bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unified Synthesis of the Marine Sesquiterpene Quinones (+)‐Smenoqualone, (–)‐Ilimaquinone, (+)‐Smenospongine, and (+)‐Isospongiaquinone
Authors: Katoh Takeru , Atsumi Suguru , Saito Ryo , Narita Koichi , Katoh Tadashi
Published: May 2017

The marine sesquiterpene quinones (+)‐smenoqualone, (–)‐ilimaquinone, (+)‐smenospongine, and (+)‐isospongiaquinone were efficiently synthesized in a unified manner starting from a known trans‐decalin derivative, which is accessible from (+)‐5‐methyl Wieland–Miescher ketone. The synthetic method involved the following key steps: (i) assembly of the whole carbon skeleton by coupling the decalin segment to an aromatic moiety; (ii) p‐quinone formation by strategic salcomine oxidation of phenolic intermediates; (iii) direct conversion of (–)‐ilimaquinone into (+)‐isospongiaquinone by pTsOH‐induced isomerization of the C‐4 olefinic double bond; (iv) site‐selective amination of a dimethoxy‐p‐quinone intermediate by substitution of the C‐18 methoxy group with an amino group; and (v) one‐step construction of the requisite tetracyclic core structure by sequential BF3·Et2O‐induced rearrangement/cyclization of an olefinic decalin intermediate having an aromatic moiety. The syntheses of (+)‐smenoqualone and (+)‐smenospongine are reported here for the first time.
Perpetual ingroup victimhood as a distorted lens: Effects on attribution and categorization
Authors: Schori‐Eyal Noa , Klar Yechiel , Ben‐Ami Yarden
Published: May 2017

Although the effects of group‐based victimhood on attitudes and emotions have been demonstrated in previous research, the ways it affects cognitive processes remain unclear. Four studies examined how a perpetual ingroup victimhood orientation (PIVO) affects cognitive biases. High levels of PIVO were associated with the categorization of more outgroups as hostile to the ingroup, and more rapid responses when using an enmity criterion (Study 1). PIVO was also associated with more attributions of malevolent intentions and fewer attributions of neutral intentions to outgroup members in ambiguous situations (Study 2a); when primed with reminders of historical group trauma, attribution of malevolent intentions increased among high‐ but not low‐ PIVO individuals (Study 2b). However, the effect extended to all participants when using a larger sample (Study 2c). The implications of these categorization and attributional biases are discussed in particular as regards the self‐perpetuating nature of perceived group victimhood.
The rhetorical complexity of competitive and common victimhood in conversational discourse
Authors: McNeill Andrew , Pehrson Samuel , Stevenson Clifford
Published: May 2017

Much current research on collective victimhood acknowledges the role of rhetoric but does not fully address the implications for micro‐level variation in personal expressions of victimhood. The focus has tended to be on individual differences in collective victimhood construals where people may either see their group as the sole possessor of victim status or may incorporate other groups into an inclusive category. Although recent research sees a strategic element in some ‘inclusivity’, we argue that all claims of victimhood are strategic. By using a discursive approach, we show variability in the expression of victimhood and how this accomplishes different activities in conversations. Several focus groups consisting of victims from Northern Ireland were analysed to identify presentations of victimhood and their relation to the unfolding dynamics of the conversation. We demonstrate that presentation of victimhood is an interactional concern, link this to the concept of ‘needs’ and suggest implications this might have.
An application of the prototype willingness model to drivers' speeding behaviour
Authors: Elliott Mark A. , McCartan Rebecca , Brewster Sarah E. , Coyle Dionne , Emerson Lindsey , Gibson Kayleigh
Published: May 2017

We tested the prototype willingness model (PWM). The participants (N = 198) completed online questionnaire measures of PWM constructs (Time 1) and subsequent speeding behaviour (Time 2). Path analyses showed that the PWM accounted for 89% of the variance in subsequent (self‐reported) speeding behaviour. This significantly exceeded the variance accounted for by the theory of planned behaviour. In line with the PWM, both behavioural intention and behavioural willingness had direct effects on behaviour. Behavioural willingness had a significantly larger effect. Attitude and subjective norm both had indirect effects on behaviour through both behavioural intention and behavioural willingness. Prototype (similarity) perceptions had indirect effects on behaviour through behavioural willingness only. The findings support the notion that driving is governed by reactive decision‐making (willingness), underpinned by prototype perceptions, attitudes and subjective norms, to a greater extent than it is deliberative decision‐making (intentions), underpinned by attitudes and subjective norms. The implications for safety interventions are discussed.
Imagined intergroup contact promotes support for human rights through increased humanization
Authors: Prati Francesca , Loughnan Steve
Published: May 2017

