bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A minimally invasive fin scratching protocol for fast genotyping and early selection of zebrafish embryos
Authors: Venditti Martina , Pedalino Catia , Rosello Marion , Fasano Giulia , Serafini Malo , Revenu Céline , Del Bene Filippo , Tartaglia Marco , Lauri Antonella
Published: December 2022

Current genetic modification and phenotyping methods in teleost fish allow detailed investigation of vertebrate mechanisms of development, modeling of specific aspects of human diseases and efficient testing of drugs at an organ/organismal level in an unparalleled fast and large-scale mode. Fish-based experimental approaches have boosted the in vivo verification and implementation of scientific advances, offering the quality guaranteed by animal models that ultimately benefit human health, and are not yet fully replaceable by even the most sophisticated in vitro alternatives. Thanks to highly efficient and constantly advancing genetic engineering as well as non-invasive phenotyping methods, the small zebrafish is quickly becoming a popular alternative to large animals’ experimentation. This approach is commonly associated to invasive procedures and increased burden. Here, we present a rapid and minimally invasive method to obtain sufficient genomic material from single zebrafish embryos by simple and precise tail fin scratching that can be robustly used for at least two rounds of genotyping already from embryos within 48 h of development. The described protocol betters currently available methods (such as fin clipping), by minimizing the relative animal distress associated with biopsy at later or adult stages. It allows early selection of embryos with desired genotypes for strategizing culturing or genotype–phenotype correlation experiments, resulting in a net reduction of “surplus” animals used for mutant line generation.
Multifunctional auxetic and honeycomb composites made of 3D woven carbon fibre preforms
Authors: El-Dessouky Hassan M. , McHugh Chris
Published: December 2022

Three dimensional (3D) woven composites started to find applications in various industrial sectors, mainly in aerospace and with a potential in automotive. 3D-woven fabrics can be architected to form complex and near-net-shape preforms ready for automated composites manufacturing. The 3D-woven honeycomb fabric is designed to include additional functionality into finished composites, such as positive and negative Poisson's ratios. In this study, complex honeycomb architectures were created using various weave designs to demonstrate the effects of auxetic behaviours when manufactured into a composite structure. A Staubli 3D-weaving system equipped with Jacquard UNIVAL 100 and creel of 3072 6 k carbon fibre tows were used to weave the designed honeycomb architecture. With the aid of hard polyester foam inserts, the 3D-woven fabrics were converted to honeycomb and auxetic preforms. These preforms were infused using epoxy resin to manufacture a set of honeycomb and auxetic composite structures. In comparison with the baseline honeycomb structure, it is proven that the developed auxetic composites exhibited negative Poisson’s ratio of − 2.86 and − 0.12 in the case of tensile and compression tests respectively.
Trading contact tracing efficiency for finding patient zero
Authors: Waniek Marcin , Holme Petter , Farrahi Katayoun , Emonet Rémi , Cebrian Manuel , Rahwan Talal
Published: December 2022

As the COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated, identifying the origin of a pandemic remains a challenging task. The search for patient zero may benefit from the widely-used and well-established toolkit of contact tracing methods, although this possibility has not been explored to date. We fill this gap by investigating the prospect of performing the source detection task as part of the contact tracing process, i.e., the possibility of tuning the parameters of the process in order to pinpoint the origin of the infection. To this end, we perform simulations on temporal networks using a recent diffusion model that recreates the dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic. We find that increasing the budget for contact tracing beyond a certain threshold can significantly improve the identification of infected individuals but has diminishing returns in terms of source detection. Moreover, disease variants of higher infectivity make it easier to find the source but harder to identify infected individuals. Finally, we unravel a seemingly-intrinsic trade-off between the use of contact tracing to either identify infected nodes or detect the source of infection. This trade-off suggests that focusing on the identification of patient zero may come at the expense of identifying infected individuals.
Risk factors and prognostic implications of surgery-related strokes following resection of high-grade glioma
Authors: Berger Assaf , Tzarfati Garry Gali , Serafimova Marga , Valdes Pablo , Meller Aaron , Korn Akiva , Kahana Levy Naomi , Aviram Daniel , Ram Zvi , Grossman Rachel
Published: December 2022

Surgery-related strokes are an important cause of morbidity following resection of high-grade glioma (HGG). We explored the incidence, risk factors and clinical consequences of intra-operative ischemic strokes in surgeries for resection of HGG. We retrospectively followed a cohort of 239 patients who underwent surgical resection of HGG between 2013 and 2017. Tumor types included both isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wildtype glioblastoma and IDH-mutant WHO grade 4 astrocytoma. We analyzed pre- and post-operative demographic, clinical, radiological, anesthesiology and intraoperative neurophysiology data, including overall survival and functional outcomes. Acute ischemic strokes were seen on postoperative diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in 30 patients (12.5%), 13 of whom (43%) developed new neurological deficits. Infarcts were more common in insular (23%, p = 0.019) and temporal surgeries (57%, p = 0.01). Immediately after surgery, 35% of patients without infarcts and 57% of those with infarcts experienced motor deficits (p = 0.022). Six months later, rates of motor deficits decreased to 25% in the non-infarcts group and 37% in the infarcts group (p = 0.023 and 0.105, respectively) with a significantly lower Karnofsky-Performance Score (KPS, p = 0.001). Intra-operative language decline in awake procedures was a significant indicator of the occurrence of intra-operative stroke (p = 0.029). In conclusion, intraoperative ischemic events are more common in insular and temporal surgeries for resection of HGG and their intra-operative detection is limited. These strokes can impair motor and speech functions as well as patients’ performance status.
Visible-light driven reaction of CO2 with alcohols using a Ag/CeO2 nanocomposite: first photochemical synthesis of linear carbonates under mild conditions
Authors: Malik Anil , Bhatt Sakshi , Soni Aishwarya , Khatri Praveen K. , Guha Ankur K. , Saikia Lakshi , Jain Suman L.
Published: December 2022

