bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparations of Saliva Inhibiting Reovirus Hemagglutination
Authors: Lerner A. Martin , Bailey Elizabeth Jane , Kofender Marvin
Published: January 2023

Substance(s) in saliva have been found which inhibit hemagglutination by reoviruses, type 1, 2 or 3. They attach to capsid protein of the virus, but not irreversibly to the erythrocyte. In complexing to virus, the sedimentation rate of the virus as determined by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation may be altered.

These salivary substances are absorbed by kaolin, and are not identical to blood group substances A, B or H. They are probably mucins and indicate further affinity of reoviruses for glycoproteins.
Clearance of Salmonella Typhimurium in Mice and Immunity to Mouse Typhoid: A Comparison of the Activities of Hyperimmune Rabbit γ-Globulin and Porter's Fragment I Obtained by Papain Hydrolysis
Authors: Shands J. W. , Stalder H. , Suter E.
Published: January 2023

Fragment I was isolated from rabbit γ-globulin which contained antibodies to Salmonella. On a weight basis the fragment I and γ-globulin were compared as to their ability to promote phagocytosis, protect mice against infection with Salmonella typhimurium, and prepare bacteria for the bactericidal effect of complement. Fragment I retains 1 to 2% of the activity of intact γ-globulin in clearance and protection tests. It retains no activity in the bactericidal test nor in the sensitization of red cells for complement lysis. Although certain components of complement may be involved, the complete system as defined by hemolytic activity or bactericidal activity is not essential either for opsonization of Salmonella or for preparation for in vivo kill.
Studies on Heterologous Anti-Lymphocyte Serum in Mice
Authors: Gray J. G. , Monaco Anthony P. , Wood Mary L. , Russell Paul S.
Published: January 2023

Rabbits were immunized with suspensions of lymph node cells from A/Jax mice. The resulting antiserum (RAMLS) contained antibodies to A/Jax lymph node cells, demonstrable as cytotoxins and agglutinins, and antibodies to other mouse tissues and mouse serum proteins demonstrable as precipitins. The RAMLS caused a specific lymphopenia when given to mice. Absorption of antibodies to nonlymphatic mouse tissues and to mouse serum proteins did not alter the cytotoxic or agglutinating effect of the RAMLS on lymphocytes and did not alter the in vivo lymphopenic effect. Chronic administration of RAMLS resulted in sustained lymphopenia during the period of serum treatment without significant morbidity or mortality. Mice chronically treated with RAMLS do not make antibody to rabbit γ-globulin as readily as those given normal rabbit serum. Histologic studies of mice chronically treated with RAMLS show depletion and destruction of tissue lymphocytes in lymphoid organs. A similar state of profound lymphocyte depletion can be achieved by a short, intensive course of RAMLS treatment.
Studies on Heterologous Anti-Lymphocyte Serum in Mice
Authors: Monaco Anthony P. , Wood Mary L. , Gray J. G. , Russell Paul S.
Published: January 2023

Rabbit anti-A/Jax lymphocyte serum (RAMLS) given to A/Jax mice inhibits the primary and, to some extent, the secondary hemagglutinin response to sheep erythrocytes. RAMLS-treated mice show decreased ability to reject first and second set skin allografts and rat skin xenografts. Prolongation of skin allografts by RAMLS is probably due to a central inhibition of the allograft rejection response. The crude γ-globulin fraction extracted from RAMLS is as effective in inhibiting the allograft response as the whole serum. The ability of RAMLS to inhibit the allograft rejection response is not due to the antibodies to mouse γ-globulin present in the RAMLS. RAMLS is a potent biologic reagent for the induction of states of lymphocyte depletion.
Immunofluorescent Studies on Rubella-Infected Tissue Cultures and Human Tissues
Authors: Woods Wilna A. , Johnson Richard T. , Hostetler Daniel D. , Lepow Martha L. , Robbins Frederick C.
Published: January 2023

Specific viral antigen has been demonstrated in the cytoplasm of two types of tissue culture cells (RK13, GMKH) by the technique of indirect immunofluorescence.

Employing the same reagents, discrete foci of fluorescent cells were demonstrated in the heart and skeletal muscle of an infant with the rubella syndrome who died on the 6th day of life. Although final proof is lacking, this finding is presumed to indicate rubella virus infection in these areas. An interfering agent was isolated from the heart of this infant which was not finally identified as rubella virus. However, rubella virus was isolated from the pharynx of a surviving twin who also had classical features of the rubella syndrome.
Human Cytomegalovirus: Properties of the Complement-Fixing Antigen
Authors: Benyesh-Melnick Matilda , Vonka Vladimir , Probstmeyer Fern , Wimberly Ira
Published: January 2023

The correlation between infectivity, virus particle counts, and complement-fixing activity was studied with cell-associated and fluid phase preparations of two strains of human cytomegalovirus. CF antigen was detected only in cellassociated virus preparations and was not found in fluid phase virus preparations. The CF antigen obtained from cell-associated virus preparations was found to be stable at 4°C but was unstable at 37°C, which is just the reverse behavior of cytomegalovirus infectivity. When subjected to ultracentrifugation at speeds which sedimented virtually all of the virus particles, about 50% of the CF antigen behaved as a subviral “soluble” component and remained in the supernatant fluid.
Adoptive Tolerance Transferred by Bone Marrow, Spleen, Lymph Node or Thymus Cells
Authors: Argyris Bertie F.
Published: January 2023

