bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Achtmal Schönheit Eight times beauty
Authors: Thielsch Meinald T. , Hassenzahl Marc
Published: November 2008

Schönheit und Hässlichkeit sind allgegenwärtig. Alles um uns herum können wir im Hinblick auf Schönheit beurteilen. Interaktive Produkte bilden hier keine Ausnahme. Der vorliegende Beitrag beantwortet acht populäre Fragen zur Schönheit – unter Rückgriff auf die empirische Forschung und mit besonderem Blick für interaktive Produkte. Dabei beschäftigen wir uns mit dem Unterschied zwischen Schönheit und Attraktivität,mit der Subjektivität und Stabilität von Schönheitsurteilen, dem Einfluss der Persönlichkeit auf diese Urteile sowie deren Funktion und Nutzen.
ENDEMIC DISEASES VS. ACUTE EPIDEMICS
Authors: Ravenel Mazÿck P.
Published: November 2008

Epidemics are cared for through the incident terror of the people, and there is always money to fight them and investigate, but the far more important insidious endemics attract little interest or popular support. Attention to reduction in morbidity, rather than mortality, rates is the “stitch in time” plea of Dr. Ravenel.
URGENT NEED FOR THE STANDARDIZATION OF LABORATORY WORK
Authors: Lederer Arthur
Published: November 2008

As a practical man familiar with the technique of the laboratory this author urges the need of establishing standards in laboratory practice. “This task will have to be faced in the near future,” he writes, “And I believe that the A. P. H. A. is the proper organization to assume this important duty.”
PRACTICAL DISINFECTION OF TUBERCULOUS SPUTUM
Authors: Stokes William Royal , Douthirt C. H.
Published: November 2008

Here experts have disagreed and the investigation seeks to settle one point definitely, what dilution of what chemical is practicable to disinfect tuberculous sputum. It is an initial bit of research suggestive of a series of similar ones whereby efficient dilutions of various disinfectants can be determined for use with different infectious materials.
JUDGING THE KEEPING QUALITY OF MILK BY A Ph METHOD
Authors: Cooledge L. H. , Wyant R. W.
Published: November 2008

With constantly increasing milk supply areas for large cities knowledge of how long the milk will keep is important. Bacterial counts, while important for other information, do not give definite answers about this. A hydrogen-ion test may be applied which will afford a reasonable judgment on this point.
ECONOMICS OF HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Hemenway Henry Bixby
Published: November 2008

Health administration lies at the foundation of economic prosperity. It is a business and like other business is subject to commercial laws. Quality, whether of brain or brawn may be appraised by the wages paid. Loss from disease, does vary with the money spent. Compared with fire fighting health appropriations are grossly inadequate, whether the health risk is considered or the actual loss.
POPULARIZING VITAL STATISTICS
Authors: Drake C. St. Clair
Published: November 2008

Fitting dry-as-dust vital statistics to the psychology of the people is one of the most important problems in modern popular health education. For the benefit of brother health officers Dr. Drake gives a few leaves out of his own experience in impressing fundamental statistical truths on a public that demands interesting presentation together with pictures and variety and novelty.
SANITATION IN SERBIA
Authors: Stuart Edward
Published: November 2008

We must maintain health programs in Serbia according to Major Stuart, who tells plainly of conditions as his party found them. Serbia, with other Balkan countries, is a menace to the health of the Western world. Typhus and malaria are endemic, while tuberculosis and other communicable diseases enfeeble the people.
VENEREAL DISEASE CONTROL: METHODS, OBSTACLES AND RESULTS
Authors: Pierce C. C.
Published: November 2008

This is really a report of progress. Co-operation of the Government with state health departments has produced such results that the backward step of discontinuance can never be taken. The problem of preventing venereal disease has become one of the principal phases of preventive medicine and physicians and health officers can not possibly longer remain indifferent.
METHODS FOR THE DEFENSE OF PUBLIC HEALTH APPROPRIATIONS
Authors: Meyer Ernst Christopher
Published: November 2008

This paper will be especially helpful to the health officer because it tells him things he needs to know; for example, the place for arguments based on comparisons, on expenditures, on efficiency and on results attained, that will carry weight with intelligent public bodies. Statistics are given their place, as an index of the real value of health work, with a warning against crude statistics.
VITAL STATISTICS IN CANADA
Authors: Coats R. H.
Published: November 2008

Canada for the first time has undertaken a comprehensive survey in vital statistics, and this paper is a report of progress. It is proposed to make monthly compilations, prepare annual reports, collate statistics of immigration and emigration and supply standard forms for collection and record.
AN IDEAL PROGRAM FOR CHILD HYGIENE
Authors: McLaughlin Allan J.
Published: November 2008

A nation-wide program is here recommended to include Federal assistance to the states not to exceed fifty percent of the cost, with the states effecting an immediate stock-taking of baby saving machinery, together with the pooling of resources.
NEED OF STANDARDIZATION IN SCHOOL HYGIENE METHODS
Authors: Jones H. O.
Published: November 2008

