bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PornNet: A Unified Deep Architecture for Pornographic Video Recognition
Authors: Fu Zhikang , Li Jun , Chen Guoqing , Yu Tianbao , Deng Tiansheng
Published: March 2021

In the era of big data, massive harmful multimedia resources publicly available on the Internet greatly threaten children and adolescents. In particular, recognizing pornographic videos is of great importance for protecting the mental and physical health of the underage. In contrast to the conventional methods which are only built on image classifier without considering audio clues in the video, we propose a unified deep architecture termed PornNet integrating dual sub-networks for pornographic video recognition. More specifically, with image frames and audio clues extracted from the pornographic videos from scratch, they are respectively delivered to two deep networks for pattern discrimination. For discriminating pornographic frames, we propose a local-context aware network that takes into account the image context in capturing the key contents, whilst leveraging an attention network which can capture temporal information for recognizing pornographic audios. Thus, we incorporate the recognition scores generated from the two sub-networks into a unified deep architecture, while making use of a pre-defined aggregation function to produce the whole video recognition result. The experiments on our newly-collected large dataset demonstrate that our proposed method exhibits a promising performance, achieving an accuracy at 93.4% on the dataset including 1 k pornographic samples along with 1 k normal videos and 1 k sexy videos.
Battery Characterization via Eddy-Current Imaging with Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond
Authors: Zhang Xue , Chatzidrosos Georgios , Hu Yinan , Zheng Huijie , Wickenbrock Arne , Jerschow Alexej , Budker Dmitry
Published: March 2021

Sensitive and accurate diagnostic technologies with magnetic sensors are of great importance for identifying and localizing defects of rechargeable solid batteries using noninvasive detection. We demonstrate a microwave-free alternating current (AC) magnetometry method with negatively charged NV centers in diamond based on a cross-relaxation feature between nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers and individual substitutional nitrogen (P1) centers occurring at 51.2 mT. We apply the technique to non-destructively image solid-state batteries. By detecting the eddy-current-induced magnetic field of the battery, we distinguish a defect on the external electrode and identify structural anomalies within the battery body. The achieved spatial resolution is μμμ360μm. The maximum magnetic field and phase shift generated by the battery at the modulation frequency of 5 kHz are estimated as 0.04 mT and 0.03 rad respectively.
Hydrodynamic and Energy Capture Properties of a Cylindrical Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Ocean Buoy
Authors: Liu Hengxu , Yan Feng , Jin Yeqing , Liu Weiqi , Chen Hailong , Kong Fankai
Published: March 2021

It is rather challenging to collect ocean wave energy at high efficiency because of its ultra-low frequencies and variable amplitudes. Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG) technology is more suitable for harvesting low-frequency than electromagnetic power generation technology. In this work, we designed a built-in cylindrical Triboelectric Nanogenerator (C-TENG) installed inside the ocean buoy (BUOY-41). The hydrodynamic properties of the C-TENG are consistent with the ocean buoy, which are calculated by CFD software (Star-CCM+). The Energy Capture Properties of the C-TENG are established by the finite element software (COMSOL). The C-TENG has high power density (30 mW/m2) and can meet the power demand of the ocean buoy (10 mW). The implementation of the present work is of great academic value and practical significance for the development of efficient marine renewable energy conversion technology, enhancement of marine equipment energy replenishment, enrichment of hydrodynamic theories and revealing of the complex mechanisms.
The Effects of Drought and Re-Watering on Non-Structural Carbohydrates of Pinus tabulaeformis Seedlings
Authors: Guo Xinyi , Peng Changhui , Li Tong , Huang Jingjing , Song Hanxiong , Zhu Qiuan , Wang Meng
Published: March 2021

Intense and frequent drought events strongly affect plant survival. Non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) are important “buffers” to maintain plant functions under drought conditions. We conducted a drought manipulation experiment using three-year-old Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. seedlings. The seedlings were first treated under different drought intensities (i.e., no irrigation, severe, and moderate) for 50 days, and then they were re-watered for 25 days to explore the dynamics of NSCs in the leaves, twigs, stems, and roots. The results showed that the no irrigation and severe drought treatments significantly reduced photosynthetic rate by 93.9% and 32.6% for 30 days, respectively, leading to the depletion of the starch storage for hydraulic repair, osmotic adjustment, and plant metabolism. The seedlings under moderate drought condition also exhibited starch storage consumption in leaves and twigs. After re-watering, the reduced photosynthetic rate recovered to the control level within five days in the severe drought group but showed no sign of recovery in the no irrigation group. The seedlings under the severe and moderate drought conditions tended to invest newly fixed C to starch storage and hydraulic repair instead of growth due to the “drought legacy effect”. Our findings suggest the depletion and recovery of starch storage are important strategies for P. tabulaeformis seedlings, and they may play key roles in plant resistance and resilience under environmental stress.
Proof-of-Concept Study of Multifunctional Hybrid Nanoparticle System Combined with NIR Laser Irradiation for the Treatment of Melanoma
Authors: Lopes Joana , Ferreira-Gonçalves Tânia , Figueiredo Isabel V. , Rodrigues Cecília M. P. , Ferreira Hugo , Ferreira David , Viana Ana S. , Faísca Pedro , Gaspar Maria Manuela , Coelho João M. P. , Silva Catarina Oliveira , Reis Catarina Pinto
Published: March 2021

