bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Protective Efficacy of Different Doses of a Chlamydia abortus Subcellular Vaccine in a Pregnant Sheep Challenge Model for Ovine Enzootic Abortion
Authors: Livingstone Morag , Aitchison Kevin , Palarea-Albaladejo Javier , Chianini Francesca , Rocchi Mara Silvia , Caspe Sergio Gastón , Underwood Clare , Flockhart Allen , Wheelhouse Nicholas , Entrican Gary , Wattegedera Sean Ranjan , Longbottom David
Published: October 2024

Chlamydia abortus causes the disease ovine enzootic abortion, which is one of the most infectious causes of foetal death in small ruminants worldwide. While the disease can be controlled using live and inactivated commercial vaccines, there is scope for improvements in safety for both sheep and human handlers of the vaccines. We have previously reported the development of a new prototype vaccine based on a detergent-extracted outer membrane protein preparation of C. abortus that was determined to be more efficacious and safer than the commercial vaccines when administered in two inoculations three weeks apart. In this new study, we have developed this vaccine further by comparing its efficacy when delivered in one or two (1 × 20 µg and 2 × 10 µg) doses, as well as also comparing the effect of reducing the antigen content of the vaccine by 50% (2 × 5 µg and 1 × 10 µg). All vaccine formulations performed well in comparison to the unvaccinated challenge control group, with no significant differences observed between vaccine groups, demonstrating that the vaccine can be administered as a single inoculation and at a lower dose without compromising efficacy. Future studies should focus on further defining the optimal antigen dose to increase the commercial viability of the vaccine.
Developing a More Sustainable Protein and Amino Acid Supply of Laying Hens in a Split Feeding System
Authors: Horváth Boglárka , Strifler Patrik , Such Nikoletta , Wágner László , Dublecz Károly , Baranyay Henrik , Bustyaházai László , Pál László
Published: October 2024

Two model experiments were conducted to investigate the different protein and amino acid supply of laying hens fed split feeding (SF) diets. In Experiment 1, one conventional (C) and one SF dietary treatment were established, and the diets were implemented for 12 weeks. The concentrations of crude protein, SID Lys, Met, Met + Cys Arg, Val, Thr, Leu, Ile, and Trp of the SF morning diet were the same as in the C diet. The crude protein content of the SF afternoon diet was lower (92%), while the SID values of Lys, Met, Met + Cys were identical compared to the C diet (100%). The SF treatment resulted in a reduced protein/N intake, better feed conversion ratio, higher eggshell thickness and apparent ileal digestibility of Asp, Leu, Lys, Gly, and Ser, and lower concentration of N forms (total, fecal, NH4+, uric acid, urinary) in the excreta compared to the C treatment. In Experiment 2, a control and a low protein (−2% crude protein but the same SID values of Lys, Met, Met + Cys, Thr, Val) SF treatment were compared for 6 weeks. The low protein SF treatment led to a decreased protein/N intake, higher laying rate, lower egg weight, higher ileal digestibility of Ala, Asp, Leu, and Ile, and similar N emission compared to the control SF treatment.
Pre-Embryonic Period Observation Shows a Unique Reproductive Strategy of the Critically Endangered Anji Salamander (Hynobius amjiensis)
Authors: Qiu Yu , Chen Kaiyang , Mei Yiyun , Yang Jia , Chen Cangsong
Published: October 2024

Hynobius amjiensis, also known as the Anji salamander, is an amphibian species currently categorized as endangered due to its limited geographical distribution, primarily in China. To address the critical conservation status of this species, artificial breeding is essential for population expansion. However, progress in artificial breeding efforts has been hindered by the scarcity of research on the reproductive biology of the Anji salamander. In this study, we identified 25 distinct early stages of embryo development. Additionally, we observed that Anji salamander embryos contain a lesser amount of yolk compared to other salamanders or frogs. We further discovered that the Anji salamander employs a highly competitive reproductive strategy, producing a smaller number of high-quality offspring. This strategy aims to generate adaptive individuals through intense intraspecific competition, driven by three factors: extremely confined breeding habitats, a substantial number of eggs, and a reduced yolk content. We introduce the term “mass escape” to describe this strategy, which provides a novel perspective on cannibalization, focusing on the consumption of specific body parts rather than a single-individual activity. This study offers valuable insights into artificial breeding techniques designed to mitigate inherent intraspecific competitive pressure, thereby improving metamorphosis and survival rates. Additionally, it provides a comprehensive table detailing the pre-embryonic developmental stages of the Anji salamander.
Effect of Dietary Benzoic Acid and Oregano Essential Oil as a Substitute for an Anti-Coccidial Agent on Growth Performance and Physiological and Immunological Responses in Broiler Chickens Challenged with Eimeria Species
Authors: Khukhodziinai Joycy Seiba , Das Pradip Kumar , Mukherjee Joydip , Banerjee Dipak , Ghosh Prabal Ranjan , Das Anil Kumar , Samanta Indranil , Jas Ruma , Mondal Samiran , Patra Amlan Kumar
Published: October 2024