The time is ripe for a national campaign in educating communities about safeguards for healthy development of school children. There is urgent need for this. Standards do not exist, nor are there means of enforcing any. School hygiene is truly formless with conflicting information and advice.
SCHOOL HYGIENE FOR RURAL COMMUNITIES
Authors: Whitford Grace
Published: November 2008

An opportunity for the rural school child equal to that of his city brother is the text of this article. Interest the parents by making the schoolhouse the community center. They will then realize what it stands for. Rest rooms are needed and playgrounds and the general development of the spirit of play, together with medical inspection and regular physical exercise.
SOME IMPORTANT FACTORS IN THE PREPARATION OF CULTURE MEDIA
Authors: Davis Lewis
Published: November 2008

This investigator favors the steam pressure method of sterilization. High temperatures can effect undesirable chemical changes, while long continued heating may be destructive to food accessory factors. Emphasis is laid on the proper selection of bacteriologic peptone.
PROTECTIVE VALUE OF TYPHOID VACCINATION AS SHOWN BY THE EXPERIENCE OF THE AMERICAN TROOPS IN THE WAR
Authors: Soper George A.
Published: November 2008

It has recently been publicly argued that the Army reports demonstrate the failure of inoculation against typhoid fever. Major Soper distinctly contradicts this claim, states plainly how efficient it really was and explains some so-called failures. These were due to infection before vaccination, errors of haste in insufficient dosage or wrong counting, or worn immunity.
BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF SOFT DRINKS
Authors: Stokes William Royal
Published: November 2008

Prohibition has boomed soft drinks so that more than ever there is need of rigid inspection. Dr. Stokes finds beverages with five-figure counts and empty “sterile” bottles always with some bacteria, sometimes with millions. This paper should attract the attention of health officers to their soft drink problems.
DIPHTHERIA BACILLUS STAINS WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A “NEW” ONE
Authors: Albert Henry
Published: November 2008

Identification from younger cultures and consequently a quicker diagnosis of diphtheria, uniformly good results, ability to discern equally well by daylight and by artificial light, and easier recognition through the strengthening of the granules, are the claims made by Dr. Albert.
FEDERAL MEAT INSPECTION AS A SAFEGUARD TO PUBLIC HEALTH
Authors: Mohler John R.
Published: November 2008

There is no Federal inspection for one-third of the meat consumed in this country. Further than this, there is much needed in constructive work on the part of states and municipalities, in which this one-third is produced and slaughtered. Cities plead lack of funds, and there is also lack of knowledge and lack of interest. Meat is too important a feature in our lives to be thus neglected.
SOME EPIDEMIOLOGICAL POINTS REGARDING ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISEASES
Authors: Overton Frank
Published: November 2008

Customary measures for control of infections often shut the stable door after the horse is gone. Epidemics are frequently not recognized till the mischief is done. People must learn to practice the hygienic measures that will protect them. Real prevention needs the intelligent coöperation of every individual in a community.
WATER TREATMENT AT ST. LOUIS, MO
Authors: Wall Edward E.
Published: November 2008

With three kinds of water, Mississippi, Missouri and Illinois rivers, of different natures, and coming in an infinite variety of mixtures, St. Louis has peculiar water supply problems. This outline of methods will interest water engineers. Of the success of the St. Louis methods, the low mortality rates of the city are evidence.
COMMUNITY MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH
Authors: Meyer Ernst Christopher
Published: November 2008

Only the rich and the poor get adequate medical attention today; the middle class are, to a large extent, less fortunate. In this the medical organization of the country has failed to accomplish its purpose. Dr. Meyer suggests lower cost of medical service through better administration and community medicine or pay clinics.
MALARIA CONTROL FROM THE ENGINEERING POINT OF VIEW
Authors: Stromquist W. G.
Published: November 2008

Control of malaria is vital to the industrial development of the South and other warm regions and the engineer is vital to malaria control. The public must coöperate by understanding and by supporting improvements. Here is a plain educational statement of high value. It views the problems from many practical sides and suggests fundamental considerations.
PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS OF CARTAGENA, COLOMBIA
Authors: Zubiria S Alfredo de
Published: November 2008

Mr. Zubiria, a native of Cartagena, gives this outline of the sanitation of a country concerning which little has been observed or published. In view of constantly increasing trade with Latin America, such information may be of practical value.
SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECT OF HOOKWORM DISEASE
Authors: Dowling Oscar
Published: November 2008

Dr. Dowling finds a need so urgent for funds for fighting hookworm that he advocates using some of the school allotments which even now are inadequate. The economic waste is evident of trying to educate there defective children. More important than economic losses, however, are the lowered ethical standards incident to hookworm disease conditions.
APPLICATION OF VACCINES IN PUBLIC HEALTH WORK
Authors: McCoy George W.
Published: November 2008

An important service to health officers is this dispassionate appraisal of the practical advantages of vaccines. They are useful, but constitute no royal road to health. Aside from antienteric vaccines and the toxin-antitoxin mixture public health administrators need expect little help from the use of the bacterial vaccines that are known today.
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY CONTAMINATED BY AN INTERCONNECTED PRIVATE WATER SUPPLY
Authors: Saville Caleb Mills
Published: November 2008

Private water supplies connected for emergency purposes to public supplies are a potential source of pollution. Check valves which a decade ago were considered safe have been subject to such changes in design as to be now condemned. Health officers should be on their guard against any commercial economy here that means health risk to their communities.
THE UNSOLVED PROBLEMS OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE
Authors: Arkin Aaron
Published: November 2008

An inventory of the present status of the disease entities with which the modern sanitarian and clinician have to deal tempers the facile optimism of the unthinking. Whereas the infections transmitted by insects, the waterborn diseases, and certain diseases for which we possess methods of specific immunization have been well conquered, we are still unable to control the high mortality from degenerative diseases of the heart, bloodvessels and kidneys, from pneumonia and other acute respiratory infections, cancer and, to a less extent, tuberculosis. To map out the varied lines of attack upon these unsolved problems is the object of this paper.
THE VALUE OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH SURVEY IN THE PUBLIC HEALTH CAMPAIGN
Authors: Horwood Murray P. , Schevitz Jules
Published: November 2008

The value of a public health survey depends as much on the community as on the survey itself. Its benefits lie largely in the follow-up. The survey is a powerful agent in stimulating public interest, diffusing knowledge and defining the health status. Like the physical examination of individuals the survey should be a regular function.
SANITARY CONTROL OF A PUBLIC SWIMMING POOL
Authors: Simons George W.
Published: November 2008

All parts of modern swimming pools must be maintained in sanitary fashion or they may be public health risks. This paper outlines some of the problems and tells how a pool in Florida has tried to solve them. Here are scientific observations of pool conditions not often secured and more rarely at the service of officials.
A BRIEF STATISTICAL STUDY OF RECENT EXPERIENCE WITH MEASLES AND WHOOPING COUGH IN MASSACHUSETTS
Authors: Henry Jonathan E.
Published: November 2008

The measures against measles and whooping cough should be conducted principally in the age group of less than three years. This is the dangerous period, eighty-five percent of the mortality being here. The two diseases should awaken equal concern. Careful medical attention and adequate nursing service are suggested among the important needs.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE INFANT MORTALITY
Authors: Thompson Stewart G.
Published: November 2008

In Florida infant mortality increases with the birth rate. Midwives with superstition and ignorance constitute a source of danger, conditions of labor probably contribute somewhat, while insanitary conditions of the home and its surroundings are unfortunate factors. While the rates both for white and for colored population are below those of the Registration Area, they call for processes of betterment.
HEALTH EDUCATION IN INDUSTRY
Authors: Ford C. E.
Published: November 2008

The industrial health department can be made the strong right arm of the public health department. A part-time physician no longer suffices for a plant. He should be a full-time man with special training. If industry can pay $2.50 per employee per year for health, the community ought to increase its health appropriations.
Sanitary Inspection—A Review
Authors: Wolman Abel
Published: November 2008

In a rapid survey of the field of sanitary inspection, the author suggests shifting the emphasis by health officers from the legal and technical to the human aspects of the problem. By outlining the status of each he concludes that the technology receives more attention than do the people from many public health workers. It should be kept in mind that permanent health improvement must be predicated on the awakening of a sanitary conscience.
Reporting Communicable Diseases—A Physician's Point of View
Authors: McCombs Carl E.
Published: November 2008

Prevention of communicable disease is the fundamental reason for public health service. If administration fails here it can not be successful elsewhere. Efficiency of administration depends upon prompt knowledge of presence of disease. Since reporting must be done by physicians they are often blamed, but existing systems are at times inconvenient for them. The author suggests new procedures more convenient for physicians.
Epidemiological Study of an Endemic Focus of Leprosy
Authors: Boyd Mark F. , Fox Warren F.
Published: November 2008

In this focus the authors found the majority of cases to be among native-born children of German-born parents, males preponderating, and largely infected in the locality. It is uncertain whether the infected area is increasing. Cases are grouped in distinct foci and insect transmission is inadequate to explain the grouping while contact transfer is not wholly satisfactory.
MEASURING RODS OF INFANT MORTALITY
Authors: Lewis Dwight M.
Published: November 2008

A study of the vital statistics of infant mortality gives evidence that, irrespective of place, year or class, there are three determinable and measurable constituents of the varying rates. Such practical measurement would seem an evaluation of the relative importance of methods of combat.
MARITIME QUARANTINE A CONSTRUCTIVE HEALTH AGENCY
Authors: Grubbs S. B.
Published: November 2008

Quarantine usually implies delays and consequent monetary loss. It is a novelty to find these potential delays used as a health agency. This has been done at Panama by getting ports to better their health conditions through the business proposition of immediate release at the canal of vessels coming from satisfactorily cared for places.
MEASLES AND ITS ALLIES
Authors: Cumming James G.
Published: November 2008

War camp statistics are surprising in the evidence they afford that the camps were nurseries of carrier-borne infections and their complications. This author emphasizes the need of attention to the carrier, who is a very important health risk. Prevention here demands sanitary attention in inter-epidemic times as well as during the run of epidemics.
VIRGINIA PLAN OF COOPERATIVE COUNTY HEALTH WORK
Authors: Draper W. F.
Published: November 2008

In the development of public health activities the particular needs of the locality to be served should be of prime consideration. If at the start it is evident that only one line of work is possible, it should be that which will yield the greatest returns in lives saved and sickness prevented for the money available.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION OF ARMY AND NAVY VENEREAL DISEASE RECORDS
Authors: Everett Ray H. , Clark Mary Augusta
Published: November 2008

Venereal diseases are a much greater handicap in industry than existing industrial statistics indicate. This inference may properly be drawn from the 1920 reports of absences from duty in Army and Navy. In the former more than 13% and in the latter 15% of all absences were from venereal diseases.
THE VALUE OF ISOLATION HOSPITALS FOR SMALL CITIES
Authors: Caverly Charles S.
Published: November 2008

Doctor Caverly is in charge of the public health in a state of small cities, but nevertheless a state in which public health work is conducted along very advanced lines. In this paper he reviews the present situation and points out some of the advantages of the isolation hospital and suggests how rural communities can best proceed to secure one.
PUBLIC HEALTH WORK THROUGH THE PRESS IN NORTH CAROLINA
Authors: Booker Warren H.
Published: November 2008

The Journal is presenting this year a number of articles on the educational side of health work. We believe that our readers are finding these articles both interesting and helpful. The educational work of the North Carolina department is well known. This paper by Mr. Booker is therefore one of the valuable contributions to this group of papers.
MALARIA AS A PUBLIC HEALTH AND ECONOMIC PROBLEM IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Trask John W.
Published: November 2008

Malaria constitutes one of the big national health problems, and because it is a common disease, it receives less consideration than many other diseases less destructive. Doctor Trask here discusses the past and present distribution of this disease and the necessity for an organized fight against it.
CANCER AND THE PUBLIC HEALTH
Authors: Wood Francis Carter
Published: November 2008

This article by Doctor Wood is especially interesting to health workers and indeed to all readers of the Journal on account of the fact that it treats in a concise manner some of the fundamental points of importance known at the present time regarding this devastating disease. It is particularly suggestive as it indicates various ways in which state and local health authorities can direct their activities so that the people may be informed of the fact that early cancer is curable in most instances.
RECENT ADVANCES IN OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Authors: Arkin Aaron
Published: November 2008

This paper has been prepared for the busy man who, while interested in infectious diseases, has not the time to follow up the literature on the subject constantly. Professor Arkin's contribution will also serve to refresh the memory of those who are actively engaged in health department work of all kinds.
COMMISSION SUPERVISION OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
Authors: Yaple Wallace D.
Published: November 2008

Ohio has taken a leading place in the sanitary and hygienic phases of industrial life. The Industrial Commission and the State Board of Health are in coöoperation in their efforts along this line.
BACTERIAL TESTING VERSUS DAIRY INSPECTION
Authors: North Charles E.
Published: November 2008

This paper has especial interest for the laboratician and dairy inspector, and general interest to everyone. Mr. Laboratician, do you test for “number” or “kind?” Mr. Inspector, do you work in coöperation or in opposition to the laboratory? Doctor North is well suited to write on the milk question, and he discusses in a clear and convincing manner the many problems essential to the maintenance of the health standard of this industry.
FUNDAMENTAL DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN LARGER AND SMALLER CITIES IN HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Park Wm. E.
Published: November 2008

Large health departments, like large industries, are able to employ specialists to care for various details of their work. The small city health officer must often do the things that are done by a half dozen different people in the city. Doctor Park points out some of the important distinctions.
Career escalation training. Five-year follow-up.
Authors: Sainer E A , Ruiz P , Wilder J F
Published: November 2008

A study has been reported on 5 years of experience in a community mental health center with a career escalation training program for indigenous workers in a ghetto community. More than one-half entered the program during the 5-year period and about one-third had either achieved a degree or were still active in the Program at the time of this study. Although it is too early to assess the full impact of the program on career advancement, the authors believe that at least a master's degree is required for true upward and lateral mobility. The most striking finding was the high retention rate in the mental health field of those workers who entered the program in contrast to those who didn't. A number of suggestions have been made to improve the effectiveness of a career escalation training program. It is too early to tell whether the long term benefits for individuals, the Center, and the mental health field at large justify the cost and the continuation of such educational release time programs.
A comparative evaluation of the Scrub and Bass Methods of toothbrushing with flossing as an adjunct (in fifth and sixth graders).
Authors: Robinson E
Published: November 2008

The Scrub and Bass Methods of toothbrushing with flossing as an adjunct were evaluated to determine which is most effective in eliminating or reducing plaque and gingivitis in 5th and 6th grade school children. Three hundred and eleven children were randomly selected and placed in five groups (Scrub, Scrub-Floss, Bass, Bass-Floss, Comparison). Four Method groups went through four weeks of daily supervised toothbrushing with four dental hygienists, while the Comparison group received no supervised instructions. There was a marked effect on oral hygiene and gingival conditions at the end of the experimental period in all four groups with no one method superior to another. Peer group intercommunication probably accounts for the improvement in the comparison group.
Lung function in fire fighters, I: a three year follow-up of active subjects.
Authors: Musk A W , Peters J M , Wegman D H
Published: November 2008

From a cohort of 1,768 Boston fire fighters studied initially in 1970, pulmonary function measurements were repeated on 1, 146 active subjects in 1974. The mean time between examinations was 3.4 years. The data on 1,430 subjects after one year of follow-up had indicated excessive decrements in levels of forced vital capacity and one-second forced expiratory bolume which were related to the frequency of fire exposure. The annual decline over three years was less than that observed over one year and could not be related to the number of fires fought or to other indices of acute fire exposure. Selection factors within the fire department appear to be important in protecting fire fighter from continued loss ventilatory capacity.
Immunization: public health programming through law enforcement.
Authors: Anthony N , Reed M , Leff A M , Huffer J , Stephens B
Published: November 2008

The pre-inoculation program review of the school immunization records in fall, 1974 found that only 60 per cent of the 63,000 children in the Cincinnati primary school system were adequately immunized. Following a program based upon their legal authority to require immunizations, the Board of Health in collaboration with the Board of Education was able to obtain in a two-year effort a 91 per cent immunization level.
The effect of a reduction in leading causes of death: potential gains in life expectancy.
Authors: Tsai S P , Lee E S , Hardy R J
Published: November 2008

The potential gains in total expectation of life and in the working life ages among the United States population are examined when the three leading causes of death are totally or partially eliminated. The impressive gains theoretically achieved by total elimination do not hold up under the more realistic assumption of partial elimination or reduction. The number of years gained by a new-born child, with a 30 per cent reduction in major cardiovascular diseases would be 1.98 years, for malignant neoplasms 0.71 years, and for motor vehicle accidents 0.21 years. Application of the same reduction to the working ages, 15 to 70 years, results in a gain of 0.43, 0.26, and 0.14 years, respectively for the three leading causes of death. Even with a scientific break-through in combating these causes of death, it appears that future gains in life expectancies for the working ages will not be spectacular. The implication of the results in relation to the current debate on the national health care policy is noted.
The financial viability of rural primary health care centers.
Authors: Feldman R , Deitz D M , Brooks E F
Published: November 2008

Primary health care centers have been proposed to meet the health care needs of rural America. Some centers become financially "self-sufficient", receiving their entire budgets from direct patient or third-party payments; others shut down when external funding is withdrawn. An explanation for this difference is important, because funding agencies may not wish to subsidize centers whose financial futures appear bleak. This study identifies the correlates of financial self-sufficiency. A survey conducted in late 1976 or 164 rural clinics provided 101 usable responses. Multiple regression analysis of the data shows that the longer a center has been in operation, the more self-sufficient it will become. Hospital control of the center and provision of laboratory tests increase self-sufficiency; outreach services and nonprofit status reduce it. Two variables related to financial self-sufficiency are separately examined. Clinics with a faster growth rate of patient visits are more self-sufficient, and smaller clinics tend to grow faster. More self-sufficient clinics experience less difficulty in keeping professional staff. The presence of a state Area Health Education Center (AHEC) program also eases the problem of staff retention.
A comparative study of physicians' and nurses' conceptions of the role of the nurse practitioner.
Authors: Burkett G L , Parken-Harris M , Kuhn J C , Escovitz G H
Published: November 2008

Attempts to define the role of the nurse practitioner as a new health care provider raise questions about the traditional health care division of labor. In order to determine nurses' and physicians' conceptions of the NP's role, parallel surveys were conducted among registered nurses and primary care physicians in southeastern Pennsylvania (including Philadelphia). Respondents (679 nurses and 597 physicians) indicated their opinions on the issue of autonomy for NPs and on the issue of specific tasks appropriate to the NP's role. There were significant differences between nurses and physicians with respect to both of the issues under consideration, but there were also important differences within each of these groups. Nurses were more likely to assert that an NP might practice independently, and also had a higher conception of the NP's capabilities. Physicians who were interested in employing a nurse practitioner had opinions which were closest to those of nurses. These findings suggest that conflict between nurses and physicians might be minimal as long as the nurse practitioner movement remains relatively small, but that there may be latent conflict inherent in any large scale attempt to change the health care division of labor at the present time.
Long-term effects of a cancer awareness program for community pharmacists.
Authors: Lohrisch D , Ryan M R , Rosenbluth S A
Published: November 2008

A continuing education program resulted in a 52% improvement in the specified professional behaviors of community pharmacists within one month. However, surveyed effects were not permanent and decreased significantly within 18 months. Following a simple mailing of specially designed literature, desired behaviors again underwent significant improvement comparable to that attributed to the original continuing education program. A better understanding of professional behaviors as functions of time and different educational modes would be invaluable to educators in both academic and postgraduate programs.
On the statistical validity of standards used in profile monitoring of health care.
Authors: McAuliffe W E
Published: November 2008

In current methods of profile monitoring, standards of acceptability (cut-offs) are set either by consulting panels of experts, or by selecting an arbitrary point (e.g., the 75th percentile) on the profile (statistical distribution). However, experts have only vague ideas of what outcome rates ought to be, while profile statistics stem from samples for which unknown percentages of cases have received acceptable care. Poorly chosen standards could cause profile monitoring to be ineffective, inefficient, or unnecessarily disruptive. A new method proposes to set standards by using statistics for which the percentage of adequate care has been predetermined by examining the process of care. Plans to circumvent the pitfalls involved are described, as are two approaches to estimating the degree of process adequacy from routinely produced outcome rates.
The energy cost of overweight in the United States.
Authors: Hannon B M , Lohman T G
Published: November 2008

We have calculated the total fossil energy equivalent of the food calories saved by reducing the present degree of overweight (2.3 billion pounds for the adult United States population) to optimum body weight and the annual fossil energy reduction once all Americans reached their optimum weight. The energy saved by dieting to reach optimal weight is equivalent to 1.3 billion gallons of gasoline and the annual energy savings would more than supply the annual residential electrical demands of Boston, Chicago, San Francisco, and Washington, DC.
Relationship of microbial indicators to health effects at marine bathing beaches.
Authors: Cabelli V J , Dufour A P , Levin M A , McCabe L J , Haberman P W
Published: November 2008

Findings are described from the second year of an epidemiological-microbiological study conducted at New York City beaches as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency program to develop health effects-recreational water quality criteria. Symptomatology rates among swimmers (defined as immersion of the head in the water) relative to nonswimming but beach-going controls at a "barely acceptable" (BA) beach and a "relatively unpolluted" (RU) beach were examined. Data were collected by contacting family groups at the beach on weekends, obtaining information on bathing activity, and then questioning them by phone some 8--10 days later. In addition measurements were made for a number of potential water quality indicators. It was observed that the symptom rates, categorized as gastrointestinal (GI), respiratory, "other", and "disabling" (stayed home, stayed in bed, consulted a physician), were higher among swimmers than nonswimmers. As in the pretest conducted the previous year, the rate of GI symptoms was significantly higher among swimmers relative to nonswimmers at the BA but not the RU beach. Children, Hispanic Americans, and the low-middle socioeconomic groups were identified as the most susceptible portions of the population.
Factors associated with oral contraceptive use.
Authors: Hartz S C , Shapiro S , Kaufman D W , Rosenberg L , Slone D
Published: November 2008

We studied factors associated with oral contraceptive (OC) use among 1,855 premenopausal women who were admitted to hospital with conditions unrelated to OC use. Among this group, 15 per cent reported having used OCs within the preceding year and 35 per cent reported having last used them more than a year previously. A higher estrogenic dose (more than 60 micrograms) was reported by past users; the relationship of numerous other variables to past and present OC use is reported.
Follow-up study of the impact of a rural preventive care outreach program on children's health and use of medical services.
Authors: Briscoe M E , Hochstrasser D L , Somes G W , Cowen D L , Culley G A
Published: November 2008

The present study is a follow-up of a previous evaluation of a rural pediatric preventive care outreach program in Appalachia, which showed that although program participants did not differ substantially from their matched controls on health outcomes, they did have significantly lower utilization rates for outpatient services. The purpose of this second study was to determine whether replication of the original study would yield similar results on a fresh sample of children and whether differences observed between study and control groups would hold firm once families had terminated contact with the program. In general, the findings of the present study provided additional evidence to suggest that program children had lower utilization of outpatient medical services with no appreciable difference from the control children in health outcomes. Lower outpatient utilization rates were also found after termination of contact with the program, but the differences were not statistically significant.
Prevention through pre-review in occupational health and safety.
Authors: Richter E D , Kretzmer D
Published: November 2008

Occupational health problems have needlessly been produced at many worksites as a consequence of their not having been anticipated during design and construction. Pre-review may be an effective and efficient mechanism for preventive intervention in occupational health and safety. Legal and administrative precedents are cited from the United States and other countries. Proposals are presented, with Israel as an example, which aim to implement the principle of pre-review.
An epidemiologic study of the relationship between hepatitis A and water supply characteristics and treatment.
Authors: Batik O , Craun G F , Tuthill R W , Kraemer D F
Published: November 2008

Outbreaks of hepatitis A (HA) attributable to water contamination have been reported; however, the impact of water supply characteristics on the endemic rates of HA has not been quantified. This study did not detect any statistically significant associations between endemic HA rates and water supply characteristics. Because of the sample size, this finding suggests that the total variation of HA rates attributable to water supply characteristics is probably less than 8 per cent of the annual reported cases of HA in the United States.
Respiratory symptoms and lung function in a sample of Vermont dairymen and industrial workers.
Authors: Babbott F L , Gump D W , Sylwester D L , MacPherson B V , Holly R C
Published: November 2008

This study reviews the respiratory status of a sample of Vermont male dairy farmers, and a comparison group from industry, matched for age, sex and smoking. Survey instruments included a standardized questionnaire and simple pulmonary function tests. In general, past and present smokers had more respiratory symptoms than never-smokers; and farmers, in all smoking categories, reported symptoms with greater frequency than did their counterparts from industry. Forced vital capacity (FVC) tended to be lower among men with a history of smoking but, within each smoking category, dairymen and factory workers had very similar FVCs. Farmers who had never smoked or who were current cigarette users had lower FEV1/FVC (forced expiratory volume at one second/forced vital capacity) ratios than their controls from industry. Sixteen diarymen demonstrated precipitins to either Micropolyspora faeni (13) or Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, (3), but only one reported a constellation of symptoms compatible with farmer's lung disease. The estimated prevalence of antibodies to thermophilic actinomyces in this farm population was approximately 10 per cent. Although sample sizes were limited, dairymen from small farms tended to be older, have more respiratory symptoms, less satisfactory pulmonary function, and more serologic evidence of exposure to farmer's lung antigens than their counterparts from large farms.
The process of ambulatory care: a comparison of the hospital and the community health center.
Authors: Goodrich T J , Gorry G A
Published: November 2008

In a study of 300 chronically ill patients who were referred from an outpatient department to community health centers in a public hospital district, we found that the number of visits made, the amount of medicine prescribed, and the number of tests ordered all increased markedly for those patients in the 6 months immediately following their referral. As a result, there was substantial increase in the charges incurred for their care. The care itself changed as well. The physicians at the centers on the whole differed from those at the hospital in the emphasis they placed upon various types of visits, medicines, and tests. There were also large differences among the community health centers along these dimensions. The findings indicate the difficulty of providing comparable care at a comparable cost within a large health care system.
Smoking policies and smoking cessation programs of large employers in Massachusetts.
Authors: Bennett D , Levy B S
Published: November 2008

To assess the current extent of programs and policies to facilitate smoking cessation among employees, we queried 128 large employers in Massachusetts in mid-1978. Eighty-four (66 per cent) responded. Fifty-four (64 per cent) of the respondents had designated jobs or work areas in which smoking was prohibited usually because of potential danger to products or equipment. Seven (8 per cent) of the employers provided counseling, and 10 (12 percent) provided smoking cessation programs for those employees who desired to quit smoking. There is a clear need for the development and evaluation of workplace policies and programs aimed at reducing smoking.
Margaret Sanger: birth control's successful revolutionary.
Authors: Wardell D
Published: November 2008

The year 1979 marked the centennial of Margaret Sanger, birth control pioneer. Sanger worked to secure two new human rights: the right to decide whether to have a child and the right of a child to be wanted. Beginning in 1873, antipornography crusader Anthony Comstock lobbied through Congress and the state legislatures laws forbidding the distribution of contraceptive devices and even information. He equated these with erotic postcards as "obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy, indecent and disgusting." Sanger's strategy was to challenge the Comstock laws in the courts. She studied birth control methods abroad and published a pamphlet, Family Limitation, in 1914. It was the first modern marriage manual; it was also illegal. The publicity her trial generated was immense and highly sympathetic. The government dropped its case when it saw it could only make her a martyr. An obstetrical nurse, Sanger had seen the plight of factory women in the poorest sections of New York City. In order to provide the medical advice and supplies women clamored for, Sanger opened the first U.S. birth control clinic, in Brooklyn in 1916. The New York City Vice Squad raided and closed it, and jailed Sanger. Margaret Sanger underwent other trials, raids, and harassments, but each time won additional public support for her organization--Planned Parenthood--and her cause.
Changing patterns of breast cancer among American women.
Authors: Blot W J
Published: November 2008

Although overall mortality from breast cancer has changed little over time in the United States, age-specific rates showed distinctive patterns during 1950-75, with declines among premenopausal women, a rise then fall among perimenopausal women, and level then increasing rates among postmenopausal women. The trends appear related to the changing patterns of childbearing among young adult women over the first two-thirds of this century. The national mortality and birth data presented are consistent with existing analytic evidence of a protective influence upon breast cancer of early first birth, and suggest that the protection may be expressed at all ages above 30.
An assessment of Tel-Med utilization by physicians and dentists.
Authors: Diseker R A , Michielutte R , Morrison V
Published: November 2008

A mail survey of physicians and dentists assessed their knowledge of Tel-Med; their use of it in the practice setting; and their opinion of its potential value in practice. Data suggests that both physicians and dentists regard Tel-Med's potential as high and small percentages of both groups have actually used Tel-Med in their practices. However, both groups are concerned over the potential for unsound self-diagnosis.
Foreign-born persons with tuberculosis in the United States.
Authors: Powell K E , Meador M P , Farer L S
Published: November 2008

Two recent surveys of selected states and cities suggest that foreign-born persons account for approximately 15 per cent of the new cases of tuberculosis reported annually in the areas surveyed. In both surveys the largest number of foreign-born persons came from the Western Hemisphere, the next largest from Asia. The largest number of foreign-born persons with tuberculosis are in the 15-29 year age group, presumably because most entering aliens are in this age group. Among persons with tuberculosis, a larger per cent of foreign-born patients have extrapulmonary disease than do native-born patients. About 50 per cent of the foreign-born persons with tuberculosis entered the United States within the five years prior to onset of disease. Within the United States, significant inter-area variation exists in the proportion of persons with tuberculosis who are foreign-born and in countries of origin of these persons.
Postpartum sterilization in cesarean section and non-cesarean section deliveries: United States, 1970-75.
Authors: Placek P J , Taffel S M , Smith J C , Maze J M
Published: November 2008

National Hospital Discharge Survey data indicate that the overall postpartum sterilization rate per 100 deliveries increased by 75 per cent from 4.0 in 1970 to 7.0 in 1975; by type of delivery, rates rose from 18.0 per 100 cesarean section deliveries and 3.2 for all other deliveries in 1970 to 19.0 and 5.6 respectively in 1975. The South had the highest postpartum sterilization rates overall. Deliveries to older mothers and cesarean section deliveries in hospitals with less than 100 beds were more often characterized by higher sterilization rates.
Hypertension in health care providers: effectiveness of worksite treatment programs in a state mental health agency.
Authors: Baer L , Parchment Y , Kneeshaw M
Published: November 2008

Twenty-seven per cent of 6,785 employees of the Office of Mental Health, New York State, had blood pressure greater than or equal to 140/90; 66 per cent were previously known hypertensives. Treatment of hypertension was initiated at three worksites by a nurse-physician team using a stepped-care drug protocol. Of 232 patients under treatment, 67 per cent (156) have diastolic blood pressure controlled to less than 95 mmHg. Mean length of follow-up at the first established worksite was 3.7 +/- 0.4 years and at all three worksites 13.5 months.
Adolescents' use of mental health services in a comprehensive treatment facility: age, sex and mode of entry.
Authors: Mitchell J R , Smith M S
Published: November 2008

Data are presented from the clinical records of 185 adolescents who were admitted to the mental health service of a youth health center serving a community of military dependents. Eight and one-half per cent of the population made a first visit to the center during an eight month period. Midadolescence (ages 15-16) was the age period when patients began to refer themselves to mental health services in significant numbers. The importance of parents as referral sources decreased with age, while medical and school sources were important in all ages. The psychological morbidity in the target population was greater in midadolescence than in early and late adolescence and higher in females than in males. Females presented with more somatic and family problems, males more often with aggressive behavior problems.
The Tennessee child restraint law in its third year.
Authors: Williams A F , Wells J K
Published: November 2008

Observations of child travel were made in Knoxville and Nashville, Tennessee, and Lexington and Louisville, Kentucky about two and one-half years after the Tennessee child restraint law went into force. Use of child restraints anchored by seat belts increased in Tennessee from 8 per cent prior to the law to 29 per cent, compared to a change from 11 to 14 per cent in Kentucky, which does not have a child restraint law. Travel in arms, a hazardous practice permitted by the law, was at the same level in Tennessee and Kentucky as prior to passage of the law.
Fatal falls and jumps from motor vehicles.
Authors: Williams A F , Goins S E
Published: November 2008

In 1978, 345 persons were killed in the United States in jumps and falls from non-crashing motor vehicles: 64 per cent fell; 15 per cent jumped; and it was not known whether the other 21 per cent jumped or fell. Two hundred and one people had been traveling on the exterior of vehicles, especially truck beds, and almost all of these people fell from their vehicles. The other 144 fatalities involved people in passenger compartments. Many of the falls from compartments occurred when occupants opened doors, or when vehicles changed direction. Seventy-seven per cent of those who fell from passenger compartments were males, and 44 per cent were less than five years old. Among those who jumped from vehicle compartments, 62 per cent were women and all were older than 14 years. Fatal falls and jumps from vehicles could be reduced in a variety of ways. These include legislation to prohibit travel on vehicle exteriors, designing vehicles so that doors cannot be opened when in motion, improving door designs, installing signals that provide warning if doors are not closed completely, and using occupant restraints.