bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Facing and managing natural disasters in the Sporades islands, Greece
Authors: Karanikola P. , Panagopoulos T. , Tampakis S. , Karantoni M. I. , Tsantopoulos G.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. The region of the Sporades islands located in central Greece is at the mercy of many natural phenomena, such as earthquakes due to the marine volcano Psathoura and the rift of Anatolia, forest fires, floods, landslides, storms, hail, snowfall and frost. The present work aims at studying the perceptions and attitudes of the residents regarding how they face and manage natural disasters. A positive public response during a hazard crisis depends not only upon the availability and good management of a civil defense plan but also on the knowledge and perception of the possible hazards by the local population. It is important for the stakeholders to know what the citizens expect so that the necessary structures can be developed in the phase of preparation and organization. The residents were asked their opinion about what they think should be done by the stakeholders after a catastrophic natural disaster, particularly about the immediate response of stakeholders and their involvement and responsibilities at different, subsequent intervals of time following the disaster. The residents were also asked about the most common disasters that happen in their region and about the preparation activities of the stakeholders.
Automated reconstruction of rainfall events responsible for shallow landslides
Authors: Vessia G. , Parise M. , Brunetti M. T. , Peruccacci S. , Rossi M. , Vennari C. , Guzzetti F.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Over the last 40 years, many contributions have been devoted to identifying the empirical rainfall thresholds (e.g. intensity vs. duration ID, cumulated rainfall vs. duration ED, cumulated rainfall vs. intensity EI) for the initiation of shallow landslides, based on local as well as worldwide inventories. Although different methods to trace the threshold curves have been proposed and discussed in literature, a systematic study to develop an automated procedure to select the rainfall event responsible for the landslide occurrence has rarely been addressed. Nonetheless, objective criteria for estimating the rainfall responsible for the landslide occurrence (effective rainfall) play a prominent role on the threshold values. In this paper, two criteria for the identification of the effective rainfall events are presented: (1) the first is based on the analysis of the time series of rainfall mean intensity values over one month preceding the landslide occurrence, and (2) the second on the analysis of the trend in the time function of the cumulated mean intensity series calculated from the rainfall records measured through rain gauges. The two criteria have been implemented in an automated procedure written in R language. A sample of 100 shallow landslides collected in Italy by the CNR-IRPI research group from 2002 to 2012 has been used to calibrate the proposed procedure. The cumulated rainfall E and duration D of rainfall events that triggered the documented landslides are calculated through the new procedure and are fitted with power law in the (D,E) diagram. The results are discussed by comparing the (D,E) pairs calculated by the automated procedure and the ones by the expert method.
Quantifying the Jakobshavn Effect: Jakobshavn Isbrae, Greenland, compared to Byrd Glacier, Antarctica
Authors: Hughes T. , Sargent A. , Fastook J. , Purdon K. , Li J. , Yan J.-B. , Gogineni S.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. The Jakobshavn Effect is a series of positive feedback mechanisms that was first observed on Jakobshavn Isbrae, which drains the west-central part of the Greenland Ice Sheet and enters Jakobshavn Isfjord at 69°10'. These mechanisms fall into two categories, reductions of ice-bed coupling beneath an ice stream due to surface meltwater reaching the bed, and reductions in ice-shelf buttressing beyond an ice stream due to disintegration of a laterally confined and locally pinned ice shelf. These uncoupling and unbuttressing mechanisms have recently taken place for Byrd Glacier in Antarctica and Jakobshavn Isbrae in Greenland, respectively. For Byrd Glacier, no surface meltwater reaches the bed. That water is supplied by drainage of two large subglacial lakes where East Antarctic ice converges strongly on Byrd Glacier. Results from modeling both mechanisms are presented here. We find that the Jakobshavn Effect is not active for Byrd Glacier, but is active for Jakobshavn Isbrae, at least for now. Our treatment is holistic in the sense it provides continuity from sheet flow to stream flow to shelf flow. It relies primarily on a force balance, so our results cannot be used to predict long-term behavior of these ice streams. The treatment uses geometrical representations of gravitational and resisting forces that provide a visual understanding of these forces, without involving partial differential equations and continuum mechanics. The Jakobshavn Effect was proposed to facilitate terminations of glaciation cycles during the Quaternary Ice Age by collapsing marine parts of ice sheets. This is unlikely for the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets, based on our results for Byrd Glacier and Jakobshavn Isbrae, without drastic climate warming in high polar latitudes. Warming would affect other Antarctic ice streams already weakly buttressed or unbuttressed by an ice shelf. Ross Ice Shelf would still protect Byrd Glacier.
"A Memorial to The Vainglorious Death by Fire of My Comrades on The Streets of Middle America During The Outbreak"
Authors: Simons John
Published: April 2014

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Adream, Awake
Authors: Keleher Kate
Published: April 2014

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An Era of Volatile Transition: Uncovering The Hindu-Muslim Tension in Mumbai, India
Authors: Lambore Rohan
Published: April 2014

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Global and Local Controllability
Authors: Mello Maria Herminia De Paula Leite , Santos Lucianna Helene Silva dos
Published: April 2014

We discuss three concepts of controllability for open loop systems, namely, complete, local and global controllability, emphasizing that for nonlinear systems, the fact that the system is completely controllable does not mean that it is locally controllable.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 6, No. 4
Authors: Brown Anne
Published: April 2014

