bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Twin‐analysis verification: A new verification approach to alleviate pitfalls of own‐analysis verification
Authors: Hotta Daisuke , Kadowaki Takashi , Yonehara Hitoshi , Ishibashi Toshiyuki
Published: February 2023

In operational numerical weather prediction (NWP), forecast verification against analysis from the same experiment is part of the standard evaluation practice. This “own‐analysis” verification is beneficial in providing complete and uniform spatial coverage but is known to suffer from overestimated skill scores when applied to short‐range forecasts due to the inevitable positive correlation between the forecast and analysis errors. To alleviate this problem, a new approach termed “twin‐analysis” verification is proposed. In this approach, the forecasts are verified against “twin analyses” that are produced by running an independent cycle using the same NWP system as the one used to produce the forecasts, but initializing the cycle using an independent first guess at the very beginning. In this way the error correlation between the forecasts and analyses is reduced, if not completely removed, while preserving the statistical properties of the analyses, allowing for a clearer interpretation of verification. This note reports the results of comparison between “twin‐analysis” and “own‐analysis” verification scores obtained for the Japan Meteorological Agency's global NWP system. It is reported that the two scores disagree up to 48 hr or even longer depending on the regions and elements, which highlights the reliability limit of “own‐analysis” verification. The proposed method does not completely remove the error correlation issue and also requires high computational costs; a practical use of the proposed approach in an operational environment is also discussed.
Different reactivities of H3O+(H2O)n with unsaturated and saturated aldehydes: ligand‐switching reactions govern the quantitative analytical sensitivity of SESI‐MS
Authors: Španěl Patrik , Dryahina Kseniya , Omezzine Gnioua Maroua , Smith David
Published: February 2023

Rationale

The detection sensitivity of secondary electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (SESI‐MS) is much lower for saturated aldehydes than for unsaturated aldehydes. This needs to be understood in terms of gas phase ion‐molecule reaction kinetics and energetics to make SESI‐MS analytically more quantitative.

Methods

Parallel SESI‐MS and selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT‐MS) analyses were carried out of air containing variable accurately determined concentrations of saturated (C5, pentanal; C7, heptanal; C8 octanal) and unsaturated (C5, 2‐pentenal; C7, 2‐heptenal; C8, 2‐octenal) aldehyde vapours. The influence of the source gas humidity and the ion transfer capillary temperature, 250 and 300°C, in a commercial SESI‐MS instrument was explored. Separate experiments were carried out using SIFT to determine the rate coefficients, k73, for the ligand‐switching reactions of the H3O+(H2O)3 ions with the six aldehydes.

Results

The relative slopes of the plots of SESI‐MS ion signal against SIFT‐MS concentration were interpreted as the relative SESI‐MS sensitivities for these six compounds. The sensitivities for the unsaturated aldehydes were 20 to 60 times greater than for the corresponding C5, C7 and C8 saturated aldehydes. Additionally, the SIFT experiments revealed that the measured k73 are three or four times greater for the unsaturated than for the saturated aldehydes.

Conclusions

The trends in SESI‐MS sensitivities are rationally explained by differences in the rates of the ligand‐switching reactions, which are justified by theoretically calculated equilibrium rate constants derived from thermochemical density functional theory (DFT) calculations of Gibb's free energy changes. The humidity of SESI gas thus favours the reverse reactions of the saturated aldehyde analyte ions, effectively suppressing their signals in contrast to their unsaturated counterparts.
Comparative study of structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties of ZnO synthesized by chemical coprecipitation and modified sol–gel methods
Authors: Mondal Sudipta , Ayon Sikder Ashikuzzaman , Billah Md Muktadir
Published: February 2023

In this study, the comparative analysis of the structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized by two different methods is carried out. Both samples were annealed at 500°C and yielded crystalline ZnO with hexagonal wurtzite crystalline structures. Average crystallite sizes of 17 and 28 mm were found for chemical coprecipitation and modified sol–gel method, respectively. The crystallinity of ZnO NPs synthesized by the chemical coprecipitation method was comparatively higher than ZnO NPs synthesized by the modified sol–gel method. SEM revealed near‐spherical NPs in both cases, where the particle size of 100 nm was observed for the chemical coprecipitation approach compared with the particle size of 38 mm for ZnO NPs. The bandgap value from both processes did not show any significant differences and was calculated at around 3.25 eV. Photocatalytic activity of ZnO synthesized by chemical coprecipitation and modified sol–gel methods was measured by degrading rhodamine B (RhB) under UV irradiation. The NPs produced by the modified sol–gel route showed significantly superior photocatalytic activity under similar conditions. The variations of these results show that even slight variations in ZnO structural and morphological characteristics have a significant impact on the optical properties as well as photocatalytic efficacy of these NPs.
Oxide based Heterostructured Photocatalysts for CO2 Reduction and Hydrogen Generation
Authors: Ali Syed Asim , Sadiq Iqra , Ahmad Tokeer
Published: February 2023

