bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF THE CIRCULATION ON THE SKIN‐CONSTRICTOR (PSYCHO‐GALVANIC) REFLEX
Authors: Densham H. B. A. R. , Wells H. M.
Published: December 2014

Fixation of the cutaneous blood‐vessels by various experimental methods and in disease reduces very appreciably the skin‐constrictor reflex.

In conclusion our thanks are due to Professor R. J. S. M'Dowall for much helpful advice and criticism.

We are indebted to Messrs
Parke, Davis & Co. for the adrenaline.
THE EFFECTS OF ADRENALINE ON RESPIRATION
Authors: M'Dowall R. J. S.
Published: December 2014

It is shown that if steps are taken otherwise to avoid stimulation or respiration, the classical reduction of respiration by adrenaline is followed by an increase.

There is evidence that adrenaline apncea is produced in a manner similar to and coincident with the vagal inhibition of the heart caused by adrenaline.

Ergotoxine or ergotamine bring about a rapid, shallow respiration, which may be preceded by an evanescent reduction. Eventually a stage is reached when respiration depends wholly on the impulses which pass up the vagi, section of which cause a complete cessation of respiration.

After ergotoxine, adrenaline apncea is not only abolished, but adrenaline may cause a marked increase in respiration. If repeated, adrenaline may cause complete failure of respiration.

The expenses of this investigation were in part defrayed by a grant from the Government Grants Committee of the Royal Society. I am indebted to Messrs. Parke, Davis & Co. for a supply of adrenaline.
STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE HÆMATOLOGY.—III. MARSUPIALIA
Authors: Ponder Eric , Yeager J. Franklin , Charipper H. A.
Published: December 2014

Except for a few minor differences the morphology of the leucocytes of the marsupials is similar to that of the leucocytes in man. The white‐cell counts vary slightly—about 8000 is an average figure. The differential counts, in general, resemble those found in man. The polynuclear counts, for most of the marsupials, are more right‐handed than the human polynuclear count. The mean diameter of the red cells in the genus Macropus is 8·6 µ; in the wombat the cells are considerably smaller (7·2 µ), and in the opossum considerably larger (9·2 µ). The remarkable feature in connexion with the erythrocytes is the high hæmoglobin content which occurs in the genus Macropus. The red cell counts are distinctly higher than in man (about 8,000,000). The resistance of the red cells to saponin varies considerably, as does the resistance to sodium taurocholate; it is not possible to make any generalisation from the figures obtained. The resistance to hypotonic saline is either the same or a little less than that of the cells of man.
ON THE AUTONOMIC INNERVATION OF VOLUNTARY MUSCLE AND ITS RELATION TO THE CHEMICAL REGULATION OF ITS HEAT‐PRODUCTION
Authors: Kuré Ken , Araki Eichi , Maeida Takeo
Published: December 2014

Heat‐production in the gastrocnemius is caused by impulses from the heat‐regulation centre in the hypothalamus through sympathetic and parasympathetic tracts. The removal of only one of these is not sufficient to stop heat‐production in muscles, but interruption of both sympathetic and parasympathetic stops chemical heat‐regulation entirely. This supports the fact that there is a sympathetic and parasympathetic tonic innervation of muscle. Whether the cerebrospinal innervation plays a rôle in the heat‐production we cannot yet decide. We are able to confirm the fact that the heat‐production in the leg muscles is not interrupted by section of the thoracic cord, but is interrupted by section of the cervical cord. The impulses for heat‐regulation pass through the sympathetic trunk; they disappear when the sympathetic is removed, after the thoracic cord is cut. Previous authors (
Barcroft (22),
Langley and
Itagaki (23), and
Nakamura) who have been unable to see changes in metabolism in muscles after cutting their nerves experimented only on animals in which there was no tendency towards an increase of heat‐production. We, on the other hand, have first stimulated the heat‐regulation centre and have then been able to observe that the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervations are necessary for an increase of the heat‐production of muscle.

In this manner an increase of heat‐production in muscle at rest is proved. Clinically it is often seen that muscle‐fibrillations are promoted by adrenaline and pilocarpine and rendered less noticeable by atropine, scopolamine, and novocaine. This shows there is a certain connection between muscle‐fibrillations and autonomic muscle‐tonus. It is probable that in shivering from cold there are not only motor impulses causing the tremor but also an increase of autonomic impulses causing heat‐production.

1. On cooling the neck of an animal and thus the blood in the carotid, heat‐production is promoted in the resting gastrocnemius.

2. This heat‐production in the muscle is diminished by the removal of the lumbar sympathetic trunk, or by section of the ventral roots, or by section of the dorsal roots.

3. The removal of the lumbar sympathetic trunk combined with section of the dorsal roots (of the corresponding region) causes total disappearance of the heat‐production in muscle.

4. After section of the thoracic cord the heat‐production does not totally disappear, but when combined with extirpation of the lumbar sympathetic trunk it disappears completely. Transaction of the cervical cord high up causes complete disappearance of heat‐production in muscle.

5. The impulses which subserve heat‐regulation in the muscles of the leg pass partly through the lumbar sympathetic trunk (sympathetic), and partly through the dorsal roots of the spinal cord (parasympathetic).
STUDIES IN BLOOD DIASTASE. FACTORS WHICH CAUSE VARIATIONS IN THE AMOUNT OF DIASTASE IN THE BLOOD
Authors: Reid Charles , Narayana B.
Published: December 2014

1. The blood diastase decreases after meals, injections of glucose, glycogen, and insulin, while anæsthetics and injections of starch cause a slight increase.

