bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Policy Analysis and Foreign Policy Decisions
Authors: Dror Yehezkel
Published: May 2019

Foreign policy decisions constitute a main dimension of governmental activities from early history. Their significance for society varies with the acceptance of different ideological commitments in respect to external national goals, with changes in degrees of interdependence between nations and with transformations of the capacity to influence interaction with other countries through nationally controlled and goal-oriented activities. Changes in international scenery, in accepted values, in technology and in internal political structures are among the variables which illustrate factors that influence the significance of foreign policy decisions, and — even more so — their contents and role.

Looking at contemporary foreign policy decisions, we gain the impression that, for most European countries, the significance of such decisions is decreasing, with priority going to the domains of economics, quality of life and internal politics. But this is an illusion caused by too conservative and narrow a conception of “foreign policy decisions”. True, in many European countries the traditional main concerns of foreign policy decisions, such as defence matters, are regarded as decreasing in importance within the given situation. This may be correct at present, as far as it goes. But to deduce from so singular and narrow a phenomenon any general conclusions in respect of the diminishing significance of foreign policy decisions is, it is submitted, a serious mistake.
Extradition: A Common Approach to the Control of International Terrorism and Traffic in Narcotic Drugs
Authors: Blum Yehuda Z.
Published: May 2019

International terrorism and traffic in narcotic drugs would seem at first sight to represent two categories of offences that ought to be kept apart in a discussion concerning the problems of extradition in respect of them. The prima facie approach of differentiating, for extradition purposes, between international terrorism, on the one hand, and traffic in narcotic drugs, on the other hand, would appear to be warranted by the different perception of these two groups of offences prevailing in the mind of the general public. While crimes of international terrorism are perceived as being normally inspired by political motives, traffic in narcotic drugs is generally believed to be motivated solely by the prospects of quick enrichment. Since extradition treaties almost invariably exclude political crimes from their scope of application, the distinction, for extradition purposes, between terrorism and drug crimes is not far to seek.

However, these different perceptions of the two categories of crimes are somewhat deceptive, and more apparent than real, and the differences between them are, at most, differences of degree rather than of substance.
Is There a Need for an Amending Power Theory?
Authors: Klein Claude
Published: May 2019

In his case note on the famous Bergmann decision of the Supreme Court, Professor Akzin wrote:

While the Court's conclusions seem to be perfectly justified and went so far as they could in the circumstances, the reasoning in its decision shows serious flaws… [others] seem to have sprung from the Court's unwillingness to look for help to the very thorough discussion of the issues by several Israeli scholars, notably Messrs. Sternberg, Akzin, Klinghoffer and Rubinstein. The dignity of the Court would not have suffered if the opinion-writing judge had taken a look at academic writing in a case where precedents offer little or no guidance.

These remarks probably express the most original view ever put forward on this land mark case. They emphasize the crux of the complex constitutional problem discussed in the Bergmann case, i.e., the definition of the legal nature of the basic laws in the legal order of Israel. The extremely abstract questions involved in that discussion, indeed, the most abstract that exist in public law, concern the definition of the nature of the power which adopts the Constitution and more specifically, of the power which amends the Constitution.
Judicial Conservatism v. Economic Liberalism: Anatomy of a Nuisance Case
Authors: Kretzmer David
Published: May 2019

When an industrial concern pollutes the environment thereby interfering with neighbouring homeowners' use and enjoyment of their property, may the homeowners enjoin the pollution even where compliance with an injunction could force the polluting industry to stop production?

Faced with this kind of question the initial reaction of people concerned with protecting the environment against pollution is almost certain to be in favour of granting the injunction. However, the problem has received considerable attention in contemporary legal literature and much of what has been written tends to show that this reaction is both simplistic and somewhat unrealistic. It is simplistic because an economic analysis of the facts of any given situation—which for want of a better term may be called a “nuisance-situation”—may well reveal that the defendant should be allowed to continue his polluting activity (though other measures should be taken to protect its victims from its effects); it is unrealistic because even if an injunction is granted by the court, means will probably be found to enable the polluting activity to carry on if it is economically or socially desirable for it to do so.
The Power to Alter Personal Provisions in Collective Agreements
Authors: Raday Frances
Published: May 2019

On two notable occasions in the past two years, it was found necessary to use legislation in order to buttress the potency of general collective agreements. The first of these occasions was when legislation was used to give overriding legal force to a general collective agreement between the Histadrut and the Government incorporating the tax reform recommendations of the Ben Shachar Committee. The second was a similar use of legislation with regard to the general collective agreement between the Histadrut and the Government incorporating the special increments recommendations of the Barkai Committee. The two collective agreements concerned shared one important quality: They both purported to derogate from rights previously enjoyed by employees under existing collective agreements. One of the reasons for legislative intervention to support these agreements was the existence of doubt as to the legal effectiveness of their attempt to derogate from the individual employees' rights.