The global impact of cancer emphasizes the importance of developing innovative, effective and minimally invasive therapies. In the context of superficial cancers, the development of a multifunctional nanoparticle-based system and its in vitro and in vivo safety and efficacy characterization are, herein, proposed as a proof-of-concept. This multifunctional system consists of gold nanoparticles coated with hyaluronic and oleic acids, and functionalized with epidermal growth factor for greater specificity towards cutaneous melanoma cells. This nanoparticle system is activated by a near-infrared laser. The characterization of this nanoparticle system included several phases, with in vitro assays being firstly performed to assess the safety of gold nanoparticles without laser irradiation. Then, hairless immunocompromised mice were selected for a xenograft model upon inoculation of A375 human melanoma cells. Treatment with near-infrared laser irradiation for five minutes combined with in situ administration of the nanoparticles showed a tumor volume reduction of approximately 80% and, in some cases, led to the formation of several necrotic foci, observed histologically. No significant skin erythema at the irradiation zone was verified, nor other harmful effects on the excised organs. In conclusion, these assays suggest that this system is safe and shows promising results for the treatment of superficial melanoma.
Effects of Chronic Oral Probiotic Treatment in Paclitaxel-Induced Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Cuozzo Mariarosaria , Castelli Vanessa , Avagliano Carmen , Cimini Annamaria , d’Angelo Michele , Cristiano Claudia , Russo Roberto
Published: March 2021

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) represents one of the most prevalent and potentially disabling side effects due to the use of anticancer drugs, one of the primary neuropathies detected is peripheral neuropathy induced by administration of taxanes, including paclitaxel. It has been demonstrated that gut microbiota is crucial for the therapeutic effect of chemotherapeutic drugs for inhibiting tumor growth and contributed to the pathogenesis of the CIPN. The use of nutraceuticals has receiving growing attention from the research community due to their phytochemical, biological, and pharmacological properties. It has been demonstrated that probiotic formulations may both reduce inflammation and modulate the expression of pain receptors. Our studies tested the efficacy of a probiotic formulation, SLAB51, in preventing paclitaxel-induced neuropathy. Interestingly, our probiotic formulation was able to keep the gut integrity, preserving its functionality, in CIPN-mice, moreover, it prevented the mechanical and cold hypersensitivity induced in paclitaxel-mice. Additionally, ex-vivo analysis showed that in CIPN-mice the pro-biotic treatment increased the expression of opioid and cannabinoid receptors in spinal cord, it prevented in the reduction in nerve fiber damage in the paws and modulated the serum proinflammatory cytokines concentration. On basis of these data, the use of this specific probiotic formulation may represent a valid adjuvant agent to paclitaxel, useful and not toxic for long-lasting therapies.
The PKA-p38MAPK-NFAT5-Organic Osmolytes Pathway in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: From Essential Player in Osmotic Homeostasis, Inflammation and Skeletal Muscle Regeneration to Therapeutic Target
Authors: Herbelet Sandrine , Merckx Caroline , De Paepe Boel
Published: March 2021

In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the absence of dystrophin from the dystrophin-associated protein complex (DAPC) causes muscle membrane instability, which leads to myofiber necrosis, hampered regeneration, and chronic inflammation. The resulting disabled DAPC-associated cellular pathways have been described both at the molecular and the therapeutical level, with the Toll-like receptor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells pathway (NF-ƘB), Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins, and the transforming growth factor-β pathways receiving the most attention. In this review, we specifically focus on the protein kinase A/ mitogen-activated protein kinase/nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5/organic osmolytes (PKA-p38MAPK-NFAT5-organic osmolytes) pathway. This pathway plays an important role in osmotic homeostasis essential to normal cell physiology via its regulation of the influx/efflux of organic osmolytes. Besides, NFAT5 plays an essential role in cell survival under hyperosmolar conditions, in skeletal muscle regeneration, and in tissue inflammation, closely interacting with the master regulator of inflammation NF-ƘB. We describe the involvement of the PKA-p38MAPK-NFAT5-organic osmolytes pathway in DMD pathophysiology and provide a clear overview of which therapeutic molecules could be of potential benefit to DMD patients. We conclude that modulation of the PKA-p38MAPK-NFAT5-organic osmolytes pathway could be developed as supportive treatment for DMD in conjunction with genetic therapy.
Molecular Chaperones in Osteosarcoma: Diagnosis and Therapeutic Issues
Authors: Lallier Morgane , Marchandet Louise , Moukengue Brice , Charrier Celine , Baud’huin Marc , Verrecchia Franck , Ory Benjamin , Lamoureux François
Published: March 2021

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common form of primary bone tumor affecting mainly children and young adults. Despite therapeutic progress, the 5-year survival rate is 70%, but it drops drastically to 30% for poor responders to therapies or for patients with metastases. Identifying new therapeutic targets is thus essential. Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) are the main effectors of Heat Shock Response (HSR), the expression of which is induced by stressors. HSPs are a large family of proteins involved in the folding and maturation of other proteins in order to maintain proteostasis. HSP overexpression is observed in many cancers, including breast, prostate, colorectal, lung, and ovarian, as well as OS. In this article we reviewed the significant role played by HSPs in molecular mechanisms leading to OS development and progression. HSPs are directly involved in OS cell proliferation, apoptosis inhibition, migration, and drug resistance. We focused on HSP27, HSP60, HSP70 and HSP90 and summarized their potential clinical uses in OS as either biomarkers for diagnosis or therapeutic targets. Finally, based on different types of cancer, we consider the advantage of targeting heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), the major transcriptional regulator of HSPs in OS.
Role of Reductive versus Oxidative Stress in Tumor Progression and Anticancer Drug Resistance
Authors: Chun Kyung-Soo , Kim Do-Hee , Surh Young-Joon
Published: March 2021

