bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Darstellung und strukturelle und spektroskopische Charakterisierung der Triiodide [M(12-Krone-4)2]I3 mit M = Na und Rb / Preparation and Structural and Spectroscopic Characterization of Triiodides [M(12-Crown-4)2]I3 with M= Na and Rb
Authors: Edis Zehra , Bloukh Samir Haj
Published: October 2014

Reddish-brown crystals of [Na(12-crown-4)2]I3 (1) and [Rb(12-crown-4)2]I3 (2) were formed through the reaction of NaI or RbI, I2 and 12-crown-4 in ethanol. Both structures are triclinic, space group P1 with Z = 2. The lattice parameters are a = 8:505(2), b = 14:280(3), c = 10:695(2) Å and α = 89:86(2)°, β = 80:00(2)° and γ = 85:90(2)°; and a = 10:694(2), b = 11:598(2), c = 12:718(2) Å and α = 71:00(2)°, β = 86:97(2)° and γ = 67:710(10)° for 1 and 2, respectively. Both crystal structures contain one independent complex cation without crystallographic symmetry. The anionic parts of both structures consist of two crystallographically independent, isolated, triiodide anions I3
- with crystallographic inversion symmetry. The cations are distorted sandwich-like complexes with two 12-crown-4 molecules surrounding the alkali metal atom in the center.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of a Cu(II) Coordination Polymer from N1,N2-Di(pyridin-4-yl)oxalamide
Authors: Kuai Hai-Wei , Hu Tao , Jiang Ding-Yun , Qian Yun-Hua , Li Deng-Hao
Published: October 2014

The reaction of Cu(NO3)2·3H2O with N1,N2-di(pyridin- 4-yl)oxalamide (L) and KSCN in the presence of DMF by the layering method gives rise to a new complex [Cu(L2)(SCN)2(DMF)2]n (1). Complex 1 has been characterized by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, and elemental and thermogravimetric analyses. It crystallizes in the triclinic system with space group P1̅ and shows a chain structure. Delicate N-H···O hydrogen bonding exists in individual units, and adjacent chains are linked by intermolecular interactions, resulting in an extended 2D network.
Neurotrophin-3 regulates ribbon synapse density in the cochlea and induces synapse regeneration after acoustic trauma
Authors: Wan Guoqiang , Gómez-Casati Maria E , Gigliello Angelica R , Liberman M Charles , Corfas Gabriel
Published: October 2014

Neurotrophin-3 (Ntf3) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) are critical for sensory neuron survival and establishment of neuronal projections to sensory epithelia in the embryonic inner ear, but their postnatal functions remain poorly understood. Using cell-specific inducible gene recombination in mice we found that, in the postnatal inner ear, Bbnf and Ntf3 are required for the formation and maintenance of hair cell ribbon synapses in the vestibular and cochlear epithelia, respectively. We also show that supporting cells in these epithelia are the key endogenous source of the neurotrophins. Using a new hair cell CreERT line with mosaic expression, we also found that Ntf3's effect on cochlear synaptogenesis is highly localized. Moreover, supporting cell-derived Ntf3, but not Bbnf, promoted recovery of cochlear function and ribbon synapse regeneration after acoustic trauma. These results indicate that glial-derived neurotrophins play critical roles in inner ear synapse density and synaptic regeneration after injury.
Space, Mobility and Communication
Authors: Yusof Norhafezah
Published: October 2014

This paper investigates the construction of city space and the ensuing communication problems. An ethnographic approach was employed in this study. Data was analysed using thematic analysis framework. The findings indicate that sterile space, mobile space and virtually-linked community led to the phenomenon of transcultural communication. Transcultural communication in this study involves hybridisation, which also leads tométissage—the mixture of different cultures in the spirit of finding a consensus in understanding each other. It can be seen as triggering both positive and negative consequences for the city’s development. The paper concludes with the argument that community building demands socialised space with an identity, in addition to the availability of modernised facilities.
Accuracy of satellite rainfall estimates in the Blue Nile Basin: Lowland plain versus highland mountain
Authors: Gebremichael Mekonnen , Bitew Menberu M. , Hirpa Feyera A. , Tesfay Gebrehiwot N.
Published: October 2014

The demand for accurate satellite rainfall products is increasing particularly in Africa where ground‐based data are mostly unavailable, timely inaccessible, and unreliable. In this study, the accuracy of three widely used, near‐global, high‐resolution satellite rainfall products (CMORPH, TMPA‐RT v7, TMPA‐RP v7), with a spatial resolution of 0.25° and a temporal resolution of 3 h, is assessed over the Blue Nile River Basin, a basin characterized by complex terrain and tropical monsoon. The assessment is made using relatively dense experimental networks of rain gauges deployed at two, 0.25° × 0.25°, sites that represent contrasting topographic features: lowland plain (mean elevation of 719 m.a.s.l.) and highland mountain (mean elevation of 2268 m.a.s.l.). The investigation period covers the summer seasons of 2012 and 2013. Compared to the highland mountain site, the lowland plain site exhibits marked extremes of rain intensity, higher mean rain intensity when it rains, lower frequency of rain occurrence, and smaller seasonal rainfall accumulation. All the satellite products considered tend to overestimate the mean rainfall rate at the lowland plain site, but underestimate it at the highland mountain site. The satellite products miss more rainfall at the highland mountain site than at the lowland plain site, and underestimate the heavy rain rates at both sites. Both sites have uncertainty (root mean square error) values greater than 100% for 3 h accumulations of <5 mm, or daily accumulations of <10 mm, and the uncertainty values decrease with increasing rainfall accumulation. Among the satellite products, CMORPH suffers from a large positive bias at the lowland plain site, and TMPA‐RP and TMPA‐RT miss a large number of rainfall events that contribute nearly half of the total rainfall at the highland mountain.
Radiative and precipitation controls on root zone soil moisture spectra
Authors: Nakai Taro , Katul Gabriel G. , Kotani Ayumi , Igarashi Yasunori , Ohta Takeshi , Suzuki Masakazu , Kumagai Tomo'omi
Published: October 2014

