bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Static and dynamic magnetostrictive properties of polymer‐bonded Fe–Co based alloy composites
Authors: Na S. M. , Kim S. W. , Shin K. H. , Pasquale M. , Sasso C. P. , Lim S. H.
Published: May 2004

Polymer‐bonded composites of an Fe–Co based alloy were developed and their magnetostrictive and mechanical properties were characterized. In this work, the static and dynamic magnetostrictive properties as a function of volume fraction of Fe36Co62Ge2 alloy and frequency are characterized. WC powders are especially added to the composites in order to provide increased mechanical properties and extend the high frequency application range. The experimental results for magnetostriction and Young's modulus are in good agreement with those estimated from a uniform strain model. A large Young's modulus of 93.6 GPa and compressive strength of 195 MPa are obtained for the composites with a WC content of 24.5 wt.%. The increase of resonance frequency (fr) as high as 45 kHz is expected from the results of E33. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Curie temperature of ferromagnetic (Ga,Mn)N epitaxial films
Authors: Lee J. M. , Ham M. H. , Myoung J. M. , Chang J. Y. , Han S. H. , Lee W. Y.
Published: May 2004

Electron‐mediated ferromagnetism persisting to room temperature has been investigated in epitaxial (Ga,Mn)N films with low Mn concentration grown by plasma‐enhanced molecular beam epitaxy (PEMBE).The experimental value of TC (∼325 K) in the (Ga,Mn)N film with x = 0.3% from the difference (ΔM) between field‐cooled (FC) and zero field‐cooled (ZFC) magnetization curves is found to be lower than the estimated value of TC (∼407 K), obtained by the mean field approximations. The extra‐ordinary Hall effect in the epitaxial (Ga,Mn)N film with x = 0.2% is found to appear in the temperature range 100 K–300 K. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A study of magnetic and optical properties of Cu‐doped ZnO
Authors: Lee Hyeon‐Jun , Kim Bo‐Seong , Cho Chae Ryong , Jeong Se‐Young
Published: May 2004

The ferromagnetism of ZnO‐based magnetic semiconductors has been investigated by theoretical calculation and many kinds of experiments. In the Cu‐doped ZnO system, ferromagnetic ordering by Cu magnetic moments does not exist, but Cu‐doped ZnO can have ferromagnetism due to the distortion of the ZnO‐based structure by Cu doping. In this study, we investigated the magnetic properties of Cu‐doped ZnO and discussed the possible origin of magnetism in this system. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Site occupancy and anisotropy distribution of Al substituted Ba‐ferrite with high coercivity
Authors: Choi Dong Hyeok , An Sung Yong , Lee Sang Won , Shim In‐Bo , Kim Chul Sung
Published: May 2004

The site occupancy and anisotropy distribution of Al substituted BaFe12−xAlxO19 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 4.0) have been studied with Mössbauer spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and vibrating sample magnetometry. The results suggest that the coercivity, magnetization, and magnetocrystalline anisotropies are closely related to the distributions of Al3+ ions on the five iron sites. Mössbauer spectra indicated that Al3+ ions have a strong preference for the 4f1, 2a and 12k sites. The substitution of Al3+ by Fe3+ in the system causes a drastic reduction of the saturation magnetization while the coercivity first increases to 8.6 kOe, for x = 2.0, and then decreases to 6.9 kOe, for x = 4.0. The origin of the changes in the magnetic properties caused by Al3+ substitution can be attributed to the site preferences. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The control of in‐plane magnetic anisotropy by ion irradiation
Authors: Kim S. H. , Yune J.‐H. , Aeo J.‐T. , Kim T. H. , Shin S. W. , Kim H. B. , Jeong K. , Whang C. N. , Chang G. S. , Chae K. H.
Published: May 2004

The increase of bit density is a critical point in the magnetic storage media. We intend to manipulate the easy axis in ferromagnetic thin films with ion irradiation technique. Co/Pt multilayered films were prepared for the study and then were ion‐irradiated while an external magnetic field was applied to them. In consequence, we get a CoPt alloy film with an in‐plane easy axis and change its direction with an external magnetic field applied during the irradiation. The energetic ion beam let the ferromagnetic film have a new atomic and magnetic structure. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Pseudo spin‐valve structures with NiO/Co as a hard magnetic layer
Authors: Dubowik J. , Stobiecki F. , Szymański B. , Gościańska I. , Röll K. , Lee Y. P.
Published: May 2004

A key problem in some applications of pseudo spin‐valve structures (PSV) is the choice of appropriate materials for soft and hard ferromagnetic layers and their thickness to ensure a high difference in the switching fields. We show that this can be achieved using a NiO/Co structure as a hard magnetic layer. By varying the thickness of the constituent layers, good symmetrical switching characteristics have been shown in PSV structures with NiO/Co as a hard magnetic layer. The most important features of our PSV structures with suitable selected thickness of particular layers are: a relatively high value of GMR amplitude (up to 9% at RT) due to a possible electron specular reflection at the NiO/Co interfaces, a high coercivity (∼500 Oe) of hard magnetic layer resulted from a specific interaction of a 15 nm thick antiferromagnetic NiO with a 2 nm thick Co layer, nearly symmetrical magnetoresistance transfer curves MR(H) due to negligible unidirectional anisotropy field of NiO/Co bilayer with NiO thickness <15 nm. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Enhanced ferromagnetism in Co‐doped TiO2 powders
Authors: Cho J. H. , Kim B. Y. , Kim H. D. , Woo S. I. , Moon S. H. , Kim J. P. , Cho Chae Ryong , Joh Y. G. , Kim E. C. , Kim D. H.
Published: May 2004

