bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Os valores dos administradores de empresas mudam ao longo da carreira? Relações entre prioridades axiológicas e tempo de formado
Authors: Reis Germano Glufke , Antônio Fábio Alessandro Affonso , Santos André Laizo dos , Marinho Bernadete de Lourdes
Published: February 2011

A hierarquia de valores individuais orienta escolhas, atitudes e comportamentos, inclusive no âmbito profissional. Um aspecto que tem merecido atenção de pesquisadores é compreender em que medida os valores (prioridades axiológicas) de uma pessoa sofrem mudanças ao longo do tempo, em diferentes estágios de sua vida e/ou carreira. Este trabalho teve por objetivo identificar a variação dos valores individuais conforme o tempo de formado de administradores de empresas. Para isso, foi administrado o inventário de valores de Schwartz junto a uma amostra de 179 administradores de empresas, egressos da Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade da Universidade de São Paulo, formados entre 1967 e 2008. A Anova foi calculada em nível dos tipos motivacionais de valores e das dimensões bipolares. Os resultados indicaram variações no perfil axiológico dos sujeitos, à medida que aumenta o tempo de formado. Essa variação avança da priorização dos valores hedonismo e estimulação (abertura à mudança), nos primeiros anos de formado, para uma ênfase maior nos valores segurança, tradição e conformidade (conservação), em estágios mais avançados da carreira. Também há um deslocamento da priorização de valores que atendem a interesses individuais (no início da carreira) para valores que atendem a interesses coletivos (em estágios posteriores). Outros resultados, bem como implicações e possíveis causas, também são discutidos.
Cynolebias parnaibensis, a new seasonal killifish from the Caatinga, Parnaíba River basin, northeastern Brazil, with notes on sound producing courtship behavior (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae)
Authors: Costa Wilson J. E. M. , Ramos Telton P. A , Alexandre Luisa C , Ramos Robson T. C
Published: February 2011

Cynolebias parnaibensis from the Canindé River drainage, Parnaíba River basin, northeastern Brazil, is described. It is considered to be a member of a clade endemic to the Caatinga. The clade is diagnosed, e. g., by a series of structural modifications of the pharyngeal jaw apparatus, which is related to the sound production exhibited by males during courtship behavior. The courtship sound of C. parnaibensis consists of a single pulse named as thump (duration 0.031-0.133s; interthump intervals 0.020-8.319s; dominant frequency 70.3-93.8 Hz). The new species is distinguished from all other congeners by a combination of 27-31 neuromasts around eye, 29-33 supraorbital neuromasts, 16-18 dorsal-fin rays and 19 anal-fin rays in males, 28-31 caudal-fin rays, 33-36 scales in the longitudinal series, 3+10 gill-rakers in the first branchial arch, absence of second pharyngobranchial teeth, absence of contact organs on the flank scales, 34-35 vertebrae, absence of teeth on vomer, and presence of transverse series of scales on the anal-fin base.
A new dark-saddled species of Hypostomus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the upper rio Paraguay basin
Authors: Zawadzki Cláudio Henrique , Weber Claude , Pavanelli Carla Simone
Published: February 2011

A new Hypostomus species is described from the rio Cuiabá, upper rio Paraguay basin, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. The new species is distinguished from all other Hypostomus species, with exception of young specimens of H. latifrons, by the presence of a wide dark transverse bars on laterals of body and fins; and conspicuous dark vermiculations on abdominal region. From H. latifrons it differs by having just one pre-dorsal plate surrounding supraoccipital bone and by the maintenance of the dark saddles in adults. Added to the other fish species recently described from the upper rio Paraguay basin, this work helps to highlight that the region still functions as a potential source of new species.
A review of the Cis-Andean species of Hemibrycon Günther (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae: Stevardiinae), with description of two new species
Authors: Bertaco Vinicius A. , Malabarba Luiz R.
Published: February 2011

The species of Hemibrycon occurring in the east of the Andean Cordilleras are reviewed based on their type series and additional specimens. Nine species are redescribed: H. beni from río Beni basin, Bolivia; H. helleri from the upper rio Ucayali, Peru; H. huambonicus from the ríos Huallaga and Marañon basins, Peru; H. jeslkii from the upper portions of ríos Marañon, Ucayali and Madeira basins, Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru; H. metae from río Orinoco basin, Colombia and Venezuela, and Caribbean coastal basins of Venezuela; H. polyodon (type species) from río Pastaza basin, Ecuador; H. surinamensis from coastal basins of French Guiana and Suriname, and from lower rios Tapajós, Tocantins and Xingu basins, Brazil; H. taeniurus from river basins from Trinidad Island, Trinidad and Tobago, and H. tridens from upper río Ucayali basin, Peru. Two new species are described: H. inambari from the upper río Madre de Dios basin, Peru and H. mikrostiktos from río Ucayali basin, Peru. These species are distinguished among themselves mainly by the color pattern, and meristic characters. The distribution area of the genus is enlarged reaching the lower Tapajós, Tocantins and Xingu river basins, Brazil, with the first record of the occurrence of H. surinamensis in this country. A new description and diagnosis is provided for the type species of the genus, regardless its recent redescription. The type series of H. helleri that was previously considered dubious is found and described. Hemibrycon coxeyi and H. pautensis are considered junior synonyms of H. polyodon. Tetragonopterus (Hemibrycon) trinitatis, previously considered species inquirenda in Characidae, and Hemibrycon guppyi are junior synonyms of H. taeniurus. Hemibrycon orcesi is transferred to Boehlkea. A taxonomic key for the species of the genus to the east of the Andean Cordilleras is presented.
Chromosome polymorphism of heterochromatin and nucleolar regions in two populations of the fish Astyanax bockmanni (Teleostei: Characiformes)
Authors: Hashimoto Diogo Teruo , Porto-Foresti Fábio
Published: February 2011

