bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Anti-Wear Properties of Metalworking Fluids Enhanced with Halloysite Nanotubes
Authors: Peña-Parás Laura , Sánchez-Fernández José , Martínez Carlos , Ontiveros José , Saldívar Karla , Urbina Luis , Arias Moisés , García-Pineda Patricio , Castaños Brenda
Published: October 2017

The study of nanoparticles as additives for metalworking fluids (MWFs) with applications in the metal removal processes, or machining, has received increasing attention due to the possible enhancements on tribological properties. In this study, low-cost and environmentally friendly nanoparticle additives of halloysite clay nanotubes (HNTs) were dispersed in metalworking fluids utilized for milling processes. Concentrations of 0.01, 0.05, 0.10 wt. % were incorporated into a mineral oil (MO) and a semi-synthetic fluid (SF) by ultrasonication. The anti-wear properties of metalworking nanofluids were characterized with a T-05 block-on-ring tribotester at a contact pressure of 0.5 GPa. Surface roughness of worn block materials was obtained with an optical 3D surface measurement system. Results showed that at a concentration of 0.10 wt. % HNTs block mass loss was lowered by 24% for the MO + HNTs nanofluids. For the SF + HNTs, a reduction of 63% and 32% in wear mass loss and coefficient of friction (COF), respectively, were found at the same concentration. The tribological enhancing mechanism for the applied contact pressure was proposed to be due to a reduction of the area of contact and nanoparticle sliding between surfaces with no HNT deposition, evidenced by energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). Furthermore, surface roughness studies of worn blocks showed smoother surfaces with lower groove density with the addition of nanoparticle additives. The results of this study demonstrate that HNTs can improve the lubricity of metalworking cutting fluids used for machining processes, enhancing tool life and providing better surface finish of products.
Solution-Processed Environmentally Friendly Ag2S Colloidal Quantum Dot Solar Cells with Broad Spectral Absorption
Authors: Öberg Viktor , Zhang Xiaoliang , Johansson Malin , Johansson Erik
Published: October 2017

A facile heat-up synthesis route is used to synthesize environmentally friendly Ag2S colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) that are applied as light absorbing material in solid state p-i-n junction solar cell devices. The as-synthesized Ag2S CQDs have an average size of around 3.5 nm and exhibit broad light absorption covering ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared wavelength regions. The solar cell devices are constructed with a device architecture of FTO/TiO2/Ag2S CQDs/hole transport material (HTM) /Au using a solution-processed approach. Different HTMs, N2,N2,N2′,N2′,N7,N7,N7′,N7′-octakis(4-methoxyphenyl)-9,9′-spirobi(9H-fluorene)-2,2′,7,7′ tetramine (spiro-OMeTAD), poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT), and poly((2,3-bis(3-octyloxyphenyl)-5,8-quinoxalinediyl)-2,5-thiophenediyl) TQ1 are studied for maximizing the device photovoltaic performance. The solar cell device with P3HT as a hole transport material gives the highest performance and the solar cell exhibit broad spectral absorption. These results indicate that Ag2S CQD have high potential for utilization as environmentally friendly light absorbing materials for solar cell application and that the hole transport material is critical to maximize the solar cell photovoltaic performance.
Moisture Transport Anomalies over the Danube River Basin during Two Drought Events: A Lagrangian Analysis
Authors: Stojanovic Milica , Drumond Anita , Nieto Raquel , Gimeno Luis
Published: October 2017

In this paper, we provide a Lagrangian analysis of the anomalies in the moisture transport during two important drought events (1989/1990 and 2003) configured over the Danube River Basin (DRB) region. Firstly, we identified the drought episodes that occurred over the DRB in the period of 1980–2014 through the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). SPEI was calculated using monthly Climatic Research Unit (CRU) Time-Series (TS) Version 3.23 precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PET) datasets with a spatial resolution of 0.5 degrees. The monthly SPEI-1 index was applied to identify the drought episodes and their respective indicators, including duration, severity, and intensity. Two significant drought events were selected: 1989/1990 (presenting dry conditions during October 1989–March 1990) and 2003 (presenting dry conditions during April 2003–September 2003). These events were associated with the two most severe SPEI-1 episodes identified over the DRB during 1980–2014. Then, an analysis of anomalies in the moisture transport was conducted in order to verify possible changes in the moisture supply from the climatological sources for the DRB during these episodes. The moisture transport analysis was performed through a Lagrangian approach, which uses the outputs of the FLEXiblePARTicle dispersion model FLEXPART integrated with one of the reanalysis produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF): the ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA)-Interim dataset. The DRB receives moisture from seven different moisture source regions: the North Atlantic Ocean (NATL), North Africa (NAF), the Mediterranean Sea (MED), the Black Sea (BS), the Caspian Sea (CS), the DRB, and Central and Eastern Europe (Rest of Land (RestL)). The analysis of drought events shows that the precipitation and moisture supply from the selected sources weakened mainly during both drought events. Anomalous subsidence and an increased PET also prevailed over the DRB during these SPEI-1 episodes. RestL and MED registered the most intensive reduction in the moisture supply over the DRB during both periods.
CFD Modeling of Chamber Filling in a Micro-Biosensor for Protein Detection
Authors: Islamov Meiirbek , Sypabekova Marzhan , Kanayeva Damira , Rojas-Solórzano Luis
Published: October 2017

Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the main causes of human death around the globe. The mortality rate for patients infected with active TB goes beyond 50% when not diagnosed. Rapid and accurate diagnostics coupled with further prompt treatment of the disease is the cornerstone for controlling TB outbreaks. To reduce this burden, the existing gap between detection and treatment must be addressed, and dedicated diagnostic tools such as biosensors should be developed. A biosensor is a sensing micro-device that consists of a biological sensing element and a transducer part to produce signals in proportion to quantitative information about the binding event. The micro-biosensor cell considered in this investigation is designed to operate based on aptamers as recognition elements against Mycobacterium tuberculosis secreted protein MPT64, combined in a microfluidic-chamber with inlet and outlet connections. The microfluidic cell is a miniaturized platform with valuable advantages such as low cost of analysis with low reagent consumption, reduced sample volume, and shortened processing time with enhanced analytical capability. The main purpose of this study is to assess the flooding characteristics of the encapsulated microfluidic cell of an existing micro-biosensor using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques. The main challenge in the design of the microfluidic cell lies in the extraction of entrained air bubbles, which may remain after the filling process is completed, dramatically affecting the performance of the sensing element. In this work, a CFD model was developed on the platform ANSYS-CFX using the finite volume method to discretize the domain and solving the Navier–Stokes equations for both air and water in a Eulerian framework. Second-order space discretization scheme and second-order Euler Backward time discretization were used in the numerical treatment of the equations. For a given inlet–outlet diameter and dimensions of an in-house built cell chamber, different inlet liquid flow rates were explored to determine an appropriate flow condition to guarantee an effective venting of the air while filling the chamber. The numerical model depicted free surface waves as promoters of air entrainment that ultimately may explain the significant amount of air content in the chamber observed in preliminary tests after the filling process is completed. Results demonstrated that for the present design, against the intuition, the chamber must be filled with liquid at a modest flow rate to minimize free surface waviness during the flooding stage of the chamber.
Recent Advances in Two-Dimensional Materials with Charge Density Waves: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications
Authors: Hossain Mongur , Zhao Zhaoyang , Wen Wen , Wang Xinsheng , Wu Juanxia , Xie Liming
Published: October 2017

Recently, two-dimensional (2D) charge density wave (CDW) materials have attracted extensive interest due to potential applications as high performance functional nanomaterials. As other 2D materials, 2D CDW materials are layered materials with strong in-plane bonding and weak out-of-plane interactions enabling exfoliation into layers of single unit cell thickness. Although bulk CDW materials have been studied for decades, recent developments in nanoscale characterization and device fabrication have opened up new opportunities allowing applications such as oscillators, electrodes in supercapacitors, energy storage and conversion, sensors and spinelectronic devices. In this review, we first outline the synthesis techniques of 2D CDW materials including mechanical exfoliation, liquid exfoliation, chemical vapor transport (CVT), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and electrochemical exfoliation. Then, the characterization procedure of the 2D CDW materials such as temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy, temperature-dependent resistivity, magnetic susceptibility and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) are reviewed. Finally, applications of 2D CDW materials are reviewed.
Influence of Refrigerant Charge Amount and EEV Opening on the Performance of a Transcritical CO2 Heat Pump Water Heater
Authors: Zhang Ze , Dong Xiaojun , Ren Zheng , Lai Tianwei , Hou Yu
Published: October 2017

Besides compressor rotary speed and parameters of water flowing through gas cooler and evaporator, refrigerant charge amount and electronic expansion valve (EEV) opening are two important parameters that have significant effects on the performance of a transcritical CO2 heat pump system. In this study, the effects of refrigerant charge amount on the performance of a transcritical CO2 heat pump water heater were investigated experimentally at different EEV openings. An optimal coefficient of performance (COP) was found that corresponded to a specific refrigerant charge and a specific EEV opening. Based on the experiment, the COP peaked at charge of 1.8 kg when EEV opening was 40% of full opening. The heating capacity and the COP increased at first, reached peaks and then decreased with increase of charge amount. The COP decreased 14.95% as the CO2 charge amount was reduced by 22.2% from the optimal charge at 50% EEV opening. As EEV opening varied from 40% to 60% at the same charge amount, the heating capacity decreased more than 30%.
Nitrate Leaching from Sand and Pumice Geomedia Amended with Pyrogenic Carbon Materials
Authors: Kang Jihoon , Davila Marissa , Mireles Sergio , Ho Jungseok
Published: October 2017

