bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The mTOR/p70S6K1 signaling pathway in renal fibrosis of children with immunoglobulin A nephropathy
Authors: Xu Yuanyuan , Ling Yihong , Yang Fan , Deng Jiong , Rong Liping , Jiang Mengjie , Jiang Xiaoyun
Published: January 2018

Aim:

The purpose of this study was to explore whether mTOR/p70S6K1 signaling is activated in renal fibrosis of immunoglobulin A nephropathy.

Methods:

Seventy-two children with immunoglobulin A nephropathy were divided into three groups according to their clinical features and pathological grades. Six normal renal specimens were included in the control group. The expression levels of angiotensin II, mTOR, p70S6K1, E-cadherin, and α-smooth muscle actin in renal tissues were determined by immunohistochemistry method, the potential correlations of these indexes and relationship between these indexes and the clinicopathological indexes were analyzed.

Results:

Compared to the control group, the expression levels of angiotensin II, mTOR, p70S6K1, and α-smooth muscle actin were significantly higher and the expression levels of E-cadherin were lower both in glomeruli and tubulointerstitium of immunoglobulin A nephropathy children. And the most significant differences were found in the nephrotic syndrome group and pathological grade IV group. In immunoglobulin A nephropathy renal tissues, the expression levels of angiotensin II in glomeruli and tubulointerstitium were both positively correlated with the expression levels of mTOR and α- smooth muscle actin, and negatively correlated with the expression levels of E-cadherin.

Conclusion:

The mTOR/p70S6K1 signaling was activated in renal tissues of children with immunoglobulin A nephropathy, and future studies will need to address the mechanism of mTOR/p70S6K1 signaling in the progress of renal fibrosis in immunoglobulin A nephropathy.
Mitochondrial assembly receptor expression is an independent prognosticator for patients with oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Su Yan-Ye , Chen Chang-Han , Chien Chih-Yen , Lin Wei-Che , Huang Wan-Ting , Li Shau-Hsuan
Published: January 2018

Introduction:

Recent evidence suggests that the local renin-angiotensin system has been implicated in various malignancies. The mitochondrial assembly receptor is a newly identified receptor for angiotensin peptides, angiotensin-(1-7), and has an important role in the renin-angiotensin system. However, the role of the mitochondrial assembly receptor in the prognosis of cancer patients remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of mitochondrial assembly receptor signaling in the prognosis of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma.

Methods:

Mitochondrial assembly receptor immunohistochemistry was examined in 151 oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma patients and was correlated with treatment outcome. The functional relevance of the mitochondrial assembly receptor in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell lines was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assays.

Results:

Mitochondrial assembly receptor overexpression was significantly correlated with early pathological T classification ( p=0.029) and the absence of extracapsular spread ( p=0.039). Univariate analyses demonstrated that mitochondrial assembly receptor overexpression was significantly associated with superior overall survival ( p=0.012). In multivariate comparison, mitochondrial assembly receptor overexpression remained independently associated with superior overall survival ( p=0.008, hazard ratio=1.862). In vitro, angiotensin-(1-7) suppressed the cell growth in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells, and this response was reversed by the mitochondrial assembly receptor antagonist, A779.

Conclusion:

Mitochondrial assembly receptor expression is independently associated with the prognosis of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma patients. These findings suggest that mitochondrial assembly receptor signaling may be a promising novel target for oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma.
Blunting of cardioprotective actions of estrogen in female rodent heart linked to altered expression of cardiac tissue chymase and ACE2
Authors: da Silva Jaqueline S. , Gabriel-Costa Daniele , Wang Hao , Ahmad Sarfaraz , Sun Xuming , Varagic Jasmina , Sudo Roberto T , Ferrario Carlos M , Dell Italia Louis J , Zapata-Sudo Gisele , Groban Leanne
Published: January 2018

Background:

Diastolic dysfunction develops in response to hypertension and estrogen (E2) loss and is a forerunner to heart failure (HF) in women. The cardiac renin–angiotensin system (RAS) contributes to diastolic dysfunction, but its role with respect to E2 and blood pressure remain unclear.

Methods:

We compared the effects of ovariectomy (OVX) or sham surgery on the cardiac RAS, left ventricular (LV) structure/function, and systemic/intracardiac pressures of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs: n = 6 intact and 6 OVX) and age-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKY: n = 5 intact and 4 OVX) controls.

Results:

WKY rats were more sensitive to OVX than SHRs with respect to worsening of diastolic function, as reflected by increases in Doppler-derived filling pressures (E/e′) and reductions in myocardial relaxation (e′). This pathobiologic response in WKY rats was directly linked to increases in cardiac gene expression and enzymatic activity of chymase and modest reductions in ACE2 activity. No overt changes in cardiac RAS genes or activities were observed in SHRs, but diastolic function was inversely related to ACE2 activity.

Conclusion:

Endogenous estrogens exert a more significant regulatory role upon biochemical components of the cardiac RAS of WKY versus SHRs, modulating the lusitropic and structural components of its normotensive phenotype.
Angiotensin-(1–7) attenuates atrial tachycardia-induced sympathetic nerve remodeling
Authors: Shangguan Wenfeng , Shi Wen , Li Guangping , Wang Yuanyuan , Li Jian , Wang Xuewen
Published: January 2018

Introduction:

The effect of Angiotensin-(1–7) (Ang-(1–7)) on atrial autonomic remodeling is still unknown. We hypothesized that Ang-(1–7) could inhibit sympathetic nerve remodeling in a canine model of chronic atrial tachycardia.

