bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating the presumed cognitive advantage of aspiring interpreters
Authors: Rosiers Alexandra , Woumans Evy , Duyck Wouter , Eyckmans June
Published: March 2019

In complex tasks such as interpreting, the importance of a well-functioning working memory can hardly be
overestimated. However, empirical studies have failed to produce consistent results with regard to an interpreter advantage in
working memory. Recent studies tend to focus on the executive component of working memory. To our knowledge, no such study has
compared the possible cognitive advantage of aspiring interpreters relative to other multilinguals before training takes place, in
spite of the fact that excellent cognitive abilities are considered important in many interpreter selection procedures. In this
study, we compared the working memory capacity and executive functions of a group of 20 student interpreters with two other groups
of advanced language users who were all at the start of their Master’s training. Data were collected on three executive control
functions: inhibition, shifting and updating. A forward and a backward digit span task for measuring the participants’ working
memory capacity was also included in this study. Results revealed only negligible differences between the three groups at onset of
training. The presumed cognitive advantage of aspiring interpreters with regard to executive control was not found.
Feedback in conference interpreter education
Authors: Domínguez Araújo Lara
Published: March 2019

Feedback is a key part of the teaching and learning process in conference interpreter education. However, there is little research on how feedback should be performed in order to promote learning, or on what trainers and trainees think of its role. This paper, based on a larger PhD research project, seeks to fill this gap by reporting on perceptions and practices in three postgraduate conference interpreter training programs. Data were collected from trainers and trainees through individual interviews, focus groups, and questionnaires, complemented by direct observation of lessons. Content analysis was used to identify points of divergence and convergence between the views of trainers and trainees regarding the usefulness of feedback, preferred practices, and the difficulty of providing feedback. Main findings include that feedback should be honest, concise, and meaningful for the trainees, and provide an analysis of the problems encountered as well as recommend specific strategies for overcoming them.
The origin of English clause-initial quotative inversion
Authors: Cichosz Anna
Published: March 2019

This study is a corpus-based investigation of the development of English clause-initial quotative inversion, i.e.
the construction in which a reporting clause with SV inversion is placed before the quoted message. The analysis makes use of
various corpora of historical and contemporary English in order to document quantity and quality changes in the investigated
construction in all stages of English. The study shows that the construction observed in Present Day English has developed in a
continuous way since the period of Old English, although it has been a low-frequency pattern in each historical period. Moreover,
the construction has developed differently in British and American English. In the former variety, the clause-initial quotative
inversion is still quite rare and limited to newspapers, mostly tabloids; in the latter, it is quite widespread in magazines,
where it shows an exceptionally high frequency and a growing collocational range.
The accommodation of intelligible segmental pronunciation
Authors: O’Neal George
Published: March 2019

This qualitative and quantitative study applies conversation analytic methodology to the examination of mutual
intelligibility, and then quantifies the segmental repairs and segmental adjustments that were required to maintain
intelligibility in English as a Lingua Franca interactions among students at a Japanese university. In the qualitative portion,
sequential analysis was used to ascertain the segmental repairs that were utilized to maintain mutual intelligibility and to
identify the pronunciations that interactants oriented to as unintelligible and intelligible, which can then be compared to
determine the segmental adjustments that changed an unintelligible pronunciation into an intelligible one. In the quantitative
portion, the segmental repairs and the segmental adjustments were quantified in order to assess which kinds of segmental repairs
and segmental adjustments are most frequent. This study concludes that reactive repair is the most frequent segmental repair, and
modification is the most frequent segmental adjustment.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRUCTURE OF BENZIMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVES AND SELECTIVE VIRUS INHIBITORY ACTIVITY
Authors: Tamm Igor , Bablanian Rostom , Nemes Marjorie M. , Shunk Clifford H. , Robinson Franklin M. , Folkers Karl
Published: March 2019

On page 628, some of the structural formulas within Table I appear in heavy type. This effect is due to defective cuts and has no scientific significance.
PATHOGENESIS OF EXPERIMENTAL SHOCK
Authors: Janoff Aaron , Weissmann Gerald , Zweifach Benjamin W. , Thomas Lewis
Published: March 2019

In the article by Janoff, Weissmann, Zweifach, and Thomas on Pathogenesis of experimental shock. IV, in Text-figs. 4 and 5, for /micrograms protein/hour read everywhere /100 micrograms protein/hour.
THE ASSAY OF GALACTOKINASE AND GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYL TRANSFERASE ACTIVITY IN HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Robinson Arthur
Published: March 2019

In the article by Dr. Robinson, page 360, paragraph 5 under Methods:

Leloir's ethanol-acetate solvent (1 M sodium acetate pH 7.5)

should read:

Leloir's ethanol-acetate solvent (1 M sodium acetate pH 3.8)
MEMBRANE IMMUNOGLOBULINS OF B LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: Fu S. M. , Kunkel H. G.
Published: March 2019

Line 17 read Gm(a) for Gm(n).
Towards a strategic research agenda for social sciences and humanities in radiological protection
Authors: Perko Tanja , Van Oudheusden Michiel , Turcanu Catrinel , Pölzl-Viol Christiane , Oughton Deborah , Schieber Caroline , Schneider Thierry , Zölzer Friedo , Mays Claire , Martell Meritxell , Baudé Stéphane , Choffel de Witte Ilma , Prlic Ivica , Cantone Marie Claire , Salomaa Sisko , Duranova Tatiana , Economides Sotiris , Molyneux-Hodgson Susan
Published: March 2019

