bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intrauterine Nutrition and Children’s Health
Authors: Cousins Alicia , Rickman Nicholas , Bearer Cynthia F.
Published: July 2024

Adequate intrauterine nutrition is essential for fetal growth, development, and survival. Alterations in levels of macronutrients or specific micronutrients during critical periods of fetal growth and development affect birth weight. Altered intrauterine nutrition can also have profound and lifelong impacts on development of the brain and lungs as well as on risk of obesity, diabetes, heart disease and stroke. Knowledge of the links between intrauterine nutrition and disease risk was generated through long-term epidemiological studies. This information forms the basis for the developmental origins of disease concept. It has catalyzed studies of the mechanisms through which alterations in nutrition influence health and disease and stimulated a search for biological markers of disease risk. Programmed changes in gene expression appear to be a key mechanism through which alterations in intrauterine nutrition influence growth and predispose children to disease. These changes are produced, in part, by altered epigenetic regulation of gene expression. They form a precise and highly individualized record of a person’s nutritional and environmental history.
Pesticides
Authors: Karr Catherine J. , Rauh Virginia A.
Published: July 2024

Pesticides—insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and rodenticides—are used extensively in countries around the world in agriculture and in vector control in schools, homes, and communities. Pesticides are poisons by design, and human toxicity has resulted from their widespread use in environments where children live, learn, and play. Children in all countries routinely encounter pesticides in the foods they eat and in their homes, schools, and neighborhoods. Acute, high-dose pesticide poisonings in children are less common today than in years past thanks to elimination in industrially developed countries of the most highly toxic pesticides. Acute pesticide poisonings still occur too commonly among children in low- and middle-income countries. Research continues to elucidate multiple links between pesticides and chronic health problems in children. Prenatal exposures appear especially hazardous. The consequences of early-life exposures to pesticides include low birth weight, childhood cancer, behavioral disorders, and cognitive impacts. New information on the hazards of pesticides to children’s health provides opportunities for evidence-based prevention of both acute poisoning and chronic toxicity. New scientific findings have led to new legal requirements in many countries for prevention of pesticide toxicity.
Endocrine Disruptors
Authors: Stroustrup Annemarie , Swan Shanna H.
Published: July 2024

Endocrine disruptors are synthetic chemicals that interfere with the function of natural hormones. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals have become ubiquitous in the modern environment. They can affect human health and development—especially reproductive and cognitive development—even at very low levels of exposure. Exposures to endocrine disruptors are particularly hazardous during windows of developmental vulnerability in early life. Endocrine disruptors are present today in myriad common household and industrial products including pesticides, oils, plastics, and food packaging. Phthalates and bisphenol A are two well-known examples. As a consequence of their wide use, these chemicals are now found in measurable amounts in human worldwide. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals have multiple mechanisms of action within the body. They can bind to hormone receptors and can mimic, block, or otherwise influence normal hormone actions.
Environmental Chemicals and Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children
Authors: Bellinger David C.
Published: July 2024

Neurodevelopmental disorders—autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and learning disabilities—affect approximately one in six children. Some of these disorders appear to be increasing in frequency. The societal burden associated with these conditions is very large. Chemical exposures in the environment have been shown to play a role in their causation. This chapter reviews the evidence for environmental causation of neurodevelopmental disorders. Autism spectrum disorders have been associated with exposure to pesticides and to both indoor and outdoor air pollutants. ADHD has been linked to metals, primarily lead, chlorinated compounds, organophosphate pesticides, phthalates, air pollutants, and perfluoroalkyl acids. Lead exposure in early life is linked to learning disabilities. Lead exposure has also been linked to schizophrenia and antisocial behavior, as well as to neurodegenerative disease in adult life.
Acute Pediatric Poisoning
Authors: Sample Jennifer
Published: July 2024

Acute poisoning by toxic chemicals is a serious problem for infants and children worldwide. Although no database captures all poisoning events, and many cases go unrecorded, US Poison Control Centers report nearly 4 million episodes of poisoning each year. Throughout medical history, acute poisoning cases have served repeatedly as “sentinel health events,” providing initial warnings of important environmental threats to children’s health. Examples include recognition of childhood lead poisoning among children in Queensland, Australia, and of methylmercury poisoning in Minamata, Japan. The index patients in these episodes were diagnosed by astute physicians who not only determined the etiology of the poisonings but also were instrumental in efforts to control exposures. A major impediment to documentation of acute poisoning events is widespread lack of knowledge of the signs and symptoms of acute toxicity and failure to include poisoning in the differential diagnosis. This reflects inadequate education of health professionals in medical toxicology and children’s environmental health. The American Association of Poison Control Centers and the Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Units have played leading roles in documenting poisoning episodes and raising awareness of the importance of poisoning. Similar efforts have been made by the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists and the International Programme on Chemical Safety of the World Health Organization.
The Career
Authors: Cohan Steven
Published: July 2024