We studied the structural and magnetic properties of Ti1−xCoxO2 powder samples synthesized by the sol–gel method. In order to study the post annealing effect on the magnetic properties, the same precursor was annealed at 770 K for 5 h in air and in the pressure of 10−6 Torr. In the case of samples annealed in vacuum, enhanced ferromagnetism was observed at room temperature, while only paramagnetic behavior was observed in samples annealed in air. Moreover, the magnetization of the vacuum‐annealed sample sharply decreased around 650 K while measuring in air, but such decrease in the magnetization was almost absent while measuring in He gas up to 750 K. The structural studies showed dominant anatase and minor rutile phases in vacuum‐annealed samples, while an additional nonmagnetic CoTiO3 phase was observed in air‐annealed samples. We attribute the enhanced magnetization in the vacuum‐annealed sample to the oxygen deficiency which prevents the formation of non‐magnetic CoTiO3 complexes. It is also possible that the reduced oxygen environment can promote the clustering of Co‐rich clusters as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy in samples of x = 0.1, thus giving rise to an enhanced ferromagnetic behaviour. However, no direct observation of Co clusters in samples for x ≤ 0.05 was made. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magnetic properties of Co/Ag/Co films grown on Ag(100) nanometer‐scale islands
Authors: Wei D. H. , Yu C. C. , Chou S. C. , Yao Y. D. , Liou Y. , Chin T. S.
Published: May 2004

Self‐assembled Ag(100) islands on Si(100) substrate were fabricated by using the molecular beam epitaxy technique. Co/Ag/Co films were then grown onto Ag films at 100 °C. We have experimentally demonstrated that the magnetic behavior of Co/Ag/Co films is strongly dependent on the thickness and morphology of the Ag(100) islands that serve as a buffer layer. The buffer layer designed to reduce the surface free energy forms isolated pyramidal islands with {111} sidewalls on the Si(100) substrate, and provides feasibility to study the correlation between magnetic properties and interface roughness. Ag islands also play an important role in the magnetoresistance transition of Co/Ag/Co films. The roughened Ag(100) surface facilitates texture growth of Co/Ag/Co films and provides a resultant domain‐wall‐pinning, that in turn contributes to the in‐plane demagnetization factor. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Competition and coexistence in host‐parasite systems: the myxomatosis case
Authors: Aparicio Juan Pablo , Solari Hernán G. , Bonino Never
Published: May 2004

Co‐circulation of several strains of parasites has been observed in many host‐parasite systems. However, simple epidemiological models cannot sustain this coexistence. In this work we study the coexistence of viral strains in the myxomatosis case. Myxomatosis, a highly lethal disease of the European rabbit, has been used in Australia and Europe as a biological control of rabbit populations. A few years after its introduction, the original highly virulent strains were almost completely replaced by field strains covering a wide range of virulence. Here, we study several mechanisms that may explain the field observations. First we considered spatial heterogeneity. The establishment of any strain over regions occupied by host populations may delay the spread of any superior competitive virus strain, producing global coexistence in the long term. On the other hand, sub‐populations with different resistance levels in epidemiological contact, as observed in the field, can maintain several different virus strains co‐circulating. The second class of mechanism introduces diversity among hosts of a local population sharing a territory. We considered different classes of host resistance to myxomatosis: belonging to a resistance class is a random fact. Host age‐dependent resistance is also especially considered. These types of population heterogeneity can sustain local coexistence for many years, although exclusion takes place for long enough periods. The concurrent action of both types of mechanisms could explain why the diversity of virus strains is sustained, and the local coexistence. Finally, we briefly discuss the influence of host genetic dynamics in the coevolution of the system.
Adenoviral‐mediated transfer of human BMP‐6 gene accelerates healing in a rabbit ulnar osteotomy model
Authors: Bertone A. L. , Pittman D. D. , Bouxsein M. L. , Li J. , Clancy B. , Seeherman H. J.
Published: May 2004

