bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Time Finite Element Method Based on the Generalized Variational Calculus
Authors: Ehlers Wolfgang , Ammann Martin
Published: April 2003

In this contribution, a new finite element method in the temporal domain is presented, in which the time step size is introduced as an additional variable. Thus, the variation of the time integral of the Lagrangean resulting from Hamilton's principle has to be carried out with respect to the rules of the generalized variational calculus. Apart from the usual time integral of the Euler‐Lagrange differential equations, the so‐called transversality condition is obtained as an additional result representing a time‐boundary term, which is used to obtain an optimal step size in the time domain.
Kontaktformulierung für lineare und quadratische ‘Solid‐Shell’ Elemente
Authors: Harnau M. , Schweizerhof K.
Published: April 2003

Mit ‘Solid‐Shell’ Elementen können auch direkt Deformationen in Dickenrichtung abgebildet werden [4], was insbesondere für Metallumformprobleme mit kleinen Radien wichtig ist. Zur Beschreibung des Kontaktes der Werkstücke zu den Werkzeugen, die als analytisch zu definierende starre Flächen betrachtet werden können, werden entsprechend der Ansatzordnung der ‘Solid‐Shell’ Elemente vier‐ bzw. neun‐Knoten Kontaktelemente entwickelt. Die verwendete Penaltyformulierung wird durch Integration der Kontaktkraftverteilung über die Elementfläche [5] ausgewertet. Die Überprüfung der Kontaktbedingung erfolgt somit an den Gausspunkten, wie dies wohl auch in [7] vorgeschlagen wird. Probleme bei ausschließlicher Knotenbetrachtung, wie die erforderliche unterschiedliche Gewichtung der Kontaktknoten bei ‘Solid‐Shell’ Elementen mit Ansätzen höherer Ordnung, werden umgangen.
An Explanation of the Non‐unique Behaviour of a Textile Probe in the Drape Experiment ‐ Numerical Stability Analysis
Authors: Jański Ł. , Ulbricht V.
Published: April 2003

The paper proves, that the ambiguous behaviour of a textile probe in the drape experiment is connected with many possible equilibrium states. This experiment is usually used for the evaluation of the drapeability of textiles. We treat a textile surface in our mathematical model as a two‐dimensional Cosserat continuum, which equilibrium equations can be easily formulated. To solve the boundary value problem, which assures equilibrium, we use the finite element method in connection with the arc‐length method. This strategy allows us to trace the highly non‐linear behaviour of the system. This nonlinearity is responsible for the non‐unique behaviour of a textile probe in drape. In our investigation we calculate some of the possible final configurations of a round textile probe supported on the round table. Such configurations can be observed in the drape experiment.
Anwendung der Materialpunktmethode für die numerische Simulation von Kaschierprozessen
Authors: Schilling Olaf , Reese Stefanie
Published: April 2003

Bei Kaschierprozessen werden Einzelmaterialien (Bleche und Folien) einer Anlage kontinuierlich zugeführt und unter Wärmezufuhr und Druck zu einem Schichtverbundmaterial vereinigt. Da sich die auftretenden Randbedingungen am einfachsten unter Eulerscher Betrachtungsweise angeben lassen, wohingegen die Berechnung der Materialverformungen eine Lagrangesche Betrachtungsweise erfordert, bietet sich der Einsatz der aus den “Particle‐in‐cell methods” [1] hervorgegangene Materialpunktmethode [2] an. Damit sich länger andauernde Prozesse mit dieser Methode simulieren lassen, wird das explizite Zeitintegrationsverfahren durch ein implizites ersetzt. Die Diskretisierung dünner Schichten mit wenigen Materialpunkten und wenigen Elementen erfordert eine Änderung der Datenübertragung zwischen Materialpunkten und Elementknoten.
Optimal placement of distributed actuators for a controlled smart elastic plate
Authors: Seeger F. , Gabbert U.
Published: April 2003

The performance and the efficiency of smart structures controlled by piezoelectric wafers decisively depend on the locations of the actuators and sensors. For the evaluation and testing of time consuming numerical optimisation techniques, which are currently a part of our research, benchmark examples are required. As such a benchmark example a simply supported plate structure is inverstigated, where the active controlled behaviour can still be described analytically. In the paper the optimisation algorithm is briefly described and the results of a typical example are presented.
Parameteridentifikation des mechano‐sorptiven Kriechens von Rotbuche
Authors: Entenmann V. , Hardtke H.‐J.
Published: April 2003

Bedingt durch die Simulation des Trocknungsvorganges von Schnittholz in den letzten Jahren wurden Möglichkeiten zur Modellierung des sogenannten mechano‐sorptiven Kriechens benötigt. Die mechano‐sorptiven Parameter wurden durch Messungen, die in einer Trocknungskammer stattfanden, bestimmt. Dabei wurden geeignete Zugprüfkörperproben verwendet, die in den drei Bezugsrichtungen radial, tangential und longitudinal zur Jahrringrichtung jeweils belastet wurden. Anschließend wurden die ermittelten Meßwerte an die Lösungen der zur Modellierung verwendeten Differentialgleichungen adaptiert. So konnten die gesuchten Werkstoffparameter für das mechano‐sorptive Kriechen bestimmt werden. Alternativ zu dem Wege der Bestimmung der Parameter mittels Adaption an die Lösungen der Differentialgleichungen soll die Methode der nichtlinearen Optimierung angewandt werden. Dabei soll versucht werden, globale Minima für das gestellte nichtlineare Optimierungsproblem aufzufinden.
Modelling of Shape Memory Alloys and Experimental Verification
Authors: Schleich M. , Pfeiffer F.
Published: April 2003

Prestrained shape memory alloys change their length when heated above their transformation temperature. This effect can be used to generate high forces in a small workspace, which has particular advantages in actuator design.

The optimization and control of the shape memory actuator requires a comprehensive simulation of the material behavior. However, many of the existing models are limited to specific load cases or offer rough approximations only. A material model for shape memory alloys from Seelecke [1] is examined in this paper. This model describes the behavior of a shape memory wire, which is heated by electric current. It is implemented in a simulation program to investigate the actuator output and to improve the performance. Finally, the parameters of the simulation are adapted to experimental results.
Application of a posteriori error estimates for Navier‐Stokes equations to fluid flow in a channel with corners
Authors: Burda P. , Novotný J. , Sousedík B.
Published: April 2003

We investigate a posteriori error estimates for the Stokes and Navier‐Stokes equations for incompressible fluid problem on 2D polygonal domains. We have determined accurately the constant that appears in the estimates. We apply these results to the technique of adaptive mesh refinement ‐ we solve an incompressible flow problem in a domain with corners that cause singularities in the solution.
Damping Behavior of the Free Liquid Interface Oscillation upon Step Reduction in Gravity
Authors: Michaelis M. , Gerstmann J. , Dreyer M. E. , Rath H.J.
Published: April 2003

Experiments were carried out to investigate the damping behavior of the reorientation of a free liquid interface in a right circular cylinder, partly filled with a liquid and suddenly exposed to a step reduction in gravity. The damping behavior basically depends on the Ohnesorge number and the static contact angle. This study shows the strong influence of the contact point for low static contact angles.
Oblique Shock‐Vortex Interaction
Authors: Thomer O. , Klaas M. , Schröder W.
Published: April 2003

Breakdown of a slender vortex caused by an oblique (OSVI) shock is studied using numerical solutions of the Euler equations for unsteady three‐dimensional flow. A Burgers vortex with a given circulation and axial velocity distribution is prescribed at the inflow boundary. The calculations show that like in incompressible flows supersonic breakdown is primarily controlled by pressure forces. The shock is deformed into an ‘s’‐shaped part near the vortex core where the shock becomes normal. The results indicate that initiation of breakdown is more sensitive to variations in the axial velocity than in the circulation, and that the .ow structure is clearly time‐dependent.
Numerische und experimentelle Untersuchung der Randwirbelentwicklung an verschieden ausgeprägten Tragflügelenden
Authors: Wimmer Peter
Published: April 2003

Die Ermittlung des induzierten Widerstandes eines Tragflügels ist eine wichtige Aufgabe zur Analyse seiner aerodynamischen Güte. In der Vergangenheit wurden bereits verschiedene Randbogenausformungen entwickelt, um den induzierten Widerstand mithilfe einer Beeinflussung der entstehenden Randwirbelstruktur hinter dem Flügel zu veringern.

In dieser Arbeit werden PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) ‐ Messungen der Geschwindigkeitsfelder des Wirbelnachlaufes an einem Modellflügel in einem Luft‐Schleppwindkanal vorgestellt. Dabei wird die Auswirkung verschiedener Randbögen auf das Wirbelband hinter dem Flügel dargestellt und Simulationsergebnissen gegenübergestellt. Die Simulation der dreidimensionalen Tragflügelumströmung wird dabei mit einem Finite Volumen Verfahren durchgeführt. Verwendung findet ein Solver für reibungsfreie inkompressible Strömungen, wobei bei der Simulation besonderer Wert auf eine Ermittlung der freien Wirbelstruktur hinter dem Tragflügel gelegt wird. Die aus der Diskretisierung des Rechengebietes resultierende numerische Dissipation übersteigt dabei jene aufgrund der natürlichen Viskosität der Luft.

Die Simulations‐ und Messergebnisse zeigen, wie die untersuchten Randbogengeometrien den Nachlauf und somit den induzierten Widerstand beeinflussen können.
A comparative study of the steady state and the transient liquid crystal technique for determining the heat transfer coefficients in a bend
Authors: Pape D. , von Wolfersdorf J. , Weigand B.
Published: April 2003

For the investigation of internal and external heat transfer thermochromic liquid crystals (TLC's) have become a very commonly used tool. Today, mainly two different experimental methods with TLC's are in use: The steady state TLC method measuring the wall temperature according to a constant heat flux produced by a heater foil and the transient TLC method measuring the time response of the wall temperature due to a sudden change of the fluid temperature. In the present paper the two different measurement techniques are compared for a very complex 3D flow inside a 180°‐turn of a two‐pass cooling system. From theoretical considerations, the general difference in the heat transfer because of the different wall boundary conditions is shown.
3‐D Inviscid Transonic Condensing Flow around a Swept Wing
Authors: Goodheart K.A. , Dykas S. , Schnerr G.H.
Published: April 2003

Transonic condensing flow is an interesting phenomena because of the large change in temperature over a small area. This drop in temperature allows the moist air to condense. It is the purpose of this paper to examine the effect of sweep on condensing flow. The geometry of the wing model starts with NACA‐0014 at the wall and reduces to a NACA‐0010 at the tip. The span of the wing is 2.5 times the maximum chord length. The effect of sweep is examined by comparing a model wing with a sweep angle of 11.3 with a straight trailing edge that has no thickness and then a straight leading edge with a 11.3 trailing edge sweep. The free stream Mach number is 0.8 and angle of attack is 0. A 2‐D calculation shows that the NACA‐0014 and NACA‐0010 have a region of supersonic flow but due to the effect of sweep the sonic line does not extend to the tip. This change of the supersonic region influences the area of condensation on the wing. The swept wing has a lower total drag coefficient for the adiabatic and all condensation cases compared to the straight leading edge wing and second for the each wing the trend of increasing drag with humidity is shown.
Embedded Stochastic Runge‐Kutta Methods
Authors: Rößler Andreas
Published: April 2003

We present some new embedded explicit stochastic Runge‐Kutta methods for the approximation of Stratonovich stochastic differential equations in the weak sense with different orders of convergence. The presented methods yield an estimate of the local error which can be used for a step size control algorithm.
How to Speed up Optimization Algorithm in Topology Optimization of Continuum Structure
Authors: Kutylowski R.
Published: April 2003

The problem of obtaining the optimal topology within very small step number during the optimization process is considered. The optimization procedure cuts the density in these design points where the energy decreases and adds the mass to these design points where the energy increases. To improve and speed up the process of moving mass the border functions are introduced.
PV water pumping systems based on standard frequency converters
Authors: Alonso Abella M. , Lorenzo E. , Chenlo F.
Published: April 2003

Standard frequency converters (FCs) are evaluated in this work as a universal solution for photovoltaic (PV) water pumping systems. FCs can be connected directly to a PV generator to power centrifugal submersible pumps driven by three‐phase asynchronous induction motors. In comparison with dedicated products, the use of standard FCs and centrifugal motopumps encompasses several advantages: power range, broad range of products and technological independence. This paper describes the main rules to implement standard FCs in PV pumping systems, and presents a model to estimate its performance from standard pumps manufacturers' data. The experimental validation of the model is also presented. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A high‐efficiency LPE GaAs solar cell at concentrations ranging from 2000 to 4000 suns
Authors: Ortiz Estíbaliz , Algora Carlos
Published: April 2003

III–V solar cells for terrestrial concentration applications are currently becoming of greater and greater interest. From our experience, concentrations higher than 1000 suns are required with these cells to reduce PV electricity cost to such an extent that this alternative could become cost competitive.

In this paper, a single‐junctionp/nGaAs solar cell, with efficiencies of 23ċ8 and 22ċ5% at concentration ratios of 2700 and 3600 suns respectively, is presented. This GaAs solar cell is well suited for use with non‐imaging optical concentrators, which possess a large aperture angle. Low‐temperature liquid phase epitaxy (LTLPE) has been the growing technique for the semiconductor structure as an attempt to use a simplified, cheap and clean technique, within a renewable energy perspective.

The GaAs solar cell presented is compared with the highest efficiency tandem solar cells at concentration levels exceeding 1000 suns. The GaAs solar cell performance maintains high efficiencies up to 4000 suns, while tandem cells seem to drop very quickly after reaching their maximum. Therefore, single‐junction GaAs solar cells are a good candidate for operating at very high concentrations, and LPE is able to supply these high‐quality solar cells to work within terrestrial concentration systems, the main objective of which is the reduction of PV electricity costs. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protein expression changes in the Sprague Dawley rat liver proteome following administration of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α and γ ligands
Authors: White Ian R. , Man Wai J. , Bryant Duncan , Bugelski Peter , Camilleri Patrick , Cutler Paul , Hayes William , Holbrook Joanna D. , Kramer Kerstin , Lord Peter G. , Wood John
Published: April 2003

Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily and are intimately involved in lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis. Activation of these receptors in rodents can lead to hepatomegaly and ultimately hepatic carcinogenesis although the mechanisms by which these processes occur are poorly understood. To further our understanding of these processes and to discriminate between different PPAR mediated signalling pathways, a proteomic approach has been undertaken to identify changes in protein expression patterns in Sprague Dawley rat liver following dosing with a PPARα agonist (Wyeth 14643), a PPARγ agonist (Troglitazone) and a compound with mixed PPARα/γ agonist activity (SB‐219994). Using one‐and‐two‐dimensional electrophoresis of tissue lysates a diverse range of protein abundance changes was observed in these tissues. Whilst a number of these proteins have PPAR response elements (PPREs) in their respective promoters, another group was detected whose expression has been documented to be sensitive to peroxisome proliferator administration. Most notably within these groups, proteins involved in lipid catabolism displayed increased expression following drug administration. A further subset of proteins, with less obvious biological implications, also showed altered expression patterns. Where available, sequences upstream of the coding regions of genes not previously known to have PPREs were searched with positional consensus matrices for the presence of PPREs in an attempt to validate these changes. Using such an approach putative PPARγ and PPARδ response elements were discovered upstream of the tubulin β coding region. There was limited overlap in observed protein abundance changes between the three groups, and where this was the case (cytosolic epoxide hydrolase, peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme, hydroxymethyl glutaryl CoA, synthase, long chain acyl‐CoA thioesterase), expression of these proteins had previously been shown to be under the control of PPAR activity.
Proteome analysis of diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheat: Towards understanding genome interaction in protein expression
Authors: Islam Nazrul , Tsujimoto Hisashi , Hirano Hisashi
Published: April 2003

Hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is derived from a complex hybridization procedure involving three diploid species carrying the A, B and D genomes. The proteome patterns of diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheat were analyzed to explore the genome interaction in protein expression. At least two species from each of the diploid and tetraploid were used to compare their proteome maps with a hexaploid wheat cv. Chinese Spring. The ancestral cultivars were selected based on their history of closeness with the cultivated wheat. Proteins were extracted from seed flour and separated by two‐dimensional electrophoresis (2‐DE) with isoelectric focusing of pH range from 4–10. 2‐DE maps of cultivated and ancestral species were analyzed by computer assisted image analyzer. The region of high molecular weight glutenin subunits of hexaploid wheat showed similarity with those of the diploid donors, BB and DD genomes. The omega gliadin, which is controlled by B genome in common wheat, was assumed to have evolved as a result of interaction between AA and BB genomes. The low molecular weight glutenins and alpha and beta gliadin regions were contributed by the three genomes. This result suggests that the function of donor genomes particularly in the expression of proteins in hexaploid wheat is not totally independent; rather it is the product of interactions among the diploid genomes in the hexaploid nuclear constitutions. The expression of nonstorage proteins was affected substantially due to the removal of the D genome from hexaploid constitution. Location of the structural gene controlling one of the alpha amylase inhibitor proteins in the nonstorage protein region was identified in the short arm of chromosome 3D.
Response of the phytoplanctonic alga Tetraselmis suecica to copper and silver exposure: vesicular metal bioaccumulation and lack of starch bodies
Authors: Ballan‐Dufrançais Christiane , Marcaillou Christiane , Amiard‐Triquet Claude
Published: April 2003

Summary— Two peculiar morphological features, observed in the marine alga T suecica are described in this report. An ultrastructural study of actively swimming cells showed an unusual abundance of starch in the stroma and the pyrenoid and this uncommon storage was discussed in relation to growth factors. Numerous osmiophilic vesicles, infrequent in this species, were also found; they contained lipids. After 5 days exposure to Cu or Ag (50 μg 1−1 and 20 μg 1−1 respectively), the algae responded by storing these elements in the pre‐existing osmiophilic vesicles. The analysis by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) revealed a coprecipitation of Cu, Ag, Pb, Ca, P and S in these structures and led us to relate these vesicles to polyphosphate‐bodies, already described in algae. Osmiophilic vesicles were devoid of phosphate in control samples. Following Cu exposure, this storage could be explained as an active detoxification process for most algae whose other structures were well preserved. After Ag exposure, the storage occurred in a few algae presenting some morphological damage. In both cases (Cu or Ag exposure), the metabolism was modified as starch was absent after Cu exposure and stored only in the pyrenoid after Ag exposure.
Cytochemical distinction of various nucleolar components in insect cells
Authors: Thiry Marc , Schoonbroodt Sonia , Goessens Guy
Published: April 2003

Summary— The fine structure of the insect Sf9 cell nucleolus has been investigated by means of different cytochemical and immunocytochemical techniques at the electron microscope level. Apart from a few perinucleolar condensed chromatin clumps, the insect cell nucleolus comprises two compartments. The first of these consists of a roundish compact zone formed of fibrillar material. The other is composed of fibrillar and granular structures organized into a network separated by interstitial spaces. But, unlike mammalian cell nucleoli, any fibrillar center has been observed in the Sf9 cell nucleolus, even after actinomycin D treatment. We also show that the compact fibrillar zone of Sf9 cell nucleoli contains silver‐stainable material and DNA. In actinomycin D‐treated cells, a preferential contact of this compact fibrillar zone with condensed chromatin has been visualized. Finally, silver‐stainable material has been found to persist throughout the whole mitosis. These results suggest that the compact fibrillar zone at the insect Sf9 cell nucleolus should, at least partly, correspond to the fibrillar center of mammalian cell nucleoli.
On asymptotic stability of solitary waves for nonlinear Schrödinger equations
Authors: Buslaev Vladimir S. , Sulem Catherine
Published: April 2003

We study the long-time behavior of solutions of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation in one space dimension for initial conditions in a small neighborhood of a stable solitary wave. Under some hypothesis on the structure of the spectrum of the linearized operator, we prove that, asymptotically in time, the solution decomposes into a solitary wave with slightly modified parameters and a dispersive part described by the free Schrödinger equation. We explicitly calculate the time behavior of the correction.

On étudie le comportement aux temps longs des solutions de l’équation de Schrödinger nonlinéaire unidimensionnelle pour des conditions initiales proches d’une onde solitaire stable. Moyennant des hypothèses sur la structure du spectre de l’opérateur linearisé autour du soliton, on montre qu’asymptotiquement en temps, la solution se décompose en la somme d’une onde solitaire avec des paramètres faiblement modifiés et d’une composante dispersive, solution de l’équation de Schrödinger libre. On calcule explicitement le comportement en temps des termes correctifs.
When the Law Does Not Matter: The Rise and Decline of the Mexican Oil Industry
Authors: Haber Stephen , Maurer Noel , Razo Armando
Published: April 2003

Changes in formal institutions do not always affect economic outcomes. When an industry has specific technological features that limit a government's ability to expropriate it, or when the industry is able to call on foreign governments to enforce its de facto property rights, economic agents can easily mitigate changes in formal institutions designed to reduce these property rights. We explore the Mexican oil industry from 1911 to 1929 and demonstrate that informal rather than formal institutions were key, permitting oil companies to coordinate their responses to increases in taxes or the redefinition of their de jure property rights.
Editors' Notes
Authors: Chandler Alfred D.
Published: April 2003

In accordance with what has been standard practice, the JEH editorship went through another rotation as of the summer of 2002. Jan De Vries completed his four-year term as editor for the non-North American section, turning over the reins to C. Knick Harley at the University of Western Ontario. The handy cross-bay shuttle system between Berkeley and the North American office at Stanford has thus been replaced by a long-distance, crosscountry axis, thus far without noticeable loss of efficiency.
The Emergence of a National Economy: An Economic History of Indonesia, 1800–2000. By Howard Dick, Vincent J. H. Houben, J. Thomas Lindblad, and Thee Kian Wie. Crows Nest NSW, Australia: Allen and Unwin, 2002. Pp. xvii, 286. $38.00.
Authors: Chandra Siddarth
Published: April 2003

Written by four leading economic historians of Indonesia from three continents, this book is an excellent account of the emergence of the Indonesian economy in the twentieth century from what was a cluster of disparate economic regions at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Using an innovative and, in the context of Indonesia, highly appropriate theme, the authors identify three fundamental forces that shaped the emergence of the Indonesian national economy: successive waves of globalization (and dislocation), state formation, and economic integration. The book is admirably successful in fulfilling its claim, not an easy task given the volume of literature that had to be mastered and put into perspective in order to comprehensively describe this process.
Neither Lady nor Slave: Working Women of the Old South. Edited by Susanna Delfino and Michele Gillespie. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2002. Pp. 324. $55.00, cloth; $19.95, paper.
Authors: Fender Ann Harper
Published: April 2003

Each of the 13 essays in this volume considers an aspect of female participation in the paid or unpaid labor force of the antebellum American south. The work of ordinary women is the theme that unites the essays, work the editors in their introduction note was often unacknowledged due to prevailing and evolving attitudes about women's proper work and the role of the male head of household as the family breadwinner. The essays vary widely in their scope, but share a search for ingenious sources of information, a search necessitated by the invisibility of women in official and more conventional sources. The topics range from Native American female makers and sellers of baskets to antebellum female iron manufacturing workers, from coastal Savannah slave women participants in produce markets to western Virginia businesswomen, from Richmond prostitutes to New Orleans nuns.
Moose Pastures and Mergers: The Ontario Securities Commission and the Regulation of Share Markets in Canada, 1940–1980. By Christopher Armstrong. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001. Pp. x, 424. $60.00.
Authors: Dupré Ruth
Published: April 2003

Christopher Armstrong's book is concerned with a topic of remarkable timeliness following the wave of financial scandals—Enron et al.—which shook the American economy in 2002. The timing of the book could not have been better as it deals with crucial issues: information asymmetries, investor protection against manipulations of information, scope and type of regulation needed to insure “full, true, plain disclosure,” and the behavior and ethics of brokers, promoters, and other insiders. The fact that it covers Ontario in the four decades since World War II shows that the issues are perennial and never likely to be outmoded.
Going Shopping: Consumer Choices and Community Consequences. By Ann Satterthwaite. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001. Pp. 1, 386.
Authors: Cross Gary
Published: April 2003

Adding to the growing list of retrospective studies of shopping and consumption is this engaged survey of the impact of American retail trade on community culture and social interaction. Although the author (a city planner in Washington, DC) is broadly within the tradition of Jane Jacobs and other critics of the commercialization of urban space, hers is a contemporary, well-informed, and nuanced judgment of the impact of malls, remote retail, big box stores, and other expressions of contemporary shopping. Even though this book may not meet the expectations of the professional historian, it does attempts to put very present-minded concerns about the social impact of contemporary retailing trends into a historical context.
Altruistically Inclined? The Behavioral Sciences, Evolutionary Theory, and the Origins of Reciprocity. By Alexander J. Field. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001. Pp. xvi, 373. $65.00.
Authors: Mokyr Joel
Published: April 2003

Alex Field is an eminent economic historian who has made important contributions to the field. In this book he shows the ambition and the erudition to venture into a wider area, and criticize the entire practice of economics and the social sciences in our time. The paradox he raises in this book has been widely discussed in recent years. It is that the standard model of economics starts off with the assumption that the individual is rational and utility maximizing, and thus will behave in certain predictable ways, among them that they will play “defect” in strategic games that have the nature of one-shot Prisoner's Dilemma. Yet in the real world people are nicer and less selfish than the grim neoclassical model predicts. Altruism—acting against one's direct interest—is an important part of economic behavior. The interesting phenomenon, says Field, is not only that we drop anonymously gold coins in a Salvation Army box or serve without pay on boring university committees. The important things are acts of omission: members of human society do not normally commit acts of aggression and treason even when we have a chance to do so and they are demonstrably to our advantage.
International Trade and Political Conflict: Commerce, Coalitions, and Mobility. By Michael J Hiscox. Princeton, NJ, and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2002. Pp xiv, 209. $49.50, cloth; $18.95, paper.
Authors: Pincus Jonathan
Published: April 2003

This short book has a novel thesis, which is that the degree of factor mobility at the national level influenced the politics of foreign-trade policies. When factor mobility was high, tariff legislation was class legislation. When mobility was low, tariffs were decided by interest-group competition. Michael Hiscox brings data on mobility to bear on the history of foreign trade policies of the six countries—the United States, Britain, France, Sweden, Canada, and Australia—over the last one or two hundred years or so, devoting a chapter to each. He then tests his ideas quantitatively on U.S. congressional voting between 1924 and 1994, finding that, when the indicators of factor mobility were low, an “interest group theory” better explains U.S. tariff politics than does a “class legislation theory” (and the reverse when mobility was high).
Ayutthaya Rising: From Land or Sea?
Authors: Baker Chris
Published: April 2003

Ayutthaya rose as a maritime power with involvement down the peninsula and in the China trade. Early Ayutthaya resembled coastal polities of the archipelago more than hinterland states of the mainland. Over the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Ayutthaya changed by absorbing people, political structures, and cultural practice from the north.
Thomas, Erik R., An acoustic analysis of vowel
variation in New World English. (Publication of the American
Dialect Society 85.) Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2001.
Pp. ix, 230. Hb.
Authors: Gordon Matthew J.
Published: April 2003

Since the pioneering work of Labov, Yaeger
& Steiner 1972, research in phonological variation has steadily
grown more reliant on acoustic data – that is, on data
resulting from instrumental measurements rather than from the
auditory judgments of the researchers. This book from Erik Thomas
demonstrates the fruitfulness (as well as some of the limitations)
of this research trend.
Gender, language attitudes, and language status in Ukraine
Authors: BILANIUK LAADA
Published: April 2003

This article examines gender and language
in post-Soviet Ukraine, where language laws and turbulent
socioeconomic changes are affecting language use. It discusses
ideologies of gender, language, and ethnicity in Ukraine and
assesses the significance of gender in shaping stances toward
three competing languages, Ukrainian, Russian, and English.
The analysis focuses on language ideologies and attitudes, based
on survey and matched-guise language attitude test data. Two
kinds of explanations for the gendered patterning are considered:
first, how socialization and cultural ideologies of women's
relationship to language shape the attitudes documented; and
second, how political/economic forces (differences in possibilities
for social power and social advancement linked to language use)
lead men and women to benefit from different strategies in their
use and valuation of linguistic capital. It is shown that, while
sociocultural and political/economic forces reinforce each other
in some cases, in others they contradict each other, with economic
motives prevailing over cultural paradigms of traditionalism.
The interactive work of prosody in the IRF exchange: Teacher
repetition in feedback moves
Authors: HELLERMANN JOHN
Published: April 2003

This article examines the interactive import
of prosody from a perspective of participants' orientation
to talk in interaction, taking advantage of data from institutional
discourse to focus on the prosodic packaging of recurring turn
sequences of the same discourse
activity. The analysis focuses on the third slot of a ubiquitous
three-part classroom discourse sequence, the IRF exchange (Sinclair
& Coulthard 1975), a site in which teachers make repetitive
feedback moves following student responses. Examination of more
than 25 hours of classroom discourse and more than 300 third-turn
teacher feedback types uncovered a systematic use of prosody
for these teacher repetitions that coincides with a teacher's
positive assessment of the student response. Further analysis
shows that more complex prosodic packaging is used by teachers
in their repetitive feedback turns to index other interactive
functions.
Mental imagery: In search of a theory
Authors: Pylyshyn Zenon W.
Published: April 2003

It is generally accepted that there is something special about reasoning by using mental images. The question of how it is special, however, has never been satisfactorily spelled out, despite more than thirty years of research in the post-behaviorist tradition. This article considers some of the general motivation for the assumption that entertaining mental images involves inspecting a picture-like object. It sets out a distinction between phenomena attributable to the nature of mind to what is called the cognitive architecture, and ones that are attributable to tacit knowledge used to simulate what would happen in a visual situation. With this distinction in mind, the paper then considers in detail the widely held assumption that in some important sense images are spatially displayed or are depictive, and that examining images uses the same mechanisms that are deployed in visual perception. I argue that the assumption of the spatial or depictive nature of images is only explanatory if taken literally, as a claim about how images are physically instantiated in the brain, and that the literal view fails for a number of empirical reasons – for example, because of the cognitive penetrability of the phenomena cited in its favor. Similarly, while it is arguably the case that imagery and vision involve some of the same mechanisms, this tells us very little about the nature of mental imagery and does not support claims about the pictorial nature of mental images. Finally, I consider whether recent neuroscience evidence clarifies the debate over the nature of mental images. I claim that when such questions as whether images are depictive or spatial are formulated more clearly, the evidence does not provide support for the picture-theory over a symbol-structure theory of mental imagery. Even if all the empirical claims were true, they do not warrant the conclusion that many people have drawn from them: that mental images are depictive or are displayed in some (possibly cortical) space. Such a conclusion is incompatible with what is known about how images function in thought. We are then left with the provisional counterintuitive conclusion that the available evidence does not support rejection of what I call the “null hypothesis”; namely, that reasoning with mental images involves the same form of representation and the same processes as that of reasoning in general, except that the content or subject matter of thoughts experienced as images includes information about how things would look.
Altruism and selfishness
Authors: Rachlin Howard
Published: April 2003

Many situations in human life present choices between (a) narrowly preferred particular alternatives and (b) narrowly less preferred (or aversive) particular alternatives that nevertheless form part of highly preferred abstract behavioral patterns. Such alternatives characterize problems of self-control. For example, at any given moment, a person may accept alcoholic drinks yet also prefer being sober to being drunk over the next few days. Other situations present choices between (a) alternatives beneficial to an individual and (b) alternatives that are less beneficial (or harmful) to the individual that would nevertheless be beneficial if chosen by many individuals. Such alternatives characterize problems of social cooperation; choices of the latter alternative are generally considered to be altruistic. Altruism, like self-control, is a valuable temporally-extended pattern of behavior. Like self-control, altruism may be learned and maintained over an individual's lifetime. It needs no special inherited mechanism. Individual acts of altruism, each of which may be of no benefit (or of possible harm) to the actor, may nevertheless be beneficial when repeated over time. However, because each selfish decision is individually preferred to each altruistic decision, people can benefit from altruistic behavior only when they are committed to an altruistic pattern of acts and refuse to make decisions on a case-by-case basis.
Behaviorism and altruistic acts
Authors: Alexander J. McKenzie
Published: April 2003

Rachlin's idea that altruism, like self-control, is a valuable, temporally extended pattern of behavior, suggests one way of addressing common problems in developing a rational choice explanation of individual altruistic behavior. However, the form of Rachlin's explicitly behaviorist account of altruistic acts suffers from two faults, one of which questions the feasibility of his particular behaviorist analysis.
Spatial models of imagery for remembered scenes are more likely to advance (neuro)science than symbolic ones
Authors: Burgess Neil
Published: April 2003

Hemispatial neglect in imagery implies a spatially organised representation. Reaction times in memory for arrays of locations from shifted viewpoints indicate processes analogous to actual bodily movement through space. Behavioral data indicate a privileged role for this process in memory. A proposed spatial mechanism makes contact with direct recordings of the representations of location and orientation in the mammalian brain.
“Choice” and “emotion” in altruism: Reflections on the morality of justice versus the morality of caring
Authors: Buck Ross
Published: April 2003

Rachlin uses the word “choice” 80 times, whereas “emotion” does not appear. In contrast, “Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases” by Preston and de Waal, uses the word “emotion” 139 times and “choice” once. This commentary compares these ways of approaching empathy and altruism, relating Rachlin's approach to Gilligan's Morality of Justice and Preston and de Waal's to the Morality of Caring.
Does your brain use the images in it, and if so, how?
Authors: Dennett Daniel C.
Published: April 2003

The presence of spatial patterns of activity in the brain is suggestive of image-exploiting processes in vision and mental imagery, but not conclusive. Only behavioral evidence can confirm or disconfirm hypotheses about whether, and how, the brain uses images in its information-processing, and the arguments based on such evidence are still inconclusive.
The role of negative reinforcement; or: Is there an altruist in the house?
Authors: Fantino Edmund J. , Stolarz-Fantino Stephanie J.
Published: April 2003

We agree with Rachlin's argument that altruism is best understood as a case of self-control, and that a behavioral analysis is appropriate. However, the appeal to teleological behaviorism and the value of behavioral patterns may be unnecessary. Instead, we argue that altruism can generally be explained with traditional behavioral principles such as negative reinforcement, conditioned reinforcement, and rule-governed behavior.
Altruism and emotions
Authors: Gintis Herbert
Published: April 2003

If altruism requires self-control, people must consider altruistic acts as costly, the benefits of which will only be recouped in the future. By contrast, I shall present evidence that altruism is dictated by emotions: Altruists secure an immediate payoff from performing altruistic acts, so no element of self-control is present, and no future reward is required or expected.
Cognitive control in altruism and self-control: A social cognitive neuroscience perspective
Authors: Gray Jeremy R. , Braver Todd S.
Published: April 2003

The primrose path and prisoner's dilemma paradigms may require cognitive (executive) control: The active maintenance of context representations in lateral prefrontal cortex to provide top-down support for specific behaviors in the face of short delays or stronger response tendencies. This perspective suggests further tests of whether altruism is a type of self-control, including brain imaging, induced affect, and dual-task studies.
Is the prisoner's dilemma metaphor suitable for altruism? Distinguishing self-control and commitment from altruism
Authors: Khalil Elias L.
Published: April 2003

Rachlin basically marshals three reasons behind his unconventional claim that altruism is a subcategory of self-control and that, hence, the prisoner's dilemma is the appropriate metaphor of altruism. I do not find any of the three reasons convincing. Therefore, the prisoner's dilemma metaphor is unsuitable for explaining altruism.
Mental imagery doesn't work like that
Authors: Kosslyn Stephen M. , Thompson William L. , Ganis Giorgio
Published: April 2003

This commentary focuses on four major points: (1) “Tacit knowledge” is not a complete explanation for imagery phenomena, if it is an explanation at all. (2) Similarities and dissimilarities between imagery and perception are entirely consistent with the depictive view. (3) Knowledge about the brain is crucial for settling the debate. (4) It is not clear what sort of theory Pylyshyn advocates.
Imagery and blindness
Authors: Millar Susanna
Published: April 2003

My concerns are about the phrase “the nature of imagery,” and the interpretation of findings with blind people. This discussion considers reports of imagery by congenitally totally blind people, and what should not be inferred from comparing efficiency levels of blind and sighted people in spatial tasks.
Is mental imagery prominently visual?
Authors: Olivetti Belardinelli Marta , Di Matteo Rosalia
Published: April 2003

Neuroimaging and psychophysiological techniques have proved to be useful in comprehending the extent to which the visual modality is pervasive in mental imagery, and in comprehending the specificity of images generated through other sensory modalities. Although further research is needed to understand the nature of mental images, data attained by means of these techniques suggest that mental imagery requires at least two distinct processing components.
Internal mechanisms that implicate the self enlighten the egoism-altruism debate
Authors: Sedikides Constantine , Gregg Aiden P.
Published: April 2003

Internal mechanisms, especially those implicating the self, are crucial for the egoism-altruism debate. Self-liking is extended to close others and can be extended, through socialization and reinforcement experiences, to non-close others: Altruistic responses are directed toward others who are included in the self. The process of self-extension can account for cross-situational variability, contextual variability, and individual differences in altruistic behavior.
The imagery debate: Déjà-vu all over again?
Authors: Slezak Peter P.
Published: April 2003

The imagery debate re-enacts controversies persisting since Descartes. The controversy remains important less for what we can learn about visual imagery than about cognitive science itself. In the tradition of Arnauld, Reid, Bartlett, Austin and Ryle, Pylyshyn's critique exposes notorious mistakes being unwittingly rehearsed not only regarding imagery but also in several independent domains of research in modern cognitive science.
The role of social and cognitive factors in the production of altruism
Authors: Stukas Arthur A. , Platow Michael J. , Foddy Margaret
Published: April 2003

We agree with Rachlin's aim to account for altruism within existing theory. However, his argument is implicitly dependent on social and cognitive constructs that are explicitly identified in other social-psychological theories. The account does not advance theory beyond available constructs (e.g., self-categorizations, motives, values, role-identities, and social structure), and Rachlin's implicit use of these strains the behaviorist account.
Altruism, self-control, and justice: What Aristotle really said
Authors: Wagstaff Graham F.
Published: April 2003

As support for his position, Rachlin refers to the writings of Aristotle. However, Aristotle, like many social psychological theorists, would dispute the assumptions that altruism always involves self-control, and that altruism is confined to acts that have group benefits. Indeed, for Aristotle, as for equity theory and sociobiology, justice exists partly to curb the unrestrained actions of those altruists who are a social liability.
THE CULTURAL CONTRADICTIONS OF SOCIALISM
Authors: Kukathas Chandran
Published: April 2003

While no one has yet announced the death of capitalism, reports
of its imminent demise have been as numerous as they have been
exaggerated. Such reports have usually been bolstered by thoughtful
analyses of the fundamental contradictions of capitalism, which
was expected to come sliding—if not crashing—down
under the weight of its own inconsistencies. Leaving aside Karl
Marx's own predictions, twentieth-century analysts as diverse
as Joseph Schumpeter, Daniel Bell, and Jurgen Habermas have
asserted that the contradictions of capitalism could only mean
that its days were numbered. Alas, all that has been established by
these analyses is that predictive failure is no impediment to market
success: either the consumer's demand for such theories of
capitalism's failures is naturally robust, or supply continues
to generate its own demand.
WHAT'S LEFT OF THE WELFARE STATE?
Authors: Miller David
Published: April 2003

What, if anything, is left of the socialist project? One way
of interpreting this question is to ask whether socialism has
bequeathed any permanent legacy to the capitalist
democracies—do they have any features that would not exist
apart from the historical impact of socialism, and that positively
reflect socialist values? If we assume, with the political
consensus of the moment, that full-blown socialism no longer
represents a possible programme for these democracies, perhaps
we can still discover the remains of socialism embedded in their
practices. Or maybe not—that is the question I want to
address.