bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Immune‐Mediated Erythrocyte Agglutination on Analysis of Canine Blood Using a Multichannel Blood Cell Counting System
Authors: Porter Robert E. , Weiser M. Glade
Published: February 2009

Blood from six dogs with in vitro immune‐mediated erythrocyte agglutination resulted in analytical errors in directly measured counting and sizing functions on a multichannel blood analysis system with histogram capability. Errors in the directly measured values, mean cell volume (MCV), and erythrocyte count were attributed to agglutinated erythrocyte particles that persisted during the relatively short reagent contact time of the analysis. Agglutinated particles less than 240 fl were visible on erythrocyte histograms and resulted in a false low erythrocyte count and false high MCV. Agglutinated cell particles greater than 240 fl were not present on the histogram scale. Because these latter particles exceeded the upper threshold, they did not influence determination of MCV, but resulted in a further decrease in the erythrocyte count. As a result, the other dependent erythrocyte indices were in error. These included false low hematocrit and false high mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), when compared to corrected reference blood values. Similar errors occurred when analyzing blood samples that were agglutinated in vitro by incubating erythrocytes with incompatible plasma. The counting and sizing errors observed with electronic counting techniques were eliminated or greatly reduced by incubating blood in cell counting diluent for 10 minutes followed by analysis on a single channel counter with attached particle size analyzer. Error in erythrocyte measurement on a multichannel system may be anticipated if there is overt erythrocyte agglutination in a blood sample, an abnormally high MCHC is reported by the system, or subpopulations of large volume (agglutinated cells) are observed on a volume distribution histogram.
Utilization of an Enzyme Heat Stability Test and Erythrocyte Glycolytic Intermediate Assays to Assist in the Diagnosis of Canine Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency
Authors: Harvey John W. , Kociba Gary J. , Peteya Donald J.
Published: February 2009

A macrocytic hypochromic anemia, with marked reticulocytosis and large numbers of circulating nucleated erythrocytes, was recognized in a 3½‐year‐old male Beagle‐cross dog. A presumptive diagnosis of erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency was made, even though PK activity from the patient was within the range of activities measured for normal dogs, because the PK activity should have been several times normal in light of the large number of reticulocytes present. The PK activity in a hemolysate from the patient was heat‐labile compared to activities in hemolysates from normal dogs, a finding consistent with results from a previous study of PK‐deficient Basenji dogs. Seven phosphorylated glycolytic intermediates and 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate were measured in protein‐free extracts of erythrocytes from the patient. All were present in concentrations above that present in normal canine erythrocytes, further supporting the diagnosis of PK deficiency.
Serum Procollagen Type III Peptide Levels in Normal Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Cornelius Charles , Strong Sharon , Smith Carrie , Lee Blaine
Published: February 2009

Serum levels of the amino‐terminal peptide of Type III procollagen (P‐III‐P) were assayed by radioimmunoassay in 48 Rhesus monkeys from 0.7 to 26.4 years of age. Serum P‐III‐P levels in ten juvenile monkeys (0.7‐4.7 yrs.) were significantly higher (84.5 ± 66.2 ng/ml; p = 0.05) and ranged from 29.6 to 238.0 ng/ml as compared with 38 monkeys over 5 years of age (21.7 ± 9.4 ng/ml), which ranged from 8.5 to 55.5 ng/ml. No significant differences in serum P‐III‐P levels were observed between any age groups over 5 years of age (5–10, 10–15, 15–20, and > 20) or between male and female monkeys within any age category.
Spurious Hyperphosphatemia in a Dog With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and an IgM Monoclonal Gammopathy
Authors: Kristensen Annemarie T. , Klausner Jeffrey S. , Weiss Douglas J. , Schultz Ronald D. , Bell Ford W.
Published: February 2009

Spurious hyperphosphatemia was diagnosed in a 6‐year‐old, neutered female, mixed‐breed dog with chronic lymphocytic leukemia associated with an IgM monoclonal gammopathy. The spurious hyperphosphatemia was probably caused by paraprotein precipitation which interfered with the ASTRA 8 automated analyzer measurements. Serial dilutions of the sample did not change the phosphorus value. Another analyzer system in which a protein‐free sample was prepared prior to analysis gave a normal serum phosphorus concentration. There was a linear relationship between the amount of paraprotein and the measured total serum inorganic phosphate (r = 0.75). A review of 700 chemistry profiles from dogs and cats and a review of 36 cases with polyclonal gammopathy and 6 cases with monoclonal gammopathy did not reveal other cases of spurious hyperphosphatemia.
Comparison of Techniques for Quantifying Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzymes in Canine Serum
Authors: Mahaffey Edward A. , Lago Merrill P.
Published: February 2009

Three methods for quantifying the steroid‐induced and liver isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase in canine serum were compared on a group of 29 canine serum samples with increased total alkaline phosphatase activity. Levamisole inhibition, heat inactivation, and affinity electrophoresis with densitometry yielded results that correlated strongly. The relationship between levamisole inhibition and heat inactivation test values was a simple linear one, whereas the relationship between their values and those of electrophoresis was better fitted to an exponential model. The levamisole inhibition and heat inactivation tests provided essentially the same information regarding the relative proportions of steroid‐induced and hepatic isoenzymes in canine serum; either test was judged practical for routine clinical application.
Bile Pigments in Fishes: A Review
Authors: Cornelius Charles E.
Published: February 2009

