bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bien vivre au-delà du « périph » : les compromis des classes moyennes
Authors: Vermeersch Stéphanie
Published: January 2013

Cet article s’intéresse à des espaces urbains peu étudiés alors même qu’ils sont les plus nombreux : les « espaces moyens mélangés », qui ne sont guère analysés que lorsqu’il se « gentrifient ». Or, dans certains quartiers de la proche banlieue parisienne, y compris des quartiers disqualifiés, on observe le même mouvement de transformation sociale que dans certains quartiers centraux, mais qui met en jeu tout à la fois, des habitants, des discours et des pratiques peu décrits dans la sociologie urbaine française. À partir d’une enquête qualitative effectuée à Fontenay sous Bois, l’auteure interroge les itinéraires résidentiels de ces habitants de quartiers ordinaires, ainsi que leurs rapports aux territoires. Au-delà d’une étiquette sociale renvoyant les banlieusards à des destins captifs et uniformes, l’éventail des itinéraires résidentiels est varié, tout comme les pratiques des territoires qui permettent de négocier, au quotidien, distances et appartenances sociales.
Les archives comme outils de représentation de l'œuvre
Authors: Wierre Florence
Published: January 2013

Résumé L’histoire de l’architecture fondée sur la mémoire des maîtres d’œuvre apparaît dans la seconde moitié du xx e siècle lorsque les architectes du postmodernisme se retournent vers l’histoire et les modèles qu’elle leur a légués. Ce retour aux sources fonde le début de nouveaux travaux historiques parmi lesquels émerge l’étude des archives et qui voit la création des premiers centres consacrés aux archives d’architectes. Depuis, un ensemble d’établissements spécialisés s’est constitué et la mémoire des architectes s’organise. Aujourd’hui, les agences privilégient les images de leur mémoire à des fins de communication. Le développement de la production numérique les oblige à prendre une part active dans la conservation des documents, notamment pour des raisons techniques. Ainsi, les choix qui sont faits seront lourds de conséquences sur la perception de l’œuvre a posteriori. De même, l’augmentation significative de documents produits dans les agences au xx e siècle et l’arrivée de nouveaux supports fait évoluer le rôle des archivistes qui sélectionnent les fonds mais aussi les types de documents conservés. Avec les traditionnelles maquettes, esquisses, plans et documents écrits, quelques centres d’archives commencent à collecter des fichiers numériques. Se tissent alors progressivement de nouvelles relations entre agences, centre d’archives ou musées. Certains architectes (re)créent même des documents à la demande de musées. Parallèlement, de grands noms de l’architecture organisent la conservation de leur mémoire au sein de fondations. La politique de communication et les supports numériques de production des agences actuelles obligent l’archiviste et l’historien à s’interroger sur les relations qu’entretiennent les architectes avec leurs archives, outils de représentation de leur travail, et dans quelles mesures elles peuvent être manipulées. L’histoire des archives d’architectes doit nous permettre de comprendre les relations qu’elles entretiennent avec leurs producteurs et les enjeux qu’elles représentent à l’heure actuelle.
Les annales de la guerre : l'art contemporain en Israël
Authors: Goldberg Itzhak
Published: January 2013

Résumé Qu’il s’agisse de représenter le passé ou le présent, c’est la question de l’identité qui est au cœur de l’art israélien. Ou plutôt les identités, tant le conflit qui dure maintenant depuis un siècle domine l’ensemble de la création en Israël. Tout laisse à croire que les artistes israéliens prennent en charge cette réalité tragique et créent des œuvres qui obligent le public sinon à critiquer, du moins à s’interroger sur l’interminable cycle de violence. Rejetant le pathos, les artistes traitent les frontières, les ruines, les symboles culturels recyclés et leurs travaux sont souvent produits à partir de toutes sortes de documents (photos, cartes géographiques, journaux) qui servent de trame à un tissage entre l’histoire et l’art, comme reflet de la situation politique de ce pays.
« Dans la nuit il y a toi. Dans le jour aussi ». Interprétations temporelle et spatio-situationnelle de dans la nuit et dans le jour
Authors: Le Draoulec Anne
Published: January 2013

Résumé On sait que les emplois spatial versus temporel de la préposition dans dépendent pour une large part des propriétés du nom dont elle est suivie. Or on observe que pour des syntagmes prépositionnels (SP) où dans est suivi d’un nom de partie de la journée (i.e. un nom de temps, ou Ntps) ne suffit pas à orienter l’interprétation dans un sens temporel. La présente étude est focalisée sur l’analyse des séquences dans + le/la + jour/nuit , qui retiennent tout particulièrement notre attention par leur double possibilité d’interprétation, temporelle (surtout pour le cas de nuit – cf. dans la nuit, elle fit un rêve ) aussi bien que « spatio-situationnelle » (au sens où l’entité dénotée par le Ntps est configurée comme une entité concrète, spatialisée, faisant l’objet d’une perception sensible, visuelle, tactile, etc. – cf. dans la nuit, les étoiles scintillaient ). Notre analyse, appuyée sur corpus, met en évidence les différents paramètres (aux niveaux phrastique et discursif) susceptibles de guider le lecteur dans l’interprétation des SP étudiés (quand celle-ci ne reste pas indéterminée ou ambiguë).
Du pouvoir à l'autorité dans la cure des adolescents
Authors: Gutton Philippe
Published: January 2013

