bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DIGITALIZACIJA PROCESA PLAĆANJA U UGOSTITELJSKIM OBJEKTIMA PRIMENOM IPS QR KODA
Authors: Ilišković Željko
Published: October 2022

Rad se zasniva na opisu poslovnog predloga u vidu uvođenja inovacije u proces plaćanja računa u ugostiteljskim objektima, a ciljna grupa kojoj je ovaj pristup namenjen su gosti i radnici ugostiteljskih objekata. Teorijski deo rada obuhvata detaljno opisane osnove po kome je vođena dalja analiza, a odnose se na oblasti digitalne transformacije, sistema za instant plaćanje i fiskalizacije. U metodološkom delu rada su predstavljeni i analizirani rezultati istraživanja koje je sprovedeno elektronskim anketiranjem. Na samom kraju je predstavljen poslovni predlog o uvođenju inovativnog rešenja plaćanja računa u ugostiteljskim objektima nakon čega su sumirana zaključna razmatranja, na osnovnu pregleda literature i rezultata dobijenih u istraživačkom delu rada.
ANALIZA METODOLOGIJA ZA ODREĐIVANJE KALORIJSKE VREDNOSTI KOMUNALNOG OTPADA
Authors: Majkić Mirjana , Batinić Bojan
Published: October 2022

U radu su prikazane metode za analizu kalorijske vrednosti otpada, koja predstavlja veoma važnu karakteristiku otpada, pored morfološkog sastava otpada, jer poznavanjem kalorijske vrednosti otpada, moguće je pravilno projektovati postrojenje za termički tretman otpada. Najčešće metode koje se trenutno praktikuju za procenu kalorijske vrednosti komunalnog čvrstog otpada su jednačine izvedene na osnovu eksperimentalnih istraživanja ili direktnom upotrebom laboratorijskih uređaja (kalorimetrijske bombe). U radu su predstavljene najčešće korišćene metode i jednačine za određivanje kalorijske vrednosti otpada. Takođe, opisan je i praktičan način određivanja kalorijske vrednosti otpada na uzrocima otpada iz beogradskih opština.
Bezbednosni aspekti u IoT komunikacionim protokolima
Authors: Mirković Aleksandar
Published: October 2022

Ovaj rad se sastoji od dva dela: u prvom se objašnjavaju osnove IoT-a (Internet of Things). Fokus je na komunikacionim protokolima koji se koriste u IoT-u, njihovim svojstvima i oblastima primene. Drugi deo rada objašnjava bezbednosne probleme na svim nivoima u IoT-u, i daje moguća rešenja/mere prevencije u svrhu zaštite sistema.
Razvoj veb aplikacije za nadzor i upravljanje sistemom pametnog osvetljenja i utičnica
Authors: Krneta Anja
Published: October 2022

U ovom radu opisan je razvoj veb aplikacije za nadzor i upravljanje sistemom pametnog osvjetljenja i pametnih utičnica jednog kućnog okruženja. Aplikacija je razvijena u cilju praćenja, kontrole i smanjenja energetske potrošnje. Komunikacija između pojedinačnih pametnih uređaja i servera implementirana je putem MQTT protokola, dok je veb aplikacija razvijena u Ignition softverskoj platformi za razvoj SCADA sistema.
ISO/CIE 11664-1:2019(F) Colorim�trie ? Partie 1: Observateurs CIE de r�f�rence pour la colorim�trie
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

This document was prepared by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) in cooperation with Technical Committee ISO/TC 274, Light and lighting. This first edition of ISO/CIE 11664-1:2019(F) cancels and replaces ISO_11664-1:2007(F) | CIE S 014-1/F:2007, of which it constitutes a minor revision.-\n--\n-The document has been editorially revised as per current ISO and CIE rules and the references have been updated. The document specifies colour-matching functions for use in colorimetry. Two sets of colour-matching functions are specified:-\n-? Colour-matching functions for the CIE 1931 standard colorimetric observer.-\n-This set of colour-matching functions is representative of the colour-matching properties of observers with normal colour vision for visual field sizes of angular subtense from about 1� to about 4�, for vision at photopic levels of adaptation.-\n-? Colour-matching functions for the CIE 1964 standard colorimetric observer.-\n-This set of colour-matching functions is representative of the colour-matching properties of observers with normal colour vision for visual field sizes of angular subtense greater than about 4�, for vision at sufficiently high photopic levels and with spectral power distributions such that no participation of the rod receptors of the retina is to be expected.
ISO/CIE TS 22012:2019(E) Light and Lighting ? Maintenance Factor Determination ? Way of Working
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

This document is a Technical Specification outlining a way of working to determine the maintenance factor for both outdoor and indoor lighting installations using the methodology as described in CIE 154:2003 and CIE 097:2005.-\n--\n-The document combines insights from IEC standards with regard to product performance of luminaires and light sources currently in the market with the existing determination methodology from CIE Technical Reports.-\n--\n-Furthermore, it references the data in the CIE Technical Reports with regard to the impact of the environment on luminaires (accumulation of dirt on surfaces and luminaires).-\n--\n-The document provides background information with respect to the principles of the maintenance factor and the relevant parameters for indoor and outdoor applications, a detailed way of working on how to apply the maintenance factor determination method (as described in CIE 154:2003 and CIE 097:2005) for outdoor and indoor lighting designs using the technologies available in the market, and an explanation and examples on how to apply the maintenance factor and how to ensure proper operation over time corresponding to the determined values.-\n--\n-This joint ISO/CIE Technical Specification has been approved by the CIE National Committees and by ISO.
ISO/CIE 28077:2016(E) Photocarcinogenesis action spectrum (non-melanoma skin cancers)
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

