bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A ‘Heinous Offence’: Rural Schoolmasters and Sexual Assault in Victorian Scotland
Authors: Bischof Christopher
Published: June 2024

Through a close examination of two cases in which rural schoolmasters in Victorian Scotland were accused of sexually assaulting their pupils, this article explores the gendered social and power dynamics, attitudes towards teachers and the nature of schools as spaces and institutions in rural communities. The sense of authority that community members felt over schoolmasters made them subject to scrutiny and pressure from the community, especially the mothers of pupils, in ways that allowed the community to assert at least some authority over schoolmasters. However, both rural schoolmasters examined here were able to leverage their professional prestige, gender and the preference many communities had to handle potentially scandalous matters quietly and locally to mitigate substantially the consequences they faced.
Smuggling and the Customs Administration in Post-Union Scotland, c. 1707–24
Authors: Ziegler Hannes
Published: June 2024

Smuggling plays a key role in several debates about the short- and mid-term consequences of the 1707 Union of Scotland and England, with the general consensus that smuggling was as widespread and dramatic as the early post-Union Scottish customs administration was inefficient and corrupt. This article questions these assumptions through a detailed study of the post-Union Scottish customs. By highlighting the bureaucratic sophistication apparent in the administrative changes, as well as by comparing the extent of customs fraud and tax resistance in Scotland with developments in England and Wales, the article argues for a more even-handed evaluation of the extent of smuggling on the Scottish scene. It further shows that there are good reasons why the Scottish situation was subject to an exaggerated perception in England. Ultimately, the article illustrates that the real problem for the English executive in addressing the Scottish customs in the wake of the Union was a particular fiscal dilemma that resulted from a clash between contemporary expectations about the profitability of the Scottish customs and the simultaneous need for preventive measures.
THE SYSTEM OF CRIMINAL PUNISHMENTS BY NEW CRIMINAL CODE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
Authors:   Shymkent City Bar Association, Shymkent, Kazakhstan Republic, MUSSALI N.
Published: June 2024

The system of criminal punishments provided by the new Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July 3, 2014 (hereinafter referred to as the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2014) is considered in the present article. Between the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July 16, 1997 (hereinafter referred to as the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan 1997) which before valid and the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2014 differences are carried out in the article. Peculiarities of system of criminal punishments of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2014 are considered. System of criminal punishments of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2014 went over to two-tier system of criminally punishable acts is marked. Based on this, and the system of criminal punishments is divided for two group. Also some lacks of the system of criminal punishments by the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2014 are pointed out. As a whole in the article is marked that significantly revised the system of punishments, at the same time laid special stress on more extensively applying non-custodial punishments.
ARCTIC VECTOR OF GERMAN FOREIGN POLICY
Authors:   Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation, KABUSHKA A.YU. , BOGDANOVA N.V.
Published: June 2024

Research Objective. The Arctic is a unique region of our planet, one that affects not only the climate, ocean currents, and weather but also geopolitics and the economy. Various international actors vie for influence in the Arctic region, seeking to maintain a balance through international agreements and intergovernmental cooperation. This article provides a brief overview of the Arctic region. It observes the interests of Arctic states and Arctic Council Observers. The main focus is on Germany's Arctic policy as an Arctic Council Observer. The article gives a brief historical overview of Germany's Arctic policy. The transformation of Germany's position regarding the Arctic, as well as the formulation of a national Arctic strategy, is revealed through an examination of inter-party discussions in the German government. The article investigates Germany's current Arctic policy and an overall German strategy in the Arctic region. Additionally, the ecological and scientific research strategies of Germany in the Arctic region are detailed. Furthermore, the article explores Germany's national interests in the Arctic region. The methodological basis of the article is formed by the studies of Russian and foreign researchers. The paper uses general scientific research methods (analysis, synthesis, classification, comparison). Empirical data used in the work are taken from open sources. Conclusions. The described tendencies and contradictions of German and international policy towards the Arctic indicate still unformed ways and instruments to ensure a coherent policy in the Arctic region. Further research and the development of an international Arctic strategy that can satisfy national interests and meet the individual priorities of each state interested in the Arctic is needed.
THE INSTITUTE OF INSTRUCTIONS OF VOTERS TO DEPUTIES IN THE HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW OF RUSSIA
Authors:   Ogarev Mordovian State University, Saransk, Russian Federation, SUSHKOVA YU.N.
Published: June 2024