L’expression du pouvoir-savoir est ressentie négativement dans la cure des adolescents. Elle nuit à l’intersubjectalisation dans la séance et de la séance : son organisation, son contenu. Les associations de pensées sont d’autant plus actives qu’elles sont plus vives. Dans un cadre suffisamment libéré, l’autorité du thérapeute advient, fondement du transfert et contre transfert
Les ciné-clubs dans la tourmente
Authors: Hamery Roxane
Published: January 2013

Symboles d’un vaste mouvement culturel, les ciné-clubs sont, entre 1948 et 1955, l’enjeu de complexes débats économiques, idéologiques et politiques. Le 21 septembre 1949 est adopté un décret établissant le statut du cinéma non commercial, mais ce texte ne permet pas de résoudre les conflits qui opposent ciné-clubs et exploitants, attisant au contraire des débats houleux relayés par les revues affiliées aux fédérations de ciné-clubs et par la presse corporative. Pris dans ce rapport de force, l’État se réserve le rôle d’arbitre indécis, partagé entre des désirs contradictoires : l’envie de soutenir un cinéma vecteur d’éducation et de culture dans la France de l’après-guerre, le besoin d’encadrer une activité lucrative échappant au fisc, mais aussi la volonté de contrôler des groupements de spectateurs politisés, aux idées potentiellement subversives. Deux textes législatifs en 1954 et 1955, ainsi que l’évolution du contexte politique et culturel finiront par apaiser progressivement les tensions.
La French Connection, entre mythes et réalités
Authors: Marchant Alexandre
Published: January 2013

La French Connection fut après-guerre, entre les mains du Milieu corse de Marseille, la principale filière mondiale de trafic d’héroïne. Depuis les années 1970, trois mythes l’entourent : elle aurait été caractérisée par une organisation centralisée et pyramidale ; elle aurait prospéré dans une certaine passivité, voire une complicité, des pouvoirs publics français ; et une lutte acharnée des polices française et américaine, sous les pressions politiques, l’aurait totalement anéantie en 1973. L’examen minutieux des archives et des sources nous montre au contraire qu’elle ne fut que la partie saillante d’un marché mondial et multinational très composite, que la collaboration franco-américaine fut plus ancienne et fructueuse qu’on ne le croit, et que la lutte du début des années 1970 ne fit que déplacer certains éléments du système. La French Connection ne fut en réalité qu’une étape dans la reconfiguration permanente du marché mondial de trafic illicite d’héroïne.
Proposition de valeur et positionnement prix, la place de la valeur client dans le pricing d'offres innovantes : le cas des start-up technologiques
Authors: Iselin Frédéric
Published: January 2013

Cette recherche est centrée sur la question de recherche suivante : comment les start-up technologiques françaises intègrent-elles la valeur client dans les prix de leurs produits ou services ? Nous utilisons une approche quantitative par sources primaires (1 196 dirigeants de start-up, 280 réponses qualifiées). Nous proposons cinq apports de la recherche : un processus en onze étapes permettant aux managers de start-up technologique de positionner leur prix ; une typologie des propositions de valeur, qui distingue neuf situations ; la démonstration de la faiblesse de l’attractivité des propositions de valeur de 58 % des start-up technologiques françaises, la démonstration selon laquelle l’exploitation du potentiel de création de valeur conféré par l’innovation technologique n’est pas optimisée par 74 % des start-up françaises ; enfin, la majorité des start-up technologiques ont une proposition de valeur non convaincante .
Luxury and the recent economic crisis
Authors: Olorenshaw Robert
Published: January 2013

Résumé En comparaison d’autres activités économiques, le domaine du luxe est caractérisé par une série de paradoxes concernant le prix, la distribution, la production et ses divers rapports au temps. En période de crise, certaines marques ont respecté ces paradoxes et ont pu consolider leurs positions tout en profitant du marché chinois. La crise a également permis au plus grand groupe du luxe au monde, le français LVMH, de racheter des marques qui souffraient de la crise. Mais au-delà de ces considérations strictement économiques, il se peut aussi que, suite à la crise, les valeurs représentées par le luxe soient en train de se modifier et de devenir plus « éthiques »
Does Tamarix dalmatica (Tamaricaceae) occur in Spain?
Authors: Villar José Luis , Alonso María Ángeles , Juan Ana , Crespo Manuel B.
Published: January 2013

The presence of Tamarix dalmatica in the Iberian Peninsula, and its confusion in Spain with the native species T. boveana and T. africana, is discussed. A morphological comparison between these three species, and a critical study of the causes for the confusion between them, is presented. This includes an analysis of the variability in some morphological characters used for the identification of these species, together with clarifications of some discrepancies between the original descriptions and our observations of the type material. As a conclusion, T. dalmatica is excluded from the Iberian and Balearic floras.
Novelties in Centronia and Meriania (Merianieae, Melastomataceae) and a taxonomic revision of Meriania brachycera group
Authors: Mendoza-Cifuentes Humberto , Fernández-Alonso José Luis
Published: January 2013

A historical review, the circumscription problems and nomenclatural changes based upon a phylogenetic morphological analysis of the genus Centronia are presented. In this framework, four Andean species of Centronia are transfered to the genus Meriania (M. brachycera, M. haemantha, M. mutabilis and M. mutisii) and five new species related to this group (M. aguaditensis, M. arizae, M. silverstonei, M. sararensis and M. yalconensis) and three new subspecies of M. haemantha (subsp. chaponensis, subsp. orientalis and subsp. virolinensis) are described. The selection of lectotypes of M. haemantha and M. mutisii is made and four names Centronia eximia, C. pulchra, C. dichromantha and C. insignis, are considered synonyms. We argue that this group of nine species is a natural group witthin the genus Meriania, and present taxonomic revision.
Check-list of microscopic protosteloid amoebae from the Southwest of Europe
Authors: Aguilar María , Lado Carlos
Published: January 2013

