bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interferon gene expression in sputum cells correlates with the Asthma Index Score during virus‐induced exacerbations
Authors: Schwantes E. A. , Manthei D. M. , Denlinger L. C. , Evans M. D. , Gern J. E. , Jarjour N. N. , Mathur S. K.
Published: January 2014

Background

The majority of asthma exacerbations are related to viral respiratory infections. Some, but not all, previous studies have reported that low interferon responses in patients with asthma increase the risk for virus‐induced exacerbations.

Objective

We sought to determine the relationship between lower airway inflammatory biomarkers, specifically interferon gene expression, and the severity or presence of an exacerbation in asthmatics experiencing a naturally occurring viral infection.

Methods

Sputum samples were analysed from subjects in an asthma exacerbation study who experienced a confirmed viral infection. Subjects were monitored for daily symptoms, medication use and peak expiratory flow rate until baseline. Sputum samples were assessed for cell counts and gene expression.

Results

Interferon gamma expression was significantly greater in patients with asthma exacerbations compared to non‐exacerbating patients (P = 0.002). IFN‐α1, IFN‐β1 and IFN‐γ mRNA levels correlated with the peak Asthma Index (r = 0.58, P < 0.001; r = 0.57, P = 0.001; and r = 0.51, P = 0.004, respectively). Additionally, IL‐13, IL‐10 and eosinophil major basic protein mRNA levels were greater in patients with asthma exacerbations compared to non‐exacerbating patients (P = 0.03, P = 0.06 and P = 0.02, respectively), and IL‐13 mRNA correlated with the peak Asthma Index (P = 0.006).

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that asthma exacerbations are associated with increased rather than decreased expression of interferons early in the course of infection. These findings raise the possibility that excessive virus‐induced interferon production during acute infections can contribute to airway inflammation and exacerbations of asthma.
Innate mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are activated in inflammatory bowel diseases
Authors: Serriari N-E , Eoche M , Lamotte L , Lion J , Fumery M , Marcelo P , Chatelain D , Barre A , Nguyen-Khac E , Lantz O , Dupas J-L , Treiner E
Published: January 2014

Inflammatory bowel diseases are characterized by a deregulated immune response targeting the gut bacterial flora. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ib-restricted innate-like lymphocytes with anti-bacterial functions. They display an effector/memory phenotype and are found in large numbers in the blood, mucosae and liver. They have also been implicated in inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Therefore, we aimed to analyse the possible involvement of MAIT cells in Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). To this end, a phenotypical and functional analysis of MAIT cells isolated from the blood of healthy subjects, CD and UC patients was undertaken. MAIT cells were also quantified in ileal biopsies of CD patients. The frequency of blood MAIT cells was specifically reduced in IBD patients compared with healthy donors, whereas it was dramatically greater in the inflamed versus healthy tissue. MAIT cells were activated as they expressed significantly more the Ki67 antigen, and this was accompanied by phenotypical changes such as increased expression of natural killer (NK)G2D and B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA). Finally, in-vitro-activated MAIT cells from CD and UC patients secreted significantly more interleukin (IL)-17, together with a decreased interferon (IFN)-γ in CD but an increased IL-22 in UC. These data show that MAIT cells are activated in IBD, which results in an increased recruitment towards the inflamed tissues, an altered phenotype and a switch in the pattern of cytokine secretion. This is the first demonstration that MAIT cells are immune players in IBD, whose precise functions in this context need to be addressed.
Impact of child care arrangements on Australian children's cognitive outcome: moderation effects of parental factors
Authors: Lee Kyunghee
Published: January 2014

This study examines the effects of child care arrangements on children's cognitive outcomes. It is a secondary analysis, using data on 5107 children born in 2004 and their families from Growing Up in Australia: The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Data were collected in 2004 (Wave One), in 2006 (Wave Two) and in 2008 (Wave Three). This study asks (i) Do children receiving non‐parental child care have different cognitive developmental outcomes at ages 4–5, compared with those who never had non‐parental child care during the first 3 years of life? Do parental factors affect these associations?; and (ii) among children with non‐parental child care, do child care characteristics such as types of care, quantity, entry age and stability of child care affect child outcomes? Do parental factors affect child outcomes? The study's findings suggest that children in non‐parental child care had higher Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test scores at age 5. Among children in non‐parental child care arrangements, quantity and entry age of non‐parental child care affected children's cognitive developmental outcomes. Along with child care arrangements, parental mental health was associated with children's cognitive outcomes.
Beyond Contact? Policy approaches to work with families of looked after children in four European countries
Authors: Boddy Janet , Statham June , Danielsen Inge , Geurts Esther , Join‐Lambert Hélène , Euillet Sévèrine
Published: January 2014

In England, placement within the looked after system is not viewed as a desirable long‐term solution for most children, and policy has prioritised continued contact with parents, and swift return home, wherever possible. This review examines policy approaches to work with families of looked after children in England and in three other European countries: Denmark, France and the Netherlands, aiming to identify areas for shared learning in relation to this challenging area of policy and practice. The research highlights relationships between care populations and policy understandings of the purpose of work with families, including understandings of children's and/or parents’ rights.
The Effects of Wind Turbines on Property Values in Ontario: Does Public Perception Match Empirical Evidence?
Authors: Vyn Richard J. , McCullough Ryan M.
Published: January 2014

The increasing development of wind energy in North America has generated concerns from nearby residents regarding potential impacts of wind turbines on property values. Such concerns arose in Melancthon Township (in southern Ontario) following the construction of a large wind farm. Existing literature has not reached a consensus regarding the nature of these impacts. This paper applies a hedonic approach to detailed data on 5,414 rural residential sales and 1,590 farmland sales to estimate the impacts of Melancthon's wind turbines on surrounding property values. These impacts are accounted for through both proximity to turbines and turbine visibility—two factors that may contribute to a disamenity effect. The results of the hedonic models, which are robust to a number of alternate model specifications including a repeat sales analysis, suggest that these wind turbines have not significantly impacted nearby property values. Thus, these results do not corroborate the concerns raised by residents regarding potential negative impacts of turbines on property values.
Exhaled nitric oxide after high‐intensity exercise at 2800 m altitude
Authors: Stang Julie , Bråten Veslemøy , Caspersen Cecilie , Thorsen Einar , Stensrud Trine
Published: January 2014

Background

Nitric oxide (NO) concentration in exhaled gas is a marker of some inflammatory processes in the lung, and endogenous NO plays a role in the physiological responses to exercise and altitude. The aim of this study was to compare changes in exhaled NO concentration 5–60 mins after high‐intensity exercise at 2800 m and at 180 m altitude.

Methods

Twenty trained healthy volunteers (12 men), aged 19–28 years, were included in this open, crossover study. Subjects performed two exercise tests at different altitudes, 2800 m and 180 m, in a randomized order. The fraction of NO in exhaled gas (FENO) was measured 5 mins before and 5–60 mins after 8 mins of running on a treadmill at a heart rate (HR) of 90% of peak HR. Peak HR was assessed during a pretest at 180 m. Ambient temperature was 20·1°C (SD = 1·2) and relative humidity 40·2% (SD = 3·2). FENO measurements were corrected for altitude gas density effects and converted to partial pressure of NO (PENOcorr).

Results

PENOcorr was reduced from 1·47 (1·21, 1·73) millipascal (mPa) at baseline to 1·11 (0·87, 1·34) mPa 5 mins after exercise at 2800 m and from 1·54 (1·24, 1·84) to 1·04 (0·87, 1·22) mPa 5 mins after exercise at 180 m. There was no difference in PENOcorr between exercise at 2800 m and 180 m, and PENOcorr was normalized within 20 mins.

Conclusions

Exercise at 2800 m induces a similar acute reduction in exhaled nitric oxide concentration as compared with 180 m in healthy subjects.
The CTSA Consortium's Catalog of Assets for Translational and Clinical Health Research (CATCHR)
Authors: Shirey‐Rice Jana , Mapes Brandy , Basford Melissa , Zufelt Anneliese , Wehbe Firas , Harris Paul , Alcorn Michael , Allen David , Arnim Margaret , Autry Susan , Briggs Michael S. , Carnegie Andrea , Chavis‐Keeling Deborah , De La Pena Carlos , Dworschak Doris , Earnest Julie , Grieb Terri , Guess Marilyn , Hafer Nathaniel , Johnson Tesheia , Kasper Amanda , Kopp Janice , Lockie Timothy , Lombardo Vincetta , McHale Leslie , Minogue Andrea , Nunnally Beth , O'Quinn Deanna , Peck Kelly , Pemberton Kieran , Perry Cheryl , Petrie Ginny , Pontello Andria , Posner Rachel , Rehman Bushra , Roth Deborah , Sacksteder Paulette , Scahill Samantha , Schieri Lorri , Simpson Rosemary , Skinner Anne , Toussant Kim , Turner Alicia , Van der Put Elaine , Wasser June , Webb Chris D. , Williams Maija , Wiseman Lori , Yasko Laurel , Pulley Jill
Published: January 2014

The 61 CTSA Consortium sites are home to valuable programs and infrastructure supporting translational science and all are charged with ensuring that such investments translate quickly to improved clinical care. Catalog of Assets for Translational and Clinical Health Research (CATCHR) is the Consortium's effort to collect and make available information on programs and resources to maximize efficiency and facilitate collaborations. By capturing information on a broad range of assets supporting the entire clinical and translational research spectrum, CATCHR aims to provide the necessary infrastructure and processes to establish and maintain an open‐access, searchable database of consortium resources to support multisite clinical and translational research studies. Data are collected using rigorous, defined methods, with the resulting information made visible through an integrated, searchable Web‐based tool. Additional easy‐to‐use Web tools assist resource owners in validating and updating resource information over time. In this paper, we discuss the design and scope of the project, data collection methods, current results, and future plans for development and sustainability. With increasing pressure on research programs to avoid redundancy, CATCHR aims to make available information on programs and core facilities to maximize efficient use of resources.
Combined treatment with sodium butyrate and PD153035 enhances keratinocyte differentiation
Authors: Leon Carrion Sandra , Sutter Carrie Hayes , Sutter Thomas R.
Published: January 2014

