bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chapter XVII
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman
Published: October 2023

Dorcasina had been now nearly six months a prisoner, without having once attempted to make her escape, being so narrowly watched by Giles, that she saw no probability of accomplishing it. The summer, had she been accompanied by her dear Brown, would have passed not unpleasantly. When the weather was fine, she rode, attended by Giles, or walked, accompanied by Betty. When it would not admit of either of these diversions, the well chosen books, with which she had been supplied, amused her within doors. She more than once attempted to learn from Giles and his wife, where the person belonged, by whose means she had been brought thither: but their constant answer was that they were engaged to secrecy. Betty, at her first arrival, had privately intimated that her mistress believed she owed her present confinement to a young officer, who pretended a violent passion for her. They were, therefore, not surprised at her interrogations respecting Montague, supposing the mistake, under which she laboured, was a consequence of her derangement.
Ain ‘t forgettin ‘ it”
Authors: Clark E Culpepper
Published: October 2023

When Wallace and the Kennedys locked horns in Tuscaloosa, few expected a fight to the death, and most expected the one with more muscle to win. Thus Americans saw on TV what they expected, though the conclusions drawn differed between viewers in Massachusetts and those in Alabama. Outside the South, most who watched saw Wallace as Robert Kennedy did; a second-rate figure easily dismissed; but in Ragland and Geneva and Gordo, Alabama, Wallace emerged the victor. He spoke confidently, they observed; he told ‘em, they reasoned. He stood up. He kept the faith. Shortly after it was over, E.L.
The Study of Secularization
Authors: Sommerville C John
Published: October 2023

There are several ways of expressing what this book is about. It is about the change from a religious culture to a religious faith. It describes the secularization of English culture and society, in the sense of a separation of almost all aspects of life and thought from religious associations or ecclesiastical direction. Rather incidentally, it will show how thoroughly religion had permeated English culture before these changes, and how differently we must think of religion in such a context. We will see which aspects of life were first affected by the marginalization of religion, and which maintained their religious associations long est. And the study will try to show who or what was responsible for this momen-tous change, and when it was effectively completed.
The Secularization of Space
Authors: Sommerville C John
Published: October 2023

An Englishman, Sir Isaac Newton, is remembered as a pioneer of modern thought for having postulated the uniform grid of space on which a rational age plotted all activity within the universe. This empty, neutral world was first set before the scholarly reader in 1687, in Newton’s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathe-matica.Two hundred years earlier, such a featureless world would have seemed strange indeed. Space (and time) had nodes at which spiritual forces intersected with earthly life. Space was not uniform but differentiated, with certain spots at which one was more likely to meet God, just as there were certain times when God was more likely to be present. Naturally, the Church had become the custo-dian of such times and places. Not that it could make them sacred by its fiat, but it was unavoidable that sacred days and sacred shrines should be managed by God’s ministers.
The Politics of Secularization (1529-1603)
Authors: Sommerville C John
Published: October 2023

One would expect a change which reached so deep as the basic sense of space or time to be subtle, gradual, and unconscious. But what we have seen has been rapid. It has involved deliberate, political decisions and has developed according to a conscious rationale. A narrative of this religious revolution will show more of the intentions of the parties involved and of the reactions to change.
Introduction
Authors: Kostine Joseph
Published: October 2023

The focus of this work is the transformation of Saudi Arabia from a tribal polity to an established monarchical state. This transition was prompted primarily by political and economic conditions that began to develop in the region during World War I and that were fully manifested after 1916.
A “Golden Decade” for American Jews: 1945-1955
Authors: Goren Arthur A
Published: October 2023

Few would deny the proposition that American Jewish life has undergone a radical transformation in the half century since the end of the Second World War. Lucy Dawidowicz, in a synoptic review of American Jewish history, recently captured this sense of major change in two chapter titles. She designated the years 1920 to 1939, “Decades of Anxiety,” and the years 1945 to 1967, “The Golden Age in America.” “Recovery and Renewal” is how Dawidowicz conceived of the postwar period as a whole.
Value Added: Jews in Postwar American Culture
Authors: Whitfield Stephen J
Published: October 2023

Americans are “descended from the same ancestors, speaking the same language, professing the same religion, attached to the same principles of government, very similar in their manners and customs,” John Jay wrote in The Federalist No. 2, in defense of the new Constitution. At least he got the politics right: All the basic political institutions of the United States had been created by the end of the eighteenth century, and none since then. But the Framers could scarcely have imagined how the culture would keep shifting into new configurations. Regional and ethnic customs would vary widely, new languages would get injected (at least for one or two generations) and religious pluralism would become legitimated, largely because Americans increasingly did not have the same ancestors.
The Founders 1640-1670
Authors: Nagel Paul C
Published: October 2023