The source of the doubt as to the legal effectiveness of such agreements lies in the existence of two distinct levels at which a collective agreement functions: the collective and the individual levels. At the collective level, conditions are determined by the collective bargaining parties, the employer or employers' organisation on one hand and the employees' organisation on the other; at this level, the collective agreement is a consensual arrangement between the parties to it, the parties fix the terms and have a contractual right to demand their enforcement. The terms fixed at the collective level take effect, however, also at the individual level; the individual employees of an employer bound by the agreement are both bound by the agreement and entitled to enjoy the rights bestowed by the agreement. The Collective Agreements Law gives forceful expression to the effect of the collective agreement's personal provisions at the individual level, giving them immediate and mandatory effect as part of each individual employee's employment contract.
The New Structure of Labour Law in Britain
Authors: Wedderburn
Published: May 2019

The privilege of giving a lecture in honour of so great a jurist as Lionel Cohen demands of the lecturer a fitting and challenging subject matter. My tribute to his memory takes the form of choosing such a topic. For the structure of Labour Law in Britain today has the appearance of an absurd paradox.

On the one hand, labour law still rests upon the traditional concept of the primacy of “voluntary” collective bargaining between employers and independent trade unions. Other than in exceptional war-time periods, the law, both in statutes and in certain areas of judge-made common law, recognises the priority to be accorded to voluntary agreements and arrangements, even to that “custom and practice” which is at the heart of the way things really work on the British factory floor. The law does not regulate the pattern of “bargaining units” as in the United States; it regulates neither the nature nor the administration of the collective agreement, even on interpretation of “rights”. as in so many European countries and in Israel; it establishes no national minimum wage. The law does not “intervene”. it is said, in industrial relations.

Even the exceptions prove the rule. Nearly four million workers of our 24 million workforce have their terms of employment legally determined by Wages Councils set up by Ministerial Order under statute. These bodies, first established in 1909, have on them employers' and workers' representatives with independent members.
Dimensions of internal migration and their relationship to blood pressure in South Africa
Authors: Pheiffer Chantel F. , McGarvey Stephen T. , Ginsburg Carren , Collinson Mark , Gómez-Olivé F. Xavier , Tollman Stephen , White Michael J.
Published: May 2019

Hypertension prevalence is on the rise in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) like South Africa, and migration and its concomitant urbanization are often considered to be associated with this rise. However, relatively little is known about the relationship between blood pressure (BP) and internal migration – a highly prevalent population process in LMICs. This study employed data for a group of 194 adult men and women from an original pilot dataset drawn from the Agincourt Health and Demographic Surveillance System in north-east South Africa conducted in 2012. Migrants in the sample were identified, tracked and interviewed. The relationship between BP and migration distance and the number of months an individual spent away from his/her home village was estimated using robust OLS regression, controlling for a series of socioeconomic, health and behavioural characteristics. It was found that migrants who moved a longer distance and for longer durations had significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures compared with shorter-term migrants and those who remained nearby or in their home village. These associations remained robust and statistically significant when adjusting for measures of socioeconomic conditions, as well as body mass index and the number of meals consumed per day. Migration, both in terms of distance and time away, explained significant variation in the blood pressure of migrants in this typical South African context. The findings suggest the need for further studies of the nutritional and psycho-social factors associated with geographic mobility that may be important to understand rising hypertension levels in LMICs.
Phytotoxicity of Glyphosate to Italian Ryegrass(Lolium multiflorum)and Red Clover(Trifolium pratense)
Authors: Segura J. , Bingham S. W. , Foy C. L.
Published: May 2019

The phytotoxicity of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] on seeds (protected or non-protected with soil) and seedlings of Italian ryegrass(Lolium multiflorumLam.) and red clover(Trifolium pratenseL.) was studied in the greenhouse. Percent germination of Italian ryegrass seeds covered with soil was significantly reduced with glyphosate applied at 4 kg/ha. The direct treatment over the seeds on the soil surface was more toxic, reducing the number of established seedlings at dosages of 3 and 4 kg/ha. In the two red clover seed treatments, germination was significantly reduced with 2 kg/ha of herbicide. Even though germination was reduced at intermediate rates of glyphosate, shoot growth and tillering were improved and yields of dry weight were equivalent to that of untreated plants. Postemergence applications of glyphosate were phytotoxic to both species with the effects becoming more pronounced at increasing dosages. However, at equal dosage, red clover was less susceptible than Italian ryegrass. The patterns of foliar absorption and translocation of14C from14C-glyphosate was similar in Italian ryegrass and red clover.14C was translocated throughout the plants and exhibited apoplastic and symplastic movement.
Effect of Fall Frost on the Activity of Glyphosate on Alfalfa(Medicago sativa)and Quackgrass(Agropyron repens)
Authors: Davis H. E. , Fawcett R. S. , Harvey R. G.
Published: May 2019

The effect of fall frost on the activity of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] on alfalfa(Medicago sativaL. ‘Vernal’) and quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv.] was studied in a room of the Biotron, a controlled environment facility of the University of Wisconsin, and in the field in the fall. In a Biotron time-course study, the most effective day of treatment for quackgrass control was the day after the first frost. Quackgrass plants treated the morning after frost had significantly higher uptake and translocation of glyphosate (93%, 55%) than plants treated 4 days before frost (71%, 32%) and greater translocation than plants treated 5 days after frost (24%). In the field, glyphosate was most active on quackgrass when applied the morning after the first frost of the fall. Control of quackgrass treated with 0.4 kg/ha of glyphosate increased from 10% when treated 4 days before the first frost to a maximum of 91% when treated the day of the first frost. No significant effects of frost in decreasing glyphosate toxicity to alfalfa were found. These results minimize the possibility of using this herbicide to remove quackgrass from alfalfa.
Germination, Growth, Development, and Control of Camphorweed(Heterotheca subaxillaris)
Authors: Awang M. B. , Monaco T. J.
Published: May 2019