Light-assisted activation of CO2 and its reaction with alcohols to give carbonates using an easily accessible silver-doped ceria nanocomposite as a photocatalyst under mild conditions is described.
Zirconium-amino acid framework as a green phosphatase-like nanozyme for the selective detection of phosphate-containing drugs
Authors: Wu Yuxin , Huang Ting , Luo Yuefei , Dai Ling , Wang Min , Xia Zhining , Hu Lianzhe
Published: December 2022

A green phosphatase-like nanozyme was applied for the detection of phosphate-containing drugs for the first time.
Discrimination and control of the exciton-recombination region of thermal-stressed blue organic light-emitting diodes
Authors: Xu Hanfei , Cao Chenhui , Shui Xinfeng , Gu Jialu , Sun Yanqiu , Ding Lei , Lin Yang , Shi Wei , Wei Bin
Published: December 2022

The thermal stability of OLEDs was improved by using space interlayers adjacent to the charge transport layers. The current efficiency increased under high temperature, with an increase of over one order of magnitude of the electron mobility.
Two pillared-layer metal–organic frameworks based on the pinwheel trinuclear carboxylate-clusters of Zn(ii) and Co(ii): synthesis, crystal structures, magnetic study, and Lewis acid catalysis
Authors: Das Moyna , Jaswal Vishakha , Bhambri Himanshi , Das Prasenjit , Maity Suvendu , Ghosh Prasanta , Mandal Sanjay K. , Sarkar Madhushree
Published: December 2022

Zn-MOF and Co-MOF have 3D pillared-layer structure based on pinwheel trinuclear metal-carboxylate clusters. Zn-MOF is efficient catalyst for Knoevenagel condensation reaction while Co-MOF have shown magnetic properties due to the trimeric Co(ii).
Catalytic transformations for agro-waste conversion to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural: Chemistry and scale-up development
Authors: Kumar Ajay , Chauhan Arvind Singh , Bains Rohit , Das Pralay
Published: December 2022

The review summarized a comprehensive view of the research being happened for direct valorisation of sugarcane bagasse, corn stover, wheat straw, rice straw and husk to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural production.
High-useful yield and new autoionizing state of resonantly ionized tungsten
Authors: Shulaker Danielle Ziva , Trappitsch Reto , Savina Michael R. , Isselhardt Brett
Published: December 2022

This work presents a new RIS scheme for W with ∼15% useful yield using three tunable Ti:Sa lasers as determined by conducting spectroscopic surveys and saturation experiments.
Hierarchically porous zeolitic imidazole framework-8/cellulose membrane installed in filter as sorbent for microextraction in packed syringe towards trace tetracyclines in water samples
Authors: Li Lin , Zhang Sijia , Li Yingying , Wang Ting , Hou Xiaohong
Published: December 2022

Zeolitic imidazole framework-8/cellulose membrane as a sorbent for lab-made microextraction in packed syringe towards trace tetracyclines in water samples.
Boosting the OER activity of amorphous IrOx in acidic medium by tuning its electron structure using lanthanum salt nanosheets
Authors: Wang Xuefeng , Jang Haeseong , Li Zijian , Li Haisen , Li Guangkai , Kim Min Gyu , Ji Xuqiang , Qin Qing , Liu Xien
Published: December 2022

The interaction between Ir and La via O atoms as a bridge in a-IrOx/LaCO3OH boosts the acidic OER activity of a-IrOx.
C5-pyrimidine-functionalized morpholino oligonucleotides exhibit differential binding affinity, target specificity and lipophilicity
Authors: Das Arnab , Ghosh Atanu , Sinha Surajit
Published: December 2022

5-Substituted cytidine and uridine greatly enhance the duplex stability of PMOs with complementary DNA and RNA for better antisense applications.
The influence of chirality on the behavior of oligonucleotides inside cells: revealing the potent cytotoxicity of G-rich l-RNA
Authors: Yu Chen-Hsu , Sczepanski Jonathan T.
Published: December 2022

We determined the influence of chirality on the behavior of oligonucleotides inside human cells, revealing that mirror-image l-oligonucleotides have the potential to be highly cytotoxic.
Impact of hydrodynamics and rheology of the ion partitioning effect on electrokinetic flow through a soft annulus with a retentive and absorptive wall
Authors: Koner Priyanka , Bera Subrata , Ohshima Hiroyuki
Published: December 2022

The theoretical analysis for the mass transfer process of an oscillatory electroosmotic flow in the fractional Jeffrey fluid model is studied through a polyelectrolyte layer coated cylindrical annulus with reversible and irreversible wall reactions.
Perovskite solar cells: Li–TFSI and t-BP-based chemical dopant engineering in spiro-OMeTAD
Authors: Lin Fangyan , Luo Junsheng , Zhang Yunpeng , Zhu Jinqing , Malik Haseeb Ashraf , Wan Zhongquan , Jia Chunyang
Published: December 2022

