bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The geographic scale of population‐level variation in growth and nodulation differs for two species of prairie clover
Authors: Pozzi Adrien C. M. , Shaw Ruth G. , May Georgiana
Published: January 2025

Premise

Prairies are among the most threatened biomes due to changing patterns of climate and land use, yet information on genetic variation in key species that would inform conservation is often limited. We assessed evidence for the geographic scale of population‐level variation in growth of two species of prairie clover and of their symbiotic associations with nitrogen‐fixing bacteria.

Methods

Seed representing two species, Dalea candida and D. purpurea, from the same five source populations were planted into an experimental site in Minnesota. We assessed variation within and among source populations in plant growth and in numbers of nodules and evaluated the relationship of growth and nodulation levels.

Results

Plant growth varied among source populations, with greater differences among populations of D. purpurea than of D. candida. We did not detect a relationship between plant growth and distance of source populations from the experimental site. Populations of both species were equally likely to develop nodules at the experimental site, but the numbers of nodules were lowest for the most distantly sourced populations. Plant growth was positively correlated with the number of nodules, and this relationship varied considerably within and among populations.

Conclusions

Environmental heterogeneity at local and regional scales maintains substantial levels of genetic variation in plant populations within remnant prairie preserves. Further, association with rhizobia at a restoration site can improve growth of widely sourced plant populations. The in situ maintenance of plant genetic variation and species diversity provides resources for conservation and maintenance of prairie biomes.
Intratracheal instillation for the testing of pulmonary toxicity in mice—Effects of instillation devices and feed type on inflammation
Authors: Hadrup Niels , Guldbrandsen Michael , Terrida Eva , Bendtsen Katja M. S. , Hougaard Karin S. , Jacobsen Nicklas R. , Vogel Ulla
Published: January 2025

Background

Inhalation exposure is the gold standard when assessing pulmonary toxicity. However, it typically requires substantial amounts of test material. Intratracheal instillation is an alternative administration technique, where the test substance is suspended in a liquid vehicle and deposited into the lung via the trachea. Instillation requires minimal test material, delivers an exact dose deep into the lung, and is less labor‐intensive than inhalation exposures. However, one shortcoming is that the procedure may induce short‐term inflammation. To minimize this, we tested different modifications of the technique to identify the potential for refinement.

Methods

First, we tested whether previous findings of increased inflammation could be confirmed. Next, we tested whether instillation with a disposable 1 mL syringe with ball‐tipped steel‐needle (Disposable‐syringe/steel‐needle) induced less inflammation than the use of our standard set‐up, a 250 μL reusable glass syringe with a disposable plastic catheter (Glass‐syringe/plastic‐catheter). Finally, we tested if access to pelleted and liquid feed prior to instillation affected inflammation. We evaluated inflammation by neutrophil numbers in bronchoalveolar fluid 24 h post‐exposure.

Results

Vehicle‐instilled mice showed a small increase in neutrophil numbers compared to untreated mice. Neutrophil numbers were slightly elevated in the groups instilled with Disposable‐syringe/steel‐needle; an interaction with feed type indicated that the increase in neutrophils was more pronounced in combination with feed pellets compared to liquid feed. We found no difference between the feed types when using the Glass‐syringe/plastic‐catheter combination.

Conclusion

The Glass‐syringe/plastic‐catheter combination induced the least exposure‐related inflammation, confirming this as a preferred instillation procedure.
Hypothermia‐associated acute pancreatitis: A multicenter prospective observational study
Authors: Takahashi Masaki , Takauji Shuhei , Hayakawa Mineji
Published: January 2025

Aim

Hypothermia‐associated pancreatitis lacks comprehensive understanding owing to limited studies exploring its mechanism, epidemiology, risk factors, and outcomes. We aimed to investigate the frequency, characteristics, and predictive factors associated with the development of acute pancreatitis in patients with accidental hypothermia.

Methods

This study comprised a post hoc analysis of data from a multicenter prospective observational study (ICE‐CRASH study) conducted in 36 tertiary emergency hospitals in Japan. Patients aged ≥18 years with core body temperatures ≤32°C admitted to emergency departments between 2019 and 2022 were enrolled. We identified patients who developed acute pancreatitis within 1 week of admission and described their characteristics. Age, vital signs, and blood gas analysis data were analyzed as potential predictors of acute pancreatitis using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

Results

Of 421 eligible patients with accidental hypothermia, 16 (3.8%) developed acute pancreatitis within 1 week. The age distribution of patients with acute pancreatitis showed bimodal peaks around 50–80 years. Patients with acute pancreatitis had a higher proportion of alcohol consumption than those without acute pancreatitis. ROC curve analysis showed age and pH as significant factors; however, their predictive power was not high.

