bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revisiting Michael Pearson’s Indian Ocean Littoral
Authors: Mukherjee Rila
Published: October 2019

This essay rethinks Pearson’s formulation of littoral society in two essays he wrote in 1985 and 2006. While the first made a case for coastal history, the second continued the theme into the littoral, the strip between land and sea. Pearson foregrounded the universality of a clearly discernible littoral culture on coastlines along and across the Indian Ocean. This translated consequently into a shared history and a common heritage across the ocean’s diverse shores. At a time when maritime historians were writing what were essentially land-based histories on ocean spaces, Pearson’s social history of the littoral over a longue duree was a significant intervention.
Röstigraben – językowa fosa w poprzek Szwajcarii
Authors: Porębski Andrzej
Published: October 2019

Röstigraben – Language Moat across Switzerland

One of the enduring characteristics of Europe is the influence of the Roman and Germanic cultures on the continent. Switzerland is a case of these cultures crisscrossing each other. Röstigraben refers to the intra‑Swiss, informal Franco‑German language boundary. Here I analyze the relationship between the two language groups, first from the historical perspective and, second, from the sociological and political perspectives. The main question I ask is whether or not Röstigraben, which runs from the North to the South, splits the Swiss or bonds them. I argue that the dynamics of the relations between the two groups bonds them by not exposing the differences between them.
Trwanie granic rozbiorowych w praktykach, kolekcjach i krajobrazie
Authors: Gajdek Agata , Porczyński Dominik
Published: October 2019

The Ongoing Existence of Partition Borders in Practices, Collections and Landscape: In Search of Common Points of Sociology, Museology and Landscape Architecture The subject of this paper is the phenomenon of the so called phantom borders – former political borders, presently non‑existing, however influencing the social environment. Concentrating on practices, collections and landscape we attempt to integrate three disciplines: sociology, museology and landscape architecture to study today’s manifestations of these boundaries separating the territories of Poland for 123 years. Recognizing the perspective of borderscaping we assume (phantom) borders as complex and multilevel phenomena thus requiring holistic approach reflected in the application of aforementioned disciplines during intensive ethnographic studies of former Kingdom of Poland and Kingdom of Galicia borderland communities. We argue that successful integration of methods can be based on the assumption of materiality as a common element of interactions, collections and space, making possible – in the second step – a study of meanings invoked by these tangible components and then a recreation of material‑symbolic systems shaping everyday life and festive times of phantom‑borderlands communities.
Gotyk polski?
Authors: Nowicki Jan
Published: October 2019

Polish Gothic? Establishing Real and Imaginary Boundaries through Architecture in the II Half of the 19th Century Intensive development of national identities is a characteristic feature of the 19th century European science, culture and politics. In Poland this process was of great importance. Disintegration of the state and lack of its institutions resulted in even more determined attempts to define and divide what is “ours” from what is “foreign”. One of the most important ways of constructing this boundary was through architecture – its history and theory. In the second half of the 19th century more and more authors started to give their answers to the emerging question: are there any exceptional, individual features of Polish architecture? In this context I would like to investigate the concept of “Vistulian‑Baltic” style, which is interpreted by scholars as a first attempt to define Polish national style in architecture. Closer insight into 19th century narratives reveals how imaginary and real boundaries were established through architecture and its theory.
Nanoparticles in Medicine: Applications and Hope
Authors: Pambuk Chateen I. Ali , Muhammad Fatma Mustafa
Published: October 2019

Medical applications in nanotechnology are the most important applications and the most promising ever. Scientists in the nanotechnology field are innovating new techniques and instruments measured in nanometer scale. Nanotechnology has contributed in recent years to the development of the smart device industry, mechanical engineering and bioengineering. Medical specialists count on nanotechnology to make nanomachines or nanorobots that can compensate for the traditional ways of preventing, diagnosing and treating the spread of diseases by injecting or swallowing tiny blood robots to perform complex tasks within the human body, such as delivering drugs to specific organs Imaging of cells or treatment of blood clots, tumors and surgery on nanometers. The aim of this descriptive minireview, generally, is to shed light on the main Applications of Nanoparticles in Medicine .
An Insight into the Fatty Acid Profile in the Muscle of Long-Whiskered Catfish Sperata Aor
Authors: Dutta Mita , Dutta Pinak
Published: October 2019

The composition of fatty acid of Sperata aor, a fish consumed as food by the people of gangetic West Bengal, India was investigated to determine its nutritional value. Our investigation shows the presence of PUFA’s namely EPA (0.22%), DHA (0.74%), Linolenic acid (0.39%), Linolelaedic acid (30.45%), γ-Linolenic acid (0.24%), Eicosatrienoic acid (0.38%), Arachidonic acid (0.55%) in the fish. The biosynthetic pathway for the synthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes in mammals requires the presence of Linolelaidic acid which is present in good quantity in this fish. However, its high concentration in human body may lead to heart ailments also. Arachidonic acid, associated with growth, development and health of infants as well as adults is present in the fish. Palmitoleic acid (C16:1) a constituent of adipose tissue in humans, is also present in the fish (42.29%), has the ability to suppress inflammation, and is also known to combat obesity. Though presence of low total SFA (6.20%) is positive nutritional aspect the consumption of this fish however should be restricted due to its not so healthy ω-3:ω-6 ratio (1:4).
Some Reproductive Biology Studies of Rabbitfish Siganus canaliculatus (Park, 1797) from the Southern Coastal Waters of Jeneponto, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Suwarni Suwarni , Tresnati Joeharnani , Omar Sharifuddin Bin Andy , Tuwo Ambo
Published: October 2019

