bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping of Seed Hardness in Soybean
Authors: Zhang Bo , Chen Pengyin , Chen Charles Y. , Wang Dechun , Shi Ainong , Hou Anfu , Ishibashi Tetsuaki
Published: July 2008

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds with undesirable texture cause processing complications in soyfood production. Seed hardness is an important quality attribute for food‐grade soybeans. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with seed hardness in soybean. Three generations of F2–derived lines (159 F2:3, F2:4, and F2:5 lines) from a soft (‘SS‐516’) × hard (‘Camp’) soybean cross were grown in a replicated test in Fayetteville, AR, in 2003, 2004, and 2005. Pressure‐cooked samples from each line were tested for seed hardness using a texture analyzer. A total of 874 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to screen the parents; 177 out of 236 polymorphic markers between the parents showed polymorphism in the F2:3 lines. A linkage map for seed hardness was established using 148 SSR markers, 15 of which were new and added to the current public soybean genetic linkage map. All identified markers were placed on 19 linkage groups (LGs) and covered 1363.7 cM of the soybean genome with an average distance of 9.6 cM between markers. Broad‐sense heritability was estimated to be 0.56 for seed hardness. Two stable QTLs across environments (Ha1 and Ha2, p < 0.00001) were identified near Satt229 on LG L and Satt531 on LG D1a, respectively, for the average seed hardness over 3 yr. Ha1 had a logarithmic odds score of 6.17 with R2 = 12.7%; Ha2 had a score of 5.08 with R2 = 36.1%. A dominance‐by‐dominance interaction was detected between Ha1 and Ha2, explaining 7.9% of the phenotypic variance. Research is under way to confirm the identified QTLs for soybean seed hardness in multiple populations with different genetic backgrounds.
Microsatellite Markers for Kernel Color Genes in Wheat
Authors: Sherman J. D. , Souza E. , See D. , Talbert L. E.
Published: July 2008

The establishment of hard white wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as a viable alternative for growers has been impeded by several factors, one of which is that new hard white wheat cultivars may not be competitive with hard red cultivars. This is due to the fact that most breeding programs devote more resources to hard red wheat, and that the genetics of kernel color makes rapid conversion of red to white kernel color problematic. Three homoeologous loci control kernel color, with red being dominant. A single red allele is sufficient to cause the kernel to be classified as red. A rapid conversion of red‐seeded genotypes to white‐seeded types would be facilitated by the use of molecular markers to help select for the recessive alleles for white color. In this experiment, we developed three populations that were segregating at only one of each of three respective color loci, being homozygous recessive at the other two. F2 plants or recombinant inbred lines were assayed for kernel color and screened with a series of microsatellite markers. Linked microsatellite markers were identified for all loci. A validation experiment was established with a population of 1786 F2 plants from a cross between a red‐seeded line and white‐seeded line. The markers were 100% diagnostic for the white‐seeded phenotype in this population. Thus, the markers will find utility in backcrossing programs to convert red‐seeded wheat to white.
Sources of Variation for Long‐Flow Experimental Milling
Authors: Souza E.J. , Griffey C. , Kweon M. , Guttieri M.
Published: July 2008

Flour milling quality of new wheat cultivars routinely is measured on long‐flow experimental flour mills with multiple break and reduction rolls that produce many mill streams. Virginia State wheat trials were evaluated to determine the relative contributions of genotypes, production years, and error to the variation in long‐flow milling traits using the Allis‐Chalmers long‐flow flour mill at the USDA Soft Wheat Quality Laboratory. In one study, 11 cultivars were evaluated for five years. Variation due to error, which was based on the cultivar × year interactions, was half the size of genotypic variance for straight‐grade and break‐flour yield. In the second study, 27 cultivars were evaluated for two years. Genotype was a more important source of variance for milling traits than error. Error variances were approximately one‐half of the genotype variances for straight‐grade flour yield and break‐flour yield. One paired evaluation between an experimental line and a standard cultivar may be sufficient to detect large differences in milling performance between an experimental and a check cultivar. However other milling and flour characteristics tended to have smaller ratios of genotype to error variance, suggesting that greater levels of replication may be required than for straight‐grade flour yield.
White Maize: Genetics of Quality and Agronomic Performance
Authors: Malvar R. A. , Revilla P. , Moreno‐González J. , Butrón A. , Sotelo J. , Ordás A.
Published: July 2008

White maize (Zea mays L.) is preferred for human consumption, but little is known about the genetic regulation of flour quality, and the potential value of genotypes adapted to temperate areas has not been reported. The objectives of this work were to assess the potential value of flint white maize inbreds from northwestern Spain and to determine the genetic effects of quality. A diallel among flint and dent white inbred lines was evaluated in northwestern Spain, and generation mean analyses were performed for three crosses representing flint by flint, dent by dent, and flint by dent combinations. Dent × dent hybrids had low density. Considering grain yield and density together, the best hybrids were EP64 × K301, EP71 × K301, and EC22 × Mo20W, which had poor milling test values, and high proportions of whole kernels. Considering the relative importance of nonadditive genetic effects, the final goal of breeding programs should be to obtain hybrids. Both additive and nonadditive genetic effects have to be taken into account to improve any of these traits in the flint genetic background. Moreover, it will be difficult to improve kernel density and proportion of whole kernels in any genetic background.
Effect of Nitrogen Rate and Placement and Seeding Rate on Barley Productivity and Wild Oat Fecundity in a Zero Tillage System
Authors: O'Donovan John T. , Clayton George W. , Grant Cynthia A. , Harker K. Neil , Turkington T. Kelly , Lupwayi Newton Z.
Published: July 2008

