bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Across the little divide? Life histories of public and third sector “boundary crossers”
Authors: Lewis David
Published: November 2014

Purpose

Organizational life and policy making is increasingly conceived in terms of a “three sector” model – public, private and “third”. The purpose of this research paper is to examine a little‐studied phenomenon that increasingly characterises societies in both the “developed” and the “developing” worlds. It aims to argue that these “sectors” have permeable boundaries, and that increasing numbers of activists and professionals operate across such boundaries, with important implications for policy and work.

Design/methodology/approach

The research paper reports on a set of new ethnographic life‐work history data from the UK, Bangladesh and Philippines to explore experiences of people who cross between, or straddle, the third sector and the public sector.

Findings

The paper constructs a preliminary typology of boundary crosser archetypes for purposes of further analysis. This is based on motivations and levels of boundary crossing. Boundary crossing of this kind is linked with the concept of “work role transition”, and with the micro‐politics of policy contention.

Practical implications

The paper concludes by suggesting that such work may offer new practical insights into strengthening the capacity of both third sector and government agencies.

Originality/value

The paper aims to be original in opening up this new topic for further discussion (and in particular problematizing the idea of sector boundaries), and through using the life history method to as part of organisational ethnography.
Studying development organizations – towards a culture of participation?
Authors: Vorhölter Julia
Published: November 2014

Purpose

This article aims to provide new insights to current debates within the anthropology of (participatory) development by presenting a theoretically‐informed, ethnographic case study of a development organization in Pretoria, South Africa.

Design/methodology/approach

A theoretical framework is proposed which links recent debates on organizational culture and participatory development. It is based on a thorough review of the literature in these two fields of research as well as on empirical findings from the case study.

Findings

The article shows that organizational culture is a crucial factor in understanding the complexities and failures of participatory development that has hitherto been largely ignored by development analysts and practitioners. Three factors are discussed, which affect an organization's approach towards participation: the influence of professionalization on organizational culture and participation; development brokers as agents of participatory development; and value and mission statements as indicators of an organization's “participatory potential”. The analysis demonstrates that anthropologists need to critically engage with the complexities of development operations, which requires analyzing the concrete practices, (power) structures and institutional incorporations of different development organizations.

Originality/value

The strength and originality of the study lies in its systematic focus on the internal factors of an organization and how these affect the implementation of participatory development. The questions raised in this paper are relevant for further comparative studies of development organizations, particularly those who claim to follow a participatory approach.
On the beat: variations in the patrolling styles of the police officer
Authors: Ramshaw Pauline
Published: November 2014

Purpose

This article seeks to look at the police officer on patrol. It aims to explore three categories of work undertaken during periods of un‐tasked patrol where officers can self‐direct their work.

Design/methodology/approach

Informed by empirical data from an ethnographic study of front line community policing in Britain, the categories of work are illustrated through the profile(s) of officer(s) whose actions best support each style.

Findings

The coming together of officers with different skills and the propensity to undertake different types of police work can broaden the community policing philosophy as well as the practice itself. While an expansive policing mandate can be used to justify and explain the pursuit of preferential areas of police work by the patrolling officer, findings also uncover evidence of the persistence of police practices and attitudes that alienate certain community groups.

Research limitations/implications

Given the sustained popularity of localized policing models, further ethnographies are needed to broaden the analysis of patrol work particularly as additional research of this kind conducted with different groups of officers may well reveal evidence of different patrol styles.

Practical implications

If the full potential of community policing is to be recognized then the police service needs to encourage front line officers to devise ways of learning about, making contact with, and working with, the diverse groups that comprise local communities. However, introducing new policies and working practices needs to be accompanied by attitudinal and behavioural change.

Originality/value

The paper presents a new and original set of patrolling styles of the police officer.
History of the Japan Industrial Robot Association A Corporate Institution
Authors: J.I.R.A.
Published: November 2014

Under the guidance of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) and supported by the Japan Oil Hydraulics Association, the Electronic Industry Promotion Association, and the Japan Pneumatics Association, “The Industrial Robot Society” was established on March 17, 1971 and Hikoo Ando was elected its president.
Programmable automation of batch assembly operations
Authors: Abraham R.G.
Published: November 2014

A systematic analysis of 60 product lines, all of which are assembled in relatively small batches, resulted in the selection of outdoor lighting, compressors and small motors as those most suitable for programmable automatic assembly. Preliminary concepts as to how manipulator arms and control systems, tactile/force sensors, vision systems, parts presentation equipment, fixtures, end effectors, tools and computer system hardware and software should be configured to form complete programmable assembly systems led to the selection of small motors as the best economic candidate. Reductions in equipment cost and/or programmable assembly system cycle time are necessary to increase significantly the number of batch assembly operations that are good economic candidates for automation.
Application of industrial robots in complex production systems
Authors: Kozynev I.
Published: November 2014

