bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biochemical removal of nitrogen from tannery wastewater: performance and stability of a full‐scale plant
Authors: Szpyrkowicz Lidia , Kaul Santosh N
Published: June 2004

This paper describes the performance of a full‐scale common effluent plant treating tannery wastewater, based on a single‐sludge nitrification/denitrification process, with the objective of investigating the reasons for its instability. The plant was monitored over a 1.5‐year period; operational parameters were evaluated daily and their impact on process rates assessed together with the characteristics of the wastewater sampled at different points in the treatment scheme. The results showed that instability problems and a periodic failure of nitrification/denitrification occurred due to a series of reasons, often persisting simultaneously and having an additive synergetic effect. Factors whose magnitude would be insufficient to affect the performance of a plant treating domestic wastewater, eg; small deviations from the optimal pH in nitrification or denitrification basins, a temperature decrease to 17 °C or an increase of the influent nitrogen content, caused the plant's efficiency to drop from 100% to 40% in some periods. To ensure stable performance, the dilution rate, D, along with the sludge retention time were shown to be key parameters for the control of the process. Maintaining values of D considerably lower than critical theoretical values calculated from the specific growth rate of nitrifiers at a given temperature and sludge recycle ratio may prevent problems in the plant's performance, particularly when high fluctuations of the concentration of inflow solids make calculation of the sludge age uncertain and proper sludge management difficult. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in N‐nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA)‐induced rat esophageal tumorigenesis
Authors: Chen Tong , Stoner Gary D.
Published: June 2004

Nitric oxide (NO), an important regulatory molecule for immune response and cytotoxicity, is endogenously generated from l‐arginine by NO synthase (NOS). One mechanism for NO‐induced cytotoxicity is through its interaction with superoxide to produce peroxynitrite, which causes DNA damage. Three distinct isoforms of NOS have been isolated and represent the products of three different genes. The inducible form, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), is a mediator of inflammation and a regulator of epithelial cell growth. Upregulation of iNOS has been linked to epithelial tumorigenesis in various human and animal tissues. In the current investigation, normal esophagus and N‐nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA)‐induced preneoplastic and papillomatous lesions of the rat esophagus were characterized for expression of iNOS. F344 rats were injected subcutaneously with NMBA (0.5 mg/kg body weight) three times per week for 5 wk. At 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 30, and 36 wk following initiation of NMBA treatment, esophagi were collected from 12 untreated and 12 NMBA treated animals. Results of reverse transcription (RT)‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry demonstrated a correlation between the upregulation of iNOS and neoplastic progression in the rat esophagus. The expression of iNOS mRNA in preneoplastic tissues and papillomas was significantly elevated when compared to normal tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis showed more extensive cytoplasmic staining of iNOS protein in preneoplastic tissues and papillomas than in normal tissues. Our data suggest, therefore, that the production of iNOS by the epithelium of the esophagus is associated with the development of NMBA‐induced esophageal tumorigenesis in rats. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Erratum: Peptide‐based radiopharmaceuticals: Future tools for diagnostic imaging of cancers and other diseases
Authors: Okarvi S.M.
Published: June 2004

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Med Res Rev, 24, No. 3, 357‐397, 2004

No abstract
Determination of a time‐ and space‐dependent heat flux relaxation function by means of a restricted Dirichlet‐to‐Neumann operator
Authors: Janno J.
Published: June 2004

We consider an inverse problem to recover a space‐ and time‐dependent relaxation function of heat flux in a three‐dimensional body on the basis of the restriction of the Dirichlet‐to‐Neumann operator of the related equation of heat flow onto a set of Dirichlet data of the form of a product of a fixed time‐dependent coefficient and a free space‐dependent function. Uniqueness of the solution of this inverse problem is proved. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some heteroclinic solutions of a model of skin pattern formation
Authors: Kaźmierczak Bogdan , Piechór Kazimierz
Published: June 2004

In this paper we study travelling wave solutions to a system of four non‐linear partial differential equations, which arise in a tissue interaction model for skin morphogenesis. Under the ‘small‐stress’ assumption we prove the existence and uniqueness (up to a translation) of solutions with the dermis and epidermis cell densities being positive, which are a perturbation of a uniform epidermal cell density. We discuss the problem of the minimal wave‐speed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ciliary neurotrophic factor immunoreactivity is not associated with reactive astrocytes in the rat spinal cord following unilateral spinal nerve ligation
Authors: Madiai Francesca , Goettl Virginia M. , Stephens Robert L. , Hackshaw Kevin V.
Published: June 2004

Following a direct insult to the central nervous system, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is induced in reactive astrocytes adjacent to the injury, where it participates in functional recovery. On the other hand, the role of CNTF in spinal cord plasticity after peripheral nerve injury is unclear. Hence, CNTF immunoreactivity (IR) was evaluated in rat spinal cords following unilateral spinal nerve ligation. CNTF‐IR was found in GFAP‐negative white matter cells exhibiting oligodendrocyte‐like morphology. While GFAP labeling was increased in spinal cords of ligated animals, CNTF‐IR was unchanged, suggesting that CNTF does not regulate spinal astrocyte reactivity generated by peripheral nerve ligation.
Paraoxonase 2 (PON2) polymorphisms and Parkinson's disease
Authors: Costa Lucio G. , Kelada Samir N. , Costa‐Mallen Paola , Farin Fred M. , Viernes Hannah A. , Weller Terri Smith , Franklin Gary M. , Longstreth William T. , Swanson Philip D. , Checkoway Harvey , Furlong Clement E.
Published: June 2004

