bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technology to Reduce the Aperture Size of Microfabricated Silicon Dioxide Aperture Tips
Authors: Vollkopf A. , Georgiev G. , Rudow O. , Müller-Wiegand M. , Oesterschulze E.
Published: July 2002

Batch fabrication of miniaturized apertures by thermal oxidation of structured silicon wafers at temperatures below the glass temperature of silicon dioxide has proven to be an adequate technological process. It exploits the retarded oxide growth due to the compressive mechanical stress distribution at concave structures in the silicon dioxide layer to obtain single and double aperture tips with 170-190 nm dimensions. Numerical simulations performed to investigate this phenomenon are in good agreement with experimental results. Furthermore, an improved technological process is presented to reduce the aperture size of silicon dioxide tips to 100 nm. It is explained in view of the theological behavior of silicon dioxide at elevated temperatures of 1100°C. A further reduction of the aperture dimension down to 50 nm is achieved by deposition of thin metal films. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
High Performance Anodes for SOFCs Operating in Methane-Air Mixture at Reduced Temperatures
Authors: Hibino Takashi , Hashimoto Atsuko , Yano Masaya , Suzuki Masanori , Yoshida Shin-ichiro , Sano Mitsuru
Published: July 2002

Electrocatalytic oxidation of methane over anodes in single-chamber solid oxide fuel cells, 0-10 wt % Pd-30 wt %

Ce

0.8

Sm

0.2

O

1.9

(samaria-doped ceria, SDC)-

Ni
|
SDC
|

Sm

0.5

Sr

0.5

CoO

3

,

was studied in a mixture of methane and air between 450 and 550°C. The addition of a small amount of Pd (0.145 mg cm−2) to the anode significantly promoted the partial oxidation of methane by oxygen to form hydrogen and carbon monoxide, which resulted in electromotive forces of ca. 900 mV from the cell and extremely small electrode-reaction resistances of the anode. The peak power densities, when using a 0.15 mm thick SDC electrolyte, reached 644, 467, and 269 mW cm−2 at 550, 500, and 450°C, respectively. © 2002 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Formation of Solid Electrolyte Interface in Lithium Nickel Mixed Oxide Electrodes during the First Cycling
Authors: Zhang S. S. , Xu K. , Jow T. R.
Published: July 2002

We studied irreversible capacity and solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation in lithium nickel mixed oxide in the first charge and discharge cycle. Initial capacity loss mainly originates from two irreversible processes; structural change and reactions between electrode active materials and electrolyte components. Upon contact of the electrode with electrolyte, the reactions spontaneously take place and result in an instantaneous formation of SEI film, whose ionic conductivity changes considerably in the subsequent charge and discharge cycle. According to the change of ionic conductivity, formation of SEI film during the first charge can be roughly divided into two voltage regions, below 3.4 V, at which a highly resistive SEI film is continuously grown, and between 3.4 and 3.8 V, at which a highly conductive SEI film is formed. The high conductivity of SEI film remains nearly invariant as the cell is cycled between 3.8 and 4.3 V, while falling significantly as the cell is discharged to 3.4 V and lower. © 2002 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Variation in Ratios of Submitted Charges to Allowed Medicare Payment for Dermatologic Services
Authors: Gronbeck Christian , Feng Hao
Published: June 2022

This cross-sectional study assesses variation in allowed Medicare charge to payment ratios for dermatologic services from 2013 to 2019.
Improvement of Facial Discoid Dermatosis With Ustekinumab Treatment
Authors: Rypka Katelyn J. , Fulk Travis S. , Afsaneh Alavi , Miller Daniel D. , Goldfarb Noah I.
Published: June 2022

This case report describes a woman in her early 40s with a 10-year history of facial rash; multiple well-demarcated, orangish-pink, flat-topped papules; and plaques with fine scale that involved the forehead, cheeks, jawline, and neck.
Performance Evaluation of Carbon‐Based Printed Perovskite Solar Cells under Low‐Light Intensity Conditions
Authors: Kim Cuc Mai Thi , Perera Malalgodage Amila Nilantha , Katz Marcos , Martineau David , Hashmi Syed Ghufran
Published: June 2022

The use of photovoltaics (PVs) to harvest energy inside modern building environments has great potential for energizing a wide range of futuristic self‐powered electronic devices, Internet of Things (IoT), and sensors using available ambient light. Among the various PV technologies, hole‐conductor‐free carbon‐based printable perovskite solar cells (CPSCs) have attracted significant interest, owing to their impressive PV performance under standard full sunlight conditions, robust stability, and printable fabrication methods. Nevertheless, their ability to harvest indoor light has been rarely explored. Here we report PV performance characterization of these printable CPSCs, and a systematic comparison of their PV performance under commonly available fluorescent (FL) and light‐emitting diode (LED)‐based lamps at various low lux light intensities that replicate standard indoor environmental conditions. To consolidate the proven stability of these CPSCs, the results of one stability test standardized as ISOS‐D‐1, which supports the motivation of their possible deployment under mild indoor lighting conditions are presented. The effective functioning of these CPSCs is also demonstrated for energizing an electrical node as evidence of their potential to be used as an alternative light‐harvesting solution for the targeted futuristic IoT‐based ecosystem. These results greatly support the goal of developing all printed and sustainable IoT devices with robust performance stability.
Selective Heating Through Y‐Junction Waveguide Designed by Acoustic Shape Optimization
Authors: Lee Han-Joo , Mancini Julie A. , Joshipura Ishan , Spadaccini Christopher M. , Loh Kenneth J.
Published: June 2022