2. Since pancreatectomy causes little or no change in the amount of circulating diastase, the pancreas is not the main source of blood diastase. Ligature of the pancreatic duct does not result in any striking change in the diastase content of the blood in the course of one to two weeks.

3. Since definite variations can be induced in the blood diastase by injections of insulin, glycogen, etc., it appears likely that the circulating diastase is not entirely a waste product on its way to excretion.

4. Evidence is adduced that variations in blood diastase are probably due to its being taken up or given out by the liver cells, etc., according to the requirements of the body with respect to the glycogen glucose, probably in association with insulin.
ON THE SPINAL PARASYMPATHETIC. Fifth Article. PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SPINAL PARASYMPATHETIC. THE SPINAL PARASYMPATHETIC AS VASODILATOR FOR THE STOMACH AND INTESTINES
Authors: Kuré Ken , Ikeda Ryoji , Ichiko Kin‐ichi , Wada Yasuhiko
Published: December 2014

Stimulation of the splanchnic after nicotine‐application to the cœliac ganglion and to the superior mesenteric ganglion causes marked dilatation of the vessels of the stomach and intestine. This vasodilatation is usually veiled by the peristaltic contraction of the coat of the stomach and intestine, which is simultaneously produced by stimulation of the splanchnic. It is not until this contraction is stopped by atropine that the vasodilator action of the splanchnic becomes visible.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RESPONSE OF PLAIN MUSCLE TO DRUGS
Authors: Nanda T. C.
Published: December 2014

1. Many of the responses of plain muscle to drugs that are frequently described as transient appear so because the experimental conditions record only part of the response.

2. The phasic responses frequently observed can be explained on the assumption that the drug produces some rapid change, and that other changes, which proceed more slowly, modify the initial response.

3. These apparent transient actions do not necessitate the assumption of the potential action of drugs.

My thanks are due to Prof. A. J.
Clark for assistacnce and advice in carrying out this research.
EFFECTS OF PROLONGED ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF LARGE DOSES OF PITUITARY ANTERIOR LOBE TO LAYING HENS
Authors: Gutowska Marie S.
Published: December 2014

1. The effects of pituitary anterior lobe hormones by oral administration to domestic fowls has been studied. The doses used in these experiments were large (·5 to ·8 grm.) and the time of administration was prolonged (one month).

2. The effects of oral administration were positive, as evidenced by (a) increase in egg‐size, increase in egg‐number, and increase in weight of birds; (b) an increase in the number of follicles in the ovary and also an increase in their size, indicating more rapid growth; a stimulation of albumen‐secretion in the oviduct, recognised in the increased percentage of albumen in the egg; also probably an effect on the muscular wall of the uterus.

3. The results were most striking in the early part of the year (before spring).
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—XVIII. THE NORMAL COUNT IN VARIOUS MAMMALS
Authors: Kennedy Walter P. , Climenko David Robert
Published: December 2014

The result of Arneth counts in various common mammals are presented, and the causes of variation discussed.

A portion of the expense of this research was defrayed by a grant from the Earl of Moray Fund.

We beg to thank Mr Miller and Dr Calder of the Animal Breeding Research Department for allowing us to use their material.
OBSERVATIONS ON DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION IN FOWLS
Authors: Macowan Marion M. , Magee H. E.
Published: December 2014

The blood‐sugar of fowls is not reduced to a steady level by prolonged fasting, but is very variable in different fowls, and in the same individuals at different times. Values as far apart as ·150 to ·290 percent. are found after fasts of 24 hours or more. High protein meals cause the blood‐sugar to fall slightly but progressively. Meals rich in starch cause increases 5 minutes from ingestion; when they contain coarse starch‐poor particles, the blood‐sugar fluctuates violently from about an hour after the meal, and often falls below the original value. With finely ground diets, rich in starch, fluctuations are absent. Five minutes after ingestion of a barium meal columns of it were seen (by X‐rays) moving very rapidly in the small intestine. Discharge from the gizzard occurs about once a second. Boluses are sent down from the crop at intervals of about 1 to 5 minutes, and require up to 30 seconds to reach the proventriculus. The proventriculus and gizzard were indistinguishable on the screen; they appeared to contract as one viscus.

Our thanks are due to Professor
Macleod for his advice in connection with this work.
GAS TENSIONS IN THE MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF THE STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE
Authors: Campbell J. Argyll
Published: December 2014

1. The normal oxygen tension in the mucous membrane of the stomach of the cat and rabbit is about 10 to 20 mm. Hg, while the carbon‐dioxide tension is about 40 to 60 mm. Hg.

2. The normal oxygen tension in the mucous membrane of the small intestine of the cat and rabbit is about 20 to 40 mm. Hg; that for the dog may be slightly higher. The carbon‐dioxide tension is 35 to 60 mm. Hg.

3. Anawsthetics, particularly urethane and amytal, may cause a rise of carbon‐dioxide tension and a fall of oxygen tension in the tissues, the average change being about 4 mm. Hg in each case. Individual animals may show much more marked effects than these.
THE SPINAL PARASYMPATHETIC. Seventh Article. PARASYMPATHETIC NERVE‐SUPPLY OF THE KIDNEY
Authors: Kuré Ken , Kanda Koichi , Wakabayashi Akibumi , Okinaka Shigeo
Published: December 2014

Stimulation of the spinal parasympathetic fibres in the greater and lesser splanchnics causes vasodilatation of the renal blood‐vessels, but the spinal parasympathetic fibres in the lumbar sympathetic trunk do not play a prominent part in such vasodilatation.

The spinal parasvmpathetic fibres exert specific secretory effects upon the kidney. The greater splanchnics contain fibres which promote elimination of the total nitrogen; the lesser splanchnics excite the elimination of phosphate; while fibres in the lumbar sympathetic trunk play a less significant part in the elimination of both total nitrogen and phosphate. The greater and lesser splanchnics, as well as fibres from the lumbar sympathetic trunk, have a markedly excitatory influence on the elimination of sodium chloride, although there are individual differences as to the extent of this influence.

We wish to thank the foundation “Hattori‐Hôkôkai” for the expenses of this research.
CHANGES IN THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS IN PREGNANCY AND IN OTHER CONDITIONS
Authors: Cramer W.
Published: December 2014

The islets of Langerhans constitute a very plastic tissue which undergoes considerable changes in a variety of physiological conditions, even to the extent of the formation of new islets on the one hand, and the disappearance of existing islets on the other. The most consistent changes are found in pregnancy, where there is a new formation of islet tissue from the centro‐acinar cells. No clear evidence has been obtained of a transformation between islet cells and acinar cells in any of the conditions studied.

Prolonged exposure to heat sometimes produces degenerative changes in the islets. The significance of these results in relation to the clinical features of diabetes mellitus is briefly discussed.
REGENERATION OF THE PERIPHERAL VAGUS
Authors: Cameron May L.
Published: December 2014

1. Recovery of the cardiac fibres of the vagus has been obtained in 12 rabbits, 5 cats, and 1 dog, the vagus nerve having been cut or crushed in the mid‐cervical region.

2. In the rabbit, regeneration occurs 3 to 4 months after crushing, and between 1 year 2 months and 2 years 8 months after cutting.

3. In the cat, regeneration of the autonomic efferent fibres was obtained 7 months after crushing, and in just over a year (374 days) when the nerve had been cut.

4. Regeneration of cardiac vagus fibres was found to have occurred in a dog 10½ years after the right vago‐sympathetic had been cut high in the neck.

5. In the same dog, periodic attacks of sickness and a fatal termination, probably due to a relative vagal paralysis, indicated that the cesophageal and gastric vagal fibres had not perfectly regenerated after ten years.

6. In the majority of cases, both in cats and rabbits, stimulation below the neuroma gave a more marked inhibition of the heart and consequent fall in blood‐pressure than stimulation above.

7. Independent results on heart as regards rate and force on stimulating the peripheral regenerating vagus were observed in a few animals.

8. In one cat (No. 4) the peripheral regenerating vagus stimulated central to the neuroma gave a negative result, although stimulation peripherally to the neuroma produced marked inhibition. This apparent instance of peripheral regeneration is discussed in the text and a possible explanation offered.

9. In one cat in which no functional regeneration of the central vagus or depressor was observed, but regeneration of at least certain branches of the cervical sympathetic, the thyroid on the operated side was atrophied as compared with the normal side.

10. The eye and ear results of sympathetic paralysis disappeared in rabbits during the first few months; in cats during the third year; in one dog, eye and ear differences, lacrimation, and occasional salivation were still noticeable after ten years.

11. Regeneration of the recurrent laryngeal fibres of the vagus (rabbits and cats), and functional recovery of the respiratory movements of the paralysed cord, were obtained and confirmed histologically.

The expense of this research has been partly defrayed by grants from the Earl of Moray Fund and the Medical Research Council.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE KINETICS OF HÆMOLYSIS, BY BRILLIANT GREEN AND SERUM
Authors: Ponder Eric
Published: December 2014

A reinvestigation of the kinetics of brilliant green‐cell‐plasma systems, by methods in which the times for lysis are observed over a much greater range than heretofore, leads to the following conclusions:—

1. If the quantity of sensitising agent is constant and sufficient to produce sensitisation, the subsequently added plasma (or serum) appears to behave as a simple hæmolysin, for the time‐dilution curves obtained are typical over the greater part of their range.

2. The way in which the quantity of lysin (plasma) required to bring about lysis varies with the amount of sensitising agent used is very similar to the way in which the quantity of complement required to produce lysis in amboceptor‐cell‐complement systems varies with the amount of amboceptor used.

3. The same anomaly, viz. that unexpectedly large quantities of lysin are required when very large amounts of sensitising agents are employed, is met with both in brilliant green‐cell‐plasma systems and in amboceptor‐cell‐complement systems.

4. These results lead to the tentative conclusion that the kinetics of hæmolysis in brilliant green‐cell‐plasma systems are in general similar to those in amboceptor‐cell‐complement systems.
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE GASTRIC HUNGER CONTRACTIONS IN THE JAVANESE MONKEY.1
Authors: Illenden Jessie , Patterson T. L. , Rubright L. W. , Scott R. J.
Published: December 2014

1. The motility and tonus of the empty stomach of the monkey is practically identical with that of the empty stomach of man.

2. Substances introduced directly into the stomach (water, 1 per cent. sodium carbonate, and 0·5 per cent. hydrochloric acid) produce gastric inhibition in proportion to the degree of their potency.

3. Very small amounts of food given to animals exhibit no inhibitory influence on the movements of the empty stomach; in larger quantities definite inhibitory effects result.

4. The sight of food, when in sufficient amounts, may also lead to an inhibition (psychic inhibition) of the motor activity and tonus of the stomach.

