bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a promising tomato line (Solanum lycopersicum) derived from mutation breeding
Authors: Afifah Enik Nurlaili , Murti Rudi Hari , Wahyudhi Aditya
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Afifah EN, Murti RH, Wahyudhi A. 2021. Evaluation of a promising tomato line (Solanum lycopersicum) derived from mutation breeding. Biodiversitas 22: 1863-1868. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a common crop that is widely cultivated and consumed around the world. Demand for tomatoes has increased along with the growth of the human population. Therefore, tomato production has to be continuously developed to meet the ever-rising global demand. Mutation breeding is one of the strategies applied to improve plant yield and quality. This study evaluated a promising mutant breeding line called G6 and compared it to existing varieties. G6 (mutant line), Ratna, Tora, and Intan (commercial varieties) were used as materials and were evaluated for their qualitative and quantitative traits. Overall, G6 showed a slightly flattened fruit shape similar to Ratna. It also had the highest value of locules, long shelf life, and the number of bunches per plant compared to the existing varieties (Ratna, Intan, and Tora). The number of locules is assumed to be linked to fruit size and dimension. Long shelf life is one of the preferred qualities of both consumers and farmers, as it could prevent overmature and rotten tomato fruit during transportation. G6 differed from commercial varieties (Intan, Ratna, and Tora) in terms of the number of locules, shelf life, and the number of bunches per plant.
Epiphytic yeasts from Piperaceae as biocontrol agents for foot rot of black pepper caused by Phytophthora capsici
Authors: Safitri Dian , WIYONO SURYO , SOEKARNO BONNY POERNOMO WAHYU , ACHMAD ACHMAD
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Safitri D, Wiyono S, Soekarno BPW, Achmad. 2021. Epiphytic yeasts from Piperaceae as biocontrol agents for foot rot of black pepper caused by Phytophthora capsici. Biodiversitas 22: 1895-1901. Phytophthora capsici, is a causative agent of footrot disease, is the primary pathogen in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.). Footrot disease may cause a loss of 67% black pepper production. Yeast as a biocontrol is a promising technique to control foot rot disease. This study aimed to isolate, characterize yeasts from several species of Piper and determine their effectiveness against foot rot disease. Epiphytic yeasts were isolated from roots, stems, and leaves of Piper nigrum, P. retrofractum, and P. ornatum. The epiphytic yeasts were tested for their antagonistic activity against P. capsici as biocontrol agents. The antagonistic activity was observed through antibiosis mechanisms, volatile organic compound production, hyperparasitism, and the production of ?1-1,3 glucanase enzyme. A total of 48 epiphytic yeasts were isolated from Piper species. There were five isolates with high antibiosis activity in vitro, i.e. EPT23, E62, EPT63, EPT69, EPT70, and identified through molecular identification as Rhodotorula glutinis, Cryptococcus magnus, Filobasidium globisporum, R. mucilaginosa, H. oryzae, respectively. The selected yeast showed biocontrol activity against foot rot disease ranged from 56.7 to 80.0%.
Effect of single and mixed inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and phosphorus fertilizer application on corn growth in calcareous soil
Authors: Ishaq Lily , ADU TAE A.S.J. , AIRTHUR MORESI A. , BAKO PETERS O.
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Ishaq L, Adu Tae ASJ, Airthur MA, Bako PO. 2021. Effect of single and mixed inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and phosphorus fertilizer application on corn growth in calcareous soil. Biodiversitas 22: 1920-1926. Low availability of soil phosphorus (P) in calcareous soil in West Timor has become a constraint in improving plant productivity. A field experiment was carried out in the calcareous soil to investigate the effect of single and mixed indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation and P fertilizer application on growth and yield of corn in Kupang District, East Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Indonesia. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design consisting of indigenous AMF inoculation as the main plots and inorganic P fertilizer rates as the sub-plot treatments. The main plot treatments were: without AMF inoculation (M0), inoculated with single AMF inoculum (M1) and inoculated with mixed AMF inocula (M2). Sub-plots consisted of four P rates namely 25% (P1), 50% (P2), 75% (P3) and 100% (P4) of the recommended inorganic superphosphate dose of 200 kg SP36 ha-1. The results showed that there were significant interactions between AMF inoculation and P fertilizer dose on AMF spore density, AMF colonization and soil available P. Results indicated a strong correlation between AMF colonization and soil available P. Inoculation of both M1 and M2 significantly increased soil available P, plant growth and yield compared to the uninoculated plant. Spore production in the two AM responded differently to P fertilizer. Low doses of inorganic P fertilizer favored spore production in M1, whereas P fertilizer sporulation in M2 was adversely affected. The percentage of AMF root colonization of M1 and M2 decreased with an increase in P fertilizer applied. Further studies need to be conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of indigenous AMF in improving plant yield at low level of inorganic fertilizer application to achieve more sustainable agricultural practice in the region.
Flower development, pollen viability and pollen storage test of Aeschynanthus radicans
Authors: Damayanti Frisca , Garvita R Vitri , Wawangningrum Hary , Rahayu Sri
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Damayanti F, Garvita RV, Wawangningrum H, Rahayu S. 2021. Flower development, pollen viability and pollen storage test of Aeschynanthus radicans. Biodiversitas 22: 1940-1945. Aeschynanthus radicans Jack. commonly-known as lipstick flowers, is an epiphytic plant in Gesneriaceae family. It has an attractive morphology and is easy to grow. Therefore A. radicans is used as mother species for hybridization by plant breeders. The flowers of A. radicans are dichogamous and strongly protandrous. The pollen matures before the stigma becomes receptive and bends away and down when the stigma becomes receptive. As a thought-after material for hybridization, little is known about the flower development, pollen viability, and storability. The purpose of this study was to observe the development phase of A.radicans flowers, determine the viability of pollen during flower development, and investigate the pollen storability at -20?C. Flower development was observed in phases from small buds to anthesis. Pollen viability was tested in 10%, 15%, and 20% sucrose solution for 4 hours. Pollen storage was tested at -20?C for 77 days and tested for viability every three weeks. The best sucrose concentration for the germination of fresh pollen was 20%. The highest pollen viability was at H0 was 58±3% and gradually decreased with flowerage. The lowest viability was 18±14% at flower stage H5, coinciding with the first day of stigma receptive. Pollen storage at -20?C decreased pollen viability to 30,2±2% after 42 days and to 13,54% after 77 days.