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) signalling is a critical determinant of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation in both normal and diseased skin. Here we explore the effects of combined treatment with the differentiation‐promoting agent sodium butyrate (SB) and the EGFR inhibitor (EGFRI) PD153035 on terminal differentiation of normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs). Cells treated with SB showed increased expression of the levels of mRNA and protein of the differentiation markers filaggrin and transglutaminase 1. Cotreatment with EGF significantly blunted these effects of SB. Combined treatment with SB and PD153035 alleviated these inhibitory actions of EGF, resulting in improved effects of decreased cell growth and increased terminal differentiation, relative to the individual treatments. These results indicate that the combined use of a differentiation‐promoting agent and an EGFR inhibitor may offer an additional approach to the management of hyperproliferative skin diseases.
Community‐Focused Scholarship in Family and Consumer Sciences: Traditions and Opportunities
Authors: Way Wendy L.
Published: January 2014

From its beginning, the field of family and consumer sciences has sought to be a major force for social reform. This article suggests that the field's rich legacy can be extended by devoting new energy to scholarship aimed at understanding the role of community in individual and family well‐being and in examining the efficacy of research‐based, community‐level strategies aimed at enhancing well‐being. Frameworks for conceptualizing future scholarship are presented, including specific theoretical and methodological perspectives that may help operationalize research in relation to ecological systems theory which has been highlighted as a key concept for the field.
Considerations of Culture and Community in the Production of Hmong Health
Authors: Sparks Shannon M. A.
Published: January 2014

Health is locally produced by individuals, families, and households through the interplay and strategic utilization of a variety of internal and external resources, yet distally influenced by the larger ecological environment within which these are situated. The specific environmental factors that influence health vary across time and space, but are important to understanding and addressing health disparities. Data for this project come from 33 Hmong women who participated in focus groups conducted as part of an exploratory community‐based research study investigating cervical cancer screening disparities in the Milwaukee, Wisconsin Hmong community. Participants identified a number of factors broadly falling into two ecological contexts—culture (beliefs about disease causation, treatment seeking, and modesty) and community (collective decision making, health literacy, and language)—influencing screening decisions. Understanding of these factors is important for developing culturally embedded and locally relevant solutions aimed at effectively increasing cervical cancer screening rates and improving health outcomes for Hmong women.
Socially Responsible Apparel Labels: Effects on Fashionable Shoppers
Authors: Gam Hae Jin , Ma Yoon Jin , Banning Jennifer
Published: January 2014

Although socially responsible (SR) labels can facilitate consumers' SR purchasing choices, research addressing the effectiveness of SR labels for apparel products is limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the consumer segment that practices SR label reading behavior and plans to purchase SR apparel. An online survey was conducted with a random sample of U.S. consumers (N = 718). The researchers used cluster analysis to segment participants based on the participants' fashion orientation and shopping behavior into three groups: fashionable shoppers, regular shoppers, and uninvolved shoppers. These segments were used to develop a profile with regard to SR label behavior for apparel products. Results showed that consumers who were interested in fashion and shopping were more likely to be SR label users, to be more familiar with SR labels, they practiced increased SR apparel consumption, and they had greater intentions to purchase.
Arterial stiffness is associated with low skeletal muscle mass in Japanese community‐dwelling older adults
Authors: Sampaio Ricardo Aurélio Carvalho , Sewo Sampaio Priscila Yukari , Yamada Minoru , Yukutake Taiki , Uchida Marco Carlos , Tsuboyama Tadao , Arai Hidenori
Published: January 2014

Aim

To examine whether arterial stiffness, measured by the cardio‐ankle vascular index (CAVI), is associated with skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) in Japanese community‐dwelling older adults.

Methods

Data were collected from 175 participants through questionnaires and specific tests; the data included demographic, lifestyle and health characteristics, body mass index (BMI), and body composition features determined by the bioelectrical impedance analysis, ankle‐brachial index, the Mini‐Nutritional Assessment, handgrip strength (GS), walking speed and shuttle walking tests (SW), and arterial stiffness determined by the CAVI. Absolute SMI was dichotomized according to the first quintile, which determined low (n = 35) and normal (n = 140) SMI.

Results

Participants with low SMI were older (P = 0.01), had more polypharmacy (P = 0.01), a lower BMI (P < 0.001), and fat mass index (P = 0.02), and had a greater risk of malnutrition (P < 0.001) than the normal group. Additionally, they showed poorer physical performance (GS and SW, P = 0.007 and 0.01, respectively) than the normal group. Furthermore, CAVI was associated with SMI even after adjustments (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.14–2.90, P = 0.01).

Conclusions

Our data showed that arterial stiffness is associated with low SMI in community‐dwelling older adults, even when adjusting by multiple factors, showing a close interaction of vascular aging and muscle mass decline. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14 (Suppl. 1): 109–114.
Cut‐off points of quadriceps strength, declines and relationships of sarcopenia‐related variables among Thai community‐dwelling older adults
Authors: Assantachai Prasert , Muangpaisan Weerasak , Intalapaporn Somboon , Sitthichai Kobkul , Udompunturak Suthipol
Published: January 2014

Aim

To define quadriceps strength cut‐off points for both sexes to be used in the working diagnosis of sarcopenia in older Asian people, and to investigate the age‐related declines of sarcopenia‐related variables and correlations between those variables among community‐dwelling older adults.

Methods

The present 3‐year prospective study was a part of the Bangkok Longitudinal Study by Siriraj Hospital for Older Men and Women. Data on 2149 participants aged ≥60 years were included in this analysis.

