bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What is a market crash?
Authors: le Bris David
Published: November 2017

Crashes, measured as strong price decreases, are sometimes difficult to reconcile with historical events. This can be explained by the fact that a price variation will have a greater negative impact in a stable financial context than a similar variation during a highly volatile period. For example, French stocks decreased painlessly by 16 per cent in August 2002, whereas a similar fall in January 1882 led to the failure of several brokers. Market volatility was very low at the end of the nineteenth century, whereas investors are now used to dealing with large price movements. A fall of 16 per cent was much more of a shock in 1882 than it would be today. To control for the instability of the volatility, a new method for identifying crashes is proposed. Each price variation is measured in numbers of standard deviations of the preceding period. These adjusted variations can then be ranked to identify the worst market crashes. This method is tested on four long‐term series. A better match between crashes and historical events is achieved than with pure price variations. This improved matching brings new insights to several historical debates.
The left supramarginal gyrus contributes to finger positioning for object use: a neuronavigated transcranial magnetic stimulation study
Authors: Andres Michael , Pelgrims Barbara , Olivier Etienne , Vannuscorps Gilles
Published: November 2017

In everyday actions, we grasp dozens of different manipulable objects in ways that accommodate their functional use. Neuroimaging studies showed that grasping objects in a way that is appropriate for their use involves a left‐lateralized network including the supramarginal gyrus (SMG), the anterior intraparietal area (AIP) and the ventral premotor cortex (PMv). However, because previous works premised their conclusions on tasks requiring action execution, it has remained difficult to discriminate between the areas involved in specifying the position of fingers onto the object from those implementing the motor programme required to perform the action. To address this issue, we asked healthy participants to make judgements about pictures of manipulable objects, while repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was applied over the left SMG, AIP, PMv or, as a control, the vertex. The participants were asked to name the part of the image where the thumb or the index finger was expected to contact the object during its normal utilization or where a given attribute of the same object was located. The two tasks were strictly identical in terms of visual display, working memory demands and response requirements. Results showed that rTMS over SMG slowed down judgements of finger positions but not judgements of object attributes. Both types of judgements remained unaffected when rTMS was applied over AIP or PMv. This finding demonstrates that, within the parieto‐frontal network dedicated to object use, at least the left SMG is involved in specifying the appropriate position of the thumb and index onto the object.
A methodology for preparing a list of recommended regulated non‐quarantine pests (RNQPs)
Authors: Picard C. , Ward M. , Benko‐Beloglavec A. , Matthews‐Berry S. , Karadjova O. , Pietsch M. , Van Der Gaag D. J.
Published: November 2017

The concept of ‘regulated non‐quarantine pest’ (RNQP) was introduced in the revised text of the FAO International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) approved in 1997. Measures against quarantine pests (exclusion, eradication, containment) aim to prevent unacceptable economic, environmental and social impacts resulting from the introduction and/or spread of these pests. On the contrary, the concept of RNQPs is intended to prevent an unacceptable economic impact on the intended use of plants for planting by pests that are already present in the area. RNQPs have been introduced in the new EU plant health regulation, in line with available international standards. This regulation entered into force in December 2016 and will be implemented in the following 3 years. In this context, EPPO agreed to undertake a 2‐year project on RNQPs: the EU Quality Pest Project. The objective of this project was to develop a methodology and then to apply this methodology to a list of about 1400 pest–host combinations to identify which should be recommended as RNQPs.

This methodology is presented in this paper, as well as the main issues discussed during its development.
Longitudinal Course and Correlates of Parents' Differential Treatment of Siblings in Mexican‐Origin Families
Authors: Padilla Jenny , McHale Susan M. , Rodríguez De Jesús Sue A. , Updegraff Kimberly A. , Umaña‐Taylor Adriana J.
Published: November 2017

Parents' differential treatment (PDT) is a common family dynamic that has been linked to youth development and well‐being, including adjustment problems and poor sibling relationships. Much less is known, however, about the developmental course of PDT and the conditions under which parents treat their children differently in adolescence and young adulthood. This study examined longitudinal changes in mothers' and fathers' differential warmth and conflict with their two offspring from early adolescence through young adulthood and examined parents' experiences of individual stress (depressive symptoms and role overload) and marital difficulties as time‐varying correlates of (changes in) PDT. We also tested crossover effects to determine whether mothers' experiences of individual stress and marital difficulties were linked to fathers' differential treatment, and vice versa. Participants were mothers, fathers, and two siblings from 246 Mexican‐origin families who were interviewed in their homes on three occasions over 8 years. Multilevel models revealed that mothers' and fathers' differential conflict with their two children increased until middle adolescence and then declined into young adulthood, but there were no changes over time for parents' differential warmth. In general, both mothers' and fathers' levels of differential treatment were exacerbated by their own experiences of individual stress and marital difficulties and also by the experiences of their spouses. However, in some cases, greater stress than usual was linked to less differential treatment than usual.
Increased risk of cyanobacterial blooms in northern high‐latitude lakes through climate warming and phosphorus enrichment
Authors: Przytulska Anna , Bartosiewicz Maciej , Vincent Warwick F.
Published: November 2017

Harmful cyanobacterial blooms are an increasing problem at many locations throughout the world but are rarely reported in aquatic habitats at high latitudes. Shallow lakes are a major feature of northern permafrost landscapes and are likely to experience large‐scale changes in their limnological properties in the future as a consequence of climate warming.

