bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of egg composition and prey density on the larval growth and survival of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis Mitchill)
Authors: Brown R. W. , Taylor W. W.
Published: January 2006

Eggs were collected from two stocks of lake whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis, in Lakes Michigan and Huron to assess the effect of egg composition and prey density on larval growth and survival. Egg composition parameters including wet weight (mg egg−1), dry weight (mg egg−1), percent water, total caloric content (cal egg−1), caloric density (cal egg−1), percent lipid content, and total lipidcontent (mg egg−1) were measured. Fish hatched from six parental females in each stock were fed one of four rations (0, 18, 24, 50 brine shrimp larva−1 day−1) after yolk sac absorption. Length at hatch, endogenous growth, exogenous growth, and survival were measured during a 42‐day laboratory experiment. Length at hatch of larvae was positively related to egg caloric content (r2=0.780). Endogenous growth for lake whitefish larvae was positively related to percent lipid content (r2=0.896) and total egg lipid content (r2=0.876) of parental females. Exogenous growth and survival of larval lake whitefish was positively related to prey availability. Larval fish growth was accurately modelled (r2=0.973) as a function of prey abundance using a threshold‐corrected hyperbolic equation. These results indicate that both egg composition and prey availability have the potential to influence the growth and survival dynamics of larval lake whitefish significantly.
Batch fecundity of Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus L.
Authors: Watson J. J. , Priede I. G. , Witthames P. R. , Owori‐Wadunde A.
Published: January 2006

The total annual fecundity of mackerel, Scomber scombrus L., during a spawning season is produced by release of discrete batches of eggs. Total fecundity is then the product of the number of batches times the batch fecundity (Fbw). An extensive trawl survey of the Western mackerel stock in the NE Atlantic was undertaken in the 1989 spawning season. Batch fecundity was estimated for 298 fish by counting hydrated eggs in ovaries just prior to ovulation. Fbw, expressed as eggs g−1 body weight, varied with latitude: south of 51°N, Fbw= 55.49, s.e.= 2.04, n= 227; between 51°N and 55°N, Fbw= 45.72, s.e.= 3.41, n= 52 and north of 55° N, Fbw= 41.33, s.e.= 5.52, n= 19. It is suggested that as spawning fish migrate northwards the batch size decreases with progress of the spawning season.
Effects of training on axial muscle of two cyprinid species: Chondrostoma nasus (L.) and Leuciscus cephalus (L.)
Authors: Sänger A. M.
Published: January 2006

The effect of an endurance training program lasting 17 weeks was studied in two cyprinid species, Chondrostoma nasus (L.) and Leuciscus cephalus (L.). Red, intermediate and white axial muscle were investigated. Morphometrical analysis revealed that training induced, in both species, increased red and intermediate muscle mass, fibre diameter and capillarization. Differences between species in the response to training were observed for volume densities of mitochondria and lipid. In contrast to C. nasus, L. cephalus show higher values for these compartments in red and intermediate fibres. The results are considered adaptational changes which increase the aerobic capacity of red and intermediate muscle fibres to meet higher sustained swimming activities.
The relationship between body size, sediment grain size and the burying ability of juvenile plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L.
Authors: Gibson R. N. , Robb L.
Published: January 2006

The ability of juvenile plaice (18–190 mm) to bury in sands varying in grain size from 0.062–2 mm was examined. For fish greater than approximately 30 mm in length the relationship between the proportion of the body covered with sand (C), total length (L, mm) and grain size (S, mm) can be estimated from the equation: logit C= 3.250 + 0.069L– 6.771S. Based on their performance in coarser sediments, fish smaller than approximately 30 mm did not bury as well as expected in the finest sediments (0.062 and 0.125 mm).
Evaluating the nutritional condition of individual whitefish (Coregonus spp.) larvae by the RNA/DNA ratio
Authors: Steinhart M. , Eckmann R.
Published: January 2006

Larvae of Coregonus spp. were reared in the laboratory under different temperature (4, 6 and 8°C) and feeding conditions (ad libitum, limited, with starvation intervals). Their RNA/DNA ratios were determined with a highly sensitive fluorescence technique. After resorption of their yolk reserves (about 2 weeks after hatching), well fed larvae (RNA/DNA >2.5) could be significantly distinguished from larvae reared under limited food supply (RNA/DNA < 2.5), both at the 6 and 8°C levels. At 4°C, no differences due to the feeding regime were found. During a second series of experiments, larvae were affected by an intestinal disease, which was caused by the ingestion of unsuitable copepod plankton. This disease provoked high mortality, decreased growth and RNA/DNA ratios which were almost as low as in temporarily starved larvae from the first series. Coregonid larvae sampled in Lake Constance during spring 1990 showed RNA/DNA ratios which were unexpectedly low when judged on the basis of mean body length and average ambient temperature. It was obvious from macroscopic observations that some of these wild larvae were severely attacked by the intestinal disease. The low RNA/DNA ratios in field samples are, therefore, interpreted as a sublethal result of this disease.
Ovarian development, spawning frequency and batch fecundity in Encrasicholina heteroloba (Ruppell, 1858)
Authors: Wright P. J.
Published: January 2006

