bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FunChIP: an R/Bioconductor package for functional classification of ChIP-seq shapes
Authors: Parodi Alice C L , Sangalli Laura M , Vantini Simone , Amati Bruno , Secchi Piercesare , Morelli Marco J
Published: April 2017

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) generates local accumulations of sequencing reads on the genome (“peaks”), which correspond to specific protein–DNA interactions or chromatin modifications. Peaks are detected by considering their total area above a background signal, usually neglecting their shapes, which instead may convey additional biological information. We present FunChIP, an R/Bioconductor package for clustering peaks according to a functional representation of their shapes: after approximating their profiles with cubic B-splines, FunChIP minimizes their functional distance and classifies the peaks applying a k-mean alignment and clustering algorithm. The whole pipeline is user-friendly and provides visualization functions for a quick inspection of the results. An application to the transcription factor Myc in 3T9 murine fibroblasts shows that clusters of peaks with different shapes are associated with different genomic locations and different transcriptional regulatory activity.

Availability and implementation

The package is implemented in R and is available under Artistic Licence 2.0 from the Bioconductor website (http://bioconductor.org/packages/FunChIP).

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A reference human genome dataset of the BGISEQ-500 sequencer
Authors: Huang Jie , Liang Xinming , Xuan Yuankai , Geng Chunyu , Li Yuxiang , Lu Haorong , Qu Shoufang , Mei Xianglin , Chen Hongbo , Yu Ting , Sun Nan , Rao Junhua , Wang Jiahao , Zhang Wenwei , Chen Ying , Liao Sha , Jiang Hui , Liu Xin , Yang Zhaopeng , Mu Feng , Gao Shangxian
Published: April 2017

Background: BGISEQ-500 is a new desktop sequencer developed by BGI. Using DNA nanoball and combinational probe anchor synthesis developed from Complete Genomics™ sequencing technologies, it generates short reads at a large scale. Findings: Here, we present the first human whole-genome sequencing dataset of BGISEQ-500. The dataset was generated by sequencing the widely used cell line HG001 (NA12878) in two sequencing runs of paired-end 50 bp (PE50) and two sequencing runs of paired-end 100 bp (PE100). We also include examples of the raw images from the sequencer for reference. Finally, we identified variations using this dataset, estimated the accuracy of the variations, and compared to that of the variations identified from similar amounts of publicly available HiSeq2500 data. Conclusions: We found similar single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection accuracy for the BGISEQ-500 PE100 data (false positive rate [FPR] = 0.00020%, sensitivity = 96.20%) compared to the PE150 HiSeq2500 data (FPR = 0.00017%, sensitivity = 96.60%) better SNP detection accuracy than the PE50 data (FPR = 0.0006%, sensitivity = 94.15%). But for insertions and deletions (indels), we found lower accuracy for BGISEQ-500 data (FPR = 0.00069% and 0.00067% for PE100 and PE50 respectively, sensitivity = 88.52% and 70.93%) than the HiSeq2500 data (FPR = 0.00032%, sensitivity = 96.28%). Our dataset can serve as the reference dataset, providing basic information not just for future development, but also for all research and applications based on the new sequencing platform.
Comparing Outcomes and Cost of 3 Surgical Treatments for Sagittal Synostosis: A Retrospective Study Including Procedure-Related Cost Analysis
Authors: Garber Sarah T. , Karsy Michael , Kestle John R.W. , Siddiqi Faizi , Spanos Stephen P. , Riva-Cambrin Jay
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND

Neurosurgical techniques for repair of sagittal synostosis include total cranial vault (TCV) reconstruction, open sagittal strip (OSS) craniectomy, and endoscopic strip (ES) craniectomy.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate outcomes and cost associated with these 3 techniques.

METHODS

Via retrospective chart review with waiver of informed consent, the last consecutive 100 patients with sagittal synostosis who underwent each of the 3 surgical correction techniques before June 30, 2013, were identified. Clinical, operative, and process of care variables and their associated specific charges were analyzed along with overall charge.

RESULTS

The study included 300 total patients. ES patients had fewer transfusion requirements (13% vs 83%, P < .001) than TCV patients, fewer days in intensive care (0.3 vs 1.3, P < .001), and a shorter overall hospital stay (1.8 vs 4.2 d, P < .001), and they required fewer revisions (1% vs 6%, P = .05). The mean charge for the endoscopic procedure was $21 203, whereas the mean charge for the TCV reconstruction was $45 078 (P < .001). ES patients had more preoperative computed tomography scans (66% vs 44%, P = .003) than OSS patients, shorter operative times (68 vs 111 min, P < .001), and required fewer revision procedures (1% vs 8%, P < .001). The mean charge for the endoscopic procedure was $21 203 vs $20 535 for the OSS procedure (P = .62).