Redox homeostasis is not only essential for the maintenance of normal physiological functions, but also plays an important role in the growth, survival, and therapy resistance of cancer cells. Altered redox balance and consequent disruption of redox signaling are implicated in the proliferation and progression of cancer cells and their resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy. The nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor (Nrf2) is the principal stress-responsive transcription factor that plays a pivotal role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. Aberrant Nrf2 overactivation has been observed in many cancerous and transformed cells. Uncontrolled amplification of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant signaling results in reductive stress. Some metabolic pathways altered due to reductive stress have been identified as major contributors to tumorigenesis. This review highlights the multifaceted role of reductive stress in cancer development and progression.
A Deferasirox Derivative That Acts as a Multifaceted Platform for the Detection and Quantification of Fe3+
Authors: Steinbrueck Axel , Sedgwick Adam C. , Hwang Suh-Mi , Sen Sajal , Zhao Michael Y. , Huang Dan-Ying , Knoll Daniel M. , Wang Yu-Ying , Sessler Jonathan L.
Published: March 2021

Here, we report that ExSO3H, a synthetically accessible, water-soluble, non-toxic derivative of the clinical iron chelator deferasirox, acts as a colorimetric chemosensor that permits the detection and quantification of Fe3+ in aqueous samples at pH 2–5. In addition, we observed that a fluorescent turn-on response was produced when this chelator was allowed to interact with human serum albumin (HSA). This fluorescence was quenched in the presence of Fe3+, thus allowing us to monitor the presence of this biologically important metal cation via two independent methods.
A Combined Scientometric and Critical Approach in Reviewing TiZr Implant Alloys and Coating Performances
Authors: Nartita Radu , Ionita Daniela , Demetrescu Ioana
Published: March 2021

This review article was developed based on the scientometric analysis of the evaluated studies conducted on titanium−zirconium (TixZr) alloys from 2000 to the present. The scientometric data obtained helped us to identify the most researched topics and these topics were further analyzed and discussed. An increasing number of researchers are considering TixZr alloys as opposed to the traditional ones because these alloys present improved mechanical properties and in some cases improved corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. Due to the natural layer of oxides formed on these alloys, multiple surface modification methods can be applied to solve some of the challenges faced in the field of implantable materials. A significant number of studies are now focusing on surface modifications at the nanometer scale or various coatings for improved corrosion resistance and biological interactions. Although not yet commercially available, a TiZr alloy with a nanostructured surface and embedded biologically active substances, such as antibiotics or coated with hydroxyapatite, may become a future option.
Evolution of Primary and Eutectic Si Phase and Mechanical Properties of Al2O3/Al-20Si Composites under High Pressure
Authors: Wang Xiaohong , Chen Zhipeng , Ma Tengfei , Zhu Dongdong , Dong Duo , Yang Xiaohong , Liu Li , Wang Gang
Published: March 2021

To further improve the mechanical properties of Al-Si alloys. The phase, microstructure and mechanical properties of Al2O3/Al-20Si composites under different pressures were studied. The results show that the phase of Al2O3/Al-20Si composites are composed of α-Al phase, β-Si phase and Al2O3. Under the condition of hot-pressing sintering (0.02 GPa), a large number of Si phases with irregular shape and sharp angle are distributed on the α-Al matrix. Under high pressure solidification, the growth of primary Si phase is inhibited and the eutectic Si is spheroidized obviously. The microhardness of Al2O3/Al-20Si composite increases from 102.5 HV0.05 at 0.02 GPa to 156.4 HV0.05 at 4 GPa, which increases by 52.6%. The compressive strength increased from 381.5 MPa at 0.02 GPa to 469.1 MPa at 4 GPa, increasing by 23%. With the increase of solidification pressure, the fracture mechanism changes from cleavage fracture to quasi cleavage fracture.
Polarization Modulation Instability in Dispersion-Engineered Photonic Crystal Fibers
Authors: Loredo-Trejo Abraham , Díez Antonio , Silvestre Enrique , Andrés Miguel V.
Published: March 2021

Generation of widely spaced polarization modulation instability (PMI) sidebands in a wide collection of photonic crystal fibers (PCF), including liquid-filled PCFs, is reported. The contribution of chromatic dispersion and birefringence to the net linear phase mismatch of PMI is investigated in all-normal dispersion PCFs and in PCFs with one (or two) zero dispersion wavelengths. Large frequency shift sidebands are demonstrated experimentally. Suitable fabrication parameters for air-filled and liquid-filled PCFs are proposed as guidelines for the development of dual-wavelength light sources based on PMI.
Novel Blood Biomarkers for a Diagnostic Workup of Acute Aortic Dissection
Authors: Forrer Anja , Schoenrath Felix , Torzewski Michael , Schmid Jens , Franke Urlich F. W. , Göbel Nora , Aujesky Drahomir , Matter Christian M. , Lüscher Thomas F. , Mach Francois , Nanchen David , Rodondi Nicolas , Falk Volkmar , von Eckardstein Arnold , Gawinecka Joanna
Published: March 2021