Coleoptera of the Penza region, Russia based on fermental crown trap
Authors: Ruchin Alexander , EGOROV L.V. , POLUMORDVINOV O.A.
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Ruchin AB, Egorov LV, Polumordvinov OA. 2021. Coleoptera of the Penza region, Russia based on fermental crown trap). Biodiversitas 22: 1946-1960. There are the results of processing the material of the 2019-2020 studies on Coleoptera from the Penza region, Russia. The surveys were carried out using fermental crown traps in various habitats on the territory of 18 districts of the region. In total, 18 traps were installed in 2019 and 96 traps – in 2020. During the research, 5,577 specimens were collected and recorded. Ninety-seven species from 19 families were found, of which 43 species are new to the Penza region. The most diverse families are Cerambycidae (24 species) and Elateridae (11 species). Species from the families Nitidulidae (3281 specimens), Scarabaeidae (1497 specimens), and Cerambycidae (453 specimens) predominated in the traps. A list of species is given, indicating references and information on biology. New data is given for 4 species included in the Red Data Book of the region (Protaetia fieberi, Protaetia speciosissima, Gnorimus variabilis, Purpuricenus globulicollis).
The potential of cellulose-degrading fungi at various peat maturities in Teluk Bakung Peat Area, Kubu Raya District, Indonesia
Authors: Khotimah Siti , Suharjono Suharjono , Ardyati Tri , Nuraini Yulia
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Khotimah S, Suharjono, Ardyati T, Nuraini Y. 2021. The potential of cellulose-degrading fungi at various peat maturities in Teluk Bakung Peat Area, Kubu Raya District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 1981-1990. Fungi play important roles in degrading cellulose in the maturation process of peat. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of cellulose-degrading fungi at various peat maturities in the forest. Peat soil samples were collected from Teluk Bakung Village, Kubu Raya District, West Kalimantan using a random sampling method. Peat soil samples were obtained at six sampling sites in forests and palm oil plantations. The fungi were cultured by the pour plate method on 1% CMC media. The cellulose-degrading fungi were determined based on a clear zone formation around the colony in CMC agar media. The cellulolytic fungal population in the fibric, hemic, and sapric peats of the secondary forest were 3.2 × 103, 4.6 × 103, and 5.6 × 103 CFU/g, respectively, whereas at fibric, hemic, and sapric of the shrubs were 5.6 x 104, 3.9 × 105 and 4.7 × 104 CFU/g, respectively. Among the 25 cellulolytic fungal isolates, 5 isolates (HS1.5, HS3.4.1, HB2.2, SS2.4.1, and SB2.5.1) showed high average clear zone diameter (21-28 mm). The HS3.4.1 and HS1.5 isolates had cellulase enzyme activity of 132.16 and 127.3 U/mL, respectively. These isolates can grow and degrade cellulose at 30°C to 35°C and pH of 2, 3, 4, and 5.  The HS3.4.1 and HS1.5 isolate were closely related to Penicillium citrinum based on the phylogenetic tree analysis.
Species diversity and composition, and above-ground carbon of mangrove vegetation in Jor Bay, East Lombok, Indonesia
Authors: ZULHALIFAH Zulhalifah , Syukur Abdul , Santoso Didik , KARNAN Karnan
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Zulhalifah, Syukur A, Santoso D, Karnan. 2021. Species diversity and composition, and above-ground carbon of mangrove vegetation in Jor Bay, East Lombok, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 2066-2071. Mangroves play a very important role to mitigate global warming. This study aimed to assess the species diversity and composition as well as the above-ground biomass and carbon content of mangroves in Jor Bay (Teluk Jor), Lombok Island, Indonesia. A purposive sampling method was implemented using transects and square plots as data collection techniques. The data was analyzed to reveal the frequency, density, dominance, above-ground biomass, and carbon content. The results of this study found seven mangrove species, namely Avicennia marina, Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora stylosa, Sonneratia alba, Sonneratia caseolaris, and Lumnitzera racemosa. In general, Sonneratia alba was the most important species in terms of frequency, density, and dominance followed by Rhizophora apiculata. In total, mangrove vegetation in Jor Bay stored 697.45 ton C/ha, or equivalent to carbon monoxide uptake of 2559.63 CO2/ ha. In accordance with species composition, Sonneratia alba had the largest contribution to total carbon content with 453.76 tons C/ha), followed by Rhizophora apiculata with 74.47 tons C/ha. These findings suggest that mangrove vegetation in Jor Bay stored large amount of carbon in the form of above-ground biomass, implying the importance to preserve this area for carbon conservation.
Diversity and traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in home gardens of Kampung Masjid Ijok, Perak, Malaysia
Authors: Ramli Mohd Raznan , MILOW POZI , MALEK SORAYYA
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Ramli MR, Milow P, Malek S. 2021. Diversity and traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in home gardens of Kampung Masjid Ijok, Perak, Malaysia. Biodiversitas 22: 2458-2465. Medicinal plants and associated traditional knowledge are at risk of habitat modification, globalization, urbanization, and modernization. Though home gardens are recognized as a potential strategy for medicinal plant conservation, at the same time very limited efforts have been made for the documentation of ethnomedicinal plants. We explored and documented the diversity and population status of ethnomedicinal plants in the home gardens of Kampung Masjid Ijok along with its associated traditional knowledge. Field observation and semi-structured interviews were conducted to record for the medicinal uses of the medicinal plants in the home gardens. The information, i.e. local name, parts used, methods of preparation, and type of ailments, were also collected. The total numbers of medicinal plants recorded in the study area were 68 species belonging to 40 