There is increasing interest in using pyrogenic carbon as an adsorbent for aqueous contaminants in stormwater. The objective of this study was to investigate pyrogenic carbon materials as an amendment to geomedia to reduce nitrate leaching. Batch adsorption and column experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of a commercial activated carbon and two biochars incorporated (5% by weight) into sand and pumice columns. The batch adsorption with 50 mg L−1 of nitrate solution showed that only activated carbon resulted in a substantial adsorption for nitrate up to 41%. Tested biochars were not effective in removing aqueous nitrate and even released nitrate (<1%) with 1 h reaction time. Column experiment with a pulse input of nitrate solution (50 mg L−1) confirmed that the sand or pumice columns amended with biochars were not as effective as those amended with activated carbon for reducing nitrate leaching. Our results suggested that net negatively charged surfaces of biochar may inhibit nitrate anion adsorption while activated carbon has reactive sites containing acidic functional groups to improve nitrate retention. There was no difference between sand and pumice for nitrate retention in any of the carbon amendments. Additional surface activation process during biochar production may be needed to improve adsorptive capacity of biochar for aqueous nitrate removal.
Exonization of an Intronic LINE-1 Element Causing Becker Muscular Dystrophy as a Novel Mutational Mechanism in Dystrophin Gene
Authors: Gonçalves Ana , Oliveira Jorge , Coelho Teresa , Taipa Ricardo , Melo-Pires Manuel , Sousa Mário , Santos Rosário
Published: October 2017

A broad mutational spectrum in the dystrophin (DMD) gene, from large deletions/duplications to point mutations, causes Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy (D/BMD). Comprehensive genotyping is particularly relevant considering the mutation-centered therapies for dystrophinopathies. We report the genetic characterization of a patient with disease onset at age 13 years, elevated creatine kinase levels and reduced dystrophin labeling, where multiplex-ligation probe amplification (MLPA) and genomic sequencing failed to detect pathogenic variants. Bioinformatic, transcriptomic (real time PCR, RT-PCR), and genomic approaches (Southern blot, long-range PCR, and single molecule real-time sequencing) were used to characterize the mutation. An aberrant transcript was identified, containing a 103-nucleotide insertion between exons 51 and 52, with no similarity with the DMD gene. This corresponded to the partial exonization of a long interspersed nuclear element (LINE-1), disrupting the open reading frame. Further characterization identified a complete LINE-1 (~6 kb with typical hallmarks) deeply inserted in intron 51. Haplotyping and segregation analysis demonstrated that the mutation had a de novo origin. Besides underscoring the importance of mRNA studies in genetically unsolved cases, this is the first report of a disease-causing fully intronic LINE-1 element in DMD, adding to the diversity of mutational events that give rise to D/BMD.
Hydrogen Gas Is Involved in Auxin-Induced Lateral Root Formation by Modulating Nitric Oxide Synthesis
Authors: Cao Zeyu , Duan Xingliang , Yao Ping , Cui Weiti , Cheng Dan , Zhang Jing , Jin Qijiang , Chen Jun , Dai Tianshan , Shen Wenbiao
Published: October 2017

Metabolism of molecular hydrogen (H2) in bacteria and algae has been widely studied, and it has attracted increasing attention in the context of animals and plants. However, the role of endogenous H2 in lateral root (LR) formation is still unclear. Here, our results showed that H2-induced lateral root formation is a universal event. Naphthalene-1-acetic acid (NAA; the auxin analog) was able to trigger endogenous H2 production in tomato seedlings, and a contrasting response was observed in the presence of N-1-naphthyphthalamic acid (NPA), an auxin transport inhibitor. NPA-triggered the inhibition of H2 production and thereafter lateral root development was rescued by exogenously applied H2. Detection of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) by the specific probe 4-amino-5-methylamino-2′,7′-difluorofluorescein diacetate (DAF-FM DA) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analyses revealed that the NO level was increased in both NAA- and H2-treated tomato seedlings. Furthermore, NO production and thereafter LR formation induced by auxin and H2 were prevented by 2-4-carboxyphenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO; a specific scavenger of NO) and the inhibitor of nitrate reductase (NR; an important NO synthetic enzyme). Molecular evidence confirmed that some representative NO-targeted cell cycle regulatory genes were also induced by H2, but was impaired by the removal of endogenous NO. Genetic evidence suggested that in the presence of H2, Arabidopsis mutants nia2 (in particular) and nia1 (two nitrate reductases (NR)-defective mutants) exhibited defects in lateral root length. Together, these results demonstrated that auxin-induced H2 production was associated with lateral root formation, at least partially via a NR-dependent NO synthesis.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins Mimic Human T Cell Receptors Inducing Cross-Reactive Antibodies
Authors: Root-Bernstein Robert
Published: October 2017

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) hides from the immune system in part by mimicking host antigens, including human leukocyte antigens. It is demonstrated here that HIV also mimics the V-β-D-J-β of approximately seventy percent of about 600 randomly selected human T cell receptors (TCR). This degree of mimicry is greater than any other human pathogen, commensal or symbiotic organism studied. These data suggest that HIV may be evolving into a commensal organism just as simian immunodeficiency virus has done in some types of monkeys. The gp120 envelope protein, Nef protein and Pol protein are particularly similar to host TCR, camouflaging HIV from the immune system and creating serious barriers to the development of safe HIV vaccines. One consequence of HIV mimicry of host TCR is that antibodies against HIV proteins have a significant probability of recognizing the corresponding TCR as antigenic targets, explaining the widespread observation of lymphocytotoxic autoantibodies in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Quantitative enzyme-linked immunoadsorption assays (ELISA) demonstrated that every HIV antibody tested recognized at least one of twelve TCR, and as many as seven, with a binding constant in the 10−8 to 10−9 m range. HIV immunity also affects microbiome tolerance in ways that correlate with susceptibility to specific opportunistic infections.
Stabilization of ZrO2 Powders via ALD of CeO2 and ZrO2
Authors: Lin Chao , Mao Xinyu , Onn Tzia , Jang Joonbaek , Gorte Raymond
Published: October 2017

