bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel Self‐Healing, Shape‐Memory, Tunable Double‐Layer Actuators Based on Semi‐IPN and Physical Double‐Network Hydrogels
Authors: Zhang Yulin , An Ran , Han Linglin , Wang Xiangdong , Shi Lingying , Ran Rong
Published: October 2018

In this paper, a series of physical hydrogels with semi‐interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) structures are first synthesized via micellar copolymerization. The semi‐IPN gels exhibit high strength, pH responsiveness, and self‐healing properties. Then, a series of physical double‐network (PDN) gels are further prepared by immersing the as‐prepared semi‐IPN gels in the solutions containing Ca2+ or Fe3+, respectively. The strengths and moduli of these PDN hydrogels are much higher than that of the semi‐IPN gels. Accordingly, the mechanical properties and swelling ratio of PDN gels can be tuned by changing the SA content and the types of metal ions in the immersing treatment. Based on the excellent self‐healing ability of the semi‐IPN gels, the double‐layer hydrogel actuators with shape‐memory properties are successfully fabricated through a simple healing‐immersing treatment, which has great potential application prospects in actuators, artificial muscles, and soft robots.
Toward Transferable Coarse‐Grained Potentials for Poly‐Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Force Matching Approach
Authors: Tripathy Madhusmita , Agarwal Umang , Kumar P. B. Sunil
Published: October 2018

Poly‐aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been the subject of numerous experimental investigations for their multitude of existence, from particulate soot to the vast cosmos. Given the structural peculiarity of PAHs, where aromatic moieties serve as the basic building blocks, a generalized coarse‐grained (CG) description befits and holds immense potential to investigate large‐scale PAH systems and their derivatives via CG simulation. Toward this, a minimal CG mapping scheme is proposed where a set of PAHs are modeled as planar molecules made up of oblate ellipsoids, which interact via uniaxial Gay–Berne (GB) potential. A force‐based systematic coarse‐graining approach is followed to extract the CG force field parameters. The resulting GB parameters are found to be either comparable or show definite trends as a function of molecular size. CG simulation is shown to retain the qualitative structural features of the underlying atomistic systems with multi‐fold decrease in computational cost. Accelerated equilibration of atomistic systems is shown to be achievable by MC simulations of CG systems followed by back‐mapping, where the atomistic structure is exactly reproduced.
Apoyo con Cariño (support with caring): RCT protocol to improve palliative care outcomes for Latinos with advanced medical illness
Authors: Fischer Stacy M. , Min Sung‐Joon , Atherly Adam , Kline Danielle M. , Gozansky Wendolyn S. , Himberger John , Lopez Joseph , Lester Kathleen , Fink Regina M.
Published: October 2018

Latinos are more likely to experience uncontrolled pain, and institutional death, and are less likely to engage in advance care planning. Efforts to increase access to palliative care must maximize primary palliative care and community based models to meet the ever‐growing need in a culturally sensitive and congruent manner. Patient navigator interventions are community‐based, culturally tailored models of care that have been successfully implemented to improve disease prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment. We have developed a patient navigation intervention to improve palliative care outcomes for seriously ill Latinos. We describe the protocol for a National Institute of Nursing Research‐funded randomized controlled trial designed to determine the effectiveness of the manualized patient navigator intervention. We aim to enroll 240 Latino adults with non‐cancer, advanced medical illness from both urban and rural clinical sites. Participants will be randomized to the intervention group (five palliative care patient navigator visits plus bilingual educational materials) or control group (usual care plus bilingual educational materials). Outcomes include quality of life (Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy), advance care planning (Advance Care Planning Engagement survey), pain (Brief Pain Inventory), symptom management (Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale‐revised), hospice utilization, and cost and utilization of healthcare resources. This culturally tailored, evidence‐based, theory‐driven, innovative patient navigation intervention has significant potential to improve palliative care for Latinos, and facilitate health equity in palliative and end‐of‐life care.
Multiple myeloma bone lesions in skeletal remains: Report of two known cases from the 20th century CAL Milano Cemetery Skeletal Collection
Authors: Biehler‐Gomez Lucie , Giordano Gaia , Cattaneo Cristina
Published: October 2018

Multiple myeloma (MM) is of special interest in anthropology, in particular in the differential diagnosis with metastatic carcinoma. In this paper, we present two cases of known MM and discuss the criteria for diagnosis in comparison with the literature. Two skeletons from the identified CAL Milano Cemetery Skeletal Collection were selected for the antemortem clinical diagnosis of MM in their associated medical data. Each lesion observed during the anthropological analysis was reported and considered. Lesions were observed in both cases in the pelvis, sacrum, ribs, vertebrae, scapulae, proximal ends of femora and humeri as well as in the skull. Moreover, they presented similar morphological traits. Consequently, lesions in MM are multifocal, round, lytic, sharply demarcated, relatively uniformly small, and specifically located in highly vascularized areas of the skeleton. These results are consistent with data from the literature and strengthen the criteria for diagnosis of the condition.
Conformational Selection of a Polyproline Peptide by Ebola Virus VP30
Authors: Olson Mark A.
Published: October 2018