Acute aortic dissection (AAD) is a rare condition, but together with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and pulmonary embolism (PE) it belongs to the most relevant and life-threatening causes of acute chest pain. Until now, there has been no specific blood test in the diagnostic workup of AAD. To identify clinically relevant biomarkers for AAD, we applied Proseek® Multiplex assays to plasma samples from patients with AAD, AMI, PE, thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA), and non-cardiovascular chest pain (nonCVD). Subsequently, we validated top hits using conventional immunoassays and examined their expression in the aortic tissue. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) alone showed the best performance with a sensitivity of 55% and a specificity of 98% for AAD diagnosis. The combination of D-dimers, high-sensitive troponin T (hs-TnT), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI1) correctly classified 75% of AAD cases, delivering a sensitivity of 83% and specificity of 95% for its diagnosis. Moreover, this model provided the correct classification of 77% of all analyzed cases. Our data suggest that IL-10 shows potential to be a rule-in biomarker for AAD. Moreover, the addition of PAI1 and IL-6 to hs-TnT and D-dimers may improve the discrimination of suspected AAD, AMI, and PE in patients presenting with acute chest pain.
Improved Semantic Segmentation of Tuberculosis—Consistent Findings in Chest X-rays Using Augmented Training of Modality-Specific U-Net Models with Weak Localizations
Authors: Rajaraman Sivaramakrishnan , Folio Les R. , Dimperio Jane , Alderson Philip O. , Antani Sameer K.
Published: March 2021

Deep learning (DL) has drawn tremendous attention for object localization and recognition in both natural and medical images. U-Net segmentation models have demonstrated superior performance compared to conventional hand-crafted feature-based methods. Medical image modality-specific DL models are better at transferring domain knowledge to a relevant target task than those pretrained on stock photography images. This character helps improve model adaptation, generalization, and class-specific region of interest (ROI) localization. In this study, we train chest X-ray (CXR) modality-specific U-Nets and other state-of-the-art U-Net models for semantic segmentation of tuberculosis (TB)-consistent findings. Automated segmentation of such manifestations could help radiologists reduce errors and supplement decision-making while improving patient care and productivity. Our approach uses the publicly available TBX11K CXR dataset with weak TB annotations, typically provided as bounding boxes, to train a set of U-Net models. Next, we improve the results by augmenting the training data with weak localization, postprocessed into an ROI mask, from a DL classifier trained to classify CXRs as showing normal lungs or suspected TB manifestations. Test data are individually derived from the TBX11K CXR training distribution and other cross-institutional collections, including the Shenzhen TB and Montgomery TB CXR datasets. We observe that our augmented training strategy helped the CXR modality-specific U-Net models achieve superior performance with test data derived from the TBX11K CXR training distribution and cross-institutional collections (p < 0.05). We believe that this is the first study to i) use CXR modality-specific U-Nets for semantic segmentation of TB-consistent ROIs and ii) evaluate the segmentation performance while augmenting the training data with weak TB-consistent localizations.
Ultrasound of Small Bowel Obstruction: A Pictorial Review
Authors: Rosano Nicola , Gallo Luigi , Mercogliano Giuseppe , Quassone Pasquale , Picascia Ornella , Catalano Marco , Pesce Antonella , Fiorini Valeria , Pelella Ida , Vespere Giuliana , Romano Marina , Tammaro Pasquale , Marra Ester , Oliva Gabriella , Lugarà Marina , Scuderi Mario , Tamburrini Stefania , Marano Ines
Published: March 2021

Small bowel obstruction (SBO) is a common condition requiring urgent attention that may involve surgical treatment. Imaging is essential for the diagnosis and characterization of SBO because the clinical presentation and results of laboratory tests may be nonspecific. Ultrasound is an excellent initial imaging modality for assisting physicians in the rapid and accurate diagnosis of a variety of pathologies to expedite management. In the case of SBO diagnosis, ultrasound has an overall sensitivity of 92% (95% CI: 89–95%) and specificity of 93% (95% CI: 85–97%); the aim of this review is to examine the criteria for the diagnosis of SBO by ultrasound, which can be divided into diagnostic and staging criteria. The diagnostic criteria include the presence of dilated loops and abnormal peristalsis, while the staging criteria are represented by parietal and valvulae conniventes alterations and by the presence of free extraluminal fluid. Ultrasound has reasonably high accuracy compared to computed tomography (CT) scanning and may substantially decrease the time to diagnosis; moreover, ultrasound is also widely used in the monitoring and follow-up of patients undergoing conservative treatment, allowing the assessment of loop distension and the resumption of peristalsis.
Chimerism Monitoring Techniques after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: An Overview of the Last 15 Years of Innovations
Authors: Tozzo Pamela , Delicati Arianna , Zambello Renato , Caenazzo Luciana
Published: March 2021

