bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pretend Play and Development in Early Childhood (With Implications for the Oedipal Phase)
Authors: Gilmore Karen
Published: November 2011

Pretend play reflects both the unique mental organization and the developmental challenges of early to middle childhood, with a trajectory that parallels the monumental transformation of the toddler to the school-age child. Despite evidence for various forms of playing throughout the life cycle, the flowering of symbolic play in this phase is specific, essential, and typically transient in terms of its dominance in the life of the child. It reflects the simultaneous emergence, processing, and integration of the remarkable developmental advances occurring during this period, most especially the capacity to symbolize, in the service of the exponentially expanded psychosexual/social/emotional force field implied in the contemporary use of the term oedipus complex. Moreover, it constitutes a particular mental organization and ego state, with idiosyncratic mentation, affect regulation, and relationship to inner and outer experience, that accompanies the child’s gradual orientation to consensual reality. Subsequent access to some form of this state varies widely among individuals but is rarely fully comparable.
Two-Level Effects of Interorganizational Network Collaboration on Graduate Satisfaction
Authors: Akkerman Agnes , Torenvlied René , Schalk Jelmer
Published: November 2011

In the public management literature, network effects are studied primarily at two levels: (a) the level of the interorganizational network as a whole and (b) the level of individual organizations’ networking behavior. This article combines the two levels within one theoretical framework and derives hypotheses about network effects on organizational performance for each level of analysis. The hypotheses are tested on a data set of five interorganizational networks in Dutch higher education. Within these five intercollege networks, we study graduates’ satisfaction with the educational program offered by 91 colleges for cohorts in the years 2002 to 2005 ( n = 18,159). The results show that intercollege networks with clear patterns of coordination have significantly more satisfied graduates than networks of colleges characterized by either highly dense or sparse relations. For individual colleges, the results indicate that colleges’ participation in subnetworks positively affects graduate satisfaction, whereas colleges’ networking activity (the number of relationships with other colleges) does not affect graduate satisfaction.
Properties of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Intraspecies Passages
Authors: Okada H. , Iwamaru Y. , Kakizaki M. , Masujin K. , Imamura M. , Fukuda S. , Matsuura Y. , Shimizu Y. , Kasai K. , Mohri S. , Yokoyama T.
Published: November 2011

The origin and transmission routes of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) remain unclear. To assess whether the biological and biochemical characteristics of atypical L-type BSE detected in Japanese cattle (BSE/JP24) are conserved during serial passages within a single host, 3 calves were inoculated intracerebrally with a brain homogenate prepared from first-passaged BSE/JP24-affected cattle. Detailed immunohistochemical and neuropathologic analysis of the brains of second-passaged animals, which had developed the disease and survived for an average of 16 months after inoculation, revealed distribution of spongiform changes and disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) throughout the brain. Although immunolabeled PrPSc obtained from brain tissue was characterized by the presence of PrP plaques and diffuse synaptic granular accumulations, no stellate-type deposits were detected. Western blot analysis suggested no obvious differences in PrPSc molecular mass or glycoform pattern in the brains of first- and second-passaged cattle. These findings suggest failures to identify differences in mean incubation period and biochemical and neuropathologic properties of the BSE/JP24 prion between the first and second passages in cattle.
Emotional and motivational uses of music in sports and exercise: A questionnaire study among athletes
Authors: Laukka Petri , Quick Lina
Published: November 2011

Music is present in many sport and exercise situations, but empirical investigations on the motives for listening to music in sports remain scarce. In this study, Swedish elite athletes ( N = 252) answered a questionnaire that focused on the emotional and motivational uses of music in sports and exercise. The questionnaire contained both quantitative items that assessed the prevalence of various uses of music, and open-ended items that targeted specific emotional episodes in relation to music in sports. Results showed that the athletes most often reported listening to music during pre-event preparations, warm-up, and training sessions; and the most common motives for listening to music were to increase pre-event activation, positive affect, motivation, performance levels and to experience flow. The athletes further reported that they mainly experienced positive affective states (e.g., happiness, alertness, confidence, relaxation) in relation to music in sports, and also reported on their beliefs about the causes of the musical emotion episodes in sports. In general, the results suggest that the athletes used music in purposeful ways in order to facilitate their training and performance.
Predictors of music performance anxiety during skilled performance in tertiary flute players
Authors: Kenny Dianna T. , Fortune James M. , Ackermann Bronwen
Published: November 2011