Placing N in the form of urea with the seed allows seeding and fertilizer application to be accomplished simultaneously with minimal soil disturbance. However, seedling damage can occur from excess seed‐placed urea. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of seed‐placed and side‐banded N (urea) applied at different rates on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) density, maturity, and yield and wild oat (Avena fatua L.) fecundity, and to investigate if increasing the barley seeding rate would improve the ability of barley to overcome urea‐induced injury and compete better with wild oat. A field experiment was conducted at three locations in western Canada over 3 yr. Nitrogen was applied as urea at five rates (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 kg ha−1 actual N), either directly with the seed or as a side‐band, at three barley seeding rates (200, 300, and 400 seeds m−2). When N was placed with the seed, barley plant density decreased, while time to maturity and wild oat fecundity increased as N rate increased. Barley yield also decreased but only at N rates above 60 kg ha−1 Placing N as a side‐band did not reduce barley density, resulting in shortened time to maturity, increased barley yield, and lower wild oat fecundity as compared to seed‐placed N. Increasing the seeding rate increased barley density and reduced time to maturity and wild oat fecundity but did not affect barley yield.
Two Major Recessive Soybean Genes Conferring Soybean Rust Resistance
Authors: Calvo Éberson S. , Kiihl Romeu A.S. , Garcia Alexandre , Harada Arlindo , Hiromoto Dario M.
Published: July 2008

Soybean rust (SBR) caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. is currently the most threatening fungal disease of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in the Americas. Development of resistant or tolerant cultivars is a major goal in several soybean breeding programs. Four loci, all carrying dominant alleles that confer a resistant phenotype, have been described. We investigated the genetic basis of the resistance in PI 200456 and PI 224270 by crossing each of them with a susceptible cultivar (CD 208). Phenotypic segregation ratios for F2 plants and F2:3 lines showed that the resistance in each resistant parent was controlled by a single recessive gene. A test for allelism demonstrated that these genes are non‐allelic. This is the first report of recessive genes controlling SBR resistance in soybean and may represent a different type of resistance for breeding programs aimed at development of more durable resistance.
Reduced Oil Accumulation in Cottonseeds Transformed with aBrassicaNonfunctional Allele of a Delta‐12 Fatty Acid Desaturase (FAD2)
Authors: Chapman Kent D. , Neogi Purnima B. , Hake Kater D. , Stawska Agnes A. , Speed Thomas R. , Cotter Matthew Q. , Garrett David C. , Kerby Thomas , Richardson Charlene D. , Ayre Brian G. , Ghosh Supriyo , Kinney Anthony J.
Published: July 2008

In an effort to better understand the mechanisms that regulate oil accumulation and packaging in seeds, transgenic cotton lines were generated using aBrassica napusnonfunctional delta‐12 fatty acid desaturase (FAD2) gene under control of the phaseolin promoter. Seeds of numerous transgenic plant lines had reduced oil content compared with null‐segregating siblings or nontransformed seeds. Seed oil content was quantified by1H‐NMR, and was reduced to 12% or less of seed weight in transgenics from 20% by weight in nontransformed controls. Light‐ and electron‐microscopic analyses of severely lowered lines, showed a reduction in overall cotyledon thickness and a disruption in cellular and subcellular organization. Lipid bodies and protein bodies were fewer in transgenics, and their size and distribution in cells was different than that in nontransformed seeds. Coincident with reduced storage reserves, sucrose levels were elevated in transgenic seeds. The overall effect of oil suppression was to selectively reduce the size of the embryo, but the seed coat and fiber properties remained unaffected in seeds. In fact there was a significant increase in lint percentage in all oil‐suppressed lines examined. Overall we propose that expression of the nonfunctionalBnfad2allele in cottonseeds disrupts normal oil biosynthesis and provides for redirection of carbon reserves.
Protein Extraction for Two‐Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis of Proteomic Profiling in Turfgrass
Authors: Xu Chenping , Xu Yan , Huang Bingru
Published: July 2008

Protein extraction for two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE) from plant samples is challenging due to low protein content and high level of contaminants. Proteomic research in turfgrass is limited by the lack of efficient protein extraction methods. To establish an effective protocol of protein extraction suitable for 2‐DE analysis in turfgrasses, four protein extraction methods (chloroform/acetone, tris‐base/acetone, phenol/ammonium acetate, and trichloroacetic acid [TCA]/acetone methods) were evaluated for creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.). Proteins were extracted from leaves and roots of mature plants using the above four methods and separated by 2‐DE. The TCA/acetone extraction had higher protein yield and resolution of protein separation for leaves, compared to the other three methods. For roots, both the TCA and phenol methods had higher protein yields and number of protein spots than the other two methods. The phenol method had more protein spots and higher spot intensities in the low molecular weight (Mr) region or high isoelectric point (pI) region than the TCA extraction, while more protein spots and higher spot intensity in the region of high Mr were detected by the TCA method than by the phenol method. Our results suggested that the TCA method was the most effective among the four methods for leaves, and a combination of the TCA and phenol methods may provide enhanced proteomic information for roots in turfgrass.
Using Factor Analytic Models for Joining Environments and Genotypes without Crossover Genotype × Environment Interaction
Authors: Burgueño Juan , Crossa Jose , Cornelius Paul L. , Yang Rong‐Cai
Published: July 2008

