bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Australian Battalion Commanders in the Second World War
Authors: Pratten Garth
Published: December 2014

In Australian Battalion Commanders in the Second World War, Garth Pratten explores, for the first time, the background, role and conduct of the commanding officers of Australian infantry battalions in World War II. Despite their vital role as the lynchpins of the battlefield, uniting the senior officers with the soldiers who fought, the battalion commanders have previously received scant attention in contemporary military history. This book redresses the balance, providing a gripping, meticulously researched and insightful account that charts the development of Australia's infantry commanding officers from part-time, ill-prepared, amateurs to seasoned veterans who, although still not professional soldiers, deserved the title of professional men of war. Drawing on extensive and original archival material, Pratten recreates battle scenes and brings to light many diverse personalities. It is a story of men confronting the timeless challenges of military leadership – mastering their own fear and discomfort - in order to motivate and inspire their troops to endure the maelstrom of war.
Responsibility for Human Rights
Authors: Karp David Jason
Published: December 2014

Responsibility for Human Rights provides an original theoretical analysis of which global actors are responsible for human rights, and why. It does this through an evaluation of the different reasons according to which such responsibilities might be assigned: legalism, universalism, capacity and publicness. The book marshals various arguments that speak in favour of and against assigning 'responsibility for human rights' to any state or non-state actor. At the same time, it remains grounded in an incisive interpretation of the world we actually live in today, including: the relationship between sovereignty and human rights, recent events in 'business and human rights' practice, and key empirical examples of human rights violations by companies. David Karp argues that relevantly public actors have specific human rights responsibility. However, states can be less public, and non-state actors can be more public, than might seem apparent at first glance.
Morality at the Ballot
Authors: Biggers Daniel R.
Published: December 2014

Across the United States, there is wide variation in opportunities for citizens to craft legislation through the process of direct democracy. Previous studies suggest that an active role in policy making can spark political interest and engagement, encouraging individuals, who would otherwise abstain from voting, to turn out. Daniel R. Biggers challenges this contention, testing a new theoretical framework that details the exact circumstances under which any proposition might increase participation. Morality at the Ballot reveals that the ability of direct democracy to increase turnout is significantly more limited than currently thought, and that the propositions that do affect participation are restricted to a small subset of ballot issues that include morality policy. Biggers uses these morality propositions to demonstrate the conditions necessary for direct democracy to influence turnout, affect who votes, and shape electoral and policy outcomes. The investigation provides significant insights into the consequences of deciding policy via the ballot and expanding the role for citizens in the political process.
Stretcher-bearers
Authors: Johnston Mark
Published: December 2014

Stretcher-bearers is a compelling account of the experience of Australian stretcher-bearers during the First and Second World Wars. Respected military historian, Mark Johnston traces the development of formal stretcher-bearing from its origin in the early nineteenth century under Napoleon to the Second World War. Johnston draws on accounts by stretcher-bearers who worked on the front line, as well as tributes from rescued soldiers, to deepen our understanding of the crucial role these soldiers played in Gallipoli, Palestine, the Western Front in World War I, and in the Middle East and the Pacific in World War II. The narrative is further driven by rich imagery, featuring over 130 full-page photographs. This book provides a generously illustrated, engaging and moving account of the history of the stretcher-bearer, a figure praised by countless Diggers but never previously the subject of a book.
Flexible Pattern Matching in Strings
Authors: Navarro Gonzalo , Raffinot Mathieu
Published: December 2014

String matching problems range from the relatively simple task of searching a single text for a string of characters to searching a database for approximate occurrences of a complex pattern. Recent years have witnessed a dramatic increase of interest in sophisticated string matching problems, especially in information retrieval and computational biology. This book presents a practical approach to string matching problems, focusing on the algorithms and implementations that perform best in practice. It covers searching for simple, multiple and extended strings, as well as regular expressions, and exact and approximate searching. It includes all the most significant new developments in complex pattern searching. The clear explanations, step-by-step examples, algorithm pseudocode, and implementation efficiency maps will enable researchers, professionals and students in bioinformatics, computer science, and software engineering to choose the most appropriate algorithms for their applications.
Constructive decidability of classical continuity
Authors: ESCARDÓ MARTÍN
Published: December 2014

We show that the following instance of the principle of excluded middle holds: any function on the one-point compactification of the natural numbers with values on the natural numbers is either classically continuous or classically discontinuous. The proof does not require choice and can be understood in any of the usual varieties of constructive mathematics. Classical (dis)continuity is a weakening of the notion of (dis)continuity, where the existential quantifiers are replaced by negated universal quantifiers. We also show that the classical continuity of all functions is equivalent to the negation of the weak limited principle of omniscience. We use this to relate uniform continuity and searchability of the Cantor space.
Clinical Spanish Norms of the Stroop Test for Traumatic Brain Injury and Schizophrenia
Authors: Lubrini Genny , Periañez José A. , Rios-Lago Marco , Viejo-Sobera Raquel , Ayesa-Arriola Rosa , Sanchez-Cubillo Ignacio , Crespo-Facorro Benedicto , Álvarez-Linera Juan , Adrover-Roig Daniel , Rodriguez-Sanchez José M.
Published: December 2014