This study predicted music performance anxiety in skilled flute players. Participants played two orchestral excerpts under audition conditions. Prior to the performance, participants completed the State (STAI-S) and Trait (STAI-T) Anxiety questionnaires from the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Inventory (K-MPAI) and the Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE). They also had electromyography (EMG) and electrocardiography (ECG) measures taken before and during their performances and provided information on their musical achievements and how much time they had spent practicing the test pieces. Specially developed rating scales assessed prior level of musical achievement. Hierarchical regression analysis assessed relationships between each group of variables entered and music performance anxiety assessed with K-MPAI. The final model included the anxiety measures (STAI-T, STAI-S, FNE), a rating of the highest level of achievement as a soloist, number of minutes they practiced the test piece, and the physiological measures (EMG and heart rate [HR]). This model accounted for 70.4% of the variance in music performance anxiety (MPA) but only STAI-S and FNE contributed significant unique variance to the prediction of it. A number of methodological issues were identified in studies on music performance anxiety, and suggestions made for the conduct of future research into music performance anxiety.
The Role of Self-Objectification in Disordered Eating, Depressed Mood, and Sexual Functioning Among Women
Authors: Tiggemann Marika , Williams Elyse
Published: November 2011

Our study aimed to offer a comprehensive test of the model outlined in objectification theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997). A sample of 116 Australian female undergraduate students completed measures of self-objectification, self-surveillance, body shame, appearance anxiety, internal body awareness, flow, disordered eating, depressed mood, and sexual functioning. Simple correlations showed that most variables were related as predicted. Structural equation modeling showed an acceptable level of fit of the data to the theoretical model. Nevertheless, predictive ability was considerably greater for disordered eating than for depressed mood, which in turn was greater than for sexual functioning. Appearance anxiety and body shame emerged as the major mediating variables. The findings provide strong evidence in support of objectification theory. In particular, we concluded that self-objectification plays an important role in the development of mental health issues in young women. Accordingly, intervention strategies that target either societal objectification practices themselves, or educate young women to resist the pressures inherent in these practices that lead to self-objectification, have potentially far-reaching benefits.
Femoral Tunnel Widening After Hamstring Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With Bioabsorbable Transfix
Authors: Choi Nam-Hong , Son Kyung-Mo , Yoo Soon-Young , Victoroff Brian N.
Published: November 2011

Background: Previous reports have shown that bio-Transfix implants (Arthrex, Naples, Florida) have the possibility of fracture during the early postoperative period. However, to date, there exists no study reporting the radiological and clinical significance of broken bio-Transfix implants.

Hypothesis: A broken bio-Transfix results in adverse effects, both radiologically and clinically.

Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods: Hamstring anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions using bio-Transfix in 50 patients with a minimum of 2 years’ postoperative follow-up were reviewed. On the anteroposterior (AP) and lateral radiographs, the diameter of the femoral tunnel was measured at the widest diameter and compared with the diameter of the reamer used at surgery. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were obtained 6 months postoperatively for all patients to evaluate the condition of bio-Transfix implants. The patients were divided into intact and broken bio-Transfix groups. Postoperative stability evaluations were performed using the Lachman and pivot-shift tests and instrumented laxity testing using the KT-1000 arthrometer. Functional evaluations were performed using the Lysholm score and Tegner activity scale.

Results: Follow-up MRI scans revealed that the bio-Transfix was broken in 11 and intact in 39 patients. Five implants were broken within the femoral tunnel and 6 were broken outside the femoral tunnel. Two bio-Transfix in the intact group were bent. On the AP and lateral radiographs at 24 months postoperatively, the average diameter of the femoral tunnel in the intact group increased by 13.1% and 17.1%, respectively. In the broken group at 24 months postoperatively, the average diameter of the femoral tunnel increased by 33.6% and 26.5%, respectively. There were significant differences between the 2 groups in the average diameters of the femoral tunnel on the AP radiographs at 24 months postoperatively ( P = .000). However, on the lateral radiographs, there were no significant differences between the 2 groups. Postoperative knee stability tests and functional evaluations showed no significant differences between the 2 groups.

Conclusion: Broken bio-Transfix implants resulted in significant femoral tunnel widening in the coronal plane, although clinical results were not affected. Surgeons should be aware of this phenomenon when selecting a fixation device for hamstring grafts.
Estimation of construction and demolition waste volume generation in new residential buildings in Spain
Authors: Villoria Sáez Paola , del Río Merino Mercedes , Porras-Amores César
Published: November 2011