ZrO2 powders were modified by atomic layer deposition (ALD) with CeO2 and ZrO2, using Ce(TMHD)4 and Zr(TMHD)4 as the precursors, in order to determine the effect of ALD films on the structure, surface area, and catalytic properties of the ZrO2. Growth rates were measured gravimetrically and found to be 0.017 nm/cycle for CeO2 and 0.031 nm/cycle for ZrO2. The addition of 20 ALD cycles of either CeO2 or ZrO2 was found to stabilize the surface area of the ZrO2 powder following calcination to 1073 K and to suppress the tetragonal-to-monoclinic transition. Shrinkage of ZrO2 wafers was also suppressed by the ALD films. When used as a support for Pd in CO oxidation, the CeO2-modified materials significantly enhanced rates due to interactions between the Pd and the CeO2. Potential applications for modifying catalyst supports using ALD are discussed.
Bombyx mori Silk Fibroin Scaffolds with Antheraea pernyi Silk Fibroin Micro/Nano Fibers for Promoting EA. hy926 Cell Proliferation
Authors: Chen Yongchun , Yang Weichao , Wang Weiwei , Zhang Min , Li Mingzhong
Published: October 2017

Achieving a high number of inter-pore channels and a nanofibrous structure similar to that of the extracellular matrix remains a challenge in the preparation of Bombyx mori silk fibroin (BSF) scaffolds for tissue engineering. In this study, Antheraea pernyi silk fibroin (ASF) micro/nano fibers with an average diameter of 324 nm were fabricated by electrospinning from an 8 wt % ASF solution in hexafluoroisopropanol. The electrospun fibers were cut into short fibers (~0.5 mm) and then dispersed in BSF solution. Next, BSF scaffolds with ASF micro/nano fibers were prepared by lyophilization. Scanning electron microscope images clearly showed connected channels between macropores after the addition of ASF micro/nano fibers; meanwhile, micro/nano fibers and micropores could be clearly observed on the pore walls. The results of in vitro cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (EA. hy926) on BSF scaffolds showed that fibrous BSF scaffolds containing 150% ASF fibers significantly promoted cell proliferation during the initial stage.
Functionalization of Biomedical Ti6Al4V via In Situ Alloying by Cu during Laser Powder Bed Fusion Manufacturing
Authors: Krakhmalev Pavel , Yadroitsev Igor , Yadroitsava Ina , De Smidt Olga
Published: October 2017

The modern medical industry successfully utilizes Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) to manufacture complex custom implants. Ti6Al4V is one of the most commonly used biocompatible alloys. In surgery practice, infection at the bone–implant interface is one of the key reasons for implant failure. Therefore, advanced implants with biocompatibility and antibacterial properties are required. Modification of Ti alloy with Cu, which in small concentrations is a proven non-toxic antibacterial agent, is an attractive way to manufacture implants with embedded antibacterial functionality. The possibility of achieving alloying in situ, during manufacturing, is a unique option of the LPBF technology. It provides unique opportunities to manufacture customized implant shapes and design new alloys. Nevertheless, optimal process parameters need to be established for the in situ alloyed materials to form dense parts with required mechanical properties. This research is dedicated to an investigation of Ti6Al4V (ELI)-1 at % Cu material, manufactured by LPBF from a mixture of Ti6Al4V (ELI) and pure Cu powders. The effect of process parameters on surface roughness, chemical composition and distribution of Cu was investigated. Chemical homogeneity was discussed in relation to differences in the viscosity and density of molten Cu and Ti6Al4V. Microstructure, mechanical properties, and fracture behavior of as-built 3D samples were analyzed and discussed. Pilot antibacterial functionalization testing of Ti6Al4V (ELI) in situ alloyed with 1 at % Cu showed promising results and notable reduction in the growth of pure cultures of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
Comparison of the Simplification of the Pressure Profiles Solving the Binary Friction Model for Asymmetric Membranes
Authors: Unije Unoaku , Mücke Robert , Baumann Stefan , Guillon Olivier
Published: October 2017

The gas flow through porous media including that of multiple species is frequently described by the binary friction model (BFM) considering the binary diffusion, Knudsen diffusion, and viscous flow. Therefore, a numerical simulation was performed on a microporous support of an asymmetric oxygen transport membrane. As its exact numerical solution is complicated and not always possible, the results of two different levels of simplification of the pressure profiles within the porous support are compared to the exact numerical solution. The simplification using a constant pressure equal to the gas pressure outside the support leads to a deviation by up to 0.45 mL·min−1·cm−2 from the exact solution under certain operating condition. A different simplification using a constant pressure averaged between the outside of the support and the support/membrane interface reduces this deviation to zero. Therefore, this is a useful measure to reduce computational efforts when implementing the Binary Friction Model in computational fluid dynamics simulations.
The Formation of Strong {100} Texture by Dynamic Strain-Induced Boundary Migration in Hot Compressed Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe Alloy
Authors: Li Kai , Yang Ping
Published: October 2017