Global warming and its cause and effects have necessitated the researchers to look beyond fossil and its derivatives. The scalability of CO2 reduction and H2 energy is one of the most enigmatic questions asked by the calamitous environmental changes happening across the world such as bushfires in Australia, Amazon and California or the melting of Arctic and Antarctic ice scalps. Thus, the research fraternity is keen to elevate the efficiency of CO2 reduction and H2 energy to the extent that the good chemical livestock produced by CO2 conversion and H2 fuel would become principal energy resources. In this quest, photocatalytic pathway envisions the environmentally benign protocol to bring about CO2 reduction and H2 production. Photo‐reduction of CO2 and H2 generation via photocatalytic water splitting by utilizing oxide based heterostructured photocatalysts are the promising approaches to carry out CO2 mitigation and H2 production efficiently ascribed to the advanced optoelectronic and structural superiority of oxides photocatalysts as discussed in this review.
Fabrication of a Composite Monolithic Column of Poly (IL@MOF) for Adsorption of Acacetin in Medicinal and Food Homologous Plants
Authors: Han Yamei , Sun Peiye , Liu Ping , Wei Xuanwen , Bai Ligai , Liu Haiyan
Published: February 2023

In this study, a poly (IL@MOF) composite monolithic column was synthesized using a simple and easy method. By adjusting the ratio of monomers, porogenic agents and cross‐linking agents, a macroporous composite monolith composed of metal organic framework (MOF) and ionic liquids (IL) was constructed. It was used as a high‐performance solid phase extraction (SPE) sorbent for the extraction of acacetin from medicinal and food homologous plants. The proposed SPE‐HPLC method for determination of acacetin had the advantages of high precision (0.06∼1.00 %), wide linear range (0.01∼250 μg mL−1) and low detection limits (3.26 ng mL−1). The poly (IL@MOF) monolithic column had excellent repeatability as an adsorbent. After 300 adsorption/desorption cycles, the corresponding chromatographic signal had no obvious change. These results indicated that the poly (IL@MOF) composite monolithic column was an ideal adsorbents and that the proposed method had potential for the enrichment and purification of flavonoids from medicinal and food homologous plants.
Crystal Structure, Magnetic and Photocatalytic Properties of Solid SolutionsBi2‐xLaxFe4O9 (x=0.05, 0.1)
Authors: Glinskaya Anna , Petrov Gennady , Vialikanava Iryna , Romanovski Valentin
Published: February 2023

Solid solutions Bi2–xLaxFe4O9 at small x‐values (x=0.05, 0.1) were synthesized by the solid‐state reaction method. Here larger Bi3+ ions were partially substituted by smaller La3+ ions. It is shown that the above solid solutions had an orthorhombic mullite‐type crystal structures. Crystal lattice parameters of solid solutions were very close to the respective parameters for pure Bi2Fe4O9 ferrite. It was determined that the substitution of Bi3+ ions by La3+ ions in Bi2Fe4O9 leads to the increase of specific magnetizations of the samples. All studied samples were antiferromagnets with Neel temperatures TN of 258 K, 246 K, ∼243 K for x=0, 0.05, 0.1 respectively. Hence at the substitution of Bi3+ ions by La3+ ions, TN decreases. It is shown that solid solution Bi1.9La0.1Fe4O9 had good photocatalytic activity for the oxidation of Acid Telon Blue dye in the aqueous solution under visible light irradiation.
An Efficient Recyclable Polymer Supported Palladium Catalyst for Suzuki Reaction in Water
Authors: Sruthi Pambingal Rajan , Roopak Ramakrishnan , Anas Saithalavi
Published: February 2023

This work describes the development of an efficient and reusable heterogeneous polymer supported palladium catalyst for Suzuki reaction in water. This novel catalyst system was designed through monoethanolamine (MEA) modification of nitrile group in Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) followed by metal salt (PdCl2) complexation. The resulting polymer complex (mPAN‐Pd) was then successfully optimised as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for Suzuki reaction under ligand free conditions. The supported catalyst provided excellent reactivity in the coupling reactions of a series of aryl halides with phenyl boronic acids under mild reaction condition. The reaction proceeded in presence of 2 mol % ofmPAN‐Pdcatalyst at 80 °C in water and the resulting products were isolated in moderate to excellent yields upto 98 %. Furthermore, this catalyst can be conveniently recovered by simple filtration and reused at least five times without an appreciable loss in its activity or Palladium leaching.
Ruthenium(II) Complex‐based Highly Specific Luminescence Light‐up Probe for Detecting HOCl via C(sp2)‐H Chlorination
Authors: Rabha Monosh , Sheet Sanjoy Kumar , Sen Bhaskar , Konthoujam Ibemhanbi , Aguan Kripamoy , Khatua Snehadrinarayan
Published: February 2023