Temporal variability in root zone soil moisture content (w) exhibits a Lorentzian spectrum with memory dictated by a damping term when forced with white‐noise precipitation. In the context of regional dimming, radiation and precipitation variability are needed to reproduce w trends prompting interest in how the w memory is altered by radiative forcing. A hierarchy of models that sequentially introduce the spectrum of precipitation, net radiation, and the effect of w on evaporative and drainage losses was used to analyze the spectrum of w at subtropical and temperate forested sites. Reproducing the w spectra at long time scales necessitated simultaneous precipitation and net radiation measurements depending on site conditions. The w memory inferred from observed w spectra was 25–38 days, larger than that determined from maximum wet evapotranspiration and field capacity. The w memory can be reasonably inferred from the Lorentzian spectrum when precipitation and evapotranspiration are in phase.
Fluid‐driven seismicity activation in northern Nagano region after the 2011 M9.0 Tohoku‐oki earthquake
Authors: Shimojo Kengo , Enescu Bogdan , Yagi Yuji , Takeda Tetsuya
Published: October 2014

The dynamic triggering of earthquakes is well documented; however, the underlying physical mechanisms remain obscure. Here we analyze the seismicity in northern Nagano, central Japan, following the Tohoku‐oki quake, until the occurrence 13 h later of an Mw6.2 local earthquake. We use waveform detection techniques to identify 17 times more earthquakes than those in the Japan Meteorological Agency catalog. The activation of seismicity in the epicentral region of the Mw6.2 event is weak and delayed, culminating with the occurrence of the moderate shock preceded by two small foreshocks. The seismicity activation to the south is shallower, abundant, and starts during the passage of Tohoku‐oki surface waves of high dynamic stresses. The early activation occurs in areas of relatively high near‐surface fluid temperature, indicating that the dynamic triggering is likely caused by excitation of geothermal crustal fluids. The Mw6.2 Northern Nagano earthquake might have been delay‐triggered by fluid migration from a deep source.
Implications of refined altimetry on estimates of mesoscale activity and eddy‐driven offshore transport in the Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems
Authors: Capet Arthur , Mason Evan , Rossi Vincent , Troupin Charles , Faugère Yannice , Pujol Isabelle , Pascual Ananda
Published: October 2014

We investigate the extent to which the recently upgraded version of the Ssalto/Duacs sea level anomaly product affects the description of mesoscale activity in the Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS). Drifter observations confirm that the new data set released by Archiving, Validation and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic data (AVISO) in April 2014 (DT14) offers an enhanced description of mesoscale activity for the four EBUS. DT14 returns significantly higher eddy kinetic energy levels (+80%) within a 300 km coastal band, where mesoscale structures are known to induce important lateral physical and biogeochemical fluxes. When applied to DT14, an automatic eddy detection algorithm detects more eddies in the EBUS (+37%), and lower eddy radius estimates, in comparison with results using the former altimetry product (DT10). We show that despite higher eddy densities, the smaller eddy radii result in westward eddy transport estimates that are smaller than those obtained from DT10 (−12%).
Radiosonde observations of gravity waves in the lower stratosphere over Davis, Antarctica
Authors: Murphy D. J. , Alexander S. P. , Klekociuk A. R. , Love P. T. , Vincent R. A.
Published: October 2014

Radiosonde observations made from Davis station, Antarctica, (68.6°S, 78.0°E) between 2001 and 2012 are used to compile a climatology of lower stratosphere inertial gravity wave characteristics. Wavelet analysis extracts single wave packets from the wind and temperature perturbations. Wavelet parameters, combined with linear gravity wave theory, allow for the derivation of a wide range of wave characteristics. Observational filtering associated with this analysis preferentially selects inertial gravity waves with vertical wavelengths less than 2–3 km. The vertical propagation statistics show strong temporal and height variations. The waves propagate close to the horizontal and are strongly advected by the background wind in the wintertime. Notably, around half of the waves observed in the stratosphere above Davis between early May and mid‐October propagate downward. This feature is distributed over the observed stratospheric height range. Based on the similarity between the upward and downward propagating waves and on the vertical structure of the nonlinear balance residual in the polar winter stratosphere, it is concluded that a source due to imbalanced flow that is distributed across the winter lower stratosphere best explains the observations. Calculations of kinetic and potential energies and momentum fluxes highlight the potential for variations in results due to different analysis techniques.
Hexan‐Isomeren (außer n‐Hexan) und Methylcyclopentan [Air Monitoring Methods in German Language, 2013]
Authors: Breuer D. , Friedrich C.
Published: October 2014

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Luftanalysen
, 17. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2013

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien

Lösungen

Vergleichsstandards

Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung

Chromatographische Arbeitsbedingungen

Analytische Bestimmung

Kalibrierung

Berechnung des Analysenergebnisses

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Präzision und erweiterte Messunsicherheit

Wiederfindung

Kapazität der Probenträger

Bestimmungsgrenze

Lagerfähigkeit

Einfluss der Luftfeuchte

Störeinflüsse

Blindwerte

Bemerkungen
Method for the determination of glycol ethers and glycol esters [Air Monitoring Methods, 2012]
Authors: Krämer W.
Published: October 2014

Published in the series
Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Air
, Vol. 13 (2012)

The article contains sections titled:
Method for the determination of carboxylic acid amides [Air Monitoring Methods, 2012]
Authors: Krämer W.
Published: October 2014

Published in the series
Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Air
, Vol. 13 (2012)
Tetrachlormethan [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 2009]
Authors: Tschickardt M.
Published: October 2014

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Luftanalysen
, 17. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2013

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien

Vorbehandlung der Adsorptionsröhrchen

Lösungen

Prüfgase und Vergleichsstandards

Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung

Gaschromatographische Arbeitsbedingungen

Analytische Bestimmung

Kalibrierung

Berechnung des Analysenergebnisses

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Genauigkeit

Bestimmungsgrenze

Überführung

Messunsicherheit

Lagerfähigkeit

Kapazität des Probenträgers

Störeinflüsse

Qualitätssichernde Maßnahmen

Diskussion
Method for the determination of 2‐nitronaphthalene [Air Monitoring Methods, 2012]
Authors: Sporenberg W.
Published: October 2014

Published in the series
Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Air
, Vol. 13 (2012)
Qualitätssicherung bei Arbeitsplatzmessungen [Air Monitoring Methods in German Language, 2013]
Authors: Hebisch Ralph , Ball Michael , Breuer Dietmar , Ehrich Joachim , Krämer Wilhelm , Maschmeier Claus‐Peter , Nitz Gerda , Riepe Wolfgang
Published: October 2014

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Luftanalysen
, 17. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2013

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Einleitung

Normalverteilung

Rechteckverteilung

Dreiecksverteilung

Poisson‐Verteilung

Grundlegende Einflüsse auf die Messunsicherheit

Unsicherheit in Verbindung mit der Probenahme

Unsicherheit in Verbindung mit der Probenlagerung und dem Transport der Probe

Unsicherheit bei der Probenaufbereitung

Unsicherheit bei der analytischen Bestimmung

Unsicherheit bei der Ermittlung des Messergebnisses

Störungen und Umwelteinflüsse bei der Umrechnung von Realbedingungen auf Standardbedingungen für Gase und Dämpfe

Kontrollmessungen/interne Qualitätssicherung/Kontrollkarten

Messtechnische Rückführung

Überprüfung von computergestützten Auswertesystemen

Durchführung der Methodenvalidierung

Berechnung der Messunsicherheit in Einzelschritten nach dem Eurachem/CITAC Guide

Validierung über das Gesamtverfahren

Vergleich mit einer validierten Methode bekannter Richtigkeit

Vergleich mit Referenz‐ oder Arbeitsstandards

Beispiele für die Berechnung der Messunsicherheit

Beispiel 1. Analysenverfahren für
o
‐Kresol – mit Korrektur der Wiederfindung

Beispiel 2. Analysenverfahren für 2‐Methylpentan – ohne Korrektur der Wiederfindung

Beispiel 3. Analysenverfahren zur Bestimmung von quarzhaltigen Stäuben nach dem ISO/IEC‐Guide 98‐3

Beispiel 4. Analysenverfahren zur Bestimmung von schwermetallhaltigen Schweißrauchen nach dem ISO/IEC‐Guide 98‐3
Arsen und anorganische Arsenverbindungen (mit Ausnahme von Arsenwasserstoff), Addendum [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2011]
Authors: Ochsmann E.
Published: October 2014

Veröffentlicht in der ReiheBiologische Arbeitsstoff‐Toleranz‐Werte (BAT‐Werte), Expositionsäquivalente für krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA), Biologische Leitwerte (BLW) und Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Referenzwerte (BAR), 18. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2011

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Metabolismus und Toxikokinetik

Aufnahme und Verteilung

Metabolismus

Kritische Toxizität

Belastung und Beanspruchung

Auswahl der Indikatoren

Untersuchungsmethoden

Hintergrundbelastung

Evaluierung

Interpretation der Untersuchungsdaten
Uran und seine anorganischen Verbindungen [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2012]
Authors: Rettenmeier A. , Michalke B.
Published: October 2014

Veröffentlicht in der ReiheBiologische Arbeitsstoff‐Toleranz‐Werte (BAT‐Werte), Expositionsäquivalente für krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA), Biologische Leitwerte (BLW) und Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Referenzwerte (BAR), 17. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2012

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Metabolismus und Toxikokinetik

Aufnahme

Verteilung

Metabolismus

Ausscheidung

Kritische Toxizität

Belastung und Beanspruchung

Beziehung zwischen äußerer und innerer Belastung

Beziehung zwischen innerer Belastung und Beanspruchung

Auswahl der Indikatoren

Untersuchungsmethoden

Hintergrundbelastung

Evaluierung

Interpretation
Selen und seine anorganischen Verbindungen [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2011]
Authors: Rettenmeier A. W.
Published: October 2014

Veröffentlicht in der ReiheBiologische Arbeitsstoff‐Toleranz‐Werte (BAT‐Werte), Expositionsäquivalente für krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA), Biologische Leitwerte (BLW) und Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Referenzwerte (BAR), 18. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2011

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Metabolismus und Toxikokinetik

Aufnahme und Verteilung

Metabolismus

Ausscheidung

Kritische Toxizität

Belastung und Beanspruchung

Beziehung zwischen äußerer und innerer Belastung

Beziehung zwischen innerer Belastung und Beanspruchung

Auswahl der Indikatoren

Untersuchungsmethoden

Hintergrundbelastung

Evaluierung

Interpretation
N‐(3‐Chlor‐2‐hydroxypropyl)‐Valin als Hämoglobinaddukt des Epichlorhydrins [Biomonitoring Methods in German language, 2012]
Authors: Bader M. , Rosenberger W. , Tsikas D. , Gutzki F.M.
Published: October 2014

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Analysen in biologischem Material
, 20. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2012

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien

Lösungen

Vergleichsstandards

Probenahme und Probenvorbereitung

Herstellung des Erythrozytenlysates

Isolierung des Globins

Derivatisierung des Globins

Instrumentelle Arbeitsbedingungen

Gaschromatographische Arbeitsbedingungen

Tandem‐Massenspektrometrische Arbeitsbedingungen

Analytische Bestimmung

Kalibrierung

Berechnung der Analysenergebnisse

Standardisierung der Messergebnisse und Qualitätssicherung

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Präzision

Richtigkeit

Nachweis‐ und Bestimmungsgrenze

Störeinflüsse

Diskussion der Methode
Tetrahydrofuran (THF) in Urin – Addendum zur DFG‐Methode “Alkohole und Ketone” [Biomonitoring Methods in German language, 2012]
Authors: Blaszkewicz M.
Published: October 2014

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Analysen in biologischem Material
, 20. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2012

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien

Vergleichsstandards

Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung

Instrumentelle Arbeitsbedingungen

Gaschromatographische Arbeitsbedingungen

Analytische Bestimmung

Kalibrierung

Berechnung der Analysenergebnisse

Standardisierung der Messergebnisse und Qualitätssicherung

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Präzision

Richtigkeit

Nachweis‐ und Bestimmungsgrenze

Störeinflüsse

Diskussion der Methode
Tetrahydrofuran (THF) in urine (Addendum to the DFG method “Alcohols and Ketones”) [Biomonitoring Methods, 2013]
Authors: Blaszkewicz M.
Published: October 2014

Published in the series
Biomonitoring Methods
, Vol. 13 (2013)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Calibration standards

Specimen collection and sample preparation

Operational parameters

Operational parameters for gas chromatography

Analytical determination

Calibration

Calculation of the analytical result

Standardisation and quality control

Evaluation of the method

Precision

Accuracy

Detection limits and quantitation limits

Sources of error

Discussion of the method

Appendix
N‐(2,3‐Dihydroxypropyl)‐Valin als Hämoglobinaddukt des Glycidols [Biomonitoring Methods in German language, 2012]
Authors: Müller M.
Published: October 2014

Veröffentlicht in der ReiheAnalytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Analysen in biologischem Material, 20. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2012

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien

Lösungen

Vergleichsstandards

Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung

Gewinnung des Erythrozytenlysats

Isolierung des Globins

Derivatisierung des Globins

Instrumentelle Arbeitsbedingungen

Gaschromatographische Arbeitsbedingungen

Massenspektrometrische Arbeitsbedingungen

Analytische Bestimmung

Kalibrierung

Berechnung der Analysenergebnisse

Standardisierung der Messergebnisse und Qualitätssicherung

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Präzision

Richtigkeit

Nachweis‐ und Bestimmungsgrenze

Störeinflüsse

Diskussion der Methode
N‐(2,3‐Dihydroxypropyl)‐valine in blood as haemoglobin adduct of glycidol [Biomonitoring Methods, 2013]
Authors: Müller M.
Published: October 2014

Published in the series
Biomonitoring Methods
, Vol. 13 (2013)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Solutions

Internal standard

Calibration standards

Specimen collection and sample preparation

Preparation of the erythrocyte lysate

Isolation of the globin

Derivatisation of the globin

Operational parameters

Operational parameters for gas chromatography

Operational parameters for mass spectrometry

Analytical determination

Calibration

Calculation of the analytical result

Standardisation and quality control

Evaluation of the method

Precision

Accuracy

Detection limit and quantitation limit

Sources of error

Discussion of the method

Appendix
Selen in Serum [Biomonitoring Methods in German language, 2012]
Authors: Heitland P.
Published: October 2014

Veröffentlicht in der ReiheAnalytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Analysen in biologischem Material, 20. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2012

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien

Lösungen

Vergleichsstandards

Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung

Instrumentelle Arbeitsbedingungen

Analytische Bestimmung

Kalibrierung

Berechnung der Analysenergebnisse

Standardisierung der Messergebnisse und Qualitätssicherung

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Präzision

Richtigkeit

Nachweis‐ und Bestimmungsgrenze

Störeinflüsse

Diskussion der Methode
Pyrethrum‐ und Pyrethroidmetabolite (nach Flüssig‐Flüssigextraktion) in Urin [Biomonitoring Methods in German language, 2012]
Authors: Leng G. , Gries W.
Published: October 2014

Veröffentlicht in der ReiheAnalytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Analysen in biologischem Material, 20. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2012

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien

Lösungen

Vergleichsstandards

Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung

Probenahme

Probenaufbereitung

Instrumentelle Arbeitsbedingungen

Gaschromatographische Arbeitsbedingungen

Alternative Gaschromatographische Arbeitsbedingungen

Massenspektrometrische Arbeitsbedingungen

Alternative massenspektrometrische Arbeitsbedingungen

Analytische Bestimmung

Kalibrierung

Berechnung des Analysenergebnisses

Standardisierung der Messergebnisse und Qualitätssicherung

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Präzision

Richtigkeit

Absolute Wiederfindung

Nachweis‐ und Bestimmungsgrenze

Störeinflüsse

Diskussion der Methode
Novel Method to Collect Medication Adverse Events in Juvenile Arthritis: Results From the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Enhanced Drug Safety Surveillance Project
Authors: Ringold Sarah , Hendrickson Audrey , Abramson Leslie , Beukelman Timothy , Blier Peter R. , Bohnsack John , Chalom Elizabeth C. , Gewanter Harry L. , Gottlieb Beth , Hollister Roger , Hsu Joyce , Hudgins Andrea , Ilowite Norman T. , Klein‐Gitelman Marisa , Lindsley Carol , Lopez Benitez Jorge M. , Lovell Daniel J. , Mason Tom , Milojevic Diana , Moorthy Lakshmi N. , Nanda Kabita , Onel Karen , Prahalad Sampath , Rabinovich C. Egla , Ray Linda , Rouster‐Stevens Kelly , Ruth Natasha , Shishov Michael , Spalding Steven , Syed Reema , Stoll Matthew , Vehe Richard K. , Weiss Jennifer E. , White Andrew J. , Wallace Carol A. , Sobel Rachel E.
Published: October 2014

Objective

Few data are available regarding the rates of serious adverse events (SAEs) and important medical events (IMEs) outside of product‐based registries and clinical trials for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). The Enhanced Drug Safety Surveillance Project (EDSSP) was developed to pilot a novel system to collect SAEs/IMEs in children with JIA. This analysis reports the results from this 4‐year (2008–2012) EDSSP.

Methods

Participating physicians were surveyed monthly to ascertain whether their JIA patients experienced an SAE or IME. Sites were surveyed every 6 months to determine the number of unique JIA patients seen at each site during that 6‐month period. Reporting rates were calculated per 100 person‐years and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated based on a Poisson distribution.

Results

Thirty‐seven Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance sites with 115 physicians participated. The mean response rate to the monthly surveys was 65%. There were 147 total SAEs and 145 total IMEs. The largest proportion of SAEs and IMEs occurred in children with polyarticular JIA (39% and 37%, respectively). The majority of SAEs and IMEs were reported for patients receiving therapy with biologic agents (76% and 69%, respectively). The total event rate for SAEs and IMEs combined was 1.07 events per 100 person‐years (95% CI 0.95–1.19). The rates for SAEs and IMEs were 0.54 per 100 person‐years (95% CI 0.45–0.63) and 0.53 per 100 person‐years (95% CI 0.49–0.62), respectively.

Conclusion

The EDSSP provided a simple tool for SAE/IME reporting within an established research network and resulted in a similar range of reported events as captured by a traditional product‐based registry.
Lower‐Extremity Osteoarthritis and the Risk of Falls in a Community‐Based Longitudinal Study of Adults With and Without Osteoarthritis
Authors: Doré Adam L. , Golightly Yvonne M. , Mercer Vicki S. , Shi Xiaoyan A. , Renner Jordan B. , Jordan Joanne M. , Nelson Amanda E.
Published: October 2014

Objective

Knee and hip osteoarthritis (OA) are known risk factors for falls, but whether they together additionally contribute to falls risk is unknown. This study utilizes a biracial cohort of men and women to examine the influence of lower‐extremity OA burden on the risk for future falls.

Methods

A longitudinal analysis was performed using data from 2 time points of a large cohort. The outcome of interest was falls at followup. Covariates included age, sex, race, body mass index, a history of prior falls, symptomatic OA of the hip and/or knee, a history of neurologic or pulmonary diseases, and current use of narcotic medications. Symptomatic OA was defined as patient‐reported symptoms and radiographic evidence of OA in the same joint. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine associations between covariates and falls at followup.

Results

The odds of falling increased with an increasing number of lower‐extremity symptomatic OA joints: those with 1 joint had 53% higher odds, those with 2 joints had 74% higher odds, and those with 3–4 OA joints had 85% higher odds. When controlling for covariates, patients who had symptomatic knee or hip OA had an increased likelihood of falling (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.39, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.02–1.88 and aOR 1.60, 95% CI 1.14–2.24, respectively).

Conclusion

This study reveals the risk for falls increases with additional symptomatic OA lower‐extremity joints and confirms that symptomatic hip and knee OA are important risk factors for falls.
Morphology Genetic Materials Templated from Natural Species
Authors: Gu Jiajun , Zhang Wang , Su Huilan , Fan Tongxiang , Zhu Shenmin , Liu Qinglei , Zhang Di
Published: October 2014

The structural characteristics of natural species have been optimized by natural selection for millions of years. They offer specific functions much more effectively than artificial approaches. Morphology genetic materials utilize morphologies gleaned from natural selection into their hierarchical structures. The combination of natural morphologies and manually selected functional materials makes these novel materials suitable for many applications. This review focuses on the strategies by which the structures and functions of natural species can be utilized. Specific functions inherited from both the natural microstructures and coupled functional materials are highlighted with regard to various applications, including photonics, light‐harvesting, surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and electrodes for supercapacitors and batteries, as well as environmentally friendly materials.
Best Practice Guidelines on Publishing Ethics: A Publisher's Perspective, 2nd Edition
Authors: Graf Chris , Deakin Lisa , Docking Martine , Jones Jackie , Joshua Sue , McKerahan Tiffany , Ottmar Martin , Stevens Allen , Wates Edward , Wyatt Deborah
Published: October 2014

Wiley has updated its publishing ethics guidelines, first published in 2006. These new guidelines provide guidance, resources, and practical advice on ethical concerns that arise in academic publishing for editors, authors, and researchers, among other audiences. New guidance is included about whistle blowers, animal research, clinical research, and clinical trial registration, addressing cultural differences, human rights, and confidentiality. The guidelines are uniquely interdisciplinary, and were reviewed by 24 editors and experts chosen from the wide range of communities that Wiley serves. These guidelines are also published in: Headache, International Journal of Clinical Practice, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Social Science Quarterly, and on the website http://exchanges.wiley.com/ethicsguidelines.
Hybrid and Aqueous Lithium‐Air Batteries
Authors: Manthiram Arumugam , Li Longjun
Published: October 2014

Lithium‐air (Li‐air) batteries have become attractive because of their extremely high theoretical energy density. However, conventional Li‐air cells operating with non‐aqueous electrolytes suffer from poor cycle life and low practical energy density due to the clogging of the porous air cathode by insoluble discharge products, contamination of the organic electrolyte and lithium metal anode by moist air, and decomposition of the electrolyte during cycling. These difficulties may be overcome by adopting a cell configuration that consists of a lithium‐metal anode protected from air by a Li+‐ion solid electrolyte and an air electrode in an aqueous catholyte. In this type of configuration, a Li+‐ion conducting “buffer” layer between the lithium‐metal anode and the solid electrolyte is often necessary due to the instability of many solid electrolytes in contact with lithium metal. Based on the type of buffer layer, two different battery configurations are possible: “hybrid” Li‐air batteries and “aqueous” Li‐air batteries. The hybrid and aqueous Li‐air batteries utilize the same battery chemistry and face similar challenges that limit the cell performance. Here, an overview of recent developments in hybrid and aqueous Li‐air batteries is provided and the factors that influence their performance and impede their practical applications, followed by future directions are discussed.
Work‐related violence experienced by urban taxi drivers
Authors: Burgel Barbara J. , Gillen Marion , White Mary C.
Published: October 2014

Objectives

This study measured violence (physical assault, robbery, or weapon confrontation) in taxi drivers, and determined socio‐demographic/work factors associated with violence.

Methods

In 2010, 130 taxi drivers, working in a large city in the Western US, were administered a survey evaluating workplace violence events.

Results

The study population was male (94%), mean age 45, married (54%), foreign‐born (55%), with 24% speaking Arabic at home. Drivers drove at night (51%), for an average of 9.7 years and 41 hr/week. Almost half reported a history of violence during their driving careers: physical assault, weapon confrontation, or robbery. In the prior 12 months, 12% were physically assaulted, 8% robbed, and 6% confronted with a weapon. Night drivers reported more assaults over their lifetime compared to day drivers (mean = 1.64 [sd 4.29] vs. mean = 0.53 [sd 1.05], P = 0.047).

Conclusions

Taxi drivers experience violence at work. Strategies are needed to prevent violence especially in night drivers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:1377–1385, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hominin teeth from the early Late Pleistocene site of Xujiayao, Northern China
Authors: Xing Song , Martinón‐Torres María , Bermúdez de Castro Jose María , Wu Xiujie , Liu Wu
Published: October 2014

It is generally accepted that from the late Middle to the early Late Pleistocene (∼340–90 ka BP), Neanderthals were occupying Europe and Western Asia, whereas anatomically modern humans were present in the African continent. In contrast, the paucity of hominin fossil evidence from East Asia from this period impedes a complete evolutionary picture of the genus Homo, as well as assessment of the possible contribution of or interaction with Asian hominins in the evolution of Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis. Here we present a comparative study of a hominin dental sample recovered from the Xujiayao site, in Northern China, attributed to the early Late Pleistocene (MIS 5 to 4). Our dental study reveals a mosaic of primitive and derived dental features for the Xujiayao hominins that can be summarized as follows: i) they are different from archaic and recent modern humans, ii) they present some features that are common but not exclusive to the Neanderthal lineage, and iii) they retain some primitive conformations classically found in East Asian Early and Middle Pleistocene hominins despite their young geological age. Thus, our study evinces the existence in China of a population of unclear taxonomic status with regard to other contemporary populations such as H. sapiens and H. neanderthalensis. The morphological and metric studies of the Xujiayao teeth expand the variability known for early Late Pleistocene hominin fossils and suggest the possibility that a primitive hominin lineage may have survived late into the Late Pleistocene in China. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:224–240, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The contribution of erectile elements to nasal patency: an examination with nasal sound analysis
Authors: Tahamiler Rauf , Alimoglu Yalçin , Canakcioglu Salih
Published: October 2014

Background

The objective of this work was to determine the role of nasal sound analysis using a software called Odiosoft‐Rhino (OR) in evaluation of nasal erectile elements as a cause of nasal obstruction. Comparisons of nasal resistance, amplitude of the nasal sound frequency spectra, and visual analogue score (VAS) were made.

Methods

Nasal endoscopy, VAS, rhinomanometry (RMM), and OR were performed on 64 patients with inferior turbinate hypertrophy but without any other nasal problems, both untreated and 15 minutes after the application of topical decongestants (TDs). Results were compared and any correlation was investigated.

Results

For inspiration, the OR intervals for both sides at all 5 frequency intervals changes significantly with decongestion, except for the left side at 0.5 to 1 kHz. For expiration, the OR intervals for both sides changed significantly for 0.2 to 0.5 KHz and 2 to 4 kHz, but not for the other 3 frequency intervals. VAS correlated well with physical examination, both inspiratory and expiratory RMM, and 2 to 4 kHz inspiratory and expiratory nasal sound on both sides both before and after TD application. The 2 to 4 kHz inspiratory and expiratory nasal sound on both sides correlated well with inspiratory and expiratory RMM on both sides both before and after TD application.

Conclusion

OR is an efficient and reliable method to evaluate the role of the erectile components in nasal patency in the absence of allergy or septal deviation. It is practical and may be used in routine clinical practice.
Severe hypothermia secondary to spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality
Authors: Kanezaki Shozo , Ishii Keisuke , Miyazaki Masashi , Tanabe Sanshi , Kurosawa Keiko , Tsumura Hiroshi
Published: October 2014

Case

A 64‐year‐old female was found lying by a river. She was unconscious and her lower body was under water. The patient was transported to the emergency room of our hospital. On arrival, her rectal temperature was 24.6°C. We immediately started rewarming and artificial respiration. Five days after admission, rewarming was completed and she became conscious and could communicate. Initially, she had been injured and examination showed paraplegia. Magnetic resonance imaging of her cervical spine showed no findings indicating bony or ligament injury, but there was a T2 high intensity area at C5/6 and C6/7 levels. The patient was diagnosed with spinal cord injury without radiological abnormality.

Outcome

At 5 months post‐injury, the patient was able to walk without crutches.

Conclusion

Spinal cord injury might be missed if there are no radiographic abnormalities. Spinal cord injury without radiological abnormality should be considered as a differential diagnosis of accidental hypothermia.
Delayed visceral ischemia induced by type B aortic dissection
Authors: Kurumisawa Soki , Sugaya Akira , Akutsu Hirohiko , Takazawa Ippei , Ohki Shin‐ichi , Misawa Yoshio
Published: October 2014

Case

A 56‐year‐old man presented with a sudden severe abdominal pain 13 days after the onset of type B acute aortic dissection. Chest computed tomography revealed type B aortic dissection, and the true lumen was narrowed by the expanding false lumen. Blood flow through the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and left renal artery was reduced. Blood flow through the distal abdominal aorta and bilateral femoral arteries was clearly recognized. Laboratory findings such as transaminases were rapidly worsening.

Outcome

The patient underwent emergency fenestration of the abdominal aorta and recovered without organ failure.

Conclusions

Rapidly worsening laboratory findings led us to emergency operation with successful results. Serial monitoring of laboratory findings is the key for adequate timing of operation.
Synthesis of Di‐, Tri‐, and Tetrasubstituted Oxetanes by Rhodium‐Catalyzed OH Insertion and CC Bond‐Forming Cyclization
Authors: Davis Owen A. , Bull James A.
Published: October 2014

Oxetanes offer exciting potential as structural motifs and intermediates in drug discovery and materials science. Here an efficient strategy for the synthesis of oxetane rings incorporating pendant functional groups is described. A wide variety of oxetane 2,2‐dicarboxylates were accessed in high yields, including functionalized 3‐/4‐aryl‐ and alkyl‐substituted oxetanes and fused oxetane bicycles. Enantioenriched alcohols provided enantioenriched oxetanes with complete retention of configuration. The oxetane products were further derivatized, while the ring was maintained intact, thus highlighting their potential as building blocks for medicinal chemistry.
Synthesis and characterization of tributyltin derivatives from 4‐oxo‐4‐(arylamino)butanoic acids and their in vitrobiological activity against cervical cancer cell lines
Authors: Rojas‐Oviedo Irma , Camacho‐Camacho Carlos , Sánchez‐Sánchez Luis , Cárdenas Jorge , López‐Muñoz Hugo , Eugenio‐Robledo Hugo , Velázquez Israel , Toscano Rubén Alfredo
Published: October 2014

Uterine (cervix and corpus) cancer is one of the major causes of mortality in women in Mexico. Organotin carboxylated derivatives have shown high cytotoxic activity against various cell lines of human origin. We describe the synthesis of three new tri‐n‐butyltin derivatives from 4‐oxo‐4‐(arylamino)butanoic acids; their structures were confirmed using spectral data (1H NMR, 13C NMR, 119Sn NMR and infrared), elemental analyses, mass spectrometry and X‐ray diffraction. All the tri‐n‐butyltin carboxylates exhibit 1 J (119/117Sn–13C) coupling satellites in solution and lie in the range 357 to 339 Hz, suggesting a tetrahedral geometry around the tin atom. The polymeric structures of two of the derivatives and the monomeric structure of another were confirmed using X‐ray crystallography. Using succinic anhydride as raw material, five N‐substituted succinamic acid compounds were synthesized by the acylation reaction with aniline, 4‐nitroaniline, 4‐nitro‐3‐(trifluoromethyl)aniline, 2‐amino‐5‐nitrothiazole and 4‐aminoantipyrine. From these compounds, five tin derivatives were prepared and their in vitro anti‐proliferative effect on HeLa, CaSki and ViBo cell lines was screened. All of the compounds showed potency against all three strains and null or low cytotoxic activity (necrotic) as well. The most potent of our derivatives as an anti‐proliferative agent against the three cell lines was tributylstannyl 4‐oxo‐4‐[(3‐trifluoromethyl‐4‐nitrophen‐1‐yl)amino]butanoate, exhibiting an IC50 value of 0.43 μM against the HeLa cell line. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peripheral CD5+ B Cells in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody–Associated Vasculitis
Authors: Unizony Sebastian , Lim Noha , Phippard Deborah J. , Carey Vincent J. , Miloslavsky Eli M. , Tchao Nadia K. , Iklé David , Asare Adam L. , Merkel Peter A. , Monach Paul A. , Seo Philip , St.Clair E. William , Langford Carol A. , Spiera Robert , Hoffman Gary S. , Kallenberg Cees G. M. , Specks Ulrich , Stone John H.
Published: October 2014

Objective

CD5+ B cells have been conceptualized as a possible surrogate for Breg cells. The aim of the present study was to determine the utility of CD5+ B cells as biomarkers in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–associated vasculitis (AAV).

Methods

The absolute and relative numbers (percentages) of CD5+ B cells (explanatory variables) were measured longitudinally during 18 months in 197 patients randomized to receive either rituximab (RTX) or cyclophosphamide (CYC) followed by azathioprine (AZA) for the treatment of AAV (Rituximab in ANCA‐Associated Vasculitis [RAVE] trial). Outcome variables included disease activity (status of active disease versus complete remission), responsiveness to induction therapy, disease relapse, disease severity, and, in RTX‐treated patients, relapse‐free survival according to the percentage of CD5+ B cells detected upon B cell repopulation.

Results

CD5+ B cell numbers were comparable between the treatment groups at baseline. After an initial decline, absolute CD5+ B cell numbers progressively increased in patients in the RTX treatment arm, but remained low in CYC/AZA‐treated patients. In both groups, the percentage of CD5+ B cells increased during remission induction and slowly declined thereafter. During relapse, the percentage of CD5+ B cells correlated inversely with disease activity in RTX‐treated patients, but not in patients who received CYC/AZA. No significant association was observed between the numbers of CD5+ B cells and induction treatment failure or disease severity. The dynamics of the CD5+ B cell compartment did not anticipate disease relapse. Following B cell repopulation, the percentage of CD5+ B cells was not predictive of time to flare in RTX‐treated patients.

Conclusion

The percentage of peripheral CD5+ B cells might reflect disease activity in RTX‐treated patients. However, sole staining for CD5 as a putative surrogate marker for Breg cells did not identify a subpopulation of B cells with clear potential for meaningful clinical use. Adequate phenotyping of Breg cells is required to further explore the value of these cells as biomarkers in AAV.
An Evaluation of Risk Factors for Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events During Tocilizumab Therapy
Authors: Rao Vijay U. , Pavlov Andrey , Klearman Micki , Musselman David , Giles Jon T. , Bathon Joan M. , Sattar Naveed , Lee Janet S.
Published: October 2014

Objective

To evaluate associations between lipid levels, inflammation, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease activity, at baseline and during treatment, with the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in tocilizumab‐treated patients with RA.

Methods

In retrospective post hoc analyses, data were pooled for 3,986 adult patients with moderate to severe RA who received ≥1 dose of tocilizumab (4 mg/kg or 8 mg/kg) intravenously every 4 weeks in randomized controlled trials and extension studies. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to evaluate associations between baseline characteristics and posttreatment changes in laboratory and disease characteristics (week 24) and change in disease activity and laboratory values from baseline to week 24 with the risk of future MACE during extended followup.

Results

We identified 50 independently adjudicated cases of MACE during 14,683 patient‐years of followup (0.34 MACE cases/100 patient‐years). At baseline, age, a history of cardiac disorders, the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28), and the total cholesterol:high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio were independently associated with MACE in multivariable models (P < 0.05 for all). During treatment, a higher DAS28 and higher swollen and tender joint counts at week 24 were associated with future MACE. In separate models, greater reductions in the DAS28 and joint counts from baseline to week 24 were inversely associated with future MACE; changes in lipid parameters were not statistically significantly associated with the risk of MACE.

Conclusion

In this population of patients treated with tocilizumab, an association was observed between the baseline total cholesterol:high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and an increased risk of MACE. The risk of MACE while receiving treatment, however, was associated with control of disease activity but not lipid changes. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.