bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Rocks of Guernsey
Authors: Hill E.
Published: October 2009

A
t
the opening of this paper I desire to acknowledge my great obligations to Professor Bonney for his assistance throughout my investigations. I must also thank J. R. Cousins, Esq., of St. John’s College, Cambridge, for valuable help.

Little has hitherto been written on the geology of Guernsey which would be of much use to a visitor. Macculloch contributed a brief account to one of the earliest publications of this Society. Ansted’s book on the Channel Islands contains some remarks on its general features. There are two papers by Professor Liveing, with which in many respects I cannot agree, in the Cambr. Phil. Soc. Proc. vols. iii. and iv., and one by Mr. J. A. Birds in the Geol. Mag. for 1878, which contains some accurate observations. A few interesting but short papers on raised beaches and the like complete the literature of the subject. How scanty is the information furnished thereby may be imagined from the fact that not one of these publications contains a geological map; and the sketch map (Pl. XX.) which accompanies this paper is, so far as I know, the first which has ever been published.

Any map shows clearly enough the triangular shape of Guernsey, and with a glance at the scale of miles its dimensions can be easily estimated. But most maps do not even attempt to indicate the remarkable physical difference between the northern and southern parts. A spectator on the deck of a steamer approaching St. Peter’s Port sees on the
Note on some Rock-Specimens collected by Dr. C. Callaway in Anglesey
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: October 2009

The following specimens have been collected by Dr. Callaway during his more recent investigations into the geology of Anglesey, and placed in my hands, together with the slides prepared from them, for description. In this I have kept in view their bearing on the more important petrological and stratigraphical questions rather than the determination of minute points of only mineralogical interest.

110 (Tywyn ridge, p. 577).—A pinkish and greenish mottled crystalline rock, whose appearance suggests that it is metamorphic rather than igneous. In short, it is extremely like some of the less coarse granitoid members of the Hebridean series of N.W. Scotland. Examined with the microscope, it is seen to exhibit a marked fragmental structure: this, however, I have no doubt, is the result of crushing in. situ. The finer interstitial material between the fragments appears to consist of dark dust, impure epidote, viridite, and here and there a little of a greenish micaceous mineral. The rock itself exhibits the structure of one of the coarse granitoid gneisses (such, for example, as the coarse gneiss already described from the railway-cutting near Llanfaelog, consisting of orthoelase, microcline, and oligoclase or albite, with quartz in rather irregular granules. The last, as is usual in these rocks, contains numerous very minute cavities, generally empty, but now and then showing a tiny moving bubble, together with other enclosures, apparently filmy microliths. The felspar also contains many of the latter. There are a few groups of vermiculites of a chloritic mineral.

111 (“School,” west of
A Sketch of the High-Level Coal-Fields of South Africa
Authors: Penning W. Henry
Published: October 2009

The main high-level coal-fields of South Africa have an extreme length from north to south of not less than 400 miles; the breadth at the widest part is over 200 miles, but the average breadth is about 140 miles ; therefore the coal-fields cover, wholly or in part, an area of about 56,000 square miles. The map (fig. 1) is intended to give only a general idea of the form and extent of the coal-bearing rocks of this country, where they occur at the higher elevation. Its boundary-lines may include some outliers as parts of the main mass; but two known outliers are shown near the northern limit of the field. This area consists of an elevated plateau, having a precipitous face to the south and east, and a gradual undulating slope to the north-west, carved into broad deep valleys and rounded hills.

The south and east margin is formed by the Stormberg and the Drakensberg mountains, which have a general altitude ranging between 6000 and 8000 feet, with occasional peaks rising to 9000 or 10,000 feet above the sea. They have a “drop” of about 2000 feet, forming a precipice inaccessible, except by a few passes, on the seaward side. There are numerous minor ranges and spurs, more or less transverse to the direction of the main lines. The highest part of the slope west of the mountain has an elevation of from 4500 to 5500 feet; it is called the “High Veldt,” in the Transvaal, and
On the Nature and Relations of the Jurassic Deposits which underlie London
Authors: Judd John W.
Published: October 2009

The well and bore-hole (see fig. 1, p. 744) which have revealed the particulars of the strata described in this paper are sunk on the premises of the Richmond Vestry Waterworks, situated about 160 yards below Richmond Bridge, on the right bank of the Thames. The common centre of the well and bore-hole is about 33 yards distant from the high-water line of ordinary spring tides. The altitude of the surface of the bore-hole is about 17 ft. above Ordnance datum.

The well, which has an internal diameter of 7 ft. at top and 5 ft. at the bottom, was sunk in 1876 for the purpose of supplying water to the town of Richmond, and was carried down to the Chalk, which was met with at 253 ft. below the surface.

From the bottom of the well a 24-in. bore-hole was further sunk to the total depth of 434 ft., thus penetrating 181 ft. into the Chalk. This well and bore-hole were completed in the summer of 1877.

The Tertiaries passed through were represented by 160 ft. of London Clay, 60 ft. of the Woolwich and Reading beds, and some underlying sands.

