bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The insignificant effect of increased sulfate concentration on nitrogen dynamics in eutrophic lakes: the neglected role of iron ions
Authors: Liu Baogui , Peng Yu , Yu Miaotong , Zhou Muchun , Zhang Lanqing , Chen Li , Jia Ruoyu , Zhou Chuanqiao , Wu Yiting , Xu Xiaoguang , Wang Guoxiang
Published: September 2022

Context Sulfate (SO42−) concentrations in eutrophic lakes are continuously increasing. Aims This study aimed to explore the effects on nitrogen and their limiting factors in eutrophic lakes. Methods We constructed a series of microcosms with different initial SO42− concentrations (0–180 mg L−1) to simulate the SO42− concentration in eutrophic lakes. Key results The NO3−-N concentration rapidly decreased in all treatments. The respective 2.21 and 2.77 mg L−1 concentrations of NO3−-N recorded on Day 5 in the initial 150 and 180 mg L−1 SO42− concentration treatments were higher than in other treatments. The highest N2O concentrations in all treatments showed insignificant differences. The existence of free Fe2+ that was released from iron reduction resulted in an insignificant effect of increased SO42− concentration on nitrogen dynamics. With a decrease in Fe2+, the acid volatile sulfate (AVS) increased, and the highest AVS concentrations were positively correlated with the initial SO42− concentration (7.20–12.88 mg kg−1). Conclusion This effect could be ascribed to the fact that the rapid combination of sulfide (∑S2−) and Fe2+ prevents ∑S2− from producing a toxic effect on the denitrification. Implications Our study highlighted the role of iron in eutrophic lakes, especially in the coupling of sulfate reduction and nitrogen dynamics.
Effect of the addition of 4OHE
Authors: Hernández Nuria , Sánchez-Mateos Soledad , López-Morató Marta , Sánchez-Margallo Francisco M. , Álvarez Ignacio S.
Published: September 2022

Aims The main objective of this work is to elucidate whether Quercetin (Qc) and 4-Hidroxistradiol (4OHE2) decrease the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in in vitro obtained embryos and to analyse which genes are activated under the treatments that could explain this improvement. Methods Oxidative stress was induced during embryo culture by H2O2 treatment and ROS production was measured and compared with embryos treated with Qc or 4OHE2. Gene expression was analysed by Q-PCR in control embryos obtained in utero (IU) or by IVF and compared with the levels found in embryos cultured with Qc or 4OHE2 to determine the effect of these compounds. Key results Qc strongly reduces ROS levels in embryos after a treatment of 4 h. On the contrary, 4OHE2 had no effect in reducing ROS levels in embryos. The addition of these molecules to the culture media upregulate several hypoxia-related genes when Qc is added to the culture media, and implantation-related genes when 4OHE2 is used. Conclusions Qc is a very strong antioxidant molecule that when used for short periods of time during culture can reduce ROS levels and improve embryo quality by activating antioxidant enzymes. 4OHE2 supplementation, despite having no effects in reducing ROS levels, acts directly in the molecular signalling implicated in the implantation process and could be also considered as a supplement for embryo culture during IVF. Implications Proper supplementation of the culture media could greatly improve the quality of embryos cultured in vitro, resulting in better results in IVF clinics.
Autoportraits de traducteurs
Authors: Dranenko Galyna
Published: September 2022

La traductologie contemporaine replace au centre de sa recherche le traducteur dont la visibilité dans l’espace littéraire et scientifique a été longtemps occultée. Il n’est donc pas étonnant que le traducteur ait pu devenir un personnage de fiction ou le sujet d’une biofiction. Ces récits de soi entrepris par des traducteurs ont l’ambition de proposer à leurs lecteurs un geste réflexif sur ce qui se joue quand on entreprend de traduire. Aussi, en écho avec ce que certains appellent un « tournant fictionnel » (Vieira 1995), il nous semble tout à fait approprié de parler, à ce propos, de l’émergence d’untournant métafictionneldans les études de traduction. Dans notre article, nous mettrons en évidence le nouage (dans ses dimensions cognitive, culturelle et éthique) des discours autobiographique et traductologique tel qu’on le trouve dans, ce que nous qualifions de métafictions traductives, à savoir dansPortrait du traducteur en escrocde Bernard Hœpffner,Partagesd’André Markowicz etLycophron et Zétèsde Pascal Quignard.
“In barbarous times and in uncivilized countries”
Authors: Alexander Marc , Struan Andrew
Published: September 2022

The ways in which politicians have discussed who, what, and where was considered “uncivilized’” across the past two centuries gives an insight into how speakers in a position of authority classified and constructed the world around them, and how those in power in Britain see the country and themselves. This article uses the Hansard Corpus 1803–2003 of speeches in the UK Parliament alongside data from theHistorical Thesaurus of Englishto analyse diachronic variation in usage of words for persons, places and practices considered uncivil. It proposes new methods and offers quantitative data to describe the period’s shift in political attitudes towards not just the so-called “uncivil” but also the country as a whole.
Kaluza–Klein reductions of maximally supersymmetric five-dimensional Lorentzian spacetimes
Authors: Figueroa-O’Farrill José , Franchetti Guido
Published: September 2022