Conclusion

The incidence of acute pancreatitis was 3.8% in patients with accidental hypothermia with core body temperatures ≤32°C. An association was found between the development of acute pancreatitis and alcohol consumption. No strong predictors of acute pancreatitis were identified.
Carbon‐Centered Reactivity in Carbodiphosphorane‐Based Ligands Allowing for Redox‐Non‐Innocent Ligand/Ligand Dual Bond‐Activation
Authors: Schatz Philipp , Xu Weiqin , Rynek Sebastian , Maser Leon , Heise Niels , Fuhr Olaf , Fenske Dieter , Haeri Haleh Hashemi , Hinderberger Dariush , Vogt Matthias , Langer Robert
Published: January 2025

A pronounced nucleophilicity in combination with a distinct redox non‐innocence is a unique feature of a coordinated ligand, which in the current case, leads to unprecedented carbon‐centered reactivity patterns: A carbodiphosphorane‐based (CDP) pincer‐type rhodium complex allows to cleave two C−Cl‐bonds of geminal dichlorides via two consecutive S
Measuring health sciences students' attitudes toward persons with disabilities: Is one scale better than another?
Authors: Hartner Isabel , Brooks William S. , Sinha Tanvee , Parish Ashley , Lein Donald H. , Wylie Elizabeth , Carver Cathy , Goretzko David , Wilson Adam B.
Published: January 2025

Negative attitudes toward persons with disabilities (PWDs) can lead to stigmatization and exclusion, underscoring the need for effective tools to measure and address such attitudes in educational settings. This study compares the psychometric properties of two scales used to assess attitudes toward PWDs among health science learners: the Multidimensional Attitudes Scale Toward Persons with Disabilities (MAS) and the Attitudes and Perspectives Toward Persons with Disabilities Scale (APPD). This research examines the internal consistency, factor stability, factor replicability, and convergent validity of these scales across different measurement occasions using data from second‐year Medical (n = 102) and Doctor of Physical Therapy (n = 39) students. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with bootstrapping revealed that both scales yielded three‐factor solutions with varying degrees of factor stability and replicability. The MAS's three‐factor structure—Affect, Cognitive, and Behavioral—demonstrated stronger internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha ≥0.838) and better factor replicability (Tucker congruence coefficients ≥0.88) than the APPD across pre‐ and post‐intervention datasets. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted as a second test of replicability and revealed that neither scale demonstrated ideal model fit when applying post‐intervention data to the pre‐intervention measurement model. Convergent validity analysis indicated a medium positive correlation between MAS and APPD scores (r = 0.368, p < 0.001), suggesting only moderate overlap in the constructs they measure. When used with health sciences students, the MAS demonstrated superior psychometric properties compared to the APPD. However, both scales showed limitations and inconsistencies across measurement occasions, highlighting the need for further refinement and validation.
Metal Organic Framework Based on Photoactivated Aggregation‐Induced Emission Molecule for Achieving Photoexcitation Regulation
Authors: Ye Danfeng , Zhang Ruyi , Xu Bing , Zhu Liangliang , Yue Bingbing
Published: January 2025

Ln‐MOFs, composed of lanthanide ions and functional organic ligands, are porous materials with tunable structures and unique luminescent properties. However, the interplay between ligand AIE properties and the framework's “antenna effect” on MOF morphology is understudied. Here, Tb−D‐Cam‐TPTB was synthesized via solvothermal method using TPTB (persulfurated arene) as the primary ligand, D‐Cam as the auxiliary ligand, and Tb3+ as the metal ion. Photoexcitation of TPTB, a typical AIE molecule, promotes conformational changes, enhancing molecular aggregation and luminescence. Comprehensive photophysical investigations of TPTB in solution and crystal states, Tb3+‐TPTB coordination, and Tb−D‐Cam‐TPTB MOF were conducted using various spectroscopic and imaging techniques. This study explores the interaction between ligand AIE and the “antenna effect” on Ln‐MOF luminescence and crystal structure. The results indicate that, when the ligand is a photoexcitation‐induced AIE molecule, UV irradiation of the precursor solution prior to crystal growth can alter the crystal structure, luminescence intensity, and color, holding great promise for applications in anti‐counterfeiting, sensing, and other related fields.
A prospective, phase II, neoadjuvant study based on chemotherapy sensitivity in HR+/HER2‐ breast cancer‐FINEST study
Authors: Chen Li , Wu Wen‐Ya , Liang Fei , Liu Guang‐Yu , Yu Ke‐Da , Wu Jiong , Di Gen‐Hong , Fan Lei , Wang Zhong‐Hua , Li Jun‐Jie , Shao Zhi‐Ming
Published: January 2025

Background

Hormone receptor‐positive (HR+)/humaal growth factor receptor 2‐negative (HER2‐) breast cancer, the most common breast cancer type, has variable prognosis and high recurrence risk. Neoadjuvant therapy is recommended for median‐high risk HR+/HER2‐ patients. This phase II, single‐arm, prospective study aimed to explore appropriate neoadjuvant treatment strategies for HR+/HER2‐ breast cancer patients.

