bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EVOLUTION OF MASS OUTFLOW IN PROTOSTARS
Authors: Watson Dan M. , Calvet Nuria P. , Fischer William J. , Forrest W. J. , Manoj P. , Megeath S. Thomas , Melnick Gary J. , Najita Joan , Neufeld David A. , Sheehan Patrick D. , Stutz Amelia M. , Tobin John J.
Published: August 2016

We have surveyed 84 Class 0, Class I, and flat-spectrum protostars in mid-infrared [Si ii], [Fe ii], and [S i] line emission, and 11 of these in far-infrared [O i] emission. We use the results to derive their mass outflow rates,

. Thereby we observe a strong correlation of

with bolometric luminosity, and with the inferred mass accretion rates of the central objects,

, which continues through the Class 0 range the trend observed in Class II young stellar objects. Along this trend from large to small mass flow rates, the different classes of young stellar objects lie in the sequence Class 0–Class I/flat-spectrum–Class II, indicating that the trend is an evolutionary sequence in which

and

decrease together with increasing age, while maintaining rough proportionality. The survey results include two that are key tests of magnetocentrifugal outflow-acceleration mechanisms: the distribution of the outflow/accretion branching ratio

, and limits on the distribution of outflow speeds. Neither rules out any of the three leading outflow-acceleration, angular-momentum-ejection mechanisms, but they provide some evidence that disk winds and accretion-powered stellar winds (APSWs) operate in many protostars. An upper edge observed in the branching-ratio distribution is consistent with the upper bound of b  = 0.6 found in models of APSWs, and a large fraction (31%) of the sample have a branching ratio sufficiently small that only disk winds, launched on scales as large as several au, have been demonstrated to account for them.
PICS: SIMULATIONS OF STRONG GRAVITATIONAL LENSING IN GALAXY CLUSTERS
Authors: Li Nan , Gladders Michael D. , Rangel Esteban M. , Florian Michael K. , Bleem Lindsey E. , Heitmann Katrin , Habib Salman , Fasel Patricia
Published: August 2016

Gravitational lensing has become one of the most powerful tools available for investigating the “dark side” of the universe. Cosmological strong gravitational lensing, in particular, probes the properties of the dense cores of dark matter halos over decades in mass and offers the opportunity to study the distant universe at flux levels and spatial resolutions otherwise unavailable. Studies of strongly lensed variable sources offer even further scientific opportunities. One of the challenges in realizing the potential of strong lensing is to understand the statistical context of both the individual systems that receive extensive follow-up study, as well as that of the larger samples of strong lenses that are now emerging from survey efforts. Motivated by these challenges, we have developed an image simulation pipeline, Pipeline for Images of Cosmological Strong lensing (PICS), to generate realistic strong gravitational lensing signals from group- and cluster-scale lenses. PICS uses a low-noise and unbiased density estimator based on (resampled) Delaunay Tessellations to calculate the density field; lensed images are produced by ray-tracing images of actual galaxies from deep Hubble Space Telescope observations. Other galaxies, similarly sampled, are added to fill in the light cone. The pipeline further adds cluster member galaxies and foreground stars into the lensed images. The entire image ensemble is then observed using a realistic point-spread function that includes appropriate detector artifacts for bright stars. Noise is further added, including such non-Gaussian elements as noise window-paning from mosaiced observations, residual bad pixels, and cosmic rays. The aim is to produce simulated images that appear identical—to the eye (expert or otherwise)—to real observations in various imaging surveys.
THE TIME EVOLUTION OF GAPS IN TIDAL STREAMS
Authors: Helmi Amina , Koppelman Helmer H.
Published: August 2016

We model the time evolution of gaps in tidal streams that are caused by the impact of a dark matter subhalo, while these orbit a spherical gravitational potential. To this end, we make use of the simple behavior of orbits in action-angle space. A gap effectively results from the divergence of two nearby orbits whose initial phase-space separation is, for very cold thin streams, largely given by the impulse induced by the subhalo. We find that in a spherical potential, the size of a gap increases linearly with time for sufficiently long timescales. We have derived an analytic expression that shows how the growth rate depends on the mass of the perturbing subhalo, its scale, and its relative velocity with respect to the stream. We have verified these scalings using N-body simulations and find excellent agreement. For example, a subhalo of mass

10

8

M

⊙

directly impacting a very cold thin stream on an inclined orbit can induce a gap that may reach a size of several tens of kiloparsecs after a few gigayears. The gap size fluctuates importantly with phase on the orbit, and it is largest close to pericenter. This indicates that it may not be fully straightforward to invert the spectrum of gaps present in a stream to recover the mass spectrum of the subhalos.
THE RELATION BETWEEN
[
O
III
]
/
H
β
AND SPECIFIC STAR FORMATION RATE IN GALAXIES AT z ∼ 2
Authors: Dickey Claire Mackay , van Dokkum Pieter G. , Oesch Pascal A. , Whitaker Katherine E. , Momcheva Ivelina G. , Nelson Erica J. , Leja Joel , Brammer Gabriel B. , Franx Marijn , Skelton Rosalind E.
Published: August 2016