Karyotype and other chromosomal markers as revealed by C-banding and silver (Ag) impregnation in two Astyanax bockmanni populations (Barra Seca Stream and Campo Novo River) were examined. The diploid chromosome number 2n = 50 and nearly identical karyotypes were documented. C-banding revealed heterochromatic blocks on the terminal regions of some chromosomes, with high frequencies of polymorphisms. The Ag-impregnation showed that the nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) varied in number, location and organization. Astyanax bockmanni revealed chromosome characteristics similar those of the species complex "A. scabripinnis". Mechanisms that may be responsible for the high degree of polymorphism are discussed.
Reproductive tactics used by the Lambari Astyanax aff. fasciatus in three water supply reservoirs in the same geographic region of the upper Iguaçu River
Authors: Silva Juliano Pilotto Abelardino da , Muelbert Adriane Esquivel , Oliveira Elton Celton de , Fávaro Luís Fernando
Published: February 2011

The species Astyanax aff. fasciatus was investigated as regards differences in reproductive tactics in three reservoirs with different ages (Iraí, Piraquara and Passaúna) located in the same geographic region. The biological material was obtained through monthly collections carried out from july/2006 to june/2007. The average value of the gonadosomatic index (GSI) in Passaúna reservoir was significantly higher in relation to the values obtained in the other reservoirs. Spawning was total in Iraí reservoir and partial in the others. Allometric growth of the species was negative in Iraí reservoir and positive in the others. The highest condition factor value was estimated in Iraí reservoir, followed by Piraquara and Passaúna reservoirs, respectively. Females predominated in all of the reservoirs during the study period. The sex ratio per length class showed, for the three reservoirs, the predominance of males in the smaller length classes. These results verified that the species uses distinct reproductive tactics in the analyzed reservoirs and that these tactics seem to reflect the degree of stabilization of each environment.
Estudo do poder de frenamento de partículas alfa na matéria
Authors: Fonseca P , Zamorano A , Luna H , Santos A.C.F
Published: February 2011

Seguindo a proposta de uma disciplina de mecanica quantica com enfoque em física experimental [P.R.S. Gomes e T.J.P. Penna, Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Física 10, 34 (1988)], neste artigo apresentamos um metodo simples para o estudo da perda de energia de partículas alfa em ar, geralmente apresentado, quando disponível, em laboratório avancados no final dos cursos de graduacao em física e física medica, onde apresentamos um metodo novo e simples para a determinação do poder de frenamento de partículas alfa no ar e a obtençao da curva de Bragg.
Pensamento transdisciplinar: uma abordagem para compreensão do princípio da dualidade da luz
Authors: Souza Paulo Fernando Lima , Bastos Heloisa Flora Brasil Nóbrega , Costa Ernande Barbosa da , Nogueira Romildo de Albuquerque
Published: February 2011

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar, numa turma de alunos de Licenciatura em Física, se o Pensamento Transdisciplinar pode contribuir para a compreensão do princípio da dualidade da luz. A metodologia empregada foi o ciclo da experiência de Kelly, que teve a perspectiva de engajar os alunos em um processo de aprendizagem, com o auxílio de três experimentos didáticos: a cuba de onda, a dupla fenda de Young e o radiômetro de Crookes. A partir desses experimentos foi possível motivar uma discussão sobre as propriedades ondulatórias e corpusculares da luz. Uma oficina sobre a Transdisciplinaridade foi também realizada com o intuito de discutir a lógica do terceiro incluído, uma lógica que se adéqua ao fato da luz se comportar como onda e como partícula. As análises dos dados permitiram as seguintes conclusões: (i) as concepções prévias dos estudantes de Licenciatura em Física acerca do princípio da dualidade da luz eram desprovidas de uma lógica que respaldasse tal princípio e (ii) os três experimentos propostos e a oficina sobre a Transdisciplinaridade, realizadas durante o ciclo da experiência Kellyana, contribuíram para que os estudantes tivessem uma maior compreensão do princípio da dualidade da luz.
Estudo retrospectivo dos resultados da utilização do halo craniano nas fraturas-luxações subaxiais
Authors: Damasceno Marcelo Loquette , Letaif Olavo Biraghi , Cristante Alexandre Fogaça , Marcon Raphael Martus , Iutaka Alexandre Sadao , Oliveira Reginaldo Perilo , Barros Filho Tarcísio Eloy Pessoa de
Published: February 2011

