bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Post-Cretaceous Stratigraphy of Southern Nigeria
Authors: Parkinson John
Published: October 2009

The account given in the following pages, of the stratigraphy of the more recent deposits of Southern Nigeria, is the result of work carried out between the winter of 1903 and the summer of 1906.

Owing to the lamentable lack of fossils, and (I may add also) owing to the lack of time available for a lengthened search, that definiteness of conclusion which is desirable in regard to the age of given beds is wanting. Correlation from point to point is accordingly based on lithological resemblances, aided in places by the establishment of an unconformity.

The following is the stratigraphical succession, in descending order:

1.

Alluvium of rivers and lower terraces.

2.

Benin Sands.

3.

Ijebu Beds.

4.

Lignite Series.

Omitting the mangrove-swamps, almost universal on the South Nigerian coast, the traveller finds, on penetrating a certain distance into the hinterland, a great number of sandbanks, now in course of formation. Whether the river be great or small these sandbanks are, during the dry season, the prominent feature which imprints itself on the memory. Sometimes spreading out over almost the entire bed of the river, covered by a few inches of water; sometimes fringing the river-bank, and half overgrown with grass and reeds, rising step by step many feet above low-water level, a yellow glaring expanse a mile or more in length, these accumulations are a sad hindrance to travel.

Intermediate in age between these sandbanks and the
The Coral-Rocks of Barbados
Authors: Harrison John Burchmore
Published: October 2009

The results of my extended, and in many places detailed, re-examination of the coral-rocks in the southern half of Barbados give no support to Prof. Spencer's theory of the existence of strata of the ‘Antigua Formation’ in that island. He claimed to have collected fossil corals from a certain knoll, which proved it, and other parts of the coral-rocks, to be of Oligocene age; but it is now shown that this knoll is in part made up of corals which, as stated by Prof. Gregory, ‘certainly show no evidence of any greater age than the Pleistocene.’ (P. 334.)

I have failed completely to find any signs of the widespread formation described in Prof. Spencer's paper as extending from Mount Misery to near Ragged Point, a distance in a south-easterly direction, as the crow flies, of about 11 miles, and dipping south-eastward at angles of from 12° to 20°. It is unlikely that I should not have detected some traces of a formation which, if dipping continuously for 11 miles at a mean angle of 15°, would be about 15,000 feet thick; while the facts that nowhere in the island does the combined thickness of the limestone and of its basal or Bissex Beds exceed 280 feet, and that the limestone is not traversed by faults, are fairly-conclusive evidence of the non-existence of such a formation.

I have shown that, wherever beds dipping at considerable angles occur in the limestone-strata in the district under discussion, their inclination, where not caused by
Brachiopod Morphology:
Cincta, Eudesia,
and the Development of Ribs
Authors: Buckman S. S.
Published: October 2009

The test-ornament of Brachiopods is found in three main phases—smooth, ribbed, and spinous. These three phases are in this anagenetic sequence to one another:—in relation to its nearest allies, a costate species of a given series is more advanced than a smooth one of that series, and a spinose one still further than a costate. There are catagenetic developments also in reverse order:—in certain Productids the costate stage follows on a spinose: in
Acanthothyris
there are certain cases of the spinose ontogenetic stage being followed by a smooth. If, however, the catagenetic phases be put aside for the present, it may be said that the state of external ornament—smooth, costate, spinose—indicates the position of a brachiopod as more or less advanced than its fellows.

The present paper is concerned only with two cases of the development of the ribbed stage. The passage of the smooth into the ribbed stage is not acquired in the same way : there are various methods by which similar looking ribbed forms have been evolved from similar looking smooth forms. This has a most important bearing on their classification. if the phylogenetie history of similar ribbed forms is demonstrably different, it is, according to modern opinion, a technical error to place them in the same genus, even if their interior organization be similar. if a given smooth form can have developed into one of the ribbed forms but not into the other, it is a technical error to unite it with the costate form into
The Ochil Earthquakes of September 1900 to April 1907
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction

During the last two years, the district on the south side of the Ochil Hills, known as the ‘Hillsfoot District’ has been visited by a number of slight earthquakes, which, in their nature and frequency, bear some resemblance to those which made the name of Comrie so well-known in the preceding century. The stronger shocks are briefly described in the local and other newspapers; but the majority would no doubt have escaped record, had it not been for the interest taken in them by several gentlemen who reside in the district and who have kindly communicated to me the results of their observations. My thanks are especially due to Mr. W. H. Lindsay and Mr. T. J. H. Drysdale, of Menstrie; Mr. J. Dempster, of Airthrey; and Mr. Tyndall B. Johnstone, of Red Carr (Blairlogie), for many valuable lists of shocks. To Mr. Lindsay I am also indebted for introductions to several other observers, whose frequent notices have added much to the completeness of the record—to the Rev. J. Boyd, of Menstrie; Dr. W. L. Cunningham, of Alva; the Rev. Menzies Fergusson, of Logie; Mr. J. M. Morries, D.L., J.P., of Gogar; Mr. Alexander Scott, Jun., of Tillicoultry; Mr. R. D. Taylor, of Blairlogie; and the Rev. J. Williamson, of Alva. I have also to acknowledge the courtesy with which many observers in other places replied to my enquiries about the more prominent shocks.