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 6, No. 4, 2014
Hovering by Gazing: A Novel Strategy for Implementing Saccadic Flight-Based Navigation in GPS-Denied Environments
Authors: Manecy Augustin , Marchand Nicolas , Viollet Stéphane
Published: April 2014

Hovering flies are able to stay still in place when hovering above flowers and burst into movement towards a new object of interest (a target). This suggests that sensorimotor control loops implemented onboard could be usefully mimicked for controlling Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). In this study, the fundamental head-body movements occurring in free-flying insects was simulated in a sighted twin-engine robot with a mechanical decoupling inserted between its eye (or gaze) and its body. The robot based on this gaze control system achieved robust and accurate hovering performances, without an accelerometer, over a ground target despite a narrow eye field of view (±5°). The gaze stabilization strategy validated under Processor-In-the-Loop (PIL) and inspired by three biological Oculomotor Reflexes (ORs) enables the aerial robot to lock its gaze onto a fixed target regardless of its roll angle. In addition, the gaze control mechanism allows the robot to perform short range target to target navigation by triggering an automatic fast “target jump” behaviour based on a saccadic eye movement.
Pholcid spiders from the Lower Guinean region of Central Africa: an overview, with descriptions of seven new species (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Authors: Huber Bernhard A. , Le Gall Philippe , Mavoungou Jacques François
Published: April 2014

This paper summarizes current knowledge about Central African pholcids. Central Africa is here defined as the area between 10°N and 7°S and between 6°E and 18°E, including mainly the Lower Guinean subregion of the Guineo-Congolian center of endemism. This includes all of Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, São Tomé and Príncipe, most of Cameroon and Congo Republic, and parts of the neighboring countries. An annotated list of the 14 genera and 79 species recorded from this area is given, together with distribution maps and an identification key to genera. Seven species are newly described: Anansus kamwai sp. nov., Leptopholcus gabonicus sp. nov., Ninetis faro sp. nov., Pholcus punu sp. nov., P. rawiriae sp. nov., Spermophora abibae sp. nov., and S. awalai sp. nov. Additional new records are given for 16 previously described species, including 17 new country records. Distribution and diversity patterns are compared with data on West and East Africa. While West Africa contains a similar set of genera it is significantly less diverse than Central Africa. East Africa is taxonomically more distinct. It has similar levels of diversity as Central Africa, but appears to be less undersampled.
Palette of Problems – May 2014
Authors: Amidon Joel , Roscoe Matt
Published: April 2014

A monthly set of problems is aimed at a variety of ability levels.
Mathematical Explorations: Find the Distance: No Formula Necessary
Authors: Matsuura Ryota , Xu Yu Yan
Published: April 2014

This activity involves finding the distance between two points in a coordinate plane and emphasizes reasoning from repeated calculations, which is one of the mathematical practices specified by the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics.
Localized Critical Theory as an Expression of Community Archaeology Practice: with an Example from Inuvialuit Elders of the Canadian Western Arctic
Authors: Lyons Natasha
Published: April 2014

Critical theory has been little used in archaeology, despite its exceptional ability to understand social relations and circumstances, both past and present. In this paper, I develop the concept of a localized critical theory that connects broadscale global processes, such as colonialism and capitalism, to cultural processes that occur at the local level. This expression of archaeological practice has the power to hear, cultivate, and share the voices of individuals and communities as they speak about their respective histories, while recognizing and acknowledging their broader social context. I explore how lnuvialuit Elders' memories are portrayed and interpreted within the lnuvialuit Living History project, focusing particularly on their memories of traditional beluga-whaling in the Mackenzie Delta of Canada’s Western Arctic that were evoked through the identification and handling of ancestral whaling artifacts. I use localized critical theory to explore how Elders’ distinctive perspectives and experiences of beluga-whaling through the course of the mid-twentieth century articulate with and comment on wider historical processes and the agendas of the Canadian nation-state.
Hunter-Gatherer Earth Ovens in the Archaeological Record: Fundamental Concepts
Authors: Black Stephen L. , Thorns Alston V.
Published: April 2014

Remains of earth ovens with rock heating elements of various sizes and configurations are common at hunter-gatherer sites around the world. They span the last 30,000 years in the Old World and some 10,000 years in the New World. Although various foods were baked in these ovens, plants predominate. Earth ovens are ethnographically well documented as family-size and bulk cooking facilities, but related technology and its archaeological signatures remain poorly understood and understudied. These ubiquitous features are often mischaracterized as generic cooking facilities termed hearths. It is proposed that, in fact, most rock “hearths” are heating elements of earth ovens. Reliable identification and interpretation of earth ovens requires documentation of heating elements, pit structure, rock linings, and various remnants thereof. Fundamental technological concepts for investigating their archaeological signatures include thermodynamics, construction designs, and life cycles in systemic context, as informed by ethnographic, archaeological, and experimental data. Earth oven technology explains well the primary purpose of labor-intensive thermal storage for long-term cooking and conserving fuel. Information from the extensive archaeological record of earth ovens on the Edwards Plateau of south-central North America illustrates these points.
Stable Isotope Analysis of Turkey (Meleagriscc Gallopavo) Diet from Pueblo II and Pueblo III Sites, Middle San Juan Region, Northwest New Mexico
Authors: McCaffery Harlan , Tykot Robert H. , Durand Gore Kathy , DeBoer Beau R.
Published: April 2014