Chimerism analysis is a well-established method for monitoring the state of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) over time by analyzing peripheral blood or bone marrow samples of the recipient in several malignant and non-malignant hematologic diseases. From a clinical point of view, a continuous monitoring is fundamental for an effective early therapeutic intervention. This paper provides a comparative overview of the main molecular biology techniques which can be used to study chimerism after bone marrow transplantation, focusing on their advantages and disadvantages. According to the examined literature, short tandem repeats (STR) analysis through simple PCR coupled with capillary electrophoresis (STR-PCR) is the most powerful method which guarantees a high power of differentiation between different individuals. However, other methods such as real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), digital PCR (dPCR), and next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology were developed to overcome the technical limits of STR-PCR. In particular, these other techniques guarantee a higher sensitivity, which allows for the detection of chimerism at an earlier stage, hence expanding the window for therapeutic intervention. After a comparative evaluation of the various techniques, it seems clear that STR-PCR still remains the gold standard option for chimerism study, even if it is likely that both dPCR and NGS could supplement or even replace the common methods of STR analysis.
Map Merging with Suppositional Box for Multi-Robot Indoor Mapping
Authors: Chen Baifan , Li Siyu , Zhao Haowu , Liu Limei
Published: March 2021

For the map building of unknown indoor environment, compared with single robot, multi-robot collaborative mapping has higher efficiency. Map merging is one of the fundamental problems in multi-robot collaborative mapping. However, in the process of grid map merging, image processing methods such as feature matching, as a basic method, are challenged by low feature matching rate. Driven by this challenge, a novel map merging method based on suppositional box that is constructed by right-angled points and vertical lines is proposed. The paper firstly extracts right-angled points of suppositional box selected from the vertical point which is the intersection of the vertical line. Secondly, based on the common edge characteristics between the right-angled points, suppositional box in the map is constructed. Then the transformation matrix is obtained according to the matching pair of suppositional boxes. Finally, for matching errors based on the length of pairs, Kalman filter is used to optimize the transformation matrix. Experimental results show that this method can effectively merge map in different scenes and the successful matching rate is greater than that of other features.
Effect of Breed Purity and Rearing Systems on the Stability of Sliced Iberian Dry-Cured Ham Stored in Modified Atmosphere and Vacuum Packaging
Authors: Ramírez Rosario , Contador Rebeca , Ortiz Alberto , García-Torres Susana , López-Parra María Montaña , Tejerina David
Published: March 2021

The long-term storage stability of three quality categories of sliced Iberian dry-cured ham defined by the Spanish Iberian Quality Standard (Black, purebred Iberian reared outdoors in Montanera system; Red, Iberian × Duroc crossed (50%) pigs reared outdoors in Montanera system; and White, Iberian × Duroc crossed (50%) pigs commercially fed) and packaged under vacuum and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) was studied. Commercial category affected the shelf life, being Black and Red presented the highest lipid oxidation during storage, whereas the effect of packaging was not as clear as the effect of commercial category. MAP preserved more the colour and the antioxidants content than vacuum packaging, while this latter reduced lipid oxidation development and maintained better the brightness and flavour of slices than MAP.
Antibiotic Treatment Decrease the Fitness of Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Larvae
Authors: Duan Xinle , Zhao Bi’an , Jin Xin , Cheng Xuefen , Huang Shaokang , Li Jianghong
Published: March 2021

Symbiotic bacteria could increase the nutrient provision, regulate the physiological state, and promote immunity in their insect host. Honeybee larvae harbor plenty of bacteria in their gut, but their functions are not well studied. To determine their effect on honeybee larvae, the 1-day-old larvae were grafted on to 24-well plates from the comb and artificially reared in the lab. They were treated with penicillin–streptomycin to remove the gut symbiotic bacteria. Then, the 5-day-old larvae and the newly emerged adults were weighted. The developmental periods to pupae and eclosion were investigated, respectively. The bacterial amount, expression of developmental regulation genes (ecr and usp), nutrient metabolism genes (ilp1, ilp2, hex 70a, hex 70b, hex 70c, and hex 110), and immunity genes (apidaecin, abaecin, defensin-1, and hymenoptaecin) were determined by qRT-PCR. The result showed that the antibiotics-treated larvae have significantly lower body weights in the 5-day-old larvae and the emerged bees. The expression of ilp2 and hex 70c in 5-day-old larvae was down-regulated. The usp was down-regulated in 5-day-old larvae, but increased in 7-day-old larvae, which disturbed the normal developmental process and caused the extension of eclosion. Moreover, antibiotics treatment significantly decreased the expression of apidaecin and abaecin in 5-day-old larvae, and defensin-1 and hymenoptaecin in 7-day-old larvae, respectively. These results showed that antibiotics could weaken the nutrient metabolism, disturb the development process, and decrease the immune competence of honeybee larvae, indicating the vital roles of gut bacteria in bee larvae fitness, so the antibiotics should be avoided to control microbial disease in honeybee larvae.
Effects of NF-kB Signaling Inhibitors on Bed Bug Resistance to Orally Provisioned Entomopathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Pietri Jose E. , Potts Rashaun
Published: March 2021