The advances in the modification of the bi-dopant Li–TFSI/t-BP system in doping spiro-OMeTAD for high efficiency and stable perovskite solar cells are summarized.
Beam‐steering capability for OAM‐based reflectarray at 5G‐mmWave frequencies
Authors: Ali Ali , Khalily Mohsen , Brown Tim , Tafazolli Rahim
Published: December 2022

The ability of the reflectarray antenna (RA) to perform orbital angular momentum (OAM) beam‐steering with low divergence angles at the fifth generation (5G) millimetre‐wave (mmWave) bands is demonstrated. To provide steered OAM beams, it is necessary to regulate the scatterer's geometries smoothly throughout the focal area to follow the required twisted distribution. The traditional numerical method to compensate for the phase is modified to enable the 3D scanning property of OAM beams, so it is possible to avoid the feeder blockage and produce high‐gain steered OAM beams. Likewise, reducing the inherent beam divergence of OAM beams can be obtained by examining the most satisfactory phase distribution of the scatterers by fitting the focal length. The simulated radiation pattern is validated by the measured radiation pattern of the fabricated RA in the frequency range between 28.5 and 31.5 GHz.
Copper-Catalyzed Radical Cascade Annulation for the Preparation of Difluorinated Pyrrolidines and Piperidines
Authors: Riant Olivier , Marchese Michela Maria , Strähler Sebastian , Ghiba Lucian
Published: December 2022

In this work, we developed a one-pot, copper-catalyzed aminodifluoroalkylation of enylaniline derivatives. This approach allows the catalytic construction of a broad range of pyrrolidines and piperidines substituted with a gem-difluoro moiety.
Asymmetric Organic Electrochemistry Catalyzed by Transition Metals
Authors: Zheng Weipeng , Tao Yongsheng , Ma Wan , Lu Qingquan
Published: December 2022

Asymmetric catalysis is one of the most important areas of organic synthetic chemistry. In recent years, with the revival of organic electrochemistry, scientists have begun to try to combine asymmetric catalysis with electrochemistry to build valuable chiral molecules. In this review, we focus on examples of organic electrochemistry catalyzed by transition metals. According to the classification of the interaction of the catalyst with the substrate, we can divide them into two categories: (1) transition metal catalysts as chiral Lewis acids; (2) transition metal catalysts that construct chiral molecules by interacting with substrates through oxidative addition/reductive elimination.

1 Introduction

2 Electrochemical Asymmetric Lewis Acid Catalysis

3 Electrochemical Asymmetric Transition Metal Catalysis

4 Conclusion
Platelet P2Y12 Inhibitor Monotherapy after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: An Emerging Option for Antiplatelet Therapy De-escalation
Authors: Verheugt Freek W. A. , Huber Kurt , Clemmensen Peter , Collet Jean-Philippe , Cuisset Thomas , Andreotti Felicita
Published: December 2022

Antiplatelet therapy is considered essential for secondary prevention of ischemic heart disease. After percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), temporary dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), a combination consisting of aspirin and an oral P2Y12 receptor blocker, is recommended. In the long term, this strategy results in more bleeding than antiplatelet therapy with aspirin alone. Therefore, to reduce bleeding, an increasing trend has been to keep DAPT as short as clinically acceptable, after which aspirin monotherapy is continued. Another option to diminish bleeding is to discontinue aspirin at the moment of DAPT cessation after PCI, and to continue on P2Y12 blocker monotherapy. This survey reviews the evidence on P2Y12 blocker monotherapy. Some clinical guidance will be provided on when and in whom P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy may be applied after DAPT cessation following PCI.
Ischemic-Modified Albumin in Neonates with Congenital Heart Defects
Authors: Korkut Didem G. , Özlü Ferda , Atlı Gülizar , Yıldız Şule M. , Demir Fadli , Göçen Uğur , Yapıcıoğlu Hacer
Published: December 2022

Objectives Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) is a new biochemical marker of ischemia. We aimed to search blood IMA levels in neonates with congenital heart defects.

Study Design During the study period, patients diagnosed with congenital heart disease and newborns with a diagnosis of hyperbilirubinemia as a control group were included in the study. IMA level was analyzed using the IMA absorbance unit (ABSU) method.

Results In total, 57 newborns with congenital heart disease requiring cardiac operation for the study group and 38 newborns for the control group were included. There was no difference between the two groups in terms of gender, mode of delivery, and weeks of gestation. The average IMA values in the control group were 0.19 ± 0.09 ABSU. The prepostoperative mean IMA values of the patient group were 0.22 ± 0.07 and 0.23 ± 0.07 ABSU, respectively. Comparison of the postoperative IMA with the mean of the control group was statistically significant. Preoperative and postoperative IMA values of patients who have died due to primary heart disease and surgical complications were 0.21 ± 0.07 (0.08–0.32) ABSU and 0.25 ± 0.06 (0.12–0.36) ABSU, respectively. IMA levels were not statistically different between the two groups.

Conclusion Hypoxia and ischemia in congenital heart disease in the newborn period both preoperatively and postoperatively were important in prognosis. IMA was higher in the postoperative group. Many comprehensive studies are important in terms of preventing complications and decreasing mortality and morbidity by commenting on prognosis.