This chapter recounts in more depth than chapter 1 Audrey Hepburn’s career as an actress on stage in London, in British films, on stage in New York City, and most of all in each of her Hollywood films. Her true love was dancing; she studied ballet and danced in chorus lines. The chapter recounts her discovery by Collette, her breakout film and stage roles in 1953 and 1954, her numerous awards and accolades, anecdotal backstories of each of her films, her first retirement from acting, and her humanitarian work for UNICEF toward the end of her life. The narrative of her career includes her two marriages and various love affairs as they related to her working life. It also includes in most cases summary of the films’ critical and box-office receptions and production backstories.
Fashion
Authors: Cohan Steven
Published: July 2024

This chapter discusses Audrey Hepburn’s close relation with designer Hubert de Givenchy, which established her identification with haute couture. His clothes enhance her characters’ movement on-screen, offering a spectacle for viewer identification with her difference from other female stars to emerge at the same time, a difference reflected by her unorthodox body. It looks at the films that associated her with the designer and the particular designs that were influential. Givenchy designed clothes for Hepburn that facilitated her movement on-screen and did not conceal her skinniness, in contrast with the costumes Beaton did for My Fair Lady, which restricted her movement and tried to hide her body. In her films, notably Sabrina, Funny Face, and Breakfast at Tiffany’s, as well as making fashion a transformative event for her characters, Hepburn popularized “the little black dress”; additionally, her identification with black clothing, pants outfits especially, connoted her independence and intelligence.
The Actress
Authors: Cohan Steven
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines Hepburn’s skill as actress. It looks at examples of her expert timing, her use of props, her expressive face, her interaction with other actors in an ensemble, and the overall nuance with which she developed complex characterizations. It reviews for background the requirements of movie-star acting during the studio era. The chapter then looks at scenes from (in order of discussion) Roman Holiday, How to Steal a Million, The Nun’s Story, Robin and Marian, and The Children’s Hour. It closes with an examination of a section of Two for the Road, the film in which Hepburn gives her most accomplished, nuanced, and complex performance.
The Sacred and the Impure in Judaism
Authors: Topel Marta F.
Published: July 2024

The purpose of this book is to rethink some of the characteristics of Orthodox Judaism, based on an examination of kashrut, or Jewish dietary law. Analysis of the ways in which Jewish dietary law is practiced today reveals significant changes in content and functions, as well as its significant implications for the shaping of Orthodox Israeli Jewish identity. This book does not provide an ethnographic account of a singular community. Its objectives are more ambitious: to uncover the regular tendencies and patterns that prevail among different contemporary Orthodox groups, which, in recent decades, have experienced processes of radicalization. By the end of the book, readers will have acquired a deeper knowledge of Orthodox Judaism in Israel and the diaspora, of how it is being restructured and changed despite considering itself to be pure and identical to the European Judaism of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Furthermore, readers will gain a clearer understanding of the multiple and intricate relations between religion, food, and identity. The symbolic mechanisms that construct and reconstruct the identities of Orthodox Jewry—in which food and, more specifically, dietary laws, take on a fundamental role—are clearly presented. The research relies largely on kashrut manuals and materials disseminated through internet forums identified with different Orthodox currents. The book also relies on field research in Israel and in Brazil—with interviews of kashrut supervisors, ritual butchers, and Orthodox men and women of the most diverse streams.
Insects, mammals, and birds: The crooked paths of kashrut
Authors: Topel Marta F.
Published: July 2024

This chapter tries to solve what the author considers a conundrum: the stringency of today’s Great Rabbis who demand extreme care from supervisors and housewives. They must use all possible means to avoid ingesting the insects that may be found in the vegetables, legumes, fruits, and grains they consume. At the same time, the consumption of nonkosher meat within the same communities is treated with leniency. The author’s ethnographic experiences in Israel corroborate the prominence that avoiding insects has acquired in kashrut since the 1980s. Regarding the meat that the Orthodox Jewish communities of Israel and the great diasporas consume, data are persuasive: much of this meat is not kosher. Among the most important factors that compromise the kashrut of meat sold as kosher is the systematic violation, on modern farms and in slaughterhouses, of the principle that requires Jews to treat animals with compassion (in Hebrew: tzaar baalei chaim).
The Unbearable Mundaneness of Conspiracy Theories
Authors: Gorman Sara E.
Published: July 2024

