bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drinking Like a Man: the Paradox of Excessive Drinking for Seventeenth-Century Dutch Youths
Authors: Roberts Benjamin
Published: June 2004

In the early modern period, drinking alcohol was an integral part of Dutch social and cultural life. Toasts were made to the health of unborn babies, for job nominations, and at funerals. Young people started to consume alcohol at an early age. However, within this culture they had to learn how to drink in moderation. Excessive drinking was not only a cardinal sin, it was also a paradox in the realm of gender. For males, the act of getting drunk and losing control was a flaw on their masculinity. They in fact became like women who were believed to be incapable of controlling their mind and body. On the other hand, the ability to drink great quantities of alcohol symbolized an age-old form of masculinity. Imbibing in “wine, women, and song” were liminal rites in becoming men and how young men demarcated themselves from being boys.
Alcoholics Anonymous: A Group-Analytic View of Fellowship Organizations
Authors: Weegmann Martin
Published: June 2004

This paper is an exploration of the culture and possible mechanisms of change in fellowship groups. The Twelve Steps and Traditions are considered and examples are provided of individuals in AA and professional group therapy/analysis.
Group Analysis of Those Who Deal with Dying
Authors: Zanasi Marco
Published: June 2004

It is no secret that there is a difficulty in accepting death and dying. The whole of our society shares this difficulty, tending to contemplate death as something which cannot and must not be discussed. This is reflected in the group which is the focus of this article, a group comprised of staff working with people close to death. The author documents his experience as conductor of this group, observing startling changes in personal and collective dynamics as, through group psychotherapy, members learn to discuss their own personal experiences of death.
Life and Death in an Analytic Group
Authors: MacDonald Pat
Published: June 2004

After running my training group for a year without major incident, one of the members became seriously ill with cancer and a chaotic period ensued as members developed a warlike approach to one another, to the group and to their therapist. Three individuals departed without notice and it seemed the group would fold as others also threatened to leave. Recovery only came about when it was acknowledged that death had entered the group.
Fundamental Clinical Dilemmas in Contemporary Group Psychotherapy
Authors: Scaturo Douglas J.
Published: June 2004

Time-limited and problem-focused trends in mental health services from contemporary economic forces in both managed care and institutional settings have had a direct effect on the clinical decision-making of group psychotherapists. This article outlines five dilemmas that are examined in the light of the current milieu. These include the varying degrees of homogeneity versus heterogeneity in patient selection, the integration of psychoeducational methods with interpersonal processes in group therapy, the effects of time limitations on the collective therapeutic focus of the group, the balance between support and confrontation in time-limited group treatment and the dilemmas surrounding the therapist’s relative degree of transparency versus opaqueness in the group.
A Group’s Process and the Therapist’s Dreams – Unconscious Identification with the Therapist in Analytic Group Psychotherapy
Authors: Richarz Bernhard , Römisch Sylvelin
Published: June 2004

On the basis of their own psychotherapeutic group, the authors present the extent to which a therapist’s dreams and the development of the group will refer to one another. They proceed from the assumption that, in treating patients with early disturbances, the therapeutic relationship is not only characterized by projection, transference and countertransference, but also – and essentially so – by an unconscious identification. They provide manifold and extensive correspondences between the dream process and the group’s progression concerning their respective dynamics and symbolism, following them in detail over the course of several sessions. On the basis of the psychoanalytical literature, the importance of identification as the earliest expression of emotional ties to another person, and its significance for treating pre-Oedipal states is discussed. Their thesis is that a group’s process and the therapist’s dreams arise from a collective, unconscious matrix which is formed, to a considerable extent, by the therapists’ identities.
Personality, Levels of Psychological Distress and Premature Termination of Psychodynamic Group Therapy: Results from a Prospective Longitudinal Study
Authors: Wennberg Peter , Weinryb Robert M. , Saxon Lars , Göransson Sara , Bush Monica , Skarbrandt Eva
Published: June 2004

This study investigated personality factors and type of psychological distress associated with an increased risk of premature termination of psychodynamic group therapy. Data was part of a larger ongoing longitudinal project. Subjects who had completed the group therapy (n = 53) were compared to subjects who had terminated the therapy prematurely (n = 41) with respect to their pre-therapy personality profiles (as measured with KAPP) and self-reported symptoms (as measured with the SCL–90). Overall, differences between the groups were modest but subjects that dropped out of therapy showed more difficulties with handling frustration, had a more distorted body image, felt more needed and reported higher levels of phobic anxiety.
Group-Analytic Training Groups for Psychology Students: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Nathan Vibeke , Poulsen Stig
Published: June 2004

This article presents results from a interview study of psychology students’ experiences from group-analytic groups conducted at the University of Copenhagen. The primary foci are the significance of the differences in participants’ personal aims for participation in the group, the impact of the composition of participants on the group process, and the professional learning through the group experience. In general the interviews show a marked satisfaction with the group participation. In particular, learning about group boundaries and about being in the dual position of both helper and client is seen as important. However, the fact that all group members are fellow students is challenging to the participants.
Rehabilitation of the Cancer Patient: Experience in a Neurological Unit
Authors: Garrard Peter , Farnham Chris , Thompson Alan J. , Playford E. Diane
Published: June 2004

We performed a retrospective review of all patients admitted to a neurological rehabilitation unit over a 5-year period to identify the benefits and problems associated with inpatient rehabilitation of patients with a life-limiting illness. Twenty-one patients (14 men; mean age 54 years) with primary or nonprimary neurological malignancy resulting in disability were studied. For each patient the following data was extracted: gender, age, diagnosis, source of referral, mechanism of disability, prognosis at time of referral, length of inpatient stay, disability on admission and discharge, and the place of discharge. All patients made functional gains, and all but 2 were discharged home. One patient died and 4 required readmission to an acute unit because of worsening discomfort or debility within a month of discharge. Patients with life-limiting illness resulting in neurological disability can benefit from inpatient rehabilitation. Optimal management of such patients demands careful liaison with palliative care teams.
High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Human Median Nerve
Authors: Heddings Archie , Bilgen Mehmet , Nudo Randolph , Toby Bruce , McIff Terence , Brooks William
Published: June 2004

Objectives. It is widely accepted that peripheral nerve repairs performed within 6 weeks of injury have much better outcomes than those performed at later dates. However, there is no diagnostic technique that can determine if a traumatic peripheral nerve injury requires surgical intervention in the early postinjury phase. The objective of this article was to determine whether novel, noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging techniques could demonstrate the microstructure of human peripheral nerves that is necessary for determining prognosis and determining if surgery is indicated following traumatic injury. Methods. Ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging protocols were developed on a 9.4-T research scanner using spin-echo proton density and gradient-echo imaging sequences and a specially designed, inductively coupled radio frequency coil. These imaging protocols were applied to in situ imaging of the human median nerve in 4 fresh-frozen cadaver arms. Results. Noninvasive high-resolution images of the human median nerve were obtained. Structures in the nerve that were observed included fascicles, interfascicular epineurium, perineurium, and intrafascicular septations. Conclusion. Application of these imaging techniques to clinical scanners could provide physicians with a tool that is capable of grading the severity of nerve injuries and providing indications for surgery in the early postinjury phase.
Does Shorter Rehabilitation Limit Potential Recovery Poststroke?
Authors: Fasoli Susan E. , Krebs Hermano I. , Ferraro Mark , Hogan Neville , Volpe Bruce T.
Published: June 2004

Objective. To examine retrospectively the recovery of patients engaged in robotic research during a 6- to 7-week course of inpatient rehabilitation. Because timing of the Interim evaluation at 31/2 weeks was comparable to the present length of inpatient stroke rehabilitation, the authors assessed whether significant gains in motor abilities occurred after the time when most stroke patients today are discharged home. Methods. Fifty-six inpatients with a single, unilateral stroke were randomly assigned to a robot therapy or robot exposure group. Therapists blinded to group assignment administered the Fugl-Meyer, Motor Status Score, and MRC motor power test. Results. Significant improvements in upper-limb motor abilities occurred throughout a period approximately twice the present length of stay in inpatient rehabilitation. However, in the latter half of this period, patients who received conventional therapy showed little improvement, whereas patients who received robot training plus conventional therapy continued to improve. Conclusion. Further opportunities for recovery after stroke are possible by extending intensive therapy beyond present inpatient rehabilitation stays.
‘Faut-Il Brûler L’Orientalisme?’
Authors: Hannoum Abdelmajid
Published: June 2004

This article discusses the specificity of French Orientalism on North Africa and shows how in its divide and rule policy, French colonialism constructed a discourse that opposes the Oriental Arab to the European Berber. It argues that French Orientalism, the bulk of knowledge that has been built in the context of colonization, though it has changed through time, continues to operate today both in the discourse of the former colonized and that of the former colonizer. In addition, the article draws the attention to the important fact that knowledge is not only a means of control and governance for the colonial machine, but it also contains categories by which imaginaries are shaped and colonial relations and attitudes are perpetuated.
The Work of Environmentalism in an Age of Televisual Adventures
Authors: Vivanco Luis A.
Published: June 2004

This article argues that the otherwise exemplary claims of contemporary environmental activism and activists who champion habitat protection, animal rights, and biological diversity are often uncannily complicit with long-standing and problematic tropes of adventure, danger, man-over-nature, and even the spectacular figures of fictional and real adventurers of another era. Employing this perspective enables us to make critical sense of the televisual world and ecopolitical implications of the media personality, Steve Irwin, better known to his global viewing audiences as the ‘Crocodile Hunter’. In these ‘documentary adventures’, Irwin captures dangerous reptiles and explains their behavior with the often-stated goal of generating support for his conservation efforts. A critique of Irwin’s visualization of environmentalism-as-adventure entails examining the comparisons often made between Tarzan and Irwin, exploring the place of the Crocodile Hunter in the history of documentary film’s depictions of nature and its problems, and considering the consumerist philosophies that underlie mediatized representations of danger, adventure, and environmental activism. The article closely reads one particular film in which Irwin engages in a deliberate and specific kind of ecopolitics, a dramatic wildlife rescue in war-torn East Timor, and demonstrates how the apolitical and ahistorical spectacle of Irwin’s engagement with crocodiles out competes messages about the difficulties of practicing conservation in the real world.
Another Look at Connections Across German Elections
Authors: Gaines Brian J. , Crombez Christophe
Published: June 2004

By examining connections between recent federal and state elections in Germany, we evaluate whether German elections seem to be maintaining some interesting preunification patterns broadly reminiscent of American elections, even as the re-absorption of the East has made the German party system more chaotic. Regional partisan stability does persist and there is continuity by way of a robust ‘moderating elections’ phenomenon: all parties suffer in state polls when holding power nationally, the big parties quite substantially. The evidence for retrospective economic voting of late, though mixed, is actually stronger than was the comparable evidence for the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. The larger goal is to begin to explore how one might develop a cross-national analysis of whether there are general patterns consistent with actors in parliamentary democracies exploiting multiple occasions to vote - as created by bicameralism, federalism, mixed proportional-plural electoral rules, and local government - systematically in an effort to rein in governments or finetune policy.
The Reunification of Rational and Emotional Life
Authors: Robinson Daniel N.
Published: June 2004

It is suggested in this article that the need to ‘reunify’ the rational and the emotional is artificially created by the prior partitioning of the two. It is by way of a version of the ‘psychologist’s fallacy’ that the rational and affective dimensions of life have come to be seen as discrete ‘faculties’ or ‘processes’, presumably mediated by or caused by or correlated with still more basic physiological ‘processes’. All this is but another consequence of that unthinking positivist agenda that seems more attractive to most investigators than is the actual life lived by rational beings whose very interests guarantee that ‘affect’ will be a ubiquitous feature of activities that are at once ‘rational’ and realistic.
Alphabet Soup
Authors: Hubbard Raymond
Published: June 2004

Confusion over the reporting and interpretation of results of commonly employed classical statistical tests is recorded in a sample of 1,645 papers from 12 psychology journals for the period 1990 through 2002. The confusion arises because researchers mistakenly believe that their interpretation is guided by a single unified theory of statistical inference. But this is not so: classical statistical testing is a nameless amalgamation of the rival and often contradictory approaches developed by Ronald Fisher, on the one hand, and Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson, on the other. In particular, there is extensive failure to acknowledge the incompatibility of Fisher’s evidential pvalue with the Type I error rate, •, of Neyman–Pearson statistical orthodoxy. The distinction between evidence (p’s) and errors (•’s) is not trivial. Rather, it reveals the basic differences underlying Fisher’s ideas on significance testing and inductive inference, and Neyman–Pearson views on hypothesis testing and inductive behavior. So complete is this misunderstanding over measures of evidence versus error that it is not viewed as even being a problem among the vast majority of researchers and other relevant parties. These include the APA Task Force on Statistical Inference, and those writing the guidelines concerning statistical testing mandated in APA Publication Manuals. The result is that, despite supplanting Fisher’s significance-testing paradigm some fifty years or so ago, recognizable applications of Neyman–Pearson theory are few and far between in psychology’s empirical literature. On the other hand, Fisher’s influence is ubiquitous.
Vygotsky through Wittgenstein
Authors: Berducci Domenic F.
Published: June 2004

In this paper, I focus on aspects of Vygotsky and Wittgenstein that relate to training and learning. Following the order of Vygotsky’s developmental continuum, I demonstrate that the ideas of the two thinkers virtually agree when their work deals with early forms of training that precede operating on that continuum. However, when that initial training develops into mature social interaction, the rules pertaining to Vygotsky’s developmental continuum apply to the interaction at hand. I argue and demonstrate that from that time on Vygotsky’s views and Wittgenstein’s views become irreconcilable.
Material Bodies and the Transformation of the Social
Authors: Lester Rebecca J.
Published: June 2004

In 1992, Emily Martin pronounced ‘the end of the body’ as we know it. In considering why and how ‘the body’ has come to resume center stage as a site of theoretical analysis in social scientific and humanistic inquiry, Martin suggested that we are undergoing fundamental changes in how our bodies are organized and experienced. As a result, the ‘problem’ of the body has been thrown into relief. Ian Burkitt’s Bodies of Thought: Embodiment, Identity and Modernityand John Hassard, Ruth Holliday and Hugh Willmott’s collection Body and Organizationare two notable additions to the growing literature on embodiment, which grapples with how to make sense of what Martin characterizes as the end of one kind of body and the beginning of another. This review essay considers these two texts within the context of larger contemporary theoretical debates about modernity, embodiment and the generation of social and personal meaning.
Response of Impacted Sandwich Panels with Integral Stiffeners
Authors: Turner Kevin M. , Vizzini Anthony J.
Published: June 2004

A study was conducted to determine the effect of integral stiffeners on the damage growth and ultimate strength of sandwich panels with impact damage. A total of 18 specimens with IM7/8552 [90/0]S facesheets cocured to 25-mm thick Nomex honeycomb core were impacted and tested in compression. All of the specimens were nominally 152 mm in width and 356 mm in length and were impacted at the center of the front facesheet. Damage growth was monitored via strain gages, and ultimate strength was compared against sandwich panels without integral stiffeners. When the integral stiffeners involved redistributing material in the facesheet, the damage in the resulting thinner facesheet often grew sooner and the ultimate strength was unaltered. When the internal stiffeners involved additional material, damage growth was delayed and the ultimate strength was increased to the point where the ultimate failure initiated away from the impact site.
Application of the Elasticity Solution to Linear Sandwich Beam, Plate and Shell Analyses
Authors: Meyer-Piening H. -R.
Published: June 2004

The elasticity solution for sandwich structural elements like beams, orthotropic plates and shells is considered to yield exact results for deflections, stresses, frequencies, vibration modes, local (faces), and global (beam, plate, shell) buckling modes and related instability loads for certain boundary and loading conditions, as well as for constant material properties and small deflections. This approach therefore appears to be useful to be applied to such sandwich structures as benchmark analysis with the aim to calibrate Finite Elements computation models especially for thin face layers, thick cores, and local loading or face layer stability investigations. This paper compiles related experiences and describes some difficulties involved and provides some results, which can be used as benchmark references. The analytical solution remains applicable for unequal faces and any thickness relation, while F.E. calculations become very tedious if very thin faces are to be considered. It appears therefore desirable to be able to refer to a standard solution even if special boundary conditions only, like simply supported edges, are treated.
Experimental Investigation of Compression Failure Mechanisms of Composite Faced Foam Core Sandwich Specimens
Authors: Vadakke Vinod , Carlsson Leif A.
Published: June 2004

Compression failure of sandwich specimens with glass/vinylester face sheets over PVC foams has been experimentally examined using an end loading test fixture based on the ASTM C 364 standard. The main objective of the research was to examine the roles of the faces and core in the mechanism of failure and ultimate load carrying ability of the structure. A range of PVC foam densities, core thicknesses, and specimen lengths were examined. Failure modes were identified, and compression strengths were compared to analytical predictions. Short specimens failed by compression failure of the face sheets up to a gage length that increased with increased foam density, and decreasing core thickness. At intermediate gage lengths it was found that specimens with a thick low density core failed in an anti-symmetric face wrinkling mode, while long specimens failed by global buckling in the fundamental buckling mode. Predictions of the failure loads were found to be in reasonable agreement with experimental results.
Management Consultant Talk: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Normalizing Discourse and Resistance
Authors: Meriläinen Susan , Tienari Janne , Thomas Robyn , Davies Annette
Published: June 2004

In this article, we explore the discursive possibilities available to men and women when they construct their professional self as ‘knowledge workers’ in multinational management consultancies. We argue that this professional identity construction is embedded in a normalizing, gendered discourse of what it means to be an ‘ideal’ consultant. However, representations of an alternative discourse, which constructs different spheres in an individual’s life, can also be traced in the consultants’ talk. Through a comparison of British and Finnish consultants’ talk, we show the relevance of placing micro-discourses in context. In the UK, discourse on ‘work/life balance’ may be understood as a form of resistance at the level of subjectivity. In Finland, discourse on the ‘balanced individual’ can be seen to be an articulation of a societally bound normalizing discourse. The cultural context can thus be said to have an effect on forms of resistance in knowledge work.
Sleeping or Active Partners?
Authors: Pedersen Karina , Bille Lars , Buch Roger , Elklit Jørgen , Hansen Bernhard , Nielsen Hans Jørgen
Published: June 2004

The article is based on a newly conducted survey of Danish party members. It shows that Danish party members enrol because of the ideology and national policies of the preferred party, and because they want to support the party. A significant number of members leave their party every year, and as many as one-fifth consider leaving, but new members also enrol. Compared to voters, members are not gender and age representative, but are to some extent representative when it comes to education. Members vary in levels of and types of activities they engage in, ranging from those who only pay dues to a small elite of very active members. Parties as channels of participation are characterized by both vitality and lethargy.
Food and Health: Expanding the Agenda for Health Psychology
Authors: Chamberlain Kerry
Published: June 2004

In this article I consider the changing context and constitution of food in contemporary society, and the variety of ways it is bound up in health, identity and social relations. In particular, I briefly discuss the position of food in health, illness, embodiment, and the ways that food is becoming increasingly medicalized and politicized. I suggest that the treatment of food in health psychology research has frequently been overly simplistic, and argue that we need to take greater account of the complexity of food and its intricate relations to health and illness in our research if we are to investigate this topic comprehensively, and seek to contribute to better understandings and outcomes for people.
Gender, Sexuality, Body Image and Eating Behaviours
Authors: Conner Mark , Johnson Charlotte , Grogan Sarah
Published: June 2004

One hundred and twenty one participants reported sexual orientation, body mass index, body shape concerns, eating motives and eating styles. Measures of body dissatisfaction were greater in heterosexual women and homosexual men (ps <.05), while heterosexual women had smaller (ps <.001) ideal body shapes. Eating weight control motive was lower in heterosexual men compared to women (ps <.05). Restrained eating was lower in heterosexual men compared to heterosexual women or homosexual men (ps <.001). The findings support the role of socially prescribed body shapes on body shape concerns, eating motivations, and eating styles in men and women and suggest impacts are greater for heterosexual women and homosexual men.
Social Representation of a Food Risk: The Hong Kong Avian Bird Flu Epidemic
Authors: Joffe Hélène , Lee N. Y. Louis
Published: June 2004

The paper explores the social representation of the 2001 Hong Kong avian bird flu epidemic from the perspective of local women. Fifty women were asked to describe their first thoughts about the flu, and these were subsequently explored. Thematic analysis of the semi-structured interviews revealed that the first thoughts were characterized by: (a) the origin of the epidemic, (b) anchors for it, (c) emotions about it, and (d) images of it. Aspersion concerning the lack of hygiene of Mainland Chinese chicken rearers and chicken sellers in Hong Kong dominated the interviews. Other environmental factors were also stressed, as was regulation leniency and a drive to profit. Comparisons between old traditions and newer practices formed a central feature. The findings are discussed in terms of their continuity with western risk findings as well as their speicific cultural nuances.
‘Health Should Not Have to be a Problem’: Talking Health and Accountability in an Internet Forum on Veganism
Authors: Sneijder Petra , te Molder Hedwig F. M.
Published: June 2004

This article draws upon insights from discursive psychology to examine how participants in an Internet forum on veganism orient to the relationship between food choice, health and accountability. First, we explore the ways in which participants ascribe responsibility for health problems like vitamin deficiency to individual recipients. By suggesting individual practices as a cause for problems, speakers undermine the notion that problems arise through veganism as a matter of principle. Second, we show how participants construct solutions to individual health problems as involving mundane and simple actions. Both discursive procedures enable speakers to resist negative assumptions about the potentially complicated nature of veganism in relation to health protection.
Beyond the Gates of the Polis
Authors: Inglis David , Robertson Roland
Published: June 2004

In recent sociological debates, the concept of ‘society’, understood as a delimited, bounded entity, has come under much critical scrutiny, especially as it seems increasingly inadequate as a frame of analytical reference in an age characterized by ‘global’ flows and processes beyond national boundaries. In this article, we suggest that this understanding of ‘society’ is analogous to, and was in part generated by, the conception of the city-state ( polis) favoured by ancient Greek thinkers of the 4th century BC, most notably Plato and Aristotle. Standard accounts of the history of sociology see the roots of the discipline as originating in this type of Greek political theory, for it provided many of the bases of the social analyses of ‘classical’ sociologists such as Durkheim. The development of forms of sociological thought that can grasp phenomena that exist in certain senses beyond ‘society’ requires not only a reconsideration of the relations that can or should pertain between present-day sociologists and the ‘classical’ 19th-century thinkers, but also a rethinking of the connections between these two groups and their ancient predecessors. We suggest that it is today fruitful to reconfigure our understanding of the nature of the history of sociological thought, such that thinkers of a later, Hellenistic, period in Greek history, especially the historiographer Polybius, are recognized as important predecessors in the search for analytic categories that are not restricted to the study of particular bounded social entities. Thinkers of the Hellenistic period rejected the polis as the central analytic category in favour of the study of the whole ‘inhabited world’ ( oikoumene). The ways in which Polybius in particular transformed the nature of historiography should be seen as important precursors of modern notions of ‘global sociology’. A recognition of the importance of this Hellenistic revolution in analytic orientation compels us to rethink what texts we take to be ‘classical’ vis-á-vis contemporary sociological endeavours to grasp the ‘global’.
Max Weber and Charles Ives
Authors: de la Fuente Eduardo
Published: June 2004

At first glance, the figure of the Puritan analysed by Max Weber seems to be in direct tension with the ethos of the modern artist. But the latter resembled the former, in two important respects: in his sense of mission and in his ‘heroic individualism’. In countering the tendency to see the Protestant-bourgeois and the modern artist as arch-rivals, this article brings Weber’s characterization of the Puritan into dialogue with the aesthetic ethos of a key figure in American music: the modernist composer Charles Ives. Ives saw music as a weapon against the spiritual and aesthetic barrenness of modern life, and celebrated work and business over the ethic of ‘art for art’s sake’. His evocation of the Protestant ethic raises an important question for the sociology of modern culture: did American modernists ‘cultivate the arts’ differently to their European counterparts? It is argued that American ‘experimental’ music is different to European ‘serialism’ precisely in that it subscribes to a commitment to ‘practical action’. The article concludes by asserting that even those American composers who have opted for a ‘mystical’ route to salvation - for example, John Cage - have often replicated the Protestant desire to find beauty and ‘grace’ in the modern world.
Bringing Children (and Parents) into the Sociology of Consumption
Authors: Martens Lydia , Southerton Dale , Scott Sue
Published: June 2004

The sociology of consumption pays relatively little detailed and systematic theoretical attention to children, while the sociology of childhood tends to view children’s consumption through what can be called the ‘production of consumption’ approach. This is surprising given the range of empirical and theoretical debate in the sociology of consumption, where ‘mode of consumption’,‘consumption as aesthetics’ and ‘material culture’ represent a further three approaches. By bringing together the sociologies of childhood and consumption, a framework for empirical research is advanced. Four inter-related themes are suggested: learning to consume; lifestyle and identity formation; children’s engagements with material culture; and the parent-child relationship. It is argued that such a framework offers scope to further understandings of how cultures of consumption impact on children, children and parents, and construct notions of childhood. A focus on children’s consumption also represents an opportunity to clarify key processes of influential theories of social change.
Betwixt and be Tween
Authors: Cook Daniel Thomas , Kaiser Susan B.
Published: June 2004

In this article, we argue that what is now known as the ‘tween’ cannot be understood apart from its inception in, and articulation with, the market exigencies of childhood - specifically girlhood - as they have emerged since the Second World War. Drawing upon trade discourses from the children’s clothing industry since the 1940s, interviews with children and views expressed by children’s market observers, we demonstrate how ‘the tween’ (or subteen/preteen) has been constructed and maintained as an ambiguous, age-delineated marketing and merchandising category. This category tends to produce and reproduce a ‘female consuming subject’ who has generally been presumed to be white, middle or upper middle class and heterosexual. Building upon historical materials, we focus much of our efforts on analyzing contemporary cultural commercial iterations of the tween as they have arisen since the early 1990s, a time when clothing makers and entrepreneurs of childhood redoubled their efforts to define a market semantic space for the Tween on the continuum of age-based goods and meanings.
Windfall Child Rearing
Authors: Pugh Allison J.
Published: June 2004

This article reports the findings of an investigation into how low-income families construct childhoods amid the growing marketization of services for children. Based on data from ethnographic work and interviews in low- and middle-income communities in Oakland, California, I found that income instability was as important as income scarcity in influencing how families consumed on behalf of children. For low-income families, the unpredictability of resources gave rise to a set of behaviors and outcomes that I term‘windfall child rearing’. I explore the origins of resource instability for these families and consider the impact of windfall child rearing on children’s lives, including their worldviews, their behavior and their relationships with caregiving adults.
Crime and Criminal Justice in Poland
Authors: Krajewski Krzysztof
Published: June 2004

Poland is not one of the countries that have a long-established criminological tradition. Although courses in criminology are taught at a number of law faculties in Poland, the discipline remains marginal in terms of both teaching and research. Despite the weakness of the infrastructure, several research projects materialized during the 1990s; most important, victimization surveys, but also descriptive studies on such issues as organized crime, drug prevention, and the context of particular types of offence. This post-communist period since 1989 has been characterized by profound changes in crime patterns. There was intensive debate about the nature and scope of the apparent growth in crime, with many critical analyses of official police data. The debate about criminal justice policy was equally intensive, as penal law reform efforts aiming to reduce the punitive character of criminal justice system inherited from the communist system were confronted with growing fear of crime and a new populist politics of law and order. The initial reforms after the fall of communism led to a major reduction of the prison population, which however remains high in comparison with neighbouring countries in western Europe. There is increasing pressure to make the system more punitive again.
Juvenile Delinquency and Gender
Authors: Junger-Tas Josine , Ribeaud Denis , Cruyff Maarten J. L. F.
Published: June 2004

This article considers differences in patterns of youth delinquency and problem behaviour between boys and girls. It uses cross-sectional surveys of self-reported youth offending in 11 European countries, and a similar survey covering various ethnic groups in Rotterdam, both carried out in 1992. These surveys show that there remains a substantial gap in the level of delinquency between girls and boys across all countries and ethnic groups. The findings confirm that weak social controls by family and school are an important correlate of delinquency for males and females in all country clusters and across all ethnic groups. On the whole, the correlates of delinquency are found to be similar in males and females, which suggests that there is no need for a different theory to explain delinquency in boys and girls. Social control explains part of the gap in delinquency between boys and girls, simply because social controls of girls tend to be stronger and tighter. Culturally determined differences in the strength of family-based social controls can also explain some of the variation in delinquency between ethnic groups.
Reconciling Open-Mindedness and Belief
Authors: Adler Jonathan
Published: June 2004

Can one be open-minded about a strongly held belief? I defend a reconciliation of the suggested conflict that turns on open-mindedness as an educational aim subordinate to the aim of knowledge, and as an attitude about one’s beliefs (a second-order or meta-belief), not a weakened attitude toward a proposition believed. The reconciliation is applied to a number of related issues such as the tension between teaching for autonomy and rightful claims to authority.
Self-Concept and Social Integration
Authors: Spiecker Ben , Steutel Jan , de Ruyter Doret
Published: June 2004

This article evaluates the credo ‘integration while maintaining one’s identity’ with the help of psychological arguments. First, it explores the requirements of being a good citizen in a liberal democracy. Following Rawls, we state that justice is the cardinal liberal virtue and that this virtue includes having the disposition to respect the rights of all citizens equally. It then investigates psychological theories about identity and the relation between culture and identity. We focus on the distinction between collectivistic cultures and an interdependent self-concept on the one hand and individualistic cultures and an independent self-concept on the other. We come to the conclusion that the development into a good citizen of a liberal democracy cannot be combined with the full preservation of an interdependent self-concept. Further, we argue that the state has the right and the duty to offer civic education to all pupils, even if this means that the development of an inter-dependent self-concept of children from particular immigrant groups will be hampered.
Will the Master Settlement Agreement Achieve a Lasting Legacy?
Authors: Healton Cheryl G. , Haviland M. Lyndon , Vargyas Ellen
Published: June 2004

This article outlines the mission and activities of the American Legacy Foundation (Legacy)—the public charity created by the Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) between 46 states attorneys general and the tobacco industry. Payments to Legacy are made by the 46 settling states. Legacy has achieved much in its short 5-year tenure and has faced and continues to face challenges. These include the “sunset” clause of the MSA that may terminate payments to Legacy’s public education fund—the source of funds for most of Legacy’s public education campaigns and grant making, a unique set of MSA provisions intended to rein in the activities of Legacy and rising public expectations in the context of sharply reduced resources. The inextricable link between Legacy, state tobacco control, and the politics of tobacco are discussed.
The 1998 Master Settlement Agreement: A Public Health Opportunity Realized—Or Lost?
Authors: Niemeyer Dearell , Miner Kathleen R. , Carlson Lisa M. , Baer Katie , Shorty Lawrence
Published: June 2004

On November 23, 1998, a legal settlement of historic proportions took place. The five major U.S. tobacco manufacturers signed an agreement with 46 states, the District of Columbia, and five U.S. territories to settle pending lawsuits by compensating the states for Medicaid costs of treating smoking-related illness. This multistate Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) seemed to herald a new era in public health as it provided a potential source of funds for state-based tobacco-control programs (estimated at U.S.$206 billion for the first 25 years) and also banned an array of advertising and marketing efforts to attract young people to tobacco. Five years after the settlement, however, it appears that most states have not committed a significant portion of the funds for tobacco prevention efforts but rather have used the money to support other state needs. Moreover, tobacco companies have continued aggressive marketing efforts to reach youth.
Tobacco Industry Direct Marketing after the Master Settlement Agreement
Authors: Lewis M. Jane , Yulis Spiro G. , Delnevo Cristine , Hrywna Mary
Published: June 2004

Although Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) provisions have led to significant changes in tobacco marketing, expenditures and emphasis on marketing strategies and populations not bound by the MSA have increased significantly. This article discusses tobacco industry direct marketing practices, including direct mail, coupons, sweepstakes, brand loyalty programs, event sponsorship, and tobacco industry magazines, and the implications of such strategies. An analysis of a survey of New Jersey adult smokers provides context and documents notable rates of participation. In addition to bypassing marketing restrictions, many of these strategies operate out of sight of the public health community and most of the public and so go unchecked by either tobacco control advocates or public opinion. This article suggests that a first step in countering these practices is to increase awareness and understanding of them, followed by development of strategies to address them and to limit or eliminate their use in tobacco marketing.
How Did the Master Settlement Agreement Change Tobacco Industry Expenditures for Cigarette Advertising and Promotions?
Authors: Pierce John P. , Gilpin Elizabeth A.
Published: June 2004

The 1998 multistate Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) with the tobacco industry restricted cigarette advertising and promotions. The MSA monetary settlement was also associated with an average cigarette price increase of U.S.$1.19/pack between 1998 and 2001 to fund, in part, industry payments to the states. We examined Federal Trade Commission reports on how the tobacco industry spends its cigarette advertising and promotional dollars to see if changes expected as a result of the MSA occurred. Expected changes included reduced total expenditures and reductions for outdoor advertising, specialty promotional items identified with a brand (e.g., caps, t-shirts, lighters), and public entertainment. However, tobacco industry spending for advertising and promotions increased 96% between 1995 and 2001, with large increases in 1998 and 1999, as the MSA took effect. Between 1997 and 2001, outdoor advertising declined 98%, expenditures for specialty promotional items decreased 41%, although public entertainment increased 45%. However, in 2001, these categories represented only a small fraction of the total budget. Expenditures for retailvalue-added increased 344% between 1997 and 2001 (to 42.5% of total), perhaps to mitigate increased cigarette prices. In 2001, the incentives-to-merchants and retail-value-added categories comprised more than 80% of total expenditures. To adequately monitor tobacco industry expenditures as they adapt to the MSA and other tobacco control efforts, more refined reporting categories are essential.
Population Receptivity to Tobacco Advertising/ Promotions and Exposure to Anti-Tobacco Media: Effect of Master Settlement Agreement in California: 1992-2002
Authors: Gilpin Elizabeth A. , Distefan Janet M. , Pierce John P.
Published: June 2004

Tobacco marketing contributes to adolescent smoking initiation, and the Master Settlement Agreement (MSA), therefore, included relevant restrictions. We analyzed data from large population surveys of Californians, conducted in 1992 (11,905 adults, ages 18 years and older), 1993 (5,531 adolescents, ages 12 to 17 years), and 1996 (6,252 adolescents, 18,616 adults) before the MSA, and in 1999 (6,090 adolescents, 14,729 adults) and 2002 (5,857 adolescents, 20,525 adults) following its implementation. Camel lost favorite-advertisement popularity after 1996, and between 1999 and 2002, there were large increases in the percentages declining to name a favorite advertisement. Ownership of tobacco promotional items declined from its peak in 1996. Furthermore, in 2002, close to 90% of adolescents and young adults reported seeing anti-tobacco messages on television in the past month, significantly higher than 1996. These trends indicate less receptivity to tobacco advertising and promotions following the MSA but leave room for additional restrictions to further reduce receptivity.
After the Master Settlement Agreement: Trends in the American Tobacco Retail Environment from 1999 to 2002
Authors: Ruel Erin , Mani Niranjana , Sandoval Anna , Terry-McElrath Yvonne , Slater Sandy J. , Tworek Cindy , Chaloupka Frank J.
Published: June 2004

Research indicates that one impact of the Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) may be to increase the focus of the tobacco industry’s marketing approach on the retail tobacco environment. This article aims to provide an overview of and trends in the post-MSA American tobacco retail environment from 1999 to 2002, nationally, by region, and by locale. We examined the following specific retail tobacco environment issues: price, promotions, advertising, and placement, which stimulate or reduce demand for tobacco products. Data for this article were obtained as part of the Impac Teen Project—A Policy Research Partnership to Reduce Youth Substance Use. Results show overall high levels of advertising, promotional activity, and price increase trends across the United States. Tobacco promotions in stores increased between 2001 and 2002. Stores in the south and rural areas tended to have the lowest prices and highest prevalence of promotions and advertising, suggesting a need for tobacco control intervention.
More Money More Motivation? Master Settlement Agreement and Tobacco Control Funding in Communities of Color
Authors: Themba-Nixon Makani , Sutton Charyn D. , Shorty Lawrence , Lew Rod , Baezconde-Garbanati Lourdes
Published: June 2004

This article examines state Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) funding of tobacco control in communities of color. The primary research question was whether MSA monies resulted in dedicated funding for communities of color at the state level. This article also explores some of the historical factors that shape the relationship of communities of color to MSA funding as well as some of the institutional barriers to implementing comprehensive tobacco control programs in these communities. Three model approaches to funding parity in tobacco control programs were examined as case studies. Because of the limited amount of research available in this area, the data on tobacco control funding for communities of color was collected in interviews with state tobacco control agencies during October 2003. Findings supported our hypothesis that there were few dedicated resources at the state level for tobacco control and prevention in communities of color.