Unlike phononic crystals or systems designed by topology optimization, waveguides designed by shape optimization do not have voids or internal defects, making the fabrication process more suitable for additive manufacturing. By designing a Y‐junction waveguide through shape optimization, an ultrasonic wave can be controlled so that it propagates to a predetermined location just by adjusting its frequency. These demultiplexed ultrasonic waves can be used to transport signals or stimulate nearby materials. As an example, the ultrasonic wave is converted to heat at different locations, which can be applied to mechanisms that can take advantage of heating. First, shape optimization is performed on a cylindrical structure to selectively propagate ultrasonic waves of a particular frequency while attenuating others, which is analyzed through a finite element model. The numerical study results are compared with experimental measurements from samples fabricated through additive manufacturing methods. After verifying the concept, the Y‐junction waveguide is fabricated to demultiplex the wave and selectively heat different locations. The results show that the method of combining shape optimization with additive manufacturing is exceptionally simple and capable of demultiplexing ultrasonic waves, which can replace complex electrical components with single‐material waveguides.
Unprecedented Wavelength Dependence of an Antimony Chalcohalide Photovoltaic Device
Authors: Nishikubo Ryosuke , Li Shaoxian , Saeki Akinori
Published: June 2022

The output of a photovoltaic (PV) device follows the Shockley diode equation, where its open‐circuit voltage (VOC) is marginally modulated by the photocurrent density and light intensity. Herein, an unprecedented wavelength‐dependent photovoltaic effect (WDPE) in antimony chalcoiodide (SbSI) and SbSI:Sb2S3 devices is reported, which demonstrate a rapid, reversible change of VOC by changing irradiation wavelength. The VOC in a SbSI:Sb2S3 device is varied from 0.35 to 0.47 V under 375 and 515 nm light without a change of photocurrent. Such a dramatic shift in VOC is not observed in silicon, perovskites, or organic solar cells. WDPE allows for a wavelength‐recognizable single‐junction photodetector without using a color filter, and is not explained by the conventional diode model. Based on the time‐resolved evaluations of charge carriers, the interfacial metastable trap of a hot carrier generated by short‐wavelength light as the origin of the observed anomalous behavior is identified. Interestingly, the trap states and photocurrent kinetics are affected by humidity and ammonium gas, which provide another multifunctional aspect of the WDPE. These findings provide deep insight into PV physics and a new way to detect color using a single cell.
A 3D Osteosarcoma Model with Bone‐Mimicking Cues Reveals a Critical Role of Bone Mineral and Informs Drug Discovery
Authors: González Díaz Eva C. , Lee Alex G. , Sayles Leanne C. , Feria Criselle , Sweet‐Cordero E. Alejandro , Yang Fan
Published: June 2022

Osteosarcoma (OS) is an aggressive bone cancer for which survival has not improved over three decades. While biomaterials have been widely used to engineer 3D soft‐tissue tumor models, the potential of engineering 3D biomaterials‐based OS models for comprehensive interrogation of OS pathology and drug discovery remains untapped. Bone is characterized by high mineral content, yet the role of bone mineral in OS progression and drug response remains unknown. Here, a microribbon‐based OS model with bone‐mimicking compositions is developed to elucidate the role of 3D culture and hydroxyapatite in OS signaling and drug response. The results reveal that hydroxyapatite in 3D is critical to support retention of OS signaling and drug resistance similar to patient tissues and mouse orthotopic tumors. The physiological relevance of this 3D model is validated using four established OS cell lines, seven patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) cell lines and two animal models. Integrating 3D OS PDX models with RNA‐sequencing identified 3D‐specific druggable target, which predicts drug response in mouse orthotopic model. These results establish microribbon‐based 3D OS models as a novel experimental tool to enable discovery of novel therapeutics that would be otherwise missed with 2D model and may serve as platforms to study patient‐specific OS heterogeneity and drug resistance mechanisms.
Fast Near‐Infrared Photodetection Using III–V Colloidal Quantum Dots
Authors: Sun Bin , Najarian Amin Morteza , Sagar Laxmi Kishore , Biondi Margherita , Choi Min‐Jae , Li Xiyan , Levina Larissa , Baek Se‐Woong , Zheng Chao , Lee Seungjin , Kirmani Ahmad R. , Sabatini Randy , Abed Jehad , Liu Mengxia , Vafaie Maral , Li Peicheng , Richter Lee J. , Voznyy Oleksandr , Chekini Mahshid , Lu Zheng‐Hong , García de Arquer F. Pelayo , Sargent Edward H.
Published: June 2022

Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are promising materials for infrared (IR) light detection due to their tunable bandgap and their solution processing; however, to date, the time response of CQD IR photodiodes is inferior to that provided by Si and InGaAs. It is reasoned that the high permittivity of II–VI CQDs leads to slow charge extraction due to screening and capacitance, whereas III–Vs—if their surface chemistry can be mastered—offer a low permittivity and thus increase potential for high‐speed operation. In initial studies, it is found that the covalent character in indium arsenide (InAs) leads to imbalanced charge transport, the result of unpassivated surfaces, and uncontrolled heavy doping. Surface management using amphoteric ligand coordination is reported, and it is found that the approach addresses simultaneously the In and As surface dangling bonds. The new InAs CQD solids combine high mobility (0.04 cm2 V−1 s−1) with a 4× reduction in permittivity compared to PbS CQDs. The resulting photodiodes achieve a response time faster than 2 ns—the fastest photodiode among previously reported CQD photodiodes—combined with an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 30% at 940 nm.
A Self‐Regulated Electrostatic Shielding Layer toward Dendrite‐Free Zn Batteries
Authors: Hu Zhengqiang , Zhang Fengling , Zhao Yi , Wang Huirong , Huang Yongxin , Wu Feng , Chen Renjie , Li Li
Published: June 2022