The Stroop Color-Word Test is a useful tool to evaluate executive attention and speed of processing. Recent studies have provided norms for different populations of healthy individuals to avoid misinterpretation of scores due to demographic and cultural differences. In addition, clinical norms may improve the assessment of cognitive dysfunction severity and its clinical course. Spanish normative data are provided for 158 closed traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 149 first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SCH) patients. A group of 285 Spanish healthy individuals (HC) was also considered for comparison purposes. Differences between groups were found in all Stroop scores with HC outperforming both clinical groups (p < .002 in all cases; d > .3 in all cases). TBI patients scored lower than SCH patients in word-reading (p < .001 and d = .6), and color-naming conditions (p < .001 and d = .4), but not in the color-word condition (p = .34 and d = .03). However, SCH patients exhibited a higher interference effect as compared to TBI (p < .002 and d = .5). Three sets of norms stratified by age and education (HC), and by education (TBI and SCH) are presented for clinical use.
Rheumatologische Notfälle im Alltag des Hausarztes
Authors: Fahrer Heinz
Published: December 2014

In der Rheumatologie können sich besonders im Bereich der entzündlichen Erkrankungen und der Kollagenosen unvermittelte Notfallsituationen ergeben. Als ein Beispiel sei der plötzliche Zentralarterienverschluss des Auges bei Arteriitis temporalis genannt. Solche Ereignisse sind aber eher selten. Häufiger wird der allgemeine Internist mit nicht unbedingt bedrohlichen, aber sehr schmerzhaften und funktionsbehindernden Akutfällen konfrontiert sein. In diesem Artikel werden vier typische Patientenprobleme dargestellt, die der Praktiker erkennen und nicht missverstehen sollte, um rasch und richtig zu handeln: Akutes (lumbo-)vertebrales Syndrom, Schulter-Periarthropathie, Kristallarthritis und Ruptur einer Bakercyste.
Kleine chirurgische Notfälle – oder ist es doch mehr?
Authors: Heim Dominik , Gujer Silvio
Published: December 2014

Es sind alltägliche Probleme in der Praxis: Knöchelverstauchung (distorsio pedis), kleine Verbrennungen, Rissquetschwunden und eingewachsene Zehennägel. Ihre Behandlung ist nicht weltbewegend, bedeutet aber für den Patienten bei nicht korrektem Vorgehen Mühseligkeit und langwierigen Verlauf – eine adäquate, einfache Behandlung hingegen befriedigt Patient und Arzt.
Stürze – eine praktisch-pragmatische Annäherung
Authors: Horn Benedikt
Published: December 2014

Ausgehend von der eigenen Familie beleuchtet der Autor das Problem der Stürze und Sturzfolgen. Besonders wichtig sind Komorbiditäten, Medikamente und zu einem großen Teil vermeidbare Sturzrisiken zu Hause und unterwegs. Ideen für eine praxisorientierte Prävention durch Hausarzt und Öffentlichkeit schließen die pragmatische, kurze Arbeit, die Resultat zahlreicher Vorlesungen und Vorträge mit anschließenden Diskussionen ist.
The effect of nutrients on carbon and nitrogen fixation by the UCYN-A–haptophyte symbiosis
Authors: Krupke Andreas , Mohr Wiebke , LaRoche Julie , Fuchs Bernhard M , Amann Rudolf I , Kuypers Marcel M M
Published: December 2014

Symbiotic relationships between phytoplankton and N2-fixing microorganisms play a crucial role in marine ecosystems. The abundant and widespread unicellular cyanobacteria group A (UCYN-A) has recently been found to live symbiotically with a haptophyte. Here, we investigated the effect of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), iron (Fe) and Saharan dust additions on nitrogen (N2) fixation and primary production by the UCYN-A–haptophyte association in the subtropical eastern North Atlantic Ocean using nifH expression analysis and stable isotope incubations combined with single-cell measurements. N2 fixation by UCYN-A was stimulated by the addition of Fe and Saharan dust, although this was not reflected in the nifH expression. CO2 fixation by the haptophyte was stimulated by the addition of ammonium nitrate as well as Fe and Saharan dust. Intriguingly, the single-cell analysis using nanometer scale secondary ion mass spectrometry indicates that the increased CO2 fixation by the haptophyte in treatments without added fixed N is likely an indirect result of the positive effect of Fe and/or P on UCYN-A N2 fixation and the transfer of N2-derived N to the haptophyte. Our results reveal a direct linkage between the marine carbon and nitrogen cycles that is fuelled by the atmospheric deposition of dust. The comparison of single-cell rates suggests a tight coupling of nitrogen and carbon transfer that stays balanced even under changing nutrient regimes. However, it appears that the transfer of carbon from the haptophyte to UCYN-A requires a transfer of nitrogen from UCYN-A. This tight coupling indicates an obligate symbiosis of this globally important diazotrophic association.
Contributions to activity enhancement via Fe incorporation in Ni-(oxy)hydroxide/borate catalysts for near-neutral pH oxygen evolution
Authors: Smith Adam M. , Trotochaud Lena , Burke Michaela S. , Boettcher Shannon W.
Published: December 2014

Increases in the activity of Ni–borate oxygen evolution catalysts with anodic conditioning are accompanied by Fe incorporation from electrolyte impurities; Fe-free films show poor activity.
Glucose transport machinery reconstituted in cell models
Authors: Hansen Jesper S. , Elbing Karin , Thompson James R. , Malmstadt Noah , Lindkvist-Petersson Karin
Published: December 2014

