bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GUT Feelings about Amazonia: Potential Affinity and the Construction of Sociality
Authors: Castro Eduardo Viveiros de , Nacional Museu , Janeiro Rio de
Published: November 2023

This chapter draws the barest outline of what might be a ‘grand unified theory’ of Amazonian sociality-a GUT, as physicists say. The acronym is meant to be (self) ironic, and here doubly so. What follows is a clumsily packed excerpt of an essay in preparation, which was supposed to be my contribution for the present volume, but which became unmanageably long. The purpose of that essay is to account for some recent arguments about the socially constructed (in the phenomenal sense of the term) character of Amazonian modes of kinship relatedness. My point, in a nutshell, is that no province of human experience is (given as) entirely constructed; something must be (construed as) given. I take as my example a dichotomy central to Western kinship theory and practice, namely, the consanguinity/affinity distinction of Morganian fame, and argue that in Amazonia, it is affinity that stands as the given dimension of the cosmic relational matrix, while consanguinity falls within the scope of human action and intention.
Seed and Clone: The Symbolic and Social Significance of Bitter Manioc Cultivation
Authors: Rival Laura
Published: November 2023

According to the thesis Peter Rivière formulated in 1984, the political economy prevalent in indigenous Amazonia is a political economy, not of goods, but of people, characterized by the management of the productive and reproductive capacities of individuals considered to be means of production and scarce resources, in particular women. In the well-known essay on the processing of bitter manioc and gender politics he subsequently wrote in 1987, he further supported this thesis by comparing various bodies of ethnographic data, and concluded that societies presenting a predominantly masculine version of social reproduction tend to control women by confining them to the repetitive, laborious task of detoxifying bitter manioc and processing it daily into culinary products that are central to group identity.
Myth and Material Culture: Matis Blowguns, Palm Trees, and Ancestor Spirits
Authors: Erikson Philippe
Published: November 2023

In his stimulating paper ‘Myth and Material Culture: Some Symbolic Interrelations’, Peter Rivière (1969b) discusses the complementary distribution of blowguns and hair tubes among several Carib and Arawak peoples of southern Guyana and northern Brazil. His aim is ‘to show that other aspects of the respective cultures can be correlated with the absence or presence of the blowgun’ (p. 153), and to try ‘to indicate that the acceptance or rejection of a particular item may reflect and be reflected in a wider set of ideas’ (p. 163). Rivière’s paper also stresses the symbolical link between body ornaments and weapons, especially blowguns and hair tubes, both of which are ‘not simply technical or aesthetic objects but also some sort of energy transformers’ (p. 157).
Itoto (Kanaima*) as Death and Anti-Structure
Authors: Colson Audrey Butt
Published: November 2023

Kanaima, or Itoto, has been described in the literature as ‘secret killer’ and as ‘one who kills suddenly’. They are terms which refer to a complex set of beliefs, constituting a conceptual system within the society and culture of the two Carib-speaking peoples of the circum-Roraima region of the Guiana Highlands, the Kapong (Akawaio and Patamuna) and the Pemong (Arekuna, Kamarakoto, Taurepang, and Makushi), whose lands are the border areas of Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela. The two terms are co-equivalent. Kanaima is a Pemong word, whilst Itoto (Idodo, Toto, Dodo) is used by the Akawaio.
Consciousness of Action and Self-Consciousness: A Cognitive Neuroscience Approach
Authors: Jeannerod Marc
Published: November 2023

The mutual relationships of action to consciousness are complex and far from unequivocal. We execute many of our daily actions unconsciously; conversely, we can consciously simulate or imagine actions we do not execute. This vast domain of research, motor cognition, is central to the study, not only of action itself (how it is planned, prepared, and finally executed), but also of how action contributes to the representations we build from objects and from other selves. In this chapter, I will use the broad term of representation to include the various internal states in relation to action. There could be better terms, with the advantage of greater precision, but with the disadvantage of losing continuity between different levels of functioning. Indeed, the term representation of an action can be used in its strong sense, to designate a mental state in relation to goals and desires, as well as in its weak sense, to indicate the ensemble of mechanisms that precede execution of a movement. Finally, it can also be accepted by biologists to designate the state of the neural network during a mental state related to action.
Experimental Approaches to Action
Authors: Prinz Wolfgang
Published: November 2023

This chapter has two sections, theoretical and experimental. In the first section I will discuss the relative merits of two broad views on human action, sensorimotor and ideomotor. Sensorimotor approaches treat action as re-action to stimulation. They date back to Cartesian physiology and are still predominant in both modern physiology and cognitive sciences. Ideomotor approaches emphasize the intentional and volitional basis of action. They date back to Lotze’s and James’s discussions of the anatomy of voluntary action and have since then fallen into oblivion. I will argue for reviving ideomotor theory and outline ways of combining it with sensorimotor theory within a novel framework. In the second section I will then discuss some recent experiments from our lab in an attempt to illustrate how human action can be studied under experimentally controlled conditions and how the interaction between the perceptual and the intentional basis of action can be analysed in both experimental and theoretical terms.
Dual Control and the Causal Theory of Action: The Case of Non-intentional Action
Authors: Perner Josef
Published: November 2023