Recent surveys have identified a seemingly ubiquitous population of galaxies with elevated [O iii]/Hβ emission line ratios at z > 1, although the nature of this phenomenon continues to be debated. The [O iii]/Hβ line ratio is of interest because it is a main component of the standard diagnostic tools used to differentiate between active galactic nuclei and star-forming galaxies as well as the gas-phase metallicity indicators O
23 and R
23. Here, we investigate the primary driver of increased [O iii]/Hβ ratios by median-stacking rest-frame optical spectra for a sample of star-forming galaxies in the 3D-HST survey in the redshift range z ∼ 1.4–2.2. Using N = 4220 star-forming galaxies, we stack the data in bins of mass and specific star formation rates (sSFRs), respectively. After accounting for stellar Balmer absorption, we measure [O iii]λ5007 Å/Hβ down to M ∼ 109.2
M
⊙ and sSFR ∼ 10−9.6 yr−1, greater than an order of magnitude lower than previous work at similar redshifts. We find an offset of 0.59 ± 0.05 dex between the median ratios at z ∼ 2 and z ∼ 0 at fixed stellar mass, in agreement with existing studies. However, with respect to sSFR, the z ∼ 2 stacks all lie within 1σ of the median SDSS ratios, with an average offset of only −0.06 ± 0.05. We find that the excitation properties of galaxies are tightly correlated with their sSFR at both z ∼ 2 and z ∼ 0, with a relation that appears to be roughly constant over the last 10 Gyr of cosmic time.
A DISTANT ECHO OF MILKY WAY CENTRAL ACTIVITY CLOSES THE GALAXY’s BARYON CENSUS
Authors: Nicastro F. , Senatore F. , Krongold Y. , Mathur S. , Elvis M.
Published: August 2016

We report on the presence of large amounts of million-degree gas in the Milky Way’s interstellar and circum-galactic medium. This gas (1) permeates both the Galactic plane and the halo, (2) extends to distances larger than 60–200 kpc from the center, and (3) its mass is sufficient to close the Galaxy’s baryon census. Moreover, we show that a vast, ∼6 kpc radius, spherically symmetric central region of the Milky Way above and below the 0.16 kpc thick plane has either been emptied of hot gas or the density of this gas within the cavity has a peculiar profile, increasing from the center up to a radius of ∼6 kpc, and then decreasing with a typical halo density profile. This, and several other converging pieces of evidence, suggest that the current surface of the cavity, at 6 kpc from the Galaxy’s center, traces the distant echo of a period of strong nuclear activity of our supermassive black hole, occurring about 6 Myr ago.
Effect of the distribution of saturated fatty acids in the melting and crystallization profiles of high-oleic high-stearic oils
Authors: Bootello M. A. , Garcés R. , Martínez-Force E. , Salas J. J.
Published: August 2016

The composition and distribution of fatty acids in triacylglycerol (TAG) molecules are commonly considered as factors that determine the physical properties of a given oil or fat. The distribution of any fatty acid in fats and oils can be described through the α coefficient of asymmetry, which can be calculated from the TAG composition and fatty acid composition of the sn-2 position of the TAGs determined through lipase hydrolysis. High-oleic high-stearic oils and fats are considered stable and healthy, and they are good substitutes for hydrogenated vegetable oils and palm fractions in many food products, such as spreads and confectionery. Here, different high-oleic high-stearic acid oils were formulated which contained different distributions of saturated fatty acids in their TAGs, while maintaining a similar fatty acid composition. The aim of this work was to discuss the possibility of using the α coefficient to predict the physical properties of fats in function of their chemical composition and their melting and crystallization behavior as examined by differential scanning calorimetry.
Recovery of iron after Fenton-like secondary treatment of olive mill wastewater by nano-filtration and low-pressure reverse osmosis membranes
Authors: Ochando-Pulido J. M. , Víctor-Ortega M. D. , Martínez-Férez A.
Published: August 2016

In this work, the performances of novel nano-filtration (NF) and low-pressure reverse osmosis (RO) polymeric membranes were examined with the aim of recovering the iron used as catalyst in former secondary treatment based on the Fenton-like advanced oxidation of olive mill wastewater (OMW). Results highlight that both membranes exhibit a good performance towards the rejection of iron (99.1% for the NF membrane vs. 100% for the low-pressure RO membrane) in the secondary-treated OMW effluent, thus permitting the recovery of iron in the concentrate stream in order to recycle it back into the oxidation reactor to reduce catalyst consumption. Finally, the permeate streams could be re-used for irrigation. Major productivity was observed by the selected NF membrane, about 47.4 L/hm2 upon 9 bar, whereas 30.9 L/hm2 could be yielded with the RO membrane under an operating pressure of 8 bar. Moreover, a sensibly lower fouling index was measured on the NF membrane (0.0072 in contrast with 0.065), which ensures major steady-state performance on this membrane and a longer service lifetime. This also results in lower required membrane area and membrane plant over dimension (4 modules in case of RO operation whereas only 2 modules for NF).
Wheat germ oil extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide with ethanol: Fatty acid composition
Authors: Parczewska-Plesnar B. , Brzozowski R. , Gwardiak H. , Białecka-Florjańczyk E. , Bujnowski Z.
Published: August 2016

In this work, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using CO2 with ethanol as entrainer was performed at a temperature of 40 oC under a pressure of 21 MPa. For comparison, a similar extraction without the entrainer was carried out. The extraction yield of wheat germ using supercritical CO2 with ethanol was slightly higher (10.7 wt%) than that of extraction without the entrainer (9.9 wt%). Fractions of SFE extracts were collected separately during the experiments and the composition of fatty acids in each fraction was analyzed. The SFE extracted oils were rich (63.4-71.3%) in the most valuable polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and their content in all collected fractions was approximately constant. Similar PUFA contents were found in the reference samples of oils extracted by n-hexane (66.2-67.0%), while the commercial cold-pressed oil contained significantly less PUFA (60.2%). These results show a higher nutritional value of the oil obtained by extraction with supercritical CO2 than cold pressed oil which is generally considered to be very valuable.
Evaluation of the pharmacoeconomics of drugs used for the treatment of long-term complications of sulfur mustard
Authors: Panahi Yunes , Ghanei Mostafa , Zarch Milad Vakili , Poursaleh Zohreh , Parvin Shahram , Rezaee Ramin , Sahebkar Amirhossein
Published: August 2016

