bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Therapy Strategies for Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Worley Julie
Published: January 2020

Substance use disorders (SUDs) are prevalent and carry a high mortality rate. SUDs are chronic health conditions resulting from a chemical imbalance in the brain. However, recovery from SUDs is possible. There are several evidence-based nonpharmacological therapies for SUDs, including cognitive-behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based interventions, and eye movement desensitization reprocessing. Many patients are not aware of, or do not receive, these therapies. Nurses can use simple strategies within the therapy models when working with patients with SUDs. In addition, nurses are in a prime position to educate patients about these evidence-based therapies and refer patients to therapists or advanced practice nurses with training and expertise in these nonpharmacological treatments. [
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 58
(3), 14–18.]
Antoine Léon (1921-1998) : un précurseur de l’orientation éducative
Authors: Roche Pierre
Published: January 2020

Antoine Léon (1921-1998), conseiller d’orientation professionnelle au service de recherches de l’Inetop entre 1947 et 1957, disciple d’Henri Wallon et militant communiste, élabore, avec plusieurs de ses collègues une orientation professionnelle éducative en opposition à la conception de l’orientation professionnelle alors dominante en France, portée par Henri Piéron, basée sur l’évaluation des aptitudes par les tests psychotechniques. Il prend également ses distances avec la ligne politique de son parti. Il devint professeur à la Sorbonne en sciences de l’éducation et spécialiste en histoire et psychologie, au terme d’une carrière prolifique de près de cinquante ans marquée par la publication d’une quinzaine d’ouvrages et 160 articles. Son œuvre rebelle, jugée à l’époque destructrice par Piéron, posera pourtant les bases d’une approche éducative en orientation qui s’imposera plusieurs décennies plus tard.
L’orientation en France des origines aux années 1940 - La création de l'Inop
Authors: Loarer Even
Published: January 2020

Dès le milieu du XIXe siècle, des propositions précises sont faites pour l’orientation professionnelle des jeunes quittant l’école primaire. Mais il faut attendre le lendemain de la Première Guerre mondiale pour voir apparaître des institutions significatives, les offices d’orientation professionnelle, futurs centres d’orientation professionnelle (OP). On rappelle les conditions dans lesquelles a été créé l’Institut national d’orientation professionnelle (Inop) en 1928 et on décrit son organisation et son mode de fonctionnement.
موقف الإمام ابن حزم الأندلسي من شبهة تحريف القرآن الكريم عند الشيعة
Authors: فهد بن محمد بن عبدالرحمن القرشي فهد بن محمد بن عبدالرحمن القرشي
Published: January 2020

موقف الإمام ابن حزم الأندلسي من شبهة تحريف القرآن الكريم عند الشيعة دارت هذه الدراسة حول بيان أول من قال بهذه البدعة المغلظة أعني بها بدعة تحريف القرآن الكريم، وجاءت الدراسة في تمهيد ومبحثين : التمهيد: تم التعريف فيه بابن حزم والشيعة ومفهوم الشيعة عنده. والمبحث الأول: نشأة التشيع وأسبابه عند ابن حزم. والمبحث الثاني: موقف ابن حزم من شبهة تحريف القرآن الكريم. ثم جاءت الخاتمة: فيها أهم النتائج.
الشهادة الأدبية وبناء صورة الذات الساردات السعوديات نموذجا
Authors: عبد الله بن حمود الفوزان عبد الله بن حمود الفوزان
Published: January 2020

يعد السرد النسوي السعودي علامة فارقة في تاريخ السرد العربي لقدرته في السنوات الأخيرة أن يكون محط أنظار المهتمين من نقاد ودور نشر ومترجمين. وقد ناقشت الدراسة طبيعة هذا السرد النسوي السعودي من منظور الشهادات الأدبية للساردات السعوديات التي حتما تعد نافذة معتبرة من نوافذ آليات كشف أسرار النص. وهو ما دفعها إلى تحديد الهوية الأجناسية للشهادة الأدبية، وبيان طبيعتها عند الساردات السعوديات. ثم بينت الدراسة الكيفية التي تعمل الشهادة الأدبية عبرها على بناء صورة الذات وعلاقة ذلك بالسيرة الذاتية للكاتبة. وتناولت أخيرا علاقة النص الشهادي بقضايا المجتمع.
التكامل المعرفي بين العلوم الإنسانية في مواجهة الانحراف الفكري والسلوكي لدي الشباب
Authors: ندى محمد جميل برنجي ندى محمد جميل برنجي
Published: January 2020

