bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corrosion Behavior of P/M Plain Carbon Steel under the Influence of Various Heat Treatment Processes
Authors: Kandavel T. K. , Panneerselvam T. , Karthikeyan P.
Published: April 2021

The present research work focuses on the effects of heat treatment on corrosion behavior of sintered plain carbon steel (Fe-0.5%C). Investigation on corrosion mechanism has been carried out on three different heat-treated (annealing, normalizing, and hardening) powder metallurgy plain carbon steel specimens. Aqueous immersion and electrochemical pickling corrosion tests were conducted on the heat-treated specimens. It has been found that the heat treatments have enhanced the percentage of theoretical density as well as the hardness of the specimen compared with the as-sintered specimen. The corrosion resistance of the oil-quenched specimen was found to be higher than that of the other heat-treated specimens. Larger grains are observed in the case of as-sintered and annealed specimens, and more iron carbides are observed in the normalized and oil-quenched specimens. Intergranular and pitting types of corrosion have been observed in the scanning electron microscopy images of corroded specimens.
Touched by the Past
Authors: Ellis Richard
Published: April 2021

Recent work on trauma, especially in the field of Holocaust studies, has tackled the question of how the “generation after” relates, and relates to, the trauma of its immediate ancestors as it navigates between the poles of remembrance and appropriation. Other studies have shifted focus towards the effects of trauma upon narration, in part through critiquing the prevailing psycho-analytic model of trauma as an unrepresentable event that evades/forecloses language. Aeschylus’ Suppliants, with its chorus of fifty female Danaids who react to their traumatic present by recourse to tales of the traumatic past of their ancestor Io and her son Epaphos (“Touch”), offers a productive stage for testing the applicability of these theoretical frames to the genre of ancient Greek tragedy. The Danaids’ turn to the past explores the agency of an ancestral trauma that reaches into their present, and in doing so highlights the unsteady inheritance of trauma both for those who relate and for those who witness these acts of testimony. The act of supplication itself is defined in part by physical contact between the suppliant and the supplicandus, yet this ritual emphasis on touch is amplified by the play’s consistent focus upon a series of real and hypothesized touches, from the traumatic to the salvific. Through this engagement with the haptic context of trauma and traumatic recall, Aeschylus’ play proposes an enlarged aetiology of touch—across cognitive, affective, and physical registers—for the ritual of supplication itself.
Seneca the Elder, the Controuersia Figurata, and the Political Discourse of the Early Empire
Authors: Leigh Matthew
Published: April 2021

This paper studies examples of how exponents of Roman declamation could insert into arguments on the trivial, even fantastic, cases known as controuersiae statements of striking relevance to the political culture of the triumviral and early imperial period. This is particularly apparent in the Controuersiae of Seneca the Elder but some traces remain in the Minor Declamations attributed to Quintilian. The boundaries separating Rome itself from the declamatory city referred to by modern scholars as Sophistopolis are significantly blurred even in those instances where the exercise does not turn on a specific event from Roman history, and there is much to be gained from how the declaimers deploy Roman historical examples. Some of the most sophisticated instances of mediated political comment exploit the employment of universalizing sententiae, which have considerable bite when they are related to contemporary Roman discourse and experience. The declamation schools are a forum for thinking through the implications of the transformation of the Roman state and deserve a place within any history of Roman political thought.
Lemnos, Cimon, and the Hephaisteion
Authors: McInerney Jeremy
Published: April 2021

This paper presents the case for reading the Hephaisteion as a temple planned and begun by the Philaid family early in the fifth century. It was originally designed to give a house to Hephaestus in Athens after the successful campaign of Miltiades brought the island of Lemnos, traditionally the home of Hephaestus, under Athenian control. Work on the temple was interrupted by the death of Miltiades but resumed in the wake of Cimon’s successful northern ventures. The strong association of Miltiades and Cimon with the strategic islands of the northern Aegean suggests that the correct interpretation of the Hephaisteion’s east frieze is the expulsion of the Pelasgians from Athens. Their punishment is interpreted here as a mythological analogue for the annexation of the Pelasgians’ island, Lemnos. Evidence from the island demonstrates that the Athenian cleruchs on Lemnos were eager to distinguish themselves from the Lemnians. The Pelasgian episode enabled them to demonstrate this, and to emphasize their Athenian identity.
Lucan’s (G)natal Poem
Authors: Gowers Emily
Published: April 2021

This paper explores the aesthetics of miniaturization in Statius’ Silvae 2.7, in relation to Statius’ unexpected decision to write a tribute to the dead epic poet Lucan in hendecasyllables. The choice of a meter associated with irreverence, ephemerality, speed, and fun has been variously justified as expressing the poet’s ambivalent mood—mourning and celebration combined—or encapsulating his subject’s brief life. This paper builds on these explanations from a different angle. The epitome of miniature, playful poetry in the Silvae is the pseudo-Virgilian Culex (Gnat), mentioned first in Statius’ opening preface as a model for his collection and then in the tribute to Lucan as a yardstick for the young poet’s precocity. This is no casual coincidence. Statius’ résumé of baby Lucan’s future career uses techniques of retrospective prophecy similar to those with which the Culex-poet anticipates and absorbs Virgil’s entire oeuvre. Other clues suggest that Statius is engaging with the faked juvenile work more than sporadically, writing the equivalent for Lucan in the smallest meter imaginable while aiming to surpass both Virgil and Lucan as a poet of speed and synoptic vision.
“Truth Is the Keenest Weapon Ever Drawn”
Authors: Johnson Maxwell
Published: April 2021

