bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Encephalitic Listeriosis in Ruminants: Immunohistochemistry as a Diagnostic Tool
Authors: Loeb E.
Published: December 2004

A retrospective analysis of 42 ruminants (sheep, goats and cattle) with suspected meningo‐encephalitis was performed. The clinical findings and the post‐mortem results of the animals have been specified. Bacteriological culture, Gram's stain and Listeria‐specific immunohistochemistry were performed in order to confirm the diagnosis of these cases. The results of the different methods were evaluated for the detection of listerial antigens. Bacteriological culture was positive in 28.5% of the cases. In 47.6% of the cases, Gram‐positive bacteria were found and 80.9% of the cases were immunohistochemically positive for the listerial antigen. The most important conclusion from this investigation is that the traditionally used Gram's stain and the bacteriological culture techniques are insufficient compared with immunohistochemistry for the confirmation of a Listeria monocytogenes infection.
Comparison of Homeopathy, Placebo and Antibiotic Treatment of Clinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows – Methodological Issues and Results from a Randomized‐clinical Trial
Authors: Hektoen L. , Larsen S. , Ødegaard S. A. , Løken T.
Published: December 2004

Based on the widespread use of homeopathy in treatment of animal disease and the poor documentation of its possible effects and consequences, a clinical trial was carried out in order to evaluate the efficacy of homeopathy in treatment of clinical mastitis in dairy cows and a design for clinical studies on homeopathic treatment, taking into account the guidelines for randomized‐clinical trials (RCT) as well as the basic principles of homeopathy. A three‐armed, stratified, semi‐crossover design comparing homeopathy, placebo and a standardized antibiotic treatment was used. Fifty‐seven dairy cows were included. Evaluation was made by two score scales, with score I measuring acute symptoms and score II measuring chronic symptoms, and by recording the frequencies of responders to treatment based on four different responder definitions. Significant reductions in mastitis signs were observed in all treatment groups. Homeopathic treatment was not statistically different from either placebo or antibiotic treatment at day 7 (P = 0.56,P = 0.09) or at day 28 (P = 0.07,P = 0.35). The antibiotic treatment was significantly better than placebo measured by the reduction in score I (P < 0.01). Two‐thirds of the cases both in the homeopathy and placebo groups responded clinically within 7 days. The outcome measured by frequencies of responders at day 28 was poor in all treatment groups. Evidence of efficacy of homeopathic treatment beyond placebo was not found in this study, but the design can be useful in subsequent larger trials on individualized homeopathic treatment.
Clinical, Cytological and Molecular Evidence ofMesocestoidessp. Infection in a Dog from Italy
Authors: Bonfanti U. , Bertazzolo W. , Pagliaro L. , Demarco B. , Venco L. , Casiraghi M. , Bandi C.
Published: December 2004

A 12‐year‐old, 13 kg, mixed‐breed male dog was referred for anorexia and depression. The dog showed discomfort on abdominal palpation. Abdominal ultrasound examination revealed multiple, small, round anechoic cystic structures. Cystic fluid obtained with fine needle aspiration contained several 2–4 mm white motile flecks. Microscopic examination of the fluid revealed numerous irregularly shaped organisms measuring several hundred microns to 3 mm, the morphology of which was suggestive of intact and fragmented acephalic metacestodes of the genusMesocestoidessp. Molecular analysis confirmed that the peritoneal infection was caused byMesocestoidessp.
The Prevalence of Apoptotic Keratinocytes in Equine Epidermis: A Retrospective Light‐microscopic Study of Skin‐biopsy Specimens from 253 Horses with Normal Skin or Inflammatory Dermatoses
Authors: MacLeod K. D. , Scott D. W. , Erb H. N.
Published: December 2004

A retrospective study was performed to assess the prevalence of apoptotic epidermal keratinocytes in biopsy specimens from 226 horses with inflammatory dermatoses and from 27 normal specimens. One or more apoptotic keratinocytes were found in specimens from 28 of 226 (12%) horses with various dermatoses, and in one of 27 (4%) specimens from normal horses. The prevalence (proportion of cases with apoptotic epidermal keratinocytes) of apoptotic keratinocytes in the group composed of discoid lupus erythematosus, erythema multiforme, photodermatitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus was significantly greater (52% prevalence in these cases) than that in a grouping of all other dermatoses (prevalence 8%). There was no correlation between the number of apoptotic keratinocytes and the extent of epidermal hyperplasia or hyperkeratosis.
Romifidine–Ketamine Anaesthesia in Atropine and Triflupromazine Pre‐medicated Buffalo Calves
Authors: Sharma A. K. , Kumar N. , Dimri U. , Hoque M. , Maiti S. K. , Gupta O. P. , Shahi A.
Published: December 2004