This study evaluated healing of rabbit bilateral ulnar osteotomies 6 and 8 weeks after surgery in response to percutaneous injection of transgenic adenoviral (Ad) bone morphogenetic protein‐6 (BMP‐6) vector or green fluorescent protein vector control (Ad‐GFP) administered 7 days after surgery compared to untreated osteotomy controls. The amount, composition and biomechanical properties of the healing bone repair tissue were compared among groups and to historical data for intact rabbit ulnae obtained from similar studies at the same institution. Quantitative computed tomography was used to determine area, density and mineral content of the mineralized callus in the harvested ulnae. Maximum torque, torsional stiffness, and energy absorbed to failure were determined at 1.5°/s. Calcified sections of excised ulnae (5 μm) were stained with Goldner's Trichrome and Von Kossa, and evaluated for callus composition, maturity, cortical continuity, and osteotomy bridging. Radiographic assessment of bone formation indicated greater mineralized callus in the ulnae injected with Ad‐hBMP‐6 as early as 1 week after treatment (2 weeks after surgery) compared to untreated osteotomy ulnae (P < 0.006) and Ad‐GFP treated osteotomy ulnae (p < 0.002). Quantitative computed tomography confirmed greater bone area and bone mineral content at the osteotomy at 6 weeks in Ad‐BMP‐6 treated osteotomy as compared to untreated osteotomy ulnae (p < 0.001) and Ad‐GFP treated osteotomy ulnae (p < 0.01). Ad‐BMP‐6 treated osteotomy ulnae were stronger (p < 0.001 and 0.003) and stiffer (p = 0.004 and 0.003) in torsion at 6 weeks than untreated osteotomy ulnae or Ad‐GFP treated osteotomy ulnae, respectively. Maximum torque, torsional stiffness, and energy absorbed to failure were greater in Ad‐BMP‐6 treated osteotomy ulnae compared to their respective untreated contralateral osteotomy ulnae at 8 weeks [p < 0.03]. Maximum torque and torsional stiffness in the Ad‐BMP‐6 treated osteotomy ulnae were not different to intact ulnae values at 6 and 8 weeks. These experiments confirm that BMP‐6 can be potently osteoinductive in vivo resulting in acceleration of bone repair. © 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Effect of ketoprofen in topical formulation on vascular endothelial growth factor expression and tumor growth in nude mice with osteosarcoma
Authors: Sakayama Kenshi , Kidani Teruki , Miyazaki Tatsuhiko , Shirakata Haruo , Kimura Yoshiyuki , Kamogawa Junji , Masuno Hiroshi , Yamamoto Haruyasu
Published: May 2004

OST cells, a low metastatic cell line established from human osteosarcoma, were inoculated under the periosteum of the ossa cranii of nude mice. Four weeks later, tumors were percutaneously treated for an additional 4 weeks with a patch containing either placebo or ketoprofen (KP). In the placebo group, OST cells formed osteoid and invaded the cranial bone. Tumor mass weighed 3.54 g. Approximately 85% of cells within the tumor expressed proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), indicating that they were proliferating with a high mitotic activity. Many feeder vessels were located within the tumor. The majority of tumor cells expressed intensely vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In the KP group, invasion of OST cells into the cranial bone was suppressed and the tumor mass was 47% of that of the placebo group. Approximately 65% of cells within the tumor were PCNA‐negative, indicating that their growth was arrested. There were considerably fewer feeder vessels within the tumor in the KP group than in the placebo group. Only a small number of cells expressed VEGF. Based on these findings, we concluded that topical administration of KP to nude mice with osteosarcoma inhibited VEGF expression, reduced the development of feeder vessels for supply of nutrients and oxygen, and suppressed tumor growth. © 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Lymphocyte Subpopulations and Cytokines in Nasal Polyps: Is there a Local Immune System in the Nasal Polyp?
Authors: Bernstein Joel M. , Ballow Mark , Rich Gary , Allen Cheryl , Swanson Mia , Dmochowski Jacek
Published: May 2004

PURPOSE

The pathogenesis of chronic hyperplastic rhinosinusitis with massive nasal polyposis is still not entirely known. The present study evaluates the lymphocyte subpopulations and their production of cytokines using a technique for detection of intracytoplasmic cytokines by flow cytometry. This information may allow us to determine whether the source of these lymphocytes is from peripheral blood, the common mucosal immune system, or both.

METHODS

Detection of intracytoplasmic cytokines by flow cytometry was performed using a fluoresceinated monoclonal antibody directed against CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes and a rhodaminelabeled intracytoplasmic monoclonal antibody directed against four cytokines. In this way, the percentage of lymphocytes synthesizing TH1 and TH2 cytokines were identified in nasal polyp lymphocytes and the corresponding peripheral blood lymphocytes of 13 patients.

RESULTS

Lymphocytes producing interferongamma and IL‐2, as well as IL‐4 and IL‐5, were found in the nasal polyps, suggesting that the nasal polyp possesses both TH1 and TH2 cytokine expression. There are also significant differences between the percentage of lymphocytes producing these cytokines between nasal polyps and peripheral blood, suggesting that nasal polyp lymphocytes derive from at least another source than only peripheral blood lymphocytes. Statistical analysis of four groups of patients demonstrated that no statistically significant difference in the lymphocyte subpopulations in atopic versus non‐atopic patients, nor aspirin‐intolerant versus aspirin‐tolerant patients. In general, CD8 cells always produce more interferon‐gamma than IL‐2 in both peripheral blood and nasal polyps. In contrast with this data, CD4 cells produce more IL‐2 in the peripheral blood than in nasal polyps.

CONCLUSIONS

Data support the concept that nasal polyp lymphocyte subpopulations may be derived from both the local mucosal immune system as well as from random migration of peripheral blood lymphocytes secondary to adhesion molecules and chemokines, which are known to be present in nasal polyps.
Extended Orbitozygomatic Approach to the Skull Base to Improve Access to the Cavernous Sinus and Optic Chiasm
Authors: Pontius Allison Teresa , Ducic Yadranko
Published: May 2004

BACKGROUND

The orbitozygomatic approach to the skull base has evolved over the past century, with a surge in development during the past 20 years. We describe an extension of this technique involving removal of the most inferior portion of the temporal bone to the level of the internal carotid artery as it enters the carotid canal, to further facilitate exposure of tumors in this region.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

We performed the extended orbitozygomatic approach in a series of 17 patients with a variety of neoplastic lesions. Our case series was reviewed in a retrospective fashion, and our surgical approach is described. The approach is performed safely and effectively by using the spine of the sphenoid and middle meningeal artery as landmarks and then resecting the temporal bone from the temporal craniotomy site to the carotid canal.

