bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validación de la escala multifactorial mixta de engagement educativo (EMMEE)
Authors: Colás-Bravo Pilar , Reyes-de-Cózar Salvador , Conde-Jiménez Jesús
Published: April 2021

Actualmente, el engagement educativo se considera uno de los factores más importantes a la hora de predecir un buen aprendizaje por parte de los estudiantes, así como su éxito educativo. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los instrumentos descritos, no incluyen todos los factores clave vinculados al engagement académico: motivaciones, valores, contextos de aprendizaje, estado emocional y estrategias de gestión. El objetivo de este estudio es desarrollar una escala para valorar el nivel de engagement educativo de los estudiantes en Educación Superior (EMMEE) que supere esta limitación. Método: Se realizan análisis factoriales exploratorio y confirmatorio, así como un estudio de la consistencia interna, validez convergente y discriminante en una muestra de 764 estudiantes de la Universidad de Sevilla (España), perteneciente a todas las áreas de saber y los diferentes cursos de grados. Resultados: Se explora y se confirma con muy buen nivel de ajuste una estructura multifactorial de engagement educativo de cinco factores que explican una varianza cercana al 65.78%, con una excelente consistencia interna (α = .91) y con indicios significativos de validez convergente y discriminante. Conclusiones: Se concluye que la EMMEE es un instrumento válido y fiable para medir el nivel de engagement de las aulas, así como mejorar el entendimiento del constructo a través de sus factores.

Today, educational engagement is considered one of the most important factors in predicting good student learning and educational success. However, most of the instruments described do not include all the key factors linked to academic engagement: motivations, values, learning contexts, emotional state and management strategies. The aim of this study is to develop a scale to assess the level of educational engagement in Higher Education students (MMSEE) that overcomes this limitation. Methods: Exploratory and confirmatory factorial analyses, as well as a study of internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity, were carried out on a sample of 764 students from the University of Seville (Spain), belonging to all areas of knowledge and different degree courses. Results: A multifactorial structure of educational engagement with five factors that explain a variance close to 65.78%, with an excellent internal consistency (α = .91) and with significant indicators of convergent and discriminant validity is explored and confirmed with a very good level of adjustment. Conclusions: It is concluded that MMSEE is a valid and reliable instrument to measure the level of engagement of classrooms, as well as to improve the understanding of the construct through its factors.
Which activities do great-grandparents and great-grandchildren share in family contexts? An analysis of a new intergenerational relationship.
Authors: Castañeda-García Pedro Javier , Cruz-Santana Vanesa , Hernández-Garrido Fayna , Díaz-Rodríguez Paula , Romero-González Sara
Published: April 2021

El objetivo general de este trabajo es conocer mejor el rol de bisabuelidad. Se entrevistó a un grupo de voluntarios con bisnietos (n=78) mediante un cuestionario, cuyo contenido fue pilotado previamente, con preguntas sobre sus características sociodemográficas, las actividades que solían compartir con sus bisnietos y su opinión del rol de bisabuelidad, con la satisfacción asociada. Los datos fueron registrados y analizados tanto con tablas de frecuencia y estadísticos descriptivos, como con la prueba no-paramétrica de Kruskal-Wallis. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron numerosas relaciones significativas entre las actividades compartidas y aspectos socio-demográficos de los bisabuelos como la edad (p≤ .05), el nivel educativo (p≤ .01), la salud (p≤ .05), la distancia a la que viven de sus bisnietos (p≤ .05). Además, de mostrar que perciben su rol de bisabuelidad en general como una continuidad del rol anterior de abuelidad, aunque desde una tipología intergeneracional formal, distinta a la tipología informal y, sobre todo, opuesta a la del rol sustituto/subrogado. La mayor satisfacción percibida estaba asociada a esa interacción típica del rol formal (p ≤ .01). Los bisabuelos podrían estar cumpliendo ya alguna función destacable en las familias actuales de cuatro generaciones.

The main aim of this study was to find out more about the role of great-grandparenthood. A group of participants with great-grandchildren (n=78) was interviewed using a questionnaire containing questions that had been put through a previous pilot study, covering participants’ sociodemographics, the activities that participants shared with their great-grandchildren, and their view of the role of great-grandparent and their related degree of satisfaction. The data were recorded and analyzed both with frequency tables and descriptive statistics and with the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test. The results showed several significant relationships between the shared activities and the sociodemographic variables, such as great-grandparents’ age (p ≤ .05), education (p ≤ .01), health status (p ≤ .05), the distance at which they live from their great-grandchildren (p ≤ .05). Also, it was found that participants generally consider the role of great-grandparent to be a continuation of their prior role as grandparent, albeit from the perspective of a formal intergenerational typology, distinct from the informal typology and, above all, opposed to the role of substitute/surrogate. Greater perceived satisfaction was associated with this typical interaction of the formal role (p ≤ .01). Great-grandparents may already be fulfilling a notable function in today’s four-generation families.
Duelo complicado: Una revisión sistemática de la prevalencia, diagnóstico, factores de riesgo y de protección en población adulta de España.
Authors: Parro-Jiménez Elena , Morán Noelia , Gesteira Clara , Sanz Jesús , García-Vera María Paz
Published: April 2021

