bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acute and Short‐Term Hemodynamic, Echocardiography, and Clinical Effects of Enalapril Maleate in Dogs With Naturally Acquired Heart Failure: Results of the Invasive Multicenter PROspective Veterinary Evaluation of Enalapril Study: The IMPROVE Study Group
Authors: Sisson D. David
Published: March 2010

The efficacy of enalapril maleate in dogs with naturally acquired class III or class IV heart failure was evaluated in a multicenter study. Fifty‐eight dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy (35 dogs), mitral regurgitation (22 dogs), or aortic regurgitation (1 dog) receiving conventional therapy for heart failure (furosemide with or without digoxin) were included in a randomized double‐blind study. Thirty‐one dogs received enalapril tablets PO at approximately 0.5 mg/kg body weight bid, and 27 dogs received placebo tablets PO bid. Physical, electrocardiographic, hemodynamic, echocardiographic, radiographic, and clinical examinations were performed on each dog before treatment and at the end of the approximately 21‐day study.

After treatment on day 0, the enalapril‐treated dogs had significantly (P< .05) lower heart rate, mean systemic arterial blood pressure, and mean pulmonary arterial blood pressure than the placebo‐treated dogs. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was marginally decreased (P= .0567) in the enalapril‐treated dogs. When compared with those in the placebo‐treated dogs, scores for pulmonary edema were significantly (P= .05) decreased on day 2 in the enalapril‐treated dogs. At the end of the study, enalapriltreated dogs had significantly (P= .05) greater decreases in class of heart failure, pulmonary edema score, and mobility score relative to baseline, and had significantly (P= .05) better overall evaluation scores when compared with the placebo‐treated dogs. This study shows the beneficial hemodynamic and clinical effects of adding enalapril to conventional therapy for dogs with heart failure.
Controlled Clinical Evaluation of Enalapril in Dogs With Heart Failure: Results of the Cooperative Veterinary Enalapril Study Group The COVE Study Group
Authors: Woodfield Jerry A.
Published: March 2010

The clinical efficacy and safety of enalapril were evaluated in dogs with moderate or severe heart failure. This study was conducted at 19 centers and included 211 clientowned dogs with heart failure caused by mitral regurgitation (MR) due to acquired valvular disease or dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Dogs of various breeds, ages, and weights were included in the study. Replicates of 2 dogs each were formed, using separate allocation schedules for dogs with MR or DCM. One dog within each replicate received placebo tablets (vehicle tablets without enalapril) PO sid or bid, and the other dog received enalapril tablets at approximately 0.5 mg/kg sid or bid, based on individual need. In addition to the experimental drug, all dogs, except 1 in the placebo group, received furosemide; 73.3% of the dogs in the placebo group and 78.3% of those in the enala pril group received digoxin. Doses of enalapril or placebo were administered for approximately 28 days. In the placebo group, 68.6% of the dogs completed the study compared with 84.9% in the enalapril group; the difference between groups was significant (P= .01). Significantly (P= .01) more dogs in the placebo group compared with the enalapril group died or were removed from the study because of progression of heart failure. On day 28, all 14 clinical variables measured improved significantly (P= .01) in the enalapril group compared with the placebo group. Five dogs (3 from the placebo group and 2 from the enalapril group) had to be removed from the study as a result of azotemia.
The Effects of Cyclosporine Versus Standard Care in Dogs With Naturally Occurring Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Vaden Shelly L. , Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Armstrong P. Jane , Correa Maria T. , Brown Cathy , Polzin David J. , Brace James J. , DiBartola Stephen P. , Barsanti Jeanne A. , Crowell Wayne , Jans Heather , Dimski Donna S. , Bartges Joseph
Published: March 2010

Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a leading cause of chronic renal failure in dogs. However, little is known about the efficacy of available treatment options for GN in this species. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of cyclosporine (Cy) administration on the outcome of naturally occurring GN in dogs. Thirteen dogs from 4 institutions were included in the study. Randomization of dogs into placeboversus Cy‐treated groups was stratified according to initial morphological diagnosis and contributing institution. Seven and 6 dogs were assigned to be given placebo or Cy, respectively. The initial Cy dose of 10 mg/kg every 24 hours was adjusted to maintain 24‐hour trough, whole blood Cy concentrations between 250 and 400 ng/mL. There were no statistically significant differences between placebo‐and Cy‐treated groups with respect to serum total protein, albumin, urea nitrogen and creatinine, and plasma protein concentrations; platelet count; urine protein‐creatinine ratio; endogenous creatinine clearance; 24‐hour urine protein concentrations; or 24‐hour urine protein—endogenous creatinine clearance ratio. However, PCV was significantly lower in the Cy‐treated group. Decreased appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, involuntary shaking, and thrombocytopenia were noted in both treatment groups; however, clinical signs in Cy‐treated dogs subjectively were more severe. One Cy‐treated dog developed gingival hyperplasia. After entry into the study, the median survival times for placebo‐and Cy‐treated dogs were 16 and 11 months, respectively. Considering the expense and the frequency of adverse effects related to Cy administration, the use of Cy in the treatment of dogs with GN does not seem warranted.
Estimation of Quantitative Enzymuria in Dogs With Gentamicin‐Induced Nephrotoxicosis Using Urine Enzyme/Creatinine Ratios From Spot Urine Samples
Authors: Grauer Gregory F. , Greco Deborah S. , Behrend Ellen N. , Mani Indu , Fettman Martin J. , Allen Timothy A.
Published: March 2010

