bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inferring the Driver’s Lane Change Intention through LiDAR-Based Environment Analysis Using Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Díaz-Álvarez Alberto , Clavijo Miguel , Jiménez Felipe , Serradilla Francisco
Published: January 2021

Most of the tactic manoeuvres during driving require a certain understanding of the surrounding environment from which to devise our future behaviour. In this paper, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) approach is used to model the lane change behaviour to identify when a driver is going to perform this manoeuvre. To that end, a slightly modified CNN architecture adapted to both spatial (i.e., surrounding environment) and non-spatial (i.e., rest of variables such as relative speed to the front vehicle) input variables. Anticipating a driver’s lane change intention means it is possible to use this information as a new source of data in wide range of different scenarios. One example of such scenarios might be the decision making process support for human drivers through Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) fed with the data of the surrounding cars in an inter-vehicular network. Another example might even be its use in autonomous vehicles by using the data of a specific driver profile to make automated driving more human-like. Several CNN architectures have been tested on a simulation environment to assess their performance. Results show that the selected architecture provides a higher degree of accuracy than random guessing (i.e., assigning a class randomly for each observation in the data set), and it can capture subtle differences in behaviour between different driving profiles.
Observations on the Relationship between Crash Frequency and Traffic Flow
Authors: Wagner Peter , Hoffmann Ragna , Leich Andreas
Published: January 2021

This work analyzes the relationship between crash frequency N (crashes per hour) and exposure Q (cars per hour) on the macroscopic level of a whole city. As exposure, the traffic flow is used here. Therefore, it analyzes a large crash database of the city of Berlin, Germany, together with a novel traffic flow database. Both data display a strong weekly pattern, and, if taken together, show that the relationship N(Q) is not a linear one. When Q is small, N grows like a second-order polynomial, while at large Q there is a tendency towards saturation, leading to an S-shaped relationship. Although visible in all data from all crashes, the data for the severe crashes display a less prominent saturation. As a by-product, the analysis performed here also demonstrates that the crash frequencies follow a negative binomial distribution, where both parameters of the distribution depend on the hour of the week, and, presumably, on the traffic state in this hour. The work presented in this paper aims at giving the reader a better understanding on how crash rates depend on exposure.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Sinus and Nasal Allergies among Tannery Workers of Kanpur City
Authors: Kashyap Gyan Chandra , Vishwakarma Deepanjali , Singh Shri Kant
Published: January 2021

India is greatly afflicted by sinusitis, which is a condition that involves inflaming sinuses (the air cavities in the nasal passage) in your nose, according to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). The study’s objective was to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of sinus and nasal allergies among tannery workers of Kanpur city. The study has used primary datasets obtained from a cross-sectional household study of tannery workers from the Jajmau area of Kanpur in northern India, which was conducted during January–June 2015 as part of a doctoral program. The study covered 286 tannery workers from the study area. Bivariate and logistic regression analysis was used to study the association between outcome variables (self-reported prevalence of sinus and nasal allergies) and predictor variables (socioeconomic and work-related characteristics). Results portray that a higher proportion of the tannery workers belong to economically and socially backward classes. Overall, 13.4 and 12.3% of sinus and nasal allergy prevalence have been reported by tannery workers, whereas tannery workers from the oldest age group were those who mainly suffered. A study found that the severity of nasal and sinus allergies increases with the increasing age and work duration in the tannery. Workers with low exposure to airborne dust were significantly more likely to develop sinus problems (OR = 4.16; p < 0.05) than those without exposure. Those tannery workers suffering from nasal allergy were more prone to develop sinus problems than those who were not suffering from nasal allergy. The risk factors responsible for these health hazards can be eliminated by improving the overall working conditions and ensuring necessary protective regulations for the tannery workers.
Stonewalling in the Brick City: Perceptions of and Experiences with Seeking Police Assistance among LGBTQ Citizens
Authors: Shields Danielle M.
Published: January 2021

Extant research has documented police interactions between racial and ethnic minority populations, including negative perceptions of and experiences with the police; police corruption and misconduct; and the deleterious effects of negative relationships with the police, such as reduced legitimacy and mistrust. Comparatively, exchanges between lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and queer (LGBTQ) populations and the police have received limited attention. This is despite work suggesting that LGBTQ citizens face an elevated risk of victimization, and a possible reticence in reporting their victimization, resulting from negative perceptions of police, fear of mistreatment, or even experiences of harassment and abuse by police. To extend the research in this area, I analyze 12 focus groups with LGBTQ participants (N = 98) in an urban setting to examine the circumstances in which LGBTQ people would seek assistance from the police, when they would avoid doing so, and their justifications for avoiding or contacting the police. I also considered intersectionality in shaping police–citizen interactions between sexual and/or gender minority citizens of color, as the sample was almost exclusively LGBTQ persons of color. I conclude by discussing implications for policing practices and policies.
Innovative Business Model for the Management of Airports in Purpose to Identify Runway Damage in Time
Authors: Kovačič Boštjan , Doler Damjan , Sever Drago
Published: January 2021