families. The families of Zingiberaceae, Asteraceae, Acanthaceae, and Fabaceae were recorded as having the highest number of medicinal plants. Herbs were the main source of medicinal plants in terms of species number followed by shrubs, trees, and climbers. Cocos nucifera L, Carica papaya L, Areca catechu L, and Citrus aurantiifolia (Chris. & Panz.) Swin were the most frequent species of medicinal plants. Shannon diversity index of medicinal plant species was 3.7. The most frequently utilized plant parts were the leaves followed by roots, fruits, rhizomes, whole plants, flowers, seeds, and barks. Gastrointestinal disorders including stomach ache, diarrhea, dysentery, indigestion, flatulence, worm infestation in children, and constipation were among the most frequent ailments treated with the medicinal plants. This study revealed that many medicinal plants are still broadly found in home gardens and used for treating various ailments. The information recorded in this study may form the basis for the conservation and sustainable use of ethnomedicinal plants and may also contribute to the preservation of cultural and genetic diversity.
Soil environmental factors shape the rhizosphere arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in South African indigenous legumes (Fabaceae)
Authors: Alimi Afolakemi , Adeleke Rasheed , Moteetee Annah
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Alimi AA, Adeleke R, Moteetee A. 2021. Soil environmental factors shape the rhizosphere arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in South African indigenous legumes (Fabaceae).Biodiversitas 22:2466-2476.The crucial role played by arbuscular mycorrhizalfungi (AMF) in the nutritional adaptation of plants tonutrient-deficientsoils is well recognized. However, little is known about the diversity of AM fungal communities in the rhizosphere of indigenous legumes of South Africa. This study presents the first morphological characterization of the AM fungal diversity present in the rhizosphere of eleven indigenous legume species fromtwo provinces in South Africa and correlates the diversity and community structure of AMF to soil physicochemical properties. Twenty AM fungal species belonging to ten genera were identified; Glomusand Acaulospora were the dominant genera, while Acaulospora colombiana, A. mellea, and Claroideoglomus etunicatumwere the prevalent species. The AM fungal spore density, diversity, andcommunity structurediffered markedly among the legume species in both provinces. Correlation and canonical correspondence analyses revealed that the diversity and spatial structure of AM fungal communitieswere significantly influenced by soil properties. This study providesa theoretical insight into the future potential of using the dominant AM fungal species as inoculants for sustainable management of legumes and indicated that soil factors are important environmental determinants of AM fungal diversity and community structure
Distribution and genetic diversity of Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) on maize in West Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Nelly Novri , Lina Eka Candra , Hamid Hasmiandy , Yunisman Yunisman
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Nelly N, Hamid H, Lina EC, Yunisman. 2021. Distribution and genetic diversity of Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) on maize in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 2504-2511. Fall Armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda is a major maize pest, reportedly entering West Sumatra, Indonesia in early 2019. After a year of its discovery, there has been no information on the distribution and genetic diversity of this pest. In the present study, research has been carried out to obtain reliable information on the spread, incidence, and genetic diversity of this pest during July-October 2020 at the maize production center of West Sumatra, Indonesia. Sampling was then carried out using the purposive random sampling method, on maize fields in 5 districts (West Pasaman, Padang Pariaman, Solok, Limapuluh Kota and, Tanah Datar). The sample plots were determined with a size of 1x1m2 to observe the population and incidence, meanwhile, the observations were recorded on the larvae number and the percentage damage. Each district location's genetic diversity was analyzed based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene nucleotide variations amplified with specific primers. The observations show that S. frugiperda had attacked all maize planting sites in West Sumatra with the attacks ranging percentage from 12.78 to 41.25% and an average larval population of 0.26-1.05 larvae / 2 plants. The genetic diversity analysis results of the S. frugiperda West Sumatra population, on the phylogenetic tree, were divided into two groups, the first is group A which consisted of West Pasaman isolates, and Solok isolates. The second, Group B consisted of Padang Pariaman, Limapuluh Kota, and Tanah Datar isolates (The percentage genetic similirity 99.86-100%). The S. frugiperda population genetics in West Sumatra are similar to those isolates from several other countries in the world.
The physical and chemical characteristics of several accessions of sorghum cultivated on drylands in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Authors: Mukkun Lince , LALEL HERIANUS JUSTHIANUS D. , KLEDEN YASINTA LETEK
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Mukkun L, Lalel HJD, Kleden YL. 2021. The physical and chemical characteristics of several accessions of sorghum cultivated on drylands in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 2520-2531. Many sorghums' accessions are widely cultivated in East Nusa Tenggara (ENT) Province, but no information is available on their physical and chemical properties. This study aimed to analyze the physical and chemical properties of several sorghum accessions cultivated in the dryland of ENT province. Seven sorghum accessions were obtained from farmers, namely Numbu, Kawali, Okin, red local, brown local, black local, and white local. Physical properties of the grain were carried out visually, including color, shape, and seed husks. Proximate content, total polyphenols, anthocyanins, and tannins were analyzed to determine each accession's chemical properties. Quantitative data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Duncan Multiple Region Test (DMRT) at P?0.5. Meanwhile, qualitative data were tabulated and presented in tables and figures. The results showed that all sorghums have almost the same nutritional content as other staple food to develop into a food substitute for rice to support food security. Furthermore, local black sorghum contains high polyphenol compounds with high antioxidant activity, indicating that it has excellent potential to be developed into functional foods. The high anthocyanin content in black sorghum can also be developed into a safe and environmentally friendly food coloring
