bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
All Things in Proportion? The United States
Authors: Sweet Alec Stone , Mathews Jud
Published: July 2019

This chapter considers constitutional rights doctrines of the United States in light of the global spread of proportionality. It challenges the view that proportionality is alien to the American constitutional experience, showing that American courts have developed approaches to rights that closely resemble proportionality. In particular, the Supreme Court’s test for state laws that burdened interstate commerce, developed in the nineteenth century, resembled proportionality, and so did “strict scrutiny” review as it was initially applied by the Supreme Court in the mid-twentieth century. The Supreme Court’s current approach to constitutional rights, relying heavily on separate tiers of review, is characterized by three pathologies: (i) judicial abdication, in the form of rational basis review; (ii) analytical incompleteness, when an explicit balancing stage is omitted; and (iii) instability, leading to reclassification and doctrinal incoherence. The chapter argues that proportionality can protect rights more consistently and coherently than the current American approach, and concludes by showing how courts courts could give proportionality greater expression in constitutional doctrine.
Constitutional Dialogues
Authors: Sweet Alec Stone , Mathews Jud
Published: July 2019

Apex courts face a fundamental problem: they cannot succeed in building systematic effectiveness in the face of regular opposition from the other branches of government, but they must sometimes invalidate the acts of those institutions to make rights effective. Chapter 5 considers how a court can build effectiveness while inducing inter-branch cooperation. A key is proportionality, which provides an infrastructure for the construction of dialogic jurisprudence. Constitutional courts delineate “zones of proportionality” within which policymakers enjoy meaningful policy discretion, albeit within guidelines set by the court. The chapter considers how rights-based, constitutional dialogues play out in three contexts, with respect: to legislating, making and enforcement of administrative law, and in the adjudication of private law disputes. These dialogues not only serve to secure other institutions’ acquiescence to the court’s jurisprudence, but drive proportionality reasoning into their decision-making routines, and hence into the legal domains over which they preside.
How Principles Ground
Authors: Enoch David
Published: July 2019

Specific moral facts (like the fact that you ought to send the paper by that deadline) seem to be grounded in relevant natural facts (that you promised), together with relevant moral principles (that you ought to keep your promises). This picture—according to which moral principles play a role in grounding specific moral facts—is a very natural one, and it may be especially attractive to non-naturalist, robust realists. A recent challenge from Selim Berker threatens this picture, though. Moral principles themselves seem to incorporate grounding claims, and it’s not clear that this can be reconciled with according the principles a grounding role. This chapter responds to Berker’s Challenge, utilizing a (moderate) grounding pluralism. In particular, it argues that distinguishing between normative and metaphysical grounding is the key to saving the natural picture. It also shows how such a distinction is one that you have a reason to endorse independently of this challenge, as it does important work elsewhere in moral philosophy.
Conclusion
Authors: Nattrass Nicoli , Seekings Jeremy
Published: July 2019

Chapter 8 considers the challenge of moving towards inclusive dualism for surplus labour countries. In such countries, decent work fundamentalism threatens to perpetuate or worsen poverty and inequality. As the extreme case of South Africa’s clothing manufacturing sector shows, decent work fundamentalism not only impedes job creation but it also destroys jobs. Decent work fundamentalism is a threat not just across Southern Africa and in other parts of the world where open unemployment is very high. It is also a threat across much of Africa, where unemployment rates have already risen and are predicted to continue to rise, especially amongst young people. Given the rapid growth of the labour force and the inability of agriculture to absorb more workers, most African countries need to expand urgently non-agricultural employment in labour-intensive sectors (including clothing manufacturing). Strengthening the safety net of social protection (through cash transfers and public works programmes) can mitigate poverty, but is unlikely to be any substitute for labour-intensive development.
Introduction
Authors: Lixinski Lucas
Published: July 2019

The Introduction details the book’s general aims and argument. It also lays the groundwork for some of the broader theoretical themes that run through the book, namely: the relationship between law and non-law with respect to cultural heritage; the conservation paradigm under which international heritage law operates; and the basic terminology that the book uses, in its choice to refer to simply ‘heritage’, instead of ‘cultural heritage’, ‘cultural property’, ‘natural heritage’, and a working definition of ‘community’.
Temporalities of International Heritage Law
Authors: Lixinski Lucas
Published: July 2019

This chapter focuses on the way international heritage law applies across time, and the mismatch between community and state expectations of these relationships between heritage and time. While it often relies on time as a means to define heritage, international heritage law has in many respects a difficult relationship with Chronos. From the age of heritage down to the non-retroactivity of treaties which essentially resets the clock on a number of heritage disputes and injustices, the temporal application of international heritage law plays a significant role in shaping what is permissible heritage, and how the law addresses heritage. The chapter uses genocide’s relationship to cultural heritage as a means to examine how heritage plays roles before, during, and after major events, in ways that the law does not always capture constructively. Lastly, it queries the potential of international human rights law to address international heritage law’s shortcomings in this area.
The Bright and Dark Sides of International Heritage Law
Authors: Lixinski Lucas
Published: July 2019

This chapter uses the insights gained from previous chapters to outline the bright and dark sides of international heritage law, particularly as seen from the perspective of communities’ engagement with their own heritage and the legal structures around it. This chapter argues that, while there have been tremendous achievements in the field of international heritage law under UNESCO’s tutelage, each one of these achievements has brought with it unintended consequences that we need to be mindful of if we are to continue constructive engagement with the field. This chapter, while setting these bright and dark sides in pairs, should not be read as creating dualities but rather as dialectically bridging concepts, and showing cause and effect: every bright side casts a shadow, which needs our attention.
Conclusions
Authors: Lixinski Lucas
Published: July 2019

This, the concluding chapter of the book, pulls together the many strings of argument so as to provide elements for a more community-centred international heritage law, which, the chapter argues, is ultimately an improved and more sustained way of safeguarding heritage for present and future generations, therefore fulfilling UNESCO’s ambitions of promoting peace through heritage. The chapter proposes pathways to bring communities to the international decision-making, and for a more critically aware international heritage law.
Hypatia of Alexandria (355 or 370–415)
Authors: Altschuler Daniel R. , Ballesteros Fernando J.
Published: July 2019

This chapter narrates the life of Hypatia of Alexandria, famous scientist of the ancient world and how the conflicts of religion ended her life.
Caroline Lucretia Herschel (1750–1848)
Authors: Altschuler Daniel R. , Ballesteros Fernando J.
Published: July 2019

This chapter is about the astronomer Caroline Herschel, sister of the famous William Herschel with whom she developed her scientific career.
Catherine Wolfe Bruce (1816–1900)
Authors: Altschuler Daniel R. , Ballesteros Fernando J.
Published: July 2019

This chapter tells how little is known about the life of the patron Catherine Wolfe Bruce.
Williamina Paton Fleming (1857–1911)
Authors: Altschuler Daniel R. , Ballesteros Fernando J.
Published: July 2019

This chapter tells of the vicissitudes of Williamina Fleming, who went from single mother and domestic assistant, to direct the first female staff of astronomers at the Harvard Observatory.
Mary Adela Blagg (1858–1944)
Authors: Altschuler Daniel R. , Ballesteros Fernando J.
Published: July 2019

This chapter is about the person who put order to the chaos that was in the lunar nomenclature at the beginning of the twentieth century, Mary Adela Blagg.
Mary Proctor (1862–1957)
Authors: Altschuler Daniel R. , Ballesteros Fernando J.
Published: July 2019

This chapter describes the figure of Mary Proctor, American popularizer of astronomy, and her work to make science understandable.
Louise Freeland Jenkins (1888–1970)
Authors: Altschuler Daniel R. , Ballesteros Fernando J.
Published: July 2019

This chapter explains what is known about the life and work of the astronomer Louise Freeland Jenkins.
Sharon Christa McAuliffe (1948–1986)
Authors: Altschuler Daniel R. , Ballesteros Fernando J.
Published: July 2019

This chapter talks about the life of the Sharon Christa McAuliffe, a teacher who, when participating in the Teacher in Space program, died in the explosion of the space shuttle Challenger.
Kalpana Chawla (1962–2003)
Authors: Altschuler Daniel R. , Ballesteros Fernando J.
Published: July 2019

This chapter deals with the life of the Indian astronaut Kalpana Chawla, who died during the disintegration of the space shuttle Columbia when it entered the atmosphere.
Post text
Authors: Altschuler Daniel R. , Ballesteros Fernando J.
Published: July 2019

Brief summary of some characteristics of the Women of the Moon
The Orbitofrontal Cortex
Authors: Rolls Edmund T.
Published: July 2019

The book will be valuable for those in the fields of neuroscience, neurology, psychology, psychiatry, biology, animal behaviour, economics, and philosophy, from the undergraduate level upwards. The book is unique in providing a coherent multidisciplinary approach to understanding the functions of one of the most interesting regions of the human brain, in both health and in disease, including depression, bipolar disorder, autism, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. There is no competing book published in the last 10 years.
Orbitofrontal cortex processing: neurophysiology and neuroimaging
Authors: Rolls Edmund T.
Published: July 2019

