bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between haematological parameters and sickle cell genotypes in children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria residents in Kisumu County in western Kenya
Authors: Kosiyo Paul , Otieno Walter , Gitaka Jesse , Munde Elly O. , Ouma Collins
Published: November 2020

Background: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a monogenic disorder due to point mutation in the β-globin gene resulting in substitution of Valine for Glutamic acid. The SCD is prevalent in P. falciparum endemic regions such as western Kenya. Carriage of different sickle cell genotypes may influence haematological parameter during malaria. Children resident in malaria holoendemic regions suffer more from malaria-related complications and this is moderated by the presence of the SCD. In the current study, we determined the association between sickle cell genotypes and haematological parameters in children with P. falciparum malaria resident in Kisumu County in Western Kenya.Methodology: Children (n=217, aged 1-192 months) with acute febrile condition were recruited at Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital. Chi-square (c2) analysis was used to determine differences between proportions. Differences in haematological parameters were compared across groups using Kruskal Wallis test and between groups using Mann Whitney U test. Multivariate logistic regression analysis controlling for infection status was used to determine the association between sickle cell genotypes and haematological parameters.Results: Using HbAA as the reference group, multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that carriage of HbSS was associated with reduced haemoglobin [OR=0.310, 95% CI=0.101-0.956, P=0.041], reduced haematocrit [OR=0.318, 95% CI=0.128-0.793, P=0.014], reduced RBC count [OR=0.124, 95% CI=0.045-0.337, P=0.001], reduced MCHC [OR=0.325, 95% CI=0.118-0.892, P=0.029], increased leucocytosis [OR=9.283, 95% CI=3.167-27.210, P=0.001] and reduced monocytosis [OR=0.319, 95% CI=0.123-0.830, P=0.019]. However, carriage of HbAS was only associated with increased micro-platelets [OR=3.629, 95% CI=1.291-8.276, P=0.012].Conclusion: Results show that carriage of HbSS in children influence the levels of haemoglobin, haematocrit, RBC, MCHC, WBC and Monocytes. Therefore prior knowledge of HbSS should be considered to improve clinical management of haematological alterations during malaria in children.
Efficacy Of Mobile Phone Use On Adherence To Nevirapine Prophylaxis And Retention In Care Among The HIV-Exposed Infants In Prevention Of Mother To Child Transmission Of HIV: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Kebaya Lilian Maureen Nyatichi , Wamalwa Dalton , Kariuki Nyambura , Admani Bashir , Ayieko Philip , Nduati Ruth
Published: November 2020

Background: HIV is a major contributor to infant mortality. A significant gap remains between the uptake of infant and maternal antiretroviral regimens and only a minority of HIV-exposed infants receives prophylaxis and safe infant feeding. Losses to follow-up of HIV-exposed infants are associated with shortcomings of facility-based PMTCT models with weak community support of linkages. Use of mobile phones offers an opportunity for improving care and promoting retention assessed by timely attendance of scheduled appointments for the mother-baby pairs and achievement of an HIV-free generation.Objectives: To compare self-reported adherence to infant Nevirapine (NVP) prophylaxis and retention in care assessed by timely attendance of scheduled appointments over 10 weeks in HIV exposed infants randomized to 2-weekly mobile phone calls (intervention) versus no phone calls (control).Design: Open label Randomized controlled trialMethods: One hundred and fifty HIV infected women drawn from 3 health facilities in Western Kenya and their infants were randomly assigned to receive either phone-based reminders on PMTCT messages or standard health care messages (no calls) within 24 hours of delivery. Women in the intervention arm continued to receive fortnightly phone calls. At 6- and 10-weeks following randomization we collected data on infant adherence to Nevirapine, mode of infant feeding, early HIV testing and retention in care in both study arms. All analyses were intention to treat.Results: At 6 weeks follow-up, 90.7% (n = 68) of participants receiving phone calls reported adherence to infant NVP prophylaxis, compared with 72% (n = 54) of participants in the control group (p = 0.005). Participants in the intervention arm were also significantly more likely to remain in care than participants in the control group [78.7% (n = 59) vs. 58.7% (n = 44), p = 0.009 at 6 weeks and 69.3% (n = 52) vs. 37.3% (n = 28), p < 0.001 at 10 weeks].Conclusions: These results suggest that phone calls are potentially an important tool to improve adherence to infant NVP prophylaxis and retention in care for HIV-exposed infants.Trial registration: PACTR202007654729602. Registered 6 June 2018 - Retrospectively registered, https://pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=3449
Comparing cost and print time estimates for six commercially-available 3D printers obtained through slicing software for clinically relevant anatomical models
Authors: Chen Joshua Vic , Dang Alan BC , Dang Alexis
Published: November 2020

