bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Party Spirit Made Flesh
Authors: Sorace Christian P.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how the Chinese Communist Party engineered “glory” in the aftermath of the Sichuan earthquake by mobilizing the discourse of “Party spirit” (dangxing). In addition to being responsible for state administration and economic growth, the cadre is also an embodiment and conduit of Party legitimacy. Antithetical to Max Weber's definition of institutions as that which remove embodiment from governance, in China, cadres are Party legitimacy made flesh. As flesh, they must be prepared to suffer. This chapter argues that the Party revitalizes its legitimacy by showing benevolence and glory, which depend on the willingness of cadres to suffer and sacrifice themselves on behalf of the people. In the aftermath of the Sichuan earthquake, these norms and expectations were implemented in concrete policy directives and work pressures.
The Mirage of Development
Authors: Sorace Christian P.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the contradictions of what it calls the political aesthetics of development by focusing on the reconstruction of Yingxiu Township both as a showcase of state capacity and as a tourist destination following the Sichuan earthquake. Since the earthquake, Yingxiu has been rebuilt as a political symbol of Chinese Communist Party glory and benevolence. As Yingxiu was the epicenter of the earthquake, its reconstruction was designed in anticipation of higher-level officials on inspection visits, global audiences, and awestruck tourists. Relying on tourism as a form of economic salvation was common throughout the earthquake zone, even in areas where the tourist attraction remains far from evident. Local residents accused the state of wasting resources on “face projects” that did not benefit their lives. The chapter considers some of the reasons why Yingxiu failed to generate a thriving tourist economy.
Conclusion
Authors: Sorace Christian P.
Published: January 2018

This book has examined how the Chinese Communist Party's ideology and discourse shaped the official decisions and responses to the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. It has shown how the Party's political legitimacy is negotiated through the daily encounters between cadres and people. In the earthquake zone, the Party sought to foreground its capabilities for reconstruction while also using coercive methods to maintain and rebuild the authority of its unelected rule. Furthermore, Party spirit was to be demonstrated in the cadre's ability and willingness to “eat bitterness” (chiku) and suffer alongside the survivors, which was meant to reaffirm the “intimate” relationship between the Party and the people. The book concludes by explaining what it calls “shaken authoritarianism,” whereby the Party's grip on power is fragile as a result of its attempt to control and manipulate every outcome to conform to its legitimating narratives.
After Lavinia
Authors: Watkins John
Published: January 2018

The Renaissance jurist Alberico Gentili once quipped that, just like comedies, all wars end in a marriage. In medieval and early modern Europe, marriage treaties were a perennial feature of the diplomatic landscape. When one ruler decided to make peace with his enemy, the two parties often sealed their settlement with marriages between their respective families. This book traces the history of the practice, focusing on the unusually close relationship between diplomacy and literary production in Western Europe from antiquity through the seventeenth century, when marriage began to lose its effectiveness and prestige as a tool of diplomacy. The book begins with Virgil's foundational myth of the marriage between the Trojan hero Aeneas and the Latin princess, an account that formed the basis for numerous medieval and Renaissance celebrations of dynastic marriages by courtly poets and propagandists. It follows the slow decline of diplomatic marriage as both a tool of statecraft and a literary subject, exploring the skepticism and suspicion with which it was viewed in the works of Edmund Spenser and William Shakespeare. The book argues that the plays of Pierre Corneille and Jean Racine signal the passing of an international order that had once accorded women a place of unique dignity and respect.
Introduction
Authors: Watkins John
Published: January 2018

This book examines the role of marriage in the formation, maintenance, and disintegration of a premodern European diplomatic society. The argument develops in dialogue with the so-called English school of international relations theory, with its emphasis on the contemporary international system as a society of states sharing certain values, norms, and common interests rather than as an anarchy driven solely by power struggles. In studying the place of marriage diplomacy in questions of monarchical and national sovereignty, the book draws on interdisciplinary methodologies that have long characterized academic studies of queenship and, more recently, European diplomatic culture. It begins with Virgil, whose epic tells the story of Aeneas's marriage to Lavinia—the paradigmatic interdynastic marriage. It also considers the inseparability of marriage diplomacy from literary production. Finally, it discusses the factors that precipitated the disintegration of marriage diplomacy, including new technologies of print and the large public theaters for promoting diplomatic literacy.
Interdynastic Marriage, Religious Conversion, and the Expansion of Diplomatic Society
Authors: Watkins John
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on interdynastic marriage in Roman successor states beyond the Alps, the kingdoms of the Merovingian Franks and the Anglo-Saxons during the northern European conversions to Christianity. It considers religious conversion stories that document the expansion of a Latin-based, premodern diplomatic society, beginning with a discussion of Historiae, Gregory of Tours's account of the Burgundian princess Clothilde's conversion of her Frankish husband, Clovis, and its place in the history of marriage diplomacy. The chapter proceeds by analyzing Bede's Historia ecclesiastica, which suggests that clerics may have supplanted royal women as actors in the expansion of diplomatic society after the great conversions. Gregory of Tours and Bede both advocated interdynastic marriage as a vehicle for the Christianization of Europe. Clerical marriage was a regular feature of diocesan life in sixth-century Francia, and Gregory frequently refers to the wives of priests and of his brother bishops.
Marriage Diplomacy, Print, and the Reformation
Authors: Watkins John
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the earliest stages of the decline of marriage diplomacy by focusing on the most important marriage treaty during the Reformation: the 1559 Peace of Cateau–Cambrésis, which ended more than a half century of war between France and Spain. That war and its eventual resolution looked like a replay of the later phases of the Hundred Years War of 1337–1453. Proponents of the treaty used the new medium of print to interpret Philip II's marriage to Elizabeth de Valois according to the centuries-old discourse of Virgilian peacemaking. The chapter also examines changes in religion and the dissemination of diplomatic literacy to an expanding political nation whose interests diverged from those of ruling dynasts. It concludes by showing how diplomats and heads of state availed themselves of several marriage treaties in their efforts to end the Hundred Years War.
Cattaraugus and Chautauqua Counties
Authors: Johnson-Weiner Karen
Published: January 2018

This chapter describes how Amish families from the Enon Valley in Pennsylvania and from Holmes and Wayne counties in Ohio arrived to start a new settlement in the Conewango Valley in Cattaraugus County, east of Chautauqua Lake. Since the founding of the Conewango Valley community, other Amish groups have moved east into Cattaraugus and neighboring Chautauqua County, and nowadays this region offers the Amish world in microcosm, with some of the most conservative Amish living near some of the most progressive. Like their counterparts who arrived in Lewis County in the nineteenth century, these Amish settlers to New York State have remained committed to the Anabaptist values of their forebears. Nevertheless, the settlements they have founded show the myriad ways in which these values can be realized in everyday life.
St. Lawrence County’s Swartzentruber Amish
Authors: Johnson-Weiner Karen
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores how the Swartzentruber Amish families who began to arrive in New York State in 1974 came because there was affordable land available. Although the availability of cheap farmland was a key factor in their decision to move to New York, many Swartzentruber families, like the Troyer families who moved to the Conewango Valley, were also motivated by the desire to raise their children in a homogeneous community, away from the influence of different, often more progressive Amish groups. The move allowed the Swartzentruber Amish newcomers to distance themselves from the larger Ohio Old Order community and a history of conflict and schism. With large families, the Swartzentruber Amish are among the fastest-growing groups in North America, and the new settlement expanded quickly.
The Mohawk Valley Amish
Authors: Johnson-Weiner Karen
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how other Amish began to think about settling in the Mohawk Valley region—they were motivated primarily by the need for farmland, but were partly attracted by idyllic reports of life in the Fort Plain settlement. Meanwhile, non-Amish in the area began to think about how they could attract Amish settlers. Whether Amish life is truly slower, calmer, or as often depicted, simpler, is debatable. Nevertheless, having to earn a living, feed numerous children, build homes and barns, milk cows, grow much of one's own food, do laundry, and preserve gallons of fruit and vegetables each year, all without the aid of many of the labor-saving devices that mainstream America deems essential, makes for a challenging and sometimes complicated life.
On Franklin County’s Western Border
Authors: Johnson-Weiner Karen
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyzes how two of the more recent Amish settlements in New York—the Burke settlement in Franklin County and the nearby Swartzentruber settlement founded near Hopkinton in St. Lawrence County—demonstrate the diversity of the Amish world. The Burke settlers, representing one of the more progressive realizations of Amish identity, have come north from Marion, Kentucky, eager to begin farming on new land. The Hopkinton settlers, ultraconservative Swartzentruber Amish from the area around Holmes County, Ohio, also want land, but they seek a region where their young people will not be tempted as they were in the crowded diversity of their Ohio settlement. These two groups have encountered similar difficulties in finding farms, setting up schools, dealing with non-Amish neighbors and local governments, and creating markets for their wares.
Defiant Priests
Authors: Armstrong-Partida Michelle
Published: January 2018

Two hundred years after canon law prohibited clerical marriage, parish priests in the late medieval period continued to form unions with women that were marriage all but in name. This book uses evidence from archives in four Catalan dioceses to show that maintaining a family with a domestic partner was not only a custom entrenched in Catalan clerical culture but also an essential component of priestly masculine identity, one that extended to the carrying of weapons and use of violence to resolve disputes and seek revenge, to intimidate other men, and to maintain their status and authority in the community. From unpublished episcopal visitation records and internal diocesan documents, the book reconstructs the personal lives and careers of Catalan parish priests to better understand the professional identity and masculinity of churchmen who made up the proletariat of the largest institution across Europe. These untapped sources reveal the extent to which parish clergy were embedded in their communities, particularly their kinship ties to villagers and their often contentious interactions with male parishioners and clerical colleagues. The book highlights a clerical culture that embraced violence and illuminates how the parish church could become a battleground in which rivalries among clerics took place and young clerics learned from senior clergymen to meld the lay masculine ideals that were a part of their everyday culture with the privilege and authority of their profession.
“Quarrelsome” Men
Authors: Armstrong-Partida Michelle
Published: January 2018

This chapter shows that employing violence to resolve disputes, uphold authority, and exert male privilege in a patriarchal culture was key for clergy to demonstrate their masculinity in the parish community. Much of this clerical violence centered on the public nature of personal honor, which dictated that men had to avenge and restore their reputations. The conflict-ridden interactions between parishioners and their priests was a product of how fully integrated clerics were into village life, particularly when these hostile interactions were based on personal animosities and hatreds. Moreover, a great number of priests were reported to be belligerent, quarrelsome men who acted violently against parish villagers. They used violence to intimidate parishioners, a strategy that worked to bolster their control over villagers and parish affairs. Parish clergy used their status and clerical authority to establish a hierarchy in the parish that allowed them to subordinate their parishioners.
Visions
Authors: Bernstein Alan E.
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the visionary otherworld of the early Middle Ages, wherein the damned can improve or even be saved, the living can see death, and the dead can return. In these visions, the percipients and their audience were negotiating the conventions for exchanging merits and demerits, sentiments of contrition for past deeds or wicked thoughts, and the comprehension of otherworld realities. The chapter then looks at six visionary narratives recorded from the mid-seventh to the mid-eighth centuries. These visionary narratives represent the experiences of living persons in the land of the dead. The chapter also discusses the narrative and visual aspects of visions. In the narrative, the soul moves from one scene to the next. Some areas they visit have names, others physical descriptions. As a visual experience, the soul sees the victims suffering and the environments or agents that inflict it.
Byzantine Universalism
Authors: Bernstein Alan E.
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores byzantine universalism. Byzantium’s universalist theologians devised a Christian system in which all postmortem punishment might be temporary. However, emperors deliberately assimilated their own sovereignty to God’s and assumed, as a vital corollary, the possibility of absolute sanctions: to pardon, but also to kill. Universalism did not exempt sinners from punishment all in one stroke. It involved a struggle to recover the divine image in the soul. These concurrent efforts to deal with less than absolute guilt, pardonable offenses committed by those who can benefit from mercy and correction, developed side by side with a theology that insisted—with imperial support—that complete sovereignty demands the power to punish with finality, the power to punish absolutely—that is, hell.
Why National Movements Compete, Fight, and Win
Authors: Krause Peter
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the different strengths, challenges, and potential extensions of the Movement Structure Theory (MST). In MST, the key distinction is the number of significant groups, which determines whether the movement is internally competitive or noncompetitive. This aspect of movement structure drives group incentives and movement dynamics, which together drive group behavior and movement outcome. Alliances have comparatively little impact. In an alliance, individuals are generally loyal to their groups first. Individual group leadership maintains ultimate decision-making power, even if groups agree to try to coordinate certain actions. The power concentrated in a single alliance is therefore far less cohesive in organization, coherent in action, and stable in alignment than a single group. These factors make a movement with a unifying alliance somewhat different from a fragmented movement with no such ties but very different from a hegemonic movement with a single dominant group.
The Palestinian National Movement
Authors: Krause Peter
Published: January 2018

This chapter on the Palestinian national movement examines the impact of hierarchy on group behavior. It uses a variety of tight within-case comparisons, in which the shifting of variables at different times allows for powerful assessments of why groups such as Fatah, the PFLP, and the Jordanian Communist Party used or restrained violence at different periods in their history. The chapter also illustrates “the tragedy of national movements”: Palestinian groups knew they needed hegemony to succeed, but their desire for power kept them largely fragmented. Regardless of changes in time or space, the Palestinian national movement met with strategic failure when the movement was fragmented (1965–1973, 1975–1985, and 2001–2016); limited success when it was united (1974); and its greatest success when the movement was hegemonic (1986–1993 and 1995–2000).
The Zionist Movement
Authors: Krause Peter
Published: January 2018

This chapter explains how, after decades of fragmentation and the inability to secure statehood, a Zionist population that owned 7 percent of the Palestine Mandate and represented 37 percent of its population was given 55 percent of the territory by the United Nations and then proceeded to defeat a Palestinian national movement that was backed by a population twice as large that controlled more territory, held the high ground, and was supported by significant armies from five neighboring Arab states. It presents evidence that reinforces the virtues of hegemony because the movement achieved victory when it was hegemonic (1942–1949), after failing to achieve independence while fragmented in the previous decades. It also demonstrates that “the balance is greater than the sum of its parts” because the dominant hegemon, Haganah, sunk a massive, much-needed arms shipment rather than allow its content and the associated credit to go to a potential Zionist challenger.
The Politics of National Movements and the Future of Rebel Power
Authors: Krause Peter
Published: January 2018

This chapter conducts a comparative analysis across all the movements, groups, and campaigns; assesses and demonstrate synergies with competing arguments; scrutinizes the incorrect predictions of the Movement Structure Theory; identifies remaining questions for future research; and presents key policy implications for those whose goal is either to advance or stop national movements and political violence. It concludes that no single structure or strategy is ideal for ending violence, achieving victory, and initiating democracy and stability. Nonetheless, recognizing that these objectives require different approaches, and analyzing the movement that precedes the state will provide policymakers with key insights into how best to match means to ends.
Introduction
Authors: Ross Robert S. , Ross Øystein Tunsjø , Tunsjø Tunsjø
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter focuses on the underlying sources of these recent challenges to the regional order; the implications of these developments for China, the United States and the region's smaller states; and the challenges these states have encountered in developing policy responses that contribute to both their national security and regional stability. Scholars understand that the most significant factor contributing to heightened regional instability has been the rise of China. Although China has yet to catch up to the United States in security affairs and its future is uncertain, it is clear that after nearly thirty-five years of economic growth and military modernization, China now plays a more significant role in East Asian economic and strategic orders and poses a greater challenge to U.S leadership.
Perception, Misperception, and Sensitivity
Authors: Drezner Daniel W.
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyzes the impact of the rise of the Chinese economy on the international economic structure. While looking at the rapid growth of the Chinese economy, analysis reveals that China has yet to challenge the United States as the anchor of the global financial system: the renminbi remains negligible in international financial transactions. Indeed, since the 2007–8 global financial crisis, the U.S. dollar has expanded its importance relative to the renminbi in global finance. The chapter suggests that the renminbi is far from becoming a significant international reserve currency and that the United States will continue to dominate the regional financial order. In trade relations, however, the chapter establishes the significant importance of the Chinese market for economies throughout East Asia.
Two Asias?
Authors: Dong Wang
Published: January 2018

This chapter addresses the impact of the rise of China on the growing U.S.–China regional competition. The rise of the Chinese economy has challenged U.S. market dominance in East Asia. In regional security affairs, China has also achieved noticeable gains vis-à-vis the United States; however, its strategic rise remains in its early stages. This distinction between the region's economic and strategic structure has created a great power dual structure in East Asia comprising an “Economic Asia” and a “Security Asia.” China has improved its economic presence in the region, promoting regionwide cooperation within Chinese-led institutions. In security affairs, it has also developed a more proactive policy, but it simultaneously acknowledges the United States as the region's dominant strategic power.
China’s Rise and Security Dynamics on the Korean Peninsula
Authors: Moon Chung-In
Published: January 2018

This chapter looks at South Korea's response to the rise of China. It establishes South Korea's growing dependence on the Chinese economy and its growing cooperation with China to manage North Korean belligerence. The rise of China creates strategic pressure on South Korea both to accommodate Chinese interests and to maintain defense cooperation with the United States, and that this policy challenge is exacerbated by politically significant anti-Japanese nationalism in South Korea. The result has been significant South Korean policy instability. The policy swings in South Korea's maneuvering between the United States and China from the government of Roh Moo-hyun to that of Lee Myung-bak and then to Park Geun-hye reveal the difficulty that great power competition during a power transition imposes on a small country.
The United States and China in Northeast Asia
Authors: Ross Robert S.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines alliance dynamics in U.S.–China relations in Northeast Asia. It analyzes how each nation has used third-party coercive diplomacy to compel the other to restrain its allies' challenges to great power security. A major objective of U.S. policy toward North Korea and the corresponding tension of the Korean Peninsula has been to compel China to exercise greater control over North Korea's nuclear weapons program. A major objective of Chinese policy toward Japan and the corresponding tension in the East China Sea has been to compel the United States to restrain Japanese challenges to Chinese sovereignty claims in disputed waters in the East China Sea. For a brief period, third-party coercion contributed to greater U.S.–China cooperation as each country adjusted its policies toward its respective ally, easing regional tension and U.S.–China conflict.
Bosnia
Authors: McMahon Patrice C.
Published: January 2018

This chapter looks at how liberal peacebuilding, with its reliance on civil society development and NGOs, shaped Bosnia's domestic NGO sector and everyday life from roughly 1996 to 2011. It describes the country as an “experiment,” where, instead of investing in organizations and programs that were mutually reinforcing and that advanced the country's development, representatives of governments, international organizations, or private foundations landed in Bosnia with their own agendas and good ideas for putting the country back together. They resisted coordination and long-term planning and, when interest dried up, the internationals merely closed their doors and went home. After more than two decades of projectification, Bosnians are eager for the experiment to end.
The Wars of the Five Nations with the Adirondacks and Quatoghies.
Authors: Colden Cadwallader
Published: January 2018

This chapter presents an account of the events leading up to the war between the Adirondacks and Five Nations as told by the French. The war started when the Adirondacks asked some young men of the Five Nations to assist them in their hunting. The Five Nations willingly agreed in hopes that their people might acquire hunting skills. It was a custom among all the Nations of Indians, to divide themselves into small companies while they hunt. One of these parties consisted of six Adirondacks and six Five Nations. The Adirondacks were unlucky and returned to their cabin empty-handed. The Five Nations, however, were “dextrous” with their bows and returned loaded with the flesh of wild cows. Jealous of this success, the Adirondacks conspired together and murdered all the six men of the Five Nations while they slept.
Their Wars and Treaties of Peace with the French, from 1665. to 1683. and their Affairs with New-York in that Time.
Authors: Colden Cadwallader
Published: January 2018

This chapter details events following the arrival of Mons. de Trasi, Vice-Roy of America, in Quebeck in June 1665. In September of the same year, the Commission of Governor General of Canada arrived, along with eleven vessels that transported a regiment and several families, with all the things necessary to establish a colony. The next spring, the Vice-Roy and the Governor, along with 28 Companies of Foot, and all the inhabitants of the colony, marched into the country of the Mohawks with the aim of destroying the Nation, which not only prevented their commerce with other Indians, but also prevented the settlement of the colony.
The Affairs of the Five Nations with the Neighbouring English Colonies.
Authors: Colden Cadwallader
Published: January 2018

This chapter describes the relationship between the Five Nations and their English neighbors. Amply supplied with firearms and ammunition, the Five Nations launched a campaign to avenge the affronts received from their neighbors as well as make all the Nations around them their tributaries. As a result, the Five Nations “over-ran” the greatest part of North America. They carried their arms as far South as Carolina, and to the Northward of New England, and as far west as the River Mississippi, and destroyed many Nations that resisted. These war-like expeditions also became troublesome for the colonies of Virginia and Maryland. Not only did the Indians who were friends with those colonies become “victims to the fury of the Five Nations,” but also the Christian inhabitants.
The English Attempt to Trade in the Lakes, and Mr. De Nonville Attacks the Sennekas.
Authors: Colden Cadwallader
Published: January 2018

This chapter details events following Monsieur Le Marquis de Nonville's assumption of the role as Governor of Canada in 1685. Having brought considerable reinforcement of soldiers with him, he resolved to recover the honor that the French had lost in the last expedition, and avenge the slaughter that the Five Nations continued to make of the Twihtwiks and Chictaghiks, who had put themselves under the Protection of the French. Having entirely subdued the Chicktaghiks, after a six-year war, the Five Nations sought next to fall upon the Twihtwies, and call them to an account for the disturbance they had caused some of the Five Nations in their “bever-hunting.”
The State of Affairs in New-York and Canada, at the Time of the Revolution in Great-Britain.
Authors: Colden Cadwallader
Published: January 2018

This chapter details events in New York and Canada at the time of the English Revolution. The Revolution caused great divisions among parties in the province of New York, as it did in Britain. The governor and all the officers either fled or absconded; the gentlemen of the King's Council, and some of the most considerable or richest people, refused to join in the declaration that the people made, and the Administration, as a result, fell into different hands, who were more supportive of the Protestant interest. Canada was also in a dire condition: the country had been burnt and destroyed; their trade was at a standstill; and great numbers of people were slain, with the remainder in danger of perishing by famine, or by the sword of their enemies.
A Treaty between the Agents of Massachuset’s Bay, New-Plymouth, and Connecticut, and the Sachems of the Five Nations, at Albany, in the Year 1689.
Authors: Colden Cadwallader
Published: January 2018

This chapter describes the treaty between the Five Nations and the English. At the beginning of September 1689, Colonel John Pynchon, Major John Savage, and Captain Jonathan Bull, agents for the Colonies of Massachuset's Bay, New-Plymouth, and Connecticut, arrived at Albany, to renew the Friendship with the Five Nations and engage with them against the Eastern Indians, who, with the support of the French, were warring against the English in those colonies. Speaking to the New-England agents, the Sachems assured them that they were resolved to look on their enemies as such, and that they intend to attack the Owaragees, then the Owenagungas, and lastly the French.
The French and the Five Nations continue the War all Winter with various Success. The French burn a Captain of the Five Nations alive.
Authors: Colden Cadwallader
Published: January 2018

This chapter details the continuing war between the Five Nations and the French. The Five Nations maintained their incursions into Canada all winter. Forty of the Mohawks fell upon Fort Vercheres, and carried off twenty of the inhabitants. When the news reached Montreal, Mr. de Crizaei, with one hundred men of the regular troops, was sent in pursuit of them, who recovered most of the prisoners. The Count de Frontenac, being informed that a considerable party of the Five Nations hunted beaver on the neck of land between Cadarackui Lake and Lake Erie, resolved to demonstrate to them the strength and courage of the French.
The Five Nations treat with Captain Ingoldsby.
Authors: Colden Cadwallader
Published: January 2018

This chapter details the meeting between the Five Nations and Captain Ingoldsby. The death of Colonel Slaughter, the Governor of New York, was very prejudicial to the affairs of New York. Captain Ingoldsby, who had no other commission but that of captain of one of the Independent Companies of Foot, took upon himself the government of the province without any authority. At a meeting on the 6th of June 1692, Captain Ingoldsby told the Five Nations of his resolutions to prosecute the war, and then blamed them for not sending a party down Cadarackui River to join them that went from Albany against Montreal, and for their carelessness in suffering during the last winter when hunting. He instructed them to keep the enemy in perpetual alarm by continuing their incursions into the enemy's country, and to give him timely notice of all their activities.
The French surprise and take three Mohawk Castles.
Authors: Colden Cadwallader
Published: January 2018

This chapter details the French attack on three Mohawk castles. The French in Canada began to be discouraged by their continued losses against the Five Nations. Hence, the Count de Frontenac thought it absolutely necessary to undertake some bold enterprize to demonstrate to the Five Nations that they had to act offensively to an enemy. He believed that an attack on the Mohawks would be most effectual for this purpose, because it would show that the English would not protect their closest neighbors. As this was designed to be done by surprise, the winter season was chosen for this purpose, when the enemy could not, without great hardship, keep scouts abroad, discover them, or for the English give any assistance.
The Conduct which the English and French observed, in regard to the Five Nations, immediately after the Peace of Reswick.
Authors: Colden Cadwallader
Published: January 2018

This chapter details events following the Peace of Reswick. After the news of the Peace of Reswick reached New-York, the governor sent an express to Canada, informing the governor there of it, that hostilities might cease. The Five Nations, having an account of the peace earlier than they had it in Canada, took advantage of it, in hunting beaver near Cadarackui Fort. The Governor of Canada, however, being informed of this, and believing that the Five Nations thought themselves secure by the general Peace, resolved to take his last revenge by sending a considerable party of Adirondacks to surprise them, which they did, and killed several, but not without loss of many of their own men.
The Preface to the Second Part.
Authors: Colden Cadwallader
Published: January 2018

The former Part of this History was written at New-York in the Year 1727, on Occasion of a Dispute which then happened, between the Government of New-York and some Merchants. The French of Canada had the whole Fur Trade with the Western Indians in their Hands, and were supplied with their woollen Goods from New-York. Mr. Burnet, who took more Pains to be informed of the Interest of the People he was set over, and of making them useful to their Mother Country, than Plantation Governors usually do, took the Trouble of perusing all the Registers of the Indian Affairs on this Occasion. He from thence conceived of what Consequence the Fur Trade with the Western Indians was of to Great-Britain; that as the English had the Fur Trade to Hudson’s Bay given up to them, by the Treaty of Utrecht, so, by the Advantages which the Province of New-York has in its Situation, they might be able to draw the whole Fur Trade in the other Parts of America to themselves, and thereby the English engross that Trade, and the Manufactories depending on it....
Global, Regional, and Megacity Trends in the Highest Temperature of the Year: Diagnostics and Evidence for Accelerating Trends
Authors: Papalexiou Simon Michael , AghaKouchak Amir , Trenberth Kevin E. , Foufoula‐Georgiou Efi
Published: January 2018

Trends in short‐lived high‐temperature extremes record a different dimension of change than the extensively studied annual and seasonal mean daily temperatures. They also have important socioeconomic, environmental, and human health implications. Here, we present analysis of the highest temperature of the year for approximately 9000 stations globally, focusing on quantifying spatially explicit exceedance probabilities during the recent 50‐ and 30‐year periods. A global increase of 0.19°C per decade during the past 50 years (through 2015) accelerated to 0.25°C per decade during the last 30 years, a faster increase than in the mean annual temperature. Strong positive 30‐year trends are detected in large regions of Eurasia and Australia with rates higher than 0.60°C per decade. In cities with more than 5 million inhabitants, where most heat‐related fatalities occur, the average change is 0.33°C per decade, while some east Asia cities, Paris, Moscow, and Houston have experienced changes higher than 0.60°C per decade.
Effects of Ice Nucleation Protein Repeat Number and Oligomerization Level on Ice Nucleation Activity
Authors: Ling M. L. , Wex H. , Grawe S. , Jakobsson J. , Löndahl J. , Hartmann S. , Finster K. , Boesen T. , Šantl‐Temkiv T.
Published: January 2018

Ice nucleation active bacteria have attracted particular attention due to their unique ability to produce specific ice nucleation proteins (INpros), which are the most efficient ice nuclei known as they induce nucleation at temperatures close to 0°C. Our model bacterium Pseudomonas syringae strain R10.79 produced INpros containing 67 tandem repeats, forming the proposed ice‐binding surface. To understand the role of the INpro repeats as well as the role of intermolecular interactions between INpros for their ice nucleation behavior, we produced a truncated version of the protein with only 16 tandem repeats (INpro16R). The purified INpro16R produced oligomers of varying sizes. Immersion freezing ice nucleation behavior of purified INpro16R was characterized by droplet‐freezing assays and in the Leipzig Aerosol Cloud Interaction Simulator. Predominant INpro16R oligomers introduced into Leipzig Aerosol Cloud Interaction Simulator as single particles with diameters of 50 nm or 70 nm were ice nucleation active at temperatures of −26°C and −24°C, respectively. These are much lower temperatures compared to that of intact INpros (−12°C). The data clearly indicated that the number of repeats determines the ice nucleation temperature. In addition, ice nucleation between −9°C and −10°C, comparable to the activity of intact INpro, was caused by higher‐order INpro16R oligomers. This supported previous observations that INpro oligomerization increases the ice‐binding surface, thereby affecting ice nucleation activity. In conclusion, both repeat number and oligomerization contribute in a seemingly independent manner to the nucleation mechanism of INpros.
GLS loss of function causes autosomal recessive spastic ataxia and optic atrophy
Authors: Lynch David S. , Chelban Viorica , Vandrovcova Jana , Pittman Alan , Wood Nicholas W. , Houlden Henry
Published: January 2018

We describe a consanguineous family in which two brothers were affected by childhood onset spastic ataxia with optic atrophy and loss of motor and language skills. Through a combination of homozygosity mapping and whole‐genome sequencing, we identified a homozygous copy number variant in GLS as the cause. The duplication leads to complete knockout of GLS expression. GLS encodes the brain‐ and kidney‐specific enzyme glutaminase, which hydrolyzes glutamine for the production of glutamate, the most abundant central nervous system neurotransmitter. This is the first report implicating GLS loss of function in human disease.
New OLEDs Based on Zirconium Metal‐Organic Framework
Authors: Gutiérrez Mario , Martin Cristina , Kennes Koen , Hofkens Johan , Van der Auweraer Mark , Sánchez Félix , Douhal Abderrazzak
Published: January 2018

The search for new smart‐materials in solid‐state light‐emitting applications, like hybrid organic–inorganic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs), has seen an intense growth in the recent years. Among all the possibilities, metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as promising smart materials due to their chemical and structural properties. Herein, for the first time, the use of a Zr‐based MOF (Zr‐NDC, NDC = dimethyl 2,6‐naphthalenedicarboxylate) as electroluminescent active material in OLED devices is reported. The results indicate that, independently of the properties of the polymer used to form the emissive layer, the OLED emission is due to radiative electron and hole recombination in the MOF. A tuning of the optoelectronic properties of the device by incorporating Coumarin 153, (C153) and 4‐(Dicyanomethylene)‐2‐methyl‐6‐(4‐dimethylaminostyryl)‐4H‐pyran, into the MOF pores is demonstrated. Using different MOFLED architectures, and MOF composition, it is possible to elucidate the photoluminescence and electroluminescence mechanisms, providing the clues for further improvements. It is observed that the current density as well as the electroluminescent behavior depends on the dopant fluorophores. It is also shown that defects within the Zr‐MOF play a role in the OLED optoelectronic properties. The results clearly demonstrate the potential of MOFs as new tunable electroluminescent materials for OLED applications.
Reactions Involving Tryptamines and δ‐Allenyl Aldehydes: Competition between Pictet‐Spengler Reaction and Cyclization to 1‐Aminotetralins
Authors: Gobé Valérian , Gandon Vincent , Guinchard Xavier
Published: January 2018

The isolation of 1‐aminotetralin was unexpectedly observed in the course of Pictet‐Spengler reactions between tryptamines and δ‐allenyl aldehydes. This discovery led to the study of a novel reactivity using aldehydes and secondary amines. DFT calculations show that the cyclization occurs in a stepwise manner that is sufficiently fast to allow high diastereoselectivity. When using allyl‐tryptamines, it is possible to control the reaction, depending on the substituents, in order to have either the 1‐aminotetralin or the tetrahydro‐β‐carboline. These competitive reactivities were studied by DFT computations.

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A Ultrasensitive Near‐Infrared Fluorescent Probe Reveals Pyroglutamate Aminopeptidase 1 Can Be a New Inflammatory Cytokine
Authors: Gong Qiuyu , Zou Ruifen , Xing Jie , Xiang Lingchao , Zhang Renshuai , Wu Aiguo
Published: January 2018

Previous study showed that pyroglutamate aminopeptidase 1 (PGP‐1) has a relationship with the immune response in cells. However, whether PGP‐1 is involved in inflammatory response in vivo and can serve as a new inflammatory cytokine are still unclear. To address these issues, a new near‐infrared fluorescent probe, which exhibits high selectivity and super sensitivity, is developed. With this probe, the up‐regulation of PGP‐1 (evidenced by western blot) in BALB/c mice legs and livers under the stimulation of two main immunopotentiators is revealed for the first time. The occurrence of inflammatory process (including tissue necrosis) in mice is determined by up‐regulation of tumor necrosis factor‐α and hematoxylin‐eosin staining. Interestingly, it is revealed for the first time that knocking down PGP‐1 leads to the weakness of inflammatory process in RAW264.7 cells. These new findings suggest that PGP‐1 is indeed involved in inflammatory response in vivo and can be a new inflammatory cytokine.
Temporal patterns of the online video viewing behavior of smart TV viewers
Authors: Lian Tao , Chen Zhumin , Lin Yujie , Ma Jun
Published: January 2018

In recent years, millions of households have shifted from traditional TVs to smart TVs for viewing online videos on TV screens. In this article, we perform extensive analyses on a large‐scale online video viewing log on smart TVs. Because time influences almost every aspect of our lives, our aim is to understand temporal patterns of the online video viewing behavior of smart TV viewers at the crowd level. First, we measure the amount of time per hour spent in watching online videos on smart TV by each household on each day. By applying clustering techniques, we identify eight daily patterns whose peak hours occur in different segments of the day. The differences among households can be characterized by three types of temporal habits. We also uncover five periodic weekly patterns. There seems to be a circadian rhythm at the crow level. Further analysis confirms that there exists a holiday effect in the online video viewing behavior on smart TVs. Finally, we investigate the popularity variations of different video categories over the day. The obtained insights shed light on how we can partition a day to improve the performance of time‐aware video recommendations for smart TV viewers.
First‐in‐human implantation of a novel self‐expanding supra‐annular transcatheter heart valve for transcatheter aortic valve implantation inside a small degenerated aortic surgical bioprosthesis
Authors: Schäfer Ulrich , Kalbacher Daniel , Voigtländer Lisa , Conradi Lenard
Published: January 2018

With next‐generation valves such as the ALLEGRA valve from NewValve Technologies (NVT), Hechingen Germany, there is a very likely treatment expansion for patients with aortic valve disease. Besides treatment of native valvular aortic stenosis with the ALLEGRA valve, the special implant mechanism seems to be an appealing concept for patients with degenerated surgical bioprostheses. We report the first case of a transfemoral implantation in small degenerated surgical bioprosthesis of a 76‐year‐old woman.
Effects of heat exposure from late sowing on the agronomic and technological quality of tetraploid wheat
Authors: Sissons Mike , Pleming Denise , Taylor Julian D. , Emebiri Livinus , Collins Nicholas C.
Published: January 2018

Background and objectives

Heat stress is a major limiting factor to wheat yield that also impacts on grain quality, and its incidence is likely to increase. Thirty‐seven durum wheats were grown in irrigated replicated field trials over two seasons in Australia, normal sown (NS) or a 2‐month late sown (LS). Agronomic and technological quality traits were examined.

Findings

Later sowing exposed the crop to more days at temperatures of 30°C and above indicating more heat stress while the irrigation ensured no drought stress. Relative to NS, LS reduced yield, grain weight, test weight, and milling yield but grain vitreousness and hardness either increased or decreased depending on the trial. However, LS had positive effects on increasing protein content, dough quality indicators, and increased the proportion of high molecular weight gluten polymer. LS also enhanced pasta end‐use traits, increasing pasta yellowness and firmness and decreasing cooking loss. Genotypes that showed relatively stable yield and grain characteristics under LS were identified (Caparoi, Jandaroi, Kalka, Kronos, Saintly, and WID802).

Conclusions

These findings suggest that the heat stress experienced enhanced dough and pasta quality, despite having a negative impact on yield and physical grain characteristics. Genotypes were identified that represent potential sources of heat tolerance that could be useful in breeding to help limit the undesirable effects of heat stress on durum production.

Significance and novelty

Late sowing of wheat is a good strategy to obtain exposure to heat stress in the Australian environment and can be used to select genotypes with better yield and quality stability.
Rice grain protein composition influences head rice yield
Authors: Balindong Jeanette L. , Ward Rachelle M. , Rose Terry J. , Liu Lei , Raymond Carolyn A. , Snell Peter J. , Ovenden Ben W. , Waters Daniel L.E.
Published: January 2018

Background and objectives

The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which differences in rice grain protein composition are associated with head rice yield (HRY). HRY, the mass of milled unbroken rice grain derived from a defined mass of paddy rice expressed as a percentage, is a commercially important trait targeted by rice breeders. Variation in rice grain protein composition influences rice grain texture, and high grain protein content is associated with high HRY; however, the relationship between rice grain protein composition and HRY is not well understood.

Findings

HPLC analysis of protein extracts derived from broken and unbroken milled medium‐ and long‐grain rice suggests that rice grain protein composition differences are associated with HRY. Glutelin, a major class of rice grain storage proteins, displayed the greatest difference between broken and unbroken rice grains but weakest association with HRY. Prolamin and globulin content displayed relatively smaller differences between broken and unbroken medium and long grains, yet both protein fractions were associated with HRY.

Conclusions

Rice grain protein composition, in addition to other known factors, influences rice HRY.

Significance and novelty

Protein composition differences between broken and unbroken rice grains have significant implications for human nutrition and in part explain differences in HRY. Rice breeders face the challenge of balancing the two competing traits of HRY and soft grain texture.