to treat
Authors: Parkhutik V. , Lago A. , Tembl J.I. , Aparici F. , Vazquez V. , Mainar E.
Published: September 2009

Background and purpose:  Comprehensive indications for treatment of symptomatic vertebral stenosis remain unavailable. Even less is known about endovascular treatment of asymptomatic cases. We treated symptomatic and asymptomatic vertebral ostium stenosis with angioplasty and stenting and investigated the long term outcome.

Methods:  Consecutive patients with two different indications were included. Group 1 (G1) had symptomatic >50% stenosis. Group 2 (G2) had asymptomatic >50% stenosis and severe lesions of anterior circulation and were expected to benefit from additional cerebral blood supply.

Results:  Twenty nine vertebral origin stenoses in 28 patients (75% men, mean age 64 ± 9 years) were treated. There were 16 G1 and 13 G2 cases. Technical success rate was 100%. Immediate neurological complications rate was 3.4% (one G1 patient with vertebral TIA due to release of emboli). Two further strokes were seen during follow up (32 ± 24 months): vertebrobasilar stroke in a G2 patient with permeable stent in V1 segment, new ipsilateral V3 occlusion and high‐risk cardioembolic source, and carotid stroke in a G1 patient who had had ipsilateral carotid stenting. There were no deaths of any cause. Asymptomatic restenosis was observed in one out of 19 patients from both groups who underwent a follow up angiography.

Conclusions:  Angioplasty and stenting appears to be technically feasible and safe in asymptomatic and symptomatic vertebral stenosis. More studies are needed in order to clarify its role in primary and secondary prevention of vertebrobasilar stroke. High risk anterior circulation lesions should be taken into account as a possible indication in patients with asymptomatic vertebral stenosis.
Overview of comparative cognitive studies of dolphins in Japan1
Authors: MORISAKA TADAMICHI
Published: September 2009

Dolphins live in aquatic environments that differ greatly from our terrestrial environments. Several studies have demonstrated that dolphins have complex cognitive abilities comparable to those of great apes. No comparative cognitive studies of dolphins were conducted in Japan until the mid‐1990s, but several pioneering works on dolphin comparative brain studies in Japan had already implied the higher cognitive ability of dolphins by the 1940s. Research in this field is now increasing gradually. This paper provides an overview of comparative cognitive studies of dolphins conducted in Japan, in order to promote dolphin cognition studies in Japan in the future. It begins with a brief history of dolphin cognitive studies in Japan, which is followed by case studies of visual, acoustic, and social cognition, and a discussion of future studies.
Contact calls: Information and social function
Authors: KONDO NORIKO , WATANABE SHIGERU
Published: September 2009

The focus of acoustic communication studies differs between birds and primates due to differences between the avian and primate social structures. Contact calls exist in almost all species independent of social structure, indicating their importance for animals. Contact calls contain various types of information about the sender. They function to keep groups cohesive or to help reunite visually separated individuals. In this review, we first describe the type of information contained in the acoustic structure of contact calls, and then we consider the function of contact calls in animals' social lives, particularly their function as identity advertisements.
Some limitations of analysis
Authors: Mizen Richard
Published: September 2009

Abstract:  This paper1 considers some of the difficulties that exist in reconciling the ‘treatment’ and the ‘cultural’ aspects of analytic ideas and practice; the extent, for example, to which analysis is both ordinary, and extra‐ordinary in more than one way. The implications for this for the place of analysis and analytical psychotherapy in the mental health services is considered along with the ways in which there is a diversity of views about the importance of maintaining the presence of analytic ideas and analytic practice in hospitals and clinics. Some of the limitations of analysis are discussed where analytic ideas and methods move away from their application to patients and patients’ material into the wider world.
Going home: migration as enactment and symbol
Authors: Wright Susanna
Published: September 2009