The study was conducted on 10 buffalo calves with a weight of 98.5 ± 3.9 kg and age 9.7 ± 1.3 months. Ten trials of two treatments were carried out using a randomized block design. Atropine at the dose of 0.02 mg/kg bodyweight was administered in both the groups. The animals of group I received romifidine at the dose of 10 μg/kg i.v., 10 min after atropine administration, whereas, animals of group II received triflupromazine at the dose of 0.3 mg/kg i.m. and 10 min later romifidine at the dose of 10 μg/kg i.v. immediately followed by ketamine at the dose of 5 mg/kg i.v. The onset of action of romifidine in group I occurred within 2 min and the animals remained under mild sedation for 31 ± 4.8 min. In group II, the triflupromazine–romifidine–ketamine combination induced anaesthesia for 14 ± 2.3 min. Hypothermia, significant bradycardia and respiratory depression was noticed in both groups at different time intervals.
New graduate therapists in acute care hospitals: Priorities, problems and strategies for departmental action
Authors: Cusick Anne , McIntosh Danielle , Santiago Luth
Published: December 2004

This study presents findings from an action research study of occupational therapists working in one acute care university‐affiliated hospital department to ascertain their views regarding new graduates (NG). The aim of the study was to inform decisions regarding the development of NG support strategies to enhance organisational effectiveness. Twenty‐four department participants identified 56 issues they perceived were important for NG. These were in four areas: (i) retention of NG staff; (ii) NG function in clinical roles; (iii) NG function in the occupational therapy department; and (iv) whose problem was it (NG themselves or staff already in the department that NGs join). A delphi survey was then conducted with 27 participants to identify which of the 56 issues were priorities. Fifteen issues of importance were identified and examples of departmental strategies, which were developed in response to these priorities, are described. Recommendations for application of action research approach as a change strategy in occupational therapy departments and further suggestions for research are made.
Caring and daily life: Occupational experiences of women living with sons diagnosed with schizophrenia
Authors: Chaffey Lisa , Fossey Ellie
Published: December 2004

Occupational therapists need to appreciate carers’ lived experiences to build and maintain effective partnerships with them in mental health practice. This study explored the caring experiences of six women living with sons diagnosed with schizophrenia from an occupational perspective, using the Occupational Performance History Interview‐II. Thematic analysis identified five themes: ‘It's a whole new thing’ described carers’ initial confusion and learning; ‘the need to provide support’ concerned the tasks involved in caring; and ‘this situation just evolved’ was about their adaptation to caring. ‘Much of our life is focused on him’ was about these women's home lives, while ‘don't get too optimistic’ concerned emotional aspects of their experiences. These themes illustrate how the women's life trajectories and occupations were altered to incorporate caring. The pursuit of their interests, in addition to care‐related occupations, appears important for carers to sustain satisfying lives. Occupational history interviewing provided a useful method for learning about the life transitions and occupational issues faced by people in caring roles. Its use by occupational therapists in building partnerships with immediate family and friends of persons experiencing mental illness is recommended.
Autoimmune hepatitis: diagnostic and management challenges
Authors: VERGANI DIEGO , MIELI‐VERGANI GIORGINA
Published: December 2004

Abstract  There are two main types of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH): AIH type 1, characterized by anti‐nuclear (ANA) and/or anti‐smooth muscle (SMA) antibodies; and AIH type 2, positive for anti‐liver kidney microsomal antibody type 1 (LKM1). AIH type 1 affects equally adults and children, while AIH type 2 affects mainly children. There is a female preponderance for both; AIH type 1 is associated with the HLA haplotype DR3, while AIH type 2 is associated with DR7. In young patients, both types of AIH frequently present with features of acute hepatitis. The diagnosis must be suspected and the appropriate tests sought promptly, because treatment should be started as soon as possible to avoid rapid progression to cirrhosis and liver failure. Though new drugs have been used for the treatment of AIH, including ciclosporin A, the standard treatment with prednisolone, to which azathioprine may be added as a steroid sparing agent, remains the best, with excellent short and long term results. Treatment, however, has to be finely tuned, to avoid severe steroid side effects.
Formation, hemodynamics and new management options for gastric varices
Authors: HASHIZUME MAKOTO
Published: December 2004

Abstract  Gastric varices develop in patients with portal hypertension, including liver cirrhosis, idiopathic portal hypertension as well as left sided‐local portal hypertension such as splenic vein thrombosis or splenic AV malformation. The inflow vein is the left gastric vein, posterior vein, or short gastric vein, while the outflow vein is the gastro‐renal shunt in most of the patients with gastric varices. The form of the gastric varices is classified into three types of venous dilatation; tortuous type, notched type and tumor type according to the shape and size of the varices. The location is classified into five sites; the posterior site, anterior site, greater curvature site and lesser curvature site of the cardiac area, and the fundic area. The risk of the rupture depends on the mucosal factor of the varices as well as the location and the form. The hemostasis rate has been improved to 94–97% with the usage of the endoscopic occlusive agent such as Histoacryl. It is absolutely necessary to eradicate the gastric varices within a few weeks after rupture of the gastric varices. There are new management options such as laparoscopic Hassab's operation or balloon‐occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration of the varices (B‐RTO). The 5‐year cumulative rate of the non‐variceal bleeding is more than 90% after the B‐RTO as well as after surgery. Further prospective clinical trials are to be investigated for an evidence‐based medicine.
Infection, antibiotics and variceal bleed
Authors: LO GIN‐HO
Published: December 2004

