bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Ammonia – Sulfur Dioxide – Water Solid State System
Authors: Hisatsune I.C. , Heicklen Julian
Published: May 2006

Products formed during the solid state reactions between ammonia and sulfur dioxide in the presence or absence of water have been investigated by infrared spectroscopy. Warming of a low-temperature matrix of SO2 with excess NH3 produces (NH3)2•SO2 at −90 °C. This adduct decomposes near −50 °C into NH3•SO2 which has a yellow color. With excess SO2 only NH3•SO2 appears at −150 °C. The 1:1 complex disappears from the low-temperature infrared window at about −20 °C. With H2O present in the matrix, (NH3)2•SO2 is converted at −80 °C into ammonium sulfite which is stable to room temperature where it can be pumped off readily from the infrared window. With less than the stoichiometric amount of water, the final product of the warming sequence is ammonium pyrosulfite whose infrared spectrum varies considerably with experimental conditions. The pyrosulfite reacts further with water to give ammonium bisulfite. The infrared spectra of solid ammonium bisulfite and perdeuteroammonium bisulfite show that the hydrogen in the bisulfite ion is bonded to the sulfur atom. Vibrational assignments have been made for all the compounds.
Hydration of Some Acids in Sulfolane
Authors: Benoit R. L. , Lam S. Y.
Published: May 2006

Interaction between water at low concentrations and some carboxylic acids, methane-sulfonic acid and picric acid, HA, have been studied in Sulfolane at 30 °C. Vapor pressure measurements and calorimetry were used. Results are interpreted in terms of hydration constants K1 and enthalpy changes ΔH1, for the 1:1 complexes [Formula: see text] The values of K1 are low and generally increase slightly with the strength of the acid HA from ∼0.4 for acetic acid to 5.7 for methanesulfonic acid.
A Total Synthesis of Dimethyl 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-l-O-oxalyl-β-DL-ribo-hexofuran-5-ulosuronate
Authors: Just George , Grozinger Karl
Published: May 2006

The synthesis of the title compound 5 was accomplished by a high-yield thermal rearrangement of the ozonide (3) of dimethyl 5,6-O-isopropylidene-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene-exo-5,6-diol-2,3-dicarboxylate (2a), which is obtained in 30% yield from the Diels–Alder adduct of furan and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate. Catalytic reduction of 5 gave methyl 2,3-O-iso-propylidene-β-DL-talofuranuronate (8) as the major product, accompanied by a small amount of the allo isomer 9.
Electron Mobilities and Ranges in Liquid Hydrocarbons: Cyclic and Polycyclic, Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds
Authors: Shinsaka Kyoji , Dodelet Jean-Pol , Freeman Gordon R.
Published: May 2006

Penetration ranges bGp of secondary electrons into 21 X-irradiated liquids were estimated from measured free ion yields. The density normalized ranges bGpd are independent of temperature. Increasing the molecular symmetry by creating one or more cycles in the molecule causes the normalized range to increase, provided that the amount of bond distortion due to strain remains small. Ranges are smaller in compounds that contain strained rings. Energy transfer from the secondary electrons to the molecules is enhanced by the presence of distorted bonds in the molecules. The ranges in olefins are affected by the same factors as those in saturated hydrocarbons, with the addition of a contribution of transient negative ion states to the energy transfer processes. Shielding the double bond by methyl groups is not effective; the effect of the added methyl groups on the molecular symmetry is a more important factor. The magnitude of the energy transfer interaction is an inverse function of molecular symmetry.The general correlation between bGp and thermal electron mobilities ue in liquids contains significant variations within it. For a given value of bGp, ue in different liquids increases in the order n-alkane < cycloalkane < cycloalkene < 1,4-cyclohexadiene or benzene. Arrhenius plots of ue in cyclic olefins curve downwards at low temperatures, due to the formation of a deeper trapped state of the electron. The trap is deepest in 1,4-cyclohexadiene (21 kcal/mol) and is attributed to an equilibrium between solvated electrons and anions at temperatures below about 280 K.
The Proton–Proton and Proton–Carbon-13 Spin–Spin Coupling Constants in 1,3-Dioxole and Bis-1,3-dioxolyl. Conformational Dependence
Authors: Schaefer Ted , Chum Kalvin , McKinnon David , Chauhan M. S.
Published: May 2006

The carbon-13 satellite peaks in the proton magnetic resonance spectra of 1,3-dioxole and bis-1,3-dioxolyl are analyzed under single and double resonance conditions to yield the signs and magnitudes of proton–proton coupling constants over three, four, and five bonds, and of proton–carbon-13 coupling constants over one, two, and three bonds. The conformational behavior of bis-1,3-dioxolyl contrasts sharply with that of analogous sym-tetrasubstituted ethane derivatives. It is indicated that the two-bond proton–carbon-13 coupling in the ethanic fragment can be used for conformational analysis in a manner similar to vicinal proton–proton couplings. The vicinal three-bond proton–carbon-13 couplings are given for dihedral angles of 180 and 120° and their relative magnitudes are as expected from a Karplus relationship. The two-bond proton–carbon-13 coupling in the olefinic fragment is, at 20.0 Hz, the largest coupling known for such a bond.
Stereoselective Total Synthesis of Copa and Ylango Sesquiterpenoids: Preparation of (−)-(1S,4S,5R,7R)-1,7-Dimethyl-4-isopropylbicyclo[3.2.1]octa-6,8-dione and(+)-(1R,4S,5S,7S)-1,7-Dimethyl-4-isopropylbicyclo[3.2.1]octa-6,8-dione
Authors: Piers Edward , Britton Ronald W. , Geraghty M. Bert , Keziere Robert J. , Smillie R. Dean
Published: May 2006

