bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
No evidence that footedness in pheasants influences cognitive performance in tasks assessing colour discrimination and spatial ability
Authors: Whiteside Mark A. , Bess Mackenzie M. , Frasnelli Elisa , Beardsworth Christine E. , Langley Ellis J.G. , van Horik Jayden O. , Madden Joah R.
Published: January 2020

The differential specialization of each side of the brain facilitates the parallel processing of information and has been documented in a wide range of animals. Animals that are more lateralized as indicated by consistent preferential limb use are commonly reported to exhibit superior cognitive ability as well as other behavioural advantages. We assayed the lateralization of 135 young pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), indicated by their footedness in a spontaneous stepping task, and related this measure to individual performance in either 3 assays of visual or spatial learning and memory. We found no evidence that pronounced footedness enhances cognitive ability in any of the tasks. We also found no evidence that an intermediate footedness relates to better cognitive performance. This lack of relationship is surprising because previous work revealed that pheasants have a slight population bias towards right footedness, and when released into the wild, individuals with higher degrees of footedness were more likely to die. One explanation for why extreme lateralization is constrained was that it led to poorer cognitive performance, or that optimal cognitive performance was associated with some intermediate level of lateralization. This stabilizing selection could explain the pattern of moderate lateralization that is seen in most non-human species that have been studied. However, we found no evidence in this study to support this explanation.
Understanding the role of active site residues in CotB2 catalysis using a cluster model
Authors: Raz Keren , Driller Ronja , Brück Thomas , Loll Bernhard , Major Dan T
Published: January 2020

Terpene cyclases are responsible for the initial cyclization cascade in the multistep synthesis of a large number of terpenes. CotB2 is a diterpene cyclase from Streptomyces melanosporofaciens, which catalyzes the formation of cycloocta-9-en-7-ol, a precursor to the next-generation anti-inflammatory drug cyclooctatin. In this work, we present evidence for the significant role of the active site's residues in CotB2 on the reaction energetics using quantum mechanical calculations in an active site cluster model. The results revealed the significant effect of the active site residues on the relative electronic energy of the intermediates and transition state structures with respect to gas phase data. A detailed understanding of the role of the enzyme environment on the CotB2 reaction cascade can provide important information towards a biosynthetic strategy for cyclooctatin and the biomanufacturing of related terpene structures.
The Gaia–ESO Survey: Carbon Abundance in the Galactic Thin and Thick Disks*
Authors: Franchini Mariagrazia , Morossi Carlo , Di Marcantonio Paolo , Chavez Miguel , Adibekyan Vardan Zh. , Bayo Amelia , Bensby Thomas , Bragaglia Angela , Calura Francesco , Duffau Sonia , Gonneau Anais , Heiter Ulrike , Kordopatis Georges , Romano Donatella , Sbordone Luca , Smiljanic Rodolfo , Tautvaišienė Gražina , Swaelmen Mathieu Van der , Mena Elisa Delgado , Gilmore Gerry , Randich Sofia , Carraro Giovanni , Hourihane Anna , Magrini Laura , Morbidelli Lorenzo , Sousa Sérgio , Clare Worley C.
Published: January 2020

This paper focuses on carbon, which is one of the most abundant elements in the universe and is of high importance in the field of nucleosynthesis and galactic and stellar evolution. The origin of carbon and the relative importance of massive and low- to intermediate-mass stars in producing it is still a matter of debate. We aim at better understanding the origin of carbon by studying the trends of [C/H], [C/Fe], and [C/Mg] versus [Fe/H] and [Mg/H] for 2133 FGK dwarf stars from the fifth Gaia–ESO Survey internal data release (GES iDR5). The availability of accurate parallaxes and proper motions from Gaia DR2 and radial velocities from GES iDR5 allows us to compute Galactic velocities, orbits, absolute magnitudes, and, for 1751 stars, Bayesian-derived ages. Three different selection methodologies have been adopted to discriminate between thin- and thick-disk stars. In all the cases, the two stellar groups show different [C/H], [C/Fe], and [C/Mg] and span different age intervals, with the thick-disk stars being, on average, older than the thin-disk ones. The behaviors of [C/H], [C/Fe], and [C/Mg] versus [Fe/H], [Mg/H], and age all suggest that C is primarily produced in massive stars. The increase of [C/Mg] for young thin-disk stars indicates a contribution from low-mass stars or the increased C production from massive stars at high metallicities due to the enhanced mass loss. The analysis of the orbital parameters R
med and

supports an “inside–out” and “upside–down” formation scenario for the disks of the Milky Way.
Discovery of a Rare Late-type, Low-mass Wolf–Rayet Star in the LMC
Authors: Margon Bruce , Manea Catherine , Williams Robert , Bond Howard E. , Prochaska J. Xavier , Szymański Michał K. , Morrell Nidia
Published: January 2020

We report the serendipitous discovery of an object, UVQS J060819.93−715737.4, with a spectrum dominated by extremely intense, narrow C ii emission lines. The spectrum is similar to those of the very rare, late-type [WC11] low-mass Wolf–Rayet stars. Despite the recognition of these stars as a distinct class decades ago, there remains barely a handful of Galactic members, all of which are also planetary-nebula central stars. Although no obvious surrounding nebulosity is present in J0608, [O ii], [N ii], and [S ii] emission suggest the presence of an inconspicuous, low-excitation nebula. There is low-amplitude incoherent photometric variability on timescales of days to years, as well as numerous prominent P Cygni profiles, implying mass loss. There are indications of a binary companion. The star is located on the outskirts of the LMC, and the observed radial velocity (∼+250 km s−1) and proper motion strongly suggest membership. If indeed an LMC member, this is the first extragalactic late [WC] star, and the first with an accurately determined luminosity, as the Galactic examples are too distant for precise parallax determinations. A high-quality, broad-coverage spectrum of the prototype of the late [WC] class, CPD −56° 8032, is also presented. We discuss different excitation mechanisms capable of producing the great strength of the C ii emission. Numerous autoionizing levels of C ii are definitely populated by processes other than dielectronic recombination. Despite the spectacular emission spectra, observational selection makes objects such as these difficult to discover. Members of the [WC11] class may in fact be considerably more common than the handful of previously known late [WC] stars.
Search for Nearby Earth Analogs. II. Detection of Five New Planets, Eight Planet Candidates, and Confirmation of Three Planets around Nine Nearby M Dwarfs*
Authors: Feng Fabo , Butler R. Paul , Shectman Stephen A. , Crane Jeffrey D. , Vogt Steve , Chambers John , Jones Hugh R. A. , Wang Sharon Xuesong , Teske Johanna K. , Burt Jenn , Díaz Matías R. , Thompson Ian B.
Published: January 2020

Zechmeister et al. surveyed 38 nearby M dwarfs from 2000 to 2007 March with VLT2 and the Ultraviolet and Visual Echelle Spectrograph (UVES) spectrometer. These data have recently been reanalyzed, yielding a significant improvement in the Doppler velocity precision. Spurred by this, we have combined the UVES data with velocity sets from High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher, Magellan/Planet Finder Spectrograph, and Keck/High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer. Sixteen planet candidates have been uncovered orbiting nine M dwarfs. Five of them are new planets corresponding to radial velocity signals, which are not sensitive to the choice of noise models and are identified in multiple data sets over various time spans. Eight candidate planets require additional observation to be confirmed. We also confirm three previously reported planets. Among the new planets, GJ 180 d and GJ 229A c are super-Earths located in the conservative habitable zones of their host stars. We investigate their dynamical stability using the Monte Carlo approach and find both planetary orbits are robust to the gravitational perturbations of the companion planets. Due to their proximity to the Sun, the angular separation between the host stars and the potentially habitable planets in these two systems is 25 and 59 mas, respectively. They are thus good candidates for future direct imaging by James Webb Space Telescope and E-ELT. In addition, we find GJ 433 c, a cold super-Neptune belonging to an unexplored population of Neptune-like planets. With a separation of 0.″5 from its host star, GJ 433 c is probably the first realistic candidate for the direct imaging of cold Neptunes. A comprehensive survey of these planets is important for the studies of planet formation.
Scorzonera sensu lato (Asteraceae, Cichorieae) – taxonomic reassessment in the light of new molecular phylogenetic and carpological analyses
Authors: Zaika Maxim A. , Kilian Norbert , Jones Katy , Krinitsina Anastasiya A. , Nilova Maya V. , Speranskaya Anna S. , Sukhorukov Alexander P.
Published: January 2020

Scorzonera comprises 180–190 species and belongs to the subtribe Scorzonerinae. Its circumscription has long been the subject of debate and available molecular phylogenetic analyses affirmed the polyphyly of Scorzonera in its wide sense. We provide a re-evaluation of Scorzonera and other related genera, based on carpological (including anatomical) and extended molecular phylogenetic analyses. We present, for the first time, a comprehensive sampling, including Scorzonera in its widest sense and all other genera recognised in the Scorzonerinae. We conducted phylogenetic analyses using Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses, based on sequences of the nuclear ribosomal ITS and of two plastid markers (partial rbcL and matK) and Maximum Parsimony for reconstructing the carpological character states at ancestral nodes. Achene characters, especially related to pericarp anatomy, such as general topography of the tissue types, disposition of the mechanical tissue and direction of its fibres, presence or absence of air cavities, provide, in certain cases, support for the phylogenetic lineages revealed. Confirming the polyphyly of Scorzonera, we propose a revised classification of the subtribe, accepting the genera Scorzonera (including four major clades: Scorzonera s. str., S. purpurea, S. albicaulis and Podospermum), Gelasia, Lipschitziagen. nov. (for the Scorzonera divaricata clade), Pseudopodospermum, Pterachaenia (also including Scorzonera codringtonii), Ramaliellagen. nov. (for the S. polyclada clade) and Takhtajaniantha. A key to the revised genera and a characterisation of the genera and major clades are provided.
1. Monnaies alternatives et économies ordinaires
Authors: Blanc Jérôme
Published: January 2020

Depuis les années 1980 se développent des innovations monétaires par et pour les populations avec un ancrage territorial marqué. Ces « technologies sociales » ont pour objet de transformer leurs conditions de vie, avec cependant des visées variables : la construction de communautés conviviales et participatives, l’amélioration des revenus des ménages, le financement d’activités et de projets locaux, la soutenabilité. Elles promeuvent des circuits courts monétaires en mobilisant plusieurs formes de proximité. Ce texte présente succinctement les dynamiques à l’œuvre au travers de quatre types de monnaies alternatives : systèmes d’échange local, banques de temps, monnaies locales inconvertibles et monnaies locales convertibles.
4. L’épargne des invisibles
Authors: Perrin-Heredia Ana
Published: January 2020

Les inégalités en matière d’épargne sont indiscutablement liées aux inégalités de revenu. Celles-ci influent non seulement sur le volume de l’épargne mais aussi sur la fréquence de ces pratiques, sur la proportion de revenu épargné ainsi que sur la rentabilité des placements qui en découle. Mais, ces inégalités se trouvent comme accrues par les mesures statistiques de l’épargne. Les implicites qu’elles contiennent (nature de l’arbitrage opéré avec la consommation, temporalité et forme de l’épargne) conduisent en effet à minimiser l’ampleur, la durée et la nature des efforts à consentir pour y parvenir dans ces conditions d’existence et, ce faisant, contribuent à renforcer les inégalités en la matière.
5. La monnaie est-elle devenue sa propre fin ?
Authors: Couppey-Soubeyran Jézabel
Published: January 2020

La monnaie ne fait pas que faciliter l’échange, elle en est constitutive et toutes ses fonctions l’y vouent. Mais, ambivalente, la monnaie peut aussi être désirée pour elle-même, devenant alors un pur objet d’accumulation détourné de sa finalité première. Ce détournement est peut-être le propre du capitalisme. Il est patent dans le capitalisme financiarisé né dans les années 1970-1980, dans la mesure où la monnaie peut s’y accumuler sans même transiter par la sphère non financière (celle de l’économie réelle). Les banques centrales ne se donnent guère les moyens d’y remédier. Leur contrôle au mieux très indirect sur la circulation monétaire dans les espaces très financiarisés pourrait s’affaiblir encore si les cryptomonnaies venaient à se développer.
9. L’argent caché : paradis fiscaux, optimisation et évasion fiscale
Authors: Laffitte Sébastien
Published: January 2020

Pourquoi évoque-t-on les paradis fiscaux lorsqu’on se demande où est l’argent  ? « Trous noirs » des flux de capitaux mondiaux, les paradis fiscaux font débat quant à leur définition. Néanmoins, la problématique de l’évasion fiscale a fait l’objet d’une attention accrue ces dernières années, tant dans le discours politique que dans les travaux académiques. Au-delà des pertes qu’ils engendrent du point de vue des gouvernements, les paradis fiscaux génèrent des asymétries de possibilités, notamment à l’avantage des entreprises multinationales et des plus riches individus, qui se caractérisent donc par de forts effets distributifs. La position des pays dans la lutte contre l’évasion fiscale et la difficulté de rétablir une justice fiscale sont éclairés par l’histoire de ces juridictions : ceux-ci semblent s’être développés en parallèle de l’économie capitaliste moderne et parfois accompagnés et couverts par les plus riches pays du monde.
15. Le marquage différentiel de l’argent des impôts : visibilité et invisibilité des inégalités fiscales
Authors: Spire Alexis
Published: January 2020

En France, les inégalités fiscales ont longtemps été tenues à l’écart du débat public, soit parce que leur développement a été occulté par la croissance économique, soit parce que leur ampleur a été voilée par une multiplication de dérogations et d’exemptions. Pourtant, l’impôt est progressivement devenu un enjeu central du débat politique selon une mise en perspective qui focalise l’attention du public sur certains prélèvements et laisse dans l’ombre certaines injustices. Ce marquage différentiel de l’argent des impôts contribue en grande partie à pérenniser un système qui repose sur d’importantes inégalités de prélèvement mais qui rend possible une importante redistribution.
Éthique de la croyance, confiance et valeur épistémique
Authors: Sauvayre Romy
Published: January 2020

Une croyance scientifique anxiogène, stipulant que le vaccin contre la rougeole serait susceptible de causer l’autisme des enfants inoculés, fut abondamment diffusée et discutée à partir de 1998. Cette croyance eut un retentissement tel qu’elle fit reculer la couverture vaccinale mondiale. Sachant qu’entre 1998 et 2004, la communauté scientifique était aux prises avec une vive controverse concernant les preuves de l’innocuité de ce vaccin, nous questionnerons la justification et l’adhésion des chercheurs, des journalistes, et des parents d’enfants soumis à une obligation vaccinale. Quelles sont les obligations épistémiques de ces acteurs sociaux en l’absence de preuves scientifiques suffisantes ? Comment résolvent-ils ce problème d’absence de preuves pour justifier leur choix vaccinal ? L’éthique de la croyance sera donc interrogée à partir d’un cas sociohistorique contemporain qui favorise l’exploration des mécanismes de la croyance, de la connaissance, de la confiance et de l’attribution différenciée de valeurs épistémiques dans un contexte où la preuve était difficile à établir
Penser la croyance à la lumière du témoignage
Authors: Marin Pascal
Published: January 2020

Nous proposons d’aborder dans ces lignes la question de la croyance en la parole d’un autre au prisme du témoignage. Non pas le témoignage-preuve qui est référé à une vérité objective, mais le témoignage-récit de vie de qui, ayant traversé un segment d’expérience intense, atteste à quiconque l’entend la conviction qu’il en a reçue. Cette forme du témoignage, très vivante dans la culture, doit respecter certains critères pour être crédible. Ils la différencient du témoignage-preuve. En particulier si celui-ci se doit d’être le plus factuel possible et devient suspect à être animé d’une puissance esthétique, le témoignage-récit de vie non seulement s’accommode de la fiction, mais il ne peut être authentique qu’à procéder d’une créativité dans la langue. Le respect de cette critériologie ne garantit toutefois pas sa réception. Il s’avance sans preuves et demande à être cru. Celui qui le reçoit est invité alors au travail d’une clarification personnelle, qui seule viendra vérifier pour lui la validité du témoignage. Il ne s’agit pas là d’une vérité générale, qui conformerait à une pensée commune, mais d’une vérité singularisante, ouvrant celui qui l’accueille à son propre soi.
La pédagogie ou comment (bien) faire avec nos croyances éducatives
Authors: Lorius Vincent
Published: January 2020

Les croyances ne présentent que peu d’attraits. Elles nous rendent à la fois simplistes et dogmatiques en nous engageant dans un rapport au réel orienté et dénué de vigilance. Par là, elles tendent à nous faire rejoindre des communautés de croyants qui portent le même regard que nous sur le monde, ce qui réduit encore notre capacité de libre arbitre. Dans le domaine de l’éducation scolaire, qui est l’objet de cet article, ces piètres qualités se manifestent par le recours à des conceptions et mises en œuvre à la fois figées et peu adaptées aux élèves. Il faut sans doute comprendre ces recherches de certitudes comme le moyen de faire face au quotidien de la prise en charge des élèves. Il se pourrait donc que les croyances soient parfois une condition de l’action en nous permettant de trouver des arrangements avec le réel, c’est-à-dire en réduisant la complexité apparente de celui-ci. Se prémunir des faiblesses de la croyance tout en en conservant l’aspect opératoire revient, pour les éducateurs, à rechercher une posture permettant d’agir avec justesse, en faveur des jeunes qui leur sont confiés, dans un environnement complexe. Il se trouve que la construction de cette délicate alchimie peut être heureusement éclairée par la pédagogie. C’est pourquoi nous envisagerons la possibilité que, non seulement les croyances éducatives ont besoin de la pensée pédagogique pour contribuer positivement au processus éducatif, mais également que la pédagogie a besoin de croyances pour opérer.
An Alternative to Conventional Recession
Authors: Nelson Leonard B.
Published: January 2020

EXCERPT

Techniques to weaken extraocular muscles have changed over the years. Hang-back recession offers several advantages over conventional recession. The partial-thickness scleral suture pass occurs in the relatively thicker sclera at the muscle insertion, as opposed to in the thinner sclera posterior to the muscle insertion. Theoretically, this reduces the risk of deep needle pass into the suprachoroidal or intravitreal spaces. The ease of exposure and the improved location of scleral suture passes make hang-back recession preferable to conventional surgery.
Koliko se lahko približamo željam javnosti za občutno zmanjšanje rabe pesticidov v kmetijski pridelavi in kakšne učinke prinaša uvajanje alternativnih pristopov zatiranja škodljivih organizmov? / How much closer can we get to the public‘s desire for a ...
Authors: Lešnik Mario
Published: January 2020

IZVLEČEKKoliko se lahko približamo željam javnosti za občutno zmanjšanje rabe pesticidov v kmetijski pridelavi in kakšne učinke prinaša uvajanje alternativnih pristopov zatiranja škodljivih organizmov? V članku so predstavljene nekatere okoliščine odnosa javnosti do postopkov registracije in regulacije rabe fitofarmacevtskih sredstev (FFS) v EU, zahteve po zmanjšanju porabe FFS, možnosti za zmanjšanje porabe FFS in nekateri učinki uvajanja alternativnih metod zatiranja škodljivih organizmov. Znanstveni razvoj na področju varstva rastlin je zagotovil veliko novih sredstev in metod za nekemično zatiranje ŠO, vendar uporaba le teh trenutno ne omogoča popolnega prenehanja rabe kemičnih FFS. Ena od ovir za obsežno zmanjšanje rabe kemičnih FFS je manjša ekonomska učinkovitost zatiranja ŠO z uporabo alternativnih metod in sredstev ter premajhna prilagoditev kmetijskih ekosistemov za izvedbo metod biotičnega varstva (spremembe pri obdelavi tal, v kolobarju, pri gojenju dosevkov, vzdrževanju robnih habitatov). Ključne besede: pesticidi, hrana, varstvo rastlin, škodljivi organizmi, zatiranjeABSTRACTHow much closer can we get to the public‘s desire for a significant reduction in the use of pesticides in agricultural production and what are the effects of introducing alternative approaches to the control of organisms harmful to plants? The article presents some of the conditions of public attitudes to the procedures for registration and regulation of the use of plant protection products (PPP) in the EU, the requirements for reducing the use of PPP, the possibilities for reducing the consumption of PPP and some of the effects of introducing alternative methods of pest, weed and disease control. Scientific developments in the field of plant protection have provided many new means and methods for non-chemical pest control, but the use of these currently does not allow the complete abandonment of the use of chemical PPPs. One of the obstacles to the extensive reduction in the use of chemical PPPs is the lower economic efficiency of the control of pests using alternative methods and resources and the lack of adaptation of agricultural ecosystems for the implementation of biological protection methods (changes in soil cultivation, in crop rotation, in cultivation of cover crops and in the maintenance of habitats surrounding production plots). Key words: pesticides, food, plant protection, plant pests, pest control
Plant pests and disease detection using optical sensors / Daljinsko zaznavanje rastlinskih bolezni in škodljivcev
Authors: Žibrat Uroš , Knapič Matej , Urek Gregor
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTTraditional agricultural plant pest and disease management practices are based on visible characteristics and require that plants are checked individually, making these practices time consuming and therefore costly. Plant pests and diseases also often exhibit a heterogeneous distribution, making detection more difficult. Remote sensing methods enable comparatively accurate detection of pests and diseases over larger areas. Furthermore, because remote sensing sensors utilize light outside the human visible spectrum, presymptomatic detection becomes possible, thus facilitating timely, appropriate and spatially accurate management practices. Because remote sensing systems generate large amount of data, novel data analysis methods, such as machine learning, were introduced to plant protection. While pest and disease detection is possible using individual sensors, best results can be obtained by combining different sensors, utilizing different spectral ranges or physiological responses to light. A large amount of data and information has been generated in the past, but this research has mostly been focused on individual pathogens. Future research will have to focus on combined infections or infestations, and include abiotic stressors as well. Key words: Remote sensing, plant protection, hyperspectral, multispectral, thermal, fluorescence, precision agriculture IZVLEČEKVelikokrat tradicionalni pristopi varstva rastlin pred rastlinskimi boleznimi in škodljivci temeljijo na vidnih simptomih, ki vključuje redno pregledovanje posameznih rastlin. Postopki so zato lahko dolgotrajni in s tem dragi. Bolezni in škodljivci imajo v prostoru pogosto heterogeno razporeditev, kar otežuje njihovo odkrivanje. Metode daljinskega zaznavanja omogočajo razmeroma natančno odkrivanje škodljivcev in bolezni na večjih območjih. Ker uporabljajo senzorji daljinskega zaznavanja tudi svetlobo izven nam vidnega spektra, je možno tudi zgodnje odkrivanje, t.j. odkrivanje pred razvojem vidnih znakov bolezni. To omogoča pravočasno, ustrezno in prostorsko natančno upravljanje z boleznimi in škodljivci. Sistemi daljinskega zaznavanja ustvarjajo velike količine podatkov, zato so bile v varstvo rastlin uvedene sodobne metode za analizo podatkov, na primer strojno učenje. Čeprav je možno zaznava bolezni in škodljivcev z uporabo posameznih senzorjev, lahko dosežemo najboljše rezultate z združevanjem različnih senzorjev, torej z uporabo različnih spektralnih območij ali fizioloških odzivov na svetlobo. Dosedanje raziskave so bile osredotočene na posamezne škodljivce in bolezni. Prihodnje raziskave se bodo morale osredotočiti na kombinirane okužbe ter vključevati tudi abiotske stresorje. Ključne besede: daljinsko zaznavanje, varstvo rastlin, hiperspekter, multispekter, toplotno slikanje, fluorescenca, precizno kmetijstvo
Relevance of Strategic Management of Human Resources in Travel Agencies
Authors: Ramirez-Salazar Maria Del Pilar , Ovalle-Mora Omar Orlando , Salcedo-Perez Carlos , Perez-Uribe Rafael Ignacio
Published: January 2020

The strategic organizational direction must deal with the causes that give rise to changes in the organizations in each of their levels. The strategy is affected by the principles, values, and interests of all those who have power in their environment. This chapter reports the results obtained in the Relevance dimension, achieved during more than 3 years of theoretical and applied research that has taken place as a result of the Responsible Integral Management Model (GIR) based on the Human Resources of the companies of the tourism sector, as in the Colombian case.
Strategy for ICT Adoption in SMEs
Authors: Baporikar Neeta
Published: January 2020

Adoption of ICT can help SMEs cut costs by improving their internal processes, improving their product through faster communication with their customers. In retrospect, even with such information as indicated above, and the importance of ICT as an enabler to other sectors and to economic development having long been recognized, SMEs seem slow in its adoption and use as compared to other sectors. While there has been growth in ICT use by large enterprises to gain a competitive edge, there is little evidence of its adoption and use by SMEs which continue to be faced by limited access to information and markets. As a result of this phenomenon, the study into deterrents of ICT adoption by SMEs is warranted. By adopting descriptive research design, the study employed stratified random sampling technique, the target population for the study being auto components manufacturing SMEs within Pune region in India.
4-Helix Entrepreneurial Ecosystems Applied to KIBS
Authors: Saiz-Alvarez Jose Manuel
Published: January 2020

This chapter studies how 4-helix entrepreneurial ecosystems determine KIBS (Knowledge Intensive Business Services) mainly created by second- and third-generation family firms, and how their family and non-family members influence future entrepreneurs. The answers of 535 full-time students ages 18-24 years old, randomly distributed between men and women, were analyzed. Findings of this chapter are: a) Mothers have the highest impact (39.4%) on their children's decision making compared to fathers (22.4%); b) Professors have the least impact (3.8%); c) Franchises is a good option for business to grow; d) Firms using 3-F (family, friends, and self-financing) strategies and treasury stock operations have a better chance of growing.
Create Value in Family Business SMEs in Colombia
Authors: Urbano Helder Barahona
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses on the identification of the factors of linkage of the successors in the Colombian SMEs Family Companies located in Bogotá D.C. and the understanding of the existing relationships between the factors of linkage of the successors with the processes of creation of value. The general methodological framework is the result of three research proposals that are assumed as guiding theory and that contribute to the design of the instrument for the study of the modes, the moments, and the motivation of the successors to enter the companies. The sample of qualitative type analyzed corresponds to 10 companies and considers the criteria of legality and formality pertinent. The investigation allowed to identify factors in the modes, moments, and motivation of entry of the successors and to argue that there is a relationship between the factors of linkage of the successors with the processes of creation of value in the SME Family Businesses located in Bogota.
The Productivity of SMEs in Mexico and Their Effect on Innovation
Authors: Vargas-Hernández José G. , Lopez Vania Yareny , Bautista Gabriela Muratalla
Published: January 2020

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Mexico represent one of the main entities of economic activity that supports the bulk of the Mexican population. Using statistics as a fundamental tool for conducting studies in the economic, natural, health sciences, among other fields, allows us to have proactive foundations for decision making within companies by senior executives and in the public field by officials responsible for promoting the growth of the industry in our country. This chapter represents, under a statistical scheme, the use and disposition of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) as a tool to increase average productivity levels within companies and under the Cobb production function. The ICT impact is also determined.
Digital Threats and Attacks on the Philippine Alternative Press
Authors: Tuazon Ramon R. , Torres Therese Patricia San Diego
Published: January 2020

In the Philippines, the assault on the press has gone digital. While Filipino journalists continue to face physical, verbal, and legal threats and attacks, cyber-attacks and online harassment/trolling were identified in 2018 as the second worst threat against them, after low wages and poor working conditions, according to the International Federation of Journalists and the Southeast Asia Journalist Unions. Websites of news outlets have also been hacked and taken down. These challenges make the press vulnerable to self-censorship and may even lead to fatal outcomes. This chapter seeks to fill the gap in the literature on the digital types of assault on the Philippine alternative press, focusing on the experience of alternative news media outlets—independent media particularly critical of the government. It explores the range of such threats and attacks and the responses, legal frameworks, and remedies in place that are used to combat dangers of this nature.
Shooting the Messenger, Slowly, but Surely
Authors: Sohal Prabhjot
Published: January 2020

India ranks 140th among 180 countries worldwide in the World Press Freedom Index (WPFI), according to the 2019 report by Reporters Without Borders (RSF). In 2018, India was 138th in the same index and 136th in 2016. For the media of the world's largest democracy, this is disconcerting. The slide in the country's press freedom ranking is indicative of a complex and hostile social, political, and economic environment pushing at the boundaries of media that is struggling to perform independently as the fourth estate. This chapter takes a critical look at imminent threats to freedom of speech and expression faced by the Indian media in the contemporary situation. The first objective of the chapter is to identify diverse threats to the Indian media, specifically journalism. The second objective is to trace both immediate as well as distal factors that breed hostility towards the media, with a focus on press laws and constitutional provisions in India.
What Dampen the Indonesian Journalists' Freedom and Safety in the Post-Soeharto New Order?
Authors: Parahita Gilang Desti , Ahmad Nyarwi
Published: January 2020

This study investigates factors that dampens the Indonesian journalists' freedom and safety in the Post-Soeharto's New Order. To address this research objective, relevant journal articles have been scrutinized. And the in-depth interview data have been derived from the interviews of a former member of the Indonesian Press Council and four journalists who served four prominent Indonesian mainstream media including TEMPO, the Jakarta Post, Metro TV and CNN Indonesia. These data have been analysed using the qualitative and thematic analysis.
Network Analysis of Destination Management Organization Smart Tourism Ecosystem (STE) for E-Branding and Marketing of Tourism Destinations
Authors: Dogra Jeet , Kale Sachin Shivaji
Published: January 2020

In the current decade, there is a drastic increase in the active social network users which simultaneously raised the interest of destination management organizations (DMOs) to increase their e-visibility on social network sites (SNS), specifically to promote their tourism destinations. The main aim of DMOs is to reach the target market and create a brand image of the destination to increase the tourist footfalls. The purpose of this chapter will be to analyze the utilization of Instagram as a network of smart tourism ecosystem by state tourism boards in India. The network analysis will be done between state tourism boards by using UCINET 6 which is a software package developed for social network analysis. This chapter will give an insight into the Instagram account used by states tourism boards for the promotion of their respective tourist destinations. The findings of the study will help to improve the utilization of SNS for online content creations, managing the social media campaigns, marketing, branding and promotions of tourism destinations.
Role of Social Media in Travel Planning and Tourism Destination Decision Making
Authors: Chilembwe James Malitoni , Gondwe Frank Wadilika
Published: January 2020

Today, tourism firms use social media to communicate and inform their clients about tourism destination offerings. Trip planners are utilizing social media to make informed decision making about tourists' destinations. With information technology and social media, travelers can get updates on their booked flights and hotels at a tourist destination. The growth of social media usage in tourism industry influences most of the firms to start adopting using social media. This chapter, therefore, focuses on the role of social media in travel planning and tourism destination decision making. It evaluates five cases whereby clients' use travel planning decisions but also changes or curtail plans as a result of social media communication. The survey study uses a simple random sampling procedure and interviewed 792 travelers using a structured questionnaire in ten tourist destinations covering developed and developing countries. The key results revealed that 92% of travelers make a booking but also change or curtail travel planning decisions for holidays through social media alerts.
Deepening the Use of Social Media and Tourism Travel Behaviour
Authors: Ribeiro de Almeida Cláudia , Ramos Célia M.Q. , Alonso Almeida Maria del Mar , Fernandes Paula Odete , Gamarra Lucas Estrada
Published: January 2020

The Internet has transformed people's daily lives, not only in the search of information but above all giving the possibility of buying several products and services in a quick and easy way. Social networks have emerged as the quintessential medium for sharing experiences and communicating tourist information to all players in the tourism distribution chain. Today, we can sell, search, consume, connect, and share experiences related to our travel or services on different social media platforms and some online communities that share the same interests. The focus of this chapter is to point out the use of social media along the travel process in order to understand the behaviour of tourists before, during, and after trip. Having in mind the travel decision-making process the authors prepared a questionnaire with several questions spread through Facebook and answered by 95 people. The authors present the results and main conclusions in the chapter.
Impacts of Social Media on Business Value and Performance
Authors: Della Corte Valentina , Umachandran Krishnan , Sepe Fabiana , Nevola Giuliana , Periasamy Amuthalakshmi
Published: January 2020

The aim of this chapter is to study the main impacts of social media on business value and performance. ICT can be a resource in resource-based perspective, becoming itself a possible source of competitive advantage (in terms of performance and value creation). A proactively tailored organization strategy can drive the people, processes, and systems, harmoniously pulling all the stakeholders in unison. Social media can bring in the commitment of the workforce and ensure involved, flexible, innovative working practices, improving the quality of work. When properly used, they can build organizations to more flexible structures, sharing services, competitiveness and interdependencies. The business processes can be harmonized by standard operating procedures, automated systems of agreed quality, prime up the competency development and facilitate clear career paths. Refining suppleness to work in tune to market demands and supplementing employee satisfaction can foster the development of individual accountability leading to leadership evolution.
The Innovative Social Technologies and Their Impact on Knowledge Management Processes
Authors: Mazurek Marica
Published: January 2020

Innovative social technologies, especially new communication technologies, allows for improving knowledge management processes. One of the managerial tools of communication in specific places are different e-technologies as well as artificial intelligence, which could be used in the consumer approach process as well as the supply side approach. The concept of ambient intelligence means a creation of the clusters of intelligence of high-tech environments—artificial intelligence, business modeling, and brand models application. This concept corresponds to the new age based on the “mobilization of ideas, knowledge and expectations” and technologies, which can be used also in branding, as for instance, experience economy concepts. The proposed chapter will deal with the concepts of the innovative social technologies and branding approaches in form of different models. This is a conceptual research approach, which can be applied in the exploratory study in several countries or used for specific research purposes.
A Conceptual Framework to Understand Online Destination Images
Authors: Gedikoglu Zeynep A. , Backman Sheila J. , Mazer Joseph P. , Backman Kenneth F.
Published: January 2020

This chapter proposes a new conceptual model to understand the construction of online destination images. This will lead to a more accurate and realistic portrayal of how destination images are created, and allow destination managers (and other stakeholders) to better understand the images promoted, and how these comport with the actual experience of users. The model integrates a sequential and mixed methods approach, enabling a conceptualization of how user generated content (UGC) is utilized to formulate and construct destination images.
Co-Creating an Integrative Framework to Enhance the Museum Experience of Blind and Visually Impaired Visitors
Authors: Vaz Roberto Ivo Fernandes
Published: January 2020

Millions of people with vision impairments worldwide still experience many barriers when visiting museum exhibitions, given the tenacious ocular centricity of these institutions and the lack of assistive technologies that promote multisensory exhibit design. It is urgent to give priority to issues related to the accessibility of those patrons in museums, as well as their social inclusion, considering that visual impairment is a diverse spectrum. This chapter aims to research blind and visually impaired visitors' experiences in these institutions and presents a proposal of an integrative framework, co-created based on semi-structured interviews conducted with 29 individuals from Portugal. It concluded that sensory, intellectual and physical access must be integrated into the pre-visit, on-site visit and post-visit phases of interaction with cultural institutions, in order to promote a sense of autonomy to visually impaired individuals.
Accessible@tourism 4.0
Authors: Teixeira Pedro , Teixeira Leonor , Eusébio Celeste
Published: January 2020

This chapter describes how Tourism 4.0 is a concept that combines tourism and the fourth industrial revolution, and although the literature in this field is very scarce, this concept has been explored in some research projects, such as the government-sponsored research project in Slovenian tourism. People with various kinds of access requirements represent a combination of challenges and opportunities for the tourism industry. Tourism 4.0 set up the main goals of making tourism accessible to everyone at any time. Therefore, this new phenomenon may have an essential role in the development of accessible tourism. The adoption of technological components in accessible tourism enables the development of a new technological solution that can facilitate access to tourism products for disabled people, contributing to the development of accessible tourism. The new term Accessible@Tourism 4.0 is the answer to the role of the fourth industrial revolution in accessible tourism, emphasizing the effect of Industry 4.0 components in the tourism sector.
How Web 3.0 Tourism Students See the 1.0 Higher Education System
Authors: Martins José Alexandre , Lopes Romeu , Roque Vitor
Published: January 2020

Social media does not seem to easily fit in the higher education system. The Web 3.0 students use social networks on a daily basis, however, 1.0 higher education institutions are not taking advantage of these tools. There are some institutional constraints, pedagogical issues, and cultural resistance for its adoption. A survey directed to Portuguese Higher Education students was held, aiming to identify social networks' use either in a personal and academic context. Results show that social networks are under-exploited in the teaching-learning process, both by students and also their teachers. They are both aware of the platforms and applications but are rarely used for an academic purpose. The study raises important issues and gives practical examples for effective use of social media in education. In order to address these challenges and opportunities wisely, it is necessary an effective engagement in social media by students, professors, and all the academic staff.
Local Accommodation Establishments' Strategies in Social Media
Authors: Costa Rui , Dinis Gorete , Seabra Raquel
Published: January 2020

Tourism is a phenomenon of contemporary society, being one of the economic sectors where information has an essential function and where the impact of social media had more evidence. Digital technologies are increasingly present in life and have radically changed the way people think, make decisions and interact. Consumers are more demanding and informed, supporting their buying decisions in the online world. These changes also have implications in the tourism sector and in the promotion of tourist destinations. Given this new paradigm, the local accommodation units, as the most recent accommodation modality, have registered a remarkable growth and due to the characteristics of the activity itself, have to accompany and adapt to this new reality. The present work intends to analyze how Local Accommodation units in Aveiro use the Internet, and in particular the applications of social media in their communication strategies, as well as the importance they give to this reality of the digital world.
Understanding the Role of Social Networks in Consumer Behavior in Tourism
Authors: Ferreira Luís , Sousa Bruno Barbosa
Published: January 2020

This research seeks to understand the type of influence that the hotel sector in Portugal can achieve in its consumers, being the tourism sector an area in constant growth. To that end, a qualitative methodology was adopted, using semi-structured interviews, as a data collection tool to understand the type of use that hotels attribute to social networks, as well as the results obtained from their practices. In the investigation nine hotels were analyzed, presenting a diversified sample between the participants in terms of capacity, as well as recognition, proving that, in a general way, social networks help in the divulgation of the hotel, presenting these as a direct channel for consumers, facilitating brand exposure as well as interaction with customers.
Modeling of flow uniformity by installing inlet distributor within the inflow part of a pressurized module using computational fluid dynamics
Authors: Choi Changkyoo , Lee Chulmin , Kim In S.
Published: January 2020

Uniform flow distribution is a significant parameter for designing pressurized membrane modules because non-uniform flow distribution can cause serious local flux and fouling problems within a module. Thus, this study investigated the fluid behavior with regards to the evenness of water distribution using newly designed inlet distributors in the inflow part of a pressurized membrane module. From the results of velocity and pressure at the cross-sectional and outlet planes, we confirmed that a conventional membrane module with no distributor (non-distributor) had fluid that was concentrated at the central part. Case 1, which had a cross-shaped distributor, reduced the central concentration tendency, and Case 2, which had a round-shaped distributor, displayed a relatively uniform flow based on the velocity, pressure, flux, and standard deviation data. Here, the non-uniformity coefficient (N) and energy utilization (η) for Cases 1 and 2 showed a lower non-uniformity coefficient (0.030 and 0.017, respectively) than for the Non-distributor (0.039). The energy utilization of Cases 1 and 2 were higher (1.35e-0.5 and 1.46e-05) than the Non-distributor (1.64e-05). Overall, we confirmed that the inlet distributors led to increased evenness of flow distribution within an inflow part.
Effect of kinematic viscosity variation with blended-oil biodiesel on engine performance and exhaust emission in a power tiller engine
Authors: Woo Duk Gam , Kim Tae Han
Published: January 2020

The optimum conditions for producing biodiesel by combining beef tallow, a waste resource with high saturated fatty acid content, and soybean oil, which has high unsaturated fatty acid content, were investigated. Furthermore, the kinematic viscosity reduction effects of biodiesel by using heating and ultrasonic irradiation were verified, and their impacts on engine performance and exhaust emissions were evaluated. The result shows that the optimum production conditions are a blend ratio of TASO3 (soybean oil to tallow blend ratio of 7:3) and a methanol to oil molar ratio of 12:1. Kinematic viscosity reduction experiment results showed that the kinematic viscosity reduction effects of ultrasonic irradiation and heating were similar, but the heating device is considered more effective because it is simpler and cheaper than the ultrasonic device. Experiment results on output performance and exhaust performance showed that the engine performance and exhaust performance of the fuel with reduced kinematic viscosity were higher than those of the untreated fuel. However, the output of biodiesel was lower than those of conventional diesel (CD) due to the low calorific value of biodiesel; the NOx and CO2 emissions of biodiesel were higher than those of CD, but the CO and HC emissions of biodiesel were lower.