bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Application Research on the FANUC Self-Diagnostic System in Processing the Emergency Stop Fault
Authors: Wang Jian Jun , Wu Qiu Jun
Published: October 2013

At present, China's CNC machine tool widely used FANUC 0i NC system. the FANUC system can be divided into two parts: the control of servo motor and spindle motor action system and control of auxiliary electrical part of the PMC,PMC uses software to realize the control, can be modified online, with the system fault detection and diagnosis.The emergency stop function is to protect the machine safety. Therefore, timely and effective treatment emergency stop fault is the key to improve the reliability of machine tool, but it caused the emergency stop for many reasons, this article mainly expounds the control principle of emergency stop in the FANUC 0i CNC system; the typical fault example was analyzed, diagnosed and eliminated by PMC. As a result, we put forward some solutions to emergency stop fault.
A Novel Trajectory Tracking Control Method for a Nonholonomic Mobile Robot with System Uncertainties and Disturbances
Authors: Zhao Run Zhou , Zhang Xi Zheng , Shi Cai Hong , Chen Wei
Published: October 2013

This paper focuses on the trajectory tracking problem of mobile robots with system uncertainties and disturbances. With the integration of a kinematic controller and a dynamic controller, a hybrid control method is presented. Firstly, an adaptive kinematic controller is proposed through the kinematic model and backstepping method. Secondly, a neural network dynamic controller is proposed, with the consideration of system uncertainties and disturbances. The stability of the proposed control scheme is verified via the Lyapunov method and Barbalat lemma. Finally, results of circular trajectory simulation have illustrated the effectiveness of the present control scheme.
Study of DR/GPS Integrated Navigation on Nonlinear Adaptive Data Fusion Algorithm
Authors: Cao Meng Long , Yao Shu Mei
Published: October 2013

Aiming at collecting data fusion problem for the actual project integrated navigation system,this thesis propounds the system measured mathematics models and proposes adaptive information fusion algorithm based on nonlinear system. The proposed method considers system unmodelled part and high order item as the noise item and the state vector to coupled estimated,thus the sensitivity of the algorithm to the model is improved. The effect of the improved algorithm is tested by the simulation in the environment of Matlab. The experimental results demonstrate that this algorithm can improve the accuracy of the integrated navigation system, thus has the value of practice application.
The Linear Optimal Control for the Mechanical Vibration Based on Remanufacturing Repaired
Authors: Liu Ling
Published: October 2013

It is used by the piezoelectric ceramics sheet of positive-inverse piezoelectric effect in a set of copper alloy remanufacturing repair cantilever vibration system as the research object in the paper.A state space model have been generated on the cantilever beem mechanical structure of dynamics finite element modeling and degrees of freedom dynamic polycondensation.It is inhibited effectively when a cantilever beam subjected to external transient pulse disturbance caused by first order, two order and higher order system mode vibration,by using the linear quadratic optimal control of two state regulation for the detection of position feedback independent modal control on the basis of the state-space model. Software is used to simulate active vibration control effect.The simulation results show that the mode control inhibited have excellent effects for the repaired cantilever vibration, also analysed on the modal control parameters for the vibration suppression effect.
A Novel GPS/INS Loose Integrated Navigation Algorithm
Authors: Zheng Zhi Chao , Yue Jin
Published: October 2013

This paper describes a novel GPS/INS loose integrated navigation algorithms which is intended for applications with GPS signal is obtained at intervals of an hour or even longer. Since the constant errors of IMU can be removed greatly by dual-axis modulation, stochastic error introduced by the gyros of IMU is the main systemic error source which leads the azimuth error to divergent as a function of time, the novel method called Two Point Correction (TPC) is applied to compensate the stochastic error. The psi-angle differential equations are used to estimate the azimuth error of INS. As a result, the methods implemented for the real system and the performance is significantly enhanced, while the required numerical methods are simple and efficient.
Hybrid Forecasting Model of Reactive Load Based on FOA and Linear Exponential Smoothing
Authors: Huang Yuan Sheng , Li Te , Pi Wei
Published: October 2013

During the prediction of Linear exponential smoothing model,the value of the coefficient has a little blindness,which is always valued by experience.This paper uses FOA model to optimize it in Linear exponential smoothing model,constructing the hybrid forecasting model this paper uses to predict the reactive load of a substation.Then,this paper uses the hybrid forecasting model to forecast reactive load.The results show that:compared with the traditional Linear exponential smoothing model,the hybrid forecasting model is effective not only on selecting parameter values ,but also improving the prediction accuracy of the reactive load to a big extent.
Study on Fiber Bragg Grating Large Current Sensor
Authors: Wang Xin , Wang Jun Lin
Published: October 2013

The large power current is sampled by Rogowski coil, then transforms the sampling signals from AC to DC and regulates the signals, the current detection unit is formed with FBG (Fiber Bragg Grating) and GMM (Giant Magnetostrictive Material), the current measurement is achieved based on the F-P interferometer filter demodulation system, finally, linear relationship between the Bragg wavelength shift and external current is validated by experiment.
The Control System of High Voltage Electrostatic Precipitator Based on FPGA
Authors: Zhang Zi Sheng , Ge Peng Bo , Shi Xiao Dong , Liu Bo Feng , Liu Zhi Qiang
Published: October 2013