Gallbladder (GB) bile of most cyclostomes, elasmobranchs, and teleosts contains appreciable amounts of biliverdin (BV) and bilirubin (BR) conjugates with lesser amounts of unconjugated BR in certain species. Certain elasmobranch and teleost species have been reported to have primarily BV or BR in bile. The appearance of the enzyme BV reductase, which converts BV to BR in mammals, evolved quite early in the evolution of vertebrate species; however, exceptions exist in certain fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals whose bile contains primarily BV. Nearly all analytical studies on bile pigment composition in fishes to date have utilized only GB bile, which may or may not always be representative of the pigments excreted in freshly collected hepatic duct bile. The concentration of BV and BR in GB bile of fishes increases markedly during prolonged fasts. From the limited data currently available, there appears to be no systematic development from primitive to advanced forms in the appearance of certain bile pigments in fishes. While bile of most aquatic species contains appreciable amounts of both BV and BR, it is interesting that the bile of most terrestrial avian and reptilian forms contains primarily BV.

The serum of fishes, except for certain bony species such as eels (Anguilleformes) and cottids (Scorpaeniformes), is a light yellow color due to the presence of BR and is similar to that observed in higher vertebrates. Serum from certain eels and cottids is bluish green in color due to the presence of a variety of chromoproteins that contain BV firmly bound as the prosthetic group.
Adaptation of an Automated Assay for Determination of β‐Hydroxybutyrate in Dogs Using a Random Access Analyzer
Authors: Christopher Mary M. , Periera Jacqueline L. , Brigmon Robin L.
Published: February 2009

An automated method for measuring β‐hydroxybutyrate was adapted to the Ciba‐Corning 550 Express™ random access analyzer. The assay was based on a kinetic reaction utilizing hydroxybutyrate‐dehydrogenase. β‐hydroxybutyrate concentration (mmol/L) was calculated ratiometrically using a 1.0 mmol/L standard. Canine serum, plasma, and urine were used without prior deproteinization and only a 30‐μl sample was required. The method demonstrated good linearity between 0 to 2 mmol/L of β‐hydroxybutyrate. Analytical recovery (accuracy) within these concentrations ranged from 85.8 to 113.3%. Both within‐run and day‐to‐day precision were determined, as was specificity of the assay in the presence of a variety of interfering substances. The automated assay was rapid and economical, with reagent stability maintained for at least 2 weeks at 4° C. This assay can readily be applied toward the assessment of ketoacidosis in dogs, and with further validation, other species.
Effects of Ketamine Hydrochloride on Serum Biochemical and Hematologic Variables in Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: BS J.S. Bennett , Gossett K.A. , McCarthy M.P. , Simpson E.D.
Published: February 2009

Serum biochemical and hematologic values were obtained from Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) before and 15 minutes after intramuscular injection with ketamine hydrochloride (5–10 mg/kg). A 345% increase in serum creatine kinase activity 15 minutes after ketamine administration was attributed to muscle damage caused by the injection. Decreases in erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, total leukocyte count, lymphocyte count, and the serum concentrations of glucose, total protein, albumin, and other serum analytes were all attributed to the reversal (by ketamine) of the excitement or “alarm reaction” associated with physical restraint. The decrease in circulating erythrocytes and lymphocytes indicated a redistribution of these cells from the circulating blood to the spleen and extravascular sites, respectively. Decreases in concentrations of total protein, albumin, and several other serum analytes suggested an influx of fluid into the vascular space. The decrease in glucose may also reflect the reversal of an epinephrine‐induced hyperglycemia in the excited awake monkey. These alterations should be considered when designing studies and interpreting data for Rhesus monkeys.
Serum Lipase Determination in the Dog: A Comparison of a Titrimetric Method With an Automated Kinetic Method
Authors: Walter Gail L. , McGraw Pamela , Tvedten Harold W.
Published: February 2009

An enzymatic, kinetic method for determining serum lipase activity was evaluated and compared to a standard manual method for use in dogs. The kinetic method was a commercial kit adapted for use on a tandem access clinical chemistry analyzer and utilized a series of coupled enzymatic reactions based on the hydrolysis of 1,2‐diglyceride by lipase. The manual method was the Cherry‐Crandall technique based on the titration of base against the acid formed by hydrolysis of an olive oil substrate by lipase. The correlation between the two methods was very good (r = 0.94). The reference range for 56 clinically healthy dogs assayed by the kinetic method was 90 to 527 U/L. Diseases associated with a greater than twofold elevation in serum lipase activity as determined by the kinetic method included pancreatitis, gastritis with liver disease, and oliguric renal failure with metabolic acidosis. In some cases, pancreatitis was seen with other clinical problems, such as gastroenteritis, diabetic ketoacidosis, duodenal mass, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and septic peritonitis. Diseases associated with serum lipase activity within the reference range or elevated less than twofold included gastritis, gastric ulcer, cholestasis, phenobarbital‐induced hepatopathy, colitis, copper hepatopathy, abdominal hematoma, apocrine gland adenocarcinoma, and thrombocytopenia with pneumonia.
Measurement of α‐Amylase Activity in Cat Plasma: Test of Specificity of a Chromogenic Substrate, Reference Values
Authors: Ouedraogo G. , Rico A.G. , Braun J.P.
Published: February 2009

Glucoamylase activity can interfere with the measurement of α‐amylase activity in cat plasma. This can be avoided by the use of “blocked” substrates such as 4,6‐O‐benzylidene‐4‐nitrophenyl‐α‐D‐maltoheptaoside. In 241 healthy cats, reference values were 586 ± 241 U/L (m ± standard deviation) at 30°C; age, sex, overnight fasting, and mild hemolysis had no significant effect.
Changes in Plasma Bile Acids, Plasma Amino Acids, and Hepatic Enzyme Pools as Indices of Functional Impairment in Liver‐Damaged Sheep
Authors: Sutherland R.J. , Deol H.S. , Hood P.J.
Published: February 2009

Plasma bile acids, plasma amino acids, and the total hepatic pools of aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyltransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and sorbitol dehydrogenase were compared in control sheep (Group 1), sheep with subclinical pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis (Group 2), and in sheep with acute hepatocellular necrosis associated with the hemolytic phase of chronic copper poisoning (Group 3).