Reflecting a change in funding strategies for European research projects, and a commitment to the idea of responsible research and innovation in radiological protection (RP), a collective of research institutes and universities have developed a prospective Strategic Research Agenda (SRA) for Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH) in radiological protection. This is the first time such a research agenda has been proposed. This paper identifies six research lines of interest and concern: (1) Effects of social, psychological and economic aspects on RP behaviour; (2) Holistic approaches to the governance of radiological risks; (3) Responsible research and innovation in RP; (4) Stakeholder engagement and participatory processes in RP research, development, policy and practice; (5) Risk communication; and (6) RP cultures. These topics were developed through broad stakeholder consultation, in conjunction with activities carried out in the framework of various projects and initiatives (EU H2020 CONCERT programme, the EU FP7 projects OPERRA, PREPARE and EAGLE, the 2015–2018 RICOMET series of conferences, and the 2014 and 2016 International Symposia on Ethics of Environmental Health); as well as through dialogues with members of the European radiation protection research communities. The six research lines open opportunities to integrate a range of key social and ethical considerations into RP, thereby expanding research opportunities and programmes and fostering collaborative approaches to research and innovation.
Convergence of Teichmüller deformations in the universal Teichmüller space
Authors: Miyachi Hideki , Šarić Dragomir
Published: March 2019

Let

φ
:

D

→

C

\varphi :\mathbb {D}\to \mathbb {C}

be an integrable holomorphic function on the unit disk

D

\mathbb {D}

and let

D

φ

:

D

→
T
(

D

)

D_{\varphi }:\mathbb {D}\to T(\mathbb {D})

be the corresponding Teichmüller disk in the universal Teichmüller space

T
(

D

)

T(\mathbb {D})

. For a positive

t
t

it is known that
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper D Subscript phi Baseline left-parenthesis t right-parenthesis right-arrow left-bracket mu Subscript phi Baseline right-bracket element-of upper P upper M upper L Subscript b Baseline left-parenthesis double-struck upper D right-parenthesis">

D

φ

(
t
)
→
[

μ

φ

]
∈
P
M

L
b

(

D

)

D_{\varphi }(t)\to [\mu _{\varphi }]\in PML_b(\mathbb {D})

as

t
→
1

t\to 1

, where

μ

φ

\mu _{\varphi }

is a bounded measured lamination representing a point on the Thurston boundary of

T
(

D

)

T(\mathbb {D})

. We extend this result by showing that

D

φ

:

D

→
T
(

D

)

D_{\varphi }\colon \mathbb {D}\to T(\mathbb {D})

extends as a continuous map from the closed disk

D

¯

\overline {\mathbb {D}}

to the Thurston bordification. In addition, we prove that the rate of convergence of

D

φ

(
λ
)

D_{\varphi }(\lambda )

when

λ
→

e

i
θ

\lambda \to e^{i\theta }

is independent of the type of the approach to

e

i
θ

∈
∂

D

e^{i\theta }\in \partial \mathbb {D}

.
Some vanishing theorems for 𝑘-positive line bundles twisted by pseudo-effective line bundles
Authors: Huang Chunle
Published: March 2019

We will first present a new proof of the famous Nadel vanishing theorem by using Demailly’s equisingular approximation theorem and Hörmander

L
2

L^2

estimates. Then some vanishing theorems for

k
k

-positive line bundles twisted by pseudo-effective line bundles will be discussed by the same methods.
On the Hausdorff dimension of microsets
Authors: Fraser Jonathan , Howroyd Douglas , Käenmäki Antti , Yu Han
Published: March 2019

We investigate how the Hausdorff dimensions of microsets are related to the dimensions of the original set. It is known that the maximal dimension of a microset is the Assouad dimension of the set. We prove that the lower dimension can analogously be obtained as the minimal dimension of a microset. In particular, the maximum and minimum exist. We also show that for an arbitrary

F

σ

\mathcal {F}_\sigma

set

Δ
⊆
[
0
,
d
]

\Delta \subseteq [0,d]

containing its infimum and supremum there is a compact set in

[
0
,
1

]
d

[0,1]^d

for which the set of Hausdorff dimensions attained by its microsets is exactly equal to the set

Δ
\Delta

. Our work is motivated by the general programme of determining what geometric information about a set can be determined at the level of tangents.
An Hélein’s type convergence theorem for conformal immersions from 𝕊² to manifold
Authors: Wei Guodong
Published: March 2019

In this short paper, we establish an Hélein’s type convergence theorem for conformal immersions from

S

2

\mathbb {S}^{2}

to a general compact Riemannian manifold. As an application, we extend the existence of minimizer of

∫

|

A

|

2

d
μ

\int |A|^{2} d\mu

for immersed 2-spheres in compact 3-manifolds under certain conditions due to E. Kuwert, A. Mondino, and J. Schygulla to higher codimensions.
Differences by Sex in Cardiovascular Comorbid Conditions Among Older Adults (Aged 50–64 or ≥65 Years) Receiving Care for Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Frazier Emma L , Sutton Madeline Y , Tie Yunfeng , Fagan Jennifer , Fanfair Robyn Neblett
Published: March 2019

Background

Differences by sex in cardiovascular comorbid conditions among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected persons aged 50–64 years have been understudied; even fewer data are available for persons aged ≥65 years.

Methods

We used matched interview and medical record abstraction data from the 2009–2012 data cycles of the Medical Monitoring Project, a nationally representative sample of HIV-infected adults in care. We included men and women aged 50–64 and ≥65 years at time of interview. We calculated weighted prevalence estimates and used logistic regression to compute adjusted prevalence differences and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) assessing sex differences in various characteristics and cardiovascular comorbid conditions. Comorbid conditions included overweight/obesity (body mass index ≥25), abnormal total cholesterol level (defined as ≥200 mg/dL), diagnosed diabetes mellitus, or diagnosed hypertension.

Results

Of 7436 participants, 89.5% were aged 50–64 years and 10.4% aged ≥65 years, 75.1% were men, 40.4% (95% CI, 33.5%–47.2%) were non-Hispanic black, 72.0% (70.4%–73.6%) had HIV infection diagnosed ≥10 years earlier. After adjustment for sociodemographic and behavioral factors, women aged 50–64 years were more likely than men to be obese (adjusted prevalence difference, 8.4; 95% CI, 4.4–12.3), have hypertension (3.9; .1–7.6), or have high total cholesterol levels (9.9; 6.2–13.6). Women aged ≥65 years had higher prevalences of diabetes mellitus and high total cholesterol levels than men.

Conclusions

Cardiovascular comorbid conditions were prevalent among older HIV-infected persons in care; disparities existed by sex. Closer monitoring and risk-reduction strategies for cardiovascular comorbid conditions are warranted for older HIV-infected persons, especially older women.
Changes in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Spectrum After 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Implementation
Authors: Levy Corinne , Varon Emmanuelle , Ouldali Naim , Béchet Stéphane , Bonacorsi Stéphane , Cohen Robert
Published: March 2019

Background

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) implementation has led to a sharp decrease in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) due to the reduction in PCV serotypes. We aimed to describe the changes in the spectrum of IPD and its clinical presentations after 13-valent PCV (PCV13) implementation.

Methods

This prospective, hospital-based, active surveillance involved 130 pediatric wards and microbiology departments throughout France. We analyzed IPD cases from 2011 to 2016 for which a pneumococcal isolate was sent to the National Reference Center for Pneumococci for serotyping. Clinical data recorded were medical history, vaccination status, type of IPD, clinical features, and short-term evolution.

Results

Among 1082 IPD cases, we observed a 35.3% decrease (95% confidence interval, 29.2%–41.8%]) and the median age shifted from 38.3 months to 23.7 months (P = .007). The change in IPD type was mostly due to a reduction in bacteremic pneumonia frequency (from 42.1% to 19.1%; P < .001). Among the emerging non-PCV13 types (NVTs), those known to have the highest disease potential (8, 12F, 24F, and 33F) were isolated more frequently in patients without underlying conditions and were able to induce all IPD clinical presentations including bacteremic pneumonia. Conversely, serotypes with lower disease potential (15A, 15BC, 16F, and 23B) were rarely isolated from bacteremic pneumonia cases and were particularly involved in IPD in patients with underlying conditions (35.8%).

Conclusions

Besides the decrease in IPD after 7-valent, then 13-valent PCV implementation, the spectrum of the remaining IPD cases showed significant changes, with substantial discrepancies across NVTs implicated in terms of clinical features and underlying conditions.
Effect of an exercise rehabilitation program on physical function over 1 year in chronic kidney disease: an observational study
Authors: Hargrove Nicholas , Tays Quinn , Storsley Leroy , Komenda Paul , Rigatto Claudio , Ferguson Thomas , Tangri Navdeep , Bohm Clara
Published: March 2019

Background

Exercise rehabilitation may help maintain physical function in chronic kidney disease (CKD), but long-term clinical effectiveness is unknown. We evaluated the effect of an exercise rehabilitation program on physical function over 1 year in individuals with CKD.

Methods

This clinical program evaluation included adults with CKD (any stage) registered in a provincial renal program from 1 January 2011 to 31 March 2016. Attenders were referred to and attended a 10-week exercise rehabilitation program (n = 117). Nonattenders were referred, but did not attend the program (n = 133). Individuals enrolled in a longitudinal frailty study (n = 318) composed a second control group. Primary outcome: Change in physical function [short physical performance battery (SPPB) score]. Secondary outcomes included change in health-related quality of life, physical activity, exercise behaviour, hospitalization over 1 year. Predictors of improved SPPB were assessed using logistic regression.

Results

In sum, 53, 40 and 207 participants completed 1-year follow-up in attender, nonattender and second control groups, respectively. Baseline median SPPB [interquartile range (IQR)] scores were 10.5 (9–12), 10 (8–12) and 9 (7–11) in attender, nonattender and second control groups, respectively (P = 0.02). Mean change in SPPB score over 1 year was not significantly different between groups (P = 0.7). Attenders with baseline SPPB score <12, trended toward increased likelihood of improved SPPB score at 1 year [odds ratio (OR) 2.18; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.95–5.02; P = 0.07]. More attenders (60%) exercised regularly at 1 year than nonattenders (35%) (P = 0.03).

Conclusions

The impact of clinical exercise rehabilitation programs on physical function at 1 year needs further delineation. However, our observation of improved exercise behaviour at 1 year suggests sustained benefits with such programs in CKD.
Behavioural factors affecting the adoption of sustainable farming practices: a policy-oriented review
Authors: Dessart François J , Barreiro-Hurlé Jesús , van Bavel René
Published: March 2019

This paper reviews the findings from the last 20 years on the behavioural factors that influence farmers’ decisions to adopt environmentally sustainable practices. It also proposes policy options to increase adoption, based on these behavioural factors and embedded in the EU Common Agricultural Policy. Behavioural factors are grouped into three clusters, from more distal to more proximal: (i) dispositional factors; (ii) social factors and (iii) cognitive factors. Overall, the review demonstrates that considering behavioural factors enriches economic analyses of farmer decision-making, and can lead to more realistic and effective agri-environmental policies.
Evidence for the natural occurrence of Wolbachia in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes
Authors: Balaji Sivaraman , Jayachandran Seetharaman , Prabagaran Solai Ramatchandirane
Published: March 2019

Wolbachia, a Gram-negative bacterium, is widely known to be present in arthropods and nematodes. Of late, great impetus is given to employ this intracellular bacterium, as an alternative to conventional biocontrol agents for the control of mosquitoes because of its inherent ability to induce sperm–egg incompatibility, feminisation etc. By employing molecular tools, we have shown the presence of Wolbachia from Aedes aegypti mosquito population collected from Coimbatore, India by PCR amplifying the Ae. aegypti mosquito genome with Wolbachia specific 16S rRNA, wsp and ftsZ gene primers. The phylogenetic analysis of these gene sequences incorporating MLST and GenBank reference sequences has confirmed the occurrence of Wolbachia supergroup B in Ae. aegypti. In addition, qRT-PCR results have shown the dynamics of Wolbachia across the developmental stages of mosquito. The absence of Wolbachia in tetracycline-treated Ae. aegypti mosquitoes evidenced by transmission electron microscopy reinforced our finding conclusively. After confirming their persistence through generations, we have designated Wolbachia from Ae. aegypti as wAegB. In our considered view, wAegB could play a dynamic role in impeding mosquito multiplication and consequently impinging transmission of the dreadful dengue.
Cross-country comparison of strategies for building consumer trust in food
Authors: Wilson Annabelle M , Tonkin Emma , Coveney John , Meyer Samantha B , McCullum Dean , Calnan Michael , Kelly Edel , O’Reilly Seamus , McCarthy Mary , McGloin Aileen , Ward Paul R
Published: March 2019

Consumer trust in the modern food system is essential given its complexity. Contexts vary across countries with regard to food incidents, regulation and systems. It is therefore of interest to compare how key actors in different countries might approach (re)building consumer trust in the food system; and particularly relevant to understanding how food systems in different regions might learn from one another. The purpose of this paper is to explore differences between strategies for (re)building trust in food systems, as identified in two separate empirical studies, one conducted in Australia, New Zealand and the UK (Study 1) and another on the Island of Ireland (Study 2). Interviews were conducted with media, food industry and food regulatory actors across the two studies (n = 105 Study 1; n = 50 Study 2). Data were coded into strategy statements, strategies describing actions to (re)build consumer trust. Strategy statements were compared between Studies 1 and 2 and similarities and differences were noted. The strategy statements identified in Study 1 to (re)build consumer trust in the food system were shown to be applicable in Study 2, however, there were notable differences in the contextual factors that shaped the means by which strategies were implemented. As such, the transfer of such approaches across regions is not an appropriate means to addressing breaches in consumer trust. Notwithstanding, our data suggest that there is still capacity to learn between countries when considering strategies for (re)building trust in the food system but caution must be exercised in the transfer of approaches.
Non-communicable disease prevention in Mexico: policies, programs and regulations
Authors: Aceves Benjamin , Ingram Maia , Nieto Claudia , de Zapien Jill Guernsey , Rosales Cecilia
Published: March 2019

Non-communicable diseases (NCD), such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease, have become a leading cause of the death in Mexico. The federal government has addressed this issue through developing NCD prevention plans, regulations and policies (PRPs) that seek to address social and environmental factors, which was led by the National Institute of Public Health and Ministry of Health in concert with various non-governmental organizations. This review aims to synthesize and summarize national NCD prevention PRPs addressing social and environmental factors passed from 2010 to 2016, and to assess the extent to which these efforts successfully addressed factors contributing to the epidemic. In total nine federal NCD prevention PRPs were identified from a scan that examined executive and legislative PRPs, which identified five documents. A scoping review was conducted for evaluation studies and reports corresponding to these PRPs. The majority of PRPs focused on nutrition, specifically the access and promotion of food. Studies and reports demonstrated that taxation on energy-dense low-nutrient foods and sugar-sweetened beverages were the most effective. Other PRPs had various issues with implementation, mostly related to adherence and resources available. Overall, there lacked evidence of evaluative work on several NCD prevention PRPs, specifically assessing implementation and effectiveness. Additionally, PRPs did not sufficiently address integration of clinical, social, environmental approaches and access to physical activity. While the Mexican federal government has taken the initial steps to address the multifactorial causes of NCD, firm political commitment and investment of significant resources are still needed.
Stick or Slip: Adhesive Performance of Geckos and Gecko-Inspired Synthetics in Wet Environments
Authors: Stark Alyssa Y , Mitchell Christopher T
Published: March 2019

The gecko adhesive system has inspired hundreds of synthetic mimics principally focused on replicating the strong, reversible, and versatile properties of the natural system. For geckos native to the tropics, versatility includes the need to remain attached to substrates that become wet from high humidity and frequent rain. Paradoxically, van der Waals forces, the principal mechanism responsible for gecko adhesion, reduce to zero when two contacting surfaces separate even slightly by entrapped water layers. A series of laboratory studies show that instead of slipping, geckos maintain and even improve their adhesive performance in many wet conditions (i.e., on wet hydrophobic substrates, on humid substrates held at low temperatures). The mechanism for this is not fully clarified, and likely ranges in scale from the chemical and material properties of the gecko’s contact structures called setae (e.g., setae soften and change surface confirmation when exposed to water), to their locomotor biomechanics and decision-making behavior when encountering water on a substrate in their natural environment (e.g., some geckos tend to run faster and stop more frequently on misted substrates than dry). Current work has also focused on applying results from the natural system to gecko-inspired synthetic adhesives, improving their performance in wet conditions. Gecko-inspired synthetic adhesives have also provided a unique opportunity to test hypotheses about the natural system in semi-natural conditions replicated in the laboratory. Despite many detailed studies focused on the role of water and humidity on gecko and gecko-inspired synthetic adhesion, there remains several outstanding questions: (1) what, if any, role does capillary or capillary-like adhesion play on overall adhesive performance of geckos and gecko-inspired synthetics, (2) how do chemical and material changes at the surface and in the bulk of gecko setae and synthetic fibrils change when exposed to water, and what does this mean for adhesive performance, and (3) how much water do geckos encounter in their native environment, and what is their corresponding behavioral response? This review will detail what we know about gecko adhesion in wet environments, and outline the necessary next steps in biological and synthetic system investigations.
Socio-economic inequalities in life expectancy of older adults with and without multimorbidity: a record linkage study of 1.1 million people in England
Authors: Chan Mei Sum , van den Hout Ardo , Pujades-Rodriguez Mar , Jones Melvyn Mark , Matthews Fiona E , Jagger Carol , Raine Rosalind , Bajekal Madhavi
Published: March 2019

Background

Age of onset of multimorbidity and its prevalence are well documented. However, its contribution to inequalities in life expectancy has yet to be quantified.

Methods

A cohort of 1.1 million English people aged 45 and older were followed up from 2001 to 2010. Multimorbidity was defined as having 2 or more of 30 major chronic diseases. Multi-state models were used to estimate years spent healthy and with multimorbidity, stratified by sex, smoking status and quintiles of small-area deprivation.

Results

Unequal rates of multimorbidity onset and subsequent survival contributed to higher life expectancy at age 65 for the least (Q1) compared with most (Q5) deprived: there was a 2-year gap in healthy life expectancy for men [Q1: 7.7 years (95% confidence interval: 6.4–8.5) vs Q5: 5.4 (4.4–6.0)] and a 3-year gap for women [Q1: 8.6 (7.5–9.4) vs Q5: 5.9 (4.8–6.4)]; a 1-year gap in life expectancy with multimorbidity for men [Q1: 10.4 (9.9–11.2) vs Q5: 9.1 (8.7–9.6)] but none for women [Q1: 11.6 (11.1–12.4) vs Q5: 11.5 (11.1–12.2)]. Inequalities were attenuated but not fully attributable to socio-economic differences in smoking prevalence: multimorbidity onset was latest for never smokers and subsequent survival was longer for never and ex smokers.

Conclusions

The association between social disadvantage and multimorbidity is complex. By quantifying socio-demographic and smoking-related contributions to multimorbidity onset and subsequent survival, we provide evidence for more equitable allocation of prevention and health-care resources to meet local needs.
Nontrivial Elements in a Knot Group That are Trivialized by Dehn Fillings
Authors: Ito Tetsuya , Motegi Kimihiko , Teragaito Masakazu
Published: March 2019

Let $K$ be a nontrivial knot in $S^3$ with the exterior $E(K)$, and $\gamma \in G(K) = \pi _1(E(K), *)$ a slope element represented by an essential simple closed curve on $\partial E(K)$ with base point $* \in \partial E(K)$. Since the normal closure $\langle \!\langle \gamma \rangle \!\rangle $ of $\gamma $ in $G(K)$ coincides with that of $\gamma ^{-1}$, and $\gamma $ and $\gamma ^{-1}$ correspond to a slope $r \in \mathbb{Q} \cup \{ \infty \}$, we write $\langle \!\langle r \rangle \!\rangle = \langle \!\langle \gamma \rangle \!\rangle $. The normal closure $\langle \!\langle r \rangle \!\rangle $ describes elements, which are trivialized by $r$-Dehn filling of $E(K)$. In this article, we prove that $\langle \!\langle r_1 \rangle \!\rangle = \langle \!\langle r_2 \rangle \!\rangle $ if and only if $r_1 = r_2$, and for a given finite family of slopes $\mathcal{S} = \{ r_1, \dots , r_n \}$, the intersection $\langle \!\langle r_1 \rangle \!\rangle \cap \cdots \cap \langle \!\langle r_n \rangle \!\rangle $ contains infinitely many elements except when $K$ is a $(p, q)$-torus knot and $pq \in \mathcal{S}$. We also investigate inclusion relation among normal closures of slope elements.
Gender inequity as a barrier to women’s access to skilled pregnancy care in rural Nigeria: a qualitative study
Authors: Yaya Sanni , Okonofua Friday , Ntoimo Lorretta , Udenige Ogochukwu , Bishwajit Ghose
Published: March 2019

Background

Maternal mortality has been an issue of global importance, with continued efforts by the international development community towards its reduction. The provision of high quality maternal healthcare has been identified as a key strategy in preventing maternal mortality. Gendered intrahousehold power structures, gendered dynamics of resource allocation and women’s limited ability in decision-making can have a huge impact on maternal health-seeking behaviour and overall health status. Using a gender lens, this study explores the root causes of women’s limited access to and utilisation of maternal healthcare services in rural areas of Edo State, Nigeria.

Methods

This qualitative study involved the analysis of data collected from gender- and age-desegregated focus group discussions (FDGs) in 20 communities in Etsako East and Esan South East local government areas of Edo State, Nigeria. Focus group participants comprised women between the ages of 15–45 y who have been pregnant within the last 5 y and their male spouses and partners of varying ages. A total of 20 FGDs were conducted. Coded transcripts were reviewed and analysed using the gender framework as an analytical guide.

Results

Most responses indicated that women did not entirely have the power to make decisions regarding when to seek care during pregnancy. Women’s experiences of access to quality care showed intersecting areas of gender and social economic status (SES) and how they impact on access to health. Many of the responses suggested high levels of economic marginalisation among women with women being financially dependent on their spouses and partners for pregnancy healthcare-related costs. Furthermore, a man’s financial status determined the type of care his spouse or partner sought. Women identified a high workload as an issue during pregnancy and a barrier to accessing maternal healthcare services. The role of men within households was generally perceived as that of financial providers, therefore a husband’s support was commonly constructed to solely mean financial support.

Conclusion

This paper brings attention to the role of gender and SES in producing and sustaining limitations to women’s access to quality care. Interventions geared towards supporting women’s financial independence is an important step towards improving their access to skilled healthcare, more so are interventions that improve women’s decision-making capacities.
Intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of cefiderocol, a novel siderophore cephalosporin, in healthy adult subjects
Authors: Katsube Takayuki , Saisho Yutaka , Shimada Jingoro , Furuie Hidetoshi
Published: March 2019

Background

Cefiderocol, a novel siderophore cephalosporin, has shown potent activity against Gram-negative bacteria, including MDR pathogens. Cefiderocol is under clinical investigation for the treatment of serious Gram-negative infections including nosocomial pneumonia.

Objectives

This study assessed intrapulmonary penetration after a single intravenous dose of cefiderocol (2000 mg infused over 60 min) in healthy adult males.

Materials and methods

Each subject underwent one bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) to collect BAL fluid (BALF). Fifteen subjects were assigned to one of three collection timepoints (1, 2 or 4 h from start of infusion). Five additional subjects were assigned to a collection timepoint at 6 h, which was added based on concentration data between 1 and 4 h predicting measurable BALF cefiderocol concentrations at 6 h.

Results

Cefiderocol concentrations in plasma, epithelial lining fluid (ELF) and alveolar macrophages (AMs) were calculated for each subject. The ELF concentration of cefiderocol was 13.8, 6.69, 2.78 and 1.38 mg/L at 1, 2, 4 and 6 h after single intravenous dosing, respectively. Over 6 h, geometric mean concentration ratios ranged from 0.0927 to 0.116 for ELF to total plasma and from 0.00496 to 0.104 for AMs to total plasma. AUC ratios of ELF and AMs to plasma were 0.101 and 0.0177 based on total drug in plasma, respectively, and 0.239 and 0.0419 based on free drug in plasma, respectively. There were no major drug-related adverse events.

Conclusions

Results of this study indicate that cefiderocol penetrates into ELF, and ELF and plasma concentrations appear to be parallel.
Bridging the integration gap between patient-generated blood glucose data and electronic health records
Authors: Lewinski Allison A , Drake Connor , Shaw Ryan J , Jackson George L , Bosworth Hayden B , Oakes Megan , Gonzales Sarah , Jelesoff Nicole E , Crowley Matthew J
Published: March 2019

Telemedicine can facilitate population health management by extending the reach of providers to efficiently care for high-risk, high-utilization populations. However, for telemedicine to be maximally useful, data collected using telemedicine technologies must be reliable and readily available to healthcare providers. To address current gaps in integration of patient-generated health data into the electronic health record (EHR), we examined 2 patient-facing platforms, Epic MyChart and Apple HealthKit, both of which facilitated the uploading of blood glucose data into the EHR as part of a diabetes telemedicine intervention. All patients were offered use of the MyChart platform; we subsequently invited a purposive sample of patients who used the MyChart platform effectively (n = 5) to also use the Apple HealthKit platform. Patients reported both platforms helped with diabetes self-management, and providers appreciated the convenience of the processes for obtaining patient data. Providers stated that the EHR data presentation format for Apple HealthKit was challenging to interpret; however, they also valued the greater perceived accuracy the Apple HealthKit data. Our findings indicate that patient-facing platforms can feasibly facilitate transmission of patient-generated health data into the EHR and support telemedicine-based care.
Utilizing the Hub-and-Spoke Model to Deliver Quality Breast Imaging in a Large Health System
Authors: Pham Ramya , Constantinou Niki , Plecha Donna
Published: March 2019

Healthcare systems are constantly expanding and gaining new territories. This growth is met with challenges in the organization and delivery of quality health care services to a large geographical area. The need for provider and staff coverage at the new sites often outpaces the rate at which additional providers and staff are hired. The need for new technology, equipment, and administrative support to oversee the new sites may also lag. The overall result could compromise patient experience at these outlying locations. The breast imaging division at University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center (UHCMC) instituted many changes to support UHCMC’s continual growth while focusing on consistent quality of care and optimal patient experience. Changes included adoption of the hub-and-spoke organization-design model and incorporation of the integrated practice unit (IPU) concept. In the hub-and-spoke organization-design model, full services are offered at a central hub, with additional limited services provided at the peripheral spoke sites. The IPU is a dedicated team of clinical and nonclinical personnel providing the full care cycle centered on a specific medical condition such as breast health. The breast imaging hubs and spokes are incorporated into the breast health IPUs to provide uniform quality care across a large health system. The purpose of this article is to describe how the breast imaging division, functioning as members of the breast care IPU, utilized the hub-and-spoke concept to provide quality breast imaging services throughout the expanding health system.
The Heterogeneity of Tort Law
Authors: Murphy John
Published: March 2019

This article tests the plausibility of several leading, explanatory theories of tort by reference to the fact that tort law possesses neither the juridical nor the structural unity that the relevant theories ascribe to it. It considers a wide range of tort actions that reveal a much more heterogeneous body of law than any of the targeted theorists admit exists. It concludes that, taken together, tort law’s varying liability bases, its departures from the requirement of a rights infringement, its structural variations and its remedial diversity combine to belie the various reductionist claims the theorists in question make.
Case epidemiology from the first three years of a pilot laboratory-based surveillance system for elevated blood-lead concentrations among children in England, 2014–17: implications for public health action
Authors: Roberts D J , Crabbe Helen , Owodunni Tayo , Gordon-Brown Harriet , Close Rebecca , Reshat Shanel , Sampson Barry , Ruggles Ruth , Dabrera Gavin , Busby Araceli , Leonardi Giovanni
Published: March 2019

Background

Children incur lead toxicity even at low blood-lead concentrations (BLCs), and testing in England is opportunistic. We described epidemiology of cases notified to a passive laboratory-based surveillance system (SS), the Lead Poisoning in Children (LPIC) SS to inform opportunities to prevent lead exposure in children in England.

Methods

Surveillance population: children <16 years of age and resident in England during the reporting period September 2014–17. Case definition: children with BLC ≥0.48 μmol/l (10 μg/dl). We extracted case demographic/location data and linked it with laboratory, area-level population and socio-economic status (SES) data. We described case BLCs and calculated age-, gender- and SES-specific notification rates, and age-sex standardised regional notification rates.

Results

Between 2014 and 2017 there were 86 newly notified cases, giving an annual average notification rate of 2.76 per million children aged 0–15 years. Regionally, rates varied from 0.36 to 9.89 per million. Rates were highest in the most deprived quintile (5.38 per million), males (3.75 per million) and children aged 1–4 years (5.89 per million).

Conclusions

Males, children aged 1–4 years, and children in deprived areas may be at higher risk, and could be targeted for primary prevention. Varied regional notification rates suggest differences in clinician awareness of lead exposure and risk factors; guidelines standardising the indications for BLC-testing may assist secondary prevention.
Are the Largest Banks Valued More Highly?
Authors: Minton Bernadette A , Stulz René M , Taboada Alvaro G
Published: March 2019

Some argue too-big-to-fail (TBTF) status increases the value of the largest banks. In contrast, we find that the value of the largest banks is negatively related to asset size in normal times, but much less so during the crisis. Further, shareholders lose when large banks cross a TBTF threshold through acquisitions. The negative relation between bank value and bank size for the largest banks cannot be explained by differences in ROA, ROE, equity volatility, tail risk, distress risk, or equity discount rates, but it can be partly explained by the market’s discounting of trading activities.

Received December 20, 2017; editorial decision November 14, 2018 by Editor Itay Goldstein.
Manipulating Wild and Tamed Phytobiomes: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Bell Terrence H. , Hockett Kevin L. , Alcalá-Briseño Ricardo I. , Barbercheck Mary , Beattie Gwyn A. , Bruns Mary Ann , Carlson John E. , Chung Taejung , Collins Alyssa , Emmett Bryan , Esker Paul , Garrett Karen A. , Glenna Leland , Gugino Beth K. , Jiménez-Gasco María del Mar , Kinkel Linda , Kovac Jasna , Kowalski Kurt P. , Kuldau Gretchen , Leveau Johan H. J. , Michalska-Smith Matthew J. , Myrick Jessica , Peter Kari , Salazar Maria Fernanda Vivanco , Shade Ashley , Stopnisek Nejc , Tan Xiaoqing , Welty Amy T. , Wickings Kyle , Yergeau Etienne
Published: March 2019

This white paper presents a series of perspectives on current and future phytobiome management, discussed at the Wild and Tamed Phytobiomes Symposium in University Park, PA, U.S.A., in June 2018. To enhance plant productivity and health, and to translate lab- and greenhouse-based phytobiome research to field applications, the academic community and end-users need to address a variety of scientific, practical, and social challenges. Prior discussion of phytobiomes has focused heavily on plant-associated bacterial and fungal assemblages, but the phytobiomes concept covers all factors that influence plant function. Here we discuss various management considerations, including abiotic conditions (e.g., soil and nutrient applications), microorganisms (e.g., bacterial and fungal assemblages, bacterial and fungal inoculants, and viruses), macroorganisms (e.g., arthropods and plant genetics), and societal factors (e.g., communication approaches and technology diffusion). An important near-term goal for this field should be to estimate the potential relative contribution of different components of the phytobiome to plant health, as well as the potential and risk of modifying each in the near future.
Helping patients select long-acting reversible contraceptives
Authors: Sierra Talia
Published: March 2019

To reduce the rate of unintended pregnancies, patients should select a contraceptive option that fits their needs and lifestyle. Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) are a relatively safe and effective option. This article outlines the characteristics of available LARCs and identifies the appropriate method for specific patient populations.
High-fidelity Training Model for Measurement of Dynamic Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter Using Transorbital Ultrasonography
Authors: Hajat Zakir , Dinsmore Michael , Venkatraghavan Lashmi
Published: March 2019

Background:

Transorbital ultrasonographic measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) is an important technique for bedside assessment of raised intracranial pressure (ICP). However, developing competency for this clinical skill requires practice scans on both normal subjects and patients with raised ICP. The aim of this study is to develop a high-fidelity training model capable of measuring dynamic changes in ONSD and to test the reliability and reproducibility of the model at different simulated ICP values.

Materials and Methods:

We designed and developed a high-fidelity training model for dynamic ONSD measurement using a hemispherical table tennis ball, mounted on a 3.0-mm pediatric microcuffed endotracheal tube (ETT). Two independent investigators then performed a randomized blinded study to assess the reliability and reproducibility of the model. A total of 30 ONSD measurements (10 measurements each for 3 ETT cuff volumes of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mL, simulating an ONSD of a normal, borderline, and raised ICP, respectively) were performed by each investigator. Intraclass correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots were calculated to analyze the level of agreement between the investigators.

Results:

Our model was able to provide dynamic changes in ONSD secondary to ETT cuff volume changes. Small increments of 0.1 mL cuff volume changes produced immediate changes in ONSD that are similar to those observed in patients. The median interobserver difference in ONSD was 0.3 mm (interquartile range, 0. to 0.4 mm). Intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.89, 0.89, and 0.90 for 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mL ETT cuff volumes, respectively.

Conclusions:

We have developed a clinically relevant model capable of simulating changes in ONSD in patients with normal and raised ICP. This model could be a valuable training tool to gain scanning experience in optic nerve ultrasonography, and improve operators’ technical abilities.
Mood disorders do not predict a more difficult course after primary anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty
Authors: Lonergan Timothy M. , Villarreal Arturo D. , Smith Richard A. , Brolin Tyler J. , Azar Frederick M. , Throckmorton Thomas W.
Published: March 2019

Background:

Mood disorders are present in up to 30% of patients with arthroplasty procedures, but information is lacking about their impact on shoulder arthroplasty. As risk stratification models for bundled payment programs develop, this information becomes increasingly relevant because these plans typically are tied to 90-day episode of care. We studied the effect of mood disorders on pain, narcotic use, length of hospital stay, and complications following primary anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) in this period.

Methods:

Patients with mood disorders were identified by notation of depression and/or anxiety on intake forms or use of prescription mood stabilizers. Visual analog pain scores (VAS) were recorded at the preoperative visit and at 2-, 6-, and 12-weeks after surgery. Oral morphine equivalents (OME) were recorded for in-hospital use, discharge medications, and prescriptions given at 2-, 6-, and 12-weeks. Length-of-stay and complication data also were recorded.

Results:

Of 133 primary anatomic TSAs, 29 patients (32 shoulders) had mood disorders, 101 did not. There were no significant differences between groups regarding age, operative indication, body mass index (BMI), or comorbidities; no significant differences in VAS scores or OME narcotic use at any of the recorded time points and no statistically significant differences in length of hospital stay or postoperative complications.

Conclusions:

Patients with a mood disorder can expect a postoperative course similar to patients without depression or anxiety. A mood disorder does not appear to be a significant risk factor for bundled payment plans to consider when developing predictive modeling for primary anatomic TSA.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, retrospective case-control prognostic study
Top classic articles to read for shoulder training
Authors: Ho Jason C. , Getz Charles L.
Published: March 2019

We attempted to identify several articles spanning the areas of shoulder surgery that would be particularly relevant to those in training. We identified articles highly cited by peer-reviewed literature, still applicable to today’s practice, and well-written with good science. We focused on articles that were highly referenced during training, board examinations, and lectures, and separated them into the following categories: clavicular and proximal humeral fractures; the rotator cuff: instability, the labrum, and capsular disease; shoulder arthroplasty; and basic science and anatomy.