To overcome the antimicrobial residues in food, benzoic acid (BA) and oregano essential oil (OEO) are used in the broiler chicken industry. Independently, both exerted anticoccidial and antimicrobial actions and improved growth performance in broiler chickens. Their effect may be multiplied when they are used in combination. This present study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of dietary BA and OEO alone or in combination as a substitute for a commercial coccidiostatic drug on growth performance and physiological and immunological responses in broiler chickens challenged with Eimeria species. A total of 252 unsexed 1-day-old broiler chicks were equally allotted to 36 pens, each pen containing seven chicks. The pens were randomly assigned to six treatments with six pens (replicates) for each treatment (n = 6)—(i) negative control, (ii) positive control, coccidia-challenged and non-treated, (iii) supplemented with salinomycin (an anti-coccidial drug) at 60 mg/kg of feed and coccidia-challenged, (iv) supplemented with BA at 500 mg/kg of feed and coccidia-challenged, (v) supplemented with OEOat 500 mg/kg of feed and coccidia-challenged (OEO), and (vi) supplemented with BA at 500 mg/kg of feed and OEO at 500 mg/kg of feed and coccidia-challenged (B&O). The liver enzymes and thyroxine and creatinine levels were not affected (p > 0.05) both in coccidia-challenged and supplemented chickens. The BA and OEO applied separately or in combination (B&O) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced gut pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella and Escherichia coli) and Eimeria spp., and concurrently enhanced (p > 0.05) the Lactobacillus population with better body weight gain, improved feed utilization, and superior hematological values. It also up-regulated (p > 0.05) the interferon-γ gene expression and down-regulated (p < 0.05) the interleukin-10 and Toll-like receptor-4 gene expression to protect the chickens from inflammatory reactions, which were not demonstrated in salinomycin-treated birds. The B&O supplementation increased (p < 0.05) the immune system by enhancing Eimeria-specific immunoglobulin Y titer and lymphocyte proliferation response. This study suggests that the combined application of OEO and BA can substitute for a commercial anti-coccidial agent (salinomycin) in controlling coccidiosis as well as improving growth performance, gut health, and immune responses in broiler chickens with a means of antimicrobial-resistant free food products.
Regulation Progression on Ellagic Acid Improving Poultry Production Performance by Regulating Redox Homeostasis, Inflammatory Response, and Cell Apoptosis
Authors: Wang Shengchen , Zhang Wenjun , Tian Bing , Hu Yun , Li Tingting , Cui Xiaoyan , Zhang Liyang , Luo Xugang
Published: October 2024

It has been approximately 2000 years since the medicinal homologous theory, which primarily holds that food has the same therapeutic value as medicine in order to improve the health of both humans and animals. In recent years, this theory has also been proposed to be used in poultry breeding. Ellagic acid (EA), a natural compound primarily extracted from medicinal homologous foods such as raspberries and pomegranates, is reported to have incomparable advantages in improving the production performance and disease resistance of poultry due to its pharmacological properties, which regulate the processes of redox homeostasis, inflammatory response, and cell apoptotic death. However, the application and research of EA in poultry production are still in the initial stage, and the potential mechanisms of its biological functions affecting animal health have not been clearly identified, which requires more attention worldwide. This mini-review collects the latest 10-year achievements of research on the effects of EA on poultry health, aiming to promote the practical application of EA in maintaining animal health and formulating corresponding targeted strategies.
Genomic Analyses of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius from Companion Animals Reveal Changing Clonal Populations, Multidrug Resistance, and Virulence
Authors: Myrenås Mattias , Pedersen Karl , Windahl Ulrika
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is part of the normal microbiota in dogs. Since 2006, an increase in multidrug-resistant clones of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius has been reported, as well as zoonotic transmission. Longitudinal investigations into clonal population structures, antibiotic resistance patterns, and the presence of resistance and virulence genes are important tools for gaining knowledge of the mechanisms behind the emergence of such clones. Methods: We investigated 87% of all non-repetitive MRSP isolates from dogs and cats in Sweden over a ten-year period (n = 356). All isolates were subjected to staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec identification, whole-genome sequencing, multi-locus sequence typing, and analyses of genomic relatedness, as well as investigation of phenotypical resistance patterns and the presence of antibiotic resistance genes and virulence genes. Results: A considerable increase over time in the number of clonal lineages present was observed, indicating genomic diversification, and four clones became dominant: ST71, ST258, ST265, and ST551. In total, 96% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant. Statistically significant differences in resistance to several antibiotic classes between the four dominant clones were present. All isolates carried several virulence genes encoding factors associated with attachment, colonization, toxin synthesis, quorum sensing, antibiotic resistance, and immune evasion.
Development of Novel Biocomposites with Antimicrobial-Activity-Based Magnesium-Doped Hydroxyapatite with Amoxicillin
Authors: Cimpeanu Carmen , Predoi Daniela , Ciobanu Carmen Steluta , Iconaru Simona Liliana , Rokosz Krzysztof , Predoi Mihai Valentin , Raaen Steinar , Badea Monica Luminita
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: A biocomposite based on magnesium-doped hydroxyapatite and enriched with amoxicillin (MgHApOx) was synthesized using the coprecipitation method and is presented here for the first time. Methods: The stability of MgHAp and MgHApOx suspensions was evaluated by ultrasound measurements. The structure of the synthesized MgHAp and MgHApOx was examined with X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The crystalline structure was determined by X-ray diffraction. The FTIR data were collected in the range of 4000–400 cm−1. The morphology of the nanoparticles was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, the biocompatible properties of MgHAp, MgHApOx and amoxicillin (Ox) suspensions were assessed using human fetal osteoblastic cells (hFOB 1.19 cell line). The antimicrobial properties of the MgHAp, MgHApOx and Ox suspension nanoparticles were assessed using the standard reference microbial strains Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Results: X-ray studies have shown that the biocomposite retains the characteristics of HAp and amoxicillin. The SEM assessment exhibited that the apatite contains particles at nanometric scale with acicular flakes morphology. The XRD and SEM results exhibited crystalline nanoparticles. The average crystallite size calculated from XRD analysis increased from 15.31 nm for MgHAp to 17.79 nm in the case of the MgHApOx sample. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis highlighted the presence of the constituent elements of MgHAp and amoxicillin. Moreover, XPS confirmed the substitution of Ca2+ ions with Mg2+ and the presence of amoxicillin constituents in the MgHAp lattice. The results of the in vitro antimicrobial assay demonstrated that MgHAp, MgHApOx and Ox suspensions exhibited good antimicrobial activity against the tested microbial strains. The results showed that the antimicrobial activity of the samples was influenced by the presence of the antibiotic and also by the incubation time. Conclusions: The findings from the biological assays indicate that MgHAp and MgHApOx are promising candidates for the development of new biocompatible and antimicrobial agents for biomedical applications.
Newer Therapies for Refractory Helicobacter pylori Infection in Adults: A Systematic Review
Authors: Liu Ligang , Nahata Milap C.
Published: October 2024

