bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Whole genome duplication does not promote common modes of reproductive isolation in Trifolium pratense
Authors: Porturas Laura D. , Segraves Kari A.
Published: April 2020

Premise

Although polyploidy has been studied since the early 1900s, fundamental aspects of polyploid ecology and evolution remain unexplored. In particular, surprisingly little is known about how newly formed polyploids (neopolyploids) become demographically established. Models predict that most polyploids should go extinct within the first few generations as a result of reproductive disadvantages associated with being the minority in a primarily diploid population (i.e., the minority cytotype principle), yet polyploidy is extremely common. Therefore, a key goal in the study of polyploidy is to determine the mechanisms that promote polyploid establishment in nature. Because premating isolation is critical in order for neopolylpoids to avoid minority cytotype exclusion and thus facilitate establishment, we examined floral morphology and three common premating barriers to determine their importance in generating reproductive isolation of neopolyploids from diploids.

Methods

We induced neopolyploidy in Trifolium pratense and compared their floral traits to the diploid progenitors. In addition to shifts in floral morphology, we examined three premating barriers: isolation by self‐fertilization, flowering‐time asynchrony, and pollinator‐mediated isolation.

Results

We found significant differences in the morphology of diploid and neopolyploid flowers, but these changes did not facilitate premating barriers that would generate reproductive isolation of neopolyploids from diploids. There was no difference in flowering phenology, pollinator visitation, or selfing between the cytotypes.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that barriers other than the ones tested in this study—such as geographic isolation, vegetative reproduction, and pistil–stigma incompatibilities—may be more important in facilitating isolation and establishment of neopolyploid T. pratense.
Broadband Radiative Cooling and Decoration for Passively Dissipated Portable Electronic Devices by Aperiodic Photonic Multilayers
Authors: Wu Jiaye , Chen Yuxuan
Published: April 2020

Broadband radiative cooling and decoration for passively dissipated portable electronic devices by an aperiodic photonic multilayer structure is proposed theoretically. The designed optical structure can strongly emit in the infrared region from 6.9 to 40 µm within the blackbody radiation spectrum of electronic devices. Its emission spectrum exhibits good uniformity across different incident angles, enhancing the cooling performance. At an ambient temperature of 20 °C, the designed broadband radiative cooler can produce a net cooling power of 46.88 W m−2, 65.95% higher than pure silica of the same thickness. At a typical junction temperature of 90 °C allowed by the microprocessor die, the net cooling power reaches 239.55 W m−2, still with an 18.21% improvement over pure silica glass. In the visible regime, the designed structure displays a low uniformity in the reflection spectrum, producing an elegant color shift from the translucent gray color of normal direction to the silver and highly reflective look at a grazing angle. These results can be useful in future exterior and thermal designs of portable electronic devices.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Reductive Functionalization of Tertiary Carboxamides and Lactams for α‐Branched Amine Synthesis
Authors: Ong Derek Yiren , Fan Dongyang , Dixon Darren J. , Chiba Shunsuke
Published: April 2020

A new method for the synthesis of α‐branched amines by reductive functionalization of tertiary carboxamides and lactams is described. The process relies on the efficient and controlled reduction of tertiary amides by a sodium hydride/sodium iodide composite, in situ treatment of the resulting anionic hemiaminal with trimethylsilyl chloride and subsequent coupling with nucleophilic reagents including Grignard reagents and tetrabutylammonium cyanide. The new method exhibits broad functional‐group compatibility, operates under transition‐metal‐free reaction conditions, and is suitable for various synthetic applications on both sub‐millimole and on multigram scales.
Ein neutrales 1,4‐Diborabenzol als π‐Ligand in Actinoidkomplexen
Authors: Paprocki Valerie , Hrobárik Peter , Harriman Katie L. M. , Luff Martin S. , Kupfer Thomas , Kaupp Martin , Murugesu Muralee , Braunschweig Holger
Published: April 2020

Die π‐Koordination von Aren‐ und anionischen Heteroarenliganden ist ein allgegenwärtiges Strukturmotiv in der metallorganischen Chemie der d‐ und f‐Block‐Elemente. Im Gegensatz dazu sind vergleichbare π‐Wechselwirkungen neutraler Heteroarene, darunter auch solche neutraler, aromatischer Borheterocyclen, für den f‐Block weit weniger verbreitet, was z. T. mit einer geringeren Effektivität der Metall‐zu‐Ligand‐Rückbindung in Zusammenhang gebracht werden kann. Für die Actinoide sind π‐Komplexe mit neutralen Heteroarenliganden sogar gänzlich unbekannt. Durch Ausnutzung der außergewöhnlichen π‐Donorstärke eines 1,4‐Diborabenzols ist es uns nun gelungen, eine Reihe stabiler π‐Halbsandwichkomplexe des Thoriums(IV) und des Urans(IV) über einen erstaunlich einfachen Zugang zu generieren: Umsetzung eines 1,4‐Diborabenzols mit ThCl4(dme)2 bzw. UCl4 in Gegenwart einer Lewis‐Base. Hierdurch konnten die ersten Beispiele für Actinoidkomplexe mit einem neutralen Borheterocyclus als Sandwich‐artigem Liganden erhalten werden. Laut experimentellen und theoretischen Studien ist die starke Actinoid‐Heteroaren‐Wechselwirkung in diesen Molekülen im Wesentlichen von elektrostatischer Natur. Der kovalente Hauptbeitrag wird hingegen von der Ligand‐zu‐Metall‐π‐Wechselwirkung geleistet, während π/δ‐Rückbindungsanteile kaum eine Rolle spielen.
Stable Actinide π Complexes of a Neutral 1,4‐Diborabenzene
Authors: Paprocki Valerie , Hrobárik Peter , Harriman Katie L. M. , Luff Martin S. , Kupfer Thomas , Kaupp Martin , Murugesu Muralee , Braunschweig Holger
Published: April 2020