This chapter is concerned with how the causal theory of action (Davidson, 1963) in its extended version (Searle, 1983) can be combined with a model of dual control (Norman and Shallice, 1986) in order to distinguish intended actions from non-intended actions and those from mere movements or happenings. My specific focus is on accounting for the fact that one variety of intentional action, willed (controlled or voluntary) action, is part of a cluster of empirical phenomena while automatic actions belong to a different cluster. The former cluster comprises conscious awareness and attention, verbal justification, moral responsibility, executive control (tasks on which frontal lobe patients seem specifically impaired) with the self in charge, and so on, while the latter, surrounding automatic action, includes potential lack of conscious awareness, lack of verbal expressibility, reduced responsibility, and bypasses the control through the self.
Concepts of Justice
Authors: Raphael D D
Published: November 2023

In Concepts of Justice D. D. Raphael gives a philosophical survey of the development of the idea of justice. While the framework is historical, the aim is philosophical analysis and criticism. Part I begins with 'Ancient Roots': justice in the Bible, in Aeschylus' Oresteia, in the philosophers Plato and Aristotle, and among jurists and theologians in the Middle Ages. Part II, 'Modern Shoots', deals with philosophers from Hobbes to Rawls, and others of the modern age. Some of the writings considered will be unfamiliar to many readers, who will find that eminence as a political theorist is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition of significant thought about justice. Part III, 'Historical Fruits', draws some conclusions from the whole survey, pinning down the notion of fairness, and asking why this notion embraces apparently disparate ideas, notably 'merit' and 'need'. The developing role of justice and the emergence of novel features during the last three centuries is also discussed. Raphael does not assume that the theories of philosophers must reflect the thought and usage of people generally: some do while others are idiosyncratic, and a number of philosophers neglect the usage of the concept in the context of law. While this book is not a comprehensive history, it is comprehensive in its scope.
Aeschylus’Oresteia:The Development of Justice
Authors: Raphael D D
Published: November 2023

Athenian tragic drama was the precursor of Athenian moral philosophy. It was not the same thing, and in so far as it served the same purpose it did not simply do that. Tragic drama had a religious significance, it celebrated a religious festival; and it also fulfilled an aesthetic function — if that can be distinguished, in ancient Athens, from a religious function. Still, part of the religious function is similar to a function of moral (including political) philosophy. I do not mean by this the preaching of moral doctrine, or at any rate preaching pure and simple; I mean rather the giving of expression to moral doctrine in a way that illuminates it. Moral and political philosophy is not moral or political preaching; it is the critical evaluation of moral and political beliefs by means of rational argument and by the clarifying ofconcepts. It, too, is the illumination of moral and political doctrine.
Aristotle
Authors: Raphael D D
Published: November 2023

Aristotle’s thoughts about justice are given most systematically in Book V of theNicomachean Ethics.The treatment is not as clear as one would like. There is, first, the general obstacle presented by the form of Aristotle’s works as they have come down to us. The text is apparently a set of lecture notes or something similar, not a finished work written for publication. There are repetitions, insertions, omissions, and perhaps faulty arrangement of passages by early editors. Secondly, there are unnecessary obscurities introduced by Aristotle into this particular discussion. He has a general theory that each of the virtues is a mean between excess and defect, and he tries to apply this to his account of justice, where it does not fit at all well. He is also keen on subjecting his treatment to mathematical formulae whenever he can, and this too turns out to be unhelpful. Aristotle was, for his time, a very good scientist in the field of the life sciences, to which he made important contributions both by way of observation and by way of systematization. He was, in addition, a penetrating thinker on more general problems of theoretical physics (as that subject was seen in his day). His signal contributions to metaphysics and the philosophy of mind were greatly influenced by his scientific understanding. But he was not particularly gifted for mathematics and his would-be mathematical treatment of the concept of justice in theEthicshas been described as childish and excessively simple. It does not promote understanding or give one any additional insight into the notion of justice; it simply obscures the view.
G. W. Leibniz
Authors: Raphael D D
Published: November 2023

Leibniz discusses the concept of justice in a number of his writings, usually at no great length and simply repeating the essential features of his view with little in the way of argument. There is, however, one sustained essay on the topic,Meditationsurla notion commune de la justice,written about 1703 but not printed in his lifetime. The text is to be found in Georg Mallat,Rechtsphilosophisches aus Leibnizens ungredruckten Schriften;an English translation is provided by Patrick Riley inLeibniz: Political Writings.
Fairness
Authors: Raphael D D
Published: November 2023