Dehumanization concerns the denial of others' human uniqueness (animalistic dehumanization) or human nature (mechanistic dehumanization). Imagined intergroup contact has been suggested to be an effective technique for reducing dehumanization. We examined whether this intervention might primarily work by increasing the type of humanness the group specifically lacks. Study 1 revealed that after imagining contact with an animalized out‐group (i.e., Gypsy people), participants attributed higher levels of human uniqueness. Study 2 replicated this finding, eliminating improved intergroup attitudes as an alternative explanation. Further, it demonstrated that imagined contact increased support for human rights, and that this was mediated by increased adscription of human uniqueness. Study 3 confirmed previous evidence by showing that after imagining contact with a mechanized out‐group (i.e., Japanese people), participants attributed higher levels of human nature that explains support for human rights. Overall, imagined contact specifically works at increasing the type of humanness the group is typically denied.
Why are conservatives happier than liberals? Comparing different explanations based on system justification, multiple group membership, and positive adjustment
Authors: Butz Sebastian , Kieslich Pascal J. , Bless Herbert
Published: May 2017

This study examined the relation between conservatism and life satisfaction. Analyses based on data from a representative German survey (ALLBUS 2010) revealed a positive relation between conservatism and self‐reported life satisfaction, thus supporting prior claims of this link. Different accounts have been proposed for this relationship, suggesting system justification, positive adjustment, or multiple group membership as potential mediators. Going beyond prior research, this study allowed for a comparison between these different mechanisms. Analyses revealed that system justification and one of the three examined constructs related to positive adjustment (i.e., religiosity) were significant mediators of the positive relationship between political conservatism and life satisfaction. Comparable results were obtained after controlling for a number of sociodemographic variables. The present findings indicate (i) that conservatives report to be more satisfied with their lives than liberals and (ii) that this difference is in part due to conservatives' system justification and religiosity.
Dissonance and abstraction: Cognitive conflict leads to higher level of construal
Authors: Cancino‐Montecinos Sebastian , Björklund Fredrik , Lindholm Torun
Published: May 2017

This study investigated the effects of cognitive conflict on abstract thinking. According to action‐identification theory, an ambiguous and unfamiliar situation might propel an individual to a more abstract mindset. Based on this premise, cognitive conflict was hypothesized to put people in an abstract mindset. The induced compliance paradigm, in which participants are asked to write a counter‐attitudinal essay under either low choice (producing little dissonance) or high choice (producing more dissonance), was employed. Results showed that an abstract mindset was in fact activated in the induced compliance paradigm, and this effect was more pronounced for participants having a more concrete mindset to begin with. The results suggest that the experience of cognitive conflict is closely related to increased abstraction.
Trust maintenance as a function of construal level and attributions: The case of apologies
Authors: van Houwelingen Gijs , van Dijke Marius , De Cremer David
Published: May 2017

When do recipients of an apology (“trustors”) base their decision to trust a perpetrator (a “trustee”) on the attributional information embedded in an apology? Attributions provide a detailed account of the trustee's causal involvement in committing a transgression. We therefore argue that trustors in a low construal level mindset use this information in their trusting decision. However, trustors in a high construal level mindset likely consider all apologies as simple statements of regret, regardless of the attributional information they contain. We find support for this argument in four laboratory experiments. This research nuances the idea that to restore trust by means of an apology, the trustee must only use an effective attribution for a negative outcome. We also present a more realistic understanding of the process leading from apologies to trust than has been offered in previous work by simultaneously considering the role of the trustor and that of the trustee in the trust restoration process.
Using nostalgia to reduce prejudice toward immigrants
Authors: Gravani Maria , Soureti Anastasia , Stathi Sofia
Published: May 2017

Based on research that points to nostalgia as a means of warding off stigmatization, this study suggests that nostalgia triggered by a past encounter with a close immigrant from the in‐group can improve attitudes toward out‐group immigrants. Focusing on immigration in Greece, 99 university students (M = 23.06, SD = 5.44) participated in the study. Participants who were induced with nostalgia reported higher social connectedness, inclusion of the out‐group in the self, out‐group trust, and positive out‐group attitude compared with participants in the control condition. The aforementioned findings demonstrated that the positive effects of nostalgia about a close in‐group member (in this case, a Greek person), who shares an identity with the out‐group (being an immigrant), can generalize to the out‐group as a whole (immigrants in general). Further implications and future directions on the use of nostalgia as a means of improving attitudes are addressed.
Nostalgia motivates pursuit of important goals by increasing meaning in life
Authors: Sedikides Constantine , Cheung Wing‐Yee , Wildschut Tim , Hepper Erica G. , Baldursson Einar , Pedersen Bendt
Published: May 2017

This research focused on existential and motivational implications of the emotion of nostalgia. Nostalgia (relative to control) increased meaning in life, which, in turn, galvanised intentions to pursue one's most important goal (Experiment 1) and to pursue one's most important, but not least important, goal (Experiment 2). The basic pattern held in two cultures (British and Danish) independently of positive affect. This is the first evidence that nostalgia has specific motivational consequences (i.e., pursuit of more, but not less, important goals) and transmits these consequences via meaning in life. Also, this is the first evidence that meaning is associated with specific motivational consequences. Discussion considers the relevance of the findings for the emotion and motivation literatures.
LC‐MS/MS isomeric profiling of permethylated N‐glycans derived from serum haptoglobin of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cirrhotic patients
Authors: Huang Yifan , Zhou Shiyue , Zhu Jianhui , Lubman David M. , Mechref Yehia
Published: May 2017

Early stage detection and cancer treatment demand the identification of reliable biomarkers. Over the past decades, efforts have been devoted to assess the variation of glycosylation level as well as the glycan structures of proteins in blood or serum, associated with the development and/or progression of several cancers, including liver. Herein, an LC‐MS/MS‐based analysis was conducted to define the glycosylation patterns of haptoglobin glycoprotein derived from sera collected from cirrhotic and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. The haptoglobin samples were extracted from serum using an antibody‐immobilized column prior to the release of N‐glycans. A comparison of non‐isomeric and isomeric permethylated glycan forms was achieved using C18 and porous graphitic carbon (PGC) columns, respectively. In the case of C18‐LC‐MS/MS analysis, 25 glycan structures were identified of which 10 sialylated structures were found to be statistically significant between the two cohorts. Also, 8 out of 34 glycan structures identified by PGC‐LC‐MS/MS were found to be statistically significant, suggesting that isomeric distributions of a particular glycan composition were different in abundances between the two cohorts. The glycan isoform patterns distinguished early stage HCC from cirrhotic patients. Both retention times and tandem mass spectra were utilized to determine the specific isomeric glycan structures. All of the glycan isomers, which were statistically significant, were either branch fucosylated or composed of α‐2,6 linked sialic acid moieties. The result of this study demonstrates the potential importance of isomeric separation for defining disease prompted aberrant glycan changes. The levels of several glycan isoforms effectively distinguished early stage HCC from cirrhosis.
Global regulatory requirements for mutagenicity assessment in the registration of industrial chemicals
Authors: Ji Zhiying , Ball Nicholas S. , LeBaron Matthew J.
Published: May 2017

Mutagenicity is an important toxicological endpoint that requires thorough evaluation during the industrial chemical registration process. Regulatory requirements for mutagenicity assessment in registration of industrial chemicals vary in geographic regions (and in some cases by intended application). Here we compile the mutagenicity testing requirements for registration of industrial chemicals from representative geographic regions (in alphabetical order), that is Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, European Union (EU), India, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and United States (US). We further discuss the challenges that industry is facing to meet global regulations, for example, different testing requirements among geographic regions, different strategies in follow‐up tests to in vitro positive findings, no‐observed‐adverse‐effect‐levels in genetic toxicity testing, and human relevance of mutagenicity. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:345–353, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Measurement Error and Bias in Value‐Added Models
Authors: Kane Michael T.
Published: May 2017

By aggregating residual gain scores (the differences between each student's current score and a predicted score based on prior performance) for a school or a teacher, value‐added models (VAMs) can be used to generate estimates of school or teacher effects. It is known that random errors in the prior scores will introduce bias into predictions of the current scores, and thereby, into the estimated residual gain scores and VAM scores. The analyses in this paper examine the origins of this bias and its potential impact and indicate that the bias is an increasing linear function of the student's prior achievement and can be quite large (e.g., half a true‐score standard deviation) for very low‐scoring and high‐scoring students. To the extent that students with relatively low or high prior scores are clustered in particular classes and schools, the student‐level bias will tend to generate bias in VAM estimates of teacher and school effects. Adjusting for this bias is possible, but it requires estimates of generalizability (or reliability) coefficients that are more accurate and precise than those that are generally available for standardized achievement tests.
FIB‐4 stage of liver fibrosis predicts incident heart failure among HIV‐infected and uninfected patients
Authors: So‐Armah Kaku A. , Lim Joseph K. , Lo Re Vincent , Tate Janet P. , Chang Chung‐Chou H. , Butt Adeel A. , Gibert Cynthia L. , Rimland David , Marconi Vincent C. , Goetz Matthew B. , Rodriguez‐Barradas Maria C. , Budoff Matthew J. , Tindle Hilary A. , Samet Jeffrey H. , Justice Amy C. , Freiberg Matthew S. ,   for the Veterans Aging Cohort Study Project Team
Published: May 2017

Liver fibrosis is common, particularly in individuals who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV‐infected individuals have excess congestive heart failure (CHF) risk compared with uninfected people. It remains unknown whether liver fibrosis stage influences the CHF risk or if HIV or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection modifies this association. Our objectives were to assess whether 1) stage of liver fibrosis is independently associated with incident CHF and 2) the association between stage of liver fibrosis and incident CHF is modified by HIV/HCV status. Participants alive on or after April 1, 2003, in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study were included. Those without prevalent cardiovascular disease were followed until their first CHF event, death, last follow‐up date, or December 31, 2011. Liver fibrosis was measured using the fibrosis 4 index (FIB‐4), which is calculated using age, aminotransferases, and platelets. Cox proportional hazards regression models were adjusted for cardiovascular disease risk factors. Among 96,373 participants over 6.9 years, 3844 incident CHF events occurred. FIB‐4 between 1.45 and 3.25 (moderate fibrosis) and FIB‐4 > 3.25 (advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis) were associated with CHF (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval], 1.17 [1.07‐1.27] and 1.65 [1.43‐1.92], respectively). The association of advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis and incident CHF persisted regardless of HIV/HCV status. Conclusion: Moderate and advanced liver fibrosis/cirrhosis are associated with an increased risk of CHF. The association for advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis persists even among participants without hepatitis C and/or HIV infection. Assessing liver health may be important for reducing the risk of future CHF events, particularly among HIV and hepatitis C infected people among whom cardiovascular disease risk is elevated and liver disease is common. (Hepatology 2017;66:1286‐1295)
Fracture Prospectively Recorded From Prepuberty to Young Adulthood: Are They Markers of Peak Bone Mass and Strength in Males?
Authors: Chevalley Thierry , Bonjour Jean-Philippe , Audet Marie-Claude , Merminod Fanny , van Rietbergen Bert , Rizzoli Rene , Ferrari Serge
Published: May 2017

