bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enterolithiasis in a 15 Year Old Dongola Breed Stallion
Authors: Omoniwa D. O. , Alaba B. A. , Okeke R. O. , Adanu W. A. , Kalang J. J. , Oladipo O. O. , Adedokun R. A. M.
Published: July 2021

Equine enteroliths are mineral accumulations of magnesium-ammonium-phosphate (struvite) around a foreign object that form round, triangular, or flat stones inside the bowel usually over the course of multiple years. They form in the large colon of horses where they can remain for some time until they move and cause an obstruction in the large or small colon, resulting in colic. A 15year old Dongola stallion was presented with a bout of colic, history revealed that the horse repeatedly had been having recurrent bouts of colic. The animal was not responding to treatment rather it was getting worse. The horse died before surgical intervention could be carried out. At post mortem twenty enteroliths were discovered in the colon.
A Prospective Study on Adverse Drug Reactions in Inpatients of General Medicine Department in a Tertiary Care Hospital- A clinical Pharmacist-led Study
Authors: Hassan Shereen , Kumar U. Ujwal , Mascarenhas Venessa , Suresh G. , Raj K. C. Bharath , Nayak Prashant
Published: July 2021

The present study was carried out to determine the incidence of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) in general medicine department and to assess and analyze the causality, severity, and preventability of ADRs. A prospective observational study was conducted in the general medicine department for six months. All patients receiving drug therapy are considered and are selected based on the inclusion criteria. Patient demographic details like age, gender, diagnosis, past medical history, concomitant medications, etc., are recorded from the patient data gathering form. The causality assessment is accomplished using Naranjo and WHO scales. The severity is carried out using the Modified Hartwig and Siegel scale. The preventability evaluation is accomplished using the Modified Schmock and Thornton scale. The study included 385 patients were between the age group of 18 years and, out of which 34 patients developed adverse drug effects including female and male. Patients between the age group of 40-50 years (18.1%) developed a high incidence of ADRs. The causality was assessed using Naranjo’s causality assessment scale, 44.1% reactions were probable; 29.4% reactions were certain, 23.5% reactions were possible and 2.9 % reactions were conditional. When the reactions were assessed most of them were assessed 55.1% were moderate and 61.8% were probably preventable. Appropriate observation of the drug effect is essential to ensure the safety of the patient. This also will have the advantage of reducing the incidence of the ADRs, thus deplete the complications and helps to improve the quality of life of the patients.
A Review on Impact of Lower Extremity Muscle Length
Authors: Pawar Anushree , Phansopkar Pratik , Gachake Avanti , Mandhane Komal , Jain Riddhi , Vaidya Shivani
Published: July 2021

Muscle length is known as the length at which muscle is able to generate the maximum amount of force. This length is determined by the joint angle corresponding to that muscle. Length of muscle is an important parameter of length-tension relationship. Muscle functions and its mechanics helps in surgical decision making, to establish primary ergonomic advice recommendations and to form a structure of recovery program using the benefits of length-tension relation. Understanding the optimal muscle length as well as its comparison between the extremities is very important as a part of examination in physiotherapy, particularly in the cases of musculoskeletal disorders. Several tests are available for testing the muscle length. However standardize and reliable tests are been chosen to prevent the error while testing as such  measurement of hamstring, iliopsoas, rectus femoris and gastrocnemius length is been acquired through standard goniometer. The methods used for the assessment comprised of; active knee extension (AKE) tests the hamstrings, Thomas and modified Thomas test to evaluate iliopsoas and rectus femoris while prone, figure-four position accompanied by dorsiflexion for gastrocnemius. Many studies have done and their results had shown that there was difference in the lengths of muscle of lower extremity which was assessed in different players along with that normative data about the length of muscle was established. However there is paucity of study on the muscle length testing of individuals who are completely normal who are not having previous history of trauma to their lower limbs and those who are not an athlete.
Errors Related to General Relativity, Repulsive Gravitation and the Question of Black Holes
Authors: Lo C. Y.
Published: July 2021

Galileo and Newton considered gravity to be independent of temperature, while Einstein claimed that the weight of metal will increase as temperature increases. Further, Maxwell maintained that charge is unrelated to gravity. Experiments show, however, that the weight of a metal piece is reduced as its temperature increases. Thus, charge-initiated repulsive gravitation exists. In fact, repulsive gravity has been demonstrated by the use of a charged capacitor hovering over Earth. Further, it is expected that a piece of heated metal would fall more slowly than a feather in a vacuum. Einstein developed an invalid notion of gravitational mass, and failed to establish the unification of gravitation and electromagnetism since he overlooked repulsive gravitation. Moreover, photons are a combination of the gravitational wave and the electromagnetic wave. For electromagnetic energy    is invalid, and is in conflict with the Einstein equation. The non-linear Einstein equation has no bounded dynamic solution, Space-time singularity theorems are based on an invalid implicit assumption that all the couplings have a unique sign. Since gravity is no longer always attractive, the existence of black holes is questionable. The fact that Penrose was awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for the derivation of black holes is due to that the Nobel Prize Committee for Physics did not sufficiently understand the physics of general relativity. A distinct characteristic of Penrose's work, as usual, is that it is not verifiable.
Effect of CTAB Ratio to the Characters of Mesoporous Silica Prepared from Rice Husk Ash in the Pyrolysis of a–cellulose
Authors: Wulandari Nia Meisa , Efiyanti Lisna , Trisunaryanti Wega , Oktaviano Haryo Satriya , Bahri Syaiful , Ni’mah Yatim Lailun , Larasati Savitri
Published: July 2021

