bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Del cambio epistemológico al cambio de prácticas: la implementación de clínicas jurídicas desde una perspectiva constructivista en Argentina
Authors: Ruiz H. E.
Published: July 2016

Las Facultades de Derecho, como instituciones formadoras de profesionales de central importancia en la vida de una sociedad, deben dar relevancia no solo formal sino real a  aquellos métodos de enseñanza que propicien un tipo de aprendizaje profundo, movilizador, que permita la aprensión de valores como la justicia, equidad, igualdad y democracia.

Para ello, es necesario modificar la organización tradicional curricular que, sustentada en la concepción epistemológica y didáctico-pedagógica tradicional, es caracterizada por la distribución del conocimiento de lo general hacia lo particular, de lo básico hacia lo profesionalizante, de lo teórico a lo práctico, produciendo una falta de conexión y de relación entre los conocimientos impartidos.

Pero no basta con alterar el currículum insertando materias o alterando el orden de los contenidos, es necesario modificar la concepción de conocimiento que preside la organización de los mismos, así como las prácticas docentes. Este trabajo propone como alternativa un cambio de perspectiva epistemológica: un giro desde una visión positivista hacia una visión constructivista del aprendizaje, como modo de superar las serias deficiencias de formación que se constatan.

En este sentido, el aprendizaje situado en contextos reales, permite la aprehensión de un tipo de conocimiento significativo, que desarrollado a través de la extensión –particularmente las clínicas jurídicas- puede ser la solución. En este trabajo se sostiene que la enseñanza debe tener como origen las prácticas sociales y a partir de ellas trabajar para la producción de conocimientos, logrando de este modo una verdadera integración de las tres funciones atribuidas a las Universidades Modernas: Docencia-Investigación-Extensión.

 
Trabajando la integración interdisciplinar: Evaluación de una actividad puente entre dos asignaturas del Grado en Ciencias Ambientales
Authors: Sandín Vázquez M. , Lazo Vitoria X. , Giménez Baldazo M. , Rodríguez Martínez M.
Published: July 2016

El presente trabajo describe cómo un grupo interdicisciplinar de docentes implanta una actividad puente entre dos asignaturas del 2º curso de grado de Ciencias Ambientales, con el objetivo de desarrollar competencias tanto genéricas como específicas relacionadas con la interdiciplinariedad. Los alumnos evalúan si estas propuestas de innovación docente son adecuadas para desarrollar dichas competencias y qué impacto producen en su propio aprendizaje. Como conclusión principal, destacar que la coordinación entre docentes y el trabajo para interconectar asignaturas dentro de los grados es un ámbito de intervención muy oportuno para dotar a los estudiantes de una formación en competencias e integral, ya que ellos valoran este tipo de actividades muy positivamente.
Anthropogenic and biogenic influence on VOC fluxes at an urban background site in Helsinki, Finland
Authors: Rantala Pekka , Järvi Leena , Taipale Risto , Laurila Terhi K. , Patokoski Johanna , Kajos Maija K. , Kurppa Mona , Haapanala Sami , Siivola Erkki , Petäjä Tuukka , Ruuskanen Taina M. , Rinne Janne
Published: July 2016

Abstract. We measured volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) at an urban background site near the city centre of Helsinki, Finland, northern Europe. The VOC and CO2 measurements were obtained between January 2013 and September 2014 whereas for CO a shorter measurement campaign in April–May 2014 was conducted. Both anthropogenic and biogenic sources were identified for VOCs in the study. Strong correlations between VOC fluxes and CO fluxes and traffic rates indicated anthropogenic source of many VOCs. The VOC with the highest emission rate to the atmosphere was methanol, which originated mostly from traffic and other anthropogenic sources. The traffic was also a major source for aromatic compounds in all seasons whereas isoprene was mostly emitted from biogenic sources during summer. Some amount of traffic-related isoprene emissions were detected during other seasons but this might have also been an instrumental contamination from cycloalkane products. Generally, the observed VOC fluxes were found to be small in comparison with previous urban VOC flux studies. However, the differences were probably caused by lower anthropogenic activities as the CO2 fluxes were also relatively small at the site.
Gravity-wave effects on tracer gases and stratospheric aerosol
concentrations during the 2013 ChArMEx campaign
Authors: Chane Ming Fabrice , Vignelles Damien , Jegou Fabrice , Berthet Gwenael , Renard Jean-Baptiste , Gheusi François , Kuleshov Yuriy
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Coupled balloon-borne observations of Light Optical Aerosol Counter (LOAC), M10 meteorological global positioning system (GPS) sondes, ozonesondes, and GPS radio occultation data, are examined to identify gravity-wave (GW)-induced fluctuations on tracer gases and on the vertical distribution of stratospheric aerosol concentrations during the 2013 ChArMEx (Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment) campaign. Observations reveal signatures of GWs with short vertical wavelengths less than 4 km in dynamical parameters and tracer constituents, which are also correlated with the presence of thin layers of strong local enhancements of aerosol concentrations in the upper troposphere and the lower stratosphere. In particular, this is evident from a case study above Ile du Levant (43.02° N, 6.46° E) on 26–29 July 2013. Observations show a strong activity of dominant mesoscale inertia GWs with horizontal and vertical wavelengths of 370–510 km and 2–3 km respectively, and periods of 10–13 h propagating southward at altitudes of 13–20 km during 27–28 July. The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analyses also show evidence of mesoscale inertia GWs with similar horizontal characteristics above the eastern part of France. Ray-tracing experiments indicate the jet-front system as the main source of observed GWs. Using a simplified linear GW theory, synthetic vertical profiles of dynamical parameters with large stratospheric vertical wind maximum oscillations of ±40 mms−1 are produced for the dominant mesoscale GW observed at heights of 13–20 km. Parcel advection method reveals signatures of GWs in the ozone mixing ratio and the tropospheric-specific humidity. Simulated vertical wind perturbations of the dominant GWs and small-scale perturbations of aerosol concentration (aerosol size of 0.2–0.7 µm) are revealed to be in phase in the lower stratosphere. Present results support the importance of vertical wind perturbations in the GW–aerosol relationship. Observed mesoscale GWs induce a strong modulation of the amplitude of tracer gases and the stratospheric aerosol background.
Constraining the ship contribution to the aerosol of the Central Mediterranean
Authors: Becagli S. , Anello F. , Bommarito C. , Cassola F. , Calzolai G. , Di Iorio T. , di Sarra A. , Gómez-Amo J.-L. , Lucarelli F. , Marconi M. , Meloni D. , Monteleone F. , Nava S. , Pace G. , Severi M. , Sferlazzo D. M. , Traversi R. , Udisti R.
Published: July 2016