RESULTS

The extended orbitozygomatic approach has been performed at our institution over the past 6 years and has provided significantly improved access to this region of the skull base, facilitating tumor extirpation in our patient population without an increase in complications.

CONCLUSIONS

The extended orbitozygomatic approach further improves exposure and facilitates surgical dissection in patients with neoplasms of the cavernous sinus, sellar region, interpeduncular region, and upper clivus. The improved access without an increase in complications supports the inclusion of the extended orbitozygomatic approach in the armamentarium of the skull base surgeon.
Influences of Allergic Rhinitis on Sleep
Authors: Ferguson Berrylin J.
Published: May 2004

BACKGROUND

Allergic rhinitis is classically characterized by sneezing, pruritus, rhinorrhea, and nasal congestion. These symptoms can lead to impaired nocturnal sleep, and this impairment results in daytime fatigue and somnolence, reducing both learning and work efficiency and decreasing quality of life.

STUDY DESIGN

In addition, the mediators of AR, including histamine, leukotrienes, cytokines, and prostaglandins, may play a role in sleep regulation and, thus, may be directly involved in this impairment independent of nasal obstruction. Recumbency and/or diurnal variation augments turbinate swelling, causing nasal blockage during nocturnal sleep. Medications directed toward reversal of nasal congestion often concomitantly work through suppression of inflammatory mediators and constitute the primary therapy for sleep disturbance associated with allergic rhinitis. Some pharmaceutical interventions that reduce nasal congestion have adverse effects on sleep. Decongestants effectively reduce nasal congestion but frequently produce stimulatory effects and even insomnia. Antihistamines reduce sneezing and pruritus, but are less effective in relieving congestion. Earlier, “first‐generation” antihistamines are associated with significant sedation. They also have anticholinergic properties, which can cause dry mouth and make mouth breathing even more uncomfortable in the allergic individual with nasal obstruction. The absence of anticholinergic properties in second‐generation, largely nonsedating antihistamines limits their efficacy in rhinorrhea. Azelastine, a topical antihistamine, significantly reduces rhinorrhea and congestion and improves subjective sleep quality, but is also associated with increased sedation. Intranasal corticosteroids and oral leukotriene receptor antagonists effectively reduce rhinorrhea, congestion, and inflammatory mediators.

CONCLUSIONS

The efficacy of these medications at improving subjective sleep quality has been established through multiple randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trials.
Comparison of Multi‐Test II® Skin Prick Testing to Intradermal Dilutional Testing
Authors: Simons Jeffrey P. , Rubinstein Elaine N. , Kogut Valerie J. , Melfi Patricia J. , Ferguson Berrylin J.
Published: May 2004

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS

Intradermal dilutional testing (IDT) has been considered more sensitive than prick testing for detecting low‐level allergies. Multi‐Test II® is one of the most sensitive and reproducible prick testing methods available. This study compares Multi‐Test II® prick testing with IDT.

Design

Retrospective chart review and data analysis on patients who had allergy testing with both Multi‐Test II® and IDT.

SETTING

Outpatient allergy clinic in the otolaryngology department of an academic tertiary care medical center.

POPULATION

Forty adult patients had complete allergy testing with both Multi‐Test II® and IDT for a standard panel of twelve antigens between January 2002 and April 2002.

INTERVENTION

Analysis and comparison of test results on Multi‐Test II® and IDT for each antigen separately and across all antigen tests together.

RESULTS

Forty patients had complete testing for all antigens during the time period for the study. Six of these patients did not react to the positive control on Multi‐Test II® and were eliminated from the main analysis. Of the 34 patients included in the main analysis, all were positive for at least one antigen on IDT; one half (17/34) were negative for all antigens on Multi‐Test II®. A significantly greater number of patients were positive on IDT than Multi‐Test II® for all antigens except dog (P < 0.05). There was a statistically significant correlation between IDT endpoint and Multi‐Test II® score for several antigens (P < 0.05). Of 408 total antigen tests performed, 339 (83.1%) were negative on Multi‐Test II®. Of these 339 negative Multi‐Test II® tests, 148 (43.7%) were negative on IDT and 191 (56.3%) were positive on IDT; 174/339 (51.3%) had an IDT end‐point of 2 or 3 and 17/339 (5.0%) had an IDT end‐point ≥ 4. A significantly greater number of antigen tests were positive on IDT than on Multi‐Test II® (P < 0.001). The overall Spearman correlation coefficient between IDT endpoint and Multi‐Test II® score was 0.370 (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Patients were more likely to have a positive test on IDT than on Multi‐Test II®. IDT therefore may be a more sensitive testing technique for inhalant allergies than Multi‐Test II® prick testing. In addition, Multi‐Test II® score may not be a good predictor of IDT endpoint. Although a statistically significant correlation is demonstrated between Multi‐Test II® score and IDT endpoint, the correlation coefficient is low enough that clinical application may not always be safe or appropriate. The clinical significance of positive IDT results in the presence of negative Multi‐Test II® results is not known. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004;130:536‐44.)
Prevalence of Allergy in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Gutman Michael , Torres Augusto , Keen Kevin J. , Houser Steven M.
Published: May 2004

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to provide further evidence that allergic rhinitis is an important factor in chronic and recurrent acute rhinosinusitis. Specifically, this study shows that perennial allergens play a more significant role than seasonal allergens.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

Census by chart review of patients with chronic and recurrent acute rhinosinusitis presenting to the Department of Otolaryngology at the MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH.

