bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recency, Repetition, and the Multidimensional Basis of Recognition Memory
Authors: Buchsbaum Bradley R. , Lemire-Rodger Sabrina , Bondad Ashley , Chepesiuk Alexander
Published: February 2015

Recency and repetition are two factors that have large effects on human memory performance. One way of viewing the beneficial impact of these variables on recognition memory is to assume that both factors modulate a unidimensional memory trace strength. Although previous functional neuroimaging studies have indicated that recency and repetition may modulate similar brain structures, particularly in the region of the inferior parietal cortex, there is extensive behavioral evidence that human subjects can make independent and accurate recognition memory judgments about both an item's recency and its frequency. In the present study, we used fMRI to examine patterns of brain activity during recognition memory for auditory–verbal stimuli that were parametrically and orthogonally manipulated in terms of recency and number of repetitions. We found in a continuous recognition paradigm that the lateral inferior parietal cortex, a region that has previously been associated with recollective forms of memory, is highly sensitive to recency but not repetition. In a multivariate analysis of whole-brain activation patterns, we found orthogonal components that dissociated recency and repetition variables, indicating largely independent neural bases underlying these two factors. The results demonstrate that although both recency and repetition dramatically improve recognition memory performance, the neural bases for this improvement are dissociable, and thus are difficult to explain in terms of access to a unitary memory trace.
Persistent Pain Maintains Morphine-Seeking Behavior after Morphine Withdrawal through Reduced MeCP2 Repression of Glua1 in Rat Central Amygdala
Authors: Hou Yuan-Yuan , Cai You-Qing , Pan Zhizhong Z.
Published: February 2015

As long-term opioids are increasingly used for control of chronic pain, how pain affects the rewarding effect of opioids and hence risk of prescription opioid misuse and abuse remains a healthcare concern and a challenging issue in current pain management. In this study, using a rat model of morphine self-administration, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the impact of pain on operant behavior of morphine intake and morphine seeking before and after morphine withdrawal. We found that rats with persistent pain consumed a similar amount of daily morphine to that in control rats without pain, but maintained their level-pressing behavior of morphine seeking after abstinence of morphine at 0.2 mg/kg, whereas this behavior was gradually diminished in control rats. In the central nucleus of amygdala (CeA), a limbic structure critically involved in the affective dimension of pain, proteins of GluA1 subunits of glutamate AMPA receptors were upregulated during morphine withdrawal, and viral knockdown of CeA GluA1 eliminated the morphine-seeking behavior in withdrawn rats of the pain group. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that the methyl CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) was enriched in the promoter region ofGria1encoding GluA1 and this enrichment was significantly attenuated in withdrawn rats of the pain group. Furthermore, viral overexpression of CeA MeCP2 repressed the GluA1 level and eliminated the maintenance of morphine-seeking behavior after morphine withdrawal. These results suggest direct MeCp2 repression of GluA1 function as a likely mechanism for morphine-seeking behavior maintained by long-lasting affective pain after morphine withdrawal.
Reprogramming of human cancer cells to pluripotency for models of cancer progression
Authors: Kim Jungsun , Zaret Kenneth S
Published: February 2015

The ability to study live cells as they progress through the stages of cancer provides the opportunity to discover dynamic networks underlying pathology, markers of early stages, and ways to assess therapeutics. Genetically engineered animal models of cancer, where it is possible to study the consequences of temporal‐specific induction of oncogenes or deletion of tumor suppressors, have yielded major insights into cancer progression. Yet differences exist between animal and human cancers, such as in markers of progression and response to therapeutics. Thus, there is a need for human cell models of cancer progression. Most human cell models of cancer are based on tumor cell lines and xenografts of primary tumor cells that resemble the advanced tumor state, from which the cells were derived, and thus do not recapitulate disease progression. Yet a subset of cancer types have been reprogrammed to pluripotency or near‐pluripotency by blastocyst injection, by somatic cell nuclear transfer and by induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS) technology. The reprogrammed cancer cells show that pluripotency can transiently dominate over the cancer phenotype. Diverse studies show that reprogrammed cancer cells can, in some cases, exhibit early‐stage phenotypes reflective of only partial expression of the cancer genome. In one case, reprogrammed human pancreatic cancer cells have been shown to recapitulate stages of cancer progression, from early to late stages, thus providing a model for studying pancreatic cancer development in human cells where previously such could only be discerned from mouse models. We discuss these findings, the challenges in developing such models and their current limitations, and ways that iPS reprogramming may be enhanced to develop human cell models of cancer progression.
KARABÜK EĞİTİM ARAŞTIRMA HASTANESİ’NDE ÇALIŞAN SAĞLIK PERSONELİNİN HİZMET İÇİ EĞİTİMLERE BAKIŞI
Authors: Tan Fatma Zehra , Koç Zeynep
Published: February 2015