In the present study, we addressed the question of what preconditions would be necessary to stimulate the growth and dominance of bloom‐forming cyanobacteria in northern fresh waters. We analysed the summer phytoplankton of 18 lakes on eroding permafrost (thaw lakes) and on glacier‐scoured rock (rock basin lakes) in subarctic Quebec, Canada, to determine their phytoplankton community structure and the biomass contribution of cyanobacteria. This survey was complemented with an incubation experiment to evaluate the direct warming and indirect phosphorus (P) enrichment effects of climate change on cyanobacterial bloom development.

All lakes contained diverse phytoplankton communities, often dominated by chrysophytes, dinoflagellates and chlorophytes. Cyanobacteria were present in all waterbodies, but their contribution to the total community biovolume was highly variable (mean of 8.7%, range 0.1%–47%). Cyanobacterial community biovolumes correlated positively with surface water temperatures, and negatively with dissolved organic carbon, soluble reactive phosphorus, iron and manganese concentrations in the surface waters.

Phosphorus enrichment of water from a thaw lake resulted in a fourfold increase of chlorophyll a (Chl‐a) and an increase in the cyanobacterial pigments echinenone and zeaxanthin. The phytoplankton counts showed that there was a sharp decrease in diversity (expressed as decline of the Shannon–Wiener index from 1.69 to 0.16), accompanied by a shift to cyanobacterial dominance, notably by the heterocystous, potentially toxic species Dolichospermum cf. planctonicum. Increased temperature led to an initial doubling of cyanobacterial biovolume, followed by the development of a chrysophyte bloom. Combined warming and P enrichment led to reduced phytoplankton biodiversity, with a community composed of cyanobacteria and chrysophytes. There was also a pronounced response by the picophytoplankton community; picocyanobacteria were strongly stimulated by P enrichment, while picoeukaryotes increased in response to warming.

The current inoculum levels of cyanobacteria in subarctic lakes and their responsiveness to temperature and phosphorus indicate the potential for an abrupt increase in their abundance, accompanied by a decrease in phytoplankton diversity. Ongoing climate change will increase the risk of noxious cyanobacterial blooms in northern lakes and ponds, with potentially negative consequences for higher trophic levels.
Landscape‐level effects on aboveground biomass of tropical forests: A conceptual framework
Authors: Melito Melina , Metzger Jean Paul , de Oliveira Alexandre A.
Published: November 2017

Despite the general recognition that fragmentation can reduce forest biomass through edge effects, a systematic review of the literature does not reveal a clear role of edges in modulating biomass loss. Additionally, the edge effects appear to be constrained by matrix type, suggesting that landscape composition has an influence on biomass stocks. The lack of empirical evidence of pervasive edge‐related biomass losses across tropical forests highlights the necessity for a general framework linking landscape structure with aboveground biomass. Here, we propose a conceptual model in which landscape composition and configuration mediate the magnitude of edge effects and seed‐flux among forest patches, which ultimately has an influence on biomass. Our model hypothesizes that a rapid reduction of biomass can occur below a threshold of forest cover loss. Just below this threshold, we predict that changes in landscape configuration can strongly influence the patch's isolation, thus enhancing biomass loss. Moreover, we expect a synergism between landscape composition and patch attributes, where matrix type mediates the effects of edges on species decline, particularly for shade‐tolerant species. To test our conceptual framework, we propose a sampling protocol where the effects of edges, forest amount, forest isolation, fragment size, and matrix type on biomass stocks can be assessed both collectively and individually. The proposed model unifies the combined effects of landscape and patch structure on biomass into a single framework, providing a new set of main drivers of biomass loss in human‐modified landscapes. We argue that carbon trading agendas (e.g., REDD+) and carbon‐conservation initiatives must go beyond the effects of forest loss and edges on biomass, considering the whole set of effects on biomass related to changes in landscape composition and configuration.
Thinking throughThe Clouds: Comedy in Hegel and Strauss
Authors: Linden Ari
Published: November 2017

This article reconstructs a dialogue between three modern philosophical treatments of the Ancient Greek comic poet Aristophanes's play,The Clouds(first performed in 423 BCE), which has generally been received as an unjust satire of Socrates. I argue that Hegel, Kierkegaard, and Leo Strauss all assume a rather unconventional position in their respective readings—especially given their status as philosophers—by actually coming to the comedian's defense, and by showing, in distinct but related ways, how his play grasps the “negativity” in Socrates more profoundly than do the other depictions of the philosopher that have been bequeathed to posterity. By further appealing to the hidden affinities between Aristophanes and Socrates, each of these modern thinkers, finally, shows himself to be invested in the specific function of the comedian‐satirist within the polis, an investment that has implications for both antiquity and modernity.
Orientalist Fashion, Photography, and Fantasies: Baron Max von Oppenheim'sArabian Nightsin Context
Authors: Gueneli Berna
Published: November 2017

