bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why Artistic Value is not Aesthetic Value
Authors: Stecker Robert
Published: May 2019

This chapter argues that artistic value is a distinct kind of value from aesthetic value. Artistic value is a function of, and derived from, a plurality of more basic values, including, but not confined to, aesthetic value. Artworks are also valued as artworks for their cognitive value, ethical value, art-historical value, interpretation-centered value, and in other ways as well. To understand the artistic value of particular works requires understanding what the artist who makes the work is intending to do in it—what functions it is intended to fulfill or what it is intended to achieve. In order to defend this view, the chapter will show that artistic value is not reducible to aesthetic value.
Contractualist Common Ownership and the Basic Needs Principle
Authors: Blomfield Megan
Published: May 2019

This chapter draws on Charles Beitz’s account of natural resource justice to defend a method of justification that can be used to develop the Common Ownership view. This method employs an original position device, familiar from contemporary social contract theory, and the resulting view is therefore termed ‘Contractualist Common Ownership’. This understanding of Common Ownership is motivated by arguing that it is an apt interpretation of Equal Original Claims. Two key objections to this approach are anticipated and addressed. Contractualist Common Ownership is then used to reconsider and reject the principle of equal division. It is argued that instead, the parties would first secure agreement on a basic needs principle. However, it is also argued that this sufficientarian principle would not be accepted in isolation; parties would seek agreement on further principles of justice for the assignment of rights to natural resources, beyond what is required for basic needs.
The Modes Combined
Authors: Sienkiewicz Stefan
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines how all of the Agrippan modes (bar relativity for the reasons given in Chapter 5) work in combination with one another. Sextus provides us with two such sceptical ‘nets’ in the Outlines each of which is analysed. A third net of Jonathan Barnes’s invention is also analysed, as well a fourth, modified version of Barnes’s net. The conclusion drawn is that all four combinations are underscored by a variety of theoretical assumptions which the sceptic is not in a position to make.
Cosmopolitan Extraterritoriality
Authors: Shapcott Richard
Published: May 2019

This chapter argues that extraterritoriality (ET) is an important idea and practice in the contemporary world that can be a possible site of state cosmopolitan responsibility. However, it also contains a serious potential for interstate domination and the assertion of national rather than cosmopolitan interests. Therefore, in order to avoid merely being a further opportunity for interstate domination, it must be understood in cosmopolitan terms as being concerned with regulating and restricting the state, and its agents and citizenry’s capacity for transnational harm. Only when understood in cosmopolitan terms can ET be a legitimate exercise of state responsibility beyond borders, even in the absence of a ‘cosmopolitan’ world order.
Climate Change and Cosmopolitan Responsibilities
Authors: Haflidadottir Helga , Lang, Jr Anthony F.
Published: May 2019

The principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDRRC) reveals the contested nature of responsibility not just amongst American presidents but more widely in the international legal community. The principle is intended to reconcile historical emissions with a just or equitable burden sharing in response to climate change by placing a heavier burden on developed countries than developing ones to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Yet emphasis on understanding responsibility based on causal inferences of historical blame or current emission levels has prevented states, including powerful ones like the United States, from conceiving their responsibility in proactive terms. Although climate change is addressed by non-state political communities and activist groups, these alternative communities struggle to bring to bear a holistic approach towards the phenomena without having sufficient political, economic and scientific resources. In addition, their power to make change relies in many ways on the power and sovereignty of states. As a result, we suggest that the responsibility for proactively engaging with the challenges of a changing climate must begin with states. We look to progress in international law and international organizations, the realm of states, to suggest that states can and do fulfil responsibilities in regards to climate change.
Legitimacy and the State in Cosmopolitan and Republican Politics
Authors: Elliott Taylor
Published: May 2019

While there exist significant points of divergence between cosmopolitanism and republicanism in their respective responses to the tensions arising within contemporary legitimacy politics and the role for the state therein, it is significant that there remains agreement that there is an efficient role for the state in the global politics of legitimation, an efficiency that actively responds to the tensions in legitimacy that characterize global politics. In this respect, it is noteworthy that the state—in both cosmopolitan and republican politics—shoulders responsibility not only towards its own formally assigned population, but further functions as an agency culpable in solutions to more globally oriented problems: as bearing the burden of responsibility to peoples whose own states fail. The state—cosmopolitan and republican—is a global agent with glocalized and globalized responsibilities.
The Cosmopolitan Responsibilities of Republican States
Authors: Ronzoni Miriam
Published: May 2019

