bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Feminist Liberal Response to the Dependency Critique
Authors: Baehr Amy R.
Published: July 2020

A society satisfying Rawls’s principles would satisfy its dependency needs better than our society does today, but justice as fairness fails to appreciate the full array of issues of justice dependency raises. It does not recognize failure of noncooperating members of society to receive caregiving as an injustice; it does not recognize systematic disadvantage to caregivers as unjust; and it does not recognize as unjust when society’s basic arrangements render some unable to provide or procure the caregiving their dependents require. A just society is compliant with principles of justice in caregiving. Such principles can be presented in a Rawlsian way—as those chosen in a suitably designed initial situation, and as part of a political conception of justice in Rawls’s terms. This feminist political constructivism concedes as much to the dependency critique as it defends in Rawls, and is responsive to antiracist criticism of Rawlsian ideal theory.
The Remainder
Authors: Herstein Ori J.
Published: July 2020

This chapter suggests that we should question whether private law is genuinely about legal wrongs. It argues that the correction of wrongs ordinarily leaves a normative remainder. In morality, these remainders can provide, for example, reason for ongoing regret and remorse over one’s wrongdoing, and shows that corrective action taken subsequent to a wrong is, at most, a second-best way of responding to the reasons one has to comply with the violated moral duty. This chapter considers that the existence of a normative remainder is condition requisite to the characterization of faulty conduct as a wrong. It also claims that remainders must track the character of the wrong: moral wrongs leave moral remainders, and legal wrongs leave legal remainders. Thus, this chapter argues that whether private law is concerned with legal wrongs properly so-called depends on whether legal remedies leave a legal remainder. Doubting that such legal remainders obtain, the chapter raises a challenge to viewing private law as a law of legal wrongs.
Blowing Hot and Cold: The Role of Estoppel
Authors: Katz Larissa
Published: July 2020

This chapter provides a detailed account of a particular kind of estoppel. It argues that the law knows of a doctrine of “formal estoppel,” as contrasted with other, more familiar, variants. Formal estoppel is an extension of estoppel by deed, whereby a person who makes a formal statement as to their rights is estopped from subsequently denying that statement. It explains the nature and normative significance of formal estoppel in terms of the personal authority wielded by right-holders over the determination of their rights. Part of what it means to have a private right, as this chapter shows, is for the right-holder to have personal authority in relation to others’ understanding of their rights. The exercise of this authority extends to public statements made in respect of an individual’s rights. Statements by right-holders are an important way in which clarity can be reached in what an individual owes another. Recognition of the authority and responsibility of right-holders for public statements as to their rights implies that the law should treat them as binding and final. Formal estoppel is, then, the means by which courts recognize a question as to private rights as having been irrevocably decided by the right-holder.
Property Wrongs and Egalitarian Relations
Authors: Essert Christopher
Published: July 2020

This chapter argues that private property in fact is necessary to realizing relational equality. It asserts that one requires property rights to satisfy the moral requirement that we relate to one another on terms of equality. The chapter shows that the obligations of property, and the concomitant wrongs made possible by those obligations, are what makes property good from an egalitarian perspective. Many of the valuable social roles that people occupy are structured and indeed constituted by the law of private property (e.g., roles of homeowner, host, and gift-giver). These roles, moreover, are accompanied by valuable counterpart roles (those of neighbor, guest, and gift-recipient). This chapter thus argues that the relations that obtain between these pairings are egalitarian insofar as the parties to them relate on equal terms, and it maintains that it is the law of private property that makes such relations possible.
Digital Punishment
Authors: Lageson Sarah Esther
Published: July 2020

Data-driven criminal justice operations creates millions of criminal records each year in the United States. Documenting everything from a police stop to a prison sentence, these records take on a digital life of their own as they are collected and posted by police, courts, and prisons; reposted on social media, online news, and mugshot galleries; and bought and sold by data brokers as an increasingly valuable data commodity. The result is “digital punishment,” where mere suspicion or a brush with the law can have lasting consequences. This analysis describes the transformation of criminal records into millions of data points; the commodification of these data into a valuable digital resource; and the impact of this shift on people, society, and public policy. The consequences of digital punishment, as described in hundreds of interviews detailed in this book, lead people to purposefully opt out of society as they cope with privacy and due process violations.
Digital Degradation
Authors: Lageson Sarah Esther
Published: July 2020

Interviews with more than 100 people whose records appear online show how the ability to manage digital punishment is directly tied to a person’s familiarity with technological systems and their faith in bureaucracy. Instead of confronting the government or the criminal justice system, many people engage in digital avoidance, afraid that any attempts will only make the problem worse. This intersection between the criminal justice system and technology reproduces social inequality at the speed of the internet, disproportionately impacting people who have less access to and command over digital technologies. This chapter discusses the qualities of digital punishment, the strategies people who are experiencing digital punishment deploy to deal with their online stigma, and an explanation for why many people choose to engage in digital avoidance rather than try to have their online record removed. Rooted in theories of the digital divide and the disparate impact of big data technologies, the chapter concludes with a discussion of how digital punishment challenges long-held theories of criminal stigma, desistance, and rehabilitation.
Mugged
Authors: Lageson Sarah Esther
Published: July 2020

