bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Index of Productive Syntax: Psychometric Properties and Suggested Modifications
Authors: Yang Ji Seung , MacWhinney Brian , Ratner Nan Bernstein
Published: November 2021

Purpose:

The Index of Productive Syntax (IPSyn) is a well-known language sample analysis tool. However, its psychometric properties have not been assessed across a wide sample of typically developing preschool-age children and children with language disorders. We sought to determine the profile of IPSyn scores by age over early childhood. We additionally explored whether the IPSyn could be shortened to fewer items without loss of information and whether the required language sample could be shortened from a current required number of 100 utterances to 50.

Method:

We used transcripts from the Child Language Data Exchange System, including 1,051 samples of adult–child conversational play with toys within the theoretical framework of item response theory. Samples included those from typically developing children as well as children with hearing loss, Down syndrome, and late language emergence.

Results:

The Verb Phrase and Sentence Structure subscales showed more stable developmental trajectories over the preschool years and greater differentiation between typical and atypical cohorts than did the Noun Phrase and Question/Negation subscales. A number of current IPSyn scoring items can be dropped without loss of information, and 50-utterance samples demonstrate most of the same psychometric properties of longer samples.

Discussion:

Our findings suggest ways in which the IPSyn can be automated and streamlined (proposed IPSyn-C) so as to provide useful clinical guidance with fewer items and a shorter required language sample. Reference values for the IPSyn-C are provided. Trajectories for one subscale (Question/Negation) appear inherently unstable and may require structured elicitation. Potential limitations, ramifications, and future directions are discussed.

Supplemental Material:

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.16915690
Sparse signal recovery from noisy measurements via searching forward OMP
Authors: Sun Quan , Wu Fei‐Yun , Yang Kunde , Huang Chunlong
Published: November 2021

Recovering sparse signals from compressed measurements has received much attention in recent years. Considering that measurement errors always exist, an improved orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) method which is called Searching Forward OMP (SFOMP), is proposed in this letter. The proposed SFOMP method is designed for compressive sensing and sparse signal recovery in the noisy environment. To improve the recovery performance, the SFOMP method incorporates a searching forward strategy to find the column leading to a minimum norm of residual error among the added candidates in each iteration. Numerical results show that, compared with other commonly used methods, this method provides a higher recovery signal‐to‐noise ratio, more accurate reconstruction of support set, and a competitive computational complexity with noisy measurements.
Large signal analysis on intensity‐modulation direct‐detection radio‐over‐fibre dispersive links
Authors: Ferreira Júnior Antonio Alves , Ribeiro José Antônio Justino , Spadoti Danilo Henrique
Published: November 2021

This letter proposes a frequency domain closed‐form analytical solution for large signal condition in radio‐over‐fibre systems that employ external intensity‐modulation and direct‐detection. The received radio frequency signal power was used to evaluate the chromatic dispersion effect in optical links. To the best of knowledge, a comparison between large signal with small signal solutions has been theoretically presented here for the first time. For analogue optical amplitude modulations, the double sideband showed a 30 dB difference between the approaches, a 9 dB for the single sideband, and 17 dB for the suppressed carrier.
Direct emission spectroscopy of exoplanets with the medium resolution imaging spectrometer on board JWST MIRI
Authors: Patapis P. , Nasedkin E. , Cugno G. , Glauser A. M. , Argyriou I. , Whiteford N. P. , Mollière P. , Glasse A. , Quanz S. P.
Published: November 2021

Context. The Medium Resolution Spectrometer (MRS) of the Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) on board the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will give access to mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectra (5–28 microns) while retaining spatial information. With the unparalleled sensitivity of JWST and the MIRI detectors, the MRS has the potential to revolutionise our understanding of giant exoplanet atmospheres.

Aims. Molecular mapping is a promising detection and characterisation technique used to study the spectra of directly imaged exoplanets. We aim to examine the feasibility and application of this technique to MRS observations.

Methods. We used the instrument simulator MIRISIM to create mock observations of resolved star and exoplanet systems. As an input for the simulator, we used stellar and planet parameters from literature, with the planet spectrum being modelled with the radiative transfer code petitRADTRANS. After processing the raw data with the JWST pipeline, we high pass filter the data to account for the stellar point spread function, and used a forward modelling approach to detect the companions and constrain the chemical composition of their atmospheres through their molecular signatures.

Results. We identified limiting factors in spectroscopic characterisation of directly imaged exoplanets with the MRS and simulated observations of two representative systems, HR8799 and GJ504. In both systems, we could detect the presence of multiple molecules that were present in the input model of their atmospheres. We used two different approaches with single molecule forward models, used in literature, that are sensitive to detecting mainly H2O, CO, CH4, and NH3, and a log-likelihood ratio test that uses full atmosphere forward models and is sensitive to a larger number of less dominant molecular species.

