bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rolle der Komplementärmedizin bei Diabetes mellitus Typ 1 in zwei Schweizer Zentren
Authors: Scheidegger  , Flück  , Scheidegger  , Diem  , Mullis
Published: September 2009

Insulinsubstitution ist die einzige effektive Therapie des Typ-1-Diabetes-mellitus (T1DM). Gleichwohl sind bei dieser Krankheit viele komplementäre Therapien in Gebrauch. In dieser Studie haben wir mittels Fragebogen eruiert, dass 48 von 342 Personen mit T1DM (14%; 13.4% bei Erwachsenen, 18.5% bei Kindern; 20 männlich, 28 weiblich) zusätzlich zur Insulintherapie Komplementärmedizin (KM) verwenden. Ziele waren die Steigerung des allgemeinen Wohlbefindens, Senkung und Stabilisierung des Blutzuckerspiegels, Reduktion der Insulindosis, Verbesserung der körperlichen Fitness, Reduktion von Unterzuckerungen, Verminderung des Hungergefühles. Die am häufigsten verwendeten Therapiemethoden waren Zimt, Homöopathie, Magnesium und Diabetikertees. Zur optimalen Patientenbetreuung propagieren wir gute Zusammenarbeit zwischen Spezialisten der Schul- und Komplementärmedizin.
Das Spektrum der Kraniosynostosen – Timing und Techniken kraniofazialer Eingriffe
Authors: Obwegeser
Published: September 2009

Kraniofaziale Anomalien haben ein weites Erscheinungsspektrum und bedeuten vor allem in syndromalen Fällen für die Betroffenen eine funktionelle und kosmetische Entstellung. Die Entwicklung der letzten Jahrzehnte auf dem Gebiet der kraniofazialen Chirurgie hat ein System von hochwertigen, wenig rezidivanfälligen Operationsmethoden am Gesichtsschädel und den benachbarten Regionen des Neurokraniums gebracht, das beinahe unbegrenzte Eingriffsmöglichkeiten, wenn auch teilweise mit erheblichem Aufwand, bietet. Wie in anderen Fachbereichen der Medizin auch, besteht allerdings die Gefahr, dass aus Begeisterung für das Machbare über das Notwendige hinaus gegangen wird. Die realistische Einschätzung des Nutzens für den Patienten muss daher bei Indikationsstellung, dem Timing und der Durchführung mehr denn je die Grundlage der Entscheidung bilden.
CO2 retrieval algorithm for the thermal infrared spectra of the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite: Potential of retrieving CO2 vertical profile from high‐resolution FTS sensor
Authors: Saitoh Naoko , Imasu Ryoichi , Ota Yoshifumi , Niwa Yosuke
Published: September 2009

The Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) was successfully launched in January 2009, with the aim of providing global observations of greenhouse gases. We developed an algorithm to retrieve CO2 vertical profiles from the terrestrial radiation spectra at 700–800 cm−1 and assessed its validity. For this purpose, we first computed GOSAT pseudomeasurement spectra and then performed CO2 retrieval simulations using the maximum a posteriori (MAP) method, with analytical data for temperature information. Our simulations with no uncertainty in the estimates of atmospheric conditions such as surface temperature, surface emissivity, and profiles of temperature, water vapor, and ozone showed that the retrieved CO2 profiles had an accuracy of 1% above 800 hPa, with little dependence on the a priori profiles. Introducing correlations between layers in an a priori error covariance matrix was important for CO2 retrieval especially above 200 hPa. Enhancing the correlations below 800 hPa was important for CO2 retrieval there. Selecting 100 channels based on CO2 information content for all layers, 10 channels for the region above 55 hPa, and 50 channels for the region below 800 hPa was sufficient to achieve CO2 retrieval with 1% accuracy from the troposphere through the stratosphere. Our simulations with possible errors in the atmospheric conditions showed that 1% accuracy was also achieved at 600–100 hPa in every latitude region, although the retrieved CO2 concentrations probably included up to 4% positive and negative biases at 30°S–30°N above 100 hPa and at mid‐ and high latitudes below 600 hPa, respectively.
Impacts of aerosols on the development and precipitation of a mesoscale squall line
Authors: Li Guohui , Wang Yuan , Lee Keun‐Hee , Diao Yiwei , Zhang Renyi
Published: September 2009

The effects of aerosols on the development and precipitation for a mesoscale squall line occurring in the south plains of the United States have been investigated using a cloud‐resolving Weather Research and Forecasting (CR‐WRF) model with a two‐moment bulk microphysical scheme. Different aerosol scenarios are considered in the CR‐WRF model experiments, including polluted continental aerosols with a mean concentration of 2000 cm−3. The simulated temporal evolution of composite radar reflectivity and the 24‐h accumulated precipitation in the polluted aerosol experiment are in agreement with the measurements. The influence of aerosol concentrations is insignificant on the rainfall distribution but is remarkable on the precipitation intensity. The CR‐WRF experiment with the polluted aerosol case predicts about 13% more precipitation and more locally intensive rainfall than do those with the clean aerosol case. Both the convection zone and the storm convective strength are increased in the polluted aerosol experiment in response to the increase in aerosol concentrations. The two‐moment microphysical scheme is compared with three single‐moment bulk schemes in the WRF model, including the Lin, WRF single‐moment six‐class, and Thompson schemes. Only the Thompson schemes reproduce the observed precipitation and radar reflectivity pattern, in agreement with the two‐moment scheme with a leading convective line and a trailing stratiform precipitation regime. All of the single‐moment schemes significantly overestimate the precipitation, especially with the Lin scheme, while the two‐moment scheme yields the precipitation simulation comparable with the measurement.
Resazurin as a “smart” tracer for quantifying metabolically active transient storage in stream ecosystems
Authors: Haggerty Roy , Martí Eugènia , Argerich Alba , von Schiller Daniel , Grimm Nancy B.
Published: September 2009