This work describes the very first reconstitution of a purified glucose transporter into cell models capable of reporting protein function.
Spectral overlap-free quantum dot-based determination of benzo[a]pyrene-induced cancer stem cells by concurrent monitoring of CD44, CD24 and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1
Authors: Shim Yumi , Song Joon Myong
Published: December 2014

In this study, it was found that breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) are formed from MCF-7 cells by benzo[a]pyrene (BP)-induced mutation.
The X-ray structure of the primary adducts formed in the reaction between cisplatin and cytochrome c
Authors: Ferraro Giarita , Messori Luigi , Merlino Antonello
Published: December 2014

In the present study, the interactions between cisplatin and cytochromecare investigated.
Integration of rigid and flexible organic parts for the construction of a homochiral metal–organic framework with high porosity
Authors: Xu Zhong-Xuan , Tan Yan-Xi , Fu Hong-Ru , Kang Yao , Zhang Jian
Published: December 2014

A pair of predesigned proline derivative ligands was used to construct a pair of homochiral metal–organic frameworks with high porosity.
Novel ‘anti-Prussian blue’ structure based on Zn2+nodes and [Re3Mo3S8(CN)6]6−heterometallic cluster spacers and its rearrangement to Prussian blue
Authors: Virovets Alexander V. , Gayfulin Yakov M. , Peresypkina Eugenia V. , Mironov Yuri V. , Naumov Nikolay G.
Published: December 2014

The reaction between ZnCl2and aqueous/ammonia solution of CaK4[Re3Mo3S8(CN)6]·8H2O results in two novel 3D cyanometallates with primitive cubic network.
Subsystem-DFT potential-energy curves for weakly interacting systems
Authors: Schlüns Danny , Klahr Kevin , Mück-Lichtenfeld Christian , Visscher Lucas , Neugebauer Johannes
Published: December 2014

Subsystem DFT for weakly interacting systems: good at reference geometries, but not necessarily good for potential-energy curves.
Quantification of protein–materials interaction by soft colloidal probe spectroscopy
Authors: Martin Steve , Wang Hanqing , Hartmann Laura , Pompe Tilo , Schmidt Stephan
Published: December 2014

The interactions between protein layers and material surfaces with varying hydrophobicity are detected by a novel technique based on soft, mechanically deformable hydrogel particles.
Interplay between water uptake, ion interactions, and conductivity in an e-beam grafted poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) anion exchange membrane
Authors: Pandey Tara P. , Maes Ashley M. , Sarode Himanshu N. , Peters Bethanne D. , Lavina Sandra , Vezzù Keti , Yang Yuan , Poynton Simon D. , Varcoe John R. , Seifert Soenke , Liberatore Matthew W. , Di Noto Vito , Herring Andrew M.
Published: December 2014

Very high hydroxide conductivity in a robust anion exchange membrane due to very low tortuosity, with two distinct water regimes.
Biologically controlled synthesis and assembly of magnetite nanoparticles
Authors: Bennet Mathieu , Bertinetti Luca , Neely Robert K. , Schertel Andreas , Körnig André , Flors Cristina , Müller Frank D. , Schüler Dirk , Klumpp Stefan , Faivre Damien
Published: December 2014

Magnetite nanoparticles have size- and shape-dependent magnetic properties. In addition, assemblies of magnetite nanoparticles forming one-dimensional nanostructures have magnetic properties distinct from zero-dimensional or non-organized materials due to strong uniaxial shape anisotropy. However, assemblies of free-standing magnetic nanoparticles tend to collapse and form closed-ring structures rather than chains in order to minimize their energy. Magnetotactic bacteria, ubiquitous microorganisms, have the capability to mineralize magnetite nanoparticles, the so-called magnetosomes, and to direct their assembly in stable chainsviabiological macromolecules. In this contribution, the synthesis and assembly of biological magnetite to obtain functional magnetic dipoles in magnetotactic bacteria are presented, with a focus on the assembly. We present tomographic reconstructions based on cryo-FIB sectioning and SEM imaging of a magnetotactic bacterium to exemplify that the magnetosome chain is indeed a paradigm of a 1D magnetic nanostructure, based on the assembly of several individual particles. We show that the biological forces are a major player in the formation of the magnetosome chain. Finally, we demonstrate by super resolution fluorescence microscopy that MamK, a protein of the actin family necessary to form the chain backbone in the bacteria, forms a bundle of filaments that are not only found in the vicinity of the magnetosome chain but are widespread within the cytoplasm, illustrating the dynamic localization of the protein within the cells. These very simple microorganisms have thus much to teach us with regards to controlling the design of functional 1D magnetic nanoassembly.
Correction: A metabolomic and pharmacokinetic study on the mechanism underlying the lipid-lowering effect of orally administered berberine
Authors: Gu Shenghua , Cao Bei , Sun Runbin , Tang Yueqing , Paletta Janice L. , Wu Xiao-Lei , Liu Linsheng , Zha Weibin , Zhao Chunyan , Li Yan , Ridlon Jason M. , Hylemon Phillip B. , Zhou Huiping , Aa Jiye , Wang Guangji
Published: December 2014