Conclusions. We show that the MIRI MRS can be used to characterise widely separated giant exoplanets in the mid-IR using molecular mapping. Such observations would provide invaluable information for the chemical composition of the atmosphere, complementing other JWST observing modes, as well as ground-based observations.
Global exact controllability of ideal incompressible magnetohydrodynamic flows through a planar duct
Authors: Rissel Manuel , Wang Ya-Guang
Published: November 2021

This article is concerned with the global exact controllability for ideal incompressible magnetohydrodynamics in a rectangular domain where the controls are situated in both vertical walls. First, global exact controllability via boundary controls is established for a related Elsässer type system by applying the return method, introduced in Coron [Math. Control Signals Syst. 5 (1992) 295–312]. Similar results are then inferred for the original magnetohydrodynamics system with the help of a special pressure-like corrector in the induction equation. Overall, the main difficulties stem from the nonlinear coupling between the fluid velocity and the magnetic field in combination with the aim of exactly controlling the system. In order to overcome some of the obstacles, we introduce ad-hoc constructions, such as suitable initial data extensions outside of the physical part of the domain and a certain weighted space.
Seismic Analysis of Floating Stone Columns in Soft Clayey Soil
Authors: Karkush Mahdi O. , Jihad Amer G. , Jawad Karrar A. , Ali Mustafa S. , Noman Bilal J.
Published: November 2021

The response of floating stone columns of different lengths to diameter ratio (L/D = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10) ratios exposed to earthquake excitations is well modeled in this paper. Such stone column behavior is essential in the case of lateral displacement under an earthquake through the soft clay soil. ABAQUS software was used to simulate the behavior of stone columns in soft clayey soil using an axisymmetric finite element model. The behavior of stone column material has been modeled with a Drucker-Prager model. The soft soil material was modeled by the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion assuming an elastic-perfectly plastic behavior. The floating stone columns were subjected to the El Centro earthquake, which had a magnitude of 7.1 and a peak ground acceleration of 3.50 m/s2. The surface displacement, velocity, and acceleration in soft clayey enhanced by floating stone columns are also smaller than in natural soft clay. The findings of this research revealed that under the influence of earthquake waves, lateral displacement varies with stone columns of various lengths.
Digital Model in Close-Range Photogrammetry Using a Smartphone Camera
Authors: Ataiwe Tariq N. , Hatem Israa , Al Sharaa Hisham M. J.
Published: November 2021

Smartphones recently expanded the potential for low-cost close-range photogrammetry for 3D modeling. They enable the simultaneous collection of large amounts of data for a variety of requirements. It is possible to calculate image orientation elements and triangular coordinates in phases as in Relative and Absolute image orientation. This study demonstrates the photogrammetric 3D reconstruction approach that performs on tablets and smartphones as well. Images are taken with smartphone cameras of iPhone 6 and then calibrated automatically using normal calibration model for photogrammetry and computer vision on a PC, depend on Agisoft Lens add-on that imbedded in Agisoft program, and MATLAB camera calibration Toolbox, and by using an oriented bunch of images of chessboard pattern for large point cloud-based picture using matching. The camera calibration results indicate that the calibration processing routines pass without any error, and the accuracy of estimated IOPs was convenient compared with non-metric digital cameras and are more accurate in Agisoft Lens in terms of standard error. For the 3D model, 435 cameras were used, 428 cameras located from 435 are aligned in two photogrammetric software, Agisoft PhotoScan, and LPS. The number of tie points that are used in LPS is 10 tie points, and 4 control points which used to estimate the EOPs, and the number of tie points that are regenerated in Agisoft PhotoScan were 135.605 points, the number of Dense cloud 3,716,912 points are generated, for 3D model a number of 316,253 faces are generated, after processing the tiled model generated (6 levels, 1.25 cm/pix), the generated DEM having (2136×1774/pix), the dimensions of the generated high-resolution orthomosaic are (5520×4494, 4.47 cm/pix). For accuracy assessment, the Xerr. = 0.292 m, Yerr. = 0.38577 m, Zerr.= 0.2889 m, and the total RMS = 0.563 m in the estimated locations of the exterior orientation parameters.
The Limitation and Application of geometric Buildings and Civil Structures
Authors: Kharnoob Majid M. , Hasan Al hasan J. , Sabti Lana M.
Published: November 2021

In construction, the dimensional attribute is vital and difficult to achieve, within special together alongside embedded elements. As a result, a Quality Assessment/Quality Control (QA/QC) bear among pursuance together with continuing to be performed. They are arranged systematically, as much rapidly delays the value-adding action. According to QA/QC dosage, current techniques into account are labor-intensive, time-consuming, yet because concerning hence a whole lot cause costs. Consequently, QA/QC strategies alongside overarching dimension are oft-neglected as awful specialist approaches, so do also equip misleading outcomes into the QA/QC field, afterward government into conformity along with complete exchange but defeat among the after. While a substantial amount concerning techniques afterward auspicious algorithm amongst
Application of adaptive wavelet thresholding to recovery geoacoustic signal pulse waveforms
Authors: Lukovenkova Olga
Published: November 2021

Recorded geoacoustic signals often contain noise and interference. Their appearance is caused by various reasons, e.g. of propagation environment heterogeneity, weather condition influence, human activity, etc. So, geoacoustic emission signals contain a persistent background noise that changes in intensity over time. This noise significantly distorts the geoacoustic pulse waveforms and thus complicates analysis of the signal characteristics. The article presents results of estimating the geoacoustic signal background noise. On the basis of these estimates, a method of adaptive wavelet thresholding is proposed to remove noise from the signal and recovery the single pulse waveforms. In conclusion, the results of a computational experiment are presented. They confirm effectiveness of using the chosen method for the geoacoustic signal preprocessing. The work was carried out as part of the implementation of the state task AAAA-A21-121011290003-0.
Monitoring of Ionosphere and Magnetosphere Plasma and High Energy Charge Particle Fluxes in Multi-satellite Measurements in Wide Range of Altitudes
Authors: Osedlo Vladislav , Abanin Oleg , Vlasova Natalia , Кalegaev Vladimir , Pavlov Nikolay , Petrov Vasilii , Podzolko Mikhail , Rubinstein Ilia , Svertilov Sergey , Tulupov Vladimir , Shemukhin Andrey
Published: November 2021

