bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnosing Placental Membrane Hypoxic Lesions Increases the Sensitivity of Placental Examination
Authors: Stanek Jerzy
Published: February 2021

Context.—Two relatively unknown and recently described placental membrane hypoxic lesions (laminar necrosis and microscopic chorionic pseudocysts) have never been compared with time-honored, focal (infarction), and diffuse hypoxic lesions of placental parenchyma.

Objective.—To compare the effect on placental diagnosis of the above placental membrane hypoxic lesions and chorionic disc hypoxic lesions (infarctions and global hypoxic pattern of placental injury).

Design.—Twenty-three clinical (maternal and fetal) and 32 gross and microscopic placental features were retrospectively compared in 4590 placentas from a placental database built during a 13-year period: 168 placentas with at least one hypoxic disc lesion (infarct or global hypoxia) and at least one membrane lesion (microscopic chorionic pseudocysts or laminar necrosis (group 1), 750 placentas with at least one hypoxic villous lesion but no membrane lesion (group 2), 480 placentas with at least one membrane lesion but no villous lesion (group 3), and 3192 placentas with no hypoxic villous or membrane lesions (group 4).

Results.—Several clinical and fetal conditions and placental features known to be associated with in utero hypoxia had a statistically significant correlation with the index hypoxic placental lesions, both villous and membranous. Of placentas from patients associated with clinical conditions at risk for hypoxia, 15% featured only hypoxic membrane lesions without a chorionic disc hypoxic lesion.

Conclusions.—Recognizing placental membrane hypoxic lesions increases the sensitivity of placental examination in diagnosing placental hypoxia by at least 15%. The risk of in utero hypoxia is increased when microscopic chorionic pseudocysts and laminar necrosis occur in conjunction with villous hypoxic lesions.
The Concentration of CD44 Is Increased in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Grafts of Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Plasma Cell Myeloma, and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Krause Daniela S. , Spitzer Thomas R. , Stowell Christopher P.
Published: February 2021

Context.—In autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (autoHSCT), malignant cells remaining in the graft may reengraft leading to relapse of the original disease. CD44 is known to play a role in the engraftment of leukemia-initiating cells and is shed from the surface of malignant cells. Soluble CD44 is a cleaved fragment, which is found in the serum of patients with metastasized epithelial and hematologic malignancies and in some other cancers, and has been demonstrated to be correlated with clinical outcome.

Objectives.—To investigate (1) a possible correlation between the concentration of CD44 in an autoHSCT graft and the type of hematologic malignancy and (2) a possible correlation between the concentration of CD44 in the autoHSCT graft with clinical outcome after autoHSCT.

Design.—We measured CD44 in 157 hematopoietic stem cell grafts from patients with hematologic malignancies and from 43 healthy donors by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results.—Levels of CD44 were almost 2-fold higher in the patients' grafts. Highest levels were found in the grafts of patients with acute myeloid leukemia, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and plasma cell myeloma, congruent with known CD44 expression levels in these malignancies. The survival advantage among patients with CD44 levels less than 22 000 ng/mL was highly statistically significant.

Conclusion.—These results show that CD44 levels in an autoHSCT graft may be linked to clinical outcome after autoHSCT.
Histologically Ambiguous (“Borderline”) Primary Cutaneous Melanocytic Tumors: Approaches to Patient Management Including the Roles of Molecular Testing and Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
Authors: Scolyer Richard A. , Murali Rajmohan , McCarthy Stanley W. , Thompson John F.
Published: February 2021

It is well recognized that the pathologic diagnosis of melanocytic tumors can sometimes be difficult. For some atypical melanocytic tumors that do not display clear-cut features of malignancy, it may be difficult or impossible to exclude a diagnosis of melanoma; this includes those showing some resemblance to Spitz nevi, blue nevi, deep penetrating nevi, and possible nevoid melanomas. When there is uncertainty about whether a primary melanocytic tumor is a nevus or a melanoma, we recommend that a second opinion be sought from one or more experienced colleagues. If diagnostic uncertainty persists, the evidence for or against the various differential diagnostic considerations should be presented in the pathology report and a “most likely” or “favored” diagnosis given. Molecular testing of the primary tumor by using techniques such as comparative genomic hybridization or fluorescence in situ hybridization may assist in establishing a diagnosis of melanoma if multiple chromosomal aberrations are identified. However, these tests require further independent validation and are not widely available at present. Complete excision of the lesion is probably mandatory, but plans for further management should be formulated on a case-by-case basis. While the safest course of action will usually be to manage the tumor as if it were a melanoma (taking into account the tumor's thickness and other prognostic variables), this may not always be appropriate, particularly if it is located in a cosmetically sensitive site such as the face. In some cases, it may be appropriate for the surgical oncologist to convey the diagnostic uncertainty to patients and to present them with management choices so that they can decide whether they wish to be managed aggressively (as for a melanoma) or conservatively. While a sentinel lymph node biopsy may be recommended on the basis of the primary tumor characteristics, the clinical significance of lymph node involvement for these tumors is not yet clear, and it may not have the same prognostic implications as nodal involvement from an unequivocal “conventional” melanoma.
Blue Nevi and Variants: An Update
Authors: Zembowicz Artur , Phadke Pushkar A
Published: February 2021

Context.—Blue nevi are a subset of melanocytic proliferations containing cells reminiscent of the embryonal neural crest–derived dendritic melanocytic precursors. They are common specimens in a general pathology practice, but some of their rare variants may pose diagnostic difficulty. Recent molecular studies provide new insights into genetics of blue nevi.

Objective.—To critically review clinical and histologic features of blue nevi with emphasis on diagnostic problems and rare variants, as well as to provide an update on the pathogenesis of blue nevi.

Data Sources.—Published peer-reviewed literature and personal experience of the authors.

Conclusions.—Challenging areas in diagnosis of blue nevi include recognition of amelanotic, desmoplastic, atypical, and malignant variants of blue nevus. Recent data show that mutations in genes responsible for common nevi or melanomas such as BRAF, NRAS, or c-kit are rare in blue nevi. Benign and malignant blue nevi harbor frequent mutations in the Gαq class of G-protein α subunits, Gnaq and Gna11 proteins.
Just Say No to the Use of No: Alternative Terminology for Improving Anatomic Pathology Reports
Authors: Renshaw Megan A. , Gould Edwin W. , Renshaw Andrew
Published: February 2021

Several organizations have recently suggested several approaches to make medicine safer, including defining “never events.” To date, never events have not been defined in anatomic pathology. We recently had a case in which the word “no” was left off the final diagnosis; as a result the diagnosis both made sense and was the exact opposite of what was intended. We therefore wondered if using the word “no” or “not” in the final diagnosis should be never events in pathology. We reviewed all amendments from the past 5 years and identified a total of 8 cases (0.5% of all amendments) where the words no or not were left out of the final diagnosis. One author (A.A.R.) attempted to avoid the words no and not in the final diagnosis during a 4-month period by using alternative words such as negative, benign, and unremarkable. If these words were left out, the resulting diagnosis no longer made sense. The use of no and not was reduced from 9.3% of all cases to 0.4% of all cases (P < .001). We suggest that using the words no and not are dangerous in the final diagnosis and should be classified as never events in anatomic pathology.
Molecular Testing of Solid Tumors
Authors: Igbokwe Anne , Lopez-Terrada Dolores H.
Published: February 2021

Context—Molecular testing of solid tumors is steadily becoming a vital component of the contemporary anatomic pathologist's armamentarium. These sensitive and specific ancillary tools are useful for confirming ambiguous diagnoses suspected by light microscopy and for guiding therapeutic decisions, assessing prognosis, and monitoring patients for residual neoplastic disease after therapy.

Objective—To review current molecular biomarkers and tumor-specific assays most useful in solid tumor testing, specifically of breast, colon, lung, thyroid, and soft tissue tumors, malignant melanoma, and tumors of unknown origin. A few upcoming molecular diagnostic assays that may become standard of care in the near future will also be discussed.

Data Sources—Original research articles, review articles, and the authors' personal practice experience.

Conclusions—Molecular testing in anatomic pathology is firmly established and will continue to gain ground as the need for more specific diagnoses and new targeted therapies evolve. Knowledge of the more common and clinically relevant molecular tests available for solid tumor diagnosis and management, and their indications and limitations, is necessary if anatomic pathologists are to optimally use these tests and act as consultants for fellow clinicians directly involved in patient care.
The Recurrent Nevus Phenomenon: A History of Challenge, Controversy, and Discovery
Authors: Fox John C. , Reed Jon A. , Shea Christopher R.
Published: February 2021

Context.—The diagnosis of recurrent nevus poses a potential challenge to practicing pathologists. Although most recurrent nevi show uniform microscopic findings and pose no great diagnostic difficulty, a few cases exhibit some histopathologic features similar to, and in some cases indistinguishable from, melanoma. Historically, the term pseudomelanoma has been used in the literature to describe such recurrent nevi, although this label has the potential for confusion and is no longer the favored term for recurrent pigmented melanocytic nevi.

Objective.—To describe historical, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical features of recurrent pigmented melanocytic nevi and to review briefly the literature surrounding the mechanism of recurrence.

Data Sources.—Published peer-reviewed literature and the authors' personal experience.

Conclusions.—Recognition of the histopathologic pattern of recurrent nevi leads the pathologist to the correct diagnosis in most cases; however, in particularly challenging specimens or in circumstances in which there is insufficient clinical history, immunohistochemical studies have proved helpful in distinguishing recurrent nevi from melanoma.
Immunohistochemical Diagnosis of Renal Neoplasms
Authors: Truong Luan D. , Shen Steven S.
Published: February 2021

Context—Histologic diagnosis of renal neoplasm is usually straightforward by routine light microscopy. However, immunomarkers may be essential in several contexts, including differentiating renal from nonrenal neoplasms, subtyping of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and diagnosing rare types of renal neoplasms or metastatic RCC in small biopsy specimens.

Objective—To provide a comprehensive review of the diagnostic utility of immunomarkers for renal neoplasms.

Design—This review is based on published literature and personal experience.

Conclusions—The following markers may have diagnostic utility in various diagnostic contexts: cytokeratins, vimentin, α-methylacyl coenzyme A racemase, carbonic anhydrase IX, PAX2, PAX8, RCC marker, CD10, E-cadherin, kidney-specific cadherin, parvalbumin, claudin-7, claudin-8, S100A1, CD82, CD117, TFE3, thrombomodulin, uroplakin III, p63, and S100P. Cytokeratins are uniformly expressed by RCC, albeit in a somewhat limited amount in some subtypes, requiring broad-spectrum anti-CK antibodies, including both low– and high–molecular-weight cytokeratins. PAX2 and PAX8 are sensitive and relatively specific markers for renal neoplasm, regardless of subtype. CD10 and RCC marker are sensitive to renal cell neoplasms derived from proximal tubules, including clear cell and papillary RCCs. Kidney-specific cadherin, parvalbumin, claudin-7, and claudin-8 are sensitive markers for renal neoplasms from distal portions of the nephron, including chromophobe RCC and oncocytoma. CK7 and α-methylacyl coenzyme A racemase are sensitive markers for papillary RCC; TFE3 expression is essential in confirming the diagnosis of Xp11 translocation RCC. The potentially difficult differential diagnosis between chromophobe RCC and oncocytoma may be facilitated by S100A1 and CD82. Thrombomodulin, uroplakin III, p63, and S100P are useful markers for urothelial carcinoma. Together with high–molecular-weight cytokeratins, PAX2, and PAX8, they can help differentiate renal pelvic urothelial carcinoma from collecting duct RCC. A sensitive marker for sarcomatoid RCC is still not available. Immunomarkers are most often used for diagnosing metastatic RCC. Compared with primary RCC, expression of the above-mentioned markers is often less frequent and less diffuse in the metastatic setting. Recognizing the variable sensitivity and specificity of these markers, it is important to include at least CD10, RCC marker, PAX2, and PAX8 in the diagnostic panel.
Looking for stability
Authors: Psyrraki Maria-Angeliki , Venables Emilie , Eleftherakos Christos , Severy Nathalie , Barry Declan , Gionakis Nikos , Episkopou Maria , Komita Aikaterini , De Maio Gianfranco
Published: February 2021

Introduction: On-going conflict and political instability in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has led to increasing numbers of people fleeing their country for Europe. Many need rehabilitation services upon arrival in Greece after experiencing torture in DRC.  The scarcity of state resources and the limited capacity of non-governmental organisations to assist survivors of torture means many needs remain unmet. This study explored the experiences of rehabilitation for male Congolese survivors of torture living in Athens, as well as the potential role of the wider Congolese community in Athens in supporting rehabilitation. 

Methods: This qualitative study included in-depth interviews with survivors of torture attending a rehabilitation clinic and key informant interviews with representatives of the wider Congolese community in Athens. Data was thematically analysed to construct and develop codes and themes.

Results: 19 survivors and 10 key informants were interviewed. For many survivors, rehabilitation was an unclear concept. Despite the appreciation for services received at the clinic and the amelioration of physical and psychological symptoms, survivors felt rehabilitation was incomplete as it did not meet their accommodation needs nor provide stability through granting refugee status. Survivors were wary of trusting other Congolese people after experiencing torture and did not always associate themselves with the local Congolese community. The role of local Congolese leaders and organisations was not seen as replacing the clinical element of rehabilitation but aiding in practical issues such as information sharing and integration, especially in partnership with other organisations.

Discussion: Systemic shortcomings in Greece, including poor access to accommodation and insecure asylum status, impeded processes of rehabilitation. Many participants found themselves navigating an unstable and unpredictable landscape in their journey towards “feeling whole again.” The role of the wider Congolese community in Athens in supporting rehabilitation remains complex and a lack of trust threatens social cohesion. Nonetheless, the willingness of the community to be more proactive should not be ignored by organisations and policy-makers.
EMDR as an evidence-based therapy for trauma
Authors: Piedfort-Marin Olivier , Fernandez Isabel , Miles Carol
Published: February 2021

Letter to the Editor.
Building a Community of Practice to Support Young Adults with Serious Mental Health Conditions [English and Spanish versions]
Authors:   Transitions RTC
Published: February 2021

A Community of Practice brings together groups of people who share a concern, a set of problems, a passion about a topic, and who deepen their knowledge and expertise in this area by interacting on an ongoing basis. The Transitions Research and Training Center assisted in the development of a Community of Practice on supporting Transition Age Youth and Young Adults with Serious Mental Health Conditions. The Northeast Massachusetts Community of Practice was composed of local stakeholders seeking to enhance services for this group.
The socionatural 18th century: Connecting culture and climate
Authors: Collet Dominik
Published: February 2021

Keynote lecture at the conference "Nature and the Natural in the Eighteenth Century" organized by the Norwegian Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies, 4 February 2021.

RECORDED LECTURE: https://septentrio.uit.no/media/Collet_zoom_0.mp4

The lecture is in English. Abstract (in German): Der zweite Keynote ist Dominik Collet. Er ist Klima- und Umwelthistoriker und hat zu mehreren Gesellschaftsaspekten des 18. Jahrhunderts sowie zum Verhältnis von Naturresourcen, Wetterverhältnissen, Kulturpflanzen, öffentlicher Gesundheit und Bevölkerungsentwicklung geforscht. Professor Collet ist Mitglied der Oslo School of Environmental Histories an der Universität Oslo. In seinem letzten Buch über eine bisher wenig beachtete Hungersnot, die Anfang der 1770er Jahre grosse Teile Europas traf, analysiert er die Auswirkungen von drei Jahren mit Ernteausfall auf die sozialen Verhältnisse in verschiedenen Regionen, darunter Skandinavien. Collet bewegt sich dabei von metereologischen Daten, Dendrochronologie und Bevölkerungsstatistik über kulturelle Ausdrucksformen in Kunst und Kultur zu Philosophie und politischer Entwicklung.

Abstract (in Norwegian): Dominik Collet er en klima- og miljøhistoriker som har forsket på en rekke aspekter ved 1700-tallets samfunn og på samspillet mellom naturressurser, værforhold, avlinger, folkehelse og befolkningsutvikling. Professor Collet er et sentralt medlem av Oslo School of Environmental Histories ved UiO. I sin seneste bok, om en lite påaktet sultkatastrofe som rammet store deler av Europa på begynnelsen av 1770-tallet, analyserer han effekten tre påfølgende år med svikt i avlinger fikk på sosiale forhold i en rekke regioner, inkludert Skandinavia. Collet beveger seg i sin forskning fra meteorologiske data, dendrokronologi og befolkningsstatistikk via kulturelle uttrykk i kunst- og kulturfeltet, og over til filosofisk tenkning og politikkutvikling. Collets foredrag har tittelen «The socionatural 18th century: Connecting climate and culture».
Aromatase Gene Polymorphism (rs2470152) in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients of Eastern Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Kusum Kusum , Patel Sandeep , Chaube Radha , Ashish Ashish , Rai Sangeeta
Published: February 2021

Introduction: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder occurring in fertile age women. Its prevalence is increasing and varies day by day in the present population depending on the diagnostic criteria. The diagnostic features of PCOS are known at least but the causative factors which directly or indirectly play a part in it are yet not known. Few studies have demonstrated that aromatase gene with many factors (hormonal, environmental etc.,) may play a role together for the causes of PCOS. Aim: The purpose of this study was to characterise the salient features, frequency of PCOS in Eastern Uttar Pradesh population and aromatase gene polymorphism (rs2470152) analysis with Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as reference gene. Materials and Methods: It was a pilot study where participants were recruited from SS Hospital, BHU between January 2018-2019. Participants completed a questionnaire with proforma and had to undergo physical examination before inclusion in the study. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) analysis was done for aromatase gene by PCR-RFLP. Allele and genotype distribution among groups were evaluated using the chi-square test or Fisher’s-Exact test. Two-tailed p-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.Results: The data indicated that the prevalence of PCOS was high in reproductive age group and hormone profiles differ in different participants, with features of PCOS. With this it was found that aromatase gene was expressed in both control and PCOS patients, but the aromatase gene polymorphism was not significantly related to PCOS. Conclusion: PCOS was increasingly high in reproductive women of eastern Uttar Pradesh population. Its diagnostic criteria have many parameters that differ from individual to individual. The aromatase gene polymorphism is not found significantly associated with PCOS in the Eastern Uttar Pradesh population.
Role of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in the Evaluation of Ring Enhancing Lesions of the Brain
Authors: Rajasree D , Kumar T Lokesh , Vijayalakshmi K
Published: February 2021

Introduction: The ring enhancing lesions of the brain are a challenging group of lesions with the variable possibilities of diagnosis under conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Employing advanced techniques such as Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) could increase the success rates of the diagnosis. Aim: To assess the role of MRS in evaluating varying ring enhancing lesions of the brain. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study involved 50 patients aged between 3-82 years who were detected with ring enhancing lesions of the brain on contrast MR studies. The patients underwent MRS evaluation. Categorical data was represented as frequency (%). The metabolite peaks of choline, lipid, lactate, N-Acetyl Aspartate (NAA), succinate and amino acids were recorded. The choline/creatine ratio was calculated and associated with the type of lesion the patients exhibited. Results: Among the 50 patients screened, the most prevalent pathologies were tuberculoma (36%) and neurocysticercosis (22%). While the patients diagnosed with tuberculoma presented with higher peak level of lipids and choline/creatine ratio of >1-2. Increased lactate, succinate, choline peak concomitant with no or insignificant lipid peak, were noted in the cases of neurocysticercosis. Primary brain tumour showed high choline peaks and elevated choline/creatine ratio (>2). Metastasis showed increased choline peak. Cerebral abscess showed increased amino acids and lactate peak. Conclusion: The diagnosis of varying ring enhancing lesions of the brain was accurately investigated by MRS. This accuracy enables delineating a treatment plan void of any dilemma.
A Randomised, Double Blinded Study on Comparison of Intrathecal Morphine and Clonidine as Adjuvant for Post-caesarean Analgesia
Authors: Ghosh Susmita , Roy Sankar , Gharami Bidyut Bikas , Biswas Arunava , Bhattacharya Dipasri , Sen Sukanta
Published: February 2021

Introduction: Caesarean section is a common obstetric operation which requires adequate and safe postoperative analgesia sometimes using morphine or clonidine to provide comfort to the mother and ease in handling the new born. Aim: To compare the adjuvant effect of morphine and clonidine when co-administered intrathecally with 0.5% bupivacaine heavy during caesarean section. Materials and Methods: A randomised double-blinded study was conducted on 90 parturient were randomly divided into three groups, during March to November 2011, receiving intrathecal 100 mcg morphine, 75 mcg clonidine and 0.5 mL normal saline along with 2.5 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine respectively. The quality and duration of postoperative analgesia and any side effects were assessed at fixed time interval. APGAR (Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity and Respiration) score of foetus was also done to assess their wellbeing. Statistical analysis was done using Analysis of Variance (for continuous variables like Blood Pressure, heart rate, etc.,) and chi-square test (for discrete variables like VAS score, side effects, etc.,). Results: Postoperative VAS score at different time were much lower in the morphine group as compared to clonidine group (p-value<0.001) at 2,8,24-hour interval postoperative period. The time required for 1st rescue analgesia was longer in morphine (14±7.33 hours) as compared to clonidine (7±1.02 hours) (p<0.001). The total dose of rescue analgesic required in 24 hours was less (p<0.001) in morphine (75±48.25 mg) group. Hypotension bradycardia and sedation (p-value 0.028) were more in clonidine group as compared to morphine group. Conclusion: Low dose morphine is better as an adjuvant than clonidine during spinal anaesthesia for relieving pain following caesarean section.
Biological Connection to the Feeling of Happiness
Authors: Dsouza Josmitha Maria , Chakraborty Anirban , Veigas Jacintha
Published: February 2021

Happiness is a psychological state, resulting from the secretion of certain chemicals by specialist cells in the brain. It is a very tricky multifaceted theory that is challenging to comprehend. Humans desire to be happy and strive for the same throughout their lives. There is nothing else that can give more pleasure than being happy. Without knowing how happiness is achieved, humans tend to slog for worldly things that are perceived to bring joy. But the fact is that the human brain is a master programmer that controls when and how one feels happy. The determinants that offer happiness are numerous like biological, cognitive, behavioural, sociocultural, etc. Amongst these the biological factors are the endogenic constituents that top the table in defining human happiness. Today, happiness is a typical problem that is being examined by several researchers. It is thus, obligatory to comprehend the biological outlook of joy and understand the quality of life. Therefore, this paper intends to reflect on the biological factors that hold happiness. The data acquired from the database search is categorised under the subheadings hormones/ neurotransmitters, genetics, and the anthropometric typology. The neurotransmitters identified to offer happiness are dopamine, oxytocin, serotonin, endocannabinoids, endorphins, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and melatonin. These are secreted in humans and have a designated purpose in ascertaining happiness. Although there is no extensive proof available on the genetics of happiness, studies suggest that 35-50% of the joy is hereditary. Genes like Serotonin Transporter Polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and Monoamine Oxidase (MAOA) and their role in happiness are explored through various research studies. Also, the physical features of an individual have a link to human happiness. Therefore, the existing knowledge points out that the biological factors’ role is vital in determining happiness which is undebatable.
Camel Rearing in Urban and Rural Areas of Bikaner District
Authors: Mohammad Sohel , Singh Shailendra , Singh Vinod
Published: February 2021

In terms of numerical importance, the camel ranks only as a minor domestic animal. The world population of camels consists of about 17.5 million compared with 1270 million cattle, 1145 million sheep, 822 million pigs, 494 million goats, 138 million water buffaloes and 65 million horses. Yet, population statistics alone does not adequately reflect the ecological importance and historical significance of the camel for human cultural development.

From an ecological perspective, camel husbandry is the only means of exploiting the arid zone that composes about one third of the land surface of the earth. Camel pastorals are the only substance strategy that makes it possible to utilize this vast area for food production in a sustainable way. Thriving on a diet of thorny, fibrous and often very salty plants, camels convert the scattered vegetation of the desert into highly nutritious food and other forms of energy. Camels are able to produce large qualities of milk, wheat meat, wool and dung thrown in as by products. The article provides an overview on economic background of camel owners in rural and urban areas as well as different communities of Bikaner district and it is concerned with the utilization pattern of camels, the quality of food and water and the perception of camel owners towards declining number of camel in different landscape and communities of Bikaner.
Utilization of Salacia korthalsiana Miq (Polipog) of Mamanwa Tribe in Las Navas, Northern Samar
Authors: Belga Regina O. , Mahinay Florencio P. , Vicencio Manuela Cecille G.
Published: February 2021

This study was conducted to document the Salacia korthalsiana Miq which is locally known as Polipog for the treatment of various ailments among the Mamanwa tribe in the barangay San Isidro, Las Navas, Northern Samar. The plant part used and the mode of preparation and treatment are also included in the documentation. Medicinal uses of Salacia korthalsiana Miq (Polipog) was gathered through interviews using semi-structured questionnaire. The tribe’s chieftain, elders and faith healers (also known as albularyos) were involved in providing information on the Salacia korthalsiana Miq (Polipog) documentation as medicinal plants and utilized by the Mamanwa tribe to treat different kinds of diseases and ailments. The most frequently used plant part was the leaves, roots and stems. The methods applied in the preparations of the plant were decoction, pounding, cutting, chopping into smaller pieces, extracting the juice and applied directly to the affected area. The most common health problems treated by the plants were menstrual problems, itchiness, wounds, anti-inflammatory, lowering of fever, cough and colds, hypertension, and asthma. Mode of treatment were administered orally and externally. Documentation of the claimed medicinal plants by local communities will not only provide a baseline data but also unlock opportunities for the discovery and development of new and less expensive plant-based medicines.
Effect of Fertigation and Mulching on Growth and Yield of Guava under High Density at Various Stages of Growth in Coastal Odisha
Authors: Challa Lakshmi Poojitha , Behera B. P. , Pradhan P. C.
Published: February 2021

An experiment was conducted on Guava with four treatments and viz., three levels of fertigation i.e., 100%, 80%, 60% of Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF) with mulching and the control refers to drip irrigation with 100% RDF in soil application. The variety used in experiment is Cv Arka Amulya with a spacing of 3 m× 2.5 m. For fertigation purpose, water-soluble fertilizer of Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium is used. The results showed that vegetative growth parameters viz., plant height, girth, number of primary branches were significantly affected and canopy spread was non-significantly affected at various stages of the plant growth. The maximum plant height (2.89 m), canopy area (2.16 m2), girth (19.78cm), number of branches (6) found in 100% RDF through fertigation with mulching at the harvesting stage of the crop. The interaction effect of mulching and fertigation showed significant effect on both the vegetative and yield parameters.
Manual vs AI-Assisted Prescreening for Trial Eligibility Using Large Language Models—A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Unlu Ozan , Varugheese Matthew , Shin Jiyeon , Subramaniam Samantha M. , Stein David Walter Jacques , St Laurent John J. , Mailly Charlotte J. , McPartlin Marian J. , Wang Fei , Oates Michael F. , Cannon Christopher P. , Scirica Benjamin M. , Wagholikar Kavishwar B. , Aronson Samuel J. , Blood Alexander J.
Published: February 2025

This randomized clinical trial compares the efficiency of prescreening patients with heart failure using an artificial intelligence (AI) large language model for inclusion in a clinical trial vs manual prescreening.
Diagnosis and Management of Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance
Authors: Liu Yuxin , Parks Anna L.
Published: February 2025

Importance

Nearly 5% of adults have the precursor malignant condition monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS). Management centers on differentiating MGUS from more serious conditions to determine additional diagnostic testing, monitoring, and potential therapy.

Observations

MGUS is defined by the absence of end-organ damage or symptoms, a small amount of monoclonal immunoglobulin (M protein), and low volume of plasma cells. MGUS must be distinguished from overt malignant diseases like multiple myeloma (MM), immunoglobulin light-chain (AL) amyloidosis, and monoclonal gammopathy of clinical significance (MGCS), all of which cause organ damage or symptoms. Although testing for M proteins is often prompted by clinical findings (eg, osteoporosis or autoimmune disease), recent evidence from screened populations suggests that previous MGUS disease associations were likely overestimated and that testing for M proteins should be reserved for when malignant disease or MGCS is suspected. Risk of progression to malignant disease ranges from 0.5% to 1%, meaning most patients have indolent disease. Guideline-concordant management of MGUS is determined by predicted risk of progression to malignant disease, which depends on subtype of immunoglobulin, M protein concentration, and free light chain ratio. Patients with low-risk MGUS can safely defer bone marrow biopsy and advanced imaging, and should undergo periodic laboratory monitoring. Intermediate- and high-risk MGUS should trigger bone marrow biopsy and bone imaging to detect overt MM and shorter monitoring intervals. Advanced molecular testing may improve on current risk stratification to target monitoring and treatment to those with highest risk of malignant progression and avoid overtreatment of those with low-risk disease. Management will also be informed by results of several clinical trials to clarify the risks and benefits of screening, optimal monitoring strategy, predictors of progression, and potential preventive or curative therapies.

Conclusions and Relevance

Evidence-based management of MGUS currently rests on separating clinically indolent from high-risk precursor disease. Research using novel detection methods, incorporating molecular testing into risk stratification, and evaluating screening, monitoring, and therapeutic or lifestyle interventions has the potential to improve outcomes.
Ethnoracial disparities in gray matter atrophy are mediated by structural disconnectivity in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Bayoumi Ahmed , Thomas Joseph A. , Alonzo Breanna R. , Jimenez Juan , Orlando Christopher M. , Pérez Carlos A. , Hasan Khader M. , Wolinsky Jerry S. , Lincoln John A.
Published: February 2025

Objective

To investigate ethnoracial disparities in gray matter (GM) atrophy, the contribution of white matter lesions and consequent structural disconnectivity among patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).

Methods

This retrospective study included 297 patients with MS (pwMS), 98 Hispanic/Latinx (H‐MS), 82 non‐Hispanic Black (B‐MS), and 117 non‐Hispanic White (W‐MS). GM atrophy was assessed using univariate, voxel‐based morphometry, and multivariate techniques, source‐based morphometry. Structural disconnectivity secondary to white matter lesions was evaluated using the network modification tool. Mediation analyses explored relationships between ethnoracial groups, white matter lesions, structural disconnectivity, and gray matter atrophy.

Results

B‐MS and H‐MS generally exhibited greater gray matter atrophy compared to W‐MS, particularly in temporal, parahippocampal, precuneus, and cuneus GM. Structural disconnectivity differences were most prominent in the hippocampal, cingulate, precuneus, and deep gray matter regions. Mediation analyses revealed that lesion load significantly mediated group differences in global GM atrophy (percent mediated = 52.4%), while structural disconnectivity mediated some differences in specific gray matter components, notably in deep gray matter, insular, and anterior cingulate regions.

Interpretation

Significant ethnoracial disparities exist in GM atrophy and its patterns among diverse MS patients, partially mediated by white matter lesions and consequent structural disconnectivity. These findings underscore the importance of considering ethnoracial factors in MS research and clinical practice, potentially informing personalized treatment strategies and emphasizing the need for diverse representation in clinical trials.
Amygdala Neurodegeneration: A Key Driver of Visual Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Erramuzpe Asier , Murueta‐Goyena Ane , Jimenez‐Marin Antonio , Acera Marian , Teijeira‐Portas Sara , Del Pino Rocío , Fernández‐Valle Tamara , Diez Ibai , Sainz‐Lugarezaresti Unai , Ibarretxe‐Bilbao Naroa , Ayala Unai , Barrenechea Maitane , Cabrera‐Zubizarreta Alberto , Cortés Jesús , Gómez‐Esteban Juan Carlos , Gabilondo Iñigo
Published: February 2025

Objective

Visual disability in Parkinson's disease (PD) is not fully explained by retinal neurodegeneration. We aimed to delineate the brain substrate of visual dysfunction in PD and its association with retinal thickness.

Methods

Forty‐two PD patients and 29 controls underwent 3‐Tesla MRI, retinal spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography, and visual testing across four domains. Voxel‐level associations between gray matter volume and visual outcomes were used to define a visual impairment region (visualROI). Functional connectivity of the visualROI with brain networks was analyzed. Covariance analysis of brain regions associated with retinal thinning (retinalROI) was conducted using hierarchical clustering to develop a model of retinal and brain neurodegeneration linked to disease progression.

Results

The amygdala was the primary component of the visualROI, comprising 32.3% and 14.6% of its left and right volumes. Functional connectivity analysis revealed significant disruptions between the visualROI and medial/lateral visual networks in PD. Covariance analysis identified three clusters within retinalROI: (1) the thalamic nucleus, (2) the amygdala and lateral/occipital visual regions, and (3) frontal regions, including the anterior cingulate cortex and frontal attention networks. Hierarchical clustering suggested a two‐phase progression: early amygdala damage (Braak 1–3) disrupting visual network connections, followed by retinal and frontal atrophy (Braak 4–5) exacerbating visual dysfunction.

Interpretation

Our findings support a novel, amygdala‐centric two‐phase model of visual dysfunction in PD. Early amygdala degeneration disrupts visual pathways, while advanced‐stage disconnection between the amygdala and frontal regions and retinal neurodegeneration contributes to further visual disability.
Regulating Protein Immobilization During Cell‐Free Protein Synthesis in Hyaluronan Microgels
Authors: Kaufmann Anika , Ivanova Kateryna , Thiele Julian
Published: February 2025

Cell‐like platforms are being studied intensively for their application in synthetic biology to mimic aspects of life in an artificial environment. Here, micrometer‐sized, bifunctional microgels are used as an experimental platform to investigate the interplay of cell‐free protein synthesis (CFPS) and in situ protein accumulation inside the microgel volume. In detail, microgels made of hyaluronic acid (HA) are first modified with different amounts of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) moieties to characterize the capability and maximum capacity of binding His‐tag modified GFP. CFPS is optimized for the system used here, particularly when using a linear DNA template. Afterward, HA‐microgels are functionalized with the linear DNA template and Ni2+‐activated NTA moieties to bind in situ synthesized GFP‐His. CFPS and parallel protein accumulation within the microgels are observed over time to determine the GFP‐His binding to the microgel platform. With this approach, the study presents the first steps for a platform to study the temporal‐spatial regulation of protein synthesis by tailored protein binding or release from the microgel matrix‐based reaction environment.
Bifunctional Synergistic Mg@SnSb SEI for Low Interfacial Reaction Energy Barriers and Stable Cycling of High‐Performance Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries
Authors: Peng Xianhao , Yuan Yuan , Gu Dachong , Li Dajian , Wu Liang , Zhang Ligang , Huang Guangsheng , Wang Jingfeng , Pan Fusheng
Published: February 2025

The formation of a stable passivation layer and the strong electrostatic interactions impede the diffusion of magnesium ions (Mg2+) at the Mg anode surface. Construction of an artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer presents a promising approach to overcome these limitations. This study develops a synergistic and structurally stable Mg@SnSb SEI through an in situ reaction between the anode and a Tin trifluoromethanesulfonate and antimony chloride (Sn(OTf)2‐SbCl3‐based) electrolyte, featuring a low LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital). The in situ formed multi‐phase SEI effectively reduces the interfacial reaction barriers and facilitates Mg2+ diffusion during both the plating and the stripping processes. Additionally, the formation of nano‐grained microstructure enhances the uniformity of Mg plating/stripping and suppresses the decomposition of the OTf anions and DME solvent molecules. The Mg anode incorporating the Mg@SnSb SEI exhibits an exceptionally low overpotential of less than 0.07 V and an ultra‐long cycle life exceeding 1500 h. In full‐cell tests using Mg@SnSb||Mo6S8, the system achieved exceptional electrochemical performance, maintaining over 94% of its initial capacity after more than 400 cycles.
Four‐Mask Technique for Manufacturing the Perovskite‐on‐Silicon Sensor Array for Ultraviolet Light Imaging
Authors: Zhang Xuning , Tang Feixiang , Sun Bo , Liu Xingyue , Liao Guanglan , Li Weihua , Liu Sheng
Published: February 2025

Perovskite‐based image sensors are widely explored and recognized as the technology of choice for future optoelectronics. Suffering from the incompatibility between perovskite and conventional lithography technology, the challenges of developing high‐resolution image sensors come from how to pattern the perovskite film with high precision and integrate it with pixel circuits. Recently, a four‐mask technique for manufacturing perovskite‐on‐silicon sensor arrays, which are composed of a pixeled perovskite film and a planar crossbar circuit is demonstrated. Patterning precision for perovskite films attained 2 µm, ranking top among the previous research. The circuit is also proven to have the highest level of integration, theoretically. A proof‐of‐concept image sensor showing the first demonstration of monolithic integration of patterned perovskite film with the bottom pixel circuit is successfully made public. Electro‐optical performance of its pixels is further characterized and showed high uniformity, benefitting the image sensor in capturing the input light distribution with good spatial resolution. This work has thus set a milestone for perovskite‐based image sensors and showed the potential of perovskites in micro‐nanoelectronics.
Improving Alkali Stability of Anion Exchange Membrane by a Super Water‐Retention Strategy
Authors: Ren Zhiwei , Zhao Yun , Han Yangkai , Wei Tao , Sun Jiaqi , Jiao Zhilin , Liu Xinyi , Zhang Haitao , Shao Zhigang
Published: February 2025

Designing highly stable anion exchange membranes (AEMs) is of vital importance for anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs). Herein, the study presents that elevating current density and reducing relative humidity can dramatically lower local hydration number (λ) of the cathode in AEMFCs and therefore result in the rapid degradation of AEMs. To address this issue, a water‐retention strategy has been proposed to alleviate the hydroxide attack. The crosslinked poly (aryl N‐silanylmethyl‐piperidinium) (Si‐TP‐100‐x) AEMs are prepared to increase the amount of bound water on cations by introducing hydrophilic Si─O bonds, and thus improving the alkali stability under low λ conditions. The Si‐TP‐100‐4 exhibits improved ex‐situ stability than the benchmark AEM in 2 m KOH‐MeOH solution (λ = 4) at 80 °C. The in situ cell tests demonstrate that the AEMFC with Si‐TP‐100‐4 can achieve a high peak power density of 1.32 W cm−2 and simultaneously offer lower voltage decay rate than the controlled experiment at 1000 mA cm−2 at 95 °C. The post‐mortem analysis of membrane‐electrode assembly further reveals that membrane and ionomer in cathode concurrently suffer from a significant degradation. This work provides an avenue for developing highly stable anion exchange polymers from the perspective of cation hydration.
Bilayered Molecular Bridge Mediated by π–π Stacking for Improved Interfacial Charge Transport in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zheng Lingfang , Luo Xiaoyan , Zhang Xiaguang , Huang Yu , Shen Lina , Li Fangyao , Yang Jinxin , Tian Chengbo , Xie Liqiang , Wei Zhanhua
Published: February 2025

Molecular bridges with one end absorbed on the electron transport layer (ETL) and the other bound to perovskite can effectively repair imperfections at the ETL/perovskite interface. However, single‐layered bridges usually coexist with undesired double‐layered molecules, leaving a Van der Waals gap between them. Charge transport can only occur via the tunneling effect to travel through the gap, which requires a forward voltage bias and leads to a constrained charge transport efficiency. Herein, the study designs and synthesizes an imidazolium derivative ionic salt of 1,3‐dibenzyl‐2‐phenylimidazolium chloride (DPhImCl), featuring multiple aromatic side chains, to form bilayered interfacial molecular bridges mediated by π–π stacking. The study reveals that DPhIm+ strongly adsorbs on both the SnO2 and perovskite surfaces via the imidazolium ring, while the two layers of DPhIm+ absorbed on SnO2 and perovskite respectively interact through π–π stacking of the benzene ring in side chains, forming bilayered molecular bridge at the SnO2/perovskite interface. This π–π interaction promotes the orderly stacking of molecular layers and creates hopping channels for electron transport, thus facilitating the interfacial charge transfer efficiency. As a result, an impressive device efficiency of 25.90% (certified 25.27%) and a robust T90 operational lifetime of 1101 h for n‐i‐p perovskite solar cells achieved.
Electrochemically Driven Optical Dynamics of Reflectin Protein Films
Authors: Lin Yin‐Chen , Yang Changxuan , Tochikura Seren , Uzarski Joshua R. , Morse Daniel E. , Sepunaru Lior , Gordon Michael J.
Published: February 2025

Neuronally triggered phosphorylation drives the dynamic condensation of reflectin proteins, enabling squid to fine tune the colors reflected from specialized skin cells (iridocytes) for camouflage and communication. Reflectin, the primary component of iridocyte lamellae, forms alternating layers of protein and low refractive index extracellular space within membrane‐encapsulated structures, acting as a biologically tunable distributed Bragg reflector. In vivo, reflectin condensation induces osmotic dehydration of these lamellae, reducing their thickness and shifting the wavelength of reflected light. Inspired by this natural mechanism, we demonstrate that electrochemical reduction of imidazolium moieties within the protein provides a reversible and tunable method to control the water volume fraction in reflectin thin films, allowing precise, dynamic modulation of the film’s refractive index and thickness — mimicking the squid’s dynamic color adaptation. To unravel the underlying mechanisms, we developed electrochemical correlative ellipsometry and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, enabling real‐time analysis of optical property changes of reflectin films. This electrochemically driven approach offers unprecedented control over reflectin condensation dynamics. Our findings not only deepen the understanding of biophysical processes governing cephalopod coloration but also pave the way for bio‐inspired materials and devices that seamlessly integrate biological principles with synthetic systems to bridge the biotic‐abiotic gap.