We propose the experimental use of resazurin (Raz) and develop a metabolically active transient storage (MATS) model to include processes that may provide additional information on transient storage from a biogeochemical perspective in stream ecosystems. Raz is a phenoxazine compound that reduces irreversibly to resorufin (Rru) in the presence of aerobic bacteria. Raz was added as a stream tracer to a 128‐m reach of the forested second‐order Riera de Santa Fe del Montseny (Catalonia, NE Spain), along with a conservative tracer, NaCl. Raz was transformed to Rru at a rate of 0.81 h−1 in the hyporheic zone and only at a rate of 9.9 × 10−4 h−1 in the stream surface channel. Raz transformation and decay and Rru production and decay were both correlated with O2 consumption measured at wells. The ratio of Raz to Rru concentration at the bottom of the reach was moderately correlated with instantaneous rates of net ecosystem production (NEP) measured over the whole reach. Data for Raz, Rru, and chloride were well fitted with the MATS model. The results from this study suggest that Raz transformation to Rru can be used as a “smart” tracer to detect metabolic activity, specifically aerobic respiration, associated with transient storage zones in stream ecosystems. Therefore, the Raz‐Rru system can provide an assessment of the amount of transient storage that is metabolically active, an assessment that complements the physical characterization of transient storage obtained from conventional hydrologic tracers. The use of both physical and metabolic parameters of transient storage obtained with these tracers may increase our understanding of the relevance of transient storage on stream biogeochemical processes at whole reach scale, as well as the contribution of the different transient storage compartments to these processes.
Tremor patches in Cascadia revealed by seismic array analysis
Authors: Ghosh Abhijit , Vidale John E. , Sweet Justin R. , Creager Kenneth C. , Wech Aaron G.
Published: September 2009

Episodic tremor and slip (ETS) events in Cascadia have recently been observed, illuminating the general area that radiates seismic energy in the form of non‐volcanic tremor (NVT). However, the picture of the ETS zone remains fuzzy because of difficulties in tremor detection and location. To observe the intimate details of tremor, we deployed a dense 84‐element small‐aperture seismic array on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, above the tremor migration path. It recorded the main ETS event in May 2008, as well as a weaker tremor episode two months earlier. Using a beamforming technique, we are able to capture and track tremor activity with an unprecedented resolution from southern Puget Sound to the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The array technique reveals up to four times more duration of tremor compared to the conventional envelope cross‐correlation method. Our findings suggest that NVT is not uniformly distributed on the subduction interface, and unveils several distinct patches that release much of the tremor moment. The patches appear to be devoid of ordinary earthquakes, and may indicate the heterogeneity in fault strength that affects the modes of stress release within the ETS zone.
Analysis of tropical tropospheric ozone, carbon monoxide, and water vapor during the 2006 El Niño using TES observations and the GEOS‐Chem model
Authors: Nassar Ray , Logan Jennifer A. , Megretskaia Inna A. , Murray Lee T. , Zhang Lin , Jones Dylan B. A.
Published: September 2009

Elevated levels of tropical tropospheric ozone (O3) and carbon monoxide (CO) and decreased water (H2O) vapor were observed by the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) in the region of Indonesia and the eastern Indian Ocean during the coincident positive phases of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) in late 2006. Using the chemical transport model GEOS‐Chem, we show that the elevated CO results from increased biomass burning in Indonesia during the ENSO/IOD‐induced drought and quantify the effect of the fires and other factors on O3. In the region of highest CO (∼200 ppb), the contribution of the fires to enhanced O3 is ∼45% in October, ∼75% in early November, and only 10% in December. More lightning in late 2006 compared to 2005 causes an increase in O3 of a few parts per billion. Dynamical changes increase O3 over a larger region than fire emissions which mainly increase O3 at 10°N–10°S in October and November. The model matches the O3 anomaly in October but underestimates it in November and December, which we ascribe to overly active convection in the model in late 2006, based on an analysis of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data. An underestimate of NOx emissions from soils may also contribute to the disparity at the end of the year. A dramatic decrease in O3 in late 2006 in equatorial Africa and the western Indian Ocean is reproduced by the model and is caused by highly enhanced convection in 2006, likely associated with the IOD.
Slant path rain attenuation comparison of prediction models for satellite applications in Malaysia
Authors: Mandeep J. S.
Published: September 2009