The transition from the Pueblo 11 Period (A.D. 1050–1150) to the Pueblo III Period (A.D. 1150–1300) in the San Juan Basin marks an intensification of turkey use, evidenced by an increase in the percentage of faunal assemblages representing turkey bones. We examine stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen ( δ15N) isotopic values of turkey bones from three ancestral Puebloan sites in the Middle San Juan Region to test the hypothesis that this intensification is linked to an increase in the amount of maize in the turkeys’ diets. We find no significant change in δ13C or δ15N across the two time periods, and all of the specimens’ values indicate maize consumption. A plot of bone apatite δ13C against collagen δ13C is consistent with a model of diets high in C4protein, indicating that the turkeys did not use an alternative source of protein to maize and/or fauna that fed on maize. The reliance of both humans and turkeys on maize indicates a degree of turkey-human interdependency not previously known in the Middle San Juan Region. Future inquiries into the paleodiet of turkeys should target times and places where there is likely to have been a transition from hunting to domestication.
Unnotched Triangular Points on Village Sites
Authors: Engelbrecht William
Published: April 2014

Unnotched triangular arrowpoínts and point fragments are sometimes found in large numbers on village sites in the Midwest and East. The possible reason or reasons for this are rarely considered. These points were used for both warfare and hunting. An attack on a village with a volley of arrows provides the most obvious explanation for large numbers of points and point fragments. Alternatively, using arrowpoints that detached within their target prey would have resulted in points and point fragments being brought back to a village in meat. These possibilities are considered in explaining the large number of points from an iroquoian village site in western New York.
Journaux personnels des filles de Pierre‑Joseph‑Olivier Chauveau (1855-1876)
Authors: Mathieu Jocelyne
Published: April 2014

Sur la lancée du texte publié dans le précédent numéro des Cahiers sur les journaux personnels des filles de Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau et de Marie-Louise-Flore Masse, ce texte-ci vise à mettre en lumière une manière de vivre et de penser de jeunes filles à la période victorienne au Québec. Comment Flore, Éliza, Henriette et Honorine occupent-elles leur temps ? Que ce soit à Québec ou à Montréal, les habitudes de consommation de cette famille sont révélatrices non seulement de ses besoins quotidiens mais également des valeurs d’une société ; elles permettent aussi de suivre les allers et venues rapportés par les filles et de saisir le rythme de la vie urbaine et sociale à cette époque. Quelques réflexions des diaristes nous ouvrent aussi leur âme.
Les écoles de Limoilou et la formation d’une société urbaine (1897-1959)
Authors: Gallichan Gilles
Published: April 2014

Le quartier Limoilou, situé à la basse-ville de Québec, s’est formé très rapidement à partir du XXe siècle. Sa population canadienne-française et catholique provenait majoritairement des régions rurales périphériques de la capitale. La paroisse et l’école ont été les premiers facteurs d’identification sociale au nouveau milieu. Cet article examine particulièrement le rôle de l’école dans ce processus et constate les permanences d’une culture traditionnelle à travers l’institution scolaire, en même temps que s’opère une acculturation de la population au milieu urbain.
Genetic interactions affecting human gene expression identified by variance association mapping
Authors: Brown Andrew Anand , Buil Alfonso , Viñuela Ana , Lappalainen Tuuli , Zheng Hou-Feng , Richards J Brent , Small Kerrin S , Spector Timothy D , Dermitzakis Emmanouil T , Durbin Richard
Published: April 2014

Non-additive interaction between genetic variants, or epistasis, is a possible explanation for the gap between heritability of complex traits and the variation explained by identified genetic loci. Interactions give rise to genotype dependent variance, and therefore the identification of variance quantitative trait loci can be an intermediate step to discover both epistasis and gene by environment effects (GxE). Using RNA-sequence data from lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from the TwinsUK cohort, we identify a candidate set of 508 variance associated SNPs. Exploiting the twin design we show that GxE plays a role in ∼70% of these associations. Further investigation of these loci reveals 57 epistatic interactions that replicated in a smaller dataset, explaining on average 4.3% of phenotypic variance. In 24 cases, more variance is explained by the interaction than their additive contributions. Using molecular phenotypes in this way may provide a route to uncovering genetic interactions underlying more complex traits.
Brassinosteroids control root epidermal cell fate via direct regulation of a MYB-bHLH-WD40 complex by GSK3-like kinases
Authors: Cheng Yinwei , Zhu Wenjiao , Chen Yuxiao , Ito Shinsaku , Asami Tadao , Wang Xuelu
Published: April 2014