This joint ISO/CIE International Standard is replacing the joint ISO/CIE International Standard ISO 28077:2006/CIE S 019:2006 without modification of its technical content.-\n-Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is recognized as a major cause of non-melanoma skin cancer in man. Skin cancer occurs most frequently in the most heavily exposed areas and correlates with degree of outdoor exposure. Describing the relationship of exposure (dose) to risk (skin cancer) requires the availability of a biological hazard function or action spectrum for photocarcinogenesis. This standard proposes the adoption of an action spectrum (weighting function) derived from experimental laboratory data and modified to estimate the non-melanoma tumour response in human skin. The experimental data are sufficient for estimating effectiveness down to about 250 nm, but experimental data are not sufficient for specifying effectiveness above 400 nm.-\n-This ISO/CIE International Standard has been approved by the CIE National Committees and by ISO. It is readily available from the CIE Webshop or from the National Committees of the CIE.
ISO/CIE 8995-3:2018(E) Lighting of Work Places ? Part 3: Lighting Requirements for Safety and Security of Outdoor Work Places
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

This standard replaces ISO 8995-3:2006(E) / CIE S 016/E:2005 ?Lighting of work places ? Part 3: Lighting requirements for safety and security of outdoor work places?. This document specifies the methodology for evaluating the energy performance of lighting systems for providing general illumination inside non-residential buildings and for calculating or measuring the amount of energy required or used for lighting inside buildings.-\n--\n--\n-This document does not cover lighting requirements, the design of lighting systems, the planning of lighting installations, the characteristics of lighting equipment (lamps, control gear and luminaires) and systems used for display lighting, desk lighting or luminaires built into furniture. This document does not provide any procedure for the dynamic simulation of lighting scene setting.-\n--\n--\n-This joint ISO/CIE International Standard has been approved by the CIE National Committees and by ISO.
CIE S 004/F-2001 Couleurs des signaux lumineux
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

Cette Norme sp�cifie les couleurs acceptables pour les signaux lumineux permanents et clignotants pour lesquels la p�riode d?allumage est d?au moins une seconde.-\n--\n-Elle s'applique aux couleurs de signaux lumineux utilis�s dans les syst�mes de transport maritime, routier, a�rien et ferroviaire, ainsi que les signaux lumineux sur les navires, les v�hicules � moteur, les avions et les trains quand il est important de reconna�tre les couleurs.-\n--\n-Cette Norme fournit des directives pour la s�lection des couleurs-\n-- des signaux lumineux et des alarmes lumineuses sur les planches d'instruments dans les v�hicules,-\n-- des signaux lumineux et des alarmes lumineuses sur les panneaux des instruments utilis�s dans la surveillance et la commande des processus industriels,-\n-- utilis�es sur les terminaux de visualisation quand il est important de reconna�tre le code de couleurs pour interpr�ter l'information pr�sent�e.-\n--\n-Cette Norme ne sp�cifie pas la mani�re d?utilisation des signaux lumineux dans les divers modes de transport, ni la signification des couleurs diff�rentes. Il faut se r�f�rer �galement aux conventions et r�glements internationaux, r�gionaux et nationaux pour les applications particuli�res.-\n--\n-Cette Norme ne s'applique pas aux couleurs des codes des surfaces color�es. Les directives pour les couleurs autoris�es pour les codes des surfaces color�es sont donn�es dans la publication CIE 39.2-1983 Recommendations for Surface Colours for Visual Signalling.-\n--\n-Cette Norme a �t� approuv�e par les Comit�s nationaux de la CIE et remplace les recommandations de la publication CIE 2.2-1975 Colours of Light Signals. Des informations suppl�mentaires sont publi�es dans le rapport technique CIE 107-1994 A Review of the Official Recommendations of the CIE for the Colours of Signal Lights.-\n--\n-La version officielle de cette norme est la version anglaise (CIE S 004/E), une traduction en fran�ais (CIE S 004/F) et allemand (CIE S 004/D) est disponible.FALSCH
CIE S 006-1998 Road traffic light - 200 mm roundel signals photometric properties
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

