bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of Risk Management Theory in the Context of Expanding Presence of Credit Organizations in the Digital Space
Authors:   Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Odintsov Vladislav O.
Published: January 2024

This article discusses the factors of the digital space that affect the economic security and risk status of credit organizations. The evolving nature of digitalization in the banking sector has led to an increase in risks for its structures, in particular, we are talking about unexpected losses and the growth of operational problems. The necessity of risk acceptance and management for banks is outlined, since, unlike other economic entities, bankruptcy of credit organizations can have systemic consequences. The study of the possibilities of applying the existing methodologies of banks’ risk assessment to the changing external environment and digital space has shown the absence of such in the adaptation of organizations’ work. Risk management practices in banks require the identification and classification of digital risks, a strategy to mitigate these identified risks, adapted to the digital space. The concept is considered and an algorithm for identifying bank digital risks according to business processes is presented. Possibilities of applying risk assessment methods depending on the type of risk and business process are analyzed. Based on the research, the author highlights the features of the trans-formation of the bank’s business model under the influence of digital technologies in the format of capacity building in expanding the bank’s operating activities.
Genesis and Essence of Concepts: “Risk”, “Professional Risk”, “Professional Risk in Advocacy”
Authors:   Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL), Marcheva Polina E.
Published: January 2024

Improvement of society, scientific and technological progress, efficient use of limited natural resources and formation of human being as an important capital are the basis for emergence of new risks and development of existing ones. In addition, it is an ongoing process that is difficult to put into any framework. Therefore, the task of science is to analyze the nature of various risks and to develop protective mechanisms. Increasingly, new risks are being linked to human activities. The author of the article studied the history and essence of the concepts of “risk” and “professional risk”, analyzed the concepts regarding the nature of risk, and also formulat-ed the definition of “professional risk in advocacy”. Currently existing risks faced by advocates in the course of their professional activities negatively affect the quality of legal assistance, which is ultimately received by the citizens of our country. These circumstances make it necessary to study and comprehend professional risks in advocacy in order to find ways to minimize them.
Internet Technologies of Regional Youth Identity Formation in the Krasnodar Krai
Authors:   Kuban State University, Mirontseva Svetlana A. , Borisko Olga A. ,   Kuban State University, Bashmakov Igor S. ,   Kuban State University
Published: January 2024

The article scrutinizes the role of Internet technologies in the formation of youth regional identity in the context of the relevant policy direction of the federal entity. The aim of the study is to hinges primarily on identifying the peculiarities, problems and practices of using Internet technologies in shaping the regional identity of youth, using the Krasnodar Krai as an example. The work presents the results of an analysis of materials from the official websites and accounts of the region’s youth work bodies, illustrating the practices they employ, as well as the results of an expert survey assessing the specifics, role and challenges of using information technolo-gies in the formation of regional youth identity in Krasnodar Krai. Particular attention is paid by the authors to the importance of active involvement of the younger generation in communication with youth work bodies through the Internet and social networks.
Key Risks of Transport and Logistics Project Development “Middle Corridor”
Authors:   Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Karimov Shovgin I. ogly
Published: January 2024

The article deals with the problem of creating meridian transport logistics routes along the China–Europe line using the example of the Middle Corridor. The position of the transit states of the South Caucasus within the framework of this route (Azerbaijan and Georgia) is assessed, the current state and dynamics of the develop-ment of the Middle Corridor are investigated. The article also highlights and analyzes the key political and eco-nomic risks affecting the dynamics of transport and logistics ties in the region in the context of territorial con-flicts in the South Caucasus, the conduct of a special military operation in Ukraine, tensions between China and the collective West, as well as in the light of the influence of other factors of modern geopolitics. It is concluded that Russia’s position on the issue under consideration is determined by its own interests, according to which priority in cooperation is given to Iran and the countries of the Transcaucasia, since the construction of the North–South route will contribute to the development of the region under consideration, ensuring stability and security in the South Caucasus without prejudice to national security.
AKRONIM DALAM MEDIA SOSIAL: SUATU KAJIAN MORFOLOGIS
Authors: Sofyan Agus Nero , Nur Tajudin , Kurnia Eka
Published: January 2024

Penelitian ini berjudul, “ Akronim dalam Media Sosial: Suatu Kajian Morfologis”. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif-deskriptif dengan teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik catat. Sumber data yang digunakan adalah surat kabar yang ada di media sosial, yaitu Kompas, Republika, Tempo, dan Pikiran Rakyat. Penganalisisan data menggunakan metode distribusional (metode agih) dengan pendekatan morfologis. Teori yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah morfem, silabel, akronim, dan proses morfologis. Masalah yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini adalah pendeskripsian dan proses morfologis akronim nama makanan, nama perilaku, nama perguruan tinggi, dan nama tempat tujuan berkendara dalam media sosial. Berdasarkan analisis data, ditemukan akronim nama makanan sebanyak 5, akronim nama perilaku, 5, akronim nama perguruan tinggi 5, dan akronim nama tempat tujuan berkendara 4. Akronim nama-nama tersebut dapat terbentuk dari paduan fonem awal, paduan silabel pertama, paduan silabel pertama dan kedua, paduan silabel pertama dan ketiga, paduan silabel pertama dengan mengekalkan tiga fonem pada silabel kedua, paduan silabel pertama dengan penghilangan fonem, paduan silabel pertama, kedua, dan ketiga. Morfem yang hadir dalam akronim tersebut dapat berupa paduan morfem tunggal dan paduan morfem tunggal dengan morfem kompleks.
STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI BAHASA DALAM WACANA IKLAN KECANTIKAN BERBAHASA RUSIA DI MEDIA SOSIAL YOUTUBE
Authors: Dewi Anggaraeni Purnama , Fauziyah Rohmah Siti Hasna , Putri Dilla Maharani
Published: January 2024