Sulfur mustard (SM), a cytotoxic vesicant chemical warfare agent, has powerful irritant and blistering effects on the skin, eyes and respiratory tract. Since during the Iraq-Iran war, many Iranian soldiers and civilians were exposed to SM, there are several victims still suffering from long-term cutaneous, ocular and pulmonary complications. Currently, there is no definite treatment for long-term complications of SM, and only supportive medical care is being taken to minimize the symptoms. In this study, we compared the cost-effectiveness of common drugs that are used against long-term SM-induced complications in Iranian patients. In this review article, electronic databases were checked using the following key words: sulfur mustard, lung, skin, eye, cost-effectiveness, pharmacoeconomics and treatment. Abstracts of non-English papers and proceedings of congresses on SM were also assessed. Among the studied drugs, high-dose oral N-acetyl cysteine and long-acting inhaled corticosteroids against respiratory complications, topical corticosteroids and oral antihistamines against cutaneous complications and NSAIDS and corticosteroids ophthalmic drops against ocular complications were found to be cost-effective. Usage of different drugs in the treatment of SM injuries in Iran, have imposed a significant economic burden to patients and their families because many drugs that are effective against chemical injuries are not covered by insurance. In addition, development of more effective drugs in this field is considered as an urgent demand that should be noticed by the pharmaceutical industry.
Unpacking the downside of sustentasie on African theology and theologians: a need for contextual black theology as a liberative ingredient for the black Reformed churches
Authors: Baloyi Elijah
Published: August 2016

The practice of the black church being a follower of the leading white church is a continuous process in the Gereformeerde Kerke in Suid Afrika (or Reformed Churches in South Africa in English). This makes it difficult to contextualise Reformed Theology to address African challenges and problems. There are many reasons for the subordination of the black theologians, but for the sake of this article, I identified the issue of sustentasie1 as one of the causes. The lack of financial independence implies that the black church2 cannot determine their destiny by revising, transforming and even Africanising their theology to fit into their context and challenges, since that would mean they are biting the hand that feeds them. This article will argue that it is time that Africans stop being a theological duplication of the Western theologies and that they take responsibility to ensure that their theology addresses the immediate situation of the Black Reformed people (contextualised) with or without the support from the white church.
Article Commentary: The Cold Dusty Harmattan: A Season of Anguish for Cardiologists and Patients
Authors: Okeahialam Basil N.
Published: August 2016

Human health and disease often demonstrate seasonal patterns. Knowledge of these aspects aids anticipation and planning. Numerous studies have shown that hypertension and cardiovascular diseases demonstrate a seasonal pattern. The Harmattan, the cold dusty season in Sub-Saharan Africa, is the season of greatest concern in this regard. In this commentary, the author draws on his and other researchers’ studies to explain the grounds for onset and worsening of existing cardiovascular diseases. As implied in the title, it is a season that puts great strain on the cardiologist and the health system, as well as greater disease burden on the patient. This should be taken into consideration in planning and pooling of resources for effective patient management and mitigation of impact of disease.
Characterization of Beauty Salon Wastewater from Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, and Its Surrounding Communities
Authors: Nkansah Marian A. , Opoku Francis , Ephraim James H. , Wemegah David D. , Tetteh Luke P.M.
Published: August 2016

Due to the increase in students’ population over the years, the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana, and its surrounding communities have seen an increase in the number of beauty salons. The assessment of the quality of salon wastewater has received little attention, as a potential source of environmental and public health hazard, due to the lack of literature on this issue. The main aim of this study is to assess wastewater effluent characteristics in KNUST and its surrounding areas, in relation to its physicochemical and microbial parameters. A total of 48 wastewater samples were collected monthly in 250 L polystyrene bottles, over a two-month period from the KNUST and Ayigya, Ayeduase, and Bomso communities. Standard methods of American Public Health Association (APHA, 19th edition) were employed in the determination of the physicochemical parameters and microbial content of the wastewater samples. The results showed that all the sampling towns had mean chemical oxygen demand (COD; 60.04 ± 1.82 mg/L), biological oxygen demand (BOD; 30.03 ± 9.11 mg/L), dissolved oxygen (DO; 3.00 ± 0.53 mg/L), pH (9.55 ± 0.42), nitrate (5.42 ± 0.36 mg/L), phosphate (23.61 ± 0.16 mg/L), acidity (1.70 ± 0.01 mg/L), alkalinity (70.88 ± 2.59 mg/L), turbidity (20.29 ± 3.86 NTU), electrical conductivity (EC; 1404.89 ± 114.11 μm/S), and total dissolved solids (TDS; 1150.25 ± 262.10 mg/L) in the salon waste. In the case of bacterial levels, pathogenic bacteria such as fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, and Salmonella enterica were absent, while the levels of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa did not pose any health risk. The correlation matrix showed a significant positive correlation between and among pH, alkalinity, TDS, and turbidity ( P < 0.05). The results revealed that the wastewater collected from the salon effluents contain pollution indicator parameters such as EC, pH, PO43-, BOD, and turbidity, considerably higher than the tolerance limits recommended by the World Health Organization. The principal component analysis indicated that pH, alkalinity, acidity, COD, PO43-, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, turbidity, TDS, EC, DO, and BOD were the most influential parameters to wastewater variations. Based on these characteristics, a call for a regular and persistent monitoring strategy by the relevant authorities is significant to ensure best practices with respect to the discharge of salon wastewater into the environment.
Plant Defense Inhibitors Affect the Structures of Midgut Cells in Drosophila melanogaster and Callosobruchus maculatus
Authors: Li-Byarlay Hongmei , Pittendrigh Barry R. , Murdock Larry L.
Published: August 2016