Materials and methods:

Eighteen dogs were randomly assigned to sham group, pacing group and Ang-(1–7) group. Rapid atrial pacing was maintained for 14 days in the pacing and Ang-(1–7) groups. Ang-(1–7) was administered intravenously in the Ang-(1–7) group. The atrial effective refractory period and atrial fibrillation inducibility level were measured at baseline and under sympathetic nerve stimulation after 14 days of measurement. The atrial sympathetic nerves labeled with tyrosine hydroxylase were detected using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting, and tyrosine hydroxylase and nerve growth factor mRNA levels were measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

Results:

Pacing shortened the atrial effective refractory period and increased the atrial fibrillation inducibility level at baseline and under sympathetic nerve stimulation. Ang-(1–7) treatment attenuated the shortening of the atrial effective refractory period and the increase in the atrial fibrillation inducibility level. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting showed sympathetic nerve hyperinnervation in the pacing group, while Ang-(1–7) attenuated sympathetic nerve proliferation. Ang-(1–7) alleviated the pacing-induced increases in tyrosine hydroxylase and nerve growth factor mRNA expression levels.

Conclusion:

Ang-(1–7) can attenuate pacing-induced atrial sympathetic hyperinnervation.
Effect of unilateral nephrectomy on urinary angiotensinogen levels in living kidney donors: 1 year follow-up study
Authors: Kendi Celebi Zeynep , Peker Ahmet , Kutlay Sim , Kocak Senem , Tuzuner Acar , Erturk Sehsuvar , Keven Kenan , Sengul Sule
Published: January 2018

Background:

Urinary angiotensinogen (uAGT) has recently been proposed as a marker of kidney injury and activated intrarenal renin–angiotensin system. We investigated the effects of living donor nephrectomy on uAGT levels, blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration rate, proteinuria and compensatory hypertrophy in the remaining kidney of living kidney donors.

Methods:

Twenty living kidney donors were included in the study and followed for 1 year. uAGT levels were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay preoperatively and postoperatively at the 15th day, 1, 6 and 12 months.

Results:

Four donors were excluded from the study due to lack of data. The mean baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate was 98 ± 15 ml/min/1.73 m². Serum creatinine, uAGT/creatinine, uAGT/protein levels were higher and estimated glomerular filtration rate was lower than baseline values at all time periods. Urinary protein/creatinine levels increased after donor nephrectomy, but after 6 months they returned to baseline values. Renal volume increased after nephrectomy, but these changes did not show any correlation with uAGT/creatinine, uAGT/protein, estimated glomerular filtration rate or systolic/diastolic blood pressures. uAGT/creatinine at 6 months and urinary protein/creatinine ratio at 12 months showed a positive correlation ( P=0.008, r=0.639).

Conclusion:

After donor nephrectomy, increasing uAGT levels can be the result of activation of the intrarenal renin–angiotensin system affecting the compensatory changes in the remaining kidney. The long-term effects of increased uAGT levels on the remaining kidney should be examined more closely in future studies.
Association of the genetic and traditional risk factors of ischaemic heart disease with STEMI and NSTEMI development
Authors: Žaliaduonytė-Pekšienė Diana , Lesauskaitė Vaiva , Liutkevičienė Rasa , Tamakauskas Vytenis , Kviesulaitis Vilius , Šinkūnaitė-Maršalkienė Giedrė , Šimonytė Sandrita , Mačiulskytė Simonita , Tamulevičiūtė-Prascienė Eglė , Gustienė Olivija , Tamošiūnas Abdonas , Žaliūnas Remigijus
Published: January 2018

Introduction:

To evaluate the influence of traditional risk factors of ischaemic heart disease and genetic factors to predict different types of acute coronary syndromes.

Materials and methods:

Five hundred and twenty-three patients with acute coronary syndromes (393 with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and 130 with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)) comprised the study group. The control group consisted of 645 subjects free from symptoms of ischaemic heart disease and stroke. Genetic polymorphisms of MMP-2 (–735) C/T, MMP-2 (–1306) C/T, MMP-3 (–1171) 5A/6A, MMP-9 (–1562) C/T and ACE I/D were evaluated using polymerase chain reaction.

Results:

Patients with acute coronary syndromes more often had ID or II genotype than DD genotype of ACE ( P = 0.04) and 5A5A or 5A6A genotype than 6A6A genotype of MMP-3 ( P = 0.02) in comparison to the control group. The genotypes of other matrix metalloproteinase genes did not differ between the groups. 5A5A and 5A6A genotypes of MMP-3 (odds ratio (OR) 1.5; P = 0.021), II and ID genotypes of ACE (OR 1.7; P = 0.006) along with traditional ischaemic heart disease risk factors such as smoking (OR 4.9; P = 0.001), hypertension (OR 2.0; P = 0.001), diabetes mellitus (OR 2.9; P = 0.001) and dyslipidaemia (OR 2.1; P = 0.001) increased the risk of STEMI. However, the polymorphism of MMP-3 5A/6A and ACE I/D was not associated with the occurrence of NSTEMI.

