bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The strategy of recycling electric vehicle batteries from the perspective of circular economy in Taipei city
Authors: Wang Yi-Shin , Kuo Nae‑Wen
Published: February 2023

This research focuses on the reutilization strategy and plan of the electric vehicle battery as the main body, if the battery is replaced. Under different development scenarios of electric vehicles, there will be uncertainty in the amount of electric vehicle batteries to be replaced later. At the same time, the service life of electric vehicle batteries may be slightly different in different years of production. Therefore, it is necessary to understand through data collection and actual interviews. Regardless of the number and the original service life, as long as it is judged that the battery must be replaced, if it can enter the reuse system and reuse it as an energy storage device in a different way, it will immediately show the extended battery energy service. Benefits, reduce environmental impact, improve resource utilization efficiency, etc.After the battery pack of the electric locomotive is replaced after regular maintenance, it may be necessary to distinguish and understand different battery states again. If it can be used again, there will be differences in the battery energy storage methods required for different battery usage habits derived from different solutions (for example, whether it is frequently charged and discharged, and whether it is more necessary to output electric energy stably). In addition to consumption habits, there are also uncertainties and situations in the use demand.The research methods that need to be used include: material flow analysis (MFA), life cycle analysis (Life cycle analysis LCA), etc. In the end, we can put forward the concept of circular economy, hoping to establish a plan or model that has economic feasibility, so that the plan may really be implemented. Therefore, in the evaluation of the program, the service of the battery is viewed from the overall life cycle, and the indicators that can be provided include resource service efficiency, energy service efficiency, and environmental impact. 
Observing the dynamics of deep convection using a tandem of spaceborne microwave radiometers
Authors: Brogniez Helene , Roca Remy , Chaboureau Jean-Pierre , Auguste Franck , Gharbi Ilhem , Lefebvre Thomas , Fiolleau Thomas , Bouniol Dominique
Published: February 2023

Deep convection plays a fundamental role in the climate system by transporting from the lower layers of the atmosphere to the free troposphere, air, water and momentum. Although its study has been the subject of intense and rich scientific activities for decades, our ignorance of the vertical distribution of convective movements in the heart of convective cells is today an important scientific and operational obstacle. Only space-borne observations can meet the needs in documentation necessary to progress on the science of the water and energy cycle and simultaneously improve numerical forecasting systems. Pending the emergence (hypothetical) of microwave missions in geostationary orbit with high repeatability (~ 1 minute), an approach based on satellite constellations in convoys could provide a first response.The “Convective Core Observations through MicrOwave Derivatives in the trOpics”, or C2OMODO for short, proposes to rely on 2 passive microwave radiometers with a multispectral sampling of the 183 and 325 GHz lines in a mini-train of 2 satellites. The time-spacing of 60 to 180sec between the 2 swaths encompasses information on the updraft motions of hydrometeors, and is thus used to characterize the intensity and the size of individual updrafts in deep convective systems.We will present this original observational strategy, associated to the NASA / AOS general framework, as well as its expected added-value for the characterization of deep convection.
Insights into and findings from global datasets on glacier distribution and changes
Authors: Zemp Michael , Windnagel Ann , Welty Ethan , Raup Bruce , Paul Frank , Nussbaumer Samuel , Maussion Fabien , Hoelzle Martin , Hock Regine , Gärtner-Roer Isabelle , Berthier Etienne
Published: February 2023

Glacier monitoring has been internationally coordinated since the late 19th century. For the last 25 years (i.e., 1998-2023), the compilation and dissemination of global glacier datasets has been coordinated by the Global Terrestrial Network for Glaciers (GTN-G, https://gtn-g.org). Authorized under the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) and supported by an international Advisory Board, GTN-G is jointly run by the science officers from the World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS, https://wgms.ch), the US National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC, https://nsidc.org), and the Global Land Ice Measurements from Space initiative (GLIMS, https://glims.org), in collaboration with related working groups of the International Association of Cryospheric Sciences (IACS, https://cryosphericsciences.org/).We present an updated overview of the various observational glacier datasets (https://www.gtn-g.ch/data_catalogue/), including world regions for regional glacier assessments (GTN-G Glacier Regions), glacier attributes (WGI: World Glacier Inventory), centerlines, and outlines (GLIMS, RGI: Randolph Glacier Inventory), ice velocities (ITS_LIVE), ice thickness (GlaThiDa: Glacier Thickness Database), glacier photographs (GPC: Glacier Photograph Collection), and glacier maps (GMC: Glacier Map Collection). For each dataset, we provide insights into the increased amount and richness of available data. We also demonstrate the value of these datasets by presenting selected findings from our own analyses as well as from user applications. 
Simulating extreme cold winters in France with empirical importance sampling
Authors: Cadiou Camille , Yiou Pascal
Published: February 2023