Due to its wide application, synthesizing silica through a cost-effective process becomes an attractive subject to be studied today. In this work, mesoporous silica (MS) was prepared from the highly available agricultural waste, rice husk ash (RHA), to be used as catalyst in the pyrolysis of a-cellulose. Silica was extracted from RHA through a reflux process in a strong base solution and arranged into a mesoporous structure by using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). To find a condition that produces a mesoporous support with the highest surface area and catalytic activity, the mole ratios of CTAB:SiO2 used during the preparation of MS were varied; 0.05:1; 0.1:1; 0.2:1. Afterwards, all prepared MS were characterized using Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Surface Area Analyzer (SAA). Through he surface area analysis, it was found that MS materials possessed surface area, pore diameter, and pore volume that range from 600–970 m2.g−1, 3.5–4.7 nm, 0.7–1 cm3.g−1, respectively. The highest surface area, with over 970.80 m2.g−1, was obtained in MS support prepared by using CTAB:SiO2 mole ratio of 0.1:1. SEM images showed a coral reef-like surface morphology for all MS. In the pyrolysis of a-cellulose evaluated by Py-GCMS, aside from producing biofuel compounds, the use of MS was able to generate two-fold furan production, which is considered as a valuable compound in many chemical syntheses. This result highlights the potential of MS prepared from RHA to be used as a catalysis support material that is more economical for biofuel and other chemical production. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
A importância do café para São Tomé e Príncipe frente à proibição do comércio de escravizados pela Inglaterra
Authors: Souza Alan de Carvalho
Published: July 2021

Este artigo aborda a cultura cafeeira em São Tomé e Príncipe durante o período imediatamente posterior à proibição inglesa do comércio de escravizados em 1807. Considerada a cultura capaz de desenvolver a agricultura no arquipélago, o café, apesar da resistência inicial ao seu cultivo, manteve o interesse e a presença de embarcações estrangeiras quando da interdição inglesa e da isenção de ancoragem concedida pela Coroa portuguesa a todos os navios do Brasil que comercializavam na Costa da Mina; desde que fossem recolhidos os direitos aos portos onde ocorreram as barganhas comerciais. Beneficiando-se da demanda existente e da qualidade, o grão aos poucos conquistou o interesse e foi apontado como a cultura que ajudaria a superar o cenário de proibição do comércio de sua maior receita alfandegária até então, o comércio de escravizados.The Importance of Coffee for São Tomé and Príncipe in View of the Prohibition of Slave Trade by EnglandThis article addresses coffee farming in São Tomé and Príncipe just after the English ban on the slave trade in 1807. Considered a key crop for of the development of agriculture in the archipelago, despite initial resistance to its cultivation, coffee maintained foreign commerce when the English ban and the anchorage exemption granted by the Portuguese crown to Brazilian ships trading in the Costa da Mina provided rights to the ports where the commercial bargains occurred. Benefiting from the demand for quality coffee beans, the crop gradually won the interest of local producers seeking to overcome the negative economic impact of the ban on the islands’ largest source of customs revenue: the commerce in enslaved people.Coffee | Sao Tomé and Príncipe | Slave trade
Belém, cidade negra na Amazônia
Authors: Assunção Matthias Röhrig
Published: July 2021

Resenha de:BEZERRA Neto, José Maria; LAURINDO Junior, Luiz Carlos (orgs.). Escravidão urbana e abolicionismo no Grão-Pará, século XIX. Jundiaí: Paco Editorial, 2020. 364p.
Prospecção Tecnológica do Lúpulo (Humulus lupulus L.) e suas Aplicações com Ênfase no Mercado Cervejeiro Brasileiro
Authors: Guimarães Bernardo Pontes , Evaristo Rafael Benjamin Werneburg , Ghesti Grace Ferreira
Published: July 2021

O lúpulo é o insumo utilizado na fabricação de cerveja responsável por aromas e pelo amargor da bebida. No Brasil, essa matéria-prima é importada quase que em sua totalidade. Essa planta, habituada a regiões de clima específico, está sendo cultivada em solo brasileiro e obtendo resultados promissores. Em função disso, o presente artigo buscou realizar uma prospecção tecnológica, por meio de uma metodologia qualitativa exploratória, sobre o que está sendo estudado e desenvolvido sobre lúpulo e sua utilização no processo cervejeiro nos últimos 20 anos. Sabe-se que, a partir do momento em que houver a comercialização de lúpulo nacional, novas tecnologias e processos serão necessários para sua manufatura. A pesquisa revelou uma tendência de países com maior produção de lúpulo ou cerveja a investirem mais em pesquisa e desenvolvimento no setor. Além do mais, foram identificados entraves para a inserção apropriada do lúpulo cultivado em território nacional para ser utilizado pelas cervejarias.
Prospecção Científica e Tecnológica Aplicada ao Conceito de Estações de Tratamento de Esgoto Sustentáveis
Authors: Campos Fabio , Nolasco Marcelo Antunes
Published: July 2021