Results

The quadriceps strength cut‐off points, identified based on mobility decline over 2 years of follow up, were 18.0 kg for men and 16.0 kg for women. When these cut‐off points were applied to the whole population aged ≥60 years (n = 950), the low quadriceps strength group had poorer results on all clinical variables when compared with the normal quadriceps strength group. Although nearly all of the sarcopenia‐related variables declined over 2 years of follow up in both older men and women, more significant differences between age groups were seen in older women. Quadriceps strength had the highest degree of correlation with total lean body mass in all age groups (r = 0.550–0.584, P < 0.001), followed by the 6‐min walk test in all age groups (r = 0.449–0.516, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The quadriceps strength cut‐off points of 18.0 kg for older men and 16.0 kg for older women would be useful as a muscle strength measurement for use in any diagnostic algorithm; for example, sarcopenia diagnosis in older Asian people. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14 (Suppl. 1): 61–68.
Age‐dependent changes in skeletal muscle mass and visceral fat area in Japanese adults from 40 to 79 years‐of‐age
Authors: Yamada Minoru , Moriguch Yoko , Mitani Takahiro , Aoyama Tomoki , Arai Hidenori
Published: January 2014

Aim

The age‐dependent loss of skeletal muscle mass is highly concerning in diverse aging populations. However, age‐dependent changes in muscle mass and the visceral fat area have not been well documented in Asian populations. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the age‐dependent changes in skeletal muscle mass and the visceral fat area in Japanese adults from 40 to 79 years‐of‐age.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional study. Healthy men (n = 16 379) and women (n = 21 660) aged 40–79 years participated in the present study. The skeletal muscle mass and visceral fat area were measured in the study participants by bioelectrical impedance. The muscle mass data were converted into the skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) by dividing the weight by the height squared (kg/m2).

Results

The SMI showed an age‐dependent decrease in both sexes. Between 40 and 79 years, the total SMI decreased by 10.8% in men and by 6.4% in women. The arm SMI decreased by 12.6% in men and 4.1% in women, and the leg SMI decreased by 10.1% in men and by 7.1% in women in the same period. In contrast, the visceral fat area showed an age‐dependent increase in both sexes. The visceral fat area increased by 42.9% in men and by 65.3% in women. The multiple regression analysis showed that the SMI was negatively associated with visceral obesity in both sexes.

Conclusions

In Japanese adults, sex‐specific changes in skeletal muscle mass are more prominent in the arm than in the leg. Furthermore, the age‐dependent increases in visceral adipose tissue might lead to loss of skeletal muscle mass. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14 (Suppl. 1): 8–14.
Using two different algorithms to determine the prevalence of sarcopenia
Authors: Yoshida Daisuke , Suzuki Takao , Shimada Hiroyuki , Park Hyuntae , Makizako Hyuma , Doi Takehiko , Anan Yuya , Tsutsumimoto Kota , Uemura Kazuki , Ito Tadashi , Lee Sangyoon
Published: January 2014

Aim

Several operative definitions and screening methods for sarcopenia have been proposed in previous studies; however, the opinions of researchers still differ. We compared the prevalence of sarcopenia using two different algorithms: (i) the European working group on sarcopenia in older people (EWGSOP)‐suggested algorithm using gait speed as the first step; and (ii) the muscle mass and strength algorithm.

Methods

A population‐based, cross‐sectional survey of adults aged over 65 years was carried out. Data on a total of 4811 participants were available for analysis. Gait speed, grip strength and appendicular skeletal muscle mass were assessed to determine sarcopenia. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass was estimated from bioimpedance analysis measurements and expressed as skeletal muscle mass index. Grip strength and skeletal muscle mass index were considered to be low if they fell below the threshold of the lowest 20% of values measured in a subset of healthy subjects. We compared the prevalence rates of sarcopenia determined by the two algorithms.

Results

The prevalence rate of sarcopenia in a representative sample of older Japanese adults was 8.2% for men and 6.8% for women based on the EWGSOP algorithm. The two algorithms identified the same participants as sarcopenic, the only difference being the EWGSOP algorithm classified an additional seven participants (0.15%) into sarcopenia compared with the muscle mass and strength algorithm.

Conclusion

It is debatable whether inclusion of gait speed is necessary when screening for sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults. Future research should examine the necessity of including gait speed in algorithms and the validity of cut‐off values. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14 (Suppl. 1): 46–51.
Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity among men aged 80 years and older in Beijing: Prevalence and its association with functional performance
Authors: Meng Ping , Hu Yi‐Xin , Fan Li , Zhang Ying , Zhang Man‐Xiu , Sun Jing , Liu Yu , Li Mei , Yang Yuan , Wang Li‐Hui , Zhang Yan , Gao Wei , Han Xiao‐Qi , Chen Liang‐Kung
Published: January 2014

Aim

Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity are significant associative factors for functional impairment related to aging. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity, and their associations with functional status among men aged 80 years and older in Beijing.

Methods

A total of 75 young healthy volunteers, and 101 older men aged 80 years and older participated in the present study. Demographic characteristics, anthropometry, skeletal muscle mass measured by dual X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA), 6‐m gait speed and handgrip strength were collected. Relative appendicular skeletal muscle index (RASM) and percentage skeletal muscle index (SMI) were obtained.

