bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE PUBLICATION DATES OF THE BULLETIN DE LA SOCIÉTÉ BOTANIQUE DE FRANCE (VOLS. 26‐40, 1879‐1893)
Authors: Leussink Jan A.
Published: April 2006

The publication dates of the instalments of Vols. 26‐40 of the Bulletin de la Société botanique de France belong to two different types. Dates for most fascicles of Vols. 26‐32 could be reconstructed on the basis of internal and/or external evidence from several sources. For all fascicles of Vols. 33‐40, as well as for some of Vols. 28‐32, correct publication dates are available. The editors of the journal recorded those dates on the title‐page of the cover of each instalment. In the present paper, for each of Vols. 26‐40, the publication dates of the instalments, as well as some other bibliographical details, are assembled in a table.

As was shown for Vols. 1‐25 in a previous paper, in Vols. 26‐40 too the year of publication on the title‐page of the volume is unreliable. For each volume some instalments were published in the next year only. During a calendar‐year temporal overlap of successive volumes often occurred. The usual sequence of binding of the instalments of a volume differs from their original sequence of publication.
ECHUES ANTIDYSENTERICA (L.) ROXB. EX FLEMING AND HOLARRHENA ANTIDYSENTERICA (L.) WALL., VALIDLY PUBLISHED SYNONYMS OF WALLIDA ANTIDYSENTERICA
Authors: Panigrahi G.
Published: April 2006

Nerium antidysentericum L. (1753), through partial lectotypification, by R. Brown (1810a), with Herb. Hermann, vol. 4: 76 (BM), has been treated, of late, as the basionym of Wrightia antidysenterica (L.) R. Br. [= Walidda antidysenterica (L.) M. Pichon], a species endemic to Sri Lanka. Although Wallich (Num. List No. 1672. 1829) explicitly excluded Hermann (Ceylonese) material from Holarrhena antidysenterica (L.) Wall. [‘Echites (antidysenterica) (L.) Roxb. haud Wrightia antidysenterica R. Br.‘], the current consensus is to accept R. Brown's earlier lectotypification, as it is not in conflict with Art. 8.1. Consequently, Echites antidysenterica (L.) Roxb. ex Fleming (1810), non sensu Fleming, E. antidysenterica (L.) Roxb. (1814), non sensu Roxb., as also Holarrhena antidysenterica (L.) Wall. (1829), non sensu Wall., are reduced here as nomenclatural synonyms (≡) of Walidda antidysenterica (L.) M. Pichon (Art. 7.10; Art. 55.2). Since E. antidysenterica Roth (1819) is nom. illeg. (Art. 64.1), the next available name for the widespread Indian taxon is Echites pubescens Buch.‐Ham. (1822) [=Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.‐Ham.) Wall. ex G. Don (1838)].
MICROCHARACTERS AS GENERIC MARKERS IN THE EUPATORIEAE
Authors: Scott Randall W.
Published: April 2006

A study of microcharacters (as viewed with the compound light microscope) in the Eupatorieae was undertaken in order to evaluate their reliability as taxonomic markers. Character states of various microcharacters are widely distributed within the Eupatorieae. Correlations between microcharacters and yet other characters were used in order to evaluate their applicability in delimiting genera. A high degree of such correlation was found in some species groups, suggesting that microcharacters are useful and consistent markers among such taxa, whereas in other groups they may be of little value.
FORSSKÅL AND THE INTERPRETATION OF ARTICLE 23
Authors: Jeffrey C.
Published: April 2006

Article 23 is shown to be equivocal with respect to the validity of specific names published in the ‘Flora Aegyptiaco‐Arabica’ of Forsskål (1775) and similar works.
THE EARLIEST VALID PUBLICATIONS OF ARBUTEAE AND ANDROMEDEAE (ERICACEAE)
Authors: Diggs George M.
Published: April 2006

Arbuteae Meisner and Andromedeae Endlicher are recognized as the earliest validly published tribal names for these two groups. The nomenclature of these suprageneric taxa is discussed.
SECTIONAL NOMENCLATURE IN SOLANUM (SOLANACEAE)
Authors: Knapp Sandra
Published: April 2006

Several infrageneric names in Solanum have been incorrectly applied and attributed. The names date from the 1813 and 1816 works of Michel‐Félix Dunal. of Montpellier, France. Solutions to these nomenclatural problems are proposed here.
THE NUMERICAL TAXONOMY OF SOME SPECIES OFPOPULUSBASED ONLY ON VEGETATIVE CHARACTERS
Authors: Hu Chia‐chi , Crovello Theodore J. , Sokal Robert R.
Published: April 2006

This study examines whether a satisfactory classification can be obtained from phenetic clustering of herbarium specimens based on vegetative characters alone. Twelve leaf and twig characters of 731 specimens in 13 taxa within the genusPopulusL. were subjected to standard numerical phenetic techniques. A classification based on character means for each taxon corresponded well to the established classification. Another classification based on 68 individual specimens, while showing considerable phenetic affinities of putatively related individuals, yielded an overall unsatisfactory classification. Some sections of the genus were easier to delimit by vegetative characters than others.
THE IDENTITY OFANDROPOGON NUTANSLINNAEUS (GRAMINEAE)
Authors: Veldkamp J. F.
Published: April 2006

Andropogon nutansLinnaeus (1753, non 1771) (Gramineae) is not aDigitaria(incl.Trichachne), but aSorghastrum. Andropogon insulareLinnaeus, with which it has been confused, is retypified.
LECTOTYPIFICATION OF MYRIOPHYLLUM SIBIRICUM KOMAROV (HALORAGACEAE)
Authors: Aiken Susan G. , Cronquist Arthur
Published: April 2006

