bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interlocking layer structures formed in spin‐cast polymer blend films by surface segregation and self‐stratification
Authors: Han Xia , Liu Honglai , Hu Ying
Published: January 2007

Surface morphologies formed by the phase segregation of poly(styrene‐b‐ethylene/butylene‐b‐styrene) (SEBS)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blend films prepared via spin coating on mica substrates were studied with atomic force microscopy accompanied by a solvent extraction treatment, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and contact‐angle measurements. Three kinds of surface structures of films were observed. Besides the ribbonlike morphology and the dispersed domains in a continuous matrix that are common in this field, we found a special interlocking layer structure characterized by a smooth SEBS layer as the cover on the top and a layer composed of hill‐like PMMA dispersed in the SEBS matrix at the bottom when the composition of the film was around 50:50 SEBS and PMMA. A series of blend films with different thicknesses were then prepared to investigate the interfacial structure, and the formation process of the interlocking layer, which could be elucidated by a schematic diagram, was discussed. The interlocking bilayer film with SEBS on the top possessed high thermal stability and the best surface roughness in comparison with other structures. It might find important technical applications in fields such as adhesion, lubrication, and protective coatings. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 532–543, 2007.
Mechanical, thermo‐mechanical and piezoelastic properties of rare earth formates Y(HCOO)3·2H2O and Er(HCOO)3·2H2O
Authors: Bohatý L. , Haussühl S. , Becker P.
Published: January 2007

Large single crystals of the orthorhombic (point group 222) rare earth formate dihydrates Y(HCOO)3·2H2O (a promising candidate for Raman laser converters) and Er(HCOO)3·2H2O were grown. Thermal expansion and its temperature dependence (temperature range 140–300 K) as well as elastic, thermoelastic and piezoelastic properties (temperature range 270–320 K and hydrostatic pressure range 1 × 105 Pa − 1.6 × 108 Pa, respectively) were investigated and all components of the corresponding tensors [αij ], [cijkl ], d ln cijkl /dT and dcijkl /dp were determined (p = hydrostatic pressure). A detailed analysis of the aniso‐ tropy of the investigated properties shows a close correlation of extremal values of longitudinal and/or transverse effects with prominent structural features of the isomorphic compounds. All the investigated properties give evidence for structural stability of the two compounds and signalize their usability as a crystalline material. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electronic structure calculations of europium chalcogenides EuS and EuSe
Authors: Rached D. , Ameri M. , Rabah M. , Khenata R. , Bouhemadou A. , Benkhettou N. , Dine el Hannani M.
Published: January 2007

We have performed ab‐initio self‐consistent calculations on the full‐potential linear muffin‐tin orbital method with the local‐density approximation and local spin‐density approximation to investigate the structural and electronic properties of EuS and EuSe in its stable (NaCl‐B1) and high‐pressure phases. The magnetic phase stability was determined from the total energy calculations for both the nonmagnetic (NM) and magnetic (M) phases. These theoretical calculations clearly indicate that both at ambient and high pressures, the magnetic phase is more stable than the nonmagnetic phase. The transition pressure at which these compounds undergo the structural phase transition from NaCl‐B1 to CsCl‐B2 phase is calculated. The elastic constants at equilibrium in both NaCl‐B1 and CsCl‐B2 structures are also determined. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Density functional study of carbon monoxide adsorption on small cationic, neutral, and anionic aluminum nitride clusters
Authors: Guo Ling
Published: January 2007

CO adsorption on small cationic, neutral, and anionic (AlN)n (n = 1–6) clusters has been investigated using density functional theory in the generalized gradient approximation. Among various possible CO adsorption sites, an N on‐top (onefold coordinated) site is found to be the most favorable one, irrespective of the charge state of the clusters. The adsorption energies of CO on the anionic (AlN)nCO (n = 2–4) clusters are greater than those on the neutral and cationic complexes. The adsorption energies on the cationic and neutral complexes reflect the odd–even oscillations, and the adsorption energies of CO on the cationic (AlN)nCO (n = 5, 6) clusters are greater than those on the neutral and anionic complexes. The adsorption energies for the different charge states decrease with increasing cluster size. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
SLA: A legal assurance process model for software engineering management
Authors: Rejas‐Muslera Ricardo J. , Cuadrado‐Gallego Juan J. , Sicilia Miguel‐Angel , Rodríguez Daniel
Published: January 2007

The legal assurance activities and measures are a key element for the viability of information systems projects because nowadays there can arise legal risks in some cases, which can be a serious threat for project commercial and financial success. In spite of this, there does not exist in the main evaluation and improvement processes models a process of legal assurance that systematizes and orders the activities and measures precisely by to manage such legal risks. On the other hand, the professional practice does not generally incorporate standardized processes in order to discipline the legal assurance activities and measures. This circumstance can generate the appearance of deficits in the project's legal security. This work proposes to consider the legal assurance activities and measures as a process to implement more in the evaluation and improvement processes models, with the objective to provide a suitable instrument for the management of inherent legal risks to any information systems project. This concept of the legal assurance activities and measures as a process allows the exceeding of the present reactivity characteristic of the effective professional practice and elevates it to proactive management, suitable for avoiding the legal risks that can threaten the project. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Männliche Keimzellen aus embryonalen Stammzellen
Authors: Nolte J. , Rathsack K. , Drusenheimer N. , Dev A. , Zechner U. , Haaf T. , Meinhardt A. , Michelmann H.W. , Nayernia K. , Engel W.
Published: January 2007