OBJETIVO: avaliar o emprego do halo craniano em fraturas e luxações cervicais no atendimento inicial, relacionado com a taxa de sucesso na redução fechada de lesões cervicais nos diferentes tipos de fraturas. MÉTODOS: investigação retrospectiva de prontuários de pacientes atendidos e tratados de Janeiro de 2004 até Março de 2009, em um total de 222 pacientes, categorizando as lesões encontradas de acordo com a classificação AO. RESULTADOS: encontramos alta taxa de sucesso de redução fechada em pacientes com lesões cervicais por compressão axial (AO tipo A) no emprego do halo craniano; em lesões por distração (AO tipo B) e movimento rotacional (AO tipo C) observamos aproximadamente 50% de redução fechada da luxação; além disso, lesões em níveis mais craniais apresentam maior taxa de sucesso na redução. CONCLUSÃO: o emprego do halo craniano é encorajado, pois, além de realizar um papel imobilizador no atendimento inicial, apresenta resultados satisfatórios na tentativa de redução fechada da lesão cervical, melhorando o conforto do paciente, facilitando a abordagem cirúrgica posterior e o cuidado da equipe de enfermagem.
Novas territorialidades na Amazônia: desafio às políticas públicas
Authors: Becker Bertha Koiffmann
Published: February 2011

O ensaio apresenta os conceitos de territorialidade e gestão do território, propondo estudos que aprofundem o conhecimento sobre o processo de transformação territorial contemporâneo na Amazônia, questionando o planejamento governamental com base no conceito de macrorregião e argumentando a respeito da necessidade de serem formuladas políticas públicas para escalas geográficas adequadas aos processos sociais territorializados. No caso da Amazônia, as políticas e o planejamento governamental devem levar em consideração dois vetores de transformação regional, que expressam a estrutura transicional do Estado e do território contemporâneos, o vetor tecno-industrial e o vetor tecno-ecológico.
A reorientação do ensino e da prática em enfermagem: implantação do Pró-Saúde em Mossoró, Brasil
Authors: Morais Fátima Raquel Rosado , Leite Ilana Deyse Rocha , Oliveira Lucineire Lopes de , Verás Renata Meira
Published: February 2011

A Faculdade de Enfermagem da Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, através do Programa Nacional de Reorientação da Formação Profissional em Saúde (Pró-Saúde) visa articular ensino/serviço contribuindo na reflexão da formação em enfermagem em Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte. Esta pesquisa objetivou conhecer a implantação e inserção do Pró-Saúde nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde do município de Mossoró, para entender como os enfermeiros se posicionam diante da articulação ensino/serviço. Foram realizadas entrevistas com seis profissionais que atuam nas Unidades de Saúde parceiras neste projeto. Os resultados demonstraram que estes trabalhadores detinham poucos conhecimentos acerca do Pró-Saúde. Essa falta de conhecimento, associada às dificuldades na integração ensino/serviço, não contribuía para a reflexão e reorientação das práticas de enfermagem. Portanto, é necessário repensar saberes e práticas, pactuando mudanças que contribuam com uma formação em saúde que estabeleça um cuidado de qualidade, baseado nos princípios estabelecidos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde.
Analysis of anaerobic capacity in rowers using Wingate test on cycle and rowing ergometer
Authors: Klasnja Aleksandar , Barak Otto , Popadic-Gacesa Jelena , Drapsin Miodrag , Knezevic Aleksandar , Grujic Nikola
Published: February 2011

The 30-s all-out Wingate test has been used in athletes of all sport specialties to measure the capacity for short duration, high power output while cycling. The aim of this study was to establish differences in measuring anaerobic capacity between the classic Wingate test on a cycling ergometer and the modified Wingate test on a rowing ergometer in rowers. A group of 20 rowers was tested by both the cycle and rowing ergometers during 30s of maximum power to test anaerobic capacity and to make correlation between these tests. The parameters measured were the peak power and mean power. The peak power on the cycling ergometer was 475?75.1W and 522.4?81W (p<0.05) on the rowing ergometer. The mean power on the cycling ergometer and the rowing ergometer was 344.4?51.1W and 473.7W?67.2, (p<0.05) respectively. The maximum values were achieved at the same time on both ergometers, but remained on the higher level till the end of the test on the rowing ergometer. By correlating the anaerobic parameters of the classic Wingate test and a modified Wingate test on the rowing ergometer a significant positive correlation was detected in the peak power (r=0.63, p<0.05) as well as in the mean power (r=0.65, p<0.05). The results show that the rowers achieved better results of the anaerobic parameters on the rowing ergometer compared to the cycling ergometer due to a better mechanical efficiency. It is concluded that the modified Wingate test on the rowing ergometer can be used in rowers for testing their anaerobic capacity as a sport specific test ergometer since it provides more precise results.
Individual renal hemodymamic response to chronic angiotensin II receptor bloc­kade and the influence on the renin-angiotensin system gene polymorphisms
Authors: Dragovic Tamara , Ajdinovic Boris , Ilic Vesna , Magic Zvonko , Andjelkovic Zoran , Kocev Nikola
Published: February 2011