Tbe list of earthquakes in the Ochil district before the year 1900 is evidently very incomplete.
The Inferior Oolite and Contiguous Deposits of the Bath-Doulting District
Authors: Richardson Linsdall
Published: October 2009

In this paper it has been shown that, in the Bath-Doulting district, there is no Inferior-Oolite deposit of pre-
Garantianæ
date. Consequently, there is a great non-sequence between the Inferior Oolite and the underlying beds. Expressed in terms of universal application, all the Aalenian and Bajocian beds are absent: the Bathonian rests non-sequentially upon the Toarcian, and in the immediate neighbourhood of the Mendips upon the Palæozoic rocks.

In the hills south of the Avon Valley, at Bath, and as far as a line drawn east and west through Carnicote, near Timsbury, the Upper
Trigonia
-Grit rests upon the Midford Sands. South of this line, and between it and one similarly oriented about half a mile farther south, it rests upon the local Cephalopod-Bed—here of greater antiquity than the ‘Sands’ (Midford); not younger, as in the case of the Cotteswold Cephalopod-Bed. South of the latter line, the Upper
Trigonia
-Grit, often conglomeratic, rests upon the non-arenaceous Liassic deposits, until, in the more immediate neighbourhood of the Mendip Hills, it is overstepped by the Doulting Stone, which rests directly upon the well-planed, bored, and oyster-covered surface of the White Lias (Rhætic) and the Carboniferous Limestone-strata.In the valley between Egford Bridge and Broad Grove, Cloford, the Oolite rests in most places upon the Carboniferous Limestone, but sometimes—as the researches of that indefatigable geologist, Charles Moore, demonstrated—upon a thin deposit (only a few feet thick)representing a portion or the whole of the sediment laid down during the Rhmtic and Liassic Periods at those particular places.
Some Recent Discoveries of Palæolithic Implements.
Authors: Evans John
Published: October 2009

By the kind courtesy of Mr. Worthington G. Smith, F.L.S., of Dunstable, I am enabled to call attention to some recent discoveries of palæolithic implements on the southern borders of Bedfordshire and in the north-western part of Hertfordshire.

Mr. Worthington Smith's remarkable discoveries of implements and of a palæolithic floor at Caddington, not very far from Dunstable, are well known and have been fully recorded in his excellent and profusely-illustrated book ‘Man, the Primeval Savage’ published in 1894—a summary of which I gave in the second edition of my ‘Ancient Stone-Implements,’ which appeared in 1897.

The original surface of the ground at some of the Caddington brick-fields was as much as 550 to 590 feet above the Ordnance-datum; but at Kensworth, about 2 miles to the west of Caddington, Mr. Smith found a palæolithic implement upon the surface at an elevation of 760 feet. Quite recently an excellent ovate
implement (5 × 3⅝ inches), black and lustrous, was found by a Dunstable school-boy at the surface on Blow Downs at an elevation of 600 feet. The exact position is slightly to the south of ‘Little John's Wood,’ as shown on the 6-inch Ordnance-Survey Map of Bedfordshire. It is far from any existing stream, and the ground slopes away from the direction of the Ver.
On a Deep Channel of Drift at Hitchin (Hertforbshire).
Authors: Hill William
Published: October 2009

1. I
ntroduction
.

Deep channels filled with Drift occurring in Scotland and in the North of England have long been noticed by geologists, and more recently the existence of similar buried valleys has been discovered in the East of England. In 1890 Mr. W. Whitaker drew attention to a deep channel of Drift in the valley of the Cam; and in 1898 Dr. A. Irving recorded a great depth of Drift in the valley of the Stort.

It has long been known that a considerable thickness of Drift covers the Chalk immediately to the south of Hitchin, wells and road-cuttings indicating that deposits of sand, gravel, or Boulder-Clay were at least 60 feet thick in certain localities; a boring at Messrs. Lucas & Co.'s brewery at Hitchin in the year 1831 was carried to a depth of 466 feet, passing through 3 feet of soil and 77 feet of sand. But the Chalk is so frequently seen that an exceptional thickness of Drift was unsuspected.

During the last few years five borings have been made in the neighbourhood of Hitchin, all of which have disclosed a greater thickness of Drift than was expected. They happen to have been made in a line running about north and south nearly at right angles to the outcrop of the Chalk, the southernmost being 3 miles south of Hitchin, and the northernmost 4 miles north of the town. The object of this paper is to record these borings, which, with other evidence, seem to point
On a Formation Known as ‘Glacial Beds of Cambrian Age’ in South Australia
Authors: Basedow H. , Iliffe J. D.
Published: October 2009

Some 8 miles south of Adelaide a typical exposure of the conglomerate is bounded on the east by a series of alternating quartzitic and argillaceous bands of rock, comprising the central and western portions of a fan-fold, partly cut off by a fault. Further evidence of stress in this margin is given in the fissility, pseudo-ripple-marks, contortion and fracture, and obliteration of bedding in the quartzite-bands, and in the pinching-out of them into lenticles and false pebbles. On the west side the conglomerate is bounded by the ‘Tapley's-Hill Clay-Slates,’ and there is evidence from the nature of the junction-beds that the conglomerate itself is isoclinally folded. In that portion of the conglomerate which is adjacent to its confines, ‘boulders’ of quartzite are apparently disrupted portions of quartzite-bands, since these are in alignment with the truncated portions of bands still existing, and are of similar composition. The Authors are not at present in a position to account for the presence in the conglomerate of boulders of rocks foreign to the beds that border the conglomerate, or of such as possess markings comparable to glacial striæ, by their theory of differential earth-movements; but they consider that a boulder-bed subjected to lateral pressure would probably lend itself to the production of ‘false pebbles,’ through the disruption of intercalated hard bands within itself or on its boundaries.

