bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integration of a palliative care specialist in an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis clinic: Observations from one center
Authors: Brizzi Kate , Paganoni Sabrina , Zehm April , De Marchi Fabiola , Berry James D.
Published: June 2019

Palliative care specialists can aid in the care of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this article, we describe our 1‐year experience incorporating a palliative care specialist into the ALS multidisciplinary team. We describe our integration model, patient selection, and visit content. Of 500 total clinic patients, 74 (14.8%) were seen by the palliative care specialist in 1 year. Referral was most often triggered by advance care planning needs (91%). In the initial visit with the palliative care specialist, topics most frequently covered included goals of care (84%), anxiety/depression (35%), and medical decision‐making about feeding tubes (27%) or tracheostomy (31%). Symptom management comprised a relatively small number of the visits, and duration of visits was limited by patient fatigue. Patients with complex goals of care may benefit from the input of a palliative care specialist, and unique integration models may help to facilitate care delivery. Muscle Nerve 60: 137–140, 2019
Health locus of control and mental health in patients with multiple sclerosis: Mediating effect of coping strategies
Authors: Wilski Maciej , Brola Waldemar , Tomczak Maciej
Published: June 2019

In patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), mental health is significantly affected and conditioned by many factors, including psychological ones. This study team aimed to determine whether different coping strategies mediate the relationship between health locus of control (HLC) and mental health in MS patients. In this cross‐sectional study, a total of 382 patients with MS were included. The patients completed General Health Questionnaire‐12, Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, and Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients were collected using a self‐report survey and neurological assessment. A mediation analysis was used to test the study hypothesis. Problem‐oriented coping was found to be a significant mediator in the relationship between internal HLC and mental health (indirect effect: −0.129 [95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.193, −0.079]; standardized indirect effect: −0.113 [95% CI: −0.165, −0.070]). Emotion‐focused coping was found to be a significant mediator in the relationship between power of others HLC and mental health (indirect effect: 0.114 [95% CI: 0.058, 0.178]; standardized indirect effect: 0.125 [95% CI: 0.062, 0.195]). Emotion‐focused coping was also found to be a significant mediator in the relationship between chance HLC and mental health (indirect effect: 0.215 [95% CI: 0.154, 0.281]; standardized indirect effect: 0.209 [95% CI: 0.149, 0.272]). Patients with internal HLC were found to have positive mental health due to their problem‐focused coping strategies, while patients with external HLC had worse mental health as they used more emotion‐focused strategies. Hence, problem‐focused and emotion‐focused coping strategies can be considered mediators of the relationship between HLC and mental health in patients with MS.
Large‐Scale Asymmetric Synthesis of Fmoc‐(S)‐2‐Amino‐6,6,6‐Trifluorohexanoic Acid
Authors: Yin Zizhen , Moriwaki Hiroki , Abe Hidenori , Miwa Toshio , Han Jianlin , Soloshonok Vadim A.
Published: June 2019

Here we report the first large‐scale synthesis of Fmoc‐(S)‐2‐amino‐6,6,6‐trifluorohexanoic acid via asymmetric alkylation of chiral Ni(II)‐complex of glycine Schiff base with CF3(CH2)3I. The synthesis was performed on over 100 g scale and can be recommended as the most advanced procedure for reliable preparation of large amounts of enantiomerically pure Fmoc‐(S)‐2‐amino‐6,6,6‐trifluorohexanoic acid for protein engineering and drug design. Chiral auxiliary used in this protocol can be >90 % recovered and reused.
Synthesis of DOPO‐based pyrazine derivative and its effect on flame retardancy and thermal stability of epoxy resin
Authors: Tang Hao , Zhu ZongMin , Chen Rui , Wang JunJie , Zhou Hong
Published: June 2019

A novel DOPO‐based pyrazine derivative 6‐((2‐hydroxyphenyl)(pyrazin‐2‐ylamino)methyl)dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6‐oxide (DHBAP) was triumphantly synthesized by a two‐step addition reaction using 2‐aminopyrazine, 2‐hydroxybenzaldehyde and 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO) as reactants, and characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR),31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and1H NMR. Afterwards, the addition type flame retardant (DHBAP) was utilized to modify epoxy resin (EP) by blending method. When the content of DHBAP in neat EP was 8 wt%, it reached to the V‐0 rating and the limited oxygen index (LOI) value up to 34.0%. Furthermore, according to the cone calorimeter (CC) test results, the heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), smoke produce rate (SPR) and total smoke production (TSP) of EP/8% DHBAP decreased by 26.3%, 21.3%, 37.0% and 60.9% when compared with neat EP, respectively, indicating that DHBAP had good inhibition on heat and smoke releases. Eventually, the flame‐retardant mechanism of DHBAP was further explored by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and pyrolysis‐gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py‐GC/MS). The results showed that DHBAP had good flame‐retardant activity in the gasous‐condensed two phases.
Toward scalable perovskite‐based multijunction solar modules
Authors: Jaysankar Manoj , Paetel Stefan , Ahlswede Erik , Paetzold Ulrich W. , Aernouts Tom , Gehlhaar Robert , Poortmans Jef
Published: June 2019