A recent study of filtered deformations of (graded subalgebras of) the minimal five-dimensional Poincaré superalgebra resulted in two classes of maximally supersymmetric spacetimes. One class are the well-known maximally supersymmetric backgrounds of minimal five-dimensional supergravity, whereas the other class does not seem to be related to supergravity. This paper is a study of the Kaluza–Klein (KK) reductions to four dimensions of this latter class of maximally supersymmetric spacetimes. We classify the Lorentzian and Riemannian KK reductions of these backgrounds, determine the fraction of the supersymmetry preserved under the reduction and in most cases determine explicitly the geometry of the four-dimensional quotient. Among the many supersymmetric quotients found, we highlight a number of novel non-homogeneous four-dimensional Lorentzian spacetimes admitting N = 1 supersymmetry, whose supersymmetry algebra is not a filtered deformation of any graded subalgebra of the four-dimensional N = 1 Poincaré superalgebra. Any of these four-dimensional Lorentzian spacetimes may serve as the arena for the construction of new rigidly supersymmetric field theories.
Visible light metasurface for adaptive photodetection
Authors: Kalantari Osgouei Ataollah , Ghobadi Amir , Khalichi Bahram , Sabet Rana Asgari , Tokel Onur , Ozbay Ekmel
Published: September 2022

Semiconductor-based sub-wavelength metasurfaces are promising device platforms for the realization of optically thick and electrically thin photodetectors. Strong light–matter interactions in ultrathin film regions provide an opportunity to achieve near-unity absorption in dimensions comparable with carrier diffusion length and this, in turn, leads to an efficient collection of photogenerated carriers. Moreover, the use of phase change materials can provide real-time active tuning of optical responses of metasurface-based devices. In the first part of this paper, a tunable color filtering device is demonstrated using a metasurface design made of sub-wavelength antimony trisulphide (Sb2S3) grating placed on top of a continuous silver layer. Four distinct optical states can be acquired upon (a) the changes in the incident light polarization and (b) the phase transitions of Sb2S3. Numerical simulations and theoretical modeling data show that Fabry–Perot resonances are the driving phenomena when the proposed design is normally illuminated by an electromagnetic field with transverse electric polarization. In contrast, surface plasmon resonances are excited in transverse magnetic polarization. Furthermore, it is shown that the resonance wavelengths of the proposed design can be dynamically tuned using the geometrical parameters. Later, in the second part of the paper, adaptive photodetection is designed by integrating a

5

nm Sb2S3 layer as a collection layer into the structure. The proposed metasurface design provides light–matter interaction in the Sb2S3 layer and maximizes the photogenerated carriers’ collection efficiency. The optically thick and electrically thin adaptive photodetection offers an opportunity to design efficient active optoelectronic and photonic devices.
MEMS-based Pt film temperature sensor chip on silicon substrate
Authors: Huang Mi-Mi , Zhao Li-Bo , Han Xiang-Guang , Jia Chen , Gao Yi , Fan Shu , Yang Ping , Dong Linxi , Jiang Zhuang-De
Published: September 2022

The thin film temperature sensor chip is fabricated with the Ti/Pt film layer on a silicon substrate by micro electromechanical systems technology. Using electron beam evaporation, 10 and 100 nm thick Ti/Pt films layers are fabricated. Then, the annealing experiments for the temperature sensor chip are carried out in air and vacuum at 400 °C–800 °C. The relationship between the resistance of temperature sensor chip and tested temperature in the range of −30 °C–150 °C is studied based on different annealing conditions, and its electrical characteristic parameters are evaluated including temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR), hysteresis and measuring precision. At the same time, the morphology and grain size of the Pt film layer are studied by x-ray diffractometer, atomic force microscope and scanning electron microscope. The changes of square resistance and internal stress are tested by four probes and stress analyser to analyze the performance of the temperature sensor chip. The testing experiments show that the electrical properties of the temperature sensor chip annealed in air are better than those in vacuum. Finally, the temperature sensor chip is fabricated with the optimal performance with the annealing temperature of 800 °C for 30 min in air. Compared with before annealing, TCR increased by 75.4% from 1790 to 3140 ppm K−1, hysteresis reached 0.2% FS and precision reached 0.32% FS.
Thermal conductivity measurements using the transient hot-wire method: a review
Authors: Salim S G R
Published: September 2022

The accurate determination of the thermal conductivity of any material is a key element in understanding its actual thermal performance, thus assigning its suitability for a particular application. This, of course, includes its efficiency while being used, lifetime, probability of failure or breakdown, and most importantly, user safety. Several methods are used to measure the thermal conductivity of materials. However, the transient hot-wire method has many practical advantages over other methods due to its relative simplicity and suitability for different materials. The hot-wire method can deliver accurate measurements of gases, liquids, and some solids over a relatively-wide thermal conductivity range. Furthermore, with careful design of the hot-wire instrument, it can be used to measure the thermal conductivity at elevated temperature and under high pressure, which is essential for many industrial applications. In turn, this has made the method one of the most frequently used. This review paper explains the theory of the hot-wire method and demonstrates the technical developments of hot-wire instruments. The paper also presents the advances of electric circuits used to measure the resistance of the hot wire, thus its temperature, during the transient experiment. In addition, it shows the calibration of the hot wire together with the calculation of thermal conductivity.
Accuracy and potential improvements of surface-guided breast cancer radiotherapy in deep inspiration breath-hold with daily image-guidance
Authors: Nankali Saber , Hansen Rune , Worm Esben , Yates Esben S , Thomsen Mette Skovhus , Offersen Birgitte , Poulsen Per Rugaard
Published: September 2022