In Arabidopsis, root hair and non-hair cell fates are determined by a MYB-bHLH-WD40 transcriptional complex and are regulated by many internal and environmental cues. Brassinosteroids play important roles in regulating root hair specification by unknown mechanisms. Here, we systematically examined root hair phenotypes in brassinosteroid-related mutants, and found that brassinosteroid signaling inhibits root hair formation through GSK3-like kinases or upstream components. We found that with enhanced brassinosteroid signaling, GL2, a cell fate marker for non-hair cells, is ectopically expressed in hair cells, while its expression in non-hair cells is suppressed when brassinosteroid signaling is reduced. Genetic analysis demonstrated that brassinosteroid-regulated root epidermal cell patterning is dependent on the WER-GL3/EGL3-TTG1 transcriptional complex. One of the GSK3-like kinases, BIN2, interacted with and phosphorylated EGL3, and EGL3s mutated at phosphorylation sites were retained in hair cell nuclei. BIN2 phosphorylated TTG1 to inhibit the activity of the WER-GL3/EGL3-TTG1 complex. Thus, our study provides insights into the mechanism of brassinosteroid regulation of root hair patterning.
Semiconductor‐insulator Interfaces, High κ Dielectrics on (In)GaAs
Authors: Pi T.W. , Lin T.D. , Chang W.H. , Chang Y.C. , Hong M. , Kwo J.
Published: April 2014

Recent development of high κ dielectric oxides on (In)GaAsis reviewed in the fields of electronic structure and electric performance; this includes studies of (In)GaAssurfaces with various surface reconstructions, different orientations, and Indium contents, and of high κ/(In)GaAsinterfaces. The oxide deposition was carried out using atomic‐layer deposition (ALD) and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) viaex‐situorin‐situmethods. For the former approach, the semiconductor surfaces prior to the oxide deposition were obtained via chemical, arsenic‐cap or annealing treatments. For the latter, the high k's were deposited on pristine freshlyMBE‐grown (In)GaAssurfaces without any treatments. Surface being treated or not clearly determines the quality of the oxide interface which delivers different interfacial electronic structure and electric performance. Without exception, theex‐situtreated samples show remnant native oxides, which are never found in thein‐situsamples. The electronic structure has been investigated using photoemission measurements, in which the photon energy was provided byX‐ray and synchrotron radiation. The discussion on high κ/(In)GaAsinterfaces has been further extended to the electrical characterization including extraction of interfacial trap densities (Dit's). Especially, the distinct electrical characteristics of the In0.2Ga0.8As metal‐oxide‐semiconductor capacitors (MOSCAPs) usingMBE‐Ga2O3(Gd2O3) andALD‐Al2O3as the gate are elucidated. Finally, a summary and bench‐marking of the recent advances on enhancement modeIII‐V(In)GaAsMOSFETsis given, which reveals the great potential of inversion‐channel (In)GaAsMOSFETsfor ultimate complementaryMOS(CMOS) applications.
Advances in Planar Filters
Authors: Crnojević‐Bengin Vesna , Janković Nikolina
Published: April 2014

Many microstrip filter configurations exist that exhibit advanced filtering characteristics, rely on new design techniques, or use original methods for filter miniaturization. For each filter type (lowpass, highpass, bandpass, and bandstop), we start with an overview of conventional planar filters, which are often used as a basis for the development of novel configurations, and then proceed to more advanced solutions. We classify the various advanced solutions found in the literature according to the underlying principle of design/operation: i) conventional filters using advanced geometries; ii) filters based on advanced theoretical concepts, such as the slow‐wave effect, defected ground structures (DGSs), electromagnetic‐bandgap (EBG) structures, or metamaterials (MTMs); and iii) filters based on advanced materials and technologies, such as superconducting, ferroelectric materials, and ferromagnetic materials.

Finally, we present some of the advanced solutions not covered by the classification given above. We provide an overview of surface‐integrated waveguide (SIW) filters, followed by the discussion of various tunable and reconfigurable filter topologies. In the end, we present state‐of‐the art multiband filters.
The solar meridional circulation and sunspot cycle variability
Authors: Hathaway D. H. , Upton L.
Published: April 2014

We have measured the meridional motions of the magnetic elements in the Sun's surface layers since 1996 and find systematic and substantial variations. In general the meridional flow speed is fast at cycle minima and slow at cycle maxima. We find that these systematic variations are characterized by a weakening of the meridional flow on the poleward sides of the active (sunspot) latitudes. This can be interpreted as an inflow toward the sunspot zones superimposed on a more general poleward meridional flow profile. We also find variations in the meridional flow which vary from cycle to cycle. The meridional flow was slower at both the minimum and maximum of cycle 23 compared to similar phases of cycles 21, 22, and 24. Models of the magnetic flux transport by a variable meridional flow suggest that it can significantly modulate the size and timing of the following sunspot cycle through its impact on the Sun's polar magnetic fields. We suggest that the meridional flow variations observed in cycle 23 contributed to the weak polar fields at the end of the cycle which then produced a weak cycle 24 and the extraordinary cycle 23/24 minimum.
Temporal evolution of fractality in the Earth's magnetosphere and the solar photosphere
Authors: Domínguez Macarena , Muñoz Víctor , Valdivia Juan Alejandro
Published: April 2014

The study of complexity in two aspects of the magnetic activity in the Sun‐Earth system is presented. We compare the temporal evolution of the magnetic fluctuations in the Earth's magnetosphere and the spatial distribution of the magnetic field in the solar photosphere, by calculating fractal dimensions from the data. It is found that the fractal dimension of the Dst data decreases during magnetic storm states and is well correlated with other indexes of solar activity, such as the solar flare and coronal indexes. This correlation holds for individual storms, full‐year data, and the complete 23rd solar cycle. The fractal dimension from solar magnetogram data also correlates well with both the Dst index and solar flare index, although the correlation is much more clear at the larger temporal scale of the 23rd solar cycle, showing a clear increase around solar maximum.
Estimation of temporal evolution of the helium plasmasphere based on a sequence of IMAGE/EUV images
Authors: Nakano S. , Fok M.‐C. , Brandt P. C. , Higuchi T.
Published: April 2014