Abstract:  The concepts of home and migration are briefly explored. Reference is made to the reflections of several writers on migration suggesting that migrants may experience alienation, even permanent melancholia. There is discussion of the need to mourn what has been lost and left behind, and of the challenge in analytic work with a migrant to relate to the pain of the individual's core self amid environmental and cultural losses. The paper outlines the history of an individual before her migration from Latin America to London, and tendency to idealize as a new arrival. The symbolization process is discussed and it is suggested that repetitive enactment in the analytic transference may have been needed for her internal reality of estrangement to be confirmed and differentiated from her culturally and socially isolated external life as a migrant. Only then could she mourn losses and symbolize her inner reality. It is suggested that through mourning and symbolization the significance of migration for the patient was worked with and transformed so that, following a second migration, an ordinary, good enough home could be made in a new place.
Analytical psychology and Daoist inner alchemy: a response to C.G. Jung's ‘Commentary on The Secret of the Golden Flower’
Authors: Zhu Caifang Jeremy
Published: September 2009

Abstract:  This paper provides a historical, religious‐philosophical context for the study of the Daoist text known as The Secret of the Golden Flower. An updated study is conducted into the controversy over the source of the text including the editions translated by Richard Wilhelm and Thomas Cleary. The main teachings of the text and the basics of two major denominations of Daoism are introduced to ground later critiques of Jung's commentary. The psychodynamics of analytical psychology, especially those concerned with integration of unconscious contents and the realization of the self (individuation) are compared with the psycho‐spiritual dynamics of integration in Eastern spirituality based on the Golden Flower text. The paper concludes that it was amiss for Jung to have equated the Western ‘unconscious’ with states of higher consciousness in Eastern meditation practices, although his claim that Eastern higher consciousness is characterized by a nebulous state of non‐intentionality does raise questions about the appropriateness of calling Eastern meditative states ‘consciousness’. A new concept is required to characterize the special qualities of this psychic state shared generally by Eastern spiritual traditions and a more meaningful comparison may be found in Jung's concept of the self.
Deficits in interval timing measured by the dual‐task paradigm among children and adolescents with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Hwang Shoou‐Lian , Gau Susan Shur‐Fen , Hsu Wen‐Yau , Wu Yu‐Yu
Published: September 2009

Background: The underlying mechanism of time perception deficit in long time intervals in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is still unclear. This study used the time reproduction dual task to explore the role of the attentional resource in time perception deficits among children and adolescents with ADHD.

Methods: Participants included 168 children and adolescents with DSM‐IV ADHD and 90 control children and adolescents without ADHD, aged 10 to 17 years, in Taipei. The DSM‐IV diagnoses of ADHD and other psychiatric comorbid conditions were made by clinical assessments and confirmed by the psychiatric interviews of both parents and participants using the Chinese Kiddie Epidemiologic version of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. The participants were also assessed by using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children‐3rdedition (WISC‐III), and time reproduction tasks (the single task and the simple and difficult versions of the dual tasks) at 5‐second, 12‐second, and 17‐second intervals. The linear mixed model was used for data analysis.

Results: Children and adolescents with ADHD had less precise time reproduction than the controls in all three tasks except the 5‐second interval of the single task. There were significant interactions between group and interval (12‐second vs. 5‐second,p = .030; 17‐second vs. 5‐second,p < .001), and between group and task (simple dual task vs. single task,p = .016; difficult dual task vs. single task,p < .001) after controlling for FSIQ, comorbidity, sex, age, use of methylphenidate, and the performance of the non‐temporal tasks in dual tasks, if relevant.

Conclusions: Significantly increased estimation errors in ADHD with increased task difficulties suggest that impaired timing processing in children and adolescents with ADHD during long time intervals may be accounted for by the limited attentional capacity rather than a primary problem in timing per se. This finding does not apply to rapid time intervals, in which cerebellar circuitry is important.
Microbiological control of soil‐borne phytopathogenic fungi with special emphasis on wilt‐inducingFusarium oxysporum
Authors: Alabouvette Claude , Olivain Chantal , Migheli Quirico , Steinberg Christian
Published: September 2009