Can the republican state be a bearer of cosmopolitan responsibilities, and if so of what kind? In this chapter, I suggest that they must, but that these obligations will inevitably be constrained in kind. I reach this conclusion in two steps. First, I suggest that, unlike liberal egalitarians, republicans are all moral (if not necessarily all legal and political) cosmopolitans: they do believe that each and every moral agent is entitled to the same claim to non-domination. Yet, they sharply disagree on what it takes to secure this claim: are people best protected from domination if they live in robustly sovereign states, under a global democratic or constitutional regime, or does the solution lie somewhere in between? Second, I suggest that, if this is the case, then all republicans must recognize the existence of cosmopolitan responsibilities for states—even those who advocate the starkest forms of state sovereignty. For some of them, these responsibilities will include the obligation of states to subject themselves to supranational legal systems of some kind; for some, instead, they will only entail obligations to respect each other’s sovereignty. However, these responsibilities will have specific features regardless of such differences. In a nutshell: if, to some extent, the cosmopolitan responsibilities of states might entail the duty to intervene in, or interfere with, the conduct of other states, then these must be importantly constrained by the fact that these very interventions and interferences must themselves be of a non-dominating kind.
‘But what if the Queen should die?’
Authors: Owens W. R.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 1 discusses Daniel Defoe’s writings on Dissent and the Succession during the last years of Queen Anne and the opening years of the reign of George I. His relationship with his Dissenting co-religionists had always been a complicated one, especially over the issue of Occasional Conformity. Although thinking it indefensible that Dissenters be forced out of public office by the Corporation and Test Acts, Defoe believed equally firmly that no conscientious Dissenter should engage in Occasional Conformity to get round the law. In 1702 he was imprisoned for publishing The Shortest Way with the Dissenters, an ironical attack on High-Church opponents of Occasional Conformity which fooled readers on both sides. In 1713, he again risked using irony for polemical purposes, intervening dramatically in the growing public debate over who should succeed Queen Anne in the event of her death. Between February and April, he published a linked set of three ironical pamphlets putting forward (clearly spurious) arguments why it would be better if the Pretender succeeded, rather than the Elector George. The issues raised by the Protestant succession were central to Defoe’s political philosophy, as can be seen again in his Memoirs of the Church of Scotland (1717) where he argued that the principles that had animated Scottish Covenanters in their armed resistance to Charles II were the same as those which justified the Glorious Revolution and on which the Hanoverian Succession was founded.
Introduction
Authors: Bianchi Emanuela , Brill Sara , Holmes Brooke
Published: May 2019

This chapter introduces the main purpose of the volume, namely staging, through fourteen essays, an encounter between the texts of classical Greco-Roman antiquity and the insights of posthumanism and the “new materialisms,” which point toward entities, forces, and systems that pass through and beyond the human, It discusses how ancient texts, experienced through this lens as both familiar and strange, can forge new understandings of life, whether understood as zoological, psychical, ethical, juridical, political, theological, or cosmic. Further, it situates the volume within the history of classical scholarship since the eighteenth century, and relates how the volume contributes to the broader milieu of contemporary philosophy and the theoretical humanities. Finally, it gives an outline of each chapter, showing how each contributes to the volume’s project as a whole.
Hearing voices
Authors: Naddaff Ramona
Published: May 2019

The interpretation of Socrates’ daimonion, his “divine sign” or “supernatural force,” has troubled scholars for centuries. Naddaff argues that Socrates’ daimonion is central to understanding the exceptionality of this “atopos” philosopher. Insofar as he hears a voice that is “alogos,” without or beyond logos, Socrates chooses to live life differently, to transform his being as that which is beyond the human. As such, Socrates ontologically disrupts the very category of the “human,” and proposes a new style of living that radically redefines his relation not only to the divine but also to the animal.
Precarious life
Authors: Leonard Miriam
Published: May 2019

In …Pleasure Principle, Freud juxtaposes his discussion of the life and death instincts in “elementary organisms” to the tragic drama he sees enacted in his grandson’s fort-da game. Freud’s insights into the death drive are given an added tragic dimension in Lacan’s reading of Oedipus at Colonus. Here Lacan establishes the anti- or even post-humanist credentials of tragedy by insisting that it is the death of the subject which is Sophocles’ ultimate preoccupation. By placing Greek tragedy’s confrontation with the death drive in dialogue with the instincts of the “germ-cell”, the chapter demonstrates how psychoanalysis offers a perfect model for understanding antiquity’s contribution to posthumanism.
The Crisis of the Dogma of Sovereignty in the History of Ideas
Authors: Heller Hermann
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers Bodin’s theory of sovereignty. Bodin’s concept of sovereignty was the result of a war fought by the French state under the leadership of the king and the University of Paris against the king’s subjection to the Catholic Church and the empire, as well as against the subordination of state power to the feudal barons. Even before Bodin, the “initially relative, comparative concept of royal sovereignty” had changed to “an absolute one.” The state, represented in the king, which had heretofore only been superior in its relationship to the Church, empire, and barons, now became “supreme.” Bodin was the first to claim sovereignty as a defining criterion of the state.
The Sovereign Person
Authors: Heller Hermann
Published: May 2019