O conceito de estação de tratamento sustentável de esgoto envolve a prática de recuperação e de reaproveitamento de seus subprodutos, dotando-os de valor de mercado. Com o intuito de verificar o envolvimento do meio acadêmico, o estudo realizou prospecção científica em base de dados e em escritórios de registros de patentes compreendendo os últimos 20 anos. A análise da prospecção evidenciou uma tendência positiva em relação às pesquisas na área, com ênfase ao reúso de esgoto, tendo o predomínio da China seguida pelos EUA em termos de publicações; destacando-se a participação brasileira entre os 10 primeiros países em termos de publicações sobre o assunto. Quanto à análise patentária, verificou-se um número considerável de registros com descritores que caracterizam o tema deste estudo, com tendência crescente desde 2015. Conclui-se, portanto, que o assunto é inovador e promissor, apresentando-se como uma interessante área tanto para o meio acadêmico como para a geração de novas tecnologias e produtos para a sociedade.
Prospecção Tecnológica de Patentes a Respeito da Produção de Diesel Verde a partir de Microalgas com Catalisadores de Nióbio por Pirólise Rápida
Authors: Dourado Mailena Silva , Mascarenhas Beatrice Araújo , Gonçalves Odete Gonçalves , Fréty Roger Thomas , Sales Emerson Andrade
Published: July 2021

Nos dias de hoje, as microalgas vêm sendo investigadas como fonte de matéria-prima para produzir biocombustíveis devido à sua alta produtividade, ao elevado teor lipídico e à capacidade de crescer em uma grande variedade de climas e de espaços, sem competir com a produção de alimentos. Este trabalho tem como finalidade identificar as patentes referentes à produção de diesel verde a partir de microalgas, empregando catalisadores de nióbio no processo de pirólise. Para isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa nos bancos de dados Espacenet e Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial (INPI), por meio de códigos indexados na Classificação Internacional de Patentes (CIP). Os resultados mostram que não foram encontradas tecnologias usando pirólise rápida e catalisadores de nióbio para transformar os lipídios de microalgas em combustíveis verdes, o que pode justificar a necessidade de um estudo na área.
Potencial da Aplicação de Blockchain para a Rastreabilidade de Cadeias de Alimentos Sustentáveis: um estudo prospectivo
Authors: Ferreira Andrik Guimarães , Oliveira Rosinei De Sousa , Quintella Cristina M. , Lima Celson Pantoja
Published: July 2021

O futuro sustentável, segundo a ONU, faz referência às ações que garantam a sustentabilidade dos sistemas produtivos perante os recursos naturais. Os desafios aqui destacados são de busca pelo equilíbrio entre a expansão da produção e a fraude alimentar. Este estudo tem por objetivo realizar uma análise prospectiva em patentes e em publicações científicas para fornecer uma visão geral a respeito do desenvolvimento de soluções tecnológicas sobre blockchain aplicado à rastreabilidade em cadeias de suprimentos sustentáveis. A partir da análise dos documentos das bases de dados Scopus e de patentes pelo software Questel Orbit, observa-se que a China e os Estados Unidos se destacam por definirem estratégias de política nacional, tanto do ponto de vista comercial em proteção de patentes como de pesquisas científicas. Porém, apesar do grande espectro de aplicação da tecnologia, o estudo demonstra que ainda há carência de soluções que relacionem a rastreabilidade de cadeias com o contexto de sustentabilidade.
Sementes Florestais e seu Potencial Tecnológico: uma análise de metadados
Authors: Calazans Crislaine Costa , Nunes Valdinete Vieira , Souza Juliana Lopes , Silva-Mann Renata
Published: July 2021

A busca por inovações tecnológicas é uma importante ferramenta de auxílio para o planejamento da conservação das espécies florestais e seus produtos não madeireiros. Este trabalho objetiva realizar um estudo de prospecção científica e tecnológica do uso e do potencial de sementes florestais. Para a busca dos artigos, foram utilizadas as plataformas Scopus e Web of Science. As análises estatísticas foram geradas com o auxílio do pacote Bibliometrix do software R. As patentes foram prospectadas e analisadas usando-se o Orbit Intelligence. Foram mapeados 229 artigos e 387 documentos de patentes. A China é o principal detentor das patentes, incluindo produtos patenteados a partir de espécies florestais brasileiras. Embora o Brasil apareça como um dos países depositários, com destaque para as espécies nativas, ele não foi o país de origem de nenhuma patente da pesquisa. As patentes foram desenvolvidas principalmente para atender às indústrias de alimentos, de medicamentos e de cosméticos.
O modelo de 5-fatores de Fama-French e o crescimento econômico futuro: evidências em mercados emergentes
Authors: Ferreira José Clemente Jacinto , Matias Gama Ana Paula , Fávero Luiz Paulo , Costa Raquel
Published: July 2021

Este estudo procura investigar se existe uma relação entre os fatores de risco do modelo de avaliação de ativos de cinco fatores proposto por Fama e French (2015) e o crescimento econômico futuro dos países emergentes que compõem o grupo denominado de BRICS, bem como o próprio grupo. Para tanto, a partir de uma amostra do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) e dos retornos dos fatores de risco de mercado, porte, índice book-to-market, lucro operacional e investimento dos mercados de ações no período compreendido entre 1993 e 2019, aplicou-se a técnica de análise de regressão quantílica para os percentis 0,05; 0,25; 0,50; 0,75; e 0,95, bem como se estimaram cinco modelos de regressão simples e um de regressão múltipla. Para fins de comparação, modelos quantílicos para dados em painel com efeitos fixos também foram estimados. Os resultados empíricos sugerem que os retornos dos fatores de risco de mercados de ações emergentes captam informações que ajudam a prever o crescimento econômico dos BRICS e dos respectivos países.
Flavin Coenzymes
Authors: Gadda Giovanni
Published: July 2021

Flavins are yellow chromophores in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans and essential for practically all metabolic processes. They occur in nature in a variety of forms. The core of the flavin cofactor is the 7,8‐dimethyl‐isoalloxazine nucleus, with the most common forms as flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide. About 10% of flavin cofactors are covalently linked to their apoproteins, with a smaller subgroup having a bicovalent linkage. The covalent linkage is, in general, via a modification of the xylene subnucleus and functional groups of amino acid side chains. As cofactors, flavins are distinguished by their ability to catalyse a wide variety of different processes. These include oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions, the activation of dioxygen, electron transfer, photo(bio)chemistry, the emission of light, reactions such as rearrangements not involving apparent, net redox steps, regulation processes and structural roles.