Germination studies on camphorweed [Heterotheca subaxillaris(Lam.) Britt. & Rusby] revealed that freshly harvested disk achenes germinated best at 17.5 C (88%) while ray achenes were dormant. Camphorweed seed from disk achenes also germinated at temperatures as low as 3 C. Seedlings grown under long-day conditions at 23 C day and 8 C night temperatures for 144 days elongated at the rate of 0.18 cm/day. Plants grown under short-day conditions at the same temperature regime elongated at the rate of 0.06 cm/day. Total leaf surface area, fresh weight, and dry weight of shoots of plants grown under long days were at least 1.5 times greater than plants grown under short day conditions. Camphorweed, regardless of size and age, survived a 2-h exposure at −5 C. All plants in the rosette stage survived at −15 C in the freezer and an overnight temperature of −11.7 C in the field, whereas larger plants were killed at these temperatures. Stage of growth was an important factor in the herbicidal control of camphorweed. Plants in the rosette stage were generally more susceptible to herbicides than older plants. Simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine] at 3.4 kg/ha, paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bypyridinium ion) at 0.6 kg/ha, methazole [2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolidine-3,5-dione] at 5.0 kg/ha, and a formulated mix of diuron [3–3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] and terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil) at 4.5 kg/ha provided adequate control of camphorweed in the rosette stage. Asulam (methyl sulfanilylcarbamate) at 2.2 or 4.5 kg/ha applied alone did not control camphorweed in the rosette form but was more effective on older plants. Various combinations of these herbicides were generally effective at both stages of growth.
Differential Absorption and Distribution as a Basis for the Selectivity of Bifenox
Authors: Leather G. R. , Foy C. L.
Published: May 2019

The uptake and distribution of14C-bifenox [methyl 5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-2-nitrobenzoate] was different among corn(Zea maysL.), soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merr.) and velvetleaf(Abutilon theophrastiMedic.) following preemergence application to a greenhouse soil mix. Autoradiographs of seedlings harvested 14 days after treatment, showed the14C to be in (or on) those areas of the crop plant in contact with the treated soil. Velvetleaf translocated14C residue throughout the shoot. Absorption of14C-compound(s) from treated nutrient solution accumulated in the roots of the three species but to a greater extent in soybean. There was no difference in the concentration of14C in the shoots. However, in corn and soybean the14C-compound(s) was confined to the primary and secondary leaf veins while velvetleaf showed a general distribution throughout the leaf tissue. Velvetleaf absorbed and translocated bifenox from shoot zones to a greater extent than the crop plants. Some acropetal movement was noted following leaf application to corn and velvetleaf but movement was only 3% of applied14C from the treated leaf. No movement was detected in soybean.
The History of Russian Pigweed,Axyris amaranthoides(Chenopodiaceae, Atripliceae), in North America
Authors: Blackwell W. H.
Published: May 2019

Herbarium records indicate that Russian pigweed(Axyris amaranthoidesL.) entered the flora of Manitoba in 1886, spreading from there, by its own devices and by secondary introductions, to other provinces of Canada and to the United States. It is best established (to the extent of being considered a weed) in North Dakota and the prairie provinces of Canada.
Effects of60Co Radiation on Herbicides in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Bucholtz D.L. , Lavy T.L.
Published: May 2019

Phytotoxicity of herbicides in water was measured before and after exposure to gamma radiation from a60Co irradiator. Chromatographic methods and bioassays were used to measure alterations that occurred during60Co exposure. Phytotoxicity of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid and trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) solutions was reduced even with the lowest dose of60Co, 1.7-megarad (Mrad). Alterations in phytotoxicity of atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-esopropylamino-s-triazine) and dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) solution occurred only at 5 Mrad, which was the highest dose used. The phytotoxicity of atrazine solutons increased with the 5-Mrad irradiation. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) data showed that all herbicides were altered by60Co irradiation. Several products resulted when trifluralin was irradiated.
Detoxification of Atrazine in Three Gramineae Subfamilies
Authors: Jensen K.I.N. , Stephenson G.R. , Hunt L.A.
Published: May 2019

Inhibition and subsequent recovery of net CO2exchange (NCE) by single leaves of 53 grass species of the subfamilies Festucoideae, Panicoideae, and Eragrostoideae was monitored following limited root uptake of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine]. Rates of NCE recovery were correlated with rates of14C-atrazine metabolism in leaf sections of festucoid and panicoid grasses but not eragrostoid grasses. Rates of NCE recovery among the nine festucoid and 12 eragrostoid species tested did not exceed 0.2 and 1.1 mg CO2per dm2per hr/hr, respectively, whereas for the 31 panicoid species, it ranged from 0.2 to 2.4 mg CO2per dm2per hr/hr. Selected species exhibiting NCE recovery rates exceeding 1.2 mg CO2per dm2per hr/hr were tolerant to 1.0 kg/ha preemergence and 1.25 kg/ha postemergence atrazine applications. These panicoid species included a number of common weed species belonging to the generaDigitaria, Panicum, andSetaria, as well as species belonging toBracharia, Pennisetum, Sorghum, andZea.Unchanged14C-atrazine accounted for 11.3 to 92.7% of the total14C-radioactivity extracted from14C-atrazine infiltrated leaf sections following an 8-hr incubation period. N-dealkylation, hydroxylation, and peptide conjugation occurred in all species, although rates of these metabolic pathways varied widely among species. Recovery of NCE was correlated with formation on the glutathione-atrazine conjugate, and conjugation was the major detoxification pathway in species exhibiting tolerance to atrazine.
Growth Regulators and Prickly Sida Seed Dormancy
Authors: Newton R.J. , Egley G.H.
Published: May 2019

