bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Increased Consumer-Orientation in Global Agri-Food Chains on Smallholders in Developing Countries
Authors: Pelupessy Wim , Van Kempen Luuk
Published: November 2005

The economic position of small-scale developing country farmers has been observed to weaken in many global agri-food chains. Several studies in the global commodity chain tradition suggest that recent consumer trends in developed country markets are the ultimate cause. However, these studies have not come up with a conceptual framework in which the effects of changing consumer preferences on farmer earnings can be explicitly analysed. This paper makes a first attempt towards building such a framework by drawing mainly on Lancaster's product characteristics approach. Within this framework it is shown how enhanced consumer-orientation in the global food system leads to adverse power shifts for small farmers in low-income countries. As signalled by previous global commodity chain studies, smallholders in developing countries will face growing inequality in intra-chain surplus distribution as well as a higher risk of exclusion from global agri-food chains. We discuss how thinking in terms of product characteristics may also help smallholders to reap a larger share of the surplus in the chain.
Flk2+ myeloid progenitors are the main source of Langerhans cells
Authors: Mende Ines , Karsunky Holger , Weissman Irving L. , Engleman Edgar G. , Merad Miriam
Published: November 2005

Langerhans cells (LCs) are antigen-presenting cells (APCs) residing in the epidermis that play a major role in skin immunity. Our earlier studies showed that when skin is inflamed LCs are replaced by bone marrow-derived progenitor cells, while during steady-state conditions LCs are able to self-renew in the skin. Identification of the LC progenitors in bone marrow would represent a critical step toward identifying the factors that regulate LC generation as well as their trafficking to the skin. To determine LC lineage origin, we reconstituted lethally irradiated CD45.2 mice with rigorously purified lymphoid and myeloid progenitors from CD45.1 congenic mice. Twenty-four hours later, we exposed the mice to UV light to deplete resident LCs and induce their replacement by progenitors. Reconstitution with common myeloid progenitors (CMPs), common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs), granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (GMPs), or early thymic progenitors led to LC generation within 2 to 3 weeks. CMPs were at least 20 times more efficient at generating LCs than CLPs. LCs from both lineages were derived almost entirely from fetal liver kinase-2+ (Flk-2+) progenitors, displayed typical dendritic-cell (DC) morphology, and showed long-term persistence in the skin. These results indicate that LCs are derived mainly from myeloid progenitors and are dependent on Flt3-ligand for their development.
Dynamic shifts in LFA-1 affinity regulate neutrophil rolling, arrest, and transmigration on inflamed endothelium
Authors: Green Chad E. , Schaff Ulrich Y. , Sarantos Melissa R. , Lum Aaron F. H. , Staunton Donald E. , Simon Scott I.
Published: November 2005

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) recruitment to vascular endothelium during acute inflammation involves cooperation between selectins, G-proteins, and β2-integrins. LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18) affinity correlates with specific adhesion functions because a shift from low to intermediate affinity supports rolling on ICAM-1, whereas high affinity is associated with shear-resistant leukocyte arrest. We imaged PMN adhesion on cytokine-inflamed endothelium in a parallel-plate flow chamber to define the dynamics of β2-integrin function during recruitment and transmigration. After arrest on inflamed endothelium, high-affinity LFA-1 aligned along the uropod-pseudopod major axis, which was essential for efficient neutrophil polarization and subsequent transmigration. An allosteric small molecule inhibitor targeted to the I-domain stabilized LFA-1 in an intermediate-affinity conformation, which supported neutrophil rolling but inhibited cell polarization and abrogated transmigration. We conclude that a shift in LFA-1 from intermediate to high affinity during the transition from rolling to arrest provides the contact-mediated signaling and guidance necessary for PMN transmigration on inflamed endothelium.
Failure of HIV-exposed CD4+ T cells to activate dendritic cells is reversed by restoration of CD40/CD154 interactions
Authors: Zhang Rui , Lifson Jeffrey D. , Chougnet Claire
Published: November 2005

Because interactions between activated CD4+ T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are crucial for optimal APC function, defective CD4+ T-cell activation may contribute to APC dysregulation in HIV infection. Here, we show that CD4+ T cells exposed during stimulation to noninfectious HIV having functional envelope glycoproteins failed to provide activation signals to autologous dendritic cells (DCs). Consequently, important DC functions, including production of immunoregulatory cytokines (interleukin-12 p40 and interleukin-10) and up-regulation of costimulatory molecules (CD86, CD40, CD83), as well as the capacity to stimulate naive allogeneic T cells, were all adversely affected. The blunted up-regulation of CD154 in CD4+ T cells that were activated in the presence of noninfectious viruses is likely to be the major underlying mechanism for these defects. Addition of recombinant trimeric CD154 could restore production of cytokines by DCs cocultured with HIV-exposed T cells. Moreover, the functional defects mediated by coculture with HIV-exposed T cells were similar to those following antibody blockade of CD40-CD154 interactions. HIV-mediated blunted CD154 expression may thus play an important role in the suppression of cell-mediated immunity seen in HIV infection.
Cross-platform analysis of cancer microarray data improves gene expression based classification of phenotypes
Authors: Warnat Patrick , Eils Roland , Brors Benedikt
Published: November 2005

Background

The extensive use of DNA microarray technology in the characterization of the cell transcriptome is leading to an ever increasing amount of microarray data from cancer studies. Although similar questions for the same type of cancer are addressed in these different studies, a comparative analysis of their results is hampered by the use of heterogeneous microarray platforms and analysis methods.