The importance of cell dose and cell type for the transfer of adoptive tolerance has been determined. Ten million bone marrow cells, from C3H mice tolerant to CBA skin grafts, are capable of transferring adoptive tolerance to irradiated C3H mice. This adoptive tolerance is specific in that CBA and C3H skin grafts are accepted but C57BL/6 skin grafts are rejected. One million “CBA-tolerant” C3H bone marrow cells are capable of transferring adoptive tolerance in 40% of the cases only. Nine million spleen or lymph node cells, in the presence of one million bone marrow cells, are as effective in transferring adoptive tolerance as 10 million bone marrow cells alone. Nine million thymus cells, in the presence of 1 million bone marrow cells, are less effective in transferring adoptive tolerance to irradiated C3H mice. The successful transfer of adoptive tolerance appears to depend on the presence of both host (C3H) and donor (CBA) cells in the transfer inoculum. Adoptive tolerance can also be transferred to irradiated recipients of a third genotype (AKR). In this case, in addition to the graft-vs.-graft tolerance which exists among the two transplanted cell populations, a graft-vs.-host tolerance develops. When lymphoid tissues from the irradiated “tolerant” AKR mice are returned to irradiated C3H mice, tolerance to the AKR antigens can be retained. The irradiated C3H mice accept AKR, CBA and C3H skin grafts. The results are interpreted to suggest that the irradiated AKR mice recover from the X-ray damage and that during this recovery the AKR lymphoid tissues become tolerant to the antigens of both transplanted (CBA and C3H) cell populations (host-vs.-graft tolerance). This indicates the existence of three lymphoid cell populations of different genotype, each proliferating in a new environment, and maintaining a mutual tolerance.
Weight Estimates of Rabbit Anti-Human Serum Albumin Based on Antigen-Binding and Precipitin Analyses: Specific Hemagglutinating Activities of 7 S and 19 S Components
Authors: Osler Abraham G. , Mulligan James J. , Rodriguez Eugene
Published: January 2023

The modified antigen-binding capacity (mABC) procedure has been applied to assays of different antibody functions in rabbit antisera to human serum albumin. Sera taken during the first 18 days after one injection of antigen in the hind toe-pads possess small amounts of 19 S immunoglobulins, which have high hemagglutinating potencies, but which do not mediate passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in the guinea pig. The same sera also possess greater quantities of 7 S immunoglobulins, with feeble hemagglutinating properties but with marked precipitating, antigen-binding and anaphylactogenic activities. The mABC assays have frequently yielded higher antibody levels than were obtained in specific precipitation, suggesting the presence of nonprecipitating antibodies, whose existence has also been demonstrated in coprecipitation experiments.
The Effect of Hydrocortisone on Immune Lysis of Cells Induced by Cytotoxic Antibody and Complement in Vitro
Authors: Jennings J. F.
Published: January 2023

High concentrations of hydrocortisone effectively abolish the lysis of various mammalian cells induced by cytotoxic antibody and complement in vitro. This protective action appears to be exerted at the surface of cells. These findings, in connection with similar findings of Fell and Weiss have led to the suggestion of a dual action of cytotoxic antibody; the significance of this suggestion is discussed in relation to the role of antibody-mediated tissue damage in vitro and in vivo.
Immunoglobulin Patterns of Antibodies against Brucella in Man and Animals
Authors: Wilkinson P. C.
Published: January 2023

Agglutinating antibodies against Brucella were found in each of the three immunoglobulin fractions, γG, γA and γM, in human sera and in analogous fractions in cattle and rabbit sera. In cattle, 1 month after immunization with Brucella abortus, most of the agglutinating antibody was in the macroglobulin fraction. At later intervals, a higher proportion of 7 S antibody was found. Blocking antibodies in two sera taken from late cases of human brucellosis were present in the γG- and γA-globulin fractions, but were absent from the γM-globulin fraction of these sera.
Characteristics of a Soluble Nuclear Antigen Precipitating with Sera of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Tan E. M. , Kunkel H. G.
Published: January 2023

Sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were demonstrated to contain precipitating antibodies to soluble tissue components other than DNA. One dominant reaction was observed which was provisionally termed the Sm system. The antigen involved was identified in nuclei of a wide variety of cells from different species. It was associated with protein fractions but was a non-histone substance quite sensitive to periodate treatment. Antibodies to the Sm antigen could also be detected by complement fixation. They showed a high incidence in systemic lupus erythematosus with considerable specificity for the disease.
Suppression of Rabbit Lymph Node Cells by Rabbit Anti-Leucocyte Serum Demonstrated in Vitro by the Antibody Plaque Test
Authors: Harris Susanna , Harris T. N.
Published: January 2023

The production of hemolytic antibody plaques by lymph node cells of rabbits injected with sheep erythrocytes can be inhibited by prior incubation of the cells with rabbit anti-rabbit-leucocyte serum and complement. The 50% plaque reduction endpoint of such sera is, over a wide range, inversely proportional to the concentration of the lymph node cell suspension used. This reduction of plaque number can be inhibited by prior incubation of the rabbit anti-rabbit-leucocyte serum with solubilized preparations of the cell antigen associated with the rejection of transferred allogeneic cells.

