bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Creation of a Heat and Salt Flux Dataset Associated with Sea Ice Production and Melting in the Sea of Okhotsk
Authors: Nihashi Sohey , Ohshima Kay I. , Kimura Noriaki
Published: November 2011

Sea ice formation, its transport, and its melting cause the redistribution of heat and salt, which plays an important role in the climate and biogeochemical systems. In the Sea of Okhotsk, a heat and salt flux dataset is created in which such sea ice processes are included, with a spatial resolution of ~12.5 km. The dataset is based on a heat budget analysis using ice concentration, thickness, and drift speed from satellite observations and the ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) data. The salt flux calculation considers both salt supplied to the ocean from sea ice production and freshwater supplied when the ice melts. This dataset will be useful for the validation and boundary conditions of modeling studies. The spatial distribution of the annual fluxes shows a distinct contrast between north and south: significant ocean cooling with salt supply is shown in the northern coastal polynya region, while ocean heating with freshwater supply is shown in the south. This contrast suggests a transport of freshwater and negative heat by ice advection. The annual fluxes also show ocean cooling with freshwater supply in the Kashevarov Bank (KB) region and the central and eastern Sea of Okhotsk, suggesting the effect of warm water advection. In the ice melt season, relatively prominent ice melting is shown in the coastal polynya region, probably due to large solar heating of the upper ocean. This indicates that the polynya works as a “meltwater factory” in spring, contrasting with its role as an “ice factory” in winter. In the coastal polynya region, the spatial distribution of phytoplankton bloom roughly corresponds with the ice melt region.
A Numerical Study of the Interaction between the Large-Scale Monsoon Circulation and Orographic Precipitation over South and Southeast Asia
Authors: Wang Zhuo , Chang Chih-Pei
Published: November 2011

A regional climate model is used to simulate the summer monsoon onset in South and Southeast Asia during the year 2000 to explore the interaction between orographic precipitation and the large-scale monsoon circulation. In the control run, the model uses the U. S. Geological Survey topography data and simulates the observed monsoon onset reasonably well. In the sensitivity tests, mountains are removed within different regions south of the Tibetan Plateau. It is found that the Indochina Peninsula monsoon onset is closely related to the local wind–terrain–precipitation interaction, while the Indian monsoon onset is more controlled by the large-scale land–sea thermal contrast.

The sensitivity tests suggest two opposite effects of high terrain on the monsoon circulation and precipitation. When the terrain height is below the lifted condensation level (LCL), the low-level westerlies and the orographic precipitation weaken with increasing terrain height due to the surface drag effect. When the terrain height is above the LCL, the positive feedback associated with the diabatic forcing of orographic precipitation is dominant, and a large mountain height leads to heavier orographic precipitation and stronger low-level westerlies. The sensitivity tests also show that the impact of orographic precipitation in the Indochina Peninsula extends up to 30° longitude upstream and affects monsoon precipitation along the western coast of India.
Simple Models of Coastal-Trapped Waves Based on the Shape of the Bottom Topography
Authors: Sansón L. Zavala
Published: November 2011

Solutions of barotropic coastal-trapped waves in the shallow-water context are discussed for different shapes of the bottom topography. In particular, an infinite family of topographic waves over continental shelves characterized by a shape parameter is considered. The fluid depth is proportional to xs, where x is the offshore coordinate and s is a real, positive number. The model assumes the rigid-lid approximation and a semi-infinite domain 0 ≤ x ≤ ∞. The wave structure and the dispersion relation depend explicitly on the shape parameter s. Essentially, waves over steeper shelves possess higher frequencies and phase speeds. In addition, the wave frequency is independent of the alongshore wavenumber k, implying a zero group velocity component along the coast. The advantages and limitations of this formulation, as well as some comparisons with other models, are discussed in light of numerical simulations for waves over arbitrary topography within a finite domain. The numerical calculations show that the frequency of the waves present a nondispersive regime at small wavenumbers (observed by several authors), followed by a constant value predicted by the analytical solutions for larger k. It is concluded that these frequencies can be considered as an upper limit reached by barotropic coastal-trapped waves over the infinite family of xs-bottom profiles, regardless of the horizontal and vertical scales of the system. The modification of the dispersion curves in a stratified ocean is briefly discussed.
Surface Circulation in the Solomon Sea Derived from Lagrangian Drifter Observations*
Authors: Hristova Hristina G. , Kessler William S.
Published: November 2011

Velocity measurements from satellite-tracked surface drifters collected between 1994 and 2010 are used to map the surface circulation in the Solomon Sea, the last passageway for waters of subtropical origin flowing northward toward the equator, where they replenish the Pacific warm pool. Pseudo-Eulerian statistics of the drifter observations show a strong seasonal cycle in both the mean circulation and the eddy kinetic energy in the region. The circulation is characterized by a strong northward flow from June to November (the season of strong southeasterly trade winds over the Solomon Sea) and a mostly southward flow with increased variability from December to May (when the winds over the sea are weak). The seasonal velocity signal has the largest magnitude narrowly along the double western boundary formed by the eastern coastlines of New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, suggesting that direct wind driving with its much larger spatial scales is not the main influence. In addition, the surface circulation exhibits substantial interannual variability of magnitude comparable to that of the seasonal cycle with velocity and temperature anomalies consistent with changes in the western boundary current acting to compensate for the discharge and recharge of the Pacific warm pool during ENSO.
Reflective learning
Authors: Morales Stephen
Published: November 2011

A study of parent participation at an international school in Spain offering the British curriculum.
School culture meets sport
Authors: Burrows Lisette , McCormack Jaleh
Published: November 2011

This article draws on ethnographic work undertaken with 21 students and several members of staff at an elite girls’ school in New Zealand to investigate the relation between school culture, pedagogical practices and discourses of physical education and school sport. It explores what and who contours the participation of these young women in sport, both within and outside of the school gates. The article interrogates the values young women ascribe to sport and physical education in the context of their shared commitment to achieving academic success, and suggests that government policy agendas and imperatives around Physical Education and sport are not necessarily changing pedagogical practices. Rather, the school’s desire to turn out well-rounded, balanced and successful young women drives the school’s commitment to affording young women multiple opportunities and resources to participate in sport and recreation within the school gates.
Common-reflection-surface-based workflow for diffraction imaging
Authors: Dell Sergius , Gajewski Dirk
Published: November 2011

Imaging of diffractions is a challenge in seismic processing. Standard seismic processing is tuned to enhance reflections. Separation of diffracted from reflected events is frequently used to achieve an optimized image of diffractions. We present a method to effectively separate and image diffracted events in the time domain. The method is based on the common-reflection-surface-based diffraction stacking and the application of a diffraction-filter. The diffraction-filter uses kinematic wavefield attributes determined by the common-reflection-surface approach. After the separation of seismic events, poststack time-migration velocity analysis is applied to obtain migration velocities. The velocity analysis uses a semblance based method of diffraction traveltimes. The procedure is incorporated into the conventional common-reflection-surface workflow. We apply the procedure to 2D synthetic data. The application of the method to simple and complex synthetic data shows promising results.
Velocity analysis using both reflections and refractions in seismic interferometry
Authors: King Simon , Curtis Andrew
Published: November 2011

The Green’s function between two receiver locations can be estimated by crosscorrelating and summing the recorded Green’s functions from sources on a boundary that surrounds the receiver pair. We demonstrate that when two receivers are positioned far from the source boundary in a marine-type acquisition geometry, the crosscorrelations (the Green’s functions before summation over the source boundary) are dominated by reflected energy which can be used in a semblance analysis to determine the seismic velocity and thickness of the first layer. When these crosscorrelations are summed over the boundary of sources, the resulting Green’s function estimates along a receiver array contain nonphysical or spurious refracted energy. We illustrate that by using a further semblance analysis, the most prominent nonphysical refracted energy occurs prior to the direct arrival and determines the remaining refraction velocities of deeper layers (or interval velocities in the case of a subsurface with homogeneous layers). We demonstrate the velocity analysis procedure on a single layer over half-space model, a three layer over a half-space model, and a more realistic model based on a North Sea oil field.
Seismic refraction interferometry with a semblance analysis on the crosscorrelation gather
Authors: Mikesell Dylan , van Wijk Kasper
Published: November 2011

Crosscorrelating wavefields recorded at two receivers to produce data as if one receiver was a source is commonly referred to as seismic interferometry, or the virtual source method. An artifact in seismic interferometry related to critically refracted waves allowed us to estimate the velocity in the refracting layer. In addition, we devised a new semblance analysis on the crosscorrelation of reflection and refraction energy to robustly estimate the depth and velocity of the slow layer, tested with a numerical example and field data from the Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site.
The Ethics of the Affordability of Health Insurance
Authors: Saloner Brendan , Daniels Norman
Published: November 2011

In this essay we argue that the concept of affordable health insurance is rooted in a social obligation to protect fair equality of opportunity. Specifically, health insurance plays a limited but significant role in protecting opportunity in two ways: it helps keep people functioning normally and it protects their financial security. Together these benefits enable household members to exercise reasonable choices about their plans of life. To achieve truly affordable coverage, society must be able to contain the overall cost of health care, and health insurance must be progressively financed, meaning that those who are best able to pay for coverage should pay the largest share. While the recently passed Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) falls short on both of these counts, we argue that it makes important contributions toward household affordability through the use of subsidies and regulations. The main shortcoming of the ACA is an insufficient protection against burdensome cost sharing, which we illustrate using several hypothetical scenarios. We conclude with recommendations about how to make opportunity-enhancing expansions to the current coverage subsidies.
A NOD to zebrafish models of inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
Authors: Allen Irving C.
Published: November 2011

Summary and comment on a Research Report in this issue of Disease Models & Mechanisms entitled ‘The inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) susceptibility genes NOD1 and NOD2 have conserved anti-bacterial roles in zebrafish’ (Oehlers et al., 2011).
Giant pulmonary and hepatic hydatid cysts in a child
Authors: Calma Crenguta Livia , Neghina Adriana Maria , Vlaicu Brigitha , Neghina Raul
Published: November 2011

This case report focuses on hydatidosis, one of the most important parasitic zoonoses in Romania. We describe an interesting paediatric case of an eight-year old boy from a rural region presenting with a both giant and life-threatening pulmonary cyst (that was successfully managed) and a hepatic cyst. Noteworthy are the negative consequences of this disorder on children's health and development as a result of prolonged hospitalizations, surgical interventions and chemotherapy.
First steps towards equality: Spanish women in higher education (1910–1936)
Authors: MONTERO MERCEDES
Published: November 2011

The academic year 2010–11 marked a century of the presence of Spanish women in university classrooms. The objective of this article is to outline the extent of women’s presence in higher education until 1936 and the initiatives that emerged in Spanish society that advocated
this female presence. The article is based on an in-depth study of the scientific literature on the topic. It concerns books that vary considerably in genre, written from widely different perspectives. The article’s originality lies in the endeavour to compare these studies (something
that has not been done thus far) and to compile a summary that organically presents the extent of Spanish women’s admission into universities. It is centred on the two most significant initiatives that upheld this movement: the Institución Libre de Enseñanza (ILE, Free
Institute for Education) and the Institución Teresiana/Teresian Institute. The social milieu depicted is that of the bourgeois and erudite middle class, which was not very extensive, and in many cases, had little wealth. Up until the Spanish Civil War, this was the environment from
which the majority of female university students emerged.
Soldados de Salamina: ‘Terapias’ para después de una guerra
Authors: ORTEA MARTA DEL POZO
Published: November 2011

The unconscious is according to Jung full of images and archetypes. They conform what the psychologist called the ‘collective unconscious’, which transcends the personal and expands interculturally through time and space. This is the perspective used in the present study
of Soldados de Salamina (2001), by the Spanish writer Javier Cercas. The novel returns thus to the mystery of the unconscious, to offer us the vital, spiritual and psychological voyage of a man into the past of his country, the Spanish Civil war. Along the narrative we discover the purpose
of his trip: that of understanding and healing the psychological and spiritual wounds of a war.
Reforming party finance in Spain
Authors: VIÑUELA ENRIQUE GARCÍA , AGUILAR CARMEN GONZÁLEZ DE
Published: November 2011

This article analyses the law on party funding passed by the Spanish parliament in 2007, setting it in the context of the evolution of political finance regulation in democratic Spain. The 2007 law extends public subsidies to pay for the routine running of parties, bans anonymous donations
and attempts to reinforce public control over party accounts. The thesis of the article is that the stated aims of the reform – to generate sufficient resources in order to avoid corruption around party funding and to improve transparency in the accounting of the financial activities
of parties – are unlikely to be achieved. The main obstacles are to be found in the loopholes concerning the regulation of political donations and the reporting requirements inserted into the law by the parties in order to preserve the techniques they use to monetize their political
power.
Advancing a peace culture in Euskadi will require a more open confrontation with conflict culture
Authors: DURKIN STUART A.
Published: November 2011

The apparent democratic evolution within the world of the Izquierda Abertzale/Basque Patriotic Left needs to be contextualized within a process of long-term social and political change in Euskadi. For, to a large degree, this political shift, including ETA’s ceasefire declaration
in January 2011, is merely a logical response to social and political developments within Euskadi and more broadly. Attention now needs to focus, however, not only upon the agents of political violence and the political conflict, but also to the subculture that has grown up around the violence,
and specifically to interventions that are targeted also at this underlying level, where conflict processes are reproduced on a daily basis. One such policy intervention is the Basque Education Plan for Peace and Human Rights (2008–2011). Though lamentably long overdue, this is the first
coherent, coordinated and long-term policy intervention of its kind, aimed at the promotion of a peace culture at all levels of the society in Euskadi. Whilst by no means a panacea for the issues that gave rise to conflict process here, the policy is a welcome development and carries the potential
to make a significant contribution to the rebuilding of social relations in Euskadi.
The Biggest Loser: The discursive constitution of fatness
Authors: Silk Michael L. , Francombe Jessica , Bachelor Faye
Published: November 2011

Located within a superficially depoliticized ‘more government’ predicated on the technocratic embedding of routines and institutions of neo-liberal governance, reality television operates as a ‘cultural technology’ concerned with the conduct of conduct, or more
specifically, with the calculated direction of conduct to shape behaviour to certain ends. Focused on physical fitness and weight loss, we focus on the globally successful reality TV format, The Biggest Loser (TBL), as a highly politicized space that educates subjects and disciplines the non-compliant:
part of a moral economy that differentiates between ‘good’ and ‘bad’ citizens. We read TBL as a powerful public pedagogy that circulates techniques and provides the platforms for a government of the self, a component in the neo-liberal reinvention of ‘welfare’
that promotes choice, personal accountability and self-empowerment as ethics of citizenship while, at the same time, masking social forces that position people into the dejected borderlands of consumer capitalism. Contributing to the ‘biopedagogies’ of weight, TBL classifies the
obese, overweight and physically unfit as personal moral failures, immoral and irresponsible citizens, socially, morally and economically pathologized outsiders.
The corporeal-locomotive craftsman: Gaming in World of Warcraft
Authors: Nørgård Rikke Toft
Published: November 2011

This article investigates the significance of three neglected dimensions within research on fine motor computer games1: corporeality, locomotion and craftsmanship. By demonstrating the existence and relevance of these dimensions and the lack of scholarly attention to them within one
of the most researched computer games, World of Warcraft serves as a paradigmatic example in the article’s argumentation for the importance of the perspective of the corporeal-locomotive craftsman within game research and the necessity to embrace this perspective in order to fully understand
gamers playing fine motor computer games. This new viewpoint implies that gaming (to a greater or lesser extent) is experienced as a corporeal activity in which gamers are corporeally engaged and which depends on their corporeal interaction to make sense. The article asserts that corporeal
digitality, locomotion and craftsmanship are not peripheral to but at the very heart of the gaming activity and experience.
The painful art of extreme role-playing
Authors: Montola Markus
Published: November 2011

Fun is often seen as a necessary gratification for recreational games. However, like all other forms of art, games can also be created to convey painful experiences. This article studies two non-digital freeform role-playing games, The Journey and Gang Rape, that aim to create extreme
experiences of tragedy, horror, disgust, powerlessness and self-loathing. Even though the games successfully produce unpleasant experiences, they gratify their target group of experienced role-players. Almost all of the sixteen interviewed players appreciated their experiences, despite crying,
experiencing physiological stress reactions and feeling generally ‘bad’ during play. It was also found out that players feel intimately connected after play, and felt the need for thorough debriefing afterwards.
‘I’m in love with someone that doesn’t exist!’ Bleed in the context of a computer game
Authors: Waern Annika
Published: November 2011

It is not unusual for computer games to include romance, but it is unusual for a computer game to create strong romantic reactions in players. In this article I investigate the romantic experience in the game Dragon Age: Origins. Based on an investigation of blog and community comments,
I argue that the game creates a ‘bleed’ effect: some players, to some extent, fall in love with the characters that they are romancing in the game. The article identifies some specific aspects of the game design that contribute to the effect; apart from storyline and character
design I discuss the desire for safe-zone romance and the phenomena of player projection as contributing to the effect.
Designing for player experience: How professional game developers communicate design visions
Authors: Hagen Ulf
Published: November 2011

This study investigates the occurrence of deliberate design for player experience in big game studios, and how visions about the intended player experience are expressed and communicated to the team in the development process. The primary data source is interviews conducted with six
Swedish game developers. The study confirms that design for player experience is practiced by many game developers, and that they use a wide variety of tools for expressing and communicating their visions about the experience they want to convey. The main purpose of these expressions is to
allow everyone in the development team to make design choices in line with a commonly shared design vision.
Sonic motifs, structure and identity in Steve McQueen’s Hunger
Authors: Melvin Adam
Published: November 2011

Since its release in 2008, Steve McQueen’s Hunger has received critical acclaim for its powerful and uncompromising portrayal of the 1981 ‘dirty protest’ and subsequent hunger strike by Irish Republican inmates in Northern Ireland’s infamous Maze prison. In most
instances, the focus of critics’ attention has been on the film’s political connotations, its set pieces – in particular the much talked about 22-minute dialogue scene at its heart – and, perhaps unsurprisingly given McQueen’s background as a visual artist, its
visual language. Yet it is the film’s use of sound, so widely acknowledged by writers yet left relatively under-discussed, that is perhaps its most intriguing aspect. The relatively sparse use of dialogue in much of the film affords space for a rich and prominent use of sonic material
– including musical cues – and an attention to aural detail that mirrors that of the film’s visual imagery. In addition, a closer reading of the film reveals a more integral use of sound in the form of a series of recurrent sonic motifs that, over the course of the film,
serve as an important structural tool, framing its narrative content while seemingly playing on established political associations to simultaneously affirm and nullify the sectarian divide of its characters. By exploring the motific content and context of both Hunger’s sound and composed,
musical components, this article aims to provide an insight into one of the most striking cinematic works to emerge in recent years.
Surrounded by sound: The aesthetics of multichannel and hypersonic soundscapes and aural architectures
Authors: Atkinson Sarah
Published: November 2011

This article explores multichannel sound and hypersonic audio and investigates the impact that cinematic technologies have had on our sonic perception and appreciation. The core methodology of these explorations has been through practice, and the evolution of a 7.1 surround sound and
hypersonic composition and installation: auditoryum (Sarah Atkinson and Marley Cole, 2010). Through reflection upon this practice, this article addresses the ways in which auditoryum has foregrounded and extended theories of the soundscape and aural architecture. It will also discuss the impact
of audio-related technological developments on soundtrack and sound design aesthetics, principles and practice.
Interaction of human multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 (MATE1) transporter with antineoplastic agents
Authors: Grottker Julia , Rosenberger Albert , Burckhardt Gerhard , Hagos Yohannes
Published: November 2011

Background: The transport of endogenous and exogenous organic cations across the plasma membrane of cells is mediated by multispecific organic cation transporters (OCTs), and the multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE) transporters. MATE belongs to the SLC47 transporter family consisting of only two members, MATE1 and MATE2-K. MATE2-K is exclusively expressed in the kidney at the apical membrane of proximal tubular epithelial cells. MATE1 is highly expressed in the kidney, liver, skeletal muscle and also in adrenal glands, testes and heart. MATE1 exchanges organic cations against protons both in influx as well as in efflux modes.

Methods: Here, we examined the interaction of 25 antineoplastic agents with human MATE1. We generated stably transfected MATE1-HEK293 cells and determined the inhibition of MATE1-mediated [3H]1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP) uptake by the antineoplastic agents.

Results: We found a significant inhibition of MATE1-mediated MPP uptake by several antineoplastic agents and pH dependent IC50values for mitoxantrone (7.8 μM at pH 7.4 and 0.6 μM at pH 8.5) as well as for irinotecan (4.4 μM at pH 7.4 and 1.1 μM at pH 8.5), respectively.

Conclusions: We suggest that hMATE1 could play a role in chemosensitivity of tumor cells. In addition, hepatic and renal MATE1 could potentially be involved in drug-drug-interactions as well as in drug metabolism and excretion during chemotherapy.
Point stabilisers for the enhanced and exotic nilpotent cones
Authors: Sun Michael
Published: November 2011

We give a semi-direct product decomposition of the point stabilisers for the enhanced and exotic nilpotent cones. In particular, we arrive at formulas for the number of points in each orbit over a finite field, which is in accordance with a recent conjecture of Achar and Henderson.
The number of conjugacy classes in pattern groups is not a polynomial function
Authors: Halasi Zoltán , Pálfy Péter P.
Published: November 2011

A famous open problem due to Graham Higman asks if the number of conjugacy classes in the group of n × n unipotent upper triangular matrices over the q-element field can be expressed as a polynomial function of q for every fixed n. We consider the generalization of the problem for pattern groups and prove that for some pattern groups of nilpotency class two the number of conjugacy classes is not a polynomial function of q.
Centralizers in Ã
2 groups
Authors: Robertson Guyan
Published: November 2011

Let Γ be a torsion-free discrete group acting cocompactly on a two dimensional euclidean building Δ. The centralizer of an element of Γ is either a Bieberbach group or is described by a finite graph of finite cyclic groups. Explicit examples are computed, with Δ of type Ã
2.
Compactifications of a representation variety
Authors: Martin Benjamin M. S.
Published: November 2011

Let F be a finitely generated group and let G be a linear algebraic group over an algebraically closed field k. Let R(F, G) be the variety of representations of F in G. Given a finite set of generators Δ for F, we define a compactification RΔ(F, ) of R(F, G). The compactification depends on the choice of generators. If F′ is another finitely generated group with a finite set of generators Δ′ and ϕ : F′ → F is a homomorphism, then there is an induced morphism of varieties ϕ
# : R(F, G) → R(F′, G). We prove that if ϕ(Δ′ ∪ {1}) ⊆ Δ ∪ {1}, then ϕ
# extends to a morphism from RΔ(F, ) to RΔ′ (F′, ). We study the morphisms arising in this way from a group extension 1 → N → F → Q → 1.
Wear Simulation of Total Disc Arthroplasties: Sensitivity to Device Design and Test Parameters
Authors: Hyde Philip , Vicars Rachel , Fisher John , Hall Richard
Published: November 2011

The challenges of measuring in vivo total disc replacement (TDR) kinematics are well recognized, meaning that it is difficult to establish appropriate input conditions for wear simulation. Therefore it is desirable to ascertain the sensitivity of implant wear in vitro to perturbations of the kinematics and other testing parameters. It has previously been demonstrated in other metal-on-polyethylene joint replacements that cross-shear strongly influences wear rate. This study investigates this phenomenon by altering the phasing of the inputs by making the lag in the flexion-extension and lateral bend displacements zero. Further, the effect of an additional anterior-posterior shear, which has been reported in vivo, was investigated for two different TDR designs using an extra load or displacement input in addition to those prescribed by the standard ISO 18192-1. Altering the standard ISO 18192-1 waveform phasing significantly reduced the mean wear rate of the constrained polyethylene disc. The addition of an anterior-posterior input showed no significant change in the rate of wear for the constrained TDR but was increased for the unconstrained device. These data demonstrate the strong dependency of the wear in these types of joints to the input conditions as well as the devices design parameters. Hence, these factors should be given prime consideration when designing both the device itself and the assessment regime in which the construct is to be tested.
Inscribing Defeat: The Commemorative Dynamics of the Athenian Casualty Lists
Authors: Arrington Nathan T.
Published: November 2011

Beginning ca. 500 bc, the Athenians annually buried their war dead in a public cemetery and marked their graves with casualty lists. This article explores the formal and expressive content of the lists, focusing in particular on their relationship to defeat. The lists created a monumental, visual rhetoric of collective resilience and strength that capitalized on Athenian notions of manhood and exploited conceptions of shame. For most of the fifth century, the casualty lists were undecorated, austere monuments testifying to the endurance of the community. When decoration began anew, the public reliefs, in contrast to private funerary reliefs, represented, through imagery and setting, struggle rather than victory. The selective remembrance and, paradoxically, frequent forgetting both enacted and enabled by the lists helped the Athenians elide internal political strife and facilitated their repeated return to the fields of war.
Pulsed magnetic apparatus for in situ stress measurement
Authors: Huang Dongyan , Han Bing , Hu Tianli , Wang Zonggang , Zhang Tao
Published: November 2011

A pulsed electromagnetic apparatus has been designed and fabricated for the non-destructive evaluation of stress concentration in ferromagnetic material. The apparatus consists of a sensor, a pulsed field generator and a data acquisition system, which is developed in the LabView environment
using a data acquisition card. The apparatus has been applied successfully to measure the hysteresis loops and magnetisation curves of Q235 steel under various fixed compressive stresses. The presented measurement for magnetically-open samples showed a good repeatability by locally magnetising
the samples to saturation. The magnetic properties derived from the loops and curves are sensitive to applied stress. Remanence Br is more accurate and suitable for characterising the stress in a material.
Ethical Dilemma: Therapeutic Nondisclosure
Authors: Ulysse Fabienne Gaillard , Balicas Madelyn , Xu Yiquing
Published: November 2011

Practitioners are sometimes faced with the task of disclosing a diagnosis and/or prognosis to patients with life-threatening or incurable illnesses. Cultural taboos, religious beliefs, and fears are barriers to having candid discussions of death and dying. These barriers can influence practitioners’ ability to disclose information to patients and families and may delay treatment and decision making. Despite these common difficult situations, truth telling is central to communication between patients and their practitioners and is inherent in the doctrines of informed consent and of cultural competence. This article will discuss the practitioner’s use of clinical guidelines and ethical decision making while caring for Mrs. Yu, an Asian woman with a terminal diagnosis whose family requested nondisclosure.
An Integrative Review of Feeding Intolerance in Preterm Infants: State of the Science
Authors: Amendolia Barbara
Published: November 2011

Feeding intolerance has been identified as a momentous problem for the premature infant. Technological advances have enhanced survival of infants at younger gestational ages, although nutritional management has not kept in stride with this progress. Controversy exists over the best approach to initiating and advancing feedings for the critically ill infant, and the debate over which is the best method of feeding is ongoing. The purpose of this integrative review is to examine the problem of feeding intolerance in the premature infant. Variables affecting current practice strategies will be investigated and implications for further research will be explored.
Increasing chloride concentrations in Lake Simcoe and its tributaries
Authors: Winter Jennifer G. , Landre Amanda , Lembcke David , O'Connor Eavan M. , Young Joelle D.
Published: November 2011

Chloride concentrations in Lake Simcoe have increased significantly (P < 0.001) over a 36-year period during which the human population in the watershed has grown. Lake concentrations are now between 36 and 40 mg/L, having increased more than three-fold at the lake's outflow since 1971. Concentrations increased significantly in eight tributaries of the lake from 1993 to 2007 (P < 0.05), and were highest in those rivers draining the greatest percentage of urban land and roads, and in a river close to a major highway. The cumulative chloride load estimated at the mouths of seven rivers flowing into Lake Simcoe ranged from 11,563 to 32,107 tonnes/year from 1998 to 2007, and increased significantly over this period (P < 0.05). The fluxes or unit area loads of chloride, averaged from 2004 to 2007 for each of 10 tributaries, were positively correlated with the proportion of urban land and roads drained (P = 0.005, r = 0.80). Although Lake Simcoe is a large lake and only 12% of its watershed drains urban land and roads, evidence of road salt application can already be seen. This indicates that inputs must be reduced to preclude future ecological impacts on the lake.
Anaerobic Processes
Authors: Evans Eric A. , Evans Kristin M. , Ulrich Ania , Ellsworth Scott
Published: November 2011

The anaerobic processes literature review contains a comprehensive discussion of articles published in 2010 with emphasis on biological wastewater treatment processes that exploit an environment devoid of oxygen. Anaerobic systems, like the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor and the anaerobic filter (AF), represent the traditional emphasis of anaerobic processes literature review. Anaerobic hydrogen production and anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) have been incorporated more recently into this chapter of the literature review. This year's anaerobic processes literature review is divided into the following sections: integrated approaches, modeling advances, process technology, hydrogen production, microbiology, anammox, treatability studies, and inhibition of the anaerobic process.
Numerical Modeling and Practical Experience of Xuxi River's Natural Restoration Using Biological Treatment
Authors: Yudianto Doddi , Yuebo Xie
Published: November 2011

Considering the successful application of biological treatment in several restoration works in China, this study is aimed to complete the previous numerical modeling and practical observation of the stream restoration. The results obtained from the restoration of the Xuxi River, Wuxi City, China, show that the technology of bacteria offers new solution for restoring the polluted urban streams. Although a considerable increase in the concentration of nutrients may have enhanced the algae problem during the treatment, the Xuxi River is now clearer and contains aquatic life. In addition to showing good agreement with the observed data for selected calibrated parameters, the developed model also may be used for estimating missing values. Because of a lack of data, the model can only be validated using data collected from the Gankeng River, Shenzhen City. Based on the results, the model is able to fit the observed data under a broader range of field situations.
A Stochastic Stormwater Quality Volume‐Sizing Method with First Flush Emphasis
Authors: Sharifi Soroosh , Massoudieh Arash , Kayhanian Masoud
Published: November 2011

A Monte Carlo simulation technique was applied to assess the effect of stormwater quality volume captured by best management practices (BMPs) on the frequency of discharging concentrations of constituents above certain designated threshold limits. The method used an assumption of a power law relationship between the cumulative load and flow to incorporate the first flush effect. The exponent of this relationship was considered a random variable and its frequency distribution was obtained from 78 measured pollutographs from three urban highway sites in West Los Angeles, California. Although the effect of rain depth captured by BMPs is site‐specific, the method offered here provides a systematic approach to evaluate the effect of selecting various regulatory guidelines for controlling urban stormwater pollution on the overall discharge of pollutants into waterways. This allows selecting the requirements for capturing runoff volume by BMPs based on the tradeoff between the probability of concentration criteria violation and economic factors.
Petroleum Refinery Stripped Sour Water Treatment Using the Activated Sludge Process
Authors: Merlo Rion , Gerhardt Matthew B. , Burlingham Fran , De Las Casas Carla , Gill Everett , Flippin T. Houston
Published: November 2011

A pilot study was performed over 91 days to determine if the activated sludge process could treat a segregated stripped sour water (SSW) stream from a petroleum refinery. The study was performed in two periods. The first period was terminated after 19 days, as a result of excessive sludge bulking. The elimination of sludge bulking during the 70‐day second period is attributed to operational changes, which included aerating the influent to oxidize reduced sulfur, adjusting the influent pH, and adding micronutrients to satisfy biological requirements. The pilot plant provided a chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of up to 93%. Nitrification was achieved, with effluent ammonia values <1 mg‐N/L. These results indicate that direct treatment of SSW with the activated sludge process is possible and has direct application to full‐scale petroleum refinery wastewater plant upgrades.
Removal of Selected Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Personal Care Products in Surface Waters and Secondary Wastewater by Ozonation
Authors: Tay Kheng Soo , Rahman Noorsaadah Abd. , Abas Mhd. Radzi Bin
Published: November 2011

This study investigated the removal of parabens, N,N‐diethyl‐m‐toluamide (DEET), and phthalates by ozonation. The second‐order rate constants for the reaction between selected compounds with ozone at pH 7 were of (2.2 ±0.2) × 106 to (2.9 ±0.3) × 106 M−1/s for parabens, (2.1 ± 0.3) to (3.9 ±0.5) M−1/s for phthalates, and (5.2 ±0.3) M−1/s for DEET. The rate constants for the reaction between selected compounds with hydroxyl radical ranged from (2.49 ±0.06) × 109 to (8.5 ±0.2) × 109 M−1/s. Ozonation of selected compounds in secondary wastewater and surface waters revealed that ozone dose of 1 and 3 mg/L yielded greater than 99% depletion of parabens and greater than 92% DEET and phthalates, respectively. In addition, parabens were found to transform almost exclusively through the reaction with ozone, while DEET and phthalates were transformed almost entirely by hydroxyl radicals (·OH).
Effects of Harvest Regime and Water Depth on Nutrient Recovery from Swine Wastewater by Growing Spirodela oligorrhiza
Authors: Xu Jiele , Shen Genxiang
Published: November 2011

Harvest regime and water depth were investigated to determine their effects on nutrient recovery from swine wastewater by a Spirodela oligorrhiza system. The results show that harvesting less duckweed at shorter intervals favored nutrient removal and total biomass production. Harvesting 20% of duckweed twice a week led to 66.3 and 109.4% higher total nitrogen and total phosphorus removals, respectively, and a duckweed production of 20.0 g fresh biomass/m2·d—39.6% higher than that of harvesting 80% of duckweed once every 4 weeks. The water depth of duckweed system was of great importance to total nutrient removal. At the water depth of 40 cm, total nitrogen and total phosphorus removals were 2.05 and 2.16 times higher, respectively, than those at the water depth of 10 cm. However, because of the larger amount of nutrients in a deeper system, it took a longer time for the nutrient concentrations to decrease.
Detection and Occurrence of Indicator Organisms and Pathogens
Authors: Seyrig Grégoire , Herzog Amanda B. , Ahmad Farhan , Srinivasan Sangeetha , Kronlein Maggie R. , Bhaduri Prianca , Hashsham Syed A.
Published: November 2011

This review summarizes the studies related to detection and occurrence of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and pathogens published during 2010. The first section of this review summarizes various detection methods for waterborne pathogens including endpoint, reverse transcriptase, and real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), microarrays, and immunoassays. Relevant literature on sample processing is also included. The second section focuses on phenotypic and genotypic methods for microbial source tracking. The third section summarizes studies related to occurrence, persistence, and transport with emphasis on microbial quality of recreational beaches and watersheds.
Molecular Biological Methods in Environmental Engineering
Authors: Goel Ramesh , Kotay Shireen M. , Butler Caitlyn S. , Torres César I. , Mahendra Shaily
Published: November 2011

The “omics” revolution has enabled the development of tools for studying structural, functional, and informational macromolecules, as well as metabolites produced by cells under specific environmental conditions. Recent advances in molecular biological methods have facilitated their widespread applications in characterizing microbes in engineered and natural environments, exploring production of biofuels, and optimizing biological processes to improve the performance of wastewater treatment or subsurface remediation systems. Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is a rapid and versatile method of choice for the detection and quantification of microorganisms. Techniques such as cloning, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP), automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA), and microarrays continue to be popular tools to profile microbial community population and diversity in various environments over time and space. Gene expression can be linked to microbial functions for incorporation into predictive fate and transport models. This review summarizes new or significantly revised methods, novel applications of existing methods, and a few high impact studies using advanced molecular methods published after August 2010. New nucleic acid‐based methods, detection methods and sensors, and data analysis techniques are also highlighted. This review will serve environmental engineering professionals and microbiologists by providing an overview of recent advances in molecular methods, and their advantages and challenges in bioreactors and in‐situ applications.
Activated Sludge and Other Suspended Culture Processes
Authors: Jahan Kauser , Hoque Shamia , Ahmed Tariq , Türkdoan Lter , Arslankaya Ertan , Patarkine Vikram
Published: November 2011

A review of the literature published in 2010 on topics related to activated sludge and other aerobic suspended growth processes is presented. The review encompasses modeling, nutrient removal, system design and operation, oxygen transfer and solids separation. Two topics that have seen an increase in activity compared to historical reviews are membrane bioreactors and fate and occurrence of hormones and pharmaceuticals, which are referred to asm icroconstituents following current WEF terminology. Microconstituents as they relate to suspended growth reactors are covered in this review, while membrane bioreactors are reviewed in another section in this journal. Other subsections from the Treatment Systems section that might also be related to this section include: Wastewater Collection Systems; Biological Fixed Film Systems; and Modeling, Instrumentation, Automation, and Optimization of Wastewater Treatment Facilities. Many of the subsections in the Industrial Wastes, Hazardous Wastes, and Fate and Effects of Pollutants sections could also have some overlap with this section.
Water Reclamation and Reuse
Authors: Bickerton Ben , Camara Eliman , McIIwain Brad , Walsh M.E. , Gagnon G.A.
Published: November 2011

A review of the literature published in 2010 on topics relating to water reclamation and reuse is presented. This review is divided into the following sections: (1) General: extent of reuse, research needs, guidelines and monitoring, and health effects, (2) Treatment technologies: integrated process design, membrane treatment, wetlands, bioremediation, industrial wastewater treatment, disinfection, and (3) Planning and Management: public acceptance & education, economics and pricing, water quality planning and management and project/case studies.
Modeling, Instrumentation, Automation, and Optimization of Wastewater Treatment Facilities
Authors: Sweeney Michael W. , Kabouris John C.
Published: November 2011

A review of the literature published in 2010 on topics relating to wastewater treatment innovations in the areas of modeling, instrumentation, automation and optimization of wastewater treatment is presented.