The story of Richard Lee, the family’s founder in Virginia, glows with success. His achievement was the sort many residents of seventeenth century England yearned to duplicate. They peered across the Atlantic, drawn by hopes for wealth and eminence said to be found along the James River. Of course, there were other colonists whose careers are too easily ignored. For some, Virginia was a last hope, an outlet for desperation, while many had not even a choice in the matter. They often arrived in chains with no future except to toil for their betters. But of those who came freely, carrying ambition, talent, and industry, few who survived the New World’s rigors had the good luck that transformed Richard Lee from a Britisher of modest beginnings into a Virginian of highest standing.
The Scholar 1664-1715
Authors: Nagel Paul C
Published: October 2023

When his father, the Founder, died in 1664, young Richard Lee was a student in England, presumably at Oxford. Although he was only seventeen at the time, we are told his talents had already profoundly impressed the faculty. According to Richard’s grandson, William Lee, some of England’s “great men” guaranteed if the youth was allowed to remain at Oxford, they would see that he rose “to the highest dignities” in the Church of England.
“Dear Brother. . .”:1750-1774
Authors: Nagel Paul C
Published: October 2023

Both the Squire and the Widow had sought a cordial relationship with their kinfolk at Stratford, whose occupants tried to reciprocate in the spirit of a letter which the eldest among them, Philip Ludwell Lee, wrote to the Squire: “When one person was tied by blood to another, as I am to you, nothing shall be wanting on my part to make us enjoy a constant and harmonious friendship.” Though his nature was very different from those of the Squire and the Widow, Phil Lee, whom his relatives always called Colonel Phil, was an extraordinary personality in his own right. While the Squire was de scribed as a “rough diamond,” Colonel Phil earned the characterization once applied to his parents, being considered haughty, condescending, and even rude to persons of lesser station.
Ambition in London 1768-1774
Authors: Nagel Paul C
Published: October 2023

After William Lee helped his sister Alice escape Colonel Phil and go to London in 1 760, the two of them lived with Philip Ludwell, their mother’s widower brother. He had recently emigrated from Virginia with his three daughters. There were no sons. When William returned to Strat ford in 1763, he doubtless carried memories of cousin Hannah Ludwell. As Uncle Philip’s eldest child, she would someday be mistress of Green Spring, once Sir William Berkeley’s vast estate on the James River.
Hiding in Paris: 1829-1840
Authors: Nagel Paul C
Published: October 2023

As she said goodbye to Henry, Lucy Carter urged that he “treat Ann with the utmost tenderness. It would be well to hum our her peculiarities if she has any. Then they would wear off.” Lucy chose to add: “If I have said anything offensive, you must forgive me for it, as be assured the best motives dictate what I have said.” For themselves as Lees, Lucy said she could not avoid the conclusion “that we are both unfortunate.” Henry’s brother and agent, Carter Lee, was more concerned that Henry live prudently while abroad. He warned Henry to manage within his salary. What little income there was from the rental of Ann’s slaves must go to helping pay creditors in America. Ann’s property must be sacred, Carter admonished: “It would be wrong in you to attempt to diminish it.” At least Henry now had a steady, if modest, stipend as an employee of the United States government-or so the consul in Algiers and his brother assumed. But this security vanished in March 1830 when the United States Senate, by unanimous vote, denied Henry Lee his federal appointment. The senators discussed the nomination in secret session, using materials apparently supplied by Virginia’s senator John Tyler with the aid of Ann and Betsy’s uncle William Robinson. Thanks to Tyler and Robinson, evidently Henry’s adultery with Betsy was graphically re counted on the floor of the Senate.
Final Valor: 1865 1870
Authors: Nagel Paul C
Published: October 2023

As the war approached its end, Robert tried to encourage Mary. Admit ting that Grant’s forces “seem to have everything their own way,” he said the Confederacy must trust “a Merciful God, who does not always give the battle to the strong.” He offered no prayers for victory, acknowledging that his supplications could only be “that we may not be over whelmed.” Not mentioning how he was outnumbered at Petersburg nearly three to one, Robert merely assured Mary that he would, as always, “do my duty and fight to the last.” With winter turning into the sorrowful spring of 1865, Robert’s letters home became the merest notes as he tried desperately at Fort Stead man and Five Forks to repel the Federal power. He placed Mary in the care of brother Smith Lee, who was no longer active in the war, telling them “we can only toil and trust.” God could be relied upon to “do all things right.” Taking what was left of his army, about 35,000 exhausted hungry men, Robert abandoned Petersburg on 2 April. Forced to allow Richmond to fall, he headed southwest toward Danville, where he thought another show of resistance might be possible.
Looking into the Living Brain
Authors: Stein Donald G , Brailowsky Simon , Will Bruno
Published: October 2023

For many science writers and scientists, the human brain is the last uncharted frontier. Science fiction stories tell of futuristic devices that can read a person’s thoughts as they are taking place. In fact, in the movie Foxfire, Clint Eastwood steals a Russian fighter plane whose computer flight systems are controlled directly by the pilot’s thoughts. Are there such windows on the mind that can tell us how the brain’s activity enables us to speak, think, or drive a car? Some scientists believe that modem diagnostic machines can do just that.
Neurons at Work
Authors: Stein Donald G , Brailowsky Simon , Will Bruno
Published: October 2023

