bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Compression Behavior of Annular Elastic Layers Bonded Between Rigid Plates
Authors: Tsai H.-C.
Published: November 2012

An annular elastic layer bonded between rigid plates and subjected to a compressive force normal to the layer is analyzed through a theoretical approach. On the basis of two kinematic assumptions, the governing equation for the mean pressure is established from the equilibrium equation, which is then solved by satisfying the stress boundary conditions. Through the obtained pressure expression, the compression stiffness of the bonded annular layer is derived in closed form and is very close to the finite element solution. The derived formula has no limitation on the Poisson's ratio and is more concise than the previous research. Through the asymptotic approach, the compression stiffness for the incompressible elastic layers is derived and is more accurate than the previous research obtained by directly neglecting the bulk compressibility. The stiffness reduction caused by the central hole is more prominent when the Poisson's ratio is close to 0.5.
Numerical Study of the Influence of Combustion Models and Kinetic Schemes When Predicting the Diffusion Flames
Authors: Khelil A. , Nechad S. , Naji H. , Loukarfi L. , Braikia M. , Beriache M.
Published: November 2012

This article aims to study numerically three-dimensional (3D) reactive turbulent flow in a combustion chamber of a gas turbine by solving a steady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) )and energy equations. The Reynolds stress model (RSM) is coupled with the probability density function (PDF), laminar flamelet and Chemistry models to describe the turbulent flow and turbulence–chemistry interaction. Numerical computations are conducted to exhibit thermal and concentration behaviour under a quite number of factors, which influence the combustion process. Their influence are examined and compared favourably with available experimental results. Concentration of some radicals as O and OH are obtained assuming the partial-equilibrium assumption and using a PDF in terms of temperature. The 3D simulations demonstrate that the use of RSM, PDF and flamelet model allow simulating velocity and thermochemical fields.
Holographic-Interferometric and Thermoanemometric Study of a Thermoacoustic Prime Mover
Authors: Trávníček Z. , Wang A.-B. , Lédl V. , Vít T. , Chen Y.-C. , Maršík F.
Published: November 2012

A thermoacoustic standing-wave prime mover with a quarter-wave resonator has been investigated experimentally. The working fluid is air at the barometric pressure. The holographic interferometry and hot-wire anemometry have been used. A special optical setup, based on a Michelson interferometer, has been developed and used. The setup exhibits a double sensitivity, in comparison with a common Mach-Zehnder holographic interferometer. The results have confirmed a proper function of the prime mover, and advantages of the present optical setup.
Enhancement of Heat Transfer of Mixing Convection in a Vertical Channel by a Moving Block
Authors: Fu W.-S. , Huang J.-C. , Wang Y.-Y. , Huang Y.
Published: November 2012

Enhancement of a heat transfer rate of mixed convection flow in a three-dimensional vertical channel with insertion of a moving slender block is investigated numerically. A slender block is installed along the direction of the channel flow, and the movement of the slender block is in periodic motion and transverse to the channel flow. The interaction between the moving block and the channel flow destroys and suppresses the velocity and thermal boundary layers on the heat surface periodically. Various ratios of the Richardson numbers (Gr/Re2) are simulated. The results show that under a higher velocity of the channel flow and a lower magnitude of Gr/Re2, the enhancement of heat transfer rate is better. Oppositely, under a lower velocity of the channel flow and a higher magnitude of Gr/Re2, the effect of natural convection driven by the buoyancy force is stronger and it is unfavorable to the heat transfer. A counter effect of the heat transfer rate is observed. These phenomena which are seldom analyzed before by numerical simulation are carried out in this study.
Thermal Buckling Analysis of Circular FGP with Actuator/Actuator Piezoelectric Layers Based on Neutral Plane Method
Authors: Najafizadeh M. M. , Malmorad M. , Sharifi A. , Joodaky A.
Published: November 2012

In this research, thermal buckling analysis of circular functionally graded plates with Actuator/Actuator piezoelectric layers (FGPs) is studied based on neutral plane, classical and first order shear deformation plate theories. Mechanical properties of the plate are considered as those of Reddy Model. Plate is assumed to be under thermal loading. Nonlinear temperature rises through the thickness and boundary conditions are considered clamped. Equilibrium and stability equations have been derived using calculus of variations and application of Euler equations. Finally, critical buckling temperature changes are studied based on the mentioned theories for a sample plate. An appropriate agreement is seen among the present results and the results of other researches.
Flow Field in a Skimming Flow Over a Vertical Drop Without End-Sill
Authors: Lin Chang , Hsieh S.-C. , Lin W.-J. , Chou S.-H. , Raikar R. V.
Published: November 2012