Results

Overall, the prevalence of sarcopenia was 45.7% by using RASM. By the weight‐adjusted skeletal muscle index definition (SMI), the prevalence of sarcopenia was 53.2%. The prevalence of sarcopenic obesity was lower by using RASM than SMI (4.9% vs 11.5%, P < 0.05). When we compared the sarcopenia prevalence (%) in obese participants, it was also remarkably lower by using RASM (40.0%) than SMI (95.0%). By using either RASM or SMI, gait speed was of no significant difference among the pure sarcopenia group, pure obese group and sarcopenic obesity group (0.76 ± 0.27 vs 0.82 ± 0.37 vs 0.82 ± 0.27 m/s, P > 0.05, by RASM; 0.75 ± 0.25 vs 0.92 ± 0.27 vs 0.82 ± 0.35 m/s, P > 0.05 by SMI), respectively. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that thigh skeletal muscle mass was positively correlated with gait speed independently (β = 0.221, P = 0.011), and total body fat (β = −0.216, P = 0.002) and age (β = −0.524, P = 0.000) were negatively correlated with gait speed independently.

Conclusions

The prevalence of sarcopenia is high either based on RASM or SMI among Chinese men aged 80 years and older. Functional limitations were significantly associated with older age, skeletal muscle mass and total body fat. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14 (Suppl. 1): 29–35.
Association of cognitive impairment, depressive symptoms and sarcopenia among healthy older men in the veterans retirement community in southern Taiwan: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Hsu Ying‐Hsin , Liang Chih‐Kuang , Chou Ming‐Yueh , Liao Mei‐Chen , Lin Yu‐Teh , Chen Liang‐Kung , Lo Yuk‐Keung
Published: January 2014

Aim

To evaluate the association of cognitive impairment, depressive mood and sarcopenia among older men living in the veterans retirement community in southern Taiwan

Methods

This cross‐sectional study recruited 353 men aged 65 years and older. In addition to demographic characteristics, all participants were measured for gait speed, handgrip strength and muscle mass by using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). The diagnosis of sarcopenia was made according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People criteria. Slow walking speed was defined as ≤0.8 meter/second. Low muscle strength was defined as the handgrip strength less than 22.5 kg which was adjusted according to Taiwanese norms. A height‐adjusted muscle mass of 8.87 kg/m2 from a previous Taiwanese study was defined as low muscle mass. Cognitive function was evaluated by the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), and the Geriatric Depression Scale‐15 (GDS‐15) was used for screening of depressive symptoms.

Results

Among the 353 participants (mean age 82.7 ± 5.3 years), 30.9% (109/353) were classified as sarcopenic. Multivariate logistic regression showed that sarcopenia was independently associated with cognitive impairment (adjusted OR 3.03, 95% CI 1.63–5.65, P < 0.001) and depressive symptoms (adjusted OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.03–4.89, P = 0.04).

Conclusions

Sarcopenia was significantly associated with cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms among otherwise healthy older men living in the veterans retirement community. Further outcome study is required to explore the interrelationship of cognition, depressive symptoms and sarcopenia in older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14 (Suppl. 1): 102–108.
Prevalence and associated factors of sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia in older Taiwanese living in rural community: The Tianliao Old People study 04
Authors: Wu Chih‐Hsing , Chen Kuan‐Ting , Hou Meng‐Tzu , Chang Yin‐Fan , Chang Chin‐Sung , Liu Ping‐Yen , Wu Shin‐Jiuan , Chiu Ching‐Ju , Jou I‐Ming , Chen Chuan‐Yu
Published: January 2014

Aim

The aim of the present study was to show the prevalence and associated factors of sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia in rural community‐dwelling older Taiwanese.

Methods

Using the whole community sampling method, a total of 285 men and 264 women aged over 65 years were randomly sampled (response rate = 50%) from Tianliao District, southern Taiwan, in 2012. Participants were interviewed by trained investigators to complete a validated structural questionnaire. Body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis, and skeletal muscle mass was estimated by Janssen's equation. The Mini‐Nutritional Assessment (MNA) score, Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire, grip strength, gait speed and short physical performance battery (SPPB) were obtained by the standard procedures. Sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia were defined according to the 2010 consensus of the Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People.

Results

Of the 549 study participants, 39 (7.1%) were classified as having sarcopenia and 31 (5.6%) participants were classified as having severe sarcopenia. Using multiple logistic regression models, the age, sex, working status, waist circumference, body mass index, hypertensive history, MNA and SPPB score were independently associated with different stages of sarcopenia.

Conclusions

Approximately one‐fifth of community‐dwelling older adults were facing the threat of sarcopenia in southern Taiwan. The older age, female sex, lower body mass index, higher waist circumference, a history of hypertension, lower MNA or SPPB score and not working regularly were associated factors for either sarcopenia or severe sarcopenia. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14 (Suppl. 1): 69–75.
Plasma minichromosome maintenance complex component 6 is a novel biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma patients
Authors: Zheng Tenghao , Chen Ming , Han Shuangyin , Zhang Lida , Bai Yangqiu , Fang Xinhui , Ding Song‐Ze , Yang Yuxiu
Published: January 2014

Aim

This study aimed to investigate the presence of plasma minichromosome maintenance complex component 6 (MCM6) mRNA and protein levels in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients and evaluate their diagnostic value for HCC.