The identity of the antibody causing reduction in number of plaques by allogeneic lymph node cells with the antibody causing reduction of antibody production by such cells when transferred to recipient rabbits has been indicated in two ways. First, in a number of rabbit anti-rabbit-leucocyte serum pools, endpoints obtained by the two methods showed a high degree of correlation, with a 45° line of regression between them. Second, when rabbits were injected with the soluble rejection-associated antigen, and the resulting antisera, individually tested by plaque reduction, were selected on that basis for pools of relatively high and low suppressive activity, the two pools, on subsequent testing in cell-transfer experiments, showed sharp differences in suppressive effect on transferred lymph node cells, in conformity with the activity of the sera in plaque-reduction.

In rabbits actively immunized with the rejection-associated antigen and then used as recipients in cell transfer, it was possible to predict roughly the degree of suppression of transferred lymph node cells in these recipients by the plaquereduction titer of the sera of the individual rabbits obtained shortly before cell transfer.
Equine Anti-Hapten Antibody
Authors: Klinman Norman R. , Rockey John H. , Frauenberger Gretchen , Karush Fred
Published: January 2023

Antibody specific for the Lac haptenic group has been purified by a method of coprecipitation from the serum of a horse during a course of immunization with Lac-conjugated proteins extending over a year. The antibody was studied and found to contain at least six antigenically distinct immunoglobulins with the major components identifiable as γG and γA antibodies. DEAE-cellulose chromatography was employed to separate three major fractions containing mainly γGa, b, γGc and γA respectively. These isolated immunoglobulins were shown to have properties consistent with those described for these immunoglobulins in other species including electrophoretic mobility, sedimentation properties, and carbohydrate content. Their antigenic individuality was demonstrated to be a characteristic of their heavy chains.

The antibody activities of these fractions were compared and marked differences were shown in the reactivities of the anti-Lac antibody populations of differing immunoglobulin content. The γGa, b antibody preparation precipitated and fixed complement with antigen; the γA antibody did neither and γGc was shown incapable of fixing complement. In sera collected early in the course of immunization the γG antibodies bound Lac dye with an association constant of < 5 × 105 M-1 while the γA had an affinity of > 107 M-1. As immunization progressed, however, the affinity of the γA remained fairly constant while that of the γG increased to > 107 M-1.

Studies of the serum and total anti-Lac antibody preparation indicated that the properties of the serum reflected strongly the properties of the major classes of antibody it contained and that changes in the relative amounts or reactivities of these classes caused changes in the properties exhibited by the antisera.
Influenza Virus Subunit Vaccines: Immunogenicity and Lack of Toxicity for Rabbits of Ether- and Detergent-Disrupted Virus
Authors: Webster R. G. , Laver W. G.
Published: January 2023

Three strains of influenza virus (SW, BEL, AS) were disrupted with ether or with sodium deoxycholate and inoculated into rabbits. The intact viruses were pyrogenic; the disrupted preparations were not. The disrupted viruses were immunogenic for rabbits. The ether-treated vaccines induced antihemagglutinin levels that were equal to those induced by the intact viruses. large doses of sodium deoxycholate-treated vaccines induced levels of anti-hemagglutinin comparable to those induced by the intact viruses but at low dosage the deoxycholate-treated material was less immunogenic. Sera prepared against disrupted virus did not differ significantly in avidity and neutralizing potency from sera prepared against intact virus. The antibodies induced in rabbits by the disrupted vaccines showed the same cross-reactions as those induced by the intact viruses. Vaccines produced by treatment with sodium dodecylsulfate were also nonpyrogenic, but induced lower anti-hemagglutinin titers in rabbits than sodium deoxycholate-disrupted viruses.
Benzylpenicilloyl Specific Serum Antibodies to Penicillin in Man
Authors: Levine Bernard B. , Fellner Michael J. , Levytska Vera
Published: January 2023

A convenient, reproducible, specific, and highly sensitive passive hemagglutination (HA) system for the detection of penicillin antibodies of benzylpenicilloyl (BPO) specificity in human and rabbit sera is described. Red blood cells were sensitized by coupling BPO groups to their surface membranes. The high sensitivity of the HA assay method is due to a) optimal sensitization of red blood cells by reaction with penicillin or benzylpenicillenic acid and b) the presence of dextran and normal serum in the serum diluent. The possible mechanisms whereby these factors increase the sensitivity of hemagglutination are discussed. The serum antibodies detected were shown to be specific mainly for the α-diastereoisomeric BPO group, but to be specific also for other diastereoisomeric BPO groups. There was a heterogeneity among individual IgM human sera with regard to the stereospecificity of BPO-specific antibodies Because of its haptenic specificity and high sensitivity, this method may be useful in various types of immunologic studies.
Benzylpenicilloyl-Specific Serum Antibodies to Penicillin in Man
Authors: Levine Bernard B. , Fellner Michael J. , Levytska Vera , Franklin Edward C. , Alisberg Norman
Published: January 2023

The molecular classes of benzylpenicilloylspecific (BPO) antibodies detected in human sera by the presently described passive hemagglutination method (HA) were studied by mercaptoethanol (ME) degradation, ultracentrifugal fractionation in sucrose, and neutralization with monospecific rabbit anti-immunoglobulin sera. Sera whose HA titers were reduced to zero by ME treatment were shown to contain virtually only IgM antibodies. Sera whose HA titers were not reduced by ME were shown to contain mainly IgG antibodies, but small amounts of IgM and antibodies of other molecular classes were also present.