The flow structure in the shear layer and in the recirculation zone of a skimming flow downstream of a vertical drop without end-sill measured using high speed particle image velocimetry (HSPIV) and flow visualization method is presented. The interface between the sliding jet and the recirculation zone (zone below sliding jet) was enhanced through non-ventilation condition between the drop structure and the jet. The flow field measured through HSPIV was used to represent the characteristics of mean streamwise velocity in the shear layer and mean horizontal velocity in the recirculation zone. With the growth of shear layer as the jet slides down over the recirculation zone, the momentum exchange from the sliding jet into the recirculation zone via the shear layer increases along with energy loss. Hence, it was observed that the amount of energy dissipated in the skimming flow at the drop structure without ventilation is greater than that with ventilation by an average value of 50% forYc/H≥ 0.2 (whereYc= critical depth andH= drop height). However, the flow structure in the recirculation zone is found to be analogous to that of turbulent plane wall jet. The nonlinear regression analysis is used to fit the regressed velocity profiles to the measured HSPIV mean velocity distributions. Further, the appropriate characteristic velocity and length scales are selected to attain the unique similarity profiles both in the shear layer and in the recirculation zone of the skimming flow. The selection of the characteristic scales is also discussed. The similarity profiles are well comparable with those of napped flow without end-sill and with ventilation as well as of skimming flow with end-sill and without ventilation. It is interesting to observe that, the proposed similarity profiles for the shear layer also map the data of backward-facing step flow and cavity shear flow. In addition, the turbulence characteristics in the shear layer, including turbulence intensities, turbulent kinetic energy, viscous and Reynolds shear stresses, and turbulence energy-budget balance, are illustrated in detail. From the variation of turbulence production it is observed that near the drop structure the energy exchange is from the chaotic recirculation zone to the sliding-jet flow, while in the later part it is reversed. Furthermore, the analysis of turbulence energy-budget balance indicates very significant role of turbulence production, pressure diffusion and turbulence diffusion as compared with turbulence advection that has very minor role in turbulence energy-budget balance for the central part of the shear layer.
Experimental Study of Flow Separation over NACA633018 Wing with Synthetic Jet Control at Low Reynolds Numbers
Authors: Lin C.-Y. , Hsiao F.-B.
Published: November 2012

This paper experimentally studies flow separation and aerodynamic performance of a NACA633018 wing using a series of piezoelectric-driven disks, which are located at 12% chord length from the leading edge to generate a spanwise-distributed synthetic jets to excite the passing flow. The experiment is conducted in an open-type wind tunnel with Reynolds numbers (Re) of 8 × 104 and 1.2 × 105, respectively, based on the wing chord. The oscillations of the synthetic jet actuators (SJAs) disturb the neighboring passage flow on the upper surface of the wing before the laminar separation takes place. The disturbances of energy influence the downstream development of boundary layers to eliminate or reduce the separation bubble on the upper surface of the wing. Significant lift increase and drag decrease are found at the tested Reynolds number of 8 × 104 due to the actuators excitation. Furthermore, the effect of drag also reduces dominant with increasing Reynolds number, but the increase on lift is reduced with the Reynolds number increased.
Evaluation of Multi-Order Derivatives by Local Radial Basis Function Differential Quadrature Method
Authors: Shen L. H. , Tseng K. H. , Young D. L.
Published: November 2012

It is difficult to obtain the derivative values from most mesh dependent numerical procedures in general. This study proposes an efficient computational tool to accurately evaluate the multi-order derivatives by the radial basis functions and local differential quadrature (LRBF-DQ) algorithm. Most of the traditional derivative calculations can be only adopted to evaluate the differential values with the regular meshes. Moreover, the traditional numerical schemes are very restricted by the order of the shape functions. The present technique can be applied to both the structured and unstructured meshes as well as meshless numerical algorithms – such as RBFs and LDQ method. In addition, the proposed model can be also used to estimate multi-order or mixed partial derivative values because its test function using RBFs is a multi-order differentiable function. All of the evaluation of derivative results will be compared with the exact solutions and other numerical techniques. Consequently, this study provides an effective algorithm of post process to accurately calculate the multi-order derivative values for any numerical schemes.
Dynamic Responses of Two Beams Connected by a Spring-Mass Device
Authors: Lin H.- P. , Yang D.
Published: November 2012

This paper deals with the transverse free vibrations of a system in which two beams are coupled with a spring-mass device. The dynamics of this system are coupled through the motion of the mass. The entire system is modeled as two two-span beams and each span of the continuous beams is assumed to obey the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. Considering the compatibility requirements across each spring con-nection position, the eigensolutions (natural frequencies and mode shapes) of this system can be obtained for different boundary conditions. Some numerical results and experimental validations are presented to demonstrate the method proposed in this article.
Sensitivity Analysis on Triaxiality Factor and Lode Angle in Ductile Fracture
Authors: Ghajar R. , Mirone G. , Keshavarz A.
Published: November 2012

Accuracy of numerical analysis is always important but it is much more important in failure analysis of ductile materials. In ductile materials, the process of removing the effects of necking to obtain stress-strain curve usually need reverse identification methods which are based on iterative finite element analysis. Moreover, triaxiality factor and Lode angle (two parameters that control failure of ductile materials) are obtained from finite element analysis.