The article examines the institution of voter orders in the history of the state and law of Russia, which has great potential as a mechanism for direct democracy and generalization of the aspirations and needs of the population at the present stage. The institution of orders is well known in the history of the Russian state and its individual regions. Historical examples of appeals to the people’s instructions to representatives of state authorities are given. The author concludes that the use of penalties can be a significant factor in overcoming social tension in society, developing ways to effectively solve problems of regional and local importance, as well as contributing to the growth of the authority of public authorities. Keywords: INSTRUCTIONS FROM VOTERS, PEOPLE'S ORDERS, LEGAL CULTURE, PEOPLES OF
HOW INTELLIGENT TECHNOLOGIES ARE CHANGING SOCIETY AND THE SPACE OF A BIG CITY
Authors:   Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation, GARAGANOV A.V.
Published: June 2024

The study examines the evolution of the urban environment in the context of the third and, in the XXI century, the fourth industrial revolution. Special attention is paid to the changes taking place in big cities under the influence of digitalization, modern information technologies and social needs of society. The work describes the formation of communities and communities that arise in the virtual space and are transferred to the urban environment. Exhibitions, as part of the fundamental space of large cities, are a public metamodern filled with cultural and innovative capitalist forms. For the first time, the concept of the chronotope and its role as a driving force uniting time and space in the formation of culture, public life and the development of urban spaces is used. The study highlights changes in social connections, the emergence of new forms of communication and the impact of technological progress on urban dynamics. In general, the paper analyzes the evolution of the urban environment and exhibition activities under the influence of modern technologies, socio-cultural changes and identifies key trends and challenges facing modern cities.
APPROACHES TO DEFINING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND LAW
Authors:   Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation, ZAGAYNOV M.R.
Published: June 2024

We can see a real explosion in the development of artificial intelligence. This is the most progressive and rapidly developing direction in modern science. However, although the active development of artificial intelligence began in the middle of the last century, its complete and unified definition has not yet been given. The concept of artificial intelligence has serious implications both for the development of regulations and for assessing opportunities and risks. In the article we will consider approaches to defining artificial intelligence in the works of researchers and laws of the Russian Federation, the USA, the European Union and China. And we will come to the conclusion that a single and complete concept of artificial intelligence cannot currently be formulated due to rapid development and the need to embrace what has not yet been created.
SOCIAL ASPECTS OF THE ADAPTATION OF THE RUSSIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM TO THE DIGITAL ECONOMY: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS
Authors:   Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation, DENIKINA Z.D. , TRUBINA JU.A.
Published: June 2024

The digital economy is bringing significant changes to the social and economic environment, requiring new approaches and strategies from the education system. The article analyzes the impact of the digital economy on education and the effectiveness of the use of digital technologies and innovations. Based on the conducted research, several key challenges faced by the Russian education system have been identified, such as the need to develop digital competencies, changing the content of curricula and skill requirements. At the same time, the article also highlights the prospects and opportunities that the digital economy opens up, such as expanding educational opportunities and innovative teaching methods.
POLITICAL STRUCTURE AND TYPOLOGY OF RUSSIAN EMIGRATION
Authors:   Moscow International University, Moscow, Russian Federation, LEBEDEVA M.L.
Published: June 2024

The purpose of the research. One of the issues relevant to political history is the study of the political legacy of post-revolutionary Russian emigration. The purpose of the study is a theoretical and legal understanding of the political structure of Russian emigration. This is necessary because scientific research on citizens who left Russia after the revolutionary events of 1917 has not been fully studied and is often presented in a distorted form. The modern development of historical and political knowledge reveals not only the need for a deep comprehension of scientific research on the issues raised by Russian emigration, but also a traceable reception within the framework of the evolution of political changes. Conclusions. As a result of the research, the author believes that addressing the issue of studying the evolution of the political structure of the heritage of Russian emigration is justified and relevant. The role and importance of the cultural and political heritage of Russian emigrants has been evaluated and studied ambiguously by researchers. The analysis of the historiography of the issue, the allocation of periods of political transformation of post-revolutionary emigration made it possible for the author to identify the main characteristics of three periods of the evolution of cultural heritage and the structuring of political institutions in relation to a certain segment of the population, namely, Russian emigration.
THE RIVALRY OF REGIONAL AND NON-REGIONAL ACTORS IN CENTRAL ASIA IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CONCEPT OF EURASIANISM
Authors:   Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation, SHANGARAEV R.N. , NOGMOVA A.SH. , IVOCHKINA A.S.
Published: June 2024

The purpose of this research paper is to study Central Asia in the geopolitical space of Eurasia and the influence of extra-regional actors in the context of the “big game”. As a result of modern global political and socio-economic transformations in Russian science, forgotten ideas are being renewed, which marked the guidelines for the further development of the state, aimed at combating global challenges of our time, preventing interfaith and interethnic conflicts, uniting peoples, preserving national and territorial unity, and creating a vast and strong state. After the cold War, cultural geopolitical concepts were reinterpreted. Among them was the concept of Eurasianism, which has deep historical roots for the peoples of the region, including Central Asia in the context of the “Big Game” in Eurasia. The authors concluded that after the collapse of the USSR, the geopolitical situation in Central Asia underwent drastic changes. The importance of this region is reflected in the geopolitical theories of various world scientists, including the classics of geopolitics, including the concept of Eurasianism. The existing contradictions in the region and the struggle between the great powers for leadership are shaping global and regional instability in Central Asia.
EXPLORING AMORPHOUS ALLOYS: ADVANCED ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND CLUSTER ANALYSIS
Authors:   Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russian Federation, DAGIM S. , PUSTOVALOV E.V. , FEDORETS A.N. , FROLOV A.M.
Published: June 2024

