bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The evolution of universal adaptations of life is driven by universal properties of matter: energy, entropy, and interaction
Authors: Cohen Irun R. , Marron Assaf
Published: July 2020

The evolution of multicellular eukaryotes expresses two sorts of adaptations: local adaptations like fur or feathers, which characterize species in particular environments, and universal adaptations like microbiomes or sexual reproduction, which characterize most multicellulars in any environment. We reason that the mechanisms driving the universal adaptations of multicellulars should themselves be universal, and propose a mechanism based on properties of matter and systems:energy,entropy, andinteraction.Energyfrom the sun, earth and beyond creates new arrangements and interactions. Metabolic networks channel some of this energy to form cooperating, interactive arrangements.Entropy, used here as a term for all forces that dismantle ordered structures (rather than as a physical quantity), acts as a selective force. Entropy selects for arrangements that resist it long enough to replicate, and dismantles those that do not.Interactions, energy-charged and dynamic, restrain entropy and enable survival and propagation of integrated living systems. This fosterssurvival-of-the-fitted– those entities that resist entropic destruction – and not only of the fittest – the entities with the greatest reproductive success. The “unit” of evolution is not a discrete entity, such as a gene, individual, or species; what evolves are collections of related interactions at multiple scales. Survival-of-the-fitted explains universal adaptations, including resident microbiomes, sexual reproduction, continuous diversification, programmed turnover, seemingly wasteful phenotypes, altruism, co-evolving environmental niches, and advancing complexity. Indeed survival-of-the-fittest may be a particular case of the survival-of-the-fitted mechanism, promoting local adaptations that express reproductive advantages in addition to resisting entropy. Survival-of-the-fitted accounts for phenomena that have been attributed to neutral evolution: in the face of entropy, there is no neutrality; all variations are challenged by ubiquitous energy and entropy, retaining those that are “fit enough”. We propose experiments to test predictions of the survival-of-the-fitted theory, and discuss implications for the wellbeing of humans and the biosphere.
KinderMiner Web: a simple web tool for ranking pairwise associations in biomedical applications
Authors: Kuusisto Finn , Ng Daniel , Steill John , Ross Ian , Livny Miron , Thomson James , Page David , Stewart Ron
Published: July 2020

Many important scientific discoveries require lengthy experimental processes of trial and error and could benefit from intelligent prioritization based on deep domain understanding. While exponential growth in the scientific literature makes it difficult to keep current in even a single domain, that same rapid growth in literature also presents an opportunity for automated extraction of knowledge via text mining. We have developed a web application implementation of the KinderMiner algorithm for proposing ranked associations between a list of target terms and a key phrase. Any key phrase and target term list can be used for biomedical inquiry. We built the web application around a text index derived from PubMed. It is the first publicly available implementation of the algorithm, is fast and easy to use, and includes an interactive analysis tool. The KinderMiner web application is a public resource offering scientists a cohesive summary of what is currently known about a particular topic within the literature, and helping them to prioritize experiments around that topic. It performs comparably or better to similar state-of-the-art text mining tools, is more flexible, and can be applied to any biomedical topic of interest. It is also continually improving with quarterly updates to the underlying text index and through response to suggestions from the community. The web application is available at https://www.kinderminer.org.
Biological wastewater treatment
Authors: Ksenofontov Boris
Published: July 2020

The training manual sets out the theoretical and practical foundations of biological wastewater treatment in both natural and artificial conditions. For in-depth study of the fundamentals of biological wastewater treatment is quite detailed sections on the basics of Microbiology. Much attention is paid to choosing the best technologies of biological wastewater treatment with effective methods of nutrient removal. In the expanded version of the methods of biological purification of wastewater using membrane bioreactors. Are extensively explored domestic and foreign experience of biological treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater.
Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation.
Intended for students of bachelor, master, PhD students, teachers and professionals interested in the methods of sewage purification, and it is recommended to study for the enlarged group of specialties and areas 20.00.00 "Technosphere safety and environmental engineering".
Methods and algorithms of data processing
Authors: Grigor'ev Anatoliy , Isaev Evgeniy
Published: July 2020

The tutorial deals with selected methods and algorithms of data processing, the sequence of solving problems of processing and analysis of data to create models behavior of the object taking into account all the components of its mathematical model. Describes the types of technological methods for the use of software and hardware for solving problems in this area. The algorithms of distributions, regressions vremenny series, transform them with the aim of obtaining mathematical models and prediction of the behavior information and economic systems (objects).
The second edition is supplemented by materials that are in demand by researchers in the part of the correct use of clustering algorithms. Are elements of the classification algorithms to identify their capabilities, strengths and weaknesses. Are the procedures of justification and verify the adequacy of the results of the cluster analysis, conducted a comparison and evaluation of different clustering techniques, given information about visualization of multidimensional data and examples of practical application of clustering algorithms.
Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation.
For students of economic specialties, specialists, and graduate students.
Influence of PRP on morphological changes in muscle in the early period after traumatic muscle injury in the experiment
Authors: Dzhyvak Volodymyr , Khlibovska Oksana , Datsko Tamara , Klishch Ivan
Published: July 2020