Fractures are common in otherwise healthy children and adolescents. They result from trauma of varying severity. Some reflect a greater skeletal fragility. A long-term implication of these fractures is their potentiality to predict adult bone fragility and increased risk of osteoporosis in later life. Using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT), and micro-finite element analysis (μFEA) measurements, we previously found in 124 healthy females, followed from the age of 7.9 to 20.4 years, substantial deficits in both structural and strength components of the radius in the 42 girls who sustained a fracture during skeletal development. The objective of the current study was to assess in healthy males the relationship between fracture during development and expression of bone fragility in adulthood. A cohort of 152 boys was followed from age 7.4 ± 04 (mean ± SD) to 22.6 ± 0.7 years, ie, when peak bone mass is attained. Ninety participants (59.2%) sustained at least one fracture during growth, with highest incidence within the 10- to 13-year age range. Forearm was the most frequent site of fractures. At 7.4 years, several bone DXA-measured variables (areal bone mineral density [aBMD], bone mineral content [BMC]) were lower in the group with a positive fracture history during skeletal development compared with the non-fractured group. In contrast, at 22.6 years, no DXA-measured sites, including forearm, indicated a deficit in the fractured group compared with the non-fractured group. Likewise, at 22.6 years, neither HR-pQCT nor μFEA measurements, including distal radius, showed a structural or strength deficit in the fractured group. These results markedly contrast with a similar prospective study using the same technical and clinical design in 124 healthy girls. In conclusion, our prospective studies suggest a sex difference in the predictability of bone fragility in young adults who sustained fractures during childhood and adolescence. This difference might be related to the degree of trauma severity, usually lower in girls than in boys. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Elimination of Matrix Interferences in GC‐MS Analysis of Pesticides by Entropy Minimization
Authors: Lu Bo , Lv Yunbo , Chua Chun Kiang , Zhang Hua Jun
Published: May 2017

Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) is an important analytical technique for the analysis of organophosphorus pesticides in food products. Because of the complex matrices of food products, multiple preprocessing steps are required prior to performing the GC‐MS analysis. Despite that, it is difficult to totally eliminate the interference of complex matrix background. In this work, we introduce an entropy minimization technique that can eliminate the need for comprehensive preprocessing steps to detect organophosphorus pesticides in a fortified orange juice sample. The pure mass spectra and extracted‐ion chromatograms of the pesticides were extracted and reconstructed. The results achieved higher National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST) match scores in comparison to the conventional background subtraction technique. Taken together, the entropy minimization technique is capable of providing rapid qualitative and quantitative analyses of complex GC‐MS data. This technique is expected to have great potential for natural products and food analysis applications.
Synthesis of S‐2‐((S)‐3‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐N'‐((4‐chlorophenyl)sulfonyl)‐4‐phenyl‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazole‐1‐carboximidamido)‐3‐(methyl‐d3)butanamide‐d5, octadeuterated JD5037
Authors: Iyer Malliga R. , Cinar Resat , Coffey Nathan J. , Chorvat Robert J. , Kunos George
Published: May 2017

JD5037 (1) is a potent and selective, peripherally acting inverse agonist of the cannabinoid (CB1R) receptor. Peripheral CB1 receptor antagonists/inverse agonists have great potential in the treatment of metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes, obesity, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. We report the synthesis of octadeuterated [2H8]‐JD5037 (S, S) (8) along with its (S, R) diastereomer (13) from commercially available L‐valine‐d8 starting material. The [2H8]‐JD5037 compound will be used to quantitate unlabeled JD5037 during clinical ADME studies and will be used as an LC‐MS/MS bioanalytical standard.
Efficient finite element method to estimate eddy current loss due to random interlaminar contacts in electrical sheets
Authors: Bikram Shah Sahas , Rasilo Paavo , Hakula Harri , Arkkio Antero
Published: May 2017

Electrical sheets of electrical machines are laminated to reduce eddy current loss. However, a series of punching and pressing processes form random galvanic contacts at the edges of the sheets. These galvanic contacts are random in nature and cause an additional eddy current loss in the laminated cores. In this paper, a stochastic Galerkin finite element method is implemented to consider random interlaminar contacts in the magnetic vector potential formulation. The random interlaminar conductivities at the edges of the electrical sheets are approximated using a conductivity field and propagated through the finite element formulation. The spatial random variation of the conductivity causes the solution to be random, and hence, it is approximated by using a polynomial chaos expansion method. Finally, the additional eddy current losses due to the interlaminar contacts are estimated from a stochastic Galerkin method and compared with a Monte Carlo method. Accuracy and computation time of both models are discussed in the paper.
Numerical modeling and optimization on micro‐D electrical connector
Authors: Zeng Zhi , Zhou Zhiming , Li Xunbo , Tang Maolin , Peng Bei
Published: May 2017

Micro‐D electrical connectors are extremely crucial, highly reliable industrial devices in the fields of aerospace, military, and medicine. The geometry and size of the twisted wire contacts of micro‐D electrical connector are vital for its mechanical properties and structural stability. In this investigation, dynamics modeling, numerical simulation and experimental tests of the insertion‐extraction processes were applied on the twisted wire contacts of micro‐D electrical connector. The computer aided design and engineering (CAD‐CAE) parameterized models of the twisted‐wire contacts were developed, and the theoretical models were also built on the basis of the mechanics of the materials. Nonlinear dynamics simulation was performed by ANSYS/LS‐DYNA finite element software to analyze the force and stress distribution of the insertion‐extraction processes. The results showed that the insertion force (~0.34 N) was higher than the extraction force (~0.32 N), and the stress concentration occurred on the clamping end and the convex hull of the pin. The mechanical model and numerical simulation were then verified by the experimental tests. By the orthogonal test and the sequential quadratic programming optimization method, the insertion‐extraction forces could be reduced to obtain the optimal contacts structural parameters. This theoretical study will help researchers in the design, manufacture, and employment of micro‐D electrical connectors.
Evaluating the accuracy and economic value of a new test in the absence of a perfect reference test
Authors: Xie Xuanqian , Sinclair Alison , Dendukuri Nandini
Published: May 2017

Background

Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) pneumonia is often treated empirically as diagnosis is challenging because of the lack of a perfect test. Using BinaxNOW‐SP, a urinary antigen test, as an add‐on to standard cultures may not only increase diagnostic yield but also increase costs.

Objective

To estimate the sensitivity and specificity of BinaxNOW‐SP and subsequently estimate the cost‐effectiveness of adding BinaxNOW‐SP to the diagnostic work‐up.

Design

We fit a Bayesian latent‐class meta‐analysis model to obtain estimates of BinaxNOW‐SP accuracy that adjust for the imperfect accuracy of culture. Meta‐analysis results were combined with information on prevalence of SP pneumonia to estimate the number of patients who are correctly classified under competing diagnostic strategies. Taking into consideration the cost of antibiotics, we determined the incremental cost of adding BinaxNOW‐SP to the work‐up per case correctly diagnosed.

Results

The BinaxNOW‐SP test had a pooled sensitivity of 0.74 (95% credible interval [CrI], 0.67‐0.83) and a pooled specificity of 0.96 (95% CrI, 0.92‐0.99). An overall increase in diagnostic accuracy of 6.2% due to the addition of BinaxNOW‐SP corresponded to an incremental cost per case correctly classified of $582 Canadian dollars.

Conclusions

The methods we have described allow us to evaluate the accuracy and economic value of a new test in the absence of a perfect reference test using an evidence‐based approach.
Genetic diversity, virulotyping and antimicrobial resistance susceptibility ofYersinia enterocoliticaisolated from pigs and porcine products in Malaysia
Authors: Thong Kwai Lin , Tan Lai Kuan , Ooi Peck Toung
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND

The objectives of the present study were to determine the antimicrobial resistance, virulotypes and genetic diversity ofYersinia enterocoliticaisolated from uncooked porcine food and live pigs in Malaysia.

RESULTS

Thirty‐two non‐repeatY. enterocoliticastrains of three bioserotypes (3 variant/O:3,n= 27;1B/O:8,n= 3;1A/O:5,n= 2) were analysed. Approximately 90% of strains were multidrug‐resistant with a multiple antibiotic resistance index < 0.2 and the majority of the strains were resistant to nalidixic acid, clindamycin, ampicillin, ticarcillin, tetracycline and amoxicillin.Yersinia enterocoliticacould be distinguished distinctly into three clusters by pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis, with each belonging to a particular bioserotype. Strains of 3 variant/O:3 were more heterogeneous than others. Eleven of the 15 virulence genes tested (hreP,virF,rfbC,myfA,sat,inv,ail,ymoA,ystA,tccC,yadA) andpYVvirulence plasmid were present in all the bioserotpe 3 variant/03 strains.

CONCLUSION

The occurrence of virulent strains ofY. enterocoliticain pigs and porcine products reiterated that pigs are important reservoirs forY. enterocolitica.The increasing trend of multidrug resistant strains is a public health concern. This is the first report on the occurrence of potential pathogenic and resistant strains ofY. enterocoliticain pigs in Malaysia. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of bioactive compounds in black table olives fermented with selected microbial starters
Authors: Durante Miriana , Tufariello Maria , Tommasi Luca , Lenucci Marcello Salvatore , Bleve Gianluca , Mita Giovanni
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND

Table olives have been a component of the Mediterranean diet for centuries, with the trend for their consumption currently increasing worldwide. They are rich in bioactive molecules with nutritional, antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory or hormone‐like properties. In the present study, the concentrations of phenolics, triterpenic acids, carotenoids and vitamins, as well as fatty acid profiles and antioxidant activity, were analyzed in the edible portion of black table olives (Olea europea L.) from Italian (Cellina di Nardò and Leccino) and Greek (Kalamàta and Conservolea) cultivars fermented with selected autochthonous starters and in the corresponding monovarietal olive oils.

RESULTS

On a fresh weight basis, Cellina di Nardò and Leccino table olives showed the highest total phenolic content. No significant differences were found with respect to the levels of total triterpenic (maslinic and oleanolic) acids and vitamin E among cultivars. All table olives were characterized by high amounts of oleic, linoleic and palmitic acids. Oils were richer in lipophilic antioxidants (carotenoids and tocochromanols) than table olives, which, instead, showed a higher content of polyphenols and triterpenic acids than oils.

CONCLUSION

The present study demonstrates that fermented table olives are an excellent natural source of unsaturated fatty acids, as well as being nutritionally important health‐promoting bioactive compounds. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Changes in monosaccharides, organic acids and amino acids during Cabernet Sauvignon wine ageing based on a simultaneous analysis using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhang Xin‐Ke , Lan Yi‐Bin , Zhu Bao‐Qing , Xiang Xiao‐Feng , Duan Chang‐Qing , Shi Ying
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND

Monosaccharides, organic acids and amino acids are the important flavour‐related components in wines. The aim of this article is to develop and validate a method that could simultaneously analyse these compounds in wine based on silylation derivatisation and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), and apply this method to the investigation of the changes of these compounds and speculate upon their related influences on Cabernet Sauvignon wine flavour during wine ageing. This work presented a new approach for wine analysis and provided more information concerning red wine ageing.

RESULTS

This method could simultaneously quantitatively analyse 2 monosaccharides, 8 organic acids and 13 amino acids in wine. A validation experiment showed good linearity, sensitivity, reproducibility and recovery. Multiple derivatives of five amino acids have been found but their effects on quantitative analysis were negligible, except for methionine. The evolution pattern of each category was different, and we speculated that the corresponding mechanisms involving microorganism activities, physical interactions and chemical reactions had a great correlation with red wine flavours during ageing.

CONCLUSION

Simultaneously quantitative analysis of monosaccharides, organic acids and amino acids in wine was feasible and reliable and this method has extensive application prospects. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
The design and optimization of lens array for LED backlight in LCD imaging engine of helmet‐mounted display
Authors: Feng Qibin , Li Qigong , Wang Yong , Wu Chenchen , Lv Guoqiang
Published: May 2017

The light‐emitting diode has become the mainstream lightsource for backlight in the liquid crystal display imaging engine of helmet‐mounted display. The paper proposes a secondary‐optics‐based design to increase the luminance and obtain a uniform illumination. Based on a point lightsource, a single double‐freeform‐surface lens is firstly designed. Then an optimization is performed according to the theory of edge‐ray to improve the uniformity for planar source. As a result, the uniformity reaches 83.4% in a circular illumination with a diameter of 8 mm. Then the lens is cut and four rectangular lenses are combined to form a lens array. But the combination leads to a non‐uniformity. So a method of optimizing the light energy distribution on the target surface is proposed. Finally, the designed lens array is manufactured. The practical measurement results show that the luminance increases by 96.4% compared with the traditional backlight and that the non‐uniformity slightly decreases by 0.86%. The lens array designed in this paper presents high practicability for applications in helmet‐mounted display.
Position dependent surface quality in selective laser melting
Authors: Hitzler L. , Hirsch J. , Merkel M. , Hall W. , Öchsner A.
Published: May 2017

Additive manufacturing receives nowadays opulent attention in both media and ongoing research. In particular, the techniques involving full melting of the raw material, enabling the fabrication of directly deployable components, are of high interest. To date, there are still secondary influences which are yet to be considered, leading to substantial, mainly directional dependent, deviations. The study at hand investigated the surface roughness dependencies in plane, focusing on the interaction of the unidirectional inert gas stream with the irradiation sequence; more precisely the weld splashes emerging from the melt pool, and the resulting in plane pattern. The surface roughness of the upwards orientated faces revealed clear fluctuations, being lowest close to the gas‐inlet and also in the back area of the machine. Perpendicular to the fabrication plane aligned surfaces did not reveal any volatility regarding the inert gas stream. Increasing the energy density of the irradiation led to an increase in the surface roughness of all side faces, but to an improved roughness of the upwards facing surfaces coupled with a significant reduction in evident weld splashes.
Calibration of infrared (IR) camera for heat generation monitoring during abrasive electrodischarge grinding (AEDG)
Authors: Golabczak M. , Golabczak A. , Konstantynowicz A.
Published: May 2017