Background: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a global health concern, affecting approximately two-thirds of the world’s population. Standard first-line treatment regimens often fail, necessitating alternative rescue therapies. Objectives: This review aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of newer treatment regimens in patients who have failed initial H. pylori eradication therapy. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Embase. Inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published after 2010, involving patients with previous H. pylori treatment failure and interventions with vonoprazan-based therapy, high-dose PPI–amoxicillin dual therapy (HDDT), or rifabutin-containing triple therapy. Results: 10 RCTs were included. HDDT demonstrated high eradication rates (81.3% to 89.2%), particularly when combined with metronidazole (92.6%), although at an increased frequency of adverse events. Vonoprazan-based regimens achieved comparable or higher eradication rates (83.3% to 89.5%) compared to PPI-based therapies, with similar adverse events. Rifabutin-containing triple therapy showed high efficacy (80.7% to 100%), particularly in patients with a history of multiple treatment failures, and it was associated with lower adverse events compared to bismuth-containing regimens. Conclusions: HDDT, vonoprazan-based therapy, and rifabutin-based therapy have proven to be effective and safe rescue regimens for treating H. pylori infection. Additional large-scale randomized studies are needed to determine the optimal doses and durations of these regimens to achieve the highest eradication rate with the lowest incidence of adverse events among patients with refractory H. pylori infections globally.
Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Pathogens Isolated from Pediatric Patients during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Golli Andreea-Loredana , Popa Simona Georgiana , Cara Monica Laura , Stoica George-Alin , Fortofoiu Dragos , Stoica Maria
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: The present study aims to highlight the possible significant changes due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the resistance of pathogens involved in cases of pediatric infections. Methods: This study included children hospitalized in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Surgery and Pediatrics from a tertiary teaching hospital, during and after the COVID-19 period (2020–2023). Results: The research included 845 samples collected during 2020–2023, from 685 pediatric patients. A total of 937 bacterial isolates were obtained, of which 509 isolates (54.32%) were Gram-negative bacteria. Around 30% of all the pathogens were multidrug-resistant (MDR), with a statistically significant increase post-pandemic, in the case of the MDR Escherichia coli strains (p < 0.05). A very high percentage of MDR Acinetobacter spp. isolates was found, with an important, but not statistically significant, increase in the post-pandemic period. The highest percentage of the MDR Gram-positive pathogens was registered in the case of S. aureus strains (31.80%). Over 20% of the Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) strains isolated between 2020 and 2023 were MDR, with an important increase in the post-COVID-19 period. The proportion of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative pathogens significantly decreased in the post-COVID-19 period compared with the COVID-19 period (p < 0.05), especially in the case of the Klebsiella spp. strains. Conclusions: Our findings revealed the increase in the post-COVID-19 period of the prevalence of MDR strains of Acinetobacter spp., CoNS, and Escherichia coli isolated in pediatric patient samples and a significant decline in the trend of the carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative pathogens, which may be due to the testing rate and to the specific pathology of the pediatric patients hospitalized in the two periods.
Enhancing Stability and Investigating Target Attainment of Benzylpenicillin in Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy: Insights from In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluations
Authors: Rentsch Katharina M. , Khanna Nina , Halbeisen Delia , Osthoff Michael
Published: October 2024