METHODS

All participants had allergy testing done either by RAST or intradermal skin endpoint titration utilizing a battery of seasonal and perennial antigens.

RESULTS

Of the 48 voluntary participants analyzed in this study, 57.4% had a positive allergy test. Most patients in the study were sensitive to more than one allergen. Of the patients with a positive allergy test, 92% demonstrated sensitivity to one or more perennial allergens—most prominently, molds and dust mites.

CONCLUSIONS

Perennial allergy has a statistically significant association with chronic and recurrent acute rhinosinusitis.

SIGNIFICANCE

The diagnosis and management of perennial allergies may be beneficial when treating chronic sinus disease. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004;130:545‐52.)
The ANC and the development of party politics in modern South Africa
Authors: Lodge Tom
Published: May 2004

In one party dominant democracies, political parties often lose vitality. Interviews with ANC branch members reveal a more encouraging picture of the party's inner life. Members engage voluntarily in a range of party-sponsored activities. The ANC's organisational deployment is directed at the mobilisation of a militant activist community. Its commitment to consultative decision-making has declined, however, though under certain conditions the rank and file can challenge leadership successfully. The ANC's internal electoral arrangements promote consensus rather than competition, despite the interest they evoke from members. In general, despite the ANC's hegemonic aspirations, increasingly it conforms to the behaviour of an electorally oriented party in a liberal democracy.
God in the Letter of James: Patron or Benefactor?
Authors: BATTEN ALICIA
Published: May 2004

This article joins recent studies of the letter of James in arguing that the ancient system of patronage aids in illuminating the social situation of this short text. However, unlike other authors, I suggest that God is not understood as a substitute patron in James, but as an ideal benefactor, on whom the audience must rely. Building on the work of Stephan Joubert and others, the article first offers evidence that patronage and benefaction were understood as different relationships in parts of the Roman Empire. Subsequently it focuses on sections of James in which patronage is criticized and God is portrayed as a frank friend and benefactor, consistent with the image of the ideal benefactor in antiquity.
Seasonal dynamics of egg laying and egg-laying strategy of the ectoparasiteArgulus coregoni(Crustacea: Branchiura)
Authors: HAKALAHTI T. , PASTERNAK A. F. , VALTONEN E. T.
Published: May 2004

Substrate preferences, spatial aggregation patterns and seasonal dynamics in the egg laying of ectoparasiticArgulus coregoniwere studied at a commercial fish farm in Finland. Pilot experiments showed thatA. coregonifemales selected specific types of substrates for egg laying. Significantly moreA. coregonieggs were laid on dark substrates than on light ones suggesting the use of visual cues. Therefore, egg-laying plates of dark colour were constructed for further experiments. MostA. coregonieggs were deposited in locations in shadow and in the deepest water in a 2 m deep farming canal. Relatively more eggs were laid on bottom stones situated near each egg-laying trap than on artificial egg-laying plates indicating a preference for irregular stones in the deeper locations in the canal. The plates were located 20 cm above the bottom. However, a total of 5863A. coregoniegg clutches, corresponding approximately to 1·5 million unhatched metanauplii, were successfully destroyed with the plates indicating that egg-laying traps can be used as an ecological control method against argulids in certain situations. For traps to be effective, ponds should not contain stones or any other hard substrata attracting female lice. The egg laying ofA. coregoniin this study started on 5 July in 2001 and extended over 3·5 months up to mid-October. The egg-laying pattern ofA. coregonipopulation was unimodal, supporting the view that only a singleA. coregonigeneration occurred annually in Central Finland.
Light and electron microscopical observations of the effects of high-density lipoprotein on growth ofPlasmodium falciparum in vitro
Authors: IMRIE H. , FERGUSON D. J. P. , CARTER M. , DRAIN J. , SCHIFLETT A. , HAJDUK S. L. , DAY K. P.
Published: May 2004

Human serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is necessary and sufficient for the short-term maintenance ofPlasmodium falciparuminin vitroculture. However, at high concentrations it is toxic to the parasite. A heat-labile component is apparently responsible for the stage-specific toxicity to parasites within infected erythrocytes 12–42 h after invasion, i.e. during trophozoite maturation. The effects of HDL on parasite metabolism (as determined by nucleic acid synthesis) are evident at about 30 h after invasion. Parasites treated with HDL show gross abnormalities by light and electron microscopy.
AnEimeriavaccine candidate appears to be lactate dehydrogenase; characterization and comparative analysis
Authors: SCHAAP D. , ARTS G. , KROEZE J. , NIESSEN R. , ROOSMALEN-VOS S. V. , SPREEUWENBERG K. , KUIPER C. M. , BEEK-VERHOEVEN N. V. D. , KOK J. J. , KNEGTEL R. M. A. , VERMEULEN A. N.
Published: May 2004