Introduction. Our study was aimed at determining whether the polymorphism of genes for different components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system could influence the renal hemodynamic response to losartan treatment. Material and method. The study included 35 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and persistent albuminuria, genotyped for the 1166 A/C polymorphism gene for the angiotensin II type 1 receptor and I/D polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene. The participants were divided into groups according to the combinations of A or C allele: AA, AC, CC; and according to the combinations of I or D allele: II, ID and DD genotype. The patients received losartan therapy for 12 weeks. The renal hemodynamic measurements were determined at baseline and after the examination period. Results. Losartan therapy significantly reduced the filtration fraction from the baseline by 0.018?0.024 (p=0.012) only in the AC genotype. The glomerular filtration rate remained unchanged in all genotype groups. A significant increase in the effective renal plasma flow was obtained only in AC genotype (544?88 vs 575?90ml/min; p=0.02), while significant reductions in the renal vascular resistance were found in AA group (115?25 vs 95?21 mmHgx1-1xmin-1; p=0.001) and in AC group (118?30 vs 101?28 mmHgx1-1xmin-1; p=0.001). A significant reduction of the glomerular filtration rate by 8?10 ml/min was obtained only in the DD genotype (p=0.016), and only the DD genotype achieved a significant reduction of the filtration fraction by 0.019?0,022 (p=0.008). The most pronounced increase of the effective renal plasma flow was found only in the ID genotype (536 ?75 vs 591?63 ml/min; p=0.01). The reduction of the renal vascular resistance was independent of ACE gene polymorphism. Conclusion. Our study shows that individual renal vascular response to losartan treatment in diabetic patients with persistent albuminuria, could be influenced by genetic polymorphisms.
Stigmatization of a person visiting psychiatrist depends on observer's gender
Authors: Munjiza Ana , Stojiljkovic Dragan , Milekic Bojana , Latkovic Olgica , Jasovic-Gasic Miroslava , Maric Nadja
Published: February 2011

Introduction. The two types of stigmatization are social stigma, which includes discrimination, underestimation and distance in various social circumstances and personal stigma, which includes private relation i.e. a contact in person with stigmatized subject. Majority of recent publications has shown gender asymmetry in stigmatization (mostly indicating male predominance in stigmatizing processes), whereas the opposite data can be also found in some publications. The present study was aimed at exploring the relation of students' gender with their tendency to stigmatize subjects visiting a psychiatrist and at analyzing whether the gender influences the process of stigmatization. Material and methods. The survey included 523 students (227 on the second and 296 on the sixth year of School of Medicine, University of Belgrade). The instrument consisted of a vignette with questionnaire (14 items). Four versions of vignette were distributed: with/without 'label' and male/female subject in the vignette. Results. A more personal stigmatization was evident in the female students (p<0.05), while no gender-differences existed in social stigmatization (p>0.05). The stigmatization positively correlated with the intimacy of student's relation with the subject going to a psychiatrist. A higher rate of stigmatization was evident if the vignette was showing a person of the opposite gender. Discussion and conclusion. This is a unique study which analyzes separately the gender of a stigmatizing subject versus the subject being stigmatized and types of stigmatization. The data obtained should contribute to recognizing, understanding and controlling the widespread problem of stigma.
Infective complications in patients with lung cancer
Authors: Rancic Milan , Ristic Lidija , Stankovic Ivana
Published: February 2011

Introduction. This study was aimed at analyzing the site, kind and type of infection which develop in patients having lung cancer at hospital treatment. Material and methods. Clinical data of the patients hospitalized for lung cancer were analyzed at the Clinic for Lung Diseases and Tuberculosis in Knez Selo in the period from January 2002 till December 2007. A great number of patients (1296-75.9%) had non-small cell lung cancer. In 1708 patients with lung cancer, 773 febrile episodes were recorded, i.e. 687 states of infections. Results. Most of the infections were recorded in the tracheobronchial tree (60.9%). The infection was confirmed microbiologically in 38% of infectious states. Predominant Gram positive pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus, but among Gram negative pathogens there were Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae. Discussion. A significantly better therapy response to antibiotics was found in the group of patients where microbiological agents were isolated (p<0.05). The predominant site of infection in the patients with lung cancer is the tracheobronchial tree without a significant difference between frequency of Gram positive and Gram negative pathogens.
Secondary hyperparathyroidism: Risk factor for development of cardiovascular complications in patients on hemodialysis
Authors: Petrovic Dejan , Stojimirovic Biljana
Published: February 2011

Introduction. Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death among hemodialysis patients. Secondary hyperparathyroidism. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is one of the main factors for the development of cardiovascular complications among these patients. A high concentration of parathormone, hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia and high calcium x phosphate product among dialysis patients play a crucial role in the development of vascular (calcification of coronary artery) and valvular calcifications. Discussion and conclusion. With every new patient on hemodialysis it is necessary to see if there is a vascular/valvular calcification in order to single out the patients at risk of progression of coronary artery calcification and to use non-calcium containing binder phosphate in due time. Noncalcium containing binder phosphate, new active vitamin D agents and calcimimetics prevent the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism as well as cardiovascular complications and decrease the rate of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality of these patients.
Ocular pseudoexfoliation syndrome
Authors: Djordjevic-Jocic Jasmina , Zlatanovic Gordana , Veselinovic Dragan , Stankovic-Babic Gordana , Vujanovic Milena , Zivkovic Maja
Published: February 2011