Plants produce proteins such as protease inhibitors and lectins as defenses against herbivorous insects and pathogens. However, no systematic studies have explored the structural responses in the midguts of insects when challenged with plant defensive proteins and lectins across different species. In this study, we fed two kinds of protease inhibitors and lectins to the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and alpha-amylase inhibitors and lectins to the cowpea bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus. We assessed the changes in midgut cell structures by comparing them with such structures in insects receiving normal diets or subjected to food deprivation. Using light and transmission electron microscopy in both species, we observed structural changes in the midgut peritrophic matrix as well as shortened microvilli on the surfaces of midgut epithelial cells in D. melanogaster. Dietary inhibitors and lectins caused similar lesions in the epithelial cells but not much change in the peritrophic matrix in both species. We also noted structural damages in the Drosophila midgut after six hours of starvation and changes were still present after 12 hours. Our study provided the first evidence of key structural changes of midguts using a comparative approach between a dipteran and a coleopteran. Our particular observation and discussion on plant–insect interaction and dietary stress are relevant for future mode of action studies of plant defensive protein in insect physiology.
Alcuni aspetti di tipo pragmatico e di quello retorico-narratologico nell'uso del sistema verbale italiano : con possibili implicazioni per l'insegnamento L2
Authors: Miklič Tjaša
Published: August 2016

Si è già detto del forte condizionamento che la scelta tra i numerosi paradigmi (tempi, modi o aspetti) verbali italiani subisce da parte di costrutti sintattici, nonché di come ciò rappresenti per il discente di lingua materna non affine un considerevole ostacolo. Di conseguenza, per una solida base su cui costruirsi una mirata conoscenza dell’italiano, l’inclusione dei diversi moduli sintattici1 nella materia da presentare in classe sarebbe indubbiamente indispensabile.
Bibliografija prof. Mitja Skubica (1952-2008)
Authors: Prelesnik Drozg Marjeta
Published: August 2016

krajši članki in prispevki/Contributions et articles brefsBenedettu Croceju v spomin. – ljubljanski dnevnik 2, št./nº 239, Ljubljana 1952, p. 3
Frasi all'imperativo in italiano : aspetti glottodidattici di forma, intonazione, cortesia ed interculturalità
Authors: Mertelj Darja
Published: August 2016

Nell’insegnamento  dell’italiano  come  lingua  seconda  o  straniera  (L2/LS) l’imperativo viene considerato un capitolo relativamente difficile, nella sua integrità appare al livello B1/B2 (secondo il Quadro Comune europeo di riferimento per le lingue) che dagli apprendenti spesso viene percepito come una zona di passaggio dall’italiano ‘facile’ alla ‘complessità’ di questa lingua (ad es. ai casi dell’imperativo informale vi vengono legate le forme del congiuntivo presente). Nell’insegnamento moderno, con l’avvento  dell’insegnamento  comunicativo  anche  per  quanto  concerne  l’italiano L2/LS negli ultimi decenni, le forme grammaticali appaiono anche prima che gli apprendenti siano ‘grammaticalmente maturi’ (considerando ovviamente l’ambiente scolastico  e  linguistico  in  senso  largo).  Sembra  appropriata  la  decisione  che l’insegnante si soffermi e presti attenzione all’uso dell’imperativo e delle frasi iussive nella lingua italiana anche prima che i ‘suoi’ apprendenti siano al livello B.
Análisis textual de la narrativa oral de los Llanos Colombianos : ejemplo de un informante de Casanare, Colombia
Authors: Markič Jasmina
Published: August 2016

En este trabajo se pretende analizar la narrativa oral2 presentada por un hablante natural de Casanare, de la zona de los Llanos, una vasta región geográfica que se extiende por Colombia y venezuela. El motivo que me ha llevado a escoger esta región es, por una parte, personal (el hecho de haber cooperado en una investigación de campo en esta zona durante mis estudios de posgrado y, por ende, el deseo de enfocar el tema de la narrativa oral desde otro punto de vista teniendo en cuenta también el tiempo transcurrido desde que fue hecha la entrevista) y, por otra parte, se debe al hecho de que se trata de una región con una idiosincracia muy específica donde la tradición oral sigue muy viva.
El Quijote de dos caras : Cervantes versus Avellaneda
Authors: Kalenić Ramšak Branka
Published: August 2016

El Quijote es un texto que después de cuatro siglos de su aparición todavía no ha dejado de fascinarnos. La novela de Cervantes es el libro que ha seducido a todo lector, al viejo y al joven, al tonto y al listo, al loco y al cuerdo, al no educado y al erudita, al hombre común y al poeta, simplemente se trata del texto del que se ha enamorado la humanidad. «El arte debe ser como un espejo que nos revela nuestra propia cara», decía Borges; y el Quijote ha sido el espejo en el que cada lector a través de los siglos ha podido detectar el reflejo de su cara y de su época, o sea, ha podido verse con yelmo y cimera.
La Celestina, "novela dialogada" y "novela dialógica"
Authors: Šabec Maja
Published: August 2016

