bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ENAMELING DEFECTS DUE TO THE CAST IRON1
Authors: Malinovszky A.
Published: June 2006

Troubles in manufacturing sanitary enameled ware are pinholing, breaking out, blistering, crazing, chipping, lifting, black specks, etc., due to the iron, the chemicals, methods of applying the slush or enamel, furnace temperatures, inexperience, lack of cleanliness, differences of the coefficients between iron and enamel and fitting of ground coat to the enamel, etc. Feldspar is most liable to cause trouble by variations of its constituents. Feldspar containing above 69% of silica should be looked upon with suspicion. Troubles arising from the cast iron are discussed. Results of chemical analyses and microscopic examinations and microphotos before and after enameling are shown.
BETTER TERRA COTTA SLABS1
Authors: Allen F. B.
Published: June 2006

Terra cotta slab problems are discussed as to (1) refractoriness, (2) mechanical strength, (3) accurate dimensions, (4) temperature changes, (5) spalling, (6) thermal conductivity, and (7) abrasion. Mixes of two experimental bodies are given. The second consisting of 30 grog, 15 clay of low plasticity and 55 bond clays gave satisfactory results.
THE USE OF RADIATION PYROMETERS ON REFRACTORY KILNS1
Authors: Thwing Charles B.
Published: June 2006

The high cost of maintenance of platinum thermocouples has greatly discouraged the use of pyrometers on kilns firing silica and other high refractories.

The method of using a combination recorder employing thermocouples for the lower ranges of temperatures and the radiation pyrometer for the higher ranges is described.

The accuracy of the measurements is fully equal to those made with platinum thermocouples at a temperature for which the latter are durable, and the radiation pyrometer has the advantage of not deteriorating at high temperatures.

Neither couple nor radiation tube is damaged by removal while hot, so that the tubes may be kept in constant service, thus making the cost of the complete installation very reasonable.
A MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF STRESSES IN GLAZES1
Authors: Henry Arthur V.
Published: June 2006

Stresses in glazes are studied making use of the microscopic method. The investigation indicates that differential coefficient of expansion is partially responsible for stresses in glazes.
FURTHER EXPERIMENTS IN THE PROBLEM OF THE TURQUOISE ALKALINE GLAZE1
Authors: French Myrtle Meritt
Published: June 2006

The blueness of the glaze was found to be influenced by the biscuit of the body, the amount of copper used and the fire of the glaze. Indications of small tests were not always dependable. Encouraging experiments are being made to obtain a raw turquoise on body which will be impervious at cone 04.
OBSERVATIONS ON PINHOLING IN CAST WARE1
Authors: Hemphill R. W.
Published: June 2006

Some effects of foreign matter, dampness, ball clay content, sponging, dust and drying are shown on pinholing in cast ware.
DESIGNING BANDS FOR ROUND KILN CROWNS1
Authors: Willson B. W.
Published: June 2006

Selecting bands for round kilns is largely a rule of thumb matter, practice ranging from a few light bands to a jacket enclosing the entire kiln with openings for wickets and fire boxes. The purpose of this paper is to analyze stresses in and thrust caused by a round kiln crown and select bands to with stand these stresses.
LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PLANT DRIER1
Authors: Barrett Wayne E.
Published: June 2006

Experiments show that the direction of flow of air or other drying media should be parallel to the hollow spaces of hollow tile and drain tile. Its velocity should be approximately 60 feet per minute for maximum safe drying and its humidity may be reasonably low providing the temperature of the clay in the block or tile is high.
AMERICAN CLAYS AS COMPARED TO ENGLISH CLAYS IN WHITE WARE BODIES1
Authors: Fritz E. H.
Published: June 2006

A summary of the discussion at Atlantic City on this subject is given, bringing out Dr. Langenbeck's charge that the failure to make wider use of American clays is due to the ceramic profession, which has not given American clay producers specific information as to requirements which must be met in order to compete with English clays.

This charge is refuted, because such information is available and various tests which are made are enumerated. The charge is made that many clay producers either do not know how, or, are not sufficiently interested to make use of such information when it is given them.

Comparative results with English and American clays are given in regard to general uniformity, plasticity, bonding strength and vitrification. Equal or better results were obtained with the American clays in every case except vitrification temperature of the ball clays which was somewhat higher.

A body was developed from the best American clays which equaled any of the English clay bodies, the difference in vitrification temperature of the ball clays apparently having no adverse effect at a firing temperature of cone 10. The results are based on commercial use.

It is concluded that English clays can be eliminated in most white ware bodies.
THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CARBORUNDUM REFRACTORIES1
Authors: Hartmann M. L , Westmont O. B.
Published: June 2006

Thermal conductivity measurements up to 1350°C of silicon carbide refractory materials have been made, using the water calorimeter method. Data were secured on furnace walls such as those commonly used in practice and results are believed to be accurate to within about 1%. Conductivity measurements were made on seven carborundum single walls and on eight carborundum‐fire‐clay composite walls. The relation of the thermal conductivity to temperature, chemical composition, and porosity was investigated, as well as the magnitude of the surface and joint effects. The conductivity of carborundum was found to vary with the quantity of heat energy transmitted through the wall. Tables are given showing the coefficients of thermal conductivity and heat flow through various types of walls with a temperature of 1500°C in the combustion chamber.

Temperature gradient charts and heat flow curves for various walls are also given together with the practical application of the results in the design of commercial furnaces.
GLAZES COLORED BY MOLYBDENUM1
Authors: Barrett Wayne E.
Published: June 2006

Molybdenum used as a colorant for glazes has a strong coloring power even though used in small percentages, affecting the glaze as R2O3. Both a bright yellow and a bluish green were secured.
THE ACTION OF ARSENIC COMPOUNDS ON TANK BLOCK1
Authors: McSwiney D. J.
Published: June 2006

Comparison of the average life of soda lime glass tanks melting green glass and those melting flint glass in which selenium is used as a decolorizer, where the same or similar batch and operating conditions obtain in both cases, shows that the life of the selenium flint tanks is invariably much shorter than that of the green tanks. This shortening of tank life is independent of the amount of selenium used or the form in which it is used but varies with the amount of arsenic used in conjunction with the selenium.
AN ELECTRIC FURNACE FOR SOFTENING POINT DETERMINATIONS1
Authors: Pendergast W. L.
Published: June 2006

This paper presents a description of an electric resistance type furnace which has been designed at the Bureau of Standards for the determination of softening points of ceramic materials. The advantages claimed for this furnace are simplicity of design, with resultant low cost of manufacture and repair, economy in operation, high temperatures available, sufficient accuracy in determining softening points in terms of standard cones or actual temperature readings, and compactness of installation.
RUBBER GRINDING MILL LININGS AND RUBBER AS A MATERIAL TO RESIST ABRASION1
Authors: Rogers B. W.
Published: June 2006

For the benefit of those who are skeptical about the ability of rubber to resist abrasion, attention is called to the fact that a rubber tire wears much less than skid chains on a brick pavement. Rubber linings in ball mills are found more efficient than steel linings in respect to capacity, fineness of grind, and power consumption. One test on cement using both a rubber and a steel lined mill showed a 20% greater capacity, 10% less power consumption and 0.9% more material through 200‐mesh. Other advantages of rubber linings are: weight of mill decrease and volume increase, reduction of maintenance costs, minimum contamination of materials being ground, and possibility of jointless and detachable linings.
HOW IMPROVE THE HEAT ECONOMY OF GLASS TANKS?
Authors: Scholes S. R.
Published: June 2006

Less attention has been paid to furnace design than to glass‐working machinery, because fuel cost has been a relatively small item compared with labor. Some of the suggested means for raising fuel efficiency are: ports designed to give a better mixture for combustion, and a better spread of the flame over the glass; insulation, wherever the refractories can stand it.
THE CALCULATION OF COAL EXPENSES IN ROTARY CEMENT KILNS1
Authors: Tchernobaieff D. A.
Published: June 2006

The results of the author's experiments upon the heat of formation of cement clinker are given, the formula for calculation of coal expense is deducted. For an easy application of the formula the author gives several tables, and, as an example, calculates the coal expense for the heat balances of C. E. Soper and 7′. W. Richards.
PRINCIPAL REFRACTORY PROBLEMS OF THE MALLEABLE CAST IRON FOUNDRY
Authors: Schwartz H. A.
Published: June 2006

The paper covers a brief description of the necessary conditions under which fire brick are used in air furnace melting, and outlines some of the elementary relations between fuel economy and refractory economy, includiug loss of use.

It has suggested as a ceramic problem, that the principal fields for improvement lie in developing refractories more resistant to slags for side walls, and more resistant to changes of temperature for furnace roofs. It is further suggested that unless higher refractoriness can be secured, the field for the use of heat insulation in such furnaces is probably negligible. The very refractory materials now known, seem to fail, due to a lack of resistance to thermal stresses.
COMPARISON OF METHODS USED IN ESTIMATING THE MATURING OF TERRA COTTA1
Authors: Anderson Louis
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this investigation is to develop some means to better determine the maturing of terra cotta ware in the firing.
A MACHINE FOR TRANSVERSE TESTS OF CLAY AND GLASS LABORATORY SPECIMENS1
Authors: Harrison A. C.
Published: June 2006

A machine for transverse testing which is easily adjusted, positive acting, and accurate for both light heavy loads. Results are shown on vitreous china bodies and and glass.
THE EFFECT OF HEAT ON THE STRENGTH OF CALCINED KIESELGUHR‐PORTLAND CEMENT MIXTURES1
Authors: McDowell Samuel J. , Kraner Hobart M.
Published: June 2006

The effect of heat upon the strength of this material is shown. This decreases rapidly at 100°C and remains fairly constant between 200° and 500°C. It decreases until 800° where a slight increase is shown between this and 1000°C. Above this the strength decreases.
THE USE OF CLAY PRODUCTS IN MODERN HOMES1
Authors: Keeler R. B.
Published: June 2006

An article concentrating attention on the varied uses of clay products in the home of today.
A METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE LIFE OF A SAGGER1
Authors: Sherwood Robert F.
Published: June 2006

A method for determining the average life of a sagger over the period of a year is given as an aid in determining costs. Inventories are taken at the beginning and at the end of the year, and a record is kept of the saggers made. The average number or saggers fired in a kiln is determined and from these figures the percentage loss of life of each sagger per fire is determined, as well as the number of fires per sagger.
CHANGES IN THE CONSTITUTION AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF ANDALUSITE, CYANITE, AND SILLIMANITE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN INDUSTRIAL PRACTICE*
Authors: Peck Albert B.
Published: June 2006

Owing to their growing commercial importance in the manufacture of refractories and porcelain, the minerals of the sillimanite group (andalusite, cyanite, and sillimanite) were investigated as to their decomposition products and volume changes between cones 10 and 15.

Petrographic‐microscopic examinations showed that andalusite breaks down at cone 13 into mullite and glass, while cyanite also breaks down into the same components but at cone 12. Sillimanite is not decomposed up to cone 15. The composition of the mullite was checked by chemical analysis.

Andalusite shows almost no volume change at dissociation; sillimanite shows a slight expansion up to cone 15; cyanite shows a great expansion and disintegration at dissociation.

The practical significance of the behavior of the minerals is discussed as well as their possibilities of use in ceramic ware., Andalusite could be used in the raw state; cyanite would require calcination before use, so that andalusite appears to be best suited for most bodies.
SOME NOTES ON THE COLOR OF ANTIMONY ENAMELS1
Authors: Manson M. E.
Published: June 2006

Pure white antimony oxide does not give as good a color or opacity in enamel as the gray, impure, domestic product. The better color and opacity of enamels made with the latter is probably due to the impurities contained in the antimony.
THE LABORATORY TESTING OF PLASTIC REFRACTORIES1
Authors: Geller R. F. , Pendergast W. L.
Published: June 2006

Twelve brands of plastic refractories, representing the products of nine manufac‐ turers, were subjected to standard and modified laboratory tests for high grade refractories. The data obtained show the chemical and physical characteristics of the material now furnished to the trade and indicate the results which may be expected from a technical examination of this type of product.
A NOTE ON COMPARISON OF ENGLISH VS. ORTON PYROMETRIC CONES1
Authors: Cole Sandford S.
Published: June 2006

The English made pyrometric cones from 10–32 inclusive were compared to Orton cones for fusion values. The results are expressed in Orton cones. The work was done in a pot furnace and the comparison was intended to give values for this type of work. A drawing shows the position of English as to that of Orton cones.
FORMATION OF MULLITE FROM CYANITE, ANDALUSITE, AND SILLIMANITE1
Authors: Creig J. W.
Published: June 2006

This paper deals with a thermal and microscopic study of thc decomposition of cyanite, andalusite, and sillirnanite to mullite and silica, or to mullite and a siliceous liquid. The rates of alteration, the signs or the heat effects accompanying the changes, and the way in which the decompositions take place have been investigated.

The bearing on refractories is discussed.
FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT FLOW IN MOLTEN GLASS AND IN WALLS FOR USE AGAINST GLASS1
Authors: Mccauley George V.
Published: June 2006

This paper deals with the flow of heat through molten glass and through glass retaining clay walls. Reference is given to previous work on heat flow by convection, radiation and conduction as applied to clay refractorise. Experimental data are given for conductivity of flux block, and for the effective conductivity of molten glass as a function of temperature. Photographs are presented to show existence of convection currents in a glass tank.
THE DENSITY AND INDEX OF REFRACTION OF GLASS VERSUS ITS COMPOSITION1
Authors: Finn A. N. , Tromson H. G.
Published: June 2006

A study of the available data on the relations between density, refractive index, and composition of glasses of the soda‐lime series leads to the conclusion that these relations can be adequately expressed by formulas of the type d=a(p+c)b. in which a, b and c are constants and d is that part of the total density of the glass due to p percent of any constituent oxide. The results obtained for density are more satisfactory and can be applied over a much wider range than those computed by the well‐known equation of Winklemann and Schott.
CERAMIC DRYING AND DRIERS1
Authors: Stacey A. E. , Matzen H. B.
Published: June 2006

Construction for and principle of humidity drying.
SLIP MAKING AND CONTROL1
Authors: Sanborn Paul H.
Published: June 2006

The properties of slip for casting solid pieces are discussed. Difficult control of slip and blistering are eliminated by use of an organic electrolyte.The effects of vari‐ ations in specific gravity, viscosity and temperature are considered.
GETTING THE HIGHEST RETURN FROM KILN EQUIPMENT1
Authors: Green John R.
Published: June 2006

Description of a recording pyrometer set up, the conditions to be observed and the benefits derived.
SOME FEATURES OF TANK BLOCK COMPARISONS1
Authors: Thompson F. S. , Vormelker H. I.
Published: June 2006

The life of glass blocks can be increased by lower furnace temperature obtained by increasing the area of melting chamber, and by insulation of the walls. Analysis and physical tests of clays and of blocks made from them are compared with results of service test but data does not warrant conclusion.
GAS‐FIRED ENAMELING FURNACES WITHOUT MUFFLES1
Authors: Clark H. H.
Published: June 2006

First attempts to design enameling furnaces reveal unsuccessful results to increase efficiencies. The early attempts to eliminate the undesirable feature of coal‐fired furnaces resulted in building furnaces having high thermal heads, uneven heat distribution and which were costly to maintain.

Eventually the intermittent type of enameling furnace was developed. The only possible disadvantage of this type is that speed forks cannot be used.

An example of the installation of a semi‐muffle gas‐fired enameling furnace in the plant of the Cribben and Sexton Company, Chicago, is cited. Its principal feature is constant atmospheric conditions accomplished by high pressure gas burners. The design, details, performance data and operating costs are given. A résumé stating the many advantages of gas are appended.
TALC AS THE PRINCIPAL BODY INGREDIENT IN VITRIFIED CERAMIC BODIES1
Authors: Kraner Hobart M. , Mcdowell Samuel J.
Published: June 2006

This paper is an attempt to explain the firing behavior of pure talc as well as talc‐clay, talc‐lime, talc‐clay lime, and some other high magnesia mixtures. Phase rule equilibrium diagrams are used. The study applies only to those mixtures where talc is present in amounts greater than 50% of the total composition.
THE RELATION OF STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION TO THERMAL EFFICIENCY OF REFRACTORIES WHEN USED IN REGENERATORS1
Authors: Phblps Stuart M.
Published: June 2006

This study shows the relative rates of heat transmission in typical clay, silica, diaspore, fused alumina and silicon carbide refractories, when used as checker brick.

It is shown that by lowering the porosity of checker brick an increase in efficiency is obtained by virtue of its greater heat capacity, which is a function of the weight and specific heat of the material.

The glazing of a clay brick does not appreciably impair its efficiency in regeneration, as is sometimes thought, as shown by experiment and as explained by the fact that the greatest part of the heat leaves the surface of the brick by convection and this is affected only by the surface area, which is not appreciably changed by glazing.
THE CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FIRE CLAYS FROM VARIOUS PRODUCING DISTRICTS1
Authors: Booze M. C.
Published: June 2006

The chemical analyses, fusion points and firing characteristics of a number of flint and plastic clays from various districts are given, together with a short discussion of the results and the use which can be made of them.
THE THERMAL EXPANSION OF REFRACTORIES1
Authors: Norton F. H.
Published: June 2006

The thermal expansion or contraction of a number of typical refractories has been measured up to 1700°C in a neutral or slightly oxidizing atmosphere. In nearly every case the expansion curve has been carried to a higher temperature than given by previous data. In a few cases the expansion curve has been obtained for materials that have not been studied in this way before. It is believed that the expansion curve of a brick, if carried to the softening point, gives valuable information as to the performance of that brick in service.
CALCINING AS AN AID TO GRINDING1
Authors: Myers W. M.
Published: June 2006

Experiments show no value commensurate with calcining and of water quenching of quartz.
SHALES OF NORTH CAROLINA1
Authors: Stuckey Jasper L.
Published: June 2006

North Carolina contains several extensive areas of shale deposits, which are favorably located for working and which in their slightly weathered condition have been recently found to be well adapted to the manufacture of face brick, hollow blocks, sewer pipes, etc.

As a result of these discoveries a number of clay working plants have been recently set in operation and others are in course of construction.
BENEFITS OF A COÖRDINATED PROGRAM OF CERAMIC INVESTIGATIONS BY FEDERAL, STATE, AND UNIVERSITY AGENCIES1
Authors: McAfee W. K.
Published: June 2006

The rapid development of ceramic technology is necessary to the well‐being of our industry. A comprehensive plan should be laid out and the required machinery, responsible to the manufacturers, set up to accomplish this.
SOME OBSERVATIONS OF SURFACE DEPOSITS FORMED IN GLASS FURNACE REGENERATORS1
Authors: Insley Herbert
Published: June 2006

Two high alumina refractory brick which had been used in glass furnace regenerators were examined with the petrographic microscope. The deposits formed on the surface of the brick through reaction with the dusts and gases of the furnace atmosphere were found to be composed principally of nephelite, carnegieite, and corundum. Nephelite and carnegieite probably can form only in those parts of glass furnaces where the temperature is considerably lower than that required to melt the glass, but corundum may be formed at melting temperatures.
THE SPALLING OF BRICKS1
Authors: Preston F. W.
Published: June 2006

Spalls in spalled bricks are, under the conditions postulated by F. H. Norton, tensile, not shear fractures. The surface of separation bears no simple relation to the isothermal surfaces. In a “semi‐infinite” slab, the diffusivity has no influence on the tendency to spall, but does influence the location of the surface of parting.
A STUDY OF THE SHRINKAGE OF DIASPOR CLAYS.—PART I1
Authors: Phelps S. M.
Published: June 2006

Diaspor refractories often possess the undesirable characteristic of continual shrinkage in service, and since it is not practical to alter such properties in the present manufacturing processes, the object of this study was to devise, if possible, a manufacturing process to overcome this shortcoming. This part of the paper reveals the mechanism of the firing shrinkage and describes the effect of particle size, time and temperature upon the shrinkage of diaspor clays of various compositions. The properties of the two major constituents of a typical sample are given, as well as photomicrographs of interesting samples. Part II will describe experimental work conducted to devise shrinkage processes and the properties of products so made.
SPECIFICATIONS FOR LINING AND CHECKER BRICK FOR WATER‐GAS MANUFACTURE1
Authors: Brady E. J.
Published: June 2006

Specifications are given for all refractories used in water‐gas manufacture based on U.G.I. experience. Description of equipment, operation, and conditions are given.
A SUCCESSFUL APPLICATION OF POWDERED COAL AS A TUNNEL KILN FUEL FIRING HARD FIRED COMMON BRICK1
Authors: Hartford Frank M.
Published: June 2006

The application of powdered coal by means of a non‐circulating unit system to the successful firing of common brick in a continuous car tunnel kiln.2
SILICON‐CARBIDE REFRACTORIES FOR WATER‐GAS GENERATORS1
Authors: Hartman M. L. , King John A.
Published: June 2006