CONCLUSION

The ES craniectomy for sagittal synostosis appeared to have less morbidity and a potential cost savings compared with the TCV reconstruction. The charges were similar to those incurred with OSS craniectomy, but patients had a shorter length of stay and fewer revisions.
Highly Successful Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Treatment Outcomes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus/HCV-Coinfected Patients at a Large, Urban, Ryan White Clinic
Authors: Patel Manish , Rab Saira , Kalapila Aley G. , Kyle Alison , Okosun Ike Solomon , Miller Lesley
Published: April 2017

Background

The introduction of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) created a major paradigm shift in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Currently, there is little “real-world” data regarding hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment outcomes in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/HCV-coinfected population.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study examined HCV treatment outcomes of HIV/HCV-coinfected patients at a large, urban, Ryan White-funded clinic caring for an underserved population. All HIV patients initiating HCV treatment from January 1, 2013 to November 30, 2015 were included in the analysis. The primary end point was sustained virologic response 12 weeks after the end of therapy (SVR12).

Results

A total of 172 patients initiated HCV treatment within the study period: 79% were male, 83% were black, 95% were HCV genotype 1, 79% were HCV treatment naive, and 16% had cirrhosis. At baseline, median CD4 was 494 cells/μL (interquartile range, 316–722) and 92% had HIV ribonucleic acid less than 40 copies/mL. The most common DAA initiated was ledipasvir/sofosbuvir (LDV/SOF) (85%), with 92% receiving 12 weeks of treatment. Overall, SVR12 was 93% by intention-to-treat analysis and 98% by per-protocol analysis. The majority of patients on LDV/SOF did not report any adverse effect. One patient in the ribavirin plus SOF group discontinued treatment due to adverse effect.

Conclusions

In a cohort of mainly black, male, HIV/HCV-coinfected patients at a large, urban, Ryan White clinic, HCV treatment with DAAs resulted in high SVR12 rates and was well tolerated despite real-world challenges including medication access barriers and drug interaction concerns.
Rotavirus Vaccine Schedules and Vaccine Response Among Infants in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review
Authors: Gruber Joann F. , Gruber Lucinda M. , Weber Rachel Palmieri , Becker-Dreps Sylvia , Jonsson Funk Michele
Published: April 2017

Background

Rotavirus vaccine schedules may impact vaccine response among children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Our objective was to review the literature evaluating the effects of monovalent (RV1) or pentavalent rotavirus vaccines schedules on vaccine response.

Methods

We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov for eligible trials conducted in LMICs comparing ≥2 vaccine schedules and reporting immunologic response or efficacy. We calculated seroconversion proportion differences and geometric mean concentration (GMC) ratios with 95% confidence intervals.

Results

We abstracted data from 8 eligible trials of RV1. The point estimates for seroconversion proportions difference ranged from −0.25 to −0.09 for the 6/10-week schedule compared with 10/14. The range for the 6/10/14- compared with 10/14-week schedule was −0.02 to 0.10. Patterns were similar for GMC ratios and efficacy estimates.

Conclusions

The commonly used 6/10-week RV1 schedule in LMICs may not be optimal. Further research on the effect of rotavirus schedules using clinical endpoints is essential.
Immunological Predictors of Nonresponse to Directly Acting Antiviral Therapy in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C and Decompensated Cirrhosis
Authors: Childs Kate , Merritt Elliot , Considine Aisling , Sanchez-Fueyo Alberto , Agarwal Kosh , Martinez-Llordella Marc , Carey Ivana
Published: April 2017

Background

Sustained virological response rates (SVRs) to directly acting antiviral (DAA) therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV) are lower in decompensated cirrhosis. Markers of innate immunity predict nonresponse to interferon-based HCV treatment; however, whether they are associated with the response to DAAs in patients with decompensation is not known.

Methods

Information on demographics, adherence, viral kinetics, and resistance were gathered prospectively from a cohort with decompensated cirrhosis treated with 12 weeks of DAAs. C-X-C motif chemokine-10 (CXCL-10) level and T-cell and natural killer (NK) cell phenotype were analyzed pretreatment and at 4 and 12 weeks of treatment.

Results

Of 32 patients, 24 of 32 (75%) achieved SVR (responders). Eight of 32 (25%) experienced relapse after the end of treatment (nonresponders). There were no differences in demographics or adherence between groups. Nonresponders had higher CXCL-10; 320 pg/mL (179461) vs 109 pg/mL (88170) in responders (P < .001) and differential CXCL-10 dynamics. Nonresponders had lower NK cell frequency, higher expression of activation receptor NKp30, and lower frequency of the NK subset CD56−CD16+.

Conclusions

Nonresponders to DAAs displayed a different NK phenotype and CXCL-10 profile to responders. Nonresponders did not have poorer adherence or baseline virological resistance, and this shows that immunological parameters are associated with treatment response to interferon-free treatment for HCV in individuals with decompensated cirrhosis.
The Presence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders Is Associated With a Lower Adherence to Combined Antiretroviral Treatment
Authors: Kamal Susan , Locatelli Isabella , Wandeler Gilles , Sehhat Asemaneh , Bugnon Olivier , Metral Melanie , Du Pasquier Renaud , Gutbrod Klemens , Cavassini Matthias , Schneider Marie P. ,   and the Swiss HIV Cohort Study
Published: April 2017

Background

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are defined according to their diagnostic degrees as follows: asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment, mild neurocognitive disorder, and HIV-associated dementia. Because high adherence to combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) is required to maintain viral suppression among HIV-infected patients, it is important to investigate the impact of HAND on medication adherence. Our study hypothesis was that patients with HAND had a lower medication adherence than patients who did not have HAND.

