bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE RELATIONSHIP OF YELLOW FEVER OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE TO THAT OF AFRICA AND TO LEPTOSPIRAL JAUNDICE
Authors: Sawyer W. A. , Kitchen S. F. , Frobisher Martin , Lloyd Wray
Published: June 2004

1. The yellow fever now in South America, the present yellow fever of Africa and the historic yellow fever of Panama and other American countries are the same disease. This conclusion is based on cross immunity tests in monkeys with strains of yellow fever virus from Africa and Brazil and on tests of sera from 25 persons, who had recovered from yellow fever in various places and at various times, for the power to protect monkeys against African or Brazilian virus strains.

2. Cases of leptospiral jaundice (Weil's disease) were present among those diagnosed as yellow fever in the recent epidemic in Rio de Janeiro. This is shown by the isolation of cultures of leptospirae from the blood of two patients by H. R. Muller and E. B. Tilden of The Rockefeller Institute, and by the demonstration by us of protective power against leptospirae and absence of protective power against yellow fever virus in the sera from two persons after recovery. The isolation of leptospirae by Noguchi and other investigators from the blood of occasional patients in past epidemics of yellow fever in a number of American countries indicates that leptospiral jaundice was present then as well and was diagnosed clinically as yellow fever.

3. The absence of protective power against leptospirae shown by the Brazilian sera which protected against yellow fever virus and the absence of protective power against yellow fever virus in the sera that protected against leptospirae point to the probability that American yellow fever is not the combined effect of leptospirae and yellow fever virus. The position of L. icteroides, isolated by Noguchi during yellow fever epidemics, now appears to be not that of a secondary invading microorganism in cases of virus yellow fever, but that of the incitant of a form of infectious jaundice, sometimes fatal, often coincident in its appearance with typical yellow fever and apparently indistinguishable from it clinically. This leptospiral disease has not hitherto been separated from true yellow fever. Noguchi's discoveries become; therefore, of the greatest significance in respect to the epidemiology and causation of yellow fever and of infectious jaundice, previously confused one with the other. In all outbreaks of supposed yellow fever hereafter the existence of the two kinds of jaundice, one due to yellow fever virus and the other to leptospirae will have to be taken into account. Only the former probably is spread by mosquitoes and requires anti-mosquito measures for its control.

4. The only difference observed by us between the American and African strains of yellow fever virus was a pronounced difference in virulence for monkeys. The virulence of the two African strains studied was very high while that of the one American strain was highly variable and usually low.
STUDIES ON VITAL STAINING
Authors: Davies F. B. , Wadsworth R. C. , Smith H. P.
Published: June 2004

Vital staining reactions of brilliant vital red and Niagara sky blue are studied in dogs and in rabbits. Either dye alone is taken up to form red or blue granules within the cytoplasm of macrophages and of certain other cell types.

When the two dyes are injected simultaneously into the blood stream one finds that these cells build up granules which are purple from admixture of the two dyes. When several daily injections of one dye are followed by several daily injections of the other, one finds blue granules and red granules side by side within the cells, but no purple granules are found. This is thought to indicate that the dye is deposited in small foci which are active in a rather transitory way, and that the color of the granule is determined during its formative stage by the type of dye present in the fluids about the cell.

The enlargement of phagocytic cells and the increase in their number with large dosage, or with repeated offerings of the dye, represents a method by which the cells maintain their phagocytic powers at the normal level. Evidence is offered to indicate that these and perhaps other compensatory changes may take place with great rapidity, so that it has been impossible to "block" or even reduce noticeably the ability of these cells to take up additional quantities of dye.

Certain pitfalls in the experimental study of "blockade" are pointed out.
CONCERNING THE SPECIFICITY AND NATURE OF THE PHENOMENON OF LOCAL SKIN REACTIVITY TO VARIOUS BACTERIAL FILTRATES
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory
Published: June 2004

The specifcity and the nature of the phenomenon of local skin reactivity to various microorganisms have been studied. It has been shown that the skin preparatory and reacting factors of various biologically and serologically unrelated microorganisms are able to substitute for each other, provided they have the power of eliciting the phenomenon for themselves.

Additional evidence has been brought concerning the antigenic specificity of the factors eliciting the phenomenon. A variety of nonbacterial substances which are able to increase the permeability of capillaries, elicit inflammation and "block" the reticulo-endothelial cells; failed to induce the state of local skin reactivity to B. typhosus culture filtrate. Non-bacterial protein substances (crystalline egg albumin and normal horse serum) failed to reproduce the phenomenon.

It was not possible to obtain passive transfer of the local skin reactivity.

Various conditions influencing the potency of the bacterial culture filtrates have been pointed out.

The essential nature of the phenomenon has been discussed together with its significance in relationship to disease.
STUDIES ON THE COMMON COLD
Authors: Kneeland Yale
Published: June 2004

1. The upper respiratory tract is sterile at birth.

2. In the first 2 weeks of life the infant acquires a basal flora comparable to that of adults except that the potential pathogens are absent.

