bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Valuing new medicines in the early 21:st century
Authors: Steen Carlsson Katarina , Jönsson Bengt
Published: January 2018

What is the actual value of new medicines? The answer to this question is the key to rational use of new technologies in health care and for design of appropriate incentives for innovation. In this paper we present methods, data and study results for valuing new medical technologies in a life cycle perspective, relevant for development of a new approach to contract and payment for innovation that can replace present systems for pricing and reimbursement.   Focus is on value in clinical practice, and on the data needs and methods needed for the development of outcome-based payment systems that balances risks and rewards for innovation in health care. We provide an overview of studies from the Swedish context on the value of new medicines introduced in the treatment of diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease and rheumatoid arthritis. These studies using national health data and quality registers emphasise the importance of continuing efforts to collect relevant data for assessment of value after a medicine reaches the market and starts to be used in clinical practice. It is only when medicines are used in clinical practice that the benefits for real-world patient populations can be identified, measured and valued. Analyses of real-world data will also assist further development and tailoring of treatment strategies to optimize the value of the new technology. While an effective patent system rewards innovation for a limited period of time, many innovations may continue to provide value to society long after patent protection, and these values must be included in the assessment of value of innovation.
ПРОБЛЕМ ДОКАЗИВАЊА МОТИВА ЗА ИЗВРШЕЊЕ КРИВИЧНИХ ДЈЕЛА ПОЧИЊЕНИХ ИЗ МРЖЊЕ СА ОСВРТОМ НА КРИВИЧНА ДЈЕЛА ПОЧИЊЕНА ИЗ МРЖЊЕ ПРОПИСАНА КРИВИЧНИМ ЗАКОНОМ РЕПУБЛИКЕ СРПСКЕ
Authors: Јокић Маријана , Кршић Жељко
Published: January 2018

Кривично дjело почињено из мржње је оно кривичнодjело које је мотивисано неком предрасудом односно нетрпељивошћупрема појединцу или друштвеној групи. Кривична дjела почињена измржње су новина у кривичним законима у нашој земљи, што не значи дадо сада нису била чињена. Мотив за извршење ових кривичних дјела јемржња заснована на предрасудама и он одређује ова кривична дјела каотаква. У кривичном законодавству Републике Српске, мржња као мотивје одређена као квалификовани – тежи облик одређених кривичнихдјела, док је само једно дјело у свом основном облику кривично дјелопочињено из мржње, и то кривично дјело изазивање националне,расне или вjерске мржње, раздора или нетрпељивости. Мотив, кодвећине кривичних дјела, а посебно код поменутих је релативно лакопретпоставити, али га је веома тешко доказати. Анализа податакаприкупљених у истраживању ових кривичних дјела, показала је даје у досадашњој пракси истражних органа у Р. Српској веома малиброј ових кривичних дјела задокументован и процесуиран, а може сепретпоставити да је стварни број кривичних дјела извршених из мржњезнатно већи, с обзиром на мултиетичност и културолошке разлике наподручју Р. Српске и БиХ, те на бурну прошлост ових простора, испуњенувјерским и националним сукобима и нетрпељивошћу.
C - reactive protein As An Immunopathological Prognostic Marker For Giardia Lamblia And Entamoeba Histolytica Associated Diarrhea Among Children Of Baghdad Governorate
Authors: Al-Ezzy Ali Ibrahim Ali , Abood Walaa Najm , Hussein Rawaa Abulkhaleq
Published: January 2018

Background: C-reactive protein (CRP) is one of the classic acute phase proteins. The study of induction of acute phase reactants synthesis in parasitic infections would aid in understanding the host parasite relationship.Methods: Seventy three children with parasitic diarrhea that proved through clinical and microbiological investigation were selected. Thirteen of selected children were infected with G.lamblia and the rest sixty were infected with E.histolytica . Nineteen of the control group was females while the rest eleven were males. Venous Blood were collected from patients and control group for detection of CRP level via latex agglutination test. Results : The high rate of infection was detected among the age group (19-36) months. The highest level of CRP was (192 mg/dl) while the lowest one was (12 mg/dl) with a mean level (51.20 mg/dl). the mean level of CRP in control group was (3.7500 mg/dl). positive significant correlations between CRP level and the age of infected children (r=0.290,p=0.013), the chronic infection with G.lamblia and E.histolytica (r=0.760,p=0.000) . Positive significant correlation between the age group and the chronic infection with G.lamblia and E.histolytica (r=0.493,p=0.000) . Significant difference was detected between the patients group and control group regarding the CRP level (p>0.05).Conclusion: This study proved that CRP level was increased in association with the age and chronic presentation of diarrhea caused by G.lamblia and E.histolytica and can be used as a non specific immunological marker for monitoring of clinical presentation of G.lamblia and E.histolytica associated diarrheal .
A review on Nifedipine co-administered with Metoprolol succinate for the treatment of hypertension
Authors: Rajanit Sojitra , Dungrani Mukesh , Virani Paras , Raj Hasumati
Published: January 2018

Hypertension and Angina pectoris area major public health problem in the developed Countries recently. Hypertension and Angina Pectoris are frequently treated with antihypertensive drugs like calcium-channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin II (AT1) receptor blockers, and statins. Nifedipine is calcium-channel blockers and widely used in treatment of Angina pectoris condition. Metoprolol Succinate is Beta-adrenoreceptor blocker and widely used in treatment of hypertension condition. Combination of Nifedipine and Metoprolol Succinate is used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases like hypertension and Angina Pectoris. So this combination therapy gives antihypertensive and Angina Pectoris effects in the treatment of cardiac diseases.
Preliminary phytochemical screening and cytotoxic potentials from leaves of Sanchezia speciosa Hook.f
Authors: Parvin Shumaia , Rafshanjani Md. Abu Shuaib , Kader Md. Abdul , Sharmin Tahmida
Published: January 2018