Down to 434 ft. the writer of this notice was in no way connected with the carrying out of the work; Messrs. Russ and Minus being the engineers under whose direction the well and bore-hole to the depth before stated were executed. Samples of the Tertiaries passed through were kept, and can be inspected at the office of
Polyzoa (Bryozoa)
found in the Boring at Richmond, Surrey referred to by Prof. Judd, F.R.S.
Authors: Vine George Robert
Published: October 2009

The following notes are essentially the same as those originally supplied to Prof. Judd under the circumstances mentioned in his paper. With his permission I have extended my remarks, not for the purpose of correcting previous identifications, but because fresh materials have been placed at my disposal. These, I found, merited a closer comparative study than I had given to the series, and in preparing my observations for publication it was necessary to bring the results of my investigations up to the level, as far as was possible, of the palæontological work of the present day.

Many of the forms may be considered identical with those described by Jules Haime and Prof. Brauns; and I was inclined to place certain species under the names, and to accept the synonyms, of these authors. A reference, however, to the writings of Haime and Braun compelled me to reconsider my vaguely formed intention, after which I reworked the whole of the species and varieties found in the Richmond series—one of the most important local series that has ever been brought under my notice. Of course, in my mode of working I may appear to differ from Jules Haime in appreciation of certain forms. This is not the fact; for I feel convinced that this careful palæontologist must have had many mental forebodings before he arrived at some of his conclusions. This is especially apparent in his dealing with the
Spiropora
group, and also with the genus
Terebellaria
. In working up these groups— and
Notes on some Cretaceous Lichenoporidæ
Authors: Vine G. R.
Published: October 2009

In his classification of British Marine Polyzoa (1880, vol i. p. 471) Mr. Hincks established the family Lichenoporidæ for the inclusion of a very peculiar group of recent Polyzoa. In this family two genera are admitted and defined,
Lichenopora
, Defrance, and
Domopora
d’Orbigny. In the synonymy appended to these genera no fewer than twenty-one obsolete names are given, and others could have been added to the catalogue. In his remarks on the genus
Lichenopora
(op. cit. p. 472) Mr. Hincks observes:—“D’Orbigny has constructed a large number of genera, which are merely arbitrary groups based on very trivial modifications of this well-marked type. One of the suppressed genera of the Lichenoporidæ is
Radiopora
, d’Orb.; and as species belonging to the genus are occasionally met with in our own Neocomian rocks, I have thought it better to direct attention to one species at least, before describing a form altogether new.

The genus
Radiopora
is accepted and described by :Mr. Busk, in his British-Museum Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa (Pt. iii. Cyclestomata, p. 34), as follows :—

“Family
Discoporellid
Æ, Busk.

(3)
Radiopora
, d’Orb.

D’Orb., 1874, Pal. Franç. p. 992.

“Zoarium adnate, crustaceous, spreading irregularly, and composed of confluent disks like those of
Discoporella
: surface reticulate or cancellous; cells disposed in serial lines radiating from the eentres of the constituent disks.” Brit. Mus. Cat. pt. iii. p. 34.

In the British Marine Polyzoa (p. 473), Mr. Hincks begins his description of the species of Lichenopora thus :—“ 1. Colony simple ; or composed of many
Observations on certain Tertiary Formations at the south base of the Alps, in North Italy
Authors: Godwin-Austen H. H.
Published: October 2009

Having last spring paid a visit to the south side of the Alps, my principal object being to see and examine the magnificent moraines of Ivrea, and the Val d’ Aosta, which supplied the materials of which they are composed, I was led into the examination of certain Tertiary formations which this great mass of moraine material generally conceals. These Tertiary beds, exposed at a few points near Ivrea, have long since been noticed by the Italian geologists who have studied and written about this part of the country.

My interest thus aroused, I afterwards proceeded to visit similar patches at Boca and Maggiora, east of the Sesia river; but it was not until I got to the Lago d’Orta, and was walking over the moraines at its southern end, that I came on the most interesting section containing the best-preserved fossils. These latter have been examined and named by Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys, and the appended list greatly increases the interest and value of this communication. I shall begin therefore by giving a detailed account of this section, referred to casually in my Address to the Geographical Section of the British Association at Southport in 1883, and I shall afterwards refer to other localities in their turn.

Section
at
Buccione
.

Those who know the Lago d’Orta will remember the old tower that stands so conspicuously on a steep point at the southern end of that lovely little lake, which, though very small when compared with its neighbour the Lago Maggiore,
On the recent Discovery of Pteraspidian Fish in the Upper Silurian Rocks of North America
Authors: Claypole E. W.
Published: October 2009

The fossils which form the subject of this paper possess considerable interest to the palæontologist for three reasons:—

1.

They are the only forms of the
kind
yet announced from the Western Continent.

2.

They are the first authentic fish-fossils yet found in the Silurian rocks of America, all previously-reported discoveries of a similar nature having proved erroneous in consequence of zoological or stratigraphical errors.

3.

Some of them are the oldest fish and, consequently, the oldest vertebrates yet discovered in any part of the world, with the possible exception of Pander's “Conodonts,” which are, however, not yet generally received into the class of Fishes.

The oldest fish-remains already known from this continent are those of the Corniferous Limestone of Ohio and of the Lower Devonian, near the mouth of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in Canada. Palæontologically, the latter of these appears to be the earlier. The Corniferous Limestone of Ohio yields
Macropetalichthys, Dinichthys, Onychodus
, and allied forms, with a single specimen attributed to
Coccosteus
; but the Canadian beds contain
Coccosteus, Cephalaspis
, and
Ctenacanthus
, or a form assigned to that genus.

