bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for intracranial meningioma: a systematic review
Authors: Nguyen Eric K , Nguyen Timothy K , Boldt Gabe , Louie Alexander V , Bauman Glenn S
Published: December 2018

Background

The availability of image guidance and intensity modulation has led to the increasing use of hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (hSRT) as an alternative to conventionally fractionated radiotherapy or radiosurgery for intracranial meningiomas (ICMs). As the safety and efficacy of this approach is not well characterized, we conducted a systematic review of the literature to assess the clinical outcomes of hSRT in the setting of ICMs.

Methods

A systematic review of Medline and EMBASE databases was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Included studies were retrospective or prospective series that examined an ICM population of ≥10 patients, delivered >1 fraction of photon hSRT (≥2.5 Gy per fraction), and had a median follow-up of ≥2 years. Descriptive statistics were generated for included studies.

Results

Of 1480 initial studies, 14 met eligibility criteria for inclusion, reporting on 630 patients (age range, 18-90) treated for 638 tumors. Primary radiotherapy was delivered in 37% of patients, 36% had radiation following surgery, and surgical details were unavailable for 27%. In 474 tumors assessed for radiologic response, 78% remained stable, 18% decreased in size, and 4% increased in size. Crude local control was 90%-100% as reported in 10 studies. The median late toxicity rate was 10%. The most common significant late toxicities were decreased visual acuity and new cranial neuropathy.

Conclusions

With limited follow-up, the available literature suggests hSRT for ICMs has local control and toxicity profiles comparable to other radiotherapy approaches. Confirmation in larger patient cohorts with a longer duration of follow-up is required.
Supracerebellar Transtentorial Approach for Occipital Meningioma to Maximize Visual Preservation: Technical Note
Authors: Golub Danielle , Mehan Neal D , Kwan Kevin , Salas Sussan J , Schulder Michael
Published: December 2018

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE

Surgery for resection of tentorial meningiomas compressing primary visual cortex carries a significant risk of worsening vision. This concern is especially acute in patients with a preexisting visual deficit. Approaches that involve mechanical retraction of the occipital lobe further threaten visual function. The supracerebellar transtentorial (SCTT) approach, which does not carry a risk of occipital retraction injury, should be considered for patients with occipital tentorial meningiomas to maximize functional visual outcomes.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A 54-yr-old woman underwent 2 resections and radiation therapy for a right occipital oligodendroglioma as a teenager. She was left with a complete left homonymous hemianopsia. The patient now presented with progressive vision loss in her remaining right visual field. Imaging revealed a left occipital superiorly projecting tentorial meningioma. To preserve her remaining visual function the SCTT approach was chosen for resection. A Simpson grade 1 removal was achieved without disrupting the occipital lobe pia or requiring mechanical cerebellar retraction. A diagnosis of a WHO grade II meningioma (presumably radiation induced) was made. The patient's vision returned to premorbid baseline 1 wk after surgery.

CONCLUSION

The SCTT approach should be considered for the surgical management of patients with occipital tentorial meningiomas when visual preservation is at risk. This approach avoids transgression of visual cortex and minimizes the risk of venous infarction or contusions from retraction injury.
Consequentialism and Moral Responsibility
Authors: Mason Elinor
Published: December 2018

This chapter argues that there is a responsibility constraint that applies to all normative theories: what is deemed right or wrong must be something agents could reasonably be deemed responsible for. We should understand Bernard Williams’s objections to consequentialism as being based on the responsibility constraint: Williams worries that consequentialism assigns too much responsibility. However, consequentialism can and should embrace the responsibility constraint, and that has interesting results. The chapter uses the example of coercion to show that, at least in some circumstances, consequentialism can allow a doing/allowing distinction; this contrasts with the standard way of accommodating a doing/allowing distinction, which allows agent-relativity directly into the theory. The chapter closes by addressing James Lenman’s worry that consequentialists are clueless about unforeseeable consequences, and that this undermines the theory. If we see the limits of consequentialism as being defined by the responsibility constraint, Lenman’s objection is not worrying.
Kantianism, Consequentialism, and Deterrence
Authors: Sverdlik Steven
Published: December 2018

Many philosophers argue that it is morally objectionable in principle to punish people in order to deter others from committing crimes. Such punishment is said to treat the offender simply as a means to benefit others. This Kantian argument rests on a certain reading of the Formula of Humanity. However, the central concept in that formula is not “treating a person simply as a means” but rather “treating a person as an end.” This conclusion speaks against the moral principle that Victor Tadros uses to support his nonconsequentialist theory of punishment. Furthermore, a plausible way of interpreting the injunction to treat people as ends—Rawls’s original position—does not rule out seeking deterrence. Therefore, Kantianism and consequentialism do not differ in a fundamental way on the permissibility of deterrence. But Rawls’s Kantianism sets an implausible ceiling on the severity of punishments, and consequentialism does not.
Conclusion
Authors: Chiao Vincent
Published: December 2018

