bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Henry Ford and the Model T: Lessons for Product Platforming and Mass Customization
Authors: Alizon Fabrice , Shooter Steven B. , Simpson Timothy W.
Published: July 2009

Everyone knows Henry Ford’s famous maxim: “You can have any color car you want so long as it’s black”. While he is recognized as the father of mass production, his contributions extend well beyond that, offering valuable lessons for product platforming and mass customization. While Ford’s pioneering production systems are widely known and studied, few realize that Ford’s Model T could be viewed as one of the greatest platforms ever created, enabling his workers to customize this model for a variety of different markets. In this paper, we study Ford’s Model T in depth and describe insights into Ford’s vision and his car: how the platform was built, how it was leveraged, and how the platform was maintained dynamically and with continuous improvements to maximize learning and economies of scale. Finally, we compare Ford’s approach to more current approaches to learn from his innovative product line. In some aspects this old car still runs faster than us, and we can learn valuable lessons from the past to avoid future mistakes and improve current practices.
Multiobjective Optimization Method for Lifecycle Design of Machine Products
Authors: Doi Kenji , Yoshimura Masataka , Nishiwaki Shinji , Izui Kazuhiro
Published: July 2009

Manufacturing that minimizes the exhaustion of natural resources, energy used, and deleterious environmental impact is increasingly demanded by societies that seek to protect global environments as much as possible. To achieve this, lifecycle design (LCD) is an essential component of product design scenarios, however LCD approaches have not been well integrated in optimal design methods that support quantitative decision making. This study presents a method that yields quantitative solutions through optimization analysis of a conceptual product design incorporating lifecycle considerations. We consider two types of optimization approaches that have different aims, namely, (1) to reduce the use of raw materials and energy consumption, and (2) to facilitate the reuse of the product or its parts when it reaches the end of its useful life. We also focus on how the optimization results differ according to the approach used, from the view point of the 3R concept (Reduce, Reuse and Recycling). Our method obtains optimum solutions by evaluating objectives fitted to each of these two optimization approaches with respect to the product’s lifecycle stages, which are manufacturing, use, maintenance, disposal, reuse and recycling. As an applied example, a simple linear robot model is presented, and Pareto optimum solutions are obtained for the multiobjective optimization problem whose evaluated objectives are the operating accuracy and the different lifecycle costs for the two approaches. The characteristics of the evaluated objectives and design variables, as well as the effects of using material properties as design parameters, are also examined.
A Kinetoelastic Approach to Continuum Compliant Mechanism Optimization
Authors: Wang Michael Yu
Published: July 2009

This paper presents a new approach to designing continuum compliant mechanisms—the kinetoelastic approach. We present a new formulation of the design problem, incorporating not only the kinematic function requirements of the mechanism but, more importantly, the compliance characteristics of the mechanism’s structure. In our kinetoelastic model, the kinematics of the compliant mechanism is defined on rigid-bodies of input/output ports and is related to a set of kinetoelastic factors of mechanism’s structure in a state equation of the mechanism defined by the elasticity theory. Central to defining the compliance characteristics of the mechanism is the mechanism eigensystem with principal eigen-stiffness or eigen-compliance. In this new perspective, we further apply the kinetoelastic model to the problem of designing compliant translational joints with a structure topology optimization technique. This application demonstrates the capability of the kinetoelastic approach in producing compliant designs with desirable compliance properties, such as in the leaf-spring type sliding joint as opposed to the notch-type joint. The paper represents an initial development towards a complete methodology for continuum compliant mechanism design.
Product Family Design: Strategic Principles to Choose Between Product-Driven and Platform-Driven Processes
Authors: Alizon Fabrice , Marion Tucker J. , Shooter Steven B. , Simpson Timothy W.
Published: July 2009

The development process is a key aspect of ultimate product success. The front-end of the development activity is the foundation for building new products by first gathering customers’ needs, identifying the company’s goals, and assessing the competitive landscape. By doing so, this crucial activity directly impacts eventual development cost, which includes engineering resources, manufacturing, etc. In this paper, we study a specific design approach, namely, product family design, which allows companies to increase revenue by developing an entire family of products targeting different market segments while reducing lead-time and manufacturing costs. However, there is a significant amount of risk given the costs of developing complex shared architectures, and there are many examples from industry where product families have failed. Thus, the development stage is critical, and a well-structured development strategy can bring success while a poor one can cause significant problems during product launch, as recent case studies illustrate. In this platform-based study, we assess two drivers of this product family design: (1) a platform-driven strategy and (2) a product-driven strategy. Three facets are examined: the product, the company, and the competition. The goal is to recommend a planning framework to aid companies in selecting the right process considering their product, strategy, and environment.
Time Optimal CAM Synthesis for Spring Driven CAMS
Authors: Duerr Konrad , Seethaler Rudolf
Published: July 2009