5. The same mechanism is probably involved in the inhibition of the movements of the empty stomach that is concerned in the inhibition of the movements of digestion.

6. Stimuli when applied to certain sensory surfaces of the body of the animal, such as the pad of the foot, may produce decided inhibitory effects.
A TYPE OF MATERNAL BEHAVIOUR IN THE NORMAL ŒSTROUS FEMALE RABBIT
Authors: Bellerby C. W.
Published: December 2014

(1) Nest construction in the rabbit such as occurs at the end of pseudo‐pregnancy has been observed in the normal œstrous female when kept in isolation.

(2) It is not accompanied by any of the changes in the ovaries, mammary glands, and uterus which are usually found at the end of pseudo‐pregnancy.

(3) Nesting occurs most frequently in April and is not observed at all from the end of September to the beginning of March.

(4) Frequency of nesting depends upon the breed of the rabbit.

(5) It does not occur in the ovariectomised animal.

(6) Nest construction occurs more frequently among hysterectomised females than among intact animals.
THE ABSORPTION OF AMMONIA BY THE LUNGS AND HEART
Authors: Klisiecki A. J.
Published: December 2014

Somatic ammonia, the daily production of which in the dog is estimated to be about 220 mg. NH3N, is absorbed by the lungs and heart, and probably converted finally into urea, the total production of which amounts to about 4000 mg. urea nitrogen per day.

In oxygen deficiency and in the later hours of an acute experiment the lungs and heart produce large amounts of ammonia, the rate of production being similar to that by the kidneys.
POST‐MORTEM GLYCOGENOLYSIS IN RABBIT LIVER
Authors: Noltie H. R.
Published: December 2014

1. The rate of glycogenolysis in excised rabbit liver slices, incubated at 380° C., is not determined by the percentage of glycogen initially present.

2. The lactic acid increases but little, “free sugar” increases markedly, but the two together never suffice to account for the glycogen which disappears.

3. No increase in reducing power follows acid hydrolysis of alcoholic extracts of the liver.

4. The results are similar whether the glycogenolysis occurs in air or in nitrogen.

The author wishes to express his best thanks to Professor J. J. R. Macleod for suggesting the subject and for helpful discussions in the course of the experiments; also to the Medical Research Council for aid from their grant to Professor Macleod and Dr. J. M. Peterson.
DISTRIBUTION OF LACTATE BETWEEN THE CORPUSCLES AND THE PLASMA IN BLOOD
Authors: Devadatta S. C.
Published: December 2014

1. The ratio of the concentration of lactate in the corpuscles to that in the plasma (C/P ratio) is 0·6–0·9 in the blood of resting animals (cat, horse, man).

2. In the blood of fatigued animals (cat, rabbit, man) it is reduced to 0·5–0·6.

3. This change in the C/P ratio is not due to a delay in the diffusion of lactate from the plasma into the corpuscles, nor to the presence, either in the corpuscles or plasma, of some indiffusible substance estimated as lactate.

4. The C/P ratio is raised by (a) increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide; (b) decreased partial pressure of oxygen; (c) increased H‐ion concentration These facts lead to the conclusion that a “lactate shift” analogous to the “chloride shift” occurs during each respiratory cycle of the blood, which may become of importance in connexion with the buffering of the blood in conditions of severe oxygen debt.

5. The C/P ratio is reduced by an increased concentration of lactate in the whole blood.

6. The increased lactate content of the blood occurring in conditions of oxygen debt is shown to be more than sufficient to account for the fall observed in the C/P ratio. The discrepancy is at least partly explained by the opposing effects of the simultaneous changes in carbon dioxide and oxygen partial pressures.
IS BREATHING FUNDAMENTALLY A REFLEX PHENOMENON?
Authors: Gesell Robert , Moyer Carl
Published: December 2014

Whether the rhythmic discharge of the respiratory centre is a localised physico‐chemical process modified by afferent impulses, or a reflex phenomena modified by chemical conditions, is considered.

Effects of varied combinations of afferent inflow suggest that breathing may be largely a resultant of numerous and various afferent nerve impulses.

The effectiveness of afferent impulses is profoundly influenced by chemical changes capable of modifying breathing. Results indicate depression of excitatory and inhibitory respiratory reflexes by CO2 saturation and augmentation by CO2 depletion and anoxemia. These findings are tentatively employed to analyse respiratory phenomena.

The indirect proportionality of rhythm to intrapulmonary pressure is a reflex effect of changing lung volume. Assuming only a single inhibitory vagal reflex, augmentation of this reflex by sodium carbonate could slow the rhythm and depression by CO2 could accelerate it, at any pulmonary volume. Graded volume change with a dual vagal reflex control could at some point reverse the effects of both CO3 and CO2. Experimentally CO3 retards breathing during inflation, accelerates during deflation and reduces amplitude at neutral volume. CO2 acceleration during inflation is reversed to retardation during deflation. Lung volume, therefore, importantly determines the mode of response to chemical influences by changing the relative dominance of individual pulmonary reflexes.

Carbonate apnea is not due to lost excitability, but most probably to augmentation of vagal inhibitory reflexes and possibly other stretch reflexes, for saphenous stimulation during apnea produces superexcessive breathing.

Carbon dioxide administrations under otherwise normal conditions may produce its relatively slow breathing by depressing the vagal accelerating function by chemical vagotomy. Anoxemia may produce its relatively rapid breathing by augmenting this function.

