bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ADVANCES IN APPLICATION OF SILICON CARBIDE FOR HIGH POWER
ELECTRONICS
Authors: DeBlanc Brian , Friedrich Jens , Leslie Edward , Peschke Kay
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper reviews advances in application of Silicon Carbide power switch
packages as applied to a high power DC/DC Converter prototype. Test data from
ongoing testing is presented. In addition the reasons for the ongoing desire to
replace silicon in high power electronics devices, and the commercial status of
Silicon Carbide devices are briefly presented. SiC power density and efficiency
is briefly compared with comparable silicon systems for present-day switch
devices.
GROUND VEHICLE SAFETY OPTIMIZATION CONSIDERING BLASTWORTHINESS AND
THE RISKS OF HIGH WEIGHT AND FUEL CONSUMPTION
Authors: Hoffenson Steven , Kokkolaras Michael , Papalambros Panos , Arepally Sudhakar
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Occupant safety is a top priority of military vehicle designers. Recent trends
have shifted safety emphasis from the threats of ballistics and missiles toward
those of underbody explosives. For example, the MRAP vehicle is increasingly
replacing the HMMWV, but it is much heavier and consumes twice as much fuel as
its predecessor. Recent reports have shown that fuel consumption directly
impacts personnel safety; a significant percentage of fuel convoys that supply
current field operations experience casualties en route. While heavier vehicles
tend to fare better for safety in blast situations, they contribute to
casualties elsewhere by requiring more fuel convoys. This study develops an
optimization framework that uses physics-based simulations of vehicle blast
events and empirical fuel consumption data to calculate and minimize combined
total expected injuries from blast events and fuel convoys. Results are
presented by means of two parametric studies, and the utility of the framework
is discussed in a dynamic context and for evaluating casualty-reduction
strategies.
OBSTACLE-BASED ROUTE PLANNING FOR A STEERING CONSTRAINED AUTONOMOUS
VEHICLE
Authors: Rowe Steve , Jacobus Charles , Haanpaa Douglas
Published: November 2024

Abstract:

The Team Cybernet vehicle for the 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge1 incorporated a route planning approach
that uses sensed obstacles in the environment as the basis for potential turn
placement prior to performing path search. The path search is confined to
finding a set of straight-line tangents that connect circles of maximum
curvature that are constructed adjacent to sensed obstacles. This approach is
substantially different from traditional approaches in that the complexity of
the search space is not based on the length of the path, but rather on the
number of obstacles in the field. For sparse obstacle fields, this approach
allows for very fast plan generation and results in paths that are guaranteed by
construction to not violate steering constraints.
THE CHALLENGES OF COMPARING PROPULSION COOLING CFD STUDIES TO TEST
CHAMBER AND ON-ROAD PERFORMANCE
Authors: Shurin Scott , Korivi Vamshi M.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The thermal test chambers available at TARDEC for validation and development
testing are different in terms of capability, size, and flow setup. The effects
of the chamber setup on propulsion cooling airflow and the challenges of using
thermal chamber tests to correlate CFD results and predict off-road performance
will be discussed. Numerical simulation and test results for both a tracked
combat vehicle tested in a large test cell and a wheeled MRAP vehicle tested in
a smaller test cell will be presented. Numerical simulation results for these
two different vehicles in on-road type of scenario and test chamber scenario at
full-load cooling will be compared and contrasted. Results from CFD simulation
with test cell set-up will be compared with actual physical testing in the test
chamber. Procedures used for the propulsion cooling CFD simulation, best
practices, limitations, and recommended procedure will be presented in
detail.
TESTING OF NANOPHOSPHATE™ PRISMATIC BATTERY CELLS IN THE
XM1124 HYBRID ELECTRIC HMMWV
Authors: Marcel Mike , Knakal Tony , Stifflemire Terry , Lock Bob
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The XM1124 HE HMMWV has the potential for providing this capability on the
battlefield. The XM1124 is a TARDEC funded program that converts a standard
HMMWV into a series, HE HMMWV. Over the past 5 years, this vehicle has been in
the hands of the warfighter and has undergone a significant amount of testing
and a number of upgrades. In a joint effort between TARDEC, DRS, and A123
Systems, the vehicle is being upgraded using A123 Nanophosphate™
prismatic cells to provide additional energy storage. This technology shows the
potential for providing the energy and power needed for a ruggedized Military
Application, while providing a safe, efficient means of energy storage and
transfer that can be used in this extremely challenging environment.
IMPROVED ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND EFFICIENCY UTILIZING A
SUPERTURBOCHARGER
Authors: VanDyne Ed , Waldron Thomas
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