These, however, are all Devonian fossils, and need not detain us longer. No Silurian fish have yet been obtained in America.

Galicia has yielded at least one species from rocks considered to be Upper Silurian, the nature of which justifies the age assigned to it. This was the specimen upon which Dr. Kner, in 1847, based his memoir
On some new or imperfectly known Madreporaria from the Great Oolite of the Counties of Oxford, Gloucester, and Somerset
Authors: Tomes Robert F.
Published: October 2009

The present paper is the result of continued search for Corals in the Great Oolite, and must be taken as supplementary to the one I have already published in the Journal of the Geological Society. As the information it contains is wholly supplementary, I do not deem it necessary that a systematic classification of the species should be very closely observed.

A section will be given of the Great Oolite at Milton, Oxfordshire, where a coralliferous bed is exposed, and one also of the quarry near Cirencester, from which the late Mr. Brown obtained most of the Oolitic Corals which were given by him to the Oxford Museum. These sections, accompanied by an enumeration of the corals obtained from them, and some sections in the neighbourhood of Bath, with the species they have yielded, constitute the principal part of the paper. To this will be added notes and descriptions of some of the species.

The genus
Bathycœnia
, and its allies, I have already shown to be characteristic of the Cornbrash ; but three specimens of
Bathycœnia Slatteri
have lately been found at Combe Down, Bath; and its presence there, taken in connection with the prevalence of the well-known Bradford-clay Encrinite in the corresponding coral-beds of Farley Down and Hampton Down, would scem to point to a higher geological level for the coralliferous deposits around Bath than I have hitherto attributed to any of the Oxfordshire coral-beds. At the same time it is desirable that I should mention the occurrence of
Sketch of the Geology of New Zealand
Authors: Hutton F. W.
Published: October 2009

Size for size there are few places in the world where such a variety of geological phenomena are gathered together as in New Zealand. Sedimentary rocks are represented of nearly all ages, from Archæan upwards, and all but the lowest have yielded fossils, in some places abundantly. We have metamorphic and eruptive rocks of nearly all kinds. We have volcanic cones of all sizes, from low hills to Ruapêhu, more than 9000 feet in height; and we have them in all stages of degradation, from mere stumps to fresh scoria-cones, and one, Tongaríro, still active. We have also solfataras and mud volcanoes, fumaroles, geysers, and hot springs in abundance. We have a mountain range with an alpine structure, and with glaciers and glacier lakes almost equalling those of Europe. But one thing is missing,—there are no Red Sandstones, either with or without salt and gypsum, and no magnesian limestones. New Zealand appears never to have been the site of great lacustrine deposits. In addition to all these advantages our geographical position is one of great interest. It is in New Zealand alone that we have any record of the ancient floras and faunas that overspread the South Pacific; and it is here we must look for evidence of the changes that have taken place in the physical geography and climate of this enormous area. Situated at the antipodes of Europe, any change of climate, brought about by shifting in position of the earth's axis, by changes in the obliquity of
On the Geology of the Rio-Tinto Mines, with some General Remarks on the Pyritic Region of the Sierra Morena
Authors: Collins J. H.
Published: October 2009

The pyrites deposits of the Andevallo, as the mineral zone of the south-western branch of the Sierra Morena is called, are certainly the most extensive ever yet discovered. In addition to the world-famous mines of Rio Tinto and Tharsis in Spain, and of San Domingos in Portugal, they include many others of very considerable extent and importance, yielding in the aggregate, at the present time, upwards of two and a half millions of tons of ore per annum.

The deposits in question are included within a band of country about 140 miles long and 30 miles wide, consisting for the most part of Palæozoic schists, now known to be principally, if not entirely, of Upper Devonian age, but which are often very highly metamorphosed locally into jasper, talc-schists, chiastolite-schists, &c., and are associated with quartz- and felspar-porphyries, diabase, quartz-syenite, and granite. The mineral strata to the northward abut against or rest upon the highly crystalline schists and gneissose rocks of the Sierra Alta, which have been assigned to the Huronian and even to the Laurentian period, while to the southward they are overlain by Tertiary limestones and sandstones.

The chief mineral riches of this region consist of masses of cupriferous pyrites, such as those so largely worked at the above-mentioned mines; but there are, in addition, numerous veins of manganeseore, as well as of lead, copper, and zinc ores, some of which have been worked occasionally to considerble advantage, while a very large number of them could be so worked
On the Tertiary and Older Peridotites of Scotland
Authors: Judd John W.
Published: October 2009

Those rocks which contain an excessive proportion of the bases, especially magnesia and ferrous oxide, and are therefore composed largely of unisilicates, may be conveniently classed as
ultra-basic
rocks. Such rocks constitute a small but highly interesting group, which is characterized as follows:—They have a very low percentage of silica, ranging generally from 35 to 45, with a high specific gravity, varying from 3 to 4; while the ferro-magnesian silicates, olivine and enstatite, enter largely into their constitution. Felspar is often altogether absent from these rocks, and, when present, appears to be always represented by the basic species anorthite, or one approaching in composition to that type.