Methods

Eligible female patients with newly diagnosed, untreated HR+/HER2‐ breast cancer received 2 cycles of nab‐paclitaxel and carboplatin (nabPCb). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to assess tumor responses, and 40% regression of the maximal tumor diameter was deemed chemo‐sensitive. Chemo‐sensitive patients continued nabPCb for 4 more cycles (group A). Chemo‐insensitive patients were randomized to groups B, C, and D at a ratio of 1:3:1 to receive a new chemotherapy for 4 cycles or endocrine‐immune‐based therapy (dalpiciclib, letrozole and adebrelimab, with goserelin if patients were premenopausal) for 4 cycles or to undergo surgery. Peripheral blood and core‐needle biopsy (CNB) samples were collected before treatment, followed by a next‐generation sequencing (NGS) panel detection and similarity network fusion (SNF) typing through digital pathology data. The primary endpoint was the pathological complete response (pCR) rate, and the secondary endpoint was the clinical objective response rate (ORR).

Results

A total of 121 patients were enrolled (67.8% with stage III disease), with 76, 9, 27, and 9 patients in groups A, B, C and D, respectively. The total pCR rate was 4.1%, and all patients who received pCR were in group A. Group C had a better ORR than Group B (81.5% vs. 66.7%). Exploratory analysis revealed that patients with the SNF4 subtype were the most sensitive to nabPCb (pCR rate of 21.1% vs. 1.8% in group A), whereas patients in group C with the SNF2 subtype were more sensitive to endocrine‐immune‐based therapy (Miller‐Payne grade 4‐5, 45.5% vs. 6.3%).

Conclusions

Converting to endocrine‐immune‐based therapy improved the ORR, but not the pCR rate in chemo‐insensitive patients. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and endocrine therapy are not mutually exclusive. The SNF4 subtype of HR+/HER2‐ breast cancer was more chemo‐sensitive, whereas the SNF2 subtype might be more sensitive to immunotherapy.
Adaptive Sampling Point and Q‐Learning–Based Sensing Threshold for Spectrum Energy Detection in Cognitive Radio Networks
Authors: Boddukuri Naveen Kumar , Pal Debashish , Bandyopadhyay Ayan Kumar , Koley Chaitali
Published: January 2025

Spectrum sensing (SS) is a significant processing of cognitive radio networks (CRNs) that enables cognitive users to detect the underutilized or unutilized primary users (PUs) and licensed users spectrum for effectual usage. The threshold value selection is a vital step in determining the state (appearance/non‐appearance) of PU in the spectrum sensing, and it has a significant impact on the detection and false‐alarm probability. When a targeted sensing parameter is achieved at low SNR, other sensing parameter considerably degrades. In this manuscript, adaptive sampling point with Q‐learning–dependent sensing threshold for spectrum energy detection in cognitive radio networks (ASSTQL‐STSED‐CRNF) is proposed. Adaptive sampling point and Q‐learning (ASSTQL) employs an adaptive threshold mechanism that adjusts the detection threshold based on the current noise conditions, thereby improving the accuracy of signal detection. The proposed approach utilizes a Q‐learning approach to optimize the sampling points and sensing thresholds. The ASSTQL‐STSED‐CRNF technique significantly enhances spectral detection performance, especially in scenarios with unpredictable noise levels. The proposed method is simulated in MATLAB. The simulation outcomes demonstrate an increased probability of identification as the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) rises. The proposed model attains lower power spectral density and high throughput when compared with existing models.
The Influence of Negative Affect on Working Memory Updating of Food Stimuli Among Adolescents With Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Gil Meital , Latzer Yael , Tziperman Noa , Farbstein Dan , Sher Helene , Weinbach Noam
Published: January 2025

Objective

Difficulty updating information in working memory has been proposed to underlie ruminative thinking in individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN). However, evidence regarding updating difficulties in AN remains inconclusive, particularly among adolescents. It has been proposed that exposure to negative emotion and disorder‐salient stimuli may uniquely influence updating in AN. This study examined the influence of exposure to negative emotion on updating of food and non‐food stimuli among adolescents with AN.

Method

The study included 41 female adolescents with restrictive AN (Mage = 15.2) and 43 female controls (Mage = 16.9) who performed a modified version of the N‐back task requiring updating of food and non‐food content after supraliminal exposure to emotionally neutral and negative images.

Results

Medium‐to‐large effects revealed significantly higher updating errors among adolescents with AN compared to controls for food targets and after exposure to negative stimuli. In contrast, during exposure to both negative images and food targets, the groups performed similarly, as this condition also increased updating errors among controls. Additionally, a higher proportion of updating errors was associated with greater eating disorder symptoms severity.

Discussion

The findings indicate that exposure to negative emotion and food stimuli separately compromise working memory updating in adolescents with AN. These results underscore the role of environmental triggering cues in compromising working memory updating in AN and highlight the importance of considering ecological cues when evaluating cognitive functioning in eating disorders.
Adding to the Woes: Heterogeneous Effects of Air Pollution on Pandemic Patients
Authors: Liu Mengdi , Zhao Xin
Published: January 2025