Results

In contrast to a meta-analysis approach where results of different studies are combined on an interpretative level, we investigate here how to directly integrate raw microarray data from different studies for the purpose of supervised classification analysis. We use median rank scores and quantile discretization to derive numerically comparable measures of gene expression from different platforms. These transformed data are then used for training of classifiers based on support vector machines. We apply this approach to six publicly available cancer microarray gene expression data sets, which consist of three pairs of studies, each examining the same type of cancer, i.e. breast cancer, prostate cancer or acute myeloid leukemia. For each pair, one study was performed by means of cDNA microarrays and the other by means of oligonucleotide microarrays. In each pair, high classification accuracies (> 85%) were achieved with training and testing on data instances randomly chosen from both data sets in a cross-validation analysis. To exemplify the potential of this cross-platform classification analysis, we use two leukemia microarray data sets to show that important genes with regard to the biology of leukemia are selected in an integrated analysis, which are missed in either single-set analysis.

Conclusion

Cross-platform classification of multiple cancer microarray data sets yields discriminative gene expression signatures that are found and validated on a large number of microarray samples, generated by different laboratories and microarray technologies. Predictive models generated by this approach are better validated than those generated on a single data set, while showing high predictive power and improved generalization performance.
The epidemiology of suicide and attempted suicide in Dutch general practice 1983–2003
Authors: Marquet Richard L , Bartelds Aad IM , Kerkhof Ad JFM , Schellevis François G , van der Zee Jouke
Published: November 2005

Background

Many patients attempting or committing suicide consult their general practitioner (GP) in the preceding period, indicating that GPs might play an important role in prevention. The aim of the present study was to analyse the epidemiology of suicidal behaviour in Dutch General Practice in order to find possible clues for prevention.

Method

Description of trends in suicide and suicide attempts occurring from 1983–2003 in the Dutch General Practice Sentinel Network, representing 1% of the Dutch population. The data were analysed with regard to: 1) suicidal behaviour trends and their association with household situation; 2) presence of depression, treatment of depression and referral rate by GPs; 3) contact with GP before suicide or suicide attempt and discussion of suicidal ideation.

Results

Between 1983 and 2003 the annual number of suicide and suicide attempts decreased by 50%. Sixty percent of the patients who committed or attempted suicide were diagnosed as depressed, of whom 91% were treated by their GP with an antidepressant. Living alone was a risk factor for suicide (odds ratio 1.99; 95% CI 1.50 to 2.64), whereas living in a household of 3 or more persons was a relative risk for a suicide attempt (odds ratio 1.81; 95% CI 1.34 to 2.46). Referral to a psychiatrist or other mental health professionals occurred in 65% of the cases. GPs recalled having discussed suicidal ideation in only 7% of the cases, and in retrospect estimated that they had foreseen suicide or suicide attempts in 31% and 22% of the cases, respectively, if there had been contact in the preceding month.

Conclusion

With regard to the prescription of antidepressants and referral of suicidal patients to a psychiatrist, Dutch GPs fulfil their role as gatekeeper satisfactorily. However, since few patients discuss their suicidal ideation with their GP, there is room for improvement. GPs should take the lead to make this subject debatable. It may improve early recognition of depressed patients at risk and accelerate their referral to mental health professionals.
Viral load responses to HAART is an independent predictor of a new AIDS event in late stage HIV infected patients: prospective cohort study
Authors: Kazanjian Powel , Wei Wei , Brown Morton , Gandhi Tejal , Amin Kamal
Published: November 2005

Background

A sizeable number of HIV-infected patients receiving HAART do not maintain prolonged virologic suppression. We evaluated long-term HIV viral load (VL) responses to HAART as a risk factor for AIDS events (AE) that is independent of CD4 responses.

Methods

A cohort of patients with pre-therapy CD4 < 200/mm3 who had CD4 and VL measurements for > one year after receiving HAART at a university clinic were prospectively enrolled. Cox proportional multivariate regression model was used to determine whether CD4 and VL responses were independently associated with new AE.

Results

The patient (N = 214) mean baseline CD4 = 92/mm3, VL = 219,000 c/mL and follow-up duration 42.3 months (range 13–72 months). A new AE occurred in 56 patients; CD4 cell count response to HAART that remained < 200/mm3 throughout the study period was a significant risk factor for new AE (RR = 9.7–12.5; p < 0.001). Similarly, VL responses that remained > 5,000 c/mL during this period was also a significant risk factor (RR = 6.7–12.8; p = 0.001) that was independent of CD4 response adjusted for <> 200/mm3.