In the 1920s and early 1930s, Robert P. Shuler, head of Trinity Methodist Church, rose to fame in Los Angeles as a tireless evangelical muckraker. Shuler, via Bob Shuler’s Magazine and his popular radio station KGEF, charged that many powerful Angelenos were involved in various vice pursuits—drinking, drug use, even prostitution—and that the city’s image as a moral, middle-class metropolis was just a facade. Using Shuler’s writings, Los Angeles City Council files, Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce minutes, and local newspapers, I argue that Shuler headed an alternative grassroots power structure in Los Angeles, founded during Prohibition. In those years, Shuler’s efforts found a receptive audience among the many midwestern migrants who had arrived in Los Angeles during previous decades. The city had once rigorously enforced alcohol restrictions, but in the 1920s, police officers and political leaders often protected illegal leisure activities. City leaders eventually retaliated against the preacher, and his power precipitously declined after the end of Prohibition, but for a time Shuler held a unique power to shape local public discourse. This essay reveals one of the battles over Los Angeles’s public image that shaped the city’s prewar rise.
Implicaciones de los principios precautorio y preventivo para el derecho a un ambiente sano en América Latina
Authors: Alonso Aleida Azamar
Published: April 2021

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar las implicaciones de los principios de precaución y prevención para la regulación ambiental de la minería y el fracking en América Latina para garantizar el acceso a un ambiente sano. La metodología empleada consistió en revisión documental de distintas fuentes sobre dichas actividades y sus consecuencias, así como en el análisis de la parte legislativa sobre los principios de precaución y de prevención. Los resultados indican que la forma en que dichas herramientas normativas se han aplicado carece de efectos en el largo plazo para la prevención de otros riesgos. Como conclusión se estima que la debilidad institucional y la dependencia de estas actividades en la región es lo que provocan la falta de políticas integrales que garanticen bienestar socioambiental en el largo plazo.
Bioética de la vida y de la muerte en Séneca, razones sociopolíticas para morir.
Authors: Vargas Vargas Karla
Published: April 2021

El pensamiento de Séneca sigue vigente y permite explorar áreas temáticas que han sido relegadas; por ejemplo, lo relacionado con aspectos políticos. Se presenta aquí un análisis teórico-bibliográfico sobre las implicaciones sociopolíticas de la forma en que cada uno lleva su vida y también sobre la necesidad de, por un lado, apropiarse de la muerte, como parte innegable de la vida misma, y, por otro, valorarla como opción cuando la persona ya no es útil a la comunidad humana. Considerando que, para el cordobés, si se desea una buena muerte es necesario haber tenido una buena vida, y, además, pese a la obviedad, que la vida y la muerte son el fundamento de la bioética y que ambas deben maximizarse y ser de calidad, se examinan acá las razones sociopolíticas por las cuales, desde la óptica del filósofo, es válido quitarse la vida. Con el fin de lograr lo anterior, se desarrollan los siguientes apartados: I. Simientes de la bioética: el buen vivir y el buen morir. II. Razones socio-políticas para morir. III. Consideraciones finales
The impacts of radio exposure on healthy skin & muscle cells, and breast cancer cells
Authors: Tawil Bill , Shaun Rezaei , Miguel Guillen , Aragas Mandani , Shrestha Shreejan , Melissa McCoy
Published: April 2021

Significant concerns have been raised about the potential harmful impact of radio frequencies (RF) transmitted from these devices, especially with the excessive usage of mobile telecommunication systems. A faraday cage was constructed to house cell culture plates in between a radio transmitter and its receiver. Three different cell lines were cultured on 10μg/mL of collagen and fibronectin and exposed to RF using an 8-bit encrypted pulse signal at 433 MHz, 1.02 (Amps) for 3 hours to determine the cell proliferation effects. The results demonstrated that HFF-1 on fibronectin with RF exposure compared to no exposure significantly increased the proliferation rate by 1.55-folds on days 3 and 1.53-folds on day 7, respectively. HFF-1 on collagen with radio transmission compared to no transmission, the proliferation rate significantly increased on 2.34-folds on day 3 and 2.18-folds on day 7 respectively. In contrast, the SKBR3 on fibronectin with radio transmission compared to no transmission the proliferation rate significantly increased by 2.63-folds on day 3 and significantly decreased by 1.68-folds on day 7. Likewise, SKBR3 on collagen with radio transmission unveiled the proliferation rate significantly increased by 1.11-folds on day 3 and significantly decreased by 6.49-folds on day 7. Moreover, L6 on fibronectin with RF exposure compared to no exposure, the proliferation rate significantly decreased by 1.54-folds on day 7. L6 on collagen with radio transmission, revealed the proliferation rate significantly increased by 1.69-folds on day 3 and significantly decreased by 1.64-folds on day 7. In conclusion, radio transmission exposure significantly increases the proliferation rate of HFF-1 cell-lines and significantly decreases the cell proliferation of both the SKBR3 and L6 cell lines overall.
Haematological and cytogenetic changes in CML patients treated with imatinib mesylate in Western Libya
Authors: JM Jbireal , Azab Azab Elsayed , S Alzahani , M Elshareef
Published: April 2021