While the direct health impacts of air pollution are widely discussed, its indirect effects, particularly during pandemics, are less explored. Utilizing detailed individual‐level data from all designated hospitals in Wuhan during the initial COVID‐19 outbreak, we examine the impact of air pollution exposure on treatment costs and health outcomes for COVID‐19 patients. Our findings reveal that patients exposed more intensively to air pollution, identified by their residence in downwind areas of high‐polluting enterprises, not only had worsened health outcomes but also consumed more medical resources. This increased demand is primarily due to their heightened vulnerability to cardiopulmonary conditions. Using a causal machine learning method called Causal Forests to estimate individual treatment effects, we uncover significant heterogeneity across demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, with older and economically disadvantaged patients showing particular vulnerability. These findings highlight the importance of considering environmental factors in pandemic preparedness and suggest the value of targeted interventions that account for demographic and socioeconomic variations in vulnerability.
Absenteeism of Healthcare Workers in Primary Healthcare in Sub‐Saharan Africa: A Scoping Review
Authors: Klootwijk Larissa , Zeyrek Eva , Njuguna Festus , Ket Johannes C. F. , Mostert Saskia , Kaspers Gertjan
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Sub‐Saharan Africa is facing a severe crisis in human resources for health. Primary healthcare is the most affected. This problem is aggravated by absenteeism, implying that healthcare workers are absent on duty during scheduled working hours. This scoping review maps existing literature on absenteeism among primary healthcare workers in Sub‐Saharan Africa.

Methods

This scoping review complies with the Population Concept Context guidelines of Arksey and O'Malley and the PRISMA 2020 checklist. A literature search (Medline, Embase, Scopus, Africa Index Medicus) was performed from inception until December 2023 in collaboration with a medical information specialist. Peer‐reviewed English‐published literature was considered. Two independent reviewers screened titles, abstracts, and full‐texts.

Results

Twenty‐four studies were included from 7 of 46 Sub‐Saharan countries (15%). Prevalence of absenteeism varied from 14% to 49%. Causes at individual and health‐system levels were explored in 16 studies (67%) and included physician dual practices (75%), low wages (69%), and insufficient supervision (56%). Consequences at the healthcare worker and patient level were described in 14 studies (58%) and included hindered/delayed access to care (64%), high workload (29%), and increased treatment costs when patients are forced to attend private facilities (22%). Recommendations to address absenteeism were provided in 18 studies (75%) and included regular supervision (33%), performance‐based rewards/punishments (33%), and augmented salaries (33%).

Conclusion

Absenteeism is highly prevalent among primary healthcare workers in Sub‐Sahara Africa. Its adverse impact on both healthcare workers and patients is profound. The complexity of different individual and health system causal factors shows that a multifactorial approach to address absenteeism is warranted.
Guidance for Introducing the Tobacco‐Free Generation Policy
Authors: Berrick Jon
Published: January 2025

This article serves as a guide to the Tobacco‐Free Generation policy (TFG) for policy‐makers, drawing on experiences of negotiations regarding TFG in a wide number of jurisdictions. It explains the underlying concept: the highly addictive nature of nicotine prompts policy focus on preventing initial use by forbidding sales to those born after a prescribed cut‐off birthdate, while resisting prohibition for those in older cohorts who may already be nicotine‐dependent. The policy signals that there is no safe age for tobacco products. We examine how to assess whether a jurisdiction is ready for TFG, and then, how to maximise its effectiveness. That involves considering preparatory steps. Implementation of TFG is discussed, including which tobacco or nicotine products should be covered, on which actions there should be focus, choice of a suitable cut‐off birthdate, and the most helpful companion measures. We also outline potential pushback from the tobacco industry and others, and indicate appropriate responses.
Somatic cell reprogramming for Parkinson's disease treatment
Authors: Li Xiaozhuo , Fang Kevin , Wang Fengping
Published: January 2025

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by degeneration of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The patient exhibits a series of motor symptoms, such as static tremors, which impair their capacity to take care for themselves in daily life. In the late stage, the patient is unable to walk independently and is bedridden for an extended period of time, reducing their quality of life significantly. So far, treatment methods for PD mainly include drug therapy and deep brain stimulation. Pharmacotherapy is aimed at increasing dopamine (DA) levels; however, the treatment effect is more pronounced in the short term, and there is no benefit in improvement in the overall progression of the disease. In recent years, novel therapeutic strategies have been developed, such as cell reprogramming, trying to generate more DA in PD treatment. This review mainly discusses the advantages, methodology, cell origin, transformation efficiency, and practical application shortcomings of cell reprogramming therapy in PD strategy.
Not on My Nickel: The Aptness of Blank Check Companies for Islamic Finance
Authors: Nawaz Tasawar
Published: January 2025

This work assiduously analyses the aptness of ‘blank check’ companies, also known as special purpose acquisition companies (SPACs), for Islamic finance. By so doing, I divulge that SPAC structure terms, that is, having no substantive assets, operations, or commercial substance underlying the investment stipulate covenants that involve Gharar (ambiguity) to the degree that adulterates blank check IPOs under the ambit of Islamic jurisprudence—vernacularly referred to as Shariah. The inaptness of the basal SPAC covenants and the devoid of Gharar in financial activities under Shariah can cause collusion in the manner in which this niche faith‐based financial segment operates. It is, thus, postulated that blank check IPOs are a hard pass under Shariah jurisprudence except if the SPAC structure terms are redux to comply with the rudimentary principles of the Islamic banking business model. Jusque‐là, the outlook for a Shariah‐compliant SPAC is bleak.
Prediction models in pregnancy of unknown location
Authors: Lin Yue , Wang Yingxi , Huang Ying , Wang Lina , Li Rong , Zhen Xiumei
Published: January 2025