In the aftermath of COVID, there is a lot of debate about whether conspiracy theories are on the rise. Anecdotal data suggest that conspiracy theories have saturated our society like never before, but is that actually the case? This chapter examines the extent to which health-related conspiracy theories, which interact heavily with belief in health-related misinformation and high levels of medical mistrust, are truly on the rise. The chapter concludes that while health-related conspiracy theories may not be on the rise, they have occupied a more mainstream place in society such that it is easier for people to believe elements of conspiracy theories without being wholehearted “conspiracy theorists.” This form of conspiracy theorizing, in perhaps its most well-known form as QAnon, has become more mainstream through a series of deliberate moves by right-wing media and politicians. This chapter shows how this “mainstreaming” of health-related conspiracy theories has affected medical mistrust.
Learn Faster, Perform Better
Authors: Gebrian Molly
Published: July 2024

This book applies the science of learning and memory to practicing and performing, giving musicians the tools to learn music more effectively and experience greater confidence on stage. Researchers working in the fields of cognitive psychology and neuroscience have discovered many important principles about how the brain learns new information, how it retains this information both short- and long-term, and ways to make this learning reliable in high-pressure situations like performances. Musicians often choose practice strategies that don’t align well with the optimal ways in which the brain learns, leading to frustration while practicing and inconsistency in performance. This book is a practical guide, written using accessible language for nonscientists and nonacademics, to help musicians get more out of their practicing by applying this research. The book starts with general principles of learning and how the brain works, and then progresses through increasingly specific topics. Throughout the book, the science behind the various topics is explained in layman’s terms, accompanied by practical advice and examples of how to use this information while practicing.
Practice Like a Pro
Authors: Gebrian Molly
Published: July 2024

Mistakes are necessary for learning because they signal to the brain the necessity for change. Top performers make the same number of mistakes in the initial stages of learning as lower-level performers, but they handle those mistakes differently. Their practice is more precisely targeted toward correcting those mistakes and ensuring more correct than incorrect repetitions of difficult spots. This chapter looks at this research on the practice methods of top performers and explores a three-step model for effective practice, a process that can be learned and adopted at any level of skill. In light of this model, common ineffective practice habits are discussed with better alternatives suggested.
Improving Rhythm and Tempo
Authors: Gebrian Molly
Published: July 2024

A steady sense of pulse and accurate rhythm are foundational skills for all musicians. Often the metronome is the main tool used to improve these skills, but different areas of the brain are active when the metronome is on versus off. Because of this, practicing with a metronome alone is not enough to improve sense of pulse or rhythmic accuracy. Alternate ways of using the metronome are presented in light of this information. Physical movement, ideally involving the entire body, is also highly effective for enhancing sense of pulse. This chapter presents research supporting this idea, as well as specific strategies for musicians to put this information into action.
Improving Pitch and Intonation
Authors: Gebrian Molly
Published: July 2024

Good intonation relies on a variety of skills that all need to be honed individually. These include pitch discrimination, the ability to match pitch, the ability to sing in tune, the ability to play in tune (for instrumentalists), the ability to sing or play in tune in a musical context, and the ability to audiate clearly. This chapter looks at looks at research on each of these skills, as well as the use of drones versus tuners, singing as an aid to intonation in instrumentalists, and the development of audiation skills. This chapter also offers strategies for how to improve in each area.
How to Play Faster
Authors: Gebrian Molly
Published: July 2024

Playing fast is one of the most challenging skills to master for many musicians. Working fast music up to tempo therefore requires a variety of different practice strategies. This chapter starts with common approaches to explain the rationale behind each one, along with specific examples of each. It then offers more advanced methods, based on research, that work better than the most frequently suggested strategies. Step-by-step instructions are given to describe these more advanced methods so musicians can implement them immediately. Ways to approach irregular groupings and techniques that only work at fast tempos (such as double-tonging and certain bow strokes) are also discussed.
The Economics of Accounting
Authors: Frankel Richard , Kothari S. P. , Zuo Luo
Published: July 2024

The objective of this book is to spell out accounting’s economic roles. The thesis is that earnings and other accounting outputs help firms function more efficiently. Within the firm, accounting information makes contracts work better and aids managerial decisions in the absence of available prices. In capital market exchanges, accounting information ameliorates information asymmetry, thereby enabling price discovery and reducing trading costs. The authors argue that accounting information is useful in stewardship and valuation despite its limitations. For pedagogical purposes, the book first examines the attributes of accounting earnings as produced and received in the market without delving into how the preparers’ incentives influence the fineness of information produced or its properties. Readers can view this discussion as a reduced-form analysis of accounting earnings and their relation to stock prices. After mapping this landscape, the book then presents a strategic analysis of accounting earnings. This analysis recognizes that accounting information affects users’ and producers’ decisions, which, combined with self-interested behavior, influences the properties of the accounting information produced and affects how it is used in valuation, contracting, and firms’ investment decisions. Shareholder value is the primary efficiency measure, and the book also discusses regulatory, social, and contract efficiency. The authors note that shareholder value maximization and stakeholder protection are not at odds and that accounting information facilitates firms’ commitment to stakeholder protection, which, in turn, leads to more value creation for shareholders.
Policy Case Study: Internet Politics
Authors: Yang Guobin
Published: July 2024

A remarkable aspect of China’s political landscape in the past thirty years is the rise of an internet politics of control, censorship, and citizen activism. To catapult national economic development, the Chinese government invested heavily in the initial construction of an internet infrastructure. Ordinary Chinese, however, embrace the internet for the new opportunities of information seeking, social connection, and public expression and protest. As a result, the internet becomes an arena of contestation among internet companies, ordinary users, and multiple government institutions. In this process, an entire apparatus of internet governance, control, and propaganda has taken shape and continues to evolve, while citizens cultivate creative skills in navigating an increasingly treacherous internet ecology. In the age of artificial intelligence, algorithmic surveillance, the commercial harvesting of personal data, and most recently the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, China’s billion-strong internet users face new vulnerabilities.
Xinjiang
Authors: Bovingdon Gardner
Published: July 2024

Once all but unknown to outsiders, Xinjiang has recently come to be seen by many as China’s second Tibet because of the harsh repression of Xinjiang’s Uyghur ethnic group by the communist party-state under Xi Jinping. This chapter discusses the land and people of Xinjiang, the incorporation of the region into Qing China, Xinjiang under the Republic of China and in the early years of the People’s Republic of China and the creation of both the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (bingtuan) in 1954 and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) in 1955, Han migration into Xinjiang, economic development in the XUAR, and major political developments in Xinjiang from the 1980s to the early 2020s, with an extensive section on Xi Jinping’s policies of cultural suppression, forced “re-education,” and massive surveillance of the Uyghur population, all in the name of eradicating terrorism. The chapter concludes with a discussion of Xinjiang’s future.
The Needs-to-Goals Gap Framework
Authors: De Los Reyes Andres
Published: July 2024

Chapter 18 of Discrepant Results in Mental Health Research describes the needs-to-goals gap framework—an extension of the operations triad model that connects discrepant results to work in implementation science. In particular, the needs-to-goals gap framework focuses on what professionals ought to consider when using converging and discrepant results to make decisions relevant to the delivery of mental health services. Along these lines, the chapter describes the difference between assessments that focus on assessing clients’ needs and understanding or setting the goals of services. The chapter also connects these two assessments to core features of the services clients receive and the concepts that underlie the operations triad model. The chapter closes with open questions relevant to work informed by the needs-to-goals gap framework.
Reading the NA through the Latin Literary Past
Authors: DiGiulio Scott J.
Published: July 2024

This chapter situates the NA within Roman prose literature and explores the intertextual relationships that Aulus Gellius constructs between the NA and earlier imperial authors. After exploring Gellius’ use of Pliny the Elder to illustrate his imitative technique, it examines another major influence, Pliny the Younger. Gellius alludes to Pliny’s programmatic letter on brevity (Ep. 1.20), which refashions arguments of the latter’s teacher Quintilian. Gellius in turn reworks the letter (NA 1.15), redeploying the same set of passages quoted by Pliny to expound his own theory of brevity and style. A final case study is Gellius’ single direct citation of Seneca the Younger’s Epistulae Morales (NA 12.2), in which he attacks the philosopher’s style and critical judgments. His arguments are in dialogue with Quintilian and Tacitus, incorporating dominant strands of literary criticism and revealing him to be a keen observer of imperial literary critical trends.
Approaching a Miscellanistic Work from the Outside In
Authors: DiGiulio Scott J.
Published: July 2024

Using the work of Gérard Genette on paratextuality, this chapter investigates the external devices with which Aulus Gellius frames the text of the Noctes Atticae. The title calls attention to both the time and place of composition, inviting the reader to interpret the text with these elements in mind. This chapter then illustrates this method of “chronotopic reading” (following Bakhtin) through several episodes (2.22, 9.7, 18.2, 18.13, 19.1) in which space and time play central roles. Additionally, Gellius appends a table of contents to his Preface; this chapter surveys other extant examples (Pliny the Elder, Scribonius Largus, Columella, Frontinus, Pliny the Younger) to highlight the distinctiveness of Gellius’ paratext. His table of contents is offered as a reference tool, but dissonances between the table of contents and the contents themselves force a reader to reconcile the two: even this aid to the reader represents a test of critical reading practice.
Segregation, 1954–1962
Authors: Harris Matthew L.
Published: July 2024

