bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glacimarine lithofacies, provenance and depositional processes on a West Greenland trough‐mouth fan
Authors: Ó Cofaigh C. , Andrews J. T. , Jennings A. E. , Dowdeswell J. A. , Hogan K. A. , Kilfeather A. A. , Sheldon C.
Published: August 2012

Along the West Greenland continental margin adjoining Baffin Bay, bathymetric data show a series of large submarine fans located at the mouths of cross‐shelf troughs. One of these fans, termed here ‘Uummannaq Fan’, is a trough‐mouth fan built largely by debris delivered from a fast‐flowing outlet of the Greenland Ice Sheet during past glacial maxima. Cores from this fan provide the first information on glacimarine sedimentary facies within a major West Greenland trough‐mouth fan and on the nature of Late Weichselian–Holocene glacigenic sediment delivery to this region of the Baffin Bay margin. Glacigenic debris flows deposited on the upper slope and extending to at least 1800 m water depth in front of the trough‐mouth are related to the remobilization of subglacial debris that was delivered onto the upper slope at times when an ice stream was positioned at the shelf edge. In contrast, sedimentary facies from the northern sector of the fan are characterized by hemipelagic and ice‐rafted sediments and turbidites; glacigenic debris flows are notably absent in cores from this region. Quantitative X‐ray diffraction studies of the <2‐mm sediment fraction indicate that the bulk of the sediment in the fan is derived from Uummannaq Trough but there are distinct intervals when sediment from northern Baffin Bay sources dominates, especially on the northern limit of the fan. These data demonstrate considerable variation in the nature of sediment delivery across the Uummannaq Fan when the Greenland Ice Sheet was at the shelf edge. They highlight the variability of glacimarine depositional processes operating on trough‐mouth fans on high‐latitude continental margins during the last glacial maximum and indicate that glacigenic debris flows are just one of a number of mechanisms by which such large depocentres form. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immunotherapy with dendritic cells in an animal model of early pulmonary metastatic squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Moon Jeong Hwan , Chung Man Ki , Son Young‐Ik
Published: August 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Distant metastases is becoming a more frequently recognized pattern of treatment failure in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). In this study, we evaluated the effect of a dendritic cell (DC)‐based vaccine in an early pulmonary metastatic murine model with the aim of providing an effective treatment for SCCHN patients presenting with occult pulmonary metastasis.

Study Design:

In vivo animal experiments were conducted in C3H/He immunocompetent mice using the SCCVII syngeneic squamous carcinoma cell line.

Methods:

SCCVII cells were injected through the tail vein to establish early pulmonary metastases. Bone marrow‐derived DCs were cultured and educated with ultraviolet B–irradiated apoptotic SCCVII cells before adoptive transfer into the inguinal area. Control groups were vaccinated with normal saline, naïve DCs, or apoptotic tumor cells.

Results:

In the apoptotic SCCVII‐pulsed DC group, the number of pulmonary tumor nodules was reduced, extirpated lung weight was less, and survival was longer than in control groups. Differences were statistically significant (P < .0001). Specific antitumor immunity was established only in the pulsed DC group, which was confirmed by an interferon‐γ enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Conclusions:

In an early pulmonary metastatic SCC murine model, systemic antitumor responses can be elicited by adoptive transfers of DCs, which were primed with apoptotic tumor cells. We hope this study will help improve overall survival of patients with SCCHN, especially when they have early or occult pulmonary metastasis. Laryngoscope, 2012
Increased risk of getting sudden sensorineural hearing loss in patients with chronic kidney disease: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Lin Charlene , Hsu Hsin‐Te , Lin Yung‐Song , Weng Shih‐Feng
Published: August 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To examine the risk of getting Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SSHL) among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Study Design:

A retrospective cohort study.

Methods:

Population‐based representative insurance claims data were used to examine the risk of getting SSHL among patients with chronic kidney disease. Data extracted from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database yielded 37,421 patients with newly diagnosed renal insufficiency and 37,421 subjects without renal insufficiency from between 2000 and 2004.

Results:

The incidence of SSHL at the end of 2009 was determined. The incidence of SSHL was 1.57 times higher in the CKD‐carrying group compared to the incidence in the non‐CKD group (10.24 vs. 6.52 per 10,000 person‐years), with adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 1.46 (95% CI = 1.194–1.787) using Cox proportional hazard regressions. Age was an independent risk factor of getting SSHL, with adjusted HRs of 2.01, 3.178, and 2.285 for age ranges of 35 ≈ 49, 50 ≈ 64 and ≥ 65 compared with age range of 0 ≈ 35. Diabetes Mellitus was another independent risk factor with HR of 1.31 (95% CI = 1.003–1.711).