This chapter attempts to secure a sovereign person to positivize the supreme legal principles, one who is capable of making consciously evaluative decisions. This person must, on the one hand, eventually become a real bearer of the will, while, on the other, must be an independent, law-creating authority. A person equipped with these characteristics is unknown to the present theory of the state. In Germany, the dominant theory since Hegel maintains that the sovereign person is the state; sovereignty is a characteristic of state power or, in a relationship that is not entirely clear, the state’s will or state personality. The state can only be considered the sovereign person, however, if it is seen, with objective necessity, as a unified reality of will or decision-making unit.
The Juristic Limits of and the Absolute Character of Sovereignty
Authors: Heller Hermann
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses how sovereignty retains its absolute character despite highly developed international law. It argues that states’ social interdependence does not itself negate their juristic independence. Even the peace treaty forced upon the conquered state by the victor does not negate the sovereignty of the conquered, but only confirms it. Nor does the concept of sovereignty lose its absolute character as a result of international law obligations. “International law does not and cannot exist apart from distinct nations, separate, and living their own lives. So it must write on the pediment of its edifice that nations have the right to preserve themselves and to freely take the measures that serve this objective.” This absolute right of self-preservation demanded by international law is the basis for the absolute character of sovereignty.
Towards a typology of prominent internal possessors
Authors: Nikolaeva Irina , Bárány András , Bond Oliver
Published: May 2019

It is generally assumed that properties of the phrasal head determine the properties of a syntactic phrase as a whole. This chapter shows that some possessive constructions present a challenge to these assumptions, since in such constructions internal possessors, standardly analysed as dependents of possessed head nouns, exhibit a number of head-like properties. These properties determine the behaviour of the whole phrase in the larger syntactic domain. Such possessors are referred to as ‘prominent internal possessors’ (PIPs). The chapter provides a typological overview of PIPs based on a survey of approximately sixty languages from different parts of the world. It discusses the role of PIPs in two syntactic processes, namely, indexing on the verb via grammatical agreement or pronominal incorporation and switch-reference, as well as accompanying functional effects. It also addresses the question of how the phenomenon of PIPs can be accounted for in theoretical terms.
Extended agreement in Oneida (Iroquoian)
Authors: Jean-Pierre Koenig Bond , Michelson Karin
Published: May 2019

This chapter argues that prominent internal possessor patterns are present in Oneida but that the grammar of Oneida includes neither a prominent internal possessor nor an external possessor construction. The possessed nominal does not condition either what is marked on the pronominal prefix on the verb or the category of the pronominal prefix. Overall, which prefix the verb takes is determined by the verb’s lexical preferences when no inalienable body part is involved. The chapter argues that the relation between the externally expressed body part and the corresponding argument that the verb takes is one of extended agreement: the verb’s argument and the body part stand in a part–whole relation. This pattern is not unique to possession, but characteristic of the looser syntactic and semantic connection in Oneida between verbs and external nominals.
Subordinate clauses
Authors: Faarlund Jan Terje
Published: May 2019

In subordinate clauses, the C position is occupied by a complementizer word, which may be null. The finite verb stays in V. SpecCP is either empty or occupied by a wh-word, or by some other element indicating its semantic function. Nominal clauses are finite or non-finite. Finite nominal clauses are declarative or interrogative. Declarative nominal clauses may under specific circumstances have main clause word order (‘embedded V2’). Infinitival clauses are marked by an infinitive marker, which is either in C (Swedish), or immediately above V (Danish). Norwegian has both options. Relative clauses comprise several different types; clauses with a relativized nominal argument are mostly introduced by a complementizer; adverbial relative clauses relativize a locative or temporal phrase, with or without a complementizer; comparative clauses relativize a degree or identity. Under hard-to-define circumstances depending on language and region, subordinate clauses allow extraction of phrases up into the matrix clause.
International Criminal Justice History Writing as Anachronism
Authors: Mégret Frédéric
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on the extent to which the contemporary project of international criminal justice cannot easily lay claim to what it imagines to be its past, because that past, despite superficial similarities, often exhibited fundamentally different concerns. It highlights three areas in which international criminal justice today is arguably dramatically different from how it was understood up to the 1990s. First, international criminal justice was for a long time much less obsessed with the criminalization of international law prohibitions specifically, and much more interested in the transnational dimensions of the criminal law. Second, it was much less committed to a strict model of individual accountability under international law and much more willing to see the state as the central pivot of international criminal responsibility. Third, it was intimately linked to peace projects whereas it has become intimately associated to the fight against atrocities and mass human rights violations.
Kant's Revolutionary Theory of Modality
Authors: Abacı Uygar
Published: May 2019

