bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carrier‐envelope phase‐stabilized chirped‐pulse amplification system
Authors: Takamiya Hiroaki , Kakehata Masayuki , Nishijima Kazuki , Takada Hideyuki , Kobayashi Yohei , Homma Tetsuya , Takahashi Hideo , Torizuka Kenji
Published: August 2006

We demonstrated a carrier‐envelope phase (CEP) stabilized chirped‐pulse amplifier system. This amplifier system is composed of grating based pulse‐stretcher and compressor, a regenerative amplifier and a multi‐pass amplifier. We employed a new pulse‐pick‐up method to select CEP stabilized seed pulses. This pulse selection method is different from established practice which is based on pulse train timing, but is based on CEP of seed pulse. We measured amplitude‐to‐phase noise conversion coefficient of microstructure fiber and evaluated the additional out‐of‐loop error of carrier‐envelope offset (CEO) control. We also investigated the effect of beam pointing of the measured fringe shift in self‐referencing spectral interference method. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 157(3): 35–42, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20334 Copyright © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neuronal overexpression of tissue‐type plasminogen activator does not enhance sensory axon regeneration or locomotor recovery following dorsal hemisection of adult mouse thoracic spinal cord
Authors: Moon L.D.F. , Madani R. , Vassalli J.‐D. , Bunge M.B.
Published: August 2006

CNS axons rarely regenerate spontaneously back to original targets following spinal cord injury (SCI). Neuronal expression of the serine protease tissue‐type plasminogen activator (tPA) enhances axon growth in vitro and following PNS injury. Here we test the hypothesis that neuronal overexpression of tPA in adult transgenic mice promotes CNS axon regeneration and functional recovery following SCI. Adult wild‐type and transgenic mouse spinal cords were subjected to dorsal hemisection at the level of the T10/T11 vertebrae. PCR confirmed incorporation of the transgene. Immunolabeling revealed overexpression of tPA in transgenic mice in neurons, including large‐diameter neurons in lumbar dorsal root ganglia that contribute axons to the dorsal columns. Immunolabeling also revealed the presence of tPA protein within axons juxtaposing the injury site in transgenics but not wild types. In situ zymography revealed abundant enzymatic activity of tPA in gray matter of thoracic spinal cords of transgenics but not wild types. Rotorod locomotor testing revealed no differences between groups in locomotor function up to 21 days postinjury. Transganglionic tracer was injected into the crushed right sciatic nerve 28 days postinjury, and mice were killed 3 days later. There was no evidence for regrowth of ascending dorsal column sensory axons through or beyond the injury site. In conclusion, despite neuronal overexpression of tPA in injured neurons of transgenics, neither locomotor recovery nor regeneration of ascending sensory axons was observed following thoracic dorsal hemisection. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The fluorimetric FAST method, a simple tool for the optimization of microwave pasteurization of milk
Authors: Tessier Frederic J. , Gadonna‐Widehem Pascale , Laguerre Jean‐Claude
Published: August 2006

The effect of microwave pasteurization of cow's milk on its nutritional quality was examined by the FAST method (Fluorescence of Advanced Maillard products and Soluble Tryptophan). Raw milk samples were submitted to different laboratory scale in batch microwave treatments using a central composite experimental design based on specific power and treatment time. The FAST index and bacterial count were monitored to assess protein denaturation, modification by the Maillard reaction and pasteurization efficiency, respectively. High discrimination between samples indicated that the FAST method is a potent tool for estimating the deterioration of the milk quality during experimental microwave treatment. Thus, the FAST index can be effectively used as the continuous response in experimental designs set up and to maximize information economically. In short, the FAST method allows us to retain the rapidity of experimental design while providing the advantages of convenience and low cost.
Lack of RUNX3 regulation in human gastric cancer
Authors: Friedrich MJ , Rad R , Langer R , Voland P , Hoefler H , Schmid RM , Prinz C , Gerhard M
Published: August 2006

It has been proposed that the transcription factor RUNX3 is the product of a gastric tumour suppressor gene. We examined RUNX3 expression in gastric biopsies from 105 patients with different histological presentations. Surprisingly, immunohistochemical staining detected RUNX3 protein expression only in infiltrating leukocytes but not in the gastric epithelium. Using laser capture microdissection and quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction, we confirmed that the level of RUNX3 mRNA expression in the gastric epithelium was very low and was influenced neither by H. pylori infection nor by neoplastic transformation. Instead, RUNX3 was highly expressed in the gastric stroma and the level of expression correlated with the magnitude of H. pylori‐induced gastric inflammation. The low level of RUNX3 expression in gastric epithelium and the absence of downregulation in gastric cancer do not support the hypothesis that RUNX3 functions as a gastric tumour suppressor gene. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Senescence and serration: a new twist to an old tale
Authors: Minoo P , Jass JR
Published: August 2006