Conclusions:

Present results suggested a significant association between CKD and increased risk of getting SSHL. Comorbidity of diabetes in patients with CKD appeared to be associated with increased risk of getting SSHL, especially for the patients who are 35 years of age and older. Laryngoscope, 2013
Design and Characterization of a Bicomponent Melt‐Spun Fiber Optimized for Artificial Turf Applications
Authors: Hufenus Rudolf , Affolter Christian , Camenzind Martin , Reifler Felix A.
Published: August 2012

Artificial turf is robust, playable in all weathers and has a long service life. Polyamide (PA) flooring has excellent resilience but provokes abrasion injuries (friction burn); polyethylene (PE) monofilaments are skin‐friendly but tend to permanent deformation. To maximize resilience while minimizing the risk of skin abrasion, PA‐PE bicomponent fibers are developed. Numeric simulation is applied to find optimized fiber cross‐sections and material combinations, accompanied by melt‐spinning of respective filaments and validation of the model. The resulting artificial grass resembles natural turf with respect to playability and appearance and does not need any granular infill.

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Dynamics of Water Near Oxidized Polystyrene Films
Authors: Muntean Stela Andrea , Gerasimov Roman A. , Lyulin Alexey V.
Published: August 2012

Atomistic MD simulations of water in the vicinity of oxidized amorphous atactic polystyrene are presented. The changes in the orientational and translational dynamics of water near polymer surfaces with different hydrophilicity are studied. Two main orientational relaxation processes of water molecules are distinguished: a process on a fs timescale, associated with the ballistic motion of water molecules, and a process on a ps timescale, associated with the self‐diffusion of water. The fast process is not affected by the presence of the polymeric surface. The second relaxation process differs at the interface from that in the bulk in that the dynamics of water molecules is more heterogeneous in the first. The effect of the representation of polystyrene films on the water dynamics is discussed.

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Biomarkers for trials of neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Agarwal Pankaj A. , Stoessl A. Jon
Published: August 2012

With increased understanding of disease pathogenesis and the foreseeable reality of disease‐modifying therapies, there is a growing need to find biomarkers that will allow early (preferably preclinical) detection of disease and that will provide an independent readout of disease progression. In this article, we review a variety of markers, with a focus on functional imaging techniques, which while imperfect, currently provide the best approach to this problem. We consider the limitations of functional imaging of the dopamine system in assessing the progression of Parkinson's Disease (PD) as well as the potential use of structural imaging and emerging progress in other biochemical and molecular markers. While there is no single biomarker that will satisfy all requirements, some combination is likely to be of great use in identifying those subjects most likely to benefit from neuroprotective therapies, as well as in monitoring the effects of these interventions. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society
Optically controlled UWB emission in TX/RX system
Authors: Guldner N. , Tripon‐Canseliet C. , Faci S. , Alquié G.
Published: August 2012

Measurement results of an ultrawideband emission system with an external optical command are presented.Thanks to photoconductivity effect, an electrical impulse signal is optically generated by integrated components realized on low temperature GaAs and GaAs substrates. The electrical pulses width at half maximum obtained with these materials under pulses illumination at a 780 nm wavelength are, respectively, 14 and 140 ps. These short pulses lead to a very large spectrum. Two broadband antennas have been realized to select energy in the desired frequency band. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:2541–2543, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27103
Novel wide‐stopband bandpass filter with good frequency selectivity based on composite right/left handed transmission line
Authors: Pan Tao , Song Kaijun , Fan Yong
Published: August 2012

A novel wide‐stopband bandpass filter (BPF) with quasi‐elliptic response based on composite right/left handed transmission line (CRLH‐TL) is presented in this letter. Two compact CRLH‐TL resonators are utilized in the proposed wide‐stopband BPF. A magnetic cross coupling between the input and output ports is also used, which can generate three additional transmission zeros near the passband. Then, the frequency selectivity of the bandpass filter is greatly improved. The equivalent circuit method is used to analyze the mechanism of the magnetic coupling. A wide‐stopband BPF operating at 2.42 GHz is designed, simulated, and fabricated to demonstrate the performance of the proposed filter structure. The measured results show good agreement with the simulated ones. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:2494–2497, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27104
In‐axis reception by polarization discrimination in a modulating‐retroreflector‐based free‐space optical communication link
Authors: Carrasco‐Casado Alberto , Vergaz Ricardo , Sánchez‐Pena José M.
Published: August 2012

A new optical configuration is proposed for ground stations designed to receive information from modulating‐retroreflector‐based terminals in a free‐space optical communication link. This configuration is based on the polarization discrimination of the ground station laser sent to the remote terminal. It achieves the optimal usage of the laser power, which is a key parameter in modulating‐retroreflector‐based links. A simulation has been made in order to model the system in terms of power losses and states of polarization and an experimental setup has been implemented to verify the validity of the simulation. A gain of over 6 dB has been measured using the new setup compared with a simple trajectory discrimination setup, achieving a very good agreement with the prediction. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:2520–2522, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27116
A W‐band waveguide fabricated using selective laser melting
Authors: Caekenberghe Koen Van , Bleys Philip , Craeghs Tom , Pelk Marco , Bael Simon Van
Published: August 2012