Background3D printed patient-specific anatomical models have been applied clinically to orthopaedic care for surgical planning and patient education. The estimated cost and print time per model for 3D printers have not yet been compared with clinically representative models across multiple printing technologies. This study investigates six commercially-available 3D printers: Prusa i3 MK3S, Formlabs Form 2, Formlabs Form 3, LulzBot TAZ 6, Stratasys F370, and Stratasys J750 Digital Anatomy.MethodsSeven representative orthopaedic standard tessellation models derived from CT scans were imported into the respective slicing software for each 3D printer. For each printer and corresponding print setting, the slicing software provides a print time and material use estimate. Material quantity was used to calculate estimated model cost. Print settings investigated were infill percentage, layer height, and model orientation on the print bed. The slicing software investigated are Cura LulzBot Edition 3.6.20, GrabCAD Print 1.43, PreForm 3.4.6, and PrusaSlicer 2.2.0.ResultsThe effect of changing infill between 15% and 20% on estimated print time and material use was negligible. Orientation of the model has considerable impact on time and cost with worst-case differences being as much as 39.30% added print time and 34.56% added costs. Averaged across all investigated settings, horizontal model orientation on the print bed minimizes estimated print time for all 3D printers, while vertical model orientation minimizes cost with the exception of Stratasys J750 Digital Anatomy, in which horizontal orientation also minimized cost. Decreasing layer height for all investigated printers increased estimated print time and decreased estimated cost with the exception of Stratasys F370, in which cost increased. The difference in material cost was two orders of magnitude between the least and most-expensive printers. The difference in build rate (cm3/min) was one order of magnitude between the fastest and slowest printers.ConclusionsAll investigated 3D printers in this study have the potential for clinical utility. Print time and print cost are dependent on orientation of anatomy and the printers and settings selected. Cost-effective clinical 3D printing of anatomic models should consider an appropriate printer for the complexity of the anatomy and the experience of the printer technicians.
The association of leptin and adiponectin with hepatocellular carcinoma risk and prognosis: a combination of traditional, survival, and dose-response meta-analysis
Authors: Zhang Lilong , Yuan Qihang , Li Man , Chai Dongqi , Deng Wenhong , Wang Wei-Xing
Published: November 2020

Background: An increasing number of studies have focused on the association between leptin, adiponectin levels and the risk as well as the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the reported results are conflicting. Methods: A meta-analysis was performed to assess the correlation between leptin, adiponectin levels and risk and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (CRD42020195882). Through June 14, 2020, PubMed, Cochrane Library and EMBASE databases were searched, including references of qualifying articles. Titles, abstracts, and main texts were reviewed by at least 2 independent readers. Stata 16.0 was used to calculate statistical data. Results: Thirty studies were included in this meta-analysis and results showed that hepatocellular carcinoma group had significantly higher leptin levels than the cancer-free control group (SMD = 1.83, 95% CI (1.09, 2.58), P = 0.000) , the healthy control group (SMD = 4.32, 95% CI (2.41, 6.24), P = 0.000) and the cirrhosis group (SMD = 1.85, 95% CI (0.70, 3.01), P = 0.002). Hepatocellular carcinoma group had significantly higher adiponectin levels than the healthy control group (SMD = 1.57, 95% CI (0.37, 2.76), P = 0.010), but no statistical difference compared with the cancer-free control group (SMD = 0.24, 95% CI (-0.35, 0.82), P = 0.430) and the cirrhosis group (SMD = -0.51, 95% CI (-1.30, 0.29), P= 0.213). The leptin rs7799039 polymorphism was associated with increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (G vs A: OR = 1.28, 95% CI (1.10, 1.48), P = 0.002). There were linear relationships between adiponectin levels and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (OR = 1.066, 95% CI (1.03, 1.11), P = 0.001). In addition, the results showed that high/positive expression of adiponectin was significantly related to lower overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients (HR = 1.70, 95% CI (1.22, 2.37), P = 0.002); however, there was no significantly association between the leptin levels and overall survival (HR = 0.92, 95% CI (0.53, 1.59), P = 0.766). Conclusion: The study shows that high leptin levels were associated with a higher risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Adiponectin levels were proportional to hepatocellular carcinoma risk, and were related to the poor prognosis.
Clinical characteristics of refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children treated with glucocorticoid pulse therapy
Authors: Zhu Zhenli , Zhang Tongqiang , Guo Wei , Ling Yaoyao , Tian Jiao , Xu Yongsheng
Published: November 2020

Objective: To observe the effect of corticosteroids in the treatment of children with refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia（RMPP）under different doses, to summarize the clinical characteristics of children treated with glucocorticoid pulse therapy.Methods: The clinical data of 125 children with RMPP hospitalized in Tianjin Children's Hospital from September 2018 to October 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into two groups according to the dose of hormone. Group I was given conventional dose methylprednisolone 2mg/kg/day (<200mg/day) (n=81), and group II was treated with methylprednisolone pulse therapy ≥200mg/day(n=44). Compare the clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, and imaging between the two groups of children, and use meaningful related indicators as ROC curves to find reference indicators for pulse therapy.Results: (1)The age and weight of the group II were greater than the group I（P<0.05）. (2) The symptoms of group II were more serious than group I, with higher incidence of hypoxemia, longer fever, longer hospital stays, higher incidence of extrapulmonary complications, and more severe radiological findings (P<0.05). (3)The more severe the disease was, the higher hormone amount，use rate of gamma globulin，use rate of bronchoscopy , and incidence of plastic bronchitis (P<0.05)were.(4) WBC, CRP, LDH, FER, D-D dimer, APTT, TT, PCT, IL-6 and the percentage of neutrophils in peripheral blood in Group II were higher than those in Group I(P<0.05). Moreover, the lymphocyte percentage level in group II was lower than that in group I(P<0.05). (5) In ROC curve analysis, CRP, LDH, FER, and neutrophils of leukocyte classification were independent related factors that could be used as valuable predictors of methylprednisolone pulse therapy for RMPP in children. The cut-off values were CRP 44.45 mg/L, LDH 590 IU/L, FER 411 ng/L, and neutrophils in leukocyte classification were 73.75%, respectively.Conclusions: Conventional dose methylprednisolone can improve the clinical symptoms and imaging findings of most children with RMPP rapidly. However, CRP 44.45 mg/L, LDH 590 IU/L, FER 411 ng/L, neutrophil 73.75%, lung consolidation and pleural effusion were found in RMPP patients, which should be treated with pulse dose of methylprednisolone in time to reduce the incidence of severe RMPP and the occurrence of severe sequelae.
Change in the plasma proteome associated with canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CCDS) in Thailand
Authors: Phochantachinda Sataporn , Chantong Boonrat , Reamtong Onrapak , Chatchaisak Duangthip
Published: November 2020