The present experiments indicate the great importance of reflexes and their modification through chemical changes and suggest the breathing may be fundamentally a reflex phenomena. On the other hand, they are not necessarily opposed to an automatically discharging centre under the influence of chemical and afferent nerve impulse changes.

It is suggested that the influence of chemical changes on circulatory reflexes may be a factor in the control of circulation.
INFLUENCE OF DEPRESSANTS ON RATE OF ASPHYXIATION OF FROG'S VENTRICLE
Authors: Clark A. J.
Published: December 2014

1. The rate of asphyxial exhaustion in the empty and contracting ventricle is about two‐thirds that of the full and contracting ventricle and twice that of the ventricle when arrested and either filled or empty. The passage of a wave of excitation over the ventricle therefore causes a considerable increase in metabolism although no work is performed (correction of conclusions of Clark and White [1928 and 1930]).

2. The resting metabolism of the ventricle has a Q/10 of about 2 between 5° C. and 25° C. (confirming Weizsäcker, [1912]).

3. The metabolism added by contraction (total metabolism‐resting metabolism) is lower at 5° C. than at 10° C., but the effect on this value of increasing the temperature above 10° C. is uncertain.

4. Acetylcholine reduces the metabolism of the arrested ventricle to about one‐half of its normal value.

The expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant from the Moray Research Fund, for which the author desires to express his thanks.
DEMONSTRATION OF THE SPINAL PARASYMPATHETIC FIBRES IN THE DORSAL ROOT OF THE SPINAL CORD BY THE METHOD OF OSMIUM‐STAINING
Authors: Kuré Ken , Okinaka Shigeo , Kajiyama M.
Published: December 2014

By the method of osmic acid staining we are able to demonstrate the spinal‐efferent fine medullated fibres at each period between 10 to 28 days after the section of the dorsal root from the spinal ganglion.
SYNERGY OF ADRENALINE AND ACETYLCHOLINE ON THE PULMONARY BLOOD‐VESSELS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Ettinger G. Harold , Hall G. Edward
Published: December 2014

1. Acetylcholine is capable of producing powerful constriction of the pulmonary blood‐vessels in the rabbit.

2. The constriction depends upon an initial tone of the blood‐vessels.

3. In the perfused blood‐vessels repeated injections of acetylcholine produce a condition in which the muscle fails to respond, probably because acetylcholine promotes dilatation following the constriction. The sensitivity, i.e. the muscle tone, may be restored by adrenaline, barium or histamine.

4. In the living animal the tone is probably mediated by the sympathetic nerves or by adrenaline.

5. The hypothesis is offered that major changes in the calibre of the pulmonary artery and arterioles of the rabbit are brought about through parasympathetic activity.
THE EFFECT OF LOW OXYGEN PRESSURES ON FROG'S CARDIAC TISSUE
Authors: Clark A. J. , Kingisepp G.
Published: December 2014

1. The lowest oxygen pressure which produces any measurable delay in asphyxia of the normal sinus is 5 mm. Hg (0·007 atm.), and in the case of the I.A.A. poisoned sinus it is 10 mm. Hg (0·013 atm.). Normal activity can be maintained in both cases by an oxygen pressure of 20 mm. Hg (0·026 atm.). The corresponding figures for the auricle and ventricle are somewhat greater.

2. The effect of oxygen pressures above 0·015 atm. accord with Warburg's formula, but the formula does not appear to hold for lower pressures.

3. The relative effects of asphyxia on the different functions of the heart can be correlated with differences in metabolic rates.

The expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant from the Moray Research Fund, for which the authors desire to express their thanks.

One of the authors (A. J. C.) acknowledges with thanks a grant made by the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland towards the cost of the illustrations in this paper.
EFFECT OF ASPHYXIA ON THE SINUS AND CONDUCTING TISSUE OF THE FROG'S HEART
Authors: Kingisepp G.
Published: December 2014

1. Asphyxia of both the normal and of the iodo‐acetic acid poisoned sinus causes alterations in the frequency which closely resemble the changes produced by asphyxia on the mechanical response of the ventricle.

2. Asphyxia in the normal heart produces a great decrease in the rate of a‐v conduction, whilst in the I.A.A. poisoned heart asphyxia produces less interference with conduction. This difference is probably due to the production of lactic acid in the former case and its absence in the latter case.

I wish to thank Professor A. J. Clark for his advice and help throughout this investigation.
THE EFFECT (a) OF LITTER‐SIZE ON GROWTH AND (b) OF ŒSTRONE ADMINISTERED DURING LACTATION (RAT)
Authors: Hain Annie M.
Published: December 2014

1. The effect of litter‐size on the growth‐rate of the individual rat is given, and groups containing 2–7 and 8–13 in a litter are compared. The effect of numbers on milk‐yield and on the length of the diœstrous interval is also examined.

2. The injection of cestrone into the lactating rat did not induce œstrus; it had an injurious effect on the growth of the young, but not in direct ratio to the amount administered. When litters were starved as the result of the injection of the mother, this was not due to an inhibition of mammary secretion, but to disinterestedness on the part of the mother.

3. There was a tendency to a prolongation of the dicestrous interval in lactating rats injected with œstrone, and this was more marked in rats suckling small litters.

4. It was found possible to cause a morphological abnormality in the development of the urogenital region of the suckling female by injecting large quantities of cestrone into the lactating rat. The effect is thus induced through the channel of the mother's milk.

5. A similar effect was produced by the direct injection of œstrone into new‐born females.
THE QUANTITATIVE STANDARDISATION OF SPERM SUSPENSIONS BY MEANS OF OPACITY
Authors: Burbank Roy C.
Published: December 2014

A quick and convenient method of estimating and standardising the numerical concentration of sperm suspensions is described. This consists in comparing the opacity of a diluted sample of the suspension with that of a range of ten graded opacity tubes, and then diluting the bulk of the suspension down to a standard concentration, the amount of dilution depending upon the result of the opacity test.
THE ACTION ON PERFUSED LUNGS OF DRUGS INJECTED INTO THE BRONCHIAL VASCULAR SYSTEM
Authors: Alcock P. , Berry J. L. , de Burgh Daly I. , Narayana B.
Published: December 2014

In the entire animal under positive pressure respiration and in the isolated lungs of the dog under negative pressure ventilation, with perfusion of the pulmonary and bronchial vascular system, injections of histamine and adrenaline into the bronchial circulation cause a tidal air diminution and augmentation respectively.

A constriction of the respiratory tract produced by histamine injected into the pulmonary or bronchial circulation is, in general, partially or completely released by adrenaline injected into the bronchial or pulmonary circulation respectively.

We are indebted to Dr. E. L. Godfrey for the radiograph shown in fig. 6.

The expenses of the research have been defrayed by a grant to one of us [I. de B. D.] from the Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society, to whom we express our thanks.
INTRAVENTRICULAR INJECTION OF ACETYLCHOLINE AND ESERINE IN MAN
Authors: Henderson W. R. , Wilson W. C.
Published: December 2014

The central origin of the sweating response has been confirmed by an observation made since this paper went to press. The subject (Case 9) was a man in whom the sympathetic supply to the head, neck, and upper extremity on the left side had been interrupted by operation 39 days before. During a typical reaction to intraventricular A. Ch. continuous sweating appeared on the right arm and right side of the face, while the area of sympathetic paralysis on the left side remained perfectly dry (Chart 8). The observation indicated that sweating was produced by central stimulation and that the impulses to the sweat glands were conveyed by secretory fibres in the sympathetic nerves.
REACTIVITY OF THE THYROID OF THE RABBIT TO THE THYROTROPIC HORMONE OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Authors: Sinha K. N.
Published: December 2014

1. Administration of thyrotropic hormone definitely increased the basal metabolic rate of the normal, the partially hypophysectomized, and the completely hypophysectomized rabbits.

2. The increase in the metabolic rate did not appear before the fourth day of injections in animals receiving subcutaneous injection. The animals receiving intra‐muscular injection showed an earlier rise in metabolism.

3. Hypophysectomy lowers the metabolic rate.

I am very grateful to Professor A. J. Clark, F.R.S., for giving me the opportunity to work in his Department and to Dr J. M. Robson for doing the operative procedures and giving me advice, help, and guidance throughout.
POSTURAL CHANGES IN CARDIAC OUTPUT AND RESPIRATION IN MAN
Authors: McMichael John , Johnston E. Alan
Published: December 2014

1. The acetylene method for the determination of cardiac output is considered in its practical details:

(a) Modifications are recommended in the technique of sampling which reduce the possibility of vitiation of the results by the recirculation of acetylene‐containing blood.

(b) The use of the usual modified Haldane apparatus for the gas analyses is open to serious error due to solution of acetylene in the CO2 absorbent. This analytical error can be eliminated by the use of a Van Slyke manometric apparatus.

2. Studies in normal subjects of the postural changes in the circulation reveal an invariable increase of the arterio‐venous oxygen difference in the erect as compared with the reclining position: this is usually associated with a definite drop in cardiac output in the erect position, although this change may be masked by the increased rate of oxygen consumption usually found in the standing position.

3. When a subject at rest on a tilting table is suddenly changed from the erect to the flat position, there occurs at once an increase in cardiac output as shown by an increase in the rate of oxygen uptake during the first 30 seconds or so after the change over. The increase in cardiac output calculated in this manner agrees closely with that calculated by the acetylene method.

4. The pulmonary ventilation per 100 c.c. oxygen consumed is greater in the erect than in the reclining position. This hyperventilation can be correlated with the fall in absolute cardiac output which occurs in the erect position.

This work was carried out with the aid of a grant for expenses from the Medical Research Council.
ASPHYXIAL ARREST OF THE ISOLATED RABBIT'S AURICLE
Authors: Chang I.
Published: December 2014

1. Under asphyxial conditions, normal mechanical activity of the rabbit's auricle is not maintained for longer than a few minutes even when the conditions are most favourable for glycolysis, the mechanical activity and the phosphagen index seem to fall together, it is therefore suggested that phosphagen breakdown rather than glycolysis energises the contraction of the rabbit's auricle.

2. At asphyxial arrest the glycogen content of rabbit's auricle is reduced to two‐thirds and the phosphagen content to one‐third of their normal value.

3. Poisoning with I.A.A. produces changes in the response of the rabbit's auricle to asphyxia essentially similar to those observed with the frog's heart.

The writer gratefully acknowledges his indebtedness to Professor A. J. Clark for his suggestions and advice throughout the experiments. Acknowledgment is also due to Dr. P. Eggleton and Dr. A. Deutsch for their kind help in connection with the chemical techniques employed.

The expenses of this research are partly defrayed by a grant from the Moray Research Fund of the University of Edinburgh, for which the writer wishes to express his thanks.
THE TUMOUR‐INHIBITING PROPERTIES OF 1·2 : 5·6 DIBENZANTHRACENE
Authors: Lees J. C.
Published: December 2014

1. 1·2 : 5·6 dibenzanthracene in doses which are sublethal to normal rats greatly reduces the growth of tumours in rats (confirmation of Haddow).

2. Analysis of the growths of the tumour and the host shows that d.b.a. in the doses described inhibits the growth of the host more powerfully than the growth of the tumour.

3. Doses of d.b.a. sublethal to normal rats, although they decrease tumour growth, decrease rather than increase the expectation of life of tumour‐bearing rats.

4. Injections of d. b. a. act more powerfully on tumours close to than on tumours farther away from the site of injection.

5. Rats dwarfed by previous injections of d.b.a. show a normal susceptibility to tumour inoculation.

6. The action of d.b.a. in inhibiting tumours is not influenced by administration of œstradiol or by castration.

This work was made possible by a grant from the Medical Research Council for the maintenance of animals and laboratory expenses, and by a personal grant from the Cancer Control Organisation for South‐East Scotland.

Thanks are also due to Dr. C. M. Scott for advice and assistance, and to Dr. A Haddow for supplying the Jensen rat sarcoma used in these experiments.
HISTAMINE AS A NORMAL STIMULANT OF GASTRIC SECRETION
Authors: MacIntosh F. C.
Published: December 2014

1. The histamine equivalent of the systemic blood is not significantly affected by the digestion of a meal. Whether histamine functions as a hormone in the second phase of gastric secretion has been neither proved nor disproved.

2. The histamine equivalent of the gastric venous blood is unchanged by stimulation of the vagus effective in producing gastric secretion.

3. The histamine equivalent of canine gastric juice, whether produced by vagal stimulation or by injection of histamine, is higher than that of blood plasma.

4. The possibility is discussed that histamine mediates the secretory action of the vagus on the parietal cells.

The author is greatly indebted to Dr. B. P. Babkin for much valuable advice and criticism.
HYDROLYSIS OF ACETYLCHOLINE BY TISSUES
Authors: Clark A. J. , Raventós J.
Published: December 2014

1. The frog's auricle wetted with Ac.Ch. solution recovers activity at a rate dependent on the initial concentration of drug. The form of recovery and also the relations between initial concentration of Ac.Ch. and the rate of recovery both indicate that the esterase activity of the auricle is equal to that produced by a concentration of enzyme centres equal to 2 x 10−5 molar. There is a considerable individual variation in the esterase activity of auricles.

2. The relation between dosage of Ac.Ch. and the duration of fall of blood‐pressure in the cat can be interpreted as regards the higher doses as an expression of esterase activity, but most of the Ac.Ch. introduced into the blood‐stream is rapidly removed, probably by reversible adsorption by the tissues.

3. The recovery of the frog's auricle from Ac.Ch. and the duration of its action on the ca's blood‐pressure are both prolonged by eserine and the consequent relations between concentration (or dosage) and duration can be interpreted as due to inhibition of all or at least the greater portion of the esterase.

4. The time for half hydrolysis of 1 in 10 million Ac.Ch. by the frog's auricle is about 20 secs., and the time for half hydrolysis of 1·0 µg./ kg. in the normal cat is between 5 and 10 secs.

The authors desire to express their thanks to the Moray Fund of the University of Edinburgh for a grant which defrayed the expenses of this research. One of the authors (J. R.) is in receipt of a grant from Messrs. Imperial Chemical Industries. We also desire to thank Messrs. E. Merck for kindly supplying carbaminoyl methyl choline.
RELEASE OF ACETYLCHOLINE BY VAGAL STIMULATION
Authors: Clark A. J. , Raventós J.
Published: December 2014

1. The rate of recovery of the frog's auricle wetted with a small volume of solution of Ac.Ch. has been compared with the rate of recovery from vagal stimulation. The latter is about five times as rapid as the former.

2. Comparison of the intensity of action of vagal stimulation and of Ac.Ch. solutions indicates that vagal stimulation causes a local concentration of Ac.Ch. of a few parts per 100 million.

3. Summation effects observed with vagal stimulation can be accounted for by assuming the rate of hydrolysis indicated by other experiments.

4. The duration of the slow response of skeletal muscles to Ac.Ch. indicates an esterase activity not more than ten times greater than that of the auricle.

The expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant from the Moray Research Fund of Edinburgh University, and one of the authors (J. R.) is in recept of a grant from Messrs. Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. We desire to express our thanks for this help.
THE REFLEX INFLUENCE OF THE LOWER PORTION OF THE LARGE INTESTINE ON THE TONUS AND MOVEMENTS OF THE EMPTY STOMACH IN DOGS
Authors: Loew E. R. , Patterson T. L.
Published: December 2014

1. A small amount of pressure (6‐18 mm. of mercury) in an intrarectal balloon does not produce any effect on the tonus or motility of the empty stomach in dogs.

2. An intrarectal pressure of 20‐48 mm. of mercury generally produces an inhibition of gastric tonus and motility. The duration and the degree of this inhibition is somewhat dependent on the magnitude of the intrarectal pressure. The stomach generally recovers from inhibition even while the pressure is maintained in the rectum, although the pressure may decrease when the rectum adapts itself.

3. Undiluted gall‐bladder bile of the dog affects the gastric hunger activity in the direction of inhibition when introduced into the rectum in such a manner that the dog is undisturbed during the administration. Glucose and physiological saline solutions have no effects.

4. The inhibition of the rhythmical activity of the stomach during hunger, which is produced by rectal distention or irritation of the mucosa, may be indicative of other alterations in the physiologic activity of the animal organism.
COMB ATROPHY AFTER ADULT CASTRATION (BANTAM COCKS)
Authors: Hain A. M.
Published: December 2014

1. Figures are given of the regression of the combs of Bantams after adult castration. There is a greater regression of height than of length.

2. The percentage of regression in height varies with the initial size, but in length is almost constant at 40 per cent. Consequently, whereas the level reached in height is fairly uniform, there is a wide variation in the level of length attained.

3. The levels to which the comb regresses after adult castration are much higher than those of birds castrated when immature.

The expenses of the investigation were defrayed by grants from the Medical Research Council.
THE USAGE OF PYRUVIC ACID BY THE DOG'S HEART
Authors: Braun-Menendez E. , Chute A. L. , Gregory R. A.
Published: December 2014

1. No change occurs in sodium pyruvate which is added to blood and kept at 37°C. for some hours.

2. When sodium pyruvate is added to the circuit of the heart‐lung or heart‐oxygenator preparation, its effects upon the heart are similar to those of lactate. It is toxic in concentrations of about 150 mg./100 c.c.

3. Under the conditions described, pyruvic acid does not form heart glycogen.

4. Large amounts of pyruvic acid are used by the heart and the rate of usage is related to the concentration of pyruvate in the blood. The usage was not appreciably affected by variations in blood sugar or lactate, by iodoacetate (1: 10,000), vitamin B1, or adrenaline.

5. Some preliminary experiments on the effect of pyruvate on the oxygen usage of the heart‐lung preparation are described, and the fate of the pyruvate used by the heart is discussed.

The authors wish to thank Professor C. Lovatt Evans, who collaborated in part of the work, for his helpful advice and criticism throughout, and for the generous facilities afforded.

The costs were in part defrayed by a grant made to R. A. G. from the Thomas Smythe Hughes Fund by the University of London, to whom the authors are indebted.
FAILURE TO ANTAGONIZE THE ACTION OF ŒSTRADIOL ON THE CORPUS LUTEUM BY PROGESTERONE OR TESTOSTERONE
Authors: Robson J. M.
Published: December 2014

Experiments were made to determine whether the action of cestradiol in maintaining the luteal function in hypophysectomized rabbits can be antagonized by progesterone or by testosterone propionate. The luteal function was maintained when pseudo‐pregnant rabbits were hypophysectomized and then received (1) 1·0 µg. of oestradiol per day, or (2) 1·0 µg. of oestradiol and 10 mg. of progesterone per day, or (3) 1·0 µg. of oestradiol and 10 mg. of testosterone propionate per day. The luteal function was not maintained in pseudo‐pregnant hypophysectomlized animals receiving 10 mug. of progesterone or 10 ieg. of testosterone propionate per day.

It is concluded that the action of oestradiol on the corpus luteum is not antagonized by progesterone or by testosterone propionate.

The expenses of this investigation were defrayed by a grant from the Medical Research Council.
METABOLISM OF THE ISOLATED PERFUSED CAT's BRAIN
Authors: Chute A. L. , Smyth D. H.
Published: December 2014

1. A method of perfusing the isolated cat's brain has been outlined together with an apparatus for recording continuously the oxygen consumption of such a preparation.

2. Blood‐flows were found to be 60–90 c.c./100 g./min. at pressures of 120–150 mm. Hg. Flows below 45 c.c./100 g./min. were incapable of maintaining cerebral function as judged by the presence of the corneal reflex.

3. Oxygen consumption of cat's brain was found to be between 200–300 c.c./100 g./hr. Oxygen usage was always in excess of that required for the complete oxidative removal of carbohydrate.

4. Usage of both glucose and lactate has been observed, but there appears to be a predilection on the part of the brain for glucose.

It is a pleasure for the authors to thank Professor C. Lovatt Evans for his kindly interest and encouragement, and we also wish to express our gratitude to Dr. R. A. Gregory and Dr. E. Braun‐Menendez for helpful advice and criticism. We are indebted to the Royal Society for a grant to one of us, A. L. C., towards defraying the expenses of this research. Some of the expenses have also been met out of a grant from the University of London Central Research Fund to Professor C. Lovatt Evans.
THE SITE OF ACIDIFICATION OF URINE IN THE FROG'S AND RAT'S KIDNEY
Authors: Ellinger P.
Published: December 2014

1. A method has been described by which objective records can be obtained of the pH present in cells and body fluids of living organs by taking colour photomicrographs of the fluorescence of fluorescein injected into the animals.

2. By means of this method it has been demonstrated that in the kidneys of frogs and rats the urine eliminated into the glomerular capsules is of the same acidity as the blood plasma. This preliminary urine is acidified exclusively in the distal tubules if the ultimate acidification is moderate, but in both proximal and distal tubules if the acidification of the bladder urine reaches a higher degree.

3. The mechanism of this acidification is discussed, and it is suggested that the acidification is caused probably by absorption of alkali in both sets of convoluted tubules from the content of the lumen.

I wish to express my thanks to the Lister Institute for hospitality and for a grant enabling the reproduction of the colour photomicrographs, to the Society for the Protection of Science and Learning for a Research Fellowship, and to the Ella Sachs Plotz Foundation for a grant for technical assistance. I am very much indebted to Professor R. Robison for his assistance in the preparation of the manuscript.