Introduction. This study was aimed at providing an update on most recent developments regarding ocular and systemic manifestations and complications, clinical diagnosis and management, and molecular patophysiology of pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Method. Review of recent literature and own clinical and laboratory studies. Results. Pseudoexfoliation syndrome is an age-related disease in which abnormal fibrillar extracellular material is produced and accumulated in many ocular tissues. Recent progress and advances have led to improvements in clinical management by understanding the effects of the pseudoexfoliation process on the ocular tissues, by refining diagnostic criteria and applying new treatment regimes, and by developing preventive strategies to reduce surgical complications. Increasing evidence of systemic associations of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, abdominal aorta aneurysm can provide better understanding and management of this condition, and new therapeutic goal. The current pathogenesis concept describes psuedoexfoliation syndrome as an elastic microfibrillopathy involving transforming growth factor-b, matrix metalloproteinase oxidative stress. Conclusion. Despite extensive research, the exact chemical composition of exfoliation material remains unknown. The presence of pseudoexfoliation should alert the physician to the increased risks of intraocular surgery, most commonly zonular dehiscence, capsular rupture, and vitreous loss during cataract extraction. Its associated clinical signs are important in the detection and management of glaucoma.
Role of Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Endothelial Progenitor Cell Dysfunction
Authors: Desouza Cyrus V. , Hamel Frederick G. , Bidasee Keshore , O’Connell Kelly
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are decreased in number and function in type 2 diabetes. Mechanisms by which this dysfunction occurs are largely unknown. We tested the hypothesis that a chronic inflammatory environment leads to insulin signaling defects in EPCs and thereby reduces their survival. Modifying EPCs by a knockdown of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) can reverse the insulin signaling defects, improve EPC survival, and decrease neointimal hyperplasia in Zucker fatty rats postangioplasty.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

EPCs from Zucker fatty insulin-resistant rats were cultured and exposed to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Insulin signaling defects and apoptosis were measured in the presence and absence of an NF-κB inhibitor, BAY11. Then, EPCs were modified by a knockdown of NF-κB (RelA) and exposed to TNF-α. For in vivo experiments, Zucker fatty rats were given modified EPCs post–carotid angioplasty. Tracking of EPCs was done at various time points, and neointimal hyperplasia was measured 3 weeks later.

RESULTS

Insulin signaling as measured by the phosphorylated–to–total AKT ratio was reduced by 56% in EPCs exposed to TNF-α. Apoptosis was increased by 71%. These defects were reversed by pretreatment with an NF-κB inhibitor, BAY11. Modified EPCs exposed to TNF-α showed a lesser reduction (RelA 20%) in insulin-stimulated AKT phosphorylation versus a 55% reduction in unmodified EPCs. Apoptosis was 41% decreased for RelA knockdown EPCs. Noeintimal hyperplasia postangioplasty was significantly less in rats receiving modified EPCs than in controls (intima-to-media ratio 0.58 vs. 1.62).

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, we have shown that insulin signaling and EPC survival is impaired in Zucker fatty insulin resistant rats. For the first time, we have shown that this defect can be significantly ameliorated by a knockdown of NF-κB and that these EPCs given to Zucker fatty rats decrease neointimal hyperplasia post–carotid angioplasty.
Cannabinoids Inhibit Insulin Receptor Signaling in Pancreatic β-Cells
Authors: Kim Wook , Doyle Máire E. , Liu Zhuo , Lao Qizong , Shin Yu-Kyong , Carlson Olga D. , Kim Hee Seung , Thomas Sam , Napora Joshua K. , Lee Eun Kyung , Moaddel Ruin , Wang Yan , Maudsley Stuart , Martin Bronwen , Kulkarni Rohit N. , Egan Josephine M.
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE

Optimal glucose homeostasis requires exquisitely precise adaptation of the number of insulin-secreting β-cells in the islets of Langerhans. Insulin itself positively regulates β-cell proliferation in an autocrine manner through the insulin receptor (IR) signaling pathway. It is now coming to light that cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) agonism/antagonism influences insulin action in insulin-sensitive tissues. However, the cells on which the CB1Rs are expressed and their function in islets have not been firmly established. We undertook the current study to investigate if intraislet endogenous cannabinoids (ECs) regulate β-cell proliferation and if they influence insulin action.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We measured EC production in isolated human and mouse islets and β-cell line in response to glucose and KCl. We evaluated human and mouse islets, several β-cell lines, and CB1R-null (CB1R−/−) mice for the presence of a fully functioning EC system. We investigated if ECs influence β-cell physiology through regulating insulin action and demonstrated the therapeutic potential of manipulation of the EC system in diabetic (db/db) mice.

RESULTS

ECs are generated within β-cells, which also express CB1Rs that are fully functioning when activated by ligands. Genetic and pharmacologic blockade of CB1R results in enhanced IR signaling through the insulin receptor substrate 2-AKT pathway in β-cells and leads to increased β-cell proliferation and mass. CB1R antagonism in db/db mice results in reduced blood glucose and increased β-cell proliferation and mass, coupled with enhanced IR signaling in β-cells. Furthermore, CB1R activation impedes insulin-stimulated IR autophosphorylation on β-cells in a Gαi-dependent manner.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings provide direct evidence for a functional interaction between CB1R and IR signaling involved in the regulation of β-cell proliferation and will serve as a basis for developing new therapeutic interventions to enhance β-cell function and proliferation in diabetes.
The Relationship Between β-Cell Function and Glycated Hemoglobin
Authors: Kanat Mustafa , Winnier Diedre , Norton Luke , Arar Nazik , Jenkinson Chris , DeFronzo Ralph A. , Abdul-Ghani Muhammad A.
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE

The study objective was to assess the relationship between β-cell function and HbA1c.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 522 Mexican American subjects participated in this study. Each subject received a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) after a 10- to 12-h overnight fast. Insulin sensitivity was assessed with the Matsuda index. Insulin secretory rate was quantitated from deconvolution of the plasma C-peptide concentration. β-Cell function was assessed with the insulin secretion/insulin resistance (IS/IR) (disposition) index and was related to the level of HbA1c.