Munculnya media sosial dalam kehidupan saat ini, semakin memudahkan masyarakat dalam memeroleh berbagai informasi, yang salah satu informasi tersebut diperoleh melalui tayangan iklan. Salah satu iklan yang muncul di media sosial YouTube adalah iklan produk kecantikan yang umumnya dibutuhkan kaum wanita. Munculnya berbagai iklan perawatan kulit dan wajah di media sosial YouTube ini, menjadikan pihak produsen dan pengiklan harus bersaing ketat dalam menciptakan iklan yang informatif, persuasif, dan tentunya membangun citra positif di kalangan masyarakat. Dengan menggunakan teori struktur wacana iklan dan fungsional bahasa, maka tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan struktur wacana iklan dan fungsi bahasa yang ada pada iklan kecantikan berbahasa Rusia di media sosial YouTube. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif dengan pemaparan deskriptif. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah 3 iklan kecantikan berbahasa Rusia di media sosial YouTube, yaitu iklan pelembab kulit Cerave, iklan perawatan kulit Cetaphil, dan iklan perawatan kulit wajah Librederm Seracin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa struktur iklan yang terdapat dalam 3 iklan tersebut terdiri atas bagian utama, yang berisi proposisi berupa keuntungan produk kepada calon konsumen, proposisi untuk membangkitkan rasa ingin tahu yang lebih dari calon konsumen, dan proposisi memberikan komando atau perintah kepada calon konsumen. Adapun bagian penjelas berisi proposisi alasan subjektif dan proposisi alasan objektif, dan bagian penutup. Adapun fungsi bahasa yang dimiliki oleh 3 iklan tersebut adalah fungsi informatif, fungsi persuasif, dan fungsi membangun citra.
Couple New Iterative Method with Pade Approximation to Solve the Nonlinear Wave-Like Equations with Variable Coefficients
Authors: Shwayyea Rana T.
Published: January 2024

In this paper, some cases of wave-like equation have been solved by modified new iterative method as an infinite power series but it is impossible to compute the infinite series, therefore, the truncated power series was approximated by Pade approximation. Pade approximation approximates a truncated power series as ratio of two polynomials to reduce calculations and shorten the power series while maintaining accuracy. These cases are shown the successful use of solution approximation by Pade approximation compared to power series expansion.
Intermediate site of development of Anaplasma marginale in feeding adult Dermacentor andersoni ticks that were infected as nymphs
Authors: Kocan Katherine M. , Stich Roger W. , Claypool P. L. , Ewing S. A. , Hair Jakie A. , Barron Selwyn J.
Published: January 2024

The development of Anaplasma marginale in midgut epithelial cells was studied in feeding, transmitting adult Dermacentor andersoni ticks. Laboratory-reared ticks experimentally infected as nymphs were allowed to feed from 1 to 9 days on susceptible calves. Gut tissues from ticks were collected on each day they fed (total, 9 days) and were processed for light and transmission electron microscopy. Colonies of A marginale were abundant during the first 6 days of feeding, after which numbers decreased. Colonies were adherent to the basement membrane of gut cells early during feeding, with resultant flattening of the colonies. Colonies also were seen in muscle cells on the hemocoel side of the basement membrane. Morphologic features of A marginale within muscle cells varied and were similar to those observed in gut cells. In addition, however, a large reticulated form in the colonies was observed in muscle cells and appeared to give rise to small particles by budding. Development of A marginale in muscle cells appears to represent an intermediate site of development between those in gut and in salivary glands.
Cardiopulmonary effects of position in conscious cattle
Authors: Wagner Ann E. , Muir William W. , Grospitch Beverly J.
Published: January 2024

The cardiopulmonary effects of 4 positions (standing, right lateral, left lateral, and dorsal recumbency) were evaluated in conscious cattle in which no sedatives or anesthetic drugs were given. Each position was maintained for 30 minutes, during which time there were no significant changes in heart rate, respiratory rate, mean arterial blood pressure, arterial pH, PaCO2, arterial base excess, or venous blood gas values. Significant decreases in PaO2 developed when cattle were in lateral positions and dorsal recumbency. Cardiac index was unchanged in all positions, except in dorsal recumbency at 30 minutes, when it was significantly decreased.
Disassociation of bactericidal and fungistatic activities from the oxidative burst of avian macrophages
Authors: Harmon Barry G. , Glisson John R.
Published: January 2024

Avian peritoneal exudate macrophages, when exposed to phagocytic stimuli, produced an appreciable oxidative burst as measured by production of chemiluminescence, superoxide anion, and hydrogen peroxide. Metabolic inhibitors of the oxidative burst and scavengers of oxygen radicals clearly inhibited macrophage chemiluminescence, but had no significant effect on macrophage bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli or fungistatic activity against Candida tropicalis. Therefore, avian macrophages were capable ofox ygen-independent bactericidal and fungistatic activities.
Early effects of ethylene glycol on the ultrastructure of the renal cortex in dogs
Authors: Smith B. J. , Anderson B. G. , Smith S. A. , Chew D. J.
Published: January 2024

