bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RADIOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN TESTES OF BULLS INFECTED WITH BESNOITIOSIS
Authors: Bargai Uri , Nobel Theodor , Pearl Shmuel
Published: May 2005

Ten beef bulls infected with Besnoitiosis were examined radiographically and pathologically. Eight of these were slaughtered soon after diagnosis; two were left for a six‐month observation period. The radiographic findings were focal and branching‐tree calcification of the testes. Histopathologic examination proved these calcifications to be necrotic sections of the seminiferous tubules. Radiography of the testes as a means of evaluating the fertility status of the infected bull is recommended.
THE DIAGNOSIS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AN INFERTILITY DISEASE IN THE FEMALE KOALA
Authors: Brown Anthony S. , Carrick Frank N. , Gordon Greg , Reynolds Kira
Published: May 2005

A radiographic technique, incorporating pneumoperitoneum, was developed to aid in identification of cyst‐like structures in the reproductive tract of female koalas. These lesions, including pyometra and fluid‐filled cysts associated with the upper reproductive tract, were viewed as radiopacities with clearly demarcated margins lateral to the caudal lumbar vertebrae. This technique provided a means of assessing with a high degree of reliability the incidence and distribution of this condition in various populations of koalas throughout eastern and southern Australia. A radiographic survey of 237 adult female koalas revealed a 43% (101/237) incidence of this condition, which is closely correlated with the lack of reproductive success observed in some populations of koalas in the wild. Although the etiology of this condition is little understood at present, the isolation of Chlamydia psittaci from the reproductive tracts of affected koalas, both male and female, is recorded.
DIMENSIONS OF THE PROSTATIC AND MEMBRANOUS URETHRA IN NORMAL MALE DOGS DURING MAXIMUM DISTENSION RETROGRADE URETHROCYSTOGRAPHY*
Authors: Feeney Daniel A. , Johnston Gary R. , Osborne Carl A. , Tomlinson Michael J.
Published: May 2005

Prostatic and membranous urethral diameter was measured in 24 normal mature male Beagle dogs during maximum distension retrograde urethrocystography. This technique involved retrograde urethral distension by infusion with contrast medium until the urinary bladder was distended and the vesicourethral junction remained opened as observed by fluoroscopy. Lateral and ventro‐dorsal radiographs were made during subsequent injections of 5–10 ml of contrast medium. The prostatic urethra was consistently greater in diameter than the membranous urethra. However, the numerical ratio between the prostatic urethral diameter and the membranous urethral diameter varied among these dogs by a factor of 2 at the numerical extremes.
SIMULTANEOUS DOUBLE‐CONTRAST CYSTOGRAPHY AND CYSTOMETRY IN DOGS
Authors: Mahaffey Mary B. , Barber Don L. , Barsanti Jeanne A. , Crowell Wayne A.
Published: May 2005

Double‐contrast cystograms and cystometrograms were performed simultaneously in each of six male and six female dogs with normal urinalyses. The dogs were sedated with oxymorphone and acepromazine. Detrusor reflex occurred in 11 of 12 dogs. After bladder infusion of 0.88 ml/kg of positive‐contrast medium, there was mucosal irregularity in eight of 12 dogs and bladder shape distortion in 12 of 12 dogs. Bladder distortion decreased with progressive infusion of CO2, and mucosal irregularity was eliminated after infusion of 50–100 ml CO2. The bladder neck in all dogs was initially located within the pelvic canal. In ten of 12 dogs, the bladder neck was cranially displaced when the bladder was fully distended. Bladder wall thickness was approximately 1 mm circumferentially at all degrees of distention. There was no discernible difference between bladder shape prior to and at initiation of contraction. It was concluded that radiographic determination of a normal urinary bladder can be made without complete bladder distention and that cystograms and cystometrograms can be routinely performed simultaneously in dogs in which both procedures are required.
CONTRAST CYSTOGRAPHY IN THE GOAT (Capra hircus)
Authors: Tayal Rishi , Singh A. P. , Chandna I. S. , Chawla S. K.
Published: May 2005

Contrast cystography was performed by four different methods in 24 normal adult goats. Methods included pneumocystography, positive‐contrast cystography, and double‐and triple‐contrast cystography. Sodium iothalamate and air were used as positive‐ and negative‐contrast media. Amputation of urethral process in male goats was necessary for retrograde catheterization and complete evacuation of the bladder. Placement of the catheter tip beyond the neck of the bladder was not possible in male goats. Positive‐ and negative‐contrast cystography were satisfactory for demonstration of the shape, size, and location of the bladder, while double‐ and triple‐contrast cystography were better for visualization of bladder wall. Double‐contrast cystography with pneu‐moperitoneum was superior to double‐contrast cystography alone for evaluation of the mucosal surface of the bladder. Complications were not encountered during or after cystography. Vesi‐coureteral reflux was seen in 29% of the goats.
SONOGRAPHY OF THE EQUINE PALMAR METACARPAL SOFT TISSUES
Authors: Pharr John W. , Nyland Thomas G.
Published: May 2005

It was hypothesized that ultrasonography may be a sensitive method for identifying pathologic changes in the tendons and ligaments of the palmar metacarpus of the horse. The palmar meta‐carpi of equine cadavers and live horses were examined sonographically. The advantages and disadvantages of various ultrasound scanning techniques and the normal appearance of longitudinal and transverse palmar metacarpal sonograms are described.
CANINE CERVICAL DISCOGRAPHY
Authors: Wrigley Robert H. , Reuter Ruth E.
Published: May 2005