Abstract. PM10 aerosol samples were collected during summer 2013 within the framework of the Chemistry and Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment (ChArMEx) at two sites located North (Capo Granitola, 36.6° N, 12.6° E) and South (Lampedusa Island, 35.5° N, 12.6° E), respectively, of the main Mediterranean shipping route in the Sicily Channel. The PM10 samples were collected with 12 hour time resolution at both sites. Selected metals, main anions, cations, and elemental and organic carbon were determined. The evolution of soluble V and Ni concentrations (typical markers of heavy fuel oil combustion) was related to meteorology and ship traffic intensity in the Sicily Channel, using a high resolution regional model for back trajectories calculation. Elevated concentration of V and Ni were associated with transport from the Sicily Channel and coincidences between trajectories and positions of large ships, both at Capo Granitola and Lampedusa; the vertical structure of the planetary boundary layer also appears to play a role, with high V values associated with strong inversions and stable boundary layer. The V concentration was generally lower at Lampedusa than at Capo Granitola, where it reached a peak value of 40 ng/m3. Concentrations of rare earth elements, La and Ce in particular, were used to identify possible contributions from refineries, whose emissions are also characterized by elevated V and Ni amounts; refinery emissions are expected to display high La/Ce and La/V ratios, due to the use of La in the fluid catalytic converter systems. In general, low La/Ce and La/V ratios were observed in the PM samples, allowing to unambiguously identify the large role of the ship source in the Sicily Channel. Based on the sampled aerosols, ratios of the main aerosol species arising from ship emission with respect to V were estimated with the aim of deriving a lower limit for the total ship contribution to PM10. The estimated minimum ship emission contributions to PM10 was 1.9 μg/m3 at Lampedusa, and 2.8 μg/m3 at Capo Granitola, corresponding to 11 % and 8.2 % of PM10, respectively.
Subalpine grassland carbon balance during 7 years of increased
atmospheric N deposition
Authors: Volk Matthias , Enderle Jan , Bassin Seraina
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Air pollution agents interact when affecting biological sinks for atmospheric CO2, e.g., the soil organic carbon (SOC) content of grassland ecosystems. Factors favoring plant productivity, like atmospheric N deposition, are usually considered to favor SOC storage. In a 7-year experiment in subalpine grassland under N- and O3-deposition treatment, we examined C fluxes and pools. Total N deposition was 4, 9, 14, 29 and 54 kg N ha−1 yr−1 (N4, N9, etc.); annual mean phytotoxic O3 dose was 49, 65 and 89 mmol m−2 projected leaf area. We hypothesized that between years SOC of this mature ecosystem would not change in control treatments and that effects of air pollutants are similar for plant yield, net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and SOC content, leading to SOC content increasing with N deposition. Cumulative plant yield showed a significant N and N  ×  N effect (+38 % in N54) but no O3 effect. In the control treatment SOC increased significantly by 9 % in 7 years. Cumulative NEP did show a strong, hump-shaped response pattern to N deposition with a +62 % increase in N14 and only +39 % increase in N54 (N effect statistically not significant, N  ×  N interaction not testable). SOC had a similar but not significant response to N, with highest C gains at intermediate N deposition rates, suggesting a unimodal response with a marginal (P = 0.09) N  ×  N interaction. We assume the strong, pollutant-independent soil C sink developed as a consequence of the management change from grazing to cutting. The non-parallel response of SOC and NEP compared to plant yield under N deposition is likely the result of increased respiratory SOC losses, following mitigated microbial N-limitation or priming effects, and a shift in plant C allocation leading to smaller C input from roots.
Modelling a century of soil redistribution processes and carbon
delivery from small watersheds using a multi-class sediment transport
model
Authors: Wilken Florian , Fiener Peter , Van Oost Kristof
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Over the last few decades, soil erosion and carbon redistribution modelling has received a lot of attention due to large uncertainties and conflicting results. For a physically based representation of event dynamics, coupled soil and carbon erosion models have been developed. However, there is a lack of research utilizing models which physically represent preferential erosion and transport of different carbon fractions (i.e. mineral bound carbon, carbon encapsulated by aggregates and particulate organic carbon). Furthermore, most of the models that have a high temporal resolution are applied to relatively short time series (
Subgrid spatial variability of soil hydraulic functions for hydrological modelling
Authors: Kreye Phillip , Meon Günter
Published: July 2016

