Prevalence of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody–Associated Vasculitis and Spatial Association With Quarries in a Region of Northeastern France: A Capture–Recapture and Geospatial Analysis
Authors: Giorgiutti Stéphane , Dieudonne Yannick , Hinschberger Olivier , Nespola Benoît , Campagne Julien , Rakotoarivelo Hanta Nirina , Hannedouche Thierry , Moulin Bruno , Blaison Gilles , Weber Jean‐Christophe , Dalmas Marie‐Caroline , De Blay Frédéric , Lipsker Dan , Chantrel François , Gottenberg Jacques‐Eric , Dimitrov Yves , Imhoff Olivier , Gavand Pierre‐Edouard , Andres Emmanuel , Debry Christian , Hansmann Yves , Klein Alexandre , Lohmann Caroline , Mathiaux François , Guffroy Aurélien , Poindron Vincent , Martin Thierry , Korganow Anne‐Sophie , Arnaud Laurent 
Published: April 2021

Objective

Silica is an environmental substance strongly linked with autoimmunity. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)–associated vasculitis (AAV), including granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and renal limited vasculitis, in a northeastern region of France and to evaluate whether there was a geospatial association between the localization of quarries in the region and the prevalence of these AAVs.

Methods

Potential AAV patients were identified using 3 sources: hospital records, immunology laboratories, and the French National Health Insurance System. Patients who resided in the Alsace region of France as of January 1, 2016 and who fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology criteria for GPA or the 2012 Chapel Hill Consensus Conference definitions for GPA or MPA were included. Incomplete case ascertainment was corrected using a capture–recapture analysis. The spatial association between the number of cases and the presence of quarries in each administrative entity was assessed using regression analyses weighted for geographic region.

Results

Among 910 potential AAV patients, we identified 185 patients fulfilling inclusion criteria: 120 patients with GPA, 35 patients with MPA, and 30 patients with renal limited vasculitis. The number of cases missed by any source as estimated by capture–recapture analysis was 6.4 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 3.6–11.5). Accordingly, the estimated prevalence in Alsace in 2016 was 65.5 GPA cases per million inhabitants (95% CI 47.3–93.0), 19.1 MPA cases per million inhabitants (95% CI 11.3–34.3), and 16.8 renal limited vasculitis cases per million inhabitants (95% CI 8.7–35.2). The risk of AAV was significantly increased in communities with quarries (odds ratio 2.51 [95% CI 1.66–3.80]), and geographic‐weighted regression analyses revealed a significant spatial association between the proximity to quarries and the number of GPA cases (P = 0.039). In analyses stratifying the AAV patients by ANCA serotype, a significant association between the presence of quarries and positivity for both proteinase 3 ANCAs (P = 0.04) and myeloperoxidase ANCAs (P = 0.03) was observed.

Conclusion

In a region with a high density of quarries, the spatial association between the presence of and proximity to quarries and the prevalence of AAVs supports the idea that silica may have a role as a specific environmental factor in this disease.