The microstructure and texture evolution of Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-Fe alloy during hot compression were investigated by the electron backscatter diffraction technique. The results reveal that two main texture components containing <100> and <111> fiber textures form after the hot compression. The fraction of each component is mainly controlled by deformation and strain rate. Dynamic strain-induced boundary migration (D-SIBM) is proved to be the reason that <100>-oriented grains grow towards <111>-oriented grains. The <100>-oriented grains coarsen with the increasing <100> texture intensity. Dynamic recrystallization (DRX) occurs under a low strain rate and large deformation. The DRX grains were detected by the method of grain orientation spread. The DRX grains reserve a <100> fiber texture similar to the deformation texture; however, DRX is not the main reason causing the formation of a strong <100> texture, due to its low volume fraction.
Evidence of Change in the Density of States during the Martensitic Phase Transformation of Ni-Mn-In Metamagnetic Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Umetsu Rie , Xu Xiao , Ito Wataru , Kainuma Ryosuke
Published: October 2017

Specific heat measurements were performed at low temperatures for Ni50Mn50−xInx alloys to determine their Debye temperatures (θD) and electronic specific heat coefficients (γ). For x ≤ 15, where the ground state is the martensite (M) phase, θD decreases linearly and γ increases slightly with increasing In content. For x ≥ 16.2, where the ground state is the ferromagnetic parent (P) phase, γ increases with decreasing In content. Extrapolations of the composition dependences of θD and γ in both the phases suggest that these values change discontinuously during the martensitic phase transformation. The value of θD in the M phase is larger than that in the P phase. The behavior is in accordance with the fact that the volume of the M phase is more compressive than that of the P phase. On the other hand, γ is slightly larger in the P phase, in good agreement with the reported density of states around the Fermi energy obtained by the first-principle calculations.
Numerical Aspects of Data Reconciliation in Industrial Applications
Authors: Câmara Maurício , Soares Rafael , Feital Thiago , Anzai Thiago , Diehl Fabio , Thompson Pedro , Pinto José
Published: October 2017

Data reconciliation is a model-based technique that reduces measurement errors by making use of redundancies in process data. It is largely applied in modern process industries, being commercially available in software tools. Based on industrial applications reported in the literature, we have identified and tested different configuration settings providing a numerical assessment on the performance of several important aspects involved in the solution of nonlinear steady-state data reconciliation that are generally overlooked. The discussed items are comprised of problem formulation, regarding the presence of estimated parameters in the objective function; solution approach when applying nonlinear programming solvers; methods for estimating objective function gradients; initial guess; and optimization algorithm. The study is based on simulations of a rigorous and validated model of a real offshore oil production system. The assessment includes evaluations of solution robustness, constraint violation at convergence, and computational cost. In addition, we propose the use of a global test to detect inconsistencies in the formulation and in the solution of the problem. Results show that different settings have a great impact on the performance of reconciliation procedures, often leading to local solutions. The question of how to satisfactorily solve the data reconciliation problem is discussed so as to obtain improved estimates.
Passive Sensors for Long Duration Internet of Things Networks
Authors: Pereira Felisberto , Correia Ricardo , Carvalho Nuno
Published: October 2017

In this work, three different concepts are used to develop a fully passive sensor that is capable of measuring different types of data. The sensor was supplied by Wireless Power Transmission (WPT). Communication between the sensor and reader is established by a backscatter, and to ensure minimum energy consumption, low power techniques are used. In a simplistic way, the process starts by the transmission of two different waves by the reader to the sensor, one of which is used in power transmission and the other of which is used to communicate. Once the sensor is powered, the monitoring process starts. From the monitoring state, results from after processing are used to modulate the incoming wave, which is the information that is sent back from the reader to the tag. This new combination of technologies enables the possibility of using sensors without any cables or batteries to operate 340 cm from the reader. The developed prototype measures acceleration and temperature. However, it is scalable. This system enables a new generation of passive Internet of Things (IoT) devices.
Activity Level Assessment Using a Smart Cushion for People with a Sedentary Lifestyle
Authors: Ma Congcong , Li Wenfeng , Gravina Raffaele , Cao Jingjing , Li Qimeng , Fortino Giancarlo
Published: October 2017

As a sedentary lifestyle leads to numerous health problems, it is important to keep constant motivation for a more active lifestyle. A large majority of the worldwide population, such as office workers, long journey vehicle drivers and wheelchair users, spends several hours every day in sedentary activities. The postures that sedentary lifestyle users assume during daily activities hide valuable information that can reveal their wellness and general health condition. Aiming at mining such underlying information, we developed a cushion-based system to assess their activity levels and recognize the activity from the information hidden in sitting postures. By placing the smart cushion on the chair, we can monitor users’ postures and body swings, using the sensors deployed in the cushion. Specifically, we construct a body posture analysis model to recognize sitting behaviors. In addition, we provided a smart cushion that effectively combine pressure and inertial sensors. Finally, we propose a method to assess the activity levels based on the evaluation of the activity assessment index (AAI) in time sliding windows. Activity level assessment can be used to provide statistical results in a defined period and deliver recommendation exercise to the users. For practical implications and actual significance of results, we selected wheelchair users among the participants to our experiments. Features in terms of standard deviation and approximate entropy were compared to recognize the activities and activity levels. The results showed that, using the novel designed smart cushion and the standard deviation features, we are able to achieve an accuracy of (>89%) for activity recognition and (>98%) for activity level recognition.
Determinants of Market Share of For-Profit Hospitals: An Empirical Examination
Authors: Lee Seungchul , Chung Chune , Sul Hong , Lee Yunjae
Published: October 2017