Background: Canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CCDS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder found in senior dogs. Due to the lack of biological markers, CCDS is commonly underdiagnosed. The aim of this study was to identify potential plasma biomarkers using proteomics techniques and to increase our understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of the disease. Plasma amyloid beta 42 (Aβ42) has been seen to be a controversial biomarker for CCDS. Proteomics analysis was performed for protein identification and quantification. Results: Within CCDS, ageing, and adult dogs, 87 proteins were identified specific to Canis spp. in the plasma samples. Of 87 proteins, 48 and 41 proteins were changed in the ageing and adult groups, respectively. Several distinctly expressed plasma proteins identified in CCDS were involved in complement and coagulation cascades and the apolipoprotein metabolism pathway. Plasma Aβ42 levels considerably overlapped within the CCDS and ageing groups. In the adult group, the Aβ42 level was low compared with that in the other groups. Nevertheless, plasma Aβ42 did not show a correlation with the Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Rating scale (CCDR) score in the CCDS group (p=0.131, R2=0.261).Conclusions: Our present findings suggest that plasma Aβ42 does not show potential for use as a diagnostic biomarker in CCDS. The nano-LC-MS/MS data revealed that the predictive underlying mechanism of CCDS was the co-occurrence of inflammation-mediated acute phase response proteins and complement and coagulation cascades that partly functioned by apolipoproteins and lipid metabolism. Some of the differentially expressed proteins may serve as potential predictor biomarkers along with Aβ42 in plasma for improved CCDS diagnosis.
Spiritual care practices in hospices in the Western Cape, South Africa: The challenge of diversity
Authors: Mahilall Ronita , Swartz Leslie
Published: November 2020

Background: South Africa is a very diverse middle-income country, still deeply divided by the legacy of its colonial and apartheid past. As part of a larger study, this article explored the experiences and views of representatives of hospices in the Western Cape province of South Africa on the provision of appropriate spiritual care, given local issues and constraints. Methods: Two sets of focus group discussions, with 23 hospice participants, were conducted with 11 of the 12 Hospice Palliative Care Association registered hospices in the Western Cape, South Africa, to understand what spiritual care practices existed in their hospices against the backdrop of multifaceted diversities. The discussions were analysed using thematic analysis. Results:Two prominent themes emerged: the challenges of providing relevant spiritual care services in a religiously, culturally, linguistically and racially diverse setting, and the organisational context impacting such a spiritual care service. Participants agreed that spiritual care is an important service and that it plays a significant role within the inter-disciplinary team. Participants recognised the need for spiritual care training and skills development, alongside the financial costs of employing dedicated spiritual care workers. In spite of the diversities and resource constraints, the approach of individual hospices to providing spiritual care remained robust.Discussion:Given the diversities that are largely unique to South Africa, shaped essentially by past injustices, the hospices have to navigate considerable hurdles such as cultural differences, religious diversity, and language barriers to provide spiritual care services, within significant resource constraints. Conclusions:While each of the hospices have established spiritual care services to varying degrees, there was an expressed need for training in spiritual care to develop a baseline guide that was bespoke to the complexities of the South African context. Part of this training needs to focus on the complexity of providing culturally appropriate services.
High rates of multi-drug resistant Gram-negative organisms associated with surgical site infections in a teaching hospital in Ghana
Authors: Bediako-Bowan Antoinette Afua Asiadua , Kurtzhals Jørgen Anders Lindholm , Mølbak Kåre , Labi Appiah-Korang , Owusu Enid , Newman Mercy Jemima
Published: November 2020

