bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Primitive Sculpture of Cyprus
Authors: Lawrence A. W.
Published: May 2006

The chronology of early Cypriote sculpture has only once been treated in detail, when Professor J. L. Myres, in his Handbook of the Cesnola Collection, attempted to distinguish styles and arrange them in an intelligible sequence. His conclusions cannot be neglected by the student of ancient art, for if they are correct some of the most ambitious statues date from the first half of the seventh century B.C., which means that sculpture is at least a century older in Cyprus than in other Greek lands. (It must be remembered that the island was as Greek then as it ever was; an Assyrian inscription records the names of ten Greek kings reigning in it at this time. The object of this paper is to examine how far his distinctions are accurate and to put forward an alternative arrangement.

Foreign influence is evident in a large number of statues in native limestone, and Myres' view is that one influence is Assyrian and contemporary with Assyrian domination, which began in 709 B.C., and the next Egyptian. It was Amasis, 570–526 B.C., who actually effected the annexation, but Myres ascribes the earliest imitations of Egyptian art to the end of the seventh century, thereby making the duration of the two periods more alike. The Persian conquest, which is not later than the time of Darius, results in a decline of pure Egyptian style and the rise of an eclectic art based on Egyptian and older traditions that passes insensibly into a variety of late archaic Greek. In the next few pages I shall endeavour to show that he has been too definite in describing the Oriental influence as mainly Assyrian, and so there is no proof that it is as old as the seventh century, and that he has grouped as Oriental certain sculptures which are early archaic Greek.
Studies in the Text of the Nicomachean Ethics. II
Authors: Ashburner W.
Published: May 2006

It is generally admitted that Bekker's Kb—Laur. 81, 11—is the best, as it is the oldest, authority for the text both of the Nicomachean Ethics and of the Great Morals. It is desirable therefore that the testimony of that manuscript should be presented to the learned public as accurately as possible. So far as concerns the Nicomachean Ethics, the reports of that testimony which are now available are chiefly the following: (a) Bekker's, as given in his academical edition of 1831, (b) Schöll's, as given first in Rassow's Forschungen über die Nikomachische Ethik, Weimar, 1874, at p. 10, sqq., and subsequently in Susemihl's editions, of which the third and last was edited by Otto Apelt and published in the Teubner series in 1912, and (c) Bywater's, as given in his Oxford text. Bywater's apparatus criticus is unfortunately what is called a select apparatus criticus.
Une Recette Homérique
Authors: Késer J.
Published: May 2006

Cette phrase, qui se retrouve avec quelques variantes cinq fois dans l'Iliade et cinq fois dans l'Odyssée, me paraît n'avoir pas été expliquée jusqu'ici d'une manière satisfaisante; il s'agit, dans tous ces passages (Il. i. 465, ii. 428, vii. 317, ix. 210, xxiv. 623; Od. iii. 463, xii. 365, xiv. 75, xiv. 431, xix. 422) d'un repas, souvent accompagné de rites religieux, ou d'un sacrifice proprement dit. Pessonneaux traduit μιστύλλω par: diviser, couper en menus morceaux; Lang, Leaf et Myers: they sliced, ou cut up small, all the rest and pierced it through with spits; ou encore: they minced it (the ox) cunningly and pierced it through with spits; Voss: wohl zerstückte er das Fleisch und steckte es alles an Spiesse; ou: das Uebrige schnitten sie klein und steckten's an Spiesse.

Μιστύλλω signifie hacher, couper en petits morceaux, broyer, piler; μιστύλη, c'est le morceau de pain creusé en cuiller pour puiser les aliments liquides ou demi-liquides. On pourrait supposer que les morceaux de viande étaient assez grands pour être embrochés à la file les uns des autres, comme des perles sur une aiguille; cependant μιστύλλω semble indiquer une subdivision plus fine de la viande, une sorte de hachis; la traduction exacte serait alors, si cette hypothèse est admise: ils hachèrent le reste de la viande, le fixèrent sur des broches (et le firent rôtir avec soin). Mais comment peuton fixer de la viande hachèe sur une broche, ou autour d'une broche, sans qu'elle se détache et tombe dans le feu?
Sun Myths and Resurrection Myths
Authors: Macurdy Grace Harriet
Published: May 2006

There is a type of resurrection myth, originating in Thrace and in North Greece, the connexion of which with the sun and moon worship is at present unduly set aside in favour of the Demeter-Persephone derivation. This type is seen in the stories, so popular in the art and drama of fifth century Athens, of the wife or husband who prevails against death, for a time at least, by recovering the beloved one. The most famous examples form a triad which is frequently mentioned, the tales of Laodamia, Alcestis, and Orpheus.
Valona
Authors: Miller William
Published: May 2006

The Italian occupation of Valona has drawn attention to what has been called one of the two keys of the Adriatic. It may, therefore, be of interest to trace the history of this important strategic position, which has been held by no less than twelve different masters.

