bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward a Description of Te-linkage in Japanese
Authors: Hasegawa Yoko
Published: November 2023

Since the work of Grice (1975), it has been widely accepted that there are two types of meaning for any given utterance: what is asserted and what is implicated. One salient example of the assertion/implication distinction involves the English conjunction and. In and-linked sentences, the and-then reading emerges naturally if the first conjunct can be interpreted as perfective. The same temporal sequentiality can also arise, however, even when the two clauses are copresent paratactically without and. The semantic relation of Temporal Sequence, accordingly, should not be attributed to the conjunction and per se (i.e. asserted), but to such pragmatic principles as the iconicity between clause order and intended temporal order (i.e. implicated). It is commonly accepted that the first type of meaning (assertion) is strictly a property of the sentence and hence is a subject for semantics proper, while the second (implication) should be accounted for by pragmatics. The present study challenges this prevailing view of linguistic meaning by examining le-linkage in Japanese, a translational equivalent of English and-linkage.
Two Ways to Travel: Verbs of Motion in English and Spanish
Authors: Slobin Danl
Published: November 2023

Fillmore has broadened our vision of semantics, placing word meanings in cognitive frames. In a recent formulation, Fillmore and Atkins (1992: 76) propose-and demonstrate-that ‘a word’s meaning can be understood only with reference to a structured background of experience, beliefs, or practices, constituting a kind of conceptual prerequisite for understanding the meaning.’ The present study is an attempt to apply the insights of cognitive linguistics to uses of verbs of motion in two types of language. I propose to extend the notion of ‘frame’ in two ways: a motion verb is situated in the discourse frame of an account of a journey; and, at the same time, it is situated in a typological frame that provides and limits the means of expressing components of a motion event in a particular language. In order to characterize the linguistic encoding of such events, then, one must attend to usage, as constrained by typology.
Common Sense and Socratic Method1
Authors: Irwin T H
Published: November 2023

I. Socrates’ Interlocutors and Plato’S Readers

Plato’s Socratic dialogues present interlocutors who already have moral views before they encounter Socrates. The Platonic Socrates recognizes that he disagrees with most people on some moral questions, but he assumes that people will agree with him on many other issues.2 Readers’ impressions of Socrates’ interlocutors will affect their impressions of Socrates and of the dialogues. Suppose, for instance, readers conclude that the interlocutors, measured by the standards of Socrates’ contemporaries, hold beliefs that no one could be expected to take seriously, or that they resolve conflicts in their beliefs by arbitrarily rejecting beliefs that most people would take to be far more important than the beliefs that are retained. In that case, Plato will not appear to his readers to be exploring the most serious questions that actually face anyone who takes seriously the moral virtues and principles that are discussed in the dialogues. 3 If, on the contrary, the dialogues rely on fair assumptions about the convictions of a moderately clear-headed and serious person who accepts ordinary views about the virtues, then Plato’s contemporaries may find that they help to advance serious discussion of the questions that they raise.
Language Mixing in Infant Bilingualism
Authors: Lanza Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

This book addresses the issue of language contact in the context of child language acquisition. Lanza examines in detail the simultaneous acquisition of Norwegian and English by two first-born children in families living in Norway in which the mother is American and the father Norwegian. She connects psycholinguistic arguments with sociolinguistic evidence, adding a much-needed dimension of real language use in context to the psycholinguistic studies which have dominated the field. She draws upon evidence from other studies to support her claims concerning language dominance and the child's differentiation between the two languages in relation to the situation, interlocutor, and the communicative demands of the context. She also addresses the question of whether or not the language mixing of infant bilingualism is conceptually different from the codeswitching of older bilinguals, thus helping to bridge the gap between these two fields of study.
Introduction
Authors: Cullity Garrett , Gaut Berys
Published: November 2023

What ought I to do, how ought I to live? These are the central questions of moral thought; explaining the questions, and delimiting the range of acceptable answers, the tasks of moral philosophy. If so, the connection between morality and practical reason is already a close one: if one reads ‘ought’-remarks, as many people do, as remarks about reasons, then our questions are questions about what one has reason to do, and call directly for a theory of practical reason. On this view, morality is a subdomain of practical reason.
Conceptualization of Space in Nimboran (lrian Jaya, West New Guinea)
Authors: Steinhauer Hein
Published: November 2023

This paper is an appraisal and rephrasal of some of the data presented in J.C. Anceaux’s monograph on the phonology and morphology of the Nimboran language (Anceaux 1965). This language is spoken in the Indonesian province of Irian Jaya (New Guinea), Jayapura district, Nimboran subdistrict, in an area west of. Lake Sentani around the town of Nggeniérn by an estimated 3,000 speakers, according to Anceaux (pp. xv, 1). The language belongs to the Trans-New Guinea Phylum, Nimboran Stock-Level Family (Silzer and Heikkinen Clouse 199I: 29, 69; Wurm and Hattori I 98I: map 3).
Conceptualization of Space in Nimboran: Some Supplementary Remarks
Authors: Voorhoeve C L
Published: November 2023