A histological and gravimetric analysis of oocyte development in Encrasicholina heteroloba (Ruppell, 1858) indicated that this species spawns serially and has a group‐synchronous mode of ovarian development. A six stage maturity scale, based on both external morphology and oocyte composition, was proposed to classify ovarian development in E. heteroloba. The incidence of females with hydrated oocytes and post‐ovulatory follicles in samples from two regions; the south Java Sea and Roviana lagoon, in the Solomon Islands were used to estimate spawning frequency. Estimates of mean inter‐spawning intervals ranged from around 2 days in fish from Roviana lagoon to up to 16.7 days in fish from the south Java Sea. Batch fecundity was determined from the number of oocytes in the largest oocyte size class in ripe stage ovaries. Batch fecundity was related to size and was significantly greater for a given size in the Roviana lagoon population (F= 0.081 ×L4.89, Roviana population; F= 1.682 ×L2.83, Jepara population).
Winter growth of juvenile plaice on the Port Erin Bay (Isle of Man) nursery ground
Authors: Nash R. D. M. , Geffen A. J. , Hughes G.
Published: January 2006

Juvenile plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) were studied in Port Erin Bay, Isle of Man, U.K. between September and March 1989/1990 and 1990/1991. Plaice (>90 mm) were tagged and individual growth rates calculated for the autumn, winter and over‐winter time periods. During the study the population of fish >90 mm remained fairly stable both within a study season and between years. Autumn growth rates ranged from 0 to 0.39 mm day−1 (mean1989=0.13 mm day−1, mean1990=0.10 mm day −1) and winter 0 to 0.5 mm day−1 (mean1990=0.11 mm day−1 and mean1991=0.17 mm day −1). In general, growth rates were higher at higher mean seasonal temperatures. However, relative growth rate was significantly higher in the colder winter period of 1991 than 1990.
Histological studies on the host response to Myxobolus artus Akhmerov, 1960 (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae) infection in the skeletal muscle of carp, Cyprinus carpio L.
Authors: Ogawa K. , Delgahapitiya K. P. , Furuta T. , Wakabayayashi H.
Published: January 2006

Myxobolus artus infection of carp is reported for the first time from Japan. In most cases, it took the form of interfibrillar pseudocysts in the skeletal muscle, some showing abnormal growth, imperfect encapsulation of the parasite by the host connective tissue and irregular development of the ectoplasm. Such atypical pseudocysts probably ruptured before the completion of sporogenesis, causing lysis of adjacent muscle fibres. Intrafibrillar pseudocysts were also present. After spore formation was complete or atypical pseudocytes were ruptured host reaction was initiated. Spores were phagocytosed and transported to the melanomacrophage centres in the kidney, liver, spleen etc. Phagocytosed spores were also observed in the capillaries and epithelial tissues of various organs, suggesting that the spores were transported there from the skeletal muscle through the host vascular system. They are thought to be discharged from the host through the skin and intestine.
Spawning period and migration of three species of cyprinids in a stream with Mediterranean regimen (SW Spain)
Authors: Rodriguez‐Ruiz A. , Granado‐Lorencio C.
Published: January 2006

From February to June 1989, we examined the spawning period and migration of the Iberian barbel (Barbus sclateri), Iberian nase (Chondrostoma polylepis willkommii), and mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio var. specularis) from an upstream reservoir on a river, which has a Mediterranean regimen (SW Spain). Intensive electrofishing and tagging experiments revealed a tendency in this species to use a tributary to spawn.

Barbel migration started in late March‐early April, when they gathered in discrete groups to abandon the reservoir. The barbel spawned in the Indiano dam (a major obstacle to upstream‐migrating fish). Mass immigration occurred in mid‐May. The emigration of Iberian nase began in mid‐late March (not reaching the dam) and ended in late May. The carp migration began in early March, they spawned next to the dam and immigrated in late May‐early June. Our results support the hypothesis that water temperature is the major factor that controls migration in these species.
A simple regression model to assess environmental effects on fish growth
Authors: Maceina M. J.
Published: January 2006

Multiple regression was used to assess relationships between annular growth and environmental variables. This approach (1) tests for the significance of environmental changes on fish growth and (2) can be successfully used to predict fish growth using different environmental conditions. Age usually explains a large proportion of the variation in growth increments measured in length, and these two variables are inversely related. Since length increments decline as age increases, environmental impacts on growth will be reduced as fish grow older. To account for within‐age growth variation and incorporate this age‐dependent factor, the inverse of age (1/age in years) is multiplied by the value of an environmental variable (ENV) that may be related to growth. This interaction term and age are regressed against mean annular growth increments in length (TLINC; lt+1—l1):

TLINC = b0—b1AGE±b2(1/AGE)*ENV

where b0, b1, and b2 are the regression coefficients for intercept and slope, respectively. Additional variables that measure environmental factors can be added to the model. Environmental effects associated with growth rates of black crappie, Pomoxis nigromaculatus (LeSueur), are presented as an example.
Stimulatory effectiveness of amino acids on the olfactory response in an algivorous marine teleost, the rabbitfish Siganus fuscescens Houttuyn
Authors: Ishida Y. , Kobayashi H.
Published: January 2006

