bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hormigón infraligero: Listo para la práctica (English version)
Authors: Schlaich Mike , Hückler Alex , Osman Letelier Juan Pablo , Sánchez Corriols Abraham
Published: September 2019

Hormigón infraligero: después de diez años de investigación en la Technische Universität Berlin (TU Berlin) y tras la construcción de una vivienda piloto hace diez años como prueba de la eficacia de este innovador material, el hormigón infraligero está listo para la práctica. Los riesgos implicados que toda innovación lleva consigo son ahora previsibles. Para aquellos que quieran usar este hormigón estructural de alto rendimiento o investigarlo más a fondo, encontrarán en este artículo un resumen de lo más importante acerca de este material, el cual permite estructuras de hormigón visto que prácticamente no necesitan ninguna medida adicional de aislamiento térmico. Los resultados alcanzados hasta ahora por los autores y la investigación en curso son presentados en detalle. El diseño estructural apropiado con este material y su potencial de forma serán también discutidos, así como los requisitos necesarios para su aprobación, ya que su uso no está cubierto por los Eurocódigos. Finalmente, se presentan algunos edificios de hormigón infraligero construidos hasta ahora y otros que están siendo actualmente planificados.
СТРУКТУРА ТА ОСОБЛИВОСТІ МЕТОДОЛОГІЇ ПОБУДОВИ СИСТЕМИ ТЕХНІЧНОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ В БУДІВНИЦТВІ
Authors: Ісаєнко Д.В.
Published: September 2019

Детальний аналіз досвіду впровадження нових принципів технічного регулювання у будівництві України свідчить, що в цілому проблема наукового обґрунтування цієї діяльності є системною проблемою.Її розв’язання полягає у необхідності представлення «технічного регулювання» у якості своєрідного напрямку наукових досліджень з подальшим створенням наукової методології цього напрямку. Таким чином, забезпечуються системні основи створення соціотехнічної системи «технічне регулювання», основною цільовою концепцією якої є запровадження «параметричного» підходу на противагу «приписувальному».Отже, технічне регулювання як прикладний соціально-орієнтований науковий напрямок потребує створення власних методологічних наукових основ та інструментальних засобів розроблення та реалізації.В статті детально проаналізовані основні складові ієрархічної системної методології технічного регулювання як науки, що функціонує у конфліктному науковому та адміністративному середовищах. Висвітлено особливості побудови та функціонування методології, що складається з предметно-наукової, інформаційно-конфліктологічної та соціотехнічної підсистем, на основі SWOT-аналізу виявлено сучасний зріз якісного стану розвитку наукової системи «технічне регулювання» за ключовими системними показниками.
Stacking Agricultural Management Tactics to Promote Improvements in Soil Structure and Microbial Activities
Authors: Lehman R. , Osborne Shannon , McGraw Kimberly
Published: September 2019

Linking agricultural management tactics to quantifiable changes in soil health-related properties is a key objective for increasing adoption of the most favorable management practices. We used two long-term, no-till cropping studies to illustrate the variable patterns of response of soil structure indices and microbial activity to additional management tactics, including crop rotational diversity, residue management and cover cropping. We found that observable effects of management tactics on soil properties were often dependent on the current crop phase sampled, even though the treatments were well-established. In some cases, a single additional management tactic produced a response, two tactics each produced a response and sometimes there were interactions between tactics. However, importantly, we never observed a negative effect for any of the response variables when stacking soil health building practices in no-till cropping systems. The collective results from the two field studies illustrate that soil health improvements with stacking management tactics are not always simply additive and are affected by temporal relationships inherent to the treatments. We conclude that the implementation of multiple positive management tactics increases the likelihood that improvements in soil properties can be documented with one or more of the proxy measures for soil health.
Effect of Salinity Stress and Microbial Inoculations on Glomalin Production and Plant Growth Parameters of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Authors: Garcia Claudia Lyl , Dattamudi Sanku , Chanda Saoli , Jayachandran Krishnaswamy
Published: September 2019

Salinity is a major abiotic stress that can adversely affect plant growth, yield, other physiological parameters, and soil health. Salinity stress on biomass production of salt-sensitive crops, like snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), is a serious problem, and specifically in South Florida, USA, where saline soils can be found in major agricultural lands. Research studies focused on the ‘snap bean–Rhizobium–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)’ relationship under salinity stress are limited, and fewer studies have evaluated how this tripartite symbiosis affects glomalin production (GRSP), a glycoprotein released by AMF. A shade house experiment was conducted to elucidate the effects of three microbial inoculations (IC = inoculation control; IT1 = AMF and IT2 = AMF + Rhizobium) on three salinity treatments (SC = salinity control 0.6 dS m−1, S1 = 1.0 dS m−1, and S2 = 2.0 dS m−1) on snap bean growth and yield. Our results indicate that S2 reduced 20% bean biomass production, 11% plant height, 13% root weight, and 23% AMF root colonization. However, microbial inoculations increased 26% bean yield over different salinity treatments. Maximum salinity stress (S2) increased 6% and 18% GRSP production than S1 and SC, respectively, indicating the relative advantage of abiotic stress on AMF’s role in soil. Dual inoculation (IT2) demonstrated a beneficial role on all physiological parameters, biomass production, and GRSP synthesis compared to single inoculation (IT1) treatment with all three salinity levels.
Regulation of Spraying 6-BA in the Late Jointing Stage on the Fertile Floret Development and Grain Setting in Winter Wheat
Authors: Li Shengnan , Song Miao , Duan Jianzhao , Yang Jiaheng , Zhu Yunji , Zhou Sumei
Published: September 2019

Wheat yield is largely determined by the grains per spike, which in turn is related to the fertile floret development prior to anthesis. The aim of this study was to assess the physiological mechanism of exogenous 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) on fertile floret development and grain setting characteristics by foliar application in winter wheat. Field experiments were conducted during the 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 growing seasons in China. Two foliar spraying applications with water (S0) and 6-BA (S1) were applied to a large-spike variety (V1) and a multiple-spike variety (V2) 25 days after jointing. At anthesis, spike dry weight and soluble sugar, sucrose, auxin, and cytokinin were all positively correlated with the number of fertile florets and grains per spike. During the abortion stage of fertile florets, 6-BA application compared to the control reduced the auxin content, increased the cytokinin content and spike dry matter and transported more soluble sugar and sucrose from the non-spike organs to the spike. Exogenous 6-BA application increased the number of fertile florets (~1.84 to ~2.50) and number of grains (~2.83 to ~3.51) by primarily suppressing the number of degenerated and aborted florets. The results provide important evidence that 6-BA application has a positive effect on floret fertility and grain setting, which lead to a further increase in grain yield.
Optimization of Herbicide Use: Study on Spreading and Evaporation Characteristics of Glyphosate-Organic Silicone Mixture Droplets on Weed Leaves
Authors: Li Hui , Travlos Ilias , Qi Lijun , Kanatas Panagiotis , Wang Pei
Published: September 2019

Herbicide deposition rate can be affected by the leaf surface features of weeds and have a significant impact on the overall efficacy. In this paper, an orthogonal experiment was conducted to investigate the differences of droplet evaporation and spreading characteristics corresponding to weed leaf surface with hairy, waxy and rough (ridged) structures. Three weed species—Descurainia sophia, Lepidium lotifolium, and Lolium temulentum—were included in the study, representing these three leaf structures respectively. Glyphosate sprays with organic silicone surfactant in different concentrations were composed for the test. Single droplets with two diameters of 0.05 μL and 0.1 μL were deposited on the leaves to evaluate the evaporation and spreading characteristics. A digital camera was used and the evaporation duration and the maximum droplet coverage images could be captured and extracted from the recorded videos. The Image Processing Toolbox in Matlab was applied to segment the images for droplet and leaf background and the binary images’ pixel numbers were counted for coverage area calculation. The results revealed that the evaporation duration was reduced with the increase of the organic silicone concentration, while the spread area was expanded. The droplet spread more widely and evaporated faster on D. sophia leaves than on the leaves with L. lotifolium and L. temulentum surfaces. The spreading area and evaporation duration varied much faster on L. lotifolium leaves than on the leaves of other weed species. The droplet sizes affected spreading more significantly on L. temulentum leaf surface, as the spreading procedure of small size droplets was restrained by the groove structure. The results of this study would benefit the consideration of the farmers when selecting the proper nozzle code and the determining of the surfactant mixture in order to optimize the use of herbicides like glyphosate.
Compatibility between Humans and Their Dogs: Benefits for Both
Authors: González-Ramírez Mónica
Published: September 2019

Compatibility in activity preferences refers to the shared enjoyment of daily activities, such as walking and interacting with others, and it is an indicator of the behavioral dimension of compatibility, which mainly refers to exercise and play. It has been found that individuals who are more compatible with their dogs have a better relationship with them, which can explain some of the benefits of human-dog interaction. However, research to explain how and why human-animal relationships are potentially therapeutic is still needed. The objective of this quantitative study was to compare the benefits of human-dog interaction for both humans and dogs between people who were and were not compatible with their dogs. Ninety people with scores of 50% or less on the compatibility index and 110 people with 100% compatibility participated in the study. The groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. The people in the group with greater compatibility reported more subjective happiness and less perceived stress, a stable dog-feeding routine, and more frequent daily walks and playing sessions; additionally, for their dogs, they reported a lower frequency of aggressive and fearful behaviors and higher trainability scores. In conclusion, compatibility in activity preferences helps explain the benefits of human–animal interaction.
Use of the Rat Grimace Scale to Evaluate Visceral Pain in a Model of Chemotherapy-Induced Mucositis
Authors: George Rebecca P. , Howarth Gordon S. , Whittaker Alexandra L.
Published: September 2019

The rat grimace scale (RGS) is a measure of spontaneous pain that evaluates pain response. The ability to characterize pain through a non-invasive method has considerable utility for numerous animal models of disease, including mucositis, a painful, self-limiting side-effect of chemotherapy treatment. Preclinical studies investigating novel therapeutics for mucositis often focus on pathological outcomes and disease severity. These investigations fail to measure pain, in spite of reduction of pain being a key clinical therapeutic goal. This study assessed the utility of the RGS for pain assessment in a rat model of mucositis, and whether changes in disease activity index (DAI) and open field test (OFT) reflected the grimace responses recorded. Sixty tumor-bearing female Dark Agouti rats were injected with either saline or 5-Fluourouracil alone, or with co-administration of opioid analgesics. Whilst differences in DAI were observed between treatment groups, no difference in RGS scores or OFT were demonstrated. Significant increases in grimace scores were observed across time. However, whilst a statistically significant change may have been noted, the biological relevance is questionable in terms of practical usage, since an observer is only able to score whole numbers. Development of effective pain assessment methods in animal models is required to improve welfare, satisfy regulatory requirements, and increase translational validity of the model to human patients.
Design of Micro-Phasor Measurement System to Identify Phasor of Distribution Transformers
Authors: Ku Te-Tien , Lin Chia-Hung , Li Chung-Sheng , Chang Yung-Ruei , Lee Yih-Der
Published: September 2019

In this paper, the micro-phasor measurement system is developed to support phasor identification of distribution transformers for the distribution mapping management system (DMMS) of Taiwan Power Company (TPC). The one pulse per second signal (1PPS) from the global positioning system (GPS) is used to synchronize the voltage sampling between reference and measurement sides. By receiving 1PPS from GPS, the phasor measurement of three-phase voltage at the reference site of the substation is stored in the master station with a time-stamp. This paper proposes a timing synchronous module with an embedded temperature compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO) to generate highly accurate timing for field measurement of underground distribution facilities. Mobile communication network is used to compare measurement results between reference and field sides of voltage angle that define distribution transformer phasor. This paper also designs and develops an application for mobile devices by importing DMMS database, which is used to search the attributes of the distribution transformers for measurement at the field. After the transformer phasor is identified, the results are stored in the mobile device to update the attributes of distribution transformers in DMMS.
Characterization of Representative Residential Buildings within a Neighborhood and Their Energy Efficiency Levels According to RTQ-R
Authors: Giacomin Regiane , Calmon João , Vieira Darli , Chang Chain Milena
Published: September 2019

Approximately 54% of Brazilian electricity consumption is attributed to the residential, commercial, public, and service sectors; thus, it is important to formulate strategies that promote both the energy efficiency of buildings and a better understanding of their thermal and energy performance. Within the scope of the Brazilian Labeling Program (Programa Brasileiro de Etiquetagem—PBE), technical regulations were developed to classify the level of energy efficiency of buildings. This article defines four representative buildings based on an analysis of the most common typologies that represent the multi-family residential buildings of a neighborhood. A total of 663 buildings were mapped and classified. The four representative buildings were evaluated for their thermal and energy performance in relation to Building Labeling (Quality Technical Regulation–Residential: RTQ-R). The results for the housing units (HUs) were analyzed for cooling degree-hours (cooling for summer), relative consumption for refrigeration (artificial cooling), performance of the envelope in summer, and the final classification of the HUs by the water heating system; the results for the entire multi-family building were analyzed. These results provide data that will contribute to an efficient policy for the housing industry and to future studies on the incorporation of measures that promote energy efficiency.
Protective Effects of Sesamin against UVB-Induced Skin Inflammation and Photodamage In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Lin Tzu-Yu , Wu Po-Yuan , Hou Chien-Wei , Chien Ting-Yi , Chang Qiao-Xin , Wen Kuo-Ching , Lin Chien-Yih , Chiang Hsiu-Mei
Published: September 2019

Ultraviolet (UV) exposure has been demonstrated as the most critical factor causing extrinsic skin aging and inflammation. This study explored the protective effects and mechanisms of sesamin against skin photodamage. Sesamin reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species production after UVB irradiation in human dermal fibroblasts. The sesamin treatment attenuated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphorylation and matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) overexpression induced by UVB exposure, and it significantly enhanced the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 protein expression. Sesamin also elevated the total collagen content in human fibroblasts by inhibiting UVB-induced mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 (Smad7) protein expression. Sesamin reduced UVB-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (i-NOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) overexpression and inhibited nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) translocation. Moreover, sesamin may regulate the c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and p38 MAP kinase pathways, which inhibit COX-2 expression. Sesamin could reduce UVB-induced inflammation, epidermal hyperplasia, collagen degradation, and wrinkle formation in hairless mice. It also reduced MMP-1, interleukin (IL-1), i-NOS, and NF-κB in the mouse skin. These results demonstrate that sesamin had antiphotodamage and anti-inflammatory activities. Sesamin has potential for use as a skin protection agent in antiphotodamage and skin care products.
Sulfated Glycoaminoglycans and Proteoglycan Syndecan-4 Are Involved in Membrane Fixation of LL-37 and Its Pro-Migratory Effect in Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Habes Chahrazed , Weber Günther , Goupille Caroline
Published: September 2019

Initially characterized by its antimicrobial activities, LL-37 has also been shown to significantly contribute to tumor development. On breast cancer cell lines, LL-37 increases intracellular calcium via the TRPV2 channel and their migration via the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling. Its all-d enantiomer d-LL-37 induces similar effects, which excludes a protein-protein interaction of LL-37 in a classic ligand-receptor manner. Its net charge of +6 gave rise to the hypothesis that the peptide uses the negative charges of sulfoglycans or sialic acids to facilitate its attachment to the cell membrane and to induce its activities. Whereas several vegetal lectins, specifically attaching to sialylated or sulfated structures, blocked the activities of LL-37 on both calcium increase and cell migration, several sialidases had no effect. However, the competitive use of free sulfated glycoaminoglycans (GAGs) as chrondroitin and heparin, or treatment of the cell surface with chondroitinase and heparinase resulted in an activity loss of 50–100% for LL-37. Concordant results were obtained by blocking the synthesis of GAGs with 4-Methylumbelliferyl-β-d-xyloside, and by suppression of glycan sulfatation by sodium chlorate. Using a candidate approach by suppressing proteoglycan synthesis using RNA interference, syndecan-4 was shown to be required for the activities of LL-37 and its binding to the cell surface. This leads to the conclusion that syndecan-4, by means of sulfated GAGs, could act as a receptor for LL-37.
Identification of miRNAs and Their Target Genes Involved in Cucumber Fruit Expansion Using Small RNA and Degradome Sequencing
Authors: Sun Yongdong , Luo Weirong , Chang Huaicheng , Li Zhenxia , Zhou Junguo , Li Xinzheng , Zheng Jinliang , Hao Mingxian
Published: September 2019

Fruit expansion is an essential and very complex biological process. Regulatory roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) and miRNA–mRNA modules in the cucumber fruit expansion are not yet to be investigated. In this work, 1253 known and 1269 novel miRNAs were identified from nine cucumber fruit small RNA (sRNA) libraries through high-throughput sequencing. A total of 105 highly differentially expressed miRNAs were recognized in the fruit on five days post anthesis with pollination (EXP_5d) sRNA library. Further, expression patterns of 11 differentially expressed miRNAs were validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The expression patterns were similar to sRNAs sequencing data. Transcripts of 1155 sequences were predicted as target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs by degradome sequencing. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment showed that these target genes were involved in 24 biological processes, 15 cell components and nine molecular functions. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis demonstrated that these target genes were significantly enriched in 19 pathways and the enriched KEGG pathways were associated with environmental adaptation, signal transduction and translation. Based on the functional prediction of miRNAs and target genes, our findings suggest that miRNAs have a potential regulatory role in cucumber fruit expansion by targeting their target genes, which provide important data for understanding the miRNA-mediated regulatory networks controlling fruit expansion in cucumber. Specific miRNAs could be selected for further functional research and molecular breeding in cucumber.
CYP2D6 Genotype Predicts Plasma Concentrations of Tamoxifen Metabolites in Ethiopian Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Ahmed Jemal Hussien , Makonnen Eyasu , Fotoohi Alan , Aseffa Abraham , Howe Rawleigh , Aklillu Eleni
Published: September 2019

Tamoxifen displays wide inter-individual variability (IIV) in its pharmacokinetics and treatment outcome. Data on tamoxifen pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics from black African breast cancer patient populations is lacking. We investigated the pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic profile of tamoxifen and its major active metabolite, endoxifen, in Ethiopian breast cancer patients. A total of 81 female breast cancer patients on adjuvant tamoxifen therapy were enrolled. Tamoxifen (Tam) and its major metabolites, N-desmethyltamoxifen (NDM), 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (4-HT), and (Z)-endoxifen (E) were quantified using LC-MS/MS. Genotyping for CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP3A5, POR, and ABCB1 and UGT2B15 and copy number variation for CYP2D6 were done. The proportion of patients with low endoxifen level (<5.9 ng/mL) was 35.8% (median concentration 7.94 ng/mL). The allele frequency of CYP2D6 gene deletion (*5) and duplication (*1×N or *2×N) was 4.3% and 14.8%, respectively. Twenty-six percent of the patients carried duplicated or multiplicated CYP2D6 gene. An increase in CYP2D6 activity score was associated with increased endoxifen concentration and MRE/NDM (p < 0.001). The IIV in endoxifen concentration and MRE/NDM was 74.6% and 59%, respectively. CYP2D6 diplotype explained 28.2% and 44% of the variability in absolute endoxifen concentration and MRE/NDM, respectively. The explanatory power of CYP2D6 diplotype was improved among ABCB1c.4036G carriers (43% and 65.2%, respectively for endoxifen concentration and MRE/NDM) compared to A/A genotype. CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A5 genotypes had no significant influence on endoxifen concentration or MRE/NDM. In conclusion, we report a high rate of low endoxifen level as well as large IIV in tamoxifen and its metabolite concentrations. CYP2D6 is significant predictor of plasma endoxifen level in a gene-dose dependent manner.
CD123 as a Therapeutic Target in the Treatment of Hematological Malignancies
Authors: Testa Ugo , Pelosi Elvira , Castelli Germana
Published: September 2019

The interleukin-3 receptor alpha chain (IL-3R), more commonly referred to as CD123, is widely overexpressed in various hematological malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma and particularly, blastic plasmacytoid dendritic neoplasm (BPDCN). Importantly, CD123 is expressed at both the level of leukemic stem cells (LSCs) and more differentiated leukemic blasts, which makes CD123 an attractive therapeutic target. Various agents have been developed as drugs able to target CD123 on malignant leukemic cells and on the normal counterpart. Tagraxofusp (SL401, Stemline Therapeutics), a recombinant protein composed of a truncated diphtheria toxin payload fused to IL-3, was approved for use in patients with BPDCN in December of 2018 and showed some clinical activity in AML. Different monoclonal antibodies directed against CD123 are under evaluation as antileukemic drugs, showing promising results either for the treatment of AML minimal residual disease or of relapsing/refractory AML or BPDCN. Finally, recent studies are exploring T cell expressing CD123 chimeric antigen receptor-modified T-cells (CAR T) as a new immunotherapy for the treatment of refractory/relapsing AML and BPDCN. In December of 2018, MB-102 CD123 CAR T developed by Mustang Bio Inc. received the Orphan Drug Designation for the treatment of BPDCN. In conclusion, these recent studies strongly support CD123 as an important therapeutic target for the treatment of BPDCN, while a possible in the treatment of AML and other hematological malignancies will have to be evaluated by in the ongoing clinical studies.
Hierarchical PtIn/Mg(Al)O Derived from Reconstructed PtIn-hydrotalcite-like Compounds for Highly Efficient Propane Dehydrogenation
Authors: Li Jiaxin , Zhang Ming , Song Zhen , Liu Shuo , Wang Jiameng , Zhang Lihong
Published: September 2019

The challenges facing propane dehydrogenation are to solve the Pt sintering and carbon deposition. This paper provides a new way to disperse and stabilize Pt species and resist carbon deposition. Highly dispersed Pt species were topologically transformed from reconstructed PtIn-hydrotalcite-like precursors in a flower-like hierarchical microstructure. The lattice confinement of reconstructed hydrotalcite-like precursor is in favor of stabilizing the highly dispersed Pt species, and the hierarchical microstructure is an important factor to prolong its lifetime by enhancing tolerance to carbon deposition. In propane dehydrogenation, the propene selectivity decreases in the sequences of catalyst in flower-like > single-plate > block mass with small, flakeys. A propene selectivity of >97% with a conversion of 48% at 600 °C has been achieved over a flower-like PtIn/Mg(Al)O catalyst. Additionally, no visible Pt sintering can even be observed on this catalyst after a reaction time of 190 h. This strategy provides an effective and feasible alternative for the facile preparation of highly dispersed metal catalysts.
Proteomics of Crystal–Cell Interactions: A Model for Kidney Stone Research
Authors: Thongboonkerd Visith
Published: September 2019

Nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis (i.e., kidney stone disease) remains a global public health problem with increasing incidence/prevalence. The most common chemical composition of kidney stones is calcium oxalate that initiates stone formation by crystallization, crystal growth, crystal aggregation, crystal–cell adhesion, and crystal invasion through extracellular matrix in renal interstitium. Among these processes, crystal–cell interactions (defined as “the phenomena in which the cell is altered by any means of effects from the crystal that adheres onto cellular surface or is internalized into the cell, accompanying with changes of the crystal, e.g., growth, adhesive capability, degradation, etc., induced by the cell”) are very important for crystal retention in the kidney. During the past 12 years, proteomics has been extensively applied to kidney stone research aiming for better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of kidney stone formation. This article provides an overview of the current knowledge in this field and summarizes the data obtained from all the studies that applied proteomics to the investigations of crystal–cell interactions that subsequently led to functional studies to address the significant impact or functional roles of the expression proteomics data in the pathogenesis of kidney stone disease.
Investigation on the Surface Properties of 5A12 Aluminum Alloy after Nd: YAG Laser Cleaning
Authors: Zhu Guodong , Wang Shouren , Cheng Wei , Wang Gaoqi , Liu Wentao , Ren Yuan
Published: September 2019

The surface of the aluminum alloy is prone to oxidation, which in turn affects the quality of the weld. The 5A12 aluminum alloy was cleaned by acousto-optic Q-switched diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser and the effects of different laser powers and different cleaning speeds on the surface roughness, microstructure, element content, microhardness, residual stress and corrosion resistance of aluminum alloy were investigated. The results show that when the power is 98W and the cleaning speed is 4.1 mm/s, the effect of Nd: YAG laser on the removal of oxide film on 5A12 aluminum alloy surface is the most effective. After laser cleaning, the smoothness and strength of aluminum alloy surface can be effectively improved. However, as a major element in 5A12 aluminum alloy, the content of magnesium decreased. At the same time, the residual tensile stress was generated on the surface of the aluminum alloy after cleaning, and the corrosion resistance slightly decreased.
Design and Implementation Procedure for an Advanced Driver Assistance System Based on an Open Source AUTOSAR
Authors: Park Jaeho , Choi Byoung Wook
Published: September 2019

In this paper, we present the detailed design and implementation procedures for an advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) based on an open source automotive open system architecture (AUTOSAR). Due to the increasing software complexity of ADAS, portability, component interoperability, and maintenance are becoming essential development factors. AUTOSAR satisfies these demands by defining system architecture standards. Although commercial distributions of AUTOSAR are well established, accessibility is a huge concern as they come with very expensive licensing fees. Open source AUTOSAR addresses this issue and can also minimize the overall cost of development. However, the development procedure has not been well established and could be difficult for engineers. The contribution of this paper is divided into two main parts: First, we provide the complete details on developing a collision warning system using an open source AUTOSAR. This includes the simplified basic concepts of AUTOSAR, which we have organized for easier understanding. Also, we present an improvement of the existing AUTOSAR development methodology focusing on defining the underlying tools at each development stage with clarity. Second, as the performance of open source software has not been proven and requires benchmarking to ensure the stability of the system, we propose various evaluation methods measuring the real-time performance of tasks and the overall latency of the communication stack. These performance metrics are relevant to confirm whether the entire system has deterministic behavior and responsiveness. The evaluation results can help developers to improve the overall safety of the vehicular system. Experiments are conducted on an AUTOSAR evaluation kit integrated with our self-developed collision warning system. The procedures and evaluation methods are applicable not only on detecting obstacles but other variants of ADAS and are very useful in integrating open source AUTOSAR to various vehicular applications.
Bidirectional Information Transmission in SWIPT System with Single Controlled Chopper Receiver
Authors: Wu Jie , Zhao Chongyan , Jin Nan , He Shuaibiao , Ma Dianguang
Published: September 2019

The wireless power transfer (WPT) technology has the advantages of convenience, safety and reliability due to its non-metal contact power supply and has a broad application prospect in many occasions. In practical applications, the information communication between the primary and secondary side is necessary for output voltage control, load detection, condition monitoring and other functions, which makes the WPT system more intelligent and convenient. A simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) system with controlled chopper circuit receiver is proposed in this paper. The load voltage remains constant by adjusting the pulse width of the secondary controlled device through feedback control. The information bidirectional transmission methods and two modes are proposed, considering different application scenarios. Simulation and experiment results validate the proposed topology and the method of information bidirectional transmission.
How to Achieve Effective Participation of Communities in the Monitoring of REDD+ Projects: A Case Study in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
Authors: Schmitt Christine B. , Mukungu Joëlle
Published: September 2019

Developing countries that implement the Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) mechanism under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change are required to ensure the effective participation of all stakeholders including indigenous peoples and local communities. Community-based monitoring (CBM) of REDD+ projects could contribute to meeting REDD+ monitoring, reporting, and verification requirements and to ensuring effective community participation. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is the most advanced country in REDD+ implementation in the Congo Basin region, but the role of forest communities in REDD+ monitoring has not been adequately defined. Based on a Delphi survey, this study aimed to explore the factors that are crucial in achieving effective community participation in the monitoring of REDD+ projects. Out of 65 experts with in-depth knowledge of REDD+ and CBM in the DRC and elsewhere, 35 agreed to participate in the study. In three rounds, 19 feedbacks were received from the first round, 17 from the second and 14 from the third. Data were analyzed in a qualitative (MAXQDA) and quantitative (Microsoft Excel) manner. There was consensus among experts that, per definition, effective participation of communities in the monitoring of REDD+ projects must be a process characterized by a free and prior informed consent (FPIC), recognition of traditional knowledge and community rights, and involvement of communities in all steps of the monitoring process. In practice, the latter point poses several challenges as it requires capacity building, careful selection of indicators, adequate local institutional arrangements and a benefit-sharing system. Ideally, local CBM systems should be nested within the national forest monitoring system, but this will require more strategic efforts at the national level in the DRC, including a framework concept for the role of communities and CBM in REDD+ that can be further adapted to particular circumstances on the ground.
Catering Information Needs from Global to Local Scales—Potential and Challenges with National Forest Inventories
Authors: Kangas Annika , Räty Minna , Korhonen Kari T. , Vauhkonen Jari , Packalen Tuula
Published: September 2019

Forest information is needed at global, national and local scales. This review aimed at providing insights of potential of national forest inventories (NFIs) as well as challenges they have to cater to those needs. Within NFIs, the authors address the methodological challenges introduced by the multitude of scales the forest data are needed, and the challenges in acknowledging the errors due to the measurements and models in addition to sampling errors. Between NFIs, the challenges related to the different harmonization tasks were reviewed. While a design-based approach is often considered more attractive than a model-based approach as it is guaranteed to provide unbiased results, the model-based approach is needed for downscaling the information to smaller scales and acknowledging the measurement and model errors. However, while a model-based inference is possible in small areas, the unknown random effects introduce biased estimators. The NFIs need to cater for the national information requirements and maintain the existing time series, while at the same time providing comparable information across the countries. In upscaling the NFI information to continental and global information needs, representative samples across the area are of utmost importance. Without representative data, the model-based approaches enable provision of forest information with unknown and indeterminable biases. Both design-based and model-based approaches need to be applied to cater to all information needs. This must be accomplished in a comprehensive way In particular, a need to have standardized quality requirements has been identified, acknowledging the possibility for bias and its implications, for all data used in policy making.
Assessment of Solution Algorithms for LES of Turbulent Flows Using OpenFOAM
Authors: López Castaño Santiago , Petronio Andrea , Petris Giovanni , Armenio Vincenzo
Published: September 2019

We validate and test two algorithms for the time integration of the Boussinesq form of the Navier—Stokes equations within the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) methodology for turbulent flows. The algorithms are implemented in the OpenFOAM framework. From one side, we have implemented an energy-conserving incremental-pressure Runge–Kutta (RK4) projection method for the solution of the Navier–Stokes equations together with a dynamic Lagrangian mixed model for momentum and scalar subgrid-scale (SGS) fluxes; from the other side we revisit the PISO algorithm present in OpenFOAM (pisoFoam) in conjunction with the dynamic eddy-viscosity model for SGS momentum fluxes and a Reynolds Analogy for the scalar SGS fluxes, and used for the study of turbulent channel flows and buoyancy-driven flows. In both cases the validity of the anisotropic filter function, suited for non-homogeneous hexahedral meshes, has been studied and proven to be useful for industrial LES. Preliminary tests on energy-conservation properties of the algorithms studied (without the inclusion of the subgrid-scale models) show the superiority of RK4 over pisoFoam, which exhibits dissipative features. We carried out additional tests for wall-bounded channel flow and for Rayleigh–Bènard convection in the turbulent regime, by running LES using both algorithms. Results show the RK4 algorithm together with the dynamic Lagrangian mixed model gives better results in the cases analyzed for both first- and second-order statistics. On the other hand, the dissipative features of pisoFoam detected in the previous tests reflect in a less accurate evaluation of the statistics of the turbulent field, although the presence of the subgrid-scale model improves the quality of the results compared to a correspondent coarse direct numerical simulation. In case of Rayleigh–Bénard convection, the results of pisoFoam improve with increasing values of Rayleigh number, and this may be attributed to the Reynolds Analogy used for the subgrid-scale temperature fluxes. Finally, we point out that the present analysis holds for hexahedral meshes. More research is need for extension of the methods proposed to general unstructured grids.
BACE1 Inhibition Using 2’-OMePS Steric Blocking Antisense Oligonucleotides
Authors: Chakravarthy Madhuri , Veedu Rakesh N
Published: September 2019

Amyloid beta-peptide is produced by the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein by two secretases, a β-secretase, beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and a γ-secretase. It has been hypothesised that partial inhibition of BACE1 in individuals with a high risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease may be beneficial in preventing cognitive decline. In this study, we report the development of a novel antisense oligonucleotide (AO) that could efficiently downregulate the BACE1 transcript and partially inhibit BACE1 protein. We designed and synthesised a range of 2’-OMethyl-modified antisense oligonucleotides with a phosphorothioate backbone across various exons of the BACE1 transcript, of which AO2, targeting exon 2, efficiently downregulated BACE1 RNA expression by 90%. The sequence of AO2 was later synthesised with a phosphorodiamidate morpholino chemistry, which was found to be not as efficient at downregulating BACE1 expression as the 2’-OMethyl antisense oligonucleotides with a phosphorothioate backbone variant. AO2 also reduced BACE1 protein levels by 45%. In line with our results, we firmly believe that AO2 could be used as a potential preventative therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer’s disease.
Evaluating the Reliability and Validity of the Children’s Vitality-Relaxation Scale
Authors: Bang Kyung-Sook , Kim Sungjae , Korpela Kalevi M. , Song Min Kyung , Lee Gumhee , Jeong Yeseul
Published: September 2019

This study developed the Children’s Vitality-Relaxation Scale (CVRS) by revising the adult version of the Restoration Outcome Scale (ROS). The CVRS was translated and culturally adapted into Korean, and its reliability and validity were evaluated in a cross-sectional, descriptive design study. Data collected from 181 elementary school students in grades 4‒6 were used to test the validity and reliability of the CVRS. Exploratory factor analysis, Pearson’s correlation, known-groups comparison, and Cronbach’s alpha were used for analysis. The factor analysis indicated a two-factor structure, and all factor loadings were above 0.40. The CVRS was a seven-point Likert scale consisting of eight items, which were classified as “vitality” (four items) and “relaxation” (four items). The external construct validity with the PANAS, PSS, and SRI was acceptable. In the known-groups comparison, the CVRS score was significantly higher for boys than for girls, and the CVRS score for high-income students was higher than low-income students. The Cronbach’s α for the scale was 0.84 and ranged from 0.72–0.87 for the subscales. Results showed that the CVRS is a valid and reliable scale with acceptable psychometric characteristics in Korean children. The scale can be used to measure children’s affect in various settings.
The Contribution of In Vivo Mammalian Studies to the Knowledge of Adverse Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation on Human Health
Authors: Vornoli Andrea , Falcioni Laura , Mandrioli Daniele , Bua Luciano , Belpoggi Fiorella
Published: September 2019

The proliferation of cellular antennas and other radiofrequency radiation (RFR) generating devices of the last decades has led to more and more concerns about the potential health effects from RFR exposure. Since the 2011 classification as a possible carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), more experimental studies have been published that support a causal association between RFR exposure and health hazards. As regard cancer risk, two long-term experimental studies have been recently published by the US National Toxicology Program (NTP) and the Italian Ramazzini Institute (RI). Despite important experimental differences, both studies found statistically significant increases in the development of the same type of very rare glial malignant tumors. In addition to carcinogenicity, reproductive organs might be particularly exposed, as well as sensitive to RFR. In this work, we reviewed the currently available evidence from in vivo studies on carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity studies in order to summarize the contribution of experimental research to the prevention of the adverse effects of RFR on human health.
Graphic Warning Labels Affect Hypothetical Cigarette Purchasing Behavior among Smokers Living with HIV
Authors: Pacek Lauren , Berry Meredith , Rass Olga , Mercincavage Melissa , McClernon F. , Johnson Matthew
Published: September 2019

Cigarette pack graphic warning labels (GWLs) are associated with increased knowledge of tobacco-related harms; scant research has evaluated their effects on behavior among vulnerable populations. We used a behavioral economic approach to measure the effects of GWLs and price on hypothetical cigarette purchasing behavior among HIV-positive smokers. Participants (n = 222) completed a cigarette valuation task by making hypothetical choices between GWL cigarette packs at a fixed price ($7.00) and text-only warning label cigarette packs at increasing prices ($3.50 to $14.00; $0.25 increments). More than one-quarter (28.8%) of participants paid more to avoid GWLs. The remaining participants’ purchasing decisions appear to have been driven by price: 69.8% of participants chose the cheaper pack. Across all participants, overall monetary choice value observed for GWL cigarette packs (mean = $7.75) was greater than if choice was driven exclusively by price ($7.00). Most (87.4%) preferred the text-only warning label when GWL and text-only cigarette packs were equally priced. Correlation analysis indicated GWL pack preference was associated with agreement with statements that GWLs would stop individuals from having a cigarette or facilitate thoughts about quitting. These data suggest that GWLs may influence some HIV-positive smokers in such a way that they are willing to pay more to avoid seeing GWLs.
Comparative Study of Two Methods of Enteric Virus Detection and Enteric Virus Relationship with Bacterial Indicator in Poyang Lake, Jiangxi, China
Authors: Wen Xiaotong , Zheng Huilie , Yuan Fang , Zhu Hui , Kuang Duyi , Shen Zhiqiang , Lu Yuanan , Yuan Zhaokang
Published: September 2019

Currently, water contaminated with fecal matter poses a threat to public health and safety. Thus, enteric viruses are tested for as a part of water quality indicator assays; however, enteric viruses have not yet been listed in the criteria. Effective and sensitive methods for detecting enteric viruses are required in order to increase water safety. This study utilized enteric viruses as possible alternative indicators of water quality to examine fresh water in six sites in Poyang Lake, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province. The presence of norovirus geno-groups II (NoV GII), enteroviruses (EoV) and adenoviruses (AdV) were determined using Tianjin’s protocol and Hawaii’s protocol during a six month period from 2016–2017. The former used an electropositive material method for viral concentration and Taqman-q reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect enteric viruses; while the latter used a filtration-based method for viral concentration and RT-PCR for enteric virus detection. There is a statistically significant difference between Tianjin’s method and Hawaii’s method for the detection of enteric viruses, such as NoV GII, EoV, and AdV (n = 36, p < 0.001). The enteric viruses showed no significant positive correlation with bacteria indicators (n = 36, p > 0.05). These data stress the need for additional indicators when establishing water quality systems, and the possibility of using enteric viruses as water quality indicators. It has become essential to improve shortcomings in order to search for an adequate method to detect enteric viruses in water and to implement such method in water quality monitoring.
Adolescents’ and Parents’ Perspectives of a Revised Protein-Sparing Modified Fast (rPSMF) for Severe Obesity
Authors: Pratt Keeley , Cotto Jennifer , Xu Jinyu , Watowicz Rosanna , Walston Marnie , Eneli Ihuoma
Published: September 2019

The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the acceptability to adolescents (11–18 years old) and their parents using a revised protein-sparing modified fast (rPSMF) for 12 months as an intervention for severe obesity in a tertiary pediatric weight management clinic (PWMC). To assess acceptability (satisfaction, confidence) with the rPSMF protocol, surveys were completed by adolescents and parents at baseline, 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, with adolescent height and weight measured. Analyses were conducted to assess differences in satisfaction and confidence based on adolescent response (weight loss) and adherence to the rPSMF. Adolescents’ adherence with the rPSMF was close to 50% in the first 3 months, but dropped to 14.7% at 6 months. Adolescents were most confident with choosing low carbohydrate foods at baseline. Over 12 months, adolescents and parents reported weight loss as “the most liked” part of the rPSMF. Adolescents who were adherent were more satisfied with their weight loss than their non-adherent peers. Parents and adolescents reported lack of food variety and difficulty following the protocol as challenges with the rPSMF. Adolescents and their parents were able to follow the rPSMF protocol, with weight loss, but with decreased adherence over time.