This book offers a comprehensive study of Kant’s views on modal notions of possibility, actuality or existence, and necessity. It aims to locate Kant’s views on these notions in their broader historical context, establish their continuity and transformation across Kant’s precritical and critical texts, and determine their role in the substance as well as the development of Kant’s philosophical project. It makes two overarching claims. First, Kant’s precritical views on modality, which appear in the context of his attempts to revise the ontological argument and are critical of the tradition only from within its prevailing paradigm of modality, develop into a revolutionary theory of modality in his critical period, radicalizing his critique of the ontotheological and rationalist metaphysical tradition. While the traditional paradigm construes modal notions as fundamental ontological predicates, expressing different modes or ways of being of things, Kant’s theory consists in redefining them as subjective and relational features of our discursivity, expressing different modes in which our conceptual representations of objects are related to our cognitive faculty. Second, this revolutionary theory of modality does not only become a crucial component of Kant’s critical epistemology and his radical critique of rationalist metaphysics, but it is in fact directly constitutive of the critical turn itself, as Kant originally formulates the latter in terms of a shift from an ontological to an epistemological approach to the question of possibility. Thus, tracing the development of Kant’s understanding of modality comes to fruition in an alternative reading of Kant’s overall philosophical development.
Ontotheology and Modality I
Authors: Abacı Uygar
Published: May 2019

This chapter offers a general framework for reading ontotheology, according to which any version of the ontological argument consists of two logical steps. First, it introduces existence into the concept of God in one way or another; second, it infers the existence of God from the concept of God and asserts identity between two distinct notions of God, viz. as the most real being and as the necessary being. With this framework in place, the chapter then examines the classical version of the ontological argument, introduced by St Anselm and popularized by Descartes. It demonstrates that while Kant’s primary objection, i.e. existence is not a real predicate, applies equally to both Anselm’s and Descartes’ arguments, Descartes importantly anticipates the actualist principle, i.e. facts about possibility must be grounded on facts about actuality, which will come to be a major insight in Kant’s theory of modality.
The Revolutionary Shift in Kantian Modality Prior to the Critique
Authors: Abacı Uygar
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the development of Kant’s conception of modality in the period between The Only Possible Argument (1763) and the Critique of Pure Reason (1781). From the mid-1760s on, Kant interprets his discovery that existence involves a relation to the cognitive faculty as more broadly applying to modality in general, and adopts the epistemological interpretation of the actualist principle. This shift plays an essential role in Kant’s realization of the need for a ‘critical turn’ in philosophy, which Kant first formulates in his 1772 letter to Herz in terms of the question of how to cognize that our pure concepts do indeed represent really possible objects. What problematizes this question is the actualist principle, epistemologically interpreted as stating that the cognition of actuality is a prerequisite of cognition of real possibility. Kant’s emerging revolution in modality is thus constitutive of his critical turn rather than a consequence of it.
The Modality of Judgments
Authors: Abacı Uygar
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on Kant’s account of the modal functions of judgments in the Critique of Pure Reason. There are two current strands of interpreting this account. The first understands the modality of a given judgment in terms of the judger’s attitude toward its content, based on their epistemic or psychological states. The second understands it solely in terms of its location in a syllogistic context. On the alternative interpretation defended in this chapter, Kant construes the modalities of judgments as instantiating relative logical modalities and expressing logical coherence relations between a judgment and a set of background judgments. This interpretation not only fits well with Kant’s revolutionary program of redefining modality as a feature of the relation between the conceptual representations of things and the cognitive faculty of the judger, but also captures the formal-logical infrastructure of his account of real modality in the rest of the Critique.
Absolute Real Modality and Kant’s Amodalism Regarding Noumena
Authors: Abacı Uygar
Published: May 2019

This final chapter focuses on the two theses Kant introduces in §76 of the Critique of the Power of Judgment: the epistemic thesis that while it is a necessary feature of our discursive understanding to distinguish between the merely possible and the actual, an intuitive or divine understanding would cognize only actual objects, and the metaphysical thesis that things in themselves do not have modal properties. Both theses are rooted in Kant’s revolutionary theory of modality. Modal categories express only the various ways in which the representations of objects are related to the cognitive subject, and thus do not signify anything in isolation from this representational relation. Modalization is thus an exclusive feature of a discursive mind to which representations of objects can be related in various ways, as opposed to an intuitive mind which would represent the whole of everything all at once and thus only in one way.
Proportional reduction in error —a measure of association
Authors: Selvin Steve
Published: May 2019

This statistical tool is a useful and interesting approach to describing the relationships within tabled data and is illustrated by a description of the relationship between smoking exposure and levels of socioeconomic status data. The measure capitalizes on the observed maximum values to identify association.
Percent increase—ratios?
Authors: Selvin Steve
Published: May 2019

