bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Stable and Fast Operating Door for Use With Pipelines and Launchers / Receivers of Various Diameters
Authors: Salim Abu , Perry Marney D. , Krogue John A. , Walker Allen
Published: October 2016

The oil and gas pipelines are spread around the world in all nations as complex networks. The increased usage of gas is rapidly increasing this network. These networks are generally made from various diameters of pipes. The pipelines are serviced on as required basis, using pig launcher and receivers to suit the pipe diameter. Pigs of different types may be launched in different sequences, to clean the pipes and to obtain various data related to pipe condition and location. The pig launching and receiving process uses rapid pressure changes in the launcher and receiver and some magnitude of impact may be experienced by the unit. This process also requires frequent access to the launcher/receiver unit. To have an efficient and cost effective usage of the launcher/receiver unit, it is essential to have a door mechanism, which is safe, robust, capable of the above loading conditions, requires minimum service and is easy to use. PECO has recently developed & designed a door, which incorporates ail the above requirements. The door was put to high pressure testing and the test results were so encouraging that PECO named it SafeLock® Closure. The design was developed with gas pipelines in mind. However it is equally applicable to vessels, exchangers and other metal openings where quick, frequent and easy access is required.

Safety has been the prime concern through out the design and development process of this closure. Therefore the final product has resulted in a very safe closure.

The initial design of the SafeLock® door / closure used a spring load to make it easy in operation. This was removed in the later design. The segmental blocks, usually called C-ring segments, are operated to move in and out of the shell-sub annulus. The closure opening and closing is performed by the use of a single lever arm. This way only one person can operate (open and close) the door / closure. For opening and closing, the lever-arm needs to be rotated less than 40 degree angle. The rotation direction of the lever arm in closing is reverse of that in opening. The door / head can be fully retrieved from the shell-sub and rest by the side of the launcher/receiver to provide complete access to the opening.

This door / closure provides quick access to launcher / receiver, pig traps, meter provers, filter vessel, scrubber, scraper, manway to pressure vessel, etc. This closure can be mounted in the vertical or horizontal position. During change of filter elements, launching a pig, quick access to container under pressure, this closure door is designed to provide a safe and fast service.

The construction, operation, design details and application of the new closure door are included in this paper and explained with the help of the design diagrams and photographs.
Multiple Magnetization Level MFL for Pipeline Mechanical Damage Characterization
Authors: Bubenik T. A. , Nestleroth J. B. , Davis R. J. , Haines Harvey
Published: October 2016

Mechanical damage, caused by externally applied forces, can deform the cylindrical shape of a pipe, scrape away metal, change material properties, and leave residual stresses and plastic strains. Mechanical damage is especially detrimental when it leaves the potential for delayed failure. In-line inspection tools both must detect mechanical damage and characterize parameters such as microstructure changes, residual stresses and extent of removed metal. These are the parameters that determine whether a defect is a candidate for delayed failure.

Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) is commonly used for nondestructive detection and sizing of corrosion and metal-loss defects in pipelines, and it is sometimes cited as useful for detecting mechanical damage. Flux leakage from mechanical damage results from geometric and magnetic changes. The geometric part of the flux leakage signal is caused by denting, metal-loss, and wall thinning. The magnetic part of the signal is caused by cold work, plastic deformation and residual stress.

At high magnetization levels, MFL signals are due mostly to defect geometry, such as metal-loss length, depth, and shape. At lower magnetization levels, the signals are caused by both geometric and magnetic deformation. To determine the signal due to magnetic deformation only, the geometric MFL signal obtained at high magnetization levels can be scaled and subtracted from the mixed MFL signal obtained at a low magnetization level. In this way, the MFL signal can be decoupled into its geometric and magnetic components.

Using the decoupled magnetic signal, information on cold work, plastic deformation, and residual stresses can be gleaned. This paper shows that scaling of high magnetization level signals is possible and differences between signals at multiple magnetization levels provide unique information about the nature of mechanical damage defects. Representative results from hundreds of mechanical damage defect examined are discussed. Included in the analysis are the effects of pipe material and inspection variables, such as pressure and inspection speed. Prospects for tool design and application for in-line inspection are also presented.

This work was supported by Department of Transportation, Office of Pipeline Safety.
Standardized Methodology for Inhibitor Evaluation and Qualification for Pipeline Applications
Authors: Papavinasam Sankara , Revie R. Winston , Attard Michael , Demoz Alebachew , Donini John C. , Michaelian Kirk
Published: October 2016

Based on the literature database and information from pipeline companies, the methodologies used to select inhibitors were critically reviewed. Round robin tests were carried out in three laboratories to assess reproducibility of the wheel test. In total, twelve (12) laboratory methodologies were evaluated.

Field monitoring was carried out in Alberta at three fields — oily gas, gassy oil and oil transmitting — to support the laboratory evaluation, and to define the conditions under which specific laboratory methodologies can be used with the confidence that the laboratory data will predict field performance. Based on a quantitative comparison of field and laboratory general corrosion rates, pitting rates, and percentage inhibition (calculated from general corrosion rates and pitting rates) under three (3) different field conditions using four (4) continuous and two (2) batch inhibitors, the rotating cage, was ranked as the top methodology. In addition, this methodology is inexpensive and relatively simple to carry out.