This article discusses Max von Oppenheim's Orientalism as exemplified in his collection of photographs and costumes, in the midst of a growing Orientalist visual culture in turn‐of‐the‐century Europe. Oppenheim is presented as a disseminator of new tastes and desires, anticipating the Orientalist costume parties, fashion shows, and theater productions in 1910s Europe. The development of photography as a medium, increased interest in ethnography among scientists, and rapid advances in fashion photography in particular helped to spread the reach of the Orientalism that Oppenheim pioneered. Tracing the Orientalist visual culture of his time, this paper uncovers how Oppenheim engaged with and perpetuated existing Orientalist fantasies but also diverged from common disseminations thereof. The specific biographical and cultural context of Oppenheim's travels and experiences, specifically in Cairo (1896–1909), creates his specific Orientalism—much more involved, reciprocal/collaborative, and tactile—the character of which will crystallize in the course of the discussion to follow.
Rilke's “Kinderstube”: Phenomenology in Childhood Spaces
Authors: Stone Lauren Shizuko
Published: November 2017

The detail and care with which Rilke renders everyday objects of experience issues from his well‐documented concern for the significance of visual perception. In contrast to existing Rilke scholarship, which has largely concentrated on the motif ofschauenin his poetry, this article addresses how his prose texts on childhood (Die Aufzeichnungen des Malte Laurids BriggeandNotizen zur Melodie der Dinge) develop a complex theory about the interaction between the child's visual experience of space and corresponding mental acts. I argue that Rilke mobilizes ambivalent imagery of the home to connect childlike misrecognition to the poetic impulse. Reconsidering more recent work on the subject, I show that Rilke, like Husserl, was indeed a phenomenologically “technical” thinker of ordinary experience, whose prose celebrates the revisionary power of the child as the poet‐subject of the domestic sphere.
Characteristics and outcome of prostate cancer patients with overall biopsy Gleason score 3 + 4 = 7 and highest Gleason score 3 + 4 = 7 or > 3 + 4 = 7
Authors: Verhoef Esther I , Kweldam Charlotte F , Kümmerlin Intan P , Nieboer Daan , Bangma Chris H , Incrocci Luca , van der Kwast Theodorus H , Roobol Monique J , van Leenders Geert J
Published: November 2017

Aim

Prostate cancer heterogeneity and multifocality might result in different Gleason scores (GS) at individual biopsy cores. According to World Health Organisation/International Society of Urologic Pathology (WHO/ISUP) guidelines, the GS in each biopsy core should be recorded with optional reporting of overall GS for the entire case. We aimed to compare the clinicopathological characteristics and outcome of men with overall biopsy GS 3 + 4 = 7 with highest GS 3 + 4 = 7 (HI = OV) to those with highest GS > 3 + 4 = 7 (HI > OV).

Methods and results

Prostate cancer biopsies from the European Randomised Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) were revised according to WHO/ISUP 2014 guidelines (n = 1031). In total, 370 patients had overall GS 3 + 4 = 7, 60 of whom (16%) had had at least one biopsy core with GS 4 + 3 = 7 or 4 + 4 = 8. Men with higher GS than 3 + 4 (HI > OV) in any of the cores had higher age, prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level, number of positive biopsies, percentage tumour involvement, percentage Gleason grade 4 and cribriform or intraductal growth (all P < 0.05) than those with GS 3 + 4 = 7 at highest (HI = OV). In multivariable Cox regression analysis, including PSA, percentage positive biopsies and percentage tumour involvement, biochemical recurrence‐free survival after radical prostatectomy (P = 0.52) or radiotherapy (P = 0.35) was not statistically different between both groups.

Conclusion

Among patients with overall GS 3 + 4 = 7, those with highest GS > 3 + 4 = 7 had worse clinicopathological features, but clinical outcome was not statistically significant. Therefore, the use of overall GS instead of highest GS for clinical decision‐making is justified, potentially preventing overtreatment in prostate cancer patients.
Severity and multiplicity of microvascular complications are associated with QT interval prolongation in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Kobayashi Shunsuke , Nagao Mototsugu , Asai Akira , Fukuda Izumi , Oikawa Shinichi , Sugihara Hitoshi
Published: November 2017

Aims/Introduction

A prolonged QT interval plays a causal role in life‐threatening arrhythmia, and becomes a risk factor for sudden cardiac death. Here, we assessed the association between microvascular complications and the QT interval in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Materials and Methods

Patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 219) admitted to Nippon Medical School Hospital (Tokyo, Japan) for glycemic control were enrolled. QT interval was measured manually in lead II on the electrocardiogram, and corrected for heart rate using Bazett's formula (QTc). Diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy were assessed by neuropathic symptoms or Achilles tendon reflex, ophthalmoscopy and urinary albumin excretion, respectively.