Focus on a March Dimes Brochure illustrates two statistical measures of risk of neural tube defects at birth contrasting and applying odds ratios and percentages.
A true life puzzle
Authors: Selvin Steve
Published: May 2019

A seemingly impossible situation arose in the apparent admission of more male than female students to the University of California, Berkeley. The complete story illustrates a statistical tool called direct adjustment.
Geometry of an approximate average rate
Authors: Selvin Steve
Published: May 2019

The geometry of a rate is surprisingly simple and provides insight into the use of rates, particularly in the context of survival rates.
Smoothing—median values
Authors: Selvin Steve
Published: May 2019

As the term smoothing suggests, data are made more similar to represent a clearer and more accessible picture of the relationships within the collected data.
Mr. Rich and Mr. Poor—a give and take equilibrium
Authors: Selvin Steve
Published: May 2019

A demonstration and description of a classic analysis: a two-way exchange leading to a stable equilibrium.
Drought and Hunger
Authors: Drèze Jean
Published: May 2019

This chapter presents first‐hand accounts of drought and hunger in different parts of India in the early 2000s. It begins with a general discussion of the drought situation, and of the government's misguided response to it. The accumulation of gigantic food stocks in the early 2000s, in the name of food security, aggravated hunger instead of relieving it. The chapter discusses the possibility of alternative relief policies and also makes a case for permanent social security measures backed by legal rights. Some of these measures, such as school meals and employment guarantee, did see the light of day later on.
School Meals
Authors: Drèze Jean
Published: May 2019

This chapter makes the case for free midday meals in Indian schools. School meals have wide‐ranging social benefits. First, they help to ensure regular school attendance. Second, they contribute to better child nutrition. Third, midday meals help to impart egalitarian values among children, who learn to sit together and share a meal irrespective of caste and class. Fourth, India's school meal programme is a major source of employment for poor rural women, and also helps other women to join the workforce by liberating them from the burden of having to prepare lunch for their children. All this, of course, depends on midday meals meeting adequate quality standards. In that respect, one recent breakthrough in many Indian states is the inclusion of eggs in school meals. Alas, this is being resisted in some states under the influence of upper‐caste vegetarian lobbies.
Child Development and Elementary Education
Authors: Drèze Jean
Published: May 2019

This chapter focusses on early child care and school education. Two essays discuss India's schooling system, drawing on the seminal Public Report on Basic Education (known as PROBE report) as well as on a re‐study of the PROBE villages ten years later, in 2006. This re‐study found evidence of rapid improvement in schooling facilities as well as in school participation, especially among underprivileged groups. However, there was no improvement in classroom activity: in both surveys, half of the sample schools were idle at the time of the investigators’ visit. The other essays in this chapter discuss the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), India's only national programme for children under the six, in a rights perspective. In the mid‐2000s, far‐reaching Supreme Court orders gave a new lease of life to ICDS. Further improvement in this programme, it is argued, could make a big difference to the well‐being and future of Indian children.
Food Security and the Public Distribution System
Authors: Drèze Jean
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses India's National Food Security Act (NFSA), with a special focus on the public distribution system (PDS). The PDS had a very poor record until recently, but is now improving significantly in many states. In north India, Chhattisgarh took the lead by initiating a series of PDS reforms in the mid‐2000s, with impressive results. Similar reforms were initiated later on in many other states. Even the reformed PDS is far from perfect, but it does protect millions of rural households from hunger and food insecurity. Recent evidence from the National Sample Survey also suggests that the PDS has a substantial impact on poverty. The NFSA is an opportunity to extend PDS reforms across the country and put the PDS on a new footing.
Corporate Power and Technocracy
Authors: Drèze Jean
Published: May 2019

This chapter scrutinises the growing influence of corporate power on public policy in India. The opening essay discusses a startling case of attempted invasion of child nutrition programmes by commercial interests: in 2008, the biscuit industry used devious means to lobby for the replacement of cooked midday meals in Indian schools with biscuit packets. The attempt failed, but similar efforts continue to this day. Corporate interests also loom large on the annual Union Budget, as discussed in the second essay. The rest of this chapter is largely concerned with Aadhaar, India's attempt to give everyone a unique identity number linked with his or her biometrics. The official purpose of Aadhaar is to reduce corruption in social programmes, but a more plausible reading is that social programmes have been used to fast‐track Aadhaar enrolment. Whatever its initial or intended purpose, the Aadhaar project is increasingly driven by the personal data business.
War and Peace
Authors: Drèze Jean
Published: May 2019