El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue revisar el estado de la investigación psicopatológica del duelo complicado en población adulta de España. Una búsqueda sistemática en PsycINFO, PsycArticles, PTSDpubs y PSICODOC identificó 13 estudios en los que, en conjunto, se había evaluado a 1,655 adultos. Los resultados de esta revisión ponen de manifiesto que no existe consenso en el diagnóstico de duelo complicado, en el uso de instrumentos de detección ni en los factores de riesgo y protección del duelo complicado. La prevalencia media ponderada basada en 6 de los estudios revisados fue de 21,53%. Tomando en consideración el tipo de instrumento de medida del duelo utilizado, se obtuvo una prevalencia de 7,67-10,68% en aquellos estudios que utilizaban instrumentos diagnósticos y de 28,77% en los instrumentos sintomáticos. Los resultados indican que el duelo complicado se relaciona con: un menor nivel socioeconómico y situación laboral desfavorable, la pérdida de un hijo o cónyuge, menor edad del fallecido, vulnerabilidad psicológica previa, consumo de psicofármacos y comorbilidad con otros trastornos. El apoyo social, los cuidados paliativos, las estrategias de afrontamiento centradas en el problema, el empleo de actividades agradables y la trascendencia o espiritualidad se presentan como factores protectores.

 

The main objective of this research was to review the status of the psychopathological investigation of complicated grief in adult population of Spain. A systematic review on PsycINFO, PsycArticles, PTSDpubs, and PSICODOC databases identified 13 studies in which, overall, 1.655 adults had been evaluated. The results of this review show that there is no consensus in the diagnosis of complicated grief, in the use of detection instruments, or in the risk and protective factors for complicated grief. The weighted mean prevalence based on 6 of the reviewed studies was 21.53%. Taking into account the type of grief measurement used, a prevalence of 7.67-10.68% was obtained in those studies that used diagnostic instruments and 28.77% in the ones using symptomatic instruments. The results indicate that complicated grief is related to: a lower socioeconomic level and unfavorable work situation, the loss of a child or spouse, younger age of the deceased, previous psychological vulnerability, the use of psychotropic medication and comorbidity with other disorders. Social support, palliative care, problem-centered coping strategies, the use of pleasant activities, and transcendence or spirituality are shown as protective factors.
Stemninger på Det kgl. Bibliotek i sommeren 1846
Authors: Gissel Svend
Published: April 2021

I begyndelsen af juli måned 1846 besluttede en kreds af bibliotekarer på Det kgl. Bibliotek i København at sende en »generalskrivelse« til deres gode ven og kollega C.J. A. Philipsen, som af helbredsgrunde havde afbrudt en tjenesterejse i Tyskland og var taget på kurophold i Karlsbad i Böhmen. Philipsen, der fungerede som amanuensis ved biblioteket, havde selv i et brev til institutionens samlende midtpunkt, bibliotekssekretær J. A. Bølling, opfordret de hjemmeværende til i fællesskab at lade høre fra sig og ikke mindst fortælle om deres ferieplaner, efter at han først havde omtalt de lidelser, der havde givet anledning til afbrydelsen afrejsen. Philipsen havde gennemgående et dårligt helbred og døde to år efter, kun 40 år gammel.
Temaer i nordisk bibliotekshistorie
Authors: Kaegbein Paul
Published: April 2021

Det kan allerede kaldes en tradition, at IFLAs Round Table on Library History, enten i forbindelse med IFLA konferencer eller uafhængigt heraf, afholder særlige møder med både internationale temaer og regionalt afgrænsede bibliotekshistoriske emner. Nævnes kan således det internationale seminar Libraries at times of cultural change, som fandt sted i august 1987 i Brighton, i snævert samarbejde med og under ledelse af den britiske Library Association's Library History Group, det internationale seminar om Øst- og Mellemeuropas bibliotekshistorie, som nogle måneder før afholdtes i Wroclaw efter indbydelse fra polske kolleger, samt det symposium om Library history research in the international context, som i april 1988 fandt sted i Wolfenbuttel i samarbejde med Wolfenbiitteler Arbeitskreis fiir Bibliotheksgeschichte.
Dansk Bibliotekshistorisk Selskab Styrelsens beretning 2002-2003
Authors: Redaktionen -
Published: April 2021

I slutningen af 2002 udkom bind 6 i serien Bibliotekshistorie. Redaktionen bestod af Steen Bille Larsen under medvirken af Ole Harbo, Svend Larsen og Jørgen Svane-Mikkelsen. Bindet er trykt på Phønix-Trykkeriet A/S i Århus. Bind 6 indeholder 5 artikler, der alle vedrører folkebibliotekerne: Den udenlandske indflydelse på den danske biblioteksudvikling med udgangspunkt i foreningen Danmarks Folkebogsamlingers virke i årene 1905-1919, af Martin Dyrbye. - "Amerikanerne". Danske bibliotekarer med amerikansk bibliotekaruddannelse 19071930, af Ole Harbo. - "Viden er vækst". Studiekredsene og bibliotekerne 1910-1930, af Bodil Holt Kjær. - Danske folkebiblioteker under besættelsen. En personlig beretning af Preben Kirkegaard. Folkebibliotekets kulturelle rolle under besættelsen, af Anna Skov Fougt og Vibeke Højmark Larsen. - Endelig findes styrelsens beretning 1998-2001.
Modstandsorganisationen Ringens oprindelse
Authors: Høgh Steffen
Published: April 2021