Uno de los numerosos desafíos para los críticos a la hora de interpretar la complejidad de La Celestina ha sido y sigue siendo el problema de su clasificación genérica. el título original  –primero  Comedia  y  en  la  segunda  redacción Tragicomedia  de  Calisto  y melibea–, se refiere según la teoría actual de los géneros a una obra dramática. Sin embargo, como apunta ĺñigo Ruiz arzálluz (La Celestina 2000: xCii–xCiii), a finales de la edad Media en Castilla los términos ‘comedia’ y ‘tragedia’ se alejaron del concepto clásico y «no implicaban necesariamente una estructura dramática», sino que se referían al aspecto temático y significaban «toda obra literaria […] que empezara mal y terminara bien», en el caso de comedia, o aquella «en la que el principio era alegre y el final triste», para la tragedia. De hecho, aunque la obra de Rojas está escrita en forma de diálogos y sería de esperar que todo en ella fuera activo, es obvio que en los diálogos y aún más en los monólogos la función dramática es a menudo superada por la función narrativa. es significativa en este sentido la hesitación inicial de Menéndez Pelayo, quien, a pesar del carácter supuestamente dramático de la La Celestina afirma que no se puede prescindir de ella en una historia de la novela y la incluye como «novela dialogada» en su obra Orígenes de la novela en España (Menéndez Pelayo 1961: cap. x). Dejando de lado las argumentaciones que tratan de encasillar La Celestina sea en el drama sea en la novela, parece mucho más justificado centrar la atención no en la definición genérica en el sentido de formas o estructuras (tema tratado prácticamente por todos los que abordaron el estudio de esta obra, desde Menéndez Pelayo (1943), Gilman (1956), Lida de Malkiel (1962), Whinnom (1993), Deyermond  (1980),  Severin  (1989),  etc.),  sino  en  las  funciones  narrativas  y/o dramáticas y sus respectivos procedimientos que intervienen en la construcción del texto.  Javier  Huerta  Calvo  (2000),  por  ejemplo,  realza  precisametne  su  carácter independiente en cuanto a cualquier técnica o preceptiva –otra originalidad más de esta obra– vinculándola a las formas más avanzadas de la dramaturgia contemporánea (p. ej. de valle-inclán) en las que «los condicionamientos de género se han mitigado o han desaparecido y la estructura dramática ha ganado en flexibilidad, dejándose contaminar incluso por el ritmo de la narración».
Intonation, the strongest link in the weakest link quiz
Authors: Komar Smiljana
Published: August 2016

People do not always want to verbalize what they really mean. instead, they spend time carefully choosing their words and syntactic structures. When they finally utter them, it often happens that the addressees feel that the speakers meant more than their words actually said.
Semantische Merkmale als Mittel der Textkonstitution
Authors: Bračič Stojan
Published: August 2016

Im folgenden Beitrag sollen semantische Relationen unter die Lupe genommen werden, die im text dazu beitragen, dass einzelne Textkomponenten miteinander verknüpft werden. Dabei geht es hauptsächlich um Relationen, die nicht satzthematisch sind - diese sind nämlich als textuelle Koreferenzketten ausreichend untersucht worden (vgl. u.a. Bračič/Fix/Greule 2007) - sondern um jene Relationen, die als Prädikationen einzelner textgrammatischer Einheiten (Sätze) vorkommen und ebenfalls gewisse geordnete Strukturierungen aufweisen.
Japanese suppositional adverbs : probability and structure in speaker-hearer interaction
Authors: Bekeš Andrej
Published: August 2016

From the point of view of discourse, modal meanings are interesting because, although their expression is structurally bound to sentences, their scope tends to converge with discourse units in conversation. in spoken Japanese, up to about 10% of suppositional modality meanings seem to be expressed by the seemingly redundant combination of the suppositional adverb (suiryooteki hukusi) and some  corresponding  utterance final modality form   as  in (1) below.
The origin of Anatolian relations of the type keššar : kiššeran and Balto-Slavic relations of the type akmuo/kamy : akmeni/kamen[jer]
Authors: Furlan Metka
Published: August 2016

Only anatolian relations of the type keššar : kiššeran and Balto-Slavic relations of the type akmuo/kamy : akmenį/kamenь still preserve the PIE paradigmatic innovation within the PIE holokinetic AP, caused by the comparable function (quo?) of the locative and accusative.
Principes narratifs dans l'échange oral spontané et leurs spécificités en slovène et en français
Authors: Zwitter Vitez Ana
Published: August 2016

Chaque manifestation linguistique est marquée par des éléments spécifiques, propres à la situation de communication dans laquelle elle est produite, mais l’émetteur du message a toujours et sans exception l’ambition de former un texte cohérent pour atteindre l’effet optimal auprès de l’adressé. Dans la situation de l’échange oral spontané, l’efficacité de la manifestation verbale du locuteur ne dépend pas seulement de la cohérence formelle de son message. En effet, lors de son intervention verbale, il doit veiller à ce qu’il utilise des moyens stratégiques complexes pour que celui auquel le message est adressé le comprenne et lui laisse garder son tour de parole.
Il professor Mitja Skubic ottuagenario
Authors: Ožbot Martina
Published: August 2016

Incredibile ma vero: il professor Mitja Skubic si trova, questa volta lui stesso, al centro dell’attenzione anziché essere il motore, il perno dell’attività. La ragione per questo attimo di respiro è il suo ottantesimo compleanno, a dire il vero passato già da tempo. È pressoché una contingenza aneddotica quella per cui il volume dedicatogli per l’occasione viene pubblicato così tardi: il professore ha continuato a tener d’occhio la nostra rivista ben dopo aver nominato i nuovi direttori tanto che sarebbe stato impossibile sorprenderlo con una miscellanea di contributi in suo onore.
La connessione "implicita"
Authors: Skytte Gunver
Published: August 2016