3. During the ensuing months the potential pathogens may appear without giving rise to symptoms and by 8 months the infant's flora is entirely comparable to the adult's.

4. There is no evidence of a specific bacterial incitant for the first colds of infancy.

5. In infants with recurrent colds, secondary infection of the nose with pneumococci or B. pfeifferi probably plays a part.
REACTIONS OF RABBITS TO INTRACUTANEOUS INJECTIONS OF PNEUMOCOCCI AND THEIR PRODUCTS
Authors: Julianelle Louis A.
Published: June 2004

1. A skin reaction elicited by the injection of the Pneumococcus "nucleoprotein," or of a solution of the cells from which the acid and heat-coagulable proteins have been removed is described in rabbits which have previously received repeated intracutaneous injections of heat-killed pneumococci.

2. In terms of bacterial specificity, the skin reaction is considered to be not type-specific, but species-specific.

3. A similar skin reaction to the proteins of Pneumococcus occurs in rabbits following the repeated administration by the intravenous or intracutaneous route of the heat-killed organisms or their protein derivatives.

4. The skin reaction may occur independently of resistance to infection.

5. The skin reaction appears to be related to the presence of circulating species-specific antibodies.
REACTIONS OF RABBITS TO INTRACUTANEOUS INJECTIONS OF PNEUMOCOCCI AND THEIR PRODUCTS
Authors: Julianelle Louis A.
Published: June 2004

1. Rabbits receiving either intracutaneous or intravenous injections of crystalline egg albumin acquire a "skin sensitivity" but not an "eye sensitivity" to the albumin.

2. Rabbits receiving either intracutaneous or intravenous injections of the "nucleoprotein" of Pneumococcus acquire a specific "skin sensitivity" to the "nucleoprotein" but not an "eye sensitivity."

3. Rabbits receiving intravenous injections of a suspension of heat-killed pneumococci acquire a "skin hypersensitiveness" but not an "eye hypersensitiveness" to the "nucleoprotein."

4. The skin hypersensitiveness to the respective proteins is associated with the presence of antibodies in the blood and is transferable by the injection of serum from an actively sensitized to a normal rabbit.

5. Rabbits receiving intracutaneous injections of a suspension of heat-killed pneumococci also acquire a "skin hypersensitiveness" to the "nucleoprotein" of the cell, but they may acquire an eye hypersensitiveness as well.

6. Rabbits injected intracutaneously with a suspension of heat-killed pneumococci show a primary and a secondary skin reaction following the first injection. The intensity of the reactions increases with subsequent injections up to the fourth to the sixth injection. With later injections these reactions change in character and decrease in intensity. These reactions bear no apparent relation to the presence of antibodies in the blood.

7. Rabbits injected intracutaneously with a suspension of heat-killed pneumococci develop "eye hypersensitiveness" which, under the experimental conditions, is not transferable from "eye reactive" to normal rabbits.

8. It appears, therefore, that following the injection of heat-killed pneumococci into the skin a special kind of "eye" and "skin hypersensitiveness" develops which is not related to the presence of circulating antibodies and which cannot be transferred from the sensitive to normal rabbits.
STUDIES ON LEUKEMIA IN MICE
Authors: Richter Maurice N. , MacDowell E. C.
Published: June 2004

Lymphatic leukemia has occurred with great frequency in a particular strain of mice which have been inbred by brother-sister matings since 1921. In addition to typical cases of leukemia are others which, because of the absence of leukemic changes in the blood, correspond to "pseudoleukemia" and others which, by the presence of unusually great enlargement of certain lymph node groups resemble the "leukosarcomatoses" as observed in man.

Examinations of the blood of leukemic mice have shown that leukemic blood pictures are not necessarily early in their appearance, nor are they constant. The blood picture may not, therefore, be used as a criterion for the separation of the two diseases (leukemia and pseudoleukemia) but merely indicates different phases of the same condition. Likewise, cases with lesions intermediate between the local growths of "leukosarcomatosis" and the more general lymphatic enlargements of leukemia suggest that these conditions differ only in the distribution of lesions but not in their nature.

Lymphatic leukemia occurring spontaneously in this strain may be transmitted to other mice of the same strain, and carried, apparently, for an unlimited number of transfers in animals at an earlier age than that at which leukemia occurs spontaneously. In each of 10 such experiments transmissions were obtained. The lesions produced by inoculation correspond to those of spontaneous cases, in that they consist of growths of abnormal lymphoid cells which infiltrate tissues and organs and often appear in the circulating blood. Only minor differences have occurred, some of which are characteristic of certain experimental lines. After repeated transfers, the disease tends to run a more acute course.