The correlation between 24‐hour urinary excretion ofN‐acetyl‐β‐d‐glucosaminidase (NAG) and γ‐glutamyl transferase (GGT) with urine NAG and GGT/creatinine ratios was assessed in dogs with gentamicin‐induced nephrotoxicosis. Eighteen 6‐month‐oid male Beagles with normal renal function were randomly divided into 3 groups of 6. Each group was fed a different concentration of protein (high protein, 27.3%; medium protein, 13.7%; and low protein, 9.4%) for 21 days. After dietary conditioning, gentamicin was administered at a dose of 10 mg/kg IM tid for 8 days and each group was continued on its respective diet. Endogenous creatinine clearance and 24‐hour urinary excretion of NAG and GGT were determined after dietary conditioning (day 0) and on days 2, 4, 6, and 8 of gentamicin administration. In addition, urine NAG and GGT/creatinine ratios (IU/L ± mg/dL) were determined from catheterized spot urine samples obtained between 7 and 10amon the same days. The correlation between 24‐hour urinary enzyme excretion and urine enzyme/creatinine ratio in the spot urine samples was evaluated by simple linear regression analysis. Spot sample urine enzyme/creatinine ratios were significantly correlated with 24‐hour urinary enzyme excretion through day 4 for dogs on low dietary protein, through day 6 for those on medium protein, and through day 8 for those on high dietary protein. Mean ± SD baseline values for urine NAG/creatinine ratio and 24‐hour urinary NAG excretion were 0.06 ± 0.04 and 0.19 ± 0.14 IU/kg/24 hr, respectively. Baseline values for urine GGT/creatinine ratio and 24‐hour urinary GGT excretion were 0.39 ± 0.18 and 1.42 ± 0.82 IU/kg/24 hr, respectively.
Indwelling Cecal Catheters for Fluid Administration in Ponies
Authors: Mealey Robert H. , Carter G. Kent , Roussel AIlen J. , Ruoff Walter W.
Published: March 2010

Two different fluid solutions were infused through percutaneous cecal catheters in 6 healthy ponies to determine the effects on body weight; CBC; packed cell volume (PCV); total plasma protein concentration; plasma fibrinogen concentration; abdominal fluid analysis; concentrations of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, Ca, total CO2(TCO2), Na, CI, K, and P; and fractional clearance (FC) of Na, CI, K, and P. During intracecal administration of solution 1, FCNaand FCCIwere significantly increased, whereas FCKand BUN were significantly decreased. During administration of solution 2, FCNaand serum P were significantly increased, while PCV was significantly decreased. All ponies developed peritonitis during the study. Complications included catheter‐related problems, diarrhea, laminitis, and hypocalcemia. We concluded that hydration and electrolyte balance could be maintained by administration of crystalloid solutions intracecally, but that complications were associated with the procedure.
Clinical Applications of Quantitative Acid‐Base Chemistry
Authors: Whitehair Karen J. , Haskins Steve C. , Whitehair Jon G. , Pascoe Peter J.
Published: March 2010

Stewart used physicochemical principles of aqueous solutions to develop an understanding of variables that control hydrogen ion concentration (H+) in body fluids. He proposed that H+ concentration in body fluids was determined by PCO2, strong ion difference (SID = sum of strong positive ion concentrations minus the sum of the strong anion concentrations) and the total concentration of nonvolatile weak acid (Atot) under normal circumstances. Albumin is the major weak acid in plasma and represents the majority of Atot. These 3 variables were defined as independent variables, which determined the values of all other relevant variables (dependent) in plasma, including H+. The major strong ions in plasma are sodium and chloride. The difference between Na+ and Cl‐may be used as an estimation of SID. A decrease in SID below normal results in acidosis (increase in H+) and an increase in SID above normal results in alkalosis (decrease in H+). Unidentified strong anions such as lactate will decrease the SID, if present. Equations developed by Fencl allow Stewart's work to be easily applied clinically for evaluating the metabolic (nonrespiratory) contribution to acid‐base balance. This approach separates the net metabolic abnormality into components, and allows one to easily detect mixed metabolic acid‐base abnormalities. The Fencl approach provides insight into the nature and severity of the disturbances that exist in the patient. Sodium, chloride, protein, and unidentified anion derangements may contribute to the observed metabolic acid‐base imbalance.
Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Dogs: Survival and Prognostic Indicators
Authors: Monnet Eric , Orton E. Christopher , Salman Mo , Boon June
Published: March 2010

To further define the prognosis and identify clinical findings predictive for survival in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), we performed Kaplan Meier survival analysis of 37 dogs with idiopathic DCM. Survival analysis showed that the 50% probability of survival occurred at 2.3 months. Probability of survival at 1 year was 37.5% and at 2 years was 28%. Bivariate Cox proportional hazard ratios identified pleural effusion and pulmonary edema, both signs of congestive heart failure, as independent prognostic indicators for dogs with DCM (P< .01). Hazard ratios for these prognostic indicators were 2.354 and 3.291, respectively. Multivariate Cox stepwise regression identified pleural effusion, left ventricular free‐wall thickening fraction, ventricular ectopy, and weight loss as significant prognostic indicators for dogs with DCM. Because of the retrospective nature of this study, the effects of different drug treatments were not evaluated. The type of cardiac‐related death, progressive failure versus sudden death, was not addressed in this study and requires further evaluation.
Itraconazole for the Treatment of Cryptococcosis in Cats
Authors: Medleau Linda , Jacobs Gilbert J. , Marks M. Amanda
Published: March 2010