Superseded by Road Traffic Lights - Photometric Properties of 200 mm Roundel Signals-\n--\n-Joint ISO/CIE Standard-\n--\n-ISO 16508:1999(E)/CIE S 006.1/E-1998-\n--\n-National and international standards for road traffic signal lights usually specify requirements for the luminous intensity of the lights to ensure that the signals will be visible in adequate time for an approaching driver to safely and efficiently respond to the signal on roads where speeds are low.-\n--\n-The official guidance of the CIE for traffic signal luminous intensity (CIE 79-1988: A Guide for the Design of Road Traffic Lights) has been widely followed as providing sound direction for standard development. This guidance was based on a comprehensive review of the subject published as a CIE Technical Report (CIE 48-1980: Light Signals for Road Traffic Control).-\n--\n-The CIE undertook a major review of its recommendations in the period 1989 to 1994 (see CIE 107-1994 Review of the official recommendations of the CIE for the colours of signal lights and CIE DS 004.2-1996 Colours of light signals) and this Standard is based on that review. Technical Committee 4-29 (Standard on Road Traffic Lights) of Division 4 of the CIE (Lighting and Signalling for Transport) was responsible for the review and the drafting of this Standard. This Standard deals with the colour, luminous intensity and luminous intensity distribution for 200 mm road traffic signals. The serious problem of sun phantom, which can affect the correct recognition of the light, is included in the Standard.-\n--\n-It should be noted that this Standard considers only a few of the topics covered in CIE 79-1988. These are the topics for which supporting research and practical experience were strong enough to support standardisation. For topics not covered in this Standard, such as guidance concerning higher speed roadways and traffic lights using symbols, the user is advised to follow the guidance provided in CIE 79-1988.-\n--\n-This Standard has been approved by the CIE and replaces the recommendations made on 200 mm roundel signals in CIE 79-1988. It has been approved by ISO as a joint ISO/CIE Standard.-\n--\n-This Standard may be obtained from the CIE National Committees or the Central Bureau of the CIE. A French and a German version (ISO 16508:1999/CIE S 006.1/F-1998 and CIE S 006/G-1998) are also available.FALSCH
CIE S 007/D:1998 Erythemale Referenzwirkungsfunktion und standardisierte Erythemdosis
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

Die CIE nahm eine gr��ere �berpr�fung ihrer offiziellen Empfehlungen �ber photobiologische Wirkungen, ihre Dosisverh�ltnisse und -messung vor. Auf diesen Untersuchungen beruhend, beschreibt diese Norm das heutige Wissen auf diesem Gebiet.-\n-Das Problem der Dosimetrie in der Photobiologie der Haut liegt darin begr�ndet, da� der Erythemareiz der ultravioletten Strahlung stark von der Wellenl�nge abh�ngt und und sich zwischen 250 nm und 400 nm um 4 Gr��enordnungen �ndern kann. Daher sagt ein Hinweis, da� eine Person eine UV-Dosis von 1 J . cm-2 (104 J . m-2) bekommen hat, nichts dar�ber aus, ob diese Bestrahlung ein Erythem ausgel�st hat oder nicht. War die verwendete Strahlungsquelle eine UV-A Lampe, w�rden Personen mit durchschnittlichem Hauttyp keine Erythema zeigen (nur bei Menschen mit abnormal hoher pathologischer Photoempfindlichkeit w�re ein Reiz nachweisbar). Dieselbe Bestrahlungsdosis aus einer nichtgefilterten UV-Lampe oder einer Sonnenlicht simulierenden Fluoreszenzlampe w�rde bei den meisten wei�h�utigen Personen ein sehr ausgepr�gtes Erythem ausl�sen. Demzufolge haben Photobiologen schon l�ngst die Notwendigkeit erkannt, die Bestrahlungsdosis in erythemal gewichteten Einheiten auszudr�cken.-\n-Es wurde der Begriff minimale Erythemdosis (MED), d.h. die Dosis, die notwendig ist, um ein minimales Erythem auszul�sen, als ein Ma� der erythemwirksamen Bestrahlung verwendet. Dies ist aber keine gute Einheit, da MED keine standardisierte Strahlungsgr��e ist, sondern die individuell verschiedene Empfindlichkeit der einzelnen Versuchpersonen widerspiegelt. Einflu�gr��en, die die MED beeinflussen, sind optische und radiometrische Eigenschaften der Strahler, bestrahlungsabh�ngige Einflu�gr��en, wie Dosisstufen und Feldgr��en; Eigenschaften der Haut, wie Pigmentierung, vorangegangene Bestrahlung und der anatomische Ort der Bestrahlung; sowie Faktoren, die den Endpunkt betreffen, wie Zeitspanne zwischen Bestrahlung und Ablesen, oder die Allgemeinbeleuchtung beim Ablesen.-\n-Um weitere Verwirrung und Mi�brauch des Begriffes MED zu vermeiden, wird vorgeschlagen, diesen Begriff nur in Zusammenhang mit Beobachtungen an Menschen und Tieren zu verwenden und einen neuen Begriff einzuf�hren, standardisierte Erythemdosis (SED), die als Ma� der erythemwirksamen UV-Strahlung verwendet werden kann.-\n-Diese Norm beschreibt die erythemale Referenzwirkungsfunktion ser(?) und die standardisierte Erythemdosis.-\n-Diese Norm wurde von den Nationalkomitees der CIE gebilligt und ersetzt die Empfehlungen in Publikation CIE 106/4-1993 (Nachdruck aus CIE-Journal 6/1, 17-22, 1987) A reference action spectrum for ultraviolet induced erythema in human skin. Sie ist bei den CIE-Nationalkomitees oder beim Zentralb�ro der CIE erh�ltlich. Die offizielle Version ist die englische Fassung, eine franz�sische (CIE S007/F-1998) und deutsche (CIE S007/D-1998) �bersetzung wurde ebenfalls ver�ffentlich.FALSCH
CIE S 009/D:2002 Photobiologische Sicherheit von Lampen und Lampensystemen
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