The use of the selective laser melting (SLM) rapid manufacturing technique for the fabrication of waveguide components is evaluated.The device under test (DUT) is a 50 mm long UG‐387 flanged WR‐10 waveguide. It is made of the Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy, which has a resistivity of 0.000178 Ω cm. The measured insertion loss of the DUT is 30.4 dB/m at 94 GHz. The insertion loss is in part due to the root mean square (RMS) surface roughness, which is 1.71 to 2.08 μm on the outside, after abrasive blasting and chemical polishing. The DUT is benchmarked against a 50 mm long Agilent W11644A WR‐10 standard thru section. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:2572–2575, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27121
Fast and accurate model of equilateral triangular patch antennas with and without suspended substrates
Authors: Biswas Manatosh , Dam M.
Published: August 2012

A set of closed‐form expressions based on cavity model and equivalent resonant circuits are proposed to compute accurately the resonant frequency, input impedance, bandwidth, and gain of an equilateral triangular patch antenna (ETMPA) with and without suspended substrates. The computed values for wide range of antenna parameters and feed locations of an ETMPA without suspended substrates are compared with different experimental and theoretical values available in open literature. The present model shows very close agreement with experiments. The experimental and theoretical values of input impedance, bandwidth, and gain of an ETMPA on suspended substrate are not available. So, we have employed a commercial simulator (HFSS) to validate the present model with suspended substrate. The present model is very fast, simple, and more close to the experiments compared to other theoretical models and full wave analysis. This model is very useful for designing the MIC on semiconductor materials with εr ≥ 10. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:2663–2668, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27129
A novel elliptic microstrip FED antenna with double band notched characteristic for UWB application
Authors: Ghobadi Rad A. , Qotolo Sajjad Faraji , Naser‐Moghadasi Mohammad , Kabirsalmani A.
Published: August 2012

A compact ultrawideband microstrip‐fed monopole antenna with two band notch property is presented.The antenna consists of a truncated elliptic patch with half wave arc slot and two parasitic bent elements in both side of the radiating patch. It is designed with half elliptic ground plane in the back of the radiating patch. The antenna provides an enhanced impedance matching characteristic over the desired frequency band, with variable dimensions which are used to generate the frequency band stop performance in wireless local area network and the worldwide interoperability for microwave access frequency bands. The antenna is designed and measured successfully. The measured results show that this antenna operates over the frequency band between 2.2 and 11.5 GHz for S11 < 10 dB, while showing the band rejection performances in the frequencies band of 3.2–3.8 GHz and 5.2–5.8 GHz. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:2659–2662, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27130
Multidimensionally encoded magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Lin Fa‐Hsuan
Published: August 2012

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) typically achieves spatial encoding by measuring the projection of a q‐dimensional object over q‐dimensional spatial bases created by linear spatial encoding magnetic fields (SEMs). Recently, imaging strategies using nonlinear SEMs have demonstrated potential advantages for reconstructing images with higher spatiotemporal resolution and reducing peripheral nerve stimulation. In practice, nonlinear SEMs and linear SEMs can be used jointly to further improve the image reconstruction performance. Here, we propose the multidimensionally encoded (MDE) MRI to map a q‐dimensional object onto a p‐dimensional encoding space where p > q. MDE MRI is a theoretical framework linking imaging strategies using linear and nonlinear SEMs. Using a system of eight surface SEM coils with an eight‐channel radiofrequency coil array, we demonstrate the five‐dimensional MDE MRI for a two‐dimensional object as a further generalization of PatLoc imaging and O‐space imaging. We also present a method of optimizing spatial bases in MDE MRI. Results show that MDE MRI with a higher dimensional encoding space can reconstruct images more efficiently and with a smaller reconstruction error when the k‐space sampling distribution and the number of samples are controlled. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dynamic and simultaneous MR measurement of R1 and R2* changes during respiratory challenges for the assessment of blood and tissue oxygenation
Authors: Remmele Stefanie , Sprinkart Alois M. , Müller Andreas , Träber Frank , von Lehe Marec , Gieseke Jürgen , Flacke Sebastian , Willinek Winfried A. , Schild Hans H. , Sénégas Julien , Keupp Jochen , Mürtz Petra
Published: August 2012

This work presents a novel method for the rapid and simultaneous measurement of R1 and R2* relaxation rates. It is based on a dynamic short repetition time steady‐state spoiled multigradient‐echo sequence and baseline R1 and B1 measurements. The accuracy of the approach was evaluated in simulations and a phantom experiment. The sensitivity and specificity of the method were demonstrated in one volunteer and in four patients with intracranial tumors during carbogen inhalation. We utilized (ΔR2*, ΔR1) scatter plots to analyze the multiparametric response amplitude of each voxel within an area of interest. In normal tissue R2* decreased and R1 increased moderately in response to the elevated blood and tissue oxygenation. A strong negative ΔR2* and ΔR1 response was observed in veins and some tumor areas. Moderate positive ΔR2* and ΔR1 response amplitudes were found in fluid‐rich tissue as in cerebrospinal fluid, peritumoral edema, and necrotic areas. The multiparametric approach was shown to increase the specificity and sensitivity of oxygen‐enhanced MRI compared to measuring ΔR2* or ΔR1 alone. It is thus expected to provide an optimal tool for the identification of tissue areas with low oxygenation, e.g., in tumors with compromised oxygen supply. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of crosslinked poly(butyl methacrylate‐co‐pentaerythritol triacrylate) gel by single electron transfer‐living radical polymerization and its oil‐absorbing properties
Authors: Fan Lijun , Chen Hou , Hao Zhihai , Tan Zhi
Published: August 2012

A novel high oil‐absorbing crosslinked gel was synthesized by copolymerization of butyl methacrylate (BMA) with a small amount of pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA) crosslinker using single electron transfer‐living radical polymerization (SET–LRP) initiated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and catalyzed by Cu(0)/hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) in N, N‐dimethylformamide (DMF). The polymerization followed first‐order kinetics as indicated by linear increase of monomer concentration with reaction time. Effects of reaction temperature, crosslinker, initiator, and catalyst on the oil‐absorbing properties of the crosslinked gel were investigated in detail. The oil absorptions of the crosslinked gel to chloroform, toluene could reach 51.9, 34.5 g/g, respectively. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Anti‐AIDS active polyrotaxane‐AZT conjugates with bioactive bulky stoppers and their nanoparticles
Authors: Jung Sungmo , Swamy B. Yerri , Moon Jin‐Bok , Kim Dong‐Hyun , Chung Ildoo
Published: August 2012

New anti‐HIV active agents, polyrotaxane‐AZT conjugates with various bioactive bulky stoppers such as 3′‐azido‐3′‐deoxythymidine (AZT) and tocopherol and their nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized. The degree of AZT substitution of the conjugates was calculated from ELEM. ANAL and ranged from 1.8 to 5.9, respectively. The in vitro antiviral activity of these conjugates was determined and used to evaluate their potential applications in anti‐AIDS drugs. The in vitro anti‐HIV activities indicate that the synthesized polyrotaxane‐AZT conjugates and their nanoparticles against HIV‐1 and HIV‐2 strains were more potent inhibitors than free AZT, with reduced cytotoxicities against uninfected MT‐4 cells. The effect of the conjugates against HIV‐1 and HIV‐2 strains increased with decreasing particle size. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Crystal orientation switching in spherulites grown from miscible blends of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) with cellulose tributyrate
Authors: Gazzano Massimo , Mazzocchetti Laura , Pizzoli Maria , Scandola Mariastella
Published: August 2012

Fully miscible blends over the whole composition range are obtained by melt mixing bacterial poly(3‐hydroxybutyate) (PHB) and tri‐substituted cellulose butyrate [cellulose tributyrate (CTB)]. Blends containing up to 50 wt % CTB are partially crystalline. Isothermal crystallization experiments show formation of PHB spherulites that grow until impingement. Depending on composition, radial growth rate is either constant or it suddenly increases in a very unusual manner leading to peculiar morphologies. In the latter case, in concomitance to the crystal growth acceleration, the sign of birefringence changes and rotation of the PHB unit cell orientation is observed. These results are discussed in terms of the influence of both composition and Tc on the relative crystallization kinetics of the two blend components. A strong effect played by the not yet crystallized CTB component that in the presence of the highly mobile PHB component forms a liquid crystal‐like phase is proposed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Rate‐, temperature‐, and structure‐dependent yield kinetics of isotactic polypropylene
Authors: van Erp T. B. , Cavallo D. , Peters G. W. M. , Govaert L. E.
Published: August 2012

The influence of cooling rate on the structure and resulting mechanical performance is explored for a set of isotactic polypropylenes with varying molecular weight, insertion of counits, and addition of a nucleating agent. A continuous variation of crystal type (α–mesomorphic phase competition) and structural features is obtained with cooling rate. These variations are discussed in relation to the strain rate‐ and temperature‐dependent yield stress and time‐to‐failure kinetics. The deformation kinetics, characterized by constant activation volumes and energies in the Ree–Eyring theory, prove to be the same for various structures. Differences in thermal history are solely captured by two rate constants that are function of the structure. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Molecular solubility and hansen solubility parameters for the analysis of phase separation in bulk heterojunctions
Authors: Duong Duc T. , Walker Bright , Lin Jason , Kim Chunki , Love John , Purushothaman Balaji , Anthony John E. , Nguyen Thuc‐Quyen
Published: August 2012

Although the fabrication procedures for bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells are routinely optimized to accommodate new organic materials, the influence of solvent properties and cohesive forces on the film‐forming process and the self‐assembly of donor and acceptor molecules on the nanoscale are poorly understood. In this study, we measure the solubility of a variety of organic semiconductors in a range of solvents and calculate cohesive forces including dispersion forces, dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding via Hansen Solubility Parameters (HSPs). HSPs were calculated by measuring the solubilities of various organic semiconductors in 27 solvents and the influence of solvent identity on film morphology of different BHJ mixtures was explored via atomic force microscopy (AFM). The possibility of correlations between HSPs and film morphology was considered; however, it is apparent that the HSP values alone do not play a critical role in determining the morphology of the films of conjugated polymers and molecules. This collection of solubility data constitutes the first of its type for organic semiconducting materials, and may act as a useful reference for the organic semiconductor community to aid in the understanding and selection of solvents for donor–acceptor BHJ mixtures. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Parameters affecting the luminescence of nanodiamond particles: Quantum chemical calculations
Authors: Kovalenko A. , Petráková V. , Ashcheulov P. , Záliš S. , Nesládek M. , Kraus I. , Kratochvílová I.
Published: August 2012

In this article, theoretical interpretation and prediction of the optical properties of nanodiamond (ND) particles', containing various luminescence centers, was made. Particularly, nitrogen, and chromium atoms embedded into the diamond crystal lattice were modeled. In the case of nitrogen centers containing ND particles, the effect of various surface terminations (hydrogen and/or oxygen, fluorine) was also studied. To get a qualitative better understanding of the complicated and specific process of ND particles, luminescence using density functional theory, were modeled processes and states influencing the luminescence of ND particles.
Two‐dimensional thermoluminescence of CVD diamond films
Authors: Karczmarska Agnieszka , Mitura‐Nowak Marzena , Kulij Marta , Marczewska Barbara , Marszałek Marta
Published: August 2012

Diamond crystals can be used as thermoluminescent (TL) detectors due to their high sensitivity to the ionizing radiation. Passive diamond detectors exposed to the radiation cumulate the dose in their trap structure, which can be read out by a photomultiplier during heating of the diamond. The replacement of photomultiplier by a CCD camera gives the possibility to register the dose distribution over the surface of a CVD wafer and control the homogeneity of the diamond layer. The aim of the work was to use two‐dimensional (2‐D) TL system consisting of a planar reader with a CCD camera for the quick estimation of the homogeneity of CVD diamond surface prepared in different conditions. Diamond films were deposited using a microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition method with methane–hydrogen–oxygen gas mixture. Growth conditions such as gas composition mixture and substrate temperature strongly affect morphology and structure of polycrystalline diamond, which results in different local TL properties. Samples were exposed to Co‐60 gamma radiation. The appearance of inhomogeneous dose distribution of the CVD diamond wafers was correlated with structure, morphology and phase purity. Diamond layers were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction. Large area 2‐D TL system seems to be a promising tool for testing CVD diamonds and can be the basis for the analysis of the diamond coatings for TL synthesized in conditions, which provide reproducibility.
DIEL CHANGES OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER IN STREAMS OF VARYING WATERSHED LAND USE
Authors: Wilson H. F. , Xenopoulos M. A.
Published: August 2012

We examined diel changes in dissolved organic matter (DOM) under summer low‐flow conditions for six streams selected across a gradient of agricultural land use intensity (21%–73% cropland). Trends in concentration [dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration] and optical properties of DOM showed a high degree of synchrony. During a 24‐h period, DOC changed by between 2.9 and 4.3 mg L−1. For all sites, the highest DOC was observed during dark periods and the lowest concentration during light periods. DOM sampled during daylight hours was more complex (humic) as determined using specific absorbance. DOM source, measured using fluorescence spectroscopy, usually varied during the 24‐h period, but few similarities in temporal fluorescence trends were identified between sites. Human landscape alterations appear to have little direct influence on the temporal nature of diel DOM dynamics in our study region. However, our results indicate that landscape characteristics are likely more broadly important in defining the magnitude temporal change in DOC. Woodland areas were negatively correlated with early afternoon DOC (r2 = 0.89, p = 0.005), positively correlated with diel percent change in DOC (r2 = 0.87, p = 0.007) and positively with diel change in discharge (r2 = 0.64, p = 0.054). Together, these results indicate the likely influence of differing riparian transpiration rates and changing subsurface inputs on DOC loading. Reduced DOC and discharge rates during daylight hours resulted in a mean underestimation of DOC export rate by 61% for early afternoon versus early morning sampling. Variation in the dominant source of DOM entering theses streams was strongly related to agricultural land use, and DOM in high cropland streams was more microbially derived. In addition, high cropland streams also exhibited the lowest minimum dissolved oxygen concentrations, a pattern related to high rates of productivity at these sites. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The development of an early warning system for climate‐sensitive disease risk with a focus on dengue epidemics in Southeast Brazil
Authors: Lowe Rachel , Bailey Trevor C. , Stephenson David B. , Jupp Tim E. , Graham Richard J. , Barcellos Christovam , Carvalho Marilia Sá
Published: August 2012

Previous studies demonstrate statistically significant associations between disease and climate variations, highlighting the potential for developing climate‐based epidemic early warning systems. However, limitations include failure to allow for non‐climatic confounding factors, limited geographical/temporal resolution, or lack of evaluation of predictive validity. Here, we consider such issues for dengue in Southeast Brazil using a spatio‐temporal generalised linear mixed model with parameters estimated in a Bayesian framework, allowing posterior predictive distributions to be derived in time and space. This paper builds upon a preliminary study by Loweet al.but uses extended, more recent data and a refined model formulation, which, amongst other adjustments, incorporates past dengue risk to improve model predictions. For the first time, a thorough evaluation and validation of model performance is conducted using out‐of‐sample predictions and demonstrates considerable improvement over a model that mirrors current surveillance practice. Using the model, we can issue probabilistic dengue early warnings for pre‐defined ‘alert’ thresholds. With the use of the criterion ‘greater than a 50% chance of exceeding 300 cases per 100,000 inhabitants’, there would have been successful epidemic alerts issued for 81% of the 54 regions that experienced epidemic dengue incidence rates in February–April 2008, with a corresponding false alarm rate of 25%. We propose a novel visualisation technique to map ternary probabilistic forecasts of dengue risk. This technique allows decision makers to identify areas where the model predicts with certainty a particular dengue risk category, to effectively target limited resources to those districts most at risk for a given season. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Designing a series of decision‐theoretic phase II trials in a small population
Authors: Hee Siew Wan , Stallard Nigel
Published: August 2012

This paper introduces a decision‐theoretic design for a series of phase II trials. Instead of designing phase II trials individually, we proposed a development plan that consists of a series of phase II trials and one phase III trial such that the long‐term expected utility on the whole is optimized. The phase II trials are conducted sequentially, and patients are recruited sequentially to each phase II trial. At each interim stage, a decision is made to continue recruiting patients to the current trial, to stop and recommend the treatment proceeds to a phase III trial, to stop and initiate a new phase II trial or to stop and cease the development plan. The methodology uses a hybrid approach in which it is assumed that the data from the final phase III trial will be analysed using a classical frequentist hypothesis test. The expected power of this test based on some specified prior distribution for the effect of the experimental treatment is then used in a utility function, which is used to obtain the optimal design for the whole series of trials. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detecting and visualizing online dispute dynamics in replying comments
Authors: Lee Yun‐Jung , Kim Eun‐Kyung , Cho Hwan‐Gue , Woo Gyun
Published: August 2012

In Web‐based social media (blogs, Internet forums, etc.), readers express their opinions by attaching reply comments to articles and understand others' perspectives by reading these comments. On Web forums, users discuss and argue with others via reply comments. Thus, a series of comments may provide new information, particularly about disputes among participants. Unfortunately, current systems for viewing reply comments are primitive; it is hard to follow disputes and their relationships by using such systems. We examine the characteristics of disputes by using reply comments and propose a novel system for automatically detecting disputes and their relationships among a large set of reply comments. This paper defines a dispute section as a series of comments where the dispute index is sufficiently high. The dispute index is determined using an exponential model with three control parameters. Next, the dispute relationship can be defined according to a pair of arguing commenters. The basic concept is to exploit the order of comment posting times and comment writer information when detecting dispute sections because the comments tend to appear in ordered pairs. The proposed system detects dispute sections and visualizes them according to dispute relationships among commenters, enabling users to appreciate the controversial structure of comments. To test the performance of our system, we constructed a dataset containing comment sequences associated with 40 articles collected from an Web forum. We constructed the set of dispute comments manually. We found that the detection accuracy of our system for disputes and their relationships were 83% and 78% on average. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combining weak and strong mutation for a noninterpretive Java mutation system
Authors: Kim Sang‐Woon , Ma Yu‐Seung , Kwon Yong‐Rae
Published: August 2012

Because of the computationally expensive cost of mutation testing, automated system support is indispensable for conducting mutation testing. Mutation systems can be classified into interpretive and noninterpretive, but recent systems are noninterpretive. Weak mutation is a well‐known cost reduction method of mutation testing, but it is not directly applicable to noninterpretive mutation systems. To address the problem and take advantage of the efficiency of weak mutation, this paper presents a combined weak and strong mutation for noninterpretive Java mutation systems. The new term ‘serialmutant’ is defined as a specialized program to conduct weak mutation against all mutants in an execution and report only weakly killed mutants as strong mutation candidates. Then strong mutation is conducted only for those reported mutants. The paper also describes an implementation based on a previous Java mutation tool, MuJava. Method‐level mutation operators for Java are also redesigned. Experimental results show that the proposed approach efficiently improves the mutation cost in a noninterpretive mutation system. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of Novel Binuclear Phthalocyanines formed by Dioxyphenyl Bridges: Synthesis and Investigation of Thermal and Antioxidant Properties
Authors: Ağırtaş M. Salih , Gümüş İlkay , Okumus Veysi , Dundar Abdurrahman
Published: August 2012

4, 4′‐(1, 4‐Phenylenebis(oxy)diphthalonitrile was synthesized by reaction of hydroquinone with 4‐nitrophthalonitrile. Binuclear metallophthalocyanines 2–4 were obtained by the reaction between 4, 4′‐(1, 4‐phenylenebis(oxy)diphthalonitrile and 4‐(benzo [d] 1,3 dioxol‐5‐ylmethoxy)phthalonitrile in the presence of metal salts. These new compounds were characterized by using elemental analysis, FTIR, 1H‐NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopic data. Thermal properties of phthalocyanines 2‐4 were investigated by TG and DTA. In addition, antioxidant properties of compounds II, 3 and 4 were investigated. Their radical‐scavenging capacity and chelating effects was fully studied. The maximum 1, 1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radicals (DPPH) were obtained from compound 3. Chelating effects on ferrous ions were 91.6 % at concentration of 100 mg L–1 with compound II.
Synthesis and Characterization of Iron(II) Thiocyanate Complexes with Derivatives of the Tris(pyridine‐2‐ylmethyl)amine (tmpa) Ligand
Authors: Kisslinger Sandra , Kelm Harald , Zheng Sipeng , Beitat Alexander , Würtele Christian , Wortmann Ramona , Bonnet Sylvestre , Herres‐Pawlis Sonja , Krüger Hans‐Jörg , Schindler Siegfried
Published: August 2012

Abstract. A series of iron(II) dithiocyanate complexes containing the tripodal ligands L, [Fe(L)(NCS)2] (with L = 6‐Me2tmpa, 6‐Me2pmea, 6‐Me2‐Me2uns‐penp, 6‐Me2‐uns‐penp, Me2uns‐penp, imine‐uns‐penp and TMG‐uns‐penp), analogous to the known SCO complex[Fe(tmpa)(NCS)2] were prepared and investigated. It was possible to structurally characterize [Fe(6‐Me2pmea)(NCS)2], [Fe(6‐Me2‐Me2uns‐penp)(NCS)2], [Fe(Me2uns‐penp)(NCS)2], [Fe(imine‐uns‐penp)(NCS)2] and [Fe(TMG‐uns‐penp)(NCS)2]. Magnetic susceptibility and Mößbauer measurements showed that all seven compounds maintain their high‐spin states between 300 and 5 K.
Polychalcogenide Anions: Structural Diversity and Ligand Versatility
Authors: Sheldrick William S.
Published: August 2012

The structures and ligand binding modes of polychalcogenide anions are reviewed in this article. Participation in hypervalent 3c‐4e bonds and/or weaker secondary np2 → nσ* bonds leads to a strikingly more diverse homopolytaomic anion chemistry for selenium and tellurium in comparison to sulfur, for which only unbranched chain anions Sn2– with n = 2–9 have been reported. Trapped S2·– and S3·– radicals are responsible for the characteristic colours of the ultramarine pigments and S3·– is the dominant sulfur species at the high temperatures and pressures of deep metamorphic settings. Hypervalent linear TeTe24–, T‐shaped TeTe34– and square‐planar TeTe46– units generate a remarkable variety of structural motifs and connectivity patterns for 1 to 3D polytelluride anions. Electron‐deficient polytelluride sheets are, however, prone to periodic spatial modifications of their charge density (CDWs) with a lower total free energy, whose formation is driven by nesting effects in the electronic band structure causing Fermi surface instabilities. Polychalcogenide ligands augment the typical terminal and bridging coordination modes of monoatomic chalcogenide anions through their ability to participate in chelation, side‐on and combination binding modes. In addition to the electrical conductivity and thermoelectric energy conversion properties of the polytellurides, potential applications of the polychalcogenides range from the manufacture of synthetic zeolite pigments and ion‐exchangeable polysulfide aerogels to NIR‐emissive lanthanide polyselenides with high quantum efficiency.
Optical Properties of the Orchid Colored Silver(II) Fluoride Cs2AgF4
Authors: Tong Jianwei , Köhler Jürgen , Simon Arndt , Lee Changhoon , Whangbo Myung‐Hwan
Published: August 2012

Orchid colored powder samples of Cs2AgF4 were prepared by a solid state reaction from CsF and AgF2. The diffuse reflectance spectrum of a powder sample of Cs2AgF4 was measured in the UV/Vis region. It shows three broad bands, two in the visible‐light region at 650 nm, 500 nm and one in the UV region at 259 nm. The bands are assigned to F 2p → Ag 4d and Ag 4d → Ag 4d transitions. The optical band gap for Cs2AgF4 determined from the UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectrum is approx. 2.17 eV. In order to interpret the observed absorptions, the theoretical absorption spectrum of Cs2AgF4 was obtained from density functional calculations.
Risk factors for relaparotomy after cesarean delivery
Authors: Levin Ishai , Rapaport Avital S. , Satzer Liat , Maslovitz Sharon , Lessing Joseph B. , Almog Benny
Published: August 2012

Objective

To identify risk factors for relaparotomy after cesarean delivery.

Methods

Cases of exploratory laparotomy at Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv, Israel, following cesarean delivery between 2000 and 2010 were reviewed retrospectively. Each case in the study group was matched randomly with 5 control cases in which the patient underwent cesarean delivery only. Demographic and clinical data before and during the primary procedure were compared.

Results

Twenty‐eight (0.2%) of 17 482 cesarean deliveries were followed by exploratory relaparotomy. Significant differences between the study and the control (n = 140) groups were found in: placental abruption as an indication for cesarean (17.8% vs 0.6%; P = 0.004); duration of primary operation (45.3 ± 21.1 vs 29.9 ± 11.8 minutes; P = 0.007; 95% CI, 5.1–19.2); and experience of chief surgeon (10.1 ± 1.6 vs 5.8 ± 0.4 years; P = 0.02; 95% CI, 0.0–5.0). Findings during relaparotomy were: abdominal wall bleeding/hematoma (n = 4 [14.2%]); uterine scar bleeding (n = 4 [14.2%]); retroperitoneal bleeding (n = 1 [3.5%]); adhesions causing bowel obstruction (n = 1 [3.5%]); and uterine scar gangrene (n = 1 [3.5%]). There were no findings for 17 (60.7%) patients.

Conclusion

The incidence of relaparotomy following cesarean was 0.2% (1 per 624 cesarean deliveries). Significant risk factors were placental abruption and longer operative time.
Does agency age matter in administrative reform?: Policy autonomy and public management in Swedish agencies
Authors: Niklasson Birgitta , Pierre Jon
Published: August 2012

This paper looks at the policy autonomy of different “generations” of agencies in Sweden. Taking a historical institutional perspective, we argue that the policy autonomy of public agencies is related to the dominant political and administrative trends at the time when the agency was first created, i.e. that institutional relations created at that formative moment tend to persist. In the Swedish context, one such trend is of particular importance; the managerial trend that started in 1963 with the Program Budgeting (PB) reform. This was an institutional reform that presented a paradigm shift in Swedish public administration. This reform was reinforced in the 1990s by the New Public Management (NPM) reform, which introduced new instruments and measures consistent with the managerial paradigm previously introduced by the PB reform. This managerial trend aimed at limiting agencies’ policy autonomy. Thus, we hypothesise that (1) agencies founded before the PB reform will enjoy more extensive policy autonomy than agencies founded during or after this reform and (2) there will be no such difference between agencies founded before and after the NPM reform. These hypotheses are tested on empirical data consisting of a web survey in which 157 Swedish agencies have stated to what extent they perceive that they enjoy policy autonomy. The results confirm both our hypotheses, thus demonstrating the importance of considering the scope of institutional change when analysing and comparing the effects of administrative reforms in different countries.
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma: Participation of Urokinase‐type Plasminogen Activator (uPA) and its Receptor (uPAR) in Tumor Invasion
Authors: Shirasuna Kanemitsu
Published: August 2012

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors of the salivary glands and has unique clinical features and behavior. AdCC grows slowly, but spreads relentlessly into adjacent tissues, with a proclivity for invading nerve and endothelial sheaths. Moreover, the frequency of recurrence and distant metastasis of AdCC is very high. In vivo and in vitro, AdCC produces a large amount of extracellular matrix (ECM), including basement membrane (BM) components, elastin, and mucopolysaccharides. The accumulation of ECM components in intercellular spaces results in the formation of a pseudocyst, which is the characteristic architecture of AdCC. AdCC cells degrade considerable amounts of mesenchymal‐elaborated ECM through the urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (uPA) ‐plasmin system. By contrast, tumor‐produced ECM is resistant to degradation, because it contains plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI‐1). The migration response of AdCC cell lines to ECM, especially type I and type IV collagens, is much stronger than that of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell lines, while both cell types generally show similar patterns of integrin subunit expression. The AdCC cell response to collagens is largely and exclusively inhibited by anti‐α2 integrin antibody. Surface uPA receptor (uPAR) expression by AdCC cell lines is greater than that by SCC cell lines and increases in response to collagen stimulation. This is accompanied by the assembly of numerous focal adhesions, consisting of the adapter proteins uPAR,α2 integrin, vinculin, and paxillin. A role for uPAR in cell migration and assembly of adaptor proteins was also demonstrated by transfecting AdCC cells with an antisense uPAR RNA, which strongly reduced both responses. Therefore, the proclivity of AdCC cells to migrate to type I and IV collagens might be due to the overexpression of uPAR, which also plays a key role in focal adhesion assembly. In conclusion, the invasiveness of AdCC cells might be regulated by the interaction of uPA‐uPAR with integrin.
Effects of Stress Response to Surgical Procedures upon Secretion of Salivary Immunoglobulin A in Mice
Authors: Watanabe Nobuyuki Y. , Nakagawa Yoichi , Akutsu Satonari , Yamane Akira
Published: August 2012

Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) plays an important role in mucosal immunity, and salivary levels change in response to social, psychological and physical stress. However, little is understood about how surgical stress affects salivary sIgA. The results of the present study showed that mouse salivary IgA concentration was significantly elevated immediately after surgery and returned to pre‐surgical levels after 24 h. Thus, the surgery did not suppress IgA secretion under our experimental conditions, suggesting that mucosal immunity was not perturbed. Since the role of α‐adrenergic receptors involved in IgA secretion has remained unclear under surgical stress, we further examined the effects of either α1‐adrenergic (prazosin) or α2‐ adrenergic antagonist (yohimbine) on the salivary sIgA. Yohimbine, but not prazosin, antagonized the surgically induced salivary IgA enhancement, indicating mediation by α2‐ receptor stimulation. The mRNA for IgA was not altered in the salivary gland after surgery, suggesting that surgical stress did not stimulate IgA synthesis in the salivary gland cells. In conclusion, it is suggested that the surgical stress does not perturb mucosal immunity in our experimental model, although a transient increase of concentration of salivary IgA was observed immediately after surgical insult.