bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Female Genital Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery: A Review
Authors: Goodman Michael P.
Published: April 2011

Introduction

This review studies rationale and outcome of vulvovaginal aesthetic surgery.

Aim

Discuss procedures designed to alter genital appearance and function; investigate sexual, philosophical, and ethical issues; examine outcomes.

Methods

(i) Medline search of the existing literature utilizing terms labiaplasty, clitoral hood reduction, hymenoplasty (HP), vaginoplasty (VP), perineoplasty (PP), female genital surgery, sexual satisfaction/body image, and anterior/posterior colporrhaphy; (ii) references from bibliographies of papers found through the literature search and in the author's reading of available literature.

Main Outcome Measures

(i) Demographics and psychosexual dynamics of women requesting female genital plastic/cosmetic surgery; (ii) overall and sexual satisfaction of subjects undergoing these procedures.

Results

The majority of studies regarding patient satisfaction and sexual function after vaginal aesthetic and functional plastic procedures report beneficial results, with overall patient satisfaction in the 90–95% range, sexual satisfaction over 80–85%. These data are supported by outcome data from nonelective vaginal support procedures. Complications appear minor and acceptable to patients. There are little data available regarding outcomes and satisfaction of HP, or function during the rigors of subsequent vaginal childbirth, although the literature contains no case reports of labiaplasty disruption during parturition.

Conclusion

Women requesting labiaplasty and reduction of their clitoral hoods do so for both cosmetic and functional (chafing, interference with coitus, interference with athletic activities, etc.) reasons, while patients requesting VP and/or PP do so in order to increase friction and sexual satisfaction, occasionally for aesthetic reasons. Patients appear generally happy with outcomes. The majority of patients undergoing genital plastic surgery report overall satisfaction and subjective enhancement of sexual function and body image, but the literature is retrospective. Female genital plastic surgery procedures appear to fulfill the majority of patient's desires for cosmetic and functional improvement, as well as enhancement of the sexual experience. Little information is available regarding HP outcomes.
Efficacy and Safety Study of 1.62% Testosterone Gel for the Treatment of Hypogonadal Men
Authors: Kaufman Joel M. , Miller Michael G. , Garwin Jeffrey L. , Fitzpatrick Sherahe , McWhirter Cecilia , Brennan John J.
Published: April 2011

Introduction

Male hypogonadism is a significant and growing problem that can be successfully treated with testosterone replacement therapy. A new formulation of testosterone gel (1.62%) was developed with increased viscosity, reduced volume of application, and increased skin permeation compared with other currently available testosterone gels.

Aim

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of titrated doses of 1.62% testosterone gel after daily application to the skin of hypogonadal men for 182 days.

Methods

This was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in hypogonadal men (234 active; 40 placebo), 18 to 80 years of age with average serum total testosterone concentrations <300 ng/dL and prostate-specific antigen <2.5 ng/mL. Topical testosterone gel (1.62%), 1.25 g, 2.5 g, 3.75 g, and 5.0 g, or placebo gel was applied once daily to either upper arms/shoulders or abdomen. Dose adjustments were made on days 14, 28, and 42.

Main Outcome Measures

The percentage of subjects with serum total testosterone average concentrations (Cav) within the normal range of 300–1,000 ng/dL on study days 14, 56, 112, and 182.

Results

Following titration, significantly (P < 0.0001) more subjects receiving active treatment had testosterone Cav values (range 81.6% to 82.5%) within the eugonadal range compared with placebo (range 28.6% to 37.0%) on all study days. The 1.62% gel was safe and well tolerated.

Conclusions

In this study, treatment with 1.62% testosterone gel was safe and efficacious, resulting in an acceptable percentage of hypogonadal males achieving eugonadal serum testosterone levels.
Prevalence and Correlates of Premature Ejaculation in a Primary Care Setting: A Preliminary Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Tang Wei Shuong , Khoo Ee Ming
Published: April 2011

Introduction

Premature ejaculation (PE) is common. However, it has been underreported and undertreated.

Aims

To determine the prevalence of PE and to investigate possible associated factors of PE.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted at a primary care clinic over a 3-month period in 2008. Men aged 18–70 years attending the clinic were recruited, and they completed self-administered questionnaires that included the Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool (PEDT), International Index of Erectile Function, sociodemography, lifestyle, and medical illness. The operational definition of PE included PE and probable PE based on the PEDT.

Main Outcome Measure

Prevalence of PE.

Results

A total of 207 men were recruited with a response rate of 93.2%. There were 97 (46.9%) Malay, 57 (27.5%) Chinese, and 53 (25.6%) Indian, and their mean age was 46.0 ± 12.7 years. The prevalence of PE was 40.6% (N = 82) (PE: 20.3%, probable PE: 20.3% using PEDT). A significant association was found between ethnicity and PE (Indian 49.1%, Malay 45.4%, and Chinese 24.6%; χ2 = 8.564, d.f. = 2, P = 0.014). No significant association was found between age and PE. Multivariate analysis showed that erectile dysfunction (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 4.907, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.271, 10.604), circumcision (adjusted OR 4.881, 95% CI 2.346, 10.153), sexual intercourse ≤5 times in 4 weeks (adjusted OR 3.733, 95% CI 1.847, 7.544), and Indian ethnicity (adjusted OR 3.323, 95% CI 1.489, 7.417) were predictors of PE.

Conclusion

PE might be frequent in men attending primary care clinics. We found that erectile dysfunction, circumcision, Indian ethnicity, and frequency of sexual intercourse of ≤5 times per month were associated with PE. These associations need further confirmation.
Inhibition of Interleukin-6 Attenuates Erectile Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Nerve-Sparing Radical Prostatectomy
Authors: Yamashita Shinichi , Kato Ryuichi , Kobayashi Ko , Hisasue Shin-ichi , Arai Yoichi , Tsukamoto Taiji
Published: April 2011

Introduction

The precise mechanisms underlying erectile dysfunction (ED) occurring after cavernous nerve (CN)-sparing surgery remain to be determined.

Aim

To evaluate the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) after CN injury, and the effect of inhibiting IL-6 bioactivity on nerve injury-related ED.

Methods

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: sham operation; bilateral CN dissection without crushing or cutting; and bilateral CN resection. In the interventional experiment, male rats underwent bilateral CN dissection, and anti-rat IL-6 antibody in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or vehicle alone was injected intraperitoneally immediately and 24 hours after CN dissection.

Main Outcome Measures

One, 3, 7, 28, and 56 days after surgery, the expression of IL-6 and IL-6R in the major pelvic ganglion (MPG) was examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. In the interventional experiment, erectile function was assessed by determining intracavernous pressure divided by arterial pressure (ICP/AP) during electrical pelvic nerve stimulation at 4 weeks after surgery in the anti-IL-6-injected rats and PBS-injected rats. The degree of nerve injury was also evaluated by retrograde dye tracing with Fluorogold.

Results

The expression levels of IL-6 and IL-6R were increased in the early period of CN injury, as compared with the sham group. IL-6 expression on day 1 was particularly enhanced. Four weeks after CN dissection, the anti-IL-6 group had greater ICP/AP and more FG-positive cells than the PBS group.

Conclusions

Expression levels of IL-6 in the MPG were increased in the acute phase following CN injury. Inhibition of IL-6 bioactivity attenuated ED following CN dissection. Thus, the suppression of excess inflammatory responses in the acute phase may lead to improvements in ED occurring after nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy.
Galactooligosaccharides: Novel Components of Designer Foods
Authors: Sangwan Vikas , Tomar S.K. , Singh R.R.B. , Singh A.K. , Ali Babar
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  Since introduction of functional foods, commercialization of the traditionally used probiotics has ushered in more followers into the new fraternity of sophisticated, health‐conscious consumers. In 1995, this was followed by the first introduction of prebiotics. Prebiotics are defined as “a non‐digestible feed supplement, beneficially affecting the host by selectively stimulating growth and/or activity in one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon.” The number of new product introductions with prebiotics has steeply increased over the last few years. Paradoxically, probiotics have limited applications as these cannot be used in wide range of food products because of their viability issue. Fortunately, prebiotics do not suffer from any such constraint and can be used in a wide range of food products. Probiotics do not have a long shelf life in their active form. In most cases, refrigeration is required to maintain the shelf life. While probiotics are predominantly used in fermented dairy products, the use of prebiotics has expanded into other food categories. Prebiotics have successfully been incorporated in a wide variety of human food products such as baked goods, sweeteners, yoghurts, nutrition bars, and meal replacement shakes. For instance, the introduction of galacto‐oligosaccharides (GOS) into baby foods has been very successful. GOS, which are identical to the human milk oligosaccharides, has emerged with strong clinical support for both digestive and immune health. Various aspects related to GOS such as types and functions of functional food constituents with special reference to GOS, their role as prebiotics, and enhanced industrial production through microbial intervention are dealt in this review.
GC‐MS Based Metabolomics for Rapid Simultaneous Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Muenchen, and Salmonella Hartford in Ground Beef and Chicken
Authors: Cevallos‐Cevallos Juan Manuel , Danyluk Michelle D. , Reyes‐De‐Corcuera José I.
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  A metabolomic‐based method for rapid detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Hartford, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella Muenchen in nonselective media was developed. All pathogenic bacteria were grown in tryptic soy broth (TSB) at 37 °C followed by metabolite quantification at 2‐h intervals for 24 h. Results were compared with the metabolite profiles similarly obtained with E. coli K12, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Saccharomyces cereviseae, and Aspergillus oryzae grown individually or as a cocktail under the same conditions. Principal component analysis (PCAS) discriminated pathogenic microorganisms grown in TSB. Metabolites responsible of PCAS classification were dextrose, cadaverine, the aminoacids L‐histidine, glycine, and L‐tyrosine, as well as the volatiles 1‐octanol, 1‐propanol, 1butanol, 2‐ethyl‐1‐hexanol, and 2,5‐dimethyl‐pyrazine. Partial least square (PLS) models based on the overall metabolite profile of each bacteria were able to detect the presence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. at levels of approximately 7 ± 2 CFU/25 g of ground beef and chicken within 18 h.

Practical Application:  Rapid detection of foodborne pathogens is critical to reduce food‐related disease outbreaks and product recalls. This research proposes an alternative approach to rapidly detect 2 major pathogens based on detecting changes in the metabolite profile during incubation in nonselective culture media. Although not directly transferable to an industrial environment, this proof of concept research provides evidence of potential application.
Occurrence of Aspergillus spp. and Aflatoxin B1 in Malaysian Foods Used for Human Consumption
Authors: Reddy Kasa R.N. , Farhana Nazira I. , Salleh Baharuddin
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  Malaysian population widely consumes the cereal‐based foods, oilseeds, nuts, and spices in their daily diet. Mycotoxigenic fungi are well known to invade food products under storage conditions and produce mycotoxins that have threat to human and animal health. Therefore, determining toxigenic fungi and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in foods used for human consumption is of prime importance to develop suitable management strategies and to minimize risk. Ninety‐five food products marketed in Penang, Malaysia were randomly collected from different supermarkets and were analyzed for presence of Aspergillus spp. by agar plate assay and AFB1 by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A. flavus was the dominant fungi in all foods followed by A. niger. Fifty‐five A. flavus strains were tested for their ability to produce aflatoxins on rice grain substrate. Thirty‐six (65.4%) strains out of 55 produced AFB1 ranging from 1700 to 4400 μg/kg and 17 strains (31%) produced AFB2 ranging from 620 to 1670 μg/kg. Natural occurrence of AFB1 could be detected in 72.6% food products ranging from 0.54 to 15.33 μg/kg with a mean of 1.95 μg/kg. Maximum AFB1 levels were detected in peanut products ranging from 1.47 to 15.33 μg/kg. AFB1 levels detected in all food products were below the Malaysian permissible limits (<35 μg/kg). Aspergillus spp. and AFB1 was not detected in any cookies tested. Although this survey was not comprehensive, it provides valuable information on aflatoxin levels in foods marketed in Malaysia.
Lipid and Protein Oxidation of Chicken Breast Rolls as Affected by Dietary Oxidation Levels and Packaging
Authors: Xiao Shan , Zhang Wan Gang , Lee Eun Joo , Ma Chang Wei , Ahn Dong U.
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary treatment and packaging on the oxidative stability of breast rolls. A total of 120 4‐wk‐old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to control, oxidized diet (5% oxidized oil, PV = 100), or antioxidants‐added diet (500 IU vitamin E + 200 ppm BHA) and fed for 2 wk. Breast muscles were separated from the carcasses and breast rolls were prepared. The rolls were cooked in a smoke house (85 °C) to an internal temperature of 74 °C, cooled, sliced to 2‐cm thick pieces, individually packaged in oxygen permeable bags or vacuum‐packaged in oxygen impermeable bags, and stored in a 4 °C cold room for 7 d. Lipid, protein oxidation and volatiles were determined at 1, 4, and 7 d of storage. Dietary supplementation of antioxidants significantly reduced lipid oxidation (TBARS) and protein oxidation (carbonyls) in breast rolls, and the effect of dietary antioxidants on lipid oxidation was more pronounced than protein oxidation. Chicken breast rolls from antioxidants treatment group produced significantly lower amounts of hexanal and pentanal than those from control and oxidized oil treatments (P < 0.05). However, dietary oxidized oil did not increase lipid and protein oxidation in breast rolls. Vacuum‐packaging significantly delayed the onset of lipid oxidation and protein oxidation in chicken rolls during 7‐day refrigerated storage (P < 0.05). Therefore, it is suggested that appropriate use of dietary supplementation of antioxidants in combination with packaging could minimize lipid oxidation in chicken breast rolls.