In der Epoche, in der Lampen entwickelt, in gro�en St�ckzahlen produziert und allt�glich wurden, waren industrieweite Sicherheitsnormen nicht die Regel. Die Bewertung von und der Schutz vor Gefahren durch optische Strahlung, die von Lampen und Lampensystemen ausgehen k�nnen, sind weitaus komplizierter als bei Lasersystemen mit nur einer einzigen Wellenl�nge. Die notwendigen radiometrischen Messungen sind schwierig, da man es nicht mit einer einfachen Punktquelle, sondern mit ausgedehnten Quellen, die au�erdem noch durch Streuscheiben oder Projektionsoptiken ver�ndert sein k�nnen, zu tun hat. Ebenso kann die Wellenl�ngenverteilung der Lampe durch zus�tzliche optische Elemente wie Streuscheiben, Linsen u. �., wie auch durch verschiedene Betriebsbedingungen, ver�ndert werden.-\n--\n-Um eine Breitbandquelle, wie z.B. eine Bogenlampe, eine Gl�hlampe, eine Leuchtstofflampe, eine Anordnung von Lampen oder ein Lampensystem zu untersuchen, ist es zuerst notwendig, die spektrale Verteilung der abgegebenen Strahlung am Punkt oder an den Punkten des n�chstm�glichen Zugangs durch eine Person zu bestimmen. Dieses zug�ngliche Emissionsspektrum kann sich vom Spektrum, welches von der eigentlichen Lampe abgegeben wird, aufgrund der Filterwirkung von optischen Elementen im Strahlengang (z.B. Projektionsoptiken), unterscheiden. Als zweite Gr��e ist bei Wellenl�ngen im Bereich der Netzhautgef�hrdung die Ausdehnung, oder projizierte Ausdehnung der Quelle zu charakterisieren. Drittens kann es notwendig sein, die Abh�ngigkeit der Bestrahlungsst�rke oder der effektiven Strahldichte vom Abstand zur Quelle zu bestimmen. Die Durchf�hrung der notwendigen Messungen ist ohne komplizierte Me�ger�te nicht m�glich. Deshalb wurde beschlossen, Verfahren f�r Referenzmessungen an Lampen und Lampensystemen in diese Norm aufzunehmen. Gemeinsam mit dem beschriebenen Risikogruppen-Klassifizierungssystem stellen die Me�verfahren sowohl f�r Lampenhersteller wie auch f�r Anwender die Basis f�r eine Beschreibung der spezifischen photobiologischen Gefahren jeglicher Lampen und/oder Lampensysteme dar.-\n--\n-Abschlie�end wird angemerkt, dass f�r manche Lampen und Lampensysteme Gefahren durch optische Strahlung allgemein bekannt sind. Der Zweck dieser Norm ist es, ein standardisiertes Verfahren f�r die Bewertung von m�glichen Gefahren, die von verschiedenen Lampen und Lampensystemen ausgehen k�nnen, zur Verf�gung zu stellen.-\n--\n-Die offizielle Version ist die englische Fassung (CIE S009/E:2002), eine franz�sische (CIE S009/F:2002) und eine deutsche (CIE S009/D:2002) �bersetzung wurden ebenfalls ver�ffentlicht.FALSCH
CIE S 013/E:2003 International Standard Global Solar UV Index
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

Increasing public concern over declining ozone levels and the resultant ultraviolet (UV) radiation reaching the earth has brought about a need to communicate daily information on UV radiation level to the public in a credible and understandable manner. The purpose of this standard is to provide such a standardized scale.-\n-This standard establishes a quantitative index for reporting the level of harmful ambient solar ultraviolet radiation reaching the surface of the earth to the general public. The Global Solar UV Index quantifies the exposure of the skin to ultraviolet radiation. It is the best estimate of the UV level given a realistic atmosphere: clouds, pollutants, etc. are included in any prediction. Keywords: actinic hazard exposure limits, biologic effects of radiation, erythemal effect, ultraviolet radiation
CIE S 014-2:2006 Colorimetry - Part 2: CIE Standard Illuminants for Colorimetry
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

Superseded by CIE Colorimetry - Part 2: Standard Illuminants for Colorimetry, 2nd Edition-\n--\n-Joint ISO/CIE Standard-\n--\n-ISO 11664-2:2007(E)/CIE S 014-2/E:2006-\n--\n-This CIE Standard replaces ISO 10526:1999/CIE S005:1998. It contains only minor changes from the previous standard, mainly concerning the wavelengths that are to be taken as being in standard air, to make the Standard conform to other CIE photometric and colorimetric data.-\n--\n-CIE standard illuminants are used in colorimetry to compute the tristimulus values of reflected or transmitted object colours under specified conditions of illumination. This International Standard specifies two illuminants for use in colorimetry:-\n--\n-CIE standard illuminant A-\n--\n-This is intended to represent typical, domestic, tungsten-filament lighting. CIE standard illuminant A should be used in all applications of colorimetry involving the use of incandescent lighting, unless there are specific reasons for using a different illuminant.-\n--\n-CIE standard illuminant D65-\n--\n-This is intended to represent average daylight. CIE standard illuminant D65 should be used in all colorimetric calculations requiring representative daylight, unless there are specific reasons for using a different illuminant. Variations in the relative spectral power distribution of daylight are known to occur, particularly in the ultraviolet spectral region, as a function of season, time of day, and geographic location. However, CIE standard illuminant D65 should be used pending the availability of additional information on these variations.-\n--\n-The numerical values of the relative spectral distributions of standard illuminants A and D65 defined by this Standard are the same, within an accuracy of six significant digits, as those defined in earlier versions of these illuminants.
CIE TN 003:2015 Report on the First International Workshop on Circadian and Neurophysiological Photometry,2013
Authors:   CIE DR 6-42
Published: October 2022