Objective. Radiotherapy of left-sided breast cancer in deep inspiration breath-hold (DIBH) reduces the heart dose. Surface guided radiotherapy (SGRT) can guide the DIBH, but the accuracy is subject to variations in the chest wall position relative to the patient surface. Approach. In this study, ten left-sided breast cancer patients received DIBH radiotherapy with tangential fields in 15–18 fractions. After initial SGRT setup in free breathing an orthogonal MV/kV image pair was acquired during SGRT-guided breath-hold. The couch was corrected to align the chest wall during another breath-hold, and a new SGRT reference surface was acquired for the gating. The chest wall position error during treatment was determined from continuous cine MV images in the imager direction perpendicular to the cranio-caudal direction. A treatment error budget was made with individual contributions from the online registration of the setup MV image, the difference in breath-hold level between setup imaging and SGRT reference surface acquisition, the SGRT level during treatment, and intra-fraction shifts of the chest wall relative to the SGRT reference surface. In addition to the original setup protocol (Scenario A), SGRT was also simulated with better integration of image-guidance by capturing either the new reference surface (Scenario B) or the SGRT positional signal (Scenario C) simultaneously with the setup MV image, and accounting for the image-guided couch correction by shifting the SGRT reference surface digitally. Main results. In general, the external SGRT signal correlated well with the internal chest wall position error (correlation coefficient >0.7 for 75% of field deliveries), but external-to-internal target position offsets above 2 mm occasionally occurred (13% of fractions). The PTV margin required to account for the treatment error was 3.5 mm (Scenario A), 3.4 mm (B), and 3.1 mm (C). Significance. Further integration of SGRT with image-guidance may improve treatment accuracy and workflow although the current study did not show large accuracy improvements of scenario B and C compared to scenario A.
Body-temperature programmable ultra-soft shape memory elastomers for comfort fitting
Authors: Yin Chao , Wang Taoxi , Shen Xing , Fu Jian , Li Tong , Jiang Tao
Published: September 2022

Shape memory materials can be utilized to realize fast shape customization for personalized comfort fitting experiences. In this paper, a series of body-temperature programmable shape memory elastomers are developed for comfort fitting. Unlike the reported ones, in which the shape switch is realized due to body-temperature phase transition (around 37 °C), these newly developed ones are fabricated with silicone rubber (as elastic component) and a kind of polycaprolactone (PCL, as transition component) that has melting point of about 56 °C and much lower crystallization temperature. The thermal properties, shape memory performances, mechanical behaviors under uni-axial tension at room temperature and at human body temperature (37 °C) are investigated. The specialty of these shape memory elastomers is that the programming is not carried out at around melting point of the transition component. Instead, it could be done upon cooling to 37 °C. The temporary shape is fixed only after completion of PCL crystallization. As the melting point of PCL is much higher (56 °C), the mechanical properties of these shape memory elastomers are ensured rather stable near 37 °C, which eliminates the concern of shaping/fitting failure when ambient temperature fluctuates. Besides, ultra-softness and high stretchability at room temperature are revealed as well. Excellent shape memory performance of these elastomers at 37 °C is also confirmed. The shape fixity ratio is over 90% when PCL content reaches wt% of 35%. In such a way, these elastomers are able to well duplicate the local shapes of human body in actual fitting. Upon reheating to 80 °C, they also can completely recover to their original shapes. The fitting time window at 37 °C is revealed around 5 min, which is rather appropriate in practice. The yielding behaviors during tension and long-term shaping/fitting performance of these elastomers are also discussed. A simple wearable orthotic device for hallux valgus is developed for proof-of-concept. It is concluded that these newly developed shape memory elastomers are well suited candidates for comfort fitting.
Turbulence-resistant self-focusing vortex beams
Authors: Luo Meilan , Koivurova Matias , Ornigotti Marco , Ding Chaoliang
Published: September 2022

We consider recently introduced self-focusing fields that carry orbital angular momentum (OAM) [2021 Opt. Lett.
46 2384–87] and in particular, their propagation properties through a turbulent ocean. We show that this type of field is especially robust against turbulence induced degradation, when compared to a completely coherent beam. In moderately strong oceanic turbulence, the self-focusing OAM beam features over five orders of magnitude higher peak intensities at the receiver plane, an ∼80% detection probability for the signal mode, as well as an energy transmission efficiency in excess of 70% over a link of ∼100 m. Counter-intuitively, the focusing properties of such fields may be enhanced with increasing turbulence, causing the mean squared waist to become smaller with greater turbulence strength. Our results demonstrate that certain types of partial coherence may be highly desirable for optical telecommunication employing OAM.
Impact of annealing on optimization of various thermal, structural, and optical parameters of spinel ‘gahnite’ for device fabrication
Authors: Goswami Bindiya , Ahlawat Rachna
Published: September 2022