Bibliotekskonsulent Jørgen Banke (1877-1953) var i sine yngre dage kendt for at være en dygtig agitator og initiativtager inden for det folkelige oplysningsarbejde. Som lærer i Esbjerg stod han bag oprettelsen af De danske Købstæders Aftenskoleforbund i 1907, og efter at han i 1913 var blevet bibliotekar i Esbjerg, gjorde han sig snart bemærket her. Sammen med Thomas Døssing og Svend Dahlblev han i 1916 medlem af bestyrelsen for den nystiftede Dansk Biblioteksforening, og han blev senere medlem af det udvalg somudformede Biblioteksloven af 5. marts 1920. Mindre kendt er det måske, at han på sine ældre dage i 1941 varinitiativtager til oprettelsen af Dansk Studiering, som under Frode Jakobsens ledelse udviklede sig til en af de store modstandsorganisationer under besættelsen kaldet Ringen.
Når værdighed rimer på uafhængighed: En antropologisk analyse af ældrepolitikkens fordringer om aktivitet og selvhjælp
Authors: Oxlund Bjarke
Published: April 2021

Dansk ældrepolitik har det seneste årti været præget af stærke idéer om aktiv alderdom, uafhængighed og værdighed. Med afsæt i etnografiske indsigter om ældre danskere viser denne artikel, hvordan ældrepolitikkens fordringer om aktivitet og selvhjælp har gjort det delvist illegitimt at være svækket og plejekrævende. Artiklen argumenterer dermed for, at ældrepolitik, der primært baserer sig på aktivitetsteori, risikerer at bryde med den sociale kontrakt mellem individ og samfund, som har kendetegnet den danske velfærdsstat siden 1950’erne. Den viser også, at den sociale relation mellem plejekrævende ældre og omsorgsmedarbejdere ændrer sig som en konsekvens heraf.
ANMELDELSE: Infrastrukturens antistruktur for arbejdsmigranter i Danmark?
Authors: Lovelady Astrid Stampe
Published: April 2021

Marlene Spanger og Sophia. D. Hvalkof (2020), Migranters mobilitet: Mellem kriminalisering, menneskehandel og udnyttelse på det danske arbejdsmarked, Aalborg: Aalborg Universitetsforlag
Abstracts
Authors: Vangkilde Kasper Tang
Published: April 2021

Abstracts in english
Comparative Evaluation Of Lactobacillus Plantarum Strains Through Microbial Growth Kinetics
Authors: Kostov Georgi , Denkova-Kostova Rositsa , Shopska Vesela , Goranov Bogdan , Denkova Zapryana
Published: April 2021

The study of the growth kinetics of lactobacilli with pronounced probiotic properties in their batch cultivation is essential. Various models based on the logistic curve model, containing parameters showing the influence of the accumulating lactic acid on the biosynthesis of the product, as well as parameters showing the sensitivity of the cells to lactic acid were used to model the growth kinetics in the present work. The rate constant of adaptation of the studied strains to the used nutrient medium and the induction period were also determined. The kinetics of lactic acid synthesis was determined according to the Weibull model.
Towards Transit‑Oriented Development for Sustainable Urban Mobility: Insights from a Central European City
Authors: Leśniewski Maksymilian , Świąder Małgorzata , Kaczmarek Iwona , Castro David Garcia , Kamińska Joanna A. , Pilawka Tomasz , Kazak Jan K.
Published: April 2021

Sustainable Development Goals require holistic actions, including activity at the intersection of urban planning and environmental engineering. Turning our cities towards transit‑oriented development might help in reducing pollutant emissions caused by individual transportation modes that rely on crude oil. This research presents how the use of geospatial network analysis can support local decision makers in the evaluation of potential public transport accessibility by citizens in the case of a Central European city – Wrocław (Poland). The obtained results indicate differentiation in access to railway stations and stops, which results from pedestrian path networks and the number of entrances to railway stations. The visualization of serve area shows which parts of the city are excluded from comfortable access to public transport and in that way high‑ light where future actions should be taken.
Geospatial Applications in Land Use/Land Cover Change Detection for Sustainable Regional Development: The Case of Central Haryana, India
Authors: Kumar Surender , Singh Ripudaman
Published: April 2021

Timely and accurate detection of land use/land cover (LULC) change is important for the macro and micro level sustainable development of any region. For this purpose, geospatial techniques are the best tool for change analysis as they supply timely, cheaper, precise and up to date information. This paper examines the spatial temporal change trend in LULC in the case of Central Haryana. Landsat 2, 3, 5, 7 and 8 images for the years 1975–2020 for pre‑ and post‑monsoon periods were analyzed for the study. Radiometric correction was performed to derive better information. ArcGIS 10.2 and ENVI 5.3 are used for thematic layout and thematic change preparation. An unsupervised classification using ERDAS IMAGINE 2015 has also been done to classify study area in eight classes. The year 1975 is considered as the base year for change detection analysis. Results showed an increasing trend for the land use classes of built‑up, water body, and agricultural land without waterlogging in the pre‑ and post‑monsoon periods between 1975 and 2020. Remaining land use classes of agriculture with waterlogging, open waterlogged area, vegetation and fallow land/sand dunes decreased during the same period. Increased human activities have changed the LULC in the region and have had a great impact on its sustainable regional development.
An Assessment of the Functioning of Shopping Centres in Central‑Eastern Europe on the Example of “Posnania Mall” in Poznań (Poland) and “Grand Mall” in Varna (Bulgaria)
Authors: Palicki Sławomir , Stoyanov Stoyan , Kostov Ivo , Atanasova Tsvetelina , Ostrowski Patrycjusz
Published: April 2021