A bis‐heteroleptic Ru(II) complex, 1[PF6]2 of a benzimidazole substituted pyridyl‐1,2,3‐triazole ligand (BiPT) for highly selective luminescence turn‐on detection of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is reported. Detection of HOCl is achieved by the Markovnikov addition of HOCl to the C=C bond of 1,2,3‐triazole and a successive highly specific C(sp2)‐H chlorination at the C5 position of 1,2,3‐triazole. The chlorination at C5 in 1,2,3‐triazole is supported by high‐resolution mass spectrometry and 1H NMR study. 1[PF6]2 shows high sensitivity towards HOCl in PBS buffer (pH 7.4) containing 5 % acetonitrile with a 37‐fold luminescence light‐up and a detection limit as low as 7.5 μM. HOCl mediated C(sp2)‐H chlorination increases the 3MC‐3MLCT energy gap as well as the population of the 3MLCT excited state and exhibits the radiative decay from the excited state of 1. The probe showed low cytotoxicity and efficiently permeated the cell membrane. The cell‐imaging experiments revealed rapid staining of the HeLa cells in the presence of exogenous HOCl.
Multi‐Stimuli Dually‐Responsive Intelligent Woven Structures with Local Programmability for Biomimetic Applications
Authors: Xu Runxin , Wu Guanzheng , Jiang Mengmeng , Cao Shaojie , Panahi‐Sarmad Mahyar , Kamkar Milad , Xiao Xueliang
Published: February 2023

This work focuses on multi‐stimuli‐responsive materials with distinctive abilities, that is, color‐changing and shape‐memory. Using metallic composite yarns and polymeric/thermochromic microcapsule composite fibers, processed via a melt‐spinning technique, an electrothermally multi‐responsive fabric is woven. The resulting smart‐fabric transfers from a predefined structure to an original shape while changing color upon heating or applying an electric field, making it appealing for advanced applications. The shape‐memory and color‐changing features of the fabric can be controlled by rationally controlling the micro‐scale design of the individual fibers in the structure. Thus, the fibers’ microstructural features are optimized to achieve excellent color‐changing behavior along with shape fixity and recovery ratios of 99.95% and 79.2%, respectively. More importantly, the fabric's dual‐response by electric field can be achieved by a low voltage of 5 V, which is smaller than the previously reported values. Above and beyond, the fabric is able to be meticulously activated by selectively applying a controlled voltage to any part of the fabric. The precise local responsiveness can be bestowed upon the fabric by readily controlling its macro‐scale design. A biomimetic dragonfly with the shape‐memory and color‐changing dual‐response ability is successfully fabricated, broadening the design and fabrication horizon of groundbreaking smart materials with multiple functions.
Homogeneously Oriented Organic Single‐Crystalline Patterns Grown by Microspacing In‐Air Sublimation
Authors: Lin Qinglian , Ye Xin , Guo Qing , Zheng Xiaoxin , Han Quanxiang , Li Cuicui , Jiang Jinke , Liu Yang , Tao Xutang
Published: February 2023

Fabrication of single‐crystalline organic semiconductor patterns is of key importance to enable practical applications. However due to the poor controllability on nucleation locations and the intrinsic anisotropic nature of single‐crystals, growth of single‐crystal patterns with homogeneous orientation is a big challenge especially by the vapor method. Herein a vapor growth protocol to achieve patterned organic semiconductor single‐crystals with high crystallinity and uniform crystallographic orientation is presented. The protocol relies on the recently invented microspacing in‐air sublimation assisted with surface wettability treatment to precisely pin the organic molecules at desired locations, and inter‐connecting pattern motifs to induce homogeneous crystallographic orientation. Single‐crystalline patterns with different shapes and sizes, and uniform orientation are demonstrated exemplarily by using 2,7‐dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2‐b][1]benzothiophene (C8‐BTBT). Field‐effect transistor arrays fabricate on the patterned C8‐BTBT single‐crystal patterns show uniform electrical performance: a 100% yield with an average mobility of 6.28 cm2 V−1 s−1 and in a 5 × 8 array. The developed protocols overcome the uncontrollability of the isolated crystal patterns in vapor growth on non‐epitaxial substrates, making it possible to align the anisotropic electronic nature of single‐crystal patterns in large‐scale devices integration.
Exploring Individual Differences in Rating Second Language Speech: Rater's Language Aptitude, Major, Accent Familiarity, and Attitudes
Authors: Kahng Jimin
Published: February 2023

This study is the first attempt to explore the relationship between rater variables focusing on raters’ language aptitude and their judgments of second language (L2) speech. Thirty‐four English listeners rated 65 spontaneous native and nonnative speech samples for comprehensibility, accentedness, and fluency. They also completed the LLAMA language aptitude test for associate memory, phonetic memory, sound‐symbol associations, and grammatical inferencing. The results of mixed effect models showed that native listeners’ individual differences (i.e., language aptitude, major, accent familiarity and attitudes) altogether explained 10‐12% of L2 speech ratings. A particularly novel finding is that all aptitude components exhibited significant effects on the ratings. Specifically, associative memory exhibited a positive association whereas and phonetic memory, sound‐symbol associations, and grammatical inferencing had a negative association with the ratings. The findings have a potential to enhance our understanding of the complex dynamics involved in nonnative speech perception and L2 interaction, and implications for researchers and educators in SLA, language assessment, and education.
How is social capital formed and leveraged in international careers? A systematic review and future research directions
Authors: Mathey Friederike , Lysova Evgenia I. , Khapova Svetlana N.
Published: February 2023

The social capital that employees form on international assignments can have important implications for organizational outcomes. However, despite valuable prior research efforts, how and under which conditions international employees’ social capital is formed and translated into benefits for individuals and organizations remains unclear. To address this shortcoming, we employ a systematic literature review methodology and analyze papers on social capital in international careers published in peer-reviewed journals between 1973 and 2022. We integrate our findings into a framework that depicts the micro-, meso-, and macrolevel antecedents that influence the formation of social capital and describe the functional and dimensional features constituting international employees’ (IEs’) social capital. Our review thus outlines how IEs’ social capital is translated into individual and organizational outcomes as well as how it is contingent on several conditions. Based on our proposed framework, we conclude this paper with several suggestions for future research as well as certain practical suggestions for organizations.
Bargaining Theory
Authors: Vanderschraaf Peter
Published: February 2023

The Nash bargaining problem provides a framework for analyzing problems where parties have imperfectly aligned interests. This Element reviews the parts of bargaining theory most important in philosophical applications, and to social contract theory in particular. It discusses rational choice analyses of bargaining problems that focus on axiomatic analysis, according to which a solution of a given bargaining problem satisfies certain formal criteria, and strategic bargaining, according to which a solution results from the moves of ideally rational and knowledgeable claimants. Next, it discusses the conventionalist analyses of bargaining problems that focus on how members of a society can settle into bargaining conventions via learning and focal points. In the concluding section this Element discusses how philosophers use bargaining theory to analyze the social contract.
Measuring Historic and Longitudinal Social Vulnerability in Disaster-Prone Communities: A Modification to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Social Vulnerability Index (CDC-SVI)
Authors: Adepoju Omolola E. , Kiaghadi Amin
Published: February 2023

Objective:

Researchers have developed numerous indices to identify vulnerable sub-populations. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) is the most common and highly serviceable, but it has some temporal limitations considering that some variables used in calculating the CDC-SVI were not available before 1980. Changes in societal composition over time can impact social vulnerability. This study defines an alternate, but similar, index that could serve as a surrogate for the CDC-SVI without the temporal limitations.

Methods:

An inventory analysis of the historical census data (1960-2018) was used to develop a Modified SVI that allows for historic analyses. To consider the chronic effect of social vulnerabilities, a longitudinal SVI was introduced to elucidate how a community’s multidimensional experiences exacerbate vulnerability to disaster events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. We use Harris County, Texas, in this case study to examine how the Modified SVI performs against the original CDC-SVI.

Results:

This Modified SVI was used to generate historical maps, find temporal patterns, and inform a longitudinal SVI measure. The results showed a good agreement among the developed indices and the CDC-SVI. We also observed satisfactory performance in identifying the areas that are most vulnerable to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Conclusions:

The Modified SVI overcomes temporal limitations associated with the CDC-SVI, and the longitudinal SVI captures a community’s multidimensional experiences that exacerbate a community’s vulnerability to disaster events over time.
Addressing Health-Care Disparities in Pediatric Disaster Planning: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Navis Irene , Shaikh Almaas , McCarthy David , Perez Evette , Chanice Milissa , Newton Christopher , Burke Rita V.
Published: February 2023

Objective:

The Western Regional Alliance for Pediatric Emergency Medicine (WRAP-EM) is a multi-state, Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response (ASPR) funded pediatric disaster center of excellence. WRAP-EM set out to determine the impact of health disparities on its 11 core areas.

Methods:

We conducted 11 focus groups during April 2021. Discussions were led by an experienced facilitator, and participants could also include their thoughts on a Padlet throughout the discussion. Data were analyzed to determine overarching themes.

Results:

Responses focused on health literacy, health disparities, resource opportunities, addressing obstacles, and resilience building. Health literacy data highlighted the need for development of readiness and preparedness plans, community engagement in cultural and language appropriate means, and increasing diversity in training. Obstacles faced included funding; inequitable distribution of research, resources, and supplies; lack of prioritization of pediatric needs; and fear of retribution from the system. Multiple already existing resources and programs were referenced highlighting the importance of best practice sharing and networking. A stronger commitment to mental health-care delivery, empowerment of individuals and communities, use of telemedicine, and ongoing cultural and diverse education were recurring themes.

Conclusions:

Results of the focus groups can be used to prioritize efforts to address and improve health disparities in pediatric disaster preparedness.
Sequence entropy tuples and mean sensitive tuples
Authors: LI JIE , LIU CHUNLIN , TU SIMING , YU TAO
Published: February 2023

Using the idea of local entropy theory, we characterize the sequence entropy tuple via mean forms of the sensitive tuple in both topological and measure-theoretical senses. For the measure-theoretical sense, we show that for an ergodic measure-preserving system, the
$\mu $
-sequence entropy tuple, the
$\mu $
-mean sensitive tuple, and the
$\mu $
-sensitive in the mean tuple coincide, and give an example to show that the ergodicity condition is necessary. For the topological sense, we show that for a certain class of minimal systems, the mean sensitive tuple is the sequence entropy tuple.
Characteristics of geometry-and pressure-induced laminar separation bubbles at an enhanced level of free-stream turbulence
Authors: Mohamed Aniffa S. , Caesar V.S. , Dabaria V. , Mandal A.C.
Published: February 2023