In this study, we explored the atomic structure and orderliness of amorphous alloys through advanced electron microscopy and analytical techniques. Amorphous alloys, characterized by disordered atomic structures, exhibit promising applications in technology. The research addresses a crucial knowledge gap by investigating cluster distribution, particle arrangement, and orderliness within the amorphous matrix. High-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) images are analyzed using diverse algorithms and software tools. The study establishes a correlation between angles approaching 180 degrees and increased orderliness within clusters, highlighting the reliability of angle distribution analysis. Robust indicators, including Div (SP(B/V)) and Div (Mu(B/V)) metrics, assess and compare amorphous alloy samples. Kullback-Leibler (K-L) divergence indicates the significance of cluster ordering, validated by the S-K test. Radial Distribution Function (RDF) analysis uncovers local short-range order, deepening understanding despite limited orderliness discernment. These findings not only enhance our understanding of metallic glasses or amorphous alloys but also offer opportunities for tailored design and improved applications across various technological domains.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ALGORITHMS AND METHODS FOR CONSTRUCTING THREE-DIMENSIONAL COMPUTER MODELS OF REAL OBJECTS
Authors:   Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation, MIKHAYLOVA S.S.
Published: June 2024

The article describes a technique for constructing a 3D model of an object based on the resulting images of an object using the Python programming language. As part of the study, an overview of existing solutions and an analysis of the use of algorithms for constructing three-dimensional models were performed. As a result of the work done, software was created that allows you to create a three-dimensional model based on several presented images. The scope of this work is the analysis of an object using a three-dimensional model, as well as the use of three-dimensional terrain models.
THE POSSIBILITIES OF USING BIG DATA TECHNOLOGIES IN SOLVING PROBLEMS OF PROCESSING DATA ON ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION
Authors:   MIREA - Russian Technological University, Moscow, Russian Federation, BOGOMOLOV D.N. , PLOTNIKOV S.B.
Published: June 2024

The main objective of the article is to substantiate the possibility of using Big Data technologies in the field of atmospheric air monitoring. In the form of a diagram, a model for processing big data obtained from measuring meteorological gas analysis stations using the PySpark library for further experimental studies is presented. The factors accompanying the use of Big Data in the field of atmospheric air monitoring are derived, and the performance of the Pandas and PySpark libraries is compared. The obtained results will allow us to further rely on the derived factors and use the most optimal data processing technologies to build predictive machine learning models in the field of analyzing the level of atmospheric air pollution. Consistent use of big data and machine learning methods will ensure clean and healthy air for future generations through more effective predictive analytics. This article is valuable for students and specialists in the field of information technology, in particular, in the field of data processing and machine learning.
APPROACHES OF RUSSIA AND TURKEY IN STRENGTHENING REGIONAL SECURITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND CENTRAL ASIA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH AND THE FIRST QUARTER OF THE 21ST CENTURIES
Authors:   Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Moscow, Russian Federation, POSPELOV N.V.
Published: June 2024

The article considers the problem of regional security which is on the agenda of the international community. Russia and Turkey as two politically and economically interconnected countries have a rich history of relations. The Middle East and Central Asia where their national interests overlap are priority directions at the present stage. However, disagreements in conflict resolution do not allow reaching a compromise and entering a new level of interaction. At the beginning of the 21st century Russia and Turkey showed an interest in strengthening regional security and achieving peace and stability. Although the incident in November of 2015 slowed down the development of cooperation and caused the refusal to maintain friendly contacts Moscow and Ankara realized the need to overcome differences and follow the provisions of concluded treaties and agreements. The beginning of a special military operation in Ukraine on the 24th of February of 2022 showed their complex and ambiguous interaction in the Middle East and Central Asia. The aim of the article is to identify the approaches of Russia and Turkey in strengthening regional security.
FORMATION OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL OF HISTORY TEACHERS IN URAL UNIVERSITIES IN THE 1917-1941'S
Authors:   Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation, KAMYNIN V.D.
Published: June 2024