This Technical Note deals with the role of the eye in processing light information and the measurement of the eye?s light exposure, with particular emphasis on the physiological or photobiological effects whose distinction from visual perception has become widely recognized since the discovery of melanopsin in human retinal ganglion cells. The Technical Note summarizes the proceedings and consensus of The 1st International Workshop on Circadian and Neurophysiological Photometry (?IWCNP 2013?, the ?Workshop?) and aims to provide an interpretation for governments, the lighting community and professionals working in public health, and to highlight the importance of scientific advances and the growing evidence base in this area.-\n-On 28 February 2013 a report was formally requested by Division 6 of the CIE, to summarize the views of an independent scientific workshop of international experts in the fields of circadian and neurophysiological photoreception, primarily composed of non-lighting specialists, for whose work the measurement of light has become an important issue. The role of rapporteur was offered to and accepted by Luke L.A. Price, GB.-\n-The reportership was originally charged with producing a report to the CIE, which the CIE would issue as a free downloadable electronic publication. The CIE felt that an independent workshop would provide a step towards future measurement standards related to the non-visual effects of light on health. However, as some of the IWCNP recommendations might be mistaken for CIE recommendations or even standards, and as in some places these do not comply with the SI system, which the CIE supports, the scope of the reportership was modified.-\n-The intention of these changes are that this Technical Note shall replace the need for the report originally requested, and include CIE comments related to its own measurement recommendations. This publication is available as a freely downloadable electronic document, together with an SI-compliant version of the Workshop?s toolbox (downloadable at http://files.cie.co.at/784_TN003_Toolbox.xls), which it is hoped will support researchers in expressing their measurements as SI quantities and in SI units.-\n-It is important to appreciate that the difference between the Workshop and CIE recommendations relates solely to the description of quantities and units, and not their underlying nature. Every care has been taken to ensure the reader can easily distinguish between the IWCNP and CIE systems. The CIE is prepared to support the Workshop consensus provided compliant SI units are adopted. Keywords: photobiology, non-visual effects, biologic effect of radiation, circadian
CIE TN 006:2016 Visual Aspects of Time-Modulated Lighting Systems ? Definitions and Measurement Models
Authors:   CIE TC 1-83
Published: October 2022

The fast rate at which solid state light sources can change their intensity is one of the main drivers behind the revolution in the lighting world and applications of lighting. Linked to the fast rate of the intensity change is a direct transfer of the modulation of the driving current, both intended and unintended, to a modulation of the luminous output. In turn, the light modulation can give rise to changes in the perception of the environment. While in some very specific entertainment applications a change of perception due to light modulation is desired, for most everyday applications and activities the change is detrimental and undesired. These changes in the perception of the environment are called ?temporal light artefacts? (TLAs) and can have a large influence on the judgment of the light quality. Moreover, the visible modulation of light can lead to a decrease in performance, increased fatigue as well as acute health problems like epileptic seizures and migraine episodes.-\n-The potential negative impact of temporal light artefacts has prompted lighting manufacturers, lighting application specialists, universities and governments to look for ways to measure the impact and come to a better understanding of the temporal quality aspects of lighting systems. In this context, the CIE formed Technical Committee (TC) 1-83 Visual Aspects of Time-Modulated Lighting Systems .-\n-This Technical Note (TN) is an intermediate product of the work of the TC. In the first part of the TN, new definitions for the perceptual effects modulated light can produce are given. In the second part, an overview of the relevant literature is given as well as an overview of the parameters that influence the visibility of the different TLAs. The last part gives a description of two methods, one in the time domain and one in the frequency domain, which can be used to quantify TLAs. Furthermore, three implementations of the general methods into specific visibility measures are given as an example. Keywords: flicker, visual performance
CIE TN 007:2017 Interim Recommendation for Practical Application of the CIE System for Mesopic Photometry in Outdoor Lighting
Authors:   CIE JTC 1
Published: October 2022

This Technical Note defines the method for calculating the adaptation coefficient to be used in conjunction with the equations of the mesopic photometry system defined in CIE 191:2010, which describes the recommended system for mesopic photometry and is based on visual performance. The document is intended to be applicable to outdoor lighting for drivers, motorcyclists, cyclists and pedestrians. It is not applicable to other outdoor lighting, such as aviation or maritime lighting. This Technical Note provides the recommended method for calculating the spectral luminous efficiency function for mesopic vision and the associated mesopic quantities. Keywords: mesopic photometry, photometry, visual performance, outdoor lighting
CIE TN 008:2017 Final Report CIE Stakeholder Workshop for Temporal Light Modulation Standards for Lighting Systems
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

