PECULIARITIES OF LEGUME SEEDS YIELD FORMATION AND WAYS TO IMPROVE THEIR QUALITY
Authors:   Sumy National Agrarian University, Danylcenko Olesia , Radchenko Mykola ,   Sumy National Agrarian University
Published: February 2025

An important task of modern agricultural production is the formation of plant protein resources. Among various agricultural crops, legumes take a leading place in the raw material balance of the country, ensuring the production of protein products for food and fodder. In connection with the decrease in the production of livestock products, great attention should be paid to the problem of increasing the production of legumes rich in proteins. In the conditions of a steady tendency to narrow the list of main crops, it is important to maintain the species range of legumes, which ensures the growth of crop rotation productivity and reproduction of soil fertility.
The potential yield of peas, fodder beans, chickpea and lentils under production conditions remains unrealized. The symbiosis potential of legumes with nodular rhizobia of the soil is often limited by a low level of nitrogen-fixing capacity or an insufficient number of bacteria in the germinating seed zone. Therefore, pre-sowing treatment of seeds with biological preparations based on strains of specific rhizobia should be an expedient agromeasure in the technology of growing leguminous crops.
The purpose of the research was to analyze the elements of the technology of growing leguminous crops, namely determining the optimal doses of mineral fertilizers in combination with seed inoculation with bacterial preparations aimed at increasing the yield and quality of pea, fodder beans, chickpea, and lentils.
The object of the research is leguminous crops (peas, fodder beans, chickpea, lentils).
The subject of the research is the elements of the technology of growing legumes (mineral fertilizers and bacterial preparations based on nitrogen-fixing and phosphorus-mobilizing microorganisms).
Relevance of the topic. In order to increase the effectiveness of the functioning of agrocenoses of leguminous crops, it is important to expand and deepen the knowledge of the study of individual technological elements of their cultivation. Until recently, the issue of the complex effect of agrotechnical factors, in particular mineral and bacterial fertilizers, on crop formation has not been solved fully. The influence of complex bacterial preparations, the components of which are nitrogen-fixing and phosphorus-mobilizing microorganisms, on the nitrogen-fixing capacity of leguminous plants (peas, chickpea, fodder beans, and lentils) at different levels of mineral fertilization remains insufficiently studied. It is necessary to identify agrotechnical measures that would contribute to the maximum realization of the productive potential of peas, chickpea, fodder beans and lentils.
The results of the analysis of modern literary sources make it possible to reveal the all-round positive effect of complete mineral fertilizer, individual macro- and microelements, bacterial fertilizers on the activity of symbiotic systems and the productivity of legumes in different soil and climatic zones. Along with this, the issue of developing optimal criteria for the use of fertilizer remains not fully resolved, and this requires solving a number of issues, namely: whether it is advisable to use increased doses of mineral nitrogen in order to obtain high yields, turning leguminous crops into nitrogen users; what optimal doses of nitrogen fertilizers, with their corresponding ratio with phosphorus and potassium, should be applied under grain leguminous crops to ensure a high yield without inhibiting symbiotic nitrogen fixation; to what extent the applied high doses of mineral fertilizers are used by leguminous plants and what are the unproductive losses of nitrogen, which lead to environmental pollution with intermediate products of the transformation of mineral compounds.
A scientifically based fertilization system is the basis for the formation of high and stable grain yields of leguminous crops, and the information mentioned above testifies to the insufficient study of the complex effect of agrotechnical factors on the quantity and quality of the crop.