The article considers the question of how highly qualified personnel of history teachers with academic degrees and titles in universities of the Urals were formed in the first third of the twentieth century. It is concluded that in the pre-revolutionary period, history was taught to students by masters of history evacuated from Petrograd at the only university in the region in Perm. During the Soviet period, there were three stages of higher education reform1918 -the beginning of the 1920s, the 1920s-1930s, the end of the 1930s-before the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, each of which had its own criteria for the formation of highly qualified personnel. There was complete confusion in the issue of certification of scientific personnel. It was only by the end of the period under study that the country developed the usual system of awarding academic degrees and titles. Until the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the region did not have its own certification system for scientific personnel. History teachers who worked at universities in the Urals defended their dissertations at universities and scientific institutions in Moscow and Leningrad.
RESERVE AND RESERVE TROOPS AND THEIR PLACE IN THE NEW ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY AFTER THE REFORM OF 1874
Authors:   A.S. Pushkin Leningrad State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation, BENDA V.N. , LEONOV E.A.
Published: June 2024

The article deals with the recruitment system of the Russian army after the unsuccessful Crimean War, which revealed its shortcomings. It is shown that the recruitment reforms that began after the abolition of serfdom in 1861, as well as the reforms in the army as a whole, had as their main goal the transformation of the domestic armed forces into a modern mass army. The emphasis is placed on the fact that after the introduction of universal military service in 1874, conditions were created for the formation of the required mobilization reserve, which proved its effectiveness in practice. It is concluded that due to the implementation in practice of important transformations of the military organization, one of the main tasks of reforming the army has been solved - the creation of a modern mass army. Previously unknown archival and other little-studied sources and literature are being introduced into scientific circulation.
ATTEMPTS TO OVERCOME THE USSR'S LAG IN THE FIELD OF PETROCHEMISTRY IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 1960S
Authors:   «MIREA - Russian Technological University», Moscow, Russian Federation, BODROVA E.V. , KALINOV V.V. ,   National University of Oil and Gas «Gubkin University», Moscow, Russian Federation, KRASIVSKAYA V.N.
Published: June 2024

The purpose of the publication is to investigate the problem of the evolution of the state industrial policy in the field of petrochemical development in the second half of the 1960s on the basis of declassified archival documents. It is proved that the country's leadership had all the data indicating both the significant role of petrochemistry in the economy of developed countries, the active growth of production volumes, and the significant lag of the Soviet Union in a number of areas. The data provided by Soviet diplomats and experts in this field accelerated the consideration of these issues in the Central Committee of the CPSU. The conclusion is formulated that measures were taken to overcome the backlog, but they proved insufficient and did not bring the expected results. Among the blocking factors are: the predominance of the interests of individual departments; planning miscalculations; lack of financing; low prices for oil and petroleum products, constraining the development and implementation of energy-saving technologies, economical power plants; wasteful consumption of raw materials, products of its processing; forcing the export of raw materials, including to the COMECON countries. It was often political motives that prevailed in this case, but not economic expediency.
Bulanık EDAS yöntemi ile Doğu Karadeniz bölgesi illerinin yaşanabilirlik düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi
Authors: Kara Mehmet Akif
Published: June 2024

Küreselleşme ile birlikte göç sürecinin artık yaşamın bir parçası haline geldiği günümüzde iller de çeşitli kriterlere bağlı olarak göç alan/veren bir biçimde göç sürecinin bir mekânı haline gelmiştir. Göç edilirken çeşitli kriterlerin göç kararını etkilemesi ve göç edilen yeri belirlemesinden yola çıkarak Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde yer alan iller yaşanabilirlik düzeylerine göre ÇKKV yöntemleri ile değerlendirilmiştir. ÇKKV birden fazla kriter ve alternatifin değerlendirildiği yöntemlerdir. Çok kriterli karar verme rasyonel ortamlardaki karar tespitlerindeki başarısı ile literatürde çok geniş uygulama sahasına sahiptir. Çalışmada, klasik ÇKKV yöntemlerinin belirsizlik altında sözel değerlendirmeler yapmalarına imkân vermemesinden hareketle son yıllarda literatüre kazandırılan yeni bir yöntem olan Bulanık EDAS (Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution – Ortalama çözüm uzaklığına göre değerlendirme) yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bulanık EDAS yönteminde Tip-1 Bulanık küme kullanılırken, uzman değerlendirmelerinde yamuksal bulanık sayılara başvurulmuştur. Çalışmada 10 kriter ve 6 alternatif değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada sonucunda Trabzon en yaşanabilir il olmuştur. Son sırada ise Gümüşhane ili yer almaktadır.
Total Ekstra-Peritoneal Hernioplasti Olgularımızda Balonsuz Diseksiyon Deneyimlerimiz
Authors: Nusretoğlu Resul , Gültekin Yücel
Published: June 2024