Conclusions:

Genetic polymorphisms of MMP-3 5A/6A and ACE I/D along with conventional ischaemic heart disease risk factors increase the risk of the occurrence of STEMI, while having no influence on the pathogenesis of NSTEMI.
A case report of hyponatremia after surgery for Conn’s adenoma
Authors: Furlanis Giulia , Bernardi Stella , Cavressi Monica , Zandonà Lorenzo , Carretta Renzo , Fabris Bruno , Bardelli Moreno
Published: January 2018

Primary aldosteronism (PA), also known as Conn’s syndrome, is a frequent cause of secondary hypertension. If PA is due to a documented unilateral adrenal adenoma, adrenalectomy is the treatment of choice. Endocrine Society guidelines suggest monitoring potassium after adrenalectomy, while there is no mention of sodium disorders after surgery. Here we report the case of a patient with Conn’s syndrome who developed hyponatremia after surgery. This was an unexpected event in the course of the treatment, which sheds light on the fact that low levels of aldosterone strongly influence sodium concentration, and advises clinicians to monitor sodium after adrenalectomy.
Keys to person-centred care to persons living with dementia – Experiences from an educational program in Sweden
Authors: Berglund Mia , Gillsjö Catharina , Svanström Rune
Published: January 2018

Growing old entails an increased risk of disabilities and illnesses such as dementia. The orientation in Sweden on national level is that individuals remain in their own homes if desired and receive person-centred home care. The aim of this study was to describe the experience of an educational program and its influence on daily provision of care to persons with dementia. A life-world approach was used. Data were collected through group interviews with care providers in the context of home. The findings are presented in five themes: Increased knowledge about dementia and treatment, Relationship-building in order to provide good care, Open and flexible approach conveys calm, Continuity and flexibility are cornerstones in the care and Perceived improvements. This person-centred educational intervention resulted in a care that was based on each individual’s personality, preferences and priorities in life. Education given with continuity over time is key to improving provision of care to person with dementia.
Collaborative inquiry: Youth, social action, and critical qualitative research
Authors: Caraballo Limarys , Lyiscott Jamila
Published: January 2018

Youth participatory action research is part of a revolutionary effort in educational research to take inquiry-based knowledge production out of the sole purview of academic institutions and include those who most directly experience the educational contexts that scholars endeavor to understand. Seeking to extend the robust legacy of participatory action research in schools and communities, in this article, we focus on the pedagogical contributions of youth participatory action research collaborations for the teaching of critical qualitative research. We discuss strategies developed and implemented in an after-school youth participatory action research seminar in order to highlight how collaborative educational spaces can contribute to teaching and engaging in critical qualitative research. We also reflect, in our role as educators and researchers, on the possibilities and limitations of teaching qualitative research critically and reflexively, particularly at the intersection of qualitative action research, critical literacies, and youth social action. We conclude with a discussion of the broader implications of collaborative inquiry for the teaching of qualitative research in education and beyond.
Do Mayors Run for Higher Office? New Evidence on Progressive Ambition
Authors: Einstein Katherine Levine , Glick David M. , Palmer Maxwell , Pressel Robert J.
Published: January 2018

The mayor’s office potentially offers a launchpad for statewide and national political ambitions. We know relatively little, however, about how frequently mayors actually run for higher office, and which mayors choose to do so. This article combines longitudinal data on the career paths of the mayors of 200 big cities with new survey and interview data to investigate these questions. While we find that individual and city traits—especially gender—have some predictive power, the overwhelming story is that relatively few mayors—just under one-fifth—ever seek higher office. We suggest that ideological, institutional, and electoral factors all help to explain why so few mayors exhibit progressive ambition.
The Use Of The Gore® Hybrid Vascular Graft For Treatment Of Complex Iliofemoral Revascularization Procedures
Authors: Fernandez Prendes Carlota , Padrón Encalada Carol , Zanabili Al-Sibbai Ahmad Amer , Del Castro Madrazo Jose Antonio , Camblor Santervas Lino Antonio , Alonso Perez Manuel
Published: January 2018

Purpose:

To describe the uses and advantages of hybrid vascular grafts (HVGs) for complex iliofemoral revascularization procedures.

Case Report:

We report 3 cases of iliofemoral occlusions repaired with the Gore HVG, used as an alternative technique to standardized common femoral artery (CFA) endarterectomy associated with iliac stenting or open repair. The indication in each of the 3 cases was different: In the first case, there was an absent CFA secondary to a mycotic pseudoaneurysm, in the second case, an iatrogenic lesion of the posterior wall of the CFA during the intervention was performed, and in the third case, the indication was because of thrombosis of a previous iliofemoral revascularization procedure.

