bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Land–Atmosphere Interactions on the IHOP 24–25 May 2002 Convection Case
Authors: Holt Teddy R. , Niyogi Dev , Chen Fei , Manning Kevin , LeMone Margaret A. , Qureshi Aneela
Published: February 2006

Numerical simulations are conducted using the Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) to investigate the impact of land–vegetation processes on the prediction of mesoscale convection observed on 24–25 May 2002 during the International H2O Project (IHOP_2002). The control COAMPS configuration uses the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model version of the Noah land surface model (LSM) initialized using a high-resolution land surface data assimilation system (HRLDAS). Physically consistent surface fields are ensured by an 18-month spinup time for HRLDAS, and physically consistent mesoscale fields are ensured by a 2-day data assimilation spinup for COAMPS. Sensitivity simulations are performed to assess the impact of land–vegetative processes by 1) replacing the Noah LSM with a simple slab soil model (SLAB), 2) adding a photosynthesis, canopy resistance/transpiration scheme [the gas exchange/photosynthesis-based evapotranspiration model (GEM)] to the Noah LSM, and 3) replacing the HRLDAS soil moisture with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) 40-km Eta Data Assimilation (EDAS) operational soil fields.

CONTROL, EDAS, and GEM develop convection along the dryline and frontal boundaries 2–3 h after observed, with synoptic-scale forcing determining the location and timing. SLAB convection along the boundaries is further delayed, indicating that detailed surface parameterization is necessary for a realistic model forecast. EDAS soils are generally drier and warmer than HRLDAS, resulting in more extensive development of convection along the dryline than for CONTROL. The inclusion of photosynthesis-based evapotranspiration (GEM) improves predictive skill for both air temperature and moisture. Biases in soil moisture and temperature (as well as air temperature and moisture during the prefrontal period) are larger for EDAS than HRLDAS, indicating land–vegetative processes in EDAS are forced by anomalously warmer and drier conditions than observed. Of the four simulations, the errors in SLAB predictions of these quantities are generally the largest.

By adding a sophisticated transpiration model, the atmospheric model is able to better respond to the more detailed representation of soil moisture and temperature. The sensitivity of the synoptically forced convection to soil and vegetative processes including transpiration indicates that detailed representation of land surface processes should be included in weather forecasting models, particularly for severe storm forecasting where local-scale information is important.
Mobile Integrated Profiler System (MIPS) Observations of Low-Level Convergent Boundaries during IHOP
Authors: Karan Haldun , Knupp Kevin
Published: February 2006

Characteristics of convergent boundary zones (CBZs) sampled by the Mobile Integrated Profiling System (MIPS) during the 2002 International H2O Project (IHOP_2002) are presented. The MIPS sensors (915-MHz wind profiler, 12-channel microwave profiling radiometer, ceilometer, and surface instrumentation) provide very fine temporal kinematic and thermodynamic profiles of the atmospheric boundary layer and CBZ properties, including enhanced 915-MHz backscatter within the CBZ updraft (equivalent to the radar fine line), a general increase in integrated water vapor within the updrafts of the CBZ, an increase in the convective boundary layer (CBL) depth, and changes in ceilometer backscatter that are typically coincident with arrival of cooler, moister air (the case for density current CBZ).

Three contrasting CBZs are analyzed. Convective initiation was associated with a slow-moving dryline as it passed over the MIPS on 19 June. Updrafts up to 6 m s−1 were measured, and the CBL attained its greatest depth within the CBZ. The CBZ in the other two cases were quite similar to density currents. The retrograding dryline of 18 June produced an enhancement in preexisting convection within 30 km of the MIPS. On 24 May, a shallow cold front, about 800 m deep, was sampled.
Observations of Convection Initiation “Failure” from the 12 June 2002 IHOP Deployment
Authors: Markowski Paul , Hannon Christina , Rasmussen Erik
Published: February 2006

Observations of the development of cumulus convection, which reached depths of several kilometers but failed to develop into sustained, precipitating, cumulonimbus clouds—an event the authors term “convection initiation failure”—are presented from the 12 June 2002 International H2O Project (IHOP) case. The investigation relies heavily on remote and in situ data obtained by mobile, truck-borne Doppler radars, mobile mesonets, mobile soundings, and stereo cloud photogrammetry.

Data collection was focused in northwestern Oklahoma near the intersection of an outflow boundary and dryline. Thunderstorms developed along the dryline during the late afternoon approximately 40 km east of the domain intensively observed by the ground-based observing systems. Farther west, within the region of dense observations analyzed herein, cumulus congestus clouds formed along an outflow boundary. Multiple-Doppler wind syntheses revealed that the boundary layer vertical velocity field was dominated by thermals rather than by circulations associated with the mesoscale boundaries. In spite of this observation, deep cumulus cloud development was confined to the mesoscale boundaries. Trajectories into the deep cumulus clouds that developed along the outflow boundary were much more vertical than those entering the shallow cumulus clouds observed away from the outflow boundary. It is hypothesized that the role of the outflow boundary in promoting deep cumulus cloud formation was to promote updrafts that were less susceptible to the dilution of equivalent potential temperature, which controls the potential buoyancy, vertical velocity, and depth that can be realized by the clouds. It is also hypothesized that the lack of a persistent, spatially continuous corridor of mesoscale ascent along the outflow boundary and associated moisture upwelling contributed to convection initiation failure along the outflow boundary.
Multiple-Doppler Radar Observations of the Evolution of Vorticity Extrema in a Convective Boundary Layer
Authors: Markowski Paul , Hannon Christina
Published: February 2006

Overdetermined, dual-Doppler wind syntheses are used to document the evolution, structure, and dynamics of vertical vorticity extrema observed in a convective boundary layer during the 12 June 2002 International H2O Project (IHOP) mission. Discrete vertical vorticity extrema having horizontal scales of 1–2 km can be observed continuously for periods exceeding an hour. The evolution of the vorticity field is characterized by complex interactions among vorticity extrema and between the vertical vorticity and vertical velocity fields. The most prominent vorticity maxima have amplitudes of approximately 0.01 s−1 and are associated with retrieved pressure deficits of order 0.1 mb. The vorticity extrema weaken with height and tilt in the presence of vertical wind shear. Advection and propagation both contribute substantially to the motion of the vorticity extrema.

Amplifications of vertical vorticity are closely linked to the intensification of updrafts. Both stretching and tilting can contribute significantly to the vorticity budgets of the air parcels comprising the vorticity extrema, and their relative importance varies with elevation, evolutionary stage, and from one vorticity extremum to another. It is therefore difficult to generalize about the dynamics of the vorticity extrema. It also is difficult to generalize about the helicity of the vorticity maxima and suppression of mixing for similar reasons. The weakening of vertical vorticity extrema is closely tied to the weakening of updrafts. In some cases, downward-directed vertical pressure gradient forces due to vertical gradients of rotation bring about updraft weakening and vorticity demise. An improved understanding of the nature of boundary layer vortices could have large relevance to convection initiation owing to feedbacks between vertical velocity and vorticity.
Sensitivity Analysis of Convection of the 24 May 2002 IHOP Case Using Very Large Ensembles
Authors: Martin William J. , Xue Ming
Published: February 2006

This paper introduces the use of very large ensembles for detailed sensitivity analysis and applies this technique to study the sensitivity of model forecast rainfall to initial boundary layer and soil moisture fields for a particular case from the International H2O Project (IHOP_2002) field program. In total, an aggregate ensemble of over 12 000 mesoscale model forecasts are made, with each forecast having different perturbations of boundary layer moisture, boundary layer wind, or soil moisture. Sensitivity fields are constructed from this ensemble, producing detailed sensitivity fields of defined forecast functions to initial perturbations. This work is based on mesoscale model forecasts of convection of the 24 May 2002 IHOP case, which saw convective initiation along a dryline in western Texas as well as precipitation along a cold front. The large ensemble technique proves to be highly sensitive, and both significant and subtle connections between model state variables are revealed. A number of interesting sensitivity results are obtained. It is found that soil moisture and ABL moisture have opposite effects on the amount of precipitation along the dryline; that moisture on both the dry and moist sides of the dryline was equally important; and that some small perturbations were alone responsible for entire convective storm cells near the cold front, a result implying a high level of nonlinearity. These sensitivity analyses strongly indicate the importance of accurate low-level water vapor characterization for quantitative precipitation forecasting.
Forecasting Convective Initiation by Monitoring the Evolution of Moving Cumulus in Daytime GOES Imagery
Authors: Mecikalski John R. , Bedka Kristopher M.
Published: February 2006

This study identifies the precursor signals of convective initiation within sequences of 1-km-resolution visible (VIS) and 4–8-km infrared (IR) imagery from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) instrument. Convective initiation (CI) is defined for this study as the first detection of Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) reflectivities ≥35 dBZ produced by convective clouds. Results indicate that CI may be forecasted ∼30–45 min in advance through the monitoring of key IR fields for convective clouds. This is made possible by the coincident use of three components of GOES data: 1) a cumulus cloud “mask” at 1-km resolution using VIS and IR data, 2) satellite-derived atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) for tracking individual cumulus clouds, and 3) IR brightness temperature (TB) and multispectral band-differencing time trends. In effect, these techniques isolate only the cumulus convection in satellite imagery, track moving cumulus convection, and evaluate various IR cloud properties in time. Convective initiation is predicted by accumulating information within a satellite pixel that is attributed to the first occurrence of a ≥35 dBZ radar echo. Through the incorporation of satellite tracking of moving cumulus clouds, this work represents a significant advance in the use of routinely available GOES data for monitoring aspects of cumulus clouds important for nowcasting CI (0–1-h forecasts). Once cumulus cloud tracking is established, eight predictor fields based on Lagrangian trends in IR data are used to characterize cloud conditions consistent with CI. Cumulus cloud pixels for which ≥7 of the 8 CI indicators are satisfied are labeled as having high CI potential, assuming an extrapolation of past trends into the future. Comparison to future WSR-88D imagery then measures the method's predictive skill. Convective initiation predictability is demonstrated using several convective events—one during IHOP_2002—that occur over a variety of synoptic and mesoscale forcing regimes.
Dryline on 19 June 2002 during IHOP. Part I: Airborne Doppler and LEANDRE II Analyses of the Thin Line Structure and Convection Initiation
Authors: Murphey Hanne V. , Wakimoto Roger M. , Flamant Cyrille , Kingsmill David E.
Published: February 2006

The evolution and finescale structure of a dryline that initiated a line of thunderstorms is presented. Both the along-line variability and mean vertical structure were examined using data collected by an airborne Doppler radar and a water vapor differential absorption lidar (DIAL). The initiation of convection appeared to result from the diurnally induced easterly flow in the maritime air east of the dryline that typically develops late in the day. This flow increased the low-level convergence and allowed rising parcels of air to reach the level of free convection. The along-line variability was largely attributed to numerous misocyclones distorting the thin line of radar reflectivity by advecting dry (moist) air across the dryline south (north) of the misocyclone. The misocyclones also influenced the location of the updrafts, with most of the peak values positioned north of the circulations. As a result, these updrafts were fortuitously positioned in regions of high mixing ratio where the first convective cells initiated.
Simulation of Convective Initiation during IHOP_2002 Using the Flux-Adjusting Surface Data Assimilation System (FASDAS)
Authors: Childs Peter P. , Qureshi Aneela L. , Raman Sethu , Alapaty Kiran , Ellis Robb , Boyles Ryan , Niyogi Dev
Published: February 2006

The Flux-Adjusting Surface Data Assimilation System (FASDAS) uses the surface observational analysis to directly assimilate surface layer temperature and water vapor mixing ratio and to indirectly assimilate soil moisture and soil temperature in numerical model predictions. Both soil moisture and soil temperature are important variables in the development of deep convection. In this study, FASDAS coupled within the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) was used to study convective initiation over the International H2O Project (IHOP_2002) region, utilizing the analyzed surface observations collected during IHOP_2002. Two 72-h numerical simulations were performed. A control simulation was run that assimilated all available IHOP_2002 measurements into the standard MM5 four-dimensional data assimilation. An experimental simulation was also performed that assimilated all available IHOP_2002 measurements into the FASDAS version of the MM5, where surface observations were used for the FASDAS coupling. Results from this case study suggest that the use of FASDAS in the experimental simulation led to the generation of greater amounts of precipitation over a more widespread area as compared to the standard MM5 FDDA used in the control simulation. This improved performance is attributed to better simulation of surface heat fluxes and their gradients.
Relationship between a Weakening Cold Front, Misocyclones, and Cloud Development on 10 June 2002 during IHOP
Authors: Arnott Nettie R. , Richardson Yvette P. , Wurman Joshua M. , Rasmussen Erik M.
Published: February 2006

The finescale structure and evolution of a cold front in the presence of small-scale circulations are examined using overdetermined dual-Doppler syntheses of mobile radar data along with thermodynamic data and cloud imagery collected on 10 June 2002 during the International H2O Project (IHOP). Linear clear-air reflectivity maxima and open cellular convection intersect the cold front, causing spatial variations in convergence along the front. Small-scale vertical vorticity maxima (misocyclones) often are coincident with these intersections and are associated with vertical velocity maxima.

Throughout the deployment, trajectory analyses indicate that parcels entering the frontal circulation travel predominately in the along-front direction. During the first hour of the deployment, upward motion is nearly continuous along the front. Consequently, parcels remain in regions of upward motion as they move along the front, and many eventually ascend to cloud base. In response, a line of cumulus clouds develops along the front.

Later in the deployment, however, enhanced warming behind the cold front causes the frontal circulation to weaken. Small-scale features such as misocyclones play a larger role in organizing upward motion along the front than when the front was stronger. Misocyclones contort the weakened cold front and are associated with kinks in radar reflectivity and fractures in upward motion. Parcels moving along the front now experience regions of both upward and downward forcing due to this fracturing. Hence, many of these parcels do not retain upward motion long enough to reach cloud base, and clouds along the cold front dissipate in the dry air above the boundary layer. Parcels that remain coincident with upward motion maxima, such as those maxima associated with misocyclones, however, often still reach the top of the radar domain and presumably cloud base.
The “Triple Point” on 24 May 2002 during IHOP. Part I: Airborne Doppler and LASE Analyses of the Frontal Boundaries and Convection Initiation
Authors: Wakimoto Roger M. , Murphey Hanne V. , Browell Edward V. , Ismail Syed
Published: February 2006

An analysis of the initiation of deep convection near the triple point between a cold front and dryline is presented. High-spatial-resolution Doppler wind syntheses combined with vertical cross sections of mixing ratio (q) and aerosol scattering ratio retrieved from a lidar flying over the triple point provide an unprecedented view of the initiation process. The Doppler wind synthesis revealed variability along the dryline similar to the precipitation core/gap structure documented for oceanic cold fronts. Vertical cross sections through the dryline suggest a density current–like structure with the hot and dry air being forced up and over the moist air. Double thin lines associated with moisture gradients were also resolved. The vertical profile of retrieved q, approximately perpendicular to the dryline, showed a pronounced jump in the depth of the moisture layer across the triple point. Analyses of dropsonde data show the existence of virtual potential temperature (θV) gradients across the cold front and the dryline. Although the vertical velocity was strong at the triple point, deep convection initiated ∼50 km to the east. The location where convection first developed was characterized by a prominent aerosol and moisture plume, reduced static stability, and the largest potential instability. An internal gravity wave may have provided the lift to initiate convection.
A Review of Convection Initiation and Motivation for IHOP_2002
Authors: Weckwerth Tammy M. , Parsons David B.
Published: February 2006

The International H2O Project (IHOP_2002) included four complementary research components: quantitative precipitation forecasting, convection initiation, atmospheric boundary layer processes, and instrumentation. This special issue introductory paper will review the current state of knowledge on surface-forced convection initiation and then describe some of the outstanding issues in convection initiation that partially motivated IHOP_2002. Subsequent papers in this special issue will illustrate the value of combining varied and complementary datasets to study convection initiation in order to address the outstanding issues discussed in this paper and new questions that arose from IHOP_2002 observations.

The review will focus on convection initiation by boundaries that are prevalent in the U.S. southern Great Plains. Boundary layer circulations, which are sometimes precursors to deep convective development, are clearly observed by radar as reflectivity fine lines and/or convergence in Doppler velocity. The corresponding thermodynamic distribution, particularly the moisture field, is not as readily measured. During IHOP_2002, a variety of sensors capable of measuring atmospheric water vapor were brought together in an effort to sample the three-dimensional time-varying moisture field and determine its impact on forecasting convection initiation. The strategy included examining convection initiation with targeted observations aimed at sampling regions forecast to be ripe for initiation, primarily along frontal zones, drylines, and their mergers.

A key aspect of these investigations was the combination of varied moisture measurements with the detailed observations of the wind field, as presented in many of the subsequent papers in this issue. For example, the high-resolution measurements are being used to better understand the role of misocyclones on convection initiation. The analyses are starting to elucidate the value of new datasets, including satellite products and radar refractivity retrievals. Data assimilation studies using some of the state-of-the-art datasets from IHOP_2002 are already proving to be quite promising.
Finescale Radar Observations of the 22 May 2002 Dryline during the International H2O Project (IHOP)
Authors: Weiss Christopher C. , Bluestein Howard B. , Pazmany Andrew L.
Published: February 2006

The dryline has long been associated with the development of severe thunderstorms in the southern plains during the spring and early summer months. The propagation and structure of the dryline are closely tied to surface processes that are neither well understood nor well resolved with current observational capabilities. As a result, there are often large errors in forecasts of dryline position and structure.

Improvements in radar technology have allowed for better observations of the dryline in recent years. Here, very finescale radar observations taken with the University of Massachusetts—Amherst (UMass) mobile W-band radar during an International H2O Project (IHOP) double-dryline event on 22 May 2002 in the Oklahoma panhandle are presented. The observations are placed in the context of the dryline secondary circulation, which describes flow in a plane normal to the dryline. The narrow, half-power beamwidth of the antenna on the W band (0.18°) permitted the measurements of channels of upward (8–9 m s−1 over a horizontal distance of 50–100 m) and downward vertical velocity, greater in absolute magnitude than that previously reported in dryline field studies.

A ground-based variational pseudo-multiple-Doppler processing technique is introduced, which is used to decompose time series of RHI velocity data into horizontal and vertical wind components. The technique is applied to a retrograding dryline from 22 May 2002. Finescale structure of the retreating dryline interface is presented.
Summary of Convective Storm Initiation and Evolution during IHOP: Observational and Modeling Perspective
Authors: Wilson James W. , Roberts Rita D.
Published: February 2006

The data-rich International H2O Project (IHOP_2002) experiment is used to study convective storm initiation and subsequent evolution for all days of the experiment. Initiation episodes were almost evenly divided between those triggered along surface-based convergence lines and elevated initiation episodes that showed no associated surface convergence. The elevated episodes occurred mostly at night, and the surface-based episodes occurred during the afternoon and evening. Surface-based initiations were mostly associated with synoptic fronts and gust fronts and less so with drylines and bores. Elevated initiations were frequently associated with observable convergent or confluent features in the Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) wind analysis fields between 900 and 600 hPa. The RUC10 3-h forecast of the precipitation initiation episodes were correct 44% of the time, allowing a tolerance of 250 km in space and for the forecast being early by one period. However, the accuracy was closely tied to the scale of the initiation mechanism, being highest for synoptic frontal features and lowest for gust fronts.

Gust fronts were a primary feature influencing the evolution of the initiated storms. Almost one-half of the storm complexes associated with initiation episodes did not produce surface gust fronts. Storm systems that did not produce gust fronts most often lived 2–6 h while those that did frequently lived at least 8 h. The largest and longest-lived storm complexes had well-developed intense gust fronts that influenced the propagation of the storm system. The RUC10 was generally not successful in forecasting the evolution and motion of the larger, more intense storm complexes; presumably this was because it did not produce strong gust fronts.

Implications for forecasting convective storm initiation and evolution are discussed.
Four-Dimensional Variational Assimilation of Water Vapor Differential Absorption Lidar Data: The First Case Study within IHOP_2002
Authors: Wulfmeyer Volker , Bauer Hans-Stefan , Grzeschik Matthias , Behrendt Andreas , Vandenberghe Francois , Browell Edward V. , Ismail Syed , Ferrare Richard A.
Published: February 2006

Four-dimensional variational assimilation of water vapor differential absorption lidar (DIAL) data has been applied for investigating their impact on the initial water field for mesoscale weather forecasting. A case that was observed during the International H2O Project (IHOP_2002) has been selected. During 24 May 2002, data from the NASA Lidar Atmospheric Sensing Experiment were available upstream of a convective system that formed later along the dryline and a cold front. Tools were developed for routinely assimilating water vapor DIAL data into the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5). The results demonstrate a large impact on the initial water vapor field. This is due to the high resolution and accuracy of DIAL data making the observation of the high spatial variability of humidity in the region of the dryline and of the cold front possible. The water vapor field is mainly adjusted by a modification of the atmospheric wind field changing the moisture transport. A positive impact of the improved initial fields on the spatial/temporal prediction of convective initiation is visible. The results demonstrate the high value of accurate, vertically resolved mesoscale water vapor observations and advanced data assimilation systems for short-range weather forecasting.
A High-Resolution Modeling Study of the 24 May 2002 Dryline Case during IHOP. Part I: Numerical Simulation and General Evolution of the Dryline and Convection
Authors: Xue Ming , Martin William J.
Published: February 2006

Results from a high-resolution numerical simulation of the 24 May 2002 dryline convective initiation (CI) case are presented. The simulation uses a 400 km × 700 km domain with a 1-km horizontal resolution grid nested inside a 3-km domain and starts from an assimilated initial condition at 1800 UTC. Routine as well as special upper-air and surface observations collected during the International H2O Project (IHOP_2002) are assimilated into the initial condition. The initiation of convective storms at around 2015 UTC along a section of the dryline south of the Texas panhandle is correctly predicted, as is the noninitiation of convection at a cold-front–dryline intersection (triple point) located farther north. The timing and location of predicted CI are accurate to within 20 min and 25 km, respectively. The general evolution of the predicted convective line up to 6 h of model time also verifies well.

Mesoscale convergence associated with the confluent flow around the dryline is shown to produce an upward moisture bulge, while surface heating and boundary layer mixing are responsible for the general deepening of the boundary layer. These processes produce favorable conditions for convection but the actual triggering of deep moist convection at specific locations along the dryline depends on localized forcing. Interaction of the primary dryline convergence boundary with horizontal convective rolls on its west side provides such localized forcing, while convective eddies on the immediate east side are suppressed by a downward mesoscale dryline circulation. A companion paper analyzes in detail the exact processes of convective initiation along this dryline.
Demanding Quality: Worker/Consumer Coalitions and “High Road” Strategies in the Care Sector
Authors: Folbre Nancy
Published: February 2006

Paid care services such as child care, elder care, teaching, and nursing are vulnerable to competitive pressures that often generate low-pay/low-quality outcomes. Both workers and consumers suffer as a result. This article develops an economic analysis of the “care sector” that emphasizes the potential to build political coalitions that could push for a high-pay/high-quality alternative.
Culture Change Management in Long-Term Care: A Shop-Floor View
Authors: Lopez Steven Henry
Published: February 2006

Advocates of culture-change management suggest that the right sort of managerial philosophy can transform nursing homes from impersonal institutions into safe, caring communities. However, participant observation carried out at Heartland Community, a nonprofit culture-change nursing home, suggests that culture change founders on the structural problem of inadequate staffing. Resource limitations imposed by Medicaid and Medicare reimbursement rates mean that even nonprofit facilities desiring to maximize staffing cannot afford to hire enough staff to live up to basic care standards. Thus, above-average staffing notwithstanding, Heartland's nursing aides could not complete their work on time without compromising the quality of care by breaking important care rules. Resource limitations also forced management to adopt a series of punitive personnel policies that actively undercut the rhetoric and aims of culture change, turning culture change into a rhetorical device for shifting blame for care problems fromstructural resource limitations onto the attitudes of nursing aides.
Organizing Home Care: Low-Waged Workers in the Welfare State
Authors: Boris Eileen , Klein Jennifer
Published: February 2006

Unionization of home care has depended on the state location of the occupation. Government social policies and funding created home care, shaping the structure of the industry and the conditions of work. The welfare nexus, linking old age, disability, health, and welfare policies, however, also transformed care hidden in the home into a public service. Through case studies of California and Oregon, leaders in deinstitutionalizing care of the elderly and disabled, we explore the social struggles that forced the state to recognize its invisible workforce. The home location of personal attendants and other health aides has entailed not only organizing challenges but policy innovation as well. Using the welfare state location of the labor, workers allied with consumers to develop the public authority as a newstructure of representation. The history of home care shows that social welfare and health policy have long been entangled with labor policy.
Who Pays? The Visible and Invisible Costs of Child Care
Authors: Meyers Marcia K. , Durfee Alesha
Published: February 2006

Although the majority of young children now spend time in nonparental child care, we know relatively little about who provides this care and how its costs are distributed among parents, government, and other family members. In this article we use data from a survey of New York City families with children younger than six to estimate the contribution of parental expenditures, government assistance, and the market value of “donated” caregiving time by family, friends, and relatives. We conclude that uncompensated caregivers provide a substantial share of child care that is “invisible” in conventional economic measures.
The Dynamics of a Prison-Based Therapeutic Community for Women Offenders
Authors: Mosher Clayton , Phillips Dretha
Published: February 2006

Research has demonstrated that there is a strong relationship between substance abuse and various forms of criminal activity and that drug treatment is effective in reducing crime among substance abusers. Yet, there is a large discrepancy between the number of individuals in the criminal justice system who need treatment and the number of treatment slots available. Indications are that women offenders are even more underserviced with respect to drug treatment than are male offenders. Qualitative data are used here to examine the day-today operations of a prison-based therapeutic community forwomen offenders, with a particular focus on external constraints on the community. Quantitative data are used to examine completion rates and outcomes forwomen in the program, yielding a clear inference that the program was effective in reducing recidivism among its participants.
Social Support, Gender, and Inmate Adjustment to Prison Life
Authors: Jiang Shanhe , Winfree L. Thomas
Published: February 2006

Although living in prison is difficult for all inmates, anecdotal evidence and a small number of qualitative studies on women's prisons suggest that females have greater social support needs while incarcerated. This claim is important for a more complete understanding of adjustment to prisons. In particular, extra and intrainstitutional social support mechanisms may reduce the inmate-perceived stresses associated with imprisonment and yield fewer official rule infractions. Using a multilevel analysis, the authors explore ties between social support mechanisms and reported rules infractions of a nationally representative sample of male and female state prison inmates. Findings suggest that female inmates experienced more social support than did their male counterparts. Some of the included social support mechanisms seem to affect inmates'adjustment to prison, and the effect of marital status on misconduct varies by gender. The implications of these findings for understanding prison life and for prison administrators are also examined.
Improving Early Engagement and Treatment Readiness of Probationers
Authors: Czuchry Michael , Sia Tiffiny L. , Dansereau Donald F.
Published: February 2006

The current study examined the effectiveness of motivational activities designed to improve early treatment engagement for probationers receiving substance abuse treatment and differential effects on males and females. A total of 294 probationers either received treatment as usual (standard treatment) or standard treatment enhanced with three 2-hour motivational modules. The results indicated that probationers who received the motivational modules perceived their communities as being more engaged and likely to remain clean and sober compared to probationers who received standard treatment, and this was especially true for female probationers (who, in general, demonstrated higher levels of engagement and readiness for treatment than did males). The results also indicated that the motivational activities helped sustain treatment readiness during the first 3 months of treatment.
Bridging the Power Gap
Authors: Mahoney Annette M. , Daniel Carol Ann
Published: February 2006

Social work intervention with incarcerated female clients is complicated by the oppressive patriarchal structures under which most jails and prisons operate, the victimization histories, and the various psychosocial problems with which female clients frequently present. Traditional ways of xworking with this mostly minority population often fail to challenge the profound effects of self destructive behaviors, the internalized pathologizing self-discourse, and the oppressive societal ideologies that frequently characterize the lives of incarcerated women. This article argues for a new intervention paradigm for social work practice with incarcerated women while recognizing the implicit dictates of the correctional setting. It explores the philosophical foundations of the narrative therapy approach and demonstrates the clinical application of narrative strategies to social work intervention with women within a correctional context.
Correlates of Parental Status and Attitudes Toward Parenting Among Substance-Abusing Women Offenders
Authors: Grella Christine E. , Greenwell Lisa
Published: February 2006

This study examined the correlates of loss of parental rights and attitudes toward parenting among a sample of substance-abusingwomen offenders ( N= 483). One third of the sample had lost parental rights to a child; these mothers were younger, but had more children, were less likely to have ever worked or been married, initiated regular drug use at a younger age, and were more likely to have been in foster care or adopted themselves and to have engaged in sex work. Higher self-efficacy, decision making ability, social conformity, and childhood problems were associated with less risky parental attitudes, whereas depression, lower education, and non-White ethnicity were associated with greater risk. Services that address the psychosocial needs of women offenders may increase the likelihood of successful family reunification following incarceration.
Drug Offenses, Gender, Ethnicity, and Nationality
Authors: Joseph Janice
Published: February 2006

Although imprisonedwomen represent about6% of the total prison population in England and Wales, their numbers have been increasing rapidly during the past several years. Recently, statistics also show that ethnic minorities and foreign-born women are overrepresented in the prison system in Britain. Using the intersectional approach, this article uses official prison data between 1993 and August 2005 to analyze the relationship between ethnicity and nationality and the imprisonment ofwomen in England and Wales. The picture that is presented by the analysis is one in which foreign nationals of ethnic minority background, primarily Blacks, are overrepresented in prison in England and Wales.
Annotation As an Index to Critical Writing
Authors: Liu Keming
Published: February 2006

The differences in the ability to write critical and analytical essays among students with individual annotation styles were investigated. Critical and analytical writing was determined by the writer's ability to respond to a text with logical and critical analysis and attention to its thematic argument. Annotation styles were determined by ways of annotating a text: critical inquiry as skillful and simple highlighting as verbatim. The results indicated that skillful annotators produced more critical and analytical writing samples than did verbatim annotators. Verbatim annotators recycled information rather than analyzing it. The findings are congruent with theories that promote explicit metacognitive skills and support the position that teaching tactics consonant with students' cultural backgrounds are more likely to succeed in fostering critical thinking reflected in writing.
Urban and Nonurban Schools
Authors: Dappen Leon , Isernhagen Jody C.
Published: February 2006

Mentoring programs have proven to provide benefits to youth and are expanding rapidly in schools. There was concern whether the economic and demographic issues of urban communities and schools would limit success of mentoring programs in urban schools as compared to nonurban. This study focuses on Team-Mates, a statewide, school-based, one-to-one, adult-to-youth mentoring program that includes extensive support for program implementation and ongoing operation. Although the program was effective in urban schools in demonstrating positive perceptions of change in students' behavior, the number of matches was less than expected. Needs for future research and resources for implementing a student mentoring program are shared.
State Formation and Urban Finances in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-century Holland
Authors: Van Der Heijden Manon
Published: February 2006

The governments of the Habsburg Empire (1477-1579) and the Dutch Republic (1579) depended largely on taxes imposed on Holland's wealthy cities. The wealth of Holland's cities was used for the needs of the state but only by the consent of the urban governments. Such negotiations benefited both town and ruler. Successful efforts of the province to impose control on urban finances involved the loss of urban financial autonomy, but it did not necessarily harm urban funds. Since it involved the restoration of urban credit as well, the great cities of Holland profited by the increasing provincial control over excises.
Two Urban Celebrations in Jewish Palestine
Authors: Helman Anat
Published: February 2006

The civil religion created by Zionist settlers in Palestine included diverse rituals, among them the main annual public events performed in two Jewish towns: Purim in Tel-Aviv and Bikkurim in Hadar ha-Carmel. Based on various written and visual documents, these urban celebrations are described, analyzed, and compared to reveal ways in which the young Zionist community consolidated its collective identity during the 1920s and 1930s. The discussion includes the rituals' organization, execution, and reception; their formal ideological messages as well as implicit meanings; their socioeconomic facet in addition to their symbolic reading. Although both celebrations shared and expressed the same comprehensive national ideology, each also communicated unique local features, indicating how invented traditions can play important selfdefining and promotional roles in new towns.
Race, Violence, and Urban Territoriality
Authors: Michney Todd M.
Published: February 2006

Aracially motivated shooting during the 1966 Hough uprising in Cleveland, Ohio, provides an effective lens to scrutinize the complicated legacy of racialized violence with which the Little Italy neighborhood, where the shooting took place, had become associated. White residents' localized racial anxieties stemmed from a trend toward increased interracial contact in public spaces and particularly the public schools—which in turn linked to population movements in the nearby vicinity and metropolitan area as a whole. Little Italy's residents historically marked their territory and sought toward off racial residential transition through the use of violence, but ultimately their success depended on location, the neighborhood's unique geography, and an easing of the city's housing shortage for African Americans by the 1970s. Little Italy today is a gentrifying cultural hub with few(if any) black residents; meanwhile, attempts are being made to moderate its reputation for racial intolerance.
Excavating the Postwar Sex District in San Francisco
Authors: Sides Josh
Published: February 2006

This article traces the emergence of the postwar sex district in San Francisco, in particular, and in the metropolitan United States, in general. The author argues that the sex district of the 1960s and 1970swas not simply a relic from the first half of the twentieth century but rather a fundamentally newphenomenon. Infused by the libertinism of the sexual revolution, the eroding legal criteria of “obscenity,” and the immense profitability of pornography and other forms of commercial sexual entertainment, owners of sex businesses brought an element of explicit, public sexuality to the streets of San Francisco and other American cities that had not existed since the nineteenth century—and then only to a much lesser degree. Furthermore, the sex district played a crucial, though relatively unknown, role in municipal politics during the era of urban renewal and redevelopment.
The Economic Impact of Cultural Events
Authors: Herrero Luis César , Sanz José Ángel , Devesa María , Bedate Ana , del Barrio María José
Published: February 2006

The artistic and cultural activities have not only a key cultural and social value, but also an undeniable economic impact. Indeed, it is a fact that the cultural sector represents a productive branch which is growing in importance. The cultural factor is frequently used as a key element for regional and/or economic development. In this vein, this article aims to estimate the economic impact of Salamanca 2002 as the European Capital of Culture, using the methodology provided by the impact studies in two stages: first, through estimating private spending generated by the event's cultural tourism; and second, through calculating the overall economic impact, including the private spending on cultural consumption, public spending directly related to the cultural programme, investment in new equipment and facilities, along with the estimate of the multiplying effects on the overall regional and national economies.
Euro-commentary: Encountering Europe Through Fieldwork
Authors: Smith Fiona M.
Published: February 2006

Debates about geographical practice in Europe are explored through the spaces and practices of an undergraduate field-course in the Costa Blanca in Spain. Students encounter ‘Spain’ and ‘Europe’ through diversely embodied engagements and material encounters with familiarity and difference, inclusion and exclusion, which offer possibilities for de-centring dominant Anglo-American geographies and understanding the diverse practices which produce geographical knowledges.
Making Up Meanings in a Capital City
Authors: Cochrane Allan
Published: February 2006

Much contemporary writing on cities focuses on their position within wider global networks, so there is a risk of underplaying the significance of other aspects of the urban experience.This paper explores the particular role of Berlin as capital city in the making of the (new) Berliner Republic and the ways in which it is defined (and defines itself) within that Republic. Berlin is the (and often literally the building) site on which a new Germany is being constructed. The making up of the new Berlin is dominated by attempts to reinterpret and reimagine its history: it is a city of memorials and of deliberate absences; of remembering and forgetting, or trying to forget; of reshaping the past as well as trying to build a new future. The juxtapositions of urban experience, the layering of memories and the attempt to imagine a different future come together to define Berlin as a contemporary capital city.
Albanian Return-migrants from Greece and Italy
Authors: Labrianidis Lois , Kazazi Brikena
Published: February 2006

The paper focuses on two of the most important challenges that contemporary Albania has to face: emigration, which has divested the country of about one-fifth of its population, and internal migration, resulting in unprecedented spatial disparities devastating most of the country, particularly rural areas, and substantially increasing the population of Tirana and to a lesser extent Durres.This paper specifically addresses the issue of how emigration and internal migration are interrelated; in particular, whether returning Albanian emigrants from the principal destination countries (i.e. Greece and Italy) exacerbate spatial disparities. The paper is based on the empirical findings of a questionnaire survey of 324 respondents conducted in Albania in early 2002 as well as more recent fieldwork conducted in 2004 with more qualitative questionnaires addressed to 39 recent migrants to Tirana. Our empirical findings support the idea that return migration does not exacerbate recently increased spatial disparities within the country, thus placing a further burden on the development trajectory of the country. At most, one might argue that returning migrants, bringing back money with them or having sent back remittances beforehand, may facilitate an ongoing process of internal migration stemming from more fundamental causes such as a search for more job and business opportunities and a better quality of life.
What Makes Collective Goods a Shared Concern?
Authors: Schnabel Annette
Published: February 2006

When dealing with collective phenomena, rational choice theories (RCT) focus mainly on the collective good problem. However, the question of how a collective good becomes a shared concern has not been considered up to now. This article demonstrates theoretical possibilities to answer this question within the frame of reference of RCT. It is argued that issues become shared ones if actors adapt socially shared situational definitions and valuations (e.g. ideologies). This can be understood as a rational choice between several options that provide individual benefits. Such an adaptation occurs only under particular circumstances that can be derived from RCT. At the same time, rational actors influence and shape situational definitions and valuations during the process of adapting them.