bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supply Chain Financial Risk Management under the Background of Wireless Multimedia Communication and Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Li Yi , Su Jinxia , Xiao Daiyou
Published: May 2022

The application of information technology and various electronic communication equipment has grown rapidly. At the same time, information technologies such as the Internet and communication networks have become increasingly mature and widely used, making e-commerce transactions simpler and the roles of enterprises in the supply chain increasingly diversified. At this stage, supply chain finance has become an important way for small- and medium-sized enterprises to finance, and it is a key step in commercial trade. However, the risk control of this model is difficult to be effectively contained. How to control its financial risk to the lowest level is the research goal of this paper. This paper analyzes and calculates the supply chain financial risks of different enterprises through a questionnaire method, a case analysis method, and a comparison method and obtains relevant data. The data results show that the entropy value of the net interest rate is 0.97, which indicates that it has a larger market share and less risk. Through wireless multimedia communication technology and artificial intelligence algorithms, the system calculation of supply chain financial risk management is much simpler. In this regard, the research proposes a scientific system for building supply chain financial risk management.
Formulation of Ebastine Fast-Disintegrating Tablet Using Coprocessed Superdisintegrants and Evaluation of Quality Control Parameters
Authors: Dhakal Bhawana , Thakur Jaybir Kumar , Mahato Reema Kumari , Rawat Ishwori , Rabin D. C. , Chhetri Rahul Rana , Shah Kedar Prasad , Adhikari Atul , Pandey Jitendra
Published: May 2022

Ebastine is a long-acting, nonsedating, second-generation antihistaminic drug that prevents histamine action, mainly in immediate hypersensitivity. This project was aimed to formulate and characterize orodispersible tablets of ebastine, utilizing different proportions of three disintegrants, namely crospovidone, sodium starch glycolate, and coprocessed superdisintegrant. Initially, fifteen trial batches of ebastine orodispersible tablets were outlined using the central composite design of Minitab software. The tablets were formulated by the direct compression method. The compressed tablets were then evaluated for precompression and postcompression physicochemical parameters, such as angle of repose, Carr’s index, Hausner’s ratio, hardness, thickness, weight variation, drug content, friability, wetting time, disintegration time, dispersion time, and water absorption ratio. The in vitro dissolution test was conducted according to Indian Pharmacopeia 2018, with the help of the rotating paddle method using 0.5% w/v sodium lauryl sulfate buffer in 0.1 N HCl. For the optimized batch (8th batch), all the physicochemical parameters like angle of repose (33.77°), Carr’s index (19.34%), Hausner’s ratio (1.24), weight variation (202.5 mg), hardness (4.3 kg/cm2), friability (0.44%), thickness (3.16 mm), dissolution (95.78%), and drug content (101.67%) were within the acceptable limit as per Indian Pharmacopeia 2018. The wetting time, disintegration time, dispersion time, and water absorption ratio were reported to be 25.1 seconds, 16.0 seconds, 38.6 seconds, and 91.92%, respectively. Hence, the results suggested that orodispersible tablets of ebastine can be formulated. Furthermore, the mixing of crospovidone, sodium starch glycolate, and coprocessed super disintegrants can result in excellent desirable properties in the orodispersible tablet.
Hepatic Encephalopathy Is Not Always due to Liver Cirrhosis
Authors: Ecker Miriam Eva , Paparoupa Maria , Sostmann Bernd , Weissenborn Karin , Schuppert Frank
Published: May 2022

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a frequent and debilitating complication of liver disease and is oftentimes associated with hyperammonaemia. However, hyperammonaemia may occur in underlying conditions other than acute or chronic liver failure and clinical awareness is needed in order to be recognized and treated properly. A 24-year-old woman presented herself to our emergency department with acute confusion and altered mental state due to severe hyperammonaemia. The patient was diagnosed in the age of 14 with ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency and was incompliant regarding her diet and suggested medication to treat this disorder. She was treated with sodium benzoate 250 mg/kg i.v., sodium phenylbutyrate/sodium phenylacetate 250 mg/kg i.v., L-arginine 250 mg/kg i.v., and received continuous hemofiltration. Under simultaneous medical treatment and haemodialysis, ammonia levels dropped to normal within 24 h and symptomatic encephalopathy ceased completely. OTC deficiency is rare in adults, and the majority of patients are diagnosed in childhood. It can lead to death if not diagnosed and treated properly. Our case underlines the importance of considering causes of HE other than liver cirrhosis.
Long-Term Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy with Fractionated 5-Aminolevulinic Acid 20% versus Conventional Two-Stage Topical Methyl Aminolevulinate for Superficial Basal-Cell Carcinoma
Authors: van Delft Lieke C.J. , Nelemans Patty J. , Kessels Janneke P.H.M. , Kreukels Hilke , Roozeboom Marieke H. , de Rooij Michette J.M. , Mosterd Klara , de Haas Ellen R.M. , Kelleners-Smeets Nicole W.J.
Published: May 2022