Conclusion

Maintaining adequate long-term virologic responses to HAART provides a clinical benefit independent of CD4 responses.
52-kDa Ro/SSA epitopes preferentially recognized by antibodies from mothers of children with neonatal lupus and congenital heart block
Authors: Fritsch Christine , Hoebeke Johan , Dali Hayet , Ricchiuti Vincent , Isenberg David A , Meyer Olivier , Muller Sylviane
Published: November 2005

Neonatal lupus erythematosus is a rare disorder caused by the transplacental passage of maternal autoantibodies. The 52-kDa Ro/SSA antigen (Ro52) ribonucleoprotein represents an antigenic target strongly associated with the autoimmune response in mothers whose children have neonatal lupus and cardiac conduction disturbances, mainly congenital heart block. The objective of this study was to identify putative Ro52/60-kDa Ro/SSA antigen (Ro60) epitopes associated with neonatal lupus and congenital heart block. The reactivity of IgG antibodies present in the sera from mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome and in the sera from asymptomatic mothers (a longitudinal study of 192 samples from 66 subjects) was investigated by ELISA using Ro52, Ro60 and 48-kDa La/SSB antigen proteins, as well as 45 synthetic peptides, 13–24 residues long, of Ro52/Ro60 proteins. One to 19 samples collected before, during and after pregnancy were available for each mother. Forty-three disease controls selected randomly and normal sera were tested in parallel. Although no differences were found between Sjögren's syndrome and asymptomatic mothers of group I, who had at least one infant with neonatal lupus, and of group II, who had healthy babies only, significant differences were observed between lupus mothers from both groups. In the former group of lupus mothers, a significantly higher frequency of antibodies to Ro52 peptides 107–122 and 277–292 was observed. Between 18 and 30 weeks of gestation, the period of risk, there was clearly an elevated level of antibodies reacting with Ro52 peptides 1–13, 277–292 and 365–382. Antibodies to Ro52 peptide 365–382 have been shown previously to cross-react with residues 165–185 of the heart 5-HT4 serotoninergic receptor, and might be pathologically important. The level of these Ro52 antibody subsets decreased at the end of pregnancy and after delivery. IgG antibodies to Ro52 peptides 1–13, 107–122, 277–292 and 365–382 may therefore represent important biomarkers to predict a complication in pregnant lupus women with Ro52 antibodies.
Saturated Fatty Acids Promote Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Liver Injury in Rats with Hepatic Steatosis
Authors: Wang Dong , Wei Yuren , Pagliassotti Michael J.
Published: November 2005

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a relatively new hepatic sequela of obesity and type 2 diabetes. The pathogenesis of liver injury and disease progression in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, however, is poorly understood. The present study examined the hypothesis that the composition of fatty acids in the steatotic liver promotes liver injury. Using dietary models of hepatic steatosis characterized by similar accumulation of total triglyceride but different composition of fatty acids, we show that hepatic steatosis characterized by increased saturated fatty acids is associated with increased liver injury and markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress (e.g. X-box binding protein-1 mRNA splicing and glucose-regulated protein 78 expression). These changes preceded and/or occurred independently of obesity and differences in leptin, TNFα, insulin action, and mitochondrial function. In addition, hepatic steatosis characterized by increased saturated fatty acids reduced proliferative capacity in response to partial hepatectomy and increased liver injury in response to lipopolysaccharide. These data suggest that the composition of fatty acids in the steatotic liver is an important determinant of susceptibility to liver injury.
Model World: Tales from the Time Line—The Definition of OR and the Origins of Monte Carlo Simulation
Authors: Gass Saul I. , Assad Arjang A.
Published: November 2005

OR began in the 1930s, and many of the leading figures in various sciences and mathematics contributed to its definition and progress.
The Apocalyptic Interlude: Revealing Death in Kinshasa
Authors: De Boeck Filip
Published: October 2005

Temporality in contemporary Kinshasa is of a very specific eschatological kind and takes its point of departure in the Bible, and more particularly in the Book of Revelation, which has become an omnipresent point of reference in Kinshasa's collective imagination. The lived-in time of everyday life in Kinshasa is projected against the canvas of the completion of everything, a completion which will be brought about by God. As such, the Book of Revelation is not only about doom and destruction, it is essentially also a book of hope. Yet the popular understanding of the Apocalypse very much centers on the omnipotent presence of evil. This article focuses on the impact of millennialism on the Congolese experience, in which daily reality is constantly translated into mythical and prophetic terms as apocalyptic interlude.
The Political Stakes of Academic Research: Perspectives on Johannesburg
Authors: Chipkin Ivor
Published: October 2005

This article considers a burgeoning literature on Johannesburg from the perspective of the sorts of questions it asks about the city. There is a substantial and lively literature on questions of poverty and equality, class and race. These studies are strongly informed by the idea that the mechanisms that produce such inequalities are key to understanding the nature of Johannesburg as a city: in terms of how its economy works and how political institutions function, but also in terms of what sort of city Johannesburg is and can be. I consider sociological and economic studies of the inner city that try to account for demographic shifts in the inner city and for processes of social and physical degeneration. I review urban anthropologies of inner-city society, considering in particular new forms of social and economic organization among inner-city residents. Related to these, I discuss debates among scholars about the prospects for governing the city, paying special attention to the consequences for such readings on partnerships. I also discuss an emerging literature, critical of that above, which seeks to shift analysis of the city toward studies of culture and identity. These literatures do not simply approach the city through different disciplinary lenses (sociology or economy or anthropology or cultural studies) . They come to their studies from different normative perspectives. For some, the key political question of the day is one about social and political equality in its various forms. For others, it is about the degree to which Johannesburg (or Africa) is different from or the same as other places in the world. This paper has tried to bring to the fore the political (and not simply policy) consequences of these different views. It concludes not by seeking to reconcile these perspectives, but by suggesting a way of retaining a commitment to equality and justice while not reducing them simply to questions of economy. At stake, I argue, are questions of democratic culture and of sociability.
Funerals and Belonging: Different Patterns in South Cameroon
Authors: Geschiere Peter
Published: October 2005