Abstract. State-of-the-art hydrological applications require a process-based, spatially distributed hydrological model. Runoff characteristics are demanded to be well reproduced by the model. Despite that, the model should be able to describe the processes at a subcatchment scale in a physically credible way. The objective of this study is to present a robust procedure to generate various sets of parameterisations of soil hydraulic functions for the description of soil heterogeneity on a subgrid scale. Relations between Rosetta-generated values of saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and van Genuchten's parameters of soil hydraulic functions were statistically analysed. An universal function that is valid for the complete bandwidth of Ks values could not be found. After concentrating on natural texture classes, strong correlations were identified for all parameters. The obtained regression results were used to parameterise sets of hydraulic functions for each soil class. The methodology presented in this study is applicable on a wide range of spatial scales and does not need input data from field studies. The developments were implemented into a hydrological modelling system.
High-resolution shear wave reflection seismics as tool to image
near-surface subrosion structures – a case study in Bad
Frankenhausen, Germany
Authors: Wadas Sonja , Polom Ulrich , Krawczyk Charlotte
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Subrosion is the subsurface leaching of soluble rocks that results in the formation of depression and collapse structures.This global phenomenon is a geohazard in urban areas. To study near-surface subrosion structures four shear-wave reflection seismic profiles with a total length of ca. 332 m were carried out around the famous leaning church tower of Bad Frankenhausen in northern Thuringia, Germany, which shows an inclination of 4.93° from the vertical. Most of the geological underground of Thuringia is characterized by soluble Permian deposits, and the Kyffhäuser-Southern-Margin Fault is assumed to be a main pathway for water to leach the evaporite. The seismic profiles were acquired with the horizontal micro-vibrator ELVIS developed at LIAG and a 72 m long landstreamer equipped with 72 horizontal geophones. The high-resolution seismic sections show subrosion-induced structures to a depth of ca. 100 m and reveal five features associated with the leaching of Permian deposits: (1) lateral and vertical varying reflection patterns caused by strongly heterogeneous strata, (2) discontinuous reflectors, small offsets and faults, which show the underground is strongly fractured, (3) formation of depression structures in the near-surface, (4) diffractions in the unmigrated seismic sections that indicate an increased scattering of the seismic waves, (5) varying seismic velocities and low-velocity zones that were presumably caused by fractures and upward-migrating cavities. A previously undiscovered southward-dipping, listric normal fault was also found, located northward of the church. It probably serves as a pathway for water to leach the Zechstein formations below the church and causes the tilting of the tower. This case study shows the potential of horizontal shear-wave reflection seismics in imaging near-surface subrosion structures in an urban environment with a horizontal resolution of less than 1m in the uppermost 10–15 m.
A Maxwell elasto-brittle rheology for sea ice modelling
Authors: Dansereau Véronique , Weiss Jérôme , Saramito Pierre , Lattes Philippe
Published: July 2016

Abstract. A new rheological model is developed that builds on an elasto-brittle (EB) framework used for sea ice and rock mechanics, with the intent of representing both the small elastic deformations associated with fracturing processes and the larger deformations occurring along the faults/leads once the material is highly damaged and fragmented. A viscous-like relaxation term is added to the linear-elastic constitutive law together with an effective viscosity that evolves according to the local level of damage of the material, like its elastic modulus. The coupling between the level of damage and both mechanical parameters is such that within an undamaged ice cover the viscosity is infinitely large and deformations are strictly elastic, while along highly damaged zones the elastic modulus vanishes and most of the stress is dissipated through permanent deformations. A healing mechanism is also introduced, counterbalancing the effects of damaging over large timescales. In this new model, named Maxwell-EB after the Maxwell rheology, the irreversible and reversible deformations are solved for simultaneously; hence drift velocities are defined naturally. First idealized simulations without advection show that the model reproduces the main characteristics of sea ice mechanics and deformation: strain localization, anisotropy, intermittency and associated scaling laws.
Glacier change and glacial lake outburst flood risk in the Bolivian Andes
Authors: Cook Simon J. , Kougkoulos Ioannis , Edwards Laura A. , Dortch Jason , Hoffmann Dirk
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Glaciers of the Bolivian Andes represent a vital water resource for Andean cities and mountain communities, yet relatively little work has assessed changes in their extent over recent decades. In many mountain regions, glacier recession has been accompanied by the development of proglacial lakes, which can pose a glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) hazard. However, no studies have assessed the development of such lakes in Bolivia despite recent GLOF incidents here. Our mapping from satellite imagery reveals an overall areal shrinkage of 228.1 ± 22.8 km2 (43.1 %) across the Bolivian Cordillera Oriental between 1986 and 2014. Shrinkage was greatest in the Tres Cruces region (47.3 %), followed by the Cordillera Apolobamba (43.1 %) and Cordillera Real (41.9 %). A growing number of proglacial lakes have developed as glaciers have receded, in accordance with trends in most other deglaciating mountain ranges, although the number of ice-contact lakes has decreased. The reasons for this are unclear, but the pattern of lake change has varied significantly throughout the study period, suggesting that monitoring of future lake development is required as ice continues to recede. Ultimately, we use our 2014 database of proglacial lakes to assess GLOF risk across the Bolivian Andes. We identify 25 lakes that pose a potential GLOF threat to downstream communities and infrastructure. We suggest that further studies of potential GLOF impacts are urgently required.
Refinement of the ice absorption spectrum in the visible using
radiance profile measurements in Antarctic snow
Authors: Picard Ghislain , Libois Quentin , Arnaud Laurent
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Ice is a highly transparent material in the visible. According to the most widely used database (Warren and Brandt, 2008; IA2008), the ice absorption coefficient reaches values lower than 10−3 m−1 around 400 nm. These values were obtained from a radiance profile measured in a single snow layer at Dome C in Antarctica. We reproduced this experiment using a fiber optics inserted in the snow to record 56 profiles from which 70 homogeneous layers were identified. Applying the same estimation method on every layer yields 70 ice absorption spectra with a significant variability and overall larger than IA2008 by one order of magnitude. We devise another estimation method based on Bayesian inference. It reduces the statistical variability and confirms the higher absorption, around 2 × 10−2 m−1 near the minimum at 440 nm. We explore potential instrumental artifacts by developing a 3D radiative transfer model able to explicitly account for the presence of the fiber in the snow. The simulation results show that the radiance profile is indeed perturbed by the fiber intrusion but the error on the ice absorption estimate is not larger than a factor 2. This is insufficient to explain the difference between our new estimate and IA2008. Nevertheless, considering the number of profiles acquired for this study and other estimates from the Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA), we estimate that ice absorption values around 10−2 m−1 at the minimum are more likely than under 10−3 m−1. We provide a new estimate in the range 400–600 nm for future modeling of snow, cloud, and sea-ice optical properties. Most importantly we recommend that modeling studies take into account the large uncertainty of the ice absorption coefficient in the visible.
A Pedagogical Note: Use of Telepractice to Link Student Clinicians to Diverse Populations
Authors: Cassel Stacy Gallese , Hadley Amy J.
Published: July 2016

