bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Alkyne‐α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Coupling. A Formal Synthesis of (+)‐Pilocarpine.
Authors: WANG Z. , LU X.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Vilsmeier Synthetic Route to Indolylpyrroles.
Authors: BLACK D. STC. , BOWYER M. C. , KUMAR N.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal/Base‐Catalyzed Aldol Reactions of Isocyanoacetic Acid Derivatives with Prochiral Ketones, a Straightforward Approach to Stereochemically Defined β,β‐Disubstituted‐β‐hydroxy‐. alpha.‐amino Acids. Scope and Limitations.
Authors: SOLOSHONOK V. A. , KACHAROV A. D. , AVILOV D. V. , ISHIKAWA K. , NAGASHIMA N. , HAYASHI T.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Synthesis of Substituted 4‐Hydroxybenzo(c)pyran Quinones.
Authors: DE KONING C. B. , GREEN I. R. , MICHAEL J. P. , OLIVEIRA J. R.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure‐Activity Relationship Studies of CNS Agents. Part 30. 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT2A Receptor Affinity and Functional Profile of Some N‐(3‐(4‐ Aryl‐1‐piperazinyl)propyl) Derivatives of Indolin‐2(1H)‐one, Quinolin‐ 2(1H)‐one and Isoquinolin‐1(2H)‐one.
Authors: MOKROSZ M. J. , MOKROSZ J. L. , DUSZYNSKA B. , DEREN‐WESOLEK A. , KLODZINSKA A. , KOWALSKI P. , CHARAKCHIEVA‐MINOL S. , TATARCZYNSKA E. , KOWALSKA T. , MAJKA Z. , CHOJNACKA‐WOJCIK E. , MISZTAL S.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: meta‐Benzenotetratetrazolophanes.
Authors: BUTLER R. N. , FLEMING A. F. M.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Determination of the Diastereoisomeric Purity of 2,3‐Pinanediol (1‐Chloroalkyl)boronates. Isolation of Boronic Esters Containing a Configurationally Stable Boron Atom.
Authors: OLLIVAULT M. , MONNIER L. , CARBONI B.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New and Unusual Sesquiterpenes: Kelsoene, Prespatane, Epi‐γ‐ gurjunene, and T‐Cadinthiol, from the Tropical Marine Sponge Cymbastela hooperi.
Authors: KOENIG G. M. , WRIGHT A. D.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: General Method for the Synthesis of N‐Methyl Amino Acids and N‐Alkyl Amino Esters from O′Donnell′s Schiff Bases.
Authors: CHRUMA J. J. , SAMES D. , POLT R.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies of Australian Ascidians. Part 6. Virenamides D and E, Linear Peptides from the Colonial Didemnid Ascidian Diplosoma virens
Authors: FENG Y. , BOWDEN B. F.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Oligosaccharide Synthesis Based on Glycosyl Donors and Acceptors Carrying Phosphorus‐Containing Leaving Groups.
Authors: HASHIMOTO S. , SAKAMOTO H. , HONDA T. , IKEGAMI S.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Addition of C‐Nucleophiles to Carbohydrate‐Derived 2,3‐Dihydro‐4H‐ pyran‐4‐ones: A New Entry to Thromboxane Analogues.
Authors: KIRSCHNING A. , HARDERS J.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Studies on Sialoglycoconjugates. Part 91: Total Synthesis of Gangliosides GD1c and GT1a.
Authors: ISHIDA H.‐K. , ANDO H. , ITO H. , ISHIDA H. , KISO M. , HASEGAWA A.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Effect of Methylation of β‐Cyclodextrin on the Formation of Inclusion Complexes with Aromatic Compounds. An Ionspray Mass Spectrometry Investigation.
Authors: CESCUTTI P. , GAROZZO D. , RIZZO R.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Phosphonic Acid Analogues of Sialic Acids (Neu5Ac and KDN) as Potential Sialidase Inhibitors.
Authors: CHAN T.‐H. , XIN Y.‐C. , VON ITZSTEIN M.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Constitution of Lucumin (Ia) and Its Related Glycosides from Calocarpum sapota Merrill.
Authors: TAKEDA T. , GONDA R. , HATANO K.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Biomimetic Total Synthesis of Ervitsine and Indole Alkaloids of the Ervatamine Group via 1,4‐Dihydropyridines.
Authors: BENNASAR M.‐L. , VIDAL B. , BOSCH J.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthethic Approaches to the Angucycline Antibiotics: A Synthesis of (. +‐.)‐Hatomarubigin B and C.
Authors: CAYGILL G. B. , LARSEN D. S. , MCFARLANE B. S.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: EMD 95885, a New Eliprodil Analogue with Higher Affinity for the N‐ Methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) Receptor.
Authors: LEIBROCK J. , PRUECHER H. , RAUTENBERG W.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Factors Affecting Coercivity in Rare‐Earth‐Based Advanced Permanent Magnet Materials
Authors: LEWIS L. H. , SELLERS C. H. , PANCHANATHAN V.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Some Aspects of the Evolution of the Chemistry of Aluminum Hydride and the Hydroaluminates of Alkali‐ and Alkaline‐Earth Metals
Authors: DYMOVA T. N.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Benzo‐ and Tetrahydrobenzo‐furocoumarins: New Potential Photochemotherapeutic Drugs
Authors: GIA O. , CONCONI M. T. , URIARTE E.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Furoxan Derivatives as NO‐Donors
Authors: DI STILO A. , SORBA G. , MEDANA C. , FRUTTERO R. , GASCO A.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Phase‐Transfer Catalysis of Uncharged Species
Authors: SASSON Y. , NEUMANN R.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Numerical studies on effects of bubbles regular array on the liquid‐phase turbulence
Authors: Pang Mingjun , Wei Jinjia , Yu Bo
Published: August 2010

