bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Model of Radial Scattering Velocity of Fragments of the Reactive Core PELE Projectile
Authors: Ding Liangliang , Zhou Jingyuan , Ran Xianwen , Tang Wenhui , Xue Xiaoguang , Zhao Yuli
Published: July 2020

PELE projectile is a new type of armor-piercing warhead and has a more obvious fragmentation effect, which solves the problem of insufficient after-effects of conventional armor-piercing projectiles. Reactive material is a new type of energetic material, which has some characteristics similar to the traditional explosives but has better mechanical properties. Reactive material is insensitive under normal conditions, and it can release huge energy under external impact loading. This paper hopes to study the application of reactive materials to the inner core of PELE projectiles to further improve the fragmentation effect of PELE projectiles. The fragmentation effect of PELE projectile is mainly reflected in the radial scattering velocity of fragments after it perforates the target plate. In this paper, three energy sources for the radial scattering of fragments were obtained by analyzing the penetration process of PELE projectile, that is, the axial kinetic energy of outer casing, the radial compression potential energy generated by the inner core to the outer casing, and the chemical energy released by the reactive core material. Based on the simplification and assumptions, the theoretical model of radial scattering velocity of fragments of the reactive core PELE projectile was established. In addition, numerical simulations were carried out to verify the theoretical model. The results show that the numerical simulation results are in good agreement with the theoretical calculation results, which indicates that the model established in this paper is scientific and reasonable. The reactive core PELE projectile has a more significant fragmentation effect, which further enhances the comprehensive damage power of traditional PELE projectile. The theoretical model established in this paper can quickly assess the power of reactive core PELE projectile’s fragmentation effect, which can be used to provide guidance and reference for engineering application.
Cytotoxicity of the Sesquiterpene Lactones, Ivalin and Parthenolide in Murine Muscle Cell Lines and Their Effect on Desmin, a Cytoskeletal Intermediate Filament
Authors: Botha Christo J. , Mathe Y. Zethu , Ferreira Gezina C. H. , Venter E. Annette
Published: July 2020

Vermeersiekte or “vomiting disease” is an economically important disease of ruminants following ingestion of Geigeria (G.) species in South Africa. Sheep are more susceptible, and poisoning is characterized by stiffness, regurgitation, bloat, paresis, and paralysis. Various sesquiterpene lactones have been implicated as the cause of poisoning. The in vitro cytotoxicity of two sesquiterpene lactones, namely, ivalin (purified from Geigeria aspera) and parthenolide (a commercially available sesquiterpene lactone), were compared using mouse skeletal myoblast (C2C12) and rat embryonic cardiac myocyte (H9c2) cell lines, representing the oesophageal, skeletal and cardiac muscles, which are affected in sheep. For 24, 48, and 72 h, both cell lines were exposed. A colorimetric viability assay, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), was used to assess cytotoxicity. A concentration-dependent cytotoxic response was observed in both cell lines, however, the C2C12 cells were more sensitive, with the half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50s) ranging between 2.7 and 3.3 µM. In addition, the effect that ivalin and parthenolide has on desmin, an important cytoskeletal intermediate filament in myocytes, was evaluated using the C2C12 myoblasts. Disorganization and aggregation of desmin were caused by both sesquiterpene lactones, which could clarify some of the ultrastructural lesions described in vermeersiekte.
Ensemble Modeling of the Impact of Climate Warming and Increased Frequency of Extreme Climatic Events on the Thermal Characteristics of a Sub-Tropical Lake
Authors: Gal Gideon , Yael Gilboa , Noam Schachar , Moshe Estroti , Schlabing Dirk
Published: July 2020

Lake ecosystems are impacted by changes in climatic conditions. Climate changes forecasted to occur are reflected in models by slow gradual changes over extended periods of time. Output from weather generators, on the other hand, can simulate short-term extreme conditions and weather patterns. In order to evaluate the likely impact of climate changes on a large sub-tropical lake, specifically the thermal regime of the lake, we constructed climate scenarios using a weather generator. The 30-year scenarios included no change in climate conditions, a gradual change, increased frequency of heat waves and a merging of the latter two. The projected impact on the lake’s physical properties was evaluated using an ensemble of 1-D hydrodynamic lake models. The gradual increase scenario had the largest impact on annual temperatures and stratification period; however, increased heat waves had a large effect on the summer lake conditions and introduced a larger degree of variability in water temperature. The use of the ensemble of models resulted in variability in the projected impacts; yet, the large degree of similarity between projected trends and patterns increased confidence in the results. The projected effect the heat waves will have on the lake conditions highlights the need to include heat waves in climate studies and the need for impact studies in order to better understand possible consequences for lake ecosystems.
Algae-Laden Fouling Control by Gravity-Driven Membrane Ultrafiltration with Aluminum Sulfate-Chitosan: The Property of Floc and Cake Layer
Authors: Du Peng , Li Xing , Yang Yanling , Zhou Zhiwei , Fan Xiaoyan , Feng Jianyong
Published: July 2020