Although aqueous Zn batteries have become a more sustainable alternative to lithium‐ion batteries owing to their intrinsic security, their practical applications are limited by dendrite formation and hydrogen reactions. The first application of a rare earth metal type addition to Zn batteries, cerium chloride (CeCl3), as an effective, low‐cost, and green electrolyte additive that facilitates the formation of a dynamic electrostatic shielding layer around the Zn protuberance to induce uniform Zn deposition is presented. After introducing CeCl3 additives, the electrochemical characterizations, in situ optical microscopy observation, in situ differential electrochemical mass spectrometry, along with density functional theory calculations, and finite element method simulations reveal resisted Zn dendritic growth and enhanced electrolyte stability. As a result, the Zn–Zn cells using the CeCl3 additive exhibit a long cycling stability of 2600 h at 2 mA cm−2, an impressive cumulative areal capacity of 3.6 Ah cm−2 at 40 mA cm−2, and a high Coulombic efficiency of ≈99.7%. The fact that the Zn–LiFePO4 cells with proposed electrolyte retain capacity significantly better than the additive‐free case is even more exciting.
Manipulating Hierarchical Orientation of Wet‐Spun Hybrid Fibers via Rheological Engineering for Zn‐Ion Fiber Batteries
Authors: Xia Zhou , Li Shuo , Wu Guiqing , Shao Yanyan , Yang Dongzi , Luo Jinrong , Jiao Zhenyang , Sun Jingyu , Shao Yuanlong
Published: June 2022

Wet‐spinning is a promising strategy to fabricate fiber electrodes for real commercial fiber battery applications, according to its great compatibility with large‐scale fiber production. However, engineering the rheological properties of the electrochemical active materials to accommodate the viscoelasticity or liquid crystalline requirements for continuous wet‐spinning remains a daunting challenge. Here, with entropy‐driven volume‐exclusion effects, the rheological behavior of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanowire dispersions is regulated through introducing 2D graphene oxide (GO) flakes in an optimal ratio. By optimizing the viscoelasticity and liquid‐crystalline behavior of the spinning dope, the wet‐spun hybrid fibers display controlled hierarchical orientation. The wet‐spun V2O5/rGO hybrid fiber with the optimal 10:1 mass fraction (V2O5/rGO10:1) exhibits a highly oriented nanoblock arrangement, enabling efficient Zn‐ion migration and an excellent Zn‐ion storage capacity of 486.03 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1. A half‐meter long quasi‐solid‐state fiber Zn‐ion battery is assembled with a polyacrylamide gel electrolyte and biocompatible Ecoflex encapsulation. The thus‐derived fiber Zn‐ion battery is integrated into a wearable self‐powered system, incorporating a highly efficient GaAs solar cell, which delivers a record‐high overall efficiency (9.80%) for flexible solar charging systems.
2D Metal–Organic Framework Cu3(HHTT)2 Films for Broadband Photodetectors from Ultraviolet to Mid‐Infrared
Authors: Liu Chun‐Ki , Piradi Venkatesh , Song Jiajun , Wang Ziru , Wong Lok‐Wing , Tan Eng‐Hao‐Louis , Zhao Jiong , Zhu Xunjin , Yan Feng
Published: June 2022

Cu3(HHTT)2 (HHTT: 2,3,7,8,12,13‐hexahydroxytetraazanaphthotetraphene) is a novel 2D conjugated metal–organic framework (2D c‐MOF) with efficient in‐plane d–π conjugations and strong interlayer π–π interactions while the growth of Cu3(HHTT)2 thin films has never been reported until now. Here, the successful fabrication of highly oriented wafer‐scale Cu3(HHTT)2 thin films with a layer‐by‐layer growth method on various substrates is presented. Its semiconducting behavior and carrier transport mechanisms are clarified through temperature and frequency‐dependent conductivity measurements. Flexible photodetectors based on Cu3(HHTT)2 thin films exhibit reliable photoresponses at room temperature in a wavelength region from UV to mid‐IR, which is much broader than those of solution‐processed broadband photodetectors reported previously. Moreover, the photodetectors can show a typical synaptic behavior and excellent data recognition accuracy in artificial neural networks. This work opens a window for the exploration of high‐performance and multifunctional optoelectronic devices based on 2D c‐MOFs.
W Single‐Atom Catalyst for CH4 Photooxidation in Water Vapor
Authors: Wang Ye , Zhang Jiangwei , Shi Wen‐Xiong , Zhuang Gui‐Lin , Zhao Qiu‐Ping , Ren Jing , Zhang Peng , Yin Hua‐Qing , Lu Tong‐Bu , Zhang Zhi‐Ming
Published: June 2022

Solar‐driven high‐efficiency and direct conversion of methane into high‐value‐added liquid oxygenates against overoxidation remains a great challenge. Herein, facile and mass fabrication of low‐cost tungsten single‐atom photocatalysts is achieved by directly calcining urea and sodium tungstate under atmosphere (W‐SA‐PCN‐m, urea amount m = 7.5, 15, 30, and 150 g). The single‐atom photocatalysts can manage H2O2 in situ generation and decomposition into ·OH, thus achieving highly efficient CH4 photooxidation in water vapor under mild conditions. Systematic investigations demonstrate that integration of multifunctions of methane activation, H2O2 generation, and decomposition into one photocatalyst can dramatically promote methane conversion to C1 oxygenates with a yield as high as 4956 µmol gcat−1, superior to that of the most reported non‐precious photocatalysts. Liquid–solid phase transition can induce the products to facilely switch in from HCOOH to CH3OH by pulling the catalyst above water with CH3OH/HCOOH ratio from 10% (in H2O) to 80% (above H2O).
Waterproof and Breathable Graphene‐Based Electronic Fabric for Wearable Sensors
Authors: Wang Shuying , Huang Haizhou , Liu Cheng , Xia Yuyan , Ye Changqing , Luo Zewei , Cai Chunhua , Wang Chaolun , Lyu Liangjian , Bi Hengchang , Wu Xing , Sun Litao
Published: June 2022