Background: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a noninvasive treatment for patients with superficial basal-cell carcinoma (sBCC). The efficacy of PDT may vary with different photosensitizers and treatment schedules. Objective: Our objective was to evaluate whether fractionated 5-aminolevulinic acid 20% (ALA)-PDT is superior to conventional two-stage methyl aminolevulinate (MAL)-PDT for sBCC. Methods: We present the 5 years results of a single-blind, randomized, multicenter trial. 162 patients with a histologically confirmed primary sBCC were randomized to fractionated ALA-PDT or MAL-PDT. Results: The 5-year tumor-free survival rate was 70.7% (95% CI 58.2–80.1%) for ALA-PDT and 76.5% (95% CI 64.4–85.0%) for MAL-PDT. In the first 3 years, there was no significant difference in risk of treatment failure (HR = 1.53, p = 0.283), but in the long-term, the risk of recurrence was significantly lower following MAL-PDT compared to ALA-PDT (HR = 0.125, p = 0.049). As judged by patients, the esthetic result was good-excellent in 96.8% (61/63) and 94.4% (56/59) of patients treated with ALA-PDT and MAL-PDT, respectively (p = 0.631). Conclusion: The long-term efficacy is significantly higher for conventional two-stage MAL-PDT than for fractionated ALA-PDT, whereas there was no significant difference in esthetic outcome between the treatments at 5 years after treatment. These results indicate that fractionated ALA-PDT offers no benefit over conventional two-stage MAL-PDT.
The Pediatric COVID-19 Registry in Kuwait: Methodology and Results of Pilot Phase
Authors: Qabazard Sarah , Al-Abdulrazzaq Dalia , Al-Kandari Hessa , Ayed Mariam , Alanezi Ayed , Al-Shammari Nufoud , Alharbash Zaid , Al-Khabbaz Muna , Kalander Khaled , Bin-Hassan Saadoun , Alfraij Abdulla , Alghounaim Mohammad , Alsaeid Khaled , Al-Hashemi Hashem
Published: May 2022

Objective: Establishing a pediatric COVID-19 registry in Kuwait (PCR-Q8) was deemed imperative during the pandemic to study children infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) focusing on mode of presentation, therapeutic interventions, disease severity, and early outcomes. This manuscript describes the rapid establishment of the PCR-Q8 registry showcasing an infrastructure of the development process and presents the results of the pilot phase. Subject and Methods: The registry was developed and implemented using the general key steps from a resource titled “Registries for Evaluating Patient Outcomes: A User’s Guide” as a guide for best practice, experience from a previously established pediatric diabetes registry in Kuwait and several other COVID-19 registries developed globally. During the pilot phase, a convenience sample of 120 children was included, of whom 66 (55%) were male. Results: Experience and expertise from other COVID-19 registries; guidance provided by the World Health Organization; and effective collaboration and cooperation between the stakeholders, study group, and data enterers during these challenging times were critical for the development and implementation of the registry. Our results were similar to international reports which showed that most children presented with mild disease (69.2%), majority (70.2%) had normal chest X-ray, and the most common symptom at presentation was fever (77%). Conclusion: We anticipate the development of PCR-Q8 to be a stepping-stone for more in-depth investigation of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children in Kuwait and for the establishment of other registries.
Trampoline Use and Retinal Detachment in Stickler Syndrome
Authors: Moloney Thomas P. , Gole Glen A.
Published: May 2022

Stickler syndrome is one of the most common inherited causes of retinal detachment in childhood. We present the case of a 6-year-old boy with Stickler syndrome who developed a retinal detachment in his better seeing eye after prolonged trampoline use. We suggest that trampolining should be avoided in all patients at increased risk of retinal detachment, especially in Stickler syndrome, and in those with other risk factors including high myopia and previous retinal detachments.
La importancia de la escuela en el desarrollo de la argumentación en preescolares
Authors: Porras Alzate Maryory
Published: May 2022

La habilidad argumentativa no es innata, es un aspecto que debe ser tenido en cuenta en la escuela desde los primeros años escolares, es importante para desarrollar el pensamiento crítico y va de la mano con las habilidades científicas, las cuales están llamadas a ser trabajadas en la escuela desde la puesta en práctica de diferentes estrategias pedagógicas para la formación de ciudadanos íntegros y competentes para enfrentarse a los retos que trae consigo la cuarta revolución industrial.
Empirical evaluation of human fetal fMRI preprocessing steps
Authors: Ji Lanxin , Hendrix Cassandra L. , Thomason Moriah E.
Published: May 2022

Increased study and methodological innovation have led to growth in the field of fetal brain fMRI. An important gap yet to be addressed is optimization of fetal fMRI preprocessing. Rapid developmental changes, imaged within the maternal compartment using an abdominal coil, introduce novel constraints that challenge established methods used in adult fMRI. This study evaluates the impact of (1) normalization to a group mean-age template versus normalization to an age-matched template; (2) independent components analysis (ICA) denoising at two criterion thresholds; and (3) smoothing using three kernel sizes. Data were collected from 121 fetuses (25–39 weeks, 43.8% female). Results indicate that the mean age template is superior in older fetuses, but less optimal in younger fetuses. ICA denoising at a more stringent threshold is superior to less stringent denoising. A larger smoothing kernel can enhance cross-hemisphere functional connectivity. Overall, this study provides improved understanding of the impact of specific steps on fetal image quality. Findings can be used to inform a common set of best practices for fetal fMRI preprocessing.
Intermittent brain network reconfigurations and the resistance to social media influence
Authors: Lima Dias Pinto Italo’Ivo , Rungratsameetaweemana Nuttida , Flaherty Kristen , Periyannan Aditi , Meghdadi Amir , Richard Christian , Berka Chris , Bansal Kanika , Garcia Javier Omar
Published: May 2022

Since its development, social media has grown as a source of information and has a significant impact on opinion formation. Individuals interact with others and content via social media platforms in a variety of ways, but it remains unclear how decision-making and associated neural processes are impacted by the online sharing of informational content, from factual to fabricated. Here, we use EEG to estimate dynamic reconfigurations of brain networks and probe the neural changes underlying opinion change (or formation) within individuals interacting with a simulated social media platform. Our findings indicate that the individuals who changed their opinions are characterized by less frequent network reconfigurations while those who did not change their opinions tend to have more flexible brain networks with frequent reconfigurations. The nature of these frequent network configurations suggests a fundamentally different thought process between intervals in which individuals are easily influenced by social media and those in which they are not. We also show that these reconfigurations are distinct to the brain dynamics during an in-person discussion with strangers on the same content. Together, these findings suggest that brain network reconfigurations may not only be diagnostic to the informational context but also the underlying opinion formation.
Will climatic changes affect the Vietnamese crocodile lizard? Seasonal variation in microclimate and activity pattern of Shinisaurus crocodilurus vietnamensis
Authors: van Schingen-Khan Mona , Barthel Leon Marian Fynn , Pham Dung Thi Kim , Pham Cuong The , Nguyen Truong Quang , Ziegler Thomas , Bonkowski Michael
Published: May 2022

Climate change is considered to negatively affect vertebrate biodiversity. Lizards in tropical regions are considered particularly vulnerable due to their narrow temperature tolerances. The crocodile lizard Shinisaurus crocodilurus, an ecologically specialized semiaquatic species, is under the risk of extinction due to habitat loss and overharvesting. It is only found in isolated relict populations in southern China and northern Vietnam. Data on the thermal niche of the species are crucial to assess its vulnerability to climatic changes. We developed a backpack system with temperature data loggers for S. crocodilurus in order to monitor the lizard’s temperature preferences in its natural habitat in Vietnam. We found that S. crocodilurus vietnamensis preferred a mean ambient temperature range of 24 ± 1°C (min-max: 22-31°C) at natural habitat sites, a far lower temperature amplitude compared to the recorded ambient temperature range at habitat sites. In its natural habitat, S. crocodilurus vietnamensis avoided in particular high temperatures, indicating the importance of constantly cool streams and intact vegetation for the provision of shade and shelter. We further provide first insights into the seasonal variation in microhabitat use and activity of S. crocodilurus vietnamensis based on data from individuals kept in outdoor enclosures under natural climatic conditions in Vietnam, collected daily over a period of eight months. Our results aim to aid further conservation measures for the species, such as the identification and protection of core habitat sites and sites for restocking, as well as to adjust and improve conservation breeding programs for the species.
Relationship between the initial number of carried Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its transmission by Monochamus carolinensis with reference to virulence
Authors: Togashi Katsumi , Appleby James E. , Oloumi-Sadeghi Hassan , Malek Richard B.
Published: May 2022

The pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the causative agent of pine wilt disease and is transmitted by cerambycid adults of the genus Monochamus. It is believed to have been introduced into Japan from North America in the 1900s and since then it has been devastating the native pine forests. By contrast, the epidemics of the disease have never occurred in pine forests native to North America in the original habitats, indicating no expression of virulence. To determine the evolutionary change in the transmission traits of PWN, the temporal pattern of PWN transmission to fresh branch sections of Pinus sylvestris was studied using 38 Monochamus carolinensis adults in Illinois, USA, and compared with previous studies on the PWN-M. alternatus and B. mucronatus-M. saltuarius systems in Japan. A great difference was observed in the initial nematode load among vectors irrespective of the three systems. The maximal numbers of PWN transmitted (5 days)−1 by individual vectors were greater and the efficiencies of nematode transmission and invasion were higher for the Japanese PWN-M. alternatus system than for the North American PWN-M. carolinensis system in two heavy classes of initial load of over 1000 nematodes. The proportion of PWN transmitted to healthy pine trees by reproductively immature female vectors was small (2.5-11.5%) in the three nematode-vector systems in most cases. The evolutionary changes in the transmission traits and the control of the range expansion of the PWN were discussed in relation to the expression of virulence.
Humanist Redemption and Afterlife: The Frankfurt School in Communist Romania
Authors: Cistelecan Alexandru
Published: May 2022

This paper discusses the reception of Frankfurt School critical theory in Communist Romania. After some opening remarks concerning the relevance of this topic, Section 2 sketches the evolving political and historical contexts that circumscribed this philosophical reception. The content and configuration of the Romanian reception of critical theory is then discussed in a double sequence: first (Section 3), by surveying and analysing the main clusters of arguments developed in these texts, which are filtered and classified into four categories: a) general considerations and strategic approach to critical theory; b) positive assessments; c) philosophical critiques; d) politico-practical critiques. Then, Section 4 attempts to delineate the divergent paths adumbrated in this field of critical reception, which it illustrates through the specific authorial trajectories of the main Romanian interpreters (Tertulian, Marga and Tismăneanu). Finally, the concluding remarks are devoted to some brief comparative and historical considerations on the meaning, value and amplitude of this critical reception.
Tertullians Gegnerin aus De baptismo 1 und Die Paraphrase des Sêem (NHC VII,1)
Authors: Schmid Herbert
Published: May 2022

Right at the beginning of his “On Baptism”, Tertullian points out that he has composed this writing against a teacher “of the Cainite heresy”. Although “Caina” does not appear in the manuscripts, it is made plausible by the state of the textual transmission, especially by Jerome’s reception of Tertullian (Ep. 69.1.2). It may have been Irenaeus’ polemics (haer. 1.31) that first made Cain the protagonist of radical criticism against the God of the Book of Genesis, whence later heresiologists deduced the existence of “Cainites”. The “Paraphrase of Seem” (NHC VII 1) could belong to a tradition which the heresiologists would have labelled “cainite”. This text contains an exegesis of Gen 1 which leads to fundamental criticism of baptism with water. Now Tertullian draws his arguments in support of water baptism right from Gen 1, and his arguments, quite remarkably, make good sense as a reply to NHC VII 1.
Legal Challenges to Restrictions on Assistance in Suicide in Italy, Germany and Austria: An Ethico-Legal Analysis
Authors: Jones David Albert , Palazzani Laura , Bormann Franz-Josef , Hofmann Stefan
Published: May 2022

This paper deals with a series of legal cases in Italy, Germany, and Austria, between September 2019 and December 2020, which ruled that laws prohibiting or restricting assistance in suicide were unconstitutional. There are similarities between these three cases, all of which are influenced by the practice of assisted suicide in Switzerland, but also differences, not least because of the antecedent legal contexts. Each case is based on flawed reasoning. They have in common an exaggerated account of autonomy or self-determination, insufficiently qualified by the duty to protect human life or by other ethical constraints. The Italian and Austrian Courts also appeal to the principle of equality and to a supposed analogy with refusal of life-sustaining treatments, both of which raise concerns in relation to further expansion of the provisions. In responding to these flawed judgements, legislators should favour proposals that prevent the normalisation of assisted and non-assisted suicide.
The Plight of Boat Refugees to Thailand
Authors: Al Imran Hassan
Published: May 2022

Thailand is a coastal State, and the plight of Rohingya boat refugees from Myanmar is an ongoing issue there. However, Thailand has no refugee laws and the State is also a non-State party to the 1951 Refugee Convention. Refugee issues are being treated under ad hoc decisions in Thailand; therefore, refugees have no legal status there, they are treated as illegal immigrants. Moreover, being a coastal State, Thailand rigorously controls its seas. However, Thailand signed on to core international human rights instruments which ensure protection from torture, including their guarantee of civil and political rights to all individuals within its territory. As a State-party to international maritime laws, Thailand also has obligations to assist any person at sea. Against this background, this article examines the challenges of refugee protection in Thailand, where special focus is given to the Rohingya boat refugees within an examination of its maritime laws. In conclusion, it suggests a solution for refugee protection in Thailand under the existing regime. While particular literature on the Rohingya boat refugees in Thailand is very limited, it is expected that the article will fill the gap in existing literature regarding the boat refugee issue in Thailand.
Expansion and Abandonment in the South Swedish Uplands: A Study of Late Neolithic Monuments in Göteryd Parish
Authors: Skoglund Peter , Larsson Lars , Berg Anna
Published: May 2022

A distinct concentration of 150 gallery graves dating to the Late Neolithic (2400–1700 BC) occurs in Göteryd parish in the South Swedish Uplands. This study investigates why such a concentration of gallery graves exists in this region and why these were not exchanged by new monuments in the Bronze Age. In order to discuss these issues, the distribution of the monuments and the stray finds have been analysed and correlated to the results of local pollen analysis. The results support the impression of abandonment at the transition from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. The processes of expansion and abandonment seem to reflect general population trends, as discussed in recent works on population dynamics. Göteryd parish is a highland region and marginal from an agricultural point of view, but it borders on fertile and plain coastal areas, which are easily accessible through river valleys. In periods of population growth, Göteryd parish would absorb people from the coastal plains, a process that probably was reversed when the population shrank. The geographical position of the Göteryd area created a particular dynamic and made it vulnerable to changes in population dynamics, social networks, and climate.
Rationality and Higher-order Awareness
Authors: Sturgeon Scott
Published: May 2022

It is argued that higher-order awareness is central to one type of everyday rationality. The author starts by specifying the target notion of rationality, contrasting it with other useful notions in the neighbourhood. It is then shown that the target notion relies on first-person awareness of the unfolding of cognition. This is used to explain the kernel of truth in epistemic conservatism, the structure of defeasibility, and the root motive behind the widely accepted distinction between rational inference and trivial entailment.
Slaying the Dragon in Shakespeare’s Coriolanus
Authors: Russell Jesse
Published: May 2022

