bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design, synthesis and antimicrobial activity evaluation of novel tetrahydrocarbazole derivatives against phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria
Authors: Ding Yan‐Yan , Dai Tian‐Li , Luo Xiong‐Fei , Zhang Shao‐Yong , Zhang Zhi‐Jun , Mou Guo‐Liang , Qin Lu‐Lu , Jin Ya‐Rui , Liu Ying‐Qian
Published: December 2024

Background

Plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi had a wide impact on various crops and caused serious economic losses. Compared to traditional antibiotics and fungicides, alkaloids are noteworthy for their significant biological activities. Tetrahydrocarbazole (THCz) was widely present in many indole alkaloids and had various pharmacological activities. This study used Fischer indole synthesis method and fragment splicing strategy to design and synthesize a novel drug like chemical entity based on THCz alkaloid guidance, evaluated the antimicrobial activities of these derivatives against plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi and discussed the structure–activity relationship.

Results

Among these derivatives, compound KZa‐17 displayed good antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, Pseudo‐monas sollamacearum and Erwinia aroideae. The MIC90 values were 3.12, 1.56, 6.25, 12.5 μg/mL, respectively, which were better than the positive control drugs thiodiazole copper and bismerthiazol. The results of in vivo antibacterial activity test showed that the protective effect of compound KZa‐17 on rice at 200 μg/mL was 32.76%, which was better than that of thiodiazole copper (24.73%). The biochemical experiments showed that compound KZa‐17 could inhibit biofilm formation of Xoo, reduce drug resistance and pathogenicity of bacteria, damage cell membrane integrity, increase permeability, and cause oxidative stress damage.

Conclusion

Most of the newly synthesized derivatives based on THCz alkaloid guidance showed favorable antimicrobial effects. In particular, compound KZa‐17 can be used as a candidate lead compound for further structural optimization and development. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
The Ties That Bind and Enable: Migrant Infrastructure and Entrepreneurial Javanese in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Authors: Akhmad Fandi , Utomo Ariane , Dressler Wolfram
Published: December 2024

What allows migrant entrepreneurs to settle and thrive in new host destinations? What compels and enables migrants to fundamentally transform their livelihoods in new social and economic settings? This paper answers these questions by examining the role of migrant infrastructure in supporting mostly landless Javanese farmworkers' pivot to lucrative informal businesses in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara. Drawing on data from a household survey and in‐depth interviews, our findings suggest that diverse social, cultural, technological, and economic infrastructures in host settings allow entrepreneurial migrants to establish themselves efficiently and effectively in these new settings. We show how Javanese informal businesses were able to thrive due to a complex web of support relations that include business opportunities in and around traditional markets in Kupang, as well as digitally mediated migrant networks and institutions. We argue that such trans‐local migrant infrastructure plays a key but often understated role in linking internal migration, shifting livelihoods, and ethnic entrepreneurship in Indonesia.
Privacy‐Preserving Coverage Control for Multiagent Systems with Limited Communication Ranges
Authors: Wang Peng , Song Cheng , Liu Lu
Published: December 2024

This work investigates the coverage control problem for networked mobile agents on a circle, considering both limited communication ranges and privacy preservation requirements. The objective of the agents is to cooperatively minimize the coverage cost function, which is the longest time required to arrive at any point on the circle from the optimal locations of the agents. A new confidential interaction protocol is proposed to drive the multiagent system to the optimal configuration. Moreover, the process required to implement the confidential interaction protocol is provided to handle the limited communication ranges during coverage tasks. Under the privacy‐preserving coverage control law, it is proved that networked mobile agents with limited communication ranges can be driven to optimal configuration with guaranteed privacy preservation. Finally, a simulation example is provided.
Globally Exponential Synchronization of Delayed Complex Dynamic Networks With Average Impulsive Delay‐Gain
Authors: Gao Kangping , Wang Yishu , Lu Jianquan , Kurths Jürgen
Published: December 2024

In this article, we investigate globally exponential synchronization problems in delayed complex dynamic networks (DCDNs) characterized by both time‐varying impulsive delay and gain (TIDG). Our research is grounded on the Halanay inequality, which serves as the keystone of our analysis. Adopting the method of average impulsive delay‐gain (AIDG), we formulate criteria for globally exponential synchronization dependent on the overall impulsive disturbances. Our criteria reveal the negative effect of AIDG on synchronization, which hinders the synchronization process. Additionally, we refine the concept of average impulsive gain to enhance its applicability. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that even in the simultaneous presence of desynchronizing and synchronizing impulses, along with time‐varying impulsive delays, DCDNs are able to maintain the original synchronization under appropriate conditions, irrespective of whether the average impulsive interval is finite or not. Finally, we validate our theoretical findings by applying them to network examples.
Interface Engineering by Molecular Layer Deposition on Polymer Membrane for Selective Ion Transport
Authors: Mani Agnes Maria , Baghel Niranjan Singh , Mukherjee Saurabh , Samanta Soumen , Sarkar Shaibal K. , Chaudhury Sanhita
Published: December 2024

