bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phenology, morphology and reproductive biology of the tuberous sundew, Drosera erythrorhiza Lindl
Authors: Dixon KW , Pate JS
Published: December 2005

The seasonal growth cycle of Drosera erythrorhiza was examined in native habitat near Perth, W.A. Vegetative growth was from autumn to late spring (March to October), aestivation by underground tubers from November to February. Each germinating tuber produced an upward growing stem terminated at the soil surface by a rosette of glandular leaves. Light was required to initiate the rosette. New tubers formed during July and August. A positively geotropic axillary shoot (dropper) developed from the stem base and penetrated the epidermal sheath(s) of the parent tuber to form a replacement tuber within the emptying storage tissues of its parent. Diageotropic axillary shoots (rhizomes), produced higher up the stem, extended radially, each swelling terminally to produce a daughter tuber. Plants flowered profusely only after fire, and were not observed to reproduce from seed. Reproduction of clones was analysed in terms of number and depth of placement of parent and daughter tubers. Age structure of clones was studied by counting epidermal sheaths surrounding tubers. Clones appeared to undergo cyclic rejuvenation, periods of intensive daughter tuber production alternating with periods of minimal reproduction. Soil type, fire history and season modified this reproductive behaviour by affecting the intensity of daughter tuber production and the growth and survival of tubers.
Dormancy and Germination in Five Native Grass Species From Savannah Woodland Communities of the Northern Territory
Authors: Mott JJ
Published: December 2005

The dormancy and germination requirements of five native grass species (Themeda australis, Chrysopogon fallax, C. latifolius, Sorghum plumosum, S. stipoideum) from the savannah woodlands of the
Northern Territory were studied under controlled conditions. Results were related to the ecology
of these species in the native grasslands of the region.
All species were dormant at seed fall, and dormancy was found to be broken by exposure to dry
heat. Gibberellic acid was also found to have a stimulatory effect on germination of dormant seed
but there was no effect on stratification. In the field, temperatures existent at the soil surface during
the dry season ensure that dormancy was broken before the heavy rainfall of the following wet season.
Seeds of all species studied germinated over a similar range of temperatures with optimum
germination at high temperature (c. 30°C). Although seeds of all species were not adapted to germina-
tion under moisture stress, the existence of sharply pointed calluses and hygroscopically active awns
on the seeds ensured that they would be buried below the moisture extremes of the immediate soil
surface.
Eucalyptus Physiology. I. Photoperiodic Responses
Authors: Paton DM
Published: December 2005

Seedlings of selected Eucalyptus species grown under factorial combinations of temperature and
photoperiod showed greater response to temperature than to photoperiod. In a few cases maximum
growth occurred at an optimum photoperiod of about 12 hr.
Growth responses to an increase of low intensity light from 8 to 12 hr were usually of the
quantitative, long-day type. The 12 hr optimum was associated with quantitative, short-day
responses that may occur with an increase ;n photoperiod from 12 to 16 hr. These optima rarely
occurred at more than one growing temperature for any one species or seed source. Such temperature
dependence, combined with the small magnitude of the two types of response and with the variability
among species, may explain many of the hitherto equivocal results on the effect of photoperiod in
Eucalyptus.
Long-day responses were more common than short-day responses but whether associated with a
photoperiod optimum or not, both response types appeared to be largely unrelated to the latitude
and to altitude of the seed source. This contrasts with the behaviour of northern hemisphere
vegetation.
Structure of the Stigma and Style of the Avocado
Authors: Sedgley M , Buttrose MS
Published: December 2005

The structure of the stigma and style of the avocado (Persea americana Mill.) was investigated by
light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy of thin
sections and freeze-fracture replicas. The stigmalstyle was asymmetrical and a groove, lined with
transmitting tissue, extended the whole length of the structure. Stigma papillae fringed this groove
for about a third of its length. There was no clear distinction between stigma papillae and stylar
transmitting tissue cells but there was a gradation of structure down the axis. The papilla cells were
long with large and small vacuoles; the transmitting tissue cells had small vacuoles only. The
stigma secretion and intercellular substance of the transmitting tissue contained carbohydrate and
lipid. Clusters of plastids with little internal structure and electron-dense stroma were abundant in
the cells of the stigma and transmitting tissue along with extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Both single vesicles and multivesicular bodies were observed fusing with the plasmalemma which
was abnormally rough in freeze-fracture profiles. It is suggested that the cells of the stigma and
transmitting tissue have a largely secretory function and may be approaching or have reached
senescence when the flower opens.
The topodemes of Banksia canei J.H. Willis (Proteaceae)
Authors: Salkin A , Hallam ND
Published: December 2005

Banksia canei J . H. Willis consists of four distinct geographically isolated forms (topodemes).
The variation noted between these by means of experimental cultivation is documented and a
hypothesis to account for this variation is proposed. The relationship of this species with other
Eubanksia species with a requirement for a cold treatment is also examined.
Fine Structure of the Chromoplasts of Fruit of Solanum aviculare Forth. var. brisbanense
Authors: Simpson DJ , Baqar MR , Lee TH
Published: December 2005

