bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variation of minor non‐metrical cranial variants in Australian Aborigines. Dedicated to Professor Th. Dobzhansky on the occasion of his 70th birthday
Authors: Kellock W. L. , Parsons P. A.
Published: August 2005

1254 Australian Aboriginal crania from various parts of Australia were classified for 30 minor non‐metrical variants. Australia was split into various regions, and using statistical methods which give mean overall measures of difference between regions, some regional differences were found. Of the 30 variants used, it was found that 10 of them accounted for about 90% of the variation, and so much of the discussion was restricted to them.

The regional differences in cranial morphology appeared, so far as could be assessed, to culminate in two extreme populations: one in the north and the north‐west of the continent, and the other in southeastern Australia.

The relationship of these findings to the two main theories on the origin and composition of the Aborigines is discussed. The first considers that the Aborigines represent a homogeneous population with no significant regional variation, and the second, that they are a product of hybridization between two or more racial groups. Based on the cranial data given, and other published work, it is considered that, as yet, we have insufficient evidence to favour one of these theories at the expense of the other.
Transmission and learning of tongue gymnastic ability
Authors: Hirschhorn Howard H.
Published: August 2005

Observations were made for two weeks on the ability to roll, twist, and fold the tongue in the four members of an American family of northern European background. Photographs and questions were mailed to relatives, thus providing data for a total of 13 persons in three generations. It was found that ample time and example must be provided for learning tongue tricks, even if they be genetically determined. Also, there was evidence for the independent transmission of folding and rolling, and of transitory intermediate positions of the tongue before full expression of the abilities appeared.
The relationship between total ridge count and pattern intensity index of digital dermatoglyphics
Authors: Basu Amitabha , Namboodiri Kadambari K.
Published: August 2005

A mathematical relationship between total ridge count (TRC) and pattern intensity index (PII) is explored using data from a sample of 180 males and 213 females of Negroid origin from southwestern Haiti, West Indies. Linear regression of total ridge count on pattern intensity index gave good fit to data in males. In females the linear and quadratic regression models were less satisfactory probably due to the considerable overlap of ridge count distribution between loops and whorls. Two other measures which compare better than total ridge count are absolute ridge count and weighted total ridge count. Predictions of TRC from PII on the basis of regression estimates from Haitian data gave satisfactory results for Negroid and some Caucasoid populations but less satisfactory results for Mongoloid groups suggesting that the relationship might be different in different ethnic groups.
Human tooth wear, tooth function and cultural variability
Authors: Molnar Stephen
Published: August 2005

Among primitive peoples dental attrition appears to be a natural phenomenon. Often the degrees and kinds of tooth wear vary from population to population. This variability is possibly related to certain material aspects of culture such as diet, food preparation techniques and tool usage. In order to learn more about these relationships, extensive cross cultural comparisons must be made.

This paper reports on a study of dental attrition among skeletal remains of North American Indians from three areas: California, the Southwest and the Valley of Mexico. A method of comparing worn teeth of these populations was devised so several characteristics of the teeth and supporting bone could be examined by population. This study showed significant differences in type and degree of wear among the three groups as well as differences between sexes within each population.

A positive correlation between tooth wear and cultural factors was found. Dietary specialization and division of labor appear to be responsible for the degree and type of wear found in this sample. Further studies of this type are planned to expand the sample size and, if the new data support these correlations, valuable information about human–environmental relationships can be gained.
Post‐Pleistocene changes in the human dentition
Authors: Brace C. Loring , Mahler Paul E.
Published: August 2005

Published evidence indicates sharp reductions in the hominid dentition following the end of the Pleistocene. These reductions, both in size and in morphological complexity, have proceeded farthest in those areas where culture change has occurred most rapidly. The model proposed here suggests that post‐Pleistocene dental reduction may be the result of the change in selective forces consequent from the invention and use of pottery and the changes in food‐preparation techniques after the end of the Pleistocene. Models for testing this hypothesis are discussed.
Responses of Quechua Indians to coca ingestion during cold exposure
Authors: Hanna Joel M.
Published: August 2005

Fourteen Quechua men chewed coca leaves as they were exposed to a mild cold stress of 15.5°C for two hours. When compared to their own responses in a similar exposure without coca, they showed lower finger and toe temperatures. This was attributed to a mild vasoconstriction induced by coca leaf chewing. During the second hour of cold, coca users also showed a more gradual decline in core temperature which could represent greater heat conservation.
South‐Sinai Beduin. A preliminary report on their inherited blood factors
Authors: Bonné Batsheva , Godber Marilyn , Ashbel Sarah , Mourant Arthur E. , Tills Donald
Published: August 2005

Preliminary results of serological tests on 297 Beduin from several tribes in South‐Sinai include seven different blood‐group systems, three serum factors and eight red‐cell enzyme systems.

The present tests show only slight differences between the various tribes, except for the tribe of Jebeliya, which differs very markedly not only from the other Sinai Beduin but from all other neighbouring populations.