Background: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloid proliferative disorder of primitive haemopoietic progenitor cells. The incidence of CML ranges between 10 and 15 cases/106 /year without any major geographic or ethnic differences. Imatinib mesylate provides good results in the treatment of CML. Early studies demonstrated that Imatinib mesylate can produce clear hematologic and cytogenetic response when used as a treatment of CML patients with positive BCR-ABL gene. Nevertheless, some patient with different stages of CML (chronic, accelerated, or acute phases) either relapse or stay unchanged for a long time after initial doses of treatment. This phenomenon led to the fact that we must explore the possible changes expected to appear if we make some changes in the treatment strategy. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate hematologic and molecular responses of CML patients to Imatinib mesylate treatment. Methods: Eighteen CML patients in chronic phase aged (24–65 years) males and females were treated with Imatinib mesylate (400, 500 or 600 mg/day) for sixteen months. Hematologic and cytogenetic changes were analyzed periodically. Results: Overall 18 cases, hematologic response of 14 cases was complete white blood cells (WBCs) decrease to normal range within 4 months) with P value of less than 0.0001 whereas in 4 cases WBCs were decreased slowly (after 8 months). A major cytogenetic response was noticed in 4 cases while in others the response was partially or in minor range. The major hematologic and cytogenetic response was noticed when using 600mg/day of Imatinib mesylate. The correlation appeared as a significant positive correlation between the treatment doses and Hb, hematocrit, MCV, MCH, esinophils%, and monocytes %. And a significant negative correlation between the treatment doses and RDW %, platelets count, WBCs count, and basophils %. On the other hand, no correlation between the treatment doses and RBCs Count, MCHC, Neutrophil % and BCR/APL ratio % Conclusion: It can be concluded that treatment of CML patients with Imatinib mesylate caused complete WBCs decrease to normal range. The major hematologic and cytogenetic response was noticed when using a higher dose of Imatinib mesylate.
Outcome and survival in children with Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Authors: Elkarim Elfadl Tahani Awad , Abosoudah Ibrahim , Bayoumy Mohammed , Harbi Ali Al , Matloob Alam Muhammad , Ahmed Abdullateef , Al Trabolsi Hassan
Published: April 2021

Background Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is the third most common malignant tumor in children. It includes four major subtypes: Burkitt Lymphoma (BL), Lymphoblastic Lymphoma (LL), Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBL) and Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL). The use of multidrug chemotherapy, radiation therapy, biologic agents, and improved diagnostic and supportive care resulted in better cure rates. Objective This study is to report prognosis and outcome of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) patients at tertiary health care facility in King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah (KFSHRC-J). Materials and Method A retrospective cross-sectional study of all eligible patients with Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), admitted, diagnosed and managed at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah from Jan 2005 to December 2016, previously untreated, with biopsy proven NHL and Age ≤ 15 years at diagnosis. Clinical data Research Form used to collect patient’s data from medical records. Demographic, Clinical and Survival data analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Results Thirty-one pediatric patients with biopsy proven Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Twenty-six (80.6%) were males. Nineteen (61.3%) patients were ≤ 10 years of age at diagnosis, while 12 (38.7%) were>10 years of age. The mean age at diagnosis was 8.1years. The commonest primary site is abdomen (n=19, 61.3%), followed by Head & Neck (n=9, 28.1%), mediastinum (n=1, 3.1%), primary CNS (n=1, 3.1%), bone (n=1, 3.1%) and skin (n=1, 3.1%). Regarding histology 19 (61.3%) had Burkitt Lymphoma (BL), 6 (19.4%) had Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBL), 2(6.4%) had T-cell Lymphoblastic Lymphoma, 2 (6.4%) had T-cell rich B Cell Lymphoma, 1 (3.1%) had B-cell Lymphoma not otherwise specified and 1 (3.1%) had Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL). Predominantly, patients presented in advanced stages III (n=18, 60%) and IV (n=10, 33%).Twenty-five (77.8%) patients completed treatment and are well to date while six of the patients (18.6%) died during the study period. Conclusion Children admitted to the (KFSHRC-J) appeared affected by non-Hodgkin Lymphoma at a younger age, with a higher incidence of Burkitt's Lymphoma. The predominant presenting site is abdomen followed by head/neck. They present mostly with advance disease. Survival rates are similar to those described in the literature of developed countries.
Prekallikrein and high molecular weight kininogen deficiency in Oman: a challenging diagnosis in mucosal bleeding
Authors: Nazir Hanan F , Pathare Anil V
Published: April 2021