Perovskite‐based multijunction solar cells can potentially overcome the power conversion efficiency (PCE) limits of established solar cell technologies. The technology combines high‐efficiency perovskite top solar cells with crystalline silicon (c‐Si) and copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) single‐junction solar cells enabling a more efficient harnessing of solar energy. In this work, we present high‐efficiency and scalable perovskite‐CIGS and perovskite‐Si multijunction solar modules in a four‐terminal configuration. We design the multijunction solar modules for minimal optical losses through careful optical engineering. In addition to optimized light coupling, the solar modules are fabricated in a scalable device design. Starting from lab‐scale cells of 0.13 cm2, we scale up the multijunction devices by two orders of magnitude to 16 cm2 and investigate the various losses affecting the PCE of large‐area multijunction solar modules, thus providing valuable insights into scalability of the technology. The champion perovskite‐CIGS and perovskite‐Si multijunction solar modules exhibit higher PCE than the stand‐alone devices on sizes up 16 cm2, paving the way for high‐effiency perovskite‐based multijunction photovoltaics. This work brings to forth relevant upscaling aspects of perovskite‐based multijunction solar cell technology, which is a key milestone in the road to commercial feasibility of the perovskite‐based multijunction solar cell technology.
Efficacy of chitosan‐coated paper incorporated with vanillin and ethylene adsorbents on the control of anthracnose and the quality of Nam Dok Mai mango fruit
Authors: Jaimun Ratchadaporn , Sangsuwan Jurmkwan
Published: June 2019

Mango fruit is perishable and susceptible to anthracnose. Active‐coated paper is proposed as potential packaging for commercial application in wrapping mango fruit to control anthracnose and delay the ripening process of fruit. The surface of white standard bleached paper was coated using a vanillin‐chitosan coating solution containing varying amounts of zeolite or activated carbon at 0% (vanillin paper), 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4%, w/v of ethylene absorbers. The first objective was to study the effect of absorber types and their amounts on ethylene removal. After that, the coating formulation that provided the highest ethylene removal was selected to wrap commercial Nam Dok Mai mango fruit to study the quality changes. The efficacy of active‐coated paper on the severity index of anthracnose disease, change in physicochemical properties, and sensory acceptability during storage (13°C, 90% relative humidity (RH) for 30 days) were investigated. It was found that vanillin‐chitosan coated paper containing 0.2% (w/v) of zeolite (zeolite paper) exhibited the highest capacity of ethylene adsorption. Zeolite paper could delay the disease incidence of wrapped mango fruit and provided the lowest severity index of anthracnose disease throughout storage. Moreover, changes in physicochemical qualities (weight loss, firmness, titratable acidity, total soluble solid, and color) of mango fruits wrapped in zeolite paper was quite low, compared with those wrapped with vanillin and uncoated papers. In addition, mango wrapped by zeolite paper had the highest sensory acceptance score. The results suggest that zeolite paper can efficiently be applied as wrapping to extend the postharvest life of mango fruit.
Vaporization and thermodynamics of ceramics in the Y2O3‐ZrO2‐HfO2 system
Authors: Kablov Eugene N. , Stolyarova Valentina L. , Vorozhtcov Viktor A. , Lopatin Sergey I. , Karachevtsev Fedor N.
Published: June 2019

Rationale

The Y2O3‐ZrO2‐HfO2 system is a promising base for a wide range of high‐temperature materials including ultra‐high‐temperature ceramics. At high temperatures of synthesis and application of these ceramics the components may vaporize selectively, leading to changes in chemical composition and exploitation properties of the materials. Therefore, study of the vaporization processes of ceramics based on the Y2O3‐ZrO2‐HfO2 system is of great importance. The thermodynamic properties of the Y2O3‐ZrO2‐HfO2 system obtained in the present study can be used for the prediction and modeling of the physicochemical properties of ultra‐high‐temperature ceramics.

Methods

The present study was carried out by the high‐temperature Knudsen effusion mass spectrometric method using the MS‐1301 mass spectrometer, which was designed to study the physicochemical properties of non‐volatile compounds. Vapor species effusing from the tungsten twin effusion cell, which was used for vaporization of the samples under study, were ionized by electron ionization with an ionization energy of 30 eV.

Results

The gaseous phase over the samples of the Y2O3‐ZrO2‐HfO2 system was shown to consist of the YO, ZrO, ZrO2, HfO and O vapor species at a temperature of 2660 K. The YO, ZrO, ZrO2, HfO and O partial vapor pressures were obtained in a wide concentration range by the complete isothermal vaporization method, which allowed determination of the activities of Y2O3, ZrO2 and HfO2, Gibbs energies of mixing and excess Gibbs energies of the Y2O3‐ZrO2‐HfO2 system at 2660 K.