The rabbitfish Siganus canaliculatus population has been exploited intensively in the Jeneponto Regency South Sulawesi by fishermen used non selective fishing gear, throughout the year even the spawning season. The intensive fishing without management policy can caused decreasing of the rabbit fish population, and if it continues population will be collapse. This study was conducted to investigate some of the reproductive biological study of this species. A total of 1821 specimens of S. canaliculatus consisting of 1436 males and 385 females were randomly collected on a monthly from fishers in the coastal waters of the Jeneponto, South Sulawesi. The fecundity and gonad stage were studied for 39 female individuals varied between 85 and 284 mm total length (TL). Egg diameters were determined using the microscope. The overall sex ratio (Males: Females) ranged from 1.7: 1 to 8.2:1 The estimation of fecundity was between 5416 and 130760 eggs.ind-1, and increased with fish length, body weight and gonad weight. Egg diameter of S. canaliculatus in this study ranged from 0.1-0.5 of stage III. 0.35-0.45 of stage IV, 0.1-0.55 of stage V, and 0.35-0.55 of stage VI. Egg diameters increased with increased fish length. Egg diameters increased with increased fish length.
Impact of Camel's Milk on Aluminum Chloride (Alcl3) - Induced Toxicity in Rats
Authors: Abdolhaleem Hala A. , Elaziz Magda Abd , Bashandy Mostafa M. , Mikhail Wafai Z. A.
Published: October 2019

The present study was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of camel's milk to ameliorate the toxicity of aluminum chloride AlCl3 on some hematological parameters; hepatic,renal functions andlipids profile; as well ashistopathological alterations of some organs. Forty rats (8 / group) were divided into 5 treatment groups:Group1: Normal rats (negative control); Group2: AlCl3induced toxicity rats (positive control); Group3: AlCl3induced toxicity rats fed with raw camel milk; Group4: AlCl3 induced toxicity rats fed with heat treated camel milk; andGroup5: AlCl3 induced toxicity rats fed with sweet acidophilus camel milk.Rats were treatedby 5ml camel’s milk 10 min before the administration of 1 ml AlCl3 (0.5 mg / kgbody weight); and had their respective doses daily for 30 successive days orally. AlCl3 oral administration resulted in a significant decrease in red blood cells count (RBC's), significant increase in mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH); while hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrite (Hct), platelets(plt), reticulocytes (Ret), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) did not revealed significant changes; the obtained anemia was macrocytic normochromic. The lipids profile; hepatic and renal functions showed non significant changes between different groups; however, histopathological examination showed variable alterations of varying severity in some organs; besides their response to camel's milk administration. Camel’s milk administration in groups 3, 4, 5 alleviated the toxic effect of AlCl3 with variable degrees between different groups.
Less iatrogenic soft-tissue damage utilizing robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty when compared with a manual approach
Authors: Hampp Emily L. , Sodhi Nipun , Scholl Laura , Deren Matthew E. , Yenna Zachary , Westrich Geoffrey , Mont Michael A.
Published: October 2019

Objectives

The use of the haptically bounded saw blades in robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty (RTKA) can potentially help to limit surrounding soft-tissue injuries. However, there are limited data characterizing these injuries for cruciate-retaining (CR) TKA with the use of this technique. The objective of this cadaver study was to compare the extent of soft-tissue damage sustained through a robotic-assisted, haptically guided TKA (RATKA) versus a manual TKA (MTKA) approach.

Methods

A total of 12 fresh-frozen pelvis-to-toe cadaver specimens were included. Four surgeons each prepared three RATKA and three MTKA specimens for cruciate-retaining TKAs. A RATKA was performed on one knee and a MTKA on the other. Postoperatively, two additional surgeons assessed and graded damage to 14 key anatomical structures in a blinded manner. Kruskal–Wallis hypothesis tests were performed to assess statistical differences in soft-tissue damage between RATKA and MTKA cases.

Results

Significantly less damage occurred to the PCLs in the RATKA versus the MTKA specimens (p < 0.001). RATKA specimens had non-significantly less damage to the deep medial collateral ligaments (p = 0.149), iliotibial bands (p = 0.580), poplitei (p = 0.248), and patellar ligaments (p = 0.317). The remaining anatomical structures had minimal soft-tissue damage in all MTKA and RATKA specimens.