AMAÇ; Bu çalışmada, total ekstra-peritoneal herni onarımda, balon diseksiyonu yerine laparoskopik kamera diseksiyonu uygulanan olguların literatür ile karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır.
GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM; Yüksekova/Hakkari Devlet Hastanesi Genel Cerrahi kliniğinde 2013-2020 yılları arasında laparoskopik kamera diseksiyonu ile total ekstra-peritoneal uygulanan hastalar çalışmaya dahil edildi. Çalışmada yaş, cinsiyet, herni tipi, operasyon süreleri, komplikasyonlar, normal iş yaşantısına dönüş süreleri kaydedildi ve veriler retrospektif olarak değerlendirildi.
BULGULAR; Çalışma kohortu 85 erkek olmak üzere toplam 88 hastadan oluştu. Çalışmada laparoskopik kamera diseksiyonu ile total ekstra-peritoneal uygulanan hastalarda operasyon süresi tek taraflı inguinal hernilerde 53 ± 17,1 dk, bilateral inguinal hernilerde 82 ± 23,4 dk olarak bulundu. Postoperatif komplikasyon olarak hastaların %8'inde seroma ve bir hastada ise implant transpozisyonuna bağlı erken nüks görüldü. Hastanede kalış süresi ortalama 1,20 ± 0,40 gün olarak gerçekleşirken, hastaların günlük iş yaşantısına dönüş için gereken zaman ortalaması 9,3 ± 6,1 gün olarak bulundu. Sağ ve sol inguinal herni onarımları ile direk ve indirek herni onarımları arasında operasyon süresi ve komplikasyonlar açısından istatistiksel olarak fark yoktu. Ancak nüks herniler ile nüks olmayan herniler arasında ki fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulundu. Hastalarda per-operatif dönemde mortalite görülmedi.
SONUÇ; Laparoskopik kamera diseksiyonu ile yapılan total ekstra-peritoneal herniorafiler, balon diseksiyonu yapılan geleneksel total ekstra-peritoneal yöntemlerinde olduğu kadar güvenlidir. Balon diseksiyonu kullanılmaması operasyon maliyetlerinin azalmasına katkı sağlamaktadır.
Atributos y principios de resiliencia organizacional en las empresas turísticas
Authors: Lacruhy-Enríquez Claudia , Aguirre-Osuna Lizzeth , Bojórquez-Luque Jesús
Published: June 2024

La magnificación de los eventos meteorológicos y pandémicos obligan a las empresas a desarrollar atributos y principios de resiliencia. El artículo evalúa los atributos y principios de resiliencia organizacional de las empresas turísticas en Los Cabos, México. Se utiliza una metodología de tipo cuantitativo y cualitativo con un alcance descriptivo y explicativo. Se aplicó una encuesta a 74 empresas turísticas con un cuestionario de 45 preguntas. Los hallazgos evidencian que las empresas turísticas de Los Cabos poseen principios y atributos de resiliencia organizacional llevando a cabo estrategias para adaptarse a los cambios del entorno en cada área funcional. Se concluye que las empresas son en su mayoría resilientes, independientemente de la Norma ISO 22316 y el estándar NMX-I-22316-NYCE-2021. Este atributo aporta competitividad y diferenciación al destino turístico internacional mexicano.
Recommendations for recognizing, risk stratifying, treating, and managing children and adolescents with hypoglycemia
Authors: Zucchini Stefano , Tumini Stefano , Scaramuzza Andrea Enzo , Bonfanti Riccardo , Delvecchio Maurizio , Franceschi Roberto , Iafusco Dario , Lenzi Lorenzo , Mozzillo Enza , Passanisi Stefano , Piona Claudia , Rabbone Ivana , Rapini Novella , Rigamonti Andrea , Ripoli Carlo , Salzano Giuseppina , Savastio Silvia , Schiaffini Riccardo , Zanfardino Angela , Cherubini Valentino ,   Diabetes Study Group of the Italian Society for Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetes
Published: June 2024

There has been continuous progress in diabetes management over the last few decades, not least due to the widespread dissemination of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and automated insulin delivery systems. These technological advances have radically changed the daily lives of people living with diabetes, improving the quality of life of both children and their families. Despite this, hypoglycemia remains the primary side-effect of insulin therapy. Based on a systematic review of the available scientific evidence, this paper aims to provide evidence-based recommendations for recognizing, risk stratifying, treating, and managing patients with hypoglycemia. The objective of these recommendations is to unify the behavior of pediatric diabetologists with respect to the timely recognition and prevention of hypoglycemic episodes and the correct treatment of hypoglycemia, especially in patients using CGM or advanced hybrid closed-loop systems. All authors have long experience in the specialty and are members of the Italian Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology. The goal of treating hypoglycemia is to raise blood glucose above 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L) and to prevent further decreases. Oral glucose at a dose of 0.3 g/kg (0.1 g/kg for children using “smart pumps” or hybrid closed loop systems in automated mode) is the preferred treatment for the conscious individual with blood glucose <70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L), although any form of carbohydrate (e.g., sucrose, which consists of glucose and fructose, or honey, sugary soft drinks, or fruit juice) containing glucose may be used. Using automatic insulin delivery systems, the oral glucose dose can be decreased to 0.1 g/kg. Practical flow charts are included to aid clinical decision-making. Although representing the official position of the Italian Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology (ISPED), these guidelines are applicable to the global audience and are especially pertinent in the era of CGM and other advanced technologies.
Research on Distributed Fault Diagnosis Model of Elevator Based on PCA-LSTM
Authors: Chen Chengming , Ren Xuejun , Cheng Guoqing
Published: June 2024

A Distributed Elevator Fault Diagnosis System (DEFDS) is developed to tackle frequent malfunctions stemming from the widespread distribution and aging of elevator systems. Due to the complexity of elevator fault data and the subtlety of fault characteristics, traditional methods such as visual inspections and basic operational tests fall short in detecting early signs of mechanical wear and electrical issues. These conventional techniques often fail to recognize subtle fault characteristics, necessitating more advanced diagnostic tools. In response, this paper introduces a Principal Component Analysis–Long Short-Term Memory (PCA-LSTM) method for fault diagnosis. The distributed system decentralizes the fault diagnosis process to individual elevator units, utilizing PCA’s feature selection capabilities in high-dimensional spaces to extract and reduce the dimensionality of fault features. Subsequently, the LSTM model is employed for fault prediction. Elevator models within the system exchange data to refine and optimize a global prediction model. The efficacy of this approach is substantiated through empirical validation with actual data, achieving an accuracy rate of 90% and thereby confirming the method’s effectiveness in facilitating distributed elevator fault diagnosis.
Research and Experiment on Cruise Control of a Self-Propelled Electric Sprayer Chassis
Authors: Zhou Lingxi , Hu Chenwei , Chen Yuxiang , Guo Peijie , Zhang Liwei , Liu Jinyi , Chen Yu
Published: June 2024

In order to address the issues of poor stability in vehicle speed and deteriorated spraying quality caused by changes in road slope and the decrease in overall mass due to liquid spraying, this study focuses on analyzing the structure and longitudinal dynamic characteristics of a 4WID high ground clearance self-propelled electric sprayer. By utilizing MATLAB/Simulink software, three subsystems, namely, the inverse longitudinal dynamics model, torque distribution model, and motor model, are established. The model takes into account the effects of longitudinal driving resistance, slope, and vehicle roll angle on the distribution of loads among the four wheels during slope driving. A seven-degrees-of-freedom dynamic model is developed. A hierarchical control structure is designed, incorporating an upper-level PID controller and a lower-level fuzzy PID controller, to control the overall system. The control algorithms are tailored to the specific characteristics of the sprayer’s operation, and simulation experiments are conducted under the corresponding operating conditions. Building upon this, a sensor-equipped experimental platform is set up in the self-propelled sprayer manufactured by the team in the preliminary stage. Real vehicle tests are conducted in two scenarios: transition transportation and field operations, with the evaluation of the overall vehicle speed serving as the performance metric to validate the correctness of the model and the control theory.
Can Migrant Workers Returning Home for Entrepreneurship Increase Agricultural Labor Productivity: Evidence from a Quasi-Natural Experiment in China
Authors: Shen Lulin , Wang Fang
Published: June 2024

One of the effective ways to crack the “Three Rural Issues” and promote rural revitalization is to improve agricultural labor productivity (ALP). However, at this stage, improving China’s ALP is still facing many obstacles and bottlenecks. Promoting migrant workers returning home for entrepreneurship is an important breakthrough point for solving this problem. This paper regards the pilot policy of migrant workers returning home for entrepreneurship as a quasi-natural experiment and empirically investigates the influence of migrant workers returning home for entrepreneurship on ALP and explores its potential mechanism and heterogeneity using county area panel data from 2011–2019. It found the following: Firstly, the policy of migrant workers returning home for entrepreneurship significantly increases ALP. Secondly, migrant workers returning home for entrepreneurship indirectly leads to a rise in ALP through the promotion of agricultural mechanization production. Thirdly, the heterogeneity test demonstrates that migrant workers returning home for entrepreneurship purposes have a significant influence in enhancing ALP in the eastern areas, plains areas and non-agricultural strong areas. The findings of this paper not only provide an important real-world basis for the government to further support migrant workers returning home for entrepreneurship but also provide useful policy insights for the modernization and development of agriculture and rural areas.
Climate Change and Agriculture—Sustainable Plant Production
Authors: Sun Zhong-Xiu , Zhang Cheng-Cheng , Dong Jin-Long , Jiang Ying-Ying
Published: June 2024

Climate change has a great impact on plant growth and agricultural production, especially on the growing season, growth rate, and growth distribution [...]
Antibody Recognition of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-2 (HER2) Juxtamembrane Domain Enhances Anti-Tumor Response of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T Cells
Authors: Zhou Guangyu , Fu Shengyu , Zhang Yunsen , Li Shuang , Guo Ziang , Ouyang Defang , Ying Tianlei , Lu Yinying , Zhao Qi
Published: June 2024

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy shows promise in treating malignant tumors. However, the use of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) CAR-T cells carries the risk of severe toxicity, including cytokine release syndrome, due to their “on-target off-tumor” recognition of HER2. Enhancing the quality and functionality of HER2 CARs could greatly improve the therapeutic potential of CAR-T cells. In this study, we developed a novel anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody, Ab8, which targets domain III of HER2, distinct from the domain IV recognition of trastuzumab. Although two anti-HER2 mAbs induced similar levels of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, trastuzumab-based CAR-T cells exhibited potent antitumor activity against HER2-positive cancer cells. In conclusion, our findings provide scientific evidence that antibody recognition of the membrane-proximal domain promotes the anti-tumor response of HER2-specific CAR-T cells.
Probiotic Characteristics and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Limosilactobacillus fermentum 664 Isolated from Chinese Fermented Pickles
Authors: Hao Huichao , Nie Ziyu , Wu Yanyang , Liu Zhiwei , Luo Fenglian , Deng Fangming , Zhao Lingyan
Published: June 2024

Limosilactobacillus fermentum (L. fermentum) is widely used in industrial food fermentations, and its probiotic and health-promoting roles attracted much attention in the past decades. In this work, the probiotic potential of L. fermentum 664 isolated from Chinese fermented pickles was assessed. In addition, the anti-inflammatory properties and mechanisms were investigated using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Results indicated that L. fermentum 664 demonstrated excellent acid and bile salt tolerance, adhesion capability, antimicrobial activity, and safety profile. L. fermentum 664 downregulated the release of inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) stimulated with LPS. Moreover, L fermentum 664 inhibited the nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) induced by LPS. This action was associated with a reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and an enhanced expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein. Additionally, whole genome sequencing indicated that L. fermentum 664 contained genes that encode proteins with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions, including Cytochrome bd ubiquinol oxidase subunit I (CydA), Cytochrome bd ubiquinol oxidase subunit II (CydB), and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1 (NQO1). In conclusion, our study suggested that L. fermentum 664 has the potential to become a probiotic and might be a promising strategy for the prevention of inflammation.
AI-Based Decision Support System Optimizing Wireless Sensor Networks for Consumer Electronics in E-Commerce
Authors: Basingab Mohammed Salem , Bukhari Hatim , Serbaya Suhail H. , Fotis Georgios , Vita Vasiliki , Pappas Stylianos , Rizwan Ali
Published: June 2024

The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential of AI technology in developing a decision support system that can improve the effectiveness of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in e-commerce, specifically in enhancing the features of consumer electronics. This research project is focused on optimizing wireless sensor networks for e-commerce consumer electronics by incorporating AI-based decision support systems. The primary objective of this study is to enhance energy efficiency and performance in online shopping platforms. Various algorithms and methodologies are proposed and assessed, including Adaptive Clustering, the Path Selection Algorithm, Fuzzy Logic-Controlled Energy Management, the Genetic Algorithm for Resource Allocation, and Deep Sleep Scheduling. These techniques improve network efficiency and reduce power consumption in e-commerce applications. The study demonstrates that integrating AI in consumer electronics can result in a remarkable 40% increase in energy efficiency. Comparative analyses conducted through simulations and real-world assessments indicate that the proposed methodology outperforms traditional techniques by 35%. This research underscores the vital role of AI in enhancing network performance and energy efficiency in e-commerce. The results suggest that implementing AI-driven strategies in wireless sensor networks for consumer electronics can significantly improve online shopping experiences. AI-based decision support systems can optimize wireless sensor networks for consumer electronics, improving energy efficiency and network performance on online shopping platforms.
The Optimization of Frequency Distribution Based on Genetic Algorithm for Space Gravitational Wave Observatories
Authors: Zeng Lixiao , Li Haojie , Yao Weilai , Wang Jianyu , Liang Xindong
Published: June 2024