BackgroundThere is limited data to guide the prevention and management of surgical site infections (SSI) in low- and middle-income countries. We prospectively studied aetiological agents associated with SSI and their corresponding antibiotic susceptibility patterns in a tertiary hospital in Ghana.MethodsAs part of a cohort study carried out at the surgical department of the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH) from July 2017 to April 2019, wound swabs were collected from patients diagnosed with SSI. Isolates cultured from the wound swabs were identified by MALDI TOF and susceptibility testing was conducted according to EUCAST 2020 guidelines. Clinical data were monitored prospectively.ResultsOf 4577 patients, 438 developed an SSI and 352 microbial isolates were cultured. Isolates were predominantly Gram negative (286, 81%), a pattern seen for all kinds of surgery and all wound classes. The most common species included Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii. The majority of organisms were multi-drug resistant including 86% of E. coli, 52% of A. baumannii and 86% of K. pneumoniae; and 65% (17/26) of the cefotaxime-resistant K. pneumoniae were extended spectrum β-lactamase producing. One of 139 E. coli, 15 of 49 P. aeruginosa, and 6 of 23 A. baumannii were meropenem resistant, but no clonal pattern was found. There was a 1% (5/428) prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus.ConclusionsThe predominance of Gram-negative organisms and the high level of multi-drug resistance indicate a need to re-evaluate antibiotic prophylaxis and treatment protocols in surgical practice in low- and middle-income countries.
Acute miliary tuberculosis in pregnancy after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer: A report of seven cases and systematic review
Authors: Gai Xiaoyan , Chi Hongbin , Cao Wenli , Zeng Lin , Chen Lixue , Zhang Weixia , Song Donghong , Wang Ying , Liu Ping , Li Rong , Sun Yongchang
Published: November 2020

Background: While miliary tuberculosis (TB) in pregnancy is rare after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET), it poses a serious threat to the health of pregnant women and their fetuses. The present study aimed to describe the clinical features of miliary TB and pregnancy outcomes of patients after IVF-ET.Methods: Data of infertile patients who received IVF-ET at Peking University Third Hospital between January 2012 to December 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients who developed miliary TB during pregnancy were identified, and clinical characteristics of miliary TB were described. The keywords “infertility,” “in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer,” and “tuberculosis” were used to search for articles published from 1980 to 2019 in PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Chinese Wanfang databases.Results: Of 62,755 enrolled women, 7,137 (11.4%) showed signs of prior pulmonary TB on chest X-ray (CXR). Seven patients aged 28–35 years had miliary TB during pregnancy, with two patients having a complication of TB meningitis. All of these patients presented with fever. Notably, old TB lesions were detected on CXR in six patients before IVF-ET; nevertheless, no anti-TB therapy was administered. Furthermore, salpingography revealed oviduct obstruction in all patients (7/7). Patients received anti-TB therapy following a diagnosis of miliary TB and were clinically cured. However, pregnancy was terminated due to spontaneous (4/7) and induced (3/7) abortion. Previous literature indicates that signs of prior TB on CXR and oviduct obstruction on laparoscopy are risk factors for TB reactivation during pregnancy, which displayed a trend for hematogenous dissemination.Conclusions: TB reactivation, mostly as miliary TB and TB meningitis, is severe in pregnant women after IVF-ET and deleterious to pregnancy outcomes. Physicians should not only enhance awareness about miliary TB, but also consider the occurrence of this form of TB, particularly in patients presenting with unknown fever as well as those in whom risk factors for TB reactivation such as primary infertility, untreated prior pulmonary TB, and fallopian tube obstruction coexist.
Feedback after OSCE: A comparison of face to face versus an enhanced written feedback
Authors: Ngim Chin Fang , Fullerton Paul Douglas , Ratnasingam Vanassa , Arasoo Valliammai Jayanthi Thirunavuk , Dominic Nisha Angela , Niap Cindy Pei Sze , Thurairajasingam Sivakumar
Published: November 2020

Background: The Objective Structured Clinical Exam (OSCE) is a useful means of generating meaningful feedback. OSCE feedback may be in various forms (written, face to face and audio or video recordings). Studies on OSCE feedback are uncommon, especially involving Asian medical students. Methods: We compared two methods of OSCE feedback delivered to fourth year medical students in Malaysia: (i) Face to face (FTF) immediate feedback (semester one) (ii) Individualised enhanced written (EW) feedback containing detailed scores in each domain, examiners’ free text comments and the marking rubric (semester two). Both methods were evaluated by students and staff examiners, and students’ responses were compared against their OSCE performance.Results: Of the 116 students who sat for both formative OSCEs, 82.8% (n=96) and 86.2% (n=100) responded to the first and second survey respectively. Most students were comfortable to receive feedback (91.3% in FTF, 96% in EW) with EW feedback associated with higher comfort levels (p=0.022). Distress affected a small number with no differences between either method (13.5% in FTF, 10% in EW, p=0.316). Most students perceived both types of feedback improved their performance (89.6% in FTF, 95% in EW); this perception was significantly stronger for EW feedback (p=0.008). Students who preferred EW feedback had lower OSCE scores compared to those preferring FTF feedback (mean scores ± SD: 43.8 ± 5.3 in EW, 47.2 ± 6.5 in FTF, p=0.049). Students ranked the “marking rubric” to be the most valuable aspect of the EW feedback. Tutors felt both methods of feedback were equally beneficial. Few examiners felt they needed training (21.4% in FTF, 15% in EW) but students perceived this need for tutors’ training differently (53.1% in FTF, 46% in EW)Conclusion: Whilst both methods of OSCE feedback were highly valued, students preferred to receive EW feedback and felt it was more beneficial. Learning cultures of Malaysian students may have influenced this view. Information provided in EW feedback should be tailored accordingly to provide meaningful feedback in OSCE exams.
Growth and Productivity of ‘Consort’ Black Currant Grown under Varying Levels of Artificial Shade
Authors: Wolske Eric T. , Branham Bruce E. , Wolz Kevin J.
Published: November 2020