Oxidative stress may contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Paraoxonase 2 (PON2) is an ubiquitously expressed protein which displays antioxidant properties, though it does not have paraoxonase or arylesterase activity like other members of the PON gene family, such as PON1. Two coding region polymorphisms (Cys311Ser and Ala14Gly) of the PON2 gene were investigated by a newly developed method in a population‐based case‐control study of 179 PD patients and 293 controls. No statistically significant differences were found in the distribution of the wild type and mutant alleles between controls and PD. Similarly, no interactions between PON2 and two PON1 polymorphisms (192 and –108) were found. Polymorphisms of PON2 do not appear to be a risk factor for PD.
Spiking activity of neurons in the pigeon nucleus rotundus in slice preparations
Authors: Li Da‐Peng , Tang Zong‐Xiang , Wang Shu‐Rong
Published: June 2004

The thalamic nucleus rotundus in birds relays visual information from the mesencephalic tectum to the telencephalic ecostriatum. The present study examined the firing behaviors of rotundal cells in response to depolarizing current injections in pugeon's brain slices. Eighty‐five cells examined could be classified into five types according to their firing patterns. Type I cells (58.8%) evoked a spike, bursts or regular spiking depending on current intensity. Type II cells (14.1%) produced a hump‐like depolarization that gave rise to a single spike at higher intensity. Type III cells (15.3%) fired a spike or burst only at the onset of current injections. Type IV cells (8.3%) accelerated regular spiking as current intensity increased. Type V cells (3.5%) produced spontaneous spikes that were eliminated by current at higher intensity. The spiking patterns seem to be not correlated to the recording sites. Thirteen neurobiotin‐stained cells are multipolar neurons whose morphology is not related to firing patterns. The functional significance of these firing patterns is discussed.
A stereological study of the tuberomammillary nucleus in the Wistar rat: Morphological and functional comparison among subgroups E1‐E2‐E3
Authors: Rubio S. , Begega A. , Santín L.J. , Miranda R. , Arias J.L.
Published: June 2004

In the present study, we have calculated the total neuronal number and volume of the tuberomammillary nucleus and of each of its subgroups E1, E2 and E3 in the Wistar rat. This estimation was done using stereological methods that can produce accurate quantifications. Neuronal number was estimated by applying the optical fractionator and the total volume of the nucleus by Cavalieri's method. Simultaneously, we quantified the argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (Ag‐NORs) of the neurons from these subgroups. The number and area of the Ag‐NORs stained with the silver nitrate technique, reflect the protein synthesis activity of these neurons.

Our results show that the tuberomammillary nucleus has a unilateral total neuronal number of 2,460 neurons and a unilateral volume of 0.08756 mm3. We also find statistically significant differences on a morphological level among the different subgroups of the tuberomammillary nucleus. Hence, E2 has the largest number of neurons followed by E3 whereas E1 is the subgroup with the smallest neuronal density. There were no significant differences in the functional parameters: area of neuronal nucleus and mean area and number of Ag‐NOR, among the groups.
Postponed effect of cholecystokinin fragments 30–33 (CCK‐4), and 31–33 (CCK‐3), on albino rats behavior
Authors: Ashmarin I. P. , Rud'ko O. I. , Danilova R. A. , Andreeva L. A.
Published: June 2004

It is generally accepted that regulatory olygopeptides cause short‐term physiological effects. However we demonstrate that CCK‐4, and its shorter fragment CCK‐3 evoke significant long‐term changes in albino rat behavior. The anxiogenic action of CCK‐4 (400 mg/kg) and CCK‐3 (10 mg/kg) was measured by cross‐maze and dark‐light test. The tendency of rats to developing of depression‐like states was evaluated by the Porsolt‐test. In this study both CCK‐4 and CCK‐3 induced significant behavior effects from 40th min to 12th day after the intraperitoneal administration. It was found also that there were significant changes in the level of bioamines and their derivatives not only during the first hours after the administration but also on the 5th and 12th day. The half‐life of these peptides is less than 15 min, so it's possible the induction of some chain‐reactions similar to memory consolidation process.
Design of a poly(L‐histidine)‐carbohydrate conjugate for a new pH‐sensitive drug carrier
Authors: Asayama Shoichiro , Kawakami Hiroyoshi , Nagaoka Shoji
Published: June 2004

A poly(L‐histidine) (PLH)‐carbohydrate conjugate has been synthesized as a new macromolecule extracting pH‐dependent properties of PLH with imidazole groups. Because of poor water solubility at physiological pH, the application of PLH with a pKa around 6.0 has been limited in spite of the native possession of the pH‐dependent property change at endosomal pH. Although the PLH modified with aliphatic primary amino groups suddenly precipitated out of the aqueous medium above pH 6.0 as a result of the deprotonation of the imidazole groups, the water solubility of PLH was improved at physiological pH by the conjugation of the aminated PLH with hydrophilic maltopentaose. The resulting PLH‐maltopentaose conjugates and metalloporphyrins formed the complexes which varied their assembling structure below pH 6.0. The PLH‐maltopentaose would be the fundamental compound for designing various drug carriers with the pH sensitivity at endosomal pH. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micropatterned agarose gels for stamping arrays of proteins and gradients of proteins
Authors: Mayer Michael , Yang Jerry , Gitlin Irina , Gracias David H. , Whitesides George M.
Published: June 2004