A 2‐year campaign of slant path rain attenuation measurements has been carried out in Malaysia using the Superbird‐C satellite beacon at 12.255 GHz. The rain intensity time series have been recorded with a conventional tipping‐bucket rain gauge located at the station, during a continuous observation period spanning the same 2 years of the beacon measurements. The experimental cumulative distributions of rainfall rate and rain attenuation are presented. Two years of rain attenuation measurements at 12.255 GHz shows high values that have been detected for small percentage of time; for example, the attenuation exceeded 25 dB for 0.01% of time. The rainfall rate is compared with International Telecommunications Union–Radiocommunication (ITU‐R) maps, and the measured rain rate distribution is close to that derived from the ITU‐R maps. Measured rain attenuation values are compared with several prediction models. A good agreement has been found in the comparison of the experimental distribution with some prediction models (Ramachandran, Bryant, Matricciani, and Exponential Cell (EXCELL) with percentage errors below 11%) calculated using the measured rainfall rate distribution. The lack of rain measurement data from equatorial and tropical regions for verification causes predictions obtained from existing models to deviate from direct measurements.
Cerebral Blood Flow Response to Functional Activation
Authors: Paulson Olaf B , Hasselbalch Steen G , Rostrup Egill , Knudsen Gitte Moos , Pelligrino Dale
Published: September 2009

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolic rate are normally coupled, that is an increase in metabolic demand will lead to an increase in flow. However, during functional activation, CBF and glucose metabolism remain coupled as they increase in proportion, whereas oxygen metabolism only increases to a minor degree—the so-called uncoupling of CBF and oxidative metabolism. Several studies have dealt with these issues, and theories have been forwarded regarding the underlying mechanisms. Some reports have speculated about the existence of a potentially deficient oxygen supply to the tissue most distant from the capillaries, whereas other studies point to a shift toward a higher degree of non-oxidative glucose consumption during activation. In this review, we argue that the key mechanism responsible for the regional CBF (rCBF) increase during functional activation is a tight coupling between rCBF and glucose metabolism. We assert that uncoupling of rCBF and oxidative metabolism is a consequence of a less pronounced increase in oxygen consumption. On the basis of earlier studies, we take into consideration the functional recruitment of capillaries and attempt to accommodate the cerebral tissue's increased demand for glucose supply during neural activation with recent evidence supporting a key function for astrocytes in rCBF regulation.
Brief Focal Cerebral Ischemia That Simulates Transient Ischemic Attacks in Humans Regulates Gene Expression in Rat Peripheral Blood
Authors: Zhan Xinhua , Ander Bradley P , Jickling Glen , Turner Renée , Stamova Boryana , Xu Huichun , Liu Dazhi , Davis Ryan R , Sharp Frank R
Published: September 2009

Blood gene expression profiles of very brief (5 and 10 mins) focal ischemia that simulates transient ischemic attacks in humans were compared with ischemic stroke (120 mins focal ischemia), sham, and naïve controls. The number of significantly regulated genes after 5 and 10 mins of cerebral ischemia was 39 and 160, respectively (fold change ⩾∣1.5∣ and P<0.05). There were 103 genes common to brief focal ischemia and ischemic stroke. Ingenuity pathway analysis showed that genes regulated in the 5 mins group were mainly involved in small molecule biochemistry. Genes regulated in the 10 mins group were involved in cell death, development, growth, and proliferation. Such genes were also regulated in the ischemic stroke group. Genes common to ischemia were involved in the inflammatory response, immune response, and cell death—indicating that these pathways are a feature of focal ischemia, regardless of the duration. These results provide evidence that brief focal ischemia differentially regulates gene expression in the peripheral blood in a manner that could distinguish brief focal ischemia from ischemic stroke and controls in rats. We postulate that this will also occur in humans.
Measuring Drug Occupancy in the Absence of a Reference Region: The Lassen Plot Re-Visited
Authors: Cunningham Vincent J , Rabiner Eugenii A , Slifstein Mark , Laruelle Marc , Gunn Roger N
Published: September 2009

Quantitative estimation of neuroreceptor occupancy by exogenous drugs using positron emission tomography is based on the reduction in the total volume of distribution ( VT) of site-specific radioligands after drug administration. An estimate of the distribution volume of free and nonspecifically bound radioligand ( VND) is also required to distinguish specific from total binding. However, a true reference region, devoid of specific binding, is often not available. We present a transformation of a graphical method, originally introduced by Lassen, using regional estimates of VT alone to determine occupancy, together with an extension that does not require baseline data.
Resin duct density and size predicts mortality in ponderosa pine trees of Northern Arizona
Authors: Kane Jeffrey , Kolb Thomas
Published: September 2009

In the presence of herbivores, plants must allocate a portion of their accumulated carbon towards defense to survive. For example, trees susceptible to bark beetle attack are primarily reliant on resin production for protection. Tree mortality may be reflected by individual differences in the ability of plants to produce defensive structures and compounds. We compared the radial growth rates, resin duct production, density, and size between living and dead ponderosa pine trees in northern Arizona using standard dendrochronology techniques. As a result, we found four main findings: 1) living ponderosa pines had 33% more resin ducts than dead pines (t = 2.97, P < 0.003); 2) resin duct size was 13% larger in living than in dead pines (t = 3.00, P < 0.003); 3) both resin duct density and size were predictive of mortality (Wald’s Z = 1.9, P < 0.05); and 4) resin duct production was positively correlated with growth rate. Our results suggest dendrochronology can quantify defense structure production and predict tree mortality in ponderosa pine forests in northern Arizona.
Homocysteic acid as a pathogen for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Hasegawa Tohru
Published: September 2009