L’articolo descrive le differenti strategie per codificare la connessione «implicita», definita come ogni tipo di connessione interproposizionale realizzata senza connettivo esplicito, in chiave comparativa (italiano-danese). La connessione implicita viene esaminata in rapporto alla coerenza testuale attraverso l’analisi di una esemplificazione che rappresenta varie strategie di codificazione, tenendo conto delle variazioni intra- e interlinguistiche.
Tra sicilianità e sicilitudine
Authors: Orioles Vincenzo
Published: August 2016

Tra i suffissi cosiddetti identitari, che esprimono e connotano una determinata appartenenza, conosce ultimamente in ambito italiano una crescente diffusione il tipo -itudine che ritroviamo ad esempio in sarditudine, russitudine, romagnolitudine e in altre consimili formazioni: si tratta di un paradigma derivazionale che possiamo considerare 'riattivato' dopo un periodo nel quale la sua produttività sembrava bloccata. A partire dalla caratterizzazione territoriale, -itudine finisce con l'acquistare la funzionalità di una marca di identità socioculturale e come tale ben si presta ad essere aggiunto, con una progressiva estensione funzionale, a forme nominali che evocano stili di vita (punkitudine), condizioni esistenziali (casalinghitudine, singletudine), o anche propensioni e idiosincrasie (gaffitudine). Alla base di tale nuova fortuna del modulo formativo possono essere collocate due espressioni pilota e cio è da una parte negritudine, che su sollecitazione del francese négritude si identifica con i valori delle civiltà dell'Africa nera, e dall'altra sicilitudine a cui ha garantito ampia risonanza la valenza pregnante propria dell'uso di Leonardo Sciascia. Il contributo mira ad approfondire in particolare la genesi dell'espressione sicilitudine individuandone l'onomaturgo in realtà nello scrittore Crescenzio Cane (1959) e cercando di delimitarne lo statuto rispetto alla forma concorrente sicilianità.
Nuove osservazioni su una glossa botanica mediolatina : citamus 'colchico'
Authors: Zamboni Alberto
Published: August 2016

Il  grigion.  schiombla,  tschiombla  ‘colchico’,  lombardo  alpino  or.  ciĝám(b)ula,  si-,  trent.occ. (Giudicarie) čiĝámbọla, segámbola ecc., insieme forse con lo sporadico friul. subalpino siàngala, ven- gono attribuiti nel noto ribelle di V. Bertoldi (1923: §§ 71–3) ad una glossa mediolatina citamus, cito- mus, riportata nel Diefenbach ma piuttosto isolata e possibile cattiva lettura di cart(h)amus (1288, 1304). L’ipotesi passa attraverso un suffissato (e non documentato) *citamŭla, che renderebbe le numerose varianti dialettali attraverso una normale lenizione di -t- > -d- > -ø- (con eventuale refezio- ne tramite -g-) – tratto fonetico estraneo tuttavia al friulano – e si oppone a quella sostenuta in prima istanza  da  Michael  (1905),  che  pensava  ad  un  *cicamŭla  dissimilato  da  *ciclamŭla,  derivato  da cyclāmen ‘ciclamino’, i cui fiori hanno somiglianza con quelli del colchico e del croco. Va tuttavia riconosciuta ad Alessio la valorizzazione del meridionale šamo ‘giusquiamo’, solanacea velenosa di lontana tradizione per le sue proprietà farmacologiche (così come per il colchico, una liliacea): una forma, almeno semipopolare, che a mio avviso può esser stata diffusa anche in aree settentrionali, sempre in una variante suffissata *šámula, *siá- che rende facile conto del patrimonio grigionese schiombla (/š/!), lombardo segám(b)ola, meno invece del friulano siángala. Una nuova soluzione che offre il vantaggio di recuperare un filone autonomo ed elaborato di hyoscyamus in un areale alpino sostanzialmente omogeneo.
Zakaj se moramo učiti jezikov in jih raziskovati?
Authors: Pétursson Magnús
Published: August 2016

Z mislijo na čas, ko je enostransko in ozko opredeljeni pojem gospodarnosti postal merilo vsega, se v tem članku argumentira, da se tudi "učenje jezikov" lahko šteje za ekonomski dejavnik. Učenje jezikov je mnogim prvina samoizpolnitve in zadovoljstva, morda celo sreče, kar vse v človeski družbi ni le zelo pomembno, temveč se lahko šteje tudi za prvino družbene stabilnosti. Razen tega nam raziskovanje jezika nudi ključ do razumevanja, kako možgani (kot organ, ki obdeluje podatke) delujejo, in odpira pomembno vprašanje, ali obdelava podatkov poteka v vseh jezikih enako - ali pa so v tem pogledu razločki, in kako se slednji razložijo. Navsezadnje se bo dalo samo z jezikom razložiti (če se sploh razložiti da), kako duh nastane iz materije. To temeljno vprašanje more dobiti odgovor samo, če dojamemo mehanizem človeškega jezika.
Transitivity in natural syntax : ergative languages
Authors: Orešnik Janez
Published: August 2016