Die Grundlage für die lebenslange Differenzierung männlicher Keimzellen sind die spermatogonialen Stammzellen (SSC) im Testis (etwa 0,03% aller Testiszellen). Es ist gelungen, aus embryonalen Stammzellen (ES-Zellen) der Maus SSC zu generieren, die die Meiose und die Haploidisierung durchlaufen. Werden die entstehenden Spermien mit Hilfe von ICSI in unbefruchtete Eizellen eingebracht und die entstandenen 2-Zeller in den Uterus pseudoschwangerer Mäuse transferiert, werden lebensfähige Mäuse geboren. Die von uns entwickelte Strategie ermöglicht molekulare und biochemische Untersuchungen zur männlichen Keimzelldifferenzierung, insbesondere auch zur Meiose und zur Haploidisierung.
Linking over cones and nontrivial solutions for p-Laplace equations with p-superlinear nonlinearity
Authors: Degiovanni Marco , Lancelotti Sergio
Published: January 2007

We prove that the quasilinear equation

−\mathrm{\Delta }_{p}u = \lambda V|u|^{p−2}u + g(x,u)

, with

g

subcritical and

p

-superlinear at

0

and at infinity, admits a nontrivial weak solution

u \in W_{0}^{1,p}(\Omega )

for any

\lambda \in \mathbb{R}

. A minimax approach, allowing also an estimate of the corresponding critical level, is used. New linking structures, associated to certain variational eigenvalues of

−\mathrm{\Delta }_{p}u = \lambda V|u|^{p−2}u

, are recognized, even in absence of any direct sum decomposition of

W_{0}^{1,p}(\Omega )

related to the eigenvalue itself.

On démontre que l'équation quasilinéaire

−\mathrm{\Delta }_{p}u = \lambda V|u|^{p−2}u + g(x,u)

, avec

g

souscritique et

p

-surlinéaire en 0 et à l'infini, admet une solution faible non triviale. Une approche de minimax est utilisée, qui permet aussi une estimation du niveau critique correspondant. De nouvelles structures d'enlacement, associées à certaines valeurs propres variationnelles de

−\mathrm{\Delta }_{p}u = \lambda V|u|^{p−2}u

, sont reconnues, même en l'absence d'une décomposition directe de

W_{0}^{1,p}(\Omega )

liée à la valeur propre.
Monotonicity properties for ground states of the scalar field equation
Authors: Felmer Patricio L. , Quaas Alexander , Tang Moxun , Yu Jianshe
Published: January 2007

It is well known that the scalar field equation

\mathrm{\Delta }u−u + u^{p} = 0\:\text{in}\:\mathbb{R}^{N},\:N⩾3,

admits ground state solutions if and only if

1 < p < (N + 2)/ (N−2)

and that for each fixed
p
in this range, there corresponds a unique ground state (up to translation). In this article, we show that the maximum value of such ground states,

\|u\|_{\infty }

, is an increasing function of
p
for all

1 < p < (N + 2)/ (N−2)

. As a consequence of this result we derive a Liouville type theorem ensuring that there exists neither a ground state solution to this equation, nor a positive solution of the Dirichlet problem in any finite ball, with the maximum value less than

\mathrm{e}^{N/ 4}

. Our proof relies on some fine analyses on the first variation of ground states with respect to the initial value and with respect to
p
. The delicacy of this study can be evidenced by the fact that, on any fixed finite ball, the maximum value of positive solutions to the Dirichlet problem is
never
a monotone function of
p
, over the whole range

1 < p < (N + 2)/ (N−2)

.
Psychopathological consequences after a terrorist attack: An epidemiological study among victims, the general population, and police officers
Authors: Gabriel Rafael , Ferrando Laura , Cortón Enrique Sainz , Mingote Carlos , García-Camba Eduardo , Liria Alberto Fernández , Galea Sandro
Published: January 2007

Background and aim

To assess the prevalence and correlates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depression and anxiety disorders other than PTSD, among three samples with different level of exposure to the March 11, 2004 terrorist attacks in Madrid.

Method

We sampled three groups of persons—those injured in the attacks, the residents of Alcala de Henares, and police officers involved with the rescue effort—with different exposure to the March 11, 2004 terrorist attacks, using random sampling from comprehensive censuses of all three groups. In person interviews were conducted with all three groups between 5 and 12 weeks after March 11, 2004. Questionnaire included assessment of socio-demographic characteristics, of PTSD using the Davidson trauma scale, and of a range of psychiatric illnesses using the mini international neuropsychiatric interview (MINI).

Results

The overall sample included 127 persons injured in the attack, 485 residents of Alcalá de Henares, and 153 policemen involved in rescue. Of all three groups 57.5%, 25.9% and 3.9% of persons, respectively, reported symptoms consistent with any assessed psychiatric disorder. The use of psychoactive medication before March 11, 2004 was consistently the main predictor of PTSD and major depression among those injured and of major depression and anxiety disorders others than PTSD among residents of Alcala.

Conclusions

There was a substantial burden of psychological consequences of the March 11, 2004 terrorist attacks two months after the event. Persons with prior mental illness are at higher risk of post-event psychopathology, across groups of exposure.
Computerized assessment of cognition in schizophrenia: Promises and pitfalls of CANTAB
Authors: Levaux Marie-Noëlle , Potvin Stéphane , Sepehry Amir Ali , Sablier Juliette , Mendrek Adrianna , Stip Emmanuel
Published: January 2007

Objective

Over the last decade, the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), which comprises visuo-spatial tasks, has been utilized in cognitive studies of schizophrenia. A clear approach concerning the usage of CANTAB for the appraisal of neurocognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia is currently lacking.

Method

In this paper, we have first reviewed the overall applications of CANTAB and then evaluated methodological strengths and weaknesses of CANTAB as a neurocognitive battery for schizophrenia. We carried out a systematic search and assessment of studies where CANTAB was utilized to measure cognitive function in schizophrenia. We have also attempted to quantify the available data and perform a meta-analysis, but this approach turned out to be still premature.

Results

CANTAB has enabled researchers to highlight significant deficits affecting broad cognitive domains in schizophrenia, such as working memory, decision-making, attention, executive functions and visual memory. So far, the most consistent deficit observed with CANTAB testing has been attentional set-shifting, suggestive of fronto-striatal dysfunctions. In addition, preliminary evidence points towards the potential use of CANTAB to identify cognitive predictors of psychosocial functioning, to describe the relationships between symptoms and cognition, and to measure the impact of pharmacological agents on cognitive functioning.

Conclusion

CANTAB has been used successfully to highlight the range of visuo-spatial cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, producing similar results to those obtained with some traditional neuropsychological tests. Further studies validating the use of CANTAB following the standard set by Measurement And Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) are warranted.
Exogenous H2O2 and catalase treatments interfere with Tri genes expression in liquid cultures of Fusarium graminearum
Authors: Ponts Nadia , Pinson-Gadais Laetitia , Barreau Christian , Richard-Forget Florence , Ouellet Thérèse
Published: January 2007

Effect of exogenous H2O2 and catalase was tested in liquid cultures of the deoxynivalenol and 15‐acetyldeoxynivalenol‐producing fungus Fusarium graminearum. Accordingly to previous results, H2O2 supplementation of the culture medium leads to increased toxin production. This study indicates that this event seems to be linked to a general up regulation of genes involved in the deoxynivalenol and 15‐acetyldeoxynivalenol biosynthesis pathway, commonly named Tri genes. In catalase‐treated cultures, toxin accumulation is reduced, and Tri genes expression is significantly down regulated. Furthermore, kinetics of expression of several Tri genes is proposed in relation to toxin accumulation. Biological meanings of these findings are discussed.
Greater frequency of subcortical lesions in severely demented patients with early onset Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Geppert Anita Malgorzata , Wroblewska Katarzyna Anna , Przedpelska-Ober Elzbieta Maria
Published: January 2007

Background

Recent data have shown that in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular brain lesions might promote the progression of cognitive decline or might even precede neuronal damage.

Methods

Ischemic brain lesions, recognized on computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, were analyzed retrospectively in 72 patients with early and late onset sporadic AD.

Results

All types of ischemic lesions occurred more frequently in the AD patients than in the controls. Analysis of subgroups of early and late onset AD patients diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging showed a more frequent occurrence of subcoritcal lesions in severely demented patients with early onset AD.

Conclusions

The non‐stroke subcortical ischemic lesions occurring more frequently in our AD patients might be recognized as the concomitant vascular pathology that characterizes severely demented patients with early onset sporadic AD.
Haptoglobin and serum amyloid A in relation to the somatic cell count in quarter, cow composite and bulk tank milk samples
Authors: Åkerstedt Maria , Persson Waller Karin , Sternesjö Åse
Published: January 2007

Milk somatic cell count (SCC) is the gold standard in diagnosis of subclinical mastitis, and is also an important parameter in quality programmes of dairy cooperatives. As routine SCC analysis is usually restricted to central laboratories, much effort has been invested in the search for alternative biomarkers of mastitis and milk quality, including the presence in the milk of the acute phase proteins (APP), haptoglobin (Hp) and serum amyloid A (SAA). The aim of this study was to investigate relationships between Hp, SAA and SCC in quarter, cow composite, and bulk tank milk samples. Cows (n=165), without any clinical signs of disease or abnormalities in the milk or udder, from three different dairy farms, were used. Cow composite milk samples from all cows delivering milk at the sampling occasion were taken once in each herd. In one of the farms, representative quarter milk samples (n=103) from 26 cows were also collected. In addition, bulk tank milk samples from 96 dairy farms were included in the study. Samples were analysed for Hp, SAA and SCC, and relationships between the parameters were evaluated at quarter, cow and tank milk levels using Chi-square analysis. Milk samples were categorized according to their SCC, and the presence, or no presence, of SAA and Hp, based on the detection limits of the screening methods (0·3 mg/l and 1·0 mg/l for SAA and Hp, respectively). Hp and SAA were found in milk at quarter, cow composite and bulk tank levels. A large proportion (53%) of the animals had detectable milk concentrations of APP, and SAA was detected more frequently, and at higher concentrations than Hp, regardless of sample type. SAA was detected in as many as 82% of the bulk tank milk samples. Significant relationships were found between Hp, SAA and SCC at quarter and cow composite milk levels, but only between SAA and SCC at bulk tank milk level. Detectable levels of APP were more common at high SCC.
FOREWORD TO “MEDIEVAL JAPANESE CONSTRUCTIONS OF PEACE AND LIBERTY: MUEN, KUGAI, AND RAKU”
Authors: Sakurai Eiji
Published: January 2007

Yoshihiko Amino is an historian who has perhaps exerted a greater influence than any other on Japanese historical scholarship from the latter part of the twentieth century down to the present. He specialized in Japanese medieval history. He always saw himself as an historian first and foremost, and all his life strove to base his work on sound empirical proof. Yet his ground-breaking work, which overturned many commonly held assumptions about Japanese history, had an impact far beyond academic circles. His topics were wide-ranging – including the history of the shōen (private estate) system, urban history, industrial history, the history of sea-faring peoples, women's history, and the history of the emperor system – and his work has influenced, not only those concerned with Japanese thought and literature, but also the world of film, and he has won broad popular support from among readers. He is rare among historians in Japan in that his name is so widely recognized.
MEDIEVAL JAPANESE CONSTRUCTIONS OF PEACE AND LIBERTY: MUEN, KUGAI, AND RAKU
Authors: Amino Yoshihiko
Published: January 2007

The terms muen, kugai, and raku appear in medieval documents and invoke the idea of places which exist outside the reach of the secular power, such as shrines, temples, bridges and markets. They can also be extended to refer to people who are without worldly ties. Such places highlight the limitations that applied to political authority in medieval Japan, and they were characterized by such “freedoms” as limitations on the right of entry, exemptions from rents, taxes and corvée labor, rights of free passage, asylum from conflict and the civil law, non-recognition of serfdom or slavery, non-application of collective punishment, and authority based on seniority. The terms themselves defy clear individual definition. All three can be traced to Buddhist texts, though they were appropriated in the medieval period to secular use. Muen refers to being “unattached” (that is, without karmic ties), kugai to the realm of temples (the abodes of those who have cut secular ties), and raku to the ideal realm (or “paradise”). Though these terms were associated with liberty in the medieval period, they lost their positive connotations once the country was unified at the end of the sixteenth century.
STUDYING WOMEN AND GENDER IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
Authors: Andaya Barbara Watson
Published: January 2007

Historians of Southeast Asia have begun to consider the history of women and gender relatively recently, even though the complementary relationship between men and women has long been cited as a regional characteristic. In the last twenty years or so the field has witnessed some important advances, most notably in the study of the twentieth century but also in the preceding periods as well. Generalizations advanced in the past are now being refined through a number of new case studies. The second half of this essay, surveying recent publications primarily in English, focuses on pre-twentieth century history, identifying the areas where research has been most productive and suggesting lines of inquiry that might be profitable in the future.
The Swiss Teaching Style Questionnaire (STSQ) and Adolescent Problem Behaviors
Authors: Kuntsche Emmanuel , Gmel Gerhard , Rehm Jürgen
Published: January 2007

Based on evidence on parenting, the aim of the study was to develop a teaching questionnaire and to examine links to adolescent problem behaviors. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, cluster analysis, and hierarchical linear modeling was used based on self-reports of 340 teachers (mean age 44.7 years, SD = 10.7) and their 5904 students (mean age 15.9 years, SD = 0.9). The three-dimensional factor structure could be confirmed. The dimension warmth and support was negatively associated with bullying in the class taught, and interaction between warmth and support and rules and control was negatively associated with cigarette smoking, cannabis use, and delinquency. On the other hand, psychological pressure was associated with low academic achievement. Although indications of the importance of teaching styles in the prevention of multiple adolescent problem behaviors were found, differences between teaching and parenting make further research necessary.
How Formal Versus Semantic Gender Influences the Interpretation of Person Denotations
Authors: Irmen Lisa , Roßberg Nadja
Published: January 2007

Two studies assessed how gender-marked person denotations in German are interpreted in contrast to their unmarked counterparts in English. Participants read sentences about national groups denoted by nouns of masculine gender in German (Experiment 1) and by gender-unmarked nouns in English (Experiment 2). These statements were followed by a sentence that contained a reference to the subject of the first sentence and expressed either stereotypically feminine, stereotypically masculine, or gender-neutral content. Reading times for the second sentences indicate the ease of reference resolution which depends on the fit between the first sentence’s subject and the gender relatedness of the second sentence. Results show that grammatical gender in German slowed down the reading of information that was mismatched as to gender. No effect occurred in the English study. Results are discussed in terms of the theoretical framework of scenario mapping and focus ( Sanford & Garrod, 1981 , 1998 ).
Social Judgment Norms and Social Utility: When It Is More Valuable to Be Useful Than Desirable
Authors: Cambon Laurent , Djouari, Aicha , Beauvois Jean-Léon
Published: January 2007

The idea of social norm is often associated with the idea of value. However, such a simple association has often been criticized. The criticism seems to lie in the polysemy and the vagueness associated with the idea of value. The present study was based on the distinction drawn between two dimensions of value that people or objects can have, and its experimental operationalization in personality traits: (1) social desirability (SD), which refers to affective valence or motivation and covers traits such as sympathetic and nice, and (2) social utility (SU), which corresponds to how well a person meets the requirements of a given society, and covers traits like dynamic and competent. The desirability-utility distinction was used here to investigate what kind of value a norm can activate. Our hypothesis was that SU would be more elicited by normativity than SD. This hypothesis was tested in three studies in which participants were asked to describe target people (with traits pertaining either to SD or to SU) whose answers on a questionnaire varied in degree of normativeness (judge paradigm). The results support the hypothesis; the more normative targets are, the more they are described in SU terms.
Die psychotherapeutische Behandlung von Angststörungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter - Was ist evidenzbasiert?
Authors: Schneider Silvia , In-Albon Tina
Published: January 2007

Zusammenfassung: Angststörungen sind die häufigsten psychischen Störungen des Kindes- und Jugendalters. Sie sind zudem ein bedeutsamer Risikofaktor für psychische Störungen des Erwachsenenalters und erfordern eine adäquate Behandlung. Die Wirksamkeit von Psychotherapie in der Angstbehandlung kann heute nicht mehr in Frage gestellt werden. Jedoch zeigt die Sekundäranalyse der Therapiestudien, dass bislang nur kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutische Interventionen die erfolgreiche Behandlung der Angststörungen des Kindes- und Jugendalters anhand von randomisierten, kontrollierten Therapiestudien (Randomized Control Trials, RCT) nachweisen konnten. Dabei fanden sich keine Unterschiede in der Wirksamkeit, wenn die kognitive Verhaltenstherapie individuell oder in der Gruppe stattfand oder wenn sie mit dem Kind alleine oder unter Einbezug der Familie durchgeführt wurde. Die Katamnesedaten zeigen, dass die Therapieerfolge über mehrere Jahre bestehen blieben und die Erfolge nicht nur auf die Angstsymptomatik beschränkt waren. Während für viele der in der klinischen Praxis angewendeten Psychotherapieverfahren ein adäquater empirischer Nachweis einer Wirksamkeit fehlt, liegen erste RCTs vor, die die kurzfristige Wirksamkeit psychopharmakologischer Behandlung (SSRI) nachweisen. Zu den zentralen empirisch validierten psychotherapeutischen Interventionen gehören die Psychoedukation, kognitive Bearbeitung dysfunktionaler Gedanken und systematische Konfrontation mit den angstauslösenden Situationen. Diese Interventionen werden kurz dargestellt und offene Fragen in der Psychotherapieforschung der Angststörungen werden abschließend diskutiert.
Die Behandlung sozialer Ängste im Kindes- und Jugendalter
Authors: Melfsen Siebke , Schwieger Judith , Kühnemund Martina , Stangier Ulrich , Stadler Christina , Poustka Fritz , Heidenreich Thomas , Lauterbach Wolf , Warnke Andreas
Published: January 2007

Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: Der vorliegende Artikel untersucht die Fragestellung, inwieweit sich der derzeitige Stand der Forschung kognitiv-behavioraler Interventionen bei sozial ängstlichen Kindern und Jugendlichen in den derzeit zur Anwendung gelangenden Behandlungsrichtlinien widerspiegelt. Methode: Hierzu wurde eine systematische Literaturanalyse zum derzeitigen Stand der Forschung durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse weisen auf die Bedeutsamkeit des Einzelsettings, kognitiver Interventionen, des Einbezugs von Eltern bei jüngeren Kindern sowie auf Einschränkungen, wenn die Behandlung allein aus einem sozialen Kompetenztraining besteht, hin. Schlussfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse machen deutlich, dass bisherige Empfehlungen zur Therapie sozial ängstlicher Kinder modifiziert und ergänzt werden sollten.
Diagnostisches und therapeutisches Vorgehen bei Patienten mit leichtem Schädelhirntrauma
Authors: Gautschi  , Frey  , Zellweger
Published: January 2007

Das isolierte Schädel-Hirn-Trauma (SHT) ist ein Hauptrisikofaktor für Morbidität und Mortalität nach einem Unfallereignis. Die Prognose ist sowohl von der primären, also der direkten Schädigung als auch von der sekundären Schädigung (posttraumatische Blutung, Ödem etc.), abhängig. Das in diesem Artikel beschriebene leichte SHT ist eine traumatisch bedingte, reversible Schädigung des Gehirns ohne morphologisch fassbare Veränderung, welches einem GCS von 13–15 zugeordnet wird. Gleich zu Beginn der Aufnahmeuntersuchung sollten Risikofaktoren für intrakranielle Pathologien identifiziert werden. Hierzu richtet sich die durchzuführende Diagnostik nach dem Schweregrad der Verletzungen. Besonders im Bereich der SHT ist dies nur ungenügend mit der herkömmlichen Nativradiologie zu gewährleisten. Im Folgenden werden praxisnah sowohl Algorithmen zum Vorgehen bei leichten SHT als auch der sinnvolle Einsatz einer frühen CT-Diagnostik besprochen.
80-jährige Patientin mit akuter Hämoptoe
Authors: Hruz  , Hügli  , Keller  , Tamm
Published: January 2007

Eine 80-jährige, bisher gesunde Patientin trat notfallmässig mit seit zwei Tagen zunehmender Hämoptoe bei Reizhusten ein. Aus der Anamnese war eine in der Kindheit abgelaufene Tuberkulose bekannt. In den Abklärungen konnte mittels einer Angiographie eine broncho-pulmonale arterio-arterielle Fistel im Oberlappen links dargestellt werden. Die der Fistel zugrunde liegende hypertrophierte Bronchialarterie wurde selektiv mit 355–500 Mikrometer grossen Partikeln embolisiert. Die Blutung ist am ehesten im Rahmen einer Gefässruptur im vernarbten Gewebe bei einer in der Kindheit abgelaufenen Tuberkulose zu verstehen.
Work-Life-Balance: Berufliche und private Lebensgestaltung von Frauen und Männern in hoch qualifizierten Berufen
Authors: Hoff Ernst-H. , Grote Stefanie , Dettmer Susanne , Hohner Hans-Uwe , Olos Luiza
Published: January 2007

Zusammenfassung. In diesem Beitrag wird die Work-Life-Balance bzw. die berufliche und private Lebensgestaltung von Frauen und Männern in zwei hoch qualifizierten Berufen, in der Medizin und in der Psychologie behandelt. Erstens werden Befunde quantitativer Analysen auf der Grundlage einer Fragebogenerhebung bei ca. 1 000 Professionsangehörigen mitgeteilt. Bei Frauen in beiden Professionen überwiegt eine Integration und Balance, bei den Männern eine Segmentation und ein Ungleichgewicht der Lebensbereiche. Dies gilt für die alltägliche ebenso wie für die biografische Lebensgestaltung. Allerdings gleichen sich in der Psychologie anders als in der Medizin auch viele Männer mit ihrer Lebensgestaltung bereits den Frauen an. Zweitens wird als Resultat qualitativer Analysen auf der Grundlage von Interviews mit ca. 100 Professionsangehörigen eine genauere Unterscheidung von Formen der Lebensgestaltung nach Integration, Segmentation und Entgrenzung vorgestellt. Innerhalb dieser Formen kann dann noch einmal genauer nach der Balance oder dem Ungleichgewicht der Lebenssphären differenziert werden.
Charismatic and Transformational Leadership
Authors: Judge Timothy A. , Fluegge Woolf Erin , Hurst Charlice , Livingston Beth
Published: January 2007

Charismatische und transformationale Führung: Ein Überblick und eine Agenda für zukünftige Forschungsarbeiten

Abstract. Of all the leadership theories in organizational research, charismatic/transformational leadership has captured scholars' interest most over the past decade. This article reviews what has been learned about the antecedents of charismatic and transformational leadership, their effects on individual and collective outcomes across cultures, and moderators of those effects. We conclude with a set of recommendations for moving this field of study forward, including a call for more rigorous research designs that provide greater insight into the process of transformational leadership (i.e., causal direction and mediating mechanisms), further conceptual clarifications, and further integration with other schools of leadership thought.
Verlängerung der Lebensarbeitszeit - eine realistische Perspektive?
Authors: Lehr Ursula , Kruse Andreas
Published: January 2007

Zusammenfassung. Dieser Beitrag geht zunächst auf einige zentrale demografische Entwicklungen ein, die eine alternde Gesellschaft kennzeichnen. Er macht deutlich, dass das Altern der Gesellschaft nicht mit einem Rückgang an Innovationsfähigkeit gleichgesetzt werden darf. Vielmehr verfügen viele ältere Menschen über Wissen und Erfahrungen, die sie in die Lage versetzen, sich mit neuen Anforderungen kreativ auseinanderzusetzen. Diese Wissens- und Erfahrungselemente werden hier für den beruflichen Bereich dargestellt. Zugleich werden potenzielle Risiken älterer Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmer aufgezeigt, die bei der Personalplanung besonders berücksichtigt werden müssen. Der Beitrag plädiert dafür, eine alternde Gesellschaft auch als eine Chance zu begreifen.
Erziehungskompetenz
Authors: Petermann Ulrike , Petermann Franz
Published: January 2007

Zusammenfassung. Die Erziehungskompetenz der Eltern bildet die entscheidende Grundlage für die Entwicklung von Kindern. Durch Präventionsansätze lässt sich diese Kompetenz bei allen Bezugspersonen eines Kindes verbessern. Es existieren vor allem unterschiedlich konkret ausgearbeitete Eltern- und Lehrertrainings. Besondere Bedeutung kommt dem Triple-P-Ansatz, computergestützten Mediatorentrainings und Online-Angeboten zu. Vor allem selektive und indizierte Präventionsansätze beziehen auch umfassend die Kindebene mit ein.
Triple P aus der Sicht der Eltern
Authors: Heinrichs Nina , Hahlweg Kurt , Kuschel Annett , Krüger Sonja , Bertram Heike , Harstick Sylvia , Naumann Sebastian
Published: January 2007

Zusammenfassung. Kognitiv-behaviorale Elterntrainings sind in Deutschland mehrfach in ihrer präventiven Wirksamkeit, Einsetzbarkeit und Akzeptanz kritisiert worden. Insbesondere wird angezweifelt, ob solche Elterntrainings auch die Bedürfnisse von Eltern nicht-verhaltensauffälliger Kinder oder sozial benachteiligter Familien erfüllen können. In der vorliegenden Studie wird über die Teilnahmerate und Zufriedenheit als zwei Indikatoren für die Akzeptanz und Einsetzbarkeit von solchen Trainings berichtet. 341 Familien aus zwei Projekten (Projekt “Zukunft Familie I“ und Projekt “Zukunft Familie II“) nahmen an der Erhebung teil. Die teilnehmenden Familien verteilen sich über verschiedene Einkommens- und Bildungsschichten. Es zeigte sich eine sehr hohe Teilnahmerate und hohe Zufriedenheit mit dem Training. Dieses Ergebnis war unabhängig von einer Reihe von soziodemographischen Merkmalen, und es hing auch nicht mit der psychischen Gesundheit des Kindes zusammen. Empirisch lassen sich daher keine Belege dafür finden, dass kognitiv-behaviorale Elterntrainings nur für Eltern verhaltensauffälliger Kinder oder sozial begünstigte Eltern geeignet wären.
Dimensions of Interpersonal Orientation
Authors: Silva Fernando , Arias Rosario Martínez , Moro Micaela , Ortet Generós
Published: January 2007

Studies carried out using the Spanish assessment instrument known as the Socialization Battery (or BAS) showed a two-level structure: six first-order components are organized at a higher level in an oblique two-factor solution, one axis being “Sociability versus Unsociability” and the other “Prosocial versus Antisocial Behavior.” In order to further analyze these constructs, a new assessment kit called Dimensions of Interpersonal Orientation (Spanish: Dimensiones de Orientación Interpersonal or DOI) was developed. The DOI kit includes both self-reports and other-reports, and can be applied to both older children or adolescents and adults. The first task of this study was to see whether the structure mentioned above (originally found in youngsters' self-reports) is replicated along the four content-equivalent forms of the DOI kit. The second and more important aim was to examine the construct validity by means of multitrait-multimethod matrices. Convergent and discriminant validity were assessed in youngsters (N = 562) and in adults (N = 585), using both traditional and current strategies. Results of all structural analyses are encouraging: the DOI's first- and second-order structures are well supported.
Supervisors of Psychotherapy
Authors: Rønnestad M. Helge , Orlinsky David E. , Parks Barbara K. , Davis John D.
Published: January 2007

Levels of supervisory activity and confidence were investigated in relation to a number of therapist characteristics. Analyses of data from more than 1600 therapists of various professions, orientations, and career levels in several countries, two-thirds of whom were resident in Europe, showed that: (1) supervising the work of other therapists becomes a normal part of the professional development of psychotherapists as therapist experience levels increase; (2) supervisory confidence increases noticeably with the initial supervisory experiences, and thereafter increases progressively and slowly; (3) some therapists with little supervisory experience claim high levels of supervisory confidence; and (4) supervisors' confidence about guiding the development of others can not be predicted by the amount of supervision received, or by duration or type of therapist experience, but can be predicted on the basis of self-assessed therapeutic skill and, to some extent, by amount of experience as a supervisor. The results are discussed in the light of existing models of supervisor development.
Age and Information Processing
Authors: Czigler István , Csibra Gergely , Ambró Ágnes
Published: January 2007

This paper reviews our recent studies on the effects of aging on human information processing. In these studies the event-related potentials of the brain (ERPs) recorded in visual discrimination tasks were compared in younger and older groups of subjects in four experiments. We obtained a slight age-related delay of the NA component of the ERP. This component is a correlate of elementary pattern-identification processes. Obvious latency differences appeared on the anterior positivity, selection negativity, and N2b components in tasks where the target stimuli were defined by two stimulus characteristics. These components are correlates of attentional processes, i.e., the results support the view emphasizing age-related decline of the attentional processes. In the elderly the late positivity was less sensitive to stimulus probability, and in the older groups this component was more evenly distributed over the scalp. These results are considered as an indication that the structure of stimulus sequences was less efficiently represented in the older subjects.
Spin polarization of Co2MnGe and Co2MnSi thin films with A2 and L21 structures
Authors: Rajanikanth A. , Takahashi Y. K. , Hono K.
Published: January 2007

Spin polarizations (P) of polycrystalline Co2MnGe and Co2MnSi films that were sputter deposited on thermally oxidized Si substrates at various substrate temperatures (Ts) were measured by the point contact Andreev reflection technique. While continuous films were grown at Ts=500°C with the L21 structure, Mn-deficit islands were formed at Ts>700°C. P showed strong dependence on the state of order of the alloys; P=0.58 for L21 ordered Co2MnGe, P=0.35 for A2 Co2MnGe, P=0.54 for L21 ordered Co2MnSi, and P=0.52 for A2 Co2MnSi. The experimentally determined P values of the L21 ordered films are lower than the theoretical predictions, which is attributed to the imperfect L21 ordering.
Residual stress effects on piezoelectric response of sol-gel derived lead zirconate titanate thin films
Authors: Berfield T. A. , Ong R. J. , Payne D. A. , Sottos N. R.
Published: January 2007

Piezoelectric properties of three sol-gel derived Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3 thin film specimens of different thicknesses integrated onto Pt∕Ti∕SiO2‖Si substrates are investigated to delineate the influence of residual stress on the strain-field response characteristics from other thickness related effects. Residual tensile stresses are determined from wafer curvature measurements for films ranging in thickness from 190to500nm. Field-induced strains are measured interferometrically for each film under either a large ac driving voltage or a small ac ripple applied over a range of dc biases. Higher residual stresses decrease measured piezoelectric response, while thickness variations with no accompanying change in residual stress state produce little change in strain-field behavior. The diminished performance associated with high residual stresses is attributed to reductions in both linear and nonlinear contributions, including decreased polarization switching and domain motion.
Transport in strongly coupled two-dimensional complex plasmas: Role of the interaction potential
Authors: Ratynskaia S. , Kompaneets R. , Ivlev A. V. , Knapek C. , Morfill G. E.
Published: January 2007

Observations of particle motion in a complex plasma monolayer in rf discharge have revealed anomalous dependence on neutral gas pressure; an “immobile” system at high gas pressures, then, decreasing the pressure, a state with viscoelastic vortical fluid motions and, hence, dramatically enhanced transport, followed again by an ordered state. While the inhibited transport at higher pressures can be attributed to dissipation on neutrals, the transition of the system back to an ordered state at lower pressures has been explained by an increase of the dust-dust viscous dissipation due to significant modifications of the interaction potential between the particles.
Effect of reactant size on discrete stochastic chemical kinetics
Authors: Gillespie Dan T. , Lampoudi Sotiria , Petzold Linda R.
Published: January 2007

This paper is aimed at understanding what happens to the propensity functions (rates) of bimolecular chemical reactions when the volume occupied by the reactant molecules is not negligible compared to the containing volume of the system. For simplicity our analysis focuses on a one-dimensional gas of N hard-rod molecules, each of length l. Assuming these molecules are distributed randomly and uniformly inside the real interval [0,L] in a nonoverlapping way, and that they have Maxwellian distributed velocities, the authors derive an expression for the probability that two rods will collide in the next infinitesimal time dt. This probability controls the rate of any chemical reaction whose occurrence is initiated by such a collision. The result turns out to be a simple generalization of the well-known result for the point molecule case l=0: the system volume L in the formula for the propensity function in the point molecule case gets replaced by the “free volume” L−Nl. They confirm the result in a series of one-dimensional molecular dynamics simulations. Some possible wider implications of this result are discussed.
Systematic investigation of theories of transport in the Lennard-Jones fluid
Authors: Dyer Kippi M. , Pettitt B. M. , Stell George
Published: January 2007

Three kinetic theories of transport are investigated for the single-species Lennard-Jones model fluid. Transport coefficients, including diffusion, shear, and bulk viscosity, are calculated from these theories for the Lennard-Jones fluid across the fluid regions of the phase diagram. The results are systematically compared against simulation. It is found that for each transport property considered, there is at least one theoretical result based on approximations that have been systematically derived from a first-principles starting point that is quantitatively useful over a wide range of densities and temperatures. To the authors’ knowledge, this article constitutes the first such compendium of results for the Lennard-Jones model fluid that has been assembled.
Single molecule dynamics and statistical fluctuations of gene regulatory networks: A repressilator
Authors: Kim Keun-Young , Lepzelter David , Wang Jin
Published: January 2007

The authors developed a time dependent method to study the single molecule dynamics of a simple gene regulatory network: a repressilator with three genes mutually repressing each other. They quantitatively characterize the time evolution dynamics of the repressilator. Furthermore, they study purely dynamical issues such as statistical fluctuations and noise evolution. They illustrated some important features of the biological network such as monostability, spirals, and limit cycle oscillation. Explicit time dependent Fano factors which describe noise evolution and show statistical fluctuations out of equilibrium can be significant and far from the Poisson distribution. They explore the phase space and the interrelationships among fluctuations, order, amplitude, and period of oscillations of the repressilators. The authors found that repressilators follow ordered limit cycle orbits and are more likely to appear in the lower fluctuating regions. The amplitude of the repressilators increases as the suppressing of the genes decreases and production of proteins increases. The oscillation period of the repressilators decreases as the suppressing of the genes decreases and production of proteins increases.
Electron transport in degenerate Mn-doped ZnO nanowires
Authors: Salfi J. , Philipose U. , Aouba S. , Nair S. V. , Ruda H. E.
Published: January 2007

The authors have performed variable-temperature electrical measurements on individual single-crystalline, Mn-doped ZnO nanowires. Using a back-gated field-effect transistor structure fabricated with electron-beam lithography, they have established that nanowires exhibit n-type conduction. At a temperature of 225K, the field-effect mobility and free electron concentration are ≈35cm2V−1s−1 and ≈3.6×1017cm−3, respectively. Carrier concentration varies weakly with temperature down to 12K, signifying that the material is degenerate. Mobility decreases with decreasing temperature down to 12K, in a manner consistent with ionized impurity scattering in a degenerate semiconductor.
Singlet oxygen production in a microcathode sustained discharge
Authors: Bauville G. , Lacour B. , Magne L. , Puech V. , Boeuf J. P. , Munoz-Serrano E. , Pitchford L. C.
Published: January 2007

The authors report experimental results showing that high yields of singlet oxygen O2(aΔg1) can be generated in a three-electrode microcathode sustained discharge (MCSD) configuration. This configuration consists of a microhollow cathode discharge (MHCD) acting as a plasma cathode to sustain a stable glow discharge between the MHCD and a third, planar electrode placed at a distance of 8mm. Experiments were performed in pure oxygen and in mixtures of oxygen with rare gases (He or Ar) at pressures up to 130Torr. O2(aΔg1) relative yields of 7.6% were measured 23cm downstream in the afterglow of the MCSD discharge.
Variations in δ13C values among major plant community types in the Xilin River Basin, Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Chen Shiping , Bai Yongfei , Lin Guanghui , Huang Jianhui , Han Xingguo
Published: January 2007

The δ13C values of 51 plant species selected from eight plant communities along a moisture gradient were measured. Our results showed that all the community types that we investigated are dominated by C3 species in the Xilin River Basin. Large variations in the average 13C natural abundance of different communities were detected, and the magnitude of δ13C values showed the following trend: typical steppe (–23.0‰) > degraded steppe (–23.5‰) > sand dune (–25.0‰) > restoring degraded steppe (–25.8‰) > meadow steppe (–26.4‰) ≥ saline meadow (–26.5‰) > swamp meadow (–28.2‰). The major determinants of the biomass-weighted δ13C values in a given community were the presence or absence of C4 plants, the intrinsic variation among species and the variation of the same species growing in different habitats with different soil-moisture regimes and disturbance history. These results suggested that different habitats support dominant species with different water-use efficiencies and a trend in the community-level δ13C values was observed, as ascribed by the contribution of C4 plants and/or the variations among species or the response of water-use efficiency of the same species to different soil moisture conditions.