The name αὐλών ‘a hollow between hills,’ was applied to various places in antiquity, and from the accusative of this word comes the Italian form ‘Valona,’ or, as the Venetians often wrote it, ‘Avalona.’
The Plot of the Alcestis
Authors: Myres J. L.
Published: May 2006

The immediate occasion of these notes on the Alcestis of Euripides was a recent performance of the play at the Little Theatre in London. In this performance, though the programme professed that the interpretation which had been adopted was essentially that proposed by Dr. Verrall in 1895, an innovation seemed to be contemplated which even at first sight, and still more when one went behind the English version to the original, appeared to stray beyond reasonable conjecture, and indeed ran counter in some points to the express indications of Euripides. In particular, the genuine reluctance of Admetus to give the assurance which Alcestis asks, that he will not marry again, was so greatly emphasized, and so markedly enhanced by his behaviour in the last scene, till the identity of the veiled woman was disclosed, as to lead up to a catastrophe which was tragical in every sense, and ‘satyric’ in none; while the behaviour of the restored Alcestis showed only too clearly that in her interval for cool reflection at the tomb she had taken the measure of Admetus; that it was only with reluctance that she had returned to this life at all; and that it was the crowning point of her misery to find that the reason why she was restored was that she might resume her place as his wife. This, at all events, was the manner of her retreat into the palace, and the convulsive writhings of Admetus both before and after it hardly admitted any other interpretation. The one cheerful spot in the gloom was the hilarity of Herakles, who, tactless as ever, bade them fare well and ‘live happy ever afterwards.’
When was Themistocles last in Athens?
Authors: Ure P. N.
Published: May 2006

The twenty-fifth chapter of the Aristotelian Constitution of Athens contains a circumstantial account of the overthrow of the Areopagus, which differs from the accepted version of the same affair in ascribing an important, though not the foremost, part in the attack to Themistocles. The newly discovered version does not, it is true, stand entirely by itself. But it is found elsewhere only in an argument to the Areopagiticus of Isocrates, written probably by a sixth-century Christian. As between the argument and the papyrus, it is the latter that alone can give any serious historical value to the former. But what is the historical value of the account in the Constitution? If it is true, then, as was recognised at once by Kenyon in his editio princeps, it revolutionises the history of the later part of Themistocles' career.
Hermes Chthonios as Eponym of the Skopadae
Authors: Macurdy Grace H.
Published: May 2006

From the tenth Pythian ode of Pindar we learn that both the Aleuadae, who had their seat of power at Larissa, and the Skopadae, lords of Crannon, once called Ephyra, were descendants of Heracles. These families are chiefly known to us through the poets, and in the case of the Skopadae, from the passage in the Protagoras of Plato in which a poem of Simonides is discussed. The statement of Theocritus, that the great families of Thessaly would be buried in obscurity but for the songs written in their honour, is amply justified:

The Aleuadae are more conspicuous and more often mentioned than the Skopadae, who were the younger branch of the Aleuad family, as the Kreondae are the younger branch of the Skopadae at Krannon. Both families appear to have immigrated from Thesprotia. The eponym of the Aleuadae is one of the Thessalian heroes whose story brings them into connexion with the serpent, of whom the most famous is Asklepios. Of him Rohde writes: ‘In Wahrheit ist ursprünglich auch er ein in der Erde hausender thessalischer Ortsdaimon gewesen, der aus der Tiefe, wie viele solche Erdgeister, Heilung von Krankheiten, Kentniss der Zukunft (beides in alter Zeit eng verbunden) heraufsandte.’
Two Attic Epitaphs
Authors: Nock A. D.
Published: May 2006

For permission to publish these two inscriptions, now in the Epigraphic Museum at Athens, the writer is indebted to Professor Leonardos, Director of the Museum, and to Professor Keramopoullos, who discovered them. His thanks are further due to Dr. J. J. E. Hondius for having resigned a prior right to publication of the second, to Mr. C. T. Seltman for the photograph of the first, to Mr. E. P. Austin for the photograph and measurements of the second, to Mr. A. M. Woodward for his notes, and to Mr. M. N. Tod for valuable criticisms.

I. This stele, which is of Pentelic marble, was found in the house of Athanasios Katzoules by the church of S. Spyridon in Athens, in the part anciently called Agra, and was taken thence to the Epigraphic Museum on June 28th, 1914; its number is 12381. In height it measures 48·5 cm. above ground, 32 cm. below, in breadth at base of gable 25 cm., at ground level 29 cm. The greatest width of lettering is 23·5 cm., its average height about 23 mm., and the height of the inscription is 24·5 cm.
A Female Figure in the Early Style of Pheidias
Authors: Gardner Percy
Published: May 2006

I have to bring before the readers of this Journal a female figure of great interest recently added to the Ashmolean Gallery of Sculpture. Its beauty and dignity will be evident to all who look at the plates (Pls. I., II.). In addition to its beauty it has also special interest, because a discussion of it necessarily involves the whole question of Attic art in the age of Pericles, and particularly of portrait sculpture in that age.

The figure comes from the Hope Collection at Deepdene in Surrey, which was sold by auction in July last. It lay unnoticed in the Deepdene mansion, and was not seen by Michaelis when he visited it in 1877, nor by more recent visitors. I have not succeeded in finding any information as to its source; but as many of the Hope sculptures were found in Rome, it is very probable that this comes thence. The restorations are in Italian marble, and were probably executed in Rome. It is wrongly described, and not figured, in the Hope Sale Catalogue.
The Utilisation of Old Epigraphic Copies
Authors: Ramsay W. M.
Published: May 2006

Some of the most important inscriptions in Central Anatolia, copied by old travellers with fair accuracy, are concealed in the great collections, such as C.I.G., with false or defective transcription in which their value is lost. The object of this article is to illustrate by examples the importance and the right method of re-studying them. In order to show the facts, as the basis for a new restoration (which will in every case be found closer to the original copy than the published transcriptions), brevity is best served in several cases by quoting former transcriptions fully.