Seasonal dynamics and spatial distribution of lepidopterans in selected locations in Mordovia, Russia
Authors: RUCHIN ALEXANDER B.
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Ruchin AB. 2021. Seasonal dynamics and spatial distribution of lepidopterans in selected locations in Mordovia, Russia. Biodiversitas 22: 2569-2575. The research was conducted in 2019-2020 in the Republic of Mordovia (European part of Russia). In order to collect Lepidoptera, beer traps were used where beer served as bait. The field surveys were carried out from April to October in various forest habitats. The air temperature was recorded. To elucidate the spatial distribution of Lepidoptera, various habitats were examined in two study plots. In total, more than 23 thousand Lepidoptera specimens were examined. The largest number of Lepidoptera was collected in oak forests in contrast to the four other forest habitats. In all habitats, population dynamics were similar and characterized by the same trends of decrease and increase. During the season, there were three peaks of abundance for this group. A moderate first peak was recorded in the second half of May, while the maximum peak occurred in the first half of July. Autumn population peaks depend on temperature, while spring and summer peaks are associated with the flight of imagos and an increase in the lepidopteran abundance in habitats. In open habitats, the abundance of Lepidoptera was lower. On forest edges, the number of Lepidoptera considerably exceeded one in open habitats (river sandbanks, willow thickets, forest glades, and floodplain meadows) and closed habitats (inside the forests). Forest edges are a hotspot of Lepidoptera abundance and biodiversity in forest habitats. According to the vertical gradient, the number of lepidopterans was higher at the height of 7.5 m than at the height of 1.5 m. At the lower height, the number of Lepidoptera did not vary as considerably as at higher heights
Characteristics of lactic acid bacteria isolated from palm sugar from West Sumatra, Indonesia and their potential as a probiotic
Authors: RAMADHANTI NURAZIZAH , MELIA SRI , HELLYWARD JAMES , PURWATI ENDANG
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Ramadhanti N, Melia S, Hellyward J, Purwati E. 2021. Characteristics of lactic acid bacteria isolated from palm sugar from West Sumatra, Indonesia and their potential as a probiotic. Biodiversitas 22: 2610-2616. Palm sugar is one of the sugar products from palm sap processing. It is made by reducing the water content in the sap to certain water content and is used as a natural sweetener. This study used palm sugar from 3 producers, i.e. Marapalam Gula Semut (MGS), Tetesan Gula Semut (TGS) and Sungayang Gula Semut (SGS) in Sungayang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. This study aimed to isolate and identify lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from palm sugar, potentially as a probiotic, using the 16S rRNA method. The probiotic potential of bacteria was selected based on morphology, biochemical properties, resistance to acidic pH 3 and 0.3% bile salts, antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria. The results showed that lactic acid bacteria isolated from palm sugar are Gram-positive rod-shaped (Bassil), negative catalase, and homofermentative. The total colonies of lactic acid bacteria ranged from 50 x 107 cfu/g - 117 x 107 cfu/g. The MGS lactic acid bacteria had 74.71% viability resistance in acidic pH 3, 65.52% viability against bile salts (0.3% ox gall). The diameter of inhibition against Escherichia coli O157 was 18.20 mm, Propionibacterium acnes (18.00 mm), Acinetobacter baumannii (14.19 mm), and Listeria monocytogenes (16.35 mm). The phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA showed that the MGS isolate has a similarity of 99.92% to Lactobacillus fermentum strain 1743. It can be concluded that Lactobacillus fermentum strain 1743 isolated from palm sugar has potential as a probiotic.
Phenotypic characterization of antimicrobial drug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis strains isolated from various community infections in Oum El Bouaghi city, Algeria
Authors: RAHMANI AMINA , MERADI LAAREM , MALAWI KARIMA , KHANFOUF FATMA
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Rahmani A, Meradi L, Malawi K, Khanfouf F. 2021. Phenotypic characterization of antimicrobial drug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis strains isolated from various community infections in Oum El Bouaghi city, Algeria. Biodiversitas 22: 2665-2671. In Algeria most community infections caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus present resistance to several antibiotics and induce therapeutic failures. The aim of this study is the characterization and the comparison of antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus strains isolated from community infection in Oum El Bouaghi city, Algeria. Species identification was realized by conventional biochemical tests and the determination of antibiotics susceptibility pattern was realized by using the agar disk diffusion method, according to the recommendations of the French Society for Microbiology (FSM, 2019). A total of 102 Staphylococci strains were obtained from clinical samples, with a frequency of isolation of 57,8% for S. epidermidis and 42,2% for S. aureus, both strains present a resistance for most used antibiotics, the higher resistance was found for oxacillin in both strains with 25,6% for S. aureus and 42,4% for S. epidermidis. Multidrug-Resistance (MDR) phenotype was detected in 37,3% of S. epidermidis and 14% in S. aureus strains. In Algeria, new control policies should be adopted to prevent the further spread of antimicrobial-resistant strains, especially in the community
Reproductive aspects of naleh fish (Barbonymus sp.): A native species from Nagan river, Aceh Province, Indonesia
Authors: Efizon Deni , Batubara Agung S. , Muchlisin Zainal A. , Elvyra Roza , Rizal Syamsul , Siti-Azizah Mohd N.