Background: Prekallikrein (PK) and high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK) are contact factors that are involved in the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade. Deficiency of PK or HMWK are known to be associated with prolonged a PTT, but no clinical bleeding. However, rare cases of PK deficiency have been reported to be associated with mucosal bleeding. Objective: To report on epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Omani patients with PK and HMWK deficiency, focusing on one symptomatic case. Patients and methods: We reviewed the files of Omani patients who had persistently prolonged a PTT that proved to be secondary to PK or HMWK deficiency over a period of ten years. Results: Eight cases (three with PK, five with HMWK deficiency) were identified. All but one case were asymptomatic. A thirteen year-old female with Hashimoto thyroiditis who presented with easy bruising, severe prepubertal vaginal bleeding and recurrent hematemesis proved to have prekallikrein deficiency. Acquired vWD, coagulation factors deficiency, lupus anticoagulant, platelet dysfunction were ruled out. No local cause of bleeding could be identified even after four endoscopic examinations, Meckel’s diverticulum scintigraphy and CT angiography of the abdomen. Conclusion: PK and HMWK are underestimated in Oman. Most cases were incidentally detected. They significantly impact medical costs, related to extensive laboratory testing and undue delay in planned surgical procedures. Some cases with clinical bleeding impose a diagnostic challenge.
Changes of genetic variances and heritability by effect of selection in a Mexican local variety of Squash
Authors: Villanueva-Verduzco Clemente , Ayala-Esteban José Antonio , Villanueva-Sanchez Evert , Sahagen-Castellanos Jaime , Irizar Garza Martha Blanca Guadalupe
Published: April 2021

A local variety of squash (Cucurbita pepo L.), ‘Round Zuchinni’ type from Los Reyes Acatlixhuayan State of México, México, was simultaneously evaluated and selected. The objective was to study effect of selection on genetic variance and heritability. Additive genetic variance decreased in seven of nine traits studied: fruit height (79.93 %); fruit weight (65.72 %); fruit width (60.91 %); flesh thickness (57.66 %); flesh color (43.70 %); dry weight of seed (39.54 %); flesh flavor (16.60 %); except in width and seed length traits where it increased 63.40 % and 0.81 %, respectively. Only weight of seed had dominance genetic variance. The coefficient of additive genetic variance (CVA) fluctuated from 9.4 to 61.7 % in the first cycle, and from 9.4 to 51.8 % in the second cycle of selection-evaluation among traits. Heritability diminished in seven from nine characters. In general, the estimated genetic variances (additive and dominance) and heritability decreased as a result of combined selection of falf sib families.
The impact of vitamin D deficiency and microbiome in psoriasis versus non immune-mediated diseases
Authors: Soares Simoneti Fernanda
Published: April 2021

Psoriasis consists of a chronic inflammatory disease with systemic character and may be associated with several comorbidities. Although its etiopathogenesis has not yet been fully elucidated, it is known that it is an immune-mediated pathology, especially by T cells. Like other inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, psoriasis is also related to changes in the cutaneous microbiome. Vitamin D deficiency is one of the conditions associated with pathologies whose microbiome is altered, although the causal relationship between these events is not precisely determined. Thus, the objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with psoriasis who attended the Dermatology Clinic of ABC Medical School (FMABC) and compare it to the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among patients with non-inflammatory pathologies. 88 patients with psoriasis and 91 patients with non-inflammatory diseases (Control Group) were evaluated and had their serum vitamin D measured. It was observed that the Psoriasis Group had lower serum vitamin D levels compared to the Control Group (p<0.001) and It was observed that the chance of a person with psoriasis present low vitamin D levels is about seven times higher.
Giant and severe pyoderma gangrenosum: about a case
Authors: Kadiri S El
Published: April 2021

Pyoderma gangrenosum is a non infectious neutrophilic dermatosis with unknown origin. In contrast to its name, PG is neither an infectious nor gangrenous condition. Half of the cases have associated systemic diseases.1 Here in, we report a case of a 46-year-old male with no significant history of malignancies, systemic vasculitis, arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, fungal infection, drugs, or cutaneous injury was referred to our Department for multiple ulcers appears on the trunk and limbs evolving with relapses and remissions. Clinical examination showed diffusely distributed, two, well-defined, deep purulent ulcers on the back and the calf measuring 4 to 40 cm, with severe oozing and erosions. Laboratory tests revealed a white cell count of 10.23×109/l, hemoglobin 120g/l, and C-reactive protein 12 mg/l. All other tests were normal, including hepatic function tests, renal tests, antinuclear antibodies, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, HIV, hepatitis, and Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test for syphilis. A body scan and colonoscopy were performed and was normal. The patient was treated with systemic glucocorticoids (60mg daily) and topical wound care with partial improvement.
Metastatic melanoma presenting as a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour
Authors: Mackay Smith David John
Published: April 2021