Yaşam boyu eğitimin bir gereği olarak karşımıza çıkan hizmet içi eğitim, çalışanlara mesleklerinde daha başarılı, üretici ve mutlu olmasını sağlayacak bilgi, beceri ve tutumlar kazandırmayı amaçlar. Hizmet içi eğitim; özel ve tüzel kişilere ait iş yerlerinde, belirli bir maaş veya ücret karşılığında işe alınmış veya çalışmakta olan kişilere, görevleriyle ilgili gerekli bilgi, beceri ve tutumları kazandırmak üzere verilen eğitimdir. Hiç kuşkusuz Tıp bilimi hızla gelişmekte ve her geçen gün yeni tedavi yöntemleri, yeni teknolojiler ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu değişime ayak uydurmak ve kaliteli bir hizmet verebilmek için, sağlık çalışanları, tüm çalışma hayatları boyunca var olan bilgilerini tekrarlamaya, geliştirmeye, yeni bilgiler öğrenmeye ve öğrendiklerini uygulamaya geçirmeye açık olmalıdır. Hizmet alanı insan sağlığı olan bir kurumda hizmet içi eğitim muhakkak çok önemsenen ve vazgeçilmez bir konudur. Sağlık sektöründe çalışan personele, ihtiyaç ve ilgileri doğrultusunda, kurumun olanaklarıyla, kurum yöneticilerinin katılım ve işbirliği ile düzenlenen hizmet içi eğitim programları, bireysel ve kurumsal verimliliğin artırılması, çalışanların mesleki güven duygularının gelişmesi, kurum içi iletişim ve ilişkilerin güçlenmesi gibi birçok fayda sağlar. Bu çalışma; Karabük Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi’nde görev yapmakta olan ebe ve hemşirelerin hizmet içi eğitim programları ile ilgili görüşlerini öğrenmek ve istenen kalitede hizmet içi eğitim programları yapılmasına olanak sağlayacak uygulanabilir öneriler geliştirmek amacıyla yapılmıştır.
Intensive glycaemic control and cognitive decline in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis
Authors: Tuligenga Richard H
Published: February 2015

The aim of this meta-analysis was to compare the effect of intensive vs standard glycaemic control on cognitive decline in type 2 diabetic patients. A systematic search of PubMed and ALOIS was conducted from inception up to October 30, 2014. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of type 2 diabetic patients comparing the rate of change in cognitive function among participants assigned to intensive vs standard glycaemic control were included. An inverse-variance-weighted random effects model was used to calculate standardised mean differences (SMDs) and 95% CIs. A total of 24 297 patients from five RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. Follow-up ranged from 3.3 to 6.2 years. The result from the pooled analysis showed that intensive glycaemic control was not associated with a slower rate of cognitive decline in patients with type 2 diabetes, compared with standard glycaemic control (SMD=0.02; 95% CI=−0.03 to 0.08) although there was some heterogeneity across individual studies (I2=68%, P for heterogeneity=0.01). There are few diabetes control trials including cognitive endpoints and a small number of trials comparing intensive and standard treatment strategies. Currently, intensive glycaemic control should not be recommended for prevention of cognitive decline in patients with type 2 diabetes because there is no evidence of its effectiveness. Moreover, the use of intensive diabetes treatment results in an increase of risk of hypoglycaemia, which is linked to a greater risk of poor cognition.
Metabolic differences between white and brown fat from fasting rabbits at physiological temperature
Authors: López-Ibarra Z , Modrego J , Valero-Muñoz M , Rodríguez-Sierra P , Zamorano-León J J , González-Cantalapiedra A , de las Heras N , Ballesteros S , Lahera V , López-Farré A J
Published: February 2015

It has been suggested that activated brown adipose tissue (BAT) shows increased glucose metabolic activity. However, less is known about metabolic activity of BAT under conditions of fasting and normal temperature. The aim of this study was to compare the possible differences in energetic metabolism between BAT and white adipose tissue (WAT) obtained from rabbits under the conditions of physiological temperature and 24 h after fasting conditions. The study was carried out on New Zealand rabbits (n=10) maintained for a period of 8 weeks at 23±2 °C. Food was removed 24 h before BAT and WAT were obtained. Protein expression levels of the glycolytic-related protein, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate dehydrogenase were higher in WAT than that in BAT. The expression level of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) and CPT2, two fatty acid mitochondrial transporters, and the fatty acid β-oxidation-related enzyme, acyl CoA dehydrogenase, was higher in BAT than in WAT. Cytosolic malate dehydrogenase expression and malate dehydrogenase activity were higher in WAT than in BAT. However, lactate dehydrogenase expression and lactate content were significantly higher in BAT than in WAT. In summary, this study for the first time, to our knowledge, has described how under fasting and normal temperature conditions rabbit BAT seems to use anaerobic metabolism to provide energetic fuel, as opposed to WAT, where the malate–aspartate shuttle and, therefore, the gluconeogenic pathway seem to be potentiated.
Traffic Lines: New Tools for Genetic Analysis inArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Wu Gang , Rossidivito Gabrielle , Hu Tieqiang , Berlyand Yosef , Poethig R Scott
Published: February 2015