Key Points
Automated Decellularization of the Rodent Epigastric Free Flap: A Comparison of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate–Based Protocols
Authors: Bengur Fuat Baris , Chen Lei , Schilling Benjamin K. , Komatsu Chiaki , Figlioli Grace M. , Marra Kacey G. , Kokai Lauren E. , Solari Mario G.
Published: December 2022

Background Free tissue transfer to cover complex wounds with exposed critical structures results in donor-site morbidity. Perfusion decellularization and recellularization of vascularized composite tissues is an active area of research to fabricate complex constructs without a donor site. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-based protocols remain the predominant choice for decellularization despite the deleterious effects on tissue ultrastructure and capillary networks. We aimed to develop an automated decellularization process and compare different SDS perfusion times to optimize the protocol.

Methods A three-dimensional-printed closed-system bioreactor capable of continuously perfusing fluid through the vasculature was used for decellularization. The artery and vein of rat epigastric fasciocutaneous free flaps were cannulated and connected to the bioreactor. Protocols had varying durations of 1% SDS solution (3, 5, and 10 days) followed by 1 day of 1% Triton X-100 and 1 day of 1x phosphate-buffered saline. The residual DNA was quantified. Microarchitecture of the constructs was assessed with histology, and the vascular network was visualized for qualitative assessment.

Results The structural integrity and the microarchitecture of the extracellular matrix was preserved in the 3- and 5-day SDS perfusion groups; however, the subcutaneous tissue of the 10-day protocol lost its structure. Collagen and elastin structures of the pedicle vessels were not compromised by the decellularization process. Five-day SDS exposure group had the least residual DNA content (p < 0.001). Across all protocols, skin consistently had twice as much residual DNA over the subcutaneous tissues.

Conclusion A compact and integrated bioreactor can automate decellularization of free flaps to bioengineer regenerative constructs for future use in reconstruction of complex defects. A decellularization protocol with 5 days of 1% SDS exposure was the most successful to keep the residual DNA content at a minimum while preserving the structural integrity of the tissues.
Review of ferrite-based microwave-absorbing materials: Origin, synthesis, morphological effects, dielectric/magnetic properties, composites, absorption mechanisms, and optimization
Authors: Aherrao Disha Sunil , Singh Charanjeet , Srivastava A. K.
Published: December 2022

With the advancement and up-gradation of wireless technology, people worldwide are surrounded by microwaves, however, with the brighter side comes the darker side too. These microwave/electromagnetic wireless signals interfere with the environment/mankind and are referred to as electromagnetic interference (EMI)/electromagnetic or microwave pollution. Microwave/electromagnetic absorbers are used to mitigate this EMI or electromagnetic pollution. Researchers have been working on microwave absorbents of different kinds to save humans, their gadgets, electronically printed cards, etc. to create a healthy and radiation-free environment. Recently, there is an advancement in different forms of ferrite absorbers. This review presents a description of what are ferrite-based microwave absorbers, the preparation method of absorbers, the working principle, and detailed insights involving necessary models and mechanisms regarding microwave absorption. It also encapsulates the description of how the ferrite composition, morphology, doping, reflection loss peaks, and matrix account for optimizing the performance of the absorbers. The history, origin, and ancestral use of microwave absorbers are mentioned, and how technological needs lead to advancement in ferrite microwave absorbers has also been discussed. A picture is portrayed of what are microwaves, their potential hazards, and how these hazards should be taken care of with the help of ferrite microwave absorbers.
Exact potentials in multivariate Langevin equations
Authors: Pedergnana Tiemo , Noiray Nicolas
Published: December 2022

Systems governed by a multivariate Langevin equation featuring an exact potential exhibit straightforward dynamics but are often difficult to recognize because, after a general coordinate change, the gradient flow becomes obscured by the Jacobian matrix of the mapping. In this work, a detailed analysis of the transformation rules for Langevin equations under general nonlinear mappings is presented. We show how to identify systems with exact potentials by understanding their differential-geometric properties. To demonstrate the power of our method, we use it to derive exact potentials for broadly studied models of nonlinear deterministic and stochastic oscillations. In selected examples, we visualize the identified potentials. Our results imply a broad class of exactly solvable stochastic models, which can be self-consistently defined from given deterministic gradient systems.
External force attached binding focus of particles and its application
Authors: Xu Du-Chang , Tang Xiao-Ying , Li Ao , Ma Jing-Tao , Xu Yuan-Qing
Published: December 2022

The particle focus in the channel flow refers to a randomly initialized particle finally running at an equilibrium position at the channel cross section. The binding focus is a particle focus phenomenon that comprises two adjacent particles (including one rigid and the other soft), where particles can form and share a new equilibrium position. In this study, the result suggests that migrating the rigid particle laterally can lead to a passive migration of the soft. The above phenomenon is termed external force attached binding focus (EFABF). The EFABF is modeled to be three-dimensional using the immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method. The inertial focus of a single particle and the binding focus of two particles are numerically confirmed to validate the model. The migrating conditions of the soft particle are mainly discussed to further investigate the conditions of EFABF. Two patterns to migrate the soft particle are observed, including rigid particle ahead and soft particle ahead. The Reynolds number of 10 is proposed, which can apply to EFABF to obtain a significant migration scope. Moreover, the mechanism of EFABF is further analyzed to gain more insight into EFABF. Finally, as its application, a label-free single-cell separation architecture is designed by replacing the soft particle with a spherical circulating tumor cell and magnetically manipulating the rigid particle. The numerical results suggest that the soft particle (cell) can be well driven to stride over streamlines and form a new equilibrium position by migrating the rigid particle, thus making the separation pathway well-controlled.
Unsteady self-similarity of jet fluid age and mass fraction
Authors: Shin Dong-hyuk , Aspden A. J. , Aparece-Scutariu Vlad , Richardson Edward S.
Published: December 2022