In their landmark book, Not Just Deserts, John Braithwaite and Philip Pettit cautioned that “[w]hen you play the game of criminal justice on the field of retribution . . . you give full rein to those who play to the sense of normality of the majority, urging them to tyrannize the minority.”...
Introduction
Authors: Goldberg K. Meira
Published: December 2018

How is the politics of Blackness figured in the flamenco dancing body? Or, to put this question in another way, What does flamenco dance tell us about the construction of race in the Atlantic world? The idea of race, of Blackness as signifying religious confusion or misguidedness, and hence subjugated social status, evolved on the Iberian Peninsula during the ...
Musicology, Archaeology, Performance
Authors: Dorf Samuel N.
Published: December 2018

This introduction provides historical and theoretical context and sets up the key questions explored in the book, including issues of authenticity and historically informed performance in musicology and methods of performance studies that can be employed by musicology. It introduces two new ways of thinking about the performance of the musical past: re-enactment and reperformance. The introduction also highlights the theoretical methodologies by examining in parallel the historiography of musicology, archaeology, and photography in Paris in the 1890s and the first decades of the 1900s. It examines the tools and methods used throughout the book as well as those of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century scholars.
The Rise and Fall of St. Thomas
Authors: Vale Lawrence J.
Published: December 2018

Chapters 3–5 focus on New Orleans to illustrate one dominant strand of HOPE VI practice—the confluence of a weak housing authority and a Big Developer governance constellation in a city without a robust tradition of coordinated tenant empowerment. Chapter 3 traces the rise and fall of the St. Thomas development, completed in 1941 and later extended in 1952. This replaced a mixed-race “slum” area with public housing for white tenants, an act entailing a substantial neighborhood purge. The fifteen-hundred-unit development shifted to primarily black occupancy following desegregation in the 1960s and subsequently underwent disinvestment that led to a protracted decline. Meanwhile, the Louisiana legislature rescinded the state enabling legislation for urban renewal, thereby limiting its impact on both slum clearance while also curtailing the rise of community organizing. White preservationists stopped the Riverfront Expressway, but no one stopped Interstate 10 from devastating a black neighborhood.
The Rise of Orchard Park
Authors: Vale Lawrence J.
Published: December 2018

Chapters 6 and 7 focus on Boston’s version of community-centered HOPE VI practice. Chapter 6 narrates the rise and fall of the Orchard Park public housing project while also explaining the origins of Boston’s Plebs governance constellation that brought such deeply felt resident engagement to the cause of public housing preservation. Boston’s city leaders created Orchard Park in 1942 to house upwardly mobile workers. As in other cities, public housing conditions deteriorating after the 1960s, but in Boston—partly in response to overzealous urban renewal and highway projects surrounding Orchard Park—community-driven movements such as the Dudley Street Neighborhood Initiative emerged to protect low-income residents. The Boston Housing Authority’s board gained a “tenant-oriented majority” in 1970, and, in the 1980s, a receiver-led BHA completed major public housing redevelopment efforts that remained 100 percent public housing. Elected officials increasingly found it politically imperative to support residential neighborhoods rather than just downtown business interests.
The Fall of Connie Chambers and the Rise of Posadas Sentinel
Authors: Vale Lawrence J.
Published: December 2018

Chapter 9 chronicles the demise of Tucson’s Connie Chambers project during the 1980s and its replacement by Posadas Sentinel. The city’s Community Services Department (CSD) used HOPE VI to redevelop the property as Posadas Sentinel, part of a wider revitalization effort in the surrounding barrio. Acutely conscious of neighborhood critics who feared further insensitive urban renewal, the city assiduously worked to maximize housing opportunities for residents of Connie Chambers. As with Orchard Gardens but unlike River Garden, Tucson’s city leaders premised the redevelopment on occupancy by very low-income households, while seeking other ways to diversify range of incomes. The CSD replaced all two hundred public housing units but, rather than put these all back into the original barrio site, took advantage of the city’s peculiar housing market and scattered much of the housing across the city by purchasing homes in a variety of new or vacant subdivisions.
Renewing North Beach Place
Authors: Vale Lawrence J.
Published: December 2018