Background:Sanchezia speciosa Hook.fis an important medicinal plant with several ethnomedicinal properties. In the present experiment the leaves of this plant were screened for the presence of major phytochemical groups. The phytochemicals are the wide variety of compounds produced by plants manipulated widely in the pharmacognostic drug development and in the treatment of the major ailments.Methods:Phytochemical screenings were performed by various functional group tests. All the leaves extracts were subjected to brine shrimp lethality bioassay and standard anticancer drug vincristine sulphate was used as positive control.Results:Phytochemical investigation of the leaves extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, triterpenoids, carbohydrates, steroids, phenolic compounds, saponins and tannins. The ethyl acetate fractionates of the leaves extracts were positive for all the phytochemicals tested while n-hexane fractionates were negative for flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The n-hexane and ethyl acetate soluble fractionates showed significant cytotoxic activities with median lethal concentrations (LC50) 19.95 g/ml and 12.88g/mlwhile LC50 for the vincristine sulphate was 10.96 g/ml.Conclusion: This study shows that the leaves of Sanchezia speciosa Hook.fmay have potentials in control of carcinogenesis in the field of pharmacology.
Knowledge of epilepsy among IInd year students of medical fraternity
Authors: Surendran Sudarshan , S Maheswaran , Gonsalves James , D�Souza Prima J.J. , Balaji Keerthana
Published: January 2018

Objectives: To test the awareness and knowledge regarding epilepsy among II year medical students.Materials and methods: A questionnaire designed to test the knowledge levels of students regarding epilepsy was chosen and administered to students for collecting their responses. The questionnaire was distributed to II year MBBS students, who volunteered to participate in this study. The data collected was summarized to get the final picture of the level of awareness with respect to epilepsy among those students.Results: It was seen that the students had a fair knowledge and awareness regarding epilepsy. Most of them did not believe that epilepsy was a spiritual or a blind belief. Most of them were aware of the scientific reason behind such a condition. Many had clear picture regarding the consequences of such epileptic attacks. Many of them agreed to it that the normal life would not be affected, even though care must be taken. Dealing with the problems during an epileptic attack, the patients are supposed to take of their working conditions and also be prepared for such situations. On a whole, the response from the students on the seven questions with varied aspects on epilepsy and the subdivisions under each of them were summarized. The level of awareness of these students have been summarized and presented in this report. The findings in the report also throw light on the scope of little improvement possible in some of the aspects of students knowledge and understanding.
Knowledge and self-reported practices on prevention of iron deficiency anemia among women of reproductive age in rural area.
Authors: D'Souza Prima Jenevive Jyothi
Published: January 2018

Objectives: To assess the knowledge, self-reported practices on prevention of Iron deficiency anemia and to find the relationship between knowledge and practice. Materials and methods: Questionnaire on demographic proforma, knowledge and self reported practice on prevention of Iron deficiency anemia were used to collect the data. A descriptive survey design was adopted and 120 women were selected for the study using cluster sampling technique. Results: Majority of women belonged to the age group of 31-45 years (53.3%), most of them (31.7%) had the secondary level of education. Majority of participants had inadequate knowledge (55.8%) and unfavorable practices (58.3%) with regard to iron deficiency anemia and its prevention. There was a weak positive correlation between knowledge and self-reported practices of women (? = 0.275, p= 0.002). Conclusion: The women of reproductive age have inadequate knowledge on iron deficiency anemia and its prevention. Adequate knowledge may lead to better practices on prevention of iron deficiency anemia.
Use and analysis of color models in image processing
Authors: Sharma Bhubneshwar , Nayyer Rupali
Published: January 2018

The use of color image processing is divided by two factors. First color is used in object identification and simplify extraction from a scene and color is powerful descriptor.Second, humans can used thousands of color shades and intensities.Color Image Processing is divided into two areas full color and pseudocolor processing.In this processing various color models are used that are based on color recognition,color components etc. A few papers on various applications such as lane detection, face detection, fruit quality evaluation etc based on these color models have been published. A survey on widely used models RGB,HSI, HSV, RGI etc is represented in this paper.
Significance of Micro and Nano PZT Particles on Dielectric and Piezoelectric Properties of PZT-PVDF Composites
Authors: P GOWDHAMAN , V ANNAMALAI , PANDYA HARESH M , P R KUMAR
Published: January 2018

PZT-PVDF composites were prepared using different particle size of PZT and a hot press apparatus has been used for making samples. The structural and compositional analysis of the composite sample was done by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-rays (EDAX) respectively. The grain size of the ball milled PZT powder was analyzed using powder X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The samples were poled at a fixed temperature for about an hour under different poling fields. The dielectric constant (?r) and the piezoelectric properties like piezoelectric strain coefficient (d33) and voltage coefficient (g33) of composite have been analyzed.
Effect of compost and gypsum on rice crop production in saline soil
Authors: Ameen Ayesha , Ahmad Jalil , Raza Shahid
Published: January 2018