We describe a method for repetitive and rapid formation of planar microarrays and gradients of proteins using patterned agarose stamps. It demonstrates: (i) micropatterning of agarose gels with feature sizes as small as 2 μm; (ii) inking of posts (diameter 50–1000 μm) on patterned agarose stamps with one or multiple (here, eight) proteins and repetitive stamping of patterns (>100 times in the case of one protein) and arrays (20 times in the case of eight proteins) without the need for intermediate re‐inking; (iii) transferring spots of proteins with good homogeneity in surface coverage to glass slides; (iv) applying this technique to surface‐based immunoassays; (v) stamping that requires only sub‐nanomolar amounts of protein (typically ∼3 μg in ∼0.6 μL of solution); (vi) stamping without the need for drying of the proteins, as opposed to stamping with stamps made of poly(dimethylsiloxane); and (vii) patterning gradients of proteins by allowing two proteins to diffuse toward each other in an agarose stamp, followed by printing the protein gradients onto a surface.
Comprehensive proteome analysis of ovarian cancers using liquid phase separation, mass mapping and tandem mass spectrometry: A strategy for identification of candidate cancer biomarkers
Authors: Wang Haixing , Kachman Maureen T. , Schwartz Donald R. , Cho Kathleen R. , Lubman David M.
Published: June 2004

A two‐dimensional (2‐D) liquid phase separation method, liquid isoelectric focusing followed by nonporous reversed‐phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), was used to separate proteins from human ovarian epithelial whole cell lysates. HPLC eluent was interfaced on‐line to an electrospray ionization (ESI) time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometer to obtain accurate intact protein molecular weights (Mr). 2‐D protein expression maps were generated displaying protein isoelectric point (pI) versus intact protein Mr . Resulting 2‐D images effectively displayed quantitative differential protein expression in ovarian cancer cells versus non‐neoplastic ovarian epithelial cells. Protein peak fractions were collected from the HPLC eluent, enzymatically digested, and analyzed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) TOF‐mass spectrometry (MS) peptide mass fingerprinting and by MALDI‐quadrupole TOF tandem mass spectrometry peptide sequencing. Interlysate comparisons of differential protein expression between two ovarian adenocarcinoma cell lines, ES2 and MDAH‐2774, and ovarian surface epithelial cells was performed. Five pI fractions from each sample were selected for comparative study and over 300 unique proteins were positively identified from the 2‐D liquid expression maps using MS, which covered around 60% of proteins detected by on‐line ESI‐TOF‐MS. This represents one of the most comprehensive proteomic analyses of ovarian cancer samples to date. Protein bands with significant up‐ or down‐regulation in one cell line versus another as viewed in the 2‐D expression maps were identified. This strategy may prove useful in identifying novel ovarian cancer marker proteins.
Determination of protein‐protein interactions through aldehyde‐dextran intermolecular cross‐linking
Authors: Fuentes Manuel , Segura Rosa L. , Abian Olga , Betancor Lorena , Hidalgo Aurelio , Mateo Cesar , Fernandez‐Lafuente Roberto , Guisan Jose M.
Published: June 2004

A very simple strategy, based on the intermolecular cross‐linking of associated proteins by using aldehyde‐dextrans, has been proposed to detect protein‐protein interactions. Aldehyde‐dextran was able to cross‐link different enzymes composed of several polypeptide chains (e.g., trypsin and penicillin G acylase), proteolyzated proteins (e.g., extracts from porcine pancreas) and finally, an immunocomplex (horseradish peroxidase/anti‐horseradish peroxidase). This cross‐linked immunocomplex could be selectively adsorbed on immobilized anti‐rabbit IgG. The presence of unspecific covalent attachment between unrelated protein molecules was not detected. Thus, this strategy permits the cross‐linking of different protein components and avoids the formation of nonspecific protein‐protein associations.
Mitochondrial proteome: Cancer‐altered metabolism associated with cytochrome c oxidase subunit level variation
Authors: Krieg René C. , Knuechel Ruth , Schiffmann Elliot , Liotta Lance A. , Petricoin Emanuel F. , Herrmann Paul C.
Published: June 2004

Shifts in metabolism associated with tumorigenesis were first noted by Otto Warburg in the 1920s. In the ensuing decades many examples of the phenomenon have been elucidated while the underlying molecular mechanism has remained elusive. As the enzyme complex at the crux of oxidative phosphorylation, cytochrome c oxidase is uniquely positioned to have a very high impact on cellular metabolism. In this study, we test the hypothesis that there is a specific association between altered cytochrome c oxidase subunit levels and altered metabolism by combining the technique of reverse‐phase protein microarray with radiolabeled glucose metabolic studies. Such a relationship is observed with five different cell lines, two of which (1542N and 1542T) are a matched set of normal and tumor‐based lineages derived from the same prostate gland. By measuring the [14C]carbon dioxide production of a cell line metabolizing [1‐14C]glucose and comparing those measurements to values obtained for the same cell line metabolizing [6‐14C]glucose, we determined the relative utilization of the hexose monophosphate shunt and glycolysis progressing through the Krebs cycle metabolic pathway in each cell line. In all cases there is an increased utilization of hexose monophosphate shunt relative to glycolysis progressing through the Krebs cycle in tumor derived relative to normal derived cell lines. Additionally, there is an associated increase in the ratio of nuclear encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits to mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in the tumor‐derived cell lines. These results demonstrate an alteration in subunit levels of a single enzyme complex (cytochrome c oxidase) commensurate with tumor‐altered metabolism.
Ortho effects and cross interaction correlations for the mechanisms of cholesterol esterase inhibition by aryl carbamates
Authors: Lin Gialih , Liu Yu‐Chen , Wu Yon‐Gi , Lee Yu‐Ru
Published: June 2004