It is urgent to study a new control system for improving the efficiency of electrostatic precipitator. The System-on-a-Programmable-Chip (SOPC) development board, which belongs to the series of Cyclone of Altera Company, is used as the development platform. Analog Digital (AD) conversion module, voltage control module and overall control module of the electrostatic precipitator are designed and the simulation waveform of the system is analyzed, based on the programmable logic device EP1C12Q240C6 and Very-High-Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL) programming language. The results show that: by using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) as the control, transformation of AD is accurate and fast and high voltage power supply is stable, which leads to a certain value for generalization.
Implementation of Alternating Analog Input Board on ARM7
Authors: Huang Guo Bing , Li Hua Li , Li Rui Ling
Published: October 2013

AC signal sampling technology is the basis of measure and control for electric power system and motor. A hardware synchronous AC signal sampling board is designed for an embedded SCADA system based on LPC2138 and ADS8365. The design principle and implementation methods of the hardware and software of the board are introduced in this paper. As parts of an eSCADA system, the modules have been brought into use at power plants and power control centers since 2012. The result of experiment and industry application shows that the sampling accuracy and real-time performance meet the requirements of relevant standards, and these boards work stably and reliably.
Finite Element Modal Analysis for Face-Milling Cutter
Authors: Liu Lu Ning , Shi Zhen Yu , Liu Zhan Qiang
Published: October 2013

In this paper, a face-milling tool system is dealt with the Finite Element Modal Analysis (FEMA) using advanced contact technology functionalities. Dynamic characteristics analysis is performed and the stiffness contribution is included in the modal pre-stressed analysis. Natural frequencies and mode shapes of vibration are calculated. The FEMA is followed by experiments performed for different operating conditions of the face-milling system. The dynamic characteristics obtained in this paper can be used to optimize the face-milling cutter in high speed machining.
The Modelling and Analysis of Topographical Properties with the ‘through-the-Process’ Grinding Wheel Model
Authors: Li Xue Kun , Wolf Sebastian , Zhi Geng , Rong Yi Ming(Kevin)
Published: October 2013

The single layer superabrasive wheels are made by joining all abrasive grains onto the wheel hub by electroplating or brazing. Recently, the attention has risen to acquire better grinding quality through more stringent grain size control. For the size grain control process, the abrasive grains are re-meshed for smaller dimensional derivation after outsourced from external grain manufacturers. Therefore, the understanding of correlation between the grain dimensional deviations with the wheel performances will be critical for the wheel design and optimization. In this paper, the ‘through the process’ grinding wheel model is developed for single layer CBN wheels by simulating each wheel fabrication procedure numerically. The effectiveness of the wheel model is verified by comparing with the experimental measurement, which proves the efficacy of the wheel model and could further provide the quantitative basis for grinding wheel quality control and process design.
On Critical Conditions for Chip Transformation from Continuous to Serrated in High-Speed Machining
Authors: Su Guo Sheng , Liu Zhan Qiang
Published: October 2013

For most of materials, a chip transformation from continuous to serrated takes place at a relative high cutting speed which is called the critical cutting speed (CCS). Serrated chips at CCS have different characteristics from those at higher cutting speeds. In this paper, the chip transformation is analytically investigated. The deformation in the primary shear zone (PSZ) during the transformation is analyzed. The critical shear strain at CCS for chip transformation is proposed. Cutting Experiments are carried out with four metals, and metallographical and morphological investigations on the chip transformation are conducted. The results show that serrated chips can be produced if the shear localization along a shear plane occurs before the shear plane reaches to the middle of PSZ. At CCS, the flow stress of the shear plane passing through the PSZ reaches maximum at the middle of PSZ and then decreases with further straining. The high thickness of localized shear bands makes the serrated chip at CCS look as a wave. At CCS, the shear strain of chip segments is approximately equal to the critical shear strain for chip transformation. Influences of material hardess (brittleness) on chip transformation are also discussed.
Validity Analysis of Generalized Taylor Regression Formula by Tool Wear Test for Difficult-to-Machine Materials
Authors: Ye Hong Tao , Wan Yi , Ren Xiao Ping , Liu Zhan Qiang
Published: October 2013

Talyor formula is widely accepted to describe tool wear and is employed to optimize cutting parameters. The common test methods and processes of cutting tool wear test are firstly investigated in this paper. The effects of interference factors on different test methods are analyzed by hypothesis test to find the reason that regression generalized Taylor formula is partly invalid or not effective. The meaning of exponentials in generalized Taylor formula is discussed and tool wear test principle for difficult-to-machine materials is proposed at last.
Multi-Constrained Analysis of Metal Cutting and its Application
Authors: Liu Gang , Chen Ming , Li Peng Nan , Bi Qing Zhen , Guo Bao Cai
Published: October 2013