Chromoplasts of ripe fruit of Solanum aviculare contain a large number of electron-translucent
structures, which distinguishes them from the chromoplasts of many other species. During the
chloroplast-chromoplast transformation, starch and grana disappear and plastoglobules accumulate.
As ripening progresses, the plastoglobules fill with increasing amounts of electron-translucent
structures which then protrude from the plastoglobules and eventually form a single small slab-shaped
structure, and the plastoglobule disappears. β-Carotene (86.4%) is the main carotenoid of the ripe
fruit, and small amounts of lutein, zeaxanthin, phytofluene, mutatochrome and neoxanthin are
present. On the basis of carotenoid composition and appearance under the electron microscope,
it is concluded that the translucent structures consist of a crystalline form of β-carotene.
An experimental study of competitive interference between Anigozanthos manglesii D. Don, A. humilis Lindl. and their F1 Hybrids (Haemodoraceae)
Authors: Hooper SD
Published: December 2005

Poor competitive ability has been invoked often to explain the confinement of hybrids to disturbed ecotones at the junction of parental habitats. This hypothesis has not as yet been verified in an experimental study. Two-month-old seedlings of Anigozanthos manglesii, A, humilis and synthesized F1 hybrids were grown singly and in various paired combinations in small pots for 172 days to test for competitive interactions. F1 hybrids and A. manglesii performed comparably in most competition trials, while A. humilis suffered a considerable competitive disadvantage. It is proposed that competitive interactions may play a minor role in confining naturally occurring F1 hybrids to ecotonal areas between habitats preferentially occupied by A. humilis and A. manglesii. Spatial limitations on pollen and seed flow appear to be the major factors controlling hybrid distribution in this case.
Two new species of Bowenia Hook, ex Hook, f. from the Eocene of eastern Australia
Authors: Hill RS
Published: December 2005

Two new species of Bowenia Hook. ex Hook, f. (B. papillosa Hill and B. eocenica Hill) represent the first report of this genus in the fossil record. Cuticular and architectural differences support their new specific status; however, the overall morphological similarity of the two fossil species to extant Bowenia suggests that evolution in this genus is slow. The fossil localities illustrate that in the Eocene Bowenia occurred further south than it does at present. Physiognomic analyses of the fossil dicotyle-donous leaves at the two localities indicate a warm-temperate to subtropical climate. It is therefore likely that the fossil species lived in environments similar to that of extant B. spectabilis Hook. ex Hook, f.
The genus Metagoniolithon Weber-van Bosse (Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Ducker SC
Published: December 2005

The characters of the genus Metagoniolithon Weber-van Bosse, the single genus within the subfamily Metagoniolithoideae Johansen, are defined. The thalli are differentiated into basal crusts, genicula and intergenicula, with all the tissues displaying cell fusions but lacking secondary pit connections. Initial apical branching is dichotomous, but later the meristematic genicula produce false whorls of branches. The branches lack apical cover cells but have mucilaginous caps. The conceptacles, with their overlying mucilaginous caps, are initiated in the cortical tissue of the intergenicula. The plants are dioecious. In the cystocarpic conceptacle the fusion cell is continuous and the carpospore formation is restricted to the periphery of the fusion cell. The spermatangia develop only on the floor of the conceptacle. The uniporate roof of the tetrasporangial conceptacle is formed by the growth of filaments within the ring of developing marginal tetrasporangia. Spore germination is of the Amphiroa type. The three species are endemic and restricted to western and southern Australia: M. radiatum (Lamarck) comb. nov. is epilithic; M. stelliferum (Lamarck) Weber-van Bosse and M. chara (Lamarck) comb. nov. var, chara and var. dichotomum var, nov. are epiphytic, commonly on the seagrass Amphibolis C. Agardh. The basal crust of the epiphytic species is epiphytic on species of Hetevoderma Foslie growing on Amphibolis. The characters of the genus Metagoniolithon are compared with those of Amphiroa Lamouroux, and a key to the articulated coralline algae of southern Australia is given.
Overstorey and Understorey Litter Fall in a Eucalypt Forest: Spatial and Temporal Variability
Authors: Birk EM
Published: December 2005

Annual litter accession dynamics were investigated in the mixed eucalypt forest of the Griffith University study area, with use of several litter-trapping techniques. The annual rate of accession varied between 1.8 and 3.6t/ha, similar to rates recorded in other open eucalypt forests. The overstorey components dominated the litter fall: overstorey leaves 57-61%; non-leaf litter 30%; understorey litter 8-15%. The shrub leaves, in the localized patches in which they fell, dominated the understorey litter fall, and contributed up to 33% of the total leaf litter. Although the understorey litter was not a major component of the litter fall, it may have important effects on the rate of turnover of the overstorey litter, and in the return of nutrient elements. Litter traps placed on the ground collected significantly more litter than those raised above the layer of low shrubs and grasses. More overstorey litter was collected in traps placed between rather than under the shrubs, particularly those with dense foliage, while the most reliable estimates of the shrub litter were obtained from traps placed directly under randomly selected shrubs.
The Microflora of Unsuberized Roots of Eucalyptus calophylla R.Br. And Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Sm. Seedlings Grown in Soil Suppressive and Conducive to Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. II. Mycorrhizal Roots and Associated Microflora
Authors: Malajczuk N
Published: December 2005

Mycorrhizal root development was more frequent in Eucalyptus calophylla than in Eucalyptus marginata in field and pot samples of soil conductive to Phytophthora cinnamomi. Morphologically different types of mycorrhizas were also observed in the two species, which suggested preferential stimulation of mycorrhizal fungi, and this was supported by cross-inoculation experiments with fungal symbionts isolated from mycorrhizal roots and from basidiomycete sporophores. Isolation of bacteria from mycorrhizal roots, and low power electron microscope study of these roots, indicated a significant mycorrhizosphere effect. Populations of bacteria varied quantitatively and qualitatively for different mycorrhizal roots. In suppressive soil few mycorrhizal roots were formed in either species. It is suggested that the different types of mycorrhizal roots and their associated bacterial microflora may contribute to differential susceptibility of the two species to infection by P. cinnamomi in conducive soil.
Cytoplasmic DNA Synthesis at Meiotic Prophase in Lilium henryi
Authors: Smyth DR , Shaw T
Published: December 2005

Extensive cytoplasmic DNA synthesis has been discovered at meiotic prophase in Lilium henryi.
Explanted microsporocytes were cultured in medium containing I3H]thymidine. Light microscope
autoradiography revealed many small clusters of grains (< 3 μm) in the cytoplasm of premeiotic
and pachytene cells. There were about 10 to 20 clusters per cell in each section. Most of the cyto-
plasmic label was extracted by hot hydrochloric acid and DNase I, but not by RNase A or pronase.
Thus the grains reflect DNA synthesis, and not incorporation of products of thymidine catabolism
which is extensive in this tissue. These localized centres of DNA synthesis, previously unreported,
might result from mitochondrial or plastid replication, or from amplification of excised chromosomal
DNA.
Polyploidy in Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth
Authors: Smith-White AR
Published: December 2005

Chromosome number and meiotic behaviour was examined in Sporobolus virginicus Kunth from south-eastern Australia. Var. minor Bail. forms a polyploid complex with diploid
(2n = 20), triploid and tetraploid cytotypes. Meiosis in tetraploid plants of this variety is substantially
normal, which indicates an alloploid origin. Var. virginicus, which has been found only in the tetraploid state, has irregular meiotic division, which suggests autoploidy.
Most cytotypes were collected from sandy and well-drained situations along the coast. However,
tetraploid var. minor plants were generally found in poorly aerated salt marsh swamps. This apparent
edaphic adaption of tetraploid cytotypes may be important in explaining distribution patterns.
Chromosome Number Variation in the Myrtaceae and Its Taxonomic Implications
Authors: Rye BL
Published: December 2005

New chromosome number determinations are reported for some 150 Western Australian species
of the Myrtaceae. These include the lowest number (n = 5) so far recorded in the family and several
newly recorded descending dysploid series. Dysploid chromosome numbers are far less common
than the base chromosome number of n = 11 but parallel dysploid series have occurred in many
groups and some have played a role in the origin of genera. Polyploidy has been successful at
the intraspecific and interspecific levels but is of limited evolutionary potential.
The cytoevolutionary trends in the Myrtaceae are examined in relation to taxonomic problems
within the family and in relation to cytoevolution in the woody Australian flora as a whole. Smith-
White's suggestion that a more natural generic classification in the Chamelauciinae could be obtained
by grouping species with the same base chromosome numbers is found to be untenable.
Studies on the Light Compensation Point of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell
Authors: Ashton DH , Turner JS
Published: December 2005

The light compensation point of detached leaves, shoots and intact seedlings of Eucalyptus regnans was studied in terms of gas exchange and growth analysis. The instantaneous compensation point (Ic) of shoots and leaves increased with temperature and with plant age. The shade tolerance of species in the E. regnans mature forest can be correlated with the value of Ic, at 20°C. The growth compensation point (Ic(gr) for young seedling stages was relatively constant in terms of the proportion of outside daylight (c. 1.4%) but in terms of radiometric energy levels it fell from 0.35 to 0.07 MJ m-2 d-2 as the mean temperature fell seasonally from 23°C in summer to 12° in winter. No difference occurred between the Ic(gr) compensation points of two-leaf and 10-leaf seedlings, although there was extensive die-back in the terminal shoots of the larger plants at very low light intensities. The implications of compensation point changes in forest regeneration are discussed.
The genus Rhizophora (Rhizophoraceae) in north-eastern Australia
Authors: Duke NC , Bunt JS
Published: December 2005

Recent global revisions have failed to resolve difficulties in identification of the Australian Rhizophora. Presented is a field key and detailed specific descriptions of the four species found in the north-east. Classificatory analyses revealed the distinct nature of the entities and some of their associations with each other.
Cytogenetics of Hybrids Among Perennial Species of Glycine Subgenus Glycine
Authors: Putievsky E , Broue P
Published: December 2005

A cytogenetic analysis based on F1 hybrids of some of the perennial species of Glycine subgenus Glycine
Verdc. shows that G. clandestina and G. canescens are closely related and further, that either one of these
diploid species could have provided one genome for the tetraploid form of G. tomentella. On the other hand,
it appears that G. falcata and G. tabacina are distinctive species which are not closely related to the other
three species.
The tetraploid form of G. tomentella is genetically heterogeneous and crosses between certain types
yield F1s with low pollen stainability which fail to set seed under conditions of self-fertilization.
Above-Ground Biomass of a Mixed Eucalypt Forest in Eastern Victoria
Authors: Stewart HTL , Flinn DW , Aeberli BC
Published: December 2005

Eleven trees of Eucalyptus muellerana and 10 trees both of E. agglomerata and of E. sieberi growing in an uneven-aged mixed sclerophyll forest on duplex granitoid soils in eastern Victoria were felled, measured. separated into branch and stem components, sampled and weighed. Understorey vegetation and litter were also sampled for dry weight determination. Both linear and allometric regressions were developed for each species to predict branch and stem component dry weights from branch and tree dimensions. The predicted component weights for all branches on each tree were summed to estimate crown component dry weights, and regressions were then fitted for these crown component dry weights as functions of tree dimensions. Land area estimates of above-ground tree biomass were made by measuring tree diameters on sample plots. applying the appropriate regressions relating stem and crown component dry weights to tree diameter, and summing the predicted weights for each plot. The above-ground biomass of the forest ecosystem. which had a tree density of 123 stems per ha, was estimated to be 344.100 kg ha-1 of which 94.6% was in the forest overstorey. The proportions of each tree component in the overstorey were stem wood 60.1%, stem bark 15.8%. branch wood 16.5%, branch bark 3.9%, twigs 2.0%, and leaves 1.7%.
New species of Parmelia (lichens) from Australia
Authors: Elix JA , Stevens GN
Published: December 2005

Parmelia queenslandica, Parmelia subtabacina. Parmelia norsticticata, Parmelia numinbahensis, Parmelia
springtonensis and Parmelia butleri are described as new from Australia. The intergradation of Hale's genera
Pseudoparmelia and Parmelina is discussed with particular reference to P. norsticticata, Parmelia labrosa and Parmelia conlabrosa.
Calcium Nutrition and the Infection of Eucalypt Seedlings by Phytophthora cinnamomi
Authors: Halsall DM
Published: December 2005

In water culture with the pH maintained at 5.2. higher levels of calcium increased the dry weight of
developing leaves, roots, and the total dry weight of eucalypt seedlings both susceptible ( E . Sieberi) and
tolerant ( E . Maculata) to Phytophthora cinnamorni. Calcium levels of 64 ppm did not reduce seedling
mortality nor relieve the growth reduction associated with P. cinnamomi infection in the susceptible
seedlings. The calcium concentration and total calcium content of developing leaves of E. sieberi were
significantly lower in inoculated than in uninoculated seedlings. In the tolerant E. maculata seedlings, there
was no significant reduction in developing leaf or total dry weight with inoculation, but a reduction in root
dry weight occurred. Calcium concentrations and total calcium content did not differ significantly in leaves
of inoculated and uninoculated seedlings of E. maculata.
Estimation of the Outcrossing Rate for Banksia attenuata R.Br. and Banksia menziesii R.Br. (Proteaceae)
Authors: Scott JK
Published: December 2005

The outcrossing rate was estimated for single populations of Banksia attenuata and B. menziesii by the use of allozyme polymorphisms in the endosperm. Of the 13 enzymes examined in each species, two possessed variable isozyme patterns in B. attenuata while three were variable in B. menziesii. Both species are apparently completely outcrossing. This implies that both species require the transfer of pollen between trees for successful seed set.
Pattern of the Seed Surface of Goodenia and Related Genera
Authors: Carolin RC
Published: December 2005

The surface patterns of seeds of 88 species of Goodenia and related genera were examined under scanning electron microscope and light microscope. With use of sections as well, the patterns were resolved into six
attributes of which each was present in one of at least two states. Certain combinations of states of attributes
are used to define terms which are used for purposes of taxonomic description. Six such terms are defined in
this way. The results indicate that previous taxonomic arrangements are unsatisfactory. A brief commentary
on possible evolutionary trends is provided and the relationships of the various satellite genera to Goodenia
are discussed.
Vegetation Changes as a Result of Invasion of Forest on Krasnozem by Phytophthora cinnamomi
Authors: Weste G
Published: December 2005

Disease caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi was studied for 5 years in native and planted forest growing on krasnozem in the northern foothills of the Great Dividing Range at Narbethong, 100 km northwest of Melbourne. Changes in species composition were recorded for three sites carrying mature dry sclerophyll forest of Eucalyptus obliqua and Eucalyptus radiata, young plantations of E. obliqua, and young plantations of Pinus radiata. The mature ecualypts were diseased in 1974 and now are gradually dying. The young E. obliqua showed greater resistance than the older trees to the pathogen but infected trees were characterized by lower height, small leaves with reduced water potential, and an increased susceptibility to the leaf spot fungus Aulographina eucalypti. Susceptible understorey species such as Tetratheca ciliata and Epacris impressa died, but seedling regeneration of these has since occurred on one site. No species has disappeared from all three sites but T. ciliata and Daviesia latifolia almost disappeared from site 2, and the total number of plants was reduced. Species such as Leptospermum juniperinum and Platylobium formosum developed fluctuating cycles of chlorosis and die-back followed by either recovery or death. Resistant plants such as sedges, grasses and Acacia dealbata invaded the diseased forest. During the first year of the investigation 13% of the 4-year-old Pinus radiata died, but this particular site was well drained, warmer and drier than the others and the surviving pines later grew vigorously and crowded out other species. Symptoms are no longer evident on this site. The future status of the mature forest and the probable effects of disease on the young E. obliqua plantation are discussed.
Isozyme Variation in Chondrilla Juncea L. In Australia
Authors: Burdon JJ , Marshall DR , Groves RH
Published: December 2005

A simple, reliable and easily reproducible method, based on the use of isozyme polymorphisms, is described
for distinguishing between the three morphological forms of Chondrilla juncea known to occur in Australia.
The potential applications of these techniques are discussed.
Pollination of the Rain-Forest Tree Syzygium Tierneyanum (Myrtaceae) at Kuranda, Northern Queensland
Authors: Hopper SD
Published: December 2005

The identity, abundance and foraging behaviour of pollinators of the self-compatible, mass-flowering Syzygium tierneyanum were investigated. Forty-five species of nectarivorous animals were recorded. Diurnal visitors included seven bird;
nine butterfly. four moth (including two hawkmoth), two bee, two ant, one wasp, three blowfly, one fruit fly,
two beetle and one weevil species. while nocturnal visitors included one bat and 12 moth (including three
hawkmoth) species. Floral dimensions were such that only the vertebrate and larger insect species regularly
contacted anthers and stigmas while foraging. Of these groups the feral honey bee (Apis mellifera) was the
most common flowet visitor. Honeyeaters and hawkmoths appeared to be the most important native
pollinators; they were abundant in the study area and visited numerous flowers (50-250) in quick succession
(1-3 s per flower) on each foraging bout. The only major differences in foraging times observed in the
pollinator array were between diurnal, diurnal and crepuscular, and nocturnal floral visitors. Spatial
partitioning of the nectar resource was limited to one instance of territoriality involving a Macleay's
honeyeater (Meliphaga rnacleayana) on a densely flowering branch prior to peak blooming time, occasional
aggressive chases by honeyeaters, and a division of foraging modes into rapid, erratic flights of 0.5– 4 m
between flowers (hawkmoths) as against nearest-flower movements (all other groups). This lack of major
spatial partitioning may have been due to the mass flowering of S. tierneyanum and the resultant
superabundance of nectar.
The vast majority (c. 99.95%) of interflower movements observed in foraging bouts of birds (and of
hawkmoths) were within the same plant. This suggests that most seeds of S. tierneyanum may be derived
from self-pollination.
Studies on the association between Noteia anomala and Hormosira banksii (Phaeophyta)
Authors: Hallam ND , Clayton MN , Parish D.
Published: December 2005

Anatomical, ultrastructural, ecological and physiological aspects of the relationship between the common brown alga, Hormosira banksii, and the obligate epiphyte Notheia anomala are described. The highest frequencies of infection by N. anomala occur in sexually mature H. banksii in tide-pool populations. Male and female H. banksii are equally affected, and the most common sites of infection are the receptacles where N. anomala attaches around the ostiole rather than within the conceptacle. Prolonged culture of N. anomala was only possible with media containing a filtered extract of the receptacles of the host species. Light and electron microscopy of the regions of thallus connecting N. anomala and H. banksii showed a wedge-shaped incursion of N. anomala in the H. banksii thallus, and very close contact between the adjacent cell walls of host and epiphyte, but there were no protoplasmic connections. The biological significance of the relationship between N. anomala and H. banksii is discussed.
Nitrogen Nutrition of the Tuberous Sundew Drosera erythrorhiza Lindl. With Special Reference to Catch of Arthropod Fauna by Its Glandular Leaves
Authors: Dixon KW , Pate JS , Bailey WJ
Published: December 2005

The feedlng of 15N labelled Drosophila fles to leaf rosettes of Drosera erythrorhiza Llndl resulted in the
enrichment of leaves, stems and daughter and replacement tubers with 15N. A transfer of 76% of the labelled
nitrogen from the insects to the Drosera was recorded, and by the end of the growing season the new set of
tubers had acqulred 70% of the applled 15N The 15N was traced through two subsequent seasons of growth
in order to study the extent of carryover of insect-derived nltrogen between successive generations of tubers
Seasonal changes in nltrogen of D erythrorhlza in natural habltat bore evldence of a hlgh degree of
transfer of nitrogen from tubers to vegetative parts and vice versa. Tubers had 50-60% of their nltrogen in
soluble form, principally as arginine. Stems and leaf rosettes had lower proportions of soluble nitrogen and
less arginine. Arginine of the tubers became labelled with 15N after feeding 15N-labelled Drosophila
Arthropods caught by naturally growlng clones of D erythrorhiza included Collembola, Diptera,
Hymenoptera, Hemlptera, Coleoptera and Arachnids Assuming there was a 76% transfer of nltrogen from
fauna to Drosera, the season's catch of from 0.25 to 0.39 mg nitrogen per plant provlded the equivalent of
from 14 to 21% of the nltrogen transferred to the new season's tubers and from 11 to 17% of the plant's net
uptake of nitrogen durlng a growlng season
Phenotypic varlants lacklng glandular tentacles occurred sporadically in natural and pot-grown
populations of D erythrorhlza Plants lackmg tentacles proved incapable of absorbing the 14C of 14C-labelled insects They reverted to the production of a full or partlal complement of tentacles In a subsequent
season of grouth
Clinal Variation Between Eucalyptus viminalis Labill. And E. dalrympleana Maiden
Authors: Phillips RL , Reid JB
Published: December 2005

Populations of Eucalyptus viminalis, E. dalvympleana and intermediates were intensively sampled along two transects in Tasmania. Many characters (especially juvenile leaf characters) were shown to exhibit continuous clinal variation between the two species. Other characters appeared to show ecotypic variation. The characters measured included adult leaf, fruit and bud characters, juvenile leaf characters (from both natural and glasshouse-grown progeny) and physiological characters such as the growth rate, frost sensitivity and the germination rate. The cline in juvenile characters was correlated with several ecological variables. Although some small discontinuities occur along this cline, it is argued that the cline is determined by the action of as yet undetermined selective forces acting on a continuous group of potentially interbreeding populations. The distance over which the cline occurs is shown to vary considerably between areas, possibly reflecting variation in the rate of change of the underlying ecological variables. This situation appears different to that found on mainland Australia where narrow hybrid zones have been reported between these two species. The relationship between these results and those reported for these species on mainland Australia are discussed.
Variation Within and Between Some Perennial Urochloa Species
Authors: Burt RL , Williams WT , Gillard P , Pengelly BC
Published: December 2005

To explore the patterns of variation in a collection of perennial Urochloa species two spaced plant
experiments were carried out. The first contained 65 of the 83 accessions in the collection. The collection
contained five named species. Simple agronomic and morphological data were recorded and various
methods of numerical analysis were applied to the results.
From the first experiment we find evidence for continuous variation both within and between some of the
species. This limits the value of taxonomic classifications and poses problems for communication between
interested bodies. Pattern-seeking methods can be used to alleviate such problems by aiding in the
delineation and descriptions of taxa. Data from experiments in successive years could not sensibly be
combined and the implications of this and other results are discussed in relation to genetic resource programs
and taxonomy.
Floral Phenology of a Stand of Mountain Ash (Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell.) In Gippsland, Victoria
Authors: Griffin AR
Published: December 2005

Flowering phenology was observed in a stand of Eucalyptus regnans F.Muell. at Narracan, Gippsland, Vic. during 1977 and again in 1979. The first tree flowered on 15 February in 1977 and on 30 January in 1979. Flowering of all trees was completed after 90 and 100 days respectively, and in both seasons the modal value for the number of trees concurrently in flower occurred 40 days after commencement. There was a highly significant association, between years, for the relative time and duration of flowering of individual trees. Tree size was not an important determinant of flowering attributes. Trees were not randomly distributed with respect to peak flowering time: thus flowering of adjacent trees tended to be synchronous. Detailed observation of flowering within the crowns of three trees showed that within inflorescences the mean period between anthesis of the earliest and latest flowers was 6 days, and within branches 14 days. The degree to which flowering was synchronous within the crown varied consistently between trees at each structural level assessed, which suggested genetic control of this trait. Implications of the floral phenology for the breeding system and gene flow of the species are discussed.
Effect of Certain Isolates of Soil Fungi on Take-All of Wheat
Authors: Sivasithamparam K , Parker CA
Published: December 2005

Of 41 soil fungi isolated from the roots of wheat 17 reduced the severity of take-all of wheat caused by Gaeomannomyces graminis var. tritici in unsterile yellow sand. Some isolates showing potential as biocontrol agents were tested in unsterile wheat-field soil. In such tests Phialophora fastigiata, P. malorum, P. hoffmanniiM and Penicillium patulam gave significant protection against take-all, but the best control was given by three species of Fusarium. The plants exposed to F. oxysporum and the take-all pathogen together produced shoots significantly more vigorous than uninoculated controls receiving no fungi. F. oxysporum also significantly increased the shoot weight of wheat in the absence of the pathogen.
A description of coastal heath at North Head, Sydney Harbour National Park: impact of recreation and other disturbance since 1951
Authors: Clemens J , Franklin MH
Published: December 2005

The current status of heath growing at North Head. Sydney Harbour National Park, and the way in which
the vegetation has been altered by recreation and other factors since 195 1, were assessed by field survey and
interpretation of aerial photographs.
Pattern analysis showed that mature ( 10 years since last fire) heath could be divided into two areas based
on the mutual exclusiveness of Leprosperrnum laevigatum on the one hand and Restio fastigiatus and
Leucopogon microphyllus on the other. Leptospermum heath tended to be found on relatively deep sandy soil.
whereas Restio-Leucopogon heath was found on shallow soil with subdued local relief. The delimitation
of heath types could not be accounted for by differences in fire history.
Leptospermum heath was floristically less rich than Restio-Leucopogon heath (13 cf. 26 species); and both
types were less rich than heath that had been burnt 1.5 years previously (36 species). Regrowth in the
recently burnt heath comprised species that regenerated from seed stored in persistent capsules (873, those
that regenerated from soil-stored seed ( +67%), and those that had vegetative means of regeneration (28%).
A large proportion (67%) of those species in the second category were rare or absent in mature heath,
whereas all of those in the first were dominant in 10-year-old heath.
Restio-Leucopogon heath has been burnt approximately every 10 years since 1951, and this interval
between burns should be retained to maximize floristic diversity. Leptospermum heath has been burnt only
once in the same period. This type of heath would need to be burnt every 10-20 years to increase floristic
diversity of vegetative plants and to reduce canopy height, although species present as dormant viable seeds
would not be eliminated by a less frequent burning program.
Substantial areas of heath have been removed by earthworks, and heath and topsoil have been stripped
from the lower parts of the Head by run-off from compacted and sealed surfaces. Pedestrian and vehicle
traffic has not had a serious impact on the vegetation. In the absence of further disturbance, heath plants
have colonized ground when topsoil material has been left in situ.
Introduced grasses have become established at the junction of parking areas and paths with the heath.
This has probably been assisted by nutrient enrichment via imported fill material.
Proembryo Development and Suspensor Elongation in Araucaria Juss
Authors: Haines RJ , Prakash N
Published: December 2005

Development of the proembryo and suspensor was studied in three species of Araucaria– A cunninghamii, A. bidwillii and A. heterophylla. In all species there are six synchronous free nuclear mitoses followed by wall formation. The subsequent internal division gives rise to a typical U.S.E. conifer proembryo. although the E group includes the conspicuous symmetrical cap, and the U cells are very ephemeral. During all divisions the proembryo is situated in the central region of the archegonium. The cells of the S group subsequently elongate to form the functional suspensor. Cleavage polyembryony does not occur although simple polyembryony is common. The proembryo of Araucaria is considered to have diverged at an early stage of evolution of the conifer proembryo, but to have subsequently undergone considerable specialization in a direction unrelated to evolutionary trends recognizable among other conifers.
The Lehmannianae: a Natural Group of Western Australian Eucalypts
Authors: Carr DJ , Carr SGM
Published: December 2005

A new series of Eucalyptus L'Hérit. is defined. It includes E. lehmannii (Schau.) Benth., E. burdettiana
Blakely & Steedman and E. megacovnuta C. A. Gardn. In addition, four new species (E. conferruminata,
E. bennettiae, E. newbeyi and E. talyuberlup) are described. A long-standing misapprehension concerning
the identity of E. lehmanniiis removed. E. macvocera Turcz. (as to type) with which E. talyubevlup and other
species have been identified is shown to be synonymous with E. cornuta Labill.
Four of the species of the series are lignotuberous and are therefore actually or potentially mallees. The
others are small trees. All have spirally arranged adult leaves in three orthostichies (phyllotaxis (3 + I)) and
seedling leaves and stems with emergent oil glands ('stellate hairs') crowned with radiately arranged
unicellular hairs. The stomata of adult leaves are arranged in chains in crypts. The pith of the stem lacks oil
glands. The cotyledons are forked or bilobed.
The basitonic inflorescences bear sessile or subsessile flowers with horn-shaped opercula on deflexed,
flattened peduncles which have multiple vascular strands. The phyllotaxis of series Lehmannianae and the
form of the nectary in E. bennettiae are unique among eucalypts.
All the species of the Lehmannianae are endemic to the south coastal region of Western Australia.
Correlation Between Sizes of Stomata and of Oil Glands in Two Related Eucalyptus Species
Authors: Carr DJ , Carr SGM
Published: December 2005

A correlation is described between the sizes of the stomata (length, pole to pole) and diameter of the largest oil glands of two closely related species, previously thought conspecific, of a newly described group (series Lehmannianae) of eucalypts. The oil glands and stomata of E. lehmannii are larger than those of E. conferruminata. The correlation is independent of leaf size and shape. The size correlation has its roots in the fact that both stomata and the largest oil glands have their origin in single epidermal initials.
A common boundary between distinct northern and southern morphotypes in two unrelated Tasmanian rainforest species
Authors: Barnes Richard W. , Jordan Gregory J. , Hill Robert S. , McCoull Colin J.
Published: December 2005

The variation in selected leaf morphological traits was examined across the
geographic ranges of two Tasmanian rainforest species,
Tasmannia lanceolata (Poiret) A.C.Smith and
Eucryphia milliganii Hook.f. Comparisons of field- and
glasshouse-grown plants for both species showed that there is strong genetic
control of all the morphological characters measured. Two distinct
morphotypes, occupying similar areas of Tasmania, were identified in each
species. The geographic boundary between the morphotypes is similar in both
species and runs more or less east–west, separating each species into
northern and southern forms. Southern E. milliganii
differs from the northern form in having ovate leaves with dense marginal
trichomes and a pubescent abaxial leaf lamina. A new subspecies,
E. milliganii ssp. pubescens, is
described to encompass this intra-specific variation in southern Tasmania.
Southern T. lanceolata has encrypted stomata,
contrasting with the superficial stomata of the northern form, but is not
considered sufficiently different to warrant separate taxonomic status. The
boundary is difficult to explain in terms of modern environmental factors. A
past period of significantly different climate from the present, perhaps
combined with anthropogenic fire regimes, may have enabled allopatric
differentiation within each species.
Nectar sources used by birds in monsoonal north-western Australia: a regional survey
Authors: Franklin Donald C. , Noske Richard A.
Published: December 2005

We document the flora that provides nectar for birds in monsoonal
north-western Australia, and examine the relationship between floral
morphology and bird morphology in the region. Twenty-four regular nectarivores
(21 honeyeaters, two lorikeets, one white-eye) and 29 opportunist species have
been observed probing the flowers of 116 species of plants from 28 families.
Amongst the nectar sources, the Myrtaceae is dominant in both the number of
species and frequency of use, followed distantly by the Proteaceae and
Loranthaceae. Variation between bird species in patterns of use of different
floral structures primarily reflected the habitats occupied rather than shared
or co-evolved morphology. Woodland birds made particular use of staminiferous
cups, mangal specialists particular use of open sepaliferous and petaliferous
flowers, and forest specialists and habitat generalists intermediate use of
these flower types. Bird–flower relationships in monsoonal Australia may
be generalised because of a combination of the dominance of mass-flowering
myrtaceous trees, aridity during past glacials that may have eliminated
specialists from the system, and perhaps also because many nectar sources are
shared with bats.
Regeneration of the legumes Acacia ancistrocarpa and Senna notabilis in the Pilbara region of Western Australia: mineral nutrition and carbon fractions
Authors: Islam Muhammad , Turner David W. , Adams Mark A.
Published: December 2005

A large proportion of Australia’s rangelands is arid or semi-arid and is
dominated by soils low in total phosphorus. Productivity is controlled chiefly
by the season and distribution of rainfall, although fire plays a major role
in determining species composition, especially of the scrublands in these
regions. Two legumes, common to the Pilbara region of Western Australia,
Acacia ancistrocarpa and
Senna notabilis, regenerated quickly after fires in
summer 1995–1996. We examined their growth, mineral nutrition and carbon
fractions in relation to their role as possible feed for herbivores, both
native and introduced, with and without added phosphorus both in the field and
the glasshouse. In the field, both species showed no significant changes in
concentrations of total phenolics, condensed tannins, non-structural
carbohydrates or lignin in response to fertiliser addition. Both species
accumulated nitrogen and phosphorus after summer rain but the allocation of
those resources varied between species. In the glasshouse, the concentration
of nitrogen in both species was not affected by phosphorus fertilisation but
the concentration of phosphorus in foliage increased linearly as the amount of
phosphorus increased. Phosphorus application resulted in an increase in the
dry mass of both species. Both species are low in
in vitro dry organic matter digestibility and maintain
high concentrations of total phenolics, condensed tannins and lignin. All
nutritional, including major minerals, and anti-nutritional components varied
significantly with season.
Structure of the Surface Root System of Eucalyptus Marginata Sm. And Its Infection by Phytophthora Cinnamomi Rands
Authors: Shea SR , Dell B
Published: December 2005

The structure of the surface root system of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) trees was examined on a number of freely drained upland sites with different fire and management histories. The roots typically occurred in patches but in some stands formed extensive sheets. On excavation; this surface root system was composed of pads ranging in size from 10 cm to 1-3 m in diameter and c. 5 cm thick. The pads consist of short roots 1-3 mm long (which commonly form dense clusters around lateritic pebbles) which arise from small (n - 1)*th order laterals 0.5-1.5 cm long connected to (n - 2)*th order laterals 2-5 cm long and up to 0.7 mm in diameter. Mycorrhizal roots were common throughout the surface root pads. During the summer drought many of the short lateral roots die but the main framework of the roots of the surface pads is perennial. Following rains or irrigation, new, short lateral roots form rapidly from the framework of roots in the surface pads. Phytophthora cinnamomi was consistently recovered from short lateral roots and from the perennial roots (n - 1, n - 2) which form the framework of the root pads at a site in diseased forest where a high density of P. cinnamomi had been induced in the soil by irrigation. We hypothesize that the destruction of some of the perennial components of the root pads could explain why P. cinnamonzi can cause the decline and death of jarrah in an environment only marginally favourable for the fungus.
Growth Rings and Rainfall Correlations in a Mangrove Tree of the Genus Diospyros (Ebenaceae)
Authors: Duke NC , Birch WR , Williams WT
Published: December 2005

A tropical mangrove species of Diospyros (provisionally identified as D. ferrea var. geminata) possesses well
marked growth rings. Their anatomical features are described, and their frequency is compared with rainfall
records. Correlation techniques are used to show that the rings are not annual; the results suggest that, on
average, the tree produces seven rings in 4 years. Regression analysis suggests that the tree produced
0.272 mm2 growth increment per millimetre of rain in the preceding year.
Early Development of the Macadamia Ovary
Authors: Sedgley M
Published: December 2005

Macadamia integrifolia ovaries were sampled for light microscopy from anthesis to 8 weeks after flowering.
Both ovules increased in size following anthesis but only one was normally fertilized. Fertilization of one
ovule appeared to inhibit fertilization of the other. The unfertilized ovule was eventually crushed by the
fertilized ovule which developed a globular embryo with a short suspensor. Division of the endosperm
preceded division of the embryo, and cell formation in the initially free nuclear endosperm progressed by the
development of cell walls inwards from the embryo sac wall at the micropylar end of the embryo sac only.
Thickenings developed on the walls of the embryo sac, persistent synergid and embryo and a hypostase
developed at the base of the nucellus between the cavity occupied by the embryo sac and the integument.
Both specializations are suggested to be important in the nutrition of the developing embryo.
Ovaries which abscissed 4-5 weeks after anthesis had a similar anatomy to ovaries retained on the tree.
Some embryos showed signs of degeneration but this was not considered to be the cause of abscission.