Utilizing a case study of the online mugshot extortion industry, this chapter discusses efforts by activists determined to take back their identities and protect those who are afraid to try. The decentralized production of criminal records and the intrusion of private websites that spread these records have created such complicated systems of data that some people are more concerned with creating even more “noise” within surveillance systems rather than conceptualizing or asserting their own privacy rights. These activists argue that the burden of reforming digital punishment must also be placed on technology companies and search engines, which currently avoid responsibility for disseminating mugshots and driving web traffic to shoddy criminal records.
Population Health as a Complex Adaptive System of Systems
Authors: Page Scott E. , Zelner Jon
Published: July 2020

This chapter advocates a complex adaptive system of systems approach to understanding population-level processes in population health. A complex adaptive system consists of diverse, interacting adaptive entities whose aggregated behaviors result in emergent, system-level patterns and functionalities. A complex adaptive system of systems consists of multiple, connected complex systems. The connections can be hierarchical, horizontal, or a mixture of the two. The authors provide basic definitions, describe common tools of analysis, and introduce illustrative cases. For example, increased obesity levels have no single cause, nor do they arise from a single system. Instead, they arise from the interactions of multiple systems that operate at various levels of scale. Genetics and epigenetics play roles, as do nutrition, general health, advertising, infrastructure, social norms, exercise levels, and, as recent evidence suggests, the ecology of colonies of gut bacteria. Each of these contributors can be modeled as a complex adaptive system and the whole as a system of systems. Similarly, population-level disease outbreaks can be decomposed into separate systems, each with unique dynamics.
Engaging Stakeholders in Mapping and Modeling Complex Systems Structure to Inform Population Health Research and Action
Authors: Hassmiller Lich Kristen , Kuhlberg Jill
Published: July 2020

Systems science methods are designed to study “wholes” and to support decision-making in the context of complexity. While these methods are powerful in the hands of researchers, they can be transformative when used collaboratively with the stakeholders impacted by and capable of impacting a population health phenomena. This chapter introduces group model building (GMB), developed by practitioners of system dynamics seeking to meaningfully engage system stakeholders in all stages of model building and use. The authors describe the general approach, its alignment with community-based participatory research, and the role system dynamics artifacts and other system maps serve as “boundary objects” to facilitate co-learning and collaboration among individuals with diverse experiences, world views, disciplinary backgrounds, and/or organizational affiliations. The chapter introduces emerging examples of GMB processes, adapted for use with other systems science modeling methods, as well as other examples of collaborative system mapping that can accentuate the GMB toolbox and generate additional boundary objects
Computational Simulation Modeling in Population Health Research and Policy
Authors: Osgood Nathaniel
Published: July 2020

Dynamic modeling provides a powerful tool for enabling faster learning in a complex and uncertain world. Within this contribution, we briefly survey three prominent dynamic modeling traditions—agent-based modeling, system dynamics, and discrete event simulation. Each such tradition offers unique combinations of strengths and limitations and is further distinguished by emphasis of different sets of modeling goals and norms. This chapter discusses such trade-offs between such methods, with a particular emphasis on the key distinction between aggregate and individual-based approaches, which has widespread practical ramifications. The authors further note the advent of hybrid dynamic modeling approaches, which provide unique levels of flexibility in addressing diverse intervention strategies and generative pathways at multiple scales and the capacity for the model representation to adapt with the learning and evolving understanding of key elements of model dynamics that constitute a key outcome of the modeling process.
System Dynamics Modeling to Rethink Health System Reform
Authors: Homer Jack , Milstein Bobby , Hirsch Gary B.
Published: July 2020

The Rethink Health Dynamics Model represents the complex dynamics of a regional health system in the United States and has been calibrated for more than 10 regions using nationwide and local data. When testing single interventions, the simulated improvement in system performance is often less than desired. By experimenting with combinations of interventions, the authors have identified recurring reasons for underperformance or intervention pitfalls. Here they discuss four common pitfalls and possible ways to overcome each with additional intervention. The pitfalls include (a) trying to cut costs without changing payment incentives; (b) depleting available funds without securing sustainable financing; (c) trying to achieve greater equity through service delivery without building capacity to meet greater demand; and (d) missing the opportunity to achieve multiple goals simultaneously through the use of mutually supporting interventions. The chapter illustrates each pitfall and proposed solution with causal feedback diagrams and simulation output graphs.
Agent-Based Modeling to Delineate Opioid and Other Drug Use Epidemics
Authors: Bobashev Georgiy V. , Hoffer Lee D. , Lamy Francois R.
Published: July 2020