A system for monitoring the radiation parameters of near-Earth space is described. This system is based on the multi-satellite measurements made on spacecraft Meteor, Electro, Arktika launched into orbits with a wide range of altitudes. The main instrument for space radiation monitoring is spectrometer of electrons and protons SKIF. Such instruments operate in all spacecraft of mentioned above series. The results of observations of different events connected with solar and geomagnetic activity in 2017 and 2021 years are presented and discussed.
Life-time Actionable Pharmacogenetic Drug Use: A Population-based
Cohort Study in 86 040 Young People With and Without Mental Disorders in
Denmark
Authors: Lunenburg Carin A.T.C. , Ishtiak-Ahmed Kazi , Werge Thomas , Gasse Christiane
Published: November 2021

Objective To describe life-time use of current actionable pharmacogenetic
(PGx) somatic and psychotropic drugs according to international PGx consortia in
people with and without hospital-diagnosed mental disorders in the Danish
population.

Methods Population- and register-based observational drug utilization
study in 56 065 individuals with mental disorders, i. e.
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism, bipolar disorder,
depression and schizophrenia, and a random, representative sample of
29 975 individuals of the Danish population, born between 1981 and 2005.
Individuals were followed from 1995 or birth until 2016 (for a maximum of 22
years). We report prevalence and incidence rates of PGx drug use by age, sex and
mental disorders based on redeemed prescriptions between 1995 and 2016.

Results Of the 69 PGx drugs, prescriptions of 39 drugs had been redeemed
by the study population by 35 years of age. The use of at least 1 PGx drug
varied between 23.1% in males without mental disorders and 97.2%
in females with schizophrenia. Males with ADHD or autism were the youngest
first-time PGx drug users at a mean of 11.6 years. The mean number of different
PGx drugs used was 1.2 in males without mental disorders and 5.6 in individuals
with schizophrenia. The prevalence of different PGx drugs linked to more than
one gene was 25.3% in males without mental disorders to 94.1% in
females with schizophrenia.

Conclusion PGx drugs are commonly used by younger people, more often by
individuals with mental disorders and by females. Panel-based PGx testing could
contribute to treatment decisions at a very young age.
Association between Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy and Long-Term Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in the Offspring
Authors: Palatnik Anna , Mele Lisa , Casey Brian M. , Varner Michael W. , Sorokin Yoram , Reddy Uma M. , Wapner Ronald J. , Thorp John M. , Saade George R. , Tita Alan T. N. , Rouse Dwight J. , Sibai Baha , Costantine Maged M. , Mercer Brian M. , Tolosa Jorge E. , Caritis Steve N. ,   for the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network, Bethesda, MD, USA
Published: November 2021

Objective The long-term impact of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) exposure on offspring health is an emerging research area. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between a maternal diagnosis of HDP (gestational hypertension and preeclampsia) and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in the offspring.

Study Design This was a secondary analysis of two parallel multicenter clinical trials of thyroxine therapy for subclinical hypothyroid disorders in pregnancy. Women with singleton nonanomalous gestations diagnosed with subclinical hypothyroidism or hypothyroxinemia were randomized to thyroxine therapy or placebo. The primary outcome was child intelligence quotient (IQ) at 5 years of age. Secondary outcomes included several neurodevelopmental measures, including the Bayley-III cognitive, motor, and language scores at 12 and 24 months, Differential Ability Scales-II (DAS-II) scores at 36 months, the Conners' rating scales-revised at 48 months, and scores from the Child Behavior Checklist at 36 and 60 months. Thyroxine therapy did not influence neurodevelopment in either of the primary studies. Associations between neurodevelopment outcomes and maternal HDP were examined using univariable and multivariable analyses.

Results A total of 112 woman–child dyads with HDP were compared with 1,067 woman–child dyads without HDP. In univariable analysis, mean maternal age (26.7 ± 5.9 vs. 27.8 ± 5.7 years, p = 0.032) and the frequency of nulliparity (45.5 vs. 31.0%, p = 0.002) differed significantly between the two groups. Maternal socioeconomic characteristics did not differ between the groups. After adjusting for potential confounders, there were no significant differences in any primary or secondary neurodevelopment outcome between offspring exposed to HDP and those unexposed. However, when dichotomized as low or high scores, we found higher rates of language delay (language scores <85: −1 standard deviation) at 2 years of age among offspring exposed to HDP compared with those unexposed (46.5 vs. 30.5%, adjusted odds ratio = 2.22, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.44–3.42).

Conclusion In this cohort of pregnant women, HDP diagnosis was associated with language delay at 2 years of age. However, other long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in offspring were not associated with HDP.