The management planning of construction and demolition (C&D) waste uses a single indicator which does not provide enough detailed information. Therefore the determination and implementation of other innovative and precise indicators should be determined. The aim of this research work is to improve existing C&D waste quantification tools in the construction of new residential buildings in Spain. For this purpose, several housing projects were studied to determine an estimation of C&D waste generated during their construction process. This paper determines the values of three indicators to estimate the generation of C&D waste in new residential buildings in Spain, itemizing types of waste and construction stages. The inclusion of two more accurate indicators, in addition to the global one commonly in use, provides a significant improvement in C&D waste quantification tools and management planning.
Cost function analysis for solid waste management: a developing country experience
Authors: Parthan Shantha R , Milke Mark W , Wilson David C , Cocks John H
Published: November 2011

The need for improved cost planning methods for solid waste management (SWM) is particularly strong in emerging economies where problems are severe, expectations for improvements are high, but finances are constrained. Estimating cost functions is suggested as an improved cost planning method. The research uses 1999 data from 298 Indian municipalities, covering over 140 million people. Stepwise multiple regression involving eight predictor variables was conducted on costs to detect any statistically significant correlations. The average costs on either a per tonne or per capita basis are most influenced by the total number of staff employed per capita or per tonne. The results are believed to be due to labour costs being such a high fraction of total costs in developing countries. Due to high variability in labour intensity between municipalities the data showed no clear correlation between per tonne or per capita costs and population, indicating no economy-of-scale. The data used here are subject to significant conjecture over their quality and age; however, the unique nature of the study should help future researchers investigating costs in emerging economies
The effect of kaolin on the combustion of demolition wood under well-controlled conditions
Authors: Khalil Roger A , Todorovic Dusan , Skreiberg Øyvind , Becidan Michael , Backman Rainer , Goile Franziska , Skreiberg Alexandra , Sørum Lars
Published: November 2011

In an attempt to look at means for reduction of corrosion in boilers, combustion experiments are performed on demolition wood with kaolin as additive. The experiments were performed in a multi-fuel reactor with continuous feed of pellets and by applying staged air combustion. A total characterization of the elemental composition of the fuel, the bottom ash and some particle size stages of fly ash was performed. This was done in order to follow the fate of some of the problematic compounds in demolition wood as a function of kaolin addition and other combustion-related parameters. In particular chlorine and potassium distribution between the gas phase, the bottom ash and the fly ash is reported as a function of increased kaolin addition, reactor temperature and air staging. Kaolin addition of 5 and 10% were found to give the least aerosol load in the fly ash. In addition, the chlorine concentration in aerosol particles was at its lowest levels for the same addition of kaolin, although the difference between 5 and 10% addition was minimal. The reactor temperature was found to have a minimal effect on both the fly ash and bottom ash properties.
Mercury induces the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase
Authors: Park Hye-Jeong , Youn Hyung-Sun
Published: November 2011

Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a transcription factor that mediates the inducible expression of a variety of genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses. NF-κB activation induces numerous proinflammatory gene products including cytokines, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The divalent heavy metal mercury has been used for thousands of years. Although mercury is clearly toxic to most mammalian organ systems, especially the immune system, exposure has still increased in some areas of the world. However, the underlying toxic mechanism is not clearly identified. Here, we report biochemical evidence that mercury alone induces NF-κB activation, resulting in the induced expression of COX-2 and iNOS. The results suggest that mercury can induce inflammatory diseases by lowering host defense.
The influence of the intensity of smoking and years of work in the metallurgy on pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance in the blood of smelters
Authors: Bizoń Anna , Antonowicz-Juchniewicz Jolanta , Andrzejak Ryszard , Milnerowicz Halina
Published: November 2011

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cigarette smoking and occupational exposure to heavy metals on the degree of pro-oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in smelters. The investigations were performed on the blood and urine of 400 subjects: 300 male copper smelters and 100 nonexposed male subjects. Biological material was divided into three groups: nonsmokers, those who smoked less than 20 cigarettes a day and those who smoked more than 20 cigarettes a day. The results showed a significant increase in the concentration of lead, cadmium and arsenic in the blood and urine of smelters, while smoking more than 20 cigarettes a day caused a further increase in the concentration of these metals. The level of malondialdehyde was approximately twofold higher in the plasma of the smelters compared to the control group. We have observed a disturbance in the level of antioxidants in erythrocyte lysate manifested by an increase in metallothionein and glutathione concentrations as well as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and the decrease in glutathione S-transferase activity. Cigarette smoking, years of work in metallurgy and age of smelters were additional factors significantly affecting the pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance.
Poor Parenting and Antisocial Behavior Among Homeless Young Adults
Authors: Tyler Kimberly A. , Melander Lisa A.
Published: November 2011