Telepractice is the application of telecommunications technology to the delivery of telehealth services via the online connection of clinicians, clients, and patients for assessment, intervention, or consultation.  This article describes a pilot project in which speech-language pathology students in a university training program gained experience in working with culturally diverse preschool students using telepractice technology. The preschool students benefited by making gains in communication skills, while the university students acquired competency in the use of telepractice and in working with children whose cultural and linguistic backgrounds were outside of their experience.  To assess the training experience, a Likert-scale survey administered to student clinicians revealed a high degree of satisfaction and improved familiarity with the use of telepractice, and an increased comfort level working with multi-cultural populations.
Iterative Design and Usability Testing of the iMHere System for Managing Chronic Conditions and Disability
Authors: Fairman Andrea D. , Yih Erika T. , McCoy Daniel F. , LoPresti Edmund F. , McCue Michael P. , Parmanto Bambang , Dicianno Brad E.
Published: July 2016

A novel mobile health platform, Interactive Mobile Health and Rehabilitation (iMHere), is being developed to support wellness and self-management among people with chronic disabilities. The iMHere system currently includes a smartphone app with six modules for use by persons with disabilities and a web portal for use by medical and rehabilitation professionals or other support personnel. Our initial clinical research applying use of this system provides insight into the feasibility of employing iMHere in the development of self-management skills in young adults (ages 18-40 years) with spina bifida (Dicianno, Fairman, McCue, Parmanto, Yih, et al., 2015). This article is focused on describing the iterative design of the iMHere system including usability testing of both the app modules and clinician portal. Our pilot population of persons with spina bifida fostered the creation of a system appropriate for people with a wide variety of functional abilities and needs. As a result, the system is appropriate for use by persons with various disabilities and chronic conditions, not only spina bifida. In addition, the diversity of professionals and support personnel involved in the care of persons with spina bifida (SB) also enabled the design and implementation of the iMHere system to meet the needs of an interdisciplinary team of providers who treat various conditions. The iMHere system has the potential to foster communication and collaboration among members of an interdisciplinary healthcare team, including individuals with chronic conditions and disabilities, for client-centered approach to support self-management skills.
Accessible Table of Contents
Authors: Cohn, PhD Ellen R.
Published: July 2016

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Irresponsible Corporate-Responsibility Rules
Authors: Paterno Lide E.
Published: July 2016

A wave of legislative efforts in the first half of this decade, at both the federal and state levels, has steered corporations to engage in corporate social responsibility. At the national level, Congress is increasingly calling upon the Securities and Exchange Commission to promulgate specialized disclosure rules. The most notable example is Section 1502 of the Dodd-Frank Act, requiring publicly traded corporations to disclose their use of broadly defined “conflict minerals” in any products the corporations manufacture. At the local level, well over half the state legislatures have adopted benefit corporation statutes meant to encourage corporate directors to promote the public good.These two well-meaning phenomena appear congruent and their goals seem promising: superficially, the SEC’s specialized disclosure rules can be characterized as federal benefit corporation rules. Closer examination, however, reveals that the reasoning bolstering the state benefit corporation statutes, aimed more at symbolism than substance, undermines the likely effectiveness of the federal specialized disclosure rules. Comparison of the two models indicates that the federal rules yield substantial costs but speech of little value, little change in corporate behavior, and, consequently, little advancement of the social cause the rules target. Econometric analysis of first-year filings under the SEC conflict minerals regulations supports this apprehension, suggesting that the benefits of the federal benefit corporation rules are more illusory than actual. By over-promising and under-delivering, these federal corporate social responsibility rules are, in fact, irresponsible.
Tipologías actuales de los trabajadores sociales en España
Authors: Viscarret Garro Juan Jesús , Ballestero Izquierdo Alberto , Idareta Goldaracena Francisco , Úriz Pemán María Jesús
Published: July 2016

