bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of auditory training on low-pass filtered speech perception and listening-related cognitive load
Authors: Wisniewski Matthew G. , Zakrzewski Alexandria C.
Published: October 2020

Studies supporting learning-induced reductions in listening-related cognitive load have lacked procedural learning controls, making it difficult to determine the extent to which effects arise from perceptual or procedural learning. Here, listeners were trained in the coordinate response measure (CRM) task under unfiltered (UT) or degraded low-pass filtered (FT) conditions. Improvements in low-pass filtered CRM performance were larger for FT. Both conditions showed training-related reductions in cognitive load as indexed by a secondary working memory task. However, only the FT condition showed a correlation between CRM improvement and secondary task performance, suggesting that effects can be driven by perceptual and procedural learning.
Herd immunity? India still has a long way to go, scientists say
Authors: Chandrashekhar Vaishnavi
Published: October 2020

Cases are dropping, but critics question optimistic forecast.
Edit reviews without permission? Some journal editors say it's OK
Authors: O'Grady Cathleen
Published: October 2020

Deleting offensive language is common, but some editors alter reviewers' overall recommendation.
Fetal mast cells mediate postnatal allergic responses dependent on maternal IgE
Authors: Msallam Rasha , Balla Jozef , Rathore Abhay P. S. , Kared Hassen , Malleret Benoit , Saron Wilfried A. A. , Liu Zhaoyuan , Hang Jing Wen , Dutertre Charles Antoine , Larbi Anis , Chan Jerry K. Y. , St. John Ashley L. , Ginhoux Florent
Published: October 2020

Maternal IgE activates fetal mast cells

Mast cells (MCs) are immune cells that participate in allergic reactions through their activation by immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. MCs arise early during mammalian development, but it is unclear whether IgE-mediated activation occurs in fetal tissues and what the source of IgE stimulation is. Msallam
et al.
show that human and mouse fetal MCs can be sensitized by IgE of maternal origin, which crosses the placental barrier through the fetal neonatal Fc receptor (see the Perspective by Rothenberg). Prenatal maternal sensitization conferred transient allergen sensitivity after birth and resulted in the development of postnatal skin and airway inflammation in the offspring after their first exposure to allergen. Thus, both maternal IgE and fetal MCs may influence mother-to-child transmission of allergic disease during gestation.

Science
, this issue p.
941
; see also p.
907
Origins and genetic legacy of prehistoric dogs
Authors: Bergström Anders , Frantz Laurent , Schmidt Ryan , Ersmark Erik , Lebrasseur Ophelie , Girdland-Flink Linus , Lin Audrey T. , Storå Jan , Sjögren Karl-Göran , Anthony David , Antipina Ekaterina , Amiri Sarieh , Bar-Oz Guy , Bazaliiskii Vladimir I. , Bulatović Jelena , Brown Dorcas , Carmagnini Alberto , Davy Tom , Fedorov Sergey , Fiore Ivana , Fulton Deirdre , Germonpré Mietje , Haile James , Irving-Pease Evan K. , Jamieson Alexandra , Janssens Luc , Kirillova Irina , Horwitz Liora Kolska , Kuzmanovic-Cvetković Julka , Kuzmin Yaroslav , Losey Robert J. , Dizdar Daria Ložnjak , Mashkour Marjan , Novak Mario , Onar Vedat , Orton David , Pasarić Maja , Radivojević Miljana , Rajković Dragana , Roberts Benjamin , Ryan Hannah , Sablin Mikhail , Shidlovskiy Fedor , Stojanović Ivana , Tagliacozzo Antonio , Trantalidou Katerina , Ullén Inga , Villaluenga Aritza , Wapnish Paula , Dobney Keith , Götherström Anders , Linderholm Anna , Dalén Love , Pinhasi Ron , Larson Greger , Skoglund Pontus
Published: October 2020

Dog domestication was multifaceted

Dogs were the first domesticated animal, likely originating from human-associated wolves, but their origin remains unclear. Bergstrom
et al.
sequenced 27 ancient dog genomes from multiple locations near to and corresponding in time to comparable human ancient DNA sites (see the Perspective by Pavlidis and Somel). By analyzing these genomes, along with other ancient and modern dog genomes, the authors found that dogs likely arose once from a now-extinct wolf population. They also found that at least five different dog populations ∼10,000 years before the present show replacement in Europe at later dates. Furthermore, some dog population genetics are similar to those of humans, whereas others differ, inferring a complex ancestral history for humanity's best friend.

Science
, this issue p.
557
; see also p.
522
Denisovan DNA in Late Pleistocene sediments from Baishiya Karst Cave on the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhang Dongju , Xia Huan , Chen Fahu , Li Bo , Slon Viviane , Cheng Ting , Yang Ruowei , Jacobs Zenobia , Dai Qingyan , Massilani Diyendo , Shen Xuke , Wang Jian , Feng Xiaotian , Cao Peng , Yang Melinda A. , Yao Juanting , Yang Jishuai , Madsen David B. , Han Yuanyuan , Ping Wanjing , Liu Feng , Perreault Charles , Chen Xiaoshan , Meyer Matthias , Kelso Janet , Pääbo Svante , Fu Qiaomei
Published: October 2020

A timeline of cave dwellers in sediment

Two archaic lineages overlapped with modern humans outside of Africa: the well-studied Neanderthals and their more mysterious cousins, the Denisovans. Denisovan remains are rare, being limited to Denisovan Cave in Siberia and a putative, undated jaw from Tibet. However, there is evidence for multiple introgressions from Denisovans into modern-day humans, especially in Australasian populations. By examining the sediment of Baishiya Karst Cave located on a high plateau in Tibet, Zhang
et al.
identified ancient mitochondrial DNA from Denisovans indicating their presence at about 100 thousand, 60 thousand, and possibly 45 thousand years ago. This finding provides insight into the timing and distribution of Denisovans in Asia and extends the time of occupation of the Tibetan plateau by hominins.