A discussion of the problems involved in water‐gas generator refractories is given and the steps in the development leading to the present highly satisfactory silicon‐carbide air‐ventilated Bernitz type blocks are given. Actual operating costs of typical installations are given. It is shown that generator capacities have been increased as much as 50% and fuel reductions have been so large that a real saving in net operating costs has resulted from the installation of this‐type of lining. Many generators have now been lined and economically operated with air ventilated silicon‐carbide blocks.
THE HARPER ELECTRIC KILN1
Authors: FitzGerald Francis A. J.
Published: June 2006

A description of the development of an electric kiln for porcelain and of the construction of an experimental commercial unit for firing biscuit ware at the works of the Buffalo Pottery Co. The kiln is of the continuous tunnel type and in the course of its development has been used for firing porcelain at temperatures as high as 1500°C (2750°F).
SOME FUNDAMENTALS OF TERRA COTTA1
Authors: Spurrier Harry
Published: June 2006

Terra cotta is not a definite material. Considerable difference of opinion exists as to suitable structure and composition. There are more differences between different makes of terra cotta than there are in opinion as to what it should be. Microscope study of thin sections of terra cotta is a valuable method of examination. The voids in terra cotta are of more than one kind and origin. The grog used in terra cotta is frequently unsuitable as to character and size. A fuller knowledge of fundamentals will probably much alter ideas as to suitable grog. A test for internal stress is described. Terra cotta was tested for osmotic action. The internal degradation of terra cotta is demonstrated by two different methods. A number of slides are presented being typical of certain characteristics.
A STUDY OF MULLITE REFRACTORIES FORMED BY CALCINING CYANITE, THEIR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION1
Authors: Freed M. L.
Published: June 2006

This paper is a progress report of an investigation dealing with refractory bodies made of cyanite, either raw or calcined, and which was taken from a recently discovered deposit in India. The bodies were subjected to standard and modified laboratory tests for high grade refractories. Petrographic analyses indicated complete conversion to mullite in the test specimens and the results of the laboratory test indicate the bodies to be equal in quality to many so‐called “super‐refractories” now on the market.
CYANITE‐CLAY REFRACTORIES—I1
Authors: Harrison H. C.
Published: June 2006

The dissociation of cyanite into mullite was studied. Bricks were made of various mixes and their properties are given. Twenty per cent is about the minimum amount of clay which will give the proper bond. It was found desirable in some cases to add MgO in small amounts to promote a crystalline bond between the dissociated cyanite grains and the bonding material. In Pt. II the phase rule equilibrium relations are discussed.
THE DETERMINATION OF THE BULK AND PORE VOLUMES OF REFRACTORY MATERIALS1
Authors: Hartmann M. L. , Westmont O. B. , Morgan S. F.
Published: June 2006

A new sand displacement method for the determination of the bulk volume and bulk specific gravity of refractory or other material is described.

A gas porosimeter with a vertical U‐tube manometer for the determination of pore volumes of materials is also described together with calculations of the possible errors.

The porosities, bulk specific gravities, and calculated true specific gravities of 15 types of refractory bricks obtained by means of these two methods, and the usual water absorption method are tabulated for comparison.
A LABORATORY MUFFLE KILN1
Authors: Merritt L. M.
Published: June 2006

The general construction of a gas‐fired muffle kiln is discussed and its chief advantage is given in that it has a single piece, easily replaceable muffle with high heat conductivity.
OIL FIRING, ITS LIMITATIONS AND ADVANTAGES1
Authors: Mekler L. A.
Published: June 2006

The most common types of fuel burning equipment and the usual methods of their installation, originally developed and perfected for power plant use, are not suitable for the ceramic industory and result in excessive costs and difficulties in operation and control. When fuel oil is considered not a substitute for coal but an independent fuel with characteristics somewhat radically different from those of coal, and the kiln construction together with method of firing is changed to meet these characteristics, oil firing proves superior to coal firing in nine cases out of ten.
THE ROLE OF SPECIFIC HEAT IN THE SELECTION OF REFRACTORIES1
Authors: Macgee A. Ernest
Published: June 2006

A brief discussion of specific heats is given in which particular emphasis is placed upon its determination at high temperatures, the methods which have been used in the past for its determination, and the application of the values in the selection of refractories. The need of determining physical properties of brick which have been in service is pointed out.
CONTINUITY IN PLASTIC BODIES1
Authors: Spurrier H.
Published: June 2006

Extended experiments have shown that the plasticity of a clay increases with the growth of algae in it and the presence of hydrogel of alumina caused by a biochemical reaction. Air included in a clay body causes shortness. Experiments were run in evacuating the air in a clay and then by suddenly breaking the vacuum, collapsing the evacuated clay. The clay thus treated shows greatly increased plasticity, reduced warpage, elimination of blistering and resistance to rupture on distortion. The physics and chemistry of making clay plastic are discussed.
A NEW TYPE OF DRIER HEATER1
Authors: Geicer Cbarles F.
Published: June 2006

A novel design of a combination air heater and combustion chamber burning liquid or gaseous fuel is presented and illustrated with a drawing. Desirable features of independent drier heaters are outlined, and the efficacy of the equipment described in approaching the ideal achievements is demonstrated. Mention is made of the application of this type of heater to a number of different processes as well as to the heating of factory buildings.
PROGRESS REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF SAGGER CLAYS ‐SOME OBSERVATIONS AS TO THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THEIR THERMAL EXPANSIONS.—II1
Authors: Geller R. F. , Heindl R. A.
Published: June 2006

This is the second Progress Report based on data obtained in an extensive investigation of sagger clays, conducted for the purpose of determining the properties characterizing clays best suited to this type of service. The report contains a brief description of the apparatus used in the determination of thermal expansion from room temperature to 1000°C together with a correlation of the thermal expansions determined with the physical properties of the clays as given in the first Progress Report. For the clays examined the information obtained indicates that: (a) there are two types of clays as characterized by thermal expansion, between 100 and 200° C, and resistance to failure when subjected to sudden temperature changes similar to those encountered in service; (b) repeated firings tend to develop increased expansion between 100 and 200°C and, consequently, decreased resistance to failure when subjected to sudden temperature changes; and (c) that additions of corundum to clay tend to increase the average, but decrease irregular, thermal expansions.
MACHINE PRESSING OF TERRA COTTA1
Authors: Galbraith Robert
Published: June 2006

A brief history and a description of the operation of the compressed air pressing machine are given. The manual operations as well as the costs are itemized. The machine requires 15 1/2 men for its efficient operation, while the cost of pressing and finishing one ton of terra cotta is $5.85.
TANK BLOCK CORROSION BY SHELVING1
Authors: Flint F. C. , Payne A. R.
Published: June 2006

Photographs are given showing a number of glass tanks which indicate that part of the rapid eating of tank block is due to upward solution from cracks in the block wall. This upward solution is due to the higher specific gravity of the glass after dissolving tank block material. Experiments made by adding clay to glass melted in small pots and analyzing show this. The density is also taken of glass adjacent to the tank wall.
A COMPARISON OF THE UNIFORMITY OF STRENGTH AND TEXTURE OF FIRE BRICK MADE BY DIFFERENT PROCESSES1
Authors: Westman A. E. R. , Pfeiffer W. H.
Published: June 2006

By assuming that the “deviations from the average” of the strengths and permeabilities of individual bricks of any one brand are governed by the laws of chance, a comparison of the uniformity of strength and texture of a number of brands of brick made by different processes is obtained. Of the brands examined, those made by the stiff‐mud process are found to be more uniform in strength and less uniform in structure than those made by the dry‐press process. The hand‐made bricks show quite a variation in both strength and texture, whereas one brand of brick made by a semi‐dry process (English type machine) shows good uniformity in both strength and texture.
NOTES ON FELDSPAR TESTS1
Authors: Sample W. L.
Published: June 2006

A method of making fusion tests, particularly the shape of the test piece, and the bond used.
AN ULTRAMICROSCOPIC MOTION PICTURE STUDY OF THE RELATION OF COLLOIDAL CONTENT AND PLASTICITY IN CLAYS1
Authors: France Wesley G.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Many attempts have been made to account for the plasticity of clay on the basis of colloidal content. If these are warranted then one should find characteristic differences in the colloidal fractions of clay suspensions, when examined ultramicroscopically. Furthermore these differences should serve as an indication of the plasticity. Ultramicroscopic motion pictures were taken of the colloidal fractions of the aqueous suspensions of four clays having different plasticities. Marked differences were found in each instance, which indicated the relative order of the decreasing plasticity of the clays examined to be: English china clay; South Carolina kaolin; North Carolina kaolin; and fireclay semi‐flint. These results tend to support the idea that a definite relation exists between the colloidal content of a clay and its plasticity. Suggestions with reference to the extension of this work are made.
INFLUENCE OF COMPOSITION OF BODY AND GLAZE ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A TRUE PORCELAIN1
Authors: Lee Pyungtoo William
Published: June 2006

Abstract

An effort to produce a higher quality of true porcelain at cones 10 to 12. Physical properties of body and glaze and their workabilities are observed. Tested for shrinkage, warpage, translucency, absorption and modulus of rupture.
PROPERTIES OF SILICA BRICK FROM COKE OVEN WALLS1
Authors: Cole Sandford S.
Published: June 2006

Silica shapes from coke ovens were tested to see what change had occurred after long service. Brick from Chicago and Birmingham districts were examined. Chemical analyses: specific gravity, porosity, fusion values and petrographic examinations were obtained on the samples.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF WINDOW GLASS1
Authors: Arthur Edwin P.
Published: June 2006

The compositions of window glasses manufactured by various methods are compared. The tendency of glass to devitrify and ways of overcoming this are discussed, using diagrams based on the work of Morey and Bowen to illustrate the various points.
THE HEAT REQUIRED TO FIRE CERAMIC BODIES1
Authors: MacGee A. Ernest
Published: June 2006

A differential thermal method for determining interval specific heats of ceramic materials is described. The specific heat of the unknown is determined by comparing its temperature to that of quartz after each sample has been subjected to a definite heat treatment. This method shows the number of calories required to heat one gram of the material in question from 0 to t°C, accounting for all thermal processes which the material may undergo during the heating process. It shows the temperatures at which the various thermal processes begin and end as well as the quantitative figures for the more pronounced of these thermal processes.

The kaolin, ball, flint, and diaspore clays undergo an endothermic reaction at about 575°C which amounts to “60 to 130” calories per gram of the air dried material. They undergo an exothermic reaction at about 960°C which amounts to about 25 calories per gram of the air dried material. About 510 calories are required to heat one gram of any firebrick body from 25 to 1200°C, the specific heat over this interval being about 43. About 500 calories are required to heat one gram of any kaolin or ball clay from 0–1000°C, the specific heat over this interval being about 5. About 290 calories are required to heat one gram of flint or feldspar from 0–1050°C, the specific heat over this interval being about 28.

Instead of the kiln efficiencies being about 22% as was previously believed, this work proved them to be about 35%.
INVESTIGATION ON ENAMEL CLAYS1
Authors: Boeker V. W.
Published: June 2006

Functions of clay in enameling and requirements of enamel clays are enumerated. The investigation deals with twelve representative enamel clays, which were examined for water of plasticity, drying shrinkage, modulus of rupture and properties when fired to 1000°C. Using these clays in enamel slips, viscosity, suspension test, and hydrogenion concentration by the indicator method were run. Fineness test, petrographic examination and chemical analyses were made on the clays. They were then tested in a cover coat enamel, subjecting the test pieces to impact test and thermal shock. The results of all the tests are summarized and conclusions drawn therefrom.
THE ATTACK OF ARSENIC COMPOUNDS ON FIRECLAY REFRACTORY MATERIAL1
Authors: Turner W. E. S.
Published: June 2006

McSwiney's statement regarding arsenic compounds being responsible for rapid corrosive action on tank blocks is discussed. It is pointed out that if arsenic compounds exert a marked corrosive action on fire clay, it should be demonstrated by an increased iron oxide or alumina content, or both, in the resulting glass. Data collected in experiments run is presented, which contradicts McSwiney's statement. Only when arsenic in excess of the amount used ordinarily is present in glasses melted at temperatures of 1450 and 1500°C, or above ordinary working temperatures, can corrosion due to arsenic be traced. A full discussion of corrosion of glass house refractories, effects of colors on the heat conductivity of glasses at high and low temperatures, and variations between the types of glasses referred to in Dr. Turner's paper and in McSwiney's, is presented by McSwiney.
A NON‐ACTINIC COBALT‐BLUE GLASS1
Authors: Coblentz W. W. , Finn A. N.
Published: June 2006

A non‐actinic blue glass is described. The substitution of cerium oxide for a part lime and the addition of a small amount of cobalt oxide in an ordinary soda‐lime glass produces a glass which, in 5 mm. thickness, absorbs practically all the ultra‐violet rays. The composition of the glass, its ultra‐violet absorption, and the visible spectral transmission are given.
COLORED BODIES1
Authors: Binns Charles F. , Wardner Hallie Elayne
Published: June 2006

Experiments were conducted to find a palette of colored bodies which could be worked, and their proper glazes. The formulas obtained are given.
IMPACT AND STATIC TRANSVERSE STRENGTH OF WET PROCESS ELECTRICAL PORCELAIN1
Authors: Navias Louis
Published: June 2006

A brief review is given of the apparatus used for determining the resistance to impact of ceramic materials, namely, apparatus of the “pile driver” type and of the pendulum type. A Charpy (pendulum) transverse impact machine of 2 ft.‐lbs. maximum capacity suitable for porcelain has been built and is described. Specimens from 1/2 to 11/8 inches in diameter can be accommodated on movable supports. Data were obtained for 1/2, 3/4, 1, and 11/8 inch diameter cylinders of wet process porcelain on a 4‐inch span, the average values for 1/2‐inch diameter being 1.24 ft.‐lbs. per sq. in., and the average value for 3/4, 1, and 11/8 inches being 1.53 ft.‐lbs. per sq. in. with an average deviation from the mean of about 2.5%.

Data on specimens of wet process porcelain 1/2, 3/4, 1, and 11/8 inch in diameter fractured on 4‐ and 5‐inch spans give equivalent values for the modulus of rupture. The average of all values is 11,000 pounds per square inch.
SOME EFFECTS OF VARYING SODA AND BORIC OXIDES IN GROUND COAT ENAMELS1
Authors: Fusselbaugh R. R.
Published: June 2006

Variations were made from 5 to 25 % in soda oxide and boric oxide content of a given ground coat enamel, and results observed on trial pieces. It was found that an increase of soda oxide at the expense of boric oxide decreased the tendency of the enamels to blister and fishscale, and increased the tendency toward the formation of copperheads. Conversely, the increase of boric oxide at the expense of soda oxide increased the tendency of the enamels to blister and fishscale, but decreased the tendency to copperhead.
AGREEMENT OF GROUND COAT AND ENAMEL1
Authors: Malinovszky A.
Published: June 2006

Troubles in working with enamels may be caused by poor workmanship in some department or by changes in composition of the enamel due to differences in chemical composition of raw materials used. The application of Staley's refractory ratio in determining the agreement of ground coat and enamel cover coat is illustrated.
NOTES ON SHAPE CONSTRUCTION1
Authors: Rhead Frederick H.
Published: June 2006

The lines of development of a course for training ceramic artists, who are very much in demand, are outlined. Ceramic shape design for quantity production involves a study of factory processes, product specifications, both consumer's and factory, and manufacturing specifications. Examples of commercial designing are demonstrated, using drawings of a series of glass designs as illustrations for various points made. The filing of research studies in design, relation of shapes to product specification, and product development are discussed. The difference between the art engineer and the craftsman is pointed out.
THE FROSTING OF GLASS BY MIXTURES CONTAINING HYDROFLUORIC ACID AND ALKALI FLUORIDES1
Authors: Spencer C. D. , Ott L.
Published: June 2006

In this paper a number of experiments are described confirming the protection theory of acid frosting. A description is given also of an etching cell by means of which it is possible to observe, through a microscope, the initial stages and the progress of events during the acid etching of glass surfaces. A theory of the fortification or strengthening of abraded and acid‐etched surfaces is proposed and illustrated.
BUREAU OF STANDARDS INVESTIGATION OF FELDSPAR—SECOND PROGRESS REPORT1
Authors: Geller R. F.
Published: June 2006

The history and purpose of the investigation are outlined and detailed reports are made on (1) the results of air elutriation and coöperative sieve and chemical analyses of the nineteen feldspars being studied, (2) coöperative determinations of softening point, and (3) true specific gravity. The paper also includes a report on tests of mechanical strength, light transmission, porosity, volume shrinkage during firing, and thermal expansion of whiteware specimens in which the feldspars being studied were the only variable component.
A NEW HIGH TEMPERATURE FURNACE CONTROLLER1
Authors: Norton F. H.
Published: June 2006

The need for accurate control of an oil‐fired furnace operated at a temperature above the range of platinum thermocouples led to the development of a new type controller. Disadvantages of ordinary types of controllers are discussed. The mounting of the radiation pyrometer used is described. Full details of the construction and operating principles of the controller are given. Results obtained are far better than with most careful hand control.
STUDIES IN POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF POROUS BODIES1
Authors: Howe W. L. , Hudson C. J.
Published: June 2006

Definitions are given of porosity, permeability, and weight per unit volume. It is shown that these three terms are not synonymous, and that a change of permeability is not necessarily accompanied by a change in porosity.
MECHANICAL INTRODUCTION OF BARIUM TO CLAY BODIES1
Authors: Blair Marion W.
Published: June 2006

Several methods of introducing barium to clay bodies are discussed. These include addition (1) in a wet dilute solution, (2) in a wet concentrated solution, (3) dry by sprinkling on to the raw clay in the car before grinding. (4) dry to the dry pan or crusher in proportion to the speed of the machine. (5) dry from a disk feeder applying the clay to the pug mill.
COMPARISON OF THE EXPENSES FOR OPERATING THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF KILNS1
Authors: Kauffmann Otto
Published: June 2006

A comparison made of a system of six round kilns, a sixteen chamber Mendheim gas kiln, and a tunnel car kiln system Saarau shows the tunnel car kiln to have the best figures concerning amount of fuel and time of firing, but less favorable with regard to wages and amount of broken saggers. There is also a difference in the quality of the tile.
THE ADVANTAGE OF GOOD DESIGN IN TABLEWARE1
Authors: Holmes F. G.
Published: June 2006

Artistic design is a strong factor in the pottery industry, but is often forgotten. Sales are largely dependent upon design, rather than price, as is shown by examples cited. A plea is made for design more seriously considered, keeping away from imitation of domestic and foreign creations.
FLASHING AND OTHER UNIQUE DEVELOPMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH A MODERN TUNNEL KILN FACE BRICK PLANT1
Authors: Robson J. T. , Hartford F. M.
Published: June 2006

A few of the salient features uncommon in ordinary face brick plant design are brought out. Many of these are rendered necessary by the use of a tunnel kiln for firing. Details of plant layout, screen arrangement, method of introducing barium carbonate to the pug mill, the drier which is a combination of the waste heat and radiated heat types, and kiln design and operation are given.
STUDIES OF THE CHANGES IN THE VISCOSITY OF CLAY SLIPS AND GLAZE SUSPENSIONS ON AGING AND BY TREATMENT WITH ELECTROLYTES1
Authors: Bowman James R.
Published: June 2006

The rate and extent of the spontaneous thinning out of clay slips and glaze suspensions were measured; the effects of electrolytes on the viscosities of slips and glazes after aging until minimum viscosity was reached were investigated; measurements of the rate and extent of the spontaneous thinning of a glaze after treatment with electrolytes were made; and further experiments hearing on spontaneous thinning were conducted, such as heating the slip or glaze and the application of the colorimetric method in determining PH, etc.
III. PROGRESS REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF SAGGER CLAYS: THEIR ELASTICITY AND TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AT SEVERAL TEMPERATURES1
Authors: Heindl R. A. , Pendergast W. L.
Published: June 2006

This is a third Progress Report, based on data obtained in an extensive investigation of sagger clays for the purpose of determining the properties characterizing clays best suited to this type of service. The Report contains a brief description of the apparatus used in the determination of elasticity and transverse breaking strength at three temperatures, ranging up to 925°C. These data are correlated with thermal expansions of clays, as given in the second Progress Report, resulting in the formation of an empirical formula which indicates the relative resistance of saggers to failure due to thermal shock. The majority of clays show an increased rigidity or elasticity at the higher temperatures, but only those clays which are weak at room temperature indicate a marked increase in transverse strength.
A MICROPHOTOGRAPHIC STUDY OF FREE QUARTZ IN FELDSPAR1
Authors: Malinovszky A.
Published: June 2006

The study presented in this article is of the quantity and variations of the free quartz in feldspar estimated by means of microphotographs and calculations based upon them.