In the previous chapter we discussed how various techniques allow us to monitor activities of nerve cells without going into much detail about how these extraordinary cells work. In the human brain, it is impossible to see nerve cells with the naked eye, even though their fibers can extend for many millimeters. With proper staining techniques, these cells can be seen with a microscope that magnifies them to 40 times their size. But to visualize the structures inside the nerve cells, powerful, electron microscopes are required that can magnify up to 10,000 times actual size! It is almost hard to believe that something so small can be so complex, containing machinery that can produce chemicals for cell maintenance and growth as sophisticated as the most modern pharmaceutical factory.
Regeneration, Repair, and Reorganization
Authors: Stein Donald G , Brailowsky Simon , Will Bruno
Published: October 2023

The art and science of neurology is based on the physician’s ability to name and diagnose the diseases of the nervous system. These specialists can now employ a highly sophisticated battery of both classic and new technologies that can be used to identify the problem (the CAT and PET scans, the EEG, among others, which were discussed in Chapter 2). Despite all this elegant and expensive machinery, the neurologist must still be able to recognize the sometimes very dramatic and sometimes quite subtle changes in sensory, motor, and behavioral functions that can be caused by disease or injury to the brain. Once a diagnosis has been reached, what then? With all the high-tech machinery available, there are still no “miraculous” cures or treatments for brain injuries or diseases. In fact, the options for effective medical treatment of brain injury and degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s disease, are very limited. That may be one reason why neurologists are often guarded or downright pessimistic in their prognoses.
Brain Transplants as Therapy for Brain Injuries?
Authors: Stein Donald G , Brailowsky Simon , Will Bruno
Published: October 2023

Research on using grafted tissue to promote brain repair actually began early in this century, but continuously disappointing results and limited availability of methods to study the process led some people to believe the mature brain had no capacity for healing. Fortunately, science exists to challenge established dogma. Facing the “impossible” often spurs researchers on to new discoveries that excite the public and the scientific community alike.
Education of a Physician
Authors: Goetz Christopher G , Bonduelle Michel , Gelfand Toby
Published: October 2023

In 1825, when Jean-Martin Charcot was born in Paris, his country was still heavily influenced by the events and philosophical guideposts of the French Revolution. The stormy days of the First Republic were past, Napoleon had been dead for four years, and the people surrounding Charcot-his parents, neighbors, and teachers—were the survivors of these historic events. Charcot was born into the turmoil of continued political change that included the final phase of the Restoration and the revolts of 1830, romantically immortalized by Victor Hugo in Les Misérables.
The Development of a Career in Neurology
Authors: Goetz Christopher G , Bonduelle Michel , Gelfand Toby
Published: October 2023

There is no specific turning point when Charcot’s effort became purely neurological. Just as his very early works included some neurological subjects, even late in his life Charcot continued to discuss and study diseases of general medical interest. But, by 1868, six years after taking his Salpêtrière post, Charcot’s publication record and teaching showed a profound shift in emphasis, and in almost all instances his writings involved material and cases that were directly or indirectly related to nervous system illness (Charcot, 1872).
Fame
Authors: Goetz Christopher G , Bonduelle Michel , Gelfand Toby
Published: October 2023

By the end of the 1870s, Charcot had attained an enviable position in the French medical hierarchy. As senior physician at the Salpetriere, Faculty professor, and member of the Academy of Medicine, he could consider himself at age 55 as successful as the several dozen other Paris physicians in similar circumstances. But there was little to suggest the extraordinary fame Charcot would achieve during the coming decade. Neither his professorship in pathological anatomy, an undersupported chair, nor his infrequent appearances at the Faculty council or meetings of the Academy had earned him particular distinction in these academic settings.
From the Continent to England, 1889-1925
Authors: Sherry Vincent
Published: October 2023

As the Terror subsided in postrevolutionary Paris, liberal intellectuals — Marie Jean Condorcet, Emmanuel (“Abbé”) Sieyes, Antoine Destutt de Tracy—found themselves allied in a well-founded skepticism about the practical validity of the new political ideals. Liberty and equality and fraternity, urgent but nonetheless abstract notions, had manifestly failed to guide civil behavior in the desired direction. And so this loose confederacy of thinkers, members of the Class of Moral and Political Sciences at the newly formed Institute of France, sought to return social thinking to an older Enlightenment tradition. Empirical inquiry into human physiology, in particular the faculties of perception and cognition, and not the reiteration of preconceived ideas, must provide the concepts to guide self-government.
Epilogue
Authors: Sherry Vincent
Published: October 2023

That modernism proclaims a poetics of colloquial music is a persistent critical myth. Like the old doctrine of cosmic harmonies, which abided restively among skeptical scientists in the Renaissance, the aural fallacy in modernist criticism speaks to needs as urgent as they are uneasy. The belief that Lewis and Pound address us through the familiar sounds of idiom, thus redressing the material of common speech to a higher artistic order, allows us to soften the outline of the starker, elitist societies they ended up supporting. The distance these writers place between their art and the noise made by language is the area of awareness I have attempted to establish as essential in the study of their work.
Henri F. Ellenberger: The History of Psychiatry as the History of the Unconscious
Authors: Micale Mark S
Published: October 2023