Extreme winter cold temperatures in Europe have huge societal impacts. Being able to simulate worst-case scenarios of such events for present and future climates is hence crucial for adaptation. Rare event algorithms have been applied to simulate extreme heat waves. They have emphasized the role of atmospheric circulation in such extremes. The goal of this study is to test such algorithms for extreme cold spells.We focus first on winter cold temperatures that have occurred in France from 1950 to 2021 and then on winter cold spells that could occur in the future according to different emissions pathways. We investigate winter mean temperatures in France (December, January, and February) and identify a record-shattering event in 1963. We find that, although the frequency of extreme cold spells decreases with time, their intensity is stationary.We applied a stochastic weather generator approach with importance sampling, to simulate the coldest winters that could occur every year since 1950. We hence simulated ensembles of worst winter cold spells that are consistent with observations. Only some of the simulations reach colder temperatures than the record-shattering event of 1963, and the ensembles do not yield the trend that is observed in the mean temperature. The atmospheric circulation that prevails during those events is analyzed and compared to the observed circulation during the record-breaking events.
The long-term stability of the deep ocean carbon storage feedback mechanisms across the Plio- and Pleistocene
Authors: Naafs David , Pancost Rich , Blewett Jerome , Lauretano Vittoria , Hefter Jens , Pounton Simon , Stein Ruediger , Haug Gerald
Published: February 2023

Storing carbon in the deep ocean is a key-feedback mechanism that allows astronomical forcing to drive the late Pleistocene glacial/interglacial variations. As carbon storage is intrinsically linked to oxygenation, proxies for sediment oxygenation have been used to quantify changes in carbon storage during the late Pleistocene. However, evidence for astronomically-paced changes in carbon storage beyond the late Pleistocene is limited, hindering our understanding of the stability of this feedback mechanisms. Here we used molecular fossils (biomarkers) in marine sediment cores that span the last ~3.5 million years to assess the long-term impact of astronomical forcing on deep ocean oxygenation, and hence carbon storage, and explore the stability of this deep ocean feedback mechanism. Using high-resolution records from three independent cores from the North Atlantic, we find that the concentration of biomarkers from anaerobic bacteria is eccentricity paced during the middle and late Pleistocene with high abundances during glacials and absence during interglacials. We interpret this data to reflect a decrease in oxygenation and hence increase in carbon storage during the most recent glacials. Across the MPT this pacing changes to obliquity forcing and we show that this forcing is persistent into the late Pliocene, highlighting the stability of this feedback mechanism. However, prior to 2.7 Myr we find no biomarkers of anaerobic bacteria across the North Atlantic, suggesting reduced carbon storage prior to the intensification of the glaciation of the Northern Hemisphere. Our findings indicate that the lowering of atmospheric CO2 by the sequestration of carbon in the deep ocean in response to astronomical forcing persisted throughout the Quaternary and was essential for the development of Plio/Pleistocene ice ages, but this feedback mechanisms did not persist into the warm Pliocene.
Insights into the drivers and spatio-temporal trends of extreme wildfires with statistical deep-learning
Authors: Richards Jordan , Huser Raphaël
Published: February 2023

Extreme wildfires continue to be a significant cause of human death and biodiversity destruction across the globe, with recent worrying trends in their activity (i.e., occurrence and spread) suggesting that wildfires are likely to be highly impacted by climate change. In order to facilitate appropriate risk mitigation for extreme wildfires, it is imperative to identify their main drivers and assess their spatio-temporal trends, with a view to understanding the impacts of global warming on fire activity. To this end, we analyse monthly burnt area due to wildfires using a hybrid statistical deep-learning framework that exploits extreme value theory and quantile regression. Three study regions are considered: the contiguous U.S., Mediterranean Europe and Australia.
Regional transport and formation of air pollutants between sea and land under the monsoon climate
Authors: Hu Min , Guo Qingfeng , Shang Dongjie , Wu Zhijun , Lu Sihua , Guo Song
Published: February 2023