Application of basic processing equipment, providing for high‐levelled combination and concentration of operations, together with automatic program‐controlled manipulators of various types offers possibilities for creating automated production systems which differ in purpose, structure, complexity and a degree of automation of the main and auxiliary operations and control as well.
Industrial robots in production automation
Authors: Belianin P.N.
Published: November 2014

Existing production plant is redesigning in accordance with requirements of product marketing. The philosophy of product automation is changing and at the same time so is the whole complex of technical method used for production. Industrial robots are considered to be the most important element for automation. The paper presents a number of new robot designs with point‐to‐point and continuous path control. Consideration is being given to the problem of effective application of “intelligent” robots. The need to improve the accuracy of industrial robots performance is substantiated.
A compliant hand robot
Authors: Wong P.C.
Published: November 2014

The compliant hand robot was developed for metal stamping press feeding at Fisher and Paykel Ltd., home appliance manufacturer, New Zealand.
NOTES ON THEORY AND RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION
Authors: TAINTON J.A.
Published: November 2014

INTRODUCTION An administrator is, whether he is aware of the fact or not, continually making predictions — predictions about market trends, demographic changes, life expectancy of physical plant, performance of personnel, and probable outcomes of various courses of action, to mention just a few. Ultimately, an administrator's predictions are limited by the parameters of his own relevant abilities, skills, attitudes and knowledge, however, predictions are also limited, in a very pragmatic sense, by their consonance with patterned sequences of events which conform to natural laws, and by the presence of imposed controls which define and confine the relationships between inputs, processes and outputs.
HISPANICS AND THE U.S. OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE: A FOCUS ON VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
Authors: Aguirre Adalberto
Published: November 2014

Hispanics are the fastest growing minority group in the United States, registering a twenty‐five percent increase from 1973 to 1980 (1). Of the more than thirteen million U.S. residents of Hispanic origin, the largest group is Mexicans with nearly eight million persons (2). Some of the more salient features of the Hispanic population are the following (3).
LEADERSHIP TRAINING IN ELITE AMERICAN BOARDING SCHOOLS: RECONCILING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WHAT IS TAUGHT AND WHAT IS LEARNED
Authors: Hodges Persell Caroline , Cookson Peter W.
Published: November 2014

Power without authority is fragile; to be effective, leaders must appear to deserve their positions. This sense of legitimacy is the most important end product of going through Prep school. This sense of legitimacy is magnified by the sense of collective identity that Prep schools generate among their students, and much of the bonding process essential to upper‐class solidarity begins in this institution. This is the social glove that holds together the privileged classes, often at the expense of individuality but to the long‐term gain of upper‐class hegemony.
SOCIAL POLICY AND THE BIRTHRATE
Authors: Hough J.R.
Published: November 2014

Saturday July 11, 1987 was arguably a red‐letter day in the history of our planet: if the demographic computer predictions were correct, that was the date on which the world's population rose above five billion for the first time (Hill, 1987). In fact, that date and statistic passed relatively unnoticed but in other respects there has been in recent years increased interest in population forecasts either in respect of individual countries or in respect of wider areas including whole continents, one of the major causes of such increased interest being the lobby or series of lobbies which have been urging that birth‐rates need to be increased. Nowhere has such a lobby been more vociferous than within the ambit of the European Communities in general and the European Parliament in particular, seeking action by the Community and by individual countries, including the UK, aimed at increasing birth rates. This article seeks to examine the arguments for and against such possible policy measures.
All Funds and International Seizure Cooperation of the USA and the UK
Authors: Baldwin Fletcher N.
Published: November 2014

When the physical and psychological wall separating East from West crumbled in 1989, the West preferred and encouraged the substitution of free enterprise. The wall's disappearance left a fertile playground for legitimate, as well as illegitimate, business.
PRINTED INDEX CARDS AND GUIDES
Authors: HOLMSTROM J.E.
Published: November 2014

THE motive for this article is to invite comment on the proposal explained later, and illustrated in Fig. 6, that guide cards ready printed with U.D.C. numbers and their meanings should be made available from a central source. At the Scientific Information Conference held by the Royal Society last summer this proposal was recommended to the British Standards Institution for consideration and a small committee has now been set up for the purpose.
SELF‐PERPETUATING SCHEME OF CLASSIFICATION
Authors: RANGANATHAN S.R.
Published: November 2014

WHEN Miss Ditmas sent me a copy of the proceedings of the conference convened by the Royal Society in June last to consider the improvement of documentation service for scientific workers, I was very pleased to read the resolution regarding the library profession. I took it as an S O S from those engaged on research calling for help from those engaged on library work. The downpour of literature has become so heavy, specialization among scientific workers so intense, and coverage of publications is becoming so narrow in extension and so deep in intension that a worker is in danger of missing much nascent thought, so essential for economic pursuit of research. Unless there is proper reference service in libraries the work of the specialists will suffer, and unless there is proper documentation the reference service will suffer—they say. Unless a powerful scheme of classification is brought into use and unless cataloguing is intimately integrated with such a classification, proper documentation will not be possible, we say. Unless some of the best brains of the day are spared for the library profession and the library profession itself is made attractive enough in status and salary to retain them, those necessary library techniques, that have the modern alternative name of documentation technique, will not be forged and kept continuously sharpened, we say. It is gratifying that the conference has by a resolution conceded our demand about status and emoluments. I welcome this opportunity to expound along what lines we should proceed to improve our technique to the necessary level of efficiency. The table on p. 224 gives a synopsis of what I propose to say.
THE PRINCIPLES AND POSSIBILITIES OF DIAZO‐COPYING PROCESSES
Authors: DE GORTER B.
Published: November 2014

The importance of copying processes ONE of the most frequently occurring requirements in all modern human activity, be it commerce, government, research, or any other sphere, is the need to obtain a true copy of a document. The efficiency of the method used for copying documents has a definite influence on the overall efficiency of the undertaking concerned. Executives are therefore always on the look‐out for improved methods for copying documents. By ‘document’ is meant any visual record of information. The information may be expressed by various media, such as language, numerical data, codes, graphs, diagrams, sketches, or photographs, which may be borne on various vehicles, such as letters, memoranda, reports, drawings, tracings, blue‐prints, pamphlets, patent specifications, periodicals, books, photographic film, index cards, and punched cards.
TECHNICAL TRANSLATING DICTIONARIES
Authors: GARDNER A.L.
Published: November 2014

Introduction THE problem of communication of ideas and results between scientists of different native languages is not new. For many centuries a solution to the problem was found in the use of Latin as the international language of the Church and of the educated classes, but this solution vanished with the passing of Latin as the language of scientists. Since that time there has been an enormous growth and ramification of science and technology, with a corresponding increase in the volume of scientific and technical publication. As the papers of value to the scientist are published in any one of a number of languages, there has been an increasing demand for the services of technical translators; for the scientist cannot afford to ignore foreign work on his subject, and he cannot as a rule read all the languages in which that work is published.
A SCIENTIFIC THEORY OF CLASSIFICATION AND INDEXING AND ITS PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
Authors: FARRADANE J.E.L.
Published: November 2014

SUMMARY A classification is a theory of the structure of knowledge. From a discussion of the nature of truth, it is held that scientific knowledge is the only knowledge which can be regarded as true. The method of induction from empirical data is therefore applied to the construction of a classification. Items of knowledge are divided into uniquely definable terms, called isolates, and the relations between them, called operators. It is shown that only four basic operators exist, expressing appurtenance, equivalence, reaction, and causation; using symbols for these operators, all subjects can be analysed in a linear form called an analet. With the addition of the permissible permutations of such analets, formed according to simple rules, alphabetical arrangement of the first terms provides a complete, logical subject index. Examples are given, and possible difficulties are considered. A classification can then be constructed by selection of deductive relations, arranged in hierarchical form. The nature of possible classifications is discussed. It is claimed that such an inductively constructed classification is the only true representation of the structure of knowledge, and that these principles provide a simple technique for accurately and fully indexing and classifying any given set of data, with complete flexibility.
FACTS AND FAITH
Authors: URQUHART D.J.
Published: November 2014

The development of technical information services in the United Kingdom in the past has depended to a great extent upon the faith and evangelical approach of a small band of people. Relevant facts were difficult to find and were sometimes invented or erroneously deduced from scattered data. The oft‐repeated tale that half the world's scientific achievements have been lost because the papers recording them were never abstracted is an example of this. Such tales may have achieved some support for technical information services in the past, but this particular tale is now so widely disbelieved amongst the scientific community that those repeating it have often appeared to the working scientist as ‘cranks’. The old approach to technical information services is, however, changing. This paper is an attempt to review the present position. The opinions expressed are my own and are not necessarily those of my Department.
DEVELOPMENTS IN SUBJECT INDEXING
Authors: VICKERY B.C.
Published: November 2014

For the last ten years or so there has been a flood of papers, books, lectures, symposia, and discussions on indexing, classification, mechanical selection, subject analysis, information retrieval, and so on. An earlier generation used words and subject headings: today we use isolates and analets, facets and phases, descriptors and uniterms. A ‘glossary of current terminology’ in classification now runs to 350 terms, mostly of recent coinage.
ADVANCES IN CLASSIFICATION
Authors: MALCOLM DYSON G.
Published: November 2014