في زمن انتشرت فيه المفاهيم الخاطئة، والأخلاق الهدامة انتشارا سريعا عبر الانترنت ووسائل الإعلام والتواصل الاجتماعي أصبح من مسؤولية الأكاديميين والمتخصصين في العلوم الإنسانية دراسة ظاهرة الميل عن الحق التي قد تدفع الشباب إلى انتهاج سلوكا منحرفا لا يتوافق مع الدين والعادات والتقاليد، أو سلوكا متطرفا يؤدى للغلو والتطرف الديني والإرهاب. ولذا وجب على الباحثين في العلوم الإنسانية أن يتحدوا، وتتكامل معارفهم؛ لدراسة وتحليل هذه الظاهرة، ووضع اِستراتيجية واضحة، ومنهجية محددة؛ لمحاربة هذا السلوك المنحرف الذي تفشى لدى بعض الشباب في العالم العربي والغربي. وأكبر دليل على ذلك انتهاج بعضهم لأساليب غير أخلاقية في حياتهم، أو انضمامهم إلى المنظمات الإرهابية والسرية. إن التكامل المعرفي بين العلوم الشرعية والدينية، وعلم النفس، وعلم الاجتماع، وعلم الجغرافيا، والتاريخ، ونظم المعلومات، واللغة العربية، واللغات الأجنبية، والإعلام، وعلم الاتصال، سيتيح للخبراء في هذه التخصصات إجراء دراسات بينية لهذه الظاهرة من جميع جوانبها؛ للوقوف على التأثير الديني، والنفسي، والاجتماعي، والجغرافي، والتاريخي على الشباب. وسيكون للإعلام، وعلم الاتصال، واللغة العربية، واللغات المختلفة دور في دراسة العوامل المؤثرة في سرعة انتشار هذه المفاهيم الخاطئة، وتحليل الخطاب الموجه للشباب عبر الإنترنت، ووسائل التواصل الاجتماعي؛ لمواجهة الانحراف الفكري والسلوكي، بوضع خطة اِستراتيجية تكاملية بين العلوم الإنسانية للحد من تفاقم هذا الظاهرة، والقضاء عليها.
الصحافة كمهنة في العالم العربي واتجاهات الصحفيين نحوها في عصر الإعلام الجديد
Authors: أحمد بن علي الزهراني أحمد بن علي الزهراني
Published: January 2020

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى سبر اتجاهات الصحفيين نحو مهنة الصحافة في العالم العربي والتحديات التي تواجههم نحو مهنة الصحافة في ظل تكنولوجيا الإعلام الجديد، من خلال رصد الواقع الصحفي لديهم والمعايير التي تحكمه. وتنبثق أهميتها من خلال رصد أهم التأثيرات التكنولوجية لوسائل الإعلام الجديد على العمل الإعلامي وتقديم صورة عامة عن وضع الصحفيين العرب (السعوديين – المصريين) وقياس اتجاهاتهم لمعرفة مدى مواكبتهم لهذه التقنيات، ومدى التحديات التي يوجهونها. واستخدمت الدراسة منهج المسح على العينة ضمن البحوث الوصفية لملائمته لموضوع البحث وذلك من خلال تطبيقه على 200 مفردة عمدية بواقع 100 مفردة من الصحفيين السعوديين في صحف المملكة العربية السعودية ومثلها لبعض الصحفيين المصريين في صحف جمهورية مصر العربية. وانتهت الدراسة إلى أن عدد من النتائج والتوصيات من أهمها أن أبرز التحديات التي يواجهها الصحفيون في الوقت الراهن نقص مساحة حرية التعبير وضعف المقابل المادي، واستمرار الانخفاض في توزيع الصحف الورقية بسبب تتطور التكنولوجيات الاتصالية وضعف الانقرائية لوسائل الإعلام التقليدية مما يهدد استقراراهم الوظيفي. كم أثبتت الدراسة إلى وجود علاقة ارتباطية ذات دلالة إحصائية بين تأثير التحديات التقنية على الصحفيين وأدائهم العمل المهني. وقد أوصت الدراسة إلى رفع كفاءة المنتجات الأكاديمية من برامج دراسية ودورات تدريبية في جميع مجالات العمل الصحفي لمواكبة المتغيرات الاتصالية المعاصرة. كما أوصت الدراسة إلى ضرورة تحرك الحكومات عبر أذرعها القانونية والاستثمارية لدعم وتطوير الصحافة من خلال حزمة من القوانين والإجراءات غير التقليدية، التي تتفق مع طبيعة المرحلة للحفاظ على بيئة صحافية ذو جاذبية ومتماسكة تستطيع من خلالها القيام بعملها كسلطة رابعة خادمة لمجتمع مدني متحضر.
Evaluation of Thermoplastic Vulcanizates in Radomes
Authors: de A. P. Gabino Alessandra , Indrusiak Tamara , Guenther Soares Bluma
Published: January 2020

The present paper evaluates a thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV) of polypropylene (PP) and nitrile rubber (NBR), with and without carbon nanotube (CNT), with a potential application in structures that protect radar antennas, radomes. Morphological analysis, izod impact test, electromagnetic properties measurement and S-parameters were performed in order to verify its operational functioning. The presence of CNT affected the morphology of TPV, reducing the size of NBR particles. This enhanced impact strength results, besides the already known reinforcing effect of CNT on polymeric matrices. Electromagnetic parameters showed that both filled and unfilled TPV are low-loss materials. However, better impact result makes the filled TPV the most indicated material for radome application.
Encapsulation of Oxidizers: Efficient Method by Spout-fluid Bed
Authors: de Oliveira Silva Jessica , Ribeiro Campos Silva Josiane , Barros de Oliveira Lucas , Yuji Nagamachi Marcio , Fernando de Araujo Ferrão Luiz , Pereira Cardoso Kamila
Published: January 2020

In composite solid propellants, the oxidizer in the form of particles is embedded in a polymeric matrix. In general, these oxidizers consist in inorganic salts that are hygroscopic, chemically incompatible or sensitive to friction or impact, so that microencapsulation can be applied as a mean to provide a protective coating layer. This work aims to assess the effectiveness of the spout-fluid bed method to perform microencapsulation of ammonium perchlorate particles with acrylic-based resin. The formed coating integrity was assessed by an optical stereomicroscope for samples with one, two and four layers of coating before and after dissolving the cores in water. The parameters utilized in this method provided a complete and individualized encapsulation with sufficient integrity. Therefore, the spout-fluid bed method proved to be effective, particularly with the application of multiple layers.
Microwave Absorbing Properties of NiZnCu Ferrite and Polychloropren Composites
Authors: Richa Priscila , Costa Lima Roberto , Paula Santiago de Falco Ana , Paula da Silva Ana , Leal Elvia , Cristina Figueiredo de Melo Costa Ana
Published: January 2020