Science
, this issue p.
584
CdPS
3
nanosheets-based membrane with high proton conductivity enabled by Cd vacancies
Authors: Qian Xitang , Chen Long , Yin Lichang , Liu Zhibo , Pei Songfeng , Li Fan , Hou Guangjin , Chen Shuangming , Song Li , Thebo Khalid Hussain , Cheng Hui-Ming , Ren Wencai
Published: October 2020

Vacancies enhance proton conductivity

Proton-exchange membranes (PEMs) allow for the transport of protons while acting as electrical insulators and ensuring that reactants are kept apart; therefore, they are a key component in devices such as low-temperature fuel cells. PEMs are typically made from polymers or materials embedded in a polymer matrix and need to operate in conditions of very high humidity. Starting with an inorganic, layered material, CdPS
3
, Qian
et al.
show that the removal of a small amount of cadmium introduces vacancies that greatly increase the proton conductivity of the PEMs (see the Perspective by Wang and He). The process works for manganese-based membranes as well, and high lithium ion transport was also observed.

Science
, this issue p.
596
; see also p.
525
Charles H. Turner, pioneer in animal cognition
Authors: Dona Hiruni Samadi Galpayage , Chittka Lars
Published: October 2020

An African American scientist's early discoveries are forgotten for all the wrong reasons
The quiet spring of 2020
Authors: Halfwerk Wouter
Published: October 2020

Anthropogenic noise has no legacy effects on bird song
It's just louder this time
Authors: Thorp H. Holden
Published: October 2020

As if there were any doubt that U.S. President Donald Trump has no respect for scientists, he now refers to public health scholars as “Fauci and all these idiots.” That's how he's describing experts in virology, immunology, epidemiology, and infectious disease. Never mind that after recovering from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Trump suddenly became excited about future vaccines and “Regeneron,” which is what he calls monoclonal antibodies in general. (Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is probably thrilled to have achieved the product-brand status of Xerox and Kleenex, but Eli Lilly also has developed promising monoclonals, and more are in clinical trials.) Apparently, no one told the president that scientists from these same fields—many of whom live in “Democrat-run cities” or college towns and are immigrants who wouldn't be here under his policies—created these drugs and carried out the decades of science that made them possible. This paradox of loving the drug but hating the science is nothing new. It's just louder this time.
Microbiome Variability across the Native and Invasive Ranges of the Ascidian Clavelina oblonga
Authors: Goddard-Dwyer Millie , López-Legentil Susanna , Erwin Patrick M.
Published: October 2020

Nonnative species destabilize coastal ecosystems and microbial symbionts may facilitate their spread by enhancing host survival and fitness. However, we know little of the microorganisms that live inside invasive species and whether they change as the host spreads to new areas. In this study, we investigated the microbial communities of an introduced ascidian (
Clavelina oblonga
) and tracked symbiont changes across locations within the host’s native and invasive ranges. Ascidians in the invasive range had less-diverse microbiomes, as well as lower host haplotype diversity, suggesting that specific colonies reach new locations and carry select symbionts from native populations (i.e., founder effects). Further, ascidians in the invasive range hosted a different composition of symbionts, including microbes with the potential to aid in processes related to invasion success (e.g., nutrient cycling). We conclude that the putative functionality and observed flexibility of this introduced ascidian microbiome may represent an underappreciated factor in the successful establishment of nonnative species in new environments.
Capsid Lattice Destabilization Leads to Premature Loss of the Viral Genome and Integrase Enzyme during HIV-1 Infection
Authors: Eschbach Jenna E. , Elliott Jennifer L. , Li Wen , Zadrozny Kaneil K. , Davis Keanu , Mohammed Shawn J. , Lawson Dana Q. , Pornillos Owen , Engelman Alan N. , Kutluay Sebla B.
Published: October 2020

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) capsid (CA) protein forms a conical lattice around the viral RNA genome and the associated viral enzymes and proteins, together constituting the viral core. Upon infection of a new cell, viral cores are released into the cytoplasm where they undergo a process termed “uncoating,” i.e., shedding of CA molecules from the conical lattice. Although proper and timely uncoating has been shown to be important for reverse transcription, the molecular mechanisms that link these two events remain poorly understood. In this study, we show that destabilization of the CA lattice leads to premature dissociation of CA from viral cores, which exposes the viral genome and the integrase enzyme for degradation in target cells. Thus, our studies demonstrate that the CA lattice protects the viral ribonucleoprotein complexes from untimely degradation in target cells and provide the first causal link between how CA stability affects reverse transcription.
Macro- and microstructural analysis of the Zhujiafang ductile shear zone, Hengshan Complex: Tectonic nature and geodynamic implications of the evolution of Trans–North China orogen
Authors: He Lingchao , Zhang Jian , Zhao Guochun , Yin Changqing , Qian Jiahui , Liu Jin , Liu Xiaoguang , Zhao Chen
Published: October 2020