Itraconazole was used in 35 cats with cryptococcosis. Treatment response was determined by comparing clinical signs before, during, and after treatment. It could not be evaluated in 7 cats because they died during treatment from causes unrelated to cryptococcosis. Of the remaining 28 cats, treatment response was classified as success in 16 cats (57%), as improvement in 8 cats (29%), and as a failure in 4 (14%). The failures were due to death or euthanasia from drug toxicity (1 cat), progressive fungal disease (2 cats), and relapse 1 year after treatment (1 cat). The cats that improved did not undergo a 1 ‐year posttreatment evaluation because they were lost to follow‐up (3 cats), died or were euthanatized for other reasons (4 cats), or had a noncompliant owner (1 cat). For the 16 cats in which treatment was successful, the median itraconazole dose was 13.8 mg/kg body weight daily (range, 10.9 to 26.7 mg/kg/d), and the median duration of treatment was 8.5 months (range, 4 to 16 months). Five of these cats had previously been treated unsuccessfully with ketoconazole.
Heart Sounds and Murmurs: Changes Related to Severity of Chronic Valvular Disease in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
Authors: Häggström Jens , Kvart Clarence , Hansson Kerstin
Published: March 2010

Auscultatory, phonocardiographic (PCG), radiographic, and echocardiographic evidence of chronic valvular disease (CVD) were studied in 79 Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with a mean age of 7.6 years (SD 2.6). Cardiac murmurs were present in 59 of the dogs and the intensity of the systolic cardiac murmur, assessed by auscultation (grade 1–6), was correlated (P< .001) to the severity of CVD (heart failure class) and to the echocardiographical dimensions of the heart (left atrial ratio, La/Ao‐d, and left ventricular end diastolic diameter, LVEDD) (bothP< .001). The heart sounds and duration of electromechanical systole (Q‐S2) were investigated in all dogs using measurements obtained from PCG recordings. Normal regression equations describing the relation between heart rate and systolic intervals (Q‐S1, Q‐S2 and S1‐S2) were established based on observations in 11 normal control Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. The total electromechanical systole (Q‐S2), Q‐S1, and S1‐S2 intervals in the 59 dogs were related to the corresponding normal regression equation. A shortening of Q‐S2 and S1‐S2 intervals were found in dogs belonging to heart failure class I (Q‐S2;P< .01 and S1 ‐S2;P< .05), class II, and classes III and IV (bothP< .001). The ratio of the amplitudes of the first (S1) and second heart sounds (S2) measured on the PCG recordings was found to be increased in dogs belonging to class I (P< .01), class II, and classes III and IV (bothP< .001). The relationship between cardiac dimensions (LVEDD and La/Ao‐d) and S1a/S2a ratio was described by quadratic regression and found to be significant for both parameters (LVEDD;P< .001, R2= .54 and La/Ao‐d;P< .001, R2= .63). The presence of a third heart sound (S3) was detected, using PCG, in 21 of the 68 dogs. The proportion of dogs exhibiting S3 increased with heart failure class (and increasing cardiac dimensions) (P< .001). These findings were confirmed by observations in 13 Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with cardiac failure progressing from heart failure class I to class II (Mean LVEDD from 30.2 to 35.2 mm and mean La/Ao‐d from 1.09 to 1.43). An increase in intensity of the heart murmur, assessed by auscultation, increase in the ratio of the amplitudes of S1 and S2, as well as a shortening in Q‐S2 and S1‐S2 intervals (allP< .01) were found in these dogs. None of these dogs showed an S3 in heart failure class I, but 7 of the 13 dogs developed an S3 in class II.
Megaesophagus in 15 Llamas: A Retrospective Study (1985–1993)
Authors: Watrous Barbara J. , Pearson Erwin G. , Smith Bradford B. , Snyder Stanley P. , Blythe Linda L. , Riebold Thomas W. , Hedstrom Olaf R.
Published: March 2010

Megaesophagus was diagnosed in 15 llamas on the basis of survey and contrast radiography. Age of onset ranged from 13 months to 9.5 years. Clinical signs varied, with salivation being the most common; regurgitation or dysphagia were noted in only 33% of the cases. Duration of the disorder ranged from 1 week to 5 years. Organophosphate toxicity was the cause of megaesophagusin 1 llama. While most cases were of unknown etiology, the 3 with histological abnormalities included 1 with vagal neuropathy and 2 with a degenerative myopathy of esophageal muscles. The causes in most were undetermined.
Mechanisms of Gastrointestinal Ischemia‐Reperfusion Injury and Potential Therapeutic Interventions: A Review and Its Implications in the Horse
Authors: Moore Rustin M. , Muir William W. , Granger D. Neil
Published: March 2010