El objetivo del artículo es definir y explicar los tipos de profesionales del Trabajo Social existentes en España mediante una investigación descriptiva, cuantitativa y tipológica. Esta primera aproximación puede servir para iniciar la reflexión sobre la organización profesional del Trabajo Social en España y para identificar las características que definen su labor profesional. Los resultados muestran la existencia de doce tipos de profesionales del Trabajo Social en España.
Buenas prácticas del Proyecto Piloto Enred@te: red social digital para personas mayores y voluntariado de la Cruz Roja Española
Authors: Peñalver Blanco Ana
Published: July 2016

La iniciativa Enred@te, ideada por la Cruz Roja, la Fundación Vodafone y la Fundación TECSOS, surgió como evolución de un proyecto anterior en el que se desarrolló y pilotó una solución de video-comunicación entre personas mayores, a través de un sistema instalado en sus propios televisores. Ante el éxito de esa primera iniciativa, se decidió avanzar hacia una solución más flexible, robusta, de sencillo manejo y mayor calidad, consiguiendo una red social accesible a través de tablet que pueden utilizar las personas mayores para video-comunicarse con otras personas mayores y mantenerse informadas de diversos contenidos de interés. Además, como novedad, incorpora la participación del voluntariado virtual, parte de la red que promueve su uso de manera inclusiva y participativa. Esta solución también se pilotó en 2014 con resultados positivos, y actualmente se está trabajando para convertirla en un servicio que permita llegar a las personas mayores a través de la Cruz Roja.
“Qué cosita más valiosa y magistralmente forjada”. Richard Schaukal – Crítico literario de la modernidad
Authors: Mitterer Cornelius
Published: July 2016

Richard Schaukal (1874-1942) fue ignorado como autor, valorado como traductor y respetado como crítico literario. Es sorprendente que apenas se haya prestado atención hasta hoy a este último campo de acción suyo, especialmente porque importantes personajes del mundo literario como Thomas Mann, Hermann Hesse o Rainer Maria Rilke le pedieron que comentara y reseñara obras suyas. Schaukal redactó ensayos casi siempre incómodos para numerosas publicaciones con los cuales se inscribió –aún más que con su obra literaria– en el discurso de la tendencia culturalmente conservadora dentro de la modernidad crítica. La presente contribución se centra en su temprana fase de crítico literario, particularmente en las posiciones estéticas, influencias y funciones de Richard Schaukal. A continuación se muestra como ejemplo el análisis de su ensayo sobre Ferdinand von Saar (1899).
Las edades de Hitler. De Satán a un ser de carne y hueso, y su representación en clave paródica
Authors: Fernández Gil María Jesús
Published: July 2016

Adolf Hitler suscitó desde su entrada en la escena política alemana una fascinación perversa, un sentimiento que, con el tiempo, ha dado lugar a numerosas representaciones culturales sobre el Führer. La muestra, rica y variada tanto en el fondo como en la forma, nos permitirá trazar tres estadios en lo referente al proceso de construcción historiográfica del hitlerismo, iniciado con la caída del Tercer Reich. Estos responden en buena medida al devenir sociopolítico y cultural de la sociedad a escala global desde el final de la guerra y hasta nuestros días y pueden resumirse en tres: primero, la satanización; segundo, la humanización; tercero, el retrato caricaturesco. Proponemos un recorrido histórico por diversos productos culturales del dictador alemán cuyo propósito es desentrañar el retrato psicológico poliédrico que se ha construido en torno a la figura de Hitler.
TOXICITY OF HEXANIC AND METHANOLIC FRACTIONS FROM Copaifera reticulata DUCKE (LEGUMINOSAE – CAESALPINOIDEA) AGAINST Aedes aegypti LINNAEUS (DIPTERA – CULICIDAE), IN FIELD ASSAYS
Authors: Araújo De Oliveira Jayrson , Garcia Lívia , Helena Garcia Da Silva Heloisa , Garcia Da Silva Ionizete
Published: July 2016

Testes foram realizados no meio urbano, em condições ambientais, nos três criadouros artificiais mais comuns (pneu, plástico e vidro) para verificar a eficácia das frações hexânicas (CRH) e metanólicas (CRM) do óleo-resina de Copaifera reticulata (Ducke) (Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae) sobre larvas de 3° estádio de Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae). A atividade larvicida foi verificada em todos os criadouros, mas apresentou diferenças de acordo com o tipo de recipiente. Os criadouros de vidro e plástico interferiram menos na atividade larvicida do que o pneu. A fração mais promissora foi a CRH1, que apresentou CL90 igual a 18,2 ppm, 18,8 ppm e 42,8 ppm, respectivamente, para os recipientes de plástico, vidro e pneu.
AVALIAÇÃO DA ATIVIDADE ESQUISTOSSOMICIDA DO CARVACROL EM EXPERIMENTOS IN VITRO E IN VIVO
Authors: Araújo Neusa , Fernanda Bubula Couto Flavia , Zani Carlos Leomar , Katz Naftale
Published: July 2016