A biodiversity survey for protosteloid amoebae was carried out in Spain, Portugal and France between 2005 and 2010. Samples were collected from three different microhabitats – aerial litter, ground litter, and bark of living plants – in a total of 97 localities. As result 26 to 28 species out of the 33 species of microscopic protosteloid amoebae described to date were recorded. An annotated list that comprises all available data about these organisms from this part of the world, a key to the species, comments on the morphology of the sporocarps and the trophic stages is presented. Photomicrographs of the fruiting bodies of most species, and distribution maps are also included.
Burmeistera minutiflora (Campanulaceae-Lobelioideae), a new species from the high Andes of Antioquia (Colombia) with the smallest flowers in the genus
Authors: Garzón Venegas Javier , González Favio , Vélez Puerta Jorge Mario
Published: January 2013

Burmeistera minutiflora (Campanulaceae-Lobelioideae), a new species of sect. Barbatae, is here described, illustrated, and keyed out with respect to other species of the genus with small flowers (i.e. corolla tube < 1 cm long). The new species is a small herb that grows in the understory of remnants of cloud montane forests of the Western cordillera of Antioquia, Colombia. The dimensions of the corolla and the berries correspond without doubts to the smallest size of reproductive structures in the genus. The small floral size contrasts with the colorful, bright red and yellow corollas.
Dos nuevas especies de avispas de las agallas en plantas herbáceas para España, incluyendo la descripción de una especie nueva de Aulacidea Ashmead, 1897 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Aylacini), que inducen agallas en Serratula nudicaulis L. DC (Asteraceae)
Authors: Nieves-Aldrey J. L.
Published: January 2013

Se citan dos nuevas especies de avispas de las agallas en plantas herbáceas para España. Las dos especies inducen agallas en cabezuelas florales de Serratula nudicaulis L. DC (Asteraceae) y se han encontrado en el valle del Lozoya (Madrid, España Central). Isocolus serratulae (Mayr, 1882) se cita por primera vez para la Península Ibérica y se describe una especie nueva de Aulacidea Ashmead, 1897: A. pilarae sp. n. La nueva especie es similar a Aulacidea serratulae Diakontschuk, 1984 citada de Europa oriental, diferenciándose por la morfología de los adultos.
Experimental Investigation of Dynamic Stall Performance for the EDI-M109 and EDI-M112 Airfoils
Authors: Gardner A. D. , Richter K. , Mai H. , Altmikus A. R. M. , Klein A. , Rohardt C.-H.
Published: January 2013

An experimental investigation of the dynamic performance of two new rotor blade airfoils was undertaken in a transonic wind tunnel. The EDI-M109 and EDI-M112 airfoils were tested at 0.3 ≤ M≤ 0.5 for pitching motions with amplitude 0.5° ≤ α±
≤8° and frequencies 3.3 Hz ≤ f ≤ 45 Hz. The results show the dynamic stall performance of both new airfoils, and the effect of frequency, amplitude, and higher order pitching motion on these results is described. The pitching moment peak size was found to have an approximately
linear correlation to the normalized mean angular velocity, and thus test cases with the same maximum angle of attack and oscillation frequency had similar dynamic stall qualities. The correlation between low aerodynamic damping for high-frequency, low-amplitude pitching motion, and poor dynamic
stall performance is shown to be low. The pitching moment peak of the EDI-M112 airfoil is shown to be smaller for M = 0.3 and 0.4, and peak for the EDI-M109 airfoil is lower at M = 0.5. The dynamic performance of the airfoils is compared to the OA209.
Characterization of whole body compositional growth of male ducks during the twenty-nine day post-hatch period
Authors: Schinckel A. P. , Einstein M. E. , Ajuwon K. M. , Adeola O.
Published: January 2013

Schinckel, A. P., Einstein, M. E., Ajuwon, K. M. and Adeola, O. 2013. Characterization of whole body compositional growth of male ducks during the twenty-nine day post-hatch period. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 113–122. Changes in whole body dry matter, lipid, ash, energy, crude protein, and amino acids were evaluated during a 29 d post-hatch period in White Pekin ducks. Drakes were assigned to slaughter 1, 8, 15, 22, or 29 d post-hatch with four replicates of four ducks per slaughter period. The body weight (BW) data were fitted to the Weibull function with the form:[Formula: see text]where BWit is the BW of the ith duck at t days of age and A, B, C, and IP are parameters. The value of IP, the inflection point, which minimized the residual SD, was 40 d. Values of A (8591 g, SE=190), B (42.87, SE=11.5), and C (1.7399, SE=0.050) resulted in an R 2 of 0.9836 and residual SD of 83.7 g. Allometric (Y=A BWB), linear-quadratic and exponential (Y=exp (b0+b1BW+b2 (BW)2) functions of BW were fitted to the chemical component and amino acid mass data. Dry matter percentage of the ducks increased (P<0.01) with age. The protein content of the dry matter decreased (P<0.01) from day 1 to day 8 (69 to 58.2%) and then increased to 60% by d 29. Concentrations of several amino acids were affected (P<0.05) by age. The predicted accretion rates of Lys, Trp, and Met relative to protein accretion increased as age increased. The predicted daily accretion rates for major indispensable amino acids increased rapidly the first 5 d post-hatch and subsequently increased but at a decreasing rate to day 29 post-hatch. The relative growth rates of chemical components and indispensable amino acids were affected by age indicating that the nutrient requirements of ducks differ from day 1 to day 29 post-hatch. Compositional growth and amino acid accretion data can be used to model the nutrient requirements of ducks.
Combinações de Técnicas de Fisioterapia no Tratamento de Pacientes com Esclerose Múltipla:
Authors: Pereira Gabriela Caetano , Vasconcellos Thiago Henrique Ferreira , Ferreira Célio Marcos dos Reis , Teixeira Dulcinéa Gonçalves
Published: January 2013