Subclinical pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis was not associated with any changes in bile acid or amino acid status but was associated with a significant decline in the hepatic pools of sorbitol dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase. This observation could not be explained in terms of enzyme leakage from damaged hepatocytes and suggested that pyrrolizidine alkaloids might specifically inhibit hepatocellular enzyme synthesis.

Group 3 sheep also had reduced hepatic enzyme pools which were at least partly referable to enzyme leakage from damaged hepatocytes. In these sheep, increases in plasma bile acids were a more sensitive index of hepatic function than were either increased aromatic amino acid concentration or the ratio between branched chain and aromatic amino acids.
An Improved Ferritin Assay for Canine Sera
Authors: Andrews Gordon A. , Smith Joseph E. , Gray Mary , Chavey Patricia S. , Weeks Bradley R.
Published: February 2009

An improved serum ferritin assay for canine serum has been developed. It uses two monoclonal antibodies in a sandwich arrangement. Serum ferritin can be determined on undiluted canine sera with this assay. The recovery of ferritin added to canine serum ranged from 98 to 106%, the within‐assay coefficient of variability was 3.3 to 4.5%, and the assay‐to‐assay variability was 9.8 to 10.2%. Serum ferritin from 61 apparently healthy dogs had a geometric mean of 252 ng/ml, with a range of 80 ng/ml to 800 ng/ml.
Influence of Age, Sex, Capture Technique, and Restraint on Hematologic Measurements and Serum Chemistries of Wild California Sea Otters
Authors: Williams Thomas D. , Rebar Alan H. , Teclaw Robert F. , Yoos Paul E.
Published: February 2009

Hematologic and/or serum chemical analyses were done on a total of 27 non‐tranquilized adult and juvenile wild sea otters, 66 tranquilized adult and juvenile wild sea otters, and 26 wild sea otter pups. The median and inner 90 percentile range were determined for the adult, juvenile, and pup groups and for the following subgroups: adult male versus adult female, juvenile male versus juvenile female, pup male versus pup female, captured with dip net versus captured with Wilson trap, and tranquilized adults and juveniles versus non‐tranquilized adults and juveniles. When values for adults were compared to values for juveniles and pups, hematocrits, red blood cell counts, and hemoglobin levels were significantly lower in pups. This is consistent with documented findings in other species. White cell counts were also somewhat lower in younger animals. Among the subgroups, significantly higher hemoglobin levels, white cell counts and neutrophil counts were found in adult females than in adult males. This is in direct contrast to what is seen in other mammalian species and warrants further documentation. Method of capture and tranquilization did not appear to influence either hematologic or serum biochemical determinations from a clinical perspective.
Diagnosis of Histoplasmosis in a Dog by Cytologic Examination of CSF
Authors: Meadows Richard L. , MacWilliams Peter S. , Dzata Gladstone , Delauche Agnes J.
Published: February 2009

A mixed inflammatory cell pleocytosis was identified in a cytocentrifuged sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and diagnosis of histoplasmosis was made on the basis of finding Histoplasma capsulatum organisms within macrophages. This dog had disseminated histoplasmosis with multiple organ involvement including the central nervous system (CNS) and eye.
Mediastinal Schwannoma in a Horse ‐ Cytologic, Histologic, and Immunochemical Evaluation
Authors: Andreasen Claire B. , Hedstrom Olaf R. , Allison Patricia
Published: February 2009

A 31‐kg mediastinal mass from a 24‐year‐old horse is described. Cytologic imprints contained numerous spindle cells with indistinct cytoplasm and multiple foci of palisading nuclei. Histologic sections had these same characteristics and areas of central fibrillar material between palisading nuclei (Verocay bodies). Within histologic sections, spindle cell cytoplasm had positive immunoreactivity for vimentin and S‐100, whereas immunoreactivity was not detected for desmin and cytokeratin. Cytologic, histologic, and immunochemical evaluation confirmed a diagnosis of solitary schwannoma.
Carcinoma in the Urinary Bladder of a Cat: Cytologic Findings and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Walker Dana B. , Cowell Rick L. , Clinkenbeard Kenneth D. , Turgai John
Published: February 2009

Percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) was used to diagnose a urinary bladder carcinoma in an aged cat. The cytologic appearance of specimens collected initially was similar to that reported for canine transitional cell carcinoma. However, impression smears of the tumor made at necropsy 7 weeks later consisted predominantly of atypical squamous epithelial cells compatible with squamous cell carcinoma. Histologically, the malignancy was noted to have intermixed areas of abnormal squamous and transitional cell proliferation. The neoplasia was interpreted as a transitional cell carcinoma with extensive transformation to squamous cell carcinoma. This report examines the use and limitations of FNAB in the diagnosis of feline urinary bladder carcinoma and the incidence and behavior of these tumors in the cat.
Chylothorax Associated With Cryptococcal Mediastinal Granuloma in a Cat
Authors: Meadows Richard L. , MacWilliams Peter S. , Dzata Gladstone , Meinen Jeffrey
Published: February 2009

