bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical Formation and Phase Control of Mg–Cu Alloys
Authors: Chen Zeng , Wang Bei , Li Shengjun , Li Wei , Wei Chaochao , Jia Xiyang , Zhang Weifeng
Published: October 2015

Mg–Cu alloys with different phases were electrodeposited in a molten LiCl–KCl eutectic mixture containing a small amount (0.5 mol %) of MgCl2 at 673 K. The electrochemical behavior of the MgII ion and alloy formation processes were studied at inert molybdenum (Mo) and active copper (Cu) electrodes in the molten salts, respectively. Different electrochemical techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry, square‐wave voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and open‐circuit potentiometry were carried out to investigate the electrochemical formation mechanism of Mg–Cu alloys. Three signals, corresponding to the formation of metal Mg and two different Mg–Cu alloy phases, are observed when using cyclic voltammetry, square‐wave voltammetry, and open‐circuit potentiometry. Chronoamperometry studies indicate the different interfacial properties of the magnesium metal versus the Mg–Cu alloys. The results of X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy show that the MgCu2 and Mg2Cu phases could be obtained at −2.30 and −2.38 V (vs. Pt), respectively.
Development of an Enyne Metathesis/Isomerization/Diels–Alder One‐Pot Reaction for the Synthesis of a Novel Near‐Infrared (NIR) Dye Core
Authors: Yamashita Kohei , Fujii Yuki , Yoshioka Shohei , Aoyama Hiroshi , Tsujino Hirofumi , Uno Tadayuki , Fujioka Hiromichi , Arisawa Mitsuhiro
Published: October 2015

N‐Alkyl‐N‐allyl‐2‐alkynylaniline derivatives undergo a tandem ring‐closing enyne metathesis/isomerization/Diels–Alder cycloaddition sequence in the presence of a second‐generation Grubbs catalyst and dienophiles. In practice, the acyclic enyne in the presence of the ruthenium alkylidene first undergoes ring‐closing metathesis to generate cyclic 4‐vinyl‐1,2‐dihydroquinolines; following diene isomerization and then the addition of a dienophile, these ring‐closing metathesis products are selectively converted into a 7‐methyl‐4H‐naphtho[3,2,1‐de]quinoline‐8,11‐dione core. Overall, the reaction sequence converts simple aniline derivatives into π‐conjugated small molecules, which have characteristic absorption in the near‐infrared region, in a single operation through three unique ruthenium‐catalyzed transformations.
Strong Fluorescent Smart Organogel as a Dual Sensing Material for Volatile Acid and Organic Amine Vapors
Authors: Xue Pengchong , Yao Boqi , Wang Panpan , Gong Peng , Zhang Zhenqi , Lu Ran
Published: October 2015

An L‐phenylalanine derivative (C12PhBPCP) consisting of a strong emission fluorophore with benzoxazole and cyano groups is designed and synthesized to realize dual responses to volatile acid and organic amine vapors. The photophysical properties and self‐assembly of the said derivative in the gel phase are also studied. C12PhBPCP can gelate organic solvents and self‐assemble into 1 D nanofibers in the gels. UV/Vis absorption spectral results show H‐aggregate formation during gelation, which indicates strong exciton coupling between fluorophores. Both wet gel and xerogel emit strong green fluorescence because the cyano group suppresses fluorescence quenching in the self‐assemblies. Moreover, the xerogel film with strong green fluorescence can be used as a dual chemosensor for quantitative detection of volatile acid and organic amine vapors with fast response times and low detection limits owing to its large surface area and amplified fluorescence quenching. The detection limits are 796 ppt and 25 ppb for gaseous aniline and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), respectively.
Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Acetoxime Directed ortho‐Arylation of Aromatic Alcohols
Authors: Guo Kun , Chen Xiaolan , Zhang Jingyu , Zhao Yingsheng
Published: October 2015

Biaryls, which contained a benzyloxy motif, were directly constructed through a ligand‐promoted PdII‐catalyzed ortho‐arylation of masked aromatic alcohols. A variety of acetoxime ethers could be coupled with a diverse range of arylboronic acid pinocol esters, giving direct access to bioactive biaryls in modest to good yield. Not only could acetoxime be subsequently removed without a separation, functionalized hydroxylamine derivatives could also be obtained.
New Routes to a Series of σ‐Borane/Borate Complexes of Molybdenum and Ruthenium
Authors: Ramalakshmi Rongala , Saha Koushik , Roy Dipak Kumar , Varghese Babu , Phukan Ashwini K. , Ghosh Sundargopal
Published: October 2015

A series of agostic σ‐borane/borate complexes have been synthesized and structurally characterized from simple borane adducts. A room‐temperature reaction of [Cp*Mo(CO)3Me], 1 with Li[BH3(EPh)] (Cp*=pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, E=S, Se, Te) yielded hydroborate complexes [Cp*Mo(CO)2(μ‐H)BH2EPh] in good yields. With 2‐mercapto‐benzothiazole, an N,S‐carbene‐anchored σ‐borate complex [Cp*Mo(CO)2BH3(1‐benzothiazol‐2‐ylidene)] (5) was isolated. Further, a transmetalation of the B‐agostic ruthenium complex [Cp*Ru(μ‐H)BHL2] (6, L=C7H4NS2) with [Mn2(CO)10] affords a new B‐agostic complex, [Mn(CO)3(μ‐H)BHL2] (7) with the same structural motif in which the central metal is replaced by an isolobal and isoelectronic [Mn(CO)3] unit. Natural‐bond‐orbital analyses of 5–7 indicate significant delocalization of the electron density from the filled σBH orbital to the vacant metal orbital.
A Covalent Organic Helical Cage with Remarkable Chiroptical Amplification
Authors: Míguez‐Lago Sandra , Llamas‐Saiz Antonio L. , Magdalena Cid M. , Alonso‐Gómez J. Lorenzo
Published: October 2015

Purely organic shape‐persistent chiral cages are designed through the use of rigid chiral axes. Covalent dimerization of a tripodal fragment bearing chiral allenes forms a molecular twisted prism with loop‐like lateral edges presenting 10‐fold chiroptical amplification compared to its isolated building blocks. The expected geometry of covalent organic helical cage (M,M)3‐1 was confirmed by X‐ray crystal structure analysis. Comparison of the chiroptical responses of this shape‐persistent molecular container with more flexible analogues highlights how the control of the conformational freedom of the molecule can be used to obtain molecular cages with strong chiroptical responses. Selective inclusion‐complex formation with ferrocenium ions [(P,P)3‐1@Fc+] was confirmed and quantified with HR‐ESI‐MS and NMR spectroscopy.
Unusually Strong Long‐Distance Metal–Metal Coupling in Bis(ferrocene)‐Containing BOPHY: An Introduction to Organometallic BOPHYs
Authors: Rhoda Hannah M. , Chanawanno Kullapa , King Alexander J. , Zatsikha Yuriy V. , Ziegler Christopher J. , Nemykin Victor N.
Published: October 2015

The first organometallic BOPHY (BOPHY=bis(difluoroboron)‐1,2‐bis{(pyrrol‐2‐yl)methylene}hydrazine) containing two ferrocene substituents was prepared through a Knoevenagel condensation between tetramethyl substituted BOPHY and ferrocene carboxaldehyde. An unprecedentedly strong long‐range (≈17.2 Å) metal–metal coupling in this new complex was investigated using electrochemical, spectroelectrochemical, and chemical oxidation methods. Electrochemical data is indicative of a 200 mV separation between the first and the second ferrocene‐centered oxidation processes. Formation of the mixed‐valence states and appearance and disappearance of two NIR bands were observed during stepwise oxidation of the first organometallic BOPHY. The electronic structure and the nature of the excited states in this new chromophore were studied by DFT and TDDFT calculations.
Controlled Extraction of Flavonoids From Radix Scutellariae by Subcritical Water
Authors: Cheng Yan , Qu Shaofeng , Wang Zhenhua , Xue Fumin , Li Fuwei
Published: October 2015

The extraction of baicalin, wogonoside, baicalein, and wogonin from Radix Scutellariae was performed using subcritical water and conventional extraction. Compared with ethanol extraction, subcritical water extraction required shorter extraction time, yielded a higher efficiency, and required less extraction solvent. The stability of four flavonoids under subcritical water conditions was investigated, and the extraction products can be controlled through adjusting the properties of subcritical water, namely the selective extraction of some important components. The effects of key operation conditions including extraction temperature (110 to −160 °C), extraction time (10–90 min), water loadings (2.0–4.5 mL), and particle sizes (>20 to <100 mesh) were evaluated. The highest extraction yields of baicalin and wogonoside were obtained at extraction temperature of 12 °C, extraction time of 60 min, water loadings of 4 mL, and 60–100 mesh. The highest extraction yields of baicalein and wogonin were obtained at extraction temperature of 16 °C, extraction time of 20 min, water loadings of 4 mL, and 60–100 mesh.
Interactive Effects of Tetracyclines and Copper on Plant Growth and Nutrient Uptake by Eichhornia crassipes
Authors: Lu Xin , Gao Yan , Luo Jia , Yan Shaohua , Wang Tong , Liu Lizhu , Zhang Zhenhua
Published: October 2015

A hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate the growth and nutrient uptake by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) under the combined stress of typical veterinary antibiotic tetracyclines (TCs) with copper (Cu). Although E. crassipes proved relatively high tolerance to the co‐contamination of Cu and TCs, the plant growth and nutrient uptake were significantly and interactively influenced by co‐contamination between Cu and TCs after 20 days of growth. The inhibitory effects of Cu or TCs were more evident on physiological parameters than morphological parameters. An increase in the concentrations of Cu or TCs in solution was associated with a greater decrease in plant growth and nutrient uptake. The growth of shoots and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) uptake by shoots were less affected by Cu/TCs compared to roots. The inhibitory effect of TCs on plants growth and nutrient uptake was much stronger than that of Cu, but the opposite was true for N and P concentrations in plant tissues. The mixture of TCs with the low‐Cu showed a reduction in plant growth and nutrient uptake compared with the sole treatments of TCs; while the inhibition was alleviated with increases of Cu concentrations in solution. Therefore, the interactive effects of TCs and Cu should be taken into consideration to achieve a better knowledge on phytotoxicity and bioavailability of co‐contamination between antibiotics and heavy metals to aquatic plants.
Complementing Crystallography with Ultralow‐Frequency Raman Spectroscopy: Structural Insights into Nitrile‐Functionalized Ionic Liquids
Authors: Chen Hong‐Kai , Srivastava Nitin , Saha Satyen , Shigeto Shinsuke
Published: October 2015