Radar-absorbing materials (RAMs) have been used in military applications for several decades to reduce radar detection of vessels and aircrafts. In the present work, the performance of Ni0.35Zn0.35Cu0.3Fe2O4 ferrite as a RAM is investigated. The ferrite was firstly synthesized by combustion reaction and then calcinated at 1200 °C for 1 h. Composites were prepared with 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40 concentrations in weight of ferrite:polychloroprene. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed a single phase ferrite formation and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the composites showed a good dispersion of the ferrite in the polychloroprene matrix. The electromagnetic (EM) characterization of the composites revealed that the EM attenuation is mainly attributed to magnetic losses observed in the material. The 80:20 composite achieved the best performance and presented a reflectivity of -26.7 dB at 10.2 GHz.
U.S. Monetary Policy Spillovers to GCC Countries
Authors: Adedeji Olumuyiwa , Roos Erik , Shahid Sohaib , Zhu Ling
Published: January 2020

This paper provides empirical evidence that the size of the spillovers from U.S. monetary
policy to non-oil GDP growth in the GCC countries depends on the level of oil prices. The
potential channels through which oil prices could affect the effectiveness of monetary policy
are discussed. We find that the level of oil prices tends to dampen or amplify the growth
impact of changes in U.S. monetary policy on the non-oil economies in the GCC.
Bank Capital and the Cost of Equity
Authors: Belkhir Mohamed , Ben Naceur Sami , Chami Ralph , Semet Anis
Published: January 2020

Using a sample of publicly listed banks from 62 countries over the 1991-2017 period, we investigate the impact of capital on banks’ cost of equity. Consistent with the theoretical prediction that more equity in the capital mix leads to a fall in firms’ costs of equity, we find that better capitalized banks enjoy lower equity costs. Our baseline estimations indicate that a 1 percentage point increase in a bank’s equity-to-assets ratio lowers its cost of equity by about 18 basis points. Our results also suggest that the form of capital that investors value the most is sheer equity capital; other forms of capital, such as Tier 2 regulatory capital, are less (or not at all) valued by investors. Additionally, our main finding that capital has a negative effect on banks’ cost of equity holds in both developed and developing countries. The results of this paper provide the missing evidence in the debate on the effects of higher capital requirements on banks’ funding costs.
The Impact of Profit Shifting on Economic Activity and Tax Competition
Authors: Klemm Alexander , Liu Li
Published: January 2020

A growing empirical literature has documented significant profit shifting activities by multinationals. This paper looks at the impact of such profit shifting on real activity and tax competition. Real activity can be affected as profit shifting changes—and theoretically most likely reduces—the cost of capital. Tax competition, even over real capital, is affected, because a permissive attitude toward profit shifting can be seen as a selective tax reduction for multinationals. Tightening profit shifting rules in turn can affect tax competition through the main rate. This paper discusses these issues theoretically and with the help of a simulation to assess the impact of profit-shifting on investment, revenues, and government behavior. Using the theoretical framework, it also provides a brief overview of the related empirical literature.
Institutional Arrangements for Fintech Regulation and Supervision
Authors: Taylor Charles , Wilson Christopher , Holttinen Eija , Morozova Anastasiia
Published: January 2020

Fintech developments are shaking up mandates within the existing regulatory architecture. It is not uncommon for financial sector agencies to have multiple policy objectives. Most often the policy objectives for these agencies reflect prudential, conduct and financial stability policy objectives. In some cases, financial sector agencies are also allocated responsibility for enhancing competition and innovation. When it comes to fintech, countries differ to some extent in the manner they balance the objectives of promoting the development of fintech and regulating it. Countries see fintech as a means of achieving multiple policy objectives sometimes with lesser or greater degrees of emphasis, such as accelerating development and spurring financial inclusion, while others may support innovation with the objective of promoting competition and efficiency in the provision of financial services. This difference in emphasis may impact institutional structures, including the allocation of staff resources. Conflicts of interest arising from dual roles are sometimes managed through legally established prioritization of objectives or establishment of separate internal reporting lines for supervision and development.
Political Costs of Tax-Based Consolidations
Authors: Chen Chuling , Dabla-Norris Era , Rappaport Jay , Zdzienicka Aleksandra
Published: January 2020

This paper studies the impact of tax-based consolidations on reelection outcomes. Using a granular database of tax-based consolidations for a panel of 10 OECD countries over the last 40 years, we find that tax reforms are politically costly but some reforms are costlier than others. Measures aimed primarily at reducing existing deficits and debt are costlier than tax consolidation policies for improving long-term growth prospects. Electoral costs are particularly high for broad-based indirect tax and corporate tax reforms. Voters tend to penalize governments less if tax consolidations are announced early in the government’s term or if the government has a strong political mandate. Favorable economic conditions increase public support for tax-based consolidations. Personal income tax reforms are electorally salient if the reforms are frontloaded, announced during recessions, and in less progressive tax systems.
Global Value Chains and External Adjustment
Authors: Adler Gustavo , Meleshchuk Sergii , Osorio Buitron Carolina
Published: January 2020