Restoration of blood flow after a period of intestinal ischemia is necessary to maintain cell function and viability; however, the reintroduction of oxygen can initiate a cascade of events that exacerbates tissue injury. Intestinal I‐R injury is manifested as increased microvascular and mucosal permeability, and mucosal necrosis. Reperfusion injury begins with the accumulation of hypoxanthine from ATP metabolism and the conversion of XDH to XO during ischemia. Upon reperfusion, the XO catalyzes the conversion of hypoxanthine to superoxide radicals in the presence of oxygen. Superoxide radicals are further reduced to highly reactive hydroxyl radicals, which initiate lipid peroxidation. Lipoperoxidation causes functional and structural alterations in cell membrane lipids and can release numerous inflammatory mediators, which exacerbate tissue damage. Neutrophils are recruited into tissues during ischemia and on reperfusion; then they undergo degranulation and release destructive products (proteases and OFRs), which mediate further tissue injury. A limited number of experimental studies in the gastrointestinal tract of horses have shown I‐R injury. Additional studies are necessary to further elucidate and sequence the precise pathophysiologic mechanisms occuring in the equine intestine during I‐R. Therapy should be focused on prevention of I‐R injury by pharmacologic or chemical inhibition or modification of these pathophysiologic pathways. Selected pharmacologic agents or drug combinations may offer novel, scientifically relevant and yet practical approaches to alleviating intestinal I‐R injury in horses. This may improve survival of horses with naturally acquired intestinal strangulation obstruction.
Evaluation of Serum and Seminal Plasma Markers in the Diagnosis of Canine Prostatic Disorders
Authors: Bell Ford W. , Klausner Jeffrey S. , Hayden David W. , Lund Elizabeth M. , Liebenstein Barbara B. , Feeney Daniel A. , Johnston Shirley D. , Shivers Jan L. , Ewing Charles M. , Isaacs William B.
Published: March 2010

Serum and seminal plasma concentrations or activities of acid phosphatase (AP), prostate specific antigen (PSA), and canine prostate specific esterase (CPSE) were measured in normal dogs, dogs with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), dogs with bacterial prostatitis, and dogs with prostatic carcinoma to determine if these assays would be of value in differentiating dogs with prostatic carcinoma from normal dogs, and dogs with other prostatic disorders. In addition, tissue sections of prostatic adenocarcinomas were stained with antiprostatic AP, anti‐CPSE, and anti‐PSA antibodies to determine if these would be suitable immunohistochemical markers of prostatic carcinoma. Prostate‐specific antigen was not detected in canine serum or seminal plasma. Serum and seminal AP activities did not differ significantly between normal dogs and those with prostatic diseases, or among dogs with different prostatic disorders. Serum CPSE activities were significantly higher in dogs with BPH than in normal dogs. Mean serum CPSE activities in dogs with BPH, bacterial prostatitis, and prostatic carcinoma were not significantly different from each other. Slight to moderate immunohistochemical staining of canine prostatic adenocarcinomas was noted for prostatic AP and PSA; most tumors did not stain for CPSE. These results show that proteins of prostatic origin appear in the serum of dogs as a result of prostatic pathology, especially BPH. Canine prostatic adenocarcinoma does not appear to be associated with significant increases in CPSE or AP activities, possibly because of down‐regulation of these enzymes by prostatic carcinoma cells. It is also possible that failure to detect significant differences resulted from limited statistical power for some groups and pairwise analyses because of the small number of dogs evaluated.
Lymphosarcoma in 10 New World Camelids
Authors: Cebra Christopher K. , Garry Franklyn B. , Powers Barbara E. , Johnson LaRue W.
Published: March 2010

We evaluated the medical information from 10 New World Camelids with lymphosarcoma. Additionally, tumor tissue from 5 animals was examined by electron microscopy for evidence of retroviral particles. Lymphosarcoma was the most common neoplasm of New World Camelids in our hospital. Both llamas and alpacas, from 4 months to 15 years of age, were affected. Emaciation (7 of 8) and palpable masses (9 of 10) were the most common physical examination abnormalities, and a left‐shifted leukogram (7 of 7) and hypoalbuminemia (6 of 7) were the most characteristic clinicopathologic findings. Lymphosarcoma was diagnosed by lymph node aspirate (n = 2), biopsy (n = 2), peritoneal fluid analysis (n = 2), or necropsy (n = 4). The clinical course after recognition of the disease was usually short, with a median survival of 1 month (1 week to 3 months). Organs with neoplastic infiltrates commonly included lymph nodes (n = 8), liver (n = 8), kidneys (n = 6), and lungs (n = 5). No retroviral particles were detected ultrastructurally.
Cervical and Thoracic Vertebral Malformation (“Weak Neck”) in Colombia Lambs
Authors: Lakritz Jeffrey , Barr Bradd C. , George Lisle W. , Wisner Erik R. , Glenn John S. , East Nancy E. , Pool Roy R.
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this study is to describe a developmental defect of the caudal cervical and cranial thoracic vertebrae in 11 purebred Colombia lambs. The lambs were either affected at birth, or developed the condition within the first 18 days of age. Cervicothoracic kyphosis, with a compensatory cervical lordosis and ataxia were common; 8 lambs had abnormal head posture, characterized by inability to lift the head from the ground. One lamb had rigid head and neck, and had to move the entire body to look to the left or right. Neurological signs included ataxia, tetraparesis, diminished conscious proprioception, and increased patellar and triceps reflexes. One lamb had inspiratory stridor because of compression of the trachea in the area overlying the abnormal vertebrae (cervical vertebrae 6 [C6] and 7 [C7]). Radiographic and pathological abnormalities included malalignment and malarticulation of the caudal cervical and cranial thoracic spine, rounded cranioventral margins in the bodies of vertebrae C7 and T1, wedging of the intervertebral disc spaces between C6 and T1 vertebrae, and hypoplasia of the dens. Pathological changes in the soft tissues included hypoplasia of the cervical epaxial and hypaxial musculature, with associated focal areas of myodegeneration. Mild Wallerian axonal degeneration, compatible with a mild cord compression syndrome, was found in 3 lambs in the cervicothoracic spinal cord adjacent to the vertebral anomalies. The concentrations of copper and selenium in blood, plasma, or tissues were normal in 10 of 11 lambs. All but one of the lambs in which pedigree information was provided were genetically related. Siblings born as twins to 5 of the affected lambs were normal, but both lambs from one twin pregnancy were affected. Owners reported that breeding stock had been shared among the ranches. Because of the close familial relationships of the affected lambs, the condition is suspected to have a hereditary basis.
Hepatic Ultrasonography and Pathological Findings in Dogs With Hepatocutaneous Syndrome: New Concepts
Authors: Jacobson Linda S. , Kirberger Robert M. , Nesbit Jon W.
Published: March 2010