In worldwide orogenic belts, crustal-scale ductile shear zones are important tectonic channels along which the orogenic root (i.e., high-grade metamorphic lower-crustal rocks) commonly experienced a relatively quick exhumation or uplift process. However, their tectonic nature and geodynamic processes are poorly constrained. In the Trans–North China orogen, the crustal-scale Zhujiafang ductile shear zone represents a major tectonic boundary separating the upper and lower crusts of the orogen. Its tectonic nature, structural features, and timing provide vital information into understanding this issue. Detailed field observations showed that the Zhujiafang ductile shear zone experienced polyphase deformation. Variable macro- and microscopic kinematic indicators are extensively preserved in the highly sheared tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) and supracrustal rock assemblages and indicate an obvious dextral strike-slip and dip-slip sense of shear. Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) was utilized to further determine the crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) of typical rock-forming minerals, including hornblende, quartz, and feldspar. EBSD results indicate that the hornblendes are characterized by (100) <001> and (110) <001> slip systems, whereas quartz grains are dominated by prism  and prism  slip systems, suggesting an approximate shear condition of 650–700 °C. This result is consistent with traditional thermobarometry pressure-temperature calculations implemented on the same mineral assemblages. Combined with previously reported metamorphic data in the Trans–North China orogen, we suggest that the Zhujiafang supracrustal rocks were initially buried down to ∼30 km depth, where high differential stress triggered the large-scale ductile shear between the upper and lower crusts. The high-grade lower-crustal rocks were consequently exhumed upwards along the shear zone, synchronous with extensive isothermal decompression metamorphism. The timing of peak collision-related crustal thickening was further constrained by the ca. 1930 Ma metamorphic zircon ages, whereas a subsequent exhumation event was manifested by ca. 1860 Ma syntectonic granitic veins and the available Ar-Ar ages of the region. The Zhujiafang ductile shear zone thus essentially record an integrated geodynamic process of initial collision, crustal thickening, and exhumation involved in formation of the Trans–North China orogen at 1.9–1.8 Ga.
Cretaceous to Recent net continental uplift from paleobiological data: Insights into sub-plate support
Authors: Fernandes Victoria M. , Roberts Gareth G.
Published: October 2020

There are many geoscience problems for which constraining histories of uplift or subsidence of Earth’s surface is of direct or indirect importance, for example reconstructing tectonics, mantle convection, geomorphology, sedimentary and chemical flux, biodiversity, glacio-eustasy, and climate change. The least equivocal constraints on timing and amplitude of vertical motions on geological timescales come from the distribution of rock formed in shallow marine environments. However, obtaining enough observations at sufficiently large spatial and temporal scales (∼100–10,000 km, ca. 1–100 Ma) to constrain histories of regional topographic evolution remains challenging. To address this issue, we adapted modern inventories of paleobiological and paleoenvironmental data to generate a new compilation of >24,000 spot measurements of uplift on all continents and numerous oceanic islands. Uncertainties associated with paleobathymetry, post-deposition compaction, and glacio-eustasy are assessed. The compilation provides self-consistent and, in places, high-resolution (<100-km-length scale, <1 Ma) measurements of Cretaceous to Recent (post-deposition) net uplift across significant tracts of most continents. To illustrate how the database can be used, records from western North America and eastern South America are combined with geophysical observations (e.g., free-air gravity, shear, and Pn-wave tomography) and simple isostatic calculations to determine the origins of topography. We explore how lithospheric thinning and mantle thermal anomalies may generate uplift of the observed wavelengths and amplitudes. The results emphasize the importance of large inventories of paleobiological data for understanding histories of tectonic and mantle convective processes and consequently landscapes, climate, and the environment.
Traumatic avulsion of the globe with optic nerve transection: an unusual presentation
Authors: Meena Seema , Rakheja Vaishali , Sahu Sulabh , Rathore Priyanka
Published: October 2020

Complete globe extrusion, whether traumatic or spontaneous, is a rare clinical entity and if associated with optic nerve avulsion, it has a worse visual outcome, though repositioning of the globe may be attempted. We report a case of road traffic accident, wherein the patient presented with an extrusion of the globe, along with a complete transection of the optic nerve, about 4 cm from the optic nerve head, with only a residual attachment to the orbital rim via the unsevered lateral conjunctival flap, where the enucleation was completed and the conjunctiva was sutured.
Neonatal airway obstruction due to a massive lingual foregut duplication cyst
Authors: Shabani Sepehr , Cheek Bradley J , Post-Martens Katrin , Andreoli Steven M
Published: October 2020

Foregut duplication cysts (FDCs) are rare malformations arising along primitively derived alimentary tract. Head and neck cases comprise 0.3% of all FDCs with 60% occurring in the oral cavity. We present a case of neonatal airway obstruction secondary to a prenatally diagnosed massive lingual FDC. Definitive treatment requires surgical excision. Histologically, the cysts are lined gastric and respiratory epithelium. FDC should be a consideration in prenatally diagnosed masses affecting the oral cavity.
Recurrence-free management of type 2 variant of giant cell tumour of extensor tendon sheath of thumb
Authors: Muthu Sathish , Annamalai Saravanan , Thakur Aditya , Ramakrishnan Eswar
Published: October 2020