The paper explores how international integration through global value chains shapes the working of exchange rates to induce external adjustment both in the short and medium run. The analysis indicates that greater integration into international value chains reduces the exchange rate elasticity of gross trade volumes. This result holds both in the short and medium term, pointing to the rigidity of value chains. At the same time, greater value chain integration is associated with larger gross trade flows, relative to GDP, which tends to amplify the effect of exchange rate movements. Overall, combining these two results suggests that, for most countries, integration into global value chains does not materially alter the working of exchange rates and the benefits of exchange rate flexibility in facilitating external adjustment remain.
Do Fiscal Rules Cause Fiscal Discipline Over the Electoral Cycle?
Authors: Eklou Kodjovi , Joanis Marcelin
Published: January 2020

This paper estimates the causal effect of fiscal rules on political budget cycles in a sample of 67
developing countries over the period 1985–2007. We exploit the geographical pattern in the
adoption of fiscal rules to isolate an exogenous source of variation in the adoption of national
fiscal rules. Based on a diffusion argument, we use the number of other countries in a given
subregion that have fiscal rules in place to predict the probability of having them at the country
level. We find that in election years with fiscal rules in place, public consumption is reduced by
1.6 percentage point of GDP as compared to election years without these rules. This impact is
equivalent to a reduction by a third of the volatility of public consumption in our sample.
Furthermore, the effectiveness of these rules depends on their type, their institutional design,
whether they have been in place for a long time and finally on the degree of competitiveness of
elections.
Turkey
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
Published: January 2020

Following the sharp lira depreciation and associated recession in late-2018, growth has improved, helped by policy stimulus and favorable market conditions. The lira recovered and the current account has seen a remarkable adjustment. Turkey remains susceptible to external and domestic risks, however, and prospects for strong and sustainable growth over the medium term look challenging without reforms to address vulnerabilities, strengthen policy credibility, and boost productivity.
Staging
Authors: Blee Lisa , O’Brien Jean M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter follows Massasoit through eighty years of unveilings and dedication ceremonies across diverse locations to interrogate how the national narrative originally imagined by the Improved Order of Red Men was staged and how audiences received it in Plymouth and locations far away from New England. The interplay between the intended narrative of national belonging and regional/local ramifications of the statue's installation is noted, and indigenous perspectives are included. Even after the unveiling ceremonies in each locale and era (Plymouth in 1921, Salt Lake City in 1922 and 1959, and Evergreen Park, Kansas City, Spokane, and Provo in late 1970s), the statue continued to accumulate meaning for viewers. This chapter argues that Massasoit served as a stage (or staging ground) for public discussions over cultural appropriation and the place of Native people in national and local historical consciousness.
Distancing
Authors: Blee Lisa , O’Brien Jean M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter brings personal experience with history into focus by recounting interviews with passersby as they talk about Massasoit and what the statue means to them, and juxtaposing these accounts with the living history museum Plimoth Plantation and the Public Broadcasting Station "experiential history" series Colonial House. This chapter seeks to understand three related phenomenon: how people experience historical distance between the past and present; how people endeavour to close the distance through consuming history as experience; and the ways in which Native peoples force a reckoning with Indigenous perspectives in Plymouth-centered narratives. Massasoit statues outside of Plymouth offer the greatest cognitive and geographic distance, and therefore a "safe" way to wrestle with the discomfort involved in coming to terms with colonialism. But the place of Plymouth and presence of Native educators makes a difference for closing the distance. Since the first 1970 United American Indians of New England protests, viewers of Massasoit must engage more fully in the nation's history. Plimoth Plantation and Colonial House likewise work to close the distance between the past and present through personal experience. This chapter argues that Native educators and activists play a crucial role for closing the distance and pushing a reckoning with history.
Marketing
Authors: Blee Lisa , O’Brien Jean M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter analyses the commodification of Massasoit over the long history of the project to commemorate the leader. Sculptor Cyrus Dallin's career coincided with major technological developments in metal casting, which made it possible to reproduce sculptures faster and cheaper. Indian statuary cast in bronze was a thriving business that appealed to individuals, institutions, and especially municipalities. The chapter begins with the fund-raising efforts of the Improved Order of Red Men and move to the present-day marketing of Massasoit in every size and form, from small charms to statuettes, and sold in tourist shops, fine art galleries, and online auctions. All of these commodified replicas are imbedded in the creation of Plymouth as a popular tourist destination that peddles itself as the origins of the nation. This story mobile - far beyond and outside of Plymouth - through the sale and acquisition of Massasoit products.
Epilogue
Authors: Blee Lisa , O’Brien Jean M.
Published: January 2020

This concluding essay considers how collective memory is shaped and potentially re-shaped. It argues that the monument serves as a site for intervention, offering the opportunity to disrupt settler memory and install an alternative temporal consciousness that does not celebrate colonial settlement (i.e. the commemoration of the landing of the Mayflower as the start, and the Thanksgiving myth as the continuing ritual of peaceful colonization). The present moment arguable offers great potential for changing collective memory as public debates rage across the country over the removal of monuments to the Confederacy. Yet confronting the violence and on-going structures of colonialism pose particular challenges. Wampanoag educators are leaders in finding creative and effective ways to directly confront the painful history of settler colonialism.
✦ Nation Saints ✦
Authors: Cummings Kathleen Sprows
Published: January 2020