Results

In univariate analyses, female sex (P = 0.025), duration of type 2 diabetes (P = 0.041), body mass index (P = 0.0008), systolic blood pressure (P = 0.0011) and receiving insulin therapy (P < 0.0001) were positively associated with QTc. Patients with each of the three microvascular complications had longer QTc than those without: neuropathy (P = 0.0005), retinopathy (P = 0.0019) and nephropathy (P = 0.0001). As retinopathy or nephropathy progressed, QTc became longer (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001 for trend in retinopathy and nephropathy, respectively). Furthermore, QTc was prolonged with the multiplicity of the microvascular complications (P < 0.001 for trend). Multiple regression analyses showed that neuropathy, nephropathy and the multiplicity of the microvascular complications were independently associated with QTc.

Conclusions

Patients with type 2 diabetes with severe microvascular complications might be at high risk for life‐threatening arrhythmia associated with QT interval prolongation.
Consistent melanophore spot patterns allow long‐term individual recognition of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar
Authors: Stien L. H. , Nilsson J. , Bui S. , Fosseidengen J. E. , Kristiansen T. S. , Øverli Ø. , Folkedal O.
Published: November 2017

The present study shows that permanent melanophore spot patterns in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar make it possible to use images of the operculum to keep track of individual fish over extended periods of their life history. Post‐smolt S. salar (n = 246) were initially photographed at an average mass of 98 g and again 10 months later after rearing in a sea cage, at an average mass of 3088 g. Spots that were present initially remained and were the most overt (largest) 10 months later, while new and less overt spots had developed. Visual recognition of spot size and position showed that fish with at least four initial spots were relatively easy to identify, while identifying fish with less than four spots could be challenging. An automatic image analysis method was developed and shows potential for fast match processing of large numbers of fish. The current findings promote visual recognition of opercular spots as a welfare‐friendly alternative to tagging in experiments involving salmonid fishes.
Antipsychotic (Non)selectivity: A Setup for Swallowing and Side‐Effects in Seriously Ill Elderly Adults
Authors: Rudolph James L.
Published: November 2017

This editorial comments on the article by Herzig et al.
Epidemiology of Guillain‐Barré syndrome in Finland 2004–2014
Authors: Sipilä Jussi O.T. , Soilu‐Hänninen Merja , Ruuskanen Jori O. , Rautava Päivi , Kytö Ville
Published: November 2017

At total mean incidence of 0.84–1.1/100,000 the occurrence of Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS) is reported to be low in Finland compared to other Caucasian populations. However, a recent study from Southwestern Finland reported an incidence of 1.82/100,000 which is comparable to other Caucasian populations. We analyzed discharge data covering the years 2004 through 2014 on all neurological admissions in all Finnish university and central hospitals with a primary diagnosis of GBS. A total of 989 admissions due to GBS (917 individuals) were identified. The standardized (European population) annual incidence rate was 1.70/100,000 person‐years (95% confidence interval 1.60–1.81). GBS incidence had an increasing trend with age. The likelihood of GBS was higher among girls and adolescent women than boys and men of same age (male:female incidence rate ratio [IRR] 0.56), while in the older age groups (>19 years) the occurrence of GBS was higher among males than females (male:female IRR 1.59). The incidence of GBS remained stable during the study period. There was no seasonal variation in GBS admission frequencies (p = 0.28). No significant effect of the 2009–2010 H1N1 influenza or vaccination against it for GBS occurrence was observed. We suggest that GBS is as common, and has similar age‐distribution in Finland as in other European countries. Sex‐associated susceptibility for GBS appears to be different in children‐adolescents and adults.
Association between uterine position and transvaginal misoprostol treatment for early pregnancy failure
Authors: Chill Henry H. , Malyanker Nirit , Karavani Gilad , Haj‐Yahya Rani , Herzberg Shmuel , Bahar Raz , Shveiky David , Dior Uri P.
Published: November 2017

Aim

We aimed to determine the importance of uterine position as a predicting factor of success rate in medically treated early pregnancy failure (EPF).

Methods

We carried out a retrospective cohort study at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of a tertiary medical center between January 2011 and June 2012. We included women diagnosed with EPF, which we defined as women diagnosed with missed abortion up to 13 gestational weeks. Patients were treated with one or two doses of 800 μg of misoprostol vaginally in accordance with the department's protocol. Demographic, clinical, and treatment success data were collected from patient electronic records.

Results

A total of 255 women were included in our study. The success rate after treatment with misoprostol for the anterior uterine group was 78.7% as compared to the non‐anterior uterine group, which achieved a success rate of 88.1%. This difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.180). In a multivariate analysis comparing patients for whom treatment with misoprostol was successful as opposed to patients for whom treatment failed, only embryonic sac size showed a statistically significant difference, measuring shorter in the success group.

Conclusion

Uterine position has no effect on success rate of misoprostol treatment for EPF.
Defining probabilities of bowel resection in deep endometriosis of the rectum: Prediction with preoperative magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Perandini Alessio , Perandini Simone , Montemezzi Stefania , Bonin Cecilia , Bellini Gaia , Bergamini Valentino
Published: November 2017

Aim

Deep endometriosis of the rectum is a highly challenging disease, and a surgical approach is often needed to restore anatomy and function. Two kinds of surgeries may be performed: radical with segmental bowel resection or conservative without resection. Most patients undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before surgery, but there is currently no method to predict if conservative surgery is feasible or whether bowel resection is required. The aim of this study was to create an algorithm that could predict bowel resection using MRI images, that was easy to apply and could be useful in a clinical setting, in order to adequately discuss informed consent with the patient and plan the an appropriate and efficient surgical session.