This is a report of a metastatic melanoma presenting clinically as a soft tissue mass and histologically being diagnosed as a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour. In this case the metastatic melanoma was preceded by a primary cutaneous melanoma in a similar anatomical region. Histologically the tumour was characterised by a malignant-appearing Spindle cell proliferation, arranged in fascicules. There was no evidence of connection to a nerve, co-existent neurofibroma or stigmata of neurofibromatosis. This presentation is only infrequently mentioned in the literature and heterogeneity can make clinical and histological diagnosis of metastatic melanoma problematic. It can easily be misinterpreted without effective clinico-histological correlation, making a good working relationship between Clinician and Histopathologist essential for correct diagnosis.
Satisfactory use of high flow nasal cannula in a patient with acute pulmonary embolism
Authors: Velasco-Álvarez Diurbis , Pozas Pérez Javier , Díaz-Lobato Salvador
Published: April 2021

High Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC) oxygen therapy is a recent technique that delivers a high flow of heated and humidified gas to the patient.1 Compared to noninvasive ventilation (NIV), HFNC has been proved to be an effective alternative treatment for acute respiratory failure. HFNC also has a significant number of physiological advantages compared with other commonly used oxygen-based therapies, including PEEP, reduced anatomical dead space, constant FiO2 and it is better tolerated than NIV.2 After a thorough bibliographical research, only one article was found assessing the benefits of using HFNC in patients with acute pulmonary embolism.3 We present the case of an 86-year-old patient with acute pulmonary embolism and desaturation refractory to noninvasive ventilation that was successfully treated with high flow therapy.
Cognitive stimulation program mediated by digital inclusion and walking practice
Authors: de Campos Lucas Wibelinger , Henrique da Silva Leonardo , Waldow Kupske Juliedy , Mozzaquatro Chicon Patrícia Mariotto , Moane Marchesan Moane
Published: April 2021

This study aimed to present the method of the cognitive stimulation program based on digital inclusion and walking practice, at the University of Cruz Alta. The project has already served approximately 210 people 60 years of age or older. The program takes place along with the university semester of the University, with weekly meetings of approximately 90 minutes, totaling 16 semester meetings. The elderly use computers for 45 minutes and then walk for the same time. In the first and last semester meetings sociodemographic, health and behavioral variables, cognitive performance, functional capacity and six-minute walk test were collected. The project was implemented in 2011 only with the use of computers and the practice of walking in conjunction with the use of computers in 2018. Such programs of extreme importance owe to the high rate of elderly people with cognitive problems, digitally excluded and physically inactive.
Intramedullary stabbing spinal cord injury: Perioperative optimized management for a successful surgical outcome
Authors: Martínez-Soler, Pablo , Martínez-Soler Pablo , Martínez Canca  Juan F
Published: April 2021

We present a rare case of fully penetrating spinal cord injury in an 8-year-old girl who accidentally stabbed herself with a crochet needle at L4-L5 level. She presented to the local Accident and Emergency Department without neurological deficit. This is the full account of her perioperative management resulting in total neurological preservation.
There is a price to pay for every wetland reclamation and conversion: Experiences from Port Harcourt Municipality
Authors: Ibama Brown , Nengi Idaminabo
Published: April 2021

Port Harcourt municipality has a variety of wetlands that contribute valuable ecosystem services to people, the natural species habitat, and tourist attraction. Wetlands are nourishing and important breeding zones for wildlife and provide protection and safe spaces for sea creatures. Typical of any natural habitat, wetlands are significant in supporting species diversity in addition to providing some climate restraining component. This study aimed at highlighting the price residents and government alike pay for the reclamation and conversion of wetlands. Achieving this was to ascertain the physical environmental challenges experienced by wetland dwellers within Port Harcourt municipality and proffer appropriate mitigation measures associated with the challenges of urbanization and wetland conversion. Three (3) settlements were purposively chosen out of the 41 identified wetland settlements in Port Harcourt municipality. A total of 293 questionnaires were distributed and SPSS was used to analyze the data. Also, satellite imageries of the study areas were obtained from Google earth, delineated. ERDAS imagine 2014 version was used to show spatial changes between the years 1986 to 2000, and 2000 to 2016. The study shows that from 1986 to 2000, Port Harcourt municipality lost a total of 1,255,500m2. This translates to a 5% loss with an average rate of 89,678.57m2 per annum. Between 2000 and 2016, the rate of loss was 108,956.25m2 per annum, and approximately 7.69% of wetlands totaling 1,743,300m2 were lost to urbanization. The result indicates that some of the prices associated with physical environmental challenges include flooding, poor sanitary condition; poor refuse disposal system, and unplanned settlements leading to a decline in the urban quality of life. Also, some mitigation measures include the provision of affordable land, rehabilitation of failed drainage system. The study recommends periodic mapping of all wetlands and an effective development control framework to monitor incursions into existing wetlands.
In-vitro and greenhouse management of banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB) of maize, at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
Authors: Sagar GC , HK Manandahar , S Shrestha , K Bhusal
Published: April 2021