This chapter covers 1925 to 1939, a period over which more U.S. causes for canonization were introduced than ever before. The saints U.S. Catholics supported said more about their own position in the United States than they did about the lives of the saints they embraced. They developed a “new ideal of sainthood” that privileged holy people who evoked transplantation of European Catholicism rather than the conversion of native people, who had braved Protestant scorn in urban centers rather than hostile heathens on a remote frontier, and who had embraced the nation rather than antedated it. This chapter shows how these factors worked in favor of Elizabeth Seton and John Neumann and against Rose Philippine Duchesne and Tekakwitha.
The Last Battleground
Authors: Gerard Philip
Published: January 2020

To understand the long march of events in North Carolina from secession to surrender is to understand the entire Civil War-a personal war waged by Confederates and Unionists, free blacks and the enslaved, farm women and plantation belles, Cherokees and mountaineers, conscripts and volunteers, gentleman officers and poor privates. In the state’s complex loyalties, its sprawling and diverse geography, and its dual role as a home front and a battlefield, North Carolina embodies the essence of the whole epic struggle in all its terrible glory.
Philip Gerard presents this dramatic convergence of events through the stories of the individuals who endured them-reporting the war as if it were happening in the present rather than with settled hindsight-to capture the dreadful suspense of lives caught up in a conflict whose ending had not yet been written. As Gerard reveals, whatever the grand political causes for war, whatever great battles decided its outcome, and however abstract it might seem to readers a century and a half later, the war was always personal.
Raising the White Flag
Authors: Silkenat David
Published: January 2020

The American Civil War began with a laying down of arms by Union troops at Fort Sumter, and it ended with a series of surrenders, most famously at Appomattox Courthouse. But in the intervening four years, both Union and Confederate forces surrendered en masse on scores of other occasions. Indeed, roughly one out of every four soldiers surrendered at some point during the conflict. In no other American war did surrender happen so frequently.
David Silkenat here provides the first comprehensive study of Civil War surrender, focusing on the conflicting social, political, and cultural meanings of the action. Looking at the conflict from the perspective of men who surrendered, Silkenat creates new avenues to understand prisoners of war, fighting by Confederate guerillas, the role of southern Unionists, and the experiences of African American soldiers. The experience of surrender also sheds valuable light on the culture of honor, the experience of combat, and the laws of war.
Lethal State
Authors: Kotch Seth
Published: January 2020

For years, American states have tinkered with the machinery of death, seeking to align capital punishment with evolving social standards and public will. Against this backdrop, North Carolina had long stood out as a prolific executioner with harsh mandatory sentencing statutes. But as the state sought to remake its image as modern and business-progressive in the early twentieth century, the question of execution preoccupied lawmakers, reformers, and state boosters alike.
In this book, Seth Kotch recounts the history of the death penalty, including lynching, in North Carolina from its colonial origins to the present. He tracks the attempts to reform and sanitize the administration of death in a state as dedicated to its image as it was to rigid racial hierarchies. Through this lens, Lethal State helps explain not only Americans' deep and growing uncertainty about the death penalty but also their commitment to it.
Kotch argues that Jim Crow justice continued to reign in the guise of a modernizing, orderly state and offers essential insight into the relationship between race, violence, and power in North Carolina. The history of capital punishment in North Carolina, as in other states wrestling with similar issues, emerges as one of state-building through lethal punishment.
An Anthropology of Marxism
Authors: Robinson Cedric J. , Gordon Avery F. , Quan H. L. T.
Published: January 2020