The French-Canadian medical historian Henri F. Ellenberger is best remembered today as the author of The Discovery of the Unconscious, published in 1970.1 A brilliant, encyclopedic study of psychological theory and therapeutics from primitive times to the middle of the twentieth century, Ellenberger’s book was widely regarded upon publication as a major, masterly work. Twenty years later, it remains simply indispensable to research in many areas of the history of psychology, psychiatry, and psychoanalysis.
Alabama Roots
Authors: Ball Howard
Published: October 2023

Winter is windstorm and hurricane time in Alabama. On a dreary day in late February 1886, the Black family solemnly walked over a wavering bridge that spanned the Enittechopcho Creek and traveled the narrow road up to Old Mount Ararat Cemetery at Bluff Springs. Perched atop a hill overlooking their small town, the cemetery was the site of the family’s burial grounds. They were there that day to bury two-year-old “Little Della,” the youngest child of William Lafayette Black and Martha Ardellah Toland Black, who was named for Hugo’s mother. The tombstone, still stark over one hundred years later, reads:

Little Della Daughter of W. L. and M. A. Black Born, February 28, 1884 Died, February 22, 1886

Martha, mourning the death of her young daughter, was also expecting new life. She was in her ninth month of carrying Hugo. About one week later, on February 27, 1886, on yet another harsh and gloomy winter’s day, Hugo Lafayette Black, was born on his parents’ farm in Harlan, in rural Clay County. He was named after the famous author Victor Hugo—whose works were read by Mrs. Black and by Leora, one of her daughters—and after his father, whose middle name was Lafayette.
Commitment to “Our Federalism” and to the Primacy of Freedom of Expression
Authors: Ball Howard
Published: October 2023

During the 1968 term of the Court, Justice John M. Harlan II and Chief Justice Earl Warren were engaged in a heated debate about a case. Warren, who could be as feisty as the Judge, was at his stubborn best and simply refused to accept Harlan’s views. In exasperation, and with voice raised, the patrician associate justice said to Warren: “Chief, it is as clear as a goat’s ass going up a hill.”

Harlan’s graphic “bamyardism” just as easily could have been used to describe Hugo Black’s jurisprudence for it was just as clearly seen by all who sat on the Court, friend and foe alike. Even though his colleagues might not like Black’s constitutional views, they knew them well. As Arthur Goldberg wrote Hugo in 1964, at the end of the 1963 term and at the height of a major, sometimes emotional disagreement between the two men regarding the Court’s judgment in one of a number of civil rights demonstration cases that came before it from 1961 to 1963:
Introduction: The Search for Common Ground
Authors: Moriarty Marilyn F
Published: October 2023

ALTHOUGH A COLLECTION of essays cannot hope to duplicate the experience of the actual symposium “Postmodernism and Beyond,” the selection and organization of these essays attempt to preserve the intellectual underpinnings that brought together architects, architectural historians, journalists, literary theorists, and a variety of humanists. A connection between architecture and literary theory had been heralded by the “Deconstructivist Architecture” exhibit at the Museum of Modern Art in New York in 1988; however, the exhibition catalogue offered a disclaimer: deconstructive architecture was seen as having emerged from an architectural tradition rather than from a philosophical or literary one. According to Mark Wigley, deconstructive buildings do not derive “from the mode of contemporary philosophy known as ‘ deconstruction.’ They are not an application of deconstructive theory.”1
Introduction: On Representation
Authors: Bergren Ann
Published: October 2023

REPRESENTATION IS a topic at the heart of theory and practice of architecture in the Western world, ever since Plato in his dialogue Timaeus made the creator of the universe an architect: Demiurge. This Demiurge creates the world by building sensible material copies or representations of the eternally existing forms. Representation presents itself whenever we think of architecture as embodying an idea.
Credible Commitments: Using Hostages to Support Exchange
Authors: Williamson Oliver E
Published: October 2023

Credible commitments and credible threats share the following common attribute: both appear mainly in conjunction with irreversible, specialized investments. But whereas credible commitments are undertaken in support of alliances and to promote exchange, credible threats appear in the context of conflict and rivalry. The former involve reciprocal acts designed to safeguard a relationship, while the latter are unilateral efforts to preempt an advantage. Efforts to support exchange generally operate in the service of efficiency; preemptive investments, by contrast, are commonly antisocial. Both are plainly important to politics and economics, but the study of credible commitments is arguably the more fundamental of the two.
Delimiting Antitrust
Authors: Williamson Oliver E
Published: October 2023

