Spatial controls of microbial pesticide degradation in soils &#8211; A model-based scenario analysis
Authors: Schwarz Erik , Khurana Swamini , Chavez Rodriguez Luciana , Wirsching Johannes , Poll Christian , Kandeler Ellen , Streck Thilo , Thullner Martin , Pagel Holger 
Published: March 2021

&lt;p&gt;Despite all legislative efforts, pesticides persist in soils at low concentrations and are leached to groundwater. This environmental issue has previously been associated with control factors relevant in natural soils but elusive in lab experiments and standard modeling approaches. One such factor is the small-scale spatial distribution of pesticide-degrading microorganisms in soil. Microbes are distributed heterogeneously in natural soils. They are aggregated in biogeochemical &amp;#8220;hotspots&amp;#8221; at the centimeter scale. The aim of our study is to investigate the relevance of such aggregation for pesticide degradation. For this, we upscaled the effect of the heterogeneity-induced accessibility limitations to degradation to the soil-column scale and analyzed kinetic constraints and amplifying factors under contrasting unsaturated flow regimes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We performed a 2D spatially explicit, site-specific model-based scenario analysis for bioreactive transport of the model pesticide 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) in an arable soil (Luvisol). Stochastic centimeter-scale spatial distributions of microbial degraders were simulated with a spatial statistical model (log Gaussian Cox process), parametrized to meet experimentally observed spatial distribution metrics. Three heterogeneity levels were considered, representing homogenized soil conditions, and the lower and upper limit of expected microbial spatial aggregation in natural soils. Additionally, two contrasting precipitation scenarios (continuous light rain vs. heavy rain events directly following MCPA application) were assessed. A reactive transport model was set up to simulate a 0.3 m x 0.9 m soil column based on hydraulic and bioreactive measurements from a soil monitoring station (Germany, SM#3/ DFG CRC 1253 CAMPOS).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Our simulations revealed that heavy precipitation events were the main driver of pesticide leaching. Leached amounts from the topsoil increased by two to five orders of magnitude compared to the light rain scenario and at max. ca. 20 ng was leached from 90 cm after one year. With the increasing spatial aggregation of microbial degraders, upscaled pesticide degradation rates decreased, and considerable differences emerged between homogeneous and highly aggregated scenarios. In the latter, leaching from the plow layer into the subsoil was more pronounced and MCPA was detectable (LOD = 4 &amp;#181;g/kg) 5-6 times longer. In heterogeneous scenarios, degradation in microbial hotspots was mainly diffusion-limited during &amp;#8220;hot moments&amp;#8221; (times of high substrate availability), with a fraction of MCPA simultaneously &amp;#8220;locked in&amp;#8221; in coldspots with low microbial abundance. During intense precipitation events MCPA was remobilised from these coldspots by advective-dispersive transport, thereby increasing pesticide accessibility.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Our results indicate that predicted environmental concentrations and detectability of pesticides might be underestimated if spatial heterogeneity of microbial degraders is neglected, and they highlight the importance of heavy rain events as drivers of leaching and substrate accessibility.&lt;/p&gt;