In recent years, engine researchers have been trying to replace traditional cam shafts with systems that provide valve timing independent of crank motion. Such systems must be fast, quiet and energy efficient. One solution is a spring driven cam that performs a rocking motion between two stable endpoints rather than a continuous rotation. Since the cam motion is not at constant speed, traditional methods for synthesizing the cam profile cannot be applied directly. This paper illustrates a methodology for synthesizing a time optimal cam profile for a spring driven cam that is bound by simultaneous constraints of contact force, contact stress, radius of curvature, jerk, and pressure angle.
Generation of Optimal Assembly Sequences Using Particle Swarm Optimization
Authors: Liu Jihong , Wang Yong , Gu Zhicai
Published: July 2009

Assembly sequence planning of complex products is apt to get into a hobble of combinatorial explosion because of large numbers of parts. Contrasted with the conventional methods, intelligent algorithms reveal their advantages in throwing off the vexatious situations. This paper presents a particle swarm optimization (PSO) approach to tackle the generation of optimal assembly sequences of complex products. Six kinds of assembly process constraints related to the assembly cost are analyzed at first. Then, an optimization model of assembly sequences is constructed. The mapping rules between the optimization model and the PSO model are clarified. The common operators in PSO algorithm are transformed into the velocity operators (VOs), which are used to adjust the orders of parts to generate the optimal assembly sequences. The proposed method is validated with an illustrative example and the solutions are compared with those obtained using simulated annealing (SA) algorithm under the same conditions.
Design of a Compliant Energy Storage Impulse Mechanism for a Desktop Stapler
Authors: Kalapay Dan , Kim Charles
Published: July 2009

This paper outlines the research, design and testing of a compliant staple gun style mechanism for use in a desktop model stapler. A survey of existing staple gun style desktop staplers is used to create target specifications to design the new compliant stapler. The initial proof of concept satisfies the primary function and user specifications. Future iterations of the mechanism will be tested and designed to be capable of performing the repeated iteration of long term stapler use.
Quasimoro: A Telerobot for the Augmentation of Wheelchair Users
Authors: Salerno Alessio
Published: July 2009

This paper focuses on the experiments conducted using a telerobot for the augmentation of wheelchair users. After providing the motivation and the background material, a strawman task is formulated. A robot is then conceived to meet the assigned task (i.e. user, environment and payload definitions). The proposed robot meets both cost and control simplification requirements necessary to the success of a robotic assistive device. A minimalistic design allows to achieve the requirements on cost and control complexity. An architecture based on a minimum number of driving units and sensors is devised. Experiments on the interactive control of the robot are performed. We demonstrate that the robot is capable to navigate through a cluttered environment while being teleoperated. Experiments also show that the system remains in its footpring when a rotation in place is assigned by the user; this is an important feature that prevents the system from colliding with any object nearby. Finally, always via experiments, we show that the system is capable to bring a tray of drinks, food and reading material while being teleoperated.
Determination of the Polynomial Transmission Function: Application to the Transmission of Gears
Authors: Garci´a-Masia´ Carlos
Published: July 2009

The simulation of the operating conditions of transmission gear is strongly influenced by the inevitable presence of various types of errors and/or tolerances, manufacturing processes and assembly, in the kinematic simulation. As a result, the path of contact moves from the theoretical position and appear transmission errors, increasing overload dynamics and the level of noise and vibration. The presence of errors produced that the position angle of the gear with respect to pinion differs from the theoretical transmission ratio, in general there is a delay in the gear, which generates: 1) loss of the conjugate action and transmission error, which causes jumps in the angular velocity, which indicates the presence of shocks, with a high level of noise and vibration, and 2) loss of contact linear transforms into contact point. The shift in the trajectory of the contact can lead to the contact edge, which increases substantially, the levels of tension reducing load capacity, [1]. The method of analysis of tooth contact (TCA) is included in the kinematic simulation, and allows investigating the displacement of the contact and the slope of the function of transmission errors, considering the gears as rigid bodies or under light loads. To solve the above problems, Krenzer and Litvin have proposed programs TCA in what pre-design a parabolic function square transmission errors to get continuity in the transmission. This paper presents the model and analysis of a pre-designed polynomial function of transmission errors (parabolic function of order n) with the aim of ensuring that the function of movement meets the basic law of the design of gears, for transmissions with high speeds of operation, which should be designed with the following restrictions: the transmission must be continued through the first and second derivative of displacement, and the function of the derivative of acceleration (jerk) must be finite, throughout the interval.
Design and Analysis of 3-DOF Micromanipulator Driven by Piezoelectric Actuators
Authors: Li Shihua , Zhang Yue , Huang Zhen , Yu Changcheng , Ding Wenhua
Published: July 2009