Conclusions

Negative deviations from the ideal behavior were shown in the solid solutions of the Y2O3‐ZrO2‐HfO2 system at 2660 K. The excess Gibbs energies found in the present study were approximated using the Redlich‐Kister representation. The possibility of application of the Kohler method to estimate the excess Gibbs energies of the Y2O3‐ZrO2‐HfO2 system was considered.
Toward coherence in curriculum, instruction, and assessment: A review of learning progression literature
Authors: Jin Hui , Mikeska Jamie N. , Hokayem Hayat , Mavronikolas Elia
Published: June 2019

To evaluate the recent advances in learning progression (LP) research and identify future research directions, we reviewed LP literature from 2006 to 2018. Through a systematic search of Web of Science databases and key journals, we located 130 LP articles published between 2006 and 2018. Among these articles, we reviewed 86 studies. The review was framed around three types of coherence that LPs can provide in a system of curriculum, instruction, and assessment: developmental, vertical, and horizontal coherence. Developmental coherence refers to the idea that LPs, as cognitive models, should describe development in students from intuitive thinking to scientific thinking. It provides a foundation for building the horizontal coherence (the alignment among curriculum, instruction, and assessment) and the vertical coherence (the linkage between classroom and large‐scale assessments). The results of our review suggest significant advances in enhancing the developmental coherence. More specifically, existing LPs have captured the mechanisms of knowledge development and integrated knowledge and practice in different ways. Regarding the horizontal coherence, while the methodology for the development and validation of LPs has been established, limited attention has been given to LP‐based interventions and teachers’ understanding and use of LPs. Only one study explored LP's role in building vertical coherence. The review reveals a great need for future research (a) to develop LPs for scientific reasoning that cut across multiple science topics and disciplines, (b) to use LPs in instructional interventions, teacher education, and professional development, and (c) to use LPs to link classroom assessments with large‐scale assessments.
Banking on Stone Money: Ancient Antecedents to Bitcoin
Authors: Fitzpatrick Scott M. , McKeon Stephen
Published: June 2019

Centuries ago in western Micronesia, Yapese islanders sailed to the Palauan archipelago 250 miles away to carve their famous stone money disks(rai)from limestone and then transported them back for use as exchange valuables in various social transactions. Whileraiwere not strictly currency, their value is similar to other traditional and modern objects where worth is arbitrarily based on both real and perceived attributes. Recently, corollaries have been made betweenraiand newly established electronic cryptocurrencies that use blockchain technology—essentially, digital ledgers that track financial transactions in real time across a computer network to ensure that they are seamless and incorruptible. In this study, we examine the sociophysical similarities and differences between stone money and cryptocurrencies that rely on blockchain, both of which demand a unified and continuous chain of information to ensure that the value is known and ownership indisputable. This research suggests that stone money: (a) is an exemplary ancient analog to blockchain that used oral ledgers solidified through social networks to create accurate and unbroken lines of communication so that economic relationships involvingraicould be established, maintained, exchanged, and rectified, and (b) may have been a progenitor that inspired the development of Bitcoin.
The associations between alexithymia, non‐suicidal self‐injury, and risky drinking: The moderating roles of experiential avoidance and biological sex
Authors: Greene Danyelle , Hasking Penelope , Boyes Mark
Published: June 2019

Alexithymia and experiential avoidance are personality traits regularly identified as correlates of behaviours that serve an emotion regulatory function, including, non‐suicidal self‐injury (NSSI) and risky drinking. In the current study, we examined whether the relationships between alexithymia, NSSI, and risky drinking are moderated by experiential avoidance and sex. A sample of 778 university students (77.1% female, Mage = 22.27, SD = 6.71) completed online questionnaires. For men, a combination of high levels of externally orientated thinking and experiential avoidance was associated with NSSI. Conversely, for women, a combination of high levels of externally orientated thinking but low levels of experiential avoidance was associated with risky drinking. Findings suggest that associations between alexithymia and experiential avoidance with NSSI and risky drinking may differ between men and women.
Self‐Assembly Toolbox of Tailored Supramolecular Architectures Based on an Amphiphilic Protein Library
Authors: Schreiber Andreas , Stühn Lara G. , Huber Matthias C. , Geissinger Süreyya E. , Rao Ashit , Schiller Stefan M.
Published: June 2019

The molecular structuring of complex architectures and the enclosure of space are essential requirements for technical and living systems. Self‐assembly of supramolecular structures with desired shape, size, and stability remains challenging since it requires precise regulation of physicochemical and conformational properties of the components. Here a general platform for controlled self‐assembly of tailored amphiphilic elastin‐like proteins into desired supramolecular protein assemblies ranging from spherical coacervates over molecularly defined twisted fibers to stable unilamellar vesicles is introduced. The described assembly protocols efficiently yield protein membrane–based compartments (PMBC) with adjustable size, stability, and net surface charge. PMBCs demonstrate membrane fusion and phase separation behavior and are able to encapsulate structurally and chemically diverse cargo molecules ranging from small molecules to naturally folded proteins. The ability to engineer tailored supramolecular architectures with defined fusion behavior, tunable properties, and encapsulated cargo paves the road for novel drug delivery systems, the design of artificial cells, and confined catalytic nanofactories.
Surface Micro‐ and Nanoengineering: Applications of Layer‐by‐Layer Technology as a Versatile Tool to Control Cellular Behavior
Authors: Sousa Maria P. , Arab‐Tehrany Elmira , Cleymand Franck , Mano João F.
Published: June 2019

