bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arc-induced turbulent mixing in an SF6 circuit breaker model
Authors: Bini Riccardo , Basse Nils T , Seeger Martin
Published: December 2010

Dielectric interruption performance of SF6 high-voltage gas circuit breakers depends on the temperature distribution of the gas during the post-arc phase. Understanding the details of the mixing process occurring inside the breaker during arcing is therefore fundamental for the design. Multiphysics simulations are nowadays used to predict the flow field and the energy distribution inside the interrupter during and after the arcing phase. In this paper we make use of an optical technique to observe the arc-induced SF6 mixing process inside a dedicated test device. We extract qualitative and quantitative information and we compare this with simulations to conclude on the suitability of the models used.
The behaviour of a floating water bridge under reduced gravity conditions
Authors: Fuchs Elmar C , Agostinho Luewton L F , Wexler Adam , Wagterveld R Martijn , Tuinstra Jan , Woisetschläger Jakob
Published: December 2010

When high voltage is applied to pure water filled into two beakers close to each other, a connection forms spontaneously, giving the impression of a floating water bridge (Armstrong 1893 The Electrical Engineer pp 154–45, Uhlig W 2005 personal communication, Fuchs et al
2007 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.
40 6112–4, Fuchs et al
2008 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.
41 185502, Fuchs et al
2009 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.
42 065502, Fuchs et al
2010 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.
43 105502, Woisetschläger et al 2010 Exp. Fluids
48 121–31, Nishiumi and Honda 2009 Res. Lett. Phys. Chem.
2009 371650). This phenomenon is of special interest, since it comprises a number of phenomena currently tackled in modern water science. In this work, the behaviour of this phenomenon under reduced gravity conditions during a parabolic flight is presented by the means of high speed imaging with fringe projection. An analysis of the behaviour is presented and compared with theoretical considerations.
Temperature-controlled synthesis of In2Ge2O7 nanowires and their photoluminescence properties
Authors: Kim Sang Sub , Park Jae Young , Kim Hyo Sung , Na Han Gil , Yang Ju Chan , Shim Seung Hyun , Lee Chongmu , Park Doyoung , Nam Dahyun , Cheong Hyeonsik , Kim Hyoun Woo
Published: December 2010

By controlling the heating temperature of a mixture of In and Ge powders, we have obtained monoclinic In2Ge2O7 nanowires at 600–700 °C, whereas we have produced cubic In2O3 nanowires at 900 °C. The In2Ge2O7 nanowires grown at 600 °C were terminated by Au-containing nanoparticles, giving evidence that the vapour–liquid–solid model is the major growth mechanism. With the growth process at 700–900 °C being dominated by a vapour–solid process, we have discussed the temperature-induced change in growth mechanisms. Photoluminescence measurements at 10–300 K revealed a broad visible emission centred at around 2.5 eV.
Cardiovascular side effects of cancer therapies: a position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology
Authors: Eschenhagen Thomas , Force Thomas , Ewer Michael S. , de Keulenaer Gilles W. , Suter Thomas M. , Anker Stefan D. , Avkiran Metin , de Azambuja Evandro , Balligand Jean‐Luc , Brutsaert Dirk L. , Condorelli Gianluigi , Hansen Arne , Heymans Stephane , Hill Joseph A. , Hirsch Emilio , Hilfiker‐Kleiner Denise , Janssens Stefan , de Jong Steven , Neubauer Gitte , Pieske Burkert , Ponikowski Piotr , Pirmohamed Munir , Rauchhaus Mathias , Sawyer Douglas , Sugden Peter H. , Wojta Johann , Zannad Faiez , Shah Ajay M.
Published: December 2010

The reductions in mortality and morbidity being achieved among cancer patients with current therapies represent a major achievement. However, given their mechanisms of action, many anti‐cancer agents may have significant potential for cardiovascular side effects, including the induction of heart failure. The magnitude of this problem remains unclear and is not readily apparent from current clinical trials of emerging targeted agents, which generally under‐represent older patients and those with significant co‐morbidities. The risk of adverse events may also increase when novel agents, which frequently modulate survival pathways, are used in combination with each other or with other conventional cytotoxic chemotherapeutics. The extent to which survival and growth pathways in the tumour cell (which we seek to inhibit) coincide with those in cardiovascular cells (which we seek to preserve) is an open question but one that will become ever more important with the development of new cancer therapies that target intracellular signalling pathways. It remains unclear whether potential cardiovascular problems can be predicted from analyses of such basic signalling mechanisms and what pre‐clinical evaluation should be undertaken. The screening of patients, optimization of therapeutic schemes, monitoring of cardiovascular function during treatment, and the management of cardiovascular side effects are likely to become increasingly important in cancer patients. This paper summarizes the deliberations of a cross‐disciplinary workshop organized by the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology (held in Brussels in May 2009), which brought together clinicians working in cardiology and oncology and those involved in basic, translational, and pharmaceutical science.
NOTES FROM A COLLABORATION: COCTEAU AND STRAVINSKY'S
OEDIPUS REX
Authors: Connon Derek
Published: December 2010