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Efizon D, Batubara AS, Muchlisin ZA, Elvyra R, Rizal S, Siti-azizah MM. 2021. Reproductive aspects of naleh fish (Barbonymus sp.): A native species from Nagan river, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 2682-2690. Naleh fish (Barbonymus sp.) is a native species in Indonesia and reproductive biology is key information to planning a better conservation strategy for this species. Hence, the present study aimed to examine the spawning season, sex ratio, and fecundity of the naleh fish harvested from Nagan Raya District, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Sampling was conducted from January to December 2016 at three sampling locations that were determined purposively based on the recommendations of local fishermen. The fish samples were caught using casting nets and gillnets at two-week intervals. A total of 761 fish samples, comprising 135 females and 626 males, with males predominating at a ratio of 1:4.6 (female: male). The gonadosomatic index (GSI) average of the females ranged from 0.58% to 4.28%, while 1.24% to 4.18% for males. The male fish first matured at 73 mm, whereas the female reached maturity at a size of 85 mm. The total fecundity ranged from 656-5725 eggs with an average of 2663.2 eggs, whereas the relative fecundity from 35.69-254.65 eggs gram-1 body weight with an average of 136.88 eggs gram-1 body weight. Our finding able to demonstrate that reproductive properties of Barbonymus sp. allow us to better estimate their spawning season either females and males, which can be useful for conservation planning and also their fecundity data was important for aquaculture development in the future.
Exploring biofertilizer potential of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria candidates from different plant ecosystems
Authors: Agustiyani Dwi , Kumala Dewi Tirta , Laili Nur , Nditasari Achirul , Antonius Sarjiya
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Agustiyani D, Dewi TK, Laili N, Nditasari A, Antonius S. 2021. Exploring biofertilizer potential of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria candidates from different plant ecosystems. Biodiversitas 22: 2691-2698. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have been widely used as inoculants to increase the growth of crops. This study aims to evaluate the effective PGPR strains according to their capability in various plant growth-promoting activities in vitro. Ten rhizosphere soil samples were obtained from several plant ecosystems in Bangkinang, Kampar, Sumatra Island, Indonesia. A total of 42 bacteria were isolated and tested for three plant growth–promoting activities i.e., phosphate solubilization, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production, and N fixation. Out of 42 isolates, 26 were positive for phosphate solubilization, 11 were positive for IAA production, and five were positive for N fixation. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of plant growth–promoting activities revealed that the highest phosphate solubilizing isolate was PK.4.2 (SI 4.33); the highest IAA-producing isolate was I.4.2 (73.1 ppm); while the highest N-fixing ability was NFB.1.1. According to the seed bioassay results, the shoot and root length of bok choy (Brassica rapa) seedlings were significantly enhanced with the PGPR isolates treatment. The highest shoot length (2.53 cm) was observed among seeds treated with I.4.2 isolate, followed by PK.6.1 (2.45 cm) and I.5.3 (2.07 cm). The NFB.1.1 isolate promoted the longest root length (6.4 cm), although this was similar with I.5.3 isolate (6.11 cm). Two isolates that showed significant plant growth–promoting activities were analyzed using 16S rDNA sequences. The two isolates had a close evolutionary relationship with genus Sinomonas strain Cw 108 (I.4.2) and Arthrobacter (I.5.3.).
The roles of ameliorants on tree seedling growth for land rehabilitation
Authors: Budi Yuwono Slamet , Alawiyah Alawiyah , Riniarti Melya , Dermiyati Dermiyati
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Yuwono SB, Alawiyah, Riniarti M, Dermiyati. 2021. The roles of ameliorants on tree seedling growth for land rehabilitation. Biodiversitas 22: 2706-2714. Revegetation of the limestone post-mining land using trees with ameliorants is expected to improve land quality and soil biodiversity. This research aimed to accelerate the seedling growth of tree species namely sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria), agarwood or gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis), and acacia (Acacia mangium) on limestone post-mining soil media by applying various types of ameliorants. The experimental design was a Completely Randomized Design consisting of 7 treatments with three replications, namely P0 (without ameliorant or control), P1 (humic acid [HA], 4 kg ha-1), P2 (phosphate rocks [PR], 350 kg ha-1), P3 (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi [AMF], 500 spores plant-1), P4 (HA+AMF), P5 (PR+ AMF), and P6 (HA+PR+AMF). The variance analysis of data were done at the significance level of 0.05 and continued with the LSD test. The combination of ameliorants HA and AMF gave the highest root nodules number in 3-month-old P. falcataria with the percentage of effective nodules in absorbing N of 100% at 12 weeks after planting. Ameliorant application did not affect the root nodule number, the percentage of effective nodules, and the percentage of root infection by mycorrhizae in 3-month-old A. mangium. The combination of ameliorants PR and AMF gave the highest percentage of root infection by mycorrhizae in 4-month-old A. malaccensis. The tree dependence level on mycorrhizae was categorized as highly dependent on A. malaccensis, marginally dependent on P. falcataria, and independent on A. mangium.
Finger millet-based staple beverages consumed by the Gadaba ethnic community of Odisha, India: Preparation and nutritive characteristics
Authors: MISHRA ARUP KUMAR , BAJPAI RANJANA , SWAIN AMRITA
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Mishra AK, Bajpai R, Swain A. 2021. Finger millet-based staple beverages consumed by the Gadaba ethnic community of Odisha, India: Preparation and nutritive characteristics. Biodiversitas 22: 2737-2742. The indigenous food and beverages reflect the acquaintance of ethnic population to local environmental settings. Development of diet structure includes diversities in food and beverages depend on the ethnic knowledge they perceive from their ancestors as well as from the environmental determinants. The Gadaba ethnic community being native to the southern part of Odisha state in India, developed the art to sustain them through rain-fed agricultural crops like finger millet and upland rice. These traditional non-hybrid crops give different dimensions to their food and beverage structure. In this case, the study focussed on finger millet-based staple beverages consumed by Gadaba ethnic community of this region. The effort is given to discuss the complete indigenous preparation process and nutritional parameters concerning two indigenous indispensable fermented beverages named Landa and Pej. The nutritional analysis of these beverages proved it to be a promising diet structure for sustainability.
Antibacterial activity, antioxidant potential, total phenolic and flavonoids of three plant species of Rubiaceae from Banggai Island, Indonesia