Conclusion

The results of this study indicate that less soft-tissue damage may occur when utilizing RATKA compared with MTKA. These findings are likely due to the enhanced preoperative planning with the robotic software, the real-time intraoperative feedback, and the haptically bounded saw blade, all of which may help protect the surrounding soft tissues and ligaments. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2019;8:495–501. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.810.BJR-2019-0129.R1.
Lobistas, assessores de imprensa e relações-públicas norte-americanos que serviram o Estado Novo (1942-1974)
Authors: Ribeiro Vasco
Published: October 2019

Em 1938, o Congresso Norte-americano aprovou a Lei de Registro de Agentes Estrangeiros (Osgood, 2002, p. 245), vulgarmente denominada por FARA [Foreign Agents Registration Act], que obrigava todas as empresas e agentes nos EUA que trabalhassem para governos ou empresas estrangeiras a entregarem uma declaração anual da sua atividade no Departamento de Justiça. Foi através destes registos que pudemos verificar que, para além da Casa de Portugal de Nova Iorque, o regime português registou, entre 1938 e 1974, um conjunto de cinco entidades/indivíduos que prestaram serviços de comunicação, articulados com o SNI e o mais alto escol do Estado Novo, com o objetivo de tentar moldar a opinião pública norte-americana. Propomos, assim, um estudo longitudinal diacrónico, onde tentaremos descrever e interpretar a atuação destes agentes propagandistas na promoção da imagem do país, do regime e dos seus mais altos dirigentes – Salazar e Marcello Caetano.
Do Chefe Incontestado ao Chefe Panóptico
Authors: Torres Eduardo Cintra , Serra Filomena
Published: October 2019

Este artigo analisa as representações fotográficas de Oliveira Salazar no Século Ilustrado, desde a sua fundação em 1938 por Leitão de Barros até ao final da Segunda Guerra Mundial, tomando como ponto de partida um anterior estudo sobre a construção da imagem do “Chefe” no Notícias Ilustrado (1928-1935). Adoptámos para o Século Ilustrado uma metodologia semelhante à desse trabalho. Depois do levantamento de todas as imagens fotográficas do ditador até 1945, submetemos as mais significativas capas, contracapas e reportagens a uma análise semiótica que procurou verificar a sintonia das representações com as circunstâncias políticas do regime e do seu líder. Simultaneamente, tentámos interpretar, através da fotografia impressa e das decisões gráficas das duas revistas, o processo de promoção e propaganda de Salazar, bem como a sua passagem de “Chefe consagrado” no Notícias Ilustrado, a “Chefe panóptico” no Século Ilustrado, e como esta identificação coincidiu na revista com a que se desenrolava no espaço público.
CORRIGENDUM: Predicting diabetic self-care management based on the theory of planned behavior among elderly with type 2 diabetes in Thailand (Diabetes Mellitus.2019;22(3). DOI: 10.14341/dm10290)
Authors: Wongrith Paleeratana
Published: October 2019

A corrigendum on Predicting diabetic self-care management based on the theory of planned behavior among elderly with type 2 diabetes in Thailand by Paleeratana Wongrith (2019). Diabetes Mellitus. 22(4). doi: 10.14341/DM10290There are some errors on the page 368: source [11] should be replaced by [9], [12] [11], [13] [12], [14] [13], [15] [14].The author apologizes for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way.The original article has been updated.
News
Authors: Hebert Kirsten
Published: October 2019

Highlights recent activities of the Optometric Historical Society and related events, including the indexing of Hindsight, information about the upcoming Blast from the Past events at Optometry's Meeting 2020 and digitization of The Archives & Museum of Optometry's holdings.
The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Optometry
Authors: Amos John F.
Published: October 2019

This article traces the history of the University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Optometry since its founding 50 years ago. The article highlights notable leaders of the university as well as individuals important in paving the way for the school of optometry's founding, the school of optometry's evolving mission, programs and expanding footprint.
A Century of Continuing Education
Authors: Hebert Kirsten
Published: October 2019

2019 marks the 100th anniversary of the American Optometric Association’s first Department of Education and the launch of its first distance learning program. This article traces the evolution of the AOA’s distance  continuing education strategy over the last century, highlighting three generations of educational technology and modes of delivery the association has employed: textual materials by mail, audiovisual media through library loan, and interactive digital modules over the world wide web. The author also explores the relationship between the warfare and the development of educational technology and pedagogy at each stage of development and introduces the reader to the AOA’s newest iteration of its distance learning web portal,EyeLearn.™
Low Incidence of Pump-Related Infections in Jarvik 2000 Ventricular Assist Device Recipients with a Subcostal Driveline Exit Site
Authors: Letsou George V. , Anand Jatin , Ogburn Erinn , Shah Rohan M. , Ganapathy Anand V. , Cohn William E. , Loor Gabriel , Frazier O.H.
Published: October 2019

Driveline infection has been a persistent problem with mechanical cardiac assist devices. The reported incidence of infection has been low in patients who receive a Jarvik 2000 continuous-flow left ventricular assist device when a skull-pedestal driveline exit site is used. We evaluated whether this is also true when a subcostal driveline exit site is used.

We reviewed baseline demographic variables, postimplantation vital signs, laboratory values, and culture results in patients who underwent Jarvik 2000 implantation at our center from April 2000 through October 2009, including follow-up through June 2014. All patients had a subcostal driveline exit site. We defined device-related infection as a positive blood or wound culture associated with a medical or surgical device intervention. Event and time-to-event rates were calculated.

Eighty-one patients received 89 Jarvik 2000 devices, all as bridges to transplantation. The median support duration was 69 days (interquartile range, 27–153 d; range, 2–2,249 d). Five superficial driveline infections and one incision-site infection occurred (0.002 events per patient-year of support). The median time from pump implantation to onset of driveline infection was 30 days; the incision-related infection occurred at 44 days.

The Jarvik 2000 has a low incidence of infection when implanted with use of a subcostal driveline exit site. The incidence of pump infections is particularly low. Using a subcostal driveline exit site may be as effective in preventing infections as using a skull-pedestal driveline exit site. We detail our findings in this report.
The Man with 2 Hearts: 25 Years from Heterotopic to Orthotopic Heart Transplantation
Authors: Godfrey Elizabeth L. , Kueht Michael L. , Rana Abbas , Frazier O.H.
Published: October 2019

Substantial technological advances in mechanical circulatory support have caused a shift in the management of end-stage heart failure. From the 1970s through the 1990s, heterotopic heart transplantation was routinely performed in patients in whom orthotopic transplantation was likely to fail. Heterotopic heart transplantation is now performed less often because modern mechanical circulatory assist devices are routinely used as bridges to orthotopic transplantation; regardless, the operation has helped numerous patients who would not otherwise have received adequate allografts.

We describe the case of a man with idiopathic nonischemic cardiomyopathy who, at age 17, was given an ABO- and size-matched heterotopic allograft that was a complete human leukocyte antigen mismatch. The graft functioned normally for 20 years until the patient had a myocardial infarction that necessitated placement of a coronary artery stent. Subsequent treatments involved many interventions, including insertion of an intra-aortic balloon pump, medical therapy for heart failure, implantation of a total artificial heart, and, ultimately, orthotopic transplantation.

To our knowledge, our patient is the longest surviving recipient of a heterotopic heart transplant, with a remarkable 25-year graft survival despite poor histocompatibility and an almost complete lack of native heart function. The strategies used for his treatment make him a living case study that can add valuable information to the history of cardiac support.
Effective Reduction of Radiation Exposure during Cardiac Catheterization
Authors: Gutiérrez-Barrios Alejandro , Camacho-Galán Hugo , Medina-Camacho Francisco , Cañadas-Pruaño Dolores , Jimenez-Moreno Antonio , Calle-Perez German , Vázquez-García Rafael
Published: October 2019

Exposure to ionizing radiation during cardiac catheterization can have harmful consequences for patients and for the medical staff involved in the procedures. Minimizing radiation doses during the procedures is essential. We investigated whether fine-tuning the radiation protocol reduces radiation doses in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.

In January 2016, we implemented a new protocol with reduced radiation doses in the Hospital de Jerez catheterization laboratory. We analyzed 170 consecutive coronary interventional procedures (85 of which were performed after the new protocol was implemented) and the personal dosimeters of the interventional cardiologists who performed the procedures.

Overall, the low-radiation protocol reduced air kerma (dose of radiation) by 44.9% (95% CI, 18.4%–70.8%; P=0.001). The dose-area product decreased by 61% (95% CI, 30.2%–90.1%; P <0.001) during percutaneous coronary interventions. We also found that the annual deep (79%, P=0.026) and shallow (62.2%, P=0.035) radiation doses to which primary operators were exposed decreased significantly under the low-radiation protocol. These dose reductions were achieved without increasing the volume of contrast media, fluoroscopy time, or rates of procedural complications, and without reducing the productivity of the laboratory.

Optimizing the radiation safety protocol effectively reduced radiation exposure in patients and operators during cardiac catheterization procedures.
Low Origin of the Coronary Arteries and a Small Aortic Annulus Complicating Aortic Valve Replacement
Authors: Withana Milinda , Uribe Carlo , Gregoric Igor D. , Angelini Paolo
Published: October 2019

Low origin of the coronary arteries, defined as an origin less than 10 mm above the functional aortic annulus, is not usually considered to be a notable anomaly because functional impairment is not intrinsic. We describe a case of severe complications after surgical aortic valve replacement in a 59-year-old woman who had symptomatic aortic valve stenosis, low origin of both main coronary arteries, and a hypoplastic aortic annulus less than 19 mm in diameter. The aortic prosthesis had to be implanted above the hypoplastic anatomic annulus. An inferior-wall myocardial infarction, hypotension, right-sided heart failure, and atrial fibrillation developed during the early perioperative period. Coronary angiograms showed occlusion of the right coronary artery ostium and critical stenosis of the left coronary ostium. During reoperation, posterior aortic patch annuloplasty enabled lower reimplantation of the prosthetic aortic valve, jointly with right coronary artery–venous grafting.

To prevent potentially severe complications, we recommend that low origin of the coronary arteries be reported before patients undergo surgical aortic valve replacement. If the ostia are not seen when routine coronary angiography is used, computed tomography should be prospectively performed to characterize this anomaly.
Keefektifan Perlakuan Air Panas terhadap Nematoda Ditylenchus destructor pada Umbi Bawang Putih
Authors: Ahmadi Heri , Supramana Supramana , Suhartanto Mohamad Rahmad
Published: October 2019

The Effectiveness of Hot Water Treatment Against Nematode  Ditylenchus destructor on Garlic BulbsThe high importation of garlic increases the risk of entry and spread of Ditylenchus to Indonesia. The hot water treatment (HWT) has the potential to be developed as an effective and safe method for elimination Ditylenchus in garlic. The aim of the current research was to examine effectiveness of HWT application on imported garlic to eliminated Ditylenchus. The research consisted of garlic sampling, nematode identification and determination of population abundance, and HWT. Samples were taken from traditional markets. The range of HWT temperature tested was 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, and 55 °C for 20 minutes and control. Optimization of treatment time was carried out at 49–51 °C for 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 minutes and control. The results showed that based on morphological characters the parasitic nematodes that infect imported garlic from China were D. destructor. Nematode populations are varied in the sample, the highest number was 508 nematodes per 50 g of garlic. Hot water temperature at 41–51 °C did not affect the quality of garlic, and the temperature of 49–55 °C caused 100% nematode mortality. Hot water at 49 °C for 20–30 minutes or 51 °C for 20–25 minutes effectively eliminated Ditylenchus in garlic without affecting the garlic quality. The research confirmed the presence of D. destructor in imported garlic imported from China, so it is recommended to tighten inspection at a port of entry and monitoring its potential spread in Indonesia.
Cover Jurnal Fitopatologi Vol. 15 No. 1, Januari 2019
Authors: Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia Editor
Published: October 2019

Editorial ini berisi cover depan, halaman redaksi dan cover belakang Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia, Volume 15, No. 1, Januari 2019.
The Compilation and Execution of a Measurement of Chinese Undergraduates’ Moral Values Approval
Authors: Zhu Hai-Long
Published: October 2019

The study completes the compilation of the questionnaire on Chinese undergraduates’ moral values from six moral values dimensions: honesty and compliance, civility and self-discipline, love, unity and be helpful, esteem and filial respect. The questionnaire has 31 questions in all, taking advantage of Likert scale. Using this scale, its alpha reliability reach 0.887 with clear internal structure. The validity is well and the model fitting index accords with statistical measurement, which covers the shortage of empirical study on Chinese undergraduate students’ moral values. The measurement, which focused undergraduate moral values, is compiled by a total of 768 valid samples from 6 colleges. Measurement results show that there are sequences of orientation on Chinese undergraduates’ moral values approval, and the order is: Honesty and compliance, civility and discipline, filial respect unity and be helpful, love and esteem; while gender differences do exist. The male undergraduates’ identity level of honesty and compliance, civility and self-discipline, love, and filial respect ranks higher than that of female undergraduates; however, the differences, between male and female undergraduates, on unity and being helpful, as well as esteem are not significant.
Production of Sodium Bicarbonate from CO2 Reuse Processes: A Brief Review
Authors: Bonfim-Rocha Lucas , Silva André Batista , de Faria Sérgio Henrique Bernardo , Vieira Marcelo Fernandes , de Souza Marcos
Published: October 2019

Research activities discuss about the global environmental impacts of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Government authorities and international conferences aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and encourage the development of sustainable processes using renewable sources. In order to reduce emissions from the industrial sector, CO2 capture and reuse as a raw material in the production of marketable products have encouraged the development of technologies. Among many possible chemical products manufactured from CO2, sodium bicarbonate appears in this context as an important compound in the chemical, food, textile and pharmaceutical industries. Then, the main objective of this work was to carry out a bibliographical review of the main production processes available in the literature for synthesis of sodium bicarbonate and the main chemical reactions involved in the crystallization reactor. Regarding to the processes, soda ash carbonation from trona, the Solvay process and the sodium sulfate route were assessed and compared. Among the main raw materials used in the production process of sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride is presented as most economically feasible while sodium carbonate and sodium sulfate are indicated as the most environmentally viable alternatives. Beyond, the global processes were presented for each route discussing advantages and disadvantages for the separation and purification steps required after the reaction. It is notable that the main raw material is sodium chloride due to its easy possibility of obtaining, from seawater, and large availability for applications at the food industry. Indeed, the production of sodium bicarbonate by means of the Solvay process was the route that presented the best results regarding to the technology development and economic cost. Use of sodium sulfate as raw material has proved to be a possible route, besides presenting numerous advantages such as production of valuable byproducts. However, this route may be not totally viable compared to conventional routes due to the complexity of products separation and purification. The review showed that there is a lack in the scientific literature regarding to the development of studies evaluating sodium bicarbonate crystallization and purification in a cost effective and technical detailed approach.
Assessment of BeiDou’s Tropospheric Model (IGGtrop) for tropospheric delay correction in northern hemisphere
Authors: Farah Ashraf
Published: October 2019

Satellite navigation systems face different types of errors that affect the positioning accuracy. The tropospheric delay considers one of the major sources of error for the transmitted signal that could face a tropospheric delay of over 2 m at zenith and 20 m at lower satellite elevation angles. A positioning error of 10 m could result from inaccurate mitigation of the tropospheric delay. Two types of models are available; surface meteorological models and global empirical models. Surface meteorological models use surface meteorological data to give accurate mitigation while the global empirical models use global standard atmospheres. Global empirical models are favorable for satellite based augmentation systems such as EGNOS model for the EGNOS augmentation system. Several hybrid neutral atmosphere delay models have been developed (UNB1 through UNB4). The IGGtrop model is initially developed to provide tropospheric delay corrections for the users of Chinese BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and its augmentation system. This paper presents an assessment study for the behaviour of IGGtrop model comparing with (EGNOS, UNB3M) models. The behavior of the three models is compared with IGS-tropospheric estimations for two different-latitude IGS stations; (bhr1 and eil1) in the northern hemisphere. This study recommends using IGGtrop model for estimating the zenith tropospheric delay correction for low-latitude regions in northern hemisphere for all seasons with an average zenith tropospheric difference of 0.75 cm. IGGtrop model is also recommended to be used for estimating the zenith tropospheric delay correction for high-latitude geographic regions in northern hemisphere during autumn and spring seasons with an average zenith tropospheric difference of 0.75 cm. While UNB3M model is the best choice for tropospheric delay correction for high-latitude geographic regions in northern hemisphere during winter and summer seasons with an average zenith tropospheric difference of 1.1 cm.
Company-Based Welfare in Italy: Multi-Stakeholder Networks for Bridging the Gap between Large and Small-Medium Enterprises?
Authors: Maino Franca , Razetti Federico
Published: November 2019

Over the last decade, in most Western countries, welfare states have faced increasing challenges due to several socioeconomic and cultural transformations. The economic crisis and austerity measures adopted in the aftermath of these challenges have increased the number of vulnerable people. Against this backdrop, this article aims to shed light on the development of company-based welfare in Italy by focusing specifically on the gap between large and small-medium enterprises and on emerging solutions addressed to fill this gap through the constitution of locally rooted, multi-actor networks. How do they originate? What are their main features? What contribution can they make to defusing the dualization between large, medium and small companies and workers? After reviewing these research questions, a description of the development of company-based welfare in Italy is provided in the first part of the article. We then describe and compare four local welfare networks, including small and medium enterprises, by looking at both their genetic and constitutive elements and their outputs.
Wie beeinflussen Arbeitsanreizerwartungen die sozialpolitischen Positionen der deutschen Arbeitgeberverbände?
Authors: Paster Thomas
Published: November 2019

Staatliche Sozialleistungen können, je nach Gestaltung des Leistungszugangs, Arbeitsanreize schwächen oder stärken. Eine Schwächung ergibt sich, wenn Leistungsbezug als Alternative zu Erwerbstätigkeit in Frage kommt; eine Stärkung, wenn Leistungen an Verpflichtungen zur Arbeitssuche und Arbeitsaufnahme gekoppelt sind. Aus diesen Gründen ist die Gestaltung von Arbeitsanreizen durch Sozialpolitik für Arbeitgeber relevant. Dieser Beitrag untersucht durch historische Fallstudien von sechs sozialpolitischen Reformen, welche Rolle die Spitzenverbände der Arbeitgeber Arbeitsanreizen in der Sozialpolitik beimaßen sowie wie sich diese Einschätzungen im Zeitverlauf veränderten. Der Beitrag zeigt, dass die Verbände eine Reduktion des Arbeitskräfteangebots durch Sozialpolitik, je nach Arbeitsmarktlage, entweder negativ oder positiv bewerteten. Dort, wo die Verbände eine Schwächung von Arbeitsanreizen als problematisch wahrnahmen, variierte die Intensität dieser Befürchtungen mit der Arbeitsmarktnähe des jeweiligen Programms.
A Novel Birthdate-Labeling Method Reveals Segregated Parallel Projections of Mitral and External Tufted Cells in the Main Olfactory System
Authors: Hirata Tatsumi , Shioi Go , Abe Takaya , Kiyonari Hiroshi , Kato Shigeki , Kobayashi Kazuto , Mori Kensaku , Kawasaki Takahiko
Published: October 2019

A fundamental strategy in sensory coding is parallel processing, whereby unique, distinct features of sensation are computed and projected to the central target in the form of submodal maps. It remains unclear, however, whether such parallel processing strategy is employed in the main olfactory system, which codes the complex hierarchical odor and behavioral scenes. A potential scheme is that distinct subsets of projection neurons in the olfactory bulb (OB) form parallel projections to the targets. Taking advantage of the observation that the distinct projection neurons develop at different times, we developed a Cre-loxP-based method that allows for birthdate-specific labeling of cell bodies and their axon projections in mice. This birthdate tag analysis revealed that the mitral cells (MCs) born in an early developmental stage and the external tufted cells (TCs) born a few days later form segregated parallel projections. Specifically, the latter subset converges the axons onto only two small specific targets, one of which, located at the anterolateral edge of the olfactory tubercle (OT), excludes widespread MC projections. This target is made up of neurons that express dopamine D1 but not D2 receptor and corresponds to the most anterolateral isolation of the CAP compartments (aiCAP) that were defined previously. This finding of segregated projections suggests that olfactory sensing does indeed involve parallel processing of functionally distinct submodalities. Importantly, the birthdate tag method used here may pave the way for deciphering the functional meaning of these individual projection pathways in the future.
Intermittent Failure of Spike Propagation in Primary Afferent Neurons during Tactile Stimulation
Authors: Al-Basha Dhekra , Prescott Steven A.
Published: October 2019

Primary afferent neurons convey somatosensory information to the CNS. Low-threshold mechanoreceptors are classified as slow-adapting (SA) or rapid-adapting (RA) based on whether or not they spike repetitively during sustained tactile stimulation; the former are subclassified as Type 1 or 2 based on the regularity of their spiking. Recordingin vivofrom DRGs of mice, we observed irregular- and regular-spiking units consistent with SA1 and SA2 low-threshold mechanoreceptors, but some units, which we labeled “semiregular,” did not fit cleanly into the existing classification scheme. Analysis of their spiking revealed integer-multiple patterning in which spike trains comprised a fundamental interspike interval and multiples thereof. Integer-multiple-patterned spiking was reproduced by randomly removing spikes from an otherwise regular spike train, suggesting that semiregular units represent SA2 units in which some spikes are “missing.” We hypothesized that missing spikes arose from intermittent failure of spikes to initiate or to propagate. Intermittent failure of spike initiation was ruled out by several observations: integer-multiple-patterned spiking was not induced by intradermal lidocaine, was independent of stimulus modality (mechanical vs optogenetic), and could not be reproduced in a conductance-based model neuron given constant input. On the other hand, integer-multiple-patterned spiking was induced by application of lidocaine to the DRG, thus pinpointing intermittent failure of spike propagation as the basis for integer-multiple-patterned spiking. Indeed, half of all SA2 units exhibited some missing spikes, mostly at low rate (<5%), which suggests that axons are efficient in using the lowest safety factor capable of producing near-perfect propagation reliability.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe impedance mismatch at axon branch points can impede spike propagation. Reliability of spike propagation across branch points remains an open question and is especially important for primary afferents whose spikes must cross a T-junction to reach the CNS. Past research on propagation reliability has relied almost entirely on simulations andin vitroexperiments. Here, recordingin vivo, we linked a distinctive pattern of spiking to the intermittent failure of spike propagation at the T-junction. The rarity of failures argues that safety factor is high under physiological conditions, yet the occurrence of such failures argues that safety factor is just high enough to ensure near-perfect reliability, consistent with a good balance between propagation reliability and energy efficiency.
Task-Demand-Dependent Neural Representation of Odor Information in the Olfactory Bulb and Posterior Piriform Cortex
Authors: Wang Dejuan , Liu Penglai , Mao Xingfeng , Zhou Zheng , Cao Tiantian , Xu Jinshan , Sun Changcheng , Li Anan
Published: October 2019

In awake rodents, the neural representation of olfactory information in the olfactory bulb is largely dependent on brain state and behavioral context. Learning-modified neural plasticity has been observed in mitral/tufted cells, the main output neurons of the olfactory bulb. Here, we propose that the odor information encoded by mitral/tufted cell responses in awake mice is highly dependent on the behavioral task demands. We used fiber photometry to record calcium signals from the mitral/tufted cell population in awake, head-fixed male mice under different task demands. We found that the mitral/tufted cell population showed similar responses to two distinct odors when the odors were presented in the context of a go/go task, in which the mice received a water reward regardless of the identity of the odor presented. However, when the same odors were presented in a go/no-go task, in which one odor was rewarded and the other was not, then the mitral cell population responded very differently to the two odors, characterized by a robust reduction in the response to the nonrewarded odor. Thus, the representation of odors in the mitral/tufted cell population depends on whether the task requires discrimination of the odors. Strikingly, downstream of the olfactory bulb, pyramidal neurons in the posterior piriform cortex also displayed a task-demand-dependent neural representation of odors, but the anterior piriform cortex did not, indicating that these two important higher olfactory centers use different strategies for neural representation.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe most important task of the olfactory system is to generate a precise representation of odor information under different brain states. Whether the representation of odors by neurons in olfactory centers such as the olfactory bulb and the piriform cortex depends on task demands remains elusive. We find that odor representation in the mitral/tufted cells of the olfactory bulb depends on whether the task requires odor discrimination. A similar neural representation is found in the posterior piriform cortex but not the anterior piriform cortex, indicating that these higher olfactory centers use different representational strategies. The task-demand-dependent representational strategy is likely important for facilitating information processing in higher brain centers responsible for decision making and encoding of salience.
Protein Kinase A-Mediated Suppression of the Slow Afterhyperpolarizing KCa3.1 Current in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Tiwari Manindra Nath , Mohan Sandesh , Biala Yoav , Yaari Yoel
Published: October 2019

Brain insults, such as trauma, stroke, anoxia, and status epilepticus (SE), cause multiple changes in synaptic function and intrinsic properties of surviving neurons that may lead to the development of epilepsy. Experimentally, a single SE episode, induced by the convulsant pilocarpine, initiates the development of an epileptic condition resembling human temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Principal hippocampal neurons from such epileptic animals display enhanced spike output in response to excitatory stimuli compared with neurons from nonepileptic animals. This enhanced firing is negatively related to the size of the slow afterhyperpolarization (sAHP), which is reduced in the epileptic neurons. The sAHP is an intrinsic neuronal negative feedback mechanism consisting normally of two partially overlapping components produced by disparate mechanisms. One component is generated by activation of Ca2+-gated K+(KCa) channels, likely KCa3.1, consequent to spike Ca2+influx (the KCa-sAHP component). The second component is generated by enhancement of the electrogenic Na+/K+ATPase (NKA) by spike Na+influx (NKA-sAHP component). Here we show that the KCa-sAHP component is markedly reduced in male rat epileptic neurons, whereas the NKA-sAHP component is not altered. The KCa-sAHP reduction is due to the downregulation of KCa3.1 channels, mediated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA). This sustained effect can be acutely reversed by applying PKA inhibitors, leading also to normalization of the spike output of epileptic neurons. We propose that the novel “acquired channelopathy” described here, namely, PKA-mediated downregulation of KCa3.1 activity, provides an innovative target for developing new treatments for TLE, hopefully overcoming the pharmacoresistance to traditional drugs.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTEpilepsy, a common neurological disorder, often develops following a brain insult. Identifying key molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying acquired epilepsy is critical for developing effective antiepileptic therapies. In an experimental model of acquired epilepsy, we show that principal hippocampal neurons become intrinsically hyperexcitable. This alteration is due predominantly to the downregulation of a ubiquitous class of potassium ion channels, KCa3.1, whose main function is to dampen neuronal excitability. KCa3.1 downregulation is mediated by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway. Most importantly, it can be acutely reversed by PKA inhibitors, leading to recovery of KCa3.1 function and normalization of neuronal excitability. The discovery of this novel epileptogenic mechanism hopefully will facilitate the development of more efficient pharmacotherapy for acquired epilepsy.
Forgotten Histories of the Audiobook
Authors: Mcenaney Tom
Published: October 2019

This article investigates the different affordances of magnetic tape and print as they are entextualized in various co(n)texts by writers, ethnographers, and musicians throughout the Americas in the late 1960s. I analyze printed books made from tape recordings—Cuban anthropologist Miguel Barnet and his interview subject Esteban Montejo’s Biografía de un cimarrón (Biography of a Runaway Slave, 1966), Rodolfo Walsh’s true-crime denunciation ¿Quién mató a Rosendo? (Who killed Rosendo?, 1968), and Andy Warhol’s experimental a: a novel (1968)—to ask why these writers transduced their recordings into print rather than release them as audiobooks, how or if listening to those tapes would alter the meaning of their printed entextualizations, and what musical interactions with the same media in the same contexts can tell us about the limits both of print and of symbolic musical notation. Tracing the intersection of musical and literary works, the article argues that a writerly ethics of distortion, rather than fidelity, arises from this mutual encounter with sound on tape, and ponders how dialogic audiobooks might contest older issues of power and representation for those writers, North and South, who worked in support of marginalized (Afro-Cuban, working class, and queer) subjects.
Leander, Isidore, and Gregory
Authors: Randel Don Michael
Published: October 2019

St. Isidore of Seville (d. 636) and Pope Gregory the Great (d. 604) had an intellectual exchange facilitated in part by Isidore’s brother Leander (d. ca. 600), who preceded Isidore as bishop of Seville, had met Gregory in Constantinople, and to whom Gregory dedicated his Moralia in Job. Isidore’s writings and contemporaneous records of Spanish church councils make clear that the Old Hispanic Rite was already largely, though not entirely, formed in his day, much as we find it in the earliest surviving liturgical documents: the Oracional Visigótico (ca. 711) and the Antiphoner of León (ca. 900). This is a rite deriving from a great exegetical project in which liturgical chant formed only a part. Its starting points were the various translations of the Bible and the writings of the church fathers, especially Gregory and Augustine. From this an elaborate and systematic repertory of chant was formed in coordination with prayers, readings, and sermons. All of this speaks to deliberate composition by Isidore, Leander, and their colleagues rather than to the writing down of a long-standing oral tradition. Gregory surely knew about this activity in Spain. Is it likely that Gregory and his colleagues were not engaged in any such activity or that such activity in Rome took place so much later than it did in Spain? Perhaps there is a good reason why the chant created in Rome is called Gregorian just as the Old Hispanic Chant was much later called Isidorean. In the absence of Roman sources we may never know. But the Old Hispanic sources suggest that we ought to wonder.