In 1925 Cocteau received a request from Stravinsky to write a libretto for a work based on Sophocles'
Oedipus Rex
. After going through various revisions, Cocteau's libretto was eventually translated into Latin before Stravinsky set it to music, with only a series of narrations for the character of the Speaker remaining in French. Various aspects of the performance history of the work contribute to a sense of Cocteau's progressive elision from it. Then, in his
Dialogues
(1963), Stravinsky made a number of criticisms of the text of the narrations, although it is significant that it is often the translation by E. E. Cummings that he quotes. The accuracy of, and justification for, these criticisms is examined, along with the reasons that might have led Stravinsky to make them.
THE PARATEXT TO CHRÉTIEN DE TROYES'S
CLIGÉS
: A REAPPRAISAL OF THE QUESTION OF AUTHORSHIP AND READERSHIP IN THE PROLOGUE
Authors: Reis Levilson C.
Published: December 2010

Starting with the premise that medieval manuscripts exhibit paratextual vestiges of their
auctores
, redactors, copyists, and readers, this article re-examines the question of authorship and readership in Chrétien de Troyes's prologue to
Cligés
(
c
. 1176–80) through the lens of paratextual references to the implied author's signature, allusions to possible titles of his previous works, marginal annotations of interpretative readings, and cases of significant manuscript variance. Firmly grounded in the manuscript, editorial, and critical tradition of
Cligés
, this reading re-evaluates the tripartite thematic structure of the prologue, hypothesizing the paratextual effect that the opening list of literary titles, the suspenseful presentation of the hero, and the authoritative claim for the location of
chevalerie
(chivalry) and
clergie
(culture) in France might have had on medieval audiences and may have on modern readers. Exploring the significantly different versions in which two families of manuscripts transmit the same ideas, this reading finally shows how the prologue equivocates and subverts any one definite interpretation and engenders a sense of irony and alterity that captivates the reader and opens the threshold to new interpretations.
FRAMING EXCLUSION: THE POLITICS OF SPACE IN LAURENT CANTET'S
ENTRE LES MURS
Authors: Williams James S.
Published: December 2010

This article examines the spatial representation of cultural
mixité
in the latest film by Laurent Cantet. It takes the form of a close reading of
Entre les murs
(2008), which, while illustrating well the failings of French education and specifically its republican ideals of assimilation, appears also to endorse the benign authoritarianism of the one teacher featured and to frame the pupils themselves as the source of the problem. Taking into account Bourdieu's argument that the French education system always serves to reproduce social inequality and hierarchization, I propose that Cantet's concrete staging of the educational process has, in fact, a precise political aim: to reconfigure republican space by constructing a new spatial dynamics capable of freeing both cinematic space from its ideological frame and individual movement from symbolic violence. Through analysis of Cantet's complex framing strategies in three key sequences, I argue that the film renders powerfully present those who are habitually cast to the margins or excluded. By reconceiving the cinematic frame as a mobile and receptive vehicle for embracing the language of
mixité
,
Entre les murs
reveals itself ultimately as a constructive work of social mourning that reformulates in clear ethical terms the current dilemma of
intégration
versus
communautarisme
.
Sequence type 72 meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from humans, raw meat and soil in South Korea
Authors: Ko Kwan Soo , Lim Suk-Kyung , Jung Suk-Chan , Yoon Je Moon , Choi Ji Young , Song Jae-Hoon
Published: December 2010

The characteristics and relationships of sequence type (ST) 72 Staphylococcus aureus isolates from humans, raw meat and soil in South Korea were investigated. Several close relationships based on molecular evidence such as staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type, spa gene type, PFGE, the presence of virulence genes and the nucleotide sequences of 12 chromosomal genes suggested the transmissibility of ST72 meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates among humans, livestock and the environment. In addition, the results indicated that ST72 MRSA may have originated from ST72 meticillin-susceptible S. aureus, but the acquisition of SCCmec has not occurred repeatedly.
Emergence of OXA-carbapenemase- and 16S rRNA methylase-producing international clones of Acinetobacter baumannii in Norway
Authors: Karah Nabil , Haldorsen Bjørg , Hermansen Nils O. , Tveten Yngvar , Ragnhildstveit Eivind , Skutlaberg Dag H. , Tofteland Ståle , Sundsfjord Arnfinn , Samuelsen Ørjan
Published: December 2010

This study was designed to investigate the molecular epidemiology and antibiotic-resistance characteristics of 11 carbapenem-resistant clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii obtained in Norway between 2004 and 2009. Interestingly, all the isolates were linked with recent hospitalization outside Norway. The epidemiological status was investigated by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), multiplex PCR assays for major international clones, typing of bla
OXA-51-like variants and PFGE. The genotypic-resistance characteristics, including the occurrence of OXA-carbapenemase-encoding and 16S rRNA methylase-encoding genes and class 1 integrons, were investigated by PCR assays and sequencing. Seven isolates were found to harbour bla
OXA-66 and belong to MLST clonal complexes (CCs) CC2P (Pasteur Institute scheme) and CC92B (Bartual scheme), and international clone II. One isolate harboured bla
OXA-69, and belonged to CC1P, CC109B and international clone I. Two isolates belonged to sequence group 9, probably a subgroup of international clone I, and one isolate belonged to sequence group 4, a proposed novel international clone. All isolates contained an acquired OXA-carbapenemase-encoding gene: bla
OXA-23-like (n=9), bla
OXA-24-like (n=1) and bla
OXA-58-like (n=1). Four isolates with high-level aminoglycoside-resistance contained the 16S rRNA methylase-encoding armA gene. Class 1 integrons with six different variable regions were detected. Sequence analysis of gene cassettes identified four aminoglycoside (aacA4, aac(6′)-Im, aadA1 and aacC1), two chloramphenicol (catB8 and cm1A5), one β-lactamase (bla
OXA-20) and one rifampicin (arr-2) resistance gene in various combinations. In conclusion, the occurrence of A. baumannii isolates producing OXA carbapenemase and 16S rRNA methylase in Norway was related to the worldwide distribution of international clones I and II, and the emergence of novel international clones.
Degradation of dichloroaniline isomers by a newly isolated strain, Bacillus megaterium IMT21
Authors: Yao Xie-Feng , Khan Fazlurrahman , Pandey Rinku , Pandey Janmejay , Mourant Roslyn G. , Jain Rakesh K. , Guo Jian-Hua , Russell Robyn J. , Oakeshott John G. , Pandey Gunjan
Published: December 2010

An efficient 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA)-mineralizing bacterium has been isolated from enrichment cultures originating from a soil sample with a history of repeated exposure to diuron, a major metabolite of which is 3,4-DCA. This bacterium, Bacillus megaterium IMT21, also mineralized 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5- and 3,5-DCA as sole sources of carbon and energy. These five DCA isomers were degraded via two different routes. 2,3-, 2,4- and 2,5-DCA were degraded via previously unknown dichloroaminophenol metabolites, whereas 3,4- and 3,5-DCA were degraded via dichloroacetanilide.
The Role of Two F-Box Proteins, SLEEPY1 and SNEEZY, in Arabidopsis Gibberellin Signaling
Authors: Ariizumi Tohru , Lawrence Paulraj K. , Steber Camille M.
Published: December 2010

The SLEEPY1 (SLY1) F-box gene is a positive regulator of gibberellin (GA) signaling in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Loss of SLY1 results in GA-insensitive phenotypes including dwarfism, reduced fertility, delayed flowering, and increased seed dormancy. These sly1 phenotypes are partially rescued by overexpression of the SLY1 homolog SNEEZY (SNE)/SLY2, suggesting that SNE can functionally replace SLY1. GA responses are repressed by DELLA family proteins. GA relieves DELLA repression when the SCFSLY1 (for Skp1, Cullin, F-box) E3 ubiquitin ligase ubiquitinates DELLA protein, thereby targeting it for proteolysis. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments using constitutively expressed 35S:hemagglutinin (HA)-SLY1 and 35S:HA-SNE translational fusions in the sly1-10 background suggest that SNE can function similarly to SLY1 in GA signaling. Like HA-SLY1, HA-SNE interacted with the CULLIN1 subunit of the SCF complex, and this interaction required the F-box domain. Like HA-SLY1, HA-SNE coimmunoprecipitated with the DELLA REPRESSOR OF GA1-3 (RGA), and this interaction required the SLY1 or SNE carboxyl-terminal domain. Whereas HA-SLY1 overexpression resulted in a decrease in both DELLA RGA and RGA-LIKE2 (RGL2) protein levels, HA-SNE caused a decrease in DELLA RGA but not in RGL2 levels. This suggests that one reason HA-SLY1 is able to effect a stronger rescue of sly1-10 phenotypes than HA-SNE is because SLY1 regulates a broader spectrum of DELLA proteins. The FLAG-SLY1 fusion protein was found to coimmunoprecipitate with the GA receptor HA-GA-INSENSITIVE DWARF1b (GID1b), supporting the model that SLY1 regulates DELLA through interaction with the DELLA-GA-GID1 complex.
Structural analysis and multipole modelling of quercetin monohydrate – a quantitative and comparative study
Authors: Domagała Sławomir , Munshi Parthapratim , Ahmed Maqsood , Guillot Benoît , Jelsch Christian
Published: December 2010

The multipolar atom model, constructed by transferring the charge-density parameters from an experimental or theoretical database, is considered to be an easy replacement of the widely used independent atom model. The present study on a new crystal structure of quercetin monohydrate [2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one monohydrate], a plant flavonoid, determined by X-ray diffraction, demonstrates that the transferred multipolar atom model approach greatly improves several factors: the accuracy of atomic positions and the magnitudes of atomic displacement parameters, the residual electron densities and the crystallographic figures of merit. The charge-density features, topological analysis and electrostatic interaction energies obtained from the multipole models based on experimental database transfer and periodic quantum mechanical calculations are found to compare well. This quantitative and comparative study shows that in the absence of high-resolution diffraction data, the database transfer approach can be applied to the multipolar electron density features very accurately.
Soil respiration: implications of the plant‐soil continuum and respiration chamber collar‐insertion depth on measurement and modelling of soil CO2 efflux rates in three ecosystems
Authors: Heinemeyer A. , Di Bene C. , Lloyd A. R. , Tortorella D. , Baxter R. , Huntley B. , Gelsomino A. , Ineson P.
Published: December 2010

Key uncertainties remain in accurately measuring soil respiration, including how the commonly‐used technique of collar insertion affects measured soil and root‐derived CO2 fluxes. We hypothesized that total soil respiration is frequently under‐estimated because soil collar insertions sever surface roots, which coupled with the preferential practice of taking daytime measurements, leads to the autotrophic (root‐derived) component frequently being missed. We measured root distribution and soil CO2 efflux in three contrasting ecosystems: a Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) plantation, an upland heather‐dominated peatland and a lowland sheep‐grazed grassland, where we combined shallow surface collars with collars at different soil insertion depths for occasional and continuous hourly flux measurements. Collar insertion by only a few centimetres reduced total soil CO2 efflux in all three ecosystems by an average of 15% but at times by up to 30–50%, and was directly proportional to the quantity of cut fine roots. Most reduction occurred in the shallow‐rooted peatland system and least in the deep‐rooted grassland. In the forest and grassland, soil temperatures explained most of the deep‐collar (largely heterotrophic) variation and did not relate to the root‐derived (largely autotrophic) flux component, whilst the opposite was true for the peatland site. For the forest, the autotrophic flux component peaked at night during moist periods and was drought‐limited. Mean flux estimates differed between sampling time and insertion depth. Our results suggest strongly that accurate measurement and modelling of soil respiration needs explicitly to consider collar insertion, and the root‐derived flux component, with its own temperature sensitivity and potential time‐lag effects.
Deposition of complement C3c, immunoglobulin (Ig)G4 and IgG at the basement membrane of pancreatic ducts and acini in autoimmune pancreatitis
Authors: Detlefsen Sönke , Bräsen Jan Hinrich , Zamboni Giuseppe , Capelli Paola , Klöppel Günter
Published: December 2010

Detlefsen S, Bräsen J H, Zamboni G, Capelli P & Klöppel G (2010) Histopathology57, 825–835

Deposition of complement C3c, immunoglobulin (Ig)G4 and IgG at the basement membrane of pancreatic ducts and acini in autoimmune pancreatitis

Aims:  Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a type of pancreatitis whose immunopathogenesis is still unknown. It has been reported that renal biopsy specimens from patients diagnosed with both AIP and tubulointerstitial nephritis reveal deposits containing complement C3, immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgG4 at the tubular basement membranes (BMs). The aim was to investigate the deposition of complement and immunoglobulins in pancreatic tissue from AIP patients compared to non‐AIP patients.

Methods:  Double immunofluorescence microscopy for C3c, IgG4 and IgG together with CK7, trypsin, collagen IV, CD31 and CD79a, as well as immunofluorescence microscopy for C1q, IgA and IgM, were performed on frozen pancreatic tissue from AIP and alcoholic chronic pancreatitis (ACP) patients.

Results:  In AIP patients, complement C3c, IgG4 and IgG were deposited at the collagen IV‐positive BMs of pancreatic and bile ducts and of acini. In a minority of the ACP patients, weak C3c‐positive BM deposits were detected, but no IgG4‐ or IgG‐positive BM deposits were present.

Conclusion:  The deposition of C3c, IgG4 and IgG at the BM of small‐ and medium‐sized ducts and acini of the pancreas is characteristic of AIP. This suggests that immune complex‐mediated destruction of ducts and acini play a role in the pathogenesis of AIP.
Therapeutic potential of CAMPATH‐1H in skeletal tumours
Authors: Fritsche‐Guenther Raphaela , Gruetzkau Andreas , Noske Aurelia , Melcher Ingo , Schaser Klaus‐Dieter , Schlag Peter M , Kasper Hans‐Udo , Krenn Veit , Sers Christine
Published: December 2010

Fritsche‐Guenther R, Gruetzkau A, Noske A, Melcher I, Schaser K‐D, Schlag P M, Kasper H‐U, Krenn V & Sers C (2010) Histopathology57, 851–861

Therapeutic potential of CAMPATH‐1H in skeletal tumours

Aims:  CD 52 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐anchored glycoprotein that is expressed abundantly on all lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils and in the male genital tract. To date, the physiological role of CD52 on lymphocytes has not been elucidated. However, an antibody directed to CD52 called CAMPATH‐1H has been shown to be capable of depleting lymphocytes. The aim of this study was to analyse tissue and cell lines of non‐neoplastic bone, cartilage and skeletal tumours for CD52 expression.

Methods and results:  The expression of CD52 mRNA and protein both in vivo and in vitro was detected. Malignant tumours showed higher CD52 expression compared to benign tumours, suggesting a role in the development and progression of bone tumours. Interestingly, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry revealed that CD52 was expressed not only on the surface of tumour cells, but also in the cytoplasm. The results obtained in osteosarcoma cells showed that CAMPATH‐1H leads to a complement‐independent reduction of viable cells.

Conclusion:  CD52 is expressed in a variety of bone tumours and the in vitro studies presented herein suggest that CAMPATH‐1H treatment might have therapeutic potential for osteosarcoma patients.
Ribonucleotide reductase M2 subunit is a novel diagnostic marker and a potential therapeutic target in bladder cancer
Authors: Morikawa Teppei , Maeda Daichi , Kume Haruki , Homma Yukio , Fukayama Masashi
Published: December 2010

Morikawa T, Maeda D, Kume H, Homma Y & Fukayama M (2010) Histopathology57, 885–892

Ribonucleotide reductase M2 subunit is a novel diagnostic marker and a potential therapeutic target in bladder cancer

Aims:  To examine the immunohistochemical expression and function of ribonucleotide reductase M2 subunit (RRM2), a gemcitabine‐related molecule, in bladder cancer.

Methods and results:  One hundred and seventeen bladder specimens on a tissue microarray were immunostained for RRM2. Positive RRM2 staining was observed in none of 14 examples of non‐neoplastic urothelium, none of four low‐grade urothelial carcinoma (UC), 69 of 83 (83%) high‐grade UC, three of three (100%) squamous cell carcinoma and 12 of 13 (92%) lymph node metastasis of UC. RRM2 overexpression was associated significantly with muscularis propria invasion in UC patients who had undergone radical cystectomy (P = 0.005). Immunohistochemistry for RRM2 was then applied to small biopsy specimens of 15 cystitis with reactive atypia cases and 25 urothelial carcinoma in‐situ (CIS) cases. Positive RRM2 staining was found in one of 15 (6.7%) cystitis with reactive atypia cases and in 24 of 25 (96%) CIS cases. Finally, UM‐UC‐3 bladder cancer cells were transfected with RRM2 siRNAs and cell growth was evaluated. Knockdown of RRM2 protein markedly inhibited cell growth.

Conclusions:  We have shown frequent overexpression of RRM2 protein and its possible role in bladder cancer. Our results suggest that RRM2 is a novel diagnostic marker and a potential therapeutic target in bladder cancer.
Modelling the future distribution of the amphibian chytrid fungus: the influence of climate and human‐associated factors
Authors: Rohr Jason R. , Halstead Neal T. , Raffel Thomas R.
Published: December 2010

1. Many of the global losses of amphibians are believed to be caused by the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Hence, determining its present and future environmental suitability should help to inform management and surveillance of this pathogen and curtail the amphibian biodiversity crisis.

2. In this issue of Journal of Applied Ecology, Murray et al. (2010) offer an important step in this direction by providing a species distribution model that projects the environmental suitability of Bd across Australia and predicts locations of chytridiomycosis and amphibian declines. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis presence was predicted by diurnal temperature range (a measure of temperature variability) and mean precipitation. Human population density, a positive predictor of Bd, accounted for the most variation when removed from the statistical model.

3. This work represents an invaluable case study and has great potential for managing chytridiomycosis and associated amphibian declines, but its value in practice will depend on how well managers understand the limitations of species distribution models.

4.
Synthesis and applications. To improve the management of chytridiomycosis, amphibian‐chytrid research should attempt to understand how humans may affect the distribution of Bd, how climatic means and variances affect Bd transmission, how much variation in the distribution of Bd is unique to and shared among climate, human, and other factors, whether human‐related factors and climate statistically interact, and how these potentially correlated factors and any interactions affect the predictability of species distribution models. In response to the swift spread of Bd and our rapidly changing planet, we encourage the application of Bd distribution models to other regions of the globe and predictions of Bd’s distribution under future climate change scenarios.
Characteristics of patients referred by police to a psychiatric hospital
Authors: MAHARAJ R. , GILLIES D. , ANDREW S. , O'BRIEN L.
Published: December 2010

Accessible summary

Patient referrals to a psychiatric facility may be from a variety of sources including medical practitioners, health professionals and family members. When responding to a situation where a person displays aggressive or disruptive behaviour, police have to decide if the person should be taken to a psychiatric facility for care. There is little known about how police referrals differ from referrals from other sources.

This paper reports on an audit of files for patients admitted to a psychiatric hospital. A total of 101 files for patients referred by the police and admitted over a 6‐month period and 99 files of those referred from other sources and admitted were examined.

Patients referred by police and admitted to the hospital differed to those admitted by other sources. Police referrals were more likely to be aggressive, have drug and alcohol problems and to require admission to the psychiatric intensive care unit.

To identify any differences between patients referred by police compared with patients referred from other sources, to a psychiatric hospital in Australia, a retrospective audit of 200 patient files was undertaken. The two most common reasons for the involuntary referral of patients by police were bizarre ideas (33%) and threats of suicide (28%). When 101 patients referred by police were compared with 99 patients from other sources, police referrals were three times more likely to be diagnosed with a mental and behavioural disorder because of psychoactive substance use, less likely to be diagnosed with a mood disorder, and less likely to be diagnosed as psychotic. Police referrals were more likely to have worse functional scores; exhibit aggressive behaviour; spend fewer days in hospital; more likely to be admitted to the psychiatric intensive care unit, and to be secluded. The most important predictor for a police referral was drug or alcohol problems. The study indicates that patients referred by the police were more likely to demonstrate particular characteristics compared with patients referred by other sources.
Insertional mutagenesis combined with an inducible filamentation phenotype reveals a conserved STE50 homologue in Cryptococcus neoformans that is required for monokaryotic fruiting and sexual reproduction
Authors: Fu J. , Mares C. , Lizcano A. , Liu Y. , Wickes B. L.
Published: December 2010

Cryptococcus neoformans typically grows in a yeast‐like morphology; however, under specific conditions the fungus can produce hyphae that are either dikaryotic or monokaryotic. In this study, we developed a simple method for inducing robust monokaryotic fruiting and combined the assay with Agrobacterium tumefaciens insertional mutagenesis to screen for hyphal mutants. A C. neoformans homologue of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae STE50 gene was identified and characterized. STE50 was found to be required for sexual reproduction and monokaryotic fruiting. Ste50p has conserved SAM and RA domains, as well as two SH3 domains specific to basidiomycetous Ste50 proteins. Analysis of protein–protein interaction showed that Ste50p can interact with Ste11p and Ste20p, and epistasis experiments placed STE50 between STE20 and STE11. Genetic analysis of the role of STE50 in sexual reproduction showed that it was required for all steps, from response to pheromone to production of hyphae. Analysis of the effect of individual Ste50p domains on sexual reproduction and monokaryotic fruiting revealed domain‐specific effects for both processes. This study revealed that the C. neoformans STE50 gene has both conserved and novel functions during sexual reproduction and monokaryotic fruiting, and these functions are domain‐dependent.
The zinc cluster transcription factor Ahr1p directs Mcm1p regulation of Candida albicans adhesion
Authors: Askew Christopher , Sellam Adnane , Epp Elias , Mallick Jaideep , Hogues Hervé , Mullick Alaka , Nantel André , Whiteway Malcolm
Published: December 2010

Biofilm development by Candida albicans requires cell adhesion for the initial establishment of the biofilm and the continued stability after hyphal development occurs; however, the regulation of the process has not been fully established. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to microarray analysis (ChIP‐chip) we have characterized a regulon containing the Mcm1p factor that is required for the initial surface adhesion during biofilm formation. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae several Mcm1p regulons have been characterized in which regulatory specificity is achieved through cofactors binding a sequence adjacent to the Mcm1p binding site. This new Mcm1p regulon in C. albicans also requires a cofactor, which we identify as the transcription factor Ahr1p. However, in contrast to the other yeast regulons, Ahr1p alone binds the target promoters, which include several key adhesion genes, and recruits Mcm1p to these sites. Through transcription profiling and qPCR analysis, we demonstrate that this Ahr1p–Mcm1p complex directly activates these adhesion genes. When the regulatory circuit was disrupted by deleting AHR1, the strain displayed reduced adherence to a polystyrene surface. We also demonstrate a role for the regulon in hyphal growth and in virulence. Our work thus establishes a new mechanism of Mcm1p‐directed regulation distinct from those observed for other Mcm1p co‐regulators.
Giardia lamblia low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein is involved in selective lipoprotein endocytosis and parasite replication
Authors: Rivero Maria R. , Miras Silvana L. , Quiroga Rodrigo , Rópolo Andrea S. , Touz Maria C.
Published: December 2010

As Giardia lamblia is unable to synthesize cholesterol de novo, this steroid might be obtained from the host's intestinal milieu by endocytosis of lipoproteins. In this work, we identified a putative Giardia lamblia low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related proteins (GlLRP), a type I membrane protein, which shares the substrate N‐terminal binding domain and a FXNPXY‐type endocytic motif with human LRPs. Expression of tagged GlLRP showed that it was localized predominantly in the endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomal‐like peripheral vacuoles and plasma membrane. However, the FXNPXY‐deleted GlLRP was retained at the plasma membrane suggesting that it is abnormally transported and processed. The low‐density lipoprotein and chylomicrons interacted with GlLRP, with this interaction being necessary for lipoprotein internalization and cell proliferation. Finally, we show that GlLRP binds directly to the medium subunit of Giardia adaptor protein 2, indicating that receptor‐mediated internalization occurs through an adaptin mechanism.
Microglial alterations in human Alzheimer's disease following Aβ42 immunization
Authors: Zotova E. , Holmes C. , Johnston D. , Neal J. W. , Nicoll J. A. R. , Boche D.
Published: December 2010

E. Zotova, C. Holmes, D. Johnston, J. W. Neal, J. A. R. Nicoll and D. Boche (2011) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology37, 513–524

Microglial alterations in human Alzheimer's disease following Aβ42 immunization

Aims: In Alzheimer's disease (AD), microglial activation prompted by the presence of amyloid has been proposed as an important contributor to the neurodegenerative process. Conversely following Aβ immunization, phagocytic microglia have been implicated in plaque removal, potentially a beneficial effect. We have investigated the effects of Aβ42 immunization on microglial activation and the relationship with Aβ42 load in human AD. Methods: Immunostaining against Aβ42 and microglia (CD68 and HLA‐DR) was performed in nine immunized AD cases (iAD – AN1792, Elan Pharmaceuticals) and eight unimmunized AD (cAD) cases. Results: Although the Aβ42 load (% area stained of total area examined) was lower in the iAD than the cAD cases (P = 0.036), the CD68 load was higher (P = 0.046). In addition, in the iAD group, the CD68 level correlated with the Aβ42 load, consistent with the immunization upregulating microglial phagocytosis when plaques are present. However, in two long‐surviving iAD patients in whom plaques had been extensively cleared, the CD68 load was less than in controls. HLA‐DR quantification did not show significant difference implying that the microglial activation may have related specifically to their phagocytic function. CD68 and HLA‐DR loads in the pons were similar in both groups, suggesting that the differences in microglial activation in the cortex were due to the presence of AD pathology. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that Aβ42 immunization modifies the function of microglia by increasing their phagocytic activity and when plaques have been cleared, the level of phagocytosis is decreased below that seen in unimmunized AD.
Barrett's esophagus
Authors: Phillips Wayne A , Lord Reginald V , Nancarrow Derek J , Watson David I , Whiteman David C
Published: December 2010

Barrett's esophagus is an acquired metaplastic abnormality in which the normal stratified squamous epithelium lining of the esophagus is replaced by an intestinal‐like columnar epithelium. While in itself a benign and asymptomatic disorder, the clinical importance of this relatively common condition relates to its role as a precursor lesion to esophageal adenocarcinoma, the incidence of which has dramatically increased in Western populations in recent years. Although known to arise as a consequence of chronic gastroesophageal reflux, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying development Barrett's esophagus and its progression to cancer remain unclear.
Ca2+ conduction by plant cyclic nucleotide gated channels and associated signaling components in pathogen defense signal transduction cascades
Authors: Ma Wei , Berkowitz Gerald A.
Published: December 2010

Ca2+ elevation in the cytosol is an essential early event during pathogen response signaling cascades. However, the specific ion channels involved in Ca2+ influx into plant cells, and how Ca2+ signals are initiated and regulate downstream events during pathogen defense responses, are at present unclear. Plant cyclic nucleotide gated ion channels (CNGCs) provide a pathway for Ca2+ conductance across the plasma membrane (PM) and facilitate cytosolic Ca2+ elevation in response to pathogen signals. Recent studies indicate that the recognition of pathogens results in cyclic nucleotide production and the activation of CNGCs, which leads to downstream generation of pivotal signaling molecules (such as nitric oxide (NO)). Calmodulins (CaMs) and CaM‐like proteins (CMLs) are also involved in this signaling, functioning as Ca2+ sensors and mediating the synthesis of NO during the plant pathogen response signaling cascade. In this article, these and other pivotal signaling components downstream from the Ca2+ signal, such as Ca2+‐dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) and CaM‐binding transcription activators (CAMTAs), are discussed in terms of their involvement in the pathogen response signal transduction cascade.
Correspondence of classifications between parents of children with cerebral palsy aged 2 to 6 years and therapists using the Gross Motor Function Classification System
Authors: JEWELL ASHLYN T , STOKES ASHLEY I , BARTLETT DOREEN J
Published: December 2010

Aim  The aim of this study was to determine the agreement and reliability of parent report using a lay version of the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) among children with cerebral palsy in the two youngest age bands.

Method  Data were obtained from the Canadian section of the Movement and Participation in Life Activities of Young Children study database. One hundred and thirty‐two parents of two groups of children participated: children aged 2 to 4 years (35 males, 26 females; mean age 3y 2mo; SD 5mo) and children aged 4 to 6 years (39 males, 32 females; mean age 4y 11mo; SD 6mo) at the final data collection point. Therapists classified motor function using the GMFCS and parents used the GMFCS Family Report Questionnaire, with parents and therapists being masked to the others’ responses. Agreement between respondents was determined using precise agreement and Cohen’s unweighted kappa statistic. Reliability between respondents was determined using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).

Results  Overall, precise agreement was 77%, chance‐corrected agreement was κ=0.70 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.61–0.79), and reliability was ICC=0.95 (95% CI 0.93–0.96).

Interpretation  These values indicate substantial agreement and reliability between parents of children aged 2 to 6 years and therapists. Some parents had a tendency to rate their children as more functionally limited than did therapists, leading us to question whose the true criterion standard’ rating should be.
Spontaneous periodic hypothermia and hyperhidrosis: a possibly novel cerebral neurotransmitter disorder
Authors: RODRIGUES MASRUHA MARCELO , LIN JAIME , ARITA JULIANA HARUMI , DE CASTRO NETO EDUARDO FERREIRA , SCERNI DÉBORA AMADO , CAVALHEIRO ESPER ABRÃO , MAZZACORATTI MARIA DA GRAÇA NAFFAH , VILANOVA LUIZ CELSO PEREIRA
Published: December 2010

Spontaneous periodic episodes of hypothermia still defy medical knowledge. In 1969, Shapiro et al. described the first two cases of spontaneous periodic hypothermia associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum. Recently, Dundar et al. reported a case of spontaneous periodic hypothermia and hyperhidrosis without corpus callosum agenesis, suggesting that the periodic episodes of hypothermia might be of epileptiform origin. Here we describe two paediatric patients with spontaneous periodic hypothermia without corpus callosum agenesis and demonstrate, to our knowledge for the first time, altered levels of neurotransmitter metabolites within the cerebrospinal fluid.
Synthesis of an amino coumarin‐based fluorescent reactive dye and its application to wool fibres
Authors: Naqvi Kazim R , Clark Matthew
Published: December 2010

The objective of the current study was to introduce the coumarin structure into a conventional reactive dye system. A fluorescent reactive dye was synthesised based upon 7‐amino‐4‐methylcoumarin. The dye was obtained by a multi‐step sequence initiated by displacement of a chlorine group from 2,4,6‐trichloro‐1,3,5‐triazine using H‐acid. Diazo coupling of 3‐aminobenzenesulphato‐ethylsulphone to this adduct, followed by a second chlorine displacement using aminomethylcoumarin completed the sequence. The fluorescent dye and the non‐fluorescent precursor were characterised by mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy and capillary electrophoresis. The newly synthesised dye was applied to wool fibres using an exhaust dyeing method. The exhaustion, fixation and total efficiency values were calculated by ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometric analysis of the dyebath. The synthesised red dye presented high values for exhaustion, fixation and total efficiency on the wool fibres. The novel dye, after its application to the wool fibres, exhibited fluorescence under an ultraviolet light. This feature confirmed that the novel dye retained the inherent characteristic feature of fluorescence on the wool fibres. The dyed wool fibres exhibited level 4–5 of light fastness when compared with international wool light fastness standards.
Novel Glass Formation in the Ca–Si–Al–O–N–F System
Authors: Hanifi Amir Reza , Pomeroy Michael J. , Hampshire Stuart
Published: December 2010

Ca–Si–Al–O–N–F glass formation regions have been mapped on 6Ca2+–3Si4+–4Al3+ternary diagrams at fixed O:N:F of 79:20:1 and 75:20:5 (in eq%). For both fluorine contents, glass formation regions extend toward more Ca‐rich compositions at 1650°C compared with the Ca–Si–Al–O–N system at 1700°C. Ca–Si–Al–O–N–F melting temperatures are 150°–800°C lower than equivalent Ca–Si–Al–O compositions due to fluorine incorporation into the melt. Si‐rich compositions, with both 1 and 5 eq% F, form porous glasses due to loss of SiF4.

Reaction mechanisms were studied by firing two compositions (0 or 5 eq% F) with identical cation ratios in the range of 900°–1650°C at 100°C intervals and following phase development using X‐ray diffraction. For Ca–Si–Al–O–N compositions, initial liquid formation occurs at >1200°C with complete dissolution of Si3N4at 1300°C. For Ca–Si–Al–O–N–F compositions, reactions occur at lower temperatures with Si3N4dissolution at 1200°C. At 20 eq% N, glasses with maximum fluorine content of ∼7 eq% were obtained. At 5 eq% F, the solubility limit for N is ∼25 eq%. At 1 eq% F, the maximum nitrogen content can be substantially increased to 40 eq% N. Incorporation of both nitrogen and fluorine in Ca–Si–Al–O glasses extends glass formation regions through combinations of lower melting temperatures (fluorine) and higher viscosities (nitrogen).
Patient Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction with Mandibular Two‐Implant Overdentures Using Different Attachment Systems: 5‐Year Outcomes
Authors: Al‐Zubeidi Mohammed I. , Alsabeeha Nabeel H.M. , Thomson W. Murray , Payne Alan G.T.
Published: December 2010

Background: Different attachment systems for mandibular two‐implant overdentures could influence levels of patient satisfaction. Positive consensus of the majority of patients being satisfied does not preclude the possibility of dissatisfaction for some.

Purpose: To evaluate patient satisfaction before and after 5 years of wearing mandibular two‐implant overdentures using different attachment systems.

Materials and Methods: A total of 106 edentulous participants enrolled in a clinical trial completed a preliminary self‐report inventory of their original complete denture complaints. New complete maxillary dentures and mandibular two‐implant overdentures were provided to each participant using one of six different attachment systems. Patient satisfaction was determined at pretreatment; at baseline with mandibular two‐implant overdenture insertion; and then annually for 5 years, using visual analogue and Likert‐type scales.

Results: Patient satisfaction with mandibular two‐implant overdentures at baseline was significantly improved in all domains compared to pretreatment (old dentures) and sustained up to the 5‐year recall. The level of satisfaction with Straumann gold alloy matrices at 5 years was significantly lower than that with other attachment systems. Highly significant differences were found with some social and psychological aspects by the fifth year compared to baseline. Diagnostic and prognostic indicators from a pretreatment inventory identified 12 participants (13.5%) who were dissatisfied. These indicators revealed a maladaptive predisposition to mandibular two‐implant overdentures.

Conclusions: A mandibular two‐implant overdenture (opposing a conventional complete maxillary denture) will improve patient satisfaction, regardless of the attachment system. Careful evaluation of pretreatment complaints with conventional dentures can possibly identify patient dissatisfaction with mandibular two‐implant overdentures.
Electrical Resistance as a Nondestructive Evaluation Technique for SiC/SiC Ceramic Matrix Composites Under Creep‐Rupture Loading
Authors: Smith Craig E. , Morscher Gregory N. , Xia Zhenhai
Published: December 2010

SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composites under creep‐rupture loading accumulate damage by means of local matrix cracks that typically form near a stress concentration, such as a 90° fiber tow or a large matrix pore, and grow over time. Such damage is difficult to detect through conventional techniques. This study demonstrates that electrical resistance is a viable method of monitoring and inspecting damage in SiC/SiC composites at high temperature. Both interrupted and uninterrupted creep‐rupture experiments were performed at 1315°C and 110 MPa with in situ resistance measurements. A linear relationship was found between resistance and cumulative crack depth.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of SiC and Carbon Hybrid Fiber Reinforced SiC Matrix Composite
Authors: Liu Shanhua , Zhang Litong , Yin Xiaowei , Cheng Laifei , Liu Yongsheng
Published: December 2010

Silicon carbide (SiC) matrix composite reinforced by both SiC and carbon fibers ([SiC–C]/pyrolytic carbon [PyC]/SiC) was fabricated by chemical vapor infiltration for reducing matrix microcracks. Microstructure, mechanical properties, and oxidation resistance of the composite were compared with those of C/PyC/SiC and C/PyCHT/SiC composites in which PyC interphase was untreated and heat‐treated at 1800°C in argon, respectively. Compared with the C/PyC/SiC composite, (SiC–C)/PyC/SiC composite shows considerable improvements in flexural strength, fracture toughness, and oxidation resistance. The different mechanical behaviors of the three composites were analyzed based on the He and Hutchinson's model.
Internal Friction Behavior of C/SiC Composites with Environmental Barrier Coatings in Corrosive Environment
Authors: Hong Zhiliang , Cheng Laifei , Zhang Litong , Wang Yiguang
Published: December 2010

Internal friction (IF, Q−1) behavior of C/SiC composites that were coated with two kinds of environment barrier coatings, scandium disilicate (Sc2Si2O7) and barium aluminosilicates (BaAl2Si2O8, BAS), were investigated in corrosive environments. The Sc2Si2O7‐coated C/SiC composites were subjected to 50%H2O–50%O2 water vapor at 1400°C and BAS‐coated C/SiC composites were exposed to molten Na2SO4 coupled with 50%H2O–50%O2 water vapor at 900°C. The values of Q−1 for the samples corroded at different times were recorded by means of a forced nonresonant technique. The weight loss and flexural strength as a function of corrosion time were measured. The microstructural evolution of the corroded specimens at different periods was also studied. The results indicate that the value of Q−1 of the coated C/SiC composites varies with their corrosion behaviors. The main factors that determine the IF behavior of the composites subjected to corrosion environments are the oxidation and corrosion of their fibers and interface.