RESULTS

At HbA1c levels <5.5%, both the Matsuda index of insulin sensitivity and IS/IR index were constant. However, as the HbA1c increased >5.5%, there was a precipitous decrease in both the Matsuda index and the IS/IR index. Subjects with HbA1c = 6.0–6.4% had a 44 and 74% decrease in the Matsuda index and the IS/IR index, respectively, compared with subjects with HbA1c <5.5% (P < 0.01 for both indices). Subjects with normal glucose tolerance and HbA1c <5.7% had β-cell function comparable to that of subjects with normal glucose tolerance with HbA1c = 5.7–6.4%. However, subjects with impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance had a marked decrease in β-cell function independent of their HbA1c level.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the current study demonstrate that in Mexican Americans, as HbA1c increases >6.0%, both insulin sensitivity and β-cell function decrease markedly. Performing an OGTT is pivotal for accurate identification of subjects with impaired β-cell function.
Implementation of community cohesion policy in Italy and its role in elimination of regional disparities
Authors: Lewandowski Krzysztof
Published: February 2011

The objective of this paper is to present the contribution of Community regional policy funds to achieving socio-economic cohesion of Italian regions eligible under Objective 1, as well as to discuss future development barriers and opportunities of these regions. The paper also provides a description of Italy's adjustment to the Community policy, the funds exploited by cohesive regions during the 2000-2006 programming period and their efficiency in the elimination of regional disparities.
European Union Social Policy as an Instrument for Sustainable Development
Authors: Witkowska Janina
Published: February 2011

This paper undertakes an analysis and assessment of European Union (EU) social policy in the context of the sustainability of the group's social and economic development. The process of Europeanizing EU social policy is not advanced. Thus, the weight of solving social problems primarily rests with member countries. EU social policy is "looser" in character than other EU policies and its scope is limited to those areas where member states were willing to transfer certain prerogatives to European Union level. The EU only supports social policy in the context of the sustainability of the group's social and economic development. The process of Europeanizing EU social policy is not and supplements the actions of member states in the social sphere. At the same time, the EU supports the concept of corporate social responsibility. Corporate social responsibility is defined as the voluntary taking into account by companies of social and environmental matters in their operations and in relations with interested parties.
Contrôle foncier, spécialisation pastorale dans le sud du Veracruz (Mexique). Analyse des processus de maturation d'un front pionnier
Authors: Tallet Bernard
Published: February 2011

Dans le cadre de la politique de « marche à la mer », de colonisation du Tropique mexicain, de vastes espaces du sud de l’État de Veracruz ont été intégrés à partir des années 1950, dans le mouvement de colonisation agro-pastorale. Il s’agit de montrer comment en un demi-siècle, les transformations économiques impulsées par l’État mexicain ont contribué à façonner les structures foncières dans le contexte spécifique d’un front pionnier. L’analyse s’appuie sur des enquêtes conduites dans le municipe de Playa Vicente sur les colonies (forme particulière des dotations foncières faites dans le cadre de la réforme agraire mexicaine), et sur un dépouillement des archives agraires ; les dynamiques internes aux colonies sont croisées avec d’autres niveaux d’analyse dont deux sont privilégiés : la répercussion des dispositifs d’intervention publique, en particulier le rôle de l’accès au crédit dans les années 1970/80, puis le désengagement de l’État mexicain ; l’autre dimension concerne les relations à l’échelle régionale par l’analyse des rapports économiques et sociaux avec les espaces voisins dominés par la propriété privée (production d’ananas dans le municipe d’Isla ; éleveurs dans le reste du municipe de Playa Vicente). Les dynamiques économiques permettent d’éclairer le jeu des relations foncières dominé par la reproduction des inégalités.
Planification territoriale et accès aux ressources naturelles. Retour sur la démarche participative des opérations de sécurisation foncière dans le Nord Cameroun
Authors: Raimond Christine , Breton C. , Abouya A. , Moussa A.
Published: February 2011

La Région du Nord Cameroun est une zone d’accueil de populations migrantes, qui connaît depuis bientôt vingt ans une accélération de la croissance démographique et de la compétition entre usagers pour l’accès aux ressources naturelles. Cette situation met en évidence l’émergence de la question foncière, qui n’a été véritablement intégrée dans les projets de développement qu’à partir des années quatre-vingt-dix. En adoptant les approches participatives et de gestion des terroirs, les projets innovent et mettent en place des accords et des structures chargées de trouver des solutions aux conflits liés à l’accès aux ressources. Mais quelle est la pérennité de ces dispositifs ? L’analyse des modalités de la participation mise en œuvre dans le cadre de plusieurs projets qui sont intervenus dans la Commune de Touroua permet d’identifier les processus de co-construction de règles et de s’interroger sur les solutions institutionnelles envisagées pour la sécurisation foncière dans le Nord Cameroun.
Nouveaux acteurs, nouveaux produits et expansion du marché foncier dans le nord du Pérou
Authors: Chaléard Jean-Louis , Mesclier Évelyne
Published: February 2011