Authors: Praptiwi Praptiwi , Sulistiarini Diah , Qodrie Ersaliany Nurul Pratiwi , Sahroni Deni
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Praptiwi, Sulistiarini D, Qodrie ENP, Sahroni D. 2021. Antibacterial activity, antioxidant potential, total phenolic and flavonoids of three plant species of Rubiaceae from Banggai Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 2773-2778. The present study was carried out to study the antioxidant and antibacterial potential of different plant parts (stems, leaves, and fruit) of the family Rubiaceae (Timonius celebicus, Psychotria celebica, Gardenia mutabilis) collected from the Banggai Islands. Screening of antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and antioxidant potential was carried out by Thin Layer Chromatography- Bioautography. Determination of IC50 and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was carried out by microdilution in a 96-well microplate. Total phenolic and total flavonoid content was determined by the colorimetric method. Total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) was varied from 29.78-380.99 mg GAE/g extract and 105.61-841.18 mg QE/g extract, respectively. The antioxidant capacity of three plant species was varied from moderate to very strong. Antioxidant Activity Index (AAI) was found more affected by TFC than TPC. The antibacterial activity of the extract against E. coli was weak, while some extracts have moderate antibacterial activity against S. aureus
Biological and management design for sustainable wetland rice farming in Siak District, Riau, Indonesia
Authors: YUSUF RACHMIWATI , FUADI INDRA , M. TANG USMAN , KARNILA RAHMAN , Pato Usman
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Yusuf RA, Tank UM, Karnila R, Pato U. 2021. Biological and management design for sustainable wetland rice farming in Siak District, Riau, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 2803-2814. This study aimed to develop a management design for sustainable wetland rice farming to promote food security in Siak District, Riau Province. This study was conducted through survey research wherein primary and secondary data were used. In the sustainability analysis, the Rapfish method was used which is based on eight attributes that are a combination of key factors in the sustainability analysis and stakeholder needs analysis. Results showed that the management design that can be implemented to improve the sustainability of rice farming involves preventing the continuous paddy field conversion and thus promote their preservation, improving the farmers’ knowledge and skills to create superior human resources, and strengthening agribusiness-based farmer institutions to improve farmers’ welfare. The multidimensional sustainability value obtained in three scenarios was within the 50–75% range, indicating a fairly sustainable status. For this reason, it is recommended to apply scenario 1 wherein sustainability can be increased at low costs and within a relatively short time
Phylogenetic positions of three Amorphophallus species natively growing in the Meratus Mountains, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: Mursyidin Dindin Hidayatul , Hernanda Muhammad Aldy
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Mursyidin DH, Hernanda MA. 2021. Phylogenetic positions of three Amorphophallus species natively growing in the Meratus Mountains, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 2821-2828. Information on genetic diversity and relationships (phylogenetic position) of germplasm is essential for conservation and breeding programs in the future. Here, we focused on determining the genetic diversity and phylogenetic positions of three native Amorphophallus species from the Meratus Mountains, South Kalimantan, Indonesia, using the rbcL marker. The results show that this germplasm has a medium level of genetic diversity (0.63). The phylogenetic analyses (NJ, ML, and MP) revealed that Amorphophallus from the region has a unique or specific relationship position. In this case, A. muelleri with an accession number of MT818204 and MT818205 are grouping and have close relatedness with A. muelleri previously deposited in GenBank (AF497087.1). Three samples of A. paeoniifolius (MT818202, MT818203, and MT818206) have also clustered with the same species (DQ012500.1; AF497091.1). An interesting result was shown by A. borneensis (MT818211) that demonstrated a close relationship with A. tinekeae (DQ012505.1) in NJ and ML analyses, not with a similar species (DQ012484.1) in MP analysis. Further, a bootstrap analysis on an earlier analysis supported the separation. Thus, this information is valuable in supporting the conservation and breeding programs of this germplasm, both locally and globally.
Resistance status and physiological activity test of Spenochlea zeylanica and Ludwigia octovalvis in paddy field to 2,4-D and metsulfuron-methyl herbicides
Authors: RAHMADI RIZKY , SRIYANI NANIK , YUSNITA YUSNITA , PUJISISWANTO HIDAYAT , HAPSORO DWI
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Rahmadi R, Sriyani N, Yusnita, Pujisiswanto H, Hapsoro D. 2021. Resistance status and physiological activity test of Spenochlea zeylanica and Ludwigia octovalvis in paddy field to 2,4-D and metsulfuron-methyl herbicides. Biodiversitas 22: 2829-2838. Spenochlea zeylanica and Ludwigia octovalvis are dominant in Trimurjo paddy fields in Central Lampung Regency, Lampung, Indonesia and difficult to control with 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and metsulfuron-methyl herbicides that had been used for more than 12 years. This study aims to determine the resistance status of S. zeylanica and L. octovalvis and physiological activity in resistance and susceptible of both weeds species exposed to  2,4-D and metsulfuron-methyl herbicides. The study was conducted from August to December 2019 in the Greenhouse Botanical Garden of Sumatra Institute of Technology. The study used a split-plot design, the origin of weed species as the main plot and herbicide dose as the subplot. S. zeylanica exposed has low-level resistance to 2,4-D and metsulfuron-methyl herbicides with resistance Index (RI) of 2.19 and 2.87, respectively. L. octovalvis exposed was still classified as susceptible to 2,4-D and metsulfuron-methyl herbicides with RI of 1.00 and 1.59, respectively. The physiological activities (carbon assimilation, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate) of S. zeylanica resistant to 2,4-D and metsulfuron-methyl herbicides is higher than S. zeylanica susceptible 2,4-D and metsulfuron-methyl herbicides
Construction of an integrated multi-layer textile for solar-driven steam generation
Authors: Xie Mengyu , Qian Jiaqi , Li Yao , Yang Hanmei , Qu Jiangang , Hu Xiaolin , Mao Qinghui
Published: May 2021