The HA method was capable of detecting as little as 0.0003 µg/ml anti-benzylpenicilloyl (BPO) antibody protein in rabbit antisera and it may be more sensitive for human sera. By contrast, the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) test in guinea pigs was 200-fold less sensitive for rabbit sera and 1500-fold for human sera.

By means of this assay method, BPO-specific antibodies were detected in the sera of 97% of patients selected at random; most sera contained only IgM antibodies and 14% contained IgG antibodies in addition to IgM. BPO specificity of these antibodies was proved by hapten inhibition.

Because of its specificity, sensitivity and simplicity, this method may be applicable to diverse immunologic studies.
Serum Protein Alterations Induced by Listeria Monocytogenes Infections
Authors: Sword C. P.
Published: January 2023

During experimental Listeria infection in mice an increase in total serum protein, serum hexose and hexose: protein ratio was observed. Paper electrophoretic studies showed an increase in α- and β-glycoproteins. Immunoelectrophoretic studies on serum from infected animals revealed an increase in albumin mobility, increase in α2-macroglobulin, increase in haptoglobin, increase in transferrin and conversion of β1C-globulin to β1D-globulin. Relatively little change was noted in γ-globulin during infection. Hyperimmunized-challenged animals showed an increase in amount and complexity of γ-globulin.
Studies on Japanese B Encephalitis Virus Vaccines from Tissue Culture
Authors: Darwish Medhat A. , Hammon William McD.
Published: January 2023

Formalin inactivation studies were carried out on an attenuated strain of Japanese B encephalitis (JBE) virus produced in hamster kidney cell (HKC) cultures. The rate of reaction was found to be roughly proportional to the concentration of formalin. At any formalin concentration the reaction was completed at 37°C in less than one-half the time needed at 30°C. The rate of inactivation was apparently not affected by raising the pH from 7.1 to 8.0, and was independent of whether fluid or total harvest was employed and of the initial virus titer. The course of inactivation deviated from that of a linear relationship between residual log-virus activity and time. The curve had two components: a faster rate for the first few hours, followed by a slower one which was linear at least until interception of the abscissa. A 1:4000 formalin concentration was selected for vaccine preparation as a result of a series of trials indicating several advantages over other concentrations. With Millipore filtration prior to inactivation, a minimal loss of infectivity of about 0.2 log was encountered when using a single membrane of 0.22 µ pore size. Various combinations were tested to find that leading to minimal loss.
The Specificity of pH and Ionic Strength Effects on the Kinetics of the Rh (D)-Anti-Rh (D) System
Authors: Barnes Arthur E.
Published: January 2023

Under physiologic conditions of pH and ionic strength, the I* anti-D appears to react with intact Rh(D) red cells and their Rh(D) stroma according to reversible, second-order kinetics.

At equilibrium the influence of hydrogen ion concentration in the pH range 6.4 to 8.4 on the I* anti-D system is slight. Beyond this pH range the profound depression of the I* anti-D system is consistent with marked conformational changes in the I* anti-D molecule.

The effect of lowered ionic strength on the kinetics of the nonspecific reaction between I* anti-D and rh(d) stroma appears electrostatically controlled if a first-order reaction is assumed. In contrast, the specific reaction between intact Rh(D) red cells or Rh(D) stroma appears to follow a reversible, second-order reaction when the ionic strength of the system is lowered. Consequently, the electrostatic effect of ionic strength on the I* anti-D system seems to be exerted predominantly at the specific Rh(D) site in the case of the intact Rh(D) red cell, but both specifically and nonspecifically in the case of Rh(D) stroma. These results are considered in view of the known effects of pH and ionic strength on other immunologic systems and their components.
Studies on Organ Specificity
Authors: Yantorno Carlos , Shulman Sidney , Gonder Maurice J. , Soanes Ward A. , Witebsky Ernest
Published: January 2023

It was shown that canine prostatic fluid contains strong antigenic activity, as judged from antibody response in rabbits. A significant part of this antigenic mixture represented prostatespecific antigens, as shown by passive hemagglutination with antiserum absorbed by canine serum and also by gel diffusion precipitation. The remaining activity is due to serum antigens, easily distinguished in gel diffusion and in hemagglutination by absorbed antiserum. It was shown that there is no cross-reaction with other canine tissues, such as bladder, testis, kidney, liver, spleen, heart, muscle and brain. There was a reaction with prostate extract and with seminal plasma; these reflect their content of prostatic fluid constituents. Therefore, prostatic fluid can be added to the list of tissues showing this property of tissue specificity. The antigen also seems to be species-restricted.

The prostate-specific antigens consisted primarily of three very similar components, plus a fourth antigen, which was quite distinctive.

Filter paper electrophoresis revealed four components, with the slowest-migrating peak constituting about 93% of the total. It had a mobility similar to that of serum γ-globulin. This major component, in ultracentrifugal examination, was seen as a sedimenting component with sedimentation coefficient of 2.7 S. A very minor peak of 15.6 S was also seen; sometimes one or two additional small peaks were present.