This chapter is concerned with the abolition of violence, or at least of armed conflict, as an aspect of social development. While nuclear strategists pride themselves on being “realists”, their realism is collectively self‐defeating and creates a dangerous world where minor conflicts could easily escalate into a nuclear war. The chapter exposes the logical fallacies of “mutually assured destruction” and related doctrines, as well as the illusions behind India's “nuclear deal” with the United States. Two essays deal with the Kashmir conflict. In 2016, a massive popular uprising took place in Kashmir, mainly in the form of an extended general strike. This event, however, was barely reported in the mainstream Indian media, except for occasional reports of stone pelting. A first‐hand account of the strike brings out that the real purpose of India's massive military presence in Kashmir is to control the civilian population and suppress all protests, however peaceful.
Conceptualism and Perceptual Knowledge
Authors: Ayers Michael
Published: May 2019

Brief accounts of the motivation and form of some pre-Kantian conceptualist theories and of Kant’s transcendental idealism lead into discussion of the source of the conceptualist assumptions of much twentieth-century analytic philosophy. The arguments of a currently leading exponent, John McDowell, are critically examined, and his emphatic endorsement of two main conclusions of Chapter II are noted—that perception is direct cognitive contact with the world, and that perceptual knowledge is perspicuously so to the subject. But according to the phenomenological analysis in Chapter II these features are intrinsic to the content of preconceptual perceptual awareness, whereas McDowell sees concepts, coming only with language, as a necessary means to the former, and assigns the latter, in effect, to reason and the capacity for second-order reflection. Epistemological and logico–linguistic considerations relating to the identity, individuation and classification of material things present a further, arguably decisive challenge to conceptualist theory.
Making Do with Less
Authors: Toprani Anand
Published: May 2019

After analyzing the role of oil in Germany experience during World War I, this chapter reveals how German civilian and military leaders appreciated the many benefits of fuel synthesized from coal years before the National Socialists came to power. Military planners were especially interested, since they had learned the hard way between 1914 and 1918 just how vulnerable Germany was economically to a British blockade. Synthetic fuel was strategically irreplaceable because it was Germany’s only reliable source of petroleum in wartime if it lost access to overseas imports. Private firms such as IG Farben also used synthetic fuel to build fruitful partnerships with other multinational firms. While the National Socialists reaffirmed government support of synthetic fuel after 1933, they also went much further by championing domestic oil exploration and the stockpiling of imports.
Double or Nothing
Authors: Toprani Anand
Published: May 2019

This chapter places oil at the center of the Third Reich’s plans for the economic exploitation of the Soviet Union. It begins by reviewing Germany’s preoccupation with the Caucasian oilfields during World War I. The chapter then considers the strategic context behind Germany’s decision to launch Operation Barbarossa in 1941. It moves on to review technical details of seizing and rehabilitating the Soviet oilfields. Time was running out for the Germans, however—their supply position was already tenuous by the spring of 1941, and by the autumn Germany had burned through its entire operational reserve even as the German war plan against the Soviet Union began to stall. The failure of Operation Barbarossa ultimately doomed the German war effort, since the Third Reich lacked the means to destroy the Soviet Union before the entry of the United States into the war tipped the scales irrevocably against Germany.
Epilogue
Authors: Lecky Katarzyna
Published: May 2019

The epilogue to this book reinforces the assertion that the physical scale of little maps, atlases, playing cards, and distance tables altered the very essence of what they represented. It synopsizes how pocket cartography and nation-building poetry together recalibrated the British topography to accommodate an expansive public, at a critical time when the nation was shifting from a realm to a commonwealth. It also explores the ramifications of current archiving systems and the scholarly practices associated with them, both of which tend to dismiss or conceal the material evidence of ordinary practitioners and their everyday practice in early modern Britain.
Trade and investment liberalization
Authors: Labonté Ronald , Ruckert Arne
Published: May 2019

One of the major drivers of contemporary global market integration is trade and investment liberalization. Disease risks and health opportunities have long travelled the same routes of trade and commerce. Today’s binding and complex trade rules introduce new health complications. Using a number of recent trade agreements as exemplars, this chapter reviews the basic premises of liberalization, its claimed benefits, its purported or actual health risks, and how different provisions in trade and investment treaties (which unlike most global governance rules carry economic enforcement measures) are constraining important public health policy flexibilities in countries that are party to such agreements. From initial opposition to trade liberalization in general, progressive global health movements now focus more on how such rules could be written or revised in order to protect governments’ regulatory policy space, and to promote greater global health equity.
Global flows
Authors: Labonté Ronald , Ruckert Arne
Published: May 2019

Health systems rely upon two groups of people: health workers and patients. In recent decades both groups have been on the move globally, with the creation of internationalized labour market opportunities (the hunt for skilled labour in the case of health workers) and private investments in high-end health care on lower-cost developing countries (one of the key incentives for patients seeking care outside of their own country, for uninsured or under-insured services). Both flows raise a number of health equity concerns. Health worker migration can pose undue hardships on low-resource, high-disease burden countries who lose their workers to richer nations, creating a ‘perverse subsidy’ of poor to rich. With medical tourism, private, fee-paying foreign patients in poorer countries could ‘crowd out’ access to care for domestic patients in those countries, while potentially returning with drug resistant infections or complications burdening their home country’s health systems.
Infectious diseases in the age of globalization
Authors: Labonté Ronald , Ruckert Arne
Published: May 2019

