bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management, blood and reproductive parameters of rabbits reared in Imo State
Authors: Iwuji T C. , Egenuka F. C. , Nwapi D. O , Ogbuewu I. P. , Kadurumba E. O. , Egenuka F. C. , Okere P. C.
Published: February 2021

The management, haematological, serum biochemical and reproductive parameters of rabbits reared in the 3 zones (Okigwe, Orlu and Owerri) of Imo State were investigated. Data for this study were collected through questionnaire, on-the-farm assessment and fluid sample (blood and semen) from the rabbits. The hutch/cage type of housing is the most prevalent in Imo State, constituting 73.58 %. Most rabbit farmers in Imo State (45.28 %) combine concentrate and forage in rabbit feeding, 47.17 % of the rabbit house/environment were fairly clean, 30.19 % dirty and 22.64 % were clean. Rabbits with ages ranging from 5 – 8 months recorded average live weight of 1.91 kg, while annual average kindling and litter size of rabbit does reared in Imo State were 5.67 and 7.43, respectively; with average litter survival rate of 60.16 % between parturition and weaning. Haematological analysis of the adult rabbits recorded 27.80 %, 9.56 g/dl and 3.40 x 106/ml in packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration and red blood cell count, respectively, which were lower than normal reference values. Total serum protein, globulin and urea values were lower than normal reference values recording 4.44 g/dl, 1.57 g/dl and 16.56 mg/dl, respectively. Semen parameters obtained from adult rabbit bucks were inferior to semen parameters of adult rabbit bucks reared in similar geographical locations and environment, but under standard management practices. This study was therefore designed to assess the level of management, blood and reproductive parameters of rabbits in Imo State.
Effect of baobab fruit pulp meal on testosterone concentration and gonadal and epididymal morphometry of rabbit bucks in a hot environment
Authors: Anoh K. U.
Published: February 2021

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of baobab fruit pulp meal on testosterone concentration and gonadal and epididymal morphometry of rabbit bucks during hot season in Nigeria. A total of 25 bucks of 10-12 months old were used. There were five (5) rabbits per group grouped as follows; T1 (control) and T2-T5 (Diets with graded levels of BFPM at 2.5%,3.5%, 4.5% and 5.5% inclusion levels, respectively). The experiment lasted for nine weeks. All management practices were duly observed. Three bucks were selected from each treatment group and slaughtered. The two testes of each of the rabbits were carefully removed and evaluated for their morphometric. The weight, length and volume of each testis were determined. It was found that the treatments with 3.5 – 5.5% BFPM significantly (P<0.05) increased testosterone concentration, weight and size of the gonad and the epididymis. It was concluded that BFPM is more effective in ameliorating heat stress in rabbit production and reproduction and can be used up to 5.5% inclusion level.
Comparative performance and haematological profile of cockerel chickens debeaked at varied length and at different ages
Authors: Bolarinwa M. O. , Adeyemo G. O. , Awodele O. A.
Published: February 2021

An experiment was conducted to determine the comparative performance of cockerel chickens debeaked at varied length and at different ages. One hundred and ninety-five cockerel birds were purchased from a reputable hatchery, brooded and randomly allotted into 4 treatments of three replicates and 15 birds per replicate. Treatment 1 (T1) served as the control which contained 15 birds that were allotted into 3 replicates without debeaking. At the 4th week, 45 birds were debeaked at varied degrees of debeaking to form treatments 2, 3 and 4 respectively as follows: T2- 1/2 of upper beak and 1/2 of lower beak debeaked using 5 birds per replicate and 3 replicates per treatment, T3-1/2 of upper beak and 1/3 of lower beak debeaked using 5 birds per replicate and 3 replicates per treatment and T4- 1/3 of upper beak and ½ of lower beak were debeaked using 5 birds per replicate and 3 replicates per treatment as it was done in all other treatments. Also, the same procedures used for all the treatments in the 4th week as demonstrated above were repeated in the sixth, eighth and tenth week of age respectively so as to reflect the treatment effect at different ages. Data collected include: initial and final weight, daily feed intake, body weight gain and of haematological parameters. Results showed that varied degrees of debeaking examined significantly affected (p< 0.05) all the performance parameters considered:body weight gain, FCR, heterophil/lymphocyte ratio etc. It was therefore concluded that farmers should imbibe the practice of cutting half of the upper beak and half of the lower beak or one third of the upper beak and half of the lower beak (T2) preferably at the earlier stages of the birds' life as they gave better values for the performance parameters considered.
Nutrient retention, haematology and serum biochemistry of cockerels fed graded levels of cassava (Manihot esculenta) grit supplemented with moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf meal
Authors: Okosun S. E. , Eguaoje S. A.
Published: February 2021