In dogs, hepatocutaneous syndrome (superficial neurolytic dermatitis) belongs to a group of syndromes in which cutaneous signs signal the presence of systemic disease. It is characterized by parakeratosis, superficial necrolysis, and basilar hyperplasia of the epidermis, in association with an unusual hepatopathy accompanied by certain metabolic derangements. Hepatocutaneous syndrome was diagnosed in 3 dogs on the basis of typical dermatologic changes and clinicopathologic findings. Hepatic ultrasonography revealed a hyperechoic network surrounding hypoechoic areas of parenchyma, resulting in a Swiss cheese‐like appearance. The ultrasonographic image corresponded to the pathological findings. The liver had a nodular appearance, both grossly and microscopically; this was attributed to collapse of the areas of parenchyma surrounding the nodules, rather than to the cirrhosis and/or nodular hyperplasia reported previously.
Hypoglycemia in Four Dogs With Smooth Muscle Tumors
Authors: Beaudry Diane , Knapp Deborah W. , Montgomery Tracy , Sandusky George S. , Morrison Wallace B. , Nelson Richard W.
Published: March 2010

Tumor‐associated hypoglycemia has been reported in dogs with pancreatic β‐cell tumors, hepatic tumors, and, rarely, with other neoplasms. This article describes 4 dogs with marked hypoglycemia associated with smooth muscle tumors (jejunal leiomyoma, gastric leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma, and splenic leiomyosarcoma). Presenting clinical signs included grand mal seizures, lethargy, weakness, ataxia, and, in 1 dog, polyuria/polydipsia. The serum insulin concentration was low in 1 dog and normal in the other dog evaluated. Immunohistochemical staining for insulin was negative in the 4 tumors; the 3 tumors arising from the stomach and jejunum stained diffusely positive for glucagon. Blood glucose concentrations rapidly returned to normal after complete surgical resection of the tumors, and clinical signs associated with hypoglycemia resolved. Long‐term follow‐up available in 3 of the 4 dogs found no recurrence of clinical signs related to hypoglycemia at 15, 31, and 38 months after surgery, respectively.
Bone Marrow Cytological Findings in 4 Dogs and a Cat With Hemophagocytic Syndrome
Authors: Walton Raquel M. , Modiano Jaime F. , Thrall Mary Anna , Wheeler Steven L.
Published: March 2010

Hemophagocytic syndrome or hemophagic histiocytosis was diagnosed in 4 dogs and 1 cat by evaluation of bone marrow aspirate smears. One of the dogs had a suspected infection with canine parvovirus and a confirmed infection withSalmonellaspp, 2 dogs had presumptive diagnoses of myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative disease, respectively, and 1 dog died without a diagnosis. The cat had hepatic lipidosis and lesions compatible with feline calicivirus infection. All animals had cytopenias involving 2 or more cell lines, and fragmented erythrocytes in the blood, along with mild to moderate increases in the number of macro‐phages in the bone marrow. Numerous marrow macro‐phages contained phagocytized hematopoietic cells. Other cytological features of the bone marrow were variable in each patient, but the degree of response in the blood was inadequate, even in those with bone marrow hyperplasia. The phagocytosis of hematopoietic elements did not appear to be caused by a primary immune disorder, but rather by the inappropriate activation of normal macrophages secondary to infectious, neoplastic, or metabolic diseases. These findings suggest that hemophagocytic syndrome may be an important factor in the development of cytopenias; the data also support the cytological evaluation of bone marrow aspirates as an aid in the diagnosis of hemophagocytic syndrome.J Vet Intern Med 1996;10:7–14. Copyright©7996 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
Submaximal Exercise Testing Using Lactate Threshold and Venous Oxygen Tension as Endpoints in Normal Dogs and in Dogs With Heart Failure
Authors: Kittleson Mark D. , Johnson Lynne E. , Pion Paul D.
Published: March 2010

Twelve normal dogs and 7 dogs with experimentally induced heart failure were chronically instrumented to measure hemodynamic variables and blood gas tensions at rest and during graded treadmill exercise. Three groups of 4 normal dogs each (group 1, 15 to 20 kg; group 2, 21 to 30 kg; group 3, 31 to 40 kg) were exercised on a treadmill at a 16% grade at 1, 2, and 3 miles per hour, and at a 22% and a 26% grade at 3 miles per hour (5 total exercise levels) until blood lactate concentration increased to a value greater than 1 mmol/L. Blood lactate concentration and blood gas tensions were measured 5 and 15 minutes after starting exercise, and cardiac output was measured between 8 and 10 minutes of exercise. Results indicated that the same exercise protocol could be used for dogs ranging in size from 15 to 40 kg. Blood lactate concentration increased in normal dogs at varying workloads, but always at or above a workload of 3 miles per hour at a 16% grade. Dogs with class IV heart failure always experienced an increase in blood lactate concentration when walked at 1 mile per hour at a 16% grade for 5 minutes. A femoral vein Po2 between 21 and 24 mm Hg in normal dogs, and between 16 and 22 mm Hg in dogs with heart failure was always associated with an increase in blood lactate concentration. The primary problem with this exercise protocol was the unwillingness of some dogs to walk on the treadmill during the preselection phase. We conclude that we have devised a submaximal exercise test that can be used to evaluate exercise capability in dogs ranging in size from 15 to 40 kg, that the described exercise protocol can be used to identify decreased flow reserve in dogs with class IV heart failure induced by rapid ventricular pacing, and that either femoral vein oxygen tension or blood lactate concentration can be used as the endpoint for submaximal exercise testing in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 1996;10:21–27. Copyright©1996 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
Relationship of Lower Urinary Tract Signs to Seropositivity for Feline Immunodeficiency Virus in Cats
Authors: Barsanti Jeanne A. , Brown John , Marks Amanda , Reece Lynn , Greene Craig E. , Finco Delmar R.
Published: March 2010

A group of 41 cats with signs of lower urinary tract disease was compared to a group of 41 cats without any history of disease for prevalence of seropositivity for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). The group of healthy cats was similar in age and gender to the group of cats with signs of lower urinary tract disease. Three of the cats with lower urinary tract disease and one control cat were seropositive for FIV.

This difference was not statistically significant. The most common cause of lower urinary tract signs was idiopathic. Only 7 cats had urinary tract infection, most associated with perineal urethrostomy or catheterization. Six of the cats with bacterial urinary tract infections were FIV negative.J Vet Intern Med 1996;10:34–38. Copyright © 1996 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
Gastrointestinal Motility and Disease in Large Animals
Authors: Navarre Christine B. , Roussel Allen J.
Published: March 2010

An understanding of the relationship between gastrointestinal (GI) motility and disease is imperative for the proper treatment of large animal patients, especially as new therapeutic agents become available. However, the abundance of information that has become available in the last 2 decades makes gaining this understanding a formidable task. This article summarizes the changes in GI motility caused by some common diseases and conditions encountered in large animal practice, such as GI obstruction, postoperative ileus, resection and anastomosis, diarrhea, endotoxemia, GI parasitism, hypocalcemia, and pregnancy.J Vet Intern Med 1996;10:51–59. Copyright © 1996 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
A Retrospective Study of Cavernous Sinus Syndrome in 4 Dogs and 8 Cats
Authors: Theisen Sharon K. , Podell Michael , Schneider Theresa , Wilkie David A. , Fenner William R.
Published: March 2010

Cavernous sinus syndrome (CSS) is characterized by deficits in more than one of the cranial nerves (CN) that traverse the cavernous sinus at the base of the cranial vault: CN III (oculomotor), IV (trochlear), VI (abducens), and the first two branches of CN V (trigeminal). Records from 4 dogs and 8 cats with CSS diagnosed over a 14‐year period were reviewed. The most common clinical signs were ophthalmoparesis or ophthalmoplegia, mydriasis with no direct or consensual pupillary light reflexes, ptosis, decreased corneal sensation, and decreased retractor oculi reflex. All cats had initial signs referable to a left CSS lesion (one had bilateral CSS), whereas in all dogs the lesions were localized to the right cavernous sinus. Median ages at diagnosis were 9 and 10 years of age for dogs and cats, respectively. Cerebel lomedullary cisternae cerebrospinal fluid analysis in 6 animals was useful as a sensitivebut nonspecific diagnostic test of an intracranial inflammatory or neoplastic lesion. Magnetic resonance imaging scans provided a more definitive diagnostic test in all dogs, revealing a contrast‐enhancing mass on T1 weighted scans in the region of the cavernous sinus. A definitive pathological diagnosis was obtained in 2 dogs: a primary intracranial neoplasm and a metastatic intracranial neoplasm. A definitive diagnosis was obtained in 6 cats: metastatic neoplasm (n =1), primary intracranial neoplasm (n = I), primary intracranial infectious disease (n = 2). and associated systemic infectious disease (n = 2). The prognosis associated with CSS in dogs and cats was considered guarded to poor.J Vet Intern Med 1996;10:65–71. Copyright © 1996 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
Effects of Enalapril on Exercise Tolerance and Longevity in Dogs With Heart Failure Produced by Iatrogenic Mitral Regurgitation
Authors: Hamlin Robert L. , Benitz Antonio M. , Ericsson Glenn F. , Cifelli Sam , Daurio Carolyn P.
Published: March 2010

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of enalapril on exercise capacity and longevity in dogs with left‐sided heart failure produced by iatrogenic mitral regurgitation. After surgical creation of mitral regurgitation, 18 dogs were allocated into replicates according to exercise capacities. One dog in each replicate received placebo, and the other received 0.5 mg/kg of enalapril sid for 9 days and bid thereafter. Exercise tolerance was studied after 10, 19, 52 to 53, and 80 to 81 days, respectively. Finally, the percentage of dogs in each group that survived 357 days was compared. The duration of exercise for dogs in the placebo and enalapril groups did not differ at baseline (P> .1) or after 19 days (P > .1). Dogs that received enalapril had significantly reduced (P < .0011 exercise tolerance at day 10, and significantly increased (P = .002) exercise tolerance at days 52 to 53 and 80 to 81 when compared with controls. At 357 days, 22% of dogs receiving placebo were alive, compared with 67% of dogs receiving enalapril; however, these differences were not statistically significant (P = .124). This study shows that enalapril increases exercise tolerance in dogs with left‐sided heart failure induced by iatrogenic mitral regurgitation. J Vet Intern Med 1996;10:85–87. Copyright © 1996 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
Dysautonomia in Dogs: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Longshore Randall C. , O'Brien Dennis P. , Johnson Gayle C. , Grooters Amy M. , Kroll Robert A.
Published: March 2010

Dysautonomia was diagnosed in 11 young (median age, 14–months), predominantly medium‐ to large‐breed dogs from 1988 to 1995. Clinical signs caused by autonomic dysfunction of the urinary, alimentary, and ocular systems were most common. Dysuria, mydriasis, absence of pupillary light reflexes, decreased tear production, dry mucous membranes, weight loss, and decreased anal tone were present in over 75% of affected dogs. Ocular pharmacological testing with a dilute (0.1%) solution of pilocarpine was used to demonstrate iris sphincter receptor function in all dogs. A low‐dose 10.0375 mg/kg SC) bethanechol test and pharmacological testing with phenylephrine and epinephrine also demonstrated cholinergic and adrenergic receptor function in 4 dogs. All dogs died or were euthanized as a result of autonomic dysfunction. Neuronal depletion, with associated gli‐osis and minimal inflammation were noted histologically in the autonomic ganglia of each dog. The pelvic, ciliary, celiac, cranial cervical, and cranial and caudal mesenteric ganglia were affected in all dogs. The cause of autonomic failure in these dogs was not determined.J Vet Intern Med 1996;10:103–109. Copyright © 1996 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
Comparison of Continuous Versus Intermittent Enteral Feeding in Dogs
Authors: Chandle Marjorie L. , Guilford W. Grant , Lawoko Charles R.O.
Published: March 2010

In humans, continuous intragastric feeding has been suggested to cause fewer gastrointestinal (GI) adverse effects, better weight gain and nitrogen balance, and less glucose intolerance than bolus feeding. The aim of this study was to compare the GI adverse effects and the metabolic and nutritional consequences of intragastric feeding of an enteral formula (Jevity; Ross Laboratories, Columbus, OH) intermittently or continuously to dogs. Using a cross‐over study design, 10 healthy dogs were randomly assigned to be fed Jevity via gastrostomy tube either continuously (CFI or in 3 bolus meals/day (IF) for 10 days. The dogs were weighed daily. Serum chemistry and glucose tolerance tests (GlT were performed before and after each 10–day trial period. Fecal dry matter (FDM), serum osmolality (sOsm), and serum electrolytes (sElec) were determined 5 times during each 10 day trial period. Urine specific gravity was checked intermittently. Hydrogen breath tests were performed on days 0, 3, and 10. During the last 6 days of each trial period, nitrogen balance and digestibility of the Jevity were determined. There were no GI adverse effects noted on either protocol, and no significant (P >.05) differences in body weights, serum chemistry results, sElec, sOsrn, GTT, hydrogen breath tests, digestibility trials, or nitrogen balance. There was a significant (P < .051 decrease in FDM over time for both protocols, and a significant (P < .051 increase in urine volume for IF compared with CF. In summary, there were no significant differences between treatments in weight maintenance, GI adverse effects, GTT, nitrogen balance, or feed digestibility. Changes in FDM suggest that the dogs received excess water. In conclusion, this study of healthy dogs provides no support for the preferential use of continuous intragastric feeding over bolus feeding.J Vet Intern Med 1996;10:133–138. Copyright © 1996 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
Esophagitis Due toPythium insidiosumInfection in Two Dogs
Authors: Patton Clark S. , Hake Rhonda , Newton Joe , Toal Robert L.
Published: March 2010

Chronic esophagitis due toPythium insidiosuminfection caused weight loss, dysphagia, and hypersalivation in 2 dogs from rural Tennessee. Although dog 1 presented for evaluation in December 1984 and dog 2 in October 1992, infection likely occurred during the previous summer by drinking fresh pond water containing zoospores. Hematologic testing revealed eosinophilia and hypergammaglobulinemia in one dog. An etiologic diagnosis was not made until postmortem evaluation when hyphae within necrotic and granulomatous cellular infiltrates in the esophageal wall were identified asP insidiosumby immunoperoxidase staining. Failure to culture the organism from the esophageal wall in dog 2 was attributed to refrigeration of the tissues, since refrigeration decreases the survivability ofP insidiosum. J Vet Intern Med 1996;10:139–742. Copyright © 1996 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
Characterization of Hepatoportal Microvascular Dysplasia in a Kindred of Cairn Terriers
Authors: Schermerhorn Thomas , Center Sharon A. , Dykes Nathan L. , Rowland Peter H. , Yeager A.E. , Erb H.N. , Oberhansley Karen , Bonda Michael
Published: March 2010