Reactive air pollutants and their secondary products are related to air quality and climate. The growing human activities (fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning, fertilizer use, and industrial activity) result in increasing negative impacts on ocean biota and marine resources. Aerosols in the marine atmosphere are episodically & dramatically influenced by long distance transport from continental regions. Monsoon climate, high population density and strong anthropogenic emissions in East Asia and Southeast Asia cause interaction of air pollutants between sea and land to affect air quality and climate change.Our study based on two intensive measurements by ground sites, ship cruise, and aircraft in eastern of China in 2011 and southern and southwest of China in 2015.The ship cruise measurements in the eastern coast of China indicated that the decline of the organic indicators for continental anthropogenic sources and the decline of PM and its major chemical compositions with longitude. The influence of Asian continental outflow during monsoon season was analyzed by identification of BC source regions at a receptor site of eastern coast of China. The variability in the relationship between BC and CO found BC aging during transport.Two Mt. background sites and aircraft measurements to explore the influence of biomass burning (BB) in the South Asia to air quality in southern and southwest of China. The aloft BB transport was captured by aircraft observations to demonstrate impacts of springtime BB in Southeast Asia on atmospheric carbonaceous components over the Gulf of Beibu in China. Intensive BB activities in the South Asia were detected by fire maps. The long-range transport of BB pollutants can increase the accumulation mode particles in the background atmosphere at Mt. Yulong (3410 m). CCN concentration was 2-8 times higher during BB periods than during clean periods.
Deformation processes and failure analysis of a deep-seated rockslide near Laatsch, South Tyrol
Authors: Voit Klaus , Fey Christine , Rechberger Christina , Mair Volkmar , Zangerl Christian
Published: February 2023

The investigated deep-seated rock slide is located at the valley entrance of the Münstertal in South Tyrol directing to the Swiss border. The area is attributed to the Sesvenna Crystalline of the S-charl crystalline nappe, which is mainly formed by poly-metamorphic orthogneisses with intercalations of amphibolites, phyllites, paragneisses and marbles. The rockslide extends approx. 400 m in NE-SW-direction and spans 650 m from 1450 m to the main scarp at. 2015 m a.s.l. The SE-facing slope shows a main slope inclination of approx. 35° (min. 20°, max. 80°). A total rockslide volume could be estimated at approx. 3 to 4 Million m³ by means of GIS.The rock mass shows a flat into the slope dipping foliation (mean dip angle approx. 15°) and is highly fractured by two orthogonally orientated sets of brittle joints (set 1 and set 2). Kinematic analysis suggests direct toppling for fracture set 1 and flexural toppling for fracture set 2. Geological mapping and laboratory analysis via thin section and XRD analysis identified Muscovite-rich shearing planes and phyllonite rock types in the area of the main scarp. Weathering progresses along scarps and developed tension cracks further eroding and dissembling the rock mass.The activation of the movement occurred in the year 2000, showing a rapid expansion since the year 2012 causing a relocation of the road underneath in 2014. Multi-temporal deformation analysis based on orthoimages, ALS and TLS were able to show high velocities of at least 9 m per month during the initial formation phase in 2014, followed by a continuous velocity reduction to mean annual values of 1 to 2.5 m per year until spring 2022. In the period spring to autumn 2022 no more movements could be detected via TLS, which raises the question of the causal reasons for the movement and the different velocities of movement. The absence of significant precipitation in spring and summer 2022 can be interpreted as a probable cause, since also previous movement velocities showed a correlation with the respective amount of precipitation.Rock fall and rock topple events with a dimension of several thousand m³ could also be observed along outbreak recesses at the rockslide flanks, scarps and at the internal slab margins and also be detected through several TLS measurement series.Results indicate an internal slab formation along discrete shear zones recognizable on surface as main and minor scarps. The slabs show a translational movement behaviour along a fully persistent, slightly curvilinear basal shear zone. The reason for the destabilization of the valley flank is attributed to retrogressive processes caused by long-term stress release due to topographical and hydrogeological changes by adjacent, previous rockslides situated directly below the active rockslide.
International River Basin Planning Under the Water Framework Directive and the SDG indicator 6.5.2 – Case area: Norway - Sweden
Authors: Flem Belinda , Stalsberg Lars
Published: February 2023

Insufficient and fragmented management of TBAs might affect sustainable development both within and beyond a country's borders. There are several examples worldwide of disagreements over whether a certain infrastructure scheme planned by one riparian country would have negative impacts on a riparian state. Transborder cooperation and knowledge of transboundary aquifers (TBAs) has evolved through an inventory under the convention on the protection and use of transboundary watercourses and international lakes (Water Convention) from 1992. Within EU countries, the Water Framework Directive (WFD), 2000/60/EC, intends to contribute to achieve the objectives of the Water Convention. The national groundwater management systems in Norway and Sweden and their implementation of the WFD has been studied as a case area. Emphasis has been placed on international river basin districts (IRBD) and transborder cooperation. The findings offer recommendations for authorities and policymakers on how they could improve the long-term management and ensuring transparent decision-making of transboundary groundwater management.In Norway and Sweden, TBAs play a minor role in supplying freshwater resources and sustaining socio-economic development in transborder areas. The analysis shows that surface water overrules ‘the invisible’ groundwater. The study highlights several factors that need to be addressed. First, the Norwegian national water management systems are fragmented and over-complex, which complicates national and transnational cooperation. Second, Swedish legislation must be revised to meet the requirements of the WFD regarding IRBD delineation. Finally, transborder dialogue and joint projects on groundwater mapping are necessary for mobilising resources and the necessary political support to obtain knowledge on TBAs.More information on the study preformed through funding from the EEA and Norway Grants Fund for Regional Cooperation can be achieved from Flem at al., (2022).Acknowledgements:This study has been done within project No.2018-1-0137 “EU-WATERRES: EU-integrated management system of cross-border groundwater resources and anthropogenic hazards” which benefits from a € 2.447.761 grant from Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway through the EEA and Norway Grants Fund for Regional Cooperation. The aim of the project is to promote coordinated management and integrated protection of transboundary groundwater by creating a geoinformation platform.References:Flem, B., Stalsberg, L., Seither, A., 2022. Groundwater governance in international river basins - An analysis of the Norwegian-Swedish transborder area. J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud, 44, 2022, 101216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2022.1012
Revealing how precipitation extremes impact river floods in a warming climate with interpretable machine learning
Authors: Jiang Shijie , Zscheischler Jakob
Published: February 2023