This chapter analyzes how church leaders responded to the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which desegregated public schools. While the church didn’t have an official policy on segregation, some White Latter-day Saints refused to worship with Black Latter-day Saints. In addition, church leaders counseled members to avoid associating with Black people, because they feared interracial marriage. This chapter also provides insight into why some church-owned businesses refused to patronize Black people, which angered liberal members, as well as the NAACP. And it evaluates how a group of Mormon intellectuals called “the Swearing Elders” forced LDS leaders to reckon with the wrongness of the ban. Lowell Bennion, a respected LDS religion teacher, and Sterling McMurrin, a well-known philosophy professor at the University of Utah, were two of the church’s most vociferous critics, which resulted in the church targeting them for sanction.
Investigations and Protests, 1968–1970
Authors: Harris Matthew L.
Published: July 2024

This chapter discusses how the federal government forced BYU to comply with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by threatening to prohibit students from using the GI bill at the Mormon university. It also probes how BYU and its sponsoring church managed public relations when dozens of universities across the Intermountain West boycotted BYU sports teams. And it explores Hugh Brown’s efforts to ordain Monroe Fleming, a Black Latter-day Saint, to the priesthood. This was Brown’s attempt to assuage critics and to improve the church’s public image. As this chapter shows, Brown’s efforts failed and the church issued a statement in 1969 reaffirming the ban as church doctrine.
Scholastics, Humanists, and Anti-Aristotelians
Authors: Svensson Manfred
Published: July 2024

Chapter 1 is mainly devoted to the intellectual context and background to our commentators: Protestant commentaries from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries primarily reflect the influence of humanist translations and techniques, but the medieval background is sometimes subtly and sometimes explicitly present. This is not only true for a great thirteenth-century commentator like Aquinas, but also for the Byzantine commentators of the previous century. Protestants thus engage with a continuous tradition of Christian commentary that had been developing since the twelfth century. From that tradition and its Renaissance variations, they take not only specific interpretations of Aristotle, but also the different types of commentary (some expository, some organized around disputed questions, etc.). This chapter introduces the commentators in light of this background.
The Political Economy of Climate Finance Effectiveness in Developing Countries
Authors: Purdon Mark
Published: July 2024

This book contributes to debates about the effectiveness of climate finance instruments for engaging developing countries on climate change mitigation. It is based on empirical investigation of the effectiveness and implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) as well as Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) in Tanzania, Uganda, and Moldova over a 10-year period from 2008 to 2018. While the CDM emerged as the main climate finance instrument for engaging developing countries under the Kyoto Protocol, the carbon market approach it embodied would largely be replaced by a new array of climate finance instruments based on climate funds. It is argued that this is part of a broader shift away from liberal environmentalism since the 2008 global financial crisis toward a new set of global environmental norms described as developmental environmentalism. The main argument advanced in the book is that despite this shift in global environmental norms, differences in state development policy paradigms and development interests explain enduring patterns of CDM, REDD+, and NAMA effectiveness and implementation in Tanzania, Uganda, and Moldova over the period investigated. All three climate finance instruments were consistently more effectively implemented in Uganda and Moldova than Tanzania, despite differences in state capacity between East Africa and a country of former Soviet Union. Such findings might inform the design of international and transnational efforts to engage developing countries on climate change mitigation by emphasizing the importance that needs to be accorded to domestic politics, particularly the state.
The CDM and Liberal Environmentalism
Authors: Purdon Mark
Published: July 2024

Part I discusses the evolution of global environmental norms about climate and development cooperation that have circulated within the UN climate change regime, arguing for an important shift from liberal environmentalism to developmental environmentalism.
Sounding Francophone Caribbean Poetics
Authors: Munro Martin
Published: July 2024

The chapter explores the way sound is a key marker of Caribbean being. It analyzes poetry of the region, beginning with the early nineteenth century works anthologized in Poetry of Haitian Independence, a bilingual volume that gathers many forgotten and neglected poems written between 1804 and the late 1840s. The chapter explores the various ways in which sounds are used by the poets as the new nation sought to assert itself on its own terms and create a sense of unity and common purpose in a land torn apart by a long period of war and by the legacies of colonialism and slavery. By reading and listening to the poems in this way, the reader gains a sense of the importance of sounds to the written form, and by extension to the broader culture, in ways that confirm that sound was a vital element in forming early Caribbean subjectivities.
Climate Obstruction in Poland
Authors: Szulecki Kacper , Maltby Tomas , Szulecka Julia
Published: July 2024

Poland is known for its climate scepticism and denial throughout the 1990s and 2000s. Despite its recent rapid deployment of renewable energy sources, Poland remains Europe’s most coal-dependent economy. Since 2004, consecutive governments have been ‘pulling the brake’ on the European Union’s more ambitious climate policy initiatives and decarbonization targets. There are recent signs of changing societal attitudes, but the country is alone among EU nations in lacking a net zero emissions target or a coal power phase-out date. This situation has been created and perpetuated by a coalition of governmental institutions, agencies, state-owned energy companies, and utilities that constitute a governmental–industrial complex (GIC). While the GIC has moderated its discourse and policies, it continues to promote ‘silver bullet’ technologies such as ‘clean’ coal and new nuclear power plants. Poland’s commitment to a just, gradual energy transition is a climate imposter tactic, part of an overarching strategy of delay.
Climate Obstruction in Italy
Authors: Grasso Marco , Levantesi Stella , Beqja Serena
Published: July 2024