Methods

Blood samples were collected from 61 HCC and 29 cirrhotic patients, and 30 healthy individuals. Circulating RNA was extracted from plasma of all samples. The mRNA for MCM6 were amplified and quantified by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Plasma MCM6 and α‐fetoprotein (AFP) protein levels were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

In HCC patients, MCM6 mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased over the cirrhotic and healthy controls. The levels of MCM6 mRNA and protein in the plasma of HCC patients correlated to vascular invasion (P < 0.01). Higher MCM6 protein levels also correlated with tumor stage progression and lymph node metastasis. The MCM6 protein has sensitivity of 67.2% and specificity of 89.8% in differentiating total HCC from non‐HCC individuals. In the AFP negative HCC group, MCM6 mRNA and protein could both detect 76.9% of HCC patients; combining the two of them increased the detection rate to 84.6%. In small HCC patients, MCM6 mRNA and protein could detect 64.3% and 71.4% of patients, respectively; combining AFP, MCM6 mRNA and MCM6 protein could detect 85.7% of small HCC patients.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that MCM6 mRNA and protein levels in plasma can be promising independent biomarkers for HCC, especially in AFP negative and small HCC patients.
Soluble intracellular adhesion molecule, M30 and M65 as serum markers of disease activity and prognosis in cholestatic liver diseases
Authors: Denk Gerald , Omary Ahmed‐Jawid , Reiter Florian Paul , Hohenester Simon , Wimmer Ralf , Holdenrieder Stefan , Rust Christian
Published: January 2014

Aim

Hepatic apoptosis is involved in the pathogenesis of immune‐mediated liver diseases such as autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). The aim of our study was to quantify distinct markers of apoptosis in sera of patients with AIH, PBC and PSC, and to evaluate correlation with markers of disease activity and prognosis.

Methods

Sera of patients with AIH, PBC and PSC, and of healthy controls were collected and distinct cell death markers were quantified using a bead‐based multiplex enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (soluble intracellular adhesion molecule [sICAM], macrophage migration inhibitory factor [MIF], soluble Fas [sFas], plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 [PAI‐1]) or single enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (DNAse, M30, M65).

Results

In comparison with healthy controls, the apoptotic markers sFas, sICAM (only in PSC patients), M30 and the cell death marker M65 were substantially elevated in sera of patients with immune‐mediated liver diseases, whereas DNAse activity was reduced. Interestingly, patients with advanced PSC presented with higher levels of sICAM, M30 and M65 than patients with mild PSC. Regression analysis revealed correlations between serum levels of sICAM, M30 and M65 with the Mayo Risk Score for PSC, and of M65 with the Mayo Risk Score for PBC.

Conclusion

Concentrations of the serum markers of apoptosis sFas and M30 and of the marker of total cell death M65 are elevated in patients with immune‐mediated liver diseases, whereas activity of DNAse is reduced. In patients with PSC, sICAM, M30 and M65 may serve as indicators for disease activity and prognosis.
GRIA2 is a novel diagnostic marker for solitary fibrous tumour identified through gene expression profiling
Authors: Vivero Marina , Doyle Leona A , Fletcher Christopher D M , Mertens Fredrik , Hornick Jason L
Published: January 2014

Aims

The NAB2–STAT6 fusion was recently identified as a consistent finding in solitary fibrous tumour (SFT), resulting in nuclear expression of the C‐terminal part of STAT6. Gene expression studies of SFT revealed high expression of the GRIA2 gene. The aim of this study was to examine GRIA2 expression in SFTs and other soft tissue tumours to evaluate its diagnostic utility.

Methods and results

Immunohistochemistry was performed on 375 soft tissue tumours. In total, 84 of 105 (80%) SFTs, including 86% of malignant SFTs and 100% of dedifferentiated SFTs, were positive for GRIA2. One SFT known to harbour the NAB2–STAT6 fusion but that was negative for STAT6 by immunohistochemistry was positive for GRIA2. It is of note that 93% of SFTs received in the last 3 years were positive for GRIA2, as compared with only 70% of older cases. The only other tumours that expressed GRIA2 were 15 of 20 (75%) cases of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP), four of nine (44%) myoepitheliomas, one synovial sarcoma (<1% of cells), and one schwannoma.

Conclusions

GRIA2 is a useful marker for distinguishing SFT from most mimics. Among other CD34‐positive tumours, GRIA2 is also expressed in DFSP; however, clinical and histological features aid in their distinction. GRIA2 shows a limited distribution in other soft tissue tumours.
Effect of photon‐initiated photoacoustic streaming on removal of apically placed dentinal debris
Authors: Arslan H. , Capar I. D. , Saygili G. , Gok T. , Akcay M.
Published: January 2014

Aim

To compare the efficacy of photon‐induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) technique with conventional, sonic and ultrasonic irrigation on the removal of apically placed dentinal debris from an artificial groove created in a root canal.