Chapter 11 charts North Beach Place’s decade-long struggle from initial HOPE VI proposal (1995) to completed development (2005). Unlike Tucson, where the public sector held sway, San Francisco had a weak housing authority; unlike Boston, no single tenant emerged as a Plebs pole star; and unlike New Orleans, San Franciscans refused to leave the fate of public housing to the unchecked preferences of for-profit developers. Instead, buoyed by support from the Telegraph Hill Neighborhood Center and the Chinatown Community Development Center, proponents of the North Beach Place redevelopment insisted on retaining all 229 deeply subsidized apartments, while densifying the site to include an additional 112 units of affordable housing, financed with Low-Income Housing Tax Credits. With strong mayoral support, leadership from a not-for-profit developer, and empowered tenants, this version of HOPE VI preserved and enhanced the last remnants of affordable housing in an otherwise gentrifying neighborhood.
Democratic Innovation in Criminal Justice
Authors: Dzur Albert W.
Published: December 2018

Criminal justice institutions contain multiple access points for innovation, and the professionals working in them have normative, political, and economic motivations for improvement. While dominant tendencies incline toward managerial control and bureaucratic rigidity, pressures to rethink and reform criminal justice professionalism stem from deep concerns about the fairness, efficacy, and sustainability of mass incarceration and from citizen protests spotlighting racial bias and violence in conventional policing. This chapter considers four sites of innovation: community organizations developing restorative justice approaches, police departments using community policing, schools involved in participatory conflict resolution, and prisons opening up to higher education partnerships. Drawing from interviews with reformers, it discusses motivations for encouraging citizen participation, notes barriers to change, and identifies resources available to sustain and expand innovation. These innovative practices challenge prevailing assumptions that criminal justice institutions are inherently undemocratic and must involve coercion, hierarchy, and inequality.
Growing and Sustaining Cultures of Participatory Innovation: Barriers, Openings, and the Role of Democratic Inquiry
Authors: Dzur Albert W.
Published: December 2018

Democratic reformers confront bureaucratic, legal, and economic barriers to professional culture change, yet they also find openings to pursue their innovative work. The complexity of social problems can prompt collaboration with community members, and participatory processes can yield better results by using local knowledge. Some scholarly critics of participatory innovations are concerned, however, that they are fragile and easily co-opted by elites. To address these concerns, strategies are required to block privatization of participatory innovations and provide greater transparency. Networks of activists working closely with reform-minded professionals can also reinforce norms that empower laypeople. In one case example, a network of mental health professionals, service users, activists, and academics are reforming disempowering practices in mental health facilities through new forms of professional training and collaborative evaluation studies. The efficacy of participatory innovation can thus be evaluated through collaborative, ground-level social inquiry linking together disparate groups pressing for more power-sharing.
Introduction—Rainbow Reflections
Authors: Birkett Danielle , McHugh Dominic
Published: December 2018

More than a century after its first publication, L. Frank Baum’s The Wonderful Wizard of Oz has proved to be one of America’s most enduring literary masterpieces. Although it is framed as a children’s novel, the book is widely acknowledged to have transcended such a modest status. It has been called “America’s greatest and best-loved fairy tale,”...
“We Come Back”
Authors: Westbrook Donald
Published: December 2018

This chapter surveys the founding and early years of the Church of Scientology’s religious order, the Sea Organization, from 1967 to 1975. During this period, Hubbard’s most dedicated adherents sailed the Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Caribbean, which provided him the opportunity to write policies for the church and codify many of the confidential Operating Thetan (OT) levels beyond the state of Clear. This historical overview culminates with the establishment of a spiritual headquarters that exists to this day in Clearwater, Florida. Qualitative and quantitative data about the contemporary Sea Organization is analyzed, based on interviews with current Sea Org members who represent first- and second-generation perspectives. The process of leaving the Sea Org is also examined.
Coda
Authors: Kaplan Lindsay
Published: December 2018

In focusing on a medieval theological discourse of figural slavery, this book demonstrates the racist force of the construction of inferior identities for Jews, Muslims, and Africans. Although these groups occupy complexly different positions in contemporary Western society, the medieval linkages between them nevertheless help us understand the recent rise in nationalism and white supremacism both in the United States and Europe. White supremacists and the alt-right have expressly drawn on medieval tropes and phrases to fabricate a notion of originary medieval Christian whiteness that they aspire to recreate in the contemporary moment. While no apparent rationale organizes white supremacists’ animus against blacks, Muslims, and Jews, the history of the ideology of white supremacy can be traced back to medieval Western Europe, when the concept of Christian superiority, often coded as white, opposed itself to an imagined infidel inferiority that correlated Jews, Muslims, and Africans.
SFBT with Survivors of War and International Conflict
Authors: Langer Stephen M.
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines how SFBT can help individuals or groups that have been affected by war or internal conflict overcome and deal with challenges inherent in their circumstances. SFBT is an approach that empowers people and helps people affected by war move toward what they want for themselves and for each other. This chapter describes how SFBT appeals to people across cultures, experiences, and values and is applicable in any situation where people are looking for something better for themselves or others they care about. This chapter discusses how SFBT practitioners use a positive, collaborative, hopeful stance with people affected by war. Looking for exceptions to the problems people bring, as well as previous solutions, strengths, resources, and abilities their clients already have, complimenting people and asking questions with a future orientation is explored in the chapter.
Infidelity in Marriage and Relationships
Authors: Connie Elliott E.
Published: December 2018