Objetivo. Avaliar a eficácia do tratamento fisioterapêutico no tocan­te à qualidade de vida (QV), fadiga, independência funcional para realização de atividades de vida diária (AVDs), amplitude de movi­mento (ADM), força muscular, equilíbrio e marcha em pacientes com esclerose múltipla (EM). Método. Estudo longitudinal descriti­vo quantitativo desenvolvido com 4 indivíduos do gênero feminino, com faixa etária de 33 a 53 anos, realizado em domicílio uma vez por semana, por um período de 60 minutos, totalizando 30 sessões para cada paciente. A Escala de Determinação Funcional da Qualidade de Vida na esclerose múltipla (DEFU), Escala Modificada do Impacto da Fadiga (MFIS), Índice de Barthel, Goniometria, Teste Manual Mus­cular (TMM), Equiscala, e a Avaliação Cinemática da Marcha foram aplicadas em três avaliações (sessões 0, 15 e 30). Os testes de Fried­man e de Dunn através do programa de software “Graphpad InStat” foram utilizados como análise estatística. Resultados. Houve melhora na ADM, força muscular, equilíbrio e marcha após as 30 sessões, po­rém sem resultados significativos na avaliação da décima quinta sessão. Conclusão. As técnicas de facilitação neuromuscular proprioceptiva e os exercícios de Frenkel são eficazes no tratamento das pacientes com EM, sendo necessário um maior tempo de intervenção para melhores resultados.
Paralisia Periódica Hipocalêmica Tipo 1:
Authors: Assis Thais Josy Castro Freire de , Furtado Fabiola Fialho , Mota Kelly Samara de Lira , Medeiros Isac Almeida de , Silva Bagnólia raújo da
Published: January 2013

A paralisia periódica hipocalêmica é uma doença neuromuscular, au­tossômica dominante, caracterizada por ataques episódicos de parali­sia flácida acompanhado de hipocalemia. As mutações nos canais de cálcio operados por voltagem (Cav) causam paralisia periódica hipo­calêmica tipo 1, nesta, apresentando atividade elétrica do músculo re­duzida ou mesmo ausente durante os ataques, provavelmente por uma falha na excitação-contração. Possivelmente pode haver envolvimento de canais para potássio sensíveis a ATP. Os sintomas desta geralmente começam na primeira ou segunda década de vida. Objetivo. Analisar o pa¬pel dos canais iônicos na fisiopatologia da paralisia periódica hi­pocalêmica tipo 1. Método. Tratou-se de um trabalho de revisão de literatura. Foram utilizados livros e artigos publicados na base de da­dos Pubmed, Science Direct e Scielo nas línguas portuguesa e inglesa. Resultados. Foram selecionados 36 trabalhos, dentre eles 34 artigos científicos e 02 livros. Conclusão. Apesar do considerável progresso, ainda é pouco compreendido a fisiopatologia dos genes mutantes nas canalopatias musculares, tais como na paralisia periódica, fazendo-se necessário direcionar esforços não só para a detecção de novos genes causadores e novas mutações, mas também para suas consequências fi­siopatológicas. A elucidação precisa da fisiopatologia é necessária para abrir novas perspectivas para futuras abordagens terapêuticas.
Correlação entre Assistência do Cuidador e Desempenho Funcional em Crianças com Paralisia Cerebral
Authors: Cunha Jackeline Oliveira do Vale , Rézio Geovana Sôffa , Formiga Cibelle Kayenne Martins Roberto
Published: January 2013

Objetivo. Este estudo teve o objetivo de identificar a correlação entre nível de assistência fornecido pelo cuidador e o desempenho funcional em crianças com Paralisia Cerebral (PC). Método. Doze (12) crianças com PC, nível I e II do GMFCS (Gross Motor Function Classifica­tion System), com idade média de 3 anos e 2 meses, frequentadoras do Setor Clínico da Associação Pestalozzi de Goiânia foram avaliadas através do Inventário de Avaliação Pediátrica de Incapacidade (PEDI – Pediatric Evaluation Disability Inventory). Resultados. Análise da correlação entre as partes de Habilidades Funcionais e Auxílio do Cuidador do PEDI indicou relação linear positiva significativa entre a assistência fornecida pelo cuidador e o desempenho funcional das crianças tanto na área de autocuidado (r=0,87; p<0,001) quanto na mobilidade (r=0,78; p=0,003). A correlação também se apresentou significativa no nível de independência da criança quanto à mobilida­de e o desempenho da mesma nas atividades de autocuidado (r=0,61; p=0,033). Conclusão. Ressalta-se a necessidade de envolvimento dos cuidadores nos tratamentos e atividades direcionadas às crianças com Paralisia Cerebral para que estes apoiem a autonomia nas atividades funcionais de mobilidade e autocuidado de sua criança.
Influência dos Receptores 5-HT3 no Processamento Nociceptivo de Ratos Submetidos ao Teste da Formalina
Authors: Garcia Tayllon dos Anjos , Nunes Angélica Xavier e , Teixeira Dulcinéa Gonçalves , Ferreira Célio Marcos dos Reis
Published: January 2013