The degree of admixture of serum or serum-like antigens and proteins has been discussed.
Forssman Antigen and Antibody: Preparation of Water Soluble Antigen and Measurement of Antibody Concentration by Precipitin Analysis, by C′1a Fixation and by Hemolytic Activity
Authors: Rapp Herbert J. , Borsos Tibor
Published: January 2023

Purified fractions of rabbit antisera containing 19 S Forssman antibody were analyzed for antibody content on a molecular basis by precipitin analysis, by C′1a fixation and transfer and by direct hemolysis with complement. We have found that the C′1a fixation and transfer test detects all antibody molecules which react with water soluble Forssman antigen, while direct hemolytic assay detects about one third of these molecules. Possible reasons for this paradox are discussed.
Synthesis of Proteins by Human Leukocytes in Vitro
Authors: Turner K. J. , Forbes I. J.
Published: January 2023

Protein synthesis by leukocytes from human peripheral blood was studied by measuring the incorporation of 14C amino acid into protein in vitro.

The cell suspensions were rich in lymphocytes but contained other types of cell from the blood. Analysis of culture supernatants by DEAE column chromatography and starch gel electrophoresis showed that radioactive substrate was incorporated into a broad range of serum proteins. Autoradiography of immunoelectrophoretic patterns showed that the radioactivity was contained in several specific proteins. IgG and IgM were labelled, but these bands were less strongly labelled than some of the other fractions.

It is not possible to determine from these data what contribution was made by granulocytes and platelets to the total protein synthesized.

It was calculated that 108 lymphocytes synthesized 30 µg IgG globulin in 48 hr.
Serologic Response in a Marine Worm, Sipunculus Nudus
Authors: Bang Frederik B.
Published: January 2023

Earlier experiments had shown that injection of crab blood containing large numbers of a ciliate parasite, Anophrys magii, into a marine worm, Sipunculus nudus, was followed by the development of a lysin for the ciliate in the plasma. Lysis of the ciliate was first apparent in a slower rate of swimming, then erratic motion, cessation of forward motion, all within a minute. The ciliate then fell to the bottom of the fluid, the shape changed to a rounded balloon form with a swollen posterior vacuole, the cilia disappeared and the whole ciliate superficially resembled a cyst. Lysis continued and in strongly positive plasmas, the entire ciliate disintegrated within 15 min. The lysin was destroyed by heating to 45°C for 5 min, and was inactivated by ether. It was “used up” by repeated additions of Anophrys to the plasma. The presence of bacteria did not inhibit the test. The response, i.e., the development of the lysin, lasted 5 to 7 days in most cases, and was evoked repeatedly, but did not persist. A regular but briefer response was evoked by injection of fresh broth cultures of Vibrio sp. or large amounts of heat-killed bacteria. No response was evoked by injecting fresh or sterilized sea water or a preparation of endotoxin. The release of an apparently identical substance from the blood cells of Sipunculus was evoked in vivo within 15 min of injection of either Anophrys or bacteria. This released substance apparently persisted in the plasma only for a few hours after the injection, and then 1 or 2 days later the lysin reappeared and persisted for 5 to 7 days. The release of lysin was also evoked by in vitro addition of Anophrys to freshly drawn blood. The in vivo release of lysin from cells was regularly accompanied by the failure of blood to form irregular loose clots of several types of blood cells, by a number of changes in the cells, including a breakdown of innominate cells and a release of crystalline substance from these cells. However, in animals which had lysin again for several days after the injection, innominate cells with crystals were frequently found. A spontaneous disease, apparently caused by a flagellate which burrowed into surface ulcerations and papules, was accompanied by a high titer of lysin. All Sipunculus nudus were negative for lysin if tested within 1 to 2 days of capture, but about a third became positive 1 to 2 weeks after capture. By 14 days, laboratory-“adapted” (recovered?) worms were negative. Repeated bleedings of such negative laboratory-adapted animals did not provoke the appearance of the lysin.
Delayed Hypersensitivity to Herpes Simplex Virus in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Lausch Robert N. , Swyers Jerry S. , Kaufman Herbert E.
Published: January 2023

Guinea pigs experimentally infected with herpes simplex virus develop a hypersensitive skin reaction following the intradermal injection of the heat inactivated virus preparation.

This response becomes detectable several hours after challenge, generally reaching a maximum intensity at 24 hr. The cutaneous response can be elicited within a week after sensitization. Sensitivity persists for at least 9 weeks. Cytologically, the central feature is an infiltration of mononuclear cells. The hypersensitivity can be transferred with cells but not with serum. It is concluded that the hypersensitive response to herpes simplex antigen is of the “delayed” type.
Bactericidal Antibody in Mammalian Serum to Obligatorily Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacteria
Authors: Evans R. T. , Spaeth Suanne , Mergenhagen S. E.
Published: January 2023

A modification has been made of the quantitative photometric serum bactericidal procedure for use with obligatorily anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria. This required the incubation of the serum-sensitive anaerobic bacteria with antibody and complement in an atmosphere containing 95% N-5% CO2. Such a procedure has permitted quantitative determination of bactericidal antibody in various mammalian sera and ascitic fluid to human oral strains of Veillonella and Fusobacterium. Mice immunized intraperitoneally with V. alcalescens in complete Freund's adjuvant developed high titers of bactericidal antibody in both serum and ascitic fluid. Immunization of rabbits with serum-sensitive strains of V. alcalescens produced high titers of specific bactericidal antibody but did not affect the levels of this antibody to serum-sensitive strains of Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhosa. Treatment of human sera with 2-mercaptoethanol and fractionation with Sephadex G-200 indicated that the γM-macroglobulins are responsible for the bactericidal activity to V. alcalescens. Sera from adult patients with periodontal disease when compared to normal adult sera were found to contain increases in bactericidal antibody to F. polymorphum, an organism associated with periodonitis and Vincent's infection.
γA-Immunoglobulin from Rabbit Colostrum
Authors: Cebra John J. , Robbins John B.
Published: January 2023

An immunoglobulin was isolated from rabbit colostrum which differed from γG-immunoglobulin in its β-electrophoretic mobility, content of unique antigenic sites, higher sedimentation coefficient (10.8S) and higher carbohydrate content (3.2% hexose and 3.2% hexosamine). The colostral immunoglobulin appeared to be homologous with γA-immunoglobulins of other species. A yield of 3 to 4.5 mg of γA-immunoglobulin was obtained per milliliter of colostrum.

The rabbit γA-immunoglobulin was used to prepare a specific anti-α chain reagent in the goat. The serum concentration of γA-immunoglobulin was found to be 55 to 217 µg/ml for various rabbits by quantitative precipitation with anti-α chain.

The Ab4 allotypic sites controlled by the b locus were present on γA-immunoglobulin but allotypic sites controlled by the a locus (Aa1 and Aa2) could not be identified on this protein.
Physico-Chemical Properties of Human Reaginic Antibody
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko , Hornbrook Margaret M.
Published: January 2023

The reaginic activity in sera from ragweed-sensitive patients was inactivated after the precipitation of serum proteins with the rabbit antihuman globulin serum which did not contain any of the antibodies specific for γG-, γA-, γM-globulins and for light chains of immunoglobulins. The rabbit antiserum gave a γ1-globulin precipitin band with the reagin-containing fraction which contained γA but none of the γG-, γM- or γD-globulins. The specificity of the precipitin band was different from the γA-anti-γA band. By radioimmunoelectrophoresis and by radioimmunodiffusion, the antibody against ragweed pollen-extract (antigen E) was detected in the γ1-globulin, indicating the presence of a unique γ1-immunoglobulin. The protein was tentatively designated γE-globulin. Precipitation of γE-globulin anti-ragweed antibody in the reagincontaining fraction was accompanied by the loss of reaginic activity, whereas the precipitation of the γA-globulin antibody in the fraction did not result in any decrease of reaginic activity. The results highly suggest that the reaginic activity is associated with γE-globulin.
Original Antigenic Sin in Ferrets: the Response to Sequential Infections with Influenza Viruses
Authors: Webster R. G.
Published: January 2023

Infection of ferrets with influenza viruses resulted in the production of large numbers of antibody molecules of low avidity. With the passage of time the number of antibody molecules decreased while the average avidity increased. Sequential infection of ferrets with serologically related viruses caused a marked increase in the number of antibody molecules reacting with the first virus. The avidity of this antibody was similar to that of the antibody before reinfection. The antibody reacting with the second virus was of secondary quality. The antibody population 18 to 21 days after secondary infection with a related virus was heterogeneous in terms of avidity, some of the antibodies reacting with either one or the other of the infecting viruses and some reacting with both viruses.
Ontogeny of the Immune Response
Authors: Kim Yoon Berm , Bradley S. Gaylen , Watson Dennis W.
Published: January 2023

The ontogeny of immunoglobulin development was demonstrated in immunologically virgin piglets; the first antibody formed, as a true primary response to the specific antigenic stimulus, was 19S γG (γ1)-immunoglobulin distinct from so-called β2M (γM)-macroglobulin. The 19S γG (γ1)-immunoglobulin appeared antigenically identical to the 7S γG (γ2)-immunoglobulin which developed later in the piglet and was present in normal sow serum. These results indicate that immunoglobulin synthesis was initiated by specific antigenic stimuli and that there was sequential development of 19S γG (γ1) to 7S γG (γ2)-immunoglobulin.

It is suggested that antigen is the sole inducer of specific antibody by de novo synthesis of immunoglobulins including early 19S γG (γ1) and late 7S γG (γ2). These results do not support the concept, suggested in Jerne's natural selection hypothesis, that pre-existing antibody is necessary for antibody formation.

Both early true primary 19S γG (γ1) and early secondary 19S γG (γ1)-immunoglobulins were identical but distinct from so-called β2M-macroglobulin and antigenically identical to 7S γG (γ2)-immunoglobulins of late true primary and secondary responses.
Relative Antigenic Potency in Man of Polyvalent Influenza Virus Vaccines Containing Isolated Hemaggi Utinins or Intact Viruses
Authors: Hennessy Albert V. , Davenport Fred M.
Published: January 2023

The antibody responses of military recruits to vaccination with aqueous or mineral oil adjuvant polyvalent vaccines containing either purified hemagglutinins or intact viruses were compared. The yield of HI antibodies was generally higher after vaccination with purified hemagglutinins derived from swine, A, A1 and A2 strains than after vaccination with the corresponding intact viruses. The yield of HI antibodies after vaccination with hemagglutinins obtained from prototype strains of influenza B was always at least equal to that observed after use of intact virus vaccines, and sometimes higher. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Antigens Characteristic for Amyloid of Man and Rabbit
Authors: Kasukawa R. , Calkins E. , Milgrom F.
Published: January 2023

Rabbit antisera to human amyloid tissue gave a positive indirect immunofluorescence test with sections of amyloid-containing organs. Absorption experiments indicated that antibodies to previously described amyloid-characteristic components participated in this test.

Evidence was presented that the amyloid antigen described by Cathcart et al. is probably identical with the previously described lipoprotein component of amyloid-containing tissues.

By means of guinea pig immune sera, a lipoprotein antigen was identified in amyloid-containing rabbit organs. An identical antigen was detected in normal rabbit serum but not in normal rabbit organs.
Extracellular Factors Influencing Staphylocidal Capacity of Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
Authors: Craig Charles P. , Suter Emanuel
Published: January 2023

A method is presented employing cells adsorbed to glass which can be washed free of extracellular bacteria and exposed to various conditions.

The results of studies of the effect of inoculum size, incubation temperature and serum factors on phagocytosis and killing of various Groups of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are discussed. Phagocytosis is a linear function of the inoculum size, and the rate of bacterial killing is independent of the inoculum size. Killing rate increases from 26 to 36°C, but is stable above 36°C. Heat labile serum components facilitate phagocytosis in 10% serum concentration, but both phagocytosis and killing occur to measurable extents in heated, zymosan-treated, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-treated sera. No difference between rates of killing of virulent and relatively avirulent S. aureus is detected.
Antigenicity of Polypeptides (Poly-Alpha-Amino Acids)
Authors: Maurer Paul H. , Gerulat Bernard F. , Pinchuck Paul
Published: January 2023

Chemically modified derivatives of the copolymer of glutamic acid and lysine and/or alanine were prepared and studied for immunogenic and immunochemical properties. Deamination of G60L40 enhanced the immunogenicity for rabbits but not for guinea pigs. Modification of the carboxylate groups of G60A40 reduced considerably its immunogenicity for both species. The deaminated block GL and poly GAG of known sequence were very poor immunogens, possibly because of insufficient complexity in structure. Also, the importance of an appropriate concentration of free polyglutamate sequences for immunogenic activity has been mentioned as a possible explanation for these findings in rabbits.
Serum Levels of Second Component of Complement in Cancer Patients
Authors: Southam Chester M. , Siegel Alice H.
Published: January 2023

The levels of the second component of complement (C′2) in the serum of cancer patients were determined. The average of C′2 titers in the cancer group was slightly higher than in the healthy control group but the differences were not statistically significant. Among patients with lymphosarcoma and reticulum cell sarcoma, a few had very low C′2 levels, and all patients with Hodgkin's disease and multiple myeloma had moderately high levels. The biologic significance of these differences is obscure. They are not explained by such variables as technique, sex, age or therapy. Impending death was often, but not consistently, associated with low C′2 levels. In a small group of patients with various non-neoplastic diseases the only abnormality of note was a very low C′2 titer in a patient with lupus erythematosus.
The Effect of Active and Inactive Rheumatoid Factors on Tolerance to Human γ-Globulin in Swiss Mice
Authors: Azar Miguel M.
Published: January 2023

Mice rendered tolerant to the major fraction of human γ-globulin (HGG) became responsive after inoculation with rheumatoid factor (RF). When RF was inactive it failed to terminate tolerance. Two possible mechanisms are discussed. First, RF blocks the remaining fragments of the antigen by an in vivo antigen-antibody interaction. Second, and more probable, the antigenicity of RF is potentiated by its capacity to form RF-HGG complexes following localization in the mesenchymal tissue of the mouse. Cross-reactivity between anti-RF and anti-7S gamma globulin is considered unlikely, because of the specificity of antibodies to the Fc piece of the IgG.
Quantitative Studies on the Behavior of Sensitized Lymphoid Cells in Vitro
Authors: Wilson D. B. , Wecker E. E.
Published: January 2023

Incubation of otherwise normal, nonreactive rat lymphoid cells with crude preparations of RNA from specifically immunized isologous animals resulted in the acquisition of demonstrable destructive abilities by these cells against homologous target cells in culture. While the magnitude of the cytocidal capabilities of these treated lymphoid cells was low, it was immunologically specific—i.e., lymphoid cells incubated with RNA derived from animals immunized to a different antigen system proved to be ineffective in destroying homologous target cells. Addition of RNase drastically inhibited the immunologic conversion of lymphoid cells to an active status with immune RNA.
Retention of Histologic Characteristics and Antigens in Organ Cultures of Rhesus Thyroid
Authors: Flanagan Thomas D. , Barron Almen L. , Beutner Ernst H. , Witebsky Ernest
Published: January 2023

Organ cultures of rhesus thyroid were well preserved histologically for 10 days. Cytoplasmic antigen could be detected by IF staining for 8 days. The addition of TSH increased the intensity of IF staining and antigen was detectable for 21 days. Thyroglobulin was detectable for 21 days. While the tissue was well preserved, thyroglobulin was usually intrafollicular in location: thereafter it was mostly cell-associated.
PCA and RPCA in Guinea Pigs with Rabbit and Guinea Pig Antibodies and Different Antigens
Authors: Ovary Zoltan , Spitz Edward , Szalay Csaba De
Published: January 2023

Increase of permeability of small blood vessels was observed with very large amounts of intradermally injected egg albumin and very large amounts of intravenously injected rabbit anti-egg albumin, if the reactions were read 90 min after challenge, whereas no increase of permeability was observed 10 min after challenge. This is distinct from PCA and RPCA reactions which develop within 5 min of challenge. It was concluded that the reactions seen with large amounts of egg albumin and rabbit anti-egg albumin were not true RPCA reactions. Moreover, RPCA reactions could not be provoked with dinitrophenylated bovine γ-globulin, but could be obtained with dinitrophenylated rabbit γ-globulin. These observations emphasize the difference between true RPCA reactions with certain immunoglobulins or some of their derivatives and reactions provoked with very large amounts of other antigens. Alternative mechanisms were discussed for the latter reactions.
Adsorption to Glass and Specific Antibody Inhibition of Iodine125 Labeled Influenza Virus
Authors: Boche Robert D. , Quilligan J. J.
Published: January 2023

Purified and concentrated influenza and adenovirus 6 have been labeled with iodine-125. Chemical analysis indicates nonuniform distribution of the label among several influenza virus fractions, the largest amount being found in phospholipid and least in ribonucleic acid. The viruses were shown to adsorb firmly to glass, Cab-o-Sil, paraffin and silicone coated glass in varying amounts. Distinct differences in adsorption on paraffin were observed between influenza and adenovirus 6. The adsorption of influenza on glass is specifically inhibited by immune serum, allowing typing of viruses and sera without cells.
The Effect of Tolerance on the Specificity of the Antibody Response: Antibody to Oxazolonated Albumin of Animals Tolerant to the Protein Carrier
Authors: Yoshimura Masahiro , Cinader Bernhard
Published: January 2023

Animals tolerant to human albumin (HA) produce antibody when immunized as adults with oxazolonated derivatives of HA. The proportion of animals producing antibody depends on the number of haptens per molecule of human albumin used in immunization. Two types of antibody-reactivities can be distinguished, one essentially directed to oxazolone and the other directed against protein determinants. The first of these constitutes the larger fraction of the total antibody. The protein antibody appears to be better adapted to the determinants of the native protein than to determinants of the modified protein, and is thus similar to previously described heteroclytic antibodies (18). These antibodies appear to be less well adapted to the immunogen than to a cross-reacting molecule. The findings are discussed in terms of the protein conformation of derivatives and of hypothetical receptor sites through which antibody synthesis may be initiated.
Physical Structure of a Native Protoplasmic Polysaccharide from Escherichia Coli
Authors: Rudbach J. A. , Anacker R. L. , Haskins W. T. , Milner K. C. , Ribi E.
Published: January 2023

The physical structure of naturally occurring polysaccharides found in protoplasmic extracts of Escherichia coli was investigated. These materials were found to be linear molecules with particle weights averaging 163,000 and diameters and lenghths of about 16 Å and 1300 Å, respectively. The molecules were not composed of micellar arrays of smaller subunit molecules, as has been shown in endotoxins of E. coli. Therefore, basic structural differences between the endotoxin and NPP molecules have been demonstrated.
Agglutination of Particulate Antigens in Agar Gel
Authors: Milgrom Felix , Loza Ulana
Published: January 2023

Reactions of particulate antigens with their corresponding antibodies were studied by means of double diffusion in gel using 0.5% agar. In the following test systems, distinct reaction lines were observed and their patterns described: 1) Sheep erythrocyte stromata vs. rabbit anti-sheep erythrocyte sera and vs. human infectious mononucleosis sera; 2) human erythrocyte stromata vs. rabbit antisera to human M and N blood groups; 3) sheep erythrocyte stromata sensitized by rabbit antisheep erythrocyte serum vs. goat antiserum to rabbit serum and vs. rabbit antisera to rabbit allotypes; 4) Kahn antigen vs. human syphilis sera and vs. disseminated lupus erythematosus sera; and 5) ethanol-soluble brain antigens vs. rabbit anti-brain sera.

In all instances the antigen was in the form of insoluble particles and, accordingly, the reactions observed should be considered agglutination rather than precipitation reactions.
Competition Between, and Effectiveness of, IgG and IgM Antibodies in Indirect Fluorescent Antibody and Other Tests
Authors: Cohen Irun R. , Norins Leslie C. , Julian Alfredo J.
Published: January 2023

Natural human 19S (IgM) and 7S (IgG) antibodies reactive with Neisseria gonorrhoeae were assayed by agglutination, bactericidal and indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) procedures. Fluorescent antibody reagents specific for IgG and IgM were used in the IFA procedure. It was found that purified 19S serum fractions contained antibodies which were readily detected by agglutination, bactericidal and IFA techniques using an anti-IgM reagent. However, bactericidal and agglutination tests appeared to be relatively insensitive to natural IgG antibodies in purified 7S fractions. In contrast, the indirect fluorescent antibody technique using an anti-IgG reagent could detect high titers of IgG antibodies within the 7S fractions.

A prozone phenomenon was observed in the IFA reactivity of IgM antibodies in whole serum. It was found that the addition of purified 7S antibodies to purified 19S antibody fractions decreased the ability of the 19S fraction to react with the anti-IgM reagent. This suggested that IgG antibodies inhibited IgM antibody reactivity in the IFA procedure. A partial inhibition of 19S bactericidal activity by 7S fractions was also found.

This study indicates that the unequal capacity of different antibody classes to produce reactions, and the interactions between antibodies themselves in various test systems, must be taken into account in the interpretation of the results of immunologic tests.