Methods

We collected medical records from 2010 to 2016 and reviewed the MRI results of 52 patients to detect any parameters that could predict bowel resection. Parameters that were reproducible and with a significant correlation to radical surgery were investigated by statistical regression and combined in an algorithm to give the best prediction of resection.

Results

The calculation of two parameters in MRI, impact angle and lesion size, and their use in a mathematical algorithm permit us to predict bowel resection with a positive predictive value of 87% and a negative predictive value of 83%.

Conclusions

MRI could be of value in predicting the need for bowel resection in deep endometriosis of the rectum. Further research is required to assess the possibility of a wider application of this algorithm outside our single‐center study.
Integrating Health Education in Core Curriculum Classrooms: Successes, Challenges, and Implications for Urban Middle Schools
Authors: Rajan Sonali , Roberts Katherine J. , Guerra Laura , Pirsch Moira , Morrell Ernest
Published: November 2017

BACKGROUND

School‐based health education efforts can positively affect health behaviors and learning outcomes; however, there is limited available time during the school day for separate health education classes. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and sustainability of implementing a classroom‐based health education program that integrates skill development with health learning.

METHODS

A wait‐list control study design was conducted among 168 6th graders in 2 urban schools. Data on program implementation, feasibility, and health outcomes were collected from students at 3 time points and from 5 teachers across the implementation of the 10‐week program.

RESULTS

There were barriers to implementation, including time limitations, unexpected school‐wide disruptions, and variations in student reading ability and teacher preparedness. However, analyses revealed there were significant increases in self‐efficacy regarding fruit and vegetable consumption and outcome expectations following program implementation, which were also sustained post‐program implementation. Despite inconsistent implementation in the wait‐list control school, small gains were also noted following the completion of the program.

CONCLUSIONS

Integrating health education efforts within core curricula classes can lead to favorable outcomes. However, implementation barriers must be actively addressed by schools and program developers to improve program fidelity and maximize the sustainability of program gains.
Review of Education‐Focused Health Impact Assessments Conducted in the United States
Authors: Gase Lauren N. , DeFosset Amelia R. , Gakh Maxim , Harris Celia , Weisman Susan R. , Dannenberg Andrew L.
Published: November 2017

BACKGROUND

Health impact assessment (HIA) provides a structured process for examining the potential health impacts of proposed policies, plans, programs, and projects. This study systematically reviewed HIAs conducted in the United States on prekindergarten, primary, and secondary education‐focused decisions.

METHODS

Relevant HIA reports were identified from web sources in late 2015. Key data elements were abstracted from each report. Four case studies were selected to highlight diversity of topics, methods, and impacts of the assessment process.

RESULTS

Twenty HIAs completed in 2003‐2015 from 8 states on issues related to prekindergarten through secondary education were identified. The types of decisions examined included school structure and funding, transportation to and from school, physical modifications to school facilities, in‐school physical activity and nutrition, and school discipline and climate. Assessments employed a range of methods to characterize the nature, magnitude, and severity of potential health impacts. Assessments fostered stakeholder engagement and provided health‐promoting recommendations, some of which were subsequently incorporated into school policies.

CONCLUSIONS

Health impact assessment is a promising tool that education, health, and other stakeholders can use to maximize the health and well‐being of students, families, and communities.
Incorporating Trauma‐Informed Care Into School‐Based Programs
Authors: Martin Sandra L. , Ashley Olivia Silber , White LeBretia , Axelson Sarah , Clark Marc , Burrus Barri
Published: November 2017

BACKGROUND

This article provides an overview of the rationale and process for incorporating trauma‐informed approaches into US school‐based programs, using school‐based adolescent pregnancy prevention programs as an example.

METHODS

Research literature is reviewed on the prevalence and outcomes of childhood trauma, including the links between trauma and pregnancy. Information is then presented concerning the implementation of trauma‐informed approaches in school settings, describing activities undertaken, barriers encountered, and outcomes achieved. Next, we describe the implications of this literature for school‐based adolescent pregnancy prevention programs, outlining the reasons for including trauma‐informed approaches in these programs, the prerequisites for doing so, and some examples of successful implementation.

RESULTS

Many children in our country experience trauma, placing them at increased risk of multiple health concerns including adolescent pregnancy. In response to this situation, some schools have successfully incorporated trauma‐informed approaches into adolescent pregnancy prevention programs, as well as other programming.

CONCLUSIONS

Incorporating trauma‐informed approaches into school settings, including school‐based adolescent pregnancy prevention programs, is a viable and important way to address the multiple needs of traumatized children.
Type 1 immune‐mediated polyarthritis in dogs and lack of a temporal relationship to vaccination
Authors: Idowu O. A. , Heading K. L.
Published: November 2017

Objectives

To investigate whether there is a temporal relationship between vaccination and the onset of type 1 immune‐mediated polyarthritis in dogs.