A 30-year-old woman presented with swelling in her right thumb of 3-month duration which was slow-growing in nature without a history of trauma. On examination, firm non-tender swelling with ill-defined border over the dorsomedial aspect of the first metacarpal was noted. The swelling was mobile only in the vertical plane with restricted adduction and abduction. Plain X-ray revealed mild erosion of the first metacarpal head. Diagnostic ultrasound confirmed the lesion to arise from the extensor tendon sheath of diffuse type without any bony involvement. A wide local excision biopsy of the swelling was planned. Intraoperatively, a 3×2 cm greyish-white mass, bony hard in consistency with lobulated surface was found arising from the tendon sheath of the extensor tendon of the thumb; it was completely excised with a wide margin. Histopathological examination revealed polyhedral cells admixed with osteoclastic type giant cells. Biopsy from the first metatarsal was normal. The patient is on follow-up for the last 5 years with no evidence of recurrence.
Long-term use and remission of granulomatosis with polyangiitis with the oral C5a receptor inhibitor avacopan
Authors: Ennis Daniel , Yeung Rae SM , Pagnoux Christian
Published: October 2020

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a rare antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody-associated vasculitis. Several therapeutic advances have occurred over the past two decades, but relapse rate remains high and refractory cases are not uncommon. Here, we present the case of a female patient diagnosed with GPA at the age of 9 years with a severe, multirelapsing disease course which failed to adequately respond to conventional therapies. Avacopan, a novel C5a receptor inhibitor, was started based on phase II studies that showed promise as a steroid-sparing adjunct. The patient was able to successfully reduce her glucocorticoid dose and reduce her immunosuppressive treatments without another flare. She has been on avacopan for 35 months, had no adverse events that required its discontinuation, and her disease is in sustained remission.
Prolonged response to vismodegib in a patient with systemic medulloblastoma metastases
Authors: Climans Seth A , Macdonald David R , Sutherland Duncan EK , Mason Warren P
Published: October 2020

Some patients with metastatic medulloblastoma can be successfully treated with targeted therapy. We report the case of a 42-year-old woman who was diagnosed with sonic hedgehog (SHH)-subgroup medulloblastoma. She was treated with surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. She then developed bone pain. A positron emission tomography (PET) scan confirmed widespread bone metastases from her medulloblastoma. She was started on vismodegib, an oral smoothened inhibitor that targets her tumour type. Her bone pain resolved. A repeat PET scan showed resolution of almost all metastases. Fourteen months after starting vismodegib, her disease recurred and she was transitioned to temozolomide chemotherapy. We document an important case of prolonged response to vismodegib in a patient with systemic SHH-subgroup medulloblastoma metastases.
Laryngeal oncocytic cystadenoma mimicking a combined laryngomucocele
Authors: Salvador Pedro , Moreira da Silva Francisco , Fonseca Rui
Published: October 2020

Laryngeal oncocytic cystadenomas are rare benign tumours lined by oncocytic epithelium and arising from the salivary glands; they usually present as a supraglottic mass. Oncocytic changes are very uncommon in the larynx and occur mainly in ventricles and false vocal cords, where seromucinous glands predominate. The authors present the case of a 62-year-old woman who reported a 6-month history of hoarseness associated with a soft and non-compressible upper left side neck swelling. Transnasal fiberoptic laryngoscopy revealed a left submucosal supraglottic mass involving the false vocal fold and the vallecula, partially obstructing the airway. CT scan showed a homogeneous isodense cystic lesion centred at the left laryngeal ventricle, with extension through the thyrohyoid membrane. The patient was successfully managed by a lateral thyrotomy approach. Histopathological examination of the specimen revealed a papillary oncocytic cystadenoma and excluded malignancy. There was no evidence of recurrence after 9 months of follow-up.
Leucocytoclastic vasculitis in a patient with COVID-19 with positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR in skin biopsy
Authors: Camprodon Gómez Maria , González-Cruz Carlos , Ferrer Berta , Barberá María Jesús
Published: October 2020

Main skin manifestations of COVID-19 have been recently classified. However, little is known about cutaneous histopathological patterns and the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in these skin lesions. We present a healthy 29-year-old man who developed a leucocytoclastic vasculitis for COVID-19 with positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR in skin biopsy.
Challenging removal of a knotted nasogastric tube following insertion under general anaesthetic
Authors: Conroy Michael , Wichmann Katherine , Farkas Nicholas , Di-Nicola Valerio
Published: October 2020

A 74-year-old man presented with acute small bowel obstruction secondary to recurrence of a caecal tumour. The patient underwent laparotomy and formation of loop ileostomy and had a nasogastric tube (NGT) inserted in the theatre. A decision was made to remove the patient’s NGT postoperatively, which was found to be stuck. High-quality imaging demonstrated a knot in the tube within the nasopharynx; so, subsequent removal via the oral route necessitated sedation. This case highlights the importance of considering rare or unusual complications of NGT insertion when a patient describes more pain or discomfort than would otherwise be expected. The clarity of imaging highlights clearly the underlying findings when compared with the few other documented cases. We offer a number of learning points specific to this complication.
Youth running consensus statement: minimising risk of injury and illness in youth runners
Authors: Krabak Brian J , Roberts William O , Tenforde Adam S , Ackerman Kathryn E , Adami Paolo Emilio , Baggish Aaron L , Barrack Michelle , Cianca John , Davis Irene , D"Hemecourt Pierre , Fredericson Michael , Goldman Joshua T , Harrast Mark A , Heiderscheit Bryan C , Hollander Karsten , Kraus Emily , Luke Anthony , Miller Emily , Moyer Melissa , Rauh Mitchell J , Toresdahl Brett G , Wasfy Meagan M
Published: October 2020

Despite the worldwide popularity of running as a sport for children, relatively little is known about its impact on injury and illness. Available studies have focused on adolescent athletes, but these findings may not be applicable to preadolescent and pubescent athletes. To date, there are no evidence or consensus-based guidelines identifying risk factors for injury and illness in youth runners, and current recommendations regarding suitable running distances for youth runners at different ages are opinion based. The International Committee Consensus Work Group convened to evaluate the current science, identify knowledge gaps, categorise risk factors for injury/illness and provide recommendations regarding training, nutrition and participation for youth runners.
Improving the quality of person-centred healthcare from the patient perspective: development of person-centred quality indicators
Authors: Santana Maria-Jose , Manalili Kimberly , Zelinsky Sandra , Brien Susan , Gibbons Elizabeth , King Jenny , Frank Lori , Wallström Sara , Fairie Paul , Leeb Kira , Quan Hude , Sawatzky Richard
Published: October 2020

Importance

International efforts are being made towards a person-centred care (PCC) model, but there are currently no standardised mechanisms to measure and monitor PCC at a healthcare system level. The use of metrics to measure PCC can help to drive the changes needed to improve the quality of healthcare that is person centred.

Objective

To develop and validate person-centred care quality indicators (PC-QIs) measuring PCC at a healthcare system level through a synthesis of the evidence and a person-centred consensus approach to ensure the PC-QIs reflect what matters most to people in their care.

Methods

Existing indicators were first identified through a scoping review of the literature and an international environmental scan. Focus group discussions with diverse patients and caregivers and interviews with clinicians and experts in quality improvement allowed us to identify gaps in current measurement of PCC and inform the development of new PC-QIs. A set of identified and newly developed PC-QIs were subsequently refined by Delphi consensus process using a modified RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method. The international consensus panel consisted of patients, family members, community representatives, clinicians, researchers and healthcare quality experts.

Results

From an initial 39 unique evidence-based PC-QIs identified and developed, the consensus process yielded 26 final PC-QIs. These included 7 related to structure, 16 related to process, 2 related to outcome and 1 overall global PC-QI.

Conclusions

The final 26 evidence-based and person-informed PC-QIs can be used to measure and evaluate quality incorporating patient perspectives, empowering jurisdictions to monitor healthcare system performance and evaluate policy and practice related to PCC.
Timely access to trial data in the context of a pandemic: the time is now
Authors: Li Rebecca , Wood Julie , Baskaran Amrutha , Neumann Stanley , Graham Elizabeth , Levenstein Marcia , Sim Ida
Published: October 2020

Objective

Clinical trial data sharing has the potential to accelerate scientific progress, answer new lines of scientific inquiry, support reproducibility and prevent redundancy. Vivli, a non-profit organisation, operates a global platform for sharing of individual participant-level trial data and associated documents. Sharing of these data collected from each trial participant enables combining of these data to drive new scientific insights or assess reproducibility—not possible with the aggregate or summary data tables historically made available. We report on our initial experience including key metrics, lessons learned and how we see our role in the data sharing ecosystem. We also describe how Vivli is addressing the needs of the COVID-19 challenge through a new dedicated portal that provides a direct search function for COVID-19 studies, availability for fast-tracked request review and data sharing.

Data summary

The Vivli platform was established in 2018 and has partnered with 28 diverse members from industry, academic institutions, government platforms and non-profit foundations. Currently, 5400 trials representing 3.6 million participants are shared on the platform. From July 2018 to September 2020, Vivli received 201 requests. To date, 106 of 201 requests received approval, 5 have been declined, 27 withdrew and 27 are in the revision stage.

Conclusions

The pandemic has only magnified the necessity for data sharing. If most data are shared and in a manner that allows interoperability, then we have hope of moving towards a cohesive scientific understanding more quickly not only for COVID-19 but also for all diseases. Conversely, if only isolated pockets of data are shared then society loses the opportunity to close vital gaps in our understanding of this rapidly evolving epidemic. This current challenge serves to highlight the value of data sharing platforms—critical enablers that help researchers build on prior knowledge.
COVID-19: experience and development of simulation for training in a London
District General Hospital
Authors: Zala Ashik , Tang Alison Yiu Yan , Patel Kirtan , Hunukumbure Agra Dilshani
Published: October 2020

The world is facing an unprecedented crisis in the form of the coronavirus
disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Clinicians and their working environments are
under considerable pressures that have not previously been encountered.
Consequently, clinicians have had to change their practice significantly to
enable safe care for their patients, whilst ensuring their own safety. The
majority of COVID-19 simulation to date has been either virtual or in-situ,
with the aim of training specific departments. With this in mind, as the
Hillingdon Hospital Education Team, we developed a simulation that would
provide generic training on COVID-19 for staff across our Trust in various
departments and roles. Our aim was to teach staff how to manage patients whilst
protecting themselves during this pandemic.
Schizophrenia with and without obsessive-compulsive symptoms: a comparative analysis of performance on trail making test and disability on WHODAS
Authors: Singh Apala , Beniwal Ram Pratap , Bhatia Triptish , Deshpande Smita Neelkanth
Published: October 2020

Background

Presence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) affects performance on tests of some cognitive functions, such as the trail making test (TMT), and may affect the level of disability in schizophrenia (SZ).