What can be learned from my historical survey? It is of course a limited survey and calls for some caution. I said at the start that it would be selective and that the selection depended to some extent on what had happened to interest me. It has also been confined to the tradition of Western civilization with its roots in Judaeo-Christian religion and Graeco-Roman culture. Attention to other traditions might disclose major differences in concepts of justice or of something analogous to justice. Like many other people I have some sketchy acquaintance with Islamic tradition on penal process, and I have in the past read a few relevant anthropological books on tribal societies. Both in Islamic and in tribal thought one sees a resemblance to the idea of justice as it has appeared in the Western tradition, so that the omission of them from my survey may not be a great loss for the purpose of understanding justice. I cannot, however, entertain a similar consoling supposition about Buddhism or the other indigenous religions of Asia, since I know nothing of what they have to say on this topic. Still, it is pertinent to note that the main features of the Western tradition have acquired a near-universal acceptance in international law;and if we hope to discern a future trend from past history, the history of the Western tradition is the place to look for it.
Greek-Latin Philosophical Interaction
Authors: Ebbesen Sten
Published: November 2023

In antiquity Europe was divided into a Greek and a Latin zone of influence. The limits of the Greek zone had been established about 300 Bc. In the eastern Mediterranean Greek was the language of all central and much local administration, and it functioned as a lingua franca for all sorts of purposes. The Roman conquest changed nothing in that regard: it just put a wafer-thin layer of Latin administration on top of the Greek, and after less than a millennium that thin layer had worn off. But in the West, which prior to the advent of the Roman legions had no international language of administration, commerce, and higher culture, Latin filled the vacuum and obtained the role that Greek had in the East.
Hellenic Philosophy in Byzantium and the Lonely Mission of Michael Psellos
Authors: Duffy John
Published: November 2023

In one of his books Cyril Mango makes the interesting observation that for the two centuries between 843 and c.1050 no additions were made to the Synodikon of Orthodoxy. The Synodikon, a major liturgical manifesto of the Byzantine Church, was first promulgated at the end of the iconoclasm controversy, one of the most serious cultural upheavals of the Middle Ages. ‘The Triumph of Orthodoxy’, as the outcome is known, celebrated originally in the church of Hagia Sophia, in Constantinople, in 843, some years later became established as an annual feast falling on the first Sunday of Lent. The celebration consisted of a solemn procession and liturgical service which included a reading of anathemas against heretics and enemies of true doctrine. By the second half of the eleventh century certain versions of the Synodikon began to feature condemnations of contemporary ‘enemies of the truth’. The most interesting instance is Michael Psellos’ former student, John Italos who became the unfortunate target of no less than twelve citations in the anathemas of the year 1082. Whatever the precise merits of the case, which is still a matter of some dispute, the proclaimed root of the charges against Italos was his dealings with ancient, that is, in Byzantine terminology, ‘Hellenic’ philosophy.
Plethon and Scholarios on Aristotle
Authors: Karamanolis George
Published: November 2023

With Plethon and Scholarios the scenery for a heated philosophical debate was set. Scholarios’ student, Matthew Kamariotes, will write against Ple- thon, while Theodore Gazes will be equally critical of him. Plethon’s views also found support. Michael Apostoles responds to Gazes with a brief treatise in which he criticizes Aristotle’s views on substance. This prompted Gazes’ cousin, Andronikos Kallistos, to write in defence of Gazes, advocating Aristotle’s views against the criticisms of Plethon and Apostoles. The most ardent critic of Plethon, and admittedly the most bitter writer in the whole controversy, will be George Trapezountios (1395-1472/3) who writes a po- lemical work in which he praises Aristotle and vilifies Plato. Trapezountios was the first in the controversy to write in Latin. His work will open up the discussion to Westerners, and indeed several Italians will take part in it. A thorough reply to Trapezountios will come from Plethon’s friend and corres- pondent Bessarion, who had closely followed the development of this debate. Bessarion criticizes Trapezountios for his hostility to Plato but also attempts to approach the whole issue of the merits of the Platonic and Aristotelian philosophy, and how the two compare, in a scholarly way; he not only shows a far better knowledge of the ancient texts than anyone involved in the controversy that far, but also tries to be fair in his judgement. Though he himself was an ardent Platonist, Bessarion takes an intermediary position between Platonists and Aristotelians, arguing that the ancients used to see the philosophies of Plato and Aristotle as being largelv in accord.
Separations and the Discourse of Family Sacrifice
Authors: Buettner Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Nearly all discussions of British family life in India from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth centuries stress how important most parents felt it was to send their children back to Britain for their education. Perceptions of the dangers that children were believed to face in India and that supposedly increased as they approached adolescence-including physically and culturally threatening contacts with India’s climate and indigenous and mixed-race populations, as discussed in previous chapters-acted in combination with Britain’s strong attractions as an environment for childrearing. Families whose livelihoods derived from imperial life and work reaffirmed a white, British status by demonstrating sufficient affluence to pay for children’s journeys to and school fees in Britain while simultaneously avoiding educational options in India that were racially and socially problematic.
Anaïs Nin, Fictionality and Femininity
Authors: Tookey Helen
Published: November 2023