Responses of a geometry-induced separation bubble (GISB) and a pressure-induced separation bubble (PISB) at enhanced levels of free-stream turbulence (FST) have experimentally been investigated for a comparative study using the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique. The outlines of separation bubbles based on the dividing streamlines are self-similar for different levels of FST and Reynolds numbers. The spectral analyses of the time-resolved PIV data show that the vortex shedding frequency of a separated shear layer remains unchanged for the GISB cases even with an enhanced level of FST. In contrast, it is different for the PISB cases. We propose a criterion that determines whether the frequency will remain the same even for the cases with FST. Linear stability analyses reveal that the inviscid-inflectional instability dominates the transition process, and the linear stages of transition are not completely bypassed even at an enhanced level of FST. The most amplified frequencies, while scaling with the displacement thickness and the boundary layer edge velocity, collapse in a single curve for all the cases. Furthermore, measurements in the spanwise plane show that the streamwise velocity streak/Klebanof mode at an enhanced level of FST is not a general flow feature for all types of separation bubbles. However, at an enhanced level of FST for the PISB case, the boundary layer streaks are found to distort the two-dimensional vortex structure associated with the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability, eventually leading to a three-dimensional

$\varLambda$

-like structure in the spanwise plane.
Tracking the extinct giant Cape zebra (Equus capensis) on the Cape south coast of South Africa
Authors: Helm Charles W. , Carr Andrew S. , Cawthra Hayley C. , De Vynck Jan C. , Dixon Mark G. , Gräbe Pieter-Jan , Thesen Guy H. H. , Venter Jan A.
Published: February 2023

The giant Cape zebra (Equus capensis) is one of the extinct Quaternary large mammal species of southern Africa, and the largest equid from the Quaternary of Africa. Twenty-six Pleistocene equid tracksites have been identified in aeolianites on the Cape south coast of South Africa. An age range of 161 ± 12 ka to 43 ± 4 ka has been established through Optically Stimulated Luminescence. More than half of the sites contain large-equid tracks, representing the first ichnosites attributed to E. capensis. Smaller equid tracks may have been registered by the quagga (E. quagga quagga). The abundance of E. capensis tracksites on the Cape south coast contrasts with the paucity of body fossils of the species from the region, contrasting with the impression obtained from the body fossil record that E. capensis was predominantly a west coast species in the region. The new data illustrate the capacity of the body fossil and trace fossil records to complement each other. The loss of suitable habitat provided by the Palaeo-Agulhas Plain was probably a contributing factor in the extinction of this large-bodied grazer. A long trackway at Driefontein, attributed to E. capensis, adds to a sparse global record of fossil horse trackways.
Couverture médiatique des enjeux électoraux au Québec de 1994 à 2018
Authors: Martel Marc-Antoine , Nadeau Richard
Published: February 2023

Cette étude examine l’évolution de la couverture accordée aux enjeux dans la presse écrite durant les campagnes au Québec de 1994 à 2018. Deux constats ressortent de cette étude. On assisterait d'abord à une diversification de l'ordre du jour médiatique s'expliquant notamment par un recul de la question nationale dans l'espace médiatique au profit d'enjeux comme l'environnement et l'immigration. Le recadrage de la question nationale nettement plus axée aujourd'hui sur la dimension identitaire que sur la question du statut politique du Québec est frappant. Ces changements semblent indiquer la montée d'un axe politique libéral-autoritaire dans la province, alors même que l’émergence du multipartisme ouvre la porte à un réalignement politique durable. Ces observations tendent à confirmer la perspective voulant que l'ordre du jour lors d'une campagne résulte de l'interaction entre les médias, les partis et les électeurs et qu'il offre ainsi un reflet adéquat de l’évolution de la dynamique politique dans une société donnée.
Evaluation of an indwelling bolus equipped with a triaxial accelerometer for the characterisation of the diurnal pattern of bovine reticuloruminal contractions
Authors: Capuzzello Giovanni , Viora Lorenzo , Borelli Elena , Jonsson Nicholas N.
Published: February 2023

This observational study aimed to describe the diurnal pattern of reticuloruminal contraction rate (RRCR) and the proportion of time spent ruminating by cattle, using two commercial devices equipped with triaxial accelerometers: an indwelling bolus (placed in the reticulum) and a neck collar. The three objectives of this study were firstly to determine whether the indwelling bolus provided observations consistent with RRCR as determined by clinical examination using auscultation and ultrasound, secondly to compare estimates of time spent ruminating using the indwelling bolus and a collar-based accelerometer, and finally to describe the diurnal pattern of RRCR using the indwelling bolus data. Six rumen-fistulated, non-lactating Jersey cows were fitted with an indwelling bolus (SmaXtec Animal Care GmbH, Graz, Austria) and a neck collar (Silent Herdsman, Afimilk Ltd. Kibbutz Afikim, Israel), and data were collected over two weeks. Cattle were housed together in a single straw-bedded pen and fed ad libitum hay. To assess the agreement between the indwelling bolus and traditional methods of assessing reticuloruminal contractility in the first week, the RRCR was determined over 10 min, twice a day, by ultrasound and auscultation. Mean inter-contraction intervals (ICI) derived from bolus and ultrasound, and from auscultation were 40.4 ± 4.7, 40.1 ± 4.0 and 38.4 ± 3.3 s. Bland–Altmann plots showed similar performance of the methods with small biases. The Pearson correlation coefficient for the time spent ruminating derived from neck collars and indwelling boluses was 0.72 (highly significant, P < 0.001). The indwelling boluses generated a consistent diurnal pattern for all the cows. In conclusion, a robust relationship was observed between clinical observation and the indwelling boluses for estimation of ICI and, similarly, between the indwelling bolus and neck collar for estimating rumination time. The indwelling boluses showed a clear diurnal pattern for RRCR and time spent ruminating, indicating that they should be useful for assessing reticuloruminal motility.
Agamermissp. (Nematoda: Mermithidae) parasitizingArmadillidium vulgare(Crustacea: Isopoda) in Argentina
Authors: Rusconi J.M. , Eliceche D. , Salas A. , Balcazar D. , Ibañez Shimabukuro M. , Achinelly M.F.
Published: February 2023

The Mermithidae is a family of nematodes parasitic in many kinds of insects, spiders, leeches, crustaceans and other invertebrates throughout the world. While conducting an assay with entomopathogenic nematodes, we foundArmadillidium vulgare(Crustacea: Isopoda) individuals to be infected withAgamermissp., marking the fourth known discovery of a mermithid infection in the order Isopoda. In this work, we contribute with an 18S rDNA sequence of the isolated nematode and the morphological and morphometrical characterization of the juveniles.
Safety outcomes of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in adolescent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with comorbid depression: the ASSURE study
Authors: Kim Chungsoo , Lee Dong Yun , Park Jimyung , Yang Su-Jin , Tan Eng Hooi , Prieto-Alhambra Daniel , Lee Yo Han , Lee Sangha , Kim Seong-Ju , Lee Jeewon , Park Rae Woong , Shin Yunmi
Published: February 2023

Background

Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is related to depressive disorder, and adolescents with both present poor outcomes. However, evidence for the safety of concomitantly using a methylphenidate (MPH) and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) among adolescent ADHD patients is limited, a literature gap aimed to address through this investigation.

Methods

We conducted a new-user cohort study using a nationwide claims database in South Korea. We identified a study population as adolescents who were diagnosed both ADHD and depressive disorder. MPH-only users were compared with patients who prescribed both a SSRI and a MPH. Fluoxetine and escitalopram users were also compared to find a preferable treatment option. Thirteen outcomes including neuropsychiatric, gastrointestinal, and other events were assessed, taking respiratory tract infection as a negative control outcome. We matched the study groups using a propensity score and used the Cox proportional hazard model to calculate the hazard ratio. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were conducted in various epidemiologic settings.

Results

The risks of all the outcomes between the MPH-only and SSRI groups were not significantly different. Regarding SSRI ingredients, the risk of tic disorder was significantly lower in the fluoxetine group than the escitalopram group [HR 0.43 (0.25–0.71)]. However, there was no significant difference in other outcomes between the fluoxetine and escitalopram groups.

Conclusion

The concomitant use of MPHs and SSRIs showed generally safe profiles in adolescent ADHD patients with depression. Most of the differences between fluoxetine and escitalopram, except those concerning tic disorder, were not significant.
Prospects and possibilities for interfaith environmentalism
Authors: McKim Robert
Published: February 2023

This article probes some philosophical issues that pertain to interfaith environmental collaboration. I distinguish some forms of interfaith environmentalism, starting with a form that is relatively easy for religious communities to pursue and that appears straightforward and easy to understand. Then I propose that even this easily pursued type of collaboration has interesting components that may not be obvious at first glance, including various sorts of mutual recognition. In addition, this sort of collaboration beckons those who engage in it to take various additional steps, some of which have to do with mutual understanding and mutual enrichment. Next I turn to forms of interfaith collaboration that some religious communities and religious traditions will find challenging. In the final sections I consider the possibility that environmentally constructive religious perspectives might emerge from interfaith collaboration and I consider forms of interfaith collaboration that involve religious exploration. At the end I consider the implications of the fact that to date the religions have generally failed to undertake the robust large-scale interfaith collaboration that the environmental crisis requires.
A closed-form approximation for pricing spread options on futures under a mean-reverting spot price model with multiscale stochastic volatility
Authors: Baek Seung-Yong , Kim Jeong-Hoon
Published: February 2023

Commodity spot prices tend to revert to some long-term mean level and most commodity derivatives are based on futures prices, not on spot prices. So, we consider spread options on futures instead of spot or spot index, where the log spot price follows a mean-reverting process. The volatility of the mean-reverting process is driven by two different (fast and slow) scale factors. We use asymptotic analysis to obtain a closed-form approximation of the futures prices and a closed-form formula for the approximate prices of spread options on the futures. The overall improvement of our analytic formula over the classical Kirk–Bjerksund–Sternsland (KBS) formula is discussed via numerical experiments.
“To Save the Benefit of the Act of Parliamt”: Mapping an Early American Copyright
Authors: Slonimsky Nora
Published: February 2023

While the reach of Parliament was hotly contested in eighteenth-century America, there was one Act in particular that proved especially complicated for geographer Lewis Evans and his daughter, Amelia Evans Barry. Believing that English copyright law did not extend to Philadelphia in the 1750s, Lewis Evans drew on a variety of tools and circumstances to, in essence, craft his own interpretation of what benefits of copyright he and his family could obtain. Rather than formal copyright disputes involving legal documentation, this particular episode focused on other aspects of A General Map of the Middle British Colonies, In America. Inheriting the copyright to A General Map from her father, Amelia Evans Barry in turn sought to enforce and recreate a claim to literary labor over subsequent decades. The result was a unique story of copyright’s origins in America that also underscored the challenge of enforcing structures of power and perceptions of authority, particularly over geographic media, in the British empire. The boundaries of jurisdiction and sovereignty, the same ones depicted in A General Map, were that much more difficult to enforce when it came to intellectual property.
Synthesis and X-ray diffraction data of dichloro-dioxido-(4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridyl) molybdenum (VI)
Authors: Pinto Jose L. , Camargo Hernando , Castellanos Nelson J.
Published: February 2023

The dichloro-dioxide-(4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)-molybdenum (VI) complex was prepared from molybdenum(VI)-dichloride-dioxide and 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridyl in CH2Cl2 obtaining a clear green solution. The molybdenum complex was precipitated using ethyl ether, separated by filtration and the light green solid washed with ethyl ether. The XRPD pattern for the new compound showed that the crystalline compound belongs to the monoclinic space group P21/n (No.14) with refined unit-cell parameters a = 12.0225(8) Å, b = 10.3812(9) Å, c = 11.7823(9) Å, β = 103.180(9)°, unit-cell volume V = 1431.79 Å3, and Z = 4.
Iatrogenic or predetermined aortic dysplasia?
Authors: Wang Zhongchao , Wang Qiguang , Zhu Xianyang
Published: February 2023

Coarctation of aorta post-transcatheter occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus is rare. We report a special case of infant with patent ductus arteriosus complicated by bicuspid aortic valve, who presented severe coarctation of aorta and aortic valve dysfunction post-patent ductus arteriosus occlusion during follow-up, eventually receiving surgical operations. A genetic rather than iatrogenic predisposition towards post-procedural complications has been discussed.
Crossing a Virtual Divide: Wargaming as a Remote Teaching Tool
Authors: Harris Benjamin Norwood , Freeman Suzanne
Published: February 2023

In Fall 2020, political science instructors at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) partnered to conduct a virtual-learning wargame centered on Taiwan. This article presents its design and execution along with the results from pre- and post-game surveys and interviews with the participants that were conducted to measure the achievement of its learning objectives. The game conduct and empirical results demonstrate two main findings. First, wargames are effective tools of active learning that aid in classroom instruction and grab the attention of students—even over Zoom—in a way that traditional methods of instruction do not. Second, wargames can bridge gaps between different fields. The MIT–NPS wargame tackled the civil–military divide by bringing together military officers at NPS and academics from MIT. These results show that wargaming holds promise as a bridge-building tool of instruction that can engage students, scholars, and practitioners in achieving positive learning outcomes.
Hard Work and You Can’t Get It: An International Comparative Analysis of Gender, Career Aspirations, and Preparedness Among Politics and International Relations PhD Students
Authors: Casey Daniel , Rutledge-Prior Serrin , Young Lisa , Malloy Jonathan , Berdahl Loleen
Published: February 2023

Do all PhD students aspire to an academic career? Do PhD programs appropriately prepare students for the realities of the job market? There is a well-established gap between political science PhD graduates and tenure-track academic postings. The mismatch between PhD graduates and academic positions may point to alternative models of doctoral education as a possible solution. However, the survey of Canadian and Australian PhD students described in this article suggests that issues and challenges are common regardless of the model of doctoral education. Canadian PhDs report more mentoring activity, but they also are more fixated on securing academic positions. However, we find important gender differences across countries: men are more interested in an academic career and only a (disproportionately male) minority is confident that they will succeed in securing a faculty career. This raises questions about diversity in the future of the profession. This research suggests that although students have different experiences under different doctoral models, issues of academic jobs and a mismatch are common in both systems.
A Synthetic Spring‐Neap Tidal Cycle for Long‐Term Morphodynamic Models
Authors: Schrijvershof R. A. , van Maren D. S. , Torfs P. J. J. F. , Hoitink A. J. F.
Published: February 2023

Existing tidal input reduction approaches applied in accelerated morphodynamic simulations aim to capture the dominant tidal forces in a single or double representative tidal cycle, often referred to as a “morphological tide.” These strongly simplified tidal signals fail to represent the tidal extremes and hence poorly allow to represent hydrodynamics in the intertidal areas. Here, a generic method is developed to construct a synthetic spring‐neap tidal cycle that (a) represents the original signal; (b) is exactly periodic; and (c) is derived directly from tidal time series or harmonic constituents. The starting point is a fortnightly modulation of the semidiurnal tide to represent spring‐neap variations, while conserving periodicity. Diurnal tides and higher harmonics of the semidiurnal tide are included to represent the asymmetry of the tide. The amplitudes and phases of the synthetic signal are then fitted to histograms of water levels and water level gradients derived from the original sea surface elevation time series. A depth‐averaged model of the Ems estuary (The Netherlands) demonstrates the effects of alternative tidal input reduction techniques. Adopting the new approach, the along‐estuary variation in tidal wave shape is well‐represented, leading to an improved representation of extreme tidal conditions. Especially the more realistic representation of intertidal dynamics improves the overall hydrodynamics and residual sand transport patterns, approaching nonschematized tidal dynamics.
Simulation of Freeze–Thaw and Melting of Buried Ice in Longbasaba Moraine Dam in the Central Himalayas Between 1959 and 2100 Using COMSOL Multiphysics
Authors: Wang Jia , Wang Xin , Zhang Yanlin , Ran Weijie , Zhang Yong , Wei Junfeng , Liu Qiao , Lei Dongyu
Published: February 2023