Drug epidemics have enormous individual and societal costs that often persist years after the epidemic has declined. Drug use and addiction produce mental and physical health problems, as well as broad societal challenges such as loss of child custody, potential overdose death, crime, and incarceration. Drug epidemics have features of infectious diseases (e.g., contagion-like spread of use initiation) and chronic diseases (e.g., long-term changes in neurobiology). Understanding and responding to these epidemics requires systems approach that considers multiple connected and interacting components and outcomes. The chapter emphasizes adaptive connectivity between brain neurobiology, behavioral economics, environmental, cultural, and legal factors that impact the course of drug epidemics. The authors illustrate how agent-based models can simultaneously address and capture this interconnectivity. They provide examples of model-based policy evaluations and discuss challenges that modeling drug epidemics is facing. Despite numerous challenges, this area of population health research is very promising and fast developing
Hybrid Simulation Modeling in Population Health
Authors: Brailsford Sally C. , Evenden Dave C. , Viana Joe
Published: July 2020

Hybrid simulation is particularly useful in population health, since healthcare systems are characterized by both dynamic and stochastic complexity and the use of one single simulation approach may result in an oversimplified model that fails to address the real problem. This chapter presents the foundational concepts of hybrid simulation modeling and describes how the various stages in developing a single-method model can be adapted for hybrid simulation. These are illustrated by two examples from population health: age-related macular degeneration and dementia. In both cases, hybrid simulation has enabled the model to reflect the complexity of the decisions facing population health planners, who have to consider individual patient variability and the uncertainty of health outcomes from a “whole-system” perspective. The chapter presents a set of guidelines for modelers, showing how an integrated, multiscale simulation modeling framework can be developed, validated, and exploited for population health problems. The integration of micro-level modeling with macro-level modeling approaches, grounded in foundational complex systems properties and theories, can capture aspects of health systems that a single-method approach cannot.
Physical Sciences for Nonphysical Problems
Authors: Gallos Lazaros K.
Published: July 2020

To begin understanding noncommunicable diseases in a population, researchers must understand how people are connected to each other, how they interact with each other, and if there are external influences. Heterogeneity and complexity in human disease suggest new methodological and analytical ways in which the physical sciences can assist research in areas such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, psychiatric disorders, or cancer. As it is becoming clear that human morbid states are not strictly deterministic diseases, this chapter overviews how statistical physics and nonlinear dynamics (e.g., percolation, cascades, control theory) grounded in stochastic approaches can contribute to the delineation and control of an array of complex population health outcomes.
A (Very Selective) Early History of Ballet in America
Authors: Klapper Melissa R.
Published: July 2020

Ballet developed slowly in the United States and depended on European dancers and teachers at first, but by mid-nineteenth century a few American-trained ballet dancers were beginning to make their mark. The opening of the Metropolitan Opera Ballet School in 1909 and the tours of Anna Pavlova contributed greatly to popularizing ballet and inspiring young people to begin taking ballet class before World War I. Expansion continued from the 1920s through the 1940s with the founding of the School of American Ballet and the performances of the various Ballet Russe companies in every corner of the country. The Littlefield sisters and Christensen brothers helped make ballet American by establishing important homegrown ballet companies with primarily American dancers. The regional ballet movement fostered further growth. All these developments in professional ballet encouraged ever-increasing numbers of Americans not only to enjoy performances but also to take ballet class themselves.
The Russians Are Coming
Authors: Klapper Melissa R.
Published: July 2020

European teachers had a tremendous influence on the development of ballet in the United States through at least the mid-twentieth century. They had to adapt to the commercial American environment in which ballet class was a commodity, available to anyone to buy, regardless of talent. Still, they handed down the Italian or British or Russian technique in a traditional master-apprentice relationship. These classical modes of ballet pedagogy did alter to some degree in response to conditions in the United States. The cachet of taking ballet class with European teachers who could claim a direct link to the lineage of ballet pedagogy persisted well into the twentieth century.
Up a Steep and Very Narrow Stairway
Authors: Klapper Melissa R.
Published: July 2020

There is wide variety among dance studios in the United States, but ballet has been fundamental to most of them over the twentieth century. Ballet teachers come from a variety of backgrounds, including both professional dance careers and many kinds of teacher training. Good ballet teachers offer a progressive sequence and think about how to interact with students in the studio, whether they are teaching purely recreational or pre-professional classes. Good training can take place in less than ideal physical facilities, though the type of flooring is particularly important. Teachers should be knowledgeable about both ballet pedagogy and the business skills necessary to run dance studios. There is no one group overseeing the quality of ballet classes or the qualifications of teachers, though dance teacher organizations have tried to provide teacher training since the early twentieth century. Dance teacher organizations have also represented their members’ legal and professional interests.
Playing the Flute
Authors: Clark Kate , Markwick Amanda
Published: July 2020