A sublethal dose of ethylene glycol was administered orally to 3 groups of dogs; dogs of a control group were given distilled water instead. Renal cortical biopsy samples were obtained from dogs of experimental and control groups at various times after treatment. Tissue was examined by use of light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. In dogs of the control group, the light and electron microscopic appearances of tissue were within normal limits at all sample collection hours. In dogs of the experimental groups, renal corpuscular structure remained within normal limits by use of light and electron microscopy throughout the study, though morphologic change was seen in other structures of the cortex. Light microscopic lesions first appeared at 12 hours, and were similar to those reported in the literature. Ultrastructural lesions were first observed in the 5-hour samples, and similar to the light microscopic lesions, were most common in the proximal convoluted tubules (pct). Initial pct cellular changes included vacuolization of cells and distention of the parabasal extracellular spaces; pct cellular lesions seen in later-hour samples included formation of apical buds and cellular rupture. Internalization or sloughing of the pct brush border was not observed. Distal convoluted tubules (dct) were frequently dilated and/or packed with cellular debris. A few dct cells had degenerative or necrotic changes. In pct and dct, abnormal cells were frequently flanked by normal or nearly normal cells. During later hours, a few cells with types of changes first observed in early hours continued to be observed, implying ongoing response of cells to the toxin.
Prevalence of four enterotoxin (STaP, STaH, STb, and LT) and four adhesin subunit (K99, K88, 987P, and F41) genes among Escherichia coli isolates from cattle
Authors: Mainil Jacques G. , Bex Françoise , Jacquemin Etienne , Pohl Pierre , Couturier Martine , Kaeckenbeeck Albert
Published: January 2024

Colony hybridizations with DNA probes for 3 heat-stable (STap, STaH, and STb) enterotoxins and 1 heat-labile (LT) enterotoxin and for 4 adhesins (K99, F41, K88, 987P) were performed on 870 Escherichia coli isolates to determine pathotypes prevalent among enterotoxigenic E coli (ETEC) isolated form cattle in Belginum. One hundred thirty-two E coli isolates (15.2%) hybridized with probes STap, K99, and/or F41. The 5 other probes were not hybridized by E coli isolates. Therefore, only STaP enterotoxin and K99 and F41 adhesins were virulence factors of ETEC isolated from cattle. Two major pathotypes accounted for 95% of the ETEC: STaP+ K99+ F41+ (67.4%) and STaP+ K99+ (27.3%). The last 5% of probe-positive isolates had STaP+ STaP+ F41+, or K99+ F41+ minor pathotypes. Of 12 American ETEC isolates also assayed, 7 were positive with STb and/or 987P probes (pathotypes STap+ STb+ STaP+ 987P+, or STaP+STb+987P+) and may be porcine-rather than bovine-specific enteropathogens. The remaining 5 American ETEC isolates belonged to 3 minor pathotypes (STaP+, STaP+, F41+, and K99+ F41+) also found among Belgian E coli isolates. Such isolates may be derivatives of STaP+ K99+ F41+ or STaP+ K99+ etec after in vivo or in vitro loss of virulence genes and /or non-etec isolates, which have acquired virulence genes by in vivo transfer.
Optimization of the under-agarose assay of porcine neutrophil migration
Authors: Elliott Glenn S. , Rebar Alan H. , McCabe George P. , Alzola Carlos
Published: January 2024

Important procedural factors in the under-agarose assay for porcine neutrophil migration were identified, and optimal conditions were established. Three factors were tested: the concentration of zymosan-activated serum inoculated into the outer well; the number of neutrophils inoculated into the center well; and the time of incubation of the agarose plates. All factors had a significant (P < 0.0001, 0.0001, and 0.01, respectively) effect on the chemotactic index of porcine neutrophils. The optimal combination of these 3 factors was undiluted zymosan-activated serum as the chemoattractant, 8 × 105 neutrophils inoculated into the center well, and 5 hours of incubation. The assay was validated, using standard conditions, and the data were used to predict the number of pigs and/or repetitive assays needed to identify differences among experimental groups.
Quantitation of the hepatobiliary dynamics in clinically normal dogs by use of 99mTc-iminodiacetate excretory scintigraphy
Authors: van den Brom Walter E. , Rothuizen Jan
Published: January 2024

The hepatobiliary dynamics of a 99mTc-labeled derivative of iminodiacetate were investigated in 29 healthy dogs. A 2-compartment model proved to be adequate to describe the hepatic time-activity curve. Model-derived variables for the hepatic accumulation and the biliary excretion and transport were used as a reference for evaluation of a number of commonly used measurements directly derived from hepatic and biliary time-activity curves (graphic variables). The difference between t50(ex) and t95(ex), representing the moments when 50 and 95%, respectively, of the maximal count rate during the hepatic excretory phase were measured, proved to be an adequate graphic variable to quantitate biliary excretion. The use of other graphic variables to quantitate hepatobiliary functions seemed unjustified.
Pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone given intravenously or orally in mature Holstein bulls
Authors: Williams R. Joel , Smith John A. , Boudinot F. Douglas , Knight Anthony P.
Published: January 2024

Six mature Holstein bulls were each given 10 mg of phenylbutazone (pbz)/kg of body weight, po. Of the 6 bulls, 3 were given 10 mg of pbz/kg by rapid iv administration 4 weeks later. Plasma concentration-vs-time data were analyzed, using nonlinear regression modeling (sum of exponential functions). The harmonic mean of the biologic half-life of pbz was 62.6 ± 12.9 hours after oral administration and 61.6 ± 7.2 hours after iv administration. The mean residence time was 94.61 ± 8.44 hours and 90.49 ± 8.93 hours for oral and iv administration, respectively. The mean total body clearance was 0.0015 ± 0.0003 L/h/kg, with the mean apparent volume of distribution 0.134 ± 0.021 L/kg. Mean bioavailability was 73 ± 2% after oral administration. Phenylbutazone was adequately absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in bulls. The apparent volume of distribution was small, indicating that pbz distributed mainly into plasma and extracellular fluid. The total body clearance was also small, which accounted for the long half-life of pbz in bulls.
Pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone in mature Holstein bulls: Steady-state kinetics after multiple oral dosing
Authors: Williams R. Joel , Boudinot F. Douglas , Smith John A. , Knight Anthony P.
Published: January 2024