Bed bugs are globally important pests and there is an ongoing need for the development and improvement of bed bug control tools. Though promising against other insect pests, the exploration of biological methods for bed bug control is limited. Previously, we identified several species of bacteria that have entomopathogenic effects against bed bugs when ingested. We also described the conservation of several antibacterial responses in bed bugs, including the expression of immune effector genes regulated by NF-kB transcription factors through the Toll and immune deficiency (IMD) signaling pathways. Accordingly, we predicted that chemical inhibition of NF-kB signaling could reduce bed bug resistance to orally provisioned entomopathogenic bacteria, potentially improving their effectiveness as biological control agents. In the present study, we administered four small molecule inhibitors of NF-kB signaling (BMS345541, IKK16, IMD0354, Takinib) to bed bugs by feeding them in a blood meal. We then quantified basal mortality and mortality in response to oral infection with two different entomopathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas entomophila and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis). None of the NF-kB signaling inhibitors tested increased mortality above control levels when administered alone, suggesting a lack of direct toxicity. However, one inhibitor (IKK16) significantly enhanced the rate of mortality from oral infection with P. entomophila. Enhanced mortality was independent of direct effects of IKK16 on P. entomophila growth in vitro but was associated with higher bacterial loads in vivo (i.e., reduced resistance). Together, these results provide new insight into the regulation of the bed bug immune system and suggest that administration of entomopathogens in combination with inhibition of immune signaling pathways to reduce infection resistance may be effective for biological control of bed bugs.
Intravenous Immunoglobulin Treatment in Kawasaki Disease Decreases the Incidence of Myopia
Authors: Yu Hun-Ju , Chuang Meng-Ni , Chu Chiao-Lun , Wu Pei-Lin , Ho Shu-Chen , Kuo Ho-Chang
Published: March 2021

Kawasaki disease (KD) is a systemic vasculitis that primarily affects children under the age of 5 years old. The most significant complication is coronary artery lesions, but several ocular manifestations have also been reported. Recently, one study revealed an increasing incidence of myopia among KD patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the difference in myopic incidence between Kawasaki disease (KD) patients treated with aspirin and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Materials and methods: We carried out a nationwide retrospective cohort study by analyzing the data of KD patients (ICD-9-CM code 4461) from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) during the period of 1996–2013. Results: A total of 14,102 diagnosed KD were found in Taiwan during the study period. After excluded missing data, treatment strategy and age distribution, a total of 1446 KD patients were enrolled for analysis including 53 of which received aspirin (without IVIG) and 1393 of which were treated with IVIG. Patients who had myopia, astigmatism, glaucoma, cataract, etc. prior to their KD diagnosis were excluded. The age range was 0 to 6 years old. According to the cumulative curves, our results demonstrated that the myopic incidence in the IVIG group was significantly lower than the aspirin group (hazard ratio: 0.59, 95% confidence intervals: 0.36~0.96, p = 0.02). Treatment with IVIG for KD patients may have benefit for myopia control. Conclusion: Compared to aspirin, IVIG may decrease the myopic risk in KD patients. However, it needs further investigation including clinical vision survey of myopia due to the limitations of this population-based study.
Acceptance and Intake of COVID-19 Vaccines among Older Germans
Authors: Malesza Marta , Wittmann Erich
Published: March 2021

The main aim of this study was to investigate the various factors influencing COVID-19 vaccination acceptance and actual intake among older Germans aged over 75 years old (n = 1037). We found that the intention to get vaccinated or intake of the COVID-19 vaccine were positively related to the perceptions of becoming infected, perceptions of the severity of the potential long-term effects, the vaccine’s efficacy, and the benefits of vaccination. Meanwhile, the intention to get the vaccine or vaccine intake were decreased by perceptions of the negative side-effects and the general impediments to vaccination.
Recreational and Nature-Based Tourism as a Cultural Ecosystem Service. Assessment and Mapping in a Rural-Urban Gradient of Central Spain
Authors: Arnaiz-Schmitz Cecilia , Herrero-Jáuregui Cristina , Schmitz María F.
Published: March 2021

Land management focused from the social-ecological perspective of ecosystem services should consider cultural services in decision-making processes. Nature-based tourism offers a great potential for landscape conservation, local development and the well-being of human populations. However, the subjectivity of recreational ecosystem services has meant a clear impediment to assessing and mapping them. In this study, an integrated numerical spatial method is developed, which quantifies the supply and demand of recreational ecosystem services and allows mapping their spatial correspondence along a rural-urban gradient. The procedure also allows quantifying the influence of the landscape structure and the presence of protected areas on the degree of coupling between supply of recreational ecosystem services and demand for outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism and reveals that protected areas are hotspots of recreational ecosystem services. The results obtained highlight the usefulness of the methodological procedure developed as a tool for sustainable land planning and management from an integrative social-ecological approach.
Privacy and Trust Redefined in Federated Machine Learning
Authors: Papadopoulos Pavlos , Abramson Will , Hall Adam J. , Pitropakis Nikolaos , Buchanan William J.
Published: March 2021

A common privacy issue in traditional machine learning is that data needs to be disclosed for the training procedures. In situations with highly sensitive data such as healthcare records, accessing this information is challenging and often prohibited. Luckily, privacy-preserving technologies have been developed to overcome this hurdle by distributing the computation of the training and ensuring the data privacy to their owners. The distribution of the computation to multiple participating entities introduces new privacy complications and risks. In this paper, we present a privacy-preserving decentralised workflow that facilitates trusted federated learning among participants. Our proof-of-concept defines a trust framework instantiated using decentralised identity technologies being developed under Hyperledger projects Aries/Indy/Ursa. Only entities in possession of Verifiable Credentials issued from the appropriate authorities are able to establish secure, authenticated communication channels authorised to participate in a federated learning workflow related to mental health data.
Comparison of Train of Four Measurements with Kinemyography NMT DATEX and Accelerography TOFscan
Authors: Motamed Cyrus , Demiri Migena , Colegrave Nora
Published: March 2021