A novel 3-DOF parallel micromanipulator which is driven by piezoelectric actuators has been developed that based on 3–5R parallel mechanism. The micromanipulator consists of a moving platform, a fixed platform, three 5R fixed-length chains and three piezoelectric actuators. In this paper, the first-order influence coefficient matrix of the micromanipulator is given, and then the velocity analysis is given. The dimension of the platform and flexure hinges and the position of flexure are designed, and the safety check of the flexible hinges and the designed mechanism is done with the aid of finite element modeling to provide good stiffness with little bending deformation of the platform. The merits of parallel mechanism and piezoelectric actuators are reflected in this mechanism.
Contour-Crafting-Cartesian-Cable Robot System: Dynamics and Controller Design
Authors: Williams Robert L. , Xin Ming , Bosscher Paul
Published: July 2009

This paper presents dynamics equations and controller simulation for the Contour-Crafting-Cartesian-Cable (C4) Robot. The C4 robot was previously introduced for large-scale contour crafting construction. The pseudostatic and dynamics equations are presented, including how to maintain positive cable tensions. A controller design is also proposed for the C4 robot, based on the computed-torque method. MATLAB simulation is presented for controller simulation with different trajectories and controller gains.
Comparison of Methods for Dynamic Yaw Control on Vehicles With Multiple Electric Motors: A Literature Review
Authors: D’Iorio James A. , Anstrom Joel , El-Gindy Moustafa
Published: July 2009

A literature survey is conducted that compares the body of work written about dynamic yaw-moment control (DYC) systems implemented on vehicles with multiple electric motors. Four wheel drive, rear wheel drive, and front wheel drive vehicle architectures are compared with reference to advantages for DYC systems followed by a discussion on controller design. Advantages are weighed as to whether it is better to control vehicle yaw rate, body sideslip angle, or both. Next, methods for implementing the DYC system are evaluated. Sensors used, estimations made, and controller-type utilized are all discussed. Lastly, methods for simulation and testing are reviewed. The survey suggests that little progress has been made on front wheel drive vehicles. It was also determined that more work needs to be conducted on deciding desirable vehicle dynamics for handling. Investigations should be conducted to make these systems cost-effective and robust enough for production. Finally, future studies should include as much detailed simulation work and actual vehicle testing as possible as both are needed for a complete DYC investigation.
Selection of Copula to Generate Input Joint CDF for RBDO
Authors: Noh Yoojeong , Choi K. K. , Du Liu
Published: July 2009

For RBDO problems with correlated input variables, it is necessary to obtain the input joint distribution (CDF, cumulative distribution function). Then Rosenblatt transformation is used to transform the correlated input variables into the independent standard normal variables for the purpose of inverse reliability analysis. However, in practical industry RBDO problems, often only the marginal CDFs and paired samples are available from limited experimental data. In this paper, a copula, which is a link between a joint CDF and marginal CDFs, is proposed to generate an input joint CDF from these marginal CDFs and paired samples. To identify the right copula from limited data, Bayesian method is proposed to use in this paper. Using Bayesian method, the number of samples required to properly identify the right copula is investigated for different types of copulas and for different correlation coefficients. A real industry problem is used to show how a copula can be identified from the limited experimental data.
Squeeze-Film Damping of Flexible Microcantilevers at Low Ambient Pressures
Authors: Lee Jin Woo , Raman Arvind , Sumali Hartono
Published: July 2009

An improved theoretical approach is presented to calculate and predict the quality factors of flexible microcantilevers affected by squeeze-film damping at low ambient pressures, and moderate to high Knudsen numbers. Veijola’s model [1], originally derived for a rigid oscillating plate near a wall, is extended to a flexible cantilever beam and both the gas inertia effect and slip boundary condition are considered in deriving resulting damping pressure. The model is used to predict the natural frequencies and quality factors of silicon microcantilevers with small gaps and their dependence on ambient pressure. In contrast to non-slip, continuum models, we find that quality factor depends strongly on ambient pressure, and that the damping of higher modes is more sensitive to ambient pressure than the fundamental.
Assessing Product Lifecycle Sustainability Using Uncertain Design Information at Conceptual Stage
Authors: Yang Q. Z. , Song B.
Published: July 2009

This paper presents a hierarchical fuzzy evaluation approach to product lifecycle sustainability assessment at conceptual design stages. The purpose is to advocate the emerging use of lifecycle engineering methods in support of evaluation and selection of design alternatives for sustainable product development. A fuzzy evaluation model is developed with a hierarchical criteria structure to represent different sustainability considerations in the technical, economic and environmental dimensions. Using the imprecise and uncertain early-stage product information, each design option is assessed by the model with respect to the hierarchical evaluation criteria. Lifecycle engineering methods, such as lifecycle assessment and lifecycle costing analysis, are applied to the generation of the evaluation criteria. This would provide designers with a more complete lifecycle view about the product’s sustainability potentials to support decision-making in evaluation and selection of conceptual designs. The proposed approach has been implemented in a sustainable design decision-support software prototype. Illustrative examples are discussed in the paper to demonstrate the use of the approach and the prototype in conceptual design selection of a consumer product.
Integrated Representation of Function, Service Activity, and Product Behavior for Service Development
Authors: Hara Tatsunori , Arai Tamio , Shimomura Yoshiki
Published: July 2009

Manufacturers are required to supply more services to customers in addition to material products. Although there are many literatures on the Product–Service System (PSS), computerized tools for this system have not been established until now. In this paper, we aim to present a modeling method and computer-aided design (CAD) tool to combine function, product, and service activity for the development of service offerings like the PSS. In our method, product and service activities are designed in parallel according to customer value. A service blueprint in the marketing field is extended to include the product behavior by utilizing the physical features in the engineering field. A view model, which describes the function structure of services for a Receiver State Parameter (RSP), connects the product behavior and service activity. The above method is implemented on a CAD system to analyze, evaluate, and design services. Our tool is applied through an example presented herein. Our model can work as a hub for existing studies in marketing and traditional engineering fields. Using them, the relationships between product behavior and service activity can be designed around the idea of customer value.
Platform Strategies for a Supplier in the Aircraft Engine Industry
Authors: Berglund Fredrik , Bergsjo¨ Dag , Ho¨gman Ulf , Khadke Kiran
Published: July 2009

The utilization of a platform strategy has become a competitive priority in many industries, most notably in the automotive industry. Naturally, many firms in other industries are adopting this strategy with different modifications and degrees of implementation. However, little research covers the application of platform development in a supplier and/or small batch production environment. The adaptation of a platform strategy in these settings, by a supplier in the aircraft engine industry, is the focal point of this paper. Based on platform development literature and the characteristics of the aircraft engine industry and the company studied advantages and hindrances for platform strategies have been ruled out. Interviews with involved people within the company studied have further clarified different perspectives on platforms and their possible utilization. Based on the analysis of collected information it is proposed that a possible platform strategy would include: a technology platform, incorporating general knowledge on core technology assets embodied in either humans, organizations, processes, information or methods; and a product platform, incorporating product specific elements that could be re-used when developing new components for a particular product line.
Contribution to a Taxonomy of Non-Manifold Models Based on Topological Properties
Authors: Le´on Jean-Claude , De Floriani Leila
Published: July 2009

Non-manifold models have classically been used in Finite Element (FE) simulations to describe the shape of a mechanical part. Sketching the shape of an object is also important in a design stage, where non-manifold models could be of help for the designer. The purpose of the taxonomy proposed here is to be able either to accept or reject them based on the design context and on the type of product. This will contribute to model non-manifold objects and to their binary classification. The proposed taxonomy is also based on the topological properties of non-manifold objects, and especially on topological invariants. We will classify several topological properties as local or global ones, and we will illustrate how such properties can help either modelling these objects or searching for them in industrial data bases when large numbers of FE models have been stored.
Topology Optimized Microgrippers for Nanomanipulation of Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Sardan Ozlem , Eichhorn Volkmar , Petersen Dirch H. , Fatikow Sergej , Sigmund Ole , Bo̸ggild Peter
Published: July 2009

In this paper, we present the topology optimization procedure, fabrication and characterization results for electrothermally actuated polysilicon microgrippers for nanomanipulation purposes. In our previous work [1], we compared the performance of topology optimized actuator with the conventional three-beam electrothermal actuators [2] of the same size through finite-element simulations and experiments. Here, we further improve the topology optimized microgripper design and demonstrate the preliminary results of pick-and-place nanomanipulation experiments performed, where carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are transferred on four-point probes for electrical characterization.
Lagrangian Relaxation for Decentralized Decision Making in Engineering Design
Authors: Li Simon
Published: July 2009

To minimize the coordination efforts among design teams and expedite the design process via parallel workflows, a cooperative and decentralized environment is often considered for team-based design. The cooperative environment implies that teams are motivated to achieve the common objective of the design, while the decentralized environment encourages teams to work independently. Due to the nature of the decentralized environment, achieving an optimal solution is not trivial, even though all teams are motivated and willing to do so. In this context, this paper introduces the Lagrangian relaxation approach for solving decentralized design problems. Also, an objective adjustment factor is proposed to improve the convergence issue in the solution process. Two examples, welded beam design and heat exchanger design, have been used to illustrate and validate the Lagrangian relaxation approach and the objective adjustment factor.
A Unified Framework for Decomposition of Design Structure Matrix and Domain Mapping Matrix
Authors: Li Simon , Chen Li
Published: July 2009

In literature, design structure matrix (DSM), which is a square matrix, has been widely used to address single-domain dependency relationships (e.g., product architecture, process workflow, and organization structure). To extend the DSM efforts, a rectangular matrix becomes a logical format to capture and analyze cross-domain dependency relationships, namely, domain mapping matrix (DMM) [1]. In this context, this paper proposes a unified framework for decomposition of DSM and DMM. The unified framework consists of four methodological phases to offer the functions of DSM clustering, DSM sequencing, and DMM decomposition. To support the development of this framework, various decomposition-related techniques from applied mathematics and engineering design are reviewed. Three matrix examples have been used to illustrate the framework’s applicability.
Focused Ion Beam (FIB) Modification of Topology Optimized Polysilicon Microgrippers
Authors: Sardan Ozlem , Andersen Karin N. , MacDonald A. Nicole , Sigmund Ole , Bo̸ggild Peter , Horsewell Andy
Published: July 2009

In this paper, we present the preliminary results of the modification of topology optimized polysilicon microgrippers by focused ion beam (FIB) milling. The main aim of the experiments we performed is to functionalize a faulty microgripper by separating the merged end-effectors with a sub-micron gap and reshaping them to achieve a smaller contact area with the manipulated object. However, the method proposed is also rather important for recovery of the dimensional accuracy or missing features during fabrication. Furthermore, it will enable realization of the inverse microgripper concept, which is not possible with conventional UV lithography.
Testing of a Pumpless MEMS Microinjection Needle Employing Electrostatic Attraction and Repulsion of DNA
Authors: Aten Quentin T. , Jensen Brian D. , Burnett Sandra H.
Published: July 2009

The ultimate goal of this work is to develop an automated MEMS-based lab-on-a-chip microinjector. This paper outlines one phase of that work: testing the feasibility of a pumpless, polysilicon MEMS microneedle for use in the proposed MEMS-based lab-on-a-chip microinjector. The pumpless MEMS microneedle operates on the principle of attraction and repulsion of DNA using electrostatic charges. Prototype microneedles were fabricated using a multi-layer surface micromachining process. DNA stained with a fluorescent dye (4‘, 6-DIAMIDINO-2-PHENYLINDOLE DIHYDROCHLORIDE or DAPI) was visualized using fluorescent illumination as the DNA was attracted to and repelled from the tips of MEMS microneedles using a 1.5 V DC source. The pumpless MEMS microneedle represents an important and significant step in the development of a self-contained, automated, MEMS-based microinjection system.
Variable Valve Actuation for Advanced Powertrains
Authors: Gecim Burak , Raghavan Madhusudan
Published: July 2009

We review variable valve actuation (VVA) concepts and also present the results of our work in the creative synthesis of these devices. We begin with a comprehensive survey of existing VVA devices. We then describe our work on four VVA concepts which we have explored in considerable detail. These include hydraulic lost-motion variable-lift systems, in both the direct acting and the roller-finger-follower configurations, several valve deactivation mechanisms with unique features, a variable valve-lift mechanism, and a variable-lift and duration concept. These devices differ in their complexity and versatility but offer a spectrum of design solutions applicable to a range of products. The strengths and weaknesses of these different approaches are discussed and analyzed, and some test results are presented.
Instantaneous Kinematics and Singularity Analysis of a Novel Three-Legged Mobile Robot With Active S-R-R-R Legs
Authors: Ren Ping , Hong Dennis
Published: July 2009

STriDER (Self-excited Tripedal Dynamic Experimental Robot) is a unique three-legged walking robot that utilizes its innovative tripedal gait to walk. Previous work on the kinematic analysis of STriDER mainly focused on solving the forward and inverse displacement problems. As a continuation, this paper addresses the instantaneous kinematics and singularity analysis. The kinematic configuration of STriDER is modeled as a three-legged in-parallel manipulator when all three feet of the robot are in contact with the ground without slipping. The results obtained from this study can be implemented to the velocity control and the resistance of disturbance forces, thus improving the motion accuracy and stability of the robot. By using screw theory, the screw-based Jacobian matrices of the manipulator can be derived since the forward displacement problems have already been solved. Based on these Jacobian matrices, the transformation equations from the active joint rates to the velocities of the body and vice versa are derived. Then, a complete investigation on the identification and elimination of singularities is presented. Unlike serial manipulators, in-parallel manipulators have two types of singularities, i.e., forward and inverse singularities. The inverse singularities are identified by checking the singular configurations of individual legs and the determinant of the inverse Jacobian matrix. By using Grassmann line geometry, the analytical conditions under which the forward singularities occur are obtained. A study on each case of these singular configurations shows that the redundant-actuation scheme of the active joints can effectively eliminate forward singularities.
A Displacement Metric for Finite Sets of Rigid Body Displacements
Authors: Venkataramanujam Venkatesh , Larochelle Pierre
Published: July 2009

There are various useful metrics for finding the distance between two points in Euclidean space. Metrics for finding the distance between two rigid body locations in Euclidean space depend on both the coordinate frame and units used. A metric independent of these choices is desirable. This paper presents a metric for a finite set of rigid body displacements. The methodology uses the principal frame (PF) associated with the finite set of displacements and the polar decomposition to map the homogenous transform representation of elements of the special Euclidean group SE(N-1) onto the special orthogonal group SO(N). Once the elements are mapped to SO(N) a bi-invariant metric can then be used. The metric obtained is thus independent of the choice of fixed coordinate frame i.e. it is left invariant. This metric has potential applications in motion synthesis, motion generation and interpolation. Three examples are presented to illustrate the usefulness of this methodology.
Optimal Experimental Design of Human Appraisals for Modeling Consumer Preferences in Engineering Design
Authors: Hoyle Christopher , Chen Wei , Ankenman Bruce , Wang Nanxin
Published: July 2009

Human appraisals are becoming increasingly important in the design of engineering systems to link engineering design attributes to customer preferences. Human appraisals are used to assess consumers’ opinions of a given product design, and are unique in that the experiment response is a function of both the product attributes and the respondents’ demographic attributes. The design of a human appraisal is characterized as a split-plot design, in which the respondent demographic attributes form the whole-plot factors while the product attributes form the split-plot factors. The experiments are also characterized by random block effects, in which the design configurations evaluated by a single respondent form a block. An experimental design algorithm is needed for human appraisal experiments because standard experimental designs often do not meet the needs of these experiments. In this work, an algorithmic approach to identify the optimal design for a human appraisal experiment is developed, which considers the effects of respondent fatigue and the block and split-plot structure of such a design. The developed algorithm seeks to identify the experimental design which maximizes the determinant of the Fisher Information Matrix, labeled as the D-criterion of a given design. The algorithm is derived assuming an ordered logit model will be used to model the rating responses. The advantages of this approach over competing approaches for minimizing the number of appraisal experiments and model-building efficiency are demonstrated using an automotive interior package human appraisal as an example.
A Customers’ Value Model for Sustainable Service Design
Authors: Kimita Koji , Yoshimitsu Yohei , Shimomura Yoshiki , Arai Tamio
Published: July 2009

To solve the current environmental problems, it is necessary to reconsider the current mass production paradigm and create products of higher value, based largely on knowledge and service content, to compensate for volume reduction under the concept of dematerialization. On the basis of this concept, we propose a new engineering discipline to examine services called ‘Service Engineering’. Service Engineering aims to provide services that generate high customer satisfaction. To achieve this, we have developed methods that allow service designers to design and evaluate the design solution from the viewpoint of the customer. However, customers’ criteria for evaluating services are easily affected by the quality of service that they receive. To ensure a successful relationship with customers, it is necessary to take into account changes in the customers’ criteria in the design stage. From the marketing side, on the other hand, several approaches have been utilized to ascertain such changes. This paper applies the methods proposed from the marketing perspective to service elements from the engineering design perspective. Furthermore, we propose a model to express the changes in a customer’s evaluation criteria that are brought about by the quality of service that the customer received. The proposed method is verified through its application to a practical case.
Interactive Simulation of Crawler Crane’s Lifting Based on OpenGL
Authors: Wang Xin , Wang Honglu , Wu Di
Published: July 2009

Crawler cranes are the most expensive and frequently shared resource on construction sites, industries, etc. It is engaged in offering various combination for booms and large-capacity of mobile cranes to meet the building industry requirements. Computer simulation has proved to be an effective tool for aiding practitioners in modeling complex construction operations, especially three-dimensional simulation that can provide interactive, three-dimensional graphics. As a graphic standard, OpenGL has powerful three-dimensional graphic processing abilities, but is weakness in three-dimensional modeling. Bounding Hierarchical Volumes Tree (BHVT) is very popular structures for objects storage of virtual scenes. Based on BHVT, a method of three-dimensional modeling is proposed. According to its structure and characteristics, the model of the crawler crane is designed. To achieve three-dimensional simulation for a main hoisting crane and an assistant crane (i.e., sliding tail crane) cooperative lifting, several typical mathematical models are established. When simulating the lifting process in the cooperative working mode, the changes of cranes and the lifting equipment, needed for steady lifting, are figured out simultaneously, and then those changes are output to form the relevant curves. The curves are analyzed to decide whether the lifting plan that using a main hoisting crane and a sliding tail crane to lift is safe and reasonable. For the sake of a better interactive simulation, object-oriented framework for three-dimensional graphic creation based on OpenGL is developed, it consists of class BHVTNode, class camera and class renderer, which make data and instructions separated. Combining the class camera and class renderer with the technology BHVT, succeed to simulate the lifting operations of crawler crane, especially achieve the animation of the cooperative lifting, it is visual to observe the whole lifting process, which is good for assisting to design the lifting plan.
Displacement Amplifying Compliant Mechanisms for Two-Axis High-Resolution Monolithic Inertial Sensors
Authors: Dinesh M. , Ananthasuresh G. K.
Published: July 2009

Novel designs for two-axis, high-resolution, monolithic inertial sensors are presented in this paper. Monolithic, i.e., joint-less single-piece compliant designs are already common in micromachined inertial sensors such as accelerometers and gyroscopes. Here, compliant mechanisms are used not only to achieve de-coupling between motions along two orthogonal axes but also to amplify the displacements of the proof-mass. Sensitivity and resolution capabilities are enhanced because the amplified motion is used for sensing the measurand. A particular symmetric arrangement of displacement-amplifying compliant mechanisms (DaCMs) leads to de-coupled and amplified motion. An existing DaCM and a new topology-optimized DaCM are presented as a building block in the new arrangement. A spring-mass-lever model is presented as a lumped abstraction of the new arrangement. This model is useful for arriving at the optimal parameters of the DaCM and for performing system-level simulation. The new designs improved the performance by a factor of two or more.
Development and Comparison of Gait Generation Algorithms for Hexapedal Robots Based on Kinematics With Considerations for Workspace
Authors: Showalter Mark , Hong Dennis , Larimer Daniel
Published: July 2009

This paper explores the interdependance of walking algorithm and limb workspace for the Multi-Appendage Robotic System (MARS). While MARS is a hexapedal robot, the tasks of defining the workspace and walking agorthm for all six limbs can be abstracted to a single limb using the constraint of a tripedal statically stable gait. Thus, by understanding the behavior of an individual limb, two walking algorithms have been developed which allow MARS to walk on level terain. Both algorithms are adaptive in that they continously update based on control inputs. The differences between the two algorithms is that they were developed for different limb workspaces. The simpler algorithm developed for a 2D workspace was implemented, resulting in smooth gait generation with near instantaneous response to control input. This accomplishment demonstrates the feasibility of implementing a more sophisticated algorithem which allows for inputs of: x and y velocity, walking height, yaw, pitch and roll. This algorithm uses a 3D workspace developed to afford near maximum step length.
Benefit Evaluation for Manufacturing of Marine Propellers
Authors: Tsay Der-Min , Chen Hsin-Pao , Vajna Sa´ndor , Schabacker Michael
Published: July 2009

To increase productivity of marine propellers by raising machining efficiency, this paper presents the zigzag/spiral tool paths generation algorithm based on the arc base curve approach for three-axis machining of curved surfaces of propellers. By considering the shapes of selected cutters with different types of tool paths generated by the proposed procedure, machining efficiency can be calculated and simulated. To verify the accuracy and effectiveness of the developed approach, numerical and experimental results of machining of propeller surfaces are compared. It was proved that the machining time can be cut down up to 19% by using zigzag tool paths with a toroidal cutter. In addition, the machining knowledge revealed here can be accumulated for benefit evaluation in the manufacturing process with existing CAD/CAM systems. From the cost model, design, and process views, the overall cost savings after 5 years are investigated, and the expected benefit yield is about 45%.
Singularity Analysis of Rigid-Body, Closed-Loop, Shape-Changing Mechanisms
Authors: Myszka David , Murray Andrew , Schmiedeler James
Published: July 2009

This paper presents an analysis to create a general singularity condition for a mechanism that contains a deformable closed contour. This kinematic architecture is widely used in rigid-body shape changing mechanisms. The general singularity equation is reduced to a condensed form, which allows geometric relationships to be readily detected. A method for formulating the singularity condition for a mechanism with N links in the closed contour, knowing the condition for the N − 1 mechanism, is also given.
A Least-Squares/Galerkin Finite Element Method for Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations
Authors: Kumar Rajeev , Dennis Brian H.
Published: July 2009

The least-squares finite element method (LSFEM), which is based on minimizing the l2-norm of the residual, has many attractive advantages over Galerkin finite element method (GFEM). It is now well established as a proper approach to deal with the convection dominated fluid dynamic equations. The least-squares finite element method has a number of attractive characteristics such as the lack of an inf-sup condition and the resulting symmetric positive system of algebraic equations unlike GFEM. However, the higher continuity requirements for second-order terms in the governing equations force the introduction of additional unknowns through the use of an equivalent first-order system of equations or the use of C1 continuous basis functions. These additional unknowns lead to increased memory and computing time requirements that have prevented the application of LSFEM to large-scale practical problems, such as three-dimensional compressible viscous flows. A simple finite element method is proposed that employs a least-squares method for first-order derivatives and a Galerkin method for second order derivatives, thereby avoiding the need for additional unknowns required by pure a LSFEM approach. When the unsteady form of the governing equations is used, a streamline upwinding term is introduced naturally by the leastsquares method. Resulting system matrix is always symmetric and positive definite and can be solved by iterative solvers like pre-conditioned conjugate gradient method. The method is stable for convection-dominated flows and allows for equalorder basis functions for both pressure and velocity. The stability and accuracy of the method are demonstrated with preliminary results of several benchmark problems solved using low-order C0 continuous elements.
Data-Parallel Techniques for Agent-Based Tissue Modeling on Graphics Processing Units
Authors: Richards Ryan S. , Lysenko Mikola , D’Souza Roshan M. , An Gary
Published: July 2009

Agent-Based Modeling has been recently recognized as a method for in-silico multi-scale modeling of biological cell systems. Agent-Based Models (ABMs) allow results from experimental studies of individual cell behaviors to be scaled into the macro-behavior of interacting cells in complex cell systems or tissues. Current generation ABM simulation toolkits are designed to work on serial von-Neumann architectures, which have poor scalability. The best systems can barely handle tens of thousands of agents in real-time. Considering that there are models for which mega-scale populations have significantly different emergent behaviors than smaller population sizes, it is important to have the ability to model such large scale models in real-time. In this paper we present a new framework for simulating ABMs on programmable graphics processing units (GPUs). Novel algorithms and data-structures have been developed for agent-state representation, agent motion, and replication. As a test case, we have implemented an abstracted version of the Systematic Inflammatory Response System (SIRS) ABM. Compared to the original implementation on the NetLogo system, our implementation can handle an agent population that is over three orders of magnitude larger with close to 40 updates/sec. We believe that our system is the only one of its kind that is capable of efficiently handling realistic problem sizes in biological simulations.
Regression Modeling for Computer Model Validation With Functional Responses
Authors: Liu Xuyuan , Tsui Kwok-Leung , Chen Wei
Published: July 2009

Statistical analysis of functional responses based on functional data from both computer and physical experiments has gained increasing attention due to the dynamic nature of many engineering systems. However, the complexity and huge amount of functional data bring many difficulties to apply traditional or existing methodologies. The objective of the present study is twofold: (1) prediction of functional responses based on functional data and (2) prediction of bias function for validation of a computer model that predicts functional responses. In this paper, we first develop a functional regression model with linear basis functions to analyze functional data. Then combining data from both computer and physical experiments, we use the functional analysis modeling to predict the bias function which is crucial for validating a computer model. The proposed method, following the classical nonparametric regression framework, uses a single step procedure which is easily implemented and computationally efficient. Through an application example of motor engine analysis to predict acceleration performance and gear shift events, we demonstrate our approach and compare it to using the Gaussian process modeling approach.
Effects of Partially-Filled Containers in Dynamic Behavior of Tanker Trains Traveling on Curved Tracks
Authors: Ashtiani Iman Hazrati , Younesian Davood , Abedi Mehrnoosh , Esmailzadeh Ebrahim
Published: July 2009

Dynamic analysis of a partially-filled tanker train traveling on a curved track is studied in this paper. A partially-filled tanker is dynamically modeled when it is traveling along a real curved track. For three classes of tracks, rail irregularities are randomly generated by using Monte-Carlo simulation. An equivalent dynamic system is used to model sloshing motion of the fluid. Two derailment indexes i.e. derailment quotient and unloading ratio are obtained numerically as safety indicators. A parametric study is carried out to investigate how different parameters like the operational speed, fluid modeling, rail irregularities, and fluid density may affect the derailment potential. It is found that descending of the center of gravity and consequently reduction of the moment arms is more dominant than the oscillating forces due to sloshing motion.
An Interactive Web-Based 3D Environment for Assembly Training
Authors: Qamar Atif , Siddique Zahed
Published: July 2009

The role of multimedia enriched web-based applications is being widely accepted as an effective training and instruction mechanism for technical training. Individualized training tools can be created to fit the trainee’s needs. The use of three-dimensional visualization for the web-based training environments plays a key role in building an effective and highly interactive training application. There are still needs to overcome problems regarding the integration of multimedia objects such as three-dimensional animation and simulation. The main objective of this research is to develop the training system with the help of the latest multimedia tools and using the internet as a delivery media. The use of the three-dimensional visualization adds a significant improvement in web-based environment for technical and engineering trainings. In order to accomplish the goals of this research, two kinds of environments are established. Although, the training sections of both the environments are same, there is a difference in terms of editing the position and appearance of the solid models inside the training environment. In the first environment, there is always need of multimedia specialist to edit the position and appearance of the solid models inside the environment. Second environment is provided with a text-based HTML file to provide the easy editing tool for controlling the solid models inside the training environment.