Dr. A.
Strattan
considered the first paper to be lucid and convincing account of an extremely-interesting series of deposits. The association of schistose rocks and slates with
The Origin of the Pillow-Lava near Port Isaac in Cornwall
Authors: Reid Clement , Dewey Henry
Published: October 2009

The volcanic mass which we are about to describe occupies a definite horizon in the Upper Devonian, in the part of North Cornwall lying between Padstow and Bodmin Moor. We propose to confine our remarks to this limited area; for the point with which we deal is merely the mode of origin of this particular eruptive rock. Our views may, or may not, be applicable to other pillow-lavas; but the subject is so beset with difficulties, that we prefer to confine our attention to a limited region, where cliff-sections are exceptionally fine and inland quarries are also clear. We will not deal with the question of correlation, even with neighbouring areas.

The volcanic rocks near Port Isaac were noticed by De la Beche in 1839. He mentions the vesicular character of some of them, and suggests that they were contemporaneous with the slates in which they occur. He does not allude to their peculiar structure.

In 1848 Nicholas Whitley noticed and figured the peculiar concentric structure,

‘as if it had rolled down a declivity and become partially cooled during its progress, and then consolidated into the rock which it now constitutes; in fact, much like the ends of bales of cloth piled one on another.

He speaks of the centre of each circle being generally composed of a nodule of crystallized gypsum, and compares this structure with that of some of the Vesuvian lavas.

The petrological characters of these rocks were described in 1878 by J. A. Phillips, who gave
The St. David's-Head ‘Rock-Series’, Pembrokeshire
Authors: Elsden James Vincent
Published: October 2009

1. I
ntroduction
.

In a former paper, communicated to this Society, I gave a general description of the St. David's-Head intrusions. On that occasion I expressed the opinion that this area would repay a more detailed investigation, and I have since made a systematic examination of these rocks, both in the field and in the laboratory, confining my attention to the two large parallel intrusions forming the St. David's-Head and Carn-Llidi masses respectively. With the exception of the general account given in my former paper, these rocks do not appear to have been previously described in any detail. Several distinct types of rock occur in these masses, and it is the purpose of this paper to discuss their differences with the object of examining the problem of their origin. Briefly, the main point to be determined is whether these are to be regarded as an igneous complex, or whether they constitute a ‘rock-series,’ derived from a common magma by some process of differentiation.

The two intrusions take the form of vertical sills intruded between almost perpendicular shales of Arenig age. They are composed of at least four types of rock, which, although closely allied, present marked mineralogical differences, often easily distinguishable in the field. There is a dark, basic variety, typically seen in parts of Cam Llidi, Carn Llidi Bechan, Carn Hen, and occasionally at Pen Lledwen and in parts of the St. David's-Head mass. This melanocratic type is moderately coarse in grain. It stands in conspicuous contrast to a leucocratic
The Geological Structure of the St. David's Area (Pembrokeshire).
Authors: Green John Frederick Norman
Published: October 2009

1.
Introduction
.

There is probably no district in Wales with regard to the geology of which such serious divergencies of opinion exist as the neighbourhood of St. David's. The only rocks upon which authorities are in any way agreed are the sedimentary Lower Cambrian deposits, which form the geological datum-line for the area; and differences exist even here, as to whether they include contemporaneous tuffs, and as to the composition of the basal conglomerate and sandstone. With regard to the age of the various acid and basic tuffs, the basic igneous rocks, the quartz-porphyries, and the granitoid rock of St. David's, relatively to the Cambrian and
inter se
, entire disagreement exists throughout.

The interpretations of the sequence fall, however, into two main groups, associated respectively with the names of Dr. Hicks and Sir Archibald Geikie. The former is, on the whole, supported by Prof. Bonney, Prof. McKenny Hughes, and the late J. F. Blake, who were all well acquainted with the district; and the conclusions arrived at by Sir Archibald Geikie and Dr. B. N. Peach have been confirmed after careful examination by Prof. C. Lloyd Morgan.

The problem may be simplified by eliminating one point of disagreement. The late Dr. Hicks considered that the tuff's, sheets, and dykes could be divided into two unconformable series, termed by him Arvonian (earlier) and Pebidian. No other observer has confirmed this hypothesis, and, in order to avoid prolixity, it is proposed not to make any special reference to it. Eliminating, then, this
The High-Level Platforms of Bodmin Moor and their Relation to the Deposits of Stream-Tin and Wolfram.
Authors: Barrow George
Published: October 2009

In the south-west of Cornwall the ancient marine platform, of Pliocene age, rises to a height of 430 feet above the sea, and its upper limit is a steep slope, often a bluff. In the same area the uplift of this platform has led to the deepening and cutting-back of the larger valleys, giving rise to a steepening of slopes in the lower part of the banks. This feature becomes less marked as the valleys are ascended, and in the case of the River Camel it disappears altogether at a distance of 22 miles from the sea. Above this point the river-banks and also the ground above them, now much over 430 feet high, retain in the main the same angle of slope as that which they had in Pliocene times, though of course they have been lowered to some extent by denudation.

The retention of the characters of the older scenery is naturally most marked in the still higher grounds about the watershed of the River Camel, part of which includes Davidstow Moor. This moor also forms the gathering-ground of the Inney (a tributary of the Tamar); and, if the watershed be crossed and the valley of this river descended, the features just noted will be met with in reverse order, as that area is approached within which the denudation of post-Pliocene times has produced its most characteristic effects.

Of the older topography thus partly destroyed by post-Pliocene denudation, the most striking feature in the higher part of the
The Basic Intrusion of Bartestree, near Hereford.
Authors: Reynolds Sidney Hugh
Published: October 2009

1.
Introduction
, and
Field
-
Relations
.

The field-relations of the basic intrusion of Lowe's-Hill Quarry near Bartestree were fully described by Murchison, but, although the dyke has been several times mentioned by later geologists no detailed account has yet been given of its structure. The dyke is of considerable interest, both from its own character and from the alteration to which it gives rise in the Old Red Sandstone. It has a thickness of about 35 feet, and strikes in an east-north-easterly direction through the Old Red marls and sandstones which here lie almost horizontally. As represented in the 1-inch Geological-Survey map, the dyke has a length of about half a mile, striking across the road which leads southwestwards from Bartestree, and extending from about the middle of Tidnor Wood on the south-west to near Bartestree Convent on the north-east. At present, however, the only exposures are at Lowe's-Hill Quarry and for a short space immediately to the south-west. No trace of trap could be found west of the road; and, although fairly abundant débris occurs in Tidnor Wood, it appears to be derived entirely from Old-Red-Sandstone rocks.

The Lowe's-Hill rock, though not now worked, has formerly been largely quarried; and a long cutting has resulted, the sides of which are formed by Old Red sandstone and marl, while the trap is exposed at the end.

(
a
) North of the trap.—On the northern side of the cutting, an undulating line, fairly easily followed up the face of the cliff, marks the edge
On the Fossiliferous Silurian Rocks of the Southern Half of the Tortworth Inlier.
Authors: Reed Frederick Richard Cowper , Reynolds Sidney Hugh
Published: October 2009

1. I
ntroduction
.

In the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society for 1901 (vol. lvii, pp. 267–84 & pis. x-xi) is a paper by one of us, in collaboration with Prof. C. Lloyd Morgan, dealing with the igneous rocks and the associated sedimentary deposits of the Tortworth Inlier. The present communication may be regarded as, to some extent, supplementary to the above. Full references to the earlier work on the district having been given in the paper just mentioned, they will not be repeated here.

The field-work has been carried out by one of us (S. H. R.); the identification of the fossils, involving the re-examination of the various public and private collections, by the other (F. R. C. R.).

The expense of the work, which has involved the digging of a number of trenches and the opening-up of a series of old quarries, has been lightened latterly by means of a grant from the British Association for the Advancement of Science. We are much indebted to the landlords, the Earl of Ducie, Earl Fitzhardinge, and Sir George Jenkinson, Bart., for their kindness in facilitating these excavations. We desire also to thank Mr. J. Harle, Lord Ducie's agent, and Mr. J. Peter, Lord Fitzhardinge's agent, for help and information.

The Llandovery rocks crop out along an area generally from 1 to 2 miles wide, which follows the general trend of the Carboniferous Limestone rim of the Bristol Coalfield, and stretches in a north-westerly direction from Charneld Green to the neighbourhood of
Notes on the Geology of Burma.
Authors: Dalton Leonard V.
Published: October 2009

I.
Historical
.

It is the object of this paper to present the results of geological expeditions in the Irawadi valley carried out by my uncle Mr. W. H. Dalton, F.G.S., and myself in the season of 1904–1905, and by myself alone in 1905–1906, and to correlate these observations with those made by previous writers, thus summarizing our present knowledge of the geology of Burma generally and of the Tertiary System of that country in particular.

Dr. Fritz Nœtling in 1895 reviewed the work done on the geology of Burma before that date, pointing out the remarkably-accurate hypothetical arrangement of the rocks of Burma made by Buckland in 1828, and the absence of subdivision of the Tertiary System previous to W. Theobald's paper on Lower Burma in 1873. In this summary the ‘Axial Group’ of Theobald is referred to as certainly not of Triassic age—a statement controverted by later examination of the fossils of the Arakan Yoma and other parts of Lower Burma—although found true in the sense that the group is a complex one (as we now know), and neither Triassic nor Cretaceous alone, but assignable to both of these. While Dr. Nœtling's paper thus reviews the greater number of the works published on the geology of Burma, and in particular those relating to the Tertiary of the better-known regions of the Irawadi basin, there are certain other papers to which it is necessary to refer here, as they deal with the outlying districts. Of these the earliest is that
Plant-containing Nodules from Japan, considered structurally in their Relation to the ‘Coal-Balls’ and ‘Roof-Nodules’ of the European Carboniferous
Authors: Stopes Marie C.
Published: October 2009

The
nodules of which the geological nature is described in this paper are of interest and importance, chiefly because of the plant and animal fossils which they include. The plant-petrifactions are of a type unknown from the Mesozoic; these I am describing in a botanical paper in conjunction with Prof. Fujii, of which we hope the first part will be ready for publication in a few months.

A critical study of the structure and mode of formation of the plant-containing nodules, though a special branch of geological work, is of some value to the students of plants, and in the case of the Carboniferous nodules seemed to repay fully the labour which it entailed. Hence the present short comparative study of the Cretaceous nodules was undertaken.

Recent work on the structure of the Carboniferous nodules brought out decisively what had been spoken of in a general way, namely, the importance of the association of marine organisms with the coals and associated rocks in which they were formed. It also showed that it is when saturated with sea-water that plants seem to staud the best chance of petrifaction, and that only under marine conditions do ‘ coal-balls’ occur in the coals. As it is in the coal-balls that such storehouses of tissue-petrifactions are to be found, they are of particular importance to the plant-anatomist. This led me to search for marine coals of ages other than Carboniferous, in the course of which a valuable suggestion, followed by specimens, was made by
On the Genus
Loxonema
, with Descriptions of New Proterozoic Species
Authors: Longstaff Jane
Published: October 2009

There
is considerable confusion with regard to the genotype of
Loxonema
, Phillips. This has arisen because Phillips did not fix a genotype himself, and because he confounded a Devonian form with his first-mentioned species. This last is the Silurian
Terebra
(?)
sinuosa
of Sowerby? Both the Devonian form which Phillips calls
Loxonema
sinuosum
and Sowerby's holotype bear the characteristics of the genus as defined by him, but they certainly are specifically distinct. The genus was founded by Phillips in 1841; and, though I have given the original diagnosis in a former paper, it seems advisable to reproduce it here :—

‘ Spiral, turriculated ; whorls convex, their upper edges adpressed against the next above; without spiral band; mouth oblong, attenuated above, effused below, with a sigmoidal edge to the right lip ; no umbilicus (?) ; surface covered by longitudinal threads or ridges, generally arched.

‘ These observations are merely provisional until the form of the aperture is more perfectly known. The shells have been placed as
Melania
,
Rissoa
,
Terebra
,
Turritella
, and
Sealaria
.

‘ In regard to the number of species mentioned, I must observe that I find it impossible to do otherwise than preserve the names of all as distinct varieties ; but that it is very probable most of them ,are only varieties of three or four types, one having L.
sinuosa
for one extremity and L.
Hennahii
for the other ; a second related to L.
tumida
and L.
lineta
; a third to L.
rugifera
. Count Münster's
The Lahat ‘Pipe’: A Description of a Tin-ore Deposit in Perak (Federated Malay States)
Authors: Scrivenor John Brooke
Published: October 2009

The
Kinta District of Perak, chief of the four Federated Malay States (Perak, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, and Pahang), has, for many years, been famous as a producer of tin-ore. By far the greater proportion of the ore has been derived from detrital deposits ; but exceptions to the rule have been afforded by certain mines where the tin-ore (cassiterite) has been won from the crystalline limestone that forms, in part at any rate, the floor of the Kinta Valley. The deposits worked were briefly mentioned in my ‘Report of Progress’ in 1907. Since then more information has been gathered, and it is my purpose in this paper to describe the most remarkable of all the deposits that have been yet found in the Kinta Limestone. This is known in Perak as the Lahat ‘Pipe.’

The only description of the limestone tin-ore deposits of Kinta known to me is by :Mr. R. A. F. Penrose, Jun. He remarks that the tin-ore is associated with large quantities of iron-pyrites, arsenical pyrites, smaller quantities of chalcopyrite and bornite, and some rhodochroisite (
op
.
cit
. p. 147).

Outside the Federated :Malay States the stanniferous deposits in limestone have been cited as examples of cassiterite occurring without tourmaline. I have in my mind particularly the discussion on Mr. D. A. MacAlister's paper ‘ Tin & Tourmaline ’ read before the Geological Society in 1903.

Outside the Federated Malay States, again, only one case is known of tin-ore in limestone being worked commercially. This is near the
The Hartfell-Valentian Succession in the District around Plynlimon and Pont Erwyd (North Cardiganshire)
Authors: Jones Owen Thomas
Published: October 2009

The area described in this paper forms part of the hilly country some 12 to 16 miles to the east of Aberystwyth. It extends for a distance of about 9 miles, from the Plynlimon Mountains near the northern margin, to the Ystwyth Valley which forms the southern boundary; the eastern limit lies on the elevated tract which forms the divide between the coastal drainage and that of the River Wye and its tributaries, while its western margin is roughly defined by the western slope of the Rheidol Valley.

The area of 40 square miles or so included within these boundaries is given over almost entirely to sheep-grazing, and only small tracts along some of the valleys are under cultivation. In former times mining operations were vigorously carried on, but that industry is now decadent.

The small village of Pont Erwynd stands in the Rheidol Valley near the western margin of the district, and on the main road from Aberystwyth to Llanidloes which divides the area into two almost equal portions.
On the Dyke at Crookdene (Northumberland) and its Relations to the Collywell, Tynemouth, and Morpeth Dykes
Authors: Heslop M. K. , Smythe J. A.
Published: October 2009

Of the four dykes dealt with in this paper, only one, the Crookdene Dyke, appears not to have been investigated before, although its position is marked on the Geological Survey Map, Sheet 106 N.E.

As it has many points of interest, we shall describe its mode of occurrence and properties in some detail. The other three dykes have already been investigated by Dr. Teall; what observations we have to make upon them are thus only supplementary to his work, and serve chiefly to bring out the relationships which exist among these dykes in a clearer light. It should be mentioned that Teall had already come to the conclusion that the Collywell, Tynemouth, and Morpeth Dykes fall into a distinct group, and this inference we are in a position to substantiate; the Crookdene Dyke belongs also to the same group, halving the strongest analogies to the Collywell Dyke. The field-relationships of the Collywell, Tynemouth, and Morpeth Dykes have been clearly described by Prof. Lebour. All three belong to the series which in Northumberland has a general east-and-west trend. The Crookdene Dyke also runs east and west, and for this reason, and chiefly because of its strong petrological resemblance to them, it must be classed with the dykes just mentioned.

I. T
he
C
rookdene
D
yke
.

About 16 miles west of Morpeth, in latitude 55° 8′ 35″ N., longitude 2° 2′ 45″ W., there occurs a small exposure of a basaltic dyke in the bed and banks of the Wansbeck, which is there a
Certain Jurassic (Lias-Oolite) Strata of South Dorset; and their Correlation
Authors: Buckman S. S.
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

T
he
object of the present communication is to show the development and sequence of certain Jurassic strata on the Dorset coast, and to make some comparisons with strata elsewhere. The range of strata dealt with is from the top of the Middle Lias (Pliensbachian) to the lower part of the Fullers' Earth (Bathonian, Vesulian) inclusive.

The communication is laid before the Society for several reasons: it was promised many years ago; it forms a sequence to the papers on North Dorset and the Cotteswolds; it aims to give a detailed account of certain fossiliferous strata of South Dorset, to be used as a foundation for the dating of the fossils; and it offers suggestions in the matter of correlation and subdivision as a basis for the work of other investigators. With this stratigraphical paper there is also offered a palæontological paper, to describe some of the new species mentioned, and to figure some other species which are new and illustrative of strata of the same dates. That communication will be alluded to as ‘the palæontological paper.’

The investigations for this paper, which will probably be my last, so far as active field-geology is concerned, were complete in the main several years ago; it was announced in 1893 as nearly ready for publication. Since then changes of residence have involved packing of specimens, and many have not been unpacked again. As a consequence the identification of species must often be given in general terms, as they were set out
On a Skull of
Megalosaurus
from the Great Oolite of Minchinhampton (Gloucestershire)
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith
Published: October 2009

A
lthough
the carnivorous Dinosaur
Megalosaurus
was first discovered in the Stonesfield Slate nearly 80 years ago, and is now represented by numerous fossils from the Bathonian and later Mesozoic formations of England, its skull has hitherto been known only by unsatisfactory fragments of jaws. Our acquaintance with the Megalosaurian type of skull has depended solely on discoveries of nearly complete specimens in the Jurassic and Cretaceous formations of North America. At last, however, Mr. F. Lewis Bradley, F.G.S., has been able to submit to the Society the greater part of a skull obtained some time ago from the Great Oolite in an excavation for a reservoir at Minchinhampton (Gloucestershire); and he has prepared the specimen with so much skill and success that it is beautifully exposed for study from the left side (Pl. XIII, fig. 1). It is rather small, measuring only 26 centimetres in total length, but there cannot be much doubt that it belongs to the genus
Megallosaurus
itself.

The upper portion of the fossil is unfortunately destroyed by an irregular fissure in the rock, which is partly filled with calcite. The cranium is, therefore, scarcely seen; but there are traces behind of the occiput, which is somewhat deeper than wide above the foramen magnum, and lies in a plane inclined much forwards. The external bones of the temporal region and face are remarkably thin and delicate, and in their crushed condition it is difficult to distinguish the sutures between them. The large vacuities, however, which form so
Note on a Collection of Fossil Plants from the Neighbourhood of Lake Nyasa
Authors: Arber E. A. Newell
Published: October 2009

O
ur
present knowledge of the palæobotany of Portuguese East Africa rests on a memoir by Prof. Potonié, of Berlin, published in 1899. The following species were then recorded from Ituli:—
Glossopteris browniana
, Brongn.,
G. indica
, Schimper, and
G. angustifolia
, Brongn., and from German East Africa,
Glossopteris
sp.,
Vertebraria, Schizoneura
cf.
meriani
, and
Voltziopsis
.

Mr. Andrew's collection was derived from four localities, three from the district of the Lower Shire and one from the neighbourhood of Mount Waller. The greater number of the specimens are in fragmentary examples of shale obtained from the Middle Shale Group near Zimbawe Hill, on the Ngoma River, which rises on the Anglo-Portuguese border and reaches the Zambezi just above Sinjal (fig. 8, p. 216), Lower Shire area. Several fragments of fronds of
Glossopteris
occur. Some of these appear to be rather small leaves of
Glossopteris indica
, Schimper, with narrow elongated meshes. The fronds vary greatly in size, small leaves predominating. Some of them closely resemble the figure of
G. indica
, Schimper, from India, given by Feistmantel on pl. xxxviii
A
, fig. 4, of his ‘Lower Gondwana Flora’. Other fronds of still smaller dimensions may be compared with pl. xxxiv
A
, fig. 2, of Feistmantel's memoir. Such specimens are difficult to identify specifically, and possibly are only young immature fronds belonging to one of the commoner species, such as
G. indica
, Schimper, or
G. browniana
, Brongn. On the other hand, some examples seem to be identical with
Glossopteris retifera
. Feist.; and possibly
G. angustifolia
, Brongn. is represented
Notes on some Fossil non-Marine Mollusca and a Bivalved Crustacean (
Estheriella
) from Nyasaland
Authors: Newton Richard Bullen
Published: October 2009

T
he
specimens described in these notes have been collected by Messrs. A. R. Andrew & T. E. G. Bailey in the north-western area of Nyasaland, during a mineral survey carried out between the years 1906 and 1908, under the auspices of the Imperial Institute, the authorities of which have kindly presented them to the Geological Department of the British Museum (Natural History). They consist of Quaternary gastropoda and Palæozoic pelecypoda, accompanied by
Estheriella
, all of which exhibit non-marine characters.

Quaternary Gastropoda

The Quaternary gastropoda include both freshwater and terrestrial forms belonging to the recent fauna of Lake Nyasa and its surrounding shores. Generally speaking, these specimens are of fresh appearance and well preserved, frequently showing remnants of coloration and periostracum—a condition which more particularly applies to the land-shells. The freshwater shells comprise the genera
Viviparus
and
Lanistes
, the former having been obtained from deposits at Chiwondo on Lake Nyasa, at an elevation of 20 feet above the water-level, as well as 3 miles west of that village at the altitude of 350 feet above the same level, where they occur as marl-casts, and again at Chisali, 15 miles west of the lake, at an elevation of 400 feet, where their casts form a limestone of sóme durability. Examples of
Lanistes
were collected at Chiwondo from a height of 20 feet, in association with well-preserved
Viviparus
.

The terrestrial shells are localized from Chiwondo and Masiunjuti, the latter place being situated some 12 miles west of the lakemargin, where the specimens were
Notes On Fossil Fish-remains from Nyasaland
Authors: Traquair Ramsay Heatley
Published: October 2009

N
early
twenty-one years ago, the late Prof. Drummond placed in my hands some fragmentary fish-remains which he had brought with him from Maramura in Nyasaland, desiring me to write a few words about them, to be inserted in his book on ‘Tropical Africa,’ then in the press. The specimens were unfortunately very fragmentary, consisting, except in one case only, of detached scales and bones, and the time allowed me to make up my mind about them was only a couple of days; however, I gave names to two of them. One was a piece of the hinder part of a fish, evidently a member of the family Palæoniscidæ, to which I gave the name of
Acrolepis (?) drummondi
; the other was a detached scale which I supposed might also be palæoniscid in its nature, and doubtfully referred to the same genus under the name of
Acrolepis (?) africana
. Concerning the latter scale, I also noted that it bore considerable resemblance to some of the scales from the European Trias named by Agassiz ‘Gyrolepis.’

I had not then seen the paper by the late Prof. Dames on the Ganoids of the German Muschelkalk, which was published in the same year (1888); when I did see it, I was struck by the general resemblance which this scale bore to those of
Colobodus
, as figured in that memoir, and especially to those of
Colobodus frequens
, Dames.

Some little time ago, Dr. A. S. Woodward, F.R.S., knowing that these two types were in Edinburgh
The Igneous and Associated Sedimentary Rocks of the Glensaul District (County Galway)
Authors: Gardiner Charles Irving , Reynolds Sidney Hugh
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

T
he
district is a small one, having a maximum length from south-west to north-east of little more than 2 miles, and a width of about a mile. Its north-eastern margin lies about 3 miles south-west of Tourmakeady Lodge, the southernmost point in the area recently described by us. That portion of the district with which this paper deals consists of the valley of the Glensaul River, together with the hills lying to the south-west, which rise to a height of 925 feet above sea-level at Lettereeneen and to nearly 700 feet at Greenaun.

The area of Ordovician rocks, with which this paper is concerned, is roughly quadrilateral in shape. It is bounded by peat and drift on its southern side, partly by peat and drift and partly by grit and conglomerate of ? Bala age on its northern side, while its western and its eastern sides are bounded by faults.

The western fault, very clearly seen along a stream-course that runs northwards down the slope of Lettereeneen, brings a fairly coarse quartzose conglomerate, forming the actual summit of the hill, against the Ordovician rocks. This conglomerate contains large felsite pebbles and smaller ones of quartz, and of red and black chert, and is quite different from the coarse conglomerate of Arenig age, to be described below (p. 255). We have found no fossils in it, and an account of it is beyond the purpose of this paper, but we class it with the grits and conglomerates found on
On Palæoxyris and other Allied Fossils from the Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire Coalfield
Authors: Moysey Lewis
Published: October 2009

I
n
a more or less careful examination of this coalfield, with a view to the compilation of a comprehensive catalogue of its flora, so many specimens of
Palæoxyris
have been found that it seems to me advisable to record such facts as the new material affords in relation to their structure. To the solution of the problem as to their true nature, however, this mass of material gives, unfortunately, no clue.

These curious organisms have been known for many years, and have been the subject of many papers and controversies; notably a paper by Dr. R. Kidston, giving a very careful description and figures of such species as were known to him from British rocks, to which he added a complete bibliography up to 1885.

The first recorded specimen from British Carboniferous rocks was found in Coalbrookdale. It is figured as
Carpolites helicteroides
, and was supposed to be a fruit.

A. Brongniart, however, in 1828 had described an allied fossil under the name of
Palæoxyris regularis
—this name having been given, owing to its supposed resemblance to the inflorescence of the recent
Xyris
. Prestl described them from the New Red Sandstone (? Rhætic) of Bamberg. A. Schenk, in 1867, called attention to the resemblance of these organisms to the egg-cases of fishes, comparing them with those of certain Elasmobranchs; but he did not consider the resemblance close enough to warrant their transference to the animal kingdom. Later, however, in 1888, having had further opportunities for comparison, he advocated the view that
Metamorphism around the Ross of Mull Granite
Authors: Bosworth Thomas Owen
Published: October 2009

I. T
he
G
ranite
and the M
oine
G
neisses
.

(
a
) The Granite.

T
he
western end of the Ross of Mull, which stretches out into the Atlantic, is a granite mass occupying some 20 square miles of land. On the north, west, and south this granite is exposed to the ocean waves, but along its eastern border it is seen in contact with a series of typical Moine Schists, which form the next portion of this peninsula passing landwards.

The Ross of Mull granite is a muscovite-biotite-granite of coarse texture intruded into the Moine Schists and Gneisses. At the south-western corner of the Ross, opposite the island of Erraid, it gives place to a fairly coarse diorite, which also forms the Eilean a' Chalmain. The granite was intruded probably before the diorite was cool, and the two rocks are there so intermixed that the drawing of any boundary-line between them is a purely arbitrary matter. Taken together, the facts summarized below lead to the conclusion that this granite is one of the ‘Newer Granites,’ as was formerly inferred by Prof. Judd:—

(
a
)

It resembles the newer granites in composition and association with diorite.

(
b
)

It is unaffected by shearing.

(
c
)

It is conspicuously later than the foliation and strain-slipping of the Moine Schists into which it has been intruded, producing contact-alteration.

(
d
)

It is associated with sheets of mica-trap and vogesite, by which it is traversed. In one case, an intrusive sheet
The Tourmaline-Corundum Rocks of Kinta (Federated Malay States)
Authors: Scrivenor John Brooke
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
: P
revious
L
iterature
.

I
propose
in the following paper to describe and discuss the origin of certain rocks, remarkable alike in mineral composition and in structure, found in the Kinta Valley of Perak, the premier tin-field of the Federated Malay States. The two chief ingredients of these rocks are tourmaline and corundum; and it is evident, from the geological structure of the district, that they are the result of extreme metamorphism in beds associated with schistose rocks found chiefly on the west side of the valley, and perhaps also in thin beds intercalated with the crystalline limestone that generally forms the bed-rock of the tin-mines.

The previous literature dealing with the Kinta Valley, or, indeed, with Perak as a whole, is very scanty, and does not take long to review.

In 1882 M. J. Errington de la Croix described the geology of the Malay Peninsula (pp. 9–20), noticing the Kinta limestones as being widely developed.

In 1884 the Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods said that the granite ranges of Perak are flanked by ‘Lower Limestone ridges’ forming detached hills about 1500 feet high.

‘The limestone is crystalline, without a trace of organism[s], though lines of stratification can still be traced.... There is a Palæozoic sandstone, clayslate, or gneissose formation lying between the limestone and [the] granite. It is much decomposed, and gives rise to a red clay which generally goes by the name of laterite.’

In the same year the same author mentioned an instance of a recent volcanic rock
The Gneisses and Altered Dacites of the Dandenong District (Victoria), and their Relations to the Dacites and to the Granodiorites of the Area
Authors: Skeats Ernest Willington
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

T
he
rocks with which this paper deals occur about 25 miles distant from Melbourne, in a direction a little south of east. The area is all included within the parish of Narree Worran, in the counties of Evelyn and Mornington. The oldest rocks in the district are sediments of Lower Palæozoic age, either Silurian or Ordovician; but with these the paper is not directly concerned.

Intruded into these sediments is a mass of granodiorite, which is now exposed at the surface in the southern part of the area. To the north of the granodiorite lies an extensive area of hypersthene-biotite-dacite and quartz-porphyrite, which forms the Dandenong Hills. This rock series is also younger than the Older Palæozoic sediments, for in some places it appears to rest upon them, and in others to be intrusive into them. The boundary between the granodiorite and the dacite runs in an easterly direction, and while examining this junction in 1905 I discovered a belt of gneissic and altered rocks which for several miles come between the normal development of the granodiorite and of the dacite. It is with these rocks and their relations to the plutonic and volcanic series adjoining them that this paper deals.

Hitherto gneissic rocks have been recognized in Victoria only in certain parts of the Western District and in North-Eastern Gippsland. These, however, are probably of Archæan age, and certainly have nothing in common with the foliated rocks described below.

II. P
revious
L
iterature
.

The origin, age, and field-relations