An Anthropology of Marxism offers Cedric Robinson’s analysis of the history of communalism that has been claimed by Marx and Marxists. Suggesting that the socialist ideal was embedded both in Western and non-Western civilizations and cultures long before the opening of the modern era and did not begin with or depend on the existence of capitalism, Robinson interrogates the social, cultural, institutional, and historical materials that were the seedbeds for communal modes of living and reimagining society. Ultimately, it pushes back against Marx’s vision of a better society as rooted in a Eurocentric society, and cut off from its own precursors. Accompanied by a new foreword by H.L.T. Quan and a preface by Avery Gordon, this invaluable text reimagines the communal ideal from a broader perspective that transcends modernity, industrialization, and capitalism.
Ice supersaturated regions: properties and validation of ERA-Interim reanalysis with IAGOS in situ water vapour measurements
Authors: Reutter Philipp , Neis Patrick , Rohs Susanne , Sauvage Bastien
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Cirrus clouds and their potential formation regions, so-called ice supersaturated regions (ISSRs), with values of relative humidity with respect to ice exceeding 100 %, occur frequently in the tropopause region.
It is assumed that ISSRs and cirrus clouds can change the tropopause structure by diabatic processes, driven by latent heating due to phase transition and interaction with radiation.
For many research questions, a three-dimensional picture including a sufficient temporal resolution of the water vapour fields in the tropopause region is required.
This requirement is fulfilled nowadays by reanalysis products such as the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA-Interim reanalysis.
However, for a meaningful investigation of water vapour in the tropopause region, a comparison of the reanalysis data with measurement is advisable, since it is difficult to measure water vapour and to assimilate meaningful measurements into reanalysis products.
Here, we present an intercomparison of high-resolution in situ measurements aboard passenger aircraft within the European Research Infrastructure IAGOS (In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System; http://www.iagos.org, last access: 15 January 2020) with ERA-Interim.
Temperature and humidity data over the North Atlantic from 2000 to 2009 are compared relative to the dynamical tropopause.
The comparison of the temperature shows good agreement between the measurement and ERA-Interim. While ERA-Interim also shows the main features of the water vapour measurements of IAGOS, the variability of the data is clearly smaller in the reanalysis data set.
The combination of temperature and water vapour leads to the relative humidity with respect to ice (RHi).
Here, ERA-Interim deviates from the measurements concerning values larger than RHi=100 %, both in number and strength of supersaturation.
Also, pathlengths of ISSRs along flight tracks are investigated, representing macrophysical properties as linked to atmospheric flows.
The comparison of ISSR pathlengths shows distinct differences, which can be traced back to the spatial resolution of both data sets.
Also, the seasonal cycle and height dependence of pathlengths changes for the different data sets due to their spatial resolution.
IAGOS shows a significantly greater amount of smaller ISSRs compared to ERA-Interim.
Good agreement begins only at pathlengths on the order of the ERA-Interim spatial resolution and larger.
Investigation of the global methane budget over 1980–2017 using GFDL-AM4.1
Authors: He Jian , Naik Vaishali , Horowitz Larry W. , Dlugokencky Ed , Thoning Kirk
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Changes in atmospheric methane abundance have
implications for both chemistry and climate as methane is both a strong
greenhouse gas and an important precursor for tropospheric ozone. A better
understanding of the drivers of trends and variability in methane abundance
over the recent past is therefore critical for building confidence in
projections of future methane levels. In this work, the representation of
methane in the atmospheric chemistry model AM4.1 is improved by optimizing
total methane emissions (to an annual mean of 580±34 Tg yr−1) to
match surface observations over 1980–2017. The simulations with optimized
global emissions are in general able to capture the observed trend,
variability, seasonal cycle, and latitudinal gradient of methane.
Simulations with different emission adjustments suggest that increases in
methane emissions (mainly from agriculture, energy, and waste sectors)
balanced by increases in methane sinks (mainly due to increases in OH
levels) lead to methane stabilization (with an imbalance of 5 Tg yr−1)
during 1999–2006 and that increases in methane emissions (mainly from
agriculture, energy, and waste sectors) combined with little change in sinks
(despite small decreases in OH levels) during 2007–2012 lead to renewed
growth in methane (with an imbalance of 14 Tg yr−1 for 2007–2017).
Compared to 1999–2006, both methane emissions and sinks are greater (by 31 and 22 Tg yr−1, respectively) during 2007–2017. Our tagged
tracer analysis indicates that anthropogenic sources (such as agriculture,
energy, and waste sectors) are more likely major contributors to the renewed
growth in methane after 2006. A sharp increase in wetland emissions (a
likely scenario) with a concomitant sharp decrease in anthropogenic emissions
(a less likely scenario), would be required starting in 2006 to drive the
methane growth by wetland tracer. Simulations with varying OH levels
indicate that a 1 % change in OH levels could lead to an annual mean
difference of ∼4 Tg yr−1 in the optimized emissions and a
0.08-year difference in the estimated tropospheric methane lifetime.
Continued increases in methane emissions along with decreases in
tropospheric OH concentrations during 2008–2015 prolong methane's lifetime
and therefore amplify the response of methane concentrations to emission
changes. Uncertainties still exist in the partitioning of emissions among
individual sources and regions.
Significant contribution of organics to aerosol liquid water content in winter in Beijing, China
Authors: Jin Xiaoai , Wang Yuying , Li Zhanqing , Zhang Fang , Xu Weiqi , Sun Yele , Fan Xinxin , Chen Guangyu , Wu Hao , Ren Jingye , Wang Qiuyan , Cribb Maureen
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The aerosol liquid water (ALW) content (ALWC), an important component of atmospheric particles, has a significant effect on atmospheric optical
properties, visibility and multiphase chemical reactions. In this study,
ALWC is determined from aerosol hygroscopic growth factor (GF) and particle
number size distribution (PNSD) measurements and is also simulated by ISORROPIA II, a thermodynamic equilibrium model, with measured aerosol chemical composition
data taken at an urban site in Beijing from 8 November to 15 December 2017. Rich
measurements made during the experiment concerning virtually all aerosol
properties allow us not only to derive the ALWC but also to study the
contributions by various species for which little has been done in this
region. The simulated ALWC including the contribution of organics and the
calculated ALWC are highly correlated (coefficient of determination
R2=0.92). The ALWC contributed by organics (ALWCOrg) accounts for 30 %±22 % of the total ALWC during the sampling period. These results suggest a significant contribution of organics to ALWC, which is rather different from previous studies that showed negligible
contributions by organics. Our results also show that ALWC correlates well
with the mass concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, and secondary organic
aerosols (SOAs) (R2=0.66, 0.56 and 0.60, respectively). We further
noted that accumulation mode particles play a key role in determining ALWC,
dominating among all the aerosol modes. ALWC is an exponential function of
ambient relative humidity (RH), whose strong diurnal variation influence the
diurnal variation of ALWC. However, there is a 3 h lag between the
extremes of ALWC and RH values, due to the diurnal variations in PNSD and
aerosol chemical composition. Finally, a case study reveals that
ALWCOrg plays an important role in the formation of secondary aerosols through multiphase reactions at the initial stage of a heavy-haze episode.
Polar semi-volatile organic compounds in biomass burning emissions and their chemical transformations during aging in an oxidation flow reactor
Authors: Sengupta Deep , Samburova Vera , Bhattarai Chiranjivi , Watts Adam C. , Moosmüller Hans , Khlystov Andrey Y.
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) emitted from open biomass-burning (BB) can contribute to chemical and physical properties of atmospheric aerosols and also may cause adverse health effects. The polar fraction of SVOCs constitutes a significant part of BB organic aerosols, and thus it is important to characterize the chemical composition and reactivity of this fraction. In this study, globally and regionally important representative fuels (Alaskan peat, Moscow peat, Pskov peat, Eucalyptus, Malaysian peat, and Malaysian agricultural peat) were burned under controlled conditions using the combustion chamber facility at the Desert Research Institute (DRI). Gas- and particulate-phase biomass-burning emissions were aged in an oxidation flow reactor (OFR) to mimic 5–7 days of atmospheric aging. Fresh and OFR-aged biomass-burning aerosols were collected on Teflon impregnated glass fiber filters (TIGF) in tandem with XAD resin media for organic compound (OC) speciation. The polar fraction extracted with dichloromethane and acetone was analyzed with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for 84 polar organic compounds – including mono and dicarboxylic acids, methoxylated phenols, aromatic acids, anhydrosugars, resin acids, and sterols. For all these compounds, fuel-based emission factors (EFs) were calculated for fresh and OFR-aged samples. The carbon mass of the quantified polar compounds was found to constitute 5 % to 7 % of the total OC mass. High abundance of methoxyphenols (239 mg kg−1 for Pskov peat; 22.6 % of total GC-MS characterized mass) and resin acids (118 mg kg−1 for Pskov peat; 14.5 % of total GC-MS characterized mass) was found in peat burning emissions (smoldering combustion). Concentration of some organic compounds (e.g., tetracosanoic acid) with molecular weight (MW) above 350 g mol−1 decreased after the OFR aging, while abundances of low MW compounds (e.g., hexanoic acid) increased. This indicated a significant extent of fragmentation reactions in the OFR. Methoxyphenols decreased after OFR aging, while a significant increase (3.7 to 8.6 times) in abundance of dicarboxylic acids emission factors (EFs), especially maleic acid (10 to 60 times), was observed. EFs for fresh and ratios from fresh-to-aged BB samples reported in this study can be used to perform source apportionment and predict processes occurring during atmospheric transport.
Quantifying Cloud Adjustments and the Radiative Forcing due to Aerosol-Cloud Interactions in Satellite Observations of Warm Marine Clouds
Authors: Douglas Alyson , L'Ecuyer Tristan
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Aerosol-cloud interactions and their resultant forcing remains one of the largest sources of uncertainty of future climate scenarios. The effective radiative forcing due to aerosol-cloud interactions (ERFaci) is a combination of two different effects, how aerosols modify cloud brightness (RFaci) and how cloud extent reacts to aerosol (CA). Using satellite observations of warm clouds from the NASA A-Train constellation from 2007 to 2010 along with MERRA-2 reanalysis and aerosol from the SPRINTARS model, we evaluate the ERFaci and its components, the RFaci and CA, while accounting for the liquid water path and local environment. We estimate the ERFaci to be −0.32 ± 0.16 W m−2. The RFaci dominates the ERFaci contributing 80 % (−0.21 ± 0.15 W m−2), while the CA enhances this cooling by 20 % (−0.05 ± 0.03 W m−2). Both the RFaci and CA vary in magnitude and sign regionally, and can lead to opposite, negating effects under certain environmental conditions. Without considering the two terms separately, and without constraining cloud-environment interactions, weak regional ERFaci signals may be erroneously attributed to buffering or a damped susceptibility to aerosol.
Comparing lightning observations of the ground-based EUCLID network and the space-based ISS-LIS
Authors: Poelman Dieter R. , Schulz Wolfgang
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) on the International Space Station (ISS) detects lightning from space by capturing the optical scattered light emitted from the top of the clouds. On the other hand, the ground-based European Cooperation for Lightning Detection (EUCLID) makes use of the low-frequency electromagnetic signals generated by lightning discharges to locate those accordingly. The objective of this work is to quantify the similarities and contrasts between the latter two distinct lightning detection technologies by comparing the EUCLID cloud-to-ground strokes and intracloud pulses to the ISS-LIS groups, in addition to the correlation at the flash level. The analysis is based on the observations made during March 01, 2017 and March 31, 2019 within the EUCLID network and limited to 54° north. A Bayesian approach is adopted to determine the relative and absolute detection efficiencies (DE) of each system. It is found that the EUCLID relative and absolute flash DE improves by approximately 10 % towards the center of the EUCLID network up to a value of 50.3 % and 69.4 %, respectively, compared to the averaged value over the full domain, inherent to the network geometry and sensor technology. On the other hand, the relative and absolute ISS-LIS flash DE over the full domain is 49 % and 68.9 %, respectively, and is somewhat higher than the values obtained in the centre of the EUCLID network. The behavior of the relative DE of each system in terms of the flash characteristics of the other reveals that the greater the value the more likely the other system detects the flash. For instance, when the ISS-LIS flash duration is smaller or equal to 200 ms, the EUCLID relative flash DE drops below 50 %, whereas this increases up to 80 % for ISS-LIS flashes with a duration longer than 750 ms. Finally, the distribution of the diurnal DE indicates higher (lower) ISS-LIS (EUCLID) DE at night, related to an increased ISS-LIS:EUCLID flash ratio at night.
Automated precipitation monitoring with the Thies disdrometer: Biases and ways for improvement
Authors: Fehlmann Michael , Rohrer Mario , von Lerber Annakaisa , Stoffel Markus
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The intensity and phase of precipitation at the ground surface can have important implications for meteorological and hydrological situations, but also in terms of hazards and risks. In the field, Thies disdrometers are sometimes used to monitor the quantity and nature of precipitation with high temporal resolution and very low maintenance and thus provide valuable information for the management of meteorological and hydrological risks. Here, we evaluate the Thies disdrometer with respect to precipitation detection as well as the estimation of precipitation intensity and phase at a pre-alpine site in Switzerland (1060 m a.s.l.), using a weighing precipitation gauge (OTT pluviometer) as well as a two-dimensional video disdrometer (2DVD) as a reference. We show that the Thies disdrometer is well suited to detect even light precipitation, reaching a hit rate of around 95 %. However, the instrument tends to systematically underestimate rainfall intensities by 16.5 %, which can be related to a systematic underestimation of the number of raindrops with diameters between 0.5 and 3.5 mm. During snowfall episodes, a similar underestimation is observed in the particle size distribution (PSD), which is, however, not reflected in intensity estimates, probably due to a compensation by snow density assumptions. To improve intensity estimates, we test PSD adjustments (to the 2DVD) as well as direct adjustments of the resulting intensity estimates (to the OTT pluviometer), which are both able to reduce the systematic deviations during rainfall. For snowfall, the combination of the 2DVD and the OTT pluviometer seems promising as it allows improvement of snow density estimates, which poses a challenge to all optical precipitation measurements. Finally, we show that the Thies disdrometer and the 2DVD agree well insofar as the distinction between rain and snowfall is concerned, such that an important prerequisite for the proposed correction methods is fulfilled. Uncertainties mainly persist during mixed phased precipitation or low precipitation intensities, where the assignment of precipitation phase is technically challenging, but less relevant for practical applications. We conclude that the Thies disdrometer is not only suitable to estimate precipitation intensity, but also to distinguish between rain and snowfall. The Thies disdrometer therefore seems promising for the improvement of precipitation monitoring and the nowcasting of discharge in pre-alpine areas, where considerable uncertainties with respect to these quantities are still posing a challenge to decision making.
Diurnal variation in the isotope composition of plant xylem water biases the depth of root-water uptake estimates
Authors: De Deurwaerder Hannes P. T. , Visser Marco D. , Detto Matteo , Boeckx Pascal , Meunier Félicien , Zhao Liangju , Wang Lixin , Verbeeck Hans
Published: January 2020