It is well known that additive drag‐reducing methods have broadly developing prospects, so studies on mechanisms of additive drag reduction are very necessary. We hypothesised that the main reason for bubbles induced drag reduction is the modification on liquid‐phase turbulence structure by the addition of bubbles, and therefore such modification is the focus of our investigation. In this paper, effects of bubbles on liquid‐phase turbulence under the circumstance of regular bubble array were investigated by using Euler–Lagrange two‐way numerical simulations. The liquid‐phase velocity field was solved by using direct numerical simulations (DNS) in Euler frame of reference, and the bubble motion was tracked by using Newtonian motion equations that took into account interaction forces including drag force, shear lift force, gravity force, buoyant force, and inertia force in Lagrange frame of reference. The coupling between the phases was realised by regarding the interphase forces as momentum source terms of the continuous phase. Similarities and differences for effects of bubbles and surfactants on liquid turbulent flows were also analysed. The study indicated that addition of bubbles enhances the mean streamwise velocity, greatly reduces the Reynolds stress, and shows anisotropic suppression to the velocity fluctuations. The interphase force has a great influence on budget of energy balance. It is a gain term near the wall and is a loss term in a wide range of the channel core.
Application of support vector regression for developing soft sensors for nonlinear processes
Authors: Chitralekha Saneej B. , Shah Sirish L.
Published: August 2010

The field of soft sensor development has gained significant importance in the recent past with the development of efficient and easily employable computational tools for this purpose. The basic idea is to convert the information contained in the input–output data collected from the process into a mathematical model. Such a mathematical model can be used as a cost efficient substitute for hardware sensors. The Support Vector Regression (SVR) tool is one such computational tool that has recently received much attention in the system identification literature, especially because of its successes in building nonlinear blackbox models. The main feature of the algorithm is the use of a nonlinear kernel transformation to map the input variables into a feature space so that their relationship with the output variable becomes linear in the transformed space. This method has excellent generalisation capabilities to high‐dimensional nonlinear problems due to the use of functions such as the radial basis functions which have good approximation capabilities as kernels. Another attractive feature of the method is its convex optimization formulation which eradicates the problem of local minima while identifying the nonlinear models. In this work, we demonstrate the application of SVR as an efficient and easy‐to‐use tool for developing soft sensors for nonlinear processes. In an industrial case study, we illustrate the development of a steady‐state Melt Index soft sensor for an industrial scale ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) polymer extrusion process using SVR. The SVR‐based soft sensor, valid over a wide range of melt indices, outperformed the existing nonlinear least‐square‐based soft sensor in terms of lower prediction errors. In the remaining two other case studies, we demonstrate the application of SVR for developing soft sensors in the form of dynamic models for two nonlinear processes: a simulated pH neutralisation process and a laboratory scale twin screw polymer extrusion process. A heuristic procedure is proposed for developing a dynamic nonlinear‐ARX model‐based soft sensor using SVR, in which the optimal delay and orders are automatically arrived at using the input–output data.
Characterization of polyurethane foams prepared from non‐pretreated liquefied corn stover with PAPI
Authors: Wang Ti‐Peng , Zheng Zong‐Ming , Mao Zhi‐Huai
Published: August 2010