The research included in-vitro experiments on the effect of the fungal antagonist (Trichoderma spp.) and fungicide (carbendazim) against BLSB pathogen (Rhizoctonia solani); and greenhouse experiment for the management of BLSB using antagonists (Trichoderma and Pseudomonas) and a fungicide (carbendazim) in different combinations. The in-vitro and greenhouse experiments were done at the plant pathology laboratory and greenhouse of Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan. Of the isolates of Trichoderma evaluated against the BLSB pathogen in dual culture, the Trichoderma isolated from between healthy and diseased maize plants gave the maximum growth inhibition percent of the pathogen at 24 (19.86±0.52), 48 (51.63±0.40) and 72hours (72.78±1.11). Carbendazim at 10 ppm completely inhibited the growth of both the pathogen and Trichoderma on PDA medium, while at 1 ppm, the growth inhibition of the pathogen was (54.22±0.89) percent and of Trichoderma was (50.22±3.11) percent. The management experiment in a glasshouse with seven treatments was done in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Carbendazim alone gave the highest disease control (59.73%) with the lowest disease severity (28.67±0.67) and AUDPC per day (803.33±33.33). A combination of treatments alternately with Trichoderma and carbendazim also had a significant effect on reducing disease severity. In a separate experiment, Trichoderma with and without pathogen gave significantly higher shoot length, root length, shoot weight and root weight when compared with untreated control.
Ecological problems of Central Asian countries
Authors: Khojaevich Abdurakhmanov Kalandar , Tajibaevich Dodoboev Yusubjon , Sadikjanovich Khamidov Bakhodirjon
Published: April 2021

The current state of the environmental problems of Central Asian countries is investigated. Article shows the concepts improving environmental problems in this region
A review of usage of wastewater sludge and its environmental impacts
Authors: Basika Elisa , Banadda Nobel , Kiggundu Nicholas
Published: April 2021

Sludge is an unavoidable side-effect coming about because of wastewater treatment. Dewatered sludge is ordinarily arranged off by spreading on the land or via landfilling. For urbanized zones, sludge removal via landfilling isn't exceptionally functional because of land constraints and the ecological concerns included. Accordingly, severe natural control guidelines and the expanded sludge creation rates have likewise brought about restrictions on many removal choices. Consequently, there is creating interest in removal by burning and open removal. Burning debris will be delivered and should be discarded by different methods, open removal might prompt eutrophication and inebriation of water bodies. The removal difficulties can be quickly diminished if sludge is being reused into building and development materials. This paper suggests the use of sludge and sludge debris as new and non-customary development materials as an option of arranging in landfills. The utilization of sewage muck in building materials saves us from a portion of the pricy and energy requesting phases of usage, and the result gained is generally constant and safe. The motivation behind the article is to introduce the various methods of utilizing sewage muck in development materials.
Bacterial community of castor plants growing on municipal solid waste dumpsites of Wukari metropolis
Authors: Catherine Anongo, M’ember , Mijinyawa Ibrahim Jamilat
Published: April 2021

Ricinus communis L. are usually found growing abundantly in wastelands where MSW are disposed in urban and semi-urban settlements. The aim of the research is to ascertain the ecological factors that influence the proliferation of Castor bean plants Ricinus communis L. on MSW dumpsites. A study was conducted between the months of December 2018 to April 2019 on fourteen MSW dumpsites from fourteen selected localities in Wukari Metropolis. Three localities were categorized into highly populated (Hospital site, Marmara 1 and Marmara 2) sites; six were moderately populated (GRA, New Site, T-junction, Avyi 1, Mission Quarters 1, Mission Quarters 2) and five (New Market, Kwararafa 1, Timber Shed, Rice Mill, Albaco Maiko) were sparsely populated sites. Results revealed that Hospital Site, Marmara 1and Marmara 2 exhibited the highest biochemical activities due to high population density and waste generation at the study sites. The bacterial community reveals high diversity of gram-positive (Lactobacillus, Bacillus and Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Pseudomonas and Klebsiella) due to the presence of large volumes of untreated sewage, household garbage, agricultural wastes/poultry farms/abbatoirs, frozen food shops, hospital wastes, fermented sorghum-an alcoholic beverage called “burukutu” and “nono” – fresh cowmilk in the MSW dumpsites. The presence of Klebsiella in the dumpsites reveals their ubiquity of belonging to the coliforms group and potential indicator organism as an index of possible water contamination and from hospital acquired infection including Staphylococcus aureus (food poisoning). The survival, growth and proliferation of Ricinus communis L. on the MSW dumpsites is dependent on its symbiotic relationship with the five Orders of bacteria that plays critical roles in organic matter synthesis, degradation, detoxification and novel metabolic abilities thus creates a suitable habitat.
Lviv as a Metropolitan Center of the Western Region of Ukraine: Peculiarities of Demographic Structure
Authors: KURYLO I. O. , GARASHCHENKO T. M.
Published: April 2021

