bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
When Trust Makes It Worse—Rating Agencies as Disembedded Service Systems in the U.S. Financial Crisis
Authors: Löbler Helge
Published: June 2014

Rating agencies provide service by offering information about different kinds of securities and/or investment opportunities. This paper addresses questions often asked during the 2008 U.S. financial crisis: Why did no one see this coming? Why were all the explanations given afterward, not given before as precautions? Or if they were given before, why did nobody listen?

Using Giddens' idea of disembedded systems [Giddens A (1991a) The Consequences of Modernity (Polity Press, Cambridge, UK)], the paper describes and frames the phenomenon of U.S. financial crisis and the role of rating agencies in particular as a disembedded service system. Hereby it offers an explanation of the crises in contrast to the common incentive-oriented or moralizing perspectives. The paper shows that the U.S. financial crisis emerged from a disembedded service system, a simulacrum of ratings, which after a while was no more connected to the reality of securities. Information-providing service systems are in danger to become simulacra, and with it they can disembed. The paper offers a new insightful perspective on how to analyze and understand information-providing service systems and hence offers a perspective to avoid crises based on disembedded systems.

This is the first paper to our knowledge to analyze information-providing service systems based on Giddens' theory of abstract disembedded systems. It provides a new understanding of information-providing service systems that can help to avoid crises based on disembedded systems.
The Confrontation between General Relativity and Experiment
Authors: Will Clifford M.
Published: June 2014

The status of experimental tests of general relativity and of theoretical frameworks for analyzing them is reviewed and updated. Einstein’s equivalence principle (EEP) is well supported by experiments such as the Eötvös experiment, tests of local Lorentz invariance and clock experiments. Ongoing tests of EEP and of the inverse square law are searching for new interactions arising from unification or quantum gravity. Tests of general relativity at the post-Newtonian level have reached high precision, including the light deflection, the Shapiro time delay, the perihelion advance of Mercury, the Nordtvedt effect in lunar motion, and frame-dragging. Gravitational wave damping has been detected in an amount that agrees with general relativity to better than half a percent using the Hulse-Taylor binary pulsar, and a growing family of other binary pulsar systems is yielding new tests, especially of strong-field effects. Current and future tests of relativity will center on strong gravity and gravitational waves.
Medication errors in a public hospital in Brazil
Authors: Volpe Cris Renata Grou , Pinho Diana Lúcia Moura , Stival Marina Morato , de Oliveira Karnikowski Margo Gomes
Published: June 2014

This article describes the analysis of the frequency, type and risk factors relating to errors in the preparation and administration of medications in patients admitted to a public hospital in Brasilia Federal District, Brazil, which serves a population of approximately 500 000 inhabitants. Patients are commonly affected and harmed by medication errors, almost half of which are preventable. This is a cross-sectional, descriptive and exploratory study conducted in a clinical medicine unit. Direct observations were made by eight nurse technicians. The type of error, the type of drug involved and associated risk factors were analysed. Relationships between the occurrence of errors and risk factors were studied with logistic regression models. Of the 484 observed doses, 69.5% errors occurred during drug administration, 69.6% during the preparation stage, 48.6% were timing errors, 1.7% were dose-related errors and 9.5% were errors of omission. More than one error was detected in 34.5% of occasions. Unlabelled drugs increased the risk of timing errors by a factor of 13.72. Interruptions in preparation increased the risk of errors by a factor of 3.75. Caring for a larger number of patients (8–9) increased the risk of timing errors by a factor of 8.27. The research shows the need to manage the risk of medication errors in their real-life contexts by interposing safety barriers between the hazards and potential errors.
A ‘new wave’ of CQC inspections
Authors: Brown DJ
Published: June 2014

In response to the Francis report, the Care Quality Commission (CQC) is changing the way it inspects hospitals. Since September 2013, under the leadership of Sir Mike Richards, a new approach has been trialled with 37 acute trusts in England. DJ Brown, one of the many specialist clinical advisors recently recruited by the CQC, discusses what nurses can expect from this new model of inspections
Dialysis in the nursing home: Caring for patients with ESRD
Authors: Iyasere Osasuyi , Johansson Lina , Brown Edwina A
Published: June 2014

As the population ages, the incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in older people is rising. Nursing home residents are predominantly older and account for up to 4.8% of the ESRD population. This group of patients are frail and comorbid with multiple symptoms and cognitive impairment. Survival is poor in the older patient with ESRD, with the 1-year mortality rate approaching 35%. Therefore, managing such patients can be particularly challenging. The debate continues as to how best approach the management of ESRD in this high-risk group. This article discusses the dialysis options for nursing home residents, highlighting the potential advantages and disadvantages of each. It advocates conservative care as a valid alternative in this population. It also discusses the need for a multidisciplinary approach to medical care and advance care planning for end of life.
Back to basics part 3: nursing care post living donor nephrectomy
Authors: Curran David
Published: June 2014

Living donors have a unique set of health needs which need to be managed appropriately in the postoperative period. In the third article of this series, David Curran advises on the care and information that needs to be given pre- and postoperatively to ensure patients have a good recovery.
Psychological management of wound pruritus
Authors: Upton D. , Penn F. , Richardson C. , Rippon M.
Published: June 2014

Objective:

To explore the psychological treatment options for pruritus in patients with wounds.

Method:

This study employed a narrative design with a search being completed using the databases Academic Search Complete, Google Scholar, PsycInfo, PsycARTICLES, Medline and CINAHL Plus. All articles between 1980–2013 that included the following search terms: [pruritus OR itch OR itching] AND [management OR psychological interventions OR treatment] AND [wounds OR burns OR wounds burns] were included in the review.

Results:

A number of psychological treatments options emerged from the literature search that were suggested to be effective for treating itching. These included methods such as habit reversal, suggestions, relaxation, massage and itch-coping programmes. Each of these methods showed potential for improving the patient experience by reducing itching, although the research evidence is currently somewhat limited.

Conclusion:

Although itching is a common symptom in wounds, the use of psychological treatments for this may be rather limited. The treatments discussed show promise and their use should be a welcome addition to the healthcare professional's armoury for working with people with wounds.

Declaration of interest:

There were no external sources of funding for thist study. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Practical limitations of two devices used for the measurement of sub-bandage pressure: Implications for clinical practice
Authors: Thomas S.
Published: June 2014

Objective:

This study was undertaken to examine the accuracy of two hand-held devices commonly used to measure the pressures produced by extensible bandages.

Method:

The performance of the pneumatic sensors of two devices, the Kikuhime and Picopress instruments was first examined in air in a compression chamber, then subsequently beneath multiple layers of bandages applied to standard cylinders with predetermined levels of tension.

Results:

In the compression chamber, both instruments provided readings that were typically within 1 mmHg of the reference value, but on curved formers in free air or beneath bandages the accuracy of both sensors was greatly reduced, influenced both by the curvature of the cylinders and the volume of air contained in the sensor capsule. The Picopress instrument recorded pressures up to 70% higher than predicted, particularly on the smaller cylinders and at the lower end of the pressure range (circa 20mmHg). At 40mmHg measured pressure were around 40% higher than predicted values in some instances. The accuracy of the Kikuhime was greatly influenced by the calibration technique but percentage deviations as high as 150% were recorded in some tests.

Conclusion:

Pneumatic pressure sensors used to record the pressures developed beneath compression bandages are much less accurate than is commonly believed. Calibration studies using air chambers or water tanks have no relevance to the normal clinical use of these devices. These limitations should be considered by clinicians when making judgments about the performance of other medical devices such as bandages or stockings. They also call into question the validity of many published studies which rely upon such measurements.

Declaration of interest:

This project was generously supported by 3M Healthcare who provided a small research grant to assist with the costs associated with the construction of the test equipment.
Wound infections and healing: Are they contributing factors for carcinogenesis?
Authors: Park S.S. , Izadjoo M.J.
Published: June 2014

The link between inflammation and tumourisation has long been considered as a key event in clinical cancer development. Inflammation and inflammatory diseases can be caused by many factors including infectious agents, altered genetics and various degrees of injuries from simple cuts to traumatic wounds, such as those suffered in battlefield. Improved management of all wound types is critical in protecting affected individuals against the development of tumourisation cues, which may potentially lead to cancer development. There have been numerous studies on the mechanism of inflammation-induced tumourisation. Thus, in this mini review, we summarised evidence demonstrating the potential link between infectious agents and their moonlight proteins, wounding, trauma, overactive repair mechanisms, and carcinogenesis.
Diabetic bullae: A case series and a new model of surgical management
Authors: Shahi N. , Bradley S. , Vowden K. , Vowden P.
Published: June 2014

Bullosis diabeticorum is considered a rare skin manifestation of diabetes mellitus. Tense blisters appear rapidly, mostly on the feet, the cause of which is unclear, with multiple pathophysiologies hypothesised. This is a retrospective review of 4 diabetic patients who presented over six months with diabetic bullae; the condition may therefore not be as rare as commonly believed. All the patients had early surgical debridement followed by topical negative pressure wound dressings. A multidisciplinary team that included vascular surgeons, diabetologists, diabetic foot care team, wound care team, physiotherapists and occupational therapists managed the patients and none of them required amputations. We propose an alternative way of managing these patients with early surgical debridement followed by topical negative pressure wound dressing.
Large Uncle Is Watching You
Authors: Richards Sue
Published: June 2014

The PCGs are not the end of the reforms, but just the beginning. Sue Richards looks at the new controls on primary care.
Fifty Years of Primary Care Nursing
Authors: Rivett Geoffrey
Published: June 2014

Primary care nursing has come a long way from the days when the GP's wife was the only nursing support available. Geoffrey Rivett looks at how the role of the practice nurse has evolved.
Alginate Dressings
Authors: Pudner Rosie
Published: June 2014

This is the third in a series on wound dressings, which will examine the use of alginate dressings in clinical practice. Discussion will focus on the properties of these dressings, wounds suitable for this type of dressing, and the correct application and removal of these dressings. The alginate dressings which will be discussed are Sorbsan, Sorbsan Plus, Kaltostat, Kaltogel, Kaltostat Fortex, Comfeel SeaSorb, Tegagen and Algosteril.
Brittle Asthma: Management
Authors: Ayres Jon
Published: June 2014

The term ‘brittle asthma’ was first used by Turner-Warwick (1977) to describe patients with asthma whose peak expiratory flow (PEF) varied ‘chaotically’; a pattern which could lead to death from an acute severe attack (Bateman and Clarke, 1979; Westerman et al, 1979). Morbidity from brittle asthma is considerable, and this review aims to identify possible causes and management strategies for this group of patients.
Walk-in Clinic: Moles
Authors: Borrowman Frances , Tavabie Abdollah
Published: June 2014

As the message about skin cancer gets through to the general public, practice nurses will be asked to examine a variety of moles. Frances Borrowman and Abdollah Tavabie explain how to spot potential malignancies.
Debridement of Wounds
Authors: Hughes Maria
Published: June 2014

In order for a wound to heal quickly the wound bed needs to be free from debris such as devitalized tissue (slough or necrotic tissue). The presence of necrotic tissue prolongs the inflammatory phase of healing and serves as a focus for infection (Benbow, 1998). This dead tissue must, therefore, be removed, a process known as debridement.
Reform across the border
Authors: Halpern Stephen
Published: June 2014

Although the reorganisation of the health services in Scotland and Wales have the same broad intentions as in England, it will be carried out very differently. The general aim of the health plans are the same for all three countries. Broadly these are replacing the internal market with a system of long term agreements and a philosophy of collaboration. They also seek to design services around the needs of the patient and this includes moving decisions over what services should be provided to primary care level.
PN employment contracts
Authors: Brown Barrie
Published: June 2014

Every practice nurse has an employment contract. Many who read this article may believe that they have no contract, because they have not been provided with anything in writing. However, an employment contract is a legal relationship between the employer and the employee, and whether it is written or it is verbal, it enjoys the same legal status. There is no distinction in UK law between verbal contracts and written contracts, but it is clearly easier to establish the terms of an employment contract when it is written down.
Detecting depression
Authors: Armstrong Elizabeth
Published: June 2014

In the last few years, depression has been much more talked about than previously. Partly this is due to campaigns like the Defeat Depression Campaign, jointly run by the Royal Colleges of Psychiatrists and General Practitioners.
Lung cancer: Screen or prevent?
Authors: Day Jane
Published: June 2014

Lung cancer is the most common cancer in the UK. Jane Day asks if it can be screened for in the same way as cervical cancer.
Walk-in Clinic: Eczema
Authors: Ruscoe Dorf , Arshi Harpreet
Published: June 2014

Eczema is a common inflammatory skin condition that lends itself to a shared care approach between the doctor and practice nurse, as Harpreet Arshi and Dorf Ruscoe explain.
Work hard and play hard
Authors: Richards Sue
Published: June 2014

Sue Richards asks who cares for the carers, following the embarrassing evidence of drug addicted doctors.
New horizons in cervical screening
Authors: Paniagua Hilary
Published: June 2014

Hilary Paniagua looks at the recently published NHS cervical screening programme guidelines, and asks whether they are designed to help those being screened unnecessarily or whether they are just cost saving measures.
Walk-in Clinic: Depression
Authors: Fisher Pam
Published: June 2014

An alert practice nurse can ensure an early diagnosis of depression. Pam Fisher and Steve Douglas look at the management of this common condition in general practice.
Prison nursing and the practice nurse model
Authors: Norman Ann , Parrish Alan
Published: June 2014

The concept of the family of nursing is difficult to grapple with if you are a nurse working in the prison health care service.

If there is such a family, one has to ask, with so many members and with so many disparate interests to defend, how does one go about pulling it all together if you are the family head?

How does one go about getting other family members to understand what you are trying to achieve?

Like all families — and nursing is no different — members have times when they feel that they need to flex their muscles or just let people know they are around by creating a fuss.
Incontinence: potential of practice nurses
Authors: Kelham Ian
Published: June 2014

It is estimated that more than 15% of women suffer from urinary incontinence (Burigio et al, 1991; Fenely et al, 1979; Thomas et al, 1980). Yet, incontinence is still a taboo subject and many people suffer in silence. Too embarrassed to seek medical help, they try to cope by using sanitary protection and by restricting their lifestyle to accommodate their problem.
Walk-in Clinic: Dizzy spells
Authors: Fisher Pam , Glenn Kate
Published: June 2014

Dizzy spells are a non–specific complaint which can have a range of causes, often dependent on the age of the patient. Pam Fisher explains the practice nurse's role in establishing the cause.
New year's message — be prepared
Authors: Lawrence-Parr Carole
Published: June 2014

In the first of a new monthly series looking at practice management issues, Carole Lawrence Parr, general manager of Swanage Medical Practice, examines the threat of the millennium bug.
Four months on: a PCG perspective
Authors: Lawrence-Parr Carole
Published: June 2014

Carole Lawrence-Parr reflects on her first four months as Chief Executive of a Primary Care Group
Policy, research and education
Authors: Martin Margaret , Meek Ros
Published: June 2014

In the last two articles, we have been exploring patients' expectations and nurses' views on making OTC recommendations. The first article set the context: the rapid changes in healthcare and changes in care models; raised public expectation and the information revolution; what research tells us about nurses' views on giving OTC medicines advice; and what guidance is available from professional bodies.
Bespoke primary care
Authors: Lilley Roy
Published: June 2014

Roy Lilley asks why we should have to put up with part-time primary health care, a system which effectively discriminates against the working majority
Prescribing: the balance of power
Authors: Baird Anne
Published: June 2014

Anne Baird analyzes differences in the medical and nursing professions, which can lead to tension over prescribing
Anticoagulation in general practice
Authors: Baird Anne
Published: June 2014

The last decade has witnessed a significant growth in the area of nurse-led clinics in general practice. Nurses have proved their worth in chronic disease management, where it is suggested that they may achieve more successful outcomes than doctors (Marsh, 1991).

Practice nurses have contributed to significant improvements in standards of care in asthma and diabetes management, and have succeeded in providing services which are acceptable and accessible to patients (Dickinson, 1998; Murphy, 1992; MacKinnon, 1996).

Anne Baird provides a personal account of the development of a nurse-led service
Boost for NHS Direct
Authors: Mangan Paul
Published: June 2014

Health secretary Frank Dobson has announced plans to bring forward the introduction of NHS Direct, the nurse-led telephone help scheme, to cover 60% of the country in time for the Millennium celebrations.

Speaking in a Commons debate on the scheme last week, Mr Dobson said that it had originally been planned to roll out the NHS Direct scheme to cover 60% of England by April 2000.
How To…Application of Topical Steroids
Authors: Bennett Andrew G
Published: June 2014

Topical steroid preparations are found in every setting in hospitals and the community. There has been an increasing use of topical corticosteroids as the incidence of skin disorders has risen (Bowman, 1994).

Consequently, practice nurses are coming into greater contact with patients who may need assistance with the application of topical corticosteroids.
Time To Pay Us What We're Worth
Authors: Richards Sue
Published: June 2014

The long awaited pay increases have at last been announced. The pay rises will possibly help recruitment, though the latest rise leaves junior and newly qualified nurses with higher salaries than some of their more experienced colleagues.

I have argued for a long time that the grading system is a farce and needs replacing by job titles. Latest reported suggestions are registered nurse practitioner, advanced nurse practitioner and specialist nurse practitioner.
Making Meeting Time Productive Time
Authors: Lawrence-Parr Carole
Published: June 2014

The economist JK Galbraith said: ‘Meetings are indispensable when you don't want to do anything’. Another saying is that the ideal meeting is of two people when one is absent.

So often we grumble about ‘yet another meeting’. The nature of general practice, with its urgent tempo and constant interruptions, makes the setting up of meetings particularly difficult.

Yet, in most practices there is the perception that we have too many meetings about one subject, not enough about another, or that the wrong people are involved.
Letters
Authors: Perkins Joan
Published: June 2014

Practice nurses are underpaid as GPs opt for low cost care

Clever ads don't solve nursing shortage
Guidance Issued On Clinical Governance
Authors: Thompson Maura
Published: June 2014

Clinical governance must now become a reality, with guidance having been issued on how it is to be taken forward, as Maura Thompson reports.
Practice Protocols For Travel Health
Authors: Moore Wendy
Published: June 2014

A practice protocol has advantages for the traveller and the nurse, as Wendy Moore outlines.
Do asthma tools provide meaningful data?
Authors: Berry Pauline , Toy Elaine
Published: June 2014

In today's nursing climate we are very aware of being clinically effective using research-based evidence which, when audited, gives us information that is valid and of benefit to the patient. This in turn enables us to achieve high standards of care, rather than following the Asthma Guidelines (British Thoracic Society, 1993), as Grimshaw and Russell (1994) have already shown that guidelines alone do not promote good practice.
Choosing an Internet service provider
Authors: Kerry Daniel
Published: June 2014

For most people, a telephone line (dial-up) connection is the only economic way of connecting their computer to the Internet from home. Most homes already have a telephone line installed, and you can buy a modem for under £100 (if your PC wasn't supplied with one). This is all the hardware you need to connect to the Internet, but you also need an internet service provider (ISP).
Methadone: where are we now?
Authors: Henry John A
Published: June 2014

The mention of methadone generates a wide range of reactions and opinions, many of them poorly informed. Methadone, the most widely studied treatment for heroin addiction, currently has a favoured place in the management of opioid dependence. However, despite its popularity, it has serious disadvantages.
Mixed up is no bad thing
Authors: Ashworth Sally
Published: June 2014

They may be due to necessity but a mixed year group class can be a great teaching experience that truly benefits children. Although there are certainly challenges…
Techniques and tech that really help with dyslexia
Authors: McKeown Sal
Published: June 2014

Sal Mckeown takes concerns she has heard from many dyslexic pupils and offers ways to address them in the classroom with best practice and clever use of new resources.
Start mapping it out now
Authors: Davis John
Published: June 2014

John Davis is here to help you plan for the geographical skills and fieldwork element of the new curriculum at key stage 2, from basic sketch maps to six-figure coordinates.
Reading journals evolve
Authors: Rooke Jonathan
Published: June 2014

Using an iPad app as part of a reading comprehension unit grabbed pupils' attention, but was no gimmick – rich, collaborative literacy learning and assessment took place.
A way to crack coding
Authors: McKeown Sal
Published: June 2014

A Merseyside school is combining Espresso's step-by-step approach with subject links, team teaching and pupils' enthusiasm for games to prepare for the new curriculum.
Move on with confidence
Authors: Grist Mandy
Published: June 2014

The transition to secondary school can be hard for all children, and especially pupils with speech, language and communication needs. Here are some ways you can help.
Add up the value of apps
Authors: David Anthony
Published: June 2014

Apps for maths range from free fun activities that are great lesson starters, to video animations to make concepts memorable. Anthony David rounds up some of the best.
Behaviour at breaktime
Authors: Morgan Nicola S
Published: June 2014

Pupils love playtime, but for teachers and supervisors monitoring the activity, it can be anything but a break. Behaviour expert Nicola S Morgan offers some solutions.
Let's take this outside
Authors: Cartwright Eva
Published: June 2014

Regular outdoor learning opportunities shouldn't stop at the foundation stage. Think about they can help children you work with at any age, says Eva Cartwright.
Have you got school leadership ambition?
Authors: Donohoe Tom
Published: June 2014

Is a headship your ultimate career goal or would it take you away from the best bits of your job? Teachers talk through their views and aims.
What a performance!
Authors: Rogers Sue
Published: June 2014

Ideas about how pupils' learning will be judged in inspections tend to be carried through to planning and teaching. We should rethink the ‘rules’, says Sue Rogers.
Ageing, place and voluntarism: towards a geographical perspective on third sector organisations and volunteers in ageing communities
Authors: Skinner Mark W.
Published: June 2014

This article addresses the gap within discourses on ageing that call for greater involvement of the third sector in support of older people, but do not account for the difference ‘place’ makes to understanding third sector activities and volunteering. It reviews recent developments in the literature that highlight the importance of place-based approaches, particularly the emergent view of voluntarism as a transformative process that shapes and is shaped by the interactions between older people and their ageing communities. The link between ageing, place and voluntarism is illustrated via a case study of volunteer-based community support for older people in Canada’s most rapidly ageing municipality. Findings from an inventory, survey, focus groups and interviews in Peterborough, Ontario reveal the complexity, interdependence and place-embeddedness behind a successful yet potentially unsustainable response to the challenge of supporting older people. The paradox of relying on under-resourced third sector organisations and older volunteers is highlighted.
Effects of Multi-electromagnetic Field on the Solidification Structure of IN100 Superalloy Castings
Authors: Jin Wenzhong , Li Sufang , Li Tingju , Yin Guomao
Published: June 2014

IN100 superalloy castings were vacuum cast with the application of multi-electromagnetic field. The effect of multiple-electromagnetic field on the solidification structure of IN100 superalloy castings has been studied. The results show that with the application of the multiple-electromagnetic field composed of the main frequency rotary electromagnetic field with 60A current and the steady direct current electromagnetic field with 290A current, the shrinkage porosity of IN100 superalloy castings is greatly improved and the fine equiaxed grain fraction of IN100 superalloy castings is increased to 100%. Moreover, the action mechanism of multiple-electromagnetic field is discussed to explain its effect on improving the solidification structure of IN100 superalloy castings.
Quotients of trees for arithmetic subgroups of PGL2 over a rational function field
Authors: Köhl Ralf , Mühlherr Bernhard , Struyve Koen
Published: June 2014

In this note we determine the structure of the quotient of the Bruhat–Tits tree of the locally compact group PGL2(F

p
) with respect to the natural action of its S-arithmetic subgroup
PGL2(O
{p}), where F is a rational function field over a finite field and p is a place of F.
THE CONSTRUCTION AND DISARTICULATION OF NATIONAL IDENTITIES THROUGH LANGUAGE VIS-À-VIS THE SCOTTISH REFERENDUM OF INDEPENDENCE
Authors: Romero-Trillo Jesús , Cheshire Caroline
Published: June 2014

This article examines the discursive construction of Scottish and British- English national identities in the printed press within the context of the planned Scottish independence referendum. Using Critical Discourse Analysis and informed by sociological and anthropological research, the study uses a Corpus Linguistics approach to analyse newspaper texts from the Scottish and British printed media to define the strategies used in the construction and disarticulation of these identities and the ideologies behind them. The results of the analysis will show that the Scottish broadsheets use a staunchly Scottish rhetoric with frequent examples of nation flagging, showing the palpable struggle for power and a certain sense of inferiority. Inadvertently or otherwise, these newspapers engender a sense of separateness by employing techniques of positive in-group identification. The Scottish editions of UK broadsheets, on the contrary, hold a more Anglocentric perspective and their treatment of the referendum is more political than ideological, frequently attributing negative evaluations to the independence issue and engaging in the practice of “tartanisation”. To conclude, the UK broadsheets tend to provide a more balanced and objective point of view, thus being at the political centre of the social debate enacted by the referendum and the subsequent possible independence of Scotland.
CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN CARL BILDT’S ONLINE DISCOURSE CONCERNING UKRAINE’S EUROPEAN IDENTITY
Authors: Kapranov Oleksandr
Published: June 2014

This article involves a qualitative research undertaken to elucidate how Ukraine’s European identity is constructed by Carl Bildt, Sweden’s Minister for Foreign Affairs. Specifically, the paper’s aim is to identify conceptual metaphors used by Carl Bildt in his political online discourse concerning Ukraine within the timeframe from 1 April 2013 until 1 April 2014. In addition to this objective, the article explores whether or not concepts SELF as the EU and OTHER as non-EU respectively are embedded in conceptual metaphors identified in Bildt’s discoursal space involving Ukraine’s European identity. Results of the data analysis reveal several types of conceptual metaphors which are present in the corpus of Bildt’s online discourse involving Ukraine: “EU as a Path”, “EU as a Nurturant Parent”, “EU as a House”, “Ukraine’s Politics towards EU as a Stock Market Crash”, “Ukraine’s Path to EU as Poland’s EU Path” and “The EU Flag as a Symbol of the Better Future”, respectively. These conceptual metaphors seem to be exacerbated by the presence of the concept SELF.
Multiclass cancer classification based on gene expression comparison
Authors: Yang Sitan , Naiman Daniel Q.
Published: June 2014

As the complexity and heterogeneity of cancer is being increasingly appreciated through genomic analyses, microarray-based cancer classification comprising multiple discriminatory molecular markers is an emerging trend. Such multiclass classification problems pose new methodological and computational challenges for developing novel and effective statistical approaches. In this paper, we introduce a new approach for classifying multiple disease states associated with cancer based on gene expression profiles. Our method focuses on detecting small sets of genes in which the relative comparison of their expression values leads to class discrimination. For an
Diverging Patterns of Democratic Representation in Korea and Taiwan
Authors: Lee Yoonkyung
Published: June 2014

This paper explains the difference between Korea’s vocal movements and feeble parties versus Taiwan’s stable parties and dependent movements from the political dynamics formed under the authoritarian state. Taiwan’s party-based authoritarianism provided ground for party development but not for independent social movements. Korea’s personal dictatorship was inimical to party development but engendered a contentious movement sector.
Every Olive Tree in the Garden of Gethsemane
Authors: Babcox Wendy
Published: June 2014

Every Olive Tree in the Garden of Gethsemane is a suite of photographic images of each of the twenty-three olive trees in the garden. Situated at the foot of the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem, the Garden of Gethsemane is known to many as the site where Jesus and his disciples prayed the night before his crucifixion. The oldest trees in the garden date to 1092 and are recognized as some of the oldest olive trees in existence. The older trees are a living and symbolic connection to the distant past, while younger trees serve as a link to the future. The gnarled trunks seem written with the many conflicts that have been waged in an effort to control this most-contested city; a city constantly on the threshold of radical transformation.
Msp1: patrolling mitochondria for lost proteins
Authors: Hegde Ramanujan S
Published: June 2014

Intracellular protein localization is critical for establishing organelle identity, avoiding inappropriate interactions, and maintaining cellular function. An emerging mechanism for ensuring high‐fidelity protein localization is the selective destruction of mislocalized copies. Two new papers find that the mitochondrial outer membrane is kept free of mislocalized proteins by Msp1 (Chen et al, ; Okreglak & Walter, ).
Extensive investigation of 114 patients with Sheehan's syndrome: a continuing disorder
Authors: Diri Halit , Tanriverdi Fatih , Karaca Zuleyha , Senol Serkan , Unluhizarci Kursad , Durak Ahmet Candan , Atmaca Hulusi , Kelestimur Fahrettin
Published: June 2014

Objective

Sheehan's syndrome (SS) is a well-known cause of hypopituitarism resulting from postpartum pituitary necrosis. Because of its rarity in Western society, its diagnosis is often overlooked. We aimed to investigate the clinical, laboratory, and radiological aspects of SS in a large number of patients.

Study design

A retrospective assessment of the medical records of 114 patients with SS was conducted. In addition, sella turcica volumes of 29 healthy women were compared with those of patients by magnetic resonance imaging examinations.

Results

The mean period of diagnostic delay was 19.7 years in patients with SS. It was found that 52.6% of patients had nonspecific complaints, 30.7% had complaints related to adrenal insufficiency, and 9.6% had complaints related to hypogonadism when diagnosed. At the time of diagnosis, 55.3% of the patients had panhypopituitarism, while 44.7% had partial hypopituitarism. The number of deficient hormones was found to be increased over the years. None of the patients whose basal prolactin was below 4.0 ng/ml had adequate prolactin responses to TRH test, while all patients whose basal prolactin was above 7.8 ng/ml had adequate responses. Mean sella volume was found to be significantly lower in the SS group (340.5±214 mm3) than that in the healthy group (602.5±192 mm3).

Conclusions

SS is a common cause of hypopituitarism in underdeveloped and developing countries. The main reasons for diagnostic delay seem to be the high frequency of patients with nonspecific complaints and neglect of SS. In addition, the TRH stimulation test was found to have a high sensitivity and specificity to recognize PRL deficiency. Furthermore, small sella size may have an important contributing role in the etiopathogenesis of SS.
Electroforming of Fe:STO samples for resistive switching made visible by electrocoloration observed by high resolution optical microscopy
Authors: Havel Viktor , Marchewka Astrid , Menzel Stephan , Hoffmann-Eifert Susanne , Roth Georg , Waser Rainer
Published: June 2014

Resistively switching devices have attracted great attention for potential use in future nonvolatile information storage. Among various oxide materials that show resistive switching (RS) behavior, SrTiO3 (STO) is regarded as a model material to study the effect of valence changes accompanying RS in the oxide [1]. In this class of materials, the RS effect is attributed to rely on the migration of oxygen vacancies and an associated valence change in the cation sublattice. To achieve a switchable state, an initial electroforming step is typically required, which is believed to create conductive regions in the insulating material [2]. Under high electrical stress, an oxygen-deficient region, often referred to as the virtual cathode (VC), is formed [3]. The RS occurs across a very short distance between the VC and the anode, allowing for very short switching times. As the electroforming step greatly impacts the device performance and switching variability, its understanding is essential for device optimization. Electroforming is affected by multiple parameters, e.g. voltage, current, temperature, dopant and defect concentrations, ambient gas atmosphere and time. Distinguishing the influence of the particular parameters is a desirable aim and challenging task. Electrocoloration of Fe-doped STO single crystals has proven a valuable means to visualize valence changes of the Fe ions and is thus suitable to study the formation of the VC. Therefore, we performed electrocoloration experiments and used high resolution transmission light optical microscopy to make the redoxprocesses during electroforming visible. The influence of process driving parameters on the evolution of the VC region is studied. The evolution of the VC is interpreted by drift-diffusion simulation of the time evolution of the oxygen vacancy distribution.
Structural Characterization of Lateral-grown 6H-SiC a/m-plane Seed Crystals by Hot Wall CVD Epitaxy
Authors: Goue Ouloide Yannick , Raghothamachar Balaji , Dudley Michael , Trunek Andrew J. , Neudeck Philip G. , Woodworth Andrew A. , Spry David J.
Published: June 2014

The performance of commercially available silicon carbide (SiC) power devices is limited due to inherently high density of screw dislocations (SD), which are necessary for maintaining polytype during boule growth and commercially viable growth rates. The NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) has recently proposed a new bulk growth process based on axial fiber growth (parallel to the c-axis) followed by lateral expansion (perpendicular to the c-axis) for producing multi-faceted m-plane SiC boules that can potentially produce wafers with as few as one SD per wafer. In order to implement this novel growth technique, the lateral homoepitaxial growth expansion of a SiC fiber without introducing a significant number of additional defects is critical. Lateral expansion is being investigated by hot wall chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) growth of 6H-SiC a/m-plane seed crystals (0.8mm x 0.5mm x 15mm) designed to replicate axially grown SiC single crystal fibers. The post-growth crystals exhibit hexagonal morphology with approximately 1500 μm (1.5 mm) of total lateral expansion. Preliminary analysis by synchrotron white beam x-ray topography (SWBXT) confirms that the growth was homoepitaxial, matching the polytype of the respective underlying region of the seed crystal. Axial and transverse sections from the as-grown crystal samples were characterized in detail by a combination of SWBXT, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy to map defect types and distribution. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates the seed crystal contained stacking disorders and this appears to have been reproduced in the lateral growth sections. Analysis of the relative intensity for folded transverse acoustic (FTA) and optical (FTO) modes on the Raman spectra indicate the existence of stacking faults (SFs). Further, the density of stacking faults is higher in the seed than in the grown crystal. Bundles of dislocations are observed propagating from the seed in m-axis lateral directions. Contrast extinction analysis of these dislocation lines reveals they are edge type basal plane dislocations that track the growth direction. Polytype phase transition and stacking faults were observed by high-resolution TEM (HRTEM), in agreement with SWBXT and Raman scattering.
4H-SiC P+N UV Photodiodes: Influence of Temperature and Irradiation
Authors: Bérenguier B. , Ottaviani L. , Biondo S. , Palais O. , Lazar M. , Milesi F. , Torregrosa F. , Kalinina E. , Lebedev A. , Vervisch W. , Lyoussi A.
Published: June 2014

4H-SiC p+n photodiodes based on ultrathin-junctions have been fabricated with distinct processes for the p+-region creation: either with Aluminium conventional ion implantation, or with Boron Plasma Ion Immersion Implantation. Spectral sensitivity measurements were performed at several temperatures from room temperature up to 340°C, with incident wavelengths ranging from 200 to 400 nm. Both responses are characterized by a stability between 200 and 270 nm, and a important increase with temperature between 270 and 380 nm. This fact has to be related to the two different kinds of optical absorption phenomena in SiC with respect to the wavelength, which are direct and indirect (phonon assisted) transitions. When decreasing the temperature, we noticed a hysteresis effect, which could be due to charge trapping by temperature activated defects. After strong proton and electron irradiations, the diodes showed a stability of the response below 270 nm, making them suitable for use in harsh environments. Simulation was performed at room temperature, with a good correlation between simulated and experimental room temperature curves.
3C-SiC on Si: A Versatile Material for Electronic, Biomedical and Clean Energy Applications
Authors: Frewin C.L , Reyes M. , Register J. , Thomas S. W. , Saddow S. E.
Published: June 2014

Silicon carbide (SiC) has long been known as a robust semiconductor with superior properties to silicon for electronic applications. Consequently a tremendous amount of international activity has been on-going for over four decades to develop high-power solid state SiC electronics. While this activity has focused on the hexagonal polytypes of SiC, the only form that can be grown directly on Si substrates, 3C-SiC (or cubic SiC), has been researched for non-electronic applications such as MEMS and biosensors. In particular in our group we have pioneered several biomedical devices using 3C-SiC grown on Si substrates, and recently have been investigating the use of this novel material for clean energy applications. This paper first reviews progress made in the area of 3C-SiC electronic devices. Next a review of nearly a decade of biomedical activity is presented, with particular emphasis on the most promising applications: in vivo glucose monitoring, biomedical implants for connecting the human nervous system to advanced prosthetics, and MEMS/NEMS research aimed at allowing for in vivo diagnostic and therapeutic systems for advanced biomedical applications. Recent published work in the area of hydrogen production via electrolysis using 3C-SiC closes the paper as this last application is extremely promising for the burgeoning hydrogen economy and demonstrates a third important application of 3C-SiC on Si – its potential use in clean energy systems.
Impact of growth parameters on the formation of carbon nanostructures through thermal deposition of silicon carbide
Authors: Anderson Munson , Pochet Michael , Maruyama Benji , Nikolaev Pavel , Moore Elizabeth , Boeckl John
Published: June 2014

Carbon nanotube (CNT) and graphene films form on silicon carbon (SiC) using a metal-catalyst-free thermal decomposition approach. In this work, the growth conditions used in the decomposition process are varied to investigate their impact on the type and quality of carbon allotrope formed on the SiC substrate. The nanostructure growth is performed using two approaches, both of which involve intense heating (1250-1700oC) under moderate vacuum conditions (10-2 – 10-5 Torr) without the aid of carbon rich feed gases or metal catalysts commonly used in Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) growth approaches. The first growth method uses a graphite resistance furnace capable of annealing wafer-sized samples. The second approach uses a high-intensity laser to heat a micro-meter scale spot size. The high-intensity laser heats the illuminated area of the SiC substrate while under vacuum conditions, resulting in a small-scale growth process similar to the conventional resistance furnace technique. Unique to this micro-scale approach is that in situ Raman spectroscopy is performed yielding instantaneous characterization of the resultant carbon nanostructure as it is formed. The laser-induced growth mechanism enables the impact of varied background vacuum pressures and temperatures to be evaluated in situ. This work reports the findings for various parameter sets implemented during growth, and provides insight into the physical mechanism influencing the growth process.
Home VLC using pinpin a-SiC:H multilayer devices
Authors: Louro P. , Silva V. , Rodrigues I. , Vieira M. A. , Vieira M.
Published: June 2014

In this paper an integrated wavelength optical filter and photodetector for Visible Light Communication (VLC) is used. The proposed application uses indoor warm light lamps lighting accomplished by ultra-bright light-emitting diodes (LEDs) pulsed at frequencies higher than the ones perceived by the human eye. The system was analyzed at two different wavelengths in the visible spectrum, one in the blue (430 nm) and the other in the red (626 nm) regions, driven at different currents in order to change their optical intensities. The signals were transmitted into free space and measured using a pin-pin photodetector based on a-SiC:H/a-Si:H. This detector behaves as an optical filter with controlled wavelength sensitivity through the use of adequate optical biasing light. The output photocurrent was measured for different optical intensities of the transmitted optical signal and the extent of each signal was tested. An electrical model was used to support the physical operation of the device.
Novel SiC detector based on optical signal instead of electrical signal
Authors: Lim Geunsik , Manzur Tariq , Kar Aravinda
Published: June 2014

A novel SiC optical detector that produces optical signal in contrast to the electric signal generated by conventional electrical detectors. The optical detector is a remote sensor providing response to incident photons from a distant object. The incident photons modify the refractive index and, consequently, the reflectance of the doped SiC by altering the electron densities in the valence band and the acceptor energy levels. This variation in the refractive index or reflectance represents the optical signal as the sensor response, which can be determined with a probe laser such as a He-Ne laser or a light-emitting diode. The sensor can be applied to numerous remote sensing applications including high-temperature or harsh environments due to the optical read-out of the detector response with a probe laser. The effects of different dopants on the detector response for sensing different chemical species, or equivalently imaging in different MWIR wavelengths, have been studied and the dopant concentration has been found to affect the optical signal. These results indicate that a new class of SiC detectorsclassified as optical detectors can be produced for a variety of wavelengths using different dopants for numerous applications.