Methods

This was an observational, exploratory, 2-center pilot study of patients who had a state-of-the-art neurocognitive assessment performed between January 2011 and June 2015 while also being followed at their respective adherence clinics. Adherence was measured with electronic monitors. Patients’ sociodemographic characteristics, HIV viral load, and CD4 counts were retrieved from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study database. At each time t, adherence was computed as the proportion of patients taking medication as prescribed at that time.

Results

We included 59 patients, with a median (Q1, Q3) age of 53 years (47–58) and 39 (66%) were male participants. Twenty-two patients (35%) had no neurocognitive deficits, 16 (27%) patients had HAND, and 21 (35%) patients had non-HAND (mostly depression). Implementation over 3 years showed a significant decline (50%) in medication adherence among patients diagnosed with HAND in comparison with patients who had a normal neuropsychological status or a non-HIV-related cognitive deficit (implementation stayed 90% during follow-up).

Conclusions

Our findings support the hypothesis that HAND is associated with reduced cART adherence.
Low-Quality Housing Is Associated With Increased Risk of Malaria Infection: A National Population-Based Study From the Low Transmission Setting of Swaziland
Authors: Dlamini Nomcebo , Hsiang Michelle S. , Ntshalintshali Nyasatu , Pindolia Deepa , Allen Regan , Nhlabathi Nomcebo , Novotny Joseph , Kang Dufour Mi-Suk , Midekisa Alemayehu , Gosling Roly , LeMenach Arnaud , Cohen Justin , Dorsey Grant , Greenhouse Bryan , Kunene Simon
Published: April 2017

Background

Low-quality housing may confer risk of malaria infection, but evidence in low transmission settings is limited.

Methods

To examine the relationship between individual level housing quality and locally acquired infection in children and adults, a population-based cross-sectional analysis was performed using existing surveillance data from the low transmission setting of Swaziland. From 2012 to 2015, cases were identified through standard diagnostics in health facilities and by loop-mediated isothermal amplification in active surveillance, with uninfected subjects being household members and neighbors. Housing was visually assessed in a home visit and then classified as low, high, or medium quality, based on housing components being traditional, modern, or both, respectively.

Results

Overall, 11426 individuals were included in the study: 10960 uninfected and 466 infected (301 symptomatic and 165 asymptomatic). Six percent resided in low-quality houses, 26% in medium-quality houses, and 68% in high-quality houses. In adjusted models, low- and medium-quality construction was associated with increased risk of malaria compared with high-quality construction (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 2.11 and 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26–3.53 for low vs high; AOR, 1.56 and 95% CI, 1.15–2.11 for medium vs high). The relationship was independent of vector control, which also conferred a protective effect (AOR, 0.67; 95% CI, .50–.90) for sleeping under an insecticide-treated bed net or a sprayed structure compared with neither.

Conclusions

Our study adds to the limited literature on housing quality and malaria risk from low transmission settings. Housing improvements may offer an attractive and sustainable additional strategy to support countries in malaria elimination.
Impact of an Electronic Medical Record-Based System to Promote Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Hepatitis C Virus Screening in Public Hospital Primary Care Clinics
Authors: Golden Matthew R. , Duchin Jeffery , Chew Lisa D. , Huntington Jane H. , Sugg Nancy , Jackson Sara , Lane Aric , Pecha Monica , Barash Elizabeth , Scott John
Published: April 2017

Background

United States guidelines recommend that all adolescents and adults be tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and that persons born between 1945 and 1965 be tested for hepatitis C virus (HCV).

Methods

We used electronic medical record (EMR) data to identify patients in 3 primary care clinics in Seattle, Washington who met national criteria for routine HCV or HIV testing and had no documented history of prior testing. Clinic staff received daily lists of untested patients with scheduled appointments. We used generalized linear models to compare the percentage of patients tested and newly diagnosed with HIV and HCV in the 18 months before and during the intervention.

Results

A total of 16784 patients aged 18–64 and 9370 patients born between 1945 and 1965 received care from January 2011 to December 2015. Comparing the preintervention and intervention periods, the percentage of previously untested patients tested for HIV and HCV increased from 14.9% to 30.8% and from 18.0% to 35.5%, respectively (P < .0001 for both). Despite this increase in testing, there was no change in the percentage of patients newly diagnosed with HIV (0.7% in both periods, P = .96) or HCV (3.6% vs 3.7%, P = .81). We estimate that 1.2%–15% of HCV-infected primary care patients in our medical center are undiagnosed.