In this article based on some experiments, the effect of triaxiality factor and Lode angle on the failure strain of X100 pipeline steel is studied. In order to gain a better understanding of the response of triaxiality and Lode angle to deviations of stress, a sensitivity analysis is done on these two parameters before the start of finite elements (FE) analysis. This sensitivity analysis shows that the two parameters are really sensitive to stress deviations in some areas. Three geometries are selected and their FE analysis shows that it is necessary to reduce the element size lower than what is reported in literature in order to get convergence in triaxiality factor and Lode angle in critical areas.
An Examination of Commercial Spelling Programs for Upper Primary Level students
Authors: Mullock Barbara
Published: November 2012

The acquisition of spelling skills in English presents, for a substantial number of children, a significant challenge. Spelling skills do not automatically transfer from reading skills, and while many teachers are aware of the need to develop a separate word study program to assist with spelling development, time and confidence factors often result in their turning to commercial spelling programs for assistance. But to what extent do such programs reflect what contemporary research tells us about how spelling skills are acquired? The current study uses criteria developed from Cramer and Cipielewski (1995) to analyse 9 Australian commercial spelling programs designed for use in primary Years 4 to 6. The programs are examined with special attention to the needs of weaker spellers. The study found that although the majority of the programs contained treatment of basic morphological aspects of spelling, only 2 of the programs presented material designed to develop understanding of the more complex sound–symbol relationships of the English spelling system. Treatment of more complex morphemic principles was weak in almost all programs, and there was only limited coverage of compound words, homonyms, contractions, and words that are easily confused.
The Role of Viticulture and Enology in the Development of Economic Thought: How Wine Contributed to Modern Economic Theory
Authors: Chaikind Stephen
Published: November 2012

This paper introduces the role wine has played as a central factor in the history of economic thought. The focus is on an examination of documented sources that connect wine and its viticulture and enology with the evolution of economic concepts. Works by Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Karl Marx, John Stuart Mill, Léon Walras, Alfred Marshall, and others are examined, as well as wine economic ideas postulated by Greek and Roman thinkers. (JEL Classification: A1, B1, B3, N00)
Conceptualizing the Social Economy in China
Authors: ZHAO LI
Published: November 2012

This study offers a conceptual analysis of the social economy in China within the context of institutional transition. In China, economic reform has engendered significant social changes. Accelerated economic growth, privatization of the social welfare system, and the rise of civil society explain the institutional contexts in which a range of not-for-profit initiatives, neither state-owned nor capital-driven, re-emerged. They are defined in this research as the social economy in China. This study shows that although the term itself is quite new, the social economy is no new phenomenon in China, as its various elements have a rich historical tradition. Moreover, the impact of the transition on the upsurge of the Chinese social economy is felt not only through direct means of de-nationalization and marketization and, as a consequence, the privatization of China's social welfare system, but also through various indirect means. The development of the social economy in China was greatly influenced by the framework set by political institutions and, accordingly, legal enabling environments. In addition, the link to the West, as well as local historical and cultural traditions, contribute towards explaining its re-emergence. Examining the practices in the field shows that the social economy sector in China is conducive to achieving a plural economy and an inclusive society, particularly by way of poverty reduction, social service provision, work integration, and community development. Therefore, in contemporary China, it serves as a key sector for improving welfare, encouraging participation, and consolidating solidarity.
The Subordination of the Sovereigns: Colonialism and the Gond Rajas in Central India, 1818–1948
Authors: BHUKYA BHANGYA
Published: November 2012

British colonial intervention in India had sought to establish an exclusive sovereignty as was embodied in the modern state of the West. India had a tradition of existence of multiple sovereignties even during the times of strong imperial powers. Pre-colonial imperial powers had enjoyed symbolic sovereignty particularly over forest and hill areas, while local powers had undisputed sovereignty over resources and people in their territories. The British colonial state disturbed this shared sovereignty by assimilating the local sovereign powers into the state through a programme of colonial modernity, treaties, agreements and by force. This process produced contested histories. However, local powers such as the Gond Rajas were, to some extent, reduced to a subordinate position.
Association between pubertal development and depressive symptoms in girls from a UK cohort
Authors: Joinson C. , Heron J. , Araya R. , Paus T. , Croudace T. , Rubin C. , Marcus M. , Lewis G.
Published: November 2012

Background

It is unclear whether pubertal status or timing of puberty explains the increase in depressive symptoms in girls during adolescence.

Method

This is a longitudinal study based on 2506 girls from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Self-reported depressive symptoms at 10.5, 13 and 14 years were assessed using the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ). Pubertal status (Tanner breast and pubic hair stage) and timing of menarche were derived from questionnaires administered from age 8 to 14 years. We used multivariable regression models to examine the relative contributions of pubertal status and timing in accounting for increases in level of depressive symptoms at 14 years.

Results

With increasing age, the association between breast development and depressive symptoms strengthened. Pubertal status (breast stage), rather than timing of menarche, was independently associated with depressive symptoms at 14 years. There was strong evidence for a linear relationship between breast stage and depressive symptoms at 14 years [increase in 0.17 s.d. (range 0.10–0.24) of depressive symptoms for advancement of each breast stage].