Genetic analysis requires the ability to identify the genotypes of individuals in a segregating population. This task is straightforward if each genotype has a distinctive phenotype, but is difficult if these genotypes are phenotypically similar or identical. We show that Arabidopsis seeds homozygous or heterozygous for a mutation of interest can be identified in a segregating family by placing the mutation in trans to a chromosome carrying a pair of seed-expressed green and red fluorescent transgenes (a “traffic line”) that flank the mutation. Nonfluorescent seeds in the self-pollinated progeny of such a heterozygous plant are usually homozygous for the mutation, whereas seeds with intermediate green and red fluorescence are typically heterozygous for the mutation. This makes it possible to identify seedlings homozygous for mutations that lack an obvious seedling phenotype, and also facilitates the analysis of lethal or sterile mutations, which must be propagated in heterozygous condition. Traffic lines can also be used to identify progeny that have undergone recombination within a defined region of the genome, facilitating genetic mapping and the production of near-isogenic lines. We produced 488 transgenic lines containing single genome-mapped insertions of NAP:dsRED and NAP:eGFP in Columbia (330 lines) and Landsberg erecta (158 lines) and generated sets of traffic lines that span most regions of the Arabidopsis genome. We demonstrated the utility of these lines for identifying seeds of a specific genotype and for generating near-isogenic lines using mutations of WUSCHEL and SHOOTMERISTEMLESS. This new resource significantly decreases the effort and cost of genotyping segregating families and increases the efficiency of experiments that rely on the ability to detect recombination in a defined chromosomal segment.
The Mps1 Kinase Modulates the Recruitment and Activity of Cnn1CENP-T at Saccharomyces cerevisiae Kinetochores
Authors: Thapa Kriti Shrestha , Oldani Amanda , Pagliuca Cinzia , De Wulf Peter , Hazbun Tony R
Published: February 2015

Kinetochores are conserved protein complexes that bind the replicated chromosomes to the mitotic spindle and then direct their segregation. To better comprehend Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinetochore function, we dissected the phospho-regulated dynamic interaction between conserved kinetochore protein Cnn1CENP-T, the centromere region, and the Ndc80 complex through the cell cycle. Cnn1 localizes to kinetochores at basal levels from G1 through metaphase but accumulates abruptly at anaphase onset. How Cnn1 is recruited and which activities regulate its dynamic localization are unclear. We show that Cnn1 harbors two kinetochore-localization activities: a C-terminal histone-fold domain (HFD) that associates with the centromere region and a N-terminal Spc24/Spc25 interaction sequence that mediates linkage to the microtubule-binding Ndc80 complex. We demonstrate that the established Ndc80 binding site in the N terminus of Cnn1, Cnn160–84, should be extended with flanking residues, Cnn125–91, to allow near maximal binding affinity to Ndc80. Cnn1 localization was proposed to depend on Mps1 kinase activity at Cnn1–S74, based on in vitro experiments demonstrating the Cnn1–Ndc80 complex interaction. We demonstrate that from G1 through metaphase, Cnn1 localizes via both its HFD and N-terminal Spc24/Spc25 interaction sequence, and deletion or mutation of either region results in anomalous Cnn1 kinetochore levels. At anaphase onset (when Mps1 activity decreases) Cnn1 becomes enriched mainly via the N-terminal Spc24/Spc25 interaction sequence. In sum, we provide the first in vivo evidence of Cnn1 preanaphase linkages with the kinetochore and enrichment of the linkages during anaphase.
Nicht nur Häkeln und Bingo-Spielen. Das Alter als religionspädagogische Herausforderung
Authors: Grümme Bernhard
Published: February 2015

Das Alter wird in Gerontologie und Sozialwissenschaften, aber auch in der Kulturindustrie und Werbewirtschaft entdeckt. Auch die Religionspädagogik muss sich damit beschäftigen. Denn dort liegen große Herausforderungen gerade für ein auf Bildung und Mündigkeit abzielendes religiöses Lernen. Der Text entwickelt Grundlinien einer altersgerechten Religionspädagogik
Miłosierdzie jako termin teologiczny
Authors: Zyzak Wojciech
Published: February 2015

Autor artykułu analizuje różne znaczenia terminu „miłosierdzie”. Rozpoczyna od starożytnego użycia tego słowa przez filozofów pogańskich. To stanowi tło analizy terminu w Starym i Nowym Testamencie. Biblijne źródła prowadzą do dogmatycznych podstaw Bożego Miłosierdzia i pozwalają ukazać etyczne i moralne aspekty ludzkiego miłosierdzia. Z ostatnim ściśle związany jest społeczny wymiar miłosierdzia oraz jego pastoralny, liturgiczny, psychologiczny i prawny aspekt. Autor omawia także znaczenie miłosierdzia w duchowości i sztuce chrześcijańskiej.
Liturgia jako consummatio fidei
Authors: Mojzeš Marcel
Published: February 2015

W dzisiejszej konsumpcyjnej społeczności bardzo ważne jest rozumienie pojęcia consummatio (przez dwa „m”) nie jako skonsumowanie (łac. consumatio z jednym „m”), lecz jako dokonanie, dokończenie, wypełnienie. W osobie Jezusa Chrystusa, szczególnie w momencie Jego śmierci na krzyżu, poprzez consummatio wyrażone słowami samotnego Jezusa „consummatum est” (Jn 19, 30), w największej mierze objawiła się miłość Boga do człowieka. Małżeński aspekt tej miłości pokazuje św. Augustyn, kiedy krzyż Chrystusa porównuje do małżeńskiego łóżka Chrystusa Oblubieńca i Kościoła Oblubienicy. Autor artykułu wskazuje, iż consummatio fidei, które według Katechizmu Kościoła katolickiego polega na błogosławionym widzeniu Boga, nie jest zarezerwowane na wieczność, ponieważ szczytem kontemplacji jest widzenie Boga w swoim sercu, w bliźnim i w Kościele. Według św. Grzegorza z Nyssy doskonałość człowieka polega na nieustannym pragnieniu większego uczestnictwa w życiu Boga. Tak odbierane consummatio fidei prowadzi również do głębszego liturgicznego uwielbienia Boga.
Family Drug Courts: Conceptual Frameworks, Empirical Evidence, and Implications for Social Work
Authors: Lloyd Margaret H.
Published: February 2015