La diversité de l’évolution du marché foncier dans trois cas étudiés sur la côte nord du Pérou amène à s’interroger sur l’interaction des facteurs géographiques locaux (situations, structures agraires, etc.) et des politiques nationales. On observe dans un de ces cas l’acquisition de terres par des entreprises agroindustrielles qui développent de nouvelles cultures d’exportation et veulent assurer elles-mêmes l’adéquation du produit aux exigences des marchés internationaux. Cependant, dans les autres cas, l’absence de culture nouvelle, voire de nouveaux acteurs, n’induit pas nécessairement une faible activité du marché foncier et les producteurs de riz, de canne à sucre et de café tentent aussi d’agrandir leurs exploitations. La clef de la diversité constatée est l’importance variable des terres non cultivées de propriété collective et leur accessibilité pour les investisseurs potentiels. Celle-ci dépend de caractéristiques physiques ou spatiales (proximité des routes, climat, etc.) mais également des statuts fonciers préexistant, résultat d’histoires agraires complexes, qui sont plus ou moins aisément modifiables par la législation libérale des années 1990. Au total, ces territoires bien individualisés réagissent différemment au nouveau contexte économique et juridique.
Diffusion et utilisation des Tic en France et en Europe
Authors: Berret Pierre
Published: February 2011

Résumé L’exploitation par le D eps des enquêtes communautaires sur l’utilisation des T ic par les ménages et les particuliers, coordonnées, harmonisées et publiées par Eurostat, permet de dresser un portrait comparatif et en tendances de l’équipement en Tic , des modes d’accès à l’internet des ménages dans l’UE-27 selon leurs caractéristiques socio-démographiques. Elle met en lumière l’intensification des usages numériques des particuliers, élucide les facteurs de développement des T ic que sont les usages culturels et le commerce électronique de produits culturels, mais aussi la forte liaison entre accès aux T ic et commerce électronique dans l’Union européenne. Enfin, sont établis des tendances et facteurs d’usages convergents sur l’internet, la télévision et la téléphonie : disponibilité, temps d’usages, générations, praticité, etc. Dans cette cartographie de l’accès et de l’utilisation des T ic dans l’UE, la France occupe une position intermédiaire : plutôt en dessous de la moyenne de l’UE en termes d’accès ou de téléphonie mobile, elle est plutôt au-dessus de cette moyenne en termes d’usages et de commerce électronique.
Chute libre avant le décollage : le programme GVFA d'avion à géométrie variable franco-anglais, 1965-1967
Authors: James D. , Judkins Phil
Published: February 2011

En 1967, le gouvernement français se retirait des négociations sur le programme d’avion de combat GVFA (Géométrie variable franco-anglais) ou AFVG ( Anglo-French Variable Geometry ), décision qui devait longtemps jeter une ombre sur la coopération militaire entre la Grande-Bretagne et la France. Cet article explore les raisons de l’effondrement de ces négociations et illustre l’équilibre que doit maintenir une nation souveraine entre défense de ses intérêts lors de projets de coopération et recherche des avantages mutuels promus par la coopération. Les négociations GVFA témoignent aussi des difﬁcultés auxquelles sont confrontés les gouvernements lorsqu’il s’agit d’harmoniser leurs besoins militaires, leurs programmes et budgets de modernisation et le rôle des intérêts privés domestiques, ceux de l’industrie n’étant pas les moindres. Notre compte rendu du GVFA dépasse cette analyse et souligne les asymétries de puissance entre Français et Britanniques ainsi que la surenchère dans l’engagement des Britanniques pour un projet que nombre d’observateurs analysaient comme voué à l’échec.
Un marché inespéré : la vente de Mirage III à l'Australie
Authors: Le Roy François
Published: February 2011

En 1960, la Générale Aéronautique Marcel Dassault (maintenant Dassault Aviation) réalisa un coup formidable lorsque le gouvernement australien annonça sa décision d’acheter plus de 100 Mirage III pour moderniser son armée de l’air. Ce n’était pas le premier succès du Mirage à l’exportation, mais ce contrat assuma une importance toute particulière pour la politique étrangère de la France. La compétition pour l’obtention du contrat australien avait tous les attributs d’une revanche entre la France et les États-Unis qui s’étaient opposés peu de temps auparavant pour le marché OTAN. Le Mirage III avait alors perdu face au Lockheed F-104 Starﬁghter et ce dernier était donné grand favori en Australie. Le succès français y fut donc aussi complet qu’inattendu. Il révéla ainsi le potentiel du Mirage III à l’exportation et les avantages diplomatiques dont la toute jeune Cinquième République pouvait en retirer. Le Mirage III fut utilisé de manière efﬁcace en tant qu’instrument de la politique étrangère française pendant vingt ans pour maintenir et étendre l’influence de la France de par le monde, et saper la politique des blocs pratiquée par les superpuissances pendant la Guerre Froide.
L'accord SNECMA/General Electric et les origines de CFM International. Succès « global » franco-... ou euro-américain ? Les dessous diplomatiques d'une affaire techno-industrielle
Authors: Burigana David
Published: February 2011

L’accord SNECMA/GE négocié en 1969-1974 au plus haut niveau, tout particulièrement par les présidents américain et français, Richard Nixon et Georges Pompidou, est aux origines du producteur de moteurs le plus important au monde aujourd’hui, CFM International, leader dans les moteurs d’une poussée de 18 500-34 000 lb. L’étude que nous proposons vise à dégager les facteurs clés qui ont été à l’origine du développement et du succès de cette coopération. L’histoire de l’accord SNECMA/GE et des interconnexions qu’elle révèle entre les niveaux technique et diplomatique de sa négociation pose les bases d’une analyse plus globale des coopérations engageant la technologie comme instrument de puissance d’un État, ou mieux de la survie d’une industrie de haute technologie au niveau national. Enﬁn l’accord SNECMA/GE n’est pas un tournant mais seulement une des étapes conduisant les membres les plus engagés de la CEE à se décider pour une coopération intergouvernementale et euro-américaine dans le secteur aéronautique. Elle se poursuit jusqu’à nos jours.
L'European Fighter Aircraft : le rendez-vous manqué de la coopération aéronautique européenne 1978-1985
Authors: Droit Yohan
Published: February 2011