Steinhauer’s treatment of the positional categories in Nimboran is a welcome improvement on the mere enumeration given by J. C. Anceaux. Hopefully it will draw much wider attention to the deictic aspect of Nimboran verbal semantics than has been the case so far. In this postscript I should like to make a few additional notes on the positional categories, based on Steinhauer’s feature analysis as shown in Figure 12.2 and his discussion of apophony (Figure 12. 1) The first five positional categories, sharing the feature [-move], provide the five points between which the movements expressed by positional categories 6-16 take place.
Hilbert’s Finitism and the Notion of Infinity
Authors: Niebergall Karl-Georg , Schirn Matthias
Published: November 2023

When Hilbert set about developing his foundational programme in the l 920s, proof theory was still enjoying a state of pre-Gödelian innocence. The principal objective of the programme was to establish once and for all the entire heritage of classical mathematics by means of a finitist metamathematical consistency proof.
The Low Countries: A Study in Sharply Contrasting Nationalisms
Authors: Howell Robert B
Published: November 2023

This chapter will focus particularly on the development and use of the Dutch language, since the other major language of the Low Countries, French, is treated exhaustively in Chapter 3. Standard Dutch (Algemeen Nederlands (AN)) serves as the official language of the Netherlands and of the northern provinces of Belgium. While the speakers of Dutch in the Netherlands (now numbering roughly 14.5 million) and in Belgium (now numbering roughly 6 million) shared in many respects a common history and culture until the Dutch revolt against the Spanish Habsburg rulers in the sixteenth century, the relationship between language and nation in the two countries could hardly contrast more sharply. In the Netherlands, where Dutch was standardized in the course of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the language has long enjoyed general acceptance as the official language of the Dutch Republic and, in turn, of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. In Belgium, on the other hand, speakers of Flemish dialects had to accept French, at first de facto and later by law, as their standard language.
Needs, Values, Truth
Authors: Wiggins David
Published: November 2023

Needs, Values, Truth brings together of some of the most important and influential writings by a leading contemporary philosopher, David Wiggins; they are drawn from twenty-five years of his work in the broad area of the philosophy of value. The author passes to and fro between problems of ethics, meta-ethics, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of logic and language. The following themes are prominent: the elucidation of the ideas of truth, objectivity, subjectivity and intersubjectivity the scope and limits of the attribution of the status of plain truth among the judgements of morals, politics and aesthetics the compatibility of moral cognitivism both with criticism and with a 'no-foundations' view of morals, politics and aesthetics the part played in the fixation of the sense of evaluative language by the antecedent possibility of agreement not only in judgements but also (the Humean addendum) in sentiments the philosophical ineliminability of explanations that explain a subject's thought by vindicating it, and the indispensability of evaluative and subjective categories to such vindications the irreplaceability and irreducibility for practical or valuational thinking of such ideas as those of need, self and metaphysical freedom. For this third edition the author has added a new essay on incommensurability, in addition to making minor revisions to the existing text. The volume will stand as a definitive summation of his work in this area.
Eugenics: Some Lessons from the Nazi Experience
Authors: Glover Jonathan
Published: November 2023

In one way, the existence of bioethics is very cheering. It is a fine thing that in our time there is so much ethical discussion about what we should do with the remarkable new developments in biology and medicine. But it is also hard not to be struck by the feeling that much work in bioethics is un-philosophical, in the sense of being unreflective on its own methods.
Embedding the Embryo
Authors: Novaes Simone Bateman , Salem Tania
Published: November 2023

Questions about embryos are rarely addressed to social scientists: the fact that they tend to contextualize issues rather than inquire into their universal logical and moral properties may seem to circumvent essential discussions about life, individualization, humanness, and personhood that appear crucial to the solution of problems involving embryos. A social science approach may none the less provide a distinctive perspective on how, when, where, and why such discussions arise and, above all, on who are engaged in these discussions-possibly a useful step in better identifying and framing the immediate implications of the questions we ask ourselves.
The Vocabulary of Science in the OED
Authors: Hoare Michael Rand , Salmon Vivian
Published: November 2023

Scientific terminology has always confronted lexicographers with special problems, manifested as early as Cawdrey’s monoglot English dictionary of 1604. Most important of these are the criteria for inclusion in a dictionary, namely, which ‘hard words’, as Cawdrey and several successors described rare or difficult terms, would be of sufficient general interest to be included-a particular problem when those likely to be concerned constituted a small elite group. A second major issue is the extent to which scientific terminology should be glossed; should the definition be sufficiently detailed to make clear to the layman the objects and processes denoted by the word, or should only the briefest of definitions be given which would satisfy the specialist but not necessarily enlighten the layman? The ‘hard words’ of the early dictionaries were often derived from Latin, and frequently denoted a technical or scientific concept. At first, lexicographers like Cawdrey, made no attempt to classify ‘hard words’, but in 1656 Blount grouped them into semantic categories, and shortly after Edward Phillips made use of such classifications as natural history, chirurgery, chemistry, astronomy, and mechanics, as well as less technical subjects such as hunting and hawking (1658).
Counselling and HIV Testing: Ethical Dilemmas
Authors: Sherr Lorraine
Published: November 2023

Counselling has become a catchword associated with HIV infection and AIDS. It has entered the arena from the start of the epidemic as a direct result of the need for information transfer, behaviour change, and as a possible solution to action in the face of ignorance and uncertainty. Yet now, with the hindsight of over a decade of experience with HIV infection and AIDS, the nuances of counselling, psychological intervention, and client care need to be carefully scrutinized. A variety of ethical issues permeate the debate and cannot be overlooked.
Aristotle’s Psycho-physiological Account of the Soul-Body Relationship
Authors: Eijk Philip j. Van der
Published: November 2023

Aristotle’s remarks on the soul and its relationship to the body, perhaps more than those of any other ancient philosopher, continue to be welcomed as stimulating contributions to contemporary debate in the philosophy of mind and the cognitive sciences. Indeed, no modern reader with an interest in philosophical psychology will fail to be impressed by the high degree of conceptual sophistication Aristotle displays on such topics as perception, awareness, memory, dreaming, imagination, desire, thinking, and on the involvement of physical factors in all these processes, his work at times presenting striking similarities to some of the approaches taken in the modern debate.
Renaissance Theories of Body, Soul, and Mind
Authors: Michael Emily
Published: November 2023

The human soul, or psyche, from ancient times to the early modern period played a double role in relation to the body. First, it was believed to be integrally linked to the human body as the locus or cause of its vital and cognitive activities; and, second, it was believed to be the vehicle, as separable from the human body, of personal immortality. Different aspects of this double role were emphasized at different times and by different thinkers. The story of the human soul’s career during the Renaissance is that of the progress from general agreement on the harmony of these two roles to a common preoccupation with their reputed conflict. This story is the subject of the following study.
Stahl, Leibniz, and the Territories of Soul and Body
Authors: Duchesneau François
Published: November 2023

As a medical theorist, Georg Ernst Stahl (1659-1734) is known for the particular kind of anti-mechanist theory of physiology and pathology he proposed, animism. In a celebrated controversy, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) attacked the main theses developed in Stahl’s Theoria medica vera of 1708;1 shortly after the work’s appearance, Leibniz drafted Animadversiones in G. E. Stahlii Theoriam medicam veram, which was forwarded to Stahl through the intermediary Karl Hildebrandt von Canstein in July 1709.2 To the thirty-one Dubia of Leibniz, Stahl replied with an identical number of Enodationes, accompanied by a summary of the points of discussion (Conspectus).
Dependency Theory Meets OT: A Proposal for a New Approach to Segmental Structure
Authors: Smith Norval
Published: November 2023

It used to be suggested that the question of phonological segmental structure was orthogonal to Optimality Theory (OT). In other words, it was claimed that from the point of view of OT there was no particular reason to prefer one theory of segmental structure to another—OT could as it were be used together with any segmental theory with equal facility. More recently, a consensus seems to have emerged that the point of view that segmental structure is somehow not the concern of OT cannot be maintained, as discussions on the Optimality List during 1997 have concluded.
Ethical Particularism in Context
Authors: Bakhurst David
Published: November 2023

In recent ethical writing of a realist bent there is an increasing appreciation of the ‘situatedness’ of moral cognition. This manifests itself, first, in the contextualist idea that the nature and influence of moral reasons cannot be understood unless agents are seen as situated in traditions of moral thought and practice, traditions that contribute to the character of moral reality and that empower agents to discern its nature, and second, in the particularistview that the structure of moral reality is not best captured by systems of moral principles; moral judgement involves a sensitivity to context which outruns anything moral rules can establish.
Unprincipled Ethics
Authors: Rawling David McNaughton ,Piers
Published: November 2023

The term ‘ethical particularist’ has sometimes been used, in a broad and loose way, as a label for anyone who expresses hostility to the view that a decision about what we ought to do in some particular case can be mechanically ‘read off’ from a general moral principle or principles. Rather, it is urged, a correct moral verdict can only be reached by paying close attention to the individual case-to what differentiates it from other cases as much as what it has in common with them. As well as an understanding of the correct moral principles, we need fine judgement, sensitivity and even something approaching a perceptual capacity to appreciate the saliences of the circumstances in which we find ourselves. Particularism in this broad sense, which claims that a grasp of moral principles is insufficient for the correct moral appreciation of the particular case, has won many adherents in recent years. We will call this view, with which we agree, moral verdict particularism. It is a position explicitly held by intuitionists1 (and no doubt by some other moral theorists) as can be seen from Rawls’ classic definition:
Perceiving and reasoning about objects: Insights from infants
Authors: Spelke Elizabeth S , Walle Gretchen A Van de
Published: November 2023

The human environment is populated by a rich variety of material objects, from rocks, to spoons, to pocket calculators, to animals and people. To act on our surroundings effectively, we must apprehend these objects and anticipate their behaviour. Some of this task appears to be accomplished by perceptual mechanisms: a cup stands before us and we see its shape, colour and texture. Even in this case, however, perception goes beyond the immediately visible, for we appear to ‘see’ the complete cup, not just the surfaces reflecting light to our eyes. To act on the cup, moreover, we must apprehend object properties that are not obviously visible at all, such as the cup’s weight and centre of mass. As our encounters with objects become extended over time, object perception appears to become increasingly inferential in character.
Social Motivations For Codeswitching
Authors: Myers-Scotton Carol
Published: November 2023

This is the first book-length treatment of the social motivations for codeswitching, that is, the use of two or more linguistic varieties in the same conversation. Using data from multilingual African contexts (mostly from conversations studied in Kenya), Carol Myers-Scotton advances a theoretical argument which aims at a general explanation of these motivations. She treats codeswitching as a type of skilled performance, not as the 'alternative strategy' of a person who cannot carry on a conversation in the language in which it began. When engaging in codeswitching, speakers exploit the socio-psychological values which have come to be associated with different linguistic varieties in a specific speech community: they switch codes in order to negotiate a change in social distance between themselves and other participants in the conversation, conveying this negotiation through the choice of a different code. Switching between languages, Professor Myers-Scoton suggests, has a good deal in common with making different stylistic choices within the same language: it ias as if bilingual and multilingual speakers have an additional style at their command when they engage in codeswitching between different languages.
Mental Causation: Sustaining and Dynamic
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: November 2023

The causal power of the mental is at once pervasively presupposed in common-sense thinking and widely disputed among philosophers. In everyday life we constantly talk about doing things because of what we want or believe; we even explicitly dub as ‘causes’ such mental phenomena as suspicion, anger, and pain. There are, however, non-causal uses of ‘because’, as where a syllogism is said to be invalid because it has two negative premisses; and clearly the question of the causal power of mental phenomena cannot be settled by mere terminological observations. To make the issue tractable, I propose to consider only one major domain: that of propositional attitudes and closely related mental elements. Even here, my main concern will be beliefs, desires, and intentions. These, after all, seem to be the basic mental elements crucial in everyday explanations of human action; and if cognitive psychology is to provide a broadly scientific understanding of our actions, it is presumably these or quite similar mental states that must play the central role.
Socrates on Trial
Authors: Brickhouse Thomas C , Smith Nicholas D
Published: November 2023

Brickhouse and Smith argue, contrary to virtually every modern interpretation of Plato's Apology of Socrates, that Plato's Socrates offers a sincere defence against the charges he faces. In doing so the book offers an exhaustive historical and philosophical interpretation of and commentary on Plato's Apology. The authors demonstrate that Socrates' moral and religious principles prohibit him from needlessly risking a negative vote at his trial. By providing a complete commentary, they show that each specific claim Socrates makes in the Apology can be construed as a sincere attempt to inform the jury of the truth and convince the jurors of his blamelessness. The effect of these two strategies is a novel interpretation of the Apology which sheds new light on various aspects of Socrates' life and philosophy.
Rightness and Reasons in Musical Interpretation
Authors: Krausz Michael
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I shall argue that works of music characteristically admit of a multiplicity of ideally admissible interpretations and that he who requires that there must be a single right interpretation of musical scores as classically construed will do violence to musical interpretative practice. No work of music can be understood as such, nor can it be evaluated as one of its kind, independently of the practices in which it is found and fostered. Such practices shape the idea of a work of music as a kind of cultural entity, and they provide the terms in which works of music can be made intelligible and appreciated. Indeed, in order to formulate the category of works of music, we need to fix upon good cases, and fixing upon good cases depends upon considerations of historically variable practices.
Notation and Realization: Musical Performance in Historical Perspective
Authors: Bujic Bojan
Published: November 2023

Music has played an important, sometimes an essential part in systematic and speculative aesthetic theories from the late eighteenth century onwards. The main intention of the philosophers was not to pronounce an opinion on the music of their time, but rather to formulate general principles which determine the position of music within the system of the arts, or the universal nature of its meaning and expressiveness.1 Very often their whole view of what music was appeared condensed in brief maxims: ‘Music is the universal imageless language of the heart’ (Schopenhauer); or ‘Music is the abstract inner life of feeling’ (Hegel); or ‘The content of music consists of forms set in motion by sounding’ (Hanslick). In all these cases ‘music’ was taken to be a sounding object, music at the moment of performance, without any consideration of whether the performance was a spontaneous act or whether it followed a notated score. It is probably fair to assume that the question of relationship between performance and score did not even arise as a significant one, although some general cultural assumptions of their time stood behind their view of music. These, not unreasonably, would have assigned the position of primacy to the sounding object which revealed music in an actual mode of existence whereas the notation, as a preparatory state, represented only the potential mode, a set of signs in a score. Even extemporizing, since it tended to adhere to the salient features of style, could easily be imagined in notated form—the processes of notation and performance would appear to be reversed—without bringing any new dimensions into play.
Form and Argument in Late Plato
Authors: Gill Christopheer , Mccabe Mary Margaret
Published: November 2023

Why did Plato put his philosophical arguments into dialogues, rather than presenting them in a plain and readily understandable fashion? In writing rich tales of philosophical encounters, does Plato desert clarity in favour of seducing his readers with fine words, or is there a philosophical reason behind the form of his argument? While recent work has focused on the literary brilliance of the early dialogues, the late dialogues present a particular problem: they lack the vivid literary character of Plato's earlier works, and the dialogue structure seems to be a mere formality. Is there a philosophical reason why Plato's late works are in the form of dialogues? In this volume, a group of internationally prominent scholars address that question. Their answers are fresh, varied, and powerfully argued. This volume offers both a series of first-class essays on major late Platonic dialogues and a discussion which has important implications for the study of philosophical method and the relation between philosophy and literature. It shows that the literary form and modes of dialectic of the late dialogues are richly rewarding to study, and that doing so is of deep importance for Plato's philosophical project.
The Domains Of Letzebuergesch
Authors: Hoffmann Fernand
Published: November 2023

The following analysis will view the concept of diglossia or polyglossia as it exists within the ‘domain’ structure outlined by Joshua Fishman (1972). This describes areas of use for all languages. The domains of ‘literature’, ‘the Press’, ‘advertising’, ‘profession and work’, ‘church’, ‘school’, ‘trade and industry’, ‘politics’, ‘the State’, and ‘the family’, as described here below, are therefore to be understood in Fishman’s sense. Since the domains of Lëtzebuergesch show great variation between speech and writing, these will be dealt with as separate areas.
Lëtzebuergesch And The Establishment Of National Identity
Authors: Newton Gerald
Published: November 2023

As in Belgium, with language movements such as De Tael is gansch het Volk (‘the language is entirely the nation’; 1836), the impetus to equate national language with national political identity grew most strongly in Luxembourg as a consequence of the 1830 revolution and the establishment of Luxembourg independence in 1839. It came more sharply into focus during 1848, when the language made its first appearance in political speeches I and in short features in newspapers. Close acquaintance with Dutch as an official language2 gave rise to the idea (Gangler 184T preface) that ‘Luxembourg German’ would move along the same path towards full cultural evolution as that followed since the end of the sixteenth century by Dutch itself.
Theories and Practices of Demonstration in Galen
Authors: Lloyd G E R
Published: November 2023

In recent years there has been a remarkable resurgence of interest in Galen as logician and philosopher of science. The interest in his contributions to syllogistic, for instance, is, to be sure, a long standing one. The new interests are in areas that correspond to the subject-matter not of Aristotle‘s Prior, but of his Posterior Analytics. To a degree matched, in antiquity, only by Aristotle himself,2 Galen presents us with material that enables us to investigate not just his theory of scientific method, and not just his practice, but also just how well these two match one another. Of the various complex strands that go to make up that method, I want to focus here particularly on one, the theory and practice-or rather, as I shall argue, the theories and practices-of demonstration. This was a subject dear to Galen‘s own heart, as seen by the fact that he devoted a fifteen-book treatise to it. It is a subject, too, on which we have an abundance of evidence in the extant medical treatises despite the loss of all but a few paltry fragments of that master work.
Descartes’s Concepts of Substance
Authors: Markie Peter
Published: November 2023

Substance is a central concept in Descartes’s metaphysics, just as certainty is a central concept in his epistemology, and Descartes’s remarks about substance are often obscure and confusing, just as his remarks about certainty are, yet his views on substance have not received the same critical attention as his views on certainty. The imbalance is part of a general tendency, especially among Anglo American commentators, to concentrate on Descartes’s epistemology at the expense of his metaphysics. To help correct it, I shall examine Descartes’s conception of substance in three well-known passages: Principles, pt. I, arts. 51-2, the Second Replies’ definition of substance, and the Synopsis of the Meditations.
Phonology as Cognition
Authors: Hale Mark , Reiss Charles
Published: November 2023

This chapter attempts to ground phonology within psychology. That is, we are interested in phonology as a branch of the study of mental representation, the psychology of mind. In order to develop this ‘phonology of mind’ we need to understand the relationship between form and substance in linguistic representation. A coherent account of this distinction has yet to be proposed for either phonology or syntax. We attempt to contribute to this necessary enquiry in the domain of phonology by first defining ‘form’ and ‘substance’, and then critiquing some recent work that implicitly or explicitly touches on the relationship between the two. We will argue that current trends in phonology fail to offer a coherent conception of form and substance and are also inconsistent with basic principles of science. Since we are not proposing a complete alternative model of phonology, we invite the reader to reflect on how our proposals could be implemented or on how our assumptions (which we believe are widely shared in principle, if not in practice) should be modified.
Reduction and Evolutionary Biology
Authors: Macdonald Graham
Published: November 2023

As the demands for the reduction of biology to physics and chemistry seem to have receded into the past, it may appear as though producing new arguments to the same effect is a waste of energy. However, recent arguments against the reductionist claim seem to be misguided; either they settle on weak nonreduction, by which is meant empirical or pragmatic nonreducibility allied to a claim of ‘in principle’ reducibility, or if they go for ‘in principle’ non-reducibility their arguments fail to hit the intended target. My diagnosis of this state of affairs is that since supervenience has been seen to be compatible with token-token identity, simply asserting that a supervenience relation holds between the special sciences and physics has come to be seen as an easy materialist option. In what follows l will be repeating, briefly, some suggestions why this assertion is unsatisfactory before proceeding to argue that the reason behind the autonomy of biology is that it uses functional explanation. It is, however, only on a certain construal of functional explanation that the conclusion emerges in a way that is consonant with the criticisms of pragmatic non-reducibility, so that construal will be defended before it is shown why it leads to the non-reductionist conclusion. In doing this the distinctive explanatory work done by functional explanation should become apparent.
The Limitations of Pluralism
Authors: Cussins Adrian
Published: November 2023

Much of philosophy is motivated by an apparent conflict between the world as it is given in experience and the world as it is given in the physical sciences. Experience presents the world as coloured but a physicist's atoms have no colour. We perceive the world as beautiful or ugly, sweet or salty, happy or sad, brave or cowardly, intelligent or stupid; yet none of these properties figure in the world of the physical sciences. In the scientific world-view, the universe is an arrangement of atoms in a four-dimensional void, where the properties of sentience have no place.
Language Contact and Change
Authors: Silva-Corvalan Carmen
Published: November 2023

Languages in a situation of contact, whether they are receding or being maintained by their speakers, are characterized by constant and rapid change. Thus they provide a testing ground for hypotheses about processes of linguistic change. In this original study of an intergenerational sample of Spanish-English bilinguals in Los Angeles County, Carmen Silva-Corvalán explores in depth the linguistic, cognitive, and social processes underlying language maintenance, as well as changes characteristic of language shift and loss, bringing together analytical techniques employed in sociolinguistics, functional syntax, and discourse analysis.
Virtual Particles and the Interpretation of Quantum Field Theory
Authors: Weingard Robert
Published: November 2023

In ‘Do Virtual Particles Exist’, I argued that virtual particles do not, in fact, exist. I review that argument in section I of this paper. Then in section II I present the argument from a different point of view, emphasizing the role of the propagator, and in section III I look at the connection between the Fayddeev-Popov ghost fields and the problem of virtual particles.
Ruling Passions
Authors: Blackburn Simon
Published: November 2023

Simon Blackburn puts forward a compelling original philosophy of human motivation and morality. He maintains that we cannot get clear about ethics until we get clear about human nature. So these are the sorts of questions he addresses: Why do we behave as we do? Can we improve? Is our ethics at war with our passions, or is it an upshot of those passions? Blackburn seeks the answers in an exploration of guilt, shame, disgust, and other moral emotions; he draws also on game theory and cognitive science in his account of the structures of human motivation. Many philosophers have wanted a naturalistic ethics--a theory that integrates our understanding of human morality with the rest of our understanding of the world we live in. What is special about Blackburn's naturalistic ethics is that it does not debunk the ethical by reducing it to the non-ethical. At the same time he banishes the spectres of scepticism and relativism that have haunted recent moral philosophy. Ruling Passions sets ethics in the context of human nature: it offers a solution to the puzzle of how ethics can maintain its authority even though it is rooted in the very emotions and motivations that it exists to control.
Essays on Religion and Education
Authors: Hare R M
Published: November 2023

R. M. Hare is one of the most widely discussed of today's moral philosophers. In this volume he has collected his most important essays in the related fields of religion and education, some newly published and others now inaccessible. The book starts with an exposition of his ideas on the meaning of religious language. There follow several essays, theoretical and practical, on the relations between religion and morality, which have deep implications for moral education. The central question addressed in the rest of the volume is how children can be educated to think for themselves, freely but rationally, about moral questions, and the effects on society of failure to achieve this. Professor Hare argues that those who want to dispense with morality are in effect resigning from a vital educational task. Attitudes to euthanasia and to equality of educational opportunity are taken as examples of how our thinking can go wrong.
Duties to Oneself, Motivational Internalism, and Self-Deception in Kant’s Ethics
Authors: Potter Nelson
Published: November 2023

In both his works on moral philosophy that deal with applications of the Categorical Imperative, Kant makes it clear that he believes there are duties to oneself (DOS). In the earlier of these two works, the Groundwork, we learn very little about the underlying rationale for such duties, though they are referred to; but, so far as the Groundwork is concerned, it might seem that Kant had simply taken over a traditional classification of duties without much of a rationale for doing so. In contrast, in Kant’s Metaphysics of Morals, in the second part, the Tugendlehre, there is a much fuller discussion of duties to oneself, and the account given of them has been made part of a larger theory of inner, specifically ethical duties. The present chapter will be devoted primarily to achieving better understanding of the Kantian doctrine of DOS from this later work.
The Roots of ‘Norm-Hungriness’
Authors: Clark Andy
Published: November 2023

I really loved Haugeland’s comments, not least because they raised-clearly and precisely-a bunch of issues that I haven’t got much (if any) idea how to resolve. Yet they are issues that are deeply relevant to this workshop and to the broader project of understanding mind and cognition.
Reply to Dennett
Authors: Smith Brian Cantwell
Published: November 2023

Let me start by thanking Dennett for two things. First, I’m grateful for the effort he has put into understanding this project-a project, I admit, that can seem a little like a fire hydrant: the content comes out in lots of different sprays. I learned from his comments, and that’s great. Second, I want to thank him for mentioning the issue he identified as number r2: domestication of the ‘middle ground’ opened up by all sorts of traditionally dichotomous theoretical distinctions. That focus on the textured intermediate territory, rather than on limit cases, is very important to me. I think of it as the philosopher’s analog of in vivo rather than in vitro analysis. In my experience, people who don’t appreciate the importance of this kind of middle-ground stance find it hard to hang on to, especially at first. It is a well-entrenched intellectual habit (especially in analytic philosophy) to think that theoretical rigor demands ‘clear and distinct’ ideas, even clear and distinct cases.
The Interrogative Construction: (Re)constructing Early Cantonese Grammar
Authors: Cheung Hung-Nin Samuel
Published: November 2023

This analysis studies the formation of the interrogative construction in early Cantonese. Specifically, it examines the use of yes/no questions in twelve sets of language teaching materials compiled between 1828 and 1963. I identify six types of A-not-A questions and describe the pattern and pace in which each type evolves in the language. I argue that all types of yes/no questions are structurally derived from the basic pattern of juxtaposing the positive and the negative verb phrases. While early Cantonese displayed an exclusive use of forward deletion to generate VP-mh and VP+ mh-V, it was during the 1930s that the process began to reverse its direction, yielding instead V-mh-VP. The analysis also reviews, in relation to this process, the significance of the ma-question and the behaviour of disyllabic verbs.
Semantics and Syntax of Verbal and Adjectival Reduplication in Mandarin and Taiwanese Southern Min
Authors: Tsao Feng-Fu
Published: November 2023

In both Mandarin and Taiwanese Southern Min, verbal and adjectival reduplication are found. As may be expected between related languages, there are uses involving reduplication that they have in common while there are functions that each possesses uniquely. In what follows, an attempt is made to delineate these similarities and differences and to show, to the extent possible, how these different uses have evolved from a shared core meaning in reduplication. But before we proceed, a few words about each language are in order. The Mandarin examples are mostly drawn from the variety that is commonly spoken in Taiwan. Those who speak it as a native language are estimated to be around three million while an estimated fifteen million people learn it as a second lan guage. Conversely, Taiwanese
Solid state structure of block copolymers
Authors: Hamley Ian W
Published: November 2023

The term ‘solid state structure’ in this chapter refers largely to the morphology of semicrystalline block copolymers below the melting temperature of the crystallizable block. Mention is also briefly made of the structure below the glass transition temperature of block copolymers containing a glassy component. However, vitrification generally leads to trapping of the melt morphology and therefore there is little distinct thermodynamics in the phase behaviour of block copolymers in the glassy state compared to the melt. Because the work on semicrystalline diblocks is rather sparse it has not yet been reviewed. This chapter is thus a summary of work to date in an area in which there is a continued high level of activity.
Phosphorus methods in nucleotide chemistry
Authors: Williams David M , Harris Vicki H
Published: November 2023

There are currently many reagents available for the chemical synthesis of nucleotides via phosphorylation of nucleosides. Although much of the early chemistry in this area was based on the use of relatively unstable phosphorus(V) intermediates, there are now reliable methods in common usage, which employ both phosphorus(V) and the more reactive phosphorus(III) intermediates. The main impetus for the development of nucleotide chemistry in recent years has been the desire for the preparation of the 5’-triphosphates of nucleoside analogues containing both modified bases and modified sugars. It is not possible to cover all the practical aspects of nucleotide chemistry in a single chapter, so we have endeavoured to present general protocols describing the chemistry involved for the preparation of 2’-deoxyribonucleotides and have indicted the variations in these protocols for specific cases. Many of the protocols are also suitable for ribonucleotide synthesis, and readers are recommended to consult the referenced texts pertaining to these in this latter instance. We have also included the syntheses of several phosphate analogues of nucleosides, which have applications from increased chemical and/or enzymatic stability, to uses in studying stereochemical and other aspects of enzyme mechanisms. Practical methods for the synthesis of oligonucleotides comprising DNA, RNA or containing modified phosphate diester linkages have been adequately described previously in this seriesand the current chapter is intended to complement this information by concentrating on methods for the synthesis of simple nucleotides.
Inverse Problems in Heat Transfer
Authors: Beck J V
Published: November 2023

Understanding of many physical phenomena in heat transfer requires both mathematical modelling and experimentation. A bridge between these is the study of inverse problems which can be classified as parameter or function estimation. Parameter estimation with actual data is emphasized for the determination of some thermal properties in solids. For this typical data, the number of parameters need not be large and the Gauss-Newton minimization method has advantages because it utilizes the individual sensitivity coefficients. These coefficients are used in the sequential estimation of the parameters, determination of confidence regions and design of optimal experiments.
Mixed Convection over a Horizontal Surface Embedded in a Porous Medium
Authors: Lesnic D , Pop I
Published: November 2023

The steady mixed convection boundary-layer flow above a heated or below a cooled horizontal surface embedded in a porous medium is considered, for constant wall temperature. The problem is reduced to a pair of coupled partial differential equations for the temperature and the stream function. Numerical and asymptotic solutions are obtained for a wide range of values of x, the coordinate along the plate. Results for the velocity and skin friction profiles on the plate and in the convective fluid are presented. Comparing the finite-difference solution with the series expansion solutions illustrates the accuracy of the numerical solution.
The Biology of Soft Shores and Estuaries
Authors: Little Colin
Published: November 2023

There is no up-to-date book on estuarine biology, and nothing at all that deals with marine soft shores as well as estuarine ones. This latest addition to the Biology of Habitats series corrects this omission and will complement The biology of rocky shores, by the same author. This book focuses on marine and estuarine soft sediments as complex and essential habitats for an astonishing variety of animals and plants whose lifestyles are intimately bound up with sediment structure. It discusses sediments as habitats first, then takes in turn the ecosystems found on sandy shores, mudflats and seagrass beds, salt marshes and mangrove swamps, and life below the tidemarks. Adaptations of the organisms are fully described, and each chapter ends with a section on techniques. Later chapters discuss estuarine and lagoonal habitats, both of which contain primarily soft sediments, but add further complicating characteristics to those found in the sea. A discussion of estuarine food webs emphasizes the ways in which organisms interact. The book ends with a discussion of the ways in which marine and estuarine soft sediments have been abused by man, and some of the opportunities that have been taken to counteract these abuses.
Ecology of wildlife diseases
Authors: Hudson P J , Rizzoli A P , Grenfell B T , Heesterbeek J A P , Dobson A P
Published: November 2023

The majority of living organisms are parasitic in one form or another, be they a virus invading a sea coral, a tapeworm within the guts of your dog, a cuckoo chick in a reed warbler’s nest or a lion stealing a hyaena’s kill on the African plain. The parasites are intimately linked with their host in a trophic interaction that has fascinating implications for both parasite and host. Most of the more traditional parasite species interact with their hosts at a range of organizational scales that stretches from the miniscule-the molecular battle between the host’s immune response and the evading action of the parasite-through to the extensive-the structuring of communities and a driving force in the evolution of biodiversity and sex.
Green Chemistry
Authors: Anastas Paul T , Warner John C
Published: November 2023

This book aims to introduce the reader to the design, development, and evaluation processes of new Green Chemistry methodologies. A comprehensive introductory text, it takes a broad view of the subject and integrates a wide variety of topics. Topics covered include: alternative feedstocks, environmentally benign synthetic methodologies, designing safer chemical products, new reaction conditions, alternative solvents and catalyst development, and the use of biosynthesis and biomimetic principles. The reader is introduced to the new evaluation process that encompasses the health and environmental impact of a synthetic pathway from choice of starting materials through to target molecule. Throughout the text, comparisons and contrasts with classical methodologies are offered as illustrative examples. This accessible text is aimed at all those involved with the design, manufacture, use and disposal of chemicals and their products - especially synthetic chemicals at the graduate and professional level, process development chemists and environmental scientists. From reviews of the hardback: ‘An excellent introduction into the fast growing field and the fascinating science of green chemistry.... Should be consulted by anyone who wants to know about environmentally benign chemistry and, especially, by scientists who contemplate adopting its principles in their own research or teaching efforts.’ Science