Chapter 3 presents fingerings for the tenor flute, together with detailed suggestions for the minute embouchure adjustments possible for each fingering, and needed to create the best sound on each note of the instrument. Vibrato (as described in sixteenth-century treatises), articulation and its relationship to speech and language, and the ideal of the human voice as the model for all instrumentalists are also discussed.
Playing Together
Authors: Clark Kate , Markwick Amanda
Published: July 2020

Chapter 4 covers aspects of playing that become important in the ensemble context, in particular, tuning within the flute consort including practical tips on how to recognize and play pure intervals, temperaments used by the polyphonic instruments (spinets, lutes, and harps) with which flutes are sometimes paired, and possible combinations of flutes with other melody instruments. Finally, this chapter addresses transposition—whether for reasons of necessity or preference—in the flute consort setting.
Music Suitable for Three Flutes
Authors: Clark Kate , Markwick Amanda
Published: July 2020

Chapter 9 presents scores of our own editions (in score format) of music for three flutes. (Individual parts can be downloaded from the accompanying website.) Some pieces are for three tenor flutes, while the others are for two tenors and one bass. Purely instrumental as well as vocal pieces are included. An introduction to each piece presents the mode and other useful tips for flutist approaching these works for the first time. Each piece also includes a hexachordal analysis and text (when applicable).
Music Suitable for Four Flutes
Authors: Clark Kate , Markwick Amanda
Published: July 2020

Chapter 10 presents our own editions (in score format) of music for four flutes. (Individual parts can be downloaded from the accompanying website.) Purely instrumental pieces, such as dances, as well as vocal pieces, such as chansons and Tenorlieder, are included. An introduction to each piece presents the mode and useful tips for flutist approaching these works for the first time. Each piece also includes a hexachordal analysis and text (when applicable).
Renaissance Ornamentation
Authors: Clark Kate , Markwick Amanda
Published: July 2020

In Chapter 15, we distill information presented in original sources down to several practical suggestions about what constitutes good diminutions, how to get started making your own diminutions, and how to make use of the smaller ornaments called “graces.” Relevant primary and secondary sources are listed.
Notation and Transcription
Authors: Clark Kate , Markwick Amanda
Published: July 2020

Using as its basis one source of Heinrich Isaac’s “Güretzsch,” Chapter 16 gives a step-by-step guide on how to transcribe into modern notation a piece of music in renaissance notation. This chapter presents “translations” of all the elements of original notation, including note values, rests, clefs, and time signatures. We also offer practical suggestions on how to rehearse when using partbooks in manuscript or original print.
Starting a Practice
Authors: McAllister Lesley S.
Published: July 2020

Chapter One sets the foundation for an understanding of what yoga is and how that definition has changed over the last century, especially in the West. Beginning with an explanation of the original intention of yoga—that is, to yoke the mind, body, and spirit—this chapter will explore how the practice of yoga and music work synergistically to develop better body awareness, less physical tension, and greater physical and emotional well-being. After describing the types of poses and their benefits as well as how they may be sequenced for a well-rounded practice, sections on necessary supplies and safe practice tips will give pertinent information to teachers and students who are just beginning a yoga practice. Principles of breath, movement, and alignment are outlined so that teachers know what to watch for in their students and what cues to use as they begin to incorporate yoga postures into music lessons.
Connecting the Body and Mind
Authors: McAllister Lesley S.
Published: July 2020

Chapter Two delves more deeply into the holistic practice of yoga as it bridges the “conscious mind” and the “feeling body”—two parts of the “self” that are often considered as separate entities, but work holistically to impact well-being. Information on mindfulness, meditation, and pranayama, or the art of breathing, show how mindful movement and attention to the breath enhance focus and impact peak performance. The section on pranayama, or breath work, describes diaphragmatic breathing and the ujjayi breath as well as more advanced breathing techniques that either relax or stimulate body and mind. Basic information is given on yogic concepts such as chakras, bandhas, drishtis, mantras, and mudras to provide a foundation for the use of these techniques with specific populations.
Music for the Chalumeau
Authors: Rice Albert R.
Published: July 2020

Chapter 2 provides an overview of chalumeau music written from 1694 to 1780. Seventeen works are discussed that represent the large chalumeau repertoire: opera, oratorio, cantata, psalm, concerto, stage, chamber, and orchestral. The chalumeau was prominently used in European courts, schools, and concerts in Vienna, Hanover, Düsseldorf, Venice, Prague, Darmstadt, Hamburg, Liechtenstein, Frankfurt, London, Darmstadt, Zerbst, Eisenstadt, Dresden, and other cities, and in monasteries at Göttweig in Austria, and Osek and Lubens in Poland. Chalumeaux were made in five sizes: soprano, alto, tenor, bass, and basset bass (extended range bass). Soprano and bass chalumeaux were used in Vienna by several composers; soprano chalumeaux in Amsterdam by Dreux; alto, tenor, and bass chalumeaux by Graupner and Telemann in Darmstadt, Hamburg, and Frankfurt; and basset bass by Steffani in Düsseldorf and Pichler in Göttweig.
Playing Techniques of the Baroque Clarinet
Authors: Rice Albert R.
Published: July 2020

This chapter discusses the earliest published sources on playing the two- and three-key clarinets written by Majer (1732), Eisel (1738), Berg (1782), and an anonymous writer (ca. 1810). The topics covered by these authors are compass, reed position, embouchure, articulation, hand position, fingerings, clefs, and makers’ stamps. Other authors cited who write about the clarinet are Walther (1732), Diderot and d’Alembert (1753), Roeser (1764), Miklin’s letter to Hülphers (1772), Vanderhagen (1785), Lefèvre (1802), Backofen (ca. 1803), Fröhlich (1811–1812), and Willman (1826). A mezzotint (ca. 1750–1760) by Johann Elias Ridinger illustrates a carefully drawn three-key clarinet with details of construction and a player using a contemporary fingering. Birsak’s (1973) observations on the tuning and pitch of some Baroque clarinets are discussed.
Knowledge
Authors: Garvey Stephen P.
Published: July 2020

This chapter begins with United States v. Moore, a case from the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia involving a heroin addict charged with drug possession. It describes in more detail what the actus reus and mens rea requirements entail when applied to a defendant who realized he was committing a crime. It discusses, in relation to actus reus, free will as the capacity to choose otherwise, proposes a test to help determine if a defendant lacked the capacity to choose otherwise (the Stephen test), and compares the actus reus requirement to the existing defense of insanity. In relation to mens rea, the chapter explains how the Jekyll test (introduced in Chapter 2) applies to defendants who realized there were committing a crime, and then compares mens rea to the existing defenses of duress and provocation, as well as to the problem of the “willing addict.” It concludes with a discussion of the circumstances under which the state can legitimately ascribe guilt to a defendant who lacked actus reus or mens rea at the time of the crime but whose guilt can nonetheless be traced to a prior guilty act or omission.
Agency
Authors: Garvey Stephen P.
Published: July 2020

Using as a frame the famous case of Daniel M’Naghten, who suffered from delusions of persecution, this chapter offers a theory of insanity as lost agency, according to which a person is insane if he acts but does not experience himself as the author of his actions. Insofar as the application of the actus reus and mens rea requirements presuppose that the defendant acted with a sense of agency, and insofar as actus reus and mens rea are limits on a democratic state’s authority to ascribe guilt, acting without a sense of agency constitutes another limit on the state’s authority. If a defendant acted without a sense of agency, he is beyond the authority of a democratic state to ascribe guilt to any criminal choice he makes while lacking a sense of agency. Before reaching this conclusion, the chapter explores and criticizes the law’s prevailing account of insanity, which grounds insanity in an incapacity, as well as a proposed alternative account, which grounds insanity in irrationality. After then elaborating on the idea of insanity as lost agency, it compares insanity to other defects of consciousness (hypnosis, sleepwalking, and multiple personality disorder).
Chemical Elements and Chemical SubstancesRethinking Paneth’s Distinction
Authors: Hijmans Sarah N.
Published: July 2020

In 1931, Paneth identified a dual meaning of the term “chemical element,” translated as “basic substance” and “simple substance.” Since then multiple philosophers of chemistry have also identified ambiguities surrounding this concept, and the IUPAC still holds a double definition today. This paper aims to help resolve this ambiguity through an analysis and reinterpretation of the two meanings of the term “element” proposed by Paneth. It is important to distinguish between elements as substances and elements as constituents, because the elementary substances disappear when elements enter into compounds, whereas the constituent subsists. The notion of simple substance fails to capture the stability of the element as a constituent of matter, and Paneth’s metaphysical idea of basic substance is contradictory with a concept of element that evolved thanks to scientific practice, not independent of it. Since these meanings are mutually exclusive, their combination within one term is problematic; yet, this paper will show that neither of them individually suffice to qualify the element. Therefore, based on a brief analysis of the history of chemistry, I will propose a way of rethinking Paneth’s distinction in order to understand the different aspects of this complex chemical concept. Though there is a certain duality to the notion of element in the sense that it can be characterized both as an abstract constituent and as a chemical substance, the term “element” does not have two distinct meanings; it refers to the element in all forms of chemical combination.
Horace’s Life
Authors: Tarrant Richard
Published: July 2020

This chapter offers a brief summary of what can be known of Horace’s life, based on information provided by Horace himself in his poetry and by an ancient biography that preserves material from the Lives of the Poets by Suetonius (early second century CE). It traces Horace’s remarkable progress from humble origins as the son of a freedman, through his brief service in the army of Brutus following the assassination of Julius Caesar, to a close association with many of the leading figures in Roman society, most conspicuously his patron and friend Maecenas and the emperor Augustus.
Lyric Revisited
Authors: Tarrant Richard
Published: July 2020

This chapter deals with Horace’s late return to lyric, first in the Carmen saeculare, a ceremonial hymn commissioned by Augustus for a grand festival in 17 BCE, and then in the fourth book of Odes, a collection of fifteen poems that appeared around 13 BCE. The discussion of Odes 4 emphasizes differences between it and its lyric predecessor, among them Horace’s enhanced status in Rome and a more marked element of panegyric, much of it directed to Augustus and his family. The poems treated are the Carmen saeculare and Odes 4.1 (to Venus), 4.13 (to Lyce), 4.11 (to Phyllis), 1.4 (to Sestius), 4.7 (to Torquatus), 4.2 (to Iullus Antonius), 4.5 (to Augustus), 4.4 (to Rome), and 4.15 (to Augustus).
Denouncing the Living/Dead Catiline: The First Catilinarian
Authors: Berry D. H.
Published: July 2020

This chapter considers how Cicero’s Catilinarians should be interpreted as literature, given that they are not accurate versions of the speeches Cicero originally delivered in 63 BC but contain substantial amounts of material added by Cicero in 60 BC. Piers Morgan’s diaries are cited as a modern example of a text describing historical events from the author’s viewpoint that purports to have been produced at a certain point in time but which was actually written some years afterwards. These diaries are used to help the reader understand the textual status of Cicero’s Catilinarians. Two approaches to the interpretation of the Catilinarians are formulated and then applied to the First Catilinarian. This enables the purposes of the First Catilinarian to be identified. An attempt is also made to identify the specific individuals who prompted Cicero to publish the speeches of his consulship. The chapter concludes with a consideration of the success of the First Catilinarian.
Persuading the People: The Second and Third Catilinarians
Authors: Berry D. H.
Published: July 2020

This chapter discusses Cicero’s skill in persuading the people, taking the extant De lege agraria 2 and the lost De Othone as examples of this skill. The chapter first identifies the purposes of the Second Catilinarian and the Third Catilinarian and then examines Cicero’s dissuasion of his audience from joining the conspiracy, his use of narration, and his exploitation of religion in the two speeches. It also contains a brief discussion of Cicero’s epic poem Consulatus suus in which the most famous fragment is reassigned to a new context, and it concludes with a consideration of the success of the Second and Third Catilinarians.
Note on the Text and Translation of Amo’s Dissertations
Authors: Menn Stephen , Smith Justin E. H.
Published: July 2020

Abstract: In this section, the editors explain their policies and conventions in transcribing and translating Amo’s dissertations.
Social Deprivation
Authors: Brownlee Kimberley
Published: July 2020

Debates about human rights tend to neglect our social rights including our fundamental right to have minimally adequate access to decent human contact. This chapter seeks to fill this gap by defending a human right against social deprivation. Social deprivation is a grievous wrong because it undermines our health, our ability to exercise many other rights, and our self-respect, autonomy, and resilience. The chapter distinguishes three types of social deprivation, details the negative and positive sides of the right, and offers five arguments to support it: the three explored in Chapter 1 as well as desert-based arguments and instrumental arguments. Although governments are primary duty-bearers, we individuals also have duties to respect, protect, and fulfil this right. The chapter answers various objections, such as whether social inclusion is a rights issue at all, and, if it is, whether the right imposes undue burdens or is infeasible.
Nietzsche’s Critical Target
Authors: Robertson Simon
Published: July 2020

This chapter characterizes ‘morality’, the object of Nietzsche’s critique. It locates the discussion within a wider interpretive issue, commonly called the Scope Problem, that bears on the coherence of his revaluative project: how to separate his critical target from positive ideal, while leaving the latter immune to the objections informing the critique. As a first step to resolving the Scope Problem, the chapter characterizes Nietzsche’s critical target via two sets of conditions. One of these identifies various values he associates with morality. The other concerns morality’s foundational commitments. Central to these is the idea that morality is normatively authoritative: compliance with it is categorically required. The chapter explains what this involves and why opposing morality’s normative authority is crucial to Nietzsche’s critique.
Error Theory and Normative Authority
Authors: Robertson Simon
Published: July 2020

This chapter uses Nietzsche to reject three defences of morality’s categoricity: Kantian, neo-Aristotelian, and Millian. It then shows how these Nietzschean arguments may generalize against other approaches, from which we can extrapolate a well-motivated scepticism about categoricity quite generally. The upshot is that Nietzsche has a strong case against morality’s central foundational assumption and that his two-pronged attack against categoricity (conceptual and metaphysical) leaves him in a stronger position than most contemporary error theorists.
A Sentimentalist Moral Psychology
Authors: Robertson Simon
Published: July 2020

This chapter attributes to Nietzsche a sentimentalist moral psychology, according to which our normative judgements and motivational responses are ineradicably shaped and constrained by our antecedent motives. This can be contrasted to rationalist views, which accept a purity thesis. After precisfying the sentimentalist view, the chapter suggests that standard philosophical arguments both for and against it are inconclusive. To make headway, it then turns to empirical evidence. Even if empirical evidence could never definitively rule rationalism out, there is a wealth of evidence strongly supporting sentimentalism. This completes the case against those defences of categoricity like Kant’s resting on a purity thesis; sentimentalism will also be important for the model of normativity developed later.
Perfectionism
Authors: Robertson Simon
Published: July 2020

This exegetically focused chapter outlines the perfectionism I attribute to Nietzsche. It suggests that he is a value-pluralist rather than (power-based) value-monist. It then raises doubts about certain political and ethical readings (though gives a developmental story about his changing ambitions), and instead attributes to him an individualist perfectionism focused on the highest forms of human flourishing and excellence (with strong quasi-aesthetic and anti-theoretic leanings). This gives part of the resolution to the Scope Problem. The chapter then considers how immoral the resulting perfectionism is and examines how it might be justified.
Normativity
Authors: Robertson Simon
Published: July 2020

This chapter attributes to Nietzsche, and uses him to develop, a novel ‘motive-value’ model of practical normativity. The model combines both a motive-condition and a value-condition into the truth-conditions for ‘reason’ claims, thereby delivering an internalist account supplemented by an evaluative condition the content of which is given by the substantive view of value from Ch.10. The resulting model inherits various attractions of extant internalist and externalist accounts of reasons, whilst avoiding the most serious problems besetting each. Its basic structure can be accepted independently of many of the more specific Nietzschean elements going into it and may thereby be of interest to those working in these contemporary debates.
Introduction
Authors: Brunero John
Published: July 2020

This introductory chapter sets out the plan for the book, and provides an overview of each of the main chapters. It also looks to a well-known historical precursor to contemporary work on means–ends coherence: Kant’s famous discussion of hypothetical imperatives in the Groundwork. The chapter also explores two contemporary sources of philosophical interest in instrumental rationality: an older debate about the scope of practical reason, and a more recent debate about the normativity of rational requirements. Lastly, the chapter begins to explain and defend the formulation of means–ends coherence that will be used throughout the book.
Bootstrapping
Authors: Brunero John
Published: July 2020

Several philosophers object to the idea that intentions provide reasons on the grounds that this idea licenses an implausible “bootstrapping” of reasons into existence. However, there is no shared understanding of the bootstrapping objection in the literature, and, this chapter argues, available versions of the objection are too strong, since they would also disallow promises as sources of reasons. The chapter develops a new conception of the bootstrapping objection, according to which the problem with the idea that intentions provide reasons is that we find ourselves with a normative theory that issues incoherent advice. It also shows how the objection also targets the view that intentions provide reasons only in cases of ties or incommensurability. However, the objection will still allow for intentions to be normatively significant in some ways.
Normativity II
Authors: Brunero John
Published: July 2020

This chapter turns to the question of whether means–ends coherence is normative in the sense that we always ought, or more weakly, have reason to comply with it. The chapter considers the view, inspired by Prichard’s critique of “moral philosophy,” that rationality provides its own reasons, and so we need not search for “external” reasons to comply with rational requirements. It argues that the request for such reasons is a legitimate request, and it’s hard to see what those reasons might be. It then turns to Strong Normativity—the thesis that we always ought to be means–ends coherent—and present three arguments against it. The first concerns cases of advantageous incoherence, the second concerns transmission to necessary means, and the third concerns transmission to sufficient means.
Introduction
Authors: Taylor Barnaby
Published: July 2020

After a brief introduction to the central themes of the book, this chapter focuses on the passage DRN 1.136–45, considering in turn the issues of egestas linguae and rerum novitas. It considers the rhetorical topos of egestas linguae in its first-century BC context, and suggest that its fairly prominent position in the linguistic discourse of DRN should be connected to the extraordinary linguistic creativity that is on show throughout the poem. On the topic of rerum novitas the chapter seeks to identify the proem to Meleager’s Garland (as well as the Garland itself) as a salient intertext behind Lucretius’ account of his own poetic ambitions.
Calques and Compounds
Authors: Taylor Barnaby
Published: July 2020

This chapter is about morphological calquing as a strategy for Lucretian vocabulary formation. The first section of the chapter seeks to enrich and complicate Sedley’s notion of the ‘Empedoclean fingerprint’ by (a) tracing the influence of early Latin diction on the compound-heavy style of DRN and (b) identifying some non-Empedoclean Greek influences on Lucretian compounding. The second section focuses on prefixed words, gathering a number of examples of morphological calques in the technical language of Lucretius that show the direct influence of Epicurus’ own philosophical lexicon. Lucretius’ use of calquing should be considered alongside Sedley’s notion of ‘diversification’ as a fundamental strategy by which Lucretius created for himself an Epicurean lexicon in Latin.
The Well-Thumbed Attic Muse
Authors: Humble Noreen
Published: July 2020

This chapter looks at how Cicero’s comments on Xenophon’s Cyropaedia and Oeconomicus dictated the way early modern readers read these works and the Persian images they contained. Cicero considered the Cyropaedia a practical manual for leaders, presented in the guise of a fictional account of the life of Cyrus the Elder, the founder of the Persian Empire. The Oeconomicus, which contains a memorable vignette revealing the Persian prince Cyrus the Younger as a keen gardener, Cicero deemed held useful lessons for the honest enrichment of one’s household. Because the works containing these comments of Cicero were frequently used in early modern schools for the teaching of Latin, Cicero’s judgements on and paraphrases of Xenophon’s works became particularly ingrained in the memory of the educated classes, even down to the very language that he used, which was then reused in place of Xenophon’s own even when Xenophon’s texts became widely available.
Reading Ancient Fables from the East
Authors: Ng Su Fang
Published: July 2020

In his treatise on romance, Traitté de l’origine des romans (1670), Pierre-Daniel Huet’s argument that the genre originated in the ancient Near East seems to reconfirm the idea of a western translatio studii. However, Huet also argues for a second origin of romance in the West. Examining Huet in conjunction with two of his representative romances—Heliodorus’ Aethiopika, and the fables of Bidpai, or Indian Panchatantra—this chapter considers how early modern translatio offers a choice of two paths to western relations to the East: the first imagined as the ancient ideal of a cosmopolis of universal brotherhood while the other led to modern Orientalism. Straddling the historical boundary between antique romance and modern novel, Huet occupies a critical transitional position. Despite his apparent cosmopolitanism, in the end, Huet’s polygenetic theory of romance suggests the beginnings of the divergence of classicism from Orientalism with a nascent imperial mentality.
Reterritorializing Persepolis in the First English Travellers’ Accounts
Authors: Niayesh Ladan
Published: July 2020

Taking its cue from Maurice Halbwachs’s concept of collective memory, Pierre Nora’s memory sites, and Deleuze and Guattari’s notion of reterritorialization, this chapter considers some early modern European responses to the classically received Eastern site of Persepolis. Focusing more particularly on a sequential treatment of the published accounts left by the first three English travellers reported to have visited the ruins of Persepolis, it analyses how each of them builds on templates left by his predecessors while gradually adjusting to receding biblical preoccupations, emergent antiquarianism, and the takeover of the aesthetics of seventeenth-century classicism.
Neighbourhood Policing
Authors: Innes Martin , Roberts Colin , Lowe Trudy , Innes Helen
Published: July 2020

Neighbourhood Policing is one of the most significant and high-profile innovations in UK policing of recent times. It has also been one of the most successful, garnering widespread political and public support. This book brings together insights and evidence from a ten-year programme of research into the concept and implementation of Neighbourhood Policing, telling its story from initial policy development, through periods where it started to feature less significantly in the everyday practice of the police, and beyond. Drawing upon extensive empirical data, blended with unique insights from the authors’ involvement in designing some of the original processes and systems underpinning the delivery of Neighbourhood Policing, the book attends to issues of criminological and sociological interest, seeking to distil key findings about this particular inflection of community policing. Locating these themes and issues within the overall trajectory of development of UK policing, the book provides a rigorously evidenced assessment of Neighbourhood Policing’s achievements and weaknesses, and a unique and compelling insight into the significant place it has achieved within the contemporary policing landscape.
Neighbourhood as a Policing Delivery Unit
Authors: Innes Martin , Roberts Colin , Lowe Trudy , Innes Helen
Published: July 2020

This chapter explores the concept of ‘neighbourhood’ and how such constructs come to be associated with particular types of social problem, especially crime and disorder. This includes how neighbourhoods are defined and reconfigured for different audiences and for different purposes, using empirical data to show how and why members of the public choose to self-define their neighbourhood boundaries in certain ways. The discussion elaborates on why areas become labelled as ‘problem neighbourhoods’ or ‘no-go areas’ and engages in a detailed investigation of antisocial behaviour as a key focus for Neighbourhood Policing interventions. Drawing upon analysis of how victims perceive and are harmed by antisocial behaviour, it provides a critical account of how far antisocial behaviour can and should be conceptualized as ‘a neighbourhood problem of a problem neighbourhood’ that both resides in, and should be resolved by, communities and their police. We discuss the implications this approach has for the effective delivery of local policing and multi-agency problem-solving interventions within the neighbourhood unit