Families in the child welfare system who are affected by substance abuse face distinct challenges to achieving reunification. Family drug courts (FDCs), which are child welfare courts based on a therapeutic framework of legal scholarship, arose 2 decades ago as an alternative approach for adjudicating these cases. A comprehensive review of prior empirical research on FDCs is presented to ascertain whether the model is a best practice for this population. The results of this review suggest that children in families that are involved in FDCs spend less time in foster care and are more likely to achieve reunification. This analysis incorporates findings from qualitative literature and undertakes methodological and values-based critiques in order to develop implications for social work research, practice, and policy.
Hinges in historic concrete and masonry arches
Authors: Holzer Stefan M. , Veihelmann Karen
Published: February 2015

The three-hinged arch, while increasingly common in steel bridge construction from the 1860s, was introduced more reluctantly into masonry and concrete bridge building. However, by the end of the nineteenth century, it had found widespread application, particularly in Germany. Considerations of crack prevention as well as ease and consistency of the mechanical modelling of masonry arches were evidently the driving forces behind this development. The present paper describes the history of the hinged vaulted bridge, from the first suggestions by the eminent French engineer Jules Dupuit (published in 1870) up to the early years of the twentieth century. Particular attention is given to temporary and ‘imperfect’ hinges which may be neither visible nor active in the finished state of the bridge, and to the historic development and design of permanent hinges, outlining the range of constructive solutions the modern engineer may encounter when assessing the state of a late nineteenth century vaulted bridge.
The transformation of Russia's gas export policy in Europe
Authors: Mitrova Tatiana , Kulagin Vyacheslav , Galkina Anna
Published: February 2015

Russia is one of the key players on the European gas market. This study investigates European gas market transformations and how the Russian gas export strategy is adapting to these changes. Analyses of contract renegotiations and reported prices show that although Gazprom still formally follows the traditional oil indexation rhetoric, it has in fact already significantly reviewed its pricing policy. However, the further development of Russia's position in the European gas market is still unclear. The basic question is whether Russia will go for spot pricing or will it still provide all price reviews within the framework of oil indexation? Analyses of the European gas market supply–demand balance show that pricing policy changes could be expected by the end of this decade, when new suppliers reach the European market and the next wave of gas glut might occur. Until then Russia will most likely follow its current strategy of delaying providing the minimum discount acceptable to the buyer for as long as possible.
An approach to enhance efficiency of DEM modelling of soils with crushable grains
Authors: CIANTIA M.O. , ARROYO M. , CALVETTI F. , GENS A.
Published: February 2015

In this study oedometric compression tests of hydrocarbon coke, Fontainebleau sand and silica sand are simulated in three dimensions using breakable particles. The method adapts a rigorous breakage criterion for elasto-brittle spheres to represent failure of grains isolated between platens or within granular masses. The breakage criterion allows for the effect of particle bulk and contact properties to be treated separately. A discrete fragmentation multigenerational approach is applied as a spawning procedure. The number of particles quickly increases during the simulation, but is kept manageable by systematic fine exclusion and upscaling. Fine exclusion leads to mass losses between generations, but that loss is accounted for outside the mechanical model. Sensitivity analysis shows that it is enough to keep 53% of the crushed particle mass within the mechanical model to correctly reproduce experimental macroscopic behaviour. Practical upscaling rules are proposed for (a) contact stiffness, (b) breakage criteria and (c) grain size distribution, and validated simulating the same test, reducing by half the initial number of particles. The results are promising as both the mechanical and grading evolution are well captured with two orders of magnitude savings in computing efficiency.
A framework for analysing neighbourhood resilience
Authors: Uda Mariko , Kennedy Christopher
Published: February 2015

‘Resilience’ is the capability of dealing with future shocks and stresses and continuing to function. This paper puts forward a comprehensive framework for analysing and improving resilience at the neighbourhood scale, which is an effective and necessary scale at which to effect change. The important parts of this framework are the definition of the essential needs of a community, identification of future risks to a neighbourhood (climate change related and non-related) and the execution of a series of clearly defined resilience analyses of neighbourhood systems (e.g. energy system). This framework was refined by applying it to a proposed new neighbourhood development in a city in Ontario, Canada. The framework was found to be straightforward and effective in generating useful recommendations for improving neighbourhood resilience.
El sector cooperativo en Argentina en la última década
Authors: Acosta María Cristina , Levin Andrea , Verbeke Griselda Edit
Published: February 2015

Para el 2012 se encuentran registradas en Argentina más de 21.000 cooperativas de diferentes tipos. En las últimas décadas se ha reivindicado al cooperativismo, en particular al de trabajo, como “alternativa” para la superación de la crisis del empleo. Así, este sector fue adquiriendo centralidad dentro del conjunto y contrasta con el ritmo de crecimiento de los otros tipos de cooperativas. El artículo analiza el desarrollo del cooperativismo argentino en la última década y su relación con las coyunturas económico-políticas, a partir del tratamiento estadístico de información oficial disponible del Instituto Nacional de Asociativismo y Economía Social (inaes), y caracteriza la evolución del sector.
El mercado Bursátil y las cooperativas
Authors: Jiménez-Méndez Edgar Ricardo
Published: February 2015

El mercado bursátil, en la medida que mejora su desarrollo en Colombia, permite el acceso a una mayor cantidad de actores; hecho que hoy es evidente. De esta manera, la posibilidad que tienen hoy sociedades cooperativas o medianas empresas, es mayor. El documento presenta una de las posibilidades de acceso que pueden ser generadas en el país para acceder al mercado primario. En este sentido, el mercado alternativo bursátil se convierte en una herramienta eficaz que ha mostrado resultados en Europa y, dada la similitud de una gran cantidad de empresas en Colombia, se considera esta como una posibilidad que vale la pena tener en cuenta. Este estudio da a conocer el funcionamiento de los mercados alternativos bursátiles de países industrializados como España, Inglaterra y Francia, con el fin de hacer un paralelo con Colombia y dejar como tema de debate la posibilidad de lograr consolidar un esquema similar en el país.
Gestión integral y desarrollo educativo
Authors: Siabato-Patiño Margarita
Published: February 2015

El propósito del presente artículo es presentar una síntesis de la investigación realizada por la autora en el periodo 2010-2013, en su tesis doctoral “Aportes a la gestión integral de los colegios distritales de la ciudad de Bogotá a partir de la evaluación de impacto del Proyecto Educativo Líderes Siglo xxi”, dirigida por la uned de Madrid, España. Los aportes se plantean a partir de las fortalezas y dificultades encontradas en la evaluación de impacto de los colegios que participaron en la presente investigación; las necesidades identificadas enalgunos estudios en el sector educativo oficial de Bogotá, y la experiencia de la autora de la tesis en la gestión integral de instituciones educativas oficiales. Su propósito es contribuir al desarrollo de las instituciones educativas por medio de una gestión integral enfocada en la calidad educativa integral, el aprovechamiento del talento humano y la creación de un clima institucional adecuado.
Las cooperativas de crédito españolas y la lucha contra la exclusión financiera
Authors: Belmonte-Ureña Luis Jesús , Cortés-García Francisco Joaquín , Molina-Moreno Valentín
Published: February 2015

El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en presentar la importancia del sector de cooperativas de crédito en España, al tiempo que se ofrece una breve visión de la evolución de las pautas de ahorro financiero de las familias. En concreto, el segundo apartado describe los orígenes delsector en España, haciendo énfasis en la relación que existe entre estas entidades y el sector primario, al que financia de manera preferente. Posteriormente, tras describir las características del sector de cooperativas de crédito, el perfil de sus socios y las ventajas sobre otras formas bancarias, se exponen algunas causas que están provocando su transformación, sin perder de vista su orientación hacia el socio. Es por ello que, en la tercera sección de este trabajo se plantean las bondades que las cooperativas de crédito pueden ofrecer a la hora de limitar la exclusión financiera, máxime cuando se han convertido en el único exponente de la banca social en España, tras la desmutualización planificada del sector de cajas de ahorros.
Quantifying aquatic insect deposition from lake to land
Authors: Dreyer Jamin , Townsend Philip A. , III James C. Hook , Hoekman David , Vander Zanden M. Jake , Gratton Claudio
Published: February 2015

Adjacent ecosystems are influenced by organisms that move across boundaries, such as insects with aquatic larval stages and terrestrial adult stages, which transport energy and nutrients from water to land. However, the ecosystem‐level effect of aquatic insects on land has generally been ignored, perhaps because the organisms themselves are individually small. At the naturally productive Lake Mývatn, Iceland, we used two readily measured quantities: total insect emergence from water and relative insect density on land, to demonstrate an approach for estimating aquatic insect deposition (e.g., kg N·m−2·yr−1) to shore. Estimates from emergence traps between 2008 and 2011 indicated a range of 0.15–3.7 g·m−2·yr−1, or a whole‐lake emergence of 3.1–76 Mg/yr; all masses are given as dry mass. Using aerial infall trap measurements of midge relative abundance over land, we developed a local‐maximum decay function model to predict proportional midge deposition with distance from the lake. The dispersal model predicted midge abundance with R2 = 0.89, a pattern consistent among years, with peak midge deposition occurring 20–25 m inland and 70% of midges deposited within 100 m of shore. During a high‐midge year (2008), we estimate midge deposition within the first 50 m of shoreline to be 100 kg·ha−1·yr−1, corresponding to inputs of 10 kg N·ha−1·yr−1 and 1 kg P·ha−1·yr−1, or about three to five times above background terrestrial N deposition rates. Consistent with elevated N input where midges are most dense, we observed that soil available nitrate in resin bags decreases with increasing distance from the lake. Our approach, generalizable to other systems, shows that aquatic insects can be a major source of nutrients to terrestrial ecosystems and have the capacity to significantly affect ecosystem processes.
Life history data of lizards of the world
Authors: Mesquita Daniel O. , Colli Guarino R. , Costa Gabriel C. , Costa Taís B. , Shepard Donald B. , Vitt Laurie J. , Pianka Eric R.
Published: February 2015

Life is defined by a capacity for reproduction, yet the ways in which animals reproduce vary tremendously among species. Reproductive life histories are complex phenomena influenced by a variety of factors, such as physical condition of individuals, food supply, bauplan, and phylogenetic history, which are often correlated. Understanding life histories is crucial in evolutionary ecology because they represent different strategies that evolved to maximize individual fitness. Variation in life history can be attributed to both historical (=phylogenetic) and non‐historical (=environmental) causes. We compiled a large data set on lizard life history variables. Our data set consists of life history data for 737 lizard populations, representing 337 species in 33 families from 280 study sites globally. About 64% of these data were collected directly by the authors. Regarding data collected by authors, we sexed lizards by dissection and direct examination of gonads. Females were considered reproductive if vitellogenic follicles or oviductal eggs were present. We regarded the simultaneous presence of enlarged vitellogenic follicles and either oviductal eggs or corpora lutea as evidence for the sequential production of more than one clutch of eggs per year. We considered clutch size as the number of vitellogenic follicles or oviductal eggs in mature females. For each population, we recorded the following variables, if available: adult female mass (g), adult female SVL (mm), female SVL at maturity (based on SVL of smallest reproductive female), offspring SVL (based on hatchling size or smallest individual in population), clutch or litter size (number of offspring per clutch or litter for all reproductive females in the population), total number of clutches or litters per year, clutch frequency (single‐ or multiple‐brooded), relative clutch or litter mass [total volume of eggs or embryos (cc) divided by adult female mass (g)], reproductive mode (oviparous or viviparous), foraging mode (sit‐and‐wait or active), distribution (tropical or temperate), and preferred habitat type (aquatic, arboreal, bromelicolous, fossorial, psammophilous, saxicolous, semi‐arboreal, or terrestrial). These data are valuable to test various life history hypotheses, including phylogenetic design constraints and effects of ecology and climate on reproductive tactics.
Acute Decompression for Peroneal Nerve Palsy Following Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Erickson Brandon J. , Brown Nicholas , Fernandez John , Della Valle Craig J.
Published: February 2015

Case:

Two cases of peroneal nerve palsy following primary total knee arthroplasty are presented. Treatment included acute decompression of the peroneal nerve, with full neurological recovery.

Conclusion:

Acute peroneal nerve decompression is a viable option for patients with peroneal nerve palsy after primary total knee arthroplasty.
Diagenetic Geobodies: Fracture-Controlled Burial Dolomite in Outcrops From Northern Oman
Authors: Vandeginste Veerle , John Cédric M. , Beckert Julia
Published: February 2015

Diagenetic heterogeneities are difficult to predict in the subsurface. Nevertheless, such heterogeneities can be crucial in hydrocarbon exploration. Diagenetic processes can significantly alter petrophysical properties of reservoir rocks, especially in carbonate rocks because of the reactive nature of the carbonate minerals. Dolomitization [i.e., the transformation of calcite (limestone: Lmst) into dolomite] is a common diagenetic process in carbonate rocks. Resulting dolomite bodies have a different pore network than the original Lmst and respond also differently to tectonic stress causing different fracture networks than in the original Lmst. The paper presents an overview of the learning outcomes gained by studying fracture-related dolomite in outcrops of Oman and subsequent laboratory analysis conducted over the last 4 years. A combined structural, petrographic, and geochemical approach was taken to study three dolomite systems occurring in different stratigraphic host-rock (HR) intervals. Structurally controlled dolomitization (i.e., dolomitization along faults and fractures) typically occurs in burial conditions, and the resulting strong permeability anisotropies caused by the dolomite textures can cause major challenges for hydrocarbon exploration.

Dolomite bodies in the Precambrian Khufai formation are related to N/S to NNE/SSW fractures, whereas dolomite bodies that mainly occur in the Jurassic HRs occur along reactivated WNW/ESE normal faults. These fracture-related dolomite bodies are generally less than 15 m wide, but can be up to a few hundred meters long. Late-diagenetic dolomite bodies were also recognized in Permian HRs, where they occur at or close to the contact between Permian Lmst and early-diagenetic dolomite. This late-diagenetic dolomite system can be traced laterally for at least hundreds of meters and occurs in wadis that are approximately 40 km apart. Our data indicate that there were several dolomitization events in the geological history of the succession, generating dolomite bodies with different characteristics. This paper highlights the need to understand timing and structural setting of dolomite bodies in the subsurface to improve reservoir management.
Pore-Scale Investigation of Phase Distribution and Residual-Oil Development During Secondary and Tertiary Solvent Injection
Authors: Shokrlu Yousef Hamedi , Babadagli Tayfun
Published: February 2015

Flow of three phases, of which one is miscible with another, in porous media may commonly be encountered during enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) applications in oil reservoirs. Typical examples include solvent (miscible-gas) injection alternated with water and coinjection or alternate injection of steam (or hot water) and solvent in heavy-oil/bitumen reservoirs. Oil, water, and solvent flow together under immiscible (water/oil and water/solvent) and miscible (oil/solvent) conditions at the same time, and the distribution of phases and removal of residual oil in those types of processes depend on many parameters. This paper reports microscale experimental investigations on this complex flow process and provides an extensive parametric analysis on the microscopic displacement efficiency of oil recovery using miscible solvent. For this purpose, micromodels created by use of a replica of sandstones were used.

Waterflood residual-oil displacement requires contact of the injected solvent with the blocked oil. The efficiency of this process depends on several parameters, including matrix wettability, oil viscosity, initial water saturation, and reservoir heterogeneity. On the other hand, the sequence of injection of solvent and water is considered as another parameter by which oil recovery can be affected significantly. The results of the micromodel-visualization experiments showed that injection of solvent before the introduction of any water to the reservoir can increase the recovery factor significantly. Existence of the water phase in the reservoir creates capillary barriers that prevent oil/solvent contact. The matrix wettability and oil viscosity were observed to be critically important to the amount of oil recovery.
Hexavalent chromium reduction and energy recovery by using dual-chambered microbial fuel cell
Authors: Gangadharan Praveena , Nambi Indumathi M.
Published: February 2015

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology is utilized to treat hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from wastewater and to generate electricity simultaneously. The Cr(VI) is bioelectrochemically reduced to non-toxic Cr(III) form in the presence of an organic electron donor in a dual-chambered MFC. The Cr(VI) as catholyte and artificial wastewater inoculated with anaerobic sludge as anolyte, Cr(VI) at 100 mg/L was completely removed within 48 h (initial pH value 2.0). The total amount of Cr recovered was 99.87% by the precipitation of Cr(III) on the surface of the cathode. In addition to that 78.4% of total organic carbon reduction was achieved at the anode chamber within 13 days of operation. Furthermore, the maximum power density of 767.01 mW/m2 (2.08 mA/m2) was achieved by MFCs at ambient conditions. The present work has successfully demonstrated the feasibility of using MFCs for simultaneous energy production from wastewater and reduction of toxic Cr(VI) to non-toxic Cr(III).
Post-treatment of anaerobic effluent by ozone and ozone/UV of a kraft cellulose pulp mill
Authors: Chaparro T. R. , Pires E. C.
Published: February 2015

Pulp and paper mill effluents represent a challenge when treatment technologies are considered, not only to reduce organic matter, but also to reduce the toxicological effects. Although anaerobic treatment has shown promising results, as well as advantages when compared with an aerobic system, this process alone is not sufficient to reduce recalcitrant compounds. Thus, an advanced oxidation process was applied. This experiment was performed to determine the effect of ozone and ozone/UV treating a horizontal anaerobic immobilized biomass reactor effluent from a kraft cellulose pulp mill for 306 days with an organic volumetric load of 2.33 kgCOD/m3/day. The removal of organic compounds was measured by the following parameters: adsorbable organically bound halogens (AOX), total phenols, chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved organic carbon and absorbance values in the UV-visible spectral region. Moreover, ecotoxicity and genotoxicity tests were conducted before and after treatment with ozone and ozone/UV. At an applied ozone dosage of 0.76 mgO3/mgCOD and an applied UV dosage of 3.427 Wh/m3, the organochlorine compounds measured as AOX reached removal efficiencies of 40%. Although the combination of ozone/UV showed better results in colour (79%) and total phenols (32%) compared with only ozone, the chronic toxicity and the genotoxicity that had already been removed in the anaerobic process were slightly increased.
Simulation and verification of hydraulic properties and organic matter degradation in sand filters for greywater treatment
Authors: Karlsson Susanna Ciuk , Langergraber G. , Pell M. , Dalahmeh S. , Vinnerås B. , Jönsson H.
Published: February 2015

To evaluate the treatment performance of vertical flow sand filters, the HYDRUS wetland module was used to simulate treatment in an experimental set-up. The laboratory filters were intermittently dosed with artificial greywater at a hydraulic loading rate of 0.032 m3 m−2 day−1 and an organic loading rate of 0.014 kg BOD5 m−2 day−1. The hydraulic properties of the filter were characterised, as were inflow and outflow concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), ammonia, nitrate and total nitrogen. The inverse simulation function of the HYDRUS software was used to calibrate the water flow model. The observed effect of water flowing faster along the column wall was included in the inverse simulations. The biokinetic model was calibrated by fitting heterotrophic biomass growth to measurements of potential respiration rate. Emphasis was put on simulating outflow concentrations of organic pollutants. The simulations were conducted using three models of varying degree of calibration effort and output accuracy. The effluent concentration was 245 mg COD L−1 for the laboratory filters, 134 mg COD mg L−1 for the model excluding wall flow effects and 338 mg COD mg L−1 for the model including wall flow effects.
Continuous flow aerobic granular sludge reactor for dairy wastewater treatment
Authors: Bumbac C. , Ionescu I. A. , Tiron O. , Badescu V. R.
Published: February 2015

The focus of this study was to assess the treatment performance and granule progression over time within a continuous flow reactor. A continuous flow airlift reactor was seeded with aerobic granules from a laboratory scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and fed with dairy wastewater. Stereomicroscopic investigations showed that the granules maintained their integrity during the experimental period. Laser diffraction investigation showed proof of new granules formation with 100–500 μm diameter after only 2 weeks of operation. The treatment performances were satisfactory and more or less similar to the ones obtained from the SBR. Thus, removal efficiencies of 81–93% and 85–94% were observed for chemical oxygen demand and biological oxygen demand, respectively. The N-NH+4 was nitrified with removal efficiencies of 83–99% while the nitrate produced was simultaneously denitrified – highest nitrate concentration determined in the effluent was 4.2 mg/L. The removal efficiency of total nitrogen was between 52 and 80% depending on influent nitrogen load (39.3–76.2 mg/L). Phosphate removal efficiencies ranged between 65 and above 99% depending on the influent phosphate concentration, which varied between 11.2 and 28.3 mg/L.
A rapid and simple capillary electrophoresis method for indirect determination of the biocide 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilo-propionamide (DBNPA) in cooling waters
Authors: Shiroma Letícia S. , Marques Thaís T. , Jesus Dosil P.
Published: February 2015