A technique was developed to perform cervical discography in dogs. The radiographic appearance of 70 normal canine cervical discograms was established. No clinical effects were detected when the contrast medium was injected into the discs. No abnormalities were found in subsequent pathologic examinations. In four dogs with cervical disc disease, dorsal and lateral ruptures of the annulus fibrosus were detected by discography. When combined with myelography, discography allowed differentiation between various causes of spinal compression at intervertebral spaces.
UNUSUAL DISC HERNIATION IN A DOG
Authors: Wise Michael , Faulkner Roy
Published: May 2005

Unusual disc herniation was identified in a dog. Disc herniation was considered unusual because of its displacement into the vertebral endplate of the adjoining vertebra. Unusual disc herniation in this dog was compared with Schmorl's node in humans.
COMPARATIVE ORGAN IMAGING Lower Urinary Tract
Authors: Johnston Gary R. , Feeney Daniel A.
Published: May 2005

Survey and contrast radiography, ultrasonography, and computed tomography are diagnostic imaging modes used to evaluate the urinary bladder, prostate gland, and urethra. Their comparative advantages and limitations for evaluation of the lower urinary tract are described and illustrated. Veterinary Radiology, Vol. 25, No. 4, 1984; pp 146–153.
ULTRASONIC PATTERNS OF CANINE HEPATIC LYMPHOSARCOMA
Authors: Nyland Thomas G.
Published: May 2005

Three ultrasonic patterns of canine hepatic lymphosarcoma were found. The first pattern reflected a normal hepatic parenchymal appearance or a slight reduction in echogenicity. The second pattern consisted of anechoic or hypoechoic, poorly marginated lesions. A third pattern was characterized by multiple, round echodensities surrounded by areas of sonolucency. It was concluded that ultrasound is helpful for diagnosis and staging of canine lymphosarcoma with liver involvement and is useful for monitoring the response to chemotherapy.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE NORMAL CANINE KIDNEY*
Authors: Konde Linda J. , Wrigley Robert H. , Park Richard D. , Lebel Jack L.
Published: May 2005

Radiographic and ultrasonic examinations were performed in 12 normal dogs. Initial ultrasound examinations were performed in normally hydrated dogs. The ultrasonic appearance of the diuresed kidney was evaluated after excretory urography and intramuscular administration of furosemide. The dogs were euthanized for anatomic correlation with the sonographic appearance of the kidneys. Renal cortex, medulla, pelvic diverticula, intrarenal vessels, renal pelvis, and renal sinus fat were identified sonographically. Kidney enlargement during diuresis was due to increase renal medullary size. Veterinary Radiology, Vol. 25, No. 4, 1984; pp 173–178.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Evans S. M.
Published: May 2005

Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds. 2nd ed. Margaret L. Petrak.
RADIOLOGIC DETECTION OF OVINE HYDATIDOSIS
Authors: Wyn‐Jones Geraint , Clarkson Michael J.
Published: May 2005

Unilocular hydatid disease in humans is of world‐wide importance. While surgical removal is the usual treatment, the drug mebendazole has been reported as being active against the cyst wall; other potentially valuable drugs are likely to become available. Naturally infected sheep would be a suitable model for testing drugs against hydatid disease, and a method for selecting infected animals from flocks in areas with a high incidence of this condition would be valuable. To determine whether radiographic examinaiton of the thorax would be a satisfactory method of identifying cysts, the authors radiographed and then killed 93 cull ewes. At necropsy, the lungs were examined, and the nature and distribution of cysts were noted and compared with the findings obtained separately by radiology. A similar study was made on a sheep infected experimentally with a large number of Echinococcus granulosus ova. The technique of thoracic radiography in sheep is described. These studies indicate that there are four different morphologic manifestations of ovine hydatid cyst that may be reliably identified by radiologic examination. They also show that thoracic radiology provides a method for detecting active hydatid infection in sheep and for following the progress of individual cysts.
GASTRIC EMPTYING IN THE NORMAL DOG A Contrast Radiographic Technique
Authors: Miyabayashi Takayoshi , Morgan Joe P.
Published: May 2005

A total of 22 radiographic studies was made to determine comparative gastric emptying times of two different solid test meals (intact kibble food and ground kibble food mixed with barium sulfate suspension) in four mature (15‐26 months) normal Beagle dogs under controlled conditions. Complete gastric emptying times of the intact kibble and ground kibble meals of a given dose (8 g/kg of dog food plus 5‐7 ml/kg of the contrast agent) ranged from five to ten hours (7.6 ± 1.98 hours with intact kibble meal and 7.0 ± 1.86 hours with ground kibble meal). Feeding a halfdose of ground kibble meal (4 g/kg of dog food plus 3.5 ml/kg of the contrast agent) resulted in complete gastric emptying times of four to six hours (4.7 ± 0.67 hours). Individual dogs had repeatable gastric emptying times although the times varied among different dogs.
A STANDARDIZED NOMENCLATURE FOR RADIOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS USED IN VETERINARY MEDICINE*
Authors: Smallwood James E. , Shively Michael J. , Rendano Victor T. , Habel Robert E.
Published: May 2005

The objective of this report is to present a standardized nomenclature system for radiographic projections used in veterinary medicine that is anatomically accurate, easily understood, and easily communicated. The system is based on two simple rules: (1) radiographic projections should be named using only proper veterinary anatomic directional terms or their abbrecviations; (2) radiographic projections should be described by the direction that the central ray of the primary x‐ray beam penetrates the body part of interest, from point of entrance to point of exit. Additional recommendations are included that will result in further standardization of the nomenclature. These include supplemental guidelines for (1) combination of terms; (2) angles of obliquity; (3) positions of the body; and (4) orientation of the central ray relative to space. In addition, the position of joints and other body parts may require description. Selected examples of how the nomenclature system can be applied are included. It is recommended that this nomenclature be required by editors of veterinary journals and textbooks.
HYSTEROGRAPHY IN THE BITCH
Authors: Funkquist B. , Lagerstedt A.‐S. , LINDE C. , OBEL N.
Published: May 2005