Correction for ‘A metabolomic and pharmacokinetic study on the mechanism underlying the lipid-lowering effect of orally administered berberine’ by Shenghua Gu et al., Mol. BioSyst., 2015, DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00500g.
Synthesis and characterization of non-chelating ruthenium–indenylidene olefin metathesis catalysts derived from substituted 1,1-diphenyl-2-propyn-1-ols
Authors: Yu Baoyi , Xie Yu , Hamad Fatma B. , Leus Karen , Lyapkov Alex A. , Van Hecke Kristof , Verpoort Francis
Published: December 2014

The synthesis and characterization of four first-generation modified non-chelating indenylidene ruthenium catalysts is reported, as well as their catalytic performance in olefin metathesis reactions.
The induction phenomenon and catalytic deactivation of thiolate-stabilized raspberry-like polymer composites coated with gold nanoparticles
Authors: Li Maolin , Chen Guofang , Bhuyain Shiper
Published: December 2014

The dual roles of alkylthiolate ligands were studied in AuNPs-coated polymer composite spheres. Effects of alkylthiolate ligands on the induction time and the catalytic activity were studied. The effect of the reactant addition sequence was also investigated.
A nanocellular PVDF–graphite water-repellent composite coating
Authors: Sahoo B. N. , Balasubramanian K.
Published: December 2014

We have developed a cost-effective method for the preparation of a porous superhydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/graphite composite with an induced nanocellular patterned surface.
Anion-mediated synthesis of monodisperse silver nanoparticles useful for screen printing of high-conductivity patterns on flexible substrates for printed electronics
Authors: Liu Li , Wan Xiaoxia , Sun Lingling , Yang Shuanglei , Dai Zhigao , Tian Qingyong , Lei Mei , Xiao Xiangheng , Jiang Changzhong , Wu Wei
Published: December 2014

Monodisperse silver nanoparticles (NPs) have been synthesized on a large scale by oxidation–reduction reactions in water and used in the printed electronics.
Ionic liquid based microemulsion method for the fabrication of poly(methyl methacrylate)–TiO2 nanocomposite as a highly efficient visible light photocatalyst
Authors: Mirhoseini Farid , Salabat Alireza
Published: December 2014

A novel PMMA/TiO2/IL photocatalyst has been prepared and its photocatalytic activity was evaluated for the degradation of MB dye under visible light.
Stereoselective synthesis of 1,6-dioxaspirolactones from spiro-cyclopropanecarboxylated sugars: total synthesis of dihydro-pyrenolide D
Authors: Ramakrishna Bandi , Sridhar Perali Ramu
Published: December 2014

A one-pot protocol for the stereoselective construction of γ-spiroketal γ-lactone frameworks from sugar derived spiro-cyclopropanecarboxylic acids involving a ring enlargement and cyclization reaction is revealed.
Helically structured metal–organic frameworks fabricated by using supramolecular assemblies as templates
Authors: Wang Hui , Zhu Wei , Li Jian , Tian Tian , Lan Yue , Gao Ning , Wang Chen , Zhang Meng , Faul Charl F. J. , Li Guangtao
Published: December 2014

Here we report on the use of a self-assembled organic object to template the first example of a nanoscale metal–organic framework (MOF) with a helical morphology.
Effects of gradual oxidation of aromatic sulphur-heterocycle derivatives on multilevel memory data storage performance
Authors: Liu Zhaojun , Shi Erbo , Wan Yu , Li Najun , Chen Dongyun , Xu Qingfeng , Li Hua , Lu Jianmei , Zhang Keqin , Wang Lihua
Published: December 2014

Three symmetrical conjugated small molecules derived from phenothiazine (PTZ), PTZ-CN, PTZO-CN and PTZDO-CN, were designed and successfully synthesized for multilevel memory data storage.
Independent chemical/physical role of combustive exothermic heat in solution-processed metal oxide semiconductors for thin-film transistors
Authors: Kim Seong Jip , Song Ae Ran , Lee Sun Sook , Nahm Sahn , Choi Youngmin , Chung Kwun-Bum , Jeong Sunho
Published: December 2014

Based on newly-designed, solution-processable zinc tin oxide semiconductors, the independent contribution of combustive exothermic heat was investigated on chemical/physical structural evolution through spectroscopy analyses along with the interpretation on device performance.
Investigation of optical transitions in InAs/GaAs(Sb)/AlAsSb quantum dots using modulation spectroscopy
Authors: Bittner Zachary S. , Hellstroem Staffan , Polly Stephen J. , Laghumavarapu Ramesh B. , Liang Baolai , Huffaker Diana L. , Hubbard Seth M.
Published: December 2014

InAs quantum dots (QDs) were grown in an AlAs0.56Sb0.44/GaAs matrix in the unintentionally doped (uid) region of an In0.52Al0.48As solar cell, establishing a variety of optical transitions both into and out of the QDs. The ultimate goal is to demonstrate sequential absorption, where one photon is absorbed, promoting an electron from the valence band into the QD, and a second photon is absorbed in order to promote the trapped electron from a QD state into the host conduction band. In this study, we directly investigate the optical properties of the solar cell using photoreflectance and evaluate the possibility of sequential absorption by measuring spectral responsivity with broadband infrared illumination.
Bimodal dielectric relaxation of electrolyte solutions in weakly polar solvents
Authors: Yamaguchi Tsuyoshi , Koda Shinobu
Published: December 2014

The dielectric relaxation spectra of dilute electrolyte solutions in solvents of small dielectric constants are investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The theoretical calculation in our previous work [T. Yamaguchi, T. Matsuoka, and S. Koda, J. Chem. Phys. 135, 164511 (2011)] is reanalyzed, and it is shown that the dielectric relaxation spectra are composed of three components, namely, the relaxation of ionic atmosphere, the reorientational relaxation of ion pairs, and the collision between ions. The relaxation frequency of the slowest one increases with increasing the concentration, and the slower two relaxations, those of ionic atmosphere and ion pairs, merge into one at the concentration where the Debye length is comparable to the size of ions. Experimentally, the dielectric relaxation spectra of some electrolytes in two solvents, tetrahydrofuran and tetraglyme, are determined at frequencies from 300 kHz to 200 MHz, and the presence of the slower two relaxations was confirmed. The concentration dependence of the relaxation frequency is also in harmony with the theoretical calculation. The relationship between the dielectric relaxation spectra and the concentration dependence of the ionic conductivity is discussed.
Analytic liquid-state theory of the interactions between colloids mediated by reversibly adsorbed polymers
Authors: Chervanyov A. I.
Published: December 2014

We develop an analytic liquid-state theory of the effective interactions induced by reversibly adsorbing polymers, acting between colloids immersed in a polymer melt. This theory is based on the polymer reference interaction site model that has no restrictions with respect to the density of the polymer system and colloid-to-polymer size ratio. By making use of the developed theory, we calculate the potential of the polymer mediated interactions as a function of the colloid radius, strength and range of the adsorption potential, and the polymer density. In addition, we investigate the behavior of the second virial coefficient as a function of the polymer density in both the colloid and nano-particle limits. We found out that the presence of the adsorption interactions significantly changes the polymer mediated forces relative to the case of the pure entropic depletion interactions, showing most pronounced difference in the case of large polymer densities and small colloid-to-polymer size ratios. The significance of the above differences is determined by the relation between the range of the adsorption potential and polymer correlation length.
On integration of a multidimensional version of n-wave type equation
Authors: Zenchuk A. I.
Published: December 2014

We represent a version of multidimensional quasilinear partial differential equation (PDE) together with large manifold of particular solutions given in an integral form. The dimensionality of constructed PDE can be arbitrary. We call it the n-wave type PDE, although the structure of its nonlinearity differs from that of the classical completely integrable (2+1)-dimensional n-wave equation. The richness of solution space to such a PDE is characterized by a set of arbitrary functions of several variables. However, this richness is not enough to provide the complete integrability, which is shown explicitly. We describe a class of multi-solitary wave solutions in details. Among examples of explicit particular solutions, we represent a lump-lattice solution depending on five independent variables. In Appendix, as an important supplemental material, we show that our nonlinear PDE is reducible from the more general multidimensional PDE which can be derived using the dressing method based on the linear integral equation with the kernel of a special type (a modification of the ∂̄-problem). The dressing algorithm gives us a key for construction of higher order PDEs, although they are not discussed in this paper.
Main defect reactions behind phosphorus diffusion gettering of iron
Authors: Schön Jonas , Vähänissi Ville , Haarahiltunen Antti , Schubert Martin C. , Warta Wilhelm , Savin Hele
Published: December 2014

Phosphorus diffusion is well known to getter effectively metal impurities during silicon solar cell processing. However, the main mechanisms behind phosphorus diffusion gettering are still unclear. Here, we analyze the impact of oxygen, phosphosilicate glass as well as active and clustered phosphorus on the gettering efficiency of iron. The results indicate that two different mechanisms dominate the gettering process. First, segregation of iron through active phosphorus seems to correlate well with the gettered iron profile. Secondly, immobile oxygen appears to act as an effective gettering sink for iron further enhancing the segregation effect. Based on these findings, we present a unifying gettering model that can be used to predict the measured iron concentrations in the bulk and in the heavily phosphorus doped layers and explains the previous discrepancies reported in the literature.
Energy dissipation in micron- and submicron-thick single crystal diamond mechanical resonators
Authors: Liao Meiyong , Toda Masaya , Sang Liwen , Hishita Shunichi , Tanaka Shuji , Koide Yasuo
Published: December 2014

The authors report the resonance frequency and the energy dissipation of single crystal diamond cantilevers with different dimensions, which were fabricated by ion implantation assisted technique. The resonance frequency well followed the inverse power law relationship with the length of the cantilevers and exhibited a high reproducibility with varying the dimensions. The energy dissipation decreased with increasing the cantilever length and saturated or reduced at a certain value. For the shorter cantilevers, clamping loss governed the energy dissipation. As the cantilever length increased to a certain value, defects relaxation or surface effect became dominant. The possible origins for these energy dissipations were discussed.
Photovoltaic property of domain engineered epitaxial BiFeO3 films
Authors: Zhou Yang , Fang Liang , You Lu , Ren Peng , Wang Le , Wang Junling
Published: December 2014

The effect of domain structure on the photovoltaic response of BiFeO3 vertical capacitors is investigated, by domain engineering using vicinal SrTiO3 substrates. It is observed that the open-circuit photovoltage remains unaffected by the domain structure, consistent with the photovoltaic effect being driven by the polarization modulated band bending at the metal/BiFeO3 interface. Nevertheless, the enhancement of short-circuit photocurrent is achieved and attributed to the conducting domain walls. Furthermore, we have estimated and compared the magnitudes of photoconductivity of domains and domain walls in BiFeO3 thin films, which can be used to explain the photocurrent improvements. These findings cast some light on the role of domain walls in ferroelectric photovoltaic effects and provide a simple route towards enhanced efficiency.
Growth of Ca2MnO4 Ruddlesden-Popper structured thin films using combinatorial substrate epitaxy
Authors: Lacotte M. , David A. , Pravarthana D. , Grygiel C. , Rohrer G. S. , Salvador P. A. , Velazquez M. , de Kloe R. , Prellier W.
Published: December 2014

The local epitaxial growth of pulsed laser deposited Ca2MnO4 films on polycrystalline spark plasma sintered Sr2TiO4 substrates was investigated to determine phase formation and preferred epitaxial orientation relationships (ORs) for isostructural Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) heteroepitaxy, further developing the high-throughput synthetic approach called Combinatorial Substrate Epitaxy (CSE). Both grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction patterns of the film and substrate were indexable as single-phase RP-structured compounds. The optimal growth temperature (between 650 °C and 800 °C) was found to be 750 °C using the maximum value of the average image quality of the backscattered diffraction patterns. Films grew in a grain-over-grain pattern such that each Ca2MnO4 grain had a single OR with the Sr2TiO4 grain on which it grew. Three primary ORs described 47 out of 49 grain pairs that covered nearly all of RP orientation space. The first OR, found for 20 of the 49, was the expected RP unit-cell over RP unit-cell OR, expressed as [100][001]film||[100][001]sub. The other two ORs were essentially rotated from the first by 90°, with one (observed for 17 of 49 pairs) being rotated about the [100] and the other (observed for 10 of 49 pairs) being rotated about the [110] (and not exactly by 90°). These results indicate that only a small number of ORs are needed to describe isostructural RP heteroepitaxy and further demonstrate the potential of CSE in the design and growth of a wide range of complex functional oxides.
Performance predictions of a focused ion beam from a laser cooled and compressed atomic beam
Authors: ten Haaf G. , Wouters S. H. W. , van der Geer S. B. , Vredenbregt E. J. D. , Mutsaers P. H. A.
Published: December 2014

Focused ion beams are indispensable tools in the semiconductor industry because of their ability to image and modify structures at the nanometer length scale. Here, we report on performance predictions of a new type of focused ion beam based on photo-ionization of a laser cooled and compressed atomic beam. Particle tracing simulations are performed to investigate the effects of disorder-induced heating after ionization in a large electric field. They lead to a constraint on this electric field strength which is used as input for an analytical model which predicts the minimum attainable spot size as a function of, amongst others, the flux density of the atomic beam, the temperature of this beam, and the total current. At low currents (I < 10 pA), the spot size will be limited by a combination of spherical aberration and brightness, while at higher currents, this is a combination of chromatic aberration and brightness. It is expected that a nanometer size spot is possible at a current of 1 pA. The analytical model was verified with particle tracing simulations of a complete focused ion beam setup. A genetic algorithm was used to find the optimum acceleration electric field as a function of the current. At low currents, the result agrees well with the analytical model, while at higher currents, the spot sizes found are even lower due to effects that are not taken into account in the analytical model.
Contact damping in microelectromechanical actuators
Authors: Khater M. E. , Akhtar S. , Park S. , Ozdemir S. , Abdel-Rahman E. , Vyasarayani C. P. , Yavuz M.
Published: December 2014

We examine the significance of the energy loss mechanisms active in electrostatic MEMS actuators. We find that the dominant loss mechanism changes depending on the actuator mode of operation. We find that the active mechanisms in the order of their significance are: fluid-structure interactions dominant for actuators operating in air, actuator-substrate interactions dominant for actuators in contact with a substrate under vacuum, and intrinsic loss mechanisms dominant for actuators in-flight under vacuum. Further, experimental results show that the quality factor of an electrostatic MEMS actuator drops drastically as the actuator first comes into line contact with a substrate. As the contact area expands along the actuator length, the quality factor increases. Measurements under 1 Torr vacuum show a three-fold increase in the quality factor as the contact area expands from a line to 30% of the actuator area. This increase in the quality factor is attributed to the drop in the contribution of friction forces into energy losses as contact expands and adhesion forces increase.
Extraordinary suppression of carrier scattering in large area graphene oxide films
Authors: Negishi R. , Kobayashi Y.
Published: December 2014

In this study, we find that thermal treatment in ethanol vapor has a remarkable suppression effect of carrier scattering occurring between reduced graphene oxide (rGO) flakes in large area films. We observe excellent electrical properties such as high carrier mobility (∼5 cm2/Vs) and low sheet resistance (∼40 KΩ/□) for the rGO films. From the electrical conductivity analysis of large area rGO films using two-dimensional variable range hopping model and structural analysis using Raman spectra measured from the rGO films, we reveal that the significant effect is caused by the expansion of conjugated π-electron system in rGO flake due to the efficient restoration of graphitic structure.
Wrinkling crystallography on spherical surfaces
Authors: Brojan Miha , Terwagne Denis , Lagrange Romain , Reis Pedro M.
Published: December 2014

Significance

Curved crystals cannot comprise hexagons alone; additional defects are required by both topology and energetics that depend on the system size. These constraints are present in systems as diverse as virus capsules, soccer balls, and geodesic domes. In this paper, we study the structure of defects of the crystalline dimpled patterns that self-organize through curved wrinkling on a thin elastic shell bound to a compliant substrate. The dimples are treated as point-like packing units, even if the shell is a continuum. Our results provide quantitative evidence that our macroscopic wrinkling system can be mapped into and described within the framework of curved crystallography, albeit with some important differences attributed to the far-from-equilibrium nature of our patterns.
Activation of Rab8 guanine nucleotide exchange factor Rabin8 by ERK1/2 in response to EGF signaling
Authors: Wang Juanfei , Ren Jinqi , Wu Bin , Feng Shanshan , Cai Guoping , Tuluc Florin , Peränen Johan , Guo Wei
Published: December 2014

Significance

Rab8 is a key regulator of exocytosis. To understand how Rab8 itself is regulated in cells, it is pivotal to study how its guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Rabin8 is activated. Here we demonstrate that Rabin8 has an autoinhibitory conformation. Phosphorylation of Rabin8 by ERK1/2 in response to EGF relieves the autoinhibition of Rabin8, thus promoting its GEF activity on Rab8. In cells, blocking Rabin8 phosphorylation inhibits vesicular trafficking to the plasma membrane. Our work identifies a molecular mechanism for Rabin8 activation and reveals a regulatory pathway that controls Rab8 activation and vesicular trafficking in response to extracellular signaling.
Image statistics underlying natural texture selectivity of neurons in macaque V4
Authors: Okazawa Gouki , Tajima Satohiro , Komatsu Hidehiko
Published: December 2014

Significance

Our visual world is richly decorated with a great variety of textures, but the brain mechanisms underlying texture perception remain poorly understood. Here we studied the selectivity of neurons in visual area V4 of macaque monkey with synthetic textures having known combinations of higher-order image statistics. We found that V4 neurons typically respond best to particular sparse combinations of these statistics. We also found that population responses of texture-selective V4 neurons can explain human texture discrimination and categorization. Because the statistics of each image can be computed from responses of upstream neurons in visual area V1, our results provide a clear account of how the visual system processes local image features to create the global perception of texture in natural images.
Effects of anthropogenic emissions on aerosol formation from isoprene and monoterpenes in the southeastern United States
Authors: Xu Lu , Guo Hongyu , Boyd Christopher M. , Klein Mitchel , Bougiatioti Aikaterini , Cerully Kate M. , Hite James R. , Isaacman-VanWertz Gabriel , Kreisberg Nathan M. , Knote Christoph , Olson Kevin , Koss Abigail , Goldstein Allen H. , Hering Susanne V. , de Gouw Joost , Baumann Karsten , Lee Shan-Hu , Nenes Athanasios , Weber Rodney J. , Ng Nga Lee
Published: December 2014

Significance

Atmospheric secondary organic aerosol has substantial impacts on climate, air quality, and human health. However, the formation mechanisms of secondary organic aerosol remain uncertain, especially on how anthropogenic pollutants (from human activities) control aerosol formation from biogenic volatile organic compounds (emitted by vegetation) and the magnitude of anthropogenic influences. Although possible mechanisms have been proposed based on laboratories studies, a coherent understanding of anthropogenic−biogenic interactions in ambient environments has not emerged. Here, we provide direct observational evidence that secondary organic aerosol formed from biogenic isoprene and monoterpenes is greatly mediated by anthropogenic SO
2
and NO
x
emissions based on integrated ambient measurements and laboratory studies.
Magnesium stable isotope ecology using mammal tooth enamel
Authors: Martin Jeremy E. , Vance Derek , Balter Vincent
Published: December 2014

Significance

The diet of fossil organisms can be inferred through isotopic analysis of skeletal tissues, largely assessed using isotopic and elemental systems such as carbon isotopes (δ
13
C) and strontium/calcium (Sr/Ca) and barium/calcium (Ba/Ca) concentration ratios. In the case of complex dietary habits such as omnivory, these systems must be used jointly together with new proxies. Based on the expectation that fractionation of bio-essential metals occurs during metabolism, we explore the isotopic variability of magnesium (δ
26
Mg) in tooth enamel sampled from an assemblage of modern mammals. We demonstrate that δ
26
Mg increases from herbivores to higher-level consumers, discriminating most of the identified trophic steps. This, combined with δ
13
C, Ba/Ca, and/or δ
44
Ca might prove useful in paleodietary studies.
Gas1 is a receptor for sonic hedgehog to repel enteric axons
Authors: Jin Shiying , Martinelli David C. , Zheng Xiaobin , Tessier-Lavigne Marc , Fan Chen-Ming
Published: December 2014

Significance

The enteric nervous system is the largest peripheral nervous subsystem. Enteric axons form a tubular meshwork arborizing the smooth muscles of the digestive tract to control gut movement. Deficiencies of enteric neurons cause megacolon and constipation—that is, Hirschsprung’s disease. How enteric axons are kept in the smooth muscle layers without projecting toward the gut epithelium is unknown. We provide, to our knowledge, the first insights into how these axons are confined to the periphery and, in the process, define a novel mechanism of sonic hedgehog signaling for axon repulsion involving the guidance receptor growth arrest specific gene 1 and the signaling G protein α z. We believe this to be a conceptual advance in understanding a key topological problem in axonal arborization and to have important health implications.
An in-tumor genetic screen reveals that the BET bromodomain protein, BRD4, is a potential therapeutic target in ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Baratta Maria Giuseppina , Schinzel Anna C. , Zwang Yaara , Bandopadhayay Pratiti , Bowman-Colin Christian , Kutt Jennifer , Curtis Jennifer , Piao Huiying , Wong Laura C. , Kung Andrew L. , Beroukhim Rameen , Bradner James E. , Drapkin Ronny , Hahn William C. , Liu Joyce F. , Livingston David M.
Published: December 2014

Significance

The observations presented here demonstrate that inhibition of the BET bromodomain protein, BRD4, is a potential therapeutic approach to high-grade epithelial ovarian cancers that exhibit elevated MYCN expression. As BRD4 inhibitors enter clinical studies, these findings provide a rationale for stratification of patients in whom to test the effects of BRD4 inhibition.
On the volume of tubular neighborhoods of real algebraic varieties
Authors: Lotz Martin
Published: December 2014

The problem of determining the volume of a tubular neighborhood has a long and rich history. Bounds on the volume of neighborhoods of algebraic sets have turned out to play an important role in the probabilistic analysis of condition numbers in numerical analysis. We present a self-contained derivation of bounds on the probability that a random point, chosen uniformly from a ball, lies within a given distance of a real algebraic variety of any codimension. The bounds are given in terms of the degrees of the defining polynomials, and contain as a special case an unpublished result by Ocneanu.
Effect of Fungicide and Timing of Application on Management of Sunflower Rust
Authors: Friskop Andrew J. , Gulya Thomas J. , Halley Scott A. , Schatz Blaine G. , Schaefer Joel P. , Jordahl James G. , Meyer Scott M. , Misek Kevin W. , Hendrickson Paul , Markell Samuel G.
Published: December 2014

Sunflower rust is an important yield-limiting disease in sunflower production in the Great Plains of the United States. Rust severity and incidence have increased between 2002 and 2011, and genetic resistance is limited in most commercial hybrids, particularly the high-value confectionary market type. Although fungicides are available for rust management in the United States, management recommendations are insufficient. Specifically, efficacy and timing data are very limited for fungicides in FRAC groups 7 and 11. Seventeen fungicide efficacy and timing trials were conducted between 2008 and 2011 in North Dakota. Timings evaluated across the four years included single or multiple applications at growth stages (GS): GS V8-V12 (late vegetative), GS R1 (terminal bud formation), GS R3-4 (elongation of bud), GS R5 (flowering), and GS R6 (completion of flowering). With few exceptions, fungicide applications of DMIs and QoIs controlled disease greater than SDHI fungicides. Fungicide applications made at R5, either singly or in combination, consistently resulted in greater disease control. A negative correlation (r = −0.7756) between disease control and yield was observed, resulting in a yield reduction of 6.6% for every 1% increase in disease severity.
Advances in cell culture: anchorage dependence
Authors: Merten Otto-Wilhelm
Published: December 2014

Anchorage-dependent cells are of great interest for various biotechnological applications. (i) They represent a formidable production means of viruses for vaccination purposes at very large scales (in 1000–6000 l reactors) using microcarriers, and in the last decade many more novel viral vaccines have been developed using this production technology. (ii) With the advent of stem cells and their use/potential use in clinics for cell therapy and regenerative medicine purposes, the development of novel culture devices and technologies for adherent cells has accelerated greatly with a view to the large-scale expansion of these cells. Presently, the really scalable systems—microcarrier/microcarrier-clump cultures using stirred-tank reactors—for the expansion of stem cells are still in their infancy. Only laboratory scale reactors of maximally 2.5 l working volume have been evaluated because thorough knowledge and basic understanding of critical issues with respect to cell expansion while retaining pluripotency and differentiation potential, and the impact of the culture environment on stem cell fate, etc., are still lacking and require further studies. This article gives an overview on critical issues common to all cell culture systems for adherent cells as well as specifics for different types of stem cells in view of small- and large-scale cell expansion and production processes.
Woody cover in wet and dry African savannas after six decades of experimental fires
Authors: Devine Aisling P. , Stott Iain , McDonald Robbie A. , Maclean Ilya M. D.
Published: December 2014

Fire is an integral process in savannas because it plays a crucial role in altering woody cover of this globally important biome.

In this study, we examine the long‐term effects of varying fire frequencies over a 60‐year time period in South Africa. We analyse the effects of fire exclusion and of experimental burns every 1, 2 and 3 years on woody cover, tree abundance and stem structure on a wet and dry savanna.

Increased fire frequency did not display a consistent effect on woody cover. The presence of fire, irrespective of frequency, was much more influential in lowering tree abundance in the wet savanna than the dry savanna. In the dry savanna, fire was more effective in greatly increasing coppicing in trees, when compared to the wet savannas.

Synthesis. The effects of fire on three measures of savanna woody vegetation differed between wet and dry experimental sites. We suggest that vegetation responses to fire are dependent on local conditions, which are likely influenced by rainfall. Therefore, we suggest that management strategies should take account of whether a savanna is a wet or dry system when implementing fire management regimes.