The paper deals with identifying modern features of population structure of Lviv city as the metropolis of the western region of Ukraine. It has been done by using comparative analysis of gender and age structure of Lviv population with the urban population of Lviv region and with the east and south Ukrainian metropolises. Th e modern peculiarities of gender and age composition of Lviv population are considered according to a set of indicators using statistical and demographic methods of structure and dynamics analysis as well as comparative assessment of structures using the model of stable population. Demographic structure is analyzed with estimation methods which haven’t been used in studies of these territorial objects yet. Th ere are several diff erent “thresholds” of sexes balancing age in the population of Lviv and other metropolises, which is explained by the gender specifi cs of educational and labor migration to these cities as educational and economic centers of Ukraine with their inherent features of economic major. Th e analysis revealed that among the considered cities the population of Lviv is younger, it has a slightly higher proportion of youth and women in reproductive age, signifi cantly lower demographic burden on population of working age by older people and higher burden by children and adolescents. Th ese features are associated with more favorable regime of natural reproduction and refl ects the existing and potential demoeconomic advantages of Lviv against the background of the south and east cities. Th e population of Lviv is, however, demographically older than the urban population of Lviv region (minus the regional center) due to relatively higher life expectancy and slightly lower reproductive activity. Th e study has underlined the diff erences between Lviv and studied metropolises of the south and east in terms of its demographic structure. It should be noted that although in the short and medium term the population aging in Lviv will be pro gressing, but in general the center of the western region of Ukraine has better demographic prerequisites for socio-economic development and, in particular, spurring the innovation.
Mortality level and trend in South Africa and their Implications
Authors: KYEI K. A. , GAVHI P.
Published: April 2021

Mortality is a critical measure of population’s health and public health systems. Infant mortality, for example, indicates quality of life, accessibility to primary healthcare and the overall health status of a country. Reduction in infant mortality shows improvement in the health status. No credible information about mortality in South Africa because the two previous censuses’ data from Statistics South Africa (StatsSA) were not reliable, this study makes attempt to bridge the gap in the lack of knowledge. Th is study uses South African General Household Survey (SAGHS) data, to fi nd the level and trend of mortality and their implications. Data for the years, 2012, 2013 and 2015, have been used. Demographic and statistical methods, including an evaluation of data quality using UN joint score, and construction of model life tables. The results indicated that the infant mortality rate (IMR) was 43 per 1000 in 2012, 36 per 1000 in 2013 and 21 per 1000 in 2015. Th is study further indicated that the general health status of South African population improved marginally from 2012 to 2015 because the life expectancy in creas ed by 7 years for the males, and by 8 years for females, between those years. The study results that SAGHS data are reliable, mortality is decreasing with increasing life expectancy. The study recommends that more proactive measures need to be put in place to improve the health status of the population, especially the children because the IMR is still quite high and creates concerns.
ГІСТОРЫЯ ВЫВУЧЭННЯ ЖАНОЧАГА СТРОЮ КУЛЬТУРЫ СМАЛЕНСКА-ПОЛАЦКІХ ДОЎГІХ КУРГАНОЎ: ВЫНІКІ І СУЧАСНЫ СТАН
Authors: Тарасевіч Вікторыя
Published: April 2021

Статтю присвячено історії вивчення, а також аналізу ступеня вивченості жіночого металевого вбрання (костюма) культури смоленсько-полоцьких довгих курганів, яку прийнято ототожнювати з літописними кривичами. Автор  проаналізував низку наукових публікацій, на основі яких було зроблено висновок про те, що цілеспрямоване вивчення цього питання почалось з 1960-х р. У вивченні жіночого ювелірного убору кривичів можна виокремити три періоди. Перший період (1960-ті – початок 1990-х рр.) характеризується поступовим відходом від сприйняття жіночого убору «культури довгих курганів» тільки як джерела: убір став предметом дослідження. Другий період (1990-ті – 2017 рр.) характеризується цілеспрямованим вивченням жіночого убору в рамках поняття культури смоленсько-полоцьких довгих курганів (КСПДК). У цей час виникають досить детальні типології окремих елементів жіночого убору КСПДК. З 2017 р. починається третій період (2017 рік – наш час). Він виділений на основі виявлених безкурганних поховань КСПДК, у яких трапляються нові «нетипові» жіночі прикраси. Це спонукало дослідників до переосмислення традицій поховального обряду та характерних елементів жіночого убору кривичів. Серед основних дослідників можна назвати імена Є. А. Шмідта, В. В. Сєдова, В. В. Єнукова, В. С. Нєфьодова. За результатами багаторічних досліджень було виділено речі, які виступають як «культурні маркери», запропоновано типології та хронологію окремих елементів жіночого металевого вбрання: скроневих кілець, головних вінець, тримачів. Встановлено, що при дослідженні жіночого ювелірного вбрання культури смоленсько-полоцьких довгих курганів переважає «мікрорегіональний підхід»: типології інвентарю переважно базуються на матеріалах смоленської частини ареалу культури. Отже, існує «розрив» у рівні вивченості жіночого металевого вбрання між російськими та білоруськими дослідниками: на території Білорусі вивчення його локальних особливостей та хронології тільки почалось.
The Leonovs noble family in the history of Yekaterinoslav region
Authors: Kocherhin Ihor
Published: April 2021