The rice crop is the most important and widely used crop worldwide, 40% of the population is dependent on rice for getting calories. This study was designed by keeping in view the importance of reclamation of saline soil and for checking the effect of compost on saline soil along with gypsum. The impact of saline soil on rice crop along with gypsum and addition of compost was checked. The trials were planned at jhang district of Punjab. The covered area of one acre for each trial. The control treatment was only contain 60 bags of gypsum provided to rice crop in one acre area. The experimental treatments included the different amounts of compost and gypsum and their mixture was applied. It was concluded from this study that best yield was given by the trial having equal amount of gypsum and compost. The saline conditions effect the crop at initial stage, but with the combination of gypsum and compost the good yield can be obtained.
Angel man Syndrome
Authors: Kumar R. SreeRaja , Singh Anushi
Published: January 2018

Angel man syndrome is a rare genetic and neurological disorder which is characterized by severe developmental delays andlearning disabilities. Although, those diagnosed with the syndrome may be unable to speak, but many gradually learn to communicate through other means such as sign language. Additional symptoms also include seizures,sleep disordersand feeding difficulties. Some children with Angel man syndrome may have distinctive facial features, but mainly facial features reflect the normal parental traits. Angel man syndrome is caused by deletion or abnormal expression of the UBE3A gene.
Toplumun Devrik Cümle Hakkındaki Düşüncesi ve Nesirde Devrik Cümlenin Yeri / Opinion of Society on the Inverted Sentence and the Place of the Inverted Sentence in Prose
Authors: Küçük Serhat , Avcı Yusuf , Şengül Ebru
Published: December 2017

Abstract

This study aims to analyse the usage of inverted sentences which we have been witnessing in daily life, language and literature as well as show public perception about the inverted sentences. In the research, eight proses by eight different Turkish writers have been analysed according six factors. The observed data showed that inverted sentences more likely to be used by so-called left-wing writers who wrote about social subjects.

To collect data about public opinion, a survey, consisting of 12 questions and answered by 500 people, conducted by the researchers. Regarding the last question, which serves most for the work, 772 connotations have been indicated by 448 people and these connotations have been associated with 267 different terms. According to data gathered by the open-ended questions, it could be said that society is in a dilemma as well as linguists. That we have come across different terms in addition to positive and negative answers shows the wealthy world of thought in Turkish society.

ÖZ

Bu araştırma, son yıllarda günlük hayatımızda gerek iletişimimizde gerek okuyup yazdıklarımızda sık sık karşılaştığımız devrik cümle kullanımını ve bunun toplum tarafından algılanış biçimini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmada, sekiz Türk yazarın nesirlerinde devrik cümle kullanımları 6 faktör açısından incelenerek elde edilen veriler ışığında devrik cümleyle ilgili düşünce tarzları ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, toplumsal konularda yazılar yazan ve solcu olarak nitelendirilen yazarların devrik cümle kullanım oranlarının daha yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir.

Araştırmada, devrik cümle yapısı ile ilgili toplum algısını ölçmek amacıyla 500 katılımcının cevapladığı 12 soruluk bir anket çalışmasının sonuçlarına da yer verilmiştir.  Çalışmanın amacına en çok hizmet eden son soruya; 448 katılımcıdan 772 çağrışım belirtilmiş, bu çağrışımlar 267 farklı kavramla ilişkilendirilmiştir. Açık uçlu sorudan elde ettiğimiz verilere göre toplumun da tıpkı dilciler gibi devrik cümle hakkında ikileme düşmüş olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Olumlu ve olumsuz yanıtların yanında çeşitli kavramlara rastlamamız toplumumuzun zengin düşünce gücünü göstermektedir. 
Arşiv Belgelerine Göre Selahaddin Eyyûbî'nin Kudüs Vakıfları / According to Archive Sources Salahaddin Ayyubi's Foundations in Jerusalem
Authors: Sağlam Nevzat
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Jerusalem was remained under the dominion of the Latin kings for eighty-eight years untill conquered by Salahaddin Ayyubi. Salahaddin Ayyubi, who started an intensive work for reconstruction of the city following the conquest, has pioneered many services in areas of education, health, religion and culture with his foundation works.

Although Salahaddin Ayyubi’s work on charitable foundations in Jerusalem is included in previous studies conducted on the history of Jerusalem, but no independent work specific to this issue has been done. In this article, archival documents that have not been published before were evaluated and the issues related to the foundations established by Salahaddin Ayyubi in Jerusalem and the administration of these foundations, especially in the recent periods of the Ottoman Empire, have been highlighted. Besides, the negative effects of negative developments in Jerusalem in the form of building and construction of temples on Salahaddin Eyyubi foundations has also been pointed out.

Öz

Kudüs seksen sekiz yıl Latin Krallığı'nın hâkimiyetinde kaldıktan sonra Selahaddin Eyyûbî tarafından fethedilmiştir. Fethi müteakip şehrin yeniden imarı için yoğun bir çalışma başlatan Selahaddin Eyyûbî, kurduğu vakıf eserleriyle eğitim, sağlık, din ve kültür alanlarında birçok hizmete öncülük etmiştir.