VanDyne SuperTurbo Inc. has recently completed Phase I of an Army SBIR project
entitled “Diesel Waste Heat Recovery Utilizing a
SuperTurbocharger”. The project focused on modeling a SuperTurbocharger
for a specific Army application and evaluating the potential benefits from a
single device capable of supercharging, turbocharging and turbocompounding. The
modeling effort resulted in predicted efficiency gains from both air flow
management and mechanical waste heat recovery. Additionally, the modeling
program revealed additional engine power available that was inaccessible with
the engine’s current turbocharged configuration. This paper will cover
the fundamentals of the technology, the Phase I engine modeling results and the
path forward for the Phase II prototype testing project.
System Integration Lessons Learned: Results of Soldier Testing Trials
on Integrated Survivability Demonstrator Vehicle
Authors: Siddapureddy Venu , Fountain Nathan , Sanders David , Budzik Stacy
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Advanced Survivability Systems will be fully utilized by the Soldiers in the
battlefield when the spatial, power and data integration issues are effectively
managed during the vehicle integration process. Challenges faced during the
integration process range from the packaging of oversized legacy equipment to
the environmental requirements of advanced sensory systems. This paper discusses
such integration efforts and the lessons accumulated during this resource
intensive process. The utility of this complex integrated system was tested and
validated by the Soldiers recently returning from the theater. Some surprising
aspects of the testing resulted in questioning our traditional view of
information presentation to the Soldier.
SCALABLE POWER-COMPONENT MODELS FOR CONCEPT TESTING
Authors: Mazzola Michael S. , Molen G. Marshall , Phillips Stephen , Young Matthew , Billberry Charles , Card Angela , Gafford James , Kramer Denise , Pozolo Michael
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper describes next generation modeling tools to solve a basic problem of
concept analysis, which is the lack of component models that realistically
estimate the performance of technology that has yet to be fully reduced to
specific products. Three important classes of electric power components
essential to future Army vehicles are addressed: integrated electric machines,
battery energy storage, and traction motor drives. Behavior models are delivered
in a common software simulation “wrapper” with a limited number
of user settings that allow the ratings of the component to be scaled to the
performance required by the vehicle concept represented in a larger simulation.
This approach captures expert knowledge about components so the systems engineer
managing the concept analysis can create reliable simulations quickly.
NEW FINITE ELEMENT / MULTIBODY SYSTEM ALGORITHM FOR MODELING FLEXIBLE
TRACKED VEHICLES
Authors: Jayakumar Paramsothy , Contreras Ulysses , Letherwood Mike D. , Hamed Ashraf M. , Mohamed Abdel-Nasser A. , Shabana Ahmed A.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The dynamic simulation of multibody tracked vehicles offers engineers a powerful
tool with which they may analyze and design. Currently, parts of these complex
mechanisms are introduced to multibody algorithms as rigid bodies. Then in a
follow-on structural analysis, the loads from the multibody dynamic simulation
are input to calculate strains and stresses within the bodies. The present
investigation aims to establish appropriate means by which flexible
three-dimensional track links, which allow large relative rotation between the
elements, can be modeled. This will pave the way towards the incorporation of
detailed flexible structural models into a multibody dynamic simulation
environment allowing for an integrated solution. In addition, a new formulation
for the interaction between the rigid sprocket teeth and flexible chain is
presented. Numerical results are introduced to illustrate the effects of
flexible links on the dynamics of tracked vehicles.
IMPLEMENTATION OF ACTIVE STEERING ON A MULTIPLE TRAILER LONG
COMBINATION VEHICLE
Authors: Cebon David , Roebuck Richard , Odhams Andrew
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

In order to introduce longer heavy vehicles with multiple articulation joints
between vehicle units into the UK and other European countries, rear steering of
the trailing vehicle units is required to allow for sufficient manoeuvrability.
An extensive program of research has been undertaken into trailer steering
technologies in recent years. Such systems can enable significantly longer heavy
vehicles to negotiate narrow roads. It is thought that this same technology
could be used in military supply operations.

Possible benefits of using multiple-trailer ‘long combination’
vehicles in military supply include:

(i)

Fewer vehicles are needed to perform the same supply tasks.
This means fewer drivers and consequently less exposure to
threats, as well as improved productivity of each driver and
vehicle.

(ii)

Longer vehicles can have 20% to 30% lower fuel consumption
for a given freight task than conventional vehicles, depending
on the configuration.

Application of controlled steering on trailer axles provides further benefits.
These include:

(i)

Improved low-speed manoeuvrability gives better access to
confined locations.

(ii)

Eliminating tire scrubbing in sharp corners significantly
reduces tire wear.

(iii)

By steering the axles at high speeds, it is possible to
improved high-speed stability and reduce the risk of rollover:
giving safer vehicles that are more tolerant to inexperienced
drivers.