Synopsis

Various predictive models have been developed in the field of pregnancy of unknown location.
Interface engineering of inorganic solid‐state lithium batteries via atomic and molecular layer deposition
Authors: Sun Huaihu , Dai Hongliu , Zhang Gaixia , Sun Shuhui
Published: January 2025

Currently, conventional organic liquid electrolytes (OLEs) are the main limiting factor for the next generation of high‐energy lithium batteries. There is growing interest in inorganic solid‐state electrolytes (ISEs). However, ISEs still face various challenges in practical applications, particularly at the interface between ISE and the electrode, which significantly affects the performance of solid‐state batteries (SSBs). In recent decades, atomic and molecular layer deposition (ALD and MLD) techniques, widely used to manipulate interface properties and construct novel electrode structures, have emerged as promising strategies to address the interface challenges faced by ISEs. This review focuses on the latest developments and applications of ALD/MLD technology in SSBs, including interface modification of cathodes and lithium metal anodes. From the perspective of interface strategy mechanism, we present experimental progress and computational simulations related to interface chemistry and electrochemical stability in thermodynamic contents. In addition, this article explores the future direction and prospects for ALD/MLD in dynamic stability engineering of interfaces SSBs.

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Thermodynamic Stability in Transition Metal‐Hydrogen Dications: Potential Energy Curves, Spectroscopic Parameters, and Bonding for VH2+
Authors: Romeu João Gabriel Farias , Ornellas Fernando R.
Published: January 2025

Seventeen electronic states of the dication VH2+ were characterized by the SA‐CASSCF/icMRCI methodology using very extended basis sets; 11 were described for the first time. Potential energy curves were constructed and the associated spectroscopic parameters evaluated. Triplet and quintet states correlating with the V2+ + H channel are thermodynamic stable. For states dissociating into the channel V+ + H+, avoided crossings at large distances give rise to thermodynamic metastability but do not affect the characterization of the bound region. Configuration state functions with the 3σ orbital /doubly occupied give rise to covalent contributions to the bonding; the major contribution, however, comes from the electrostatic charge‐induced dipole interaction. This explains the shape and proximity of the potential energy curves beyond their equilibrium distances. Dipole moment functions and vibrationally averaged dipole moments quantify the polarity of the molecule. Spin–orbit couplings give rise to complex and dense regions of very close‐lying Ω states.
An updated review about the possibility of surveillance strategy in non‐resected mucinous cystic neoplasms
Authors: Yun Won‐Gun , Jang Jin‐Young
Published: January 2025

After the World Health Organization established a precise definition of mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN) in 2000, based on the presence of ovarian‐type stroma, its clinical features became more apparent. Surgery for MCN, which primarily affects middle‐aged women with long life expectancies, is likely to negatively impact the patient's quality of life. Although recent studies have reported a low proportion of advanced neoplasia among resected MCN (≤15%), many clinicians still recommend surgery for patients with presumed MCN without considering risk stratification for advanced neoplasia. Recent studies have demonstrated that, when appropriate patient groups are established based on high‐risk characteristics, there is no difference in long‐term prognosis between a surveillance strategy and surgery. Additionally, while most guidelines do not recommend post‐resection surveillance for MCN, research indicates that surveillance of non‐resected MCN is more cost‐effective than surgery when considering the expenses of post‐pancreatectomy diabetic care. It is time to carefully consider a surveillance strategy, despite the significant misdiagnosis rates associated with MCN diagnosis based solely on imaging without histology.
Middle Ear Mechanics in the Barn Owl
Authors: Peacock John , Benson Monica A. , Field Daniel J. , Spellman Garth M.
Published: January 2025

The barn owl is a common research subject in auditory science due to its exceptional capacity for high frequency hearing and superb sound source localization capabilities. Despite longstanding interest in the auditory performance of barn owls, the function of its middle ear has attracted remarkably little attention. Here, we report the middle ear transfer function measured by laser Doppler vibrometry and direct measurements of inner ear pressures. Our results illustrate that the barn owl middle ear produces a pressure gain between the ear canal and the inner ear vestibule of up to 35 dB, which is comparable to that seen in mammals. The footplate velocity transfer function magnitudes overlap with those measured in other bird species, however the differences in phase between the footplate velocity and the sound pressure stimulus indicate a middle ear group delay that is notably shorter than other birds. This work brings us closer to a more complete understanding of the physiology of hearing in a model organism in auditory science.
Multiorgan proteomic analysis of infected animal models predict potential host factors for chikungunya virus
Authors: Lin Dongdong , Tang Cong , Wang Junbin , Yang Yun , Yang Hao , Zhou Yanan , Yu Wenhai , Li Bai , Huang Qing , Wang Haixuan , An Ran , Liang Xiaoming , Yan Yuhuan , Yuan Longhai , Du Xuena , Yuan Yuxia , Li Yanwen , Lu Shuaiyao
Published: January 2025