Helen Tookey presents a new study of Anaïs Nin (1903-77), focusing both on the cultural and historical contexts in which her work was produced and received, and on the different versions of Nin herself — as a modernist, a woman writer, a public (and controversial) figure in the women's liberation movement, and as a set of conflicting and often extreme representations of femininity. The author shows how contextual feminist approaches shed light on Nin (who moved from Paris modernism of the 1930s to US second-wave feminism of the 1970s), and how this sheds light on key issues and conflicts within feminist thinking since the 1970s, particularly questions of identity, femininity, and psychoanalysis. Anaïs Nin: Fictionality and Femininity provides new readings of Nin through contemporary feminist approaches, using Nin to make an intervention into critical debates around modernism, feminism, and psychoanalysis, writing and identity, fictionality and femininity.
Sibling Ties
Authors: Caine Barbara
Published: November 2023

Sibling ties were of central importance to the Stracheys, as they were to all large Victorian and Edwardian families. Both Jane Grant and Richard Strachey came from large families and were extremely close to some of their siblings and the same thing was true of their own ten children. Jane made a point of encouraging the development of close ties amongst her children from their earliest years. She was particularly keen to establish brother and sister pairs amongst those children who were close in age, organizing shared holidays for these pairs, and expecting the girls always to take particular care of brothers who were sent away to school.
The Character of Natural Language Semantics
Authors: Pietroski Paul M
Published: November 2023

My aim in this paper is to describe and motivate what I take to be Chomsky’s (2000) conception of semantics, with emphasis on his scepticism about more traditional approaches. But the goal is not exegetical. It is to advance a view, whose attractions are considerable, that often gets ignored.
Truth Conditions and their Recognition
Authors: Barber Alex
Published: November 2023

This paper is concerned with the relation between two attractive perspectives on meaning and truth conditions. The ﬁrst perspective takes the central goal of semantic theorizing to be the explicit statement of individual language users’ tacit knowledge of the clauses of a semantic theory.1 The second takes meaning to be inherited from the intentions that give rise to utterances.2 I hold that the two perspectives need each other more than is often acknowledged, for reasons that have not been recognized, and in a way that has consequences for both. Semantic knowledge is possible only if we have semantic intentions of a surprisingly strong kind, and these semantic intentions can be formed only by an agent with the appropriate semantic knowledge.
The Finished Artefact Fallacy: Acheulean Hand-axes and Language Origins
Authors: Davidson Iain
Published: November 2023

Approaches to the study of the origins of language have three major sources of evidence: (1) from modern humans, including psychology and linguistics; (2) from modern non-human primates, including their communicative abilities; (3) from archaeology. This chapter is about the third of these-the archaeological evidence of what actually happened. Ten years ago, I outlined problems with the traditional framework of understanding stone tools (Davidson and Noble 1993; Gibson and Ingold 1993). In this chapter, I will return to issues I raised on that occasion and present more evidence and argument about Acheulean hand-axes.
The Roles of Expression and Representation in Language Evolution
Authors: Hurford James r.
Published: November 2023

This quotation makes a negative point and a positive point, given added emphasis above. The idea that language, and by implication much of its current complex structure, arose from pre-linguistic representational systems has attracted attention and not much criticism. A goal of evolutionary linguistics is to explain the origins of the structure found in language. It can be agreed that little of the distinctively complex structure of modern languages can be attributed to ancestry in animal communication systems.1 But how much of the complex structure of modern languages can be attributed to ancestry in pre-linguistic representational systems? Sampson (1997: 100) expressed a view opposed to Bickerton’s.
The Organization and Representation of Conceptual Knowledge in the Brain: Living Kinds and Artifacts
Authors: Mahon Bradford Z , Caramazza Alfonso
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we address some central issues in the organization and representation of conceptual knowledge in the human brain. The focus of our discussion will be on the organization and representation of conceptual knowledge of manipulable artifacts. However, the category ‘artifacts’ is only one semantic domain among others, for instance, ‘animals’, ‘fruit/vegetables’, and ‘con-specifics’. A discussion of how conceptual knowledge of artifacts is organized and represented will thus require consideration of the same issues with respect to other semantic categories.
A World Apart: How Concepts of the Constructed World Are Different in Representation and in Development
Authors: Keil Frank C , Greif Marissa L , Kerner Rebekkah S
Published: November 2023

Most children are surrounded, from birth, by a world of things created by the people who live around them and by those who came before them. The very first act that infants perform on another object, that of nursing, is often on a bottle designed for that specific purpose.
A Divided Army: Military Castes and Factions
Authors: Balfour Sebastian
Published: November 2023

Through the Spanish Army of Africa rode a variety of military castes and factions whose composition and balance changed radically over the eighteen years of the colonial war.1 The castes could be broadly defined by the arm or branch of the military forces to which officers belonged but they were by no means hermetic. Factions, on the other hand, represented political or ideological divisions within or across the castes.
Cultures, Conditions, and Corruption
Authors: Balfour Sebastian
Published: November 2023

Of all the themes addressed in this book, that of the everyday life and mentality of the soldier in the colonial war is the least documented and the least subject to verification. It has always been difficult for combatants caught up in the worst moments of war to represent it to those who have not undergone its barbarism, physical suffering, and deep comradeship, and even to explain that experience to themselves. For it lies beyond discourse and even identity.
A Noifolk Childhood 1841-1852
Authors: Owen Roger
Published: November 2023

On 8 June 1841 census enumerators visited Cromer Hall, a newly built neo-Gothic house just a mile and a half from the little fishing town of Cromer in Norfolk. There they collected the form showing that the house contained two little boys, Master Thomas Baring, aged 2, and Master Evelyn Baring, aged 5 months, together with five female house servants, including Ann Cox, the boys’ nurse. The boys’ parents, Mr and Mrs Henry Baring, were away, as they very often were, staying at their London House at 11 Berkeley Square with their one daughter, Cecilia, aged 8, and the twins, Robert and Richard, aged 7, looked after by fourteen live-in servants.
Helping to Govern Malta with Many Excursions 1864-1867
Authors: Owen Roger
Published: November 2023

After leaving Corfu, Baring returned quickly to England and then on to North America for a shooting trip and to see his brother Tom, who was working for Baring Brothers in New York. ‘ Now don’ t get shot and marry a squaw,’ wrote Lear. It proved to be sage advice as Earing’ s first act was to hasten down to Washington to observe some of the Civil War, then in its last stages, following General Grant’ s wilderness campaign in southern Virginia. This was part of Grant’ s juggernaut drive into the Confederate heartland, which had just ground to a halt after encountering Robert E. Lee’ s army in an area of thick shrub and swamps outside the town of Petersburg, some 30 miles south of the Confederate capital of Richmond.
Return to England 1907-1908
Authors: Owen Roger
Published: November 2023

Cromer continued to try to direct policy until Gorst and his wife arrived to take over on 24 April r 907. Having made his decision, he was anxious to go as quickly as possible, writing to Rowland that ‘ I cannot tell you how much I am looking forward to a little peace and quiet’ .1 It was a confused and difficult time. One factor was the impact of the United States stock market crash in March, which produced immediate restrictions in local bank and mortgage credit leading to what The Economist’ s correspondent called a ‘ wave of demoralisation ... without parallel’ on the Alexandria stock exchange.
An Active Retirement 1908-1914
Authors: Owen Roger
Published: November 2023

Once he felt he had fully regained his health in the spring of 1908, Lord Cromer decided to enter British political life by taking up his seat in the House of Lords. He was now 67. He spent the next four years in the energetic pursuit of a wide variety of causes until his health began to break down again in 1912, when he was too ill to go to Scotland for the summer. This was followed by a fainting fit in the autumn of 191 3, and then another serious illness, a stroke, in the spring of 19 14, after which he was convinced that, for all practical purposes, his political life was over.1
The Structure of German
Authors: Fox Anthony
Published: November 2023

The Structure of German is a description of the major features of German according to the principles of modern linguistics. This second edition represents full updates of aspects of German phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics.
Literature and the Irish Famine 1845–1919
Authors: Fegan Melissa
Published: November 2023

The impact of the Irish famine of 1845-1852 was unparalleled in both political and psychological terms. The effects of famine-related mortality and emigration were devastating, in the field of literature no less than in other areas. In this incisive new study, Melissa Fegan explores the famine's legacy to literature, tracing it in the work of contemporary writers and their successors, down to 1919. Dr Fegan examines both fiction and non-fiction, including journalism, travel-narratives and the Irish novels of Anthony Trollope. She argues that an examination of famine literature that simply categorizes it as 'minor' or views it only as a silence or an absence misses the very real contribution that it makes to our understanding of the period. This is an important contribution to the study of Irish history and literature, sharply illuminating contemporary Irish mentalities.
Making Citizens in an Increasingly Complex Society: Jacobinism Revisited
Authors: Schnapper Dominique
Published: November 2023

VINCENT Wright was one of the few foreigners to express some sympathy for Jacobinism. For did he not say, with a humour that he would have forgiven me for describing as British, ‘the nation state, with all its problems, remains, for most citizens, the principal repository of legitimate authority. In arguing this case, I am aware that I lay myself open to the not entirely unjustifiable accusation of being an old-fashioned Jacobin, perverted by a nostalgia for the 1950s and 1960s, by a penchant for limited social democratic distributionalism, and by an admiration for the French prefectoral administration’.1 It seems to me that any lover of France should share this sympathy even if it can only be critical-in so far as it was this very Jacobinism which built the nation. It is, however, important to understand this Jacobinism for what it is, and not to take at face value the descriptions and the justifications which its own theorists provided. In this homage to Vincent, I would like to offer a few thoughts on what it was and on the problems encountered today by the heritage of Jacobinism, a legacy that is nowadays criticized in two respects. On the one hand, it is said to be alien to the great liberal tradition of the British, furtheir developed by the United States and the democracies of northern Europe; and, on the other hand, it is viewed as inappropriate to the style of modern civilization, which is founded upon individual initiative. The rigidity of Jacobinism, like that of the traditional nation state, is believed to meet neither the conditions governing the functioning of modern democracy nor the demands of a liberal and internationalized economy.
Gender Compromises: The Female Practitioner and her Connections
Authors: Felling Margaret
Published: November 2023

To consider the female practitioners pursued by the College is to consider the most extreme case of the paradox of distance and proximity. With women, as with strangers, we can see most clearly the need to adopt a dyadic form of analysis, to examine interaction rather than one side of the confrontation. Ostensibly, the College did not spend much time on women practisers of physic, and it was easily able to deter them from practice. Cases involving women have been cited by the College’s apologists chiefly as a way of ridiculing the pretensions of empirics in general.
Desert: Individualistic and Holistic
Authors: Hurka Thomas
Published: November 2023

This chapter is a response to a recent argument of Samuel Scheffler’s. Scheffler is defending John Rawls’s view that while the concept of desert may play a foundational role in the theory of retributive justice that underlies the criminal law, it cannot do the same in the theory of distributive justice that assesses economic outcomes.1 The concept of desert, Scheffler argues, is individualistic, in that what a person deserves depends only on facts about him. This suits it for the con text of retributive justice, which is likewise individualistic. But distributive jus tice is essentially holistic, since the justice of a given person’s share of resources turns in several ways on facts about other people.
Brute Luck Equality and Desert
Authors: Vallentyne Peter
Published: November 2023

In recent years, interest in desert-based theories of justice has increased, and this seems to represent a challenge to equality-based theories of justice.1 The best distribution of outcome-advantage with respect to desert, after all, need not be the most equal distribution of outcome-advantage. Some individuals may deserve more than others. Outcome egalitarianism is, however, implausible, and so the conflict of outcome desert with outcome equality is of little significance.2 Most contemporary versions of egalitarianism are concerned with neutralizing the differential effects of brute luck and not with equality of outcome. I shall argue that, in order to be plausible, a desert-based theory of justice can and must be compatible with this form of egalitarianism.
The Dilemma of Desert
Authors: Wolff Jonathan
Published: November 2023

It is universally considered just that each person should obtain that (whether good or evil) he deserves; and unjust that he should obtain a good, or be made to undergo an evil, which he does not deserve. This is perhaps, the clearest and most emphatic form in which the idea of justice is conceived by the general mind.1
Competitive City: Governance and the Changing Dynamics of Urban Regeneration in Dublin
Authors: Bartley Brendan , Shine Kasey Treadwell
Published: November 2023

In Ireland, as elsewhere in the developed world, national and municipal governments have adopted entrepreneurial practices such as place promotion, flagship projects, image boosterism, and urban regeneration schemes in order to promote competitive advantage on the international and global stage (Bartley and Saris 1999; Hall and Hubbard 1998). These practices are associated with new economic and social policies that coincide with a transformation of urban politics. An increasing stress is placed on facilitating market operations, through a new business-oriented management ethos within local and central government.
Business as Usual:The Naples Business District (Centro Direzionale di Napoli)
Authors: Haddock Serena Vicari
Published: November 2023

Visitors to Naples cannot help but be struck by the natural beauty of the city’s location and buildings and at the same time by how they have been disfigured over time. This double image is not a recent phenomenon; it has been a constant feature of the ‘beautiful monster’, as Braudel (1966) called the city, for hundreds of years. In some ways the new business centre of the city, which towers over its skyline, is a further addition to its monstrosity. Beauty and desolation, wealth and poverty reside side by side in all parts of the city-glaring evidence of the constant conflict among different economic, social, and cultural groups, which is at the heart of a fragmented southern European society.
The Contradictions of Urbanizing Globalization
Authors: Swyngedouw Erik , Moulaert Frank , Rodríguez Arantxa
Published: November 2023

The preceding chapters illustrated in their rich diversity a number of common themes and features that characterize the urban development process in the European Union. Not with standing the profound reorganizations of the urban fabric that the political-economic elites of these cities have pursued in their attempts to insert their urban economies within a neo-liberal and globalizing world order, the concrete transformations exhibit a number of contradictions that stand in sharp contrast with the professed objectives.
Phonetic change and semantic change
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de
Published: November 2023