It has been considered that Alzheimer’s disease may be induced by multi-pathogenic factors. However recent Nature Genetics has reported that sporadic Alzheimer’s disease is also genetically determined by such as ApoE4, Clusterin, so on. We already understand familiar Alzheimer’s disease is determined by such APP, Presenilin genes. These reports should allow us to consider that these genes stimulate the biological process and consequently Alzheimer’s disease would be determined by certain pathogen. Then what is the pathogen? First this pathogen should be stimulated by certain biological process by these genetic activation, which I mean that these genes separately work to induce this pathogen. I really propose that homocysteic acid (HA) is this pathogen. Now I am clarifying why HA is the pathogen from these genes’ stimulation.
Meet Me More Than Half Way: Emotional Competence in Conversation Using AAC
Authors: Brinton Bonnie , Fujiki Martin
Published: September 2009

Typically developing children learn about emotion through interactions with parents, caretakers, and peers. Children who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) have a difficult time talking about emotions. This article discusses the importance of emotional competence in interaction and to challenge those of us who work with children who use AAC to consider the emotional aspects of communication when designing and implementing interventions.
Approximating the ground state of gapped quantum spin systems
Authors: Hamza Eman , Michalakis Spyridon , Nachtergaele Bruno , Sims Robert
Published: September 2009

We consider quantum spin systems defined on finite sets V equipped with a metric. In typical examples, V is a large, but finite subset of Zd. For finite range Hamiltonians with uniformly bounded interaction terms and a unique, gapped ground state, we demonstrate a locality property of the corresponding ground state projector. In such systems, this ground state projector can be approximated by the product of observables with quantifiable supports. In fact, given any subset X⊂V the ground state projector can be approximated by the product of two projections, one supported on X and one supported on Xc, and a bounded observable supported on a boundary region in such a way that as the boundary region increases, the approximation becomes better. This result generalizes to multidimensional models, a result of Hastings that was an important part of his proof of an area law in one dimension [“An area law for one dimensional quantum systems,” J. Stat. Mech.: Theory Exp. 2007, 08024].
Submicron ionography of nanostructures using a femtosecond-laser-driven-cluster-based source
Authors: Faenov A. Ya. , Pikuz T. A. , Fukuda Y. , Kando M. , Kotaki H. , Homma T. , Kawase K. , Kameshima T. , Pirozhkov A. , Yogo A. , Tampo M. , Mori M. , Sakaki H. , Hayashi Y. , Nakamura T. , Pikuz S. A. , Skobelev I. Yu. , Gasilov S. V. , Giulietti A. , Cecchetti C. A. , Boldarev A. S. , Gasilov V. A. , Magunov A. , Kar S. , Borghesi M. , Bolton P. , Daido H. , Tajima T. , Kato Y. , Bulanov S. V.
Published: September 2009

An intense isotropic source of multicharged carbon and oxygen ions with energy above 300 keV and particle number >108 per shot was obtained by femtosecond Ti:Sa laser irradiation of submicron clusters. The source was employed for high-contrast contact ionography images with 600 nm spatial resolution. A variation in object thickness of 100 nm was well resolved for both Zr and polymer foils.
Interatomic Coulombic decay and its dynamics in NeAr following K-LL Auger transition in the Ne atom
Authors: Demekhin Ph. V. , Chiang Y.-C. , Stoychev S. D. , Kolorenč P. , Scheit S. , Kuleff A. I. , Tarantelli F. , Cederbaum L. S.
Published: September 2009

We analyze in detail the accessible relaxation pathways via electron emission of the Ne2+Ar states populated via the K-LL Auger decay of Ne+(1s−1)Ar. In particular, we concentrate on the “direct” interatomic Coulombic decay (ICD) of the Ne2+(2s−12p−1)Ar weakly bound doubly ionized states into the manifold of the Ne2+(2p−2)–Ar+(3p−1) repulsive triply ionized ones. To carry out the present study the potential energy curves of the NeAr ground state, the core ionized state Ne+(1s−1)Ar, the relevant dicationic and tricationic states, and the corresponding ICD transition rates have been computed using accurate ab initio methods and basis sets. The total and partial ICD electron spectra are computed within the framework of the time-dependent theory of wave packet propagation. Thereby, the impact of nuclear dynamics accompanying the electronic decay on the computed ICD-electron spectra is investigated in detail.
Submicrosecond fluorescence dynamics in erbium-doped silicon-rich silicon oxide multilayers
Authors: Al Choueiry A. , Jurdyc A. M. , Jacquier B. , Gourbilleau F. , Rizk R.
Published: September 2009

The energy transfer process between amorphous silicon nanoparticles and erbium ions in Er-doped silicon-rich silicon oxide is investigated by fluorescence dynamics measurements. A fast decay is observed in the wavelength range of the radiative relaxation of erbium excited ions at 1.53 μm. Alternatively to a previous interpretation, we assign this fast decay to emission of deep traps induced by Si-based sensitizers of Er3+ ions, which emit in the visible and the infrared region.
Subband transitions in dual-band n-B-n InAs/GaSb superlattice infrared photodetector identified by photoresponse spectra
Authors: Lee S. J. , Noh S. K. , Plis E. , Krishna S. , Lee K.-S.
Published: September 2009