The spinel ZnAl2O4 nanopowder has been prepared using the well-known citrate sol-gel technique in which citric acid act as an agent for chelation. The XRD examined the sample crystallinity and phase purity of the samples after annealing at subsequent temperatures. Corresponding functional groups were identified by FTIR. The Surface texture of the samples was interpreted by FE-SEM and HR-TEM, while the constituent elements were evaluated by EDS spectroscopy. The UV-DR spectroscopy exhibits that the bandgap can significantly be tailored in annealed samples owing to the intrinsic impurity energy levels. PL has demonstrated the shift in emission spectra using the site-selective direct and indirect excitations. The prominent emission in the visible region is further emphasized by CIE chromaticity graphs and their specific color coordinates. The decay analysis reveals that the spinel ‘Gahnite’ samples have higher decay constant when excited with direct bandgap energy. It is suggested that the ZnAl2O4 would be a promising substitute as a blue-emitting phosphor in modern photonics.
Stochastic resonance of double fractional-order coupled oscillator with mass and damping fluctuations
Authors: Ren Ruibin , xia Wei , Wang Zhezheng , Deng Ke
Published: September 2022

In this study, the stochastic resonance phenomenon of a coupled double fractional-order harmonic oscillator with mass and damping fluctuation is investigated. Firstly, the Shapiro-Loginov formula and Laplace transform are used to obtain the analytical expression of the output amplitude gain of the system output. On this basis, aiming at the key factors involved in the model, including the coupling structure, fractional system, random fluctuation and external periodic force, the influence of coupling coefficient, double fractional order and driving frequency on the output amplitude gain (OAG) is analyzed, and reasonable physical explanations are provided. Secondly, numerical simulations are carried out to verify the accuracy of the theoretical solutions. The simulation results show that under certain conditions, the OAG of the system can appear stochastic resonance phenomenon with the above parameters, especially: (1) The OAG with the change of external drive frequency appears double peak, single peak and single valley stochastic resonance phenomenon, which does not appear under the same external disturbance with integer order and uncoupled conditions; (2) The order of double fractional derivative significantly affects the variation trend of OAG; (3) The coupling coefficient is not sensitive to the OAG.
Effect of 0.3 wt% TiO2 nanoparticles on the thermal, structural, and mechanical properties of Sn3.8Ag0.7 Cu1.0Zn solder alloy
Authors: Deghady A M , Tayel A , Saleh A , El Basaty A B
Published: September 2022

The Sn–3.8Ag-0.7Cu −1.0 wt% Zn (SACZ) plain solder alloy was reinforced by 0.3 wt% of TiO2 nanoparticles (NP). SEM, XRD, DSC, and stress-strain characterization techniques were used to examine the synthesized samples. The morphology of the samples is uniform and the grain size of the SACZ-TiO2 sample is refined compared to the plain solder. The TiO2 addition improved the crystallinity of the SACZ sample. Furthermore, the melting temperature of the prepared samples has the same value even if its pasty range is decreased by adding TiO2 NP. The mechanical properties of the examined samples were investigated at different temperatures and different strain rates. The activation energy (Q) of the SACZ-TiO2 is lower than that of the SACZ sample. The results of this study confirm that the 0.3 wt% TiO2 addition improves the physical properties of SACZ alloy.
Theoretical calculations on Landé g-factors and quadratic Zeeman shift coefficients of nsnp

3P0o

clock states in Mg and Cd optical lattice clocks
Authors: Lu Benquan , Chang Hong
Published: September 2022

The study of magnetic field effects on the clock transition of Mg and Cd optical lattice clocks is scarce. In this work, the hyperfine-induced Landé g-factors and quadratic Zeeman shift coefficients of the nsnp

3

P
0
o

clock states for 111,113Cd and 25Mg were calculated by using the multi-configuration Dirac–Hartree–Fock theory. To obtain accurate values of these parameters, the impact of electron correlations and furthermore the Breit interaction and quantum electrodynamical effects on the Zeeman and hyperfine interaction matrix elements, and energy separations were investigated in detail. We also estimated the contributions from perturbing states to the Landé g-factors and quadratic Zeeman shift coefficients concerned so as to truncate the summation over the perturbing states without loss of accuracy. Our calculations provide important data for estimating the first- and second-order Zeeman shifts of the clock transition for the Cd and Mg optical lattice clocks.
Three-dimensional acoustic propagation model for shallow waters based on an indirect boundary element method
Authors: Lavia Edmundo F. , Gonzalez Juan D. , Blanc Silvia
Published: September 2022

This work has a two-fold purpose. On the one hand, the theoretical formulation of a three-dimensional (3D) acoustic propagation model for shallow waters with a constant sound speed is presented, based on the boundary element method (BEM), which uses a half-space Green function instead of the more conventional free-space Green function. On the other hand, a numerical implementation is illustrated to explore the formulation in simple idealized cases, controlled by a few parameters, which provides necessary tests for the accuracy and performance of the model. The half-space Green’s function, which has been previously used in scattering and diffraction, adds terms to the usual expressions of the integral operators without altering their continuity properties. Verifications against the wavenumber integration solution of the Pekeris waveguide suggest that the model allows an adequate prediction for the acoustic field. Likewise, numerical experiments in relation to the necessary mesh size for the description of the water-marine sediment interface lead to the conclusion that a transmission loss prediction with acceptable accuracy can be obtained with the use of a limited mesh around the desired evaluation region.
A conceptual polarimetry applied in X-ray polarization in the energy range of 10–30 keV
Authors: Jiang J. , Jiang W. , Xu Y. , He H. , Liu X. , Du Y. , Sun L. , Dong Z. , Liu X. , Yang S. , Jiao Y. , Dai B.
Published: September 2022

The lower energy part of the hard X-ray band, 10–30 keV, still remains unexplored for X-ray polarimetry. A photo-electric polarimetry based on a CMOS imaging sensor typed GMAX0505 was proven to be a candidate polarimeter applied in this energy band, the pixel size is 2.5 μm and X-ray detection depth is around 5 μm. Due to a limitation of its pixel shape, the sensors can not give the polarization angle of incoming X-rays directly, but predict the angle by utilizing the asymmetric response at different polarization angle of X-rays. In this study, we construct a simplified sensor based on the structure of the GMAX0505, utilizing the GEANT4 toolkit. The variation trend of modulation factor in the simulation is similar with those measured in the reference at 12.4-keV and 24.8-keV X-rays. Based on the simulation framework, we change the pixel shape from square to hexagon with the same pixel pitch of 2.5 μm and define three directions along the symmetry axis of a pixel. Comparing the modulation curves obtained by solving the modulation curve function with three parameters, the modulation factor is around 10% and 23% at 12.4 keV and 24.8 keV in response to X-rays with different polarization angle and 100% linear polarization, the difference between predicted and incident polarization angle is less than 2.5° which is an estimate of the systematic error. Meanwhile, the degree of modulation is less than 1% in response to unpolarized X-rays. This study shows that similar sensors with a hexagonal pixel shape can give the modulation curve and directly predict the polarization angle of an X-ray source. It also provides a conceptual design for next photo-electric X-ray polarimetry in the energy band. In addition, the performance characterized by quality factor (QF) was compared for the sensors with different pixel pitch and the same pixel gap, the results show the QF is sensitive to a pixel pitch with different value and the value of the QF is maximum as a pixel pitch of the sensors is 0.75 μm under the same condition of pixel gap of 0.2 μm.
Theoretical and paleoclimatic evidence for abrupt transitions in the Earth system
Authors: Boers Niklas , Ghil Michael , Stocker Thomas F
Published: September 2022

Specific components of the Earth system may abruptly change their state in response to gradual changes in forcing. This possibility has attracted great scientific interest in recent years, and has been recognized as one of the greatest threats associated with anthropogenic climate change. Examples of such components, called tipping elements, include the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, the polar ice sheets, the Amazon rainforest, as well as the tropical monsoon systems. The mathematical language to describe abrupt climatic transitions is mainly based on the theory of nonlinear dynamical systems and, in particular, on their bifurcations. Applications of this theory to nonautonomous and stochastically forced systems are a very active field of climate research. The empirical evidence that abrupt transitions have indeed occurred in the past stems exclusively from paleoclimate proxy records. In this review, we explain the basic theory needed to describe critical transitions, summarize the proxy evidence for past abrupt climate transitions in different parts of the Earth system, and examine some candidates for future abrupt transitions in response to ongoing anthropogenic forcing. Predicting such transitions remains difficult and is subject to large uncertainties. Substantial improvements in our understanding of the nonlinear mechanisms underlying abrupt transitions of Earth system components are needed. We argue that such an improved understanding requires combining insights from (a) paleoclimatic records; (b) simulations using a hierarchy of models, from conceptual to comprehensive ones; and (c) time series analysis of recent observation-based data that encode the dynamics of the present-day Earth system components that are potentially prone to tipping.
Wildfire exacerbates high-latitude soil carbon losses from climate warming
Authors: Mekonnen Zelalem A , Riley William J , Randerson James T , Shirley Ian A , Bouskill Nicholas J , Grant Robert F
Published: September 2022

Arctic and boreal permafrost soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition has been slower than carbon inputs from plant growth since the last glaciation. Anthropogenic climate warming has threatened this historical trend by accelerating SOC decomposition and altering wildfire regimes. We accurately modeled observed plant biomass and carbon emissions from wildfires in Alaskan ecosystems under current climate conditions. In projections to 2300 under the RCP8.5 climate scenario, we found that warming and increased atmospheric CO2 will result in plant biomass gains and higher litterfall. However, increased carbon losses from (a) wildfire combustion and (b) rapid SOC decomposition driven by increased deciduous litter production, root exudation, and active layer depth will lead to about 4.4 PgC of soil carbon losses from Alaska by 2300 and most (88%) of these loses will be from the top 1 m of soil. These SOC losses offset plant carbon gains, causing the ecosystem to transition to a net carbon source after 2200. Simulations excluding wildfire increases yielded about a factor of four lower SOC losses by 2300. Our results show that projected wildfire and its direct and indirect effects on plant and soil carbon may accelerate high-latitude soil carbon losses, resulting in a positive feedback to climate change.
On some aspects of the response to stochastic and deterministic forcings
Authors: Santos Gutiérrez Manuel , Lucarini Valerio
Published: September 2022