Key Points
Human Milk Cessation in the NICU in Infants with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Authors: Seshadri Nilesh , Kim Lydia Y. , McGrath-Morrow Sharon A. , Collaco Joseph M.
Published: November 2021

Objective The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with the cessation of human milk prior to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) discharge for infants diagnosed with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).

Study Design Participants were recruited from the Johns Hopkins BPD Clinic between January 2016 and October 2018. Clinical and demographic characteristics were analyzed based on whether participants stopped human milk before or after NICU discharge.

Results Of the 224 infants included, 109 (48.7%) infants stopped human milk prior to discharge. The median duration of human milk intake was less for infants who stopped human milk prior to discharge compared with those who continued after discharge (2 vs. 8 months, p < 0.001). In multivariate regression analysis, pulmonary hypertension (odds ratio [OR]: 2.90; p = 0.016), public insurance (OR: 2.86; p < 0.001), and length of NICU admission (OR: 1.26 per additional month; p = 0.002) were associated with human milk cessation prior to NICU discharge.

Conclusion Infants with BPD who have severe medical comorbidities and markers of lower socioeconomic status may be at higher risk for earlier human milk discontinuation.

Key Points
Disease Progression and Mutation Pattern in a Large Cohort of LGMD R1/LGMD 2A Patients from India
Authors: Ganaraja Valakunja H. , Polavarapu Kiran , Bardhan Mainak , Preethish-Kumar Veeramani , Leena Shingavi , Anjanappa Ram M. , Vengalil Seena , Nashi Saraswati , Arunachal Gautham , Gunasekaran Swetha , Mohan Dhaarini , Raju Sanita , Unnikrishnan Gopikrishnan , Huddar Akshata , Ravi-Kiran Valasani , Thomas Priya T. , Nalini Atchayaram
Published: November 2021

Calpainopathy is caused by mutations in the CAPN3. There is only one clinical and genetic study of CAPN3 from India and none from South India. A total of 72 (male[M]:female [F] = 34:38) genetically confirmed probands from 72 independent families are included in this study. Consanguinity was present in 54.2%. The mean age of onset and duration of symptoms are 13.5 ± 6.4 and 6.3 ± 4.7 years, respectively. Positive family history occurred in 23.3%. The predominant initial symptoms were proximal lower limb weakness (52.1%) and toe walking (20.5%). At presentation, 97.2% had hip girdle weakness, 69.4% had scapular winging, and 58.3% had contractures. Follow-up was available in 76.4%, and 92.7% were ambulant at a mean age of 23.7 ± 7.6 years and duration of 4.5 years, remaining 7.3% became wheelchair-bound at 25.5 ± 5.7 years of age (mean duration = 13.5 ± 4.6), 4.1% were aged more than 40 years (duration range = 5–20). The majority remained ambulant 10 years after disease onset. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) detected 47 unique CAPN3 variants in 72 patients, out of which 19 are novel. Missense variants were most common occurring in 59.7% (homozygous = 29; Compound heterozygous = 14). In the remaining 29 patients (40.3%), at least one suspected loss of function variant was present. Common recurrent variants were c.2051–1G > T and c.2338G > C in 9.7%, c.1343G > A, c.802–9G > A, and c.1319G > A in 6.9% and c.1963delC in 5.5% of population. Large deletions were observed in 4.2%. Exon 10 mutations accounted for 12 patients (16.7%). Our study highlights the efficiency of NGS technology in screening and molecular diagnosis of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy with recessive form (LGMDR1) patients in India.
The Role of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Facial Plastic Surgery
Authors: Luu Neil N. , Soldatova Liuba , Friedman Oren
Published: November 2021

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has become increasingly popular among facial plastic surgery patients. Over the last few decades, there has been a surge in the use of CAM. Despite the increasing prevalence of CAM, patients may feel uncomfortable discussing these therapies with their physicians, and physicians feel under-equipped to engage in meaningful discussions regarding these nontraditional therapies. This article reviews recent literature on the use of CAM for skin treatment in an attempt to provide additional resource. To date, the evidence to support statistically significant symptom improvement with use of non-traditional therapies remains limited. While preliminary data supports essential oil therapy in some cases, the results of the studies investigating other CAM therapies (traditional Chinese medicine, Ayurveda, and homeopathy) have been mixed and inconclusive.
Surgical Management of Rhabdomyosarcoma of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses: Analysis of Operative Indications, Settings, and Outcomes
Authors: Kana Lulia A. , Smith Joshua D. , Bellile Emily L. , Chugh Rashmi , McKean Erin L.
Published: November 2021

Objectives The role of surgery in management of sinonasal rhabdomyosarcoma (SNRMS) has traditionally been limited, owing to anatomic and technological challenges and the established role of systemic therapy. Herein, we report our institutional experience with surgical management of SNRMS, with a particular focus on operative approaches, extent and outcomes.

Design This study is a retrospective cohort study.

Setting This study was conducted at a single-institution, academic center.

Participants Patients of any age with histologically confirmed RMS of the nasal cavity, maxillary, ethmoid, frontal, or sphenoid sinus, nasolacrimal duct, or nasopharynx presenting between 1994 and 2020 were included in this study.

Main Outcome Measures Demographics, tumor characteristics, operative settings, complications and recurrence, and survival outcomes were the primary outcomes of this study.