Contemporary lighting systems vary widely in the degree to which their light output shows temporal variations (temporal light modulation, TLM). TLM is known to affect human visual perception, neurobiology, and performance, sometimes in adverse ways. Many standards development organizations, regulators, and certification bodies have been active in seeking to address these issues. Some researchers are actively studying the effects of TLM. However, current activities are uncoordinated and risk being inefficient. The CIE, with the support of Natural Resources Canada ? Office of Energy Efficiency, the National Electrical Manufacturers? Association, Philips Lighting, BC Hydro, and the National Research Council of Canada, convened a stakeholder workshop in Ottawa, Canada. February 8?9, 2017, to provide an impetus towards improved collaboration. The objective of this meeting was to develop a roadmap of research, recommendations, and standards activities related to temporal light modulation from lighting systems that are needed in order to speed up the process of developing international standards in an efficient way while preventing overlap and duplicate effort. The scope of the meeting was limited to developing the roadmap, establishing collaborations, and dividing the work amongst participants. The meeting was not intended to establish the content details for future standards documents. This report summarizes the current state of knowledge and standardisation concerning TLM, identifies gaps, and sets out the roadmap developed by the workshop participants. The roadmap leads, through collaborative effort, to evidence-based international standards intended to limit undesirable TLM from lighting products and systems. Lighting systems that meet these standards will thereby support the needs of lighting end-users, which will facilitate the market acceptance of new technologies and the achievement of energy-efficient targets. The publication is written in English, consists of 25 pages and is freely downloadable from the CIE website. Keywords: temporal light artefacts, TLA, time-modulated lighting systems, TLM, LED, flicker
CIE 001-1980 Guidelines for minimizing urban sky glow near astronomical observatories (Joint publication IAU/CIE)
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

Joint CIE/IAU publication-\n--\n-The increase of outdoor lighting in urban areas has resulted in levels of sky glow which seriously threaten astronomical observatories, even where these have purposely been located more than 100 km from large cities. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) and the CIE have worked together to prepare these guidelines in order to stimulate collective action that minimizes the degradation of the astronomical environment near cities.-\n--\n-The problem and its solutions are stated in a manner that provides a basis for understanding, cooperation, and action by astronomers, lighting engineers and public authorities. The report explains the effect of man-made sky glow, the degree of glow likely to be produced by lighting near an observatory, the level above which sky glow should not be allowed to rise, and how it can be contained by good lighting practice and public ordinances. Keywords: light trespass, lighting design & specifications, observatories, sky glow, spill light
CIE 012.2-1977 Recommendations for the Lighting of Roads for Motorized Traffic
Authors:   CIE TC 4
Published: October 2022

Superseded by Lighting of Roads for Motor and Pedestrian Traffic (2nd Edition)-\n--\n-CIE 115:2010-\n--\n-This report is a revision and update of CIE 115-1995 ?Recommendations for the Lighting of Roads for Motor and Pedestrian Traffic?. Since it was issued in 1995 power consumption and environmental aspects have become more important and at the same time, the improved performance of luminaires and lamps, and especially the introduction of electronic control gear, has made it possible to introduce adaptive lighting for roads for motorised traffic, conflict areas and areas for pedestrians. A structured model has been developed for the selection of the appropriate lighting classes (M, C, or P), based on the luminance or illuminance concept, taking into account the different parameters relevant for the given visual tasks. Applying for example time dependent variables like traffic volume or weather conditions, the model offers the possibility to use adaptive lighting systems.-\n--\n-The publication replaces CIE 115-1995 Recommendations for the Lighting of Roads for Motor and Pedestrian Traffic .FALSCH
CIE 024-1973 Photometry of Indoor Type Luminaires with Tubular Fluorescent Lamps
Authors:   CIE TC 2
Published: October 2022

Superseded by The Photometry and Goniophotometry of Luminaires-\n--\n-CIE 121-1996-\n--\n-This technical report provides general requirements for the photometry of lamps and luminaires of most types and includes the following information:-\n- -\n--\n- standard test conditions under which the tests should be carried out, with acceptable practical tolerances;-\n- selection procedures for lamps and luminaires;-\n- procedures for measurement of the photometric characteristics of lamps and luminaires and assessment of the possible sources of error;-\n- correction factors and service conversion factors;-\n- presentation of test results.-\n--\n--\n-The report is considered to be sufficiently comprehensive to form a practical guide for industrial laboratories and contains sufficient information to replace publication CIE 24-1973 Photometry of indoor type luminaires and CIE 27-1973 Photometry of luminaires for street lighting.-\n--\n-CIE will publish supplementary reports covering these types of luminaires more specifically.FALSCH
CIE 028-1975 The Lighting of Sports Events for Colour TV Broadcasting
Authors:   CIE TC 5
Published: October 2022