The π coordination of arene and anionic heteroarene ligands is a ubiquitous bonding motif in the organometallic chemistry of d‐block and f‐block elements. By contrast, related π interactions of neutral heteroarenes including neutral bora‐π‐aromatics are less prevalent particularly for the f‐block, due to less effective metal‐to‐ligand backbonding. In fact, π complexes with neutral heteroarene ligands are essentially unknown for the actinides. We have now overcome these limitations by exploiting the exceptionally strong π donor capabilities of a neutral 1,4‐diborabenzene. A series of remarkably robust, π‐coordinated thorium(IV) and uranium(IV) half‐sandwich complexes were synthesized by simply combining the bora‐π‐aromatic with ThCl4(dme)2 or UCl4, representing the first examples of actinide complexes with a neutral boracycle as sandwich‐type ligand. Experimental and computational studies showed that the strong actinide–heteroarene interactions are predominately electrostatic in nature with distinct ligand‐to‐metal π donation and without significant π/δ backbonding contributions.
A heatproof electrospun PES/PVDF composite membrane as an advanced separator for lithium‐ion batteries
Authors: Cui Weiwei , Shi Lina , Song Wei , Wang Xu , Lin Zeyu , Deng Wei , Ma Yingyi
Published: April 2020

In the present paper, the physicochemical properties of a novel composite fibrous membrane, based on a mixture of poly(aryl ether sulfone) (PES) and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), as separators for lithium‐ion batteries are reported and discussed. Compared with the pure PVDF fibrous membrane, the introduction of PES can decrease the PVDF crystallinity while increasing the proportion of α‐phase. Meanwhile, the initial thermal decomposition temperature is enhanced by 24°C. Heat shrinkage tests and thermomechanical analyzers indicate the composite membrane has significantly improved thermal‐dimensional stability. The shrinkage rate of the composite membrane after heat‐treated at 180°C for 2 hr is only 4.8%, which is far below the Celgard separator (82%) and the pure PVDF fibrous membrane (75%). The composite membrane with excellent wettability demonstrates a high ionic conductivity (1.69 × 10−3S cm−1) at room temperature as well as high electrolyte uptake (595%). The cells assembled with the composite membrane exhibit more stable cycle performance, capacity retention, and C‐rate capability than that with polyolefin separator. These results suggest that PES/PVDF composite fibrous membrane is an effective separator for high‐performance Lithium‐ion batteries.
Bright solid‐state luminescence of green‐red tunable CdTe@BaCO3 composite: Synthesis and properties
Authors: Wu Yiwu , Sun Zishan , Ye Tong , Zhang Xinguo , Yu Bangwei
Published: April 2020

Realizing efficient solid‐state luminescence is of great important to expand quantum dots (QDs) application fields. This work reports the preparation of CdTe@BaCO3 composite by a one‐pot precipitation method. Both steady‐state PL and PL decay characteristics in either solid‐state or colloid solution show no obvious difference, mainly benefited from the effective protection of BaCO3 on QDs from the external environment. By utilizing green and red CdTe QDs as dual‐color emission centers, precise emitting‐color control from green (0.312, 0.667) to red (0.691, 0.292) could be achieved in CdTe@BaCO3 composite by adjusting volume ratio of CdTe solution precursor. Our results demonstrate that this composite material shows bright solid‐state luminescence and facile adjustment of the emitting color in QDs‐based composite is feasible, which could offer new path to design color‐tunable luminescent materials for future optoelectronic applications.
Associations between seeking help from indigenous healers and symptoms of depression versus psychosis in the African diaspora of the United States
Authors: Whaley Arthur L.
Published: April 2020

Objectives

The assumption that indigenous healing systems are the solution to global disparities in mental health outcomes is predicated on the notion that they contribute to positive mental health functioning among persons of colour.

Methods

The current study applied structural equation modelling (SEM) to the association between seeking help from indigenous healers and psychotic versus depressive symptoms among African American and African Caribbean respondents to the National Survey of American Life.

Results

SEM analyses revealed a positive correlation between latent constructs for indigenous help‐seeking and psychotic symptoms, but a negative association with depressive symptoms.