Conclusion:

Although we only present 3 cases, the Gore HVG can be useful for complex iliofemoral revascularizations, serving as an alternative to standardized CFA endarterectomy plus iliac stenting in cases where there is a damaged or absent CFA, especially in high-surgical risk patients.
Pulse Width Does Not Influence the Gains Achieved With Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation in People With Multiple Sclerosis: Double-Blind, Randomized Trial
Authors: Almuklass Awad M. , Davis Leah , Hamilton Landon D. , Hebert Jeffrey R. , Alvarez Enrique , Enoka Roger M.
Published: January 2018

Background. Multiple sclerosis (MS) eventually compromises the walking ability of most individuals burdened with the disease. Treatment with neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) can restore some functional abilities in persons with MS, but its effectiveness may depend on stimulus-pulse duration. Objective. To compare the effects of a 6-week intervention with narrow- or wide-pulse NMES on walking performance, neuromuscular function, and disability status of persons with relapsing-remitting MS. Methods. Individuals with MS (52.6 ± 7.4 years) were randomly assigned to either the narrow-pulse (n = 13) or wide-pulse (n = 14) group. The NMES intervention was performed on the dorsiflexor and plantar flexor muscles of both legs (10 minutes each muscle, 4 s on and 12 s off) at a tolerable level for 18 sessions across 6 weeks. Outcomes were obtained before (week 0) and after (week 7) the intervention and 4 weeks later (week 11). Results. There was no influence of stimulus-pulse duration on the outcomes ( P > .05); thus, the data were collapsed across groups. The NMES intervention improved ( P < .05) gait speed and walking endurance, dorsiflexor strength in the more-affected leg, plantar flexor strength in the less-affected leg, force control for plantar flexors in the less-affected leg, and self-reported levels of fatigue and walking limitations. Conclusion. There was no influence of stimulus-pulse duration on the primary outcomes (gait speed and walking endurance). The 6-week NMES intervention applied to the lower leg muscles of persons with mild to moderate levels of disability can improve their walking performance and provide some symptom relief.
Carbohydrate mouth rinsing improves resistance training session performance
Authors: Decimoni Luciana S , Curty Victor M , Almeida Livia , Koch Alexander J , Willardson Jeffrey M , Machado Marco
Published: January 2018

We investigated the effect of carbohydrate mouth rinsing on resistance exercise performance. Fifteen recreationally trained women (age 26 ± 4 y; height 1.61.9 ± 5.1 m; weight 59.5 ± 8.2 kg) completed two resistance exercise bouts consisting of three sets of five exercises (half-squat, leg press, bench press, military press, and seated row) to volitional fatigue with a 10 repetition-maximum load. Immediately prior to and during the middle of each exercise bout, subjects mouth rinsed for 10 s with 100 mL of either a 6% maltodextrin solution (CHO) or an artificially flavored solution (PLA) in a randomized, double-blind, counterbalanced fashion. Heart rate and perceived exertion were compared between conditions using a 2 (conditions) × 15 (time points) repeated measures ANOVA. Significant main effects were further analyzed using pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni post hoc tests. Total volume (exercises * sets * repetitions * load) between sessions was compared with a Student’s t-test. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05 level of confidence. The CHO resulted in more repetitions performed during half-squat, bench press, military press, and seated row, for a significantly greater (∼12%) total volume load lifted versus PLA ( p = 0.039, ES: 0.49). Rating of perceived exertion was also significantly lower in the CHO versus PLA ( p = 0.020, ES: 0.28). These data indicate that CHO mouth rinsing can enhance high-volume resistance exercise performance and lower ratings of perceived exertion.
Clinical outcome of patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding during antithrombotic drug therapy
Authors: Kono Yoshiyasu , Kawano Seiji , Okamoto Yuki , Obayashi Yuka , Baba Yuki , Sakae Hiroyuki , Abe Makoto , Gotoda Tatsuhiro , Inokuchi Toshihiro , Kanzaki Hiromitsu , Iwamuro Masaya , Kawahara Yoshiro , Okada Hiroyuki
Published: January 2018

Background:

The clinical outcome of patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) during antithrombotic drug therapy has not been fully investigated.

Methods:

Patients who underwent video capsule endoscopy (VCE) for the investigation of OGIB at Okayama University Hospital from January 2009 to March 2016 were enrolled. We evaluated the VCE findings, the patterns of OGIB, and the rate of rebleeding within 1 year in antithrombotic drug users and antithrombotic drug nonusers.

Results:

A total of 181 patients were enrolled. Among the antithrombotic drug users, the rate of VCE positivity in the patients with overt OGIB was significantly higher in comparison with patients with occult OGIB (45% versus 16%, p = 0.014), whereas there was no significant difference among the antithrombotic drug nonusers (27% versus 26%, p = 1.0). Among the antithrombotic drug users, the rate of rebleeding among the VCE-positive patients was significantly higher in comparison with the VCE-negative patients (50% versus 5.9%, p = 0.011). Moreover, among antithrombotic drug users who did not receive therapeutic intervention, the rate of rebleeding among the VCE-positive patients was significantly higher in comparison with the VCE-negative patients (75% versus 6.3%, p = 0.001). However, among the antithrombotic drug nonusers who did not receive therapeutic intervention, the rebleeding rate of the VCE-positive patients was not significantly different from that of the VCE-negative patients (20% versus 9.4%, p = 0.43).