Polyurethane foams were prepared through co‐polymerization of non‐pretreated liquefied corn stover (LCS) and polymethylene polyphenylisocyanate (PAPI). The effects of [NCO]/[OH] ratio on the chemical structure and the thermal properties were studied by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The urethane linkages and the free isocyanate groups in co‐polymerization were detected from FT‐IR analysis. Thermal decomposition of polyurethane foams occurred in four main successive stages. With the increasing [NCO]/[OH] ratio, the glass transition temperature (Tg) and the initial decomposition temperature increased from −36.12 and 52.18 to 1.20 and 73.30°C, respectively. And the range of Tg expanded from 26.39 to 57.12°C.
The effects of burial on drug detection in skeletal tissues
Authors: Desrosiers Nathalie A. , Watterson James H.
Published: August 2010

Skeletal tissues have recently been investigated for use in post‐mortem toxicology. Variables affecting drug concentration in these tissues, however, are still poorly characterized. In this work, the relative effects of burial on the response of enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) assays were examined. Rats were acutely exposed to ketamine or diazepam, euthanized and buried outdoors. After one month, the remains were exhumed and skeletal tissue drug levels were compared those of non‐buried rats. A climate‐controlled burial was also undertaken using defleshed bones to approximate an extended decomposition. Long bones (femora, tibiae) were isolated and separated into tissue type (diaphyseal bone, epiphyseal bone, and marrow), and according to treatment (i.e. buried or non‐buried). Following methanolic extraction (bone) or simple homogenization (marrow), samples were analyzed with ELISA. Samples were then pooled according to treatment, extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE) and confirmed with GC‐MS.

Under the conditions examined, the effects of burial appear to be drug and tissue dependent. Ketamine‐exposed tissues demonstrated the greatest differences, especially in bone marrow. In diazepam‐exposed tissues, burial did not seem to greatly affect drug response and some gave greater assay response compared to the non‐buried set. Overall, the data suggest that fresh tissue samples may not be representative of decomposed samples in terms of skeletal tissue drug levels. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Puccinia‐Arten aus der Mongolischen Volksrepublik Ergebnisse der Mongolisch‐Deutschen Biologischen Expeditionen seit 1962, Nr. 24 Mit 8 Abbildungen
Authors: Schmiedeknecht M. , Puncag T.
Published: August 2010

Die Florenliste umfaßt 73 Puccinia‐Arten aus 40 Formenkreisen von 117 verschiedenen Wirtspflanzenarten. Hiervon wurden 45 Arten von 64 verschiedenen Wirtspflanzenarten in 71 Proben während der 2. Mongolisch‐Deutschen Biologischen Expedition 1964 gesammelt.

Neu beschrieben wurde Puccinia turgenica SCHMIEDEKNECHT auf Claytonia joanneana R. et SCH.

Unter den 73 Puccinia‐Arten befinden sich 10 Auteu‐, 38 Hetereu‐, 14 Brachy‐, 3 Opsis‐, 1 Hemi‐ und 7 Mikroformen, von denen die Mikro‐ und Opsisformen nur in den höheren und höchsten Lagen zwischen 1600 und 2900 bzw. 1400 und 2650 m ü. NN vorkamen, während die übrigen Formen bis zu Höhen von 2500 m gefunden wurden. Unter den Wirtspflanzen dominieren die Compositen und Gramineen für 24 bzw. 23 sowie die Ranunculaceen für 12 Puccinia‐Arten.

Der größte Teil der gefundenen Puccinia‐Arten ist kosmopolitisch, bzw. über die gesamte nördliche Hemisphaere oder in Eurasien verbreitet. 16 Arten gehören sibirischen und mittelasiatischen Sippen und ebensoviele nördlichen Verwandtschaftskreisen an.

Als Hyperparasiten auf Aecidien von P. bupleuri wurde in 2 Fällen Tuberculina persiciana und auf Uredolagern von P. atrofusca in einem Falle Darluca filum festgestellt.

Unter den gefundenen Arten befinden sich 8 effektive oder potentielle Parasiten von Kulturpflanzen. Zahlreiche Puccinia‐Arten mindern qualitativ den Ertrag der Weideflächen in der MVR.
Der Linden‐Eichen‐Hainbuchen‐Wald (Tilio‐Carpinetum) in den polnischen Karpaten
Authors: Kornaś Jan
Published: August 2010

Die einzige in den polnischen Karpaten vorkommende Carpinion‐Gesellschaft ist das Tilio‐Carpinetum in seiner südpolnischen geographischen Rasse, die hier auf reicheren Böden im Vorgebirge verbreitet ist und neben dem Pino‐Quercetum und dem verarmten Vaccinio myrtilli‐Pinetum als eine der zonalen Gesellschaften der kollinen Stufe aufzufassen ist. In das eigentliche Gebirge der Beskiden dringt das Tilio‐Carpinetum meistens nur in vereinzelten Beständen längs der Flußtäler ein.