A sixteen week trial was conducted to assess the effect of replacing cassava grit supplemented with Moringa leaf meal (MLM) for maize on the nutrient retention, haematology and serum biochemistry of 120 “day old” Harco cockerel chickens. Four experimental cockerel starter and finisher diets were formulated with diet 1 formulated to contain 0% cassava grit while diet 2, 3 and 4 were formulated to contain cassava grit at 33.3, 66.6 and 100% replacement for maize with 5% of moringa leaf meal inclusion in diets 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Chicks were randomly assigned to the four treatment diets in a completely randomized designed (CRD). Result on nutrient digestibility show that crude fibre was significantly (P<0.05) affected by the treatment diets with highest values of 68.21 recorded in birds fed diet 4. Ash and NFE were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by the treatment diets with highest mean values (50.81 and 55.15) observed in birds placed on 100% CGM. Haematological indices revealed that Packed Cell Volume was significantly (P<0.05) highest 32.17% among birds fed the control diet. However, neutrophil was significantly (P<0.05) affected by the treatment diets with highest value 17.67% recorded in birds fed the control diet. Serological study revealed that Albumin value was significantly (P<0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments with highest value (1.60mg/dl) recorded among birds fed 33.3% CGM based diet. Therefore, Cassava grit can replace maize up to 66.6% inclusion level with 5% appropriate supplementation with moringa leaf meal in cockerel diet for optimum nutrient utilization and blood quality.
Sedative and analgesic potentials of dexmedetomidine gluconate using constant rate infusion technique in rabbit
Authors: Sogebi E. A. O.
Published: February 2021

Rabbits are easily stressed. Stress can be caused by pain, disease, unfamiliar surroundings, transport, rough handling or proximity of potential predators. Thus, this study was conceived to evaluate the effective sedative and analgesic doses of dexmedetomide gluconate in rabbits using the constant rate infusion (CRI) technique. Eight healthy adult New Zealand White rabbits with an average weight of 1.93 ± 0.33kg were used for the study. They were starved of feed for three hours before the experiment but were supplied water sufficiently. The CRI infusion was prepared by adding 1mcgkg-1 into 500mL bags of lactated ringer's solution. Each rabbit received an initial dose of 20mcgkg-1 dexmedetomidine® intramuscularly at the thigh muscle. Venous access was secured fifteen minutes later and the fluid prepared for CRI was connected to the cannular, the fluid was set to flow at daily fluid maintenance rate of 90mlkgday-1 for one hour. The procedure was repeated replacing 20mcgkg-1 with 40mcgkg-1. Neither sedation nor analgesia was achieved with 20mcgkg-1 dexmedetomidine® while 40mcgkg-1 gave mild to moderate sedation, however, no analgesic effect was observed with the two dose regimes. In conclusion, sedation was achieved with 40mcgkg-1 but no analgesic effect was achieved in both doses used.
Nutritional value of the visceral mass of three giant African land snail species ( and )
Authors: Ademolu K. O. , Onadeko D. E. , Mselbwala F. M. , Oropo A.
Published: February 2021

Edible snails are very important as food and adequate information is available on their nutritional, medicinal, and economic benefits. Though themore commonly consumed portion is the flesh, some people however consume the visceral mass, hence the need to determine its nutritional benefits. Two structures of the visceral mass (albumen gland and common hermaphrodite duct) of Archachatina marginata, Achatina achatina and Achatina fulica were analyzed to determine their proximate, mineral, and antinutrient  compositions.The albumen glands in the three snail species had higher protein (36.81±0.02% -42.69±0.02%) and carbohydrate contents (0.62±0.01% - 0.72±0.02%) than hermaphroditic duct, while the hermaphroditic ducts had the higher moisture content (78.46±0.02 ±0.01% - 80.55±0.01%). A margin at a had the highest total nutrients value and the highest total anti-nutrients value;A. achatina had the lowest total nutrients value and A. fulica had the lowest total ant-nutrients value. This study showed that the edible parts of the visceral mass are nutritious and suitable to be used as food and feed.
Blood profile and organ weights of broilers fed variously processed seed meal
Authors: Ewa U. E. , Akinmutimi A. H. , Onunkwo D. N. , Amaefula K. U.
Published: February 2021

Blood profile and organ weights of broilers fed variously processed Mucuna seed meal were investigated.A total of 120 day old broiler chickens were used. There were 4 treatments each replicated into 3 with 10 birds per replicate in a completely randomized design(CRD). Four treatment diets were formulated.Diet1served as control containing raw Mucuna, whilediets 2, 3, and 4 had boiled Mucuna, Mucuna boiled with ankanwu and boiled Mucuna mix with enzyme, respectively added to them. The birds were allowed 7 days to get stabilized before being randomly assigned to the experimental diets that lasted for 49 days. There were no significant (P>0.05) differences in the organ weights except for intestine, spleen and lungs. The value of the intestine ranged from 4.30% (D4) to 5.20% (D2). D4 was significantly ((P<0.05) lower than D2 butcompared favourably with D1 (4.51)and D3 (4.62). Significant ((P<0.05) differences existed only in haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC). The MCHC values ranged from 30.67 in D4 to 34.69% in D2. The value for D4 was significantly (P<0.05) lower than those of D1, D2, and D3 which was not significantly (P>0.05) different. The Hb and MCHC were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the processing of MSS. Total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, globulin and alkaline phosphatase were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the processing method employed in conclusion it is observed that 5% inclusion of Mucuna either raw or processed to broiler chicken diets does, does not have any deleterious effect on them health wise since blood and organs characteristics are used to measure the health status of animal.
Evaluation of haemoglobin variants of Red Sokoto goats and Yankasa sheep in Beji, Niger State, Nigeria: Effect on body weight and reproductive parameters
Authors: Garba H. , Musa J. , Egena S .S. A. , Alemede I. C.
Published: February 2021