Disease has long followed trade and migration pathways, although one of the disconcerting developments in the post-1980 globalization era has been the rise of pandemic risk due to inexpensive travel, mass migration, and the rapid movement of peoples worldwide. New and emergent infectious diseases (e.g. severe acute respiratory syndrome, Ebola, Zika) co-exist with extensively drug-resistant older infectious illnesses (e.g. tuberculosis, malaria), while the spread of other endemic infections is accelerated by climate change. Antimicrobial resistance has risen near the top of global health threats, posing health security risks within and between countries. Globalization-related weakening of health systems in poorer countries heightens these risks, alongside the medical misuse of existing antibiotics and inappropriate antibiotic use in industrial husbandry (animal farming). Fears of untreatable pandemics have galvanized initiatives at international levels for tighter health regulations and reporting systems, and rapid mobilizations in cases of new outbreaks.
Overcoming gridlock
Authors: Labonté Ronald , Ruckert Arne
Published: May 2019

Global health governance describes when health organizations, such as the World Health Organization, hold the policy reins. The existence of too many global bodies often with too little authority and frequently with competing policy agendas is giving rise to gridlock in global health governance. At the same time, there are calls to expand this conceptualization to embrace global governance for health, where greater efforts are made to insert health priorities into the decision-making of non-health bodies such as the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund, and other United Nations or international policy forums. The recently minted concept of global health diplomacy describes efforts to understand, and to encourage, greater government engagement with health issues in their international relations and foreign policy decision-making. Although such decision-making is often challenged by competing government goals or interests, the Sustainable Development Goals could be used as an anchor to create stronger global governance for health.
The Political Economy of Primary Education Reform in Cambodia
Authors: Kelsall Tim , Khieng Sothy , Chantha Chuong , Muy Tieng Tek
Published: May 2019

Over the past sixty years, Cambodia has made great strides in expanding access to primary education. Much less progress has been made with respect to quality. That may be changing, however, with a new education minister promoting ambitious reforms with quality at their centre. The chapter explains the quality agenda as a product of new demands on the country’s political settlement, in which continued dominance of the Cambodian People’s Party (CPP) rests in part on ongoing economic transformation and job creation—for which a better educated workforce is a prerequisite. With a politically enfeebled opposition, the CPP has the benefit of being able to plan for the long term in this regard. At the same time, the personalized nature of its settlement, in which weak state organs are permeated by rent-seeking factions, will make delivering on quality an uphill struggle.
The Political Economy of Education Quality Initiatives in Uganda
Authors: Kjær Anne Mette , Muwanga Nansozi K.
Published: May 2019

Uganda has seen a significant increase in access to primary education since 1996 but without an increase in quality learning. We show that there are weak political incentives to undertake reforms to enhance quality learning, for three reasons: (i) A system of decentralized rent management renders quality improvements arbitrary; (ii) There is a legacy of fee-free education playing an important part in the electoral appeal of the National Resistance Movement for rural voters; (iii) The pressure to push through education quality-enhancing reforms, whether from civil society, powerful interest groups, or parliament, is too weak to overpower incentives to address the learning crisis head-on. At the local level, the school administrations in high-performing schools were able to draw upon resourceful networks in order to mobilize local council funds and parents’ contributions, in spite of the official policy of free education.
Understanding the Politics of the Learning Crisis
Authors: Pritchett Lant
Published: May 2019

This chapter reflects on the key contribution of this volume to debates around global education, and offers critical comments as to how this analysis can be further developed. Conventional analyses of education systems in developing countries typically identify what can be termed ‘proximate causes’ to poor quality education, often located within the sector itself, and on the basis of this, offer solutions that are either technocratic, or rest hope in electoral democracy. This volume offers a useful corrective to such understandings. Using the concepts of policy domains and political settlements, the framework developed here helps move beyond simplistic discourse of ‘democracy’ to examine the complexities in how government types influence outcomes in education. More work however remains to be done. The cases can only draw on limited data on education quality, we need to be cautious of claims that particular settlement ‘types’ lead to certain outcomes, and further linkages to policy and practice would be beneficial.
Quintiliano e Virgilio
Authors: Winterbottom Michael
Published: May 2019