Many of these ultra-basic rocks may be very conveniently grouped, as Professor Rosenbusch proposes, under the name of “peridotites;” rocks, that is, in which the unisilicate, olivine, forms the prevailing constituent.

There are other ultra-basic rocks, however, which contain a considerable proportion of the bisilicates, and these form a link between true peridotites and the ordinary basic rocks. Among these may be noticed the picrites, in which olivine is united with a considerable proportion of augite, hornblende, or biotite, anorthite-augite rock (eucrite), anorthite-hornblende rock (corsite), and anorthite-olivine rock (troctolite or forellenstein).

The peridotites and their allies are of especial interest to geologists on four different grounds :
First
, their mode of occurrence has been thought to be suggestive of their having come from deeply seated portions of the earth's crust, and they have therefore been supposed to afford some indications concerning the constitution of
On the Structure of the Ambulacra of some Fossil Genera and Species of Regular Echinoidea
Authors: Duncan P. Martin
Published: October 2009

The characters of the ambulacra of the Echinoidea have always been considered of primary importance in the classification of that great division of the Echinodermata.

The details of the structures of the ambulacra of the regular Echinoidea have been long known in the instance of the Cidaridæ, in some of the Salenidæ and Echinometridæ, and in many genera of Echinidæ.

The study of the structures led to the separation of the groups of genera with simple plates and one pair of pores to a plate from those having compound plates with three or more pairs of pores.
Cidaris
has been acknowledged as the type of the first group, and, thanks to the elaborate investigations of Lovén,
Strongylocentrotus
may be considered the type of the other series.

In a monograph on the fossil Echinoidea of Sind, by the author and Mr. W. Percy Sladen, F.G.S., there is a description of two species of
Cœlopleurus
from the Oligocene, and the illustrations which accompany the work fully explain that there is a type of ambulacral plate which departs from the received idea regarding the intimate structure of plates with triple pairs of pores. Subsequently some researches by the same authors proved that the Arbaciadæ and the recent Diadematidæ had their ambulacra constructed on a plan hitherto unobserved, and which separated the groups distinctly. Having obtained a knowledge of the characters of the recent forms, the study of the corresponding details of the fossil species became tolerably easy.

The results of this study are
The Lower Palæzoic Rocks of the Neighbourhood of Haverfordwest
Authors: Marr J. E. , Roberts T.
Published: October 2009

§ 1. Introductory.

The country around Haverfordwest is of great interest to geologists, first, on account of the evidence furnished therein of the relations of the graptolite-bearing beds to the strata which are characterized by the presence of higher organisms, and secondly, from the nature of the foldings which the rocks of the district have undergone.

We propose, in this communication, to devote our attention to the former of these subjects.

Our work is based upon that which has been done by the Geological Survey, and published in Sheet 40, Horizontal Sections, Nos. 1 & 2, and Mem. Geol. Survey, vol. ii. part i.

Whilst fully acknowledging the great value of these publications, we think it desirable, now that our knowledge of the forms of life occurring in these rocks has been so much increased by the labours of many geologists in recent years, to attempt a more minute classification of the rocks of this district than that adopted by the Government Surveyors. In our opinion, this further description of the beds will throw considerable fight upon the character of the movements which the district has undergone.

Our thanks are due to Dr. Hicks for the very kind way in which he placed a series of specimens collected by himself at our disposal. We have also to thank Prof. Lapworth for his kindness in examining our collection of graptolites.

The area which we have chiefly examined is a well-defined tract (see Map, Pl. XV. fig. 1), about eighteen miles in
General Section of the Bagshot Strata, from Aldershot to Wokingham
Authors: Irving A.
Published: October 2009

A residence of some years in the Bagshot district of the London Basin has afforded me opportunities for many observations on the Bagshot strata which have escaped the notice of previous writers on the subject. Some of these have been already recorded. Two or three years ago I was led to investigate the origin of the green colouring-matter so prevalent in the Middle and Lower Bagshot, strata, and an account of the results arrived at was given in the ‘ Geological Magazine’ , the bearing of the facts upon the question of water-supply being shown to be of some economic importance. More recently I have given some results obtained by a further prosecution of the same line of inquiry, and have stated that they have led me to regard the Middle and Lower Bagshot strata as, upon the whole, a series of
delta
-,
marsh
-, and
lagoon
-deposits, such as are now forming in the alluvial flats at the mouth of many a large river, but those of the Upper Bagshot as the deposits of a marine
estuary
, which covered up and overlapped the Middle and Lower series, so as to have extended over parts of the London Clay. This inference from chemical and physical evidence is at variance with the generally received view as to the physical history of these strata, the first eminent worker on these beds having declared that they were conformable to the London Clay § and the Geological Survey having mapped the district in accordance with such
On some Recent Discoveries in the Submerged Forest of Torbay
Authors: Pidgeon D.
Published: October 2009

A
mong
the numerous examples of submerged forests which occur at intervals all round the English coast, there is none, perhaps, better known than that of Torbay. This has been described by De la Beche, Godwin-Austen, and many other geologists, but more particularly by Pengelly, who has given considerable attention to it and speaks of it as follows:—

“Considerable accumulations of vegetable matter, with stumps and roots of trees, firmly fixed in bluish clay, and evidently the remains of a forest which once grew on the spot, exist in all the inlets of Torbay. The most important and best known is that which, at very low water, is more or less exposed at Torre-Abbey sands .....the greater part of which is commonly concealed by sand and shingle, but is occasionally laid bare by a heavy sea. In these and similar deposits of Goodrington and Broad Sands have been found the bones of various animals, among which are the red deer, the wild hog, the horse, the long-fronted ox, and the mammoth, the last, if not the last two, being certainly extinct.”

The character of the evidence in favour of the mammoth having roamed the submerged forest of Torbay is well known. Many years ago some Brixham fishermen trawled a tooth of
Elephas primigenius
(which is now in the Museum of the Torquay Natural History Society) near the entrance of the bay, and neither Dr. Falconer, who identified it, Sir Charles Lyell, Mr. Godwin-Austen, nor Mr. Pengelly, who closely examined it, had
A Sketch of the Goldfields of Lydenburg and De Kaap, in the Transvaal, South Africa
Authors: Penning W. Henry
Published: October 2009

$#x00A7;1. Estimated Extent of the Gold Country.

The goldfields of the Tati are about I00 miles beyond the Limpopo River, the northern boundary of the Transvaal, and those of Hartley Hill are 250 miles still further towards the interior. These fields have been described by the late Mr. Thomas Baines, F.R.G.S., in his work on ‘The Gold Regions of South-eastern Africa’, and prove the extension of auriferous veins through at least 7½ degrees of latitude,
i. e.
from the Kaap Valley to Hartley Hill (18° to 25° 30′ S.). From the gold-lodes west of Pretoria to the site of Herr Carl Mauch's discovery near the Olifant's River in 1868, a space intervenes covering three degrees of longitude (28° 30′ to 31° 30′ E.). Gold has been found at many points within, as it must also be found beyond, the area thus arbitrarily limited, which certainly covers not less than 100,000 square miles.

æ2. Lydenburg and De Kaap Goldfields.

The Lydenburg and De Kaap Goldfields, as at present known, are included within a line passing W. from the northern point of Swaziland, through the Tafelkop mountains, thence N. through Lydenburg and along the Orighstad River to its junction with the Blyde. Now turning S., the line follows the edge of the berg, or eastern face of the Drakensberg mountains, to near Spitzkop, and thence back to its starting-point on the border-mountains of Swaziland. (See Map, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xl. p. 658; and Map in the Journ. Soc. Arts, vol.
On some Erratics in the Boulder-clay of Cheshire, &c., and the Conditions of Climate they denote
Authors: Ricketts Charles
Published: October 2009

The glacial phenomena in the valley of the Mersey indicate that, though during that period the country was entirely covered with ice and snow, these accumulations were no greater than were derived from the snowfall on the water-slopes of this and its tributary valleys. The glacier-striæ on the surface of the Triassic rocks coincide in direction with those of the respective valleys, or they have a direct reference to the contour of the ground. Taking “Happy Valley” (now Borough Road), Birkenhead, as a typical example, the bottoms of the valleys, where channels have been in pre-Glacial times, are filled to a limited height with irregularly stratified beds of sand and gravel, their presence in other valleys being revealed by excavations and borings for wells, &c. The sands have been derived from disintegration of the Trias; whilst the pebbles are similar to the erratics so abundant in the Boulder-clay, excepting that all traces of striæ &c. have been removed, it is presumed, by water which, holding sand in suspension, issued from beneath glaciers. On these gravels &c. is situated Boulder-clay containing a much larger proportion of sand and pebbles than the Boulder-clay proper. The flanks of the valleys frequently have rock-surfaces covered with unstratified sands and angular fragments of sandstone, without intermixture of erratic pebbles; they are considered to be moraine accumulations left by glaciers which extended into the sea. The whole is covered with Boulder-clay, a reddish-brown unstratified clay containing pebbles and boulders irregularly dispersed through it.

Besides the accumulations
On the Discovery in one of the Bone-caves of Creswell Crags of a portion of the Upper Jaw of
Elephas primigenius
, containing
in situ
the first and second Milk-molars (right side)
Authors: Metcalfe A. T.
Published: October 2009

I desire to bring under the notice of the Society a portion of the upper jaw of
Elephas primigenius
, containing
in situ
the first and second milk-molars, discovered by myself in one of the bone-caves of Creswell Crags.

It will be remembered that these caves have, during the last ten years, through the exertions of the Rev. J. M. Mello, F.G.S., been systematically explored under the auspices of a committee of the British Association, and that papers describing the caves and giving the results of the explorations have appeared in the Society's Journal. The specimen now on the table was obtained by me
prior
to these explorations. In securing it, therefore, I in no way interfered with any authorized investigations; for none had then been set on foot. I found the specimen in the red sand or cave-earth of the “Pin-hole Cave,” and quite at its entrance. This cave is the most westerly on the north or Derbyshire side of the ravine, and has been fully described by Mr. Mello, who gives the following section of its beds (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. p. 681):—
1. Surface-soil, containing recent pottery, bones &c., 1–6 inches.
2. Damp red sand, with rough blocks of magnesian limestone, quartz, quartzite, and other pebbles, and numerous bones, 3 feet.
3. Lighter-coloured sand, consolidated by infiltration of lime. No bones(?).

Sir Richard Owen has very kindly undertaken to describe my specimen. He informed me some time ago that the National Collection had evidences of all
On the Premaxillaries and Scalpriform Teeth of a large extinct Wombat (
Phascolomys curvirostris
, Ow.)
Authors: Owen Richard
Published: October 2009

Of the fossils discovered in the late exploration of the Wellington bone-caves, casts of a selection have been transmitted to me for determination by the authorities of the Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales.

I submit a description, with figures, of a specimen showing so much of the premaxillary bones (Pl. I. figs. 1–3) as includes the pair of scalpriform incisors (
i′, i′
). The length of the tooth, following the outer curve, is 160 millim. (6½ inches); the transverse breadth is 12 millim.; the antero-posterior diameter is 10 millim.; the length of the worn or working surface is 26 millim. The major part, if not the whole, of the pulp-cavity, exposed at the back part of the fossil (fig. 3), shows the sharp border of the pulp-cavity,
i′
, and the chamber which lodged the persistent organ of growth.

The fore part of the tooth is convex across, the back part feebly so. The implanted portions of the incisors incline towards each other as they approach the hinder open end; the breadth of the pair, there, is 26 millim.

The prominence of the outer walls of the socket gradually increases as it approaches the tooth's base, dividing the premaxillary surface into an upper and lower subvertical tract (fig. 1). The under part of the alveolar wall (fig. 2, 22) loses breadth as it recedes from its fellow, gradually narrowing as it leaves the tooth's socket, to form a ridge,
r
,
r
, which expands abruptly at the beginning of the alveolar tract
Results of recent Researches in some Bone-Caves in North Wales (Ffynnon Beuno and Cae Gwyn)
Authors: Hicks Henry
Published: October 2009

Introduction
. A short account of these caverns and of some trial examinations made in them by Mr. E. Bouverie Luxmoore, of St. Asaph, and myself, was given by me in a paper read before the Geologists' Association o11 November 7th, 1884 iNo attempt at a systematic exploration, however, was made until the early part of the past summer, when a staff of workmen was employed under the personal supervision of Mr. Luxmoore and myself to excavate the two caverns simultaneously, the funds for the purpose being placed at our disposal by the Royal Society on the recommendation of the Government Grant Committee. The owners of the land, P. P. Pennant, Esq., and Edwin Morgan, Esq., readily gave us permission to carry on the explorations, and frequently during the prosecution of the work we were indebted to them also for many courteous acts and for very valuable assistance.

The caverns are situated in a Carboniferous Limestone escarpment forming the north side of a ravine near Tremeirchion, on the east side of the Vale of Clwyd (fig. 1). The heights of the caverns above sea-level are about 380 and 400 feet, and they are about 42 and 62 feet above the stream in the ravine. Both have their entrances looking towards the south. A reddish Boulder-clay covers the bottom of the ravine and also the slope on the opposite side to a considerable height, and another escarpment of Carboniferous rocks becomes exposed at the higher levels on that side. The stream is
On the Fossil Mammalia of Maragha, in North-western Persia
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: October 2009

The fossil Mammalia of Maragha, a village situated some distance due south of Tabriz, in north-western Persia, have formed the subject of several notices by German writers, foremost among whom are Messrs. Grewingk, Pohlig, and Rodler. As Dr. Pohlig, who has communicated a paper to the Society which will be read this evening, is, I believe, about to write a monograph on the Maragha Mammalia, I do not in any way wish to interfere with or unduly forestall his work; but since a collection of these remains has been sent to the British Museum by Mr. R. Damon, F.G.S., with a view to their being purchased by that institution, in which case it would fall to my lot to describe them in the Museum Catalogue, and since the specific determination of the Maragha Mammalia is a matter of considerable importance in relation to the western limits of the Siwalik fauna of India (the description of which I am just bringing to a conclusion), I have ventured to lay a few notes on the Maragha Mammals before the Society, and hope that my German
confrères
will regard them as an endeavour to assist, rather than to mar their work.

Dr. Grewingk, in the paper cited, recorded the following forms, viz. :―
Helladotherium, sp., Tragoceros
, sp.,
Bison bonasus, Oervus elaphus, Equus caballus, E. onager, Hipparion, sp., Rhinoceros antiquitatis § R. sp., Elephas :primigenius
, and
Mastodon
(?), sp. It was left an open question whether the existing and Pleistocene forms were contemporaries of the others;
The Thames-valley Surface-deposits of the Ealing District and their associated Palæolithic Floors
Authors: Brown John Allen
Published: October 2009

This paper, which is but a brief epitome of my investigations, may be considered as a supplement to the valuable one by Col. Lane Fox “On the Palæolithic Implements in Association with
Elephas primigenius
in the Thames Valley at Acton”, so far as it relates to much higher bench-deposits than those described by him.

Mr. Whitaker has described the highest of the three terraces into which he has divided the valley-deposits, as occupying the levels between 50 and 100 ft. above O. D., and extending up the shoulders of the hills which, to the north of the river, divide the inner valley from its wider extension of, generally speaking, low-lying Eocene deposits, now bounded by the chalk hills of Herts and Bucks. I shall now show that the high bench-deposits reach far above the 100-foot level; this fact is, however, one which Mr. Whitaker is evidently prepared for.

The high-valley gravels proper in the neighbourhood of Ealing flank the sides and, in some cases, reach nearly to the top of the hills which form the inner-valley ridge. They extend from East Acton (where the mid terrace runs up as a deposit which differs altogether in structure from the higher one, and which appears to be a redeposit of the older bed) to beyond Hayes, forming a continuous tract to the north, which reaches much beyond the Great Western Railway.

The highest ground of the inner-valley ridge above mentioned is at the Mount and Hanger Hill; the former, which rises to 204 ft.
A Contribution to the History of the Cetacea of the Norfolk Forest-bed.
Authors: Newton E. T.
Published: October 2009

When the Geological Survey Memoirs on the geology and palæontology of the country around Cromer were published, it was hoped they would awaken an increased interest in the collecting of fossils, more especially from the “Forest-bed Series,” and thus be the means of increasing our knowledge of the fauna and flora of these deposits. Since that time there has been a more energetic collecting of “Forest-bed” fossils, with the result that several new forms have now to be added to our lists. My colleague, Mr. Clement Reid, has discovered a number of new plants, an account of which will shortly be published. Regarding the vertebrate fauna, perhaps the most remarkable addition has been that of the
Ovibos moschatus
, from Trimingham, made known to us by Prof. W. Boyd Dawkins, who has also recognized
Cervus tetraceros
from West Runton (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxix. p. 575, and vol. xli. p. 243) and has likewise discovered a new form of deer from Kessingland, to be called
Cervus Savini
(Proc. Roy. Soc. vol. xxxviii. p. 345), the description of which has yet to be published.
Hyæna crocuta
has been found at Corton Cliff (Geol. Mag. dec. ii. vol. x. p. 433), and Mr. Savin has fragments of this species from near Cromer. Several species which were not well authenticated have now been confirmed by additional examples: thus there is no longer any doubt as to the occurrence of
Cervus elaphus
, Mr. W. Davies, of the British Museum, having determined an antler in
On the Upper Cretaceous Series and the Phosphatic Beds in the Neighbourhood of Mons (Belgium)
Authors: Cornet M. F. L.
Published: October 2009

The increasing importance of the use of phosphate of lime in agriculture induces me to give to English geologists some account of the beds that have been worked in Belgium during the last few years.

The phosphatic beds of which I wish to speak are situated in the province of Hainaut, near to the town of Mons, on the lands of the Communes of Cuesmes, Ciply, Mesvin, Nouvelles, Spiennes, Saint Symphorien, and Havré. This part of Belgium is traversed by numerous railways and by a canal which enables boats of from 200 to 300 tons to penetrate to the centre of France, and to reach the ports of Ghent, Ostend, Antwerp, Dunkirk, &c.

The working of the phosphate of lime began in 1870, and its production, small at first, was not developed until 1877. The following figures will show its increase from that date :—

A large portion of this mass was sold in Great Britain and Ireland, about 35,000 tons having been sent there in 1883.

It is probable that the annual yield will soon exceed 100,000 tons; but the description which I am about to give will show that a much higher figure may be reached.

Our beds of phosphate of lime occur in the Upper Cretaceous series, the thickness and variety of the strata which constitute it attaining greater importance in the neighbourhood of Mons than in any other part of Western Europe.

The Cretaceous series of the province of Hainaut belongs to the great Anglo-French geological
On a certain Fossiliferous Pebble-band in the “Olive Group“ of the Eastern Salt Range, Punjab
Authors: Wynne A. B.
Published: October 2009

Not long ago I received from my friend Dr. H. K. Warth some very interesting specimens, including fossil
Conulariæ
, discovered by him in the Eastern Salt Range, parts of which region I had examined from his bungalow at the Mayo Salt-mines, and sometimes in his company. His discovery was the subject of a short paper by my self read before the Royal Geological Society of Ireland, an abstract of which appeared in the “Geological Magazine” for March 1886.

Almost immediately afterwards, the Records of the Geological Survey of India (vol. xix. pt. 1, 1886) having reached me, I found therein a paper on the same subject by Dr. Waagen, of Prague. The treatment of the matter in this paper and the extent to which its deductions are carried with regard to the geology of the whole Eastern Hemisphere are too important in their bearing upon Salt-Range geology and stratigraphy to be quite passed over by an individual who had the largest part of the task of examining that Range for the Geological Survey of India.

So far as the paper now referred to deals with the stratigraphy of the Range, I am in a position to offer opinions the result of direct observation; where it deals with purely pal~eontological matter, I offer none; and where it embraces collateral questions, bearing upon the geology of half the earth, depending upon stratigraphic features of the Range, I claim recognition of the observed facts only so far as my own part in these
Appendix
Authors: Judd John W.
Published: October 2009

Although, the particular section described by Mr. Durham has not been examined by me, I have had considerable opportunities of making myself acquainted with the general characters and relations of the igneous rocks of the district where it is exposed. In the year 1876, I spent some months in examining the volcanic rocks of Angus and Fife, under the guidance of the late Sir Charles Lyell, who had such an intimate acquaintance with the geology of the district; and the general conclusions at which I arrived with regard to the relations and ages of the different types of igneous rocks in that area correspond very closely with the views which Mr. Durham has enunciated in the foregoing paper.

Among the rocks which Mr. Durham has from time to time sent me for determination, there are several which, from the remarkable state of their preservation and the light which they seem to throw upon some very important petrological problems, appear to me to be worthy of detailed description. I am greatly indebted to the author of the paper, not only for the loan of his own collection of rock-sections, but for the readiness with which he has supplied me with ample materials for further study. Three of the rocks referred to in this paper are particularly interesting in their characters, and may be regarded as noteworthy additions to British petrography.

The remarkably fresh rock of Northfield (see Plate XIII. fig. 1) has a specific gravity of 2·68. It is a very
On some Derived Fragments in the Longmynd and Newer Archæan Rocks of Shropshire
Authors: Callaway Charles
Published: October 2009

In my papers on the Archæan rocks of Shropshire I have touched upon the evidence of age furnished by included fragments. I stated that the Longmynd conglomerates of Haughmond Hill contained pebbles of purple rhyolite similar to the typical rhyolites (Uriconian) of the Wrekin. In the Uriconian series itself I had found conglomerates full of rounded pieces of granitoid and gneissic rocks, evidently derived from a crystalline area of which Primrose Hill, at the south-western end of the Wrekin, was an undenuded fragment. I have since been able to enlarge this evidence, and, in order to give precision to previous conclusions, a series of specimens have been submitted to microscopic tests

The Longmynd Rocks of Shropshire largely derived from the Uriconian Series (Newer Archæan)

The plum-coloured conglomerates and grits of the Longmynd hills are well known. With the exception of a band of pale-green slate fringing the area along its eastern margin, they form the chief mass of the formation. Whatever estimate of their thickness may ultimately be obtained, there is no doubt that these sediments represent the washings from a very considerable extent of land

The conglomerates are sometimes crowded with pebbles of purple rhyolites absolutely undistinguishable under the microscope from well-known Wrekin types, and many of the fragments display the spherulitic and perlitic structures originally described by Mr. Allport § Well-rounded pieces of a pale-green felsite are less common

The prevailing grits are of a purple colour. Quartz is the most abundant constituent; the purple rhyolite comes next
Notes on the Distribution of the Ostracoda of the Carboniferous Formations of the British Isles
Authors: Jones T. Rupert , Kirkby J. W.
Published: October 2009

The known Ostracoda of the British Carboniferous Formations are not even yet all described, although fifty-five species have been determined or redescribed, with illustrations, since this paper was read (see page 507). There are now 177 known species and notable varieties of Carboniferous Ostracods, belonging to 33 genera of 9 families.

II. C
lassification
O
f
T
he
S
trata
.

With regard to their distributiou in the strata, it is necessary to premise that in Scotland the Carboniferous rocks are usually grouped as follows :—

The Carboniferous Formations Of The British Isles
.

In the North of England the same system of rocks is often classified thus :—

The Coal-measures and the Millstone Grit of the two countries may be regarded as equivalent, though the “Upper red beds (b)” of Scotland are absent in the N.E. of England.

The Carboniferous Limestone series of Scotland and the Yoredale Rocks of England are, in part, parallel deposits, but not wholly, for the base of the former series, when traced southwards across the border into Northumberland, has part of the Yoredales beneath it. Hence it follows that the lower portion of the Yoredale Rocks is parallel with the upper portion of the Calciferous Sandstones, and that the Scar Limestone and Lower Limestone-shale are more or less equivalent to the main portion of the same series.

But the term Yoredale scarcely applies in Northumberland, and the Geological Surveyors group the whole of the rocks below the Millstone Grit as the “Carboniferous Limestone Series” in the maps of that county.
On a new Emydine Chelonian from the Pliocene of India
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: October 2009

Among a small collection of fossils from the Pliocene Siwaliks of Perim (Piram) Island, Gulf of Cambay, kindly forwarded to me by Col. J. W. Watson, the Political Agent at Kattiawar, there is the shell of an emydine chelonian which indicates a species distinct from any of those which I have recently described from the Siwaliks.

The specimen (Plate XV.) consists of the nearly complete shell, and on the dorsal surface exhibits both the impressions of the epidermal horny plates and the sutures separating the subjacent scutes. The plastron, although considerably damaged, is seen to have no joint throughout its length, and is anchylosed to the carapace; there are two pygal plates, and the vertebral scutes are relatively long and narrow. These features indicate that the specimen belongs to the group of the Emydidæ containing the genera
Geoemyda, Clemmys, Pangshura
, and
Batagur
. That it does not belong to
Pangshura
is at once evident; and its general characters lead to the conclusion that it should be referred either to
Clemmys
or
Batagur
. In the case of medium-sized fossil species it is frequently a matter of extreme difficulty to say to which of those two allied genera they should be referred; but as the fosail apparently comes nearest to certain species of
Clemmys
, and is not of the large dimensions characteristic of many species of
Batagur
, I think it may be referred to the former genus.

The rim of the anterior marginal seutes has been broken off, and there is some imperfection