The perturbation theory of operator semigroups is used to derive response formulas for a variety of combinations of acting forcings and reference background dynamics. In the case of background stochastic dynamics, we decompose the response formulas using the Koopman operator generator eigenfunctions and the corresponding eigenvalues, thus providing a functional basis towards identifying relaxation timescales and modes and towards relating forced and natural fluctuations in physically relevant systems. To leading order, linear response gives the correction to expectation values due to extra deterministic forcings acting on either stochastic or chaotic dynamical systems. When considering the impact of weak noise, the response is linear in the intensity of the (extra) noise for background stochastic dynamics, while the second order response given the leading order correction when the reference dynamics is chaotic. In this latter case we clarify that previously published diverging results can be brought to common ground when a suitable interpretation—Stratonovich vs Itô—of the noise is given. Finally, the response of two-point correlations to perturbations is studied through the resolvent formalism via a perturbative approach. Our results allow, among other things, to estimate how the correlations of a chaotic dynamical system changes as a results of adding stochastic forcing.
The effect of vanadium addition in Ni1-xVxFe2O4 nano photocatalysts on remazol golden yellow degradation under visible light irradiation
Authors: Situmeang Rudy , Romiyati Romiyati , Yuwono Suripto Dwi , Manurung Posman , Firdaus Iqbal , Sembiring Simon
Published: September 2022

Photocatalysis is a promising solution for the degradation of dyes since this substance harms the environment. In addition, this process is environmentally friendly, especially while using low energy through visible light irradiation. In this study, Ni1-xVxFe2O4 nano-photocatalyst has been prepared using the sol-gel method. After freeze-drying and calcination processes, the sample was characterised using the techniques of x-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR, UV–vis DR spectroscopy, TEM, and Particle Size Analyser (PSA). The XRD results indicated that a majority of the crystalline phase in this material prepared is NiFe2O4 spinel. Then, the grain size of this spinel is in the range of 20–32 nm. UV–vis DR spectroscopy analysis indicated that the bandgap energy of spinel Ni1-xVxFe2O4 (where x = 0.1–0.5) is 1.6, 1.8, and 2.0 eV, respectively. FTIR analysis explained that catalyst functions as the photocatalyst, and maintains the structure after the reaction. Furthermore, results of dye photodegradation indicated that Ni1-x
V
x
Fe2O4 nanocatalysts are all active and able to degrade remazol golden yellow (RGY) by more than 30% conversion under the visible light irradiation. In two stages of experiments to degrade RGY, Ni0.5V0.5Fe2O4 nanocatalyst has the best activity with more than 65% conversion. However, based on the linearity correlation in determining the order reaction, it is clear that the rate is a pseudo-first-order reaction and the best rate constant for reaction below 80 min, k = 0.0029 min−1 for Ni0.7V0.3Fe2O4 photocatalyst.
Biological reduction of graphene oxide using Citrus sinensis L. extract and its nano-structural photocatalytic - antibacterial performances
Authors: Prema Thanapackiam S , Selvarajan P , Dhinakar K Gnanaprakasam , Veeraputhiran V
Published: September 2022

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) plays a major role for the potential material fabrication attributable to its excellent electrical, thermal, optical, and mechanical properties. A facile cost-effective green reduction has been approached in this work for the reduction of graphene oxide (GO). The extract of Citrus sinensis L. fruit was employed as bio-reductant to obtain rGO. Initially, the graphene oxide, used in this work, was synthesised through the oxidation of graphite using modified Hummer’s method. Surface and structural properties of synthesised rGO were characterised by XRD, UV–visible, FTIR, SEM-EDAX, and AFM studies. From XRD results, the size of GO and rGO nanoparticles was found to be 3.7 nm and 2.4 nm respectively, the interspatial distance of rGO layers obtained was 0.34 nm, and it can act as an efficient photocatalyst. From the UV–visible spectral studies, the band gaps of rGO and GO were found as 5.22 eV and 4.70 eV, respectively. The functional group representations from FTIR spectra confirm the strong reduction of GO using Citrus sinensis L. extract. The SEM and AFM images provided clear even flake appearance of rGO particles. Photoluminescence studies explored good photoemissive nature of synthesised GO and rGO. The photocatalytic activity of rGO was tested against the Sunlight exposed methylene blue (MB) dye and found superior results of 98% degradation up to 100 ppm MB dye. While concerning its antibacterial response, it can strongly act against Staphylococcus aureus bacterium than the standard drug gentamicin.
Magneto-hydrodynamic simulation study of direct current multi-contact circuit breaker for equalizing breaking arc
Authors: JIA Bowen , WU Jianwen , LI Shu , WU Hao , PENG Xiangjun , DAI Jian , CHEN Ruang
Published: September 2022

This work is based on a direct current (DC) natural current commutation topology, which uses load-carrying branch contacts carrying rated current and multiple sets of series arcing branch contacts in parallel to achieve circuit breaking. The proposed topology can meet the new requirements of higher voltage DC switches in aviation, aerospace, energy and other fields. First, a magneto-hydrodynamic arc model is built using COMSOL Multiphysics, and the different arc breaking characteristics of the arcing branch contacts in different gas environments are simulated. Then, a voltage uniformity coefficient is used to measure the voltage sharing effect in the process of dynamic interruption. In order to solve the dispersion of arcing contact action, a structural control method is adopted to improve the voltage uniformity coefficient. The uniform voltage distribution can improve the breaking capacity and electrical life of the series connection structure.
Relationship between advanced pharmacy practice experience grading schemes and pharmacy residency match rates
Authors: Shtaynberg Jane , Skrabal Maryann , Kanmaz Tina , Leiana Oswald C , Prisco Jennifer , Jarrett Jennie B , Clarke Cheryl , Ruehter Valerie , Gilliam Eric , Clauson Angela , Shan Guogen
Published: September 2022

Purpose

To determine the relationship of advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) grading schemes and other pharmacy program variables (ie, program age and funding) with pharmacy residency match rates.