When we deal separately with the double subject of modified forms and modified meanings in words, we are not creating an artificial division but are only recognizing natural distinctions .. . We are plunged into perplexity on reading the comparisons that one finds, in serious works (Whitney for example) between these two types of change over time: All of this needs reviewing, but we have no idea where to begin.
Life of language
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de
Published: November 2023

Life of language may mean, firstly, the way language lives through time, i.e. the fact that it may be transmitted. This fact is a truly vital element of language, because nothing in language escapes transmission; but it also happens to be completely foreign to language. What existence a sign may be said to have resides in principle in the mental association between it and an idea, and there alone. That is why a degree of surprise is probable, indeed inevitable, at the need to recognize that the sign has a second existence, independent of the idea as one goes through time.
Parallelism
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de
Published: November 2023

The unilateral parallelism of the aorist is responsible for grouping laT1v; l8Eøt; lºømov within the unity of a certain idea. There is no corresponding unity in the forms, hence the unilateral nature of this parallelism. But what is the basis of this parallelism, if it is not in forms? It is, quite simply, the infinite number of ways in which it is different from other parallelisms (which may for their part be unilateral, or bilateral).
Negativity and difference
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de
Published: November 2023

The negativity of terms in language may be considered before deciding on the place of language. For this negativity, we can provisionally accept that language exists outside ourselves and our mind, since we are only highlighting the fact that different terms in language, unlike different elements in chemistry, etc., are no more than defined differences between terms which would be empty and void of definition without these differences.
Note on Discourse (from the Orangery manuscripts)
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de
Published: November 2023

This string of words, as rich as it might be through the ideas that it evokes, would never suggest to a human individual that another individual in enunciating them wanted to signify something to him. What is needed in order for us to get the idea that someone wants to signify something by using the terms that are available in a language system? This is the same question as asking what is discourse, and at first sight the answer is simple: discourse consists, even if only in a rudimentary way, and in ways of which we are unaware, of confirming a link between two of the concepts that appear cloaked in a linguistic form, while the language system at first consists only of isolated concepts that are waiting to be put into relation with each other so that meaningful thought may be expressed.
Troy And Homer
Authors: Latacz Joachim , Kevin Windle , Ireland Rosh
Published: November 2023

In this book Joachim Latacz turns the spotlight of modern research on the much-debated question of whether the wealthy city of Troy described by Homer in the Iliad was a poetic fiction or a memory of historical reality. Earlier excavations at the hill of Hisarlik, in Turkey, on the Dardanelles, brought no answer, but in 1988 a new archaeological enterprise, under the direction of Manfred Korfmann, led to a radical shift in understanding. Latacz, one of Korfmann’s closest collaborators, traces the course of these excavations, and the renewed investigation of the imperial Hittite archives they have inspired. As he demonstrates, it is now clear that the background against which the plot of the Iliad is acted out is the historical reality of the thirteenth century BC. The Troy story as a whole must have arisen in this period, and we can detect traces of it in Homer’s great poem.
The Fundamental Problem: Was Hisarhk Really Once Troia/Ilios?
Authors: Latacz Joachim , Kevin Windle , Ireland Rosh
Published: November 2023

By 1996 there had been twenty-five excavation campaigns in five series under four expedition leaders at the Turkish hill of Hisarhk on the Dardanelles (see the table on p. 11). In the course of these excavations, the history of the occupation of the citadel on the hill, and also, since 1988 and more particularly since 1993, the occupation of the lower town, has been steadily clarified. However, none of the excavators knew the contemporary name of the settlement being brought to light.
The Opposing Side: ‘Achaians’ and ‘Danaans’—Two More Names Rehabilitated
Authors: Latacz Joachim , Kevin Windle , Ireland Rosh
Published: November 2023

Whether or not we assume that Taruwisa/Tru(w)isa can be equated with Troy, the name of the besieged city in the Iliad is historical, since it has been proven that Wilusa and Wilios are one and the same. But we must then proceed to note that the names of the besiegers in the Iliad are no invention either. The besiegers came from the region known broadly to us as ‘Greece’. (We shall return to the matter of the geographical variations of the territory of ‘classical’ Greece.)
The Result: There Probably Was a War over Troy
Authors: Latacz Joachim , Kevin Windle , Ireland Rosh
Published: November 2023

In 1998 one of the leading Hittite scholars, Trevor Bryce, attempted to collate some of these facts, if far from all, in order to present a general picture in a separate chapter of his book, The Kingdom of the Hittites, which he entitled ‘The Trojan war: myth or reality?’1 He concludes that there can no longer be any doubt that the story of the Trojan War has a basis in history. Four of his five items of evidence will be quoted here (the fifth is not directly connected with the first four): Mycenaean Greeks were closely involved in the political and military affairs of western Anatolia, particularly in the thirteenth century.
Heroes And Kings
Authors: Black Jeremy , Cunningham Graham , Robson Eleanor , Zólyomi Brá
Published: November 2023

It is not dear that the legendary heroes whose exploits feature in several Sumerian literary narratives can be distinguished from gods. Usually their names are written with the same determinative sign used to write the names of deities, and it is known from documentary evidence that some received a cult and offerings. They were often considered to be the offspring of gods. Some, such as Lugalbanda, were envisaged as culture-heroes who had benefited mankind, while others, such as Gilgameš, were considered to have ruled well-known cities in ancient times. However, it is precisely this connection to identified terrestrial locations that characterizes the figures we can call heroes.
Inana And Dumuzid
Authors: Black Jeremy , Cunningham Graham , Robson Eleanor , Zólyomi Brá
Published: November 2023

Inana was the most powerful and ambitious goddess in the Sumerian pantheon. Much of this power stemmed from her role as the goddess of sexual love and agricultural fertility, the relationship between the two conveyed in metaphors which equate making love with plant cultivation, and sexual satisfaction with fruitful livestock and crops. Her partner in these celebrations was the shepherd-god Dumuzid, although this male role was often taken by a king who thus established his pastoral responsibility for his (human) flock, proximity to the divine, and contribution to agriculture, the economic foundation on which urban civilization was based.
Enlil And Ninlil
Authors: Black Jeremy , Cunningham Graham , Robson Eleanor , Zólyomi Brá
Published: November 2023

Enlil, the dominant deity in the Sumerian pantheon, also went by the name Nunamnir and the epithet ‘Great Mountain’. He played a central role in royal ideology as the god who bestowed ‘kingship of the Land’ in his temple at Nibru, the religious centre of the Land. Sumer was rarely politically united-under Sargon and his successors in the late twenty-fourth century; by Šulgi and his descendants throughout the twenty-first century; and by Hammurabi in the mid-eighteenth century BCE-but the image of divinely sanctioned unity remained powerful (for instance in A praise poem of Lipit-Eštar, Group J).
LOVE AND SEX
Authors: Black Jeremy , Cunningham Graham , Robson Eleanor , Zólyomi Brá
Published: November 2023

The whole spectrum of heterosexual love is explored and celebrated in Sumerian literature, as well as the bonds of family and friendship. Neither male nor female homosexuality is recognized (though homoeroticism is a defining feature of Gilgameš and Enkidu’s relationship in the Babylonian Epic of Gilgameš, largely absent in the Sumerian Gilgame šnarratives).
Propaganda and the Tudor State
Authors: Cooper J P D
Published: November 2023

This book offers a fresh understanding of the substance behind the rhetoric of English Renaissance monarchy. Propaganda is identified as a key factor in the intensification of the English state. The Tudor royal image is pursued in all its forms: in print and prayer, in iconography and architecture. The monarchy surrounded itself with the trappings of majesty at court, but in the shires it relied on different strategies of persuasion to uphold its authority. The Reformation placed the provincial pulpit at the disposal of the crown, and the church became the main conduit of royal propaganda. Sermons taught the duty of obedience, and parish prayer was redirected from local saints towards the sovereign as the symbolic core of the nation. Dr Cooper examines the relationship between the Tudor monarchy and its subjects in Cornwall and Devon, and the complex interaction between local and national political culture. These were years of social and religious upheaval, during which the western peninsula witnessed three major rebellions, and many more riots and affrays. A vibrant popular religion was devastated by the Protestant Reformation, and foreign invasion was a frequent threat. Cornwall remained recognizably different from England in its ancient language and traditions. Yet in the midst of all this, popular allegiance to monarchy and nation survived and prospered. The Tudors were mourned and celebrated in towns and parish churches. Loyalty was fostered by the Duchy of Cornwall and the stannaries. Regional difference, far from undermining the power of the crown, was fundamental to its success in the westcountry. This is a study of government at the dangerous edges of Tudor England, and a testament to the unifying power of propaganda.
Annual Bibliography Of British And Irish History
Authors: Gee Austin
Published: November 2023

The Royal Historical Society's Annual Bibliography of British and Irish History provides a comprehensive and authoritative survey of books and articles on historical topics published in a single calendar year. It is available before the end of the following year. The volume is divided into sections, to cover all periods of British and Irish history from Roman Britain to the end of the twentieth century, and is arranged alphabetically. It also includes sections on imperial and commonwealth history. Over two hundred journals are searched annually, and the editor's aim is to list all relevant books and articles published in the UK. Each section is edited by a specialist in the field; the whole is edited by Austin Gee for the Royal Historical Society. The book's contents are indexed by author, by place, by personal name, and by subject. The subject keywords enable scholars to trace publications in which they are interested, beyond the information conveyed in the title. The Annual Bibliography is the most complete and up-to-date bibliography of its type, and an indispensable tool for historians.