Scalar mixing is investigated in a decelerating turbulent round jet using direct numerical simulation. The main focus is to determine and model any new self-similar states in the unsteady flow as well as predict the centerline evolution of relevant flow quantities. The mass fraction of jet fluid and the fluid residence time, measured by the mass-weighted stream age of the jet fluid, both exhibit self-similar radial profiles in statistically stationary turbulent jets. Upon stopping the inflow, a deceleration wave passes through the jet, behind which a new self-similar state is observed for the two scalar variables. The self-similar state during the jet deceleration is different from that in the statistically stationary jet. Contrary to the steady-state behavior, the jet fluid mass fraction exhibits a linear increase with downstream distance in the decelerating jet, whereas the centerline mass-weighted stream age of jet fluid remains proportional to downstream distance. Scalar transport budget analysis shows that the radial transport term increases for both scalars, and that the contribution of the streamwise transport term of jet mass fraction changes sign between steady and unsteady cases.
Tsunami generation by a seabed deformation in the presence of a viscoelastic mud
Authors: Bahena-Jimenez S. , Bautista E. , Méndez F.
Published: December 2022

In this work, under the assumption of linear water waves, we study tsunamis generated by a seabed deformation in the presence of viscoelastic mud. We divide the total control volume under study into a water layer, which is assumed to be an irrotational and inviscid flow, and a mud layer with viscoelastic properties that obeys a linear Maxwell rheological model. Considering that fluid layer thicknesses are of the same order of magnitude and that they are much smaller than the characteristic horizontal length of the seabed deformation, we obtain a semi-analytical solution that models the evolution of the free surface elevation. For the above limits, the fluid motion in the water layer is essentially horizontal. Passive and active tsunami generation cases are analyzed. The seabed deformation is modeled as a Heaviside step function. For an active generation case, when the mud layer thickness increases, the tsunami's maximum amplitude decreases. For the passive generation case, the tsunami's maximum amplitude remains constant in a finite time interval of the same order of magnitude as the characteristic time; this phenomenon does not occur for the active generation case.
Radially symmetric non-isentropic Euler flows: Continuous blowup with positive pressure
Authors: Jenssen Helge Kristian , Tsikkou Charis
Published: December 2022

We establish the existence of radial self-similar Euler flows in which a continuous incoming wave generates a blowup of primary (undifferentiated) flow variables. A key point is that the solutions have a strictly positive pressure field, in contrast to Guderley's classic construction of converging shock waves. In Guderley's solutions, a converging shock invades a quiescent region at zero pressure (due to vanishing temperature), and the velocity and pressure in its immediate wake become unbounded at the time of collapse. It is reasonable that the lack of upstream counter-pressure is conducive to large speeds, with concomitant large amplitudes. Based on Guderley's original solutions, it is therefore unclear if it is the zero-pressure region that is responsible for blowup. The same applies to self-similar Euler flows describing radial cavity flow. Our results demonstrate that the geometric mechanism of wave focusing is sufficiently strong on its own to drive unbounded growth. We propagate the solution beyond blowup and observe numerically that there are two distinct possibilities depending on the incoming flow: either an expanding spherical shock wave is generated, or the flow propagates in a continuous manner. Focusing on the former case, we show that the resulting flows define global admissible weak solutions to the full, multi-d compressible Euler system. These solutions have the unusual property that the flow is isentropic in each of the two regions separated by the shock.
Anatomically realistic computational model of flow and mixing in the human duodenum
Authors: Palmada N. , Cater J. E. , Cheng L. K. , Suresh V.
Published: December 2022

The small intestine is the primary site of enzymatic digestion and nutrient absorption in humans. Intestinal contractions facilitate digesta transport, mixing, and contact with the absorptive surfaces. Previous computational models have been limited to idealized contraction patterns and/or simplified geometries to study digesta transport. This study develops a physiologically realistic model of flow and mixing in the first segment of the small intestine (duodenum) based upon a geometry obtained from the Visible Human Project dataset and contraction patterns derived from electrophysiological simulations of slow wave propagation. Features seen in previous simpler models, such as reversed flow underneath the contracting region, were also present in this model for water, Newtonian liquid digesta, and non-Newtonian (power law) whole digesta. An increase in the contraction amplitude from 10% to 50% resulted in faster transport with mean speeds over a cycle increasing from 1.7 to 8.7 mm/s. Glucose transport was advection dominated with Peclet numbers greater than 104. A metric of glucose mixing was computed, with 0 representing no mixing and 1 representing perfect mixing. For antegrade contractions at a 50% amplitude, the metric after 60 s was 0.99 for water, 0.6 for liquid digesta, and 0.19 for whole digesta. Retrograde contractions had a negligible impact on the flow and mixing. Colliding wavefronts resulted in swirling flows and increased the mixing metric by up to 2.6 times relative to antegrade slow wave patterns. The computational framework developed in this study provides new tools for understanding the mixing and nutrient absorption patterns under normal and diseased conditions.
Hypomorphic and dominant-negative impact of truncated SOX9 dysregulates Hedgehog–Wnt signaling, causing campomelia
Authors: Au Tiffany Y. K. , Yip Raymond K. H. , Wynn Sarah L. , Tan Tiong Y. , Fu Alex , Geng Yu Hong , Szeto Irene Y. Y. , Niu Ben , Yip Kevin Y. , Cheung Martin C. H. , Lovell-Badge Robin , Cheah Kathryn S. E.
Published: December 2022

Haploinsufficiency for SOX9, the master chondrogenesis transcription factor, can underlie campomelic dysplasia (CD), an autosomal dominant skeletal malformation syndrome, because heterozygousSox9null mice recapitulate the bent limb (campomelia) and some other phenotypes associated with CD. However, in vitro cell assays suggest haploinsufficiency may not apply for certain mutations, notably those that truncate the protein, but in these cases in vivo evidence is lacking and underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here, using conditional mouse mutants, we compared the impact of a heterozygousSox9null mutation (Sox9+/−) with theSox9+/Y440XCD mutation that truncates the C-terminal transactivation domain but spares the DNA-binding domain. While someSox9+/Y440Xmice survived, allSox9+/−mice died perinatally. However, the skeletal defects were more severe and IHH signaling in developing limb cartilage was significantly enhanced inSox9+/Y440Xcompared withSox9+/−. ActivatingSox9Y440Xspecifically in the chondrocyte–osteoblast lineage caused milder campomelia, and revealed cell- and noncell autonomous mechanisms acting on chondrocyte differentiation and osteogenesis in the perichondrium. Transcriptome analyses of developingSox9+/Y440Xlimbs revealed dysregulated expression of genes for the extracellular matrix, as well as changes consistent with aberrant WNT and HH signaling. SOX9Y440Xfailed to interact with β-catenin and was unable to suppress transactivation ofIhhin cell-based assays.We propose enhanced HH signaling in the adjacent perichondrium induces asymmetrically localized excessive perichondrial osteogenesis resulting in campomelia. Our study implicates combined haploinsufficiency/hypomorphic and dominant-negative actions of SOX9Y440X, cell-autonomous and noncell autonomous mechanisms, and dysregulated WNT and HH signaling, as the cause of human campomelia.
Fucoid brown algae inject fucoidan carbon into the ocean
Authors: Buck-Wiese Hagen , Andskog Mona A. , Nguyen Nguyen P. , Bligh Margot , Asmala Eero , Vidal-Melgosa Silvia , Liebeke Manuel , Gustafsson Camilla , Hehemann Jan-Hendrik
Published: December 2022

Brown algae annually convert gigatons of carbon dioxide into carbohydrates, including the complex extracellular matrix polysaccharide fucoidan. Due to its persistence in the environment, fucoidan is potentially a pathway for marine carbon sequestration. Rates of fucoidan secretion by brown algae remain unknown due to the challenge of identifying and quantifying complex polysaccharides in seawater. We adapted the techniques of anion exchange chromatography, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and biocatalytic enzyme-based assay for detection and quantification of fucoidan. We found the brown alga
Fucus vesiculosus
at the Baltic Sea coast of south-west Finland to secrete 0.3% of their biomass as fucoidan per day. Dissolved fucoidan concentrations in seawater adjacent to algae reached up to 0.48 mg L
−1
. Fucoidan accumulated during incubations of
F. vesiculosus
, significantly more in light than in darkness. Maximum estimation by acid hydrolysis indicated fucoidan secretion at a rate of 28 to 40 mg C kg
−1
h
−1
, accounting for 44 to 50% of all exuded dissolved organic carbon. Composed only of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and sulfur, fucoidan secretion does not consume nutrients enabling carbon sequestration independent of algal growth. Extrapolated over a year, the algae sequester more carbon into secreted fucoidan than their biomass. The global utility of fucoidan secretion is an alternative pathway for carbon dioxide removal by brown algae without the need to harvest or bury algal biomass.
Unusual phototransduction via cross-motif signaling from G
q
to adenylyl cyclase in intrinsically photosensitive retinalganglion cells
Authors: Chen Lujing , Li Guang , Jiang Zheng , Yau King-Wai
Published: December 2022

Nonimage-forming vision in mammals is mediated primarily by melanopsin (OPN4)-expressing, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). In mouse M1-ipRGCs, melanopsin predominantly activates, via Gα
q,11,14
, phospholipase C-β4 to open transient receptor 6 (TRPC6) and TRPC7 channels. In M2- and M4-ipRGCs, however, a prominent phototransduction mechanism involves the opening of hyperpolarization- and cyclic nucleotide-gated channels via cyclic nucleotide, although the upstream steps remain uncertain. We report here experiments, primarily on M4-ipRGCs, with photo-uncaging of cyclic nucleotides and virally expressed CNGA2 channels to conclude that the second messenger is cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) – very surprising considering that cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is used in almost all cyclic nucleotide-mediated phototransduction mechanisms across the animal kingdom. We further found that the upstream G protein is likewise G
q
, which via its Gβγ subunits directly activates adenylyl cyclase (AC). Our findings are a demonstration in a native cell of a cross-motif GPCR signaling pathway from G
q
directly to AC with a specific function.
Distinct fibroblast progenitor subpopulation expedites regenerative mucosal healing by immunomodulation
Authors: Ko Kang I. , DerGarabedian Brett P. , Chen Zhaoxu , Debnath Rahul , Ko Annette , Link Brittany N. , Korostoff Jonathan M. , Graves Dana T.
Published: December 2022