A 10‐year‐old neutered female cat had chylothorax, precaval syndrome, and a mediastinal granuloma resulting from infection with Cryptococcus neoformans. Diagnosis of a chylous effusion was made by cytologic examination of pleural fluid and by finding higher triglyceride levels in the effusion than in serum (825 vs. 64 mg/dl, respectively). Postmortem examination revealed cryptococcal organisms in the mediastinal granuloma, lungs, cerebral meninges, and connective tissues adjacent to the thyroid gland. Chylous effusion in a cat associated with cryptococcosis has not been reported previously. Cryptococcosis should be included in the differential diagnosis in chylous effusions in cats.
Evaluation of Bone Marrow Cytology and Stainable Iron Content in Healthy Adult Llamas
Authors: Andreasen Claire B. , Gerros Terry C. , Lassen E. Duane
Published: February 2009

Complete blood counts and sternal bone marrow aspirates were obtained from healthy adult llamas ranging in age from 2.5 to 8.4 years. Megakaryocyte numbers and erythroid and myeloid series maturation and morphology appeared similar to other mammalian species. The particles contained 50 to 75% marrow cells with the remainder composed of lipocytes and stromal cells. In samples with numerous particles and adequate cellularity, M/E ratios ranged from 0.9 to 2.9. Samples with higher white blood cell counts and fewer particles had higher M/E ratios. Eosinophils comprised 14.3% of the myeloid series which is higher than other domestic mammals. Hemosiderin granules were numerous in marrow particles.
A Study of Manatee Leukocytes Using Peroxidase Stain
Authors: Kiehl A.R. , Schiller C.A.
Published: February 2009

Leukocytes of the manatee, dog, cat, horse, rabbit, bird, and human were stained with modified Wright‐Giemsa stain and myeloperoxidase stain. The predominant segmented leukocyte of the manatee stained positive for myeloperoxidase in a manner similar to the human, dog, cat, and horse neutrophil. Rabbit and bird heterophils stained unlike the manatee predominant leukocyte with myeloperoxidase stain. Eosinophils of all species examined also stained differently from the predominant manatee leukocyte. We conclude that the predominant segmented cell type of the manatee is not biochemically similar to the heterophil of the bird and rabbit or to the eosinophil of the human, dog, cat, horse, bird, and rabbit
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzymes in the Serum of Hyperthyroid Cats
Authors: Horney Barbara S. , Farmer Andrea J. , Honor David J. , MacKenzie Allan , Burton Shelley
Published: February 2009

Cats with hyperthyroidism [(increased serum thyroxine (T4)] commonly have increased serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in addition to other serum biochemical abnormalities. Serum biochemical profiles were obtained from 10 hyperthyroid cats which had increased serum ALP. Agarose gel electrophoresis of serum from these cats was performed and stained for alkaline phosphatase activity. Alkaline phosphatase activity was calculated for each of the separate bands obtained, and the results were compared to those of tissue extracts, serum from normal cats, and serum from normothyroid cats with increased serum ALP activity. The hyperthyroid cats had increased ALP activity in bands corresponding to isoenzymes originating in the liver, bone, and an unidentified tissue source.
Ion‐Exchange Microchromatography and Thiobarbituric Acid Colorimetry for the Measurement of Canine Glycated Hemoglobins
Authors: Hooghuis H. , Rodriguez M. , Castaño M.
Published: February 2009

Nonenzymatic glycation of hemoglobin is a slow, continuous, and irreversible process which takes place during the whole lifespan of the erythrocyte. When hemolytic diseases are ruled out, the levels of glycated hemoglobins reflect the time‐averaged serum glucose concentration for the preceding weeks. Canine hemoglobin also binds physiologically to intraerythrocytic glucose to form a glycated fraction which provides information on the animal's long‐term glycemic status. This study describes an overall evaluation of ion‐exchange microchromatography and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) colorimetry for the measurement of canine glycated hemoglobins. The intra‐ and inter‐assay coefficients of variation (CVs) found were less than 5% in normal and diabetic canine samples, and both assays proved linear over the analytical range tested, which was wide enough to include the expected clinical values. Under our laboratory's conditions, the reference range for HbA1was 5.82 ± 0.62% and% and for HbA1c was 2.35 ± 0.47%. Sample stability was lower using the ion‐exchange procedure, with increases in HbA1observed after 4 days in whole blood and hemolysates stored at room temperature, after 12 days in whole blood stored at 4d̀C, and after 7 days in hemolysates stored at 4d̀C and ‐20d̀C. In the case of TBA colorimetry, whole blood was stable for at least 21 days at room temperature and at 4d̀C, and hemolysates were stable for 18 days at room temperature, at least 21 days at 4d̀C, and up to 3 months at ‐20d̀C.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia With Basophilic Differentiation (AML, M‐2B) in a Cat
Authors: Bounous Denise I. , Latimer Kenneth S. , Campagnoli Raymond P. , Hynes Paul F.
Published: February 2009

A 4‐year‐old, neutered male Domestic Shorthair cat with a history of depression, anorexia, and weight loss was diagnosed with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). The cat tested positive by both the feline immunodeficiency virus antibody test and feline leukemia virus enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay test. Results of cytochemical stains on peripheral blood and bone marrow specimens indicated acute myeloid leukemia with unusual basophilic differentiation (AML, M‐2B).
Detection of Serum Alpha‐Fetoprotein in Dogs With Naturally Occurring Malignant Neoplasia
Authors: Hahn Kevin A. , Richardson Ralph C.
Published: February 2009