The preoccupation with “autochthony” and the exclusion of “strangers” in many parts of present-day Africa, a paradoxical outcome of political liberalization, has given new importance to funerals as an ultimate test of “belonging.” However, the link between funerals and belonging is certainly not new. This article compares three different versions of this link from southern Cameroon. In the 1970s, Maka funerals in southeast Cameroon emphasized belonging in terms of local kinship and affinity. In the 1980s, Ewondo funerals in Central Province reaffirmed the belonging of urban elites to their village of origin. In the 1990s, funerals in the Southwest Province revealed the increased political significance of the funeral in the context of a growing preoccupation with autochthony and belonging under democratization. These three examples illustrate the continuing stretching of kinship as it bridges new inequalities and distances. They also raise quesdons as to its breaking point.
Introduction
Authors: Jewsiewicki Bogumil , White Bob W.
Published: October 2005

In many societies, especially those where individual and collective memory are marked by the trauma that can accompany authoritarian rule, people attempt to come to terms with the past by finding ways of making it relevant to the present. One way to understand this complex relationship with history is through a careful examination of the practice of mourning. Mourning constitutes, above all, a framework from which the deceased's relationship with the living is collectively inventoried, evaluated, and debated so that the social work of memory may graft the experiences of yesterday onto a horizon of expectations. Defining the status of the deceased means making important decisions about how to “move on,” since the moment of mourning is not only a moment for weighing the acts and deeds of the deceased, but also a way of testing more generally the criteria for becoming recognized as an ancestor. As death seems increasingly present in the lives of people in many parts of Africa, emerging forms of social mourning echo the need for new political futures, and mourning shows itself as an important terrain for the social production of meaning. The primary objective of this collection of articles is to look at how the process of mourning mediates between the past and the future, and how the practices and perceptions of mourning are linked to real and imagined divisions in political time. Mourning, in other words, is a way of rethinking time.
Beneath International Famine Relief in Ethiopia: The United States, Ethiopia, and the Debate over Relief Aid, Development Assistance, and Human Rights
Authors: Kissi Edward
Published: October 2005

This article analyzes the conflicting interpretations of famine, relief aid, development assistance, and human rights by the Ethiopian and American governments, and the complexity of each government's policy and motives. It argues that in the 1970s and 1980s, the Carter and Reagan administrations faced the moral and political dilemma of assisting people in Ethiopia who were in desperate need with-out strengthening the hostile Ethiopian government in the process. And the government of Ethiopia had to make the difficult choice of accepting American aid on American terms at a period in Ethiopian history when doing so was politically suicidal. That America provided the aid and Ethiopia accepted it exemplifies the conduct of international relations in which human dignity compels nations to accommodate one another even within the boundaries of their mutual antagonism.
(Im)possible Belgian Mourning for Rwanda
Authors: de Lame Danielle
Published: October 2005

Rwanda became a Belgian trusteeship under mandate of the Société des Nations after the first World War. With churches playing a prominent role in the political evolution of Rwanda, the two countries were closely bound together. After the 1959 revolution in Rwanda and independence in 1962, development cooperation with strong NGO input still linked them. While the genocide still has tragic influence on the new Rwanda, Belgium has undergone a political process leading to a federal state. The colonial past refers to a national past. Changes in Rwanda and Belgium question any collective attempt of mourning for a past that is very different for all parties involved.
The Political Undead: Is It Possible to Mourn for Mobutu's Zaire?
Authors: White Bob W.
Published: October 2005

Following the successful coup d'état of Laurent Kabila's forces in May 1997, the Zairian dictator Mobutu Sese Seko was forced into exile in Morocco, where he died. This article looks at a lively transnational debate about what should be done with the former president's remains, and through this debate reflects on attempts by people in the Congo to determine what version of history should be told and how to understand the impact of Mobutu's political legacy.
Communications and "Imperial Overstretch": Lessons from the Eighteenth-Century French Atlantic
Authors: Banks Kenneth J.
Published: October 2005

Dans le contexte géopolitique actuel, les études de l'Empire ont une importance renouvelée, conditionnée par la globalisation de capital et l'expansion globale de la puissance américaine après 9/11. Les leçons du colonialisme français du dix-huitième siècle pour des événements courants se situent dans le destin des efforts français de reproduire leur culture politique dans les arrangements coloniaux, rendant le modèle français beaucoup plus approprié que celui des Anglais à la prolongation actuelle des structures politiques américaines. De même, il est possible que l'échec de l'expansion impériale française, en essayant la commande autoritaire serrée sans ressources pour incorporer l'information détaillée qui le rendrait possible, sera pareillement approprié au destin de l'expansion impériale américaine.
In Black and White: Gender, Race Relations, and the Nardal Sisters in Interwar Paris
Authors: Boittin Jennifer Anne
Published: October 2005