Though research has examined risk factors associated with street victimization among homeless young people, little is known about dating violence experiences among this group. Given homeless youths’ elevated rates of child maltreatment, it is likely that they are at high risk for dating violence. As such, the current study examined the association between child maltreatment and parental warmth with dating violence perpetration and victimization through substance use and delinquency among a sample of 172 homeless males and females. Results from path analysis revealed that physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect were all significant correlates of both substance use and delinquency, whereas lack of parental warmth was only associated with substance use. Neglect and substance use had direct effects on dating violence and substance use and was found to mediate the relationship between physical abuse and dating violence. Finally, females, older youth, and non-Whites had significantly higher levels of dating violence compared with their counterparts.
The Effect of Offenders’ Sex on Reporting Crimes to the Police
Authors: Wong Thessa M. L. , Van de Schoot Rens
Published: November 2011

This article examines the difference in victims’ reporting behavior regarding crimes committed by males and by females. The authors expect that victims of female offenders are less likely to report to the police than victims of male offenders because of differences in the victim–offender relationship as well as in the victim’s sex. With recent developments in Bayesian statistics, new tools have become available that enable the direct evaluation of researchers’ expectations. All cases of robbery with assault from the National Crime Victimization Survey have been investigated ( n = 478). Findings reveal that female offenders are underreported compared with male offenders and that this can be explained by the victim characteristics but only in combination with the offender’s sex.
What Would They Do? Latino Church Leaders and Domestic Violence
Authors: Behnke Andrew O. , Ames Natalie , Hancock Tina U.
Published: November 2011

Understanding what Latino church leaders believe about domestic violence, and what they do when they confront it, is a key step in developing programs to help them engage in domestic violence prevention and intervention activities in their congregations. This article presents the findings from an exploratory study of 28 Latino church leaders. The study surveyed respondents’ beliefs about domestic violence and asked for their reactions to three domestic violence vignettes they might encounter. We found that study participants were willing to respond to cases of domestic violence in what we would define as constructive ways. However, some responses suggested potentially unsafe and ill-advised reactions to the vignettes. We discuss our study’s implications for practice and suggest future directions for additional research.
Domestic Violence During Pregnancy in an Eastern City of Turkey
Authors: Arslantaş Hülya , Adana Filiz , Ergin Filiz , Gey Neriman , Biçer Nejla , Kıranşal Nilüfer
Published: November 2011

Violence is an increasing and important community health problem that can be seen in any area of human life. Limited studies were found about domestic violence among pregnant women and its relation with social status of women. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and types of domestic violence during pregnancy, factors affecting it, women’s thoughts about violence, and relation between social status of women and domestic violence. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 253 pregnant women, using cluster and simple random sampling methods. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis methods were used to analyze the data. Women who indicated that they have been exposed to violence at some point of their lives were 24.1% and who indicated that violence continued while they were pregnant were 11.1%. Physical violence was the most common type of violence reported (18.2%). It was found that women who had primary school or lower level of education and who made unwanted marriage suffered from more violence during pregnancy. It can be said that violence against pregnant women is still a social problem. In societies where gender roles are dominant, decision makers have to take necessary steps such as supporting education of girls to improve social status of women, increasing awareness among women in regard to personal rights and legal regulations which will contribute to the solution of the issue.
The Relationship Between Marijuana Use and Intimate Partner Violence in a Nationally Representative, Longitudinal Sample
Authors: Reingle Jennifer M. , Staras Stephanie A. S. , Jennings Wesley G. , Branchini Jennifer , Maldonado-Molina Mildred M.
Published: November 2011

Intimate partner violence is a significant public health problem, as these behaviors have been associated with a number of negative health outcomes including illicit drug use, physical injury, chronic pain, sexually transmitted diseases, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder. The current study examined the association between marijuana use and intimate partner violence using a longitudinal survey of adolescents and young adults ages 15 to 26 years. Data were obtained from 9,421 adolescents in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) Waves 1 through 4 (1995-2008). Marijuana use was measured in the past year at each wave and participants were categorized as “users” or “nonusers.” Partner violence was constructed using six items (three pertaining to victimization and three concerning perpetration) from Wave 4 (2007-2008). Using these six items, participants were categorized as “victims only,” “perpetrators only,” or “victims and perpetrators.” Survey multinomial regression was used to examine the relationship between marijuana use and intimate partner violence. Consistent use of marijuana during adolescence was most predictive of intimate partner violence ( OR = 2.08, p < .001). Consistent marijuana use ( OR = 1.85, p < .05) was related to an increased risk of intimate partner violence perpetration. Adolescent marijuana use, particularly consistent use throughout adolescence, is associated with perpetration or both perpetration of and victimization by intimate partner violence in early adulthood. These findings have implications for intimate partner violence prevention efforts, as marijuana use should be considered as a target of early intimate partner violence intervention and treatment programming.
Gender-Specific Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Homicide
Authors: Weizmann-Henelius Ghitta , Matti Grönroos LicPhil , Putkonen Hanna , Eronen Markku , Lindberg Nina , Häkkänen-Nyholm Helinä
Published: November 2011

The present study examined gender differences in intimate partner homicide (IPH) and offender characteristics with the focus on putative gender-specific risk factors in a nationwide consecutive sample of homicide offenders. Data on all offenders ( N = 642; 91 females, 551 males) convicted of homicide and subjected to a forensic psychiatric examination in Finland were obtained for the years 1995 and 2004. IPH offenders, 39 female and 106 male, were compared for risk factors with female and male offenders whose victims were not spouses. The forensic psychiatric examination reports were retrospectively analyzed, and the Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (PCL-R) was rated. Significant gender differences were found in four risk factors: employment, intoxication of victim, self-defense, and quarrel, mostly related to alcohol as a factor of the offense. The findings support the notion that female IPH is linked to defensive reactions resulting from prior abuse, and that IPH offenders resemble the general population more than offenders of other types of homicide.
Effects of Family-to-Work Conflict on Business Owners
Authors: Kwan Ho Kwong , Lau Victor P. , Au Kevin
Published: November 2011

Family plays an important part in personal lives, career success, and organizational success. This study examines how type of businesses (family business vs. nonfamily business) moderates the relationships between family-to-work conflict (FWC) and job satisfaction and social networks. Results of a study on 158 Chinese business owners indicate that among nonfamily businesses, the relationship between owners’ FWC and job satisfaction is negative, whereas the relationship between their FWC and social networks is positive. Among family businesses, in comparison, owners’ FWC is not related to their job satisfaction and social networks. It is hoped that these findings will offer a springboard for future family business research.
Experimental and numerical investigations on an airfoil with triangular- and star-shaped damage
Authors: Etemadi F , Yahyavi B , Mani M
Published: November 2011

In this article, the aerodynamic performance of a full-span NACA 641-412 airfoil with inverse triangle, right triangle, and star shaped damage is experimentally investigated using balance measurements and flow visualization. Airfoil models with 100 mm chord sizes are used. Moreover, three shapes of damage, including right triangle, inverse triangle and star, with 100 mm chord size, are numerically investigated. Results show good qualitative and quantitative agreement, which is mostly due to the application of a full structured grid in the model. It is for the first time that good prediction of aerodynamic results is reported in such complex configurations; this fact is because of using multi-block structured mesh. Distribution of the pressure coefficient due to the damage shapes is also investigated in this article.
Non-linear solution to the maximum height orbit transfer guidance problem
Authors: Afshari H H , Taheri E
Published: November 2011

An optimal control solution to the highly non-linear problem of orbit transfer mission is achieved by using a newly proposed analytical perturbation technique. The problem is classified as a two-point boundary value problem in order to optimize a performance measure in a given time. Assuming a constant thrust operating in a given length of time, it is sought to find the thrust direction history of a transfer from a given initial orbit to the largest possible orbit. The system dynamical model is stated by regarding a variable mass spacecraft moving in the variable gravitational field of the Earth, based on the two-body problem. To assess the perturbation solution fidelity, a numerical solution based on the Gauss pseudospectral method has been employed. The main novelty of this work is in applying a new analytical solution strategy that is a combination of perturbation technique and backward integration to a highly non-linear problem in the calculus of variations approach.
Using real options to compare the economics of nuclear power and wind power with electricity from natural gas
Authors: Thomas P J , Chrysanthou N
Published: November 2011

The real options method provides one objective basis for judging when (if at all) it is reasonable to invest in a product in competition with another, the future price of which may exhibit a high degree of uncertainty. This article uses the real options technique to find the economically desirable start-up dates for three carbon-free methods of generating electricity, nuclear, onshore wind, and offshore wind, when facing competition from electricity generated from natural gas. The fact that the same assessment method has been used for each of the three carbon-free options allows intercomparability of the results. Nuclear power is projected to become competitive with gas-based electricity in 2015, even when no benefit is claimed for its carbon-free properties. Using the same yardstick, unaided onshore wind power first becomes competitive with gas in 2032 and unaided offshore wind power in 2040. There is thus a wide disparity among the dates of competiveness for the three methods of generation considered. Judged on a level playing field for carbon-free technologies, nuclear power emerges as a much better investment than onshore wind, while onshore wind is better than offshore wind. The analysis provides an explanation for the significant number of utilities who have declared an interest in New Nuclear Build in the UK in the near future. It shows that these utilities can be expected to make money immediately after their plants start up, even if they are given no credit for the carbon-free nature of nuclear generation. By contrast, the economics of wind power look more problematic. Even given the current level of intervention, £40/MWh, equivalent to £90/t CO2 avoided, onshore wind farms are not expected to become competitive with gas generation for about 15 years. That timescale stretches to over 20 years if no intervention is made. The situation is worse for offshore wind farms, which do not become competitive until 2028 even when given twice the aid offered to onshore wind farms: £80/MWh, equivalent to £180/t CO2 avoided. Without this high level of support, offshore wind farms are not expected to become competitive with gas generation for nearly 30 years even when allowance is made for the improved technology associated with series build. While wind technology is likely eventually to become competitive with gas, the real options analysis suggests that it would require significant cost reductions for a major, early deployment of wind power to become justified. It would appear to be a particularly questionable use of resources to spend money developing offshore wind farms so far in advance of their likely cost-effectiveness. The real options analysis suggests that large-scale construction of offshore wind farms should be delayed until the late 2030s.
A basic hybrid library support model to distance learners in Sudan
Authors: Abdelrahman Omer Hassan
Published: November 2011

Distance learning has flourished in Sudan during the last two decades; more and more higher education institutions offer distance learning programmes to off-campus students. Like on-campus students, distance learners should have access to appropriate library and information support services. They also have specific needs for library and information support services as a result of their distance from their university libraries. Advances in information and communication technology (ICT) and digital libraries have contributed positively in bridging the information gap for distance learners. This study investigates the library and information services support available to distance learners in Sudan. Structured interviews are employed for data collection. The findings reveal that distance learners in Sudan have very little library support available to them. In the light of these findings, a hybrid library support model is proposed based on other existing models of conventional and virtual support to distance learners around the world, arrived at through literature review and tailored to suit the distance learning situation in Sudan.
Library 2.0 versus other library service models: A critical analysis
Authors: Kwanya Tom , Stilwell Christine , Underwood Peter G
Published: November 2011

Literature on library service models is scarce and exists mainly in non-traditional formats such as blog entries and webpages. Nonetheless, the subject evokes heated debate among librarians with many supporting the model they are using, sometimes without understanding that there are other options which perhaps could be better for their circumstances. Through critical documentary analysis, this study explores the library service models that exist as well as how they compare with each other. The findings have revealed that although there are many library service models, it is not possible to get a clear-cut model which is exclusive of all the others in practice. It is also evident that the models are continuously evolving along general socio-economic and technological development patterns in society. Similarly, the study suggests that none of the models can suit all library service provision contexts. However, it is also apparent that some models may yield more benefits than others to specific library communities at a particular time. In deciding the model to apply, libraries should be careful to accommodate the prevailing characterization of their user communities and their contexts.
Failure Predictions for DP Steel Cross-die Test using Anisotropic Damage
Authors: Niazi M. S. , Wisselink H. H. , Meinders T. , Huétink J.
Published: November 2011

The Lemaitre's continuum damage model is well known in the field of damage mechanics. The anisotropic damage model given by Lemaitre is relatively simple, applicable to nonproportional loads and uses only four damage parameters. The hypothesis of strain equivalence is used to map the effective stress to the nominal stress. Both the isotropic and anisotropic damage models from Lemaitre are implemented in an in-house implicit finite element code. The damage model is coupled with an elasto-plastic material model using anisotropic plasticity (Hill-48 yield criterion) and strain-rate dependent isotropic hardening. The Lemaitre continuum damage model is based on the small strain assumption; therefore, the model is implemented in an incremental co-rotational framework to make it applicable for large strains. The damage dissipation potential was slightly adapted to incorporate a different damage evolution behavior under compression and tension. A tensile test and a low-cycle fatigue test were used to determine the damage parameters. The damage evolution was modified to incorporate strain rate sensitivity by making two of the damage parameters a function of strain rate. The model is applied to predict failure in a cross-die deep drawing process, which is well known for having a wide variety of strains and strain path changes. The failure predictions obtained from the anisotropic damage models are in good agreement with the experimental results, whereas the predictions obtained from the isotropic damage model are slightly conservative. The anisotropic damage model predicts the crack direction more accurately compared to the predictions based on principal stress directions using the isotropic damage model. The set of damage parameters, determined in a uniaxial condition, gives a good failure prediction under other triaxiality conditions.
Happily Ever After
Authors: Funk Charles A. , Kulik Brian W.
Published: November 2011

This article develops a theory of late stage group performance based on the late stage group’s unique characteristics: a long shared history, an indefinite endpoint, a long member entry/exit history, and a long “parent” organization relationship. These characteristics are markedly different from those of earlier stage groups, suggesting that extant literature’s limited “maintenance” or “cyclical” prescriptions are insufficient for effective late stage group management. Six propositions are developed to model the relationship between late stage group characteristics and performance. Managerial implications are also discussed and a late stage group research agenda is proposed.
Middle Eastern Impression-Management Communication
Authors: Merkin Rebecca
Published: November 2011

This study examines Israeli and Syrian impression management (facework), drawing on Hofstede’s theory of cultural dimensions. Using a MANCOVA design while controlling for social desirability and gender, it measured the influence of country on direct, aggressive, competitive, and harmonious facework strategies from self-report questionnaires ( n = 176) collected in Israel and Syria. Consistent with the hypotheses, Israelis exhibit more direct, aggressive, and competitive facework strategies than Syrians. Israeli facework strategies corresponded to cultural individualism and a low power distance, whereas Syrian facework corresponded to cultural collectivism and a high power distance. Contrary to expectation, Israeli facework is more harmonious. A unique contribution of the present study is the identification of changes in facework necessary for avoiding a loss of face among two populations whose previous diplomatic efforts have not succeeded.
Acute pain associated with oxaliplatin infusion: Case report and literature review
Authors: Clay Timothy D , Ashley David A
Published: November 2011

Both acute and chronic neurotoxicities are well-described with the use of oxaliplatin. We describe the case of a 50-year-old man with Dukes C colon carcinoma being treated with an adjuvant FOLFOX4 (5-fluorouracil, leucovorin and oxaliplatin (85 mg/m2 per cycle)) who developed a widespread acute pain 5 min after commencing his twelfth cycle of chemotherapy. The pain was disabling and distressing, and remained for 16 h despite multimodality analgesia. The patient was not rechallenged with oxaliplatin. We believe this presentation represents an acute neurological phenomenon relating to oxaliplatin. Of note, this acute reaction occurred after 11 cycles of treatment, significantly later in the treatment course than other reports of atypical acute reactions.
Couple-stress effects for the problem of a crack under concentrated shear loading
Authors: Gourgiotis PA , Georgiadis HG , Sifnaiou MD
Published: November 2011

In this paper, we deal with the plane-strain problem of a semi-infinite crack under concentrated loading in an elastic body exhibiting couple-stress effects. The faces of the crack are subjected to a concentrated shear loading at a distance L from the crack tip. This type of loading is chosen since, in principle, shear effects are more pronounced in couple-stress elasticity. The problem involves two characteristic lengths, that is, the microstructural length ℓ and the distance L between the point of application of the concentrated shear forces and the crack tip. The presence of this second characteristic length introduces certain difficulties in the mathematical analysis of the problem: a non-standard Wiener–Hopf equation arises, one that contains a forcing term with unbounded behaviour at infinity in the transformed plane. Nevertheless, an analytic function method is employed that circumvents the aforementioned difficulty. For comparison purposes, the case of a semi-infinite crack subjected to a distributed shear load is also treated in the present study. Numerical results for the dependence of the stress intensity factor and the energy release rate upon the ratio of the characteristic lengths are presented.
Perception of a Self-Fitting Hearing Aid Among Urban-Dwelling Hearing-Impaired Adults in a Developed Country
Authors: Convery Elizabeth , Keidser Gitte , Hartley Lisa
Published: November 2011

A self-fitting hearing aid is a personal amplification device that is designed to be assembled, programmed, and fine-tuned by the user, without the need for additional equipment or professional support. A written description of the device was presented to 80 older adults with a hearing impairment, all of whom were residents of an urban area in a developed country. In response to a structured questionnaire, the majority of participants reported that the self-fitting hearing aid concept was a good idea (83%), would be of personal benefit (60%), and could be managed independently by the user (90%). Overall, half of the participant group agreed with all three statements. Two were uncertain about the concept, but none of the participants rejected it outright. There were no significant differences between the opinions of participants with previous hearing aid experience and those without. Participant responses to open-ended questions revealed that the main benefits of a self-fitting hearing aid were thought to be the ability to self-adjust the device’s settings (reported by 33% of participants) and increased convenience (20% of participants). The main drawback, mentioned by 25% of participants, was a preference for professional guidance through the fitting process. These results suggest that the self-fitting hearing aid may present as an alternative product in developed countries for those users who prefer to be in control of the fitting process.
Peace through democracy?
Authors: Joas Hans
Published: November 2011