Interest in the role of oncogene‐induced senescence in tumorigenesis is mounting. Raf‐associated senescence in cutaneous nevi has been advanced as an example of this process occurring in the context of a human tumour. In this model, conversion from a senescent nevus to a malignant melanoma is accompanied by loss of expression of p16. Serrated polyps of the colorectum may provide a further example of oncogene‐induced senescence. BRAF and KRAS mutation may initiate different pathways of senescence‐associated serrated neoplasia in the colorectum, the former linked to CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)‐high (CIMP1) and microsatellite instability (MSI)‐high status and the latter with CIMP‐low (CIMP2) and MSI‐low status. The role of methylation in both Raf‐ and Ras‐associated pathways is to drive tumorigenesis by silencing pro‐apoptotic and cell cycle inhibitory genes. Both pathways are associated with mutation of Ras‐induced senescence 1 (RIS1), but the biological role of RIS1 requires further elucidation. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical approach for depth profiling with GE‐XRF
Authors: Okhrimovskyy Andriy , Tsuji Kouichi
Published: August 2006

The atomic percentage of implanted particles on the sample surface was estimated from the peak position of angle dependency of the experimental grazing exit X‐ray fluorescence (GE‐XRF) intensity profile. An algorithm for constructing three‐parametric Gaussian‐type depth profiles of atoms implanted in a substrate was developed. The position of the maximum and its value of the implanted particles distribution as well as a dispersion of that distribution were considered in the calculations. The model was applied to the intensity of the As Kα line emitted from As atoms implanted in a Si wafer. The least‐square method was used to minimize the overall difference between experimental and calculated GE‐XRF intensity. Optimum parameters of the particle distribution were determined in this procedure. Using that profile, the depth dependencies of effective real and imaginary parts of atomic scattering factor and complex index of refraction of the sample material were evaluated. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE CANZONE VILLANESCA AND COMIC CULTURE: THE GENESIS AND EVOLUTION OF A MIXED GENRE (1537–1557)
Authors: Cardamone Donna G. , Corsi Cesare
Published: August 2006

This study springs from the conviction that it is time to enlarge our understanding of the canzone villanesca's genesis and evolution by engaging concepts from two related approaches, namely, genre criticism and speech-act theory. Heretofore, when adopting the formalist approach to genre, I defined the villanesca in terms of its ‘outer form’ (metre and structure), thereby reinforcing claims by Gennaro Monti and Alfred Einstein that the canzone villanesca is essentially a strambotto (or ottava rima) transformed by the addition of a refrain after each hendecasyllabic couplet. However, it has become increasingly clear that when intrinsic qualities like attitude, tone and use-value are addressed, the result is a far more comprehensive view of the changes that the villanesca experienced during the initial phrase of its development (1537–57), when Neapolitan songwriters reproduced or varied the generic expectations of their audiences.
LORENZO CORSINI'S ‘LIBRI DI CANZONE’ AND THE MADRIGAL IN MID-SIXTEENTH-CENTURY FLORENCE
Authors: Canguilhem Philippe
Published: August 2006

The musical life of Florence in the sixteenth century was no rival to that of Rome or Venice, but the city could legitimately claim to be the birthplace of the madrigal. In troubled times, scarred by a succession of contrasting political regimes and against a backdrop of civil war, foreign composers like Arcadelt and Verdelot, as well as native Florentines like Pisano, Corteccia, Layolle and Rampollini, contributed significantly to the creation of this most representative musical genre of the Italian Renaissance. Of the many factors contributing to the appearance of the madrigal, one of the most important was patronage: several studies have shown how members of the great Florentine families encouraged the dawning of the genre by commissioning new works from composers or by ordering manuscript copies of anthologies, which today give us a precise idea of the repertory that was sung in the 1520s and 1530s.
Towards a semiotic model of mixed music analysis
Authors: LALITTE PHILIPPE
Published: August 2006

In this paper I try to outline a model that can bring out the meaningful relationships between ‘the instrumental’ and ‘the electronics’ in mixed music. The model is based on the semiotic square which is considered in semiotics as a powerful conceptual framework to examine the relationships between two terms (S1/S2) and their negative (non-S1/non-S2), terms which can be characters, situations, actions, concepts, etc. Two paradigmatic axes represent the relations between the actors of mixed music: the sources (instrumental and electronic) on the one hand, and the manipulations (real-time processing and sound projection) on the other. According to the semiotic square, the relations inside the environment are defined in terms of contrariety, contradiction and complementarity. This model allows us to start out with a purely technological description of the ‘mixed music’ genre and of individual pieces, with the advantage of a pre-operative analysis of the system. It describes the immanent structure of the environments and releases the potential interactions between the instrumental and the electronics of mixed music. These interactions are examined, from a paradigmatic point of view, with numerous representative pieces of mixed music from the twentieth century.
The Analysis of Electroacoustic Music: from sources to invariants
Authors: BOSSIS BRUNO
Published: August 2006

The musicologist is confronted with many situations during the analysis of electroacoustic music, whether on support media, mixed, or real-time. Musical genres and styles vary greatly, and the collection of electronic musical instruments has also proven to be very heterogeneous. The intrinsic characteristics of the electroacoustic parts and their scoring create serious limitations. Furthermore, many sources remain inaccessible or are already lost. Thus the preoccupation with documentary sources related to the acts of creation, interpretation, and technological context becomes more and more pressing. It is now essential to formulate a synthetic vision of this music, which has existed for half a century, and to pursue the search for invariants. This work must be based on a rigorous methodology that has yet to be developed. More generally speaking, the goal is to establish the terms and conditions of a systematic musicology of electroacoustics.
The Identity of the Work: agents and processes of electroacoustic music
Authors: ZATTRA LAURA
Published: August 2006

An electroacoustic musical work is a complex network of processes and elements: technical, musical, human, etc.; therefore, while the aesthetic perception is unified, its definition is fragmentary. This observation compels us to intensify our study of a taxonomy of agents and processes, with the aim of clarifying the identity of this music.