The functioning of the orbitofrontal cortex is described. It is shown that it receives information about what stimulus is present from the sensory pathways, and represents this in terms of its reward value. There are reward outcome neurons (responding to taste and pleasant and unpleasant touch); expected value neurons (responding to visual stimuli according to the expected reward that they predict); and non-reward 'error' neurons that respond when an expected reward is less than expected. There are also neurons that respond to face identity and face expression, and to vocalization. The medial orbitofrontal cortex represents rewards and its activations are related to the pleasantness of stimuli. The lateral orbitofrontal cortex represents punishers and not receiving expected rewards (non-reward). Economic reward value is represented. An anterior region, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, is implicated in decision-making between rewards of different value. The orbitofrontal cortex represents the reward and punishment value of stimuli, and not actions. Outputs of the orbitofrontal cortex to the cingulate cortex are involved in learning what actions to take to obtain rewards; and to the striatum for stimulus-response, habit, learning.
Orbitofrontal cortex output pathways: cingulate cortex, basal ganglia, and dopamine
Authors: Rolls Edmund T.
Published: July 2019

The medial orbitofrontal cortex projects reward-related information to the pregenual cingulate cortex, and the lateral orbitofrontal cortex projects punishment and non-reward information to the supracallosal anterior cingulate cortex. These projections provide the reward outcome information needed for action-outcome goal value dependent instrumental learning by the cingulate cortex. The orbitofrontal cortex also projects reward-related information to the striatum for stimulus-response habit learning. Via the striatal route, and further in part via the habenula, the orbitofrontal cortex provides information about rewards and non-rewards that reached the brainstem dopamine neurons, some of which respond to positive reward prediction error, and the serotonin (5HT) neurons. The orbitofrontal cortex is therefore perhaps the key brain region involved in reward processing in the brain. The orbitofrontal cortex also has projections that can influence autonomic function, in part via the insula.
The orbitofrontal cortex and emotion
Authors: Rolls Edmund T.
Published: July 2019

Emotions can be defined as states elicited by instrumental reinforcers, that is, by rewards and punishers. Because of its roles in processing rewards and punishers, the orbitofrontal cortex is therefore the key brain region in emotion. Cognition can have a top-down biasing effect on the emotion-related systems in the orbitofrontal cortex. In addition to the emotional route to behavior, there is also a rational route to behavior involving reasoning, which involves systems outside the orbitofrontal cortex. Individual differences in sensitivity to rewards and punishers also provide a foundation for understanding many aspects of personality. The functions of the orbitofrontal cortex in emotion are compared with those of the amygdala, which it is argued becomes overshadowed by the orbitofrontal cortex in humans. Indeed, a current topic of interest is that the orbitofrontal cortex appears to be involved much more in subjective aspects of emotion in humans than the amygdala.
Orbitofrontal cortex computations in a systems-level perspective
Authors: Rolls Edmund T.
Published: July 2019

This chapter describes some of the computational approaches that are useful to understand the functions of the orbitofrontal cortex. Section 9.1 describes the operation of pattern association networks which may be used in the orbitofrontal cortex to associate the sight of a stimulus with its taste. Section 9.2 describes the operation of autoassociation or attractor networks which may be used in the orbitofrontal cortex to maintain a rule online by continuing neuronal firing. Section 9.3 describes the operation of the integrate-and-fire attractor network used to model probabilistic decision-making. Section 9.4 describes a neurophysiological and computational model for stimulus-reinforcer association learning and reversal in the orbitofrontal cortex. Section 9.5 describes a theory and model of how non-reward neurons are produced in the orbitofrontal cortex.
Troublesome Recordings
Authors: Burrows George
Published: July 2019

This chapter introduces Andy Kirk and His Clouds of Joy and establishes how their recordings represent a usefully troublesome body of work for illuminating prevailing conceptions of jazz that articulate notions of race with those of musical style. A survey of the extant literature which has previously considered the band’s records, together with that which has broached the entwined topics of race and jazz, suggests the value of the study in reflecting the vital role of the recordings of such interwar black jazz musicians in shaping jazz as a practice and conception. The notion of manipulating stylistic masks, which are donned by the musicians to Signify on racialized styles and identities in creative and often subversive ways, is introduced as the central means for illuminating the records and their musical-racial discourse. That approach is contextualized with reference to Andy Kirk’s upbringing and musical background before the materials, method, and structure for the study are outlined.
Conclusions
Authors: Vaid Divya
Published: July 2019

This chapter draws together the main findings of the research reported in each individual chapter providing an overview of mobility patterns, trends, and inequalities in India for both women and men over time. It also discusses the findings on caste and mobility in light of the debates on reservation policies in India, as well as the structure of these patterns across rural-urban locality. As an industrializing country, India displays some patterns of structural change commensurate with its level of industrialization. However, the existence of a large agrarian sector along with a rapidly growing service sector place India in a unique position. The repurcussions of the type of structural change on social mobility is explored and a broader picture of social change is presented.
Body as ‘Resource’ in Surrogacy and Bio-Medical Research
Authors: Nadimpally Sarojini , Marwah Vrinda
Published: July 2019

Medical research on human bodies for the purpose of drug development, and the use of technology to assist human reproduction are not new phenomena. However, the marriage of medical technology with commercial interest in a globalising world has led to a reinvention of the status of the body as a resource. Today, the global traffic in body parts and their renting and selling is unprecedented. This is throwing up new challenges, especially ethical and legal challenges. Clinical trials and surrogacy are two sites where these challenges are playing out. This chapter explores themes that emerge from the work of Sama, a Delhi-based resource group working on issues of gender and public health through research, advocacy, and inter-movement dialogue.
Violence against Women as a Health Care Issue
Authors: Rege Sangeeta , Bhate-Deosthali Padma
Published: July 2019

Women often approach health facilities to seek treatment for health consequences emerging out of violence. Health facilities are also mandated by several laws in India to play a therapeutic and forensic role in responding to women facing violence. Despite India being a signatory to international treaties, health professionals are unable to respond to violence owing to their own biases and misconceptions related to the issue. The chapter discusses the prevalence of violence against women, the resultant health consequences, and perceptions of health professionals towards this violence. While doing so the chapter raises concerns about the lack of institutionalised health care response and draws attention to the policy gaps that keeps the government from committing itself to ending all forms of violence against women.
Kerala’s Early Experience
Authors: Nandraj Sunil , Nambiar Devaki
Published: July 2019

Despite a strong legacy of human development, the state of Kerala faces challenges of shifting epidemiologic burden and privatization driven cost escalation. Mindful of this, the Government of Kerala initiated a pilot study on Universal Health Coverage reforms in two districts. An assessment was carried out, drawing data from about 60 sources, revealing critical information about overcrowding and understaffing at block level facilities, critical gaps in health human resources, the top 20 conditions and events for which care is sought—where non-communicable conditions dominate. On the basis of this, it was proposed that comprehensive care pathways be created—Kerala’s version of an Essential Health Package, delivered through a re-engineered health system.
A Financing Strategy for Universal Access to Health Care
Authors: Duggal Ravi
Published: July 2019

Given that health is a state subject, an independent working group of experts was set up in Maharashtra to evolve a framework for Universal Access to Health Care (UAHC) and it has developed a framework document for restructuring the public healthcare system and its financing that will help facilitate the implementation of a UAHC model. This chapter reviews how, over the years, the health financing strategy failed to develop a robust public health financed system through underinvestment in health and further discusses the financing strategy of the proposed Maharashtra UAHC model to establish universal access to healthcare.
The Right to Health
Authors: Bhardwaj Kajal , Johari Veena , Divan Vivek
Published: July 2019

The right to health has been variously influenced by a web of laws and structures. Health is legislated primarily by the states, causing variances in laws and implementation systems across states. The Parliament has also legislated on health in some instances, thereby creating national laws on certain issues, such as the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, the Transplantation of Human Organs Act and so on. Policy planning also articulates priorities in the context of health, for example through the National Rural Health Mission, and proposals on universal health coverage. Illustrating certain national and state legislations and key Supreme Court rulings, this chapter reveals the complexity that confronts effective health planning in India and offers insights that are required to achieve positive health outcomes for society.
Introduction
Authors: Shneiderman Sara , Middleton Townsend
Published: July 2019

This introduction establishes key frameworks for reconsidering Darjeeling’s past, present, and future. The book’s editors provide a succinct history of the region and an overview of its current circumstances—thereby establishing shared ground for the chapters that follow. Discussing Darjeeling’s status as a crossroads of Asia writ large, the introduction frames the region as a key site for the study of both South Asia and the postcolonial world, broadly conceived. These opening arguments challenge the prevalent yet problematic understandings of Darjeeling as the ‘queen of the hills’—a place somehow apart or above it all—instead calling for a timely rethinking of this often-romanticized region and its people through attention to the historical and contemporary complexities that constitute Darjeeling’s histories, politics, and environments. Highlighting each chapter’s contribution, the introduction launches the book’s project of reconsidering Darjeeling through critical approaches from across the humanities and social sciences.
Himalayan Darjeeling and Mountain Histories of Labour and Mobility
Authors: Sharma Jayeeta
Published: July 2019

This chapter interrogates the historical trajectories of the Himalayan subjects named as Lepchas, Bhutias, Gurkhas, and Sherpas, who played a crucial role in producing Darjeeling as a vibrant mountain space for circulation, enterprise, and culture. The establishment of an imperial hill station resort led to numerous and novel—often unanticipated—labouring and service openings that the indigenous peoples of the Eastern Himalayan borderlands parleyed into new possibilities for livelihood and mobility, albeit with varying degrees of success. The chapter examines how the complicated negotiations of indigenous groups with the racially determined practices of tea plantations, botanical and mountaineering expeditions, mission stations, and military recruitment shaped new modernistic identities and were constitutive of Darjeeling as a trans-Himalayan space defined by mobile lives and cross-cultural encounters which in turn it helped constitute.
Virtuous Movements and Dirty Politics
Authors: Wenner Miriam
Published: July 2019

This chapter is concerned with the relationships between virtue, immorality, and politics as they are contested and negotiated within the space of a statehood movement. It explores how political leaders in Darjeeling present themselves as virtuous despite being involved in ‘politics’, which is associated with morally despicable behaviour such as selfishness and corruption. At the heart of such camouflage stands the blurring of the boundaries between what counts as moral and immoral. Yet, leaders’ attempts to respond to idealist imaginations of the movement as untouched from ‘dirty’ politics prove difficult, not only because the constituents perceive their leaders to exploit the movement for private gain, but also because the need to distribute patronage forces them to make compromises with the very state government from which they demand autonomy. Whether the border between virtue and immorality has been transcended is subject to a continuous struggle over political authority and legitimacy.
The Quest to Belong and Become
Authors: Chhetri Nilamber
Published: July 2019

Exploring the intricate processes of ethnic mobilization in Darjeeling since the turn of twentieth century, this chapter provides a diachronic understanding of ethnic associations and highlights their changing forms and functions. The analysis focuses on the hybrid nature of ethnic demands oscillating between classically civil and political concerns. In this regard, the chapter discusses how ethnic associations in recent decades have interacted with state institutions and framed their identities as ‘tribes’, worthy of official Scheduled Tribe recognition. It further analyses the various manifestations of these demands and documents the associated contestations brewing within ethnic associations over questions of ethnic or ‘tribal’ culture. The chapter argues that these demands reflect a blend of political and civil societal concerns, which reflect a perpetual quest to become and belong in contemporary India.
Connection amidst Disconnection
Authors: Drew Georgina , Rai Roshan P.
Published: July 2019

Darjeeling residents face regular water stress despite a high annual amount of rainfall and an abundance of nearby springs and lakes. This chapter examines how the struggle for water manifests in the everyday lives of Darjeeling residents who come from diverse socio-economic backgrounds and live in a range of geographical locations within the burgeoning tourist town. The text explains who is connected to municipal waters, who is not connected to them, and how a physical disconnection to municipal water supplies fosters abjection along with social affinities that can lead to productive adaptations. Emphasis is placed on how support systems, such as social collectives known as samaj, have begun to address the structural inadequacies of the municipal water supply system. These decentralized efforts are promising, but they also speak to the wider geographies of exclusion prevalent in Darjeeling—a town that is spatially marked by extreme contrasts between wealth and poverty.
Introduction
Authors: Borker Hem
Published: July 2019

The first chapter broadly introduces the key themes of my research. It details the central argument of the book and how theoretical debates on imagination, aspiration, gender, and piety inform the argument. It goes on to detail the key research questions and how the research engages with these questions in the coming chapters. It also discuses the ethnographic methodology adopted by the researcher in the field.
Journeys of Madrasa Students
Authors: Borker Hem
Published: July 2019

This chapter presents a series of ethnographic portraits. Each of the portraits embody, manifest, and to some degree comment on the different faces of women’s engagement with girls’ madrasas against the backdrop of India’s changing social religious and educational landscape.
In-between Spaces
Authors: Borker Hem
Published: July 2019

This chapter locates madrasas within the broader socio-political landscape of India. It focuses on three trends— marginalization of Muslims in India, growth of right wing Hindu movement, and the rise of a particular form of Islamic reformism amongst Muslims and its impact on women. It goes on to focus on Madrasa Jamiatul Mominat where the author conducted her fieldwork.
Making of Kamil Momina
Authors: Borker Hem
Published: July 2019

This chapter focuses on the transition of the students from their native homes to the madrasa by exploring the role of education in defining and translating the imagined ideal of Islamic Womanhood in practice.
Coda
Authors: Borker Hem
Published: July 2019

This chapter highlights the policy reflections that emanate from the present research. It problematizes the policy approach that locates contemporary madrasas in binaries of modernity and tradition.
Introduction
Authors: Wouters Jelle J.P.
Published: July 2019

Starting with a vignette that details a mass protest in Dimapur against excessive ‘rebel’ taxations and the perceived degeneration of the long lingering Naga Movement for Independence, this opening chapter introduces the Naga struggle, its history, political and territorial entanglements, complexities, and, after the 1997 Indo-Naga ceasefire, post-ceasefire practices and patterns. Theoretically, this chapter introduces the idea of ‘insurgency-complex’ to argue that, after long decades of political violence and volatilities, the politics of Naga insurgency, and the Indian state’s response to it, has flooded the shores of political conflict and inundates all areas of social life. This chapter ends with a reflection on the challenges and experiences of carrying out extensive ethnographic research in an area long shaped by violent conflict and political instability.
Clan, Village, Tribe, and Naga Nation
Authors: Wouters Jelle J.P.
Published: July 2019

Naga identity, akin to all modern identities, is historically contingent, constructed, and continually debated. This chapter offers an ethnographic view of local processes of identity and identification among Nagas by highlighting the social binds and divides that emerge from the structuring, foundational, and affective realities of clan, village, and tribe. The author shows how Naga clans, villages, and tribes variously connect and disconnect with projections of a unified Naga nation and the nationalistic politics of Naga insurgency. In the upshot, the author argues that the form and functioning of the Naga nation is best approached, not as a single ethnic rubric, but as a ‘tribal confederation’ in which connected yet self-directed tribes fissure and fuse according to the political context and circumstances.
Corruption and the Moral Economy of State Resources
Authors: Wouters Jelle J.P.
Published: July 2019

This chapter uses the vantage of corruption to explore state-society relations in Nagaland. Through focusing on the narrativisation of corrupt practices, the author explores the moral reasoning and perspectives villagers adopt in their dealings with the state, its offices, and development resources and show the ways in which they may self-justify their ‘corrupt’ practices. Against notions that corruption is something pathological, the author’s view is that there exists a distinct and specific relationship between Nagas’ historical experiences and understanding of the postcolonial state and its policies on the one hand, and local subjectivities, moral evaluations, and contested loyalties on the other. The upshot of this is the local emergence of particularistic social and moral field in which corrupt practices must be situated.
Epilogue
Authors: Wouters Jelle J.P.
Published: July 2019

This epilogue, in conclusion, reflects on some of the main arguments made in the book and discusses the possibility of Naga society moving beyond the shadows of insurgency. Adopting a historical lens, the author theorises the problematic historical and cultural transitivity of the concept of sovereignty, and advocate a return to indigenous constellations of power, territory, and control. Against the backdrop of a ‘framework agreement’ signed between the NSCN-IM and the Indian government in 2015, and amidst speculation about a final political settlement, the author then discuss several schisms and predicaments that may impede Naga society’s envisaged transformation from a conflict to a post-conflict society.
Krishnamurti, Values, and Education
Authors: Thapan Meenakshi
Published: July 2019

The chapter provides the context in which J. Krishnamurti and his work may be understood today. Krishnamurti’s relevance in our understanding of the contemporary human condition when humans can no longer be passive observers in a deeply divided and self-destructive world is examined. It is in the everyday that Krishnamurti seeks out change beginning with the individual and her world, both personal and social. This premise foregrounds his emphasis on educational practice as the medium through which social change is possible. At the same time, education is not an objective instrument but a deeply nuanced method for the transformation of consciousness and social change. To develop an understanding of the transformative value of education, it unravels Krishnamurti’s approach through a focus on education and society, the sacred and universal, and agency, values, and an ethical life. There is also an emphasis on caring for emotions and on addressing diversity in educational practice.
Celebrating Diversities
Authors: Pandey Disha
Published: July 2019

Previously, scholars who have extensively researched inclusion have argued that some schools, under the shroud of being inclusive, are inherently and discreetly exclusionary. Following this, the chapter evaluates how inclusive education unfolds within the walls of the Valley school. It navigates through the waters of the student-teacher relationship at the school which is combined with Jiddu Krishnamurti’s philosophy in the setting of mixed-age classrooms that encourage dialogue and participation from all students. This chapter argues that inclusion in the junior-school takes place precisely because the school celebrates diversity of every child without holding a strict benchmark for an ideal student. The main focus here is to analyse the processes that successfully combine to enable inclusion as opposed to assimilation – a concept that has been recklessly assumed to be identical to inclusion. The chapter also engages with a pertinent question: is inclusion a possible future for all our schools?
Philosophy of Jiddu Krishnamurti in the Educational Practice of the Multigrade–Multilevel Methodology
Authors: Müller Thomas
Published: July 2019

Very close to his death, Krishnamurti made sure that ‘The Rishi Valley School’ starts with small schools in the surrounding remote villages. The so-called Satellite Schools exist now for more than 30 years and have inspired thousands of schools worldwide by their MultiGradeMultiLevel-Methodology. More than the methodology it seems to be the attitude of the teachers that bring children as well as themselves ‘in the driver’s seat’ and realize therefore schools that run without fear—an aim Krishnamurti always focussed on. The contribution briefly introduces the educational ideas of Jiddu Krishnamurti’s philosophy and shows how they can be identified in the MultiGradeMultiLevel-Methodology and its ideas of teacher education.
Child-Centred Learning in Praxis
Authors: Mohan Rohini Ram
Published: July 2019

Placing the larger concepts of MGML, the notions of child-centred learning and key ideas of J. Krishnamurti on education at the centre of analysis, this chapter documents the translation of these concepts in everyday classroom life in a rural context of the satellite schools of Rishi Valley. It explores the ‘School in a box’ tool used in these schools and its instrumentality in engendering classroom processes that re-center the child’s autonomy in the learning process by rearranging the use of time, space, objects, and teacher-student relationships in the classroom. It also explores the learning and living continuum between the school and community life, and corporeal experience of learning in the MGML classroom. It also discusses the challenges in the classroom including the management of multiple learning contexts in the MGML classroom and the dual role of the teacher as facilitator and continuous assessor.
Going beyond the Self1
Authors: Suri Bharat
Published: July 2019

This chapter is a study of the efforts of Rishi Valley Institute for Educational Resources (RIVER) to transform teacher education in India; it explores the aims, intents and structure of RIVER’s Teacher Enrichment Programme (RTEP). Through RTEP, RIVER seeks to supplement the implementation of the Diploma in Elementary Education (DElEd) programme in teacher education institutes across Andhra Pradesh. RTEP is grounded in the educational philosophy of Jiddu Krishnamurti and places immense faith in the compassionate role of the teacher; it may be read as RIVER’s application of Krishnamurti’s ideas to the contemporary context of Indian teacher education. In attempting to bring about teacher self-knowledge in its content and form, as well as openness in its method of dissemination, RTEP responds to the existing institutional challenges of teacher education in India. In doing so, this chapter argues, RTEP represents and reflects the tremendous power, foresight, and malleability of Krishnamurti’s philosophical thought.
Gurus and the Hindu Nationalist Politics
Authors: Kanungo Pralay
Published: July 2019

Though Gurudom is diverse, Gurus and Hindu Nationalism have a shared world, promoting and patronizing each other. With the onset of the New Age mediatized Hinduism and the rising popularity of these Gurus, the bonding between Hinduism and Hindutva has got strengthened further. Reflecting on Yoga guru and entrepreneur Ramdev’s life-journey, world-view, political activism, particularly with reference to his anti-corruption crusade, this chapter argues that though Ramdev’s Hindu revivalist and nationalist ideas are closer to the Sangh gospel in many ways, Ramdev has always nurtured his own political ambition and agenda. Analysing the complexities of Ramdev’s political ideas and actions, it tries to understand why Ramdev, setting aside his own agenda, decided to have a partnership with Modi and the BJP in the 2014 elections.
The Gujarat Model and the Right-Wing Shift in 2014
Authors: Hasan Zoya
Published: July 2019

The 2014 general election heralded a major shift in Indian politics. For the first time since Independence, India elected a right-wing party to power at the Centre and in several states. The Gujarat chief minister, Narendra Modi, won the election on the basis of the much-publicized Gujarat model and his track record of development represented by it. The chapter examines the genesis of this model and its role in shaping the emergence and consolidation of a BJP dominated political system, which has resulted in the exclusion and marginalization of minorities. It highlights the limitations and inconsistencies of this model and contrasts it with the development policies of the UPA government. It also examines the elitist and communal dimensions of the Gujarat model which has been a source of considerable disillusionment with it.
Does Space Matter in Electoral Democracy?
Authors: Choudhary Bikramaditya Kumar
Published: July 2019

Banaras witnessed accelerated political climate in 2014 as the BJP’s prime ministerial candidate decided to represent this as his parliamentary constituency. Suddenly, the city marked with diversity of religions, cultures, and modes of living, was up for polarized electoral campaigns. This chapter analyses the key question which has rarely been fully explored: why did Narendra Modi decide to contest elections from Banaras, a constituency outside his home state of Gujarat? Instead of his mediatized and self-proclaimed image as an efficient administrator and symbol of development, why did he invoke a religious–mythical vocabulary to justify his choice? Weaving insights from the disciplines of cultural–social geography and elections studies together, this chapter discusses how a specific religious imagery of Banaras contrary to its pluralistic livings was mobilized in the 2014 parliamentary elections.
Caste and Cultural Icons
Authors: Thirunavukkarasu R.
Published: July 2019

The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) may be an insignificant entity in the electoral arena of Tamil Nadu as the party won only one seat in the 2014 parliamentary elections. However, its efforts to expand its support base in the state where ideologically hostile political dispensations have near hegemonic presence demand a thorough scrutiny. BJP’s endeavours to expand by vernacularizing itself are arguably met with resistance, yet the party’s desperation to project itself as a Tamilized Hindutva party must be dissected. While tracing the genealogy of the BJP’s electoral performance and its modus operandi to expand its support base, this chapter elaborates a two-way process of ‘vernacularization’ and ‘pan-Indianization’.
Introduction
Authors: Ranjan Sudhanshu
Published: July 2019

It begins with the issue of accountability of judges and propounds that authority bereft of accountability morphs into authoritarianism. This is the case with the judges of the higher judiciary who are not accountable to any institution though they hold every institution and authority to account. Independence and accountability are complementary to each other, and it is a misconception that accountability robs the judiciary of its independence. It gives the gist of all chapters and adds new materials in the process of elucidation.
Versification
Authors: Jones Howard , Jones Martin H.
Published: July 2019

This chapter describes the chief features of versification in poetry written in the Middle High German Classical period (c.1170–c.1230) and in the remainder of the Middle High German period. The four parts of the chapter treat metre (anacrusis, interior of the line, cadence), rhyme (types of rhyme, rhyme schemes), lines of verse in context (rhythmical continuity or discontinuity between lines of verse, metrical and syntactical structures, rhyming couplets and syntactical structures), and verse forms (non-strophic verse, strophic verse in heroic and lyric poetry, the ‘Stollenstrophe’). Tips for the scansion of verse are included. Technical terminology in English and German is explained throughout. Examples are in the main drawn from the selection of texts (Chapter 5). In the case of lyric verse, the general account in this chapter is supplemented by metrical analyses of each song included in the selection.
Historical, Cultural, and Literary Background
Authors: Jones Howard , Jones Martin H.
Published: July 2019

This chapter describes the context in which the texts chosen for study originated and in which the use of German as a written language developed during the Middle High German period. No prior knowledge of the period is presupposed; key concepts are explained as they arise. The chapter is divided into three sections. The first explains the formation of the kingdom of Germany and of the Holy Roman Empire and examines the relationship between them. The second section describes the structure and working of German society under the following headings: the church; kingship and the secular nobility (including discussion of knighthood and chivalry); peasants and the rural economy; towns and townspeople. The third section surveys the principal types of texts that provide the basis for the study of Middle High German. The survey covers religious literature, courtly literature, chronicles, legal and administrative texts, and medical and other specialist literature.
Care-paradigm shift promoting smoking cessation treatment among cancer center patients via a low-burden strategy, Electronic Health Record-Enabled Evidence-Based Smoking Cessation Treatment
Authors: Ramsey Alex T , Chiu Ami , Baker Timothy , Smock Nina , Chen Jingling , Lester Tina , Jorenby Douglas E , Colditz Graham A , Bierut Laura J , Chen Li-Shiun
Published: July 2019

Tobacco smoking is an important risk factor for cancer incidence, an effect modifier for cancer treatment, and a negative prognostic factor for disease outcomes. Inadequate implementation of evidence-based smoking cessation treatment in cancer centers, a consequence of numerous patient-, provider-, and system-level barriers, contributes to tobacco-related morbidity and mortality. This study provides data for a paradigm shift from a frequently used specialist referral model to a point-of-care treatment model for tobacco use assessment and cessation treatment for outpatients at a large cancer center. The point-of-care model is enabled by a low-burden strategy, the Electronic Health Record-Enabled Evidence-Based Smoking Cessation Treatment program, which was implemented in the cancer center clinics on June 2, 2018. Five-month pre- and post-implementation data from the electronic health record (EHR) were analyzed. The percentage of cancer patients assessed for tobacco use significantly increased from 48% to 90% (z = 126.57, p < .001), the percentage of smokers referred for cessation counseling increased from 0.72% to 1.91% (z = 3.81, p < .001), and the percentage of smokers with cessation medication significantly increased from 3% to 17% (z = 17.20, p < .001). EHR functionalities may significantly address barriers to point-of-care treatment delivery, improving its consistent implementation and thereby increasing access to and quality of smoking cessation care for cancer center patients.
Sofosbuvir-/Daclatasvir-based therapy for chronic HCV and HCV/hepatitis B virus coinfected patients in Egypt
Authors: Nagaty Ahmed , Helmy Sherine H A , Abd El-Wahab Ekram W
Published: July 2019

Background

Dramatic advances in hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment were witnessed with the introduction of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). Generic DAAs with remarkable efficacy and good safety profiles are currently manufactured by local pharmaceutical companies in Egypt.

Methods

In the real-world setting, of a total of 367 patients chronically infected with HCV, 289 (277 treatment-naïve and 12 treatment-experienced) patients were enrolled. Approximately 15% of the patients were coinfected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Patients were treated with sofosbuvir+daclatasvir with or without ribavirin for 12 or 24 wk as the standard of care. HBV DNA levels were monitored throughout the study.

Results

A sustained virologic response at 12 wk (SVR12) was achieved in 98.3% of the patients. All non-responders were treatment-naïve and the response rate among treatment-experienced patients was 100.0%. Elevated α-fetoprotein and treatment with sofosbuvir+daclatasvir+ribavirin for 6 mo were predictors of non-response (OR [95% CI] = 1.06 [1.02 to 1.1] and 15.9 [1.8 to 136.2]; p<0.05, respectively). No HBV reactivation was noticed throughout the treatment and follow-up periods in HCV/HBV coinfected patients.

Conclusion

The present real-world findings add to the evidence for the efficacy of generic DAAs for the treatment of patients infected with HCV. HBV reactivation is unlikely to occur in those coinfected with HBV. Although liver cirrhosis affected the outcome, pretreatment liver chemistry did not seem to correlate with the results of treatment.