Permafrost degradation increases the likelihood of glacial lake outburst floods on the Tibetan Plateau. Analyses of the freeze–thaw conditions in moraine dams and associated impacts on dam stability contribute toward reducing natural hazard risks. We used the heat transfer module of COMSOL Multiphysics to simulate the soil temperature field in the Longbasaba moraine dam, which is on the northern slope of central Himalaya. There is close agreement between the simulated and observed soil temperature values. Root mean squared errors (the square root of the mean of the square of all of the error) are below 1.30°C and mean bias errors vary from −0.10 to −0.52°C for the different soil layers. Between 1959 and 2020, active layer thickness increased at a mean annual rate of 0.024 m a−1. Under the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 scenarios, the buried ice inside the moraine dam is clearly melting. The maximum‐buried ice thaw depth is currently 3.4 m and at the end of the 21st century is projected to be 9.53, 16.69, and 21.83 m under SSP1‐2.6, SSP2‐4.5, and SSP5‐8.5, which indicates a continuous decrease in moraine dam stability.
Bayesian Calibration Points to Misconceptions in Three‐Dimensional Hydrodynamic Reservoir Modeling
Authors: Schwindt Sebastian , Callau Medrano Sergio , Mouris Kilian , Beckers Felix , Haun Stefan , Nowak Wolfgang , Wieprecht Silke , Oladyshkin Sergey
Published: February 2023

Three‐dimensional (3d) numerical models are state‐of‐the‐art for investigating complex hydrodynamic flow patterns in reservoirs and lakes. Such full‐complexity models are computationally demanding and their calibration is challenging regarding time, subjective decision‐making, and measurement data availability. In addition, physically unrealistic model assumptions or combinations of calibration parameters may remain undetected and lead to overfitting. In this study, we investigate if and how so‐called Bayesian calibration aids in characterizing faulty model setups driven by measurement data and calibration parameter combinations. Bayesian calibration builds on recent developments in machine learning and uses a Gaussian process emulator as a surrogate model, which runs considerably faster than a 3d numerical model. We Bayesian‐calibrate a Delft3D‐FLOW model of a pump‐storage reservoir as a function of the background horizontal eddy viscosity and diffusivity, and initial water temperature profile. We consider three scenarios with varying degrees of faulty assumptions and different uses of flow velocity and water temperature measurements. One of the scenarios forces completely unrealistic, rapid lake stratification and still yields similarly good calibration accuracy as more correct scenarios regarding global statistics, such as the root‐mean‐square error. An uncertainty assessment resulting from the Bayesian calibration indicates that the completely unrealistic scenario forces fast lake stratification through highly uncertain mixing‐related model parameters. Thus, Bayesian calibration describes the quality of calibration and correctness of model assumptions through geometric characteristics of posterior distributions. For instance, most likely calibration parameter values (posterior distribution maxima) at the calibration range limit or with widespread uncertainty characterize poor model assumptions and calibration.
Effects of Soil Particle Size on Relationship Between Mound‐Puddle Type Microtopography Roughness and Soil Erosion Rate on a Hillslope Basin: Hairsine–Rose Model Analysis
Authors: Kim Soyoung , Jeong Minyeob , Kim Jongho , Kim Dae‐Hong
Published: February 2023

The effects of microtopography on erosion remain uncertain, and contradictory findings have been reported in past decades, hindering full understanding and accurate prediction of the quantity and quality of soil erosion caused by rainfall‐runoff. In this study, we applied a dynamic wave and Hairsine‐Rose model simulator on hillslopes composed of various sizes of mounds and puddles. For the tested soil particles whose settling velocity is and rainfall intensity of , we found that soil erosion quantity is significantly affected by microtopographic roughness, even under the same rainfall‐runoff conditions. In addition, we found that soil particle size can potentially determine whether there is a direct or inverse proportionality relationship between microtopographic roughness and soil erosion rate on hillslopes. That is, when the land surface layer is composed of relatively small soil particles, rough microtopographies accelerate soil erosion rates compared to smooth microtopographies. In contrast, when it is composed of large soil particles, soil erosion increases more on smooth microtopographies than on rough microtopographies, at least under the tested conditions. Finally, it was revealed that the progress of the microtopographic scale armoring process is closely related to the microtopographic roughness as well as the grain size. Thus, to appropriately consider the role of microtopography in soil erosion problems, the processes of pickup, advection, and deposition related to armoring must be physically considered. Without sufficient information on these features, low prediction accuracy is expected, not only of the quantity but also in the quality of soil erosion.