Injuries that heal by fibrosis can compromise organ function and increase patient morbidity. The oral mucosal barrier has a high regenerative capacity with minimal scarring, but the cellular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we identify distinct postnatal paired-related homeobox-1+ (Prx1+) cells as a critical fibroblast subpopulation that expedites mucosal healing by facilitating early immune response. Using transplantation and genetic ablation model in mice, we show that oral mucosa enriched with Prx1+ cells heals faster than those that lack Prx1+ cells. Lineage tracing and scRNA-seq reveal that Prx1+ fibroblasts exhibit progenitor signatures in physiologic and injured conditions. Mechanistically, Prx1+ progenitors accelerate wound healing by differentiating into immunomodulatory SCA1+ fibroblasts, which prime macrophage recruitment through CCL2 as a key part of pro-wound healing response. Furthermore, human Prx1+ fibroblasts share similar gene and spatial profiles compared to their murine counterpart. Thus, our data suggest that Prx1+ fibroblasts may provide a valuable source in regenerative procedures for the treatment of corneal wounds and enteropathic fibrosis.
Secondary epitaxy of high Sn fraction GeSn layer on strain-relaxed GeSn virtue substrate by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Qian Kun , Wu Songsong , Qian Jinhui , Yang Kaisen , An Yuying , Cai Hongjie , Lin Guangyang , Wang Jianyuan , Xu Jianfang , Huang Wei , Chen Songyan , Li Cheng
Published: December 2022

Strain relaxation is critical for GeSn alloys transforming from indirect to direct bandgap nature with Sn fraction above 6.5%, but difficult for them grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), in which low temperature has to be set up to avoid Sn segregation. In this work, compressively strained Ge0.935Sn0.065 thin films grown on Si with a Ge buffer layer by MBE are firstly treated by ex-situ rapid thermal annealing, rendering partially strain relaxation in the Ge0.935Sn0.065 by generation of misfit dislocation networks without Sn segregation. Then, secondary epitaxy of Ge0.905Sn0.095 layer is carried out on the thermally annealed Ge0.935Sn0.065 virtual substrate. The secondary epitaxial GeSn layers exhibit partial strain relaxation and strong photoluminescence with red-shift of peak position, compared to that of fully compressive strained GeSn thin films with the same structure grown primary epitaxially. Those results manifest that secondary epitaxy, combining with ex-situ rapid thermal annealing for strain relaxed GeSn virtual substrate, is a practical way to achieve strain relaxed GeSn thin films with direct bandgap nature by MBE.
Skyrmion based 3D low complex runtime reconfigurable architecture design methodology of universal logic gate
Authors: Sivasubramani Santhosh , Paikaray Bibekananda , Kuchibhotla Mahathi , Haldar Arabinda , Murapaka Chandrasekhar , Acharyya Amit
Published: December 2022

In this study, we introduce the area efficient low complex runtime reconfigurable architecture design methodology based on Skyrmion logic for universal logic gate (ULG) i.e. NOR/NAND implementation using micromagnetic simulations. We have modelled the two input 3D device structure using bilayer ferromagnet/heavy metal where the magnetic tunnel junctions inject and detect the input and output skyrmions by exploiting the input reversal mechanism. The implementation of NOR and NAND is performed using this same device where it is reconfigured runtime with enhanced tunability by the ON and OFF state of current passing through a non magnetic metallic gate respectively. This gate acts as a barrier for skyrmion motion (additional control mechanism) to realize the required Skyrmion logic output states. To the best of authors’s knowledge the boolean optimizations and the mapping logic have been presented for the first time to demonstrate the functionalities of the NOR/NAND implementation. This proposed architecture design methodology of ULG leads to reduced device footprint with regard to the number of thin film structures proposed, low complexity in terms of fabrication and also providing runtime reconfigurability to reduce the number of physical designs to achieve all truth table entries (∼75% device footprint reduction). The proposed 3D ULG architecture design benefits from the miniaturization resulting in opening up a new perspective for magneto-logic devices.
Ultrasensitive self-powered heterojunction ultraviolet photodetector of p-GaN nanowires on Si by halide chemical vapour deposition
Authors: Anbarasan N , Sadhasivam S , Jeganathan K
Published: December 2022

In this study, we report the fabrication of quasi-aligned p-GaN nanowires (NWs) on n-Si (1 1 1) substrate by halide chemical vapour deposition (HCVD) using MgCl2 precursor and followed by low-energy electron beam irradiation to activate the Mg acceptor doping in GaN NWs. We aimed to attain a comprehensive understanding of p-doping in GaN NWs growth, extensive characterizations and fabrication of UV photodetector (PDs) based on p-GaN NWs/n-Si heterojunction. To realize the efficient UV photodetectors, we measure the current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of heterojunction PDs under dark and illuminated conditions and the I–V curve demonstrates good rectifying behaviours with 0.2 V turn-on voltage. At zero bias, the heterojunction PDs show a reverse photocurrent of 1.27 × 10−6 A with a very low dark current of 2.35 × 10−9 A under 325 nm UV illumination. Besides, the significance of the self-powered operation of UV PDs and the charge transfer mechanism are discussed with the aid of the energy band diagram. The substantial photocurrent increment with varying applied potential leads to narrowing the photo potential in the interface. The excitonic bound states present in p-GaN NWs/n-Si heterojunction is further elucidated. As a result, the heterojunction PDs demonstrate the high responsivity, detectivity, and external quantum efficiency of 134 mA W−1, 3.73 × 1013 Jones, and 51% respectively, at 0.1 V low applied potential under the reverse bias condition. The proposed work provides an archetype for Mg doping in GaN NWs ensembles, which will help to facilitate the heterojunction with n-Si to unleash the potential of self-powered UV PDs.
Roadmap for precision preclinical x-ray radiation studies
Authors: Verhaegen Frank , Butterworth Karl T , Chalmers Anthony J , Coppes Rob P , de Ruysscher Dirk , Dobiasch Sophie , Fenwick John D , Granton Patrick V , Heijmans Stefan H J , Hill Mark A , Koumenis Constantinos , Lauber Kirsten , Marples Brian , Parodi Katia , Persoon Lucas C G G , Staut Nick , Subiel Anna , Vaes Rianne D W , van Hoof Stefan , Verginadis Ioannis L , Wilkens Jan J , Williams Kaye J , Wilson George D , Dubois Ludwig J
Published: December 2022