Results Our study cohort comprised of 29 patients (mean [range] age: 27.0 [3.1–65.7], n = 12 [41%] female). Tumors of the nasal cavity (n = 10, 35%) and ethmoid sinuses (n = 10, 35%) and those with alveolar histology (n = 21, 72%) predominated. Patients who had surgery as part of their treatment (n = 13, 45%) had improved distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) overall (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.98, p = 0.05) as compared with those who did not have surgery. Surgical approaches included open (n = 7), endoscopic (n = 4), and combined (n = 2). Eight of these 13 patients (62%) had an R0 resection. Additionally, surgical salvage of recurrent disease was employed in five patients (17%).

Conclusion SNRMS is an aggressive malignancy with a high rate of recurrence and spread requiring a multidisciplinary approach for optimal outcomes. Our data supports an expanding role for surgery for SNRMS given its feasibility, tolerability, and potential to improve outcomes.
Pattern formation of reaction–diffusion system with chemotaxis terms
Authors: Cao Qian , Wu Jianhua
Published: November 2021

In this paper, we systematically study two-species reaction–diffusion system with chemotaxis terms. We, first, compare conditions for chemotaxis-driven instability and Turing instability. It follows that conditions for chemotaxis-driven instability are the generalization of conditions for Turing instability without chemotaxis. Most of all, we provide sufficient conditions for chemotaxis-driven instability, which implies that chemotaxis can give rise to pattern formation for the same diffusion coefficients. To support our theoretical analyses, we take the Rosenzweig–MacArthur model as an example to illustrate the influence of parameters on pattern formation. By conditions for chemotaxis-driven instability and numerical simulations, we show parameter spaces of chemotaxis-driven instability (Turing spaces). In addition, we establish the similarity and difference between these Turing spaces. Our numerical simulations validate the dependence of pattern formation on parameters and that unstable parameter spaces induced by chemotaxis can be sufficiently larger than that induced by the reaction–diffusion system without chemotaxis (standard Turing space). Furthermore, we present the pattern formation induced by chemotaxis for Du=Dv. For numerical simulations, we can choose r and β from the Turing spaces to validate previous analysis.
Development and assessment of an x-ray tube-based multi-beam x-ray scatter projection imaging system
Authors: Dydula Christopher , Johns Paul C.
Published: November 2021

Coherent scatter x-ray imaging systems are sensitive to material structure and chemical composition, and generate soft-material images with contrast superior to conventional transmission x-ray imaging. For practicality in medical or security applications, the image data acquisition time should be <10 min. Our approach is a multi-beam projection imaging design. Previously, as a development stage, we implemented a synchrotron-based system with five coplanar pencil beams and continuous motion of the object. In the work reported here, we developed a more practical coherent scatter projection imaging system using a conventional x-ray tube source. The object is irradiated by an array of up to three rows by five columns of pencil beams, and motorized stages translate the object through the beams for step-and-shoot acquisition. For the same tube loading, broad spectrum beams, such as 110 kVp filtered with 2.25 mm Al, were found to provide a higher signal-difference-to-noise ratio between soft materials in scatter images than lower kVp, more heavily filtered beams that have a narrower, lower intensity spectrum. The shortest acquisition time for a 6.0 × 10.0 cm2 object with 6000 pixels was 8.8 min. The width of a sharp edge in the scatter image was consistent with the pencil beam diameter. Contrast-detail performance was similar to our synchrotron-based system. In this first x-ray tube-based system, for simplicity, the transmitted x rays are measured through attenuators using the same flat-panel detector that measures scattered x rays. As a result, the primary image quality was reduced.
Mathematical model of subthalamic nucleus neuron: Characteristic activity patterns and bifurcation analysis
Authors: Park Choongseok , Rubchinsky Leonid L. , Ahn Sungwoo
Published: November 2021

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) has an important role in the pathophysiology of the basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease. The ability of STN cells to generate bursting rhythms under either transient or sustained hyperpolarization may underlie the excessively synchronous beta rhythms observed in Parkinson's disease. In this study, we developed a conductance-based single compartment model of an STN neuron, which is able to generate characteristic activity patterns observed in experiments including hyperpolarization-induced bursts and post-inhibitory rebound bursts. This study focused on the role of three currents in rhythm generation: T-type calcium (CaT) current, L-type calcium (CaL) current, and hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) current. To investigate the effects of these currents in rhythm generation, we performed a bifurcation analysis using slow variables in these currents. Bifurcation analysis showed that the HCN current promotes single-spike activity patterns rather than bursting in agreement with experimental results. It also showed that the CaT current is necessary for characteristic bursting activity patterns. In particular, the CaT current enables STN neurons to generate these activity patterns under hyperpolarizing stimuli. The CaL current enriches and reinforces these characteristic activity patterns. In hyperpolarization-induced bursts or post-inhibitory rebound bursts, the CaL current allows STN neurons to generate long bursting patterns. Thus, the bifurcation analysis explained the synergistic interaction of the CaT and CaL currents, which enables STN neurons to respond to hyperpolarizing stimuli in a salient way. The results of this study implicate the importance of CaT and CaL currents in the pathophysiology of the basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease.
BAMCAFE: A Bayesian machine learning advanced forecast ensemble method for complex turbulent systems with partial observations
Authors: Chen Nan , Li Yingda
Published: November 2021

Ensemble forecast based on physics-informed models is one of the most widely used forecast algorithms for complex turbulent systems. A major difficulty in such a method is the model error that is ubiquitous in practice. Data-driven machine learning (ML) forecasts can reduce the model error, but they often suffer from partial and noisy observations. In this article, a simple but effective Bayesian machine learning advanced forecast ensemble (BAMCAFE) method is developed, which combines an available imperfect physics-informed model with data assimilation (DA) to facilitate the ML ensemble forecast. In the BAMCAFE framework, a Bayesian ensemble DA is applied to create the training data of the ML model, which reduces the intrinsic error in the imperfect physics-informed model simulations and provides the training data of the unobserved variables. Then a generalized DA is employed for the initialization of the ML ensemble forecast. In addition to forecasting the optimal point-wise value, the BAMCAFE also provides an effective approach of quantifying the forecast uncertainty utilizing a non-Gaussian probability density function that characterizes the intermittency and extreme events. It is shown using a two-layer Lorenz 96 model that the BAMCAFE method can significantly improve the forecasting skill compared to the typical reduced-order imperfect models with bare truncation or stochastic parameterization for both the observed and unobserved large-scale variables. It is also shown via a nonlinear conceptual model that the BAMCAFE leads to a comparable non-Gaussian forecast uncertainty as the perfect model while the associated imperfect physics-informed model suffers from large forecast biases.
Grain boundary segregation and carbide precipitation in heat treated niobium superconducting radio frequency cavities
Authors: Dangwal Pandey A. , Keller T. F. , Wenskat M. , Jeromin A. , Kulkarni S. , Noei H. , Vonk V. , Hillert W. , Reschke D. , Walker N. , Weise H. , Stierle A.
Published: November 2021

A fundamental understanding of superconducting radio frequency Nb cavity processing is necessary to achieve the desired improvement in their performance, which is needed for further upgrades of modern particle accelerators. To recognize the physical processes behind the losses in the accelerator modules, it is required to address not only the observed improvements but also the degradation occurring after different surface treatments. Here, we report on microscopic and spectroscopic studies of several cutouts from an extremely well performing cavity, which showed a systematic degradation after modified surface treatments and annealing conditions. Our results suggest that an abundance of low-angle grain boundaries surrounding the small sized grains can be related to the local superconductivity breakdown at high accelerating field gradients. Losses due to grain boundary segregated carbides are discussed to being most dominant and to leading to an anomalous Q-degradation of the whole cavity starting at low fields.
d
5 off-centering induced ferroelectric and magnetoelectric correlations in trirutile-Fe2TeO6
Authors: Pal P. , Kaushik S. D. , Badola Shalini , Kuila S. , Rajput Parasmani , Saha Surajit , Vishwakarma P. N. , Singh A. K.
Published: November 2021

We present the rare existence of d5 off-centering induced weak ferroelectric polarization and demonstrate its correlation with observed magnetoelectric (ME) properties in the G type (TN ∼ 210 K) antiferromagnet Fe2TeO6 (FTO) compound. The origin of ferroelectricity (FE) is associated with both lattice and asymmetric electron density (ED) distribution around the ion cores. ME coupling is observed in magnetic field-dependent polarization, ME voltage, and magnetostrain measurements. Short-range magnetic ordering due to intrabilayer dimeric exchange coupling via the double oxygen bridged Fe–O1–Fe pathway is proposed to play a dominating role to exhibit the negative nonlinear magnetic field-dependent ME behavior at 300 K. Interbilayer exchange via Fe–O2–Fe pathways dominantly determines the hysteretic nonlinear magnetic field-dependent ME response below TN. The observed nonlinear ME coupling signifies magnetoelasticity as manifested in the temperature and magnetic field-dependent strain measurement. Hence, the rare existence of FE and magnetoelectric coupling by d5 ion is presented in FTO.
Time-delayed Kuramoto model in the Watts–Strogatz small-world networks
Authors: Ameli Sara , Karimian Maryam , Shahbazi Farhad
Published: November 2021

We study the synchronization of small-world networks of identical coupled phase oscillators through the Kuramoto interaction and uniform time delay. For a given intrinsic frequency and coupling constant, we observe synchronization enhancement in a range of time delays and discontinuous transition from the partially synchronized state with defect patterns to a glassy phase, characterized by a distribution of randomly frozen phase-locked oscillators. By further increasing the time delay, this phase undergoes a discontinuous transition to another partially synchronized state. We found the bimodal frequency distributions and hysteresis loops as indicators of the discontinuous nature of these transitions. Moreover, we found the existence of Chimera states at the onset of transitions.
Large-eddy lattice-Boltzmann modeling of transonic flows
Authors: Coratger T. , Farag G. , Zhao S. , Boivin P. , Sagaut P.
Published: November 2021