This chapter investigates climate obstruction in Italy since the 1990s. While the country’s institutional actors were initially indifferent to climate change, non-institutional obstruction disputed both its existence and its anthropogenic origin. More sophisticated forms of denial later developed into outright obstruction. Today, the most prominent climate obstructionists are part of a right-wing galaxy backed by Italian oil and gas companies, their lobby groups, and corporate and institutional allies, aided significantly by the Italian media. These actors have adopted multiple strategies and tactics to obstruct climate action, from anti-scientific and conspiracy narratives to scare tactics such as weaponizing energy insecurity to blatant misinformation campaigns. The discursive framings of climate obstruction evolved from trumpeting cherry-picked climate scenarios instrumental in defending inaction to discourses of delay, including technological optimism, fossil fuel solutionism, and redirecting responsibility from industry and institutional agents to consumers and individuals, as well as greenwashing tactics.
Capturing News, Capturing Democracy
Authors: Wright Kate , Scott Martin , Bunce Mel
Published: July 2024

How did the Trump administration capture one of the world’s most important public service news networks? This book uses rare interviews and an analysis of private correspondence and internal documents to explain why and how Voice of America (VOA) became intensely politicized from 2020 to 2021. It analyzes how political appointees, White House officials, and right-wing media influenced VOA—changing its reporting of the Black Lives Matter movement, the presidential election, and its contested aftermath. Trump allies took control of the network’s financial and human resources, dominated its governance structures, and instigated intimidating investigations into journalistic bias. Some journalists tried to resist, but others were too exhausted and fearful, particularly those in the organization’s language services. The book puts these events in historical and international context—and develops a new analytical framework for understanding government capture and its connection to broader processes of democratic backsliding. It argues that there is currently too little to prevent a future US administration with authoritarian tendencies from capturing VOA and converting it into a major domestic news organization. For this reason, it uses empirical research to recommend practical ways of protecting the network and other international public service media better in future.
Foundations for Leadership
Authors: Rose Deondra
Published: July 2024

Chapter 7 draws on in-depth interviews with thirteen Black political elites including sitting members of Congress, state legislators, and former elected officials to examine the role that HBCUs have played in fostering the development of Black elected officials. HBCUs have educated 40 percent of Black members currently serving in the US Congress, and HBCU alumni are similarly well represented among Black elected officials at all levels of government, including state and local legislative offices and the courts. As the discussions with Black political elites presented in this chapter show, beyond promoting mass-level political engagement, HBCUs provide valuable educational experiences, programming, and networks that can inspire their students to embark on careers in public life.
From Tudor to Stuart
Authors: Doran Susan
Published: July 2024

Based on letters, state papers, drama, poetry, and material objects, this book tells the story of the troubled accession and exciting first decade of James I’s reign. After a chapter on Elizabeth I’s death, funeral, and afterlife, the book turns to the new king, first his reign in Scotland and afterwards his first year in England. These chapters detail the problems that he initially faced: the legacy of his predecessor’s reign, questions about his legitimacy, plots in England, and unrest in Ireland. Overall, this section of the book challenges the traditional assumption that James’s accession was smooth, seeing it instead as a very bumpy ride. The succeeding chapters assess the extent of change that occurred in national political life and royal policies by examining how far the establishment of a new Stuart dynasty resulted in fresh personnel in power, alterations in monarchical institutions, shifts in political culture, and a different direction in governmental policies. The book offers a fresh look at James and his wife Anna, providing some new interpretations of their characters and qualities. Other personalities are not neglected, whether Sir Walter Ralegh, Sir Robert Cecil, Henry Howard, earl of Northampton, or the Scots who filled James’s inner court. The book also brings to life national events and politics of the early seventeenth century, including the 1605 Gunpowder Plot, the establishment of Jamestown in Virginia, the plantations in Ulster, James’s troubles with parliament, and his doomed attempt to bring about union with Scotland.
A King in Waiting
Authors: Doran Susan
Published: July 2024

James was a political veteran when he became king of England, having been crowned king of Scotland in July 1567 at the age of thirteen months. In 1578, James was declared of age, but before 1585 he confronted attempted coups from different noble factions and challenges to his authority from the Kirk. Nonetheless, Scotland was stable by the time he left for England in April 1603. James’s marriage to Anna of Denmark gave him an enhanced international profile and opportunities for spectacles to enhance royal authority and promote his claim to the English succession. Generally James promoted his image and policies through his writings. As well as an author, James was a patron of the arts, especially music and poetry.
Elizabeth’s Legacy
Authors: Doran Susan
Published: July 2024

Elizabeth’s legacy was far from golden. Seventeen years of warfare, unfavourable economic conditions, and unpopular royal policies created a perfect storm of political tensions, social unrest, and religious unease. At her death, the queen left James a divided and disaffected realm. At his accession, the new king was bombarded with petitions requesting redress of grievances and reforms. In early 1603, James seemed willing to listen to his new subjects’ grievances and a readiness to act on them, but in the end those who hoped for changes, whether in Church or state, were to be disappointed.
Three Royal Performances
Authors: Doran Susan
Published: July 2024

During his first year as king of England, James self-consciously performed on the stage of state and gave three major public performances, all of which reflected not only English conventions and rituals but also his own distinctive style and character. The first performance was in absentia at the planned executions of three of the Bye and Main plotters; the second was at the Hampton Court Conference summoned to settle differences between the English bishops and their critics; and the third was the magnificent royal entry into London on the eve of the opening of his first parliament.
The Habsburgs and the Dutch
Authors: Doran Susan
Published: July 2024

All participants in the ongoing war in the Low Countries courted James in 1603. After hard bargaining, James signed a treaty with the Habsburgs, in August 1604. Thereafter, James had to find ways to retain the friendship of France and the United Provinces, yet not rupture the newly formed peace. As he had predicted, a peace treaty between the United Provinces and Spain proved impossible to negotiate, but English and French diplomats mediated a truce in 1609. The following year, a new war threatened to erupt over the disputed claims to Jülich-Cleves. Here, James intervened alongside the French. In his foreign policy, James was no idealist despite his cultivated image as a peacemaker. On the contrary, he was essentially a pragmatist and, as such, served England’s interests well.
Dependent case and the sometimes independence of ergativity and Differential Object Marking
Authors: Baker Mark C.
Published: July 2024

Dependent case theory claims that ergative case and accusative case are both assigned when one NP c-commands another NP in the same domain. This suggests that, in languages with both cases, the subject is ergative if and only if the object is accusative. This is false for Hindi, where ergative case depends on the Aspect of the clause (split ergativity) but accusative case depends on the specificity/definiteness of the object (Differential Object Marking). First, the chapter argues that ergative and accusative are indeed both structural dependent cases in Hindi. Then it shows how the seeming-contradiction can be resolved if ergative and accusative are assigned in different domains: ergative in vP and accusative in TP. Finally, it argues that dative subjects never trigger accusative case on direct objects because of the special status of c-command relationships that are established the first time NPs are spelled out.
Partitives, Case, and licensing in Kinande
Authors: Schneider-Zioga Patricia , Irimia Monica Alexandrina
Published: July 2024

This chapter addresses the problem of Case licensing in the Bantu language Kinande through the examination of a less discussed construction, the so-called sociative causative. Of particular interest is the special syntactic behaviour of the theme in this type of causative, such as the impossibility of asymmetric ordering with other internal arguments or blocking of passivization. It is shown that an account which presupposes the necessity of abstract nominal licensing (on the theme) can derive the facts correctly. Additionally, the chapter contains a thorough examination of other morphosyntactic properties of the sociative causative, among which locative morphology on the theme which is not interpreted as a locative semantically. It thus also contributes to typological studies on a rarely discussed type of causative.
Venezuela
Authors: Pesci-Feltri Flavia
Published: July 2024

Due process is a part of the Venezuelan legal system, together with the right of access to justice, one of the primary constitutional provisions protecting the freedom and rights of the people before the action of the public power. The Organic Law of Administrative Procedures seeks principally to materialize the content of the principle of administrative legality and is called to control the exercise of power to ensure that the rights of the citizens are respected in the performance of administrative action. In this sense, it provides the principles ruling the legal relationship between the people and the Public Administration, the limits of its performance, and the rights to be protected. All of this is conceived within the requirement for the administration to act rationally and effectively in pursuing the goals attributed to it, satisfying the requests of the administrators.
General Principles at the European Level
Authors: Andenas Mads
Published: July 2024

The chapter addresses the analysis of the general principles relevant for resolving the hypothetical cases in this book, as these general principles have been enumerated in the national reports as general principles at the European level. In the interlocking European legal order (or orders), general principles are applied at all levels, including that of the European Union, European human rights, and nation states. General principles at different levels contribute to the formation and application of principles at other levels. Domestic law at the nation state level contributes to the formation of principles at the levels of the European Union, European human rights, and international law. In the other direction, from the European and international law levels to the domestic, these supranational level principles influence the principles at the domestic level, and result in an influential interaction between the interlocking legal orders. The European legal orders and their domestic legal systems also interact with international law and law from other domestic jurisdictions.
Book 2
Authors: Friedman Rachel D.
Published: July 2024

In book 1 Zeus assents to Thetis’s request that he grant glory to Achilles by making the Achaeans feel the deadly consequences of his absence. In book 2 Zeus begins implementing this plan when he encourages Agamemnon to ready the Achaeans for battle. Book 2 revolves around Agamemnon’s struggle to revitalize and muster the Achaeans. They are demoralized after nine years of fighting and are feeling the consequences of Achilles’s defection in book 1. After they are brought back from the brink of chaos and flight, the book ends with the Catalogue of Ships, which represents the restoration of order to the army and their readiness to fight. The themes discussed in this chapter are Agamemnon, leadership, deceit, the army, dissent, and (dis)order. The topics considered in the section on poetics are invocations, similes, and catalogues.
Book 5
Authors: López-Ruiz Carolina
Published: July 2024

Book 5 features several extraordinary clashes: single combats among renowned heroes, gods entering the battlefield to save their favorite heroes or to direct the outcome, gods quarreling among themselves over the war, and human-god confrontations in which the gods are humiliated and physically wounded. But how to show all this without Achilles? In book 5 Diomedes emerges as the substitute “best of the Achaeans”: this book is often called the aristeia (“excellent deeds in battle”) of Diomedes. In its consideration of themes, this chapter highlights the ways in which the poet brings the human heroes and the gods into close contact and even blurs the lines between mortals and immortals. It also discusses the characters’ use of exempla and touches on the Homeric depiction of war. The section on poetics addresses the Iliad’s adaptation of an episode from the Epic of Gilgamesh.
Book 12
Authors: Austin Emily P.
Published: July 2024

Book 11 ends with Patroclus tending Eurypylus’s wounds in the Achaean camp. Book 12 resumes the fighting, now focused intensely on the Trojan assault on the Achaean wall. The Achaeans are hard pressed, and much of book 12 depicts their defensive efforts. Sarpedon aids the Trojans in their assault and is the first to breach the wall; the book ends with Hector’s more spectacular breach and entry into the Achaean camp. This chapter discusses the following items under the category of themes: reversals, warrior catalogues, the heroic code, Zeus’s interventions and support, and fire imagery. It discusses the following items under the category of poetics: similes, counterfactuals, the “beyond fate” trope, prolepses, and narrative voice.
Book 14
Authors: Canevaro Lilah Grace
Published: July 2024

Iliad 14 opens with the Achaeans pushed back to their ships by the Trojan advance, their leaders injured and dispirited, and debating the best course of action. By the end of the book, however, the Achaeans have gained the upper hand, Hector is out of the fighting, and the Trojans have been put to flight. The tide of the battle is turned by divine intervention, as Hera distracts Zeus and Poseidon leads the Achaean advance. The central episode of the book is the deception of Zeus, known as the Dios apatē, in which Hera uses her wiles, Athena’s dress, Aphrodite’s belt, and Sleep’s sphere of influence to seduce Zeus and keep his attention away from the battle.
Book 15
Authors: Scodel Ruth
Published: July 2024

Book 15 narrates how Zeus awakes and ends the interventions by Hera and Poseidon that have enabled the narrative retardation of Trojan victory. By the book’s end, despite the resistance of the Achaeans and the quasi-aristeia of Ajax, Hector is about to set fire to an Achaean ship. Thematically, this chapter treats the politics of the gods, the failures of mortals to understand their limits, and the characterization of Ajax. As for Homeric poetics, the chapter will examine the “insufficiency principle,” how the epic creates meaning through repetition with variation, and the epic’s handling of time.
Book 21
Authors: Stamatopoulou Zoe
Published: July 2024

Book 21 continues the battle narrative of Achilles’s aristeia, which began in book 20 and will end with Hector’s death in book 22. Book 21 recounts the battle in and around the river Scamander, the river’s attack against Achilles, and the conflict among the gods that ensues; by the end of book 21, the Trojan army is taking refuge within the walls of Troy as Achilles is approaching the city. Under the category of themes, this chapter discusses battlefield supplications, corpse mutilation, genealogies embedded in battle speeches, Achilles’s mortality, divine conflict, and the disparity between mortals and immortals. Under the category of poetics, this chapter discusses prolepsis, analepsis, and epic retardation.
Book 24
Authors: Pratt Louise
Published: July 2024

Book 24 features Priam’s successful effort to ransom back the corpse of Hector from Achilles. This chapter discusses the following items under the category of themes: sleeplessness, fasting, self-defilement, anger, and other manifestations of grief; the feast of Achilles and Priam and other rituals that restore normality; the emotion of pity (eleos) and the expression of care (kēdos); the parent-child relationship; and events important to the origin and end of Troy and the Trojan War mentioned in book 24, particularly the judgment of Paris. It discusses the following under the category of poetics: structure and closure; cleansing and purification (katharsis); and the laments of Andromache, Hecuba, and Helen.