The paper implements the framework of Natural Syntax and treats various phenomena bearing on transitivity using the language material of ergative languages. In each case one ergative and one antipassive constructions are compared, and certain properties of such pairs are predicted. It is new in the paper that it is necessary to distinguish less or more transitive antipassive constructions. In the more transitive ones the agent and the patient are coded with the ergative case, the absolutive case, the nominative case, or the patient is integrated (at least to some extent) into the corresponding verb. More transitive antipassive constructions and the corresponding ergative constructions remain transitive. Because transitivity represents an unnatural environment, the alignment of the corresponding naturalness values is chiastic. The remaining antipassive constructions are less transitive, so that any pair consisting of such a construction and of the corresponding ergative construction withdraws from the unnatural environment of transitivity, and hence the alignment of the corresponding naturalness values is parallel. Another unnatural environment is represented by the patient just in case that its syntactic, not semantic, properties are treated. Consequently the alignment of the corresponding naturalness values ischiastic. The paper discusses 18 ergative languages, mostly from the Caucasus and the Pacific Ocean.
Uvodnik
Authors: Ožbot Martina
Published: August 2016

A conclusione dei lavori per la miscellanea in onore dell'ottantesimo compleanno del prof. Mitja Skubic, si vuole evidenziare come il piano redazionale originario sia stato modificato in due punti: in virtù della risposta eccezionalmente entusiasta dei colleghi invitati, i volumi pubblicati sono tre al posto dei due inizialmente previsti; anche al secondo e al terzo volume hanno contribuito alcuni colleghi lubianesi, benché tra i saggi ospitati prevalgano comunque quelli degli amici e dei colleghi del Festeggiato attivi in altre sedi.Nel corso della preparazione del secondo e del terzo volume ci hanno lasciato Roberto Gusmani e Alberto Zamboni, insigni linguisti e maestri. Ricordandoli con rimpianto pubblichiamo i loro saggi con un grato pensiero.
Sul posto della variazione nella teoria linguistica
Authors: Berruto Gaetano
Published: August 2016

Una parte cospicua dell’opera scientifica di Mitja Skubic si può ritenere collocata più o meno direttamente in campi di studio aventi a che fare con la variazione. Una buona cinquantina dei più di 220 titoli di Skubic riportati nella bibliografia curata da Marjeta Prelesnik-Drozg in linguistica XLVIII (2008), 11–31, verte infatti sullo studio di fenomeni in specifiche varietà di lingua (il toscano parlato, la lingua di Goldoni, varie parlate venete, friulano e sloveno di Gorizia, e via discorrendo) o su casi di interferenza e contatto nell’area italo-slovena, dove è per lo più evidente una dimensione variazionista. Vorrei quindi offrire al festeggiato in questa sede alcune riflessioni generali sulla questione della variazione linguistica che spero gli giungano gradite. Un tratto evidente nella linguistica anche teorica (o nelle diverse anime della linguistica)1 degli ultimi decenni è infatti il progressivo aumento di interesse verso la variazione. Un problema sempre ritornante in tale contesto è quello del posto e del ruolo eventuale che la variazione possa o debba avere nella teoria lingui- stica. Riprendo quindi in queste pagine, con qualche sintetica argomentazione, una questione che, molto dibattuta negli anni Settanta in concomitanza con la fondazio- ne e lo sviluppo della linguistica variazionista di William Labov,2 è emersa solo spo- radicamente negli anni Ottanta e Novanta, ed è divenuta, su altre basi, di nuovo molto attuale all’inizio del Terzo Millennio.
Evoluzione della lingua e staticità della norma nell'italiano contemporaneo : gli ausiliari nei costrutti con verbi modali
Authors: A. Cortelazzo Michele
Published: August 2016

Tra i fenomeni che vengono attribuiti alla recente evoluzione dell'italiano (e che vengono stigmatizzati dalle grammatiche normative) vi è l'uso generalizzato dell'ausiliare avere nei tempi composti dei verbi modali, anche quando il verbo modale regge un verbo all'infinito che nei tempi composti richiede l'ausiliare essere. Studi recenti hanno già mostrato che, nell'uso, l'impiego di avere è prevalente rispetto all'uso di essere e che si tratta di un fenomeno che percorre tutta la storia dell'italiano. Queste conclusioni sono state confermate e rafforzate dall'analisi di un corpus formato da 116 romanzi italiani pubblicati a partire dal secondo dopoguerra.
Una aportación flamenca a la gramaticografía del español : la "Spaensen grammatica" de Arnaldo de la Porte (1659)
Authors: Swiggers Pierre
Published: August 2016

En 1659 Arnaldo de la Porte publicó una voluminosa obra que contenía un diccionario español-flamenco, un diccionario flamenco-español y una pequeña gramática del español, redactada en flamenco (= neerlandés). Aquella gramática fue la primera gramática del español redactada en neerlandés y publicada en Flandes. El presente trabajo propone un análisis de la estructura, del contenido y de la terminología de la gramática de Arnaldo de la Porte. Se examinan también los diálogos que se hallan en la parte lexicográfica; aquellos diálogos están concebidos como una muestra representativa del uso coloquial de la lengua española. La parte final del trabajo tiene como objeto la dimensión política y religiosa de la obra de Arnaldo de la Porte, que destaca el estrecho vínculo entre Flandes y España, y alaba a la población flamenca por su lealdad a la corona española.
El Diálogo de la lengua de Juan de Valdés: modelo humanista de defensa de la lengua castellana en el siglo XVI
Authors: Sanchís Cerdán Pilar
Published: August 2016