Solar steam generation has widespread application in wastewater treatment, seawater desalination, liquid–liquid separation, and other fields, providing potential opportunities for producing fresh water. Up until now, most researchers in this field focused on enhancing the evaporation rate of the solar steam generation device. However, problems in terms of its portability and flexibility still exist when it comes to real application scenarios. Herein, we propose a novel, to the best of our knowledge, integrated multi-layer textile composed of reduced graphene oxide/cotton (RGO/cotton) fabric, cotton yarn, and polypropylene (PP) fabric for solar-driven steam generation. The evaporation rate obtained by the integrated multi-layer textile as prepared is

0.83

k
g
⋅
m

−
2

⋅

h

−
1

under one sun solar radiation, which is 3.16 times higher than that of blank experiment and is superior to many previously reported works. Its remarkable evaporation performance is mainly attributed to the inherent multi-layer structures, where porous RGO/cotton fabric exhibits ultra-water vapor permeability, hydrophilic cotton yarn supplies water continuously, and low-density hydrophobic PP fabric hinders heat sustainably. Based on the results of application performance evaluation, the integrated multi-layer textile with scalable manufacturability, portability, durability, and flexibility is expected to boost the development of solar-driven steam generation.
Analytic model of a laser-controlled thermally deformable mirror
Authors: Mahnke Peter , Schmid Elke
Published: May 2021

We report on an analytic model of a laser-controlled thermally deformable mirror. The model shows the spatial low pass behavior of such a mirror system regarding the intensity distribution that controls the temperature distribution and the optical phase difference distribution of the deformable mirror. The model is validated using the data of measurements described by Schmid and Mahnke [J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 35, 2661 (2018)JOBPDE0740-322410.1364/JOSAB.35.002661].
Broadband antireflective random metasurfaces
Authors: González-Alcalde Alma K. , Rojas-Martinez Isabel Y. , Reyes-Coronado Alejandro
Published: May 2021

In this work, we propose and numerically investigate broadband antireflective random metasurfaces. We demonstrate that a random monolayer of identical metallic subwavelength spherical particles, deposited on a substrate, is able to suppress the reflection in a broadband spectral region over a wide range of incident angles and that it is insensitive to the polarization. From the optical properties of a single spherical particle, we show that the annihilation of the reflectivity is due to the constructive interference between the radiated electromagnetic waves from the electric dipole and the electric quadrupole induced within the particles. The metasurfaces we propose in this work have significant opportunities in many technological areas, including display technologies, glass windows, automobile industries, solar harvesting, and detectors. Furthermore, they are suitable for fabrication; hence, experimental validation of our theoretical predictions is feasible.
Significance of Bloch impedance over wave impedance in photonic crystal waveguides
Authors: Prakash Chandra , Sen Mrinal
Published: May 2021

The impedance of a medium carrying electromagnetic waves had been one of the important metrics for designing devices. However, the conclusions of wave impedance in periodic media like photonic crystal (PhC) waveguides fail to describe different wave propagation phenomena. Instead, Bloch impedance fits more appropriately in such a case. However, the existing definition of Bloch impedance by Boscolo et al. [J. Lightwave Technol. 20, 304 (2002)JLTEDG0733-872410.1109/50.983245] is also unable to encounter some typical characteristics of wave propagation. This work brings out these discrepancies by providing a detailed comparison between the wave impedance, and the said Bloch impedance in rods-in-air-type and holes-in-dielectric-type PhC (hole-type) structures. The theoretical analysis shows that the nature of wave propagation in a rods-in-air-type PhC waveguide can be successfully described by this Bloch impedance in the whole band, whereas the wave impedance fails in it at and beyond the point of transition (from positive to negative) in group velocity. Conversely, this Bloch impedance is unable to characterize the wave propagation at the point of transition in group velocity within a hole-type PhC. Thereby, a procedural change in the calculation of Bloch impedance is proposed, and the supremacy of this proposed calculation over existing ones has been established for both the types of PhC waveguides. Moreover, the unexplored odd mode of the hole-type PhC waveguide has also been examined along with its even band in order to signify the importance of Bloch impedance over wave impedance.
Ray-tracing analysis of a single-grating stretcher with an arbitrary three-mirror unit-magnification telescope
Authors: Kostryukov Pavel
Published: May 2021

This paper considers the general case of a single-grating femtosecond stretcher with an arbitrary ratio of radii of curvature of the telescope mirrors

R
1

/

R
2

, including the particular cases with

R
1

/

R
2

=
−
2

and 0, known as Öffner and Martinez configurations, respectively. Analytical expressions for the general stretcher geometry, beam sizes on the elements, and linear properties are obtained with the Kostenbauder matrix formalism. Using the ray-tracing approach, the roles of both the ratio of

R
1

/

R
2

and the size of the telescope are analyzed in terms of the fourth-order dispersion, angular chirp, and sensitivity to misalignments.
Laser to laser power conversion with remote signaling
Authors: Roycroft Brendan , Baskaran Meena , McMahon David , Corbett Brian
Published: May 2021

We demonstrate laser power conversion using an edge-coupled waveguide configuration. A laser with an emission energy of 0.87 eV (1427 nm) optically pumps a second with an emission energy of 0.80 eV (1540 nm), achieving the maximum possible open circuit voltage of 0.83 V due to optically pumped lasing. A fiber to device power conversion efficiency of 33% is achieved with internal power conversion efficiency ranging from 57% to 51%. The voltage at maximum power is 0.6 V, which is a record for the wavelength range. The same optically pumped device is used for effectively power-free 500 Mbps upstream data transmission, enabling compact powering and signaling for emerging applications in minimally invasive medical interventions and remote photonics.
Brillouin light scattering during shearing of complex fluids
Authors: Lehr Claudius Moritz , Astasheva Olga , Baller Jörg
Published: May 2021

A setup for the optical measurement of elastic properties during the flow of complex fluids is presented. Brillouin light scattering and rotational rheology are combined in order to simultaneously measure the high-frequency longitudinal elastic modulus in a classical rheometer along with the zero-shear viscosity. Brillouin light scattering allows for the contactless determination of local elastic properties. First measurements of a diluted polymer system suggest a homogeneous orientation of polymer molecules throughout the sample as soon as a critical shear rate has been reached at one spatial position.
Enhanced directional quantum emission by tunable topological doubly resonant cavities
Authors: Xu Chenmin , Sheng Chong , Zhu Shining , Liu Hui
Published: May 2021

How to utilize topological microcavities to control quantum emission is one of the ongoing research topics in the optical community. In this work, we investigate the emission of quantum emitters in a doubly-resonant topological Tamm microcavity, which can simultaneously achieve dual resonances at two arbitrary wavelengths according to the needs of practical application. To achieve the enhancement of quantum emission in such cavities, we have exploited the tunable doubly-resonant modes, in which one of resonant modes corresponds to the pump laser wavelength and the other one is located at the emission wavelength of quantum emitters. Both theoretical and experimental results demonstrate that the pump excitation and emission efficiencies of quantum emitters are greatly enhanced. The main physical mechanism can be explained by the doubly-resonant cavity temporal coupled-mode theory. Furthermore, we observe the faster emission rate and the higher efficiency of unidirectional quantum emission, which have promising applications in optical detection, sensing, filtering, and light-emitting devices.