Genotype × environment interaction variability can be due to crossover interaction (COI) or to non‐COI. Statistical methods for detecting and quantifying COI and for forming subsets of environments and/or genotypes with negligible COI have been based on fixed effects linear–bilinear models. Linear mixed models and the factor analytic (FA) variance–covariance structure offer a more realistic and effective approach for quantifying COI and forming subsets of environments and genotypes without COI. The main objectives of this study are (i) to present an integrated methodology for clustering environments and genotypes with negligible COI based on results obtained from fitting FA to multi‐environment trial (MET) data; and (ii) to detect COI using predictable functions based on the linear mixed model with FA and Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) of genotypes. Two CIMMYT maize (Zea maysL.) international METs are used to illustrate the method for searching for subsets of environments and genotypes with negligible COI. Results from both data sets showed that the proposed method formed subsets of environments and/or genotypes with negligible COI. The main advantage of the integrated approach is that one unique linear mixed model, the FA model, can be used for (i) modeling the association among environments; (ii) forming subsets of environments without COI; (iii) grouping genotypes into non‐COI subsets; and (iv) detecting COI using the appropriate predictable function.
Validation of Low‐Phytate QTLs and Evaluation of Seedling Emergence of Low‐Phytate Soybeans
Authors: Gao Y. , Biyashev R.M. , Maroof M.A. Saghai , Glover N.M. , Tucker D.M. , Buss G.R.
Published: July 2008

M153‐1‐4 is a low‐phytate (LP) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] mutant derived from chemical mutagenesis, possibly from a single gene mutation. However, the inheritance of LP in CX1834, as descended from M153‐1‐4, has been shown to involve two independent loci which were subsequently mapped to linkage groups (LGs) L and N. The objectives of this study were to (i) validate the two previously identified LP QTLs in CX1834 using 208 F2:5 lines of CX1834‐1‐6 × V99‐3337, (ii) characterize associations of LP QTLs with phytate content in a set of F2:5 and backcross (BC) lines as derived from phenotypic or genotypic selections, and (iii) evaluate the impact of LP on seedling emergence. Overall, the previously reported LP QTLs were validated in this study. However, observations of natural genetic variation and transgressive segregants suggest that additional LP QTLs could exist, potentially contributed by V99‐3337, the other parent of the validation population. A perfect correlation was found between phenotypic (phytate‐based) and genotypic (marker‐based) selections for LP lines in this study. However, findings of LP marker genotypes in the high phytate (HP) phenotypic selections suggest a potential linkage between HP and LP genes on LG L in CX1834. LP lines did not have uniformly low emergence in this study. Under some environments, HP and LP lines had little difference in seedling emergence in the field.
A Model for Prediction of Heat Stability of Photosynthetic Membranes
Authors: Ristic Zoran , Bukovnik Urška , Prasad P. V. Vara , West Mark
Published: July 2008

A previous study revealed a positive correlation between heat‐induced damage to photosynthetic membranes (thylakoid membranes) and chlorophyll loss. In this study, we exploited this correlation and developed a model for predicting thermal damage to thylakoids. Prediction is based on estimation of the ratio of constant chlorophyll a fluorescence (O) and the peak of variable fluorescence (P) (O/P). The model was developed using 12 cultivars of hexaploid winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). It was tested in six genotypes of hexaploid wheat, 25 genotypes of tetraploid wheat (T. turgidum L.), and 20 genotypes of maize (Zea mays L.). Predictive ability was assessed by analyzing the relationship between the predicted and measured O/P. The model adequately predicted O/P and thereby the heat stability of thylakoid membranes in all genotype groups with high coefficients of determination (r2 > 0.80). This model could be used as an easy and inexpensive means for detection of the structural and functional state of photosynthetic membranes in wheat and maize, and possibly other crops, in hot environments.
Rapid Determination of Dough Optimum Mixing Time for Early Generation Wheat Breeding Lines Using FT‐HATR Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Seabourn Bradford W. , Xie Feng , Chung Okkyung K.
Published: July 2008

The traditional method in the United States for screening hard winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding lines is based on the optimum mixing time (MT), an important rheological property of a wheat flour–water (dough) system typically obtained from the mixograph. This method is time consuming and requires some degree of subjective interpretation, especially with regard to mixing tolerance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of Fourier transform horizontal attenuated total reflectance (FT‐HATR) spectroscopy to objectively predict optimum MT in doughs from a short‐duration mixing cycle (1 min). A total of 55 hard winter wheat flours with varying protein contents and MTs were scanned in the amide III region of the mid‐infrared by FT‐HATR immediately after being mixed 1 min with a mixograph. Regression analysis of the ratio of the band areas at 1336 cm−1 (α‐helix) and 1242 cm−1 (β sheet) versus optimum MT as determined by the mixograph showed a quadratic response with an R2 value of 0.81. Results from this study indicate that optimum MT could be predicted early in the mixing process based on changes in the secondary structure of the dough protein (gluten). This method could provide the basis for new technology to rapidly and accurately screen wheat samples in early generation breeding lines, thus saving considerable time and expense in the development of new cultivars.
Genetic Diversity of Contemporary North American Barley
Authors: Mikel Mark A. , Kolb Frederic L.
Published: July 2008