Background/Objective: Narrow-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics such as benzylpenicillin and flucloxacillin are increasingly used in outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) programs to mitigate the adverse effects associated with broad-spectrum antibiotics. These beta-lactams require continuous administration via portable infusion devices during OPAT. However, the use of benzylpenicillin in OPAT requires special consideration because of its limited stability at elevated temperatures. Methods: We tested the benzylpenicillin stability, pH, and degradation of products in elastomeric pumps at different concentrations in saline and in buffered solution containing sodium citrate during a prolonged storage and at high temperatures (seven days at 2–8 °C followed by 24 h at 37 °C). Additionally, drug concentrations during intermittent bolus infusion and during OPAT were determined in five patients. The concentrations and degradation products of benzylpenicillin were measured using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results: Unbuffered benzylpenicillin solutions that were already degraded during refrigerator storage and analyte concentration were not measurable after 8 days. The stability of the buffered solutions was acceptable at all three of the tested concentrations (97.6 ± 1.3%, 96.3 ± 0.8%, and 94.9 ± 1.1% for 10 Mio IU, 20 Mio IU, and 40 Mio IU of benzylpenicillin). The stability was influenced by benzylpenicillin concentration, and several breakdown products were identified. Benzylpenicillin concentrations were measured in five patients during OPAT and ranged from 7.2 to 60 mg/L. Conclusions: Benzylpenicillin buffered with sodium citrate is a safe and convenient option for use in continuous infusions during OPAT and should be favored over broad-spectrum antibiotics. Therapeutic drug monitoring data indicate sufficient to high plasma levels when patients received benzylpenicillin as continuous infusions.
The Opportunistic Pathogen Staphylococcus warneri: Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance, Clinical Features, Association with Orthopedic Implants and Other Medical Devices, and a Glance at Industrial Applications
Authors: Ravaioli Stefano , De Donno Andrea , Bottau Giulia , Campoccia Davide , Maso Alessandra , Dolzani Paolo , Balaji Paulraj , Pegreffi Francesco , Daglia Maria , Arciola Carla Renata
Published: October 2024

In recent decades, the risk of developing opportunistic infections has increased in parallel with the ever-increasing number of people suffering from chronic immunosuppressive diseases or undergoing prosthetic surgery. Staphylococcus warneri is a Gram-positive and coagulase-negative bacterium. Usually found as a component of the healthy human and animal microbiota of the skin and mucosae, it can take on the role of an opportunistic pathogen capable of causing a variety of infections, ranging from mild to life-threatening, not only in immunocompromised patients but even, although rarely, in healthy people. Here, in addition to a concise discussion of the identification and distinguishing features of S. warneri compared to other staphylococcal species, a systematic overview of the findings from case reports and clinical studies is provided. The paper highlights the virulence and antibiotic resistance profiles of S. warneri, the different clinical contexts in which it has proven to be a serious pathogen, emphasizing its ability to colonize artificial prosthetic materials and its tropism for musculoskeletal and cardiovascular tissues. Some original data on orthopedic implant infections by S. warneri complement the discussion. Finally, from a different perspective, the paper addresses the possibilities of industrial exploitation of this bacterium.
Insights into the Rising Threat of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Epidemic Infections in Eastern Europe: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Piotrowski Michal , Alekseeva Irina , Arnet Urs , Yücel Emre
Published: October 2024

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a major global public health challenge, particularly with the rise of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA). This study aimed to describe the characteristics of CRE and CRPA infections in Eastern Europe, focusing on Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, and Slovenia. Methods: Following MOOSE and PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature review of articles published between 1 November 2017 and 1 November 2023 was conducted using the MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, CDSR, DARE, and CENTRAL databases. The search strategy used a combination of free text and subject headings to gather pertinent literature regarding the incidence and treatment patterns of CRE and CRPA infections. A total of 104 studies focusing on infections in both children and adults were included in this review. Results: This review revealed a significant prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative isolates and underscored the effectiveness of imipenem/relebactam and ceftazidime/avibactam (CAZ/AVI) against Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales and of ceftolozane/tazobactam, imipenem/relebactam and ceftazidime/avibactam against non-metallo-β-lactamase-producing CRPA strains. Conclusions: This study highlights the urgent need for comprehensive measures to combat the escalating threat of CRE and CRPA infections in Eastern European countries. At the same time, it shows the activity of the standard of care and new antimicrobials against carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative pathogens in Eastern Europe. Clinical real-world data on the treatment of carbapenem-resistant infections in Eastern Europe are needed.
The Efficacy of Topical Cefiderocol Treatment of Experimental Extensively Drug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Keratitis Is Dependent upon the State of the Corneal Epithelium
Authors: Romanowski Eric G. , Mandell Jonathan B. , Jhanji Vishal , Shanks Robert M.Q.
Published: October 2024

