bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Obesity Decreases Serum Selenium levels in DMBA‐Induced mammary Tumor using Obese Zucker Rat Model
Authors: Hakkak Reza , Zeng Huawei , Lacher Craig , Johnson LuAnn , Korourian Soheila
Published: June 2021

Recently, we reported that obese Zucker rats had increased susceptibility to DMBA‐induced mammary tumors compared to lean Zucker rats. Several data suggest that lower serum selenium may play an important role in increasing the risk of several types of cancers (e.g, colon, breast and prostate cancers). In the present study, we used this model to investigate whether serum selenium has been affected by obesity. Lean and obese rats were sham operated or ovariectomized at age 40 days and were gavaged at age 50 days with 65 mg/kg DMBA. Rats were weighed and palpated twice weekly for detection of mammary tumors and killed 135 later. The serum selenium was measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. At the end of the experiment, 36% of the obese ovariectomized (O/O) rats developed mammary tumors while lean ovariectomized (L/O) rats developed no mammary tumors (P<0.001). The Obese sham‐operated (O/S) rats developed mammary tumors (59%) compared to 30% of the lean sham‐operated (L/S) rats (P<0.05). The serum selenium was not effected significantly by ovariectomy but obesity decreased the serum selenium levels when combined L/S and L/O (511 ± 71) vs. O/S and O/O (480 ± 145) (P<0.05). In summary, obesity decreases serum selenium levels using DMBA‐induced mammary tumors Zucker rat model. These data suggests that serum selenium may play an important role mammary carcinogenesis. (Supported by ABI to RH).
Fish oil modulates cytolytic lymphocytes during H. hepaticus‐induced colitis in mice
Authors: Rondini Elizabeth A , Gardner Elizabeth M , Fenton Jenifer I
Published: June 2021

Increasing evidence suggests an important role for natural killer (NK) cells in providing innate defense against pathogenic bacteria. We reported that feeding fish oil enriched with decosahexaenoic acid (DFO) exacerbated colitis and promoted colonic dysplasia in SMAD3−/− mice following infection with H. hepaticus. Flow cytometric analysis of secondary lymphoid tissues suggested alterations in NK cell populations. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of DFO on cytolytic lymphocyte infiltration at the local site of inflammation/dysplasia by immunohistochemistry. Mice were fed AIN‐93G diets modified to include corn oil (CO) or DFO (0.75–6.0 %) as the fatty acid source for 8 wks, gavaged with H. hepaticus to induce colitis, then euthanized 4 wks post‐infection. Colons were removed and processed for analysis of cytolytic cells (DX5 and CD3) as well as the granzyme B by immunohistochemistry. We found a progressive increase in tumor associated CD3+ and DX5+ lymphocytes as well as granzyme B staining as dietary DFO increased, consistent with increased colitis scores. However, despite significant infiltration of cytolytic cells in the 6% DFO group, the intensity of granzyme B staining was reduced. These data imply that high levels of DFO may impair activation of cytolytic lymphocytes potentially contributing to accelerated tumor formation previously reported.

Grant Funding Source: n/a
Association of hemochromatosis (HFE) gene polymorphisms with oral cancer risk
Authors: Ashmore Joseph , Jones Nathan , Lazarus Philip , Muscat Joshua
Published: June 2021

Mutations in the HFE gene are associated with iron overload, which has been previously linked to various forms of cancer including oral cancer. African Americans (AA) have been shown to have increased prevalence of oral cancer compared to Caucasians (C). The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of HFE polymorphisms in African Americans, and determine whether associated with oral cancer in Caucasians and African Americans. ABI Taqman genotyping assays were used to genotype the two most studied HFE polymorphisms, C282Y and H63D in a population from the Northeastern United States. The present study included 301 subjects with oral cancer (“cases”) and 437 controls comprised of 501 men and 237 women. In this study, 234 participants were African American (AA cases = 100) and 504 were Caucasian (cases = 201). H63D status did not differ between cases and controls (C ‐ 17.2% vs. 20.4%, p = 0.403; AA ‐ 8.5% vs. 5.7%, p = 0.417) nor did C282Y status (C ‐ 6.0% vs. 5.4%, p = 0.778; AA ‐ 2.0% vs. 3.7%, p = 0.702). Compound heterozygosity for germ line mutations of the HFE gene was not significantly different between cases and controls (C ‐ 23.6% vs. 25.5%, p = 0.650; AA ‐ 10.6% vs. 9.8%, p = 0.831). Our case‐control study suggests that HFE C282Y and H63D polymorphisms are not associated with oral cancer status in either Caucasians or African Americans.
The chemopreventive effect of Rubus coreanus Miquel on apoptosis in prostate cancer in vitro
Authors: Kim Jina , Kim Yuri , Kim Jung‐Hyun
Published: June 2021

Many observational epidemiological studies have reported that higher intake of fruits and vegetables are associated with a decreased incidence of various cancers. Rubus coreanus Miquel (RCM) has been reported to have anti‐cancer effect on liver and gastric cells as well as anti‐inflammatory effect on macrophages in vitro. Although RCM has been known to have benefits for prostate health, the anti‐cancer effect of RCM on prostate cancer is not clear and remains to be examined. To investigate the chemopreventive effect of RCM on prostate cancer in vitro, we prepared four extracts from the RCM fruits: i) aqueous extracts of unripe (AUR), ii) aqueous extracts of ripe (AR), iii) 50% ethanol extracts of unripe (EUR), and iv) 50% ethanol extracts of ripe (ER). Among the four extracts, EUR fruits of RCM showed the most suppressive effect on cell growth in three prostate cancer cell lines (DU145, PC3, and LNCap). The cell numbers were significantly decreased by EUR at the concentrations higher than 100 μg/ml in a time‐dependent manner. The growth inhibitory effect of RCM was further analyzed by the MTT assay. A similar effect was observed on the viability of DU145 and LNCap. On the other hand, neither AR nor ER did inhibit prostate cell growth. To examine the mechanism of the cell growth inhibition by RCM, flow cytometry analysis was performed. Propidium iodide staining demonstrated EUR enhanced the percentage of apoptotic prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, data have shown that EUR regulated caspase 3 involved in apoptosis. In conclusion, our observations suggest that unripe RCM showed better anti‐cancer effects than ripe RCM on prostate cancer via regulation of apoptosis and may contribute the mechanistic understanding the potential chemopreventive role of RCM.
Effectiveness of a farmers market intervention to improve the food access and intake in an urban setting
Authors: Fitzgerald Nurgul , Hallman William K
Published: June 2021

Limited access in urban settings can be a barrier against eating fruits and vegetables (FV). This study examined the potential influence of a farmers market on the food intake patterns of adults in an urban setting. Baseline (pre‐) surveys were conducted among 552 adults before the establishment of the farmers market. Post‐surveys surveys were conducted among 520 adults at the end of the market season; 102 participants completed both surveys. Collected data included socioeconomic/demographic characteristics, food intake, food security, and perceived barriers to eating FV. Pre‐survey participants (age 40.1±15.2y, 74% female) were 47% Hispanic, 27% black, 18% white, and 7% other ethnicity; about 36% were unemployed. Overall, smaller percentages of participants in the post survey reported the high cost, and limited freshness and variety of FV as barriers (p≤0.05). In the pairwise (pre vs. post) analyses, the differences in fruit, fruit juice, green leafy vegetable, root vegetable, other vegetable, and legume intake frequencies were not statistically significant. Although food intake frequencies did not suggest a significant change, perceived barriers appeared to decrease after the farmers market. Additional individual/family level and environmental interventions may be needed to impact the food intake patterns. Funded by Johnson & Johnson.
Ethanol extracts of yam potently reduce atherosclerosis in ApoE‐deficient mice
Authors: Park Hye‐Jin , Byeon Hye‐Eun , Koo Hyun‐Jung , Kwon Soon Tae , Pyo Suhkneung
Published: June 2021

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease initiated by vascular inflammation and monocyte recruitment. Yams belong to the plant family Dioscoreae and have been known to have a variety of nutritional benefits with high levels of vitamins, dietary fibers, and minerals. However, the effect of yam extracts on inflammatory diseases is not known yet. Herein we evaluate whether extracts from edible part (H1) or bark region (H2) of yam (Dioscorea batatas Decne) have a protective effect against atherosclerosis in experimental mice. 51 male ApoE −/− mice and 17 control (C57BL/6J) mice were fed a high‐fat/high‐cholesterol diet for 21 weeks. To examine the effect of dietary yam extracts on atherosclerosis, 17 of the ApoE −/− mice were given H1 and another 17 of the ApoE −/− mice were given H2 (oral administration of 200 mg/kg body weight, 3 times per week). Both H1 and H2 showed suppressive effects on the lipid deposition and the local infiltration of monocytes/macrophages in aorta. In addition, administration of H1 and H2 decreased serum levels of CRP, MCP‐1 and total cholesterol, while it slightly increased the level of HDL. Moreover, they attenuated the level of oxLDL in serum. The present study demonstrates that yam extracts, H1 and H2, might have a protective effect against atherosclerosis by regulating proinflammatory mediators in serum as well as preventing atherosclerotic lesion development.
Low energy intake is related to high body fat percentage in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Kim JaeHee , Hwang Ji‐Yun , Choi Young Ju , Huh Kap Bum , Chang Namsoo
Published: June 2021

Previous studies have reported that type 2 diabetes is associated with increased risk of physical disability and loss of muscle mass. This study was conducted to determine whether there is an association between energy intake and body composition in patients with type 2 diabetes. A total of 877 subjects were recruited from the Huh's Diabetes Clinic in Seoul from 2005 to 2010. Dietary intake was assessed by a validated food‐frequency questionnaire. Subjects were divided into three groups on the basis of daily energy intake. The groups were: low energy intake [below 75% Korean estimated energy requirement (EER)], adequate energy intake (from 75% to 125% EER) and high energy intake (above 125% EER). After adjustment for age, sex, exercise and BMI, skeletal muscle was significantly lower in the low energy intake group than in the adequate energy intake group (p = 0.0122). The low energy intake group had significantly lower fat free mass percentage than the adequate energy intake group (p = 0.0124). However, body fat percentage was significantly higher in the low energy intake group compared with the adequate energy intake group (p < .0001). A careful attention should be also paid to inadequate energy intake of patients with type 2 diabetes.

This work was supported by the Brain Korea 21 project.
Short sleep duration is associated with increased risk of obesity in Filipino young adults
Authors: Borja Judith B. , Adair Linda S. , Agustin Sonny S. , Kuzawa Christopher W.
Published: June 2021

For young adults transitioning to life after school, sleep duration may be compromised to accommodate many lifestyle changes. Recent studies show that short sleep duration creates metabolic and hormonal changes that increase the risk of obesity. We examined whether sleep duration relates to BMI in 1799 20–22 yr old Filipino men and women from the 2005 Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey. Number of hours of sleep was based on reported usual wakeup and bed times. Multivariable regression models that adjusted for socioeconomic status, energy intake, activity levels, and other potential confounders showed that number of hours of sleep was negatively associated with BMI [β=−0.13, 95% CI(−0.21, −0.04)]. Compared to those who usually slept 6–10 hours, those with <6 hours sleep were at greater risk of being overweight or obese [Odds ratio: 1.75, 95% CI (1.07 to 2.88)]. About 55% of the sample were men and a likelihood‐ratio test showed no significant gender‐sleep interaction. Wake‐up time other than in morning hours (4–10AM) was not associated with any measure of obesity nor did it modify the BMI‐ sleep duration relationship. Findings from this community‐based study contribute to the increasing research on sleep deprivation as another possible pathway to obesity.

NIH Grant No. 5R03TW008133‐03
Postprandial increase in AA plasma levels are sufficient to stimulate muscle specific and total protein accretion in vitro
Authors: Haegens Astrid , Schols Annemie M , Pennings Bart , van Essen Anon LM , van Loon Luc JC , Langen Ramon CJ
Published: June 2021

Skeletal muscle cell lines have been applied to model muscle growth in vitro. In this study we investigated whether specific amino acids (AA), at concentrations as they appear post‐prandially, are sufficient to directly stimulate muscle specific and total protein accretion in vitro. Myoblasts were cultured in modified DMEM containing 1g/L glucose, 1% FBS and physiological AA levels. Supplementation during differentiation consisted of a mixture of AA at concentrations observed in plasma following consumption of 20g whey protein, which stimulated muscle protein synthetic rate (Pennings et al., 2010). The AA in the mixture were previously identified based on their capacity to stimulate myofibrillar protein accretion in differentiating myoblasts. In contrast to stimulation with any of the single AA, differentiation in the presence of the AA mixture increased creatine kinase activity, myosin heavy chain and myosin light chain 1 levels, as well as total protein accretion. These in vitro findings were in line with in vivo increases in protein synthesis rate and reveal synergistic effects of individual anabolic‐acting AA on general en muscle specific protein accretion.
Preterm piglet model for investigation of preterm human neonatal co‐morbidities
Authors: Allen Hannah , Smith Kristin , Khuddus Nausheen , Islam Saleem , Jones Lauren L. , Zanganeh Tatiana , Panjeton Geoffrey , Lennon Dylan , Veling Amanda , Borum Peggy R.
Published: June 2021

Piglets have anatomy and physiology similar to humans, but published reports state that piglets less than 90% gestation are non‐viable even with intensive care. The objective was to provide proof of principle that a piglet in the Piglet Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (PNICU) less than 90% gestation can be viable and exhibit co‐morbidities frequently observed in preterm neonates in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). A piglet was delivered by caesarian section at 87% gestation, admitted to the PNICU, surgically implanted with an endotracheal cannula and a double lumen jugular vein catheter, and provided 24 hour NICU level of care including ventilation and parenteral nutrition. The piglet received periodic hyperoxia treatments during the course of PNICU care. On day 9 tissues and bodily fluids were collected. The piglet became ventilator dependent and had several episodes of oxygen desaturation and elevated heart rate accompanied by unusual rhythmical movements of the head, eyes and legs. Gross morphology of lungs was consistent with pulmonary damage associated with prematurity. Visual examination revealed some areas of the jejunum had luminal blood present. The retina was classified as immature by retinal exam performed by an ophthalmologist using NICU methods. A piglet less than 90% gestation can be used to investigate the co‐morbidities of preterm human neonates.

Supported by Mead Johnson Nutrition Company
The Effect Of Days On Feed and Beta‐Agonist Administration On The Expression Of Adipocyte‐Specific Regulatory Genes in Skeletal Muscle and Adipose Tissue of Finishing Heifers
Authors: Burnett Derris D , Bartosh Julia L , Kriese‐Anderson Lisa A. , Bergen Werner G.
Published: June 2021

The development of marbling (Intramuscular fat; IMF) is an economically relevant trait that is mediated at the molecular level of adipose tissue metabolism. The objective of the current research was to evaluate adipose‐specific regulatory genes in skeletal muscle IMF, and adipose depots of finishing heifers. Gastrocnemius Muscle (GM), Longissimus Dorsi Muscle (LM), and subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) were collected after heifers were on feed for 79, 121, and 163 days and treated with (BAA) or without (Control) beta‐agonist for the final 30d of feeding, respectively. Quantitative Real‐Time PCR was used for gene expression analysis. Pref‐1 expression was highest in the initial slaughter group (P<0.05), and decreased as time on feed increased. LM showed decreased Pref‐1 expression relative to GM indicating an increased IMF adipogenic capacity in this muscle depot. BAA treatment appeared to decrease Pref‐1 expression in both LM and GM. Subcutaneous AT showed increased Pref‐1 expression relative to LM (P<0.05) when treatments within slaughter groups were combined, but when individual tissues and treatments were compared, there was no difference between LM and AT (P>0.05), while the GM showed higher expression (P<0.05) relative to AT and LM. This study showed a temporal Pref‐1 expression pattern that appears to be consistent with the paradigm of late development of the IMF depot.
Food insecurity and depression predict change in fruit and vegetable intake in Latinos with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Chhabra Jyoti , Vega‐López Sonia , Samuel Grace Kollannoor , Segura‐Pérez Sofia , Pérez‐Escamilla Rafael
Published: June 2021

We examined the association of food insecurity (FI) and depression (D) with changes in fruit and vegetable intake (FVI) over 12‐mos in Latino patients with T2D (n=211). Demographics, FI (US Household Food Security Survey Measurement Module), and D (CES‐D scale) were assessed at baseline and FVI was also measured at 12‐mos with a FFQ. Participants' inclusion criteria were: ≥21y, HbA1c≥7, residents of Hartford county attending a diabetes clinic. Participants had low income (63% had <$500 monthly/capita), were 56.4±11.8 y old, had a BMI of 33.7±7.8 kg/m2, had FI=1.8±1.9, D=22.4±12.9, and 73.5% were women. FI was correlated with D (r=0.25, p≤0.01). Repeated measures analysis revealed that 1) those who were more Food Insecure (FI≥2) had lower FVI at both times (p≤0.02), 2) those who were more depressed (CESD>=21) had lower FVI at both times (p≤0.05), 3) those who had greater interaction of FI and D had lower FVI at both times, and 4) D was associated with greater FVI decline (p≤0.05). FI and D may play a role in decline in FVI over time. Interventions addressing FI and D may help improve diet among Latinos with T2D. Funding: CT NIH Export Center of Excellence for Eliminating Health Disparities among Latinos (NIH‐NCMHD grant #P20MD001765).
Children experiencing food insecurity and hunger live adult roles
Authors: Bernal Jennifer , Herrera Héctor A , Frongillo Edward A , Rivera Juan A
Published: June 2021

Strong evidence exists that children are adversely affected by food insecurity and hunger (FIH), but how children respond to living with FIH has been little studied. We investigated how children respond when living in a FIH environment. We used a mixed‐methods approach with children aged 7 to 17 y, located in peri‐urban areas in Venezuela. Seven focus groups (42 girls and boys), 13 in‐depth interviews, and 131 quantitative interviews with children were conducted. The interviews covered children's own and others' experiences of FIH during periods of food shortage, and activities that they do in response. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed. Children with FIH sometimes live adult roles. They have to do more activities related with household chores such as ironing, washing, cooking, and taking care of siblings than do children without FIH. They engage in child labor, and engage in fewer activities related with school, recreational, and resting time. They sacrifice time for activities that would increase their knowledge, learning, and quality of life. FIH situations compromise children's opportunity to fulfill their developmental need and right to study, play, rest, and live a happy childhood.

Grant Funding Source: International Nutrition Council
Association between household food insecurity and infant growth in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Na Muzi , West Keith , Shamim Abu Ahmed , Mehra Sucheta , Labrique Alain , Klemm Rolf , Christian Parul
Published: June 2021

Food insecurity is a global concern, yet its association with child growth is not fully understood. This study in rural Bangladesh explored associations between household food insecurity, using standardized questions, and infant growth. We asked a published 10‐item, 6‐mo household food insecurity questionnaire at 6 and 12 mo postpartum to 6,333 mothers participating in an antenatal micronutrient supplementation trial. Child weight, length and mid‐upper arm circumference (MUAC) were measured at 6 and 12 mo. We compared growth to ordinal individual item and summed scores. Infant weight, length and MUAC at 6 and 12 mo of age were associated in a dose‐response direction with graded responses to each of 3 questions related to having few square meals, worrying about food, and needing to buy rice often (all p <0.05). Differences in mean weight, length and MUAC across the scale at 6 and 12 mo were 0.51 and 0.48 kg, 1.63 and 0.87 cm, and 0.64 cm and 0.39 cm, respectively. Updated surveillance data will be presented. Food insecurity is associated with poorer infant growth in rural Bangladesh.

Grant Funding Source: Gates Foundation, Sight and Life, and a DSM doctoral fellowship for international micronutrient research
Development of a Pictorial Fruit and Vegetable Preference Scale for Preschoolers
Authors: Nanney Kristin K. , Carraway‐Stage Virginia , Goodell L. Suzanne
Published: June 2021

There is a plethora of research providing evidence that the preferences for fruits and vegetables (FV) of children at an early age are an indicator of what their eating habits will be like as adults. Although there have been studies to assess food preferences of preschool children, they often assessed the factors influencing these preferences and decision‐making. In addition, the method of determining these preferences more often than not involved tasting food and/or questionnaires. This research involves the usage of scaled pictorial images to determine the FV preferences of 3–5 year old preschool children. The children will be shown high‐quality, color images of a combination of 10 vegetables and 10 fruits in a random, preselected order. A 5‐point star scale is used to indicate preference. The 5 stars, increasing in size from left to right with the smallest star equaling 1 point and the biggest star equaling 5 points, is placed on the image cards and the children are asked to rate their preference for the particular foods by pointing to the appropriate star. This study will provide baseline data for further development and aid in determining the feasibility of using a 5 point pictorial scale to indicate FV knowledge among 3–5 year old preschool children.
Offspring Born of Dams Receiving Green Tea Extract During Pregnancy and Lactation Had Reduced Central Oxidative Stress and Improved Peripheral Insulin Sensitivity
Authors: Yeung Oi Yee , Li Edmund Tsze Shing
Published: June 2021

Maternal over‐nutrition could compromise insulin sensitivity (IS) of offspring through programming. Excess central reactive oxygen species via sympathetic excitation may lead to insulin resistant. This study examined the hypothesis that supplementing green tea extract [GT, >90% (−)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate] to dams fed a high fat (HF) diet would improve oxidative status and IS of offspring. Female rats were assigned to one of four diet groups 8 wk prior to mating and continued with the diet till the end of lactation: low fat (LF), HF, 0.75%GT or 1%GT added to HF (HT1, HT2). Post‐weaning diets were HF, HT1 or HT2. Male HF rats born of GT supplemented dams had improved IS at wk 13. But, GT given post‐weaning to rats of HF dams had no effect. In HF offspring born of HT2 dams, activities of brain catalase and superoxide dismutase were enhanced when compared to pups of HF dams (p<0.05). Hypothalamic sirtuin 1 and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha gene expression, which play roles in oxidative stress reduction, in HF offspring of both HT1 and HT2 dams were significantly higher than those of HF dams (p<0.05). Hence maternal exposure to GT improves HF offspring's ability to handle oxidative stress centrally. These results support the notion that maternal exposure to certain bioactive food components could have long lasting impact on offspring via fetal programming.

Grant Funding Source: HKU grant
Maternal depressed mood during pregnancy, MTHFR C677T genotype, and vitamin B12 status
Authors: Wei Julia J , Brain Ursula , Green Timothy J , Oberlander Tim F , Devlin Angela M
Published: June 2021

Depression occurs in ~15% of pregnant women, and 1/3 are taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as antidepressants. Disturbances in methyl metabolism have been found in adults with depression. A variant (C677T) in the gene for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), an enzyme in methyl metabolism, is also associated with depression. However, the role of methyl metabolism and the MTHFR C677T variant in depression during pregnancy is unknown. We investigated if disturbances in methyl metabolism are associated with maternal depressed mood during pregnancy. Pregnant women (n=176) with the MTHFR 677TT genotype had greater depressed mood (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, EPDS; and Symptom Questionnaires, SQ) in the 2nd trimester and 5–6 days postpartum (P<0.05) than women with the MTHFR 677CC genotype. In a subset of women, serum vitamin B12 levels at delivery correlated with infant vitamin B12 levels at birth (P<0.01). Serum vitamin B12 levels were lower in infants and their mothers at birth who had depression compared to infants and their mothers without depression or those with depression and treated with SSRIs (P<0.01). These findings suggest that the MTHFR 677TT genotype and low serum vitamin B12 levels are associated with depressed mood during pregnancy and may contribute to the pathology of depression during pregnancy.

Grant Funding Source: Interdisciplinary Women's Reproductive Health Research Training Program, and Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
Individuals with schizophrenia consume more calories while following a similar diet pattern as the general population
Authors: Ratliff Joseph , Palmese Laura , Reutenauer Erin , Liskov Ellen , Tek Cenk
Published: June 2021

With the prevalence of obesity on the rise worldwide, schizophrenia patients represent a particularly vulnerable population. We compared laboratory, anthropometric measurements, and nutritional composition of the diet for 55 schizophrenic individuals (mean age= 46.8) with 119 age, gender, and ethnicity matched controls (mean age= 46.8) from the 2005–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) using a 24‐hour diet recall. The Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist circumference of the schizophrenia group were significantly greater than the NHANES group (p < .001). The schizophrenia group consumed significantly more calories than the NHANES group, but the relative percentages of calories obtained from carbohydrate, fat, and protein were not different between groups. Sixty‐nine percent of the sample patients were classified with metabolic syndrome compared to 17% of the controls. After adjusting for BMI, individuals with schizophrenia still significantly consumed more (p < .001). Additionally, schizophrenic individuals consumed significantly more fiber, calcium, potassium, iron, folate, zinc, and sodium than the reference group. Individuals with the lowest household income also consumed significantly more calories compared to their higher income peers (p < .001). These findings suggest individuals with schizophrenia make similar dietary choices, but are at an increased risk for diabetes and coronary heart disease due to a combination of larger portions, lower income, and antipsychotic drugs.
Differences in Dietary Patterns among Haitian and African Americans with and without Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: De la Cera Mauricio , Zarini Gustavo G , Huffman Fatma G
Published: June 2021

The study investigated differences in dietary patterns measured with the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) and the Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) in African Americans (AA) and Haitian Americans (HA) with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D). A cross‐sectional study conducted in AA (n=225) and HA (n=246). Participants were recruited from multiple sources from Miami‐Dade and Broward Counties, Florida. Demographic, anthropometric and lifestyle data were collected. Dietary variables were collected using a food frequency questionnaire and the HEI and the AHEI scores were calculated. T‐test, chi‐square and multinomial regressions were used for analysis. HA had a significantly higher AHEI scores (p=.001) compared to AA (p =.001). HEI scores were significantly higher for HA compared to AA (p=.001). AA were 3.6 times more likely than HA to have an intermediate diet adherence (p<.001) and 12 times more likely than HA to have a low diet adherence in the AHEI dietary pattern (p<.001). In the HEI dietary pattern, AA were 2.4 times more likely than HA to have an intermediate diet adherence (p<.001) and 5.2 times more likely than HA to have a low diet adherence (p<.001). Ethnicity is a commonly overlooked dimension of the heterogeneity in the black population living in the US. Adequate dietary evaluation may be conducive to focused nutrition interventions. Funding for this research was provided through an NIH/NIDDK sponsored grant.
Association of Diet Quality with Depression in Cuban‐Americans with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Exebio Joel C , Zarini Gustavo G , Huffman Fatma G
Published: June 2021

Low diet quality and depression are independently associated with poor glycemic control in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D), however, the relationship between them is unclear. The study was to determine the association between diet quality and symptoms of depression among Cuban‐Americans with T2D living in South Florida. Subjects (n=186) were recruited from randomly selected mailing list. Diet quality was determined using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) score. Symptoms of depression were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory. Statistical analyses included linear and logistic regressions. Symptoms of depression was the dependent variable and independent variables included HEI, gender, age, marital status, BMI, education level, HbA1c, employment status and depression medication. Prevalence of depression as defined by a BDI score ≥16 was 21.5%. Better diet quality was associated with less symptoms of depression. For instance, controlling for covariates a one unit increase in HEI score, decreases the BDI score in 0.178 units (R2=0.131, p=0.003). Similarly, a one unit increase in HEI score decreased the odds ratio point estimate of having symptoms of depression (BDI ≥ 16) by a factor of 0.97 (p=0.021). These results suggest that T2D individuals with symptoms of depression should receive aggressive nutrition counseling. Funding for this research was provided through an NIH/NIDDK sponsored grant.
Vitamin D status is associated with sun exposure, vitamin D and calcium intake, and acculturation in immigrant East Asian women living in Sydney, Australia
Authors: Brock Kaye E , Ke Liang , Yip Augustus , Tseng Marilyn , Clemson Lindy , Koo Fung K , Jang Haeyoung , Cant Rosemary Vivian , Siebel Marcus J , Mpofu Elias , Fraser David R , Mason Rebecca Sarah
Published: June 2021

Determinants of vitamin D status (25(OH)D nmol/L), are exposure to sunlight and intake of vitamin D. The aim of this study was to investigate acculturation along with known predictors of vitamin D status in East Asian immigrant women living in Sydney, Australia (aged 18‐92).

In this cross‐sectional study (n=114) 25(OH)D levels were measured by RIA in blood collected in early summer.. Demographics, dietary intake, sun exposure patterns and acculturation factors were measured by questionnaire.

In early summer (n=114), 10% and 53% of women had serum 25(OH)D levels <50 nmol/.. Predictors of deficient vitamin D status (< 50nmol/L 25(OH)D) were younger age, higher education, less acculturation to Australian lifestyle, more skin protection habits, fewer minutes of sun exposure on weekends and low vitamin D and calcium intake through foods or supplements. After multivariate analysis, those who had: no intake of vitamin D supplements: less sunlight exposure on weekends and less acculturationto Australian lifestyle had six, three and two fold risk of being deficient in vitamin D: OR=5.6, CI=1.4‐22; OR=2.7, CI=1.0‐7.3; OR=2.5, CI=1.0‐6.3, respectively.

Thus, East Asian immigrant women in Sydney may be at risk of vitamin D deficiency, if not acculturated to Australian customs. Interventions could be encouraging increased safe sun exposure and vitamin D and calcium intake.

Research support: USYD ISS Grant 2010
Contribution of vitamin K (phylloquinone) intake on warfarin therapy stability in elderly patients
Authors: Ferland Guylaine , Leblanc Cristina , Presse Nancy
Published: June 2021

Warfarin (W) is a widely used oral anticoagulant and serves in the prevention of stroke and venous thromboembolism by blocking vitamin K (VK)‐dependent activation of coagulation factors. Despite its efficiency, stability of W therapy remains a daily challenge with bleeding a common side effect of the treatment. Although dietary VK has long been suggested to influence anticoagulant stability, data supporting its specific contribution remains limited. The present study was conducted to better understand the role of dietary VK as a determinant of W therapy stability. VK intake was assessed in 52 W‐treated elderly patients from an anticoagulation clinic using a validated food‐frequency questionnaire and compared to the stability of W therapy defined by a score (‘S’ score) based on the frequency of medical visits; higher ‘S’ scores indicating greater stability. VK was associated to stability of W therapy with patients consuming ≥200 μg/d VK showing more stability (p=0,019) than those with lower VK intakes. Patients who had been advised to ‘Reduce their consumption of green vegetables' tended to have lower ‘S’ scores (ANOVA; p=0,057) and lower VK intakes than other patients (ANOVA; p=0,074). Results from this study support the notion that VK intake influences W anticoagulant therapy and that higher daily intakes contribute to more stable treatment. CL received a scholarship from Faculté de médecine, U de Mtl.
Development of a risk assessment framework for folate metabolism
Authors: Hu Jing , Sahyoun Nadine R
Published: June 2021

Fortification of food with folic acid has lead to a decrease in neural tube defect (NTD) by 30%. There is a call to increase fortification of food to further decrease the risk of NTD. However, there is a concern that increasing folic acid intake will lead to cognitive impairment caused by vitamin B12 deficiency among older adults and potentially increase the risk of colorectal cancers. Therefore, it is crucial to explore ways to find the minimum effective dose of folate intake to prevent NTD without posing excessive among vulnerable population. Nutrient risk assessment model may be a way to develop risk and benefit curves of folate to find a healthy range of intake. This study is the first step in developing a risk assessment framework following the Key Events Dose‐Response Framework (KEDRF) developed by the International Life Science Institute's Global Threshold Project. The key events and control points in the metabolic pathway have been identified. The data will contribute to the construction of risk and benefit curves for detection of optimal folate intake.
Transplantation of allogeneic hepatocyte‐like cells differentiated from adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in rat models of liver regeneration and cirrhosis
Authors: Brückner Sandra , Dollinger Matthias , Stock Peggy , Hempel Madlen , Zipprich Alexander , Christ Bruno
Published: June 2021

It has been demonstrated that MSC may differentiate to hepatocyte‐like cells, which after syngeneic transplantation into a host liver persist in the parenchyma. Evidence emerges that MSC display tolerogenic attributes. Therefore, we investigated acceptance of allogeneic MSC transplants in rat models of liver regeneration and cirrhosis.

MSC were isolated from adipose tissue of CD26 wildtype DA rats and cells either undifferentiated or after hepatocyte differentiation transplanted into the livers of CD26‐deficient Fischer rats via portal vein. After 10 weeks, small clusters of allogeneic donor cells were visible in the host parenchyma. Compared with undifferentiated cells, clusters were seemingly larger when differentiated cells were used but were by far smaller as compared to the transplantation of syngeneic MSC. When cells were applied systemically via tail vein injection, small clusters of allogeneic donor‐derived cells were visible in the host liver parenchyma after 5 days in animals challenged with partial hepatectomy and with CCl4‐induced liver cirrhosis. This demonstrates that allogeneic MSC home to the liver after acute and chronic liver injury. They integrate into the host liver indicating their acceptance by the host immune system at least in the short term range. This offers the opportunity to use allogeneic MSC for the therapy of liver diseases avoiding immune suppression.
Evolutionary conservation of Tino/Quaking network suggests its impact to cell polarity control in ontogenesis and oncogenesis
Authors: Lulli Matteo , Granucci Irene , Loffredo Rosa , Witort Ewa , Capaccioli Sergio
Published: June 2021

Loss of cell polarity is very common in invasive and metastatic tumours, but also in early stages of oncogenesis. In C. elegans the conserved Par genes control several proteins transducing polarity cues in the embryo. One of these transducers is the RNA‐binding protein ceMex‐3, an essential translational regulator involved in embryo development. Its human ortholog is Tino, firstly identified in our lab as a post‐transcriptional regulator, able to bind to the AU‐Rich Element (ARE) of bcl‐2 mRNA. The high conservation between ceMex‐3 and Tino suggests that also Tino could have an impact on mammalian embryogenesis, cell polarity and cancer. Par‐4 is a ceMex‐3 post‐translational regulator, its human ortholog LKB1 is responsible, if mutated, for the Peutz‐Jeghers cancer syndrome. Another liaison dangereuse co‐involves ceMex‐3 with gld‐1 gene, whose mammal ortholog is Quaking (Qki). Both ceMex‐3 and GLD‐1 co‐regulate common targets and if mutated induce onset of teratomas during gametogenesis.

Here we show that QKI contributes to the negative regulation of Tino, confirming our hypothesis of evolutive conservation of Tino pathway. Furthermore, identification of Tino's target mRNAs and their consensus reveals that 50% of these mRNAs contains also Qki consensus, underlying the possibility that QKI and Tino co‐regulate common targets.

Research supported by AIRC, MIUR and ECRF.
Introducing the Competency‐Based Medical Curriculum to Pre‐Medical Students
Authors: Able David
Published: June 2021

Competency‐Based Medical Curricula are intended to produce altruistic, humane, and knowledgeable healthcare providers who know their strengths and limitations.

CBMC are being adopted by an increasing number of medical schools, but even advanced pre‐medical students are frequently unaware that this sort of curriculum exists. I introduced a modified version of the competency‐based curriculum used at the Indiana University Medical School, Bloomington IN, to my undergraduate Gross Anatomy students in the form of four writing exercises in which students explore and develop their ideas about studying and practicing medicine. One exercise has as its focus a simple sleep latency test, through which students can learn about their level of sleep deprivation and its consequences (The “Self‐Care and Personal Growth Competency”). Another encourages them to explore their ideas about how medical care should be paid for (“The Social and Community Contexts of Medicine Competency”). Another allows them to explore their understanding of topics in medical ethics (“The Moral Reasoning and Ethical Judgment Competency”). By lecture‐based introductions to the topics, and by working through these issues, students are not only made aware of the Competency Based‐Medical Curriculum, but actually experience it. The survey instruments I used and the students' responses are available for inspection.
25‐Hydroxycholesterol sulfation regulates lipid metabolism in vivo in mice
Authors: Ren Shunlin , Bai Qianming , Xu Leyuan , Pandak William M
Published: June 2021

Background

Oxysterol sulfotransferase, SULT2B1b, catalyzes sulfation of 25‐hydroxycholesterol (25HC). The product 25‐hydroxycholesterol‐3‐sulfate (25HC3S) was found to decrease cellular lipids in human aortic endothelial cells, macrophages, and hepatocytes via inactivation of LXR/SREBP‐1c signaling. 25HC3S appears to be a potent regulator of lipid metabolism with regulatory properties opposite to those of its precursor 25‐HC.

Hypothesis

Oxysterol sulfation, by determining the balance between 25HC and 25HC3S, could play an important role in lipid homeostasis.

Results

Following transfection, the SULT2B1b gene was successfully overexpressed in liver, aorta and lung tissues, but not in heart or kidney. SULT2B1b overexpression significantly decreased hepatic triglycerides by 30%, total cholesterol by 28%, and free cholesterol by 18%, as compared to control, while fatty acids were unchanged. Gene expression analysis showed that increases in SULT2B1b expression were accompanied by reduction in key regulators and enzymes in lipid metabolism, including SREBP‐1, SREBP‐2, acetyl‐CoA carboxylase‐1 and fatty acid synthase.

Conclusion

Overexpression of SULT2B1b, accompanied by 25HC administration, suppresses SREBP‐1 and ‐2 and decreases serum and hepatic lipids in cholesterol‐fed mice. This finding supports the hypothesis that 25HC3S is an important endogenous regulator of lipid biosynthesis. This pathway may represent a novel target for pharmacological intervention in NAFLD.
Long‐term high calcium decreases AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity via activating protein phosphatase 2A
Authors: Park Sungkwon , Rossie Sandra S , England Eric , Zhu Haibo , Sheffler Jason , Fisher Kimberly , Kasten Steve , Sheffler Tracy , Gerrard David
Published: June 2021

AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) is activated by upstream kinases and negatively regulated by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Calcium has recently been found to activate PP2A, which contains calcium binding sites. Our previous work has shown that chronic calcium exposure decreases AMPK activity. To define the specific molecular mechanism, activity of AMPK and PP2A was analyzed in C2C12 and skeletal muscles from mutant pigs possessing AMPKδ3 R225Q, ryanodine receptor mutation, or both. C2C12 myotubes treated with caffeine (calcium releasing agent) for 10 h decreased AICAR‐induced AMPK activity to control level and this negative effect has diminished by dantrolene (ryanodine receptor stabilizer). Interestingly, muscles from pigs with ryanodine receptor mutation and C2C12 cells administered with 10 h caffeine showed higher PP2A activity compared to control (P < 0.05). More importantly, the inhibitory effect of caffeine on AMPK activity was attenuated by PP2A inhibitor, okadaic acid or PP2A RNA interfering. These data show the inhibitory effect of chronic calcium on AMPK activity is exerted through the activation of PP2A.
Coming to a Location within You: Localization of Protein Kinase A and DPY‐30
Authors: Bougie Beth , Bolin Brooke , Christon Sarah , Cooper Kelly , Gallogly Austin , Going Noah , Houdek Rebecca , Jankowski Rebecca , Kohlwey Kyle , Kuhn Meredith , Lang Nicole , Moltzan Allen , O'Reilly Katie , Olsen Claire , Pritchard Shaylyn , Tiffany Laura , Wilfong Lindsay , Wolff Sam , Tiffany Karen , Yang Pinfen
Published: June 2021

Signal transduction is an essential process in cells. One critical signaling molecule, protein kinase A (PKA), phosphorylates target proteins, thereby changing their conformations and modifying their functions. PKA is a component of multiple signaling pathways that regulate a variety of proteins. Since the broad substrate specificity of PKA can lead to phosphorylation of unintended proteins, PKA activity must be limited to specific times and places. A‐kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) bind and help localize PKA to specific areas. The RIIa domain in PKA provides a shallow groove for an amphipathic helix of AKAP to bind via interactions of hydrophobic side chains. A similar binding motif is found in the DPY‐30 domain, which suggests this domain may also play a localization role. The ability of AKAP to interact with PKA and regulate its activity is essential for the specificity of many cellular responses. The ability of a cell to localize proteins containing a DPY‐30 domain may also be important for proper function. If localization is disrupted, serious problems like heart disease and cancer may result. To further understand the impact of structural interactions on localization, physical models of RIIa, DPY‐30, and AKAP amphipathic helix have been designed and built by the Cedarburg High School SMART (Students Modeling a Research Topic) Team using 3D printing technology. Supported by a grant from NIH‐NCRR‐SEPA.
VDAC: Voltage Dependant Anion Channel
Authors: Jordan Patrick , Borden Alexander , Fuller John , Gummin Christian , Puchner Joe , Bro Judson , Bustos Kevin , English Keegan , Keuler Andrew , Khan Qateeb , Kim Daniel , Munim Hasaan , Sung Ryan , Zausch Nicholas , Klestinski Keith , Vogt David , Caballero Mike , Zhou YiFan , Kwok Wai‐Meng
Published: June 2021

VDAC (Voltage Dependent Anion Channel) is a channel protein located on the outer mitochondrial membrane. It regulates mitochondria functions and cell respiration through the exchange of molecules between the cytoplasm and the organelle, such as ADP, ATP, anions, cations, and other small, hydrophilic molecules. VDAC has been implicated in cardiac ischemia‐reperfusion injury as well as cancer cell survival. Yet, the precise functional roles of VDAC in cardiac injury and cancer have not been elucidated. Recent structural information of VDAC obtained at a high resolution provides essential clues to the molecular mechanism that governs this protein. Movement of the positive N Terminus voltage sensor into and out of the protein coupled with putative sites of phosphorylation facing both the cytoplasm and the intermembrane space give VDAC greater regulatory abilities. In fact, VDAC may regulate several cell survival and cell death signals, as it can potentially prevent the release of Cytochrome C and, consequently, prevent apoptosis. If scientists learn more about the functions of this protein, it very well could represent a viable target for new therapeutics to treat ischemia‐reperfusion injury in the heart and cancer. The Marquette University High School SMART Team (Students Modeling A Research Topic) created a physical model of VDAC using 3D printing technology. Supported by a grant from NIH‐NCRR‐SEPA.