The subband transitions in dual-band n-B-n InAs/GaSb type-II superlattice infrared photodetector are identified by the photoresponse (PR) spectra. In the mid- and long-wavelength PR spectra measured by changing bias polarity, each spectrum individually shows a series of distinctive peaks related to the transitions from the hole subbands to the conduction one. The PR mechanism at each polarity is discussed in terms of diffusion and tunneling currents.
On embedded bifurcation structure in some discretized vector fields
Authors: Kang Hunseok , Tsuda Ichiro
Published: September 2009

In this paper, we study a dynamic structure of discretized vector fields obtained from the Brusselator, which is described by two-dimensional ordinary differential equations (ODEs). We found that a bifurcation structure of the logistic map is embedded in the discretized vector field. The embedded bifurcation structure was unraveled by the dynamical orbits that eventually converge to a fixed point. We provide a detailed mathematical analysis to explain this phenomenon and relate it to the solution of the original ODEs.
Development of atomic radical monitoring probe and its application to spatial distribution measurements of H and O atomic radical densities in radical-based plasma processing
Authors: Takahashi Shunji , Takashima Seigo , Yamakawa Koji , Den Shoji , Kano Hiroyuki , Takeda Keigo , Hori Masaru
Published: September 2009

Atomic radicals such as hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) play important roles in process plasmas. In a previous study, we developed a system for measuring the absolute density of H, O, nitrogen, and carbon atoms in plasmas using vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy (VUVAS) with a compact light source using an atmospheric pressure microplasma [microdischarge hollow cathode lamp (MHCL)]. In this study, we developed a monitoring probe for atomic radicals employing the VUVAS with the MHCL. The probe size was 2.7 mm in diameter. Using this probe, only a single port needs to be accessed for radical density measurements. We successfully measured the spatial distribution of the absolute densities of H and O atomic radicals in a radical-based plasma processing system by moving the probe along the radial direction of the chamber. This probe allows convenient analysis of atomic radical densities to be carried out for any type of process plasma at any time. We refer to this probe as a ubiquitous monitoring probe for atomic radicals.
Heat shock structure of luciferase on wet-treated Si surface
Authors: Nishiyama Katsuhiko , Hoshino Tadatsugu
Published: September 2009

Heat shock structure of luciferase on a wet-treated Si surface was estimated by molecular dynamics simulations. The structural changes in the active site of luciferase were smaller on the hydrophobic Si surface than on the hydrophilic Si surface at high temperature, although the structural changes in the active site of luciferase were smaller on the hydrophilic Si surface than on the hydrophobic Si surface at room temperature. The fine wet-treatment could improve the heat shock resistance of luciferase on the Si surface.
Ray tracing flux calculation for the small and wide angle x-ray scattering diffraction station at the SESAME synchrotron radiation facility
Authors: Salah Wa'el , del Rio M. Sanchez , Hoorani H.
Published: September 2009

The calculation for the optics of the synchrotron radiation small and wide angle x-ray scattering beamline, currently under construction at SESAME is described. This beamline is based on a cylindrically bent germanium (111) single crystal with an asymmetric cut of 10.5°, followed by a 1.2 m long rhodium coated plane mirror bent into a cylindrical form. The focusing properties of bent asymmetrically cut crystals have not yet been studied in depth. The present paper is devoted to study of a particular application of a bent asymmetrically cut crystal using ray tracing simulations with the SHADOW code. These simulations show that photon fluxes of order of 1.09×1011 photons/s will be available at the experimental focus at 8.79 keV. The focused beam dimensions will be 2.2 mm horizontal full width at half maximum (FWHM) by 0.12 mm vertical (FWHM).
Cutting and self-healing molecular wires studied by dynamic force microscopy
Authors: Kawai S. , Maier S. , Glatzel Th. , Koch S. , Such B. , Zimmerli L. , Fendt L.-A. , Diederich F. , Meyer E.
Published: September 2009

Tip-induced deformations of meso-(4-cyanophenyl)-substituted Zn(II) porphyrin molecular wires self-assembled on KBr(001) were studied by frequency modulation dynamic force microscopy. Since the wires are weakly bonded to the KBr substrate and to the neighboring molecules, they can easily be cut by the scanning tip. We found that the damaged molecular wires self-healed at room temperature.
Analytic models of warm plasma dispersion relations
Authors: Seough J. J. , Yoon P. H.
Published: September 2009

The present paper is concerned with analytic models of warm plasma dispersion relations for electromagnetic waves propagating parallel to the ambient magnetic field. Specifically, effects of finite betas on two slow modes, namely, the left-hand circularly polarized ion-cyclotron mode and the right-hand circularly polarized whistler mode, are investigated. Analytic models of the warm plasma dispersion relations are constructed on the basis of conjecture and upon comparisons with numerically found roots. It is shown that the model solutions are good substitutes for actual roots. The significance of the present work in the context of nonlinear plasma research is discussed.
Formation and incorporation of SiF4 molecules in F-implanted preamorphized Si
Authors: De Salvador D. , Bisognin G. , Napolitani E. , Mastromatteo M. , Baggio N. , Carnera A. , Boscherini F. , Impellizzeri G. , Mirabella S. , Boninelli S. , Priolo F. , Cristiano F.
Published: September 2009

The local structure of fluorine incorporated in crystalline silicon following solid phase epitaxial regrowth was investigated by means of x-ray absorption spectroscopy at the F K-edge. We clearly demonstrate that most F is found in SiF4 molecules in the crystalline matrix. A kinetic pathway, which explains our observation and which is also able to rationalize previous results in a common and coherent framework, is proposed.
Direct near-field optical investigation of phase-change medium in blue-ray recordable and erasable disk
Authors: Chu Jen-You , Lo Shen-Chuan , Chen Shu-Chen , Chang You-Chia , Wang Juen-Kai
Published: September 2009