Crop diversity has important implications for genetic vulnerability and potential for crop improvement. Genetic diversity was estimated by coefficient of parentage (CP) among 363 contemporary North American barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars registered during the era of 1970 through 2006. This was facilitated by using pedigree lineage derived from U.S. Plant Variety Protection Certificates and/or registration articles. Overall diversity, as measured through CP, was estimated at 0.023 for this era. Diversity was greater among feed (CP = 0.020) than among malt barley (0.111) cultivars. The estimate of genetic diversity was much lower (CP = 0.141) among 23 widely grown cultivars that constituted 87% of the U.S. harvested barley hectarage from 2001 through 2005. Within these 23 elite cultivars, diversity was substantially lower for six‐row malting barley (CP = 0.574) versus two‐row malting barley (CP = 0.237). Most prevalent types of breeding populations used for development of the 363 North American barley cultivars registered from 1970 through 2005 were two‐parent cross (used for 44% of new cultivars), complex cross (25%), and three‐parent cross (14%). Barley breeding progress for grain yield improvement was estimated at 4.4% per breeding cycle using yield comparison of progeny and parents across environments. Barley germplasm available is genetically diverse, recycling leading commercial cultivars predominates and this breeding strategy has been successful.
Anthocyanin Characterization of Pilot Plant Water Extracts of Delonix regia Flowers
Authors: Adje Felix , Lozano Yves F. , Meudec Emmanuelle , Lozano Paul , Adima Augustin , N’zi Georges Agbo , Gaydou Emile M.
Published: July 2008

Following the development of new applications of pilot plant scale extraction and formulation processes for natural active bioproducts obtained from various underutilized tropical plants and herbs, we have manufactured water-extracts from Delonix regia flowers, grown in Ivory Coast. These extracts, which contain polyphenols, are traditionally home made and used as healthy bioproducts. They are reddish-coloured due to the presence of anthocyanins. The three major anthocyanins in these extracts have been characterized. The molecular structures were confirmed by LC-SM analysis. Amongst them, two are described for the first time in Delonix regia.
Unusual Regioselectivity in the Opening of Epoxides by Carboxylic Acid Enediolates
Authors: Domingo Luis R. , Gil Salvador , Parra Margarita , Segura José
Published: July 2008

Addition of carboxylic acid dianions appears to be a potential alternative to the use of aluminium enolates for nucleophilic ring opening of epoxides. These conditions require the use of a sub-stoichiometric amount of amine (10% mol) for dianion generation and the previous activation of the epoxide with LiCl. Yields are good, with high regioselectivity, but the use of styrene oxide led, unexpectedly, to a mixture resulting from the attack on both the primary and secondary carbon atoms. Generally, a low diastereoselectivity is seen on attack at the primary center, however only one diastereoisomer was obtained from attack to the secondary carbon of the styrene oxide.
Do Cultivar, Geographical Location and Crop Season Influence Phenolic Profile of Walnut Leaves?
Authors: Amaral Joana S. , Valentão Patrícia , Andrade Paula B. , Martins Rui C. , Seabra Rosa M.
Published: July 2008

Walnut leaves from nine different cultivars (Arco, Franquette, Hartley, Lara, Marbot, Mayette, Meylannaise, Parisienne and Rego) were studied for their phenolic compounds. Samples were harvested along three consecutive years, at two different geographical locations, in order to evaluate if significant differences in the phenolics composition can be related with genetic, climatic or geographical factors. Nine compounds (3-caffeoylquinic, 3-p-coumaroylquinic and 4-p-coumaroylquinic acids, quercetin 3- galactoside, quercetin 3-arabinoside, quercetin 3-xyloside, quercetin 3-rhamnoside, a quercetin 3-pentoside derivative and a kaempferol 3-pentoside derivative) were quantified using an HPLC-DAD methodology. The qualitative profiles were identical for all samples, but differences were observed in terms of individual compounds’ contents. Multivariate statistical analysis was carried out, showing that significant differences exist among production years, which can be related to climatic reasons.
Characterization of Aroma Active Compounds in Fruit Juice and Peel Oil of Jinchen Sweet Orange Fruit (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) by GC-MS and GC-O
Authors: Qiao Yu , Xie Bi Jun , Zhang Yan , Zhang Yun , Fan Gang , Yao Xiao Lin , Pan Si Yi
Published: July 2008

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatographyolfactometry (GC-O) were used to determine the aromatic composition and aroma active compounds of fruit juice and peel oil of Jinchen sweet orange fruit. Totals of 49 and 32 compounds were identified in fruit juice and peel oil, respectively. GC-O was performed to study the aromatic profile of Jinchen fruit juice and peel oil. A total of 41 components appeared to contribute to the aroma of fruit juice and peel oil. Twelve components were the odorants perceived in both samples. The aromatic compositions of fruit juice were more complex than that of peel oil. Ethyl butanoate, β-myrcene, octanal, linalool, α-pinene, and decanal were found to be responsible for the aromatic notes in fruit juice and peel oil. Nineteen components have been perceived only in the juice and ten compounds were described as aromatic components of only the peel oil by the panelists. These differences lead to the different overall aroma between fruit juice and peel oil.
Ring Contracting Sulfur Extrusion from Oxidized Phenothiazine Ring Systems
Authors: Farmer Steven C. , Berg Seth H.
Published: July 2008

Lithium, used in conjunction with sodium metal, produces a high yield of carbazole when reacted with phenothiazine-5-oxide or phenothiazine-5,5-dioxide. A high yield of 9-ethylcarbazole is also produced when these reagents react with 10-ethylphenothiazine, 10-ethylphenothiazine-5-oxide, and 10-ethylphenothiazine-5,5-dioxide. Degassed Raney nickel produces carbazole in high yield when reacted with phenothiazine and phenothiazine-5-oxide. A moderate yield of 9-ethylcarbazole is produced when n-butyllithium is reacted with 10-ethylphenothiazine-5-oxide.
Camptothecinoids from the seeds of Taiwanese Nothapodytes foetida
Authors: Wu Shou-Fang , Hsieh Pei-Wen , Wu Chin-Chung , Lee Chia-Lin , Chen Shu-Li , Lu Chi-Yu , Wu Tian-Shung , Chang Fang-Rong , Wu Yang-Chang
Published: July 2008

Two new alkaloids, 9-methoxy-18,19-dehydrocamptothecin (1) and 5- hydroxymappicine-20-O-β-glucopyranoside (2a/2b as a racemic mixture), together with nine known compounds: camptothecin (3), 9-methoxy-camptothecin (4), 5-hydroxycamptothecin (5a/5b racemic mixture), 5-hydroxy-9-methoxycamptothecin (6a/6b racemic mixture), diosmetin (7), apigenin (8), apigenin-7-O-glucopyranoside (9), rosin (cinnamyl- O-β-D-glucopyranoside) (10) and amarantholidoside IV (11) were isolated from the immature seeds of Nothapodytes foetida (Wight) Sleumer. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses. In the present research, compounds 1, 3, 4, 5a/5b and 6a/6b, also showed in vitro cytotoxicity against six cancer cell lines (HepG2, Hep3B, MDA-MB- 231, MCF-7, A549, and Ca9-22). Among them, compound 1 exhibited significant cytotoxicity against these cancer cell lines, with IC50 of 0.24-6.57 μM. Furthermore, HPLC profiles were developed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of these active constituents in different parts of this plant, including mature and immature seeds, leaves, stems and roots. The results revealed that compounds 3 and 4 have the highest concentrations, which are found in the roots part of the plant.
Fractionated Marine Invertebrate Extract Libraries for Drug Discovery
Authors: Bugni Tim S. , Harper Mary Kay , McCulloch Malcolm W.B. , Reppart Jason , Ireland Chris M.
Published: July 2008

The high-throughput screening and drug discovery paradigm has necessitated a change in preparation of natural product samples for screening programs. In an attempt to improve the quality of marine natural products samples for screening, several fractionation strategies were investigated. The final method used HP20SS as a solid support to effectively desalt extracts and fractionate the organic components. Additionally, methods to integrate an automated LCMS fractionation approach to shorten discovery time lines have been implemented.
Tomato Derived Polysaccharides for Biotechnological Applications: Chemical and Biological Approaches
Authors: Tommonaro Giuseppina , Poli Annarita , De Rosa Salvatore , Nicolaus Barbara
Published: July 2008

Recent studies concerning the isolation and purification of exopolysaccharides from suspension-cultured tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. var. San Marzano) cells and the description of a simple, rapid and low environmental impact method with for obtaining polysaccharides from solid tomato-processing industry wastes are reported. Their chemical composition, rheological properties and partial primary structure were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analyses (UV, IR, GC-MS, 1H-, 13C-NMR). Moreover, the anticytotoxic activities of exopolysaccharides obtained from cultured tomato cells were tested in a brine shrimp bioassay and the preparation of biodegradable film by chemical processing of polysaccharides from solid tomato industry waste was also reported.
Design, Synthesis, and Antitumor Activities of Some Novel Substituted 1,2,3-Benzotriazines
Authors: Lv Jin-Ling , Wang Rui , Liu Dan , Guo Gang , Jing Yong-Kui , Zhao Lin-Xiang
Published: July 2008

A series of novel substituted 1,2,3-benzotriazines based on the structures of vatalanib succinate (PTK787) and vandetanib (ZD6474) were designed and synthesized. The antiproliferative effects of these compounds were tested on microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs) using the MTT assay. Introduction of a methoxy and a 3-chloropropoxy group into the 1,2,3-benzotriazines increased the antiproliferative effects. 4-(3-Chloro-4- fluoroanilino)-7-(3-chloropropoxy)-6-methoxy-1,2,3-benzotriazine (8m) was the most effective compound. It was 4-10 fold more potent than PTK787 in inhibiting the growth of T47D breast cancer cells, DU145 and PC-3 prostate cancer cells, LL/2 murine Lewis lung cancer cells and B16F0 melanoma cells.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Mental Health Self‐Help
Authors: Brown Louis D. , Shepherd Matthew D. , Wituk Scott A. , Meissen Greg
Published: July 2008

Since the 1950s, people with mental illness and their families have been organizing a wide range of self‐directed, mutual support oriented initiatives, including self‐help groups, nonprofit organizations, and businesses. These initiatives have become increasingly widespread over the years and today mental health self‐help initiatives outnumber traditional mental health organizations in the United States (Goldstrom et al., Admin Policy Mental Health Mental Health Serv Res 33:92–103, 2006). Mental health self‐help embodies much of what community psychologists promote, including the self‐directed organization of people to create social change and facilitate personal transformation. This special issue provides new insight into several prominent areas of inquiry surrounding these low‐cost interventions including: (1) their evidence base; (2) the processes by which people benefit; (3) how they interface with the mental health system; and (4) the value dilemmas they face.
Photocytotoxicity of mTHPC (Temoporfin) Loaded Polymeric Micelles Mediated by Lipase Catalyzed Degradation
Authors: Hofman Jan-Willem , Carstens Myrra G. , van Zeeland Femke , Helwig Conny , Flesch Frits M. , Hennink Wim E. , van Nostrum Cornelus F.
Published: July 2008

Purpose

To study the in vitro photocytotoxicity and cellular uptake of biodegradable polymeric micelles loaded with the photosensitizer mTHPC, including the effect of lipase-catalyzed micelle degradation.