Among the cases in which transmissions occurred, are some without leukemic changes in the blood, and many with local growths at the site of inoculation or in certain node groups. The differences in the blood pictures and distribution of lesions (which latter may be influenced to some extent by the method of inoculation) correspond to similar differences which are sometimes observed in the spontaneous cases.
THE TRANSMISSION OF YELLOW FEVER
Authors: Davis Nelson C.
Published: June 2004

1. Saimiri sciureus has been infected with yellow fever virus, both by the inoculation of infectious blood and by the bites of infective mosquitoes. Some of the monkeys have died, showing lesions, including hepatic necrosis, suggesting yellow fever as seen in human beings and in rhesus monkeys. Virus has been transferred back to M. rhesus from infected Saimiri both by blood inoculation and by mosquito bites. The virus undoubtedly has been maintained through four direct passages in Saimiri. Reinoculations of infectious material into recovered monkeys have not given rise to invasion of the blood stream by virus. Sera from recovered animals have protected M. rhesus against the inoculation of virus.

2. It has been possible to pass the virus to and from Ateleus ater by the injection of blood or liver and by the bites of mosquitoes. The livers from two infected animals have shown no necrosis. The serum from one recovered monkey proved to be protective for M. rhesus.

3. Only three out of twelve Lagothrix lagotricha have reacted to yellow fever virus by a rise in temperature. Probably none have died as a result of the infection. In only one instance has the virus been transferred back to M. rhesus. The sera of recovered animals have had a protective action against yellow fever virus.
THE EFFECT OF THE ROUTE OF IMMUNIZATION ON THE IMMUNITY RESPONSE TO PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE I
Authors: Stillman Ernest G.
Published: June 2004

1. The sera of 80 per cent of the rabbits intravenously inoculated with fixed amounts of heat-killed pneumococci contained agglutinins and all showed protective antibodies.

2. The sera of 60 per cent of the intraperitoneally inoculated rabbits contained agglutinins and all showed protective antibodies.

3. The sera of 33 per cent of the intramuscularly inoculated rabbits contained agglutinins and 86 per cent also showed protective antibodies.

4. None of the sera of the subcutaneously inoculated rabbits contained agglutinins although protective antibodies were present in 71 per cent.

5. Although there is a close relationship between the presence of agglutinins and protective antibodies in a given immune serum, these do not run parallel.
EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Lurie Max B.
Published: June 2004

1. Guinea pigs living in the same room but not in the same cage with tuberculous animals acquire tuberculosis, characterized by a chronic course, a marked involvement of the lungs, often with cavity formation and a massive tuberculosis of the tracheobronchial nodes; the mesenteric and cervical nodes are slightly or not at all affected.

2. The route of infection in these guinea pigs is almost always the respiratory tract.

3. Of 103 guinea pigs exposed for a period of up to 32 months 15 or 14.5 per cent developed tuberculosis. The shortest period of exposure leading to fatal tuberculosis was 8 months.

4. The incidence of this tuberculosis acquired by air-borne contagion increases with the duration and intensity of the exposure up to a certain point.

5. A large percentage of the guinea pigs weathered a continuous exposure to the tubercle bacillus for 32 months without becoming tuberculous. This may be due to an innate natural resistance against tuberculosis, or to an acquired immunity resulting from the continuous exposure to the contagion.
EXPERIMENTS WITH THE VIRUS OF POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Thompson Richard
Published: June 2004

1. Efforts to adapt the virus of poliomyelitis to the rabbit organism and to produce poliomyelitis in rabbits by testicular injection and by brain injection after testicular passage produced no evidence that the virus could be adapted in this manner. Suggestive symptoms produced in very young rabbits were duplicated in non-specifically treated and in uninoculated controls. The admixture of a vaccine virus, adapted to the rabbit organism, with the poliomyelitis virus in similar injections and passages did not aid the adaptation. The virus of poliomyelitis did not survive 24 hours in the rabbit testicle—whether alone or mixed with vaccine virus.

Repeated intraperitoneal and intradermal injection of poliomyelitis virus and of poliomyelitis and vaccinia virus mixtures produced no disease in rabbits. Massive doses of concentrated virus by stomach tube in conjunction with meningeal irritation produced no symptoms in rabbits.

2. No neutralizing substances against poliomyelitis virus could be produced in rabbits by the repeated intraperitoneal and intradermal injection of poliomyelitis virus or of poliomyelitis-vaccinia virus mixtures.

3. Although attempts to infect monkeys by intrastomachic injections, after bile irritation of the mucosa, were entirely negative, evidence was obtained that repeated intrastomachic injection after bile irritation may produce an appreciable degree of immunity.

4. No evidence could be obtained that the cellular elements of the blood contain the virus in any greater proportion than the whole blood.

5. One attempt to immunize by neutral virus-serum mixtures was entirely negative.
METHODS FOR THE PURE CULTURE OF CERTAIN PROTOZOA
Authors: Glaser R.W. , Coria N. A.
Published: June 2004

Some media are described which inhibit bacterial growth, but are favorable to protozoan development.

A purification technique, which takes advantage of geotropic responses, was devised and used successfully with 7 species of protozoa, including flagellates and ciliates. The method was also used with a Spirillum. For one flagellate which could not be purified in this manner, a procedure involving chemical sterilization was employed. Paramecium caudatum was purified, but failed to develop subsequently in the absence of living microorganisms. Four of the protozoa which were purified ingest other microorganisms normally.