The concept of multi-constrained analysis of the cutting process is presented for the first time in the paper. The paper adopts a method to solve an important problem which is how to judge the influence of constrains during the cutting process. The research results are applied for HSS drills for cutting stainless steel. On the basis of the multi-constrained analysis combined with methods of simulations and standard experiments, the optimum methods are provided for structure, coating and cutting parameters of cutting tools. For geometric structure of tools, optimization is to increase thickness of cutting and rake angle. Coating optimization strategy is choosing high temperature hardness and low thermal conductivity coating. Optimization of cutting parameter is to adjust feed fate, then select proper cutting speed. The conclusion of paper is helpful for the cutting optimization.
Finite Element Study on Micro Cutting Process of Guide Abrasive Wear
Authors: Zhang Qing Chun , Yue Xiao Yu , Zhang Qing Yun , Hu Ya Hui
Published: October 2013

Two-dimensional finite element model is established by ABAQUS Explicit finite element analysis in this paper. It includes abrasive wear micro cutting process between pair of guide. Johnson-cook constitutive model is used to simulate the guide material deformation of wear process. Based on different sizes and different speed of grain, loading, cutting and unloading process are simulated by finite element, guide surface stress distribution and deformation condition are studied in the guide rail pair wear process. The simulation data is obtained by central composite experiments and regression model is gotten by MATLAB. The influence law of the particle radius and speed to guide residual compressive stress and deformation are gotten by the prediction model.
Wavelet Packet analyses of Acoustic Emission Signal for Tool Wear in High Speed Milling
Authors: Wu Shun Xing , Li Peng Nan , Yan Zhi Hui , Zhang Li Na , Qiu Xin Yi , Yang Jin
Published: October 2013

Tool wear condition monitoring technology is one of the main parts of advanced manufacturing technology and is a hot research direction in recent years. A method based on the characteristics of acoustic emission signal and the advantages of wavelet packets decomposition theory in the non-stationary signal feature extraction is proposed for tool wear state monitoring with monitor the change of acoustic emission signal feature vector. In this paper, through the method, firstly, acoustic emission signal were decomposed into 4 layers with wavelet packet analysis, secondly, the frequency band energy of the have been decomposed signal were extracted, thirdly, the frequency band energy that are sensitive to tool wear were selected as feature vector, and then the corresponding relation between feature vector and tool wear was established , finally, the state of the tool wear can be distinguished according to the change of feature vector. The results show that this method can be feasibility used to monitor tool wear state in high speed milling.
Study on Tuning Methodologies of Passive Vibration Absorbers
Authors: Li Xin Yue , Chen Dong , Lin Bin
Published: October 2013

This paper introduces two tuning methodologies of passive vibration absorbers named equal peaks method and equal troughs method respectively. By studying on the model of dynamic system, the optimal parameters are obtained. Furthermore, the results obtained by one method are compared to another one, and vice versa. The results show that the tuning methodologies have their own advantages and should be selected according to the industrial requirement. In the end, the responses of two methods to the excited force are compared in the time domain with Matlab.
Development of Parameterized Design System of Auto Assembly Machine Product Platform for Small Shaft and Sleeve Subassemblies
Authors: Zhang Zi Qiang , Deng Zhi Feng , Li Run Dian
Published: October 2013

The auto assembly machine adaptable product platforms for small shaft and sleeve subassemblies are multi-stations parameterized product platform that use the number of stations as the main parameter. A parameterized design system for the product platforms is established, and the development process is introduced in detail in this paper. In using the system, only needs to input the main parameter, the design of the product platforms can be realized, 3D model drawings of parts, 3D assembly drawing and engineering drawings, which we need, can be generated quickly. Thus, the product design cycle is shortened, and the design efficiency is improved. With broad applications value, the way can be extended to the design of similar product platform.
Experimental Study on Specific Shear Energy in High-Speed Machining 7050-T7451
Authors: Su Guo Sheng , Liu Zhan Qiang
Published: October 2013

In this paper, the specific shear energy in high-speed machining 7050-T7451 from 100m/min to 3000m/min is measured and compared with the theoretical value evaluated by the method proposed by Pawade et al. (2009). The influences of cutting speed, rake angle of cutting tool, and uncut chip thickness are also investigated and discussed. Results show that the specific shear energy decreases with the increase of cutting speed, rake angle, and uncut chip thickness. The higher thermal softening makes the specific shear energy lower.
Investigation of Cutting Force in High Feed Milling of Ti6Al4V
Authors: Xu Jie , Rong Bin , Zhang Hong Zhou , Wang Dong Sheng , Li Liang
Published: October 2013

Titanium alloys are widely used in aviation and aerospace industry due to their special mechanical properties. In the process of machining titanium alloys, cutting force is an important physical quantity. In this paper, a series of experiments were carried out to investigate the cutting force in detail during high feed milling of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V with different high feed cutters. Effects of cutting parameters, such as milling speed, feed per tooth, radial cutting depth and axial cutting depth on cutting force were analyzed. The results showed that cutting force presented an obvious increasing trend with the increase of feed per tooth and axial cutting depth. However, the effects of cutting speed and radial cutting depth on cutting force were not obvious.
Analyzing on the Stability of Hebei Hongfeng Wind Farm Integration
Authors: Cai Wen Xuan , Zou Ke Wu , Qi Hai Bo
Published: October 2013

A large number of wind farms have been built in recent years, it is growing that the wind generating sets share of the total. On the other side, as the controllability of wind generating set is far weaker than the thermal generator set or hydro electric generating set. It leads to many problems for the power grid, such as voltage fluctuation or flicker generated in the process of continued operating or switching operation. It will bring a bad influence on power quality of local grid. Combined with practical conditions in Hebei Hongfeng wind farm, in this paper aiming at wind generating set output fluctuation, the reactive power compensation and the grid stability, mainly setting out from several aspects, analyzes the main reasons of grid voltage fluctuation or flicker caused by wind power generation. It is also analyzed that lowering the grid voltage instability.
Test and Simulation of Indentation and Scratch on ZnS
Authors: Yao Guang , Guo Bing , Wu Chang Hao
Published: October 2013

This paper discusses the grinding performance of ZnS. Its the base for ultra-precision grinding to master the mechanical properties and removal mechanism of ZnS which is an infrared material. This study determined the hardnessfracture toughness and critical grinding depth by micro-indentation test; Based on the result of nanoindentation test, constitutive model of ZnS was established and simulation of indentation and scratch were completed. Grinding removal mechanism and effect of process parameters on scratch result were explored by scratch test. It was found that test was consistent with simulation.
The Dynamic Analysis of High-Speed Energy Storage Flywheel Rotor System
Authors: Zhang Xiu Hua , Li Guang Xi , Nie Long
Published: October 2013

This article aims at large-scale energy storage flywheel rotor system, obtaining the dynamic characteristics. Through theoretical analysis, and after doing a simulation analysis for a given flywheel rotor on the 0-20000 RPM, getting the flywheel rotor critical speed, the transient analysis and imbalance response. The system is in steady state at runtime according to the analysis results. Providing also certain theory basis for study of flywheel rotor system according to the analysis method .
RETRACTED: Enhanced Photovoltaic Performance of the Dye Sensitized Solar Cell Using Natural Dyes with Surface Modification of the Photoanode
Authors: Jinchu I. , Sharma A. Bharatkumar , Sreekala C.O. , Sreelatha K.S. , Achuthan K.
Published: October 2013

The efficiency of the best Dye sensitized solar cell is primarily depends on the good light harvesting property of the photo anode. Present study uses Lawsone (2 hydroxy [1, -naphthoquinone), the natural dye and compare the performance of photo anode in bare TiO2 and with nanoporous CaCO3 coated TiO2. As compared to bare TiO2, the surface area of nanoporous CaCO3-coated TiO2 increases, consequently, a better amount of dye adsorption occurs. The coating of CaCO3 increases the impedance at TiO2/dye/electrolyte interface and affect lifetime of the photoelectrons. Due to this reasons the short circuit current Jsc, open-circuit voltage (Voc), and fill factor (FF) increases. Thereby, the energy conversion efficiency of the solar cell is improved.
Kluane Lake, Yukon Territory, Its Drainage and Allied Problems
Authors: Bostock H S
Published: October 2013

Changes of level of Kluane Lake suggest that the lake has not always drained through the Kluane River as it does today but has, during the Hypsithermal, drained through the Slims River valley into the Kaskawulsh River. This drainage theory was first published by
the writer in 1952 and the present paper includes data which has become available since that time. Features of change of level as well as possibilities of drainage reversal are here discussed and it remains the writer's conclusion that the drainage changes suggested in his original paper did indeed
occur.
Late Quaternary Marine Geology of Makkovik Bay, Labrador
Authors: Barrie C Q , Piper D J W
Published: October 2013

Makkovik Bay is a low relief, 35 km long, complex fiord on the central Labrador coast. Jt is a well stratified, partially mixed-type estuary during the summer, probably with moderate sea water exchange. The degree of stratification appears to be related to
fluvial flux and tidal mixing and is attenuated by sills and mid-fiord constrictions. Low values of suspended sediment and high rates of sediment accumulation measured by sediment traps suggest that the contemporary environment is wave-dominated, resuspending marginal sediments with deposition in
the deeper basins. Three major surficial units are recognizable within Makkovik Bay as interpreted from 3.5 kHz acoustic analogue data: lower basin-fill, conformable cover and upper basin-fill units. The lower basin-fill unit underlies the conformable cover unit in the deeper, quieter basins and is
thought to be composed of coarse proglacial delta sediments, probably deposited prior to 11 000 years B.P. The conformable cover unit is acoustically well stratified and mantles the en tire bay, outcropping along topographic highs and in the nearshore zone. Short cores and grab samples penetrate an
upper zone of stiff, homogeneous, olive-grey clayey silt and a lower zone of alternating brownish-grey and olive-grey beds with thin basal silt laminae. The distribution of benthonic foraminifera suggests a high rate of sedimentation in an open bay environment. The conformable cover unit is
interpreted to have had runoff-dominated deposition from suspension occurring during the last major transgression terminating at approximately 10 000 years B. P. Glacial detritus was transported fluvially northwards along the Makkovik Brook and nearby valleys and distributed across Makkovik Bay
within the upper fresher water layer of a well stratified two-layer type estuary. Rapid de position occurred through the lower, more saline water layer. The upper basin-fill unit is characterized by poor acoustic reflectivity and a ponded depositional style with a variable degree of onlap which is
inversely related to wave energy. Two piston cores penetrate four major facies of the upper basin-fill unit that represent a transition from runoff
Radiogenic Age and Isotopic Studies: Report 1
Authors:   Geological Survey of Canada
Published: October 2013

Analytical procedures for V-Pb isotope dilution analyses at the Geological Survey of Canada geochronol­ogy laboratory are described in detail. The procedures apply to zircon, monazite, sphene, rutile, bad­deleyite, thorite, apatite, allanite, and gamet. Zircon in
particular is carefully selected and generally air abraded, and is characterized using polishing and etching techniques. Reagent preparation and chemical processing are done in a clean air laboratory. Samples are spiked with a mixed 205Pb-233V-235V tracer, dissolved using steel jacketed Teflon
pressure vessels or TeflonTM screw cap containers. U and Pb are separated using anion exchange resin columns. Blanks for typical sample amounts of O. 01 to 1. 0mg are less than J0pg V and 6-40pg Pb. Rapid JO minute mass analysis of the V and Pb are carried out using a Finnigan MAT 261 variable
multicollector mass spectrometer solely in the static mode. Data reduction incorporates consideration of all sources of error in the analysis, and discordant V-Pb results are assessed on concordia plots using published regression techniques, taking into consideration the particular mineral
systematics.
Structural Geology of the Cariboo Gold Mining District, East-Central British Columbia
Authors: Struik L C
Published: October 2013

The Cariboo gold mining district extends from Big Valley Creek in Wells map area southeast to Cariboo Lake and is entirely within the Quesnel Highlands. Proterozoic to Jurassic rocks are bound by thrust and strike-slip faults into four tectonically and
stratigraphically unique terranes. All rocks of the terranes were deposiled in an ocean and vary, east to west, from continental shelf claslics and carbonates (Cariboo Terrane) through continental shelf and slope clastics, carbonates and volcaniclastics (Barkerville TerraneJ, and rift floor pillowed
basalt and chert (Slide Mountain Terrane), to island arc volcanic/astics and fine grained clastics (Quesnel Terrane). Mesozoic shallowly-dipping faulls have shortened the distance between the terranes and late Mesozoic and Tertiary moderately- to steeply-dipping (probably listric) faults have
shorrened, translated and extended the stacked terranes. Mesoscopically, the structure is dominated by east- and west-verging multiple folds, but regionally by shear, as expressed mainly by transpressional terrane boundary faults. The structural stacking and disruption of the terranes was
accompanied by regional prograde and retrograde metamorphism which subjected most of the area to chlorite grade, and the extreme southeast to kyanile grade.
Exploration geochemistry workshop
Authors: Franklin J M , Duke J M , Shilts W W , Coker W B , Friske P W B , Maurice Y T , Ballantyne S
B , Dunn C E , Hall G E M , Garrett R G
Published: October 2013

Specific criteria used for exploration for new ore may be derived from genetic models. These might include specific lithological assemblages, fractionation trends, alteration assemblages and ore-controlling structures, for example. Three "lithogeochemical"
methods of use in exploration include: diagnostic petrogenetic trends, obtained from geographical or statistical analyses of major and minor element data; diagnostic minera} assemblages, obtained through petrographic and XRD analyses; and specific elemental signatures (gains, losses, and isotopie
shifts), also obtained from analytical data. Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits formed from high-temperature metalliferous fluids generated in the sub-seafloor through heating (from a subvolcanic intrusion) of down
Stratigraphy and coal resource potential of the upper cretaceous to tertiary strata of northwestern Alberta
Authors: Dawson F M , Kalkreuth W D , Sweet A R
Published: October 2013

The Late Campanian to Paleocene strata of northwest Alberta and northeast British Columbia consist of up to 1700 m of continentally derived sediments deposited in an eastward-thinning wedge. This thick sequence is contained within the Wapiti, Coalspur and
Paskapoo formations. Lithologies consist of interbedded sandstone, siltstone and mudstone with minor coal, and appear to have been deposited in a predominantly fluvial environment. Three distinctive coal horizons � Red Willow, Cutbank and Kakwa � contain coal zones up to 8 m thick of subituminous to
high-volatile A bituminous rank. These coals commonly contain numerous thin partings that may affect the mineability of the seams. Areas of exploration and development potential are highlighted for each of the coal measures.
Devonian gas resources of the western Canada sedimentary basin
Authors:   Geological Survey of Canada
Published: October 2013

The assessment of Devonian gas potential in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin involved geological delineation and statistical evaluation of the established mature plays, and statistical evaluation of conceptual plays using the 25 identified established mature
plays as a representative population of all Devonian gas plays. Results of the assessment suggest that the total Devonian gas resource in the Basin is in the order of 3 528 000 x 106m3 (126 TCF). Fifty-six per cent of this gas volume remains to be discovered; 40 per cent is contained in conceptual
plays and 16 per cent in established mature plays. The estimate of potential of the established mature plays is not overly optimistic; nonetheless some 17 gas pools, larger than 3 000 x 106m3, are predicted to be present in the mature plays. This indicates that several of the mature plays still have
a significant upside potential with respect to undiscovered gas volumes, particularly the Slave Point reef complexes and platform carbonates in northeast British Columbia and northwest Alberta, the Leduc/Nisku reef complexes in the Alberta ``Deep Basin'', and the Swan Hills shelf margin play in
west-central Alberta. Economic analysis of the Devonian gas potential estimates indicate that 16 per cent of the volume of recoverable gas is economic at a price of $1.25 per MCF ($44.13 per 103m3), and 43 per cent at a price of $2.50 per MCF ($88.25 per 103m3). Sensitivity analysis indicates that
the economic potential of undiscovered gas is not greatly affected by cost changes, but can be very sensitive to exploration success rates and distance of discoveries to gathering systems. Estimates of the volume of economic gas potential for the entire Devonian (established and conceptual plays)
are 240 000 x 106m3 (8.5 TCF) at a price of $1.25 per MCF ($44.13 per 103m3) and 634 000 x 106m3 (22.4 TCF) at a price of $2.50 per MCF ($88.25 per 103m3). These last numbers suggest that less than 32 per cent of estimated in-place potential (1 960 000 x 106m3/70 TCF) will be economic unless gas
prices rise above $88.25 per 103m3 ($2.50 per MCF).
Lymphangioma Circumscriptum in an Adult: An Unusual Oral Presentation
Authors: Ganesh C. , Sangeetha G. S. , Narayanan Vivek , Umamaheswari T. N.
Published: October 2013

Lymphangioma is a benign hamartomatous tumor of lymphatic vessels. This lymphatic malformation is characterized by an abnormal proliferation of lymphatic vessels. Extra-oral lymphangiomas occur more frequently in the neck region predominantly in the posterior triangle, while intra-oral lymphangiomas are commonly seen in the tongue mainly on the dorsum surface. Various imaging modalities such as ultrasound and color Doppler are very useful in viewing the extent of the lesion. In most of the cases, surgical excision is the treatment of choice. The prognosis is good for most patients, but recurrence has also been reported in some cases, presumably because the lesion is interwoven between muscle fibers, preventing complete removal. This case report discusses the clinical features, color Doppler imaging, histopathology, and treatment of lymphangioma.
Antibiotic Susceptibility of Streptococcus Pyogenes Isolated from Respiratory Tract Infections in Dakar, Senegal
Authors: Camara Makhtar , Dieng Assane , Boye Cheikh Saad Bouh
Published: October 2013

Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is one of the major causes of respiratory tract infections. The objectives of this study were to identify isolates of S. pyogenes obtained from respiratory tract infections, and to assess their susceptibility to several antibiotics. A total of 40 strains were isolated and their susceptibility to 17 antibiotics was tested using a standard disk diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using the E-test. All isolates were sensitive to β-lactam antibiotics including penicillin, amoxicillin, and cephalosporins. Macrolides remain active with the exception of spiramycin, which showed reduced susceptibility. Out of the 40 isolates, 100% of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline. Interestingly, isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol, teicoplanin, vancomycine, and levofloxacin, providing potential alternative choices of treatment against infections with S. pyogenes.
Intervention to Promote Patients' Adherence to Antimalarial Medication: A Systematic Review
Authors: Fuangchan Anjana , Dhippayom Teerapon , Kongkaew Chuenjid
Published: October 2013

Non-adherence as a major contributor to poor treatment outcomes. This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of existing interventions promoting adherence to antimalarial drugs by systematic review. The following databases were used to identify potential articles: MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane CENTRAL, and CINAHL (through March 2013). From 1,813 potential papers identified, 16 studies met the selection criteria comprising 9,247 patients. Interventions were classified as packaging aids, visual media, combined visual media and verbal information, community education, medication supervision, and convenient regimen. These interventions were shown to increase adherence to antimalarial drugs (median relative risk = 1.4, interquartile range 1.2–2.0). Although a most effective intervention did not emerge, community education and visual media/verbal information combinations may well have most potential to improve adherence to antimalarial medication. These interventions should be implemented in combination to optimize their beneficial effects. The current understanding on improved adherence would facilitate to contain outbreaks of malaria cost effectively.
Group 1 Vaccinia virus Zoonotic Outbreak in Maranhão State, Brazil
Authors: Oliveira Danilo Bretas , Assis Felipe Lopes , Ferreira Paulo Cesar Peregrino , Bonjardim Cláudio Antônio , de Souza Trindade Giliane , Kroon Erna Geessien , Abrahão Jônatas Santos
Published: October 2013

In Brazil, several exanthematic autochthone Vaccinia virus (VACV) outbreaks affecting dairy cattle and rural workers have been reported since 1999. Although outbreaks had been first described in the Brazilian Southeast, VACV outbreaks were notified in all Brazilian regions in < 10 years. However, in this context, VACV outbreaks had not been described in some Brazilian States, likely because of a lack of notification, or yet unknown epidemiological reasons. Here, we describe the first VACV outbreak in Maranhão State, northeastern Brazil. The virus isolated from this outbreak showed several biological and molecular features that resemble other Group 1 Brazilian VACV, including a deletion signature in the A56R gene. This study raises new questions about diversity and epidemiology of Brazilian VACV.
Intestinal Parasite Co-infection among Pulmonary Tuberculosis Cases without Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in a Rural County in China
Authors: Li Xin-Xu , Chen Jia-Xu , Wang Li-Xia , Tian Li-Guang , Zhang Yu-Ping , Dong Shuang-Pin , Hu Xue-Guang , Liu Jian , Wang Feng-Feng , Wang Yue , Yin Xiao-Mei , He Li-Jun , Yan Qiu-Ye , Zhang Hong-Wei , Xu Bian-Li , Zhou Xiao-Nong
Published: October 2013

Epidemiologic studies of co-infection with tuberculosis (TB) and intestinal parasites in humans have not been extensively investigated in China. A cross-section study was conducted in a rural county of Henan Province, China. Pulmonary TB (PTB) case-patients receiving treatment for infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and healthy controls matched for geographic area, age, and sex were surveyed by using questionnaires. Fecal and blood specimens were collected for detection of intestinal parasites, routine blood examination, and infection with human immunodeficiency virus. The chi-square test was used for univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression models were used to adjust for potential confounding factors. A total of 369 persons with PTB and 366 healthy controls were included; all participants were negative for human immunodeficiency virus. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites in persons with PTB was 14.9%, including intestinal protozoa (7.9%) and helminthes (7.6%). The infection spectrum of intestinal parasites was Entamoeba spp. (1.4%), Blastocystis hominis (6.2%), Trichomonas hominis (0.3%), Clonorchis sinensis (0.3%), Ascaris lumbricoides (0.5%), Trichuris trichiura (2.2%), and hookworm (4.6%). The prevalence of intestinal parasites showed no significant difference between persons with PTB and healthy controls after adjusting for potential confounding factors. There was no factor that affected infection rates for intestinal parasites between the two groups. Infection with intestinal parasites of persons with PTB was associated with female sex (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01–4.17), body mass index ≤ 19 (AOR = 3.02, 95% CI = 1.47–6.20), and anemia (AOR = 2.43, 95% CI = 1.17–5.03). Infection of healthy controls was only associated with an annual labor time in farmlands > 2 months (AOR = 4.50, 95% CI = 2.03–10.00). In addition, there was no significant trend between rates of infection with intestinal parasites and duration of receiving treatment for infection with M. tuberculosis in persons with PTB. The prevalence of intestinal parasites was not higher in persons with PTB, and there was no evidence that PTB increased susceptibility to intestinal parasites in this study. However, for patients with PTB, women and patients with comorbidities were more likely to be infected with intestinal parasites.
Re-evaluation of the age model for North Atlantic Ocean Site 982 – arguments for a return to the original chronology
Authors: Lawrence K. T. , Bailey I. , Raymo M. E.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Recently, the veracity of the published chronology for the Pliocene section of North Atlantic Ocean Drilling Program Site 982 was called into question. Here, we examine the robustness of the original age model as well as the proposed age model revision. The proposed revision is predicated on an apparent misidentification of the depth to the Gauss–Matuyama (G/M) polarity chronozone reversal boundary (2.581 Ma) based on preliminary shipboard paleomagnetic data, and offers a new chronology that includes a hiatus between ~3.2 and 3 Ma. However, an even more accurate shore-based, u-channel-derived polarity chronozone stratigraphy for the past ~2.7 Ma supports the shipboard composite stratigraphy and demonstrates that the original estimate of the depth of the G/M reversal in the Site 982 record is correct. Thus, the main justification forwarded to support the revised chronology no longer exists. We demonstrate that the proposed revision results in a pronounced anomaly in sedimentation rates proximal to the proposed hiatus, erroneous assignment of marine-isotope stages in the Site 982 Pliocene benthic stable oxygen isotope stratigraphy, and a markedly worse correlation of proxy records between this site and other regional paleoclimate data. We conclude that the original chronology for Site 982 is a far more accurate age model than that which arises from the published revision. We strongly recommend the use of the original chronology for all future work at Site 982.
Grid-based representation and dynamic visualization of ionospheric tomography
Authors: He L. M. , Yang Y. , Su C. , Yu J. Q. , Yang F. , Wu L. X.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The ionosphere is a dynamic system with complex structures. With the development of abundant global navigation satellite systems, the ionospheric electron density in different altitudes and its time variations can be obtained by ionospheric tomography technique using GNSS observations collected by the continuously operating GNSS tracking stations distributed over globe. However, it is difficult to represent and analyze global and local ionospheric electron density variations in three-dimensional (3D) space due to its complex structures. In this paper, we introduce a grid-based system to overcome this constraint. First, we give the principles, algorithms and procedures of GNSS-based ionospheric tomography technique. Then, the earth system spatial grid (ESSG) based on the spheroid degenerated octree grid (SDOG) is introduced in detail. Finally, more than 400 continuously operating GNSS receivers from the International GNSS Service are utilized to realize global ionospheric tomography, and then the ESSG is used to organize and express the tomography results in 4D, including 3 spatial dimensions and time.
The Processing of Image Data Collected by Light UAV Systems for GIS Data Capture and Updating
Authors: Yastikli N. , Bagci I. , Beser C.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The collection and updating of 3D data is the one of the important steps for GIS applications which require fast and efficient data collection methods. The photogrammetry has been used for many years as a data collection method for GIS application in larger areas. The Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) Systems gained increasing attraction in geosciences for cost effective data capture and updating at high spatial and temporal resolution during the last years. These autonomously flying UAV systems are usually equipped with different sensors such as GPS receiver, microcomputers, gyroscopes and miniaturized sensor systems for navigation, positioning, and mapping purposes. The UAV systems can be used for data collection for digital elevation model DEM and orthoimages generation in GIS application at small areas. In this study, data collection and processing by light UAV system will be evaluated for GIS data capture and updating for small areas where not feasible for traditional photogrammetry. The main aim of this study is to design the low cost light UAV system for GIS data capture and update. The investigation was based on the aerial images which recorded during the flights performed with UAV system over the test site in Davutpasa Campus of Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul. The quality of generated DEM and ortho-images from UAV flights was discussed for GIS data capture and updating for small areas.
Model Based Automatic Segmentation Of Tree Stems From Single Scan Data
Authors: Boesch R.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Forest inventories collect feature data manually on terrestrial field plots. Measuring large amounts of breast height diameters and tree positions is time consuming. Terrestrial laser scanning could be an additional instrument to collect precise and full inventory data in the 3D space. As a preliminary assumption single scan data is used to evaluate a minimal data acquisition scheme. To extract features like trees and diameter from the scanned point cloud, a simple geometric model world is defined in 3D. Trees are cylinder shapes vertically located on a plane. Using a RANSAC-based segmentation approach, cylinders are fitted iteratively in the point cloud. Several threshold parameters increase the robustness of the segmentation model and extract point clouds of single trees, which still contain branches and the tree crown. Fitting circles along the stem using point cloud slices allows to refine the effective diameter for customized heights. The cross section of a single tree point cloud covers only the semi circle towards the scan location, but is still contiguous enough to estimate diameters by using a robust circle fitting method.
A procedure for semi‐Automatic Orthophoto Generation from High Resolution Satellite Imagery
Authors: Alrajhi M. N. , Jacobsen K. , Heipke C.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The General Directorate of Surveying and Mapping (GDSM), under the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs (MOMRA) is responsible for the production and dissemination of accurate geospatial data for all the metropolitan cities, towns and rural settlements in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. GDSM maintains digital geospatial databases that support the production of conventional line and orthophoto maps at scales ranging from 1:1,000 to 1:20,000. The current procedures for the acquisition of new aerial imagery cover a long time cycle of three or more years. Consequently, the availability of recently acquired High Resolution Satellite Imagery (HRSI) presents an attractive alternative image data source for rapid response to updated geospatial data needs. The direct sensor orientation of HRSI is not accurate enough requiring ground control points (GCP). A field survey of GCP is time consuming and costly. Seeking an alternative approach, a research study has recently been completed to use existing image and data base information instead of traditional ground control for the orthoprojection of HRSI in order to automate and speed up as much as possible the whole process. Based on a series of practical experiments, the ability for automated matching of aerial and satellite images by using the Speeded-Up Robust Features (SURF) algorithm is demonstrated to be useful for this task. Practical results from matching with SURF validate the ability for multi-scale, multi-sensor and multi-season matching of aerial and satellite images. The matched tie points are then used to transform the satellite orthophoto to the aerial orthophoto through a 2D affine coordinate transformation. GeoEye-1 and IKONOS imagery, when geo-referenced through SURF-based matching and transformed meet the MOMRA Map Accuracy Standards for 1:10,000 and 1:20,000 scale. However, a similarly processed SPOT-5 image does not meet these standards. This research has led to the development of a simple and efficient tool for the geo-referencing of HRSI of 0,5 m to 1 m ground sampling distance (GSD) that can be used for updating map information. The process completely eliminates the need for any ground control as well as image measurements by human operators.
A Study of Scan Patterns for Mobile Mapping
Authors: Elsberg J. , Borrmann D. , Nüchter A.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Mobile terrestrial scanning systems automate terrestrial laser scanning. Continous scanning mobile terrestrial systems constantly spin the terrestrial laser scanner and thus combine terrestrial scanning with kinematic laser scanning. This paper presents a scan pattern analysis for these systems. We aim at finding the most advantageous combination of terrestrial and kinematic systems. The resulting 3D point cloud depends on the scan pattern and the trajectory and velocity of the mobile system.
Experiments with the Secchi disk
Authors: Aas E. , Høkedal J. , Sørensen K.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The Secchi depth and its relationships to other properties of the sea water in the Oslofjord–Skagerrak area have been investigated. White and black disks of different sizes have been applied, and the Secchi depth has been observed with the naked eye, through colour filters and with a water telescope. Spectral luminances and illuminances have been calculated from recordings of radiance and irradiance. A theoretical expression for the Secchi depth has been tested against field observations, and statistical relationships between Secchi depths and attenuation coefficients have been determined. Effects of size, colour filters, sun glitter and ship shadow have been quantified. The possibility to estimate quanta irradiance, chlorophyll a and total suspended material has also been studied.