Within William Shakespeare’s play Coriolanus, the title character Caius Martius Coriolanus refers to himself as a “lonely dragon.” This image of a dragon in the play represents a powerful fusion of Celtic, Nordic, and classical myth as well as Christian theology—all of which contain depictions of dragons. Reading Martius as a dragon, using Jungian and archetypal terms mediated through Icelandic literature, unveils Shakespeare’s use of myth to fashion Caius Martius’s transformation into an untamable anti-social beast whose primal violence and aggression ultimately leads to his slaying by Aufidius, the dragon-like dragon-slayer.
Durkheim propagandiste ou la justification sociologique de la guerre
Authors: Marcel Jean-Christophe
Published: May 2022

Cet article se propose d’examiner comment la notion de « culture de guerre », avancée par certains historiens pour qualifier l’engagement des intellectuels français dans l’Union sacrée contre l’Allemagne dès 1914, se décline dans le cas de Durkheim. À travers l’exemple de son texte de propagande le plus connu : L’Allemagne au-dessus de tout, on se propose de débusquer les arguments sociologiques plus ou moins implicites qu’il mobilise pour dénoncer la « mentalité allemande ». Il en résulte qu’au regard de sa vision de l’évolution des sociétés, la conception du rôle de l’État défendue par l’Allemagne en guerre doit être comprise comme une régression, un « retour vers le primitif », donc comme une énigme sociologique impensée et impensable dans la logique rationaliste qui était la sienne.
Genetic diversity analysis among late leaf spot and rust resistant and susceptible germplasm in groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.)
Authors: Mandloi Sushmita , Tripathi M.K. , Tiwari Sushma , Tripathi Niraj
Published: May 2022

Groundnut is an important oilseed crops with high nutritional values. Yield of groundnut is constrained owing to diverse biotic and abiotic factors. Amongst biotic stresses two foremost foliar fungal diseases viz., late leaf spot and rust are universal and sparingly significant. Both conventional and modern breeding methods may be applied for improvement of groundnut. The current investigation was carried out to recognize genetic variability present among different groundnut germplasm with the use of morphological characters and SSR markers with the screening of resistant to leaf spot and rust resistant genotypes. In morphological examination, the analysis of variance divulged highly substantial differences among 48 germplasm lines. Initial screening of Germplasm was tried with the use of 125 SSR markers. But, based on banding pattern, 21 markers were found to be the best and selected for amplification of whole set of genotypes. Out of 21 markers, 16 were found to be highly polymorphic. Highest PIC value (0.8196) was detected for marker S021 representing 81% diversity. SSR Markers viz., PM42, PM204, PM377, S052, S076, S078 and S078 have PIC value more than 0.5, confirms their superiority in detection of polymorphism among studied germplasm lines. UPGMA analysis assemblage all the germplasm lines into three major clusters. Most of the foliar disease resistant genotypes were grouped together with higher genetic resemblance. Polymorphic markers identified in the study may be utilized further for molecular diversity analysis and the identified resistant genotypes may be employed further for the improvement of the crop.
Dark-colored Oncocyclus irises in Israel analyzed by AFLP, whole chloroplast genome sequencing and species distribution modeling
Authors: Volis Sergei , Zhang Yonghong , Deng Tao , Yusupov Ziyoviddin
Published: May 2022

The Haynei is one of seven species aggregates (clusters of species having similar flower morphology) recognized in section Oncocyclus of genus Iris. This aggregate, characterized by dark-colored flowers, is represented by six species in Israel and adjacent Jordan. There is, however, no knowledge of the genetic relationship of these species making verification of their taxonomic status impossible. We investigated genetic variation in this group using analysis of whole chloroplast genomes and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). We also used species distribution modeling (SDM) to predict species ranges under current climatic conditions. We found some population groups within the currently recognized species of section Oncocyclus to represent dramatically different genetic entities which devaluates a general trend of merging many previously recognized species of section Oncocyclus based on their flower morphology. Despite the importance of homoploid hybridization in this group’s evolution and some apparently sporadically happening inter-specific gene flow, the main evolutionary forces in Oncocyclus appear to be vicariance and spatial isolation. Our findings suggest that some of the currently recognized species in section Oncocyclus need revision. A revision must be based on genetic analyses allowing the reconstruction of ancestry and recognition of the importance of vicariance and spatial isolation in the evolution of this group. The implications of the present findings for conservation are discussed.
The Rise of Veterinary Ethics
Authors: Kesel M. Lynne
Published: May 2022

Bernard Rollin taught the first class in veterinary ethics in modern veterinary history at Colorado State University in the late 1970’s as a result of his outrage at the behavior of a CSU surgeon who gave him only one option for his dog, when others were less invasive. The course, which became part of the veterinary curriculum at CSU, began with a history of the evolution of thought and attitudes toward animals from early Greek philosophy and Oriental religion, and followed it to modern times. He used the concept of telos, or nature of an animal, to develop his theory of why animals should be treated as moral objects with rights, and over the period of 40 years taught, wrote books and articles, lectured all over the world, and influenced legislation protecting animals.
“These Are the Things You Are to Do”
Authors: Riestra Beatriz , Ableman Oren , Bitler Tatiana , Sion Ofer
Published: May 2022