Myriophyllum sibiricum Komarov is lectotypified on Komarov 4855, from the Kamchatka River basin (LE!). The later name M. exalbescens Fernald falls into synonymy under M. sibiricum.
THE PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIP OF OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
Authors: Kato Masahiro
Published: April 2006

The systematic position of Ophioglossaceae was examined using available evidence from recent anatomical and morphological studies. Although the Ophioglossaceae are free‐sporing vascular plants like the Filicopsida, and are therefore commonly placed in that group, the character correlation of eustelic or sympodial primary vascular system of stem, the presence of vascular cambium, periderm, circular bordered‐pitted tracheids, the anatomy of axillary branching, solitary sporangia, and also noncircinate vernation indicate a relationship of the family with the progymnosperm‐seed plant line. It is suggested that the Ophioglossaceae are living progymnosperms and, among extant seed plants, the family is most closely related to Cycadopsida, both having large, fernlike leaves. It is pointed out that the Ophioglossaceae resemble glossopterid gymnosperms in the three‐dimensional structure of their leaves with epiphyllous sporophores.
SECTIONAL NOMENCLATURE IN TARAXACUM (ASTERACEAE)
Authors: Richards Adrian John
Published: April 2006

The nomenclature and typification of the sections in the genus Taraxacum Wigg. are discussed. The genus is typified by a specimen of Leontodon taraxacum from Linnaeus' Flora Lapponica for which the modern synonym is T. campylodes Hagl. This becomes the type of T. officinale Weber, and T. sect. Crocea M. P. Christiansen to which T. campylodes was assigned becomes a synonym of T. sect. Taraxacum. It is considered that the sections and subsections published by Handel‐Mazzetti (1907) are validated in the table of contents in that work. The problems resulting from the earlier use of species in two different rank concepts in this largely agamospermous genus are highlighted, as are early incorrect citations, and recent transgressions of the ICBN. The sections of the genus are listed in full, with type species and synonymy. Two new sections are described, T. sect. Borea Sahlin and T. sect. Celtica Richards and Sahlin.
FLORA OF VERACRUZ PROJECT: AN UPDATE ON DATABASE MANAGEMENT OF COLLECTIONS AND RELATED INFORMATION
Authors: Gómez‐Pompa Arturo , Moreno Nancy P. , Sosa Victoria , Giddings Lorrain , Soto Margarita
Published: April 2006

The newly implemented curatorial type database system for the Flora of Veracruz project (Veracruz, Mexico) is described. The system consists of a main database containing over 80,000 entries from collections made in Veracruz, housed in several herbaria, and accessory bases containing a species checklist for Veracruz, standardized author abbreviations, and geographic localities in the state. The system permits on‐line data entry or multiple access consultation, and is also used for the production of herbarium labels. Distribution maps are prepared automatically using the latitude and longitude provided by each record.
TAXONOMIC AND NOMENCLATURAL NOTES ON CLARKIA SECT. PHAEOSTOMA LEWIS & LEWIS (ONAGRACEAE)
Authors: Holsinger Kent E.
Published: April 2006

In the course of a phenetic study of Clarkia unguiculata Lindley and its relatives, nomenclatural problems concerning the typification of the genus Phaeostoma Spach and the typification of Clarkia sect. Phaeostoma Lewis & Lewis were discovered. Solutions to these problems are proposed here. In addition, two subsections within C. sect. Phaeostoma are described to accommodate two very distinct entities within this section: C. xantiana A. Gray and the C. unguiculata group.
Cladistics and the Chrysobalanaceae
Authors: Chappill Jennifer A.
Published: April 2006

Chappill, J. A.: Cladistics and the Chrysobalanaceae. ‐ Taxon 41: 211–223. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

In a recent monograph on the Chrysobalanaceae, by Prance & White, a number of analytical methods currently employed by systematists, in particular cladistic analysis and vicariance biogeography, were criticised and dismissed as not being biologically informative. The criticisms made are discussed here, in particular the problems caused by parallelism, the detection, selection and coding of characters, and the role of functional considerations in systematics. A phylogenetic analysis is performed using the data presented in the monograph and this is compared with the classification of the Chrysobalanaceae presented by Prance & White. Some possible reasons for the discrepancies between the two are discussed.
Podocarpium podocarpum comb. nov., the correct name for Podogonium knorrii Heer, nom. illeg. (fossil Fabaceae)
Authors: Herendeen Patrick S.
Published: April 2006

Herendeen, P. S.: Podocarpium podocarpum comb. nov., the correct name for Podogonium knorrii Heer, nom. illeg. (fossil Fabaceae). ‐ Taxon 41: 731‐736. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

A neotype is proposed for Gleditsia podocarpa A. Braun, which is the basionym for Podocarpium podocarpum (A. Braun) Herendeen, a new combination that must replace Podogonium knorrii Heer, which is illegitimate.
Pertusaria aspergilla, the correct name for P. dealbata auct. (lichenized Ascomycotina: Pertusariales)
Authors: Laundon Jack R.
Published: April 2006

Laundon, J. R.: Pertusaria aspergilla, the correct name for P. dealbata auct. (lichenized Ascomycotina: Pertusariales). ‐ Taxon 41: 744‐745. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Pertusaria aspergilla (Achar.) Laundon, comb. nov., replaces P. dealbata auct., non (Achar.) Crombie, and P. dealbescens auct., non Erichsen, a superfluous name.
Flora Hibernica (1836): Its publication, and aftermath as viewed by Dr. Thomas Taylor
Authors: Nelson E. Charles , Parnell J.
Published: April 2006

Nelson, E. C. & Parnell, J.: Flora Hibernica (1836): Its publication, and aftermath as viewed by Dr. Thomas Taylor. ‐ Taxon 41: 35–42. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Flora Hibernica by J. T. Mackay, T. Taylor and W. H. Harvey was published on 15 June 1836 in Dublin. Although well received by botanists, the number of copies sold was small. Taylor was critical of the book, especially of Harvey's treatment of the algae, and he tried unsuccessfully to persuade Mackay to published a revised, less bulky edition which could be sold at a lower price.
Studies on the genus Asterella P. Beauv. (Hepaticae). I. Nomenclatural history
Authors: Long David G. , Grolle Riclef
Published: April 2006

Long, D. G. & Grolle, R.: Studies on the genus Asterella P. Beauv. (Hepaticae). I. Nomenclatural history. ‐ Taxon 41: 65–69. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Asterella P. Beauv. has been used for two different genera of Hepaticae, represented by the two protologue elements: Marchantia tenella L. and M. hemisphaerica L. Typification by M. tenella L., implied by Raddi's segregation of M. hemisphaerica L. as a unispecific genus “Rebouillia” in 1818, was first formally proposed by Evans in 1923. Unfortunately, Asterella had been effectively typified by the second element, M. hemisphaerica L., long before this, by Leman in 1823. Conservation with Evans's type is needed. Fimbraria Nees, an illegitimate later homonym of the algal Fimbriaria Stackh., and Hypenantron Corda are later synonyms of Asterella, if conserved as proposed.
Validation of Pterygota amazonica (Sterculiaceae)
Authors: Dorr Laurence J.
Published: April 2006

Dorr, L. J.: Validation of Pterygota amazonica (Sterculiaceae). ‐ Taxon 41: 84–85. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

The name Pterygota amazonica, invalidly published by L. O. Williams, is here validated.
The type of Monvillea Britton & Rose (Cactaceae)
Authors: Heath P. V.
Published: April 2006

Heath, P. V.: The type of Monvillea Britton & Rose (Cactaceae). ‐ Taxon 41: 85–87. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Monvillea Britton & Rose is typified by the type of Monvillea cavendishii (Monville) Britton & Rose, a neotype for which is here selected, whereby Monvillea maintains its original sense and does not become a synonym of Acanthocereus.
Assessment of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) as genetic markers for determining the origin of interspecific lilac hybrids
Authors: Marsolais J. V. , Pringle J. S. , White B. N.
Published: April 2006

Marsolais, J. V., Pringle, J. S. & White, B. N.: Assessment of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) as genetic markers for determining the origin of interspecific lilac hybrids. – Taxon 42: 531–537. 1993. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

RAPD markers were used to assess the relationship among species, cultivars and hybrids of lilacs. Thirteen random primers were used to examine 87–130 bands per cultivar or hybrid. The percent band sharing among Syringa xchinensis ‘Alba’, S. xchinensis ‘Saugeana’, S. xchinensis ‘Red Rothomagensis’ and S. xpersica, was surprisingly high (98.3 % to 99.6 %), supporting the theory that S. xpersica has the same species parentage as the three S. xchinensis hybrids, but also indicating that all four are of different clonal origin since they do not share 100 % of their bands. The percent band sharing among the hybrids and their putative parental species, S. vulgaris L. (3 selections) and S. protolaciniata P. S. Green & M. C. Chang (2 selections), were also determined. On average the first shared 48.9 % of their bands with the hybrids, and the second shared 50.7 %, thus strongly supporting the postulated parentage. Most bands found in the hybrids were shared with at least one of the selections, but 11 bands were found exclusively in all four hybrids. They might either represent genetic characteristics specific to these hybrids or might indicate that the exact parental selection combination has not yet been studied. The two studied selections of S. protolaciniata shared only 90,7 % of their bands, thus confirming that they are of different provenances. It is felt that RAPD markers will be very useful for assessing the origin of cultivars and hybrids of many plant species.
Fernandoa ferdinandi (Welw.) K. Schum., a double orthographic correction (Bignoniaceae)
Authors: Bidgood Sally , Brummitt R. K.
Published: April 2006

Bidgood, S. & Brummitt, R. K.: Fernandoa ferdinandi (Welw.) K. Schum., a double orthographic correction (Bignoniaceae). – Taxon 42: 675–678. 1993. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The combination Fernandoa ferdinandi should be attributed to K. Schumann, even though he published it as “Fernandia fernandi”.
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES ON JAMES BOWIE AND THE DISCOVERY OFALOE BOWIEASCHULT. & J. H. SCHULT. (ALOOIDEAE: ASPHODELACEAE)
Authors: Smith Gideon F. , van Wyk A. E.
Published: April 2006

James Bowie served Kew as a plant collector in Brazil and at the Cape of Good Hope. From an examination of the itineraries of the four journeys he undertook to the southern African interior during his initial stay at the Cape it is possible to deduce the most likely type locality (vicinity of Algoa Bay) and approximate date of collection (30 December 1821–26 February 1822) ofAloe bowieaSchult. & J. H. Schult. Detailed grid references are provided and should enable systematists to pinpoint the localities in which Bowie collected. An enumeration is given of Bowie's publications on Cape plants.
HYPERTAXONOMY—A NEW COMPUTER TOOL FOR REVISIONAL WORK
Authors: Skov F.
Published: April 2006

A HyperCard™ application for Macintosh™ computers is used to manage data for herbarium taxonomy. All information necessary for taxonomic revisions, including text, figures, maps, and drawings, is stored in one program package. Screen forms are designed to simulate card indices as they are commonly used by taxonomists. Output includes taxonomic reports with complete nomenclature, and literature and specimen citations. Computer generated descriptions can be added to the reports. A multi‐access key allows the user to identify collections and check descriptions. Distribution maps and simple character analysis can be printed. Dictionaries containing abbreviations of periodicals and author names are included for “on‐line” help.
THE CORRECT NAME FOR THE PLANT KNOWN AS PLUCHEA SYMPHYTIFOLIA (MILLER) GILLIS (ASTERACEAE)
Authors: Khan Ronaq , Jarvis C. E.
Published: April 2006

The combination Pluchea symphytifolia (Miller) Gillis resulted from an erroneous interpretation of the original material apparently associated with the name Conyza symphytifolia Miller. Comparison of the material regarded as the lectotype by Gillis with both Miller's original description and Houstoun's manuscript which accompanied the accession shows that Gillis' typification is incorrect. Accordingly his combination cannot apply to the taxon known formerly (and correctly) as Pluchea carolinensis (Jacquin) G. Don. Conyza symphytifolia is typified, the name falling into the synonymy of Neurolaena lobata (L.) Cassini.
Typification of Erigeron glabratus (Asteraceae)
Authors: Huber Walter
Published: April 2006

Huber W.: Typification of Erigeron glabratus (Asteraceae). – Taxon 44: 87‐89. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Erigeron glabratus Hoppe & Homsch. ex Bluff & Fingerh. is neotypified on a 1990 collection by Huber & Fotsch 12220 (ZT [now at Z]).
Cuban plants of Charles Wright in the Madrid herbarium
Authors: Fryxell Paul A. , Fuertes Javier
Published: April 2006

Fryxell, P. A. & Fuertes, J.: Cuban plants of Charles Wright in the Madrid herbarium. ‐ Taxon 40: 597–599.1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

This paper reports the discovery in the Madrid herbarium of a significant set of about 1000 specimens collected by Charles Wright in Cuba during the years 1856–1867. An analysis is presented of the 33 included specimens of Malvaceae, among which six types were identified.
Disposal of Davilia Mutis (Sapindaceae)
Authors: Fuertes Javier
Published: April 2006

Fuertes, J.: Disposal of Davilia Mutis (Sapindaceae). ‐ Taxon 40: 616–619. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Davilia Mutis has been thought to be Euphorbiaceae (Croton) or Sapindaceae (Paullinia?). By neotypification it becomes a synonym of earlier Llagunoa Ruiz & Pavón (Sapindaceae).
Lectotypification of Lactoris fernandeziana Philippi (Lactoridaceae)
Authors: Lammers Thomas G. , Stuessy Tod F.
Published: April 2006

Lammers, T. G. & Stuessy, T. F.: Lectotypification of Lactoris fernandeziana Philippi (Lactoridaceae). — Taxon 41: 537–540. 1992. — ISSN 0040‐0262.

Type material of Lactoris fernandeziana Philippi was examined and the name lectotypified. The name was found to have been published validly first in the Anales de la Universidad de Chile rather than in the place cited by Index kewensis and Index nominum genericorum (plantarum).
Report of the Committee for Algae: 2
Authors: Silva Paul C.
Published: April 2006

Silva, P.C.: Report of the Committee for Algae: 2. – Taxon 43: 257‐264. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Amendment of the entry for a previously conserved generic name is recommended, along with 21 proposals to conserve generic names. A proposal to reject a generic name and two proposals to reject specific names are not recommended, while a proposal to conserve a specific name is deferred.
The utility of stem characters in the classification of Vaccinium L. (Ericaceae)
Authors: Odell E. A. , Kloet S. P. Vander
Published: April 2006

Odell, E. A. & Vander Kloet, S. P.: The utility of stem characters in the classification of Vaccinium L. (Ericaceae). ‐ Taxon 40: 273–283. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

The efficacy of 28 stem features at re‐creating the classification of 13 established sections of Vaccinium was tested using taximetric analysis and was found to be wanting. However, adding three reproductive features to the matrix was sufficient to recover all of these sections. Stem characters will, therefore, recover specific groups previously circumscribed by a suite of both reproductive and vegetative features.
On the identity of Sideritis x viciosoi var. murcica Font Quer (Lamiaceae), an endemic nothotaxon of the southeastern Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Crespo Manuel B.
Published: April 2006

Crespo, M. B.: On the identity of Sideritis x viciosoi var. murcica Font Quer (Lamiaceae), an endemic nothotaxon of the southeastern Iberian Peninsula. ‐ Taxon 40: 322–324. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Sideritis x murcica (Font Quer) Romo is accepted for hybrids derived from S. incana subsp. virgata (Desf.) Malagarriga and S. mugronensis Borja, which were first named S. x viciosoi var. murcica Font Quer.
The role of creative monography in the biodiversity crisis
Authors: Stuessy Tod F.
Published: April 2006

Stuessy, T. F.: The role of creative monography in the biodiversity crisis.. —Taxon42: 313–321. 1993. — ISSN 0040–0262.

The increasing size and activities of the human population have resulted in pressure on the survival of other life forms. In the face of extinction of many of these organisms, we need to learn as much about them as quickly as possible. One level of understanding can be achieved through monographic studies, which contain basic descriptive information about organisms and their distributions. Monographs also contain predictive classifications and usually also evolutionary and biogeographic hypotheses for use by systematic biologists and society in general. The current rate of disappearance of the world's biota suggests need for increased levels of creative monographic activity. Funding for botanical monography in the United States, however, is declining, and fewer graduate students are being trained with these interests and skills. Large‐scale monographic projects with established workers and postdoctoral associates together focusing on large taxa (i.e., 50–100 species) are advocated as one solution to the problem.
Inexpensive digital data acquisition for morphometric study
Authors: Molvray Mia , Kores Paul J. , Darwin Steven P.
Published: April 2006

Molvray, M., Kores, P. J. & Darwin, S. P.: Inexpensive digital data acquisition for morphometric study. — Taxon 42: 393–397. 1993. — ISSN 0040–0262.

Three programs for digital (i.e. not requiring RGB video input) image analysis on IBM‐PC compatible computers, and one on Macintosh computers, are discussed with regard to their use in morphometric applications. Measurement‐TV provides a least‐cost solution for IBM compatibles, though with reduced capabilities compared to other programs. The Image family of public domain programs provide excellent capabilities on high‐end Macintoshes.
“SUMMUM JUS, SUMMA INJURIA”
Authors: Favarger C.
Published: April 2006

Regarding two recent examples of “substitution” of authors' names in Flora of Turkey (Vol. 10 supplement 1988), the author discusses Art. 9.1 of the Code of Botanical Nomenclature which states that the holotype be represented by a single specimen except for herbaceous plants of “small size.” He proposes that an exception be extended to all holotypes collected in a state which does not permit sure identification. In such cases, the incompletely collected sample could be completed by a second sample obtained from the first one by culture.
Recircumscription of the Stapelieae (Asclepiadaceae)
Authors: Bruyns P. V. , Forster Paul I.
Published: April 2006

Bruyns, P. V. & Forster, P. I.: Recircumscription of the Stapelieae (Asclepiadaceae). ‐ Taxon 40: 381–391. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

The tribe Stapelieae (Asclepiadaceae) is recircumscribed to include the Ceropegieae. The Stapelieae are distinguished from other tribes in the Asclepiadoideae primarily by the inner or apical germinating mouth on each pollinium. A tribal description and a tentative list of genera for the Stapelieae is given and a key to the tribes and subfamilies of Asclepiadaceae is provided.
Chloroplast DNA and biosystematics: The effects of intraspecific diversity and plastid transmission
Authors: Harris Stephen A. , Ingram Ruth
Published: April 2006

Harris, S. A. & Ingram, R.: Chloroplast DNA and biosystematics: The effects of intraspecific diversity and plastid transmission. ‐ Taxon 40: 393–412. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

The widespread application of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) to plant biosystematics is usually based on a number of assumptions. The assumption of low levels of intraspecific cpDNA variation is reviewed and the conclusion reached that far from being rare, intraspecific cpDNA variation is relatively common. The evidence for the assumption of predominantly maternal plastid transmission is also reviewed. In both of the cases some of the possible effects on phylogenetic reconstruction are considered.
Burlemarxia, a new genus of Velloziaceae
Authors: de Menezes Nanuza Luiza , Semir João
Published: April 2006

Menezes, N. L. de & Semir, J.: Burlemarxia, a new genus of Velloziaceae. ‐ Taxon 40: 413–426. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

A new genus of Velloziaceae is established comprising three species. Two are newly described, Burlemarxia rodriguesii and B. pungens, while the third, B. spiralis, had previously been assigned to Barbacenia. Taxonomic descriptions of all three species are provided, together with a key for identification. The relationships between Burlemarxia and the other three genera of subfamily Barbacenioideae are discussed.
Lectotypification of Sebdenia flabellata (J. Agardh) Parkinson (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Schneider C. W. , Wynne M. J.
Published: April 2006

Schneider, C. W. & Wynne, M. J.: Lectotypification of Sebdenia flabellata (J. Agardh) Parkinson (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). ‐ Taxon 40: 471–474. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Type material of Isymenia flabellata J. Agardh was examined and determined to conform to Sebdenia. The transfer of this taxon to Sebdenia by Parkinson is supported. Sebdenia flabellata (J. Agardh) Parkinson is regarded to be the correct name for a red algal species that includes Sebdenia polydactyla (B⊘rgesen) Balakrishnan. Its taxonomic separation from the superficially similar Halymenia trigona (Clemente) C. Agardh is confirmed.
Neotypification of Curatella americana L. (Dilleniaceae)
Authors: Todzia Carol A. , Barrie Fred R.
Published: April 2006

Todzia, C. A. & Barrie, F. R.: Neotypification of Curatella americana L. (Dilleniaceae). ‐ Taxon 40: 488–489. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Since no original material of Curatella americana L. appears to have survived, the original Loefling collections being presumed lost, a neotype from near the region in which Loefling collected is designated. [Ass. Ed.'s abstract.]
Report of the Committee for Fossil Plants: 1
Authors: Traverse Alfred
Published: April 2006

Traverse, A.: Report of the Committee for Fossil Plants: 1. – Taxon 42: 869‐872. 1993. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The Committee recommends acceptance of two of three proposals to conserve generic names of fossil plants. It also comments on proposals to amend the Code that affect the nomenclature of fossil plants.
Conserved names for mosses: a brief history
Authors: Magill Robert E.
Published: April 2006

Magill, R. E.: Conserved names for mosses: a brief history. ‐ Taxon 42: 5‐15. 1993. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

The lists of ‘nomina conservanda’ of mosses currently contain names of 52 genera and 6 families. Included as an appendix to the International code of botanical nomenclature, the lists do not contain references to the original proposals or the Bryophyte Committee's deliberations. In the context of a historical overview of the subject, such references are here provided, since information included in past conservation proposals and Bryophyte Committee reports may be critical to the interpretation of previous proposals and the formulation of successful new ones.
Ontogeny, phylogeny and intraspecific variation in North American Abies Mill. (Pinaceae): an empirical approach to organization and evolution
Authors: Robson Kathleen A. , Maze Jack , Scagel Robert K. , Banerjee Satindranath
Published: April 2006

Robson, K. A., Maze, J., Scagel, R. K. & Banerjee, S.: Ontogeny, phylogeny and intraspecific variation in North American Abies Mill. (Pinaceae): an empirical approach to organization and evolution. ‐Taxon 42:17‐34. 1993. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

In view of the relevance of hierarchical organization and historical constrain for evolutionary theory, and of the lack of a suitable methodology to study these phenomena, attempts to simultaneously examine the ontogeny and phylogeny of a monophyletic group are thought to be promising. As an example, a multi‐level study of the genus Abies is presented. First, the phylogenetic relationships for a subset of North American species of Abies are tentatively clarified through a cladistic study using data from existing treatments and combined outgroups. Second, intraspecific variation is analysed for most of the same fir species from continuous variables describing vegetative structures (from both immature and mature trees) and features of the cones. The results are presented in graphical form, allowing patterns of variable inter‐correlations and their changes through ontogenetic time to be compared with phylogenetic patterns. The potential of such quantitative studies for the description of biological organization and further understanding of evolutionary phenomena is discussed in the light of recent theories of evolution.
Editorial corrections to the entries for Agarum, nom. cons. (Phaeophyceae) and Zygnema, nom. cons. (Chlorophyceae)
Authors: Silva Paul C.
Published: April 2006

Silva, P. C.: Editorial corrections to the entries for Agarum, nom. cons. (Phaeophyceae) and Zygnema, nom. cons. (Chlorophyceae). ‐ Taxon 42: 123‐124 1993. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

The entries for Agarum and Zygnema in Appendix IIIA of the Code are to be corrected to show their earlier authors, places and dates of valid publication.
TAXONOMIC STATUS OF EURHYNCHIUM BRITTONIAE GROUT (BRACHYTHECIACEAE: BRYOPSIDA)
Authors: Giles K. Stacy
Published: April 2006

Eurhynchium brittoniae Grout is a rare moss endemic to western North America. The reassignment of this and other closely related species of Eurhynchium to the genus Kindbergia is a matter of controversy among bryologists. An investigation of these species has been undertaken to resolve this controversy. This paper resolves two taxonomic problems with respect to E. brittoniae. First, it elucidates an error in the protologue of this species that has been a source of confusion regarding its typification. Second, it reexamines morphological characters that historically have been relied upon to distinguish E. brittoniae from closely related species and evaluates their taxonomic value. The outcome of this paper is a lectotypification of E. brittoniae and the reassignment of this species as a synonym of Kindbergia praelonga (Hedw.) Ochyra.
Lectotypification of Cimicifuga simplex (Ranunculaceae) and some synonyms
Authors: Compton James A. , Jury Stephen L.
Published: April 2006

Compton, J. A. & Jury, S. L.: Lectotypification of Cimicifuga simplex (Ranunculaceae) and some synonyms. – Taxon 44: 401‐404. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Cimicifuga simplex (DC.) Wormsk. ex Turcz. is the correct author citation. Lectotypification on a sheet of Wormskjöld's original material at Oslo supersedes an earlier neotypification. Lectotypes are also designated for three synonyms of C. simplex: C. foetida var. intermedia Regel, C. ussuriensis Oett. and C. taquetii H. Lév.
Silene (Caryophyllaceae) in Greece: a subgeneric and sectional classification
Authors: Greuter Werner
Published: April 2006

Greuter, W.: Silene (Caryophyllaceae) in Greece: a subgeneric and sectional classification. – Taxon 44: 543‐581. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Of a world total of C. 700 species of Silene, here widely defined to include Lychnis, Cucubalus, and other generic splits recognized by some authors, 119 are known to be present in Greece. They are grouped in 4 subgenera and 39 sections (some of them new). The sections are keyed out and briefly characterized (mainly on the basis of Greek taxa), and their correct nomenclature is established on the basis of full synonymies and type designations. In many cases the sectional limits remain provisional, and corresponding problems are highlighted. Phylogenetic patterns within the genus, here briefly discussed, are still largely unclear due to frequent character reversals and parallelism.
A re‐examination of Sanango racemosum. 4. Its new systematic position in Gesneriaceae
Authors: Wiehler Hans
Published: April 2006

Wiehler, H.: A re‐examination of Sanango racemosum. 4. Its new systematic position in Gesneriaceae. – Taxon 43: 625‐632. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The investigations of a research team show clearly that Sanango racemosum is a member of the Gesneriaceae. Special emphasis is placed on the following features found in this odd species: the woody habit, the stornata grouped into “islands”, the node with split‐laterals, the solid siphonostele of the petiole, the pair‐flowered cymes of the terminal inflorescence, the semi‐inferior ovary position, the (axile)‐parietal placentation, the oddly shaped nectary, and the presence of the chemical compounds conandroside and sanangoside. All of these are features found in the Gesneriaceae, and most of them are unknown in the rest of the Tubiflorae or Scrophulariales. Sanango may not look like a typical gesneriad at first glance, but it fits best into the Caribbean tribe Gesnerieae, as a companion for the genus Gesneria L. sensu lato.
Lectotypification of Triticum turgidum and T. spelta (Poaceae)
Authors: Morrison Laura A.
Published: April 2006

Morrison, L. A.: Lectotypification of Triticum turgidum and T. spelta (Poaceae). – Taxon 47: 705‐710. 1998. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The protologues of Triticum turgidum L. and T. spelta L. each show uncertainty in the Linnaean concept of Triticum species but pose different problems for typification. In the case of T. turgidum, Bowden's lectotypification by the specimen Herb. Linn. No. 104.2 (LINN), designated apparently on the basis of its Linnaean notation “turgidum 3”, is in error. Both elements on that sheet are forms of T. aestivum and neither can be accepted as being part of the original material for T. turgidum. The various elements of the protologue are discussed and a Royen specimen is designated as lectotype of T. turgidum, thereby avoiding a major destabilization of Triticum nomenclature. For T. spelta, the original Linnaean concept includes T. dicoccum Schrank ex Schübler. Current usage of T. spelta is maintained by designating a Linnaean specimen of T. spelta at LINN as the lectotype.
Identity and typification of Allium magicum, A. nigrum, and A. roseum (Alliaceae)
Authors: Seisums Arnis
Published: April 2006

Seisums, A.: Identity and typification of Allium magicum, A. nigrum, and A. roseum (Alliaceae). – Taxon 47: 711‐716. 1997. – ISSN 0400‐0262.

The original concept of Allium magicum L. and A. nigrum L. is discussed, a lectotype for A. magicum is designated, and an earlier type designation of A. nigrum is rejected. Without conservation, A. magicum would become the correct name for what is currently called A. nigrum, while A. nigrum would fall into the synonymy of A. roseum L. The nomenclatural history of A. roseum is discussed and an earlier lectotypification is superseded.
The International Organization for Succulent Plant Study (IOS): its role and potential services to the international scientific community
Authors: Smith G. F. , Ihlenfeldt H.‐D. , Thiede J. , Eggli U. , Metzing D.
Published: April 2006

Smith, G. F., Ihlenfeldt, H.‐D., Thiede, J., Eggli, U. & Metzing, D.: The International Organization for Succulent Plant Study (IOS): its role and potential services to the international scientific community. – Taxon 48: 715‐720. 1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

IOS, a scientific member of the International Union of Biological Sciences, was officially established at the Städtische Sukkulenten‐Sammlung in Zürich, Switzerland, in 1950. The IOS is presented, with emphasis on the structure of the organisation, its congresses, publications, conservation activities, and its potential services to the international scientific community. An address list of the current IOS board members and section co‐ordinators is provided.
The chemotaxonomic value of two cinnamoyl chromones, aloeresin E and F, inAloe (Aloaceae)
Authors: Viljoen Alvaro M. , Van Wyk Ben‐Erik
Published: April 2006

Viljoen, A. M. & Van Wyk, B.‐E.: The chemotaxonomic value of two cinnamoyl chromones, aloeresins E and F, inAloe (Aloaceae). ‐‐ Taxon 48: 747‐754. 1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

A chemotaxonomic study of the genusAloeindicates a remarkable quantitative and qualitative similarity in leaf exudate composition between 12 species. The diagnostic leaf exudate profile found in all representatives of this group – a combination of homonataloin A and B with either or both of two recently described cinnamoyl chromones, aloeresin E and F, together with various coumaroyl chromones – may serve as a “fingerprint”. Taxonomic assessment and cladistic analysis of both morphological and chemical data support the transfer ofA. pearsonii,previously misplaced inA.ser.Macrifoliae,toA.ser.Mitriformes,and are consistent with the broadening of the circumscription of the latter to include 5 anomalous species:A. angelica, A. yavellana, A. peglerae, A. melanacantha,andA. erinacea.
Strongest evidence in compatibility: clique and tree evaluation using apparent phylogenetic signal
Authors: Salisbury Benjamin A.
Published: April 2006

Salisbury, B. A.: Strongest evidence in compatibility: clique and tree evaluation using apparent phylogenetic signal. – Taxon 48: 755‐766. 1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Strongest evidence (SE) is an approach to evaluating the support provided by characters for alternative phylogenetic hypotheses (i.e., trees). Although first demonstrated in the context of parsimony, SE is equally applicable to compatibility analysis. In the logic of strongest evidence, a character that is compatible with a phylogenetic hypothesis supports the tree only to the degree at which this compatibility would be improbable under a model of cladistic dissociation between character state distribution and the tree. The support measure derived from this consideration is called the “apparent phylogenetic signal” (APS). The total support for a tree is the sum of the individual character APS values. Tree topology and character structure both affect the chance of “random” compatibility and thus the APS scores. Because a clique of compatible characters implies a specific tree (possibly more than one if the character states are unordered or there are missing data), the evidential strength of a clique may be measured as the SE support for the clique's tree by the clique's characters. Use of this measure is demonstrated on a morphological data set for North American species of Chloris (Poaceae). Cliques with the same number of characters vary tremendously in their apparent evidential quality. The strongest clique is nearly 100,000 times less likely to be compatible by chance with the tree it implies than is the weakest clique of the same size. This approach to clique evaluation is compared with character counting and Meacham's clique improbability measure.
A new field‐tested electronic system for data gathering, recording, transfer and dissemination via the World Wide Web
Authors: Cavalcanti Taciana Barbosa , Rezende Abrahão , Togawa Roberto , Rodrigues Patrícia , Favilla Luciano Magalhães , Neshich Goran
Published: April 2006

Cavalcanti, T. B., Rezende, A., Togawa, R., Rodrigues, P., Favilla, L. M. & Neshich, G.: A new field‐tested electronic system for data gathering, recording, transfer and dissemination via the World Wide Web. – Taxon 47: 381‐386. 1998. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

One of the major challenges for taxonomists today is the organisation of collection data by making use of modern computer technology for data storage and retrieval. Recent developments enabling data accessing in the field are here discussed. A field‐tested electronic system for data gathering, recording, storage, transfer, formatted printout (e.g. for labelling) and, finally, dissemination by on‐line access, called ELCEN (Electronic CEN Herbarium), is described. It makes use of new, easily portable, hand‐held “personal data assistants” (PDAs) that connect easily with personal computers (PCs) and workstations, and results in global data availability via Internet's World Wide Web. Among the advantages of the new system are its ease of use, the elimination of most typing errors during data entry, and the reduction of the time lag between data input and data availability.
Validation of subfamily names in Lythraceae
Authors: Graham Shirley A. , Thorne Robert F. , Reveal James L.
Published: April 2006

Graham, S. A., Thorne, R. F. & Reveal, J. L.: Validation of subfamily names in Lythraceae. – Taxon 47: 435‐436. 1998. – ISSN 0042‐0262.

Reassessment of family alignments in the Myrtales assigns subfamilial status to three, or possibly four, monogeneric families (Sonneratiaceae, Duabangaceae, Punicaceae, and perhaps Trapaceae). Three subfamily names, previously used but not validly published, are validated. The basis for validation is summarised for all five subfamily names that are of potential use in phylogenetically based classifications of the Lythraceae.
Vestured pits inMalvaless.l.: a character with taxonomic significance hidden in the secondary xylem
Authors: Jansen Steven , Baas Pieter , Smets Erik
Published: April 2006

Jansen, S., Baas, P. & Smets, E.: Vestured pits inMalvaless.l.: a character with taxonomic significance hidden in the secondary xylem. – Taxon 49: 169–182. 2000. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The distribution of vestured pits in the secondary xylem of all major groups ofMalvaless.l. is investigated and compared with recent circumscriptions and phylogenetic insights of the order. While the monophyly of the coreMalvales,includingBombacaceae, Malvaceaes.str.,Sterculiaceae,andTiliaceae,is supported by the lack of vestured pits, the character is consistently present in three malvalean alliances that are well supported based on molecular data: (1)Bixaceae, Cochlospermaceae,andDiegodendraceae;(2)Cistaceae, Dipterocarpaceaes.l. (includingMonotaceae), andSarcolaenaceae;and (3)Thymelaeaceaes.l. (includingAquilariaceaeandGonystylaceae). Vestured pits are absent in other malvalean taxa such asPetenaea, Muntingiaceae, Neuradaceae,andSphaerosepalaceae.Families that are now excluded from the order, such asDirachmaceae, Elaeocarpaceae,andHuaceaealso have non‐vestured pits. Rudimentary vestures inPlagiopteraceae,however, do not necessarily indicate a malvalean affinity.
RAPD markers for genetic differentiation of species within Polytrichum (Pofytrichaceae, Musci): a preliminary survey
Authors: Zouhair Rachid , Corredini Pierre , Defontaine Alain , Hallet Jean‐Noël
Published: April 2006

Zouhair, R., Corradini, P., Defontaine A. & Hallet, J. N.: RAPD markers for genetic differentiation of species within Polytrichum (Polytrichaceae, Musci): a preliminary survey – Taxon 49: 217–229. 2000. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

A combination of morphological data and RAPD markers were analysed using thirty colonies from Brittany (France) in six taxa of Polytrichum: P. commune, P. c. var. perigoniale, P. formosum, P. juniperinum, P. piliferum, and P. strictum. Ten primers selected for the RAPD study produced 166 polymorphic markers useful for cluster analysis. The Jaccard index of similarity was high within and among taxa and varied from 0.56 between P. commune and P. formosum to 0.89 between P. formosum and P. juniperinum. For the morphological study, shape of terminal cells of the green lamellae covering the upper surface of leaves allowed differentiation of taxa. In P. commune var. perigoniale these cells were narrower and less deeply notched than in P. commune. The diameter of leaves was scored for many individuals of the six taxa and revealed a sexual dimorphism for size. Female plants have a significantly larger leaf rosette diameter than male plants. Morphological results are largely consistent with RAPD data. However, the high level of genetic differences of P. c. var. perigoniale and P. strictum with other taxa demonstrates the potential of molecular and genetic data in phylogenetic analysis among closely related taxa. The cluster analysis divides the taxa into two groups: (1) P. commune, P. formosum and P. c. var. perigoniale; and (2) P. juniperinum, P. piliferum, and P. strictum. The results do not support splitting the genus into Polytrichum and Polytrichastrum nor the possibility of hybrid origin of P. c. var. perigoniale between P. commune and P. formosum.
Recurring polyploid formation: an early account from the Russian literature
Authors: Mavrodiev Evgeny V. , Soltis Douglas E.
Published: April 2006

Mavrodiev, E.V. & Soltis, D. E.: Recurring polyploid formation: an early account from the Russian literature. – Taxon 50: 469–474. 2001. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

In just the past decade molecular data have demonstrated that recurrent origins of polyploids appear to be the rule, rather than the exception, with well‐documented examples for bryophytes, ferns, and angiosperms. However, Russian investigators seem to have embraced the possibility of recurrent polyploidy at a much earlier date than did other evolutionary biologists. The crossing studies conducted by Maria Rozanova (1934, 1938, 1946) on Rubus should be considered classic investigations of the process of allopolyploidisation. Unfortunately, however, scientists in the West remain unaware of this work because it was largely published in Russian. We review here these remarkable investigations, which revealed at an early date the complexities of polyploidisation. Rozanova demonstrated that the same polyploid species can form multiple times and in multiple ways; she also suggested that the same processes revealed in her crossing studies likely occurred in nature and could account for the morphological diversity observed in natural populations. Thus, although molecular data have recently revealed the high frequency and importance of independent origins of polyploid species, traditional crossing studies conducted in Rubus over 60 years ago actually provided an early suggestion of the possible prevalence of this process, as well as providing critical insights into the mechanisms of polyploidisation.
A review of the nomenclatural difficulties associated with misplaced rank‐denoting terms
Authors: Moore Gerry
Published: April 2006

Moore, G.: A review of the nomenclatural difficulties associated with misplaced rank‐denoting terms. – Taxon 50: 495–505. 2001. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The nomenclatural difficulties associated with classifications that have misplaced rank‐denoting terms are reviewed. Several examples (both real and hypothetical) of classifications with misplaced rank‐denoting terms are discussed. A distinction is made between misplaced rank‐denoting terms and colloquially (mis)used rank‐denoting terms, and a discussion is provided on whether or not it may be useful to have such a distinction presented in the Code. In providing guidelines on how one should deal with the nomenclature of classifications that include misplaced rank‐denoting terms, a “minimal invalidity” concept is introduced. A review is made on how Art. 33.7 might be reworded so as to provide clearer guidance when dealing with classifications that involve misplaced rank‐denoting terms.