We have developed a technique for estimating the temporal evolution of the plasmaspheric helium ion density based on a sequence of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) data obtained from the IMAGE satellite. In the proposed technique, the estimation is obtained by incorporating EUV images from IMAGE into a two‐dimensional fluid model of the plasmasphere using a data assimilation approach based on the ensemble transform Kalman filter. Since the motion and the spatial structure of the helium plasmasphere is strongly controlled by the electric field in the inner magnetosphere, the electric field around the plasmapause can also be estimated using the ensemble transform Kalman filter. We performed an experiment using synthetic images that were generated from the same numerical model under a certain condition. It was confirmed that the condition that generated the synthetic images was successfully reproduced. We also present some results obtained using real EUV imaging data. Finally, we discuss the possibility of estimating the density profile along a magnetic field line. Since each EUV image was taken from a different direction due to the motion of the IMAGE satellite, we could obtain the information on the density profile along a field line by combining multiple images.
Is the new Grand minimum in progress?
Authors: Zolotova N. V. , Ponyavin D. I.
Published: April 2014

The sunspot numbers and polar faculae are analyzed to demonstrate that the current solar activity is close to the Grand minimum. Notably protracted Cycle 23 is found to be similar to the cycles on the eve of the Dalton and Gleissberg–Gnevyshev minima. The polar faculae as proxy of the polar field replicate variations of the sunspot cycle amplitude over the last 100 years. The weak sunspot activity of Cycle 24 is assumed to result in the weak polar field.
Electron density inside Enceladus plume inferred from plasma oscillations excited by dust impacts
Authors: Ye S.‐Y. , Gurnett D. A. , Kurth W. S. , Averkamp T. F. , Morooka M. , Sakai S. , Wahlund J.‐E.
Published: April 2014

Enceladus' southern plume is one of the major discoveries of the Cassini mission. The water neutrals and water ice particles (dust) ejected by the cryovolcanic activity populate Saturn's E ring and the neutral torus, and they interact with the plasma environment of Saturn's magnetosphere. The plasma neutrality inside Enceladus' plume has been shown by the Langmuir probe measurement to be modified by the presence of the dust particles. We present an independent method of determining the electron density inside the plume. Sometimes, after dust impacts, plasma oscillations (ringing) were detected by the Cassini Radio and Plasma Wave Science instrument. The frequencies of these oscillations have been shown to be consistent with the local plasma frequency, thus providing a measurement of the local electron density.
Testing the Cognitive Interview with Professional Interviewers: Enhancing Recall of Specific Details of Recurring Events
Authors: Rivard Jillian R. , Fisher Ronald P. , Robertson Belinda , Hirn Mueller Dana
Published: April 2014

Laboratory research and field research have reliably shown that the cognitive interview (CI) enhances eyewitness recall in comparison with standard interview protocols in a criminal investigation context. To address some of the major criticisms of the existing CI literature, the current experiment compared the CI with the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center's five‐step interview protocol in an intelligence‐gathering context using experienced interviewers and adult interviewees. The CI elicited significantly more event‐relevant information from the interviewees than the five‐step model, the standard training offered at Federal Law Enforcement Training Center. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A High‐Performance Binary Ni–Co Hydroxide‐based Water Oxidation Electrode with Three‐Dimensional Coaxial Nanotube Array Structure
Authors: Zhao Zhenlu , Wu Haoxi , He Haili , Xu Xiaolong , Jin Yongdong
Published: April 2014

Developing nanostructured Ni and Co oxides with a small overpotential and fast kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) have drawn considerable attention recently because their theoretically high efficiency, high abundance, low cost, and environmental benignity in comparison with precious metal oxides, such as RuO2 and IrO2. However, how to increase the specific activity area and improve their poor intrinsic conductivity is still challenging, which significantly limits the overall OER rate and largely prevent their utilization. Thus, developing effective OER electrocatalysts with abundant active sites and high electrical conductivity still remains urgent. In this work, a scrupulous design of OER electrode with a unique sandwich‐like coaxial structure of the three‐dimensional Ni@[Ni(2+/3+)Co2(OH)6–7]x nanotube arrays (3D NNCNTAs) is reported. A Ni nanotube array with open end is homogeneous coated with Ni and Co co‐hydroxide nanosheets ([Ni(2+/3+)Co2(OH)6–7]x) and is employed as multifunctional interlayer to provide a large surface area and fast electron transport and support the outermost [Ni(2+/3+)Co2(OH)6–7]x layer. The remarkable features of high surface area, enhanced electron transport, and synergistic effects have greatly assured excellent OER activity with a small overpotential of 0.46 V at the current density of 10 mA cm−2 and high stability.
Twenty years of workers' compensation costs due to falls from height among union carpenters, Washington State
Authors: Lipscomb Hester J. , Schoenfisch Ashley L. , Cameron Wilfrid , Kucera Kristen L. , Adams Darrin , Silverstein Barbara A.
Published: April 2014

Background

Falls from height (FFH) are a longstanding, serious problem in construction.

Methods

We report workers' compensation (WC) payments associated with FFH among a cohort (n = 24,830; 1989–2008) of carpenters. Mean/median payments, cost rates, and adjusted rate ratios based on hours worked were calculated using negative‐binomial regression.

Results

Over the 20‐year period FFH accounted for $66.6 million in WC payments or $700 per year for each fulltime equivalent (2,000 hr of work). FFH were responsible for 5.5% of injuries but 15.1% of costs. Cost declines were observed, but not monotonically. Reductions were more pronounced for indemnity than medical care. Mean costs were 2.3 times greater among carpenters over 50 than those under 30; cost rates were only modestly higher.

Conclusions

Significant progress has been made in reducing WC payments associated with FFH in this cohort particularly through 1996; primary gains reflect reduction in frequency of falls. FFH that occur remain costly. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:984–991, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel mutation in the EDAR gene causes severe autosomal recessive hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia
Authors: Henningsen Emil , Svendsen Mathias Tiedemann , Lildballe Dorte Launholt , Jensen Peter Kjestrup Axel
Published: April 2014

We report on a 2‐year‐old girl presenting with a severe form of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED). The patient presented with hypotrichosis, anodontia, hypohidrosis, frontal bossing, prominent lips and ears, dry, pale skin, and dermatitis. The patient had chronic rhinitis with malodorous nasal discharge. The girl was the second born child of first‐cousin immigrants from Northern Iraq. A novel homozygous mutation (c.84delC) in the EDAR gene was identified. This mutation most likely causes a frameshift in the protein product (p.S29fs*74). This results in abolition of all ectodysplasin‐mediated NF‐kB signalling. This complete loss‐of‐function mutation likely accounts for the severe clinical abnormalities in ectodermal structures in the described patient. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Saxitoxin
Authors: Thottumkara Arun P. , Parsons William H. , Du Bois J.
Published: April 2014

Die lähmend wirkende Verbindung (+)‐Saxitoxin (STX), die mit den Roten Tiden der Meere und der paralytischen Schalentiervergiftung assoziiert wird, ist ein potenter Inhibitor der elektrischen Leitung in erregbaren Zellen. Seine tückischen Wirkungen sind eine Folge der Hemmung spannungsgesteuerter Natriumionenkanäle (NaVs), d. h. der Proteine, die für die Initiierung und Fortpflanzung von Aktionspotentialen unerlässlich sind. Ein entscheidender Punkt für den Fortschritt der Ionenkanalforschung und die Identifizierung und Charakterisierung von NaVs war die Verfügbarkeit von STX und des verwandten Guanidiniumderivats Tetrodotoxin. Die Besonderheit von STX zeigt sich in seiner Funktion und Form, weist dieses außerordentlich kompakte Dikation doch mehr Heteroatome als Kohlenstoffzentren auf. Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über die Chemie und die chemische Biologie dieses faszinierenden Naturstoffs und zeigt Perspektiven für die gezielte Erforschung der Struktur und Funktion von NaV auf.
On‐Top π‐Stacking of Quasiplanar Molecules in Hole‐Transporting Materials: Inducing Anisotropic Carrier Mobility in Amorphous Films
Authors: Wakamiya Atsushi , Nishimura Hidetaka , Fukushima Tatsuya , Suzuki Furitsu , Saeki Akinori , Seki Shu , Osaka Itaru , Sasamori Takahiro , Murata Michihisa , Murata Yasujiro , Kaji Hironori
Published: April 2014

Dimers of partially oxygen‐bridged triarylamines were designed and synthesized as hole‐transporting materials. X‐ray structural analyses revealed that these compounds form on‐top π‐stacking aggregates in the crystalline state. TRMC measurements showed that high levels of anisotropic charge transport were induced in the direction of the π‐stacking. Surprisingly, even in vacuum‐deposited amorphous films, these compounds retained some of the face‐on π‐stacking, thus facilitating an out‐of‐plane carrier mobility.
Silver‐Catalyzed Oxidative Activation of Benzylic CH Bonds for the Synthesis of Difluoromethylated Arenes
Authors: Xu Peng , Guo Shuo , Wang Liyan , Tang Pingping
Published: April 2014

A mild and catalytic method to form difluoromethylated arenes through the activation of benzylic CH bonds has been developed. Utilizing AgNO3 as the catalyst, various arenes with diverse functional groups undergo activation/fluorination of benzylic CH bonds with commercially available Selectfluor reagent as a source of fluorine in aqueous solution. The reaction is operationally simple and amenable to gram‐scale synthesis.
Saxitoxin
Authors: Thottumkara Arun P. , Parsons William H. , Du Bois J.
Published: April 2014

The paralytic agent (+)‐saxitoxin (STX), most commonly associated with oceanic red tides and shellfish poisoning, is a potent inhibitor of electrical conduction in cells. Its nefarious effects result from inhibition of voltage‐gated sodium channels (NaVs), the obligatory proteins responsible for the initiation and propagation of action potentials. In the annals of ion channel research, the identification and characterization of NaVs trace to the availability of STX and an allied guanidinium derivative, tetrodotoxin. The mystique of STX is expressed in both its function and form, as this uniquely compact dication boasts more heteroatoms than carbon centers. This Review highlights both the chemistry and chemical biology of this fascinating natural product, and offers a perspective as to how molecular design and synthesis may be used to explore NaV structure and function.
Biosynthesis and Chemical Synthesis of Presilphiperfolanol Natural Products
Authors: Hong Allen Y. , Stoltz Brian M.
Published: April 2014

Presilphiperfolanols constitute a family of biosynthetically important sesquiterpenes which can rearrange to diverse sesquiterpenoid skeletons. While the origin of these natural products can be traced to simple linear terpene precursors, the details of the enzymatic cyclization mechanism that forms the stereochemically dense tricyclic skeleton has required extensive biochemical, computational, and synthetic investigation. Parallel efforts to prepare the unique and intriguing structures of these compounds by total synthesis have also inspired novel strategies, thus resulting in four synthetic approaches and two completed syntheses. While the biosynthesis and chemical synthesis studies performed to date have provided much insight into the role and properties of these molecules, emerging questions regarding the biosynthesis of newer members of the family and subtle details of rearrangement mechanisms have yet to be explored.
Use of encounter data to model spatio‐temporal distribution patterns of endangered smalltooth sawfish, Pristis pectinata, in the western Atlantic
Authors: Waters John D. , Coelho Rui , Fernandez‐Carvalho Joana , Timmers Amy A. , Wiley Tonya , Seitz Jason C. , Mcdavitt Matthew T. , Burgess George H. , Poulakis Gregg R.
Published: April 2014

Sawfishes are among the most threatened fish species globally, with only the smalltooth sawfish (Pristis pectinata) currently regularly observed in the western Atlantic. The National Sawfish Encounter Database (NSED) documents reported encounters with sawfishes in the western Atlantic and contains 4945 reports of 8773 individual P. pectinata (1782–2011).

Statistical modelling (generalized linear models and generalized additive models) and kernel density analyses were used to (1) identify spatio‐temporal patterns among encounter reports, including range reduction in the western Atlantic; (2) determine current distribution to identify areas and time periods where conservation and recovery efforts could be focused; and (3) identify and describe spatio‐temporal distribution patterns of large juveniles and adults.

Pristis pectinata were found to be year‐round residents of Florida but showed relatively consistent spatial and temporal trends by life stage throughout the year. Although the historical range in the western Atlantic included coastal waters from North Carolina to Brazil, the current geographic range of the species was limited to Florida from 2001 through 2011, with occasional reports in neighbouring states, the Bahamas, and Cuba.

Seasonally, encounters of all life stages peaked from March through July and annual recruitment of juveniles was apparent during the study period. Spatial hotspots based on increased numbers of encounters of large juveniles (201–340 cm) and adults (>340 cm) were identified in southern Charlotte Harbor, the Ten Thousand Islands, Florida Bay, the Atlantic side of the Florida Keys, and off St. Lucie in south‐east Florida. The analyses presented herein provide evidence of range reduction in the western Atlantic, provide an important tool for resource managers to focus research, monitoring, and conservation efforts, and may provide a framework to model and predict habitat use of other species.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A machine‐learning approach to coding book reviews as quality indicators: Toward a theory of megacitation
Authors: Zuccala Alesia , van Someren Maarten , van Bellen Maurits
Published: April 2014

A theory of “megacitation” is introduced and used in an experiment to demonstrate how a qualitative scholarly book review can be converted into a weighted bibliometric indicator. We employ a manual human‐coding approach to classify book reviews in the field of history based on reviewers' assessments of a book author's scholarly credibility (SC) and writing style (WS). In total, 100 book reviews were selected from the American Historical Review and coded for their positive/negative valence on these two dimensions. Most were coded as positive (68% for SC and 47% for WS), and there was also a small positive correlation between SC and WS (r = 0.2). We then constructed a classifier, combining both manual design and machine learning, to categorize sentiment‐based sentences in history book reviews. The machine classifier produced a matched accuracy (matched to the human coding) of approximately 75% for SC and 64% for WS. WS was found to be more difficult to classify by machine than SC because of the reviewers' use of more subtle language. With further training data, a machine‐learning approach could be useful for automatically classifying a large number of history book reviews at once. Weighted megacitations can be especially valuable if they are used in conjunction with regular book/journal citations, and “libcitations” (i.e., library holding counts) for a comprehensive assessment of a book/monograph's scholarly impact.
The persistence of abnormal return on assets: an exploratory analysis of the performance of firms by country and sector
Authors: Gallizo José Luis , Gargallo Pilar , Saladrigues Ramon , Salvador Manuel
Published: April 2014

This study offers an exploratory statistical analysis of the persistence of annual abnormal returns across a sample of firms from different European Union countries. To this end, a hierarchical Bayesian dynamic model has been used that enables the annual behaviour of those profits to be broken down into a permanent structural component and a transitory component, while also distinguishing between general effects affecting the industry as a whole and specific effects impacting on each firm in particular. This breakdown of the behaviour of profits allows for a more accurate assessment of the relative importance of these fundamental components by country and sector. Furthermore, through the Bayesian approach, it is possible to test different hypotheses about the homogeneity of the dynamic behaviour of the aforementioned components with respect to the sector and the country where the firm develops its activity.

We find that although both the industry and firm effects are significant, the latter are more important to explain the dynamic evolution of abnormal returns. Specifically, firm effects account for 68% of total variation of the abnormal returns and display a lower degree of persistence with adjustment speeds oscillating at around 34%, while industry effects only account for 9% and have adjustment speeds oscillating between 7% and 8%. However, this pattern is not homogeneous and depends on the sector and country in which the firm carries out its activity. These results highlight the need to take into account both aspects simultaneously in order to analyse the dynamic behaviour of abnormal returns. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Information initiatives of mobile retailers: a regression analysis of zero‐truncated count data with underdispersion
Authors: Chou Yen‐Chun , Chuang Howard Hao‐Chun , Shao Benjamin B.M.
Published: April 2014

Our paper presents an empirical analysis of the association between firm attributes in electronic retailing and the adoption of information initiatives in mobile retailing. In our attempt to analyze the collected data, we find that the count of information initiatives exhibits underdispersion. Also, zero‐truncation arises from our study design. To tackle the two issues, we test four zero‐truncated (ZT) count data models—binomial, Poisson, Conway–Maxwell–Poisson, and Consul's generalized Poisson. We observe that the ZT Poisson model has a much inferior fit when compared with the other three models. Interestingly, even though the ZT binomial distribution is the only model that explicitly takes into account the finite range of our count variable, it is still outperformed by the other two Poisson mixtures that turn out to be good approximations. Further, despite the rising popularity of the Conway–Maxwell–Poisson distribution in recent literature, the ZT Consul's generalized Poisson distribution shows the best fit among all candidate models and suggests support for one hypothesis. Because underdispersion is rarely addressed in IT and electronic commerce research, our study aims to encourage empirical researchers to adopt a flexible regression model in order to make a robust assessment on the impact of explanatory variables. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Classic bladder exstrophy: Frequent 22q11.21 duplications and definition of a 414 kb phenocritical region
Authors: Draaken Markus , Baudisch Friederike , Timmermann Bernd , Kuhl Heiner , Kerick Martin , Proske Judith , Wittler Lars , Pennimpede Tracie , Ebert Anne‐Karoline , Rösch Wolfgang , Stein Raimund , Bartels Enrika , von Lowtzow Catharina , Boemers Thomas M. , Herms Stefan , Gearhart John P. , Lakshmanan Yegappan , Kockum Christina Clementsson , Holmdahl Gundela , Läckgren Göran , Nordenskjöld Agnetha , Boyadjiev Simeon A. , Herrmann Bernhard G. , Nöthen Markus M. , Ludwig Michael , Reutter Heiko
Published: April 2014

Background

Classic bladder exstrophy (CBE) is the most common form of the bladder exstrophy and epispadias complex. Previously, we and others have identified four patients with a duplication of 22q11.21 among a total of 96 unrelated CBE patients.

Methods

Here, we investigated whether this chromosomal aberration was commonly associated with CBE/bladder exstrophy and epispadias complex in an extended case‐control sample. Multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification and microarray‐based analysis were used to identify 22q11.21 duplications in 244 unrelated bladder exstrophy and epispadias complex patients (including 217 CBE patients) and 665 healthy controls.

Results

New duplications of variable size were identified in four CBE patients and one control. Pooling of our previous and present data (eight duplications in 313 CBE patients) yielded a combined odds ratio of 31.86 (95% confidence interval, 4.24–1407.97). Array‐based sequence capture and high‐throughput targeted re‐sequencing established that all breakpoints resided within the low‐copy repeats 22A to 22D. Comparison of the eight duplications revealed a 414 kb phenocritical region harboring 12 validated RefSeq genes. Characterization of these 12 candidate genes through whole‐mount in situ hybridization of mouse embryos at embryonic day 9.5 suggested that CRKL, THAP7, and LZTR1 are CBE candidate genes.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that duplication of 22q11.21 increases CBE risk and implicate a phenocritical region in disease formation. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 100:512–517, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Red‐shifted emission from 1,2‐dioxetane‐based chemiluminescent reactions
Authors: Park Jason Y. , Gunpat Joshua , Liu Li , Edwards Brooks , Christie Alana , Xie Xian‐Jin , Kricka Larry J. , Mason Ralph P.
Published: April 2014

Commercial chemiluminescent reagents emit across a broad portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (400–500 nm). A challenge to the use of chemiluminescence to monitor biological processes is the presence of interfering substances in the biological optical window. In the present study, longer wavelength emitting fluorophores (the organic dyes Alexa 568 and Alexa 647), and a semiconductor nanoparticle (QDOT800) were used to red‐shift the emission from commercially available 1,2‐dioxetane‐based chemiluminescent substrate reactions. By adding non‐conjugated fluorescent emitters into chemiluminescent reaction mixtures, an emission peak occurred at the predicted wavelength of the fluorescent emitter. The excitation and emission from QDOT800 was preserved in the presence of a 100 µm‐thick glass barrier separating it from the chemiluminescent reaction components. The maximum tissue phantom penetration by QDOT800 emission was 8.5 mm; in comparison, the native chemiluminescent emission at 500 nm was unable to penetrate the thinnest tissue phantom of 2.5 mm. The described method for red‐shifted emissions from chemiluminescent reactions does not require direct interaction between the chemiluminescent reaction and the fluorescent emitters. This suggests that the mechanism of chemiluminescent excitation of fluorophores and QDOT800 is not exclusive to chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer or sensitized chemiluminescence, but rather by broad energization from the native chemiluminescent emission. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.