The shade tolerance of black currants (Ribes nigrum cv. Consort) was studied by measuring the growth and productivity of mature plants in the field for three seasons under full sun or artificial shade netting in Urbana, IL. Shade treatments reduced photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) from 37% to 83%. Yield was not reduced in shade levels up to 65% but decreased by as much as 66% under 83% shade. Shade had minimal effect on stem rejuvenation in the first 2 years, but reduced rejuvenation in the third year from 14 new stems in full sun to eight new stems in 83% shade. Stem diameter decreased 8% to 19% with 83% shade, whereas no changes were observed in up to 65% shade. Plant height increased 5% to 8% from open sun to 83% shade. Specific leaf weight decreased and leaf area increased with shade. Powdery mildew severity increased with shade, and disease-resistant cultivars should be considered for understory crops. Our results indicate that growth and productivity of black currants can be maintained in moderate shade but shade levels beyond 65% will significantly reduce agronomic performance.
Electric field enhancement control in active junction of IGBT power module
Authors:   Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, Abdelmalik Abdelghaffar Amoka , Liland Knut Brede ,   SINTEF Energy Research, Norway
Published: November 2020

Dielectric liquids are incompressible, able to fill voids and have selfhealing effect and hence are being considered as alternative encapsulation materials to establish power electronics at ambient high pressure at subsea conditions. In a long-term endurance test, insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) chips subjected to 6.5 kV DC stress in dielectric oil environment was reported to have failed after less than one week in operation. A critical look at the failed objects revealed contamination fibres at the surface and around the high field regions. This paper presents the numerical simulation of field distribution around a conducting fibre at the surface of the IGBT chip. It also evaluates the influence of the nature of the encapsulation material on the integrity of power electronic modules using a long-term experiment at a medium elevated temperature for high and low relative humidity operated close to service load using IGBT relevant chips. Finite element method (FEM) calculations show how the high field region can be shielded from impurities that can easily trigger partial discharge (PD) and breakdown. The simulation suggests that coating the surface of the module with a thin polymer layer with a thickness of 20 μm or more could be sufficient to improve the reliability of the encapsulation system. Additional polymer coat with thickness 27 μm on the chip made the system survive without failure for 67 weeks under test and dry operating condition. Meanwhile, thick coating such as silicone gel protected the object longer under higher relative humidity.
A simple theory of mixtures for the study of the temperature dependence of thermo-structural properties of Al-Ga liquid alloy
Authors:   Tribhuvan University, Nepal, Khanal Kritika , Yadav Shashit Kumart ,   Tribhuvan University, Nepal, Adhikari Devendra ,   Tribhuvan University, Nepal
Published: November 2020

A simple theory of mixtures for symmetric alloys was used to study the thermodynamic and structural properties of the Al-Ga alloy in the liquid state at 1023 K. The computed thermodynamic properties are in a very good agreement with the observed values and show that the alloy is weakly interacting. The computed structural properties show that the Al-Ga alloy is segregating in nature which is in agreement with the observed values. The excess free energy of mixing, activity of monomers and concentration fluctuation in the long wavelength limit was extrapolated to higher temperatures by optimising the temperature dependent parameters. As the temperature increases, the behaviour of the alloy shifts towards the ideality.
Periodically and quasi-periodically driven dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensates
Authors: Zhang Pengfei , Gu Yingfei
Published: November 2020

We study the quantum dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensates when the scattering length is modulated periodically or quasi-periodically in time within the Bogoliubov framework. For the periodically driven case, we consider two protocols where the modulation is a square-wave or a sine-wave. In both protocols for each fixed momentum, there are heating and non-heating phases, and a phase boundary between them. The two phases are distinguished by whether the number of excited particles grows exponentially or not. For the quasi-periodically driven case, we again consider two protocols: the square-wave quasi-periodicity, where the excitations are generated for almost all parameters as an analog of the Fibonacci-type quasi-crystal; and the sine-wave quasi-periodicity, where there is a finite measure parameter regime for the non-heating phase. We also plot the analogs of the Hofstadter butterfly for both protocols.
Protectionism and non-resource economic growth: Evidence from Azerbaijan
Authors: Seyfullayev İlgar
Published: November 2020

In the modern world, many developing countries take protective measures to develop domestic industries and diversify their economies to ensure economic sustainability. This issue is a priority, especially in those countries where economic development is provided mainly through the export of natural resources. This article aims to assess the impact of protectionist measures on the development of non-resource sectors of the economy. The object of the study is the non-oil sector of the Azerbaijani economy, where oil revenues account for over 80% of the country’s total exports. The study covers the 2005–2019 years. Granger Causality test in the VAR environment was used to identify and assess the causal relationship between protectionist measures and the non-oil sector development. It was revealed that such indicators as “customs revenues” and “exchange rate” do not increase non-oil GDP. The study results suggest that increasing the effectiveness of protectionism (in terms of economic growth) requires more reasonable and consistent regulatory measures. Targeting priority sectors and establishing monitoring mechanisms on the results of protectionist measures is also a priority for assessing their feasibility.
Determinants of corporate voluntary disclosure in a transition economy
Authors: Hoq Masum Mofijul , Razman Abdul Latiff Ahmed , Noor Hisham Osman Mohammad
Published: November 2020