The three spacecraft of the space gravitational wave antenna employ heterodyne interferometry to mitigate the effects of Doppler shift. Constrained by laser relative intensity noise (RIN) and the sampling frequency constraints of phase readout circuits, the widespread adoption of fixed offset frequencies effectively regulates the frequency of heterodyne interferometric beat notes within a reasonable frequency domain of [5 MHz, 25 MHz]. In this work, a high-precision fitness genetic algorithm for heterodyne interferometry is utilized to generate the initial offset frequency distribution scheme. To address issues with unreasonable switching times and offset frequency settings in the initial scheme for partial frequency domains, optimization strategies are proposed from three aspects: frequency domain selection extension, switch times control, and numerical low frequency. Results demonstrate that the optimization of frequency domain selection extension narrows the reasonable frequency domain to [5 MHz, 15 MHz] and [7 MHz, 17 MHz]. Optimization of switch times control ensures that switching times of offset frequency distribution scheme generated under the settings of [6 MHz, 17 MHz] and wider frequency domains can be controlled within a reasonable range of 6 to 13 times. Fixed offset frequency settings are generally reduced by 24.3% after low-frequency optimization. This methodology and result can provide a reliable reference for Program Taiji and even related space gravitational wave antenna projects.
Fretting Fatigue Behavior under Tension–Bending Mixed-Mode Loading
Authors: Zhu Xiaodong , Chen Xuejun
Published: June 2024

The mixed-mode loading fretting fatigue caused by the complex geometry of components and combinations of boundary conditions is a common failure mechanism in engineering components, which can dramatically reduce fatigue life. In this paper, a cylinder-on-flat numerical model was established to investigate tension–bending mixed-mode fretting fatigue. The finite element method in conjunction with two criteria, plane parameters McDiarmid (MD) and Smith–Watson–Topper (SWT), were used to evaluate the effects of mode angle, oblique loading, and stiffness ratio on the contact width, the maximum equivalent stress of the specimen, the surface stress, the fretting damage initiation location, and the extent of the damage initiation. The results indicate that the extent of fretting damage increases with the mode angle, and the characterization parameters are sensitive to smaller mode angles. The contact width, peak surface stress, maximum damage parameters, and damage initiation location can be effectively adjusted by the stiffness ratio. The findings may provide insights into fretting fatigue behavior under complex loading conditions, potentially contributing to enhanced structural safety and reliability for tension–bending mixed-mode loading.
Role of Kir4.1 Channel in Auditory Function: Impact on Endocochlear Potential and Hearing Loss
Authors: Fracaro Silvia , Hellies Filippo , Marioni Gino , Brotto Davide , Franchella Sebastiano , Zanoletti Elisabetta , Albertin Giovanna , Astolfi Laura
Published: June 2024

Hearing loss can result from impairments in structures that support endocochlear potential, as they play a crucial role in the transduction and transmission of auditory waves. This aspect has been the subject of several studies to date. In our review, the role of ion transport channels and pumps involved in hearing function has been highlighted, emphasizing how important the Kir4.1 channel is in maintaining the endocochlear potential. The Kir4.1 channel, a member of the inwardly rectifying potassium channel (Kir) family, plays a key role in the regulation of cell electrical activity and potassium ion homeostasis. The cochlear expression of these channels is at the level of the intermediate cells of the vascular stria, in the root cells of the outer sulcus, and in the glial cells of the spiral ganglion. In development, its expression demonstrates its involvement in the progression of pathologies related to potassium channel dysfunction, and its activation in the stria vascularis is directly related to the generation of endocochlear potential. Kir4.1 is fundamental in stabilizing the resting membrane potential of cells and modulating their excitability, as it facilitates a greater influx of potassium into cells compared to efflux when the membrane potential is negative. Mutations in the K+ channel gene KCNJ10 (Kir4.1) have been associated with several disorders, with the most significant studies on EAST/SeSAME syndrome and Pendred syndrome. Recent research has explored the metabolic importance of potassium channel changes associated with stria vascularis degeneration in the progression of age-related hearing loss. Furthermore, in ototoxicity studies, the Kir4.1 channel has been shown to have the ability to compensate for the deficiency of other K+ channels, as it maintains the cochlear homeostasis by correcting the imbalanced K+ concentration.
Security Performance Analysis of Full-Duplex UAV Assisted Relay System Based on SWIPT Technology
Authors: Yang Shenmenglu , Ma Hongyu
Published: June 2024

In this paper, a new methodology is developed for modeling and analyzing a full-duplex UAV-assisted relay system to facilitate solving the problems of UAV energy constraints and the vulnerability of UAVs to eavesdropping in the air. Combining simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) technology, we model the downlink UAV eavesdropping channel and propose a secure transmission protocol for a full-duplex UAV-assisted relay system. Using this transmission protocol, we analyze and derive the connectivity and security of the entire communication link, including connection probability and lower bounds on secrecy outage probability. A key intermediate step in our analysis is to derive the signal-to-digital noise ratio of the destination and eavesdropping nodes of the full-duplex UAV relay link. The analyses show that the power allocation factor λ is a trade-off between system connectivity and security, while greater eavesdropping interference needs to be sacrificed for an equal magnitude of security performance improvement under high security demand conditions.