Both the law and economics of antitrust have undergone significant change in the past twenty years. The expansive antitrust attitudes and enforcement practices of the 1960s have been delimited. Greater respect for economies and the subtleties of market processes and competition have developed. Efforts to focus antitrust policy and further delimit antitrust enforcement are in progress. Although I am sympathetic with these general purposes, I am also concerned with overshooting.
Sharp Focus
Authors: poco crescendo poco a
Published: October 2023

In London in 1956 people were talking about Free Cinema. That was the title of showings organized at the National Film Theatre by Karel Reisz, Lindsay Anderson, and others—young critics and film makers intent on prodding film into new paths. The title had the ring of a manifesto. Actually it was a convenient label for a potpourri of items that even included public-relations films, such as the touching Thursday’s Children (1954), made by Lindsay Anderson and Guy Brenton for a school for deaf children, and Anderson’s Every Day Except Christmas (1957), made under Ford Company auspices. But the films that caused a stir—they included British films, and others from abroad— were documentaries of a very different sort, all having certain traits in common.
A Life of Hermitude: Thoreau at Walden Pond
Authors: Ellis Richard J
Published: October 2023

Few Americans have proven as difficult to categorize as Henry David Thoreau. He has become, in the words of John Diggins, “a man for all persuasions.”1 For some, Thoreau is the bourgeois individualist par excellence. This was the view of such early twentieth-century Marxists as V. F. Calverton, who saw Thoreau as “the best individual product of the petty bourgeois ideology” of his period.2 Much the same view is adopted by Sacvan Bercovitch, who argues that “Walden embodies the myth of American laissez-faire individualism.” It is a work “intended not to change the profit system but to cure its diseases,” “to wake his countrymen up to the fact that they were desecrating their own beliefs.” Thoreau and Aristablus Bragg, James Fenimore Cooper’s personification of the restless, acquisitive middle class, may “march to different drummers” but, Bercovitch insists, they march “along the same free and enterprising American way.”3
The Classic Marketplace of Ideas Theory
Authors: Baker C Edwin
Published: October 2023

John Milton’s imagery received possibly its best elaboration by John Stuart Mill, whose arguments are summarized in the Introduction. According to this classic theory, truth is discovered through its competition with falsehood. But why bet that truth will be the consistent or even the usual winner? It is not self-evident that this would happen. It would, however, given certain crucial assumptions, all found in Mill’s On Liberty. A clear understanding of the classic theory requires knowledge of the assumptions on which it relies and clarity as to how those assumptions are necessary for the theory’s persuasive force.
The Process of Change
Authors: Baker C Edwin
Published: October 2023

Most first amendment theorists agree that a central function of rights protected by the first amendment is to contribute to a legitimate, democratic process for achieving needed change. In order to defend first amendment rights on this basis, a theorist must explain how the first amendment rights delineated by such a theory make this contribution to needed change. Unfortunately, the explanation is seldom given. Its absence leaves a crucial gap in first amendment theory. This chapter attempts to fill the gap by proposing a theory of the process of needed or “progressive” democratic change and showing how the rights identified by the liberty theory are crucial to this process.
Time, Place, and Manner Regulations: Unreasoned Reasonableness
Authors: Baker C Edwin
Published: October 2023

The constitutionality of regulating the time, place, and manner of assemblies and regulating the physical components of expressive conduct depends on the “reasonableness” of a particular restriction. This conclusion, with its overt acceptance of balancing expressive freedom against other interests, is possibly the most universally accepted tenet of first amendment doctrine. If, as I will argue, this balancing approach is neither necessary nor desirable, its ready acceptance needs some explanation. This chapter offers, but then critiques, such an explanation; it also tentatively defends an alternative, “absolutist” approach. Chapter 7 explores this alternative in the context of a particular issue-i.e., I criticize the almost unchallenged acceptance of the constitutionality of”reason ably” drawn, mandatory parade permit requirements. Then, Chapter 8 describes and defends a set of general principles that interpret and elaborate the te’rm “abridge.” It illustrates the type of reasoning that should substitute for balancing and the reasonableness standard.
Television Environment—A Preface
Authors: Tichi Cecelia
Published: October 2023

Terms like box and tube have become standard slang of the electronic age but “environment” is no television synonym, not even after forty years of television saturation in the United States. And no wonder, for the term both indicates a total surrounding and yet, in reference to television, leaves one at a loss to define or describe it. Those slang metaphors are so much easier to deal with, reinforcing the idea of television as an object, a thing occupying finite space, usually in one’s habitat. To call television a box or a tube, for instance, is to think of geometric solids, cones, or cubes of glass, metal, wood, and plastic relegated to a minor place in one’s personal or cultural space. But “environment” makes television the space itself, an encompassing surrounding. As a spatial configuration, television-as-environment is as bold as it is baffling, provocative but lacking ready reference and thus apt to leave one mentally as blank as the turned-off screen itself.
Electronic Hearth
Authors: Tichi Cecelia
Published: October 2023