Objetivo. O estudo objetivou-se em avaliar a participação da via se­rotoninérgica na modulação da dor e descrever a influência dos re­ceptores 5-HT3 na resposta nociceptiva de ratos Wistar submetidos ao teste da formalina. Método. Estudou-se o efeito da administração intraperitoneal do antagonista 5-HT3 ondansetrona sobre o compor­tamento de elevação da pata gerado pela injeção intraplantar de 100μL de formalina a 1%. O número de elevações da pata foi observado pelo período de 60 minutos. Resultados. Ondansetrona (2mg/kg) aumen­tou o comportamento de elevações da pata em relação ao grupo con­trole positivo durante a 1ª fase do teste e provocou uma diminuição deste comportamento durante a 2ª fase. Conclusão. A ondansetrona apresentou efeito frente ao modelo de comportamento de elevação da pata com formalina, sugerindo que a resposta nociceptiva é influencia­da por receptores 5-HT3, em especial em resposta à dor inflamatória.
The Atmospheric Chemistry and Canopy Exchange Simulation System (ACCESS): model description and application to a temperate deciduous forest canopy
Authors: Saylor R. D.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Forest canopies are primary emission sources of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and have the potential to significantly influence the formation and distribution of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mass. Biogenically-derived SOA formed as a result of emissions from the widespread forests across the globe may affect air quality in populated areas, degrade atmospheric visibility, and affect climate through direct and indirect forcings. In an effort to better understand the formation of SOA mass from forest emissions, a 1-D column model of the multiphase physical and chemical processes occurring within and just above a vegetative canopy is being developed. An initial, gas-phase-only version of this model, the Atmospheric Chemistry and Canopy Exchange Simulation System (ACCESS), includes processes accounting for the emission of BVOCs from the canopy, turbulent vertical transport within and above the canopy and throughout the height of the planetary boundary layer (PBL), near-explicit representation of chemical transformations, mixing with the background atmosphere and bi-directional exchange between the atmosphere and canopy and the atmosphere and forest floor. The model formulation of ACCESS is described in detail and results are presented for an initial application of the modeling system to Walker Branch Watershed, an isoprene-emission-dominated forest canopy in the southeastern United States which has been the focal point for previous chemical and micrometeorological studies. Model results of isoprene profiles and fluxes are found to be consistent with previous measurements made at the simulated site and with other measurements made in and above mixed deciduous forests in the southeastern United States. Sensitivity experiments are presented which explore how canopy concentrations and fluxes of gas-phase precursors of SOA are affected by background anthropogenic nitrogen oxides (NOx). Results from these experiments suggest that the level of ambient NOx influences the pathways by which SOA is formed by affecting the relative magnitudes and fluxes of isoprene oxidation products emitted from the canopy. Future versions of the ACCESS model are planned to be multiphase, including gas- and aerosol-phase chemical and physical processes, to more fully explore these preliminary results.
On the spatial distribution and evolution of ultrafine particles in Barcelona
Authors: Dall'Osto M. , Querol X. , Alastuey A. , O'Dowd C. , Harrison R. M. , Wenger J. , Gómez-Moreno F. J.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Sources and evolution of ultrafine particles were investigated both horizontally and vertically in the large urban agglomerate of Barcelona, Spain. Within the SAPUSS project (Solving Aerosol Problems by Using Synergistic Strategies), a large number of instruments was deployed simultaneously at different monitoring sites (road, two urban background, regional background, urban tower 150 m a.s.l., urban background tower site 80 m a.s.l.) during a 4 week period in September–October 2010. Particle number concentrations (N>5 nm) are highly correlated with black carbon (BC) at all sites only under strong vehicular traffic influences. By contrast, under cleaner atmospheric conditions (low condensation sink, CS) such correlation diverges towards much higher N/BC ratios at all sites, indicating additional sources of particles including secondary production of freshly nucleated particles. Size-resolved aerosol distributions (N10–500) as well as particle number concentrations (N>5 nm) allow us to identify three types of nucleation and growth events: (1) a regional type event originating in the whole study region and impacting almost simultaneously the urban city of Barcelona and the surrounding urban background area; (2) a regional type event impacting only the regional background area but not the urban agglomerate; (3) an urban type event which originates only within the city centre but whose growth continues while transported away from the city to the regional background. Furthermore, during these clean air days, higher N are found at tower level than at ground level only in the city centre whereas such a difference is not so pronounced at the remote urban background tower. In other words, this study suggests that the column of air above the city ground level possesses the optimal combination between low CS and high vapour source, hence enhancing the concentrations of freshly nucleated particles. By contrast, within stagnant polluted atmospheric conditions, higher N and BC concentrations are always measured at ground level relative to tower level at all sites. Our study suggests that the city centre of Barcelona is a source of non-volatile traffic primary particles (29–39% of N>5 nm), but other sources, including secondary freshly nucleated particles contribute up to 61–71% of particle number (N>5 nm) at all sites. We suggest that organic compounds evaporating from freshly emitted traffic particles are a possible candidate for new particle formation within the city and urban plume.
Real refractive indices and volatility of secondary organic aerosol generated from photooxidation and ozonolysis of limonene, α-pinene and toluene
Authors: Kim H. , Paulson S. E.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Thermodenuding particles can provide insights into aerosol composition, and may be a way to create particles in laboratory chambers that better mimic the atmosphere. The volatility of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was investigated by evaporating organics from the particles using a thermodenuder (TD) at temperatures between ~ 60 and 100 °C. Volatility was influenced by the parent hydrocarbon, oxidation chemistry and relative humidity (RH). For SOA generated from ozonolysis, limonene had lower volatility than α-pinene, and OH scavengers had no influence on volatility. For photooxidation, α-pinene SOA was slightly more volatile than limonene SOA and increasing RH also modestly increased volatility, while toluene SOA was unaffected by heating to 98 °C. For both α-pinene and limonene, the concentration of NOx and the HC/NOx ratio had no discernible effect on SOA volatility. Refractive indices for the original and denuded particles were retrieved from polar nephelometer measurements using parallel and perpendicular polarized 532 nm light. Retrievals were performed with a genetic algorithm method using Mie-Lorenz scattering theory and measured particle size distributions. Retrieved refractive indices for the SOA before thermodenuding varied between 1.35 and 1.61 depending on several factors, including parent hydrocarbon, oxidation chemistry, and SOA generation temperature. For high NOx SOA, as particles shrink, their refractive index returns to the value of the corresponding size particles before heating (limonene) or slightly higher (α-pinene). For low NOx however, the resulting refractive index is 0.05 ± 0.02 lower than the corresponding size undenuded particles. Additionally, for α-pinene SOA from ozonolysis with OH radical scavenger, resulting refractive indices were higher by about 0.03 after heating. Consistent with no change in size, refractive indices of toluene SOA were unaffected by heating. Finally, refractive index data available to date are reviewed and resulting in suggestions an mr for biogenic SOA of 1.44 and 1.55 for anthropogenic SOA as the most representative values.
Hygroscopic mixing state of urban aerosol derived from size-resolved cloud condensation nuclei measurements during the MEGAPOLI campaign in Paris
Authors: Jurányi Z. , Tritscher T. , Gysel M. , Laborde M. , Gomes L. , Roberts G. , Baltensperger U. , Weingartner E.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Ambient aerosols are a complex mixture of particles with different physical and chemical properties and consequently distinct hygroscopic behaviour. The hygroscopicity of a particle determines its water uptake at subsaturated relative humidity (RH) and its ability to form a cloud droplet at supersaturated RH. These processes influence the Earth's climate and the atmospheric lifetime of the particles. Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number size distributions (i.e. CCN number concentrations as a function of dry particle diameter) were measured close to Paris during the MEGAPOLI campaign in January–February 2010 covering 10 different supersaturations (SS = 0.1–1.0%). The time-resolved hygroscopic mixing state with respect to CCN activation was also derived from these measurements. Simultaneously, a Hygroscopicity Tandem Differential Mobility Analyser (HTDMA) was used to measure the hygroscopic growth factor (ratio of wet to dry mobility diameter) distributions at RH = 90%. The aerosol was highly externally mixed and its mixing state showed significant temporal variability. The average particle hygroscopicity was relatively low at subsaturation, RH = 90% (mean hygroscopicity parameter κ = 0.12–0.27) and increased with increasing dry diameter in the range 35–265 nm. The mean κ value, derived from the CCN measurements at supersaturation, ranged from 0.08 to 0.24 at SS = 1.0–0.%. Two types of mixing state resolved hygroscopicity closure studies were performed comparing the water uptake ability measured below and above saturation. In the first type the CCN counter was coupled with the HTDMA and closure was achieved over the whole range of probed dry diameters, growth factors and supersaturations using the κ-parameterisation for the water activity and assuming surface tension of pure water in the Köhler theory. In the second closure type we compared hygroscopicity distributions derived from parallel monodisperse CCN measurements and HTDMA measurements. Very good agreement was found at all supersaturations which shows that monodisperse CCN measurements are a reliable alternative to determine the hygroscopic mixing state of ambient aerosols.
Possible application of a compact electronics for multilayer muon high-speed radiography to volcanic cones
Authors: Tanaka H. K. M. , Yokoyama I.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. A compact data taking electronics was developed for high-speed multi-layer muon radiography in order to minimize the operation failure rate. By requesting a linear trajectory within the number of redundant position sensitive detectors (PSDs), the background (BG) events produced by vertical electromagnetic (EM) showers are effectively reduced. In order to confirm the feasibility of this method, the system comprising 4 PSD layers were tested by imaging the internal structure of a parasitic cone and the adjacent craterlets formed in the 1910 eruption at the base of Usu volcano, Hokkaido with a conventional (MURG08) readout system (Kusagaya et al., 2012; Tanaka et al., 2012). The new mountain has been believed to be a cryptodome since its formation. According As knowledge on lava domes is are accumulated at various volcanoes, the definition of "cryptodome" is now doubted in its validity. The results of the preliminary 290-h muon radiographic survey revealed that the "cryptodome" is not underlain by any lava mass and that a main craterlet is accompanied by magma intrusions at shallow depths. The former verifies that the new mountain is not a cryptodome but a volcanogenetic mound, and the latter interprets the phreatic explosions forming the craterlets as intrusions of magma into the aquifer. However, a higher data taking failure rate was observed with a software-based MURG08 system when the size of the active area of the detection system was enlarged to improve the detection ability of the system. The newly developed MURG12 is a complete hardware-based electronics system that can simultaneously process signals from 192 scintillation counters of data size of 600 kbps ch−1 without operation failure. We anticipate that the observation speed would be further improved by employing MURG12. At the base of Usu volcano, in 20th century, four eruptions occurred. Some of them demonstrated three characteristic magma intrusions. First, a magma branch remained at a depth leaving an upheaval of the ground, second, it rose and reached aquifers causing phreatic explosions but not extruded, and third, it reacted with aquifers causing phreatic explosions and further extruded over the ground forming a lava dome. In order to clarify the eruption mechanism of Usu, it is necessary for us to image many parasitic cones. Based on the result of the test measurement, we anticipate that MURG12 would be a strong tool for high-speed muon radiography.
Seasonal stratification and property distributions in a tropical estuary (Cochin estuary, west coast, India)
Authors: Shivaprasad A. , Vinita J. , Revichandran C. , Reny P. D. , Deepak M. P. , Muraleedharan K. R. , Naveen Kumar K. R.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. The intratidal, spring–neap and seasonal variations in stratification were examined in the Cochin estuary. The observations established a strong connection with the distribution of chemical and biological properties. The influence of tides and river discharge forcing in water column stability was quantified using potential energy anomaly (PEA) and stratification parameter. Partially mixed (neap) and well-mixed (spring) conditions during low river discharge (dry) period were altered in monsoon by the salt wedge intrusions. The ecological impact of salt wedge propagation on high tides bringing upwelled water to the system was evident from the bottom hypoxic, high chlorophyll a and nutrient-rich conditions. Phosphate and nitrite concentrations were higher at the bottom saline conditions but silicate and nitrate were clearly supplied by river water. However, during ebb tide this front was driven out of the estuary. The periodic advance and retreat of the salt wedge was inevitable in making the system immune from extended hypoxia/anoxia and maintaining the health of the Cochin estuary. For the seasonally varying river flow in the estuary, salt intrusion receded with increasing river flow in monsoon and rebounded with decreasing river flow in dry season. During monsoon, the intense flushing and reduction in salinity field expansion seemed to be responsible for the limited chlorophyll a levels along the surface of the Cochin estuary.
An analysis of present and future seasonal Northern Hemisphere land snow cover simulated by CMIP5 coupled climate models
Authors: Brutel-Vuilmet C. , Ménégoz M. , Krinner G.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. The 20th century seasonal Northern Hemisphere (NH) land snow cover as simulated by available CMIP5 model output is compared to observations. On average, the models reproduce the observed snow cover extent very well, but the significant trend towards a reduced spring snow cover extent over the 1979–2005 period is underestimated (observed: (−3.4 ± 1.1)% per decade; simulated: (−1.0 ± 0.3)% per decade). We show that this is linked to the simulated Northern Hemisphere extratropical spring land warming trend over the same period, which is also underestimated, although the models, on average, correctly capture the observed global warming trend. There is a good linear correlation between the extent of hemispheric seasonal spring snow cover and boreal large-scale spring surface air temperature in the models, supported by available observations. This relationship also persists in the future and is independent of the particular anthropogenic climate forcing scenario. Similarly, the simulated linear relationship between the hemispheric seasonal spring snow cover extent and global mean annual mean surface air temperature is stable in time. However, the slope of this relationship is underestimated at present (observed: (−11.8 ± 2.7)% °C−1; simulated: (−5.1 ± 3.0)% °C−1) because the trend towards lower snow cover extent is underestimated, while the recent global warming trend is correctly represented.
Are We Doing Any Good? A Value-Added Analysis of UBC’s Science One Program
Authors: Dryden Neil , Leander Celeste , Louis-Martinez Domingo , Nakahara Hiroko , MacLean Mark , Waltham Chris
Published: January 2013