Background: An overlooked factor in the efficacy of topical antibiotics to treat bacterial keratitis is the state of the corneal epithelium. Recently, we evaluated topical cefiderocol for the treatment of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) keratitis in eyes with the corneal epithelium abraded. The goal of this study was to use the same model with the corneal epithelium left intact to evaluate the efficacy of cefiderocol and other antibiotics and compare the results to those of the previous study. Methods: NZW rabbit corneas with intact epithelium were inoculated with XDRPA. After 16 h, the rabbits were topically treated with cefiderocol 50 mg/mL, ciprofloxacin 0.3%, tobramycin 14 mg/mL, or saline. Following 8 h of treatment, the corneas were harvested for CFU determinations and cefiderocol concentrations. Results: Only cefiderocol significantly decreased CFU of the XDRPA strain compared with saline. The CFU in the cefiderocol and tobramycin-treated corneas for the XDRPA strain with initially intact epithelium were 1.83–1.4 Log10 greater than those produced in corneas with the abraded epithelium (p < 0.05). Cefiderocol concentrations were 5.02× less in corneas with initially intact epithelium. Conclusions: The efficacy of cefiderocol and tobramycin to treat experimental XDRPA keratitis is dependent on the state of the corneal epithelium.
Investigation into the Effectiveness of an Herbal Combination (Angocin®Anti-Infekt N) in the Therapy of Acute Bronchitis: A Retrospective Real-World Cohort Study
Authors: Kassner Nina , Wonnemann Meinolf , Ziegler Yvonne , Stange Rainer , Kostev Karel
Published: October 2024

Background: The goal of this study was to evaluate whether the medical recommendation of Angocin®Anti-Infekt N (heretofore referenced as Angocin®) on the day of diagnosis of acute bronchitis is negatively associated with the recurrence of acute bronchitis diagnosis, antibiotic prescriptions, incidence of chronic bronchitis, and duration of sick leave. Methods: This study included patients in general practices in Germany with a first documented diagnosis of acute bronchitis between 2005 and 2022 (index date) and a prescription of Angocin®, thyme products, essential oils, mucolytics or antibiotics on the index date. The association between Angocin® prescription and the risks of a relapse of acute bronchitis, development of chronic bronchitis, or subsequent antibiotic prescription were evaluated using Cox regression models. Univariable conditional logistic regression models were used to investigate the association between Angocin® prescription and duration of sick leave. Results: After a 1:5 propensity score matching, 598 Angocin® patients and 2990 patients in each of the four comparison cohorts were available for analysis. Angocin® prescription was associated with significantly lower incidence of a renewed confirmed diagnosis of acute bronchitis as compared to essential oils (Hazard ratio (HR): 0.61; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.46–0.80), thyme products (HR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.53–0.91), mucolytics (HR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.49–0.85) or antibiotics (HR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.49–0.84). Also, there were significantly lower incidences of subsequent re-prescriptions of antibiotics when compared to mucolytics (HR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.53–0.99) or antibiotics (HR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.39–0.72) and a significantly lower risk of chronic bronchitis as compared to essential oils (HR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.46–0.78), thyme products (HR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.41–0.69), mucolytics (HR: 0.49; 95% CI: 0.38–0.63) or antibiotics (HR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.45–0.76). Conclusions: Considering the limitations of the study, the results shed light on the sustaining effectiveness of Angocin® prescription in the management of acute bronchitis and the associated outcomes when compared to several other treatments commonly used for this condition.
Validation of Recombinase Polymerase Amplification with In-House Lateral Flow Assay for mcr-1 Gene Detection of Colistin Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates
Authors: Ullah Naeem , Suchanta Nutchaba , Pimpitak Umaporn , Santanirand Pitak , Am-In Nutthee , Chaichanawongsaroj Nuntaree
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: The emergence of the mobilized colistin resistance 1 (mcr-1) gene, which causes colistin resistance, is a serious concern in animal husbandry, particularly in pigs. Although antibiotic regulations in many countries have prohibited the use of colistin in livestock, the persistence and dissemination of this plasmid-mediated gene require effective and rapid monitoring. Therefore, a rapid, sensitive, and specific method combining recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) with an in-house lateral flow assay (LFA) for the mcr-1 gene detection was developed. Methods: The colistin agar test and broth microdilution were employed to screen 152 E. coli isolates from pig fecal samples of five antibiotic-used farms. The established RPA-in-house LFA was validated with PCR for mcr-1 gene detection. Results: The RPA-in-house LFA was completed within 35 min (20 min of amplification and 5–15 min on LFA detection) at 37 °C. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were entirely 100% in concordance with PCR results. No cross-reactivity was detected with seven common pathogenic bacteria or other mcr gene variants. Conclusions: Therefore, the in-house RPA-LFA serves as a point-of-care testing tool that is rapid, simple, and portable, facilitating effective surveillance of colistin resistance in both veterinary and clinical settings, thereby enhancing health outcomes.
Recovery of Selenium-Enriched Polysaccharides from Cardamine violifolia Residues: Comparison on Structure and Antioxidant Activity by Different Extraction Methods
Authors: Liang Yong , Yu Jiali , Wu Lulu , Cong Xin , Liu Haiyuan , Chen Xu , Li Shuyi , Zhu Zhenzhou
Published: October 2024

