bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultra-High-Sulphur Proteins in the Hairs of the Artiodactyla
Authors: Gillespie JM , Broad Andrea
Published: November 2018

Wool follicles are potentially able to synthesize specific high.sulphur proteins in which about 30% of the amino acid residues are half-cystine (Gillespie and Reis 1966). The amount of these proteins incorporated into the fibre is related to the availability of sulphur-containing amino acids for metabolism in the sheep. There is a linear relation between the sulphur content of a wool fibre and its content of these proteins (Broad, Gillespie, and Reis 1970).
Ovum Transport in the Ewe
Authors: Holst PJ , Braden AWH
Published: November 2018

Ovum transport was examined using 60 mature Border Leicester X Merino ewes, the time of ovulation being determined by endoscopy. By 6 hr after ovulation, all ova had reached the middle segment of the ampulla and some had reached the ampulla-isthmus junction (AIJ). At 8 hr, most ova were located at the AIJ. By 60 hr after ovulation half of the ova had passed into the isthmus; at this time all fertilized ova were at the 8-cell stage.
The Incorporation of Linoleic Acid Into the Tissues of Growing Steers Offered a Dietary Supplement of Formaldehyde-Treated Casein-Safflower Oil
Authors: Faichney GJ , Lloyd Davies H , Scott TW , Cook LJ
Published: November 2018

A formaldehyde. treated' casein-safflower oil supplement was included in the diet of nine Friesian steers and the incorporation of linoleic acid in their tissues, their liveweight gain, and their intake of dry matter and energy, were compared with those of nine' steers given a conventional diet. Three steers from each group were slaughtered after 2, 4, and 8 weeks of feeding and the proportion of linoleic acid in samples of muscle and adipose tissue was measured. In addition, two steers were slaughtered prior to the start of the experiment to provide initial values for ,tissue composition. The steers were 9 months old when the experiment began.
Stress Metabolism II. Changes in Proline Concentration in Excised Plant Tissues
Authors: Singh TN , Aspinall D , Paleg LG , Boggess SF
Published: November 2018

Shoot apices and excised root systems and sections of the lamina and leaf sheath of the first leaf of to-day barley (cv. Prior) plants were incubated on aerated polyethylene glycol solution (osmotic potential -20 bars) or distilled water. The imino acid proline accumulated rapidly in the leaf lamina sections subjected to osmotic stress and less rapidly, after a delay of 16 hr, in those floated on water.
Observations on the Origin and Nature of Verticillium Dahliae Colonizing Plant Roots
Authors: Evans G , Gleeson AC
Published: November 2018

In naturally infested field soils V. dahliae colonized the roots of a wide range of plants and some species consistently yielded more colonies per unit length of root than others. However, susceptible species were colonized no more frequently than species immune to systemic infection.
Phytophthora and Pythium Spp. From Pine Plantations in South Australia
Authors: Davison EM , Bumbieris M
Published: November 2018

A survey was carried out during the winter of 1971 to determine whether Phytophthora and Pythium spp. are present in South Australian pine plantations. Phytophthora cryptogea was frequently isolated from Kuitpo forest reserve in the Adelaide hills, but Phytophthora cinnamomi was isolated from only one tree in a pine seed orchard.
Bacterial Spot of Stone Fruit in Queensland
Authors: I Moffett Melda
Published: November 2018

Bacterial spot, Xanthomonas pruni, is a serious disease of stone fruit in the Granite Belt district of south-eastern Queensland. The Queensland isolates of X. pruni correspond to those described from overseas.
The Influence of Abomasal and Intravenous Supplements of Sulphur-Containing Amino Acids on Wool Growth Rate
Authors: Reis PJ , Tunks DA , Downes AM
Published: November 2018

Various amounts (0�6-10�0 g/day) of L-cystine, L-cysteine, and L- and DL-methionine were given as abomasal or intravenous infusions to 10 sheep, in three experiments.
Fluorescent Whitening Agents. II. Covalent Binding to Proteins during Irradiation by Sunlight
Authors: Holt LA , Milligan B
Published: November 2018

Simulated solar irradiation of wool, silk, bovine serum albumin and apomyoglobin in the presence
of radioactively labelled fluorescent whitening agents of the bistriazinylaminostilbene and pyrazoline
types results in the irreversible binding of radioactivity to the protein. This photochemical
reaction occurs both in the solid state and in aqueous solution, and is believed to result in the formation
of a covalent bond between the whitener (or a photodecomposition product) and the protein.
Two-trait Selection and the Genetic Correlation II. Changes in the Genetic Correlation During Two-trait Selection
Authors: Sheridan AK , Barker JSF
Published: November 2018

Although there is little experimental information on the effect of simultaneous selection for two quantitative characters on the magnitude of the genetic correlation between them, it is apparently generally expected that such selection for the two characters in the same direction will cause a negative change in the genetic correlation, and selection in opposite directions a positive change. Selection using independent culling levels was done for each of the four combinations of high or low third coxal bristle number with high or low sternopleural bristle number in Drosophila melanogaster for 22 generations. To estimate changes in the genetic correlation, realized genetic parameters were estimated from single-trait lines started from the base population, and from the two-trait lines after 10 and 22 generations of selection. Changes in the genetic correlation in individual two-trait selection lines were variable and unpredictable. At generation 22 concurrent two-trait selection had resulted in significantly larger realized genetic correlations than divergent two-trait selection, so that results were contrary to the generally accepted expectation.
Sulphate Recycling and Metabolism in Sheep and Cattle
Authors: Kennedy PM , Williams ER , Sieberta D
Published: November 2018

Merino wethers and Brahman x Shorthorn steers, offered lucerne or spear grass hay, were used to study the movements of sulphate through pools in plasma and ruminalliquor. The irreversible loss of sulphate from ruminalliquor was 60 and 76% of sulphur ingested for both species fed lucerne and spear grass respectively. The irreversible loss of sulphate from the plasma averaged 67 and 56% of sulphur ingested for animals fed lucerne and spear grass respectively.
High-Sulphur Proteins From a-Keratins I. Heterogeneity of the Proteins From Mouse Hair
Authors: C Marshall Robert , Gillespie JM
Published: November 2018

The heterogeneity of the reduced and S-carboxymethylated high-sulphur protein fraction from mouse hair has been examined by chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH values above and below the isoelectric region. Considerable heterogeneity is observed both in size (molecular weight range 12000-45000) and in charge. Amino acid analysis of a number of column chromatographic fractions shows the high-sulphur proteins to be largely composed of proteins with a carboxymethy1cysteine content above 25 residues per 100 residues and a pronounced heterogeneity in arginine content. Their chromatographic behaviour is similar to that observed for the ultra-high-sulphur proteins from wool.
In Vitro Culture, Storage and Transfer of Goat Embryos
Authors: Bilton RJ , Moore NW
Published: November 2018

Goat embryos, collected 5 and 7 days after mating, were cultured in vitro at 37�C for 2 days, or stored at 5�C for 1 or 2 days and then cultured for 2 days, or stored in liquid nitrogen (-196�C) for 2-4 weeks and then cultured for 1 day. After culture some of the embryos were transferred to recipient does. Culture and storage was carried out in Dulbecco phosphate buffer enriched with 25 % goat serum. 1M glycerol or 2M dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) was added to the media used for frozen storage. Thirteen of 15 embryos cultured without prior storage showed apparently normal development in culture. Ten of the 13 were transferred and five kids were born. Twenty of 38 embryos stored at 5�C developed in culture and six kids were born following the transfer of 17 embryos. Duration of storage at 5�C had no marked effect upon subsequent development. Six of 48 frozen stored embryos developed in culture. All six were transferred and three kids were born.
Repression, Derepression and Activation of Nitrogenase in Azotobacter Vinelandii
Authors: Nicholas DJD , V Deering Judy
Published: November 2018

Ammonium ions repressed nitrogenase in cells fixing N2 gas. Immunological tests and electrophoresIs in various gels show that component I (Fe-Mo-S protein) was completely repressed by ammonium, whereas component II (Fe-S protein) apoprotein was not markedly affected. Component II from ammonium-grown cells, however, was inactive since it did not cross react with component I to reduce C2H2 to C2H4 ? The inactive component II apoprotein is immunologically identical to its active counterpart from cells fixing N2 ? Identical protein patterns were also observed in various gel-electrophoresis systems. Oxygen-inactivated component II may be reactivated with FeS04' This salt is preferable to ferrous ammonium sulphate which inactivated component I. Immunodiffusion under aerobic conditions shows that purified component I is composed of aggregated and non-aggregated forms which are antigenically distinct. The aggregate was dissociated by treatment with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) into a single antigenic species which was further resolved into two subunits on SDS disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Sulphur-Selenium Studies in Sheep I. The Effects of Varying Dietary Sulphate and Selenomethionine on Sulphur, Nitrogen and Selenium Metabolism in Sheep
Authors: White CL , Somers M
Published: November 2018

Sulphur, selenium and nitrogen metabolism were studied in Merino wethers fed for 35-day periods on semi purified diets in which the sulphur content was increased to either 0�07 or 0�20 % by the addition of sodium sulphate. At both levels of sulphur, additions of selenium as DL"selenomethionine increased the basal level of selenium (0� 02Ilg/g) to 0�06, 0�09 and 0�67 Ilg/g.
Biotin Deficiency and the Development of the Fatty Liver and Kidney Syndrome in Chickens: An Ultrastructural Study
Authors: M Bain Joan
Published: November 2018

The structure of the tissue from the liver, kidneys, pancreas and adrenal glands of 4-week-old chickens showing symptoms of the fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS) was compared with that of normal tissue and related to the amount of biotin present in the liver tissue. These birds were reared with different levels of dietary biotin and were stressed by removal of food before being killed. Birds with less than 1�5 pg biotin/g liver were considered to be deficient in biotin. In the stressed birds the severity of FLKS increased with decreasing levels of biotin.
Concentrations of Luteinizing Hormone in Ovariectomized Ewes and the Effect of Disturbance, Starvation and Vascular Cannulation
Authors: Hearnshaw H , Cumming IA , RGoding J
Published: November 2018

Neither routine experimental procedures, including vascular cannulation and venipuncture, nor starvation or disturbance caused significant fluctuations in luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations in ovariectomized ewes. Samples obtained at 5-min intervals revealed episodic LH releases occurring every 10-35 min. Hourly sampling over 3 days revealed large LH variations but no distinct diurnal variation.
Growth, Reproductive Productivity and Longevity of Mice Fed Polyunsaturated Ruminant-Derived Foodstuffs
Authors: Fogerty AC , R Pennycuik Pamela , C Ferris Margot , Baxter RI , Johnson AR
Published: November 2018

The effects on the well-being of mice of feeding linoleic acid-enriched foodstuffs derived from ruminants receiving protected polyunsaturated oil were determined. Growth, reproductive productivity and longevity were compared in mice fed freeze-dried human diets containing either these products or the corresponding conventional ruminant-derived foods. A laboratory mouse pellet diet was used as a standard for the comparison.
Ovarian Response to Exogenous Hormones in Six-Week-Old Lambs
Authors: A Worthington CaroI , Kennedy JP
Published: November 2018

Crossbred lambs 5-6 weeks old were treated with human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) (500 or 1500 i.u.) alone, hCG plus pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) (1000 or 2000 i.u.), 1000 i.u. PMSG alone, or were untreated.
Activity of Aspartate Carbamoyltransferase in Ovine Tissues
Authors: Re VM , Thornton RF
Published: November 2018

The activity of the enzyme aspartate carbamoyltransferase (ACT; EC 2.1.3.2) was studied in ovine tissues. Hepatic, ileal and duodenal tissues showed higher levels of activity (6-19 units) than skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, lung, spleen, kidney and rumen wall (2-7 units). Low growth impetus skeletal muscles had higher activity (2�9 units) than high growth impetus muscles (1�8 units) taken from immature sheep but such differences were not present in mature sheep.
Aspects of the Biochemistry, Physiology and Endocrinology of Lactation
Authors: R Falconer I
Published: November 2018

Recent research on the endocrine control of the initiation of lactation, on the hypothalamic control of prolactin secretion, and on the utilization of nutrients by the mammary gland for the synthesis of milk is reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on the mechanism of action of prolactin, and the role played by prolactin receptors.
Myoglobins of Cartilaginous Fishes III. Amino Acid Sequence of Myoglobin of the Shark Galeorhinus Australis
Authors: Fisher WK , Koureas DD , Thompson EOP
Published: November 2018

Myoglobin isolated from the red muscle of the school shark Galeorhinus australis was purified by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The amino acid sequence was determined following digestion with trypsin and purification of the peptides by paper ionophoresis and chromatography. Sequences of purified peptides were determined by the dansyl-Edman procedure and the peptides aligned by homology with the sequence of the myoglobin of the gummy shark Mustelus antarcticus. The two myoglobin sequences showed a marked similarity (16 differences), but both sequences showed approximately the same number of differences (68) from myoglobin of the Port Jackson shark Heterodontus portusjacksoni. There are 19 residues unique to the three shark myoglobin sequences.
Arteriovenous Anastomoses in the Dermal Vasculatureof the Skin of Bos taurus Cattle, and their Relationship with Resistance to the Tick, Boophilus micro plus
Authors: Schleger AV , Lincoln DT , Bourne AS
Published: November 2018

Bos taurus cattle with high resistance to the tick Boophilus micro plus, whether free-grazing or in covered pens, had significantly more arteriovenous anastomoses (A VA) in their skin than did animals of low resistance. These differences in number of A VA associated with resistance level were most marked above the level of the sebaceous gland in the neck region, an area favoured for tick feeding. In this skin layer, the number of AVA in low-resistance animals (4�0�0�4 per 2�1 mm) was significantly lower than in animals of high resistance (12�3 � 2�2 per 2�1 mm) while the mean value for the naive animals (8�2 � 1 �9 per 2�1 mm) was intermediate. No differences in morphology of AVA were detectable between the three groups using light microscopy.
Measurement of Organ Blood Flow using Tritiated Water. II. Uterine Blood Flow in Conscious Pregnant Ewes
Authors: Brown BW , H Oddy V , WJones A
Published: November 2018

Total uterine blood flow was measured with a tritiated water (TOH) diffusion method and with radioactive microspheres in six, conscious, pregnant ewes.
Metabolic Properties of Mouse Uterine Endometrial Cells after Isolation with Collagenase
Authors: E Buxton Louise , Murdoch RN
Published: November 2018

Uterine horns from unmated, pseudopregnant (days 1-5) and pregnant (days 4 and 5) mice were dissected and treated with collagenase (5 mg/ml) in a Ringer solution to isolate viable endometrial cells with maximal recovery of the luminal epithelium.
Isozyme Variation within and among Australian Populations of Emex spinosa (L.) Campd.
Authors: Marshall DR , Weiss PW
Published: November 2018

Isozyme variation in nine enzyme systems was assayed in five populations of E. spinosa representing all known occurrences of this species in Australia. All populations were monomorphic for all enzyme systems indicating each population was composed of a single, homozygous genotype. However, there were genetic differences among populations for three enzyme systems. Three of the five populations were distinguishable on the basis of the variable enzyme systems, the remaining two being identical. These results are discussed in relation to the history of introduction of E. spinosa into Australia and its potential for biological control.
Effects of Progesterone on Nuclear and Cytosol Steroid Receptor Levels in the Oestrogen-stimulated Uterus: Comparison of the Sheep and Mouse
Authors: Stone GM , McCaffery C , Miller BG
Published: November 2018

Methods for the measurement of nuclear receptors for oestradiol (Ez) and progesterone (P) in mouse uterus and sheep endometrium have been established. Scatchard analysis of nuclear receptors gave the following dissociation constants (nM) and binding site concentrations (pmol steroid/mg DNA): Ez receptor, mouse 3� 76 and 2� 68, sheep 2� 03 and 5� 37; P receptor, mouse 5� 77 and 2� 52, sheep 5 34 and 3� 58. The effects of a single injection of P on nuclear and cytosol levels of Ez and P receptors have been contrasted in these tissues from Ez-treated mice and sheep. In both species, P treatment resulted, in 30-120 min, in depletion of its own cytosol receptor and accumulation of its nuclear receptor. A significant reduction of cytosol E2 receptor was seen only in the mouse at 24 h. P decreased the nuclear Ez-receptor level in the mouse at 2-8 h, but had no such effect in the sheep. The results indicate that the anti-uterotrophic action of P in mouse uterus is caused by an early direct effect of P on nuclear Ez-receptor retention, and appear also to explain why P is not anti-uterotrophic in sheep uterus.
Stimulatory Effect of Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride upon Sulfate Uptake by Costal Cartilage
Authors: M McKern NeiI
Published: November 2018

Uptake of [35Slsulfate by segments of rat costal cartilage during culture was greatly stimulated when freshly prepared phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride or diisopropylfluorophosphate was included in the incubation medium. By contrast, hydrolysed diisopropylfluorophosphate, sodium fluoride or soybean trypsin inhibitor did not stimulate [35Slsulfate uptake. Incorporation of four other radioactive precursors of cartilage synthesis was almost completely suppressed during cartilage incubation in the presence of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. However, stimulation of [3SSlsulfate binding by the latter was shown to occur at sites other than on glycosaminoglycan molecules and to a similar degree with both active and inactivated cartilage. These and other data indicate that the stimulatory effect of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride on [3sSlsulfate uptake is independent of normal metabolic processes, and may involve the binding of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride to cartilage proteins.
Lipoprotein Lipase of Sheep and Rat Adipose Tissues
Authors: Tume RK , Thornton RF , WJohnson G
Published: November 2018

Lipoprotein lipase preparations were obtained by aqueous extraction of various tissues from sheep and rats. Preparations having high activity towards serum-activated triolein emulsions were obtained from actively growing sheep, provided that the tissue was maintained at 37�C throughout the extraction procedure. Activity of lipoprotein lipase from sheep adipose tissue, like that from the rat, was dependent upon the presence of serum in the reaction mixture, and was optimal at pH 8-9. Inhibition of sheep adipose tissue preparations by protamine sulfate (1 mg/ml) and O' 6 M NaCl was similar to that found for rat adipose tissue preparations. The affinity of the lipoprotein lipase preparation for the activated substrate from sheep and rat adipose tissue was, however, markedly different; sheep preparations being activated at much lower substrate concentrations (Km O' 43 mM) than rat preparations (Km > 5 mM). These findings, confirmed with acetone--ether preparations of lipoprotein lipase, indicate that the enzyme from sheep adipose tissue has a greater potential to remove triacylglycerol from the plasma. This could result in a greater deposition of fat in the tissue.
Epidemiology of Ephemeral Fever of Cattle in Australia 1975?1981
Authors: Uren MF , D St George T , Stranger RS
Published: November 2018

Ephemeral fever occurred each year in Australia between 1975 and 1981. Since the 1974-75 epidemic, ephemeral fever outbreaks have changed markedly in character and pattern of spread from the previous pattern of spaced explosive epidemics. The outbreaks between 1975 and 1981 were typified by slower-moving epidemics with a general north-south sequential pattern in the eastern States of Queensland and New South Wales. The summer months of January to March were peak months for reports of the disease and quiescence occurred between May and August. Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia and the southern part of Western Australia were free of clinical and subclinical infection with bovine ephemeral fever virius between 1975 and 1981.
Monoclonal Antibody Studies of a-Keratin Low-Sulfur Proteins
Authors: R Hewish Dean , P Robinson Christine , G Sparrow Lindsay
Published: November 2018

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Experimental Infection of Culicoides brevitarsis from South-east Queensland with Three Serotypes of Bluetongue Virus
Authors: JMuller M
Published: November 2018

Laboratory-reared C. brevitarsis (biting midges) were fed on sheep which had been experimentally infected with bluetongue serotype I (CSIRO 156), bluetongue serotype 20 (CSIRO 19) or bluetongue serotype 21 (CSIRO 154), or on cattle experimentally infected with bluetongue serotype 20 (CSIRO 19). Approximately 77 000 C. brevitarsis were exposed to sheep and 9000 to cattle. The average percentage feeding on sheep was 54% and on cattle 47%. In attempts to transmit virus by bite 3360 C. brevitarsis which had fed on viraemic sheep were held for 11-15 days before exposure to susceptible sheep. Although II % of these insects fed, transmission of virus from sheep to sheep was not demonstrated. Estimated infection rates of C. brevitarsis for each serotype from sheep and serotype 20 from cattle were similar at O� 4% or lower. These low infection rates are one of the factors which make it unlikely that C. brevitarsis could be an efficient vector of bluetongue viruses in sheep in the field.
Movement of Water within the Body of Sheep fed at Maintenance under Thermoneutral Conditions
Authors: Faichney GJ , Boston RC
Published: November 2018

Two mature Border Leicester x Merino wethers were maintained with continuous feeding under therrnoneutral conditions. Their water balance was recorded for 2 weeks; at the beginning of each week they were given a dose of tritiated water (TOR) into the pulmonary artery or the rumen and samples were taken from both the pulmonary artery and the rumen. A four-compartment model was developed which simultaneously fitted the balance and tracer data.
Metabolism of Fluoroacetate in the Skink (Tiliqua rugosa) and the Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Authors: Twigg LE , Mead RJ , King DR
Published: November 2018

Administration of 100 mg sodium fiuoroacetate (compound 1080) per kilogram body weight to T. rugosa resulted in a 3 �4-fold increase in plasma citrate levels 48 h after dosing while administration of 3 mg sodium fiuoroacetate per kilogram body weight to R. norvegicus produced a fivefold increase in plasma citrate levels within 4 h. Administration of 300 mg sodium fiuoroacetate per kilogram body weight reduced the oxygen consumption of the skink by between 2�5 and 11 % while in the rat, 2 mg sodium fiuoroacetate per kilogram body weight reduced oxygen consumption by between 28 and 57%.
Use of Neomycin for Preferential Selection against Rhizobium trifolii in Symbiosis with White Clover (Trifolium repens)
Authors: J Bassam Brant , M Gresshofr Peter
Published: November 2018

Symbiotic parameters were tested on neomycin-containing media with antibiotic-sensitive and -resistant Rhizobium trifolii inoculants. Neomycin and kanamycin have similar inhibitory effects on R. trifolii, either antibiotic inhibiting growth at concentrations of 50 mg/!. Transposon Tn5 conferred kanlllTlycin and neomycin resistance to R. trifolii allowing growth on media supplemented with antibiotic *p to concentrations of 400 mg/!. Differential inhibition of nitrate-grown white clover (Trifolium repens) plants in an axenic culture system (Petri plates) was observed in terms of dry weight accumulation and ~isual characteristics. Kanamycin at 50 mgll and neomycin at 200 mgll had similar inhibitory effects on plant growth. Symbiotic development by sensitive R. trifolii cells was severely inhibited by neomycin at concentrations between 50 and 100 mg/l. Plants nodulated by resistant R. trifolii strains maintained co~trol levels of nitrogen ilxation with neomycin concentrations up to 150 mg/!. Thus neomycin is propbsed to be useful as a selective agent against revertants which have lost transposon Tn5 in planta as well as ex planta.
Lack of Correlation between Gpd Expression and X Chromosome Late Replication in Cultured Fibroblasts of the Kangaroo Macropus robustus
Authors: Johnston PG , S Robinson E
Published: November 2018

Cultured fibroblasts and lymphocytes from M. robustus females heterozygous for the X-linked Gpd gene were examined electrophoretically and cytologically. Gpd expression in lymphocytes was restricted to the maternal allele while in fibroblasts there was also partial expression of the paternal allele. The Gpd gene is thought to be located on the long arm of the X chromosome. However, in fibroblasts the long arm of the paternal X chromosome showed no indication of an early replicating segment.
Allozyme Genotypes of Drosophila buzzatii: Feeding and Oviposition Preferences for Microbial Species, and Habitat Selection
Authors: Barker JSF , Vacek DC , East PD , Starmer WT
Published: November 2018

Mature, mated female D. buzzatii were given a choice of nine microbial communities actively growing on cactus homogenate in laboratory population cages, and tests were made to determine if flies of different genotypes (for seven allozyme loci) chose different microorganism species for either feeding or oviposition. Variation in feeding preferences was determined from assays of electrophoretic genotypes and the ingested microorganism species of individual flies. Oviposition preference variation was analysed indirectly by assaying the genotypes of individuals raised from eggs laid on different microorganisms. No significant evidence was found for differences in feeding preferences among adults of different genotypes. For oviposition preferences, there were significant microorganism-genotype associations for each of seven polymorphic loci. Analyses of the total electrophoretic genotype, rather than of individual loci, showed that the genotypes of eggs laid on the same microorganism species were more similar than those laid on different species. That is, females of different genotypes show habitat selection for oviposition sites, which would facilitate the maintenance of genetic polymorphisms.
Changes in a-Lactalbumin, Total Lactose, UDP-Galactose Hydrolase and other Factors in Tammar Wallaby (Macropus eugenii) Milk during Lactation
Authors: Messer MichaeI , Elliott Christine
Published: November 2018

a-Lactalbumin was isolated from milk of M. eugenii and its concentration in milk samples taken at various times during lactation (0-40 we.eks post partum) was determined by single radial immunodiffusion using rabbit antiserum to the purified protein. The a-lactalbumin concentration remained almost constant throughout lactation even though the concentration of total lactose (free �lactose plus lactose contained in oligosaccharides) feli to zero after 34 weeks post partum. This fall in lactose was accompanied by a rise in the free galactose and glucose concentrations and marked increases in UDPgalactose hydrolase, nucleotide pyrophosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and acid fj-galactosidase activities. It is suggested that the in vitro hydrolysis of UDP-galactose was due to nucleotide pyrophosphatase and that this enzyme may also playa role in vivo late in lactation by making UDP-galactose unavailable for the synthesis of lactose. Alternatively, lactose and lactose-containing oligosaccharides might be degraded by the acid fj-galactosidase during or after secretion.
Structural Differentiation and Fluid Reabsorption in the Ductuli Efferentes Testis of the Rat
Authors: Jones RusselIC , M Jurd Karenne
Published: November 2018

The ductuli efferentes testis of the rat form a cord which is embedded in adipose tissue. The cord is anatomically differentiated into a proximal cylindrical region, the initial zone, and an ampulla, the coni vasculosi. The initial zone contains ~ix or seven ductuli which leave the rete testis and run in a sinuous path, roughly parallel with one another. However, the ductuli in the coni vasculosi are more sinuous than in the initial zone and they anastomose; pairs join together to form ultimately a single, common ductulus efferens. Stereological studies of paraffin sections and electron micrographs showed that the differentiation of the ductuli into two parts can be recognized at tissue and cellular levels of organization. Stereological and micropuncture studies showed that the ductuli efferentes reabsorb most of the fluid leaving the testis and it was concluded that most reabsorption occurred in the initial zone. It was estimated that the rate of fluid absorption is greater in the ductuli efferentes than in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney. The mechanism of fluid transport across the mucosa of the ductuli is considered in the Discussion. It is concluded that transport in vesicles and vacuoles could not account for the rate of fluid reabsorption and that the main mechanism of transport probably involves the coupling of water and active salt transport.
Stress-induced Changes in Plasma Concentrations of Immunoreactive ß-Endorphin and Cortisol in Response to Routine Surgical Procedures in Lambs
Authors: Shutt DA , Fell LR , Connell R , Bell AK , Wallace CA , Smith AI
Published: November 2018

Following four different surgical procedures in lambs 3-5 weeks old, plasma immunoreactive {3- endorphin ({3-EP) and cortisol were assayed at 15 min and 24 h as determinants of post-operative stress. A threefold increase in mean plasma {3-EP levels occurred 15 min after tail docking, and a maximal eight- to tenfold increase occurred in response to castration and/or mulesing with tail docking. Significant increments in mean plasma cortisol levels followed these surgical procedures with the maximal response 15 min after mulesing plus castration with tail docking. The physiologically active 'free' cortisol in plasma represents about 25% of the cortisol, as measured, and the two are highly correlated. At 24 h, {3-EP levels in all. treated groups were similar to controls, although a small elevation in cortisol levels was still present in the lambs subjected to mulesing. Ultrafiltration of plasma extracts showed that peak {3-EP levels contained about 40% immunoreactivity from low molecular weight species (mol. wt the most potent analgesic endorphin, 10% {3-EP l- 27 , and 15% a-N-acetyl-{3-EP. Increased {3-EPI-31 levels may modulate post-operative pain in lambs.
Influence of Nutrition on Ovulation Rate in the Ewe
Authors: Smith JF
Published: November 2018

The effect of nutrition on ovulation rate in the ewe is reviewed with particular reference to the role of protein and energy and the time of effect during the cycle. Ovulation rate is increased by both protein and energy. In the case of protein this was shown to be accompanied by increased plasma levels of FSH and androstenedione at about the time of luteolysis, while levels of LH were unaffected. Increased hepatic oxidative enzyme activity is proposed as a mechanism by which nutrient intake may influence ovulation rate.
Potential for Fecundin to Influence the Reproductive Performance of Merino Ewes in Western Australia
Authors: Croker KP , Cox RI , Johns MA , Johnson TJ , Roberts D , Salerian M , Sunderman F
Published: November 2018

Four experiments were conducted at different locations in Western Australia to evaluate the effectiveness of immunizing young (maiden, 1 liz year old) and adult Merino ewes with Fecundin to improve their reproductive performances. The ovulation rates of immunized maiden ewes was increased (0�06-0�30) above that of untreated ewes in both experiments 1 and 2. However, there were no significant improvements in the marking percentages for the immunized ewes with the differences between the untreated and immunized ewes ranging from -16�4 to 5�8070. In comparison with untreated ewes immunization 6 and 2 weeks before the start of joining depressed ewe fertility by 26�1 % whereas immunization 8 and 4 weeks before the start of joining did not significantly affect fertility. The availability of oat grain ad libitum prior to parturition and during early lactation did not improve the survival of lambs born to immunized ewes. In experiments 3 and 4 immunization of adult Merino ewes increased their ovulation rates (0,41-0�63) above untreated controls and tended to increase the proportion of pregnant ewes which had multiple pregnancies (from -2�3 to 34�2%). The responses at the end of lambing were variable (from -19�8 to 37�5% lambs marked) with high lamb mortalities occurring in some experiments. There was no adverse effect on the reproductive performances following consecutive annual immunizations over 3 years and the absence of treatment for 1 year did not prevent a response in the following year.
Controlled Breeding in the Asiatic Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Fletcher IC
Published: November 2018

Recent developments in exogenous hormone therapy to control and facilitate breeding in domestic buffalo cows (B. bubalis) are reviewed. Oestrus in domestic animals was synchronized satisfactorily during the normal breeding season by both of the standard treatments with prostaglandins or progestagens initially developed for use in Bos taurus cattle. Anoestrous cyclic cows treated with prostaglandin showed synchronized oestrus and conception rates similar to those recorded in normal cyclic animals, though the responses may have depended to some extent on increased intensity of observation of oestrus. Seasonally acyclic animals treated with progestagens and pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin also showed synchronized oestrus and conception rates equivalent to those recorded in cyclic animals, but these observations did not include prepubertal heifers or cows in the early stages of post-partum anoestrus. Controlled breeding did not overcome a general problem of low conception rates at spontaneous oestrus. Further investigations of controlled breeding should incorporate other management strategies, such as better feeding and reduced heat stress, which are known also to improve buffalo reproduction.
Analysis of differentially expressed genes in leaf rust infected bread wheat involving seedling resistance gene Lr28
Authors: Dhariwal Raman , Vyas Shailendra , Bhaganagare Govindraj R. , Jha Shailendra K. , Khurana Jitendra P. , Tyagi Akhilesh K. , Prabhu Kumble V. , Balyan Harindra S. , Gupta Pushpendra K.
Published: November 2018

Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of seedling resistance to leaf rust conferred by Lr28 gene in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was conducted to identify differentially expressed genes during incompatible interaction. A virulent leaf rust race 77–5 was used for inoculation of resistant (HD2329 + Lr28) and susceptible (HD2329 – Lr28) wheat NILs and cDNA-AFLP analyses was carried out. As many as 223 differential transcripts appeared following leaf rust inoculation; these included 122 transcripts that appeared exclusively in resistant NIL, whereas 39 transcripts appeared both in resistant and susceptible NILs. Sequence analyses of 37 transcripts, which appeared in the resistant NIL revealed that 15 transcripts had homology with genes involved in protein synthesis, signal transduction, transport, disease resistance and metabolism. The functions of remaining 22 transcripts could not be determined; these included six novel genes reported for the first time in wheat. Specific primers could be designed for 18 of the 37 transcripts, which included genes with putative and unknown functions. Quantitative real time PCR analysis was conducted using these 18 pairs of primers. A majority (13) of these transcripts appeared within 48 h reaching a peak value at 96 h in resistant NIL signifying their role in providing leaf rust resistance.
Plant proteome responses to salinity stress – comparison of glycophytes and halophytes
Authors: Kosová Klára , Vítámvás Pavel , Urban Milan Oldřich , Prášil Ilja Tom
Published: November 2018

The review discusses impacts of salinity on proteome composition in both salinity-sensitive (glycophytic) and salinity-tolerant (halophytic) plants. Salinity response with respect to proteome changes is compared in glycophytes and halophytes with a special focus on specific strategies employed by halophytes to cope with high (above 200 mM NaCl) salt concentrations. The results of comparative proteomic studies aimed at determination of the differences in salinity response between related plant species with contrasting salinity tolerance (Arabidopsis thaliana vs Thellungiella salsuginea, common wheat vs its hybrid, rice vs Porteresia coarctata) are analysed. The comparative studies have revealed that salt-tolerant plants display an enhanced constitutive expression of several salt-responsive genes and fewer salinity-related disturbances in energy metabolism with respect to the salt-sensitive plants. In conclusion, recent results of comparative proteomic studies are summarised and possible ways of utilisation of the obtained results for an improvement of plant (crop) salt tolerance are discussed.
Linear Size Evolution and Luminosity Selection Effects in Quasars
Authors: Ubachukwu A. A.
Published: November 2018

We have quantitatively estimated the amount of luminosity selection effects
present in the observed linear size-redshift data for a large sample of
extended steep spectrum quasars. We show that ~90% of the observed
dependence of sizes of quasars on redshift can be interpreted in terms of
luminosity selection effects alone. This gives quantitative support to earlier
results which show that little or no intrinsic linear size evolution appears
to be occurring among quasars.
Some Robertson-Walker Models with Variable G and λ
Authors: Abdussattar  , Vishwakarma R. G.
Published: November 2018

Some Robertson-Walker (RW) models admitting a contracted Ricci collineation
along the fluid flow vector and having time-varying G and Λ are
investigated. The nature of the expansion of the models obtained in the cases
k = ±l is found to be interchanged from the
corresponding standard FRW models. Estimates of the present values of various
cosmological parameters are obtained and found to be well within the
observational limits.
Magnetic Transition and Spin Correlation in Mn Oxides at Low Temperatures
Authors: Jiang Jie
Published: November 2018

We study the magnetic transition and spin correlation in Mn oxides at low
temperatures. The results indicate that there are antiferromagnetic (AF),
spiral (SP), ferromagnetic (FM) and canted (CN) states when
T → 0. With temperature increasing, a paramagnetic
(PM) state appears. The spin–spin correlation function is also obtained.
HRTEM Study of α-AlMnSi Crystals including Non-crystallographic Projection Axes
Authors: Song G. L. , Bursill L. A.
Published: November 2018

The structure of α−AlMnSi is examined by atomic resolution
high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and computer-based
image matching techniques. Six distinct zone axes are examined; including both
normal crystallographic and non-crystallographic zone axes of the structural
motifs, which have m35 icosahedral symmetry. The results provide a sound basis
for understanding HRTEM images of crystalline and quasicrystalline alloys of
AlMnSi; thus we examine to what extent the requirements for obtaining
so-called structure images of complex alloy structures may be met
experimentally and define when the images may be reliably interpreted on the
basis of computer simulation and image-matching at about 0·17nm
resolution. Most difficulty was experienced in obtaining the experimental
images, especially for the non-crystallographic zones, which are very
sensitive to slight changes in orientation off the desired zone axis or
projection, the rate at which the crystal thickness is increasing
(wedge-angle) and the orientation of the surfaces of the specimen. Surface
amorphous layers due to oxidation and/or electron-induced irradiation
damage also limit the efficiency of the HRTEM analysis.
For the thin specimens used for HRTEM, both the electron diffraction patterns
and the HRTEM images are characteristic of Im 3 space group symmetry. It is
suggested that this Im 3 symmetry may be an example of a statistical symmetry,
where the local symmetry is close to Pm 3 but the average symmetry is Im 3.
The transition from Pm 3 to Im 3 may be understood in terms of an analysis of
small changes in the outer shells of the large icosahedral structural elements
which are located at the corners and body-centres of the cubic unit cell.
Massive Gravitons in General Relativity
Authors: Argyris John , Ciubotariu Corneliu
Published: November 2018

In the framework of a generalisation of linear gravitation to the case when
the gravitons have nonzero rest mass, we obtain a result analogous to that
obtained by Regge and Wheeler, that is, the energy of the gravitational waves
is trapped in the ‘material’ (interior) metric of the curved
space–time. We show that the concept of a nonzero rest mass graviton may
be defined in two ways: (i) phenomenologically, by introducing of a mass term
in the linear Lagrangian density, as in Proca electrodynamics, and (ii)
self-consistently, by solving Einstein’s equations in the conformally
flat case. We find that the rest mass of the graviton may be given in terms of
the three fundamental constants (gravitational, Planck, and light velocity
constants) and it is a function of the density of cosmic matter.
A Nonlocal Potential Form for s-wave α - α Scattering
Authors: Bennett M. T. , Amos K.
Published: November 2018

Low energy s-wave α–α phase shifts
that agree well with the measured set have been extracted using a nonlocal
interaction formed by folding (local real energy-dependent)
nucleon-α–particle interactions with density matrix elements of
the (projectile) α–particle. The resultant
s-wave α–α interaction is energy
dependent and nonlocal.
Luminosity Selection Effects and Linear Size Evolution in the Quasar/Galaxy Unification Scheme
Authors: Ubachukwu A. A. , Ogwo J. N.
Published: November 2018

The implications of linear size evolution and luminosity selection effects in
the quasar/galaxy unification scheme have been investigated. We show that
both radio galaxies and quasars undergo similar size evolution above some low
redshift cut-off zc =
0·2–0·3. However, this evolution can be attributed largely
to the strong luminosity selection effects present in the sample. We also
observe that there is a marked difference in the luminosity–redshift
slope between low and high redshift sources, which may be responsible for the
conflicting results in the literature as to whether or not radio galaxies and
quasars have similar linear size versus luminosity/redshift relationships.
Our present result seems consistent with the quasar/galaxy unification
scheme in which the two classes of object are expected to have similar linear
size versus luminosity/redshift relationships.
Tokamak Equilibrium Model with Finite Toroidicity Effects
Authors: Lewandowski Jerome L. V.
Published: November 2018

An inverse aspect ratio (= e) expansion of a low-pressure, axisymmetric
tokamak equilibrium is presented. The usual assumption of the
s – α model (sharp pressure gradient in a
small layer) is used to determine the first order correction in e for various
physical quantities. In the infinite aspect ratio limit, the results of the
standard s – α model are recovered. Finite
toroidicity effects on ion temperature-gradient-driven ballooning modes are
discussed and a numerical comparison between the two models is presented.
Hybridization between the Mallard and native dabbling ducks: causes, consequences and management.
Authors: Guay P-J , Taysom A , Robinson R , Tracey J P
Published: November 2018

Waterbirds are currently facing various threats throughout the world. One threat that is often overlooked is
hybridization with introduced species. This threatening process is especially significant for dabbling ducks (Genus Anas).
The Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) has been introduced to various parts of the world and now hybridizes and threatens
numerous Anas species. In this paper, we review hybridization between Mallards and dabbling ducks with a specific
emphasis on threats to the Pacific Black Duck (A. superciliosa). We then present an overview of the potential
mechanisms of hybridization and discuss monitoring techniques. We conclude by proposing management strategies
and speculating on the future of native dabbling duck species.
Science Under Siege: zoology under threat.
Authors: Fulton Graham R
Published: November 2018

THE authors and editors of this book are scientists — disgruntled ones. They are dismayed at attacks on their science and science in general; attacks that come from outside scientific circles and from outside evidence and reason. The critics are widespread and include: those attending rallies where books are burnt, shock jocks who vilify the science of climate
change, politicians who ignore the conclusions and recommendations of good science to see their name against another headline, and anonymous others who make death threats against climate researchers. The scientists involved in the production of this book are drawn predominately from zoological backgrounds — writing and communicating are not skills new to them.

The book presents the ideas expressed in talks and posters put forward at a forum in 2008. These talks were subsequently written up, polished and peerreviewed before being published in November 2012. The book offers the thoughts and experiences of the authors relating to the book’s title Science under siege: zoology under threat. The forward tells us that the title was coined by Dr Paul Willis, Director of the Royal Institution of Australia (RiAus), yet he maintains he merely gave a name to a thought that evolved through the ruminations of others preparing the forum. The aim of the book is to mount a defence against the attackers, to communicate the real science and expose the shallowness of the attackers’ reasoning.