Alle bisher untersuchten Bestände des kollinen Tilio‐Carpienetum gehören den trockenen Ausbildungsformen der Gesellschaft an (T.‐C. typicum, T.‐C. luzuletosum); feuchtere Ausbildungsformen (T.‐C. stachyetosum, T.‐C. corydaletosum) scheinen im Gebirge und Vorgebirge zu fehlen, obwohl sie im angrenzenden Tiefland weitverbreitet sind.

Die obere Verbreitungsgrenze von Tilio‐Carpinetum liegt in den polnischen Karpaten durchschnittlich bei 500–550 m Meereshöhe und stimmt damit mit der oberen Grenze der kollinen Stufe überein.
Phytochemical profile of Philodendron (Araceae)
Authors: Rajyalaxmi B. , Mai K. Kiran , Radhakrishnaiah M.
Published: August 2010

The chemotaxonomy of seven species of Philodendron is studied. The chemical data indicate intimate nexus among the members and suggest their splitting into two major clusters.
Studies on the Flora of Yemen On the flora of Tihama plain With one Figure
Authors: Dubaie A. S. , Al‐Khulaidi A. A.
Published: August 2010

An attempt has been made to study the flora of Tihama (western and eastern side). About 264 different plant species belonging to 165 genera and 57 families are reported in this paper.
Species richness and geographical distribution of montane pteridophytes of Costa Rica, Central America
Authors: Mehltreter K.
Published: August 2010

A list of 342 montane pteridophyte species of Central America, occurring at elevations higher than 2500 m a.s.l. is presented, including their geographical and altitudinal distribution. For Costa Rica a total of 1099 species are registered, but only 282 species occur in the higher montane area. More than 50% of the montane species have a wide altitudinal distribution and can be found at 1000m and even below. Only 56 species are restricted to the montane area, 22 of which are endemic. The altitudinal distribution for Costa Rica shows the strongest regression of species at 3000 to 3400 m, repesenting the timber‐line. Of the 25 montane pteridophyte families the Polypodiaceae, Adiantaceae, Hymenophyllaceae, Lomariopsidaceae, Lycopodiaceae, Aspleniaceae and Dryopteridaceae are contributing 70% of the species. At the generic level the most frequent ones are Grammitis (31 spec.), Elaphoglossum (29 spec.), Lycopodium (28 spec.), Hymenophyllum (17 spec.), Asplenium (13 spec.), Polypodium (13 spec.) and Thelypteris (12 spec.). Highest species richness was found in the ‘Cordillera de Talamanca’ and on the ‘Barva’ volcano. For this volcano 104 species were observed on an area of only 19 km2 in the last 45 years. Many of the species of older collections (before 1950) were not found again, indicating the influence of human activities.
Sanddünenvegetation im Uvs‐nuur‐Becken (Mongolei und Tuwa/Russland)
Authors: Hilbig W. , Koroljuk A. Ju.
Published: August 2010

Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die Pflanzengesellschaften auf den Dünenstandorten in den Sandgebieten auf mongolischer und tuwinischer Seite des Uvs‐nuur‐Beckens dargestellt und tabellarisch belegt. Sie werden in neu aufgestellte Vegetations‐Klassen, ‐Ordnungen und ‐Verbände eingegliedert.

Auf noch aktiven, ungefestigten Dünen sind Gesellschaften der Brometea korotkyi mit der Ordnung der Brometalia korotkyi und ihrem einzigen Verband Bromion korotkyi ausgebildet.

Hedysaro fruticosi‐Leymetum racemosi ass. nov.Bromus korotkyi‐GesellschaftPsammochloa villosa‐GesellschaftCalamagrostis epigeios‐Gesellschaft Auf festgelegtem Sand dichter bewachsener alter Dünengebiete siedelt die Sandsteppen‐Assoziation des Hedysaro fruticosi‐Stipetum krylovii Hilbig et al. 1999.

Sie gehört innerhalb der Klasse der Agropyretea cristati zur Ordnung der Stipetalia krylovii mit dem einzigen Verband Stipion krylovii.