Ortho‐substituted phenyl‐N‐butyl carbamates (1–11) were synthesized to evaluate the inhibition mechanisms of porcine pancreatic cholesterol esterase. All carbamate inhibitors act as the active site‐directed pseudo substrate inhibitors of the enzymes. The logarithms of dissociation constant (Ki), carbamylation constant (k2) and bimolecular inhibition constant (ki) multiply linearly correlate with the Hammett substituent constant (σ), the Taft–Kutter–Hansch ortho steric constant (ES), and the Swan–Lupton–Hansch ortho polar constant (F). For the –log Ki, log k2 and log ki correlations, the reaction constant for ordinary polar effect (ρ), the intensity factor to ortho steric constant (δ) and the intensity factor to ortho polar constant (f) are 0.7, −0.07, and 0.5; 0.5, 0.04 and −0.5; and 1.1, −0.03 and 0.0, respectively. The cross interaction reaction constant (ρXR) for the –log ki–, log k2– and log ki‐‐σ–ασ*–ασσ* correlations are 3, −2, and 1, respectively. The Ki step may be composed of the following two steps: (1) protonation of carbamates 1–11 and (2) the pseudo‐trans to pseudo‐cis conformation change of protonated carbamates 1–11 due to a large ρXR value of 3 and formation of the enzyme‐protonated carbamates 1–11 tetrahedral intermediate. The k2 step involves departure of the leaving group, which is protonated by the active site histidine of the enzyme, from the tetrahedral intermediate to solution and formation of the carbamyl enzyme. Moreover, the distances between the carbamate and phenyl groups in all transition states of inhibition reactions are relatively short owing to large |ρXR| values. The Ki step shows little ortho steric enhancement effect; moreover, the k2 step shows little ortho steric inhibition effect. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The γ‐ and the δ‐effects in 13C NMR spectroscopy in terms of nuclear chemical shielding (NCS) analysis
Authors: Kleinpeter Erich , Seidl Peter R.
Published: June 2004

Carbon‐13 NMR is widely used in the determination of the stereochemistry of organic compounds. Changes in chemical shifts caused by interactions of groups that are close in space normally result in shielding of the carbon and deshielding of the hydrogen nuclei that are involved. This is not always the case, however, and further work on the origin of these effects would be desirable. Early applications of theoretical methods to the study of NMR shielding parameters were not particularly successful, but in recent years, the calculation of NMR shielding parameters by theoretical methods has developed into a useful and popular tool for structural studies by NMR. A promising approach to the problem of distinguishing and evaluating stereochemical influences on carbon and hydrogen chemical shifts is provided by natural chemical shielding (NCS) analysis. This method allows a partitioning of theoretical NMR shieldings into magnetic contributions from bonds and lone pairs of the molecule using the natural bond orbital (NBO) method. In order to investigate the origins of steric effects, we employed the NCS analysis to axial/equatorial‐Me‐cyclohexane, norbornane and exo/endo‐Me‐norbornane, in addition to n‐pentane in the anti, gauche and gP gM conformations. Our results indicate that distortions in molecular structure due to steric effects can result in bond stretching or compression or in angular distortions. Changes in bond lengths result in the predictable shielding or deshielding of the nuclei that are involved. Where the molecular framework may be distorted to alleviate strain, chemical shifts appear to reflect changes in angles. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Steric inhibition of resonance: revision of the principle on the electronic spectra of methyl‐substituted acetophenones
Authors: Kulhánek Jirií , Böhm Stanislav , Palát Karel , Exner Otto
Published: June 2004

The principle of steric hindrance to resonance (SIR) was revised on the well‐known example of the electronic spectra of methyl‐substituted acetophenones. The spectra were reinvestigated on an extended series 1–14, and computer separation of bands was undertaken. The conformation of these molecules, total energy, rotational barrier, geometry of the transition state and electronic spectra were calculated within the framework of the density functional theory. The classical literature was correct that some molecules of the series are twisted from the planar arrangement by a variable angle ϕ. However, these angles do not agree with the values anticipated; the main difference is that all derivatives with only one ortho‐methyl group are planar (ϕ = 0). Our main objection is that the rotational barrier is in some cases very low; hence ϕ does not have the same importance with all derivatives. A better measure of steric hindrance is the calculated energy Δ4E of the isodesmic reaction Eqn (4), in which the molecule of the substituted acetophenone is formed from acetophenone and a methyl‐substituted benzene. In contrast to the angles ϕ, there was good agreement between calculation and experiment in electronic spectra, viz. between the extinction coefficients of the 1La band and the calculated oscillator strengths, at least in the relative values. Summarizing, SIR is valid as a qualitative principle but the reported angles ϕ based on several experimental quantities are often wrong. Each case must be examined separately as to the actual shape of the molecule. The classical paper by Braude et al. is a particularly bad example: the basic hypothesis of a planar excited state was not confirmed by our calculations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intensely fluorescent dipyrrinones
Authors: Boiadjiev Stefan E. , Lightner David A.
Published: June 2004