Network television featured the new electronic hearth all winter long, Monday through Friday of 198 1991 when the studio set of ABC’s Good Morning America was constructed to resemble a living room with a crackling fire and a cracking big-screen monitor. Viewers saw both the open-fire hearth and the adjacent big color TV on which the host and hostess, Joan London and Charles Gibson (as some have noticed, surrogate parents), conducted inter views by electronic hookup.
Republican Rites of Passage: Character and the Battle for Youth
Authors: Nackenoff Carol
Published: October 2023

Almost all of the products of Alger s pen featured-and were directed to-boys and girls on the verge of adolescence. If those addressed stood on the threshhold of life and their habits were just becoming formed, they increasingly faced this critical period of life away from home.3 In antebellum America, “a number of clergymen, teachers, and sentimental writers confronted the moral problem generated by ... mass migration [from the country to booming cities] in dozens of manuals of advice to American youth ... “4 Alger, too, directed his attention to youth who, leaving familiar surroundings and community networks for the city in ever-increasing numbers and at ever-younger ages, were cut adrift from traditional moral influences of family, clergy, and friends. In dangerous new surroundings, the young must learn to grow and adapt while keeping their identity as members of the Republic intact.
Money, Price, and Value: Alger	s Interventions in the Market
Authors: Nackenoff Carol
Published: October 2023

An Alger hero at the theatre for the first time has the satisfaction of a happy denouement: “[He] saw all the bad characters visited with retribution, while oppressed innocence and virtue through much tribulation attained happiness and peace.” The hero is not alone. Each story is witness to the same pattern of vindication of innocence and virtue. Alger denouements feature arranged justice on earth and deliver payments due.
Levelling and Its Limits
Authors: Nackenoff Carol
Published: October 2023

In this model republic, this land of the free- So our orators call it, and why should not we?- TJS refreshing to know that without pedigree A man may still climb to the top of the tree; That questions of family, rank, and high birth, All bow to the query, How much is he worth? That John Smith, plebeian, who forty years since Walked Broadway barefooted, now rides as a prince; Having managed, though not overburdened with wit, But rather by chance and a fortunate hit, To take a high place on Society s rounds; His claims being based on pence, shillings, and pounds. I admit there s a certain republican merit.
Introduction: The Politics of Skepticism
Authors: Siebers Tobin
Published: October 2023

Critical theorists today share an attitude that is not easily shared with others. They share skepticism. Skeptics question not only the nature of specific truths but the interests that guide human action. They attempt to think beyond the limits of their own self-interests, whatever the specific matter at issue. In ethics, skeptical thinkers question the possibility of ethical behavior as such, denouncing altruism as disguised egotism. In politics, they assert their belief that power contaminates social organization and that the lust for power masquerades as the desire for justice. In aesthetics, they claim that beauty is hardly a disinterested concept but another word for ideology.
Ethics or Politics? Comparative Literature, Multiculturalism, and Cultural Literacy
Authors: Siebers Tobin
Published: October 2023

The history of comparative literature has never been free of controversy. The discipline of comparative literature began as an attempt to define the specific nature of literature apart from the constraints of national and linguistic boundaries, but this attempt soon became embroiled in the ethics and politics of nationalism. Two distinct trends were apparent during the early years of comparative literature.1 The concept of “world” or “general” literature was used by comparatists to attack chauvinism among nations and to expose nationalistic myths. Thus, Carre and Guyard included within the province of comparative literature the study of national illusions. At the same time, however, influence studies allowed nationalism to gain a secure foothold in comparative literature, and critics began to take special pride in the discovery that their national writers had a major impact on another nation’s great authors. Thus, we heard talk about the Byronism of Pushkin or Baudelaire’s debt to Poe.
The Politics of Storytelling Hannah Arendt’s Eichmann in Jerusalem
Authors: Siebers Tobin
Published: October 2023

Few modern events have stirred the need for recollection and judgment more than the Holocaust. As time passes and witnesses die, however, its memory grows more dim; and legally speaking, the atrocities of Nazi anti-Semitism have remained for the most part unjudged. The Nuremburg trials and the trial of Adolf Eichmann assume great historical significance because they provided concrete occasions for recollecting and judging. The Eichmann trial in particular created a kind of chain reaction of judgment: the judgment of Eichmann gave way to the judgment of anti-Semitism, of Israel, of the Jewish victims, and of the lawyers and the reporters at the trial. The trial also provided an occasion for a multitude of victims to recount their tales of suffering. The judgment of Eichmann welded participants into a chain of responsibility, in which each person was linked to others in the act of recollecting and judging.
Conclusion Toward a Post-Cold War Criticism
Authors: Siebers Tobin
Published: October 2023

When Gorbachev began his first efforts at de-Stalinization, more than one political commentator remarked that the Soviet Union had finally entered the postwar era. This appraisal may have come as a surprise to many of us. We are accustomed to viewing World War II as a distant event, having little or no influence on present schools of thought.
The Absent Mother
Authors: Doreski C K
Published: October 2023

Like the child-persona Elizabeth of “In the Waiting Room,” Bishop experiences and tests the world about her in search of a language sufficient to her experience, a language that would center her voice in relation to family, humanity, nature, and landscape. The interlocking tropes of self and the narrative frame of “In the Waiting Room,” for instance, are merely more elaborate forms of the direction (or “pointing,” as William James would say) of her work as a whole. In this and her other poems that elaborately situate a persona, the need is to generate texture sufficient to encourage a full empathy with the experiences they purport to embody. A poem like “In the Waiting Room” derives much of its power from its stance as a quiet moment along a journey, deriving much of its force from the larger trope. The journey-trope is doubled here, as in so many other poems, because not only is Worcester, Massachusetts, a physical place literally along the way, but it is also a stage in the pilgrimage out of childhood into experience. Thus, although the language privileges the exterior over the interior world (the child emphasizes herself, even perhaps against her will, as a social being), the poem preserves the doubleness of worlds through the double nature of the hidden but controlling trope of the journey.
The Law of the Priest, the Word of the Prophet, the Counsel of the Wise: A Poetics of the Hebrew Bible
Authors: Reed Walter L
Published: October 2023

In a book of essays published in 1920 entitled The Art of Reading, Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch offers an ironic image of “the Bible as literature,” one that exposes the frequent cross-purposes of literary and historical study. “Imagine a volume including the great books of our own literature,” he invites his readers, “all bound together in some such order as this”:
Coming Down out of Heaven from God: The Orchestration of an Ending in the Book of Revelation
Authors: Reed Walter L
Published: October 2023

The Book of Revelation, although part of the canonical New Testament, has been received with reservations by the established Christian church. Suspicions of its extremist character were aroused in catholic Christianity in the late second century by the way it was embraced and imitated by Montanus and his followers, a sect that was declared heretical. It was classified in the fourth century by the Roman church historian Eusebius as both a “recognized” and a “spurious” book in the New Testament canon, and it was either omitted or explicitly rejected in still later canon lists of the Eastern Church. During the Reformation, Luther was reluctant to accord it full canonical status, complaining that “Christ is neither taught nor known in it,” and Calvin pointedly omitted it from his otherwise complete set of commentaries on the books of the New Testament. In the centuries that followed, Revelation continued to attract great minds, such as Sir Isaac Newton’s, and it still continues to attract large readerships for books that claim to open its mysteries. The Late Great Planet Earth, a popularizing application of its eschatological scenario to recent world events, has been a best-seller in the United States for the last two decades.
Introduction: Twain's Challenge and the Culture of Cyberspace
Authors: Katsh M Ethan
Published: October 2023

In Life on the Mississippi, Mark Twain described his lifelong fascination with the Mississippi River and with the influence that the river had on the people and towns in the surrounding area. Through a series of stories and anecdotes about river life, Twain portrays the river not simply as a moving body of water, as a geographical entity, but as a dynamic component of life and culture in that time and place.

One of Twain’s most telling experiences occurred when, as a young man, he was serving as an apprentice to a riverboat captain. While at the helm one day, Twain perceived danger lurking under the surface and, without consulting the captain, suddenly changed course. The captain, a man named Bixby, immediately asked him to account for his action and Twain replied that he had seen an under water hazard, a bluff reef, just ahead. Bixby, however, declares that Twain has made a mistake and that he should resume the original course. Twain answers:

“But I saw it. It was as bluff as that one yonder.” “Just about. Run over it!”

“Do you give it as an order?” “Yes. Run over it!”

“If I don’t, I wish I may die.”

“All right; I am taking the responsibility.”

I was just as anxious to kill the boat, now, as I had been to save it before. I impressed my order upon my memory, to be used at the inquest, and made a straight break for the reef. As it disappeared under our bows I held my breath; but we slid over it like oil.

“Now, don’t you see the difference? It wasn’t any thing but a wind reef. The wind does that.”

“So I see. But it is exactly like a bluff reef. How am I ever going to tell them apart?”

Bixby responds that he cannot really explain how to tell them apart but that “by and by you will just naturally know one from the other.
Interacting in Cyberspace
Authors: Katsh M Ethan
Published: October 2023

I am in a familiar place. Have I been here before? I feel I know this place, yet even as I tum something appears to have changed. It is still the same place, but not quite identical to what it was just a moment ago. Like a new performance of an old symphony, its into nation is different, and in the difference between its present and its past incarnations something new has been said in a language too subtle for words. Objects and situations that were once thought to have a fixed identity, a generic “self,” now possess personality, flaw and flavor. All permanent categories are defeated as the richness of the particular impresses upon me that in this landscape, if I am to benefit fully, attention is both required and rewarding.

-Marcos Novak

After establishing the Apple Computer Company in 1979, one of the first actions taken by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak was to have a logo designed. This logo, an apple with red, yellow, orange, and green layers, is still the company’s symbol. Its vivid colors attract the eye and it is often a focal point of Apple’s advertising. There is one element of the logo, however, that is sometimes not noticed or remembered. This is that one side of the apple has a jagged edge, suggesting that at least one bite has been taken from it.

The missing piece is an obvious allusion to Adam and Eve’s bite from the fruit of the tree of knowledge. That early bite, which the book of Genesis simply states was a “fruit” but which folklore has transformed into an apple, provided the Garden’s inhabitants with a new perspective on who they were and a new awareness of the nature of their environment. Adam and Eve’s action, one might say, brought
Engendered Violence: Elizabeth, Spenser, and the Definitions of Chastity (1590)
Authors: Frye Susan
Published: October 2023

The rape of a female by a pen occurs and recurs toward the end of The Faerie Queene's book 3, in the poet-magician Busirane's masque of Amoret's impaled heart. Britomart observes the horrific masque, discovers that Busirane is "penning'' Amoret by writing the entertainment in her blood, and then defeats him. The poem's narrative seems to condemn the assault on Amoret, who appears as a figure of vulnerable Chastity, and then allows Britomart's more militant Chastity to rescue her. Nevertheless, the "torture"1 of a figure of Chastity reverberates beyond the poem, as is evident in the many discussions that seek its containment through inter­ pretation.2 The poem's simultaneous address and assault of a Chastity figure inaugurate the sophisticated reworkings of the queen's image that characterized the decade of the 1590s while anticipating the violent extremes that the social and political relationships contested through Elizabeth's body would reach by 1600.
Chapter I
Authors: Williams Catharine , Caldwell Patricia
Published: October 2023

Situated on a rather abrupt elevation of land rising from the north east side of Mount Hope bay, distant about eighteen miles from Newport, and nine from Bristol, R. I. stands the beautiful and flourishing village of Fall River, so called from the river, which, taking its rise about four miles east, runs through the place, and after many a fantastic turn, is hurried to the bay over beds of rocks, where, before the scene was marred by the hand of cultivation and improvement, it formed several beautiful cascades and had a fine and imposing effect. The village is now only picturesque from the variety of delightful landscape by which it is surrounded, the back ground presenting a variety in rural scenery-where neat farms and fertile fields shew themselves here and there, between hill and dale and rock and wood. The soil, though for the most part fertile, is in some places exceedingly rocky, and often in the midst of such places some little verdant spot shews itself, looking, as Cunningham says, “as though it were wrested from the hand of nature.”

But Fall River is chiefly inviting as a place of residence from the salubrity of its air, and the vicinity of Mount Hope bay, which spreads before it like a mirror, and extends easterly until it meets the waters of Taunton river, forming on each side numerous little creeks and coves, which add to the charms of the landscape materially; while on the southwest it takes a bold sweep, and passing round through Howland’s ferry, where it is compressed through the narrow channel of a drawbridge, having the island of Rhode-Island on one hand and the town of Tiverton on the other, again expands and flows on to meet the ocean.
Chapter II
Authors: Williams Catharine , Caldwell Patricia
Published: October 2023

About half a mile from the centre of the Village of Fall-River, in a southwardly direction, on the direct road to Howland’s ferry and rather remote from any other dwelling, there is a large old fashioned farm house belonging to a family by the name of Durfee. The land descends from here towards the bay with a gentle slope, and is probably about 150 or 200 rods to the water. The house stands in the State of Rhode-Island, and is quite near the line that marks the boundaries of the two states. Proceeding from here towards the village you enter the suburbs of Fall-River. In the State of Massachusetts in about a quarter of a mile distance, within a short distance from this line on the Mass. side is the residence of a physician esteemed in his profession as well as in his private life, of unaffected manners, and unassuming deportment. His appearance is the very epitome of plain old fashioned Republican simplicity: there is a degree of frankness and benevolence expressed in his countenance that at once secures the confidence, even of strangers.

It was on the evening of the 8th of October 1832, that the Doctor was summoned to the parlor to see a lady who desired to speak with him. This circumstance to a physician was nothing extraordinary, and therefore it was without any feelings of curiosity or awakened attention that the doctor obeyed the summons: he perceived a young woman very plainly habited and of most dejected appearance: her age he judged might be about twenty eight, and her countenance bespoke the possession of beauty in happier days-but it was now clouded with care and shaded with grief, and as she arose to address the doctor upon his enterance, the air of extreme dejection that she wore, caught his eye, and in a moment interested him in behalf of the unknown sufferer.
Chapter V
Authors: Williams Catharine , Caldwell Patricia
Published: October 2023

With the greatest care and impartiality the author of the following pages has collected together all the facts susceptible of proof relating to the life of Sarah Maria Cornell. Some of these were gained from her own family-others from strangers.

S. M. CORNELL was born in May 1802, in Rupert, Vermont. Her mother, the daughter of Christopher Leffingwell, Esq. of Norwich,* was a well educated and good principled woman, a daughter to one of the first families in the State. She had been carefully brought up and accustomed only to the best society. Unhappily, she contracted early in life an unfortunate attachment. Mr. Cornell was a person employed in one of the manufactories belonging to her father. Good looking and of pleasing address, he succeeded in captivating the affections of a daughter of his employer. Mr. Leffingwell was at first