Methodology

Root canal preparation was performed up to size 40 on 48 extracted single‐rooted teeth using ProTaper rotary instruments. The specimens were then split longitudinally, and a standardized groove was prepared in the apical part of each segment. Each groove was filled with dentinal debris mixed with 5% NaOCl. Each tooth was reassembled and irrigated as follows: (i) conventional irrigation with 1% NaOCl, (ii) sonic, (iii) ultrasonic irrigation, and (iv) PIPS. The root segments were disassembled, and the amount of remaining dentinal debris was evaluated under a stereomicroscope at 20× magnification, using a four‐grade scoring system. The data were evaluated statistically using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U‐tests with a 95% confidence level (P = 0.05).

Results

Photon‐induced photoacoustic streaming removed significantly more dentinal debris than conventional irrigation (P < 0.001), sonic irrigation (P < 0.001) or ultrasonic irrigation (P = 0.005). There was no significant difference between sonic and ultrasonic irrigation (P = 0.377).

Conclusions

Photon‐induced photoacoustic streaming was more effective than conventional, sonic and ultrasonic irrigation in the removal of apically placed dentinal debris.
ASSET RETURNS UNDER PERIODIC REVELATIONS OF EARNINGS MANAGEMENT
Authors: SUN BO
Published: January 2014

The article investigates stock return dynamics in an environment where executives have an incentive to maximize their compensation by artificially inflating earnings. A principal–agent model with financial reporting and managerial effort is embedded in a Lucas asset‐pricing model with periodic revelations of the firm's underlying profitability. The return process generated from the model is consistent with a range of empirical regularities observed in the return data: volatility clustering, asymmetric volatility, and high idiosyncratic volatility. The calibration results further indicate that earnings management can be quantitatively important in accounting for the dynamic patterns of stock returns.
Targeted Temperature Management after Intracerebral Hemorrhage (TTM-ICH): Methodology of a Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Rincon Fred , Friedman David P. , Bell Rodney , Mayer Stephan A. , Bray Paul F.
Published: January 2014

Rationale

Intracerebral hemorrhage causes 15% of strokes annually in the United States, and there is currently no effective therapy.

Aims and hypothesis

This is a clinical trial designed to study the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of a protocol of targeted temperature management to moderate hypothermia in intracerebral hemorrhage patients.

Methods

The targeted temperature management after intracerebral hemorrhage trial is a prospective, single-center, interventional, randomized, parallel, two-arm (1:1) phase-II clinical trial with blinded end-point ascertainment. Intracerebral hemorrhage patients will be randomized within 18 h of symptom onset to either 72 h of targeted temperature management to moderate hypothermia (32–34°C) followed by a controlled rewarming at of 0·05–0·1°C per hour or 72 h of targeted temperature management to normothermia (36–37°C) using endovascular or surface cooling.

Outcomes

The primary outcome is the development of serious adverse events possibly and probably related to treatment. Secondary outcomes include in-hospital neurological deterioration between day 0–7, in-hospital mortality, functional outcome measured by the modified Rankin scale at discharge and 90 days, and effect of treatment allocation on cerebral edema and hematoma volume.

Discussion

Intracerebral hemorrhage remains the most severe form of stroke with limited options to improve survival. As the early resuscitation phase in the intensive care unit represents the greatest opportunity for impact on clinical outcome, it also appears to be the most promising window of opportunity to demonstrate a benefit when investigating aggressive treatments.

Conclusion

More research of novel therapies to improve outcomes after intracerebral hemorrhage is desperately needed. The results of the targeted temperature management after intracerebral hemorrhage clinical trial may provide additional information on the applicability of targeted temperature management after intracerebral hemorrhage.
Use of infliximab and other biologics in Behçet disease
Authors: Li J. , Fernando S. , Herkes G.
Published: January 2014

Behçet disease is a multisystem vasculitis characterised by recurrent oral ulceration in conjunction with other manifestations. Neurological involvement or neuro‐Behçet disease is not common, but typically affects young men at its onset between the ages of 20 and 40 with significant long‐term morbidity and mortality. There is substantial case literature to support the use of tumour necrosis factor antagonists, notably infliximab, in the treatment of neuro‐Behçet disease.
Inadequate resuscitation documentation in older patients' clinical case notes
Authors: Brown M. , Ruberu R. , Thompson C. H.
Published: January 2014

This research examined the quality of resuscitation decisions documented in the clinical notes of 99 older patients within 48 h of admission. Only 34 had current documentation that was frequently inconsistent and ambiguous, leaving patients at risk of receiving inappropriate and unwanted resuscitation. Clear guidelines with community input to guide the implementation and documentation of end‐of‐life decisions are essential.
Ubiquitin‐activating enzyme E1 inhibitor PYR41 attenuates angiotensin II‐induced activation of dendritic cells via the IκBa/NF‐κB and MKP1/ERK/STAT1 pathways
Authors: Chen Chen , Meng Yan , Wang Lei , Wang Hong‐Xia , Tian Cui , Pang Guo‐Dong , Li Hui‐Hua , Du Jie
Published: January 2014

The activation of dendritic cells (DCs) is necessary to initiate immune responses. Angiotensin II (Ang II) can enhance the maturation and activation of DCs, but the mechanisms are still unclear. Ubiquitin‐activating enzyme (E1/Uba1) is the common first step in ubiquitylation, which decides whether or not the modified protein is ultimately degraded by the proteasome. This study aimed to investigate the role of E1 in Ang II‐induced activation of DCs and the underlying mechanisms. First, we showed that Ang II stimulation significantly up‐regulated E1 expression in DCs. Moreover, Ang II treatment markedly induced phenotypic maturation, the secretion of cytokines and the immunostimulatory capacity of DCs. In contrast, inhibition of E1 by a small molecule inhibitor, 4 [4‐(5‐nitro‐furan‐2‐ylmethylene)‐3, 5‐dioxo‐pyrazolidin‐1‐yl]‐benzoic acid ethyl ester (PYR41), markedly attenuated these effects. Mechanistically, PYR41 treatment markedly decreased K63‐linked ubiquitination of tumour necrosis factor receptor‐associated factor 6 and nuclear factor‐κB essential modulator, inhibited proteasomal degradation of nuclear factor‐κB inhibitor α and mitogen‐activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 thereby resulting in activation of nuclear factor‐κB, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 signalling pathways in DCs induced by Ang II. Taken together, our results demonstrate a novel role of E1 in Ang II‐induced activation of DCs, and inhibition of E1 activity might be a potential therapeutic target for DC‐mediated autoimmune diseases.
Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma agonists in the prevention and treatment of murine systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Aprahamian Tamar R. , Bonegio Ramon G. , Weitzner Zachary , Gharakhanian Raffi , Rifkin Ian R.
Published: January 2014

Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists are known to have many immunomodulatory effects. We have previously shown that the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone is beneficial when used early in prevention of disease in murine models of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and SLE‐related atherosclerosis. In this report, we demonstrate that another PPARγ agonist, pioglitazone is also beneficial as a treatment for early murine lupus, indicating that this is a class effect and not agent‐specific. We further attempt to define the ability of PPARγ agonists to ameliorate established or severe autoimmune disease using two mouse models: the MRL.lpr SLE model and the gld.apoE−/− model of accelerated atherosclerosis and SLE. We demonstrate that, in contrast to the marked amelioration of disease seen when PPARγ agonist treatment was started before disease onset, treatment with rosiglitazone after disease onset in MRL.lpr or gld.apoE−/− mice had minimal beneficial effect on the development of the autoimmune phenotype; however, rosiglitazone treatment remained highly effective at reducing lupus‐associated atherosclerosis in gld.apoE−/− mice after disease onset or when mice were maintained on a high cholesterol Western diet. These results suggest that beneficial effects of PPARγ agonists on the development of autoimmunity might be limited to the early stages of disease, but that atherosclerosis, a major cause of death in SLE patients, may be ameliorated even in established or severe disease.
Diversity and phylogenetic community structure of ants along a Costa Rican elevational gradient
Authors: Smith M. Alex , Hallwachs Winnie , Janzen Daniel H.
Published: January 2014

The diversity and phylogenetic community structure of many organisms is negatively affected by factors that covary with elevation. On the Pacific slope of the Cordillera Guanacaste within Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica we found a negative relationship between elevation and ant diversity on each of three volcanos. This pattern was evident when diversity was measured through molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTU) or by phylogenetic diversity (PD) based on DNA barcodes or a multi‐gene phylogeny. We observed an asymmetrical mid‐elevation peak at approximately 600–800 m and we found high species turnover between sites on the same mountain and among the three mountains. At the highest elevation cloud forest sites we found evidence of significant phylogenetic clustering, the expected result of environmental filtering. The narrow elevational range of each species, coupled with the high diversity at each sampling point, emphasizes that climate change will bring strong changes in the location and composition of biodiversity on these mountains. The structure and composition of the hyperdiverse communities present at any one elevation is extremely vulnerable to a changing climate.
Free‐living nematodes as prey for higher trophic levels of forest soil food webs
Authors: Heidemann Kerstin , Hennies Annika , Schakowske Johanna , Blumenberg Lars , Ruess Liliane , Scheu Stefan , Maraun Mark
Published: January 2014

Nematodes are the most abundant invertebrates in soils and are key prey in soil food webs. Uncovering their contribution to predator nutrition is essential for understanding the structure of soil food webs and the way energy channels through soil systems. Molecular gut content analysis of consumers of nematodes, such as soil microarthropods, using specific DNA markers is a novel approach for studying predator–prey interactions in soil. We designed new specific primer pairs (partial 18S rDNA) for individual soil‐living bacterial‐feeding nematode taxa (Acrobeloides buetschlii, Panagrellus redivivus, Plectus veloxandPlectus minimus). Primer specificity was tested against more than 100 non‐target soil organisms. Further, we determined how long nematode DNA can be traced in the gut of predators. Potential predators were identified in laboratory experiments including nine soil mite (Oribatida, Gamasina and Uropodina) and ten springtail species (Collembola). Finally, the approach was tested under field conditions by analyzing five mite and three collembola species for feeding on the three target nematode species. The results proved the three primer sets to specifically amplify DNA of the respective nematode taxa. Detection time of nematode DNA in predators varied with time of prey exposure. Further, consumption of nematodes in the laboratory varied with microarthropod species. Our field study is the first definitive proof that free‐living nematodes are important prey for a wide range of soil microarthropods including those commonly regarded as detritivores. Overall, the results highlight the eminent role of nematodes as prey in soil food webs and for channelling bacterial carbon to higher trophic levels.