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito‐borne alphavirus that is primarily known for causing severe joint and muscle symptoms, but its pathological effects have extended beyond these tissues. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive proteomic analysis across various organs in rodent and nonhuman primate models to investigate CHIKV's impact on organs beyond joints and muscles and to identify key host factors involved in its pathogenesis. Our findings reveal significant species‐specific similarities and differences in immune responses and metabolic regulation, with proteins like Interferon‐Stimulated Gene 15 (ISG15) and Retinoic Acid‐Inducible Gene I (RIG‐I) playing crucial roles in the anti‐CHIKV defense. We observed upregulated and downregulated metabolic status in CHIKV‐infected rhesus monkeys and mice, respectively. Additionally, we identified host factors such as S100 Calcium‐Binding Protein A8/A9 (S100A8/A9), Voltage‐Dependent Anion Channel 1/2 (VDAC1/2), Complement Component 3 (C3), Apoptosis‐Inducing Factor Mitochondria‐Associated 1 (AIFM1), Endothelial Cell‐Specific Chemotaxis Regulator (ECSCR), and Kininogen 1 (KNG1) that may contribute to CHIKV‐induced inflammation and hemorrhage. These insights put emphases on the importance of understanding CHIKV's impact on organs beyond joints and muscles, providing potential therapeutic targets and enhancing our understanding of CHIKV pathogenesis. This research underscores the need for appropriate animal models in CHIKV studies and informs the development of targeted therapies to address its systemic effects.
An Open‐Label Pilot Study to Examine the Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of Deutetrabenazine in Isolated Dystonia
Authors: Deik Andres , Aamodt Whitley , Cadet Christina , Lasker Aaron , Oliver Alexandria , Spindler Meredith , Tropea Thomas F. , Vaswani Pavan , Siderowf Andrew
Published: January 2025

Background

Dystonia may respond to VMAT2 inhibition.

Objectives

Providing pilot data on the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of deutetrabenazine in non dopa‐responsive dystonia.

Methods

Deutetrabenazine was titrated by adults with isolated dystonia. Primary study endpoints included the proportion who maintained the individual, maximum tolerated dose for 6 weeks, and how many titrated to 48 mg/day. Secondary endpoints included rates of QTc prolongation/arrhythmias, suicidality, excessive daytime sleepiness, cognitive decline, and drug‐induced parkinsonism. Exploratory endpoints for clinical efficacy were assessed.

Results

Among 15 participants, four (26.7%) withdrew early and six (40%) titrated to 48 mg/day. Common adverse events included fatigue and diarrhea. Secondary safety endpoints did not change significantly, but MDS‐UPDRS III scores worsened by ≥3 points in seven participants (46.7%). PGI‐C and the blinded CGI‐C and GDS improved in three women with blepharospasm.

Conclusions

Most participants tolerated deutetrabenazine for 6 weeks, and those with blepharospasm may have benefitted from its use.
New SMI treatment, suicide prevention plan and other impactful 2024 moments
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: January 2025

As we usher in 2025, MHW takes this opportunity to look back on some of the most impactful issues in the mental health field. Last year witnessed such significant moments as the enactment of final federal parity rules, the Biden administration's awarding of nearly $50 million to support behavioral health funding opportunities, the first new class of schizophrenia treatment for adult patients in 30 years, improved routing of 988 crisis calls and a U.S. HHS final rule that ensures people with disabilities receive services in the most integrated settings.
Funding, policy changes, workforce needs lead 2025 concerns
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: January 2025

Editor's note: For our 2025 Special Preview Issue, we asked our readers to tell us about their post‐election expectations and about the challenges and opportunities that await them this year and plans for addressing them.
WellPower's CEO Carl Clark, M.D., reflects and looks forward
Authors: Clark Carl
Published: January 2025

My dad had bipolar disorder and suffered very hard times. My family was fortunate that knowledgeable and compassionate care was available in a mental health facility where the staff saw my dad as a great person derailed by mental health challenges and helped him get well. While doing grand rounds I realized this experience was driving me and that I deeply wanted to work in community mental health, because that is what helped my dad.
Effectiveness of Virtual Reality for Pain Management in Musculoskeletal Disorders Across Anatomical Regions: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Zitti M. , Regazzetti M. , Federico S. , Cieslik B. , Cacciante L. , Maselli F. , Storari L. , Ricci A. , Pregnolato G. , Kiper P.
Published: January 2025

Introduction

The use of virtual reality (VR) in physiotherapy is expanding across various fields; however, while extensively researched in neurology, its application in musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders remains underexplored. This review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of VR in pain management across different anatomical regions.

Materials and Methods

The research was conducted using the MEDLINE (via PubMed), Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases, including randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effectiveness of VR interventions, encompassing immersive VR, specialised non‐immersive VR, and gaming platforms. The primary outcomes focused on pain reduction. Data were extracted from the included studies, and methodological quality was assessed using the Revised Cochrane risk‐of‐bias tool for Randomized Trials (RoB 2). A meta‐analysis was conducted using both fixed‐ and random‐effects models to synthesise the findings.