A considerable African component characterizes this “European” tribe as manifest by high frequencies of cDe(Rº), Fy, Jsa, acid phosphatase Pb and the presence of V(ces) and G6PD electrophoretic type A.
Genetic variability among peoples of Aruba and Curaçao
Authors: Rife David C.
Published: August 2005

Data were obtained from 252 elementary school pupils in four regions of Aruba and in the suburbs of Willemstad, Curaçao. Data included ABO and MN blood groups, ratings of skin color and hand prints. Pupils in the Noord region of Aruba differ significantly from those at other schools in both islands with respect to frequencies of MN blood group genes; mean ridge counts on fingers; and pattern frequencies in hypothenar and thenar/first interdigital palmar areas. Noord pupils have significantly darker skin color than those in other Aruban areas. No significant differences were encountered in ABO frequencies, which are more similar to those of Negroes than to American Indians and Caucasians.

MN blood group frequencies and finger prints of pupils in the Noord region are similar to those of American Indians, whereas those in other regions are similar to those of Negroes and western Europeans.
Gammaglobulin allotypes of Melanesians from Malaita and Bougainville, Solomon Islands
Authors: Steinberg Arthur G. , Damon Albert , Bloom Jerry
Published: August 2005

Data are presented on the distribution of the Gm and Inv allotypes of human IgG in samples from Melanesian populations, three from Malaita and three from Bougainville of the Solomon Islands. The Lau from Malaita are polymorphic for the phenogroup, Gm1, 2, 5, 13, 14. This phenogroup is not known to be polymorphic in any other population of the world. The Inv1 frequencies of the populations from Malaita are lower than the lowest observed in samples from Bougainville, and this may indicate an extension of the north‐south cline for Inv1 previously reported for Bougainville.

Samples from Aita in the north of Bougainville and from the Nagovisi in the south confirm the existence of the north‐south cline for Inv1 in Bougainville and suggest the presence of a Gm cline.
Somatotype distribution in male college students in northern India
Authors: Berry J. N.
Published: August 2005

Somatotyping of a random and representative sample of 1000 college men from northern India has been done on standard Sheldonian lines. The mean somatotype here, 2.85, 2.96, 4.56 and somatotype distribution were similar to those of a comparable sample of college men examined in central India a few years earlier showing their close identity. The only significant differences were the slightly higher proportion of those with dominant endomorphy and dominant mesomorphy respectively in the northern sample. Both the Indian samples are much lower in mesomorphy and endomorphy and much higher in ectomorphy than their colleagues in England or America. All three differ markedly from Japanese and Nilotics who are highest in mesomorphy and ectomorphy respectively.

The classical Sheldon's method of somatotyping physique, which is a measure of shape and not size, has amply proved its usefulness and reliability. The modifications suggested by various workers have yet to justify themselves and stand the test of time.
Anthropometric studies in Brazilian Cayapo Indians
Authors: Darocha F. J. , Salzano F. M.
Published: August 2005

Results of 16 measurements and 7 indices obtained from 130 men and 156 women belonging to three populations of Brazilian Indians are reported. For both males and females the averages for stature and head breadth are in the middle of the distribution range of values observed in other South American tribes; those for head length and nasal height are relatively low but the averages for sitting height, calf circumference and minimum frontal breadth are high. As for the indices, in both sexes the cephalic and cephalofacial are medium, the Rohrer, jugomandibularis and facial low, and the nasal high when compared with other tribes. Morphological distances between the three Cayapo populations were estimated using Mahalanobis' D2 statistic; they are smaller than those separating different tribes and are not the expected ones when the demographic variables of these groups and the geographic distances between them are considered. The amount of variability as expressed by the coefficient of variation and the prevailing pattern of sexual dimorphism are similar to those observed in other Indian populations.
Blood groups and red cell enzymes of the Ross River (Northern Tuchone), and Upper Liard (Slave) Indians
Authors: Alfred Braxton M. , Stout T. D. , Lee Melvin , Tipton Richard , Petrakis Nicholas L. , Birkbeck John
Published: August 2005

A survey of nine blood group systems was conducted as part of a study of health and nutrition among two Athapsakan groups of the Yukon Territory, Canada. Most of the samples were also analyzed for hemoglobin patterns and G‐6‐PD variants. The only significant difference in allelic frequencies between the two populations occurred at the P locus. An apparent deficit in the observed frequency of type A1, and hence a departure from equilibrium, at Upper Laird could not be tested for significance due to insufficient degrees of freedom.
An analysis of the muscular limitation on opposability in seven species of Cercopithecinae
Authors: Burton Frances D.
Published: August 2005

Cercopithecinae have long been considered to have a manus capable of opposition. Observations of manipulation in seven quadrupedal species of Cercopithecinae show that three opposable grips are used, ranging from the ultimate refinement of the “precision grip,” the refined opposition, where contact is made between the distal pads of the first digit (d1) and the second digit (d2), to the cup, where the pollex is equidistant from, and presses an object against, the palmar pads of the other digits. The most frequently used hand position was the quasi‐opposition, where the distal pad of d1 contacts d2 anywhere along its lateral aspect.

Dissections of the muscles of the pollex showed that in all the species studied refined opposition depends on the abductor brevis and opponens pollicis. In general the other pollical muscles, which enhance opposition in man, are limiting factors on this movement.

The differences among the species, however, tend to reflect use of the hand. Thus, those species subsisting principally on a diet of seeds and grasses were found to have the highest frequency of refined opposition, and their pollical anatomy shows a muscular configuration facilitating opposition.

The suggestion is made that manipulation as in procuring, conveying and preparing food may have been a more important adaptive pressure than locomotion in retention of the generalized form of the cercopithecine hand.
The Bronze‐Age Harappans: A re‐examination of the skulls in the context of the population concept
Authors: Dutta Pratap C.
Published: August 2005

The biometric data on 72 usable adult skulls excavated at Harappa and dated ca. 2500‐1700 bc have been re‐examined in the light of the genetic concept of “population.” The original study of the material considered separately and independently the various samples from locally differentiated cultural deposits, Cemetery R37, Area G, Cemetery H, etc., and used the typologic concept of racial analysis, a traditional method now sterile. One of the major findings of the study, postulating hypothetical original races, was that a varying proportions of different racial “types” constituted each sample.

The present analysis is designed, first, to identify the particular population responsible for the growth of the true Harappan culture and, secondly, to define some selected physical characters of the population. Fifteen variables provided statistical evidence that the pooled remains of Cemetery R37 and Area G can be considered as a sufficiently homogeneous Harappan population. Further, in the absence of statistically significant differences in separate measurements, the entire material may be regarded as representing the Bronze‐Age Harappans. Accordingly, some selected cranio‐facial features of the population have been described.
Notches in the non‐epiphyseal ends of the metacarpals and phalanges in children of four South African populations
Authors: Levine Errol
Published: August 2005

The incidence of notches in the non‐epiphyseal ends of the shafts of the metacarpals and phalanges was determined from radiographs of the left hand of 1,303 Pretoria school‐children aged 6 to 11 years. The group included White, Negro, Coloured and Indian children. The notches represent vestiges of supernumerary epiphyses or pseudo‐epiphyses.

Notching of one or more of the metacarpals or phalanges was found in 88.9% of White children, 77.1% of Negro children, 84.3% of Coloured children and 78.8% of Indian children. Notches were most common in metacarpal I followed in declining order of frequency by metacarpal II, metacarpal V, middle phalanx V and proximal phalanx I. Notches were rare in other sites. The mean number of notches per subject was significantly higher in males than in females in all four population groups. However, the sex differences appear to be due mainly to earlier obliteration of notches in females.

The findings in White children suggest that there is no significant relationship between metacarpal and phalangeal notching and skeletal maturation rate. Notches are significantly more common in Pretoria Whites than in relatively poorly nourished Pretoria Negro children.

It is concluded that the occurrence of notches is a normal phenomenon accompanying the ossification of the hand skeleton and that notching is related neither to retardation in skeletal development nor to undernutrition.
A method for aging the female Os pubis
Authors: Gilbert B. Miles , McKern Thomas W.
Published: August 2005

Descriptions of the morphological components of the female os pubis, their developmental stages and age relations are presented in terms of formula scores following the method of McKern and Stewart ('57). It is noted that morphological development of females is different from that of males, and that females are subject to trauma of childbirth which may cause an individual female os pubis to appear older than it actually is. As compared to the male os pubis, that of a female of the same age may appear to be ten years younger based upon the ventral rampart, and ten years older based upon the dorsal plateau.
The in vivo development of the hamster periodontium and implications for the chin's evolution
Authors: Biggerstaff Robert H.
Published: August 2005

The anthropological problem related to the biology and evolution of the human chin was approached by examining the hypothesis that the body of the mandible consists of two bony moieties: (1) alveolar bone and (2) basal bone. The alveolar bone was assumed to be a component of the dentition, ontogenetically distinct from the basal bone on which it is superposed. Each bone moiety exhibits differences in the amount, direction and timing of growth — factors which are presumed to be partially responsible for the origin and evolution of the chin.

To provide additional information on this problem, histologic sections from 45 postnatal hamster mandibles were examined with the light microscope. The results revealed that the hamster alveolar bone tissue develops from a hyalinelike precursor which is ontogenetically distinct from the processes of intramembranous bone formation. The maturation of alveolar bone appears to be associated with and highly correlated to the progressive development of the periodontal ligament and the root, a process which suggests epithelio‐mesenchymal interactions analogous to those observed during crown formation. The probable relationships between these observations on alveolar bone development and chin formation are discussed.
The problem of age estimation: A study using rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Gavan James A. , Hutchinson Thomas C.
Published: August 2005

Accurate estimation of chronological age for animals of unknown birth date is important in a variety of circumstances. This is particularly true for non‐human primates and especially true for rhesus monkeys. Data, useful for this purpose, have been organized in a variety of ways. The purpose of this paper is to duplicate some of these methods and to check their accuracy.

In general, three methods of organizing data were used. The parameters for each method were estimated from one group of rhesus monkeys. Accuracy of age estimation was determined from a closely related, second group which had been raised under approximately the same conditions and from a third group of unrelated monkeys raised under different conditions.

Some methods provided better estimations than others, but none was absolutely accurate. The analyses indicate that the degree of inaccuracy of a method should be determined on a sample which is independent of the one from which the parameters were estimated.
Palatal growth rates in Macaca nemestrina and Papio cynocephalus
Authors: Swindler Daris R. , Sirianni Joyce E.
Published: August 2005

A longitudinal study consisting of 38 unrelated Macaca nemestrina and 16 Papio cynocephalus monkeys are investigated for palatal changes during the first two and a half years of life. The central problem is to ascertain whether there are any significant differences between the two genera regarding their relative growth rates. In order to examine this question, the amount of sexual dimorphism in absolute size was determined. There was no sex difference in palatal dimensions within the species but there were marked size differences between the groups. The relative growth rates present another story. There are no significant sex or intergeneric differences in growth rates. The genera are different in absolute size but they grow at about the same relative rates. These rates represent a decelerating curve in both genera.
Hormonal control of endometrial glycogen metabolism in the Macaca arctoides
Authors: Demers Laurence M. , MacDonald Gordon J. , Greep Roy O.
Published: August 2005

Endometrial biopsies obtained throughout the menstrual cycle of the Macaca arctoides show the glycogen content paralleling the serum progesterone fluctuations which occur during the menstrual cycle. Secretory phase samples contained a three‐fold higher concentration of glycogen when compared to follicular phase tissue. Changes in the activity levels of the glycogen metabolizing enzymes, glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthetase, during various stages of the menstrual cycle are in accord with the concept that the post‐ovulatory increase in endometrial metabolism is a function of progesterone influence on this tissue.

Endometrial glycogen synthetase activity remains low during the early proliferative phase of the cycle and becomes significantly elevated (two‐to three‐fold) during the early secretory phase of the cycle. Glycogen phosphorylase shows a similar cyclicity later in the luteal phase, reaching maximal activity between the seventeenth to nineteenth day of the cycle and remaining elevated through the twenty‐sixth day of the cycle.

The coincident nature of the rise in peripheral progesterone to increases in uterine glycogen metabolism suggest that progesterone may be the prime modulator of uterine endometrial metabolism during the post‐ovulatory phase.
Detecting ovulation in Macaca nemestrina by correlation of vaginal cytology, body temperature and perineal tumescence with laparoscopy
Authors: White Ronald J. , Blaine Calvin R. , Blakley Gerald A.
Published: August 2005

Vaginal cytology, basal body temperature, and perineal tumescence were correlated with laparoscopic observations during the menstrual cycles of five pigtail monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) of known fertility. Percentages of cells obtained in vaginal smears revealed systematic variation in the presence of cell types in relation to the menstrual cycle. Measuring the percentage of exfoliate vaginal epithelial cells containing pyknotic nuclei proved to be of little value for separating the menstrual cycle into its follicular and luteal phases, nor did body temperature provide an accurate index for the occurrence of ovulation. Perineal tumescence, however, measured from the first day of menses to onset of detumescence, was a reliable indicator of the lengths of the follicular and luteal phases as correlated with laparoscopic confirmation of ovulation. Maximal perineal tumescence usually occurred within 12 hours of ovulation, although on one occasion the two events were separated by 48 hours.
Sexual behaviour of group‐living adolescent chimpanzees
Authors: Tutin C. E. G. , McGrew W. C.
Published: August 2005

This paper reports a study of the heterosexual behavior of three male and four female captive adolescent chimpanzees living a semi‐natural life style in a large field enclosure. Observations made with binoculars from an over‐head deck were balanced over the daylight hours and the seven weekdays. We recorded 213 copulations in 741.25 hours of observation between February 14 and July 21, 1972. Analysis of the observations suggests that group‐living chimpanzees in a large field enclosure behave more like free‐living chimpanzees than like other captive chimpanzees paired in small cages. In this group, copulations were non‐randomly distributed throughout the day, a finding in agreement with results on wild‐living chimpanzees but not previously reported for captive chimpanzees. In this group, moreover, copulations were highly concentrated within each female's period of maximum tumescence, as are those of free‐living chimpanzees; and individual differences in sexual attractiveness among females were apparently based on a maturational threshold of swelling size, a phenomenon that has also been reported for wild chimpanzees.
Hormonal and social factors affecting evoked sexual behavior in rhesus monkeys
Authors: Perachio A. A. , Alexander M. , Marr L. D.
Published: August 2005

Male rhesus monkey sexual behavior occurring spontaneously or evoked by remotely‐controlled hypothalamic stimulation was studied in dominant and subdominant males with both dominant and subdominant, estrogen‐treated or untreated, ovariectomized females. The behavior was quantified in terms of number and duration of ejaculatory sequences, number of thrusts, and number of mounts per sequence. Little or no spontaneous sexual behavior was observed with an untreated ovariectomized female. However, evoked sexual behavior with the exception of evoked ejaculation could be obtained whether the females were treated or untreated. Spontaneous and evoked sexual behavior was directed towards both dominant and subdominant females. The female chosen by the male was in part determined by the dominance status of the female. Evoked sexual behavior differed from spontaneous behavior in terms of an increased number of thrusts per mount, an increased number of ejaculations per session, and a decrease in latency between ejaculatory sequences.
Copulatory behavior in relation to anatomical characteristics of three macaques
Authors: Kanagawa H. , Hafez E. S. E.
Published: August 2005

Anatomy of copulatory organs and patterns of copulatory behavior were studied in three species of Macaca. The copulatory behavior of the rhesus monkey (M. mulatta) and crab‐eating macaque (M. fascicularis) were similar. Mounting time was longer in stump‐tailed macaque (M. arctoides) (48 seconds) than in the rhesus monkey or crab‐eating macaque (8.5 seconds). Species differences were correlated with anatomical differences in the female and male reproductive organs. In the stump‐tailed macaque the male has a relatively long penis, and the female has an elaborate vestibular colliculus in the vestibule. Both rhesus and crab‐eating macaques have a short penis, and the female has no vestibular colliculus.

Under scanning electron microscope, cone‐like projections (3–4 mm) were observed on the surface of the glans and corpus penis of M. arctoides. In M. fascicularis shorter projections (0.05–0.1 mm) were observed on the glans penis but not the corpus penis.
Biomechanical investigations of Limnopithecus with special reference to the influence exerted by body weight on bone thickness
Authors: Preuschoft Holger , Weinmann Wolfgang
Published: August 2005

Some of the most significant traits of the fossil Limnopithecus parallel those of modern gibbons and large cebids. Several hypotheses have been proposed in the attempt to explain this convergence: taxonomic relationship, moderate body mass (in contrast to the great apes), and similar locomotor habits, or, more precisely, adaptations to brachiation or semibrachiation. A biomechanical analysis of the Limnopithecus remains did not, however, yield satisfying results. Changes in stress patterns caused by variations of body weight have been investigated theoretically, therefore, under the assumptions of constant body posture and constant arrangement of musculature. Compressive forces and bending moments on limb bones are linear functions of body weight. The resistance of a bone to compression usually increases with the square of the diameter. The resistance to bending (more critical than compression) increases with the third power of the bone diameter, rates of increase greater than that of body weight to limb diameter. Thus, the heavier animal may possess relatively more slender limb bones. This surprising result is supported by some empirical data taken from the literature.
Morphogenetic experiments in facial asymmetry: The nasal cavity
Authors: Chierici George , Harvold Egil P. , Vargervik Karin
Published: August 2005

An experiment was designed to test the response of the nasal cavity and associated structures to maxillary deformity. Forty young M. mulatta were surgically produced in 20 animals, and the small maxillary segments moved medialward. Intrapair observation tests were applied to selected measurements and indices of symmetry relationships. Deformity of the surgically undisturbed nasal septum occurred in response to the maxillary deformation. The lateral walls were moved medially with the maxilla, but in six months symmetry relationships were similar to those found in the control animals. The lateral walls of the nasal cavity appeared to be relatively independent of the shape and position of the tooth carrying part of the maxilla. The development and use of primate models can contribute to understanding the extent of the adaptational response systems in facial morphogenesis.
The auditory sensitivity of the Lemur
Authors: Gillette Richard G. , Brown Richard , Herman Paul , Vernon Steven , Vernon Jack
Published: August 2005

A single‐lever shock avoidance conditioning technique was used to generate auditory behavioral thresholds for Lemur catta over the frequency range 100 Hz to 75 kHz. The results indicate a sensitivity of at least 60 dB below one dyne/cm2 from 1 kHz to 32 kHz and, throughout the entire frequency range, appear to be compatible with other available prosimian data. A contrast between anthropoids and prosimians indicates a loss in high frequency sensitivity for the former group, but a greater sensitivity for lower frequency stimuli. Analysis of lemur vocalizations indicates a preponderance of relatively low frequency components. Descriptions of the conditioning technique, threshold criteria, and procedures of sound measurement are included.
Visual‐optical characteristics of caged and semifree‐ranging monkeys
Authors: Young Francis A. , Leary George A.
Published: August 2005

Five species of macaques and one species of mangabey comprising a total of 324 monkeys (132 males and 192 females) were given visual examinations which included measures of corneal curvature, depth of the anterior chamber, thickness of the lens, depth of the vitreous chamber, total axial length, total power of the eye and intraocular pressure as well as the refractive error of eye under cycloplegia in the anesthetized monkey.

Cercocebus and Macaca mulatta demonstrated the greatest amount of myopia and Macaca fascicularis the least, with M. speciosa, M. fuscata, and M. nemestrina in order between these extremes. The M. nemestrina eye approximates that of the chimpanzee in size and relationship of the components. The findings indicate that males have larger eyes than females, the curvature of the cornea decreases as the axial length increases, and there is a close relationship between the length of the eye and the amount of myopic refractive error. There is some evidence that amount of myopia and the percentage of animals showing a myopic refractive error are related to the visual conditions and the behavior patterns of the different species.
Evolution of the primate visual system: Anterograde degeneration studies of the tecto‐pulvinar system
Authors: Harting J. K. , Glendenning K. K. , Diamond I. T. , Hall W. C.
Published: August 2005

A partial answer to the question of the precocious development of the temporal lobe in fossil lemurs is offered by the presentation of evidence that in the tree shrew, in prosimians, and probably in all primates the temporal lobe contains primary visual cortex. The visual pathway to the temporal lobe is achieved by relays through the superficial layers of the superior colliculus and pulvinar nucleus. This pathway parallels the geniculo‐striate system. Still a third visual system can be identified with sensory‐motor connections in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus.
Visual and tactile communication in Macaca arctoides and its ontogenetic development
Authors: Chevalier‐Skolnikoff Suzanne
Published: August 2005

This film is based on a 500‐hour observational study of a laboratory social group of stump‐tailed macaques. It demonstrates the visual and tactile adult communicative repertoire of the species and shows how the adult communication system develops in infants.

The neonate produces only a small communicative repertoire of reflexive tactile behaviors that function primarily in clinging to the mother's fur (grasping) and nursing (rooting and sucking); their communicative function is secondary. As the infant develops, its repertoire becomes larger. The stereotyped, reflexive, tactile behaviors drop out of the repertoire; and more complex behaviors, which are mainly communicative in function and occur in response to complex environmental situations, appear.

Most adult behaviors develop slowly. Behaviors present in one developmental stage often change gradually, both in form and in function as the infant matures; after modification, they appear as new behaviors in later stages. For example, the neonatal tactile sucking behavior gradually develops into the lipsmacking expression, a strictly communicative expression in the adult.
An application of cineradiography to the study of locomotion in primates
Authors: Jouffroy F. K. , Gasc J. P. , Oblin S.
Published: August 2005

The cineradiographic technique, whereby, at 64 frames/second, the successive positions of every bone segment of animals in motion can be accurately analyzed, was used to study the vertical leap of a Galago alleni from the ground position. This jump, 13 to 14 times the body length of the animal excluding the tail, is a record among primates challenged only by the tarsier. Such vertical leaps from the ground are a common mode of locomotion for the galago.

Two different patterns were observed, a symmetrical and an asymmetrical jump. In the former, the two hind limbs move in the same manner and simultaneously; and the propulsive force is equally distributed in both limbs. In the latter (more frequent in our records), the animal shifts its weight onto one foot during the preparatory phase and lifts the other; thus, only one of the hind limbs is responsible for the launching. The angular variations of every knee and ankle articulation and the successive positions of the hind limb bones were measured and diagrammatically analyzed frame by frame.

A short film was made to illustrate the cineradiographic technique; it cinematographically and cineradiographically records in successive sequence the galago's leap from the ground. The symmetrical and asymmetrical jumps are also schematically presented.
The influence of target sex and dominance on evoked attack in rhesus monkeys
Authors: Alexander M. , Perachio A. A.
Published: August 2005

Attack behaviors were elicited by the electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus of freely moving male rhesus monkeys. The influence of the sex and dominance status of target animals on the evoked response was measured. Animals offered as targets were dominant males and females and subordinate males and and females. Males were attacked more often than females and subordinate targets of either sex were attacked more often than dominant targets. A comparison was made between spontaneous and evoked attack behavior.
Non‐nutritive sucking in great ape and human newborns
Authors: Brown Josephine V. , Pieper W. A.
Published: August 2005

The development of non‐nutritive sucking in chimpanzee, orangutan and human newborns was observed during the first days of life. The group of ten human subjects reliably increased their rate of sucking, time spent sucking, and number of sucks per ten‐minute testing session during days 1–4. Similarly, the group of four newborn chimpanzees demonstrated increases in these same measures. The data from the two orangutan subjects, although not statistically significant, were generally consistent with that of the other newborns.

The stability of the sucking response and the pattern of sucking were the major apparent between‐species differences. The human newborns sucked in a stable pattern of bursts and pauses beginning on day 1, whereas the chimpanzee and orangutan subjects gradually developed a pattern of relatively continuous sucking.

The disruptibility of the sucking response was tested using a five‐second auditory stimulus. Disruption occurred 58% for humans, 40% for chimpanzees, and 20% for orangutans. It was concluded that non‐nutritive sucking of great ape newborns is less distractible by external stimulation than that of human newborns. This apparent rigidity makes it a less useful dependent variable in studies of the sensory capacities of chimpanzee and orangutan newborns than was predicted.
Memory in monkeys as a function of preparatory interval and pattern complexity of matrix displays
Authors: Davis Roger T. , Ruggiero Frank T.
Published: August 2005

Response speeds of eight monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were recorded as a measure of the strength of stimulus trace in remembering 1‐ to 4‐light displays in a 4 × 4 matrix of translucent panels. The age of the animals, the length of the period between the warning signal and the stimulus, the duration of the delay between presenting the stimulus and allowing the animal to respond, and the complexity of the stimulus pattern were varied. Speed decreased for longer poststimulus delays and older subjects. The length of the foreperiod had a complex effect on response speed, and the display light position or pattern complexity had no reliable effect. These findings were contrasted with monkey memory measured by correct responses.
The timing of fission among free‐ranging rhesus monkeys
Authors: Missakian Elizabeth A.
Published: August 2005

Behavioral observations were carried out on a large group of free‐ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago from January 1968 to December 1969 and from October through December 1970. During this period, social group A divided. The 24‐month study period can be classified into five stages which represent the different phases in the process of group fission. Two criteria for fission were established: the cessation of grooming between adult females of different sub‐groups of the main group and the stabilization of the adult female population. The criteria were based on established information on group dynamics and inter‐group behavior on Cayo Santiago.

Several points became clear from the chronological analysis. Group fission is a long process. The duration of the process of fission and the specification of the season in which fission begins and is completed depends upon the definition applied. For purposes of this analysis, fission was defined as beginning with the onset of spatial fragmentation and corresponded to the initial part of the breeding season. The fission was completed during the breeding season. The duration of the process of fission was 18 months.
Social correlates of reproductive success in the Gibbon colony on Ko Klet Kaeo, Thailand
Authors: Brockelman Warren Y. , Ross Bruce A. , Pantuwatana Somsak
Published: August 2005

The free‐ranging colony of gibbons established on an island in the Gulf of Thailand by the SEATO Medical Research Laboratory in 1966–1967 was terminated in 1970. Out of the 20 gibbons originally introduced, four adults of each sex remained until near the end of the project. The four females each gave birth to one infant. In all cases the young were conceived five or more months after pairbonds and ranges had stabilized into a more natural‐like pattern, with fairly regular morning inter‐group vocal sessions and territorial boundaries between groups containing the most feral individuals.

The maximum effective breeding density on the 60‐acre island was found to be about four or five pairs. The chances of reproductive success appear to be maximized in a free‐ranging colony containing several pairs by maintaining a one‐to‐one sex ratio and allowing enough space so that natural patterns of social behavior may be expressed. The amount of area required per group may vary with the individual gibbons and the environment, but we found it to be about ten acres.
Decreased odontometric sex difference in individuals with dental agenesis
Authors: Baum Bruce J. , Cohen Michael
Published: August 2005

Partial Dental Agenesis has been shown related to decreased mesiodistal tooth size. The sexual difference in permanent tooth size of 104 normal individuals with congenital absence of one or more secondary teeth has been studied. Males are observed to have more mesiodistal size reduction than females. In only two of 14 tooth types examined was a statistical sex difference in mesiodistal size shown. It is of interest that each of these was in the canine field area.

A sex difference was slightly more apparent when studying the buccolingual dimension; however, several difficulties were encountered in obtaining measurements in this diameter.
Height, weight, and lines of arrested growth in young Guatemalan children
Authors: Blanco Ricardo A. , Acheson Roy M. , Canosa Cipriano , Salomon Joao B.
Published: August 2005

A cross‐sectional study of height, weight and skeletal maturity as judged from radiographs of hand and wrist, of 1,412 children under seven years of age (694 boys and 718 girls) living in rural Guatemala was performed. Height and weight were compared to standards prepared by the Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP). Skeletal age was assessed by the Tanner‐Whitehouse and the Greulich and Pyle methods. All x‐rays were read by the senior author.

The children surveyed were significantly shorter and lighter than well noruished Guatemalan children. Differences were evident by age six months and at a maximum by age five years.

Both methods showed skeletal age to lag behind chronological age so that the Guatemalan rural children mature at slower rates than either the British children or the Ohio, U.S.A., children, from whom the two sets of standards were developed.

Children of both sexes with radio‐opaque transverse lines at the metaphysis showed a consistent tendency to be shorter than children without such lines. Boys but not girls showed similar trends for weight.

In general, the data are consistent with the view that the physical development in boys is more severely retarded by an adverse environment than that of girls.
A genetic study on the Newars of Nepal Valley
Authors: Bhasin M. K.
Published: August 2005

The intergroup differences between the three groups of Newars of Nepal (Shrestha, Gubhaju and Jyapu) are not significant for any of the morphological and genetical characters studied.

In body measurements the Newars on the whole are similar to other Nepali populations and to several populations of the western and northeastern Himalayas. In serological characters the Newars resemble the Nepalis as well as many of the Himalayan and Assam tribal populations.

In mid‐phalangeal hair, phenyltheourea tasting ability and colour‐blindness the Newars are similar to several Cis‐Himalayan groups. In dermatoglyphic traits, the Newars are close to some Mongoloid populations of the Far East and several populations with Mongoloid affinities residing in the western Himalayas.
Automated processing of cephalograms, facial photographs and dental casts
Authors: Thompson G. W. , Popovich F.
Published: August 2005

An automated methodology has been developed for analyzing cephalograms, facial photographs, and dental models. A digitizer is used as an input device for converting all three forms of data into Cartesian co‐ordinates. The data are stored on computer disks for data processing.
Cephalometric analysis of the craniofacial region of the northern Foxe Basin Eskimo
Authors: Colby W. B. , Cleall J. F.
Published: August 2005

Past investigations of the Eskimo have indicated that there are marked morphological differences in the craniofacial skeleton of this relatively isolated ethnic group compared to other ethnic and racial groups. This study, using cephalometric radiography, attempted to characterize the craniofacial phenotype of the Eskimo living in the northern Foxe Basin, Northwest Territories, Canada. Age changes were examined on a cross‐sectional basis with comparisons being made with a Winnipeg Caucasian group.

This investigation indicates that the Igloolik Eskimo has a phenotype, established early in life, and is distinct from the Winnipeg group. The overall size of the Eskimo craniofacial complex was significantly larger at three years of age and remained larger through the ages studied. Development of the craniofacial region, however, was fairly similar in rate and direction for both populations.

The greatest differences between the Eskimo and Caucasian groups were found in the linear measurements assessing cranial width, facial width, mandibular length, facial height, protrusion of the incisors, chin point development, and nasal morphology. Differences between the two groups in the morphological relationships of the component structures include the angular relationships of the maxilla and nasal bones to the anterior cranial base, the gonial angle of the mandible, and the angle of facial convexity.
The estimation of the cross‐sectional area of the ulna and radius
Authors: Horsman A. , Leach Anne E.
Published: August 2005

Postero‐anterior radiographs of 20 clean, dry ulnae were taken. The width of each bone was measured on its radiograph at 30 sites along the length of the bone. The ulnae were then sectioned at these sites and the cross‐sectional areas of the sections were determined. For each measurement site, a regression equation, together with its associated standard error of estimate and correlation coefficient, was derived for the estimation of the cross‐sectional area of the bone from its width. A set of 20 clean, dry radii was examined in the same way.

The relevance of the results to the assessment of osteoporosis from densitometric scan information is discussed.
Genetic influences on dentition and dental arch dimensions: A study of monozygotic and dizygotic triplets
Authors: Menezes D. M. , Foster T. D. , Lavelle C. L. B.
Published: August 2005

Previous studies of the tooth and dental arch dimensions in twins have suggested that the size and form of the dentition is more under genetic control than the size and form of the dental arch. A study of dentition and dental arch was carried out on three sets of same‐sex triplets, two sets being monozygotic and one set dizygotic. No significant differences were found in the dental arch dimensions in any set of the triplets. The tooth dimensions showed no significant differenes in the monozygotic triplet sets or in the monozygotic pair from the dizygotic triplet set, but showed significant differences between the monozygotic pair and the third member of the dizygotic set. This confirms the data obtained from twin studies.
Jaw movement and tooth use in recent and fossil primates
Authors: Kay Richard F. , Hiiemae Karen M.
Published: August 2005

Masticatory movements and molar wear facets in species of Tupaia, Galago, Saimiri, and Ateles have been examined using cinefluorography and occlusal analysis. The molars have been compared with those of a fossil series: Palenochtha, Pelycodus and Aegyptopithecus.

The extant primates are almost identical in their feeding behaviour, the movements and timing of the masticatory cycle. Food is first puncture‐crushed where the cycle is elongated, the power stroke attenuated and abrasion facets are produced on the molars. Chewing follows, the movements are more complex, the power stroke has two distinct parts and attrition facets are produced. In the primitive forms (Tupaia, Palenochtha), shearing blades, arranged in series (en echelon) were used to cut the food during the first part (Phase I) of the power stroke as the lower teeth move into centric occlusion. This mechanism has been progressively replaced by a system of blade‐ringed compression chambers which cut and compartmentalise the food in Phase I. This is followed by an anteromedially and inferiorly directed movement away from centric occlusion (Phase II) in which the food is ground. In both extant and fossil series there has been a clear trend towards the elongation of Phase II with a corresponding reduction in Phase I.

These results suggest that the observed changes in the morphology of the jaw apparatus have probably occurred within the limits set by a pre‐existing behavioral pattern.