Materials and Methods

Retrospective case–control study: 39 dogs from a referral hospital with a diagnosis of type 1 immune‐mediated polyarthritis were age‐matched with 78 control dogs with other diagnoses. A temporal association between vaccination and polyarthritis was considered positive if recent vaccination had been performed within 28 days of the onset of clinical signs of immune‐mediated polyarthritis. The odds ratio association of recent vaccination with immune‐mediated polyarthritis was calculated using matched case–control methods.

Results

Of the 39 dogs in the type 1 immune‐mediated polyarthritis group, four had been vaccinated within 28 days before onset of clinical signs compared to six dogs in the control group. The odds ratio for a dog developing type 1 immune‐mediated polyarthritis if vaccinated within the last 28 days was estimated to be 1·44 (95% confidence interval 0·25 to 8·24, P = 0·88).

Clinical Significance

There was no evidence of a temporal relationship between vaccination and type 1 immune‐mediated polyarthritis, although the large confidence interval on the odds ratio suggests a need for larger studies to confirm this finding.
It's a long way to the top: Plant species diversity in the transition from managed to old‐growth forests
Authors: Burrascano Sabina , Ripullone Francesco , Bernardo Liliana , Borghetti Marco , Carli Emanuela , Colangelo Michele , Gangale Carmen , Gargano Domenico , Gentilesca Tiziana , Luzzi Giuseppe , Passalacqua Nicodemo , Pelle Luca , Rivelli Anna Rita , Sabatini Francesco Maria , Schettino Aldo , Siclari Antonino , Uzunov Dimitar , Blasi Carlo
Published: November 2017

Questions

Do vascular plant species richness and beta‐diversity differ between managed and structurally complex unmanaged stands? To what extent do species richness and beta‐diversity relate to forest structural attributes and heterogeneity?

Location

Five national parks in central and southern Italy.

Methods

We sampled vascular plant species composition and forest structural attributes in eight unmanaged temperate mesic forest stands dominated or co‐dominated by beech, and in eight comparison stands managed as high forests with similar environmental features. We compared plant species richness, composition and beta‐diversity across pairs of stands (unmanaged vs managed) using GLMMs. Beta‐diversity was quantified both at the scale of each pair of stands using plot‐to‐plot dissimilarity matrices (species turnover), and across the whole data set, considering the distance in the multivariate species space of individual plots from their centroid within the same stand (compositional heterogeneity). We modelled the relationship between species diversity (richness and beta‐diversity) and forest structural heterogeneity and individual structural variables using GLMMs and multiple regression on distance matrices.

Results

Species composition differed significantly between managed and unmanaged stands, but not richness and beta‐diversity. We found weak evidence that plant species richness increased with increasing levels of structural heterogeneity and canopy diversification. At the scale of individual stands, species turnover was explained by different variables in distinct stands, with variables related to deadwood quantity and quality being selected most often. We did not find support for the hypothesis that compositional heterogeneity varies as a function of forest structural characteristics at the scale of the whole data set.

Conclusions

Structurally complex unmanaged stands have a distinct herb layer species composition from that of mature stands in similar environmental conditions. Nevertheless, we did not find significantly higher levels of vascular plant species richness and beta‐diversity in unmanaged stands. Beta‐diversity was related to patterns of deadwood accumulation, while for species richness the evidence that it increases with increasing levels of canopy diversification was weak. These results suggest that emulating natural disturbance, and favouring deadwood accumulation and canopy diversification may benefit some, but not all, facets of plant species diversity in Apennine beech forests.
Performance of an algorithm‐based approach to the diagnosis and management of functional gastrointestinal disorders: A pilot trial
Authors: Linedale E. C. , Mikocka‐Walus A. , Vincent A. D. , Gibson P. R. , Andrews J. M.
Published: November 2017

Background

Recent advances in the development of diagnostic criteria and effective management options for functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) have not yet been integrated into clinical practice. There is a clear need for the development and validation of a simple clinical pathway for the diagnosis and management of FGIDs which can be used in primary care.

Methods

In this controlled pilot study, we designed and evaluated a non‐specialist‐dependent, algorithm‐based approach for the diagnosis and management of FGIDs (ADAM‐FGID). Patients referred to 1 tertiary referral center with clinically suspected functional gastrointestinal disorders were allocated to waitlist control or algorithm group. The algorithm group was screened for organic disease, and those without clinical alarms received a written FGID diagnosis and management options. All participants were followed up for 1 year.

Key Results

The ADAM‐FGID was found to be feasible and acceptable to both patients and primary healthcare providers. The diagnostic component identified that 39% of referrals required more urgent gastroenterological review than original triage category, with organic disease subsequently diagnosed in 31% of these. The majority of patients (82%) diagnosed with a FGID did not receive a relevant alternative diagnosis during follow‐up. Patient buy‐in to the model was good, with all reading the diagnostic/management letter, 80% entering management, and 61% reporting symptom improvement at 6 weeks. Moreover, 68% of patients and all referring doctors found the approach to be at least moderately acceptable. Patients reported being reassured by the approach and found the management options useful. Primary healthcare providers acknowledged the potential of this approach to reduce waiting times for endoscopic procedures and to provide reassurance to both patients and themselves.