Dormant (fresh) and nondormant (afterripened) prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.) seeds were extracted and bioassayed for both inhibitory and promotory growth regulators. Both dormant and nondormant prickly sida seeds contained water-soluble inhibitors, but these inhibitor levels in nondormant seeds did not change after 8 hr of incubation. A basic inhibitor was present in dormant seeds, but not in nondormant seeds. Exogenous growth regulators stimulated germination of dormant seeds only when a portion of the seed coat was removed. Promoter levels in nonincubated, dormant and nondormant seeds were similar, but there were increases in promoter levels in nondormant seeds after 8 hr of incubation. However, it was not determined whether the promoter increases were a cause or a result of germination.
Growth Responses in Sorghum and Wheat Induced by Glyphosate
Authors: Baur J.R. , Bovey R.W. , Veech J.A.
Published: May 2019

Foliar application of 2.8 μg/plant of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] to greenhouse grown sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ‘Tophand’] seedlings resulted in increased fresh weight. As glyphosate levels were increased to 11.2 μg/plant, diameter of the basal growth zone increased while fresh weight decreased. In growth chamber studies with sorghum and wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) ‘Era’] seedlings, glyphosate caused the greatest reduction in fresh weight at the optimum growth temperatures for both species. Glyphosate inhibited normal production of basal buds in wheat at the optimum growth temperature and stimulated bud production at temperatures above the optimum. Under normal growth conditions, basal buds in sorghum do not develop; however, application of glyphosate stimulated basal bud development under normal and above-normal temperature conditions. Histochemical analysis of malate dehydrogenase activity in apical meristem tissue of treated sorghum seedlings indicated that growth of the apex was normal and viable.
Dinitroaniline Herbicides for Weed Control in Peas
Authors: Harvey R.G. , Jacques G.L.
Published: May 2019

Eight substituted dinitroaniline herbicides were studied for relative effectiveness in controlling weeds and for tolerance of peas (Pisum sativumL.). Greenhouse trials comparing 10-5M herbicide solutions added to washed silica sand indicated that trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluroro-2,6-dinitro-N,N,-dipropyl-p-toluidine) and dinitramine (N4,N4-diethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-3,5-dinitrotoluene-2,4-diamine) were the most phytotoxic to peas. Field trials conducted over a 3-yr period using 0.84 and 1.68 kg/ha application rates demonstrated that all eight of the herbicides successfully controlled the weeds present. Use of trifluralin resulted in the lowest shelled pea yields at both rates of application. Significant reductions in yield occurred from the 1.68 kg/ha rate of trifluralin in 1973 and 1975 when compared with the untreated checks. While major differences did not occur between the other chemicals, the greatest average pea yields resulted from the use of oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide), dinitramine, and fluchloralin [N-(2-chloroethyl)-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)analine].
Establishment ofRhinocyllus conicuson Milk Thistle in Southern California
Authors: Goeden R.D. , Ricker D.W.
Published: May 2019

During 1971 and 1972, 4,400 adults ofRhinocyllus conicusFroelich were introduced into southern California from Italy for the biological control of milk thistle [Silybum marianum(L.) Gaertner]. These flowerhead-infesting weevils were colonized at nine, and successfully established at five, widely separated locations. Field data on the incidence and increase ofR. conicusat colonization sites are presented. Biotic mortality factors reported forR. conicusin southern California include predation of eggs by ladybird beetles (Hippodamiasp.) and of adults by snakeflies [Raphidia (Agulla) adnixaHagen] and spiders, destruction of weevils in flower-heads consumed by cattle and rodents, and larval and pupal parasitism by pyomotid mites.
In Vitro Production of Superoxide Radical from Paraquat and Its Interactions by Monuron and Diuron
Authors: Giannopolitis G.N. , Ries S.K.
Published: May 2019

The abilities of herbicides to either produce superoxide radical or react with this radical were examined. The effect of the herbicides on the superoxide-induced reduction ofp-nitro blue tetrazolium chloride was used as an index. Paraquat (1,1-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) enhanced and diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] inhibited the reduction ofp-nitro blue tetrazolium chloride. Paraquat was reduced photochemically (riboflavin/methionine) or enzymatically (xanthine/xanthine oxidase) and produced superoxide radical upon reoxidation. Diuron and monuron [3-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] interacted with photochemically produced superoxide radical, but not with enzymatically produced superoxide radical. The product of the monuron/superoxide interaction was a demethylated, dechlorinated, water-soluble compound containing phenolic hydroxyl group(s), and was not toxic to oats (Avena sativaL.). The enzyme superoxide dismutase prevented the formation of this product.
Photosynthetic Adaptation to Light Intensity in Sakhalin Knotweed (Polygonum sachalinense)
Authors: Patterson David T. , Longstreth David J. , Peet Mary M.
Published: May 2019