Gravity-driven membrane (GDM) ultrafiltration is a promising water treatment method due to its low energy consumption and low maintenance. However, the low stable permeability in algae-laden water treatment is currently limiting its wider application. With the ultimate goal of increasing permeability, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a composite coagulant of aluminum sulfate-chitosan (AS-CS) on the GDM filtration performance. In parallel tests with a single AS coagulant and without pre-coagulation, the analysis of membrane fouling resistance and the membrane fouling mechanism were evaluated. The results indicated that the AS-CS/GDM system can alleviate 23.74% and 58.80% membrane fouling, respectively, compared with AS/GDM and the GDM system. The AS-CS/GDM system can effectively remove humic-like substances having a molecular weight (MW) of 3–100 kDa, resulting in removal of 98.32% of algae cells and removal of 66.25% of dissolved organic carbon; the AS-CS/GDM system thereby improved the concentration of attached biomass on the membrane surface with the stronger biodegradability of organic matters. The application of AS-CS pre-coagulation in the GDM process could enhance the proliferation of microorganisms and the removal of low molecular weight humic-like substances. Therefore, the AS-CS/GDM system is a potentially important approach for algae-laden water treatment.
Hydrochemical and Isotopic Assessment of Groundwater in the Goda Mountains Range System. Republic of Djibouti (Horn of Africa)
Authors: Ahmed Ibrahim , Jalludin Mohamed , Razack Moumtaz
Published: July 2020

The hydrogeological system of the Goda Mountains Range (GMR) in the Republic of Djibouti (Horn of Africa), hosted by volcanic and sedimentary formations, is the only water resource in the Tadjourah region for more than 85,000 inhabitants. Water needs are expected to drastically increase in the coming years, due to fast socio-economic development of the region. Accordingly, this system is under high pressure and should sustainably be exploited. However, little is known about the hydrogeology of this system. This study aims to improve the understanding of the hydrochemistry and the recharge processes of this system. The study is based on the combined interpretation of major ions, stable isotopes (18O, 2H), and radiogenic isotopes (3H, 14C). The interpretation of major ions contents using classical hydrochemical methods and principal component analysis highlighted that alteration of volcanic rocks minerals, coastal rainfall infiltration, and evaporation are the main processes from which groundwater acquires mineralization. Stable isotopes revealed that groundwater is of meteoric origin and has undergone high evaporation during infiltration. Radiogenic isotopes showed that groundwater in the basalts is mostly submodern to old, in relation with low hydraulic conductivity of the rocks and/or longer pathways through fissures from outcrop to subsurface. Groundwater in the rhyolites is much younger compared to the basalts due to faster infiltration. The sedimentary part, in connection with the rhyolites, has younger waters compared to the basalts, but older compared to the rhyolites. The overall results show that GMR is a fairly complex hydrogeological system, containing a resource made up of a mixture of waters of different ages. This study has made significant progress in understanding this system and is an initial step towards the sustainable exploitation of resources.
Optimization of H2 Production through Minimization of CO2 Emissions by Mixed Cultures of Purple Phototrophic Bacteria in Aqueous Samples
Authors: Vasiliadou I.A. , Melero J.A. , Molina R. , Puyol D. , Martinez F.
Published: July 2020

One of the current challenges in the treatment of wastewater is the recovery and/or transformation of their resources into high value-added products, such as biohydrogen. The aim of the present study was to optimize the production of hydrogen by mixed cultures of purple phototrophic bacteria (PPB), targeting in low CO2 emission. Batch assays were conducted using different carbon (malic, butyric, acetic acid) and nitrogen (NH4Cl, Na-glutamate, N2 gas) sources by varying the chemical oxygen demand to nitrogen ratio (COD:N 100:3 to 100:44), under infrared radiation as sole energy source. Malate-glutamate (COD:N 100:5.5) and malate-NH4-N (COD:N 100:3) fed cultures, exhibited high H2 production rates of 2.3 and 2.5 mLH2/Lh, respectively. It was observed that the use of glutamate decreased the CO2 emission by 74% (13.4 mLCO2/L) as compared to NH4-N. The H2 production efficiency achieved by organic carbon substrates in combination with glutamate, was in the order of malic (370 mLH2/L) > butyric (145 mLH2/L) > acetic acid (95 mLH2/L). These substrates entailed partitioning of reducing power into biomass at 64%, 50% and 48%, respectively, whereas reductants were derived to biohydrogen at 5.8%, 6.1% and 2.1%, respectively. These results suggest that nitrogen source and carbon dioxide emissions play an important role in the optimization of hydrogen production by PPB.
Spatial Aggregation Effect on Water Demand Peak Factor
Authors: Del Giudice Giuseppe , Di Cristo Cristiana , Padulano Roberta
Published: July 2020

A methodological framework for the estimation of the expected value of hourly peak water demand factor and its dependence on the spatial aggregation level is presented. The proposed methodology is based on the analysis of volumetric water meter measurements with a 1-h time aggregation, preferred by water companies for monitoring purposes. Using a peculiar sampling design, both a theoretical and an empirical estimation of the expected value of the peak factor and of the related standard error (confidence bands) are obtained as a function of the number of aggregated households (or equivalently of the number of users). The proposed methodology accounts for the cross-correlation among consumption time series describing local water demand behaviours. The effects of considering a finite population is also discussed. The framework is tested on a pilot District Metering Area with more than 1000 households equipped with a telemetry system with 1-h time aggregation. Results show that the peak factor can be expressed as a power function tending to an asymptotic value greater than one for the increasing number of aggregated households. The obtained peak values, compared with several literature studies, provide useful indications for the design and management of secondary branched pipes of water distribution systems.
Groundwater Vulnerability and Nitrate Contamination Assessment and Mapping Using DRASTIC and Geostatistical Analysis
Authors: El Baba Moustafa , Kayastha Prabin , Huysmans Marijke , De Smedt Florimond
Published: July 2020

The Gaza Strip is in a chronic state of water shortage and the coastal aquifer as the only freshwater source is increasingly depleted and polluted, especially by nitrate. Assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution is essential for adequate protection and management. In this study, the assessment of the aquifer vulnerability to contamination is derived by applying the DRASTIC procedure, firstly with original default weights and ratings and, secondly, improved by estimating rating values by multiple linear regression of observed log-transformed nitrate concentration in groundwater, with DRASTIC factors extended to land-use. The results are very different because high and low vulnerability areas shift considerably. Subsequently, a geostatistical analysis of the spatial distribution of the nitrate concentration is performed, firstly by ordinary kriging interpolation of the observed nitrate concentration and secondly by regression kriging using DRASTIC factors and land-use as indicators of the spatial variation in nitrate occurrence. These maps differ because the map obtained by regression kriging interpolation shows much more details of environmental factors such as dunes, ridges, soil types and built-up areas that affect the presence of nitrate in groundwater. The results of this study can be used by the Palestinian authorities concerned with sustainable groundwater management in the Gaza Strip.
The Application of Modified Natural Polymers in Toxicant Dye Compounds Wastewater: A Review
Authors: Ishak Siti Aisyah , Murshed Mohamad Fared , Md Akil Hazizan , Ismail Norli , Md Rasib Siti Zalifah , Al-Gheethi Adel Ali Saeed
Published: July 2020

The utilization of various types of natural and modified polymers for removing toxicant dyes in wastewater generated by the dye industry is reviewed in this article. Dye wastewater contains large amounts of metals, surfactants, and organic matter, which have adverse effects on human health, potentially causing skin diseases and respiratory problems. The removal of dyes from wastewaters through chemical and physical processes has been addressed by many researchers. Currently, the use of natural and modified polymers for the removal of dyes from wastewater is becoming more common. Although modified polymers are preferred for the removal of dyes, due to their biodegradability and non-toxic nature, large amounts of polymers are required, resulting in higher costs. Surface-modified polymers are more effective for the removal of dyes from the wastewater. A survey of 80 recently published papers demonstrates that modified polymers have outstanding dye removal capabilities, and thus have a high applicability in industrial wastewater treatment.
Diatom Taxonomic Composition as a Biological Indicator of the Ecological Health and Status of a River Basin under Agricultural Influence
Authors: Lu Xinxin , Liu Yan , Fan Yawen
Published: July 2020

The Lalin River Basin (LLRB) is a major drainage basin in northeastern China, that has been significantly influenced by agricultural activities. This study focused on exploring diatom taxonomic composition linked to environmental factors at the taxonomic levels of genus and species during ice-covered periods. Nine sampling stations were divided into three groups based on trophic state index (TSI). hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and redundancy analysis (RDA) were performed to identify diatom distribution patterns and their relationships to environmental factors. Diatom richness, composition and distribution were analyzed at the levels of genus and species. Our results showed the epipelagic diatom Melosira varians was very abundant at most stations. Benthic diatoms Achnanthidium minutissimum, Encyonema minutum and Gomphonema parvulum were dominant in group-3, which had the highest trophic states. HCA showed the similarity of diatom taxonomic composition spatial distribution patterns between genus and species levels. RDA revealed that the key factors related to genus level distributions are COD, TP and EC, while TP was the key factor in structuring diatom taxonomic composition at the level of species. These results suggest identification of diatoms at genus level can be used as a potential indicator to assess ecological health status of agricultural-influenced rivers during ice cover periods. Further research is necessary to explore the utility of genus level diatom composition as a biological indicator in rivers.
Flood Hydraulic Analyses: A Case Study of Amik Plain, Turkey
Authors: Üneş Fatih , Ziya Kaya Yunus , Varçin Hakan , Demirci Mustafa , Taşar Bestami , Zelenakova Martina
Published: July 2020

In recent years, significant flood events have occurred in various parts of the world. The most important reasons for these events are global warming and consequent imbalances in climate and rainfall regimes. Many studies are performed to prevent the loss of life and property caused by floods. Many methods have been developed to predict future floods and possible affected areas. Developing computer and numerical calculation methods gives opportunities to make simulations of flood hazards. One of the affected areas, which is also one of the world’s first residential districts at Hatay in Turkey, is the Amik Plain. In this study, the floods on the Amik Plain in Hatay province are analyzed. Hatay airport was also affected during floods since 2012 and serious material damage occurred. For this purpose, Google Earth Pro software was used to obtain maps of the basin where the airport is located and the rivers it contains. Afterwards, Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System module (HEC-RAS) was used for the hydraulic and hydrological definitions of the river basin. The results of numerical models are presented as simulated maps.
Analysis and risk assessment of risk technical systems to develop of methodology for teaching students using the method dynamic fault tree
Authors: Simeonova Tsvetelina
Published: July 2020

The aim of the present work is to develop a methodology for conducting exercises for analysis, assessment and management of risk, using a web based tool, by identifying and analyzing the risk of occurrence of a dangerous event through the dynamic fault tree method. As a result, a framework is presented according to the proposed methodology applicable to the students' training in risk analysis, evaluation and management, and according to accepted assumptions. Approaches for qualitative and quantitative risk assessment are presented at the assumed value of the damages. In addition, a methodology for risk analysis, assessment and management applicable to student training on risk analysis and management, through the dynamic fault tree method, has been developed and proposed.
Analysis and risk assessment of risk technical systems in the development of the methodology for the students training by transforming structures
Authors: Simeonova Tsvetelina
Published: July 2020

The purpose of this article is to develop a methodology for risk analysis by transforming structures. A methodology for risk analysis is proposed by transforming structures based on existing links between the system description through a block diagram, a fault tree, and an event tree. Risk analysis of risk techniques by fault tree and event tree provides an unambiguous relationship between element parameters and parity of equivalent elements describing a system or a subsystem. An example of risk analysis by transforming structures is presented, according to the proposed methodology applicable to risk identification, including transformations between block diagram and fault tree and event tree, as well as variants to determine their risk (at accepted value of damages), according to acceptances made. A methodology has been developed and examples of risk analysis by transformation of structures are shown.
Economic benefits of corporate E-learning
Authors: Dimitrova Joana Dimitrova
Published: July 2020

Businesses value online training as a cost-effective, convenient and efficient way of delivering corporate education. The purpose of this report is to examine and analyze models for measuring the benefits and return on investment of corporate training. It is a matter of creating and executing a solid strategy. The results of the report show that measurements, including ROI, are determined by the training and business needs of the company. This report contributes by examining and analyzing the measurement models of Kirkpatrick and Phillips' learning outcomes in the light of eLearning, as well as the methods for assessing the quality of eLearning content. The contribution of the report to research is that it can be used as a basis for exploring a more robust methodology for measuring e-learning outcomes.
Referral rates for children with acute gastroenteritis: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Wolters Pien Ingrid , Holtman Gea , Fickweiler Freek , Bonvanie Irma , Weghorst Anouk , Post Johan , Kollen Boudewijn , Berger Marjolein
Published: July 2020

Background

Hospital admission rates are increasing for children with acute gastroenteritis. However, it is unknown whether this increase is accompanied by an increase in referral rates from GPs due to increased workloads in primary care out-of-hours (OOH) services.

Aim

To assess trends in referral rates from primary care OOH services to specialist emergency care for children presenting with acute gastroenteritis.

Design & setting

This retrospective cohort study covered a period from September 2007–September 2014. Children aged 6 months to 6 years presenting with acute gastroenteritis to a primary care OOH service were included.

Method

Pseudonymised data were obtained, and children were analysed overall and by age category. Χ2 trend tests were used to assess rates of acute gastroenteritis, referrals, face-to-face contacts, and oral rehydration therapy (ORT) prescriptions.

Results

The data included 12 455 children (6517 boys), with a median age of 20.2 months (interquartile range [IQR] 11.6 to 36.0 months). Over 7 years, incidence rates of acute gastroenteritis decreased significantly, and face-to-face contact rates increased significantly (both, P<0.01). However, there was no significant trend for referral rates (P = 0.87) or prescription rates for ORT (P = 0.82). Subgroup analyses produced comparable results, although there was an increase in face-to-face contact rates for the older children.

Conclusion

Incidence rates for childhood acute gastroenteritis presenting in OOH services decreased and referral rates did not increase significantly. These findings may be useful as a reference for the impact of new interventions for childhood acute gastroenteritis.
Analysis of the Dynamics of SI-SI-SEIR Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Epidemic Model with Re-infection
Authors: Bada Oluwafemi I. , Oke Abayomi S. , Mutuku Winfred N. , Aye Patrick O.
Published: July 2020

The spread of Avian influenza in Asia, Europe and Africa ever since its emergence in 2003, has been endemic in many countries. In this study, a non-linear SI-SI-SEIR Mathematical model with re-infection as a result of continuous contact with both infected poultry from farm and market is proposed. Local and global stability of the three equilibrium points are established and numerical simulations are used to validate the results.
AVOIDING MALUKU LOCAL LANGUAGES DEATH THROUGH EMBEDDED MULTILINGUAL LEARNING MODEL
Authors: Bin-Tahir Saidna Zulfiqar
Published: July 2020

The number of local language deaths in Indonesia is a national concern that must be addressed immediately. This study aims to describe and explore how to overcome the death of local languages in Indonesia through multilingual learning models in schools. This study is a library study that analyzes and analyzes the results of previously published studies related to multilingual learning in Indonesia. The results of this study found two learning models, namely the multilingual simultaneous-sequential model and the embedded multilingual model, which are suitable to be adapted and adopted in teaching local Indonesian languages in schools. This research also contributes to the central, provincial, and district governments to apply the laws and regulations that have been developed and implemented.
“COHERENCE OF THE WORLD”: NATURE IN GLEB SEMYONOV’s POEMS
Authors: Balashova E.A.
Published: July 2020

Intertextual connections, interiorization (internalization), “naturalization” of man, change of visual “plans”, impressionistic vision of nature - these and many other methods define the poetics of the Leningrad poet Gleb Semyonov (1918 - 1982), as well as make his lyrics an exemplary model, demonstrating the “mechanisms” of the poetic landscape perception. This determines the purpose of the study and its practical significance.
SOVIET LITERATURE IN CHINA AFTER 1991
Authors: Yaodeng Meng
Published: July 2020

The article discusses the features of the study and perception of the concept of Soviet literature in China after the collapse of Soviet Union. Based on the research findings of Chinese scientists, the author attempts to objectively identify the reasons for the perception of this concept in China not only as historical, but active one. The paper also analyzes the expanded idea of Soviet literature by linking it with the concepts of “multinational” and “Russian literature of the 20 century”, as well as the meanings that Chinese scholars put into them. The author comes to the conclusion that Chinese scholars study the phenomenon of Soviet literature according to their literary and cultural need, which makes Soviet literature in China a historical, but not dead concept. As a result of the study, it was determined that the concept of “Russian literature of the 20 century” became popular in China after 1991, and the concept of “multinational” expects in-depth study in order to objectively and dialectically analyze the values of Soviet literature against the backdrop of the collapse of the USSR.
THE CONCEPT OF ANGUISH IN THE PHILOSOPHICAL AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF N.A. BERDYAEV
Authors: Rong Yao
Published: July 2020

The article is devoted to the study of the concept Anguish on the material of N.A. Berdyaev's philosophical autobiography. The theoretical basis of the work, which predetermined the method of analysis, is the doctrine of V.V. Kolesov (conceptology). In the course of the analysis of the text "Self-knowledge" adjectives and predicates were extracted and classified in accordance with the algorithm proposed by V.V. Kolesov, figurative concepts and semantic constants of the concept Anguish were obtained based on the idea of the unity of a speech-making act, in which the linguistic and logical are presented together. The paper also analyzes the concept of Anguish in the associative field of N.A. Berdyaev.
THE HISTORY OF A CALENDAR AS A CUMULATIVE TEXT OF MASS MEDIA IN THE ETHNIC CULTURE OF GERMANY
Authors: Nebesnyuk U.A.
Published: July 2020

The article presents the analysis of composition, forms and functions of a calendar as a cumulative text of mass media in the ethnic culture of Germany from the mid-fifteenth until the early nineteenth century. It was revealed that, in connection with the growing role of narrative entertainment part since the 10s of the nineteenth century and the politicization of social consciousness during the great French Revolution, the calendar as a truly national medium of information has been undergone literarization, having lost its original meaning. Calendar stories have formed an independent literary genre which had received the name «Kalendergeschichte» in German tradition.
WORKS OF F. SCHILLER IN THE CHUVASH LITERATURE: FEATURES OF TRANSLATION INTO CHUVASH LANGUAGE
Authors: Kuznetsova T.N. , Mikhaylova E.R.
Published: July 2020

The article is devoted to the features of translation of German poetry into the Chuvash language. Using the example of F. Schiller’s ballad “Der Handschuh” (“Glove”) and its translation into Chuvash, performed by the Chuvash poet S. Shavly, a comparative analysis of the translation and the original is carried out, and the quality of the translation of the work is determined. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the translation of F. Schiller’s poem “Der Handschuh” into the Chuvash language, consideration of the linguistic features of the poetry translation. When translating a work, different types of lexical and grammatical transformations are used: omission of lexical units, transliteration, lexical addition, replacement of parts of speech, generalization, etc., which helped to reveal the content of the work and preserve the structure of the poetic work in the target language. S. Shavly made the German work accessible to the Chuvash audience, using the words and expressions most often found in colloquial speech of his native language.
INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL ACTIVITY
Authors: Kavaliou Aliaksandr V.
Published: July 2020

The article examines the problem of institutional aspects of the activities of scientific schools. The methodological basis of the study includes the ideas of the evolutionary theory of social institutions. Dialectical and causal methods are the main methods of analysis. The article demonstrates the role of institutions in the process of formation, decline and revival of the school on the example of the Austrian school of economics. The development of the school took place in accordance with the institutional requirements that existed at that time, the school reached the rare case of four to five generations of “teacher-pupil”. The loss of the institutional academic environment after the Anschluss of Austria is interpreted as the most important factor leading to decline. The process of the school revival is analyzed in the context of the used scientific institutions (conferences, research centers, scientific journals). The theoretical and practical value of the paper is to confirm the thesis that the transformation of scientific schools into invisible colleges that do not require geographical localization, in the case of a school revival, has its own specifics. In our opinion, the work of scientists in different scientific centers with joint distance communication initially requires the concentration of a “critical mass” around one of them. For the Austrian school, the Mises Institute acted as such a center. In addition, the fruitful functioning of a scientific school requires the task of preparing new scientists, which cannot be without academic institutionalization, i.e. opening the master's and doctoral programs.
APPLICATION OF MACHINE LEARNING METHODS TO THE CALCULATION OF BANK'S RETURN ON EQUITY UNDER A LOAN AGREEMENT
Authors: Shirobokova M.A. , Letchikov A.V.
Published: July 2020

The requirements for a more accurate assessment of the individual risk of a borrower became more complicated with the introduction of Basel II and IFRS 9. Such risk assessment is more and more often carried out using the construction of scoring models, however, as a rule, the Gini coefficient acts as a quality criterion for the constructed models, and the influence of modeling on financial component, namely on the return on equity, which acts as the basis for doing business in the field of lending, is not investigated at all. In this regard, the article proposes a methodology for assessing the return on equity without taking into account risk and its complication by taking into account the individual risk of a borrower. The construction of a dynamic model for assessing credit risk in the article is considered on the basis of survival models constructed by machine learning methods. The problem of accounting for censored data is solved using specific construction of variables for the model and methods that take into account censorship: logistic regression, Cox proportional risk model, random survival forest model. On the example of the data of a regional commercial bank, the return on equity is estimated and compared, depending on the choice of a risk assessment model. The result of the study is the conclusion that it is necessary to apply the methodology for calculating the return on equity taking into account risk assessed by the machine learning method.
LEGAL REGULATION OF NOISE IMPACT ON THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL LEGISLATION
Authors: Gagarin S.A. , Uage M.B.
Published: July 2020

The article examines the provisions of legislation on the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population, regulating the restrictions of negative physical impact on the environment. The article considers the provisions of regional legislation aimed at regulating the issues of ensuring the peace and quiet of citizens. The authors note that the Code of administrative offences of the Russian Federation does not contain a direct ban on actions that violate the peace and quiet of citizens at night, but the corresponding restrictions apply in almost every subject of the Russian Federation. The article analyzes the legal regulation of relations connected with ensuring peace and quiet in a number of subjects of the Russian Federation. Regional acts determine specific prohibited actions that are subject to administrative liability in the form of a fine. The article highlights common and distinctive features of the legislation of the subjects of the Russian Federation in the field of acoustic impact. It is concluded that it is necessary to develop a unified approach to ensuring silence in the Russian Federation.
THE HISTORY OF MUNICIPAL REFORMS IN THE UDMURT REPUBLIC
Authors: Ivanova A.A. , Obukhova N.I.
Published: July 2020

The article considers the main directions of municipal reforms carried out in the Udmurt Republic that are relevant for the modern organization of municipal management. The authors identify fundamental issues that need to be addressed in order to effectively organize the municipal government. The stages of municipal reform are considered in detail and specific examples are given. The authors focus on the need to consistently implement structural changes in local government. For an objective assessment of the situation in the Udmurt Republic, the following areas are considered: territorial organization of local self-government, formation of local self-government bodies, legal support for municipal reform, and others. The article examines the features and problems of municipal reform, taking into account historical and other conditions and factors. The authors put forward constructive proposals for effective organization of municipal administration.
TOPICAL PROBLEMS OF QUALIFICATION OF CRIME, PROVIDING RESPONSIBILITY FOR INDECENT ASSAULT (ARTICLE 135 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION), AND MEASURES TO IMPROVE THE CRIMINAL STRUCTURE
Authors: Kalugina N.G. , Shutova A.A.
Published: July 2020

In this article, the various issues of legal assessment of the offence, which provides for liability for indecent acts against teenagers who have not reached the age of sixteen, are to be studied. In addition, the article considers problems arising in the process of qualification of the act, including those related to the determination of the ways of committing indecent acts, the age characteristics of the victim of the crime, as well as the understanding of the characteristic of the personality of the perpetrator. In addition to these issues arising in law enforcement, in our view, it is necessary to improve the criminal law norm. It is proposed to make some changes to the elements of the offence provided for in articles 135 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, thus facilitating the process of qualification of the act and, in general, law enforcement activities. It also seems necessary for us to establish such a form of illegal activity as a criminal offence under article 134 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, as commission of other acts of a sexual nature with the victims in the event of mutual consent.
ON SOME FEATURES OF THE REGULATORY AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF CREATION OF IZHEVSK MEDICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ATLAS
Authors: Mal’kova I.L. , Muntyanu P.V.
Published: July 2020

The article considers one of the possible ways to implement the constitutional right of citizens to reliable information about the state of the environment. Environmental monitoring carried out on the territory of Izhevsk by the state and departmental organizations is extremely limited in the territorial and time aspect. Monitoring results are usually published only in specialized annual reports, or are provided to citizens on a paid basis. Publication of the Izhevsk Medical and Environmental Atlas and its availability to a wide range of interested citizens, both at the professional and consumer level, corresponds to three main conditions for environmental protection: scientific and expert support, public control and public awareness. The article reflects the regulatory considerations of creating the atlas, gives its brief structural and content characteristics, and provides examples of component-wise and integrated large-scale maps. Some results of zoning of the city microdistricts by the level of medical and environmental well-being are also presented, taking into account the territorial distribution of such indicators as the level of morbidity of the child population, the complex index of air pollution, noise pollution from traffic flows and the area of green spaces.
STATE-LEGAL INTERACTION OF CREDIT LEGISLATION AND ARTISANAL POLICY IN PRE-REVOLUTIONARY RUSSIA
Authors: Oleinik N.N. , Nevlev V.V. , Maslov N.P.
Published: July 2020

The peasant reform of 1861 brought to life the intensive development of handicrafts in the rural population. The popular initiative found support in the Russian government, was enshrined in law, and was called artisanal policy. The article explores the basic changes in Russian legislation and the main directions of government activity in the field of cooperation in the artisanal industry of the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Particular attention is paid to highlighting the achievements and problems of handicraft-encouraging activities of the state in the southern provinces, the analysis of the effectiveness of administrative and legal methods in the process of modernization of handicrafts in the post-reform period. The contribution of the agrarian reform of the government of P. A. Stolypin to the development of manufacturing industries is examined. The results of a study of the state of credit legislation, a study of the historical experience of the Russian state in the handicraft industry of this period are summarized.
PARTICIPANTS IN THE ALLEGED CRIMINAL LAW CONFLICT AT THE STAGE OF CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
Authors: Tat’yanin D.V.
Published: July 2020

The article deals with the problem of determining the composition of participants in the stage of initiation of criminal proceedings. Imperfect legislation, lack of proper regulatory regulation of participants in the criminal law conflict taking part in the considered stage leads to violations of the rights and legitimate interests of the individual; this affects the process before the investigative check and subsequent preliminary investigation. Based on the analysis of legislation and research papers, the author explains the proposal about inexpediency of a long preliminary investigation and necessary decision-making on excitation of criminal case immediately after the establishment of the fact of committing a crime without further establishing at this stage a suspect in the crime. The author notes the inadmissibility of the use of procedural compulsion in the process of checking the reasons and grounds of a criminal case, as well as on the introduction of such a participant as “suspected”, since the establishment of the commission of a crime entails the criminal case and the emergence of such a participant as “suspect”. The author substantiates the illegality of identifying the suspect and the person who gave himself up. The author offers a list of rights of participants in the criminal case initiation stage, which can be implemented only by the participant's own free will.
PERCEPÇÃO AMBIENTAL SOBRE O RESERVATÓRIO DE PATAXÓ (IPANGUAÇU/RN)
Authors: Souza Yana Karina de Lima , Guedes Josiel De Alencar
Published: July 2020

Na região nordeste do Brasil, especificamente no semiárido, foi implantada a política de construção de reservatórios como solução hidráulica, suprindo a escassez de água ocasionada pelas secas frequentes, fator característico desta região. Os primeiros açudes públicos foram construídos a partir de 1890 no estado do Ceará. Entre 1951 a 1954, foi construído pelo DNOCS o açude Pataxó para o abastecimento da população do município de Ipanguaçu/RN, possibilitando o crescimento populacional e surgimento das comunidades do seu entorno: Pataxó e São Miguel, onde foram realizadas uma pesquisa para analisar a relação entre as comunidades citadas e o reservatório. Como aporte metodológico foi empregada à metodologia Kozel (2007) apresentando formas de interpretação e decodificação de mapas, no qual as comunidades elaboraram mapas mentais participativo. Foram recolhidos relatos dos moradores para o delineamento do perfil socioeconômico de ambos, assim como os principais usos da água do açude nas comunidades de Pataxó e São Miguel estão destinados para o abastecimento humano no consumo e uso domiciliar, dessedentação animal e irrigação. Sendo as principais atividades econômicas agricultura e pesca. Os resultados possibilitaram compreender a percepção ambiental dos moradores que demonstraram afeto e apego em relação ao lugar de moradia, no qual depositavam suas esperanças no reservatório para a sobrevivência e geração de renda.
Results of a study of parvovirus B19 (Parvoviridae, Parvovirinae, Erythroparvovirus, Primate erythroparvovirus 1) prevalence and circulation activity in socially significant categories of the population
Authors: Nikishov O. N. , Kuzin A. A. , Zobov A. E. , Lavrentieva I. N. , Antipova A. Yu. , Ostankova Yu. V. , Khamitova I. V. , Nikishov S. N.
Published: July 2020

Currently, along with the increasing need of medical organizations for blood preparations, algorithms for laboratory testing of blood donors are not available for all infections with hemo-contact mechanism of transmission. A representative example is infection caused by parvovirus В19. Purpose of the study. The article presents the results of the original study, the purpose of which was to study the prevalence of antibodies to parvovirus B19 and the activity of the circulation of this virus in socially important categories of the population. Material and methods. The materials of the study were blood samples from blood donors of Saint Petersburg, as well as parvovirus В19 sequences isolated from DNA-positive plasma samples. Results and discussion. According to the results of the laboratory examination, a high proportion of carriers of virus-specific IgG antibodies was found in studied group of donors, which confirms the previous infection of parvovirus B19 in them and illustrates the high prevalence of infection in this socially significant group. Based on the results of the blood preparations testing, the presence of parvovirus DNA В19 in a significant number of samples was determined by polymerase chain reaction method. This indicates an current parvovirus infection in the examined donors and points to a high epidemiological risk of the blood products obtained from them. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of a fragment of the VP1 gene demonstrated that the studied isolates belonged to А1 genotype and its subtype 1А2, which correlates with the genotypes of parvovirus В19 circulating in the European Union and Asia. In addition, two previously unknown В19 parvovirus isolates were isolated, the nucleotide sequences of which were deposited into the international GenBank database. Conclusion. Based on the results of the study, it is justified to include testing of blood samples for markers of В19 parvovirus infection in existing algorithms of laboratory examination of donors, which will ensure prevention of hemo-contact infection of blood recipients with parvovirus В19.
Genetic variations associated with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction in the Arab world: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Younes Salma , Shi Zumin , Zayed Hatem
Published: July 2020

Coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI) have reached epidemic levels in the Arab world. The well-recognized familial clustering of CAD implies that genetics plays a key role in its development. Several CAD/MI genetic association studies have been conducted, but the outcomes have been inconsistent. In this study, we aimed to systematically review and quantitatively summarize the current evidence on genetic polymorphisms associated with CAD/MI risk in the Arab world. We systematically searched five literature databases (Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science). We included all genetic polymorphisms with odds ratio (OR) 1 that were significantly associated with CAD/MI risk among Arabs. Review Manager software v5.02 was used to conduct the meta-analysis. Publication bias was measured using Begg’s funnel plot and Egger’s test based on STATA software v15.1. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed to estimate the association. I2-statistic was used to assess heterogeneity. In total, 75 studies comprising 36,125 cases and 31,730 controls were included, and 62 studies were eligible for meta-analysis. A total of 80 captured variants within or near 59 genes were found to be associated with an increased CAD/MI susceptibility. We performed 46 individual meta-analyses tests for 46 variants. The pooled OR of association with CAD/MI ranged from 1.14 to 7.57, with a median (interquartile range) of 1.83 (1.64 – 2.57). With the few studies published so far, there appears to be a unique genetic and clinical susceptibility profile for Arab patients with CAD/MI. The findings of this study will pave the way to perform future genetic association studies that will help identify potential therapeutic targets against CAD/MI.