This paper details the development and testing of trailer steering controllers
for forward and reverse travel of a double trailer vehicle. Practical
implementation of the controllers on the Cambridge Vehicle Dynamics
Consortium’s Long Combination Vehicle (LCV) is outlined, and test
results of the system’s low speed forward and reversing performance are
shown.
DEVELOPING SUCCESSFUL LEADERSHIP COMPETENCY MODELS
Authors: Margolis Terry
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Through the process of developing and employing a leadership competency model, an
organization defines its unique gold standard of performance. Too often
organizations benchmark what others are implementing or what trade publications
are advocating as the best approach to building the best leader. But the playing
field of leadership development literature is overloaded with best practices,
golden eggs and miracle cures. So what makes a good leader? What behaviors,
attributes or skills can be sought out in the hiring process or developed in
existing leaders? Is there a model that results in high leadership output that
can be implemented across organizations? The purpose of this paper is to
describe a process rather than a model. The process of creating a customized
leadership competency model and the critical success factors innate in this
process will be outlined. The paper advocates the leadership model must be very
specific and unique to each organization, based on its culture and strategic
direction.
Reduced-Order Modeling Method for Fatigue Life Predictions of Hybrid
Electric Vehicle Batteries
Authors: Hong Sung-Kwon , Epureanu Bogdan I. , Castanier Matthew P.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The goal of this work is to develop an efficient numerical modeling method for
the structural dynamic response of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) batteries in
order to support fatigue life predictions. The dynamics of HEV battery packs are
known to feature very high modal density in many frequency bands. The high modal
density combined with small, random structural variations among the cells (which
are unavoidable in practice) can lead to drastic changes in the structural
dynamics. Therefore, it may be important to perform probabilistic simulations of
the structural dynamic response with cell-to-cell parameter variations in order
to accurately predict the fatigue life of a battery pack. However, the
computational time for obtaining forced response results for just a single
sample of parameter variations with a finite element model can be on the order
of a day. One approach to overcome this challenge is to generate parametric
reduced-order models (PROMs). The novel approach is based on two key
assumptions. First, it is assumed that the mode shapes of a battery pack (with
parametric variations in the cells) can be represented by a linear combination
of the mode shapes of the nominal system (with identical cells). Second, it is
assumed that the frame holding each cell has vibratory motion. PROMs are
validated numerically with full-order finite element models by comparing forced
response predictions. The new PROMs are able to predict the dynamics of battery
packs 1,000 to 10,000 times faster than full-order finite element models while
maintaining accuracy. For the few initial cases considered, small cell-to-cell
parameter variations are found to lead to an increase of up to 60% in the
vibration amplitude of a battery cell, which could have a significant impact on
fatigue life.
PERFORMANCE RESULTS FOR A UNIVERSAL LITHIUM ION BATTERY MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
Authors: Pilvelait Bruce , Rentel Carlos H. , Finger William , Ruckman Larry , Fogg David , Plett Gregory L. , Marcel Mike
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The advantages of lithium-based batteries over lead acid batteries have created
great interest in developing safe and cost effective drop-in replacements. To
achieve the required cost effectiveness and safety of the battery, Battery
Management Systems (BMS) are critical to avoid over-charging, over-discharging,
and continuously and accurately determining the State of Charge (SOC), State of
Health (SOH), and State of Life (SOL) of the battery. In a program funded
through a U.S. Army–TARDEC SBIR, the authors developed and tested a
military-grade BMS that includes: (1) a Kalman Filter-based SOC estimation
algorithm with better than 5% accuracy; (2) continuous cell monitoring to avoid
over-charging or over-discharging; (3) active and passive cell balancing; (4) an
innovative, low cost, and high-accuracy current sensing method; and (5)
vehicle-level communication capability. Our BMS uses a modular, universal
architecture that supports any lithium-based chemistry, pack size, or
configuration. This is particularly important when multiple packs are series
connected to achieve high voltage. This paper presents our design approach, test
data which validate performance expectations, and our plans for integrating this
BMS with an emerging class of 6T format batteries for U.S. Army tactical vehicle
starting and Silent Watch energy storage needs.
DEVELOPMENT OF LABORATORY TESTING APPARATUS AND FATIGUE ANALYSIS FOR
TRACKED VEHICLE RUBBER BACKER PADS
Authors: Kujawski Daniel , DiStefano Daren , Bradford William
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The first part of this paper will outline the conception of the testing apparatus
(Figure 1), along with its operation
and preliminary results. The second part of the paper will discuss a new
methodology used to correlate the dependence of crack growth rate for strain
crystallizing natural rubbers in terms of tearing energy. The tearing energy
which depends on the type of elastomer, geometry and stress strain behavior of a
particular specimen demonstrates a direct correlation with the crack growth rate
at different R-ratios (= min tearing energy/max tearing energy).
Figure 1

Schematic of the testing apparatus
New DFR Method Captures All Critical Failure Modes into FMEA in Half the Time (more time to focus on recommended actions and verification testing)
Authors: Cooper Howard C , Tananko Dmitry , Shutek J. Gordon
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Situation: There are many advantages during development of a design
that come from doing Design Failure Mode Effects Analysis (DFMEA). These
advantages include more reliable, safer, self-diagnosing, designs with higher
Availability. Strictly from a Design for Reliability (DFR) viewpoint, DFMEA is
the key tool to; a. identify and prioritize most critical potential Failure
Modes (FMs) of the design, before design development, b. Document critical FM
effects and root causes, and c. facilitate corrective actions and DVP&R
planning, and d. form a reliability model which can be used to track reliability
over the life of the design.

Problem: Since even small and simple designs often have a few
hundred potential failure modes, preparing a good DFMEA is always a problem of
Effectiveness vs., Efficiency. Traditionally it has been very hard to achieve
Effectiveness when limited time, money and resources are available and the push
for Efficiency, speed or deadlines, causes critical FMs to be missed all
together. Likewise, Efficiency is hard to achieve due to the large number of
potential FMs for each Subsystem. DFMEA preparation time can easily consumes 50
– 80 hours, or more, for both Reliability and for Design Engineers.

Solution Method & Tool: This paper presents for the first time,
the “Function-to-Hardware Decomposition Table”, a simple method
for systematically capturing all potential failure modes into an FMEA. It
establishes confidence that failure modes are not being missed or overlooked in
the FMEA. One can also use of the Function-to-Hardware Decomposition Table
(FH-Decomp) to prioritize all subsystem (hardware) functions, further improving
confidence of a trustworthy FMEA methodology and places focus on critical
failure mode root causes and mitigating actions, to improve reliability.
Presented are two forms of the FH-Decomp Table and how to use them to achieve
the above three benefits to DFR and to DFMEA preparation activities.
APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION READINESS LEVEL IN ASSESSING TECHNOLOGY
INTEGRATION RISKS IN A DOD ACQUISITION PROGRAM
Authors: Tzau Jerome
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Integration risk differentiates from other program risk in that it always
involves interfaces between various systems or subsystems. The level of
integration required is different depending on the phase of the Acquisition Life
Cycle (i.e. Materiel Solution Analysis Phase, Technology Development Phase,
Engineering and Manufacturing Development Phase, Production and Deployment Phase
and Operation and Support Phase).

This paper focuses on the process used to assess the integration risks of
integrating various technologies or subsystems into a vehicle platform. The
process presented provides a step by step instruction on how to perform an
integration risk assessment.

A new Integration Readiness Level (IRL) rating system has been developed by the
TARDEC System Engineering and Integration Group to help acquisition vehicle
programs as well as science and technology teams to evaluate the health of their
technology or subsystem integration into their vehicles. The rating system is
applicable to all phases of the program life cycle. Some of the key
processes/tools for integration referenced in the IRL Table are discussed to
better understand how the integration assessment can be performed.
A FAULT-TOLERANT HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE POWERTRAIN
Authors: Song Yantao , Wang Bingsen
Published: November 2024

Abstract

This paper presents a fault-tolerant powertrain topology for series hybrid
electric vehicles (SHEVs). The introduction of a redundant phase leg that is
shared by three converters in a standard SHEV drive system allows to maximize
the reliability improvement with minimal part-count increase. The new topology
features fast response in fault detection and isolation, and post-fault
operation at rated power throughput. The operating principle, control strategy,
and fault diagnostic methods are elaborated. The substantially improved
reliability over the standard topology is verified by the Markov reliability
model. Time-domain simulation based on a Saber model has been conducted and the
results have verified the feasibility and performance of the proposed SHEV drive
system with fault-tolerant capability. The experimental results from a prototype
have further validated the robust fault detection scheme and excellent
post-fault performance.
STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING OF COMPOSITE ARMOR PANELS USING EMBEDDED
ULTRASONIC GUIDED WAVE SENSOR ARRAYS
Authors: Borigo Cody J. , Bostron Jason , Rose Joseph L. , Owens Steven E. , Reynolds Thomas P. , Meitzler Thomas J.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