This study estimates the effects of a prospective payment system on the growth of for-profit hospitals. The empirical results show that the proportion of patient care paid for by Medicare managed care has a positive, statistically significant relationship with the market share of for-profit hospitals. Medicare managed care reimburses health care providers prospectively, and a larger portion of prospective reimbursements is received by for-profit hospitals, whose market share consequently increases. In addition, the proportion of patients with Medi-Cal and third party managed care has a positive, statistically significant relationship with the market share of for-profit hospitals.
Long-Term Sustainable Development of Tourism in South Tyrol: An Analysis of Tourists’ Perception
Authors: Sidali Katia , Huber David , Schamel Guenter
Published: October 2017

Although sustainable tourism concepts are gaining in importance everywhere, related research is quite fragmented with many studies concentrating on environmental sustainability. Seeking to contribute to the general discussion, we first examine the perceptions of sustainability among tourists using a best–worst scaling method applied to important aspects of sustainable tourism. Our results show that experiencing nature in an intense and profound way is considered the most important aspect of sustainable tourism whereas grappling with the culture of the host region is perceived as the least important aspect of sustainable tourism in our sample. Second, we analyze if socio-demographic and/or other factors have significant implications for the propensity to increase expenditures for sustainable holiday offers. Applying a simple regression model, we can show that age has a significant and positive impact on the propensity to spend more on a sustainable holiday offer such as overnight stays in an accommodation that is carbon-neutral. Other socio-demographic variables such as gender, education, and income are not significant. Moreover, hotel stars and average expenditures per person per night are significant and have a positive effect on the propensity to spend more on carbon-neutral housing. Two simple policy implications can be drawn: (1) sustainable tourism experiences should prioritize landscape and natural beauty; and (2) sustainable tourism offers are best suited for higher-priced and/or higher starred hotels.
Energy System Models as a Means of Visualising Barriers and Drivers of Forest-Based Biofuels: An Interview Study of Developers and Potential Users
Authors: Fallde Magdalena , Torén Johan , Wetterlund Elisabeth
Published: October 2017

Forest-derived biofuels have been on the agenda for several decades. Despite extensive research and development efforts, forest biofuel concepts have nevertheless not yet been realized on any significant scale. The discrepancy between the expectations from the research community and the lack of momentum regarding biofuel production raises the question of if and how research results can be used to achieve such goals. Here, we report results from an interview study with the aim of evaluating how energy system models can be used to illustrate barriers and drivers for forest biofuels, with focus on Swedish conditions, using the BeWhere model as case. The study is framed as an example of expertise, and problematizes how energy system models are interpreted among expected users. While the interviews revealed some general scepticism regarding models, and what kinds of questions they can answer, the belief was also expressed that increased complexity might be an advantage in terms of being able to accommodate more barriers against forest biofuels. The study illustrates the complexity of this policy area, where an energy system model can answer some, but never all, ‘what if…?’ questions. The results reveal a need for reformation in energy system modelling in order to more explicitly make society the subject of the work, and also illustrate that the belief in expertise as a tool for consensus-building in decision-making should be questioned.
Analysis of the Current Scoring Distribution by Evaluation Criteria in Korean Long-Life Housing Certification System Cases
Authors: Kim Eunyoung , Hwang Eunkyoung
Published: October 2017

Peoples lifestyles are diversifying due to an increase in the types of residents housing and family structures. The ratio of apartment housing in Korea was 59.9% (9806 households) in 2015, and this type accounts for the largest ratio among all housing types. However, the life of the physical housing is approximately 30–40 years, which is relatively shorter in comparison to that of overseas houses. Therefore, the certification system for long-life housing, which had longer social and physical service life, was newly established in 24 December 2014. However, all apartment houses only acquired the normal grade (grade 4). The purpose of this study is to investigate all long-life housing certification cases and analyze the acquired score and status of each evaluation item. The total number of certification cases was 283, and the data analysis and FGI (Focus Group Interview) investigation method were used as the methods of study. As a result of analysis and summary, 173 cases (61.13%) received 50 points and 106 cases (37.46%) received 51 points. All these cases were considered normal grade. The result of this study is as follows. First, a system to maintain the long-life housing certification system operation agency is necessary. Second, the reason for an item with no score was the evasion by construction companies due to an increase in both the construction expense and sale price. Therefore, various incentive plans are necessary and should be executed accordingly. Third, it is necessary to improve the detailed evaluation standards of the certification system and reexamine its scoring system. Long-life housing is a housing type in preparation for changes in the residential environment in future. The significance of this study is that the content shall be utilized as preliminary data for improving the system through the analysis of evaluation items in the certification system.
Occurrence of Chiral Bioactive Compounds in the Aquatic Environment: A Review
Authors: Ribeiro Cláudia , Ribeiro Ana , Maia Alexandra , Tiritan Maria
Published: October 2017