Pendant l'entre-deux-guerres, Paris a vu s'épanouir une culture noire sous des formes diverses: musique, danse et arts plastiques. La «négrophilie» qui en résulta coexistait pendant ces années folles avec le développement par des étudiants et ouvriers noirs d'un discours anti-impérialiste. Affichant leur mécontentement par le biais de journaux clamant l'indépendance ou l'assimilation, ces individus préparaient la Négritude et plus tard la décolonisation. Quelques femmes se faisaient entendre dans un journal en particulier, qui cherchait à limiter les méfaits du colonialisme en prônant l'assimilation et la réforme. La série SLOTFOM du Centre des archives d'outre-mer nous permettra de découvrir qu'avec leurs consoeurs françaises de La Dépêche Africaine, les surs martiniquaises Jane et Paulette Nardal ont su prôner les thèmes de l'interpénétration des races, des sexes et des classes à Paris. Ces femmes ont découvert l'avantage que leur donnait leur sexe dans les tentatives de communication entre métropolitains et coloniaux. Non seulement ont-elles trouvé un moyen de s'exprimer avec leurs journaux, mais encore ont-elles su entraîner d'autres, blancs ou noirs, ouvriers ou révolutionnaires, à les imiter.
Pyracmond, ou les Creoles : L'articulation d'une hierarchie des roles raciaux sur la scene francaise sous la Restauration
Authors: Cheyne Michelle
Published: October 2005

The evolution of the figure of the foreigner in theatrical works during the Bourbon Restoration in France demonstrates the complexity of the very concept of the foreigner. Dramatic works from this period allow us to discover how different communities and peoples—French, Creole, Arab, and African—were portrayed to audiences. Changes made to these theatrical manuscripts by the censors signal the prescriptive nature that subtends these fictions and allows us to trace how the figure of the foreigner presented on stage evolved during the Restoration. This article studies the manuscript of the lyric drama Pyracmond, ou les Créoles, as well as the conditions surrounding its production and reception. This opera offers a striking example of the staging of a racial hierarchy. Analysis of the text and the changes demanded by the censors allow us to gauge the underlying stakes in its different representations of the figure of the foreigner as the setting of the drama was changed from Saint-Domingue to Madagascar. In the case of Pyracmond, these stakes include the condemnation of ethnic mixing as well as the construction of a racial hierarchy.
Communications, the State, and Revolution in the French Caribbean
Authors: Cormack William S
Published: October 2005

Chasing Empire de Banks devrait prouver un modèle utile pour l'application dans de multiples contextes coloniaux. Ici nous regardons l'impact des nouvelles de la Révolution française dans les Îles du Vent françaises et de sa réception par des fonctionnaires, des planteurs, des petits Blancs et des esclaves. En utilisant le modèle de Banks, nous montrons comment la Révolution a affaibli la commande d'état dans les Caraïbes et a soulevé la question de l'autorité coloniale pendant qu'elle ouvrait des possibilités à quelques populations et menaçait la subsistance d'autres. Nous adressons la signification du délai de communication des nouvelles de la Révolution, de l'échec de la commande des groupes marginaux (esclaves, soldats, personnes de couleur libres, petits blancs) face aux nouvelles, et de concurrence parmi des élites pour l'autorité et l'avantage.
S'approprier l'Atlantique: Quelques reflexions autour de Chasing Empire across the Sea, de Kenneth Banks
Authors: Dube Alexandre
Published: October 2005

Banks's Chasing Empire across the Sea provides a striking "Atlantic World" synthesis investigating the role of communications in the management of France's western empire. Banks has left some room for other issues to be raised, especially that of the role of "old colonial hands." The frequent occurrence of a metropole-colony-metropole career trajectory meant that the colonial administration contained many who had been in the colonies themselves, or knew or were related to people who were or had been there. The possibility that such experienced people may have had an exceptional ability to understand problems in the colonies is worthy of additional investigation, and several examples are offered.
Liberte, Egalite, Esclavage : French Revolutionary Ideals and the Failure of the Leclerc Expedition to Saint-Domingue
Authors: Girard Philippe R
Published: October 2005

En 1801-1803, Napoléon Bonaparte envoya à Saint-Domingue (Haïti) une expédition chargée de rétablir l'autorité française dans la colonie. L'expédition fut un échec retentissant: 50.000 hommes périrent, et l'armée noire et mulâtre fut victorieuse. Les raisons qui avaient poussé Bonaparte à intervenir à Saint-Domingue avaient bien peu à voir avec les idéaux révolutionnaires. Il avait probablement l'intention de rétablir l'esclavage et l'exclusif en vigueur avant la Révolution. Les officiers et soldats étaient eux aussi animés de motifs superficiels: s'enrichir grâce aux plantations, réaliser des fantasmes tropicaux, ou tout simplement obéir aux ordres. Cette trahison des principes révolutionnaires eut un effet désastreux sur le moral des troupes et le succès de l'expédition. Dès que des difficultés survinrent—une épidémie de fièvre jaune en particulier—officiers et soldats perdirent tout intérêt pour leur mission et remplirent leurs jours de divertissements sexuels et sadiques. Leurs ennemis, animés d'un amour pour la liberté, se battirent avec un courage remarquable. La victoire sourit, non pas aux plus audacieux, mais à ceux qui la désiraient pour les motifs les plus nobles.
"La Femme francaise aux colonies": Promoting Colonial Female Emigration at the Turn of the Century
Authors: Ha Marie-Paule
Published: October 2005