AnEimeria acervulinaprotein fraction was identified which conferred partial protection against anE. acervulinachallenge infection. From this fraction a 37 kDa protein was purified and its corresponding cDNA was cloned and shown to encode a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Full length cDNAs encoding LDH from two related species,E. tenellaandE. maxima, were also cloned. The homology between the primary amino acid sequences of these threeEimeriaLDH enzymes was rather low (66–80%), demonstrating an evolutionary divergence. ThePlasmodiumLDH crystal structure was used to generate a 3D-model structure ofE. tenellaLDH, which demonstrated that the many variations in the primary amino acid sequences (P. falciparumLDH andE. tenellaLDH show only 47% identity) had not resulted in altered 3D-structures. Only a single LDH gene was identified inEimeria, which was active as a homotetramer. The protein was present at similar levels throughout different parasitic stages (oocysts, sporozoites, schizonts and merozoites), but its corresponding RNA was only observed in the schizont stage, suggesting that its synthesis is restricted to the intracellular stage.
Dietary lipids containing gangliosides reduceGiardia murisinfectionin vivoand survival ofGiardia lambliatrophozoitesin vitro
Authors: SUH M. , BELOSEVIC M. , CLANDININ M. T.
Published: May 2004

We examined whether a ganglioside supplemented diet affected the course ofGiardia murisinfection in mice and survival ofGiardia lambliatrophozoitesin vitro. Female CD-1 mice were fed 1 of 5 experimental diets: standard lab chow as a control diet; semi-synthetic diets containing 20% (w/w) triglyceride based on the fat composition of a conventional infant formula; triglyceride diet; triglyceride diet containing a low level of ganglioside (0·1% w/w); and triglyceride diet containing a high level of ganglioside (1·0% w/w of diet). After 2 weeks of feeding, mice were inoculated withG. murisby gastric intubation and fed the experimental diets during the course of the infection. Cysts released in the faeces and trophozoites present in the small intestine were enumerated at various times post-infection. The average cyst output and the number of trophozoites during the course of the infection in mice fed ganglioside-containing diet were found to be significantly lower (3-log10reduction) compared to animals fed control diets. The results ofin vitrogrowth studies indicated that gangliosides may be directly toxic to the parasites. Thus, gangliosides have a protective effect againstG. murisinfectionin vivoand affect the survival ofG. lambliatrophozoitesin vitro.
OntoVote: a scalable distributed vote-collecting mechanism for ontology drift on a P2P platform
Authors: GE YANFENG , YU YONG , ZHU XING , HUANG SHEN , XU MIN
Published: May 2004

Ontologies provide potential support for knowledge and content management on a P2P platform. Although we can design ontologies beforehand for an application, it is argued that in P2P environments static or predefined ontologies cannot satisfy the ever-changing requirements of all users. So we propose every user should make proposals for what kind of ontology is the most apt to his need. Collecting all these proposals (or votes) helps the drift of ontologies. This paper introduces OntoVote, a scalable distributed vote-collecting mechanism based on application-level broadcast trees, and describes how OntoVote can be applied to ontology drift on a P2P platform by discussing several problems involved in the voting process.
The Shanghai Re-employment Model: From Local Experiment to Nation-wide Labour Market Policy
Authors: Lee Grace O. M. , Warner Malcolm
Published: May 2004

Unemployment in China is now a serious and growing problem. In this context, Shanghai has been a pioneer in establishing re-employment service facilities. Starting from a local experiment, the Shanghai programme has been mooted by the Chinese authorities as a model to be replicated nation-wide. In this article, we propose an evaluation of this specific Re-employment Service Centre (zaijiuye fuwu zhongxin) programme, so as to shed light on the measures to be taken in combating urban unemployment. Our empirical field research in Shanghai took the form of over 50 open-ended, qualitative interviews with policy makers, managers, trade union representatives, workers and unemployed persons. Economic developments may make Shanghai seem distinctly special and shed light on the question of wider applicability of the Shanghai model. The replication of such a model has, in our view, only achieved mixed outcomes and the research findings suggest a degree of scepticism as to how far it can be extended.
Twentieth-Century China: New Approaches. Edited by Jeffrey Wasserstrom. [London and New York: Routledge, 2003. xv+273 pp. $25.95. ISBN 0-415-19504-7.]
Authors: Finnane Antonia
Published: May 2004

This useful volume brings together a number of articles showing recent shifts in the English-language historiography of 20th-century China. Historians tend to talk in terms of centuries, and a book about historical approaches to the century just finished is timely. Wasserstrom's introduction establishes the grounds for thinking about China's 20th century as a discrete period of historical time, at the same time explaining the logic of the book and integrating its disparate elements.