Science One is a full academic year interdisciplinary alternative to the traditional first-year experience in the Faculty of Science at the University of British Columbia (UBC). Anecdotal reports suggest that alumni/ae of the program do very well in upper-level classes and many become successful graduate and medical students. The high faculty/student ratio makes the program an expensive one, however, and thus we have sought rigorous evidence of the benefits to our students. Our approach has been a value-added one; we have compared high-school and upper-level undergraduate grades for students in all UBC's first-year science programs. We have found a clear signal that there is a large benefit to participating in Science One, and conclude that this arises from a combination of the recruitment of enthusiastic students who are up for a challenge, the Science One admissions process, and taking the program itself.
Science One consiste en une année scolaire interdisciplinaire complète qui représente une variante de l’expérience traditionnelle vécue en première année à la Faculté des sciences de l’Université de la Colombie-Britannique (UBC). Des rapports isolés suggèrent que les anciens étudiants du programme obtiennent de très bons résultats dans les cours de niveau supérieur et plusieurs obtiennent leur diplôme avec succès et étudient en médecine. Cependant, le ratio élevé enseignant/étudiant fait en sorte que le programme coûte cher, c’est pourquoi les auteurs ont cherché à obtenir des données probantes sur les avantages qu’il présente pour leurs étudiants. Ils ont employé la méthode de la valeur ajoutée; ont comparé les notes obtenues au secondaire et celles des étudiants de premier cycle inscrits à des cours de niveau supérieur dans tous les programmes scientifiques offerts à l’UBC. Ils ont découvert que la participation à Science One est très bénéfique et ont conclu que cela résulte d’une combinaison entre le recrutement d’étudiants enthousiastes qui souhaitent relever un défi, le processus d’admission à Science One et le fait de suivre le programme.
Impact of Multitasking on Listening Effectiveness in the Learning Environment
Authors: Kushniryk Alla , Levine Kenneth J.
Published: January 2013