My paper this evening will be chiefly concerned with problems relating to chemical data and to data which relate to subjects on the fringe of chemical science. This is largely because it is the principal field in which I work and, additionally, because I feel with Donker Duyvis that ‘there is some naïvety in the belief that to any individual or collectivity the really scientific scheme of classification is possible’. In other words, we ought, perhaps, to put one house in order before we prescribe a detailed and complete scheme of order for the whole universe.
THE EFFICIENCY OF SUBJECT CATALOGUES AND THE COST OF INFORMATION SEARCHES
Authors: THORNE R.G.
Published: November 2014

An expression for the efficiency of a subject catalogue or index is derived from the probability of success when using the catalogue, and the cost of making and using the catalogue, compared with the cost of finding material in the library stock when no subject catalogue is available.
QUARTERLY DOCUMENTATION SURVEY
Authors: BIRD J.
Published: November 2014

Libraries—international activities KING, A. The place of documentation today.
THE SUPPLY OF INFORMATION TO THE SCIENTIST: SOME PROBLEMS OF THE PRESENT DAY
Authors: BERNAL J.D.
Published: November 2014

The International Conference on Scientific Information which will be held in November 1958 in Washington is the first large‐scale sequel to the Royal Society Conference on Scientific Information of 1948. In the ten intervening years there has been such a multiplication of scientific publications, despite some efforts at rationalizing their production, that the problem which seemed vast enough ten years ago is now considered so great as to defy dealing with as a whole even in such a large‐scale international conference. The Royal Society Conference attempted to deal with every aspect of scientific publication; with the method of producing scientific papers, with the organization of journals where original work is published—abstracts, reports—and with the processes of filing and finding information. The Washington conference is definitely more limited in its scope. It is essentially concerned with the provision of effective storage and retrieval mechanisms rather than with the question of publication. In the words of its own announcement, ‘emphasis will be placed on the critical examination and appraisal of techniques, mechanisms, systems and organization for the storage and retrospective search of scientific information and particularly upon recent research studies in these aspects. Problems concerned with primary publication and dissemination will not be considered except incidentally. The practical point of view of the using scientist—whether he be an isolated individual depending on a small library or one who has access to a large information retrieval centre—will be kept foremost.’
A SURVEY OF LIBRARY RESOURCES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM FOR THE TEACHING OF AMERICAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE IN THE UNIVERSITIES
Authors: CRICK B.R.
Published: November 2014

This report has been part of the work of the Survey of Sources for American Studies in the United Kingdom, a research group which was established in October 1956 by the British Association for American Studies aided by a generous grant from the United States Information Service. The Survey decided that it could attempt two things of potential use to teachers of American History and American Literature in this country: firstly, to compile a Guide to manuscripts relating to America in Great Britain and Ireland; and, secondly (the matter of this report), to find out how adequate are the resources of libraries in the United Kingdom to support the teaching of American history and also of American literature in the universities.
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Authors: CHAPLIN A.H.
Published: November 2014

The progress of scientific research and technological development in this country requires the efficient organization of free access to all the relevant publicly available information; one of the principal means of serving this end should be the formation of a National Reference Library of Science and Invention; this library should incorporate a comprehensive collection of the currently valid scientific and technical literature of the world, arranged on the principle of open access and associated with an efficient bibliographical information service. This article does not inquire into the validity of these propositions, the grounds for which are discussed elsewhere, but treats them as axiomatic. Its purpose is to consider the implications of the proposed association of the projected reference library with the British Museum.
JOURNAL USAGE VERSUS AGE OF JOURNAL
Authors: COLE P.F.
Published: November 2014

The effective planning of technical libraries would be greatly facilitated if there were some theoretical basis which could be used to predict the probable distribution by titles, and by age of journal, of future journal demand. As a first step, the author has recently developed a general expression for the distribution among journal titles of large groups of journal references. In this present paper a relationship between usage and age of journal is established and the application of this relationship to some library planning problems is illustrated.
CREATING SUCCESSFUL VENTURE‐BACKED COMPANIES
Authors: Davis Thomas J. , Stetson Charles P.
Published: November 2014

One exciting part of the venture capital industry is the extraordinary wealth achieved by the companies for investors and employees. Well‐established companies will find it profitable to implement the basic principles that make venture‐backed companies successful.
Refuting a Competitor's Advertising Claim
Authors: Carole Macklin M. , Macklin Crofford J.
Published: November 2014

When comparative advertisements are used by competitors, they become lethal weapons. If a competitor's advertising claims appear to be deceptive, one must decide the best course of action, if any. Because the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has decreased its regulatory activity in this area, companies need to consider other avenues of defense.
Redefining the Manufacturer‐Supplier Relationship
Authors: Aleo Joseph P.
Published: November 2014

At one time, a manufacturer's supply base was determined solely through competitive bids and price. Manufacturers worked to beat down prices without regard to overall cost, while suppliers focused entirely on making as much money as possible off manufacturers. For years, US manufacturers and suppliers lingered in this uneasy, antagonistic relationship.
A Game Plan for Regional Marketing
Authors: Linneman Robert E. , Stanton John L.
Published: November 2014

Don't confuse regional marketing with selling spicier soup in Texas, reorganizing the sales force by regions to gain more control, or spending significant dollars in a local market. Regional marketing represents a major philosophic change. It's a precision target marketing approach (some might call it niche marketing) to fragmented national markets.
The Big‐Bang‐For‐Your‐Buck Theory
Authors: Lucas Henry C. , Weill Peter , Willey David , Cox Sheila
Published: November 2014

Do it right, and your investment in information technology can have ail sorts of strategic payoffs. Do it wrong, and you'll be paying, dearly, for nothing. Here's a guide to evaluating IT and measuring its impact.
SHORT TAKES
Authors: Voss Bristol , Unrnh Christine , B.V.  , Dorn Carol Ann , C.U.
Published: November 2014

Mexico has revealed that it will use an element of the ISO 9000 system of standards to prevent some United States goods from being sold in Mexico. Luis Guillermo Ibarra, director general of the Mexican Standards Directorate, announced his country's intentions in March to the stunned audience of industry, trade, and standards experts representing Canada, Mexico, and the United States. The group, gathered in Washington, D.C., were attending the First North American Conference on NAFTA and ISO 9000 Standards sponsored by Edison, New Jersey‐based. Stat‐A‐Matrix. ISO 9000 standards, created by the European Union to facilitate trade among the member states, have the potential to ease trade in North America.
“Friction and Lubrication”
Authors: Deutscher Ingenieurs Verein
Published: November 2014

Prof Dr. Ing. W. Peppler, in opening the Conference, suggested that insufficient attention was being paid to research on Lubrication and Wear in Germany at the present time. Whilst the work of Sommerfeld as early as 1904 and the existence of the Max Planck Gesellschaft, Department of Hydrodynamic Lubrication, in Göttingen was indicative of the German effort in the region of hydrodynamic lubrication it appeared from comparison of literature published in different countries during the past decade that Germany was falling behind England and U.S.A. in the study of boundary and mixed lubrication.
SOME ASPECTS OF SYNTHETIC LUBRICANTS
Authors: BICKERTON R.G.
Published: November 2014

THE TERM “synthetic lubricant” has been adopted to designate a variety of fluids, derived from sources other than mineral oils, which have been developed by the technologist in order to satisfy the extreme conditions under which present‐day machinery has to operate : for example, high or low temperatures, or both, often with high bearing loads, and sometimes under conditions which demand resistance to ignition. Although, in fact, modern petroleum oils are prepared to such stringent specifications, and by such carefully controlled processes, that they are almost equally as “tailor‐made”, it is their comparatively limited temperature range that largely brought about the development of the so‐called synthetic product.
A New Role for Computers in Strategic Management
Authors: Dennis Alan R. , Nunamaker J.F. , Paranka David , Vogel Douglas R.
Published: November 2014

Thirty‐one senior‐ and middle‐level managers from Burr‐Brown Corporation, a multinational electronics manufacturer, held a three‐day meeting to evaluate the one‐ and five‐year strategic plans of each of the firm's eight divisions.
Acoustic reflection logging for open and cased holes
Authors: Markov M. , Markova I. , Jarillo G. Ronquillo
Published: November 2014

In the present work, the waveforms of reflected wave sonic log for open and cased boreholes are calculated. Calculations are performed for a borehole containing an acoustic multipole source (monopole, dipole, or quadrupole). A reflected wave is more efficiently excited at resonant frequencies. These frequencies for all source types are close to the frequencies of oscillations of a fluid column located in an absolutely rigid hollow cylinder. It is shown that the acoustic reverberation is controlled by the acoustic impedance of the rock Z = Vp ρs for fixed parameters of the borehole fluid, where Vp is the compressional wave velocity in the rock, and ρs is the rock density. This result is correct for all types of acoustic sources (monopole, dipole, or quadrupole). Methods of the waveform processing for determining parameters characterizing the reflected wave are discussed.
Consequences of habitat change and resource selection specialization for population limitation in cavity‐nesting birds
Authors: Martin Thomas E.
Published: November 2014

Resource selection specialization may increase vulnerability of populations to environmental change. One environmental change that may negatively impact some populations is the broad decline of quaking aspen Populus tremuloides, a preferred nest tree of cavity‐nesting organisms who are commonly limited by nest‐site availability. However, the long‐term consequences of this habitat change for cavity‐nesting bird populations are poorly studied.

I counted densities of woody plants and eight cavity‐nesting bird species over 29 years in 15 high‐elevation riparian drainages in Arizona, USA. I also studied nest‐tree use and specialization over time based on 4946 nests across species.

Aspen suffered a severe decline in availability over time, while understorey woody plants and canopy deciduous trees also declined. The decline of plants resulted from increased elk Cervus canadensis browsing linked to declining snowfall.

Woodpeckers exhibited very high specialization (>95% of nests) on aspen for nesting, and densities of all six species declined with aspen over time. Mountain chickadees Poecile gambeli and house wrens Troglodytes aedon exhibited increasingly less specialization on aspen. Chickadees strongly increased in density over time, despite a relatively high specialization on aspen. House wren densities declined moderately over time, but nest‐box addition experiments demonstrated that nest‐site availability was not limiting their population. House wren densities increased with understorey vegetation recovery in elk exclosures via increased generality of nest‐site use, demonstrating that the decline in understorey vegetation on the broader landscape was the cause of their population decline.

Synthesis and applications. Management should target species that specialize in resource selection on a declining resource. Species with greater resource selection generalization can reduce population impacts of environmental change. Resource generalization can allow a species like the wren to take advantage of habitat refuges, such as those provided by the elk exclosures. Yet, resource generalization cannot offset the negative impacts of broad‐scale declines in habitat quality on the landscape, as demonstrated by the general decline of wrens. Ultimately, aspen is an important habitat for biodiversity, and land management programmes that protect and aid recovery of aspen habitats may be critical.
Pathway‐level models to predict non‐indigenous species establishment using propagule pressure, environmental tolerance and trait data
Authors: Bradie Johanna , Leung Brian
Published: November 2014

Non‐indigenous species (NIS) establishments are a growing concern. Current quantitative methods for NIS risk assessment generally focus on only one species or only one of the main drivers of establishment [propagule pressure (PP), environmental suitability, or species' traits]. There is a need for quantitative models that estimate establishment probability for species at the pathway level; models would be particularly relevant if they could utilize available data, combine multiple predictors and were made accessible to managers.

We present and evaluate methodology that uses establishment data, PP proxy data and any available trait data for the suite of species present in an introduction pathway to generate a joint pathway‐level establishment model where species' establishment probabilities are influenced by their traits and environmental tolerances.

The consequence of using our joint model is that if traits are predictive and species differ in the number of propagules needed to establish, a family of species‐specific PP‐establishment curves is estimated. Theoretical results revealed that our model performs well and makes accurate predictions even when trait data are incomplete and/or extraneous data are used in fitting.

An empirical analysis of freshwater fish introductions to the United States identified species that have a high chance of establishment. The inclusion of species' trait and environmental data significantly improved upon predictions made with a PP‐only model. Further, by considering both PP and species traits, we were able to predict which species have been observed in the U.S. and which species were more likely to persist.

Synthesis and applications. Managers can use the methodology presented herein to generate quantitative pathway‐level models of establishment probability. This methodology is especially appealing because it gives managers the ability to make quantitative estimates of how proposed management actions will affect establishment probabilities, allows managers to control risk without completely restricting trade, can generate predictions for new species in a pathway given knowledge of the species' trait values and informs on the consequences associated with substitutions for species with trade restrictions.
Age of acquisition and imageability: a cross‐task comparison
Authors: Ploetz Danielle M. , Yates Mark
Published: November 2014

Previous research has reported an imageability effect on visual word recognition. Words that are high in imageability are recognised more rapidly than are those lower in imageability. However, later researchers argued that imageability was confounded with age of acquisition. In the current research, these two factors were manipulated in a factorial design to assess their effect in a lexical decision task and a progressive demasking task. Across both tasks, there was a clear and robust effect of age of acquisition. In contrast, the imageability effect was only evident in the progressive demasking task. Both effects are explained within the connectionist framework in terms of network plasticity and semantic feedback activation.
Cerebral venous thrombosis in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: DeFilippis Ersilia M , Barfield Elaine , Leifer Dana , Steinlauf Adam , Bosworth Brian P , Scherl Ellen J , Sockolow Robbyn
Published: November 2014

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a rare but devastating complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Here we describe six IBD patients with cerebral venous thrombosis. The patients presented with hours to days of headache and were found to have venous thrombosis on imaging. Four of the six patients had ulcerative colitis and two had Crohn's disease. All six patients were treated with therapeutic anticoagulation. There were two deaths; one patient became comatose and died despite anticoagulation while the other recovered well from the sinus thrombosis but died after a bowel perforation 3 weeks later. This case series demonstrates the critical need for early recognition of neurological symptoms in patients with IBD during disease flares. It is important to recognize the clinical signs in order to start anticoagulation expeditiously and improve neurological outcomes.
Valuing Stillbirths
Authors: Phillips John , Millum Joseph
Published: November 2014

Estimates of the burden of disease assess the mortality and morbidity that affect a population by producing summary measures of health such as quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) and disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs). These measures typically do not include stillbirths (fetal deaths occurring during the later stages of pregnancy or during labor) among the negative health outcomes they count. Priority‐setting decisions that rely on these measures are therefore likely to place little value on preventing the more than three million stillbirths that occur annually worldwide. In contrast, neonatal deaths, which occur in comparable numbers, have a substantial impact on burden of disease estimates and are commonly seen as a pressing health concern. In this article we argue in favor of incorporating unintended fetal deaths that occur late in pregnancy into estimates of the burden of disease. Our argument is based on the similarity between late‐term fetuses and newborn infants and the assumption that protecting newborns is important. We respond to four objections to counting stillbirths: (1) that fetuses are not yet part of the population and so their deaths should not be included in measures of population health; (2) that valuing the prevention of stillbirths will undermine women's reproductive rights; (3) that including stillbirths implies that miscarriages (fetal deaths early in pregnancy) should also be included; and (4) that birth itself is in fact ethically significant. We conclude that our proposal is ethically preferable to current practice and, if adopted, is likely to lead to improved decisions about health spending.
Linking ecosystem characteristics to final ecosystem services for public policy
Authors: Wong Christina P. , Jiang Bo , Kinzig Ann P. , Lee Kai N. , Ouyang Zhiyun
Published: November 2014

Governments worldwide are recognising ecosystem services as an approach to address sustainability challenges. Decision‐makers need credible and legitimate measurements of ecosystem services to evaluate decisions for trade‐offs to make wise choices. Managers lack these measurements because of a data gap linking ecosystem characteristics to final ecosystem services. The dominant method to address the data gap is benefit transfer using ecological data from one location to estimate ecosystem services at other locations with similar land cover. However, benefit transfer is only valid once the data gap is adequately resolved. Disciplinary frames separating ecology from economics and policy have resulted in confusion on concepts and methods preventing progress on the data gap. In this study, we present a 10‐step approach to unify concepts, methods and data from the disparate disciplines to offer guidance on overcoming the data gap. We suggest: (1) estimate ecosystem characteristics using biophysical models, (2) identify final ecosystem services using endpoints and (3) connect them using ecological production functions to quantify biophysical trade‐offs. The guidance is strategic for public policy because analysts need to be: (1) realistic when setting priorities, (2) attentive to timelines to acquire relevant data, given resources and (3) responsive to the needs of decision‐makers.
Feedback Informed Treatment: Evidence‐Based Practice Meets Social Construction
Authors: Tilsen Julie , McNamee Sheila
Published: November 2014

This article explores the challenges presented by the mandate for evidence‐based practice for family therapists who identify with the philosophical stance of social construction. The history of psychotherapy outcome research is reviewed, as are current findings that provide empirical evidence for an engaged, dialogic practice. The authors suggest that the binary between empiricism and social construction may be unhinged by understanding empiricism as a particular discursive frame (i.e., a particular way of talking, acting, and being in the world), one of many available as a way of understanding and talking about our work. Through a case vignette, the authors introduce the evidence‐based practice of Feedback Informed Treatment as an elaboration of social construction, and as an example of bridging the gap between the discursive frames of empiricism and social construction.
Effects of wind‐driven spatial structure and environmental heterogeneity on high‐altitude wetland macroinvertebrate assemblages with contrasting dispersal modes
Authors: Bertin Angéline , Alvarez Evelyn , Gouin Nicolas , Gianoli Ernesto , Montecinos Sonia , Lek Sovan , Gascoin Simon , Lhermitte Stefaan
Published: November 2014

Dispersal is a major determinant of connectivity between communities that may modulate the importance of environmental and spatial processes on taxonomic composition. While wind is likely to influence transport distance, rate and direction for numerous species, its effects on community composition remain poorly understood.

Using eigenvector‐based spatial analyses, we investigated the influence of wind flows, estimated by mesoscale models, on the spatial structure of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages with contrasting flying abilities in high Andean wetlands (26–32°S). We further quantified the relative importance of local and regional processes through a variation partitioning approach.

The influence of environmental heterogeneity was prevalent and of relatively similar amplitude in both flying and non‐flying assemblages. Significant spatial structure more strongly driven by wind flows than by Euclidean schemes was detected for both assemblages. As expected, the highest levels of spatial structure were observed for the flying macroinvertebrate assemblage and they occurred at a much larger spatial scale in this group, suggesting a greater dispersal aptitude of the flying taxa.

Our results show that environmental effects are predominant in shaping the spatial structure of macroinvertebrate communities in high Andean wetlands, as generally found in other systems. They also demonstrate the significance of wind flows in regulating high‐altitude wetland macroinvertebrate communities and illustrate the importance of considering adequate spatial models and biological characteristics of species to advance our understanding of community patterns.
Caddisfly egg mass morphology mediates egg predation: potential costs to individuals and populations
Authors: Bovill William D. , Downes Barbara J. , Lancaster Jill
Published: November 2014

Egg predation is seldom considered in life‐history studies of freshwater insects, but could be an important source of mortality with potential to limit population numbers. Costs of egg predation to prey can be considered at two levels: (i) fitness costs to individuals via reduced reproductive output; and (ii) population costs via reduced recruitment of benthic larvae.

Larvae of Orthotrichia armata (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) feed on the egg masses of caddisflies in the Little River, central Victoria, Australia, but the small size of O. armata suggests that they may be unable to penetrate egg masses that are covered with a thick layer of spumaline jelly. We predicted that predation by O. armata would be more severe for egg masses with thinner spumaline.

With field surveys throughout the peak caddisfly oviposition period (summer), we compared predation by O. armata on the egg masses of nine caddisfly taxa. Egg masses were categorised, according to the thicknesses of spumaline, into bulbous (thickly jellied), thinly jellied and jelly‐free morphotypes, with three species per morphotype. Bulbous egg masses were rarely consumed. Thinly jellied egg masses comprised just 4–13% of all egg masses in each survey, but attracted 52–93% of all egg predators. Jelly‐free egg masses were readily consumed, but O. armata were disproportionately scarce on them.

In a second survey, we compared the proportions of eggs that were consumed from egg masses with small and large clutch sizes, by monitoring the thinly jellied egg masses of Taschorema sp. (598 ± 95 eggs per mass) and Ethochorema turbidum (1195 ± 192 eggs per mass) to eclosion. More than 25% of Taschorema sp. egg masses were entirely consumed, causing complete reproductive failure of parent females (fitness costs to individuals). Consumption rates were < 25% for most egg masses of E. turbidum. Orthotrichia armata consumed 48% of all Taschorema sp. eggs and 20% of E. turbidum eggs, suggesting that egg predation may substantially curb larval recruitment (costs to populations), particularly for species with small clutch sizes.

Our results demonstrate that egg mortality varies for aquatic insect species that package their eggs in different ways. Combined with recent data from the same system, our results suggest egg mass morphology–mortality trade‐offs, with bulbous egg masses particularly vulnerable to flow forces (shear) and thinly jellied/jelly‐free egg masses particularly vulnerable to predation. Given the wide array of aquatic invertebrate species that lay single egg masses on hard substrata, it is feasible that this is a common trade‐off that warrants more research on the impacts of egg predation on aquatic species.
Alveolar bone loss and ageing: possible association with coronary heart diseases and/or severe vascular diseases
Authors: Ruquet Michel , Maille Gérald , Tavitian Patrick , Tardivo Delphine , Hüe Olivier , Bonfil Jean‐Jacques
Published: November 2014

Objective

The objective of this study was to utilise a new methodological approach based on radiographic examinations to demonstrate a potential association between coronary heart diseases (CHD) as well as severe hypertension and alveolar bone loss (ABL) in older adults.

Background

Many studies, primarily assessing clinical parameters, underline the association between periodontal diseases and cardiovascular diseases. The relationship between ABL and CHD/vascular diseases (VD) is potentially of high importance because of their prevalence in populations, and they represent an important issue in the fields of epidemiology and public health. Therefore, this topic was approached with new tools.

Materials and methods

The study was comprised of 236 participants over 50 years. A clinical examination and a radiographic assessment of ABL were performed. Direct measures of alveolar bone level were recorded using CT scans, and different variables were studied (age, sex, Plaque index, cigarettes per day, coronary heart disease and vascular disease status). A medical examination report was attached to the investigation file.

Results

The results confirmed a positive association between CHD/VD and periodontal destruction; alveolar bone destruction represented a risk factor for CHD/VD [odds ratio (OR): 1.27; 95% CI: 1.01–1.60; p < 0.037].

Conclusion

This study supports an association between periodontal diseases and CHD/VD independent of known confounders, although an aetiological link of causality has not been established.