The article explores the issue of the function of shopping centres, in particular the analysis of the impact of their presence on society and the local development of cities and regions. Regarding the empirical aspect, the examples of Poznań (Poland) and Varna (Bulgaria) will be presented. As a result of similar socio‑economic conditions and joining the European Union at almost the same moment, all comparative studies reflecting preferences and market reactions seem both viable and interesting. In addition, the two cities chosen for the studies occupy a similar place in the hierarchy of the settlement network in their countries. They are large, well‑developed centres that attract the attention of investors from various segments of the real estate market. The research is part of the modelling of preferences of shopping centre customers areas, which in particular supports the investment decisions of developers operating in the analysed real estate market, and at the same time permits a diagnosis of social satisfaction. A derivative of the research is also the reconstruction of the effects of the functioning of large‑scale shopping malls in two Central‑Eastern European countries.
Evaluating the Use of 90-90-90 for HIV Policy in the Asian Context
Authors: Grimes Richard M. , Grimes Deanna E.
Published: April 2021

UNAIDS recommends the 90-90-90 policy for controlling HIV infection (identify 90% of HIV cases, provide care for 90% of these, and have 90% of the treated achieve viral suppression). 90-90-90 requires an accurate measurement of HIV prevalence, which is impossible to achieve. Prevalence must be estimated. Customarily, 90-90-90 prevalence estimates are based on point estimates at the midpoint of a credible range of high and low estimates. This paper examines the effect of the high and low estimates on 90-90-90. We examined the impact on policy goal based on 90% of the point estimate, if the true prevalence were the credible range’s high or low estimate. This was calculated for 14 Asian Countries (Afghanistan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Laos Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines Thailand, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam) that UNAIDS estimated point prevalence of prevalence greater than 10,000 persons. If the low estimate for the 14 countries was the true prevalence, 11 of the countries could not achieve 90% of the point estimate because the low prevalence was less than 90% of the point estimate. The other three countries, would have to identify 97.5% to 99.0% of infected persons to achieve 90% of the point prevalence. If the true prevalence is the high estimate, twelve of the countries would have identified only 76.8% to 84.9 of the true prevalence. Afghanistan (26.0%) and Iran (40.8%) would have identified far fewer persons than the point estimate goal. Therefore 90-90-90 should be considered to be non-evaluable and should not be used for policy making.
A Comprehensive Survey of 5G mm-Wave Technology Design Challenges
Authors: Jijo Bahzad Taha , Zeebaree Subhi R. M. , Zebari Rizgar R. , Sadeeq Mohammed A. M. , Sallow Amira B. , Mohsin Sanaa , Ageed Zainab Salih
Published: April 2021

Physical layer protection, which protects data confidentiality using information-theoretic methods, has recently attracted a lot of research attention. Using the inherent randomness of the transmission channel to ensure protection in the physical layer is the core concept behind physical layer security. In 5G wireless communication, new challenges have arisen in terms of physical layer security. This paper introduces the most recent survey on various 5G technologies, including millimeter-Wave, massive multi-input multiple outputs, microcells, beamforming, full-duplex technology, etc. The mentioned technologies have been used to solve this technology, such as attenuation, millimeter-Wave penetration, antenna array architecture, security, coverage, scalability, etc. Besides, the author has used descriptions of the techniques/algorithms, goals, problems, and meaningful outcomes, and the results obtained related to this approach were demonstrated.
A New, Cheap, Easy to Use, Foldable and Portable Autocidal Ovitrap for Aedes Control at Community Level
Authors: Carnevale G. , Carnevale P.
Published: April 2021

Except for Yellow Fever there is still no operational vaccine, the Dengue vaccine (CYD-TDV, sold under the brand name Dengvaxia©) raised several issues and vaccination campaign were stopped. On the other hand there is still no specific treatment for the main arbovirus transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus such as dengue, Chikungunya, Zika and recent outbreaks occurred all over the World. For WHO “vector control is the key strategy to control or prevent the transmission of dengue (and other arbovirus) but clearly there is a need for improved new vector control approaches. Only another one vaccine is available against arbovirus is against Japanese Encephalitis transmitted by Culex tritaeniorhynchus.

In line with this recommended approaches of new tools to be used at community level we successfully developed and implemented in Angola a “Very Simple Ovitrap Model” which actually “collected” eggs of Aedes aegypti warning for risk of arbovirus outbreaks, which, unfortunately, occurred few years later. These ovitraps were transformed as a tool for vector control in adding few drops of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in the water and several hundred of tests showed that not a single larva of Aedes aegypti was ever found in these “Bt fitted simple ovitrap”.