Superseded by Guide for the Lighting of Sports Events for Colour Television and Film Systems-\n--\n-CIE 083-1989-\n--\n-The present Guide is an extended and revised edition of CIE 028-1975 The lighting of sports events for colour TV broadcasting.-\n--\n-The recording, transmission and reproduction of sporting action has expanded rapidly in recent years. The number of different sports covered has increased and indeed many sports have increased in popularity as a result of TV exposure. To a greater extent, also, television and film are operating under artificial lighting: outdoor sports are being played in the evenings under floodlights and more indoor sports are attracting the attention of television.-\n--\n-The electronic television camera and associated video recording is now the principal medium of the cameraman. This report therefore, concentrates on the lighting requirements for colour television, but indicates where these requirements will differ for film recordings. The aim of this report is to give a broad survey of the technical characteristics of the television and film reproduction process and explain why different lighting levels are needed for different sports and for different camera situations.-\n--\n-Detailed quantitative guidance is given on the quality aspects to be fulfilled for colour television and colour film coverage of a wide variety of sports events. The quality aspects dealt with are:-\n--\n- vertical illuminance level and uniformity,-\n- relation between horizontal and vertical illuminance,-\n- uniformity of horizontal illuminance,-\n- flicker,-\n- colour temperature and colour rendering of the lighting and finally-\n- light level on the surrounding spectators areas.-\n--\n--\n-As an addition to the present Guide, TC 5-11 is preparing a Technical Report giving a comprehensive guide to the lay-out of sports lighting installations that fulfill the quality requirements specified in the present Publication.FALSCH
CIE 029.2-1986 Guide on Interior Lighting
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

Superseded by Lighting of Work Places Part 1: Indoor-\n--\n-Joint ISO/CIE Standard-\n--\n-ISO 8995-1:2002(E)/CIE S 008/E:2001-\n--\n-CIE published its Guide on interior lighting 2nd edition in 1986. Since then lighting practice changed considerably, and it became necessary to prepare a new guide, this time as a CIE Standard.-\n--\n-Good lighting requires equal attention to the quantity and quality of the lighting. While the provision of sufficient illuminance on the task is necessary, in many instances the visibility depends on the way in which the light is applied, the colour characteristics of the light source and surfaces together with the amount of glare the system gives. In this standard opportunity was taken to specify for various work places and task types not just the illuminance but also the limiting discomfort glare and minimum colour rendering index of the source. Parameters to create comfortable visual conditions are proposed in the body of this standard. The recommended values are considered to represent a reasonable balance, having regard to the requirements for safe, healthy and efficient work performance. The values can be achieved with practical energy efficient solutions.-\n--\n-There are also visual ergonomic parameters such as perceptual ability and the characteristics and attributes of the task, which determine the quality of the operator's visual skills, and hence performance levels. In some cases enhancement of these influencing factors can improve performance without the need to raise illuminance. For example by improving the contrast of the task attributes, enlarging the task by the use of up to date visual aids (glasses) and by the provision of special lighting systems with local directional lighting capability.-\n--\n-The Standard provides guidance for illuminance, glare limitation and colour quality for general building areas, agriculture buildings, the cement, concrete and brick industry, ceramic and glass industry, chemical, plastics and rubber industry, electrical industry, food industry, foundries and metal casting plants, hairdresser, jewelry manufacturing, laundries and dry cleaning, leather industry, metal working and processing, paper industry, power stations, printers, iron and steel works, textile industry, vehicle construction, wood working and furniture industry, offices, retailing, restaurants and hotels, places of entertainment, libraries, indoor public car parks, educational buildings, health care premises, airports, and churches.FALSCH
CIE 033-1977 Depreciation of installations and their maintenance
Authors:   CIE TC 4.6
Published: October 2022

This report is supplementary to CIE 12.2-1977 Recommendations for the Lighting of Roads for Motorized Traffic. The first part contains a survey of the combined effects of permanent or incidental causes which progressively impair the performance of road lighting installations. The second part points out what preventive measures can be taken in designing and installing a system to reduce or slow down the deterioration of materials (columns, lanterns, light sources, auxiliary gear). The last part indicates preventive maintenance operations aimed at protecting materials against deterioration or at restoring, as much as possible, the initial performance of the installation. The different methods of maintenance and replacement of various items are analyzed. Keywords: light loss, lighting design & specifications, maintenance, motorized traffic, road lighting
CIE 038-1977 Radiometric and photometric characteristics of materials and their measurement
Authors:   CIE TC 2.3
Published: October 2022

If a material is irradiated, some portion of the incident optical radiation is reflected, another portion absorbed, and a third portion transmitted. This action of a material can be described by the physical, radiant, luminous or spectral characteristics of the material. Fluorescent materials can be described in the same manner but behave as sources for the portion of the radiation which is re-emitted as fluorescence. The terms reflected, transmitted, fluorescent, and total radiance or luminance can be used to describe fluorescent materials. The adjective spectral is used to distinguish spectral properties from radiant or luminous properties.-\n--\n-The report is a survey of the processes which occur if a material is irradiated, and of the characteristics of the material which are important in determining its behavior in general and in a few special cases. The report also clarifies the definitions of characteristics and processes. Keywords: absorption, materials, photometry, radiometry, reflectance, transmittance
CIE 041-1978 Light as a true visual quantity: Principles of measurement
Authors:   CIE TC 1.4
Published: October 2022