The aim of our study was to investigate the effectiveness of the use of platelet-rich plasma on morphological changes in muscle tissue in traumatic muscle injury in the experiment.Materials and methods of research. We analyzed the results of histological analysis of the muscle tissue of animals in an experiment in traumatic muscle injury treated with platelet-rich plasma. Depending on the treatment received, the animals were divided into: the first group - with traumatic thigh muscle injury without PRP correction (20 rats), the second group with traumatic thigh muscle injury with PRP correction (20 rats), the third group - control (20 intact rats). Preparation of PRP took place in two stages.Results and discussion. As a result of the conducted researches it was established that the introduction of PRP showed differences in morphological features on the seventh day at the beginning of the process of muscle recovery, compared with the first experimental group. There are signs of regeneration, while the muscle fibers are still in the process of formation and without vascularization. This morphological descriptive analysis confirms that in the group, which was treated PRP, was the best organization of the process of restoring muscle.Conclusions1.In traumatic muscle injury in experimental animals, structural changes in muscle tissue begin to develop from the first day of the experiment throughout the study period and are manifested by severe circulatory disorders and the development of dystrophic - necrotic changes, especially in epithelial structures, reaching a maximum on the seventh day.2.The introduction of PRP affects the better organization of the muscle recovery process.
An example of health training for pregnant women
Authors: Roczniak Katarzyna , Babuśka-Roczniak Magdalena , Wojtanowska Kaczka Magdalena , Lyubinets Oleh , Roczniak Wojciech
Published: July 2020

With the expansion of the  knowledge about the physiology of pregnancy is changing the recommendation for safe management during its duration. More and more often talk about the need for physical activity due to maintaining or even increasing cardiopulmonary capacity, muscle strength, range of joint mobility, especially the hip and spine. And the right conduct and selection of exercises not only guarantees the development of the child, but also prepares the future mother for active participation in childbirth. Regular gymnastics and properly selected exercises, as part of pregnancy care with a physiological, uncomplicated course, are widely recognized. It is important that such awareness also have women expecting a child, while gaining additional motivation to exercise. In this article, we have tried to present and justify the valuable effect of the mentioned gymnastic exercises, which a pregnant woman can do without medical contraindications.
Principles of Drawing up Tax Consulting Outsourcing Agreements
Authors: Bagińska Izabela
Published: July 2020

The basic objective of the article is to indicate the principles of drawing up tax consulting outsourcing agreements, to analyze the scope of such agreements, and identify the benefits and threats resulting from the correct construction thereof. The first part includes a review of the literature in the scope of outsourcing. Then, the results of empirical research are presented. Anonymous studies were conducted among medium and small enterprises using questionnaires.
The application of TORS – into the larynx
Authors: Standyło Arkadiusz , Obuchowska Aleksandra , Wójcik Justyna , Ozga Alicja , Obuchowska Karolina , Trojanowski Piotr
Published: July 2020

Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common head and neck cancer, and it occurs more commonly in men than in women. The thought of losing phonatory and swallowing function has become the driving force of advancements in laryngeal cancer treatment.Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) is one of the fastest growing areas of head and neck surgery. This technology is assisted by remote-controlled miniaturized surgical instruments and magnified visualization with a high-definition three-dimensional camera. TORS is increasingly being used and was described in the context of laryngeal cancer surgery. It has been explored as minimally invasive surgery for supraglottic and glottic lesions, as well as for total laryngectomy. Transoral organ-preserving approaches have shown favorable oncologic and functional outcomes with good quality of life. Rapidly advancing TORS technique affords surgeons exceptional views of the larynx and hypopharynx with facile maneuverability in difficult to access areas. Thus, achieving negative margins and preserving normal laryngeal structures has become increasingly possible. The use of the robot for laryngeal cancer falls into three main categories:  supraglottic laryngectomy,  total laryngectomy and glottic cordectomy.            Transoral robotic surgery for laryngeal cancer has been shown to be feasible for minimally invasive partial laryngectomy for either supraglottic or glottic cancer, as well as for total laryngectomy, in selected patients. TORS supraglottic laryngectomy and TORS total laryngectomy have demonstrated good functional and oncologic outcomes.
Myocardial blood flow assessment with myocardial perfusion scan in patients with coronary artery chronic total occlusion
Authors: Jańczyk Magdalena , Samek Ilona , Pachowicz Marcin
Published: July 2020

Introduction and purpose: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cardiological problem in modern society. A special form of CAD is the Chronic Total Occlusion (CTO), which affects about 20% of visible coronary artery lesions. The aim of the study is to present the role of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy performed on patients with CTO, and scintigraphic findings in these patients.Material and method: It was a retrospective study. We analized studies in patients with CTO reported in medical history. We included studies performed between 2016 and 2019. 119 cases were found with the majority of men (M = 95, W = 24). The patients’ mean age was 65 years (M = 65, W = 66). In order to assess ischemia in these patients, the stress test was applied by means of physical exercise (cycloerometer) or pharmacological test. If patient's clinical condition did not allow a stress test, only a rest test was performed.Results: In the analyzed group the most common occluded vessel was the right coronary artery (59%). In this case, mean ischaemia was found to cover 18% of the myocardium. The second most frequent obstructed vessel was the circumflex (16%) with ischaemia of 15%. The next artery was left anterior descending artery with ischaemia of 30% and other vessel - 7%. 9 patients had more than one vessel closed.Conclusions: Myocardial perfusion imaging helps to choose optimal treatment in patients with CTO.
Assessment of biological activity of natural iron-containing mineral waters at their internal application
Authors: Babov K. D. , Gushcha S. G. , Voloshenyuk I. O. , Nasibullin B. A. , Badiuk N. S. , Zabolotna I. B.
Published: July 2020

In experiments on rats of the Wi-star line, the influence of two iron-containing weakly mineralized mineral waters with a high content of organic matter (MW) from the sources № 13 and № 15 of Skhidnytsia deposit (Ukraine). It was determined that both MW do not have a toxic effect on their use on animals, as evidenced by the lack of significant structural and functional changes in the tissues of the stomach, kidneys, liver, and heart. It is established that MW from source No. 13 changes the activity of transamination processes in hepatocytes, increases bile formation and biliary excretion, and activates red blood counts. MW from source No. 15 has a similar effect, but more significantly affects the metabolism, red blood, and immune system. The research results justify the use of these iron-containing MW for the correction of iron deficiency conditions in laboratory animals.
New prognostic markers of hearing impairment in children: gene-gene interaction and approximation models
Authors: Sydorchuk L. P. , Iftoda O. M.
Published: July 2020

Objective: to evaluate the gene-gene interaction, assess the risks and develop some approximation models of hearing loss / deafness occurrence in children, depending on the genes polymorphism gab junction B2 (GJB2, rs80338939), and interleukin-4 (IL-4, rs 2243250) and other risk factors. Materials and methods: Study included 102 children with hearing impairment: 68 with sensorineural (SNHL) and 34 with conductive hearing loss (CHL), among them 36 (35.29%) girls and 66 (64.71%) boys. The patients' age vary from 8 to 18 yo (on the average 13.90±3.11 yo). Diagnosis set by otorhinolaryngology (ENT) methods: ENT examination, computer audiometry, impedancemetry, tympanometry. The control group included 60 practically healthy children: 22 girls (36.67%), 38 boys (63.33%). Polymorphism of GJB2 (rs80338939) and IL-4 (rs 2243250) genes was studied by polymerase chain reaction method. Risk assessed by Relative Risk, Odds Ratio and 95% Confidential intervals.Results. The combination of 35delG / TT, as well as Non-Del / TT and 35delG/ TC genotypes in the genome is associated with a high risk of hearing loss in general children population (from 0.932 to 1.432; OR=19.5; p=0.003), as well as the appearance SNHL (from 0.765 to 1.765), stronger than the combination of unfavorable homozygotes TT / 35DelG - 1.765. The combination of homozygotes for the wild allele of both genes (especially CC / Non-Del) is associated with a low risk of deafness: hearing loss in general -1,068, for SNHL -0,908, for CHL -0,750 (p<0,01), for CC / 35delG combination, or TC / Non-Del: in general -0.068 -, and for SNHL -0.235 and -0.11 respectively, (p>0.05).Infectious diseases in anamnesis (meningitis, measles, mumps, or rubella) increases the likelihood of CHL by 9.41 times (OR=12.0; p=0.007). Concomitant chronic non-obstructive and obstructive upper and lower respiratory tract diseases increase the risk of both SNHL and CHL in children regardless of age: for SNHL 3.75-7.81 times (OR=6.50-10.9; p≤0.028-0.01), for CHL – 4.29-8.75 times (OR=6.19-12.9; p≤0.03-0.009). The revealed dependence of the indicators is best described by the logit-regression approximating models with high multiple correlation coefficient (R2=0.9761); low standard error of the model estimation (ε=0.1114); connection criterion F=124.2; degrees of freedom df=7.43 (p<0.001).Conclusions: Genes polymorphism's GJB2 (rs80338939) and IL-4 (rs 2243250) and their interactions are new prognostic markers of hearing impairment in children. Approximating models describe the likelihood of SNHL and CHL in observed population.
The knowledge and the opinion of patients on the government package called ‘fast oncological therapy’ – a pilot survey study
Authors: Ręka Gabriela , Paprzycka Karolina , Piecewicz-Szczęsna Halina
Published: July 2020

Introduction and purpose: The fast oncological therapy was introduced in 2015 by a set of legal arts called an oncology package. Its main assumption was to reduce malignant neoplasms by improving the availability of diagnostics and complex treatment. The aim of the study is to analyse the level of knowledge and to learn opinions of patients of the Center of Oncology of the Lublin Region on the fast oncological therapy.Material and methods: Material used in the analysis is the results of survey conducted on a group of patients from different hospital departments. An original anonymous questionnaire with 25 open and closed questions was used. Out of 130 distributed questionnaires, 44 items were returned completed. The program used to perform the statistical analysis was Statistica PL 10.0 2011 StatSoft.Results: The survey indicates that 43.2% of respondents have ever heard about fast oncological therapy, 27.3% declare knowledge of the therapy's basic aims. In a detailed knowledge test 1 point was awarded for every right answer. A maximum of 11 points could be obtained, with the average score being 2.3 points. 22.7% of patients surveyed did not answer any question correctly. No relationship has been found between age, place of residence or duration of the disease and the level of knowledge about the fast oncological therapy. 36.4% of respondents admit that they have been treated in accordance with the fast oncological therapy, but most of those who did (75%), evaluate its effect positively.Conclusions: The patients' knowledge about the package is extremely low. Only a minority of respondents are aware of the package's existence. However, the patients judge the changes introduced by fast oncological therapy as positive.
The knowledge of mothers in Poland on measles and its prevention - a survey study
Authors: Korzeniowska Anna , Ręka Gabriela , Piecewicz-Szczęsna Halina
Published: July 2020

Introduction and purpose: Measles is a highly contagious childhood rash disease. An effective way to prevent it is to give two doses of MMR vaccine. An increase in both the incidence of measles and vaccine refusal is observed.The aim of the study is to assess the knowledge of mothers having children under 18 years old about measles and MMR vaccination. It was decided to determine whether measles may turn out to be a threat to the population of our country.Material and methods: A survey questionnaire has been made, which was disseminated on social networks in spring 2020. A total of 537 answers were collected. Data analysis was performed using MS Excel and Statistica. The results were compared with the literature from the last 5 years from PubMed and ResearchGate databases.Results: The average test result was 10.33 out of 17 points. The questions with the highest number of correct answers concerned the obligation, the method of vaccine administration, the etiology of the disease and the method of infection. The problematic questions was the symptoms of measles, complications or the ways of preventing the disease. 8.6% of respondents said that they did not vaccinate their childaccording to the vaccination calendar, giving real contraindications and unreasonable reasons. It was shown that education, place of residence and age of the respondent statistically significantly affect the level of knowledge about measles. There was no correlation between the fact of vaccination and the level of knowledge about measles.Conclusions: The level of knowledge of respondents is mediocre. Parents should receive reliable information about the threats of infectious diseases. Considering presented data, the disease may be a threat to the population of our country.
Phage therapy in osteoarticular infections in the era of antibiotic resistance bacteria
Authors: Czarnota Jakub , Dobrzyński Michał , Skubel Tomasz Wojciech , Sokół Dorota , Dudek Iga , Drozd Małgorzata , Piecewicz-Szczęsna Halina
Published: July 2020

The increase in the incidence rate of multidrug resistant strains of bacteria has prompted scientists to look for alternatives to antibiotics. One option is phage therapy. The possibility of using phages (bacteriophages) in infections of almost every organ and system is being investigated. The treatment of osteoarticular infections using antibiotics is often very problematic, which is why this is an important area of interest for phage research.As part of the bacteriophage experimental therapy conducted by Patey et al., 9 patients with osteoarticular diseases were treated. In 7 cases complete recovery was obtained. One patient achieved partial eradication of the pathogen with closure of several fistulas and stabilization of the general condition.The study was carried out on an animal model by Yilmaz et al. showed greater effectiveness in eliminating MRSA colony forming units when combining bacteriophages with antibiotics (drop to 5000 units, no biofilm) than when using antibiotics alone (17,165 units survived, biofilm present). Independent application of phage therapy brought the worst effect (30,788 surviving units).The results of the cited studies indicate the possible effectiveness of phage therapy in the case of osteoarticular infections. The potential synergy of antibiotics and bacteriophages in eradicating bacterial biofilm deserves attention.
Influence of vegan diet on physical performance of athletes
Authors: Maziarz Barbara , Chojęta Dariusz , Zygmunt Ewelina , Wróblewski Hubert , Zimna Aleksandra
Published: July 2020

Vegetarian and vegan diets are becoming more and more popular. Vegetarianism is a diet that eliminates all kinds of meat from the diet, including poultry, fish and seafood. Vegans give up on eating not only meat, but also other products of animal origin, the production of which is associated with the exploitation of animals, such as: dairy products (including eggs) and honey. It is not only a diet, but above all a lifestyle that includes many aspects such as not using cosmetics or buying clothes made of animal raw materials, not participating in entertainment in which animals are used. A vegan diet should be properly balanced, because people using it are more likely to be deficient in vitamin B12, iron, and calcium. The effect of a vegan diet on the growth of muscle mass in athletes, including bodybuilders, has also been observed. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of a vegan diet on the results achieved in body sports and to compare this information with non-vegan diets. The work is illustrative. The article is based on a review of the current literature available in the PubMed database, information and research from the Internet and documentary programs.
Consumption of energy drinks among high school students
Authors: Wróblewski Hubert , Chojęta Dariusz , Zimna Aleksandra , Zygmunt Ewelina , Maziarz Barbara
Published: July 2020

Introduction and purpose of work: In recent years, drinking energy drinks has gained popularity among young people. High school students as a group of people entering adulthood, shape their habits and behaviors for the future. Therefore, their abuse of energy drinks at such a young age can lead to addiction and consequently, result in health problems. The aim of the work is to examine the drinking habit and awareness of high school students about energy drinksMaterial and method: The results of the survey were obtained on the basis of an online survey.Results: 812 respondents, aged 15-19, took part in the survey. 32.8% of high school students drink energy drinks occasionally, 16.4% of respondents reach for them several times a week, while 27.1% do not consume them. Only 30.2% of respondents correctly indicated the main ingredients of energy drinks. 87.9% of respondents say that you can get addicted to energy drinks. 40.5% of high school students reached for energy drinks for the first time at the age of 11-13, while 7.4% have not yet tried them. The vast majority of respondents (65.1%) choose energy drinks because of their taste. The promotion of energy drinks by celebrities encouraged only 7% of high school students to choose this type of drink.Conclusions: High school students are not aware of the composition of energy drinks. The main reason for reaching for these types of drinks are their taste, and the effects resulting from the action of caffeine and taurine go down the line. Both advertising and current trends in drinking energy drinks do not prove to be decisive when reaching for this type of stimulant. Teenagers are aware of the possibility of becoming addicted to energy drinks.
Item Aggregation and Column Generation for Online-Retail Inventory Placement
Authors: Chen Annie I. , Graves Stephen C.
Published: July 2020

Problem definition : This paper studies an online retailer’s problem of choosing fulfillment centers in which to place items. We formulate the problem as a mixed-integer program that models thousands or millions of items to be placed in dozens of fulfillment centers and shipped to dozens of customer regions. The objective is to minimize the sum of shipping and fixed costs over one planning period. Academic/practical relevance : A good placement plan can significantly reduce the operational cost, which is crucial for online-retail businesses because they often have a low profit margin. The placement problem can be difficult to solve with existing techniques or off-the-shelf software because of the large number of items and the fulfillment center fixed costs and capacity constraints. Methodology : We propose a large-scale optimization framework that aggregates items into clusters, solves the cluster-level problem with column generation, and disaggregates the solution into item-level placement plans. We develop an a priori bound on the optimality gap, and we also apply the framework to a numerical example that consists of 1,000,000 items. Results : The a priori bound provides insights on how to select the appropriate aggregation criteria. For the numerical example, our framework produces a near-optimal solution in a few hours, significantly outperforming a sequential placement heuristic that approximates the status quo. Managerial implications : Our study provides a computationally efficient approach for solving online-retail inventory placement as well as similar large-scale optimization problems in practice.
Population Organizational Systems and Regulatory Mechanisms of a Forest Carnivore (Pine Martens) in Grand Teton National Park
Authors: Clark Tim
Published: July 2020

Presented here is a partial summary of ongoing research (May 1977 to date) and some results from previous phases of study (April 1975 to September 1976- 17 mo.). The research is presently funded by the Northern Rocky Mountain Cooperative Study Project and Teton Natural History Association. Previous phases were funded by the National Geographic Society. Several people aided materially and cooperated in the project, and their assistance is greatly appreciated: T. Campbell, W. Barmore, P. Hayden, D. Casey, J. Weaver, J. St. Amant, G. Kantak, P. Lehner, I. Belan, T. Hauptman, and J. Hoak.
An Electrophoretic Analysis of Genetic Differentiation of Cutthroat Trout Populations in the Grand Teton and Yellowstone National Parks
Authors: Kitchin Robert , Loudenslager Eric
Published: July 2020

Several subspecies of cutthroat trout, Salmo clarki, including the Snake River, Yellowstone, and Colorado cutthroat, are native to Wyoming. Because these fish have evolved in independent drainages their morphological and ecological characteristics have diverged significantly. Based upon these kinds of differences Behnke (1971, 1972) has identified two subspecies of cutthroat trout in the Snake River drainage in Wyoming. Recent fish taxonomic studies, however, also employ electrophoretic techniques to measure the extent of genetic divergence between suspected species or subspecies populations. The amount and kind of genetic variability and the extent of genetic divergence between Wyoming's cutthroat trout populations is unknown.
Comparative Genetics of Yellowstone National Park, Montana and Arctic Grayling Populations
Authors: Vyse Ernest
Published: July 2020

This is a report of investigations of the genetic structure of grayling populations in Yellowstone National Park and the Bighole River, Montana. This research is an extension of a comparative genetic study of Yellowstone National Park and Arctic grayling. This research was supported by the Rocky Mountain Parks Study Program. I appreciate the assistance of the personnel of Yellowstone National Park and Montana Fish and Game in obtaining the necessary samples. In particular J. Varley and R. Jones YNP are to be thanked for their assistance.
Summary of the 1977 Jackson Hole Archaeological Investigation
Authors: Wright Gary
Published: July 2020

During the summer of 1977 six major archaeological projects were conducted in northwestern Wyoming.
Elk Food Habits and Range Interactions with other Herbivores in Wind Cave National Park
Authors: Wydeven Adrian
Published: July 2020

Elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) have been the most numerous ungulate in Wind Cave National Park (WCNP), South Dakota, in recent years. If population numbers for elk and other herbivores increased substantially, a marked effect on available forage may occur. Information on movement, on herd organization, and on areas of intensive use has been obtained previously (Varland 1976). Additional information is necessary for rational management of elk in the Park. Wind Cave National Park is an 11,355 ha park in the southern Black Hills. The vegetation is ecotonal between the coniferous forest of the Black Hills and mixed grass prairie of the Great Plains. The Park is surrounded by a wovenwire fence 1.2 to 2.4 m high. Field work was conducted from 6 June 1976 through 12 August 1977. A summary of data gathered during 1976 was reported earlier (Wydeven 1977).
Comparison of Genetic and Meristic Characters of Yellowstone National Park, Montana and Arctic Grayling Populations
Authors: Vyse E. , Gould W.
Published: July 2020

Yellowstone National Park initiated a grayling restoration program in 1971, to re-establish grayling in small headwater systems of the Missouri River in YNP. Comparative genetic analysis of arctic and Montana grayling was initiated to identify pure populations of Montana grayling as a source of eggs or fry. The initial stocking attempt utilizing grayling derived from a laustrine population (Grebe Lake in YNP) was unsuccessful because the grayling failed to hold stream position and drifted downstream into the Missouri River. A second stocking attempt with fish from the Bighole River in Montana was apparently successful. A comparative genetic analysis of lacustrine and adfluvial populations was started in 1977.
Elk Food Habits and Range Interactions with other Herbivores in Wind Cave National Park
Authors: Wydeven Adrian
Published: July 2020

The elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) population in Wind Cave National Park (WCNP) has varied considerably during the last 20 years (Lovaas 1973, Varland et al. 1978). Leopold et al. (1963) recommended that ungulates in national parks "be reduced to levels that the range will carry in good health and without impairment to the soil, the vegetation, or to habitats of other animals". Because elk are able to occupy a wide variety of habitats (Murie 1951), and have such varied diets (Kufeld 1973), they have great potential to compete with other herbivores. Data are needed on specific elk food habits and herbivore habitat relationships in WCNP to adequately manage ungulate populations. A description of WCNP was given by Lovaas (1973), and the previous report on the present study (Wydeven 1978). Field work was conducted from 6 June 1976 through 12 August 1977.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ON RESEARCH AT UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING - NATIONAL PARK SERVICE RESEARCH CENTER
Authors: The National Park Service Research Center University of Wyoming
Published: July 2020

This section contains a list of publications at the University of Wyoming and National Park Service Research Center.
A Study of the Aquatic Insects of Two Rocky Mountain Streams in Grand Teton National Park
Authors: Bennett Donald
Published: July 2020

An investigation of the insect faunas of Pilgrim and Pacific Creeks was carried out for comparison and contrast of the two streams. The possibility of placer mining at Pacific Creek emphasized the need of the study at this point in time. Systematic collection of insects and physical data from the streams provide information on habitats which are essentially unaltered by man. It is hoped that this research will form the groundwork for future studies and provide data for reference in the event of ecological disturbance of either habitat.
The Status of the Bald Eagle and Osprey in Grand Teton National Park, Yellowstone National Park and Vicinity
Authors: Eng Robert , Alt Kurt
Published: July 2020

Yellowstone National Park funded a research study conducted by Jon Swenson from 1972 through 1974 on the ecology of the bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and osprey (Pandion haliaetus). The present study was initiated to further the information on the ecology of the bald eagle and osprey in Grand Teton National Park and to obtain comparative data to that obtained by Swenson from Yellowstone National Park.
Characteristics of Pocket Gopher Populations in Relation to Selected Environmental Factors in Pelican Valley, Yellowstone National Park
Authors: Youmans C. , Moore R.
Published: July 2020

Several important environmental factors which affect the dynamics of pocket gopher populations have been identified: water content at peak snowpack and depth of snow in spring (Hansen and Ward, 1966; Reid, 1973); weather and Its influence on annual food supplies and cover (Howard and Childs, 1959); production of annual and perennial forbs (Keith et al., 1959; Tietjen et al., 1967); and ground water levels and snow depths (Ingles, 1949; Hansen, 1962). A need for specific information on pocket gophers in Pelican Valley, Yellowstone National Park arose from interest in interactions between grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) and northern pocket gophers (Thomomys talpoides). Mealey (1975) and Graham (1978) suggested that pocket gophers and their caches may serve as seasonally important food items for grizzlies in Yellowstone National Park.
List of Publications on Research at University of Wyoming-National Park Service Research Center
Authors: National Park Service Research Center University of Wyoming
Published: July 2020

This section contains a list of publications on research at the University of Wyoming - National Park Service Research Center.
Preliminary Studies of Twig-Nesting Bees and Wasps of Grand Teton National Park
Authors: Parker F. , Tepedino V.
Published: July 2020

Our objectives in this study were threefold: to gather information to be used in ongoing biosystematic studies of the bee genera 1) Hoplitis (Megachilidae), and 2) Stelis (Megachilidae), a cleptoparasitic genus of Hoplitis; 3) to inventory twig-nesting bees and wasps found in the Park for purposes of comparison with samples from other, less pristine, locations.
Water Relations of Conifer Seedlings in Disturbed Versus Understory Habitats
Authors: Knapp A. , Smith W.
Published: July 2020

A research project was initiated in the summer of 1980 to study re-establishment of vegetation following prescribed burning in Glacier National Park (GNP), Montana. The problem of conifer re-establishment following disturbance such as fire has often been associated with inadequate moisture conditions (Ronco 1970). The ecophysiological characteristics of a particular species may determine its success in establishment as well as its successional role in a community. Since the goal of prescribed burning is often to "set back" succession in a particular community, knowledge of the ecophysiological characteristics of the species involved is vital to the development of sound management policy. Three conifers common to GNP and the Rocky Mountains, Abies lasiocarpa, Picea engelmannii, and Pinus contorta, were monitored throughout the season to develop baseline information on their water relations at exposed sites, similar to postburn situations, compared to normal understory situations. Although, successional patterns concerning these three conifers have been well documented (Stahelin 1943, Langenheim 1962, Day 1972, Whipple and Dix 1979), their ecophysiological adaptations influencing establishment and succession following a burn or other disturbance has received little attention.
Lepidopteran Survey of Grand Teton National Park
Authors: Bagdonas K. , Carlisle J. , Davis B. , Bracewell B. , Harter M. , Wills B.
Published: July 2020

Beginning in 1979, a detailed survey of the macro lepidopteran fauna began in Grand Teton National Park. The three year survey, supported by UW-NPS funding, includes the following objectives: 1. Formulation of a synoptic list and voucher specimen collection of all macro lepidopteran species inhabiting Grand Teton National Park. Prior to this study, very little was known concerning the important lepidopterans or their ecology within Wyoming ecosystems and virtually nothing of scientific value had been published on the lepidopterans of the national parks in Wyoming. 2. Determination of Pleistocene "relict" or "marker" species which have survived in Grand Teton National Park. The data obtained from these "relict" species can be used in the aging and the determination of rates of species evolution within the ecosystems of the park. Related studies in Rocky Mountain National Park and elsewhere in Colorado, Wyoming and Utah (Bagdonas, 1976; Bagdonas, et al. 1977a, 1977b, 1977c, 1977d, 1978a, 1978b, 1978c, 1979a, 1979b, 1979c, 1979d, 1979e, 1979f; Bagdonas, 1980a, 1980b; Bagdonas et a1. 1980c, 1980d, 1980e, 1981, 1982a, 1982b, 1982c, 1982d,) have indicated many lepidopteran species in the Rocky Mountains are survivors of the Pleistocene glacial and interglacial periods. 3. Determination of relative abundances, habitat preferences, seasonal flight periods, life histories, and other ecological data of Grand Teton macro lepidopterans. This data will be used toward the completion of a book for the National Park Service on the butterflies and moths of the Grand Teton National Park, and with expanded studies, also, those of Yellowstone National Park.
Parasites of Ungulates in the Jackson Hole Area: Scarabaeoid Beetles Acting on Lungworm, Distyocaulus hadweni, Larvae in Elk Feces 1981
Authors: Bergstrom Robert
Published: July 2020

Lungworm of elk, Dictyocaulus hadweni (syn: D. viviparus) was first designated as Strongylus filaria in elk and red deer, (Blair, 1903) and lungworm was then and in 1905 reported to cause bronchopneumonia in elk. (Blair 1905). Records of lungworm in elk in Yellowstone and the Tetons were rather incomplete until Rush (1932), Mills (1936), Alderson (1951) and others listed internal parasites found in elk. It is surprising that Mills did not find D. hadweni in 100 elk taken from the Yellowstone herd. It is interesting to note that a high percentage of the elk in Teton National Park are positive for lungworm in the spring. Fewer elk are infected as the summer and fall vegetation is usually sufficiently good to allow the elk an abundance of food and a resultant physiological condition that is excellent. Perhaps elk serum proteins are somewhat low in the April-May period when the physiological "low" is reached by the elk. The lack of immunoglobulins may, in part, explain the high prevalence of lungworm infections in elk of the Tetons during early spring months.
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE AREAS COOPERATING WITH U.W.-N.P.S. RESEARCH CENTER
Authors: The National Park Service Research Center University of Wyoming
Published: July 2020

This section contains a list of National Park Service areas cooperating with U.W.-N.P.S. Research Center inculding Montana and Wyoming, North Dakota and South Dakota.
Life History Strategies of the Montane Vole, Microtus montanus
Authors: Jannett, Jr. Frederick
Published: July 2020

Emphasis in microtine rodent biology has historically been placed on population regulation and the population cycle. Until recently, little attention has been directed to behavior and sociality in microtine rodents, but work on the sociobiology of the montane vale (Jannett, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1982) is serving to integrate various aspects of the biology of this species so that its life history characteristics can be interpreted in an evolutionary framework. Work undertaken in 1982 continues previously initiated surveys of various topics, such as synchrony of population events in different populations, survivorship, scent gland development, patterns of cranial and dental variation, population trends in a sympatric species of vole (M. longicaudus), and reproduction in a primary predator, the shorttail weasel (Mustela erminea). It will also serve in preparation for more detailed studies of the social system and its demographic correlates to begin in 1983.
Ecological Study of River Otters in Grand Teton National Park
Authors: Hall Joseph
Published: July 2020

Accumulation of data on the distribution, density, movements, activity patterns, and behavior of river otters, primarily on the Snake River, is the goal of this study. Such information has intrinsic value and also should be useful to the National Park Service in enhancing the welfare of this interesting member of the park's fauna.
Mushrooms of Grand Teton National Park
Authors: McKnight Kent , Harper Kimball , McKnight Karl
Published: July 2020

The primary overall objective of inventorying the macrofungi growing in and around Grand Teton and Yellowstone National Parks was partially achieved with the published checklist (McKnight 1982) and additions from the 1982 Research Center Annual Report (McKnight, Harper, & McKnight 1984). The intensive collecting of the 1982 fruiting season including a 12-week phenological study at 11 selected sites left many species unidentified and numerous others observed but not collected, or with inadequately annotated collections made. Litter and soil moisture data for the 11 study stands are also given in the 1982 annual report cited above, as well as data on 15 overstory and understory vegetation and soil parameters. Field studies in the Parks during the summer of 1983 concentrated on (1) identification of chlorophyllous and vascular plants at the 11 sites selected for concentrated study in 1982; (2) quantitative estimates of chlorophyllous plant cover and height; (3) estimates of site quality; (4) collections of composite soil samples; and (5) additional records of macrofungi for the Parks with supporting data in the form of photographs, drawings, and annotations.
White Pelican Reproduction in the Molly Islands Breeding Colony, Yellowstone National Park
Authors: Diem Kenneth
Published: July 2020

Compared to other North American White Pelican, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, breeding colonies, the Molly Islands Colony is a minor colony consisting of 400-600 adults (Lier and Behle, 1966; Diem and Condon, 1967; Sloan, 1973; Diem, 1976). Despite its small size, the colony is unique for these reasons: 1) it is the only White Pelican breeding colony in a national park; 2) the location of the colony at an elevation of 7,733 ft (2,357 m) is the highest recorded for any breeding colony of the species; 3) discovered in 1890, the colony has had variable surveillance since 1917, with relatively intense monitoring since 1965; 4) the breeding population is composed of birds from both coasts of North America; and 5) the colony's nesting sites on the two Molly Islands change frequently with no predictable pattern. In addition, a cumulative sutstrate uplift along the north shore of Yellowstone Lake appears to have significantly raised the stable water level of the southern arms of the lake. Consequently, the major objective of this project is to continue monitoring changes in the reproductive success of the Molly Islands White Pelican colony and to continue studies of the factors influencing those changes.
Synthesis and Analysis of Data on the Jackson Elk Herd
Authors: Boyce Mark
Published: July 2020

The principal objective of this research is to compile, synthesize, and evaluate available data on the ecology and management of the Jackson elk herd. When the analysis has reen completed, I will offer my interpretation of management implications that may be deduced from these data, and offer directions for future research to best enhance management for the elk herd. Initiative and funding for this research came from the Jackson Hole Cooperative Elk Studies Group, which determines management direction for the Jackson elk herd.
Hydrologic Study of Jewel and Wind Cave
Authors: Alexander, Jr. E. , Davis Marsha
Published: July 2020

The research underway has the following objectives: 1. Evaluate the water distribution within these two park areas; 2. Determine the effects of human impact upon the natural hydrologic system; 3. Document any detrimental effects to the water quality; 4. Document any instances in which the cave environment is adversely affected by the quality or quantity of the water present; and 5. Provide options to present water use practices, if necessary.
Vegetational and Climatic History of Jackson Hole and Vicinity
Authors: Barnosky Cathy
Published: July 2020

The objectives of this project, now in its second year, have not changed significantly from that of the proposal. Prior to this study, the late-Quaternary vegetation history of the northern Rocky Mountains had been inferred largely from isolated pollen records. These data suggested that conifer forests were established early in postglacial time and were little modified thereafter. The similarity of past vegetation to modern communities over a broad area gives rise to two hypothesis: (1) glacial refugia were c1ose to the ice margin, and (2) vegetation soon colonized the deglaciated areas and has been only subtly affected by climatic perturbations since that time. It is the goal of this project to test these hypotheses in the region of Grand Teton National Park.
Submerged Shorelines of Jackson Lake, Wyoming: Do They Exist and Define Postglacial Deformation on the Teton Fault
Authors: Pierce Kenneth , Colman Steven
Published: July 2020

The Teton fault is one of the moot active normal faults in the world, as attested by the precipitous high front of the Teton Range. After deglaciation of northern Jackson Hole about 15,000 years ago (Porter and others, 1983), offset on the Teton fault southwest of Jackoon Lake has totaled 19-24 m (60-80 feet) (Gilbert and others, 1983). In less than the last 9 million years, offset on the Teton fault has totaled from 7,500 to 9,000 meters (Love and Reed, 1971).