The United Kingdom Research study into Ethnicity And COVID-19 outcomes in Healthcare workers (UK-REACH): Protocol for a prospective longitudinal cohort study of healthcare and ancillary workers in UK healthcare settings
Authors: Woolf Katherine , Melbourne Carl , Bryant Luke , Guyatt Anna L , McManus Chris , Gupta Amit , Free Robert C , Nellums Laura , Carr Sue , John Catherine , Martin Christopher A , Wain Louise V , Gray Laura J , Garwood Claire , Modhwadia Vishant , Abrams Keith , Tobin Martin D , Khunti Kamlesh , Pareek Manish , Pareek Manish , Al-Oraibi Amani , Gupta Amit , Guyatt Anna , Melbourne Carl , John Catherine , Martin Christopher A , McManus I Chris , Orton Chris , Garwood Claire , Ford David , Dove Edward , Wobi Fatimah , Hood Janet , Khunti Kamlesh , Woolf Katherine , Abrams Keith , Gray Laura J , Nellums Laura , Wain Louise V , Teece Lucy , Bryant Luke , Tobin Martin , Gogoi Mayuri , Hassan Osama , Free Robert C , Reed-Berendt Ruby , Carr Sue , Modhwadia Vishant 
Published: February 2021

Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant morbidity and mortality, and has devastated economies in many countries. Amongst the groups identified as being at increased risk from COVID-19 are healthcare workers (HCWs) and ethnic minority groups. Emerging evidence suggests HCWs from ethnic minority groups are at increased risk of adverse COVID-19-related physical and mental health outcomes. To date there has been no large-scale analysis of these risks in UK healthcare workers or ancillary workers in healthcare settings, stratified by ethnicity or occupation type, and adjusted for potential confounders. This paper reports the protocol for a prospective longitudinal questionnaire study of UK HCWs, as part of the UK-REACH programme (The United Kingdom Research study into Ethnicity And COVID-19 outcomes in Healthcare workers).

Methods and analysis

A baseline questionnaire with follow-up questionnaires at 4 and 8 months will be administered to a national cohort of UK healthcare workers and ancillary workers in healthcare settings, and those registered with UK healthcare regulators. With consent, data will be linked to health records, and participants followed up for 25 years.

Univariate associations between ethnicity and primary outcome measures (clinical COVID-19 outcomes, and physical and mental health) and key confounders/explanatory variables will be tested, followed by multivariable analyses to test for associations between ethnicity and key outcomes adjusted for the confounder/explanatory variables, with interactions included as appropriate. Using follow-up data, multilevel models will be used to model changes over time by ethnic group, facilitating understanding of absolute and relative risks in different ethnic groups, and generalisability of findings.

Ethics and dissemination

The study is approved by Health Research Authority (reference 20/HRA/4718), and carries minimal risk to participants. We aim to manage the small risk of participant distress due to being asked questions on sensitive topics by clearly indicating on the participant information sheet that the questionnaire covers sensitive topics and that participants are under no obligation to answer these, or indeed any other, questions, and by providing links to support organisations. Results will be disseminated with reports to Government and papers uploaded to pre-print servers and submitted to peer reviewed journals.

Registration details

Trial ID: ISRCTN11811602

STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDY

National, UK-wide, study, aiming to capture variety of healthcare worker job roles including ancillary workers in healthcare settings.

Longitudinal study including three waves of questionnaire data collection, and linkage to administrative data over 25 years, with consent.

Unique support from all major UK healthcare worker regulators, relevant healthcare worker organisations, and a Professional Expert Panel to increase participant uptake and the validity of findings.

Potential for self-selection bias and low response rates, and the use of electronic invitations and online data collection makes it harder to reach ancillary workers without regular access to work email addresses.