Conclusion:

Therapeutic intervention should be considered for patients with overt OGIB who are VCE positive and who use antithrombotic drugs due to the high risk of rebleeding.
Insights into the management of gastric antral vascular ectasia (watermelon stomach)
Authors: Hsu Wen-Hung , Wang Yao-Kuang , Hsieh Meng-Shu , Kuo Fu-Chen , Wu Meng-Chieh , Shih Hsiang-Yao , Wu I-Chen , Yu Fang-Jung , Hu Huang-Ming , Su Yu-Chung , Wu Deng-Chyang
Published: January 2018

Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) is an uncommon but important cause of chronic gastrointestinal bleeding. It is often associated with systemic diseases such as autoimmune diseases, liver cirrhosis, chronic renal insufficiency and cardiovascular disease. The etiology of GAVE has not been fully explored and remains controversial. Diagnosis is mainly based on endoscopic presentation with flat or raised erythematous stripes radiating from the pylorus to the antrum and resembles a watermelon. Clinical presentation may range from iron-deficiency anemia secondary to occult blood loss, melena to hematemesis. In past decades, many therapeutic modalities including medical, endoscopic and surgical intervention have been introduced for GAVE treatment with variable efficacy. Herein, we review the efficacy and safety of these treatment options for GAVE.
The Lewis score or the capsule endoscopy Crohn’s disease activity index: which one is better for the assessment of small bowel inflammation in established Crohn’s disease?
Authors: Yablecovitch Doron , Lahat Adi , Neuman Sandra , Levhar Nina , Avidan Benjamin , Ben-Horin Shomron , Eliakim Rami , Kopylov Uri
Published: January 2018

Background

Small-bowel capsule endoscopy (CE) is a prime modality for evaluation of the small bowel. The Lewis score (LS) and the Capsule Endoscopy Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (CECDAI) are validated endoscopic indices for quantification of small-bowel inflammation on CE. It is unclear whether these indexes are interchangeable for the evaluation of mucosal inflammation in established Crohn’s disease (CD). The aim of this study was to compare the quantitative evaluation of small- bowel inflammation by LS and CECDAI.

Methods

Patients with known quiescent small-bowel CD for at least 3 months (Crohn’s disease activity index < 150) were prospectively recruited and underwent CE. The LS was calculated using RAPID 8 capsule-reading software and the CECDAI was calculated manually. Cumulative LS (C-LS) was calculated by summation of individual tertile LS. Fecal calprotectin (FCP) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured and correlated with the scores.

Results

A total of 50 patients were included in the study. There was a moderate correlation between the worst segment LS and CECDAI (Pearson’s r = 0.66, p = 0.001), and a strong correlation between C-LS and CECDAI ( r = 0.81, p = 0.0001). CECDAI < 5.4 corresponded to mucosal healing (LS < 135), while CECDAI > 9.2 corresponded to moderate-to-severe inflammation (LS ⩾ 790). There was a moderate correlation between capsule scores and FCP levels ( r = 0.39, p = 0.002 for LS, r = 0.48, p = 0.001 for C-LS, and r = 0.53, p = 0.001 for CECDAI, respectively). CRP levels were not significantly correlated with either score.

Conclusions

CECDAI and C-LS are strongly correlated and perform similarly for quantitative assessment of mucosal inflammation in established CD.
The impact of finger position on pinch strength
Authors: Walukonis Kelsey , Beasley Jeanine , Boerema Rachel , Powers Jamie , Anderson Kirk
Published: January 2018

Introduction

Pinch strength is a widely used measurement of hand function, but digit position on the pinch gauge has not been described in the literature. The aim of this study was to assess for differences in tip, lateral, and three-jaw-chuck pinch force when the digits are placed on the groove or bridge of a Bernadette and Linda pinch gauge.

Methods

Thirty-six healthy volunteers each pinched six times in random order: one for each type of pinch force with the digits placed in each position.

Results

There were no significant differences in pinch strength measurements based on digit position, except for three-jaw-chuck pinch which was slightly higher on the groove. Equivalence was found within one pound for tip and lateral pinch but not for three-jaw-chuck.

Conclusion

Variations in finger position may result in similar pinch strength measurements for tip and lateral pinch. Clinicians may reliably assess lateral and tip pinch using either position; however, standardized positioning is still recommended.
Is There a Common Summary Statistical Process for Representing the Mean and Variance? A Study Using Illustrations of Familiar Items
Authors: Yang Yi , Tokita Midori , Ishiguchi Akira
Published: January 2018

A number of studies revealed that our visual system can extract different types of summary statistics, such as the mean and variance, from sets of items. Although the extraction of such summary statistics has been studied well in isolation, the relationship between these statistics remains unclear. In this study, we explored this issue using an individual differences approach. Observers viewed illustrations of strawberries and lollypops varying in size or orientation and performed four tasks in a within-subject design, namely mean and variance discrimination tasks with size and orientation domains. We found that the performances in the mean and variance discrimination tasks were not correlated with each other and demonstrated that extractions of the mean and variance are mediated by different representation mechanisms. In addition, we tested the relationship between performances in size and orientation domains for each summary statistic (i.e. mean and variance) and examined whether each summary statistic has distinct processes across perceptual domains. The results illustrated that statistical summary representations of size and orientation may share a common mechanism for representing the mean and possibly for representing variance. Introspections for each observer performing the tasks were also examined and discussed.
Engineering large cartilage tissues using dynamic bioreactor culture at defined oxygen conditions
Authors: Daly Andrew C , Sathy Binulal N , Kelly Daniel J
Published: January 2018