Extracellular matrix (ECM) cues have been widely investigated for their impact on cellular behavior. Among mechanics, physics, chemistry, and topography, different ECM properties have been discovered as important parameters to modulate cell functions, activating mechanotransduction pathways that can influence gene expression, proliferation or even differentiation. Particularly, ECM topography has been gaining more and more interest based on the evidence that these physical cues can tailor cell behavior. Here, an overview of bottom‐up and top‐down approaches reported to produce materials capable of mimicking the ECM topography and being applied for biomedical purposes is provided. Moreover, the increasing motivation of using the layer‐by‐layer (LbL) technique to reproduce these topographical cues is highlighted. LbL assembly is a versatile methodology used to coat materials with a nanoscale fidelity to the geometry of the template or to produce multilayer thin films composed of polymers, proteins, colloids, or even cells. Different geometries, sizes, or shapes on surface topography can imply different behaviors: effects on the cell adhesion, proliferation, morphology, alignment, migration, gene expression, and even differentiation are considered. Finally, the importance of LbL assembly to produce defined topographical cues on materials is discussed, highlighting the potential of micro‐ and nanoengineered materials to modulate cell function and fate.
Coupled Biphase (1T‐2H)‐MoSe2 on Mold Spore Carbon for Advanced Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Deng Shengjue , Ai Changzhi , Luo Mi , Liu Bo , Zhang Yan , Li Yahao , Lin Shiwei , Pan Guoxiang , Xiong Qinqin , Liu Qi , Wang Xiuli , Xia Xinhui , Tu Jiangping
Published: June 2019

Performance breakthrough of MoSe2‐based hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts largely relies on sophisticated phase modulation and judicious innovation on conductive matrix/support. In this work the controllable synthesis of phosphate ion (PO43−) intercalation induced‐MoSe2 (P‐MoSe2) nanosheets on N‐doped mold spore carbon (N‐MSC) forming P‐MoSe2/N‐MSC composite electrocatalysts is realized. Impressively, a novel conductive N‐MSC matrix is constructed by a facile mold fermentation method. Furthermore, the phase of MoSe2 can be modulated by a simple phosphorization strategy to realize the conversion from 2H‐MoSe2 to 1T‐MoSe2 to produce biphase‐coexisted (1T‐2H)‐MoSe2 by PO43‐ intercalation (namely, P‐MoSe2), confirmed by synchrotron radiation technology and spherical aberration‐corrected TEM (SACTEM). Notably, higher conductivity, lower bandgap and adsorption energy of H+ are verified for the P‐MoSe2/N‐MSC with the help of density functional theory (DFT) calculation. Benefiting from these unique advantages, the P‐MoSe2/N‐MSC composites show superior HER performance with a low Tafel slope (≈51 mV dec‐1) and overpotential (≈126 mV at 10 mA cm‐1) and excellent electrochemical stability, better than 2H‐MoSe2/N‐MSC and MoSe2/carbon nanosphere (MoSe2/CNS) counterparts. This work demonstrates a new kind of carbon material via biological cultivation, and simultaneously unravels the phase transformation mechanism of MoSe2 by PO43‐ intercalation.
Nanovaccines for cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Zhang Yu , Lin Shuibin , Wang Xiang‐Yang , Zhu Guizhi
Published: June 2019

The past few decades have witnessed the booming field of cancer immunotherapy. Cancer therapeutic vaccines, either alone or in combination with other immunotherapies such as adoptive cell therapy or immune checkpoint blockade therapy, are an attractive class of cancer immunotherapeutics. However, cancer vaccines have thus far shown suboptimal efficacy in the clinic. Nanomedicines offer unique opportunities to improve the efficacy of these vaccines. A variety of nanoplatforms have been investigated to deliver molecular or cellular or subcellular vaccines to target lymphoid tissues and cells, thereby promoting the potency and durability of anti‐tumor immunity while reducing adverse side effects. In this article, we reviewed the key parameters and features of nanovaccines for cancer immunotherapy; we highlighted recent advances in the development of cancer nanovaccines based on synthetic nanocarriers, biogenic nanocarriers, as well as semi‐biogenic nanocarriers; and we summarized newly emerging types of nanovaccines, such as those based on stimulator of interferon genes agonists, cancer neoantigens, mRNA vaccines, as well as artificial antigen‐presenting cells.

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
Seeking coherence between ‘mobile learning’ applications and the everyday lives of medical residents
Authors: Ramos Diana , Grad Roland , Saroyan Alenoush , Nugus Peter
Published: June 2019