In using the copies of older travellers the chief principle is to emend as little as possible. Certain letters, however, are liable to be confused by any copyist in a difficult text, and correction in such cases is needed within limits. Also, there is a personal equation which can be established in respect of each. Copyists vary in excellence, some being much more trustworthy than others, and there are certain errors to which some are more prone than others.
A Greek Manuscript describing the Siege of Vienna by the Turks in 1683
Authors: Marshall F. H.
Published: May 2006

I think that those who take an interest in the history of the modern Greek language may possibly welcome a short note on a manuscript in the British Museum, which appears to me to be worth some attention, chiefly perhaps from the point of view of the part played by Greek culture in Roumania in the seventeenth century.

The manuscript in question is Add. MS. 38890 in the Department of Manuscripts, British Museum. It was acquired at Hodgson's sale, June 25, 1914, Lot 413, and is from the collection of the Hon. Frederic North, but was later in the possession of Richard Taylor. It is well written and presents but few difficulties of decipherment, and the number of errors is comparatively small. At the end the date of completion is given, viz. December 1686, and the place of writing—Bucharest.

I think the general character of the MS. will be best explained by the reproduction of the short preface prefixed to it. I give it here, together with a translation. The pages and lines are those of the MS., and spelling, punctuation and abbreviations are reproduced as they stand, though I have not adhered to the very fluctuating use of the acute and grave accents.
Little-Master Cups
Authors: Beazley J. D.
Published: May 2006

The word ‘little-master cup,’ as I use it, covers, first, ‘lip-cups,’ ‘band-cups,’ and variants of them; second, ‘Droop’ (or ‘Antidoran’) cups. I shall not deal with Droop cups; for I can add nothing to Ure's admirable study. I confine myself to lip-cups, band-cups, and their variants. Much of what I shall say has been said already, and I draw attention to the concise and accurate treatment which these also have received from Ure.

Into the origin of the shapes I do not enter for the present. The forerunner is the Attic ‘Siana cup.’
The Political Sympathies of Aeschylus
Authors: Smertenko Clara M.
Published: May 2006

Modern writers have generally assumed that the political affiliations of Aeschylus were aristocratic. That his sympathies were with the democrats has, however, been ably maintained by Sir R. W. Livingstone on the basis of a consideration of the Eumenides, a play which explicitly exalts the aristocratic court of the Areopagus, and has usually been taken as proof of Aeschylus' opposition to the democratic measures of Ephialtes and Pericles. Livingstone bases his argument upon the eloquent enthusiasm of the poet for Athens' future, and upon the fact that the functions assigned the Areopagus in the play are those which it still retained after the democratic reforms of Ephialtes, not those of which it had been despoiled.
A Lead Coffin from Palestine in Leiden
Authors: Brants Johanna P. J.
Published: May 2006

To the readers of this Journal, and in particular to Mr. Avi-Yonah, the author of the paper on Three Lead Coffins from Palestine in JHS. 1930, p. 300, it may be interesting to hear that the Museum of Archaeology at Leiden possesses a well-preserved lead coffin, belonging to the same class as those published in that article. This sarcophagus, which entered the Leiden Museum in 1902, was reported to have been found at Byoud el Saied near Tyre, and shows in many of its main features a great resemblance to the fragments published by Mr. Avi-Yonah as his Pl. XII, a, b, c, d.

The four sides and the curved lid of the coffin, though much damaged, are in existence, whilst the bottom has entirely disappeared, as is generally the case with this class of monuments. The long sides measure m. 1·70 by 0·37, the short sides 0·41 by 0·45. The lid was fixed on to the coffin by clamps projecting from the longitudinal sides, two of which are still in place.
Marathon
Authors: Henderson R. B.
Published: May 2006

Like everyone else, I am much interested in the campaign of Marathon, and therefore grateful for the able reconstruction given us in the last number of the Journal by so great a student of military affairs as Sir Frederick Maurice. With the greater part of it I am in agreement, but I cannot help thinking that the soldier in the author has allowed the politics of the day to fall too much into the background. There was, and it was natural in the circumstances of the time that there should be, a party of men in Athens who regarded Persian domination (represented by Hippias) as a lesser evil than Spartan rule, with which they were threatened—or imagined themselves to be threatened. Then the shield. Surely we are to understand from Herodotus that it was flashed from a height. There are points on Mount Pentelicus from which not only the whole of Marathon field but also the city of Athens can be seen.
The West Pediment of the Parthenon
Authors: Lethaby W. R.
Published: May 2006

‘No artist will ever surpass Pheidias: progress may exist in the world, but it is not so in Art. The greatest of all sculptors will remain for ever without an equal’ (Rodin).

It is agreed that the sculptures of the Western pediment represented, at the centre, the Contest of Athena and Poseidon; that this central action was terminated by two chariot groups, one on the left, the other on the right; and that beyond these were spectators. Further, it is generally accepted that a pair of figures of an old man and a maiden on the left of the central action were meant for Cecrops and one of his daughters. Immediately to the left of Cecrops, between him and the first figure in the angle of the pediment, Nointel's drawing showed a void space, and in a nearly corresponding position in the other half of the pediment the same old drawing recorded another gap (X and Y in Fig. 1). It had been supposed by many students that both spaces might have been left void intentionally; Leake and others thought that one or both would have been filled.
Note on Two Archaistic Reliefs in Oxford
Authors: Beazley J. D.
Published: May 2006

Miss Hutton's valuable article on the archaistic reliefs in Oxford contains two errors, which may as well be corrected at once. The first was pointed out to me by Mr. W. H. Buckler. Of the left-hand nymph in the representation of Pan teased, Miss Hutton writes that the artist ‘twisted the upper portion of her body round into a three-quarters frontal position, which he balanced by flinging the right arm back to fill the empty space behind the body. There is therefore no physical contact between the first nymph and Pan.’ As a matter of fact she was grasping the end of Pan's leopard-skin with her right hand, just as in the other reliefs with the same subject, and swinging not her right but her left arm back.

The second slip is in the account of the Rhodian nymph relief. According to Miss Hutton, ‘the whole surface has been so much rubbed down to conceal damage that the right-hand figure, whose heavy peplos had originally a pleated kolpos with swallow-tail points, appears to be clad in a transparent veil over an equally transparent tunic.’
A Note on Temple Equipment
Authors: Austin R. P.
Published: May 2006

There are several inscriptions in the Greek Corpus in which occurs the word ἴκρια or its derivatives ἰκριῶσαιἰκριώματα etc., and in the majority of them it is sufficiently evident from the context that ἴκρια means ‘scaffolding,’ i.e. wooden erections used by workmen for operations carried on at a height from the ground, especially in connexion with the building or repair of temples. This is the recognised meaning of the word in such places. But there are certain exceptions—inscriptions in which, though the same word occurs, it has been given a different rendering— not ‘scaffolding,’ but ‘fence’ or ‘balustrade’ (Latin cancelli). The very full article on ἴκριον by Frickenhaus in Pauly-Wissowa will be found to include the occurrences of the word in inscriptions, and it sets out (ii. 2) the cases where this exceptional rendering ‘fence’ or ‘balustrade’ has been generally accepted. These are I.G. iv. 39; i2. 94; i2. 371, 22. It is with these three inscriptions that I propose to deal in this note.
A Review of Mediaeval and Modern Greek
Authors: Bachtin N.
Published: May 2006

The Link will appear in May 1938, edited by Nicholas Bachtin. Contributors will include S. Baud-Bovy (Geneva), P. Bizilli (Sophia), T. Castanakis (Paris), P. Chantraine (Paris), R. M. Dawkins (Oxford), R.J. H.Jenkins (Cambridge) J. Humbert (Lille), L. Lacroix (Liége), F. H. Marshall (London), J . Mavrogordato (London), A. Mirambel (Paris), O. Merlier (Athens), D. Talbot Rice (Edinburgh), L. Roussel (Montpellier), G. Theotocas (Athens), P. Vlasto (Liverpool,) A. J . B. Wace (Cambridge).

The main object of The Link is to interpret the past of Greece through its present and its present through the past, and thus to reveal the basic unity of Greek civilisation in all its manifestations and throughout its whole development.
The Oriental Origin of Herakles
Authors: Levy G. Rachel
Published: May 2006

About fifty miles to the north-east of Baghdad, an irregular eminence known as Tell Asmar has covered till recently the town of Eshnunna, which was abandoned to the desert after its destruction by Hammurabi in the twentieth century before Christ. The excavations now being conducted there by the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago have unearthed, among other important finds, a number of cylinder seals from early Dynastic and Akkadian levels, of which those reproduced in Fig. 1 and Plate II, 1, together with one seal (Plate II, 2) from the Southesk collection, form the basis of this article.

It will be observed that the designs shown in Fig. 1, a Sumerian impression pieced from fragments of clay, and Plate II, 1, an Akkadian stone cylinder of about 2500 B.C., both represent the conquest of a hydra-like monster. The impression has a serpent, two of whose seven heads have already been severed by a crudely-rendered man or god who holds a head in either hand, the stumps being visible above the living heads which still menace him. The scene is placed between friezes of scorpions, among whom is a single-headed snake, while a dragon with scorpion-tail stands behind the hydra, a participant, it may be, in the contest. An almost obliterated inscription in pre-Akkadian signs throws no light on the artist's intention.
The Atlas Metope of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia
Authors: Mills S.
Published: May 2006

Heracles supports the sky, Athena helping him.' But was this—the description we hear so often—the sculptor's idea of the episode? Was he attempting to convey merely a general idea of the assistance rendered to Heracles by Athena, in a sculptural pattern designed for beauty only? The other metopes shew him to have been a man of literal mind: here too we should expect not only beauty of design but a logical care for the subsequent movements of the three figures. The logic is there, and should be clear to those who look at the metope with eyes not obscured by the common description of it. The Titan and the hero are at a deadlock. The one offers, the other cannot receive. It is Athena who takes the initiative, giving aid which only an Olympian can give. Her left hand is placed against the sky (fig. 1)—placed lightly, for it is lower than those of Heracles, and bears little of the weight at the moment. The next moment, and the next movement, are crucial; when the daughter of the sky god will herself lift up the sky. Then Heracles will be free to take the apples, and Atlas can resume his burden.
Archaeology in Greece, 1947–1948
Authors: Cook J. M.
Published: May 2006

The year 1947–1948 has been one of limited activity. The presence of rebel bands continues to restrict movement in parts of mainland Greece and the Peloponnese; and the financial policy of the Greek Government has allowed little progress to be made this year in reconstituting the museums. The ban which the Ministry of Education imposed on excavation in Greece has not been withdrawn, though there are signs of a more liberal interpretation of it. On the other hand, the foreign archaeological institutions in Greece have intensified their activities within the limits imposed by present conditions; they have been happily strengthened by the founding on 10th May 1948 of a Swedish Institute in Athens.

The Kerameikos Museum is now opened by appointment for students. The principal sculptures of the National Museum have been unpacked in preparation for replacement; an exhibition of early Greek sculptures and works of art was formally opened in the new year; it includes the Delphi charioteer and the new kouros from Anavysos. Additions to Mrs. Stathatou's private collection include a Late Geometric amphora and stamped gold head-band which were found in a grave in the Mesogaia, a small archaic bronze steer's head, and a grave relief of the later fifth century B.C.
Archaeology in Greece, 1929–30
Authors: Payne G. G.
Published: May 2006

The following account is compiled from various sources: in part from reports kindly supplied by the directors of various excavations, several of whom have generously sent me photographs as well, in part from Prof. Oikonomos' account of the work of the Greek Archaeological Society; I have been enabled to fill gaps through the great kindness of Prof. Karo, Director of the German School, who allowed me to use the proofs of his forthcoming article in the Archäologischer Anzeiger, which contains much detail which I have not attempted to incorporate here.

ATHENS AND ATTICA

The year has been marked by the completion of at least one highly important undertaking in Athens—the reconstruction of the northern colonnade of the Parthenon, which was finished, under the direction of M. Balanos, in the spring.

Prof. P. Kastriotis has continued his excavations in the Odeion of Pericles, where it has been established that the southern wall is a late restoration (dating from the time of Valerian or Justinian). No trace of the original south wall has been found; this fact and the bad state of preservation of the western wall make a satisfactory reconstruction of the plan impossible.
Archaeology in Greece, 1933–34
Authors: Payne H. G. G.
Published: May 2006

The following account of recent discoveries in Greece is shorter than usual, for the sake of economy of space in the JHS. There is, moreover, actually less to report, since, largely owing to the economic situation, there has been unusually little excavation in Greece, and work on many sites has been virtually, or entirely, held up. The source of the greater part of what follows is the forthcoming report in the Anzeiger of the Jahrbuch of the German Archaeological Institute. To Professor Karo, the author of that report, I owe a special debt of gratitude for his generosity in allowing me to make free use of his manuscript; and I would here offer my thanks to others who have supplied me with information or photographs.
Archaeology in Greece, 1939–45
Authors: Dunbabin T. J.
Published: May 2006

Little serious archaeological work has been carried out in Greece during the war years. The Greek Archaeological Service has been obliged to give all its attention to the conservation of sites and works of art, a task carried out with courage and devotion in often very difficult circumstances. The foreign Schools have been able to carry out little work. The many military works carried out by the occupying forces have had a less rich harvest of antiquities than might have been expected. In many cases little information is available beyond the bare fact that excavations were carried out or finds made; no Greek experts were present and the finds were not handed over to the Greek Archaeological Service.

This article describes new finds only. It does not cover the damage done by acts of war to monuments and museums, which will be described elsewhere. It does include excavations and finds of 1939–40, which have not yet been reported in JHS, and summarises a number of Greek publications of the war years.

I am indebted for information to P. Amandry (on whose articles in BCH lxiv–lxv (1940–1), 231 ff. and lxvi–lxvii (1942–3), 320 ff. this article is largely based), to J. M. Cook and T. W. French, who collected much of the material, to A. D. Keramopoullos and the members of the Greek Archaeological Service of which he is head, who have given information and assistance at every point. I have also made use of the articles in AA 1940, 121 ff.; 1942, 99 ff.
Note on JHS 1937, p. 1
Authors: Ramsay W. M.
Published: May 2006

Dr. Buckler's text (from Sterrett's and my copies of 1883) of a Benefaction made to the village Orkistos in 237 A.D. is a real gain. In regard to two small points I record a different opinion (as arranged with him last year). The exordium is modelled on that of Senatus Consulta and ends as usual with the statement of the place ἐν ᾿Ορκιστῷ οὐᾶι; my friend conjectures ἐν ᾿Ορκιστῶ. ἐν ᾿Ορκιστῶ Οὐά[ριος] to which there are many objections: P was not on the stone. The broken symbol is ι, not ρ or 1. Sterrett's copy confirms mine. Though I have transcribed the entire text several times, first for another friend in 1909, I have never thought it possible to restore ρ. I might hesitate to found any absolute assertion on my copy alone, for it was made with one eye on the stone and one on the workmen. Now Sterrett's copy confirms, as I study it here for the first time. My transcriptions were made from my own copy: details and comparison were left to an editor. According to the conjecture of Dr. B. the dosis is made by Ouarios Aur. Markos, but the acknowledgment is made to Aur. Markos.
The Orient and Greece
Authors: Hutchinson R. W.
Published: May 2006

On p. 289 of the last volume of the Journal Dr. Roes refers to the discovery at Nineveh by Dr. Campbell Thompson of large quantities of‘the black-painted ware the like of which is found in South Mesopotamia and Persia,’ in Parthian houses erected among the ruins of the destroyed temple of Ishtar. She discourages Dr. Thompson's suggestion that they were part of the ‘collection’ of a Parthian antiquary and suggests that ‘the discovery must mean that in the days of the Parthians the vases were still being made somewhere.’

I also feel sceptical about Dr. Thompson's Parthian antiquary, but think that Dr. Roes probably does not realise the peculiar nature of the site. Quyunjik is an immense mound rising about 100 feet above the bed of the Khosr that flows under it.
Archaeology in Greece 1937–1938
Authors: Young Gerard M.
Published: May 2006

Acknowledgments are due to Professor Oikonomos and members of the Greek Archaeological Service, the Directors of the French and American Schools, the German Archaeological Institute, and of associated excavations, my colleagues of the British School and the Director of Antiquities in Cyprus, for the reports, photographs and drawings which they have generously contributed. This summary, as usual, does not exactly cover a period of twelve months. It contains all the proceedings of 1937 not already reported and a large proportion of those of 1938.
ΠΡΗΣΤΗΡΟΣ ΑΥΛΟΣ
Authors: Hall J. J.
Published: May 2006

Aëtius ii 20.1 (DK 12A21) Aëtius ii 25.1 (DK 12A22), on the moon, is similar, ending

It is generally supposed that is the nozzle of a bellows; but G. E. R. Lloyd, Polarity and analogy 313 ff. is doubtful of this interpretation, pointing out that only one, doubtful, parallel can be cited for this meaning of πρηστήρ, and that the nozzle of a bellows does not emit fire. He concludes, however, that if πρηστήρ has its normal, meteorological, sense, ‘it seems impossible to interpret … αὐλός … for this must surely refer to some sort of pipe or tube and this seems quite inappropriate to such phenomena as lightning or whirlwinds … “Bellows” … appears to give the best sense for this difficult phrase’.

My purpose here is to show that has a good meteorological sense. According to Aristotle Mete. 371a15 ff., the πρηστήρ is a variant of the τυφῶν, which is a whirlwind (370b22) which forms within a cloud (ib. 28), and, being unable to separate itself from the cloud, descends to the earth, bringing the cloud with it (371a9, ff., and especially 11 ff. ). This seems to be the ‘tornado’ or the ‘waterspout’ of modern meteorology. A tornado is ‘a very intense, progressive whirl, of small diameter … From the violently-agitated main cloud-mass above there usually hangs a writhing funnel-shaped cloud …’ The ‘funnel-shaped cloud’ is presumably the cloud which Aristotle's whirlwind ‘draws down with it’.
Theocritus, Idyll i 81–91
Authors: Williams F. J.
Published: May 2006

A few years ago R. M. Ogilvie argued against the widely-held view that Theocritus in Idyll i represents the cowherd Daphnis as another Hippolytus, martyred in the cause of Chastity. Nevertheless the view he attacked has been revived in a recent study of Theocritus' pastorals:

‘The chaste Daphnis … died rather than submit to Aphrodite … Both Hippolytus and Daphnis are chaste and wish to preserve their purity at all costs, even that of death … Both heroes are deeply committed to chastity … Daphnis … a true tragic hero, resists all temptation and so pines away to his death.
The Duration of the Samian Tyranny
Authors: White Mary
Published: May 2006

Herodotus in the course, of his description of Kambyses' conquest of Egypt gives both the earliest and the only detailed account we possess of Polykrates, the tyrant of Samos. Thucydides makes a brief reference to him, also dating him to the reign of Kambyses (ἐπὶ καμβύσου), 530–522 B.C. Other references, as will appear, are late, scattered, and incidental. In attempting to determine the length of the Samian tyranny, Herodotus will, therefore, be our most important source of evidence. Although his interest is concentrated on the career of Polykrates, he provides enough information about Samian activities in the immediately preceding period to suggest that Polykrates is, in most cases, continuing a policy already initiated a generation before him. The difficulty of compressing into the brief period of Kambyses all that is referred to the tyranny of Polykrates is notorious, as is also the difficulty of reconciling with the usually accepted dates of Polykrates the chronological references to other people connected with the Samian tyranny. There is a similar problem about the dating of two of the great Samian works which Herodotus describes, the water tunnel of Eupalinos, and the Heraion of Rhoikos. The usual assumption that the Samian tyranny began with Polykrates' seizure of power in the middle or late thirties is not, I think, adequate to explain the evidence. There are various indications that the Samian tyranny, or a régime at Samos which closely resembled the subsequent tyranny, had begun in the generation before Polykrates, and that Polykrates himself, because of his spirited resistance to Persia, has been credited with what was in reality the achievement of a continuous policy which had been begun earlier, perhaps by his father.
Hoards, Small Change and the Origin of Coinage
Authors: Kraay Colin M.
Published: May 2006

Numismatists necessarily deal in minute detail, often so minute that it passes unnoticed by those used to a larger scale; yet as much historical knowledge may depend on such minutiae as on the far larger details of sculpture or architecture. This difference of scale, however, is dangerous because it tends to increase the gulf between numismatists, who seem to be pursuing ever smaller details, and historians, who want to be told how coinage may affect the larger picture with which they are concerned. The following pages are an attempt to assemble and evaluate some of the very incomplete, but annually increasing, evidence, which bears on the function and use of coinage in the Greek world in the sixth and fifth centuries B.C. The treatment will be divided into three sections:

1. Evidence for the movement of coins from their various areas of origin.

2. Evidence for the incidence of fractional coinage.

3. The implications of 1 and 2 for an understanding of the function of early Greek coinage.
The Hot and the Cold, the Dry and the Wet in Greek Philosophy
Authors: Lloyd G. E. R.
Published: May 2006

In a previous article (JHS lxxxii (1962) 56 ff.) I examined some of the theories and explanations which appear in Greek philosophy and medicine in the period down to Aristotle, in which reference is made to right and left or certain other pairs of opposites (light and darkness, male and female, up and down, front and back), and I argued that several of these theories are influenced by the symbolic associations which these opposites possessed for the ancient Greeks. In the present paper I wish to consider the use of the two pairs of opposites which are most prominent of all in early Greek speculative thought, the hot and the cold, and the dry and the wet. My discussion is divided into two parts. In the first I shall examine the question of the origin of the use of these opposites in Greek philosophy. How far back can we trace their use in various fields of speculative thought, and what was the significance of their introduction into cosmology in particular? And then in the second part of my paper I shall consider to what extent theories based on these opposites may have been influenced by assumptions concerning the values of the opposed terms. Are these opposites, too, like right and left, or male and female, sometimes conceived as consisting of on the one hand a positive, or superior pole, and on the other a negative, or inferior one? How far do we find that arbitrary correlations were made between these and other pairs of terms, that is to say correlations that correspond to preconceived notions of value, rather than to any empirically verifiable data?
The Population of Athens Again
Authors: Gomme A. W.
Published: May 2006

Professor A. H. M. Jones in the appendix to his new book (pp. 161–80), Athenian Democracy (see below, p. 182), tackles afresh the problem of the population of Athens during the Peloponnesian war, and introduces three novelties: that the 13,000 hoplites of Thucydides ii 13.6 mean hoplites of the age-classes 20 to 39, not 20 to 49 as most of us, if not all, have assumed from Lykourgos, Leokrates 39–40, and some other evidence; that klerouchoi (but not apoikoi) remained in Athens, drawing rents from their kleroi in the subject states, all now within the hoplite census and included in the 13,000; and, the most important of the three, that to get a true picture of mortality rates and so of the relative strengths of different age-classes we must liken the Athenians to certain groups of persons in the Roman Empire between the first and third centuries A.D. and to India at the beginning of the present century, not to any European country during the last hundred years.

Jones takes me to task for suggesting that the at first sight surprising number of ‘oldest and youngest’ in the reserve to whom during the war was allotted the defence of the walls (Thuc. ii 13.7) was in part to be accounted for by the inclusion of all those in the classes 20 to 49 who were not fit for active service in the hoplite ranks, who would be a source of weakness rather than of strength to an army. ‘There are serious objections to this theory’, he says (p. 162). ‘It is in the first place not what Thucydides says. Secondly, it is pure speculation, unsupported by any evidence.’ ‘Let us then’, he adds, ‘set aside this theory and examine the facts afresh.’ This promises well.
Addenda to ‘Early Greek Ships of Two Levels’
Authors: Williams R. T.
Published: May 2006

In my article in the previous issue of this Journal (JHS lxxviii (1958) 12) one of the points I tried to make was that the two-level ship was not, as is usually thought, a transient phase between the single-level ship and the trireme, but that representations of it appeared not long before 700 B.C. and continued until after the trireme is thought to have been introduced into Greece, i.e. during the third quarter of the sixth century.
Le Peintre D'Altamura au Musée de Lyon
Authors: Dugas Charles
Published: May 2006

Le Musée des Beaux-Arts de Lyon possède deux vases dus au Peintre d'Altamura, les Nos. 18 et 37 de la liste des Attic Red-Figure Vase-Painters. En souvenir de la visite faite à Lyon, en 1947, par Sir John Beazley, je voudrais publier ici ces documents en les accompagnant de quelques brèves observations.

Cratère en calice. Haut.: 0 m. 258. N° d'entrée: E 120 (acheté á Rollin et Feuardent en 1882; payé 800 fr.).—ARV, p. 413/18 (Pl. XXV, XXVI et fig. 1).

Vase reconstitué de plusieurs morceaux; quelques repeints peu importants. Lignes noires en relief; points et lignes brun clair, en particulier sur le chiton de Demeter. Rouge mat presque entièrement effacé pour représenter le bouquet d'épis de Triptolème, ainsi que les flammes de la torche de Demeter et de celle que la mènade tient de la main droite; la torche qu'elle tient de la main gauche et la torche de Coré ne semblent pas avoir de flammes.

Intérieur et dessous des anses réservés. A l'intérieur du vase, vernis noir sauf une ligne réservée correspondant au ressaut placé à l'extérieur entre la guirlande de lierre et la zone à figures.

Autour de l'orifice, guirlande de lierre. Sur la face A, départ de Triptolème: le héros, couronné de myrte, est assis sur un trône roulant ailé; il tient de la main gauche un sceptre et un bouquet d'épis; de la droite il tend une phiale à Demeter. La déesse, vêtue d'un long chiton et portant sur les épaules une draperie retombante, tient d'une main une oenochoé, de l'autre une torche. Derrière Triptolème Coré, vêtue d'un chiton et d'un himation, porte aussi d'une main une oenochoé, de l'autre une torche. Sur la face B, satyre poursuivant une ménade: la ménade, vêtue d'un long chiton à repli et d'une peau de bête tachetée, tient une torche de chaque main; le satyre porte un thyrse de la main droite et sur le bras gauche une peau de bête tachetée. Sur les côtés, au dessus des anses, ornement formé de palmettes et de rinceaux. Au dessous de la zone à figures, rangée d'oves. Au haut et autour du pied, un filet et deux bandes réservés.
Dis Geniti
Authors: Murray Gilbert
Published: May 2006

All Greek religion is haunted by an anxiety, or a hope, which is generally summed up, since the great work of Mannhardt and Frazer, as the yearly worship of vegetation gods. The name is, admittedly, a little too narrow. No doubt in a simple agricultural community the chief anxiety is about next year's harvest. I am told that in Jerusalem the High Priest went out to see how the barley was getting on, and lengthened or shortened the official year accordingly. Of course there is also anxiety about the young of the flocks and herds, about the weather for sailing and the like; but I think we shall find that it extended much further. The phrase ‘Year Spirit’ is perhaps better than ‘Vegetation God’. Jane Harrison was much criticised for preferring the phrase Ἐνιαυτὸς δαίμων; but I think she was right, and perhaps more profoundly right than any of us saw at the time.

Ἐνιαυός is a curious word. The new Liddell and Scott gives its root meaning as ‘anniversary’. It seems to be formed like ἓνιοι, ἐνί-οτε, ‘there are who …’ ‘there are times when …’, and to mean ‘There is (or ‘there is present,’ the same’, ἔνι-αὐτός; or, more analytically still, ‘there is present-again-this’, ἔνι-αὖ-τός. From meaning ‘anniversary’ it comes to mean a recurrent vital day, or the period, however long, between the recurrent vital days. All kinds of events were due to occur περιπλομένων ἐνιαυτῶν, as in Od. A 16, which seems to mean ‘as the anniversaries recur’, but easily becomes ‘with the passing years’. Children are born (Theog. 493, Asp. 87) meaning, I think, ‘when the regular vital time comes on’, not ‘as the months pass’.
Archaeology in Greece 1952
Authors: Cook J. M.
Published: May 2006

While the great discoveries at Mycenae and Pylos have focused attention on the Peloponnse and the Mycenaean era, the record of excavations in all provinces of Greece and stages of antiquity in this past year is an unprecedented one; there have been some forty different excavations, and the activity of the Archaeological Society in the field has reached a peak. The clearing of the Athenian Agora has been greatly advanced, excavation has been resumed at Dodona and Olympia; the Temple of Poseidon at the Isthmia has at last been discovered, and the oldest known metal-working establishment in Europe has been uncovered on the east coast of Attica. Prof. Orlandos and his assistants have continued the restoration of Byzantine churches as far afield as Khanià, Siátista and the lake-island of Préspa. The advance in the reconstitution of the metropolitan collections this year is not immediately perceptible, but there has been welcome progress in the museums of Olympia, Delphi, and Herakleion.
ΔΕΚΑΤΟΣ ΑΥΤΟΣ
Authors: Dover K. J.
Published: May 2006

No one doubts that Perikles enjoyed exceptional moral authority. Whether or not this authority was reinforced by legal powers superior to those of his fellow-generals—that is to say, by occasional grants of extraordinary powers, or by election to a generalship differing by definition from other generalships—is disputable. It has been held on the following grounds that he did possess such powers:

(i) In certain years Perikles and another member of his own tribe were generals together, one of the remaining nine tribes being unrepresented. To be electedmust have been an honour, because it was election against competition from the whole community, not from one-tenth of the community; it follows that when there were two generals from the same tribe it was the more eminent of the two who was electedand it follows from that that Perikles was elected

(ii) In Th. i 116. 1 and ii 13.1 Perikles is described as general

(iii) Th. ii 21.3–22.2 describe actions of Perikles in terms which are hard to reconcile with the supposition that he was acting in concert with nine other generals each with the same authority as himself. This is notably true of 22.1

(iv) Th. ii 65.4. After his temporary disgrace in 430,
Solon's ‘Price-Equalisation’
Authors: Waters K. H.
Published: May 2006

In his article entitled ‘Solon and the Megarian Question’ (JHSlxxvii) Mr A. French has given a valuable exposition of Solon's economic reforms in their relation to the strategic necessities of Athenian overseas trade. This, however, leads him to an assessment of the statesman's policy which it is rather difficult to accept, conflicting as it does both with tradition and the general probabilities of the situation. Further, it is partly based on an interpretation of a passage in Plutarch which is, I think, mistaken and indeed impossible, although it has been adopted by most authorities. Mr French's argument may be summarised as follows:

(1) In the pre-Solonian era the sea route to South Attica and Phaleron, still more to Mounychia, was dominated by a hostile Megara owing to her control of Salamis; hence only the ports of East Attica were available for overseas trade in bulk cargoes. Early imports of grain and timber would have been from Thessaly, for which these ports were particularly convenient.

(2) However, increasing population and the decline in soil fertility made it desirable to import wheat in large quantities from the Black Sea; this would necessitate delivery at a port nearer the city and therefore control of Salamis to prevent Megarian interference on top of the other considerable hazards of the Black Sea voyage. It would also necessitate a high price which, though in accordance with the internal agricultural conditions, would diminish the advantages of the additional external supplies to the impoverished population of Attica. The Athenian government must either embark on a naval programme, and fight Megara for Salamis, or use less grain, which meant limiting the population.