Conclusions

Depressive symptoms in mid-adolescence were more strongly influenced by breast stage than timing of menarche. This could imply that the female rise in depression during adolescence is due to increasing estrogen levels, and might explain why the gender difference in rates of depression emerges at this stage. Future research should be aimed at identifying the mechanism of action of pubertal change, including direct effects of pubertal hormones and indirect effects mediated by psychosocial factors.
Liminality in multitasking: Where talk and task collide in computer collaborations
Authors: Levy Mike , Gardner Rod
Published: November 2012

This article investigates the effect of computer activity on talk during collaboration at the computer by two pairs of high school students during a web-based task. The work is located in relation to research in the wider world of the workplace and informal settings where multitasking involving talk and the operation of artifacts is known to occur. The current study focuses on how, when two students are working at the computer, talk continues or is disrupted during multitasking. Five examples are described in detail, beginning with a relatively straightforward case of serial multitasking and leading up to an example of complex simultaneous multitasking. Overwhelmingly in our data, only routine on-screen actions accompany talk, whereas complex actions occur with hitches or restarts in the talk, and true simultaneous multitasking happens on just three occasions in the data set. (Collaborative activity, computers, Conversation Analysis, interaction, language and technology, multimodality, multitasking)*
Optimal spring balancing of robot manipulators in point-to-point motion
Authors: Nikoobin A. , Moradi M. , Esmaili A.
Published: November 2012

The balancing of robotic systems is an important issue, because it allows significant reduction of torques. However, the literature review shows that the balancing of robotic systems is performed without considering the traveling trajectory. Although in static balancing the gravity effects on the actuators are removed, and in complete balancing the Coriolis, centripetal, gravitational, and cross-inertia terms are eliminated, but it does not mean that the required torque to move the manipulator from one point to another point is minimum. In this paper, “optimal spring balancing” is presented for open-chain robotic system based on indirect solution of open-loop optimal control problem. Indeed, optimal spring balancing is an optimal trajectory planning problem in which states, controls, and all the unknown parameters associated with the springs must be determined simultaneously to minimize the given performance index for a predefined point-to-point task. For this purpose, on the basis of the fundamental theorem of calculus of variations, the necessary conditions for optimality are derived that lead to the optimality conditions associated with Pontryagin's minimum principle and an additional condition associated with the constant parameters. The obtained optimality conditions are developed for a two-link manipulator in detail. Finally, the efficiency of the suggested approach is illustrated by simulation for a two-link manipulator and a PUMA-like robot. The obtained results show that the proposed method has dominant superiority over the previous methods such as static balancing or complete balancing.
Autonomous Simultaneous Localization and Mapping driven by Monte Carlo uncertainty maps-based navigation
Authors: Auat Cheein Fernando A. , Pereira Fernando M. Lobo , di Sciascio Fernando , Carelli Ricardo
Published: November 2012

This paper addresses the problem of implementing a Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) algorithm combined with a non-reactive controller (such as trajectory following or path following). A general study showing the advantages of using predictors to avoid mapping inconsistences in autonomous SLAM architectures is presented. In addition, this paper presents a priority-based uncertainty map construction method of the environment by a mobile robot when executing a SLAM algorithm. The SLAM algorithm is implemented with an extended Kalman filter (EKF) and extracts corners (convex and concave) and lines (associated with walls) from the surrounding environment. A navigation approach directs the robot motion to the regions of the environment with the higher uncertainty and the higher priority. The uncertainty of a region is specified by a probability characterization computed at the corresponding representative points. These points are obtained by a Monte Carlo experiment and their probability is estimated by the sum of Gaussians method, avoiding the time-consuming map-gridding procedure. The priority is determined by the frame in which the uncertainty region was detected (either local or global to the vehicle's pose). The mobile robot has a non-reactive trajectory following controller implemented on it to drive the vehicle to the uncertainty points. SLAM real-time experiments in real environment, navigation examples, uncertainty maps constructions along with algorithm strategies and architectures are also included in this work.
Risk attitudes in risk-based design: Considering risk attitude using utility theory in risk-based design
Authors: Van Bossuyt Douglas , Hoyle Chris , Tumer Irem Y. , Dong Andy
Published: November 2012

Engineering risk methods and tools account for and make decisions about risk using an expected-value approach. Psychological research has shown that stakeholders and decision makers hold domain-specific risk attitudes that often vary between individuals and between enterprises. Moreover, certain companies and industries (e.g., the nuclear power industry and aerospace corporations) are very risk-averse whereas other organizations and industrial sectors (e.g., IDEO, located in the innovation and design sector) are risk tolerant and actually thrive by making risky decisions. Engineering risk methods such as failure modes and effects analysis, fault tree analysis, and others are not equipped to help stakeholders make decisions under risk-tolerant or risk-averse decision-making conditions. This article presents a novel method for translating engineering risk data from the expected-value domain into a risk appetite corrected domain using utility functions derived from the psychometric Engineering Domain-Specific Risk-Taking test results under a single-criterion decision-based design approach. The method is aspirational rather than predictive in nature through the use of a psychometric test rather than lottery methods to generate utility functions. Using this method, decisions can be made based upon risk appetite corrected risk data. We discuss development and application of the method based upon a simplified space mission design in a collaborative design-center environment. The method is shown to change risk-based decisions in certain situations where a risk-averse or risk-tolerant decision maker would likely choose differently than the expected-value approach dictates.
An Investigation of Executive Functioning, Attention and Working Memory in Compulsive Hoarding
Authors: McMillan Sandra G. , Rees Clare S. , Pestell Carmela
Published: November 2012

Background: Compulsive Hoarding involves the acquisition of, and failure to discard, a large number of possessions that appear to be useless or of limited value, cluttered living spaces and significant distress or impairment in functioning (Frost and Hartl, 1996). The problem is multifaceted and appears best explained by a cognitive-behavioural framework. Aims: This study set out to test one aspect of Frost and Hartl's (1996) cognitive-behavioural model of compulsive hoarding by investigating theorized cognitive deficits in executive functioning, such as working memory and attention. Method: 24 participants with compulsive hoarding were tested on the Digit Span, Spatial Span and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Tests (WCST). Results: On the WCST, the hoarding group had a significantly higher number of perseveration errors (t = 1.67, p = .005) and significantly lower numbers of categories completed (t = −2.47, p = .001) than test norms. Only “failure to maintain set” was significantly correlated with hoarding severity (r = .435, p < .05). Conclusions: These findings lend support to the theory that people who compulsively hoard have executive dysfunction, which impacts on their ability to process information. Deficits relate to difficulties in forming effective strategies, inadequate feedback response, problems in concept formation, and impulsivity. Difficulties in sustained attention also appeared to be a factor in hoarding severity. These findings are important in directing more targeted clinical interventions.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effectiveness of Brief-CBT for Patients with Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Following a Motor Vehicle Crash
Authors: Wu Kitty K. , Li Frendi W. , Cho Valda W.
Published: November 2012

Background: Motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) are leading contributors to the global burden of disease. Patients attending accident and emergency (A&E) after an MVC may develop symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There is evidence that brief cognitive behavioural therapy (B-CBT) can be effective in treating PTSD; however, there are few studies of the use of B-CBT to treat PTSD in MVC survivors. Aims: This study examined the effects of B-CBT and a self-help program on the severity of psychological symptoms in MVC survivors at risk of developing PTSD. Method: Sixty participants who attended A&E after a MVC were screened for PTSD symptoms and randomized to a 4-weekly session B-CBT or a 4-week self-help program (SHP) booklet treatment conditions. Psychological assessments were completed at baseline (1-month post-MVC) and posttreatment (3- and 6-month follow-ups) by utilizing Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results: There were significant improvements in the measures of anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptoms over time. Participants treated with B-CBT showed greater reductions in anxiety at 3-month and 6-month follow-ups, and in depression at 6-month follow-up. A comparison of effect size favoured B-CBT for the reduction of anxiety and depression symptoms measured by HADS. A high level of pretreatment anxiety and depression were predictive of negative outcome at 6-month follow-up in the SHP condition. There was no differential effect on PTSD symptoms measured by IES-R. Conclusions: This trial supports the efficacy of providing B-CBT as a preventive strategy to improve psychological symptoms after an MVC.
Learning a novel pattern through balanced and skewed input
Authors: MCDONOUGH KIM , TROFIMOVICH PAVEL
Published: November 2012

This study compared the effectiveness of balanced and skewed input at facilitating the acquisition of the transitive construction in Esperanto, characterized by the accusative suffix -n and variable word order (SVO, OVS). Thai university students (N = 98) listened to 24 sentences under skewed (one noun with high token frequency) or balanced (equally-low token frequency) presentation following either inductive (rule not given) or deductive (rule given) instructions. In the testing phase, they heard 20 sentences (10 SVO, 10 OVS) with new nouns and identified the object. Only the group that received balanced input and deductive instructions detected the novel pattern.
ORIGAMI RINGS
Authors: BUHLER JOE , BUTLER STEVE , DE LAUNEY WARWICK , GRAHAM RON
Published: November 2012

Motivated by mathematical aspects of origami, Erik Demaine asked which points in the plane can be constructed by using lines whose angles are multiples of $\pi /n$ for some fixed $n$. This has been answered for some specific small values of $n$ including $n=3,4,5,6,8,10,12,24$. We answer this question for arbitrary $n$. The set of points is a subring of the complex plane $\mathbf {C}$, lying inside the cyclotomic field of $n$th roots of unity; the precise description of the ring depends on whether $n$is prime or composite. The techniques apply in more general situations, for example, infinite sets of angles, or more general constructions of subsets of the plane.
COSMOPOLITANISM AND THE USES OF TRADITION: ROBERT REDFIELD AND ALTERNATIVE VISIONS OF MODERNIZATION DURING THE COLD WAR
Authors: SACKLEY NICOLE
Published: November 2012

The history of the rise and fall of “modernization theory” after World War II has been told as a story of Talcott Parsons, Walt Rostow, and other US social scientists who built a general theory in US universities and sought to influence US foreign policy. However, in the 1950s anthropologist Robert Redfield and his Comparative Civilizations project at the University of Chicago produced an alternative vision of modernization—one that emphasized intellectual conversation across borders, the interrelation of theory and fieldwork, and dialectical relations of tradition and modernity. In tracing the Redfield project and its legacies, this essay aims to broaden intellectual historians’ sense of the complexity, variation, and transnational currents within postwar American discourse about modernity and tradition.
THE PROMISE OF PUBLICNESS: INTELLECTUAL ELITES AND PARTICIPATORY POLITICS IN POSTWAR HEIDELBERG
Authors: FORNER SEAN A.
Published: November 2012

This essay explores how the experience of National Socialism provoked German intellectuals to rethink elitist conventions in politics. It focuses on three figures in the town of Heidelberg—Alexander Mitscherlich, Dolf Sternberger, and Alfred Weber—as well as on a journal (Die Wandlung) and a discussion forum (the Aktionsgruppe Heidelberg) that they established after 1945. Breaking with both mandarin and vanguardist traditions, they conceived a politics that neither transpired over the masses’ heads nor sought to organize them from above but rested on the people's participation from below. Moreover, a correspondence existed between their thinking on democracy and the grassroots, extra-institutional activities they pursued in an attempt to realize what they called “publicness” (Öffentlichkeit). Finally, the essay relates such immediate postwar ideas and practices to these intellectuals’ stances toward West Germany after 1949 as well as to the discussion on “publicness” that unfolded there, as exemplified in Jürgen Habermas's early work.
THE LOST WORLDS OF GERMAN ORIENTALISM
Authors: WILLIAMSON GEORGE S.
Published: November 2012

The opening lines of Franz Delitzsch'sBabel und Bibel(1902, 195) offer an unusually frank confession of the personal and psychological motives that animated German orientalism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. For Delitzsch and countless others like him, orientalist scholarship provided an opportunity not just to expand their knowledge of the Near East and India, but also to explore the world of the Bible and, in doing so, effect a reckoning with the religious beliefs of their childhoods. InGerman Orientalism in the Age of Empire, Suzanne Marchand opens up this scholarly world, exploring the criss-crossing forces and interests that shaped it, while effecting her own reckoning with orientalism as a historical and historiographical phenomenon.
AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGY IN AMERICAN CULTURE: THE PROBLEM OF INFLUENCE
Authors: HANDLER RICHARD
Published: November 2012

American anthropologists have a PR problem. We know it, and it bothers us. A left-of-center discipline finds it difficult to get across its cultural criticism in a country with center-right mass media. To make matters worse, the discipline is cursed by the fact of having ancestors who hang around, whose contemporary public presence seems greater than anything the anthropologists of this world can muster. The greatest of these anthropological ghosts is Margaret Mead, whom some anthropologists have never forgiven for her celebrity. Even for those of us who admire her, her presence and that of a few other ancestral figures, like Franz Boas and Ruth Benedict, throw a glaring light on our own lack of a public voice.
THE HISTORIAN AS PUBLIC MORALIST: THE CASE OF CHRISTOPHER LASCH
Authors: BENDER THOMAS
Published: November 2012

When I entered graduate school in the fall of 1966, planning to study American intellectual history and perhaps intellectuals specifically, all the talk among the more advanced graduate students was a recently published book, The New Radicalism in America, 1889–1963: The Intellectual as a Social Type (1965), by Christopher Lasch. I read it eagerly, but I was not sure what to make of it. The author, Christopher Lasch, offered a very complex analysis of intellectuals’ lives and their social location—or lack of it. It gave as much space to their psychological needs as to their ideas. That seemed to diminish them. Just what did he intend? I wondered.
Contamination Cleaning of TEM/SEM Samples with the ZONE Cleaner
Authors: Soong Charles , Woo Patrick , Hoyle David
Published: November 2012

Microscopists demand better performance from their electron microscopes with every new instrument. With the advancement of new instrument technologies, better images, higher resolution, more precise analysis, and faster throughput are all benefits that are expected of expensive purchases. Still, in many cases, a well-known problem detrimentally affects the quality of results: specimen contamination.
Electrochemical Strain Microscopy: Probing Electrochemical Transformations in Nanoscale Volumes
Authors: Kalinin Sergei V. , Kim Yunseok , Kumar Amit , Strelcov Evgheny , Balke Nina , Arruda Thomas M. , Jesse Stephen , Leonard Donovan , Borisevich Albina
Published: November 2012

Electrochemical and electrocatalytic phenomena underpin a broad spectrum of energy, chemical, and information technologies. Examples range from electrocatalytic activation of oxygen reduction reactions in fuel cells, gas-solid reactions, and ionic transport in gas sensors and oxygen pumps, to a wide gamut of electrochemical and transport phenomena in primary and secondary batteries. Equally important is the role of ionic phenomena in information technologies, as exemplified by a recent wave of interest in memristive and electroresisitive information storage and logic devices. This article examines a new type of scanning probe microscopy (SPM), referred to as electrochemical strain microscopy (ESM), that can provide a better understanding of these complex phenomena.
This New Mineral is Out of This World!
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W.
Published: November 2012

In 1969 a meteorite exploded over Pueblito de Allende in northern Mexico. Many of the fragments were recovered and have provided a wealth of information about the chemical composition of our early universe. Most recently, Chi Ma, Oliver Tschauner, John Beckett, George Rossman, and Wenjun Liu have reported a new mineral in one of these meteorite fragments. Ma et al. named this new form of titanium oxide “panguite” for Pan Gu, the giant in Chinese mythology who, in the beginning, created the world by separating the heaven and earth from chaos. This is an allusion to this ultra-refractory mineral, stable at high temperatures and in extreme environments, being among the first solid materials in our solar system.
Equipment Funding Opportunities and Strategies for Success (Part 3)
Authors: Edelmann Richard E.
Published: November 2012