The chapters show considerable diversity. Joseph Esherick's “Ten theses on the Chinese revolution,” already well known in the field, rebuts some received wisdom about the (Communist) revolution and offers a series of alternative conclusions. Among these is “the need to break the 1949 barrier,” (p. 41) a point discussed at greater length in Paul Cohen's essay on “The 1949 divide in Chinese history.” The diminished significance of 1949 in recent studies is a natural product, as Cohen notes, of political and social change in China since the death of Mao, and he poses the problem of how to “probe the ways in which 1949 did indeed signal abrupt and important change, as well as the ways it did not” (p. 35).
From Leninist Discipline to Socialist Legalism: Peng Zhen on Law and Political Authority in the PRC. By Pitman Potter. [Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003. xi+259 pp. £42.95. ISBN 0-8047-4500-5.]
Authors: Peerenboom Randall
Published: May 2004

Pitman Potter has provided the first book-length treatment in English of Peng Zhen, a seminal figure in the development of the legal system in China during the Mao and Deng era. Peng began his roller coaster career by rising through the party ranks to become party secretary of Beijing and party secretary of the Political-Legal Commission. He was then purged and expelled from the Politburo for opposing Mao. After Mao's death, Peng returned to power, regaining his seat on the Politburo, and serving in a variety of high-level positions, including secretary of the Political-Legal Committee and chairman of NPC Standing Committee.

As Potter notes, the complexities of Peng's career, his view that the role of law must suit the needs of the time, and his own personality traits make it difficult to draw simple conclusions about his ideas on law and political authority. At times, Peng was a brutal enforcer of party policy who emphasized the subservience of law to party dictates. At other times, he boldly opposed Mao and later Deng and insisted that the party should be subject to legal constraints and refrain from interfering in day-to-day governance. A cynical reviewer could easily conclude that Peng adopted views based on what best suited his political position and personal interests at the time. Potter is somewhat more charitable, portraying Peng as a hardnosed pragmatist, willing to take a principled stand even at great personal expense when necessary, but also keen to keep up with the times.
Beyond Late Development: Taiwan's Upgrading Policies. By Alice Amsden and Wan-wen Chu. [Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2003. 207 pp. ISBN 0-262-01198-0.]
Authors: Fields Karl J.
Published: May 2004

Beyond Late Development offers economist Alice Amsden's most recent contribution (here with co-author Wan-wen Chu) to an already substantial body of work on East Asian political economy. Like her previous work, this book is important first because it trespasses the traditional boundaries of economics, seeking explanations to important developmental policy puzzles from institutional theories and empirical case studies more commonly the province of sociologists and area specialists; and second because it looks beyond Asia's mega-economies to the relatively smaller but still highly relevant late developers of Asia, offering important lessons for both students and practitioners of development policy.

Amsden and Chu seek to explain the ability of advanced “latecomer” countries to sustain their global competitiveness in mature high-technology manufacturing and newly-liberalized service industries. They support their argument with previously unpublished data and extensive firm-level interviews from Taiwan, the most successful of these successful latecomers, which Amsden identified in an earlier book, The Rise of “The Rest”(Oxford University Press, 2001). Although Taiwan's leading national firms seldom make the Fortune 500 list, they dominate global market share for many mature, information technology (IT) manufactures. As of 1999, Taiwan produced 85 per cent of the world's scanners, nearly two-thirds of the world's keyboards, power supplies and monitors, and almost 40 per cent of all notebook computers.
Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service. By Frederic Wakeman Jr. [Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 2003. xvii +650 pp. $75.00. ISBN 0-520-23407-3.]
Authors: Bergère Marie-Claire
Published: May 2004

In a brief afterword, Frederic Wakeman asks himself why he devoted “so much effort to fathoming such a morally monstruous” figure as Dai Li, the chief of Chiang Kai-shek's secret service and he confessed that he was motivated by “a real fascination” for “cobra-like Dai Li” (p. 367). A biographer needs a minimal empathy with his hero. In the present case, however, it was an unwilling empathy for which the author felt that he had to justify himself. How to dissociate understanding and exonerating? Trying to avoid any revisionism, Wakeman opted for an implicit compromise: understanding and condemnation.

This book illuminates the dread world of secret police, spy and counterespionage organizations in Nationalist China. Wakeman has turned every stone and used every kind of source: Chinese, American and Old Shanghai municipal archives, memoirs of agents and observers, contemporary newspapers and magazines, as well as all available secondary literature, including some novels. Notes take up 152 pages, representing about 40% of the text's 365 pages. An exhaustive bibliography takes 38 more pages and readers will find the detailed and well-organized glossary-index very useful in navigating an enormous number of personal names and administrative and political labels.
Huju: Traditional Opera in Modern Shanghai. By Jonathan P. J. Stock. [Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. 279 pp. £45.00. ISBN 0-19-726273-2.]
Authors: Guy Nancy
Published: May 2004

This book is a welcome addition to the relatively small number of monograph-length studies dedicated to living Chinese opera traditions. Its focus on one of the hundreds of regional opera forms, Shanghai huju, as opposed to the better-known Peking opera (jingju), makes this book even more exceptional. Stock has designed his tome with the admirable goal of situating his study within the disciplinary frame of ethnomusicology. Broadly speaking, Chinese music has not achieved the same prominence in the general ethnomusicological discourse or the emerging “world music canon” as music of other regions, such as Bali or India. The reasons for this are many, and Stock should be commended for recognizing and aiming to tackle the problem. In his opening pages, Stock lays out the conundrum and questions where to position his study on a plane ranging from dry description to theoretical introspection. The book achieves a middle ground between these two extremes with most chapters organized around specific themes or theoretical concerns.
Feature economy in sound systems
Authors: Clements G. N.
Published: May 2004