The capacity for photosynthetic acclimation to light intensity in Sakhalin knotweed (Polygonum sachalinense F. Schmidt) was studied by growing plants in four light environments [out-of-doors in full sun and under 50% shade, and in a growth chamber at 800 μE m2 sec-1 photosynthetically active radiation, 400 to 700 nm (PAR) and 150 μE m-2 sec-1 PAR], and then determining, with an infrared gas analyzer (IRGA), the photosynthetic rates of single leaves exposed to a range of light intensities from 100 to 2000 μE m2 sec-1 PAR. The plants grown in high light had higher photosynthetic rates throughout the range of 100 to 2000 μE M-2 sec-1 PAR. Maximum photosynthetic rates were 37 mg CO2 dm-2 h-1 for plants grown in full sun out-of-doors and 16.5 mg CO2 dm-2 h-1 for plants grown in low light in the growth chamber. There was no indication of positive adaptation to low light intensity in Sakhalin knotweed. Differences in light-saturated photosynthetic rates were closely related to differences in mesophyll conductance and chlorophyll content per unit leaf area.
Diphenamid Metabolism in Pepper and an Ozone Effect. I. Absorption, Translocation, and the Extent of Metabolism
Authors: Hodgson Richard H. , Hoffer Barry L.
Published: May 2019

Nutrient-solution-grown pepper (Capsicum frutescensL. ‘Early Calwonder’) absorbed 62% of the diphenamid (N,N-dimethyl-2-2-diphenylacetamide) supplied via the roots for 48 h, and 74% in 150 h. Extensive translocation accompanied absorption, and 70 ± 3% of the absorbed14C was present in shoots of plants harvested after 24- to 150-h treatments. Diphenamid was metabolized rapidly to chloroform-soluble and water-soluble compounds, and to unextracted residues. Chloroform-soluble compounds persisted for 150 h and accounted for more than 50% of the14C in leaves. Water-soluble compounds other thanN-hydroxymethyl-β-D-glycosides accounted for 25% of the water-soluble metabolites in leaves of nonfumigated plants. Ozone fumigation did not affect diphenamid absorption or translocation significantly. In leaves, ozone-enhanced accumulation of water-soluble metabolites more polar thanN-hydroxymethyl-N-methyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide-β-D-glucoside (MDAG) and unextracted residues was observed. Ozone fumigation reduced the accumulation of these14C-fractions in roots.
Diphenamid Metabolism in Pepper and an Ozone Effect. II. Herbicide Metabolite Characterization
Authors: Hodgson Richard H. , Hoffer Barry L.
Published: May 2019

Metabolites of diphenamid (N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenyl-acetamide) were purified from extracts of pepper plants (Capsicum frutescensL. ‘Early Calwonder’) treated via nutrient solution with the herbicide or several of its analogs. The major metabolites were characterized. Diphenamid was metabolized partially via a previously unreported pathway toN,N-dimethyl-2-phenyl-2-[(hydroxyphenyl)-β-0-D-glucosyl] acetamide and its monomethyl analog, and toN-hydroxymethyl glycosides previously reported in other species. Ozone fumigation stimulated the production of both types of glycoside-conjugates. Leaves of plants that had been treated with 30 μM diphenamid and fumigated with ozone for 146 to 149 h contained 304 and 560 nmoles per gram of fresh weight of the hydroxyphenyl andN-hydroxymethyl conjugates, respectively.
Effect of Herbicide Treatments on Overseeded Putting Green Turf
Authors: Johnson B.J.
Published: May 2019

Putting green turf containing perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL. ‘Medalist IV’) overseeded on a bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. ‘Tifway’] was treated with single and sequential herbicide treatments during the spring and transition period from cool to warm season grass. Oxadiazon [2-tert-butyl-4-(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-Δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one] at 2.2 or 4.4 kg/ha and butralin [4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-N-(1-methylpropyl)-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine] at 3.4 or 6.7 kg/ha reduced the quality of putting green turf immediately after treatment in early spring. Turf injury was greater with oxadiazon than with butralin. Two applications of MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) at 2.2 or 3.4 kg/ha resulted in a lower quality turf with less ryegrass when compared with the untreated check. Methazole [2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolidine-3,5-dione] at 1.1 kg/ha severely injured ryegrass and resulted in a lower turf quality.
Mefluidide Effects on Growth of Corn (Zea mays) and the Synthesis of Protein by Cucumber (Cucumissativus) Cotyledon Tissue
Authors: Truelove B. , Davis D.E. , Pillai C.G.P.
Published: May 2019