The flavin cofactor is amongst the most versatile with ability for one‐ and two‐electron transfers, nucleophilic and electrophilic reactions.

A salient property of the flavin cofactor core is its ability to catalyse a vast variety of chemical reactions.

Chemical variation of a basic molecule (the isoalloxazine) leads to several (modified) coenzymes that can differ significantly in their catalytic properties.

The type and position of the modification is a key determinant for the properties of the (modified) coenzyme.

Modified cofactors can be used – upon substitution of the native cofactor – to study the mechanisms of the catalysed reactions.

The cofactor interacts with the protein in many different ways. These, in turn, affect the properties of the cofactor as a catalyst. The result is a disparate selection of catalytic functions.

The flavin has – depending on its redox and ionisation state – characteristic spectral properties (both with respect to absorbance and fluorescence). These are conveniently employed to analyse the different species, their properties and conversions.
2021 American College of Rheumatology/Vasculitis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody–Associated Vasculitis
Authors: Chung Sharon A. , Langford Carol A. , Maz Mehrdad , Abril Andy , Gorelik Mark , Guyatt Gordon , Archer Amy M. , Conn Doyt L. , Full Kathy A. , Grayson Peter C. , Ibarra Maria F. , Imundo Lisa F. , Kim Susan , Merkel Peter A. , Rhee Rennie L. , Seo Philip , Stone John H. , Sule Sangeeta , Sundel Robert P. , Vitobaldi Omar I. , Warner Ann , Byram Kevin , Dua Anisha B. , Husainat Nedaa , James Karen E. , Kalot Mohamad A. , Lin Yih Chang , Springer Jason M. , Turgunbaev Marat , Villa‐Forte Alexandra , Turner Amy S. , Mustafa Reem A.
Published: July 2021

Objective

To provide evidence‐based recommendations and expert guidance for the management of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–associated vasculitis (AAV), including granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA).

Methods

Clinical questions regarding the treatment and management of AAV were developed in the population, intervention, comparator, and outcome (PICO) format (47 for GPA/MPA, 34 for EGPA). Systematic literature reviews were conducted for each PICO question. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology was used to assess the quality of evidence and formulate recommendations. Each recommendation required ≥70% consensus among the Voting Panel.

Results

We present 26 recommendations and 5 ungraded position statements for GPA/MPA, and 15 recommendations and 5 ungraded position statements for EGPA. This guideline provides recommendations for remission induction and maintenance therapy as well as adjunctive treatment strategies in GPA, MPA, and EGPA. These recommendations include the use of rituximab for remission induction and maintenance in severe GPA and MPA and the use of mepolizumab in nonsevere EGPA. All recommendations are conditional due in part to the lack of multiple randomized controlled trials and/or low‐quality evidence supporting the recommendations.

Conclusion

This guideline presents the first recommendations endorsed by the American College of Rheumatology and the Vasculitis Foundation for the management of AAV and provides guidance to health care professionals on how to treat these diseases.
Liquid–Liquid Phase‐Separated Systems from Reversible Gel–Sol Transition of Protein Microgels
Authors: Xu Yufan , Qi Runzhang , Zhu Hongjia , Li Bing , Shen Yi , Krainer Georg , Klenerman David , Knowles Tuomas P. J.
Published: July 2021

Liquid–liquid phase‐separated biomolecular systems are increasingly recognized as key components in the intracellular milieu where they provide spatial organization to the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm. The widespread use of phase‐separated systems by nature has given rise to the inspiration of engineering such functional systems in the laboratory. In particular, reversible gelation of liquid–liquid phase‐separated systems could confer functional advantages to the generation of new soft materials. Such gelation processes of biomolecular condensates have been extensively studied due to their links with disease. However, the inverse process, the gel–sol transition, has been less explored. Here, a thermoresponsive gel–sol transition of an extracellular protein in microgel form is explored, resulting in an all‐aqueous liquid–liquid phase‐separated system with high homogeneity. During this gel–sol transition, elongated gelatin microgels are demonstrated to be converted to a spherical geometry due to interfacial tension becoming the dominant energetic contribution as elasticity diminishes. The phase‐separated system is further explored with respect to the diffusion of small particles for drug‐release scenarios. Together, this all‐aqueous system opens up a route toward size‐tunable and monodisperse synthetic biomolecular condensates and controlled liquid–liquid interfaces, offering possibilities for applications in bioengineering and biomedicine.
Polymeric Aggregate‐Embodied Hybrid Nitric‐Oxide‐Scavenging and Sequential Drug‐Releasing Hydrogel for Combinatorial Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Kim Taejeong , Suh Jeeyeon , Kim Won Jong
Published: July 2021