Corporate voluntary disclosure becomes a burning issue in the literature of accounting throughout the last two decades. The study aims to explore the most crucial determinants that influence corporate voluntary disclosure in a transition economy. A cross-sectional study based on the pharmaceutical and chemical companies listed in the Dhaka Stock Exchange is conducted to reconnoiter the crucial determinants affecting the voluntary disclosure. Based on the agency theory, stakeholder theory, and previous literature, the determinants are selected. An unweighted disclosure index is used to measure the extent of voluntary disclosure; after that, a multivariate analysis is steered to reconnoiter the key determinants of voluntary disclosure. It is found that firm leverage and firm liquidity are the key determinants that significantly influence the corporate voluntary disclosure in a transition economy. In contrast, no significant positive association is found between voluntary disclosure and board size. In additon, it is also found that market category significantly influences voluntary disclosure with an inverse direction. This study has important implications for both the corporate people and the regulatory bodies of the transition economy. The study also helps various stakeholders of the transition economy – Bangladesh, in designing their strategies regarding the most significant determinants of voluntary disclosure. Acknowledgment We are very thankful to the Institute of Advanced Research (IAR), United International University, Bangladesh, to grant us the fund by mobilizing which we generate our required data for the study and complete this empirical study.
Targeted therapy in bronchial asthma. Benralizumab: focus on patients using systemic glucocorticosteroids
Authors: Kniajeskaia N. P. , Anaev E. Kh. , Kameleva A. A. , Safoshkina E. V. , Kirichenko N. D.
Published: November 2020

A severe course of bronchial asthma develops in 5–20% of patients with bronchial asthma. The use of key disease-modifying agents for the treatment of severe bronchial asthma (SBA) is not always effective due to the possible uncontrolled course of the disease and persistence of signs of eosinophilic airway inflammation. Therefore, the isolation of phenotypes/ endotypes is important for an individual approach to the treatment of such patients. This method permits to get better control over the disease and reduces the risks of exacerbations, airway remodelling and unwanted adverse reactions to the therapy particularly with systemic glucocorticosteroids. The use of biological therapy among other drugs can greatly contribute to the achievement of good control over management of patients with uncontrolled severe asthma. There are currently 5 registered immunobiological drugs in Russia that belong to the group of SBA phenotype-based treatment modalities: anti-IgE therapy, anti-IL-4/13 therapy, anti-IL-5 therapy and anti-IL5Rα therapy. Depending on the disease history, clinical features of bronchial asthma course, the presence of hypersensitivity to one of the year-round allergens and the levels of laboratory markers, the medical professional establishes the exact diagnosis indicating a disease phenotype (allergic BA, eosinophilic or non-allergic BA) and addresses an issue of an appropriate drug for a patient with BA. Benralizumab (Fazenra), a humanized monoclonal antibody, generates considerable interest. Benralizumab has a slightly different principle of action: it blocks not interleukin-5 itself, but the alpha subunit of the interleukin-5 receptor (IL-5Rα), triggers active apoptosis of eosinophils, reducing their level in sputum and blood. The results of clinical studies showed the efficacy of the drug, which resulted in the significant reduction of bronchial asthma exacerbations and a dose of systemic glucocorticosteroids.
Bedaquiline in the treatment regimen of multidrugresistant tuberculosis (clinical observation)
Authors: Aksenova V. A. , Klevno N. I. , Pakhlavonova A. D. , Kazakov A. V. , Sokolskaya E. A.
Published: November 2020

Current trials are underway to design chemotherapy regimens that include bedaquiline to treat children with rifampicin and isoniazid resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis. This clinical observation is interesting from the viewpoint of experience of the potential effective and safe use of the new anti-tuberculosis drug bedaquiline (Sirturo) in children under 12 years of age, as the publications of clinical trials of the drug use in children is limited. The female patient was diagnosed with primary tuberculosis complex complicated by infusional pleurisy based on the epidemiological anamnesis (family contact with tuberculosis patients), immunodiagnostic tests – a positive ATR-test result (Diaskin-test), pathological changes in the lung tissue and intrathoracic lymph nodes found on the chest CT scans. The diagnosis was confirmed by detection of MBT in pleural effusion by PCR and liquid culture method (BACTEC MGIT-960), which are resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin (multidrug resistance, MDR). The girl was enrolled in a clinical trial and treated according to chemotherapy regimen IV including a new anti-tuberculosis drug, which she received for 6 months. There was a positive clinical and X-ray dynamics of the tuberculosis process with minimal residual changes throughout the entire course of chemotherapy followed by confirmed clinical cure of TB (after 24-month follow-up). Based on the example of this clinical observation, it can be concluded that bedaquiline is safe and showed good clinical efficacy in the chemotherapy regimen to treat MDR MBT in children under 12 years of age.
How Does She Learn English? A Case of a Successful Blind Language Learner
Authors: Jafari Sakineh , Jafari Samaneh , Kafipour Reza
Published: November 2020

This study reports on a case study of a blind EFL learner. The purpose of the study was to explore a detailed situated data to examine to what extent it is feasible to be a successful language learner despite being visually impaired and lacking some learning resources.  Interview data and the narratives of this EFL learner have revealed that her success was mainly based on her agentic interaction with the environment and learning context, her high motivation and strategic behavior, and her sustained efforts. The findings provide further insight into the role of learner in exerting control over contextual resources that frame learning and on how different factors interact with each other in the language learning process in the construction of learner identity and the strategies used by learners.
Tres revoluciones que estremecieron el continente en el siglo XX
Authors: Guerra Vilaboy Sergio , Maldonado Gallardo Alejo , González Arana Roberto
Published: November 2020

Este libro, elaborado por tres experimentados investigadores sociales, se ocupa de relatar, en forma breve y didáctica, la historia de cada una de estas tres revoluciones, pero también de valorarlas desde la perspectiva de la historia comparada, poniendo de relieve semejanzas, diferencias, significados y peculiaridades. La inmensa mayoría de las obras existentes trata solo de una de ellas en particular, pasando por alto las conexiones entre estos procesos, así como las claves para comprender sus verdaderas dinámicas y su persistencia en el imaginario de los pueblos latinoamericanos.
ProBDNF is a Novel Mediator of the Interaction Between MDA-MB- 231 Breast Cancer Cells and Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells
Authors: Alhusban Laila , Ayoub Nehad M. , Alhusban Ahmed
Published: November 2020

Aim:

The current work aims to assess the role of proBDNF/BDNF in the
interaction between brain microvascular endothelial cells and the MDA-MB-231 breast
cancer cell line that has been consistently reported to cause brain metastasis.

Background:

Breast cancer brain metastasis (BM) is a significant health problem with
limited therapeutic options. The development of BM is a multistep process that requires
constant interaction with brain vasculature and the development of tumor blood supply.
The benefits of anti-angiogenic modalities, based on antagonizing vascular endothelial
growth factor in breast cancer metastasis, did not prove to be effective. Brain-derived
neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin with a reported angiogenic effect. There is
a lack of data regarding the involvement of BDNF in metastatic breast cancer interaction
with brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBEC-5i).

Methods:

Using an adaptive transfer design, the cross-talk between HBEC-5i and MDAMB-
231 cell was investigated. HBEC-5i were treated with MDA-MB-231-conditioned
media, and the involvement of BDNF/proBDNF in the interaction was assessed using
both release and inhibitor-based assays in migration and in vitro tube formation assay.

Results:

MDA-MB-231 and HBEC-5i released total BDNF (250 vs. 80 pg/ml,
respectively). MDA-MB-231 conditioned media inhibited the migration of HBEC-5i by
more than 80% (p<0.05) and tube formation by 75% (p<0.05). Neutralizing mature
BDNF did not alter the MDA-MB-231 induced anti-angiogenic effect, which was
completely blunted by antagonizing proBDNF. MDA-MB-231 released proBDNF (131.5
pg/ml), and more than 60% of total BDNF released was in the pro-form.

Conclusion:

proBDNF is a novel mediator of breast cancer-induced anti-angiogenic
effect in brain endothelial cells.
Pre- and Post-Conditioning of the Heart: An Overview of Cardioprotective Signaling Pathways
Authors: de Miranda Denise Coutinho , de Oliveira Faria Gabriela , Hermidorff Milla Marques , dos Santos Silva Fernanda Cacilda , de Assis Leonardo Vinícius Monteiro , Isoldi Mauro César
Published: November 2020

Since the discovery of ischemic pre- and post-conditioning, more than 30 years ago, the
knowledge about the mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in these processes has significantly
increased. In clinical practice, on the other hand, such advancement has yet to be seen. This article provides
an overview of ischemic pre-, post-, remote, and pharmacological conditioning related to the
heart. In addition, we reviewed the cardioprotective signaling pathways and therapeutic agents involved
in the above-mentioned processes, aiming to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the advancements
in the field. The advancements made over the last decades cannot be ignored and with the exponential
growth in techniques and applications. The future of pre- and post-conditioning is promising.
Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of O-Carbamoyl Tizoxanide Prodrugs
Authors: He Xi , Hu Wenjun , Meng Fanhua , Li Xingzhou
Published: November 2020

Background:

The broad-spectrum antiparasitic drug nitazoxanide (N) has been repositioned as a broad-spectrum
antiviral drug. Nitazoxanide’s in vivo antiviral activities are mainly attributed to its metabolitetizoxanide, the deacetylation
product of nitazoxanide. In reference to the pharmacokinetic profile of nitazoxanide, we proposed the hypotheses that the
low plasma concentrations and the low system exposure of tizoxanide after dosing with nitazoxanide result from significant
first pass effects in the liver. It was thought that this may be due to the unstable acyloxy bond of nitazoxanide.

Objective:

Tizoxanide prodrugs, with the more stable formamyl substituent attached to the hydroxyl group rather than the
acetyl group of nitazoxanide, were designed with the thought that they might be more stable in plasma. It was anticipated
that these prodrugs might be less affected by the first pass effect, which would improve plasma concentrations and system
exposure of tizoxanide.

