bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of anthropogenic and biological noise on fish behavior and physiology: A meta-analysis
Authors: Juanes Francis , Cox Kieran , Brennan Lawrence , Dudas Sarah
Published: June 2017

Aquatic noise has the potential to travel extreme distances and as such many marine species rely on the soundscape for auditory information regarding habitat selection, predator or prey locations, and communication. These species not only take advantage of the prevailing sounds but also contribute to the soundscape through their own vocalizations. Certain sounds have the potential to negatively effect marine species resulting in unbalanced predator-prey interactions and disrupted communication. In an attempt to determine the implications that changes to the soundscape may have on fishes, we conducted a meta-analysis focusing on how anthropogenic and biological noises may alter fish behavior and physiology. We reviewed 3,174 potentially relevant papers of which 44 met our criteria and were used in the analysis. Results indicated that anthropogenic noise has an adverse effect on marine and freshwater fish behavior and physiology. Alternatively biological and environmental noises did not significantly alter fish behavior and physiology. These findings suggest that although certain species may be more susceptible to anthropogenic noise than others, the vast majority of fish have the potential to be negatively affected by noise pollution, while biological noises may not have the same negative consequences for fish behavior and physiology.
Mapping of benthic biophony at ecologically relevant scales
Authors: gervaise cedric , Lossent Julie , valentini poirier cathy anna , Boissery Pierre , Iorio Lucia D.
Published: June 2017

Benthic communities emit a variety of sounds associated with movement and feeding activities. Snaps are wide-band signals, their waveforms allow to detect and estimate time-of-arrival difference between sensors reliably. Because of the snap’s bandwidths, a 2 m-compact hydrophone array is adequate to locate emissions. Merging the localization results of successive emissions allows to map the benthic biophony using 2 metrics as a function of position: (1) the number of snaps per minute and square meter and (2) their mean Source Level dB re 1μPa@1m. Algorithms to easily detect and locate benthic snaps using two hydrophones are detailed, accuracy and resolution are assessed. With data from artificial reefs, we were able to locate and image the shape of each artificial reef in a 100 m radius around a fixed array with a resolution of 5 meters. For the 3 m-nearest artificial reef, the image shows intra-reef details with a resolution of 20 cm. To map a larger area, the array is carried by a drifting buoy. With data from a seagrass on a rocky substrate, we image the biophony over a 1 km2 surface and we demonstrate its very high spatial variability mainly driven by the topography of the rocky substrate.
Comparative analysis of /kwa/ fish sounds recorded during an early ecoacoustics experiment in a Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadow (Ustica Island, 1999)
Authors: Raick Xavier , gervaise cedric , Hermand Jean-Pierre
Published: June 2017

Passive acoustics enables studying marine habitats thanks to the sound production of their inhabitants. A key question is: “Can fish sounds be used as environmental proxies?” Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile 1813 seagrass meadows constitute an important ecosystem of the Mediterranean Sea which protects many species of invertebrates and fishes, some of which producing sounds with distinctive features. An arched frequency modulation centred at 747 Hz which aurally sounds like /kwa/ is being investigated as an environmental proxy (Raick et al. 2017). Remarkably, these sounds were already noted as a distinctive feature of the soundscape recorded during an early acoustic ecology experiment, USTICA 99, which measured simultaneously photosynthetic gaseous exchange and fish migration at the scale of a Posidonia meadow (Hermand 2003). We revisit that dataset to describe the specific characteristics and variability of the early recorded /kwa/ sounds and make a comparison with our recent study carried out in France about 500 km north of the Sicilian Island and 15 years later. The sounds have been analysed both individually and all together, i.e., considering the entire choruses. Our comparative analysis based on a dictionary confirms a high homogeneity of the /kwa/’s but with little variations which are examined in detail.
Not all snaps are from shrimp: Broadband, impulsive sounds from different benthic organisms can provide information on animal presence and behavior
Authors: Warren Joseph , Hartigan Kayla , Wirth Colin
Published: June 2017

Snapping shrimp are a dominant source of sound in many marine environments; however, there are several other benthic organisms which produce broadband, impulsive sounds as part of their daily activity. We used a passive acoustic recorder with a video camera to identify and categorize the soniforous behaviors of several different species (fish and bivalves) in both laboratory and field environments. Bay scallops (Argopecten irradians) in shallow water estuaries in New York “cough” when they move via jet propulsion as well as to clean their filter feeding apparatus. Additionally, the substrate they are “scooting” on can alter the characteristics of their “cough.” Parrotfish (multiple species) “chomp” as they forage on seagrasses and surgeonfish (Acanthuridae) “scrape” algae from hard substrates in Caribbean lagoons. We investigated whether these signals can be distinguished from other broadband sounds occurring in the marine environment and, if so, how longer-duration passive acoustic recordings can be used to monitor the abundance or behaviors of these animals.
Predicting the cuescape from the reef soundscape and its role in larval fish settlement
Authors: Salas Andria K. , Wilson Preston S. , Altieri Andrew H. , Ballard Megan S. , Keitt Timothy H.
Published: June 2017