The residues from selenium-enriched Cardamine violifolia after the extraction of protein were still rich in polysaccharides. Thus, the recovery of selenium polysaccharides (SePSs) was compared using hot water extraction and ultrasonic-assisted extraction techniques. The yield, extraction rate, purity, specific energy consumption, and content of total and organic selenium from different SePS extracts were determined. The results indicated that at conditions of 250 W (ultrasonic power), 30 °C, and a liquid-to-material ratio of 30:1 extracted for 60 min, the yield of SePSs was 3.97 ± 0.07%, the extraction rate was 22.76 ± 0.40%, and the purity was 65.56 ± 0.35%, while the total and organic selenium content was 749.16 ± 6.91 mg/kg and 628.37 ± 5.93 mg/kg, respectively. Compared to traditional hot water extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction significantly improves efficiency, reduces energy use, and boosts both total and organic selenium content in the extract. Measurements of particle size, molecular weight, and monosaccharide composition, along with infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy, revealed that ultrasonic-assisted extraction breaks down long-chain structures, decreases particle size, and changes monosaccharide composition in SePSs, leading to lower molecular weight and reduced dispersity. The unique structure of SePSs, which integrates selenium with polysaccharide groups, results in markedly improved antioxidant activity and reducing power, even at low concentrations, due to the synergistic effects of selenium and polysaccharides. This study establishes a basis for using SePSs in functional foods.
Innovations in Nuclear Medicine Imaging for Reactive Oxygen Species: Applications and Radiopharmaceuticals
Authors: Park Joo Yeon , Park Sun Mi , Lee Tae Sup , Lee Sang Ju , Kim Ji-Young , Oh Seung Jun , Yoon Hai-Jeon , Kim Bom Sahn , Moon Byung Seok
Published: October 2024

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated during normal cellular energy production and play a critical role in maintaining cellular function. However, excessive ROS can damage cells and tissues, contributing to the development of diseases such as cardiovascular, inflammatory, and neurodegenerative disorders. This review explores the potential of nuclear medicine imaging techniques for detecting ROS and evaluates various radiopharmaceuticals used in these applications. Radiopharmaceuticals, which are drugs labeled with radionuclides, can bind to specific biomarkers, facilitating their identification in vivo using nuclear medicine equipment, i.e., positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography, for diagnostic purposes. This review includes a comprehensive search of PubMed, covering radiopharmaceuticals such as analogs of fluorescent probes and antioxidant vitamin C, and biomarkers targeting mitochondrial complex I or cystine/glutamate transporter.
Exploring the 3,5-Dibromo-4,6-dimethoxychalcones and Their Flavone Derivatives as Dual α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibitors with Antioxidant and Anticancer Potential
Authors: Nkoana Jackson K. , Mphahlele Malose J. , More Garland K. , Choong Yee Siew
Published: October 2024

The rising levels of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the poor medical effects of the commercially available antidiabetic drugs necessitate the development of potent analogs to treat this multifactorial metabolic disorder. It has been demonstrated that targeting two or more biochemical targets associated with the onset and progression of diabetes along with oxidative stress and/or cancer could be a significant strategy for treating complications related to this metabolic disorder. The 3,5-dibromo-4,6-dimethoxychalcones (2a–f) and the corresponding flavone derivatives (3a–f) were synthesized and characterized using spectroscopic (NMR, HR-MS and FT-IR) techniques. The inhibitory effect of both series of compounds against α-glucosidase and α-amylase was evaluated in vitro through enzymatic assays. Selected compounds were also evaluated for potential to activate or inhibit superoxide dismutase. Compound 3c was selected as a representative model for the flavone series and evaluated spectrophotometrically for potential to coordinate Cu(II) and/or Zn(II) ions implicated in the metal-catalyzed free radical generation. A plausible mechanism for metal-chelation of the test compounds is presented. Furthermore, the most active compounds from each series against the test carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes were selected and evaluated for their antigrowth effect on the human breast (MCF-7) and lung (A549) cancer cell lines and for cytotoxicity against the African Green Monkey kidney (Vero) cell line. The parent chalcone 2a and flavone derivatives 3a, 3c and 3e exhibited relatively high inhibitory activity against the MCF-7 cells with IC50 values of 4.12 ± 0.55, 8.50 ± 0.82, 5.10 ± 0.61 and 6.96 ± 0.66 μM, respectively. The chalcones 2a and 2c exhibited significant cytotoxicity against the A549 cells with IC50 values of 7.40 ± 0.67 and 9.68 ± 0.80 μM, respectively. Only flavone 3c exhibited relatively strong and comparable cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 and A549 cell lines with IC50 values of 6.96 ± 0.66 and 6.42 ± 0.79 μM, respectively. Both series of compounds exhibited strong activity against the MCF-7 and A549 cell lines compared to the analogous quercetin (IC50 = 35.40 ± 1.78 and 35.38 ± 1.78 μM, respectively) though moderate compared to nintedanib (IC50 = 0.53 ± 0.11 and 0.74 ± 0.15 μM, respectively). The test compounds generally exhibited reduced cytotoxicity against the Vero cells compared to this anticancer drug. Molecular docking revealed strong alignment of the test compounds with the enzyme backbone to engage in hydrogen bonding interaction/s and hydrophobic contacts with the residues in the active sites of α-glucosidase and α-amylase. The test compounds possess favorable drug-likeness properties, supporting their potential as therapeutic candidates against T2DM.
Biological Response of Treatment with Saffron Petal Extract on Cytokine-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Caco-2/Human Leukemia Monocytic Co-Culture Model
Authors: De Cecco Federica , Franceschelli Sara , Panella Valeria , Maggi Maria Anna , Bisti Silvia , Bravo Nuevo Arturo , D’Ardes Damiano , Cipollone Francesco , Speranza Lorenza
Published: October 2024

The pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) involves complex mechanisms, including immune dysregulation, gut microbiota imbalances, oxidative stress, and defects in the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier. Current treatments for IBD often have significant limitations and adverse side effects, prompting a search for alternative therapeutic strategies. Natural products with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties have demonstrated potential for IBD management. There is increasing interest in exploring food industry waste as a source of bioactive molecules with healthcare applications. In this study, a co-culture system of Caco-2 cells and PMA-differentiated THP-1 macrophages was used to simulate the human intestinal microenvironment. Inflammation was induced using TNF-α and IFN-γ, followed by treatment with Saffron Petal Extract (SPE). The results demonstrated that SPE significantly attenuated oxidative stress and inflammation by downregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, and IL-6 via modulation of the NF-κB pathway. Given that NF-κB is a key regulator of macrophage-driven inflammation, our findings support further investigation of SPE as a potential complementary therapeutic agent for IBD treatment.
Solid-State Fermentation of Wheat Bran with Clostridium butyricum: Impact on Microstructure, Nutrient Release, Antioxidant Capacity, and Alleviation of Ulcerative Colitis in Mice
Authors: Zhang Heng , Zhang Min , Zheng Xin , Xu Xiaofang , Zheng Jiawen , Hu Yuanliang , Mei Yuxia , Liu Yangyang , Liang Yunxiang
Published: October 2024

This study investigated the effects of solid-state fermentation with Clostridium butyricum on the microstructure of wheat bran, the release of dietary fiber and phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity. Compared with unfermented wheat bran, insoluble dietary fiber and phytic acid content decreased, whereas soluble dietary fiber and water-extractable arabinoxylan content increased in C. butyricum culture. Because of the increased release of phenolic compounds, such as ferulic acid and apigenin, and organic acids, such as isobutyric acid, the antioxidant capacity of the culture was considerably improved. Furthermore, the culture of C. butyricum treated with dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in mice enhanced the expression of intestinal mucus and tight-junction proteins, modulating the gut microbiota structure, increasing the levels of short-chain fatty acids in the intestine, and restoring the essential functions of the gut microbiota. These anti-inflammatory effects stemmed from the combined action of various effective components.
Association Between NOX2-Mediated Oxidative Stress, Low-Grade Endotoxemia, Hypoalbuminemia, and Clotting Activation in COVID-19
Authors: Carnevale Roberto , Nocella Cristina , Marocco Raffaella , Zuccalà Paola , Carraro Anna , Picchio Vittorio , Oliva Alessandra , Cangemi Roberto , Miele Maria Claudia , De Angelis Massimiliano , Cancelli Francesca , Casciaro Giovanni Enrico , Cristiano Luca , Pignatelli Pasquale , Frati Giacomo , Venditti Mario , Pugliese Francesco , Mastroianni Claudio Maria , Violi Francesco , Ridola Lorenzo , Del Borgo Cosmo , Palmerio Silvia , Valenzi Emiliano , Carnevale Rita , Alvaro Domenico , Lichtner Miriam , Cardinale Vincenzo
Published: October 2024

Low-grade endotoxemia by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been detected in COVID-19 and could favor thrombosis via eliciting a pro-inflammatory and pro-coagulant state. The aim of this study was to analyze the mechanism accounting for low-grade endotoxemia and its relationship with oxidative stress and clotting activation thrombosis in COVID-19. We measured serum levels of sNOX2-dp, zonulin, LPS, D-dimer, and albumin in 175 patients with COVID-19, classified as having or not acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and 50 healthy subjects. Baseline levels of sNOX2-dp, LPS, zonulin, D-dimer, albumin, and hs-CRP were significantly higher in COVID-19 compared to controls. In COVID-19 patients with ARDS, sNOX2-dp, LPS, zonulin, D-dimer, and hs-CRP were significantly higher compared to COVID-19 patients without ARDS. Conversely, concentration of albumin was lower in patients with ARDS compared with those without ARDS and inversely associated with LPS. In the COVID-19 cohort, the number of patients with ARDS progressively increased according to sNOX2-dp and LPS quartiles; a significant correlation between LPS and sNOX2-dp and LPS and D-dimer was detected in COVID-19. In a multivariable logistic regression model, LPS/albumin levels and D-dimer predicted thrombotic events. In COVID-19 patients, LPS is significantly associated with a hypercoagulation state and disease severity. In vitro, LPS can increase endothelial oxidative stress and coagulation biomarkers that were reduced by the treatment with albumin. In conclusion, impaired gut barrier permeability, increased NOX2 activation, and low serum albumin may account for low-grade endotoxemia and may be implicated in thrombotic events in COVID-19.
Advancing Copper Wire Technology: Graphene/Cu Composites for Superior Conductivity and Strength
Authors: Liu Wenjie , Han Yu , Zhang Jiexin , Zhang Congrui , Ding Yi
Published: October 2024