Using a previously described technique for catheterization of the uterus in the bitch, hysterography was performed on 26 of 28 bitches. The essentials of the technique are described, and the hysterographic findings in normal animals in various stages of the estrus cycle and also after experimental estrogen treatment are reported. Examples are also given of hysterograms of animals being investigated for infertility or showing clinical signs of metritis or ovarian endocrine disorders, hyperestrenism.
PANCREATIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN DOGS WITH EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED ACUTE PANCREATITIS*
Authors: MURTAUGH R. J. , HERRING D. S. , JACOBS R. M. , DEHOFF W. D.
Published: May 2005

Two‐dimensional ultrasonography was evaluated as an imaging modality in experimentally induced, acute pancreatitis in six dogs. Ultrasonic scans were performed once daily for one week following the induction of pancreatitis. Pancreatitis. Pancreatic inflammation, characterized by the development of nonhomogeneous masses and loss of echodensity in the pancreatic region, was consitently observed in all dogs. The results suggest that pancreatic ultrasonography may be a valuable technique for evaluating dogs with spontaneously occurring, acute pancreatitis.
A COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC STUDY OF VOLUME AND X‐RAY ATTENUATION OF THE LUNGS OF BEAGLES IN VARIOUS BODY POSITIONS
Authors: Ahlberg Nils‐Erik , Hoppe Fredrik , Kelter Ulrike , Svensson Leif
Published: May 2005

The influence of body position on volume and x‐ray attenuation of the lungs of three Beagles was investigated with computed tomography. In left and right lateral recumbency, the dependent lung had decreased volume and increased x‐ray attenuation compared with ventral recumbency. Volume and x‐ray attenuation of the nondependent lung, however, were unchanged. In dorsal recumbency, there was a vertical gradient of x‐ray attenuation being increased dorsally and decreased ventrally compared with ventral recumbency where regional differences in x‐ray attenuation were not found. Results indicate a risk of overlooking a mass in the dependent pulmonary parenchyma of dogs in lateral and dorsal recumbency. Regional differences in x‐ray attenuation of the lungs of dogs can be avoided if the radiographs are obtained with the dog in ventral recumbency.
RADIOGRAPHY OF THE EQUINE STOMACH
Authors: Dik Kees J. , Kalsbeek Henk C.
Published: May 2005

To obtain radiographic information concerning the equine stomach, a gastrographic contrast examination is required. This study describes this procedure in detail. A powerful radiographic unit, the tubehead linked to an image intensifier and suspended by an electromechanical overhead gantry system, is required. To obtain accurately positioned radiographs during the fluoroscopic examination, a cassette holder with a stationary grid is mounted at the entrance window of the image intensifier. The examination is performed in the unsedated standing horse after 24 hours of starvation, using a combination of survey radiography and fluoroscopic viewing after the inflation of air, followed by the administration of barium sulphate suspension by stomach tube. The gastrographic contrast examination is performed in three experimental animals and 23 abnormal horses. Pneumogastrophy appeared to be valuable to diagnose gastric tumors, to differentiate between gastric tumors and other masses in the cranial abdomen, and to visualize gastric parasites, even in large horses. The use of barium sulphate suspension does not result in an adequate double contrast of the stomach, but it may aid to diagnose esophagogastric or pyloric stenosis and gastric or duodenal ulcers.
LEFT VENTRICULAR EJECTION FRACTION IN THE NORMAL HORSE DETERMINED BY FIRST‐PASS NUCLEAR ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY*
Authors: Koblik Philip D. , Hornof William J. , Rhode Edward A. , Kelly Andrew B.
Published: May 2005

A method to perform first‐pass nuclear angiocardiography (FPNA) in the conscious, standing horse is proposed. Technetium −99m (0.75–1.0 mCi per 5 kg body weight) is injected as a bolus into the peripheral venous circulation. The passage of the radioactive bolus is recorded in listmode format using a dedicated nuclear medicine computer and a gamma camera. A semiautomatic equine cardiac computer program to calculate left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is described. Effects of region‐of‐interest selection, background correction, portion of levophase analyzed, and sampling rate on ejection fraction values are discussed. Mean LVEF determined for a group of 13 normal horses using separate end‐systolic and end‐diastolic LV regions of interest for the middle three levophase beats and background correction was 71%±5%. Additional LV parameters recorded were LV ejection time, 429±78 milliseconds; LV ejection rate, −1.9±.5 midsytolic volumes per second; LV filling time, 238±33 milliseconds; and LV filling rate, 2.4±0.5 midfast filling volumes per second. LVEF determinations were repeated three times in four horses to determine reproducibility of the method. Results were independently determined for three horses by four persons to assess interobserver error in processing data. Paired FPNA and electrical conductivity (EC) studies were performed on four horses to determine correlation of the two methods (FPNA=1.16 EC+9.16, R=0.75). FPNA is a safe and reproducible method to measure LVEF in the horse. Additional valuable information regarding cardiac function can be easily obtained using this technique.
CIRCUMAORTIC CYSTERNA CHYLI LIGATION
Authors: Rigg D. L. , Riedesel E. A.
Published: May 2005