Method:

These O-carbamoyl tizoxanide prodrugs were synthesized and evaluated in a mouse model
for pharmacokinetic (PK) properties and in an in vitro model for plasma stabilities.

Results:

The results indicated that the plasma concentration and the systemic exposure of tizoxanide
(T) after oral administration of O-carbamoyl tizoxanide prodrugs were much greater than that produced
by the equimolar dosage of nitazoxanide. It was also found that the plasma concentration and
the systemic exposure of tizoxanide glucuronide (TG) were much lower than that produced by nitazoxanide.

Conclusion:

Further analysis showed that the suitable plasma stability of O-carbamoyl tizoxanide
prodrugs is the key factor in maximizing the plasma concentration and the systemic exposure of the
active ingredient tizoxanide.
Synthesis of N-acyl Derivatives of Aminocombretastatin A-4 and Study of their Interaction with Tubulin and Downregulation of c-Myc
Authors: Agut Raül , Falomir Eva , Murga Juan , Martín-Beltrán Celia , Gil-Edo Raquel , Pla Alberto , Carda Miguel , Díaz J. Fernando , Josa-Prado Fernando , Marco J. Alberto
Published: November 2020

Background:

Six N-acyl derivatives of aminocombretastatin A-4 have been synthesized
and evaluated according to their interaction with tubulin and as c-Myc downregulators.

Aims:

In search of new promising anti-cancer agents.

Objective:

This study is focused on the synthesis and the biological evaluation of N-acyl derivatives
of aminocombretastatin A-4 (CA-4). Docking studies were carried out to find out whether the synthetic
derivatives could bind to tubulin at the colchicine site in a conformation similar to that of CA-
4. The synthetic derivatives' effect on the proliferation of several cancer cells and non-cancer cells
has been measured. Their effect on tubulin polymerization, cell cycle distribution, the microtubule
network and c-Myc expression has also been evaluated.

Method:

A set of six N-acyl derivatives was achieved by means of a peptide-type coupling of aminocombretastatin
A-4 and the corresponding carboxylic acid. The synthetic compounds' ability to
inhibit cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay against three human carcinoma cell lines (colorectal
HT-29, lung A549, and breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7) and one non-tumor cell line (HEK-
293). Turbidimetry time-course measurements evaluated the inhibition of tubulin polymerization.
The action of the synthetic derivatives on cell cycle distribution was measured by flow cytometry and
their effects on the microtubule network were determined by immunofluorescence microscopy. Finally,
the downregulation of the synthetic derivatives on c-Myc protein was quantified by ELISA
assay, while the effect on c-Myc gene was measured by RT-qPCR analysis.

Results:

Derivatives bearing pentanoyl (compound 2), hexanoyl (compound 3), and heptanoyl (compound
4) side chains show anti-proliferative activities on the HT-29 line in the low nanomolar range,
with values similar to that exhibited by AmCA-4 but far exceeding those of CA-4. Compounds 1
(butanoyl side chain) and 2-3 inhibit tubulin polymerization in vitro in a manner similar to that of
CA-4 and AmCA-4 whereas compounds 4, 5 (octanoyl side chain) and 6 (dodecanoyl side chain)
may be considered as partial inhibitors of tubulin polymerization. While all derivatives are able to
accumulate cells in G2/M phase, compounds with the longest acyl chains (5 and 6) are the least active
ones in this particular action. Moreover, compounds 2-3 were the most active ones as c-Myc
downregulators.

Conclusion:

Our studies show that the most active compounds in the disruption of the microtubule
network are also the most potent ones in the downregulation of c-Myc expression.

Other:

Compounds 2 and 3 are good candidates for in vivo studies as they combine the best antimitotic
and c-Myc downregulation activities at low doses.
Antibody Immobilization Techniques in Mass Sensitive Immunosensor:
Enhanced Sensitivity through Limited Mass Load
Authors: Kırali Kübra , Brimo Nura , Serdaroğlu Dilek Çökeliler
Published: November 2020

Background:

Biosensors are analytical devices that include a sample-delivery approach between a
biological recognition element and a transducer required to convert the physicochemical change produced from the
interaction of biological molecules-receptor interaction into signal. The immunosensor is a special type of biosensors that
includes an antibody as a biorecognition element to detect analyte as antigens. In mass-sensitive sensors, antigen-antibody
interactions can be specified by measuring the frequency change and most commonly knowns are surface acoustic wave,
bulk acoustic wave, quartz crystal microbalance and microcantilevers.

Methods:

Different methods for antibody immobilization including functionalization of the transducer surface with
specific groups have been reported for antibody immobilization. This stage affects the limit of detection and overall
performance. In this review, perspectives on immobilization strategies of mass sensitive immunosensors according to
transducer types will be presented. The choice of immobilization methods and their impact on performance in terms of
capture molecule loading, orientation and signal improvement is will also be discussed.

Results:

One of the most critical point during configuration of the biorecognition layer is to improve the sensitivity.
Therefore, we initially focused on comparisons of the antibody immobilization strategies in the biorecognition layer in
terms of mass load level and high sensitivity.

Conclusion:

The lack of significant data on the mass accumulations up to the functionalization and antibody
immobilization steps, which are the basis of immusensor production, has been identified. However, mass sensitive
immunosensors have the potential to become more common and effective analytical devices for many application areas.