Introduction The role of technology in health professions education has received increased research attention. Research has examined the interaction between humans and technology, focusing on the mutual influence between people and technology. Little attention has been given to the role of motivation and incentives in how learning technologies are used in relation to daily activities. This research aims to understand the relationship between medical-learning technology and its users. Methods A mixed-method case study of a new medical-learning mobile application (app) for family medicine residents was undertaken at a Canadian university hospital. The Information Assessment Method is a custom-made app to help residents prepare for the College of Family Physicians of Canada licensing examination. Residents’ use of the app was tracked over a 7-month period and individual, semi-structured interviews were conducted with users. Data were thematically analyzed and correlated with app use data. Results Factors identified as shaping residents’ mobile app use for learning, included: efficiency, mobility and resonance with life context; credibility of information retrieved; and relevance of content. Most influential was stage of residency. Second-year residents were more selective and strategic than first-year residents in their app use. Discussion An emphasis on coherence between self-directed learning and externally dictated learning provides a framework for understanding the relationship between users and mobile-learning technology. This framework can guide the design, implementation and evaluation of learning interventions for healthcare professionals and learners.
Bacillus cereusinfection in neonates and the absence of evidence for the role of banked human milk: Case reports and literature review
Authors: Lewin Antoine , Quach Caroline , Rigourd Virginie , Picaud Jean-Charles , Perreault Thérèse , Frange Pierre , Domingo Marc-Christian , Lalancette Cindy , Delage Gilles , Germain Marc
Published: June 2019

Background:

Banked human milk (BHM) has inherent infectious risks, even when pasteurized. Because of the ubiquity ofBacillus cereusin the environment and its ability to resist the Holder pasteurization process, there is a concern that BHM might lead to severeB. cereusinfections.

Objective:

We reviewed observed and published cases to determine the potential causal role of BHM as the source of these infections.

Methods:

Two infants in the province of Québec (Canada) developed aB. cereusneonatal infection, and both had received BHM. We conducted bacteriological studies to compare clinical isolates and those found in these cases.

Results:

After extended culture of BHM retention lots,B. cereuswas found to have been involved in batches related to the first case. However, molecular typing showed that the strain was different from the clinical isolate, therefore excluding BHM as the source of contamination. In the second case, aBrevibacillusspp was isolated, a species distinct from the clinical isolate.

Conclusion:

Based on these cases and others reported in the literature, a causal link betweenB. cereuscontaminated BHM and preterm neonatal infection has never been documented. Therefore, the risk that BHM can cause this infection remains theoretical. Given the widespread presence ofB. cereusin the hospital environment and its capacity to resist standard cleaning procedures, it seems likely that airborne or direct or indirect contact are the main sources of most, if not all, cases of severeB. cereusneonatal infections, even in babies exposed to BHM.
Lock-in phenomenon of vortex shedding in oscillatory flows: an analytical investigation pertaining to combustors
Authors: Britto Abraham Benjamin , Mariappan Sathesh
Published: June 2019

An analytical investigation is performed to understand the lock-in phenomenon, observed in vortex shedding combustors. Several aeroengine afterburners and ramjets use a bluff body to stabilize the flame. The bluff body sheds vortices. During the occurrence of high-amplitude combustion instability, the frequency of vortex shedding locks in to the frequency of the chamber acoustic field. This phenomenon is termed vortex-acoustic lock-in. In general, there is a two-way coupling between the vortex shedding process and the acoustic field, making analytical investigation difficult. Since the frequency of the latter remains largely unaltered, performing an investigation to study the response of vortex shedding to external excitation not only allows one to gain insights, but also make the problem analytically tractable. We begin with a lower-order model available in the literature to describe the vortex shedding process in non-reacting flows, arising from sharp corners in the presence of upstream velocity excitation. The continuous time domain model is transformed to a discrete map, which connects the time instances of two successive vortex shedding events. The frequency and amplitude of excitation are varied to study the instantaneous vortex shedding time period, as the response of the system. In the absence of forcing, the iterates of the map form a period-1 solution with the frequency equalling the natural vortex shedding frequency. On increasing the amplitude of excitation, quasi-periodic behaviour of the iterates is observed, followed by a period-1 lock-in solution, where vortex shedding occurs at the excitation frequency. On further increasing the amplitude, de-lock-in occurs. From the map, an analytical solution is extracted, which represents the lock-in state. The condition and thereby the region in the frequency–amplitude parameter space where a general$p:1$lock-in occurs is then identified. Several important analytical expressions, such as for (1) critical threshold frequency above which lock-in occurs, (2) boundary of lock-in region in the parameter space, that are of direct importance to the design of quieter combustors are obtained. The study also identifies the transition of higher-order$p:1$to$1:1$lock-in state, through a series of lock-in and de-lock-in steps, whose occurrence could be verified from future experiments.
Theory of an Accelerated Slender Supersonic Aerofoil
Authors: Sewell Geoffrey L.
Published: June 2019

The problem of a uniformly accelerated slender supersonic aerofoil is solved in this paper by a perturbation method for the cases when the acceleration is small. Full account is taken of the effect of the acceleration on the form of the shock line.
Some Examples of Three-Dimensional Effects in Boundary Layer Flow
Authors: Wilkinson J.
Published: June 2019

The three-dimensional boundary layer flow defined by the external irrotational velocity components U = x (ξ), V = αη, where α is a small positive parameter, is investigated with the aid of the boundary layer equations of Howarth. When X(ξ) = ξm a solution exact to the first power in α is found. A Pohlhausen method is then developed for any function x (ξ) and applied to the cases in which x (ξ) = ξm and x (ξ)=i-ξ.
Symmetrical Buckling of Right-Angled Isosceles Triangular Plates
Authors: Wittrick W. H.
Published: June 2019

The problem considered is that of the buckling of a right-angled isosceles triangular plate subjected to shear along the two perpendicular edges together with uniform compression in all directions. Four combinations of boundary conditions are considered, and the buckle is assumed to be symmetrical about the bisector of the right angle. In each case it is shown that, if the plate is subjected to shear only, the critical stress is changed considerably upon reversal of the shear. The larger value occurs when the shear is tending to decrease the right angle. Because of this fact, the interaction curve, giving critical combinations of compression and shear, is unsymmetrical and the critical compressive stress can be appreciably increased by the application of a suitable amount of shear.
The Frequency of Failures within a Group of Similar Structures
Authors: Chilver A. H.
Published: June 2019

An attempt is made to assess the rate at which failures occur within a group of similar structures, or structural components, when each structure is subjected to the same set of applied loads. The structures are similar in every respect except for small inherent differences in strength from one structure to another. On infrequent occasions the applied loads may be so intense as to destroy the weaker members of the group. For the problem in which the structural strengths are distributed within the group in a “normal” fashion, and when the frequency of severe loads diminishes exponentially, it is found that the rate at which failures occur within the group of structures is governed by two simple non-dimensional parameters. Numerical values of these parameters are studied more fully.
Supersonic Bangs
Authors: Sambasiva Rao P.
Published: June 2019

In this paper a non-linear theory of the supersonic bangs from an accelerating body is worked out, using an extension of Whitham’s method. The strength of the bow shock is determined, and it is shown that the effect of acceleration on the pressure rise is appreciable at large distances from the nose for Mach numbers near unity. The results are compared with those of linear theory; the estimate for the pressure rise is found to be about a half of the linear value. The results also include an expression for the curvature of an attached shock at the nose, and a formula for the decay of a shock after it is detached from a decelerating body.
The Origins of Cambridgeshire
Authors: Oosthuizen Susan
Published: June 2019

This paper examines the effects on the landscape of Anglo-Saxon immigration in a frontier zone, on either side of the Cam valley which formed the ancient boundary between East Anglia and Mercia. An examination of the placenames, institutions and landscape archaeology on either side of the Cam frontier appears to reveal an unexpected degree of continuity in landscape use between the Roman and middle Saxon periods. This apparent continuity is more marked on the eastern side of the frontier which was subject to centralized East Anglian control from an early date, than on the western bank where political and administrative fragmentation is more easily demonstrable.
The So-Called Gundulf's Tower at Rochester Cathedral. A Reconsideration of its History, Date and Function
Authors: McAleer J. Philip
Published: June 2019

Since the early eighteenth century, on the basis of no particular evidence, the tower standing uncomfortably close to the north choir aisle at Rochester has been attributed to Bishop Gundulf, the builder of the first Romanesque cathedral church begunc.1080. Recently, it has been suggested that the tower dates to the mid-twelfth century and was erected as a bell tower. This paper assembles the documented history of the tower, speculates about its original form, and presents comparative material. Early post-Conquest towers of a possible defensive function and the few known examples of free-standing bell towers in twelfth-century England are considered in an attempt to establish a date and function for the tower. On the basis of this evidence, it may be suggested that an early post-Conquest – and pre-Gundulf – date is more likely than one in the mid-twelfth century, and that it was more probably erected for defensive purposes rather than as a bell tower.
Links between iron supply from Asian dust and marine productivity in the Japan Sea since four million years ago
Authors: Zhai Lina , Wan Shiming , Tada Ryuji , Zhao Debo , Shi Xuefa , Yin Xuebo , Tan Yang , Li Anchun
Published: June 2019

Aeolian dust input exerts significant influence on oceanic biogeochemical cycles and further potentially controls atmospheric CO2 concentrations. However, the possible link between long-term aeolian dust supply and primary productivity in the western North Pacific remains poorly understood. Here, we present a comprehensive study of major and trace elements and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations of sediments from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Site U1430 in the southern Japan Sea, in order to reconstruct oceanic palaeoproductivity evolution and test its possible link to Asian dust input since 4 Ma. Palaeoproductivity proxies indicate remarkable increases in productivity at ∼3–2 Ma followed by high-frequency oscillations in productivity since 1.2 Ma. We suggest that higher dust-derived iron supply from Central Asia at 3–2 Ma, which was likely driven by the growth of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, could account for enhanced primary productivity and export production in the Japan Sea. Such increased oceanic palaeoproductivity could enhance organic carbon burial, which might contribute to the decrease in atmospheric CO2 concentrations, and provide a positive feedback to the global cooling. However, the Tsushima Warm Current (TSWC) intrusion via the southern Tsushima Strait, which was controlled by glacioeustatic sea level changes, has been the principal cause of the rapid changes in primary productivity and benthic redox condition since 1.2 Ma, regardless of continuously increased Asian dust input.
Address
Authors: Menzler Frederick August Andrew
Published: June 2019

Custom ordains that the incoming President shall open his term of office with an Address. This, it is surprising to discover, has not always been our practice. In fact, the first specific Presidential Address was not delivered until 1880 when Bailey initiated a series of Addresses unbroken since that date. Both you and the President are, however, more fortunate than our predecessors for, between 1880 and 1890, the President was expected—or, it may be, permitted—to deliver an allocution at the beginning of each Session falling within his term of office. Thus, Sprague, the last President who held office for more than the now conventional period of two years—subject always, of course, to re-election—holds the record of having delivered no fewer than four Addresses, all exhibiting, in matters actuarial and managerial, his redoubtable sagacity and authority.
Graduation tests and experiments
Authors: Barnett H. A. R.
Published: June 2019

Little space in the Journal has been devoted in the past specifically to graduation tests, and nowhere have the tests generally applied been concisely set out and fully discussed. The only papers during the last forty years on the subject have been by Seal and Daw; both these papers were submitted and discussed during the war years, with the result that many actuaries were unable to be present and state their views; indeed, many of us did not even know of them until the numbers of the Journal in question were published, and an opportunity to study them did not arise until after the war.
Duplicate policies in mortality data
Authors: Daw R. H.
Published: June 2019

The question of the effect of duplicate policies on the variance of the number of deaths in a mortality experience based on policies (not lives) has been discussed in two recent papers (Seal [1947] and Beard and Perks [1949]). The second of these papers shows that this variance depends on the sampling process envisaged and gives formulae for the variance under four such processes. It is the purpose of this paper to consider some practical aspects of the treatment of duplicates in a mortality experience.
Preservation of Pension Rights
Authors: Spratling F. H. , Bacon F. W. , Bromfield A. E.
Published: June 2019

The Council of the Institute decided that ‘a Working Party be set up to advise the Council on the actuarial and other problems arising in connexion with the transferability of pension rights’. The Council of the Faculty accepted the Institute's invitation to be associated with the project and we were appointed to be the members of the Working Party.

2. In considering the subject remitted to us, we quickly formed the view that the description preservation of pension rights is more apt than transferability of pension rights, for the transfer of pension rights from one scheme to another when a member changes his employment is only one of several methods of preserving the whole or part of his accrued pension rights. We have accordingly used the term preservation in preference to transferability throughout this report.

3. We have confined our attention to the question of preservation of pension rights as it concerns individual members of pension schemes who change their employment, as distinct from the problem that arises when groups of members are transferred with the work they do from one employment to another, as they were, for example, on a large scale when the nationalized industries were set up; in such cases other problems arise.
Further Observations on the Occurrence of Nematodes of the Genus Meloidogyne in the Gold Coast
Authors: Edwards E. E.
Published: June 2019

An account is given of observations on the occurrence of nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne in the Gold Coast. It includes a list of seventy-six host plants, both cultivated and wild, suitable for the sustenance and multiplication of the parasites as well as comments on the reactions of these various plant species to invasions of their root tissues. Many of the host plants listed constitute new records and the data submitted point to the conclusion that the root-knot eelworm has been long established in the Gold Coast.
On Hemiurus communis Odhner from the Saithe
Authors: Raymont J. E. G.
Published: June 2019

During the course of an experiment on marine fish cultivation conducted from 1942-44 in Loch Craiglin, Argyllshire, some attention was paid to the feeding of fish as deduced from gut analyses. Most of the fish examined were flatfish and some account of their feeding has already been given (Raymont, 1947). A few round fish were also taken from time to time and a small number of these were gutted for food content.
Aural fullness and transtympanic ventilation tubes in Ménière's disease: a scoping review
Authors: Sevilla C , Goody J , Baguley D M , Kasbekar A V
Published: June 2019

Background

Ménière's disease often presents with aural fullness, for reasons that are currently not well understood. Transtympanic ventilation tube insertion has been historically used for the management of this symptom, though the nature and mechanism of effectiveness is unclear.

Objective

To give an overview of the data available on the effects of ventilation tube insertion on aural fullness in Ménière's disease.

Methods

The databases PubMed, Embase, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Central and Google Scholar were searched to identify relevant records. Records were subsequently analysed and data extracted.

Results

Only two studies directly measured the effect of ventilation tube insertion on aural fullness, while three others measured it as a placebo to assess another treatment. Considerable heterogeneity was found amongst the studies, including conflicting conclusions.

Conclusion

There is a paucity of evidence investigating the effect of grommet insertion on aural fullness in Ménière's disease. This work directs future research into this topic.
Case mismatching in Icelandic clausal ellipsis
Authors: WOOD JIM , BARROS MATTHEW , SIGURÐSSON EINAR FREYR
Published: June 2019

In this article, we take a detailed look at clausal ellipsis in Icelandic, a hitherto understudied phenomenon. We focus on case-matching and case-mismatching facts in fragment responses. We argue that although case matching is the norm, constrained instances of casemismatching strongly suggest that there must be silent structure in the ellipsis site, and some syntactic identity condition. We outline these patterns in detail, and provide an analysis that assumes a post-syntactic approach to case marking, and a hybrid identity condition along the lines of Chung (2013).
The diet and incidence of scurvy and adopted preventative measures in the two branches of Shackleton’s Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition 1914–1917
Authors: Harrowfield David L. , Alp Bill
Published: June 2019

Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton’s Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition (ITAE) 1914–1917, consisted of two parties – a Weddell Sea party led by Shackleton withEndurance,and a supporting Ross Sea depot-laying party, led by Captain Aeneas L.A. Mackintosh withAurora. The purpose of this research paper is to consider why the Ross Sea party contracted scurvy and the Weddell Sea party did not. The authors suggest that for the Ross Sea shore party there was ineffectual leadership, insufficient medical care and sledging with excessive loads, and an inadequate diet for sledging, in both energy and vitamin C content. In their second season, depletion of vitamin C was again evident with one person dying. The Weddell Sea party, ably led by Shackleton, not only faced the arduous task of sledging heavy stores and moving camps in thick snow, but also had to haul three boats over pressure ridges, before reaching open water and rowing to Elephant Island. Here, the men lived almost exclusively on a fresh meat diet and were not affected by scurvy. This is the final paper for the trilogy commemorating the Ross Sea party centenary (the others are Harrowfield, 2013, 2015).
Risk and protective factors for anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorders: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses
Authors: Fullana Miquel A. , Tortella-Feliu Miquel , Fernández de la Cruz Lorena , Chamorro Jacobo , Pérez-Vigil Ana , Ioannidis John P. A. , Solanes Aleix , Guardiola Maria , Almodóvar Carmen , Miranda-Olivos Romina , Ramella-Cravaro Valentina , Vilar Ana , Reichenberg Abraham , Mataix-Cols David , Vieta Eduard , Fusar-Poli Paolo , Fatjó-Vilas Mar , Radua Joaquim
Published: June 2019

Background

A multitude of risk/protective factors for anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorders have been proposed. We conducted an umbrella review to summarize the evidence of the associations between risk/protective factors and each of the following disorders: specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, and to assess the strength of this evidence whilst controlling for several biases.

Methods

Publication databases were searched for systematic reviews and meta-analyses examining associations between potential risk/protective factors and each of the disorders investigated. The evidence of the association between each factor and disorder was graded into convincing, highly suggestive, suggestive, weak, or non-significant according to a standardized classification based on: number of cases (>1000), random-effects p-values, 95% prediction intervals, confidence interval of the largest study, heterogeneity between studies, study effects, and excess of significance.

Results

Nineteen systematic reviews and meta-analyses were included, corresponding to 216 individual studies covering 427 potential risk/protective factors. Only one factor association (early physical trauma as a risk factor for social anxiety disorder, OR 2.59, 95% CI 2.17–3.1) met all the criteria for convincing evidence. When excluding the requirement for more than 1000 cases, five factor associations met the other criteria for convincing evidence and 22 met the remaining criteria for highly suggestive evidence.

Conclusions

Although the amount and quality of the evidence for most risk/protective factors for anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorders is limited, a number of factors significantly increase the risk for these disorders, may have potential prognostic ability and inform prevention.
Skulls from Cave Burials at Zakro
Authors: Dawkins W. Boyd
Published: June 2019

The human remains discovered by Mr. Hogarth in the caves of the Zakro Gorge, and sent to me for identification, consist of three skulls of adults and a fragment of an upper maxillary of a child. The skulls present the following characters. All are well developed, with highly complicated sutures, and wormean bones in the parieto-occipital suture, with thin cranial walls, and without the strong muscular impressions and ridges, usually met with in prehistoric skulls, and present in all living uncivilised peoples.
Clay larnakes
Authors: Hood Sinclair , Huxley George
Published: June 2019

Some sixteen clay coffins or larnakes of the well-known Late Minoan type with gabled lids were recovered from nine tombs (IV, VI, VII in the first group, all the tombs IX–XIV of the second, and XVI of the third). They were made of coarse gritty pithos fabric, with the surface orange, paler orange or buff, or greenish, due to wet-smoothing or the application of a thin slip. The chests were between 0·75 and 1·20 long, standing to a height of about 0·50–75 including the legs but without the lids. One larnax (larnax II from tomb VI) had never apparently had any legs. One very small larnax (larnax II from tomb XII), only 0·67 long, was evidently for a child (Fig. 24aa). The sides normally had panels, inlet or suggested by incised lines, no doubt imitating panels of the wooden originals from which the larnakes were clearly copied. There were normally four vertical handles on the chest, two each side, and corresponding handles on the lid. But in some cases (e.g. larnax IV from tomb VI and that from tomb VII) the handles were replaced by perforations for ropes through the corners of the chest. The lids of these larnakes had curious small ribbed handles set on the four corners.

All the larnakes were plain and unornamented, except for that from tomb VII, with a simple decoration of straight and wavy stripes in red paint; together with larnax IV from tomb VI, and the fine example unfortunately much destroyed from tomb XIII, which both had designs of spirals and papyrus flowers of a type classified by Furumark as Late Minoan IIIA 2.
Structure and Ambiguity in Catullus LXIV
Authors: Bramble J. C.
Published: June 2019

The structure of Catullus' sixty-fourth poem tends to be discussed in terms of two antitheses. The happy Peleus–Thetis theme is contrasted with the tragic Theseus–Ariadne inset, and, through the pessimism of 397–408, the decadent present is contrasted with the glorious past. With regard to the latter opposition, an objection immediately presents itself: the glorious past contained the faithlessness, desertion, and misery inherent in the story of Theseus and Ariadne. When Catullus intervenes in his narrative at 22ff.