Selective depletion of overproduced nitric oxide (NO) with nanoscavengers is a promising approach for treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA), preventing both oxidative/nitrosative stress and the upregulation of immune cells. However, its practical applications are limited owing to the minimum time interval between intra‐articular injections and unwanted off‐target NO depletion. Herein, the rational design of an injectable in situ polymeric aggregate‐embodied hybrid NO‐scavenging and sequential drug‐releasing (M‐NO) gel platform for the combinatorial treatment of RA by incorporating a “clickable” NO‐cleavable cross‐linker (DA‐NOCCL) is reported. This network is held together with polymeric aggregates to achieve a self‐healing capability for visco‐supplementation and on‐demand dual drug (both hydrophilic and hydrophobic)‐releasing properties, depending on the NO concentration. Moreover, consecutive NO‐scavenging action reduces pro‐inflammatory cytokine levels in lipopolysaccharides‐stimulated macrophage cell lines in vitro. Finally, the intra‐articularly injected M‐NO gel with anti‐inflammatory dexamethasone significantly alleviates the symptoms of RA, with negligible toxicity, in animal models. It is believed that this novel M‐NO gel platform will provide a guideline for the combinatorial treatment of RA and various NO‐related diseases.
Evaluating salinity tolerance in progeny of domestic and wild barley crosses at the seedling growth stage
Authors: Mohammed Abdullah H. , Morrison Jesse I. , Baldwin Brian S.
Published: July 2021

Salinity is one of the most detrimental abiotic stresses affecting crop productivity worldwide. To identify barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes with satisfactory production under increased salinity, screening must focus on multiple phenological stages, specifically the earliest stages (germination and seedling), when plants are most vulnerable to stress. This experiment was conducted in a greenhouse to assess salinity tolerance of 161 genotypes (34 genotypes of 2× H. vulgare crosses; 116 genotypes of 4× H. vulgare crosses, and 11 parents). Beginning at the third leaf stage, seedlings were irrigated with solutions of 0, 100, 200, and 300 mM NaCl for 21 d. Analysis of variance showed significant effects due to genotype, salinity level, and their interaction for shoot dry weight (SDW). Overall, SDW showed negative association with plant height, whereas it was positively associated with tiller number, fertility, 100‐seed weight, and grain yield. Mean SDW of all families decreased as salinity treatment level increased. Families varied in SDW and salinity susceptibility index (SSI) at 300 mM salinity treatment. Diploid Families 2 and 3 had the greatest SDW and lowest SSI (<1). Thirty percent of crosses from tetraploid Family 2 yielded the greatest SDW, whereas the same proportion of crosses from tetraploid Family 4 showed the greatest salinity tolerance as measured by SSI. These crosses, as well as the female parents, are valuable germplasm for improving salinity tolerance in barley breeding programs.
Customizing Tactile and Visual Perceptions of Organic Light–Emitting Diodes by Surface Coatings
Authors: Buhl Janek , Cojocaru Ala , Gerken Martina
Published: July 2021

Organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) offer novel and unique possibilities for illumination. The realization of transparent and flexible devices facilitates integration in everyday objects such as windows, clothing, or packaging labels, while posing new challenges to product engineering. Innovative OLED light sources, fulfilling multiple purposes additional to lighting, are likely to be touched and consciously observed far more frequently than conventional illuminants. Herein, a polymer coating used to customize tactile and visual perceptions of OLED substrate surfaces is demonstrated. Tetrapodal zinc oxide particles and color pigments are incorporated in a poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix to modify surface roughness and color impression of the coating. Variation of the particle content and composition yields different combinations of roughness characteristics, thus altering tactile surface perception and light scattering. Utilization of color pigments exhibiting low transmission dispersion allows for changes of the coating color while maintaining the original OLED emission color. The presented coating concept is expected to be a promising approach to adjust haptic and optical device properties to specific application requirements while maintaining spectral OLED emission characteristics.
Teaching and Learning During A Pandemic: How one Graduate Community Psychology Class Quickly Incorporated Healing Justice Into Our Practices
Authors: Langhout Regina Day , Rodriguez Ramirez Daniel , Vaccarino‐Ruiz S. Sylvane , Alonso Blanco Valeria , Quinteros Katherine , Copulsky Daniel , Lopezzi Miguel A.
Published: July 2021

In this first‐person account, we describe the changes we made to align our graduate student‐level community psychology class with a healing justice model. We undertook this intervention because the class started in March, at the beginning of the COVID‐19 pandemic stay‐at‐home directive in our region. We describe the facets of a healing justice model, which promotes radical healing and collective action in a trauma‐informed environment. We then discuss the changes we made to the class to better align with healing justice, including how enrolled students (i.e., co‐authors) experienced the process of the course (e.g., reworking the syllabus, starting class with check‐ins and an exercise to engage our parasympathetic nervous systems), as well as the content of the course (e.g., service projects to support people who are undocumented, unhoused, or minoritized in other ways; photovoice). We end with implications for teaching community psychology, including the importance of universal design, and for scholar‐activist PhD programs.
Engage for Equity: Advancing the Fields of Community‐Based Participatory Research and Community‐engaged Research in Community Psychology and the Social Sciences
Authors: Wallerstein Nina
Published: July 2021