Six mature Holstein bulls were given an 8-day course of phenylbutazone (pbz) orally (loading dose, 12 mg of pbz/kg of body weight and 7 maintenance doses of 6 mg of pbz/kg, q 24 h). Plasma concentration-vs-time data were analyzed, using nonlinear regression modeling. The harmonic mean ± pseudo-sd of the biologic half-life of pbz was 61.8 ± 12.8 hours. The arithmetic mean ± sem of the total body clearance and apparent volume of distribution were 0.0021 ± 0.0001 L/h/kg and 0.201 ± 0.009 L/kg, respectively. The predicted mean minimal plasma concentration of pbz with this dosage regimen was 75.06 ± 4.05 μg/ml.

The predicted minimal plasma drug concentration was compared with the observed minimal plasma drug concentration in another group of bulls treated with pbz for at least 60 days. Sixteen mature Holstein bulls were given approximately 6 mg of pbz/kg, po, daily for various musculoskeletal disorders. The mean observed minimal plasma concentration of pbz in the 16 bulls was 76.10 ± 2.04 μg/ ml, whereas the mean predicted minimal plasma concentration was 74.69 ± 3.10 μg/ml.

Dosages of 4 to 6 mg of pbz/kg, q 24 h, or 10 to 14 mg of pbz/kg, q 48 h, provided therapeutic plasma concentrations of pbz with minimal steady-state concentrations between 50 and 70 μg/ml.
Bovine T-lymphocyte lines reactive with Brucella abortus
Authors: Smith Roger , Kapatsa Joyce C. , Rosenbaum Betty A. , Adams L. Garry
Published: January 2024

Bovine T-cell lines reactive with Brucella abortus were established by repeated stimulation with B abortus and mitomycin C-treated autologous antigen-presenting cells. Representative results were obtained, using 33 cell lines from 14 cows. Cultures responded to the virulent laboratory strain 2308, the vaccine strain 19, and the rough mutant strain RB51 in thymidine-incorporation assays. The cells in these cultures required antigen-presenting cells for their response to B abortus. Autologous antigen-presenting cells were optimal for most lines tested, although some T-cell lines could respond to B abortus in the presence of some, but not all, allogeneic antigen-presenting cells. The cell lines expressed cell surface markers characteristics of activated bovine T cells. Of the cell lines tested for expression of cluster-determinant (CD) 4 and CD8 cell surface antigens, no cells in any cultures expressed the bovine CD8 equivalent, but all cultures included CD4+ cells in variable amounts. Some cell lines consisted of up to 50% CD2+CD4-CD8- cells. None of the cell lines tested expressed surface immunoglobulin or other bovine B-cell markers. Thus, these long-term cell lines appear to include 2 T-lymphocyte subsets: the helper/inducer subset and a second subset expressing a phenotype similar to major histocompatibility complex-unrestricted cytolytic cells in other species.
Effects of antibiotics on phagocyte recruitment, function, and morphology in the bovine mammary gland during the early nonlactating period
Authors: Lintner T.J. , Eberhart R. J.
Published: January 2024

The effects of 2 antibiotic preparations administered intramammarily on phagocyte recruitment, function, and morphology were evaluated at the beginning of the nonlactating period. Twelve cows with no clinical or microbiologic evidence of mastitis were assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups. At the end of lactation, 1 of the antibiotic preparations was infused in a fore- and hind quarter of each cow; the remaining quarters were untreated controls. One group was given benzathine cephapirin; the second group was given sodium novobiocin. Secretion samples were collected from 1 treated and 1 control quarter at 16 hours, and from the remaining 2 quarters at 64 hours after treatment. Total and differential somatic cell counts were determined, and morphology of mammary polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmn) and macrophages was observed by transmission electron microscopy. In vitro ingestion and killing of Staphylococcus aureus by mammary pmn and macrophages were assessed by fluorescent microscopy, using acridine orange stain. Cells resident in a fixed volume of secretion were incubated with a known concentration of S aureus.

Total cell and pmn concentrations were higher in treated than in control quarters. Neutrophils were the predominant cell type in both treated and control quarters over the sampling period. As measured in this study, in vitro ingestion and killing of S aureus by individual pmn from treated quarters was reduced. Antibiotic treatment also increased the proportion of morphologically abnormal phagocytes. There were significant correlations among pmn ingestion, killing, and morphology. However, increased pmn concentrations tended to compensate for the reduced phagocytic function of individual cells. Therefore, efficacy of antibiotic treatment of nonlactating cows may depend, at least in part, on increased pmn concentration, which may tend to compensate for reduced phagocytic function. Compared with pmn, macrophages appeared to have only a minor role in phagocytosis of bacteria.
Bovine monoclonal antibodies specific for bovine herpesvirus-1 glycoprotein gIII
Authors: Srikumaran S. , Onisk D. V. , Zamb T. J. , Osorio F. A. , Rice D. N.
Published: January 2024

Spleen cells from a calf immunized with bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) were fused with the nonsecreting murine cell line SP2/0. Several bovine-murine hybridomas secreting bovine immunoglobulins were stabilized. Of these, 9 hybridomas secreted bovine monoclonal antibodies that specifically bound to BHV-1 in a radioimmunoassay. Two of these monoclonal antibodies reacted specifically with BHV-1 in an indirect fluorescent antibody test and immunoprecipitated a BHV-1 glycoprotein with molecular mass of 97 kilodaltons.
Hemodynamic responses of the equine digit to intravenous and digital arterial infusion of dopamine
Authors: Hunt Robert J. , Moore James N. , Allen Douglas
Published: January 2024

In 6 adult horses anesthetized with pentobarbital, the hemodynamic responses of the equine digit to infusion of dopamine were evaluated by use of an isolated extra corporeal pump perfused digital preparation. Digital blood flow was maintained at a constant rate that was independent of systemic hemodynamic changes. Three sequential experiments were performed on each horse. In the first experiment (n = 6), dopamine was infused iv at rates of 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 μg/kg/min. For the second experiment (n = 5), dopamine (400 μg/ml) was infused into the digital artery at the rates of 0.07, 0.7, and 1.2 ml/min. The third experiment (n = 5) consisted of a 5-minute intra-arterial infusion of phentoalamine followed by the intra-arterial infusion of dopamine while continuing the infusion of phentolamine. Digital venous, arterial, and capillary pressures, total digital vascular resistance, and precapillary to postcapillary resistance ratios were determined in each experiment.

Systemic infusion of dopamine did not induce changes in the hemodynamics of the digital vasculature. Digital arterial infusion of dopamine alone resulted in a dosedependent increase in arterial pressure, total digital vascular resistance, and an increase in the precapillary to postcapillary resistance ratio. Phentolamine attenuated the vasoconstrictive response elicited by intra-arterial infusion of dopamine.
Glucose conservation by the kidney and effect of systemic glucose infusion on inulin clearance in female goats
Authors: Brown Scott A. , Barsanti Jeanne A. , Finco Delmar R.
Published: January 2024

In 6 female goats, the mean threshold for glucosuria was 159.5 ± 4.3 mg/dl. During increasing filtered loads of glucose, renal reabsorption of glucose reached maximal capacity, which was not exceeded when plasma glucose concentration was increased further. Measured in 10 female goats, the transport maximum for glucose was 119.1 ± 9.1 mg of glucose reabsorbed/min. During infusion of glucose, there was a significant (P < 0.05) time-dependent reduction in inulin clearance indicating that IV glucose administration may be inappropriate in goats with compromised renal function.
Effect of halothane, isoflurane, and pentobarbital anesthesia on myocardial irritability in chickens
Authors: Greenlees Kevin J. , Clutton Richard E. , Larsen Calvert T. , Eyre Peter
Published: January 2024

The relative myocardial irritant properties of halothane, isoflurane, and pentobarbital were evaluated in chickens. Sixteen adult male broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: group-1 chickens were anesthetized with pentobarbital (30 mg/kg, iv), group-2 chickens were anesthetized with halothane (end tidal halothane 1.2%), and group-3 chickens were anesthetized with isoflurane (end tidal isoflurane 2.1%). Birds in any 2 of the 3 treatment groups were tested on any 1 day. Local anesthesia was induced, and blood pressure, heart rate, ecg, and blood gas variables were measured before general anesthesia was induced. Positive-pressure ventilation with an inspired O2 fraction > 0.95 was adjusted to result in an end tidal CO2 concentration that reflected a PaCO2 similar to that obtained prior to anesthesia and ventilation. All measurements were repeated. The threshold for ventricular fibrillation in response to electrical stimulation of the heart was then determined for all birds. Effects of anesthesia on hemodynamic and blood gas variables were similar in all 3 groups. Compared with halothane or pentobarbital, isoflurane anesthesia resulted in a significantly (P < 0.05) lower threshold for electrical fibrillation of the heart.
Mast cell numbers in normal and glaucomatous canine eyes
Authors: Louden Calvert , Render J.A. , Carlton W.W.
Published: January 2024

Numbers of mast cells in the cornea, sclera, choroid, ciliary body, iris, and retina of sections of globes from 35 clinically normal dogs and 34 dogs with secondary glaucoma was determined. Fixed globes were trimmed along a vertical midsagittal plane and embedded in paraffin. Tissue sections, approximately 6 μm thick, were stained with toluidine blue for identification of mast cells. In normal globes, most of the mast cells were observed in the anterior portion of the uvea, and fewer mast cells were seen in the choroid and sclera. Mast cells were not observed in the retina and were seldom observed in the cornea of dogs with or without glaucoma. In sections of glaucomatous globes, mast cells were distributed evenly in the uvea and sclera, and fewer mast cells were present than in normal globes, regardless of the cause of glaucoma.
Clinical and lymphohematologic responses after bone marrow transplantation in sibling and unrelated donor-recipient pairs of cats
Authors: Cain Janice L. , Cain Gary R. , Turrel Jane M. , Theilen Gordon H.
Published: January 2024

Conditions necessary for establishment of a graft, post-transplant supportive care and complications, and lymphohematopoietic reconstitution after bone marrow transplantation were evaluated in 7 cats. Donor-recipient pairs were selected on the basis of low mutual reactivity in one-way mixed lymphocyte reactions. Before transplantation, cats were given marrow ablative (7 Gray) total-body gamma irradiation. Cyclosporine A was administered to cat 7, which was given marrow from an unrelated donor. Rapid hematologic recovery was attained in 5 of 5 (cats 1 to 5) sibling bone marrow recipients and 1 (cat 7; cyclosporine A-treated) of 2 recipients from unrelated donors. Lymphocyte recovery was prolonged, requiring up to 100 days to attain reference concentrations. Lymphocyte blastogenic responses were below reference range in 2 of 3 cats (cats 1 and 3) examined approximately 1 to 3 months after transplantation. Serum IgG concentrations determined 1 to 6 months after transplantation were within reference range in cats 1 to 5 which were given sibling bone marrow. Fatal infections did not develop in cats that had established grafts. Antimicrobial-responsive fevers did develop, but were generally detected only when granulocyte counts were low (< 1 × 109 cells/L). Clinical signs of disease in the immediate posttransplant period consisted of hepatic lipidosis (fatal) in cat 4, hepatitis (mild graft-vs-host disease) in cat 3, and immune-mediated hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia in cat 7. Cats with hepatitis and immune-mediated disease responded to immunosuppressive therapy.
Standardized exercise test and daily heart rate responses of Thoroughbreds undergoing conventional race training and detraining
Authors: Foreman Jonathan H. , Bayly Warwick M. , Grant Barrie D. , Gollnick Philip D.
Published: January 2024

Ten healthy sedentary male Thoroughbreds with previous race training experience were studied for 14 weeks. Horses were trained for 9 weeks, using a program designed after those used commonly in the United States. Horses were trained conventionally by slow trotting (250 m/min) for 2 weeks and galloping (390 to 450 m/min) for 4 weeks, followed by 3 weeks of galloping (440 to 480 m/min) and intermittent sprinting exercises (breezes) at distances between 600 and 1,000 m (900 to 950 m/min). The horses were then pasture rested for 5 weeks.

A standardized exercise test (set) involving an 800-m gallop at 800 m/min was administered before and after the 9-week training period and after the 5-week detraining period. Heart rate (hr) was monitored during exercise and at standardized intervals after exercise for 60 minutes. Venous blood for determination of plasma lactate concentration was obtained at 5 minutes after exercise.

Heart rate was monitored daily at rest, during exercise, and through the first 60 minutes of recovery. Venous plasma samples (for lactate determination) were obtained 5 minutes after the sprinting exercises. Horses were observed daily before exercise for signs of lameness and were not allowed to train if lame.

Differences after 9 weeks’ training were seen in the set recovery hr at 0.5 through 5 minutes after exercise (P < 0.05 to P < 0.01). Differences after detraining were seen in the set recovery hr at 40 and 60 minutes after exercise (P < 0.05 to P < 0.01). Neither training nor detraining resulted in differences in plasma lactate concentration after the set gallop.

A training-induced resting bradycardia was not observed. The mean maximal hr (hrmax) during workouts was 238 ± 3.4 beats/min (n = 9). When exercise hr was expressed as a function of hrmax, 22% of trotting, 89% of galloping, and 100% of sprinting workouts were performed at the ≥ 60% hrmax. value characterized by the onset of blood lactate accumulation. Plasma lactate concentration further documented that all the sprinting exercises were performed with concentration above the point of onset of blood lactate accumulation. Mean postsprinting lactate concentration was not different over time and ranged from 13.4 ± 0.9 to 15.6 ± 0.6 mmol/L

As training progressed, some of the horses had days on which they were lame after exercise. Some lameness was judged sufficient to warrant phenylbutazone (pbz) administration. Retrospective analysis of the daily hr data indicated that there were no differences in hr during workouts for lame horses given pbz, compared with those not given pbz. Using analysis of variance, hr for horses that were lame during workouts was significantly higher than that for horses that were sound during workouts, during and 0.5 minutes after trotting; 0.5, 1, 2, 20, 40, and 60 minutes after galloping; and 0.5 and 20 minutes after sprinting (P < 0.05 to P < 0.01).
Compensatory increase in calcium extrusion activity of untreated lymphocytes from swine susceptible to malignant hyperthermia
Authors: O'Brien Peter James , Kalow Barbara I. , Ali Nardia , Lassaline Laurie A. , Lumsden John H.
Published: January 2024

We tested the hypothesis that lymphocytes from swine with susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia (mh) had calcium extrusion activity higher than unaffected swine. Cytoplasmic concentration of ionized calcium was determined by use of dual emission spectrofluorometry and measurement of the ratio of free to calcium-bound form of the fluorescent calcium dye indo-1. Net calcium accumulation and unidirectional calcium extrusion rate were dependent on intracellular calcium concentration. Calcium extrusion from calcium-loaded lymphocytes was monitored while calcium influx was inhibited by suspending the cells in calcium-free medium with a calcium chelator. Net calcium accumulation of untreated lymphocytes was monitored in calcium-replete medium. A novel method of calculation of ionized calcium was used. This method confirmed our previous findings of lower ionized calcium concentration (86 ± 40 and 370 ± 216 nmol/L; P < 0.01) and slower rates of calcium accumulation 39 ± 16 and 127 ± 52 nmol/L/min) in untreated lymphocytes from mh-susceptible swine compared with controls. These changes were attributable to calcium extrusion activity two- to three-fold higher in lymphocytes of mh-susceptible swine (154 ± 36 and 408 ± 47 nmol/L/min at 175 nmol/L; 972 ± 111 and 1,690 ± 505 nmol/L/min at 425 nmol/L). These data were compatible with our model of higher calcium extrusion activity being a compensatory adaptation of mh-susceptible swine lymphocytes to their hypersensitivity to stimuli that increase cytoplasmic calcium concentration.
Reference intervals for feline cerebrospinal fluid: Cell counts and cytologic features
Authors: Rand Jacqueline S. , Parent Joane , Jacobs Robert , Percy Dean
Published: January 2024

Reference intervals for feline csf cell counts and cytologic variables were determined. Values were derived from 58 adult cats that had normal neurologic examination findings and did not have histologic lesions of the cns. Effect of age or gender was not apparent for any csf variable, and no csf variable was significantly correlated with its corresponding blood value. Total wbc count and neutrophil and eosinophil percentages were positively correlated with the csf rbc count. Thus, proposed reference intervals for feline csf were derived from 33 cats with csf rbc count of < 31 cells/ul. Data for csf samples with range between 31 and 1,700 rbc/μl were also determined. Erythrocyte count was not significantly different in csf collected, using 20- or 22-gauge spinal needles.
Reference intervals for feline cerebrospinal fluid: Biochemical and serologic variables, IgG concentration, and electrophoretic fractionation
Authors: Rand Jacqueline S. , Parent Joane , Jacobs Robert , Johnson Roger
Published: January 2024

Reference intervals are reported for feline csf biochemical and serologic variables, IgG concentration, and electrophoretic fractionation, derived from 58 clinically normal adult cats that did not have histologic lesions of the cns. There was no apparent effect of age on any variable. The csf total protein concentration was significantly (P = 0.012) greater in males than in females, but all other variables were unaffected by gender. The only variable that had a statistically significant correlation with its corresponding blood concentration was IgG. Blood contamination of thecsf affected the following csf variables: total protein concentration, activities of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase, IgG ratio, and γ-globulin percentage. The reference intervals proposed for feline csf were derived from 33 cats with csf rbc count < 31 cells/μl. Reference limits for csf with 31 to 1,700 rbc/μl also are reported.
Cardiopulmonary effects of butorphanol tartrate intravenously administered for placement of duodenal cannulae in isoflurane-anesthetized yearling steers
Authors: Cornick J. L. , Hartsfield S. M. , Taylor T. S. , Jacobson J.
Published: January 2024

Cardiopulmonary effects of iv administered butorphanol tartrate (but) were assessed in 7 yearling steers medicated with atropine and anesthetized with guaifenesin, thiamylal sodium, and isoflurane in O2 for surgical placement of duodenal cannulae. Heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressures, pHa, Paco2, Pao2 arterial [HCO3-], esophageal temperature, and end-tidal isoflurane concentrations were measured before and after iv administration of but (10 mg).

Mean respiratory rate increased significantly (P < 0.05) only at 45 and 60 minutes after but administration. Mean respiratory rate was 26 ± 6.3 breaths/min before but administration and 46 ± 12.1 breaths/min 60 minutes after but administration. Arterial blood pressures were increased significantly (P < 0.05) at all times, except 5 minutes after but administration. The mean value for mean arterial pressure was 76 ± 9.6 mm of Hg before but injection and 117 ± 12.6 mm of Hg 60 minutes after but injection. Mean values for pHa and arterial [HCO3-] were significantly (P < 0.05) higher at 60 minutes after but administration (baseline, pH = 7.25 ± 0.04 and [HCO3-] = 29.9 ± 3.5 mEq/L; 60 minutes after but, pH = 7.28 ± 0.03 and [HCO3-] = 33.0 ± 1.8 mEq/L). Although some statistically significant changes were recorded, iv administration of but to these steers did not have a marked effect on the cardiopulmonary variables measured.
Pharmacokinetics of norfloxacin in dogs after single intravenous and single and multiple oral administrations of the drug
Authors: Brown Scott Anthony , Cooper Jonathan , Gauze Johna J. , Greco Deborah S. , Weise Dale W. , Buck Joan M.
Published: January 2024

Norfloxacin was given to 6 healthy dogs at a dosage of 5 mg/kg of body weight iv and orally in a complete crossover study, and orally at dosages of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg to 6 healthy dogs in a 3-way crossover study. For 24 hours, serum concentration was monitored serially after each administration. Another 6 dogs were given 5 mg of norfloxacin/kg orally every 12 hours for 14 days, and serum concentration was determined serially for 12 hours after the first and last administration of the drug. Complete blood count and serum biochemical analysis were performed before and after 14 days of oral norfloxacin administration, and clinical signs of drug toxicosis were monitored twice daily during norfloxacin administration. Urine concentration of norfloxacin was determined periodically during serum acquisition periods. Norfloxacin concentration was determined, using high-performance liquid chromatography with a limit of detection of 25 ng of norfloxacin/ml of serum or urine.

Serum norfloxacin pharmacokinetic values after single iv dosing in dogs were best modeled, using a 2-compartment open model, with distribution and elimination half-lives of 0.467 and 3.56 hours (harmonic means), respectively. Area-derived volume of distribution (Vd area) was 1.77 ± 0.69 L/kg (arithmetic mean ± sd), and serum clearance (ClS) was 0.332 ± 0.115 L/h/kg. Mean residence time was 4.32 ± 0.98 hour. Comparison of the area under the curve (AUC; derived, using model-independent calculations) after iv administration (5 mg/kg) with AUC after oral administration (5 mg/kg) in the same dogs indicated bioavailability of 35.0 ± 46.1%, with a mean residence time after oral administration of 5.71 ± 2.24 hours.

Urine concentration was 33.8 ± 15.3 μg/ml at 4 hours after a single dose of 5 mg/kg given orally, whereas concentration after 20 mg/kg was given orally was 56.8 ± 18.0 μg/ml at 6 hours after dosing. Twelve hours after drug administration, urine concentration was 47.4 ± 20.6 μg/ml after the 5-mg/kg dose and 80.6 ± 37.7 μg/ml after the 20-mg/kg dose.

Absorption lag time after oral administration ranged from 0.186 ± 0.103 hour after multiple doses (5 mg/kg) to 0.385 ± 0.254 hour after a single dose of 10 mg/kg. The AUC increased (P < 0.01) as the dose increased. However, AUC per unit dose decreased linearly with dose (P < 0.05), most probably because of a dose-dependent decrease in absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.
Effects of intracameral injection of viscoelastic solutions on corneal endothelium in dogs
Authors: Gerding Paul A. , McLaughlin Susan A. , Brightman Alan H. , Essex-Sorlie Diane , Laing Ronald A. , Hirokawa Kiminori
Published: January 2024

Contact in vivo wide-field specular microscopy was performed on right eyes of 20 healthy dogs after sodium hyaluronate (1%, n = 5), sodium chondroitin sulfate (4%) and sodium hyaluronate (3%, n = 5), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (2%, n = 5), or balanced salt solution (control, n = 5) was injected into the anterior chamber. Using computerized morphometric analysis and pachymetry, changes in endothelial cell density, cell morphologic features, and corneal thickness from baseline values were evaluated at postinjection hour (pih) 72 and pih 168. Changes were not seen in endothelial cell density or cell morphologic features in any treated eye. The mean corneal thickness of all treated eyes at pih 72 increased 6%, significantly greater than that of the nontreated eyes (P = 0.03). Mean corneal thickness of treated and nontreated eyes was similar at baseline and pih 168 in all treatment groups.
Mast cell tumor destruction by deionized water
Authors: Grier Ronald L. , Di Guardo Giovanni , Schaffer Caroline B. , Pedrosa Begonia , Myers Ronald , Merkley David F. , Thouvenelle Mari
Published: January 2024

In a controlled study, malignant murine P815 mastocytoma cells exposed in vitro to distilled and deionized water died as a result of progressive swelling, degranulation, and membrane rupture. A 90% mean cell death occurred when cells obtained directly from culture were exposed to deionized water for 2 minutes. Of 6 cryopreserved malignant murine cell lines, which included Cloudman S91 melanoma, CMT-93 rectum carcinoma, MMT-06052 mammary carcinoma, and S-180 Sarcoma, only P815 mastocytoma and YAC-1 lymphoma were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by hypotonic shock; Cloudman S91 melanoma cells were the most resistant. Mastocytoma cells were selectively killed by hypotonic solution, and lymphoma cells were also killed by isotonic saline solution.

Local mast cell tumor (mct) recurrence and percentage survival were evaluated in 12 cats (21 mct) and 54 dogs (85 mct) subjected to surgery alone or local infiltration of deionized water as an adjunct to surgery. Of all 16 incompletely excised mct in cats, there was no local recurrence following injection. Four mast cell tumors (2 cats) regressed after being injected in situ. In dogs with clinical stage-I mct, local recurrence was detected in 50% (5/10), but with injection after incomplete excision, local mct recurrence was significantly (P < 0.05) less (6.6%, 1/15). Percentage recurrence was significantly (P < 0.05) less and survival significantly greater when incompletely excised grade-II mct were injected. Mean follow-up period after surgery in cats and dogs was 35 and 23.4 months, respectively.
Effectiveness of two commercial infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis vaccines
Authors: Smith Paul C. , Blankenship T. , Hoover T. R. , Powe  , Wright J. C.
Published: January 2024

Two commercially available infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (ibk) vaccines were evaluated for their effectiveness in protecting cattle from disease caused by experimental challenge exposure and natural transmission of Moraxella bovis infections. The study was conducted as 2 experiments, using a total of 81 cattle that were culture-negative for M bovis prior to vaccination. In each experiment, young adult cattle were randomly allotted to 4 groups. Each calf in groups 1 and 2 was vaccinated according to the vaccine manufacturer's directions. Groups 3 and 4 were unvaccinated controls. Three weeks after the last vaccination, each calf in groups 1 and 3 was experimentally challenge exposed by dropping a suspension of viable cells of a virulent strain of M bovis directly onto the corneal surface of each eye. Calves in all 4 groups were then commingled in open pastures so that calves in groups 2 and 4 could be naturally exposed to the calves with experimentally induced infections. Each calf was examined for signs of ocular disease on a regular basis by 2 experienced clinicians who scored each eye for severity of disease on the basis of a prearranged scale. Neither clinician was aware of the vaccination or exposure status of the calf nor to which experimental group they belonged. Lacrimal secretions were collected regularly to determine the number of eyes in which the virulent organism became established.

Moraxella bovis with bacterial cultural characteristics similar to those of the virulent strain placed in the eyes of groups 1 and 3 was cultured from ≥ 83% of the eyes of calves in all groups. The incidence of clinical ibk was ≥ 50% in each group. There was no significant difference in the ability of vaccinated calves to resist experimental or natural challenge infection. Compared with that in nonvaccinated controls, no decreased incidence or severity of clinical ibk was noticed in vaccinated calves. Though the challenge strain used was not homologous to those used to prepare the vaccine, it was no different than those that may be expected to cause disease under field conditions.
Lack of autologous tissue transmission of eosinophilic plaques in cats
Authors: Moriello Karen A. , Kunkle Gail , Miller Lisa M. , Crowley Ann
Published: January 2024

Autologous tissue transmission of spontaneously developing feline eosinophilic plaques was attempted in 5 cats. Macerated tissue from the plaque was vigorously rubbed onto 2 scarified skin sites in each cat. The inoculated areas were observed daily for 30 days. During that time, no clinical or histologic evidence of transmission was found.