Feature economy is a principle of sound systems according to which languages tend to maximise the ratio of sounds over features. The major goal of this study is to confirm the predictions of feature economy at the synchronic level, using an objective sampling technique applied to a genetically and areally balanced sample of the world's languages. It also shows that feature economy can be used as a tool in phonological feature analysis, and offers voiced aspirates, voiceless sonorants and various types of glottalised sounds as illustrations. Feature economy applies not only to distinctive feature values, but to redundant values of features that are distinctive or phonologically active elsewhere in the system. Feature economy cannot be reduced to a purely phonetic principle of gesture economy, but may reflect a general principle of linguistic organisation according to which the active categories of a grammatical system tend to be used to maximal effect.
Extinction risk in fragmented habitats
Authors: Reed David H.
Published: May 2004

Population models incorporating demographic, environmental and genetic stochasticity were created from long‐term data on natural populations of 30 species of vertebrates. The probability of extinction for a single population in a continuous habitat was compared to that of multiple isolated, or semi‐isolated, populations occupying a fragmented landscape with an equivalent total carrying capacity. Populations occupying a fragmented landscape were modelled for a range of dispersal rates and levels of asynchrony in the effects of environmental disturbances. Dispersal among subpopulations in the fragmented landscape partially alleviates the effect of fragmentation on extinction rates, despite the models explicitly incorporating disease epidemics which spread between subpopulations through dispersal. Even moderate environmental correlations among subpopulations greatly reduces the viability of the metapopulation relative to the case where the populations are totally independent. Whether a population performed better as a single population or as a metapopulation was strongly affected by the carrying capacity assumed, the time frame examined and the initial fitness of the population. A single population always fared better when the total habitat available was capable of supporting ≤1000 adults. Thus, continued habitat fragmentation can be expected to fuel the ongoing global extinction crisis and conservation efforts should be aimed at interconnecting isolated habitat patches.
Can parks protect migratory ungulates? The case of the Serengeti wildebeest
Authors: Thirgood Simon , Mosser Anna , Tham Sebastian , Hopcraft Grant , Mwangomo Ephraim , Mlengeya Titus , Kilewo Morris , Fryxell John , Sinclair A. R. E. , Borner Markus
Published: May 2004

The conservation of migratory species can be problematic because of their requirements for large protected areas. We investigated this issue by examining the annual movements of the migratory wildebeest, Connochaetes taurinus, in the 25000 km2 Serengeti‐Mara Ecosystem of Tanzania and Kenya. We used Global Positioning System telemetry to track eight wildebeest during 1999–2000 in relation to protected area status in different parts of the ecosystem. The collared wildebeest spent 90% of their time within well‐protected core areas. However, two sections of the wildebeest migration route – the Ikoma Open Area and the Mara Group Ranches – currently receive limited protection and are threatened by poaching or agriculture. Comparison of current wildebeest migration routes to those recorded during 1971–73 indicates that the western buffer zones appear to be used more extensively than in the past. This tentative conclusion has important repercussions for management and needs further study. The current development of community‐run Wildlife Management Areas as additional buffer zones around the Serengeti represents an important step in the conservation of this UNESCO World Heritage Site. This study demonstrates that detailed knowledge of movement of migratory species is required to plan effective conservation action.
European Parliament and Executive Federalism: Approaching a Parliament in a Semi‐Parliamentary Democracy
Authors: Dann Philipp
Published: May 2004

Abstract: The European Parliament has often been understood along the lines of theories of European integration—compared to regular parliaments by Federalists or belittled as merely an international assembly by intergovernmentalists. This paper proposes an understanding of the European Parliament not along theories about what the EU should become, but what it is and surely will continue to be, that is a very distinct federal structure. The European Parliament is a parliament in an executive federalism—with far‐reaching consequences for its form and functions. After outlining the characteristics of this federal structure, these consequences will be demonstrated by analysing the European Parliament in contrast with two ideal types of parliaments: the working parliament, separated from the executive branch and centred around strong committees (like the US Congress), and the debating parliament, characterised by the fusion of parliamentary majority and government as well as plenary debates (like the British House of Commons). Dwelling thus on a comparison to a legislature in a non‐parliamentary federal system, like the US Congress, this paper argues that the European Parliament might best be understood as a special case of a working parliament. Finally, it will be proposed to consider the influence of executive federalism not only as fundamentally shaping the European Parliament but also as rendering the EU generally a semi‐parliamentary democracy.
The Human Rights Clause in the European Union's External Trade and Development Agreements
Authors: Horng Der‐Chin
Published: May 2004

Abstract:Since 1992, the European Union (EU) has included in all its agreements with third countries a clause defining respect for human rights and democracy as an ‘essential element’ of its external relationship. A Council decision of May 1995 spells out the basic modalities of this clause, with the aim of ensuring consistency in the text used and its application. The human rights clause is unique to the EU's bilateral agreements, and now applies to over 120 countries. It represents a new model for EU external relations as well as for international cooperation. The EU plays a leading role in the WTO and international economic relations. The human rights clause will have implications for the development of international rules concerning trade‐related human rights policy.