A atividade esquistossomicida do carvacrol e do acetato de carvacrol foi avaliada utilizando-se camundongos Swiss, com peso aproximado de 20g, infectados com cercarias de Schistosoma mansoni. Os experimentos in vitro e in vivo foram realizados conforme a metodologia descrita no tópico específico do presente artigo. Nos dois experimentos in vitro, as concentrações foram de 4 μg/mL ou 8μg/mL. Nas experiências in vivo, um grupo de dez animais foi tratado, por via oral, com 300mg/kg durante cinco dias consecutivos e, em outros dois grupos também de dez animais, foram administradas, por via oral, as doses únicas de 15 mg/kg ou 30 mg/kg. Os dois compostos mostraram-se ativos na concentração de 4μg/mL, causando a morte dos vermes adultos de S. mansoni em menos de 24 horas de contato, quando os testes foram realizados in vitro. Nos experimentos in vivo, considerados os três esquemas terapêuticos utilizados, não se observou diferença significativa na eficácia dos compostos. Diante dos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que os compostos estudados são viáveis para estudos in vitro, mas não apresentam atividade in vivo, indicando que testes in vitro não são suficientes para caracterizar um agente esquistossomicida. A falta de atividade in vivo sugere que estes compostos, na forma utilizada, não podem ser considerados como esquistossomicidas para uso clínico. É importante ter em mente que, apesar de útil, a abordagem in vitro é uma simulação da realidade, mas, definitivamente, uma abordagem não substituirá a outra.
Clinical ethics: status quaestionis
Authors: Requena Meana Pablo , Comoretto Nunziata , Petrini Carlo
Published: July 2016

La ética clínica se refiere a un campo emergente en la medicina clínica que se centra en el proceso de toma de decisiones éticas en un entorno clínico. Se ha desarrollado como resultado de una creciente conciencia de que la medicina moderna —caracterizada por el progreso tecnológico, la diversidad cultural y los problemas sociales— está planteando una serie de nuevos “dilemas éticos” que la ciencia médica por sí sola no puede resolver. Por esta razón, la ética clínica suele estar relacionada con la “consulta ética”, que consiste en los servicios prestados por un especialista en ética, un equipo ético o un comité de ética para abordar las cuestiones éticas implicadas en un caso clínico específico. Si bien la ética clínica se desarrolló al principio esencialmente como un análisis metodológico para llegar a una justificación de las decisiones éticas clínicas, rápidamente se hizo evidente que la dificultad en la toma de decisiones clínicas es solo un aspecto de los problemas éticos más amplios relacionados con la relación médico-paciente en su totalidad y, muy probablemente, con el valor fundamental de la profesión médica. El método de principios generalmente se presenta como el enfoque metodológico más extendido para el análisis de casos clínicos. Sin embargo, una fuerte crítica de este modelo se ha manifestado, y se hace referencia a otros enfoques alternativos, como el modelo de la casuística. Recientemente, se han producido importantes contribuciones de la medicina narrativa y la ética de la virtud. De acuerdo con estas metodologías, una sana antropología y una buena relación con el enfermo son elementos clave requeridos de cualquier persona que trabaje en la práctica médica que pretende ser auténticamente apropiada desde una perspectiva ética.
“Focus on Practice”-Clinical Ethics Consultation on an Orthotopic Liver Transplant Case
Authors: Sacchini Dario , Midolo Emanuela , Minacori Roberta , Spagnolo Antonio G.
Published: July 2016

El artículo presenta un caso clínico, dirigido en el año 2011 por el equipo de servicio de consulta ética clínica del Instituto de Bioética y Humanidades Médicas de la Facultad “Agostino Gemelli” de Medicina de la Universidad Católica del Sacro Cuore en Roma (Italia). El caso clínico se refiere a los dilemas éticos sobre las perspectivas del paciente para recibir un trasplante hepático ortotópico porque no era residente del país y carecía de un cuidador para asistirlo durante el periodo de seguimiento, así como de un lugar para quedarse después de la cirugía.
Consonant harmony in Nilotic: contrastive specifications and Stratal OT
Authors: Mackenzie Sara
Published: July 2016

Through analyses of dental harmony in four Nilotic languages, this paper argues both for contrastive representations and for a stratal version of Optimality Theory. Dholuo, Päri, Shilluk and Anywa all have dental harmony patterns which bar the co-occurrence of dental and alveolar segments. Details of the dental harmony patterning vary between languages and are tied to contrasts in the inventory. In Anywa, harmony is non-structure-preserving and an allophonic dental nasal surfaces in harmonic forms. This pattern can be analyzed in a stratal model of OT but leads to a ranking paradox if only a single level of evaluation is used. Further support for a stratal analysis can be found in the interaction between harmony and consonant mutation processes in the four languages. In Dholuo, harmony applies at the stem level and consonant mutation results in disharmonic surface forms in morphologically complex words. In Anywa, harmony applies later, at the word level, and words formed through consonant mutation must obey the dental harmony restrictions.
Importance of Comprehensive Cardiovascular Screening in Patients Scheduled for Kidney Donation
Authors: Soomro Hala , Saand Aisha Rasool , Soomro Zaid , Naseer Mustafa , Farrukh Zohaib , Kasi Arbab Burhan Uddin , Hamid Sarah , Bilal Anika , Ahmed Madiha , Raza Ali , Ahmad Tahreem , Raza Saif , Sultan Ayyaz Alam , Jameel Rohail , Khan Maaz Hasan , Begg Maha
Published: July 2016

INTRODUCTION: End stage renal disease is on the rise in many parts of the world. Kidney transplant is a common procedure and definitive treatment for end stage renal disease. Along with its various advantages, it presents with an array of complications, associated with the procedure. Hence, an effective screening program to identify eligible donors is of crucial importance. The main aim of this study was to identify the frequency of possible undetected cardiovascular abnormalities in scheduled donors and its association with gender.