In recent decades, the presence of micropollutants in the environment has been extensively studied due to their high frequency of occurrence, persistence and possible adverse effects to exposed organisms. Concerning chiral micropollutants in the environment, enantiomers are frequently ignored and enantiomeric composition often neglected. However, enantioselective toxicity is well recognized, highlighting the need to include enantioselectivity in environmental risk assessment. Additionally, the information about enantiomeric fraction (EF) is crucial since it gives insights about: (i) environmental fate (i.e., occurrence, distribution, removal processes and (bio)degradation); (ii) illicit discharges; (iii) consumption pattern (e.g., illicit drugs, pharmaceuticals used as recreational drugs, illicit use of pesticides); and (iv) enantioselective toxicological effects. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review about the enantioselective occurrence of chiral bioactive compounds in aquatic environmental matrices. These include pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic musks (PCMs). Most frequently analytical methods used for separation of enantiomers were liquid chromatography and gas chromatography methodologies using both indirect (enantiomerically pure derivatizing reagents) and direct methods (chiral stationary phases). The occurrence of these chiral micropollutants in the environment is reviewed and future challenges are outlined.
The Influence of Resiniferatoxin (RTX) and Tetrodotoxin (TTX) on the Distribution, Relative Frequency, and Chemical Coding of Noradrenergic and Cholinergic Nerve Fibers Supplying the Porcine Urinary Bladder Wall
Authors: Lepiarczyk Ewa , Bossowska Agnieszka , Kaleczyc Jerzy , Skowrońska Agnieszka , Majewska Marta , Majewski Michal , Majewski Mariusz
Published: October 2017

The present study investigated the influence of intravesically instilled resiniferatoxin (RTX) or tetrodotoxin (TTX) on the distribution, number, and chemical coding of noradrenergic and cholinergic nerve fibers (NF) supplying the urinary bladder in female pigs. Samples from the bladder wall were processed for double-labelling immunofluorescence with antibodies against cholinergic and noradrenergic markers and some other neurotransmitter substances. Both RTX and TTX caused a significant decrease in the number of cholinergic NF in the urinary bladder wall (in the muscle coat, submucosa, and beneath the urothelium). RTX instillation resulted in a decrease in the number of noradrenergic NF in the submucosa and urothelium, while TTX treatment caused a significant increase in the number of these axons in all the layers. The most remarkable changes in the chemical coding of the NF comprised a distinct decrease in the number of the cholinergic NF immunoreactive to CGRP (calcitonin gene-related peptide), nNOS (neuronal nitric oxide synthase), SOM (somatostatin) or VIP (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide), and an increase in the number of noradrenergic NF immunopositive to GAL (galanin) or nNOS, both after RTX or TTX instillation. The present study is the first to suggest that both RTX and TTX can modify the number of noradrenergic and cholinergic NF supplying the porcine urinary bladder.
Treatments for Pulmonary Ricin Intoxication: Current Aspects and Future Prospects
Authors: Gal Yoav , Mazor Ohad , Falach Reut , Sapoznikov Anita , Kronman Chanoch , Sabo Tamar
Published: October 2017

Ricin, a plant-derived toxin originating from the seeds of Ricinus communis (castor beans), is one of the most lethal toxins known, particularly if inhaled. Ricin is considered a potential biological threat agent due to its high availability and ease of production. The clinical manifestation of pulmonary ricin intoxication in animal models is closely related to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which involves pulmonary proinflammatory cytokine upregulation, massive neutrophil infiltration and severe edema. Currently, the only post-exposure measure that is effective against pulmonary ricinosis at clinically relevant time-points following intoxication in pre-clinical studies is passive immunization with anti-ricin neutralizing antibodies. The efficacy of this antitoxin treatment depends on antibody affinity and the time of treatment initiation within a limited therapeutic time window. Small-molecule compounds that interfere directly with the toxin or inhibit its intracellular trafficking may also be beneficial against ricinosis. Another approach relies on the co-administration of antitoxin antibodies with immunomodulatory drugs, thereby neutralizing the toxin while attenuating lung injury. Immunomodulators and other pharmacological-based treatment options should be tailored according to the particular pathogenesis pathways of pulmonary ricinosis. This review focuses on the current treatment options for pulmonary ricin intoxication using anti-ricin antibodies, disease-modifying countermeasures, anti-ricin small molecules and their various combinations.
Assessing Monkeypox Virus Prevalence in Small Mammals at the Human–Animal Interface in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Doty Jeffrey , Malekani Jean , Kalemba Lem’s , Stanley William , Monroe Benjamin , Nakazawa Yoshinori , Mauldin Matthew , Bakambana Trésor , Liyandja Dja Liyandja Tobit , Braden Zachary , Wallace Ryan , Malekani Divin , McCollum Andrea , Gallardo-Romero Nadia , Kondas Ashley , Peterson A. , Osorio Jorge , Rocke Tonie , Karem Kevin , Emerson Ginny , Carroll Darin
Published: October 2017

During 2012, 2013 and 2015, we collected small mammals within 25 km of the town of Boende in Tshuapa Province, the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The prevalence of monkeypox virus (MPXV) in this area is unknown; however, cases of human infection were previously confirmed near these collection sites. Samples were collected from 353 mammals (rodents, shrews, pangolins, elephant shrews, a potamogale, and a hyrax). Some rodents and shrews were captured from houses where human monkeypox cases have recently been identified, but most were trapped in forests and agricultural areas near villages. Real-time PCR and ELISA were used to assess evidence of MPXV infection and other Orthopoxvirus (OPXV) infections in these small mammals. Seven (2.0%) of these animal samples were found to be anti-orthopoxvirus immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody positive (six rodents: two Funisciurus spp.; one Graphiurus lorraineus; one Cricetomys emini; one Heliosciurus sp.; one Oenomys hypoxanthus, and one elephant shrew Petrodromus tetradactylus); no individuals were found positive in PCR-based assays. These results suggest that a variety of animals can be infected with OPXVs, and that epidemiology studies and educational campaigns should focus on animals that people are regularly contacting, including larger rodents used as protein sources.
Sophoraflavenone G Restricts Dengue and Zika Virus Infection via RNA Polymerase Interference
Authors: Sze Alexandre , Olagnier David , Hadj Samar , Han Xiaoying , Tian Xiao , Xu Hong-Tao , Yang Long , Shi Qingwen , Wang Penghua , Wainberg Mark , Wu Jian , Lin Rongtuan
Published: October 2017

Flaviviruses including Zika, Dengue and Hepatitis C virus cause debilitating diseases in humans, and the former are emerging as global health concerns with no antiviral treatments. We investigated Sophora Flavecens, used in Chinese medicine, as a source for antiviral compounds. We isolated Sophoraflavenone G and found that it inhibited Hepatitis C replication, but not Sendai or Vesicular Stomatitis Virus. Pre- and post-infection treatments demonstrated anti-flaviviral activity against Dengue and Zika virus, via viral RNA polymerase inhibition. These data suggest that Sophoraflavenone G represents a promising candidate regarding anti-Flaviviridae research.
The Characteristics of Adults with Severe Hearing Loss
Authors: Souza Pamela , Hoover Eric , Blackburn Michael , Gallun Frederick
Published: October 2017

Background:Severe hearing loss impairs communication in a wide range of listening environments. However, we lack data as to the specific objective and subjective abilities of listeners with severe hearing loss. Insight into those abilities may inform treatment choices.Purpose:The
primary goal was to describe the audiometric profiles, spectral resolution ability, and objective and subjective speech perception of a sample of adult listeners with severe hearing loss, and to consider the relationships among those measures. We also considered the typical fitting received
by individuals with severe loss, in terms of hearing aid style, electroacoustic characteristics, and features, as well as supplementary device use.Research Design:A within-subjects design was used.Study Sample:Participants included 36 adults aged 54‐93 yr with unilateral
or bilateral severe hearing loss.Data Collection and Analysis:Testing included a full hearing and hearing aid history; audiometric evaluation; loudness growth and dynamic range; spectral resolution; assessment of cochlear dead regions; objective and subjective assessment of speech recognition;
and electroacoustic evaluation of current hearing aids. Regression models were used to analyze relationships between hearing loss, spectral resolution, and speech recognition.Results:For speech in quiet, 60% of the variance was approximately equally accounted for by amount of hearing
loss, spectral resolution, and number of dead regions. For speech in noise, only a modest proportion of performance variance was explained by amount of hearing loss. In general, participants were wearing amplification of appropriate style and technology for their hearing loss, but the extent
of assistive technology use was low. Subjective communication ratings depended on the listening situation, but in general, were similar to previously published data for adults with mild-to-moderate loss who did not wear hearing aids.Conclusions:The present data suggest that the range
of abilities of an individual can be more fully captured with comprehensive testing. Such testing also offers an opportunity for informed counseling regarding realistic expectations for hearing aid use and the availability of hearing assistive technology.
STATISTICAL-NUMERICAL ANALYSIS FOR PULLOUT TESTS
OF GROUND ANCHORS
Authors: Chalmovský Juraj , Štefaňák Jan , Miča Lumír , Kala Zdenek , Skuodis Šarūnas , Norkus Arnoldas , Žilionienė Daiva
Published: October 2017

The paper presents an application of statistical and numerical methods for the determination of the forcedisplacement
curves and that of pullout capacity of prestressed grouted ground anchors installed in Miocene clay. A regression
analysis of data from a database of acceptance test records for ground anchors to create has been performed, the
force-displacement curve of the tested anchor corresponding to the range of loads applied for acceptance tests has been
created. A linear regression model, employing the weighted least squares method and robust standard errors techniques
were concluded to serve as a reliable statistical method suitable for achieving this goal. The discovered linear regression
dependence then served as a lower control limit for the displacement values calculated at the anchor head applying the
numerical model. A finite element model has been created to predict the behaviour of ground anchors being installed in
fine-grained soils. The developed numerical model that employs Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion constitutive model
evaluates the influence of high-pressure grouting by development additional radial stresses and that of an increment of
fixed length diameter.