Results

From 1265 records, 27 articles met the eligibility criteria, comprising a total of 1191 participants. Of these, 20 studies contributed data to the meta‐analyses. Significant findings were observed for pain relief in the knee region (SMD = − 0.33; 95% CI: − 0.55 to − 0.10; I2 = 13%, p < 0.004), with particularly notable effects within the subgroup utilising specialised non‐immersive VR (SMD = − 0.32; 95% CI: − 0.62 to − 0.03; I2 = 10%, p < 0.003). For other anatomical regions, the heterogeneity was substantial, limiting the strength of recommendations for these areas.

Conclusions

VR shows potential for managing pain in MSK disorders, particularly knee conditions, with significant effectiveness using specialised non‐immersive VR. However, high heterogeneity across other regions limits broader recommendations.
Self‐healing and in situ real‐time damage detection of stress‐responsive core‐shell microcapsules polymer composites
Authors: Yang Le , Chang Yi , Gao Liang , Liu Lin , Zu Guoqing , Wu Guangfeng
Published: January 2025

Self‐healing technology based on micro/nano‐encapsulated materials has shown great potential in extending material lifespan, preventing performance degradation, and reducing maintenance costs. In this study, a novel mechanically responsive microcapsule is successfully prepared by in‐situ polymerization, which can be used for self‐healing of polymer composites. The core‐shell microstructure is characterized, and its stability and potential self‐healing ability is verified. The microcapsule is introduced into polymer matrix, and the epoxy fingerprint region at the preseted defect location is monitored in real‐time under stress stimulus using infrared spectroscopy, revealing the process from microcapsules rupture to liquid core materials releasing and self‐healing mechanism. Tensile tests are conducted to explore the effect of microcapsule fillers on the mechanical properties of polymer composites. The optimal microcapsule content is determined based on the comprehensive evaluations of self‐healing performance. The core‐shell microcapsules provide excellent in‐situ real‐time self‐healing capability for composite matrix damage during load‐bearing. The self‐healing under stress stimulus can better guarantee the reliability of polymer composites in service.

Highlights

A novel stress responsive microcapsule is prepared for polymer self‐healing.

Stability and self‐healing ability of core‐shell microcapsule is verified.

Preseted defect is in situ real‐time detected to reveal self‐healing mechanism.

Effect of microcapsule content on composite mechanical properties is explored.

Self‐healing better guarantee the reliability of polymer composites in service.
Exploring the charge transport mechanism, electrical conductivity, and dielectric properties of polyaniline/tin sulfide nanocomposites
Authors: Faniband Basheerabegum , Chandra S. Sarvesh , Pattar Jayadev , Rao H. N. Anil , Sreekanth R. , Mahendra K. , Murugendrappa M. V. , Nataraja Sanna Kotrappanavar , Nagaraja M.
Published: January 2025

This study aims to investigate the electric, dielectric poperies, and the charge transport mechanism in Polyaniline/Tin disulfide (PANI/SnS2) nanocomposites. SnS2 nanoflowers were synthesized using the hydrothermal method and were utilized to synthesize PANI/SnS2 nanocomposites by in‐situ polymerization of the aniline. PANI/SnS2 nanocomposites were composed of hexagonal nanoflowers and amorphous PANI. The charge transport mechanism was investigated by using DC and AC conductivities. DC conductivity increased and reached a maximum value at 5 wt. % sample and then it decreased indicating the percolation effect. To understand the charge transfer mechanism in the PANI/SnS2 composites, AC conductivity, dielectric properties, and impedance characteristics were investigated in the frequency range of 20 Hz to 2 MHz. PANI/SnS2 nanocomposites follow Jonscher's Power Law of disordered materials with an exponent value ranging from 0.8 to 0.9. The Havriliak – Negami model confirmed that the samples display a non‐Debye relaxation mechanism. The dielectric constant value increases with an increase in the SnS2 content. These enhanced properties of PANI/SnS2 nanocomposites suggest that the proposed PANI/SnS2 nanocomposites are the potential materials for multifunctional applications, especially in nano‐electronic devices.

Highlights

Hydrothermal synthesis of SnS2 Nano flowers.

SnS2/PANI composites were synthesized by the in situ polymerization method.

The DC conductivity of 5 wt. % sample shows Percolation threshold.

Jonscher's & Havriliak–Negami fittings suggest non‐Debye dielectric relaxation.

Charge transfer mechanisms in the composites were studied using Nyquist plots.
Influence of rivet structure on the bonding mechanism and mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced polyphenylene sulfide‐AA7075 friction stir blind riveted joint
Authors: Zhang Zijian , Li Hao , Liu Yunpeng , Bao Zhengwei , Lv Wei , Li Shipeng , Qin Xuda
Published: January 2025

This paper reports an experimental investigation into joining mechanism and mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced polyphenylene sulfide (CF/PPS)‐AA7075 friction stir blind riveting (FSBR) joints made of different structure rivets. Four types of rivets were obtained by second machining of the commercial rivet, the corresponding FSBR test were conducted. Penetration forces and temperatures during friction penetration process were collected. The joint quality, tensile shear strength, and failure mode of the four types of joints were compared. The results demonstrated that the joint quality and mechanical behavior of the FSBR joint were highly related with the rivet tip structure. Compared with the original commercial rivet, machining rectangular or triangular slots at the rivet tip can increase the cutting proportion during FSBR process, which will reduce material damage, penetration force, flash and the gap between the two workpieces. The premature mandrel breakage caused joining failure can be effectively avoided by introducing slots at the rivet tip. Rivet with four triangular grooves was the most effective, can reduce penetration force by 14.9%, increase joint tensile shear strength by 10.9% and increasing fatigue life up to five times that of original commercial rivet.

Highlights

FSBR technology is firstly applied to the joining of aluminum alloy with CFRTP.

Rectangular or triangular slots are machined at the tips of commercial rivets.

Forming quality, tensile strength, and failure mode of joints were evaluated.

Probability of joining failure is effectively reduced.

Joint tensile strength has increased by 10.9% and fatigue life up to five times.
Assessing the effectiveness of the linear Drucker–Prager material model in predicting the mechanical behavior of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) under multiaxial loading conditions
Authors: Dundar Mehmet Akif
Published: January 2025

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the linear Drucker–Prager material model in accurately predicting the impact behavior of amorphous polymers, with a specific focus on acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS), a material known for its versatility and wide industrial use. The relevant material model parameters were determined by incorporating test data from uniaxial tension and compression tests conducted at the same strain rate, along with insights from the Mohr–Coulomb model. The approach employed to determine the material model parameters was validated by comparing the results of three‐point bending simulations at varying speeds, incorporating the Cowper–Symonds model to capture the strain rate‐dependent post‐yield behavior of ABS against experimental data, before being applied in the impact simulations. The comparative analysis of the three‐point bending and impact simulation results revealed that the linear Drucker–Prager model provides a more accurate estimation of the three‐point bending response of ABS than its impact behavior, suggesting that the model is better suited for predicting responses under more uniform stress states that align closely with its assumptions. The results further indicated that the material model effectively predicts the impact behavior of ABS under various energy levels, despite its limitations in fully accounting for the complexities of dynamic effects and stress states in impact scenarios. The methodology developed in this study for determining the associated material model parameters of ABS can also be applied to other amorphous polymers and can be employed in impact simulations to effectively predict their impact behavior.
Exploring the Effect of Hydrocarbon Cross‐Linkers on the Structure and Binding of Stapled p53 Peptides
Authors: Choudhury Asha Rani , Gaikwad Vikram , Maity Atanu , Chakrabarti Rajarshi
Published: January 2025

Short‐length peptides are used as therapeutics due to their high target specificity and low toxicity; for example, peptides are designed for targeting the interaction between oncogenic protein p53 and E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2. These peptide therapeutics form a class of successful inhibitors. To design such peptide‐based inhibitors, stapling is one of the methods in which amino acid side chains are stitched together to get conformationally rigid peptides, ensuring effective binding to their partners. In the current work, we use computer simulations to investigate p53 peptides stapled with hydrocarbon chains of different lengths and positions of attachment to the peptide. We subsequently analyze their binding efficiency with MDM2. The introduction of stapling agents restricts the conformational dynamics of peptides, resulting in higher persistence of helicity. The efficiency of the stapling agents has also been verified imposing these stapled peptides to adverse conditions viz. thermal and chemical denaturation. In addition, the conformational exploration of peptides has been investigated using temperature replica exchange molecular dynamics (T‐REMD) simulations. From both the unbiased and T‐REMD simulations, p53 with a long hydrocarbon cross‐linker shows a more conformationally rigid structure having high helicity compared to other stapled peptides. The rigidity gained due to cross‐linking reduces the entropy of the peptide in the free state and thereby facilitates the complexation process. From the binding studies, we have shown that the peptide having multiple short staples has a larger enthalpy change during binding, resulting from its orientation and interactions with residues in the binding interface. On the other hand, a peptide with a single long stapling agent shows less entropic penalty than other systems. Our study suggests a plausible rationale for the relation between the length and the position of attachment of cross‐linkers to peptides and their binding affinity for target partners.
Outline of Therapeutic Potential of Different Plants Reported Against Psoriasis via In Vitro, Pre‐Clinical or Clinical Studies
Authors: Gupta Pawan , Kalvatala Sudhakar , Joseph Abhinav , Panghal Anil , Santra Soumava
Published: January 2025

Psoriasis is a noncontagious, autoimmune chronic inflammatory disease with an unknown root cause. It is classified as a multifactorial and chronic skin disorder that also affects the immune system and is genetic. Environmental factors such as stress, infections, and injuries all play an important role in the disease's development. Although there is no cure for this disease, topical, oral, and systemic whole‐body treatments are available to relieve symptoms. Several plants and phytochemicals which have been found effective in the management of the psoriasis experimentally (preclinical and clinical). These plants/phytochemicals have applications in topical, oral, and systemic treatments. Traditionally, some of the plants have been utilized as the primary treatment, including their extracts and/or phytochemicals, for individuals with moderate to severe psoriasis (due to fewer side effects), while phototherapy is generally reserved for more advanced cases. This report describes various plants and phytochemicals that have been found to be effective against psoriasis in in vitro, preclinical, and clinical studies. This review summarizes the key findings from experimental studies on various pathological aspects of psoriasis and may be useful, effective, and informative for future research.