Au début du vingtième siècle, apparaissaient de nombreuses publications métropolitaines et coloniales qui proposaient de fournir aux femmes des renseignements sur les conditions de vie et de travail dans les nouvelles colonies afin de les encourager d'y émigrer. On faisait comprendre que l'émigration offrirait aux femmes un avenir meilleur et une vie outre-mer largement plus facile et plus agréable que celle de la métropole. Cette étude propose une analyse de ces textes qui fera ressortir les contradictions multiples qui sous-tendent l'image de la coloniale telle qu'elle est représentée dans ces récits. Ces contradictions, cet essai démontre, découlent des exigences conflictuelles quant à la position de la coloniale qui se trouvait prise dans les déterminations divergentes voire oppositionnelles des discours de classe, de sexe et de race de l'époque.
Francais, Japonais et Societe Coloniale du Tonkin: Exemple de Representations Coloniales
Authors: Roustan Frederic
Published: October 2005

Toward the end of the nineteenth century, after France had made her colonial establishment in Indochina, Japan established a presence there through a modest movement of Japanese population. Two significant groups were merchants and prostitutes. The photographic record of the first two decades of twentieth-century Vietnam shows that Japanese merchants adopted European-style buildings and merchandising methods, while Japanese prostitutes seem to have enhanced their success precisely by emphasizing a canonical Japanese appearance. The Japanese in Vietnam before the First World War, therefore, enacted different visual messages. We suggest that the French colonial regime's hesitancy between treating Japanese legally as Europeans or as Asian aliens comports with this ambivalent visual message.
Selling the Empire between the Wars: Colonial Expositions in Belgium, 1920-1940
Authors: Stanard Matthew G
Published: October 2005

Dans cet essai, il s'agit de la vulgarisation du Congo par l'État belge aux expositions coloniales belges de l'entre-deux-guerres, de façon précise aux expositions internationales et universelles d'Anvers (1930) et Bruxelles (1935), et aux quinzaines coloniales du Ministère des Colonies, 1925-37. Ces expositions de l'entre-deux-guerres ont démontré le nationalisme belge et présenté une histoire particulière du Congo, une histoire qui soulignait le rôle constructive des activités belges en Afrique centrale. De plus les expositions ont produit une association claire entre la colonie et un seul personnage, Léopold II. L'État a insisté également sur l'interpénétration des économies belge et coloniale. Pourtant ces expositions n'ont pas facilité la compréhension parmi les Belges, ni de l'empire africain ni des sujets congolais, parce qu'elles étaient d'une nature exclusivement européenne et les Congolais étaient maintenus toujours à une distance, vus de loin. Cet essai fournit quelques perspectives pour l'examination des perceptions françaises des sujets coloniaux pendant l'entre-deux-guerres. Il forme partie d'une étude plus approfondie qui interroge le rôle de l'État dans la vulgarisation du Congo parmi les Belges.
A Defensive Discourse: Jesuits on Disease in Seventeenth-Century New France
Authors: Worcester Thomas
Published: October 2005

Pour de bonnes raisons, les chercheurs qui s'intÃ©ressent aux Relations Ã©crites au dix-septiÃ¨me siÃ¨cle par les jÃ©suites franÃ§ais envoyÃ©s en mission au Canada sont nombreux. Ces rapports annuels des pÃ¨res jÃ©suites, publiÃ©s en France Ã  l'Ã©poque de la RÃ©forme catholique, constituent un fonds sans Ã©gal non seulement pour les historiens de l'Ãglise, mais aussi pour les ethnologues et pour un large Ã©ventail de spÃ©cialistes des Ã©changes et des affrontements entre les autochtones et les europÃ©ens. Certaines Ã©tudes rÃ©centes ont tendance soit Ã  condamner les jÃ©suites comme impÃ©rialistes, soit Ã  les louer comme des hommes blancs sensibles Ã  la valeur des cultures d'autres races. Cet article cherche, par contre, Ã  illuminer la portÃ©e des Relations dans le contexte de leur publication, en France, au dix-septiÃ¨me siÃ¨cle. MÃ©prisÃ©s par les gallicans, par les jansÃ©nistes et par d'autres groupes catholiques, les pÃ¨res jÃ©suites ont utilisÃ© les Relations comme un discours polÃ©mique qui devait dÃ©montrer l'approbation divine pour leurs oeuvres et pour leur Compagnie.
Representations d'Haiti dans la presse francaise du dix-neuvieme siecle
Authors: Zacair Philippe
Published: October 2005

The success of revolution in Saint-Domingue and the emergence of the Republic of Haiti was watched carefully in France, with both horror and fascination that varied in their proportions as the new republic went through political crises. Through a content analysis of two popular bourgeois periodicals founded in the first half of the nineteenth century, La Revue des Deux Mondes and L'Illustration, it is possible to assess the ideological and cultural impact in France of events in Haiti through the middle and late nineteenth century. Articles published in these periodicals were examined for the topics they presented from 1830 to 1901. The paper presents an analysis of these findings, especially the relative importance of the question haïtienne during this period.
From Stereotype to Individual: World War I Experiences with Tirailleurs senegalais
Authors: Zehfuss Nicole M
Published: October 2005