Mefluidide {N-[2,4-dimethyl-5-[[(trifluoromethyl) sulfonyl]amino] phenyl] acetamide} at concentrations of 2.9 × 10-4M and above retarded the growth of corn (Zea maysL. ‘Pioneer 3369A’) grown in nutrient culture. Dwarfing was accompanied by some plant distortion and chlorosis of the bases of those leaves formed soon after treatment. The chlorosis was associated with decreased chlorophyllacontent. Chlorophyllbcontent was not affected. The growth-retardant effects of mefluidide could not be reversed by applications of gibberellic acid. Using cucumber (Cucumis sativusL. ‘Ashley’) cotyledon discs, a low level of mefluidide (2.9 × 10-5M) increased the incorporation of14C from leucine into protein, while a high concentration (2.9 × 10-4M) reduced incorporation. Neither concentration affected the absorption of14C-leucine.
Selectivity of Dichlofop Methyl Among Wheat, Barley, Wild Oat (Arena fatua) and Green Foxtail (Setaria viridis)
Authors: Todd B.G. , Stobbe E.H.
Published: May 2019

The selectivity of {2-[4-(2′,4′-dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy] methyl propionate}, (hereinafter referred to as dichlofop methyl), among wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Neepawa’), barley (Hordeum vulgareL. ‘Bonanza’), wild oat (Avena fatuaL.), and green foxtail (Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv.) was investigated. On an ED50basis, barley, wild oat, and green foxtail were 2, 190, and 1,090 times more sensitive, respectively, to foliar-applied dichlofop methyl at the two-leaf stage than was wheat. Selectivity decreased with increasing maturity of the plant material with the ratio of selectivity between barley and wild oat decreasing from 55 at the two-leaf stage to three at the four-leaf-plus-one-tiller stage. Greater spray retention and more rapid penetration of dichlofop methyl partially explained the susceptibility of green foxtail, but did not explain selectivity between wheat, wild oat, and barley. Root uptake of14C-dichlofop methyl by the four species was proportional to the amount of solution absorbed during the treatment period and to the concentration of dichlofop methyl in the treatment solution but was not related to species sensitivity to this herbicide.
Penetration, Translocation, and Toxicity of Glyphosate in Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon)
Authors: Fernandez C.H. , Bayer D.E.
Published: May 2019

A 3.6 g/L solution of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] applied to selected parts of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] shoots did not kill the entire plant. However, phototoxicity increased as more parts of the plant were treated. No differences were observed when solutions of 3.6 and 5.4 g/L glyphosate were applied at 94 and 373 L/ha. However, greater herbicide efficacy was obtained when 1.8 g/L solution was applied at the higher volume. Translocation of this herbicide appeared to follow the typical source-sink relationship. A 7.2 g/L solution of glyphosate applied at 373 L/ha was necessary to kill the plant.
Desmedipham Phytotoxicity to Sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris) Under Constant Versus Variable Light, Temperature, and Moisture Conditions
Authors: Bethlenfalvay G. , Norris R.F.
Published: May 2019

The type of growth chamber environmental regime used altered the response of sugarbeets (Beta vulgarisL. ‘USH-9′) to desmedipham [ethylm-hydroxycarbanilate carbanilate(ester)]. No difference occurred in growth retardation following treatment at different times of day when standard growth chamber constant day/night temperature and light cycles were used. When temperatures were programmed and light intensity varied during the day/night cycles, approximating out-of-doors daily cyclic conditions, the herbicide caused greater injury following morning treatments and less injury following late afternoon treatments. Data obtained in the growth chamber under the typical constant day/night pattern did not agree with field derived information; data obtained using the programmed temperature and varying light regime agreed well with field data and with known action of desmedipham. Plants stressed for moisture after treatment were less retarded than plants turgid at treatment; but both showed relationships to time of day at treatment similar to those noted above. Moisture stress prior to treatment diminished growth retardation by desmedipham, and reversed the treatment time of day effect.
Herbicide Phytotoxicity, Movement, and Persistence in Asphalt
Authors: Gigax D.R. , Burnside O.C.
Published: May 2019

Emulsifiable cationic (CM-4,CRS-1H,CSS-1,CSS-1H) and anionic (SS-1H) asphalts mixed with bromacil (5-bromo-3sec-butyl-6-methyluracil) varied in their toxicity to green foxtail [Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv.] and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic). Bromacil, picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid), prometone [2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-methoxy-s-triazine], and tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N-dimethylurea} mixed with CRS-1H or CSS-1H gave excellent control of green foxtail and velvetleaf. In greenhouse experiments prometone leached readily from SS-1H while bromacil, picloram, and tebuthiuron leached the least. Leachate from picloram and tebuthiuron at 10,000 ppmw gave excellent control of green foxtail and velvetleaf. After leaching combinations of bromacil or tebuthiuron in SS-1H asphalt with 554 cm of water, enough herbicide still remained in the asphalt to control green foxtail and velvetleaf. Results indicate control would persist for 7 yr if annual rainfall was 76 cm or less and the herbicides were applied at 10,000 ppmw. Bromacil, picloram, prometone, and tebuthiuron moved laterally and resulted in more vegetation kill along a highway shoulder than on a level smooth brome (Bromus inermisLeyss.) area. Herbicide rates of 1,000 and 10,000 ppmw often resulted in excessive lateral movement and vegetation kill 2 yr after treatment. Combining herbicides with asphalt appears to be a feasible method of controlling weed growth, reducing lateral herbicide movement, and lengthening herbicide persistence.
Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Toxicity of Glyphosate to Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon)
Authors: Jordan T.N.
Published: May 2019

Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] toxicity to bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers.] increased significantly with each rate increase from 0.14 to 1.12 kg/ha. Under greenhouse conditions approximately 50% bermudagrass control was obtained at 0.56 kg/ha glyphosate. Visible toxicity and fresh wt of treated plants and regrowth of plants clipped at the soil surface 24 h after treatment were used as indices for penetration and translocation of glyphosate. Visible injury to bermudagrass with 0.56 kg/ha glyphosate was greater at 100% than at 40% relative humidity (RH) at both 22 and 32 C. Fresh wt data indicated that 0.56 kg/ha glyphosate was more toxic at 32 C than at 22 C at 40% RH, but no difference was observed at 100% RH. Less than 10% of the applied14C-glyphosate penetrated the treated bermudagrass leaf at 22 C and 40% RH; whereas, more than 70% penetrated the treated leaf at 32 C and 100% RH. Five to six times more14C-label was translocated into the plant at 100% than at 40% RH. Significantly more14C-label translocated out of the treated leaf and into the plant at 32 C than at 22 C at 40% RH but no significant increase was observed at 100% RH.
Rooting Capacity of Herbicide-Treated Woody Ornamental Plants
Authors: Hull R.J. , McGuire J.J. , Wyman R.D.
Published: May 2019

The impact of annual preemergence herbicide usage on the rooting potential of seven commercially important woody ornamental species was studied. Granular formulations of dichlobenil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile), diphenamid (N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide), simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine], and trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine] employed as dormant season or spring applications had no inhibitory effects on the rooting of plants following transplantation. Season of transplanting influenced subsequent root growth of Japanese holly (Ilex crenataThunb. var.convexaMakimo), Rosebud azalea (RhododendronX ‘Rosebud’), and Hicks' yew (Taxus mediaRehd. var.hicksiiRehd.) more than herbicide treatment. Hardwood cuttings taken from plants grown in herbicide-treated soil rooted as well as those from untreated controls. Plants grown in full sunlight or 55% shade exhibited similar root growth and insensitivity to preemergence herbicides.
Germination of Seeds of Common Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) and Its Herbicidal Control
Authors: Robocker W.C.
Published: May 2019

Seeds of common yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) germinated 99% with alternating temperatures of 15 and 25 C with concurrent dark and light periods. Germination was significantly higher when temperature was alternated, compared with a constant 15 or 25 C. Alternating light (8 h) and darkness (16 h) with either alternating or constant temperature significantly increased germination when compared with germination in the dark. After 9 yr, seed germinated over 41% under optimum conditions. Dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) at 2.2 kg/ha reduced common yarrow infestations 90 to 95% in 3 of 4 yr, and 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid3,4 (designated D-290 in this paper) at 0.6 to 2.2 kg/ha controlled yarrow 90 to 100%. Yields on plots treated with D-290 at 0.6 kg/ha were significantly higher than those on plots treated with all rates of dicamba. Dicamba caused injury to grass and reduced its yield. Triclopyr [(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy] acetic acid at 3.4 kg/ha was not effective on yarrow.
Effect of Height of Directed Applications of Herbicides in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Authors: Hamilton K.C. , Arle H.F.
Published: May 2019

Diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea], linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea], and prometryn [2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] were applied postemergence in cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) 50 cm high as directed sprays covering (a) the furrow and base of cotton plants or (b) covering the lower half of cotton plants. Herbicides directed to the base of plants caused little or no chlorosis of cotton foliage. When applied to the lower half of cotton plants, linuron caused the most injury to foliage; diuron, the least symptoms. Herbicides directed to base or lower half of cotton plants did not significantly reduce yields, alter boll components or fiber properties, and controlled broadleaved weeds.
Natural Selection During Germination in Wild Oat (Avena fatua) and California Burclover (Medicago polymorphavar.vulgaris) Populations
Authors: Jain S.K. , Rai K.N.
Published: May 2019

Wild oat (Avena fatuaL.) and California burclover [Medicago polymorphaL. var.vulgaris(Benth.) Shinners] are two important ruderal as well as rangeland species in California, with their wide adaptability correlated with several widespread genetic polymorphisms. In order to clearly demonstrate the role of genetic variation in their population dynamics, natural selection was studied at two of the polymorphic loci (B/b in wild oat and D/d in California burclover) which represent a useful class of marker genes governing seed coat morphology. Since parental seed coat often remains attached to the offspring seedling, two generations can be scored simultaneously during the population census in successive stages of the life cycle. Data are presented to provide direct evidence for natural selection at these loci and to argue for their wider use in such population studies. In wild oat, black lemma class (B-) germinated at a significantly higher rate than the gray class (bb) in mesic patches at one of the sites and seemed to be negatively density-dependent whereas density-dependent reproductive rates generally favored the gray class. Similarly, germination and seed output provided the balancing selection to maintain polymorphism at locus D/d in California burclover. Such processes of localized selection and population regulation may have significant implications in the management of weed populations.
Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) Control with Bentazon plus Additives
Authors: Nalewaja J.D. , Adamczewski K.A.
Published: May 2019

