bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Old Dog with New Tricks – Additions to the Cesium Lithium Chloride System: Cs3Li2Cl5 and the Hydrated Cs3LiCl4·4H2O
Authors: Ortner Teresa S. , Scheifers Jan P. , Flores Justin , Zhang Yuemei , Iyer Abishek K. , Gesing Thorsten M. , Fokwa Boniface P. T.
Published: July 2019

The CsCl/LiCl system has been studied for over a century now. Numerous phases have been predicted – only three have hitherto been found. We present the synthesis and single‐crystal structure of the cesium lithium pentachloride Cs3Li2Cl5, predicted earlier but with a different structure. The anhydrous new phase readily reacts to Cs3LiCl4·4H2O in air. The tetrahydrate can also be obtained through the simplest, most inexpensive and green synthesis possible: an immediate, room‐temperature mechanosynthesis from only CsCl and LiCl (3:1) in air. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), as well as in situ temperature‐dependent powder X‐ray diffraction studies on this second ever reported ternary alkali chloride hydrate allowed for a revision of the CsCl/LiCl phase diagram. Density of states and total energy calculations further elucidate the new alkali chlorides and update the relative stability of previous structure predictions.
Jurassic sediments geochemical constraints on provenance, weathering process, and palaeoclimate variation of the north margin of Qaidam Basin, north‐eastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Hu Junjie , Ma Yinsheng , Li Zongxing , Wu Yi , Gao Wanli , Peng Bo , Wei Xiaojie , Liu Dapeng
Published: July 2019

The Jurassic sequence in the northern Qaidam Basin can be represented by the lower coal‐bearing swamp‐lacustrine sediments unit and the upper reddish clastic deposits suite, which recorded dramatic transition of deposit environment changes. Whole‐rock geochemical data of this succession in Dameigou profile were used to reconstruct the provenance and chemical weathering history. Based on the major element discrimination diagrams, trace element ratios and chondritenormalized REE patterns, most sediments were derived from a similar source area with felsic‐intermediate rocks as dominant contributors. Multiple geochemical parameters and index displayed good correlation, via vertical variations sequence, Jurassic chemical weathering history of northern Qaidam Basin was established, and four stages were recognized from the profile. Phases I and III experienced intense chemical weathering, while Phases II and IV are characterized by mild to moderate chemical weathering. Based on this, long‐term Jurassic climatic evolution of the Qaidam Basin was reconstructed. Early‐middle period of Early Jurassic and middle period of Middle Jurassic developed warm and humid climate. On the contrary, late Early Jurassic‐early Middle Jurassic and late Middle Jurassic‐Late Jurassic was deposited under relatively semiarid to arid climatic conditions.
Linking resting‐state networks and social cognition in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
Authors: Jimenez Amy M. , Riedel Philipp , Lee Junghee , Reavis Eric A. , Green Michael F.
Published: July 2019

Individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder show alterations in functional neural connectivity during rest. However, resting‐state network (RSN) disruptions have not been systematically compared between the two disorders. Further, the impact of RSN disruptions on social cognition, a key determinant of functional outcome, has not been studied. Forty‐eight individuals with schizophrenia, 46 with bipolar disorder, and 48 healthy controls completed resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging. An atlas‐based approach was used to examine functional connectivity within nine RSNs across the cortex. RSN connectivity was assessed via nonparametric permutation testing, and associations with performance on emotion perception, mentalizing, and emotion management tasks were examined. Group differences were observed in the medial and lateral visual networks and the sensorimotor network. Individuals with schizophrenia demonstrated reduced connectivity relative to healthy controls in all three networks. Individuals with bipolar disorder demonstrated reduced connectivity relative to controls in the medial visual network and connectivity within this network was significantly positively correlated with emotion management. In healthy controls, connectivity within the medial and lateral visual networks positively correlated with mentalizing. No significant correlations were found for either visual network in schizophrenia. Results highlight the role of altered early visual processing in social cognitive deficits in both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. However, individuals with bipolar disorder appear to compensate for disrupted visual network connectivity on social cognitive tasks, whereas those with schizophrenia do not. The current study adds clarity on the neurophysiology underlying social cognitive deficits that result in impaired functioning in serious mental illness.
Density functional theory for molecular and periodic systems using density fitting and continuous fast multipole method: Stress tensor
Authors: Becker Martin , Sierka Marek
Published: July 2019

A full implementation of the analytical stress tensor for periodic systems is reported in the TURBOMOLE program package within the framework of Kohn–Sham density functional theory using Gaussian‐type orbitals as basis functions. It is the extension of the implementation of analytical energy gradients (Lazarski et al., Journal of Computational Chemistry 2016, 37, 2518–2526) to the stress tensor for the purpose of optimization of lattice vectors. Its key component is the efficient calculation of the Coulomb contribution by combining density fitting approximation and continuous fast multipole method. For the exchange‐correlation (XC) part the hierarchical numerical integration scheme (Burow and Sierka, Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation 2011, 7, 3097–3104) is extended to XC weight derivatives and stress tensor. The computational efficiency and favorable scaling behavior of the stress tensor implementation are demonstrated for various model systems. The overall computational effort for energy gradient and stress tensor for the largest systems investigated is shown to be at most two and a half times the computational effort for the Kohn–Sham matrix formation. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A dual‐function chemosensor based on coumarin for fluorescent turn‐on recognition of Hg2+ and colorimetric detection of Cu2+ in aqueous media
Authors: Xu Peipei , Liu Xiaonan , Zhao Xin , Zhu Weiju , Fang Min , Wu Zhenyu , Du Longchao , Li Cun
Published: July 2019

A novel coumarin derivative CTT was synthesized via the condensation of 7‐(N,N‐diethylamino) coumarin‐3‐aldehyde with 5‐amino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole‐2‐thiol and its structure was characterized using infrared spectroscopy (IR), 1H NMR, mass spectrometry (MS) techniques, and elemental analysis. The recognition properties of CTT with metal ions were investigated in CH3CN–H2O (v/v = 1/1) solution using UV–vis absorption and fluorescence emission spectrum method. The results showed that CTT could monitor Cu2+ and Hg2+ simultaneously as a dual‐function chemosensor in CH3CN–H2O (v/v = 1/1). CTT could be used to detect Cu2+ colorimetrically; when using CTT, a color change from yellowish‐brown to yellowish‐green could be readily observed by the naked eye. CTT showed turn‐on fluorescent recognition of Hg2+, the fluorescence enhancement was attributed to the inhibited C=N isomerization and the obstructed excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) of CTT. The recognition mechanism of CTT for Cu2+ and Hg2+ was studied by experiments and theoretical calculations, respectively. Therefore, CTT has the ability to be a “single chemosensor for dual targets.”
Wildfire severity: Environmental effects revealed by soil magnetic properties
Authors: Jordanova Neli , Jordanova Diana , Barrón Vidal
Published: July 2019

Strong wildfires pose significant damage to all soil qualities and lead to land degradation. The complex nature and properties of fire‐derived materials require multidisciplinary efforts for their reliable characterization. The main objective of our study was to evaluate the suitability of magnetic properties of fire‐affected soils as proxy parameters for wildfire severity and to relate magnetic signature of burnt soils to carbon and nitrogen contents as influenced by wildfires. We present mineral magnetic investigation of 22 sites with wildfire‐affected soils and 17 nonburnt soils from nearby locations. We employed measurements of magnetic susceptibility and anhysteretic remanence in combination with scanning and transmission electron microscopy observations on magnetic particles from burnt soils and ashes. Bulk soil and vegetation ash analyses of total carbon and nitrogen, organic carbon, and elemental content were carried out as well. We show that pyrogenic magnetic enhancement is restricted to the uppermost 0‐ to 2‐cm soil depth and can be used as a proxy for wildfire severity. Strong wildfires lead to the production of nanometer‐sized superparamagnetic magnetite and/or maghemite particles and smaller amount of single‐domain fraction. These strongly magnetic minerals have typical characteristics of high‐temperature combustion products with spherical shape and diameters between 0.1 and 2 μm. Fire‐affected soils show relative enrichment with phosphorous, manganese, and heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, and As) calculated with respect to soils from nonburnt nearby localities. Our results demonstrate the potential of environmental magnetic methods as an additional tool for assessment of wildfire severity and the content of main soil nutrients.
Private benefits extraction by the initial owner and the dynamic of ownership and control post‐initial public offering
Authors: Kriaa Rihab , Hamza Taher
Published: July 2019

We investigate the relation between the private benefits' extraction by the initial controlling shareholder and the likelihood of the change of control post‐initial public offering (IPO) in France. We find that (a) in a weak investor protection context, the initial controlling shareholder with high private benefits of control is less likely to relinquish control 5‐years post‐IPO. (b) The initial controlling shareholder extracts private benefits of control through high voting rights and when the founder is involved in control at IPO. (c) Family controlling shareholders are less likely to end up with change of control post‐IPO than nonfamily ones. Such behavior is more pronounced with substantial voting rights, when the founder is in control and when the founder or his heir is an executive director. High private benefits of control contribute therefore to foster the survival of the initial controlling shareholder post‐IPO. Our findings are robust even after using alternative proxies of private benefits of control and also after running a survival analysis.
In vivo measurements of irreversible and reversible transverse relaxation rates in human basal ganglia at 7 T: making inferences about the microscopic and mesoscopic structure of iron and calcification deposits
Authors: Balasubramanian Mukund , Polimeni Jonathan R. , Mulkern Robert V.
Published: July 2019

The goal of this study was to measure irreversible and reversible transverse relaxation rates in the globus pallidus and putamen at 7 T, and to use these rates to make inferences about the sub‐voxel structure of iron and calcification deposits.

Gradient Echo Sampling of a Spin Echo (GESSE) data were acquired at 7 T on eighteen volunteers spanning a large range of ages (23–85 years), with calcifications in the globus pallidus incidentally observed in one volunteer. Maps of transverse relaxation rates were derived from the GESSE data, and the mean value of these rates in globus pallidus and putamen was estimated for each volunteer.

Both irreversible and reversible transverse relaxation rates increased with the expected age‐dependent iron content in these structures, except for the individual with calcifications for whom extremely large reversible relaxation rates but normal irreversible relaxation rates were found in the globus pallidus.

Given the sensitivity of irreversible and reversible transverse relaxation rates to microscopic and mesoscopic field variations, respectively, our findings suggest that joint consideration of these rates may yield information not only about the amount of iron and calcification deposited in the brain, but also about the sub‐voxel structure of these deposits, perhaps revealing certain aspects of their geometry and cellular distribution.
Evaluating and providing quality health information for adolescents and young adults with cancer
Authors: Grace Jacqueline Gilberto , Schweers Lisl , Anazodo Antoinette , Freyer David R.
Published: July 2019

Adolescents and young adults (AYAs, 15‐39 years old) are an ideal population to benefit from the ever‐expanding number and variety of cancer information and health resources available via the Internet and other digital platforms. However, the ability of individual AYAs to fully utilize such resources depends on their degree of health literacy. Across the trajectory of cancer care, an important role for the oncology clinician is assisting AYAs and caregivers in accessing quality health information consistent with their level of health literacy. Working from the premise that all AYAs with cancer and their caregivers deserve to be empowered with maximal knowledge about their condition, this review provides information to assist oncology clinicians in (1) understanding the variety of contemporary online resources that are currently available, including their strengths and limitations; (2) evaluating the quality of health information; and (3) recommending specific health information resources to their AYA patients.
Combined and differential effects of alpha‐thalassemia and HbF‐quantitative trait loci in Senegalese hydroxyurea‐free children with sickle cell anemia
Authors: Gueye Tall Fatou , Martin Cyril , Ndour El Hadji Malick , Renoux Céline , Ly Indou Déme , Connes Philippe , Gueye Papa Madieye , Diallo Rokhaya Ndiaye , Diagne Ibrahima , Diop Pape Amadou , Cissé Aynina , Lopez Sall Philomène , Joly Philippe
Published: July 2019

Background

Our objective was to investigate the combined and differential effects of alpha‐thalassemia –3.7 kb deletion and HbF‐promoting quantitative trait loci (HbF‐QTL) in Senegalese hydroxyurea (HU)‐free children and young adults with sickle cell anemia (SCA).

Procedure

Steady‐state biological parameters and vaso‐occlusive crises (VOC) requiring emergency admission were recorded over a 2‐year period in 301 children with SCA. The age of the first hospitalized VOC was also recorded. These data were correlated with the alpha‐globin and HbF‐QTL genotypes. For the latter, three different genetic loci were studied (XmnI, rs7482144; BCL11A, rs1427407; and the HBS1L‐MYB region, rs28384513) and a composite score was calculated, ranging from zero (none of these three polymorphisms) to six (all three polymorphisms at the homozygous state).

Results

: A positive clinical impact of the HbF‐QTL score on VOC rate, HbF, leucocytes, and C‐reactive protein levels was observed only for patients without alpha‐thalassemia deletion. Conversely, combination of homozygous –3.7 kb deletion with three to six HbF‐QTL was associated with a higher VOC rate. The age of the first hospitalized VOC was delayed for patients with one or two alpha‐thalassemia deletions and at least two HbF‐QTL.

Conclusion

Alpha‐thalassemia –3.7 kb deletion and HbF‐QTL are modulating factors of SCA clinical severity that interact with each other. They should be studied and interpreted together and not separately, at least in HU‐free children.
Thermal, fire, and mechanical properties of solvent‐free processed BN/boehmite‐filled prepregs
Authors: Pawelski‐Hoell Christin , Bhagwat Sagar , Altstädt Volker
Published: July 2019

Within the scope of this research, platelet‐shaped hexagonal Boron Nitride (h‐BN) with a size of 2 and 12 μm, and oval‐shaped Boehmite (BT) with a size of 2 μm were incorporated in a glass fiber‐reinforced epoxy novolac matrix cured with a diamine‐based hardener. The effects of the platelet size (BN 2 and 12 μm) and filler nature (BT vs. BN) were correlated with the final thermal and fire‐related properties. The incorporation of the fillers shows that not only the thermal conductivity (σ) was increased from approximately 0.2 up to 1.04 W/mK (through‐plane) but also the flame retardancy was improved by using a hybrid combination. The time to ignition (tig) was increased by 48 s and the FIGRA value was decreased from 6.5 to 3.3 indicating a much lower fire hazard for the material. scanning electron microscopic micrographs of the laminate cross sections show that the fillers are distributed and oriented randomly in the fiber‐reinforced matrix, and also highlight the fiber wetting. Furthermore, the results show that the resulting 3D filler network and infiltration of the intratow regions is strongly dependent on lateral filler size and filler combination. With increasing the filler aspect ratio, the effect on thermal properties and filtration is more evident. Moreover, the hybrid combination of BN and Boehmite fillers has a strong effect on the network formation during processing, resulting in enhanced thermal and mechanical properties. A synergy was observed when using BN 12 μm in combination with Boehmite 2 μm as the larger platelets tend to assemble themselves in the intertow region (resin‐rich region) and the smaller particles infiltrate into the intratow regions. This leads to a formation of a thermal pathway throughout the glass fabric barrier. Considering the cost factor, the through‐plane (z‐direction) heat dissipation and the flame retardancy can be tailored by optimizing the size, aspect ratio/geometry, and nature of the fillers. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:1840–1852, 2019. © 2019 The Authors. Polymer Engineering & Science published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Plastics Engineers.
Application of the Concept of Lifetime‐Equivalent Defect Density in Defect Systems Comprising a Multitude of Defect Species
Authors: Herguth Axel
Published: July 2019

The specific injection dependence of either excess carrier lifetime or lifetime‐equivalent defect density generally allows for the identification of a single defect species and the analysis of its properties. However, the presence of a multitude of defect species noticeably complicates this endeavor. A temporally different activation/deactivation dynamic of different defect species, as encountered in the context of light‐induced degradation phenomena in crystalline silicon solar cells, in combination with the distinct injection dependence of specific defect species can help to distinguish the involved defect species. Within this simulation‐based contribution, it is shown how injection‐dependent information can be used to reveal the presence of a second defect species in the context of light‐induced degradation and to distinguish clearly whether the formation of deep‐level defects in the bulk or a deterioration in the surface passivation quality is responsible for an observed degradation of effective excess carrier lifetime.
Rapid detection and validated quantification of psychoactive compounds in complex plant matrices by direct analysis in real time‐high resolution mass spectrometry – Application to “Kava” psychoactive pepper products
Authors: Chambers Megan I. , Osborne Amy M. , Musah Rabi A.
Published: July 2019

Rationale

Classified by the UNODC as a top 20 plant of concern, Piper methysticum (also known as Kava) is being increasingly abused recreationally for its mind‐altering effects. It is of significant forensic relevance to establish methods to rapidly identifyand quantify psychoactive compounds, especially those yet to be scheduled ascontrolled substances and which have exhibited various noteworthy health concerns.

Methods

Direct analysis in real time high‐resolution mass spectrometry (DART‐HRMS) demonstrated the ability to detect a range of kavalactones in Pipermethysticum derived products and plant material with no sample preparation. Inaddition, a validated method using calibration curves developed with a deuteratedinternal standard was used for the quantification of the psychoactive moleculeyangonin in various products.

Results

DART‐HRMS detected the protonated masses of six major kavalactonesand three flavokavains in 18 commercial Kava products. A method consistent withFDA validation guidelines was established for the quantification of yangonin in thevarious complex matrices. Implementation of this method, with an LLOQ of 5 mg/mL, enabled successful quantification of yangonin in 16 Kava products.Concentrations for solid products ranged from 2.71 to 8.99 mg/g, while that forliquid products ranged from 1.03 to 4.59 mg/mL.

Conclusions

Rapid identification and quantification of psychoactive smallmolecules in plant material can be accomplished using a validated DART‐HRMSprotocol. This work illustrates an approach to qualitative and quantitative analysesof a wide variety of complex matrices derived from plants, and demonstrates thatthe commercially available products analyzed are P. methysticum derived and docontain psychoactive yangonin at quantifiable levels.
Implications of dissipativity, inverse optimal control, and stability margins for nonlinear stochastic feedback regulators
Authors: Haddad Wassim M. , Jin Xu
Published: July 2019

In this paper, we derive stability margins for optimal and inverse optimal stochastic feedback regulators. Specifically, gain, sector, and disk margin guarantees are obtained for nonlinear stochastic dynamical systems controlled by nonlinear optimal and inverse optimal Hamilton‐Jacobi‐Bellman controllers that minimize a nonlinear‐nonquadratic performance criterion with cross‐weighting terms. Furthermore, using the newly developed notion of stochastic dissipativity, we derive a return difference inequality to provide connections between stochastic dissipativity and optimality of nonlinear controllers for stochastic dynamical systems. In particular, using extended Kalman‐Yakubovich‐Popov conditions characterizing stochastic dissipativity, we show that our optimal feedback control law satisfies a return difference inequality predicated on the infinitesimal generator of a controlled Markov diffusion process if and only if the controller is stochastically dissipative with respect to a specific quadratic supply rate.
Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) Prepared by Metal‐Induced Reduction of Graphite Oxide: Improved Conductive Behavior of a Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/rGO Composite
Authors: Mallik Abul K. , Habib Md. Lawshan , Robel Fataha N. , Shahruzzaman Md. , Haque Papia , Rahman Mohammed Mizanur , Devanath Vasudevan , Martin Darren J. , Nanjundan Ashok Kumar , Yamauchi Yusuke , Takafuji Makoto , Ihara Hirotaka
Published: July 2019

An approach for preparing highly conductive poly(methyl methacrylate)–reduced graphene oxide (PMMA/rGO) composites by in situ polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer in the presence of iron metal induced deoxygenated rGO is reported. The obtained PMMA/rGO exhibited excellent electrical properties with a percolation threshold as low as 0.1 wt.% and electrical conductivity of 14 S/m at only 0.8 wt.% rGO loading. Moreover, with only 0.4 wt.% rGO content, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the prepared PMMA/rGO composite was enhanced by 16°C which corresponds to 17% improvement when compared to that of the neat PMMA. Furthermore, tensile strength increased by 26% as compared to that of the neat PMMA.
Thermodynamics and phase transitions of NUTty dyons
Authors: Bordo Alvaro Ballon , Gray Finnian , Kubizňák David
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Picking up the threads on a recent proposal [1], we show how to formulate consistent thermodynamics of Lorentzian Taub-NUT spacetimes in the presence of electric and magnetic charges. Namely, with an entropy identified with a quarter of the horizon area and no Misner time periodicity condition imposed, we show that a new pair of conjugate quantities can be introduced so that the NUT parameter can be independently varied and the corresponding first law and Smarr relation can be consistently formulated. Moreover, we show that (contrary to the statements in the literature) the electric and magnetic parameters need not be proportional to one another and a full cohomogeneity first law including variations of both charges can be written down, provided one charge is considered on the horizon and the other at infinity. The corresponding phase transitions are also briefly discussed.
On the Distribution of Free Waves on the Surface of a Viscoelastic Cylindrical Cavity
Authors: Teshaev Muhsin Khudoyberdiyevich , Safarov Ismoil Ibrohimovich , Kuldashov Nasriddin Urinovich , Ishmamatov Matlab Rahmatovich , Ruziev Tulkin Razzoqovich
Published: July 2019

Background

In this article, to the development of the theory and methods for calculating vibrations of dissipative mechanical systems consisting of solids, which include both deformable and non-deformable bodies is discussed. Theoretically, the problem in the mathematical aspect, there are not enough developed solution methods and algorithms for dissipative mechanical systems has not yet been posed. The problems of choosing a nucleus and its rheological parameters, their influence on the frequency and damping coefficient systems have not been studied

Purpose

The goal of the work is to formulate the statement, develop the solution methods and the algorithm for studying the problems of the dynamics of dissipative mechanical systems consisting of thin-walled plates (or shells) with attached masses and point development theory.

Methods

A method and algorithm for solving problems of eigen and forced vibrations of dissipative mechanical systems consisting of rigid and deformable bodies, based on the methods of Muller, Gauss, Laplace and Runge integral transform, are developed.

Results

To describe the dissipative properties of the system as a whole, the concept of a global damping coefficient (GDC) is introduced. In the case of a dissipatively homogeneous system of the GDC, it is determined by the imaginary part of the first modulo complex natural frequency. In the role of GDC in the case of a dissipatively inhomogeneous system, are the imaginary parts of both the first and second frequencies. Moreover, the “Change of Roles” occurs with the characteristic value of the stiffness coefficient of the deformable elements; the real parts of the first and second frequencies are closest. At the indicated characteristic value of the deformable elements, the global damping coefficient has a pronounced maximum. A change in the parameter, on which the global damping coefficient so substantially depends, can be achieved by varying physical properties or geometrical dimensions, thereby opening up the promising possibility of effectively controlling the damping properties of dissipative-inhomogeneous mechanical systems.

Conclusions

The developed solution methods, algorithms and programs allow determining the dissipative properties of a mechanical system depending on various physic-mechanical parameters, geometrical dimensions and boundary conditions. A method for estimating the dissipative properties of the system as a whole (with forced vibrations) depending on the instantaneous values of the deformable elements (shock absorbers) has been developed. The developed method allows to reduce (several times) the amplitudes of displacements and stresses.
Baseline Decrement in Patients with Mild Myasthenia Gravis Predicts Immunomodulation Treatment
Authors: Abraham Alon , Lovblom Leif E. , Bril Vera
Published: July 2019

To explore whether higher degrees of electrophysiological abnormalities are associated with a more frequent exposure to a more aggressive treatment regimen, we performed a retrospective chart review of patients attending the neuromuscular clinic from June 2012 to December 2015 and included 87 patients. We compared treatment regimens during the follow-up period between patients with high and low jitter and decrement. Myasthenia gravis patients with high jitter or decrement at baseline were more frequently treated with intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) and/or plasma exchange (PLEX) during the follow-up period. In patients with mild disease, IVIG or PLEX treatment was associated with high decrement.
Using invaded-range species distribution modeling to estimate the potential distribution of Linaria species and their hybrids in the U.S. northern Rockies
Authors: McCartney Kevin R. , Kumar Sunil , Sing Sharlene E. , Ward Sarah M.
Published: July 2019

Invasive populations of Dalmation toadflax [Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill.] and yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris Mill.) are widespread throughout the Intermountain West, where gene flow between these nonnative species is producing vigorous and fertile hybrids. These hybrid toadflax populations are less responsive to herbicides than either parent species, and biocontrol agents routinely released on L. dalmatica and L. vulgaris often fail to establish on hybrid hosts. Early detection of hybrid Linaria populations is therefore essential for effective management, but resources are limited for scouting large expanses of range and wildland. We used species distribution modeling to identify environmentally suitable areas for these invasive Linaria taxa in Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado. Areas suitable for hybrid Linaria establishment were estimated using two different modeling approaches: first, based on known hybrid occurrence and associated environmental conditions, and second, based on zones environmentally suitable for co-occurrence of the parent species. This also allowed comparison of different model outputs, especially relevant when modeling emerging invasives, such as novel hybrids, with minimal occurrence data. Combining the two model outputs identified areas at greatest risk of hybrid Linaria invasion, including parts of north-central Montana, where model estimates indicate the hybrid may spread without prior co-invasion of the parents. Potential hybrid hot spots were also identified in western Montana; northwestern, northeastern, and southeastern Wyoming; and the Western Slope and Front Range of Colorado. Despite relatively few confirmed occurrences of hybrid populations to date, our results indicate that extensive spread of hybrid populations is possible within the studied area. Model-based maps of potential Linaria distributions will allow area weed managers to direct limited resources more effectively for locating and controlling these invaders.
English in Cuba
Authors: Sánchez Ulises Escalona , Reichelt Melinda
Published: July 2019

English has played a role in Cuba since the 19thcentury. This article provides a brief history of English in Cuba (see Figure 1 for Cuba map), contextualizing it in terms of other foreign languages in the Cuban environment, and describing Cubans’ attitudes toward English. This article also overviews the presence of English in the Cuban media, workplace, and diplomacy. Additionally, a large portion of this article is devoted to describing the teaching of English in Cuba at all levels of education. Finally, predications are made about the future of English in Cuba.
Endometrium immunomodulation by intrauterine insemination administration of treated peripheral blood mononuclear cell prior frozen/thawed embryos in patients with repeated implantation failure
Authors: Nobijari Fattaneh Farifteh , Arefi Seyedeh Soheila , Moini Ashraf , Taheripanah Robabeh , Fazeli Elham , Kharazi Hamideh , Hosseini Seyedeh Zeinab , Hosseini Ahmad , Valojerdi Mojtaba Rezazadeh , Copin Henri , Benkhalifa Moncef
Published: July 2019

In assisted reproductive technology (ART) programmes, approximately 10% of infertile patients have at least two or three repeated implantation failures (RIFs) after an in vitro fertilization (IVF) protocol. Successful implantation mainly depends on local immune tolerance mechanisms involving a spectrum of cytokines, interleukins and growth factors. The latter have played pivotal roles in the recruitment of immune cells (and notably T-lymphocyte cells). In total, 250 couples participating in frozen–thawed embryo transfer programme were incorporated in a randomized clinical trial (peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) subgroup: n=122; control subgroup: n=128). In the PBMC group, a blood sample was collected 5 days before the scheduled frozen–thawed embryo transfer; PBMCs were isolated using Ficoll separation and then cultured for 72 h. Two days prior to embryo transfer, 0.4 ml of cultured PBMCs were transferred into the patient’s uterus. Although the clinical pregnancy rate was higher in the PBMC group (34.4%) than in the control group (23.4%), this difference was not statistically significant (P=0.05 in a chi-squared test). Nevertheless, when we limited the analysis to patients with ≥3 RIFs (n=138), there was a significant difference in the clinical pregnancy rate between the PBMC group (38.6%) and the control group (19.7%; P=0.01). Our results imply that PBMC transfer can be part of effective fertility treatment for patients with RIF.
A survey of 25 years of evaluation
Authors: Church Kenneth Ward , Hestness Joel
Published: July 2019

Evaluation was not a thing when the first author was a graduate student in the late 1970s. There was an Artificial Intelligence (AI) boom then, but that boom was quickly followed by a bust and a long AI Winter. Charles Wayne restarted funding in the mid-1980s by emphasizing evaluation. No other sort of program could have been funded at the time, at least in America. His program was so successful that these days, shared tasks and leaderboards have become common place in speech and language (and Vision and Machine Learning). It is hard to remember that evaluation was a tough sell 25 years ago. That said, we may be a bit too satisfied with current state of the art. This paper will survey considerations from other fields such as reliability and validity from psychology and generalization from systems. There has been a trend for publications to report better and better numbers, but what do these numbers mean? Sometimes the numbers are too good to be true, and sometimes the truth is better than the numbers. It is one thing for an evaluation to fail to find a difference between man and machine, and quite another thing to pass the Turing Test. As Feynman said, “the first principle is that you must not fool yourself–and you are the easiest person to fool.”
Small Steps and Giant Leaps
Authors: Speiser Joshua
Published: July 2019

AGU and the National Archives explore “How Apollo 11 Shaped Our Understanding of Earth and Beyond.”
Physicochemical modeling of the phytochrome-mediated photothermal sensing
Authors: Park Young-Joon , Park Chung-Mo
Published: July 2019

Light and temperature cues share many common signaling events towards plant photothermal morphogenesis. Particularly, the red (R)/far-red (FR)-absorbing phytochrome photoreceptors also function as temperature sensors, suggesting that light and temperature responses are intimately associated with each other. Here, we present data from physicochemical modeling of temperature sensing and thermomorphogenic patterning of hypocotyl growth, which illustrate that the two seemingly distinct stimulating cues are tightly coupled through physicochemical principles and temperature effects can be described as a function of infra-red (IR) thermal radiation. It is possible that the dark reversion from the FR-absorbing Pfr to the R-absorbing Pr phytochromes is essentially an IR-mediated thermal conversion. We propose that the phytochromes modulate photothermal responses by monitoring R:IR ratios, as they sense R:FR ratios during photomorphogenesis.
Enhanced Wave Absorption and Mechanical Properties of Cobalt Sulfide/PVDF Composite Materials
Authors: Wu Qiong , Wu Jian , Wang Guang-Sheng , Zhang Hua-Zhao , Gao Han-Jun , Shui Wei-Jia
Published: July 2019

A cobalt sulfide/PVDF(Polyvinylidene Fluoride) composite was prepared by a simple blending method, and the microstructure of the composite was investigated through X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Increased absorption properties at frequencies ranging from 2 GHz to 18 GHz were studied, and the mechanical properties were investigated via tensile tests and finite element method simulations. The results indicated that the cobalt sulfide/PVDF composites exhibited strong microwave absorption intensities (−43 dB at 6.6 GHz) with a low filler loading (5.0 wt%). The elastic modulus increased with the cobalt sulfide mass fraction. Cobalt sulfide could improve the mechanical properties of the composite, especially in the lengthwise direction.
Number of seasonal exposures to Japanese cedar pollen increases the risk of sensitization: Observational study in Korean adults
Authors: Suh Michelle J. , Yi Hee Jun , Kim Jeong Hong , Lee Keun-Hwa , Hong Sung-Chul , Kang Ju wan
Published: July 2019

Sensitization to seasonal allergens usually requires repeated exposure to them. However, research on the extent of exposure that increases the risk of sensitization to specific allergens is lacking. Therefore, we investigated the levels of exposure to Japanese cedar pollen that increased the risk of sensitization to it. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 857 college students living in Jeju, South Korea, as it is the only province in Korea where Japanese cedar pollen levels are high. Questionnaires about demographic characteristics were distributed and skin prick tests for allergic sensitization were performed. Sensitization rates of groups divided by residence period were 3.8% (less than 1 year), 1.8% (1–2 years), 8.5% (2–3 years), 10.3% (3–4 years), 14.8% (4–10 years), and 19.1% (over 10 years). Residence period was an influencing factor of sensitization rate to Japanese cedar pollen, and the cut-off value of the residence period that increased the risk of sensitization to Japanese cedar pollen was found to be 25 months. Repeated exposure to seasonal allergens was related to an increased sensitization rate in young adults. Our results suggested that exposure to Japanese cedar pollen for over two seasons could increase the risk in Korean adults.
Mycoremediation of petroleum contaminated soils: progress, prospects and perspectives
Authors: Dickson Udeme John , Coffey Michael , Mortimer Robert John George , Di Bonito Marcello , Ray Nicholas
Published: July 2019

A review on mycoremediation of petroleum-contaminated soils to identify developments, limitations and perspectives for its optimal utilization.
Hollow transition metal hydroxide octahedral microcages for single particle surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Gao Mansha , Miao Peng , Han Xijiang , Sun Cheng , Ma Yan , Gao Yali , Xu Ping
Published: July 2019

Single M(OH)x (M = Fe, Co, Ni) hollow octahedral microcage particles are explored as novel SERS-active substrates for sensitive dye molecule detection.
Vietnamese-Speaking Children's Acquisition of Consonants, Semivowels, Vowels, and Tones in Northern Viet Nam
Authors: Phạm Ben , McLeod Sharynne
Published: July 2019

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate children's acquisition of Vietnamese speech sounds.

Method

Participants were 195 children aged 2;2–5;11 (years;months) living in Northern Viet Nam who spoke Vietnamese as their 1st language. Single-word samples were collected using the Vietnamese Speech Assessment (
Phạm, Le, & McLeod, 2016
) to measure accuracy of consonants, semivowels, vowels, and tones.

Results

Percentage of consonants correct for children aged 2;0–2;5 was 46.39 (
SD
= 7.95) and increased to 93.13 (
SD
= 6.13) for children aged 5;6–5;11. The most difficult consonants were /ɲ, s, z, x/. Percentage of semivowels correct for children aged 2;0–2;5 was 70.74 (
SD
= 14.38) and increased to 99.60 (
SD
= 1.55) for children aged 5;6–5;11. Percentage of vowels correct for children aged 2;0–2;5 was 91.93 (
SD
= 3.13) and increased to 98.11 (
SD
= 2.79) for children aged 5;6–5;11. Percentage of tones correct for children aged 2;0–2;5 was 91.05 (
SD
= 1.42) and increased to 96.65 (
SD
= 3.42) for children aged 5;6–5;11. Tones 1, 2, 5, and 6 were acquired by the youngest age group, whereas Tone 3 (creaky
thanh ngã
) and Tone 4 (dipping–rising
thanh hỏi
) did not achieve 90% accuracy by the oldest age group. Common phonological patterns (> 10%) were fronting, stopping, deaspiration, aspiration, and semivowel deletion for children aged 2;0–3;11 and were fronting and deaspiration for children aged 4;0–5;11.

Conclusion

This is the 1st comprehensive study of typically developing Northern Vietnamese children's speech acquisition and provides preliminary data to support the emerging speech-language pathology profession in Viet Nam.
Breakdown curves of CH2(+), CH3(+), and CH4(+) molecules
Authors: IdBarkach T. , Chabot M. , Béroff K. , Della Negra S. , Lesrel J. , Geslin F. , Le Padellec A. , Mahajan T. , Díaz-Tendero S.
Published: July 2019

Aims. The aim of this work is to furnish branching ratios (BRs) to the kinetic databases used in astrochemistry such as the KInetic Database for Astrochemistry (KIDA). This concerns CHy(+) species (y = 2–4) excited by cosmic rays, electrons and photons, or the intermediate excited complexes CHy(+) resulting from a chemical reaction.

Methods. The full set of fragmentation branching ratios following CHy(+) (y = 2,4) of constant velocity (250 keV uma−1) colliding with He atoms has been measured with the multidetector AGAT. Kinetic energy distributions of neutral fragments produced in each dissociation channel have been also measured. With these experimental inputs, and theoretical dissociation energies, semiempirical breakdown curves (BDCs) have been constructed.

Results. Prediction of BRs with the present BDCs is found to agree with available BR measurements for electronic dissociative recombination, collision with fast electron and photodissociation. Dependence of BRs with the various UV fields relevant to interstellar medium and planetary atmospheres is predicted.
Validierung einer deutschen Version des „Central
Sensitization Inventory“ zur Identifizierung zentralnervöser
Schmerzentwicklungen
Authors: Schumacher Sarah , Waschescio Hardy Juliane
Published: July 2019

Bei dem weit verbreiteten pathophysiologischen Mechanismus der zentralen
Sensibilisierung ist die Sensibilität des ZNS stark erhöht. Sie ist Teil des
Symptomcharakters vieler muskuloskelettaler Syndrome, die aufgrund fehlender
spezifischer Ursache zur Chronifizierung neigen. Die Syndrome sind als
Fibromyalgie, chronisches Fatigue-Syndrom, Reizdarmsyndrom oder
Kiefergelenkstörungen bekannt.

Der kürzlich entwickelte Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) beurteilt Symptome
der zentralen Sensibilisierung. Er ist das erste Diagnostikinstrument zur
Identifizierung von mit einer zentralen Sensibilisierung des Nervensystems
einhergehenden Kardinalzeichen.

Das Ziel der Studie war, die englische Originalversion des CSI von Mayer et al.
1 in einem Review-Prozess ins Deutsche zu
übersetzen und mit einer Querschnittsstudie an Patienten mit chronischen
Nackenschmerzen auf Validität sowie interne Konsistenz zu überprüfen. Zur
Validitätsprüfung diente der Neck Disability Index (NDI) als Goldstandard.

Zwischen NDI und dem Zentrale Sensibilisierung Screeningtool (ZSS) ergab sich
eine statistisch signifikante Korrelation. Die interne Konsistenz wurde
ebenfalls als gut bewertet.
Homöopathie in Männerhand
Authors: Baschin Marion
Published: July 2019

Anhand von Beiträgen aus homöopathischen Laienzeitschriften werden Männer als Akteure in Selbst- und Familiensorge vorgestellt. Im Gegensatz zum heute vorherrschenden Bild des „an alternativen Heilweisen desinteressierten Mannes“ zeigt sich die aktive Rolle, welche Männer vor 100 bis 150 Jahren bei der medikalen Versorgung ihrer selbst, ihrer Familie beziehungsweise des gesellschaftlichen Umfelds eingenommen haben.
Einflüsse von unnatürlichen Umweltfaktoren auf das Immunsystem
Authors: Müller Kurt E.
Published: July 2019

Die Prävalenz umweltassoziierter Erkrankungen nimmt zu und ist heute ebenso hoch wie die der wichtigsten Volkskrankheiten. Bei chronischer Einwirkung von Umweltstressoren werden entzündliche Reaktionen ausgelöst, die über Wechselwirkungen mit dem Neuroendokrinoimmunsystem zu Depression führen können. Therapeutisches Ziel der Klinischen Umweltmedizin ist es, die krankheitsauslösenden Noxen aufzuspüren und zu eliminieren. Zudem werden individuell geeignete natürliche Entzündungshemmer wie S-Adenosylmethionin gesucht. Alloplastische Materialien werden heute noch überwiegend unkritisch eingesetzt.
Effect of Photon Energy on Conventional Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy and Rapid Arc Radiotherapy Planning for Deep-Seated Targets in Carcinoma Cervix
Authors: Bhushan Manindra , Yadav Girigesh , Tripathi Deepak , Kumar Lalit , Dewan Abhinav , Wahi Inderjit Kaur , Suhail Mahamood , Mitra Swarupa , Gairola Munish
Published: July 2019

Introduction To evaluate the dosimetric effect of photon energies on fixed field intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and dual arc (DA) planning and to compare the dosimetric differences between conventional IMRT and DA radiotherapy planning.

Materials and Methods IMRT and DA plans were generated for 15 patients having cervical cancer using different photon energies. IMRT and DA plans were generated using seven fields and double arcs, respectively. Dosimetric comparison was done in terms of planning target volume (PTV) coverage, sparing of organ at risk (OAR), homogeneity index (HI), conformity index (CI), and monitor units (MUs). Photo-neutron (energy ≤10MV) contribution was not considered for this study. Near region (NR) and far region (FR) were contoured to evaluate the dose deposited in nontarget area.

Results No significant difference was observed (p > 0.05) in PTV coverage for conventional IMRT and DA; however, 6 MV yielded significantly better coverage over 15 MV (p < 0.05) for both the treatment modalities. Mean bladder dose was significantly more for conventional IMRT compared with DA. For rectal mean dose, p-value was nonsignificant for IMRT in comparison to DA, while significant difference was observed for change in photon energies for both treatment modalities respectively, except for 10 MV versus 15 MV DA plans. Significant improvements in HI (except 6 MV vs. 10 MV DA), CI (except 6 MV vs. 10 MV IMRT and DA), MUs, NR, and FR were noted.

Conclusion DA generates more conformal, homogenous plans, requires less numbers of MUs, and deposits fewer doses to NR and FR regions of nontarget tissues in comparison to conventional IMRT. Although increase in photon energy for IMRT and DA plans reduces numbers of MUs and dose deposited to NR and FR regions, yet the choice for treatment of carcinoma cervix remains 6 MV due to production of photo-neutrons at higher energies.
Suppression of twinning and enhanced electronic anisotropy of SrIrO3 films
Authors: Jaiswal A. K. , Schneider R. , Singh R. , Fuchs D.
Published: July 2019

The spin–orbit coupling and electron correlation in perovskite SrIrO3 (SIO) strongly favor new quantum states and make SIO very attractive for next generation quantum information technology. In addition, the small electronic bandwidth offers the possibility to manipulate anisotropic electronic transport by strain. However, twinned film growth of SIO often masks electronic anisotropy, which could be very useful for device applications. We demonstrate that the twinning of SIO films on (001) oriented SrTiO3 substrates can be strongly reduced for thin films with thickness t less than 30 nm by using substrates displaying a TiO2-terminated surface with step-edge alignment parallel to the a- or b-axis direction of the substrate. This allows us to study electronic anisotropy of strained SIO films, which hitherto has been reported only for bulklike SIO. For films with t < 30 nm, electronic anisotropy increases with increasing t and becomes even twice as large compared to nearly strain-free films grown on (110) DyScO3. The experiments demonstrate the high sensitivity of electronic transport toward structural distortion and the possibility to manipulate transport by substrate engineering.