Electronic skin (E‐skin) is widely used in bionic prosthesis, soft robotics, and wearable electronic devices. Waterproof and breathable membranes that provide a high level of protection and comfort are promising core materials for meeting the pressing demand for E‐skin. However, creating such materials exhibiting waterproofness, breathability, and ease of fabrication has proven to be a great challenge. In this paper, waterproof, breathable Modal‐based knitted fabric E‐skin is proposed by using a simple, low‐cost three‐step process including the graphene oxide (GO) loading, GO‐reducing, and polydimethylsiloxane loading. The prepared E‐skin is insensitive to common liquids in daily life including water, tea, milk, and coffee, showing superior waterproof capability. The breathability is also tested with a water vapor transmission rate of ≈13.6 mg cm−2 h−1. Besides, this E‐skin can achieve reliable human motion monitoring. The authors believe this E‐skin can provide a reliable principle for further design and development of waterproof and breathable electronic skin.
Conjugate Addition of α‐Substituted Acyl Imidazoles to Nitroalkenes Catalyzed by Nickel Bisoxazoline and B(C6F5)3
Authors: Yin Qingyu , Li Zhiming , Wu Fan , Ji Mingtong , Fu Chao , Wu Xiaoyu
Published: June 2022

A diastereoselective and enantioselective conjugate addition of α‐substituted acyl imidazole to nitroalkene catalyzed by nickel bisoxazoline complex and B(C6F5)3 has been developed. This reaction tolerated a wide range of acyl imidazoles and nitroalkenes, affording a series of conjugate adducts in yields ranging from 38% to 99% with 4:1 to 99:1 dr and 13% to 98% ee. The use of strong Lewis acid B(C6F5)3 as co‐catalyst proved vital to the success of this process. The potential scalability and utility of the current protocol are demonstrated by a reaction on a 3 mmol scale and further transformations of the product.

magnified image
Eliciting an Immunostimulatory Tumor Microenvironment to Enhance the Antitumor Efficacy by Targeted Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Zhang Ya‐Xuan , Zhang Jun‐Jie , Wang Wei , Guo Xiao‐Ying , Hou Li‐Shuang , Zhang Tang‐Rui , Wang Bao‐Long , Kou Fang , Huan Meng‐Lei , He Wei , Zhou Si‐Yuan , Zhang Bang‐Le
Published: June 2022

Tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) in tumor microenvironment represent an ideal therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy. A targeted cancer immunotherapy strategy through reprogramming M2 macrophages to reverse the immunosuppressive microenvironment is proposed and the antitumor effects via targeted immunostimulatory therapy are evaluated. The developed M2‐macrophage‐targeted nanoparticles (M2‐TNPs) can specially target and reprogram the M2 macrophages via polarization to the antitumor M1 phenotype. Compared with nontargeted nanoparticles, M2‐TNPs loading zoledronic acid can specifically be recognized by M2 macrophages but not other macrophages and mounted productive antitumor responses, showing enhanced antitumor efficacy by targeted immunostimulation in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, when combining the chemotherapeutic drug dacarbazine with M2‐TNPs for treatment of melanoma, a dramatic synergistic effect in cancer therapy through eliciting an immunostimulatory tumor microenvironment to restore the antitumor immunity is demonstrated. These studies provide preclinical evidence that targeted TAM‐reprogramming treatment strategies can hold tremendous promise in cancer immunotherapy.
Sustainable Pb Management in Perovskite Solar Cells toward Eco‐Friendly Development
Authors: Luo Huaiqing , Li Pengwei , Ma Junjie , Han Liyuan , Zhang Yiqiang , Song Yanlin
Published: June 2022

Pb‐based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) as one of the most promising photovoltaic technologies for commercialization have attracted tremendous attention in recent years. However, the toxicity and leakage of heavy metal Pb from perovskite film have become critical obstacles for eco‐friendly development. Extreme weather conditions such as heavy rain, high temperature, or strong sunlight may accelerate the undesired decomposition of perovskite film and cause inevitable Pb contamination in the ecosystem, which results in a potential threat to animals and the environment. In this review, guidelines for successfully managing Pb in PSCs are provided to open a pathway toward sustainable development. First, the toxicological research of Pb that can cause health problems for humans and contaminate the environment is discussed. Then, the decomposition mechanism of perovskite film and Pb leakage pathways under simulated environments in terms of moisture, high temperature, and illumination are briefly reviewed. Moreover, strategies to inhibit Pb leakage including physical sequestration, chemical adsorption, and Pb component substitution engineering are systematically summarized. Finally, different pathways for achieving the goal of Pb recycling and sustainable utilization are systematically analyzed. With a comprehensive understanding of these effects, rational strategies for sustainable Pb management can be made to accelerate the development of this emerging field.
“A sorely neglected field”: A multisite study of self‐reported humanities exposure among emergency medicine residents
Authors: Balhara Kamna S. , Irvin Nathan , Zink Korie L. , Mohan Sanjay , Olson Adriana S. , Tackett Sean ,   Emergency Medicine Education Research Alliance (EMERA), Regan Linda
Published: June 2022

Background

The Association of American Medical Colleges has identified the humanities as fundamental to medical education across all specialties. Evidence from undergraduate medical education (UME) demonstrates the humanities' positive impacts on outcomes that could be relevant to patient care and trainee well‐being in emergency medicine (EM) residency training. However, less is known about the humanities' role in graduate medical education (GME).

Objectives

The objectives were to describe EM residents' self‐reported exposure to the humanities and its relationship with their empathy, tolerance of ambiguity, and patient‐centeredness, and to assess their attitudes toward the humanities in GME.

Methods

This cross‐sectional survey‐based study was conducted at six U.S. EM residency programs in 2018–2019. Quantitative analyses included linear regressions testing for trends between humanities exposures and outcomes, adjusted for sex, year in training, and clustering within programs; adjunct analysis of free‐text responses was performed using an exploratory constructivist approach to identify themes about views on the humanities' role in medicine.

Results

Response rate was 54.8% (153/279). A total of 65% of respondents were male and 28.1% of respondents had a preceding humanities degree. Preceding humanities degree and current self‐reported humanities exposure were positively associated with performance on empathy subscales (p = 0.02). Seventy‐five percent (n = 114) of respondents agreed humanities are important in GME; free‐text responses revealed perceived positive impacts of humanities on generating well‐rounded clinicians and enhancing patient care.

Conclusions

Engagement with the humanities may be associated with empathy among EM residents. Although the magnitude of associations was smaller than that seen in UME, this study demonstrates resident interest in humanities and suggests that extracurricular engagement with the humanities may be insufficient to prolong positive impacts seen in UME. Further research is needed to explore how to sustain these benefits through integration or addition of the humanities in existing GME curricula.
Resident attitudes, experiences, and preferences on initiating buprenorphine in the emergency department: A national survey
Authors: Yu Megan J. , Hawk Kathryn
Published: June 2022

Objectives

The objective was to describe emergency medicine (EM) resident attitudes, preferences, and experiences around the knowledge and skills around the evidence‐based treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD) in the emergency department (ED).

Methods

We created an online survey that was distributed by the Emergency Medicine Residents’ Association research committee listserv to approximately 6600 resident physicians at all levels of EM residency training. Data were collected between June 2020 and October 2020. This 12‐question voluntary, anonymous survey included questions exploring EM resident preferences and experiences around the education and exposure to the evidence‐based management of patients with OUD in the ED setting. Descriptive statistics were used.

Results

A total of 288 of 6600 invited EM residents (response rate 4.4%) from 127 different EM residency programs across 38 states in the United States, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico completed the survey. Most respondents (165/288; 57.3%) reported that it was “very important” for emergency physicians to have training to initiate buprenorphine treatment for patients with OUD. Just under half (140/288; 48.6%) reported they have or will receive X‐waiver training during residency and 46.9% (135/288) reported experience prescribing buprenorphine in the ED. The estimated proportions of EM faculty at responding residents’ primary teaching hospital with an X‐waiver was “most or all” (48/285; 16.8%), “about half” (23/285; 8.1%), “a handful” (79/285; 27.7%), “one or two” (33/285; 11.6%), “none” (19/285; 6.7%), or “not sure” (83/285; 29.1%).

Conclusion

Survey results suggest that resident emergency physicians perceive the evidence‐based management of OUD to be relevant to EM residency training and are interested in receiving training on initiating medications for OUD treatment in the ED. Opportunities to improve resident education and clinical use of buprenorphine during ED residency training were identified.
Highly efficient monovalent ion transport enabled by ionic crosslinking‐induced nanochannels
Authors: Zhang Yiren , Lin Yuqing , Ying Jiadi , Zhang Wei , Jin Yan , Matsuyama Hideto , Yu Jianguo
Published: June 2022

Charge‐governed ion transport is of significant importance to industrial development, and advanced membrane materials with fast and selective ionic transport are essential components. In cell membranes, ionic transport is mainly determined by the charge‐governed protein channels, representing an architecture with functional differentiation. Inspired by this, a novel class of membranes was developed by ionically crosslinking sulfonated (poly[ether ether ketone]) and quaternized poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) to construct the cationic conductive biomimetic nanochannels. Ionic crosslinking was tailored to realize nanophase separation and efficient ion transport mainly based on surface chemistry without altering the scaffold feature of polymeric pore channels. The best‐performing ionic crosslinking membrane exhibited a high ionic permeation (2.23 mol·m−2·h−1 for K+) and high cationic selectivity (7.91 for K+/Mg2+), which were comparable with the commercial monovalent cation permselective CIMS membrane, owing to the negligent surface resistance toward monovalent cations but strong positively charged repulsion against divalent cations.
Network‐based meta‐analysis and the candidate gene association studies reveal novel ethnicity‐specific variants in MFSD3 and MRPL43 associated with dementia with Lewy bodies
Authors: Shigemizu Daichi , Asanomi Yuya , Akiyama Shintaro , Higaki Sayuri , Sakurai Takashi , Ito Kengo , Niida Shumpei , Ozaki Kouichi
Published: June 2022