METHODS: A sample size of 402 was selected with an equal number of donor and non-donor participants after age and gender matching. A positive electrocardiogram (ECG) change was defined as cardiac ischemia, occurring during exercise tolerance test (ETT), with 2 mm horizontal or down sloping ST-segment depression occurring 0.08 milliseconds after J-point whereas an exaggerated blood pressure (BP) was defined as high systolic blood pressure (SBP) at rest to maximum effort ≥7.5mmHg/MET (metabolic equivalents) and/or SBP at the peak of effort ≥220mmHg or subjects with high diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at rest to maximum effort ≥15mmHg, from normal levels of blood pressure at rest. Chi square was used as the primary statistical test.

RESULTS: Scheduled kidney donors had significantly (P=0.007) higher proportion (n=19, 9.5%) of positive ECG changes and exaggerated BP response (n=35, 17.4%) (P<0.0001) compared with the controls. Also, female donors had significantly (P=0.025) higher (n=16, 13.2%) chances of having a positive ECG change.

CONCLUSION: A significant number of kidney donors have undetected cardiovascular abnormalities which could lead to post-transplant complications. Therefore, effective screening should be made imperative to avoid preventable complications such as hypertension of kidney transplantation.
The Effect of the Duration of Pre-Oxygenation before Endotracheal Suction on Hemodynamic Symptoms
Authors: Tavangar Hossein , Javadi Mostafa , Sobhanian Saeed , Jahromi Fatemeh Forozan
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND: Hypoxia and hypoxemia are among the most common complications of endotracheal suctioning. These complications are often mitigated by the administration of oxygen 100% prior to endotracheal suction. Although several studies have supported the application of this method, none have yet specified the exact duration of pre-oxygenation required to be performed before endotracheal suction. The present study was therefore conducted to determine the effect of the duration of pre-oxygenation before endotracheal suction on heart rate and arterial oxygen saturation in patients in intensive care units.

OBJECTIVES: This prospective clinical trial conducted on 63 eligible ICU patients under mechanical ventilator. Subjects randomly divided into three groups. Pre-oxygenation was carried out for 30 seconds in the first group, for one minute in the second group and for two minutes in the third group. All three groups were then hyper-oxygenated for one minute. Arterial oxygen saturation and heart rate were recorded on different occasions in the three groups. The data obtained were analyzed using the ANOVA, the one-way ANOVA, the post-hoc test and the repeated measure ANOVA.

RESULTS: The results obtained showed a greater reduction in the mean O2sat during the suctioning episodes in the 30-second pre-oxygenation group compared to in the one-minute (P=0.046) and two-minute (P=0.001) pre-oxygenation groups. This mean reduction was also observed immediately after suctioning (P=0.001). The mean O2sat was lower in the 30-second pre-oxygenation group than in the one-minute pre-oxygenation group in minutes 5 (P=0.002) and 20 (P=0.001) of the suctioning. Similarly, the mean O2sat was lower in the 30-second pre-oxygenation group than in the two-minute pre-oxygenation group in minutes 5 (P=0.001) and 20 (P=0.001) of the suctioning. The results obtained through the ANOVA showed the lack of significant differences between the three groups in the mean variation in heart rate in the different stages of suctioning.

CONCLUSIONS: According to the results obtained, one-minute and two-minute pre-oxygenations cause less disruption in arterial oxygen saturation compared to a 30-second pre-oxygenation. To achieve stability in arterial oxygen saturation and avoid hypoxemia caused by endotracheal suctioning, one-minute or two-minute pre-oxygenation is recommended in ICUs depending on the patient’s clinical conditions.
Automatic Vending-Machines Contamination: A Pilot Study
Authors: Cardaci Rosa , Burgassi Sandra , Golinelli Davide , Nante Nicola , Battaglia Mario A. , Bezzini Daiana , Messina Gabriele
Published: July 2016

Hot-drinks vending machines are disseminated worldwide and millions of drinks are served every day. Because of a small number of studies on hot-drinks related illnesses, the aim of this pilot study was to identify the presence and load of bacterial species, potentially harmful for consumers, within hot-drinks vending machines external critical surfaces. This preliminary cross sectional study was carried out in April 2015 at the University of Siena, Italy. Samples were taken from the critical surfaces of 4 hot-drinks vending machines (VM); the analyzed VM’s critical surfaces were: Dispense Areas, Nozzles and Glass-Holders. The samples were sown on selective culture media: Plate Count Agar (PCA) at 22°C and 36°C, Slanetz and Bartely Agar (SBA) and Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA). Total Viable Count (TVC) at 36°C and 22°C was assessed for mesophilic and psychrophilic contamination. Results were expressed in terms of average CFU/cm2. Descriptive and statistical analyses were performed in order to assess which surface was the most contaminated. The nozzles resulted to be the most contaminated critical surface, showing average values over the limits in all the culture media (PCA 36°C, PCA 22°C, MSA and SBA). The statistical analysis showed that the nozzles were significantly more contaminated (p <0.05) than Dispense Areas and Glass-holders both in PCA 36°C and in PCA 22°C. Given the high number of CFU/cm2, VM may constitute a potential threat for consumer’s health, reason for which further studies are recommendable.
Publieke belangen in de zorg:
Authors: Schakel Leonie , Stoopendaal Annemiek , Bal Roland
Published: July 2016

Publieke belangen in de zorg: Wie borgt ze, wie vult ze in?