Mesenchymal stem cells maintained in appropriate culture conditions are capable of producing robust cartilage tissue. However, gradients in nutrient availability that arise during three-dimensional culture can result in the development of spatially inhomogeneous cartilage tissues with core regions devoid of matrix. Previous attempts at developing dynamic culture systems to overcome these limitations have reported suppression of mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis compared to static conditions. We hypothesize that by modulating oxygen availability during bioreactor culture, it is possible to engineer cartilage tissues of scale. The objective of this study was to determine whether dynamic bioreactor culture, at defined oxygen conditions, could facilitate the development of large, spatially homogeneous cartilage tissues using mesenchymal stem cell laden hydrogels. A dynamic culture regime was directly compared to static conditions for its capacity to support chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells in both small and large alginate hydrogels. The influence of external oxygen tension on the response to the dynamic culture conditions was explored by performing the experiment at 20% O2 and 3% O2. At 20% O2, dynamic culture significantly suppressed chondrogenesis in engineered tissues of all sizes. In contrast, at 3% O2 dynamic culture significantly enhanced the distribution and amount of cartilage matrix components (sulphated glycosaminoglycan and collagen II) in larger constructs compared to static conditions. Taken together, these results demonstrate that dynamic culture regimes that provide adequate nutrient availability and a low oxygen environment can be employed to engineer large homogeneous cartilage tissues. Such culture systems could facilitate the scaling up of cartilage tissue engineering strategies towards clinically relevant dimensions.
From Mediatized Emotion to Digital Affect Cultures: New Technologies and Global Flows of Emotion
Authors: Döveling Katrin , Harju Anu A. , Sommer Denise
Published: January 2018

Research on the processes of mediatization aims to explore the mutual shaping of media and social life and how new media technologies influence and infiltrate social practices and cultural life. We extend this discussion of media’s role in transforming the everyday by including in the discussion the mediatization of emotion and discuss what we conceptualize as digital affect culture(s). We understand these as relational, contextual, globally emergent spaces in the digital environment where affective flows construct atmospheres of emotional and cultural belonging by way of emotional resonance and alignment. Approaching emotion as a cultural practice, in terms of affect, as something people do instead of have, we discuss how digital affect culture(s) traverse the digital terrains and construct pockets of culture-specific communities of affective practice. We draw on existing empirical research on digital memorial culture to empirically illustrate how digital affect culture manifests on micro, meso, and macro levels and elaborate on the constitutive characteristics of digital affect culture. We conclude with implications of this conceptualization for theoretical advancement and empirical research.
Do not Click “Like” When Somebody has Died: The Role of Norms for Mourning Practices in Social Media
Authors: Wagner Anna J. M.
Published: January 2018

Social media constitute new social spaces where the topics of death, loss, and mourning are increasingly encountered and negotiated. Users might either engage in mourning practices themselves or be confronted with other users’ mourning during their everyday social media use. The omnipresence of mourning in social media poses challenges to the users and increases the need for norms on how to engage in online mourning practices and how to react toward expressions of grief and mourning. This article systematically reviews 25 internationally published journal articles on norms guiding mourning practices and (non-)reactions toward these practices in social media. Three different types of norms related to different forms of practices are identified in the review. Results show that norms for mourning in social media are in flux and consistently negotiated between users. However, norms for mourning in social media often adhere to traditional norms that are adapted and reconfigured.
Mediatization of Emotion on Social Media: Forms and Norms in Digital Mourning Practices
Authors: Giaxoglou Korina , Döveling Katrin
Published: January 2018

This article provides the theoretical background for this Special Issue which explores the mediatization of emotion on social media as attested in different digital mourning practices. The overview discusses the affective and emotional turn alongside the mediatic turn in relation to key trends and foci in the study of affect/emotion. Our discussion points to a shift in conceptualizations of affect/emotion from mediated to mediatized practice, embedded in other social practices and subject to media and social media logics, affordances, and frames, which are worthy of empirical investigation. The article also presents key insights offered in the four articles of this Special Issue and foregrounds current and future directions in the study of mediatization, emotional sharing, and digital mourning practices.
Therapeutic Cocktail Approach for Treatment of Hyperhomocysteinemia in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Leon Michael , Sawmiller Darrell , Shytle R. Douglas , Tan Jun
Published: January 2018

In the United States, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, accompanied by substantial economic and emotional costs. During 2015, more than 15 million family members who provided care to AD patients had an estimated total cost of 221 billion dollars. Recent studies have shown that elevated total plasma levels of homocysteine (tHcy), a condition known as hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), is a risk factor for AD. HHcy is associated with cognitive decline, brain atrophy, and dementia; enhances the vulnerability of neurons to oxidative injury; and damages the blood–brain barrier. Many therapeutic supplements containing vitamin B12 and folate have been studied to help decrease tHcy to a certain degree. However, a therapeutic cocktail approach with 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, methyl B12, betaine, and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) have not been studied. This novel approach may help target multiple pathways simultaneously to decrease tHcy and its toxicity substantially.
The Earning and Spending Habits of Male Sex Workers in Lima, Peru
Authors: George Paul E. , Bazo-Alvarez Juan Carlos , Bayer Angela M.
Published: January 2018