Serum α‐fetoprotein (AFP) concentrations were determined, by use of an automated microparticle enzyme‐linked immunoassay (MEIA), in 16 control dogs and 48 dogs with previously untreated, histologically confirmed, naturally occurring neoplasia (17 dogs with lymphoma and 31 dogs with nonhematopoietic malignancies; 13 dogs with carcinomas, 18 dogs with sarcomas). Mean serum AFP concentrations for untreated dogs with lymphoma, for dogs with sarcomas, and for dogs with carcinomas were not significantly different from the mean serum AFP concentration for the 16 untreated control dogs. Mean serum AFP concentration for dogs with transitional cell carcinoma (n = 7) was not significantly different from the mean serum AFP concentration for the control dogs. It has been shown previously by others that a mean serum AFP concentration < 225 ng/mL is suggestive of a hepatic malignancy (e.g., hepatocellular carcinoma, lymphoma). In our study, all 48 dogs had a normal complete blood count, serum biochemical analysis, and urinalysis. Only one of the 48 dogs was found to have a serum AFP concentration < 225 ng/mL. Later evaluation of this dog confirmed hepatic involvement with lymphoma. AFP can be detected in the serum of dogs with naturally occurring tumors using the MEIA technique. A serum AFP concentration above that observed in normal dogs is not a common finding in dogs with naturally occurring neoplasia; however, we confirmed that a serum AFP concentration > 225 ng/mL, with or without evidence of a serum biochemical abnormality, may suggest primary and/or secondary hepatic involvement with a neoplastic disease and may warrant an adjustment in clinical stage and prognosis. A prospective diagnostic and therapeutic evaluation of dogs with naturally occurring tumors having an elevated serum AFP concentration would determine the validity of this conclusion.
Clinical Hematology Practices at Veterinary Teaching Hospitals and Private Diagnostic Laboratories
Authors: Gaunt Stephen D. , Prescott‐Mathews Judith S. , King William W. , Scholl Daniel T.
Published: February 2009

The clinical hematology practices utilized at veterinary teaching hospitals and private veterinary diagnostic laboratories were surveyed using a questionnaire. The hematology caseload at private diagnostic laboratories was larger, and comprised predominantly of canine and feline submissions. The Coulter S Plus IV and Serono Baker 9000 were the hematology analyzers used most frequently at veterinary medical laboratories. The Abbott Cell‐Dyn 3500, a multispecies analyzer capable of leukocyte differential counting, was utilized more by private laboratories. Commercial hematology control reagents were used at all laboratories; teaching hospital laboratories more often used reagents supplied by the manufacturer of the analyzer. A greater percentage of private diagnostic laboratories participated in the external quality assurance programs offered by Veterinary Laboratory Association and College of American Pathologists. While private diagnostic laboratories retained the EDTA blood specimens longer after initial testing, the teaching hospital laboratories retained blood smears and complete blood count reports longer. The complete blood count reports at veterinary teaching laboratories more often included red blood cell volume distribution width, mean platelet volume, manual hematocrit, plasma protein, and leukocyte differentials as absolute concentrations. The laboratory practices utilized by these veterinary medical laboratories were generally similar, and differences were attributed to divergent emphasis on economic accountability and clinical investigation.
Factor VIII Activity in Canine von Willebrand Disease
Authors: Stokol T. , Parry B.W. , Mansell P.D.
Published: February 2009

This study was conducted to determine the relationship between factor VIII (FVIII) activity and von Willebrand factor antigen (vWf:Ag) concentration in canine von Willebrand Disease (vWD). In addition, the clinical utility of measuring FVIII activity in vWD was assessed. This was performed by the concurrent analysis of both FVIII activity and vWf:Ag concentration in three breeds of dogs, namely Dobermans (n = 183), Scottish Terriers (n = 169), and Labrador Retrievers (n = 146). In the three breeds tested, linear regression analysis illustrated a positive relationship between FVIII activity and vWf:Ag concentration. This was reaffirmed in the Doberman and Scottish Terrier breeds, in which dogs with vWf:Ag concentrations > 50 CU/dL (“carriers”) had lower median FVIII activities than dogs with vWf:Ag concentrations > 70 CU/dL (“normals”). The determination of various FVIII “cut‐off” values was a poor test to separate Dobermans with and without clinical signs of hemorrhage attributable to vWD. In addition, the occurrence of hemorrhage in Dobermans with vWf:Ag concentrations > 50 CU/dL was not influenced by the FVIII activity. Various tests were performed to determine if the measurement of FVIII activity aided in the identification of “carriers” of the vWD gene in the Doberman and Scottish Terrier breeds. These included the use of optimal FVIII “cut‐off” values for each breed and a FVIII “cut‐off” value of 55 CU/dL; FVIII/vWf:Ag ratios and FVIII/vWf:Ag ratio “cut‐off” values; and linear regression analysis of vWf:Ag concentration against FVIII activity. Of all these tests, only the determination of FVIII/vWf:Ag ratios appeared to have promise for “carrier” detection. The data in the present study indicated that routine FVIII assessment in vWD is not warranted; however, measurement of FVIII activity may be of use in confirming the “carrier” status of vWD.
A Review of Antimicrobial Peptides: Defensins and Related Cationic Peptides
Authors: Evans Ellen W. , Harmon Barry G.
Published: February 2009