Na verschillende incidenten in de semipublieke sector is de overheid actief op zoek naar betere borging van publieke belangen door semipublieke instellingen. Dit artikel brengt focus aan in de discussie over het dienen van publieke belangen door in te zoomen op het borgen van publieke belangen door zorgaanbieders. In aanvulling op de zoektocht van de overheid naar heldere definities en verantwoordelijkheidsverdeling van publieke belangen en versterking van de governance van semipublieke instellingen, biedt dit artikel een aanzet voor het verkennen van het nastreven van publieke belangen door overheid en zorgaanbieders gezamenlijk.
Uncovering Language Policy in Higher Education: Reflections from the Classroom
Authors: Makar Carmina
Published: July 2016

This paper analyzes salient issues that emerged over the course of a language policy action research course at the Graduate Center City University in New York. The course, embedded in the larger scope of the Futures Initiatives, allowed students to study different language communities across different campuses in New York. This piece describes these findings in light of language policy and higher education in super diverse contexts and argues for further exploration of language practices to inform the work of educators across different settings in higher education.
From Marginality to Mattering: Linguistic Practices, Pedagogies and Diversities at a Community-Serving Senior College
Authors: Göppert Hannah , Springirth Andrea
Published: July 2016

The cultural diversification of colleges and universities which initially targeted the needs of a specific minoritized group raises questions concerning the inclusion of every individual and the maintenance of the advances which have been made for the original population. This paper provides insight into the challenges and merits at the intersection of linguistic and racial/ethnic diversification within CUNY’s Medgar Evers College. Historically tied to the Black Campus Movement, the college is committed to being an agent of social transformation for the surrounding community. Aiming to understand the perspectives on language and diversity of the key stakeholders at the college, a number of semi-structured interviews were conducted. In terms of linguistic diversity, we found that there is tension between the adherence to the belief in an idealized ‘Standard English’, and the acknowledgement and support of linguistic variation. Regarding the college’s racial and ethnic climate, a perception of exclusion among non-black students of color became evident. Existing concepts as well as promising attitudes and practices among participants indicate some ways that could encourage all students to move from the margins to the center. We suggest that educators, administrators and staff at Medgar Evers should encourage dialogue and cooperation between linguistically and ethnically diverse students, both in and outside the classroom. At the same time the safe and empowering space for black students should remain intact. We also claim that further theorization of the diversification of predominantly non-white institutions is needed.
Primeros resultados de la evaluación de un programa de Atención Temprana en síndrome de Down
Authors: Robles Bello María Auxiliadora
Published: July 2016

El presente estudio pretende comprobar si existen diferencias en 29 niños con síndrome de Down (17 niños y 12 niñas) con edades comprendidas entre 10 y 12 meses (M=11,58; DT=1,74), 14 de los cuales no reciben tratamiento en Atención Temprana. Se utiliza el Programa para la Estimulación del Desarrollo Infantil-PEDI de Zulueta y Mollá (2006). Se intentan cuantificar los logros obtenidos (uno experimental y otro control) en el área motora, área perceptivo-cognitiva, área socio-comunicativa y área de la autonomía o de socialización tras la aplicación del programa. Los resultados muestran diferencias entre ambos grupos en tres de las cuatro áreas de evaluación, en concreto en el área perceptivo-cognitiva (t = 3,26; p< 0,05; d= 0,95), lenguaje (t = 3,54; p< 0,05; d = 0,98) y autonomía/socialización (t = 4,90; p< 0,01; d = 0,81). Se discuten los resultados obtenidos y se plantean limitaciones de este estudio y perspectivas futuras para investigadores y profesionales que trabajan con niños de 0 a 6 años con síndrome de Down.
La lengua de signos: aspectos traslativos y sociolingüísticos desde un observatorio italiano
Authors: Gambini Dianella , Fontana Sabina
Published: July 2016

El propósito de este artículo es mostrar cómo la figura del intérprete de lengua de signos (LS) y la interpretación lengua vocal (LV) ↔ lengua de signos (LS) han evolucionado en la época contemporánea sobre la base de dos factores: 1) el cambio de la situación sociocultural y sociolingüística de la comunidad sorda debido al reconocimiento de la lingüisticidad de la LS y a la dignidad y prestigio que la misma ha adquirido penetrando en contextos antes inaccesibles, gracias a la labor de los intérpretes; 2) las teorías lingüístico-traductivas de la segunda mitad del siglo XX que han demolido la aproximación traslativa tradicional (intérprete caritativo, asistencial) y han llevado a la elaboración y aplicación de nuevos modelos del proceso de interpretación de LS. Debido a la investigación lingüística y traductológica, se ha producido una creciente comprensión del funcionamiento de las LS: esto ha obligado a una constante reconsideración del papel del intérprete de LS y del servicio de interpretación que los usuarios requieren. Las autoras abordan el tema desde una óptica diacrónica y comparativa, partiendo de la realidad sociolingüística italiana y ampliando el análisis a la de otros países europeos.