Conclusion

The current findings are consistent with the view that seeking help from indigenous healers can have a positive role in the mental health functioning of persons with less severe mental health problems in the African diaspora of the United States. It is concluded that openness to discuss indigenous healing practices in the context of Western counselling and psychotherapy facilitates cultural competence.
Was student‐athlete wrongly disciplined by university?
Authors: Gelpi Aileen
Published: April 2020

The plaintiff was a black man who played on a university's intercollegiate football team.
Oxygen Evolution Reaction on Tin Oxides Supported Iridium Catalysts: Do We Need Dopants?
Authors: da Silva Gabriel C. , Venturini Seiti I. , Zhang Siyuan , Löffler Mario , Scheu Christina , Mayrhofer Karl J. J. , Ticianelli Edson A. , Cherevko Serhiy
Published: April 2020

Application of oxide supports is considered as a viable approach to decrease iridium loading in oxygen evolution reaction catalysis in acid electrolyte. While the most of the promising oxides are poor conductors, the need for doping is typically taken as granted, and a representative example is tin dioxide. There are still, however, serious concerns on the feasibility of this approach as we lack consensus on any activity gain by using such oxides, while doubts on stability are numerous. In this work, a set of catalyst/support combinations including two catalysts, viz. hydrous (IrOx) and rutile (IrO2) iridium oxides, and four supports, viz. SnO2 and Sb‐ (ATO), F‐ (FTO), and In‐doped (ITO) SnO2, are synthesized and characterized by a selection of complementary experimental techniques including rotating disk electrode and on‐line inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. It is found that the electrochemical activity in acid media of supported Ir catalysts is essentially the same, independent on presence or absence of dopants. Sb and In dopants are shown to be unstable and cause an increased dissolution of Sn. Besides, the degradation of the doped supports results in destabilization of iridium oxides. These results raise doubts on the real need for the use of dopants in SnO2‐based catalyst supports for electrochemical water splitting.
A Mechanistic Dichotomy in Two‐Electron Reduction of Dioxygen Catalyzed by N,N’‐Dimethylated Porphyrin Isomers
Authors: Suzuki Wataru , Kotani Hiroaki , Ishizuka Tomoya , Kojima Takahiko
Published: April 2020

Selective two‐electron reduction of dioxygen (O2) to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has been achieved by two saddle‐distorted N,N’‐dimethylated porphyrin isomers, an N21,N’22‐dimethylated porphyrin (anti‐Me2P) and an N21,N’23‐dimethylated porphyrin (syn‐Me2P) as catalysts and ferrocene derivatives as electron donors in the presence of protic acids in acetonitrile. The higher catalytic performance in an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was achieved by anti‐Me2P with higher turnover number (TON=250 for 30 min) than that by syn‐Me2P (TON=218 for 60 min). The reactive intermediates in the catalytic ORR were confirmed to be the corresponding isophlorins (anti‐Me2Iph or syn‐Me2Iph) by spectroscopic measurements. The rate‐determining step in the catalytic ORRs was concluded to be proton‐coupled electron‐transfer reduction of O2 with isophlorins based on kinetic analysis. The ORR rate by anti‐Me2Iph was accelerated by external protons, judging from the dependence of the observed initial rates on acid concentrations. In contrast, no acceleration of the ORR rate with syn‐Me2Iph by external protons was observed. The different mechanisms in the O2 reduction by the two isomers should be derived from that of the arrangement of hydrogen bonding of a O2 with inner NH protons of the isophlorins.
Pyrolysis shaker reactor for the production of biochar
Authors: Sanchez Careaga Francisco J. , Porat Ariel , Briens Lauren , Briens Cedric
Published: April 2020

Intermediate pyrolysis reactors are preferred for processes focused on the production of high‐quality biochar. The main types are rotary drums, augers, and moving beds agitated with either grates or paddles. These reactors are usually operated in continuous mode, and are designed to provide a pure, homogeneous biochar product by ensuring near plug flow of the reacting particles. There is a need for laboratory reactors that can provide enough biochar for testing in applications such as soil amendment, fillers for concrete or polymers, coke substitution, or pollutant capture.

The pyrolysis shaker reactor (PSR) is a new laboratory reactor that is inexpensive, provides good mixing and temperature control, is easy to operate and allows for rapid turnaround between runs. It provides a homogeneous biochar product. Its use was demonstrated with digestate from the anaerobic digestion of food waste. The rapid and thorough testing program made possible with the PSR indicated that this digestate should be pyrolyzed at 250°C to maximize the release of mineral from the biochar to water, and at 400°C to minimize the release of minerals. Its biochar would require post‐treatment to be applied as a substitute for activated carbon.
Turbulent blend times with off‐centre v‐mounted agitators
Authors: Chen Peng , Myers Kevin J. , Janz Eric E. , Brown Nicholas A.
Published: April 2020

Experimental measurements in a flat‐bottom tank with narrow‐blade hydrofoil and pitched‐blade impellers are used to develop guidelines for off‐centre, or eccentric, placement of vertical agitators in unbaffled tanks. The guidelines are based on providing a turbulent blend time that is no more than 20% longer than that of the same impeller operating at the same rotational speed on the centreline of a baffled tank. In addition to investigating the effect of impeller type, impeller diameter and off‐bottom clearance are also considered. The results support the commonly noted rule of thumb that as off‐centre distance is increased, performance in an unbaffled vessel approaches that in a baffled tank. A notable exception to this axiom occurs when a large impeller is located close to the tank base (specifically, D/T = 0.40, C/T = 0.10, and O/T = 0.25). In this case, a stable impeller tip vortex forms with both impeller types, with slow exchange of material between the vortex and bulk liquid leading to long blend times. Besides blend time decreasing with increasing off‐centre distance, the uncertainty or run‐to‐run variation in blend time also decreases dramatically. In most cases, the pitched‐blade turbine requires a smaller off‐centre distance than the hydrofoil impeller to approximate the blending performance provided during baffled operation.
Impact of pathologic lymph node‐positive renal cell carcinoma on survival in patients without metastasis: Evidence in support of expanding the definition of stage IV kidney cancer
Authors: Srivastava Arnav , Rivera‐Núñez Zorimar , Kim Sinae , Sterling Joshua , Farber Nicholas J. , Radadia Kushan D. , Patel Hiren V. , Modi Parth K. , Goyal Sharad , Parikh Rahul , Mayer Tina M. , Saraiya Biren , Sadimin Evita T. , Weiss Robert E. , Kim Isaac Y. , Elsamra Sammy E. , Jang Thomas L. , Singer Eric A.
Published: April 2020