A 12-question survey was disseminated to experiential administrators of pharmacy programs in October 2018. Respondents identified their program’s APPE grading scheme (pass/fail, letter grades, or other) and associated pros and cons. Responding programs were categorized by age and funding status. Survey responses were correlated with the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists residency match rates for 2016 through 2018. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression models as well as by attributes via thematic analysis. Most pharmacy programs (62%) reported using letter grades for APPEs compared to pass/fail (30%) or other (8%) schemes. Pharmacy programs using pass/fail grading were more likely to have students match to postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) (P < 0.001) and postgraduate year 2 (PGY2) (P = 0.0074) residencies. Older pharmacy programs for each grading scheme were more likely to have higher match rates; however, for PGY1 match rates, older programs utilizing letter grades correlated to lower match rates than those utilizing pass/fail grading (P < 0.0001). Likewise, both public and private pharmacy programs using pass/fail grading had higher PGY1 match rates than those using letter grades (P = 0.0006 and P = 0.0014).

Conclusion

Pass/fail grading in APPEs does not hinder PGY1 or PGY2 residency placement compared to other grading schemes both overall and in combination with certain pharmacy program variables. Grading scheme strengths and weaknesses should be considered when deciding on optimal assessment strategies for APPEs and when evaluating candidates for residencies.
Clinicopathological characteristics and disease chronicity in native kidney biopsies in Flanders
Authors: Deleersnijder Dries , Laurens Wim , De Meester Johan , Cleenders Evert , Dendooven Amélie , Lerut Evelyne , De Vriese An S , Dejagere Tom , Helbert Mark , Hellemans Rachel , Koshy Priyanka , Maes Bart , Pipeleers Lissa , Van Craenenbroeck Amaryllis H , Van Laecke Steven , Vande Walle Johan , Couttenye Marie M , Meeus Gert , Sprangers Ben ,   the FCGG collaborative group, De Vriese An , De Rycke Anja , Bogaert Anne-Marie , Woestenburg Annemie , Denys Bart , Maes Bart , Peeters Domien , Vanbelleghem Hilde , Donck Jan , Scharpé Johan , De Clippeleir Nele , Colson Ann , Meyvis Karen , Vandepitte Kurt , Reyns Liza-Maria , Peeters Jacques , Decupere Marc , Helbert Mark , Zeegers Miranda , Neirynck Nathalie , Bernaert Pascale , Dejagere Tom , Lemahieu Wim , Sprangers Ben , Pipeleers Lissa , Hellemans Rachel , Van Laecke Steven , Knops Noël , Levtchenko Elena , Walle Johan Vande , Karamaria Sevasti , Van Hoeck Koen , Trouet Dominique , Mauel Reiner , Dendooven Amélie , Hoorens Anne , Van Dorpe Jo , Praet Marleen , Geers Caroline , Lerut Evelyne , Koshy Priyanka , Roskams Tania , Aydin Selda , Siozopoulou Vasiliki , Schelfhout Anne-Marie , De Raeve Hendrik , Steenkiste Edwin , Dedeurwaerdere Francesca , Dalle Ignace , Cokelaere Kristof , Deloose Stijn , De Paepe Pascale , Van Eyken Peter
Published: September 2022

Background

The Flemish Collaborative Glomerulonephritis Group (FCGG) registry provides complete population data on kidney disease epidemiology in the region of Flanders (Belgium), as it captures all native kidney biopsies performed in its population of 6.5 million inhabitants.

Methods

From 2017 until 2019, 2054 adult kidney biopsies were included from 26 nephrology centers (one biopsy per patient). Data on nephrotic and nephritic syndrome were available in 1992 and 2026 biopsies, respectively. In a subgroup of 898 biopsies containing ≥10 glomeruli from 2018 to 2019, disease chronicity was graded using the Mayo Clinic Chronicity Score (MCCS). The association between clinical variables and MCCS was determined using simple and multiple linear regression models.

Results

Nephrotic syndrome (present in 378 patients, 19.0%) was most frequently caused by minimal change disease in younger patients (18–44 years), membranous nephropathy in older patients (45–74 years) and amyloidosis in the elderly (>75 years). Nephritic syndrome (present in 421 patients, 20.8%) was most frequently caused by immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) in younger patients (18–64 years) and ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) in older patients (>64 years). AAV and IgAN were the most frequent underlying diagnoses in biopsies in which crescents were identified. In multivariable analysis, acute and chronic kidney disease and diagnoses of diabetic kidney disease, nephrosclerosis and hyperoxaluria/hypercalcemic nephropathy were associated with the highest MCCS increases.