Le 1 er août 1985, la France décide de se retirer des négociations sur l’ European Fighter Aircraft . L’échec de la coopération dans une conﬁguration à 5 partenaires (Allemagne, Espagne, France, Italie, Royaume-Uni) conduit au lancement de deux programmes distincts, et aujourd’hui concurrents : l’Euroﬁghter et le Rafale. En revenant sur le déroulement des négociations, ce papier propose d’explorer les raisons de cet échec, dont les conséquences sont encore d’actualité. Les négociations sur l’EFA, longues et complexes, illustrent parfaitement les difﬁcultés inhérentes à la coopération aéronautique européenne. Le manque d’harmonisation des besoins opérationnels et le difﬁcile équilibre entre souveraineté nationale et coopération européenne constituent les principaux facteurs d’échec.
La planification spatiale régionale en Angleterre : un pari gagné ou une ambition irréalisable ?
Authors: Sykes Olivier
Published: February 2011

Résumé Depuis les années 1930 au Royaume-Uni, il existe une distinction entre la regional policy (la politique régionale) qui vise le développement équilibré et équitable du territoire national et le strategic planning (la planification spatiale stratégique) qui cherche à gérer le renouvellement urbain et la déconcentration d’activités et de populations autour des grandes villes et des régions urbaines. L’on évoque souvent l’absence d’un véritable lien entre ces deux aspects de la planification régionale. Par ailleurs, pendant les années quatre-vingt, la planification économique de la regional policy et celui « régulateur » du strategic planning a fait que ces politiques étaient peu appréciées par les gouvernements Thatcher. Cependant, dès la fin des années 1980, on peut discerner les débuts d’un retour du strategic planning au niveau régional, une tendance encore plus prononcée après l’élection de Tony Blair en 1997. Le concept de « spatial planning » (planification spatiale), inspiré en partie par les débats européens, commence aussi à nourrir la réflexion universitaire et gouvernementale. Celui-ci a été perçu par certains comme impliquant une approche d’une plus grande envergure, plus explicitement intégrée que le planning « traditionnel » limité aux enjeux d’occupation des sols. Prenant en compte le contexte esquissé ci-dessus, cet article tente d’analyser si l’ambition des années 2000 d’une approche plus intégrée de la planification spatiale régionale est un pari gagné ou une ambition qu’il reste à réaliser. Les changements qui ont eu lieux depuis mais 2010 avec l’élection d’un nouveau gouvernement et leurs possibles conséquences seront aussi brièvement exposés.
Le fédéralisme consociatif belge : vecteur d'instabilité ?
Authors: Sinardet Dave
Published: February 2011

Résumé Le succès des partis nationalistes flamands aux élections fédérales de juin 2010, ainsi que les trois années de crise politique qui ont précédé ces élections, amène à se demander si le modèle fédéral belge de consensus n’est pas dans une crise fondamentale. Cet article analyse le noyau de cette machinerie de consensus en se penchant sur la théorie de la démocratie consociative qui a largement été institutionnalisée en Belgique. Puis il pose la question de savoir si c’est ce système qui ne fonctionne plus, ou bien si les problèmes ne peuvent pas, au moins en partie, être expliqués par cette logique consociative.
Bruxelles-Hal-Vilvorde, couronne d'épines de l'État fédéral belge ?
Authors: Blero Bernard
Published: February 2011

Résumé L’auteur retrace les tenants de la crise politique suscitée par la circonscription électorale de Bruxelles-Hal-Vilvorde. Il examine les réalités cachées derrière ce nom, la façon dont elles ont pris corps dans le droit positif belge, comment la zone en question est devenue un objet de crise politique majeure, ainsi que les enjeux sous-jacents de cette discussion. En conclusion, l’auteur s’interroge sur le caractère insoluble ou non de ce dossier.
Bruxelles, capitale de l'altérité
Authors: Uyttendaele Marc
Published: February 2011

Résumé Bruxelles était originellement une ville flamande. Devenue capitale de la Belgique, elle va progressivement se franciser, tout comme d’ailleurs sa périphérie. Les Flamands ont dès lors eu peur que cette francisation ait pour effet de se développer plus encore et ont obtenu que soit tracée une frontière linguistique. Bruxelles s’est de ce fait trouvée enserrée dans un carcan territorial qui ne correspond pas à sa réalité sociologique. Cette Ville-Région, cinq fois capitale, est aujourd’hui objet de reconquête pour la Communauté flamande, un pôle d’indifférence pour les Wallons et un lieu paradoxal, capitale de toutes les altérités, qui est à la fois l’une des causes du mal belge et un facteur d’explication de la pérennité du pays.
2011. La cita de la química con la sociedad
Authors: Negro Carlos
Published: February 2011

No disponible
La química, una industria estratégica
Authors: Serrano Luis
Published: February 2011

No disponible