The heat generation process during the abrasive electrodischarge grinding (AEDG) process is one of the most critical sub processes, sometimes settling the critical issue. Thus the need for precise evaluation of this process which can be done in different ways, exemplary with using the infrared (IR) camera, which in turn seems to be flexible and comfortable in use. But precise and reliable measurement with using an infrared camera is not so straightforward due to the problem of camera calibration. Even for relative expensive equipment of this kind, the self‐calibration is performed in a way which is not fully adequate for precise measurement. Here we propose to apply a precisely heated etalon as radiation temperature standard. The whole method is based upon comparison of two independent measurements, one of them treated as the reference standard due to the high precision and reliability of the thermocouple measurements. This comparison, accomplished with the strong help of numerical procedures, is performed between two surfaces, not points like during bolometric‐like measurements, taking into account specific generation of the thermal picture with using focal plane array (FPA) infrared sensor.
Creation of combined σ‐ϵ graphs for some engineering materials
Authors: Valíček J. , Harničárová M. , Kušnerová M. , Václavík V. , Kopal I. , Koštial P.
Published: May 2017

This paper presents the characterization of engineering materials according to stress‐strain diagrams, according to the basic material, namely partially according to the basic material groups that correspond to the generally applicable division into metals, glasses, ceramics, composites, polymers, and elastomers. These groups of materials are presented using combined graphs obtained from the authors’ own method of solving the given problem. For the purpose of generalization, the conception according to the publication by Ashby can be used very well. By the fast development of new materials, the number of available and used materials in technical fields is growing. The concentration of technically used materials in the conception of Ashby can be used to derive an approximate equation of the distribution trend of a parameter of the conventional strength of material. From the graphical processing of these values, it is seen that this trend is concordant with the central line of materials in the diagram according to Ashby.
The effect of substrate bonding on characterization of thin elastic layers: A finite element study
Authors: Javanbakht Z. , Hall W. , Öchsner A.
Published: May 2017

Depth‐sensing indentation tests are used to characterize non‐conventional materials, such as biomaterials, which normally require particular considerations in terms of specimen preparation. The force‐depth measurements during the test reveals valuable information about the material which can be used to obtain the elastic modulus of the sample. Analytical 2D formulas are available in the literature which incorporate a scale factor to establish a proper relationship between the elastic modulus and the force‐indentation data. Finite element analysis in 3D was used to simulate the indentation test results, propose a modified scale factor for the analytical solution, and to make a comparison between the modified and original scale factors. The numerical results revealed that the 2D formulation produces closer values to those of the 3D simulations at higher aspect ratios. Additionally, in order to consider the effects of the substrate, two extreme values for the scale factor are proposed.
Buyer cartels and private enforcement of antitrust policy
Authors: Blair Roger D. , Wang Wenche
Published: May 2017

Collusion among buyers leads to social welfare losses, which provide the economic rationale for public enforcement of the antitrust law. This conduct also imposes losses on the victimized sellers, which provide the foundation for private enforcement through private damage actions. In this paper, we present a rigorous economic analysis of buyer cartels. This effort includes both full participation and partial conspiracies. We review the antitrust treatment of collusive monopsony in the United States, the European Union, and Asia, offer a measure of antitrust damages, and examine the necessary precision of the damage estimate. We also suggest that the proper use of modern econometrics should allay judicial concerns with speculation.
Phenol‐enriched olive oils modify paraoxonase‐related variables: A randomized, crossover, controlled trial
Authors: Fernández‐Castillejo Sara , García‐Heredia Ana‐Isabel , Solà Rosa , Camps Jordi , López de la Hazas Maria‐Carmen , Farràs Marta , Pedret Anna , Catalán Úrsula , Rubió Laura , Motilva Maria‐José , Castañer Olga , Covas María‐Isabel , Valls Rosa‐Maria
Published: May 2017

Scope

Low paraoxonase (PON)1 activities, and high PON1 and low PON3 protein levels are characteristic of cardiovascular disease. Our aim was to assess short‐ and long‐term effects of virgin olive oils (VOO), enriched with their own phenolic compounds (PC; FVOO) or with them plus complementary PC from thyme (FVOOT), on PON‐related variables and the mechanisms involved.

Methods and results

Two randomized, controlled, double‐blind, and crossover interventions were conducted. In an acute intake study, participants ingested three FVOOs differing in PC content. In a sustained intake study, participants ingested a control VOO and two different FVOOs with the same PC content but differing in PC source. Acute and sustained intake of VOO and FVOO decreased PON1 protein and increased PON1‐associated specific activities, while FVOOT yielded opposite results. PON3 protein levels increased only after sustained consumption of VOO. Mechanistic studies performed in rat livers showed that intake of isolated PC from VOO and from thyme modulate mitogen‐activated protein kinases and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors regulating PON synthesis, while a combination of these PCs cancels such regulation.

Conclusion

This study reveals that the intake of phenol‐enriched FVOOs modulates oxidative balance by modifying PON‐related variables according to PC content and source, and this modulation can be perceived as beneficial.
Theoretical studies of the copper gyromagnetic factors for three novel Cu2+ coordination polymers with bi‐triazole ligand
Authors: Wu Li‐Na , Wu Shao‐Yi , Zhang Li‐Juan , Liu Xu‐Sheng , Peng Li
Published: May 2017

The copper electron paramagnetic resonance gyromagnetic factors are theoretically studied for three novel Cu2+ coordination polymers [Cu(XL)(NO3)2]n (1), {[Cu(XL)(4,4′‐bpy)(NO3)2]•CH3CN}n (1a) and {[Cu(XL)3](NO3)2•3.5H2O}n (2) with bi‐triazole ligand (XL) = N,N′‐bicyclo[2.2.2]oct‐7‐ene‐2,3,5,6‐tetracarboxdiimide bi(1,2,4‐triazole) from the high‐order perturbation calculations of the g factors for a rhombically elongated octahedral 3d9 group. The order (1 ≤ 1a < 2) of gz can be illustrated by the dominant second‐order perturbation term roughly proportional to the square of the covalency factor N. gx (and gy) relies on the combination of the contributions from N, cubic field parameter Dq, and axial elongation of the copper sites and exhibits the sequence (1 ≤ 2 < 1a). As regards the axiality (gx ≈ gy) of g factors, this is because the perpendicular rhombic contribution from the deviations of the bond lengths and bond angles for the planar ligands with respect to an ideal octahedron and that from the discrepancies between the crystal fields of the planar ligands O2− and N3− largely cancel each other. The present theoretical studies on the copper electron paramagnetic resonance g factors would be helpful to understand the structures and properties of some promising coordination polymers containing copper with the novel bi‐triazole ligand XL.
Multiparity modifies contractile properties of pelvic muscles affecting the genesis of vaginal pressure in rabbits
Authors: López‐Juárez Rhode , Zempoalteca René , Corona‐Quintanilla Dora Luz , Jiménez‐Estrada Ismael , Castelán Francisco , Martínez‐Gómez Margarita
Published: May 2017

Aims

To characterize the contractile properties of the bulbospongiosus (Bsm), isquiocavernosus (Ism), and pubococcygeus muscles (Pcm), and their involvement in the genesis of vaginal pressure in nulliparous and multiparous rabbits.

Methods

Age‐matched nulliparous and multiparous rabbits were used to record the isometric contractile responses of each muscle as well as the intravaginal pressure evoked by single square electrical pulses and stimulation trains of ascending frequency. To establish significant differences between groups, two‐tail unpaired Student t tests were carried out. The linear correlation between intravaginal pressure and muscle contractile force was analyzed with Pearson correlation tests. For all cases, a P ≤ 0.05 was set as statistically significant.

Results

Multiparity decreased the contractile force of Bsm and Ism generated by high‐frequency stimulation trains. The normalized force of the Pcm increased when evoked at 1, 4, and 10 Hz while this decreased at higher frequencies (20, 50, and 100 Hz). The contraction of both Bsm and Ism raised particularly the pressure on the perineal vagina while that of the Pcm increased the pressure in the pelvic vagina. Such a functional segregation is still present in multiparous rabbits albeit it was modified.

Conclusions

Multiparity induces changes in the contractile responses of Bsm, Ism, and Pcm, which alterates the vaginal pressure.
A semi‐analytic collocation technique for steady‐state strongly nonlinear advection‐diffusion‐reaction equations with variable coefficients
Authors: Reutskiy Sergiy , Lin Ji
Published: May 2017

The aim of this paper is to present a new semi‐analytic numerical method for strongly nonlinear steady‐state advection‐diffusion‐reaction equation (ADRE) in arbitrary 2‐D domains. The key idea of the method is the use of the basis functions which satisfy the homogeneous boundary conditions of the problem. Each basis function used in the algorithm is a sum of an analytic basis function and a special correcting function which is chosen to satisfy the homogeneous boundary conditions of the problem. The polynomials, trigonometric functions, conical radial basis functions, and the multiquadric radial basis functions are used in approximation of the ADRE. This allows us to seek an approximate solution in the analytic form which satisfies the boundary conditions of the initial problem with any choice of free parameters. As a result, we separate the approximation of the boundary conditions and the approximation of the ADRE inside the solution domain. The numerical examples confirm the high accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method in solving strongly nonlinear equations in an arbitrary domain.
Feeding Management Strategies among the Early Neolithic Pigs in the NE of the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Navarrete V. , Colonese A. C. , Tornero C. , Antolín F. , Von Tersch M. , Eulàlia Subirà M. , Comes P. , Rosell‐Melé A. , Saña M.
Published: May 2017

The socio‐economic relevance of domesticated animals during the Early Neolithic in the Iberian Peninsula is indisputable, yet we essentially know little about the way they were managed. Among domesticated animals, pig (Sus domesticus) was a common food source, and previous studies have shown the potential of stable isotopes for assessing variability in pig diet in relation to husbandry practices. Nevertheless, this approach has never been applied to the earliest pigs in the Iberian Peninsula. We analysed the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope composition of pig bone collagen from several Early Neolithic sites in the NE Iberian Peninsula. While pig δ13C values were similar across different populations, there were significant differences in δ15N values between sites. These are attributed to different pig husbandry systems, which may reflect distinct social and spatial organisation and interaction with environmental conditions during the Early Neolithic in this region. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.