Abdominal and thoracic lymphangiograms were done on seven dogs by cannulation of a mesenteric lymphatic. Dissection and ligation of the cysterna chyli were attempted in two dogs with poor success. Obstruction of thoracic duct flow by circumaortic ligation of the cysterna chyli was attempted in the remaining five dogs. Repeated contrast studies were done immediately following ligation and again after one to seven weeks. The dogs were killed, and postmortem examinations were done immediately after the third lymphangiogram. The circumaortic ligation was effective in all cases as judged by the immediate follow‐up study, however, in three of the subsequent follow‐up studies, thoracic duct flow had returned through recanalization past the ligature.
SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF RENAL NEOPLASIA IN THE DOG
Authors: Konde Linda J. , Wrigley Robert H. , Park Richard D. , Lebel Jack L.
Published: May 2005

Eight dogs with renal neoplasia were radiographically and sonographically examined. An enlarged, nonopacified kidney was seen on the excretory urogram in four dogs, but differentiation between a solid mass or severe hydronephrosis was not possible. The excretory urogram suggested an avascular lesion in one kidney, but differentiation between solid or cystic disease was not possible. Renal neoplasia was diagnosed in two dogs by excretory urography. Radiographic examination suggested splenic neoplasia in one dog. Solid masses were sonographically diagnosed in all dogs. A metastatic lesion was sonographically diagnosed in the opposite kidney of one dog that was missed on the radiographic examination. Ultrasonography com‐plemented radiography as a diagnostic modality in eliciting additional information on renal disease. Sonograms did not allow determination of tumor cell type or whether the tumor was benign or malignant.
ULTRASOUND‐GUIDED BIOPSY OF THE CANINE LIVER, KIDNEY, AND PROSTATE
Authors: Hager David A. , Nyland Thomas G. , Fisher Paul
Published: May 2005

Sixty‐nine hepatic, 25 renal, and 16 prostatic biopsies were performed under ultrasound guidance using a biopsy guide. The majority (98 of 110) were tissue‐core biopsies. Multiple attempts at obtaining a sample were required; however, in the kidney, the number of attempts was restricted to two. Adequate samples were obtained in 94% (65/69) hepatic, 88% (22/25) renal, and 94% (5/6) prostatic biopsies. Postbiopsy scanning did not demonstrate parenchymal hemorrhage. In three renal and one prostatic biopsy, gross hematuria, noted immediately following biopsy, resolved in 2–3 days. Animals with prostatic disease frequently had hematuria, making evaluation for this complication difficult. One animal died acutely 2 days following prostatic biopsy due to an unrelated problem, a ruptured aortic àneurysm. Complications were not encountered with the liver biopsy procedure. Animals biopsied under sedation tolerated the procedure well. The authors preferred to anesthetize uncooperative animals and those needing kidney biopsy to minimize the likelihood of complications. Problems encountered during the procedure, overlying bowel gas obscuring the target organ or poor visualization of the biopsy needle, were corrected by changing patient or transducer position or the procedure was postponed. The usefulness of the biopsy procedure is illustrated in four case reports.
THE EFFECTS OF ROTATION ON THE RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF THE CANINE CARDIAC SILHOUETTE IN DORSAL RECUMBENCY
Authors: Holmes Robert A. , Smith Fred G. , Lewis Robert E. , Kern Dennis M.
Published: May 2005

Cardiac mensuration was done on thoracic radiographs of Beagles to determine the effects of rotation on the cardiac silhouette in dorsal recumbency. As the thorax became more rotated, surfaces of the heart not normally seen were projected, making interpretation of cardiac changes unreliable. A positioning standard based on the relationship of the dorsal spinous processes to the vertebral body was developed. If the tips of the dorsal spinous processes were within the bounds of the vertebral bodies, the radiographs were suitable for cardiac interpretation. If the tips of the dorsal spinous processes were outside the bounds of the vertebral bodies, there was enough rotation to make interpretation unreliable. A microcomputer, digitizer pad, and a BASIC language program were used to input, store, and calculate the various cardiac mensuration parameters.
99mTc‐MDP COMBINED BLOOD POOL AND BONE PHASE RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING IN PAPAIN‐INJECTED CARPAL JOINTS
Authors: Metcalf Michael R. , Twardock A.R. , Sanecki R.K.
Published: May 2005

Scintigraphic changes, i.e., increased activity, were induced by 1% papain, dissolved in phosphate‐buffered physiologic saline (pH 7.4), injected into one antebrachiocarpal joint in each of eight dogs. Scintigraphic evaluation was by the use of combined blood pool and bone phase scintigraphy of affected and normal carpi over a 28‐day period. The qualitative and quantitative scintigraphic appearance in injected carpal joints were very similar in both blood pool and bone phases. The clinical use of combined blood pool and bone phase scintigraphy to diagnose early inflammatory joint changes appears limited.
PRELIMINARY CLINICAL USE OF COMBINED BLOOD POOL AND BONE PHASE RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING IN DOGS
Authors: Metcalf M.R.
Published: May 2005

The case reports of three dogs, in which combined blood pool and bone phase radionuclide imaging was done, are presented. The procedure is accomplished by injecting 99mTc‐MDP and imaging at 3–5 min and 2 hours postinjection. These three cases suggest that a greater number of animals with varied etiologies should be scanned in this manner to determine the usefulness of the procedure.
RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF THE EQUINE STIFLE FROM BIRTH TO 6 MONTHS
Authors: Adams William M. , Thiisted John P.
Published: May 2005

Lateromedial radiographs of 74 stifles from foals with no stifle swelling or lameness were evaluated to determine the range of normal variation. Foals ranged in age from 0 to 25 weeks with approximately one half of the foals being younger than 11 weeks of age. Nine breeds were represented, with Standardbred and Quarter horse being the most common. Femoral trochlear ridges and patellas were graded on a scale of 1–4 from regular and well defined (1) to very irregular (4). Femoral and tibial condyles were evaluated for irregularity. Twelve stifles were evaluated at necropsy. Irregular to very irregular patellas and trochlear ridges were found in foals up to 20 weeks of age. In foals younger than 11 weeks of age, 77% of bone borders were irregular or very irregular, whereas only 23% of bone borders from foals 11–25 weeks of age had irregular borders. A grade of very irregular was found in 33% of bone borders of foals younger than 11 weeks old, whereas only 1.25% of bone borders of older foals were graded very irregular. Asymmetry in the bone borders between left and right stifle was evident in 36% of the studies, but did not vary by more than one grade. Femoral and tibial condyles were nearly all regular and well defined regardless of age. These findings suggest that obvious irregularities of the femoral or tibial condyles in foals should be interpreted as pathologic. Patellas and trochlear ridges were ranked smooth in 3% of foals younger than 11 weeks of age and in 55% of bone borders of foals 11–25 weeks of age. Obvious irregularities of the patellas or femoral trochlear ridges may be well within normal limits in foals younger than 5 months. Consistent and diagnostic radiographic studies can be obtained safely in most standing foals with little or no sedation.
GASTROINTESTINAL NUCLEAR MEDICINE
Authors: Koblik Philip D. , Hornof William J.
Published: May 2005

Nuclear medicine has achieved an important role in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal (GI) disease in humans. Esophageal and gastric motility problems, gastroesophageal reflux, abnormal gastric secretory function, GI bleeding, and inflammatory diseases of the GI tract can all be evaluated using nuclear scintigraphy. The use of these techniques in human medicine, their advantages and disadvantages relative to other available diagnostic tests, and their potential application to veterinary medicine are discussed. Examples of esophageal and gastric motility studies performed on normal and abnormal dogs are included.
THE SUPINATED MEDIOLATERAL RADIOGRAPH FOR DETECTION OF HUMERAL HEAD OSTEOCHONDROSIS IN THE DOG
Authors: Callahan Thomas F. , Ackerman Norman
Published: May 2005

Mediolateral and supinated mediolateral radiographs of the shoulder joint were compared in 19 dogs. Twenty shoulders, representing 15 dogs (5 had bilateral lesions), had osteochondrosis of the humeral head. The flattened humeral head and subchondral defect were detectable in both views in all affected shoulders. The lesions were slightly more easily detected in the supinated view. The supinated view more consistently demonstrated the presence of a calcified cartilage flap and therefore, could be useful in determining a course of therapy. In four dogs (8 shoulders) without osteochondrosis and six normal shoulders from affected dogs, there were no instances in which a shoulder appeared normal on one view, but demonstrated a lesion on the other. The supinated view should be obtained in addition to the mediolateral view in dogs with osteochondrosis of the humeral head.
TWO‐DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN THE NORMAL CAT
Authors: DeMadron Eric , Bonagura John D. , Herring David S.
Published: May 2005

Two‐dimensional echocardiography (2DE) and M‐mode echocardiography were used to image the heart of 13 clinically healthy cats. Seven awake cats and six cats tranquilized with a combination of acetylpromazine and ketamine were studied. Six cats were studied by 2DE on 3 consecutive days to assess repeatability of the study. Long‐axis and short‐axis echocardiographic tomograms were obtained from the right parasternal location, and these images were used to determine internal cardiac dimensions, ventricular and septal wall thicknesses, repeatability of the study, and interobserver variability. Some but not all parameters were significantly (P< 0.05) related to body weight. Significant correlations (P <0.05) were found between measurements obtained by long‐axis and by short‐axis image planes. Comparison of parameters measured by 2DE and M‐mode echocardiography demonstrated minimal differences between mean values. Repeatability of the 2DE study was good with 14 of 16 parameters having a mean percent error less than 10%. Interobserver variability was acceptable for some but not all parameters. The study indicates that repeatable 2DE tomograms can be obtained in the cat and that quantitation of cardiac anatomy is possible with this imaging technique.
ANATOMIC VARIATIONS IN THE NUTRIENT FORAMINA OF THE EQUINE THIRD METATARSAL BONE IN TWO HORSES
Authors: Godshalk Cynthia P. , Kneller Stephen K. , ACVR Diplomate , Daniel Gregory B.
Published: May 2005

An unusual presentation of the nutrient foramen of the third metatarsal bone (Mt‐3) is described in two horses. In the first horse, the nutrient foramen was located ectopically in the dorsolateral cortex of Mt‐3. The metatarsal nutrient foramina of the second horse were in the usual plantar location, but one was atypical in configuration. Clinical signs did not appear to be associated with these findings in either horse. The possibility of misdiagnosing a fracture rather than an ectopic nutrient foramen is discussed.
VENOGRAPHY OF THE ORBITAL VENOUS SYSTEM AND CAVERNOUS SINUSES IN THE GOAT
Authors: Chawla S.K. , Singh A.P. , Sharma D.N. , Chandna I.S.
Published: May 2005

The technique of venography is described for visualizing the orbital veins and the cavernous sinuses following cannulation of the angularis oculi vein and the subsequent injection of 10 ml sodium iothalamate. The venograms clearly demonstrated the veins of the orbit and cavernous sinuses in most of the animals. Two intercavernous sinuses, rostral and caudal, were visualized. In a few goats, transverse and dorsal longitudinal sinuses of the dorsal system of the dural sinuses were also visualized.
CANINE HIP DYSPLASIA EVALUATION
Authors: Rendano Victor T. , Ryan Gerald
Published: May 2005