Molecular layer deposition (MLD) of ethylene glycol‐alucone (EG‐alucone) on the Nafion cation exchange membrane is investigated to understand its impact on the morphology of the composite and consequent enhancement of ion transport selectivity. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Density functional theory, and Doppler broadening positron annihilation spectroscopy are comprehensively employed to examine the morphology of the composite, particularly the engineered interface between EG‐alucone and Nafion. These studies reveal the diffusion and subsequent reaction of the Lewis‐acidic trimethyl aluminum precursor with the polymer substrate during MLD. The Al─F bond, thus formed, modifies the well‐defined microstructures of Nafion and creates a distinct hybrid region with size‐based exclusion properties. Post‐MLD hydration partially converts the deposited EG‐alucone to alumina, reshaping the surface morphology and potentially forming a conformal top layer. The positively charged nature of this top layer, along with the steric sieving effect at the EG‐alucone‐polymer interface, contribute to the observed improvement in monovalent ion selectivity (Cs+/Na+ = 1.99 ± 0.08 & Cs+/Ba2+ = 1.50 ± 0.05) without significantly compromising membrane conductivity. A three‐layer model of the composite membrane, supported by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and radiotracer‐based transport measurements, elucidates the structure‐property relationship responsible for the observed selective ion transport.
Interface Electron Transfer Direction‐Tuned Urea Electrooxidation Over Multi‐Interface Nickel Sulfide Heterojunctions
Authors: Guo Xingyu , Li Yu , Xu Zhengrong , Liu Deng , Kong Aiguo , Liu Rui
Published: December 2024

Hydrogen can be produced by electrolyzing urea aqueous solution under smaller overpotentials, owing to the lower thermodynamic potential of urea oxidation reaction (UOR) at anode than oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The efficient and selective electrocatalysts for UOR are crucial to achieve this. Herein, two NiS‐based NiS/Ni3S2 and NiS/NiS2 heterojunctions with Ni cores embedding in nitrogen‐doped carbon nanotubes (NiS/Ni3S2‐ and NiS/NiS2‐Ni@NCNT) are demonstrated as efficient UOR electrocatalysts. The electrocatalytic UOR performance over heterojunctions is efficiently tuned by altering the electron transfer direction on their interfaces. NiS/Ni3S2‐Ni@NCNT with interface electrons transferring from Ni3S2 to NiS, delivers a 10 mA cm−2 UOR current density in 1.0 m KOH with 0.5 m urea at 1.37 V, superior to NiS/NiS2‐Ni@NCNT with the electron transfer direction from NiS to NiS2. Experimental and theoretical calculation results reveal that NiS/Ni3S2 Mott–Schottky heterojunctions facilitate the rapid in situ formation of NiOOH active species by removing electrons of Ni3S2, and also accelerate the adsorption and conversion of urea molecules and key intermediates of *CON2 at its interfaces. This work demonstrates an interface electron transfer direction tuning strategy on heterojunctions for harvesting high‐performance UOR electrocatalysts.
Ligand‐Dependent Intracluster Interactions in Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Using Cu14 Nanoclusters
Authors: Shingyouchi Yamato , Ogami Masaki , Biswas Sourav , Tanaka Tomoya , Kamiyama Maho , Ikeda Kaoru , Hossain Sakiat , Yoshigoe Yusuke , Osborn D. J. , Metha Gregory F. , Kawawaki Tokuhisa , Negishi Yuichi
Published: December 2024

The electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) has been extensively studied because it can be leveraged to directly convert CO2 into valuable hydrocarbons. Among the various catalysts, copper nanoclusters (Cu NCs) exhibit high selectivity and efficiency for producing CO2RR products owing to their unique geometric/electronic structures. However, the influence of protective ligands on the CO2RR performance of Cu NCs remains unclear. In this study, it is shown that different thiolate ligands, despite having nearly identical geometries, can substantially affect the electrochemical stability of Cu14 NCs in the CO2RR. Notably, Cu14 NCs protected by 2‐phenylethanethiolate exhibit greater stability and achieve a relatively higher selectivity (≈40%) for formic acid production compared with the cyclohexanethiolate‐protected counterpart. These insights are crucial for designing Cu NCs that are both stable and highly selective, enhancing their efficacy for electrochemical CO2 reduction.
Nitrogen Blowing–Assisted Microsolid‐Phase Extraction for the Determination of BTEX in Environmental Water Samples
Authors: Wang Zichen , Wang Haoxin , Zhao Xuan , Peng Sirui , Liu Chunxiao , Zhao Wenting
Published: December 2024

In this study, a nitrogen blowing–assisted microsolid‐phase extraction procedure coupled with gas chromatography‐tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was developed for the determination of BTEX from different environmental water samples. This extraction equipment was composed of two filters connected, the connection can be loaded with different adsorption materials, at the same time. Combined with the characteristics of the filter, this equipment could achieve extraction and purification in one step. Factors affecting extraction efficiency were optimized individually, including adsorbent type, nitrogen flow rate, extraction temperature, extraction time, etc. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curves were found to be linear in the range of 0.01–100 µg/L with correlation coefficients > 0.9958, respectively. The limits of detection (S/N = 3) were in the range of 0.008–0.023 µg/L. The recoveries are between 77.90% and 91.40%, with RSD% lower than 10.4%. The proposed method was simple and fast, integrated extraction and purification, and was suitable for trace analysis of volatile organic compounds.
Die Verteilerstege in Stuttgarts neuem Hauptbahnhof
Authors: Nimführ Dominik , Gepperth Sonja , Schmid Angelika
Published: December 2024

Das Bahnprojekt Stuttgart–Ulm (S21) ist das größte Ausbauvorhaben für den öffentlichen Schienenverkehr in Baden‐Württemberg seit dem 19. Jahrhundert. Es umfasst neben dem Neubau von zahlreichen Tunneln und Trassen auch eine komplette Umgestaltung des Eisenbahnknotens Stuttgart: Die Gleise des alten Kopfbahnhofs werden durch einen um 90° gedrehten, unterirdischen Durchgangsbahnhof ersetzt. Dieser wird in großen Teilen durch natürliches Tageslicht beleuchtet, das durch insgesamt 28 Glasaugen in die Bahnsteighalle fällt. Die Glasaugen bilden den oberen Abschluss der sog. Kelchstützen, die ein zentrales Gestaltungselement des neuen Bahnhofs sind. Drei Verteilerstege dienen als Zugangsebene vom historischen Bonatzbau in die neue Bahnsteighalle. Diese Stege sind brückenartige Stahlbetonverbundkonstruktionen, von denen Reisende über Treppen auf die Bahnsteige gelangen. Eine Besonderheit ist, dass die Stege teilweise auf der Trogkonstruktion lagern und teilweise am Schalendach hängen. Aufgrund von Verformungen aus Kriechen und Rissbildung im Beton des Schalendachs muss die Position der Stege mehrfach, planmäßig auch nach Inbetriebnahme des Bahnhofs, nachgestellt werden. Die Verbindungsstege sollen große Verkehrsströme von Reisenden aufnehmen können, gleichzeitig aber auch möglichst filigran sein und den Blick in und durch die neue Bahnsteighalle so wenig wie möglich einschränken. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt die Besonderheiten dieses anspruchsvollen Tragwerks aus Sicht der beteiligten Tragwerksplaner.
Digital Agriculture Innovations in Bangladesh: A Situational Analysis and Pathways for Future Development
Authors: Mohammad Ikhtiar , Dey Nepal C.
Published: December 2024

Existing literature indicates the untapped potential of digital agriculture technologies and interventions to revolutionize agricultural development. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive review of the present digital agriculture ecosystem and, therefore, a limited understanding. This study seeks to address that evidence gap by reviewing what has been researched about the current digital agriculture solutions in Bangladesh. The research undertakes a systematic literature review of the use of digital agriculture applications by smallholder farmers and other actors across the agriculture value chain to explore the digitalization and smart farming applications. The manuscript sheds light on opportunities for fostering digital innovations by discussing the accomplished agri‐tech initiatives and challenges associated with those agriculture 4.0 technologies. The findings reveal considerable replications of digital agriculture services by various public, private, and technology companies, underscoring the necessity for more inclusive collaborations among the supply‐side actors for shaping the digital agriculture infrastructure. The article suggests future areas for research probing the impact of available digital agriculture practices and to what extent those are effective in facilitating the agri‐food systems stakeholders.
Optimization of high‐throughput marker systems for genomic prediction in alfalfa family bulks
Authors: Sipowicz Pablo , Murad Leite Andrade Mario Henrique , Fernandes Filho Claudio Carlos , Benevenuto Juliana , Muñoz Patricio , Ferrão L. Felipe V. , Resende Marcio F. R. , Messina C. , Rios Esteban F.
Published: December 2024

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a perennial forage legume esteemed for its exceptional quality and dry matter yield (DMY); however, alfalfa has historically exhibited low genetic gain for DMY. Advances in genotyping platforms paved the way for a cost‐effective application of genomic prediction in alfalfa family bulks. In this context, the optimization of marker density holds potential to reallocate resources within genomic prediction pipelines. This study aimed to (i) test two genotyping platforms for population structure discrimination and predictive ability (PA) of genomic prediction models (G‐BLUP) for DMY, and (ii) explore optimal levels of marker density to predict DMY in family bulks. For this, 160 nondormant alfalfa families were phenotyped for DMY across 11 harvests and genotyped via targeted sequencing using Capture‐seq with 17K probes and the DArTag 3K panel. Both platforms discriminated similarly against the population structure and resulted in comparable PA for DMY. For genotyping optimization, different levels of marker density were randomly extracted from each platform. In both cases, a plateau was achieved around 500 markers, yielding similar PA as the full set of markers. For phenotyping optimization, models with 500 markers built with data from five harvests resulted in similar PA compared to the full set of 11 harvests and full set of markers. Altogether, genotyping and phenotyping efforts were optimized in terms of number of markers and harvests. Capture‐seq and DArTag yielded similar results and have the flexibility to adjust their panels to meet breeders’ needs in terms of marker density.
Is conservative treatment always safe in unifocal clinically T1a/node‐negative papillary thyroid carcinoma?
Authors: Pennestrì Francesco , Procopio Priscilla Francesca , Laurino Antonio , Martullo Annamaria , Santoro Gloria , Gallucci Pierpaolo , Prioli Francesca , Sessa Luca , Rossi Esther Diana , Pontecorvi Alfredo , De Crea Carmela , Raffaelli Marco
Published: December 2024

Background

Management of clinically unifocal node‐negative papillary thyroid carcinoma ≤1 cm (PTMC) is controversial with nonsurgical treatment as a potential alternative to thyroid lobectomy (TL). However, conservative strategies, such as active surveillance or thermal ablation, do not allow the evaluation of biological aggressive features or occult lymph node metastases (LNMs), which play a primary role as prognostic factors.

Methods

Among 4216 thyroidectomies for malignancy (between September 2014 and September 2023), TL plus ipsilateral central neck dissection was performed in 203 (4.8%) unifocal N0 PTMCs. Completion thyroidectomy was accomplished in case of positive frozen section examination of removed nodes or within 6 months from index operation in presence of biological aggressive features.

Results

Seventy‐six out of 203 (37.4%) patients were staged pN1a and extranodal extension was detected in 5 (6.6%) patients. At final histology, biological aggressive features, including multifocality, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), extracapsular invasion, tumor aggressive subtypes, and BRAF‐V600E mutation, were detected in 69 (34%), 93 (45.8%), 3 (1.5%), 30 (14.8%), and 7 (3.5%) patients, respectively. A comparative analysis between pN0 and pN1a patients showed younger age (p < 0.001), LVI (p = 0.037), and multifocality (p < 0.001) as risk factors for occult central LNMs. After logistic regression analysis, age (p < 0.001) and multifocality (p < 0.001) were confirmed as independent risk factors for nodal involvement.

Conclusions

Although most PTMC has been widely defined as indolent disease, a non‐negligible rate of patients may present one or more biologically aggressive features including nodal involvement. Nonsurgical management should be considered with caution to avoid undertreatment especially in the younger population.
A numerical approach to study the energy dissipation effects on Couette–Hartmann flow of a nanoliquid within an asymmetrical channel
Authors: Singh Jitendra Kumar , Mohiuddin Syed , Kolasani Suneetha , Hussain Syed Modassir
Published: December 2024

Researchers have been conducting experiments to improve heat transfer rates and decrease fuel usage to improve heating system efficiency and reduce expenses. It has been demonstrated that incorporating solid nanoparticles into conventional liquids substantially increases thermal conductivity. This study emphasizes its potential usage in diverse heat exchange systems, including heat exchangers, radiators, and electronic cooling systems, highlighting its possible impact on enhancing thermal management in various engineering and industrial applications. This paper addresses the significance of Joule heating and viscous dissipation on the steady Couette–Hartmann flow of a nanoliquid between an asymmetrical channel having arbitrarily conductive walls and thickness. The generation of Hall current and induced magnetic fields (IMFs) is triggered by the existence of a robust magnetic field. The mathematical model is developed based on the underlying assumptions of energy conservation, momentum, and magnetic induction. The assumed models are represented by a set of interconnected ordinary differential equations that employ a suitable and comparable adjustment. The numerical solution to these equations is evaluated for approximate convergence using the Lobatto‐IIIa‐bvp4c‐solver integrated into the MATLAB software. This solver is constructed by means of a finite difference scheme.

The implications of relevant evolving parameters on the velocity field (VF), IMF, nanoliquid temperature field (NTF), surface skin friction (SSF), and mass flow rate (MFR) are investigated. Graphical and tabular representations of the VF, IMF, NTF, SSF, and MFR of nanoliquid at the wall surface are shown for various relevant parameter values. It is quantified that rotation causes suppression in the main flow, which elevates the temperature of the nanoliquid. Heat diffusion causes the temperature to decrease, whereas viscous dissipation causes the nanoliquid temperature to increase. The numerical evaluation that captures the implications of Joule heating and viscous dissipation on the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) steady Couette–Hartmann flow of a nanoliquid within an asymmetrical channel assuming arbitrarily conductive walls and thickness is the distinguishing feature of this research. In the majority of the research captured in this area, the channel wall is nonconducting or considered to be perfectly conducting for simplicity. However, the arbitrary wall conductance significantly alters the motion‐generated magnetic field, hence velocity and temperature. It is witnessed that the constant for wall conductivity brings growth in the motional IMF along the main flow. This research further investigates several unexplored variables, including wall conductance, energy dissipation, Hall effects, volumetric concentration, and rotation.
Mathematical molding and heat transfer in MHD blood base hybrid nanofluid on a moving extensible surface
Authors: Rehman Ali , Khun Ma Chau , Jan Rashid , Elmasry Yasser
Published: December 2024

This work explores the heat transfer properties and mathematical modeling of blood‐based hybrid nanofluid flow on a moving extensible surface in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow. For the first time, this model is treated semi numerical with the influence of viscous dissipation. Blood, a complex biological fluid, is added to the nanoparticles aluminum oxide and copper as a base fluid for the formation of hybrid nanofluid. We formulate the governing partial differential equations assuming laminar, incompressible, and steady‐state flow. Applying the appropriate similarity transformation, a nonlinear system of ODEs is obtained from the recommended system of PDEs. Semi numerical simulations are utilized to analyze the effects of the flow and heat transfer characteristics of the including Eckert number, thermal radiation, magnetic field, couple stress parameter, and volume fraction of nanoparticles. The findings show that the magnetic factor, thermal radiation, and Eckert number significantly increase the rates of heat transfer, furthermore, the velocity field of hybrid nanofluid is decreasing with the increasing of couple stress, magnetic field, and nanoparticles volume friction, while skin friction is increasing with the increasing of couple stress, magnetic field, and nanoparticles volume friction. This work opens up new possibilities for optimizing heat transfer processes in biomedical applications involving blood flow by shedding light on the intricate interactions between surface stretching, hybrid nanofluid properties, and magnetic field effects.
Digital Screen Media Use, Movement Behaviors, and Child Health
Authors: Tremblay Mark S. , Kuzik Nicholas , Biddle Stuart J. H. , Carson Valerie , Chinapaw Mai J. M. , Dumuid Dorothea , Huang Wendy Yajun , Saunders Travis J. , Staiano Amanda E. , Pate Russell R.
Published: December 2024

This chapter summarizes the associations between children’s digital screen media use (DSMU) and their health, within the 24-h movement behavior framework (physical activities, sedentary behaviors, sleep), provides recommendations for healthy DSMU, and highlights future research directions. Key concepts include behavior displacement, combined associations, and DSMU context and content. Displacement examples include more DSMU decreasing time for healthier behaviors (e.g., physical activity or sleep) or replacing reading books and magazines with DSMU alternatives (e.g., texting, social media). How DSMU affects the relationships between various combinations of movement behaviors and children’s health is largely unknown. Total DSMU is most frequently studied, but a deeper understanding of all movement behaviors requires examining the content and context of DSMUs. Insufficiently examining context and content inhibits a fulsome understanding of the health impact of child DSMU within a 24-h movement paradigm. Measurement limitations include overreliance on self- or proxy-report measures. Preliminary evidence may suggest that high DSMU contributes to an unhealthy movement behavior profile, but DSMU could also contribute to a healthy movement behavior profile (e.g., active video gaming, goal setting apps). Whether and how much DSMU can be part of a healthy combination of physical activities, sedentary behaviors, and sleep requires further study.
Digital Food Marketing and Children’s Health and Well-being
Authors: Harris Jennifer L. , Fleming-Milici Frances , Gearhardt Ashley N. , Grier Sonya , Montgomery Kathryn , Romo-Palafox Maria , Tatlow-Golden Mimi
Published: December 2024

Unhealthy food and beverage marketing to children, including adolescents, leads to diet-related negative health outcomes. In recent years, food brands have pioneered highly engaging, rewarding, and targeted digital marketing techniques with enormous youth appeal to reach children online. As with traditional TV advertising, digital marketing primarily promotes unhealthy products and negatively affects children’s food preferences and diets. However, online marketing is often disguised within entertainment content, including games and endorsements by celebrities and popular influencers, spreads virally through peer networks, and takes advantage of adolescents’ unique developmental vulnerabilities, including importance of peers and social status, identity formation, and reward sensitivity and risk taking. Online food marketing also disproportionately targets “multicultural” youth, thus the negative effects may be greater for Black and Hispanic youths who face higher health risks and exposure. Moreover, children’s online behavior is tracked and used to target content and marketing messages, threatening their rights to privacy and freedom from exploitation. Yet, parents, educators, and child health providers have very few options to shield young people from digital marketing exposure and resulting harm, and most food marketing policies only address advertising to children younger than 13 years. Government-sponsored restrictions on digital food marketing and online privacy protections for youth are likely necessary.
What Do We Know About the Link Between Screens and Sleep Health?
Authors: Hale Lauren , Hartstein Lauren E. , Robbins Rebecca , Grandner Michael A. , LeBourgeois Monique K. , Garrison Michelle M. , Czeisler Charles A.
Published: December 2024

Screen-based digital media devices potentially impact pediatric sleep health, which is fundamental to healthy development. Systematic reviews of the literature consistently show that screen use is associated with delayed bedtimes, shorter sleep duration, and reduced sleep quality. Studies also demonstrate that interactivity, content, and timing of exposure influence sleep health and that the effects of interventions are small and difficult to achieve. The mechanisms underlying these associations include (1) activity displacement, (2) decreased interoceptive awareness, (3) psychological/emotional stimulation from the content or social interaction, (4) physiological effects of light exposure, and (5) noises, beeps, and vibrations from devices during the sleep period. Due to limitations in both data quality and study design, future research should seek to improve measurement of timing and content of digital media. Efforts should be invested in developing, implementing, and evaluating sustainable interventions to reduce the negative effects of screen use on sleep health. These studies should also consider potential moderating factors (e.g., age, sex, race/ethnicity) and other downstream consequences on child health and development. We conclude with recommendations to help mitigate the possible effects of screen use on sleep, including making sleep a priority, facilitating screen-free bedtime routines, and removal of devices from bedrooms.
Introduction to the Section on Digital Media and Mental Health
Authors: Weigle Paul
Published: December 2024

Screen media now dominate the free time of children and adolescents, displacing not only healthy activities such as sufficient sleep but also risky behaviors such as substance use and unsafe driving. Screen habits and experiences play an increasingly vital role in the mental health of youths and their treatment, for better or worse. Evidence suggests that screen media played an important role in increasing the rates of depression, anxiety, self-harm, and suicide among youth in recent years. Social media offers easy, accessible interactions for anxious youth, the consequences of which vary. Screen media exposure may increase the risks of depression, anxiety, and self-harm, depending on the nature of online experiences and interactions. Viewing idealized images via social media can damage self-esteem and encourage disordered eating behavior. Research is beginning to reveal which youth are likely to benefit or suffer from specific screen habits. Digital therapeutics and online psychoeducational programs show significant promise but are limited by inherent weaknesses. Continued research is vital to inform how to guide youth to benefit from online technology without falling victim to its mental health pitfalls.
Social Media and Youth Mental Health: A Departure from the Status Quo
Authors: Coyne Sarah M. , Escobar-Viera César , Bekalu Mesfin A. , Charmaraman Linda , Primack Brian , Shafi Reem M. A. , Valkenburg Patti M. , Williams Kofoworola D. A.
Published: December 2024

Social media and youth mental health have a relationship that many have great interest in understanding. Recent legislative bills in the United States have focused on curbing the potentially harmful effects of social media use, and large social media companies are under related litigation. The current chapter summarizes the research on social media use and youth mental health to provide the reader with a solid background of the major studies in the field. In general, the research is mixed, nuanced, and complex with a number of factors contributing to adolescent outcomes, including the content viewed, the context of social media, with whom the adolescent is interacting, and individual differential susceptibility. Future avenues for research are discussed with a focus on understanding both risk and protective factors of using social media on youth mental health, determining temporality, and understanding differential susceptibility, particularly with regard to minoritized youth. Finally, we offer specific recommendations for clinical practitioners and providers, policymakers, educators, and parents.
Youth Anxiety in the Digital Age: Present Status and Future Considerations
Authors: Ariefdjohan Merlin , Nesi Jacqueline , Mullin Benjamin , Pesko Matthew , Fritsch Sandra
Published: December 2024

The prevalence of anxiety disorders among youth has increased over the last decade. At the same time, the use of screens including smartphones and social media has become ubiquitous. The ways in which screen media use may either exacerbate or alleviate symptoms of anxiety remain an area of ongoing research. Increasingly, studies are suggesting that the impact of screen media use on anxiety symptoms, and vice versa, is influenced by how these technologies are used, as well as the individual characteristics of the youth using them. This chapter briefly summarizes the current literature on anxiety and screen media use among the youth, offers recommendations for clinical providers and parents/caregivers for supporting their healthy screen habits, and outlines future research directions.
Social Media and Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Twenge Jean M. , Peeples Dale , Shafi Reem M. A. , Boers Elroy , Hale Lauren , Weigle Paul
Published: December 2024

Depression among children and adolescents is linked to a variety of negative outcomes, but many causes of depression are either difficult or impossible to alter. It is vital to identify the controllable causes of depressive symptoms, including time spent on screen media. Many studies demonstrate associations between time spent on social media and depressive symptoms. Time-lag evidence also demonstrates an association, with rates of adolescent depression doubling during the period when smartphone and social media use became common. Experimental evidence indicates that cutting back on social media use diminishes depressive symptoms. Social media time may cause depressive symptoms via several mechanisms including displacing time spent on healthy activities, increased body image concerns, cyberbullying, reinforcing spirals of negative content, and interference with sleep. Future research should include experimental trials among adolescents, determine which types of screen activities and social media platforms are most strongly linked to depressive symptoms, explore which populations are most impacted, and determine effective interventions. Recommendations include educating parents and adolescents to keep devices out of their bedrooms overnight, not allowing children and younger teens to use social media, and encouraging parents to model appropriate limits around screen devices.
Media Influences on Self-Harm, Suicidality, and Suicide
Authors: Kruzan Kaylee P. , Nesi Jacqueline , Hamilton Jessica L. , Vidal Carol , Twenge Jean M. , Peeples Dale , Niederkrotenthaler Thomas
Published: December 2024

The influence of media on self-injurious thoughts and behaviors, including self-harm and suicide, has received attention for decades. Research reveals mixed evidence on the relationship between media and self-harm and suicide. This is likely because media narratives differ, as do contemporary media formats, and the ways audience members consume and interact with media content and one another. This chapter summarizes what we currently know and do not yet know about the relationships between self-harm and suicide and (1) mass media coverage, (2) social media, and (3) video games. For mass media, evidence is strongest for the influence of media reports of celebrity suicides on subsequent suicide attempts. The effects of fictional suicide narratives have produced mixed results. Evidence regarding the influence of social media and video games often depends on the types of interactions people have and the content consumed. Most research is cross-sectional or correlational, limiting causal inference. Media platforms may also offer unprecedented opportunities to extend prevention efforts and support and educate young people. Effective strategies to reduce media harms, while enhancing their benefits, are critical. Based on existing evidence, we describe future research needs and make recommendations for youths, parents, schools, clinicians, media, and policymakers.
Introduction to the Section on Problematic Use of the Internet in Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: Grant Don , Rumpf Hans-Jürgen
Published: December 2024

In the four chapters included within this section, global experts from research, academic, media psychology, and clinical disciplines first discuss three specific Internet-centric areas posited to pose the most significant risks for children and adolescents: Problematic Internet Use (PIU), Gaming Disorder (GD), and Dysregulated use of Mobile/Smartphone, and then explore Treatment Considerations in Problematic Screen Use. Each chapter examines the importance of the specific digitally driven behavior/issue, its current state, potential implications, knowledge base to date of writing, improved behavior modification support suggestions, and recommendations for scientists, researchers, investigators, policymakers, educators, media technology creators/producers, treatment providers, clinicians, mental health practitioners, and the general public moving forward.
Gaming Disorder Among Children and Adolescents
Authors: Griffiths Mark D. , Stavropoulos Vasileios , Pontes Halley M. , Carbonell Xavier , King Daniel L. , Lin Chung-Ying , Demetrovics Zsolt , Király Orsolya
Published: December 2024

Research interest in problematic gaming has increased considerably in the past decade leading the World Health Organization to classify ‘gaming disorder’ (GD) as a formal diagnosis in 2019. This chapter describes the current state of knowledge in relation to minors, as well as future research on GD along with recommendations for important stakeholders such as researchers, the gaming industry, and policymakers. Meta-analyses on the prevalence of GD range from 3.05% to 4.6%, with males, children, and adolescents, being the most affected. There are three overarching interacting factors that are involved in the acquisition, development, and maintenance of GD, namely the individual factors, gaming-related factors, and environmental factors. Future research on GD requires more studies with clinical samples, large-scale representative samples using longitudinal designs, more cross-cultural comparisons, as well as more studies from a neurobiological perspective. The topic of esports and the ever-changing structural characteristics of video games also require further research. The chapter concludes with several recommendations such as developing specific screening instruments for child and adolescent populations and the need for independent regulators in each country that oversee the video game industry to ensure social responsibility initiatives for player protection and harm minimization.
Youth Participatory Politics: Understanding and Supporting Civic Engagement in the Social Media Era
Authors: Middaugh Ellen , Kornbluh Mariah , Lee Ashley , Kligler-Vilenchik Neta , Ramasubramanian Srividya , Clark Lynn Schofield , Vea Tanner
Published: December 2024

As the internet and social media have become ubiquitous in the practices of learning about and engaging with civic and political life, we see a growing tendency towards civic and political expression described as participatory politics: decentralized practices through which individuals and groups seek to exert voice and influence on issues of public concern, often by using digital tools and networks to access, circulate, and produce media and to engage with others and mobilize action (Cohen CJ, Kahne, J. Participatory Politics. New Media and youth political action. Published online 2011. Accessed April 30, 2023. https://ictlogy.net/bibliography/reports/projects.php?idp=2180&lang=en). The past decade of research has uncovered potential benefits for adolescent empowerment and well-being alongside potential risks and challenges. Here, we provide an overview of recent research on hybrid (online and offline) civic and political engagement in adolescence and emerging adulthood (ages 15–24). We adopt an intersectional lens acknowledging that the stressors and benefits related to civic participation and supports needed to interact and vary in relation to intersecting youth identities (e.g., racial, ethnic, religious, socioeconomic, immigration status, disability, gender, and sexuality) and their relationship to the power structures that influence their well-being (Crenshaw K, Univ Chic Leg Forum 1:139–167, 1989)
Introduction to the Section on Race, Racism, and Digital Media
Authors: Eschmann Rob , Patton Desmond Upton
Published: December 2024

This chapter introduces the reader to the section, Race, Racism, and Digital Media. Chapters in this section ask the following questions: How does racism manifest online, and what effects does this have on young people, especially young people of color? Does technology contribute to, or challenge, racist structures or racial power dynamics? What types of technologies shape the ways youth experience and respond to race and racism? Technology is central to our understanding of the realities of race and racism in the twenty-first century. Concurrently, as the chapters in this section demonstrate, race and racism are central to the development of new digital technologies, online cultures, and online interactions. As young people spend increasingly more time online, it is imperative that we understand the risks and rewards that are associated with different online behaviors and contexts.
Online Racism and Its Impact on Children, Adolescents, and Emerging Adults of Color
Authors: Tynes Brendesha M. , Willis Henry A. , Maxie-Moreman Ashley , Ortiz Stephanie M. , English Devin
Published: December 2024

Despite early optimism that the Internet would reduce race-related issues, scholars have observed that online racism is a significant threat to public health, much like its offline counterpart. This chapter provides a review of the current state of research on online racism and its impact on youth of color (children, adolescents, and young adults). The chapter argues that we are currently experiencing a second nadir of race relations, characterized by the algorithmic amplification of racism and white supremacy. The chapter first outlines models of online racism that have advanced our understanding of its nature. Next, the chapter highlights the adverse effects of online racism on the health and well-being of youth of color and presents how online racism has been measured and investigated across a range of studies. The chapter concludes by highlighting current limitations and providing directions for future research activities related to online racism. Finally, this chapter provides practical recommendations for researchers, the tech industry, policymakers, and practitioners that focus on the impact of online racism on youth of color’s development. Overall, the chapter underscores the importance of addressing online racism as a critical issue and calls for continued research and action to mitigate its harmful effects.
Representations of Gender and Sexuality in Youth Media
Authors: Aubrey Jennifer Stevens , Maas Megan K. , Choukas-Bradley Sophia , Coyne Sarah M. , Durham Meenakshi Gigi , Scull Tracy M. , van Oosten Johanna M. F. , Ward L. Monique
Published: December 2024

One consistent source of socialization of gender and sexuality for youth is entertainment screen media. This chapter summarizes recent conclusions from content analyses on the representation of gender and sexuality in entertainment screen media popular among and created for youth. In terms of gender, (1) male characters outnumber female characters, (2) female characters are supposed to care about their appearance and be sexy, whereas male characters are supposed to be large and muscular, (3) male characters are more likely to be physically aggressive, whereas female characters are more likely to be relationally aggressive, (4) male characters are more likely to portray science, technology, engineering, and mathematics careers and hobbies, whereas female characters are more likely to portray careers and interests in humanities and the arts, and (5) male characters are more likely to be leaders than female characters. In terms of sexuality, (1) sexual talk and behaviors are frequent, (2) heterosexual relationships are assumed and naturalized, (3) many sexual interactions conform to a “heterosexual script” wherein female characters are supposed to assume responsibility for sexual interactions, whereas male characters are sex-obsessed, and (4) sex is portrayed in mainly recreational ways. Recommendations for future research are discussed.
Moving Beyond Fear and Restriction to Promoting Adolescent Resilience and Intentional Technology Use
Authors: Wisniewski Pamela , Park Jinkyung , Badillo-Urquiola Karla , Gabrielli Joy , Doty Jennifer L. , Hartikainen Heidi
Published: December 2024

In recent years, societal narratives around teens and screens have shifted significantly. First, high-profile media coverage has raised concerns over the negative impact of technology use on the mental health, well-being, and physical safety of adolescents. Consequently, this has led to restrictive approaches to implementing parental control software, age verification systems, artificial intelligence-based risk detection, and other safety mechanisms to protect teens from such harm. At the same time, recommendations regarding digital technology use have moved beyond imposing time limits to more advanced frameworks that consider active and intentional technology use. Additionally, research recommends shifting from restrictive parenting practices to include more developmentally appropriate and resilience-based approaches that empower teens as they prepare for adulthood. Yet, researchers have acknowledged that solutions towards digital inclusion cannot be “one-size-fits-all,” as individual development, family differences, and cultural norms may influence youth outcomes. Finally, we have seen more tangible efforts through human-centered design and legislative policies targeted toward making digital platforms that engage teen users more accountable for their online safety. In this chapter, we discuss these trends and raise important questions and recommendations for setting a forward-thinking agenda for future socio-technical research and practice on promoting the digital well-being and safety of teens.
Family Systems Theory in the Digital Age: Reifying the Digital Level of Analysis
Authors: Browne Dillon T. , Király Orsolya , Lukavska Katerina , Madigan Sheri , Demetrovics Zsolt
Published: December 2024

Researchers are increasingly asking questions about the complex ways in which digital media transects family life for the purpose of understanding health and development. Most research in this domain is informed by theoretical models that champion the primacy of individuals (i.e., the child). However, family systems theory (FST) has long emphasized that the family unit itself, versus the child, should be the focus of study, assessment, and intervention. This paradigm remains underutilized in research related to digital media and health. The present chapter provides a primer in FST for researchers and clinicians who are interested in media. Core concepts such as holism, organization, feedback, and resilience are reviewed. These principles are contrasted with individual-focused theoretical models. The digital level of analysis is outlined as a conceptual frame of reference and ecological layer of organization that can be applied in future digital media studies. Lastly, recommendations for research, practice, and policy are provided, with an emphasis on responsible digital innovation and application of new technologies.
Introduction to the Section on Cyberbullying and Digital Cruelty
Authors: Englander Elizabeth
Published: December 2024

This section presents four chapters reviewing the current state of research on cyberbullying, digital cruelty, and online hate speech, the impact of the coronavirus pandemic, and their association with mental health. Researchers in this field face challenges, including the different forms that cyberbullying and hate speech can take, the definition of cyberbullying, and how future technologies like Artificial Intelligence may change the research landscape. Two chapters in this section discuss digital forms of social cruelty, including cyberbullying, and how these currently manifest on social media and (likely) impact mental health. Other chapters examine the impact of the global pandemic on cyberbullying and how online bias has infiltrated and influenced cyberbullying and its serious impact on users. Among other points, these chapters discuss online hate speech and how youth may be differentially vulnerable (e.g., LGBTQ youth). This Introduction briefly discusses how the definition of cyberbullying may change and how new technologies may alter how digital cruelty is experienced by youth.