To solve some operational issues (transport) we tested in Bali during 3 years several size and color of foldable container prepared as ovitraps and put in a garden among grass, banana trees etc, we thus collected eggs of Aedes albopictus, important vector of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), a serious threat in Asia, and preliminary tests (unpub.) showed some resistance to insecticide increasing the need for control.

According to these trials, made in complete field conditions, we proposed a new foldable model of ovitrap as a vector control tool presented as a kit to be used at community level with a 3 steps action: open it/fill it/use it.
Management of Pediatric both-bone Forearm Fractures by Titanium Elastic Nailing System: A Prospective Study of 60 Cases
Authors: Qureshi Masood Ahmed , Valecha Nuresh Kumar , Keerio Niaz Hussain , Hussain Syed Sajid , Saqlain Hassan Amir us , Jokhio Muhammad Faraz , Noor Syed Shahid
Published: April 2021

Intramedullary nailing procedure is highly appreciated by many phsyicians for treating pediatrics forearm fractures. Minimum operating time, fewer chances of incisions, faster bone healing, and accuracy in bone alignment less rigid fixation made this technique more popular and preferable. This study was specially designed to observed the management of pediatric both forearm fracture by using the titanium elastic nail technique.

Methodology: Our prospective descriptive study was conducted in King Abdul Aziz Hospital Makkah Saudi Arabia from march 2018 to march 2021. Total 60 patients were enrolled which were treated with titanium elastic nail system (TENS). In this study patients with close displaced and open type 1 fractures with age range of 4 to 14 years were included.

Results: Total 42.5% of participants were under the age of 10, and  57.5% of patients were above 10 years or equal to 10 years age. We reported 58.9% prevelance of injury among male patients. Along with these, we reported 53.4% cases with left side fractures and 60.3% had middle bone fractures. In our study, we reported that the overall average union time  was 9.10±1.8.

Conclusion: Titanium elastic nailing is the most effective technique for managing unstable fractures among pediatrics. The male population was more prone to forearm fracture, especially at the middle third shaft.  Overall meantime 9 weeks were reported for bone unification. Titanium elastic nailing is more effective technique for patients less than 10 years old. Mean unification time of bone was less among them with little compliactions.
Comparison of the Fluoride Release of Silver Diamine Fluoride, Fluoride Varnish, Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride Gel on Extracted Teeth over Various Time Intervals in Artificial Saliva
Authors: Thakur Taniya , Lahiri Pratik Kumar , Karmakar Madhumanti , Sarvaiya Bhumi , Datta Piyali , Saha Rajib
Published: April 2021

Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) has been documented to effectively arrest dental caries and reduce dental hypersensitivity. SDF promotes remineralization and harden the carious lesion. SDF increases fluoride concentration in saliva and increase the bioavailability of fluoride in saliva. After SDF application, fluoride ion promotes remineralization and silver ion is available for antimicrobial action.

Aim: The study aims to determine and compare the amount of fluoride released from various fluoride releasing materials in artificial saliva after 24 hours, 7th day and 14th day of the study.

Materials and Methods: 96 premolars free of any caries, fractures, or any other defects were sterilized in 10% formalin for 2 weeks. Then they were rinsed in tap water to remove any fixative from its surface and then stored in deionised distilled water for a period of 30 days prior to testing. Tooth samples were divided into four groups- Group 1: 38% SDF, Group 2: 1.23% APF gel, Group 3: Fluoride varnish and Group 4: Control. All the teeth specimens were blot dried and subjected to their respective material. Fluoride release was analysed using a Fluoride ion-selective electrode after 24 hours, 7days and 14 days of suspension in artificial saliva.

Results: Mann-Whitney U Test for inter-group comparison was used for statistical evaluation. 24 Hours fluoride release: The maximum amount of fluoride was released from Fluoride Varnish followed by SDF then APF Gel and least by artificial saliva alone (control) (p<0.001). 7th Day fluoride release: The maximum amount of fluoride was released from SDF followed by Fluoride Varnish then APF Gel and least by artificial saliva alone (control) (p<0.001). 14th Day fluoride release: The maximum amount of fluoride was released from Fluoride Varnish followed by SDF then APF Gel and least by artificial saliva alone (control) (p<0.001).
Case Analysis and Discussion of Solutions to Possible Water Conflicts
Authors: Kim Tae Jin
Published: April 2021

Water issues driven by water shortages have consistently increased over the last few decades, as water is directly related to the right to live. Most domestic water disputes occur between local governments due to dam construction, water contamination, water intake relocation, and other issues. By contrast, foreign water issues typically occur between countries boarded by rivers that are monopolized by one of the concerned countries. Because the concept of water rights has been applied differently to each issue, water stakeholders are typically unable to obtain sufficient supplies of water to satisfy all water consumers. In this study, the causes, issues, and solutions for both domestic and foreign water disputes are investigated and summarized. Riparian and appropriated water rights are the main controversies surrounding domestic water issues and must be fully investigated and understood. By contrast, foreign water disputes are negotiated between countries based on political, economic, and industrial priorities related to shared rivers, and these too must be fully examined and clarified. The study can be used to provide essential information about possible future domestic water issues such as those related to the Imjin River, which is a shared waterway between South and North Korea.
Experimental Study on Reducing the Risk of Wildland Fires by Prescribed Fire
Authors: Ryu Juyeol , Yang Wonjik
Published: April 2021

Many countries, such as the United States, Australia, and Japan, use prescribed fire to treat fuel in forests as their primary wildfire prevention and management tool. However, to date we have not applied such method in our country. Therefore, in this research, we investigate the current status and method of prescribed fire for application. Then, the research target area was selected, and the possibility of the domestic application was evaluated through a prescribed fire and wildfire reproduction simulation. Our simulation results showed that a split fire drop (1st, 2nd, and 3rd fire) using the prescribed fire reduced the burning area by 26.6% compared to wildfire reproduction. We confirmed that the prescribed fire was carried out safely and effectively.
Provisional BCS Classification of the Leading Oral Drugs on the Global Market
Authors: Dahan Arik , Amidon Gordon L.
Published: April 2021

In the early 1990s, a collaborative research effort between academia and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was initiated to establish a database of human jejunal permeabilities based on a Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS). The BCS broadly allowed the prediction of human absorption, Fraction absorbed (
F
abs
) and the rate‐limiting step in the intestinal absorption process of drugs following oral administration. The BCS classified compounds into one of four biopharmaceutical classes according to water solubility and membrane permeability characteristics. Today, the BCS has generated remarkable impact on the global pharmaceutical sciences arena, in drug discovery, development and regulation, and an extensive validation/discussion of the BCS is continuously published in the literature. BCS has been effectively implanted by drug regulatory agencies around the world, and widely practiced by the pharmaceutical industry. The aim of this article is to present the BCS and its scientific basis, to describe its impact on regulatory practice of oral drug products, and to access the BCS classification of the top drugs on the global market. Finally, current and future directions in BCS related extensions, and their impact on the pharmaceutical industry, will be discussed.
Salt Screening and Selection
Authors: Wu Tian , Reid Darren L. , Semin David J.
Published: April 2021

The stability, processability, and
in vivo
performance of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are significantly affected by their salt forms. The appropriate salt can improve the overall therapeutic and pharmaceutical performance of an API. Salt screening and selection is integrated into the drug discovery and development, and the desired attributes are impacted by multiple factors, including API chemistry, the intended dosage form, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Counterion, solvent, and crystallization are three key elements affecting screening outcomes and selection of the final salt form. Common applications of pharmaceutical salts, general considerations for using salt forms, and a brief acid–base theory related to solubility estimation for salt forms are introduced. A strategy to select counterions and solvents for salt formation is articulated in detail as well as crystallization methodology to harvest highly pure and crystalline salt forms. Three different salt‐screening approaches (
in situ
, rational, and high throughput) are discussed with respect to resource required, project timelines, and the purpose of the study. A four‐tier salt selection strategy is presented, and the desired attributes to meet the target product profile for a typical oral drug are included to guide selection of an appropriate salt from the very initiation of form screen.
Assay Development and High‐Throughput Screening
Authors: Carettoni Daniele , Bader Benjamin
Published: April 2021

High‐throughput screening (HTS) plays a cardinal role in the drug discovery process in pharmaceutical industry and academic institutions. Being the key crossroad between chemistry and biology, it brings into contact the compound library with a functional assay outlining a disease process. Indeed, using a miniaturized functional assay as triaging criterion, HTS ensures a Darwinian selection of a small subset of hit molecules from chemical collections typically exceeding one million compounds. HTS has evolved as an independent multidisciplinary discipline by leveraging several specialties, such as robotics, informatics, molecular biology, recombinant expression technologies, enzymology, cell biology, and combinatorial and medicinal chemistry. Steadily growing technological improvements in HTS have made available an unprecedented array of novel methods and instrumentation that have been contributing to advance the design of functional assays for HTS. Concomitantly, HTS has markedly increased the possibility for low‐throughput/high‐information technologies to be integrated in the drug discovery process at a higher level of processivity. Basically, high‐throughput screening and assay development for HTS are synergistically interconnected, and in this article the multiple points of extensive interdependence are detailed and emphasized. In addition, the sequential steps of the assay development and of the high‐throughput screening are described and examined, describing the state of the art and providing perspective views on the possible future advancements. Most of the concepts of the article are eventually exemplified in a case study on a drug discovery program based on HTS directed against a heterotrimeric protein–protein interaction target.
Anti‐Inflammatory Glucocorticoids
Authors: Avery Mitchell A. , Chittiboyina Amar G.
Published: April 2021

Glucocorticoids are the first line medication used in the treatment of afflictions ranging from the moderate skin rash to severe acute inflammatory disorders. They exert their activity through binding to the glucocorticoid receptor, a ligand‐dependent transcription factor, and result in either activation or repression of a large set of glucocorticoid responsive genes. The
glucocorticoid receptor
(
GR
) is a cytoplasmic protein of complex structure that is associated with various heat shock proteins (e.g., hsp 90). The desired immunosuppressive effect is apparently due largely to the downregulation of a variety of proinflammatory factors, whereas adverse reactions such as corticoid‐induced diabetes and osteoporosis could be connected to the inappropriate activation of genes involved in the control of metabolic processes. The discovery of selective receptor modulators, which maintain beneficial therapeutic activity together with a diminished risk of side effects, focuses on ligands that lead to repression rather than activation of genes targeted by the glucocorticoid receptor. Current drug‐screening programs have yielded a number of molecules including steroidal as well as nonsteroidal compounds, which preferentially induce receptor‐mediated repression.
Medicinal Chemistry of β‐Lactam Antibiotics
Authors: Testero Sebastian A. , Llarrull Leticia I. , Fisher Jed F. , Mobashery Shahriar
Published: April 2021

The β‐lactam class of antibacterials is a cornerstone of human health. For nearly eight decades, their unparalleled clinical efficacy and clinical safety have made the β‐lactam class preeminent in the treatment of bacterial infection. The relatively brief period in human history during which the β‐lactams have exerted this benefit is a period characterized by continuous medicinal chemistry innovation, seen visibly in the progression from the penicillins to the complex ensemble of β‐lactams (now including also cephalosporins, monobactams, and carbapenems) used in the clinic. The key force behind this innovation is the progressive evolution by bacteria of resistance mechanisms. Today, highly resistant bacteria challenge the way medicinal chemists contemplate the creative alteration of β‐lactam structures, the way the pharmaceutical industry develops β‐lactams (and other antibacterial) structures, and the way the medical community uses antibacterials. This article gives a concise summary of the history of the β‐lactams. Its emphasis is recent structural innovation with respect to the β‐lactams, and with respect to structurally related classes that act to preserve the clinical activity of the β‐lactams through inhibition of bacterial β‐lactam‐hydrolyzing, and thus β‐lactam‐deactivating, enzymes. We integrate these chemistry advances with new biological discoveries with respect to the bactericidal mechanism of the β‐lactams and with respect to bacterial resistance mechanisms. The combination of these perspectives is a foundational perspective to guide the medicinal chemistry future of the β‐lactams.
Translational Pharmaceutics and Early Phase Clinical Development
Authors: Bhattachar Shobha N. , Tan Jeffrey S. , Stamatis Stephen Dion , Hilden Jon
Published: April 2021

Translational pharmaceutics is a relatively new cross‐disciplinary construct that integrates discovery and development for efficiently enabling discovery activities to deliver commercially viable medicines. This article describes the role and deliverables of its various subfunctions, namely, preclinical formulations, physical chemistry, drug product prototyping and development, and biopharmaceutics. The integrated aspects of these deliverables, that enable drug discovery, while also influencing and enabling the selection of compounds for clinical testing, in a manner that embraces the principles of R&D essentialism and design thinking, are also described. This article also illustrates how cost and time savings can be achieved through the application of robust mathematical modeling where possible, to guide the generation of the most relevant experimental data, followed by risk‐based decision‐making to inform commercial product design. Although the article is mostly focused on traditional small molecules, the principles described here can be adapted to include other types of molecular and biologic entities, including the newer molecular modalities that are rapidly gaining importance in the industry.
Artificial Intelligence in Medicinal Chemistry
Authors: Griffen Edward , Dossetter Alexander , Leach Andrew , Montague Shane
Published: April 2021

Basic concepts in artificial intelligence (AI) are reviewed with reference to their application in medicinal chemistry. Challenges in the representation of molecules and biological data are discussed. The contrast between AI requiring autonomy and machine learning as a set of statistical techniques is highlighted. Key areas of AI in medicinal chemistry are then reviewed: data extraction, computer aided synthesis planning, compound activity, toxicity and ADME property prediction, automated compound design, and integrating all these tasks into automated drug discovery systems. Finally issues of the adoption of AI methods by medicinal chemists, future developments, and the ethics of AI in medicinal chemistry are addressed.
Sodium Glucose Cotransporter Inhibitors for the Treatment of Diabetes
Authors: Jesus Ana R. , A. Harrison Bryce , Dore Timothy M.
Published: April 2021

Worldwide, the incidence of diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disease that results in four million deaths from it and associated complications annually, is increasing and its treatment is an enormous public health concern. Type 1 diabetes is treated by insulin, but a variety of drugs are used to treat the more prevalent type 2 diabetes. Inhibitors of sodium glucose cotransporters (SGLTs) are the newest drugs to reach the market to achieve the blood‐glucose control needed to treat type 2 diabetes. SGLT1 and 2 carry out renal reabsorption of more than 90% of glucose from urine against a concentration gradient using the electrochemical energy from the cotransport of sodium ions. Blocking SGLTs causes excess glucose to be excreted through the urine, reducing blood sugar. The first known SGLT inhibitor was the
O
‐glycosylated flavonoid natural product phlorizin, which enabled the discovery of SGLTs and served as the initial lead compound for medicinal chemistry.
O
‐ and
C
‐Glycosylated flavonoid and dihydrochalcone natural products also inhibit SGLTs. The drugs on the market today, dapagliflozin, canagliflozin, empagliflozin, ertugliflozin, and others, are all aryl
C
‐glycosides. They are selective for SGLT2 over SGLT1 to avoid adverse side effects associated with SGLT1 inhibition. Studies have suggested that SGLT inhibitors have a renal and cardiovascular protective effect that is advantageous, although their use increases the risk of urinary tract and genital infections and ketoacidosis. SGLT inhibitors are in trials as an adjuvant to insulin for the treatment of type 1 diabetes.
Cancer Targets Involving the Ubiquitin Proteasome System
Authors: Araujo Erika
Published: April 2021

The ability to control the intracellular concentrations of proteins with small molecules has obvious implications for the treatment of cancer whose growth and spread is typically due to the dysregulation of just a small number of proteins. The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is the tightly regulated machinery used by the cell to dispose of undesired proteins. We review herein how various components of the UPS can be targeted by small‐molecule intervention to realize global or even specific control of protein levels. Building on the success that inhibitors of the proteasome have had in the clinic over the past decade, a growing number of clinical candidates directed at the UPS are currently being evaluated as cancer therapies.
Double‐Side Crystallization Tuning to Achieve over 1 µm Thick and Well‐Aligned Block‐Like Narrow‐Bandgap Perovskites for High‐Efficiency Near‐Infrared Photodetectors
Authors: Liu Hui , Zhu Hugh Lu , Wang Zishuai , Wu Xiao , Huang Zhanfeng , Huqe Md Rashedul , Zapien Juan Antonio , Lu Xinhui , Choy Wallace C. H.
Published: April 2021

Solution‐processed narrow‐bandgap Sn–Pb perovskites have shown their potential in near‐infrared (NIR) photodetection as a promising alternative to traditional silicon and inorganic compounds. To achieve efficient NIR photodetection, high‐quality Sn–Pb perovskite thick films with well‐packed, smooth, and pinhole/void‐free features are highly desirable for boosting the spectral absorption. Understanding the crystallization kinetics and tuning the crystallization are fundamentally important to reach such high‐quality thick Sn–Pb perovskite films, and have been limitedly explored. Herein, an approach of double‐side crystallization tuning through low‐temperature space‐restricted annealing in methylammonium‐free Sn–Pb perovskite films with over 1 µm thickness is proposed. More specifically, through simultaneously retarding the crystallization in the top of precursor films and promoting the crystal growth of the bottom of precursor films, high‐quality and block‐like thick FA0.85Cs0.15Sn0.5Pb0.5I3 perovskite films with improved crystallinity, preferred out‐of‐plane orientation, and reduced trap density are achieved. Finally, photovoltaic‐mode Sn–Pb perovskite NIR photodetectors show a high external quantum efficiency of ≈80% at 760–900 nm, a recorded responsivity of 0.53 A W−1, and a high specific detectivity of 6 × 1012 Jones at 940 nm. This study offers the fundamental understanding of the crystallization kinetics of thick perovskite films and paves the way for perovskite‐based emerging NIR photodetection and imaging applications.
Asymmetrical Chirality in 3D Bended Metasurface
Authors: Pan Ruhao , Liu Zhe , Zhu Wei , Du Shuo , Gu Changzhi , Li Junjie
Published: April 2021

Chiral metasurfaces offer crucial opportunities to expand the application potential for chiral photonics, but its desired freely structural control and giant circular dichroism (CD) allow for more and greater challenges. Here, different from previous metasurfaces with single structural regulation, a kind of bifunctional chiral metasurface based on 3D bended asymmetric construction is proposed, which shows giant CD combined with asymmetric chirality at 5.2 µm. The bended metasurface with abundant spatial freedom, consisting of an array of asymmetric bended split ring resonators (SRRs), can be built up from the tensile stress induced by focused ion beam (FIB)–matter interaction. The results show that the CD increases with the bending angle of the metasurface and reaches a maximum at a bending angle of 60°. Particularly, it is found that the CD is 0.71/0.85 (experiment/simulation) for the backward incidence but −0.29/−0.29 for the forward incidence, indicating that the giant CD and asymmetric chirality properties are realized simultaneously in the same metasurface. The calculated results of near‐field distribution and the electric/magnetic dipoles show that the giant CD and the asymmetric chirality come from and , respectively. The findings inspire a high efficiency approach to design multifunctional chiral optical devices.
Photo‐Transformable Gratings for Augmented Reality
Authors: Lim Yongjun , Kang Byungsoo , Lee Seungwoo
Published: April 2021

The seamless integration of multiple diffractive optical elements (DOEs) into a single‐level substrate has been the key for the advancements in augmented reality (AR) technologies. Presently, serial‐type lithographic manipulations such as electron‐beam lithography can successfully provide a deterministic route toward this end. The large‐scale utilization of these processes, however, is impractical owing to their high cost. The holographic inscription of photochromic materials can offer an etching‐free and wide‐scale strategy for the cost‐effective development of large‐area 1D DOEs. Given the processing time, the accessible DOE area from this holographic inscription is more than several orders of magnitude larger (108–1010 µm2 h−1) than that obtained through the aforementioned lithography (102–105 µm2 h−1). However, erasing, which is believed to be prevalent in the multiscale integration of various DOEs, deteriorates the pattern integrity and throughput. Here, it is proposed that the technical conundrum resulting from erasing and re‐inscribing the DOEs can be effectively circumvented by transforming the already formed DOEs without erasing. Centimeter‐scale mosaic DOEs can be readily developed within an hour, which in turn facilitate advanced AR demonstrations. This approach leverages the ability of holographic inscription to seamlessly integrate the wide‐scale multiple DOEs as well as their utility as a go‐to tool for AR technologies.