The ventrodorsal radiograph of the pelvis and femurs with the hind limbs extended, femurs parallel to each other, patellae superimposed over the distal femurs, and the pelvis symmetrical has become the standard method by which to evaluate animals for hip dysplasia. The following illustrated guide details the methods of positioning recommended by the American Veterinary Medical Association1 and used by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA). Additionally, some commonly encountered positioning errors and methods of labeling radiographs are shown. The authors stress positioning requirements and aids they feel are necessary to produce an adequately positioned radiograph.
LUNG LOBE COLLAPSE
Authors: Lord Peter F. , Gomez Juan A.
Published: May 2005

The radiographic changes caused by collapse of lung lobes in pulmonary disease, pneumothorax, and pleural effusion depend on the lobar recoiling force and local pleural pressure. Differences in the tendency of normal lung lobes or regions to collapse depend on the relative surface‐to‐volume ratio, determined by shape and size of the region or lobe. This ratio affects the physiologic parameters of pulmonary interdependence, compliance, and collateral air flow. Pulmonary surfactant increases compliance, particularly at low volumes, maintains alveolar stability, and assists in maintaining capillary patency and preventing pulmonary edema. Its loss due to lung injury increases collapsing forces. In the presence of pneumothorax or pleural effusion, diseases that cause lobar collapse produce localized air or fluid entrapment that is a diagnostic sign of the presence of the underlying pulmonary disease.
RADIOGRAPHY OF THE CANINE HEAD
Authors: Kus Stanley P. , Morgan Joe P.
Published: May 2005

Through the use of a purebred dog skull collection, specific positioning recommendations were established for radiography for the three skull types. It is suggested that the central ray of the beam be maintained at the following mean angles relative to the hard palate for the rostrodorsal‐to‐caudoventral oblique projection of the foramen magnum: dolicocephalic, 30° mesaticephalic, 20° and brachycephalic, 10°. It is recommended that the head be axially rotated as follows to radiographically separate the roots of the superior canine teeth: dolicocephalic, 48° mesaticephalic, 43° and brachycephalic, 35°. If only the cheek teeth require evaluation, the head should be rotated as follows: dolicocephalic, 37° mesaticephalic, 34° and brachycephalic, 25°. For evaluation of the inferior cheek teeth, it is recommended that the head be rotated as follows: dolicocephalic, 46° mesaticephalic, 44° and brachycephalic, 28°. It is recommended that radiographs of the temporo‐mandibular joint be made with the skull axially rotated 10° and longitudinally obliqued as follows: dolicocephalic, 10° mesaticephalic, 14° and brachycephalic, 27°. Suggestions for open‐mouth projections for evaluation of the tympanic bullae are that the central ray maintain the following angles relative to the hard palate: dolicocephalic, 4° mesaticephalic, 9° and brachycephalic, 21°. It is recommended that a caudoventral‐rostrodorsal oblique projection of the nasal cavity made at 30° to the hard palate replace the open‐mouth ventrodorsal in brachycephalic breeds.
PUNCTURE WOUNDS INTO THE NAVICULAR BURSA OF THE HORSE
Authors: Richardson G. Lynn , O'Brien Timothy R.
Published: May 2005

Radiography was used to evaluate 32 horses presented for puncture wounds into the navicular bursa. At the initial radiographic examination, 21 horses had no radiographic signs of osteomyelitis, while 11 did. The mean‐time interval between injury and radiographic examination was 20.6 days for horses without evidence of osteomyelitis and 59.3 days for those with evidence of osteomyelitis. Radiographic signs of osteomyelitis of the navicular bone included flexor cortical destruction and irregularity of the flexor surface. Other abnormalities included pathologic fracture of the navicular bone, subluxation of the distal interphalangeal joint, or secondary joint disease. The lateromedial and palmaroproximal‐palmarodistal oblique projections were most useful for identifying abnormalities of the navicular bone. There was a high correlation between horses that had positive presurgical radiographic signs and surgical findings. However, approximately 50% of horses that had negative radiographic findings initially had positive surgical findings. Ten of 21 horses with negative radiographic findings on initial examination had evidence of bony lesions when reevaluated from 3 weeks to 6 years later. Nine of 11 horses with radiographic signs of osteomyelitis on initial radiographic examination were euthanatized or had an unsatisfactory outcome. Seven of 10 horses with radiographic signs on reexamination were euthanatized. Thirteen of 20 horses with positive surgical findings for navicular bone infection were euthanatized or had an unsatisfactory outcome.
FEMORAL OSTEOMYELITIS AND OSTEOSARCOMA IN A DOG
Authors: Franklin Robert T. , Aronson Everett , Fallon Ron K. , Fales William H. , Stockham Steve L. , Thornburg Larry P.
Published: May 2005

An eight‐year‐old, female, spayed Golden Retriever was referred to the University of Missouri Veterinary Teaching Hospital for a persistent lameness of 9 days duration. The initial diagnosis made by cytology and culture was Clostridium spp osteomyelitis of the right femoral head and neck. After approximately 1 month of treatment with ampicillin, it was noted radiographically that the lesion was progressing. An excision arthroplasty was done. Histological examination of the surgical specimen revealed osteogenic sarcoma. This case documents the importance of bone biopsy in differentiating osteomyelitis from a primary bone tumor.
QUANTITATIVE CROSS‐SECTIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN THE NORMAL DOG
Authors: O'Grady Michael R. , Bonagura John D. , Powers Jean D. , Herring David S.
Published: May 2005

Two‐dimensional echocardiography was performed on 18 unanesthetized, normal dogs (4.5 to 30 kg). Measurements of wall thickness, intracavitary dimensions, and cross‐sectional area of the left atrium, left ventricle, and aorta were made. Satisfactory data were obtained from 17 dogs, and were used to determine normal values. Normal data were tested for significant correlation to body weight (kg) by linear regression. Repeatability was studied in six dogs examined, on three separate occasions, during a 5‐day period. Differences between values obtained on different days were evaluated by analysis of variance.