Background

Stage III renal cell carcinoma (RCC) encompasses both lymph node‐positive (pT1‐3N1M0) and lymph node–negative (pT3N0M0) disease. However, prior institutional studies have indicated that among patients with stage III disease, those with lymph node disease have worse oncologic outcomes and experience survival that is similar to that of patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage IV disease. The objective of the current study was to validate these findings using a large, nationally representative sample of patients with kidney cancer.

Methods

Patients with AJCC stage III or stage IV RCC were identified using the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB). Patients were categorized as having lymph node‐positive stage III (pT1‐3N1M0), lymph node–negative stage III (pT3N0M0), or stage IV metastatic (pT1‐3 N0M1) disease. Cox proportional hazards models compared outcomes while adjusting for comorbidities. Kaplan‐Meier estimates illustrated relative survival when comparing staging groups.

Results

A total of 8988 patients met the inclusion criteria, with 6587 patients classified as having lymph node–negative stage III disease, 2218 as having lymph node‐positive stage III disease, and 183 as having stage IV disease. Superior survival was noted among patients with lymph node–negative stage III disease, but similar survival was noted between patients with lymph node‐positive stage III and stage IV RCC, with 5‐year survival rates of 61.9% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 60.3%‐63.4%), 22.7% (95% CI, 20.6%‐24.9%), and 15.6% (95% CI, 11.1%‐23.8%), respectively.

Conclusions

Current RCC staging systems group pT1‐3N1M0 and pT3N0M0 disease as stage III disease. However, the results of the current validation study suggest the need for further stratification and even placement of patients with pT1‐3N1M0 disease into the stage IV category. Staging that accurately reflects oncologic prognosis may help clinicians better counsel and select patients who might derive the most benefit from lymphadenectomy, adjuvant systemic therapy, more rigorous imaging surveillance, and clinical trial participation.
Anatomic factors influencing dimensions of soft tissue graft from the hard palate. A clinical study
Authors: Said Khalid N. , Abu Khalid Areej S. , Farook Fathima F.
Published: April 2020

Objectives

The aim of the present study was to measure the thickness of the palatal mucosa in a Jordanian (Middle Eastern) population as well as identify possible factors that may influence the thickness of palatal mucosa.

Material and Methods

Sixty period on tally healthy subjects (29 males and 31 females) were selected. Fifteen measurement points were defined on the palate. The mucosal thickness in the hard palate was determined by “bone sounding” with a Hu‐Friedy® round periodontal probe.

Results

The overall mean thickness of the palatal masticatory mucosa was 3.23 ± 0.47 mm.The mean thickness increased from the gingival margin to a more apical position irrespective of the tooth measured or side of the mouth in the following sequence: canine, second molar, first premolar, second premolar and lastly, the first molar. No significant difference between gender, smoking status, gingival phenotype andsides of the mouth with the thickness of palatal masticatory mucosa was determined. A significant difference between palatal shape and palatal gingival thickness was found.

Conclusions

The most appropriate site for graft harvesting is the canine‐premolar area 8‐13 mm from the mid‐palatal aspect of each respective tooth in a Jordanian population. Except for the palatal shape, the side of the mouth, smoking, gender or gingival phenotype does not affect the graft harvest.

Clinical Relevance

 

Scientific Rationale for Study

Knowledge on the thickness of the masticatory mucosa is crucialin making decisions for surgical treatment modality and may affect surgical outcome. We measured the thickness of the palatal mucosa in a Jordanian population and identified possible influencing factors.

Principal Findings

The thickness varied according to the teeth and the canine to premolar region was found to be the appropriate donor site.

Practical Implications

This information on safe zone for graft harvest can guide the periodontist to make appropriate incisions and choose the appropriate location to obtain a graft of adequate thickness and dimensions.
Endobronchial masses encountered on fine‐needle aspiration biopsy: a focus on unusual entities
Authors: Aldera Alessandro P. , Schubert Pawel T.
Published: April 2020

Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is a useful technique in the evaluation of central lung tumors which is commonly encountered in clinical cytology practice. Some of these tumors may show endobronchial, polypoid growth which is readily apparent to the endoscopist. Pulmonary salivary gland‐type tumors and carcinoid tumors are overall uncommon in the lung, but these tumors tend to occur centrally and show endobronchial involvement. The prognosis of these tumors is generally better than that of small cell or non‐small cell carcinomas of the lung and more conservative surgical resection is often indicated. The identification of salient cytological features and a high index of suspicion when considering the differential diagnosis of a central lung tumor is essential to accurate diagnosis. This review focuses on cytological clues as well as ancillary techniques that may be useful to the practicing cytopathologist.
Prospects of multitarget drug designing strategies by linking molecular docking and molecular dynamics to explore the protein–ligand recognition process
Authors: Sivakumar Krishnankutty Chandrika , Haixiao Jin , Naman C. Benjamin , Sajeevan T. P.
Published: April 2020