A capillary zone electrophoresis (CE) method was developed for the determination of the biocide 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilo-propionamide (DBNPA) in water used in cooling systems. The biocide is indirectly determined by CE measurement of the concentration of bromide ions produced by the reaction between the DBNPA and bisulfite. The relationship between the bromide peak areas and the DBNPA concentrations showed a good linearity and a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9997 in the evaluated concentration range of 0–75 μmol L−1. The detection and quantification limits for DBNPA were 0.23 and 0.75 μmol L−1, respectively. The proposed CE method was successfully applied for the analysis of samples of tap water and cooling water spiked with DBNPA. The intra-day and inter-day (intermediary) precisions were lower than 2.8 and 6.2%, respectively. The DBNPA concentrations measured by the CE method were compared to the values obtained by a spectrophotometric method and were found to agree well.
Microbial community structure of a simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal reactor following treatment in a UASB-DHS system
Authors: Hatamoto Masashi , Saito Yayoi , Dehama Kazuya , Nakahara Nozomi , Kuroda Kyohei , Takahashi Masanobu , Yamaguchi Takashi
Published: February 2015

The anaerobic–anoxic sequence batch reactor (A2SBR) was applied to achieve nitrogen and phosphorus removal in an energy-saving sewage treatment system involving an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket combined with a down-flow hanging sponge reactor to treat municipal sewage. After sludge acclimation, the A2SBR showed satisfactory denitrification and phosphorus removal performance with total phosphate and nitrate concentrations of the effluent of 8.4 ± 3.4 mg-N L–1 and 0.9 ± 0.6 mg-P L–1, respectively. 16S rRNA gene sequence and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses revealed that ‘Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis’ was the dominant phosphate-accumulating micro-organism. Although a competitive bacterium for polyphosphate-accumulating organisms, ‘Ca. Competibacter phosphatis’, was not detected, Dechloromonas spp. were abundant. The ppk1 gene sequence analysis showed that the type II lineage of ‘Ca. Accumulibacter’ was dominant. The results suggest that denitrification and phosphorus removal in the A2SBR could be achieved by cooperative activity of ‘Ca. Accumulibacter’ and nitrate-reducing bacteria.
Simulation of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency in a Musculoskeletal Model with Anatomical Knees
Authors: Guess Trent M , Stylianou Antonis
Published: February 2015

Abnormal knee kinematics and meniscus injury resulting from anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficiency are often implicated in joint degeneration even though changes in tibio-femoral contact location after injury are small, typically only a few millimeters. Ligament reconstruction surgery does not significantly reduce the incidence of early onset osteoarthritis. Increased knowledge of knee contact mechanics would increase our understanding of the effects of ACL injury and help guide ACL reconstruction methods. Presented here is a cadaver specific computational knee model combined with a body-level musculoskeletal model from a subject of similar height and weight as the cadaver donor. The knee model was developed in the multi-body framework and includes representation of the menisci. Experimental body-level measurements provided input to the musculoskeletal model. The location of tibio-menisco-femoral contact as well as contact pressures were compared for models with an intact ACL, partial ACL transection (posterolateral bundle transection), and full ACL transection during a muscle driven forward dynamics simulation of a dual limb squat. During the squat, small changes in femur motion relative to the tibia for both partial and full ACL transection push the lateral meniscus in the posterior direction at extension. The central-anterior region of the lateral meniscus then becomes “wedged” between the tibia and femur during knee flexion. This “wedging” effect does not occur for the intact knee. Peak contact pressure and contact locations are similar for the partial tear and complete ACL transection during the deep flexion portion of the squat, particularly on the lateral side. The tibio-femoral contact location on the tibia plateau shifts slightly to the posterior and lateral direction with ACL transection.
Multi-Sectional Views Textural Based SVM for MS Lesion Segmentation in Multi-Channels MRIs
Authors: Abdullah Bassem A , Younis Akmal A , John Nigel M
Published: February 2015

In this paper, a new technique is proposed for automatic segmentation of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions from brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. The technique uses a trained support vector machine (SVM) to discriminate between the blocks in regions of MS lesions and the blocks in non-MS lesion regions mainly based on the textural features with aid of the other features. The classification is done on each of the axial, sagittal and coronal sectional brain view independently and the resultant segmentations are aggregated to provide more accurate output segmentation. The main contribution of the proposed technique described in this paper is the use of textural features to detect MS lesions in a fully automated approach that does not rely on manually delineating the MS lesions. In addition, the technique introduces the concept of the multi-sectional view segmentation to produce verified segmentation. The proposed textural-based SVM technique was evaluated using three simulated datasets and more than fifty real MRI datasets. The results were compared with state of the art methods. The obtained results indicate that the proposed method would be viable for use in clinical practice for the detection of MS lesions in MRI.