Introduction: This study was designed to compare the Datex neuromuscular transmission (NMT) kinemyography (NMTK) device with the TOFscan (TS) accelerometer during the onset and recovery of neuromuscular blockade. Patients and methods: This prospective study included adult patients who were scheduled to undergo elective surgery with general anesthesia and orotracheal intubation. The TS accelerometer was randomly placed at the adductor pollicis on one hand, and the NMTK was placed on the opposite arm. Anesthesia was initiated with remifentanil target-controlled infusion (TCI) and 2.0–3.0 mg/kg of propofol. Thereafter, 0.5 mg/kg of atracurium or 0.6 mg/kg of rocuronium was injected. If needed, additional neuromuscular blocking agents were administered to facilitate surgery. First, we recorded the train of four (TOF) response at the onset of neuromuscular blockade to reach a TOF count of 0. Second, we recorded the TOF response at the recovery of neuromuscular blockade to obtain a T4/T1 90% by both TS and NMTK. Results: There were 32 patients, aged 38–83 years, with the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical Status Classification I–III included and analyzed. Surgery was abdominal, gynecologic, or head and neck. The Bland and Altman analysis for obtaining zero responses during the onset showed a bias (mean) of 2.7 s (delay) of TS in comparison to NMTK, with an upper/lower limit of agreement of [104; −109 s] and a bias of 36 s of TS in comparison to NMTK, with an upper/lower limit of agreement of [−21.8, −23.1 min] during recovery (T4/T1 > 90%). Conclusions: Under the conditions of the present study, the two devices are not interchangeable. Clinical decisions for deep neuromuscular blockade should be made cautiously, as both devices appear less accurate with significant variability.
Nanofiber-Based Face Masks and Respirators as COVID-19 Protection: A Review
Authors: Essa Wafa , Yasin Suhad , Saeed Ibtisam , Ali Gomaa
Published: March 2021

Wearing face masks, use of respirators, social distancing, and practicing personal hygiene are all measures to prevent the spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). This pandemic has revealed the deficiency of face masks and respirators across the world. Therefore, significant efforts are needed to develop air filtration and purification technologies, as well as innovative, alternative antibacterial and antiviral treatment methods. It has become urgent—in order for humankind to have a sustainable future—to provide a feasible solution to air pollution, particularly to capture fine inhalable particulate matter in the air. In this review, we present, concisely, the air pollutants and adverse health effects correlated with long- and short-term exposure to humans; we provide information about certified face masks and respirators, their compositions, filtration mechanisms, and the variations between surgical masks and N95 respirators, in order to alleviate confusion and misinformation. Then, we summarize the electrospun nanofiber-based filters and their unique properties to improve the filtration efficiency of face masks and respirators.
A Study on the Effect of Current Waveform on Intermetallics Formation and the Weldability of Dissimilar Materials Welded Joints (AA5052 Alloy—GI Steel) in AC Pulse GMAW
Authors: Hong Seong Min , Tashiro Shinichi , Bang Hee-Seon , Tanaka Manabu
Published: March 2021

In joining aluminum alloy to galvanized (GI) steel, the huge gap of thermophysical properties, defects by zinc from the steel surface, and formation of excessive brittle Fe-Al intermetallics (IMC) are the main factors that deteriorate the joint quality. In this study, alternating current pulse gas metal arc welding (AC pulse GMAW) was suggested as a solution with a mix of electrode positive and negative modes. A 1.2 mm thick AA5052 aluminum alloy and GI steel plates were joined using 1.2 mm diameter AA4047 filler wire. A comparative study on the joint interface was conducted varying the welding current and electrode-negative (EN) ratio to investigate the effect of different welding parameters on the growth of the Fe-Al intermetallics (IMC) layer, the effect of zinc, and the mechanical characteristics of the joints. It was confirmed that the change of polarity affects the distribution of zinc element in the joints. An increase in the EN ratio suppressed the growth of the IMC layer to 3.59 μm with decreased heat input. The maximum tensile-shear strength of the welded joints was approximately 171 MPa (78% joint efficiency) at the welding current of 50 A with 20% EN ratio.
Transformations of the Microstructure and Phase Compositions of Titanium Alloys during Ultrasonic Impact Treatment. Part I. Commercially Pure Titanium
Authors: Panin Alexey , Dmitriev Andrey , Nikonov Anton , Kazachenok Marina , Perevalova Olga , Sklyarova Elena
Published: March 2021

Experimental and theoretical studies helped to reveal patterns of surface roughening and the microstructure refinement in the surface layer of commercial pure titanium during ultrasonic impact treatment. Applying transmission electron microscopy technique, a gradient microstructure in the surface layer of the ultrasonically treated sample, where the grain size is varied from nano- to micrometers was revealed. It was shown that the surface plastic strains of the titanium sample proceeded according to the plastic ploughing mechanism, which was accompanied by dislocation sliding, twinning, and the transformations of the microstructure and phase composition. The molecular dynamics method was applied to demonstrate the mechanism of the phase transformations associated with the formation of stacking faults, as well as the reversible displacement of atoms from their sites in the hcp lattice, causing a change in coordination numbers. The role of the electronic subsystem in the development of the strain-induced phase transformations during ultrasonic impact treatment was discussed.
Extraction of Manganese and Iron from a Refractory Coarse Manganese Concentrate
Authors: Xiao Junhui , Zou Kai , Chen Tao , Xiong Wenliang , Deng Bing
Published: March 2021

In this research, the coarse manganese concentrate was collected from a manganese ore concentrator in Tongren of China, and the contents of manganese and iron in coarse manganese concentrate were 28.63% and 18.65%, respectively. The majority of the minerals in coarse manganese concentrate occur in rhodochrosite, limonite, quartz, olivine, etc. Calcium chloride, calcium hypochlorite, coke, and coarse manganese concentrate were placed in a roasting furnace to conduct segregation roasting, which resulted in a partial chlorination reaction of iron to produce FeCl3, ferric chloride reduced to metallic iron and adsorbed onto the coke, and rhodochrosite broken down into manganese oxide. Iron was extracted from the roasted ore using low-intensity magnetic separation, and manganese was further extracted from the low-intensity magnetic separation tailings by high-intensity magnetic separation. The test results showed that iron concentrate with an iron grade of 78.63% and iron recovery of 83.60%, and manganese concentrate with a manganese grade of 54.04% and manganese recovery of 94.82% were obtained under the following optimal conditions: roasting temperature of 1273 K, roasting time of 60 min, calcium chloride dosage of 10%, calcium hypochlorite dosage of 5%, coke dosage of 10%, coke size of −1 mm, grinding fineness of −0.06 mm occupying 90%, low-intensity magnetic field intensity of 0.14 T, and high-intensity magnetic field intensity of 0.65 T. Most minerals in the iron concentrate were Fe, Fe3O4, and a small amount of SiO2 and CaSiO3; the main minerals in the manganese were MnO, and a small amount of Fe3O4, SiO2, and CaSiO3. The thermodynamic calculation results are in good agreement with the test results.
COVID-19, Chikungunya, Dengue and Zika Diseases: An Analytical Platform Based on MALDI-TOF MS, IR Spectroscopy and RT-qPCR for Accurate Diagnosis and Accelerate Epidemics Control
Authors: Costa Jéssica , Ferreira Eugénio C. , Santos Cledir
Published: March 2021

COVID-19 and arboviruses (ARBOD) epidemics co-occurrence is a great concern. In tropical and subtropical regions, ARBOD diseases such as chikungunya, dengue, and Zika are frequent. In both COVID-19 and ARBOD cases, an accurate diagnosis of infected patients is crucial to promote adequate treatment and isolation measures in COVID-19 cases. Overlap of clinical symptoms and laboratory parameters between COVID-19 and ARBOD present themselves as an extra challenge during diagnosis. COVID-19 diagnosis is mainly performed by quantitative reverse polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), while ARBOD diagnosis is performed by serology, detection of antigen or antibody, and molecular diagnosis. In this review, the epidemiologic profile of arboviruses and SARS-CoV-2 is analyzed, and potential risks of symptom overlap is addressed. The implementation of an analytical platform based on infrared (IR) spectroscopy, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and RT-qPCR is discussed as an efficient strategy for a fast, robust, reliable, and cost-effective diagnosis system even during the co-occurrence of virus outbreaks. The spectral data of IR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF MS obtained from COVID-19 infected and recovered patients can be used to build up an integrated spectral database. This approach can enable us to determine quickly the groups that have been exposed and have recovered from COVID-19 or ARBOD, avoiding misdiagnoses.
Bacterial and Archaeal Structural Diversity in Several Biodeterioration Patterns on the Limestone Walls of the Old Cathedral of Coimbra
Authors: Coelho Catarina , Mesquita Nuno , Costa Inês , Soares Fabiana , Trovão João , Freitas Helena , Portugal António , Tiago Igor
Published: March 2021

The “University of Coimbra-Alta and Sofia” area was awarded the UNESCO World Heritage Site distinction in 2013. The Old Cathedral of Coimbra, a 12th-century limestone monument located in this area, has been significantly impacted during the last 800 years by physical, chemical, and biological processes. This led to the significant deterioration of some of its structures and carvings, with loss of aesthetical, cultural, and historical values. For this work, deteriorated spots of the walls of three semi-open chapels from the cloister of the Cathedral were sampled to ascertain their bacterial and archaeal structural diversity. Based on Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) result analysis, we report the presence of microbial populations that are well adapted to an ecosystem with harsh conditions and that can establish a diverse biofilm in most cases. While it was possible to determine dominant phylogenetic groups in Archaea and Bacteria domains, there was no clear connection between specific core microbiomes and the different deterioration patterns analyzed. The distribution of these archaeal and bacterial communities within the analyzed biodeterioration spots suggests they are more influenced by abiotic factors (i.e., water availability, salinity, etc.), although they influence (and are influenced by) the algal and fungal population composition in this ecosystem. This work provides valuable information that can assist in establishing future guidelines for the preservation and conservation of this kind of historic stone monuments.