Over the past decade, data have identified male sex work as a potentially viable economic decision; despite this, male sex workers (MSWs) continue to be perceived as group with access to few assets and resources. Using data from a pilot skills–building intervention for MSWs in Lima, Peru, an analysis of the economic characteristics of 209 MSWs is presented. The majority reported livable incomes with median earnings of US$250 per month, 83% earning above the urban poverty line. Interestingly, non-sex work was also an important source of income, especially for the high-earning MSWs. Spending data revealed that a large portion of income went to necessities (55%), luxuries (11%), and gifts (11%), with less toward savings (5%) and studies (1%). Such data on MSWs’ earnings and spending, which suggest that a lack of overall income is not the MSW’s main impediment to escaping poverty, could direct future poverty alleviation and health improvement programs in this key population.
“Froome with His SKY Bodyguards, Layers of Armour”: The ‘Sport is War’ Conceptual Metaphor in Grand Tour Cycling Commentary
Authors: Ross Andrew S. , Rivers Damian J.
Published: January 2018

The incorporation of metaphors into everyday language use has formed the basis of scholarly investigation for decades. Particular attention has been given to conceptual metaphors, which are seen as essential tools for individuals to interpret and process various ideas and experiences. Within the milieu of metaphorical speech, metaphors of war have frequently been applied across a range of domains including politics, business, and sport. Within the sporting context, the notion of ‘Sport is War’ has been discussed in relation to various football codes, baseball, and tennis. In this article, we examine this metaphor in relation to professional stage-race cycling, a sport known for its combative, tactical, and physically demanding nature. We focus specifically on cycling commentary of the 2016 Tour de France—thus recalibrating the metaphor as ‘Cycling is War.’ Our findings show that war metaphors are prevalent in cycling commentary and are particularly useful in highlighting aspects of the sport inclusive of competition, strategy, power, teamwork, and sportsmanship. Through these categories, the cycling is war metaphor can be said to have the potential to elevate viewer engagement as well as add insight into the technicalities of the sport and expand on previous understandings of sport/war metaphors.
Long-term clinical outcome of two-stage revision surgery for infected hip arthroplasty using cement spacer
Authors: Kang Joon-Soon , Shin Eun-Ho , Roh Tae-Hoon , Na Yeop , Moon Kyoung Ho , Park Joo-Hyun
Published: January 2018

Introduction:

Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a terrible complication after hip arthroplasty. Clinical feature of culture-negative PJI (CN-PJI) has not been well studied till now. In our study, we retrospectively analyzed long-term clinical results after two-stage revision arthroplasty using an antibiotic-impregnated cement spacer for CN-PJI. The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical features and prognosis of CN-PJI after hip arthroplasty and to compare these with those of culture-positive PJI (CP-PJI).

Methods:

We retrospectively reviewed 15 CN-PJI cases and 70 CP-PJI cases following hip arthroplasty. The average follow-up period was 7.4 years (5–11.7 years). The demographics, laboratory findings, the time interval between antibiotic-impregnated cement spacer insertion and revision arthroplasty, and recurrence of infection were analyzed.

Results:

The CN-PJI group showed a significantly higher incidence of prior antibiotic use ( p = 0.004) and lower serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level ( p = 0.001) than the CP-PJI group. Normalized time interval of CRP level in CN-PJI was shorter than that of CP-PJI group. The mean interval time for two-stage exchange arthroplasty was also significantly lower ( p = 0.049) in the CN-PJI group than the CP-PJI group. There was no case of treatment failure or major complication in CN-PJI group.

Conclusion:

The CN-PJI group after total hip arthroplasty could be treated successfully by two-stage exchange arthroplasty without any complications. Clinical course and prognosis of CN-PJI group was also better compared with that of CP-PJI group. Therefore, culture negativity of PJI cannot be always a poor prognostic factor for the treatment.
Fracture lines and comminution zones in OTA/AO type 23C3 distal radius fractures: The distal radius map
Authors: Misir Abdulhamit , Ozturk Kahraman , Kizkapan Turan Bilge , Yildiz Kadir Ilker , Gur Volkan , Sevencan Ahmet
Published: January 2018

Objective:

This study was designed to define fracture lines and comminution zones in OTA/AO 23C3 distal radius fractures from axial computed tomography (CT) images that would influence surgical planning, development of new classifications, and possible implant designs.

Methods:

Thirty-four consecutive OTA/AO 23C3 fractures treated by a single surgeon between January 2014 and December 2014 were analyzed. For each fracture, maps of the fracture lines and zones of comminution were drawn. Each map was digitized and graphically superimposed to create a compilation of fracture lines and zones of comminution. Based on this compilation, major and minor fracture lines were identified and fracture patterns were defined.

Results:

All major fracture lines were distributed in the central region of the radius distal articular surface. There is a recurrent fracture pattern with a comminution zone including the scaphoid and lunate fossa; Lister’s tubercle; and ulnar, volar, and radial zones.

Conclusion:

It is important for the practicing surgeon to understand these four main fragments. Knowledge of this constant pattern should influence the development of new classifications and possible implant designs.
Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction Reduces Radiographic Measures of Patella Alta in Adults
Authors: Woodmass Jarret M. , Johnson Nick R. , Cates Robert A. , Krych Aaron J. , Stuart Michael J. , Dahm Diane L.
Published: January 2018

Background:

Patellar height has long been considered a risk factor for patellofemoral instability. However, recent pediatric literature demonstrated a reduction in patellar height measurements following medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction.