Conclusions

EMR-based HCV/HIV testing promotion increased testing but not case finding among primary care patients in our medical center. In our institution, most HCV-infected patients are already diagnosed, primarily through risk-based and clinical screening, highlighting the need to concentrate future efforts on increasing HCV treatment.
Use of a Polytetrafluoroethylene-Coated Vascular Plug for Focal Intracranial Parent Vessel Sacrifice for Fusiform Aneurysm Treatment
Authors: Carlson Andrew P , Abbas Mohammad , Hall Patricia , Taylor Christopher
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND: Fusiform intracranial aneurysms are challenging due to the circumferential nature of the disease. Endovascular parent vessel sacrifice with coils may be a treatment option, but typically requires a long vessel segment to induce complete cessation of flow.

OBJECTIVE:  We evaluate early clinical experience with the intracranial use of the microvascular plug (MVP; Medtronic, Dublin, Ireland) device and to compare to previous coil-only techniques for vertebral artery sacrifice for fusiform vertebral aneurysm.

METHODS: We reviewed patients treated with the MVP for intracranial aneurysms at our institution. As a case-control study, we located 6 control patients who underwent coiling alone for vertebral artery sacrifice. The number of implants, fluoroscopy time, and procedural charges were compared using unpaired t-tests.

RESULTS: Twelve patients underwent vessel sacrifices with MVP. Eight were for vertebral artery dissecting aneurysms. Comparing only vertebral aneurysms, the mean implants was 7 in the MVP group (n = 8) and 19.5 in the coiling group (n = 6; P = .0015). Mean fluoroscopy time was 17.62 min in the MVP group compared to 24.2 min in the coiling group (P = .07). Procedural costs were less in the MVP group ($19 667.38) compared to coiling ($44 909.50, P = .05). There were no technical failures and no cases with persistent flow in the parent vessel at the end of the procedure.

CONCLUSION: The MVP is a cost-effective device for focal intracranial vessel occlusion in select patients. This is an important tool for cerebrovascular surgeons, particularly in cases of ruptured dissecting vertebral aneurysms.
A Single-Institution Experience with Pineal Region Tumors: 50 Tumors Over 1 Decade
Authors: Abecassis Isaac Josh , Hanak Brian , Barber Jason , Mortazavi Martin , Ellenbogen Richard G.
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND: Pineal region tumors are rare intracranial tumors that are more common in children than adults. Surgical management of tumors in this region using a tailored approach is a strategy that enhances extent of resection and neurological outcome.

OBJECTIVE: To review our institutional experience with pineal region tumors in children and adults over the past 10 years.

METHODS: Our institutional pathology database and patient records were retrospectively reviewed for details regarding clinical and radiological presentation, surgical management, extent of resection, morbidity, and neurological outcome. Statistical analysis was performed to assess for variables related to functional outcomes.

RESULTS: Fifty patients were identified as having undergone surgical management of a pineal region tumor with at least 1 year of follow-up. Forty-one percent presented with a Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score of 70 or less, all of whom had concomitant hydrocephalus that required urgent treatment. The following variables were statistically significant to KPS score on admission: age, tumor volume, preoperative hydrocephalus, length of hospitalization (total and intensive care unit), and elevations in serum tumor markers. The median postoperative (2 months) KPS score was 90. The following variables were statistically significant with respect to change in KPS score postoperatively: tumor maximum diameter, KPS score on admission, and intensive care unit length of stay. The specific surgical strategy did not correlate to extent of tumor resection, morbidity, immediate neurological outcome, and progression-free survival.

CONCLUSION: Extent of resection, neurological outcome, and progression-free survival in the patients in our series were not related to the specific surgical approach employed and its perioperative complications.
Favorable Long-Term Functional Outcomes and Safety of Auditory Brainstem Implants in Nontumor Patients
Authors: Jung Na Young , Kim Minsoo , Chang Won Seok , Jung Hyun Ho , Choi Jae Young , Chang Jin Woo
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND

Auditory brainstem implants (ABIs) were designed to restore hearing in deaf patients with auditory tumors or those unable to receive cochlear implants. Although ABIs may help some patients, their long-term outcomes have been rarely studied.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the long-term benefits and safety of ABIs in nontumor patients with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL).

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed the histories of 15 deaf patients (8 females, 7 males; mean age, 15.5 yr; range, 1-56 yr) who received ABIs for treatment of SNHL at our hospital from July 2008 to November 2015. These included 11 children with narrow internal auditory canals and 4 deaf adults with severe cochlear ossification. In each patient, a 12-channel ABI electrode was placed in the cochlear nucleus complex via a retrosigmoid approach. Auditory performance was evaluated using the Categories of Auditory Performance (CAP) index and sound detection and word identification tests.

RESULTS

One year after ABI placement, 13 of 15 patients showed adequate or significantly improved auditory function based on the CAP scores at the last follow-up. Generally, adult patients tended to show better CAP scores (3.50) than pediatric patients (2.15), but the difference was not significant (P = .058). Postoperative complications included electrode migration, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, nonauditory stimulation, and minor seizures without severe sequelae or mortality.