The efficient, stereoselective syntheses of two diastereomeric bicyclo[3.2.1]octadiones (23 and 24) are described and the potential use of these materials for the synthesis of the copa (1–5) and the ylango (7–11) sesquiterpenoids, respectively, is outlined. Conversion of (+)-carvomenthone (26) into the corresponding n-butylthiomethylene derivative 28, followed by alkylation of the latter with ethyl 2-iodopropionate, gave compound 29. Removal of the blocking group from the latter was accompanied by ester hydrolysis and afforded keto acid 30. An efficient intramolecular Claisen condensation of the corresponding ester 31 yielded (−)-(1S,4S,5R,7R)-1,7-dimethyl-4-isopropylbicyclo[3.2.1]octa-6,8-dione(23). Conversion of the known octalone 39 into the cross-conjugated keto aldehyde 41 was accomplished by standard reactions. Treatment of the latter with lithium dimethylcuprate, followed by trapping of the resultant enolate anion with acetyl chloride gave compound 42. Oxidative ozonolysis of this material yielded the keto acid 43. Esterification of the latter, followed by intramolecular Claisen condensation of the resulting keto ester 45, afforded (+)-(1R,4S,5S,7S)-1,7-dimethyl-4-isopropylbicyclo[3.2.1]octa-6,8-dione (24).
Oxidation of Hydrocarbons. VII. Kinetics of the Oxidation of Naphthalenes by Ruthenium Tetroxide
Authors: Spitzer Udo A. , Lee Donald G.
Published: May 2006

The kinetics of the oxidation of naphthalene by ruthenium tetroxide have been investigated. When the reaction was monitored using an absorption band at 385 nm it was possible to detect two processes; the first, a rapid second-order reaction which yielded a ruthenium(VI) moiety, was followed by a much slower first-order decomposition of this intermediate. The initial reaction exhibited an inverse isotope effect when naphthalene-d8 was used as a substrate and was accelerated by the introduction of electron donating substituents. The decomposition of the intermediate was not sensitive to the presence of substituents, but involved carbon–hydrogen bond cleavage as indicated by the occurrence of a primary deuterium isotope effect.
Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Metavanadate
Authors: Khulbe K. C. , Mann R. S.
Published: May 2006

X-Ray, infrared, and electron spin resonance (e.s.r.) studies were made on the samples prepared by the thermal decomposition of ammonium metavanadate at various temperatures between 100 and 700 °C. A new intermediate compound has been identified to be formed between 100 and 150 °C. This new compound is stable up to 200 °C, and is a complex ammonium–vanadyl compound, since while the infrared studies showed the presence of an NH4 group, and V—N bond, the e.s.r. gave the signal of VO2+ ions (V4+ + O2− = VO2+). A mechanism of the decomposition of ammonium metavanadate has been given.
Ligand Field Photochemistry of Cobalt(III) Phenanthroline and Bipyridyl Complexes
Authors: Vuik Carol P. J. , Kane-Maguire Noel A. P. , Langford Cooper H.
Published: May 2006

The ligand field photochemistry of Cophen2C2O4+, Cobipy2C2O4+, and of Cophen33+ in the presence of added oxalate has been investigated. In all cases reduction to cobalt(II) complexes occurs with moderate quantum yields (>0.01). The nature of the reactive excited states is discussed, as is the mechanism of the Cophen33+–oxalate photoreaction.
Stereospecific Synthesis of dl-Triacetyldaunosamine
Authors: Wong Chiu Ming , Ho Tse-Lok , Niemczura Walter P.
Published: May 2006

Daunosamine triacetate was synthesized via a stereospecific non-carbohydrate approach. The N-benzoyl-β-amino lactone (9) could be an interesting intermediate for the very important and highly deoxygenated amino sugar, 4-deoxydaunosamine.
Mass Spectrometry of N-Benzoyl-2-hydroxyalkylamines. Role of the Hydroxylic Hydrogen in the Fragmentation Pattern
Authors: DeJongh Don C. , Lin Denis C. K. , LeClair-Lanteigne Pierre , Gravel Denis
Published: May 2006

An interesting rearrangement has been observed in the mass spectra of a series of N-benzoyl-2-hydroxyalkylamines. The hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl group is transferred to the N-benzoyl portion of the molecular ion and the bond between positions 1 and 2 in the N-alkyl group is cleaved. A rearrangement ion, observed at m/e 135, is formed along with a neutral aldehyde or ketone. When the hydroxylic hydrogen is replaced by a trimethylsilyl substituent, the latter group is transferred with comparable efficiency. Differences in the relative importance of this rearrangement in the mass spectra of a series of related compounds with decreasing substitution at position 2, have been explained by differences in the stabilities of the neutral molecules formed along with m/e 135 and by the occurrence of a double hydrogen rearrangement which competes if hydrogen atoms are present in a relationship gamma and delta to the carbonyl group.
Isotope Effects in Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions. I. The Mechanism of the Reaction of Phenylbenzyldimethylammonium Ion with Thiophenoxide Ion
Authors: Westaway Kenneth Charles , Poirier Raymond Alcide
Published: May 2006

A kinetic study of the nucleophilic substitution reactions of a series of para-substituted phenylbenzyldimethylammonium nitrates with sodium thiophenoxide at 0 °C in N,N-dimethylformamide containing a large excess of sodium nitrate, has shown the reaction to be a second-order process which is first-order in both the substrate and the nucleophile. A Hammett ρ value of +2.04 for different para-substitutents on the N-phenyl group of the quaternary ammonium salt and a large nitrogen kinetic isotope effect of 1.0200 ± 0.0007 have excluded any mechanism involving a carbonium ion intermediate but are in accord with an SN2 mechanism with a substantial amount of carbon–nitrogen bond rupture in the transition state.
119Sn Mössbauer Spectra of some Tin(II)–Oxygen Compounds
Authors: Ballard Jack G. , Birchall Thomas
Published: May 2006