This is an article, published in 1988, from the Enciclopedia Virgiliana (translation by Barbara Macleod). Quintilian had the highest regard for Virgil, who in his ‘reading list’ of Latin authors takes first place as Homer does among Greek writers. Indeed he judges him superior in general to Homer, while conceding that he cannot reach Homer’s peaks. Quintilian constantly quotes Virgil, especially to comment on his word usage (especially archaisms), metrical practice and orthography, and to illustrate various figures of speech. Quintilian’s relationship to the later commentator Servius is discussed. He almost never criticizes Virgil, and he assumes his readers know him as well as he does.
Sopatros’ Διαίρεσις ζητημάτων‎
Authors: Winterbottom Michael
Published: May 2019

This paper originally formed the Introduction to a monograph written jointly with D. C. Innes, published in 1988; but it is basically the author’s work. It first sums up what can be said of Sopatros, who taught at Athens, perhaps in the late fourth century AD. It then turns to his major work, The Division of Problems [Latin controversiae], and discusses its relation to Hermogenes’ earlier book on the status system, before going on to describe the nature and importance of Sopatros’ work. Sections follow on the disposition (lay-out) of speeches, the ‘invention’ of arguments, and style (with much detail on ‘Asianism’). Finally, after a section on ‘Attic’ declamation, the style of Sopatros himself is analysed. The piece goes well beyond the topic of Sopatros, and is in effect a summary study of Greek declamation as a whole.
(1) J. Cousin (ed., tr., comm.), Quintilien. Institution oratoire, Tome I (Livre I), Les Belles Lettres (Paris, 1975)(2) J. Cousin, Recherches sur Quintilien, Les Belles Lettres (Paris, 1975)
Authors: Winterbottom Michael
Published: May 2019

This review, which appeared in 1977, concerns two books by Jean Cousin, the first volume of his Budé edition of Quintilian’s Institutio oratoria and his Recherches sur Quintilien, which were both published in Paris in 1975. As to the Budé, the reviewer praises the translation as ‘accurate and flowing’, but is scathing about the methodology and carelessness of the apparatus criticus. The text is more or less that of Winterbottom’s Oxford Classical Text (1970), though Cousin does not register that work. As to the Recherches, he judges, without pleasure, that Cousin ‘does almost nothing to advance, and much to obscure, the study of Quintilian’s transmission’.
J. Cousin (ed., tr., comm.), Quintilien. Institution oratoire, Tome II (Livres II et III)—Tome III (Livres IV et V), Les Belles Lettres (Paris, 1976)
Authors: Winterbottom Michael
Published: May 2019

This review, which appeared in 1978, concerns the second and third volumes of Jean Cousin’s Budé edition of Quintilian’s Institutio oratoria (1976) The reviewer’s judgement is summed up at the start: these volumes ‘share the merits and demerits of their predecessor. The text makes no pretension to novelty. The translation is fluent and generally accurate. The notes are informative. The apparatus criticus is a disaster.’ He later speaks, in connection with the apparatus, of ‘the flagrancy of the carelessness exhibited on every page. We all make mistakes in collating and in reporting our collations, but C[ousin] goes beyond normal limits.’ The review concludes: ‘Does progress towards the truth in our knowledge of Q[uintilian]’s manuscripts need so disconcertingly to resemble the climbing of a greasy pole?’
J. Cousin (ed., tr., comm.), Quintilien. Institution oratoire, Tome IV (Livres VI et VII), Les Belles Lettres (Paris, 1977)
Authors: Winterbottom Michael
Published: May 2019

This review of the fourth volume of Jean Cousin’s Budé edition of Quintilian’s Institutio Oratoria (1977) appeared in 1979. The reviewer judges that this volume ‘is no better, and no worse, than its predecessors’. He comments on some ‘wayward’ punctuation of the text, some unconvincing conjectures by Cousin, and an apparatus which ‘pullulates with error’. As to the apparatus, he is especially critical of the way in which, because of his misreporting of the manuscripts, Cousin makes it seem that manuscripts G and H (the latter of which, in the reviewer’s opinion, he should not be using at all) ‘are far more often right against A than is in fact the case, with the result that G is made to appear independent of A, and H a good deal more than a faithful duplicate of G’.
S. F. Bonner, Education in Ancient Rome:From the Elder Cato to the Younger Pliny, Methuen & Co. (London, 1977)
Authors: Winterbottom Michael
Published: May 2019

This review of S. F. Bonner’s Education in Ancient Rome: From the Elder Cato to the Younger Pliny (1977) appeared two years later. Bonner was well known for his standard work Roman Declamation, published in 1949 but still very useful. The book under review is ‘bigger but equally authoritative’, and the review praises its lucidity, reticent humour, and intriguing illustrations. The book falls into three parts: the first a historical survey; the second (‘in some ways the most interesting and original’) a reconstruction of the conditions under which Roman teachers worked; and the third a detailed description of what the Roman schoolboy learned and how he learned it. The review singles out for more detailed discussion the use of imaginary laws in the declamation school.