El humanismo español se caracterizó por el abundante número de producciones apologéticas del idioma, con la intención de que el castellano se convirtiera en lengua imperial y cuyo ejemplo por excelencia sería el diálogo de la lenguade Juan de Valdés. Valdés sigue en la obra sus sueños erasmistas de reforma, que explican su interés hacia el problema del idioma - el adoctrinamiento sobre la importancia de la lengua castellana y su correcto uso: el diálogo de la lengua supone, así, un verdadero tratado humanista en pro de la lengua romance castellana, pues cultiva el diálogo, género que cuenta con una gran difusión entre los escritos humanistas por su carácter didáctico; impulsa la idea renacentista de un imperio y, en consecuencia, la pretensión de que el español se iguale al latín, fijando la lengua para que pueda contribuir a la expansión de éste; y exalta la naturalidad siguiendo el criterio renacentista que defiende la lengua materna por ser la natural, rechazando manifiestamente el lenguaje rebuscado. Pero el diálogo es un testigo importantísimo no sólo de la conciencia lingüística de su época, por la estimación de la lengua vulgar que presenta, sino también del castellano y su evolución secular, señalando un modelo de lengua que considera como verdadero (el castellano de Castilla) y proponiendo una serie de reglas para la normativización de la lengua española.
Sobre traducciones fracasadas
Authors: Messner Dieter
Published: August 2016

Se analizan las traducciones de textos literarios (alemán-español) de Peter Handke (El chino del dolor) y Christine Nöstlinger (El abuelo misterioso; Anatol y Desiree) y (español-alemán) de Juan Marsé (El amante bilingüe) con relación a las expresiones regionales y sociolectales que los autores emplean para caracterizar tanto paisajes como personas. Las traducciones españolas de los autores austríacos muestran que los traductores sólo se han servido de diccionarios bilingües generales que no contienen las expresiones típicas del alemán austríaco. Por eso algunas palabras españolas no tienen el mismo significado que las alemanas. Pero parece que eso no importa al lector español. Para la traducción al alemán de las expresiones charnegas de la novela de Juan Marsé el traductor escoge palabras del alemán hablado en las regiones septentrionales, lo que impide que puedan llegar a entenderlas los alemanes del sur.
Mezzogiorno alpino di Giosuè Carducci
Authors: Pellegrini Rienzo
Published: August 2016

Il 2007, a cento anni dalla morte del poeta, ha visto un ritorno di interesse per Giosuè Carducci, personalità di grande rilievo nel secondo Ottocento per il suo impegno accademico, per la sua attività di ricerca, per il ruolo pubblico assunto come poeta, per la sua scrittura larga. Significative sono le traduzioni dal tedesco (da Heine a von Platen), ma per l'occasione si propone una rilettura di Mezzogiorno alpino, una poesia tarda: due quartine rimate che consentono rilievi non generici sulla metrica, sulle figure retoriche, sul lessico e su una sensibilità che si apre a modi nuovi, che nel paesaggio sa trasferire una sottile capacità di autoanalisi, dando voce a una percezione acuta dello scorrere del tempo e del ripiegarsi della vita.
Syntactic variants and natural syntax : Greek infinitive clauses dependent on verbs of speaking and thinking
Authors: Kavčič Jerneja
Published: August 2016

This paper explains a very well-known feature of Classical Greek syntax from the perspective of Natural Syntax. Most grammars of Classical Greek state that infinitive clauses could be dependent on both verbs of speaking and thinking in Classical Greek. In contrast, finite dependent clauses could be governed only by verbs of speaking. However, one verb of speaking that regularly governs infinitive clauses is 'say'. In terms of Natural Syntax, infinitive clauses are more natural than finite dependent clauses. The scale > nat (infinitive clause, finite dependent clause) is supported by the criterion of favorable for the speaker and the hearer (criterion A) and the criterion of integration into the clause (criterion D). In addition, verbs of thinking are more natural than verbs of speaking. The scale > nat (verbs of thinking, verbs of speaking) is supported by the criterion of integration into the clause (criterion C), the criterion of frequency (criterion C), and the criterion of favorable for the speaker andthe hearer (criterion A). Natural Syntax predicts that the more natural syntactic variant (i.e., infinitive clauses) associates with more natural parameters (i.e., verbs of thinking) than the less natural syntactic variant (i.e., finite dependent clauses). This type of alignment rule is called parallel alignment. In addition, most of the criteria applied indicate that the verb 'say' is more natural than other verbs of speaking (e.g., it is an enclitic verb). Consequently, it is expected within Natural Syntax that the verb 'say' associates with the more natural syntactic variant (i.e., with infinitive clauses).
Conjunctive and prepositional comparatives in Slovenian
Authors: Živanović Sašo
Published: August 2016

The paper deals with the distribution of conjunctive and prepositional comparative structures in Slovenian. They are introduced by the complementiser kot and the preposition od, respectively. Comparative structures are categorised along three dimensions: (i) the morphological environment of the comparative morpheme (yielding amount and quality comparatives); (ii) the syntactic environment of the comparative morpheme (eight syntactic environments are discussed: (nominative) subject, (accusative) direct object, (dative) indirect object, prepositional object, locative adverbial, temporal adverbial, some other adverbial, and predicate); (iii) the syntactic environment (the same environments as above are discussed) of the associate (the non-elided phrase in the comparative complement is the remnant; its counterpart with the same grammatical function in the matrix clause is the associate). The comparison of conjunctive and prepositional comparatives shows that the distribution of the latter is more restricted and also exhibits more inter-speaker variation than the former. Conjunctive comparatives are acceptable in virtually all combinations of the above-mentioned parameters, the only exception being quality comparatives withan adverbial or predicate associate where the comparative morpheme is embedded in the associate. The only absolute generalisation that can be made about prepositional comparatives is that the associate must be either a subject or a direct object; all other generalisations are merely tendencies.