The authors report a direct examination of recorded marks in blue-ray recordable and erasable disks with scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy. The optical contrasts of the crystalline and amorphous regions of the phase-change layer match with the prediction based on their optical constants. The determined spatial optical variation in the recorded marks reflects the intensity profile of the recording laser beam. The identified nanometer-sized optical features are shown to correspond to 10 nm-sized crystalline domains within the amorphous recorded marks. The revealed near-field signatures show a potential influence on the carrier-to-noise ratio of this optical storage medium.
Patterning concept for sculptured nanostructures with arbitrary periods
Authors: Patzig C. , Zajadacz J. , Zimmer K. , Fechner R. , Khare C. , Rauschenbach B.
Published: September 2009

An approach to deposit sculptured nanostructures with arbitrary interstructure spacing is presented. Based on a combination of glancing angle deposition with a preceding two-step electron beam lithography substrate patterning, the concept allows the deposition of nanostructures on artificial seeds at any predetermined place on the substrate. Due to the glancing angle deposition principle, with the help of an appropriate substrate rotation during deposition, those structures can additionally be shaped into nearly arbitrary morphologies. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method, separated sculptured nanostructures of silicon with interstructure spacings of (10–20) μm were assembled.
Modeling deformation behavior of Cu–Zr–Al bulk metallic glass matrix composites
Authors: Pauly S. , Liu G. , Wang G. , Das J. , Kim K. B. , Kühn U. , Kim D. H. , Eckert J.
Published: September 2009

In the present work we prepared an in situ Cu47.5Zr47.5Al5 bulk metallic glass matrix composite derived from the shape memory alloy CuZr. We use a strength model, which considers percolation and a three-microstructural-element body approach, to understand the effect of the crystalline phase on the yield stress and the fracture strain under compressive loading, respectively. The intrinsic work-hardenability due to the martensitic transformation of the crystalline phase causes significant work hardening also of the composite material.
A one-step process for localized surface texturing and conductivity enhancement in organic solar cells
Authors: Zaniewski A. M. , Loster M. , Zettl A.
Published: September 2009

A process that improves organic solar cell local morphology and geometry is presented. Strong electric field gradients and current densities, generated by voltages locally applied between a conducting atomic force microscope tip and the device surface, induce enhanced conductivity and raise geometrical texturing features in solar cells formed from poly (3-hexylthiophene): [6,6]-phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester blends. These results may open paths to organic solar cell efficiency enhancements through a single step process that simultaneously textures the surface for increased light trapping and enhances charge extraction.
Two-dimensional droplet spreading over topographical substrates
Authors: Savva Nikos , Kalliadasis Serafim
Published: September 2009

Contact line motion over a topographical substrate is considered using the spreading of a two-dimensional droplet as a model system. The spreading dynamics is modeled under the assumption of small contact angles where the long-wave expansion in the Stokes-flow regime can be employed to derive a single equation for the evolution of the droplet thickness. The contact line singularity is removed through the Navier slip condition, while the contact angle at the contact points is assumed to remain always equal to its static value. Through a singular perturbation approach, the flow in the vicinity of the contact line is matched asymptotically with the flow in the bulk of the droplet to yield a set of two coupled integrodifferential equations for the location of the two droplet fronts. Our matching procedure is verified through direct comparisons with numerical solutions to the full problem. Analysis of the equations obtained by asymptotic matching reveals a number of intriguing features that are not present when the substrate is flat. In particular, we demonstrate the existence of multiple equilibrium states which allows for a hysteresislike effect on the apparent contact line. Further, we demonstrate a stick-slip-type behavior of the contact line as it moves along the local variations of the substrate shape and the interesting possibility of a relatively brief recession of one of the contact lines.
A comparison of new methods for generating energy-minimizing configurations of patchy particles
Authors: Jankowski Eric , Glotzer Sharon C.
Published: September 2009

Increasingly complex particles are pushing the limits of traditional simulation techniques used to study self-assembly. In this work, we test the use of a learning-augmented Monte Carlo method for predicting low energy configurations of patchy particles shaped like “Tetris®” pieces. We extend this method to compare it against Monte Carlo simulations with cluster moves and introduce a new algorithm—bottom-up building block assembly—for quickly generating ordered configurations of particles with a hierarchy of interaction energies.
Local electroluminescence and time-resolved photoluminescence study of InGaN light-emitting diodes
Authors: Onushkin Grigory A. , Hong Sang-Su , Lee Jin-Hyun , Park June-Sik , Son Joong-Kon , Kim Min-Ho , Park YongJo
Published: September 2009

Uniformity of luminescence properties in blue InGaN light-emitting diodes has been studied and analyzed by local time-resolved photoluminescence and microelectroluminescence measurements at different biasing. For studied structures, some nonuniform distribution of photoluminescence properties has been observed at reverse biasing conditions. This nonuniformity revealed inhomogeneous distribution of electric field over the active region. It is supposed that nonuniform distribution of acceptors concentration in p-GaN is a source of electric field fluctuations. Microelectroluminescence measurements showed that areas with locally lower acceptor concentration in p-GaN layer emit lower electroluminescence intensity. This was caused by limited hole injection efficiency into multiple quantum wells region at high current.
Wave amplification by a relativistic electron beam in a planar electrostatic system with sinusoidal-ripple boundary
Authors: Zhang Shi-Chang
Published: September 2009