Plant diseases induced by soil‐borne plant pathogens are among the most difficult to control. In the absence of effective chemical control methods, there is renewed interest in biological control based on application of populations of antagonistic micro‐organisms. In addition toPseudomonasspp. andTrichodermaspp., which are the two most widely studied groups of biological control agents, the protective strains ofFusarium oxysporumrepresent an original model. These protective strains ofF. oxysporumcan be used to control wilt induced by pathogenic strains of the same species.Exploring the mechanisms involved in the protective capability of these strains is not only necessary for their development as commercial biocontrol agents but raises many basic questions related to the determinism of pathogenicity versus biocontrol capacity in theF. oxysporumspecies complex. In this paper, current knowledge regarding the interaction between the plant and the protective strains is reviewed in comparison with interactions between the plant and pathogenic strains. The success of biological control depends not only on plant–microbial interactions but also on the ecological fitness of the biological control agents.

ContentsSummary 529I.Biological control of plant diseases: state of the art 530II.Main modes of action of biological control agents 530III.The protective strains of F. oxysporum: an unexplored model 532IV.Future directions for the study of the protective capacity of strains of F. oxysporum 539V.How to make biological control successful in the field? 540References 541
The influences of consumer innovativeness and consumer evaluation attributes in the purchase of fashionable ethnic wear in India
Authors: Chakrabarti Somnath , Baisya Rajat K.
Published: September 2009

This paper highlights the consumer motivations for purchase of an innovative product like fashionable ethnic wear in India. It attempts to combine consumer innovativeness constructs and consumer evaluation attributes to understand buying behaviour in fashionable ethnic wear through a consumer survey. It confirms the relationship between product usage (the number of brands bought) and ethnic wear domain‐specific innovativeness. It also explores the correlations among different dimensions of consumer innovativeness like domain‐specific innovativeness, optimum stimulation level and consumers' need for uniqueness constructs. It shows the difference in importance attached to the chosen consumer innovativeness constructs and consumer evaluation attributes by buyers and non‐buyers in the purchase process.
Neoliberal Wave Rocks Chilika Lake, India: Conflict over Intensive Aquaculture from a Class Perspective
Authors: ADDUCI MATILDE
Published: September 2009

Since the beginning of the 1990s, Chilika Lake, situated on the coast of the Indian state of Orissa, has been the scene of a conflict over intensive aquaculture practices, culminating in a process of de facto privatization of the lake. This conflict can be divided into two distinct phases that have seen the involvement from village to state level of different actors: in particular the traditional fishing people and the dominant classes in Orissa. This article analyzes the socio‐economic dynamics governing the conflict. The specific aim is to investigate the dynamics of class reproduction, new forms of class oppression and the emergence of new forms of class consciousness related to the transformations caused by the new aquaculture practices. The role of class in India today is discussed and related to a fieldwork‐based analysis of the two phases of this movement against intensive aquaculture.
TDP‐43 is recruited to stress granules in conditions of oxidative insult
Authors: Colombrita Claudia , Zennaro Eleonora , Fallini Claudia , Weber Markus , Sommacal Andreas , Buratti Emanuele , Silani Vincenzo , Ratti Antonia
Published: September 2009

Transactive response DNA‐binding protein 43 (TDP‐43) forms abnormal ubiquitinated and phosphorylated inclusions in brain tissues from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. TDP‐43 is a DNA/RNA‐binding protein involved in RNA processing, such as transcription, pre‐mRNA splicing, mRNA stabilization and transport to dendrites. We found that in response to oxidative stress and to environmental insults of different types TDP‐43 is capable to assemble into stress granules (SGs), ribonucleoprotein complexes where protein synthesis is temporarily arrested. We demonstrated that a specific aminoacidic interval (216–315) in the C‐terminal region and the RNA‐recognition motif 1 domain are both implicated in TDP‐43 participation in SGs as their deletion prevented the recruitment of TDP‐43 into SGs. Our data show that TDP‐43 is a specific component of SGs and not of processing bodies, although we proved that TDP‐43 is not necessary for SG formation, and its gene silencing does not impair cell survival during stress. The analysis of spinal cord tissue from ALS patients showed that SG markers are not entrapped in TDP‐43 pathological inclusions. Although SGs were not evident in ALS brains, we speculate that an altered control of mRNA translation in stressful conditions may trigger motor neuron degeneration at early stages of the disease.