Auch Subassoziationen und Ruderalisierungs‐Facies werden in beiden Klassen dargestellt.
Analysis of fully developed flow and heat transfer in a vertical channel with prescribed wall heat fluxes by the homotopy analysis method
Authors: Alomari A. K. , Hashim I.
Published: August 2010

The model of combined forced and free convection in a vertical parallel‐plate channel with prescribed wall heat fluxes was presented by considering a fully developed flow and by taking into account the effect of viscous dissipation. In this paper, homotopy solution for the model is obtained. Convergent region of the homotopy analysis method solution is presented. Residual error for the HAM solution is presented graphically. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling of the human skull in EEG source analysis
Authors: Dannhauer Moritz , Lanfer Benjamin , Wolters Carsten H. , Knösche Thomas R.
Published: August 2010

We used computer simulations to investigate finite element models of the layered structure of the human skull in EEG source analysis. Local models, where each skull location was modeled differently, and global models, where the skull was assumed to be homogeneous, were compared to a reference model, in which spongy and compact bone were explicitly accounted for. In both cases, isotropic and anisotropic conductivity assumptions were taken into account. We considered sources in the entire brain and determined errors both in the forward calculation and the reconstructed dipole position. Our results show that accounting for the local variations over the skull surface is important, whereas assuming isotropic or anisotropic skull conductivity has little influence. Moreover, we showed that, if using an isotropic and homogeneous skull model, the ratio between skin/brain and skull conductivities should be considerably lower than the commonly used 80:1. For skull modeling, we recommend (1) Local models: if compact and spongy bone can be identified with sufficient accuracy (e.g., from MRI) and their conductivities can be assumed to be known (e.g., from measurements), one should model these explicitly by assigning each voxel to one of the two conductivities, (2) Global models: if the conditions of (1) are not met, one should model the skull as either homogeneous and isotropic, but with considerably higher skull conductivity than the usual 0.0042 S/m, or as homogeneous and anisotropic, but with higher radial skull conductivity than the usual 0.0042 S/m and a considerably lower radial:tangential conductivity anisotropy than the usual 1:10. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Examining the phonological neighborhood density effect using near infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Chen Hsin‐Chin , Vaid Jyotsna , Boas David A. , Bortfeld Heather
Published: August 2010

Phonological density refers to the number of words that can be generated by replacing a phoneme in a target word with another phoneme in the same position. Although the precise nature of the phonological neighborhood density effect is not firmly established, many behavioral psycholinguistic studies have shown that visual recognition of individual words is influenced by the number and type of neighbors the words have. This study explored neurobehavioral correlates of phonological neighborhood density in skilled readers of English using near infrared spectroscopy. On the basis of a lexical decision task, our findings showed that words with many phonological neighbors (e.g., FRUIT) were recognized more slowly than words with few phonological neighbors (e.g., PROOF), and that words with many neighbors elicited significantly greater changes in blood oxygenation in the left than in the right hemisphere of the brain, specifically in the areas BA 22/39/40. In previous studies these brain areas have been implicated in fine‐grained phonological processing in readers of English. The present findings provide the first demonstration that areas BA 22/39/40 are also sensitive to phonological density effects. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Right parietal brain activity precedes perceptual alternation during binocular rivalry
Authors: Britz Juliane , Pitts Michael A. , Michel Christoph M.
Published: August 2010

We investigated perceptual reversals for intermittently presented stimuli during binocular rivalry and physical alternation while the ongoing EEG was recorded from 64 channels. EEG topographies immediately preceding stimulus‐onset were analyzed and two topographies doubly dissociated perceptual reversals from non‐reversals. The estimated intracranial generators associated with these topographies were stronger in right inferior parietal cortex and weaker bilaterally in the ventral stream before perceptual reversals. No such differences were found for physical alternation of the same stimuli. These results replicate and extend findings from a previous study with the Necker cube and suggest common neural mechanisms associated with perceptual reversals during binocular rivalry and ambiguous figure perception. For both types of multi‐stable stimuli, the dorsal stream is more active preceding perceptual reversals. Activity in the ventral stream, however, differed for binocular rivalry compared to ambiguous figures. The results from the two studies suggest a causal role for the right inferior parietal cortex in generating perceptual reversals regardless of the type of multi‐stable stimulus, while activity in the ventral stream appears to depend on the particular type of stimulus. Hum Brain Mapp 32:1432–1442, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Overall and cause‐specific survival for patients undergoing lobectomy, near‐total, or total thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid cancer
Authors: Barney Brandon M. , Hitchcock Ying J. , Sharma Pramod , Shrieve Dennis C. , Tward Jonathan D.
Published: August 2010

Background

The extent of surgery for well‐differentiated thyroid cancer remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the type of resection, age, T classification, nodal status, tumor size, and year of diagnosis for overall survival (OS) and cause‐specific survival (CSS) using a large database.