An adaptive temperature‐based replica‐exchange simulation of a peptide extracted from the Ebola virus nucleoprotein containing a polyproline sequence motif is reported. The simulation results of applying the CHARMM36m force field with a generalized Born solvent model is presented. Conformational heterogeneity is described by potentials of mean force (PMFs) for a set of reaction coordinates that define the topological fold space. Starting from an extended backbone conformation of the peptide observed in an X‐ray crystallographic assembly with the Ebola virus protein VP30, the PMFs report a conformational landscape populated by chain excursions to collapsed states with limited transitions to either an extended fold or a canonical polyproline type II helix. Clustering of the conformations and applying an elastic network interpolation model yield a multistep pathway of conformational selection that minimizes the net transition‐state cost from the population hub to the bound state. Related difference between the pathway endpoints taken from the PMFs reveal a significant free‐energy penalty in reaching a population shift. To evaluate sequence fitness of the Ebola virus peptide in generating probability distributions, two human sequence variants are modeled and are found to produce profiles that show extensive deviations, thus suggesting either dissimilar binding mechanisms or the lack of recognition by VP30.
Explosion Temperature and Dispersion Characteristics of Composite Charges Based on Different Non‐detonative Materials
Authors: Hong Xiao‐wen , Li Wei‐bing , Wang Xiao‐ming , Li Wen‐bin , Li Rui
Published: October 2018

The explosion fireball temperature and scattering process of explosive products of annular composite charges were investigated to guide the selection of non‐detonative materials with controllable composite charge output. Overpressure sensors, an infrared thermal imager, and a high‐velocity photography system were used to compare the explosive fireball temperature, scattering movement, and post‐combustion characteristics of composite charges with different non‐detonative materials. The fireball temperature distributions of the active non‐detonative materials (rubber containing various proportions of aluminum powder) were not uniform, and the heat radiation power, heat flux, and overpressure were relatively high and first decreased and then increased with increasing aluminum powder content. The active non‐detonative materials had two high‐temperature regions in the lateral direction. Oxygen‐free explosions, anaerobic combustion, and post‐combustion processes occurred during the energy‐release reaction of the composite charges. The temporal evolution of the throwing radius of the explosion products of the composite charges was investigated, and the rate of scattering of the non‐detonative materials was analyzed. The rate of scattering was higher than that of an inert non‐detonative material (polyurethane) and first increased and then decreased with increasing aluminum powder content. Based on the explosion‐proof performance and heat radiation energy output characteristics, rubber containing 50 % aluminum was selected as the optimal non‐detonative material.
A theoretical study of the bonding capabilities of the zinc‐zinc double bond
Authors: Ayala Regla , Galindo Agustín
Published: October 2018

The theoretical knowledge about the zinc‐zinc bond has been recently expanded after the proposal of a zinc‐zinc double bond in several [Zn2(L)4] compounds (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2017,56, 10151‐10155). Prompted by these results, we have selected the [Zn2(CO)4] species, isolobally related to ethylene, and theoretically investigated the possible η2‐Zn2‐coordination to several first‐row transition metal fragments. The [Zn2(CO)4] coordination to the metal fragment produces an elongation of the dizinc bond and a concomitant pyramidalization of the [Zn(CO)2] unit. These structural parameters are indicative of π‐backdonation from the metal to the coordinated dizinc moiety, as occurred with ethylene ligand. A quantum theory of atoms in molecules study of the ZnZn bond shows a decrease of ρBCP, ∇2ρBCP∫Zn∩Znρ and delocalization indexes δ(Zn,Zn), relative to corresponding values in the parent [Zn2(CO)4] molecule. The ZnZn and MZn bonds in these [(η2‐Zn2(CO)4)M(L)n] complexes can be described as shared interactions with an important covalent component where the ZnZn bond is preserved, albeit weakened, upon coordination.
Compositional and beam‐size‐dependent effects on pressure baseline in clumped isotope mass spectrometry
Authors: Venturelli Ryan A. , Rosenheim Brad E.
Published: October 2018

Rationale

The analysis of carbonate samples for the application of clumped isotopes to paleoclimate reconstruction necessitates smaller beam intensities. However, there is a relationship between beam intensity and pressure‐dependent baseline (PBL), and therefore between beam intensity and the correction for PBL. Here we explain the relationship between PBL and beam intensity to develop a better correction protocol and an improved understanding of clumped isotope mass spectrometry.

Methods

We describe a beam size experiment using our Isoprime isotope ratio mass spectrometer in which samples of the carbonate standard IAEA‐C1 were analyzed at 30, 50, and 70 nA to establish an optimal protocol and a new method to correct for PBL using the theoretical constraint of invariable Δ47 over a range of δ47 (bulk isotope composition) values. We also explore the effects of both over‐ and under‐correction of PBL on equilibrated and heated gas samples to understand the effect of mis‐correction of PBL.

Results

The results of our beam size experiments showed that a direct measurement of the baseline consistently introduced variability to measurements of the Δ47 of heated gases, equilibrated gases, and carbonate standards. These results necessitated a new protocol to account for PBL in our system. Our new approach flattens the reference frame line slope to 0 and, importantly, reduces the variability of data points about the heated gas line. We also describe, for the first time, an empirically derived description of the compositional effect of PBL.

Conclusions

A seemingly small change in our isotope ratio mass spectrometer resulted in a better understanding of PBL, for which we have developed an empirically based correction protocol to apply. Our new protocol has the potential to reduce analytical time for laboratories measuring PBL, and supports the need for carbonate mineral‐based clumped isotope standards.
Acid digestion of carbonates using break seal method for clumped isotope analysis
Authors: Fosu Benjamin R. , Ghosh Prosenjit , Mishra Divya , Banerjee Yogaraj , K Prasanna , Sarkar Amrita
Published: October 2018

Rationale

Acid digestion of carbonates to release CO2 is a crucial and sensitive step in sample preparation for clumped isotope analysis. In addition to data reduction and instrumental artefacts, many other uncertainties in the clumped isotope analysis of carbonates arise from the method used for the preparation of CO2. We describe here an in‐house‐designed reaction vessel that circumvents degassing and contamination problems commonly associated with the McCrea‐type digestion protocols.

Methods

We designed a leak‐free break seal reaction vessel (made of Pyrex™) suitable for prolonged acid digestion at 25°C. Using this new vessel, several carbonate reference materials widely used in the clumped isotope community and other in‐house laboratory standards were acid‐digested and analysed for their δ13C, δ18O and Δ47 values with a dual inlet MAT 253 isotope ratio mass spectrometer following standard gas chromatography purification and data evaluation protocols.

Results

Long‐term reproducibility in Δ47 determination was established using international references and in‐house working standards as follows (mean and SE): Carrara‐1 (0.395 ± 0.002‰, n = 43), Carrara‐2 (0.441 ± 0.003‰, n = 22), OMC (0.587 ± 0.004‰, n = 16), NBS 19 (0.393 ± 0.005‰, n = 10), NBS 18 (0.473 ± 0.003‰, n = 5), ETH 1 (0.271 ± 0.005‰, n = 7), ETH 3 (0.698 ± 0.005‰, n = 3), MZ (0.715 ± 0.002‰, n = 3) and several others.

Conclusions

A new method using a break seal tube was found to be efficient for the clumped isotope analysis of carbonates that require longer reaction time at 25°C. This method yields good precision in Δ47 analysis and was found to be suitable for acid digestions at any desired temperature.
Biochar amendment suppresses N2O emissions but has no impact on 15N site preference in an anaerobic soil
Authors: Hyodo Ayumi , Malghani Saadatullah , Zhou Yong , Mushinski Ryan M. , Toyoda Sakae , Yoshida Naohiro , Boutton Thomas W. , West Jason B.
Published: October 2018

Rationale

Biochar amendments often decrease N2O gas production from soil, but the mechanisms and magnitudes are still not well characterized since N2O can be produced via several different microbial pathways. We evaluated the influence of biochar amendment on N2O emissions and N2O isotopic composition, including 15N site preference (SP) under anaerobic conditions.

Methods

An agricultural soil was incubated with differing levels of biochar. Incubations were conducted under anaerobic conditions for 10 days with and without acetylene, which inhibits N2O reduction to N2. The N2O concentrations were measured every 2 days, the SPs were determined after 5 days of incubation, and the inorganic nitrogen concentrations were measured after the incubation.

Results

The SP values with acetylene were consistent with N2O production by bacterial denitrification and those without acetylene were consistent with bacterial denitrification that included N2O reduction to N2. There was no effect of biochar on N2O production in the presence of acetylene between day 3 and day 10. However, in the absence of acetylene, soils incubated with 4% biochar produced less N2O than soils with no biochar addition. Different amounts of biochar amendment did not change the SP values.

Conclusions

Our study used N2O emission rates and SP values to understand biochar amendment mechanisms and demonstrated that biochar amendment reduces N2O emissions by stimulating the last step of denitrification. It also suggested a possible shift in N2O‐reducing microbial taxa in 4% biochar samples.
Doubly robust estimation of the weighted average treatment effect for a target population
Authors: Tao Yebin , Fu Haoda
Published: October 2018

The weighted average treatment effect is a causal measure for the comparison of interventions in a specific target population, which may be different from the population where data are sampled from. For instance, when the goal is to introduce a new treatment to a target population, the question is what efficacy (or effectiveness) can be gained by switching patients from a standard of care (control) to this new treatment, for which the average treatment effect for the control estimand can be applied. In this paper, we propose two estimators based on augmented inverse probability weighting to estimate the weighted average treatment effect for a well‐defined target population (ie, there exists a predefined target function of covariates that characterizes the population of interest, for example, a function of age to focus on elderly diabetic patients using samples from the US population). The first proposed estimator is doubly robust if the target function is known or can be correctly specified. The second proposed estimator is doubly robust if the target function has a linear dependence on the propensity score, which can be used to estimate the average treatment effect for the treated and the average treatment effect for the control. We demonstrate the properties of the proposed estimators through theoretical proof and simulation studies. We also apply our proposed methods in a comparison of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists therapy and insulin therapy among patients with type 2 diabetes, using the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink data.
Effect of Micro‐Alloying Elements on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in C–Mn–Si Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P) Steels
Authors: Yan Shu , Liu Xianghua , Liang Taosha , Chen Jingqi , Zhao Yang
Published: October 2018

The authors design two kinds of Mo–Nb and Ni–Mo–Ti microalloyed steels based on C–Mn–Si steel using quenching and partitioning (Q&P) processing. The results indicate that the addition of microalloying elements increases retained austenite fraction, however, the average carbon concentration in retained austenite is reduced. Nano‐sized NbC and TiC precipitates are separately observed in the Mo–Nb and Ni–Mo–Ti microalloyed steel. Both precipitates can refine prior austenite grains as well as martensite packets and laths. The yield strength of Mo–Nb microalloyed steel treated by Q&P processes is about 87–155 MPa higher than that of the typical C–Mn–Si steel due to precipitation strengthening of NbC and refinement of martensitic structure. However, in the Ni–Mo–Ti microalloyed steel, the increment of yield strength based on precipitation strengthening of TiC is offset by the decrease of solution strengthening due to carbon dilution of the martensitic matrix, and finally the yield strength is not improved. Additionally, although the addition of alloying elements is not associated with strengthening, the product of tensile strength and total elongation (PSE) for both Mo–Nb and Ni–Mo–Ti microalloyed steels approach or exceed 20 GPa%, which indicates a superior comprehensive performance.
Introduction
Authors: Korpiola Mia
Published: October 2018

Observing that the traditional focus on legal professionals is insufficient for analysing legal work in many parts of Europe before modern times, this chapter discusses the concept of legal literacy and its different meanings. Legal literacy, having legal skills and knowledge, can be perceived as a continuum between total legal literacy and illiteracy. Any man, woman, and child could acquire some legal literacy and can be placed on this sliding scale. Learning law by doing, writing, and reading enabled people to manage their own litigation and act as legal intermediaries in their communities. The growing genre of popular legal literature increasingly became a path to legal literacy, especially from the eighteenth century on.
Flavor anomalies and dark matter in SUSY with an extra U(1)
Authors: Darmé Luc , Kowalska Kamila , Roszkowski Leszek , Sessolo Enrico Maria
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Motivated by the recent anomalies in b → s transitions that emerged at LHCb, we consider a model with an L

μ
− L

τ
gauge symmetry and additional vector-like fermions. We find that by introducing supersymmetry the model can be made consistent with the long-standing deviation in the measured value of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, (g − 2)
μ
, and neutralino dark matter of broad mass ranges and properties. In particular, dark matter candidates include the well-known 1 TeV higgsino, which in the MSSM is typically not compatible with solutions to the (g − 2)
μ
puzzle. Moreover, its spin-independent cross section could be at the origin of the recent small excess in XENON-1T data. We apply to the model constraints arising from flavor precision measurements and direct searches at the Large Hadron Collider and show that they do not currently exclude the relevant parameter space regions.
A tale of three kingdoms: members of the Phylum Nematoda independently acquired the detoxifying enzyme cyanase through horizontal gene transfer from plants and bacteria
Authors: Zarlenga D. S. , Mitreva M. , Thompson P. , Tyagi R. , Tuo W. , Hoberg E. P.
Published: October 2018

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has played an important role in the evolution of nematodes. Among candidate genes, cyanase, which is typically found only in plants, bacteria and fungi, is present in more than 35 members of the Phylum Nematoda, but absent from free-living and clade V organisms. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the cyanases of clade I organismsTrichinellaspp.,Trichurisspp. andSoboliphyme baturini(Subclass: Dorylaimia) represent a well-supported monophyletic clade with plant cyanases. In contrast, all cyanases found within the Subclass Chromadoria which encompasses filarioids, ascaridoids and strongyloids are homologous to those of bacteria. Western blots exhibited typical multimeric forms of the native molecule in protein extracts ofTrichinella spiralismuscle larvae, where immunohistochemical staining localized the protein to the worm hypodermis and underlying muscle. RecombinantTrichinellacyanase was bioactive where gene transcription profiles support functional activityin vivo. Results suggest that: (1) independent HGT in parasitic nematodes originated from different Kingdoms; (2) cyanase acquired an active role in the biology of extantTrichinella; (3) acquisition occurred more than 400 million years ago (MYA), prior to the divergence of the Trichinellida and Dioctophymatida, and (4) early, free-living ancestors of the genusTrichinellahad an association with terrestrial plants.
Building a Monument: Willis, Clark and The Architectural History of the University of Cambridge
Authors: Buchanan Alexandrina
Published: October 2018

In 1872, the ageing and increasingly enfeebled Robert Willis, Jacksonian Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy at the University of Cambridge and pioneering architectural historian (Fig. 1), made his Will. To his nephew, John Willis Clark (1833–1910), who was to act as joint executor (Fig. 2), he bequeathed some Italian statuary and up to fifty volumes to be selected from Willis's valuable library. He also made what was to prove a more onerous bequest, leaving his nephew all his ‘manuscripts, plans, tracings, drawings and notes’. The Will added that ‘he shall be at liberty to publish such of the same as he may from time to time see fit’. The nature of these notes was left unspecified, but Clark himself had no doubt as to what his uncle intended. The younger scholar was expected to complete the work which had already occupied at least twenty-one years on Willis's death in 1875 and was to fill eleven more.
Rethinking the Twentieth-Century Catholic Church in Belgium: the Inter-Relationship Between Liturgy and Architecture
Authors: Morel Anne-Françoise , van de Voorde Stephanie
Published: October 2018

When considering the evolution of twentieth-century church-building, two topics are inescapable — the Liturgical Movement and developments in Modern architecture — and this article therefore argues that in order to appreciate the evolution of the twentieth-century Catholic parish church it is essential to take both liturgical and architectural developments into account. It focuses on such churches in Belgium because that country played a particularly important role in developing relevant theory, Belgian clergy having been founding members of the Liturgical Movement. However, the movement took more than half a century to develop fully there, during which time other initiatives also appeared, such as Domus Dei (the Belgian Diocesan organization for church-building, set up in 1952) and Pro Arte Christiana. Moreover, other factors — ecclesiastical, social, economic, political and cultural — also prove to be crucial in reaching a full appreciation of twentieth-century church-building, for instance, the impact of diocesan guidelines for church-building, and of bodies such as Catholic Action (Katholieke Actie) and Parish Action (Parochiale Actie). This article demonstrates that, despite few apparent formal similarities (if any) between churches built in Belgium before and after World War II, the developments of the inter-war period were fundamental to post-war developments in Belgian church-building.
‘Built-in variety’: David and Mary Medd and the Child-Centred Primary School, 1944-80
Authors: Franklin Geraint
Published: October 2018

Children are the basis of school design.

(Ministry of Education Building Bulletin 1,1949, David and Mary Medd)

Connections between ideas of ‘child-centred’ primary education and the design of schools were arguably closer in post-war Britain than any period before or since. These relationships provide a commentary on the role of public architecture within a British post-war social democracy that combined the social objectives of architectural Modernism with an awareness of, and continuity with, preceding reformist movements for the advancement of public health and education. The ‘social’ aspect of the post-war school-building programme stemmed not so much from the application of labour or technology to processes of building, nor even the equitable distribution of common resources, but rather from the ability of the designer to shape and articulate processes of teaching and learning within the locus of the welfare state. Social and pedagogical ends were often pursued to the almost total exclusion of architectural self-expression. If this ‘humane functionalism’ was rooted in an understanding of the activities and experiences of learning, it was dependent on a multi-disciplinary, investigative and creative collaboration between architect and educational ‘client’.
Emily Meynell Ingram and Holy Angels, Hoar Cross, Staffordshire: A Study in Patronage
Authors: Hall Michael
Published: October 2018

Almost from the moment of its consecration, on 26 April 1876, the church of the Holy Angels at Hoar Cross in Staffordshire was spoken of as an exceptional building. There was more than local pride in a contemporary newspaper report of its unveiling, which declared it to be ‘one of the most beautiful churches in the kingdom … the dignity of the conception, the beauty of the proportion, and the elaborate care lavished on even the minutest detail, carry one back to those days which have left us such memorials as the Percy shrine or the Beauchamp chapel’. That perceptive reference to those medieval sources of inspiration suggests one of the reasons why the church made such an immediate impression. It was the first complete embodiment in a rural setting of a new ideal in the Gothic revival, which in the previous decade had turned its back on the exotic and eclectic style now called High Victorian and had returned to English architecture of the mid-fourteenth century as the point of departure for modern churches. At Hoar Cross, Bodley and Garner, the architectural partnership which had taken the lead in that movement, worked in close collaboration with an exceptional patron, Emily Meynell Ingram, to help realize a compelling new visual identity for the nineteenth-century Anglican parish church.
‘Our Great Master Kent’ and the Design of Holkham Hall: A Reassessment
Authors: Salmon Frank
Published: October 2018

Few questions have more exercised historians of eighteenth-century British architecture over several generations than that of the authorship of the design of Holkham Hall in Norfolk. The house, built between 1734 and 1765, is the quintessential domestic example of English Palladianism at its most Neoclassically extreme. Almost every feature of Holkham's exterior elevations replicates motifs to be found in Antiquity, transmitted through Andrea Palladio or other sixteenth- and seventeenth-century sources, whilst inside not a single painted god, hero or saint complicates the clearly defined surfaces of the damasked walls or coffered ceilings. As a result, Holkham is a building of high international importance since, as John Summerson put it in describing the roots of later eighteenth-century Neoclassicism, it was in earlier eighteenth-century England that ‘the first categorical revolt against the Baroque and the first architectural statements of the new attitude are to be observed’.
Tres testimonivm dant: Resurrecting the Hawkfield Lodge at Rushton as Part of Sir Thomas Tresham's Architectural Testament
Authors: Fairey Kristen
Published: October 2018

The Hawkfield Lodge was one of three emblematic buildings that Sir Thomas Tresham (1543–1605) erected as visible signs of the invisible tenets of his Catholic faith. Tresham was not only a wealthy Elizabethan landowner, with several productive manors and estates in Northamptonshire, but also a prominent Catholic recusant. Construction of all three lodges on two of his estates at Rushton and Lyveden began following his release, in 1593, from a twelve-year period spent primarily at his house in Hoxton, a period in effect an exile from his two family seats that had resulted from his recusancy. The Hawkfield Lodge at Rushton, however, no longer exists, unlike the Warrener's Lodge there (known today as the Triangular Lodge) and the New Bield at Lyveden. Its absence would be of little consequence if the two extant lodges were without the richly emblematic form and ornamentation that have been studied in detail. But it appears to have been a building of a very similar kind, and its construction is well documented. That the masons completed it at least to the level of the roof is clear from the careful reading of the interwoven building accounts that were produced for both the Warrener's and Hawkfield lodges by Tresham's steward at Rushton, George Levens, which include descriptions of the building work, and the payments made for it, and constitute a full volume of the Tresham Papers held at the British Library. Focusing on various details given in these accounts, this article reconstructs the Hawkfield Lodge and presents architectural drawings of its hexagonal ground plan (Fig. 1) and of its reflected ceiling plan or, in other words, the arrangement as seen from below of its elaborate ceiling (Fig. 2). By comparing the plan to those of the two extant lodges (Figs 3 and 4), it also makes clear their symbolic relationships.
Holkham Hall: An Architectural ‘Whodunnit’
Authors: Schmidt Leo
Published: October 2018

Horace Walpole had to put his oar in. ‘How the designs of that house [Holkham], which I have seen an hundred times in Kent’s original drawings, came to be published under another name, and without the slightest mention of the real architect, is beyond my comprehension’. Indeed, The Plans, Elevations, and Sections, of Holkham in Norfolk, The Seat of the Late Earl of Leicester had been published by Matthew Brettingham senior (1699–1769) ten years earlier (1761) without any mention of William Kent (c. 1685–1748). But Walpole’s well-publicised remark completely turned the scales, establishing Kent as the creator and architect of this intriguing work (built 1734-64), which is seen by many as the beau idéal of Anglo-Palladian architecture (Fig. 1).

An alternative view of Holkham’s genesis has seen the patron, Thomas Coke, later Earl of Leicester, as the driving force in the creation of the house and its setting — a view confirmed by a great number of drawings and letters discovered since the 1980s. But a ‘reassessment’, recently published in this journal, has now cast doubt on such a conclusion and has attempted to re-establish Kent as Holkham’s architect.
‘The radicals in these Reform times’: Politics, Grand juries, and Ireland’s Unbuilt Assize Courthouses, 1800–50
Authors: Butler Richard J.
Published: October 2018

It is the aim, in this article, to identify the reasons why certain designs for courthouses in early-nineteenth-century Ireland remained unexecuted, and to do so by analysing surviving drawings and placing them in the political context at this time of Irish local government and of the efforts of Westminster politicians to institute reform. The funding and erection of courthouses were managed by grand juries, an archaic form of local government which gave few rights to smaller taxpayers and was widely perceived as an unaccountable institution associated with theancien régime. In addition to hosting court sittings, courthouses were used by these grand juries for their private meetings and functions. By exploring the agendas and pretensions of these bodies, and by looking at the fluctuating availability of funding sources that were needed to initiate building work, I will argue through a series of Irish case studies that a renewed focus on elite patronage and its associated politics allows a new insight into courthouse building, which places less emphasis than is often the case on, for example, the role played by the changing legal profession in the architectural development of the courthouse.

In nineteenth-century Ireland, courthouses demarcated the visible and tangible presence in the urban landscape of the law and state-sanctioned justice. Laws passed by the Irish parliament and then, after its abolition in 1800, by the Westminster government, were enforced in assize courthouses by travelling judges on established ‘circuits’, visiting each city or county town twice a year (in the spring and summer). These judges travelled with great splendour through the countryside, and were welcomed by a high sheriff at the county border and escorted with military pageantry, ritual, and procession to their destination.
A Pantheon for Horses: The Prince Regent’s Dome and Stables at Brighton
Authors: Tyack Geoffrey
Published: October 2018

Domed rotundas have fascinated and challenged architects and engineers for the last two millennia. Examples can be found throughout the world, most commonly in religious and commemorative buildings, but also in the palaces and bath complexes of ancient Rome and in more recent government and legislative buildings. In modern times technological advances have allowed new and increasingly ambitious kinds of rotunda to be built — markets and exchanges, greenhouses and conservatories, concert and exhibition halls, sports arenas. The roots of this latter development lie in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and one of the pioneering buildings still survives in the unexpected setting of the Royal Pavilion gardens at Brighton.

The Brighton Pavilion has always been mainly associated with two people: George, Prince of Wales (the Prince Regent), who commissioned it, and John Nash, the architect who gave it its present exotic appearance. But it is easy to forget that the most distinctive features of the Nash exterior — the Indian-style domes and minarets — took their stylistic character from a building that was completed before he became involved with the Pavilion. This was the royal stables, designed by William Porden for the Prince, built in 1804–08, and now an arts complex.
Balmoral Castle: National Architecture in a European Context
Authors: Mackechnie Aonghus , Urban Florian
Published: October 2018

Queen Victoria (1819-1901) and Prince Albert (1819-61) first visited Scotland in 1842 when they were both twenty-three years old. What began as a puppy love turned into a life-long affection for the country its landscape and its architecture. Their passion culminated in 1852-56, when they had their holiday home, Balmoral Castle, built in the remote hills near Aberdeen, following a design by the Aberdonian architects John Smith (1781-1852) and his son William (1817-91). This article will analyse Balmoral Castle as an example of what we will call ‘built unionism’, that is, a building that promoted the royal couple's agenda of underlining the union between England and Scotland and the strength of the British nation. At the same time, we will show how this building communicated ideas about national revival that, at the time, were also developing in many other European countries, and particularly in Germany.
The Church Missionary Society and Architecture in the Mission Field: Evangelical Anglican Perspectives on Church Building Abroad, c. 1850-1900
Authors: Turner Emily
Published: October 2018

The Gothic Revival occupies a central place in the architectural development of the Church of England in the nineteenth century, both at home and abroad. Within the expanding British colonial world, in particular, the neo-Gothic church became a centrally important expression of both faith and identity throughout the second half of the nineteenth century. From a symbolic and communicative perspective, the style represented not only a visual link to Britain, but also the fundamental expression of the Church of England as an institution and of the culture of Englishness. As such, it carried with it a wide range of cultural implications that suited the needs of settler communities wishing to re-established their identity abroad. Expansion during this period, however, was not only limited to the growth of settler communities but was also reflected in growing Anglican missions to the non-Christian peoples of annexed territories. The two primary organs of the Church of England in the field, the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (SPG) and the Church Missionary Society (CMS), actively employed the revived medieval style throughout the Empire as missions were solidified through infrastructure development. As a popular style with direct connotations to the Christian faith, revived medieval design became increasingly popular with Anglican missionaries abroad in the period between the early 1840s and the end of the century. Not only did its origins in ecclesiastical buildings make it attractive, but it was also stylistically distinctive, and set apart as a sacred style from both secular and ‘heathen’ structures.
Out of Africa: G. F. Bodley, William White, and the Anglican Mission Church of St Philip, Grahamstown, 1857–67
Authors: Bremner G. Alex
Published: October 2018

The Anglican mission church of St Philip, Grahamstown, is to this day a relatively little-known building (Fig. i). Erected at the height of Anglican missionary fervour in the 1860s, it is at first sight a small, nondescript structure the likes of which could be found throughout South Africa — indeed, the entire British empire — during the nineteenth century. On closer inspection, however, St Philip’s reveals itself to be anything but ordinary. It is one of very few buildings of its type remaining in South Africa that is entirely original in its design and almost completely unaltered in its condition. Although a number of noteworthy Anglican churches in the region survive from this period (especially those by Sophia Gray), many have been restored and/or extended. St Philip’s, however, remains today virtually the same as it was when consecrated over 140 years ago.
The gallery in England: names and meanings
Authors: Coope Rosalys
Published: October 2018

Gallery: in Elizabethan and Jacobean houses, a long room or ‘long gallery’, usually on the upper floor and extending the whole length of the house . . .

J. Harris and J. Lever, Illustrated Glossary of Architecture 850-1830 (1969)

The ‘long gallery’: a name and a room perfectly familiar these days to anyone visiting or reading about English country houses and, indeed, equally familiar since the midnineteenth century to those acquainted with prints and descriptions of country-house interiors. Does the name, however, as we use it today, go back much further than the nineteenth century and what are the problems which the word ‘gallery’ itself can present?
The Royal Festival Hall: A Postscript
Authors: Glendinning Miles
Published: October 2018

In late 2003, immediately after the publication in that year’s Architectural History of my article, ‘Teamwork or Masterwork?’, which discussed the issue of the ‘authorship’ of the Royal Festival Hall (RFH) design, a large, carefully-wrapped roll of drawings of early schemes for the RFH was discovered at the Matthew family house, Keith Marischal, East Lothian; together with the remainder of the archival material at the house, it has now been passed to Edinburgh University Library (Special Collections Department). As set out in this short postscript, they shed an important new light on the arguments put forward in the earlier article, whose text and footnotes should be consulted at the appropriate points, to obviate the need for repetition in this piece.
Inigo Jones, ‘Vitruvius Britannicus’
Authors: Hart Vaughan
Published: October 2018

In July 1650 the Puritans tore down the statues of the two Stuart kings, James I and Charles I, which crowned the portico on the west front of St Paul’s Cathedral in London (Fig. 1). According to one contemporary report, under the new Republican authorities the portico’s Corinthian columns, which had been erected only a few years earlier by Inigo Jones (1573-1652), were ‘shamefully hewed and defaced’. Clearly his architecture, or certain forms of it, did not enjoy immunity from the Puritan animosity directed at royalist and religious iconography during the Civil War and its aftermath. This conflict had brought to a head the underlying religious tensions and related aesthetic sensitivities that Jones had had to respect throughout his career popularizing the antique (or all’antica) style of building. The Orders had run the obvious risk of being interpreted as foreign, pagan or — worst of all — Popish, at least by Puritans, and as such they required reconciling to English sensitivities and national identity.
Pilgrimage and the Dynamics of Urbanism Reconsidered: Faubourg Architecture in Romanesque Aquitaine
Authors: Maxwell Robert
Published: October 2018

Since the late nineteenth century, scholars have considered pilgrimage a dynamic catalyst that influenced a range of cultural practices, not least architecture. The charismatic stewardship of such influential scholars as Arthur Kingsley Porter, Kenneth John Conant, Emile Mâle and Elie Lambert helped propel the study of ‘pilgrimage architecture’ to a leading field of study, and a handful of churches — notably St-Sernin in Toulouse, St-Martin in Tours, St-Martial in Limoges, Ste-Foy in Conques and the cathedral at Santiago de Compostela — achieved status as paradigmatic monuments. At the same time, the subject was also for a long while a source of heated debate fuelled by nationalist interests, occasionally lapsing even into ad hominem squabbles. The matter has in recent decades generated calmer discussion, including new perspectives introduced by studies of other complementary cultural phenomena. Urban and economic historians, in particular, have looked to the role of pilgrimage in relation to urban growth and the rise of commercial markets. This scholarship has contributed to re-evaluations among art historians and has shed greater light, for example, on the predatory fervour with which certain bishops, cathedral chapters and abbots enticed pilgrims to destinations like Chartres, Santiago de Compostela or Cluny, just as the infusion of interdisciplinary perspectives has helped architectural historians reassess so-called pilgrimage architecture. After all, not all churches of that type were on the pilgrimage roads, nor do all churches on those roads reflect the Toulousain-Compostelan model. The relative importance of the paradigmatic five churches has been called into question.
The Architectural Development of Blagdon Hall, Northumberland
Authors: Pears Richard
Published: October 2018

Among the country houses of Northumberland several have remained in the hands of the same families for many generations, including Blagdon Hall, 15 km north of Newcastle upon Tyne, the home of Viscount Ridley’s family (Fig. 1). There are good documentary records for the estate, some dating from the thirteenth century, and detailed accounts from the mid-eighteenth century onwards, reflecting the continuity of ownership since that time. Examination of these documents and of eighteenth-century illustrations suggested that previously accepted dating of the house needed to be reassessed, and raised questions about sources of designs and the involvement of prominent architects and craftsmen in the evolution of the house. Further investigation revealed that the family and commercial networks of Blagdon’s eighteenth-century owners and their builders led to the adoption of the Blagdon design elsewhere in northeast England. This article will examine the remodelling of Blagdon Hall as an example of the history of English élite architecture in the provinces.
The Hospital de la Isla del Rey, Minorca: Britain’s Island Hospital
Authors: Akehurst Ann-Marie
Published: October 2018

The small Spanish island of Minorca is the unexpected setting for a British naval hospital. It was constructed from 1711, during the first years of the British military occupation of the island, to provide medical care to mariners as they served in the strategically important Mediterranean. Scholars working in the fields of both medical and architectural history agree on the innovative importance of this hospital. Christine Stevenson, the foremost expert on early modern British hospital architecture, stated that: ‘the first of the purpose-built naval hospitals was at Port Mahon, Minorca […] [It] was, however, unique until the 1740s, when others were built on Jamaica and Gibraltar’. In terms of the history of hospital architecture, the Minorcan hospital’s role, as the sole purpose-built British naval hospital for over three decades, was a reflection of its exceptional setting, for it presented the British navy with an opportunity to create an infirmary that realized contemporary ideals of hospital design. The single-storey limestone edifice, which adopted the U-shaped plan already pioneered by Sir Christopher Wren (1635-1703) back in England, was located on an island in the middle of Mahon harbour, known by the name Isla del Rey. This was a highly significant location in Minorcan history, formerly called Ilia dels Conills (Rabbit Island), and was named for King Alfonso III of Aragon. It was from this island that Alfonso launched his reconquest of Minorca for Christendom from the Moors, and from this point in time Minorca was incorporated into Catalonia. No evidence has yet come to light of this important name in British usage; instead the occupiers referred to it as ‘Bloody Island’, or ‘Hospital Island’. Despite the informal and macabre renaming of the harbour island it was, however, a beautiful location, cooled by sea breezes, and was visible from all the surrounding cliffs.