The detection of threshold concentrations and relative stimulatory effectiveness (RSE) for 19 amino acids were studied by olfactory bulbar electroencephalogram (EEG) in the algivorous rabbitfish. The threshold concentrations for 19 amino acids ranged from 10−10 to 10−5 M. l‐Alanine was the most effective amino acid, and the threshold concentration was estimated to be from 10−10 to 10−9M. These results were compared with the olfactory response in herbivorous and carnivorous fishes previously reported. The comparison of RSE for rabbitfish with those for other fishes showed correlation coefficients ranging from r= 0.97 to r= 0.50, but high similarities did not correspond with difference in feeding habits for herbivores and carnivores. The role of amino acids in fish chemosensory behaviour and the olfactory response of the rabbitfish was compared with the gustatory response reported previously. It was found that l‐serine was the most potent stimulant in both chemoreceptors, l‐proline and l‐glutaminic acid were the most potent gustatory stimulants, and l‐alanine, l‐glutamine, l‐arginine and l‐lysine were the most potent olfactory stimulants.
Polymorphism of white muscle myosin and parvalbumins in the genus Barbus (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)
Authors: Huriaux F. , Vandewalle P. , Focant B.
Published: January 2006

Muscle proteins were investigated in two large European barbels, Barbus barbus and B. meridionalis, and in four small tropical barbels native to SE Asia: B. conchonius, B. tetrazona, B. sachsi and B. titteya. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to analyse myosin heavy and light chains and parvalbumin isotypes from white trunk muscle. Each species could be biochemically identified. The myosin subunit and parvalbumin isotype patterns obtained for the two European barbels were similar. The Asian barbels, on the other hand, not only differed from the European species but displayed a greater diversity within their group. These biochemical results are largely in agreement with morphological and genetic data, but fail to substantiate suggested close relationships between Asian barbel species.
Interaction for food and space between populations of Galaxias vulgaris Stokell and juvenile Salmo trutta L. in a New Zealand stream
Authors: Glova G. J. , Sagar P. M. , Näslund I.
Published: January 2006

The trophic and spatial interrelationships between a native (Galaxias vulguris Stokell, Galaxiidae) and an exotic (Salmo trutta L., Salmonidae) fish species were investigated over a 24‐h period in a New Zealand stream. Interspecific overlap in feeding was greatest at dusk and dawn, as G. vulgaris fed primarily from dusk to post‐dawn and S. trutta fed primarily from pre‐dawn to post‐dusk. Both species fed mainly on benthic and drifting aquatic invertebrates, with larval Deleatidium (Ephemeroptera). Hydora (Coleoptera) and Chironomidae (Diptera) being their preferred prey, although Trichoptera imagos were also preferred by S. trutta. Both species were found primarily in runs and riffles with G. vulgaris occupying slightly shallower (≤0.3 m) and faster (0.3–0.7 m s1) waters than did S. trutta (≤0.5 m deep and 0.2–0.4 m s−1 water velocity). We suggest that these rather subtle interspecifc differences in die1 feeding periodicities, diets and microdistributions play a part in lessening the interaction between co‐occurring populations of G. wlguris and S. trutta.
Spawning of Basilichthys microlepidotus (Jenyns)
Authors: Comte S. , Vila I.
Published: January 2006

Characteristics of the reproductive cycle of Basilichthys microlepidotus (Jenyns), an atherinid fish living in a South American Mediterranean arid zone, are analysed. Specimens 9‐170 mm in total length were captured from August 1982 to April 1984 in the Rio Choapa, in northern Chile (31%%45′ S, 71°15′ W). Analysis of gonadosomatic index fluctuations, and determination of the proportion of mature males and females captured during the study period, allowed the estimation of the duration of the reproductive cycle.

Females 70–170 mm in total length contained 2000–9000 intraovarian oocytes, of which approximately 80% were vitellogenic (100–1300 μm in diameter) and exhibited a polymodal distribution. A further 4 to 15% of the total oocytes, measured 1700–2000 μm in diameter and appeared ready to be spawned. In 30% of the examined ovaries some of the largest oocytes exhibited signs of degeneration, or atresia. Juveniles approximately 30 mm in total length were captured over most of the study period. Results strongly suggest that B. microlepidotus has multiple spawnings.
The genetics of sympatric Arctic charr [Salvelinus alpinus (L.)] populations from Loch Rannoch, Scotland
Authors: Hartley S. E. , McGowan C. , Greek R. B. , Walker A. F.
Published: January 2006

Two morphologically and ecologically distinct forms of Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus, are found in Loch Rannoch, Scotland. The differences in morphology are adaptations to different modes of life, one being pelagic, the other benthic. Both forms have been the subjects of extensive genetic studies including cytogenetics, nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analysis, and protein electrophoresis. Significant differences between the two forms are revealed by some techniques but not others and provide evidence for the reproductive isolation of these two morphs. The findings are discussed in relation to the derivation of sympatry and the phylogenetics of Arctic charr.
The use of oxytetracycline as a marker for juvenile cod (Gadus morhua L.)
Authors: Nordeide J. T. , Holm J. C. , Otterå H. , Blom G. , Borge A.
Published: January 2006

We examine aspects of marking large numbers of juvenile cod (Gadus morhua L.) by oxytetracycline (OTC) for cod enhancement experiments. Reared cod were given OTC through the feed and released in a fjord. Control groups were kept in net pens. A total of 93% of the cod became marked. The size of the cod and the percentage marked were inversely related. The location of the mark within each vertebra gradually changed towards the centre as the cod grew and new bone tissue was added. The percentage of marked cod in the control group did not decrease during a period of almost 3 years after marking, although the intensity of the mark gradually declined. After release, we found no indication that the OTC affected growth or survival of the cod. Cod marked as O‐group could be distinguished from cod marked as 2‐group, from the position of the mark within the vertebra.
Mass mortality of Sardinella aurita Valenciennes (Pisces, Clupeidae) in Thessaloniki Bay (Macedonia, Greece)
Authors: Economidis P. S. , Vogiatzis V. P.
Published: January 2006

Mass mortality of Sardinella aurita was observed in Thessaloniki Bay during an abrupt temperature fall in February 1991. The mass of dead fish was estimated to be about 79.4 tonnes.
The link between respiratory capacity and changing metabolic demands during growth of northern pike, Esox lucius L.
Authors: Armstrong J. D. , Priede I. G. , Lucas M. C.
Published: January 2006

The relationship between metabolic rate of pike (Y, mgO2) and body weight (X, g) over the range 40–1291 gat 15° C is of the form: Y=aXb. For resting metabolic rate (Vo2, rest), the scaling coefficient, b, is 0.80 and for maximum metabolic rate measured after exhaustive swimming (V02, max), b is 0.99. Factorial metabolic scope (V02, max/ V02, rest) increases with body weight. Peak postprandial oxygen consumption (V02, ASDA) is a constant multiple of V02 rest for any discrete meal (expressed as % of body weight) up to 10% body weight. V02ASDA after a single meal can utilize the entire metabolic scope (V02, max—V02, rest) of juvenile but not adult pike.
Multiple spawning in several commercial fish species and its consequences for fisheries management, cultivation and experimentation
Authors: McEvoy L. A. , McEvoy J.
Published: January 2006

The strategy of multiple spawning is examined in several commercially important species—in particular turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.); halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L.); cod, Gadus morhua L.; and northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax Girard. Aspects of special relevance to fishery science and commercial and experimental cultivation are discussed. These include changes in batch fecundity and egg size as the spawning season progresses; the timing and methodology of fecundity estimations; ovulatory/spawning rhythms; the effect of temperature on the ageing rate of retained ovulated oocytes and the interovulatory period; ovulation prediction in hand‐stripped broodstocks to facilitate the collection of good quality, freshly ovulated eggs, and the effect of maternal stress on the ovulatory/spawning rhythm. The implications of these phenomena are discussed in terms of recommended practices for the culturist, experimentalist and fisheries scientist.
Rehabilitation of the Addict*
Authors: GLATT M. M.
Published: January 2006

Résumé Ce document est basé sur des expériences personnelles survenues en travaillant avec des individus dépendent de la drogue, dans des établissements divers tels qu'hôpitax, Centres de Traîtement pour patients non hôspitalisés, prisons, etc., et sr ne étude de la littérature. Il essaiede ne traîter qu'avec certains aspects généraux et certains principes, et n'a pas pour but de pr4eAsenter une étude définitive du sujet.
Tobacco Prices and Alcohol Consumption – Test of a Folk‐Hypothesis*
Authors: POPHAM ROBERT E.
Published: January 2006

Résumé La supposition east pqrfois faite que, surtout au Royaume Uni, une augmentation dans le prix du tabac conduit à une diminution dans la consommation de l'alcool. L'assomption serait donc que, alors que la plupart des fumeurs sont adonnés au tabac, une petite proportion des bubveurs est adonnée à réduire leurs frais d'alcool afin de satisfaire leur besoin de tabac. Les données pour le R.U. 1900–1960 sur les frais et la consommation annuelle du tabac, des boissons alcooliques et autres articles de la concurrence ont été soumises à une analyse de demande. Les tendances des conditions economiques générales ont été conclu qu'en ce qui concerne le fait que la justification de la suppositio réside dans les données des tendances au R.U. cela pourrait maintenant être relegué au domaine du folklore.
National Anxiety Levels and Prevalence of Alcoholism
Authors: LYNN R. , HAMPSON S.
Published: January 2006

Résumén— Attendu que l'alcool est généralement considéré comme un moyen de réduire l'angoisse, nous devrions nous attendre à ce que l'alcoolisme prédomine le plus dans les pays ou le niveau national d'angoisse est élevé. On a évalué les niveaux nationaux d'angoisse se rapportant à onze nations occidentales avancées au moyen de questionnaires remplis par des éléments représentatifs d'étudiants d'universityés. On a trouvé q'il existe une corrélation élevée et statistiquement significative entre les niveaux nationaux d'angoisse évalués de cette façon, et l'alcoolisme selon son évaluation d'après les morts dûes a l'alcoolisme et aux cirrhoses du foie.
Differences in Drinking Symptoms and Behavior of Men and Women Alcoholics
Authors: WANBERG KENNETH W. , KNAPP JOHN
Published: January 2006