Purpose:

To assess the mean change in patellar height and the percentage of skeletally mature patients with patellar height ratios reduced to within-normal limits following MPFL reconstruction.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

Adult patients undergoing primary MPFL reconstruction for recurrent lateral patellar instability between 2005 and 2013 were identified. Pre- and postoperative (within 1 year of surgery) lateral knee radiographs were assessed for patellar height indices, including Caton-Deschamps, Blackburne-Peel, and Insall-Salvati ratios. The change in patellar height and the number of patients reduced from abnormal to normal patellar height ratios following MPFL reconstruction were assessed.

Results:

Overall, 32 adult patients were included in the study, with a mean age of 25.7 years (range, 18-55 years). There were 21 women (66%) and 11 men (34%). Insall-Salvati, Blackburne-Peel, and Caton-Deschamps ratios all demonstrated significant reductions in patellar height between pre- and postoperative lateral knee radiographs ( P < .001). All 3 indices showed a reduction in the number of patients meeting the criteria for patella alta following MPFL reconstruction. A total of 64% of patients had an abnormal preoperative Caton-Deschamps ratio reduced to within normal limits postoperatively.

Conclusion:

MPFL reconstruction provides a consistent reduction in patellar height measurements. The Caton-Deschamps ratio was reduced to the reference range following MPFL reconstruction in 64% of patients with preoperative patella alta. Surgeons treating patellofemoral instability should expect a reduction in patellar height after ligament reconstruction, which may affect the need for more invasive distalization procedures.
Hyperkalemia Was an Independent Risk Factor for Death While Under Mechanical Ventilation Among Children Hospitalized With Diarrhea in Bangladesh
Authors: Chowdhury Fahmida , Ghosh Probir Kumar , Shahunja K. M. , Shahid Abu S. M. S. B. , Shahrin Lubaba , Sarmin Monira , Sharifuzzaman  , Afroze Farzana , Chisti Mohammod Jobayer
Published: January 2018

Objectives. We sought to evaluate the admission and hospital risk factors for death in children with diarrhea requiring mechanical ventilation (MV). Methods. This was a retrospective study. We enrolled children aged 0 to 59 months admitted with diarrhea to the intensive care unit of the Dhaka Hospital of International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) between August 2009 and July 2013 and required MV. To evaluate the risk factors for death in MV, we compared the clinical and laboratory characteristics of the children requiring MV. We matched up to the clinical characteristics presented on admission and subsequently developed before MV during hospital stay with the survivors and deaths of children having MV. Results. Among 73 enrolled children, 58 (80%) died. Incidence of death in MV was higher among children having hyperkalemia ( P ≤ .001), hypoglycemia ( P ≤ .001), and metabolic acidosis ( P = .06) on admission and lower in children having tracheal isolates ( P ≤ .001) during hospitalization. After adjusting for covariates by using multivariate robust Poisson regression, children with hyperkalemia (incidence ratio = 1.34; P = .03; confidence interval = 1.02-1.76) on admission was the only independent risk factor for death of children with MV. Conclusion. Children with hyperkalemia on admission and subsequently requiring MV were more likely to die compared with those without hyperkalemia.
Preliminary Impacts of an HIV-Prevention Program Targeting Out-of-School Youth in Postconflict Liberia
Authors: Kennedy Stephen B. , Atwood Katherine , Harris Albert O. , Taylor Curtis H. , Shamblen Steve , Nagbe Wede M. , Gobeh Mawen E. , Sosu Fred , Tegli Jemee K. , Morris Cecelia A.
Published: January 2018

Adolescents in Sub-Saharan Africa account for greater HIV/STI (human immuno defiency virus/sexually transmitted infection) burdens and difficult-to-reach populations. This study implemented a community-based HIV/STI program to reach at-risk youth aged 15 to 17 years in postconflict Liberia. Using a randomized controlled trial, community youths were assigned to an adapted version of an effective HIV/STI program, Making Proud Choices, or attention-matched comparison curriculum, General Health Program. Both programs were of similar doses, reach and coverage, and administered in classroom settings by trained health educators. The findings suggest that the adapted HIV/STI program had positive effects on knowledge, sexual refusal and condom use self-efficacy, condom negotiation self-efficacy, positive condom attitudes, parental communication about sex, and negative condom attitudes over time. Culturally adapted community-based, behavioral-driven programs can positively affect mediators of sexual behaviors in at-risk adolescents in postconflict settings. This is the first published report of an evidence-based HIV/STI program on sexual risk-taking behaviors of community youths in Liberia.
Patients and Providers Are Amenable to Fecal Immunochemical Testing by Digital Rectal Exam
Authors: Naidu Harini , Jacobson Brian C
Published: January 2018

Fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) for colorectal cancer (CRC) requires patients to return samples for processing, after having a spontaneously passed stool at home. This results in low completion rates (only 50% in our institution). Using stool obtained during an office-based digital rectal exam (DRE-FIT) could improve compliance, but it is not known whether patients and providers would find this option acceptable. Surveys were given to 100 physicians and 118 patients at our institution. We found that 68% of patients and 88% of providers approved of DRE-FIT making this a potentially effective way to improve CRC screening compliance.