Aims

The aim of the present study was to compare performance on TMT and disability on WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) in persons with SZ with and without OCS in a cross-sectional study.

Methods

Persons with SZ (n=200) fulfilling DSM-V (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) diagnostic criteria were assessed on Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) and divided into two groups based on presence or absence of OCS. TMT and WHODAS V.2.0 were applied. The two groups as a whole, as well as a subsample matched on age, gender and age of onset were compared.

Results

Out of 200 persons with SZ, 37 (18.5%) reported OCS. The OCS group took a significantly longer mean time to complete TMT-A (Z=−3.02, p=0.003) as well as TMT-B (Z=-3.551, p<0.001). Significant correlations were found between TMT-A and total YBOCS Scores (r=0.351, p=0.033), as well as TMT-A and YBOCS compulsion scores (r=0.404, p=0.013) but not with TMT-B Scores. The OCS group reported greater disability in all domains separately as well as on average WHODAS Scores (Z=−5.969, p<0.001). Significant correlations were found between YBOCS obsession scores and YBOCS total scores with average WHODAS Scores (r=0.614, p<0.001 and r=0.406, p=0.013, respectively). We obtained essentially similar results with the matched subsample as well as with the entire group.

Conclusion

Persons with SZ and comorbid OCS had significantly poorer performance on TMTs and greater disability in comparison to persons with SZ alone. Magnitude of disability correlated with severity of OCS.
Cross-talk between the gut microbiota and monocyte-like macrophages mediates an inflammatory response to promote colitis-associated tumourigenesis
Authors: Yang Yunben , Li Lili , Xu Chunjing , Wang Yunke , Wang Zhen , Chen Mengyao , Jiang Zhou , Pan Jun , Yang Chenghui , Li Xiaoqian , Song Kai , Yan Junfeng , Xie Wanglan , Wu Xianguo , Chen Zhigang , Yuan Ying , Zheng Shu , Yan Jun , Huang Jian , Qiu Fuming
Published: October 2020

Objective

Macrophages are among the most abundant cells in the colon tumour microenvironment, and there is a close relationship among monocytes, macrophages and the gut microbiota. Alterations in the gut microbiota are involved in tumour development, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We aim to elucidate the temporal changes in macrophage subsets and functions, and how these dynamics are regulated by microbial cues in the initiation of colitis-associated cancer.

Design

A mouse model of colitis-associated tumourigenesis was established to determine macrophage dynamics. The role of monocyte-like macrophage (MLM) was confirmed by targeting its chemotaxis. The effects of the gut microbiota were assessed by antibiotic treatment and faecal microbiota transplantation.

Results

A selective increase in MLMs was observed in the initial stages of colitis-associated cancer, with an enhanced secretion of inflammatory cytokines. MLM accumulation was regulated by CCL2 expression of colonic epithelial cells, which was influenced by bacteria-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS further stimulated interleukin 1β production from MLMs, inducing interleukin-17-producing T-helper cell activation to promote inflammation. These observations were also supported by altered microbial composition associated with human colitis and colorectal cancer, evolving transcriptional signature and immune response during human colitis-associated tumourigenesis.

Conclusions

The gut microbiota uses LPS as a trigger to regulate MLM accumulation in a chemokine-dependent manner and generate a precancerous inflammatory milieu to facilitate tumourigenesis.
In vivo PET imaging of neuroinflammation in familial frontotemporal dementia
Authors: Malpetti Maura , Rittman Timothy , Jones Peter Simon , Cope Thomas Edmund , Passamonti Luca , Bevan-Jones William Richard , Patterson Karalyn , Fryer Tim D , Hong Young T , Aigbirhio Franklin I , O'Brien John Tiernan , Rowe James Benedict
Published: October 2020

Introduction

We report in vivo patterns of neuroinflammation and abnormal protein aggregation in seven cases of familial frontotemporal dementia (FTD) with mutations in MAPT, GRN and C9orf72 genes.

Methods

Using positron emission tomography (PET), we explored the association of the distribution of activated microglia, as measured by the radioligand [11C]PK11195, and the regional distribution of tau or TDP-43 pathology, indexed using the radioligand [18F]AV-1451. The familial FTD PET data were compared with healthy controls.

Results

Patients with familial FTD across all mutation groups showed increased [11C]PK11195 binding predominantly in frontotemporal regions, with additional regions showing abnormalities in individuals. Patients with MAPT mutations had a consistent distribution of [18F]AV-1451 binding across the brain, with heterogeneous distributions among carriers of GRN and C9orf72 mutations.

Discussion

This case series suggests that neuroinflammation is part of the pathophysiology of familial FTD, warranting further consideration of immunomodulatory therapies for disease modification and prevention.
Endovascular recanalization for symptomatic non-acute middle cerebral artery occlusion: proposal of a new angiographic classification
Authors: Gao Feng , Guo Xu , Han Ju , Sun Xuan , Zhou Zhenhua , Miao Zhongrong
Published: October 2020

Background

Endovascular recanalization for medically refractory non-acute middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion remains a clinical dilemma, and limited data are available. We report the multicenter clinical results of endovascular recanalization for symptomatic non-acute MCA occlusion and propose a new angiographic classification to explore which subgroups of patients are most suitable for this treatment.

Methods

From January 2015 to December 2019, 50 consecutive patients who underwent endovascular recanalization for recurrent symptomatic non-acute MCA occlusion were analyzed retrospectively. All patients were divided into three types according to the angiographic classification. The technical success rate, periprocedural complications, rate of stroke or death within 30 days, and follow-up results were evaluated.

Results

The overall technical success rate was 84.0% (42/50). The perioperative complication rate was 14.0% (7/50), and the rate of stroke or death within 30 days was 12.0% (6/50). The revascularization success rate was higher in patients with type I occlusion than in those with type II or type III occlusion (95.5%, 83.3%, and 60%, respectively; p=0.014), and the opposite was true for the perioperative complication rate (4.5%, 11.1%, and 40.0%, respectively; p=0.013). The median clinical follow-up period was 13.4 months (IQR 12.5–15.6), and the rate of stroke or death beyond 30 days was 8.3%.

Conclusions

Endovascular recanalization for non-acute MCA occlusion is technically feasible in reasonably selected patients, especially type I patients, and has potential as an alternative option for patients with recurrent stroke or transient ischemic attack in the short term despite optimal medical therapy.
Factors associated with sexually transmitted infection diagnosis in women who have sex with women, women who have sex with men and women who have sex with both
Authors: Rahman Nazia , Ghanem Khalil G , Gilliams Elizabeth , Page Kathleen R , Tuddenham Susan
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Many US women report same sex behaviour, yet data on risk factors and STIs in women who have sex with women (WSW), women who have sex with both men and women (WSB) and how these compare to women who have sex with men only (WSM) remain limited. Here we compared self-identified WSW, WSB and WSM attending two STI clinics in Baltimore, Maryland.

Methods

This was a retrospective analysis using a database of first clinic visits 2005–2016. WSW and WSB were compared with an age-matched random sample of WSM. Proportions were compared using the χ2test. Acute STI (aSTI) was defined as gonorrhoea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae, GC), chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis, CT), trichomonas (Trichomonas vaginalis,TV) or early syphilis. Logistic regression was used to assess aSTI predictors. CT testing was not uniformly done, so a sensitivity analysis removing CT from the aSTI definition was conducted.

Results

Visits from 1095 WSW, 1678 WSB and 2773 WSM were analysed. WSB had equal or higher test positivity for all STIs except urogenital chlamydia, had more sexual partners, were more likely to engage in transactional sex and were more likely to report drug use and binge drinking than WSM (p≤0.01). WSW had lower test positivity for urogenital GC and CT than WSM or WSB, but comparable test positivity for TV, higher reported binge drinking and comparable reported substance use as WSM. Younger age and cocaine use predicted STI diagnosis only in WSM.

Conclusions

WSB in these clinics bear an equal or higher burden of most STIs, have more partners and report more substance use than WSM. WSW carry a lower, but still substantial burden of STIs, and many report substance use. Factors predicting STI diagnosis differ between WSW, WSB and WSM suggesting that tailored STI prevention and testing approaches are needed in these groups.
Saturation of the infrared absorption by carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
Authors: Schildknecht D.
Published: October 2020

Based on new radiative transfer numerical evaluations, we reconsider an argument presented by Schack in 1972 that says that saturation of the absorption of infrared radiation by carbon dioxide in the atmosphere sets in as soon as the relative concentration of carbon dioxide exceeds a lower limit of approximately 300ppm. We provide a concise brief and explicit representation of the greenhouse effect of the earth’s atmosphere. We find an equilibrium climate sensitivity (temperature increase [Formula: see text] due to doubling of atmospheric [Formula: see text] concentration) of [Formula: see text]C. We elaborate on the consistency of these results on [Formula: see text] with results observationally obtained by satellite-based measurements of short-time radiation-flux versus surface-temperature changes.
High-temperature X-ray diffraction study of Ag2S-Cu2S system
Authors: Asadov Y. G. , Aliyev Y. I. , Dashdemirov A. O. , Jabarov S. H. , Naghiyev T. G.
Published: October 2020

Single crystals of AgCuS, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] compounds were synthesized using the Bridgman method. The crystal structures and phase transitions were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) method in the high temperature ranges. The monoclinic, orthorhombic, hexagonal and cubic phases were observed in the temperature range of [Formula: see text]. Thermal expansion coefficients were calculated for different phases according to the lattice parameters. It was determined that the values of thermal expansion coefficients differ in different planes depending on the space group and symmetry.
A result on the Laplace transform associated with the sticky Brownian motion on an interval
Authors: Song Shiyu
Published: October 2020

In this paper, we study the joint Laplace transform of the sticky Brownian motion on an interval, its occupation time at zero and its integrated process. The perturbation approach of Li and Zhou [The joint Laplace transforms for diffusion occupation times, Adv. Appl. Probab. 45 (2013) 1049–1067] is adopted to convert the problem into the computation of three Laplace transforms, which is essentially equivalent to solving the associated differential equations with boundary conditions. We obtain the explicit expression for the joint Laplace transform in terms of the modified Bessel function and Airy functions.
Dynamic Liquidity Preferences of Mutual Funds
Authors: Huang Jiekun
Published: October 2020

This paper examines the relation between expected market volatility and open-end mutual funds’ liquidity preferences. Using a large panel of actively managed U.S. equity mutual funds, I show that mutual fund managers hold more cash and tilt their holdings more heavily towards liquid stocks during periods when expected market volatility is high. Cross-sectional tests suggest that the dynamic preferences for liquidity are driven by concerns over investor withdrawals during volatile times. Furthermore, I find evidence that this type of dynamic behavior leads to higher fund returns.
Endogenous Asset Fire Sales and Bank Lending Incentives
Authors: Song Zhongzhi
Published: October 2020

This paper examines the impact of banks’ lending incentives on asset prices and bank cash holdings under liquidity risk. Banks make lending decisions based on the tradeoff between costs (fire sales of illiquid assets) and benefits (high returns from bank loans). This paper shows fire sales of assets can be an endogenous outcome, even if banks are endowed with enough cash to meet liquidity shocks. This paper also helps explain why banks have kept a large amount of cash without lending after government capital injections in the 2008 financial crisis. The model further provides policy implications for government intervention.
Biomechanical Evaluation Comparing Pulvertaft Weave and Side-to-Side Tenorrhaphy Using Porcine Tendons
Authors: Sajid Soha , Day Emily , Kuiper Jan Herman , Singh Rohit , Pickard Simon
Published: October 2020

Background: Pulvertaft Weave (PTW) is an established method of tenorrhapy in tendon transfers. Previous studies have suggested that a Side-to-Side (STS) tenorrhapy is easier to perform has the same advantages and has greater load to failure, ultimate load and stiffness compared to PTW. However, there is insufficient data comparing behaviour of STS and PTW during cyclical loading. The aim of this study is to compare these two methods in terms of creep after cyclic landing.

Methods: Fresh porcine flexor digitorum tendons were used. Ten tendon PTW and ten STS repairs were performed. Cross sectional diameter was measured. The tendon repairs were tested by applying tension up to 25N for 100 cycles, followed by tension up to 75N for 100 cycles, followed by loading to failure. Force-displacement data was used to determine the creep of the repaired tendon.

Results: All tendons survived 100 cycles of loading at 25N. After 1 cycle of loading, the mean cyclic creep in the PTW group was almost 3 mm larger than in the STS group (p = 0.046). After 100 cycles, the mean cyclic creep in the PTW group was 4.4 mm larger (p = 0.008). The cyclic creep rate was significantly larger in the PTW group (p < 0.001). All STS but only four PTW repairs survived after cyclic loading at 75N (p = 0.01). After 1 cycle and 100 cycles, mean creep of the surviving PTW samples was almost 7 mm (p = 0.006) and almost 9 mm (p = 0.004) larger than the STS group. The mean load to failure was four times larger in the STS group than the PTW group (p = 0.004).

Conclusions: STS repairs have a significantly smaller permanent elongation after cyclic loading at 25N and 75N, a significantly smaller cyclic creep rate, require a significantly larger load to fail. This implies that STS repairs are less likely to elongate after cyclic loading and can withstand greater loads. These properties can be valuable in allowing patients to commence mobilisation immediately after surgery.
Ulnar Shortening Osteotomy for Ulnar Abutment Syndrome: The Results of Metaphyseal and Diaphyseal Osteotomies
Authors: Imai Hirofumi , Takahara Masatoshi , Kondo Mikiro
Published: October 2020

Background: The purpose of this study was to report the results of metaphyseal and diaphyseal ulnar shortening osteotomies (USO) for the treatment of ulnar abutment syndrome (UAS).

Methods: From 2011 to 2016, we performed metaphyseal USO in 8 patients (8 wrists) and diaphyseal USO in 6 patients (7 wrists). The results were investigated in terms of bone union and cast immobilization, wrist and forearm range of motion (ROM). The mean follow-up duration was 29 months.

Results: All 14 patients had bone union. The mean duration of bone union in metaphyseal USO and diaphyseal USO were 3.5 months and 4.3 months and the duration of cast immobilization after surgery were 24.2 days and 29.2 days. The mean forearm ROM (degree) were 134.3 (pronation/supination: 66.7/67.6) and 169.3 (pronation/supination: 84.3/85.0) at 3 months after surgery and 173.4 (pronation/supination: 86.0/87.4) and 172.8 (pronation/supination: 87.1/85.7) at 6 months after surgery.

Conclusions: The results from this study suggest that metaphyseal osteotomies are an effective alternative to diaphyseal osteotomies for the treatment of ulnar abutment syndrome. Although metaphyseal osteotomies were associated with temporary decrease of pronation, this discrepancy resolved at 6 months postoperatively. Metaphyseal USO has the potential to promote primary bone union and appears to be an alternative treatment for UAS.
SCPP
Authors: Brito Denise E. F. , Assunção Renato M. , Souza Roberto C. S. N. P. , JR. Wagner Meira
Published: October 2020

A collection of individuals is represented by point patterns. Each individual is a finite set of geographical locations representing their visiting pattern to places in a region. We present SCPP, an algorithm for clustering these individuals considering the spatial patterns of their visiting locations. We adopted a probabilistic framework based on the theory of point processes that allows us to derive a non-obvious distance metric between each individual point pattern and the underlying, unobserved continuous intensity function. This metric is the Kullback-Leibler divergence between the true data-generating point process distribution and the model-generating distribution. We also introduce a theoretically based framework for the cost function to be minimized, a functional
T
(P) taking as arguments the probability distributions underlying the unknown clusters. We present an extensive experimental analysis to show SCPP’s effectiveness using several synthetic datasets and spatial mobility patterns from geo-tagged social media.