Résumén— Une étude de 68 variables relatives aux symptômes et au comportement ayant trait à la manière de boire portant sur 1657 hommes et 365 femmes admis dans un Centre de Traitement des Alcooliques d'un Centre d'Hygiène Mentale de l'Etat. Treize variables différaient d'une manière significative entre les deux groupes dans les domaines de la façon de boire, de la consommarion d'alcool, de la façon dont le travail procédait, et dans le passé de buveur. Des différences paraissent exister au niveau du comportement, et les résultats d'une consommation de boisson excessive sont semblables pour les hommes et les femmes à la fois.
The Kilburn Square Drug Abuse Centre
Authors: GARVEY B. M.
Published: January 2006

Résumén— On donne un compte rendu de la littérature traitant de la dépendance vis‐à‐vis de I'Amphétamine et des symptômes s'y rattachant. On décrit une clinique fonctionnant une soirée par semaine, avec un personnel comprenant un Psychiatre, un docteur spécialisé en Médecine Générale, des spécialistes décidant des périodes de Probation et des Aides Bénévoles. Les difficultés ayant trait àľorganisation sont mentionnées et ľon discute du fonctionnement de la Clinique. Les malades vus étaient caractérisés comme responsables de délits graves et faisant preuve ďune faible insuffisance sociale; et par des caractères agressifs. Une Clinique de ce genre peut offrir un apport considérable au traitement relatif à la dépendance des drogues.
Abuse and Addiction—Man or Drug ?
Authors: SAVAGE P. P. E.
Published: January 2006

Two cases are described of young persons of rather inadequate personality who became dependent upon aspirin (acetylsalicyclic acid) in a manner reminiscent of the commoner agents of addiction, suggesting that the personality is more important than the drug in addiction and abuse. Both belong to non‐urban communities, and to New Zealand in days when the European‐U.S. drug taking pattern was unknown in New Zealand.
“Moderate” and Hard Drug Users among College Students: A Study of their Drug Use Patterns and Characteristics *
Authors: SCHERER SHAWN E. , MUKHERJEE BISHWA NATH
Published: January 2006

Abstract This study compared the drug use patterns and characteristics of a group of noninstitutionalized “moderate” drug users with those of a hard drug user group‐One hundred college students were administered a drug data sheet which served to categorize Ss into “moderate” and hard drug‐taking groups as well as to determine their individual drug use patterns. Results indicated the two groups were equated on most social and demographic variables. The “moderate” users differed significantly from the hard users along many drug‐use dimensions. Hard users appear to be considerably more “friend‐dependent” for their drug information and in their motivation to take drugs than are the “moderate” users. Alcoholic beverage consumption among hard users’parents was significantly greater than “moderates” parents. The implication of these findings, as well as others, are discussed along with some suggestions for further research.
On the Loss‐of‐Control Phenomenon in Alcoholism
Authors: Keller Mark
Published: January 2006

This paper tries to define and clarify the issue of loss of control as part of the nature of alcoholism. It defines what it really is, when and how it operates most significantly and also clarifies its relationship to alcoholism. As a necessary preface there is a clarification of the concept alcoholism itself. The taper concludes with a discussion on the new focus that this approach permits on the possibilities of prevention.
Drug Dependence: A Pharmacological Analysis*
Authors: Collier H. O. J.
Published: January 2006

The main thane of this lecture is the study of drug‐dependence through its interactions with other pharmacologically or physiologically active substances, particularly those known to interact with endogenous humoral mechanisms. A study of the interactions of atropine para‐chlorophenylalanine, and indomethacin with an acute morphine dependence in the rat has shown that the intensity or direction or action of the modifying drug may be determined by (I) the particular withdrawal effect studied and (2) whether the drug is given before dependence induction or before withdrawal. From this we infer that morphine dependence is multipartite as regards mediators involved, and that the involvement of acetylcholine, 5‐hydroxytryptamine and prostaglandin(s) in certain parts of dependence is intimate. Other drugs interacting with dependence include those that block catecholamine synthesis and those inhibiting protein synthesis.

At the whole animal level, the most important property of a drug of dependence is its ability to reinforce positively and sometimes also negatively its self injection. In other words, drugs of dependence alter in favour of reward the balance of the reward‐punishment relationship in the brain and their withdrawal reverses this. With drugs having physical withdrawal effects, psychic dependence may simply be one part of a multipartite structure.

From the evidence discussed, two general implications for dependence mechanisms emerge. First, catecholomines are probably involved in drug‐induced reward, because (a) amphetamine euphoria is inhibited by α‐methyltyrosine, (b) self‐stimulation in rats is inhibited by drugs blocking catecholamine synthesis, and (c) some of the most rewarding drugs of dependence (opioids, cocaine and amphetamine) interact with catecholamines. We do not know which of dopamine and noradrenaline might be the main catecholamine concerned, but present experimental evidence favours noradrenaline. Second, mechanisms proposed to account for physical dependence may also apply to psychic dependence.

These considerations enable us to re‐examine, by means of particular cases, the general hypothesis that tolerance and for dependence might arise through a drug‐induced, Actaptive change in the number (or efficiency) of receptors. In one case, where the receptor involved interacts with drug to produce a response, receptor multiplication might be expected to produce sensitization, rather than tolerance, to that response, without dependence. If the receptor interacts with drug to produce no effect (e.g. sequestration of drug molecule), then receptor multiplication would lead1 to tolerance, but not dependence. In a second case, if the receptor is for an endogenous neurohumoral mediator or its precursor and not for drag, its change in number would lead to tolerance associated with dependence, as probably occurs with morphine. In a third case, if the receptor is both for drug and for endogenous neurohumoral substance, then its e in number would lead to dependence without tolerance, as probably occurs with cocaine.
Drug Taking Amongst Emotionally Disturbed University Students
Authors: Duddle May
Published: January 2006

Out of 109 undergraduate students seen at a psychiatric clinic 26 (23.9%) had tried cannabis, 21 taking it regularly; 15 (13.8%) had tried L.S.D. and 3 had used other drugs including heroin and amphetamine.

Students who used drugs tended to have friends who were also users and estimated that a high proportion of all University students took drugs (48.9%) whereas non‐users had few friends who took drugs and estimated that only 14.4% of the whole University were drug takers.

There was no evidence that taking cannabis increased the incidence or severity of psychiatric illness amongst students.
A Comprehensive Model for the Acquisition, Maintenance and Treatment of Drug‐taking Behaviour
Authors: Solomon Elizabeth , Marshall W. L.
Published: January 2006

A consideration of the literature suggests that in addition to chemical effects and the often cited importance of personal characteristics, the acquisition and maintenance of drug‐taking behaviour is facilitated by social and environmental factors. A model is outlined that includes these various factors and the implications for treatment are discussed. Treatment is described in such a way that individual variation can be accommodated while at the same time retaining the capacity to experimentally examine the value of each treatment component.
Urinalysis of 39,350 Samples for Drugs Subject to Abuse in a Methadone Maintenance Treatment Programme
Authors: Mule S. J.
Published: January 2006

Urinalysis of 39,350 samples within a methadone treatment programme for drugs subject to abuse over a period of 16 months provided the following positive data: methadone, 95.74%; morphine, 1.20%; quinine, 2.24%; codeine, 0.15%; phenethylamines, 0.87%; barbiturates, 1.34%; and miscellaneous group of drugs, 1.01%. The total positive exclusive of methadone was 6.81%. The urinalysis data indicated a low level of illicit drug usage within the programme.
Evaluation of the Effects of Training of Paraprofessionals in the Treatment of Alcoholism: A Pilot Study*
Authors: Wehmer Gerald , Cooke Gerald , Gruber John
Published: January 2006

A program for the training of paraprofessionals in alcoholism is outlined, and the characteristics of persons attracted are described. The effects of the program on a pilot group of 13 are evaluated. The training program attracts persons familiar with alcoholism through personal experience or previous helping experience. It modifies the trainees' attitude toward alcoholism as an illness and some personality traits, but does not increase the information about alcoholism in this already moderately knowledgeable group. The most important effect is the change in trainees' therapeutic technique from directive to non‐directive. Follow‐up indicates that the program enables trainees to use more techniques in their treatment of alcoholics and to progress to higher level jobs.
Social Data and Personality Factors of Clinically Treated Young Drug Users
Authors: Täschner Karl‐L.
Published: January 2006

In view of the continuingly increasing number of young drug dependents requiring clinical treatment we studied 147 dependent in‐patients under 30 years. It was found that the sex distribution is furthermore approaching to the cross‐section of population compared to former studies at our clinic. A little less than 60 per cent of our group are polytoxikomans and using opiates; they are dominating.

Secondly come the users of halluzinogens. Social attendant symptoms of drug use are evident in our group: more than 60 per cent are without own income, nearly half of the drug dependents are out of work resp. unemployed. It was also found that the social disintegration is increasing compared to former studies at our clinic. The low age of the patients is identified as important risk factor for the social encroachment. As the average age of the drug users is decreasing, further grave consequences in the social field are to be expected in future. More than one‐third of our patients had interrupted their course of education, only nearly one‐sixth achieved it. The risk in the course of education starts only after having achieved the elementary school. Conflicts of the patients are shown as consequences of a complicated or failed adaptation to the social realities. They appear to drug dependents, especially in the familiar–personal field, but also in the political and criminal fold. Three‐quarters of our patients are burdened with such conflicts. It is shortly pointed out to the methodical difficulties in registering personality dimensions. Our drug patients had primarily a small psychical but, on the contrary, a great physical capacity. They were primarily active and full of initiative, impulsive and tended to an uncontrolled way of behaviour. They had a great need of sociability and a good ability to contact. They chiefly were self‐unsecure and suffered from an unstable mood, had sensitive features, were pacific and little anxious. Their alcohol use was small, their nicotine use, on the contrary, high.
Harmful Effects of Marihuana Use: Experiences and Opinions of Current and Past Marihuana Users
Authors: Fisher Gary
Published: January 2006

A sample of 530 marihuana users, classified according to five use patterns (trial users, past users, occasional regular and daily current users), were asked their experiences and opinions with respect to eight areas related to the dangers of marihuana use: experienced harmful effects; potential dangers to self; type of harm caused to others; potential dangers to society; reasons for possibly discontinuing use by current users; reasons for having discontinued use by past users; legal dangers; and types of people whom users would not recommend use marihuana.
Study of Methadone Terminations
Authors: Brown Edward M. , Benante Joseph , Greenberg Myron , MacArthur Mary
Published: January 2006

Three methadone units at the Lower Eastside Service Center terminated 110 patients over a 16‐month period. Nine were transferred, therefore 85 males and 16 females constituted the methadone terminations; a total of 101, or 18 per cent of the methadone admissions.

Ten per cent of the terminations voluntarily detoxified under planned medical care of which half appeared to be making successful sound adjustments.

Thirty‐nine unilaterally discontinued attending and disappeared from clinic contact which represented the largest single disposition.

Fifty‐two per cent involuntarily detoxified due to adjustment problems. Twenty‐one per cent had been imprisoned and 14 per cent were terminated by the clinic for abusive behavior.

There was one readmission.

The terminations generally reflected the ethnic composition of the clinics with Puerto Ricans representing about half the population. There was an absence of black patients terminated for abusive behavior. Drug abuse as a cause of termination was higher among whites as compared to other ethnic groups.

The data indicates need for research follow‐up with unilateral terminations to study the results of their disappearance and for clinical support with the planned detoxifications to assist in their adjustment.
Reasons for the Increase in Irish Admission Rates for Alcoholic Disorders
Authors: Kelleher M. J.
Published: January 2006

One hundred and forty‐seven consecutive admissions to mental hospitals in the South and West of Ireland, 194 random admissions to mental hospitals in New York and 174 random admissions to mental hospitals in London were examined within three days of admission using reliable semistructured, standardized clinicae instruments and diagnosed according to the criteria of the British Glossary. It was found that the diagnosis of alcoholic disorder was made significantly more frequently on the Irish than on the London admissions and that the Irish admissions, diagnosed alcoholic, had significant more mental symptoms than alcoholic admissions to New York mental hospitals. These findings are discussed in the light of the recent marked increase in first admission rates for alcoholism in Ireland.
An Investigation of an Alcoholism Rehabilitation Halfway House: IV Attractions of the Halfway House for Residents
Authors: Orford Jim , Hawker Ann , Nicholls Peter
Published: January 2006

Ingredients of an alcoholism halfway house rehabilitation programme which were thought a priori to be “therapeutic” were generally considered relatively unimportant by halfway house residents but having a “no drink rule” at the house was perceived as being the most important ingredient. A factor analysis suggested three interpretable dimensions of perceived importance to residents. The first two appeared to reflect relative degrees of interest, firstly, in verbal therapy, and secondly, in the opportunity for social recovery. It is argued that these two dimensions reflect rather different conceptions of a halfway house and that halfway house provision in the alcoholism field should allow for both conceptions and should not at this stage be based exclusively upon one or other of them. The third factor contrasted an interest in “getting by alone” and an interest in exposure to Alcoholics Anonymous and other sources of information on alcoholism. Residents whose alcoholism was relatively chronic tended towards the latter interests.
Marijuana and Heroin: A Study of Initiation of Drug Use by Heroin Addicts
Authors: Duncan David F.
Published: January 2006

Many studies have explored the question of whether or not marijuana use leads to heroin use. An unstated assumption in most of these studies seems to be the presupposition that marijuana use was the drug user's initiation into use of drugs. In two samples of ex‐heroin addicts it was found that a majority of the subjects had not begun their drug use with marijuana.
A Study of Methadone Maintenance Patients with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Authors: Pugliese Anthony C.
Published: January 2006

The MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) was administered to 65 methadone maintenance patients being treated on an out‐patient basis at Roosevelt Hospital, Metuchen, Mew Jersey.

The study investigated the personality characteristics of the subjects and what affect they may have on his employ ability.

The present data indicates that the emotional adjustment of the patients may not have a bearing on their present employment, which is predominately in the unskilled area, but it may become a factor when they begin to seek advancement toward higher level positions.

The majority of patients scored in the abnormal range on the Pd scale of the MMPI (the Pd scale was based upon patients who exhibited a disregard for social values, an inability to profit from experience, and a difficulty in maintaining satisfactory personal relationships). High Pd scale scores suggest an individual who is impulsive, resentful, and lacking in deep emotional responses. These personality characteristics may be a factor when the patient attempts to seek employment in sales, service, or other fields where personal relationships are important. It is not a factor in their present employment.
An Investigation of Personality and Caffeine Use
Authors: Primavera Louis H. , Simon William E. , Camisa John M.
Published: January 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate possible personality differences between caffeine users and non users. Caffeine users (n=74) and caffeine non users (n=31) were compared on (a) psychological needs, as measured by the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, (b) self description and (c) academic achievement in high school and college because these measures have shown to discriminate between users an non users of tobacco. The results indicate that the caffeine users and non users in this study did not differ on the personality measures used.
The Critical Assessment of the T.V. Film “The Drug Takers”
Authors: Milne H. B. , Butt T. W.
Published: January 2006

The Granada T.V. film “The Drug Takers” was made to present facts about drug abuse in an unsensational, rational way. The effects of the film on a sample of school children was assessed using a questionnaire and the main finding was that the film had no significant effect on any of the attitudes assessed. Possible reasons for this are examined, which imply a different approach to future educational projects in this field.
Aspects of Personal Relationships in Heroin Dependent Young Men–An Experimental Study
Authors: Kaldegg A.
Published: January 2006

The paper presents the results of Eysenck's Personality Inventory (30 cases), of the “Draw a Person” test (40 cases), of If rout's “Personal Preference Scale” (37 cases) and of card 6 BM, “Thematic Apperception Test” (53 cases) given to heroin dependent young men. no statistically significant differences were found in the extraversion‐introversion dimension. The individual addict could be either extra‐ or introverted. The finding of an American study in which the female figure wax drawn first by addicts in the “Draw a Person” test was not validated. On the Krout Scale the addicts scored significantly lower than “normals'” on the “masculinity” scale and significantly higher on the “feminity” scale but in spite of these trends their femininity score did not exceed the masculinity score as was the ease with homosexuals. The TA T stories were thematically different from other clinical groups and some showed preoccupation with death in an unusual way.
Family Background and Personal Trauma among Drug Addicts in the United States: Implications for Treatment
Authors: Aron William S.
Published: January 2006

This paper draws together a number of past studies of the family background characteristics of drug addicts. Additional data recently collected from a sample of 346 addicts in treatment are also reported and contrasted with the existing findings in the literature. The personal trauma in the disruptive backgrounds of drug addicts is a subject seldom broached in literature but one which the new data in this article highlights. Questions are asked about the administration of drug programs, given the background characteristics of those in treatment, and conclusions are drawn based on the therapeutic implications of the family disorganization and personal traumas in the backgrounds of addicts.
The Economics of Methadone Programs
Authors: Boudouris James
Published: January 2006

The number of methadone programs in New York City has increased in recent years to a total of 161 treatment programs for ex‐heroin addicts. Some of the economic implications of this are discussed.

A follow‐up study of 112 dropouts and 110 active patients of one of the largest methadone maintenance programs provides an opportunity to compare the sources of financial support for these persons. Of the dropouts who went to other programs, 78 per cent were on public assistance, and this is almost identical to the 79 per cent of active patients at the program sampled who were on public assistance. This is about twice as high as the proportion of drug‐free dropouts who were on public assistance (38 per cent). Several interpretations are offered for these differences.

The need for accurate monitoring and evaluation of drug‐treatment facilities is emphasized because it is as important that the tax‐payer not be short‐changed as it is that the addict or ex‐addict receives the kind of treatment that he or she needs to be able to lead a productive and autonomous life.
Production, Consumption and Recent Changes of Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages
Authors: Sulkunen Pekka
Published: January 2006

If the use of alcohol is divided into two types, the traditional and the new, the significance of the latter type may be stated to have increased, also relatively, during the decade of the 1960s. This is revealed particularly in the increase in the consumption of beer in industrialized countries with a low consumption level and in traditionally wine‐drinking countries. Also the use of wine is becoming more general in other than the traditional wine‐drinking countries. The consumption of hard liquors is rising slowly in almost every country. The rise in the consumption level is explained best by the starting level and in addition, to some extent, the rise in the income available for spending by households.
Enkephalin and Drug Dependence*
Authors: Hughes John
Published: January 2006

The author traces the development of the concept that led to the discovery of endogenous ligands for the morphine receptor – the Enkephalins. The pharmacological properties and possible physiological function of these ligands is discussed and a possible explanation of morphine dependence is presented.
Social and Psychological Features of Young Drug Misusers
Authors: Wells B. W. P. , Stacey B. G.
Published: January 2006

This paper reports a field study of the social and psychological features of young drug misusers in Glasgow. The investigation was of the anonymous self‐report type and was based upon a questionnaire and two personality inventories (the PEN and the IP AT Anxiety Scale). Clear distinctions were found between those who do misuse drugs and those who do not. The trend was for drug misuse to be consistently related to elevated levels of anxiety, neuroticism and psychoticism, whereas extroversion‐introversion proved to be a personality dimension unrelated to the misuse of drugs. Identified drug misusers differed substantially from non‐misusers in their opinions and beliefs about drugs in general. Further, they were more likely to have experienced an unhappy home and school life, to have more involvement in the use of tobacco, alcohol, and pre‐ or extra‐marital sex, and were more prone to unemployment problems.
Personality Characteristics in a Sample of Heroin Addict Methadone Maintenance Applicants
Authors: Herl David
Published: January 2006

This research investigation was undertaken in an effort to discern possible differences between three comparative groups of methadone maintenance applicants on the basis of sample background characteristics, type of presenting psychopathology, and severity of psychiatric disturbance. The findings revealed a broad spectrum of psychiatric disturbance among the three comparative groups (Mexican‐American males, Caucasian males, and females). More psychiatric disturbance was detected within the male samples. Over half of the entire population studied manifested moderate to severe psychiatric disturbances. The results of this research are discussed in view of the implications for rehabilitation, treatment planning, and staffing composition within a methadone maintenance program.