Methods

Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, 23,605 subjects were identified with papillary or follicular thyroid cancer between 1983 and 2002. OS and CSS were estimated, and outcomes for local excision, lobectomy, near‐total thyroidectomy, or total thyroidectomy were compared.

Results

Ten‐year OS and CSS by surgery were: total thyroidectomy, 90.4% and 96.8%, respectively; near‐total thyroidectomy, 89.5% and 96.6%, respectively; and lobectomy, 90.8% and 98.6%, respectively. Controlling for risk factors, near‐total thyroidectomy was inferior to total thyroidectomy for OS (hazard ratio [HR] 1.21; p = .019) and CSS (HR 1.39; p = .019). Age, T3/T4 disease, positive nodes, and tumor size were associated with poorer outcomes.

Conclusion

Total thyroidectomy resulted in improved survival. Therapy should be individualized, accounting for potential complications and recurrence patterns. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Adenosine Triphosphate Release and Purinergic (P2) Receptor–Mediated Secretion in Small and Large Mouse Cholangiocytes
Authors: Woo Kangmee , Sathe Meghana , Kresge Charles , Esser Victoria , Ueno Yoshiyuki , Venter Julie , Glaser Shannon S. , Alpini Gianfranco , Feranchak Andrew P.
Published: August 2010

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released from cholangiocytes into bile and is a potent secretogogue by increasing intracellular Ca2+ and stimulating fluid and electrolyte secretion via binding purinergic (P2) receptors on the apical membrane. Although morphological differences exist between small and large cholangiocytes (lining small and large bile ducts, respectively), the role of P2 signaling has not been previously evaluated along the intrahepatic biliary epithelium. The aim of these studies therefore was to characterize ATP release and P2-signaling pathways in small (MSC) and large (MLC) mouse cholangiocytes. The findings reveal that both MSCs and MLCs express P2 receptors, including P2X4 and P2Y2. Exposure to extracellular nucleotides (ATP, uridine triphosphate, or 2′,3′-O-[4-benzoyl-benzoyl]-ATP) caused a rapid increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration and in transepithelial secretion (

I

sc) in both cell types, which was inhibited by the Cl− channel blockers 5-nitro-2-(-3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoic acid (NPPB) or niflumic acid. In response to mechanical stimulation (flow/shear or cell swelling secondary to hypotonic exposure), both MSCs and MLCs exhibited a significant increase in the rate of exocytosis, which was paralleled by an increase in ATP release. Mechanosensitive ATP release was two-fold greater in MSCs compared to MLCs. ATP release was significantly inhibited by disruption of vesicular trafficking by monensin in both cell types.

Conclusion:

These findings suggest the existence of a P2 signaling axis along intrahepatic biliary ducts with the “upstream” MSCs releasing ATP, which can serve as a paracrine signaling molecule to “downstream” MLCs stimulating Ca2+-dependent secretion. Additionally, in MSCs, which do not express the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, Ca2+-activated Cl− efflux in response to extracellular nucleotides represents the first secretory pathway clearly identified in these cholangiocytes derived from the small intrahepatic ducts. (Hepatology 2010)
The Fractalkine Receptor CX3CR1 Protects Against Liver Fibrosis by Controlling Differentiation and Survival of Infiltrating Hepatic Monocytes
Authors: Karlmark Karlin Raja , Zimmermann Henning W. , Roderburg Christoph , Gassler Nikolaus , Wasmuth Hermann E. , Luedde Tom , Trautwein Christian , Tacke Frank
Published: August 2010

Chemokines modulate inflammatory responses that are prerequisites for organ fibrosis upon liver injury. Monocyte-derived hepatic macrophages are critical for the development, maintenance, and resolution of hepatic fibrosis. The specific role of monocyte-associated chemokine (C-X3-C motif) receptor 1 (CX3CR1) and its cognate ligand fractalkine [chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1)] in liver inflammation and fibrosis is currently unknown. We examined 169 patients with chronic liver diseases and 84 healthy controls; we found that CX3CL1 is significantly up-regulated in the circulation upon disease progression, whereas CX3CR1 is down-regulated intrahepatically in patients with advanced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis. To analyze the functional relevance of this pathway, two models of experimental liver fibrosis were applied to wild-type (WT) and CX3CR1-deficient mice. Fractalkine expression was induced upon liver injury in mice, primarily in hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells. CX3CR1−/− animals developed greater hepatic fibrosis than WT animals with carbon tetrachloride–induced and bile duct ligation–induced fibrosis. CX3CR1−/− mice displayed significantly increased numbers of monocyte-derived macrophages within the injured liver. Chimeric animals that underwent bone marrow transplantation revealed that CX3CR1 restricts hepatic fibrosis progression and monocyte accumulation through mechanisms exerted by infiltrating immune cells. In the absence of CX3CR1, intrahepatic monocytes develop preferentially into proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor–producing and inducible nitric oxide synthase–producing macrophages. CX3CR1 represents an essential survival signal for hepatic monocyte–derived macrophages by activating antiapoptotic bcl2 expression. Monocytes/macrophages lacking CX3CR1 undergo increased cell death after liver injury, which then perpetuates inflammation, promotes prolonged inflammatory monocyte infiltration into the liver, and results in enhanced liver fibrosis.

Conclusion:

CX3CR1 limits liver fibrosis

in vivo

by controlling the differentiation and survival of intrahepatic monocytes. The opposing regulation of CX3CR1 and fractalkine in patients suggests that pharmacological augmentation of this pathway may represent a possible therapeutic antifibrotic strategy. (Hepatology 2010;52:1769-1782)
Nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics during runoff events over a transition from grassland to shrubland in the south‐western United States
Authors: Turnbull Laura , Wainwright John , Brazier Richard E.
Published: August 2010

During the last 150 years, land degradation across the semi‐arid grasslands of the south‐western United States has been associated with an increase in runoff and erosion. Concurrent with this increase in runoff and erosion is a loss of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), which are plant‐essential nutrients. This study investigates the runoff‐driven redistribution and loss of dissolved and particulate‐bound N and P that occurs during natural runoff events over a trajectory of degradation, from grassland to degraded shrubland, in central New Mexico. Runoff‐driven nutrient dynamics were monitored at four stages over a transition from grassland to shrubland, for naturally occurring rainfall events over 10 × 30 m bounded runoff plots. Results show that particulate‐bound forms of N and P are responsible for most of N and P lost from the plots due to erosion occurring during runoff events. Results suggest that for high‐magnitude rainfall events, the output of N and P from the plots may greatly exceed the amount input into the plots, particularly over shrub‐dominated plots where erosion rates are higher. As these results only become apparent when monitoring these processes over larger hillslope plots, it is important to recognize that processes of nutrient cycling related to the islands of fertility hypothesis may have previously been overstated when observed only at smaller spatial scales. Thus, the progressive degradation of semi‐arid grassland ecosystems across the south‐western United States and other semi‐arid ecosystems worldwide has the potential to affect N and P cycling significantly through an increase in nutrient redistribution and loss in runoff. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controls on spatial variability in snow accumulation on glaciers in the Southern Alps, New Zealand; as revealed by crevasse stratigraphy
Authors: Purdie Heather , Anderson Brian , Lawson Wendy , Mackintosh Andrew
Published: August 2010

Net accumulation measurements from two glaciers located on opposite sides of the New Zealand Southern Alps were used to explore processes controlling spatial variability. The degree of variability, as measured by the spatial variogram, differed in each of the three successive years, but the lowest variance occurred on both glaciers in March 2008, after a hot and dry summer. Strong relationships between net accumulation and elevation within the accumulation area were only found on Franz Josef Glacier (FJG), despite this being the primary control used in glacier mass balance modelling. Interaction between wind and topography was found to be important to the distribution of net accumulation on both glaciers. The crevasse stratigraphy method is an ideal way to gain good spatial coverage of net accumulation, and particularly suited to glaciers with high annual precipitation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Erodibility of fine soil from the composite river bank of Brahmaputra in India
Authors: Karmaker Tapas , Dutta Subashisa
Published: August 2010

The erosion of a composite river bank critically depends on the erodibility of its fine soils, as the fine soil has higher resistance against erosion. Therefore, for the estimation of the bank erosion in the case of a composite river bank, it is important to determine the critical shear stress and erodibility coefficients of the bank soil and their spatial distribution. In the present study, erodibility parameters of the river bank of Brahmaputra in India have been estimated through 58 in situ submerged jet tests. The significance of spatial and layer‐wise distribution of the erodibility parameters was tested through analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results indicate that the spatial variation of erodibility parameters is highly significant, but layer‐wise variations of the erodibility parameters are not significant. Therefore, the erodibility of the riverbank depends on the particular location, whereas layer‐wise average erodibility parameters can be lumped for the estimation of the bank erosion for the specific site. Using the measured erodibility parameters, yearly river bank erosions at the study locations were computed and found to fall within the reported range of the bank erosion in the Brahmaputra River. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meltwater storage and delaying characteristics of Gangotri Glacier (Indian Himalayas) during ablation season
Authors: Singh Pratap , Kumar Amit , Kishore Naval
Published: August 2010

Himalayan basins have considerable snow‐ and glacier‐covered areas, which are an important source of water, particularly during summer season. In the Himalayan region, in general, the glacier melt season is considered to be from May to October. Changes in hydrological characteristics of the runoff over the melt season can be understood by studying the variation in time to peak and time lag between melt generation and its emergence as runoff. In the present study, the runoff‐delaying characteristics of Gangotri Glacier, one of the largest glaciers in the Indian Himalayas, have been studied. For this purpose, hourly discharge and temperature data were collected near the snout of the glacier (4000 m) for three ablation seasons (2004–2006). The diurnal variations in discharge and temperature provided useful information on water storage and runoff characteristics of the glacier. In the early stages of the ablation period, poor drainage network and stronger storage characteristics of the glaciers due to the presence of seasonal snow cover resulted in a much delayed response of melt water, providing a higher time lag and time to peak as compared to the peak melt season. A comparison of runoff‐delaying parameters with the discharge ratio clearly indicated that changes in time lag and time to peak are inversely correlated with variations in discharge. Impact of such meltwater storage and delaying characteristics of glaciers on hydropower projects being planned/developed on glacier‐fed streams in India has been discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
REMODELLING OF THE UPPER CHENAB CANAL: A CASE STUDY FROM PAKISTAN
Authors: Shakir A.S. , Maqbool Nasir
Published: August 2010

The paper reviews the problems being faced by the Upper Chenab Canal (UCC) and reports on the existing conditions assessed during various site visits. The water availability in the River Chenab at the Marala Barrage has been analysed based on the previous 20 years of recorded data in order to explore possible options for remodelling this canal. The visit report indicated that the UCC is faced with numerous problems such as bank erosion, bed scouring, side embayment, inadequate freeboard, abnormal behaviour and the deterioration of old hydraulic structures. Deferred maintenance and lack of proper and timely monitoring seem to be the main factors in the continuation of these problems in the canal.

The water requirements at the head of the canal have been worked out as 562 m3 s−1, nearly 20% higher than the present capacity (477 m3 s−1). The study shows that the required amount of water is available for more than 90 days during the peak demand at 80% reliability for irrigation, hydropower generation and inter‐river transfer to the River Ravi upstream of Balloki headworks for feeding its offtaking channels. The analysis also shows that the existing canal section is insufficient to pass the required discharge and needs to be remodelled to meet the requirements. This can be achieved by revising the canal section using a comprehensive design approach best suited to the local conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Astacin proteases cleave dentin sialophosphoprotein (Dspp) to generate dentin phosphoprotein (Dpp)
Authors: Tsuchiya Shuhei , Simmer James P , Hu Jan C-C , Richardson Amelia S , Yamakoshi Fumiko , Yamakoshi Yasuo
Published: August 2010

Dentin sialophosphoprotein (Dspp) is critical for proper dentin biomineralization because genetic defects in DSPP cause dentin dysplasia type II and dentinogenesis imperfecta types II and III. Dspp is processed by proteases into smaller subunits; the initial cleavage releases dentin phosphoprotein (Dpp). We incubated fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) peptides containing the amino acid context of the Dpp cleavage site (YEFDGKSMQGDDPN, designated Dspp-FRET) or a mutant version of that context (YEFDGKStext-decoration:underlineGDDPN, designated mutDspp-FRET) with BMP-1, MEP1A, MEP1B, MMP-2, MMP-8, MMP-9, MT1-MMP, MT3-MMP, Klk4, MMP-20, plasmin, or porcine Dpp and characterized the peptide cleavage products. Only BMP-1, MEP1A, and MEP1B cleaved Dspp-FRET at the G–D peptide bond that releases Dpp from Dspp in vivo. We isolated Dspp proteoglycan from dentin power and incubated it with the three enzymes that cleaved Dspp-FRET at the G–D bond. In each case, the released Dpp domain was isolated, and its N-terminus was characterized by Edman degradation. BMP-1 and MEP1A both cleaved native Dspp at the correct site to generate Dpp, making both these enzymes prime candidates for the protease that cleaves Dspp in vivo. MEP1B was able to degrade Dpp when the Dpp was at sufficiently high concentration to deplete free calcium ion concentration. Immunohistochemistry of developing porcine molars demonstrated that astacins are expressed by odontoblasts, a result that is consistent with RT-PCR analyses. We conclude that during odontogenesis, astacins in the predentin matrix cleave Dspp before the DDPN sequence at the N-terminus of Dpp to release Dpp from the parent Dspp protein. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.