Hepatoportal microvascular dysplasia (MVD), a congenital disorder of the hepatic vasculature, is described in a kindred of Cairn Terrier dogs. Cairn Terrier dogs (n = 165) were evaluated using the serum bile acid test. Affected dogs, identified by abnormal fasting or postprandial serum bile acid concentrations, were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 dogs (n = 147) were used for pedigree analysis. Group 2 dogs (n = 18) were characterized on the basis of history, physical examination, clinicopathologic studies, diagnostic imaging of the liver and portal circulation, and hepatic histopathology. Group 2 contained control dogs (n = 2), dogs with hepatoportal MVD (n = 11), and dogs with macroscopic portosystemic vascular anomalies (PVSA) (n = 5). With the exception of high serum bile acid concentrations, dogs with hepatoportal MVD were indistinguishable from control dogs on the basis of history, physical examination, clinicopathologic findings, survey abdominal radiography, abdominal ultrasound, or transcolonic scintigraphy. Contrast portography in dogs with MVD revealed abnormalities of terminal twigs of the portal vasculature with out large intrahepatic or extrahepatic shunting vessels. Histopathologic abnormalities in dogs with hepatoportal MVD were similar to those reported for dogs with PSVA. Pedigree analysis suggested an autosomal inheritance for MVD. Dogs with MVD had high serum bile acid concentrations, abnormal indocyanine green clearance, and hepatic pathology suggestive of PSVA, but they lacked characteristic clinical findings of PSVA. The clinical significance of MVD is unclear. Dogs with MVD were clinically normal when evaluated but long‐term follow‐up is not yet available. Dogs with hepatoportal MVD should be identified at an early age to avoid confusion in future diagnostic evaluations.J Vet Intern Med 1996:10:219–230. Copyright©1996 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
High Urine Concentrations of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor in Dogs With Bladder Cancer
Authors: Allen D. Keith , Waters David J. , Knapp Deborah W. , Kuczek Thomas
Published: March 2010

Because dogs with bladder cancer often have advanced disease at the time of diagnosis, the identification and use of a tumor marker that could facilitate earlier diagnosis is a valid approach to improve prognosis. The objective of this study was to determine if urine concentrations of the proan‐giogenic peptide, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), are high in dogs with bladder cancer compared with normal dogs and dogs with urinary tract infection. We used a commercially available enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay test kit to quantitate bFGF in the urine of 17 normal dogs, 10 dogs with urinary tract infection, and 7 dogs with locally active transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. In normal dogs, the median urine bFGF concentration was 2.23 ng/g creatinine (quartile range, 1.53 to 5.12 ng/g creatinine). The median urine bFGF concentration in dogs with urinary tract infection did not differ significantly from normal dogs. Dogs with bladder cancer had significantly higher urine bFGF concentrations than normal dogs (P < .002) and dogs with infection (P < .02). The median urine bFGF concentration in dogs with transitional cell carcinoma was 9.86 ng/g creatinine (quartile range, 7.40 to 21.63 ng/g creatinine). Six of 7 dogs with bladder cancer had urine bFGF concentrations that were up to 7.4 times the 90th percentile value for normal dogs. Only 1 of 10 dogs with infection had a urine bFGF concentration that exceeded the 90th percentile of normal. These data suggest that canine bladder cancers export bFGF, and that urine bFGF may be useful as a diagnostic tumor marker or noninvasive indicator of treatment response. J Vet Intern Med 1996;10:231–234. Copyright©1996 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
Fibrocartilaginous Embolism of the Spinal Cord in Dogs: Review of 36 Histologically Confirmed Cases and Retrospective Study of 26 Suspected Cases
Authors: Cauzinille Laurent , Kornegay Joe N.
Published: March 2010

Clinical features of 36 dogs with histologically confirmed fibrocartilaginous embolism (FCE) were contrasted with those of 26 dogs in which FCE was suspected based on characteristic clinical findings and the absence of compressive spinal cord disease on myelography. Dogs with confirmed and suspected FCE were of similar signalment, and had acute, nonprogressive dysfunction, often associated with trauma or exercise. The “suspected” group included fewer giant breeds and more often had asymmetric lesions, intact nociception, and upper motor neuron involvement. Dog size and severity of clinical signs probably contributed to owners choosing euthanasia in dogs with confirmed lesions. Accordingly, data from such patients may be skewed relative to these clinical features.J Vet Intern Med 1996;10:241–245. Copyright©1996 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
Case Control and Historical Cohort Study of Diarrhea Associated With Administration of Trimethoprim‐Potentiated Sulphonamides to Horses and Ponies
Authors: Wilson David A. , MacFadden Karen E. , Green Eleanor M. , Crabill Mark , Frankeny Rebecca L. , Thorne James G.
Published: March 2010

Trimethoprim‐potentiated sulphonamides (TPS) are among the most frequently administered antimicrobials in equine medicine. Anecdotally, TPS has been implicated as a cause of mild to moderate diarrhea in horses. The purpose of this study was to document the prevalence of diarrhea in horses receiving TPS, to characterize the severity of the diarrhea, and to identify any other factors associated with the development of diarrhea. A 2–part study was designed to identify the prevalence of diarrhea associated with TPS in our clinic population. Part I was a case‐control retrospective study of 135 records over a 10.5–year period from January 1, 1980 through June 30, 1990. Part II was a historical cohort study of 784 records over a 37–month period from July 1, 1990 through July 31, 1993. There was no significant difference in the occurrence of diarrhea associated with TPS therapy in either study. The occurrence of diarrhea was 21% and 3% in parts I and II, respectively. Significant factors identified in association with diarrhea in part I were duration of hospital stay, and antibiotic therapy other than TPS or penicillin. Significant factors identified in part II included other antibiotic therapy, penicillin therapy, and combined penicillin and TPS therapy. Diarrhea does occur after the administration of antibiotics, most likely because of the alteration of the patient's normal intestinal flora. Diarrhea was noted in association with administration of TPS in this study; however, its prevalence was not significantly different than that in horses receiving other antibiotics, such as penicillin and its derivatives.J Vet Intern Med 1996;10:258–264. Copyright © 1996 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.