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second most common form of neurodegenerative dementia in elderly people, following Alzheimer's disease. Only three genes, SNCA (α‐synuclein), APOE (apolipoprotein E), and GBA (glucosylceramidase), have been convincingly demonstrated to be associated with DLB. Here, we applied whole‐genome sequencing to blood samples from 61 DLB patients and 45 cognitively normal controls. We used accumulation of candidate mutations to detect novel DLB‐associated genes. Subsequent single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping and association studies in a large number of samples from Japanese individuals revealed novel heterozygous variants in MFSD3 (rs143475431, c.888T>A:p.C296*; n = 5,421, p = 0.00063) and MRPL43 (chr10:102746730, c.241A>C:p.N81H; n = 4,782, p = 0.0029). We further found that the MFSD3 variant increased plasma levels of butyrylcholinesterase (n = 1,206, p = 0.029). We believe that our findings will contribute to the understanding of DLB and provide insight into its pathogenic mechanism for future studies.
Synergistic Catalysis between a Dipeptide Phosphonium Salt and a Metal‐Based Lewis Acid for Asymmetric Synthesis ofN‐Bridged [3.2.1] Ring Systems
Authors: Chen Yuan , He Jiajia , Zhuang Cheng , Liu Zanjiao , Xiao Kai , Su Zhishan , Ren Xiaoyu , Wang Tianli
Published: June 2022

We present an unprecedented synergic catalytic route for the asymmetric construction of fluorinatedN‐bridged [3.2.1] cyclic members of tropane family via a bifunctional phosphonium salt/silver co‐catalyzed cyclization process. A broad variety of substrates bearing an assortment of functional groups are compatible with this method, providing targeted compounds bearing seven‐membered ring and four contiguous stereocenters in high yields with excellent stereoselectivities. The gram‐scale preparations, facile elaborations and preliminary biological activities of the products demonstrate the application potential. Moreover, both experimental and computational mechanistic studies revealed that the cyclization proceeded via a “sandwich” reaction model with multiple weak‐bond cooperative activations. Insights gained from our studies are expected to advance general efforts towards the catalytic synthesis of challenging chiral heterocyclic molecules.
A Nanobody‐on‐Quantum Dot Displacement Assay for Rapid and Sensitive Quantification of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)
Authors: Su Ruifang , Wu Yu‐Tang , Doulkeridou Sofia , Qiu Xue , Sørensen Thomas Just , Susumu Kimihiro , Medintz Igor L. , van Bergen en Henegouwen Paul M. P. , Hildebrandt Niko
Published: June 2022

Biosensing approaches that combine small, engineered antibodies (nanobodies) with nanoparticles are often complicated. Here, we show that nanobodies with different C‐terminal tags can be efficiently attached to a range of the most widely used biocompatible semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). Direct implementation into simplified assay formats was demonstrated by designing a rapid and wash‐free mix‐and‐measure immunoassay for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Terbium complex (Tb)‐labeled hexahistidine‐tagged nanobodies were specifically displaced from QD surfaces via EGFR‐nanobody binding, leading to an EGFR concentration‐dependent decrease of the Tb‐to‐QD Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) signal. The detection limit of 80±20 pM (16±4 ng mL−1) was 3‐fold lower than the clinical cut‐off concentration for soluble EGFR and up to 10‐fold lower compared to conventional sandwich FRET assays that required a pair of different nanobodies.
Peroxidase‐like activity of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and Fe3O4‐graphene oxide nanohybrids: Effect of the amino‐ and carboxyl‐surface modifications on H2O2 sensing
Authors: Bilalis Panayiotis , Karagouni Evdokia , Toubanaki Dimitra K.
Published: June 2022

Magnetic, iron oxide nanoparticles and graphene‐iron oxide nanohybrids have been introduced as artificial peroxidase‐mimics. In the present paper, the impact of coating with different functional groups on the peroxidase activity of both nanoparticles and nanohybrids was studied. Magnetite nanoparticles and graphene‐iron oxide nanohybrids, with ‐amino or ‐carboxyl terminal groups were synthesized and fully characterized by Fourier transform‐infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometer, and zeta potential. All particle formulations were evaluated for peroxidase activity, by studying the oxidation reaction of the peroxidase substrate 3,3,5,5‐tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). It was found that all tested formulations retained their catalytic ability (>70%) at 95 °C, at wide pH range, and were reusable with 60% of their catalytic activity after 10 uses. All nanomaterials were found to follow Michaelis–Menten kinetics and peroxidase activity varied with respect to electrostatic affinity between nanoparticles or nanohybrids and the peroxidase substrates, evidenced by differences in determined kinetic parameters. The Km values of all tested particles with H2O2 substrate were higher than those reported for horseradish peroxidase (HRP; 0.214–6.36 mM), while the calculated values of reaction rates (Vmax) for the studied nanoparticles and nanohybrids with TMB and H2O2 as substrates were comparable with those reported for HRP. Our findings confirm that iron oxide nanoparticles and graphene based metallic nanohybrids can be tailor‐made to possess improved peroxidase‐like activity. Such enhancements could further widen nanohybrids application in a wide range of biomedical applications, including H2O2 detection in a proof‐of‐concept assay, which confirmed low detection limits of the tested formulations (5.3–11.3 μM).
Efficient Imidazolium‐Biomolecule Interaction‐Assisted Amplified Quenching for Ultrasensitive Detection of Heparin
Authors: Lee Seung Yeob , Song Hyebin , Lee Sun Woo , Han Minwoo , Choi Haemin , Lee Seoung Ho
Published: June 2022

Detection of heparin (HP) under physiological conditions is difficult due to the presence of biological obstructions including proteins and lipids. Thus, it is highly challenging to selectively detect HP and to increase its sensitivity in complex systems. Here, we report the detection of HP at nanomolar levels via efficient imidazolium‐HP interaction‐assisted fluorescence quenching amplification. The self‐assembled pyrenyl aggregates are devised as a conduit for efficient exciton transport, which induces amplified fluorescence quenching for HP detection. This amplified quenching is enhanced by introducing an imidazolium receptor designed to have a high affinity to HP via electrostatic and/or additional interactions with C2 protons, resulting in a very high Stern‐Volmer quenching constant of approximately 1.17×108 M−1.
Approaches to 1,4‐Disubstituted Cubane Derivatives as Energetic Materials: Design, Theoretical Studies and Synthesis
Authors: Lal Sohan , Bhattacharjee Argha , Chowdhury Arindrajit , Kumbhakarna Neeraj , Namboothiri Irishi N. N.
Published: June 2022

Novel 1,4‐disubstituted cubane derivatives have been designed and selected ones have been successfully synthesized and characterized by various analytical and spectroscopic techniques, including single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. A detailed computational study at B3LYP/6‐311++G(d,p) level of theory revealed that all newly designed 1,4‐disubstituted cubane derivatives possess higher densities, higher density‐specific impulse and superior ballistic properties when compared to conventional fuels, for example, RP‐1. These compounds also exhibit acceptable kinetic and thermodynamic stabilities which were evaluated in terms of their HOMO‐LUMO energy gap and bond dissociation energies, respectively, and are superior to TEX and many other compounds containing explosophoric groups. These results provide novel insights into the possible application of cubane‐based energetic materials.
Design of a Fluorogenic Probe Based on Intramolecular Condensation for Specific Detection of HDAC3
Authors: He Huimin , Song Aiguo
Published: June 2022

It is crucial to develop fluorogenic probes for selective targeting of HDACs to explore the roles of HDACs in the tumor onset and progression as well as HDAC‐related drug development. However, considerable non‐specific signals were produced by spontaneous hydrolysis and undesirable intermolecular attack of the unstable caging moiety in the detection of HDACs with previous probes. To improve the detection specificity, we proposed an intramolecular condensation strategy by the replacement of the traditional acetamide moiety with a trans‐enamide unit. Upon deacetylation by HDACs, rapid intramolecular condensation reaction between newly formed terminal aldehyde and hydrazine moiety would occur to afford highly fluorescent hydrazone product. Systematic studies demonstrated that the probe exhibited an extraordinary selectivity for HDAC3 over other HDAC isoforms and interfering substances. The stability and specificity of the indicator make it a powerful tool for HDAC3 activity detection and HDAC3‐related drug development.
One‐pot synthesis of 2‐imino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazolines from acylhydrazides and isothiocyanates
Authors: Kim Su Been , Baek Sang Eun , Lim Jae Hyeok , Kim Jinho
Published: June 2022

A one‐pot synthesis of 2‐imino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazolines was successfully achieved under mild conditions. The developed synthesis involves Fe(Pc)‐catalyzed aerobic oxidation of acylhydrazides followed by P(NMe2)3‐mediated annulation of the in situ generated N‐acyldiazene with isothiocyanates. The present annulation showed broad substrate scope with good functional group tolerance, and was effective on gram scale.
Grey matter atrophy in patients with benign multiple sclerosis
Authors: Niiranen Marja , Koikkalainen Juha , Lötjönen Jyrki , Selander Tuomas , Cajanus Antti , Hartikainen Päivi , Simula Sakari , Vanninen Ritva , Remes Anne M.
Published: June 2022

Background

Brain atrophy appears during the progression of multiple sclerosis (MS) and is associated with the disability caused by the disease.

Methods

We investigated global and regional grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volumes, WM lesion load, and corpus callosum index (CCI), in benign relapsing‐remitting MS (BRRMS, n = 35) with and without any treatment and compared those to aggressive relapsing‐remitting MS (ARRMS, n = 46). Structures were analyzed by using an automated MRI quantification tool (cNeuro®).

Results

The total brain and cerebral WM volumes were larger in BRRMS than in ARRMS (p = .014, p = .017 respectively). In BRRMS, total brain volumes, regional GM volumes, and CCI were found similar whether or not disease‐modifying treatment (DMT) was used. The total (p = .033), as well as subcortical (p = .046) and deep WM (p = .041) lesion load volumes were larger in BRRMS patients without DMT. Cortical GM volumes did not differ between BRRMS and ARRMS, but the volumes of total brain tissue (p = .014) and thalami (p = .003) were larger in patients with BRRMS compared to ARRMS. A positive correlation was found between CCI and whole‐brain volume in both BRRMS (r = .73, p < .001) and ARRMS (r = .80, p < .01).

Conclusions

Thalamic volume is the most prominent measure to differentiate BRRMS and ARRMS. Validation of automated quantification of CCI provides an additional applicable MRI biomarker to detect brain atrophy in MS.
Artificial intelligence assisted cytological detection for early esophageal squamous epithelial lesions by using low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion as diagnostic threshold
Authors: Yao Bin , Feng Yadong , Zhao Kai , Liang Yan , Huang Peilin , Zang Juncai , Song Jie , Li Mengjie , Wang Xiaofen , Shu Huazhong , Shi Ruihua
Published: June 2022

Background

Manual cytological diagnosis for early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (early ESCC) and high‐grade intraepithelial neoplasia (HGIN) is unsatisfactory. Herein, we have introduced an artificial intelligence (AI)‐assisted cytological diagnosis for such lesions.

Methods

Low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion or worse was set as the diagnostic threshold for AI‐assisted diagnosis. The performance of AI‐assisted diagnosis was evaluated and compared to that of manual diagnosis. Feasibility in large‐scale screening was also assessed.