A D3Q19 hybrid recursive regularized pressure based lattice-Boltzmann method (HRR-P LBM) is assessed for the simulation of complex transonic flows. Mass and momentum conservation equations are resolved through a classical LBM solver coupled with a finite volume resolution of entropy equation for a complete compressible solver preserving stability, accuracy, and computational costs. An efficient treatment for wall and open boundaries is coupled with a grid refinement technique and extended to the HRR-P LBM in the scope of compressible aerodynamics. A Vreman subgrid turbulence model and an improved coupling of immersed boundary method with turbulence wall model on Cartesian grid accounts for unresolved scales by large-eddy simulation. The validity of the present method for transonic applications is investigated through various test cases with increasing complexity starting from an inviscid flow over a 10% bump and ending with a turbulent flow over a ONERA M6 three-dimensional wing.
Dynamic interaction between fluctuations with different origins in a linear magnetized plasma
Authors: Kawachi Y. , Inagaki S. , Sasaki M. , Kosuga Y. , Yamasaki K. , Kobayashi T. , Kin F. , Yamada T. , Arakawa H. , Nagashima Y. , Moon C. , Kasuya N. , Fujisawa A.
Published: November 2021

This paper presents the experimental identification of the dynamic interaction between three fluctuations excited by different thermodynamical forces in a linear plasma. The observed fluctuations are characterized as an axial symmetric mode, a drift wave, and an azimuthally symmetric potential fluctuation from the spatiotemporal structures measured with Langmuir probe arrays. The intermittent burst of the axial symmetric mode is observed by the instantaneous wave number spectrum. The energy transfer analysis revealed that the axially symmetric mode gains energy from the other mode during the burst while the drift wave loses energy. The intermittent burst synchronizes with the azimuthal symmetric potential fluctuation.
Improving the quality of fuel through the use of forced gas boiling in a vacuum
Authors: Boryaev A. A.
Published: November 2021

Basic physical processes proceeding in hydrocarbon fuels during operation are the following: evaporation, stratification, contamination with impurities (gaseous, liquid, and mechanical), and settling of high-melting components during cooling, as well as the mixing of hydrocarbon fuels of various groups and grades in tanks and hauling equipment as well as during pipeline transportation. The fuel quality changes the most when products that differ significantly in their physical and chemical properties are mixed. The principle of the technology for adjusting the fractional composition of the fuel proposed in the article is as follows: a mixture of petroleum products is bubbled with gas (air, nitrogen), while the free volume is continuously pumped out by a vacuum system, a vacuum close to saturated is maintained in the technological tank, the vapor pressure of the more volatile component of the liquid mixture. The article assesses the possibility of using this technology for separating a mixture, derives a formula for determining the mass of a highly volatile liquid separated from a mixture, and gives recommendations on the technological parameters of improving the quality of fuel in terms of fractional composition by the method of forced gas boiling (PGV) in a vacuum and presents a theoretical justification of the proposed technology.
Laminar flow-induced vibration of a three-degree-of-freedom circular cylinder with an attached splitter plate
Authors: Zhang Mingjie , Øiseth Ole , Xu Fuyou
Published: November 2021

Splitter plates are widely used for drag reduction and vibration control or enhancement of circular cylinders. The effects of a splitter plate on the vertical flow-induced vibrations of a circular cylinder have been well studied. However, its effects on the vertical-torsional coupled vibrations require further investigation. In this paper, the three-degree-of-freedom (TDoF) flow-induced vibrations of a circular cylinder with an attached splitter plate are numerically investigated at a Reynolds number of 100. The ratio between the torsional and vertical natural frequencies is varied within fθ,0/fh,0 = 6, 4, 3, 2, and 1. Numerical results show that the flow-induced vibrations of a TDoF cylinder-plate assembly, depending on the frequency ratio, may differ significantly from those of a single-degree-of-freedom (SDoF) vertical or torsional assembly. For cylinder-plate assemblies with fθ,0/fh,0 = 6–2, the vibrations can be divided into a vertical vibration-dominated branch (V branch), a torsional vibration-dominated branch (T branch), and a coupled vibration-dominated branch (C branch). The V branch vibration of a TDoF assembly is similar to that of an SDoF vertical assembly at the same reduced flow velocity, while the difference increases with decreasing the frequency ratio. The T branch vibration of a TDoF assembly is almost identical to the vibration of an SDoF torsional assembly at the same reduced flow velocity. The ratio between the torsional and vertical vibration amplitudes increases with decreasing the frequency ratio in the C branch. For the assembly with fθ,0/fh,0 = 1, vertical-torsional coupled vortex-induced vibrations are observed with the largest torsional amplitude as high as 46.3°. The vibrations of TDoF assemblies with all considered frequency ratios may be more severe than those of SDoF vertical and torsional assemblies within specific ranges of reduced flow velocities. The mean drag coefficients for the fθ,0/fh,0 = 6–2 assemblies are lower than a stationary circular cylinder but often higher than a stationary cylinder-plate assembly. The mean drag coefficients for the fθ,0/fh,0 = 1 assembly in the lock-in range are considerably larger than that of a stationary circular cylinder. For TDoF assemblies with fθ,0/fh,0 = 6–2, the V branch and C branch vibrations are mainly driven by the interaction between the assembly and the shear layers, while the T branch vibrations are excited by the typical 2S mode of vortex shedding. The 2S vortex shedding mode is also observed in the lock-in range of the fθ,0/fh,0 = 1 assembly.
A nanoscale analysis method to reveal oxygen exchange between environment, oxide, and electrodes in ReRAM devices
Authors: Cox Horatio R. J. , Buckwell Mark , Ng Wing H. , Mannion Daniel J. , Mehonic Adnan , Shearing Paul R. , Fearn Sarah , Kenyon Anthony J.
Published: November 2021

The limited sensitivity of existing analysis techniques at the nanometer scale makes it challenging to systematically examine the complex interactions in redox-based resistive random access memory (ReRAM) devices. To test models of oxygen movement in ReRAM devices beyond what has previously been possible, we present a new nanoscale analysis method. Harnessing the power of secondary ion mass spectrometry, the most sensitive surface analysis technique, for the first time, we observe the movement of 16O across electrically biased SiOx ReRAM stacks. We can therefore measure bulk concentration changes in a continuous profile with unprecedented sensitivity. This reveals the nanoscale details of the reversible field-driven exchange of oxygen across the ReRAM stack. Both the reservoir-like behavior of a Mo electrode and the injection of oxygen into the surface of SiOx from the ambient are observed within one profile. The injection of oxygen is controllable through changing the porosity of the SiOx layer. Modeling of the electric fields in the ReRAM stacks is carried out which, for the first time, uses real measurements of both the interface roughness and electrode porosity. This supports our findings helping to explain how and where oxygen from ambient moisture enters devices during operation.
A numerical study of hollow water drop breakup during freezing
Authors: Vu Truong V. , Pham Binh D. , Pham Phuc H. , Vu Hung V. , Tran Bo X.
Published: November 2021

We present a numerical investigation of the breakup and freezing of a pendant hollow water drop beneath a cold curved surface. The drop contains a bubble surrounded by a shell of water that forms at an outer wetting angle of θo with the surface. The freezing begins on the cold curved surface and evolves in the direction of gravity. As it freezes, the water accumulates and forms a bulbous end at the bottom of the drop. Breakup can occur, inducing a daughter water drop. As a result, the freezing process of the remaining hollow drop attached to the surface takes less time, and the frozen drop shrinks. However, this breakup has no effect on the bubble. The various parameters under consideration include the Bond number Bo, the Stefan number St, the size of the bubble, and the angle θo. It is found that the breakup of the drop during freezing takes place for increasing Bo (from 0.1 to 3.0), increasing θo (from 60° to 120°), decreasing St (in the range of 0.01–0.64), or decreasing bubble size. On the other hand, the shape of the curved surface has little influence on the breakup of the drop. Phase diagrams of θo vs Bo and of St vs Bo are also presented to provide a more general picture of the breakup and freezing of the water drop.
Simple integral model for trajectories of jet deflection in crossflow
Authors: Chen Ziyu , Hu Kexin , Mao Yinbo , Su Xinrong , Yuan Xin
Published: November 2021

An integration method is developed based on mass and momentum conservation laws to predict trajectories of transverse jets in crossflow. The dominant mechanisms of jet deflections, namely, the jet ingestion and the drag force, are quantified. The evolution of the jet size is determined by modeling the growth of the counter-rotating vortex pair, bringing closure to the equation set. Results are compared with experimental data at different velocity ratios, density ratios, and turbulence intensity. Good agreements between predicted results and experimental data demonstrate the advantages of the proposed model over the commonly adopted correlation in prediction accuracy and generality.
Across the benthic and pelagic realms: a species‐level phylogeny of Benthesicymidae (Crustacea : Decapoda)
Authors: Vereshchaka Alexander L. , Kulagin Dmitry N. , Lunina Anastasiia A.
Published: November 2021

Benthesicymidae is a monophyletic group of Decapoda adapted to a life on the sea-floor, in the near-bottom layer, in the bathy- and in the mesopelagic, within an impressive depth range from a few hundred metres (Gennadas) to several thousand metres (Benthesicymus). Higher taxa are known to conquer all main oceanic biotopes such as the benthic, benthopelagic, and pelagic and a wide depth range but few family-level groups have clades evolved within all these oceanic realms. Therefore, the global fauna of Benthesicymidae provides a rare opportunity for an insight into phylogenetic processes favouring colonisation of all principal oceanic biotopes. The first comprehensive phylogenetic study of Benthesicymidae (all 37 valid species) is based on six molecular markers and 105 morphological characters (including 72 female and male copulatory characters). Analyses resulted in trees with similar topology and the same set of robust clades. Molecular methods based on 167 sequences (84 new) provided better resolution of deeper nodes and generally higher support of the clades, while morphological methods allowed analyses of all valid species of the global fauna. Phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly and robustness of all currently known genera except Gennadas, which was split into Gennadas Bate, 1881, Amalopenaeus Smith, 1882, and Notogennema gen. nov. We also retrieved two major clades for which we erected two new subfamilies: Benthesicyminae subfam. nov. (presumably benthic, genera Altelatipes, Bathicaris, Benthesicymus, and Benthonectes) and Gennadinae subfam. nov. (presumably pelagic, genera Amalopenaeus, Bentheogennema, Benthoecetes, Boreogennema, Gennadas, Maorrancaris, and Notogennema gen. nov.). We revealed two groups of morphological characters, that are interlinked evolutionarily: (1) petasma and thelycum; (2) body, mouthparts, and pereopods. Morphological traits within benthic and pelagic clades are different, a model explaining the differences is proposed. Along with previous studies, our results confirm the idea that the elaboration of the copulatory structures is a key to successful colonisation of the pelagic realm. These results extend our knowledge about evolution in the largest habitual biotope of our planet and phylogenetic processes favouring colonisation of all principal oceanic biotopes.