Community Based Participatory Research (CBPR), as the most cited Community‐Engaged Research (CEnR) approach in the health fields, mirrors community‐psychology's long‐term interest in participatory action research and community empowerment. This article introduces the Engage for Equity study, a long‐term National Institutes of Health‐funded inquiry to identify best partnering and collaborative practices that contribute to community capacity, empowerment and policy outcomes, and to long‐term improved health and health equity. Four articles present facets of the study: psychometrics of partnering process and outcome measures, measures and outcomes of shared governance, and description of the CBPR Model as a new equity‐ and partnership based implementation framework; and as a tool for organizational learning and quality improvement. Finally a review of CBPR and CEnR in psychology offers recommendations for the field. Though focusing on CBPR and CEnR, Engage for Equity offers lessons for all forms of participatory action research.
Dynamic Kinetic Asymmetric Transformation of Racemic Diastereomers: Diastereo‐ and Enantioconvergent Michael–Henry Reactions to Afford Spirooxindoles Bearing Furan‐Fused Rings
Authors: Sohail Muhammad , Tanaka Fujie
Published: July 2021

Dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation (DYKAT) reactions of racemic diastereomer mixtures that afford the products as essentially single diastereomers with high enantioselectivities are described. We demonstrated the DYKAT in the diastereo‐ and enantioselective synthesis of spirooxindoles bearing furan‐fused rings. The starting materials of the DYKAT, dihydrobenzofuranone derivatives, were synthesized in racemic diastereomer mixtures, and these were transformed to the spirooxindole derivatives in high yields with high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities through Michael–Henry cascade reactions with nitrostyrenes under organocatalytic conditions. In the reactions, regardless the stereochemistry of the starting materials, all the four isomers were transformed to single diastereomers with high enantioselectivities, and four new chiral centers were created.
Multistage Stimulus‐Responsive Room Temperature Phosphorescence Based on Host–Guest Doping Systems
Authors: Tian Yu , Yang Jie , Liu Zhenjiang , Gao Mingxue , Li Xiaoning , Che Weilong , Fang Manman , Li Zhen
Published: July 2021

Compared with inorganic long‐lasting luminescent materials, organic room temperature phosphorescent (RTP) ones show several advantages, such as flexibility, transparency, solubility and color adjustability. However, organic RTP materials close to commercialization are still to be developed. In this work, we developed a new host–guest doping system with stimulus‐responsive RTP characteristics, in which triphenylphosphine oxide (OPph3) acted host and benzo(dibenzo)phenothiazine dioxide derivatives as guests. Turn‐on RTP effect was realized by mixing them together through co‐crystallization or grinding, in which the efficient energy transfer from host to guest and the strong intersystem crossing (ISC) ability of the guest have played significant role. Further on, multistage stimulus‐responsive RTP characteristics from grinding to chemical stimulus were achieved via introducing pyridine group into the guest molecule. In addition, the anti‐counterfeiting printings were realized for these materials through various methods, including stylus printing, thermal printing and inkjet printing, which brings RTP materials closer to commercialization.
Revision of the Unstable Picrotoxinin Hydrolysis Product
Authors: Tong Guanghu , Shenvi Ryan A.
Published: July 2021

The plant metabolite picrotoxinin (PXN) is a widely used tool in neuroscience for the identification of GABAergic signaling. Its hydrolysis in weakly alkaline media has been observed for over a century and the structure of the unstable hydrolysis intermediate was assigned by analogy to the degradation product picrotoxic acid. Here we show this assignment to be in error and we revise the structure of the hydrolysis product by spectroscopic characterization in situ. Counterintuitively, hydrolysis occurs at a lactone that remains closed in the major isolable degradation product, which accounts for the longstanding mistake in the literature.
Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms that uniquely identify cultivars of avocado (Persea americana)
Authors: Kämper Wiebke , Trueman Stephen J. , Cooke Jade , Kasinadhuni Naga , Brunton Aaron J. , Ogbourne Steven M.
Published: July 2021

Premise

Progeny of avocado (Persea americana) are highly variable due to high levels of heterozygosity. Breeding programs need molecular resources to allow the assessment of genetic differences and the selection of genotypes. Polymorphisms that uniquely identify different avocado cultivars provide a valuable tool to accelerate avocado research and development, including, for example, genotype selection.

Methods

A double‐digest restriction site–associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) approach was used to screen 10 avocado cultivars for single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The fragments were size selected with Blue Pippin and PCR using universal Illumina primers, and catalog tags were then created with de novo alignment using Stacks software. Catalog tags were tabulated and filtered to identify alleles unique to each cultivar.

Results

A total of 104 million sequences were collected, and 52 homozygous SNPs were identified that uniquely distinguished nine avocado cultivars. The cultivars Carmen Hass and Hass have a strong genetic similarity and no homozygous SNPs distinguishing these cultivars could be identified; therefore, both cultivars were grouped together.

Discussion

The resource described here for cultivars of P. americana presents a new and significant molecular resource that can enable targeted genotype selection, paternity analysis, germplasm genotyping, pollination dynamics investigation, and crop improvement.
Motivational affordances and survival of new askers on social Q&A sites: The case of Stack Exchange network
Authors: Kang Minhyung
Published: July 2021

Social question‐and‐answer (Q&A) sites are platforms where users can freely ask, share, and rate knowledge. For the sustainable growth of social Q&A sites, maintaining askers is as critical as maintaining answerers. Based on motivational affordances theory and self‐determination theory, this study explores the influence of the design elements of social Q&A sites (i.e., upvotes, downvotes, edits, user profile, and comments) on the survival of new askers. In addition, the moderating effect of having an alternative experience is examined. Online data on 25,000 new askers from the top five Q&A sites in the Technology category of the Stack Exchange network are analyzed using logistic regression. The results show that the competency‐ and autonomy‐related design features of social Q&A sites motivate new askers to continue participating. Surprisingly, having an alternative experience shows a negative moderating effect, implying that alternative experiences increase switching costs in the Stack Exchange network. This study provides valuable insights for administrators of social Q&A sites as well as academics.
Output feedback predictive control for discrete quasilinear systems with application to spacecraft flying‐around
Authors: Zhang Da‐Wei , Liu Guo‐Ping
Published: July 2021

This paper considers a spacecraft flying‐around problem modeled by discrete quasilinear system under sight coordinate, which can be regarded as an output tracking for discrete quasilinear system. An output feedback predictive control scheme is presented to deal with the flying‐around task. This scheme contains the design of output feedback and the optimization of tracking performance. On the one hand, the completely parametric form of output feedback based on generalized Sylvester equation is developed to stabilize the closed‐loop nominal system. On the other hand, a cost function, aimed to measure tracking performance, is optimized by the design of predictive control such that tracking performance is ensured. Further analysis proposes a necessary and sufficient condition based on Lyapunov method to maintain both bounded stability and tracking performance of the closed‐loop system caused by output feedback predictive control. Compared with the existing method, a numerical simulation is given to richly demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed control scheme.
Experimente zur Schwindreduktion von hochfesten Betonbauteilen durch Wärmebehandlung
Authors: Stindt Jan , Forman Patrick , Mark Peter
Published: July 2021

Im Beitrag wird die Reduktion des Schwindens von hochfestem Beton durch eine Wärmebehandlung untersucht. Betone werden wärmebehandelt, um die Erhärtung zu beschleunigen und ein frühes Ausschalen zu ermöglichen. Durch eine geeignete Wahl der maximalen Behandlungstemperatur, der Aufheiz‐ und Abkühlrate sollen Schädigungen des Betongefüges minimiert werden. Dies führt zu Wärmebehandlungsdauern von mehr als 24 h, was für eine serielle Fertigung von Betonfertigteilen zu lange ist. Für eine minimal kurze Wärmebehandlung wird auf eine Vorlagerungszeit sowie eine reglementierte Aufheizrate verzichtet, sodass das Aufheizen direkt nach dem Betonieren beginnt. Diese Verkürzung hat Einfluss auf das Schwindverhalten. Es wird hier an Prismen mit und ohne Stahlfasern sowie an Balken mit einem Stabstahlbewehrungsgrad von 1,8 % und 3,1 % untersucht. Alle Proben werden bei 80 °C und 60 % rel. Luftfeuchte für 1, 2, 4, 6 und 24 h wärmebehandelt. Proben ohne Wärmebehandlung dienen als Referenz. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass mit zunehmender Wärmebehandlungsdauer die Schwinddehnung deutlich reduziert wird. Sie wird zudem mit zunehmendem Bewehrungsgrad geringer. Um das Schwindverhalten in Abhängigkeit von der Wärmebehandlung zu prognostizieren, werden datenbasierte Antwortflächen abgeleitet und validiert. Dabei steigt die Vorhersagequalität mit zunehmendem Betonalter.
Sharp Phase Transition by the Enhanced Lattice Stability of Low‐Temperature Phase of Cr‐Doped VO2
Authors: Hong Seong‐Cheol , Lee Myeongsoon , Lee Myung Won , Kim Don
Published: July 2021

We have prepared Cr‐doped VO2 film (V1−xCrxO2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.15) on a c‐cut sapphire plate (0001). The insulator to metal transition (IMT) behavior of the VO2 was observed by the resistance and transmittance measurements near the phase transition point (Tc ~ 340 K). Whereas the starting point of metal to insulator transition (THE) was nearly constant at 350 K (x ≤ 0.03), the starting point of the insulator to metal transition (THS) was shifted from 308 K (x = 0) to 326 K (x = 0.05), suggesting that the Cr‐doped VO2 lattice is significantly stabilized below Tc of the VO2. The difference between THS and THE and the gap between thermal cycles (hysteresis gap), which reflect the sharpness of the phase transition, were minimal at x = 0.03–0.05 in V1−xCrxO2. This sudden phase transition of Cr‐doped VO2 is expected to be uniquely advantageous for sensitive on–off applications.
Double Connective Tissue Graft to Treat Deep Coronal‐Radicular Abrasion: A 19‐Year Follow‐Up Case Report
Authors: Franceschi Debora , Prato Giovan Paolo Pini , Gianfilippo Riccardo Di
Published: July 2021

Introduction

When gingival recession is combined with cervical abrasion, root coverage outcomes are less predictable due to the challenging adaptation of the connective tissue graft (CTG) to the marked root step. Removing additional tooth structure can improve soft‐tissue adaptation with the downside of a possible increase in dental hypersensitivity or pulpitis. Therefore, the aim of this report was to demonstrate a surgical technique using two grafts which does not require any further modification of the root surface, in order to successfully treat recession associated with deep cervical abrasion.

Case Presentation

A case of gingival recession associated with a deep root step and cemento‐enamel junction alteration (B+; abrasion depth > 1 mm) was successfully treated via a bilaminar grafting technique using two CTG layers covered by a coronally advanced flap (CAF). The tooth surface was polished and did not receive any grinding, blending, planing, or other alterations. Complete recession coverage, complete abrasion coverage, and resolution of baseline sensitivity were achieved 1 year after surgical intervention and were maintained for 19 years with further coronal displacement of the gingival margin due to creeping attachment.

Conclusions

The double CTG technique showed optimal clinical results in terms of coverage and resolution of hypersensitivity of a recession associated with a deep cervical abrasion. No additional removal of dental tissue was needed, and the clinical outcomes were stably maintained over a long‐term follow‐up.
Incidence, treatment, and outcomes of acute myocardial infarction following transcatheter or surgical aortic valve replacement
Authors: Isogai Toshiaki , Saad Anas M. , Ahuja Keerat Rai , Shekhar Shashank , Abdelfattah Omar M. , Gad Mohamed M. , Svensson Lars G. , Krishnaswamy Amar , Reed Grant W. , Puri Rishi , Tuzcu E. Murat , Ellis Stephen G. , Kapadia Samir R.
Published: July 2021

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the incidence, treatment, and outcomes of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) following transcatheter or surgical aortic valve replacement (TAVR or SAVR).

Background

Coronary artery disease is common in patients who undergo aortic valve replacement. However, little is known about differences in clinical features of post‐TAVR or post‐SAVR AMI.

Methods

We retrospectively identified post‐TAVR or post‐SAVR (including isolated and complex SAVR) patients admitted with AMI using the Nationwide Readmissions Database 2012–2017. Incidence, invasive strategy (coronary angiography or revascularization), and in‐hospital outcomes were compared between post‐TAVR and post‐SAVR AMIs.

Results

The incidence of 180‐day AMI was higher post‐TAVR than post‐SAVR (1.59% vs. 0.72%; p < 0.001). Post‐TAVR AMI patients (n = 1315), compared with post‐SAVR AMI patients (n = 1344), were older, had more comorbidities and more frequent non‐ST‐elevation AMI (NSTEMI: 86.6% vs. 78.0%; p < 0.001). After propensity‐score matching, there was no significant difference in in‐hospital mortality between post‐TAVR and post‐SAVR AMIs (14.7% vs. 16.1%; p = 0.531), but the mortality was high in both groups, particularly in ST‐elevation AMI (STEMI: 38.8% vs. 29.2%; p = 0.153). Invasive strategy was used less frequently for post‐TAVR AMI than post‐SAVR AMI (25.6% vs. 38.3%; p < 0.001). Invasive strategy was associated with lower mortality in both post‐TAVR (adjusted odds ratio = 0.40; 95% confidence interval = [0.24–0.66]) and post‐SAVR groups (0.60 [0.41–0.88]).

Conclusions

AMI, albeit uncommon, was more frequent post‐TAVR than post‐SAVR. Patients commonly presented with NSTEMI, but the mortality of STEMI was markedly high. Further studies are needed to understand why a substantial percentage of patients do not receive invasive coronary treatment, particularly after TAVR, despite seemingly better outcomes with invasive strategy.
Urea‐Functionalized Swelling Poly(ionic liquid)s as Efficient Catalysts for the Transesterification and Hydrolysis of Ethylene Carbonate
Authors: Hu Hao , Wang Xin , Chen Bihua , Gao Guohua
Published: July 2021

Urea‐functionalized poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) were synthesized through polymerization of urea tethered imidazolium ionic liquid monomers (urea‐IL) with sodium acrylate, and N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinker. Close‐packed and interconnected pores (1–4 
) under swollen state could be observed from the cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo‐SEM) images. The promising catalytic activity of the PILs was illustrated for the transesterification reaction of ethylene carbonate with methanol. High activity and selectivity could be achieved by using poly(urea‐IL)‐n catalysts, which was similar to that of corresponding homogeneous ionic liquid catalysts. The urea tethered imidazolium in PILs acted as hydrogen‐bonding donor to activate ethylene carbonate and intermediate 2‐hydroxyethyl methyl carbonate (HEMC) for enhancing catalytic activity. The swelling ability of urea‐functionalized PILs in methanol enabled active urea sites accessible for substrates. However, the complete conversion of ethylene carbonate was limited by reversible reaction between ethylene carbonate and HEMC. A possible synergistic activation mechanism for the transesterification reaction was proposed and supported by NMR titrations. The catalyst can be reused and recycled five times with stable activity. Furthermore, urea‐functionalized swelling PILs also exhibited high catalytic activity for the hydrolysis of ethylene carbonate.
Ultralight PEDOT Functionalized Separators toward High‐Performance Lithium Metal Anodes
Authors: Yao Wei , Xu Min , Qiu Weijie , Wang Jinshan , Sun Yuxi , Xu Jianguang , Zhang Qinfang
Published: July 2021

The practical application of lithium‐metal batteries (LMBs) has been limited by the problems of uncontrolled lithium dendrite growth, resulting in a low Coulombic efficiency (CE) and rapid battery failure. Herein, we develop an ultralight poly(3, 4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) modifying Celgard polypropylene (PP) separator with a mass loading of 0.08 mg cm2 by vapor phase polymerization. The increased affinity between the PEDOT/PP separator and electrolyte interface enables homogenous Li+ flux. Meanwhile, the lithiophilic thiophene functional groups of PEDOT guide uniform Li nucleation and growth through the formation of Li−S bond. As a result, dendrite‐free Li deposition has been achieved with a high CE of 98.0 % over 150 cycles and flat stable overpotential of ∼90 mV at an ultrahigh rate of 20 mA cm−2 in the symmetric cell. Remarkably, the Li||PEDOT/PP||LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 full cells demonstrate superior stability up to 500 cycles with a discharge capacity of 119 mAh g−1 at 1 C. This work paves way for modifying separator for high‐performance LMBs.