Cationic antimicrobial peptides are present throughout the plant and animal kingdoms and bear striking structural and functional similarities across species lines. They provide primitive, nonspecific means of combating a variety of bacteria, fungi, enveloped viruses, and protozoa. Some are also cytotoxic against host cells, including neoplastic cells. Cationic antimicrobial peptides may play various roles in inflammation and tissue repair. Antimicrobial peptides are found in epithelial tissues regularly exposed to microbial attack as well as in cells whose primary function is defense against potential pathogens. They constitute an important part of the nonoxidative antimicrobial arsenal of leukocytes. They are preformed and/or readily synthesized when the cells are stimulated by exposure to pathogens. They exert their effects directly by inserting into membranes of target cells and forming ion channels which increase membrane permeability; however, antimicrobial peptides can also act as opsonins to facilitate phagocytosis. Resistance to defensins is a virulence factor for organisms such as Salmonella sp. The study of cationic antimicrobial peptides is increasing our understanding of innate immunity, inflammation, and the pathogenesis of genetic diseases such as specific granule disease in humans. Therapeutic applications of antimicrobial peptides are currently under investigation.
Comparison of Two Dry Chemistry Analyzers and a Wet Chemistry Analyzer Using Canine Serum
Authors: Lanevschi Anne , Kramer John W.
Published: February 2009

Canine serum was used to compare seven chemistry analytes on two tabletop clinical dry chemistry analyzers, Boehringer's Reflotron and Kodak's Ektachem. Results were compared to those obtained on a wet chemistry reference analyzer, Roche Diagnostic's Cobas Mira. Analytes measured were urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), cholesterol, and bilirubin. Nine to 12 canine sera with values in the low, normal, and high range were evaluated. The correlations were acceptable for all comparisons with correlation coefficients greater than 0.98 for all analytes. Regression analysis resulted in significant differences for both tabletop analyzers when compared to the reference analyzer for cholesterol and bilirubin, and for glucose and AST on the Kodak Ektachem. Differences appeared to result from proportional systematic error occurring at high analyte concentrations.
Extreme Eosinophilia With Disseminated Eosinophilic Granulomatous Disease in a Horse
Authors: Latimer Kenneth S. , Bounous Denise I. , Collatos Chrysann , Carmichael K. Paige , Howerth Elizabeth W.
Published: February 2009

Extreme eosinophilia with disseminated eosinophilic granulomatous disease is described in a 4‐year‐old Arabian mare. Clinical signs included weight loss, coughing, jugular distention, and ventral edema. Cutaneous lesions were not observed. Eosinophilic inflammation was observed in cytologic specimens from the respiratory tract, body cavities, and lymph nodes. At necropsy, a 20‐cm diameter intrathoracic mass was observed. Smaller nodules were present in the lymph nodes, liver, spleen, adrenal glands, pancreas, and skeletal muscle. Histologically, these masses and nodules were characterized by infiltrates of eosinophils, macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells; reactive fibroplasia; and multifocal eosinophilic coagula. Microscopically, mild eosinophilic infiltrates were observed in sections of stomach, small intestine, colon, and pleura; however, gross lesions were not observed in these tissues at necropsy. The etiology of the extreme eosinophilia and disseminated eosinophilic granulomatous disease in this horse was not determined.
Measurement of Serum Haptoglobin in Neonatal Farm‐Raised and Bob Veal Calves Using Two Immunoassay Methods
Authors: Gray Mary L. , Young Colin , Stanker Larry H. , Bounous Denise I.
Published: February 2009

Two immunoassays using an anti‐bovine haptoglobin monoclonal antibody, Hap 1, were used to measure serum haptoglobin levels in neonatal farm‐raised and bob veal calves. Bob veal calves were grouped into condemned, normal, and icteric groups based on the appearance of the carcass and viscera at postmortem examination. The competitive inhibition assay was more sensitive than the direct hemoglobin binding assay in detecting low levels of haptoglobin in all groups of calves. A significant number of bob veal calves with gross postmortem lesions other than icterus had detectable haptoglobin levels. The low levels of haptoglobin that were detected were not useful in distinguishing the relative severity of the inflammatory or degenerative process; however, the predictive values of a positive and negative test suggest haptoglobin measurement may be useful as a supplemental tool in evaluating the health status of the neonatal calf.
The Potential Use of Plasma Glutamate Dehydrogenase Activity for the Evaluation of Hepatic Disease in the Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus)
Authors: Battison Andrea L. , Buczkowski Susan , Archer F. Joy
Published: February 2009

A reference interval for plasma glutamate dehydrogenase (GD) (E.C. 1.4.1.3) activity, of 0–8 IU/L, was established for the cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus). An automated modification of a commercial manual assay was used. This enzyme is considered liver specific in humans and numerous domestic animals, due to its organ distribution. A similar distribution was found in cockatiels in this study. Maximal enzyme activity was recovered from liver and kidney homogenate supernatants. Minimal activity was detected in skeletal muscle preparations. These results suggest a potential use for plasma GD activity in the evaluation of hepatocelluar injury/necrosis in cockatiels.
Comparative Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism
Authors: Bauer John E.
Published: February 2009