The purpose of the article: сarry out the retrospective analysis of history of the noble family of the Leonovs from the Yekaterinoslav region. Research methods: methods of genealogical research, social history and prosopography. The main results. The existing historiography of the issue is analyzed, which is quite narrow due to little attention from researchers to this little-known noble family. As a result of the heuristic search, archival, printed, visual and oral sources are found, on the basis of which the history of seven generations of the Leonovs family is analyzed from the time of their appearance on the lands of the Prydniprovya region in the late 18th century to the present time. In total, the appendix contains the names of 47 family members with brief information about each of them. The question of the origin of the family, which is not unambiguous, and therefore not fully clarified, is studied. Particular attention is paid to the coverage of the activity of its representatives in the state, self-governing and class organizations of the Yekaterinoslav province in the 19th and early 20th centuries. As a result, the history of one of the noble families of the Yekaterinoslav province is reconstructed, which is almost unknown not only to the general public but also to specialists. Since the nobility for almost 150 years was the local elite, it is difficult to imagine socio-political, socio-economic and socio-cultural components of the development of the Prydniprovya region in the late 18th and early 19th centuries without studying all aspects of lives of its representatives. The practical significance: the presented materials can serve as a basis for studying not only individual biographies of the members of the Leonovs family, but also help in studying the activities of the zemstvo institutions, as well as in clarifying the peculiarities of the reforms of Emperor Alexander II. Scientific novelty: for the first time in historiography a comprehensive analysis of history the Yekaterinoslav region noble family Leonov and presented their generational list were carried out. Type of article: analytical.
Converted Jews
Authors: Bulanyi Mykola
Published: April 2021

The aim of the scientific paper to reconstruct the life strategies of the father of the famous figure of the Great Reform era M. Posen, as well as to attempt to study the little-known early stage of his biography. Research methods: biographical, reconstruction, hermeneutics, intertextual analysis, comparative studies, systemic-structural, conceptual method of M. Epstein, etc. Main results. Thanks to the use of a number of approaches, it was possible to reach broader issues, such as the reconstruction of the identity of two generations of the Posens, identification strategies for their entry into the imperial society and determination of the position and opportunities of converted Jews in the era of Alexander I. Thus, the principle of new historicism made it possible to analyze texts in their primary context, which in turn made it possible to investigate Posen’s attitude to texts, which was reflected in his project for changes in censorship. The systematic principle made it possible to reflect on the whole the process of development of the institution of censorship in the Russian Empire and the role of converted Jews in it on the M. Posen’s example. The study of legislative acts was carried out using the historical-juridical analysis and A. Etkind’s philosophy of reconstruction, which made it possible to inscribe the Posens’ history to the historical and cultural context of the era. Thanks to scientific tools and the involvement of previously unknown sources, it became possible to clarify the main milestones of M. Posen’s early biography, while he working in various departments, as well as possible reasons for career growth in the context of the Alexander era. Practical significance: the accomplished developments can be used in the future to create generalizing works on historical biography, Jewish study, interethnic history, social history, etc. Scientific novelty: for the first time, attempts were made to reconstruct the biography of M. Posen’s father based on the initial materials and the activities of the first generations of the Posens in Russia Empire. Type of article: analytical.
The Library of the Yekaterinoslav Scientific Society
Authors: Luchka Liudmyla
Published: April 2021

The purpose of the article is to highlight the history of opening and ways of development of the Society’s scientific library according to the reporting documents. Research methods: system-structural, analytical-synthetic, comparative. The main results. The library of the Ekaterinoslav Scientific Society has come a long way from project preparation to actual opening and activity. According to the Charter, one of the tasks of the society was to create libraries of scientific and pedagogical publications and publishing activities. Organizational issues included consideration and supporting the project of opening a scientific library and a reading room. According to the reports, the library began its activity in 1907–1908 after moving to the Auditorium of Public Readings (Chechelivka settlement). The library’s funds were based on the remains of the people’s library, which was damaged during the fire of 1905, and the private library of the Sokolov family. The newly established library acted according to the Rules of using books, the content of which is interesting and useful today. A separate area of the scientific center’s activities was working with children’s audiences, namely conducting folk readings for children and and popularizing reading children’s literature. The history of the library is connected with the People’s University named after O. Karavaiev. The society existed until the early 20s of the 20th century. The library was partially transferred to the Palace of Culture of Metallurgists. Some of the books stored in the book collections of Dnipro National University scientific library have seals and are historical sources for the study of local lore and book heritage of Ukraine. Conclusions. The library of the Society played an important role in the processes of formation and development of scientific, educational and library space of the Yekaterinoslav province. The content and replenishment of funds, areas of activity were adjusted by members of the society and met the requirements of time and readers’ demand. Practical meaning. The materials of the article can be useful in the study of historical local lore, domestic library science and scientific and educational potential of the region. The scientific novelty lies in the holistic study of library activity of the Scientific Society as an important center in the formation of science in the province. Type of article: analytical.