The discussion is positioned according to two different vantage points: (i) analysis of works, and (ii) the writings devoted to the aesthetics of electroacoustic music. Musicological analysis is simultaneously the means, the goal and the motivation for getting to know this arborescent reality. It allows us to arrive at the identification of six agents and four processes associated with the work, whose main properties we will describe. These elements are used as a methodological and theoretical grid for organising the discussion about the works. The question centres on a paradigm which is created from the analysis and returns to it, as an essential link between hermeneutic knowledge and the knowledge of the internal logic of an electroacoustic work.
(Re) Presenting electroacoustic music
Authors: COUPRIE PIERRE
Published: August 2006

Art always does more than subsist upon technical progress; for centuries its practice has merged with it, and we should never forget that the first meaning of the word art was technê. However, never before has the relationship between art and technology raised so many questions and provoked so much misunderstanding. As a matter of fact, at the same time as the frontiers of technique continue to recede, the frontiers of art seem more and more difficult to grasp. (Couchot and Hillaire 2003: 15)
Analysing and Transcribing Electroacoustic Music: the experience of the Portraits polychromes of GRM
Authors: GAYOU ÉVELYNE
Published: August 2006

Portraits polychromes are a series of books associated with multimedia documents presented on the Internet site of the GRM since 2001. In releasing this collection, our primary concern was to increase awareness of the electroacoustic repertoire and the reserves in the GRM archives. The GRM, being a pioneering centre of electroacoustics, is fortunate to possess a consistent and significant reserve dating back to the beginning of the 1950s. At present, the catalogue contains around 2,000 works, accompanied with supplementary documents: composer's biographies, reviews, photographs, documentary movies, radio broadcasts, recorded public lectures, theoretical research work, transcriptions and analyses. In addition to the heritage value of the GRM's collection, the enterprise of the Portraits polychromes, with the aid of multimedia tools, aims to advance the progress of research on analysis and the transcription of musical works.
Something Lost, Something Hidden, Something Found: electroacoustic music by Latin American composers
Authors: DAL FARRA RICARDO
Published: August 2006

Electroacoustic music has been of great interest to Latin American composers since its inception. Hundreds of composers have been working in this field, creating thousands of pieces. However, there is a significant lack of information and recordings in this respect, and little research has been conducted in this area until recently. One step forward to advance the exploration of a somewhat lost sound world is The Latin American Electroacoustic Music Collection, a documentation, preservation and dissemination project, developed by the author.
Making the Archive and Archiving the Making: insights and outcomes from a major research project
Authors: WATERS SIMON
Published: August 2006

This paper seeks to address some of the problems faced by those archiving an area of musical practice – electroacoustic music and the sonic arts – which is, by definition, involved with technologies which change and develop, and which unsurprisingly is itself in a state of flux and transformation. Drawing on the experience gained from two linked research projects – one looking at the development of the practice, the other seeking to archive it – it is suggested that the two apparently disparate areas of activity can be fruitfully regarded as overlapping in many respects. Both activities involve selection and aesthetic judgement, both strive for an elusive ‘completeness’ while acknowledging its impossibility, and at a technical level the strategies now emerging for searching and collating information from ‘separate’ archives look increasingly like the strategies used in some areas of ‘real-time’ composition and performance practice. It is argued that archivists of material from such a disparate and rapidly developing practice, rather than aiming for spurious ‘coverage’ of the field, should acknowledge and celebrate their difference from each other, while conforming to simple principles which will allow their archived content to be searched and collated dynamically by individual users, each querying and configuring the material optimally for their own purposes.
Gestural-Sonorous Objects: embodied extensions of Schaeffer's conceptual apparatus
Authors: GODØY ROLF INGE
Published: August 2006

One of the most remarkable achievements of Pierre Schaeffer's musical thought is his proposal of the sonorous object as the focus of research. The sonorous object is a fragment of sound, typically in the range of a few seconds (often even less), perceived as a unit. Sonorous objects are constituted, studied, and evaluated according to various criteria, and sonorous objects that are found suitable are regarded as musical objects that may be used in musical composition. In the selection and qualification of these sonorous objects, we are encouraged to practise what Schaeffer called ‘reduced listening’, meaning disregarding the original context of the sound, including its source and signification, and instead focus our listening on the sonorous features.

However, it can be argued that this principle of ‘reduced listening’ is not in conflict with more fundamental principles of embodied cognition, and that the criteria for the constitution, and the various feature qualifications, of sonorous objects can be linked to gestural images. Also, there are several similarities between studying sound and gestures from a phenomenological perspective, and it is suggested that Schaeffer's theoretical concepts may be extended to what is called gestural-sonorous objects.
Juxtaposition and Non-motion: Varèse bridges early modernism to electroacoustic music
Authors: KENDALL GARY S.
Published: August 2006

Edgard Varèse's Poème électronique can be viewed as a bridge between early twentieth-century modernism and electroacoustic music. This connection to early modernism is most clearly seen in its use of musical juxtaposition, a favoured technique of early modernist composers, especially those active in Paris. Juxtaposition and non-motion are considered here, particularly in relationship to Smalley's exposition of spectromorphology (Smalley 1986), which in its preoccupation with motion omits any significant consideration of non-motion. Juxtaposition and non-motion have an important history within twentieth-century music, and as an early classic of electroacoustic music, Poème électronique is a particularly striking example of a composition that is rich in juxtapositions similar to those found in passages of early modernist music. Examining Poème électronique through the lens of juxtaposition and non-motion reveals how the organisation of its juxtaposed sounds encourages the experience of sound structure suspended time.
Noise/music and representation systems
Authors: VAN NORT DOUG
Published: August 2006

The word ‘noise’ has taken on various meanings throughout the course of twentieth-century music. Technology has had direct influence on the presence of noise, as phenomenon and as concept, both through its newfound ubiquity in modernity and through its use directly in music production – in electroacoustics. The creative use of technologies has lead to new representation systems for music, and noise – considered as that outside of a given representation – was brought into meaning. This paper examines several moments in which a change in representation brought noise into musical consideration – leading to a ‘noise music’ for its time before simply becoming understood as music.
From Peering in the Window to Opening the Door: a constructivist approach to making electroacousticmusic accessible to young listeners
Authors: HIGGINS ANNA-MARIE , JENNINGS KEVIN
Published: August 2006

A casual listener may not have the relevant cognitive tools to relate to electroacoustic music as an independent art form. Even music students who have had several years' formal training may not know how to listen purposefully to it. The authors investigate the hypothesis that by engaging in the composition of musique concrète, students will become more informed listeners to electroacoustic music in general. This study describes a teacher and ten 16-year-old high school students who use a digital audio editor (Cool Edit Pro) to manipulate sound and to structure sound events. A variety of teaching approaches are tested. Having experienced the creative process, the participants display a growing ability to engage in higher-order critical thinking skills in relation to electroacoustic music.
Discovering How Accessible Electroacoustic Music Can Be: the Intention/Reception project
Authors: WEALE ROB
Published: August 2006

The Intention/Reception (I/R) project concerns an investigation of the relationship between composer intention and listener response in electroacoustic (E/A) compositions. Phase one of the project focuses on E/A compositions that contain or are perceived to contain real-world sound references (RWE/A). The methodology involves introducing works that are unknown to the listening subjects and then evaluating their listening experience. Through repeated listening and the introduction of the composers' articulation of intent (through a work's title, inspiration, elements that the composer intends to be communicated, eventually elements of the compositional process itself – in short, the ‘dramaturgy’ of the work) listening responses are monitored. The purpose here is to investigate to what extent familiarity contributes to access and appreciation and to what extent intention and reception are meeting in this particular corpus of E/A art music.

This paper offers an introduction to the I/R project outlining its background, its context and presenting pertinent points concerning the design and operation of its methodology. Following this, some of the key results discovered thus far, including the first presentation of test data that formed the basis of the conclusions of a recently completed doctoral thesis, will be shared.
A numerical study on hurricane‐induced storm surge and inundation in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina
Authors: Peng Machuan , Xie Lian , Pietrafesa Leonard J.
Published: August 2006

A storm surge and inundation model is configured in Charleston Harbor and its adjacent coastal region to study the harbor's response to hurricanes. The hydrodynamic component of the modeling system is based on the Princeton Ocean Model, and a scheme with multiple inundation speed options is imbedded in the model for the inundation calculation. Historic observations (Hurricane Hugo and its related storm surge and inundation) in the Charleston Harbor region indicate that among three possible inundation speeds in the model, taking Ct (gd)1/2 (Ct is a terrain‐related parameter) as the inundation speed is the best choice. Choosing a different inundation speed in the model has effects not only on inundation area but also on storm surge height. A nesting technique is necessary for the model system to capture the mesoscale feature of a hurricane and meanwhile to maintain a higher horizontal resolution in the harbor region, where details of the storm surge and inundation are required. Hurricane‐induced storm surge and inundation are very sensitive to storm tracks. Twelve hurricanes with different tracks are simulated to investigate how Charleston Harbor might respond to tracks that are parallel or perpendicular to the coastline or landfall at Charleston at different angles. Experiments show that large differences of storm surge and inundation may have occurred if Hurricane Hugo had approached Charleston Harbor with a slightly different angle. A hurricane's central pressure, radius of maximum wind, and translation speed have their own complicated effects on surge and inundation when the hurricane approaches the coast on different tracks. Systematic experiments are performed in order to illustrate how each of such factors, or a combination of them, may affect the storm surge height and inundation area in the Charleston Harbor region. Finally, suggestions are given on how this numerical model system may be used for hurricane‐induced storm surge and inundation forecasting.
Dissolved gallium in the northwest Pacific and the south and central Atlantic Oceans: Implications for aeolian Fe input and a reconsideration of profiles
Authors: Shiller Alan M. , Bairamadgi Gautam Raj
Published: August 2006

The distribution of dissolved gallium, a less‐reactive analogue of aluminum, has the potential to reveal information about the averaged dust input to the surface ocean and to complement studies using aluminum as a tracer. New data are presented here on the distribution of dissolved Ga, including six profiles in the south and central Atlantic as well as seven shallow and two deep profiles from the northwest Pacific. The Atlantic data allow for an estimate of Ga in Antarctic Bottom Water (∼25–30 pmol kg−1) and show reasonably conservative behavior in deep waters. In the northwest Pacific, surface water Ga/Al ratios correlate with chlorophyll concentrations, probably reflecting the biogenic removal of dissolved Al and suggesting a possible means for estimating variation in surface water Al removal times. Also in the northwest Pacific, low surface water Ga in subpolar surface waters suggests low dust input, thereby providing an explanation for the high nutrient–low chlorophyll behavior of this environment. This low Ga subpolar water implies that North Pacific Intermediate Water is low in Ga and thus provides an advective explanation for the intermediate water Ga minimum observed in the temperate North Pacific. Surprisingly, the deepest waters sampled in the North Pacific have Ga concentrations similar to that estimated for circumpolar waters, thus indicating minimal reactivity of Ga in its northward transit in the deep Pacific.
Radial decay law for large‐scale velocity and magnetic field fluctuations in the solar wind
Authors: Podesta J. J.
Published: August 2006

Solar wind data from Helios 1 and 2 and from Voyager 1 and 2 are used to show that between 0.3 and 20 AU in the ecliptic plane, the total energy per unit mass contained in the velocity and magnetic field fluctuations decays approximately as a power law of the formR−α, whereRis the heliocentric distance in astronomical units (AU) and −0.64 ≤ α ≤ −0.41. It is also shown that to the first order of approximation, this quantity is independent of the effects of solar cycle variations. An analysis of OMNI data at 1 AU from 1969 through 2002 shows that the Alfven ratio, the ratio of kinetic energy to magnetic energy in the fluctuations, exhibits large solar cycle variations rising from 1 or 2 at solar maximum to 8 or 9 either near solar minimum or a couple of years before minimum. This is due to the fact that the kinetic and magnetic energy in the fluctuations both undergo solar cycle variations, with the kinetic energy increasing to a maximum around solar minimum and the magnetic energy decreasing to a minimum around solar minimum. It is found that these effects appear to offset each other so that the sum of the kinetic plus magnetic energies does not exhibit noticeable solar cycle variations.
Evaluation of surface albedo and snow cover in AR4 coupled climate models
Authors: Roesch A.
Published: August 2006

Surface albedo (ALB), snow cover fraction (SCF) and snow water equivalent (SWE) of state‐of‐the‐art coupled climate models are compared and validated against ground‐based and remote‐sensed climatologies. Most IPCC AR4 climate models predict excessive snow mass in spring and suffer from a delayed spring snow melt while the onset of the snow accumulation is generally well captured. This positive SWE bias is mainly caused by too heavy snowfall during the winter and spring season. Seasonal cycles of snow cover area (SCA) at continental scales are captured reasonably well by most participating models. Two models clearly overestimate SCA over both Eurasia and North America. Year‐to‐year variations are reasonably well captured over both Eurasia and North America in winter and spring. The most pronounced underestimation in the interannual SCA variability is generally simulated during snow melt. The pronounced negative SCA trend that has been observed from 1979 to 2000 is only partly reproduced in the AR4 model simulations. Furthermore, the computed trends show a large spread among the models. Results from time slice simulations with the ECHAM5 climate model suggest that accurate sea surface temperatures are vital for correctly predicting SCA trends. Simulated global mean annual surface albedos are slightly above the remote‐sensed surface albedo estimates. The participating AR4 models generally reproduce the seasonal cycle of the surface albedo with sufficient accuracy while systematic albedo biases are predicted over both snow‐free and snow‐covered areas, with the latter being distinctly more pronounced. The study shows that the surface albedo over snow‐covered forests is probably too high in various state‐of‐the‐art global climate models. The analysis demonstrates that positive biases in SCA are not necessarily related to positive albedo biases. Furthermore, an overestimation of area‐averaged SWEs is not necessarily related to positive SCA anomalies since the relationship between SWE and SCF is highly nonlinear.
Seasonal and interannual variations of temperature in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) over Indonesia based on operational rawinsonde data during 1992–1999
Authors: Hashiguchi N. O. , Yamanaka M. D. , Ogino S.‐Y. , Shiotani M. , Sribimawati T.
Published: August 2006

Seasonal and interannual variations of temperature in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) during 1992–1999 are investigated on the basis of operational rawinsonde data over Indonesia and surrounding stations at 90–140°E, 15°N–15°S. An annual variation characterized by a warm (cold) anomaly in the northern summer (winter) is observed at all analysis stations. Reanalysis data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP Reanalysis) and European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ERA‐40) failed to fully reproduce the observed seasonal variation over Indonesia, especially during northern winter. NCEP Reanalysis data are biased, and ERA‐40 data agreed well only at surrounding stations. These results are reflections of the operational rawinsonde data over Indonesia which are incorrectly reported to the Global Telecommunication Systems (GTS). The cold point tropopause (CPT) temperature varies annually, having a warm (cold) phase in northern summer (winter) and a latitudinal structure having the warmest temperatures over the equator. The latitudinal structure over Indonesia is the inverse of that observed in the zonal and annual mean fields; therefore effective cold trap regions for water vapor dehydration events appear away from the equator. Longitudinally, the CPT temperature is lowest over Indonesia compared to other longitudinal sections and decreases eastward along the equator inside the analysis region (Indonesia). This east‐west gradient in CPT temperature within the analysis region was affected during the 1997/1998 El Niño and 1998/1999 La Niña, but the longitudinal range of effect and time variation of the CPT temperature anomaly was independent of the El Niño and La Niña events.
Influence of sea ice on the atmosphere: A study with an Arctic atmospheric regional climate model
Authors: Rinke Annette , Maslowski Wieslaw , Dethloff Klaus , Clement Jaclyn
Published: August 2006

The impact of the lower‐boundary forcing over ocean grid points, namely of sea surface temperature (SST), sea ice fraction, and sea ice thickness, on the mean atmospheric simulation is investigated with an Arctic atmospheric regional climate model. The assessment shows that the sea ice/SST forcing has an impact on the atmospheric simulations. The near‐surface air temperature response shows a strong, seasonally dependent sensitivity to sea ice changes. The response is small in summer but significant in winter, and changes in the marginal ice zone have the largest impact on the atmosphere. During winter, the realistic representation of the marginal sea ice zone is important as it contributes to the simulation of regional atmospheric circulation patterns and temperature profiles. Changes in sea ice thickness of the western Arctic lower boundary indicate an Arctic‐wide response in the large‐scale circulation and seem to have an impact on the troposphere‐stratosphere coupling. During summer the direct thermodynamic effect of sea ice changes is small, while the dynamic response is still of importance but smaller than in winter.
Wintertime aerosol properties during foggy and nonfoggy days over urban center Delhi and their implications for shortwave radiative forcing
Authors: Ganguly Dilip , Jayaraman A. , Rajesh T. A. , Gadhavi H.
Published: August 2006

We present results from complimentary measurements of physical and optical properties of aerosols carried out at Delhi, as part of the Indian Space Research Organization Geosphere Biosphere Programme's Land Campaign II in December 2004. For the first time we unravel ground truth values of several radiatively important aerosol parameters such as their wavelength dependency in absorption, scattering behavior, single‐scattering albedo, number size distribution, and vertical distribution in the atmosphere from this polluted megacity in south Asia. Interesting features are observed in the behavior of aerosol parameters under intermittent foggy, hazy, and clear‐sky conditions prevalent during the campaign. All aerosol parameters exhibited a large distribution in their values, with variabilities being particularly higher on hazy and foggy days. The average clear‐sky aerosol optical depth (AOD) value is 0.91 ± 0.48, which is higher than the AOD value reported for most other cities in India during this season of the year. Increases in AOD on hazy and foggy days are found to be spectrally nonuniform. The percentage increase in AOD at shorter wavelengths was higher on hazy days compared to clear days. Diurnally averaged BC mass concentration varied from a low of 15 μg/m3 during clear days to a high of about 65 μg/m3 on hazy days. The wavelength dependency of aerosol absorption shows signatures of the presence of a significant amount of absorbing aerosols produced from biofuel/biomass burning. Single‐scattering albedo at 525 nm is found to vary between 0.6 and 0.8 with an average value of 0.68 for the entire period. Lidar observations reveal that during a fog event there is a subsidence of aerosols to an extremely dense and shallow atmospheric layer of less than 200 m height from the surface. The presence of an aerosol layer at elevated altitudes is also detected. All the results are combined and used for estimating aerosol radiative forcing using a discrete ordinate radiative transfer model. We find a large negative forcing at the surface level in the range of −40 to −86 W/m2, while forcing at the top of the atmosphere varied between −2 and +3 W/m2.
Real‐time cosmic ray monitoring system for space weather
Authors: Kuwabara T. , Bieber J. W. , Clem J. , Evenson P. , Pyle R. , Munakata K. , Yasue S. , Kato C. , Akahane S. , Koyama M. , Fujii Z. , Duldig M. L. , Humble J. E. , Silva M. R. , Trivedi N. B. , Gonzalez W. D. , Schuch N. J.
Published: August 2006

We have developed a real‐time system to monitor high‐energy cosmic rays for use in space weather forecasting and specification. Neutron monitors and muon detectors are used for our system, making it possible to observe cosmic rays with dual energy range observations. In large solar energetic particle (SEP) events, the ground level enhancement (GLE) can provide the earliest alert for the onset of the SEP event. The loss cone precursor anisotropy predicts the arrival of interplanetary shocks and the associated interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs), while the occurrence of bidirectional cosmic ray streaming indicates that Earth is within a large ICME. This article describes a set of real‐time Web displays that clearly show the appearance of the GLE, loss cone precursor, and other space weather phenomena related to cosmic rays.
Climate change projected fire weather sensitivity: California Santa Ana wind occurrence
Authors: Miller Norman L. , Schlegel Nicole J.
Published: August 2006

A new method based on global climate model pressure gradients was developed for identifying coastal high‐wind fire weather conditions, such as the Santa Ana Occurrence (SAO). Application of this method for determining southern California Santa Ana wind occurrence resulted in a good correlation between derived large‐scale SAOs and observed offshore winds during periods of low humidity. The projected change in the number of SAOs was analyzed using two global climate models, one a low temperature sensitivity and the other a middle‐temperature sensitivity, both forced with low and high emission scenarios, for three future time periods. This initial analysis shows consistent shifts in SAO events from earlier (September–October) to later (November–December) in the season, suggesting that SAOs may significantly increase the extent of California coastal areas burned by wildfires, loss of life, and property.
Atmospheric constraints on global emissions of methane from plants
Authors: Houweling S. , Röckmann T. , Aben I. , Keppler F. , Krol M. , Meirink J. F. , Dlugokencky E. J. , Frankenberg C.
Published: August 2006

We investigate whether a recently proposed large source of CH4 from vegetation can be reconciled with atmospheric measurements. Atmospheric transport model simulations with and without vegetation emissions are compared with background CH4, δ13C‐CH4 and satellite measurements. For present–day CH4 we derive an upper limit to the newly discovered source of 125 Tg CH4 yr−1. Analysis of preindustrial CH4, however, points to 85 Tg CH4 yr−1 as a more plausible limit. Model calculations with and without vegetation emissions show strikingly similar results at background surface monitoring sites, indicating that these measurements are rather insensitive to CH4 from plants. Simulations with 125 Tg CH4 yr−1 vegetation emissions can explain up to 50% of the previously reported unexpectedly high CH4 column abundances over tropical forests observed by SCIAMACHY. Our results confirm the potential importance of vegetation emissions, and call for further research.
Numerical modeling of Mars dust devils: Albedo track generation
Authors: Michaels T. I.
Published: August 2006

Dust devil tracks are abundant on Mars, and can significantly change the regional surface albedo, possibly altering regional‐scale atmospheric circulations. However, little is understood about the formation of these features, besides their correlation with dust devils. The Mars Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (MRAMS) is used here to explicitly simulate the formation of a dust devil track. The example dust devil (200 m in diameter) studied in detail here generates a track approximately 1.5 km long, 75 m wide, and 1–8 μm in depth, which compares well with observed real‐world tracks. Valuable insight is gleaned from the study of the formation of this simulated track, which may be used to better interpret the linkage between observed dust devil tracks and the atmospheric and surface conditions that spawned them.
Estimating drift velocity of polar cap patches with all‐sky airglow imager at Resolute Bay, Canada
Authors: Hosokawa K. , Shiokawa K. , Otsuka Y. , Nakajima A. , Ogawa T. , Kelly J. D.
Published: August 2006

Highly sensitive all‐sky airglow imager has been operative at Resolute Bay, Canada (74.73°N, 265.07°E; AACGM latitude 82.9°) since January 2005. We present, as a first result from the imager, an event of polar cap patches drifting anti‐sunward during the southward IMF conditions. Magnitude and direction of patch drift velocities are computed with a temporal resolution of 2 min by using the newly developed patch‐tracking algorithm based on 2D cross correlation analysis. It is well visualized that the patches change their moving speed and direction drastically in a short time scale (a few minutes). Speed of the patch is primally controlled by the IMF Bz. Dawn‐dusk component of the patch drift velocities is well correlated with the IMF By in agreement with published By dependence of the nightside polar cap convection. However, response of the patch drift direction to the IMF By is found to be much slower (≈20 min) than that of the drift speed to the IMF Bz (almost instantaneous).
Interannual changes in the Bering Strait fluxes of volume, heat and freshwater between 1991 and 2004
Authors: Woodgate Rebecca A. , Aagaard Knut , Weingartner Thomas J.
Published: August 2006

Year‐round moorings (1990 to 2004) illustrate interannual variability of Bering Strait volume, freshwater and heat fluxes, which affect Arctic systems including sea‐ice. Fluxes are lowest in 2001 and increase to 2004. Whilst 2004 freshwater and volume fluxes match previous maxima (1998), the 2004 heat flux is the highest recorded, partly due to ∼0.5°C warmer temperatures since 2002. The Alaskan Coastal Current, contributing about 1/3rd of the heat and of the freshwater fluxes, also shows strong warming and freshening between 2002 and 2004. The increased Bering Strait heat input between 2001 and 2004 (>2×1020 J) could melt 640,000 km2 of 1 m thick ice; the 3‐year freshwater increase (∼800 km3) is about of annual Arctic river run‐off. Weaker southward winds likely explain the increased volume flux (∼0.7 to ∼1 Sv), causing ∼80% of the freshwater and ∼50% of the heat flux increases.
Time‐dependent mixing in stratified Kelvin‐Helmholtz billows: Experimental observations
Authors: Patterson M. D. , Caulfield C. P. , McElwaine J. N. , Dalziel S. B.
Published: August 2006

Quantitative time‐dependent laboratory measurements are made of the irreversible mixing caused by the development, saturation and turbulent breakdown of Kelvin‐Helmholtz (KH) billows in an initially stable two‐layer stratified shear flow of miscible fluids. The measurements are obtained using a light attenuation technique. Irreversible mixing is found to be strongly dependent on the life‐cycle of the flow, in particular the characteristics of large‐scale, quasi‐two‐dimensional billow merging events, which stir the flow and then trigger mixing during turbulent transition.
Nonlinear three‐dimensional simulations of mesoscale structuring by multiple drives in high‐latitude plasma patches
Authors: Gondarenko N. A. , Guzdar P. N.
Published: August 2006

We present the results for the nonlinear three‐dimensional simulations of the patch structuring with two primary sources of the instabilities, the gradient drift instability (GDI) and velocity‐shear‐driven or the Kelvin‐Helmholtz (KH) instability. These primary instabilities are combined to account for the large variability of the statistical and spectral characteristics of the satellite data by Basu et al. (1988, 1990). The interaction of the velocity‐shear‐driven instability with the GDI and the effect of these two dominant instabilities on mesoscale structuring have been investigated. We demonstrate that the GDI induces strong anisotropy on the density fluctuation spectra and accelerates the inverse energy cascade. The inclusion of the primary KH instability with strong shear results in production of small‐scale turbulence, creates a cascade toward the smaller scales, and appears to be the dominant mechanism for isotropization of the density fluctuation spectra in the noon‐midnight and dawn‐dusk directions. The transition to small‐scale turbulence, which occurred in our simulations of the patch structuring by multiple drives, has been demonstrated with turbulence statistics.
Downregulation of propranolol‐sensitive β‐adrenoceptor signaling after inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis
Authors: Whalen Erin J , Bates James N , Johnson Alan Kim , Lewis Stephen J
Published: August 2006

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 148, 1174. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706870
Entangled exciton states and their evaluation in coupled quantum dots
Authors: Chu Weidong , Zhu Jia-Lin
Published: August 2006

Field-control exciton entanglement in coupled quantum dots is studied and three important entanglement peaks are found at the corresponding anticrossings of four s-shell levels. Each entanglement peak exhibits its own behavior and can be designed by optimizing the structural parameters. With a proposed method, the entangled states of a real sample are evaluated from its field-modified photoluminescence spectrum, and the electronic and structural parameters required for the design of entangled states are extracted simultaneously.
Passivation effects in Ni∕AlGaN∕GaN Schottky diodes by annealing
Authors: Kim Hyeongnam , Schuette Michael , Jung Hyunchul , Song Junghui , Lee Jaesun , Lu Wu , Mabon James C.
Published: August 2006

The Ni∕AlGaN interfaces in AlGaN∕GaN Schottky diodes were investigated to explore the physical origin of postannealing effects in AlGaN∕GaN heterostructures using electron beam induced current (EBIC) and current-voltage characteristics. Black spot density in EBIC images of as-deposited Ni∕AlGaN∕GaN diodes is in the same order of 108cm−2 as the dislocation density of AlGaN∕GaN heterostructures characterized by atomic force microscopy, indicating that recombination sites near Ni∕AlGaN interface are related to dislocations. The EBIC images of the annealed diodes showed that the postannealing reduced the electrically active states at the Schottky metal/AlGaN interfaces. The thermal reaction near Ni∕AlGaN interface due to the postannealing induced passivation effect, leading to decrease in reverse leakage current density, ideality factor, and saturation current density of the diodes and increase in the Schottky barrier height. We suggest that the postannealing process is an effective way to passivate the AlGaN∕GaN heterojunction field effect transistors.
Resonant tunneling effect in metal-semiconductor-metal ultraviolet detectors grown with AlGaN∕GaN multi-quantum-well interlayer
Authors: Zhou J. , Hao Y. L. , Yang Z. J. , Zhang G. Y.
Published: August 2006

I - V and C-V curves of metal-semiconductor-metal ultraviolet detector grown with AlGaN∕GaN multi-quantum-well (MQW) interlayer are found to oscillate with applied bias voltage. A simple model is proposed to explain the oscillation phenomena of both curves. Resonant tunneling of polarization induced charges through the barriers of the nitride based MQW structure terminated with back-to-back configuration Schoktty contacts may play a key role in the oscillating phenomena.