The designing of drugs that can simultaneously affect different protein targets is one novel and promising way to treat complex diseases. Multitarget drugs act on multiple protein receptors each implicated in the same disease state, and may be considered to be more beneficial than conventional drug therapies. For example, these drugs can have improved therapeutic potency due to synergistic effects on multiple targets, as well as improved safety and resistance profiles due to the combined regulation of potential primary therapeutic targets and compensatory elements and lower dosage typically required. This review analyzes in‐silico methods that facilitate multitarget drug design that facilitate the discovery and development of novel therapeutic agents. Here presented is a summary of the progress in structure‐based drug discovery techniques that study the process of molecular recognition of targets and ligands, moving from static molecular docking to improved molecular dynamics approaches in multitarget drug design, and the advantages and limitations of each.
Novel design strategy for GaAs‐based solar cell by application of single‐walled carbon nanotubes topmost layer
Authors: Mitin Dmitry M. , Bolshakov Alexey D. , Neplokh Vladimir , Mozharov Alexey M. , Raudik Sergei A. , Fedorov Vladimir V. , Shugurov Konstantin Yu. , Mikhailovskii Vladimir Yu. , Rajanna Pramod M. , Fedorov Fedor S. , Nasibulin Albert G. , Mukhin Ivan S.
Published: April 2020

Attempts to improve solar cells efficiency touch all its constituents and are directly related to their fabrication protocols. While the most promising material platform for high efficiency photovoltaic devices is still III‐V semiconductors, introduction of novel materials like single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), which are characterized by unique combination of conductivity and transparency, might greatly yield the device performance. Here, for the first time, we present the results of the fabrication and characterization of a thin‐film GaAs solar cell with a SWCNT top contact. We examine the contact between the SWCNT film and the semiconductor structure by means of the optical and electron beam‐induced current techniques. The fabricated device demonstrates better performance, that is, increased power conversion efficiency from 10.6% to 11.5% when compared to the cell with the traditional metal contact grid, stemming from the enhanced photocurrent collection efficiency and low parasitic light absorption in the emitter layer. We envision future prospects to exploit the multifunctionality of the SWCNTs in fabrication of highly efficient photovoltaic devices including flexible solar cells.
Carbon footprint prediction of vehicle usage in Turkey
Authors: Coskun Can , Oktay Zuhal
Published: April 2020

The aim of this study was to determine the total level of vehicle‐based CO2 emissions for Turkey. Turkey was chosen for the case study because of the CO2‐intensive characteristics of vehicles in this country. Vehicle‐based emissions were calculated through use of a questionnaire survey. Total CO2 emissions were calculated for each province. It was evident that vehicle‐based CO2 emissions per capita varied from province to province, from 761 to 4 281 kg of CO2; an average of 2 728 kg per capita. The lowest level of vehicle‐based CO2 emissions occurs on a Sunday with a rate of 10.9%. An annual total of 217.77 Mt of CO2 is released to the atmosphere as a result of vehicle use in Turkey. Vehicle‐based CO2 emissions per capita were calculated to be 2 728 kg CO2 in 2016. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Language lateralization from task‐based and resting state functional MRI in patients with epilepsy
Authors: Rolinski Rachel , You Xiaozhen , Gonzalez‐Castillo Javier , Norato Gina , Reynolds Richard C. , Inati Sara K. , Theodore William H.
Published: April 2020

We compared resting state (RS) functional connectivity and task‐based fMRI to lateralize language dominance in 30 epilepsy patients (mean age = 33; SD = 11; 12 female), a measure used for presurgical planning. Language laterality index (LI) was calculated from task fMRI in frontal, temporal, and frontal + temporal regional masks using LI bootstrap method from SPM12. RS language LI was assessed using two novel methods of calculating RS language LI from bilateral Broca's area seed based connectivity maps across regional masks and multiple thresholds (p < .05, p < .01, p < .001, top 10% connections). We compared LI from task and RS fMRI continuous values and dominance classifications. We found significant positive correlations between task LI and RS LI when functional connectivity thresholds were set to the top 10% of connections. Concordance of dominance classifications ranged from 20% to 30% for the intrahemispheric resting state LI method and 50% to 63% for the resting state LI intra‐ minus interhemispheric difference method. Approximately 40% of patients left dominant on task showed RS bilateral dominance. There was no difference in LI concordance between patients with right‐sided and left‐sided resections. Early seizure onset (<6 years old) was not associated with atypical language dominance during task‐based or RS fMRI. While a relationship between task LI and RS LI exists in patients with epilepsy, language dominance is less lateralized on RS than task fMRI. Concordance of language dominance classifications between task and resting state fMRI depends on brain regions surveyed and RS LI calculation method.
Potential impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on financial toxicity in cancer survivors
Authors: Baddour Khalil , Kudrick Lauren D. , Neopaney Aakriti , Sabik Lindsay M. , Peddada Shyamal D. , Nilsen Marci L. , Johnson Jonas T. , Ferris Robert L. , Mady Leila J.
Published: April 2020

Background

In the context of COVID‐19, cancer survivors represent a particularly vulnerable population that may be “doubly hit” by both costs of cancer treatment and financial strain imposed by the pandemic.

Methods

We performed a review of the literature pertaining to cancer, financial toxicity, and economic challenges.