Conclusions & Inferences

This pilot study provides preliminary evidence to support a clinical pathway for the diagnosis and management of FGIDs which does not depend upon specialist review. Further rigorous testing within primary care is needed to conclusively establish safety and efficacy. However, this approach is safer than current management and has potential to build capacity by reducing specialist burden and expediting effective care.
A new genus and species for the globally important, multihost root pathogen Thielaviopsis basicola
Authors: Nel W. J. , Duong T. A. , Wingfield B. D. , Wingfield M. J. , de Beer Z. W.
Published: November 2017

The plant pathogenic asexual fungus Thielaviopsis basicola (Ascomycota) causes black root rot on many important agricultural and ornamental plant species. Since its first description in 1850, this species has had a tumultuous taxonomic history, being classified in many different genera. Thus far, DNA‐based techniques have not played a significant role in identification of T. basicola and have been used only to confirm its placement in the Microascales. This investigation reconsidered the phylogenetic placement of T. basicola, using DNA sequence data for six different gene regions. It included 41 isolates identified as T. basicola from 13 geographical locations worldwide. Phylogenetic analyses showed that these isolates grouped in a well‐supported lineage distinct from other genera in the Ceratocystidaceae, here described as Berkeleyomyces gen. nov. The data also provided robust evidence that isolates of T. basicola include a cryptic sister species. As a result, this report provides a new combination as B. basicola comb. nov. and introduces a new species as B. rouxiae sp. nov.
Nitrogen – essential macronutrient and signal controlling flowering time
Authors: Weber Konrad , Burow Meike
Published: November 2017

Nitrogen, as limiting nutrient for plant growth and crop yield, is a main component of fertilizers and heavily used in modern agriculture. Early reports from over‐application of fertilizers in crop production have shown to repress the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase. For the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, there is evidence that low nitrogen conditions promote early flowering, while high nitrogen as well as nitrogen starvation conditions display the opposite effect. To gain a better understanding of how nitrogen affects the onset of flowering, we reviewed the existing literature for A. thaliana and carried out a meta‐analysis on available transcriptomics data, seeking for potential genes and pathways involved in both nitrogen responses and flowering time control. With this strategy, we aimed at identifying potential gateways for integration of nitrogen signaling and potential regulators that might link the regulatory networks controlling nitrogen and flowering in A. thaliana. We found that photoperiodic pathway genes have high potential to be involved in nitrogen‐dependent flowering.
Differential lipidome remodeling during postharvest of peach varieties with different susceptibility to chilling injury
Authors: Bustamante Claudia A. , Brotman Yariv , Monti Laura L. , Gabilondo Julieta , Budde Claudio O. , Lara María V. , Fernie Alisdair R. , Drincovich María F.
Published: November 2017

Peaches ripen and deteriorate rapidly at room temperature. Therefore, refrigeration is used to slow these processes and to extend fruit market life; however, many fruits develop chilling injury (CI) during storage at low temperature. Given that cell membranes are likely sites of the primary effects of chilling, the lipidome of six peach varieties with different susceptibility to CI was analyzed under different postharvest conditions. By using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC–MS), 59 lipid species were detected, including diacyl‐ and triacylglycerides. The decreases in fruit firmness during postharvest ripening were accompanied by changes in the relative amount of several plastidic glycerolipid and triacylglyceride species, which may indicate their use as fuels prior to fruit senescence. In addition, levels of galactolipids were also modified in fruits stored at 0°C for short and long periods, reflecting the stabilization of plastidic membranes at low temperature. When comparing susceptible and resistant varieties, the relative abundance of certain species of the lipid classes phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and digalactosyldiacylglycerol correlated with the tolerance to CI, reflecting the importance of the plasma membrane in the development of CI symptoms and allowing the identification of possible lipid markers for chilling resistance. Finally, transcriptional analysis of genes involved in galactolipid metabolism revealed candidate genes responsible for the observed changes after cold exposure. When taken together, our results highlight the importance of plastids in the postharvest physiology of fruits and provide evidence that lipid composition and metabolism have a profound influence on the cold response.
Prospective evaluation of abdominal ultrasonographic findings in 35 dogs with leptospirosis
Authors: Sonet Juliette , Barthélemy Anthony , Goy‐Thollot Isabelle , Pouzot‐Nevoret Céline
Published: November 2017