FBS Inc. is working with the TARDEC Electrified Armor Lab to develop a
nondestructive structural health monitoring technology for composite armor
panels that utilizes an array of embedded ultrasonic sensors for guided wave
tomographic imaging. This technology would allow for periodic or real-time
monitoring of armor integrity while being minimally intrusive and adding
negligible weight. The technology is currently being developed and tested in
pseudo composite armor panels and efforts are focused on reducing sensor array
density, improving sensor integration procedures, and maximizing system
sensitivity to damage. In addition to experimental testing and development, FBS
is developing a highly-automated finite element model generation and analysis
program to be used in conjunction with Abaqus/Explicit commercial finite element
software. This program is specifically dedicated to modeling guided wave
propagation in pseudo composite armor panels between embedded ultrasonic
sensors. This software will allow TARDEC personnel to further investigate a wide
array of sensor configurations and sensor densities and to evaluate the
sensitivity of various feature extraction and tomography algorithms to damage of
varying form and severity.
SOIL-MACHINE INTERACTION: SIMULATION AND TESTING
Authors: Alsaleh Mustafa
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Researchers at Caterpillar have been using Finite Element Analysis or Method (FEA
or FEM), Mesh Free Models (MFM) and Discrete Element Models (DEM) extensively to
model different earthmoving operations. Multi-body dynamics models using both
flexible and rigid body have been used to model the machine dynamics. The proper
soil and machine models along with the operator model can be coupled to
numerically model an earthmoving operation. The soil – machine
interaction phenomenon has been a challenging matter for many researchers.
Different approaches, such as FEA, MFM and DEM are available nowadays to model
the dynamic soil behavior; each of these approaches has its own limitations and
applications. To apply FEA, MFM or DEM for analyzing earthmoving operations the
model must reproduce the mechanical behavior of the granular material. In
practice this macro level mechanical behavior is not achieved by modeling the
exact physics of the microfabric structure but rather by approximating the
macrophysics; that is using continuum mechanics or/and micromechanics, which
uses length scales, that are larger than the physical grain size. Different
numerical approaches developed by Caterpillar Inc. researchers will be presented
and discussed.
EVALUATION OF JP-8 SURROGATE UNDER SPRAY DIESEL CONDITIONS USING
DETAILED CHEMICAL KINETIC MODELS
Authors: Cung Khanh D. , Johnson Jaclyn E. , Zhang Anqi , Naber Jeffrey D. , Lee Seong-Young
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Single-Fuel Concept (SFC) describes the desire to operate diesel engines using
JP-8 as the only fuel in the US military due to mostly logistic reasons.
However, there is a lack of a fundamental database on the combustion
characteristics of JP-8 compared to those studies that have been done for diesel
combustion. In this current study, several kinetic models are used to look into
flame properties including ignition behavior, fuel properties including
evaporation characteristics, and species evolution such as soot precursor,
acetylene. Several surrogates for JP-8 fuel including tetradecane, n-dodecane
and a mixture of 77 vol-% n-dodecane and 23 vol-% m-xylene are selected in the
model using a detailed chemical kinetic mechanism with 330 species and 1957
reactions. Included in the model are growth mechanisms of Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbon (PAH), which are known to be important for soot formation. Studies
are performed to describe the fundamental combustion characteristics of JP-8
surrogates under spray diesel conditions. Numerical models used include closed
reactor simulation, Two-Stage Lagrangian (TSL) model, and Computational Fluid
Dynamics (CFD) simulation. Simulation conditions include temperatures range of
1000-1400 K and injection pressures of 1100 bar, and ambient density of 14.8
kg/m3. Experiment was performed with limited number of runs to
compare with the result from simulation. Vapor penetration from CFD simulation
currently under predicts the values from experiments.
ROUTE PLANNING FOR AUTONOMOUS UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLE OPERATIONS IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Durst Phillip J. , Goodin Christopher , Song Peilin , Du Thien K.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Route planning plays an integral role in mission planning for ground vehicle
operations in urban areas. Determining the optimum path through an urban area is
a well understood problem for traditional ground vehicles; however, in the case
of autonomous unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs), additional factors must be
considered. For a UGV, perception, rather than mobility, will be the limiting
factor in determining operational areas. Current ground vehicle route planning
techniques do not take perception concerns into account, and these techniques
are not suited for route planning for UGVs. For this study, perception was
incorporated into the route planning process by including expected sensor
accuracy for GPS, LIDAR, and inertial sensors into the path planning algorithm.
The path planner also accounts for additional factors related to UGV performance
capabilities that affect autonomous navigation.
RISK LEADING INDICATORS FOR DOD ACQUISITION PROGRAMS
Authors: Witus Gary , Bryzik Walter , Umpfenbach Edward , Addis Rebecca , Tzau Jerome , Rizk Kadry
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

What does “exposure to risk” mean? How can acquisition programs
get early warning of risk exposure? How is risk exposure related to the root
causes and causal mechanisms of adverse program outcomes? How does risk early
warning inform risk management? How is risk exposure related to the tradeoffs
made between risk versus potential rewards? What technical and management
contract data reporting requirements provide evidence of risk exposure, and how
can risk leading indicators be computed? How can standard technical and
management contract data reporting requirements be used to improve visibility
into risk exposure? How can the magnitude of risk exposure be estimated? How
does risk early warning complement traditional technical, cost and schedule risk
assessment? How do risk early warning methods relate to typical proposal
requirements and evaluation criteria? How are risk leading indicators related to
system development leading indicators? How can risk early warning methods be
verified and validated?
A Comparative Analysis of Aviation and Ground Vehicle Software
Development Standards
Authors: Crots Kevin , Skentzos Paul , Bartz Dan
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The integration of software into transportation systems is growing and requires
the adoption of safety standards and software development systems. There are
several different safety standards that could be applied based on the specific
category of use. The basic methodologies used in these standards can be applied
to any transportation system including Ground Based systems. This paper
evaluates two different safety development standards and provides a high level
comparison between a well-used standard for aviation and a more recent standard
for automotive that can be applied to other transportations systems with no
available standards.
The Business Case for Model-Based Software Development
Authors: Lannan Ron
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Use of Model-Based Design (MBD) processes for embedded controls software
Development has been purported for nearly the last decade to result in cost,
quality, and delivery improvements. Initially the business case for MBD was
rather vague and qualitative in nature, but more data is now becoming available
to support the premise for this development methodology. Many times the
implementation of MBD in an organization is bundled with other software process
improvements such as CMMI or industry safety standards compliance, so trying to
unbundle the contributions from MBD has been problematic. This paper addresses
the dominant factors for MBD cost savings and the business benefits that have
been realized by companies in various industries engaged in MBD development. It
also summarizes some key management best practices and success factors that have
helped organizations achieve success in MBD deployment.
SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS FOR MAN-TRANSPORTABLE UNMANNED
VEHICLES
Authors: Westrich Thomas
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The military has a need to source propulsion systems that have enhanced
efficiencies, lower noise signatures, and improved lifetimes over existing power
systems. This is true for energy storage systems on unmanned ground vehicles and
for manned vehicles (i.e., Auxiliary Power Units). Fuel cells have the promise
to achieve all of these goals. However, to be truly effective, these advanced
systems should integrate seamlessly with the current supplies of energy storage
(batteries) and energy sources (logistics fuel). The largest fuel cell
development hurdle to date has been the ability to handle sulfur concentrations
present in logistics fuel. Secondly, the reformer must be capable of several
thousands of hours of operation utilizing logistics fuels without loss of
performance due to sulfur or carbon deposition. Advancements in several key
technologies have the potential to allow development of a logistics fueled solid
oxide fuel cell with similar size, weight, and power Advancements in the areas
of liquid sulfur-removal, sulfur trap regeneration systems, and reformate
purification may all contribute to the development of a logistics-fueled 250W
solid oxide fuel cell system. This paper will outline the development of
logistics-fueled fuel cell systems for advanced propulsion, specifically
focusing on man-transportable robotic systems and the technical barriers and
innovations which could allow for the development of deployable solid oxide fuel
cell systems.
LABORATORY EXPLOSIVE TESTING AT SMALL SCALE
Authors: Taylor Leslie C. , Fourney William E. , Leiste H. Ulrich
Published: November 2024

Small scale testing has proved very useful in exploring the details of buried
charge target loading mechanisms. If the target is of reasonable size relative
to the charge, the target is loaded in two steps or phases. It has been possible
to gain insight into the density distribution in the soil cap that provides the
first phase of the target loading. This is expected to be quite useful in
validating computational models of the loading. The actual load on a target by
the explosion of a buried charge has a significant non-deterministic element.
Small scale testing enables one to run enough nominally identical tests to
develop sound estimates of the nondeterministic part of the target loading. It
appears that both the mean and the standard deviation of this loading are
scalable to other charge sizes.
IMITATIVE ROBOTIC CONTROL: THE PUPPET MASTER
Authors: Rusbarsky David , Gray Jeremy P. , Grebinoski Jim , Mor Andrew B.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Automated systems can have a hard time completing complex tasks in a timely
manner. When controlling a robot outside of autonomous mode, a good control
device needs to give the user full control of the system while enabling the
mission to be completed in a quick, accurate and efficient manner. This paper
outlines the potential features of a puppet style control device and the lessons
learned while implementing such a device.
The Value of Anti-Idle and Start/Stop Technology to Military
Vehicles
Authors: Marcel Mike , Cook Chris , Cook Thomas , Schroeder Rich
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The 2015 defense budget, announced in March, 2014 was requested to be $496
Billion, which is down from $553 Billion three years ago [1]. This means that existing equipment, which has
been trained on for numerous years, and fought two major wars, will be required
to last longer and be maintained at a high state of readiness for years to come.
In addition to acquisition and maintenance costs, fuel that propels these
vehicles continues to also be at a premium. According to Forbes magazine, the US
Department of Defense is the single-largest consumer of fuel in the world [2]. With fuel costs as volatile as ever, and
an aging military fleet, researchers need to bring technology to the table that
extends the life cycle of our vehicles and reduces the US DoD’s
dependence on fuel.

Technology that addresses both life cycle cost and fuel savings of commercial
vehicles has been used for almost 40 years. This technology is a game changer
for specialty vehicles such as police cars, ambulances, utility vehicles,
delivery trucks and Semi-trailers. This technology, often described as
“anti-idle” or “start/stop” technology is also
currently being applied to passenger vehicles. The technology is typically a
small embedded computing device that runs a “rules based” fuel
saving anti-idle and charge control algorithm that is designed to turn the
engine off when it is not needed.

Anti-idle technology has been widely adopted in commercial vehicles and has the
potential for having a large impact on new and legacy military vehicles.
Lithiumstart has developed an advanced fuel saving algorithm which dynamically
manages the vehicle’s engine and electrical systems and can be
implemented in a wide variety of military and commercial platforms. The hardware
developed in a phase I SBIR program is implemented easily without changing how
the soldier operates the vehicle or reducing mission readiness. Using a variety
of innovative approaches, this functionality can be obtained quickly and cheaply
using an adapted COTS bolt on embedded controller. This paper describes the
commercial adoption of anti-idle technology and how it is ready to take the next
step on the US military vehicle fleet.
SUBSCRIBER CONDITIONAL ACCESS SOLUTION FOR DYNAMIC IN-FIELD PKI
AUTHENTICATION
Authors: Jedynak David
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper will lay out the critical challenges of in-field Public Key
Infrastructure (PKI), namely Integrity, Availability, and Confidentiality, and
will assess multiple conceptual solutions against them. The history and
mechanisms of Subscriber Conditional Access will be detailed to provide
understanding of this technology. Mapping of PKI data into a Subscriber
Conditional Access system will be provided, showing a solution which meets all
challenges. Analysis of organizational hierarchies, dynamic control latency, and
required data bandwidths will be provided. Finally, a reference architecture
showing how to implement a Subscriber Conditional Access system for Dynamic
In-field PKI Authentication will be provided.
THE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING THREAD: FROM CDD TO
TRANSITION
Authors: Ratajczak Gregor A. , MacFadyen Keith
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This presentation shows the process a team should use to initiate a design
project based on the needs of the customer. The VRS project supports the future
integration and development needs of four combat platforms (Abrams, AMPV,
Bradley, and Stryker) and TARDEC’s PM CVP. For this presentation, and to
simplify the explanation, the TRADOC developed capability for Silent Watch is
used to demonstrate the processes of analyzing Capability Description Documents
(CDD), creating and deriving good requirements, allocating them to specific
functions and activities, describing those activities to the lowest level,
designing, building, and eventually testing.
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF ACTIVE CHASSIS SYSTEMS FOR MILITARY VEHICLE
APPLICATIONS
Authors: Schmitt Peter , Makowski Michael , Seifeldin Ra’ed
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Future wheeled and tracked military vehicles will be equipped with multiple
active chassis control systems, as systems currently in widespread use on
passenger and commercial vehicles such as brake-based electronic stability
control are implemented on military vehicles. It is essential that these systems
work in an integrated fashion to avoid negative interactions between systems.
The approach currently used to achieve integrated control in the passenger and
commercial vehicle segments requires extensive tuning and development of the
individual systems through cooperative efforts of the vehicle and active chassis
system manufacturers, an approach that would generally not be feasible in the
military vehicle segment. This paper presents a simple approach for achieving
integrated control of multiple active chassis systems that is tailored to the
unique commercial and developmental challenges faced by military vehicles.
INLINE STARTER GENERATORS (ISG) AND IMPROVED MOTOR COMPONENTS FOR
ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY AND HYBRID DRIVES IN VEHICLES
Authors: Johnson S. Arnie , Larson Jody , Ehrhart Peter , Steffen Jens
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper highlights a range of available Integrated Starter Generator (ISG) and
power-electronic controller designs for power generation and hybrid vehicle
applications ranging from 35 – 160kW. It addresses the potential for
improved integrated system efficiency over traditional alternator-based system
solutions.

Robustness of ISG-based systems is evaluated in the paper, particularly when
integrated into military vehicles and placed in demanding environments. A range
of product realizations is presented, from low-cost solutions intended for
higher volume production, to high performance solutions employing state of the
art technology. Experience in transitioning from high performance to
production-ready realizations is included in support of this evaluation. ISG
generators range up to 160 kW also providing considerable power at idling speed,
and crank start capability at low voltage and low temperatures. Their slim
design allows for flexible mounting conditions. A family of electronic inverters
and converters supplies various output voltage levels at DC and AC phase
conditions. The modular approach offers the combination to systems according to
various customers’ requirements. An integrated device incorporating the
low and high voltage DC and AC output in a common box is also available.

The components were developed to meet harsh military requirements. More than 50
systems have successfully completed customer evaluation procedures representing
over 350,000 miles of satisfactory operation in TD and EMD phases. This ISG
technology is the key for the up-coming high on-board and exportable power
demand and provides the transition from mechanical to hybrid propulsion. The ISG
in combination with MM’s compact and highly efficient electric drive
motors gives synergetic hybrid drive systems. They are operated by integrated
system control taking into account all electric components, the engine and the
mechanical transmission in the various operational areas.
Modeling of Bradley Tracked Vehicle Steering and Fuel Consumption
with a Detailed Kinematic Model of the HMPT500-3 Transmission and Simplified
Vehicle Dynamics
Authors: McGough Matthew G
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The HMPT500-3 is a split torque path hydrostatic / mechanical CVT used in the
Bradley Fighting Vehicle. A previous paper detailed a linear algebraic approach
to model forward operation of the HMPT500-3 without steering using a reduced
equation set. This model was expanded to the full equation set to allow
transmission operation with steering. The equations showed that opposite to a
typical automotive “open” differential, the HMPT500-3 enforces a
speed difference between the sprockets for steering, but does not have an
inherent torque bias. The typical regenerative steering torque from the
decelerated inside track must be provided by interfacing with a vehicle model. A
simplified 2-D planar dynamics model of the Bradley was developed to explore
vehicle performance and fuel consumption with steering. The integrated model
showed that fuel consumption during minimum radius turns can double that of
straight-ahead operation at the same speed. Commercial vehicle performance codes
lack tracked steering models, so test courses are run as simple gradient vs.
distance profiles which would result in underestimating fuel consumption. The
Munson Fuel Loop course was selected to attempt to quantify the contribution of
steering to total fuel consumption. Fuel consumption calculations with steering
were found to be 9% to 14% higher than those without steering depending on lap
speed, and compared more favorably with Bradley test data.
EVALUATION OF LIGHTWEIGHT MATERIAL FOR STRUCTURE, MINE BLAST
PROTECTION, AND BUOYANCY FOR AMPHIBIOUS MILITARY VEHICLES.
Authors: Capouellez James , Vunnam Madan , Khatib-Shahidi Bijan , McCarty Steven L. , Hullinger David
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

For this particular effort, TARDEC Center for Systems Integration (CSI) was
tasked to lead an effort to develop an underbody kit that would serve multiple
functions. The underbody kit would provide an additional 1,200 lbs of net
buoyancy to enhance water mobility per the LAV. This program is in the
development and testing phase with a prototype expected to be produced June of
2015. This program is one of multiple efforts to ensure the FOLAV meet all
system requirements to keep the vehicle viable to 2035. In addition, the TARDEC
concept/prototype must meet the same mine blast protection provided by the
underbody D-Kit that was produced for the fleet of vehicles in 2010. This is a
unique challenge as a combination of buoyancy, mine blast, and structural
requirement on a ground military vehicle is novel idea. Vehicle weight and
survivability requirements are difficult challenges on combat vehicles, to
include the LAV, so the TARDEC solution would have to reduce the weight of the
shell by approximately 60% and still achieve current survivability. Typically
20-30% reductions are considered aggressive, but 60% is usually unattainable.

Reference herein to any specific commercial company, product, process, or
service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not
necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or
favoring by the United States Government or the Dept. of the Army (DoA).
The opinions of the authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or
reflect those of the United States Government, the DoD, or U.S. Army
TACOM Life Cycle Command and shall not be used for advertising or
product endorsement purposes.
APPLYING A VIRTUAL PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS TO MOBILE ROBOTICS INCLUDING REAL-TIME, INTERACTIVE SIMULATION
Authors: Rohde Mitchell M. , Rohde Steve M.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Modelling and simulation together with well-defined development processes have
become key approaches for creating high quality, reliable consumer products.
This is particularly true for passenger cars and trucks. In parallel, the
evolving area of mobile ground robotics has found a variety of useful
applications over the past twenty years: helping users accomplish tasks in
hospitals, warehouses, factories, and on the battlefield. While many of these
robotic systems have proven highly valuable, many also lack the mobility,
flexibility, reliability and/or robustness desired by the users. In this paper,
the authors posit that these non-idealities are in part the result of
underutilization of modelling and simulation and an appropriate processes to
implement them. This underutilization is partially due to a historical lack of
appropriate M&S tools. Recently, however, a new generation of real-time,
highly visualized, interactive tools has emerged that has the potential to make
a positive impact. In this paper, the authors argue the case for applying the
virtual product development paradigm to the mobile robotics area and leveraging
these new tools together with more conventional M&S to improve products and
systems. An example of the newer class of tools (ANVEL) is discussed, and
examples are given as to how it is being used to create complex designs and
CONOPS decisions for manned and unmanned ground vehicle robotic systems. The
challenges and open needs for the area are also described.
MODULAR VICTORY IMPLEMENTATION: 3 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
COMPARISONS
Authors: Elms Brett
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

As the Army invests in the integration of VICTORY (Vehicular Integration for
C4ISR/EW Interoperability) into its ground vehicle platforms, it becomes clear
there are multiple ways to achieve interoperable if not common implementation
across the fleet. There are positive and negatives associated with each of the
possible VICTORY configurations that ultimately achieve the same results. This
paper will outline, compare, and evaluate the 3 most popular implementation
configurations.

Both the Army and Marines are developing programs to implement VICTORY as a means
of network improvement as well as more effective connectivity. A deeper
understanding of the different architectures will reinforce what works well and
achieves the goal, and provides insight into technical and operational areas
that may be in need of some refinement or modification. The information provided
by the analysis in all options can help guide the integration in a more
successful direction by establishing a roadmap for technical and operational
performance requirements. There are 3 main VICTORY architectures the paper will
analyze.
A COST-EFFECTIVE APPROACH TO ADAPTING CURRENT-FORCE EQUIPMENT TO
VICTORY STANDARD IN-VEHICLE NETWORKS
Authors: Moore Michael S. , Saylor Kase J. , Klein Joshua
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper describes a novel, cost-effective method of adapting existing,
non-networked equipment to interoperate with the Vehicular Integration for
Command, Control, Communications, and Computers (C4), Intelligence Surveillance
and Reconnaissance (ISR) Electronic Warfare (EW) Interoperability (VICTORY)
standards. It briefly introduces the VICTORY In-Vehicle Network (IVN) concept,
explains why adaptation of existing equipment is necessary, and discusses the
different patterns for adapting current-force equipment to VICTORY standards. It
introduces a new approach we call the VICTORY Smart Cable, and describes its
costs and benefits, including size, weight, and power (SWaP), recurring costs,
and flexibility. The conclusion is that the VICTORY Smart Cable is a
cost-effective transitional technology that can bridge the gap between several
types of current-force, non-networked equipment, and future VICTORY-enabled
devices, and that the adaptation does not require modification to existing
devices, or to vehicle hardware or software.