Kudüs tarihine dair yazılmış olan eserlerde Selahaddin Eyyubî'nin Kudüs'teki vakıflarına ilişkin bilgilere yer verilmekle beraber tespit edebildiğimiz kadarıyla müstakil bir çalışmanın konusu yapılmamıştır. Bu makalede daha önce yayınlanmamış arşiv belgeleri de değerlendirilerek Selahaddin Eyyubî'nin Kudüs'te tesis ettiği vakıflar ve özellikle Osmanlı'nın son dönemlerinde bu vakıfların idaresine ilişkin hususlar ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca Kudüs'te gayr-i müslimlerin mülk edinme ve mabet inşa etme çabalarının vakıflar aleyhine doğurduğu olumsuz gelişmelerden Selahaddin Eyyubî vakıflarının nasıl etkilendiğine de bu çalışmada yer verilmiştir.
Ergenlerin Akrana Bağlanma Stillerinin Umutsuzluk Düzeyleri İle İlişkisinin İncelenmesi / Examining the Correlation of the Peer-Attachment Styles with Hopelessness Levels in Adolescents
Authors: Kanak Mehmet , Bilbay Asuman , Balta Dursun
Published: December 2017

The purpose of this study is to examine the correlation between the peer attachment styles and hopelessness levels in adolescents. The research was a descriptive study based on correlational survey model. The population of the study consisted of a total of 213 students studying in the 6th, 7th, and 8th grades of Erzincan Otlukbeli Fatih Secondary School, and the 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th grades of Otlukbeli Multi-program Anatolian High School. The data were collected by using the “Beck Hopelessness Scale” (BHS) developed by Beck, Lester and Trexler (1974) to determine the hopelessness levels of the students, and the “Adolescent Friendship Scale” (AFS) developed by Wilkinson (2008) and adapted into Turkish by Ercan (2015) in order to determine the peer attachment styles of adolescents.

As a result of the analyses carried out in order to determine the hopelessness levels of the participants based on gender and level of teaching, it was observed that there was no significant difference on hopelessness levels in terms of gender (p>.05); on the other hand, the hopelessness scores of high school students were higher compared to secondary school students in terms of level of teaching (p<.05).

The peer attachment styles of the participants in terms of gender and level of teaching were determined by using t test. As a result of these analyses, it was observed that there was no significant difference in the subscales of attachment styles in terms of gender (secure, avoidant, anxious/ambivalent) (p>.05), there was a significant difference between the mean scores obtained by the secondary school students from Secure Attachment and Avoidant Attachment subscales of the Adolescent Friendship Scale in terms of level of teaching (p<.05); and there was no significant difference between their mean scores of Anxious/ambivalent Attachment subscale (p>.05).

Pearson Product-Moment Correlation test was used for examining the correlation between peer attachment styles and hopelessness levels of the participants. As a result of the analysis, it was observed that while there was a negative significant correlation between total score of hopelessness level and the secure attachment subscale (p<05), there was no significant correlation between total score of hopelessness level and avoidant and anxious/ambivalent attachment subscales of the participants (p>05). 

As a result of the study, recommendations were offered to the researchers and the staff members working in the field in accordance with the results obtained. 
Foucault’un İktidar Görüşleri Işığında Erdal Öz’ün Yaralısın Romanı / Yaralisin, the Novel by Erdal Oz, in the Light of Foucault’s Power Theory
Authors: Üstün Koray
Published: December 2017

Abstract

In the light of the power concepts theorized by Michel Foucault, this article investigates Erdal Oz's novel Yaralisin (You’re Wounded). Foucault’s power structure that systematized in Subject and Power (1961), History of Sexuality (1984), Birth of Prison (1975), The Birth of Biopolitics (2004), has similarities with crime production that the novel reflects. Accordingly, individuals are being standardized in the prison through programs, strategies and technics that the power structure determined. In this process, there is no direct enforcement on the individual. The power structure connects the individual to itself through knowledge and body. In Oz’s novel the subject depending on space changing are being standardized and transformed into the “Nuri” character, as we read in the text. At the base of becoming standard individual through lost of identity, there is crime production. As for crime production, it takes shape in accordance with space. In the novel, space dependent suffering, inflicted on individuals, places the subject on a hierarchical plane, as Foucault has also indicated, and brings an end to existence. The power structure, cutting off the individual from his private space, taking him first into the interrogation room, and then to the prison, has made him a part of the system and has objectified him. The digestive effect of the power structure has become even more concrete with the presence of the second person narrator within the narrative plane; depersonalization has taken place within the new order.

Öz

Bu makalede Michel Foucault’un kuramsallaştırdığı iktidar kavramı ışığında Erdal Öz’ün Yaralısın romanı incelenmiştir. Foucault’nun Özne ve İktidar (1961), Cinselliğin Tarihi (1984), Hapishanenin Doğuşu (1975), Biyopolitikanın Doğuşu (2004) gibi kitaplarında sistemleştirdiği iktidar, romanda aktarılan suç üretimi ile paralellik taşımaktadır. Bireyler, iktidar tarafından belirlenen program, strateji ve tekniklerle hapishanelerde tek tipleştirilmektedir. Bu süreçte bireyler üzerine doğrudan bir yaptırım uygulanmaz; iktidar, bilgi ve beden yönetimi üzerinden bireyi kendine bağlar. Öz’ün romanında da uzamsal değişimlere bağlı olarak tekil özneler, tek tipleştirilerek metindeki karşılığıyla “Nuri”lere dönüşür. Bireyin kendi kimliğini yitirerek tek tipleşmesinin temelinde suç üretimi vardır. Suç üretimi ise uzama göre şekillenir. Romanda uzama göre değişen çektirilen azaplar, Foucault’un da belirttiği gibi özneyi hiyerarşik düzleme yerleştirir ve varoluşu sona erdirir. İktidar, özneyi kişisel mekânından ayırıp önce sorgu odasına ardından da hapishaneye götürerek onu düzenin bir parçası hâline getirmiş ve nesneleştirmiştir. İktidarın sindirici etkisi, anlatı düzlemindeki ikinci tekil anlatıcının varlığıyla daha da somutlaşmış; kurulan düzen içerisinde özne yitimi gerçekleşmiştir. 
Türkiye Türkçesinde -ma Ekinin Yapım Eki Olarak İşlevleri / Functions of the Derivative Suffix -ma in Turkey Turkish
Authors: Bayraktar Erten Nesrin
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Functions of the suffix -ma suffix can be classified under three groups in Turkey Turkish. This suffix produces adjectives that are related with root meanings like dönme dolap, sallama çay, gömme dolap, and adjectives like bodoslama atla, silme doldur etc. Besides these functions, it produces permanent nouns like gözleme, sarma, dolma, dondurma, kuzukapama, sürme, etc. This study investigates the suffix -ma as a derivational form and its functions have been classified. The study also evaluates the frequency with which it is used to coin permanent nouns and adjectives. 

 Öz

-ma ekinin Türkiye Türkçesinde işlevlerini başlıca üç grupta toplamak mümkündür. -ma eki ile bir yandan dönme dolap, sallama çay, gömme dolap gibi örneklerde eklendiği eylem tabanıyla ilişkili sıfatlar ve bodoslama atla, silme doldur gibi zarflar yapılırken, öte yandan da gözleme, sarma, dolma, dondurma, kuzukapama, sürme örneklerinde görüldüğü gibi kalıcı adlar yapılmıştır. Kalıcı adlar içinde yemek adları, oldukça önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Bu çalışmada -ma eki, bir yapım eki olarak değerlendirilecek ve örnekler çerçevesinde tasnif edilerek kalıcı ad ve sıfat yapımında kullanıldığı yerlerdeki sıklık ele alınacaktır.
Practices of farmers in production and marketing of tomato in Nsukka Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria
Authors: Iwuchukwu Juliana , Nwobodo Cynthia , Ugwuja Emmanuel I.
Published: December 2017

The study described socio-economic characteristics, production, consumption and marketing patterns of tomato farmers as well as constraints they encounter in tomato production   in Nsukka Local        Government  Area of Enugu State, Nigeria. One hundred and twenty tomato farmers  randomly selected form twelve villages in the area constituted sample for the study. Data were collected with interview schedule and questionnaire and were presented with frequency, percentage and mean scores. Findings show that the respondents were mainly married (71%) women (72.5%) who were literate with mean age and mean farming experience of 42.22 years and 17.21years respectively. Greater proportion of the respondents grew tomatoes on communal land (31.7%) with personal savings (42.5%) and hired labour (45%). They grew tomatoes during rainy season (54.1%) using personal reserved seeds (53.3%). Lack/poor storage facility (M=2.00) and fluctuation in price of tomato (M = 2.13) were some of the serious constraints to production and marketing of tomatoes respectively in the area.  The study recommends that government, non-governmental organisations, self help development organisations/agencies as well as philanthropists should assist in provision of storage facilities for tomatoes so as to reduce losses and ensure preservation and availability of the product all year round at reasonable and stable price.
Value addition activities and challenges of African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria
Authors: Iwuchukwu Juliana , Nwobodo Cynthia , Ezema Charles , Udoye Christopher
Published: December 2017

The study examined the value addition practices and challenges of African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) farmers in Enugu State of Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was adopted in selecting a total of seventy two (72) respondents used for the study. Results revealed that all (100%) of the respondents processed African yam bean through sun drying, husking/hulling and preservation/storage while about 88.9% of the respondents processed the crop through frying/baking while 87.5% and 70.8% of the respondents indicated they were involved in winnowing and grinding. Lack of basic physical infrastructure (M=2.39), lack/poor technology on processing, preservation etc (2.35), difficulty in accessing loan (M=2.28) and lack of technology/innovation on production of the crop (M=2.28) were among the constraining factors to value addition in African yam bean. It is recommended that policy makers should work towards providing the necessary technology and basic infrastructure to farmers in order to increase their productivity, income and commercialization of this underutilized but important crop. Research efforts are also required to improve its agronomic characteristics and promote its cultivation.
Regional study of variation in croping and irrigation intensity in Rajasthan state, India.
Authors: Meena Arjun Lal , Bisht Priyanka
Published: December 2017

Agriculture is the primary activity which directly or indirectly influences the other activities. It play vital role to achieve the self-sufficiency in each sector or economy. Irrigation plays a crucial role in farming for those areas suffering from irregular pattern of rainfall. Rajasthan is the state of India which usually faces the drought condition as the monsoon gets fall. The farming in this state totally depends on the irrigation. This paper includes the district-wise distribution of cropping intensity and irrigation intensity including the comparison of 2013-2014 with the year 2006-2007.
Unwinding Medicaid Eligibility: Lessons for Health Policy
Authors: Bedoya Michelle , Sharfstein Joshua M.
Published: October 2024

This JAMA Forum discusses 5 consequences of disenrolling individuals from Medicaid after the end of the pause in checking eligibility that was enacted during the emergency phase of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Normothermic Regional Perfusion Experience of Organ Procurement Organizations in the US
Authors: Sellers Marty T. , Philip Jennifer L. , Brubaker Aleah L. , Cauwels Roxane L. , Croome Kristopher P. , Hoffman Jordan R. , Neidlinger Nikole A. , Reynolds Andrea M. , Wall Anji E. , Edwards John M.
Published: October 2024

Importance

Despite the unmet need for donor organs, organ use from donation after circulatory determination of death (DCD) donors has been limited by inferior transplant outcomes. Normothermic regional perfusion (NRP) improves recipient outcomes and organ utilization from DCD donors. There is variability in NRP policies and experience among US organ procurement organizations (OPOs).

Objectives

To determine OPO experience, identify operational inconsistencies, and explore needs related to NRP.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This survey study included 55 OPOs in the US that had recovered DCD organs and completed a survey on operational, administrative, and educational components related to NRP in November to December 2023. Data analysis was performed from February to April 2024.

Main Outcome and Measures

The primary outcome was the number of OPOs participating in and/or anticipating NRP participation. Secondary outcomes were NRP implementation barriers, OPO education practices, and future needs regarding consensus NRP recommendations and standards.

Results

Of 55 respondents, 11 (20%) were chief executive officers, 8 (15%) were chief operating officers, and 36 (65%) were medical directors or chief clinical officers. Forty-nine OPOs facilitated NRP cases: 26 OPOs (53%) facilitated both thoracoabdominal NRP (TA-NRP) and abdominal NRP (A-NRP) cases, 16 OPOs (33%) facilitated only TA-NRP, and 7 OPOs (14%) facilitated only A-NRP. OPOs reported 606 NRP cases (421 TA-NRP [69%], 185 A-NRP [31%]); median (range) case experience was 8 (1-52). Fifty-two of 55 OPOs (95%) thought standardized guidance documents would be helpful. All 49 OPOs facilitated NRP at a transplant center’s request; 39 (80%) had NRP initiated by a nonlocal transplant center. Twenty-three of 49 OPOs (47%) participated in NRP without a policy and without a policy pending approval. Positive donor hospital feedback was received by 29 OPOs (59%), primarily focused on increased organs transplanted and prerecovery communication. Allocation challenges were experienced by 21 OPOs (43%); their median (range) case volume was higher than those with no reported allocation challenges (11 [3-52] vs 6.5 [1-29]; P = .03). Eleven OPOs (22%) had incorporated NRP into general donor hospital education.

Conclusions

In this survey study of US OPOs, wide variation existed with respect to NRP experience and practice. Allocation challenges occurred more frequently with increased NRP experience. NRP guidelines and standardization were desired by most OPOs to decrease allocation challenges and maximize the gift of organ donation.
Mapping the sclerostin–LRP4 binding interface identifies critical interaction hotspots in loops 1 and 3 of sclerostin
Authors: Katchkovsky Svetlana , Meiri Reut , Lacham‐Hartman Shiran , Orenstein Yaron , Levaot Noam , Papo Niv
Published: October 2024

The interaction of sclerostin (Scl) with the low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 4 (LRP4) leads to a marked reduction in bone formation by inhibiting the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway. To characterize the Scl–LRP4 binding interface, we sorted a combinatorial library of Scl variants and isolated variants with reduced affinity to LRP4. We identified Scl single‐mutation variants enriched during the sorting process and verified their reduction in affinity toward LRP4—a reduction that was not a result of changes in the variants' secondary structure or stability. We found that Scl positions K75 (loop 1) and V136 (loop 3) are critical hotspots for binding to LRP4. Our findings establish the foundation for targeting these hotspots for developing novel therapeutic strategies to promote bone formation.
Instantaneous Tiltmeter Triggered by Dynamic Wetting Behavior
Authors: Zhan Fei , Li Nan , Wang Lei , Wang Shuizhong , Liu Jing , Song Guoyong
Published: October 2024

A novel instantaneous tiltmeter with dynamic and static monitoring functions is reported that is based on liquid metal dynamic wetting behavior in a bio‐fabricated anisotropic microchannel. The proposed system achieves instantaneous tiltmeter functionality, offering a broad detection range (−90°–90°) with high precision (0.05°), a rapid reaction time (0.11 s), and enhanced durability. Moreover, a seamless integration has enabled water wave detection, language programming, and human limb monitoring. Especially, the integration of tiltmeter and a 3D motion platform results in a surface structure scanning system capable of effectively performing large area (>200 cm2) and height difference scanning functions. This innovative approach holds great potential for transformative changes in the fields of advanced manufacturing, flexible robotics, and the flexible sensing, further facilitating widespread adoption.
Modulation of Charge Transport Layer for Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Li Yuqing , Guan Xiang , Zhao Yaping , Zhang Qin , Chen Xi , Zhang Shaopeng , Lu Jianxun , Wei Zhanhua
Published: October 2024

Perovskite light‐emitting diodes (Pero‐LEDs) have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional emission characteristics, including narrow full width at half maximum, high color purity, and tunable emission colors. Recent efficiency and operational stability advancements have positioned Pero‐LEDs as a promising next‐generation display technology. Extensive research and review articles on the compositional engineering and defect passivation of perovskite layers have substantially contributed to the development of multi‐color and high‐efficiency Pero‐LEDs. However, the crucial aspect of charge transport layer (CTL) modulation in Pero‐LEDs remains relatively underexplored. CTL modulation not only impacts the charge carrier transport efficiency and injection balance but also plays a critical role in passivating the perovskite surface, blocking ion migration, enhancing perovskite crystallinity, and improving light extraction efficiency. Therefore, optimizing CTLs is pivotal for further enhancing Pero‐LED performance. Herein, this review discusses the roles of CTLs in Pero‐LEDs and categorizes both reported and potential CTL materials. Then, various CTL optimization strategies are presented, alongside an analysis of the selection criteria for CTLs in high‐performance Pero‐LEDs. Finally, a summary and outlook on the potential of CTL modulation to further advance Pero‐LED performances are provided.
Narrow‐Band Emission of Asymmetric 1,3‐Substituted Pyrene‐Based Deep‐Blue Emitters and Application in OLEDs
Authors: Liu Wei , Jin Pengcheng , Zhang Sheng , Wang Xiaohui , Xie Zhixin , Xiao Ye , Hu Jian‐Yong , Redshaw Carl , Feng Xing
Published: October 2024

High‐efficiency organic blue light‐emitting materials with narrow‐band emission are fundamental components for constructing high color purity and high resolution in high‐performance organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) devices. Herein, new pyrene‐based blue emitters (8–10) with narrow‐band emission are synthesized by asymmetrically introducing biphenyl and triphenylamine units at the 1‐ and 3‐positions of pyrene, respectively. Due to the steric effect and through‐space conjugation, the synergistic effects of both groups not only boost these emitters 8–10 (CIEy < 0.11) with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) characteristics and high fluorescence quantum yield (>0.68), but also endow narrow full width at half maxima (FWHM) emission (≤36 nm) in the crystallized state (FWHM ≤ 55 nm in the film state). The EL spectra of pyrene‐based 8–10 in nondoped OLEDs exhibit blue emission with a maximum emission (λmax em) in the range of 448–453 nm (CIEy ≤ 0.12). The compounds 8–10 in doped‐OLEDs show a blue emission with a λmax em in the range of 443–445 nm and CIEy ≤ 0.08, with FWHM emission of 57–61 nm. The compound 10‐based doped OLED displays an impressive EL performance with a maximum brightness of 9756 cd m−2 and a maximum external quantum efficiency of 2.58%.
Investigation of the Physical Properties of 211 MAX Phase Material Cr2TlN${\rm Cr}_2{\rm TlN}$ with DFT and DFT+U Methods
Authors: Srinivasan Vijay , Rana Tushar H
Published: October 2024

This study utilizes Perdew‐Burke‐Ernzerhof (PBE) and PBE+U exchange‐correlation functionals to investigate the electronic, magnetic, and structural properties of . The spin polarization calculations indicate that the predicted material exhibits ferromagnetic properties in bulk when U = 0 eV. As the U parameter increases from 0 to 1 eV, it demonstrates antiferromagnetic behavior with the spin magnetic moment per Cr atom of 2.17 . The supercell method reveals that the in‐plane antiferromagnetic 1 (in‐AFM1) state is more stable than the ferromagnetic state, in‐AFM2, and in‐AFM3 when U equals 0 eV and 1 eV, respectively. The analysis of the electron band structures and density of states suggests that displays metallic characteristics due to the hybridization of Cr‐d with N‐p and Cr‐d with Tl‐p states. The predicted compound is found to be mechanically stable as per the Born–Huang criteria. The elastic moduli are successfully assessed using the Voigt–Reuss–Hill approximation. Poisson's and Pugh's ratios show that is ductile in nature. The low Young's modulus value and minimum thermal conductivity suggest that could be an excellent candidate for thermal barrier coating applications. Further, the projected material undergoes confirmation of its dynamic stability via phonon spectra analysis, showing no negative or imaginary frequencies.
Prolonged Survival of Neutrophils Induced by Tumor‐Derived G‐CSF/GM‐CSF Promotes Immunosuppression and Progression in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Zhu Xiaoke , Heng Yu , Ma Jingyu , Zhang Duo , Tang Di , Ji Yangyang , He Changding , Lin Hanqing , Ding Xuping , Zhou Jian , Tao Lei , Lu Liming
Published: October 2024

Tumor‐associated neutrophils (TANs) play a crucial role in tumor progression and exhibit prolonged survival. However, the mechanism underlying their extended lifespan and significance in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) remains unclear. Herein, it is observed that apoptosis of TANs is significantly delayed owing to induction by tumor‐derived G‐CSF and GM‐CSF through the activation of the PI3K‐AKT signaling pathway, upregulation of anti‐apoptotic Mcl‐1 expression, and downregulation of activated Caspase‐3 levels. It is found that prolonged survival of TANs leads to the accumulation of aged CXCR4+ neutrophils that exhibit potent immunosuppressive properties and are associated with poor patient prognosis. Furthermore, extended survival promotes the enhanced immunosuppressive function of CD8+ T cells by TANs, thereby facilitating the in vitro and in vivo progression and growth of human LSCC tumors. Importantly, this effect could be reversed by blocking G‐CSF and GM‐CSF stimulation of neutrophils. These findings elucidate the pivotal role of pathologically prolonged neutrophil survival in impairing CD8+ T cell immunity and suggest targeting it as a potential therapeutic strategy for tumors.
Microfabrication Technologies for Nanoinvasive and High‐Resolution Magnetic Neuromodulation
Authors: Ge Changhao , Masalehdan Tahereh , Shojaei Baghini Mahdieh , Duran Toro Vicente , Signorelli Lorenzo , Thomson Hannah , Gregurec Danijela , Heidari Hadi
Published: October 2024

The increasing demand for precise neuromodulation necessitates advancements in techniques to achieve higher spatial resolution. Magnetic stimulation, offering low signal attenuation and minimal tissue damage, plays a significant role in neuromodulation. Conventional transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), though noninvasive, lacks the spatial resolution and neuron selectivity required for spatially precise neuromodulation. To address these limitations, the next generation of magnetic neurostimulation technologies aims to achieve submillimeter‐resolution and selective neuromodulation with high temporal resolution. Invasive and nanoinvasive magnetic neurostimulation are two next‐generation approaches: invasive methods use implantable microcoils, while nanoinvasive methods use magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to achieve high spatial and temporal resolution of magnetic neuromodulation. This review will introduce the working principles, technical details, coil designs, and potential future developments of these approaches from an engineering perspective. Furthermore, the review will discuss state‐of‐the‐art microfabrication in depth due to its irreplaceable role in realizing next‐generation magnetic neuromodulation. In addition to reviewing magnetic neuromodulation, this review will cover through‐silicon vias (TSV), surface micromachining, photolithography, direct writing, and other fabrication technologies, supported by case studies, providing a framework for the integration of magnetic neuromodulation and microelectronics technologies.
RGB‐Single‐Chip OLEDs for High‐Speed Visible‐Light Communication by Wavelength‐Division Multiplexing
Authors: Yoshida Kou , Chen Cheng , Haas Harald , Turnbull Graham A. , Samuel Ifor D. W.
Published: October 2024

Organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been developed for high‐speed transmitters of visible‐light communication (VLC) but so far the possibility of direct fabrication of multiple colors on a single substrate has not been exploited for multi‐Gbps data transmission. Very fast red‐, green‐, and blue (RGB)‐emitting OLEDs are developed on a single substrate to realize high data transmission speed by wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). −6 dB electrical bandwidth of over 100 MHz is achieved for all colors by selecting fluorescent materials with nanosecond emission lifetimes and little overlap between their emission spectra and incorporating them into OLEDs designed for high‐speed operation. Optical microcavities in top‐emitting OLED structures are used to minimize spectral overlap. A record data transmission rate for an OLED transmitter system of 3.2 Gbps is demonstrated, by transmitting data with the 3 colors simultaneously and separating each data by dichroic mirrors. The results show that WDM with integrated RGB pixels is a useful way to increase the data transmission rate of a VLC system based on OLED transmitters, which has the potential to enable multi‐gigabit transmission by displays. The availability of high‐speed multiple‐color devices as developed here also expands applications of OLEDs for spectroscopy, sensing, and ranging.
Unfractionated Heparin Enhances Sepsis Prognosis Through Inhibiting Drp1‐Mediated Mitochondrial Quality Imbalance
Authors: Liu Ruixue , Huang He , Hou Dongyao , Hao Shuai , Guo Qiao , Liao Haitang , Song Rui , Tian Yu , Chen Qian , Luo Zhenchun , Ma Daqing , Liu Liangming , Duan Chenyang
Published: October 2024

Unfractionated heparin (UFH) is commonly used as an anticoagulant in sepsis treatment and has recently been found to have non‐anticoagulant effects, but underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This retrospective clinical data showed that UFH has significant protective effects in sepsis compared to low‐molecular‐weight heparin and enoxaparin, indicating potential benefits of its non‐anticoagulant properties. Recombinant protein chip screening, surface plasmon resonance, and molecular docking data demonstrated that UFH specifically bound to the cytoplasmic Drp1 protein through its zone 2 non‐anticoagulant segment. In‐vitro experiments verified that UFH's specific binding to Drp1 suppressed Drp1 translocation to mitochondria following “sepsis” challenge, thereby improving mitochondrial morphology, function and metabolism in vascular endothelial cells. Consequently, UHF comprehensively protected mitochondrial quality, thus reducing vascular leakage and improving prognosis in a sepsis rat model. These findings highlight the potential of UFH as a sepsis treatment strategy targeting non‐anticoagulation mechanism.
Intralayer/Interlayer Codoping Stabilizes Polarity Modulation in 2D Semiconductors for Scalable Electronics
Authors: Qiu Guitian , Kong Lingan , Han Mengjiao , Zhang Qian , Rehman Majeed Ur , Yi Jianxian , Xian Lede , Lin Xiankai , Abbas Aumber , Chen Jiwei , Luo Yingjie , Li Wenbo , Wei Zhongchao , Meng Hongyun , Ma Xiuliang , Liang Qijie
Published: October 2024

2D semiconductors show promise as a competitive candidate for developing future integrated circuits due to their immunity to short‐channel effects and high carrier mobility at atomic layer thicknesses. The inherent defects and Fermi level pinning effect lead to n‐type transport characteristics in most 2D semiconductors, while unstable and unsustainable p‐type doping by various strategies hinders their application in many areas, such as complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) devices. In this study, an intralayer/interlayer codoping strategy is introduced that stabilizes p‐type doping in 2D semiconductors. By incorporating oppositely charged ions (F and Li) with the intralayer/interlayer of 2D semiconductors, remarkable p‐type doping in WSe2 and MoTe2 with air stability up to 9 months is achieved. Notably, the hole mobility presents a 100‐fold enhancement (0.7 to 92 cm2 V−1 s−1) with the codoping procedure. Structural and elemental characterizations, combined with theoretical calculations validate the codoping mechanism. Moreover, a CMOS inverter and more complex logic functions such as NOR and XNOR, as well as large‐area device arrays are demonstrated to showcase its applications and scalability. These findings suggest that stable and straightforward intralayer/interlayer codoping strategy with charge‐space synergy holds the key to unlocking the potential of 2D semiconductors in complex and scalable device applications.