This review summarizes a number of recent reports in several areas of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Absorption of dietary lipids, cholesterol synthesis, and biliary cholesterol metabolism are mentioned only briefly to be complete. Comparative aspects of lipoprotein metabolism, however, are detailed in an effort to integrate the myriad metabolic events which characterize these important lipid transport particles. Where comparative information is known, those aspects of lipoprotein metabolism that may be protective against atherogenesis in certain mammalian species are also described. Efforts to understand atherogenic resistance comparatively in animals lends a better understanding of the metabolic events leading to coronary artery disease in humans. They also provide an important basis for understanding lipid metabolism in numerous veterinary species.
Hematology and Clinical Chemistry Values of Normal and Euthymic Hairless Adult Male Dunkin‐Hartley Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus)
Authors: Waner Trevor , Avidar Yaakov , Peh Huo‐Chang , Zass Rosa , Bogin Eitan
Published: February 2009

Hematology and serum chemistry measurements were performed on blood specimens from 12 male Dunkin‐Hartley hairless guinea pigs Crl:IAF(HA)BR and 10 haired Dunkin‐Hartley male guinea pigs Crl:(HA)BR. Significantly higher activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, amylase, and creatine kinase were observed in the hairless guinea pigs as compared to the haired strain. Alkaline phosphatase activity was found to be lower in the hairless guinea pig. The hairless guinea pigs were found to have serum urea concentrations approximately 46% higher than the normal guinea pig strain. The erythrocytic mean cell volume of the hairless strain was found to be smaller, with a greater hemoglobin content. Hairless guinea pigs were found to have approximately 40% fewer leukocytes with a reversed lymphocyte:neutrophil ratio compared to the haired guinea pigs which had much higher lymphocyte counts.
Serum Lipase Activity in Young Dogs With Acute Enteritis or Gastroenteritis
Authors: Rallis Tim S. , Koutinas Alexander F. , Kritsepi Maria G. , Moraitou Katerina T.
Published: February 2009

Blood serum lipase activity was determined in 48 young dogs with acute enteritis or gastroenteritis due to canine parvovirus (16 cases) and presumably to other infectious agents (32 cases). Elevated serum lipase activity (> 500 U/L) was found in 13 dogs (27.1%) with values ranging from 800 to 2,780 U/L. The hyperlipasemia of these cases may be attributed to acute pancreatitis secondary to acute gastroenteritis or to gastrointestinal upset.
Blood Precipitate Associated With Intra‐Abdominal Carboxymethylcellulose Administration
Authors: Burkhard Mary Jo , Baxter Gary , Thrall Mary Anna
Published: February 2009

A precipitate was observed on the blood films of horses (15 of 16) and one cow given a peritoneal infusion of 1% sodium carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC) solution to prevent abdominal adhesions. The intensity of the precipitate seen 2 to 3 days post‐infusion strongly correlated with the administered dose of SCMC (range 0.96 to 11.7 ml/kg). The dose given was inversely correlated with bodyweight and the most prominent precipitates were seen in foals. The precipitate was observed as early as 24 hours and persisted for as long as 9 days after SCMC administration. Fibrinogen was the only hematological or biochemical parameter consistently abnormal in horses receiving SCMC; mild increases (500 to 700 mg/dl) were noted in 11/16 cases but did not correlate with SCMC administration.
Validation of Human Haptoglobin Immunoturbidimetric Assay for Detection of Haptoglobin in Equine and Canine Serum and Plasma
Authors: Wiedmeyer Charles E. , Solter Philip F.
Published: February 2009

The Incstar® SPQ II human haptoglobin (Hpt) (Incstar Corporation, Stillwater, MN) immunoturbidimetric assay was validated for the determination of serum and plasma Hpt concentrations in dogs and horses. The anti‐human Hpt antiserum supplied with the assay, displayed monospecificity to both dog and horse serum Hpt by immunoelectrophoresis and Western blotting techniques. The automated immunoturbidimetric assay results correlated well with the cyanmethemoglobin binding assay (r = 0.953 for canine serum and r = 0.941 for equine serum), and had excellent precision at both high and low serum Hpt concentrations (within run and between run coefficients of variation near or less than 5%). The assay was linear in both species by serial dilution of pooled‐high serum with pooled‐low serum, saline and with Hpt‐free serum. Interference from hemolysis (< 25 mg/dl hemoglobin) and lipemia greater than 100 mg/dl caused a false decrease and false increase respectively in Hpt yield with the immunoturbidimetric assay. The anti‐Hpt antibody supplied with the assay kit, once diluted with polymer diluent and stored at 4°C, was stable for up to 6 days and gave consistent results.
Hematologic Changes Associated With Weekly Low‐Dose Cisplatin Administration in Dogs
Authors: Hahn Kevin A. , Frazier Donita L. , Nolan Marie L. , Rohrbach Barton W. , Legendre Alfred M.
Published: February 2009

This study prospectively describes the systemic toxicity of cisplatin (20 mg/m2, IV) when given in weekly doses prior to localized irradiation in dogs with solid malignancies. Eleven dogs received a total of 54 weekly doses of cisplatin. Two dogs did not complete the 5‐week protocol due to progressive disease and two dogs received 6 weekly doses of cisplatin. Repeated administration of cisplatin caused a significant decline in the leukocyte count, segmented neutrophil count, and platelet count. These changes were related to the number of cisplatin doses. The dogs did not have any significant alteration of blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, or urine specific gravity during the treatment period. Weekly low‐dose cisplatin, as used in this study, is safe for use in tumor‐bearing dogs. However, the significant decline in the leukocyte, segmented neutrophil, and platelet counts in these 11 dogs suggest that cisplatin prescribed at 20 mg/m2 IV once per week should not exceed five consecutive treatments.
Peritoneal Fluid Values and Collection Technique in Young, Normal Calves
Authors: Burton Shelley , Lofstedt Jeanne , Webster Steve
Published: February 2009