Primary study is devoted to the amplification mechanism of electromagnetic fast wave by a relativistic electron beam in a planar electrostatic system, where the superplate of two parallel metallic plates is corrugated with sinusoidal ripples and connected to a negative voltage, while the subplate is smooth and grounded. In the system the electrostatic field governs the electrons to move along approximately sinusoidal trajectories and pumps the kinetic energy of electrons to the wave. Under exclusion of the space-charge wave effect and the Smith–Purcell effect, the fast wave gets relativistic Doppler upshift frequency and gain by extracting energy from a sheet electron beam, which is very similar to that in a free-electron laser pumped by a magnetostatic wiggler. Formulas derived and numerical analysis indicate that the amplification mechanism of wave pumped by the planar electrostatic system with sinusoidal ripples is favorable for a mildly relativistic electron beam to generate terahertz wave.
Tuning electronic and magnetic properties of graphene by surface modification
Authors: Zhou Jian , Wu Miao Miao , Zhou Xiao , Sun Qiang
Published: September 2009

We have demonstrated that the electronic and magnetic properties of graphene sheet can be delicately tuned by surface modification. Applying an external electric field to a fully hydrogenated graphene sheet can unload hydrogen atoms on one side, while keeping the hydrogen atoms on the other side, thus forming a half-hydrogenated graphene sheet, where the unpaired electrons in the unsaturated C sites give rise to magnetic moments, coupled through extended p-p interactions. Furthermore, the electronic structure of the resulting half-hydrogenated graphene sheet can be further tuned by introducing F atoms on the other side, making a nonmagnetic semiconductor with a direct band gap.
Ion implantation and energy loss effect during high-voltage pulsed glow discharge in a tube
Authors: Wang Langping , Lu Yang , Wang Xiaofeng , Xie Zhiwen , Huang Lei , Wei Yanhong
Published: September 2009

Plasma parameters of high-voltage pulsed glow discharge in a tube were studied using a static probe and optical emission spectrometry. Experiment results show that two kinds of plasma can be obtained in the tube and a virtual anode can be formed at the center of the tube. The potential of the virtual anode is about 20%–30% of the applied bias. The Auger electron spectroscopy depth profile shows that the peak depth of the implanted ions in the tube is about 70%–80% of that outside the tube, owing to the virtual anode.
Primary Care Partnerships: more than just one relationship
Authors: Delaney Lisa
Published: September 2009

Victorian Primary Care Partnerships are complex. They occur within a multilayered institutional environment. They are not a simple singular relationship but rather manifest diverse forms that are consistent with a collaboration continuum across multilevel structures. Their function, process and structure differentiate these forms. This paper articulates a conceptualisation of partnership complexity that integrates these elements and interrelationships.
Feasibility and sustainability of a model of multidisciplinary case conferencing in residential aged care
Authors: Halcomb Elizabeth J.
Published: September 2009

This paper reports a pilot study examining the feasibility, acceptability and sustainability of a multidisciplinary case conferencing model in residential aged care. The model was developed through a consultation process and then implemented in 31 case conferences over a 6-month period between May and October 2008. This paper explores the feasibility and acceptability of model implementation, the experience of the facility staff, general practitioners and residents/family carers and the perceived sustainability of the model in clinical practice. It shows that although there was a degree of confusion around the concept of multidisciplinary case conferencing, implementation of this partnership model significantly improved communication between health workers, facilitated interaction between staff and family carers, and provided a focus for reflecting on individual residents’ health needs.
The why and how of partnerships: policy and governance foundations
Authors: Lewis Jenny M.
Published: September 2009

As we near the end of the first decade of the 21st century, the popularity of partnerships, as a clear signal of current policy fashion, and pre-eminent form of governance, shows few signs of waning. It is, therefore, timely to examine the policy and governance foundations that underpin partnerships, to demonstrate why partnerships have conceptual appeal in addressing contemporary governance challenges, how they work, and whether they represent a fundamentally different governance model in practice. Partnerships as a local manifestation of network governance are examined, and Primary Care Partnerships, established in Victoria in 2001, are used as an exemplar of one particular form of partnership. This paper asks questions about whether these partnerships display attributes of network governance, in relation to whether they deliver benefits such as strong interorganisational relationships, and whether policy is coproduced. Applying theories of governance and social network analytic concepts and tools to an examination of partnerships shows that centrally mandated and funded partnerships are hybrid forms, blending hierarchy, market and network governance elements. It also demonstrates that they do have network characteristics in terms of relationships and policy making.
The genomic basis of trophic strategy in marine bacteria
Authors: Lauro Federico M. , McDougald Diane , Thomas Torsten , Williams Timothy J. , Egan Suhelen , Rice Scott , DeMaere Matthew Z. , Ting Lily , Ertan Haluk , Johnson Justin , Ferriera Steven , Lapidus Alla , Anderson Iain , Kyrpides Nikos , Munk A. Christine , Detter Chris , Han Cliff S. , Brown Mark V. , Robb Frank T. , Kjelleberg Staffan , Cavicchioli Ricardo
Published: September 2009