An intensified hydrological cycle due to climate change is expected to increase precipitation extremes, but how river flood magnitudes will respond to this change remains disputed. Historically, there is only limited observational evidence that increasing precipitation extremes directly translate into systematically increased flood magnitudes. The incongruence between extreme precipitation and flooding is likely related to the compounding nature of various flooding drivers such as snowmelt and antecedent soil moisture. This complex interplay between flooding drivers makes it challenging to predict flood risks under warming. In order to better understand how precipitation extremes affect river floods in a warming climate, it is essential to disentangle the impacts of different drivers and conditions in flood generation. In this study, we employ an interpretable machine learning approach together with a large-sample hydrological dataset to identify the impact of various drivers in flood generation across a myriad of globally distributed catchments. We analyze how these impacts change with warmer temperatures and how – in response – their relationships with flood occurrence and magnitude change. The results indicate that increases in precipitation extremes have indeed contributed increasingly to flood generation in many regions over the historical period. The fact that flood magnitudes did not necessarily increase is likely a result of decreasing contributions of other drivers. We further investigate how future floods may change given the continuously rising trend of precipitation extremes. Overall, the study emphasizes the value of interpretable machine learning in helping understand how flood risks are likely to change in a warming climate.
Steam Hub Project - Seismo Lab Activity
Authors: Andreea Marcela Baltag
Published: February 2023

Out of the desire to integrate information from several fields of science in order to explain various phenomena to students of grades 5-8, we have laid the foundations of the STEAM HUB project, which takes place in the form of a science club with bimonthly activity, with permanent access, during the entire school year. The project directly addresses a number of 10-15 students, selected by applying a questionnaire to identify their interest in the proposal. Students will work individually and in teams in a collaborative manner. Through the proposed activities, indirect beneficiaries will be a number of approximately 100-200 students, as well as parents and the community.One of the club’s activities is related to seismology (Seismo Lab) and is aimed to increase  risk  awareness in the event of an earthquake, to stimulate interest in studying and understanding of seismology related phenomena, to initiate students to scientific research.In order to achieve the objectives proposed in this activity, we will be presenting scientific content adapted to student’s level, will consolidate the information acquired by making of a seismograph and a vibrating table, monitoring both, recording and processing their output data.The activities proposed will be presented interdisciplinary, creating connections with other subject areas:Geography - studying tectonic movements and earth layersBiology - studying earthquake precursors related to animals behaviorHistory - studying collections of papers, documents, statistics, journals, interviews with elderly people regarding earthquakesPhysics - studying interface of seismic waves, exemplifying the phenomena with the help of the vibrating table, observing the movement and damage produced with the help of building modelsMath – reading / understanding of a seismogram, identifying the P and S wave timeComputer Science – using software programs in order to transform earthquakes into sound “The sound of the Earth”Art - drawing posters showing the effects or the energy released when an earthquake occurs.
Life Cycle Assessment of mitigation measures of greenhouse gas emissions from beef production in England
Authors: Jebari Asma , Collins Adie , Takahashi Taro , Lee Michael RF , Harris Paul , Cardenas Laura , Pereyra Fabiana , McAuliffe Graham
Published: February 2023

British and Northern Irish agri-food systems are faced with the challenge of reducing their supply-chain emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) in line with the UK’s ambition of achieving a cross-sector ‘net zero’ economy by 2050. Approximately 10% of the GHG emissions are generated by agriculture, and approximately 56% of these GHGs are generated by livestock in the form of CH4 from enteric fermentation (eructation primarily) and manure management (i.e., storage and subsequent application as an organic fertiliser). Numerous mitigation strategies, both extant and at prototype stage, are being proposed to reduce GHG emissions from ruminants, with many aimed at reducing enteric CH4 (e.g., methane inhibitors such as 3NOP and ‘wearables’ which break CH4 down into CO2 and water vapour during respiration). Before implementing such practices, it is critical to evaluate their net impact on primary production GHG emissions (i.e., farm-level losses). Thus, a cradle-to-farm gate scale modelling framework combining a process-based model, the RothC Model, with Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was conducted to explore the benefits and trade-offs of a range of intervention strategies for grazing beef systems in UK.Mitigation interventions were applied to a baseline ‘business as usual’ scenario using the UK Research Council’s (UKRI) National Capability, the North Wyke Farm Platform utilising high resolution data collected on the world’s most instrumented research fam. Mitigation effects on net GHG emissions were subsequently assessed through an LCA scenario analysis with a view to identifying the most feasible, cost-effective strategies. The interventions assessed included: (i) grazing management (e.g., decreasing inputs of synthetic fertilisers and optimising stocking densities); (ii) manure management practices (e.g., adopting anaerobic digestion technology); (iii) livestock feeding regimes (e.g., dietary modification such as inhibitory supplementation) and breeding practices (, for instance, identifying high-performing breeding animals which have been shown to generate fewer GHGs whilst increasing both throughput and financial provision). Although the results to be presented in this work are currently preliminary, some notable findings with implications for policymakers have been observed already; for example, including carbon uptake from soils in a cradle-to-farmgate analysis can reduce system-wide emissions by ~10% in certain circumstances including climate, soil type, and manure management.
Verification and Intercomparison of Global Ocean Eulerian Currents
Authors: Aijaz Saima , Brassington Gary , Divakaran Prasanth , Régnier Charly , Drévillon Marie , Maksymczuk Jan , Peterson K. Andrew
Published: February 2023

All ocean prediction systems contain errors. Verification and post-processing of the ocean forecasts is essential and contributes significantly to forecast accuracy. This paper describes the verification of ocean model currents against Eulerian currents derived from the drifting buoys, and intercomparison of currents from various global models. The OceanPredict task team for Intercomparison and Validation (IV-TT) has established the CLASS4 data standard for routine forecast verification against reference observing platforms. The set of CLASS4 reference data has been recently extended to include near-surface currents derived from the trajectories of drifting buoys drogued at 15 m. We have applied these data to the Ocean Model, Analysis and Prediction System (OceanMAPS) at the Australian Bureau of Meteorology for verification and inter-comparison with multiple global ocean models namely: Mercator Océan International ocean forecast system (MOi); the operational models of the Met Office, UK: Forecast Ocean Assimilation (FOAM) and Coupled Atmosphere-Land-Ocean-Ice Data Assimilation (CPLDA) systems; and the Global Ice Ocean Prediction System (GDPS-GIOPS) at the Canadian Centre for Meteorological and Environmental Prediction (CCMEP). The aims for this verification analysis are to extend the routine monitoring of the operational system; to assess the OceanMAPS skill against other models; and to inform our stakeholders of the OceanMAPS performance. 

We have assessed the impacts of adding Stokes drift and tidal currents from separate global wave and global tidal models to the model currents on the verification of currents. Inclusion of surface stokes drift improves the model representation with the observations while inclusion of tides has no significant impact. Overall, the MOi and the new version of OceanMAPS show the best performance against the observations. Although there are significant differences in the model configurations of the eight models under evaluation, all models are shown to be remarkably statistically equivalent with consistent spatial and temporal patterns. Thus, indicating that the main differences are attributable to unrepresented processes. We therefore conclude that there remains scope to further improve the representation of the modelled currents with the observations. 
Three-dimensional localization of Radon source conduits inside the Temperino mine (Tuscany-Italy) with the muon radiography technique
Authors: Borselli Diletta , Beni Tommaso , Bonechi Lorenzo , Bongi Massimo , Brocchini Debora , Casagli Nicola , Ciaranfi Roberto , Ciulli Vitaliano , D'Alessandro Raffaello , Dini Andrea , Frosin Catalin , Gigli Giovanni , Gonzi Sandro , Guideri Silvia , Lombardi Luca , Paccagnella Andrea , Vezzoni Simone
Published: February 2023

Muon radiography, or muography, is a non-invasive technique allowing imaging of the interior of large structures (target) thanks to the study of the absorption of atmospheric muons in materials. The muons absorption effect depends not only on the thickness, but also on the density of the target. Careful comparisons of the muographic results with simulations taking into account a precise description of the target's geometry, allow estimating the two dimensional distribution of the average density of the structure under study as seen from the measurement point of view. In this presentation an application in the geological field for the research and localization of low density anomalies attributable to cavities inside an abandoned mine will be shown. The aim of the study is to identify and locate areas that might be responsible for the production of anomalous concentrations of radon gas inside underground mining sites used for touristic itineraries. Radon is a natural radioactive gas that exposes tourists to ionizing radiation. Radon decay products are the second cause of lung cancer after smoking. It is important therefore to understand where the radon gas comes from before moving through the different galleries. The case study is the Temperino mine near Campiglia Marittima (LI-Italy). Here, the mining activity ended in 1980 and it was primarily focused on the extraction of copper, silver lead and zinc minerals. The area to be explored with muon radiography is part of an area dating back to the Etruscan period that has not yet been completely mapped and that is located above the tourist path of the Temperino mine at a depth of about 40 m from the surface of the hill above. Any nearby cavity could represent a prime conduit that brings radon gas into the tourist trail. The identification and localization in space of these ancient excavations is also interesting from a geological and archaeological point of view. The detector employed for the muographic measurements reported in this presentation, designed in Florence by the National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) and the Department of Physics and Astronomy, is called MIMA (Muon Imaging for Mining and Archaeology) and has cubic shape and approximate dimensions of (50x50x50) cm3. MIMA is equipped with a special protective aluminum mechanism that allows its altazimuth orientation.
A framework for uncertainty quantification in climate risk assessments (POSTER)
Authors: Dawkins Laura
Published: February 2023

Climate change adaptation decisions often require the consideration of risk rather than the environmental hazard alone. One approach for quantifying risk is to use a risk assessment framework which combines information about hazard, exposure and vulnerability to estimate risk in a spatially consistent way. In recent years, publicly available, open-source risk assessment frameworks have been made available, including the CLIMADA tool. Such tools are increasingly being used in combination with ensembles of climate model projections to quantify risk on climate timescales, presenting the ensemble spread as a measure of climate uncertainty. As climate models are computationally expensive to run, this quantification of uncertainty derived from the ensemble of projections is often limited by the number of members available.We present a novel framework involving the application and extension of the CLIMADA open-source climate risk assessment tool, demonstrating an approach for providing a richer quantification of uncertainty. We show how a statistical Generalised Additive Model, involving an `ensemble member' random effect term, can be used to statistically represent the climate model ensemble summary of risk and be used to simulate many more realisations of risk, representative of a larger collection of plausible ensemble members. We present an application of the framework to an idealised example related to heat-stress and the associated risk of reduced outdoor physical working capacity in the UK.
Uncertainties in critical slowing down indicators of observation-based fingerprints of the AMOC
Authors: Ben Yami Maya , Boers Niklas , Skiba Vanessa , Bathiany Sebastian
Published: February 2023

In recent years, sea-surface temperature (SST) and salinity-based indices have been used to detect critical slowing down (CSD) indicators for a possible collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). However, these observational SST and salinity datasets have inherent uncertainties and biases which could influence the CSD analysis. Here we present an in-depth uncertainty analysis of AMOC CSD indicators. We first use uncertainties provided with the HadSST4 and HadCRUT5 datasets to generate uncertainty ensembles and estimate the uncertainty of SST-based AMOC fingerprints, and we then calculate stringent significance measures on the CSD indicators in the EN4.2.2, HadISST1 and HadCRUT5 datasets.
Recent advancements on particle acceleration at collisionless shocks
Authors: Perri Silvia
Published: February 2023

Energetic particles represent an important component of the plasma in the heliosphere. Spacecraft observations have detected energetic particles accelerated at impulsive events in the solar corona and at interplanetary shocks. Fluctuations in energetic particle fluxes are related to solar activity and to magnetic turbulence in the interplanetary medium. Thanks to in-situ satellite observations, numerical simulations, and theoretical models, our knowledge on the particle acceleration processes involved has advanced significantly in recent years. Here we review new developments on particle acceleration at collisionless shocks, in particular in relation with the transport properties of supra-thermal particles, as inferred from the analysis of particle fluxes, addressing that anomalous, superdiffusive transport is common in the interplanetary medium. A link between the results obtained from the in-situ diagnostic, used for studying energetic particle transport and acceleration, and remote observations of astrophysical shocks will be discussed.
The Making of Ynyslas: weaving hard scientific evidence into an understandable narrative
Authors: Mason John
Published: February 2023

 In communicating the science behind climate change, there is no single magic bullet. This is because different people process received information in different ways. Some communication-methods have been used far less than others, one in particular being narrative. Opportunities for narrative present themselves worldwide because of the large eustatic rise in sea levels following the Last Glacial Maximum, a well-understood phenomenon in terms of timing and rate. That rise flooded over fertile lowland plains, such as the mostly <30 metres deep modern-day Cardigan Bay, off the western coast of Wales. The advance of the shoreline towards modern-day land created many well-known coastal features. One such is the shingle-spit, dune hinterland and intertidal submerged forest at Ynyslas, Ceredigion, Wales (UK). Ynyslas is a National Nature Reserve with a Visitor Centre and ca. 250,000 visitors a year. A book describing how its landscape came into being has proved popular with almost 2000 copies having been bought since publication in August 2019 (despite closure during the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020-21). Interviews with some of those who read the book indicate that weaving climate science into an interesting narrative, explaining what actually happened, gives people important new insights into the processes involved and the threats now facing modern coastal communities.
Educational trails of the Carpathian Schools
Authors: Mirela Dana Fenesan
Published: February 2023

Throughout my teaching career, I have been interested in the integrated approach of STEM subjects, therefore I have participated in several projects in this area. One of these is the project “Educational trails of the Carpathian Schools”, the MOVE4NATURE project implemented for secondary school students, from sixth to eighth grade.The development of science and technology is fundamental to a competitive knowledge society. Scientific and technical knowledge is increasingly required in a professional career and has a direct influence on the daily life of each individual. The STEM field (natural sciences – physics, biology, chemistry, technology, engineering, mathematics) is a priority mentioned and supported by all EU educational initiatives, being a priority for our  Ministry of Education in all its strategic documents and actions.Together with my students, I have organized activities such as: Emotional map of the area, The adoption of a stream, Preservation, and use of drinking water, Solar Energy: Solar furnace, My Green City, The use of Physics in the Countryside Household as well as the Correspondence of traditional measurement units with the SI system.Thus, I believe that I succeeded to stimulate the student’s interest in the study of physics, chemistry, biology, and technologies by underlining the importance of the notional content and knowledge acquired by the students through the educational and research projects carried out in the community. Promoting values and examples of good practice in the community. Inducing love for local traditions,  customs, and their connection with the study of STEM sciences.
Predicting interactions between three neighbor open-loop Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) systems in two overlaying aquifers in Brussels (Belgium)
Authors: Dassargues Alain , De Paoli Caroline , Orban Philippe , Agniel Mathieu , Petitclerc Estelle , Duren Thierry
Published: February 2023

Shallow open-loop Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) systems have been adopted by three large adjacent buildings in the centre of Brussels. The doublets of pumping and reinjection wells of two administrative buildings are located in a shallow aquifer made of Cenozoic mixed sandy and silty sublayers and operations started in 2014 and 2017. A third ATES system located in the underlying deep aquifer made of Palaeozoic fractured phyllites and quartzites, was started recently (2020) to provide the needed heating and cooling power to a large multi-service building. Groundwater levels variations in these two aquifer systems are different and pumping tests performed in the upper aquifer system have shown no impact on the groundwater levels in the Palaeozoic bedrock aquifer. After being calibrated on groundwater flow conditions in both aquifers, a 3D hydrogeological model using Feflow© was developed to simulate the cumulative effect of the three geothermal installations in the two exploited aquifers.In terms of heat interactions, a previous model has shown how the thermal imbalance of the ATES system started in 2014 was jeopardising the thermal state of the upper aquifer (Bulté et al. 2021). Here, interactions with the third ATES system located in the deep aquifer are studied and modelled with different operational scenarios. Even though hydraulic interactions between the two aquifers are very limited, heat exchanges occur between the two aquifers, through an aquitard formed by low permeability Cretaceous base deposits and the weathered top of the bedrock.The simulation results show that despite the unbalanced ATES system affecting mainly the shallow groundwater conditions, an adjacent but deeper ATES system can operate without significant interactions. Acquisition of additional measured data (i.e., piezometric heads, groundwater temperatures, detailed pumping, injection flow rate, etc.) will be crucial to improve the reliability of the simulated results for different operational scenarios. This will be particularly useful for the future management of the three ATES systems in order to avoid losses in both efficiency and durability.This work was mainly conducted in the frame of the Master thesis of Caroline De Paoli. This was done with the partial support of the MUSE project—Managing Urban Shallow geothermal Energy. MUSE has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 731166 under the terms of GeoERA program—ERA-NET Cofund Action.Bulté, M.; Duren, T.; Bouhon, O.; Petitclerc, E.; Agniel, M.; Dassargues, A. Numerical modeling of the interference of thermally unbalanced Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage systems in Brussels (Belgium). Energies 2021, 14, 6241. Special Issue on Geothermal Systems, https://doi.org/10.3390/en1419624
Agricultural Terraces As DNA Archives and Implications for Terrace Archaeology
Authors: Brown Antony G. , Lang Andreas , Fallu Daniel J. , Walsh Kevin , Ficetola Francesco , Alsos Inger
Published: February 2023