Conclusions

The FCGG registry validates data from previous Western European registries and provides a snapshot of disease chronicity in the whole biopsied Flemish population.
Full myocardial recovery following COVID-19 fulminant myocarditis after biventricular mechanical support with BiPella: a case report
Authors: Ajello Silvia , Calvo Francesco , Basso Cristina , Nardelli Pasquale , Scandroglio Anna Mara
Published: September 2022

Background

Fulminant myocarditis is a rare yet dreadful condition, which requires evaluation for mechanical support. The concomitant use of an Impella pump in the left and of one in the right ventricle—the so-called ‘BiPella approach’—might allow recovery of the failing heart in selected cases. We report a peculiar case, in which mechanical circulatory support was used as the sole strategy to promote myocardial recovery, without the administration of any immunosuppressants in coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 fulminant myocarditis.

Case summary

A previously healthy 49-year-black man presented to the emergency department with dyspnoea and severe metabolic acidosis. His nasopharyngeal swab resulted positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Echocardiography documented severe biventricular dysfunction which required support with two Impella pumps—the so-called ‘BiPella approach’. Myocarditis was suspected on clinical basis. Endomyocardial biopsy showed SARS-CoV-2 localization within the endothelial cells. No antiviral or immunosuppressive therapy was administered. After 10 days of support, the patient was weaned from both right- and left-ventricular supports as complete recovery of cardiac function and end-organ damage was observed. The patient was discharged from the intensive care unit after 15 days and discharged home 1 month after presentation. The patient had no further episodes of heart failure at 6 months follow up.

Discussion

Prolonged mechanical unloading with two Impella pumps in fulminant COVID-19 myocarditis is a viable and reliable strategy, as it provides the benefits of mechanical circulatory support plus additional disease-modifying effects, reducing wall stress and inflammatory response.
Aortic and bronchial perforation caused by a vascular clip 3 years after its placement
Authors: Omori Akiharu , Inuzuka Ryo , Matsui Hikoro , Hirata Yasutaka
Published: September 2022

Vascular clips are currently acknowledged as a safe and efficient tool for vessel ligation in every surgical field. Here, we describe a case of massive haemoptysis due to perforation of both the aorta and bronchus, caused by a titanium clip that was placed between them 3 years ago. The present case highlights the rare but life-threatening complications that clips can cause in the mediastinum, especially when placed between a fixed structure and a large blood vessel or respiratory tract.
An analysis of conifer experiments in Britain to identify productive alternatives to Sitka spruce
Authors: Stokes Victoria J , Jinks Richards , Kerr Gary
Published: September 2022

As the climate changes there is a need to reduce the reliance on Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong) Carr.) in upland British forestry and increase species diversity to lower the risk of damage or loss of production due to biotic or abiotic events. An analysis of relevant species trials was carried out to assess the productivity of potential alternative conifer species on upland site types in Britain. Data from 87 forest experiments planted between 1929 and 1995 were analysed to compare long-term performance of 52 species with that of Sitka spruce under the same conditions and site type. Sites were broadly categorized using soil and climatic factors, which were used as primary factors in models predicting General Yield Class (GYC, the maximum mean annual increment in m3 ha−1 year−1) of the potential alternative species and of Sitka spruce. No species had significantly higher GYC estimates than Sitka spruce, but grand fir (Abies grandis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindl.), noble fir (Abies procera (Rehder)), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), Lutz’s spruce (Picea x lutzii (Little)), maritime pine (Pinus pinaster (Aiton)), Lawson cypress (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murray bis) Parl.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris (L.)), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and western red cedar (Thuja plicata (Donn ex D.Don)) all had GYC estimates which were not significantly lower than that of Sitka spruce under certain soil and climate conditions. A further 26 species, particularly Abies species, had GYC within 3 m3 ha−1 year−1 of Sitka spruce but were present on too few sites for inclusion in statistical models. The results of the analysis provide objective evidence for the planting of a wider range of species where Sitka spruce may currently be first choice. In the absence of any major pest or disease affecting Sitka spruce, it is still a good choice for many upland sites, however, a wider range of options with equivalent productivity exist, allowing forest managers to diversify and reduce the risk of damage or loss of production due to biotic or abiotic events.
Britain's Trade Liberalization in the 1840s: A Defensive Neoclassical Realist Explanation
Authors: Brawley Mark R
Published: September 2022

In the 1840s, Britain engaged in a series of trade liberalizations, with important consequences for itself and the international system. Many have tried to explain the central piece, Repeal of the Corn Laws, using liberal arguments from international political economy. Few find these arguments persuasive. Applying defensive neoclassical realism, I demonstrate how fluctuations in external threats to Britain—in particular posed by France—drove reassessments of trade policy. British leaders judged both the Corn Laws and the Navigation Acts in terms of their contributions to security. Reassessments were also shaped by new information, such as the potato blight in Ireland. While defensive neoclassical realism highlights when a state may seek change to attain greater security, liberalism indicates how strongly constituents may defend existing policies. I use both to explain why tariffs remained popular, but Cabinets overrode protectionism's domestic supporters in this decade.