Intense fluorescence from a new, more highly conjugated (benzannelated) xanthoglow analog, 9,11‐ dimethyl‐10‐[2‐(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]‐5H,7H‐pyrrolo[2′,1′:6,1]pyrimidino[3,4‐a]isoindole‐5,7‐dione (1), was determined accurately and compared with fluorescence from the parent xanthoglow, 1‐ethyl‐8‐[2‐(methoxycarbonyl) ethyl]‐2,7,9‐trimethyl‐3H,5H‐dipyrrolo[1,2‐c:2′,1′‐f]pyrimidine‐3,5‐dione (2). Benzoxanthoglow (1) gave a quantum yield for fluorescence (ϕF) of 0.78 in cyclohexane (λexc 412 nm, λem 487 nm), whereas xanthoglow methyl ester (2) gave ϕF = 0.80 in cyclohexane (λexc 410 nm, λem 473 nm). In DMSO, 1 gave ϕF = 0.55 (λexc 419 nm, λem 530 nm) and 2 gave ϕF = 0.65 (λexc 419 nm, λem 508 nm), illustrating the large Stokes shifts and strong fluorescence properties of these easily synthesized yellow pigments. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solvolysis of aromatic benzoyl chlorides: how is the π‐electron stabilization of the aromatic acyl chlorides and acylium cations related to the π‐electron delocalization?
Authors: Krygowski Tadeusz M. , Cyrański Michal K. , Sung Dae D. , Stepień Beata T.
Published: June 2004

Homodesmotic stabilization energies of XPhCOCl and XPhCO+ estimated at the B3LYP/6–311G** level of theory for eight para‐substituted derivatives (X = H, Cl, F, OH, OCH3, NH2, NO2 and CH3) are good descriptors for changes of the π‐electron delocalization parameters of the ring, measured by NICS and HOMA, and also for geometry parameters of COCl and CO+ groups. Good correlations are also found for atomic charges in these groups. Electron‐donating substituents elongate the C—Cl bond dramatically and increase the negative charge at the Cl atom in the XPhCOCl molecule. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
298 K enthalpies of formation of monofluorinated alkanes: theoretical predictions for methyl, ethyl, isopropyl and tert‐butyl fluoride
Authors: Kormos Bethany L. , Liebman Joel F. , Cramer Christopher J.
Published: June 2004

Experimentally measured 298 K enthalpies of formation are not well established for monofluoroalkanes. To supplement available experimental data, the multi‐coefficient G3 (MCG3) quantum mechanical model has been applied to estimate this thermochemical quantity for methyl fluoride, ethyl fluoride, 2‐fluoropropane (isopropyl fluoride) and 2‐fluoro‐2‐methylpropane (tert‐butyl fluoride). The following 298 K standard enthalpies of formation are suggested for these monofluoroalkanes: ΔH (MeF) = −57.1 ± 0.2 kcal mol−1, ΔH (EtF) = −66.5 ±  0.4 kcal mol−1, ΔH (i‐PrF) = −75.4± 0.5 kcal mol−1, and ΔH (t‐BuF) = −86.0 ± 2.0 kcal mol−1 (1 kcal =  4.184 kJ). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IPOS Sutherland Memorial Lecture: An international perspective on the development of psychosocial oncology: overcoming cultural and attitudinal barriers to improve psychosocial care
Authors: Holland Jimmie C.
Published: June 2004

Around the world, traditionally the diagnosis of cancer and its prognosis was withheld from patients for centuries, due to the stigma and fears attached to it. This custom of ‘never telling’ precluded talking with patients about their feelings and how they were coping with illness and the threat of death. In the last quarter of the twentieth century, patient's right of access to information, coupled with the diminished stigma attached to cancer, encouraged physicians into a more open dialogue. In the majority of countries today, patients learn their diagnosis and know their treatment options. This change permitted the first formal psychosocial studies of patients in the 1950s, and the beginning of research into coping and development of interventions to improve quality of life. However, a second independent stigma, also present for centuries, has persisted: the stigma associated with mental disorders (even in the context of severe physical illness). This prejudice about mental problems has been a barrier to the integration of the psychosocial domain into total cancer care; the identification of patients who are distressed; and, patient's acceptance of psychological help. Despite these barriers, psychosocial oncology has developed worldwide, with a small, but active cadre of investigators and clinicians engaging in clinical, educational and research aspects of psycho‐oncology. The International Psycho‐Oncology Society (IPOS), since 1984, has brought them together. The Sutherland Memorial Lecture has honored nine individuals from five countries who have made major contributions to the field: 1982, Avery Weisman; 1984, Bernard Fox; 1987, Morton Bard; 1991, Margit von Kerekjarto; 1993, Ned Cassem; 1996, Steven Greer; 1998, Hiroomi Kawano; 2000, Robert Zittoun; and 2003, Jimmie Holland. The scientific base for psychosocial oncology is now secure with a body of knowledge, textbooks and journals which have led to the development of evidence–based clinical practice guidelines for psychosocial services in several countries. A benchmark now exists against which care can be monitored and accountability established. The next 25 years will see an improvement in the psychosocial care of patients, based on research that gives a scientific basis for interventions, and a reduction in the barriers to psychosocial care in cancer. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rethinking research on psychosocial interventions in biopsychosocial oncology: An essay written in honor of the scholarly contributions of Bernard H. Fox
Authors: Temoshok Lydia R.
Published: June 2004