This experimental study evaluated the impact of multitasking and social presence on students’ performances in the learning environment. In the first live-presenter group, the participants listened to a lecture in a face-to-face environment. In the second virtual-presenter group, the participants listened on their computers to a pre-recorded lecture. The participants of these groups listened to a lecture and simultaneously wrote responses to open-ended online survey questions. While the participants of the first two groups were multitasking, those in the third group completed listening and writing tasks sequentially. It was found that multitasking significantly decreased performances on both the listening and writing tasks. The experiment also uncovered that the degree of social presence did not affect students’ performances on the listening or writing tasks in the learning environment. The perceived degree of social presence was the same in the virtual- and live-presenter groups.
La présente étude expérimentale évalue les conséquences de la multiplicité des tâches et de la présence sociale sur la performance des étudiants dans l’environnement d’apprentissage. Le premier groupe a assisté à une cours donnée par un conférencier sur place. Le deuxième groupe a écouté le cours préenregistrée à partir d’un ordinateur. Les participants de ces deux groupes ont répondu simultanément en ligne aux questions ouvertes d’un sondage. Alors que les participants des deux premiers groupes ont effectué des tâches multiples simultanément, ceux du troisième groupe ont d’abord écouté puis ont répondu au sondage de façon séquentielle. Les chercheurs ont découvert que le fait de réaliser des tâches multiples entraînent une baisse importante de la performance en ce qui a trait à l’écoute et à la rédaction des réponses. L’expérience a aussi permis de découvrir que la présence en classe n’influe pas sur la performance des étudiants en ce qui a trait aux tâches d’écoute ou de rédaction dans l’environnement d’apprentissage. Le degré perçu de présence sociale était le même dans le groupe du conférencier virtuel que dans celui du conférencier en direct.
Restriction Enzymes in Microbiology, Biotechnology and Biochemistry
Authors: Wilson Geoffrey G. , Wang Hua , Heiter Daniel F. , Lunnen Keith D.
Published: January 2013

Since their discovery in the nineteen-seventies, a collection of simple enzymes termed Type II restriction endonucleases, made by microbes to ward off viral infections, have transformed molecular biology, spawned the multi-billion dollar Biotechnology industry, and yielded fundamental insights into the biochemistry of life, health and disease. In this article we describe how these enzymes were discovered, and we review their properties, organizations and genetics. We summarize current ideas about the mechanism underlying their remarkable ability to recognize and bind to specific base pair sequences in DNA, and we discuss why these ideas might not be correct.We conclude by proposing an alternative explanation for sequence-recognition that resolves certain inconsistencies and provides, in our view, a more satisfactory account of the mechanism.
Mining for Restriction Endonucleases in Nicaragua
Authors: Espinoza-Miranda Suyén E. , Gómez-Rodríguez Julio A. , Huete-Pérez Jorge
Published: January 2013

The Molecular Biology Center at the University of Central America in Nicaragua(CBM-UCA) was founded in 1999 to strengthen biotechnology research capacity and education in Nicaragua and the Central American region. One of the first projects launched by the CBM-UCA was bio-prospecting for key industrial enzymes. This ongoing study seeks to discover and characterize restriction enzymes (RE) in bacteria, and to create a database of microorganisms isolated and identified by 16S rDNA sequencing methodology. In this paper we highlight the importance of studying the extreme environmental conditions for building knowledge of Nicaraguan biodiversity through modern molecular biology techniques such as metagenomics. The isolation of prototype enzymes such as EcoRV and ClaI is presented as an update and extension of previously undertaken work.
Efecto del tratamiento con leptina sobre la actividad del sistema glucosensor y la expresión de neuropéptidos implicados en la regulación de la ingesta de alimento en trucha arcoíris (Onchorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Aguilar Ariel J. J.
Published: January 2013

La presente revisión se focaliza en el efecto modulatorio de la leptina sobre la actividad del sistema glucosensor y la expresión de neuropéptidos orexigénicos y anorexigénicos involucrados en la regulación de la ingesta de alimento en trucha arco iris. De manera similar al efecto que produce en mamíferos, la administración ICV de leptina induce cambios dosis dependiente en los parámetros relacionados con la glucosensibilidad en hipotálamo y cerebro posterior (incrementos del potencial glucolítico y glucogenogénico en coordinación con incrementos de la actividad de glucoquinasa y de los niveles de ARNm de genes involucrados en la respuesta glucosensora) compatible con lo observado en peces bajo condiciones de hiperglucemia, una situación que produce anorexia. La comprensión de la especificidad de la acción de la leptina en peces es menos clara que en mamíferos. Existen evidencias que sugieren que la acción central de la leptina sobre el sistema glucosensor está relacionada con la activación de la vía JAK/STAT e IRS-PI3K. Por otro lado, el tratamiento con leptina ICV incrementa el potencial glucogenolítico en hígado, el cual podría estar asociado con incrementos de la actividad simpática, y en hipotálamo induce decrecimiento de los niveles de ARNm de NPY. Por tanto, considerando la acción orexigénica del NPY en peces, pareciera que el efecto anoréctico de la leptina puede estar mediado por la reducción de la expresión de NPY en el hipotálamo y que esos cambios pueden estar relacionados con la activación del sistema glucosensor.