This Technical Report summarizes visual photometric measurement methods which can provide visually meaningful assessments of light. They can be more complicated than the simple use of of a V(?)-corrected physical photometer, and in addition require some understanding of the visual system and how it works. Their advantage is that the assessment of light bears a logical relationship to the human perception of light.-\n--\n-For photopic vision and luminances larger than several cd/m2, ordinary physical photometers corrected to V(?) give visually accurate measures for small, centrally fixed, broad-band lights. For other applications, a different luminous efficiency function should be employed. In order to utilize the appropriate function, one must either measure the spectral distribution of radiant power directly or correct the V(?) response of the photometer to the appropriate luminous efficiency. An alternative solution is to calculate mathematical formulas specifically developed for this purpose. This method is potentially the most useful since different formulas can be developed for different applications (for example, two degree or ten degree fields).-\n--\n-It is based on established CIE data, and no additional measures need to be developed.For scotopic vision, an assessment of radiant power is made with respect to the scotopic luminous efficiency function V'(?) by means of an appropriately corrected physical photometer, by radiance measurement, or by visual photometry. In mesopic photometry, the photopic and scotopic contributions of the light must be assessed. An estimate can be obtained by combining the photopic and scotopic luminances non-linearly. A more precise measure can be obtained by using three or, still better, four quantities based on X10, Y10, Z10, and V'(?). Keywords: adaptation, photometry, spectral luminous efficiency, standard observer
CIE 042-1978 Lighting for tennis
Authors:   CIE TC 4.4
Published: October 2022

This report presents a summary of experience in the lighting of tennis courts. Recommendations are made for daylight and artificial light in indoor tennis courts. Guidance is given for the selection of lamps, luminaires and lighting systems. The same subjects are considered for the artificial lighting of outdoor tennis courts. Keywords: floodlighting, lighting design & specifications, sports lighting, tennis
CIE 057-1983 Lighting for football
Authors:   CIE TC 4.4
Published: October 2022

This report gives practical guidance for football floodlighting, from training grounds to stadia with spectator accommodation. The proposals can be applied to association football, rugby and hockey pitches, and many of the national variations of these sports. Keywords: floodlighting, high mast, lighting design & specifications, sports lighting
CIE 063-1984 The spectroradiometric measurement of light sources
Authors:   CIE TC 1.2
Published: October 2022

The CIE and other organizations have conducted international comparisons of measurements of the spectral power distribution of light sources, including fluorescent tubes. In these comparisons, some unexpectedly large differences were found between the results reported by different laboratories. CIE specialists concluded that before further large-scale international comparisons of measurements are organized, a method (or a few basic methods) should be agreed upon that would result in better accuracy and, hence, closer agreement between the measurements of participating laboratories. International agreement on such methods would also serve as a guide in setting up new spectroradiometric laboratories.-\n--\n-The first part of the report covers, in a general way, the use of a spectroradiometer for measuring the spectral power distribution of light sources, with particular reference to the determination of photometric and colorimetric properties.-\n--\n-The second part relates to the measurement of individual lamp types, particularly tubular fluorescent lamps. The report is designed to assist workers in industrial standards laboratories, but is not intended for use as a textbook. Keywords: light source, spectroradiometry
CIE 065-1985 Electrically Calibrated Thermal Detectors of Optical Radiation (Absolute Radiometers)
Authors:   CIE TC 2.2
Published: October 2022

The report summarizes the operating principle of electrically calibrated thermal detectors of optical radiation.-\n-It also describes their main components, lists their error sources, suggests experimental procedures to determine their systematic errors and discusses their main application areas.-\n-An extensive list of references enables the reader to refer to specialist literature should more detailed information be required.-\n-The report is intended as a giude for non-specialist users of such instruments, giving them the background required for using these devices and an objective means for assessing their performance. Keywords: detectors, radiometers
CIE 069-1987 Methods of Characterizing Illuminance Meters and Luminance Meters: Performance, Characteristics and Specifications
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

Superseded by Characterization of the Performance of Illuminance Meters and Luminance Meters, 3rd Edition-\n--\n-Joint ISO/CIE International Standard-\n--\n-ISO/CIE 19476:2014(E) (former CIE S 023/E:2013)-\n--\n-This joint ISO/CIE International Standard is replacing CIE International Standard CIE S 023/E:2013 without modification of its technical content.-\n-The standard defines quality indices characterizing the performance of illuminance and luminance meters in a general lighting measurement situation, as well as measurement procedures for the individual indices and standard calibration conditions.-\n-Measurements of illuminance or luminance and their accuracy are influenced by various parameters, such as operational conditions, properties of light sources, as well as characteristics of the applied photometers. The characteristics of these photometers alone do not allow the determination of the measurement uncertainty for a specific measurement task. Nevertheless, it is generally true that instruments with ?better? characteristics in most cases produce smaller uncertainties than instruments with ?worse? properties. This standard has been written to:-\n-? give clear and unambiguous definitions for the individual quality indices;-\n-? define measurement procedures and methods for numerical evaluation of these quality indices;-\n-? define calibration conditions for illuminance meters and luminance meters.-\n-Where different, the definitions of the quality indices and the associated measurement procedures and methods for numerical evaluation given in this standard supersede those given in CIE Publication 53-1982. CIE publication 69-1987 has been superseded by this standard. Keywords: illuminance, light meters, luminance, photometers, spectral responsivity