This paper aims to provide a preliminary edition of a new fragment of the Greek Minor Prophets scroll (8ḤevXIIgr; Rahlfs’ siglum 943) containing Zech 8:16–17. The fragment was discovered in an excavation conducted by the Israel Antiquities Authority in the Cave of Horror (Naḥal Ḥever) at the end of 2019. Provided that for certain passages 8ḤevXIIgr is the only textual witness preserved in the Judean Desert and given the fact that it predates the earliest Greek manuscript previously known by at least three centuries, every new fragment can potentially add fresh information, raise new questions, and ultimately join an additional piece to the puzzle of our understanding of the biblical text and its transmission.
Operationalising Vergnaud’s Notion of Scheme in Task Design in Online Learning Environments to Support the Implementation of Formative Assessment
Authors: Elkjær Morten , Hodgen Jeremy
Published: May 2022

This paper presents an implementation process model for designing and implementing tasks that provide formative feedback in the online learning environment of mathematics classrooms. Specifically, the model operationalises components of Vergnaud’s notion of scheme. The implementation process model features a task sequence guided by controlled variation and a ‘dual scheme idea’. Using such a sequence of tasks, this work illustrates how Vergnaud’s notion of scheme can be used to aid teachers in hypothesising about their learners’ understanding of problems involving linear equations, ultimately providing improved feedback for teachers and improved opportunities for student learning in online environments. In Denmark, the online environment matematikfessor.dk is used by approximately 80% of Danish K-9 students.

The impact sheet to this article can be accessed at 10.6084/m9.figshare.19493846.
Visual Kabbalah in the Italian Renaissance
Authors: Chajes J.H. , Baumgarten Eliezer
Published: May 2022

The Booklet of Kabbalistic Forms—a name we have given to this anonymous and untitled treatise—is a unique work in the kabbalistic library. The Italian kabbalist responsible for its first iteration assigned great value to the images he found in the kabbalistic works circulating in his environment. The most striking aspect of the Booklet is the diverse range of schematic images that have been gathered together, all representations of the divine world culled from the repertoire of ca. 1500 Italian Jewish Kabbalah. Rather than seeking to establish a “correct” visual representation of the sefirotic Divine, the “forms” collected in the Booklet were treated as images that bore meanings pertinent to all manner of kabbalistic mysteries. The present article introduces this singular work, followed by a critical edition and an English translation.
New record of Urocaridella antonbruunii (Bruce, 1967) from Southern India with taxonomic Keys of Urocaridella Borradaile, 1915 (Decapoda; Palaemonidae)
Authors: PARAMASIVAM PURUSHOTHAMAN , MADHAVAN MANU , KUMAR T. T. AJITH , LAL KULDEEP KUMAR
Published: May 2022

The ‘cleaning rock pool’ shrimp commonly inhabit the shallow waters of reef and crevices regions at 0.5-3.0 m depth. Recent exploration conducted off the Gulf of Mannar and Agatti Island yielded the species, Urocaridella antonbruunii (Bruce, 1967) from the bottom curve of the coral boulder at a depth of 0.5-1.0 m. This is the new record for the Gulf of Mannar and Lakshadweep waters. Major distinguishing morphological characters of the congener's were described and illustrated. The molecular analysis confirmed the species occurrence in Indian waters followed the intraspecific and interspecific genetic divergences (16S gene) were estimated between 0.3-2.1% for within species and 6.4-11.2% for between species respectively. Additionally, we updated and provided the illustrative key characters for all members of the genus Urocaridella.
The Transition from Practical to Intrinsic Predictability of Midlatitude Weather
Authors: Selz Tobias , Riemer Michael , Craig George C.
Published: May 2022

This study investigates the transition from current practical predictability of midlatitude weather to its intrinsic limit. For this purpose, estimates of the current initial condition uncertainty of 12 real cases are reduced in several steps from 100% to 0.1% and propagated in time with a global numerical weather prediction model (ICON at 40 km resolution) that is extended by a stochastic convection scheme to better represent error growth from unresolved motions. With the provision that the perfect model assumption is sufficiently valid, it is found that the potential forecast improvement that could be obtained by perfecting the initial conditions is 4–5 days. This improvement is essentially achieved with an initial condition uncertainty reduction by 90% relative to current conditions, at which point the dominant error growth mechanism changes: With respect to physical processes, a transition occurs from rotationally driven initial error growth to error growth dominated by latent heat release in convection and due to the divergent component of the flow. With respect to spatial scales, a transition from large-scale up-amplitude error growth to a very rapid initial error growth on small scales is found. Reference experiments with a deterministic convection scheme show a 5%–10% longer predictability, but only if the initial condition uncertainty is small. These results confirm that planetary-scale predictability is intrinsically limited by rapid error growth due to latent heat release in clouds through an upscale-interaction process, while this interaction process is unimportant on average for current levels of initial condition uncertainty.

Significance Statement

Weather predictions provide high socioeconomic value and have been greatly improved over the last decades. However, it is widely believed that there is an intrinsic limit to how far into the future the weather can be predicted. Using numerical simulations with an innovative representation of convection, we are able to confirm the existence of this limit and to demonstrate which physical processes are responsible. We further provide quantitative estimates for the limit and the remaining improvement potential. These results make clear that our current weather prediction capabilities are not yet maxed out and could still be significantly improved with advancements in atmospheric observation and simulation technology in the upcoming decades.
Decadal Variation of Predictability of the Indian Ocean Dipole during 1880–2017 Using an Ensemble Prediction System
Authors: Song Xunshu , Tang Youmin , Li Xiaojing , Liu Ting
Published: May 2022

In this study, we investigate both the decadal variation of the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) prediction skill and possible sources of this decadal variation. We use an ensemble long-term retrospective forecast experiment covering 1880–2017 that utilizes the Community Earth System Model (CESM). We find that the decadal variation of the IOD prediction skill is significant and that it varies with the lead time. We also find that the decadal variation of the IOD prediction skill for the target season of boreal autumn determines that for all initial conditions, regardless of the lead months. For short lead times, the decadal variations of the IOD strength and of the IOD precursor in the initial month of July are the major factors influencing the IOD prediction skill. This occurs because the IOD events are in the developmental phase, and the stronger IOD signal in the initial conditions leads to better predictions. For long lead times, the decadal variation of remote forcing by El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the ENSO precursor signal in the IOD influence the IOD prediction skill more significantly than do the strengths of the ENSO or the IOD. In addition, the analysis also indicated that the period with a low ENSO–IOD relationship has low predictability, not only because the ENSO little influence on IOD but also because the model biasedly overestimates the ENSO–IOD relationship.

Significance Statement

The Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) has strong climatic effects, both around the Indian Ocean and globally, which have strong impacts on human life and economic development. It is important to be able to predict IOD events accurately to mitigate those impacts. Here, we conducted a 138-yr prediction experiment using a state-of-the-art climate model to confirm the existence of a decadal variation in IOD predictability and to identify factors that influence the IOD prediction skill. The most important factors that influence the decadal variation of IOD prediction skill differ for 3-month and 6-month lead times, and additional studies will be necessary to clarify the specific factors responsible for these differences.
Vertical Wavelengths of Downward Phase Propagating Gravity Waves Determined by Vertical Fluctuation of Idealized Radiosonde Balloons
Authors: Qian Tingting , Wei Junhong , Sun Yongqiang , Lu Yinghui , Ruppert James H.
Published: May 2022

This paper investigates the limitation in calculating the vertical wavelength of downward phase propagating gravity waves from the vertical fluctuation of idealized radiosonde balloons in a homogeneous background environment. The wave signals are artificially observed by an idealized weather balloon with a constant ascent rate. The apparent vertical wavelengths obtained from the moving radiosonde balloon are compared to the true vertical wavelength obtained from the dispersion relation, both in the no-wind case and in the constant-zonal-flow case. The node method and FFT method are employed to calculate the apparent vertical wavelength from the sounding profile. The difference between the node apparent vertical wavelength and the true vertical wavelength is attributed to the fact that the ascent rate of the balloon and the downward phase speed induce a strong Doppler-shifting bias on the apparent vertical wavelength from the observation records. The difference between the FFT apparent vertical wavelength and the true vertical wavelength includes both the Doppler-shifting bias and the mathematical bias. The extent to which the apparent vertical wavelength is reliable is discussed. The Coriolis parameter has negligible effects on the comparison between the true vertical wavelength and the apparent one.

Significance Statement

The purpose of this study is to discuss the Doppler-shifting bias induced by the ascent rate of radiosonde balloon when measuring the apparent vertical wavelengths of downward phase propagating gravity waves from the vertical fluctuation of idealized radiosonde balloons. This is an easily omitted problem. However, it can dramatically affect the gravity wave diagnosis when the ascent rate profile is treated as a quasi-instantaneous data. Further, such uncertainty could lead to remarkable errors in other derived wave propagating properties (e.g., phase velocity, which is the key input parameter in gravity wave parameterization).
Assessment of Two Stochastic Cloud Subcolumn Generators Using Observed Fields of Vertically Resolved Cloud Extinction
Authors: Oreopoulos Lazaros , Cho Nayeong , Lee Dongmin , Lebsock Matthew , Zhang Zhibo
Published: May 2022

We evaluate two stochastic subcolumn generators used in GCMs to emulate subgrid cloud variability enabling comparisons with satellite observations and simulations of certain physical processes. Our evaluation necessitated the creation of a reference observational dataset that resolves horizontal and vertical cloud variability. The dataset combines two CloudSat cloud products that resolve two-dimensional cloud optical depth variability of liquid, ice, and mixed phase clouds when blended at ~200 m vertical and ~ 2 km horizontal scales. Upon segmenting the dataset to individual “scenes”, mean profiles of the cloud fields are passed as input to generators that produce scene-level cloud subgrid variability. The assessment of generator performance at the scale of individual scenes and in a mean sense is largely based on inferred joint histograms that partition cloud fraction within predetermined combinations of cloud top pressure – cloud optical thickness ranges. Our main finding is that both generators tend to underestimate optically thin clouds, while one of them also tends to overestimate some cloud types of moderate and high optical thickness. Associated radiative flux errors are also calculated by applying a simple transformation to the cloud fraction histogram errors, and are found to approach values almost as high as 3 W m−2 for the cloud radiative effect in the shortwave part of the spectrum.
Transition Paths of North Atlantic Deep Water
Authors: Miron P. , Beron-Vera F. J. , Olascoaga M. J.
Published: May 2022

Recently introduced in oceanography to interpret the near-surface circulation, transition path theory (TPT) is a methodology that rigorously characterizes ensembles of trajectory pieces flowing out from a source last and into a target next, i.e., those that most productively contribute to transport. Here we use TPT to frame, in a statistically more robust fashion than earlier analysis, equatorward routes of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) in the subpolar North Atlantic. TPT is applied on all available RAFOS and Argo floats in the area by means of a discretization of the Lagrangian dynamics described by their trajectories. By considering floats at different depths, we investigate transition paths of NADW in its upper (UNADW) and lower (LNADW) layers. We find that the majority of UNADW transition paths sourced in the Labrador and southwestern Irminger Seas reach the western side of a target arranged zonally along the southern edge of the subpolar North Atlantic domain visited by the floats. This is accomplished in the form of a well-organized deep boundary current (DBC). LNADW transition paths sourced west of the Reykjanes Ridge reveal a similar pattern, while those sourced east of the ridge are found to hit the western side of the target via a DBC and also several other places along it in a less organized fashion, indicating southward flow along the eastern and western flanks of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Naked-eye inspection of trajectories suggest generally more diffused equatorward NADW routes. A source-independent dynamical decomposition of the flow domain into analogous backward-time basins of attraction, beyond the reach of direct inspection of trajectories, reveals a much wider influence of the western side of the target for UNADW than for LNADW. For UNADW, the average expected duration of the pathways from the Labrador and Irminger Seas was found to be of 2–3 years. For LNADW, the duration was found to be influenced by the Reykjanes Ridge, being as long as 8 years from the western side of the ridge and of about 3 years on average from its eastern side.
C-Reactive Protein/Albumin Ratio as a Novel Predictor of Contrast Induced Nephropathy in Patients With Stable Angina Pectoris
Authors: Altıparmak Ibrahim Halil , Tanrıverdi Zülkif , Taşcanov Mustafa Begenç , Güngören Fatih , Biçer Asuman , Fedai Halil , Toprak Kenan , Elmas Ali Nizami , Demirbağ Recep
Published: May 2022

The relationship between C-reactive protein (CRP) to albumin ratio (CAR) and contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients with acute coronary syndrome has been reported. However, the relevance of CAR in patients with stable angina pectoris (SAP) has not been clarified. We hypothesized that CAR might predict the development of CIN in patients with SAP undergoing coronary angiography (CAG). Patients ( n = 554) with SAP who underwent CAG were included in the study. CIN was defined as a ≥25% increase in serum creatinine compared with baseline value within 72 h of CAG. Participants were divided into two groups: CIN ( n = 87) and non-CIN ( n = 467). Age, CRP, CAR, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), urea, uric acid, contrast medium volume, the percent of percutaneous coronary intervention were significantly greater, whereas albumin and high-density lipoprotein were significantly lower in the CIN group than non-CIN group ( p < .05, for all). Multivariate analysis showed that CAR was the only independent predictor for CIN (odds ratio = 7.065, 95% confidence interval (CI); 3.279–15.221, p < .001). Receiver operating characteristic ROC analysis showed that a CAR ≥ 0.1164 could predict CIN (sensitivity of 71% and specificity of 72%; area under curve = 0.736; 95% CI: 0.677–0.795, p < .001). CAR was significantly greater in patients who developed CIN and this independently predicted CIN.
An analysis of Ibn al-Shāṭir’s star table
Authors: Mozaffari S. Mohammad ,   In memory of Paul Kunitzsch (1930-2020)
Published: May 2022

Ibn al-Shāṭir’s (1306–1375/1376 AD) star table in his Jadīd zīj, comprising of the equatorial coordinates and magnitudes of 89 stars, is edited and analyzed in this paper on the basis of the extant manuscripts going back to the late 14th and early 15th centuries. It established a new tradition of arranging the celestial coordinates in the star tables in Egypt and Syria after him. The right ascensions (mean absolute error MAE = 20.0′, mean error μ = –2.8′, standard deviation σ = 29.1′) and the declinations ( MAE = 21.1′, μ = –3.2′, σ = 29.3′) are nearly of the same degree of precision. The stars in the region RA ~ 120°–180° generally have the least errors in both declination and right ascension. The declinations of the southern stars were measured more precisely than those of the northern ones. The values for the declinations of the stars in the region δ ~ –30°–0° (the middle of the sky towards the south of the horizon of Damascus) are significantly the most accurate. A systematic northward shift can be seen in the declinations of the southern stars. The declinations of 15 of 18 stars spreading out in RA ~ 67°–121° show a southerly, downward shift. More than 65% of the stars have the errors in both the declination and right ascension less than 32′. No outlier in the tabular coordinates exceeds ±98′. Also, Ibn al-Shāṭir measured the magnitudes of, at least, a few stars: he assigned a correct magnitude of +4 to λ Ori, a component of the star cluster in the Orion that was considered a nebulous object in the Almagest star catalogue, and presented more precise values for the magnitudes of α Sco, α Oph, β Cas, κ Ori, γ Gem, and β CMi than Ptolemy and al-Ṣūfi.