Methods

Micelles of mPEG750-b-oligo(ɛ-caprolactone)5 (mPEG750-b-OCL5) with a hydroxyl (OH), benzoyl (Bz) or naphthoyl (Np) end group were formed and loaded with mTHPC by the film hydration method. The cellular uptake of the loaded micelles, and their photocytotoxicity on human neck squamous carcinoma cells in the absence and presence of lipase were compared with free and liposomal mTHPC (Fospeg®).

Results

Micelles composed of mPEG750-b-OCL5 with benzoyl and naphtoyl end groups had the highest loading capacity up to 30% (w/w), likely due to π–π interactions between the aromatic end group and the photosensitizer. MTHPC-loaded benzoylated micelles (0.5 mg/mL polymer) did not display photocytotoxicity or any mTHPC-uptake by the cells, in contrast to free and liposomal mTHPC. After dilution of the micelles below the critical aggregation concentration (CAC), or after micelle degradation by lipase, photocytotoxicity and cellular uptake of mTHPC were restored.

Conclusion

The high loading capacity of the micelles, the high stability of mTHPC-loaded micelles above the CAC, and the lipase-induced release of the photosensitizer makes these micelles very promising carriers for photodynamic therapy in vivo.
Diversity in society: Normative and descriptive considerations
Authors: Moore Harry L.
Published: July 2008

Diversity in society can be viewed from two perspectives, normative and descriptive, both of which define how we think, discuss, and live. Normatively we are called to be responsible. This notion ideally depicts the vision of people of various backgrounds and beliefs living with an attitude of tolerance, respect, and the desire for justice. Descriptively, it is to recognize that people of diverse ethnic, social, economic, and philosophical backgrounds come together to live in various geographic locations, often resulting in heated tension and turmoil. Cultural backgrounds are a primary source of identity for many and serve as a foundation for a great deal of self-definition, expression, and sense of individual identity and group belonging.
Soft Tissue Sarcomas of the Hand: Functional Reconstruction and Outcome Analysis
Authors: Labow Brian I. , Greene Arin K. , Upton Joseph , Rosen Heather , Lee W. P. Andrew
Published: July 2008

Functional hand reconstruction following treatment of soft tissue sarcomas (STS) is a difficult surgical problem. Because survival rates between amputation and limb salvage do not differ, there is a trend toward reconstruction. Unlike amputation, hand salvage usually requires multiple complex operations in combination with adjuvant radiation or chemotherapy, prolonged rehabilitation, and carries a high complication rate. We investigated tumor recurrence, survival, and scored functional outcomes to determine if limb salvage is justified after hand STS resection. Patients treated for hand STS between years 1985 and 2005 were reviewed by two surgeons in three medical centers. All patients having functional reconstruction instead of amputation were reviewed. Patient demographics, tumor type and grade, resection extent, reconstruction procedure, timing, adjuvant therapy use, complications, tumor recurrence, survival, and functional outcome were recorded and analyzed. Five patients underwent functional reconstruction for hand STS. All patients underwent attempted curative resections, and four patients received neoadjuvant or postoperative radiation therapy. Three patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. Reconstructive techniques included three modified pollicizations, one free-tissue transfer, and one groin flap. All patients were alive and disease-free at a mean follow-up of 5 years (range 1.5–17 years). Three patients (60%) had local complications, requiring secondary surgeries. Two complications were related to radiation therapy. Hand function was evaluated using the Enneking Scoring System, and ranged from 17 to 28. The average Enneking score was 22.4, representing an average preservation of 74.6% of function. Because most patients retain excellent function and survival is unaffected, we advocate functional reconstruction despite high complication rates.
The Identification and Quantification of Steryl Glucosides in Precipitates from Commercial Biodiesel
Authors: Moreau Robert A. , Scott Karen M. , Haas Michael J.
Published: July 2008

There have been several discoveries of unexpected precipitates in manufacturing facilities, transport vessels, and storage tanks containing commercial biodiesel. In some cases these have been formed during storage at temperatures above the cloud point of the fuel. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS) methods were applied to 24 field receipt samples of solids from such biodiesels. The analyses revealed the presence of steryl glucosides (SG), common phytosterols (plant sterol) found in crude soybean oil and many other plant materials, in these biodiesel precipitates. Quantitative analysis of the solids revealed SG concentrations as high as 68 wt% of the provided material (which had not been previously washed with solvent to remove entrained biodiesel). In some samples no SG were present. In others they constituted all of the non‐biodiesel material present. Monacylglycerols and diacylglycerols, the products of incomplete transesterification of triacylglycerols, were also present in some samples. The normal phase and reverse phase methods described in this report could be used to analyze SG quantitatively from biodiesel precipitates with an HPLC instrument equipped with either an evaporative light‐scattering detector (ELSD) or a more common UV detector operating at 205 nm.
Combination of bone tissue engineering and BMP‐2 gene transfection promotes bone healing in osteoporotic rats
Authors: Tang Youchao , Tang Wei , Lin Yunfeng , Long Jie , Wang Hang , Liu Lei , Tian Weidong
Published: June 2008

Objective: The aim of this study was to develop a feasible approach to promote bone healing in osteoporotic rats using autogenous bone tissue‐engineering and gene transfection of human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (hBMP‐2).

Methods: Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) from the left tibia of osteoporotic rats were transfected with the hBMP‐2 gene in vitro which was confirmed by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and Western blotting. Autogenous transfected or untransfected BMSCs were seeded on macroporous coral hydroxyapatite (CHA) scaffolds. Each cell‐scaffold construct was implanted into a defect site which was created in the ramus of the mandible of osteoporotic rats. Four or eight weeks after implantation in situ hybridization was performed in BMSCs transfected with hBMP‐2, X‐ray examinations, histological and histomorphological analyses were used to evaluate the effect of tissue‐engineered bone on osseous defect repair.

Results: Newly formed bone was observed at the margin of the defect 4 weeks after implantation with BMSCs transfected with BMP‐2. Mature bone was observed 8 weeks after treatment. In the control group there was considerably less new bone and some adipose tissue was observed at the defect margins 8 weeks after implantation.

Conclusions: Autogenous cells transfected with hBMP‐2 promote bone formation in osteoporotic rats. BMSC‐mediated BMP‐2 gene therapy used in conjunction with bone tissue engineering may be used to successfully treat bone defects in osteoporotic rats. This method provides a powerful tool for bone regeneration and other tissue engineering.
Proactive planning for catastrophic events in supply chains
Authors: Knemeyer A. Michael , Zinn Walter , Eroglu Cuneyt
Published: June 2008

Supply chains are increasingly vulnerable to catastrophic events such as hurricanes or terrorist attacks. This is not only true because firms are more exposed to catastrophes, but also the result of investments made in recent years to operate supply chains with fewer human and capital resources, especially inventory. Consequently, there is today less “slack” available in supply chains to deal with catastrophic events. Thus, proactively planning for these types of events should be a priority for supply chain managers. A catastrophic event has a very low probability of occurrence but has significant consequences if it does occur. The goal of this research is to develop a process to proactively plan for catastrophic risk events through an integration of diverse research streams related to the management of risk. In particular, the proposed process builds upon an existing risk analysis framework by incorporating an innovative methodology used by the insurance industry to quantify the risk of multiple types of catastrophic events on key supply chain locations.
Estimation of additive genetic and environmental sources of quantitative trait variation using data on married couples and their siblings
Authors: KULATHINAL SANGITA , GASBARRA DARIO , KINRA SANJAY , EBRAHIM SHAH , SILLANPÄÄ MIKKO J.
Published: July 2008

Twin studies have been used to understand the sources of genetic and environmental variation in body height, body weight and other common human quantitative traits. However, it is rather unclear whether these two sources of variation could be really separated in practice. Here, we consider a special study design where phenotype data from married couples and their siblings have been collected. The marital status gives information about the shared environment, while siblings give information about both genetic and environmental variation. To dissect sources of variation and to allow some deviations and pedigree errors in the data, we model such data using a robust polygenic model with finite genome length assumption. As a summary, we provide the estimates for age-dependent proportions of total variation which are due to polygenic and environmental effects. Here, these estimates are provided for body height, weight, systolic blood pressure and total serum cholesterol measured from subjects of the Indian Migration Study.
Unequal segregation ofSRKalleles at theSlocus inBrassica cretica
Authors: EDH KRISTINA , WIDÉN BJÖRN , CEPLITIS ALF
Published: July 2008

In the Brassicaceae plant family, which includes theArabidopsisandBrassicagenera, self-incompatibility (SI) is controlled by genes at theSlocus. Using experimental crosses, we studied the pattern of inheritance ofS-locus alleles in the wild speciesBrassica cretica. Four full-sib families were established and unequal segregation of alleles at theSRKSI gene was found in one family. The segregation distortion acted in favour of a recessive (class II) allele and was best explained by some form of gametic-level selection. Our findings are discussed in the light of theoretical predictions of differential accumulation of deleterious mutations amongS-locus alleles.
Anisakid parasites of the pouting (Trisopterus luscus) from the Cantabrian Sea coast, Bay of Biscay, Spain
Authors: Rello F.J. , Valero A. , Adroher F.J.
Published: July 2008

An epidemiological survey was undertaken of anisakids in 139 specimens (length: 13.2–24.5 cm) of pouting or bib (Trisopterus luscus) captured off the coast of northern Spain in the Cantabrian Sea. Third-stage larvae of two species of nematodes,Anisakislarvae type I andHysterothylacium aduncum, were isolated. One adult femaleH. aduncumwas also detected in the intestine of one pouting. Total prevalence of anisakids was 88.5%.Hysterothylacium aduncumandAnisakisshowed, respectively, prevalence of 87.8% and 22.3%, mean intensity of 19.7 and 3.5, and mean abundance of 17.3 and 0.8. Analysis of infection parameters as a function of host length revealed a much higher prevalence in pouting specimens with length < 20 cm (94.4% forH. aduncum; 28.0% forAnisakis) than in those with length ≥ 20 cm (65.6% forH. aduncum; 3.1% forAnisakis). The high mean intensity ofAnisakisin muscle of parasitized pouting (5.9) may pose human health risks, although these are minimized by eating only thoroughly cooked pouting, as is the custom in Spain.
Helminth communities of the ruddScardinius erythrophthalmus(Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae) from Srebarna Biosphere Reserve, Bulgaria
Authors: Shukerova S.A. , Kirin D.
Published: July 2008

A total of 180 individuals ofScardinius erythrophthalmusfrom Srebarna Lake, north-east Bulgaria, were examined for helminth parasites during spring, summer and autumn of 2005–2006 (30 specimens per season). Helminth parasites were recorded in 166 individuals (92.2%). Ten helminth species were found: trematodes – metacercariae ofPosthodiplostomum cuticola,DiplostomumchromatophorumandD. spathaceum; monogeneans –Dactylogyrus difformis,D. difformoidesandDiplozoon scardinii; cestodes – metacestodes ofParadilepis scolecina; nematodes – larvae ofSpiroxys contortusandRhabdochona denudataand adults ofSchulmanela petruschewskii. Significant seasonal differences in the mean abundance were recorded forD. difformis, D. difformoidesandD. scardinii. Significant seasonal differences in prevalence were recorded forP. cuticola,D. difformis,D. difformoidesandD. scardinii. Dominant species in the component communities wereP. cuticola,D. difformisandD. difformoides. The species composition of the component community essentially differs from that in the adjacent Danube River; a possible reason is the specific hydrobiological situation of the lake, characterized by a low density of benthic molluscs and crustaceans.
Atla, a new genus in the Verrucariaceae ( Verrucariales)
Authors: SAVIĆ Sanja , TIBELL Leif
Published: July 2008

The new genus Atla forms a well-supported clade in a molecular phylogeny based on the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and LSU regions of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. The genus has a crustose thallus, a hamathecium at maturity without hyphal elements except for pseudoparaphyses remaining at the ostiolum, and large, muriform spores. Atla wheldonii was previously referred to Polyblastia. Three new species, A. alpina (the type of the new genus), A. palicei and A. praetermissa, are included in the genus and described here as new to science. They were found on calcareous rocks and soil in Northern Scandinavia; A. alpina also occurs in Central Europe, and A. wheldonii likewise in Central Europe, the Pyrenées and in the British Isles. An identification key to the species and a revision of the genus are also provided.
Three new species of lichenized fungi with cephalodia from the southern New Zealand shelf islands (Campbell Plateau)
Authors: FRYDAY Alan M.
Published: July 2008

The new species Miriquidica effigurata, M. squamulosa and Pertusaria stellata are described from the southern subpolar region from collections made by Henry Imshaug and co-workers in the early 1970s. All three species occur on Campbell Island, New Zealand, with M. effigurata and P. stellata also occurring on the Auckland Islands, New Zealand, and P. stellata also being reported from Isla Desolación in southern Chile. Miriquidica effigurata and M. squamulosa are similar to M. complanata but have apothecia with a dark (K+ purple-red) lower hypothecium and thalli containing confluentic acid and norstictic acid respectively. Pertusaria stellata is similar to P. macloviana, but has shorter ascospores and a smoother, generally paler thallus lacking papillate isidia. Cephalodia are reported for the first time in both Miriquidica and Pertusaria.
Protoparmelia capitata sp. nov., and P. isidiata Diederich, Aptroot & Sérus., two species of Protoparmelia ( Lecanorales, Ascomycota) from south-eastern North America
Authors: LENDEMER James C. , LUMBSCH H. Thorsten
Published: July 2008

Protoparmelia capitata Lendemer, a sorediate species, is described as new to science. It is characterized by having large hemispherical soralia. Protoparmelia isidiata Diederich, Aptroot & Sérus., an isidiate species, is reported for the first time from North America. Both taxa produce alectoronic acid, and are shown to be widespread in sub-tropical portions of south-eastern North America. The placement of these two taxa in Protoparmelia is supported by a phylogenetic study of mitochondrial SSU rDNA sequences.
Can a Secularist Appreciate Religious Music?
Authors: Putman Daniel
Published: July 2008

David Pugmire has argued that secularists can genuinely appreciate religious music because of our imaginative powers combined with the ‘Platonic’ nature of the emotions expressed in such music. I argue that Pugmire is wrong on both counts. Religious music is ‘Platonic’ not because it is subject to levels of imagination but because it has a definite object which makes imaginative readings inferior. Moreover, since religious music does have a clear object taken by the believer as real, a gap exists that cannot be bridged by the imagination of the secularist, even imagination of the emotional ‘last instance’.
Home-range use by the Central American agouti (Dasyprocta punctata) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama
Authors: Aliaga-Rossel Enzo , Kays Roland W. , Fragoso José M. V.
Published: July 2008

This study investigates the movements and home range of the agouti (Dasyprocta punctata) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. We captured and tracked 12 agoutis from January to December 2003. Home-range size (95% kernel) ranged from 1.56–2.45 ha (n = 6) for males and 1.34–1.97 ha (n = 5) for females. Agouti ranges overlapped and we estimated a density of approximately 100 agoutis km−2. We compared agouti movement with the locations of refuges and food trees, and the results suggest that the agoutis are central-place foragers. Agoutis moved an average of 850 m d−1covering approximately 35% of their range daily. These movement data help us understand the potential impacts of agoutis as seed dispersers, predicting thatD. punctatawill encounter and hoard fallen fruit within 10–200 m (i.e. radius of home range) of its source, and move seeds towards refuges such as ground holes and dense vegetation around recent tree falls.