Copper-based composites with enhanced strength and conductivity are critically important for improving efficiency and reducing energy consumption in the energy and power industries. However, scalable production of copper-based composites that simultaneously enhance both conductivity and strength through conventional methods remains a significant challenge. This work explores the synthesis of high-quality graphene/copper (Gr/Cu) composite powders using in situ chemical vapor deposition (CVD). These powders were further processed through powder metallurgy and annealing techniques to produce wires with both high conductivity and increased mechanical strength. The morphology, structure and properties of Gr/Cu composite powders with different morphologies and graphene content were systematically analyzed by means of advanced characterization technology and metallographic structure analysis. The integration of high-quality graphene not only facilitated rapid electron transfer pathways but also enhanced mechanical properties through mechanisms such as grain refinement and load transfer. The produced annealed Gr/Cu composite wires exhibited electrical conductivities exceeding 100% International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS) and tensile strengths above 238 MPa. These findings are vital for the development of a new generation of high-conductivity electrical copper materials and products, contributing to the restructuring of energy resources and advancing the electrical copper industry.
PEDRO: Privacy-Enhancing Decision suppoRt tOol
Authors: van Schaik Paul , Renaud Karen
Published: October 2024

Citizens face online privacy threats from social media, online service providers and governments. Privacy-enhancing tools (PETs) can prevent privacy invasion, but the uptake of these is limited. We developed a novel conceptual framework for privacy self-protection, consisting of a classification framework of four distinct privacy threats and our own novel staged model of PET adoption requisites. Through an expert survey (N = 12) and a lay user survey (N = 500), we identified suitable PETs for non-expert users and identified potential barriers to PET adoption. Based on the studies and our theoretical framework, we then developed and implemented a PET decision support tool called PEDRO, and conducted expert evaluations (N = 10) to confirm the validity of its recommendations.
Prediction of Rock Bursts Based on Microseismic Energy Change: Application of Bayesian Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory Combined Model
Authors: Fu Xing , Chen Shiwei , Zhang Tuo
Published: October 2024

The prediction of rock bursts is of paramount importance in ensuring the safety of coal mine production. In order to enhance the precision of rock burst prediction, this paper utilizes a working face of the Gengcun Coal Mine as a case study. The paper employs a three-year microseismic monitoring data set from the working face and employs a sensitivity analysis to identify three monitoring indicators with a higher correlation with rock bursts: daily total energy, daily maximum energy, and daily frequency. Three subsets are created from the 10-day monitoring data: daily frequency, daily maximum energy, and daily total energy. The impact risk score of the next day is assessed as the sample label by the expert assessment system. Sample input and sample label define the data set. The long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network is employed to extract the features of time series. The Bayesian optimization algorithm is introduced to optimize the model, and the Bayesian optimization–long short-term memory (BO-LSTM) combination model is established. The prediction effect of the BO-LSTM model is compared with that of the gated recurrent unit (GRU) and the convolutional neural network (1DCNN). The results demonstrate that the BO-LSTM combined model has a practical application value because the four evaluation indexes of the model are mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), variance accounted for (VAF), and mean squared error (MSE) of 0.026272, 0.226405, 0.870296, and 0.001102, respectively. These values are better than those of the other two single models. The rock explosion prediction model can make use of the research findings as a guide.
The Tectonic-Sedimentary Evolution of the Yan’an Formation in the Ordos Basin and Its Petroleum Geological Significance
Authors: He Taping , Zhou Yaoqi , Li Yuanhao , Zhang Zhenwei , Zhang Yue , Cui Gaixia
Published: October 2024

Utilizing well logging data, outcrop profiles, and previous research, this study analyzes the sedimentary and tectonic evolution of the Yan’an Formation in the Ordos Basin, correlating the resulting sedimentary facies with hydrocarbon reservoirs to establish the necessary connections. The study reveals that: (1) Vertically, the sediment grain size shows a pattern of coarser grains at the bottom and top, with finer grains in the middle. Horizontally, the grain size tends to become finer from the northern, western, and southern parts of the basin toward the central-western region. (2) Tectonic movements during the Yan’an period controlled the sedimentary environment. These tectonic activities, through uplift and subsidence, caused the Yan’an Formation to experience four stages of sedimentary environments: braided river, lake, delta, and meandering river. (3) The Yan’an Formation exhibits four types of reservoir sandbody stacking patterns—continuous superposition, intermittent superposition, interbedded sand-mud, and single sandbody types—with continuous and intermittent stacking being the most common. (4) The hydrocarbons in the Yan’an Formation originated from the Chang 7 Member of the Yanchang Formation and migrated into the Yan’an reservoirs. The oil is characterized by its low density, low viscosity, and low pour point, indicating it is a high-maturity, high-quality crude oil.