Blood was sampled from 76 Red Sokoto (RS) goats and 76 Yankasa Sheep (YS) to evaluate Haemoglobin (Hb) genotypes and their effect on body weight and some reproductive parameters of the animals. The blood samples were analyzed by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The electrophoretic test revealed the presence of three co-dominant alleles (A, B and C) which produced four haemoglobin genotypes (AA, AB, BB andBC) in RS goats, and two codominantalleles (AandB) which gave rise to two haemoglobin genotypes (AA and AB) in YS. The frequencies of alleles A, B and C were 0.32, 0.61 and 0.07 in RS goats; and 0.945 and 0.055 for alleles A and B in YS. The estimated heterozygosities were 0.406 and 0.118 in RS goats and YS while the estimated inbreeding coefficients were 0.009 and 0.008 in the RS goats and YS, respectively. The observed and expected genotype frequencies deviated significantly from the expected Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P 0.05;chi-square=7.82for RS goats, P 0.01;chi-square = 13.13 for YS).There were significant (P<0.05) differences observed in the body weight of male YS as a result of the Hb type; individuals with Hb AB were observed to have higher body weight (44.00 kg) compared to those with Hb AA (22.83 kg).No significant (P>0.05) difference was observed however in the body weight of RS goats. Male YS with Hb AB had longer (P 0.05) scrotum (26.00 kg) and wider scrotal circumference (33.00 kg) compared to those with Hb AA (18.83kg;25.67kg,respectively). No significant (P>0.05) difference was however observed in there productive parameters of RS goats. It was concluded that polymorphism exist at the Hb locus in the YS and RS goats sampled in Beji and this had an influence on body weight and the reproductive parameters evaluated particularly in the sheep. More heterozygotes were also observed in the population studied there by leading to alow rate of in breeding coefficient in the animals.
Lactation curves and persistency of White Fulani and Sokoto Gudali lactating cows
Authors: Odegbile O. E. , Adedibu I. I. , Alphonsus C.
Published: February 2021

The aim of this study was to determine the lactation curve traits of White Fulani (WF) and Sokoto Gudali (SG) lactating cows. Wood's gamma and Wilmink's curve parameters were employed to identify the lactation curve types and values for the parameters beginning yield (a) , coefficient of rising (b), coefficient of decreasing (c)t=timeande= is the exponential.The parameter assumed a fixed value derived from a preliminary analysis and disassociated with the time at peak yield were used to determine the shape and type of lactation curve. All Parameters in a typical lactation curves were positive, and in the event of one parameter being negative, the curve was considered to be an atypical lactation curve. Lactation records from WF (n=96)and SG (n=130) cows were recorded in the study area between year 2016-2017. Cows were hand-milked twice per day in the morning and evening from the 5 day post-partum till the end of the lactation period (260-270 days).Prediction equation of milk yield showed R values ranging from (32.00) in the SG to (35.00) in the WF. It was observed that the Wood's model curves were typical while Wilmink's model curves were atypical respectively. For typical lactation curves, a, b, c, persistency (S), time after parturition until the peak yield occurs (T ), maximum daily peak yield (Y ), and coefficient of determination (R ) were - 0.25±0.13, 1.08±0.07, 0.23±0.19, 2.34,51.00,2.62 and 97 for WF lactating cows and - 0.23 ± 0.14,1.13 ± 0.08, 0.07± 0.03, 2.33, 51.26, 2.58 and 96 for SG Lactating cows respectively. Parameters predicted by the Wood's model have the potential of being useful for breeding programmes in the SG and WF cows.
Isolation and antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria from milk of apparently healthy goats in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
Authors: Olufemi F. O. , Odunfa O. A. , Akinduti P. A. , Kehinde O. B.
Published: February 2021

Milk contaminated with antibiotic resistant bacteria can be a major threat to public health. This study wasconducted toinvestigate the antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates from goat's milk in Abeokuta. Nine (9) bacteria species comprising 182 isolates were identified in 73 milk samples collected from six (6) different places located some 2 - 50 kilometers apart in Abeokuta. Isolation and identification of the bacteria species were carried out using standard microbiological procedures. The bacteria species were Pseudomonas spp (22.28%), Micrococcus spp (21.74%), Staphylococcus aureus (19.02%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (15.22%), Enterobacter spp (8.70%), Bacillus spp (5.43%), Pasteurella spp (4.89%), Escherichia coli (2.17%), and Citrobacter spp (0.54%). Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates and minimum inhibitory concentration were determined using a panel of 10 antibiotics by disc diffusion method and standard guidelines. The bacterial load from milk samples obtained in various locations are as follows:-DUFARMS,0.1-1.2x10 cfu/mL;Eweje, 0.6-1.2x10 cfu/mL; Odeda, 0.6-3.5x10 cfu/mL; Elite, 1.0-5.5x10 cfu/mL; Elega, 0.1- 2.52x10 cfu/mL; and Obantoko 0.16-1.04x10 cfu/mL. The mean counts were 0.54 ± 0.40x10 cfu/mL; 0.78 ±0.13x10 cfu/mL; 1.83±1.23x10 cfu/mL; 2.58 ±1.45x10 cfu/mL; 8.51 ±5.60x10 cfu/mL and 4.14 ±3.90 x10 cfu/mL respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility results showed that the organisms were 100% resistant to Amoxicillin,86.26% to Ceftriazone, 84.62% to Streptomycin, 82.42% to Chloramphenicol and 78.02% to Cotrimoxazol. However, the isolates were only 6.04% resistant to Ofloxacin and 11.54% to Pefloxacin suggesting that these might just be the only two antibiotics that the pathogens might respond to. In conclusion, microbes that are ordinarily commensals may be highly resistant to commonly used Antibiotics. This could pose serious problems in managing outbreaks associated these microbes. Reservoirs for bacterial resistance may be present in healthy animal populations and research is needed to accurately quantify the problem, propose and evaluate practicable solutions. There is the need to clarify the role of environmental factors, agents, and transmission of bacterial resistance in apparently healthy livestock.
Determination of proximate and phytochemical composition of African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) forage
Authors: Afolayan M. , Afolayan S. B. , Muhammad M. A.
Published: February 2021