Mössbauer data for α- and β-SnWO4 and Sn(SO3X)2 are reported and the spectrum of SnCl2 re-examined.
Infrared Spectra of the Ammonium Ion in Crystals. II. The Ammonium Ion in Trigonal Environments, with a Consideration of Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Oxton Ian A. , Knop Osvald , Falk Michael
Published: May 2006

Infrared spectra of polycrystalline (NH4)2GeF6, β-(NH4)2SiF6, and (NH4)2Pb(SO4)2 have been recorded at room and liquid-nitrogen temperatures. The N—D stretching and bending fundamentals of the isotopically dilute NH3D+ ion in these compounds have been studied with particular attention. The occurrence of N—D stretching doublets and bending triplets, of approximate intensity ratios 1:3 and 2:3:3 respectively, confirms the C3v symmetry of the ammonium ion and suggests that the isotopic dilution technique will prove useful as a diagnostic tool for ascertaining site symmetries of the ammonium ion. The spectra are consistent with non-rotating ammonium ions. The frequencies of dilute NH3D+ ions suggest that for the ammonium ion in (NH4)2Pb(SO4)2 a trifurcated hydrogen bond is stronger than a normal hydrogen bond.
Thiobinupharidines Epimeric at C-1 and C-1′
Authors: LaLonde Robert Thomas , Wong Chunfook
Published: May 2006

Thiobinupharidine epimers possessing axial methyl groups at C-1 and C-1′ have been isolated from extracts of Nupharluteum. 13C chemical shift data for the methyl and ring carbons demonstrate that both methyl groups are axial in 1-epi-1′-epi-thiobinupharidine and that one of two methyls is axial in 1-epi- and in 1′-epi-thiobinupharidine.
AbInitio Computation of Force Constants. II. The Estimation of Dissociation Energies from abinitio SCF Calculations
Authors: Schlegel H. Bernhard , Wolfe Saul , Bernardi Fernando
Published: May 2006

The dissociation energies of second and third period hydrides have been estimated by fitting a Morse potential to the harmonic and cubic stretching force constants computed from abinitio wavefunctions. The estimates thus obtained are superior to dissociation energies computed by direct differences of Hartree–Fock energies.
Preparation and Properties of some Trimethylgermyl and Trimethylplumbyl Esters of Dimethylcarbamic and Dimethylthiocarbamic Acids
Authors: Lemire A. E. , Thompson J. C.
Published: May 2006

The preparation of the trimethylgermyl esters of N,N-dimethylcarbamic, N,N-dimethylmonothiocarbamic, and N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acids and the trimethylplumbyl ester of N,N-dimethylmonothiocarbamic acid is reported. Some of these esters exhibit temperature dependent n.m.r. spectra. Infrared and u.v. spectra for these and related compounds are also described.
Studies on the Syntheses of Heterocyclic Compounds. Part DCXXXVI. An Alternative Synthesis of Pentazocine
Authors: Kametani Tetsuji , Honda Toshio , Huang Shyh-Pyng , Fukumoto Keiichiro
Published: May 2006

The important starting material in a synthesis of pentazocine (1) was easily prepared by treating gaseous formaldehyde with 2-lithio-2-butene. Both E- and Z-2-bromo-2-butenes (2, 3) gave the same Z-type of alcohol (4) which was converted into pentazocine.
Studies on the Syntheses of Heterocyclic Compounds. Part DCXXXVIII. Simple Synthesis of Benz[d]indeno[1,2-b]azepine from 1-Benzoyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline
Authors: Kametani Tetsuji , Premila Manakkal Sivaraman , Hirata Shoji , Seto Hideharu , Nemoto Hideo , Fukumoto Keiichiro
Published: May 2006

1-Benzoyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline methiodides (13, 14, 15) were converted into 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-3-benzazepines (18, 19, 20), respectively, cyclization and reduction of which gave benz[d]indeno[l,2-b]azepines (27, 28, 29).
Rat glomerular mesangial cells require laminin-9 to migrate in response to insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5
Authors: Berfield Anne K. , Hansen Kim M. , Abrass Christine K.
Published: May 2006

Temporal and spatial differences in extracellular matrix play critical roles in cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Different migratory stimuli use different substrates and receptors to achieve cell migration. To understand the mechanism of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5)-induced migration in mesangial cells, the roles of integrins and substrates were examined. IGFBP-5 induced an increase in mRNA expression for laminin (LN) chains lama4, lamb2, and lamc1, suggesting that LN-9 might be required for migration. Antibodies to the LNα4 and LNβ2 chains, but not LNβ1, blocked IGFBP-5-induced migration. Anti-sense morpholino oligonucleotide inhibition of expression of LNα4 substantially reduced expression of LN-8/9 (α4β1γ1/α4β2γ1, 411/421) and prevented IGFBP-5-induced migration. Anti-sense inhibition of lamb2 reduced expression of LN-9. Absence of LN-9 prevented IGFBP-5-induced migration, which was not preserved by continued expression of LN-8. The requirement for LN-9 was further supported by studies of T98G cells, which express predominantly LN-8. IGFBP-5 had little effect on migration in these cells, but increased migration when T98G cells were plated on LN-8/9. IGFBP-5-mediated mesangial cell migration was inhibited by antibodies that block attachment to α6β1-integrins but was unaffected by antibodies and disintegrins that block binding to other integrins. Furthermore, in cells with anti-sense inhibited expression of LN-9, integrin α6β1 was no longer detected on the cell surface. These studies suggest the specificity of mechanisms of migration induced by specific stimuli and for the first time demonstrate a unique function for LN-9 in mediating IGFBP-5-induced migration.
Antisense Oligonucleotide Inhibition of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 1 Protects the Liver from Radiation-Induced Apoptosis
Authors: Huang Xiao W. , Yang Jiong , Dragovic Aleksandar F. , Zhang Hong , Lawrence Theodore S. , Zhang Ming
Published: May 2006

Purpose: Liver damage by radiation limits its efficacy in cancer treatment. As radiation can generate apoptotic signals, we wished to examine the potential to protect the liver by inhibiting apoptosis through two key mediators, FAS and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1).

Experimental Design: Radiation-induced liver damage was assessed by serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, hepatocyte micronucleus formation, and apoptosis assays (terminal nucleotidyl transferase–mediated nick end labeling and caspase-3 cleavage) in mice. Protection was evaluated by pretreating mice with antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) for FAS or TNFR1 prior to radiation. TNF-α production in liver and in Kupffer cells were determined by ELISA.

Results: Radiation increased liver FAS and TNFR1 transcription in a dose- and time-dependent manner (maximized at 25 Gy and 8 hours postirradiation). Pretreatment with ASOs for FAS and TNFR1 resulted in the inhibition of liver FAS and TNFR1 by 78% and 59%, respectively. Inductions of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were observed at 2 hours after radiation and could be reduced by pretreating mice with ASO for TNFR1 but not FAS or control oligonucleotide. Radiation-induced liver apoptosis (terminal nucleotidyl transferase–mediated nick end labeling staining and caspase-3 activation on Western blot) and hepatocyte micronucleus formation were reduced by pretreatment with ASO for TNFR1. In addition, radiation stimulated TNF-α production both in irradiated liver and in cultured Kupffer cells by >50% and 100%, respectively.

Conclusion: This study suggests that ionizing radiation activates apoptotic signaling through TNFR1 in the liver, and thus provides a rationale for anti-TNFR1 apoptotic treatment to prevent radiation-induced liver injury.
Rights and Obligations in the Event of Bank Guarantees being called in Governmental Projects
Authors:   Meyer-Reumann
Published: May 2006

No Abstract
Picture Frame Test of Woven Composite Reinforcements with a Full-Field Strain Registration
Authors: Lomov S. V. , Willems A. , Verpoest I. , Zhu Y. , Barburski M. , Stoilova Tz.
Published: May 2006

Results of picture frame shear tests with optical registration of the strain fields are presented for glass (plain and twill, three types) and glass/PP woven (plain and twill) fabric reinforcements for composite materials. Four problems were investigated. (1) How does the shear diagram vary with differences in test conditions? The major factor is the sample pretension, which is influenced by its gripping, removing/preserving yarns near the grips and “conditioning” in the shear cycles. (2) Does the shear of the fabric differ from the pure shear prescribed by the frame? The differences are normally negligible. (3) How large are the variations of the local fabric shear? The scatter of the local fabric shear does not exceed 2°. (4) How is shear of the fabric translated into deformations of the yarns on the micro-scale? Different stages of the fabric deformation are identified: rotation of the yarns followed by their lateral compression.
Service-Learning Projects: Meeting Community Needs
Authors: Peterson Beverly A. , Yockey Jean , Larsen Peggy , Twidwell Diana , Jorgensen Kathy
Published: May 2006

The University of South Dakota’s (USD) nursing program is an associate degree (ADN) level program. In recent years, learning objectives for the students in the ADN level at USD have been updated to include the National League for Nursing’s position statement, which includes recommendations to design new methods to meet students’ learning needs. This article discusses the evolution of service-learning projects between USD’s nursing program and the community. It will discuss four specific projects in terms of (a) matching the academic needs of the students with community needs, (b) commitment by academia to the community, (c) the impact of service learning on faculty productivity, and (d) the quality of student learning. Finally, some of the challenges of participating in service-learning activities are outlined.
Outcomes Research of Home-Visit Nursing Care in Japan
Authors: Ogawa Keiko
Published: May 2006

Since the implementation of long-term care insurance (LTCI) in Japan, home care services have received more national attention. Because the utilization of home-visit nursing is increasing, evaluation of the effectiveness of home-visit nursing care will be needed. Although there are a few outcome research studies of home-visit nursing care in Japan, outcomes research, especially related to the LTCI, will be needed much more in the future. This article shows a framework to easily identify variables that are important to evaluate the effectiveness of home-visit nursing care in Japan.
Patterns of ambulatory care utilization in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Tzeng-Ji , Chou Li-Fang , Hwang Shinn-Jang
Published: May 2006

Background

We used the insurance claims of a representative cohort to quantify the patterns of ambulatory care visits, especially the doctor-shopping phenomenon, in Taiwan.

Methods

The ambulatory visit files of the 200,000-person cohort datasets from the National Health Insurance Research Database in 2002 were analyzed. Only a visit with physician consultation would be considered. We computed the visit patterns both by visit count and by patient count.

Results

In 2002, there were 182,474 eligible people with 2,443,003 physician consultations. During the year, 87.4% of the cohort had visited physician clinics and 57.5% had visited hospital-based outpatient or emergency departments. On average, a person had 13.4 physician consultations and consulted 3.4 specialties, 5.2 physicians, and 3.9 healthcare facilities in a year. In 2002, 17.3% of the cohort had ever visited different healthcare facilities on the same day; 23.5% had ever visited physicians of the same specialty at different healthcare facilities within 7 days and the percentage of second visits was 3.8% of all visits. Besides, 7.6% of the cohort had visited two or more specialties at the same facility on the same day, and such visits make up 2.5% of all visits.

Conclusion

The people in Taiwan did visit the physicians and outpatient departments frequently. Many patients not only consulted several physicians of different specialties and at different healthcare facilities during the year, but also switched the physicians and facilities quickly. An effective referral system with efficient data exchange between facilities might be the solution.
The left-right axis in the mouse: from origin to morphology
Authors: Shiratori Hidetaka , Hamada Hiroshi
Published: May 2006

The past decade or so has seen rapid progress in our understanding of how left-right (LR) asymmetry is generated in vertebrate embryos. However, many important questions about this process remain unanswered. Although a leftward flow of extra-embryonic fluid in the node cavity (nodal flow) is likely to be the symmetry-breaking event, at least in the mouse embryo, it is not yet known how this flow functions or how the asymmetric signal generated in the node is transferred to the lateral plate. The final step in left-right patterning– translation of the asymmetric signal into morphology – is also little understood.
Time-domain 1H NMR characterization of the liquid phase in greenwood
Authors: Labbé Nicole , De Jéso Bernard , Lartigue Jean-Claude , Daudé Gérard , Pétraud Michel , Ratier Max
Published: May 2006

The time domain of 1H NMR spectroscopy allows straightforward editing of the T
2 relaxation profiles in maritime pine wood. A new method from the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill sequence is proposed to measure the amount and distribution of water in wood, as well as the location of major dissolved organic materials. A general calibration model giving reliable and precise identification of these parameters is described. The method presented for editing T
2 relaxation profiles (obtained by the Contin program) may be helpful in solving practical drying and gluing problems in the wood industry. It can be used for monitoring chemical modifications of wood fibers involved in the design of wood composite materials.
Analytical tools to predict changes in properties of oriented strandboard exposed to the fungus Postia placenta
Authors: Kent Scott M. , Leichti Robert J. , Morrell Jeffrey J. , Rosowsky David V. , Kelley Stephen S.
Published: May 2006

Weight loss, specific gravity and strength are traditional measures of how wood changes after fungal exposure. This study investigated the effects of fungal decay on properties of oriented strand board (OSB) made of aspen including weight loss, specific gravity, dowel-bearing strength, shear strength, and alkali solubility. Shear strength and alkali solubility were strongly correlated with specific gravity. In addition, X-ray densitometry and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy were used to study the decay process. X-Ray densitometry was used to assess localized density around the dowel-bearing embedment zone of a nail. A statistical model using the specific gravity directly under the nail from dowel-bearing strength tests as the explanatory variable had a higher coefficient of determination than models using the gross specific gravity of the sample. Predictive models using NIR spectro-scopy, in combination with multivariate statistical methods, showed promise as predictors of weight loss, shear strength, dowel-bearing strength, and solubility.
Psychiatric Hospitalization after Deliberate Self‐Poisoning
Authors: Carter Gregory L. , Safranko Ivan , Lewin Terry J. , Whyte Ian M. , Bryant Jennifer L.
Published: May 2006

The decision for psychiatric hospitalization after deliberate self‐poisoning (DSP) is not well understood. This study, a longitudinal cohort study of 3,148 consecutive DSP patients found 920 (29.2%) subjects were referred for psychiatric hospitalization, 576 (18.3%) on involuntary basis. A logistic regression analysis showed increased risk for: age 25 or older, homelessness, unemployment, previous self‐harm, psychiatric inpatient treatment within 12 months, earlier psychiatric inpatient treatment, suicidal ideation or plan, mood or psychotic disorders, and lower clinician experience; and lower risk for being married/defacto, and after hours presentation. Recommendation for psychiatric hospitalization was based on complex decision making. These findings have implications for clinical practice guidelines, service costs, and service organization.
Suicide Risk at Juvenile Justice Intake
Authors: Wasserman Gail A. , McReynolds Larkin S.
Published: May 2006

Many risks for suicidal behavior, identified in population samples, are elevated in justice youth. We examined whether risks operate similarly in a justice sample. We measured suicidal behavior and disorder on the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children in 991 randomly selected youths, and examined associations between demographic, offense, and disorder characteristics and past attempts. Recent attempts were more common in girls, in those with depression or substance disorder, and in violent offenders. While more girls reported recent attempts regardless of depression, depressed boys' attempt risk was as high as girls'. Depression contributed more to attempt history than did substance disorder.
Morbidade e mortalidade hospitalar em Ribeirão Preto, SP (Brasil), 1972
Authors: Rocha Juan Stuardo Yazlle
Published: May 2006

Estuda-se a morbidade e a mortalidade hospitalares na demanda de assistência médico-hospitalar do município de Ribeirão Preto, ano de 1972. Destacaram-se pela sua freqüência e alta utilização de leitos, os grupos XI - Complicações da Gravidez, Parto e Puerpério, VIII - Doenças do Aparelho Respiratório, VII - Doenças do Aparelho Circulatório, XVII - Acidentes, Envenenamentos e Violências, IX - Doença do Aparelho Digestivo e X - Doenças do Aparelho Geniturinário. Estes grupos foram responsáveis por quase 60% da utilização de leitos hospitalares, pela população de Ribeirão Preto. Os grupos diagnósticos mais freqüentes nos casos de óbitos hospitalares foram: VII - Doenças do Aparelho Circulatório, II - Tumores (Neoplasmas), VIII - Doenças do Aparelho Respiratório, I - Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, XV - Certas Causas de Morbidade e Mortalidade Perinatais, XVII - Acidentes, Envenenamento e Violências.
Notes on health care planning in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Souza José Maria Pacheco de , Raczynski Dagmar , Patino George B. , Ribeiro Anthony T. , Feliu Emilio
Published: May 2006

Attention is called to the fact that the efforts to improve health of populations in Latin America have generally failed. The inequality in the distribution of ill-health is great. The authors accept the fact that the lack of resources available to the health sector may be a restriction towards the improvement of the situation, but they argue that a much more important issue is the misuse of such resources and their maldistribution within the health sector. The lack of integration and coordination between the health services, the conflict of public and private health systems, the under-utilization of existing services and the gap between planning and real implementation are discussed.
Leishmania braziliensis: isolation of carbohydrate-containing antigen and possibility of its use in the immunodiagnosis of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Authors: Silveira T. G. V. , Kemmelmeier C
Published: May 2006

Leishmania braziliensis is a causative agent of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL). The 034-JCG strain, isolated from a patient from the northern region of Paraná State, Brazil, was cultivated in Blood Agar Base medium, lyophilized and submitted to phenol-water extraction. The extract was treated with RNase I. The carbohydrate containing-antigen (Ag-CHO) was immunogenic to rabbits and showed at least a fraction with some negative charge at pH 8.2. This antigen showed cross-reactivity with the phenol-water extract of the growth medium used for the culture of promastigotes and with the surface antigens of promastigotes. Its composition is: 24.3% of total sugars, from which 11.2% of galactose, 7.5% of mannose and 5.6% of ribose. Protein content was 5.4% and phosphate 18.5%. The antigenic activity was maintained after: repeated freezing-thawing; lyophilization; heating at 100ºC for 30 minutes; treatment with RNase, trichloroacetic acid and sodium metaperiodate. The precipitin line obtained is Periodic Acid Schiff positive. The application of the Ag-CHO in counterimmunoelectrophoresis reaction for the immunodiagnosis of ACL showed 60% sensitivity, and no cross-reaction with the five sera of Chagas' disease patients tested. The use of this antigen in a more sensitive technique, with more samples of sera, may improve these results.
Densidade relativa ótima de Latossolos Vermelhos para a produtividade de soja
Authors: Beutler Amauri Nelson , Centurion José Frederido , Roque Cassiano Garcia , Ferraz Marcos Vieira
Published: May 2006

A compactação do solo tem causado decréscimos na produtividade de soja, e os valores de densidade do solo a partir dos quais a produtividade decresce são pouco conhecidos. Assim, este trabalho objetivou avaliar a produtividade de soja (cv. Embrapa 48) em relação à densidade relativa (Dsr) de Latossolo Vermelho textura média (LVd) e argilosa (LVef). Em 2001/2002, foi realizado um experimento em casa de vegetação, com amostras coletadas nos dois solos na camada de 0,0-0,2 m, peneirados a 4,0 mm, adubados e compactados em camadas de 3,0 cm, em vasos de 20 cm de altura e 25 cm de diâmetro. Foram estabelecidos quatro níveis de compactação e dois de água no solo (tensão de 0,01 e 0,05 MPa), com três repetições. A soja foi semeada em novembro (duas plantas por vaso) e irrigada duas vezes ao dia. No segundo experimento, no campo (2002/2003), utilizou-se apenas o LVd que foi compactado por meio de passadas de trator com quatro pneus de mesma largura, estabelecendo-se cinco níveis de compactação, com quatro repetições. A soja foi semeada, em dezembro de 2002, no espaçamento de 0,45 m entre linhas e 20 plantas por metro. Foram determinadas a densidade do solo (Ds) e a Ds máxima pelo teste de Proctor, sendo a Dsr obtida por divisão da Ds pela Ds máxima. Na colheita, foi avaliada a produtividade de grãos. A Dsr ótima para a produtividade de soja, em casa de vegetação, foi superior no Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico argiloso (0,84), comparada à do Latossolo Vermelho caulinítico de textura média (0,75), na tensão de água no solo de 0,01 MPa. No campo, a Dsr ótima para soja foi de 0,80.
Eficiência e competitividade de variantes espontâneos isolados de estirpes de Bradyrhizobium spp recomendadas para a cultura da soja (Glycine max)
Authors: Carvalho Fabíola Gomes de , Selbach Pedro Alberto , Bizarro Mariel Josué
Published: May 2006

O cultivo sucessivo de soja inoculada numa mesma área proporcionou a adaptação de uma população de rizóbios, que podem não ser tão eficientes quanto à capacidade de fixação de N2, mas apresentam alta competitividade, dificultando a introdução de novas estirpes mais eficientes. Com a finalidade de avaliar o desempenho simbiótico (eficiência e competitividade) de variantes espontâneos isolados de estirpes de B. japonicum (SEMIA 5079 e SEMIA 5080) e B. elkanii (SEMIA 587 e SEMIA 5019), realizou-se um experimento em casa de vegetação onde os variantes foram inoculados isoladamente e em diferentes combinações entre os variantes e uma estirpe comprovadamente mais competitiva (SEMIA 587 ou SEMIA 5019) a partir da adição de inóculos mistos (1/1; v/v) no cultivar de soja BR-16. Por meio da avaliação das variáveis analisadas (nodulação, produção de matéria de seca da parte aérea, N total acumulado na parte aérea e ocupação nodular), foi possível constatar que o determinante da maior eficiência em tratamentos co-inoculados não foi a ocupação nodular de determinada estirpe ou variante presente no inóculo, mas, sim, o tipo de interação (sinérgica ou antagônica) predominante no tratamento co-inoculado e que é possível selecionar variantes eficientes e competitivos para a cultura da soja a partir de estirpes parentais que já apresentam características desejáveis para utilização em inoculantes comerciais.
Cinética de absorção e eficiência nutricional de K+, Ca2+ e Mg2+ em plantas jovens de quatro clones de eucalipto
Authors: Lima Augusto Miguel Nascimento , Neves Júlio César Lima , Silva Ivo Ribeiro , Leite Fernando Palha
Published: May 2006

Modelos mecanísticos baseados em princípios de transporte de solutos pode ser de grande utilidade para prever os impactos do cultivo de florestas plantadas, por exemplo, com eucalipto sobre o capital e fluxo de nutrientes no solo. Dentre as variáveis de entrada demandadas por tais modelos, tem-se os valores das constantes Vmax, Km e Cmin da cinética de absorção iônica. Assim, os objetivos do presente trabalho foram determinar os valores de Vmax, Km e Cmin para K, Ca e Mg, bem como avaliar as respectivas eficiências nutricionais de clones de eucalipto. O estudo consistiu de três ensaios em solução nutritiva (um para cada cátion), sendo utilizadas mudas propagadas vegetativamente de um híbrido de E. grandis x E. urophylla (clone 1213) e de três híbridos de E. grandis (clones 7074, 57 e 129). Com base nos teores de cada um desses nutrientes nas soluções de depleção, em cada tempo de amostragem, no volume inicial e final de solução nos vasos e no peso de matéria fresca de raízes, foram obtidos os valores das constantes cinéticas. Para K, o clone 7074 apresentou o menor valor de Vmax em relação aos demais clones, os quais não diferiram entre si, e em relação ao Km e Cmin, os clones não diferiram estatisticamente. Para Ca, os clones estudados diferiram quanto ao valor de Vmax e Km, não diferindo, entretanto, para o Cmin. Os menores valores de Km para Mg foram verificados para os clones 57 e 7074, ou seja, as proteínas transportadoras de Mg na membrana plasmática das células radiculares apresentaram maior afinidade para esse nutriente. Contudo, os valores de Vmax e Cmin não diferiram entre os clones estudados. Diferenças na eficiência nutricional dos clones estudados quanto a K e a Ca foram devidas às diferenças na eficiência de absorção, e para Mg às diferenças na eficiência de absorção e de utilização.
Atributos químicos de um Latossolo de cerrado sob plantio direto, de acordo com doses e formas de aplicação de calcário
Authors: Alleoni Luis Reynaldo Ferracciu , Cambri Michel Alexandro , Caires Eduardo Favero
Published: May 2006

Em áreas cultivadas em sistema plantio direto, a incorporação de calcário não é desejável. Com isso, o corretivo é aplicado sobre a superfície e concentra-se nos primeiros centímetros do solo. Para avaliar a correção da acidez de camadas mais profundas do perfil, com o passar do tempo, estudou-se o efeito de doses de calcário dolomítico (2,0, 4,9 e 7,8 t ha-1), aplicadas em superfície ou incorporadas, nos atributos químicos de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico de cerrado. Amostras de terra foram coletadas nas profundidades de 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 e 20-40 cm, aos seis, 18 e 30 meses da aplicação do corretivo. Após seis meses, a calagem superficial promoveu aumento nos valores de pH, na saturação por bases e nos teores de Ca e Mg trocáveis, bem como diminuição nos teores de Al trocável e da acidez potencial (H + Al) somente na camada de 0-5 cm. Aos 18 e 30 meses da aplicação do calcário, tais efeitos estenderam-se até 10 cm. A incorporação do calcário proporcionou correção da acidez do solo até 20 cm de profundidade, a partir de seis meses após a sua aplicação. A calagem na superfície ou com incorporação não influenciou a correção da acidez do subsolo (20-40 cm). A saturação por bases na profundidade de 0-20 cm ficou abaixo da estimada pelo cálculo da dose do corretivo, mesmo com a incorporação do calcário, após 30 meses. A aplicação de calcário reduziu os teores de Mn e Fe no solo até à profundidade de 10 cm, quando realizada na superfície, e até 20 cm, quando incorporada, em conseqüência do aumento do pH proporcionado pela calagem. Mesmo assim, os teores de Mn e Fe no solo mantiveram-se acima dos limites considerados baixos.
Planejamento integrado de uso da terra: uma disciplina integradora no ensino da agronomia na UFRGS
Authors: Giasson Elvio , Souza Luiz Fernando Coelho de , Levien Renato , Merten Gustavo Henrique
Published: May 2006

A disciplina Planejamento Integrado de Uso da Terra, do Curso de Agronomia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, associa os conhecimentos da área de solos com os demais do Curso de Agronomia, interligando-os e dando-lhes consistência e significado. A disciplina vale-se do planejamento integrado para reunir o conhecimento agronômico num projeto de exploração e desenvolvimento sustentável de uma ou mais propriedades rurais por meio de uma seqüência de atividades, assim definidas: caracterização regional, levantamento dos recursos naturais existentes na propriedade, levantamento do seu uso atual, diagnóstico do sistema produtivo e elaboração de uma proposta de exploração sustentável da propriedade, que é apresentada para a comunidade local. Os resultados desta experiência demonstram que a disciplina tem sido muito proveitosa no treinamento e aperfeiçoamento dos estudantes, tendo recebido suporte e apoio por parte do corpo discente, dos agricultores e das organizações envolvidas no processo de planejamento agrícola.
Atributos físicos do solo e distribuição do sistema radicular de citros como indicadores de horizontes coesos em dois solos de tabuleiros costeiros do estado da Bahia
Authors: Santana Marlete Bastos , Souza Luciano da Silva , Souza Laercio Duarte , Fontes Luiz Eduardo Ferreira
Published: May 2006

Em 2001, foram realizadas a caracterização física e a avaliação do sistema radicular de citros em dois solos típicos de Tabuleiros Costeiros (Latossolo Amarelo-LA e Argissolo Acinzentado-PAC) do Estado da Bahia, visando estabelecer atributos que melhor identifiquem horizontes coesos. Em cada um dos solos, foram coletadas amostras nos primeiros quatro horizontes, para determinar granulometria, densidade do solo, porosidade total, macroporosidade, microporosidade e condutividade hidráulica saturada. Também foram determinadas a resistência do solo à penetração e a umidade crítica de resistência à penetração. Amostras de raízes de citros foram coletadas nos mesmos horizontes. Foi brusca a diminuição da densidade de raízes de citros nos horizontes AB, Bw1, BA e Bt1, associada ao aspecto coeso, sendo um indicador direto de horizonte coeso; no entanto, pela dificuldade de medição, buscou-se identificar atributos do solo mais bem relacionados com a densidade de raízes. A resistência do solo à penetração foi o atributo que melhor identificou a presença de horizonte coeso, devendo ser avaliada em umidade abaixo daquela considerada crítica para expressar a coesão. A condutividade hidráulica saturada também se revelou adequada para identificar horizonte coeso, podendo ser substituída pela macroporosidade, atributo igualmente importante para tal finalidade e com menor variabilidade e de mais fácil medição que aquele. A densidade do solo pode ser considerada um atributo para indicar a presença de horizontes coesos, tendo como principal limitação a interferência da granulometria na manifestação dos seus valores. Os indicadores recomendados permitem detectar a presença de horizontes coesos, orientando intervenções de manejo para superar os problemas de aprofundamento do sistema radicular que tais solos apresentam.
Calagem superficial e cobertura de aveia preta antecedendo os cultivos de milho e soja em sistema plantio direto
Authors: Caires Eduardo Fávero , Garbuio Fernando José , Alleoni Luís Reynaldo Ferracciú , Cambri Michel Alexandro
Published: May 2006

Os resíduos de plantas de cobertura podem mobilizar cátions no solo e beneficiar a ação da calagem superficial, por meio da liberação de ácidos orgânicos de baixo peso molecular da fração solúvel dos resíduos. Entretanto, faltam estudos no campo que comprovem tais efeitos em sistema plantio direto. Para avaliar as alterações químicas do solo e a resposta do milho e da soja com a aplicação de doses de calcário dolomítico na superfície (0,0, 2,5, 5,0 e 7,5 t ha-1), na ausência e na presença de cobertura de aveia preta, foi realizado um experimento em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico textura argilo-arenosa, há cinco anos no sistema plantio direto, em Ponta Grossa (PR). As doses de calcário foram aplicadas nas parcelas em novembro de 2000 e, nas subparcelas, foram realizados dois cultivos, sem e com aveia preta em 2001 e 2002, antecedendo as culturas de milho e soja. A massa de aveia preta produzida não foi influenciada pela aplicação de calcário, tendo-se obtido aproximadamente 4 t ha-1 de matéria seca de aveia, em 2001 e 2002. A calagem também não alterou a capacidade de neutralização do hidrogênio (482 mmol c kg-1), a soma de cátions solúveis (29,5 mmol c L-1) e a condutividade elétrica (1.230 µS cm-1) do extrato de aveia. O calcário aplicado na superfície aumentou o pH, Ca2+ e Mg2+ e reduziu o Al3+ do solo até à profundidade de 10 cm. O resíduo de aveia preta mantido na superfície do solo não ocasionou benefícios à ação da calagem superficial na correção da acidez de camadas do subsolo. A calagem superficial não modificou a nutrição do milho, reduziu as concentrações de Zn e Mn nas folhas de soja e não causou alterações no rendimento de milho e soja. A cobertura de aveia preta aumentou as concentrações de P, Ca e Mg, nas folhas de milho, de N e P, nas folhas de soja, e reduziu o Mn no tecido foliar de soja. A manutenção do resíduo de aveia preta sobre a superfície do solo aumentou o rendimento de milho, mas não influiu no rendimento de soja, cultivada após o milho, no sistema plantio direto.
Cinza e carbonato de cálcio na mitigação de drenagem ácida em estéril de mineração de carvão
Authors: Soares Evaldo Rodrigues , Mello Jaime Wilson Vargas de , Schaefer Carlos Ernesto G.R. , Costa Liovando Marciano da
Published: May 2006

A drenagem ácida é um problema ambiental, não-exclusivo, mas comumente associado à mineração do carvão e decorrente da oxidação de sulfetos, como a pirita, presente nos estéreis e rejeitos da mineração. A cinza derivada da queima do carvão constitui um resíduo, de utilização ainda limitada, no Brasil, mas que apresenta potencial de neutralização da acidez. Desse modo, estudou-se a possibilidade de utilização de cinzas da combustão do carvão mineral em combinação com carbonato de cálcio (CaCO3) para correção da drenagem ácida decorrente da oxidação de pirita em estéril da mineração de carvão de Candiota (RS). Amostras de 50 g do material estéril que continha pirita foram tratadas com 16 combinações de cinza da combustão do carvão e CaCO3 e acondicionadas em frascos de lixiviação. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, fatorial 4 x 4 (quatro doses de CaCO3 e quatro doses de cinza), em três repetições. Os frascos foram submetidos a lixiviações periódicas com água destilada, a cada duas semanas, durante oito meses. Os lixiviados foram caracterizados quanto ao pH, acidez livre e concentrações de S, Si e Fe. Os resultados demonstraram que: o uso da cinza do carvão de Candiota não é viável, tanto por apresentar baixa capacidade de neutralização da acidez quanto por diminuir a eficiência do CaCO3. Após oito meses de intemperismo simulado, apenas 11 % dos sulfetos foram oxidados na ausência de carbonato e cinzas. O uso de carbonato e, em menor grau, de cinza, acelerou a taxa de oxidação dos sulfetos. A oxidação da pirita contida nas amostras ocorreu com maior velocidade nos dois primeiros meses de intemperismo simulado; desse modo, recomenda-se o uso de calcário logo após a exposição do estéril da mineração, visando minimizar a drenagem ácida. Pesquisas, de longo prazo, que visem à otimização das doses de CaCO3 e ao uso de outros corretivos na mitigação da drenagem ácida devem ser estimuladas.
Mulher, Medicina e tecnologia nos discursos de residentes em Obstetrícia/Ginecologia
Authors: Gilbert Ana Cristina Bohrer , Cardoso Maria Helena Cabral de Almeida , Wuillaume Susana Maciel
Published: May 2006

Este estudo objetivou explicitar os significados culturais sobre a mulher e seu processo de adoecimento que estão presentes nos discursos médicos de residentes em Obstetrícia/Ginecologia do Instituto Fernandes Figueira, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. A pesquisa foi realizada em duas etapas: observação participante e construção de fontes orais. Tendo como referência o modelo indiciário, o procedimento técnico-metodológico utilizado incluiu uma codificação analítica qualitativa das entrevistas e posterior análise semiótica. Os resultados apontam para: (a) a percepção da mulher como essencialmente mãe, cujo processo de adoecimento é focado prioritariamente em sua função reprodutiva; (b) o crescente aumento do uso de tecnologia, sobretudo nos exames por imagem, provocando um distanciamento do eixo semiológico da Medicina; e (c) a medicalização, inserida no contexto biotecnológico, como envolvendo práticas materiais-semióticas.