CONCLUSION

ABIs show favorable functional outcomes and long-term safety in nontumor deaf patients with limited treatment options. Collectively, our data indicate that ABIs represent an important treatment option for SNHL.
Microsurgical Anatomy of the Interfascial Vein. Its Significance in the Interfascial Dissection of the Pterional Approach
Authors: Campero Alvaro , Ajler Pablo , Paíz Martín , Elizalde Ramiro López
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND: The pterional approach (PA), together with its variants, is still one of the most common methods used by surgeons to reach the anterior and middle cranial base. A highly important technical detail during a PA is the preservation of the frontotemporal branch of the facial nerve, which can be achieved through an interfascial dissection.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the anatomy of the interfascial vein (IFV), highlighting its recognition as a significant anatomic reference to perform an interfascial dissection (IFD).

METHODS: Eight adult cadaveric heads, fixed with formaldehyde and injected with colored silicone, were studied. In 6 heads, an IFD was performed, simulating a PA. In the 2 remaining heads, the IFV was dissected. In addition, an IFD was performed in 10 patients, studying the IFV anatomy.

RESULTS: In the 6 cadaveric heads in which the PA with an IFD was performed, and in the 10 patients who underwent a PA with an IFD, the IFV was found. If the interfascial space is divided into thirds, in all cases, the IFV was located within the middle third of the interfascial fat pad. On the 2 cadaveric heads in which the IFV was anatomically dissected, the IFV was also located within the middle third of the interfascial space.

CONCLUSION: Recognizing the IFV in the interfascial space is of great help as an anatomic landmark to confirm that one is actually between both layers of the superficial temporal fascia.
Electoral Systems and Campaign Finance
Authors: Johnson Joel W.
Published: April 2017

Studies that emphasize the importance of legislative electoral systems for campaign finance mostly fit into one of two groups. One literature identifies consequences of electoral systems that foster intraparty competition, including high levels of campaign spending and campaign finance–motivated pork, particularism, and political corruption. The second literature studies “spending effects” (i.e., vote-share gains per unit of expenditure), especially whether they differ between incumbents and challengers. Although both literatures pay some attention to how electoral systems affect campaign financing at the district level, that subject is poorly understood. This chapter emphasizes two topics that merit study: how electoral systems influence spending-votes patterns among incumbents and how electoral coordination may concentrate funds on only M + 1 candidates per district.
Learning Who We Are From Our Leaders
Authors: Hogg Michael A.
Published: April 2017

A key feature of group and organizational learning is the process through which people learn the group or organization’s distinctive normative characteristics and social identity and therefore who one is and how one should behave as a member of the group or organization. In this chapter I draw on social identity theory and the social identity theory of leadership to argue that people derive an important part of their identity from the groups they belong to, including work groups and organizations. They internalize, through a process of self-categorization, these group normative attributes as self-attributes that prescribe behavior. Because group and organizational norms define and prescribe one’s self-concept, group members are vigilant for reliable information about the group’s norms and identity. They typically look to group and organizational leaders for this information.
Rock Art of Northern, Central, and Western Asia
Authors: Rozwadowski Andrzej
Published: April 2017

This chapter discusses the rock art traditions of Northern, Central, and Western Asia, first providing an overview of the chronological-cultural context of much of the known rock art in Northern and Central Asia before describing the main geographical concentrations of rock paintings and petroglyphs in the area. In particular, it examines the dilemmas with regards to ascertaining the age of ‘Stone Age’ rock art, along with the presence of chariots in rock art as an iconographic determinant of the Bronze Age. It also considers the association of the Bronze Age with the expansion of Indo-Iranians, expansion of Buddhism through Central Asia as reflected in the rock art, relation of Siberian rock art to shamanism, and major rock art regions of Northern and Central Asia. It concludes by assessing the rock art of Western Asia and how the advent of Islam in mid–seventh century ad changed Arabian traditions of rock art.
Virtual Reality
Authors: Gutiérrez-Maldonado José , Ferrer-García Marta , Dakanalis Antonios , Riva Giuseppe
Published: April 2017

In the last twenty years researchers have embraced virtual reality (VR) in order to integrate and extend the assessment tools and treatments currently in use for eating disorders (EDs). Specifically the VR protocols for EDs try to exploit clinically the sense of “presence,” that is, the feeling of “being there” inside the virtual environment. The sense of presence offered by VR can be a powerful tool in therapy because it provides the individual with a world in which he/she can be placed and live a particular experience. This triggers emotional reactions in patients and allows a higher level of self-reflectiveness than that provided by memory and imagination, and greater control than that offered by direct “real” experience. In particular, VR protocols for EDs use technology to alter the experience of the body (embodiment) in real time and as a cue exposure tool for reducing food craving.
Peter F. Drucker’s Management by Objectives and Self-Control
Authors: Starbuck Peter
Published: April 2017