The work shows that purified protozoa grow well under proper conditions, and then they can be studied culturally and biologically, like bacteria.
CENTRIFUGE EXPERIMENTS WITH THE VIRUS OF VACCINIA
Authors: Tang F. F.
Published: June 2004

Centrifuge experiments have been carried out with cell-free, active filtrates of vaccinia virus. The experiments have shown that the virus can be concentrated by this method, even in filtrates which have been subjected to prolonged preliminary centrifugation to throw down any inert particles which may have been present in the original filtrate. This fact, together with the knowledge that the virus can be almost completely held back by the Berkefeld N filter, as reported previously (5) indicates that the virus may be of considerable size.
STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION
Authors: Menkin Valy
Published: June 2004

Colloidal iron or ferric chloride injected into the inflamed peritoneal cavity is fixed in the cavity and fails to reach the retrosternal lymphatic nodes, whereas, in the absence of inflammation, iron accumulates in these nodes and becomes demonstrable by the Prussian blue reaction.

Quantitative studies show that after intraperitoneal injection of ferric chloride the retrosternal lymphatic nodes of animals with normal peritoneal cavity contain approximately 56 per cent more iron than do the nodes of animals with inflamed peritoneal cavity.

Ferric chloride injected into the circulating blood enters an inflamed area in the skin and the inflamed tissue gives the Prussian blue reaction. Quantitative determinations show that the amount of iron in inflamed areas is much greater than that found in inflamed areas of animals that have received no iron.
CULTIVATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF "BACTEROIDES," "SYMBIONTS," OR "RICKETTSIAE" OF BLATTELLA GERMANICA
Authors: Glaser R. W.
Published: June 2004

In Blattella germanica, the German roach or "croton bug," bacteriocytes are found in all individuals of both sexes. These bacteriocytes are scattered throughout the fat tissue and their cytoplasm is filled with microorganisms. Evidence is presented to show that the intracellular parasites are diphtheroidal bacilli. These diphtheroids are transmitted from one generation to another through the ova.

By using a technic previously described, the intracellular parasites were isolated and cultivated from the adult bacteriocytes and from embryos. Two diphtheroidal strains were cultivated with approximately equal frequency. These two strains resemble one another closely enough to be considered a single species but show certain minor differences. The sizes, general morphology, and tinctorial reactions of the two cultures correspond to the intracellular parasites of Blattella germanica. They may be distinguished from the three types of Corynebacterium periplanetae variety americana, previously described. For the species here discussed the name Corynebacterium blattellae nov. sp. is proposed.
RISE IN TEMPERATURE PRECEDING THE APPEARANCE OF SYMPTOMS IN EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Kramer S. D. , Hendrie K. H. , Aycock W. L.
Published: June 2004

The data presented in this paper offer a means of earlier recognition of experimental poliomyelitis in the monkey. The early appearance of the temperature rise (1 to 3 days before the onset of the usual recognizable symptoms) associated with spinal fluid changes suggests that there is a stage in the experimental disease corresponding to preparalytic human poliomyelitis.
ABNORMALITIES PRODUCED IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM BY ELECTRICAL INJURIES
Authors: Langworthy Orthello R.
Published: June 2004

The alternating and continuous circuits produced different types of lesions in the central nervous system. Hemorrhages were common after alternating current shocks and few hemorrhages were observed in the continuous circuit group. With both types of circuits at 1000 and 500 volts potential, severe abnormalities in the nerve cells were observed. These were more marked in the continuous circuit group. A uniformly staining, shrunken, pyknotic nucleus was taken as a criterion of nerve cell death. The Purkinje cells of the cerebellum were most susceptible to the current. Injured cells were studied in the dorsal nucleus of the vagus, in the somatic motor group, among the primary sensory neurones and in the olives. Changes in the histological structure of the cells in reference to recovery have been discussed.

Injury to the cerebral and cerebellar cortices occurred on the dorsal surface close to the head electrode. Small cavities were produced, particularly in the cerebral cortex, as the result of the circuit contact. With the continuous and alternating circuits at 110 and 220 volts potential less severe changes were observed in the nerve cells although hemorrhages were common in the alternating circuit group. It must be assumed in these cases that death was due to respiratory block rather than actual death of the cells.
THE BLOOD CHEMISTRY OF AN ACUTE TRYPANOSOME INFECTION
Authors: Linton Richard W.
Published: June 2004

The CO2 capacity of the serum is markedly lowered early in infection with Trypanosoma equiperdum.

The non-protein nitrogen and uric acid constituents of the blood are increased in the terminal stages. The kidneys also show terminal degenerative changes.

The cholesterol remains unchanged throughout.

Lecithin is markedly increased, most of the observations showing a 20 per cent to 50 per cent rise in this substance.

Liver glycogen is lower than normal in the early stages and could not be demonstrated in the later stages of the infection.

The blood sugar remains normal until a very late period in the disease.
THE SURVIVAL OF YELLOW FEVER VIRUS IN CULTURES
Authors: Lewis Paul A.
Published: June 2004

1. The virus of yellow fever has been found to survive in artificial culture media for at least 12 days at a temperature of 35°C. No visible growth has been present and no reproduction of the virus has been demonstrated.

2. Infections have been obtained in rhesus monkeys with two strains of virus in quantities as small as 0.00001 cc. of infectious blood, and with one strain in an amount probably as minute as 0.000001 cc.
STUDIES IN THE BLOOD CYTOLOGY OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise , Casey Albert E.
Published: June 2004

Observations are reported on the consecutive weekly erythrocyte counts and the hemoglobin contents of the peripheral blood in 5 groups of normal rabbits, comprising 45 animals, during a period of 20 months from October, 1927 to July, 1929. The duration of individual group examinations varied from 8 to 35 weeks. The results are analyzed on the basis of the weekly mean values of each group.

On the whole, the erythrocyte values were quite uniform within a narrow range of variation, while the hemoglobin content was comparatively irregular within a wider range of variation. The major changes in the levels of mean values of both the red cells and the hemoglobin, however, were found to be statistically significant.

The directions or trends in the levels of the erythrocyte and hemoglobin mean values did not necessarily move in opposite directions.

The general levels of the erythrocyte and hemoglobin mean values were not identical for two consecutive years, those of 1927–28 being higher than those of 1928–29.

The fluctuations of both red cell and hemoglobin mean values observed in one group of animals were also usually observed in another group examined during the same months.
STUDIES IN THE BLOOD CYTOLOGY OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise , Casey Albert E.
Published: June 2004

Consecutive weekly observations on the total white cell count of the peripheral blood were made on 5 groups of normal rabbits, a total of 45 animals, during a period of 20 months from October, 1927 to July, 1929. The duration of individual group examinations varied from 8 to 35 weeks.

In the case of 4 groups followed 13 to 35 weeks, the general trend of the total white cell means was toward increasing values; with the group followed 8 weeks, the means were maintained at a constant level.

The changes in the levels of the granular cell means were usually accompanied by changes in a similar direction of the non-granular cell means. In the case of 3 of the 4 groups followed for the longest periods, the greatest relative alterations occurred in the non-granular cells.

The fluctuations in the mean values of the total white cells and of the granular and the non-granular cells which were observed in one group of rabbits, were also generally observed in another group examined during the same months.

The period of greatest irregularity in the mean values of the total white cell means and of the granular and the non-granular cell means as well, occurred during the late winter and spring months of both years.

The general level of the total white cell mean values in the groups examined during 1927–28 was higher than that of the groups observed during 1928–29. A similar difference was found in the granular and non-granular mean values but it was somewhat less marked in the case of the granular cells.
TOOTH GROWTH IN EXPERIMENTAL SCURVY
Authors: Dalldorf Gilbert , Zall Celia
Published: June 2004

1. The incisor teeth of guinea pigs have a constant rate of growth in health.

2. Deprivation of Vitamin C causes the teeth to cease growing. Readministration of the vitamin restores the growth.

3. Administration of small amounts of antiscorbutic substance results in rates of growth roughly proportional to dosage.

4. Under standard experimental conditions used in the testing of foodstuffs for antiscorbutic value, the rate of tooth growth would appear to be a precise indication of the degree of scurvy, being more delicate than the Sherman score, and more constant as well as more simple, than the Höjer method.

5. Stress in terms of usage appears to exaggerate the scorbutic lesions in the teeth.
STUDIES ON THE BLOOD VESSELS IN THE MEMBRANES OF CHICK EMBRYOS
Authors: Lange Fritz , Ehrich W. , Cohn A. E.
Published: June 2004

The agreement of physiological experiment with anatomical findings justifies our conclusion: the blood vessels of the vascular membrane of chick embryos do not contain nerves.
ENHANCED PASSIVE IMMUNITY TO STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTION IN RABBITS
Authors: Gay F. P. , Clark A. R.
Published: June 2004

The experimental work herein reported tends to justify our hypothesis recently expressed, that the common failure of antibacterial serums to combat active infections when passively transferred to a normal animal, is due not so much to a lack of suitable or sufficient antibodies as to absence of cell preparation or mobilization in the recipient. In the case of experimental streptococcus empyema in the rabbit the course of the ordinarily fatal infection is in no wise affected by the transfer of the pleural fluid containing large numbers of mononuclear cells derived from an animal that is itself protected as a result of a non-specific irritation. The serum of a rabbit highly immunized against the streptococcus and containing antibodies for it, produces relatively slight effect in prevention or cure.

In contrast to this the pleural exudate, either acute (polymorphonuclear) or subacute (mononuclear), produced in an actively immunized animal does protect passively to a considerable degree. In a similar fashion normal exudate cells of either type in combination with the relatively ineffective antiserum give a high degree of protection.

It remains for further analysis to determine whether this form of passive immunity by antiserum enhanced by the addition of cells depends on the vital properties of the cells transferred or on their stimulation to cell mobilization in the recipient. And furthermore the extent to which this enhanced passive immunity may be effective in cure, and whether the cure is applicable to local or to both local and generalized infection remains to be seen.
STUDIES IN THE BLOOD CYTOLOGY OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise , Casey Albert E.
Published: June 2004

Consecutive weekly observations on the neutrophile, the basophile, and the eosinophile counts of the peripheral blood were made on 5 groups of normal rabbits, a total of 45 animals, during a period of 20 months from October, 1927 to July, 1929. Individual groups were examined 8 to 35 weeks.

In the case of the 4 groups followed 13 to 35 weeks, the general trend of the neutrophile cells was towards increased mean values; with the group followed 8 weeks, decreasing values were found. An increase in the mean values of the basophile cells was observed in the two groups of rabbits followed in 1927–28; in the groups of 1928–29, the mean values decreased. The mean values of the eosinophile cells showed no definite trends but the findings were characterized by abrupt and marked fluctuations.

The periods of greatest irregularity in mean neutrophile and eosinophile values occurred in the fall and the late winter and spring months of both years, but in the case of the basophiles, the irregularities were distributed throughout the first year and occurred chiefly in the winter months of the second year.

The major trends and many of the minor fluctuations as well which were observed in the mean cell values of one group of rabbits were also generally seen in another group examined during the same months.

The general levels of the neutrophile, the basophile, and the eosinophile mean values in the groups examined during 1927–28 were higher than in the groups of 1928–29.
A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE SCROTAL SWELLING AND RICKETTSIA BODIES TO MEXICAN TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Castaneda M. Ruiz
Published: June 2004

The experiments recorded above have demonstrated the following points:

1. Scrotal swelling can appear in guinea pigs directly inoculated from a human case of Mexican typhus fever.

2. In certain strains of this disease, a number of generations of guinea pigs may show absolutely no scrotal swelling, which, however, may reappear in subsequent animals, suggesting—though not absolutely proving—that the scrotal swelling is an integral part of the disease and is not due to an incidental accompanying organism. If the latter were true, one would expect the organisms that caused the scrotal swelling to disappear during the negative generations.

3. A typhus fever sustained by a guinea pig without scrotal swelling protects against the swelling upon subsequent inoculation with a strain which produces this with considerable regularity.

4. Louse passage increases the capacity of a strain to produce the scrotal lesion, probably because of the considerable accumulation of rickettsia in the louse, but in the experiment noted, even after louse passage, two generations without swelling occurred, followed by reoccurrence of the swelling.

We believe that these observations, taken together, can be interpreted in favour of the likelihood that the swelling is a part of the disease and that the rickettsia-like organisms described by Mooser in the tunica vaginalis have etiological significance.
STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION
Authors: Menkin Valy
Published: June 2004

Foreign protein such as horse serum injected into an inflamed peritoneal cavity penetrates into the blood stream less rapidly than when introduced into the normal cavity.

Foreign protein injected into a cutaneous inflammatory area is held in situ for a longer period than when injected into an inflamed peritoneal cavity.

Foreign protein introduced into the circulating blood stream accumulates in an inflamed area, where it is found in greater concentration than in normal tissue.

Accumulation of foreign protein at the site of inflammation explains the phenomenon of local anaphylaxis described by Auer in rabbits sensitized to horse serum. The antigen accumulating in the inflamed ear reacts with antibody, intensifies a pre-existing inflammatory reaction and produces necrosis of the ear.
THE ORIGIN AND FATE OF TWO TYPES OF MULTI-NUCLEATED GIANT CELLS IN THE CIRCULATING BLOOD
Authors: Forkner Claude E.
Published: June 2004

1. It has been demonstrated that giant cells of the foreign body and epithelioid types can be induced to appear in the blood stream.

2. Evidence has been presented which indicates that foreign body giant cells are primarily formed by fusion of monocytes and that the fate of these giant cells is accomplished, at least in some instances, by a separation into the constituent elements.

3. Further evidence has been presented which lends support to the hypothesis that "epithelioid giant cells" reach their stage of evolution, not by fusion of monocytes, but by amitotic division of the nuclei of monocytes and epithelioid cells.

4. The presence of giant cells in the peripheral blood as the result of agar injections is almost invariably associated with, or preceded by a marked monocytosis in which the new monocytes are of large size and show evidence of immaturity.

5. Injections of agar into the tissues result in decreased absolute and percentage values of lymphocytes and a diminution of the specific granules in many of the polymorphonuclear leucocytes.

6. It would appear from these studies that a clear differentiation of "epithelioid giant cells" and "foreign body giant cells" in the blood is usually possible, but that on the other hand, a few cells may be present which have some of the characteristics of each type. These latter cells probably represent in their formation both a fusion of individual cells and an amitotic division of the nuclei of monocytes.

7. Clasmatocytes or macrophages have in rare instances been seen to take part in the formation of foreign body giant cells. At least one instance has been noted of the fusion of a clasmatocyte with several monocytes. No evidence is available to demonstrate that macrophages ever play a part in the formation of "epithelioid giant cells."
ON THE MECHANISM OF OPSONIN AND BACTERIOTROPIN ACTION
Authors: Strumia Max , Mudd Stuart , Mudd Emily B. H. , Lucké Balduin , McCutcheon Morton
Published: June 2004

Antisera against several strains of acid-fast bacteria have been separated into their euglobulin, pseudoglobulin and albumin fractions. The globulin fractions have been found to possess the essential properties of bacteriotropic sera: thus they alter the bacterial surface properties, and, in quantitative correspondence, cause agglutination and phagocytosis; these several effects withstand washing of the sensitized bacteria; the effects are little if at all affected by inactivation of the antisera before fractionation; the combination of antibody and antigen is serologically specific.

The conclusion is drawn that the contact of antigen with fresh homologous immune serum results in the deposit on the antigen surface of a substance or substances contained in the globulin fractions of the antiserum; as a consequence of this surface deposit leucocytes can spread upon and engulf the antigen.
THE BACTERIOSTATIC ACTION OF CERTAIN COMPONENTS OF COMMERCIAL PEPTONES AS AFFECTED BY CONDITIONS OF OXIDATION AND REDUCTION
Authors: Dubos René
Published: June 2004

There are present in commercial peptones substances which exhibit bacteriostatic properties for certain bacterial species. These substances are bacteriostatic in the oxidized form, but not in the reduced form. Their bacteriostatic action can be overcome, and their concentration titrated, by the addition of reduced thiol compounds to the media in which they are present.

Different brands of peptone differ greatly in the amount of bacteriostatic substances they contain; these differences account, in part at least, for the fact that media prepared from the same meat infusion, but with different kinds of peptone, vary in their ability to support bacterial growth.

The bacteriostatic fraction of a certain peptone solution can be completely removed by precipitation with acid and acetone. A peptone which has thus been purified becomes capable of supporting the growth of very small inocula of Pneumococcus.

The significance of the sensitiveness of certain bacterial species to substances which are bacteriostatic in the oxidized but not in the reduced form is considered with reference to (a) the mechanism of bacteriostasis, (b) the growth of bacterial species in artificial media, (c) the problem of infection.
SURVIVAL AND MULTIPLICATION OF THE VIRUS OF POLIOMYELITIS IN VITRO
Authors: Long P. H. , Olitsky P. K. , Rhoads C. P.
Published: June 2004

The study here reported concerns attempts at bacteriological cultivations with fragments of brain or cord, or with Berkefeld V filtrates of the nervous tissues, from seven monkeys successfully inoculated with poliomyelitic virus. With these materials, 315 tubes were inoculated, of which thirty-six showed minute bodies resembling the globoid bodies described by Flexner and Noguchi. However, a study of subplants from these minute, morphological particles did not convince us that we had in hand actual cultures of the globoid bodies, or indeed of any living microorganism.

Nevertheless, when washed sediments from subplants of one of the strains, representing the seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth transfers, were inoculated into monkeys, the clinical signs and pathological effects characteristic of experimental poliomyelitis could be induced. The virulence of the "cultures" could not be ascribed to carrying over the original material into these remote subplants since the seventh transfer represented a dilution of the original cultivated material to about 1.5 x 10–12, and the tenth, to about 1.3 x 10–18 if one assume, as the transfer technic justifies, a thorough mixing of the contents of each tube. On the contrary, it appears as if the poliomyelitic virus had multiplied in vitro, and had increased as a consequence of being in a medium of a modified living tissue-cell culture. For in practically all specimens we observed many well-preserved kidney tissue cells and leucocytes, the latter probably derived from human ascitic fluid, a component of the Smith-Noguchi medium. In this connection, it should be mentioned that the several lots of ascitic fluid used in the cultivation tests were recently obtained from patients and employed from a week to a month after their collection.

There remains for consideration the problem of the selective pathogenicity of the "cultures:" only the material of those tubes of the ninth and tenth transfers which showed the "globoid bodies" proved pathogenic; those respective tubes of the same transfers which were free from the minute bodies but apparently identical in all other respects, were avirulent. It may be that the virus was adsorbed to the particular bodies which we have found in the "cultures" and which resemble closely the globoid bodies of Flexner and Noguchi. Further elaboration of this study would be necessary, however, before such an inference could be regarded as a definite hypothesis.
A METHOD FOR SUPRAVITAL STAINING OF ANIMALS WITH NEUTRAL RED AND ITS PRESERVATION IN PARAFFIN SECTIONS
Authors: Forkner Claude E.
Published: June 2004

A simple, rapid method for staining all the supravitally stainable cells in the body, as in supravital preparations with neutral red, is described, together with a method for faithful preservation of the dye in paraffin sections. The essential points of the technique are, first, to secure the reaction of cells to neutral red which corresponds to the so-called supravital technique, involving the reaction of only those substances which respond to the dye while the cell is living; and second, to preserve the stain through the processes of fixation, embedding, and counterstaining.
THE RELATION OF NATURAL HUMORAL ANTIPNEUMOCOCCAL IMMUNITY TO THE INCEPTION OF LOBAR PNEUMONIA
Authors: Robertson O. H. , Terrell Edward E. , Graeser James B. , Cornwell M. Agnes
Published: June 2004

A study of the pneumococcidal-promoting action of the serum of lobar pneumonia patients, secured from 4 to 48 hours after the onset of the disease, has revealed the fact that in the majority of instances the serum possessed the power to promote killing of the homologous pneumococcus, isolated in different instances from the lung, blood, and sputum. While in some instances this action was slight, in others it was present to as great a degree as in normal individuals and persisted as long as 48 hours or more after the beginning of the disease. The variations observed from case to case were not related to the extent of the pneumonic lesion or to the virulence of the several pneumococcus strains but appeared to depend on differences in individual human beings in respect to the natural antipneumococcus properties of their blood and their reaction to the invading microorganism. A constant relationship was found to exist between the concentration of immune properties in the serum and blood invasion. In the presence of a well marked pneumococcidal-promoting power pneumococci were not found in the blood stream, and only when this property was greatly diminished or lost did blood invasion occur.

The findings which are supported by certain previous experimental observations, indicate that lobar pneumonia can occur in the presence of a normal circulating antipneumococcus defense mechanism. From this it is inferred that before pneumococcus growth can be initiated there must be present in the lung local changes of such nature as to provide conditions for the multiplication of pneumococci protected from the pneumococcidal action of the blood. Suppositions as to the nature of these changes and the establishment of the pneumonic lesion are discussed.
THE CATALYTIC EFFECT OF METHYLENE BLUE ON THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF TUMORS AND NORMAL TISSUES
Authors: Barron E. S. Guzman
Published: June 2004

1. Methylene blue has no catalytic effect on the oxygen consumption of those normal adult tissues which do not possess aerobic glycolysis. The dye increases the oxygen consumption of these tissues when their respiration has been inhibited by the addition of KCN and their fermentative power thus brought into action.

2. Methylene blue increases the oxygen consumption of normal tissues having aerobic glycolysis, and of tumors.

3. The effect of methylene blue is roughly proportional to the fermentative power of tissues.
IMMUNITY TO POLIOMYELITIS IN MOTHERS AND THE NEWBORN AS SHOWN BY THE NEUTRALIZATION TEST
Authors: Aycock W. Lloyd , Kramer S. D.
Published: June 2004

Neutralization tests for the virus of poliomyelitis on blood serum of urban mothers and their newborn infants showed that immunity was present in ten out of twelve (83 per cent) infants and in ten out of twelve (83 per cent) mothers, with a complete correspondence between mother and infant. These tests point to passive transmission of immunity from mother to infant. Previous tests on other children (1 to 5 years) indicate that immunity in infants is transitory. Previous observations concerning the extent of immunity in urban adults are confirmed and extended. The results of these tests are in accord with the age distribution of poliomyelitis and parallel corresponding observations in diphtheria.
SPECIFIC PRECIPITATION AND MOUSE PROTECTION IN TYPE I ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERA
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Sia Richard H. P. , Kendall Forrest E.
Published: June 2004

1. A rapid and simple method is given for the approximate determination of the specifically precipitable protein in Type I antipneumococcus sera.

2. It is shown that a close parallel exists between the specifically precipitable protein and the number of mouse protection units in a wide variety of Type I antipneumococcus sera.

3. Owing to the consistent results obtained and the rapidity, simplicity, and economy of the method, its use is proposed instead of the mouse protection test as a basis for the titration of standard sera and the comparison of others with a standard.

4. A method is given for conveniently preparing highly purified specific polysaccharide of Type I pneumococcus.
THE EFFECT OF INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS ON TISSUE IMMUNITY
Authors: Hanger Franklin M. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Mr. Michael Bauer
Published: June 2004

1. Animals showing natural bacterial allergy to filtrates of B. lepisepticum survive infection by this organism more frequently than weak reactors. This increased resistance is manifested by better localization of infection.

2. Bacterial filtrates injected into skin 24 hours before infection exert a non-specific protection of that area against the organism, even in susceptible animals. The cells of this protected area seldom undergo necrosis when infected.

3. Severe injury of tissues either by chemicals or an antigen-antibody reaction produces a loss of local resistance even in immune animals. Mild injuries have the opposite effect. It is believed that in cases of severe injury, the affected areas undergo a segregation from the circulating antibodies.

4. When bacterial immune serum is injected with a protein antigen into the skin of a sensitized animal, a local alteration occurs in which substances necessary for the effective action of the immune serum are destroyed.

5. A protective action is restored to the altered immune serum by addition of complement to the lesion.

6. It is felt that allergy is not the chief mechanism in cellular resistance to infection, however data are advanced which suggest that allergy does exert local protection by acceleration of the immune processes and by rendering the cells locally refractory to further injury.

7. Chronic infection by a single strain of organism excites cellular reactivity to many strains of bacteria often unrelated biologically. Hence a non-specific mechanism for localizing infections throughout the body may be induced.