This article is an attempt to discuss possible causal relationships between ‘war’ and ‘democracy’. One can ask: What is the impact of wars on democracies – and what is the effect of a state’s democratic nature on its behaviour with respect to war? If we add the distinction between ‘socialization’ and ‘selection’, we realize that four key questions arise. All four questions are discussed here on the basis of theoretical reflections taken from the history of social thought and with reference to contemporary developments.
Interpretive journalism: A review of concepts, operationalizations and key findings
Authors: Salgado Susana , Strömbäck Jesper
Published: November 2011

The overall purpose of this article is to review theory and research on interpretive journalism, one of the key concepts in research on the style and character of news journalism. While it is often claimed that news journalism over recent decades has changed from being predominantly descriptive to becoming increasingly interpretive, our review suggests that there is a lack of systematic research in this area. The literature is furthermore characterized by different conceptualizations and operationalizations of interpretive journalism, as well as by different normative assumptions. Taken together, this suggests not only insufficient conceptual clarity, but also problems related to the comparability and cumulativity of findings. To remedy this, and based on our review of how interpretive journalism has been conceptualized and operationalized, this article suggests how interpretive journalism should be conceptualized and operationalized in order to increase conceptual clarity, comparability across studies, and ultimately research cumulativity.
I'm not all gone, I can still speak: The experiences of younger people with dementia. An action research study
Authors: Pipon-Young Fiona E. , Lee Kristina M. , Jones Fergal , Guss Reinhard
Published: November 2011

In this study we explored the experiences of younger people with dementia (age 60–67 years) using an action research methodology across three phases. Phase One involved interviews with participants ( n = 8). Phases Two ( n = 5) and Three ( n = 4) consisted of two action research groups. Thematic analysis highlighted few difficulties commonly associated with younger people with dementia (e.g. loss of employment). Participants highlighted a need for social support from a variety of sources as well as the opportunity to develop a shared social identity and a focus on remaining strengths. The ‘action’ (Phase Three) comprised a leaflet written by participants for other people with dementia. The findings suggest there is a need for people with dementia to receive information from people who have experienced dementia and for that information to foster a sense of hope and resilience. Furthermore, the findings support the use of action research methodologies with people with dementia.
Scaffolding preschool children’s problem solving: A comparison between Chinese mothers and teachers across multiple tasks
Authors: Sun Jin , Rao Nirmala
Published: November 2011

This study compared Chinese mothers’ and teachers’ scaffolding of preschool children in different problem solving tasks. Participants were 57 children (including 29 girls) from seven kindergartens in Beijing, their mothers and teachers. Mothers varied in educational levels while all teachers were professionally qualified. Children solved four problems (supermarket, jigsaw puzzle, worksheet, and map) with their mothers and four comparable ones with their teachers. These tasks were appropriate for Chinese five-year-olds and differed in terms of dependence on verbal guidance, explicit learning content, contextual information, and complexity. Twenty-eight children worked with their mothers first; the problems were presented in the same order for both sets of dyads. Problem solving episodes ( n = 228) were videotaped and transcribed. An interaction turn was the unit of analyses. Results indicated that teachers gave higher-level cognitive support and emotional feedback than did mothers. Mothers with more education provided more optimal scaffolding than those with less education; but teachers’ scaffolding for these two groups of children rarely differed. Both mothers and teachers adjusted their scaffolding as a function of task characteristics but teachers were more sensitive to task characteristics than mothers. Possible reasons for these results are discussed.
Prediction of textile geometry using an energy minimization approach
Authors: Sherburn Martin , Long Andrew , Jones Arthur , Crookston Jonathan , Brown Louise
Published: November 2011

In this article, a numerical method to predict textile geometry is derived using a technique based on finite elements (FEs). A geometric modeling package is used to represent an initial geometry of the yarns within the textile. The yarn mid-surface is then represented using plate elements, with the yarn thickness and cross-section being reconstructed from this mid-surface. The bending and tensile aspects of the yarn behavior are represented by separate features of the plate elements and the total energy for the system is minimized. Contacts are modeled using a penalty method, where the contact force is proportional to penetration distance. Once geometry correction has been achieved by solving the FE problem, the geometric model of the textile is corrected to take into account the predicted movements of the yarns. For validation purposes, the method is applied to two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) weaves and compared against images of the real fabrics. Agreement between predictions and images is good for the 3D weave and excellent for the 2D weave.
Fear and (Self-)Loathing in Academia
Authors: Grainger Andrew
Published: November 2011

In this article I discuss a troubled conscience brought on by trying to be a critical scholar of physical culture while, at the same time, being a sports fan. I recount, in particular, the efforts, of myself and others, to try and reconcile what I see as an incongruence between an emotional passion for sport and the demands of academic politics. I try to lay bare my own hypocrisies and uncertainties in the hope of provoking a broader discussion about what academics are supposed to be and what they actually do.