This chapter considers the emergence in 1954 and the evolution of Peter F. Drucker’s Management by Objectives—MbO—into what he termed a principle of management. It sets down its purpose, which is the integration of all management functions. Recorded is the involvement and cooperation with Drucker, by the Englishman John Humble who complimented Drucker’s conceptual work by producing operational books. The rise and then the apparent fall and disappearance of MbO is challenged as evidence is provided that it has been amalgamated with Quality Management and become the Japanese evolved method of management Hoshin Kanri, which is being applied by many international businesses.
Studying Culture in Organizations
Authors: Alvesson Mats
Published: April 2017

This chapter briefly revisits the earlier literature on organizational culture and culture management. The authors critically assess the current interest in culture’s offsprings in organizational research as well as a foundation for offering an alternative. They claim that the zeal for providing layered interpretation and thick description typical of the original approach deserves to be revitalized in contemporary accounts of, and approaches to, cultural life in organizing. The movement in academic interest in culture and culture management from substance to image, from taken-for-granted beliefs to tools, deserves critical scrutiny. Rather than scratching the surfaces of public culture and actors’ strategies of self-presentation, it is suggested that organizational research needs to focus on critically examining outward appearances, puncturing its myths by demasking its symbolic and staged qualities, and probing into the not-readily observable, the silent and silenced, backstage and off-stage worlds in the organizational dungeons
Ronald Dworkin,Taking Rights Seriously
Authors: Bellamy Richard
Published: April 2017

Taking Rights Seriously is concerned above all with due process, both in law and politics. In this respect, his theory of law and critique of legal positivism frames his theory of politics. He conceives both law and politics in terms of a “right to equality,” the aim being to show individuals equal concern and respect. However, whereas he regards legal process as a matter of principle, orientated toward viewing our relations with others in terms of justice, he treats political process as dealing only with policy and focused on promoting the general welfare. The result is an account of law and politics that is original yet idiosyncratic. Though he sees rights-based judicial review as legitimately trumping utilitarian democratic decisions, his account of legal deliberation is in its way democratic, as his view of civil disobedience illustrates, and could apply as much—if not more—to legislatures as to courts.
Paul Gilroy,The Black Atlantic
Authors: Lebron Christopher J.
Published: April 2017

Paul Gilroy’s The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness has, since its publication, been a foundational text for scholars working at the intersection of race, culture, and political thought. This chapter identifies three themes that structure Gilroy’s expansive argument and make it enduring. First, Gilroy offers juxtaposing analyses of the role of roots and routes in the history of black trans-Atlantic culture. Second, it argues that Gilroy thinks that many scholars prize racial essentialism or authenticity over understanding the ways black culture has evolved over time in ways that have shaped and benefitted from modernity. Last, Gilroy seeks to reclaim a genuine appreciate of black culture as a major contribution to modernity as a means of resisting the problem of double-consciousness since this distracts from the appreciation and study of black culture to blacks acculturating themselves to social values that do not contribute to their social or political liberty.
Overlapping Rights
Authors: Derclaye Estelle
Published: April 2017

Intellectual property (IP) overlaps can arise as a result of two or more different types of endeavor (eg, an artistic work created at the outset to be registered a trademark) or as a result of two or more IP rights protecting a single type of endeavor (eg, patent and copyright protecting the same computer program). This chapter categorizes and reviews the several IP overlaps that exist and the principles and rules that apply to them, mainly from a European (EU) perspective, with a comparative outlook where possible. It proposes solutions to the twin problems of regime clashes and overprotection that many overlaps pose, and concludes with a forecast for the direction of the topic.
Defining Adaptation
Authors: Corrigan Timothy
Published: April 2017

Chapter 1 identifies three approaches to and perspectives on adaptation: as process, as product, and as reception. At different times in the long history of adaptation practices, these dimensions have been associated, at different times, with prominent models found in science and biology, literature and writing, commerce and art, technology and theories of representation. Through the course of this history, different models of adaptation have in turn mobilized and defined adaptation in relation to three primary motifs and formulas: adaptation as an evolutionary process, as a product whose relation to a source is based in fidelity or infidelity, and as intertextual relations engaged through reception.
Adaptation in Bollywood
Authors: Krämer Lucia
Published: April 2017

Chapter 14 examines the role of adaptation as both genre and practice in contemporary Hindi mainstream cinema, with reference to Indian film history and adaptation in Hollywood. In Bollywood today, despite the relative scarcity of literary adaptations, the multiplex boom has led to new ways of marketing adaptations and to a greater number of best-seller adaptations in recent years. Intramedial adaptations of both local and foreign films, by contrast, are a fully established practice of risk management, whose policies of copyright and self-positioning in relation to foreign films, for example the switch from “Indianization” strategies toward attempts at global accessibility, have reflected Bollywood’s changing role within world cinema. Based on its investigation of adaptation in Bollywood, the essay proposes several corrective implications for adaptation studies that arise from testing analytical categories developed on the basis of Western adaptations against adaptation in a different cultural sphere.
Remakes, Sequels, Prequels
Authors: Verevis Constantine
Published: April 2017

Film remakes, sequels, and prequels are often understood as forms of adaptation: that is, modes of cinematic remaking characterized by strategies of repetition, variation, and expansion. This essay seeks to examine the circumstances in which these modes of serialization have been taken up in the first decades of the new millennium. It analyzes the practice, aesthetics, and politics of cinematic remaking to build an inventory of contexts, descriptions, and knowledges that contribute to the cultural and economic currency of serial forms. Specifically, the essay interrogates a new millennial context that has mobilized a set of discourses around intermediality, transnationalism, and a logic of convergence to determine how these factors have been worked in and through the concepts of adaptation and remaking.
The History of Hong Kong Comics in Film Adaptations
Authors: Wong Wendy Siuyi
Published: April 2017

Chapter 22 traces the history of film adaptions of Hong Kong comics, locally known as manhua, from the late 1940s to the present, from Kiddy Cheung (adapted as The Kid) to McMug Comics (adapted as the McDull film series). Through the examination of selected comics-to-film titles, it examines various stages in the transformation of Hong Kong society and culture. It finds in the successful integration of both media an outstanding example of Hong Kong’s resourcefulness in representing its identity and a rich legacy in Asian popular culture. The essay seeks to preserve the history of two culturally marginalized media currently struggling to maintain their market share and in danger of being forgotten. It includes a filmography listing the publishing dates of the original manhua titles and the theatrical run dates of the adapted film titles.
Aligning Adaptation Studies with Translation Studies
Authors: Raw Laurence
Published: April 2017

The relationship between translation and adaptation has remained problematic despite the appearance of two books on the subject. The difficulty lies in understanding how both terms are culturally constructed and change over space and time. Chapter 28 suggests that there is no absolute distinction between the two; to look at the relationship between translation and adaptation requires us to study cultural policies and the way creative workers respond to them, and to understand how readers over time have reinterpreted the two terms. The essay considers the lessons ecological models of learning in collaborative micro-cultures have to offer adaptation scholars and translation scholars alike.
Adaptation and Intermediality
Authors: Elleström Lars
Published: April 2017

Chapter 29 investigates the relation between adaptation and intermediality and makes the case that adaptation studies would profit from a broad intermedial research context. It discusses ten ways of delimiting the notion of adaptation within the broader field of intermediality. Pinpointing border zones of adaptation that are only partly recognized as such by adaptation scholars, it argues that failing to reflect on these borders ignores relevant neighbor disciplines, and that insufficient attention to related theoretical fields reduces the possibility for adaptation studies to produce research that is relevant for a broader range of phenomena and a broader field of scholars. The essay briefly investigates some core issues of intermedial research, and hence of adaptation studies, and summarizes several notions vital in investigating essential similarities and differences among media and in capturing the material and semiotic conditions for adaptation.
The Aura of Againness
Authors: Dicecco Nico
Published: April 2017

By examining the complexities of aura, authenticity, materiality, and reception in the context of adaptation studies, Chapter 35 argues against the idea that adaptations are a specific kind of text and in favor of the idea that adaptations are actively constituted as such through performance: through live and embodied acts of identification that have significant material consequences. Drawing on several foundational concepts in adaptation studies and performance theory, Chapter 35 articulates a reception model of adaptation that is relevant not only to theatrical adaptations but across media and genres by showing the ways the aura of adaptation is generated as much through the unique spatiotemporal presence of an artwork as through its momentary disappearance from its place and time.
Teaching Adaptation
Authors: Gould Marty
Published: April 2017

Chapter 36 addresses the leading questions that arise from the use of adaptations in the classroom. Why must teachers engage with adaptation? How can adaptation promote the highest aims of English studies? How can it transform the focus of English and the humanities? How can teachers use adaptation theories as the basis for specific pedagogical practices? How can they use adaptation in assessing student learning? Arguing that adaptation reflects what English has always been about, even as it beckons toward a new model of English studies more responsive to a contemporary digital culture that treats texts and their meanings as constantly evolving rather than canonical, the essay urges teachers to help students to develop an active, productive literacy through adaptation.
Adaptation Theory and Adaptation Scholarship
Authors: Elliott Kamilla
Published: April 2017

Adaptation studies and adaptation scholars have persistently been faulted for theoretical failure. Developing the argument that this critique is the fallout of a dysfunctional relationship between adaptation and theorization in the humanities, this essay examines particular problems that have arisen in adaptation scholarship as a result of adaptation’s and theorization’s impasses: tensions between theoretical nostalgia and theoretical progressivism, theoretical sprawl, failures in citation, mythological field histories, and transtheoretical field myths, most notably the claim that adaptation studies has been primarily concerned with fidelity of adapting to adapted work. This is untrue. The essay concludes that scholars instead attend to and critique our attempts to force adaptations to be faithful to theories that all too often obscure, neglect, and abuse adaptation.
“Playing Like a Girl”
Authors: Russell Hayley C. , Dutove Julia , Dithurbide Lori
Published: April 2017

This chapter reviews the theoretical and research evidence on women in competition in the context of sport. First, it explores the history of women in competitive sport and physical activity, and then reviews the relevant theories of competition in sport and sex- and gender-based differences in sport. Next, the chapter examines women’s experiences in sport from a developmental perspective and reviews women’s competition in youth sport, high-performance sport, and nontraditional physical activities. This chapter also examines how women learn about competition, what gender/sex differences do or do not exist in dispositional competitiveness, the behavioral outcomes of competitiveness, and the overall consequences—both positive and negative—of competition in sport on women and girls. The chapter concludes by discussing the current research gaps and future directions in the study of women in competition in the context of sport.
Love and the Rationality of Grief
Authors: Moller Dan
Published: April 2017

Most people exhibit resilience in the face of losing those they love most. Three views have been put forward concerning this pattern. First is the conventional view that this response gets things just right. Second, the quasi-medical view is that grief represents a pathological disorder. And third, the minority view is that our typical grief responses are in fact insufficient. This chapter explores this terrain by examining the surprisingly strong case to be made for the eccentric-sounding third view in light of the mismatch between the massive loss that is suffered and the relatively muted response that most people muster.
Political Movements in Bahrain Across the Long Twentieth Century (1900–2015)
Authors: Al-Shehabi Omar
Published: April 2017

This chapter traces the birth, rise, and evolution of political movements in Bahrain throughout the long twentieth century, taking as its starting point the beginning of direct British presence in the local political scene in 1900, and ending with the aftermath of the mass protests that engulfed the islands in 2011. It highlights four intersecting dichotomies that have characterized these political movements across time: trans-sectarian versus ethnosectarian, national versus transnational, reformist versus revolutionary, and public versus underground. It sheds light on the importance of externally imposed structural factors on local developments on the island, including British colonial absolutist rule, the discovery of oil and the subsequent fluctuation in the commodity’s global prices, and the rise of American hegemony. Taking its cue from the work of the autonomistas, the analysis also highlights the central role that political movements have played in shaping the actions and reactions of the state. The state’s attempts to contain these movements, and the contestation between the two sides, played a central role in shaping the contours of both state and society across Bahrain’s long century.
The Classical Period
Authors: Sheibani Mariam , Toft Amir , El Shamsy Ahmed
Published: April 2017

This article examines whether the Qur’an served as a source for the early jurists during the classical period; whether Hadith reports contain authentic information regarding Muhammad’s sayings and actions (and if they do not, when and how they became attributed to him); whether and how the regional legal traditions were transformed into legal schools centered around particular individuals; and how the nature of legal reasoning changed within this period. The article first revisits the debates regarding the role of the Qur’an and Hadith, respectively, in the formulation of Islamic law. It then reviews scholarship on the phases of Islamic law’s development, beginning with the emergence of geographically defined legal traditions and culminating in the formation of the legal schools and their distinctive theoretical principles and substantive doctrines. It concludes by suggesting directions for future research.
The emergence of livestock husbandry in Early Neolithic Anatolia
Authors: Peters Joris , Pöllath Nadja , Arbuckle Benjamin S.
Published: April 2017

Analysis of spatio-temporal variation in patterns of animal exploitation helps our understanding of the transition from hunting to husbandry of Ovis, Capra, Sus, and Bos in Pre-Pottery Neolithic Anatolia (c.9500–7000 bce). Despite interaction with humans since the final Pleistocene, domestication of Sus in southeastern Anatolia is only evidenced after 8500 bce. This timing coincides with efforts to exert cultural control over Ovis, Capra, and Bos. Applying a broad methodological spectrum, it is shown that in southeastern Anatolia, the Neolithic ‘package’ was in place at the end of the ninth millennium bce, whereas in contemporaneous central Anatolia, livestock husbandry only included sheep and goat. Initially, animal management practices may have focused on a single species, but after 8000 bce, herding strategies comprised at least two species, likely a risk-reducing strategy. Conceivably, large-scale social gatherings, e.g. at Göbekli Tepe, promoted the spread of practices associated with ungulate management and domestication.
The zooarchaeology of complexity and specialization during the Upper Palaeolithic in Western Europe
Authors: Boyle Katherine
Published: April 2017

Over the last twenty years attempts have been made to determine the nature of Upper Palaeolithic hunting specialization. This chapter traces assemblage structural ‘specialization’, where faunal assemblages are dominated by a single species, vs ‘diversity’, in which all recorded species are well represented, between 45,000 and 10,000 bp (Châtelperronian to Azilian), and demonstrates regularity in the archaeozoological record. It moves away from the assumption that assemblages with at least 90% of bones attributable to a single species result from specialized hunting strategies, and seeks explanations for patterns of diversification. The study also deals with the Late Glacial Maximum with its narrowing resource base and the Magdalenian of southwest France, when specialized reindeer hunting is traditionally considered of paramount importance. The chapter uses measures of diversity and evenness to quantify variation observed through time, highlighting a peak in single-species exploitation during the Middle Upper Palaeolithic. Finally, interpretations are offered for future consideration.