This chapter will describe how SFBT can be used with couples managing infidelity within their relationships. Emphasis will be placed on viewing and using SFBT as a language and working with couples to develop a language that is consistent with each partner’s preferred future beyond the infidelity. Clinicians are encouraged to develop language with clients that is consistent with where they hope to be rather than where they have been. A case presentation will be provided to highlight specific language that SFBT clinicians can use when working with couples. This session will highlight that when the conversation centers on the preferred future description, clients may not even overtly mention the traumatic infidelity.
Childhood Trauma
Authors: Kim Johnny S. , von Cziffra-Bergs Jacqui , Williams Stacey Anne
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines how SFBT can be used with clients who have experienced childhood trauma and adverse childhood experiences. This chapter will look at the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACES), what happens when incidents are compounded, the societal and economic impacts of childhood trauma, and bullying during childhood. We will explore how the SFBT model can be used to help children to cope with and reframe negative thoughts or experiences into positive and growth-oriented ones. The chapter also describes the application of SFBT using the solution-focused art gallery in the case of a young nine-year-old girl who is being bullied at school.
Epilogue
Authors: Magnúsdóttir Rósa
Published: December 2018

The epilogue emphasizes the importance of the memory of the wartime alliance in the post-Stalin era and beyond. The war effort had earned the Soviet Union its superpower status and celebrating the wartime alliance was effective both as a part of the international peace campaign, but also as a way to show off Soviet accomplishments. The Soviet-American war alliance has also been used for political purposes in the twenty-first century, with both the Russian Federation and the United States celebrating the “spirit of the Elbe.” While the Kremlin remains distrustful of artistic narratives of the wartime alliance, Russia is still unique in terms of celebrating and commemorating not just the end of the Second World War, but the wartime alliance itself.
Unique Considerations for Homeless Female Veterans
Authors: Montgomery Ann Elizabeth , Byrne Thomas H. , Dichter Melissa E.
Published: December 2018

As the number of women Veterans continues to increase, so does the number of women Veterans experiencing housing instability. Homelessness or risk for homelessness among women Veterans may be directly linked to their experiences before, during, and after their military service, particularly the experience of trauma. To address homelessness among women Veterans, providers and researchers must acknowledge the gendered nature of both the military and Veteran-specific resources. Responses should include providing housing-related interventions specifically for women, assessing and addressing trauma among women Veterans, responding to the needs of younger women Veterans who may be homeless with children, and supporting women Veterans during their reintegration after discharge from the military.
The History of Conspiracy Theory Research
Authors: Butter Michael , Knight Peter
Published: December 2018

How has academic research into conspiracy theories developed over time? This chapter demonstrates that scholarly interest only emerged in the 1930s as part of psychohistorical explorations into the origins of totalitarianism. This line of research continued into the 1950s and influenced public opinion on the subject matter, as it received a lot of media attention. The common denominator of these earliest studies is that they pathologize conspiracy theories and those who believe in them. This tendency is to a certain degree still palpable in the most recent research in social psychology and political science which employs sophisticated quantitative methodologies.
On the Democratic Problem of Conspiracy Politics
Authors: Moore Alfred
Published: December 2018

Distrust is an essential part of democratic politics. Familiar institutions and practices, such as the separation of powers, partisan competition, and public vigilance, are premised on a positive expectation that others intend to harm our interests. Such practices can organize and domesticate distrust, and make it productive for the democratic system. Yet distrust can go wrong in two sorts of ways. One is through partisan distrust spiraling into what I call conspiracy politics as a result of the process of seeking to represent conspiracy-minded constituents. The other is that public vigilance premised on distrust can become a self-fulfilling prophecy, generating the behavior that fulfills those low expectations.
The Politics of Disruption
Authors: Atkinson Matthew D. , DeWitt Darin
Published: December 2018

What motivates conspiracy theory politics? Strategic, ambitious politicians play a central role in the rise of conspiracy theories. We employ the garbage can model of choice and social choice theory to explain how and why out-of-power politicians engage in innovative and unorthodox efforts to alter their situation. We call these entrepreneurial efforts the politics of disruption. While conspiracy theories are just one tool of disruption, they are typically the most readily available and lowest-cost method available for changing the political game. We argue that scholars interested in explaining the propagation of conspiracy theories should look beyond idiosyncratic psychological factors and place greater analytical focus on systematic political motives and context.
In Whose Hands the Future?
Authors: Lewandowsky Stephan
Published: December 2018

Some issues that are uncontroversial within the relevant scientific community, such as the facts that HIV causes AIDS, that childhood vaccinations save countless lives, and that the globe is warming from human greenhouse gas emissions are hotly contested in public. In some cases, the opposition to well-established science crosses the boundary from skepticism to denial. Science denial is characterized by several common attributes that are explored here and that are illustrated with a particular focus on how scientists themselves are affected by denial. The illustration uses the author’s own experience with attempts to suppress and silence his research on the drivers of climate denial. Although this is a personal story, it has implications for the scientific community and scientific institutions.
Conspiracy Thinking, Tolerance, and Democracy
Authors: Smallpage Steven M.
Published: December 2018

When university professors engage with conspiracy theories, the public is pushed to the limit in terms of what it will or will not tolerate. Professors that publicly hold conspiracy beliefs force the central question of political tolerance: what is the line between the intellectual inquiry that allows for communities to flourish, on the one hand, and the expression of viewpoints that undermine that community’s integrity altogether, on the other? The line is blurry, as careful skepticism underlies both the best academic work and the psychology of conspiracy thinking. Since conspiracy theorists often anger, provoke, and sometimes harass the public, we must decide as a community if we will tolerate professors who hold controversial conspiracy beliefs. Such decisions require thoughtful reflection on the similarities and differences between conspiracy thinking and its relationship to desirable traits of democratic citizens, like tolerance, independent thinking, and academic freedom.
Conspiracy Rumor Psychology
Authors: DiFonzo Nicholas
Published: December 2018

Social psychologists have been researching the psychology of rumor for nearly a century. Using the rumor psychology framework leads us to see conspiracy theories as stories that are communicated from person to person and in groups. Why do people spread conspiracy theories, in what sorts of relationships and community networks are they spread, and what is it about these groups or relationships that manufactures and maintains such false stories (and every once in a while a true one)? This approach focuses on the psychology of social interactions and group dynamics involved in conspiracy theory spread, belief, change and maintenance.
How Conspiracy Theories Spread
Authors: DeWitt Darin , Atkinson Matthew D. , Wegner Drew
Published: December 2018

Why do some ideas of uncertain merit, like conspiracy theories, gain traction and spread through society? To date, conspiracy theory scholarship primarily focuses on thick description, generates case-specific hypotheses, and answers this question on an ad hoc basis. To take the next step in terms of scientific progress, the conspiracy theory literature must develop explanations that generalize across cases. To the extent that scholars have offered a more general explanation, they point to a formal theory called herd behavior, which was designed to explain why people believe ideas in the absence of much evidence. The herd behavior model has been advanced as a matter of convenience rather than as a result of critical assessment about the mechanisms in play. But it’s not the only mechanism by which a dubious ideas might spread and, furthermore, it fails to fit the facts of many cases where conspiracy theories gain traction. We consider how three other major political science explanations of opinion formation can be applied to conspiracy theories and provide a foundation for conspiracy theory researchers interested in moving from the scholarly conversation from description to explanation.
Conspiracy Theories for Journalists
Authors: Uscinski Joseph E.
Published: December 2018

Both scholars and journalists should consider the positive aspects of conspiracy theories and consider that removing them from society (if such a thing could be done) may present unintended consequences. Conspiracy theories have been covered by news outlets more frequently in recent years. How should journalists address conspiracy theories? When should conspiracy theories and theorists attract news attention? What are the pitfalls that journalists need to avoid when discussing conspiracy theories? What can news outlets do more generally to curb belief in conspiracy theories? It is vitally important in democracies that news outlets be perceived as independent and trustworthy, but conspiracy theories, particularly those about the media, undermine public trust. How can new outlets regain this trust?
The Citizenship Status of Criminal Offenders
Authors: Tripkovic Milena
Published: December 2018

This chapter aims to translate the three models into tangible citizenship conditions, allowing us to establish whether criminal offenders ought to retain their citizenship rights post-conviction. It is argued that—under the first model—most criminals remain citizens since episodic violations do not signal a lack of capacity for a “sense of justice.” Similarly, most criminal offenders are not without “civic virtue”—they remain self-governing subjects whose civic qualities can be enhanced. Finally, while criminals certainly act against the “common good,” most remain valuable members of the community who bring forward a specific vision of the good life, which prevents the community from excluding them. All three models, however, equally point toward the existence of a small number of individuals who are without crucial citizenship requirements, and the chapter concludes that—regardless of differences between the three models—all of them similarly permit exclusions of persons with strong, incorrigible anti-social inclinations.
The Impact of Social Transfers on Income Poverty and Material Deprivation
Authors: Notten Geranda , Guio Anne-Catherine
Published: December 2018

In 2010, the European Union (EU) committed to lifting at least 20 million people out of poverty and social exclusion, using income poverty, severe material deprivation, and (quasi-)joblessness as metrics to measure progress on this goal. As part of a broader set of commonly agreed indicators, the EU also (crudely) measures the impact of transfers by comparing income poverty rates before and after social transfers. This chapter develops a regression approach to study the effects of transfers on material deprivation by predicting the material deprivation rate before social transfers. We apply the method to pre-recession and post-austerity EU-SILC data for Germany, Greece, Poland, and the United Kingdom. We find that, in addition to reducing income poverty, transfers substantially reduce the extent and depth of material deprivation. Changes in social transfers, therefore, have a twofold effect on Europe’s poverty-reduction target.
Conclusion: The “Next Gen” Public Service
Authors: Light Paul C.
Published: December 2018

Chapter 5 closes the book with a discussion of the “next gen” public service. Even as Congress and the president embrace the regular reblending using the “reset and trade” system proposed in chapter 4, they must assure that the government-industrial complex embraces a continued commitment to public service, a mission that matters to the nation’s future, and a workforce that brings new vitality to aging institutions. Federal employees are going to retire in record numbers over the next decade, but their departures will not create a destructive “retirement tsunami” if Congress and the president act now to recruit and train the next generation of public servants wherever they work in the government-industrial complex.
Introduction
Authors: Gregory Justina
Published: December 2018

Representations of education in epic and tragedy unfold against a backdrop of cultural concepts that go stated or unstated, challenged or assumed. The introduction explores the most significant of these concepts. They include the assumption that definitive boundaries demarcate the life stages, with youth considered appropriate for learning and old age for instruction; a surprisingly elusive concept of youth as the occasion for rites of maturation; representations of the ideal instructor as a real or surrogate father whose methods include injunctions (hupothēkai), general reflections (gnōmai), and exemplary tales (paradeigmata); an understanding of education as complemented, enhanced, or frustrated by natural endowment; and variations on the theme of learning through suffering.
Iphigenia in Aulis
Authors: Gregory Justina
Published: December 2018

Because Homer’s Nausicaa sheds light on Euripides’ Iphigenia, this chapter begins by discussing her representation in the Odyssey. Both young women have been raised to regard marriage as the culminating event of female existence, an attitude that Agamemnon exploits to lure his daughter to Aulis for a fictitious marriage with Achilles. After reviewing the internal and external chronology of Iphigenia in Aulis and the state of its text, this chapter discusses two aspects that have attracted critical attention—the play’s contemporary political resonance and its pattern of changes of mind—and then reads it as tracing a dual, reciprocal process of education. Iphigenia and Achilles both follow the pattern of the Homeric Achilles in experiencing first a crisis of disillusionment, then a crisis of empathy. Their idealism forms a contrast to the duplicity and corruption that surrounds them and the ordeals they have yet to face.
Shattered Plans 1993
Authors: Scheffer David
Published: December 2018

The year 1993 never got close to a peaceful settlement of the Balkans conflict despite the United Nations, European, and American attempts to achieve one. The siege of Sarajevo had begun in 1992 immediately after the declaration of independence of Bosnia-Herzegovina. By the end of 1993, a military stalemate persisted in Bosnia as the diplomatic challenge limped along. President Bill Clinton’s cabinet of national security leaders—the Principals Committee—gathered in the Situation Room for the first time on January 28, 1993, and dealt exclusively with the situation in Bosnia. In April 1993, U.S. Permanent Representative to the United Nations Madeleine Albright, delivered a memorandum to the national security adviser recommending use of American air power. The recommendation failed to attract sufficient support, and further diplomatic efforts to end the war also failed. “Assertive multilateralism” took a beating in Situation Room discussions as 1993 wore on.
Epilogue
Authors: Scheffer David
Published: December 2018

A result from which “all ugliness will flow again.”

WARREN CHRISTOPHER

THE BOSNIAN WAR took three years of intensive diplomacy to end, while combat and atrocities were unremitting. The talking phase of armed conflicts has veered wildly from days to decades in recent history, and often failed completely when one side fought to achieve outright military victory. There were no negotiations to end World War II; only total defeat of the Axis Powers sufficed. The Korean War ended in a stalemate absent any substantive talks, and the United States and North Korea remained, technically, at war, for decades thereafter. Negotiations to end the Vietnam War began in 1968 and continued into the next decade only to be eclipsed by the total victory of North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces in 1975. The catastrophic Syrian conflict began in 2011 and continued unabated despite years of U.N.-sponsored talks in Geneva. The Colombian government and the indigenous guerilla group, Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia–People’s Army (FARC), finally ended their civil war in 2016 with a peace agreement after 26 years of on-again, off-again negotiations....
Market-Savvy Housing and Community Development Policy
Authors: Swanstrom Todd
Published: December 2018

This chapter addresses how housing policies to combat segregation often fail to consider housing market strength, which varies significantly within and between metropolitan areas. In weak housing markets, policymakers should not focus on increasing the housing supply but on building market demand. This is very difficult in the weakest markets, and it often makes more sense to encourage residents to move to better neighborhoods. Housing development funds should be concentrated on “middle neighborhoods”—areas where the market is still healthy but there is a threat of decline. Middle market strategies to improve market confidence can be highly effective. By contrast, it makes no sense to invest scarce development funds in strong market neighborhoods. Instead, cities should help low-income households to stay or move into these high-opportunity areas. The chapter concludes by arguing that policymakers who embrace the build-on-strength approach advocated here need to take into account how racist practices have unfairly trapped minorities in weak market areas.
Resilience
Authors: Cooper Albright Ann
Published: December 2018

Resilience calls forth stories of ingenuity and resourcefulness in the face of a greater power. This could be a force of nature (hurricanes, tornados, earthquakes, drought), human-made destruction (wars, industrial accidents, terrorism, climate change), or simply meeting up with the neighborhood bully on the playground. Although it is currently used in discussions of economics and technologies, as well as in reference to people and the natural world, resilience demands an accounting with the more affective dimensions of our experience. Eventually, with time (suspension) and support (gravity), lives are reimagined, buildings are reconstructed, and we try to establish a new sense of balance. But resilience also carries the possibility of lasting transformation. Often in returning and remembering, we find that we no longer want what we had before. Natural ecologies, human communities, and complex systems can all exhibit resilience; it is necessarily a grass-roots movement.
The Early Modern Context and Changing Paradigms
Authors: Viladesau Richard
Published: December 2018

Europe and the Americas during the early modern period (1750–1900) experienced revolutionary changes in paradigms of thought and activity. The intellectual and social climate challenged traditional Christian ideas of salvation. While Jesus was still seen by many as the divine redeemer, radical critics saw in him a source of world-denying and anti-humanistic religion. Others regarded him as an incarnation of the universal Spirit. Yet others saw him as a social revolutionary, introducing a this-worldly salvation.
Religious Practices and Democratic Virtues
Authors: Hertzberg Benjamin R.
Published: December 2018

Some claim that religion in general—or certain religions—are disciplines that shape their adherents in ways that make them less fit for democratic politics. Religion in general (or some religion) makes people subservient or authoritarian. This chapter argues that democratic virtue theory can provide an approach to these types of concerns. Because democracy protects citizens’ associational freedoms, it should not interrogate all religious practices or all the virtues that religions value. However, it must evaluate those religious practices that citizens use in political activism. This chapter considers Gandhi’s practice of satyagraha—nonviolent direction action—as an example of this kind of assessment. The chapter asks whether satyagraha develops in its practitioners the virtues necessary for reciprocal accountability, a crucial democratic practice. This assessment acts as a model that can be extended to other politicized religious practices: prayer vigils, funerals, and the like.
Defensible Knowledge and Exemplars Representation
Authors: Lehrer Keith
Published: December 2018

This chapter articulates a form of knowledge that requires the capacity to justify and defend our claims to knowledge in terms of a background system by appeal to a special form of representation of experience called exemplarization. Personal justification of a target claim to knowledge consists of defensibility against objections in terms of a background evaluation system of the person. The justification must not depend on error, as the Gettier problem showed, so the defense of the target claim must be sustained when the errors are deleted from the evaluation system in the ultrasystem of the subject. The result is justification that is undefeated or irrefutable by background error. The chapter ends with an account of exemplar representation of experience of the world that connects acceptance with truth security in the representation of experience.
Exemplars, Truth, and Scientific Revolution
Authors: Lehrer Keith
Published: December 2018