Satisfactory qualitative echocardiograms were repeatedly obtained by using consistent sites of transducer placement and by identifying internal cardiac structures. These tomographic planes were highly reproducible, with only ventricular length, and some views of the ventricular septum, showing statistically significant (P < 0.05) differences. Almost all linear and area measurements were significantly correlated to body size, while most indices of left ventricular function were independent of body weight. Dimensions obtained from the left and right parasternal position were nearly identical. Cross‐sectional echocardiography allows repeatable assessment of cardiac anatomy, and it should prove useful for identification and quantitation of heart disease in the dog.
DISSEMINATED HISTOPLASMOSIS WITH OSSEOUS LESIONS IN A CAT WITH FELINE LYMPHOSARCOMA
Authors: Aronson Everett , Bendickson J. Craig , Miles Kristina. G. , Kintner Loren D. , Schmidt Donald A.
Published: May 2005

A cat was presented with a non‐weight‐bearing lameness of the left thoracic limb, painful joints and lymphadenopathy. Marked bilateral osteolysis of the distal radial and ulnar metaphyses was detected radiographically. A post mortem diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis and feline lymphosarcoma was made.
CORRECTION OF ANGULAR DEFORMITY BY ASYMMETRIC PHYSEAL GROWTH AND BONE REMODELLING
Authors: Fjeld Terje O. , Steen Harald
Published: May 2005

Angular deformities of 25 or 37 degrees valgus were created by transverse wedge osteotomies in the diaphysis of the radius in 3‐month‐old Cocker Spaniels. Spontaneous correction was judged from radiographs until skeletal maturity. The magnitude of correction was estimated, using the opposite normal leg as a control. Asymmetrical physeal growth corrected the induced angulation between the proximal and distal radial joint plane surfaces (joint plane angle). The average correction of the joint plane angle was 80% in the 25 degree group, and 72% in the 37 degree group. Bone remodeling of the radial shaft corrected the induced diaphyseal angulation by 50% in both groups during the study.
RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF PRIMARY LUNG TUMORS IN CATS
Authors: KOBLIK PHILIP D.
Published: May 2005

The radiographic findings in 41 feline primary lung tumors are reported. Case material includes 29 adenocarcinomas, six bronchiolog‐alveolar carcinomas, and six squamous cell carcinomas. Adenocarcinomas tended to occur as focal, solitary, well‐circumscribed masses (eight cats), as localized consolidations (six cats), or as multiple, poorly circumscribed masses (five cats). Bronchiolo‐alveolar cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas were radiographically pleomorphic. Calcification was recognized in only five cats, four with adenocarcinomas and one with bronchiolo‐alveolar carcinoma. Cavitation was identified in seven adenocarcinomas, one squamous cell carcinoma, and one bronchiolo‐alveolar carcinoma. Nearly 50% (20 cats) of the patients had radiographic evidence of pleural involvement. Fifteen cats had evidence of regional lymph node involvement.
SENSITIVITY OF RADIOGRAPHIC DETECTION OF LUNG METASTASES IN THE DOG
Authors: LANG JOHANN , WORTMAN JEFFREY A. , GLICKMAN LARRY T. , BIERY DARRYL N. , RHODES W. HARKER
Published: May 2005

Thoracic radiographs were taken in right lateral recumbent (RLR), left lateral recumbent (LLR), and ventrodorsal (VD) projections in 80 dogs with known or suspected malignant tumors. Radiographs in each projection were interpreted, independently of those in the other two projections, by four veterinary radiologists, and classified as positive or negative for one or more lung metastases. The four radiologists then met, to agree on a diagnosis for each patient by simultaneously reviewing all three views. This panel diagnosis became the standard for subsequently classifying individual views as either true positive or true negative. As determined by a consensus of the panel, 25 dogs had at least one positive thoracic radiograph.

The three radiographic projections differed in sensitivity for the detection of lung metastases. In this study, the RLR view was the most sensitive, and the VD view the least sensitive. The sensitivity of detection improved significantly with multiple readers. From these data we recommend that, for detection of lung metastases in the dog, the RLR view be included in any diagnostic protocol; a minimum of two readers be used; and a three‐view protocol be used if only one reader is available.
EQUINE RENAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY: NORMAL AND ABNORMAL
Authors: PENNINCK D.G. , EISENBERG H.M. , TEUSCHER E.E. , VRINS A.
Published: May 2005

The kidneys of three clinically normal horses were evaluated ultrasonographically, utilizing a standardized approach. The normal renal architecture, including cortex, medulla, pyramids, renal sinus fat, collecting system, and intrarenal vessels, was evaluated.

A horse with hematuria was examined in the same manner and a mass was found in the right renal pelvis.