Despite the emergence of new serovars, a detailed and current abdominal ultrasonographic description of dogs with leptospirosis is lacking. The purpose of this prospective, observational, single cohort study was to illustrate abdominal ultrasonographic findings in 35 dogs with confirmed leptospirosis. At least one ultrasonographic abnormality was seen in all of the dogs. Ultrasound renal abnormalities were found in all the dogs and included increased renal cortical echogenicity (100%), increased medullary echogenicity (86%), reduced corticomedullary definition (80%), cortical thickening (74%), renomegaly (60%), pelvic dilation (31%), and medullary band (14%). Hepatic changes were identified in 83% of the dogs, with diffuse hypoechoic parenchyma (71%) and hepatomegaly (60%). Biliary gallbladder abnormalities were found in 60% of the dogs, with biliary sludge (46%), wall thickening (29%), mucocele (26%), and hyperechoic wall (20%). The other most frequently observed abdominal abnormalities were perirenal (60%) and peritoneal (46%) effusions, small intestinal wall thickening (49%), and lymphadenopathy (38%). Two dogs (6%) presented with a small intestinal intussusception. No association was found between serogroups and the presence of ultrasonographic findings. This study is the first to prospectively and exhaustively describe abdominal ultrasonographic findings in dogs with leptospirosis. Our results should prompt clinicians to systematically perform abdominal ultrasounds on dogs with suspected leptospirosis even in the absence of abnormal physical signs. The presence of a gallbladder mucocele could be a warning sign of leptospirosis in dogs.
The impact of postdischarge surveillance on surgical site infection diagnosis
Authors: Garcia Stickney Danielle N. , Thieman Mankin Kelley M.
Published: November 2017

Objective

To evaluate the impact of postdischarge surveillance on surgical site infection (SSI) diagnosis.

Study design

Prospective enrollment with retrospective case review

Sample Population

Dogs and cats (n = 1271) undergoing surgery April 2012‐November 2013.

Methods

The medical record of each animal was reviewed and a 30‐day follow‐up questionnaire was sent to each pet owner. A standardized definition of SSI was used to identify all animals with SSI. The method of SSI detection was recorded as: re‐presentation to the hospital, scheduled recheck, questionnaire, communication with the referring veterinarian, or a combination of the above.

Results

SSI was identified in 36 (2.83%) of the 1271 animals included. All SSIs were diagnosed after discharge from the hospital. Seven of the 36 animals with SSI were diagnosed at re‐presentation to the hospital, 5/36 at scheduled recheck, 10/36 on questionnaire, 10/36 at re‐presentation to the hospital AND on questionnaire, and 4/36 on communication with referring veterinarian. Of the diagnosed SSIs, 72.2% were documented in the medical record. Therefore, without active postdischarge surveillance, 10/36 SSIs (27.8%) would have gone unknown to surgeons at our institution.

Conclusion

Understanding the incidence of SSI with feedback to surgeons is an important aspect of an infection control program and has been shown to reduce SSI risks. Without active postoperative surveillance, 27.8% of SSIs would have gone unknown to surgeons. Implementing active surveillance will allow accurate reporting of incidence of SSIs in veterinary hospitals.
Antifibrillatory effects of renal denervation on ventricular fibrillation in a canine model of pacing‐induced heart failure
Authors: Luo Qingzhi , Jin Qi , Zhang Ning , Huang Shangwei , Han Yanxin , Lin Changjian , Ling Tianyou , Chen Kang , Pan Wenqi , Wu Liqun
Published: November 2017

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

In the present study, we investigated the effects of renal denervation on the vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation and the ventricular electrical properties in a rapid pacing‐induced heart failure canine model.

What is the main finding and its importance?

Renal denervation significantly attenuated the process of heart failure and improved left ventricular systolic dysfunction, stabilized ventricular electrophysiological properties and decreased the vulnerability of the heart to ventricular fibrillation during heart failure. Thus, renal denervation can attenuate ventricular electrical remodelling and exert a potential antifibrillatory action in a pacing‐induced heart failure canine model.

In this study, we investigated the effects of renal denervation (RDN) on the vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation (VF) and the ventricular electrical properties in a canine model of pacing‐induced heart failure (HF). Eighteen beagles were divided into the following three groups: control (n = 6), HF (n = 6) and HF+RDN (n = 6). Heart failure was induced by rapid right ventricular pacing. Renal denervation was performed simultaneously with the pacemaker implantation in the HF+RDN group. A 64‐unipolar basket catheter was used to perform global endocardial mapping of the left ventricle. The restitution properties and dispersion of refractoriness were estimated from the activation recovery intervals (ARIs) by a pacing protocol. The VF threshold (VFT) was defined as the maximal pacing cycle length required to induce VF using a specific pacing protocol. The defibrillation threshold (DFT) was measured by an up–down algorithm. Renal denervation partly restored left ventricular systolic function and attenuated the process of HF. Compared with the control group, the VFT in the HF group was decreased by 27% (106 ± 8.0 versus 135 ± 10 ms, P < 0.01). However, RDN increased the VFT by 13% (135 ± 10 versus 118 ± 7.5 ms, P < 0.05) and decreased the DFT by 27% (30 ± 6.3 versus 21.8 ± 4.7 J, P < 0.05) in the treated hearts compared with the failing hearts. Renal denervation significantly flattened the ventricular ARI restitution curve by 15% (1.48 ± 0.2 versus 1.26 ± 0.11, P < 0.05) and decreased the dispersion of ARI by 25% (0.08 ± 0.02 versus 0.06 ± 0.01, P < 0.01) in the treated group compared with the HF group. The findings of this study suggest that RDN can attenuate ventricular electrical remodelling and exert a potential antifibrillatory action on VF in a canine model of pacing‐induced HF.