The rotating cage is recommended as a methodology to be standardized for evaluating and qualifying inhibitors for sour service.
Instrumentation and Geotechnical Assessment of Local Pipe Wrinkling on the Norman Wells Pipeline
Authors: Oswell James M. , Hanna Alan J. , Doblanko Richard M. , Wilkie Scott A.
Published: October 2016

A review of data collected by an inertial pigging tool found that a short section on the Norman Wells Pipeline had experienced an increase in internal diameter, which suggested that the pipeline had experienced a localized wrinkle.

Slope and pipeline instrumentation was installed at the site during an investigative dig and was monitored for one year before the wrinkled section was excavated and replaced. Following pipe replacement, additional slope indicators were installed, along with thermistor cables to monitor the performance of the slope.

The slope indicators indicate that some “creep-like” movement was taking place. Numerical modeling of potential loading mechanisms showed that a combination of deep burial, thaw settlement and mass movement of the soil could strain the pipe to the point of yielding.
Role of Prior Cyclic Loading in the Initiation of Stress-Corrosion Cracks on Pipeline Steels Exposed to Near-Neutral pH Environment
Authors: Wang Sheng-Hui , Chen Weixing , Jack Tom , King Fraser , Fessler Raymond R. , Krist Kevin
Published: October 2016

X-52 and X-80 pipeline steels have been used to study the effect of cyclic loading prior to corrosion exposure upon the initiation of stress-corrosion cracks in a near-neutral pH environment. To simulate realistic loading conditions, a cyclic loading scheme was constructed based on pressure fluctuation data collected on operating pipeline systems. It has been observed that cyclic loading either prior to corrosion exposure under static stress or during corrosion exposure enhances pitting corrosion and micro-cracking on the steel surface. These pits are seen to be aligned along scratches on the steel surface and to have coalesced to form micro-cracks at some locations. Some micro-cracks appeared not to have developed from pits, but were instead observed in a direction approximately 45 degree to stress axis. They are believed to have developed at locations where localized deformation such as persistent slip bands has occurred due to cyclic loading. In contrast to cyclic loading, no pits or micro-cracks were seen on the specimen that was subjected to static loading only. The pits and micro-cracks were only observed when the specimens were immersed under a cathodic potential of −790 mV SCE. At the open circuit potential only uniform corrosion occurred on the specimens whether they were cyclically or statically stressed.
Factors of Safety for Design and Requalification of Pipelines and Risers in the Bay of Campeche, Mexico
Authors: Rommel Burbano B. N. , Leonel Lara M.
Published: October 2016

This paper summarizes the fundamental aspects of the development of the Risk Assessment and Management (RAM) approach to define factors of safety for design and reassessment of pipelines and risers in the Bay of Campeche, Mexico. Based on a cost-benefit analysis associated to a particular development and generic type of system, as well as legal regulatory to national requirements, the target reliabilities for the system are defined. These target reliabilities are addressed in four quality attributes of the system: serviceability, safety, durability, and compatibility. The variabilities, uncertainties, and biases associated to the demands and capacities of the pipeline for the design and reassessment criteria are evaluated, and the factors of safety or allowable stress factors for single and combined in-place loadings are determined.

The traditional Working Stress Design (WSD) format for guidelines is used here. This format utilizes a nominal “static” loading to define the serviceability response characteristics and strength of the structure.
Northstar Development Project Pipelines Description and Environmental Loadings
Authors: Lanan Glenn A. , Nogueira André C. , McShane Brian M. , Ennis John O.
Published: October 2016

BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc. is presently developing the Northstar oilfield, 9.7 km offshore the Alaskan Beaufort Sea coast. Northstar drilling and production facilities will be located at Seal Island and the project includes constructing the first subsea oil production pipeline in the Arctic. The twin 273.1 mm (10-inch) offshore and overland oil and gas pipeline systems are described along with major aspects of the design. A limit state design procedure for pipe bending is employed to safely and efficiently address the principal marine environmental loadings caused by seabed ice gouging and permafrost thaw settlement.
Removal of Wax Deposits in Flexible Pipelines by Electrical Heating
Authors: de Albuquerque Lima Gonçalves Marcelo , da Silva Dittz Carlos Henrique
Published: October 2016

In offshore oil production, sometimes unexpected situations may occur, resulting in full blockage of a subsea oil pipeline. The blockage is often due to wax freezing in cold sea. In such cases the solution is to remove the blocked oil pipeline from the subsea. In Campos Basin, Brazil, the launcher ship brings the pipelines to the Vitória Harbor, E.S (southern Brazil). The solution adopted there for blockage removal is the application of differential pressure to promote block displacement. The maximum allowed pressure is equal to the rating pressure for the pipeline, but sometimes it is not enough to move the wax core. A new solution has been developed to allow the recovery of those flexible pipes. It consists of an electrical heating process to melt the wax residues. The electrical current circulates through a metallic layer of the flexible pipeline. This solution was accomplished with success and more than 20 km of pipelines have already been recovered. This paper presents the numerical simulation and the experimental results of a flexible pipeline reel electrical heating operation and the method to control it.
Technical and Engineering Challenges Faced in Design of the Gelugor Mainline, Penang, Malaysia
Authors: Khairiri Ahmad , Ghani Abdul
Published: October 2016

PETRONAS Gas Berhad (PGB), a listed partly-owned subsidiary of PETRONAS is undertaking the Peninsular Gas Utilization Project - Stage III (PGU III). The PGU III Sector 2 & 3 project extends from Lumut, Perak to Pauh, Perlis on the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, with two laterals, the Gurun Lateral and the Penang Lateral. The Penang Lateral is further divided into the Prai Lateral, Gelugor Mainline and the Gelugor Tenaga National Berhad (TNB) Meter Station project individually.

This paper will focus its’ discussion on the technical and engineering challenges faced in the design of the Gelugor Mainline Project. The Gelugor Mainline consist of about 7 km NPS 24 gas pipeline which runs from TNB Prai Power Plant of the mainline to TNB Gelugor Power Plant on the Penang Island. The pipeline is planned to operate at high pressure. The pipeline route traverses complex terrain with varied seabed lithology with depth up to 16m. The pipeline will cross active shipping lane, zones of live electrical cables, extensive system of submarine pipeline, mudbank and areas susceptible to mass gravity flows. There is also an area subjected to future development with an expected 170 kN/m2 distributed load with 3 m covers required which is an expressway and Light Rapid Transportation (LRT) system, the proposed development of a “Vision City” is also a few meters away from the pipeline. The pipeline also passes by an environmentally sensitive area that includes the rearing of caged fishing activities.

It is essential for the project team to determine and investigate the variable risks to the pipeline in order to take appropriate evasive and mitigating action in design. This required comprehensive survey activities in the busy shipping straits. The paper will explore and detail out its’ study starting from the description of the design concept to the varied environmental challenges. This paper aims to describe the route selection process, the pipeline design process and outline some of the specialist techniques employed in the design construction of the Gelugor Mainline, Penang, Malaysia. In nearly every major project a drive for cost and risk reduction results in a number of new ideas with varying degree of impact. Hence, the following areas will be elaborated and presented in greater details:

• Pipeline Design.

• Pipe-lay vessel.

• Pipeline installation methodology.
Static Var Compensators to Stabilize Voltages in Weak Power Systems
Authors: Philpott Gerard , Lockley Bill
Published: October 2016

Large horsepower motors on weak power systems cause problems associated with excessive voltage drops. The voltage drops may be steady state caused by heavy system loading or they may be transient caused by starting a large motor. One way to solve the problems is to use a Static Var Compensator (SVC) on the power system, to compensate for the reactive loads and stabilize the voltage on the utility and in the station. SVCs have been used for years by electric utilities and are now being used for some industrial applications. This paper gives an overview of the technology and describes a pipeline application.
The Performance of Drag Reducing Agent in Three Phase Slug Flow and Annular Flow
Authors: Kang C. , Vedapuri D. , Jepson W. P.
Published: October 2016

Experiments have been carried out in a 36-m long, 10-cm diameter multiphase horizontal flow system to examine the effect of drag reducing agents (DRA) on average pressure drop, maximum pressure drop and slug characteristics with the presence of water. Superficial liquid velocities between 0.5 and 1.5 m/s and superficial gas velocities between 2 and 14 m/s were investigated. Oil with a viscosity of 2.5 cP at 25 °C was used for the study. ASTM salt was used as a substitute for seawater and carbon dioxide was used as the gas. Water cut was 50%. Temperature and pressure were maintained at 25 °C and 0.13 MPa. The DRA concentrations of 0, 20 and 50 ppm were used in this study.

The results show that the average pressure drop in both slug flow and annular flow decreased significantly with addition of DRA. Under special conditions, it was found that DRA changed the flow pattern from pseudo-slug to annular resulting in a 74% reduction in pressure drop. For annular flow, the average pressure drop reduction of up to 53% was achieved. The maximum pressure drop across the slug also decreased with the presence of DRA. The average and maximum pressure drops at a DRA concentration of 50 ppm were more effective than 20 ppm for all cases.

The slug frequency and effective height of the liquid film decreased significantly when DRA concentrations were added. This led to a decrease in the average pressure drop. However, the slug translational velocity did not change significantly with addition of DRA.
Cost Efficient Electric High-Speed Drives for Gas Compression
Authors: Ahrens Markus , Frei-Spreiter Barbara , Wieser Rudolf
Published: October 2016

Electric high-speed drives with magnetic bearings offer significant technical and economic advantages for gas compression and pipeline operation. Compressors with magnetic bearings and dry gas seals have been successfully used for more than a decade. These installations have demonstrated that the elimination of the compressor lube oil system results in increased availability and is economically viable. Nevertheless, as long as a lube oil system is still necessary for the drive or for a gearbox the benefits of oil-free operation such as increased safety and increased availability cannot be fully exploited. Electric high-speed drives do not require a gearbox. In combination with the use of magnetic bearings such drives allow the elimination of the entire lube oil system resulting in a dry rotor string. This results in increased efficiency and increased availability, and leads to reduced operation and maintenance cost. Furthermore, such electric high-speed drives can easily be adjusted to specific requirements, allow a wide operating range and thus the pipeline operation can be optimized. High efficiency, oil-free operation and no emissions make electric high-speed drives the most environmental friendly compressor drive.

The main disadvantage so far has been that electric high-speed drives and especially magnetic bearings needed high engineering effort resulting in high cost. The concept developed by ABB overcomes these problems with a modular approach for the motor and the power converter as well as for the magnetic bearings. Thus, electric high-speed drives have become a cost competitive, attractive solution for gas industry.
Pipeline Compressor Redesign With the Consideration of Both Noise and Performance
Authors: Biba Yuri I. , Liu Zheji , Hill D. Lee
Published: October 2016

A complete effort to redesign the aerodynamic characteristics of a single-stage pipeline compressor is presented. The components addressed are the impeller, diffuser region, and the volute. The innovation of this effort stems from the simultaneous inclusion of both the noise and aerodynamic performance as primary design parameters. The final detailed flange-to-flange analysis of the new components clearly shows that the operating range is extended and the tonal noise driven by the impeller is reduced. This is accomplished without sacrificing the existing high efficiency of the baseline machine. The body of the design effort uses both Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and vibro-acoustics technology. The predictions are anchored by using the flange-to-flange analysis of the original design and its experimental performance data. By calculating delta corrections and assuming that these deltas are approximately the same for the new design, the expected performance is extrapolated.
Developments in Dry Low Emissions Systems
Authors: Smith K. O. , Rawlins D. C. , Steele R. C.
Published: October 2016

The primary purpose of this paper is to provide a broad overview of Solar’s low emissions combustor development and how it is being shaped by emissions regulations that are continually changing. Discussed in this paper is a description of the development and present status of SoLoNOx; a discussion of how increasingly restrictive emissions regulations impact industrial gas turbine production; and a review of new combustion technologies with the potential to achieve lower emissions levels. Solar continues to explore combustion technologies in the belief that clean combustion is a more cost-effective path to low emissions than exhaust gas cleanup.
Modeling and Simulation: A User’s Perspective
Authors: Alves Paul
Published: October 2016

Lighter structures, specialty materials, higher rotational speeds, greater flows, higher temperatures and horsepower, all lead to higher efficiencies and less pollution. The designs of mechanical systems are being pushed to great extremes and therefore call for much greater accuracy in modeling the systems.

The work of the design engineer has been facilitated immensely over the past few years by the introduction of computerized modeling tools. Stress Finite Element Modeling, Rotordynamic Analysis, Computerized Fluid Dynamics and Modal Analysis are some of these tools. They are also used extensively in the audit of designs if troubleshooting of a dynamic system becomes a requirement.

The primary intent of this paper is to give the reader, the ability to coordinate the modeling work in an intelligent and authoritative way when he/she is not the one actually entering the numbers. It should also offer a clear idea of what the objectives of such analyses are, and an understanding of how these modeling techniques work, with their limitations and requirements, and sufficient knowledge to make decisions about the acceptability of the design.
Real‐time 4D dose reconstruction for tracked dynamic MLC deliveries for lung SBRT
Authors: Kamerling Cornelis Ph. , Fast Martin F. , Ziegenhein Peter , Menten Martin J. , Nill Simeon , Oelfke Uwe
Published: October 2016

Purpose

This study provides a proof of concept for real‐time 4D dose reconstruction for lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) with multileaf collimator (MLC) tracking and assesses the impact of tumor tracking on the size of target margins.

Methods

The authors have implemented real‐time 4D dose reconstruction by connecting their tracking and delivery software to an Agility MLC at an Elekta Synergy linac and to their in‐house treatment planning software (TPS). Actual MLC apertures and (simulated) target positions are reported to the TPS every 40 ms. The dose is calculated in real‐time from 4DCT data directly after each reported aperture by utilization of precalculated dose‐influence data based on a Monte Carlo algorithm. The dose is accumulated onto the peak‐exhale (reference) phase using energy‐mass transfer mapping. To investigate the impact of a potentially reducible safety margin, the authors have created and delivered treatment plans designed for a conventional internal target volume (ITV) + 5 mm, a midventilation approach, and three tracking scenarios for four lung SBRT patients. For the tracking plans, a moving target volume (MTV) was established by delineating the gross target volume (GTV) on every 4DCT phase. These were rigidly aligned to the reference phase, resulting in a unified maximum GTV to which a 1, 3, or 5 mm isotropic margin was added. All scenarios were planned for 9‐beam step‐and‐shoot IMRT to meet the criteria of RTOG 1021 (3 × 18 Gy). The GTV 3D center‐of‐volume shift varied from 6 to 14 mm.

Results

Real‐time dose reconstruction at 25 Hz could be realized on a single workstation due to the highly efficient implementation of dose calculation and dose accumulation. Decreased PTV margins resulted in inadequate target coverage during untracked deliveries for patients with substantial tumor motion. MLC tracking could ensure the GTV target dose for these patients. Organ‐at‐risk (OAR) doses were consistently reduced by decreased PTV margins. The tracked MTV + 1 mm deliveries resulted in the following OAR dose reductions: lung V20 up to 3.5%, spinal cord D2 up to 0.9 Gy/Fx, and proximal airways D2 up to 1.4 Gy/Fx.

Conclusions

The authors could show that for patient data at clinical resolution and realistic motion conditions, the delivered dose could be reconstructed in 4D for the whole lung volume in real‐time. The dose distributions show that reduced margins yield lower doses to healthy tissue, whilst target dose can be maintained using dynamic MLC tracking.
Complete de-Dopplerization and acoustic holography for external noise of a high-speed train
Authors: Yang Diange , Wen Junjie , Miao Feng , Wang Ziteng , Gu Xiaoan , Lian Xiaomin
Published: October 2016

Identification and measurement of moving sound sources are the bases for vehicle noise control. Acoustic holography has been applied in successfully identifying the moving sound source since the 1990s. However, due to the high demand for the accuracy of holographic data, currently the maximum velocity achieved by acoustic holography is just above 100 km/h. The objective of this study was to establish a method based on the complete Morse acoustic model to restore the measured signal in high-speed situations, and to propose a far-field acoustic holography method applicable for high-speed moving sound sources. Simulated comparisons of the proposed far-field acoustic holography with complete Morse model, the acoustic holography with simplified Morse model and traditional delay-and-sum beamforming were conducted. Experiments with a high-speed train running at the speed of 278 km/h validated the proposed far-field acoustic holography. This study extended the applications of acoustic holography to high-speed situations and established the basis for quantitative measurements of far-field acoustic holography.
Circular synthetic aperture sonar imaging of simple objects illuminated by an evanescent wavefield
Authors: Plotnick Daniel S. , Marston Timothy M. , Marston Philip L.
Published: October 2016

This paper is motivated by the case where an underwater object located within the sediment is illuminated by a grazing acoustic beam below the critical angle. The included experimental work uses a liquid−liquid interface and vertically inverted geometry as a stand-in for the water−sediment boundary. In the super-critical regime sound in the water column refracts into the sediment before scattering. However, for sub-critical illumination a rapidly decaying evanescent wavefield is generated in the sediment near the water−sediment interface. For compact objects located in the sediment near the interface this can result in strong backscattering signals suitable for acoustic image reconstruction using synthetic aperture sonar techniques. Certain properties of the evanescent wavefield such as the vertical phase-locking behavior, the rapid amplitude decay with distance from the interface, and the low-pass filter effect have understandable ramifications for the image formation process and for characteristics of the reconstructed image. In particular, circular imaging techniques require correct placement of the imaging plane to properly focus an object; however, for backscattering (monostatic) evanescent image formation the imaging plane may be placed at the interface and the target will remain in focus regardless of burial depth. A laboratory experiment using simple scatterers is presented.
Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation Does Not Augment Fitness, Performance, or Body Composition Adaptations in Response to Four Weeks of High-Intensity Interval Training in Young Females
Authors: Forbes Scott C. , Sletten Nathan , Durrer Cody , Myette-Côté Étienne , Candow D. , Little Jonathan P.
Published: October 2016

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been shown to improve cardiorespiratory fitness, performance, body composition, and insulin sensitivity. Creatine (Cr) supplementation may augment responses to HIIT, leading to even greater physiological adaptations. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 4 weeks of HIIT (three sessions/week) combined with Cr supplementation in recreationally active females. Seventeen females (age = 23 ± 4 yrs; BMI = 23.4 ± 2.4) were randomly assigned to either Cr (Cr; 0.3 g・kg-1・d-1 for 5 d followed by 0.1 g・kg-1・d-1 for 23 days; n = 9) or placebo (PLA; n = 8). Before and after the intervention, VO2peak, ventilatory threshold (VT), time-trial performance, lean body mass and fat mass, and insulin sensitivity were assessed. HIIT improved VO2peak (Cr = +10.2%; PLA = +8.8%), VT (Cr = +12.7%; PLA = +9.9%), and time-trial performance (Cr = -11.5%; PLA = -11.6%) with no differences between groups (time main effects, all p < .001). There were no changes over time for fat mass (Cr = -0.3%; PLA = +4.3%), whole-body lean mass (Cr = +0.5%; PLA = -0.9%), or insulin resistance (Cr = +3.9%; PLA = +18.7%). In conclusion, HIIT is an effective way to improve cardiorespiratory fitness, VT, and time-trial performance. The addition of Cr to HIIT did not augment improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness, performance or body composition in recreationally active females.
Effect of Alcohol Consumption on Recovery From Eccentric Exercise Induced Muscle Damage in Females
Authors: McLeay Yanita , Stannard Stephen R , Mundel Toby , Foskett Andrew , Barnes Matthew
Published: October 2016

This study was designed to investigate the effects of alcohol consumption on recovery of muscle force when consumed immediately postexercise in young females. Eight young women completed 300 maximal eccentric actions of the quadriceps femoris muscle on an isokinetic dynamometer on two occasions in a randomized, cross-over design after which an alcoholic beverage (0.88g ethanol/kg body weight) or an iso-caloric placebo was consumed. Maximal isokinetic (concentric and eccentric) torque and isometric tension produced across the knee were measured in both the exercised and control leg predamage, 36 hr post, and 60 hr post damage. Venous blood creatine kinase (CK) activity and muscle soreness ratings were taken before damage and once per day to 60 hr post damage. Significant differences were observed between the exercised and control leg for maximal concentric, and eccentric torque and isometric tension (p < .05). A near significant Treatment × Time interaction was observed for isometric tension (p = .077), but not for concentric or eccentric torque. No main effects of treatment (alcohol) or interactions with Time × Leg or Leg × Treatment were observed. Perceived muscle soreness during box stepping and squatting showed significant time effects (p < .05), and CK activity did not significantly change. Our results indicate that the consumption of 0.88g ethanol/kg body weight following eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage does not affect recovery in the days following damage in females.
Mild Dehydration Does Not Influence Performance Or Skeletal Muscle Metabolism During Simulated Ice Hockey Exercise In Men
Authors: Palmer Matthew S. , Heigenhauser George J.F. , Duong MyLinh , Spriet Lawrence L.
Published: October 2016

This study determined whether mild dehydration influenced skeletal muscle glycogen use, core temperature or performance during high-intensity, intermittent cycle-based exercise in ice hockey players vs. staying hydrated with water. Eight males (21.6 ± 0.4 yr, 183.5 ± 1.6 cm, 83.9 ± 3.7 kg, 50.2 ± 1.9 ml·kg-1·min-1) performed two trials separated by 7 days. The protocol consisted of 3 periods (P) containing 10 × 45-s cycling bouts at ~133% VO2max, followed by 135 s of passive rest. Subjects drank no fluid and dehydrated during the protocol (NF), or maintained body mass by drinking WATER. Muscle biopsies were taken at rest, immediately before and after P3. Subjects were mildly dehydrated (-1.8% BM) at the end of P3 in the NF trial. There were no differences between the NF and WATER trials for glycogen use (P1+P2; 350.1 ± 31.9 vs. 413.2 ± 33.2, P3; 103.5 ± 16.2 vs. 131.5 ± 18.9 mmol·kg dm-1), core temperature (P1; 37.8 ± 0.1 vs. 37.7 ± 0.1, P2; 38.2 ± 0.1 vs. 38.1 ± 0.1, P3; 38.3 ± 0.1 vs. 38.2 ± 0.1 °C) or performance (P1; 156.3 ± 7.8 vs. 154.4 ± 8.2, P2; 150.5 ± 7.8 vs. 152.4 ± 8.3, P3; 144.1 ± 8.7 vs. 148.4 ± 8.7 kJ). This study demonstrated that typical dehydration experienced by ice hockey players (~1.8% BM loss), did not affect glycogen use, core temperature, or voluntary performance vs. staying hydrated by ingesting water during a cycle-based simulation of ice hockey exercise in a laboratory environment.
‘Think Aloud’: Toward a Framework To Facilitate Reflective Practice Amongst Rugby League Coaches
Authors: Whitehead Amy Elizabeth , Cropley Brendan , Huntley Tabo , Miles Andy , Quayle Laura , Knowles Zoe
Published: October 2016

This study aimed to design, implement and evaluate a protocol encompassing Think Aloud (TA) as a technique to facilitate reflection-in-action and delayed reflection-on-action to aid coach learning. Six British, male rugby league coaches, who reported little previous exposure to reflective practice, consented to participate. Participants were: (a) instructed on how to engage in TA; (b) observed in practice using TA; (c) provided with individual support on delayed reflective practice on their first coaching session and use of TA; (d) observed in practice using TA a second time; and (e) engaged in a social validation interview regarding their experiences of TA. Analysis of in-action verbalizations revealed a shift from descriptive verbalizations to a deeper level of reflection. Both immediate and post eight week social validation interviews revealed that coaches developed an increased awareness, enhanced communication, and pedagogical development. The participants also recommended that TA can be a valuable tool for: (a) collecting in-event data during a coaching session; and (b) developing and evidencing reflection for coaches. Future recommendations were also provided by the participants and consequently, this study offers a unique technique to reflective practice that has the potential to meet the learning development needs of coaches.
Metacognition and Professional Judgment and Decision Making in Coaching: Importance, Application and Evaluation
Authors: Collins Loel , Carson Howie J. , Collins Dave
Published: October 2016

Previous research has emphasised the dynamic nature of coaching practice and the need to consider both individual performer needs and necessary contextual trade-offs in providing optimum solutions. In this regard, a Professional Judgment and Decision Making framework has been suggested to facilitate an optimum blend of actions against these complex and dynamic demands. Accordingly, we extend this work and address recent calls for greater focus on expertise-oriented assessments, by postulating on the aspirant/developing coach’s capacity for and development of metacognition (i.e., active control over cognitive processes) as a ‘tool’ within the reflective process. Specifically, we propose that metacognition enables essential active cognitive processing for deep learning and impactful application, together with construction and refinement of useable knowledge to inform coaching decisions. Metacognition, therefore, helps to contextualise knowledge provided in training, further optimising the experience, particularly before certification. Finally, we exemplify how metacognition can be developed in coaches through the use of cognitive apprenticeships and decision training tools; and evaluated via a series of observed coaching episodes, with reasoning articulated through pre and postsession interview. Despite challenging traditional competency-based approaches to coach education, we believe that a considered mixed approach represents a vital next step in further professionalising sports coaching.
Connecting Coaches 2015—Coaching the New Zealand Way Reflections on Designing a Coach Learning Convention
Authors: Eade Andrew , Edwards John
Published: October 2016

What do you hope to achieve when you bring together coaches for a convention or conference? This paper reports on a new design process to promote learning as central to such a “meeting of minds”. By blending the best of cognitive science research with an in-depth understanding of coach learning, Eade, Edwards and their team created a “Connecting Coaches Convention” that delivered on many levels. The design elements, processes used, impact and feedback, are shared to highlight innovative ways of approaching such a learning challenge. Designing to New Zealand Sport’s Core Coaching Principles provided essential alignment to every decision made. Using Learning Challenge Teams meant that every delegate had a forum for socially constructing their learning and applying this to their own context. This also ensured delegates were challenged rather than comfortable. Having theme weavers who embodied a way of working true to Indigenous New Zealand Culture added an element of innovation fit to the particular “big picture” context of these delegates. This linked every Convention element back to Core Principles and cultural roots.
Postural Stability During Standing Balance and Sit-to-Stand in Master Athlete Runners Compared With Nonathletic Old and Young Adults
Authors: Leightley Daniel , Yap Moi Hoon , Coulson Jessica , Piasecki Mathew , Cameron James , Barnouin Yoann , Tobias Jon , McPhee Jamie S.
Published: October 2016

The aim of this study was to compare postural sway during a series of static balancing tasks and during five chair rises between healthy young (mean [SEM], age 26 [1] years), healthy old (age 67 [1] years) and master athlete runners (age 67 [1] years; competing and training for the previous 51 [5] years) using the Microsoft Kinect One. The healthy old had more sway than the healthy young in all balance tasks. The master athletes had similar sway to young athletes during two-leg balancing and one-leg standing with eyes open. When balancing on one leg with eyes closed, both the healthy old and the master athletes had around 17-fold more sway than the young athletes. The healthy old and master athletes also had less anterio-posterior movement during chair rising compared with young athletes. These results suggest that masters runners are not spared from the age-associated decline in postural stability and may benefit from specific balance training.
Visual Search Strategy During Regatta Starts in a Sailing Simulation
Authors: Manzanares Aaron , Menayo Ruperto , Segado Francisco
Published: October 2016

In a sport conditioned by natural elements such as sailing, visual perception is a key factor for the performance. Research has shown that the visual behavior of athletes at different skill levels varies, which may cause differences in the performance achieved. The aim of this research was to examine the visual behavior of sailors from different ranking positions at the start of a race in a simulated situation. Twenty junior sailors (N = 10 top and N = 10 bottom ranking) participated in this study. The visual behavior was recorded at the start of a sailing simulation. The top-ranking sailors performed more visual fixations on the locations that have more highly relevant information, such as “telltales” and “rivals,” than do bottom-ranking sailors (p < .005). The top-ranking sailors are closer to the start line at the time of the start signal. The analysis of the visual search strategy shows that top-ranking sailors employed a more active visual search strategy. More experienced athletes can make better use of the information obtained from the important locations.
Delayed Compensatory Postural Adjustments After Lateral Perturbations Contribute to the Reduced Ability of Older Adults to Control Body Balance
Authors: Claudino Renato , dos Santos Marcio José , Mazo Giovana Zarpellon
Published: October 2016

The goal of this study was to investigate the timing of compensatory postural adjustments in older adults during body perturbations in the mediolateral direction, circumstances that increase their risk of falls. The latencies of leg and trunk muscle activation to body perturbations at the shoulder level and variables of center of pressure excursion, which characterize postural stability, were analyzed in 40 older adults (nonfallers and fallers evenly split) and in 20 young participants. The older adults exhibited longer latencies of muscular activation in eight out of 15 postural muscles as compared with young participants; for three muscles, the latencies were longer for the older fallers than nonfallers. Simultaneously, the time for the center of pressure displacement reached its peak after the perturbation was significant longer in both groups of older adults. The observed delays in compensatory postural adjustments may affect the older adults’ ability to prompt control body balance after postural disturbances and predispose them to falls.
Exercise Training Improved Body Composition, Cardiovascular Function, and Physical Fitness of 5-Year-Old Children With Obesity or Normal Body Mass
Authors: Tan Sijie , Chen Cheng , Sui Mingyang , Xue Lunan , Wang Jianxiong
Published: October 2016

Objectives:

To explore the effects of exercise training on body composition, cardiovascular function, and physical fitness in 5-year-old obese and lean children.

Methods:

42 obese and 62 lean children were randomly allocated into exercise and control groups separately. Body composition, cardiovascular function, and physical fitness were measured at baseline and the end of the intervention. The exercise groups participated in 10 weeks of supervised moderate intensity exercise training (at 50% of heart rate reserve), 50 training sessions in total.

Results:

The physical activity program was successfully completed and no sport injury occurred. Exercise training decreased BMI, waist circumference, body fat%, and fat mass; and slowed down the growth speed of body mass of both trained obese and lean children. Exercise training significantly decreased systolic blood pressure of obese children and decreased their heart rate responses during exercise. Trained obese children improved the performances of long jump, 10-m × 4 shuttle run, and 3-m balance beam walk; while trained lean children improved more items of physical fitness.

Conclusions:

10 weeks of moderate intensity exercise training is an effective and safe treatment for children aged 5 years, either obese or with normal body mass.
The ATG conjugation systems are important for degradation of the inner autophagosomal membrane
Authors: Tsuboyama Kotaro , Koyama-Honda Ikuko , Sakamaki Yuriko , Koike Masato , Morishita Hideaki , Mizushima Noboru
Published: October 2016

Open sesame!

The autophagosome is a double-membraned intracellular structure involved in the disposal of damaged or defunct organelles. Autophagosome formation requires a number of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins. Among them, the key conjugation systems ATG8 and ATG12 are widely exploited in the detection of autophagy in many organisms. However, their precise function in autophagy remains unknown. Tsuboyama
et al.
identified an unexpected role of ATG3, an important enzyme in the ATG conjugation systems, in efficient degradation and opening of the inner autophagosomal membrane after fusion with lysosomes (see the Perspective by Levine). Their live-imaging system revealed the entire life of an autophagosome in mammalian cells.

Science
, this issue p.
1036
; see also p.
968
Perovskite-perovskite tandem photovoltaics with optimized band gaps
Authors: Eperon Giles E. , Leijtens Tomas , Bush Kevin A. , Prasanna Rohit , Green Thomas , Wang Jacob Tse-Wei , McMeekin David P. , Volonakis George , Milot Rebecca L. , May Richard , Palmstrom Axel , Slotcavage Daniel J. , Belisle Rebecca A. , Patel Jay B. , Parrott Elizabeth S. , Sutton Rebecca J. , Ma Wen , Moghadam Farhad , Conings Bert , Babayigit Aslihan , Boyen Hans-Gerd , Bent Stacey , Giustino Feliciano , Herz Laura M. , Johnston Michael B. , McGehee Michael D. , Snaith Henry J.
Published: October 2016

Tandem perovskite cells

The ready processability of organic-inorganic perovskite materials for solar cells should enable the fabrication of tandem solar cells, in which the top layer is tuned to absorb shorter wavelengths and the lower layer to absorb the remaining longer-wavelength light. The difficulty in making an all-perovskite cell is finding a material that absorbs the red end of the spectrum. Eperon
et al.
developed an infrared-absorbing mixed tin-lead material that can deliver 14.8% efficiency on its own and 20.3% efficiency in a four-terminal tandem cell.

Science
, this issue p.
861
RETRACTED: Coseismic rupturing stopped by Aso volcano during the 2016
M
w
7.1 Kumamoto earthquake, Japan
Authors: Lin A. , Satsukawa T. , Wang M. , Mohammadi Asl Z. , Fueta R. , Nakajima F.
Published: October 2016

A volcanic end to an earthquake

The dangerous and active Aso volcanic cluster appears to have put an early end to the damaging magnitude 7.1 Kumamoto earthquake that struck Japan in April 2016. Lin
et al.
found that the fault rupture stopped underneath the Aso caldera. The unzipping of the fault ended where the rocks went from cold and brittle to a more liquid-like magmatic mush. This distinctive example shows how abrupt changes in rock properties can terminate fault rupture and cap the size of an earthquake.

Science
, this issue p.
869
Two Genome Sequences of Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains with Sequence Type 23 and Capsular Serotype K1
Authors: Lin Hsi-Hsu , Chen Yao-Shen , Hsiao Hao-Wen , Hsueh Pei-Tan , Ni Wei-Fen , Chen Ya-Lei
Published: October 2016

Here, we report the whole-genome sequences of
Klebsiella pneumoniae
ED2 and ED23, isolated, respectively, from bacteremic patients with liver abscesses (ED2) and patients with primary liver abscess and metastatic meningitis (ED23). Both strains were of multilocus sequence type 23 with capsule serotype K1.
Draft Genome Sequence of a Tropical Freshwater Cyanobacterium,
Limnothrix
sp. Strain P13C2
Authors: Tan Boon Fei , Te Shu Harn , Gin Karina Yew-Hoong , Thompson Janelle R.
Published: October 2016

A nonaxenic unialgal culture of
Limnothrix
sp. strain P13C2 was obtained through multiple subculturing of an inoculum obtained from a tropical freshwater lake. Here, we report the genome of P13C2 of 4.6 Mbp, extracted from the metagenome of this coculture.
Draft Genome Sequence of
Streptomyces
sp. TP-A0874, a Catechoserine Producer
Authors: Komaki Hisayuki , Hosoyama Akira , Ichikawa Natsuko , Igarashi Yasuhiro
Published: October 2016

We report the draft genome sequence of
Streptomyces
sp. TP-A0874 isolated from compost. This strain produces catechoserine, a new catecholate-type inhibitor of tumor cell invasion. The genome harbors at least six gene clusters for polyketide and nonribosomal peptide biosyntheses. The biosynthetic gene cluster for catechoserines was identified by bioinformatic analysis.
Draft Genome Sequence of Terasakiispira papahanaumokuakeensis PH27A
T
, a Spiral Bacterium from the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
Authors: Wan Xuehua , Dasilveira Luis , Hou Shaobin , Saito Jennifer A. , Donachie Stuart P.
Published: October 2016

The genus
Terasakiispira
hosts only
Terasakiispira papahanaumokuakeensis
PH27A
T
, cultivated from an anchialine pond on Pearl and Hermes Atoll, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. The strain's genome sequence may provide insights into the evolution of free-living
Oceanospirillaceae
.