La présence en France pendant la Première Guerre mondiale de presque 150.000 soldats venant de tous les coins de l'Empire a occasionné de remarquables rencontres entre ces soldats et des Français civils et militaires. Léon Gaillet, Sous-lieutenant d'Infanterie coloniale, a décrit ses propres expériences avec des tirailleurs sénégalais en France, révélant dans ses deux livres ses préjugés ainsi que la façon dramatique dont ils ont changé en raison de ce contact. Son premier livre se compose d'une série de courtes descriptions de différents aspects des personnalités et vies des soldats africains; mais dans le deuxième Gaillet raconte ses propres relations avec des tirailleurs individuels, illustrant sa conversion d'observateur à participant et la transformation frappante de son attitude envers les tirailleurs.
"Vivir en varon": Machismo y modernidad en La importancia de llamarse Daniel Santos de Luis Rafael Sanchez
Authors: Cortes Jason
Published: October 2005

In La importancia de llamarse Daniel Santos (1988) Luis Rafael S�nchez invents a series of interviews by informants who explain the influence of the (in)famous bolero singer Daniel Santos in their lives. In this manner, Daniel Santos becomes an elusive center, the authority figure that mediates between Luis Rafael S�nchez/author, the interviewees, and ultimately, the reader. With this context in mind, this essay argues that as a way of pondering about his ethical responsibility and literary authority within the Puerto Rican belles letres, S�nchez recuperates and problematizes the discourse of Latin American machismo in its contestatary quality, and in its relationship to modernity. On the one hand, Daniel Santos, as representative of machismo, becomes the figure of transgression against the authoritative trope of modernity; on the other, his problematic persona conjures up a totalitarianism centered on the myth of the Latin American macho and the bastion of "vivir en var�n." For S�nchez, this process of recuperation would then presuppose his position as disciple of Daniel Santos, and heir to his magisterial power, establishing his solidarity with the reader and the voices of the marginalized. In this fashion, La importancia explores the mechanisms that make Daniel Santos a figure of authority, which in turn would make S�nchez a figure of authority within the Puerto Rican literary tradition. However, S�nchez's criticism of the machismo myth represented by Daniel Santos compromises his position, exposing him to the rejection of the reader's solidarity and loosing his position as an authority figure.
Historicizing Vergil: Translation and Exegesis in Enrique de Villena's Eneida
Authors: Gilbert-Santamaria Donald
Published: October 2005

Enrique de Villena's relationship to the intellectual movement known broadly as humanism has been the subject of much debate in recent years. This article makes an intervention in that debate through an analysis of the Prohemio to Villena's vernacular translation of Vergil's Aeneid. Roughly modeled on the medieval accessus ad auctor, the Prohemio provides an introduction to both Virgil and his work. In the context of the debate over Villena's standing as a humanist, two aspects of this introductory material stand out: the particular use that Villena makes of Vergil's biography and his engagement with the question of translation. With regard to the first of these, Villena offers an anachronistic depiction of Vergil as the official chronicler of Augustus which he then uses to measure the deficiencies in the historical chronicles of his own age. The interest in historiography may be said to confirm Villena's humanist sympathies while his inability to posit a remedy for this narrative of medieval decline suggests the implicit limitations of these humanist tendencies. Similarly, the very fact of Villena's translation of the Aeneid into the vernacular places Villena at the heart of one of the defining debates of Renaissance humanism, while his inability to conceive of his work as anything more than a extensive "explication" of Vergil's text reveals the extent to which he cannot shake off certain medieval habits of exegesis that inhibit a more self-conscious rewriting of the poem of the kind that would mark later encounters with Renaissance imitatio.
Viaje a la semilla del amor: Del amor y otros demonios y la nueva narrativa sentimental
Authors: Gonzalez Anibal
Published: October 2005

Desde hace treinta a�os la literatura hispanoamericana ha venido experimentando un notable retorno al sentimentalismo por parte de sus narradores. Existe ahora una nueva narrativa sentimental que ha suplantado a las corrientes antes dominantes, desde las novelas del Boom de los a�os sesenta hasta las narraciones documentales o testimoniales de los setenta y ochenta. El alcance de la preocupaci�n y la fascinaci�n de Garc�a M�rquez por la nueva vertiente sentimental puede medirse en el hecho de que el maestro colombiano ha producido no s�lo una, sino tres novelas sucesivas en las cuales explora la problem�tica del amor y los afectos. La tercera y menos estudiada de estas, Del amor y otros demonios, cumple sin embargo un papel clave en la visi�n que propone Garc�a M�rquez de lo sentimental. El discurso ir�nico sobre el amor y la literatura en Del amor y otros demonios subraya el privilegio de la pasi�n obre la raz�n la escritura literaria y marca el instante en el que se origina ese predominio: el momento cuando el Renacimiento, adoptando los t�picos del amor cort�s y del neoplatonismo, concibe a la literatura como medio de acceder a una realidad trascendente. La visi�n ir�nica del eros que a trav�s de Abrenuncio nos presenta Garc�a M�rquez implica que el amor pasional no es un destino inevitable, como piensan quienes sufren de �l, sino que es m�s bien un c�digo convencionalizado de conducta que se ha convertido en una suerte de mito literario, en un pretexto para la creaci�n cr�tica.
The Masquerade as Experiment: Gender and Representation in Mercedes Cabello de Carbonera's El Conspirador: Autobiografia de un hombre publico
Authors: Mathews Cristina
Published: October 2005

This essay argues that in her 1892 novel El Conspirador: Autobiograf�a de un hombre p�blico, Mercedes Cabello de Carbonera writes the autobiography of a man to enunciate concerns about both state politics, an arena upon which women's commentary was essentially proscribed in Peru at the time of the novel's writing, and about gender politics, an area of concern all but inaudible in anyone's voice, but particularly in a woman's. The paper claims that in her critique of gender roles, Cabello challenges the late-nineteenth-century's insistence that gender-determined social roles were natural. It claims that she does this by reinterpreting the experimental model offered by positivism, and, while maintaining Comtean positivism's conviction that nature dictates appropriate behavior, by questioning society's success in shaping itself in accord with nature. Cabello suggests that experiments in representation, including, importantly, gender masquerade, may reveal nature, which the novel suggests social life tends to occlude. While consideration of the masquerade often presupposes a "true self" from which the masquerade departs, Cabello suggests that through such experiments one might find rather than falsify that natural self. Cabello's novel challenges the naturalness of masculine men and feminine women, and fights against the division of life into gendered public and private spheres. The paper links the novel's treatment of these issues to Cabello's theoretical comments on literature, her historical context, and her biography, all three of which foreground questions about men's and women's socially designated roles.
Creating the Merchant Subject in a patrana by Timoneda
Authors: McDaniel Sean
Published: October 2005

This study asks why Joan Timoneda's 1567 Patra�uelo, despite lukewarm or negative critical reaction, has undergone numerous editions in the last hundred years, while other, more critically appreciated works have been ignored. To answer this question, the study applies to one of the work's patra�as theories of subjectivity, and in particular, those theories outlined in George Mariscal's Contradictory Subjects. The study specifically compares the manner in which characters subjectivity is constituted in both patra�a quincena and the source from which it was adapted, the Decameron's ninth story from the second day. The study reveals that while Boccaccio's text establishes two distinct subjectivities, those of merchant and noble, Timoneda's version suppresses the noble subjectivity in order to allow the merchant subjectivity to define itself on its own terms. The study then turns to a discussion of Timoneda's choice of the term patra�a to describe his collection's stories, and suggests that his definition of the term implicitly invites two different sorts of readings. One reading, informed by an aristocratic point of view, embraces the "falsehood" connotations of the word. The second reading, aimed at the text's probable merchant readership, revels in the positive depiction of merchant values, concerns and aspirations. The study concludes that what might explain the continued success of the Patra�uelo is that while critics have tended to subject the text to the aristocratic reading, the larger contemporary audience has read it from a more mercantile perspective.
Virgin Rhetoric: Fray Luis de Leon and Marian Piety in Virgen, que el sol mas pura
Authors: Nowak William J.
Published: October 2005

Fray Luis's "Virgen que el sol más pura" has generally been read as a straightforward expression of the poet's Marian piety expressed in the difficult circumstances of his imprisonment by the Inquisition. The more intimate tone and the autobiographical subject matter of this poem have made it a favorite of many modern readers who have looked at it and the other so-called 'prison poems' as revealing Fray Luis's capacity for writing in a more personal poetic register. By reconsidering his use of Marian piety in this poem in the context of his other works and as a self-conscious imitation of its Petrarchan model, this interpretation argues that "Virgen" is a much subtler poetic expression than has been commonly recognized. His unusual use of Marian piety and the doctrine of Mary's immaculacy (almost unique in the context of the poet's oeuvre as a whole) may be read as a rhetorical stance tied stylistically and thematically to the imprisoned circumstances of the poetic voice. Although irony is not a common literary device in Fray Luis, the juxtaposition of the liturgical praise to the immaculate Virgin and the poet's own abject condition prepares the stage for the poem's concluding invitation (both to Mary and to the reader) to intuit the unspoken desires of the imprisoned poetic voice. In his final appeal to the Virgin, the poetic voice declares that—despite his ability to praise Mary—he is unable to publish what his heart truly desires.
Towards Trans-Pacific Social Justice: Women and Protest in Filipino American History
Authors: Choy Catherine Ceniza
Published: October 2005

Focusing on the transnational activism of two Filipino American women committed to social justice on both sides of the Pacific during the 1970s, Catherine Ceniza Choy reconceptualizes our understanding of the anti-martial movement in the Philippines and the Asian American movement. She points out that while Filipino women have garnered media and scholarly attention, both Philippine and U.S. national historiographies have obscured Filipino American womenÕs lives. Ceniza Choy highlights the activities of Filipino women who have remained largely invisible in both Asian American and Philippine studies. Her analysis also demonstrates how gendered and class expectations shaped their activism in both the Philippines and the U.S.