Results

Multiple societies have put forth recommendations to modify delivery of cancer care in order to minimize patient exposure to the virus. Cancer survivors, especially patients with head and neck cancer, have been disproportionately affected by rising unemployment levels and economic recessions in the past, both of which are linked to higher cancer mortality. Patients who rely on employer‐provided insurance and do not qualify for Medicaid may lose access to life‐saving treatments.

Conclusions

It is essential to implement interventions and policy changes in order to mitigate the effects of this pandemic but also to ensure this becomes a nonissue during the next one.
Tracheostomy guidelines developed at a large academic medical center during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: David Abel P. , Russell Marika D. , El‐Sayed Ivan H. , Russell Matthew S.
Published: April 2020

Background

During the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic, tracheostomy may be required for COVID‐19 patients requiring long‐term ventilation in addition to other conditions such as airway compromise from head and neck cancer. As an aerosol‐generating procedure, tracheostomy increases the exposure of health care workers to COVID‐19 infection. Performing surgical tracheostomy and tracheostomy care requires a strategy that mitigates these risks and maintains the quality of patient care.

Methods

This study is a multidisciplinary review of institutional tracheostomy guidelines and clinical pathways. Modifications to support clinical decision making in the context of COVID‐19 were derived by consensus and available evidence.

Results

Modified guidelines for all phases of tracheostomy care at an academic tertiary care center in the setting of COVID‐19 are presented.

Discussion

During the various phases of the COVID‐19 pandemic, clinicians must carefully consider the indications, procedural precautions, and postoperative care for tracheostomies. We present guidelines to mitigate risk to health care workers while preserving the quality of care.
The L‐α‐Lysophosphatidylinositol/G Protein–Coupled Receptor 55 System Induces the Development of Nonalcoholic Steatosis and Steatohepatitis
Authors: Fondevila Marcos F. , Fernandez Uxia , Gonzalez‐Rellan Maria J. , Da Silva Lima Natalia , Buque Xabier , Gonzalez‐Rodriguez Agueda , Alonso Cristina , Iruarrizaga‐Lejarreta Marta , Delgado Teresa C. , Varela‐Rey Marta , Senra Ana , Garcia‐Outeiral Vera , Novoa Eva , Iglesias Cristina , Porteiro Begoña , Beiroa Daniel , Folgueira Cintia , Tojo Marta , Torres Jorge L. , Hernández‐Cosido Lourdes , Blanco Óscar , Arab Juan Pablo , Barrera Francisco , Guallar Diana , Fidalgo Miguel , López Miguel , Dieguez Carlos , Marcos Miguel , Martinez‐Chantar Maria L. , Arrese Marco , Garcia‐Monzon Carmelo , Mato Jose M. , Aspichueta Patricia , Nogueiras Ruben
Published: April 2020

Background and Aims

G protein–coupled receptor (GPR) 55 is a putative cannabinoid receptor, and l‐α‐lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) is its only known endogenous ligand. Although GPR55 has been linked to energy homeostasis in different organs, its specific role in lipid metabolism in the liver and its contribution to the pathophysiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains unknown.

Approach and Results

We measured (1) GPR55 expression in the liver of patients with NAFLD compared with individuals without obesity and without liver disease, as well as animal models with steatosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and (2) the effects of LPI and genetic disruption of GPR55 in mice, human hepatocytes, and human hepatic stellate cells. Notably, we found that circulating LPI and liver expression of GPR55 were up‐regulated in patients with NASH. LPI induced adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase activation of acetyl–coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) and increased lipid content in human hepatocytes and in the liver of treated mice by inducing de novo lipogenesis and decreasing β‐oxidation. The inhibition of GPR55 and ACCα blocked the effects of LPI, and the in vivo knockdown of GPR55 was sufficient to improve liver damage in mice fed a high‐fat diet and in mice fed a methionine‐choline–deficient diet. Finally, LPI promoted the initiation of hepatic stellate cell activation by stimulating GPR55 and activation of ACC.

Conclusions

The LPI/GPR55 system plays a role in the development of NAFLD and NASH by activating ACC.
Therapeutic effects of extracellular vesicles from human adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells on chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Jafarinia Morteza , Alsahebfosoul Fereshteh , Salehi Hossein , Eskandari Nahid , Azimzadeh Maryam , Mahmoodi Merat , Asgary Sedigheh , Ganjalikhani Hakemi Mazdak
Published: April 2020

Since in cell therapy, there are always concerns about immune rejection, genetic disability, and malignancies, special attention has been paid to extracellular vesicles (EVs) which are secreted by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In the present study, we assessed and compared the therapeutic effects of human adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADSC) and hADSC‐EVs from adipose tissue on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). After induction of EAE in C57Bl/6 mice, they were treated with hADSCs, hADSC‐EVs, or vehicle intravenously. The clinical score of all mice was recorded every other day. Mice were killed at Day 30 and splenocytes were isolated for proliferation assay and determination of the frequency of Treg cells by flow cytometry. Leukocyte infiltration by hematoxylin and eosin, percentages of demyelination areas by luxol fast blue, and mean fluorescence intensity of oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 (OLIG2) and myelin basic protein (MBP) by immunohistochemistry were assessed in the spinal cord. Our results showed that the maximum mean clinical score and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein‐induced proliferation of splenocytes in hADSC‐ and hADSC‐EV‐treated mice were significantly lower than the control mice (p < .05). We also demonstrated that the frequency of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells was significantly higher in the spleen of hADSC‐treated mice than EAE control mice (p = .023). The inflammation score and the percentages of demyelination areas in hADSC‐ and hADSC‐EV‐treated groups significantly declined compared with the untreated control group (p < .05). We also showed that there was no significant difference in MFI of MBP and OLIG2 in the spinal cord of studied groups. Overall, we suggest that intravenous administration of hADSC‐EVs attenuates the induced EAE through diminishing proliferative potency of T cells, mean clinical score, leukocyte infiltration, and demyelination in a chronic model of multiple sclerosis.
Understanding the personal and community impact of long QT syndrome: A perspective from Gitxsan women
Authors: Huisman Lee‐Anna , Bene Watts Simona , Arbour Laura , McCormick Rod
Published: April 2020

There is a disproportionately high rate of hereditary long QT syndrome (LQTS) in Northern British Columbia First Nations people, largely due to a novel missense variant in KCNQ1 (p.V205M). The variant has been previously described predisposing those affected to syncope, arrhythmia, and sudden death. Although the biological aspects of LQTS have been explored extensively, less research has been done into the impact of living with a genetic variant that predisposes one to sudden death, and no previous studies have provided cultural insights from a First Nations community. The goal of this study was to explore what facilitates and hinders resiliency and coping for those living with LQTS. Participants were invited to partake in their choice of one‐to‐one interviews, Photovoice, and Talking Circles. This paper presents the findings from the interview portion of the study. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed qualitatively using the systematic text condensation method. Ten women shared their personal experiences of living with LQTS through individual interviews. Half of the women had tested positive for the p.V205M variant, and the other half were awaiting results. In general, learning about a LQTS diagnosis was perceived as traumatic, with gradual acceptance that led to coping. The main factors found to facilitate resiliency and coping were positive family relationships, spirituality, and knowledge about LQTS. The main factors found to hinder resiliency and coping were a poor understanding of the biological or clinical aspects of LQTS, conflicting medical advice (especially regarding physical activity) and LQTS not being taken seriously by social contacts and healthcare providers. It appears that learning to live with LQTS is an ongoing process, requiring balance and interconnectedness between all aspects of well‐being.
One‐pot synthesis of 2H‐indazolo[2,1‐b]phthalazine‐triones via nano γ‐Al2O3/BF3/Fe3O4 as an efficient catalyst and theoretical DFT study on them
Authors: Mahmoodi Fard Chegeni Mahnaz , Bamoniri Abdolhamid , Taherpour Avat Arman
Published: April 2020

Experimental and computational studies were carried out for the synthesis of 2H‐indazolo[2,1‐b]phthalazine‐triones using γ‐Al2O3/BF3/Fe3O4 as a nanocatalyst in optimized and solvent‐free conditions. The most significant features of the existing protocol are easy preparation of the catalyst, short reaction times, environmentally benign, and milder reaction conditions. The analysis data were reported using the experimental results of this investigation, such as: H‐NMR, FT‐IR (Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy), X‐ray diffraction, vibrating‐sample magnetometer, Thermal gravimetric analysis (TG‐DTG), nitrogen adsorption isotherm, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Transmission electron microscopy images of nanocatalyst. In this study, 2H‐indazolo[2,1‐b]phthalazine‐triones have also been theoretically investigated using DFT‐B3LYP/6‐31G method. Also, some of the physical chemistry properties have examined for conformers of products, which there was good agreement between the computational results and obtained experimental for the products.
Trouble With the Curve
Authors: Dubinsky Theodore J. , Sonneborn Rachelle
Published: April 2020

Objectives

Poor fetal growth is one of the most important findings on an obstetric ultrasound (US) examination. First‐trimester US is the most accurate means for dating pregnancies; however, dating based on last menstrual period remains the standard for determining gestational age. Discrepancies between menstrual and US dating can lead to the overdiagnosis of in utero growth restriction (IUGR). This article will demonstrate that as long as the fetal growth falls along a curve that parallels normal growth curves, appropriate growth has occurred regardless of the gestational age and weight percentile that has been assigned to the fetus.

Methods

Following Institutional Review Board approval (HSD‐00002969), 860 third‐trimester fetal US examinations were retrospectively evaluated from January 1 through July 1, 2017, to determine whether they had normal growth curves. Outcome data on all cases were obtained from review of the medical records.

Results

Of 216 fetuses (25%) suspected of IUGR based on a weight below the 10th percentile, 6 developed true IUGR: 5 that led to emergent delivery of fetuses weighing less than a 1000 g and 1 in utero fetal demise. The remaining 210 fetuses all had normal outcomes.

Conclusions

As long as the fetal growth falls along a curve that parallels normal growth curves, appropriate growth has occurred regardless of the gestational age and weight percentile that has been assigned to the fetus.
Mapping erosion risk for saline rangelands of the Mancos Shale using the rangeland hydrology erosion model
Authors: McGwire Kenneth C. , Weltz Mark A. , Nouwakpo Sayjro , Spaeth Ken , Founds Michael , Cadaret Erik
Published: April 2020

This research used the rangeland hydrology and erosion model (RHEM) to map erosion risks affecting water quality of the Colorado River that originate on the Mancos Shale formation in Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. The Mancos Shale is a significant source of salinity to the river, and a portion of that salt load derives from erosion of rangeland soils. Here we demonstrate that the hillslope‐scale RHEM model can effectively characterize erosion risk across this large, discontinuous region. Inputs to RHEM included digital elevation data, maps of soil properties, the LANDFIRE vegetation map, Landsat and MODIS satellite imagery, field data from the Rangeland National Resource Inventory program of the US Natural Resources Conservation Service, and rainfall data from Atlas 14 of the U.S. National Atmospheric and Oceanographic Administration. RHEM predicted sediment yield at a 30‐m spatial resolution for storms with 30‐ and 60‐min durations whose intensities corresponded to 10‐ and 25‐year return frequencies. Results corresponded reasonably with prior field experiments that used the Walnut Gulch Rainfall Simulator (WGRS), with a Spearman's rank‐order correlation of .76 for cumulative sediment yield after 20 min of rainfall. Issues of input map accuracy were identified for rainfall intensity and estimates for sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of soils. Correction of erroneous SAR at WGRS sites in one location improved rank‐order correlation to .93, indicating very good model performance where map inputs are accurate. The high‐resolution map of erosion risk developed from RHEM can help to prioritize specific areas for more intensive study and action.
Fractional Co2 Laser Treatment of the Vulva and Vagina and the Effect of Postmenopausal Duration on Efficacy
Authors: Alexiades Macrene R.
Published: April 2020

Background and Objectives

More studies are needed to assess the long‐term safety profile and clinical outcomes of lasers and energy‐based devices to treat the symptoms associated with vulvovaginal atrophy. This study evaluated a series of three fractional CO2 laser treatments to the vulva and vagina with a 1‐year follow‐up in a postmenopausal population.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

In this prospective, self‐controlled, open‐label clinical study, 18 postmenopausal females with atrophic vaginitis received 3 monthly treatments to the vulva and vagina with a fractional CO2 laser system and 1‐, 3‐, 6‐, and 12‐month follow‐up. Investigators used the Vaginal Health Index (VHI) to assess changes in vaginal elasticity, fluid volume, vaginal pH, epithelial integrity, and moisture. Sexual function at each timepoint was subject‐reported, using the validated Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI).

Results

Treatment of the vulva and vagina in postmenopausal women with fractional CO2 laser resurfacing resulted in statistically significant improvements as compared with baseline at all post‐treatment and follow‐up intervals to 12 months in VHI and FSFI (P ≤ 0.003 and P ≤ 0.03, respectively). Mean total VHI score increased from a baseline of 11.8–22.8 (93.2% improved) at 6‐month follow‐up (P = 0.0002) slightly decreasing to 21.4 (81.4% improved) at 12‐month follow‐up post‐treatment (P = 0.0003). Mean FSFI Scores increased from a baseline of 17.9–26.3 (46.9% improvement) at 12‐month follow‐up post‐treatment (P ≤ 0.0048). Cohort analysis revealed restoration of normal or near‐normal (23–25) VHI following laser treatment in the recently menopausal (1–3 years) greatly exceeded that of the >3 years postmenopausal population and the difference was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05). Normal/near‐normal VHI at 3‐, 6‐, and 12‐month post‐treatment was 88%, 88%, and 63% in the recently postmenopausal cohort, as compared with 30%, 40%, and 10% of the >3 years postmenopausal group (P ≤ 0.05). Patient satisfaction following treatment was rated as high at 94% at 12‐month follow‐up. Safety findings demonstrated no‐to‐slight discomfort in the majority of subjects and transient erythema and edema, with no adverse events associated with treatment.

Conclusion

Fractional CO2 laser treatment of the vulva and vagina resulted in statistically significant improvements in VHI and FSFI compared with baseline in postmenopausal population that were sustained to 12‐month follow‐up. Restoration of normal VHI was observed in a statistically significant greater percentage in the recently postmenopausal cohort (1–3 years) as compared with postmenopausal cohort of >3 years, suggesting that early intervention is correlated with improved outcomes. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Distinctive Optical Properties of Hierarchically Ordered Nanostructures Self‐Assembled from Multiblock Copolymer/Nanoparticle Mixtures
Authors: Liu Zaojin , Xu Zhanwen , Wang Liquan , Lin Jiaping
Published: April 2020

Hybrid materials with hierarchical nanostructures are of great interest for their advanced functions. However, the effect of the formation of hierarchical nanostructures on properties is not well understood. Here, through combining dissipative particle dynamics simulation and the finite‐difference time‐domain method, the optical properties of hierarchically ordered nanostructures formed by mixtures of A(BC)n multiblock copolymers and nanoparticles (NPs) are investigated. A series of hierarchically ordered nanostructures with multiple small‐length‐scale hybrid domains are obtained from the self‐assembly of A(BC)n/NP. An increase and blueshift in optical absorption are observed when the number of small‐length‐scale hybrid domains increases. The small‐length‐scale hybrid domains enhance light scattering, which consequently contributes to the improved optical performance. These findings can yield guidelines for designing hierarchically ordered functional nanocomposites with light‐harvesting characteristics.
Upheaval in mental health court could signal broader county reform
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: April 2020

The departure of the Multnomah County, Oregon, mental health court's entire staff of court monitors after an investigation into worker misconduct stands as the latest development in a broader examination of operations in the county's Mental Health and Addiction Services Division. Given a long history of upheaval within the county government's behavioral health agency, it remains open to speculation as to whether this most recent event will help generate lasting reform of the county's mental health service system.