In his best known contribution to the field of psychooncology, the late Dr Bernard H. Fox applied his breadth of scholarship in biopsychosocial cancer epidemiology to address the question of whether and to what extent stress and other psychosocial factors may contribute to cancer risk. Less well known but equally important to the field is his incisive critique of the 1989 study by Spiegel et al. on survival time of patients with metastatic breast cancer following a psychosocial intervention. This essay represents an attempt to take Fox's line of thought to the next logical level of rethinking research on psychosocial interventions in biopsychosocial oncology. Following an analysis of the inadequacy of randomized clinical trials (RCT) to evaluate the causal effects of psychosocial interventions on cancer outcomes and distinguish these from mere prediction, an integrated RCT design is suggested to take into account the psychogenicity of a given intervention, potential mediating mechanisms, and individual differences that could help illuminate hypothesized causal processes linking an experimental intervention and cancer outcomes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meaning and its measurement in psychosocial oncology
Authors: White Craig A.
Published: June 2004

Although ‘meaning’ is a construct that has been referred to for many years within psychological research, particularly in work to examine the ways in which individuals respond to crises or illness, it is only relatively recently that this has started to appear within the psychosocial oncology literature. Where the term has been used, there has been much variation in the way in which this has been operationalised and measured (a problem that has been evident within other areas of psychosocial oncology). This article will review some of the self‐report measures that have been developed to assess levels of meaning, outlining their background and status regarding psychometric performance. This will be followed by some recommendations on measures that are particularly suited for use in further work. It is suggested that their application to examine conceptual issues of will be more productive if researchers aim to develop existing measures and not to create new measures. Use of those measures with better psychometric properties could in time facilitate larger data sets and allow for cross cultural comparisons of the impact of cancer on global and situational meaning. Specific recommendations are made for measures to be used in the assessment of global and situational meaning in cancer. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Broadcast MSCs
Authors: Krüger I. , Prenninger W. , Sandner R.
Published: June 2004

Message sequence charts (MSCs) have proven to be a useful modeling technique especially within the requirements analysis phase of software development. MSCs, however, do not support the concept of broadcast communication, which is frequently used in technical applications. In this paper, we present an extension to MSCs for the modeling of broadcast interaction scenarios. Based on the mathematical framework of timed streams we also introduce a semantics for broadcast MSCs. We thoroughly discuss methodological benefits and semantic properties of this approach, consider alternative solutions, and address its scaleability with respect to complex real-time systems applications.
Certifying circuits in Type Theory
Authors: Coupet-Grimal Solange , Jakubiec Line
Published: June 2004

We investigate how to take advantage of the particular features of the calculus of inductive constructions in the framework of hardware verification. First, we emphasize in a short case study the use of dependent types and of the constructive aspect of the logic for specifying and synthesizing combinatorial circuits. Then, co-inductive types are introduced to model the temporal aspects of sequential synchronous devices. Moore and Mealy automata are co-inductively axiomatized and are used to represent uniformly both the structures and the behaviors of the circuits. This leads to clear, general and elegant proof processes as is illustrated on the example of a realistic circuit: the ATM Switch Fabric. All the proofs are carried out using Coq.
CCL3, acting via the chemokine receptor CCR5, leads to independent activation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and Gi proteins
Authors: Mueller Anja , Strange Philip G
Published: June 2004

The interaction of the chemokine receptor, CCR5, expressed in recombinant cells, with different G proteins was investigated and CCR5 was found to interact with Gi, Go and Gq species. Interaction with Gi leads to G protein activation, whereas Gq does not seem to be activated. Additionally, CCR5 activation also leads to phosphorylation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2). Activation of JAK2 is independent of Gi or Gq activation. Gi protein activation was not prevented by inhibition of JAK, showing that heterotrimeric G protein activation and activation of the JAK/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway are independent of each other.
PIASy represses TRIF‐induced ISRE and NF‐κB activation but not apoptosis
Authors: Zhang Jun , Xu Liang-Guo , Han Ke-Jun , Wei Xudong , Shu Hong-Bing
Published: June 2004

The TIR domain‐containing adapter protein TRIP is critically involved in TLR3‐induced IFN‐β production through activation of NF‐κB and ISRE. In addition, TRIF also induces apoptosis when overexpressed in 293 cells. In this report, we demonstrate that PIASy, a member of the PIAS SUMO‐ligase family, interacts with TRIP, IRF‐3 and IRF‐7. In reporter gene assays, PIASy dramatically inhibits TRIF‐induced NF‐κB, ISRE and IFN‐β activation but not TRIF‐induced apoptosis. Furthermore, PIASy also inhibits IRF‐3, IRF‐7 and Sendai virus‐induced ISRE activation. Our results suggest that PIASy is an inhibitor of TRIF‐induced ISRE and NF‐κB activation but not apoptosis.
Aldosterone rapidly activates Src kinase in M‐1 cells involving the mineralocorticoid receptor and HSP84
Authors: Braun Sabine , Lösel Ralf , Wehling Martin , Boldyreff Brigitte
Published: June 2004