Browse plants is one of the cheapest sources of feed for ruminants and other farm animals. The leaf of African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa), a tree belonging to the family leguminoceae was studied. The Locust bean foliage (LBF) was evaluated for the proximate and antinutritional factors. The proximate analysis showed that LBF had high crude protein (16.23%), dry matter DM (90.05%), crude fibre CF (21.36%), low fats (0.68%), ash (6.11) and soluble carbohydrate (55.62%). Anti–nutrients contents included oxalates (4.02 mg/100g), phytate (0.06 mg/100g), trypsin (0.44g/100g), saponin (2.80 mg/100g), cyanide (1.60 mg/100g), tannin (24.15 mg/100g) and alkaloid (6.70 mg/100g). The values obtained for the proximate composition may be an indication that LBF is a promising browse plants which could be fed to the grazing animals during the dry season, when fresh forages are scarce.
Growth performance of heat stressed rabbits fed diets supplemented with synthetic and organic antioxidants
Authors: Anoh K. U. , Barje P. P. , Iyeghe-Erakpotobor G. T. , Akpa G. N.
Published: February 2021

The aimof the studywas to evaluate the growth performance of heat stressed rabbits fed diets supplemented with synthetic and organic antioxidants. The antioxidants used were bicarbonate buffers, vitamin C and baobab fruit pulp meal (BFPM). A total of thirty (30) growing rabbits were used. The rabbits were allotted into the treatment groups with six (6) rabbits per treatment in a completely randomized design. Rabbits in the first group (T ) were the control, animals in treatment 2 and treatment 3 (T ) and (T ) were fed similar diets as in the control but with potassium bicarbonate (KHCO ) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO ) buffer solutions, respectively. Rabbits in treatment four (T ) were fed diet containing synthetic vitamin C and the fifth group (T ) were fed diet containing Baobab Fruit PulpMeal (BFPM). Rabbits were given access to feed and water ad libitum. All recommended managerial practices were duly observed.Microclimate parameters of ambient temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH) of the rabbitry were taken daily from February through June. The values were used to calculate temperature-humidity index (THI). It was found that vitamin C and BFPM significantly (P<0.05) enhanced feed intake compared to the treatments with buffers. It was concluded that BFPM is more effective in ameliorating heat stress in rabbit production and can be used up to 5.5% inclusion level.
Nutrients intake and weight gain ofWest African dwarf goats fed maize offal substituted with urea-molasses treated cassava peel diets
Authors: Fajemisin A. N. , Ibhaze G. A. , Fadiyimu A. A. , Ogunjemite G. E.
Published: February 2021

A study that involved 20West African dwarf (WAD) goats aged 1½ - 2 years with an average live weight of 13.86 ± 0.14 kg was carried out to evaluate nutrients intake, digestibility, Weight gain, nitrogen balance and feed to gain ratio of WAD goats fedmaize offal substituted with urea-molasses treated cassava peels meal. The goats were divided into 5 groups of four goats per group and allotted to individual pens in a completely randomized design. The experimental period lasted 63days excluding two weeks of adaptation. Five diets were formulated such thatmaize offal was substitutedwith ensiled urea-molasses cassava peels at ratio 0% (A), 20% (B), 30% (C), 40% (D), 50% (E) respectively. The drymatter ranged from 91.26 (diet E) to 91.69% (diet A) while diet B had highest NDF (32.39%) and energy (16.61KJ/100gDM). The crude protein content ranged between 16.31 (diet A) and 23.30% (diet E) and increased with the increased inclusion of urea-molasses treated cassava peel meal in the diets. Nutrients intake, apparent digestibility, dailyweight gain, nitrogen balance and feed to gain ratio were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by the treatments except hemicelluloses and cellulose. The highest dry matter (549.42g/day) and crude protein (108. 95g/day) intake were observed in goats fed diet C. All the diets were adequately utilized however, goats fed diet B have the best weight gain (61.90g/day) and convert their feed to flesh better (8.52) than others goats.Hence, the diet was palatable, acceptable and tolerable to the goats without a sign of ill-health. Thus, maize offal replaced with ensiled 20% ureamolasses treated cassava peelsmeal could be a good source of protein and energy that would enhance nutrient utilization by ruminants during difficultmonths of the dry season.
Sour sop (Annona muricata L) leaf meal enhanced growth ofWest African Dwarf goats
Authors: Kuka T. T. , Anayo P.
Published: February 2021

Apart from the use of sour sop (Annonamuricata) as food crop, the leaves, seeds andmany of the plant parts are used in traditional medicine for treatment of kidney problems, fever with antispasmodic, antidysenteric, and parasiticidal activity. Thus, a 63 day study was conducted to evaluate the feed potentials and effect of sour sop (Annona muricata) leafmeal (AMLM) on growth performance ofWest African dwarf (WAD) weaned goats. Nine (9)WAD goats were grouped into three and assigned diets containing 0%, 10%, and 20%Annona leaf meal.Formulated feedswere offered at3%of bodyweight in themorning andgmelina leaves later in the day. Feed intake was recorded daily while weight gain was taken weekly and feed conversion ratio was calculated to determine growth performance. Proximate composition of the leaf meal was determined according AOAC, (2000). The result showed high metabolisable energy, dry matter, ash, and crude fiber of 2563.5Kcal/Kg, 93.91%, 10.62% and 16.20% respectively,moderate level of nitrogen free extract (42.39%) and crude protein (20.41%) which is an indication thatAnnonamuricata leafmeal could be a suitable feedstuff for ruminant animals. The performance results showed that feed intake was significantly higher in group 1(0%AMLM) and lower in group 3(20%AMLM). However, no significant (P>0.05) differences were observed among the groups on weight gain and feed conversion ratio proving that the diet treatment had no significant effect on the goats. Therefore,Annona muricata leafmeal could be an alternative to high-cost goat nutritionwithout compromising growth performance.
Influence of feeding different calcium levels in layers diet on the mineral content ofthe eggs and shells
Authors: Akinola L. A. F. , Obene C. I.
Published: February 2021

This study was conducted to determine the influence of feeding calcium levels in layers' diet on the mineral content of the eggs and shells. One hundred and twenty black Harco layers which were 42 weeks old were randomly assigned to four treatment groups designated as T1, T2, T3 and T4 in a completely randomized design. Each treatment consisted of three replicates which had 10 birds each. The set of 10 hens were kept in each demarcation in an open-sided poultry house (deep litter) well-constructed with cages for egg collection. The calcium inclusion levels in the diets were: T1= 2.5 %, T2= 3.5 % (control), T2= 4.5 % and T4= 5.5%. Daily routine practices such as feeding, cleaning, and environmental sanitation werecarried out to ensure better results. Hygienic condition and routine management practices were also carried out during the experimental period. At the end of 12 weeks of study six eggs were collected per replicate (18 eggs per treatment) for the study of the mineral content of the egg and the calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) concentration of the eggshell. From the result obtained, the egg minerals were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the diets except the phosphorus and sodium (Na) content. Treatment 4 had a significantly higher level of calcium while the lowest was T1. Furthermore, T1 had the highest level of potassium (K) which was significantly different (P<0.05) from others while the lowest was T4. The calcium content of the egg shell was significantly (P<0.05) different amongst the treatment groups with T1 having the highest level while T4 had the lowest. The phosphorus content of the shell was also significantly (P<0.05) affected across the treatment groups with T1 having the highest level of phosphorus and the lowest in T2. It was therefore concluded that increasing the level of calcium up to 5.5% may favor dietary minerals and the nutrition of man who are the end users of egg since Ca plays a vital role in body metabolism.
Challenges of poultry production in Nigeria: A review
Authors: Anosike F. U. , Rekwot G. Z. , Owoshagba O. B. , Ahmed S. , Atiku J. A.
Published: February 2021

This study provides a review on the challenges facing poultry production in Nigeria and the possible solution. The study considered the socio-economic roles of poultry to include; means of livelihood and a way of achieving a certain level of economic independence, meeting human needs for dietary animal protein supply, source of foreign earnings and opportunities for saving, investment and security against risks for small-scale poultry farmers. This paper reviewed the challenges of poultry production in Nigeria and how the rate of production in the industry has slowed down. These challenges included; high rate of disease and pest attack, lack of loan and credit procurement, lack of technical knowledge, high rate of mortality, high cost of poultry feed, supply of poor quality chicks, inadequate poultry extension services, and inadequate access to and high cost of veterinary services, as reported by Possible solutions to these challenges are not farfetched, which included; intervention of veterinary in order to cub losses due to diseases, technical know-how for improving production should be made available to poultry keepers through extension service, poultry farmers should be encouraged to form cooperative societies or join existing one to be able to access loan for their business and addressing these challenges will prove vital to increase production, increase animal protein availability and consumption, and reduce the rate of food insecurity.
Egg laying performance and economics of production of japanese quails fed diets containing peeled and cooked sweet potato meal
Authors: Edache J. A. , Tuleun C. D. , Oluremi O. I. A. , Carew S. N.
Published: February 2021

Japanese quails are small in size, early maturing, come to egg production between 5 and 6 week of life, hardy and prolific but requires local feeds for sustainability. Thus, a feeding trial which lasted for six months was carried out to investigate the effect of feeding peeled and cooked sweet potato tuber on hen-day egg production and economics of production of Japanese quails. Five isonitrogenous (20%CP) diets were compounded. The control diet (A) had zero sweet potato tuber meal. In the other four diets, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of maize was replaced with peeled and cooked sweet potato tuber meal. Three hundred point-of-lay female Japanese quail birds were randomly allotted to the diets in a completely randomized design.Feed and water were provided ad libitum for six months. Each diet was allocated to 60 quail chicks, which were further divided into three replicates of 20 birds each to determine the performance characteristics of the quails. Feed intake, body weight change, age at first eggs, age at 50% egg production, age at 75% egg production, hen-day egg production, hen-housed egg production and feed per dozen eggs were similar (pﬁ 0.05) across the diets. Water intake birds on diet A was significantly (pﬁ 0.05) lower than the birds on the sweet potato diets. Water intake was significantly (pﬁ 0.05) higher by birds on diet D (51.93ml/bird/day) than those on diets A (42.60) and C (46.68mL/bird/day). Total cost of production did not differ significantly across the diets. Gross margin was significantly higher on diet C (N67, 227.64) than on the other diets except for diet D (N65, 795.52). Results showed that peeled and cooked sweet potato can completely replace maize in the diet of laying quails without adverse effects on performance or on economics of production
Assessment of semen characteristics of rabbit bucks administered hydro-alcoholic extract of Phoenix dactylifera fruit
Authors: Imaseun J. A. , Odigie S.
Published: February 2021

The semen characteristics of 24 rabbit bucks of age 28-32 weeks weighing between 1.0-1.5kg was assessed after the administration of hydroalcoholic extract of phoenix dactylifera (date palm) fruit. Phoenix dactylifera hydroalcoholic extract (HAEPD) was administered to four treatment groups at varied levels having T1 (no extract), T2 (300mg), T3 (600mg) and T4 (900mg) in a completely randomized design. The following semen parameters were assessed in the bucks after the administration of HAEDP for 56 days (i.e volume (mL), massal motility (%), individual motility (%), viability (%), morphology (%), libido (sec), liquefaction (min)and semen pH). The results obtained showed that semen volume (mL) was highest at 600mg dose of the extract (77mL) being significantly (P<0.05) higher than other treatment groups between which were not different from each other. No significant differences (p>0.05) were observed across treatment groups for mass motility (%). Individual motility of T3 (600mg) and T4 (900mg) were significantly (P<0.05) higher than T1(0mg) and T2(300mg). Sperm viability (%) and concentration (x106/ml) were higher in treatment groups receiving date palm extract compared to the control. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in morphology (%) and liquefaction (min). reaction time (sec) was lower in T3 and T4 compared to control and T2. PH ranged between 6.10-6.33 (slightly acidic) across treatment groups. In conclusion, date palm extract positively influenced sperm volume and sperm concentration in rabbit bucks.
Methods of improving the quality of fish seed supply to fish farmers in Benue State, Nigeria
Authors: Ogunremi J. B. , Dauda A. K. , Akor F. O.
Published: February 2021

Methods of improving the quality of fish seed supply to fish farmers in Benue State were studied. Data were obtained from one hundred and thirty three fish farmers' using multistage random sampling technique. Structured questionnaire was used to obtain information from the respondents; data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi square to test relationship between the variables. The result showed that 53.83% of the fish farmers source their fish seeds from the wild. Methods of improving the quality of fish seed supply through brood-stock management were culture method (97.10%), feeding (94.10%) and genetic composition (97.0%). The major constraints to the methods of improving the quality of fish seed supply were respondents' technical knowhow (99.2%), inconsistent government policy (99.20%), lack of government assistance (97.0%) and inadequate extension services (97.0%). The Chi square analysis showed significant relationship between brood stock management and methods of improving the quality of fish seed supply (p<0.05). Also, significant relationship existed between methods of improving the quality of fish seed supply and constraints, inadequate water supply, scarcity of feed, poor brood stock management and lack of government assistance. Government should encourage the fish seed production industry by providing infrastructures, formulation and effective enforcement of consistent policies and provision of credit facilities to fish farmers.
Comparative studies on the yield of some herbaceous legumes and effects of storage on the quality of their pellets
Authors: Ojo V. O. A. , Oyaniran D. K. , Adewumi O. O. , Adeyemi T. A. , Muraina T. O.
Published: February 2021

Dry matter yield of herbaceous legumes and effects of storage length of their pellets on the chemical composition were investigated. A two phased field and laboratory experiment were conducted. In the first experiment, the yield of the forage legumes using a 5 x 2 factorial experiment consisting of five herbaceous legumes (Lablab purpureus, Mucuna pruriens, Centrosema molle, Centrosema pascorum and Calopogonium mucunoides) and two harvesting ages (6 and 12 weeks after sowing) laid out in a split-plot design was determined. The second experiment was the selection of herbaceous legumes with higher yields from Experiment 1 using a 3 x 4 factorial experiment consisting of the three herbaceous legumes (L. purpureus, C. mucunoides and M. pruriens) used to make pellets and four storage lengths (0 i.e. fresh, 30, 60 and 90 days). Treatments in both experiments were replicated three times. Results showed that legumes harvested 12 weeks after sowing (WAS) had significantly (P < 0.05) higher dry matter yield (2.73 t ha-1) than legumes at 6 WAS, while Lablab purpureus1 produced the highest (P < 0.05) dry matter yield (2.94 t ha ) of the legumes evaluated.. The physical characteristics of the herbaceous legumes pellets such as colour, odour and moldiness at different storage length showed that they were between fair and good pellets. The L. purpureus and M. pruriens had higher (P < 0.05) CP content than C. mucunoides. Differences in the CP content of pellets with the storage lengths employed was not significant (P > 0.05). Higher oxalate, phytate and saponin contents were found in mucunoides pellets than in other legumes pellets while the tannin content was in the order of M. pruriens (43.63 mg kg-1) > L. purpureus (26.00 mg kg-1) > C. mucunoides (20.31 mg kg-1). In conclusion, increasing age at harvest increased the yield of the legumes, while increasing storage duration decreased the CP content but increased the NDF, ADF and saponin content of the pellets.
Response of finisher broiler birds fed graded levels of yam peel meal as an energy source in maize-based diet
Authors: Ukonu E. C. , Ohanaka A. U. C. , Uzegbu H. O. , Onunkwo D. N. , Oduehie T. C. , Obih T. K. , Ekenyem B. U.
Published: February 2021

The aim of this experiment is to determine the response of finisher broiler birds to graded  levels of yam peel meal as an energy source to place of maize. One hundred and twenty four weeks old Marshal broiler birds were used in a 28 day feeding trial to evaluate the growth performance of the broilers. The birds were assigned into four treatment groups of 30 birds each, which were further replicated in triplicate of 10 birds per replicate in a completely randomized design (CRD). Four experimental diets containing 0, 5, 10 and 15% inclusion of YPM were formulated and offered to birds during the study. At the end of the experiment, results obtained showed no treatment effect (p>0.05) in growth performance. Birds on YPM based diets recorded similar growth performance with the control suggesting that YPM had positive effect on the experimental birds.
Response of broiler chickens fed single straight diet fortified with fish meal
Authors: Onunkwo D. N. , Okocha C. N.
Published: February 2021

This study was carried out to evaluate the growth performance, cut parts characteristics and organ proportions of broiler chickens fed single straight diet fortified with fish meal. The basal diet was augmented with fishmeal to take the crude protein from 22% to 28%. One hundred and twenty day-old broiler chicks were used in this study which lasted for six weeks. The birds were randomly distributed into 4 treatments (T , T , T and T ) that were replicated hree times with 10 birds per replicate. The replicate T , T , T and T had different inclusion ate of crude protein which were 22%, 24%, 26% and 28% all with an energy level of 2900kcal/kg. Parameters measured were the initial body weight, final body weight, values calculated include average daily feed intake, average body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. There were no significant differences observed in all the growth parameters measured. No significant differences (p>0.05) were observed in the cut parts characteristics and internal organ proportions measured. Taking all the parameters measured into consideration it suggests that in this single straight diet for broiler chicken, there were no adverse effects on their growth performance. Therefore, the four treatment diets were good enough to give body weight in the range of 2-2.5kg that resulted in dressed carcass weight of 1.35-1.5kg, a range of weight that the fast food lines desire.
Influence of creep diet on blood profile of West African dwarf lambs raised in humid tropical environment
Authors: Ebuzor C. A. , Ahamefule F. O. , Prudent O. I. , Okoye L. E. , Nzotta A. L. , Ukonu A. B. , Orji C. A. , Onunkwo D. N. , Oden M. O.
Published: February 2021

A 70-day feeding trial was carried out to determine the influence of creep diets onhaematological and biochemical blood profile of West African dwarf lambs maintained in a humid tropical environment. Nine lambs at 6 weeks of age were completely randomized into three equal groups and each subsequently subjected to one of three nutritional regimens from 6 to 16 weeks post-partum (point of weaning). Lambs in group 1 (control) suckled their dams only (diet A). Groups 2 and 3 lambs, were in addition to suckling, given supplementary rations formulated to contain 10.0% Soya bean and groundnut cakes (diets B and C) in concentrate mix, respectively. Animals in supplemented groups were offered concentrate diets at 3% of their body weights throughout the trial. Except for MCH, PCV and MCHC, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in values of other haematological parameters measured. AST and creatinine values were however similar (P>0.05), but significant differences (P<0.05) existed in values of other blood biochemical indices measured. Results of this study showed that creep feeding of lambs stabilizes haematological and biochemical blood profile which is indicative of normal health and nutritional status of the animals.
Effect of genotype on fertility and hatchability traits of F locally-adapted turkey of Nigeria
Authors: Nosike R.K. , Nwakpu O.F. , Igwe R.O. , Obasi E.N. , Nwose R.N. , Onunkwo D.N. , Amaduruonye W. , Inyang E.C.
Published: February 2021

A total of 78 one day-old random-bred Nigerian local turkey poults were used to produce another 232 day-old poults in two planned experiments to characterize and discriminate Nigerian local turkey based on fertility and hatchability traits. Three phenotypic classes (black, white and spotted)were obtained as base population and used to generate F progeny. Experimental design was a randomized complete block (RCBD) with phenotypic class as major factor of interest and hatches as block. Results showed that there was significant difference (p
Organosomatic indices and tissues bacteriological changes of Clarias gariepinus On feeds supplemented with neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves and turmeric (Curcuma longa)rhizome extracts
Authors: Olusola S. E. , Olawoye O. P. , Olaifa F. E.
Published: February 2021

The study evaluated the effect of dietary doses of neem leaves and turmeric rhizome extracts on tissue bacteriology and organosomatic indices of Clarias gariepinus juveniles. Nine experimental diets containing control (0%),NL2 (1%),NL 3 (2%),NL 4 (3%), TR 5 (1%), TR 6 (2%), TR 7 (3%), CHRL 8 (15mg/kg diet) and CHRL 9 (30mg /kg diet) were formulated and replicated twice at 40% crude protein for 84 days. Microbial analyses of water, fish tissue and organ index of C. gariepinus were examined after 28, 56 and 84 days of feeding. Data were analyzed using ANOVA at p = 0.05. The results revealed that the fish fed treated experimental diets had decreased values of enterobacteriacea and total viable counts of bacterial loads from the water and fish tissues than the control at 28, 56 and 84 days. Turmeric rhizome extracts performed better when compared to the neem leaves and control. Also, organ index showed that liver, kidney and heart were not significantly increased in all the treated groups and the control. Neemleaves and turmeric rhizome extracts could be used in organic aquaculture to stimulate immunity, reduce and prevent bacterial infections in fish farming.
Effect of three commercial floating fish feeds on survival and growth performance of juvenile African catfish (Clarias gariepinus )
Authors: Raimi C. O. , Diyaolu D. O. , Balogun A. T.
Published: February 2021

There is paucity of information regarding efficiency and suitability of most imported floating feeds used for growing catfish in Nigeria. This study therefore determined proximate compositions of three commercial floating fish feeds (Vital Feed, Top Feed and Allier Aqua Feed) and their effects on growth parameters when fed to juvenile African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). 65 litre capacity rectangular plastic tanks were stocked with healthy juveniles catfish of similar average weight were fed with these feeds for a period of 56 days (8weeks at the rate of 20 fish per tank. A triplicate trial was maintained for each feed, totalling nine tanks in all and 60 fish per feed. The tanks were labelled based on the type of feed. The rearing water quality parameters were monitored throughout the experiment. The results indicated that catfish fed with Top Feed had significantly (p80%) were observed in all groups while water quality parameters were not affected due to the feed offered. The results of the proximate composition attested to the fact that feed with high protein and lipid contents results in better fish growth i.e. Top feeds with high protein (45.16±2.73) and Allier Aqua with high (13.00±2.11) content. Variations in growth parameters and estimated cost of feeding observed in the present study imply that catfish that catfish farmers should exercise great caution in selecting commercial floating feeds for their fish since these feeds produce different growth effects on fish.
Proximate composition, phytochemical screening and some antinutritional factors of three accessions of lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus ) an underutilized legume
Authors: Soetan K. O. , Atanda T. N.
Published: February 2021

Lima bean (LB) (Phaseolus lunatus) is an underutilized legumein Nigeria and West Africa despite its numerous nutritional benefits. This study evaluated the proximate composition, phytochemical screening and antinutritional factors (ANFs) of three accessions of Lima beans; LB 001, LB 011 and LB 015 from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Oyo State. All analyses were done using standard protocols. Statistical analysis was done using descriptive statistics. Result of proximate analysis revealed that LB 011 recorded the highest value for crude protein (25.70 0.06%), crude fat (3.10 0.05%) and crude fibre (3.20 0.06%) and moisture content (9.3 0.16%), LB 015 recorded the highest value for ash (3.90 0.04%), nitrogen free extract (60.35 0.20%) while LB001 gave the highest value for drymatter (92.30 2.50%).Phytochemical screening revealed presence of saponin, flavonoid and alkaloid in the three accessions of LB while anthraquinone and cardiac glycoside were absent in all the LB accessions. Results of ANFs showed that LB 001 recorde the highest value for alkaloid (56.67±5.78mg/g), LB 015 gave the highest value for tannin (93.33±2.89 mg/g) and saponin (61.67±2.89 mg/g) while LB 011 had the highest oxalate content (30±5.00mg/g). The study concluded that the three accessions of lima beans have high levels of crude protein, crude fat and ash and phytochemicals, which compared favourably with that of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), a conventional legume. However, the ANFs present in LBneed adequate processing for their reduction and optimal utilization as a protein source for human and animals.
Growth performance of starter broiler chickens fed processed African yam bean meal as protein source in place of soyabean meal
Authors: Anyaegbu B. C. , Onunkwo D. N. , Ezike J. C. , Ogbonna A. C. , Amanze L.
Published: February 2021

Protein source like soyabean meal is expensive and constitutes about 15-30% of poultry and pig diets. Thus, the study was carried out to determine the growth performance of starter broiler chickens fed processed African yam bean meal as protein source in place of soyabean meal in their diets. The processed African yam bean meal (AYBM) was used to replace soyabean meal at various levels to determine the best level that would give optimal performance in starter broilers. The African yam bean seeds were procured at Ndioro market in Abia state and were sorted to remove stones and dirt by sieving. The seeds were soaked in water for 24 hours in large vats and then, the water was removed and the seeds were air dried for 3 days. The seeds were then toasted for 35 minutes in a frying pan, milled using hammer mill to obtain processed African yam bean meal, and then stored in bags until used. The proximate composition of processed African yam bean meal showed that it contained 8.29% moisture, 91.71% dry matter, 3.40% ash, 21.12% crude protein, 5.0% ether extract, 5.73% crude fibre and 56.46% nitrogen free extract. In the starter feeding trial, the processed African yam bean was used to replace soyabean meal at levels of 0, 10, 15, 20 and 25% respectively in the control diet. Each starter diet was fed to a group of 30 broiler chicks for 4 weeks using completely randomized design. Each treatment was divided into 3 replicates of 10 broiler chicks each. The broiler chicks were kept in pens in deep litter and given feed and water ad libitum. Parameters measured include; initial body weight, final body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and cost of production. In the starter broiler feeding trial, the group on 10% processed AYBM compared favourably with the control (P>0.05) in terms of feed intake, feed conversion ratio and body weight gain. Cost of production per kg (was lowest for diet 2 (N463.38) against N471.63 for those on control diet. The result of the trial has shown that processed African Yam bean meal can be used to replace soyabean meal in the diet at 10% for optimum performance of starter broilers without affecting the body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio.