bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE IMPORTANCE OF PHEROMONE TRAP DENSITY AND TRAP MAINTENANCE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARDIZED MONITORING PROCEDURES FOR THE CODLING MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Riedl Helmut
Published: December 2009

Pheromone trap density is one factor which influences the magnitude of catch and therefore, should be standardized in a monitoring program. Trap catch increased with the area served by a trap, but reached a plateau when the trap density fell below one trap per 7 ha. From these data a quadratic regression was developed which relates the relative increase in trap catch to trap area. This relationship can be used to compare monitoring data obtained with different trap densities.

The number of moths previously caught in a sticky trap can affect its future performance. In the Pherocon® 2 trap catches began to decline after a cumulative total of 20 to 30 moths and in the Pherocon 1CP after 50 to 70 moths. The catch totals causing a drop in trapping efficiency were correlated with the size of the adhesive catch surface. The cause for the loss in trapping efficiency appeared to be physical deterioration of the adhesive due to moth scales, other insect parts, or dust rather than an olfactory repellent factor. Trapping efficiency was restored by thoroughly stirring the soiled adhesive. Standard maintenance procedures should be followed to keep the adhesive quality of the catch surface constant and thereby prevent a reduction in catches. Tests with two pheromone dispensers, the Codlemone® rubber septum and the Conrel® microfibres, indicated that both are effective for at least 6 weeks. Codlemone septa resulted in higher catches during the first week of field use. During subsequent weeks there was no difference in attractiveness between the two pheromone lures.
EFFECT OF CEREAL APHID INFESTATION ON GRAIN YIELD AND PERCENTAGE PROTEIN OF BARLEY, WHEAT, AND OATS IN SOUTHWESTERN QUEBEC
Authors: Ba-Angood S. A. , Stewart R. K.
Published: December 2009

Natural infestations of cereal aphids caused significant reductions in grain yield in field plots of early and late cultivars of barley, wheat, and oats in southwestern Quebec. Severely reduced grain yields resulted when caged plants of wheat and late cultivars of barley and oats were artificially infested, but early cultivars of barley and oats were less affected. The percentage protein of grain was significantly reduced in all crops, but wheat and late oats were most affected.
A REVIEW OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF MELANGYNA (MELIGRAMMA) FREY (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE)
Authors: Vockeroth J. R.
Published: December 2009

Keys to adults and puparia of three Nearctic species are given, with an outline of distribution of each species. Melangyna tenuis (Osburn) and M. cincta, American authors not Fallén, are treated as synonyms of M. triangulifera (Zetterstedt). A lectotype is designated for M. guttata (Fallén). A new species is described from British Columbia.
HABITATS, LIFE CYCLES, AND GUILD STRUCTURE AMONG WATER STRIDERS (HETEROPTERA: GERRIDAE) ON THE FRASER PLATEAU OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Spence J. R. , Scudder G. G. E.
Published: December 2009

Habitats and life cycles of five species of water striders were compared in south-central British Columbia. Three species of Gerris were bivoltine; both Limnoporus species were univoltine. Generation timing varied markedly among lakes and periods of maximum abundance for all species overlapped. Each species showed distinct association with a single type of habitat defined by vegetation structure. These associations separate most species among lakes and suggest that habitat is the most important resource axis for ecological separation of gerrid species on the Fraser Plateau.
THE SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION AND SPECIES COMPOSITION OF MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) COLLECTED DURING A ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM FROM 1976 TO 1978 IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO
Authors: Helson B. V. , Surgeoner G. A. , Wright R. E.
Published: December 2009

As part of a St. Louis Encephalitis Surveillance Program adult mosquitoes were collected weekly from May to September, 1976–1978 with dry ice-baited traps at 11 sites in four areas of southwestern Ontario. Thirty-four species from six genera were caught but of the 210,000 mosquitoes collected, three species, Mansonia perturbans (Walker), Aedes vexans (Meigen), and Culex pipiens Linnaeus (including C. restuans Theobald) comprised more than 90% of the catch. The greatest number of species were collected in June and July. The greatest number of mosquitoes were captured in July as the three principal species were most abundant at this time. The seasonal distributions of the nine most common species are presented and explanations suggested for the patterns of some of these. This study confirms and extends the findings of previous mosquito surveys in southwestern Ontario and should provide useful information for future programs on mosquito research and control in this region. Based on its seasonal pattern, relative abundance, SLE virus isolations and its record as an efficient vector in the USA, C. pipiens is probably an important vector of SLE in southwestern Ontario.
THE INFLUENCE OF APHID PREY CONSUMPTION ON SEARCHING BEHAVIOR, WEIGHT INCREASE, DEVELOPMENTAL TIME, AND MORTALITY OF CHRYSOPA CARNEA (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE) AND HIPPODAMIA CONVERGENS (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) LARVAE
Authors: Baumgaertner J. U. , Gutierrez A. P. , Summers C. G.
Published: December 2009

The behavior of larval stages of the green lace wing, Chrysopa carnea Stephens, and of the ladybird beetle Hippodamia convergens G.-M. were studied in the laboratory. With increasing hunger level, only first instar H. convergens larvae spent more time searching in the upper part of alfalfa stems, where both prey aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) and Acyrthosiphon kondoi (Shinji), are found. All larval instars tested except first instar C. carnea visited more stems per unit time with increasing hunger level. The weight gain, the developmental time, and the mortality of all larvae were adversely influenced at low food levels, but differently for each predator size and species. C. carnea larvae had higher rates of fat body utilization and weight gain than coccinellid larvae.
PREDATOR REPRODUCTION AND THE OVERALL PREDATOR-PREY RELATIONSHIP
Authors: Frazer B. D. , Gilbert N. , Ives P. M. , Raworth D. A.
Published: December 2009

Previous work described the effects of predation of pea aphids by adult coccinellids. That work has been extended to cover the entire reproductive cycle of the coccinellids. The relationship between amount of aphids eaten, and numbers of coccinellid eggs produced, was determined in the laboratory and used to predict numbers of eggs produced in the field. The survival rate of the eggs to adults, as a function of aphid density, was estimated in large field cages and in small enclosures. These relationships were incorporated into a population model for both predators and prey. The model has been validated against field data. It suggests that predator reproduction is optimized when conditions are very good. The significance for optimal foraging theory and biological control is discussed.
THE EUROPEAN SKIPPER,THYMELICUS LINEOLA(LEPIDOPTERA: HESPERIIDAE), IN MANITOBA AND NORTHWESTERN ONTARIO
Authors: Preston W. B. , Westwood A. R.
Published: December 2009

The spread ofThymelicus lineola(Ochsenheimer) in North America has been extensively documented (Rawson 1931; Clench 1956; Pengelly 1961; Arthur 1966; Burns 1966; McNeilet al.1975; McNeil and Duchesne 1977). In Canada,T. lineolahas been recorded from British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and now Manitoba (Gregory 1975; Jackson 1978). In the north central United StatesT. lineolahas been recorded from St. Louis Co. and International Falls, Minnesota (Brewer 1977; Lundeen 1980). Pengelly (pers. comm.) observedT. lineolaat Dryden, Ontario in 1972. McCabe and Post (1977) did not include this species in their list for North Dakota. The purpose of the present note is to report on the presence and collections ofT. lineolain Manitoba and in northwestern Ontario.
SEASONAL POPULATIONS OF THE DIAMONDBACK MOTH, PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: PLUTELLIDAE) IN RELATION TO DAY-DEGREE ACCUMULATION
Authors: Butts R. A. , McEwen F. L.
Published: December 2009

The life history of Plutella xylostella (L.) was studied in plantings of Brussels sprouts at Cambridge, Ontario in 1977 and 1978. Adults were monitored by using sticky traps constructed of bristol board; eggs, larvae, and pupae were monitored by sampling plants. In both years in the spring, some of the first eggs were found before adults were caught in the traps. The trap collections indicated four periods of adult flight each year. During the last period of flight in 1977 eggs were laid; however, the fifth generation was not completed. Day-degree analyses of the populations indicated that 293 day-degrees (C) above a threshold temperature (7.3°C) were required to complete one generation. Using day-degree accumulations it was possible to predict accurately the periods when various stages of the pest were dominant even though there was considerable overlap of various stages in the field.
A CHIRONOMID (NANOCLADIUS(PLECOPTERACOLUTHUS)BRANCHICOLUS: DIPTERA) PHORETIC ON A STONEFLY (ACRONEURIA LYCORIAS: PLECOPTERA) IN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Dosdall L. M. , Mason P. G.
Published: December 2009

Larvae of the chironomidNanocladius(Plecopteracoluthus)branchicolusSæther were found living phoretically with nymphs of the stoneflyAcroneuria lycorias(Newman). The male and fourth instar larva ofN. (P.)branchicolusare described for the first time. The stonefly and chironomid were found in streams in central and northern Saskatchewan forests. Of six Saskatchewan Perlidae species, the chironomid was associated only withA.lycorias. The chironomid most often occurred beneath stonefly wing pads. In the laboratory chironomid pupation lasted about 2 days with emergence occurring about 2 days prior to stonefly emergence.
PHENOLOGY OF THE SAN JOSE SCALE (HOMOPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE)
Authors: Jorgensen C. D. , Rice R. E. , Hoyt S. C. , Westigard P. H.
Published: December 2009

Phenological events associated with control of San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock)) in deciduous tree fruit orchards of the western United States were modeled, using the Predictive Extension Timing Estimator (PETE). The model closely simulated adult male activity and first crawler emergence, although spring male emergence was too variable to rely entirely on accumulated degree days from 1 January for management decisions. Pheromone monitoring of spring males improves timing for control of subsequent crawlers when a biofix of 275°D from 1 January is used.
EFFECTS OF THE INSECT GROWTH REGULATOR BAY SIR 8514 ON PEST DIPTERA AND NONTARGET AQUATIC ORGANISMS
Authors: Colwell A. E. , Schaefer C. H.
Published: December 2009

Treatment of a pond with a 0.5% sand granule formulation of SIR-8514 yielded a maximum, concentration (4.6 ppb) by 1 day following the application. No residues were detected in the pond sediment and by 28 days posttreatment residues were not found at any depth of the water column. Emergence of pestiferous dipterans was reduced by >99%, and planktonic arthropod populations decreased by >90% following the treatment. Planktonic rotifers and dinoflagellates, and benthic organisms were less severely affected.

Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirusRafinesque) and mosquitofish (Gambusia affinisBaird and Girard) accumulated maximum concentrations (ca. 400 ppb) of SIR-8514 by 2 days posttreatment. No residues in fish were detected by 28 days posttreatment, and no fish mortality was observed.
ECOLOGY OF BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) OF THE SOURIS RIVER, MANITOBA AS A BASIS FOR CONTROL STRATEGY
Authors: Westwood A. R. , Brust R. A.
Published: December 2009

Ten species of black flies were collected from the Souris River, Manitoba between April 1977 and October 1978. Adults of Simulium luggeri Nicholson and Mickel, Simulium meridionale Riley, Simulium venustum Say, Simulium verecundum Stone and Jamnback, and Simulium johannseni johannseni (Hart) were collected feeding on livestock and humans, and are well known pest species. Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt was the most abundant species, but was not a pest on man or domestic animals. Simulium tuberosum (Lundström) and Simulium johannseni duplex Shewell and Fredeen were the least abundant species. Simulium j. johannseni, S. j. duplex, S. venustum, S. verecundum, S. tuberosum, and Cnephia dacotensis (Dyar and Shannon) appeared to be univoltine species while S. luggeri, S. meridionale, Simulium decorum Walker, and S. vittatum were multivoltine in the Souris River.

An evaluation of cone, plate, rope, and wire cage sampling devices for black fly larvae and pupae indicated that cone samplers provided a more representative sample for population assessment.

In a black fly control program, of the Souris River, Manitoba two separate larvicide treatments in spring may be necessary. In the case of two treatments, the first should be aimed at late instar larvae of S. j. johannseni, S. venustum, and S. verecundum. Since the majority of S. luggeri and S. meridionale would be in the egg stage at this time, a second treatment, 10–14 days later, would be necessary to control late instar larvae of these species.
EFFECTS OF INGESTED ETHANOL ON ADULTDROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER(DIPTERA: DROSOPHILIDAE)
Authors: Chawla S. S. , Perron J.-M. , Radouco-Thomas C.
Published: December 2009

An apparatus consisting of a plastic box and a feeding circuit permits the calculation of μl volumes of ethanol ingested byDrosophila melanogasterMeigen. The net amount of ethanol taken (expressed in 100% ethanol) has been examined in various experimental conditions: sucrose solutions, ethanol–sucrose solutions at various sucrose and alcohol concentrations, ethanol solutions - cube of sucrose and ethanol solutions alone. The data obtained on ingestion byDrosophilashow that the consumption of sucrose solutions was inversely proportional to the concentrations of sucrose. The amount of ethanol ingested during 14 days was directly related to the concentration of ethanol in the diets although in general the total volume of solution consumed did not vary significantly in most cases. The analyses of observations of 14 days showed that decreased mortality was obtained with the rise in the concentration of sucrose in sucrose-water solutions in 0.5–3% range and the mortality increased with the rise in the concentration of ethanol in the diets, yet ethanol-sucrose was better than cube of sugar alone.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE TOXICITY OF SEVERAL PESTICIDES TO PHYTOSEIULUS PERSIMILIS (ACARINA: PHYTOSEIIDAE) AND TETRANYCHUS URTICAE (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE)
Authors: Everson P. R. , Tonks N. V.
Published: December 2009

The relationship between posttreatment temperatures of 15°, 20°, 25°, and 30°C and toxicity of six pesticides to adult female Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot and Tetranychus urticae Koch were studied in the laboratory.

The toxicities of cyhexatin, dicofol, propargite, citrazon, chlorobenzilate, and per-methrin were positively correlated with temperature. Except for propargite and permefhrin, P. persimilis was less susceptible than T. urticae at 15° and 20°C, but equal in susceptibility at 25° and 30°C.

The results obtained may indicate a potential value of posttreatment temperature manipulation as a useful adjunct to integrated pest control programs in glasshouses.
PINK BOLLWORM, PECTINOPHORA GOSSYPIELLA (DIPTERA: GELECHIIDAE), SUPPRESSION WITH GOSSYPLURE, A PYRETHROID, AND PARASITE RELEASES
Authors: Legner E. F. , Medved R. A.
Published: December 2009

The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), has become increasingly important as a primary pest of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., in the Lower Colorado Desert of western North America. New species of natural enemies have not become established although annual parasite releases have shown some favorable results (Legner and Medved 1979). The effects of a pyrethroid, female sex pheromone, and annual parasite releases on pink bollworm suppression were studied and compared.
PRECIPITIN TEST FOR EXAMINING PREDATOR–PREY INTERACTIONS IN SOYBEAN FIELDS
Authors: Gardner Wayne A. , Shepard Merle , Noblet Raymond
Published: December 2009

Precipitin test techniques were utilized for the identification of predators on three lepidopteran pests—Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and Pseudoplusia includens (Walker). The test was sensitive enough to detect these prey in a whole-body extract of one small predator or from a midgut extract of larger predators. Some cross-reactivity among the prey antigens was found which limited somewhat the applicability of the test. However, test results from field-collected predators indicated the precipitin test is a simple and rapid technique which can be used to evaluate the number of encounters between predators and prey in soybean fields.
VARIABLES ASSOCIATED WITH PHEROMONE TRAPS FOR MONITORING SPRUCE BUDWORM POPULATIONS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Houseweart Mark W. , Jennings Daniel T. , Sanders C. J.
Published: December 2009

The effects of three trap variables (age, saturation, and density) on catches of male spruce budworm moths were tested using Pherocon 1CP® traps baited with synthetic sex attractant in high-density budworm populations in Maine and low-density populations in Ontario. As trap age increased, the number of moths captured decreased significantly; traps aged 2, 10, and 16 days caught an average of 5.4, 28, and 27% fewer moths than unaged traps. Traps functionally saturate and trapping efficiency diminishes in both high and low density populations after ca. 50 moths are caught, although maximum observed catch was 193 moths/day. Density or spacing of traps also affects trap efficiency. Traps spaced 5 m apart may act as a single attraction source. Interference between traps was evident for traps spaced 10, 20, and 30 m apart, while traps spaced at 40 m had the least interference. However, interference at all spacings was noted during peak moth flight in 1978 when mean catch was ca. 140 moths/trap/day.

Pherocon 1CP traps can be used for detecting and monitoring spruce budworm populations; however, influences of trap age, timing of trap placement, trap saturation, spacing of traps, and lure strength should be taken into account.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION IN APHIDS (APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Singh S. M. , Cunningham T. K.
Published: December 2009

Six species of aphids belonging to four genera were measured for 12 morphological features at five developmental stages. It was concluded that reliable identification of species based on morphological features is possible only at adult stages. Samples were also analyzed for seven enzymes by gel electrophoresis. There were no enzyme pattern differences among developmental stages in any species. Three enzymes, malic dehydrogenase, malic enzyme and tetrazolium oxidase, showed the same band pattern in all species. The other four, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, esterase and leucine-alanine peptidase, showed “diagnostic” patterns specific to a given species. All species are easily identifiable by their esterase pattern which could be confirmed by acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and leucine-alanine peptidase patterns. The enzyme pattern differences were used to establish a dendrogram of genetic relationship among species which was compared with a dendrogram of morphological similarities. The close genetic similarity among species suggests that significant adaptive differentiation leading to speciation may have occurred within the context of relatively few genie changes. This is compatible with speciation in aphids being due primarily to their obligate parthenogenetic reproduction, frequent bottlenecks (drastic reduction in number), and host plant specificity.
THE WHEAT BULB FLY, DELIA COARCTATA, IN NORTH AMERICA (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE)
Authors: McAlpine J. F. , Slight C.
Published: December 2009

The wheat bulb fly, Delia coarctata (Fallén), a widespread Eurasian species, is recorded for the first time from Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and Maine. Unlike most Anthomyiidae, this species overwinters in the egg stage in the soil. Hatching occurs in early spring, and young larvae attack the roots of fall-germinated grasses. The primary host is couch grass, Agropyron repens (Linnaeus). In Europe, however, D. coarctata is an important pest of winter wheat, and workers in North America are alerted to its potential economic importance here. Adults may be distinguished from other root maggot flies by a combination of characters which includes the plumosity of the arista, the setation of the thorax and legs, the colour of the wings and legs, and most importantly, the details of the male and female terminalia.
EFFECTS OF COLLECTION METHOD ON ESTIMATES OF PARASITISM AND SEX RATIO OF FLEA BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) THAT INFEST RAPE CROPS IN MANITOBA
Authors: Wylie H. G.
Published: December 2009

Similar percentages of parasitized adults and of females of Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) were collected in traps baited with allyl isothiocyanate and in a D-Vac vacuum insect net early in spring and in August–September, when non-reproducing adults predominated. In contrast, a lower percentage of parasitized adults and a higher percentage of females were collected in the traps than in the D-Vac during the beetles’ reproductive period, May–July. A similar difference between the traps and D-Vac was recorded for Phyllotreta striolata (F.) during April–May, when this species begins to reproduce. Therefore, the results indicate that traps used in this study are unsuitable for measuring parasitism and sex ratio of reproducing P. cruciferae and P. striolata.
LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE PERSISTENCE AND BEHAVIOUR IN SOIL OF FOUR PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES
Authors: Harris C. R. , Chapman R. A. , Harris Carol
Published: December 2009

In direct contact toxicity tests with four pyrethroid and three standard insecticides, using 24–48 h old crickets, Acheta pennsylvanicus (Burmeister), as test insects, carbofuran was most toxic > cypermethrin > fensulfothion > chlorpyrifos > fenvalerate > fenpropanate > permethrin. In moist (5% water) Plainfield sand, using the same test insect, chlorpyrifos was most toxic > carbofuran > fenpropanate > cypermethrin > permethrin > fenvalerate > fensulfothion, i.e. the pyrethroids, although quite strongly adsorbed by soil, were still moderately active as soil insecticides. All pyrethroids were less toxic in muck soil as compared with Plainfield sand, and in air-dry (0.5% water) as compared with moist (5% water) Plainfield sand, with the effects being less on cypermethrin and fenvalerate and greater on permethrin and fenpropanate. None of the pyrethroids was affected by soil type and moisture to the same extent as was carbofuran. Permethrin, fenvalerate, and cypermethrin showed a negative temperature coefficient of toxicity in moist Plainfield sand, being from 1.4 to 1.9× more toxic at 15° than at 32°C. Fenpropanate, like carbofuran, was slightly more toxic at 32° than at 15°C. Generally, soil type, moisture, and temperature had minimal effects on the toxicity of the four pyrethroid insecticides. In persistence studies over 48 weeks, using Plainfield sand, the pyrethroids were more persistent than chlorpyrifos, but less persistent than dieldrin. Under these laboratory conditions, permethrin and fenvalerate were slightly more persistent, while fenpropanate and cypermethrin were as persistent as carbofuran. Trans-isomers of permethrin and cypermethrin declined more quickly in the sand than did the cis-isomers and of the trans-isomers the 1S,trans declined much faster than the 1R,trans while little difference was observed for the corresponding 1S- and 1R,cis-isomers.
TERRITORIALITY IN THE DRONE FLY, ERISTALIS TENAX (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE)
Authors: Wellington W. G. , Fitzpatrick Sheila M.
Published: December 2009

When male drone flies (Eristalis tenax (L.)) of the spring and summer generations stop dispersing, they settle within individual home ranges that provide them with sheltering, resting, basking, grooming, feeding, and mating sites. Away from its mating place, a resident male rarely responds to other insects. On its mating site, however, it is territorial, attacking alien species, such as bees, wasps, and butterflies, as well as conspecific intruders. Territorial duty is demanding, and resident males take rest periods outside their territories whenever they can. When prevented from doing so, either by sky conditions which confine them to the territory, or by crowding which eliminates many neutral sites, they become increasingly aggressive. Males on open, horizontal territories (e.g., in flowerbeds) are more likely to notice intruders, and therefore are more liable to attack them, than males on vertical territories (e.g., on broad-leaved shrubs). The aggressiveness of E. tenax has social and ecological ramifications beyond its own species, since bees may stop foraging and aphidophagous syrphids may not oviposit in places where drone flies are exceptionally active.
EFFECT OF FOOD SPRAYS ON NUMBERS OF PREDATORS IN AN APPLE ORCHARD
Authors: Hagley E. A. C. , Simpson C. M.
Published: December 2009

Studies have been undertaken with artificial food sprays in an attempt to increase the efficacy of predators against pests of corn (Schiefelbein and Chiang 1966; Carlson and Chiang 1973), alfalfa and cotton (Hagen et al. 1970), peppers (Hagen and Hale 1974), and potatoes (Ben Saad and Bishop 1976). It was believed that such sprays might attract predators into the crop ecosystem and keep them there particularly during periods when natural foods were in poor supply. Also, the availability of sufficient alternative food might induce these species to lay eggs even when natural host populations were low.
ADDITIONAL HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES NEWLY RECORDED FROM THE DARKSIDED CUTWORM, EUXOA MESSORIA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), IN ONTARIO
Authors: Cheng H. H.
Published: December 2009

The author (1977) reported on 10 species of insect parasites that were reared from field-collected larvae or pupae of the darksided cutworm, Euxoa messoria (Harris), in Ontario. Of those, eight species had not been previously recorded from this host. During subsequent studies at Delhi, Ontario in 1976 and 1977, more than 3000 larvae of this cutworm were collected from rye and tobacco fields and reared in the laboratory, using methods previously described (Cheng 1977). From this work four more species of primary endoparasites were newly recorded, namely, Apanteles laeviceps Ashmead (Braconidae), Apanteles militaris Walsh (Braconidae), Campoletis sp. (Ichneumonidae), and Meteorus communis (Cresson) (Braconidae). Arenetra sp. reported in the earlier work appeared again and was determined to be A. rufipes vernalis Walley (Ichneumonidae).
LABORATORY AND FIELD EVALUATION OF NEOAPLECTANA CARPOCAPSAE (RHABDITIDA: STEINERNEMATIDAE) AGAINST THE ELM LEAF BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) AND THE WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Kaya Harry K. , Hara Arnold H. , Reardon Richard C.
Published: December 2009

Laboratory studies showed that elm leaf beetle, Pyrrhalta luteola (Müller), larvae and pupae were susceptible to the nematode Neoaplectana carpocapsae Weiser; adults were less likely to be infected because of their dispersal ability. Spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, larvae were susceptible to the nematode in the laboratory. Field application of the nematode in 2% aqueous Volck oil suspension against elm leaf beetle or spruce budworm larvae did not significantly reduce the populations when compared with controls. Desiccation of the infective nematodes may be a factor in the variable results for elm leaf beetle, and cool temperatures and rain may have been factors in the poor results for spruce budworm. However, significant population reduction occurred in nematode treatments against elm leaf beetle pupae in litter. This nematode may be used against beetle pupae in conjunction with other control tactics.
DISTINGUISHING EXTERNAL FEATURES OF ADULT MALES AND FEMALES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF PHYMATOCERA DAHLBOM (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE) AND THEIR PHYLOGENY
Authors: Goulet Henri
Published: December 2009

Discovery of new external structures permit easier separation of species of Phymatocera for both sexes. A key is given and a phylogeny is reconstructed for all species. The name P. rusculla (MacGillivray) is a junior synonym of P. offensa (MacGillivray).
A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF TELEAS LATREILLE (HYMENOPTERA, PROCTOTRUPOIDEA, SCELIONIDAE)
Authors: Sharkey Michael J.
Published: December 2009

Nine species are recognized, of which six are new to science: Teleas crassifemur ♂, T. neptuni ♀ ♂, T. niger ♂, T. punctifrons ♀ ♂, T. terricola ♀, and T. villus ♂. The three previously described species which are retained in the genus Teleas, viz. T. lineaticeps Ashmead, T. pallidipes Ashmead and T. sibiricus Kieffer, are redescribed. Females of T. lineaticeps and T. pallidipes are described for the first time. All other Nearctic species listed by Muesebeck (1979) under Teleas are presently transferred to the genus Trimorus Foerster (subfam. Teleasinae) (all new combinations): Trimorus americanus (Ashmead), T. coxalis (Ashmead), T. harringtoni nom. nov. (= Teleas canadensis Harrington nec Acolus canadensis Ashmead), and T. mandibularis (Ashmead). T. sibiricus Kieffer is the only member of the genus known to have Holarctic distribution.

A key to the females and males of Nearctic Teleas and a key to Nearctic genera of Teleasinae are presented.
THE MULTIPOROUS PLATE SENSILLUM AND ITS POTENTIAL USE IN BRACONID SYSTEMATICS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)
Authors: Barlin Margaret R. , Vinson S. Bradleigh
Published: December 2009

The multiporous plate sensillum occurs on the antennae of Hymenoptera. The internal and external cuticular surfaces of these sensilla, as well as the cellular ultrastructure, were examined in the Braconidae by electron microscopy. The sensillum has an elongated, external, porous plate and an inner, cuticular septum in which there is an aperture. It is innervated by numerous neurons, the dendrites of which pass through the aperture, branch and traverse the longitudinal axis of the sensillum. The ratio of aperture length to sensillar length was measured on the internal cuticular surface in 32 species. This ratio increased from the ancestral to the derived species. This sensillar character may be useful in elucidating braconid systematics. It also has potential use in the systematics of other hymenopterous parasitoids.
ETHANOL INDUCES ATTACK ON TREES BY SPRUCE BEETLES, DENDROCTONUS RUFIPENNIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Moeck Henry A.
Published: December 2009

When 95% ethanol was sprayed at the rate of approximately 46 ml/m2 of bark surface on the lower 1 or 2 m of standing living spruce trees, Picea engelmannii Parry – P. glauca (Moench) Voss hybrid population, 23 of 47 and 18 of 19 treated trees in two areas received one to many spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), attacks, whereas only 2 of 63 and 2 of 64 untreated trees, respectively, were attacked. Some of the treated trees were killed by mass attacks of the beetles, but most trees pitched out the attacks. Thus beetle attacks on essentially resistant trees were induced by the ethanol treatment. However, spruce beetles were not attracted by the ethanol treatment.
RESPONSES OF MALE SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) TO DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF SEX PHEROMONE AS MEASURED IN A SUSTAINED-FLIGHT WIND TUNNEL
Authors: Sanders C. J. , Lucuik G. S. , Fletcher R. M.
Published: December 2009

Responses were recorded of male spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) exposed to natural pheromone and a wide range of concentrations of synthetic pheromone in an all-glass wind tunnel equipped with a moving, patterned ceiling. The numbers of males wing-fanning and plume-following decreased with decreasing concentration of the pheromone plume. Speed of upwind flight with the ceiling stationary increased with decreasing concentration, but the durations of flight sustained by moving the ceiling were not significantly different under the different concentrations.

Males exposed to pheromone produced by calling females showed a higher incidence of plume-following, and flew significantly faster, than males exposed to a similar concentration of synthetic pheromone.
BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE GENUSEUXOA(LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Lafontaine J. Donald
Published: December 2009

The biogeography of 171 North American species ofEuxoa(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is reviewed. For biogeographical analysis, species are arranged in groups according to habitat; these are 62 aridland species, 69 forest species, 19 widespread species, and 21 species with special or unknown habitat requirements. Aridland species are distributed primarily in grassland areas in the Great Plains and in sagebrush areas or piñon–juniper woodland in the intermontane region. Ranges in these two regions are connected in arid corridors through the Rocky Mountain region. Forest species in western North America are arranged in two groups: those that occur in both conifer forests and piñon–juniper woodland (17 species), and those that occur only in conifer forests (40 species). Species in the former category occur throughout the mountain ranges of the west including those of the Great Basin wherever suitable habitat occurs. Those of the latter category occur in conifer forests on mountain ranges around the Great Basin but do not occur in the Great Basin, even in mountain ranges that support suitable habitat. Most forest species that occur in the Rocky Mountain region also occur in disjunct woodland areas in the Great Plains.

The effect of Wisconsinan glaciation on the biogeographic regions of western North America is reconstructed from a review of fossil pollen and plant macrofossil studies. From this synthesis it is suggested that during the Wisconsinan glacial maximum, forest species were widely distributed in the Great Plains south of the Laurentian ice sheet, and at low elevations in the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountain regions. Piñon–juniper woodland species were widespread in the Great Plains. Forest species that do not occur in piñon–juniper woodland were distributed around the Great Basin but were prevented from reaching suitable habitat in mountain ranges within the Basin by unsuitable habitat in the intervening lowlands. The ranges of aridland species were greatly reduced during Wisconsinan time, particularly in the Great Plains. Aridland corridors through the Rocky Mountains were eliminated during the Wisconsinan glacial maximum.

The possibility of speciation during Wisconsinan time is reviewed. Although the distribution of many sister-species are what would be expected from speciation during the Wisconsinan, the distributions may reflect allopatric distributions during Wisconsinan time and not speciation.
A REVISION OF NEOSILBA McALPINE WITH A KEY TO THE WORLD GENERA OF LONCHAEIDAE (DIPTERA)
Authors: McAlpine J. F. , Steyskal G. C.
Published: December 2009

The identities of the 12 previously described species of Neosilba McAlpine, seven of which are represented among the syntypes of pendula (Bezzi), are established: batesi (Curran), certa (Walker), dimidiata (Curran), fuscipennis (Curran), glaberrima (Wiedemann), longicerata (Hennig), major (Malloch) [(= magna (Hennig), new synonymy], parva (Hennig), pendula (Bezzi), perezi (Romero S. and Ruppel), and pseudopendula (Korytkowski and Ojeda). Three new species, also represented among the syntypes of pendula, are described: oaxacana and peltae from Mexico, and zadolicha from Colombia and Brazil. Lectotypes are designated for magna, parva, pendula, and perezi. “Carpolonchaea” devions Hennig is placed in Silba Macquart, and “Carpolonchaea” intermedia Hennig is transferred to Lonchaea Fallen (new combination). New keys to the world genera of Lonchaeidae and to all described species of Neosilba are provided. Fifty-four illustrations, mostly of male and female terminalia, are given.
AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR REARING AXENIC MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLES, DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Whitney H. S. , Spanier O. J.
Published: December 2009

Improvements in the rearing methods for axenic mountain pine beetles were made by standardizing the nutritional and physical composition of a yeast-fortified ground phloem diet. By eliminating handling and possible malnutrition of neonate larvae, and by use of individual rearing units to reduce hazards associated with microbial contamination, one person produced batches of 400–500 axenic beetles. Beetles produced by this method were morphologically and anatomically equivalent to and more fecund than field beetles, were significantly smaller than their parental stocks, and perhaps required more degree hours above 40 °C in developing from egg to adult.
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF ADULTS OFOOENCYRTUS KUVANAE(HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE), AN EGG PARASITE OFLYMANTRIA DISPAR(LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)
Authors: Brown M. W. , Cameron E. Alan
Published: December 2009

The spatial distribution of adultOoencyrtus kuvanae(Howard) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was examined in central Pennsylvania during 1978–1980. Data were gathered over a wide range of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar(L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)) densities and from all phases of population growth. There was a linear relationship between the log variance and log mean, fitting Taylor's Power Law with a power of 1.27. The degree of aggregation inO. kuvanaepopulations, as measured by the variance-to-mean ratio, was correlated positively with the abundance of the parasite, and was independent of host density. Aggregation was believed to result from the habit of the female parasite ovipositing repeatedly on the same egg mass, and the resultant progeny emerging synchronously. Behavior and density ofO. kuvanaepopulations were found to depend upon the gypsy moth population condition, i.e., low, rising, high stable, outbreak, or collapsed. The frequency distribution ofO. kuvanaepopulations fit the Poisson at densities less than 0.2 parasite adult per egg mass, a condition which occurred early and late (July, November) in the season, and the negative binomial above this density; a few distributions fit the log normal. The data were also analyzed using analyses of variance (multivariate and univariate), correlation, and regression techniques. All main effects, i.e., study area, host egg mass volume, egg mass height from the ground (within the 0–2 m sampling universe), aspect of the egg mass on the tree, and tree species, were important in explaining the variance in parasite abundance; study area differences were the most important. The effects of aspect and tree species were explained on the basis of small sample sizes, and not studied further. There was a positive correlation between host egg mass volume (= size) and parasite abundance. There was also a positive correlation between the height of the egg mass and parasite abundance during the summer; however, this relationship became negative by late fall. This seasonal change in vertical distribution was attributed to the tendency ofO. kuvanaeto be closer to the ground where they overwinter. Variation in adult abundance was generally greater among gypsy moth egg masses on different trees than among egg masses on the same tree, except at low parasite densities. This was attributed to the parasites searching for egg masses on one tree before dispersing to another.
THE INFLUENCE OF CARPENTER ANT (CAMPONOTUS MODOC) (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) ATTENDANCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND SURVIVAL OF APHIDS (CINARA SPP.) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) IN A GIANT SEQUOIA FOREST
Authors: Tilles David A. , Wood David L.
Published: December 2009

Camponotus modoc was associated with numerous species of Homoptera in Giant Forest, Sequoia — Kings Canyon National Park, California. Ant-exclusion experiments and field observations indicated that survival of the abundant Cinara occidentalis Davidson on white fir depends on attendance by C. modoc. More of the predators, Neomysia oblonguttata (Mulsant), Deraeocoris brevis Uhler, Passaloecus cuspidatus F. Smith, Pityophyphantes sp., were found on ant-unattended than on attended aphid colonies. As aphid populations decreased, ant attendance per aphid and number of predators/aphid increased. Attended aphid colonies were more likely to survive to produce oviparae and a lower proportion of alates.
A NEW SPECIES OF PRAON (HYMENOPTERA: APHIDIIDAE), PARASITIC ON THE DUSKY-VEINED WALNUT APHID, CALLAPHIS JUGLANDIS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Mackauer M. , Sullivan D. J.
Published: December 2009

The aphid parasite Praon callaphis, new species, from Afghanistan is described and illustrated. The species was introduced into California for the biological control of Callaphis juglandis (Goeze) on Juglans regia L.
CITRONELLOL ATTRACTS MALE PRENOLEPIS IMPARIS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)
Authors: Leslie C. A. , Overhulser D. L.
Published: December 2009

During studies of the attractiveness of essential oils to insects associated with Douglas-fir cones, traps baited with citronellol attracted male Prenolepis imparis (Say), the small honey ant. Citronellol was previously reported as present in the mandibular glands of worker and male ants (Law et al. 1965; Blum et al. 1968).

The small honey ant is a ground nesting species frequently encountered in woodlands and noted for tending plant-sucking insects. Behavior of colonies has not been intensively studied, but it is known that alate ants leave the colony in March and April for a nuptial flight (Smith 1965).
PHARATE PHASES INTIPULA PALUDOSA(DIPTERA: TIPULIDAE)
Authors: Stewart Mary , Pritchard Gordon
Published: December 2009

Tipula paludosaspends increasing periods of time in a pharate condition with each succeeding molt. The pupa is entirely pharate since larval–pupal ecdysis coincides with pupal–adult apolysis, and the larger part of the adult instar is also spent in a pharate condition. The fact that the instar usually referred to as the pupa is actually a pharate adult should be clearly understood by physiologists, ethologists, and ecologists.
AGGREGATIONS AND WINTER SURVIVAL IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA OFHIPPODAMIA QUINQUESIGNATA(COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE), A PREDATOR OF THE PEA APHID (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Harper A. M. , Lilly C. E.
Published: December 2009

Aggregations of the ladybird beetleHippodamia quinquesignataKirby were found at several sites on the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains in southern Alberta at altitudes of 1250–2439 m, and also in the Porcupine Hills (1780 m), just east of the Rockies. The beetles apparently migrate from the prairie region where they feed on pea and grain aphids to the aggregation sites in fall, and return to the prairie in spring.

H. quinquesignatacan survive southern Alberta winters, but some protection is needed as high mortality sometimes occurs in localized areas of the aggregation sites. Supercooling data indicate that the greatest protection against cold occurs during mid-winter but a considerable amount of cold hardening occurs during the fall. The most critical period for survival appears to be April and May when the beetles have lost much of their cold resistance, and a late spring cold period could cause high mortality.
A REVISION OF THE GYMNUSINI AND DEINOPSINI OF THE WORLD (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE). SUPPLEMENTUM 2
Authors: Klimaszewski Jan
Published: December 2009

The following new species of Deinopsini are described and illustrated: Deinopsis apicicornis (southern USA), Adinopsis cuspidata (Florida, Maryland) and Adinopsis pubescens (Brazil, Colombia, Panama, Mexico). The previously unknown female of Gymnusa campbelli Klim., G. konopackii Klim., and Adinopsis braziliensis Klim., and the male of Metadeinopsis longicornis (Sharp), are described. New distribution and habitat date for some other species of the tribes are added.
BIOCONTROL OF THE WEED CANADA THISTLE (CIRSIUM ARVENSE): RELEASES AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE GALL FLY UROPHORA CARDUI (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) IN CANADA
Authors: Peschken D. P. , Finnamore D. B. , Watson A. K.
Published: December 2009

The gall fly Urophora cardui (L.) (Diptera: Tephritidae), native to Europe, was released at 24 locations across Canada beginning in 1974. It became established in Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick but died out in all but one location in western Canada. Evidence for winter mortality in the west does not explain the failure of these colonies. Although galls, in particular those on the main shoot, reduce the height of Canada thistle, so far the impact on the host weed, Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) (L.) Scop., is slight.
THE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF THE TWOLINED CHESTNUT BORER, AGRILUS BILINEATUS (COLEOPTERA: BUPRESTIDAE), ON OAKS, QUERCUS SPP., IN WISCONSIN
Authors: Haack Robert A. , Benjamin Daniel M.
Published: December 2009

Agrilus bilineatus (Weber) is univoltine in Wisconsin. Adults were present from early June through mid-September; however, peak flight and oviposition occurred during the second half of June. Adults consumed significantly more oak foliage than foliage of hardwoods other than oak. Stressed oaks attracted significantly more adults than did uninjured controls, as measured by density of captured adults on sticky traps. Four larval instars were determined; instar IV was the overwintering stage. Fourth instar larvae generally overwintered in pupal cells in the outer bark or in sapwood if the bark was thin. Larvae, especially third and fourth instars, damaged oaks by girdling the conducting xylem and phloem. Attacked oaks had low root starch content relative to those unattacked. Tree death normally resulted after 2 or 3 years of borer infestation, yet tree death may occur in a single season. Initial attack usually began in the live crown and proceeded downward in succeeding years with no apparent reinfestation of previously killed areas. Mean adult longevity in days for adults fed red oak foliage was 28.1 at 20°, 37.8 at 24°, and 8.3 at 30 °C. Mean duration of the pupal stage in days was 11.7 at 24 °and 8.5 at 30 °C.
COMPARATIVE TOXICITY OF LINDANE, CARBARYL, AND CHLORPYRIFOS TO THE WESTERN PINE BEETLE (DENDROCTONUS BREVICOMIS) (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) AND TWO OF ITS PREDATORS,ENOCLERUS LECONTEI(COLEOPTERA: CLERIDAE) ANDTEMNOCHILA CHLORODIA(COLEOPTERA: TROGOSITIDAE)
Authors: Swezey Sean L. , Page Marion L. , Dahlsten Donald L.
Published: December 2009

Each of three insecticides—lindane, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos—was tested by topical application on the western pine beetle,Dendroctonus brevicomisLeConte, and two native coleopterous predators,Enoclerus lecontei(Wolc.) andTemnochila chlorodia(Mann.), to assess comparative toxicity. Lindane was more toxic to the predators than to western pine beetle, while carbaryl was relatively non-toxic toE. leconteiwhen compared with eitherT. chlorodiaor western pine beetle. Chlorpyrifos was equally toxic to all three species. Results of topical application serve to estimate relative effects of insecticides on predacious associates in the western pine beetle community.
SURVEY OF PATHOGENS IN THE LARGE ASPEN TORTRIX, CHORISTONEURA CONFLICTANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN ONTARIO AND BRITISH COLUMBIA WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO GRANULOSIS VIRUS
Authors: Burke John , Percy Jean
Published: December 2009

The large aspen tortrix, Choristoneura conflictana Wlk., occurs throughout the range of trembling aspen, Populus trernuloides Michx., in Canada and the eastern United States (Baker 1972). Outbreaks of the insect occur over large areas, but these outbreaks generally collapse in 2 to 3 years. The principal effect of this pest is to reduce growth of aspen, but it causes little tree mortality (Batzer 1972). Prentice (1955) reviewed the history of outbreaks of C. conflictana in Canada from 1912 to 1953 and the natural control factors of the insect. He reported an extensive parasite complement. Dead and apparently diseased insects were examined, but the only pathogen noted was infection of overwintering larvae by the fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Bals .) Vuill.