This chapter connects exemplar representation with truth and knowledge. It explains the way in which exemplar representation provides the empirical connection of undefeated and irrefutable defensibility. The exemplar can stand in for a predicate yielding exemplar predication exhibiting what the subject is like. The exemplar predicate may be attached to the meaning of words functioning to provide a stochastic connection with how the word is applied and how it is inferentially connected with other words. How exemplars of experience are attached or detached to the use of theoretical words in scientific use is an autonomous choice. Scientific change as well as the delegation of authority is explained by the reflexive exemplar representation of experience onto itself. Evidence and truth lead to empirical knowledge, based on our trustworthiness as we represent the world in terms of exemplarized experience.
Doubt as an Integral Part of Calling
Authors: Mirza Younus Y.
Published: December 2018

This chapter seeks to address the misleading assumption that vocational discernment should lead a person toward a clear and definitive goal. In practice, the process of finding one’s callings will necessarily be accompanied by doubt and uncertainty; in fact, the ambiguous and shadowy nature of vocation can be a positive feature. Many stories from various religious traditions remind us that even the most deeply committed and vocationally focused individuals have experienced doubt about their own callings and uncertainty about their lives. The chapter cites a range of scholarly literature on vocation to emphasize this point, then illustrates it through various elements in the Qur’an—including a detailed retelling the story of Joseph. Like Joseph, many people may retrospectively come to see how the various elements of their lives have been woven together, even if they faced a great deal of doubt and uncertainty along the way.
Vocational Exploration as Transformative Pedagogy
Authors: Sadd Tracy Wenger
Published: December 2018

This chapter argues that the shape and style of classroom teaching make a tremendous difference in the work of bringing vocational reflection into a multi-faith environment. The author draws on insights from a variety of fields, including psychology, philosophy, and educational theory, to provide specific guidance about the geography and atmosphere of the classroom and about the kinds of learning that need to take place there. Greater attention to the affective domain, coupled with the creation of classroom spaces that students see as respectful of their particularities and differences, can create a positive space for vocational reflection and discernment across a variety of lifestances. The second half of the chapter offers a number of specific pedagogical exercises to accomplish this work, along with a discussion of how student engagement in this project might be appropriately evaluated. A rubric for such evaluation is also included.
Medieval Theology I
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: December 2018

The argument of this chapter is that the descriptive regime of tensional motion rises to historical dominance during the period from around the fifth century ce to around the end of the seventeenth century—roughly the long medieval and early modern periods. The rise of this new regime occurs alongside the rising predominance of a new theological description of being as force. The theological description of force took two historical forms during this period: the physics of force and the doctrine of the Trinity. Together, these form the tradition of natural theology, the theory of relation between divine and natural being.
Sampling Myth
Authors: Appert Catherine M.
Published: December 2018

This chapter traces how the stories people tell through and about hip hop produce diasporic connections. It introduces two fundamental and interlinked origin myths that are central to how music means in Senegalese hip hop (Rap Galsen). One connects hip hop to griots and indigenous oralities; the other centers on the South Bronx and urban marginalization. It argues that analyzing hip hop within specific local musical histories complicates frameworks of resistance in global hip hop studies. Rather than objectifying the sounds of hip hop or reducing them to a medium of resistance, it approaches hip hop meaning through an ethnographic analysis of musical genre that examines the social significances of sound and musical gesture. It shows how hip hop’s aural palimpsests relate to strategic practices of memory.
Remembering the Griot
Authors: Appert Catherine M.
Published: December 2018

This chapter locates Senegalese hip hop at the intersection of local musical history, transatlantic Afrocentric dialogue, and the accelerated globalization of the 1980s. It traces the historical invention of the griot through colonialism, religious conversion, and postcolonial nationalist projects, while showing how griot instrumental and vocal performance practices provided a foundation for Senegal’s preeminent popular music, mbalax. It details how early international rappers, including Positive Black Soul (PBS) and Daara J, in line with a history of Afrocentric and pan-African projects in which they were well versed, traced an alternative history that routed the griot through diaspora and “back” to Africa, bypassing contemporary griot performance and mbalax in the process. It argues that this was not a literal claim to hip hop origins, but a strategic project of remembering that claimed diaspora as an alternative local history.
Fragmented Wars
Authors: Lubell Noam
Published: December 2018

The use of force against armed groups located in other States is not new, but began receiving heightened attention as a result of U.S. operations in Afghanistan following the attacks of September 11, 2001. The high-profile nature of these events, the resoluteness with which the United States asserted its right to self-defense against an armed group, and the international support that it received all led to increased attention to the surrounding legal matters. Much of the debate centered upon the basic question of whether a State has a right to self-defense in response to attacks perpetrated by a non-State actor located in the territory of another State, absent attribution of the attack to the other State. Other important issues included the classification of hostilities between the State and such a group, and rules governing the conduct of the parties. This chapter sets out to draw together the threads of these debates from the last fifteen years, to analyze new questions that have emerged, examine how they impact upon each other, and suggest a way forward for overcoming legal challenges.