Abstract. 1. Stable isotopologues of water are a widely used tool to derive the depth of root water uptake (RWU) in lignified plants. Uniform isotope composition of plant xylem water (i-H2O-xyl) along the stem length is a central assumption, which has never been properly evaluated. 2. We studied the effects of diurnal variation in RWU, sap flux density and various other soil and plant parameters on i-H2O-xyl within a plant using a mechanistic plant hydraulic model and empirical field observations from French Guiana and northwestern China. 3. Our model predicts significant i-H2O-xyl variation arising from diurnal RWU fluctuations and vertical soil water heterogeneity. Moreover, significant differences in i-H2O-xyl emerge between individuals with different sap flux densities. In line with model predictions, field data show excessive i-H2O-xyl variation during the day or along stem length ranging up to 25.2 ‰ in δ2H and 6.8 ‰ in δ18O, largely exceeding the measurement error range. 4. Our work show that the fundamental assumption of uniform i-H2O-xyl is violated both theoretically and empirically and therefore a real danger exists of significant biases when using stable water isotopologues to assess RWU. We propose to include monitoring of sap flow and soil water potential for more robust RWU depth estimates.
Glacial to interglacial climate variability in the southeastern African subtropics (25–20° S)
Authors: Hahn Annette , Schefuß Enno , Groeneveld Jeroen , Miller Charlotte , Zabel Matthias
Published: January 2020