I originally submitted a proposal to talk about physically constructing our new facility at Miami University. Owen Mills contacted me and asked me to talk about how we got to the point of building a new facility. In their presentations, Debby and Reza both talked about preparing and submitting an equipment proposal. Some key factors they brought out in their presentations were: “institutional commitment,” “broader impacts,” “other opportunities,” and to not simply focus on the quality of the research. These are the areas that I would like to talk about.
Microscopy Today at 20
Authors: Lyman Charles
Published: November 2012

In February 1992 Don Grimes created Microscopy Today on his computer as a four-page, desktop-published newsletter. By November it had grown to 14 pages (see cover image below) and was delivered to 11,000 microscopists. In this latter issue there were articles on SEM and AFM, a detailed calendar of coming events, a column by Jean-Paul Revel, and an editorial encouraging readers to join MSA and MAS. Stephen Carmichael's review column made its first appearance in April 1994 (see page 8 for his 129th review!). Phil Oshel began Microscopy 101 in February 1997 and subsequently acquired most of the articles, especially those about microscopy methods. But the most unique aspects of those early MT issues were Don's humorous page fillers and his news about people and companies in the microscopy business. Don was able to make his news column work because he knew nearly everyone in the microscopy and microanalysis field: researchers, manufacturers, and salespeople.
Atomic Force Microscopy with Raman and Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Kaemmer Stefan B. , Ruiter Ton , Pittenger Bede
Published: November 2012

Both atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman spectroscopy are techniques used to gather information about the surface properties of a sample. There are many reasons to combine these two technologies, and this article looks both at the complementary information gained from the techniques and how a researcher having access to a combined system can benefit from the additional information available.
Calendar - Meetings and Courses
Authors: Webster Paul
Published: November 2012

Following is a list of microscopy related meetings and courses. The editors would greatly appreciate input to this list via the electronic submission form under “events/other microscopy events” at the MSA webpage: www.microscopy.org. We will gladly add hypertext links to the notice on the web and insert a listing of the meeting in the next issue.
The Longitudinal Israeli Study of Twins (LIST)—An Integrative View of Social Development
Authors: Avinun Reut , Knafo Ariel
Published: November 2012

The Longitudinal Israeli Study of Twins (LIST) is a social developmental study, which implements social-developmental, molecular genetic, epigenetic, and behavioral genetic methods to advance knowledge on the development of individual differences in social behavior. Twins are followed from the age of three and both observational and parental-questionnaire data are collected on their empathy, temperament, and pro-social behavior. The parenting styles of parents are also evaluated using self-reports and observations and DNA samples are collected from parents and twins. In the current paper, we provide a review of our recent work and discuss the future aims of the LIST.
The Australian Twin Registry as a Resource For Genetic Studies into Ophthalmic Traits
Authors: Schache Maria , Baird Paul N.
Published: November 2012

The Australian Twin Registry (ATR) is a not-for-profit organization that coordinates research involving Australian twins and researchers. The ATR is one of the largest volunteer registries of its kind and contains over 33,000 twin pairs. The purpose of this review is to provide a broad overview of recent ophthalmic studies that have utilized the ATR for recruitment purposes. Such studies include the Australian Twin Eye Study (ATES) and the Genes in Myopia (GEM) study. The ATES and GEM studies have undertaken studies into the genetic influences on a number of ophthalmic traits through the use of heritability studies, linkage studies, genome-wide association studies, and candidate gene-based studies. An overview of these studies is provided in this review, as well as a description of the recruitment methodologies for both the ATES and GEM studies.
Deutschsprachige Testkurzversion der Hertz Perceived Enactment of Autonomy Scale (HPEASKD) für ältere Menschen in Pflegeheimen
Authors: Wulff Ines , Budnick Andrea , Kölzsch Marita , Kreutz Reinhold , Dräger Dagmar
Published: November 2012

Studien zum subjektiven Autonomieerleben aus Sicht der Heimpopulation sind unterrepräsentiert. Es besteht eine Forschungslücke hinsichtlich der Selbsteinschätzung von Autonomie von Bewohnern und Bewohnerinnen mit unterschiedlichen kognitiven Fähigkeiten. Bereits bestehende Instrumente sind sehr umfangreich oder noch nicht für diese Zielgruppe getestet. Die Darstellung der Entwicklung einer Testversion der Kurzform der deutschen Version der Hertz Perceived Enactment of Autonomy Scale (HPEASD) für die Erfassung und Analyse subjektiv wahrgenommener Autonomie ist Ziel dieses Beitrages. Im Rahmen der Studie „Pain and Autonomy in the Nursing Home (PAIN)” wurden quantitative Daten in einer Zufallsstichprobe von 560 Heimbewohnern und -bewohnerinnen in 40 Einrichtungen in Berlin/Brandenburg durch mündliche Befragung und Analyse der Pflegedokumentation von März 2009 bis April 2010 generiert. Die Studienteilnehmenden der Teilstichprobe (n = 179), welche für die Entwicklung der Testkurzversion zur Verfügung standen, hatten keine (MMSE Wert > 23) bis leichte Einschränkungen (MMSE Wert 23 – 18) in ihren kognitiven Fähigkeiten. Für die Itemanalyse wurden die Schwierigkeitsindizes (pi) und Trennschärfekoeffizienten (rit) bestimmt. Die verbleibenden Items wurden einer Hauptkomponentenanalyse unterzogen, die relevanten Faktoren mit dem Screetest ermittelt und deren Ladungsmuster interpretiert. Die Eignung der Items wurde anhand des Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin-Kriteriums und des Bartlett-Tests überprüft. Die Kurzversion (HPEASKD) besteht aus acht Items. Sie korreliert signifikant mit der gemessenen Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung (rs = .58) ebenso wie die Gesamtskala des HPEASD (rs = .53) und bildet gleichermaßen das Autonomieerleben der Bewohner/innen ab. Mittels der Testversion der Kurzfassung HPEASKD ist es möglich, die subjektiv wahrgenommene Autonomie der Bewohner/innen ohne und mit leichten kognitiven Beeinträchtigungen zu erfassen. Somit stellt die Kurzform HPEASKD eine mit vergleichbarer Zuverlässigkeit aber mit weitaus geringerem Aufwand einsetzbare Skala dar. Diese Skala kann sowohl in Forschungsprojekten zur Operationalisierung von Autonomie verwendet als auch als ein praktisches Instrument für den Einsatz in stationären Pflegeeinrichtungen für die Erfassung von Autonomie aus Bewohnerperspektive betrachtet werden.
Evaluation eines Erstgesprächsleitfadens für die Sportpsychologische Beratung
Authors: Kraus Uta , Engbert Kai , Dollinger Anika , Heiss Christian , Brand Ralf
Published: November 2012

Das Erstgespräch spielt in der psychologischen Beratung sowohl hinsichtlich der Erfassung diagnostischer Informationen als auch hinsichtlich der Beziehungsgestaltung eine entscheidende Rolle. Für die Sportpsychologie existieren bisher keine klaren Richtlinien zur Strukturierung dieses Prozesses. Um die Qualität sportpsychologischer Praxis zu verbessern, wurde in der hier vorgestellten Studie ein Erstgesprächsleitfaden für die sportpsychologische Beratung entwickelt und evaluiert. In Form eines halbstrukturierten Leitfadens werden darin sportartunspezifisch zunächst der inhaltliche und formale Rahmen der Beratung geklärt, systematisch das Anliegen des Klienten exploriert und anschließend die Ziele der Zusammenarbeit formuliert und das weitere Vorgehen abgestimmt. An der Evaluationsstudie nahmen elf sich in Ausbildung befindende Sportpsychologen teil. Sie führten praxisnahe Erstgespräche mit Schauspielerinnen durch. Ein Interview mit Hilfe des zu überprüfenden Erstgesprächsleitfadens und das andere Interview mit Hilfe eines individuell konzipierten Gesprächsleitfadens auf Basis der eigenen Expertise. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Prozessqualität und die Beratungszufriedenheit der Sportpsychologen vom Einsatz des Erstgesprächsleitfadens profitierten. Hinsichtlich der Qualität der Befunde und der Beratungszufriedenheit der Athleten fanden sich keine Unterschiede. Die Ergebnisse werden vor dem Hintergrund ihrer theoretischen und praktischen Bedeutung diskutiert.
Acoustics variability of air gun signals recorded at intermediate ranges within the Lau Basin
Authors: Bohnenstiehl DelWayne R. , Scheip Corey M. , Matsumoto Haru , Dziak Robert P.
Published: November 2012

During January–February 2009, an active‐source seismic survey was performed over the Eastern Lau Spreading Center in the Lau Back‐Arc Basin (21°S, 176°S). Acoustic signals generated by theR/V Langseth's 36‐gun pneumatic source array were recorded within the deep sound channel at offsets of 29–416 km. The local ocean acoustic environment is everywhere bottom limited, with seafloor depths within the study domain ranging from ∼1700–2800 m. Low‐frequency (4–125 Hz) sound levels are monitored using root‐mean‐square, energy‐flux‐density and zero‐to‐peak measurement techniques. From these field data, transmission loss is found to exceed the predictions of a geometric spherical spreading model. At similar ranges, arrival amplitudes vary by up to 20 dB and durations vary by a factor of three to six. The depth of the seafloor beneath the air gun source exhibits a positive correlation with arrival duration and a negative correlation with range‐corrected amplitude, explaining up to 30% of the observed variation in both parameters. The strength of this correlation, however, varies for stations lying at different azimuths, highlighting the importance of seafloor aspect and slope in the coupling of bottom‐interacting acoustic energy into the sound channel. Range‐dependent ray tracing shows that shots deployed over shallower seafloor are more likely to produce sound channel trapped signals that propagate with limited bottom interaction. This results in arrivals that are more impulsive, with shorter durations and higher amplitudes. Shots deployed in deeper water typically undergo a larger number of bounces and are characterized by more emergent, longer duration and smaller amplitude arrivals.