A water-soluble linseed oil formulation was compared with emulsifiable linseed oil as an additive to bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-(4)3H-one 2,2-dioxide] for redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) control. A water-soluble linseed oil formulation as an additive to bentazon controlled redroot pigweed better than did an emulsifiable linseed oil additive. Further, the water-soluble linseed oil additive enhanced redroot pigweed control with bentazon more than the emulsifiable linseed oil when a simulated rainfall followed application, or when humidity was low (30 to 45%) or spray volume high (170 to 340 L/ha). Redroot pigweed control with bentazon plus the water-soluble linseed oil additive followed by simulated rainfall in 4 h was similar to control with bentazon applied alone without a simulated rainfall.
Influence of Soil pH on Persistence of Atrazine in the Field
Authors: Hiltbold A.E. , Buchanan G.A.
Published: May 2019

Persistence of 1.12, 2.24, and 3.36 kg/ha of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] applied preemergence to corn (Zea maysL. ‘Funk's 4761′) was determined in three soils, each providing a range of pH from 5 to 7. Samples of surface soil from each plot were collected at intervals after atrazine application until there was no evidence of phytotoxicity to oat (Avena sativaL. ‘Florida 501′) in bioassay. Persistence (Y50) was defined as the number of days following atrazine application until bioassay indicated 50% relative growth of oats (no atrazine = 100% growth). This period ranged from 24 to 178 days, depending upon soil type, pH, and atrazine rate. Persistence of atrazine increased with increasing soil pH. The effect of soil pH was essentially the same at each atrazine rate and did not vary appreciably with years in a given soil. In McLaurin sandy loam, atrazine persisted 8 to 9 days longer with each unit increase in soil pH. In Hartsells fine sandy loam and Decatur silt loam, atrazine persistence increased 9 to 13 days and 29 days, respectively, with each unit pH.
Field Comparison of Seven Dinitroaniline Herbicides for Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Seedling Establishment
Authors: Fawcett R. S. , Harvey R. G.
Published: May 2019

In a 3-yr field study, seven dinitroaniline herbicides controlled all weeds adequately, except for two species. None of them controlled shepherdspurse [Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic.], and only nitralin [4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline] controlled common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.). EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) was included as a standard of comparison and provided satisfactory control of all weed species. Three-year averages of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) injury ratings at herbicide rates estimated to be equivalent in biological activity to 0.8 kg/ha and 1.7 kg/ha trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) respectively were: butralin [4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-N-(1-methylpropyl)-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine] 0% and 3%, benefin (N-butyl-N-ethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine) 2% and 9%, profluralin [N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-p-toluidine] 5% and 19%, AC92390 (N-sec-butyl-2,6-dinitro-3,4-xylidine) 6% and 17%, trifluralin 6% and 26%, fluchloralin [N-(2-chloroethyl)-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline] 14% and 45%, and nitralin 18% and 49%. EPTC caused an average 4% injury at 3.4 kg/ha. At equivalent rates to 0.8 kg/ha trifluralin, most treatments caused an increase in first cutting alfalfa yields accompanied by a decrease in weed yields, except in 1974 when few treatments resulted in increased alfalfa yields. Alfalfa recovered from early season injury caused by higher rates of the herbicides, so that total alfalfa yields were usually not reduced compared to the control. Total herbage yields (alfalfa + weeds) were not increased by any treatment, and were sometimes decreased, especially by high rates of the herbicides.
Antagonistic Effect of Atrazine and Simazine on Glyphosate Activity
Authors: Appleby A. P. , Somabhi Montien
Published: May 2019

The addition of simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine] wettable powder to water solutions of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] in greenhouse studies reduced glyphosate activity on quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beavu.], corn(Zea maysL.), and beans(Phaseolus vulgarisL.). Atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-isopropylamino)-s-triazine] wettable powder reduced glyphosate activity on corn. This antagonism was more pronounced at threshold levels of glyphosate and was overcome by increasing the glyphosate rate. Simazine applied to corn through the soil did not reduce the activity of glyphosate applied to the foliage. Glyphosate activity on corn was reduced equally when glyphosate was mixed with 4.2 kg/ha of commercial simazine wettable powder or an equal amount of the inert ingredients used in the commercial product. When mixtures of glyphosate with either the commercial simazine product or the inert ingredients from the commercial product were centrifuged, the amount of phosphorus (used as a measure of glyphosate) in the supernatant was reduced by 10 to 20%. When the supernatants of the various mixtures were applied to bean plants, the reduced phytotoxicity from the mixtures was comparable to the antagonism noted in previous experiments. These data support the conclusion that the reduction in glyphosate phytotoxicity from mixing with atrazine or simazine wettable powders is due to a physical binding within the spray solution rather than from biological interactions within the plant.
A Survey of Asymbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in the Rhizosphere of Weeds
Authors: Conklin A. R. , Biswas P. K.
Published: May 2019

The occurrence of asymbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria in the rhizosphere of twenty weed species has been investigated. Using the roll tube method root-rhizosphere soil samples were diluted and added to test tubes containing low N media. Tubes were flushed with nitrogen, stoppered, and rolled to form a thin film of media on the inner wall. After 7 days incubation the nitrogen fixation rates were estimated using the acetylene reduction technique. Rates ranged from 38 to 783 nmoles acetylene reduced per hour. Of twenty species tested, three showed high rhizosphere populations of asymbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria.