bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serum Interleukin‐6, Interleukin‐8, Hepatocyte Growth Factor, and Nitric Oxide Changes during Thoracic Surgery
Authors: Yamada Takatsugu , Hisanaga Michiyoshi , Nakajima Yoshiyuki , Kanehiro Hiromichi , Watanabe Akihiko , Ohyama Takao , Nishio Kazushi , Sho Masayuki , Nagao Mitsuo , Harada Akihisa , Matsushima Kouji , Nakano Hiroshige
Published: August 2002

Thoracic surgery creates a different environment from abdominal surgery in respect to the surgical procedure with pulmonary collapse under unilateral ventilation. Definitive evidence whether surgical trauma during thoracotomy is involved in postoperative pulmonary infections has not been clearly demonstrated. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the influence of surgical trauma during thoracotomy on postoperative infections and to investigate the clinical significance of postoperative humoral mediators in pulmonary infections after surgery. We measured serum interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), IL‐8, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and nitric oxide (NO) levels in 27 patients undergoing thoracic surgery; the measurements were before and during thoracotomy, 60 minutes after reinflation, and after surgery. The patients were divided into three groups: lobectomy patients (group A), and esophagectomy patients without (group B) or with (group C) postoperative infections. The serum IL‐6 and IL‐8 levels in group C were markedly elevated 60 minutes after reinflation and were significantly higher than those in group A. The serum IL‐8 levels during that period in group C were significantly higher than those in group B. The postoperative serum IL‐6, IL‐8, HGF, and NO levels were significantly higher in group C than in group B. Taken together, intraoperative hypercytokinemia, especially IL‐8, following the thoracic procedure and subsequent reinflation preceded the clinical onset of postoperative infections. Hence postoperative serum IL‐6, IL‐8, and HGF levels may be useful predictors of infection after esophagectomy.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the Obese
Authors: Kyzer Shlomo , Charuzi Ilan
Published: August 2002

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome occurs in 4% to 9% of middle‐aged men and in 1% to 2% of middle‐aged women. The incidence of OSA among morbidly obese patients is 12‐ to 30‐fold higher. The pathophysiology of OSA is complex and incompletely understood. The important clinical symptoms of OSA include snoring, daytime sleepiness, restless sleep, morning fatigue, and headaches. The diagnosis is made by polysomnography. The possible sequelae of OSA are hypertension, left and right ventricular hypertrophy, sudden cardiovascular death, and increased risk for brain infarction. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) appears to be the recommended treatment for OSA. Morbidly obese patients may also benefit from weight reduction gastric surgery.
Carcinomatous Infiltration into the Submucosa as a Predictor of Lymph Node Involvement in Early Gastric Cancer
Authors: Ishigami Sumiya , Hokita Shuichi , Natsugoe Shoji , Tokushige Masahiro , Saihara Tetsushi , Iwashige Hirohumi , Aridome Kuniaki , Aikou Takashi
Published: August 2002

The clinicopathologic features of 114 patients with resectable early gastric cancer (EGC) invading the submucosa were examined retrospectively with respect to lymph node involvement and the possibility of performing a minimally invasive operation. Patients were divided into node‐positive (n= 25) and node‐negative (n= 81) groups. Among several pathologic factors, the diameter of the tumor and lymphatic involvement were significantly correlated with nodal involvement. Within the submucosal layer the depth of invasion and the horizontal cancerous expansion also correlated with lymph node disease (p< 0.05). The size of the tumor did not correlate with the length of submucosal infiltration (r= 0.12, p= 0.1). Patients with both slight invasion into the submucosa and less than 5 mm of horizontal expansion were often negative for lymph node involvement and thus may benefit from local surgery as an alternative to gastrectomy.
Pathophysiology of Bile Duct Stones
Authors: Thistle Johnson L.
Published: August 2002

Secondary duct stones are usually detected and easily removed at the time of cholecystectomy either during surgery or endoscopically before or after the operation. Primary duct stone diseases, although much less common, are often a greater therapeutic challenge. These stones may be huge, distributed throughout the biliary tree (including areas difficult to access), and unresponsive to pharmacologic measures. Recurrence of primary duct stones is the rule rather than the exception, and reliable methods for prevention remain to be established. Moreover, morbidity and mortality due to biliary obstruction, sepsis, and choliangiocarcinoma make primary bile duct stone disease a formidable adversary. A better understanding of their pathogenesis can facilitate more effective approaches to treatment and, most important, prevention.
Significance of Plasma Thymosin α1 Measurements in Gastric Cancer Patients
Authors: Mitani Masami , Kuwabara Yoshiyuki , Kawamura Hiroyuki , Sato Atsushi , Hattori Kouji , Fujii Yoshitaka
Published: August 2002

Thymosin α1 is a cleavage product of prothymosin α. Expression of prothymosin α increases during cell proliferation. Thymosin α1, measurable in plasma, may be an indicator of cell proliferation especially if a cancer is present. In this report we investigated the relation between the clinical behavior of gastric cancer and the plasma thymosin α1 level. Plasma thymosin α1 was measured in 52 gastric cancer patients using a newly developed radioimmunoassay. Twenty‐one tumors and lymph nodes were examined for thymosin α1 using immunohistochemistry. The plasma thymosin α1 level was higher in gastric cancer patients than in normal volunteers; and it was higher in patients with lymph node involvement than in those with negative nodes. Immunohistochemical study of thymosin α1 showed positivity in 52% of gastric cancers and 100% of lymph node metastasis. We concluded that a high level of plasma thymosin α1 suggests aggressive behavior of a gastric cancer, such as lymph node involvement.
Disordered Metabolic Response with Cancer and Its Management
Authors: Barber Matthew D. , Ross James A. , Fearon Kenneth C.H.
Published: August 2002

The metabolic changes in cancer cachexia appear to be mediated by a complex network of proinflammatory cytokines, neuroendocrine hormones, neurotransmitters, eicosanoids, and tumor‐derived factors produced by the body in response to the tumor and by the tumor itself. The relative importance of these various mediator pathways in relation to either the anorexia or hypermetabolism associated with weight loss in cancer remains to be fully elucidated. Our current understanding suggests that proinflammatory mediators may indeed be a valid target for therapeutic intervention. Trials attempting to modify the inflammatory response to cancer with the hope of improving appetite and reversing catabolism and perhaps thereby improving quality of life and survival are currently underway.
Extinction of populations by inbreeding depression under stochastic environments
Authors: Tanaka Y.
Published: August 2002

Inbreeding depression may induce rapid extinction due to positive feedbacks between inbreeding depression and reduction of population size, which is often referred to as extinction vortex by inbreeding depression. The present analysis has demonstrated that the extinction vortex is likely to happen with realistic parameter values of genomic mutation rate of lethals or semilethals, equilibrium population size, intrinsic rate of natural increase, and rate of population decline caused by nongenetic extrinsic factors. Simulation models incorporating stochastic fluctuations of population size further indicated that extinction by inbreeding depression is facilitated by environmental fluctuations in population size. The results suggest that there is a positive interaction between genetic stochasticity and environmental stochasticity for extinction of populations by inbreeding depression.
A management policy for sika deer based on sex‐specific hunting
Authors: Matsuda H. , Kaji Koichi , Uno Hiroyuki , Hirakawa Hirofumi , Saitoh T.
Published: August 2002

We consider here a management policy for a sika deer (Cervus nippon) population in the eastern part of Hokkaido. Deer populations are characterized by a large intrinsic rate of population increase, no significant density effects on population growth before population crash, and a relatively simple life history. Our goals of management for the deer population are (1) to avoid irruption with severe damage to agriculture and forestry, (2) to avoid the risk of extinction of the deer population, and (3) to maintain a sustainable yield of deer. To make a robust program on the basis of uncertain information about the deer population, we consider three levels of relative population size and four levels of hunting pressures. We also take into consideration a critical level for extinction, an optimal level, and an irruption level. The hunting pressure for females is set to increase with the population size. We also recommend catching males if the population size is between the critical and optimal levels and catching females and males if the population size is larger than the optimal level. We must avoid cases of irruption or threatened population under various sets of uncertain parameter values. The simulation results suggest that management based on sex‐specific hunting is effective to diminish the annual variation in hunting yield.
Transformation using (x + 0.5) to stabilize the variance of populations
Authors: Yamamura Kohji
Published: August 2002

Transformation is required to achieve homo‐scedasticity when we perform ANOVA to test the effect of factors on population abundance. The effectiveness of transformations decreases when the data contain zeros. Especially, the logarithmic transformation or the Box–Cox transformation is not applicable in such a case. For the logarithmic transformation, 1 is traditionally added to avoid such problems. However, there is no concrete foundation as to why 1 is added rather than other constants, such as 0.5 or 2, although the result of ANOVA is much influenced by the added constant. In this paper, I suggest that 0.5 is preferable to 1 as an added constant, because a discrete distribution defined in {0, 1, 2, …} is approximately described by a corresponding continuous distribution defined in (0, ≧) if we add 0.5. Numerical investigation confirms this prediction.
Differential Cd4+ and Cd8+ T–Cell Responsiveness in Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Authors: Chang Kyong-Mi , Thimme Robert , Melpolder Jacqueline J. , Oldach David , Pemberton Janell , Moorhead-Loudis Jacquelyn , McHutchison John G. , Alter Harvey J. , Chisari Francis V.
Published: August 2002

This study was performed to compare the vigor and phenotype of virus–specific CD4+ and CD8+ T–cell responses in patients with different virologic and clinical outcomes after hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The results show that a vigorous and multispecific CD4+ proliferative T–cell response is maintained indefinitely after recovery from HCV infection whereas it is weak and focused in persistently infected patients. In contrast, the HCV–specific CD8+ T–cell response was quantitatively low in both groups despite the use of sensitive direct ex vivo intracellular interferon gamma (IFN–γ) staining. Furthermore, although HCV–specific cytolytic CD8+ memory T cells were undetectable ex vivo, they were readily expanded from the peripheral blood of chronically HCV–infected patients but not from recovered subjects after in vitro stimulation, suggesting that ongoing viremia is required to maintain the HCV–specific memory CD8+ T–cell response. HCV–specific CD8+ T cells displayed a type 1 cytokine profile characterized by production of IFN–γ despite persistent HCV viremia. The paradoxical observation that HCV–specific CD4+ T cells survive and CD8+ T cells are lost after viral clearance while the opposite occurs when HCV persists suggests the existence of differential requirements for the maintenance of CD4+ and CD8+ T–cell memory during HCV infection. Furthermore, the relative rarity of circulating CD8+ effector T cells in chronically infected patients may explain the chronic insidious nature of the liver inflammation and also why they fail to eliminate the virus.
Ultrasonography for the Diagnosis of Diseases of the Tendon and Tendon Sheath of the Biceps Brachii Muscle
Authors: Kramer Martin , Gerwing Martin , Sheppard Claudia , Schimke Ernst
Published: August 2002

Objective—To describe the ultrasonographic appearance of the normal and diseased biceps brachii tendon and its tendon sheath in dogs.

Study Design—A prospective clinical study

Animals—One hundred twenty client‐owned dogs

Methods—In the first part of the study, the ultrasonographic appearance of the normal biceps brachii muscle and the surrounding soft tissue was determined in 27 healthy dogs. Standard views were described and established. In the second part, 120 dogs with suspected pathology of the biceps brachii muscle were examined ultrasonographically. Fifty‐five of these dogs had no sonographic changes, and 65 dogs had sonographically detectable pathologic changes of the tendon or the tendon sheath or both. The mean age of the affected dogs was 3.7 years. The ratio of males to females was 1.95:1. Sedation or anesthesia of the dogs was required because of the extreme movements of the leg necessary for the examination. To achieve a perpendicular view of the tendon and the tendon sheath, the area of the shoulder joint was rotated outward and abducted as far as possible. Examination of the muscle‐tendon apparatus of the biceps brachii muscle was divided into 4 main sections.

Results—Linear transducers (7.5–10 MHz) allowed the soft tissue structures to be easily visualized with ultrasonography. Pathologic changes of the tendon and tendon sheath were visualized sonographically by using high‐frequency linear probes. Partial or complete tendon rupture, medial luxation of the tendon, corpora libera in the tendon sheath, and tenosynovitis were clearly shown.

Conclusions—High‐frequency ultrasonography using linear transducers allows the examiner to accurately define the pathologic changes in the region of the biceps brachii tendon in dogs.

Clinical Relevance—The use of sonography for diagnosis of disease processes of the tendon and tendon sheath of the biceps brachii muscle complements clinical and radiographic examination findings.
Comparison of Two Methods for Presurgical Disinfection of the Equine Hoof
Authors: Hennig Gayle E. , Kraus Bonnie Hay , Fister Richard , King Vickie L. , Steckel Robert R. , Kirker‐head Carl A.
Published: August 2002

Objectives—To determine for equine hooves the normal resident aerobic bacterial population and the efficacy of 2 methods of disinfection.

Study Design—Measurement of total bacterial, gram‐positive bacterial, and gram‐negative bacterial surface populations from the frog, sole, and hoof wall after each step of 2 different preoperative surgical disinfection techniques.

Animals—Six adult horses.

Methods—Hoof wall, sole, and frog samples were collected for quantitative bacteriology before, during, and after 2 multistep antiseptic preparation techniques: Method A—6‐minute scrub with povidone‐iodine soap, followed by 24‐hour submersion in povidone‐iodine solution‐soaked cotton; and Method B—initial removal of superficial layer of hoof capsule before completing Method A disinfection procedures.

Results—Removal of the superficial hoof layer, application of the povidone iodine scrub, and completion of the povidone‐iodine soak all significantly (P< .0008) decreased total bacterial numbers. Method B had significantly lower bacterial counts than method A at each consecutive step. Final total bacterial counts remained greater than 105bacteria per gram of tissue regardless of preparation method.

Conclusions—The hoof surface hosts a broad spectrum of aerobic gram‐positive and ‐negative bacteria, many of which are potential pathogens. Bacterial numbers can be significantly reduced by removal of the superficial hoof surface, by application of a povidone‐iodine scrub, and by use of a 24‐hour povidone‐iodine soak. However, bacterial populations >105g per tissue persist after these disinfection procedures.

Clinical Relevance—Regardless of the preparation methods used in this study, bacterial populations capable of inducing wound infection remain on the hoof capsule.
Experimental Evaluation of Urinary Bladder Marsupialization in Male Goats
Authors: May Kimberly A. , Moll H. David , Duncan Robert B. , Moon Martha M. , Pleasant R. Scott , Howard Rick D.
Published: August 2002

Objective— To evaluate the outcome of urinary bladder marsupialization in male goats.

Study design— Prospective, experimental study.

Animals— Six healthy mixed‐breed male goats.

Methods— After experimentally induced urethral obstruction, 6 male goats had urinary bladder marsupialization. Renal ultrasonography, complete blood count, and serum biochemical analysis were evaluated preoperatively (day 0), at 7 postoperative days, and then at 30‐day intervals until 180 days. Stomal diameter was recorded immediately postoperatively and at each postoperative interval. Necropsy examination was performed on day 180 or when stomal stricture or death occurred.

Results— Stomal stricture occurred in 1 goat at 120 days. Another goat was found dead at 150 days; severe, suppurative cystitis was identified on necropsy. All goats had mild urine scald dermatitis. Serum biochemical values remained within normal limits, but significant decreases in white blood cell count, serum creatinine concentration, and stomal diameter occurred. At necropsy, all bladders were tubular in shape. Histological evidence of chronic suppurative cystitis and chronic, mild lymphoplasmacytic pyelitis occurred in all goats. Bacterial culture of renal tissue yielded growth in 3 goats, and bladder mucosal swabs yielded bacterial growth in all goats.

Conclusions— Although clinical signs of ascending urinary tract infection were not observed in goats with patent stomata, urinary bladder marsupialization may result in ascending urinary tract inflammation or infection.

Clinical relevance— Based on our results, urinary bladder marsupialization should be recommended with caution as the primary method for management of urinary tract obstruction in clinical cases.
Intraventricular Tension Pneumocephalus as a Complication of Transfrontal Craniectomy: A Case Report
Authors: Garosi Laurent S. , Penderis Jacques , Brearley Malcom J. , Brearley Jacky C. , Dennis Ruth , Kirkpatrick P. J.
Published: August 2002

Objective— To report the diagnosis and surgical treatment of a case of intraventricular tension pneumocephalus in a dog after a transfrontal craniectomy for removal of a falx cerebri meningioma.

Study design— Case report.

Animal— A 12‐year‐old spayed English springer spaniel.

Results— Intraventricular air and a fistula between the craniectomy site and ventricular system were identified by magnetic resonance imaging. Prompt repair of the dural defect using prosthetic dura mater resulted in immediate regression of the neurological signs and cerebral spinal fluid rhinorrhea. Magnetic resonance imaging repeated 8 weeks after surgery showed complete resolution of pneumocephalus.

Conclusions and clinical relevance— Tension pneumocephalus is an uncommon but life‐threatening complication of craniectomy that requires urgent diagnosis and treatment.
Optimal environmental policy and the dynamic property in LDCs
Authors: Yabuta Masahiro
Published: August 2002

This paper has provided a model framework of foreign assistance policy in the context of dynamic optimal control and investigated the environmental policies in LDCs that received some financial support from abroad. The model framework features a specific behavior of the social planner who determines the level of voluntary expenditure for preservation of natural environment. Because more financial needs for natural environmental protection means less allowance of growth‐oriented investment, the social planner confronts a trade‐off problem between economic growth and environmental preservation. To tackle with this clearly, we have built a dynamic model with two control variables: per‐capita consumption and voluntary expenditure for natural environment.

It has been proved that people in LDCs need a voluntary development of the eco‐consciousness for better environmental situation. Because this leads to declining of the rate of economic growth, it may be justified that more foreign aid for domestic economic growth should be financed. By investigating some stability properties of the dynamic system, we have also reached an interesting proposition that the feasibility and effectiveness of the optimal control policy pursued by the social planner of LDCs depend on the people′s consciousness towards natural environment.
Growth versus environment in dynamic models of capital accumulation
Authors: Asada Toichiro
Published: August 2002

In this paper, we study the economic implications of the trade off between growth and environment in the context of dynamic models of capital accumulation. The collective solution is formulated in terms of dynamic optimization of the central planner, and the decentralized solution is formulated in terms of differential game between workers and capitalists. We compare the economic properties of two solutions.
A Kinetic Model of Tumor/Immune System Cellular Interactions
Authors: Arlotti Luisa , Gamba Andrea , Lachowicz Miroslaw
Published: August 2002

In this paper, a model of cellular tumor dynamics in competition with the immune system is proposed. The characteristic scale of the phenomenon is the cellular one and the model is developed with probabilistic methods analogous to those of the kinetic theory. The interacting individuals are the cells of the populations involved in the competition between the tumor and the immune system. Interactions can change the activation state of the tumor and cause tumor proliferation or destruction. The model is expressed in terms of a bi‐linear system of integro‐differential equations. Some preliminary mathematical analysis of the model as well as computational simulations are presented.
Spectral Transforms Calculation through Decision Diagrams
Authors: Stanković Radomir S. , Falkowski Bogdan J.
Published: August 2002

In this paper, calculation of spectral transforms through Decision diagrams (DDs) and relationship of this method with FFT‐like algorithms is discussed. It is shown that in DDs methods the basic operations in FFT‐like algorithms are performed not on vectors but instead on parts of DDs as a data structure. Such a data structure represents the input signals, the intermediate results obtained during the calculation as well as the final output results. It should be noticed that, unlike FFT‐like algorithms, DDs methods permit to take advantages from both, the properties of the transform matrices and the particular properties of the processed signals.
A Fast ALU Design in CMOS for Low Voltage Operation
Authors: Srivastava A. , Govindarajan D.
Published: August 2002

A high‐speed 4‐bit ALU has been designed for 1 V operation to demonstrate the usefulness of the back‐gate forward substrate bias (BGFSB) method in 1.2 μm N‐well CMOS technology. The 4‐bit ALU employs a ripple carry adder and is capable of performing eight operations ‐ four arithmetic and four logical operations. The BGFSB voltage has been limited to |0.4| V. Delay time measurements are taken for all operations from the SPICE simulations with and without the back‐gate forward substrate bias. A speed advantage of a factor of about 2–2.5 is obtained with BGFSB over the conventional design.
Design of an Inter‐plane Circuit for Clocked PLAs
Authors: Wang Chua-Chin , Hsueh Ya-Hsin , Chien Yu-Tsun , Chen Ying-Pei
Published: August 2002

Since the Programmable Logic Arrays (PLAs) can implement almost any Boolean function, they have become popular devices in realization of both combinational and sequential circuits. We present a power‐saving fast half swing CMOS circuit implementation for NOR–NOR PLA implementation. An additional 1/2 VDD voltage source and buffering transmission gates are inserted between the NOR planes to erase the racing problem and shorten the rise delay as well as the fall delay of the output response such that the speed is enhanced and the dynamic power is reduced. Detailed simulation results reveal appropriate L/W guidelines. The analysis of effects of the 1/2 VDD on power and speed is also provided in this work.
Effects of contact resistance on thermal conductivity of composite media with a periodic structure
Authors: Guoqing Gu  , Zengrong Liu
Published: August 2002

The thermal conductivity of periodic composite media with spherical or cylindrical inclusions embedded in a homogeneous matrix is discussed. Using Green functions, the authors show that the Rayleigh identity can be generalized to deal with thermal properties of these systems. A new calculating method for effective conductivity of composite media is proposed. Useful formulae for effective thermal conductivity are derived, and meanings of contact resistance in engineering problems are explained.
A theoretical lower limit for laser power in laser-enhanced arc welding
Authors: J Paulini  , G Simon
Published: August 2002

A physical mechanism for the enhancement effect in laser-enhanced arc welding (LEAW) is proposed. The minimum laser power for a CO2and a Nd:YAG laser is calculated in the case of Fe-, Al- and Cu-based welding materials. The results are compatible with the pertinent welding experiments.
Modelling of the dielectric breakdown phenomenon in polymer with the new parameter pressure
Authors: D Malec  , R Essolbi  , M Farkh  , Hoang-The-Giam  , B Ai  , N Zebouchi  , M Bendaoud
Published: August 2002

A new parameter, pressure, has been introduced into study of the electrical properties of polymers, in particular into the thermal breakdown theory for modelling of the breakdown field Fbvariations of high-density polyethylene versus pressure. Theoretical Fbvalues, determined by numerical calculation of the fundamental heat balance equation and the analytical expression of the conductivity, are compared with experimental results obtained in the pressure range 50-500 bar. Good agreement was observed in this comparison.
Time-resolved description of cathode spot development in vacuum arcs
Authors: T Klein  , J Paulini  , G Simon
Published: August 2002

A spherical, one-dimensional model describing the time-resolved development of non-stationary vacuum are cathode spots is solved numerically. The model includes electron emission, the Nottingham effect, ion current, sheath effects, evaporation, melt ejection, ohmic heating and heat conduction. Using two different termination conditions for spot development, a lower and an upper bound of the spot lifetime as well as of the final crater radius can be calculated. The results are in good agreement with experimental values. A new feature of our work is that at small crater radii, the ohmic heating cannot be compensated by the cooling effects. Because of thermal run-away, critical temperature is then reached below a thin liquid surface layer. It is assumed that these surface layers are then pushed off in a phase explosion. Several subsequent phase explosions can occur during crater development, so continuous crater expansion due to melt ejection is superimposed on a discontinuous component. This mechanism produces a broad deterministic distribution in final crater radii and spot lifetimes if the crater current or the surface roughness vary only slightly. This is in agreement with the fact that a broad variation in the crater radii can often be found on cathode surfaces despite nearly constant experimental conditions.
A novel approach to the nonlinear propagation of wide light beams
Authors: Ioseph Gurwich
Published: August 2002

The propagation of wide Gaussian-type light beams is analysed by means of angle-spectrum representation. It is shown that wave equations can be split into equations for amplitudes and angle-spectrum parameters. Furthermore, the equations for angle-spectrum parameters, separated from those for amplitudes, prove to be linear. This allows one to consider beam propagation, including diffraction effects and the multi-harmonic regime in a quadratic medium. In the framework of this approach, the evolution of the spectrum parameters reflects the focusing (de-focusing) character of beam propagation. By taking diffraction into consideration we are able to avoid the problems associated with a point-type focus. A canonical example is considered for comparison of the present approach with existing models.
Measurement of drift velocity and longitudinal diffusion coefficient of electrons in pure oxygen and in oxygen-argon mixtures
Authors: Byoung-Hoon Jeon  , Yoshiharu Nakamura
Published: August 2002

The electron transport coefficients, the drift velocityW, the product of the gas number density and the longitudinal diffusion coefficientand the ratio of the longitudinal diffusion coefficient to the electron mobilityof electrons were measured in pure oxygen over therange 1.7-350 Td and in two oxygen-argon mixtures (with 1.01% and 4.994% oxygen) from about 0.03 to 3 Td by using a double-shutter electron drift tube with a variable drift distance. The presentandwere the first measured over almost the entire part of the presentrange. The drift velocities in the mixtures exhibited a typical negative differential conductivity and they will be important in testing existing vibrational excitation cross sections for the oxygen molecule.
Modelling of low-current self-generated oscillations in a hollow cathode discharge
Authors: Z Donkó
Published: August 2002

Low-current self-generated oscillations in a rectangular hollow cathode discharge in helium gas were investigated experimentally and by means of a two-dimensional self-consistent hybrid model. The model combines Monte Carlo simulation of the motion of fast electrons and a fluid description of slow electrons and positive ions. The low-frequency (20 kHz) oscillations were found to arise as an effect of the interaction of the gas discharge and the external electric circuit - consisting of a stable voltage source, a series resistor and a capacitor formed by the discharge electrodes. Good agreement was found between the experimentally observed and calculated oscillation frequency and current wave forms. Beside these characteristics the modelling also made it possible to calculate the time dependence of numerous other discharge characteristics (e.g. electron multiplication, ion density, potential distribution) and provided detailed insight into the mechanism of oscillations. The advantage of the present model is that considerable deformation of the electric field (due to space charge accumulation) can be taken into account.
The thermophoretic force acting on a small particle suspended in the near-wall region of a low-pressure plasma processor
Authors: Xi Chen
Published: August 2002

Analytical results are presented concerning the thermophoretic force acting on a spherical particle suspended in the near-wall region of a low-pressure plasma processor. Because the mean free path length of gas molecules is not negligibly small in comparison with the characteristic dimension of the plasma processor, for this case, a complex temperature variation will occur near the processor wall which can be approximately treated by using a temperature jump at the wall associated with a linear temperature distribution extended from the wall to bulk gas. The temperature jump at the processor wall has been included in the present analysis to determine the temperature of the molecules coming from the bulk gas and incident upon the suspended particle. It is shown that the thermophoretic force acting on the near-wall particle depends not only on the temperature gradient within the bulk gas but also on the magnitude of temperature jump at the processor wall. Dependent on the gas type, the thermophoretic force acting on the near-wall particle may even be greater than its counterpart without accounting for the near-wall effect.
A nanohole as an atomic lens for atoms and molecules
Authors: A A Mityureva  , V V Smirnov  , O A Vorobiev
Published: August 2002

The present work develops further the idea of using an atomic scale object as a lens in corpuscular optics which was introduced previously and developed for electrons. A possible atomic lens in the form of a nanohole for atomic and molecular optics is considered and studied.
Communication challenges for science and religion
Authors: Valenti JoAnn M.
Published: August 2002

How can the very different worlds of science and religion communicate effectively? Religion requires faith, belief without question. Science demands we take nothing on faith, reject any anecdotal evidence. How might these seemingly opposed disciplines collaborate to improve public understanding of science and impact pending policy making without undermining spiritual well being? Are scholars from both disciplines engineering the needed bridges?
Expert knowledge and decision-making in controversy contexts
Authors: Limoges Camille
Published: August 2002

There was a time when the mobilization of experts was a taken-for-granted, unproblematic aspect of decision-making processes. That confidence has vanished. Ascertaining the significance of expertise now requires a reconsideration of the dynamics of controversies. The current view still assimilates controversy to the medieval exercise of the disputatio in which two parties argue one against the other. A non-reductionist view is needed to take fully into account the diversity of worlds of relevance involved in the dynamics of any public controversy. Only then is it possible to understand how decision making is predicated upon associations of worlds of relevance, and how expertise is actually a collective learning process which sets the boundary conditions for the efficacy of individual experts.
Science on the Underground: an initial evaluation
Authors: Naylor Stuart , Keogh Brenda
Published: August 2002

This paper describes an initial evaluation of the “Science on the Underground” project in London, United Kingdom. The project uses posters based on concept cartoons to raise interest and awareness, provoke follow-up action and raise understanding of science amongst passengers. The nature of the concept cartoons is described. A number of data collection methods were used in the evaluation, including interview, observation, analysis of media coverage, and analysis of web site comments. The conclusions are that the project has led to an encouraging level of awareness of and interest in the project and a limited degree of follow-up action. Insufficient data are available to draw conclusions about the impact on public understanding of science.
Optimism, pessimism, and communication behavior in response to an earthquake prediction
Authors: Atwood L. Erwin , Major Ann M.
Published: August 2002

This analysis examines the public response to the 1990 Iben Browning earthquake prediction within the framework of social comparisons theory, which provides a context for examining people's beliefs about their own vulnerability compared with their beliefs about the vulnerability of most other people. Social comparisons do influence people's response to threat. Pessimistic respondents believed they were at greater risk than others and were more likely to believe the prediction. Optimistic respondents were less likely than pessimists to seek information, and their lack of information about the risk may have led to denial of the threat. When beliefs about vulnerability were compared in terms of death, serious injury, and property damage, only 57 percent of the respondents fell into the same grouping of optimist, pessimist, and realist in both analyses. These shifts in group membership provide support for the assertion that beliefs about vulnerability change in response to situational contingencies.
Cultural and sex differences in aggression: A comparison between Japanese and Spanish students using two different inventories
Authors: Ramirez J. Martin , Andreu J. Manuel , Fujihara Takehiro
Published: August 2002

Two self‐report inventories developed to assess different dimensions of aggression, the Aggression Questionnaire and the EXPAGG, were administered to a sample (N = 400) of men and women undergraduates in two Japanese and Spanish universities. The factor structure of scales was assessed using exploratory factor analysis. Both questionnaires showed high correlations between their respective scales. In both cultures, males reported more physical aggression, verbal aggression, and hostility as well as higher instrumental beliefs, whereas females reported more expressive representation than males. Japanese students reported more physical aggression than their Spanish counterparts, who reported more verbal aggression, hostility, and anger and more expressive representation of aggression. Aggr. Behav. 27:313–322, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Violence and the Law
Authors: Brodsky Stanley L.
Published: August 2002

Edited by Mark Costanzo and Stuart Oskamp. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994, 290 pp.
School shooting fatalities and school corporal punishment: A look at the states
Authors: Arcus Doreen
Published: August 2002

Student deaths from school shootings were examined across all 50 states according to the state’s policy on the use of corporal punishment in schools after controlling for associated differences in poverty rates and the prevalence of conservative Christian religions. There were significantly more school shooting deaths found in states allowing school corporal punishment compared with those that do not. The odds of fatal involvement in a school shooting were greatest in states permitting school corporal punishment compared with those prohibiting it (odds ratio, 2.04) or restricting it to districts serving less than half the student population (odds ratio, 1.77). Moreover, the rate of school corporal punishment was moderately correlated with the rate of fatal school shootings both across all states and within the South, the region in which endorsement of school corporal punishment is most prevalent.Aggr. Behav. 28:173–183, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Informal and Incidental Learning
Authors: Marsick Victoria J. , Watkins Karen E.
Published: August 2002

This chapter provides a theory of informal and incidental learning and updates this theory based on recent research.
Supplemental peripheral blood stem cells to decrease marrow rejection in adult patients with severe aplastic anemia
Authors: Min Chang‐Ki , Kim Dong Wook , Lee Jong Wook , Han Chi Wha , Min Woo Sung , Kim Chun Choo
Published: August 2002

Twenty‐two multi‐transfused patients with a long duration of severe aplastic anemia (SAA) received a transplant from an HLA‐matched donor after cyclophosphamide (CY) plus antithymocyte globulin plus procarbazine using CD34+ enriched blood stem cells + fresh marrow. Peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) were collected on days 5 and 6 of G‐CSF (10 μg/kg/day), and T cells were depleted using an immunoadsorption column (n = 15) or magnetic cell sorting (n = 7). Marrow harvesting was performed 48 hr after the last leukapheresis. Two patients (9.1%) that developed graft failure had a successful engraftment again using unpurged PBSC. Median time to neutrophils ≥0.5 × 109/l and platelets ≥20 × 109/l without platelet transfusions were 12 days and 17 days, respectively. Acute graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) grade II occurred in four of 22 patients. No patient developed grade III or IV acute GVHD. Four of the evaluable 21 patients had chronic GVHD. One patient developed extensive disease. Three patients (13.6%) died from CY‐induced heart failure, extensive‐type chronic GVHD, and sepsis of unknown cause. The Kaplan–Meier estimate of survival was 83.9% (95% CI, 70.1–95.2%) with a median follow‐up duration of 33.5 (6–44) months. CD34+‐enriched PBSC in combination with unmanipulated marrow seem to play a role in overcoming the sensitization to histocompatibility antigens without an apparent increase in GVHD. The stem cell component therapy may be feasible for the high‐risk SAA adult patients. Am. J. Hematol. 69:15–22, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lymphomas of mucosal‐associated lymphoid tissue in common variable immunodeficiency
Authors: Cunningham‐Rundles C. , Cooper Dennis L. , Duffy Thomas P. , Strauchen James
Published: August 2002

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary immunodeficiency disease characterized by low serum immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, and usually IgM. The central immune deficiency is impaired secretion of immunoglobulins and lack of antibody production; however, T cell dysfunction and a variety of inflammatory complications suggest global immune dysregulation. A number of reports have documented the association of primary immunodeficiency diseases with the development of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). In CVID, the risk has been estimated to lie between 1.4% and 7%. As for NHL arising in other immunodeficiency states, the lymphomas in CVID are extranodal and are usually B cell in type. Of 22 B cell lymphomas that have appeared over a period of 25 years in a cohort of subjects with CVID, five lymphomas, appearing in more recently studied subjects, that arose in mucosal sites would be classified as mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas. MALT lymphomas are low‐grade B cell lymphomas that result from a proliferation of neoplastic marginal‐zone related cells of lymphoid tissue and tend to occur in organs that have acquired lymphoid tissue due to long‐term infectious or autoimmune stimulation. Lymphomas of this kind have not been described in patients with congenital immunodeficiency, although chronic mucosal antigen stimulation is an integral part of these immune deficiency states. Am. J. Hematol. 69:171–178, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Global fibrinolytic capacity in early respiratory distress syndrome: A pilot study
Authors: Yurdakök Murat , Korkmaz Ayse , Kirazlı Serafeddin , Aygün Canan , Yigit Sule
Published: August 2002

Fibrin deposits found in the pulmonary microcirculation and in the small airways of preterm infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) has been explained by the activation of the coagulation system and/or insufficient fibrinolysis. Previous studies suggest that disseminated intravascular coagulation is not prominent in the early stages of RDS, and there is a reduced fibrinolytic activity in these patients. The in vitro evaluation of body's fibrinolytic potential is difficult in contrast to blood clotting because fibrinolysis is only activated after coagulation. To solve this problem a standardized assay was developed to measure the global fibrinolytic capacity (GFC) in plasma. This assay allows us a sensitive and reliable parameter to evaluate the fibrinolytic potency of plasma in vitro. We therefore studied GFC in the first 6 hr after birth in preterm infants who later developed RDS. Global fibrinolytic capacity which is expressed as generated D‐dimer concentrations was significantly lower in preterm infants who later developed RDS compared to the control group in this study. These findings support our previous hypothesis of “reduced fibrinolytic state in early RDS”. Am. J. Hematol. 69:255–257, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma presenting as severe osteoporosis
Authors: Atoyebi W. , Brown M. , Wass J. , Littlewood T.J. , Hatton C.
Published: August 2002

We report four cases presenting with severe osteoporosis which on further investigation were found to have an underlying lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma (LPL). Common secondary causes of osteoporosis were excluded in each case. Three of the cases responded to treatment with a biphosphonate. As these lymphomas share some common pathological and clinical features with multiple myeloma (MM) an association with osteoporosis is likely to represent more than a coincidental finding. The incidence of osteoporosis occurring with LPL will become clearer if routine imaging is carried out in patients at presentation. Issues relating to the treatment of the osteoporosis as well as the lymphoma arise in patients that present in this way. Based on the model of bone disease in MM, correlating serum levels of osteoclast activating cytokines such as interleukin‐1 (IL‐1), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) with the actual finding of bone disease provides a basis for future research into the pathogenesis and management of bone disease in these rare forms of low grade non‐Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Am. J. Hematol. 70:77–80, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Systemic anaplastic large‐cell lymphoma: Results from the non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma classification project
Authors: Weisenburger Dennis D. , Anderson James R. , Diebold Jacques , Gascoyne Randy D. , MacLennan Kenneth A. , Müller‐Hermelink H. Konrad , Nathwani Bharat N. , Ullrich Fred
Published: August 2002

Anaplastic large‐cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a heterogeneous process that may have a T‐cell, B‐cell, or indeterminant (null) phenotype and which may or may not express the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) oncoprotein. Because the clinical significance of these variants of ALCL is unclear, we evaluated the cases of ALCL‐T/null and ALCL‐B identified in the Non‐Hodgkin's Lymphoma Classification Project. We evaluated 1,378 cases of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), and a consensus diagnosis of ALCL‐T/null was made in 33 patients (2.4%) with a diagnostic accuracy of 85%. Compared to 96 patients with other forms of peripheral T‐cell lymphoma (PTCL), those with ALCL‐T/null were significantly younger, less likely to have advanced‐stage disease or bone marrow involvement, more likely to have a low International Prognostic Index score, and had a significantly better survival. Among those with ALCL‐T/null, there were no significant differences in the clinical features or survival on the basis of ALK expression. A consensus diagnosis of ALCL‐B was made in 15 patients (1.1%), and the diagnostic accuracy was 67%. However, compared to 366 patients with other forms of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL), those with ALCL‐B were no different with regard to clinical features or survival. We conclude that patients with ALCL‐T/null have favorable prognostic features and excellent survival and should be separated from those with other forms of PTCL for prognostic and therapeutic purposes. In contrast, patients with ALCL‐B appear to be similar to those with other forms of DLBCL. Am. J. Hematol. 67:172–178, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Report of three cases of circulating heparin‐like anticoagulants
Authors: Llamas Pilar , Outeiriño Julio , Espinoza José , Santos Ana B. , Román Alejandro , Tomás José F.
Published: August 2002

Clinically significant endogenous circulating heparin‐like anticoagulant activity has been associated with hematological malignancies, liver damage, and other pathological conditions. The source of high plasma concentrations of endogenous heparin‐like anticoagulants is poorly understood. We report three cases of circulating heparin‐like anticoagulants in three patients with hematological malignancies: CLL, multiple myeloma, and T‐prolymphocytic leukemia. The severity of bleeding in our patients ranged from severe epistaxis and deep‐site hematoma to bleeding of biopsy site and occasional ecchymosis. Am. J. Hematol. 67:256–258, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Management of heparin allergy in pregnancy
Authors: Aijaz Asim , Nelson John , Naseer Nauman
Published: August 2002

Thromboembolic disease during pregnancy has traditionally been treated with heparin. If heparin cannot be used, then treatment options remain limited. Despite the recent availability of new anticoagulation agents, data relating to their use during pregnancy is lacking. Hirudin, a relatively new anti‐thrombotic agent, through animal models has been shown to have a very low transplacental transfer, thus making it a candidate drug to be used during pregnancy in case of heparin allergy. This report describes a case of heparin allergy in a pregnant patient with recurrent DVT that was successfully managed with hirudin and coumadin. Am. J. Hematol. 67:268–269, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.