We investigated the effect of aldosterone on Src kinase. In the kidney cell line, M‐1 aldosterone leads to a >2‐fold transient activation of Src kinase seen as early as 2 min after aldosterone administration. Maximal Src kinase activation was measured at an aldosterone concentration of 1 nM. In parallel to activation, autophosphorylation at Tyr‐416 of Src kinase increased. Src kinase activation was blocked by spironolactone. Aldosterone led to increased association of Src with HSP84. Furthermore, rapamycin blocked aldosterone‐induced Src activation. We conclude that Src activation by aldosterone is mediated through the mineralocorticoid receptor and HSP84.
Inhibition of hexose transport and abrogation of pH homeostasis in the intraerythrocytic malaria parasite by an O‐3‐hexose derivative
Authors: Saliba Kevin J , Krishna Sanjeev , Kirk Kiaran
Published: June 2004

An O‐3‐hexose derivative, shown previously to inhibit a malaria parasite hexose transporter expressed in Xenopus oocytes as well as to suppress the multiplication of parasites, both in vitro and in vivo, was shown here to block the uptake of hexose sugars into isolated blood‐stage parasites. This led to a decline in ATP levels and the loss of intracellular pH control. The results are consistent with those obtained with the cloned transporter. They support the notion that the transporter mediates uptake of glucose into the intraerythrocytic parasite and provide further support for the view that it is a suitable antimalarial drug target.
Phospholipase activity is modulated by c‐Fos through substrate expansion and hyperpolarization
Authors: Borioli Graciela A , Caputto Beatriz L , Maggio Bruno
Published: June 2004

c‐Fos, a component of AP‐1 transcription factors, has been shown to have marked amphitropic properties and to regulate phospholipase activity against lipid monolayers. In agreement with its high surface activity, it has also been found to associate to membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and to activate phospholipid metabolism in vivo. All these findings point to an involvement of this oncoprotein within a membrane environment. We have previously shown that c‐Fos modulates in different manners the activity of phospholipase A2 and phospholipase C against monolayers of dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (PC). In this work, we have studied the possible molecular mechanism underlying the phosphohydrolytic modulation. Our results show that c‐Fos expands and hyperpolarizes PC, indicating that its effects on these enzymatic activities are due to the changes it induces on the interfacial organization of the substrate.
Changing the terms of trade policy making: from the ‘club’ to the ‘multistakeholder’ model
Authors: HOCKING BRIAN
Published: June 2004

In the light of the events surrounding the Seattle Ministerial in December 1999 and the fate of the Multilateral Agreement on Investment, increasing attention is being paid not only to the substance of trade policy but to the processes through which it is effected. Growing realization of the need to enhance transparency and legitimacy in trade policy decision-making is reflected in debates on the openness of the multilateral processes most obviously represented by the World Trade Organization. Somewhat less attention has been paid to ways in which national trade policy processes are adapting to these pressures. The article argues the need to redress the balance and suggests that it is possible to analyse the development of at least some national trade policy environments in terms of a shift from a ‘club’, through an ‘adaptive club’ to a ‘multistakeholder’ model. These are examined with specific reference to the development of the latter in the Canadian and European Union contexts.
Capacity to sue and be sued under WTO law
Authors: MARTHA RUTSEL SILVESTRE J.
Published: June 2004

This article discusses the issue of the capacity to be a party (legitima persona standi in iudicio) to the dispute settlement proceedings of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and addresses the question whether there is a need stemming from the system of norms in the WTO to involve non-Members, especially non-State actors, as participants in its dispute settlement process.
The safeguards mess revisited: the fundamental problem
Authors: JONES KENT
Published: June 2004

In the November 2003 issue of this journal, Alan Sykes describes the WTO Safeguards Agreement (SA) as ‘a mess’ (Sykes, 2003). The author sets out to show that the criteria for using safeguards protection under WTO rules, and Appellate Body (AB) decisions related to dispute settlement cases over such protection, are incoherent. Any use of protection under the SA therefore appears doomed to being struck down in a WTO challenge. The author believes that the AB could rectify this situation in the form of guidelines to make safeguards protection operational, assuming that such protection should be used in the first place.
The ‘safeguards mess’ revisited – a reply to Professor Jones
Authors: SYKES ALAN O.
Published: June 2004

I thank Professor Jones for his thoughtful commentary on my paper regarding the ‘safeguards mess’ in the November 2003 issue of this Review. I disagree with him on some key points, however, and believe that he has misread my position on others. Accordingly, I am grateful to the editors of the World Trade Review for this opportunity to offer a brief rejoinder.
The WTO dispute settlement process: did the negotiators get what they wanted?
Authors: STOLER ANDREW L.
Published: June 2004

The short answer to the question posed in the title is for the most part ‘yes’. The negotiators' objectives grew out of their governments' unsatisfactory experiences with GATT dispute settlement and they set out to fix what was wrong with the system. In the Uruguay Round result, WTO Members have established a system that is truly multilateral and at the same time works effectively and efficiently. Today the system is used by developed and developing countries alike and has shown itself capable of resolving extremely difficult and politically sensitive trade disputes. At the end of the Uruguay Round, the results of these negotiations were warmly praised in key capitals around the world, including in Washington. But there is at least one important US objective that, in practice, turned out not to have been met (at least in the way intended) in the Uruguay Round negotiations. Another important objective of many of the negotiators now appears to have backfired to an extent that several WTO Members are seeking to revisit their earlier achievement.
Killing the Byrd Amendment with the right stone
Authors: BHAGWATI JAGDISH , MAVROIDIS PETROS C.
Published: June 2004

On 16 January 2003, the WTO Appellate Body issued its report on United States – Continued Dumping And Subsidy Offset Act Of 2000 (WTO Doc. WT/DS217 and 234/AB/R). In this report, the Appellate Body condemned the so-called US Byrd Amendment by finding that it was inconsistent with the US obligations under the WTO Agreements on Antidumping (AD) and Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM).
A comparison of observed and modeled surface waves in southern Lake Michigan and the implications for models of sediment resuspension
Authors: Hawley Nathan , Lesht Barry M. , Schwab David J.
Published: June 2004

Subsurface pressure sensors were used to make measurements of surface waves during 18 deployments in southern Lake Michigan between 1998 and 2000. Most of the observations were made during the unstratified period (November–May) in water depths between 10 and 55 m. The observations (as well as those obtained from the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoy 45007, which is located in the middle of the southern basin of the lake) were compared to the results obtained from the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL)‐Donelan wave model implemented on a 2‐km grid. The results show that the wave model does a good job of calculating the wave heights, but consistently underestimates the wave periods. In over 80% of the cases the bottom stresses calculated from both the observations and the wave model results agree as to whether or not resuspension occurs, but over 70% of this agreement is for cases when resuspension does not occur; both stresses predict resuspension about 6% of the time. Since the bottom stresses calculated from the model results are usually lower than those calculated from the observations, resuspension estimates based on the wave model parameters are also lower than those calculated from the observed waves.
Arctic warming through the Fram Strait: Oceanic heat transport from 3 years of measurements
Authors: Schauer Ursula , Fahrbach Eberhard , Osterhus Svein , Rohardt Gerd
Published: June 2004

We present estimates of volume and heat transport through Fram Strait for the period 1997 to 2000 from data of moored instruments. The annual mean volume transports at 78°55′N were between 9 2 and 10 1 Sv northward and 13 2 and 12 1 Sv southward with a net transport between 4 2 and 2 2 Sv to the south. The temperature of the northward flow of Atlantic Water had a strong seasonality with a minimum in winter. Nevertheless, the northward heat transport was highest in winter caused by the winter maximum of northward volume transport. Between 1997 and 1999, the annual mean net heat transport across 78°55′N increased from 16 12 to 41 5 TW. This resulted from a very strong increase in heat transport in the West Spitsbergen Current (mean annual values from 28 5 to 44 6 TW and to 46 5 TW in 99/00) which was not compensated by an equivalent signal in the southward flow. The heat transport to the south remained constant within error limitations. Only half of the heat flux increase in the West Spitsbergen Current was due to a higher temperature; half of it was due to a stronger flow. A similar increase as observed between 1997 and 2000 would have been sufficient to explain the warming of intermediate layers in the Eurasian Arctic observed in the early 1990s. Consequently, we suggest that a warming signal from the late 1990s is presently spreading in the interior Arctic Ocean.
Nature of unresolved complex mixture in size‐distributed emissions from residential wood combustion as measured by thermal desorption‐gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Hays Michael D. , Smith N. Dean , Dong Yuanji
Published: June 2004

Unresolved complex mixture (UCM) is an analytical artifact of gas chromatographs of combustion source‐related fine aerosol extracts. In this study the UCM is examined in size‐resolved fine aerosol emissions from residential wood combustion. The aerosols are sorted by size in an electrical low‐pressure impactor (ELPI) and subsequently analyzed by thermal desorption/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD/GC/MS). A semiquantitative system for predicting the branched alkane, cycloalkane, alkylbenzene, C3‐, C4‐, C5‐alkylbenzene, methylnaphthalene, C3‐, C4‐, C5‐alkylnaphthalene, methylphenanthrene C2‐, C3‐alkylphenanthrene, and dibenzothiophene concentrations in the UCM is introduced. Analysis by TD/GS/MS detects UCM on each ELPI stage for all six combustion tests. The UCM baseline among the different fuel types is variable. In particular, the UCM of Pseudotsuga sp. is enriched in later‐eluting compounds of lower volatility. A high level of reproducibility is achieved in determining UCM areas. UCM fractions (UCM ion area/total extracted ion chromatograph area) by individual ELPI stage return a mean relative standard deviation of 19.1% over the entire combustion test set, indicating a highly consistent UCM fraction across the ELPI size boundaries. Among the molecular ions investigated, branched alkane (m/z 57) and dibenzothiophene (m/z 212 and 226) constituents are most abundant in UCM emissions from RWC, collectively accounting for 64−95% of the targeted chemical species. The total UCM emissions span 446−756 mg/kg of dry biomass burned and correspond to an upper limit of 7.1% of the PM2.5 mass. The UCM emissions are primarily accumulation mode (0.1 μm ≤ aerodynamic diameter (da) ≤ 1 μm), with a geometric mean diameter (dg) range of 120.3−518.4 nm. UCM in PM2.5 is chemically asymmetric (shifted to finer da), typically clustering at da ≤ 1 μm. Measurable shifts in dg and changes in distribution widths (σg) on an intratest basis suggest that the particle density may be a function of size within PM1. The potential effects these results have on regulatory affairs, human health studies, and the state of the analytical science covering organics in PM2.5 are discussed.