Although agricultural terraces have a long history of use in the steepland areas of Europe very little is known about their use-history and its variability over space or time. This is partly because, being composed of generally inorganic well drained soil horizons, they often have poor preservation of pollen, spores and even phytoliths. The TerrACE project (ERC funded) set out to test the application of sedaDNA from terrace soils sampled from Greece to northern Norway using metabarcoding. The findings have been surprising - as the expectation was that only soils from the most northerly sites (Norway, UK) with mean annual temperatures below 10oC would provide positive results. This has proven not to be the case, with most sites providing usable data except the very warmest and driest (Crete). This also relates to the timing of agriculture with usable data from the Bronze Age throughout all periods to Late Medieval times. This reveals soil DNA of both a variety of crops, including but not exclusively cereals, and domesticated stock. However, there are, as expected, indications of both leaching and bioturbation effecting these records. These taphonomic aspects will be discussed alongside the potential of sedaDNA for tracing agricultural histories from cumulative soils.
Intensification of the terrestrial methane cycle during hyperthermal intervals of the Meso- and Cenozoic
Authors: Naafs David
Published: February 2023

Wetlands and lakes represent the largest natural source of methane to Earth’s atmosphere, where this powerful greenhouse gas influences Earth’s radiative budget. The flux of methane from wetlands and lakes to the atmosphere ultimately depends on the balance between methanogens that produce methane and methanotrophs that consume methane. However, the balance of these biological processes and hence the operation of the terrestrial methane cycle in the geological past are poorly constrained. To address this problem, I will present novel biomarker data that record the relative contribution of methanotrophs to the bacterial pool in ancient wetlands and lakes. I will use a unique dataset that consist of >400 samples from across the world and which span most of the Cenozoic, including key hyperthermals like the PETM and ETMs, as well as Toarcian OAE hyperthermal. The aim is to explore the operation of the terrestrial methane cycle during different climate state, including hyperthermals that are characterized by rapid environmental change. The data show that the contribution of methanotrophs to the terrestrial bacterial pool has been remarkably stable through time, including across major climatic events like the K/Pg boundary, the Eocene – Oligocene transition, and the mid-Miocene climatic optimum. These results indicate that the terrestrial methane cycle is robust to long-term climatic perturbations and does not operate fundamentally different during greenhouse periods. However, during hyperthermals such as the PETM and the T-OAE, etc, the data indicate a significant perturbation of the terrestrial methane cycle. This means that transient warming events have the potential to destabilize this key biogeochemical cycle, which suggests that the terrestrial methane cycle will be impacted by anthropogenic climate change.
Partial peat replacement by biochar as a potential strategy to increase plant growth, nutrient sink and circular economy
Authors: Garcia Rodriguez Alvaro Fernando , Moreno-Racero Francisco J. , García de Castro Barragán José M. , Colmenero-Flores José M. , Greggio Nicolas , Rosales Miguel A. , Knicker Heike
Published: February 2023

The use of peat in traditional agricultural systems and nursery enterprises is an environmental concern. Since the high CO2 and greenhouse gas emission due to peat excavation contributes considerably to climate change and global warming it is key to find new valuable resources in the field of carbon based materials production and application. This approach not only contributes to the concept of circular economy and the reduction of contaminants and waste, such as excessive nitrogen (N) fertilizers, but is also beneficial with respect to nutrient recovery and use efficiency. In this work we partially replaced peat with different amounts of biochar obtained from vineyard pruning as plant growing substrates while implementing N fertirrigation. We studied the effect on the growth, different content of N forms and other nutrient dynamics impact of lettuce plants grown under greenhouse and semi-hydroponics conditions. Substrate mixtures contained 30% of vermiculite and 70% of different biochar:peat treatments as follows: 0:70 (B0), 15:55 (B15), 30:40 (B30), 50:20 (B50), and 70:0 (B70). Higher biochar treatments increased pH and electrical conductivity of the substrate, negatively affecting plant growth and germination (especially in B70). The substitution of 30% peat by biochar (B30) delayed seed germination but improved plant growth and N use efficiency. This is related with a higher nitrate (NO3‒) retention capacity in the substrate, leading to higher contents of organic N and NO3‒ in the plant shoot. The treatment B30 also increased the water holding capacity of the substrate, which may enhance soil moisture characteristics and pore size distribution, maximizing water availability to plants. Our study demonstrates that the use of biochar can reduce the consumption of peat and excessive N fertilizers, while promoting a more sustainable farming with positive impact on both the plant growth and the environment.Acknowledgement: This research was funded by European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme un-der the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 895613 and EIT Food program (Black to the Future Project, EIT-21217). This EIT Food activity has received funding from the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT), a body of the European Union, under Horizon Europe, the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation. A.F. Garcia-Rodriguez acknowledges the Spanish National Research Council for providing JAE Intro-ICU grant.