Many marine bacteria have evolved to grow optimally at either high (copiotrophic) or low (oligotrophic) nutrient concentrations, enabling different species to colonize distinct trophic habitats in the oceans. Here, we compare the genome sequences of two bacteria,
Photobacterium angustum
S14 and
Sphingopyxis alaskensis
RB2256, that serve as useful model organisms for copiotrophic and oligotrophic modes of life and specifically relate the genomic features to trophic strategy for these organisms and define their molecular mechanisms of adaptation. We developed a model for predicting trophic lifestyle from genome sequence data and tested >400,000 proteins representing >500 million nucleotides of sequence data from 126 genome sequences with metagenome data of whole environmental samples. When applied to available oceanic metagenome data (e.g., the Global Ocean Survey data) the model demonstrated that oligotrophs, and not the more readily isolatable copiotrophs, dominate the ocean's free-living microbial populations. Using our model, it is now possible to define the types of bacteria that specific ocean niches are capable of sustaining.
Feeding aquaculture in an era of finite resources
Authors: Naylor Rosamond L. , Hardy Ronald W. , Bureau Dominique P. , Chiu Alice , Elliott Matthew , Farrell Anthony P. , Forster Ian , Gatlin Delbert M. , Goldburg Rebecca J. , Hua Katheline , Nichols Peter D.
Published: September 2009

Aquaculture's pressure on forage fisheries remains hotly contested. This article reviews trends in fishmeal and fish oil use in industrial aquafeeds, showing reduced inclusion rates but greater total use associated with increased aquaculture production and demand for fish high in long-chain omega-3 oils. The ratio of wild fisheries inputs to farmed fish output has fallen to 0.63 for the aquaculture sector as a whole but remains as high as 5.0 for Atlantic salmon. Various plant- and animal-based alternatives are now used or available for industrial aquafeeds, depending on relative prices and consumer acceptance, and the outlook for single-cell organisms to replace fish oil is promising. With appropriate economic and regulatory incentives, the transition toward alternative feedstuffs could accelerate, paving the way for a consensus that aquaculture is aiding the ocean, not depleting it.
In vivo far-red luminescence imaging of a biomarker based on BRET from
Cypridina
bioluminescence to an organic dye
Authors: Wu Chun , Mino Kazuhiro , Akimoto Hidetoshi , Kawabata Makiko , Nakamura Koji , Ozaki Michitaka , Ohmiya Yoshihiro
Published: September 2009

We aimed to develop a far-red luminescence imaging technology for visualization of disease specific antigens on cell surfaces in a living body. First, we conjugated a far-red fluorescent indocyanine derivative to biotinylated
Cypridina
luciferase. This conjugate produced a bimodal spectrum that has long-wavelength bioluminescence emission in the far-red region as a result of bioluminescence resonance energy transfer. To generate a far-red luminescent probe with targeting and imaging capabilities of tumors, we then linked this conjugate to an anti-human Dlk-1 monoclonal antibody via the biotin-avidin interaction. This far-red luminescent probe enabled us to obtain high-resolution microscopic images of live, Dlk-1-expressing Huh-7 cells without an external light source, and to monitor the accumulation of this probe in tumor-bearing mice. Thus this far-red luminescent probe is a convenient analytical tool for the evaluations of monoclonal antibody localization in a living body.
Rewiring the RNAs of influenza virus to prevent reassortment
Authors: Gao Qinshan , Palese Peter
Published: September 2009

Influenza viruses contain segmented, negative-strand RNA genomes. Genome segmentation facilitates reassortment between different influenza virus strains infecting the same cell. This phenomenon results in the rapid exchange of RNA segments. In this study, we have developed a method to prevent the free reassortment of influenza A virus RNAs by rewiring their packaging signals. Specific packaging signals for individual influenza virus RNA segments are located in the 5′ and 3′ noncoding regions as well as in the terminal regions of the ORF of an RNA segment. By putting the nonstructural protein (NS)-specific packaging sequences onto the ORF of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene and mutating the packaging regions in the ORF of the HA, we created a chimeric HA segment with the packaging identity of an NS gene. By the same strategy, we made an NS gene with the packaging identity of an HA segment. This rewired virus had the packaging signals for all eight influenza virus RNAs, but it lost the ability to independently reassort its HA or NS gene. A similar approach can be applied to the other influenza A virus segments to diminish their ability to form reassortant viruses.
Flexible saccade-target selection in Chinese reading
Authors: Yan Ming , Kliegl Reinhold , Richter Eike M. , Nuthmann Antje , Shu Hua
Published: September 2009

As Chinese is written without orthographical word boundaries (i.e., spaces), it is unclear whether saccade targets are selected on the basis of characters or words and whether saccades are aimed at the beginning or the centre of words. Here, we report an experiment where 30 Chinese readers read 150 sentences while their eye movements were monitored. They exhibited a strong tendency to fixate at the word centre in single-fixation cases and at the word beginning in multiple-fixation cases. Different from spaced alphabetic script, initial fixations falling at the end of words were no more likely to be followed by a refixation than initial fixations at word centre. Further, single fixations were shorter than first fixations in two-fixation cases, which is opposite to what is found in Roman script. We propose that Chinese readers dynamically select the beginning or centre of words as saccade targets depending on failure or success with segmentation of parafoveal word boundaries.