Ultrasonographic determinations were correlated with gross anatomy, clinical signs, and pathologic findings of a renal pelvic adenoma.
ADRENAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN THE DOG
Authors: KANTROWITZ BRETT M. , NYLAND THOMAS G. , FELDMAN EDWARD C.
Published: May 2005

The ultrasonographic appearance of the normal canine adrenal gland has not been described. This is due to the small size and shape of the canine adrenal glands, overlying abdominal viscera, similar acoustic texture to that of the surrounding tissue, frequent abundant perirenal fat, and the lack of patient compliance. Adrenal enlargement in association with hyperadrenocorticism, secondary to hyperplasia or neoplasia, can sometimes be identified by finding a distinct structure cranial and/or medial to the cranial pole of either kidney. Case history reports are used to characterize the appearance of adrenal enlargement from hyperplasia and adrenocortical adenocarcinoma. Additional case history reports are included to illustrate possible interpretation problems. Lack of ultrasonographic visualization of the adrenal gland does not rule out the possibility of enlargement, particularly if the enlargement in mild.
A COMPARISON OF REAL‐TIME ULTRASOUND, PALPATION AND RADIOGRAPHY IN PREGNANCY DETECTION AND LITTER SIZE DETERMINATION IN THE BITCH
Authors: TOAL ROBERT L. , WALKER MICHAEL A. , HENRY GEORGE A.
Published: May 2005

Fifty‐five bitches were examined once, at different intervals for pregnancy. Manual Papation, B‐mode real‐time ultrasoungraphy, and radiography were used to confirm pregnancy and to count the number of fetuses present. Predicted numbers were compared to whelping data obtained from owners. Radiography was confined to the last trimester of pregnancy and had an overall accuracy of 100% in pregnancy detection and 93% in correct litter size determination. A proor qualtiy radiograph contributed to the one incorrect count estimate. Ultrasound and palpation were used in all three trimester phases starting 3 weeks post coitus. For pregnancy detection ultrasound was 94% accurate (no false positives) and palpation was 88% accurate (one false positive). For fetal counting, ultrasound was 36% accurate and palpation was 12% accurate. Recommendations for the use of ultrasound and radiography in pregnancy evaluation are reviewed.
PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS WITH ULTRASOUND IN THE DOMESTIC CAT
Authors: DAVIDSON AUTUMN P. , NYLAND THOMAS G. , TSUTSUI TOSHIHIKO
Published: May 2005

Ultrasonographic examinations of seven pregnant cats with known breeding dates were made on successive days to establish the identifiable characteristics of pregnancy. Subsequent serial examinations were made to sonographically characterize normal feline prenatal development before 30 gestational days. An enlarged uterus, gestational sacs, and fetal poles were recognized as the features of early feline pregnancy and were first seen at 4, 11, and 15 days, respectively. Cardiac activity was detected earliest on gestational day 16, and recognizable feline fetal morphology appeared at day 26. Fetal membranes became apparent at as early as 21 days of gestation. Generalized fetal movements were first noted at day 28. Live and dead fetuses were compared in utero and marked differences were noted, with dead fetuses rapidly losing previously recognizable morphology. Determination of litter size in each cat could not be done accurately by ultrasound examination. It was concluded that the diagnosis and accurate dating of early pregnancy in the domestic feline may be accomplished with serial ultrasound evaluation.
OSTEOCHONDROSIS IN THE LATERAL FEMORAL CONDYLES OF A HORSE
Authors: STOWATER JONATHAN L. , KIRKER‐HEAD CARL A. , JAKOWSKI RICHARD M.
Published: May 2005

Osteochondrosis of the lateral femoral condyles was diagnosed radiographically in an 8‐month‐old, female Arabian horse, which had been presented with a hindlimb lameness. The diagnosis was confirmed by gross and microscopic pathology. The location of the lesions was considered unusual for osteochondrosis in the horse.
SINGLE HIGH‐DOSE IRRADIATION FOR SELECTED CANINE RECTAL CARCINOMAS
Authors: TURREL JANE M. , THEON ALAIN P.
Published: May 2005

Single high‐dose radiotherapy was evaluated as a treatment for seven adenocarcinomas of the distal half of the rectum and anal canal in six dogs. A single dose of radiation ranging from 15–25 Gy was given to the tumor by the use of a well‐collimated, low‐energy orthovoltage x‐ray beam. Six tumors had complete response to treatment. Minimal acute radiation reaction was observed in all dogs. The tumor control and survival rates at 1 year were estimated to be 46% and 67%, respectively. Median and mean tumor‐free times were 6.0 and 9.7 months, respectively; and median and mean survival times were 7.0 and 11.3 months, respectively. No long‐term side effects were noted. Proper patient selection was critical because of the physical limitations of the procedure. Tumors should be less than 3 cm in diameter, confined to the rectal wall, and be located in the distal half of the rectum and anal canal. This preliminary study documented the fasibility, efficacy, and lack of toxicity of single high‐dose radiotherapy for selected rectal carcinomas.
TWO‐YEAR NON‐RECURRENCE RATES FOR EQUINE OCULAR AND PERIORBITAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA FOLLOWING RADIOTHERAPY
Authors: WALKER MICHAEL A. , GOBLE DALLAS , GEISER DENNIS
Published: May 2005

Seventeen horses with a total of 18 ocular or periorbital squamous cell carcinomas were irradiated with Strontium‐90 surface therapy, or Radon‐222, Iodine‐125, or Iridium‐192 interstitial implants. Tumors were surgically cytoreduced prior to irradiation in all but two horses. Follow‐up data was obtained for 2 years in each horse. Two‐year‐non‐recurrence rates (no grossly visible evidence of tumor) were 87.5% for 90Sr beta therapy, and 60% (70% when corrected for non‐tumor‐related deaths) for interstitial implant therapy. Data regarding frequency of occurrence, location of lesions, age of onset, and non‐recurrence rates were similar to previous literature reports utilizing variable or shorter follow‐up periods. The effects of cytoreductive surgery of the tumors was not studied.