This Roadmap paper covers the field of precision preclinical x-ray radiation studies in animal models. It is mostly focused on models for cancer and normal tissue response to radiation, but also discusses other disease models. The recent technological evolution in imaging, irradiation, dosimetry and monitoring that have empowered these kinds of studies is discussed, and many developments in the near future are outlined. Finally, clinical translation and reverse translation are discussed.
Catheter reconstruction and dosimetric verification of MRI-only treatment planning (MRTP) for interstitial HDR brachytherapy using PETRA sequence
Authors: Lee Casey Y , Kaza Evangelia , Harris Thomas C , O’Farrell Desmond A , King Martin T , Dyer Michael A , Cormack Robert A , Buzurovic Ivan
Published: December 2022

Objective. The feasibility of MRI-only treatment planning (MRTP) for interstitial high-dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy (BT) was investigated for patients diagnosed with gynecologic cancer. Approach. A clinical MRTP workflow utilizing a ‘pointwise encoding time reduction with radial acquisition (PETRA)’ sequence was proposed. This is a clinically available MRI sequence optimized to improve interstitial catheter-tissue contrast. Interstitial needles outside the obturator region were reconstructed using MR images only. For catheters penetrating through the obturator, a library-based reconstruction was proposed. In this work, dwell coordinates from the clinical CT-based reconstruction were used as the surrogate for the library-based approach. For MR-only plan, dwell times were activated and assigned as in the clinical plans. The catheter reconstruction was assessed by comparing dwell position coordinates. The dosimetric comparisons between a clinical plan and MR-only plan were assessed for physical and EQD2 dose and volume parameters for D
90, D
50 and D
98 for clinical target volume (CTV) and D
2cc, D
0.1cc and D
5cc for OARs. Main results. Catheter reconstruction was possible using the optimized PETRA sequence on MR images. An overall reconstruction difference of 1.7 ± 0.5 mm, attributed to registration-based errors, was found compared to the CT-based reconstruction. The MRTP workflow has the potential to generate a treatment plan with an equivalent dosimetric quality compared to the conventional CT/MRI-based approach. For CTV D
90, physical and EQD2 dose and volume parameter differences were 1.5 ± 1.9% and 0.7 ± 1.0 Gy, respectively. For D
2cc OARs, DVH (EQD2) differences were −0.4 ± 1.1% (−0.2 ± 0.5 Gy), 0.5 ± 2.8% (0.2 ± 1.3 Gy) and −0.5 ± 1.4% (−0.2 ± 0.5 Gy) for rectum, bladder, and sigmoid, respectively. Significance. With the proposed MRTP approach, CT imaging may no longer be needed in HDR BT for interstitial gynecologic treatment. A proof-of-concept study was conducted to demonstrated that MRTP using PETRA is feasible, with comparable dosimetric results to the conventional CT/MRI-based approach.
Forecast of Observing Time Delay of Strongly Lensed Quasars with the Muztagh-Ata 1.93 m Telescope
Authors: Zhu Shanhao , Shu Yiping , Yuan Haibo , Fu Jian-Ning , Gao Jian , Wu Jianghua , He Xiangtao , Liao Kai , Li Guoliang , Er Xinzhong , Hu Bin
Published: December 2022

As a completely independent method, the measurement of time delay of strongly lensed quasars (TDSL) are crucial to resolve the Hubble tension. Extensive monitoring is required but so far limited to a small sample of strongly lensed quasars. Together with several partner institutes, Beijing Normal University is constructing a 1.93 m reflector telescope at the Muztagh-Ata site in west China, which has the world class observing conditions with median seeing of 0.″82 and median sky brightness of 21.74

mag

arcsec

−
2

in V-band during the dark time. The telescope will be equipped with both a three-channel imager/photometer which covers 3500–11,000 Å wavelength band, and a low-medium resolution (λ/δ
λ = 500/2000/7500) spectrograph. In this paper, we investigate the capability of the Muztagh-Ata 1.93 m telescope in measuring time delays of strongly lensed quasars. We generate mock strongly lensed quasar systems and light curves with microlensing effects based on five known strongly lensed quasars, i.e., RX J1131-1231, HE 0435-1223, PG 1115+080, WFI 2033-4723 and SDSS 1206+4332. In particular, RX J1131-1231 is generated based on the lens modeling results of Suyu et al. Due to the lack of enough information, the other four systems are calculated by a simple analytical approximation. According to simulations, for RX J1131-like systems (wide variation in time delay between images) the TDSL measurement can be achieved with the precision about Δt = 0.5 day with four seasons campaign length and 1 day cadence. This accuracy is comparable to the up-coming TDCOSMO project. And it would be better when the campaign length keeps longer and with high cadence. As a result, the capability of the Muztagh-Ata 1.93 m telescope allows it to join the network of TDSL observatories. It will enrich the database for strongly lensed quasar observations and make more precise measurements of time delays, especially considering the unique coordinate of the site.