Abstract  Up to 66% of cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhage may encounter bacterial infections. The use of prophylactic antibiotics during acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage is proven to be effective in reducing bacterial infections and has been advocated as a standard procedure. On the other hand, the presence of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients is demonstrated to be a prognostic indicator of failure to control gastrointestinal hemorrhage. A recent study suggested that the use of prophylactic antibiotics after endoscopic therapy may prevent variceal rebleeding. It is recommended that prophylactic antibiotics should be employed in cirrhotic patients with variceal bleeding in anticipation for a lower frequency of bacterial infections as well as early rebleeding.
Treatment of chronic HCV infection in compensated and decompensated cirrhosis
Authors: BAHR MATTHIAS J , MANNS MICHAEL P
Published: December 2004

Abstract  Currently, we are faced with an increasing number of patients with HCV‐induced end‐stage liver disease. Per year, up to 4% of the patients with compensated cirrhosis develop complications subsequently leading to a substantial decrease in survival. Decompensated liver cirrhosis due to hepatitis C is the leading indication for liver transplantation (OLT). However, reinfection of the graft is common with an accelerated course of the disease in many patients. Depending on the disease stage, the aims of antiviral therapy may differ between patients with HCV‐induced liver cirrhosis. Antiviral therapy can reverse the extent of fibrosis. Even without viral clearance, the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma is lowered by interferon. In naïve patients with compensated HCV‐induced cirrhosis, sustained virological responses can be achieved in up to 50% of the cases. Retreatment of non‐responders may clear the virus in about 10% of the patients. Though elimination of HCV prior to OLT is certainly desirable, treatment is often limited by severe cytopenia and decompensation of liver function. Of the eligible patients 20% sustain viral clearance after OLT.
Occult hepatitis B virus infection: diagnosis, implications and management?
Authors: LOK ANNA SF
Published: December 2004

Abstract  Occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is generally defined as the detection of HBV‐DNA in the serum or liver tissue of patients who test negative for hepatitis B surface antigen. In most cases, occult HBV infection is related to low level HBV infection with subdetectable levels of HBsAg and not infection with HBV variants that cannot express S proteins or produce S proteins with aberrant epitopes that are not detected by conventional serological assays. Prevalence of occult HBV infection is related to the overall prevalence of HBV infection in that country, being more common in persons with prior exposure to HBV. Occult HBV infection has been found in a substantial proportion of patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma but other causes of liver disease are frequently present. Future studies should focus on delineating the pathogenic role of occult HBV infection and the basis for failure to detect circulating hepatitis B surface antigen.
Preemptive therapy for hepatitis B patients undergoing chemotherapy
Authors: HUI CHEE‐KIN , AU WING‐YAN , LAU GEORGE K K
Published: December 2004

Abstract  In areas where hepatitis B virus (HBV) is endemic, the increased use of cytotoxic or immunosuppressive therapy has resulted in an increased incidence of liver‐related morbidity and mortality due to HBV reactivation in patients infected with the virus. As the hepatitis is preceded by HBV virological reactivation, administration of effective antiviral therapy to HBV (anti‐HBV) such as lamivudine preemptively before or at the initiation of cytotoxic therapy and to cover the entire period of immunsuppression, has greatly reduced the risk of liver‐related morbidity and mortality due to HBV reactivation. However, such an early ‘preemptive’ approach runs the risk of over‐treating patients who might not be suffering from HBV reactivation with nucleoside analog. In addition, the duration of therapy with nucleoside analog, such as lamivudine, would be longer with this approach. Taken together, such an indiscriminant preemptive approach could result in an increased risk of developing HBV viral resistance. Indeed, severe liver damage due to the development of mutations in the polymerase gene related to lamivudine, namely at M204V and at L180M, has been reported in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive recipients of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and who were treated with preemptive lamivudine. In order to further optimize the management of postchemotherapy HBV reactivation, more studies aiming to identify risk factors for HBV reactivation after chemotherapy should be undertaken.
Role of antiviral therapy of HBV in the prevention of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: LIAW YUN‐FAN
Published: December 2004

Abstract  Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious problem because of its worldwide distribution and potential untoward sequalae such as hepatic decompensation, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may occur. Studies have shown that active HBV replication and resultant hepatitis is the key for disease progression to these untoward sequalae. Successful antiviral therapy using interferon or lamivudine has been shown to halt disease progression, reverse hepatic fibrosis, reduce complications of cirrhosis including HCC and prolong survival. However, the efficacy of antiviral therapy is still not satisfactory. It is urgent to develop strategies for better therapeutic outcomes.
Chronic hepatitis B or C in HIV‐infected persons: pathogenesis and management
Authors: THIO CHLOE L
Published: December 2004

Abstract  Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are common in HIV‐infected individuals due to shared routes of acquisition. In the era of effective HIV therapeutics, the long‐term consequences of these infections are becoming apparent with liver disease emerging as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis of these hepatotropic viruses is altered in the setting of HIV‐infection as demonstrated by decreased rates of HBV and HCV clearance and increased rates of liver disease progression. Treatment of these chronic viral infections in HIV‐infected individuals is complex and the available treatment options have low response rates. Thus, improved treatments and more studies are needed in order to determine the optimal management of HIV‐infected patients co‐infected with HBV or HCV.
Interactions between non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatitis C viral infection
Authors: YOUNOSSI ZOBAIR M
Published: December 2004

Abstract  This paper discusses nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in terms of their clinical presentation, natural history, pathogenesis and treatment. Important interactions between these two diseases are then discussed, as well as fertile areas for further research.
Modalities of prevention of recurrence after tumor ablation/resection of HCC
Authors: OMATA MASAO
Published: December 2004

Abstract  Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is now the third cause of death in Japan. For the last 20‐30 years, there has been an exponential increase of HCC and now reaching 34,000 death a year. Approximately 80% of those are due to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, and 10–20% due to hepatitis B virus (HBV). Thus, we need to find a better way of prevention from infection to development of HCC. By understanding the ‘natural’ course of the infection, we may find the strategies to prevent HCC (primary prevention), and also to prevent the recurrence in patients who already developed HCC (secondary prevention). This will drastically reduce the incidence of HCC, and prolong the patients’ life.
Living donor liver transplants: potential disadvantages
Authors: HUMAR ABHINAV
Published: December 2004

Abstract  Living donor liver transplants (LDLTs) have provided many patients with a lifesaving option. Yet this option remains a significant undertaking, with potentially serious consequences for both the donor and the recipient. The donor is obviously the individual with the most to lose. The exact risks to the donor are difficult to quantify because reporting adverse donor events is not mandatory and no registry exists. The risk to the donor also depends on the extent of the donor resection. By some estimates, the risk of donor mortality is 0.3% to 1.0%. The reported risk of donor complications varies greatly in the literature—ranging from 5 to 60%. Reported complications are usually short‐term complications, since most donors are not followed by the transplant center after the first year. Very few studies have examined other issues that are important for the donor, such as the quality of life after donation, the time to full recovery, and the financial impact of donation. For the recipient, an LDLT is a lifesaving procedure. Especially in countries where deceased donation is scarce, the benefits of an LDLT for the recipient are obvious. However, analysis of national data from the United States demonstrates that, at least for adults, results of an LDLT may be inferior, as compared with a whole‐liver transplant from a deceased donor. Moreover, the surgical complication rate after an LDLT is significantly higher. As LDLTs continue to gain in popularity, careful evaluation and re‐evaluation of both donor and recipient outcomes are necessary to optimize results.
The pathogenesis of focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver
Authors: WANLESS IAN R
Published: December 2004

Abstract  The pathogenesis of focal nodular hyperplasia is poorly understood. The lesion has been reported adjacent to many other focal hepatic lesions suggesting this is a nonspecific reaction to injury. Recent evidence suggests that arterio‐venous shunt formation may trigger a positive feedback loop that includes hepatocellular hyperplasia.
Pathobiology of hepatobiliary neoplasms in children
Authors: ZIMMERMANN ARTHUR
Published: December 2004

Abstract  Several types of malignant epithelial liver tumors are recognized in infants, children and young adolescents. These neoplasms mainly include hepatoblastoma and its types and subtypes, whereas hepatocellular carcinoma is very rare in this age group. A pathology classification of hepatoblastomas has been worked out over the years, although some of the subtypes listed are still not sufficiently defined. Moreover, reviews of cases within large clinical trials have shown that an increasing number of pediatric hepatic tumors deviate from the phenotypes found in current classifications. The present overview refers to some of these apparently novel and intriguing lesions.
Therapeutic and management challenges in Wilson's disease
Authors: BAVDEKAR ASHISH
Published: December 2004

Abstract  Wilson's disease, an inborn error of copper metabolism, is an important cause of liver disease in India. A high index of suspicion is necessary for diagnosis as it can have a varied clinical presentation (e.g. all forms of acute and chronic liver disease, minimal to severe neurological disease, bony deformities, hemolytic anemia). Hepatic copper estimation is the most reliable diagnostic test, but is not easily available in India. In the absence of hepatic copper, a low ceruloplasmin, high 24 h urinary copper and presence of KF rings aid in making the diagnosis (at least two of these). Life‐long therapy is necessary with D‐Penicillamine, Trientine or zinc. Though response to therapy may be unpredictable, acute and early presentations such as fulminant hepatic failure have a poor outcome without liver transplantation. The siblings of all cases must be screened, as early diagnosis and treatment results in a good outcome. The identification of the Wilson's disease gene on chromosome 13 has led to the possible use of molecular genetics (haplotype and mutational analyses) in the diagnosis of the disease.
Nutritional therapy in cirrhosis
Authors: MARCHESINI GIULIO , MARZOCCHI REBECCA , AGOSTINI FEDERICA , BIANCHI GIAMPAOLO
Published: December 2004

Abstract  In recent years increasing interest has been given to nutritional therapy in a variety of chronic diseases, including cirrhosis. Protein/calorie malnutrition is a common feature of advanced liver disease, and considerably affects prognosis. Hence, the need for nutritional support to provide patients with the minimum protein requirements to balance increased catabolism. Although most patients tolerate normal protein supply, in subjects with impending encephalopathy a nutritional support with branched‐chain amino acids (BCAA) was suggested on the basis of neuro‐pharmacological studies. A large, randomized trial has recently provided evidence that BCAA may be superior to equicaloric and equinitrogenous supplements, improving survival and retarding hepatocellular failure. Administration schedules including a late evening supplementation may be particularly helpful. Biochemical studies are providing the rationale for the beneficial effects, showing that leucine may be an important regulator of amino acid/protein metabolism.
Portal hypertension and Budd–Chiari syndrome: intervention
Authors: MATSUI OSAMU
Published: December 2004

Abstract  Due to the progressive nature of the etiologic diseases of portal hypertension, medical, surgical and endoscopic therapy for the associated symptoms become difficult. For their treatment, interventional radiology plays an important role. In this lecture, the vascular interventional procedures useful for the treatment of portal hypertension and its associated diseases, Budd–Chiari syndrome, portal vein thrombosis, and portal vein stricture will be discussed.
Maximizing the donor pool: marginal donors, splits, and living donor liver transplants
Authors: HUMAR ABHINAV
Published: December 2004

Abstract  The shortage of donor organs is probably the biggest problem facing the field of liver transplantation today. Waiting lists have grown dramatically in the last 10 years. The consequences of this have been multiple, including higher waiting list mortality rates, longer waiting times, and more advanced liver disease in those patients coming to transplant. To address this issue, transplant centers are utilizing several techniques in an effort to expand the donor pool. These include the use of marginal donors (donors that would not have been considered suitable for donation previously), the use of living donors, and performing split liver transplants from deceased donors. The obvious advantage of these procedures is to expand the donor pool, hence increasing the number of transplants, and thus hopefully decreasing waiting list mortality rates. The disadvantage is that in many instances, such transplants may yield inferior results compared to standard transplants, or be associated with a higher incidence of complications. Further experience with such types of transplants will hopefully help to improve results and define the ideal manner in which to use these techniques to maximize the number of transplants.
Attenuation of ischemia and/or reperfusion injury during myocardial infarction using mild hypothermia in rats: An immunohistochemical study of Bcl‐2, Bax, Bak and TUNEL
Authors: Babu Phanithi Prakash , Suzuki Gen , Ono Yukihiko , Yoshida Yasuji
Published: December 2004

The aim of the present study was to determine the beneficial effect of mild hypothermia during ischemia and/or reperfusion injury in myocardial infarction. Sprague–Dawley rats (400 ± 20 g) were subjected to 30 min occlusion of the left coronary artery followed by 24 h reperfusion. Rats were divided into normothermic (NT; 37°C) and hypothermic (HT; 34°C) groups. In the HT group hypothermia was maintained during coronary occlusion and continued for 30 min following reperfusion. Histological analysis revealed dead cardiomyocytes and polymorphonuclear neutrophil infiltration after 24 h. Myocardial infarction, measured using an image analyzer, showed that the percentage area of infarction was significantly decreased in the HT group. Immunohistochemical analysis was carried out using antibodies against Bcl‐2, Bax and Bak. DNA fragments were labeled in situ using the 3′‐OH end‐labeling method (TUNEL). In the HT group Bcl‐2 was induced in many myocytes, whereas Bax and Bak were induced in only a few myocytes. A higher number of TUNEL‐positive cells were recorded in the NT group than in the HT group, but these were more thinly scattered in the HT group. The expression pattern revealed that many myocytes could survive at the border zone in the HT group; in contrast, few myocytes in the NT group were able to survive. Our results suggest that mild hypothermia selectively interferes with, and mitigates, reperfusion injury.
Solitary fibrous tumor of the kidney originating from the renal capsule and fed by the renal capsular artery
Authors: Yamada Hiroshi , Tsuzuki Toyonori , Yokoi Keisuke , Kobayashi Hiroaki
Published: December 2004

Solitary fibrous tumors (SFT) are relatively rare spindle cell neoplasms that typically arise in the pleura. Recently, extrathoracic SFT that have arisen in various anatomic sites have been recognized. The histogenesis and prognosis of SFT of the kidney are not well understood because only 11 cases have been reported. We report a case of SFT of the left kidney arising from the renal capsule. The tumor was merged with the upper pole of the left renal capsule. The angiography revealed that the renal capsule artery fed the tumor. The tumor was a well‐circumscribed, solid mass attached to the renal capsule without necrosis or hemorrhage. Microscopically the bland spindle cells proliferated and were accompanied by hyalinized collagenous tissue showing patternless or hemangiopericytomatous patterns. Some glomeluri and renal tubules were entrapped by the tumor cells. There were no mitotic figures. Immunohistochemically the tumor cells were diffusely positive for CD34, CD99 and bcl‐2. There was no evidence of recurrence after a 4 year follow‐up visit. The origin of SFT of the kidney remains uncertain. The tumor in this case merged with the renal capsule and was fed by the renal capsular artery, which suggests that some SFT of the kidney originate from the renal capsule.
So far and yet so close: quality of management of diabetes in Australian and Canadian Indigenous communities
Authors: Mak Donna B. , Whitehead Sara , Plant Aileen J
Published: December 2004

Objectives:  To compare quality of clinical management of Indigenous people with diabetes in remote areas of Australia and Canada.

Design:  Clinical audit of diabetes management.

Setting:  The Kimberley region of Western Australia and Northern Saskatchewan in Canada.

Subjects:  One hundred and two Saskatchewan and 142 Kimberley patients from seven and 11 primary health services, respectively.

Main outcome measures:  Indicators of quality of diabetes clinical management during the preceding two years.

Results:  Overall quality of management was poor. Retinopathy screening was better in the Kimberley than Saskatchewan (58% screened in the preceding two years cf 30%). Glycemic control of Saskatchewan patients was better than that of Kimberley patients (16% with optimal control vs. 9%).

Conclusions:  Continuing efforts at the level of health service organisation, patient and staff education, and creative ways to reduce barriers to access, as well as primary prevention initiatives, are required to counter the devastating effect of diabetes on Indigenous communities.
Serine/threonine phosphorylation associated with hamster sperm hyperactivation
Authors: FUJINOKI MASAKATSU , ISHIMODA‐TAKAGI TADASHI , OHTAKE HIDEKI
Published: December 2004

Background and Aims: Mammalian sperm activation and hyperactivation is regulated by protein phosphorylation. Although tyrosine phosphorylation is considered very important, several studies have investigated whether serine and threonine phosphorylation are also associated with sperm activation and hyperactivation, and that was also the aim of the present study.

Methods: Protein phosphorylation of hamster spermatozoa was detected by Western blotting using antiphospho‐amino acid monoclonal antibodies after tricine sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Amino acid sequences were analyzed using a peptide sequencer.

Results: Four proteins were phosphorylated at serine residues during hyperactivation via activation and their approximate molecular weights were 90, 38, 32 and 10 kDa, respectively. Five proteins were phosphorylated or dephosphorylated at threonine residues and their approximate molecular weights were 90, 70, 65, 35 and 10 kDa, respectively. The 10‐kDa protein corresponded to a previously reported 10‐kDa tyrosine phosphoprotein. N‐terminal sequences of the 10‐kDa protein were similar to carcinustatin, which is a neuropeptide.

Conclusions: During hyperactivation, four serine phosphorylation and five threonine phospho‐ or dephosphorylations occurred, which suggested that the 10‐kDa protein was phosphorylated at tyrosine residues when spermatozoa were activated and then dual‐phosphorylated at the serine and threonine residues during hyperactivation. (Reprod Med Biol 2004; 3: 223–230)
Fertilization and preimplantation development of mouse oocytes after prolonged incubation with caffeine
Authors: MANONMANI PERIYASAMY , OKADA HIRONORI , OGONUKI NARUMI , UDA AKIHIKO , OGURA ATSUO , YOSHIDA TAKASHI , SANKAI TADASHI
Published: December 2004

Background and Aims:  Previous studies have shown that caffeine might cause artificial dephosphorylation at threonine‐14 and tyrosine‐15 of the p34cdc2 catalytic subunit of maturation‐promoting factor (MPF), elevate MPF activity in metaphase II oocytes cultured for a prolonged period, and that caffeine decreases fragmentation in oocytes cultured for up to 96 h.

Methods:  Studies were carried out on: (i) the effect of caffeine on the morphological status of oocytes cultured for 96 h; (ii) the parthenogenetic activation and the fertilization of oocytes incubated in a medium that contained caffeine, and (iii) the fertilization and preimplantation development ability of zona‐intact and zona‐free oocytes by in vitro fertilization (IVF) and by intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

Results:  In parthenogenetic activation, the incidence of diploid parthenotes in 24‐h caffeine‐treated oocytes was significantly higher than 24‐h non‐treated oocytes. For fertilizability of these oocytes, a significant increase in the fertilization rate resulted from IVF after 12‐h caffeine incubation. Although no fertilized eggs were observed after intracytoplasmic sperm injection in 24‐h non‐treated oocytes, fertilized eggs were observed in caffeine‐treated oocytes. MPF activation occurs in relation to nuclear/spindle position, and mitotic spindles and actin filaments determine the site of cleavage during cytokinesis. Spindle disruption does not cause cytofragmentation, but does induce cell cycle arrest.

Conclusion:  Based on our results, although caffeine might increase MPF activity, prolonged time in any incubation causes some disruption of cytoskeletal filaments, which might be responsible for the poor development of caffeine‐treated oocytes. (Reprod Med Biol 2004; 3: 245–251)
Photodamage of the skin: protection and reversal with topical antioxidants
Authors: Burke K E
Published: December 2004

Controversy exists as to whether topical antioxidants can be effective in protecting against and reversing photodamage to the skin. Topical vitamins C and E, as well as topical selenium, protect skin against sunburn, suntan and skin cancer and also reverse the mottled pigmentation and wrinkles of photoageing. However, only certain forms of these labile antioxidants are stable and active after percutaneous absorption. For effective topical application, vitamin C must be non‐esterified, acidic and optimally at 20% concentration; vitamin E must be the non‐esterified isomer d‐α‐tocopherol at 2–5% concentration. Selenium is only percutaneously absorbed and active when applied topically as l‐selenomethionine, optimally at 0.02–0.05%.

There are two great advantages in applying an active formulation of topical antioxidants to the skin.

First, the skin attains far higher levels of each antioxidant than can be achieved by only taking these vitamins orally. The level of vitamin C attained in the skin by topical application is 20–40 times that achievable with oral vitamin C. With topical application, the concentration of vitamin E in the skin increases by a factor of 10.6 and selenium by a factor of 1.7.

Second, topical application arms the skin with a reservoir of antioxidants that cannot be washed or rubbed off, a protection which stays in the skin for several days after application.
Nail fragility syndrome and its treatment
Authors: Baran R , Schoon D
Published: December 2004

For reasons of clarity, definitions are offered for strength, hardness, flexibility, brittleness and toughness of the nails. Six clinical types of nail fragility are delineated: longitudinal furrows and splitting (onychorrhexis), single longitudinal splitting, multiple crenellated splitting, lamellar splitting (onychoschizia), transverse splitting and nail friability. Changes may be observed in the keratin structure of fragile nails.

Nail brittleness is usually ‘environmental’ in origin, but sometimes may be part of a nail dystrophy. Household daily chores are particularly damaging. Among the acquired general causes, hypochromic anaemia and sideropaenia, arthritic deformities of the distal joints, peripheral vascular impairment and endocrinopathies are the best known.

Useful therapeutic approaches are updated. They entail protection with plastic gloves worn over light cotton glove linings, the use of nail hardeners composed of two main types of products: a modified nail varnish that functions as a base coat or a hardener, such as dimethyl urea, which overcomes the objections related to formaldehyde; a systemic drug, biotine, is still useful.
Underlying Inflation in Australia: Are the Existing Measures Satisfactory?*
Authors: DIXON ROBERT , LIM G.C.
Published: December 2004

A number of measures of the underlying rate of inflation are reported for Australia. We formulate criteria that an acceptable underlying rate must satisfy and then test to see whether any of the current measures satisfy these criteria. We find that for the period since inflation targeting began, none of the underlying series satisfy all criteria. We then examine the results of an ‘Unobserved Components’ decomposition and show that it not only provides useful information on underlying inflation in Australia, but also provides support for the decision, in 1998, of the Reserve Bank of Australia to switch the target from an underlying series to the headline rate itself.
Modelling Aggregate Demand for Labour: A Critique of Lewis and MacDonald
Authors: DOWRICK STEVE , WELLS GRAEME
Published: December 2004

In a recent contribution to this journal, Lewis and MacDonald (2002) argue that Australian literature on aggregate demand for labour is permeated with misunderstandings and, as a result, existing empirical work has been misinterpreted. The objective of the present note is to argue that the interpretation of existing empirical studies, to the extent that they are based on a CES production technology, is broadly correct. We demonstrate that Lewis and McDonald have no basis for estimating anything more than the partial elasticity of labour demand, holding output constant, because their single‐equation estimation does not identify the elasticity of demand for output.
Modelling Aggregate Demand for Labour: A Reply to Dowrick and Wells*
Authors: LEWIS PHILIP E.T. , MACDONALD GARRY
Published: December 2004

Dowrick and Wells (2004) have attempted to point to what they see as a number of fundamental misinterpretations in a recent paper by Lewis and MacDonald (2002) estimating demand for labour in Australia. However, it is argued here that it is a particular assumption about a nominal price setting that leads to their results being different from that of the standard literature on labour demand. When the usual assumption are adopted, the results of Lewis and MacDonald (2002) hold and, therefore, are correct.
Gains and Losses from Regional Trading Agreements: A Survey*
Authors: LLOYD PETER J. , MACLAREN DONALD
Published: December 2004

This paper provides a survey of aspects of the theory of regional trading agreements and of empirical evidence relating to estimates of country gains and losses. It begins with a survey of the predictions of trade theory relating to the gains and losses to member and to non‐member countries of liberalising goods trade preferentially by the formation of a free trade area or a customs union. Section III concerns the empirical evidence from Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models. In Section IV the authors examine the CGE modelling of the recently‐agreed free trade area between Australia and the USA as a case study. Other Sections discuss hub‐and‐spoke aspects of the evolving network of agreements and their impact on multilateral and unilateral modalities of trade liberalisation. Some general conclusions are drawn about the pattern of agreements and the need for reform of the World Trade Organization rules.
Childhood Maltreatment and Mental and Physical Health in Haitian Adults
Authors: S. Martsolf Donna
Published: December 2004

Purpose: To describe the prevalence of childhood maltreatment among Haitian adults and to examine its relationship to depression, general physical health, and quality of life.

Design: Descriptive exploratory. Participants were men and women 18 years of age or older who were seated in the waiting area of a hospital‐based medical clinic in a medium‐sized city in Haiti. The author collected these data while on a Fulbright fellowship to Haiti in 2003.

Methods: Two hundred fifty‐eight participants completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Cohen‐Hoberman Inventory of Physical Symptoms, Center for Epidemiologic Study—Depression Scale, and a visual analogue quality of life scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, multiple regression, and Student's t test.

Findings: Over half (60%) of the women and 85.7% of the men reported at least one type of childhood maltreatment at the moderate to severe level. Of the total sample, 53.9% had scores indicative of major depression and 43.9% reported an average score of “somewhat bothered” by 37 physical symptoms. Childhood maltreatment (each of five types) was related to physical symptoms and depression.

Conclusions: Rates of childhood maltreatment were high in this sample of Haitian adults, and their childhood maltreatment was related to physical and mental health symptoms in adulthood.
Self‐Determination in Surgical Patients in Five European Countries
Authors: Välimäki Maritta , Leino‐Kilpi Helena , Grönroos Matti , Dassen Theo , Gasull Maria , Lemonidou Chryssoula , Scott P. Anne , Benedicta Marianne
Published: December 2004

Objective

: To analyze the effects of informational support, desire for behavioral involvement in health decision‐making (behavioral involvement), opportunities to make decisions, and independence on subjective health status in surgical patients. A theoretical model of self‐determination was applied and tested.

Methods

: The data were collected by structured questionnaires with a sample of 1,454 surgical patients in five European countries. LISREL analyses were used to test the theoretical causal model of self‐determination.

Results

: Patients' perceptions of informational support received from nursing professionals and their desired involvement in health decision‐making affected patients' opportunities to make decisions and further their independence level, which in turn affected patients' subjective health status.

Conclusions

: Understanding of factors that increase self‐determination in patients can help health care professionals to promote patients' well‐being.
Predictors of Postpartum Women's Health Status
Authors: Hung Chich‐Hsiu
Published: December 2004

Purpose:

To determine the effects of postpartum stress, depression, and social support on postpartum women's health.

Methods:

With proportional stratified‐quota sampling by birth rates in clinics and hospitals in Kaohsiung City, in southern Taiwan, 861 women were recruited for the study. The Hung Postpartum Stress Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory—Second Edition, the Social Support Scale, and the 12‐item Chinese Health Questionnaire were used to examine women's postpartum stress, depression, social support, and health status during the postpartum period.

Results:

The findings strongly supported the hypothesis that the effects of postpartum stress and depression on postpartum women's health are significant. The results also indicated that social support had an indirect effect on women's health.

Conclusions:

Interventions to decrease postpartum stress and to improve social support might decrease the likelihood of postpartum women's depression, which in turn might enhance their overall health status.
Expression and function of bradykinin B1 and B2 receptors in normal and inflamed rat urinary bladder urothelium
Authors: Chopra Bikramjit , Barrick Stacey R. , Meyers Susan , Beckel Jonathan M. , Zeidel Mark L. , Ford Anthony P. D. W. , De Groat William C. , Birder Lori A.
Published: December 2004

The bladder urothelium exhibits dynamic sensory properties that adapt to changes in the local environment. These studies investigated the localization and function of bradykinin receptor subtypes B1 and B2 in the normal and inflamed (cyclophosphamide (CYP)‐induced cystitis) bladder urothelium and their contribution to lower urinary tract function in the rat. Our findings indicate that the bradykinin 2 receptor (B2R) but not the bradykinin 1 receptor (B1R) is expressed in control bladder urothelium. B2R immunoreactivity was localized throughout the bladder, including the urothelium and detrusor smooth muscle. Bradykinin‐evoked activation of this receptor elevated intracellular calcium (EC50= 8.4 nm) in a concentration‐related manner and evoked ATP release from control cultured rat urothelial cells. In contrast, B1R mRNA was not detected in control rat urinary bladder; however, following acute (24 h) and chronic (8 day) CYP‐induced cystitis in the rat, B1R mRNA was detected throughout the bladder. Functional B1Rs were demonstrated by evoking ATP release and increases in [Ca2+]i in CYP (24 h)‐treated cultured rat urothelial cells with a selective B1 receptor agonist (des‐Arg9‐bradykinin). Cystometry performed on control anaesthetized rats revealed that intravesical instillation of bradykinin activated the micturition pathway. Attenuation of this response by the P2 receptor antagonist PPADS suggests that bradykinin‐induced micturition facilitation may be due in part to increased purinergic responsiveness. CYP (24 h)‐treated rats demonstrated bladder hyperactivity that was significantly reduced by intravesical administration of either B1 (des‐Arg10‐Hoe‐140) or B2 (Hoe‐140) receptor antagonists. These studies demonstrate that urothelial expression of bradykinin receptors is plastic and is altered by pathology.
Dynamic Compensation of Spindle Integrated Force Sensors With Kalman Filter
Authors: Park Simon S. , Altintas Yusuf
Published: December 2004

This paper presents a dynamically compensated Spindle Integrated Force Sensor (SIFS) system to measure cutting forces. Piezo-electric force sensors are integrated into the stationary spindle housing. The structural dynamic model between the cutting forces acting on the tool tip and the measured forces at the spindle housing is identified. The system is first calibrated to compensate the influence of spindle run-out and unbalance at different speeds. Using the cutting force signals measured at the spindle housing, a Kalman Filter is designed to filter the influence of structural modes on the force measurements. The frequency bandwidth of the proposed sensor system is significantly increased with the proposed sensing and the signal processing method.