Runways are exposed to significant burdens and other external factors that cause their deformation. Monitoring runway deformities and determining the resulting damage is a complicated procedure which requires a rapid and accurate assessment of these deformities and evaluation of the damage they cause. In this study, an optimized process to determine this damage based on geodetic measurements was developed. A novelty of our research is a prototype model for the maintenance of smaller airport runways with an emphasis on damage detection. The model is also intended for sustainable development, as it is open source in which we can enter various data. A model and algorithm that enables tabulation and graphical display of surface anomalies were developed for the detailed analysis of the collected data. This model allows monitoring of runway deformities to determine the resulting damage, thus facilitating timely planning of necessary maintenance. As a result, unexpected runway closures and related high costs can be prevented. In this study, we also compared the obtained results with those obtained using the open-source program Quantum GIS (QGIS) to confirm the accuracy and applicability of the algorithm.
Drivers of Car Ownership in a Car-Oriented City: A Mixed-Method Study
Authors: Heinonen Jukka , Czepkiewicz Michał , Árnadóttir Áróra , Ottelin Juudit
Published: January 2021

This paper presents a mixed-method analysis of car ownership in Reykjavik, Iceland, a location with a high motorization level and deeply rooted car culture. We utilize qualitative interviews to understand vehicle possession reasons and elaborate the study with statistical analysis using a softGIS survey dataset with characteristics of the respondents and their residential location. We focus on adults aged 25 to 40, who are suggested to be less car-oriented than older generations. We also describe the historic development of Reykjavik’s car culture to give a perspective for the findings. We show that even among the studied age group, car ownership is still seen as a social norm, with few even seeing it possible to live without a car, and the public transport system is seen as giving a poverty stigma. However, we still find an increasing share of car-free households towards the city center. Still, the built environment impact is limited to the city center, which has a higher proportion of small adult-only households residing in shared apartments than other areas. Moreover, there seems to be a three-fold connection between having a child, acquiring a car (if not already possessed), and choosing a suburban residential location. Some indications of residential self-selection related to car ownership were found, but pro-car attitudes and residential location independently influenced car ownership. This study helps to understand the reasons for high car dominance and supports designing policies to reduce car-dependency, not just in Reykjavik but also elsewhere.
Extended Producer Responsibility in the Australian Construction Industry
Authors: Shooshtarian Salman , Maqsood Tayyab , Wong Peter SP , Khalfan Malik , Yang Rebecca J.
Published: January 2021

With the COVID-19 outbreak across the world, policymakers and authorities have realised that they cannot solve the emerging issues using conventional policies and practices. COVID-19 has severely affected many industries, including construction and demolition (C&D) waste management and C&D waste resource recovery sector. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) and schemes alike are policy instruments that prevent waste generation and promote a circular economy in the construction industry. These schemes are long adopted in various countries for different waste streams. EPR policy development and implementation, particularly for C&D waste, is still at an early stage in Australia. This study aims to review the Australian regulatory environment and practice to identify barriers and enablers towards successful policy development and implementation of C&D waste-related EPR. This study is based on secondary data that are publicly available. The document analysis was conducted to identify the level of regulatory and other stakeholders support in Australia. Following three rounds of examination of sources and applying multiple selection criteria, 59 different sources were reviewed in total. The results showed that there is widespread support among different stakeholders to develop EPR and expand the existing regulation to other materials. The barriers were cost and time implications for EPR policy establishment and enforcement, diversity of stakeholders involved, construction product lifecycle, responsibility of manufacturers, complexity in implantation of EPR regulations, modification inbuilt facilities and health and safety issues. Recommendations are made to alleviate these challenges. The outcome of this study could serve as a guideline for designing effective EPR policies.
Exploring Tools for Public Real Estate Enhancement in Italy: From Criteria to Decisions
Authors: Morena Marzia , Cia Genny , Migliore Alessandra , Mantella Stefano
Published: January 2021

The debate on public real estate enhancement is prominent and requires innovative strategies to assure economic and social sustainability. This article aims at systematizing the currently available methods and tools of public property enhancement in Italy, proposing a system of criteria to support the public administration (PA) in the decision-making process when managing public real estate enhancement oriented towards public utility. Namely, this article considers and assesses consolidated and innovative public real estate enhancement methods and tools currently available to the Italian PA according to the “endogenous criteria” of the real estate tools and “criteria of purpose” of the public administration promoting the enhancement process. The final aim is to support the decision-making process of PAs and help both public and private actors in grasping and managing the complexity of public real estate enhancement. An overview of the literature and of reference laws on public property enhancement builds the research framework, together with a path of research, dialogues, and fieldworks with the Italian State Property Agency (Agenzia del Demanio). The decision-making process of PAs for selecting a suitable enhancement strategy or tool should rest on endogenous criteria and criteria of purpose. Specifically: (i) the distinct technical features of each public asset; (ii) the public utility aim that the public entity intends to pursue; (iii) the needs of the community (i.e., the demand); (iv) the skills available within the PA that promotes the strategy.
Developing a Practical Framework of Sustainability Indicators Relevant to All Higher Education Institutions to Enable Meaningful International Rankings
Authors: Horan William , O’Regan Bernadette
Published: January 2021

Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) sustainability assessments are receiving significant attention in the academic literature, with ever more complex grading and ranking systems being developed. This paper aims to provide national policy makers with a simple set of indicators to facilitate measuring progress towards sustainability for the HEI sector, within the context of national sustainability data collection efforts. Candidate indicators were identified and assessed from the two most subscribed to HEI sustainability assessments, namely, the UIGreenMetric and STARS, to develop a sector specific indicator set. This resulted in a final set of 12 indicators, covering on-site energy, greenhouse gas emissions, solid waste, water, travel, education, research, and governance. The proposed indicator set was then compared to publicly available data for Irish HEIs, to identify gaps in data collection, which found that direct campus energy use and associated Scope 1 and 2 emission data alone were collected with sufficient rigour. The described indicator set has the potential to be applied to guiding national sustainability transitions globally and offers a template for accelerating sustainability data collection efforts for the HEI sector.
GIS-Based Expert Knowledge for Landslide Susceptibility Mapping (LSM): Case of Mostaganem Coast District, West of Algeria
Authors: Senouci Rachida , Taibi Nasr-Eddine , Teodoro Ana Cláudia , Duarte Lia , Mansour Hamidi , Yahia Meddah Rabia
Published: January 2021

Landslides are one of the natural disasters that affect socioeconomic wellbeing. Accordingly, this work aimed to realize a landslide susceptibility map in the coastal district of Mostaganem (Western Algeria). For this purpose, we applied a knowledge-driven approach and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in a Geographical Information System (GIS) environment. We combined landslide-controlling parameters, such as lithology, slope, aspect, land use, curvature plan, rainfall, and distance to stream and to fault, using two GIS tools: the Raster calculator and the Weighted Overlay Method (WOM). Locations with elevated landslide susceptibility were close the urban nucleus and to a national road (RN11); in both sites, we registered the presence of strong water streams. The quality of the modeled maps has been verified using the ground truth landslide map and the Area Under Curve (AUC) of the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (ROC). The study results confirmed the excellent reliability of the produced maps. In this regard, validation based on the ROC indicates an accuracy of 0.686 for the map produced using a knowledge-driven approach. The map produced using the AHP combined with the WOM showed high accuracy (0.753).
Measurement of 30-Year Urban Expansion Using Spatial Entropy in Changwon and Gimhae, Korea
Authors: Cho Ki Hwan , Lee Do-Hun , Kim Tae-Su , Jang Gab-Sue
Published: January 2021

Entropy is widely used for measuring the degree of urban sprawl. However, despite the intense use of the entropy concept in urban sprawl, entropy’s spatial context has been largely ignored. In this study, we analyzed urban sprawl in Changwon and Gimhae cities, as they shared a common boundary but differed in their population growth and urban expansion. The land cover type, “urban and dry area,” was used to identify urban areas in the two cities, and a land cover map showed the areas of expansion in the 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s. Different zoning schemes, namely concentric rings and regular partitioning, were applied. Shannon’s and Batty’s spatial entropy indices were used to measure urban sprawl. The results showed that concentric ring zoning was not suitable for measuring urban sprawl in a decentralized and polycentric city. Batty’s spatial entropy was less affected by the zoning scheme used and reflected the pattern of urban expansion more accurately. Urban sprawl, a phenomenon occurring within a spatial context, can be better understood by measuring spatial entropy with appropriate zoning schemes.
Key Factors of Rural Households’ Willingness to Pay for Cleaner Heating in Hebi: A Case Study in Northern China
Authors: Xie Wu , Chen Chen , Li Fangyi , Cai Bofeng , Yang Ranran , Cao Libin , Wu Pengcheng , Pang Lingyun
Published: January 2021

As coal-fired heating in winter in rural areas of northern China exacerbates air pollution, promoting cleaner heating transition is of significance for environmental sustainability. However, this is difficult as intentions and actions of rural households are deficient. This case study in northern China aims to estimate rural households’ willingness to pay (WTP) for facilities and energy for cleaner heating and explore its key factors. The survey-based analysis found that the total annual WTP for cleaner heating (sum of the WTP for heating facilities and energy per year) varied from RMB 250 to RMB 6800 (RMB 100 ≈ USD 15 in 2018), with a quite low average and a huge difference. The variation of the WTP can be attributed to economic and demographic features and environmental attitudes of households. Improvement of household income and environmental concern will enhance the WTP for cleaner heating, but a high vacancy rate and aging population in rural areas will generally inhibit it. Based on this study, some policy suggestions were proposed to promote cleaner heating transition in rural households; specifically, more attention should be paid to the poor and aged households.
Winter Sports Resorts and Natural Environment—Systematic Literature Review Presenting Interactions between Them
Authors: Żemła Michał
Published: January 2021

The systematic literature review method was adopted to analyze the content of papers published since 2001 that focused on interactions between winter sports resort operations and the natural environment. A total of 86 papers published in journals indexed in SCOPUS data base were analyzed. Three main groups of topics presented in analyzed papers were found: the environmental impact of winter sports resorts, the management of environmental impacts and sustainable development of winter sports resorts, and finally the impact of climate change on winter sports resort operations. The biggest number of publications were devoted to the latter topic, and interest in conducting research within this area has apparently grown during the last two decades. However, most conclusions reached by the authors of numerous studies are site-specific and difficult to extend to other resorts/destinations. Additionally, the conclusions presented in many papers are contrary to the results achieved in other publications. Several gaps in our contemporary scientific knowledge and directions of future research are suggested in addition to the abovementioned results of the analysis conducted in the presented paper as the final conclusion of the research.
A Business Intelligence & Analytics Framework for Clean and Affordable Energy Data Analysis
Authors: Muntean Mihaela , Dănăiaţă Doina , Hurbean Luminiţa , Jude Cornelia
Published: January 2021

Energy is the sector most strongly connected with climate change moderation, and this correlation and interdependency is largely investigated, in particular as regards renewable energy and sustainability issues. The United Nations, European Union, and all countries around the world declare their support for sustainable development, materialized in agreements, strategies, and action plans. This diversity, combined with significant interdependencies between indicators, brings up challenges for data analysis, which we have tackled in order to decide on relevant indicators. We have built a research framework based on Business Intelligence & Analytics for monitoring the SDG7 indicators that aim at “Ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all”, in relation with SDG13 indicators targeting the sustainable aspect of energy. In developing the Business Intelligence & Analytics framework, we have considered Design Science Research in information systems guidelines. We have designed a process for carrying out Design Science Research by describing the demarche to develop information artifacts, which are the essence of a Business Intelligence & Analytics system. The information artifacts, such as data source, preprocessed data, initial and final data model, as well as data visualizations, are designed and implemented in order to support clean and affordable energy data analysis. The proposed research model, applied for Romania in this paper, serves as a point of departure for investigating data in a more integrated way, and can be easily applied to another country case study.
Sustainability-Conscious Stakeholders and CSR: Evidence from IJVs of Ghana
Authors: Tian Gang , Pekyi Gabriel Dodzi , Chen Haojia , Sun Huaping , Wang Xiaoling
Published: January 2021

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities of international joint ventures (IJVs) are considered a way for multinational corporations (MNCs) to be embedded in local communities. Existing literature generally assumes that MNC research applies to IJV, however, the research of IJV’s CSR practices is often ignored. In particular, it is unclear which stakeholders become important factors in influencing the CSR practices of IJVs in developing countries. This paper aims to examine the structural characteristics of IJVs and propose a framework for the CSR practice of IJVs established in Ghana. The theoretical standpoint of this research is built upon the stakeholder and institutional theories. Using stepwise regression, a framework is developed to better understand and identify the forces within the local market that stimulate CSR. Consumers, competitors, and local communities are considered to be the key stakeholders driving IJV CSR actions. In addition, this paper has identified significant differences in CSR practice related to the IJV’s ownership structure. This study contributes to the literature on furthering knowledge of CSR and IJVs. Furthermore, it also provides practical implications for MNCs to better integrate into the local market and the host country in order to promote the development of stakeholders related to IJVs.
Analysis of Resonant Soft X-ray Reflectivity of Anisotropic Layered Materials
Authors: Pasquali Luca , Mahne Nicola , Giglia Angelo , Verna Adriano , Sponza Lorenzo , Capelli Raffaella , Bonfatti Matteo , Mezzadri Francesco , Galligani Emanuele , Nannarone Stefano
Published: January 2021

We present here a method for the quantitative prediction of the spectroscopic specular reflectivity line-shape in anisotropic layered media. The method is based on a 4 × 4 matrix formalism and on the simulation from the first principles (through density functional theory—DFT) of the anisotropic absorption cross-section. The approach was used to simulate the reflectivity at the oxygen K-edge of a 3,4,9,10-perylene-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) thin film on Au(111). The effect of film thickness, orientation of the molecules, and grazing incidence angle were considered. The simulation results were compared to the experiment, permitting us to derive information on the film geometry, thickness, and morphology, as well as the electronic structure.
Forecasting Model and Related Index of Pig Population in China
Authors: Zhang Fan , Wang Fulin , Wang Fulin
Published: January 2021

The systematic and reasonable prediction of pig population is the basis for balance and symmetry between the supply and demand of hogs, which is of great significance to the pig industry. Based on the population prediction model and according to the principle of pig months transfer, this paper referred to the modeling principle and method of the discrete population quantity prediction model and established a related index model that can reflect the pig population development process. The forecasting model we have established includes the following models: (a) a recursive model of pig population, (b) an estimation model of new kept piglets and breeding sows in each month, (c) an estimation model of the initial state of the quantity of the pig population, and (d) a related index model to calculate pig population. On this basis, an example calculation was made to predict the monthly pig population and the quantitative distribution of pigs with different age groups in China from January 2016 to March 2018 in the future. The results showed that the forecasting model of pork supply based on the prediction of pig population is an effective perspective to study the future quantity of pork supply. In the fitting stage, the relative error of the number of slaughtered fattened hogs was 0.0332 and 0.0368. In the prediction stage, the relative error of the quantity of pork supply was 0.0618 and 0.0578.
In Vitro Neurotoxicity of Chinese Krait (Bungarus multicinctus) Venom and Neutralization by Antivenoms
Authors: Liang Qing , Huynh Tam Minh , Ng Yen Zhi , Isbister Geoffrey K. , Hodgson Wayne C.
Published: January 2021

Bungarus multicinctus, the Chinese krait, is a highly venomous elapid snake which causes considerable morbidity and mortality in southern China. B. multicinctus venom contains pre-synaptic PLA2 neurotoxins (i.e., β-bungarotoxins) and post-synaptic neurotoxins (i.e., α-bungarotoxins). We examined the in vitro neurotoxicity of B. multicinctus venom, and the efficacy of specific monovalent Chinese B. multicinctus antivenom, and Australian polyvalent elapid snake antivenom, against venom-induced neurotoxicity. B. multicinctus venom (1–10 μg/mL) abolished indirect twitches in the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation as well as attenuating contractile responses to exogenous ACh and CCh, but not KCl. This indicates a post-synaptic neurotoxic action but myotoxicity was not evident. Given that post-synaptic α-neurotoxins have a more rapid onset than pre-synaptic neurotoxins, the activity of the latter in the whole venom will be masked. The prior addition of Chinese B. multicinctus antivenom (12 U/mL) or Australian polyvalent snake antivenom (15 U/mL), markedly attenuated the neurotoxic actions of B. multicinctus venom (3 μg/mL) and prevented the inhibition of contractile responses to ACh and CCh. The addition of B. multicinctus antivenom (60 U/mL), or Australian polyvalent snake antivenom (50 U/mL), at the t90 time point after the addition of B. multicinctus venom (3 μg/mL), did not restore the twitch height over 180 min. The earlier addition of B. multicinctus antivenom (60 U/mL), at the t20 or t50 time points, also failed to prevent the neurotoxic effects of the venom but did delay the time to abolish twitches based on a comparison of t90 values. Repeated washing of the preparation with physiological salt solution, commencing at the t20 time point, failed to reverse the neurotoxic effects of venom or delay the time to abolish twitches. This study showed that B. multicinctus venom displays marked in vitro neurotoxicity in a skeletal muscle preparation which is not reversed by antivenom. This does not appear to be related to antivenom efficacy, but due to the irreversible/pseudo-irreversible nature of the neurotoxins.
Seroprevalence of Toscana Virus and Sandfly Fever Sicilian Virus in European Bat Colonies Measured Using a Neutralization Test
Authors: Ayhan Nazli , López-Roig Marc , Monastiri Abir , Charrel Remi N. , Serra-Cobo Jordi
Published: January 2021

Toscana phlebovirus (TOSV) and Sicilian phlebovirus (SFSV) are endemic in the Mediterranean area where they are transmitted to humans by infected sandflies. Vertebrates of several species have been postulated to act as reservoirs of these viruses, but convincing evidence is still awaited. Among them, bats have been suggested, however documented evidence is lacking. Here we tested a total of 329 bats belonging to eight species collected from twelve localities in southern Spain for the presence of neutralizing antibodies specific to TOSV and SFSV. Positive sera were detected in Schreiber’s long-fingered bat (Miniopterus schreibersii), mouse-eared Myotis (Myotis myotis), European free-tailed bat (Tadarida teniotis), and common serotine (Eptesicus serotinus) with the latter showing the highest prevalence rates for SFSV (22.6%) and TOSV (10%). There was no difference between females and males. Results suggest that bats are not likely to play a major role in the natural cycle of these two sandfly-borne phleboviruses. However, large breeding colonies of bats can be used as sentinels for surveillance of the presence of such viruses in a given locality. In addition, capture–recapture studies should be initiated in order to understand better the dynamics of TOSV and SFSV in bat populations.
Analysis of the Immune Responses in the Ileum of Gnotobiotic Pigs Infected with the Recombinant GII.p12_GII.3 Human Norovirus by mRNA Sequencing
Authors: Park Byung-Joo , Ahn Hee-Seop , Han Sang-Hoon , Go Hyeon-Jeong , Kim Dong-Hwi , Choi Changsun , Jung Soontag , Myoung Jinjong , Lee Joong-Bok , Park Seung-Yong , Song Chang-Seon , Lee Sang-Won , Lee Hoon-Taek , Choi In-Soo
Published: January 2021

Norovirus genogroup II (NoV GII) induces acute gastrointestinal food-borne illness in humans. Because gnotobiotic pigs can be infected with human norovirus (HuNoV) GII, they are frequently used to analyze the associated pathogenic mechanisms and immune responses, which remain poorly understood. Recently, mRNA sequencing analysis (RNA-Seq) has been used to identify cellular responses to viruses. In this study, we investigated the host immune response and possible mechanisms involved in virus evasion in the ileum of gnotobiotic pigs infected with HuNoV by RNA-Seq. HuNoV was detected in the feces, blood, and tissues of the jejunum, ileum, colon, mesenteric lymph node, and spleen of pigs infected with HuNoV. In analysis of mRNA sequencing, expression of anti-viral protein genes such as OAS1, MX1, and MX2 were largely decreased, whereas type I IFN was increased in pigs infected with HuNoV. In addition, expression of TNF and associated anti-inflammatory cytokine genes such as IL10 was increased in HuNoV-infected pigs. Expression of genes related to natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and CD8+ T cell exhaustion was increased, whereas that of MHC class I genes was decreased. Expression profiles of selected genes were further confirmed by qRT-PCR and Western blot. These results suggest that infection with HuNoV induces NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity but suppresses type I IFN- and CD8+ T cell-mediated antiviral responses.
SARS-CoV-2 Epitope Mapping on Microarrays Highlights Strong Immune-Response to N Protein Region
Authors: Musicò Angelo , Frigerio Roberto , Mussida Alessandro , Barzon Luisa , Sinigaglia Alessandro , Riccetti Silvia , Gobbi Federico , Piubelli Chiara , Bergamaschi Greta , Chiari Marcella , Gori Alessandro , Cretich Marina
Published: January 2021

A workflow for rapid SARS-CoV-2 epitope discovery on peptide microarrays is herein reported. The process started with a proteome-wide screening of immunoreactivity based on the use of a high-density microarray followed by a refinement and validation phase on a restricted panel of probes using microarrays with tailored peptide immobilization through a click-based strategy. Progressively larger, independent cohorts of Covid-19 positive sera were tested in the refinement processes, leading to the identification of immunodominant regions on SARS-CoV-2 spike (S), nucleocapsid (N) protein and Orf1ab polyprotein. A summary study testing 50 serum samples highlighted an epitope of the N protein (region 155–71) providing good diagnostic performance in discriminating Covid-19 positive vs. healthy individuals. Using this epitope, 92% sensitivity and 100% specificity were reached for IgG detection in Covid-19 samples, and no cross-reactivity with common cold coronaviruses was detected. Likewise, IgM immunoreactivity in samples collected within the first month after symptoms onset showed discrimination ability. Overall, epitope 155–171 from N protein represents a promising candidate for further development and rapid implementation in serological tests.
SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Elicits Cell Signaling in Human Host Cells: Implications for Possible Consequences of COVID-19 Vaccines
Authors: Suzuki Yuichiro J. , Gychka Sergiy G.
Published: January 2021

The world is suffering from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 uses its spike protein to enter the host cells. Vaccines that introduce the spike protein into our body to elicit virus-neutralizing antibodies are currently being developed. In this article, we note that human host cells sensitively respond to the spike protein to elicit cell signaling. Thus, it is important to be aware that the spike protein produced by the new COVID-19 vaccines may also affect the host cells. We should monitor the long-term consequences of these vaccines carefully, especially when they are administered to otherwise healthy individuals. Further investigations on the effects of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on human cells and appropriate experimental animal models are warranted.
A Comparative Assessment of Hydrological Models in the Upper Cauvery Catchment
Authors: Horan Robyn , Gowri R , Wable Pawan S. , Baron Helen , Keller Virginie D. J. , Garg Kaushal K. , Mujumdar Pradeep P. , Houghton-Carr Helen , Rees Gwyn
Published: January 2021

This paper presents a comparison of the predictive capability of three hydrological models, and a mean ensemble of these models, in a heavily influenced catchment in Peninsular India: GWAVA (Global Water AVailability Assessment) model, SWAT (Soil Water Assessment Tool) and VIC (Variable Infiltration Capacity) model. The performance of the three models and their ensemble were investigated in five sub-catchments in the upstream reaches of the Cauvery river catchment. Model performances for monthly streamflow simulations from 1983–2005 were analysed using Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency, Kling-Gupta efficiency and percent bias. The predictive capability for each model was compared, and the ability to accurately represent key catchment hydrological processes is discussed. This highlighted the importance of an accurate spatial representation of precipitation for input into hydrological models, and that comprehensive reservoir functionality is paramount to obtaining good results in this region. The performance of the mean ensemble was analysed to determine whether the application of a multi-model ensemble approach can be useful in overcoming the uncertainties associated with individual models. It was demonstrated that the ensemble mean has a better predictive ability in catchments with reservoirs than the individual models, with Nash-Sutcliffe values between 0.49 and 0.92. Therefore, utilising multiple models could be a suitable methodology to offset uncertainty in input data and poor reservoir operation functionality within individual models.
Thixotropic Behavior of Reconstituted Debris-Flow Mixture
Authors: Schippa Leonardo , Doghieri Ferruccio , Pellegrino Anna , Pavesi Elisa
Published: January 2021

Time-dependent rheological properties and thixotropy of reconstituted debris-flows samples taken from channel bank deposits are examined using a commercial rheometer equipped with a vane rotor geometric system. Sweep tests and creep tests were carried out involving mixtures having different grain concentrations ranging between 50% and 58%. Different initial conditions of the mixtures were considered in order to analyze the effects of aging and rejuvenation (thixotropy) over a short period of time and long period of time. Tested slurries show viscosity bifurcation, yield stress and time-dependent behavior. According to the experimental results, three different regimes were identified: a lower shear rate regime, corresponding to a shear rate lower than the critical value; an intermediate banding shear rate regime characterized by static and dynamic yield stress level; and a higher shear rate regime where the flowing debris behaves as a non-Newtonian fluid characterized by a constant steady state ultimate apparent viscosity. In any case, the initial state of the mixture and the sediment concentration affects the ultimate steady state rheology and the time-dependent (thixotropy) slurries’ behavior.
Submarine Geomorphology of the Southwestern Sardinian Continental Shelf (Mediterranean Sea): Insights into the Last Glacial Maximum Sea-Level Changes and Related Environments
Authors: Deiana Giacomo , Lecca Luciano , Melis Rita , Soldati Mauro , Demurtas Valentino , Orrù Paolo
Published: January 2021

During the lowstand sea-level phase of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), a large part of the current Mediterranean continental shelf emerged. Erosional and depositional processes shaped the coastal strips, while inland areas were affected by aeolian and fluvial processes. Evidence of both the lowstand phase and the subsequent phases of eustatic sea level rise can be observed on the continental shelf of Sardinia (Italy), including submerged palaeo-shorelines and landforms, and indicators of relict coastal palaeo-environments. This paper shows the results of a high-resolution survey on the continental shelf off San Pietro Island (southwestern Sardinia). Multisensor and multiscale data—obtained by means of seismic sparker, sub-bottom profiler chirp, multibeam, side scan sonar, diving, and uncrewed aerial vehicles—made it possible to reconstruct the morphological features shaped during the LGM at depths between 125 and 135 m. In particular, tectonic controlled palaeo-cliffs affected by landslides, the mouth of a deep palaeo-valley fossilized by marine sediments and a palaeo-lagoon containing a peri-littoral thanatocenosis (18,983 ± 268 cal BP) were detected. The Younger Dryas palaeo-shorelines were reconstructed, highlighted by a very well preserved beachrock. The coastal paleo-landscape with lagoon-barrier systems and retro-littoral dunes frequented by the Mesolithic populations was reconstructed.
Performance Analysis of a Novel High Frequency Self-Reconfigurable Battery
Authors: Thomas Rémy , Lehmann Fanny , Blatter Jérôme , Despesse Ghislain , Heiries Vincent
Published: January 2021

Self-reconfigurable battery architectures have gained a lot of interest recently in the literature, with more and more advanced functionalities. This paper describes the performance analysis of our proposed High Frequency Self-Reconfigurable Battery (HF SRB). To evaluate specific features with long-term dependencies of our system, a full functional behavioral simulator was developed. A comparison with a real 128-level HF SRB validated the simulator operation. The balancing performances obtained on vehicle test cycles showed the cell capacity discrepancy that the HF SRB is capable of handling in a single complete charge or discharge cycle. The magnitude of this gap demonstrated the extent to which the HF SRB is capable of operating with second life cells or even different chemistry mixes.
Charging and Discharging Strategies of Electric Vehicles: A Survey
Authors: El-Bayeh Claude Ziad , Alzaareer Khaled , Aldaoudeyeh Al-Motasem I. , Brahmi Brahim , Zellagui Mohamed
Published: January 2021

The literature covering Plug-in Electric Vehicles (EVs) contains many charging/discharging strategies. However, none of the review papers covers such strategies in a complete fashion where all patterns of EVs charging/discharging are identified. Filling a gap in the literature, we clearly and systematically classify such strategies. After providing a clear definition for each strategy, we provide a detailed comparison between them by categorizing differences as follows: complexity; economics and power losses on the grid side; ability to provide ancillary services for integrity of the power grid; operation aspects (e.g., charging timing); and detrimental impact on the EV, the power grid, or the environment. Each one of these comparison categories is subdivided into even more detailed aspects. After we compare the EV charging/discharging strategies, we further provide recommendations on which strategies are suitable for which applications. Then, we provide ratings for each strategy by weighting all aspects of comparison together. Our review helps authors or aggregators explore likely choices that might suit the specific needs of their systems or test beds.
A Comparison Study of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outcomes in Hospitalized Kidney Transplant Recipients
Authors: Mansour Sherry G. , Malhotra Divyanshu , Simonov Michael , Yamamoto Yu , Arora Tanima , Subair Labeebah , Alausa Jameel , Moledina Dennis G. , Greenberg Jason H. , Wilson Francis Perry , Marin Ethan P.
Published: January 2021

Background

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can infect any human host, but kidney transplant recipients (KTR) are considered more susceptible on the basis of previous experience with other viral infections. We evaluated rates of hospital complications between SARS-CoV-2–positive KTR and comparator groups.

Methods

We extracted data from the electronic health record on patients who were hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2, testing at six hospitals from March 4 through September 9, 2020. We compared outcomes between SARS-CoV-2–positive KTR and controls: SARS-CoV-2–positive non-KTR, SARS-CoV-2–negative KTR, and SARS-CoV-2–negative non-KTR.

Results

Of 31,540 inpatients, 3213 tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. There were 32 SARS-CoV-2–positive and 224 SARS-CoV-2–negative KTR. SARS-CoV-2–positive KTR had higher ferritin levels (1412; interquartile range, 748–1749 versus 553; interquartile range, 256–1035; P<0.01) compared with SARS-CoV-2–positive non-KTR. SARS-CoV-2–positive KTR had higher rates of ventilation (34% versus 14%, P<0.01; versus 9%, P<0.01; versus 5%, P<0.01), vasopressor use (41% versus 16%, P<0.01; versus 17%, P<0.01; versus 12%, P<0.01), and AKI (47% versus 15%, P<0.01; versus 23%, P<0.01; versus 10%, P<0.01) compared with SARS-CoV-2–positive non-KTR, SARS-CoV-2–negative KTR, and SARS-CoV-2–negative non-KTR, respectively. SARS-CoV-2–positive KTR continued to have increased odds of ventilation, vasopressor use, and AKI compared with SARS-CoV-2–positive non-KTR independent of Elixhauser score, Black race, and baseline eGFR. Mortality was not significantly different between SARS-CoV-2–positive KTR and non-KTR, but there was a notable trend toward higher mortality in SARS-CoV-2–positive KTR (25% versus 16%, P=0.15, respectively).

Conclusions

Hospitalized SARS-CoV-2–positive KTR had a high rate of mortality and hospital complications, such as requiring ventilation, vasopressor use, and AKI. Additionally, they had higher odds of hospital complications compared with SARS-CoV-2–positive non-KTR after adjusting for Elixhauser score, Black race, and baseline eGFR. Future studies with larger sample size of KTR are needed to validate our findings.

Podcast

This article contains a podcast at https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/www.asn-online.org/media/podcast/K360/2021_03_25_KID0005652020.mp3
Longitudinal Changes in the Use of PD Assistance for Patients Maintained on Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Fonseca-Correa Jorge I. , Farragher Janine F. , Tomlinson George , Oliver Matthew J. , Jain Arsh , Flanagan Susan , Koyle Kathleen , Jassal Sarbjit V.
Published: January 2021

Background

Home dialysis therapies, such as peritoneal dialysis (PD), offer flexibility and improved well-being, particularly for older individuals. However, a substantial proportion require assistance with personal care and health care–related tasks. We hypothesized that patients and families would require less PD assistance as they became more familiar with PD-related tasks. The study objective was to assess whether the nature of, and need for, PD assistance decreased over time.

Methods

Using a multicentered, prospective, observational study design, patients aged ≥50 years were recruited from those starting PD. Patients underwent formal evaluation using validated components of a Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment at baseline, and they were followed monthly and administered a questionnaire about the need for assistance with PD-related tasks.

Results

A total of 111 patients (age 69±10 years, 68% men, and 56% diabetic) were followed for a total of 609 patient-months. Of those who needed help, 40% had help from a family member, and 33% were helped by nurses. Both the quantity and nature of help received by patients remained generally stable throughout follow-up and did not vary according to age, frailty, functional dependence, or cognitive impairment (P=0.93). The proportion of patients needing help varied widely across the 13 different tasks but appeared relatively stable across time. The paid-unpaid caregiver ratio for the different tasks did not change over time.

Conclusions

Older patients initiating PD in the outpatient setting have a high need for assistance with PD-related tasks, which seems to persist over the initial 6-month period.
Una Mirada desde la Perspectiva Socio-Histórica al Rol de la Mujer en la Formación Educacional en los Colegios
Authors: Thaureaux Vives Libia
Published: January 2021

La investigación constituye una aproximación desde la perspectiva socio-histórica, a la labor desarrollada por las mujeres cristianas en la formación educacional dentro del protestantismo cubano, específicamente en los colegios protestantes de tradición Bautista, los cuales tuvieron una influencia positiva en la sociedad cubana y en gran parte de la región oriental. Los principales resultados revelan la influencia de estos colegios protestantes en la sociedad cubana, así como la labor que las mujeres desarrollaron en la enseñanza educacional, y como estas inculcaron a través de su fe religiosa valores patrios y morales en las jóvenes generaciones.
El Trabajo Independiente como Método de Enseñanza en la Clase Encuentro. Una Experiencia Pedagógica de la Disciplina Formación Pedagógica General
Authors: Aulet Álvarez Omar Blas , Mayet Wilson Mirta Felicita , Delgado Luque Arnaldo
Published: January 2021

El objetivo es la sistematización teórico-práctica del trabajo independiente como método de enseñanza en la clase, a través del trabajo metodológico integrado en la Disciplina Formación Pedagógica General, para carreras pedagógicas. El uso de los métodos investigativos: análisis-síntesis y el sistémico-estructural, permitió la fundamentación de las categorías abordadas, en función de garantizar la calidad del aprendizaje desde la gestión del conocimiento de los estudiantes universitarios, se revelaron como limitaciones: la carencia en los estudiantes de recursos pedagógicos para enfrentar con independencia cognoscitiva la gestión de sus propios aprendizajes, dificultades en los docentes para el diseño, orientación y control del trabajo independiente. Como resultado se ejemplifica con un conjunto de clases de las asignaturas de la disciplina FPG, cuyo impacto generó cambios positivos en el 90% de los docentes al asumir el trabajo independiente como método de enseñanza fundamental. Basado en este estudio una de los resultados mejor logrado fue la impartición de un curso de postgrado a los docentes universitarios de otras carreras y facultades.