Results

AI‐assisted diagnosis for abnormal cells was superior to manual reading by presenting a higher efficiency for each slide (50.9 ± 0.8 s vs 236.8 ± 3.9 s, p = 1.52 × 10−76) and a better interobserver agreement (93.27% [95% CI, 92.76%–93.74%] vs 65.29% [95% CI, 64.35%–66.22%], p = 1.03 × 10−84). AI‐assisted detection showed a higher diagnostic accuracy (96.89% [92.38%–98.57%] vs 72.54% [65.85%–78.35%], p = 1.42 × 10−14), sensitivity (99.35% [95.92%–99.97%] vs 68.39% [60.36%–75.48%], p = 7.11 × 10−15), and negative predictive value (NPV) (97.06% [82.95%–99.85%] vs 40.96% [30.46%–52.31%], p = 1.42 × 10−14). Specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) were not significantly differed. AI‐assisted diagnosis demonstrated a smaller proportion of participants of interest (3.73%, [79/2117] vs.12.84% [272/2117], p = 1.59 × 10−58), a higher consistence between cytology and endoscopy (40.51% [32/79] vs. 12.13% [33/272], p = 1.54 × 10−8), specificity (97.74% [96.98%–98.32%] vs 88.52% [87.05%–89.84%], p = 3.19 × 10−58), and PPV (40.51% [29.79%–52.15%] vs 12.13% [8.61%–16.75%], p = 1.54 × 10−8) in community‐based screening. Sensitivity and NPV were not significantly differed. AI‐assisted diagnosis as primary screening significantly reduced average cost for detecting positive cases.

Conclusion

Our study provides a novel cytological method for detecting and screening early ESCC and HGIN.
Utility of prehospital electrocardiogram interpretation in ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction utilizing computer interpretation and transmission for interventional cardiologist consultation
Authors: Faour Amir , Cherrett Callum , Gibbs Oliver , Lintern Karen , Mussap Christian J. , Rajaratnam Rohan , Leung Dominic Y. , Taylor David A. , Faddy Steve C. , Lo Sidney , Juergens Craig P. , French John K.
Published: June 2022

Objectives

We examined the appropriateness of prehospital cardiac catheter laboratory activation (CCL‐A) in ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) utilizing the University of Glasgow algorithm (UGA) and remote interventional cardiologist consultation.

Background

The incremental benefit of prehospital electrocardiogram (PH‐ECG) transmission on the diagnostic accuracy and appropriateness of CCL‐A has been examined in a small number of studies with conflicting results.

Methods

We identified consecutive PH‐ECG transmissions between June 2, 2010 and October 6, 2016. Blinded adjudication of ECGs, appropriateness of CCL‐A, and index diagnoses were performed using the fourth universal definition of MI. The primary outcome was the appropriate CCL‐A rate. Secondary outcomes included rates of false‐positive CCL‐A, inappropriate CCL‐A, and inappropriate CCL nonactivation.

Results

Among 1088 PH‐ECG transmissions, there were 565 (52%) CCL‐As and 523 (48%) CCL nonactivations. The appropriate CCL‐A rate was 97% (550 of 565 CCL‐As), of which 4.9% (n = 27) were false‐positive. The inappropriate CCL‐A rate was 2.7% (15 of 565 CCL‐As) and the inappropriate CCL nonactivation rate was 3.6% (19 of 523 CCL nonactivations). Reasons for appropriate CCL nonactivation (n = 504) included nondiagnostic ST‐segment elevation (n = 128, 25%), bundle branch block (n = 132, 26%), repolarization abnormality (n = 61, 12%), artefact (n = 72, 14%), no ischemic symptoms (n = 32, 6.3%), severe comorbidities (n = 26, 5.2%), transient ST‐segment elevation (n = 20, 4.0%), and others.

Conclusions

PH‐ECG interpretation utilizing UGA with interventional cardiologist consultation accurately identified STEMI with low rates of inappropriate and false‐positive CCL‐As, whereas using UGA alone would have almost doubled CCL‐As. The benefits of cardiologist consultation were identifying “masquerading” STEMI and avoiding unnecessary CCL‐As.
Influence of Chloride and Nitrate Anions on Copper Electrodeposition onto Au(111) from Deep Eutectic Solvents
Authors: Geng Tanja , Schick Benjamin W. , Uhl Matthias , Kuehne Alexander J. C. , Kibler Ludwig A. , Ceblin Maximilian U. , Jacob Timo
Published: June 2022

Copper electrodeposition on Au(111) from deep eutectic solvents (DESs) type III was investigated employing cyclic voltammetry as well as chronoamperometry. It was further examined on Au(poly) using the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). The employed DESs are mixtures of choline chloride (ChCl) or choline nitrate (ChNO3) with ethylene glycol (EG) as hydrogen bond donor (HBD), each in a molar ratio of 1 : 2. CuCl, CuCl2, or Cu(NO3)2 ⋅ 3H2O were added as copper sources. Underpotential deposition (UPD) of Cu precedes bulk deposition in chloride as well as nitrate electrolytes. Cu deposition from Cu+ in chloride media is observed as a one‐electron reaction, whereas deposition from Cu2+ occurs in two steps since Cu+ is strongly stabilized by chloride. Cu+ is less stabilized by nitrate and the beginning of bulk deposition in the nitrate‐containing DES with Cu2+ is shifted by several hundred mV to more positive potentials compared to the chloride DES. A diffusion‐controlled, three‐dimensional nucleation and growth mechanism is found by chronoamperometric measurements and analysis based on the model of Scharifker and Mostany.