Peritoneal fluid from 10 healthy young male Holstein calves was analyzed three times (2 to 3 days, 12 to 15 days and 27 to 30 days) during the first month of life. A new technique for collection of peritoneal fluid from calves positioned in left lateral recumbency was developed. The technique was found to be reliable and without noticeable complications. Mean peritoneal fluid nucleated cell counts, red blood cell counts, and absolute counts for mononuclear cells, lymphocytes and eosinophils did not change significantly (P ≤ 0.05) over the first month of life. Mean peritoneal fluid protein concentrations were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher at the earliest sampling period compared to the latter two sampling times. The mean absolute neutrophil count in peritoneal fluid at the final sampling time was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher than in the earlier two sampling times. These changes were considered to be of equivocal importance. There was no significant (P ≤ 0.05) correlation between the calves' white blood cell counts and peritoneal fluid nucleated cell counts, or between absolute counts of similar cell types in peripheral blood and peritoneal fluid. Peritoneal fluid from the young calves in the present study had higher mean total nucleated cell counts and lower protein concentrations when compared non‐statistically to peritoneal fluid values reported in the literature for older calves and mature pregnant cattle. The young calves also had lower mean absolute eosinophil counts and higher mean absolute neutrophil cell counts than those previously reported for older calves and mature cattle. It was concluded that use of data for peritoneal fluid values in older calves or mature cattle may be inappropriate for evaluating peritoneal fluid from younger calves.
Leukocyte Changes in Diseased Non‐Domestic Birds
Authors: Bienzle Dorothee , Pare Jean A. , Smith Dale A.
Published: February 2009

Abnormal complete blood counts on four birds of prey, three waterfowl, and one pigeon are reported. Heterophil counts exceeding 100 × 10×/L were seen in each group of birds, and were associated with chronic infections. Heteropenia with left shift and toxicity was an indicator of poor prognosis, and occurred with terminal disseminated mycotic infection in birds of prey, and disseminated bacterial infection in the other avian patients. Morphologic criteria indicating immaturity and toxicity appeared more important for determining outcome than the magnitude of the heterophilia, and high heterophil counts did not preclude overwhelming fatal infection. Monocytosis occurred in only one bird of prey with a mycotic infection. Criteria similar to those applied to mammalian leukograms appear to correlate with prognosis in avian patients.
Clinical Evaluation of a Leukocyte Esterase Test‐Strip for Detection of Feline Pyuria
Authors: Holan Kathleen M. , Kruger John M. , Gibbons Suzanne N. , Swenson Cheryl L.
Published: February 2009

Commercial macroscopic test‐strips (dipsticks) that indirectly detect urine leukocytes by quantifying leukocyte esterase (LE) activity have been advocated as a simple, rapid, and inexpensive alternative to microscopic examination for detection of significant pyuria in urine specimens. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of a commercial LE test‐strip for detection of feline pyuria. Two hundred and thirteen consecutive urine specimens were collected from 188 different feline patients and analyzed for LE activity with a LE test‐strip (Multistix 2 Reagent Strips:Ames Division, Bayer Corp., Elkhart, IN). Results of the LE test‐strip were compared with those of standard urine biochemical and microscopic sediment evaluations. Compared with urine sediment leukocyte counts, the LE test‐strip had a sensitivity of 77%, a specificity of 34%, positive and negative predictive values of 14 and 91% respectively, and an overall test efficiency of 39%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis did not reveal significant associations between pyuria (>5 WBC/hpf) and a positive LE test‐strip reaction; however, hematuria, lipiduria, increasing age, and decreasing urine specific gravity were associated with a significantly increased risk for positive LE test‐strip reactions. We conclude that the LE test‐strip evaluated in this study is highly nonspecific for detection of significant pyuria in feline urine specimens and should not replace routine microscopic urine sediment examination in this species.
Evaluation of a Hematology Analyzer With Canine and Feline Blood
Authors: Pastor Josep , Cuenca Rafaela , Velarde Roser , Viñas Lluis , Lavin Santiago
Published: February 2009

A semiautomatic electronic blood cell counter (Sysmex F‐800: Toa Medical Electronics Europa Gmbh, Hamburg, Germany) was evaluated using canine and feline blood, following the International Committee for Standardization in Hematology protocol (ICSH, 1984). Precision and overall reproducibility were acceptable for all the parameters studied except for the feline platelet count, in which overlapping of erythrocyte and platelet populations prohibited determination of an accurate platelet count. Since carry‐over from canine hematocrit values and platelet counts and from feline hematocrit values was unsatisfactory, the use of a blank diluent sample between different analyses was necessary. Linearity of the analyzer was acceptable in the studied range. Thirty canine and feline blood samples were analyzed using the Sysmex F‐800 and a manual method. Correlations between both methods were acceptable for all the parameters, except for feline platelet count and erythrocyte indices for both species. In the storage study, red blood cell count and hemoglobin concentration were the parameters with the longest stability (72 hours at 4°C and 25°C) in both species. A statistically significant increase in MCV was obtained at 12 hours post‐extraction in canine samples stored at 25°C and at 24 hours in refrigerated samples. Feline leucocyte counts showed a downward trend at 12 hours post‐extraction at both temperatures. Canine platelet count decreased significantly at 6 hours post‐extraction in samples stored at 4°C. During the evaluation period, Sysmex F‐800 was user friendly and appeared well suited for routine canine and feline blood cell analysis.