Abstract. We present a continuous and well-resolved record of climatic variability for the past 100,000 yrs from a marine sediment core taken in Delagoa Bight, off southeastern Africa. In addition to providing a sea surface temperature reconstruction for the past ca. 100,000 yrs, this record also allows a high-resolution continental climatic reconstruction. Climate sensitive organic proxies, like the distribution and isotopic composition of plant-wax lipids as well as elemental indicators for fluvial input and weathering type provide information on climatic changes in the adjacent catchment areas (Incomati, Matola, and Lusutfu rivers). At the transition between glacials and interglacials, shifts in vegetation correlate with changes in sea surface temperature in the Agulhas current. The local hydrology, however, does not follow these orbital-paced shifts. Instead, precipitation patterns follow millennial scale variations with different forcing mechanisms in glacial versus interglacial climatic states. During glacials, southward displacement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone facilitates a transmission of northern hemispheric signals (e.g. Heinrich events) to the southern hemispheric subtropics. Furthermore, the southern hemispheric westerlies become a more direct source of precipitation as they shift northward over the study site, especially during Antarctic cold phases. During interglacials, the observed short-term hydrological variability is also a function of Antarctic climate variability, however, it is driven by the indirect influence of the southern hemispheric westerlies and the associated South African high-pressure cell blocking the South Indian Ocean Convergence Zone related precipitation. As a consequence of the interplay of these effects, small scale climatic zones exist. We propose a conceptual model describing latitudinal shifts of these zones along the southeastern African coast as tropical and temperate climate systems shift over glacial and interglacial cycles. The proposed model explains some of the apparent contradictions between several paleoclimate records in the region.