bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hearts and Hands
Authors: McCall Thomas H. , Stanglin Keith D.
Published: November 2020

In Chapter 3, we explore some of the theological developments of eighteenth-century Arminianism; here focused attention is given to the very influential, classically orthodox expressions of Arminian theology that are found within early Methodism and especially the thought of John Wesley and his colleagues. A brief examination of religious epistemology leads in turn to a look at the doctrine of the Triune God, the doctrines of creation, and providence. Wesley’s understanding of theological anthropology is then explored further. The heart of Wesley’s theology is soteriology; accordingly, we examine his “scripture way of salvation” and pay close attention to early Methodist understandings of the relationship between justification, regeneration, and sanctification. The chapter concludes with a summary of how Wesley’s theology informed and shaped the Methodist ethos with respect to mission and ethics.
Introduction
Authors: Vallier Kevin
Published: November 2020

Based on recent research, there is probably a negative feedback loop between falling social and political trust and rising political polarization, which this book calls the distrust-divergence hypothesis. The goal of the book, as outlined in the introduction, is to show how liberal institutions can interrupt the feedback loop through policies that increase trust, and that do so in the right way. They do so by recognizing and protecting a range of basic rights that give rise to trust-generating institutions and practices, such as freedom of association, markets, social welfare programs, and democratic governance. Liberal institutions can thereby increase trust, and reduce the destructive aspects of political polarization as a result.
Must Politics Be War Here and Now?
Authors: Vallier Kevin
Published: November 2020

As argued in Must Politics Be War?, it is feasible for some societies to avoid a warlike politics through the appropriate cultivation of social and political trust. This involves establishing societal rules that are mutually acceptable, that is, publicly justified, for each group. These rules prod diverse people to act in ways that signal their fundamental trustworthiness to one another, creating trust between different persons otherwise inclined to tribalism and conflict. These rules, however, must also create trust in the real world with real people, increasing trust for the right reasons. In this way, the aim of this book is to show that some liberal institutions create trust for the right reasons between diverse persons. It is, in this way, also a defense of a form of public reason liberalism.
The Welfare State
Authors: Vallier Kevin
Published: November 2020

The market economy plays a central role in establishing trust for the right reasons. However, a completely free-market economy cannot be justified to nonlibertarians. Most people will endorse some regulations on market activity, and redistributive policies are necessary to improve well-being and deliver economic justice for all. For this reason, some institutions of the welfare state can be publicly justified. We will also see that welfare state measures meant to guarantee economic security have trust-generating properties in the real world, in part because they help spread economic prosperity and economic security to all. So certain aspects of the welfare state should promote trust for the right reasons.
Elections and Process Democracy
Authors: Vallier Kevin
Published: November 2020

This chapter attempts to show that electoral rights, rights to participate in the selection of political officials, create trust for the right reasons. Electoral rights and the resultant democratic practices help to sustain social and political trust in the real world. They are also publicly justified to a diverse public. The arguments herein also support a new kind of democratic theory: process democracy, which seeks to structure different stages of the democratic process in accord with different democratic values. This chapter addresses important work on democratic theory, such as the recent work of Christopher Achen and Larry Bartels and recent developments in designing deliberative institutions.
In the Beginning
Authors: Erlich Henry
Published: November 2020

Chapter 1 reviews the history of DNA analysis for individual identification in criminal cases. The principles underlying Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and their application in the first cases in the US and the UK in the mid-‘80s are discussed. The differences between these two DNA technologies (RFLP and PCR) are discussed and the evolution of new PCR-based genotyping methods for analyzing length and sequence polymorphisms is reviewed. The first DNA exoneration, which used the PCR-based HLA-DQ alpha test, is discussed in the context of exclusionary and inclusionary DNA results. The statistical issues involved in interpreting a match (inclusion) between the genetic profile of the evidence and the reference samples by calculating the Random Match Probability metric is discussed. Finally, the contentious history of the debate about the admissibility of DNA results in the courtroom, known as the “DNA Wars” is reviewed.
Exonerating the Wrongfully Convicted
Authors: Brooks Justin , Moshayedi Desiree
Published: November 2020

Chapter 2 examines the critical role DNA analysis has played in exonerating the wrongfully convicted. Since the first DNA exoneration in 1988 of Gary Dotson, falsely convicted of rape in Illinois, hundreds of people have been exonerated through DNA analysis, including many who were on death row; minority groups have been disproportionately represented (approximately 70%). This chapter examines the various reasons that innocent people have been convicted, including coerced confessions and mistaken eyewitness identifications, and discusses several cases in which DNA evidence led to exoneration. It also discusses the establishment of the innocence movement, from the founding in 1983 of Centurion Ministries, an organization devoted to freeing innocent people from prison; to the formation in 1992 of the Innocence Project, which used DNA to free the innocent; to the global movement of today, in which more than 100 innocence organizations around the world work on reform and litigation.
Analysis of Forensic Mixtures
Authors: Coble Michael , Budowle Bruce , Erlich Henry
Published: November 2020

Chapter 3 discusses the challenges posed by forensic DNA specimens with multiple contributors. These mixed samples from two or more individuals are common in forensic cases, and comparing the profile of a suspect sample with the complex profile of the mixture is one of the most difficult problems in forensic DNA analysis. Mixtures with limited amounts of DNA create particular challenges for interpretation due to the possibility of missing data. The chapter discusses issues with the interpretation of mixed STR profiles, such as “stutter bands” and “allele drop-out.” It reviews specific cases and current approaches to deconvolution of the mixtures, including use of the recently developed software for probability-based statistical analysis of STR profiles and the potential of next generation sequencing. It also examines several statistical approaches to presenting the results of mixture analysis, such as the combined probability of inclusion and the likelihood ratio.
Forensic Genetics, Ethics, Privacy, and Public Policy
Authors: White Thomas J. , Lee Steven B.
Published: November 2020

Chapter 15 covers various ethical issues associated with the use of DNA methods for forensic analyses and human rights investigations. Topics include informed consent and storage issues for samples and profiles; data security and privacy; identification of individuals using aggregate data from forensic, genealogical, research, or clinical databases; the burden of the obligation to report incidental findings that are medically actionable; cultural perspectives on genetic information; government misuse of potentially sensitive DNA data; public policy regarding the validity of pattern/experience evidence; and other non-DNA forensic science disciplines.
Where Great Powers Meet
Authors: Shambaugh David
Published: November 2020

After the end of the Cold War, it seemed as if Southeast Asia would remain a geopolitically stable region within the American imperious for the foreseeable future. In the last two decades, however, the re-emergence of China as a major great power has called into question the geopolitical future of the region and raised the specter of renewed great power competition. As this book shows, the United States and China are engaged in a broad-gauged and global competition for power. While this competition ranges across the entire world, it is centered in Asia, and here this text focuses on the ten countries that comprise Southeast Asia. The United States and China constantly vie for position and influence in this enormously significant region, and the outcome of this contest will do much to determine whether Asia leaves the American orbit after seven decades and falls into a new Chinese sphere of influence. Just as important, to the extent that there is a global “power transition” occurring from the United States to China, the fate of Southeast Asia will be a good indicator. Presently, both powers bring important assets to bear. The United States continues to possess a depth and breadth of security ties, soft power, and direct investment across the region that empirically outweigh China’s. For its part, China has more diplomatic influence, much greater trade, and geographic proximity. In assessing the likelihood of a regional power transition, the book looks at how ASEAN (the Association of Southeast Asian Nations) and the countries within it maneuver between the United States and China and the degree to which they align with one or the other power.
America’s Contemporary Roles in Southeast Asia
Authors: Shambaugh David
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses America’s “contemporary” roles in Southeast Asia. It examines the Obama and Trump administrations’ policies and actions in the region, and considers three categories of the US footprint at present: commerce, security, and soft power/public diplomacy. For Southeast Asia, the United States continues to be an important guarantor of regional security and stability—but its commercial contributions and soft power appeal are also strong attractive features. If America has a pronounced weakness in the region it is in the area of diplomatic engagement. This is not new—as the strategic and economic importance of Northeast Asia and the “tyranny of distance” to Southeast Asia have long conspired to limit Washington’s attention span. The Obama administration was the exception to the rule, as it prioritized ASEAN as never before. The Trump administration does seem to have relatively downgraded the region when compared with the Obama years. Still, this has been a relative downgrading—and, if anything, a return to the more traditional pattern of episodic US (in)attention.
Labor Rights in the Era of Union Decline
Authors: Dixon Marc
Published: November 2020

The conclusion revisits the main findings of the book and considers how important weaknesses unions exhibited in the 1950s matter now in an era marked by union decline and conservative ascendance. The 1950s conflicts over labor rights were more than an interesting side story. Labor never completely conquered the Midwest, where most union members resided during these years. Many of the vulnerabilities unions exhibited then—weak or nonexistent ties to groups outside of the labor movement, ambivalent political allies, inadequate responses to employer mobilization—were magnified in the coming decades, beginning with the economic downturns in the 1970s and continuing to the present day. Contemporary fights over labor rights bear many of the same features of the 1950s conflicts. While state labor movements generally developed more sophisticated political operations over time, enduring labor–community coalitions have proven elusive and are needed now more than ever.
Introduction
Authors: Vatter Miguel
Published: November 2020

This chapter identifies the question of the legitimacy of democratic government as the key site in which the discourse of political theology intervenes. It explains why ‘legitimacy’ is necessarily a politico-theological concept that raises the problem of the representation of a People. It then contextualizes the emergence of political theology in the 20th century as a reaction against the theorems of secularization developed by Karl Marx and Max Weber that point towards the eventual abolition of religion in modern society. The chapter concludes with some methodological considerations derived from the debate between Carl Schmitt and Hans Blumenberg on political theology.
Carl Schmitt and Sovereignty
Authors: Vatter Miguel
Published: November 2020

This chapter reconstructs the origins of political theology in Carl Schmitt’s polemical engagement with the jurisprudence of Hans Kelsen and with the critique of sovereignty in English pluralist political theory. Kelsen sought to dismiss the idea of the state as a legal personality standing above the legal system as the product of an unscientific approach to jurisprudence because reliant on theological analogies with God’s transcendence over nature. This chapter shows that what Schmitt calls ‘political theology’ is a defence of these politico-theological analogies based on the claim that the political unity of a people requires a non-electoral form of representation of divine transcendence. The chapter then discusses Schmitt’s interpretation of Hobbes as recovering for modernity this Christian idea of political representation and compares it with the critique of Hobbes found in English pluralist theory. The chapter ends with a discussion of the debate between Schmitt and the German theologian Erik Peterson on Trinitarianism as ‘Christian’ political theology.
Eric Voegelin and Representation
Authors: Vatter Miguel
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses the political theory of Eric Voegelin as the earliest example of anti-Schmittian political theology based on the rejection of sovereignty. The chapter shows how Voegelin adopts Schmitt’s suggestion that political theology turns on the idea of a non-electoral representation of political unity but rejects Schmitt’s identification of this representative with the sovereign. Voegelin instead argues that ‘democratic’ societies are characterized by a dual system of representation, where philosophical and theological representatives of the transcendent God stand above sovereign representatives. Conversely, ‘totalitarian’ societies are societies that ‘close’ themselves to divine transcendence because they see salvation as a function of enacting immanent social laws. The chapter ends with a discussion of the relation between Voegelin’s idea of non-sovereign representation and contemporary accounts of populism, especially that of Ernesto Laclau.
Ernst Kantorowicz and Government
Authors: Vatter Miguel
Published: November 2020

This chapter offers a novel interpretation of Ernst Kantorowicz’s monumental work on political theology, The King’s Two Bodies. It argues that Kantorowicz’s innovation with respect to Schmitt consists in offering a genealogy of liberal government in opposition to state sovereignty. The chapter shows how this modern idea of government finds its remote origins in the development of a ‘religion of law’ by jurists working for medieval emperors and monarchs in their struggle against the theocratic claims of the Catholic Church. The chapter contextualizes Kantorowicz’s work in the 20th-century Anglo-American debate on the medieval origins of medieval constitutionalism in Bracton. It also discusses the continuing relevance of Kantorowicz’s genealogy of government in the current debate between defenders of national sovereignty and advocates for global constitutionalism.
Introduction
Authors: Reingold Beth
Published: November 2020

Chapter 1 introduces the book’s motivating questions and puzzles about race, gender, and political representation, particularly as they pertain to women of color in the United States. It summarizes and critiques existing research that examines women’s representation with little regard to race/ethnicity or minority representation with little regard to gender and calls for a more intersectional approach. The authors detail what intersectionality as a critical research paradigm entails and how they adapt and apply it to the study of representation in state legislatures. A preview of the remaining chapters follows, outlining the central questions, analyses, and findings of each. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the study’s normative implications for democratic politics and its epistemological implications for the study of race, gender, and political representation.
Conceptions of Group Interests and the Links between Descriptive and Substantive Representation
Authors: Reingold Beth
Published: November 2020

Chapter 3 examines the relationship between descriptive and substantive representation—who among officeholders advocates for whom—by re-evaluating prevailing notions of group interests, with a critical intersectional lens. Do single-axis conceptions of women’s issues, Black interests, and Latinx interests obscure the representational efforts of women of color, especially when they include only narrowly or explicitly defined group-specific concerns? Extensive analysis of policy leadership activity in 15 state houses in 1997 and 2005 shows that women of color are always on the forefront of legislating on behalf of group interests, no matter how they are defined. Their leadership is particularly strong and distinctive on issues of overlapping concern to all three groups, namely, health and education. Ignoring issues of health and education, which are not always framed explicitly in group-specific terms, therefore, will underestimate the leadership of women of color and obscure the complexities of race, gender, and representation.
Welfare Policy Outcomes
Authors: Reingold Beth
Published: November 2020

Research shows that Black and Latinx legislators make a difference in the welfare policies states enact. Do women also make a distinctive contribution? Focusing on state welfare reform in the mid-1990s, Chapter 6 weighs the efficacy of two alternative approaches to answering that question. An additive approach, which treats gender and race/ethnicity as mutually exclusive, suggests that female legislators—regardless of race/ethnicity—will mitigate the more restrictive and punitive aspects of welfare reform, much like their Black and Latinx counterparts do. In contrast, an intersectional approach, which emphasizes the interdependence of gender and race/ethnicity, suggests that legislative women of color will have the strongest countervailing effect on state welfare reform—stronger than that of other women or men of color. The analysis demonstrates that an intersectional approach yields a better understanding of race, gender, and representation: legislative women of color have a distinctive impact on welfare policy in the states.
Conclusion
Authors: Reingold Beth
Published: November 2020

The concluding chapter summarizes the main findings and highlights the book’s contributions to the study of gender, race, and representation and the development of intersectionality as an analytic framework. It reviews, chapter by chapter, the many ways in which the election, activity, and impact of legislative women of color matter, not just for women and minorities, but especially for those situated at the intersections of multiple forms of disempowerment and misrepresentation. Examining politics from the perspective of women of color, this book demonstrates the many complex ways race and gender together shape democratic institutions and the representational opportunities and challenges they present. Little of what the book reveals, however, would have been possible without the critical intersectional approach informing it. Thus, Chapter 7 concludes with a call for more intersectional approaches to investigating questions, both old and new, about political representation and categories of difference.
Neither Heroes nor Saints
Authors: Stangl Rebecca
Published: November 2020

Most of us are far from perfect in virtue. Faced with this fact, moral philosophers can respond in two different ways. On the one hand they might insist that the only real virtue is perfect virtue, and the only right actions are perfectly virtuous ones. Any failure to meet the exacting standards of perfect virtue will amount to vice, and any less than perfectly virtuous actions will be wrong. On the other hand, and if they reject such a rigorist picture, they can instead affirm that there are actions that are truly good and right even if they fall short of perfection. This book urges the attractions of a virtue ethics that is committed to the second sort of picture. In doing so, it makes two major innovations. First, it constructs and defends neo-Aristotelian accounts of supererogation and suberogation. But just as important, and far from encouraging a kind of complacency, the recognition that there can be genuine goodness short of perfection is precisely what opens up theoretical space for appreciating the goodness of striving toward ideal virtue. Thus, the second major innovation this book makes is to show that self-improvement itself can be morally excellent, and that the disposition to seek and engage in it, where appropriate, can itself be a virtue.
The Creative Environment
Authors: Garner Robert , Okuleye Yewande
Published: November 2020

In this chapter, the creative phase of the Oxford Group is documented. It is noted that the experience of the Oxford Group was distinct in two main ways. In the first place, the main paradigm shift in thought—the conversion to vegetarianism and, for some, veganism—occurred very quickly for the individuals in the group as a result of an initial meeting with someone already committed. Second, for many of the participants, this conversion at the formation stage was the sum of their contribution and this was more than enough, for them, to identify as part of a group with, at the time at least, a very radical and pathbreaking outlook. Straddling a detailed coverage of these distinguishing characteristics, the chapter starts by providing a general description of how the group interacted, and ends by demonstrating that there were, in fact, a number of intersecting groups within the whole.
Singer, Hare, and the Role of the Academy
Authors: Garner Robert , Okuleye Yewande
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines the extent to which Peter Singer’s intellectual development can be explained by the formal academic environment. It therefore provides a case study testing the explanatory validity of the research school model (focusing on the hierarchical relationship within an academic setting in which the mentor/protégé relationship is the norm) as opposed to the collaborative circle friendship group model. Particular attention is placed on the role of Singer’s academic supervisor, the philosopher R. M. Hare. It is argued that Hare’s role was important in a number of ways but there were limits to his influence on Singer. In particular, Hare wrote little about animal ethics and was only a lukewarm vegetarian. Moreover, while both were utilitarians, Singer did not derive his utilitarianism from Hare.
Empiricisms of Antiquity
Authors: Allen Barry
Published: November 2020

Empirical philosophy begins in Greek medicine, which formulates the first imperative to use experience as an instrument of knowledge, and initiates European thinking about methods of empirical inquiry. Antiquity’s greatest thinker on empirical methods was Galen, its greatest doctor. Many leading empirical philosophers had medical training or studied medical writings and collaborated with physicians. This began when Democritus and Epicurus drew medical empiricism into natural philosophy, but their efforts were swamped by the prestigious rationalism of Plato, Aristotle, and the Stoics. The chapter also considers the empiricism of the Babylonians, and the career of empiricism under Islam.
Experimental Empiricisms
Authors: Allen Barry
Published: November 2020

The empiricism of antiquity survived the scientific revolution and became a philosophy of modern science by forging an alliance with the new value of experiments, which did not exist (much) in antiquity. The experience that matters to empiricism is that from which we learn, and we have never learned so much from experience as after we began systematically to make experience experimental. The chapter profiles the rise of experimental philosophy in three phases. First, the European recovery of Aristotle, and early experiments with the logic of experiment in Robert Grosseteste and Roger Bacon. Second, transformation into the basic form that becomes modern empiricism in William Ockham and later nominalists. Finally, the emergence of modern experimental empiricism in Francis Bacon, Galileo, Boyle, and Newton. Along the way come reflections on the contributions of magic and alchemy to the emergence of experiments as a method of natural knowledge.
The Art of Experience
Authors: Allen Barry
Published: November 2020

Dewey objects to the same thing Hegel, Dilthey, T. H. Green, and James do in the empiricism of Locke and Hume. They neglect relations and turn mental life into a series of psychological atoms and imaginary continuity. Dewey might have followed the behaviorists of his day and disavowed the concept of experience. Instead, he chose to reconstruct it. The concept needs reconstruction because experience is not what it used to be, and not as philosophy is used to thinking. When Aristotle wrote, knowledge by experience was a hodgepodge of habits and rules of thumb. That is not experience today, and philosophy needs to catch up. Modern experience is experimental and includes the process of its own improvement. Experiments are instruments, and instruments serve ends that are ultimately aesthetic in their satisfaction and value.
Conclusion
Authors: Allen Barry
Published: November 2020

Empiricism values the experience from which we learn. Some philosophers equate experience with present perception. Against that it is argued that experience requires memory, living through trials, and being changed by the experience. Some philosophers also consider experience an obvious example of knowing. Describing experience as knowledge is like describing a knife as a cut. Experience is an instrument that can be used more or less artfully. Empiricism is the art of using experience to advance problems of knowledge. The tenable values of empiricism remain those of experimentalism, even radical experimentalism, experiments in experimentation. Experimental values are many, and not limited to scientific routines. However, “truth” is not one of these experimental values, which tend instead toward aesthetic qualities like interesting, beautiful, surprising, or fecund.
An Anti-contiguity Approach to Nupe Interrogative Distribution
Authors: Kandybowicz Jason
Published: November 2020

This chapter furnishes additional support for the Anti-contiguity theory of wh- prosody by demonstrating that it derives two surprising and mysterious asymmetries of Nupe wh- syntax. The first asymmetry concerns the fact that in embedded clauses the structurally lowest wh- item in a multiple wh- question may not appear in-situ. The second asymmetry concerns the availability of embedded non-interrogative focus and the impossibility of embedded interrogative focus. Both of these asymmetries are argued to be explainable in terms of the Anti-contiguity ban on contiguous wh- phrasing with overt C at the Intonational Phrase level, given that overt embedded C does not introduce an Intonational Phrase boundary in Nupe, as in Wasa and Asante Twi. As a consequence, no Intonational Phrase boundary insulates focused embedded wh- items from overt embedding complementizers, therefore running afoul of the Anti-contiguity prohibition.
Canto Fermo and Canto Figurato
Authors: Baragwanath Nicholas
Published: November 2020

The chapter surveys the rudiments in their original medieval notation. These were the first (and often only) music lessons taught to choristers in Catholic Europe. Scholars of early music will find few surprises here, although they may be taken aback to discover that these lessons were written centuries after the Guidonian system is commonly presumed to have disappeared from history. Giacomo Tritto’s Rules (1759) are taken to represent elementary music lessons in general, covering the gamut, the Guidonian hand, mutation, basic liturgical conventions, and the application of ficta accidentals. Sharps and flats were essential for correcting dissonant intervals, desirable for enhancing cadences, and useful for rendering tunes more fitting for contemporary taste. Canto fermo was later adapted to produce a more versatile type of notation known as canto figurato. This enabled apprentices to read any staff effortlessly, regardless of its clef or key signature.
Philosophies of Gratitude
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H. A.
Published: November 2020

Philosophies of Gratitude is a study of gratitude as a philosophical concept. It explores what philosophers from Aristotle to Kant have said about gratitude, and examines what role the idea of gratitude has played in their philosophies. It also looks at the three primary ways we think about gratitude—as an emotion we feel in response to a gift or benefit, as an act we perform to express our thankfulness, and as a virtuous disposition in which we are ready to be grateful to the world we inhabit. Like love and trust, gratitude is a way we react to other people in our lives, sometimes for who they are (lovable or trustworthy) and sometimes for what they do (act benevolently toward us). It is a way we feel and act toward others. It is a primary way we situate ourselves in relationships. Philosophies of Gratitude examines key historical moments when gratitude was an important philosophical concept—in classical antiquity, the early modern era, and the Enlightenment—in order to discover what gratitude meant for those who produced our fundamental Western notions of ethics. It then studies the forms gratitude assumes—as a feeling, act, disposition—to discern what role our emotions play in our ethical responses to the world. Finally, the book assesses what we can say about ingratitude as a response that usually strikes us as a moment when a human being fails to act morally, but may also sometimes indicate a deeper kind of ethical stand against injustice.
The Changing Fortunes of Syncretism
Authors: Kane Ross
Published: November 2020

Syncretism’s varying connotations have become sedimented within the word over time. To unearth the perceived challenges around syncretism, the chapter studies the word’s history up to the early twentieth century—its use, how it has been deployed, about whom, and for what ends. The word “syncretism” has been used to reconcile opposing factions, neutrally describe religious mixture, and disparage religious mixture. In Christian circles, the term’s pejorative turn came only recently, in the early twentieth century. This shift relates to wider fears among Christians during this period as Christianity spread in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. These fears relate to two key themes, revelation and race.
The Logos in History
Authors: Kane Ross
Published: November 2020

This chapter offers a Christian theological response to the inevitability of syncretism in Christian thought and action. Putting theologians Jean-Marc Éla and Rowan Williams into conversation, it offers an understanding of divine revelation that is always in process along with an understanding of Jesus growing across time, transfiguring seeming contingencies of every human culture. The Spirit builds up the body of Christ in history as more and more persons are grafted into that body. Regarding the book’s themes of race and revelation, Éla’s entry point into these questions is race, while Williams’s is revelation by way of his writing on historicism. Finally, given the book’s arguments about syncretism and cultural mixture, this chapter concludes by briefly addressing theological questions concerning mixture between Christ’s humanity and divinity.
It’s the Thought That Counts
Authors: Peterson Anna L.
Published: November 2020

This chapter explores the primacy of ideas in dominant ethical theories, focusing on several influential religious and secular traditions: Lutheran Christianity, including its roots in the thought of both Paul and Augustine, and Kantian philosophy. Despite their differences, these models agree that the agent’s intentions are the key to moral evaluation; what makes a decision morally good or bad is in the actor’s head. Augustine and Luther, following Paul, frame this in terms of faith, will, and love, while Kantians emphasize decision-making processes, which must be completed prior to any actions. As a result of the priority placed on attitudes and intentions, all these models marginalize practice. This chapter, as throughout the book, compares religious and secular approaches, showing how they influence each other, historically and currently, and how neither alone can fully account for either academic or popular thinking about ethics.
Virtue, Catholic, and Feminist Ethics
Authors: Peterson Anna L.
Published: November 2020

The theories highlighted in this chapter—virtue ethics, feminist ethics, Roman Catholic social thought, and liberation theology—are driven by substantive, normative claims about the good and ways to achieve it. They also all share a social view of human nature and a conviction that ethics is integrated with other parts of life, not an isolated sphere of decision-making. The chapter begins with virtue ethics, including its Aristotelian roots and several contemporary interpreters. It then turns to feminist care ethics, which makes emotions, relationships, and practices crucial to defining the good. Finally, the chapter looks at Catholic ethics, including liberation theology, which insists that in their practices, people may share in the divine process of creation and perhaps even help build the reign of God. In different ways, these models all challenge the idealist, rationalist, and individualist emphases of mainstream ethics.
Euthanasia, Human and Other
Authors: Peterson Anna L.
Published: November 2020

This chapter turns to one of the most important and controversial issues in medical ethics: euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide (PAS). The intensely personal scale of mercy killing makes it possible to consider practice in a very concrete way, including activities that shape the situations of very ill people and their relations with a variety of other moral agents, from family members and physicians to policymakers. The chapter explores not only human euthanasia and PAS but also killings of nonhuman animals, including both the euthanasia of beloved pets and the killing of homeless dogs and cats in shelters. This comparison highlights the difference that relationships make in ethical arguments. It also reveals how much species runs through ethical argumentation, in the form of unquestioned assumptions about what makes a life valuable.
Introduction
Authors: Harrison Klisala
Published: November 2020

This introduction considers the author’s position to the subject matter and book, including its insistence that people who experience poverty should enjoy human rights all of the time, even at the time of music-making. A critical ethnography of human rights in artistic practice, it introduces what musicking, or the social processes of engaging music, does and does not do for urban poor from the perspective of capability development and human rights. Developing capabilities is a key element of struggling toward human rights, but these capabilities may not be human rights in themselves. The prelude describes the author’s roles as a violinist, arts organizer and researcher in urban poverty as well as how she overcame methodological challenges faced during the study.
Jams and music therapy sessions
Authors: Harrison Klisala
Published: November 2020

This chapter describes the Downtown Eastside’s popular music scene, particularly music-making practices in popular music jams and music therapy sessions for the poorest of the poor. These formally organized events happen at nonprofit organizations, such as community and health centers, as well as churches that offer aid and services to the poor such as free showers, food and clothing. The chapter discusses the format and repertoire of the music sessions, revealing their central value of inclusivity. It considers how the events reflect neighborhood demographics, especially the roles of middle-aged people and immigrants in this central value. Participants’ memories of youth, capability poverty in musical performance, musical familiarity and experiences of exclusion generate an inclusive music culture that is dominated by classic rock, pop and country music—this last genre being most popular among street-involved and homeless people. Besides jams and music therapy, the neighborhood’s popular music scene includes protests, music theater, and special popular music programs that address gaps in other initiatives.
Introduction
Authors: Beehner Lionel , Maurer Daniel
Published: November 2020

The introduction launches the arguments presented and outlines the intentions of the chapters in this book. The chapters ask a number of questions about the study and practice of contemporary American civil-military relations. First, they examine the military’s role in civil-military relations, focusing specifically on prevailing norms of professionalism and those that limit the military’s political activity. Second, the chapters explore the civilian side of the civil-military equation. Third, they investigate the relationship between society and the military, examining societal attitudes toward the military by focusing on how trends in partisanship and polarization are challenging civil-military relations. The fourth and final theme of this volume examines similar challenges in civil-military relations arising from the changing character of war and armed conflict.
Civil-Military Relations Norms and Democracy
Authors: Ulrich Marybeth P.
Published: November 2020

American civil-military relations are rooted in constitutional foundations that distribute and check political power, such as civilian control over the military. Preserving American democracy requires adherence to these foundational democratic principles. This chapter argues that American policymakers, the military, and civilian society lack a shared understanding of the democratic norms that underpin US civil-military relations. Furthermore, poor understanding of democratic norms in general, and of civil-military relations norms in particular, puts American democracy at risk. Consequently, a review of the constitutional foundations of American civil-military relations and an assessment of the normative state of such relations is in order. This chapter defines civil-military relations; reviews the constitutional origins of American civil-military relations; presents the essential civil-military norms for democratic states; and highlights the responsibilities of political leaders, military actors, and civilian society to uphold them. Such a review contributes to improving the shared understanding of democratic civil-military relations norms that is essential to their preservation.
Dissents and Sensibility
Authors: Robinson Michael A. , Cohn Lindsay P. , Margulies Max Z.
Published: November 2020

The architecture of objective control has informed a great deal of the development of civil-military norms and the professional education of military officer corps, particularly in the democratic West. But while this idealized vision of civil-military relations has been influential, it is incomplete in its accounting of the moral, ethical, legal, and political structures surrounding the military service member. In practical terms, it is not a simple task to divide problems into purely military and purely political aspects, nor is it easy to determine how to reconcile conflicting imperatives. This chapter attempts to provide a comprehensive typology of the various loyalty structures within which military personnel are located and the various ways in which these structures can conflict. It discusses how democratic theory and classical principal-agent models may prescribe different outcomes for such conflicts and provide a granular understanding of the sources of civil-military friction.
Civilian Oversight inside the Pentagon
Authors: Karlin Mara
Published: November 2020

The epicenter of steady civilian oversight of the military is inside the Pentagon, yet the literature on civil-military relations surprisingly gives it little attention. This chapter focuses on civilian oversight inside the halls of the Pentagon by examining the key role played by the secretary of defense—the day-to-day “overseer in chief”—and by extension, his or her staff: the Office of the Secretary of Defense, particularly the policy arm. The chapter argues that the most crucial issues demanding oversight are force management, force employment, and force development, not publicly prominent but regionally focused issues. This chapter outlines three key dynamics essential to effective civilian oversight: capable civilians, consistent dialogue, and an atmosphere of trust and transparency.
Militarized Ministries of Defense?
Authors: White Peter B.
Published: November 2020

General (Ret.) James Mattis’s tenure as secretary of defense represents a rarity in US history, in that at only one other time has the United States had a retired general in that post. This chapter places Mattis’s tenure in a comparative context. It leverages new data on comparative ministries of defense to examine patterns in the military background of ministers of defense (MoD) across a range of countries from 1964 to 2008. The analysis shows that, while not unprecedented, having a retired or active-duty military officer as MoD is relatively rare among democracies. The chapter concludes by examining the implications of another retired general or flag officer being appointed as secretary. The chapter argues that while a shift toward retired military officers as secretaries of defense would not necessarily increase the conflict propensity of the United States, it could harm the defense policymaking process. The effect would likely depend on whether a future secretary’s tenure saw the continued marginalization of civilian voices in policymaking in the Pentagon and White House.
Confidence without Sacrifice
Authors: Burbach David T.
Published: November 2020

The American public expresses more confidence and trust in the US military than in any civil or private-sector institution. Such esteem for the military is notable given that the public also believes recent US wars in Iraq and Afghanistan were failures. Confidence may emerge from the military’s professionalism rather than delivery of battlefield results and may also reflect positive sentiments based on social expectations and “cheap” patriotism. The public’s willingness to fund, join, or grant autonomy to the military is more circumscribed than high trust would suggest; the public may be “confident” but is willing to overrule generals and admirals when values are in conflict. Confidence may increasingly reflect political support: both a growing affinity between the military and the Republican Party and a tendency (again, stronger for Republicans) to express more confidence when the president is of one’s own party. Disturbingly, trends in public opinion as well as recent behavior of politicians and retired military leaders all suggest growing politicization, with possible ramifications for weakening civilian control, ultimately causing a loss of the public’s trust.
Crisis in the Civil-Military Triangle?
Authors: Rapp William E.
Published: November 2020

Despite the high regard for the US military by the American public, a number of tensions continue to grow in civil-military relations in the United States. These are exacerbated by a lack of clarity, and thus productive debate, in the various relationships inherent in civil and military interaction. By trisecting civil military relations into the relations between the people and the military, the military and the government, and the people and the government on military issues, this chapter examines the potential for crisis in coming years. Doing so allows for greater theoretical and popular understanding and thus action in addressing the tensions, for there is cause for concern and action in each of the legs of this interconnected triangle.
Light Footprint, Low Profile, Low Information
Authors: Friend Alice Hunt
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines the following questions: How do operations conducted “below the threshold” of major war affect U S civil-military relations? Conversely, how does the state of civil-military relations inform the public’s perceptions of these kinds of military engagements? In recent years the U S armed forces, especially ground forces and special operators, have spent the balance of their deployments conducting so-called low-intensity conflict or irregular warfare. This chapter examines the existing scholarship on the relationships between U S civil-military relations and Americans’ perceptions of modern military operations. It then refers to responses to the October 2017 ambush in Niger to generate insights and hypotheses about the interactions between the state of civil-military relations and public perceptions of light- footprint and (previously) low- profile operations.
The Civil-Military Implications of Emerging Technology
Authors: Brooks Risa
Published: November 2020

This chapter argues that adaptation of emerging technology—artificial intelligence (AI), among other forms—will introduce new stresses and tensions in civil-military relations across a variety of domains and contexts. Specifically, the analysis highlights four areas of potential stress. The first area is the organizational implications of technological change and innovation for military institutions and civilian actors. The second is the opportunities and obstacles emerging technology poses for civilian oversight of the military. A third area includes how the introduction of technology in advisory processes at the senior level may affect tensions in strategic assessment and the provision of military advice in those processes. A final issue is the evolving character of the profession of arms and the diminution of the military’s exclusive domain of expertise relative to civilian actors.
Introduction
Authors: George Doran
Published: November 2020

The Introduction provides an overview of the theoretical approach taken in the book, namely to consider movement in general and training regimens for dancers in particular as forms of cultural production that disseminate both an aesthetics and a politics. It discusses methodologies, including ethnographic and choreographic analysis, oral history, and critical contemplation of the author’s own extensive experience with Somatics regimens. The author argues, in part based on their personal experience, that through the invocation of metaphors such as the “natural body,” Somatics had the effect of both excluding and repressing some aspects of identity while liberating others.