Functionalized ionic liquids are a subclass of ionic liquids that are tailored for a specific application. Structural characterization in both solid and liquid phases is central to understanding their physical properties. Here, we used ultralow‐frequency Raman spectroscopy, which can measure Raman spectra down to approximately 5 cm−1, to study the structures and physical properties of 1‐(4‐cyanobenzyl)‐3‐methylimidazolium salts with five different anions. A comparison of the observed low‐frequency Raman spectral patterns enabled us to predict the crystal symmetry of one of the synthesized salts for which single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data were unobtainable. Real‐time tracking of the low‐frequency Raman spectral changes during melting revealed peak shifts indicative of different degrees of microscopic heterogeneity in the ionic liquids. The results show that our method provides a facile means that is complementary to X‐ray crystallography, for obtaining structural information of ionic liquids.
BER minimization for dual‐polarized wireless systems with polarization‐domain rotation
Authors: Noh Gosan , Bahng Seungjae , Park Youn‐Ok
Published: October 2015

We consider the problem of bit error rate (BER) degradation because of the power gain imbalance between horizontal (H)‐polarization and vertical (V)‐polarization components in an orthogonal dual‐polarization transmission system. To alleviate the aforementioned BER degradation problem, we propose a non‐orthogonal polarization‐domain rotation scheme where the axes of H‐polarization and V‐polarization components are rotated with different angles at the transmitter and de‐rotated at the receiver. In addition, in order to assess the effectiveness of the polarization‐domain rotation scheme, we derive the closed‐form BER expression under a practical dual‐polarized channel model, which is represented by cross‐polarization ratio and co‐polarization ratio (CPR). We also derive the approximated BER expressions for the two asymptotic values of CPR: balanced CPR and infinite CPR. With the derived BER expressions, we find the optimal rotation angles that jointly minimize the BER. According to the numerical results, it is shown that about 3dB Eb/N0 gain is obtained at the BER of 10−4 and the CPR of 10dB by the polarization‐domain rotation scheme with optimal rotation angles compared with the conventional orthogonal dual‐polarization transmission. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute Charcot neuro‐osteoarthropathy
Authors: Petrova NL , Edmonds ME
Published: October 2015

Charcot neuro‐osteoarthropathy (CN) is one of the most challenging foot complications in diabetes. Common predisposing and precipitating factors include neuropathy and increased mechanical forces, fracture and bone resorption, trauma and inflammation.

In the last 15 years, considerable progress has been made in the early recognition of the acute Charcot foot when the X ray is still negative (stage 0 or incipient Charcot foot). Recent advances in imaging modalities have enabled the detection of initial signs of inflammation and underlying bone damage before overt bone and joint destruction has occurred. Casting therapy remains the mainstay of medical therapy of acute CN. If timely instituted, offloading can arrest disease activity and prevent foot deformity. In cases with severe deformity, modern surgical techniques can correct the unstable deformity for improved functional outcome and limb survival.

Emerging new studies into the cellular mechanisms of severe bone destruction have furthered our understanding of the mechanisms of pathological bone and joint destruction in CN. It is hoped that these studies may provide a scientific basis for new interventions with biological agents. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A shift in priority in diabetic foot care and research: 75% of foot ulcers are preventable
Authors: Bus Sicco A. , van Netten Jaap J.
Published: October 2015

Diabetic foot ulceration poses a heavy burden on the patient and the healthcare system, but prevention thereof receives little attention. For every euro spent on ulcer prevention, ten are spent on ulcer healing, and for every randomized controlled trial conducted on prevention, ten are conducted on healing. In this article, we argue that a shift in priorities is needed. For the prevention of a first foot ulcer, we need more insight into the effect of interventions and practices already applied globally in many settings. This requires systematic recording of interventions and outcomes, and well‐designed randomized controlled trials that include analysis of cost‐effectiveness. After healing of a foot ulcer, the risk of recurrence is high. For the prevention of a recurrent foot ulcer, home monitoring of foot temperature, pressure‐relieving therapeutic footwear, and certain surgical interventions prove to be effective. The median effect size found in a total of 23 studies on these interventions is large, over 60%, and further increases when patients are adherent to treatment. These interventions should be investigated for efficacy as a state‐of‐the‐art integrated foot care approach, where attempts are made to assure treatment adherence. Effect sizes of 75–80% may be expected. If such state‐of‐the‐art integrated foot care is implemented, the majority of problems with foot ulcer recurrence in diabetes can be resolved. It is therefore time to act and to set a new target in diabetic foot care. This target is to reduce foot ulcer incidence with at least 75%. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The diabetic foot in 2015: an overview
Authors: Markakis K. , Bowling F. L. , Boulton A. J. M.
Published: October 2015

In 2015, it can be said that the diabetic foot is no longer the Cinderella of diabetic complications. Thirty years ago there was little evidence‐based research taking place on the diabetic foot, and there were no international meetings addressing this topic. Since then, the biennial Malvern Diabetic Foot meetings started in 1986, the American Diabetes Association founded their Foot Council in 1987, and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes established a Foot Study Group in 1998. The first International Symposium on the Diabetic Foot in The Netherlands was convened in 1991, and this was soon followed by the establishment of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot that has produced useful guidelines in several areas of investigation and the management of diabetic foot problems. There has been an exponential rise in publications on diabetic foot problems in high impact factor journals, and a comprehensive evidence‐base now exists for many areas of treatment. Despite the extensive evidence available, it, unfortunately, remains difficult to demonstrate that most types of education are efficient in reducing the incidence of foot ulcers. However, there is evidence that education as part of a multi‐disciplinary approach to diabetic foot ulceration plays a pivotal role in incidence reduction. With respect to treatment, strong evidence exists that offloading is the best modality for healing plantar neuropathic foot ulcers, and there is also evidence from two randomized controlled trials to support the use of negative‐pressure wound therapy in complex post‐surgical diabetic foot wounds. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy exhibits the same evidence level and strength of recommendation. International guidelines exist on the management of infection in the diabetic foot. Many randomized trials have been performed, and these have shown that the agents studied generally produced comparable results, with the exception of one study in which tigecycline was shown to be clinically inferior to ertapenem ± vancomycin. Similarly, there are numerous types of wound dressings that might be used in treatment and which have shown efficacy, but no single type (or brand) has shown superiority over others. Peripheral artery disease is another major contributory factor in the development of ulceration, and its presence is a strong predictor of non‐healing and amputation. Despite the proliferation of endovascular procedures in addition to open revascularization, many patients continue to suffer from severely impaired perfusion and exhaust all treatment options. Finally, the question of the true aetiopathogenesis of Charcot neuroarthropathy remains enigmatic, although much work is currently being undertaken in this area. In this area, it is most important to remember that a clinically uninfected, warm, insensate foot in a diabetic patient should be considered as a Charcot foot until proven otherwise, and, as such, treated with offloading, preferably in a cast. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rainbow trout in seasonal environments: phenotypic trade‐offs across a gradient in winter duration
Authors: Lea Ellen V. , Mee Jonathan A. , Post John R. , Rogers Sean M. , Mogensen Stephanie
Published: October 2015

Survival through periods of resource scarcity depends on the balance between metabolic demands and energy storage. The opposing effects of predation and starvation mortality are predicted to result in trade‐offs between traits that optimize fitness during periods of resource plenty (e.g., during the growing season) and those that optimize fitness during periods of resource scarcity (e.g., during the winter). We conducted a common environment experiment with two genetically distinct strains of rainbow trout to investigate trade‐offs due to (1) the balance of growth and predation risk related to foraging rate during the growing season and (2) the allocation of energy to body size prior to the winter. Fry (age 0) from both strains were stocked into replicate natural lakes at low and high elevation that differed in winter duration (i.e., ice cover) by 59 days. Overwinter survival was lowest in the high‐elevation lakes for both strains. Activity rate and growth rate were highest at high elevation, but growing season survival did not differ between strains or between environments. Hence, we did not observe a trade‐off between growth and predation risk related to foraging rate. Growth rate also differed significantly between the strains across both environments, which suggests that growth rate is involved in local adaptation. There was not, however, a difference between strains or between environments in energy storage. Hence, we did not observe a trade‐off between growth and storage. Our findings suggest that intrinsic metabolic rate, which affects a trade‐off between growth rate and overwinter survival, may influence local adaptation in organisms that experience particularly harsh winter conditions (e.g., extended periods trapped beneath the ice in high‐elevation lakes) in some parts of their range.
Mast cells have no impact on cutaneous leishmaniasis severity and related Th2 differentiation in resistant and susceptible mice
Authors: Paul Christoph , Wolff Svenja , Zapf Thea , Raifer Hartmann , Feyerabend Thorsten B. , Bollig Nadine , Camara Bärbel , Trier Claudia , Schleicher Ulrike , Rodewald Hans‐Reimer , Lohoff Michael
Published: October 2015

The genus leishmania comprises different protozoan parasites which are causative agents of muco‐cutaneous and systemic, potentially lethal diseases. After infection with the species Leishmania major, resistant mice expand Th1 cells which stimulate macrophages for Leishmania destruction. In contrast, susceptible mice generate Th2 cells which deactivate macrophages, leading to systemic spread of the pathogens. Th‐cell differentiation is determined within the first days, and Th2 cell differentiation requires IL‐4, whereby the initial IL‐4 source is often unknown. Mast cells are potential sources of IL‐4, and hence their role in murine leishmaniasis has previously been studied in mast cell‐deficient Kit mutant mice, although these mice display immunological phenotypes beyond mast cell deficiency. We therefore readdressed this question by infecting Kit‐independent mast cell‐deficient mice that are Th1 (C57BL/6 CpaCre) or Th2 (BALB/c CpaCre) prone with L. major. Using different parasite doses and intra‐ or subcutaneous infection routes, the results demonstrate no role of mast cells on lesion size development, parasite load, immune cell phenotypes expanding in draining lymph nodes, and cytokine production during murine cutaneous leishmaniasis. Thus, other cell types such as ILCs or T cells have to be considered as primary source of Th2‐driving IL‐4.
Transmembrane TNF‐α is sufficient for articular inflammation and hypernociception in a mouse model of gout
Authors: Amaral Flávio A. , Bastos Leandro F. S. , Oliveira Thiago H. C. , Dias Ana C. F. , Oliveira Vívian L. S. , Tavares Lívia D. , Costa Vivian V. , Galvão Izabela , Soriani Frederico M. , Szymkowski David E. , Ryffel Bernhard , Souza Danielle G. , Teixeira Mauro M.
Published: October 2015

Gout manifests as recurrent episodes of acute joint inflammation and pain due to the deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals within the affected tissue in a process dependent on NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The synthesis, activation, and release of IL‐1β are crucial for MSU‐induced inflammation. The current study evaluated the mechanism by which TNF‐α contributed to MSU‐induced inflammation. Male C57BL/6J or transgenic mice were used in this study and inflammation was induced by the injection of MSU crystals into the joint. TNF‐α was markedly increased in the joint after the injection of MSU. There was inhibition in the infiltration of neutrophils, production of CXCL1 and IL‐1β, and decreased hypernociception in mice deficient for TNF‐α or its receptors. Pharmacological blockade of TNF‐α with Etanercept or pentoxyfylline produced similar results. Mechanistically, TNF‐α blockade resulted in lower amounts of IL‐1β protein and pro‐IL‐1β mRNA transcripts in joints. Gene‐modified mice that express only transmembrane TNF‐α had an inflammatory response similar to that of WT mice and blockade of soluble TNF‐α (XPro™1595) did not decrease MSU‐induced inflammation. In conclusion, TNF‐α drives expression of pro‐IL‐1β mRNA and IL‐1β protein in experimental gout and that its transmembrane form is sufficient to trigger MSU‐induced inflammation in mice.
Induced arginine transport via cationic amino acid transporter‐1 is necessary for human T‐cell proliferation
Authors: Werner Anke , Amann Eva , Schnitzius Vanessa , Habermeier Alice , Luckner‐Minden Claudia , Leuchtner Nadine , Rupp Johanna , Closs Ellen I. , Munder Markus
Published: October 2015

Availability of the semiessential amino acid arginine is fundamental for the efficient function of human T lymphocytes. Tumor‐associated arginine deprivation, mainly induced by myeloid‐derived suppressor cells, is a central mechanism of tumor immune escape from T‐cell‐mediated antitumor immune responses. We thus assumed that transmembranous transport of arginine must be crucial for T‐cell function and studied which transporters are responsible for arginine influx into primary human T lymphocytes. Here, we show that activation via CD3 and CD28 induces arginine transport into primary human T cells. Both naïve and memory CD4+ T cells as well as CD8+ T cells specifically upregulated the human cationic amino acid transporter‐1 (hCAT‐1), with an enhanced and persistent expression under arginine starvation. When hCAT‐1 induction was suppressed via siRNA transfection, arginine uptake, and cellular proliferation were impaired. In summary, our results demonstrate that hCAT‐1 is a key component of efficient T‐cell activation and a novel potential target structure to modulate adaptive immune responses in tumor immunity or inflammation.
An Echocardiographic Study of Left Ventricular Size and Cardiac Function in Adolescent Females with Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Escudero Carolina A. , Potts James E. , Lam Pei‐Yoong , De Souza Astrid M. , Mugford Gerald J. , Sandor George G. S.
Published: October 2015

Objective

This retrospective case–control study investigated cardiac dimensions and ventricular function in female adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) compared with controls.

Methods

Echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular (LV) dimensions, LV mass index, left atrial size and cardiac index were made. Detailed measures of systolic and diastolic ventricular function were made including tissue Doppler imaging. Patients were stratified by body mass index ≤10th percentile (AN ≤ 10th) and >10th percentile (AN > 10th).

Results

Ninety‐five AN patients and 58 controls were included. AN and AN ≤ 10th groups had reduced LV dimensions, LV mass index, left atrial size and cardiac index compared with controls. There were no differences between groups in measures of systolic function. Measures of diastolic tissue Doppler imaging were decreased in AN and AN ≤ 10th. No differences in echocardiographic measurements existed between controls and AN > 10th.

Discussion

Female adolescents with AN have preserved systolic function and abnormalities of diastolic ventricular function. AN ≤ 10th may be a higher risk group. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Is qualitative and quantitative metabarcoding of dung fauna biodiversity feasible?
Authors: Blanckenhorn Wolf U. , Rohner Patrick T. , Bernasconi Marco V. , Haugstetter Johannes , Buser Andres
Published: October 2015

In biodiversity assessments, especially of small-bodied organisms for which taxonomic expertise is lacking, identification by genetic barcoding may be a cost-effective and efficient alternative to traditional identification of species by morphology, ecology, and behavior. The authors tested the feasibility and accuracy of such an approach using dung insects of practical relevance in ecotoxicological assessments of veterinary pharmaceutical residues in the environment. They produced 8 known mixtures that varied in absolute and relative composition of small-bodied and large-bodied species to see whether mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 barcoding picks up all species qualitatively and quantitatively. As demonstrated before in other contexts, such metabarcoding of large numbers of dung insect specimens is principally possible using next-generation sequencing. The authors recovered most species in a sample (low type I error), at minimum permitting analysis of species richness. They obtained even quantitative responses reflecting the body size of the species, although the number of specimens was not well detected. The latter is problematic when calculating diversity indices. Nevertheless, the method yielded too many closely related false positives (type II error), thus generally overestimating species diversity and richness. These errors can be reduced by refining methods and data filtering, although this requires bioinformatics expertise often unavailable where such research is carried out. Identification by barcoding foremost hinges on a good reference database, which does not yet exist for dung organisms but would be worth developing for practical applications. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1970–1977. © 2015 SETAC
Toxicity assessment of diesel- and metal-contaminated soils through elutriate and solid phase assays with the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum
Authors: Rodríguez-Ruiz Amaia , Dondero Francesco , Viarengo Aldo , Marigómez Ionan
Published: October 2015

A suite of organisms from different taxonomical and ecological positions is needed to assess environmentally relevant soil toxicity. A new bioassay based on Dictyostelium is presented that is aimed at integrating slime molds into such a testing framework. Toxicity tests on elutriates and the solid phase developmental cycle assay were successfully applied to a soil spiked with a mixture of Zn, Cd, and diesel fuel freshly prepared (recently contaminated) and after 2 yr of aging. The elutriates of both soils provoked toxic effects, but toxicity was markedly lower in the aged soil. In the D. discoideum developmental cycle assay, both soils affected amoeba viability and aggregation, with fewer multicellular units, smaller fruiting bodies and, overall, inhibition of fruiting body formation. This assay is quick and requires small amounts of test soil, which might facilitate its incorporation into a multispecies multiple-endpoint toxicity bioassay battery suitable for environmental risk assessment in soils. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1413–1421. © 2015 SETAC
Lipid oxidation, sensory characteristics, and color of fresh pork sausage from immunologically castrated pigs stored frozen for up to 12 weeks
Authors: Jones‐Hamlow Katelyn A. , Tavárez Marcos A. , Schroeder Aubrey L. , Dilger Anna C.
Published: October 2015

Two studies were conducted to evaluate the quality characteristics of fresh sausage manufactured from immunologically castrated (IC) pigs, an emerging technology in the pork industry. Study 1: Fresh sausage patties from ground Boston butts fabricated from PC (physically castrated) pigs fed 0.55% SID (standard illeal digestible) lysine, IC pigs fed 0.55% SID lysine, and IC pigs fed 0.65% SID lysine were made and not standardized to a similar content of fat content. Study 2: fat and lean trim obtained from IC and PC pigs was made into fresh sausage patties, targeting 25% lipid. Patties (1.25 cm) were placed on trays and assigned to 0, 4, or 12 weeks frozen storage and then, after frozen storage, placed in simulated retail display conditions for 5 days. Patties were evaluated for color stability, sensory and textural properties, and lipid oxidation. Data were analyzed as a one way ANOVA with repeated measures where appropriate. In both studies, sausage discolored with both increased time in frozen storage and with increased time in retail display (P < 0.01). However, within each week of frozen storage, all treatments were equally discolored in both studies. Treatment did not affect the sensory characteristics or textural properties of fresh sausage in either study. Lipid oxidation did not differ by treatment in study 1. In study 2, lipid oxidation was reduced (P < 0.05) in IC compared to PC by approximately 0.1 mg malonaldehyde/kg meat, but there were no differences within each storage week. Increasing frozen storage time increased lipid oxidation an off‐flavor scores in both studies (P < 0.05). Overall, immunological castration had no detrimental effects on color stability, sensory characteristics, or textural properties of fresh pork sausage.
Geochemical responses of a saline aquifer to CO2 injection: experimental study on Guantao formation of Bohai Bay Basin, East China
Authors: Li Yiman , Pang Zhonghe , Yang Fengtian , Jin Chao
Published: October 2015

Geochemical responses of saline aquifers toward large quantities of CO2 injection are important to the monitoring and safety assessment of CO2 storage. Detailed studies on water‐rock‐CO2 interactions of non‐marine saline aquifers through three batch‐reaction experiments were carried out under simulated reservoir conditions (T = 100°C, P = 10 MPa). pH decreased by 1∼2 and TDS increased by 268 mg/L ∼561 mg/L. Water type evolved from original Cl·SO4‐Na to HCO3Cl·SO4‐Na with a water/rock ratio of 3:1. Chemical components of HCO3, Ca, Mg and K and trace elements of Al, Cr, Mn, Ni and Zn showed a significant increase post CO2 injection. Heavy metals including Cr, Mn, Ni, and Zn in the post‐reaction water exceeded drinking water standards, indicating potential pollution to shallow fresh aquifers by brine/CO2 leakage. K‐feldspar and albite were variably dissolved and kaolinite, chlorite, and Fe‐bearing minerals of pyrite and hematite were newly formed, confirmed by suspended materials in the post‐reaction water, red sediments on the bottom of the reactor, and mineral saturation indexes. δ2HH2O shift was observed and discussed, which was not reported in previous water‐rock‐CO2 interactions studies. One possible reason is geochemical processes of new clay minerals formation under low temperature causing water consumption and δ2HH2O enriched in the residual water. The CO2 saturation and fraction of DIC from CO2 dissolution were calculated to be 23%–36% and 33%–49% under experimental conditions and it is suggested that they can be used for CO2 storage capacity assessment.
Fyn is an intermediate kinase that BDNF utilizes to promote oligodendrocyte myelination
Authors: Peckham Haley , Giuffrida Lauren , Wood Rhiannon , Gonsalvez David , Ferner Anita , Kilpatrick Trevor J. , Murray Simon S. , Xiao Junhua
Published: October 2015

Fyn, a member of the Src family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, promotes central nervous system myelination during development; however the mechanisms mediating this effect remain unknown. Here we show that Fyn phosphorylation is modulated by BDNF in vivo. Concordant with this, we find that BDNF stimulates Fyn phosphorylation in myelinating cocultures, an effect dependent on oligodendroglial expression of TrkB. Importantly, PP2, a pharmacological inhibitor of Src family kinases, not only abrogated the promyelinating influence of BDNF in vitro, but also attenuated BDNF‐induced phosphorylation of Erk1/2 in oligodendrocytes. Over‐expression of Fyn in oligodendrocytes significantly promotes phosphorylation of Erk1/2, and promotes myelination to the extent that exogenous BDNF exerts no additive effect in vitro. In contrast, expression of a kinase‐dead mutant of Fyn in oligodendrocytes significantly inhibited BDNF‐induced activation of Erk1/2 and abrogated the promyelinating effect of BDNF. Analysis of white matter tracts in vivo revealed that phosphorylated Fyn primarily colocalized with mature oligodendrocytes, and was rarely observed in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, a profile that closely parallels the detection of phosphorylated Erk1/2 in the developing central nervous system. Taken together, these data identify that Fyn kinase exerts a key role in mediating the promyelinating influence of BDNF. Here we identify a pathway in which BDNF activation of oligodendroglial TrkB receptors stimulates the phosphorylation of Fyn, a necessary step required to potentiate the phosphorylation of Erk1/2, which in turn regulates oligodendrocyte myelination. GLIA 2016;64:255–269
Stress across the life course and depression in a rapidly developing population: the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study
Authors: Ni Michael Y. , Jiang Chaoqiang , Cheng Kar Keung , Zhang Weisen , Gilman Stephen E. , Lam Tai Hing , Leung Gabriel M. , Schooling C. Mary
Published: October 2015

Objective

The objective of this study was to examine the role of stress across the life course in the development of depression among older adults in a non‐Western developing setting.

Methods

Multivariable linear and multinomial logistic regression were used in cross‐sectional analyses of 9729 Chinese participants (mean age 60.2 years) from phase 3 of the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study (2006–2008) to investigate the association of childhood adversities and adulthood stressors with depression.

Results

Childhood adversities were associated with mild depression (odds ratio (OR) 1.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.58, 2.02) and moderate‐to‐severe depression (OR 2.30, 95% CI 1.68, 3.15), adjusted for age, sex, education and childhood socio‐economic status. Past‐year adulthood stressors were also associated with mild depression (OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.54, 2.02) and moderate‐to‐severe depression (OR 3.55, 95% CI 2.21, 5.68), adjusting additionally for occupation and income. Adulthood stressors were more strongly associated with depressive symptoms among individuals with a history of childhood adversities.

Conclusions

Childhood adversities and adulthood stressors were independently associated with an increased risk of depression among older ambulatory adults, although adulthood stressors were more strongly associated with depression following exposure to childhood adversities. This is consistent with evidence from Western settings in which the social context of risk and protective factors for depression may differ and implies that the role of stress in the aetiology of depression is not context specific. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Femtosecond pulsed laser ablation to enhance drug delivery across the skin
Authors: Garvie‐Cook Hazel , Stone James M. , Yu Fei , Guy Richard H. , Gordeev Sergey N.
Published: October 2015

Laser poration of the skin locally removes its outermost, barrier layer, and thereby provides a route for the diffusion of topically applied drugs. Ideally, no thermal damage would surround the pores created in the skin, as tissue coagulation would be expected to limit drug diffusion. Here, a femtosecond pulsed fiber laser is used to porate mammalian skin ex vivo. This first application of a hollow core negative curvature fiber (HC‐NCF) to convey a femtosecond pulsed, visible laser beam results in reproducible skin poration. The effect of applying ink to the skin surface, prior to ultra‐short pulsed ablation, has been examined and Raman spectroscopy reveals that the least, collateral thermal damage occurs in inked skin. Pre‐application of ink reduces the laser power threshold for poration, an effect attributed to the initiation of plasma formation by thermionic electron emission from the dye in the ink. Poration under these conditions significantly increases the percutaneous permeation of caffeine in vitro. Dye‐enhanced, plasma‐mediated ablation of the skin is therefore a potentially advantageous approach to enhance topical/transdermal drug absorption. The combination of a fiber laser and a HC‐NCF, capable of emitting and delivering femtosecond pulsed, visible light, may permit a compact poration device to be developed.

Using a femtosecond pulsed, visible laser beam to create an array of micropores in dyed mammalian skin, with little collateral, thermal damage, leads to an enhancement in the percutaneous permeation of caffeine in vitro.

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Using a femtosecond pulsed, visible laser beam to create an array of micropores in dyed mammalian skin, with little collateral, thermal damage, leads to an enhancement in the percutaneous permeation of caffeine in vitro.
Synthesis of Pyrimidinone and 5‐unsubstituted 4, 6‐diarylpyrimidine‐2(1H)‐ones by Using Nano Magnetic Catalyst under Solvent Free Condition
Authors: Amoozadeh Ali , Azhari Saeede , Kolvari Eskandar , Otokesh Somayeh
Published: October 2015

Nano magnetic‐supported sulfonic acid is found to be a powerful and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the efficient synthesis of pyrimidinones. In this study we use various ketones such as acetophenone and cyclopentanone instead of β‐keto ester in one‐pot synthesis of pyrimidinone at biginelli like reaction. Our objective is to improve conditions for the synthesis of multicomponent reactions using nano magnetic catalyst under solvent free condition. A number of excellent and significant results have been developed that lead our perspective understanding the effect of the magnetic nanoparticles when they are used as catalysts.
Burnout and Depression: Two Entities or One?
Authors: Schonfeld Irvin Sam , Bianchi Renzo
Published: October 2015

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to examine the overlap in burnout and depression.

Method

The sample comprised 1,386 schoolteachers (mean [M]age= 43;Myears taught= 15; 77% women) from 18 different U.S. states. We assessed burnout, using the Shirom‐Melamed Burnout Measure, and depression, using the depression module of the Patient Health Questionnaire.

Results

Treated dimensionally, burnout and depressive symptoms were strongly correlated (.77; disattenuated correlation, .84). Burnout and depressive symptoms were similarly correlated with each of 3 stress‐related factors, stressful life events, job adversity, and workplace support. In categorical analyses, 86% of the teachers identified as burned out met criteria for a provisional diagnosis of depression. Exploratory analyses revealed a link between burnout and anxiety.

Conclusions

This study provides evidence that past research has underestimated burnout–depression overlap. The state of burnout is likely to be a form of depression. Given the magnitude of burnout–depression overlap, treatments for depression may help workers identified as “burned out.”
Immobilization and stabilization of levansucrase biocatalyst of high interest for the production of fructooligosaccharides and levan
Authors: Hill Andrea , Karboune Salwa , Mateo Cesar
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND

Levansucrase (LS)‐catalyzed‐transfructosylation reaction is a potential approach for the synthesis of fructooligosaccharides (FOSs) and levan as health promoting compounds. This biocatalytic approach is hindered by low thermal stability of LS and its high rate of hydrolysis. In the present study, LS from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was immobilized onto modified and unmodified epoxy‐activated supports (Eupergit® C; Sepabeads®) and on modified cross‐linked‐agarose beads, to increase its thermal stability and modulate its reaction selectivity (hydrolysis/transfructosylation).

RESULTS

LS bound to Sepabeads® HA (98.8%) and glyoxyl agarose‐IDA/Cu (67%) retained high initial activity along with good immobilization yields. The thermal stability results indicated that glyoxyl agarose‐IDA/Cu and glyoxyl agarose, provided the greatest thermal stability with factors of 14 and 106 times, respectively. Immobilization through Sepabeads® HA increased the ratio of transfructosylation/hydrolysis by 2.3 times, although it did not promote the stabilization of LS. Immobilization on glyoxyl agarose‐IDA/Cu provided a good compromise of all three properties: retention of activity (67.0%), transfructosylation/hydrolysis ratio (120%) and thermal stability (stability factor of 13.6).

CONCLUSION

The stabilization of LS through immobilization contributes to its potential use commercially. With an increasingly stable enzyme, further work will be directed towards altering LS reaction specificity towards levan and levan‐type FOSs. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
The Fano Plane and the Strong Independence Ratio in Hypergraphs of Maximum Degree 3
Authors: Henning Michael A. , Löwenstein Christian
Published: October 2015

A set S of vertices in a hypergraph H is strongly independent if no two vertices in S belong to a common edge. The strong independence number of H, denoted , is the maximum cardinality of a strongly independent set in H. The rank of H is the size of a largest edge in H. The hypergraph H is k‐uniform if every edge of H has size k. The transversal number, denoted , of H is the minimum number of vertices that intersect every edge. Our main result is that for all , the strong independence ratio of a hypergraph H with rank k and maximum degree 3 satisfies and this bound is achieved for all . In particular, this bound is achieved for the Fano plane. As an application of our result, we show that if H is a k‐uniform hypergraph on n vertices with m edges and with maximum degree 3 and vertices of degree 3, then . This improves a result due to Chvátal and McDiarmid [Combinatorica 12 (1992), 19–26] who proved that in the case when is even and H has maximum degree 3.
The extracranial venous system in the heads of beaked whales, with implications on diving physiology and pathogenesis
Authors: Costidis Alexander M. , Rommel Sentiel A.
Published: October 2015

Beaked whales are a poorly known but diverse group of whales that have received considerable attention due to strandings that have been temporally and spatially associated with naval sonar deployment. Postmortem studies on stranded carcasses have revealed lesions consistent with decompression sickness, including intravascular gas and fat emboli. These findings have been supported by analyses of intravascular gas emboli showing composition dominated by nitrogen gas. To increase our understanding of the pathophysiology of nitrogen bubble formation and intravascular embolization, we examined the gross and microscopic anatomy of the venous system in the head of beaked whales. Since the potential sources of intravascular fat and gas emboli were of greatest interest, focus was placed on the acoustic fat bodies and pneumatic accessory sinus system. Herein, we describe intimate arteriovenous associations with specialized adipose depots and air sinuses in beaked whales. These vascular structures comprise an extensive network of thin‐walled vessels with a large surface area, which is likely to facilitate exchange of nitrogen gas and may, therefore, form anatomic regions that may be important in physiological management of diving gases. These structures may also be vulnerable to pathologic introduction of emboli into the vascular system. Expansive, thin‐walled venous lakes are found within the pterygoid region, which suggest the potential for nitrogen exchange as well as for compensation of middle‐ear pressures during descent on a dive. These findings warrant further research into the structure and function of this morphology as it relates to normal and pathologic physiology. J. Morphol. 277:34–64, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.