The combined acoustic behavior of soniferous organisms living on benthic habitats from coral to oyster reefs produces habitat-specific soundscapes. These soundscapes are predicted to have a role in the settlement behavior of fish and invertebrate larvae searching for a benthic habitat on which to settle at the conclusion of their pelagic phase. Given the frequency-specific sound detection abilities of these organisms, only a portion of the soundscape will have the frequency and amplitude characteristics to serve as potential navigational and habitat selection cues. We recorded the soundscapes of four coral reefs in Caribbean Panama for six weeks and predicted the sounds most likely to be used as cues by larval fishes by using knowledge of their hearing sensitivity. Next we used an individual-based model to test the relationship between the temporal characteristics of the acoustic cues and settlement success. To do this we created cue time-series that represented the temporal variability observed at the four reef sites. We found that even short range, temporally variable cues produced at a low rate improved settlement success, suggesting these cues may improve the probability of survival under a broader range of conditions than has been typically considered.
Use of acoustic and stereo camera systems for assessing demersal fish of Robinson Crusoe Island (Juan Fernández Archipelago, off central Chile)
Authors: Ernst Billy , Rivara Pablo , Tapia Braulio , Gauthier Stephane , Santa Cruz Francisco , Molina Esteban
Published: June 2017

The Juan Fernández Archipelago, constituted by Robinson Crusoe, Santa Clara and Selkirk Islands, are peaks of a continuous submarine ridge extended in the east-west direction off the coast of central Chile. It supports a rich endemic fish community, which maintains the livelihood of hundreds of fishermen and their families. In recent years there has been a growing interest in assessing the demersal fish species composition, distribution, and abundance in this system. To accomplish this task traditional trawl surveys are inappropriate because of the complexity and fragile nature of the seafloor, therefore we used scientific echosounders combined with a stereo camera system. Two acoustic surveys (2015 and 2016) were conducted using various configurations of transducers and cameras from ROV and tow-bodies. Results indicate a strong association of demersal fish to bottom reefs and species compositions varying with depth. Using ex-situ target strength (TS) estimates combined with species composition and size data provided by stereo cameras, we estimated biomass of Breca (morwong), the main commercial fish species. Because of the mixed nature of fish assemblages in the reefs, species composition remains an important source of uncertainty.
Ed Carstensen, advisor and mentor to the shockwave lithotripsy program project group
Authors: McAteer James , Evan Andrew P. , Lingeman James E. , Willis Lynn R. , Blomgren Philip M. , Williams James C. , Handa Rajash , Connors Bret A. , Crum Lawrence , Bailey Michael , Matula Tom , Khokhlova Vera A. , Sapozhnikov Oleg A. , Cleveland Robin , Colonius Tim , Pishchalnikov Yuri A.
Published: June 2017

In the 1980s shockwave lithotripsy emerged as a revolutionary advancement for the treatment of kidney stones. Initial studies with patients showed SWL to be highly effective. The technology was elegant, outcomes exceptionally positive and early tests suggested treatment was safe. As experience with SWL grew, limitations surfaced. A key finding was that SWs have the potential to induce significant trauma to the kidney. Our group convinced the NIH it was time to conduct a rigorous assessment to characterize the adverse effects of SWL and determine the mechanisms of SW action in stone breakage and tissue injury. The NIH Program Project Grant mechanism mandated we establish a panel of external advisors to help guide our work. We needed expertise in physical acoustics, cavitation and animal models of ultrasound exposure. We wanted a leading expert. We were extremely fortunate to land Ed Carstensen. Ed worked with us for nearly 15 years, well into our third renewal cycle. He was a brilliant scientist, a man dedicated to the highest standards of conduct in research. Ed taught us a great deal, he inspired by example and had an exceptional influence on our work and on the greater field of lithotripsy research. [Work supported by NIH-DK43881.]
Biliary lithotripsy and what we learned from Carstensen
Authors: Everbach E. Carr
Published: June 2017

In the early 1990s, kidney-stone lithotripsy was a new burgeoning field and applications to gallstone destruction were being investigated. I came as the 1989-90 Hunt Fellow to work on the mechanisms of lithotripsy and related areas with Edwin Carstensen and his collaborators at the University of Rochester. The composition and liquid environment of gallstones is very different from that of kidney stones, however, and successful fragmentation of gallstones was rare. Comparing a Diasonics piezoelectric lithotripter and Dornier HM-3 lithotripter provided insights, as did studies of the mechanical and acoustical properties of gallstones. More generally, biliary lithotripsy led to fundamental studies of mechanisms of fragmentation and the interaction of acoustic shock waves outside and inside stones. While eventually the success of laproscopic surgery spelled the end of biliary lithotripsy as a competing technology, Ed Carstensen and his collaborators added knowledge that later paid dividends in related fields of biomedical acoustics, such as atherosclerotic plaque removal, sonothrombolysis, and cavitation-based imaging and therapy.
Low frequency sound scattering from a submerged bubble cloud: The Seneca Lake experiment
Authors: Roy Ronald
Published: June 2017

Acoustic backscatter from the sea surface is governed by the roughness of the surface and subsurface microbubble distributions. At low frequencies, scattering results primarily from coherent and/or collective scatter from bubbles entrained by the subsurface vorticity or carried to depth by Langmuir circulation and thermal convection. In 1947, Carstensen and Foldy published seminal work on sound scattering and attenuation from bubble screens (JASA 19, 481-501, 1947) in which they employed an effective medium approximation to model the problem. Drawing insights from this work, W. Carey postulated that resonance scattering from submerged bubble clouds can be described by a Minnaert formula modified to account for the enhanced compressibility of the mixture. In 1990, experiments to test this concept were conducted at the US Navy Sonar Test Facility at Seneca Lake, New York (JASA 92, 2993-2996, 1992). Measurements of frequency-dependent backscatter from a submerged bubble cloud proved consistent with model predictions based on independent measurements of bubble size distribution, volume fraction and cloud size. This paper presents a brief overview of the relevant theory, a description of the lake experiment, and representative results, which serve to further affirm the validity of the effective medium approximation employed in Carstensen and Foldy’s work.
Ultrasound in air: Today's guidelines have an insufficiently solid basis for today's exposures
Authors: Leighton Tim
Published: June 2017

Today we see a proliferation of technology that purports to use the low ultrasonic frequency range (~20-40 kHz) in air for a wide variety of purposes: pest deterrents; through-air electrical charging; haptic feedback; acoustic spotlights; etc. These exposures are in addition to the inadvertent exposures of humans to ultrasound in air from cleaning baths, dental treatments etc. that have occurred for decades. New forms of exposure might possibly occur in future as more technology is introduced into homes, workplaces and classrooms. Whilst the vast majority of humans have not reported ill effects from this, some have, although there have not been the resources for widespread testing of the validity of these claims. However the dozens of national and international guidelines for such exposures are not currently adequate for the task of offering guidance for public exposures, since they are based on a very sparse dataset (of observations of primarily adult males), and all but one are for occupational exposure, and so cannot cover the un-monitored exposures of, say, infants taken into public location by adults who potentially have different susceptibilities to possible adverse effects.
Exposure measurements for ultrasound in air
Authors: Dolder Craig N. , Dennison Sarah R. , Symmonds Michael , Leighton Tim
Published: June 2017

Everyday we are exposed to a world of sounds that we do not hear. Many of the sounds come on the edge of our hearing range and some are even audible to a small part of the population. This presentation relates experimental measurements of sound exposures in the high-frequency regime that we are not intended to hear. There has been recent speculation about whether the regulations in the near-audible (or audible for a small population) regime are sufficient. Whether it is annoyance or some other mechanism that affects some part of the population is unknown, but this data present an idea of what exposure we receive at the edge of our hearing range.
Ultrasonic activated stream cleaning of a range of materials
Authors: Leighton Tim , Secker Thomas , Dolder Craig N. , Zhu Mengyang , Voegeli David , Keevil William
Published: June 2017

Despite decades of routine use (starting from the industrial setting but now also with domestic products available), ultrasonic cleaning faces technical challenges that have never been overcome, and the root of many of these lies with an understanding of the interaction between the bubble population and the sound field. Ultrasonically Activated Stream (UAS) technology is designed to produce ultrasonic cleaning, and in this paper it does so for scenarios for which an ultrasonic cleaning bath would be unsuitable, e.g., removing key contaminants (such as biofilms) from delicate substrates (tissues, etc.), without damaging that substrate.
Sound attenuation in a curved duct using a microperforated panel
Authors: Yang Cheng
Published: June 2017

A microperforated panel (MPP) sound absorption structure consists of a microperforated panel with a backing air cavity. The coupling between the two components allows an efficient sound absorption around resonance frequencies of the coupled system. In this paper, attempt is made to achieve sound attenuation using a MPP without the commonly used backing air cavity. The concept underlying this is the generation of the air motion, as a result of the pressure difference on the two faces of the MPP, inside the perforates, such that the acoustic energy can be dissipated. The acoustic environment in which such a pressure difference occurs is found in a curved duct where the axial wavenumber of the duct field is dependent on the radius of the curve. A MPP inserted into the duct results in a pressure difference between the two sub-curved duct domains, enabling the vibration of the air mass inside the perforates. Results show that such a treatment can achieve a broadband sound attenuation even below the first cut-off frequency of the duct.
The application of microperforated panel in duct systems
Authors: Lee Seungkyu , Hanschen Thomas P. , Bolton J. S.
Published: June 2017

Microperforated panels (MPPs) are usually considered to be an alternative sound absorbing surface treatment in architectural acoustics applications, where they can serve as effective, fiber-free replacements for the more traditional glass fibers and other porous materials. However, the areas in which MPPs may be applied are not only limited to the replacement of conventional sound absorbing materials, but MPPs can also be used in spaces where more conventional materials cannot be conveniently used. For example, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) duct application is one area where MPPs can be used as a stand-alone material, in contrast with glass fiber, which typically must be covered by perforated surface treatments to prevent erosion of the fibers due to the flow. In this study, it will be shown how a suitably designed MPP can be an effective noise control element in ducts by reducing fan and flow noise while at the same time maintaining the flow delivery performance of the duct.
Lightweight absorption and barrier systems comprising N-layer microperforates
Authors: Kim Nicholas N. , Bolton J. S.
Published: June 2017

Since the concept of microperforated panels (MPPs) was introduced by Maa, there have been continuing efforts to apply MPPs, primarily as fiber-free sound absorbing materials, typically wall-mounted. The objective of the present work was to demonstrate that multi-layer MPPs can also be effective functional absorbers and lightweight barrier systems. The acoustical properties of lightweight MPPs depend on hole diameter, thickness, porosity, mass per unit area, and air cavity depth. In the case of a single layer, it is possible to find a combination of these parameters that results in good performance over one or two octaves. However, to be effective for noise control over a broader range of frequencies, it is necessary to design multi-layer MPPs. Thus here the focus was on the optimal design of multi-layer MPPs in the speech interference range, 500 to 4000 kHz. In the case of functional absorbers, the total absorption of the system was optimized, while in the case of barriers, a high transmission loss was desired, without necessarily sacrificing the absorption of the system. In the latter case, in particular, it was possible to create systems having transmission losses well in excess of the mass law over a broad range of frequencies.
Techniques to improve the low frequency and broadband performance of microperforated panel absorbers
Authors: Herrin David , Liu Weiyun , Bianchini Emanuele
Published: June 2017

Microperforated panel absorbers can be considered as the combination of the perforated panel and backing airspace. It has been demonstrated that partitioning the airspace improves performance. Additional performance improvements can be obtained by varying the depth of the backing cavity, adding resonators behind the panel, or using double leaf panels. Each of these configurations is first considered for a single cell backing using plane wave simulation. Comparisons are made to impedance tube measurements with acceptable agreement. Following this, the diffuse field sound absorption for each configuration was measured in a small reverberation room. Each test sample consisted of a 0.6 m x 0.4 m panel with a backing cavity partitioned into 24 equal size cells. For the double leaf configuration, the cavity betwen panels was honeycomb partitioned but the backing cavity was unpartitioned.
Practical applications of transparent and opaque microperforated and microslit absorbers
Authors: D'Antonio Peter , Madison Jeffrey
Published: June 2017

architectural acoustics. Currently, the architectural acoustic community faces ever changing challenges that require innovative approaches to absorb sound. Due to the importance of day lighting in sustainable design certification, such as LEED, and the concern about particulate material from fiberglass and mineral wool, there has developed a need for transparent and translucent absorptive materials that do not require the use of fibrous porous absorption. One approach has been the development of microperforated and microslit foils and panels with sub-millimeter openings that provide significant viscous losses when spaced from a boundary. In addition, opaque FSC certified, AWI Premium Grade, Class A fire rated microperforated veneered wooden panels have also been enthusiastically accepted by architects, since the microperforations are relatively invisible at normal viewing distances. The theoretical absorption mechanism of microperforated and microslit surfaces is well documented in the literature and comparisons between calculated and measured absorption coefficients will be illustrated. This presentation will also review practical applications of various transparent foil and plastic panel materials, as well as microperforated veneered wooden panels.
Absorption of thin micro-perforated partitions lined with anisotropic fibrous materials
Authors: Bravo Teresa , Maury Cedric , de la Colina Carlos
Published: June 2017

Recent trends in broadband noise reduction have considered the design of bio-inspired multi-layer sound absorbers. The layout usually comprises a suitable combination of thin micro-perforates, fibrous materials and airspaces with a view to mimic the remarkably low acoustic emissions of the owl flight. One of the main features is the anisotropic texture of the highly porous material beneath the micro-perforate. This study examines how the absorption properties of rigidly-backed micro-perforated panels (MPPs) are modified when lined with anisotropic fibrous materials with specified inclination of the parallel fibers within the material thickness. One discusses the effects of the material constitutive parameters, such as the bulk density, the flow resistivities and the structure factors along and normal to the fibers axis, on the MPP air-frame relative velocity. The model of propagation in the anisotropic medium accounts for energy losses and is compared against a multiple scattering approach in case of fibers at grazing angle. The partition absorption properties are also studied with respect to the nature of the forcing field, either an acoustic plane wave or an additive aeroacoustic excitation in which coexist both acoustic and turbulent components.
Optically transparent sound absorber with micro-perforation
Authors: Nocke Christian
Published: June 2017

More than 20 years after the first applications of micro-perforated sound absorbers in architectural acoustics there still is a growing demand of optically transpatent sound absorbers. Based on the theory of micro-perforated panel sound-absorbing constructions by D.-Y. Maa in 1975 various materials have been used as micro-perforated sound absorbers. Fully transparent sound absorbers as well as printed and translucent materials allow a combination of acoustic and light design. 3D-shapes used as lamps and other applications have become available. Measurements for different set-ups will be presented as well as applications in various projects will be discussed. Metal, wood, polycarbonate plates, and foils as well as other sheets have been micro-perforated. In this contribution, a short review of the applications of various different materials with transparent micro-perforated sound absorbers will be presented.
Minimum bow force measured with a high-precision bowing pendulum
Authors: Mores Robert
Published: June 2017

The minimum bow force Fmin necessary to establish Helmholtz motion on stringed instruments was widely believed to be proportional to the bow velocity vB, to the reciprocal of the bridge resistance R, and to the reciprocal of the relative bow-bridge distance ß squared [J. Schelleng, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 53, 26-41 (1973)]. More recently, a study reported independence from vB and an overproportional reciprocal effect of R while confirming the 1/ß² proportionality [E. Schoonderwaldt, Acta Acustica United with Acustica 94 604-622 (2008)]. Here, a bowing pendulum is used which facilitates precise control and measurement of related parameters. The string excitation at the contact point is recorded to instantly classify Helmholtz motion (HM) versus non-Helmholtz motion with one (nHM-1) or more slips during the stick phase. Monitoring of the classification supports the control of bowing parameters during measurement. These are directed towards the regions of transition between HM and nHM-1 to reveal the parameters related to Fmin. The empirical data gained from cello strings suggest that HM requires a baseline force Fmin,0 even for very low vB. Fmin,0 depends on R and ß. Fmin, then grows proportionally with vB and with 1/ß rather than with 1/ß².
Piano tone control through variation of “weight” applied on the keys
Authors: Traube Caroline
Published: June 2017

To control the tone of their instrument, piano teachers at University of Montreal recommend to act on the double escapement action by modifying the “weight” applied on the keys. When the pianist uses more weight, the key is pressed to the bottom of the keyboard and the pianists feel a bump when they pass the escapement threshold. When using less “weight”, they play more at the surface of the keyboard. The present study aims to verify if this variation of weight has an impact on the piano tone. Two series of recordings were analysed. In a first series, pianists played a short musical phrase varying several control parameters (with/without weight, with/without pedal) and at several intensity levels. In a second series of recordings, isolated notes were played in the same conditions. Simultaneously to the recording of the piano tones, a video image of double escapement grand piano action was captured with a camera placed inside the piano. The analysis of the data shows that the piano tones produced with and without weight differ along several acoustical descriptors (temporal and spectral features). The main parameters which are modified are related to the quality of the attack.
Playability in flute-like instruments: Investigating the relation between flute making and instrumental control
Authors: de la Cuadra Patricio , Ernoult Augustin , Balosso-Bardin Cassandre , FABRE Benoit
Published: June 2017

The musician’s ability to modify the pitch of his instrument is a common feature for most instruments from the flute family. Musicians can alter a given note by adjusting the airjet velocity or by changing the resonator impedance through the modification of the embouchure (opening or closing the open end of the resonator where the embouchure is). A trained musician can adapt to a wide variety of instruments and even correct the pitch of poorly built instruments. Flute makers, on the other hand, propose a pitch structure (diapason) by placing the tone holes, adapting their size and height and by choosing the bore’s internal geometry. The choices made by the maker take into account the musician’s evaluation, creating a loop that through centuries of iterations has produced optimal instruments following a range of cultural and technological constraints. Throughout this article, the relationship between flute manufacture and the musician’s control will be discussed and analyzed. Identifying, modeling and quantifying the possibilities the musician has to control the instrument as well as the parameters the flute maker can modify to close this optimization loop, we propose a methodology to determine the geometry of the instrument for a given control strategy and vice versa.
On the efficiency of vocalization in humans and other vertebrates
Authors: Titze Ingo R.
Published: June 2017

Human vocalization is an inefficient process in terms of energy expended to produce acoustic output. A traditional measure of vocal efficiency, the ratio of acoustic power radiated from the mouth to aerodynamic power produced by the lungs, ranges between 0.001 % and 0.1 % in speech-like vocalization. Non-human vertebrates like birds cannot afford to operate with such low efficiency when calling or singing over long distances. A hypothesis is given here that humans have traded away efficiency to maximize phonetic contrast in speech. A Navier-Stokes solution of non-steady compressible airflow from trachea to lips was used to calculate steady aerodynamic power, acoustic power, and combined total power at seven strategic locations along the airway. At low (speech-like) frequencies, it is shown that little power is radiated from the mouth because acoustic wave reflection at the mouth is very high. Wall vibration and kinetic pressure losses consume on the order of 99.99 % of the power produced. With higher frequency and greater mouth opening, the efficiency for calling, singing, or screaming can be increased by several orders of magnitude, approaching the efficiency of high intensity animal calls.
Tonal characteristics of saxophone mouthpieces: A comparison
Authors: Kinzer Charles , Cheyne Stanley A. , McDermott Walter C.
Published: June 2017

The tonal characteristics of five different types of mouthpieces for the tenor saxophone will be compared. The mouthpieces are all widely available and used by present-day musicians; some are designed and marketed for general use and others are intended for specific musical styles or performance situations. Frequency spectra will be presented for each mouthpiece, and results will be discussed relative to the design features of each. Analytical data are in turn compared to the results of a survey among listeners seeking descriptive terms for the tonal characteristics produced.
Touchscreen based music instruments
Authors: Altinsoy M. Ercan
Published: June 2017

The usage of touch screen devices, such as smartphones, tablet computers, personal computers, game consoles, etc., increases globally. They offer users various gesture based interaction possibilities rather than the limited mouse based human computer interaction. Therefore, various Apps were developed which turn the touchscreen based device into a musical instrument. In this study, some user experience interviews were conducted to evaluate the suitability of the touchscreen based devices for the musical experience. Besides of the ease and the joy, the attractiveness, the simplicity, the stimulation, the pleasantness, and the practicality are important parameters. Therefore, to evaluate the pragmatic and hedonic qualities, the Attrakdiff semantic differential was used.
Perception of a virtual violin radiation in a wave field synthesis system
Authors: Böhlke Leonie , Ziemer Tim
Published: June 2017

A method to synthesize the sound radiation characteristics of musical instruments in a wave front synthesis system is proposed and tested. Radiation patterns of a violin are measured with a circular microphone array which consists of 128 pressure receivers. For each critical frequency band one exemplary radiation pattern is decomposed to circular harmonics of order 0 to 64. So the radiation characteristic of the violin is represented by 25 complex radiation patterns. On the reproduction side, these circular harmonics are approximated by 128 densely spaced monopoles by means of 128 broadband impulses. An anechoic violin recording is convolved with these impulses, yielding 128 filtered versions of the recording. These are then synthesized as 128 monopole sources in a wave front synthesis system and compared to a virtual monopole playing the unfiltered recording. The subjects perceive the tone color of the recreated virtual violin as being dependent on the listening position and report that the two source types have a different “presence.” The test persons rate the virtual violin as less natural, sometimes remarking that the filtering is audible at high frequencies. Further studies with a denser spacing of the virtual monopoles and a presentation in an anechoic room are planned.
The new sounds of electric vehicles—Quieter but really better?
Authors: Genuit Klaus
Published: June 2017

The development of new vehicles—cars and scooters—with electric powertrain is not a simple evolution but means a revolution with respect to sound. After listening of more than 150 years to the specific sound of combustion engines, electric vehicles provide the opportunity of complete new sound experiences. Not only the sound level is lower but the whole character of the sound is changed. Several questions are coming up with the new generation of powertrains: Does the sound fit to the vehicle, what are the expectations of the customers and the people around the vehicles, which information should be given by the sound, do we need new regulations with respect to sound? All these topics and their implications must be discussed carefully. It is evident that effective sound design must consider diverse perceptual needs. This paper gives an introduction and an overview of new challenges arising from E-Mobility considering the interior and exterior sound as well as the environmental and safety aspects.
The investigation of a consumer satisfaction metric for electric vehicle sound signatures
Authors: Swart Daniel J. , Bekker Anriëtte
Published: June 2017

The attributes of electric vehicle sound signatures have been investigated for some time, especially considering the sound quality and warning features of the exterior sound. The interior vehicle sound quality influences both the driving pleasure and market uptake of these vehicles. However to date, minimal research has been published on the consumer satisfaction and objective metrics that could predict satisfying electric vehicle sound. Conventional subjective methods of determining consumer satisfaction are tedious and time consuming. The possibility of a simple and efficient method for determining perceived consumer satisfaction of interior wide-open throttle sound is investigated. Several existing objective psychoacoustic metrics are used to establish and propose a new consumer satisfaction metric for electric vehicle sound signatures. The metric is proposed through the statistical correlation of six psychoacoustic metrics and the subjective responses of 31 subjects. Two original and three modified sound signatures are used as test stimuli. The results showed a high correlation with several psychoacoustic metrics, which were then used to formulate a metric that could approximate perceived consumer satisfaction. The proposed metric was evaluated against an additional dataset of electric vehicle sound signatures and conclusions were drawn as to the accuracy and potential implementation of the proposed metric.
Evaluation of electric vehicle sounds and new concepts regarding speed-dependency
Authors: Steinbach Lisa , Altinsoy M. Ercan , Atamer Serkan , Rosenkranz Robert
Published: June 2017

In today's urban environment inhabitants are permanently exposed to elevated noise levels, which are mostly dominated by traffic noise. The current electrification of vehicles might affect the traffic noise in city centers. The aim of this work was to determine the pedestrian reaction, the annoyance and the warning effect of electric vehicle sounds. For this purpose the differences in the perceived annoyance, warning effect and detection time were investigated with perception studies. Furthermore the sound level of a full speed-scaling of an approaching vehicle starting from 0 km/h at the critical distance is nearly 10 dB below the level of a constant speed of 10 km/h. Therefore variants of electric vehicle sounds were generated, in which a constant level is used below 5 or 10 km/h. The results show that the change of the speed-scaling influences the detection time enormously. In this study, Artificial neural network (ANN) is used as an indexing tool to imitate subjective perceptions, because in some further work the results of artificial neural networks show great correlation with the assessments of subjects in listening tests. Through the use of ANN, a flexible model can be developed which can predict the annoyance or the warning effect of future electric vehicle sounds.
Quiet cars and blind pedestrians
Authors: Wall Emerson Robert , Kim Dae Shik , Naghshineh Koorosh
Published: June 2017

People who are blind use traffic sounds to determine alignment, verify relative position to a street, identify their location, and decide an appropriate time to cross a street. With quieter vehicles, these pedestrians often do not have the amount or kind of acoustic information needed to make good, reliable travel decisions. Blind participants listened to internal combustion vehicles and hybrid vehicles (with and without added artificial sounds) approaching while moving forward, approaching while backing, and turning at an intersection. Participants indicated when they heard a vehicle and the direction of travel. Participants also aligned themselves to passing vehicles or indicated when crossable gaps between vehicles existed. Performance degraded most when ambient sound levels increased. However, even under extremely low ambient conditions, some tasks were not performed well. Some artificial sounds improved performance of particular tasks, but no artificial sound adequately enhanced performance in all tasks. Quieter vehicles have a potentially severe safety impact on pedestrians who are blind. Blind pedestrians may not be aware how their travel is impacted by less acoustic information. Addressing the impact by adding artificial sounds promises only a partial solution and should be augmented by other efforts.
Observation and evaluation model of warning sound in an electric vehicle warning index based on whine index
Authors: Lee Sang Kwon , Han Man Uk
Published: June 2017

Electric Vehicles (EV) generate sound pressure lower than internal combustion engines(ICE) at low speed. Pedestrians familiar with internal combustion engines are difficult to recognize such a quite vehicles. Therefore, an additional warning sound generator is required. The warning sound must have high detectability and low annoyance to pedestrians, while complying with legislation for warning sound of various countries. In this paper, the validity of the index was verified using previous research results. In previous research, AI (Annoyance Index) and DI (Detectability Index) of the electric vehicle warning sound were obtained with a consideration of the masking effect. 12 signal synthesized four warning sounds and three background noises are used. In this study, a warning sound generator was installed into electric vehicle, and jury test result was obtained. The member of the jury tester, distance, and speed from the electric vehicle were performed under the same conditions as the previous study.
Humanoid EV sound design and communications
Authors: Kubo Norio
Published: June 2017

Since electric vehicle has no combustion engine, extreme quietness of newly developed car is often discussed, especially on exterior sound design. For example, with additional engine sound, What is the suitable sound for pedestrian? This paper focuses on opposite way of such question. It means EV sound design for car driver, thus this ams for interior sound design. It also means better communication between automobile and driver. Since recent improvement of AI (artificial intelligence) technology, people will communicate with future automobile. Therefore, EV sound design on communication are discussed.
On the sound fields due to a high-speed line source moving above an extended reaction ground
Authors: Li Kai M. , Wang Yiming
Published: June 2017

Predicting sound fields due to a moving sound source is of great importance in assessments of road traffic noise and the study of en-route aircraft noise. In a recent publication, Dragna and Blanc-Benon [J. Sound Vib. 349, pp 259-275] have developed an asymptotic solution for predicting the sound fields due a moving line source placed above a locally reacting ground surface. However, for many outdoor ground types, such as forest floors and snow covered grounds, the assumption of a locally reacting surface is not accurate enough for many practical applications. In the present paper, an asymptotic solution for the evaluation of sound fields above an extended reaction ground has been derived for a line source moving with a constant speed. Based on the boundary conditions developed by the time domain approach, a Fourier transform method and its associate conformal mapping have been used to give an integral expression for the frequency-domain solution. The steepest descent method is then applied in the contour integration to yield an asymptotic approximation for a closed form expression due to a moving source placed above an extended reaction ground.
A simulation platform for interior railroad noise
Authors: Aalmoes Roalt , Vos, de Paul , Lania Henk
Published: June 2017

High railroad noise levels are a challenge for both the exterior and interior environment of a train. The DESTINATE project (partially funded by the European Union’s Shift2Rail programme) aims to find cost-effective mitigation measures to reduce railroad noise. Although most focus is placed on exterior noise, reducing noise inside the cabin increases the cabin comfort for passengers and thus the attractiveness of this mode of transport. An analysis is made of different interior noise sources. To evaluate mitigation measures for railroad noise, a simulation platform is presented that provides both audible as well as visual stimuli for test subjects. In this platform, source sounds are converted to the corresponding sound source at the receiver by taking into account propagation through materials and the atmosphere. These can be combined with sound from the environment to create a realistic simulation of train noise inside the cabin. In addition to the audio experience, a visual experience is also presented to make the simulation realistic for the test subjects. Experience from the use of a similar simulator for exterior noise sources shows that a visual representation of the environment increases the realism of the simulation. It also allows for better comparison between different mitigation alternatives.
Evaluation of an ANSI standard for predicting transportation noise-induced sleep disturbance
Authors: Fidell Sanford
Published: June 2017

An ANSI Working Group has completed its review of a noise-induced sleep disturbance standard (Part 6 of ANSI/ASA S12.9-2008) by deciding not to re-affirm it. The Working Group’s decision was based on the relatively small and non-representative corpus of field observations of noise-induced behavioral awakenings available for analysis; on the poor generalizability of predicted awakening rates from airport to airport; on practical experience with the limited utility of predictions of “at least one behavioral awakening per night” for purposes of assessing environmental noise impacts; on the statistical assumptions of convenience and post hoc analysis methods used to generate predictions of awakenings; on information published subsequent to adoption of the original standard; and on the findings of peer-reviewed re-analyses of the findings on which the original standard was based. The Working Group further recommended that no further analytic effort intended to develop alternate awakening prediction methods be undertaken until a substantial body of new peer-reviewed field observations has been published.
Case-study evaluation of a combined noise barrier and solar panel in an urban area
Authors: Glebe Dag , Larsson Krister , Zhang Xuetao
Published: June 2017

The LIFE + project NOISUN, concluded in February 2016, had as main objective to demonstrate an innovative noise barrier that produces solar energy for distribution to local district heating systems. Specially adapted solar collectors were installed at a major transport thoroughfare for both road (the E20 motorway) and railway traffic in the Swedish municipality of Lerum, and the effect of the intervention was evaluated in several ways. In the beginning of the project, calculations of expected noise mitigation were performed. Before and after the noise barrier was erected two actions were performed: Questionnaires were sent out to concerned households, and sound level measurements were performed in combination with recordings of noise events. The insertion loss of the noise barrier showed to be very close to the estimations. The noise reduction was most pronounced for loud train pass-bys but not as much for road traffic noise from the E20 motorway (also, contributions from other streets made the room for road traffic noise improvement smaller). The questionnaire results are presented and discussed in relation to the measurement results. The analysis shows a clear improvement of the perceived noise situation, but also points to some of the problems inherent in field projects analyses.
Effects of train and truck traffic on noise levels in urban communities
Authors: HAN INKYU , Samarneh Lara , Symanski Elaine
Published: June 2017

The objective of this study was to measure noise pollution in urban communities near industrial facilities in Houston, Texas and to evaluate the impact of train and truck (e.g., 18-wheeler) traffic associated with industrial activities on noise pollution. In this pilot study, we monitored noise levels as A-weighted decibels (dBA) using a sound level meter in two communities adjacent to industrial facilities for 11 days between 9 a.m. and 1 p.m. Our preliminary results showed that average noise levels in residential communities were 58.4±5.9 dBA without any trains or trucks passing by as compared to noise levels of 65.6±7.0 dBA and 64.1±7.1 dBA with train or truck traffic. Railroad and roadway traffic resulted in increases in background noise levels of 8.6% or 3.6%, respectively. Compared to background noise levels, railroad traffic significantly increased low (<500 Hz), medium (500-1000 Hz), and high frequencies (> 1000 Hz) whereas truck traffic significantly increased only low and medium frequencies. Additional studies would be needed to address other potential sources of noise such as major road traffic during morning and evening rush hour periods that might be also responsible for elevation of noise pollution in these urban communities.