bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SHAPE OF THINGS: UNDERSTANDING A LOOM WEIGHT
Authors: MÅRTENSSON LINDA , NOSCH MARIE‐LOUISE , STRAND EVA ANDERSSON
Published: October 2009

If there is one thing to be learnt from watching people work
 
in old traditional crafts it is this:
 
The tools and the working procedures are never clumsy, never impractical
 (Hoffmann 1988)

Loom weights are common finds in archaeological excavations in Europe and the Near East. They represent the only remains of warp‐weighted looms. The function of the warp‐weighted loom is well known from ethnographic studies. The function of loom weights, however, has not been investigated and cannot be deduced directly from ethnographical data, since loom weights in antiquity were very different from those used in the twentieth century AD. This paper reviews the functional elements of a loom weight. The weight and thickness of loom weights are established as the defining functional parameters for the operation of the warp‐weighted loom. A series of systematic tests demonstrated that the weight of a loom weight defines what yarn to use and the thread density. The thickness of a loom weight, and thus the width of the row of loom weights hanging closely together, defines the width of a fabric and – together with the weight of the loom weight – the thread count and density of the fabric. This new knowledge provides the methodological framework for archaeologists to calculate textile production possibilities from any given loom weight, as long as the weight and thickness are preserved. Furthermore, it allows scholars to assess textile production on sites where no textiles are preserved.
DOES CRANIAL TRAUMA PROVIDE EVIDENCE FOR PROJECTILE WEAPONRY IN LATE IRON AGE DORSET?
Authors: REDFERN REBECCA C.
Published: October 2009

Human remains form an independent dataset with which to examine martial activity in past societies, particularly how to understand the types of weaponry used and who was subject to lethal violence. In the Late Iron Age of Dorset (first century BC to first century AD), these data are useful in understanding such activity in light of the small range of extant evidence.

This bioarchaeological study examined the crania of 80 inhumed and articulated sexed adults, using forensic, bioarchaeological and clinical criteria to determine whether osteological evidence for sharp and blunt projectiles could be observed. The sample showed evidence for peri‐ and ante‐mortem traumas, with the majority of injuries sustained at the time of death; most affected males and were caused by blunt projectiles. Healed injuries were observed in both sexes but only females had evidence for remodelled blunt projectile injuries. The age‐groups affected were predominantly young and middle‐aged adults, suggesting that weapon training began early in life.
RETHINKING RACE HISTORY: THE ROLE OF THE ALBINO IN THE FRENCH ENLIGHTENMENT LIFE SCIENCES1
Authors: CURRAN ANDREW
Published: October 2009

The scholarly quest to recover the construction of racial difference in the Enlightenment‐era life sciences generally overlooks a singular fact: the vast majority of eighteenth‐century thinkers who were engaged in theorizing the human were often far more preoccupied with preserving a belief in an essential human sameness than they were in creating categories of essential difference. This article charts the problem of a potential human sameness as it related to questions of category, biological processes, and the human and non‐human through an examination of a neglected and key construct in the eighteenth‐century life sciences, the albino. The albino was absorbed into a scientific narrative in 1744 when Maupertuis used the concept to put forward a theory of shared origins or monogenesis. Positing that the nègre blanc—quite literally a “white Negro”—was a racial throwback, a reversion to a primitive whiteness, Maupertuis inspired a new generation of thinkers, most notably the great French naturalist Buffon, to assert categorically that blacks had degenerated from a prototype white variety. The significance of the concept nègre blanc, which has not been studied sufficiently, cannot be overestimated. In addition to the fact that the new role of the nègre blanc clearly said as much about whiteness as it did about blackness, the albino generated a new diagnostic chronology of the human species.
1. NARRATIVE FORM AND HISTORICAL SENSATION: ON SAUL FRIEDLÄNDER'S THE YEARS OF EXTERMINATION1
Authors: CONFINO ALON
Published: October 2009

Saul Friedländer's magnum opus, The Years of Extermination, has been received worldwide as an exemplary work of history. Yet it was written by a historian who in the last two decades has strenuously asserted the limits of Holocaust representation. At the center of this essay is a problem of historical writing: how to write a historical narrative of the Holocaust that both offers explanations of the unfolding events and also suggests that the most powerful sensation about those events, at the time and since, is that they are beyond words. I explore Friedländer's crafting of such a narrative by considering, first, the role of his attempt in The Years of Extermination to explain the Holocaust and, second, the narrative form of the book. The book is best seen, I argue, not primarily as a work of explanation but as a vast narrative that places an explanation of the Holocaust within a specific form of describing that goes beyond the boundaries of the historical discipline as it is usually practiced. This form of describing goes beyond the almost positivist attachment to facts that dominates current Holocaust historiography. By using Jewish individual testimonies that are interspersed in the chronological history of the extermination, Friedländer creates a narrative based on ruptures and breaks, devices we associate with works of fiction, and that historians do not usually use. The result is an arresting narrative, which I interpret by using Johan Huizinga's notion of historical sensation. Friedländer sees this narrative form as specific to the Holocaust. I view this commingling of irreducible reality and the possibility of art as a required sensibility that belongs to all historical understanding. And in this respect, The Years of Extermination only lays bare more clearly in the case of the Holocaust what is an essential element in all historical reconstruction.
3. EVOCATION, ANALYSIS, AND THE “CRISIS OF LIBERALISM”
Authors: BROWNING CHRISTOPHER R.
Published: October 2009

In The Years of Extermination, the second volume of Nazi Germany and the Jews, Saul Friedländer attempts to write an “integrated” history of the Holocaust that captures the “convergence” of German decisions and policies, the reaction of the surrounding world, and the perceptions and experiences of the Jews. Although several historiographical issues are studied in detail (the role of Hitler, the evolution of Nazi anti‐Jewish policy, and the role of the Christian churches), the most innovative aspect of the book is its extensive use of excerpts from over forty diaries of Jewish victims, which are interspersed among the statements of Nazi leaders and officials, Wehrmacht soldiers, churchmen, and various collaborators and bystanders in order to juxtapose “entirely different levels of reality.” What ultimately holds the book together, despite its intentionally disrupted narrative and Friedländer's disclaimer that the history of the Holocaust can be encompassed within any “single conceptual framework,” is the overarching theme of the “crisis of liberalism.”
Quantitative resistance increases the durability of qualitative resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans in Brassica napus
Authors: Brun Hortense , Chèvre Anne‐Marie , Fitt Bruce DL , Powers Stephen , Besnard Anne‐Laure , Ermel Magali , Huteau Virginie , Marquer Bruno , Eber Frédérique , Renard Michel , Andrivon Didier
Published: October 2009

DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03108.xCommentary p 3
Urea clearance: a new method to register local changes in blood flow in rat skeletal muscle based on microdialysis
Authors: Farnebo S. , Samuelsson A. , Henriksson J. , Karlander L.‐E. , Sjöberg F.
Published: October 2009

Increasing evidence suggests that local blood flow should be monitored during microdialysis (MD) as the recovery of analytes is affected by local blood flow. At present ethanol clearance is the standard technique for this purpose, but it is not functional at very low perfusion velocities. Here, we introduce a technique for MD whereby local tissue blood flow is recorded by the use of urea clearance (changes inflow/outflow concentration), in conjunction with measurements of tissue metabolism (glucose, lactate and puruvate). MD probes were inserted into the gracilis muscle of 15 rats and perfused with a medium containing urea (20 mmol l−1). Changes in muscle blood flow were made by addition of noradrenaline (5 μg ml−1) to the perfusion medium at two perfusion velocities (0·6 and 0·4 μl min−1). The clearance of urea from the perfusion medium was then calculated and examined in relation to the dose of noradrenaline and to the coexisting changes in extracellular metabolites. The results showed reproducible and dose‐dependent changes in blood flow that were induced by noradrenaline. These were characterized by dose‐dependent changes in the urea clearance as well as blood‐flow‐specific changes in the MD metabolic markers (reduction in glucose and increase in lactate). The sensitivity for blood flow changes as assessed by urea clearance (MD) was increased at 0·4 compared with the 0·6 μl min−1 perfusion speed. The results indicate that inclusion of urea to the perfusion medium may be used to monitor changes in skeletal muscle blood flow at low perfusion velocities and in parallel assess metabolic variables with a high recovery (>90%).
Vitamin D inhibits growth of human airway smooth muscle cells through growth factor‐induced phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein and checkpoint kinase 1
Authors: Damera G , Fogle HW , Lim P , Goncharova EA , Zhao H , Banerjee A , Tliba O , Krymskaya VP , Panettieri, Jr RA
Published: October 2009

Background and purpose:  Airway remodelling in asthma is manifested, in part, as increased airway smooth muscle (ASM) mass, reflecting myocyte proliferation. We hypothesized that calcitriol, a secosteroidal vitamin D receptor (VDR) modulator, would inhibit growth factor‐induced myocyte proliferation.

Experimental approach:  Human ASM cell cultures were derived from bronchial samples taken during surgery. ASM cells were treated with platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) (10 ng·mL−1) for 24 h in the presence of calcitriol, dexamethasone or a checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) inhibitor (SB218078). The effects of calcitriol on PDGF‐mediated cell proliferation were assessed by thymidine incorporation assay, propidium iodide‐based cell cycle analysis, caspase‐3 assay and immunoblotting for specific cell cycle modulators.

Key results:  Calcitriol, but not dexamethasone, inhibited PDGF‐induced ASM DNA synthesis concentration dependently (IC50= 520 ± 52 nM). These effects were associated with VDR‐mediated expression of cytochrome CYP24A1 with no effects on ASM apoptosis. Calcitriol substantially inhibited (P < 0.01) PDGF‐stimulated cell growth in ASM derived from both normal (59 ± 8%) and asthmatic subjects (57 ± 9%). Calcitriol inhibited PDGF‐induced phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (Rb) and Chk1, with no effects on PDGF‐mediated activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1/2, PI3‐kinase and S6 kinase, or expression of p21Waf/Cip‐1, p27Kip1, cyclin D and E2F‐1. Consistent with these observations, SB218078 also inhibited (IC50= 450 ± 100 pM) PDGF‐induced cell cycle progression.

Conclusions and implications:  Calcitriol decreased PDGF‐induced ASM cell growth by inhibiting Rb and Chk1 phosphorylation.

This Research Paper is the subject of a Commentary in this issue by Clifford and Knox (pp. 1426–1428). To view this article visit http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121548564/issueyear?year=2009
The end of a myth: cloning and characterization of the ovine melatonin MT2 receptor
Authors: Cogé F , Guenin SP , Fery I , Migaud M , Devavry S , Slugocki C , Legros C , Ouvry C , Cohen W , Renault N , Nosjean O , Malpaux B , Delagrange P , Boutin JA
Published: October 2009

Background and purpose:  For many years, it was suspected that sheep expressed only one melatonin receptor (closely resembling MT1 from other mammal species). Here we report the cloning of another melatonin receptor, MT2, from sheep.

Experimental approach:  Using a thermo‐resistant reverse transcriptase and polymerase chain reaction primer set homologous to the bovine MT2 mRNA sequence, we have cloned and characterized MT2 receptors from sheep retina.

Key results:  The ovine MT2 receptor presents 96%, 72% and 67% identity with cattle, human and rat respectively. This MT2 receptor stably expressed in CHO‐K1 cells showed high‐affinity 2[125I]‐iodomelatonin binding (KD= 0.04 nM). The rank order of inhibition of 2[125I]‐iodomelatonin binding by melatonin, 4‐phenyl‐2‐propionamidotetralin and luzindole was similar to that exhibited by MT2 receptors of other species (melatonin > 4‐phenyl‐2‐propionamidotetralin > luzindole). However, its pharmacological profile was closer to that of rat, rather than human MT2 receptors. Functionally, the ovine MT2 receptors were coupled to Gi proteins leading to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, as the other melatonin receptors. In sheep brain, MT2 mRNA was expressed in pars tuberalis, choroid plexus and retina, and moderately in mammillary bodies. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction showed that in sheep pars tuberalis, premammillary hypothalamus and mammillary bodies, the temporal pattern of expression of MT1 and MT2 mRNA was not parallel in the three tissues.

Conclusion and implications:  Co‐expression of MT1 and MT2 receptors in all analysed sheep brain tissues suggests that MT2 receptors may participate in melatonin regulation of seasonal anovulatory activity in ewes by modulating MT1 receptor action.
THE ECONOMICS OF GEOTHERMAL POWER
Authors: Bradbury J. J. C.
Published: October 2009

This article, based on a rapporteur's report, is a synthesis of papers read before the United Nations Symposium on the Development and Utilization of Geothermal Resources, held at Pisa, Italy, in 1970. It covers a broad cross‐section of experience in exploiting geothermal energy, especially in Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States of America
THE PRESENTATION OF SPATIAL INFORMATION
Authors: SMITH WALTER
Published: October 2009

Land information is a basic tool for nearly all development effort, yet much available information is not used because decision‐makers are unaware of its existence. To improve its utilization, the base for storage and presentation of land information, covering all user needs, should be a national map/national co‐ordinate system. By this means the inter‐relationship of various types of information can be appreciated and their value correspondingly increased.
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THIRD WORLD MINING AGREEMENTS
Authors: ZORN STEPHEN A.
Published: October 2009

The long‐term trend toward mineral resource development agreements that reflect the desires of developing country governments as well as those of foreign investors is not always clear‐cut. At times, conditions in the market for a particular mineral and general financial conditions may affect the balance of bargaining power between governments and investors. Mr Zorn's analysis of two recent copper agreements, in Panama and Papua New Guinea, shows that foreign investors have been able to achieve favorable provisions for the early return of capital and for ensuring investor control over key management decisions. At the same time, the host governments have won provisions that may increase their ‘take’ from the projects in the longer term.
CO‐OPERATION BETWEEN CMEA‐MEMBER COUNTRIES OVER MINERAL RESOURCES
Authors: MARKOV I. A. , SKLIAROV V.
Published: October 2009

The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance is providing a base for raising its members' reserves and production of fuels and mineral raw materials through co‐operation. The authors outline the framework for this co‐operation, highlight the special role of the resources of the U.S.S.R. and provide illustrations of the co‐operative projects under implementation or planning.
LORENDAS: A COMPUTER BASED SYSTEM FOR THE MODELING OF LONG‐RANGE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AND SUPPLIES*
Authors: RAPOPORT L. A. , SOYSTER A. L.
Published: October 2009

This paper reviews a time‐dynamic linearprogramming modeling system designed for quantitative analysis of worldwide energy resource development and processing activities over a 25 ‐ 30 year time horizon. The model includes explicit representation of exploration and production operations for energy minerals, as well as of the downstream supply, conversion and distribution of different energy forms, accounting for interfuel substitution. The uses of this model, which include forecasts of resource development, assessment of new technologies and analysis of energy policies, are discussed. The paper outlines a series of smaller, national or regional energy planning models which can be derived from the worldwide LORENDAS modeling structure and tailored to the needs of individual developing countries.
RURAL ELECTRIFICATION: AN ALTERNATIVE FOR THE THIRD WORLD
Authors: USMANI I. H.
Published: October 2009

Rural electrification is an essential element in development planning in developing countries. In the past, the conventional approach to rural electrification has been either to extend national grids from central power stations, or to install small diesel generators. This article explores a third alternative, namely the harnessing of such renewable sources of energy as solar, wind and biomass for the production of local electric power. The author outlines the concept of the Rural Energy Centre in comparison with the structure of energy needs, and responds to critics of this integrated approach to the problem of rural electrification.
PRINCIPLES FOR INTERNATIONAL GROUND‐WATER LAW (I)
Authors: CAPONERA DANTE A. , ALHÉRITIÈRE DOMINIQUE
Published: October 2009

International ground‐water resources have not received their full share of legal investigation. This paper outlines some principles applicable to the development of international co‐operation concerning this important resource, bearing in mind that ground and surface waters are the same resource. In the absence of positive international law covering ground‐water resources, national laws are investigated to examine their suitability for adaptation to the international level. In a second paper, to be published in the next issue of the Forum, the interjurisdictional experience among federated states and among independent states will be reviewed.
OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY ‐ PROSPECTIVE RENEWABLE SOURCE OF POWER
Authors: BERKOVSKY B.
Published: October 2009

This paper presents a general overview of the problems relating to the harnessing of ocean thermal energy. Emphasis is laid on resources, technology, and environmental impact. It is stressed that the production of power from ocean thermal energy is technologically feasible, economically competitive with other alternative energy systems and not unduly harmful to the environment. Discussion centers on an assessment of the exploitable energy contained in ocean thermal gradients as well as the fundamentals of the technology needed to utilize this potential energy source. The theory of operation, materials and construction considerations and biofouling are examined for the closed‐ and open‐cycle ocean thermal plant designs. A historical review of attempts to harness this source of energy is presented with emphasis on current reasearch. The potential this energy source has for effects on and damage to the ocean environment is examined.
CURRENT REFINERY PROBLEMS AND ISSUES IN PETROLEUM IMPORTING DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Authors: Rweyemamu Paul A.
Published: October 2009

This article discusses the problems facing refinery operations in developing countries and possible solutions to them. The topics covered include security of crude oil supply to the developing countries; difficulties encountered in development of indigenous expertise in refinery operation; refinery capacity and the special problems of maintenance and repair facing refinery operators in the developing parts of the world; and the potential for improved refinery operation through increased international co‐operation.
JAMAICA ‐ A CASE STUDY OF ENERGY PLANNING
Authors: Byer Trevor A.
Published: October 2009

The analysis shows the impact of the ‘New International Energy Order’ on Jamaica, a developing country almost totally dependent on imported oil for satisfying national energy demand. The energy supply/demand situation between 1961 and 1976 and the structure of energy consumption by major sectors of the economy are discussed. The high income elasticity of commercial energy demand and the increase in the energy intensity of the economy is directly related to expansion of the alumina industry. The structural problems of decoupling GDP and energy growth are indicated. In particular, the impact of the ‘New Energy Order’ on the development prospects of major bauxite/alumina producing countries which are deficient in indigenous primary energy resources is assessed. Finally, the indigenous resource base is outlined and the major elements of the five‐year (1978–1982) national energy plan summarized.
MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC POWER GENERATION
Authors: Sheindlin A. E. , Jackson W. D. , Brzozowski W. S. , Rietjens L. H. Th.
Published: October 2009

The paper describes research and development in the field of magnetohydrodynamic power generation technology, based on discussions held in the Joint IAEA/UNESCO International Liaison Group on MHD electrical power generation. Research and development programmes on open cycle, closed cycle plasma and liquid‐metal MHD are described. Open cycle MHD has now entered the engineering development stage. The paper reviews the results of cycle analyses and economic and environmental evaluations: substantial agreement has been reached on the expected overall performance and necessary component specifications. The achievement in the Soviet Union on the U‐25 MHD pilot plant in obtaining full rated electrical power of 20.4 MW is described, as well as long duration testing of the integrated operation of MHD components. Work in the United States on coal‐fired MHD generators has shown that, with slagging of the walls, a run time of about one hundred hours at the current density and electric field of a commercial MHD generator has been achieved. Progress obtained in closed cycle plasma and liquid metal MHD is reviewed. Electrical power densities of up to 140 MWe/m3 and an enthalpy extraction as high as 24 per cent have been achieved in noble gas MHD generator experiments.
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Gerard‐Sharp Monica , Rau C. B.
Published: October 2009

This preview examines the background of UNCSTD, its agenda and objectives. It previews some issues concerning the choice and transfer of technology, a substantive item on the Conference agenda, and highlights the role in the Conference of scientists in natural resources and other fields.
PETROLEUM EXPLORATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT ITS FINANCING
Authors: Grossling Bernardo F.
Published: October 2009

Although the rate of petroleum produced per foot drilled is much greater in the developing regions of the world, levels of petroleum exploration activities in the these areas are much lower than in the United States. Although exploration levels in the developing countries might have been expected to rise after the 1973/74 price increase, they actually tended to decrease. Classification of the developing countries in terms of the levels of exploration and development they have attained reveals that the greater part of the area with good petroleum potential (57 per cent of non‐OPEC countries) is comprised of countries where significant exploration has already taken place. There is a need for international assistance to increase exploration levels in the developing countries. A schedule of priorities for various forms of international assistance is suggested.
CAN SCRAP SAVE US FROM DEPLETION?
Authors: Radetzki Marian , Svensson Lars E. O.
Published: October 2009

Old scrap constitutes varied proportions of consumption of different metals. The authors construct a model in which the share of scrap in total supply is explained by three factors, the growth rate in overall demand for the metal; the share of metal contained in scrapped products actually recovered; and the durability of metal containing products. The model is used to study the impact on the share of scrap in total supply from changes in each of the factors. The strongest impact appears to follow from changes in the growth rate of overall demand. Inserting empirical data for copper into their model, the authors suggest, for instance, that in the long run old scrap could satisfy 100 per cent of copper demand, provided that this demand contracted by 1 per cent per year.

La ferraille constitue des proportions variées d'utilisation de différents métaux. Les auteurs de cet article ont construit un modèle dans lequel la part de ferraille dans 'approvisionnement total est expliquée par le jeu de trois facteurs: le taux de croissance de la demande globale pour le métal, la part de métal contenue dans des débris de métaux effectivement récupérés et la durabilité des métaux renfermant des produits. Le modèle est utilisé pour étudier les incidences des changements dans chacun des facteurs sur la part de ferraille dans 'offre totale. L'incidence la plus importante semble provenir de modifications dans le taux de croissance de la demande globale. En introduisant des données empiriques pour le cuivre dans leur modèle, les auteurs suggèrent par exemple, qu' à longue échéance, la ferraille pourrait répondre à la demande totale en cuivre pourvu que cette demande se réduise d'un pour cent par année.

El uso de chatarra representa una proporción variable del consumo de los diferentes metales. En este artículo los autores presentan un modelo en el que la proción de la chatarra en la oferta de un metal depende de tres factores: la tasa de crecimiento de la demanda global del metal, la proción del metal contenido en la chatarra recuperada, y la durabilidad o vida económica de los productos que contienen el metal en cuestión. El modelo se utiliza para estudiar el impacto sobre la proporción de chatarra en la oferta total causado por las variaciónes de cada uno de estos factores. El mayor impacto parece ocurrir debido al cambio en la tasa de crecimiento de la demands global. Al utilizar el modelo con datos para el cobre, los autores sugieren, por ejemplo, que en el largo plazo la chatarra de cobre podría satisfacer el cien por ciento de la demanda de este metal siempre que dicha demanda se contraigo en uno por ciento por año.
COBALT: A STRATEGIC AND CRITICAL RESOURCE FOR INDUSTRIALIZED NATIONS, SUPPLIED BY DEVELOPING NATIONS
Authors: SIBLEY SCOTT F.
Published: October 2009

In 1978, the world cobalt market was abruptly thrust into a state of great uncertainty, with soaring prices, limited supply, and accelerating demand. A critical shortage threatened to develop but never really materialized. However, this situation dramatized Western nations' vulnerability to supply disruption. A number of factors, including limited natural occurrence, unfavourable market conditions, and accelerating demand for cobalt, combined to bring about these unstable conditions.

En 1978, le marché mondial du cobalt a été soudainement plongé dans un état de désorganisation, avec des prix en flèche, peu d'approvisionnement et une demande accélérée. La situation menaçait de devenir critique mais n'a jamais atteint un point dangereux. Cependant, ceci a fait ressortir combien vulnérables pouvaient être les pays occidentaux à l'interruption des ressources. Un certain nombre de facteurs parmi lesquels le nombre limité de gisements, des conditions de marché défavorables et la demande accélérée pour le cobalt se sont combinés pour créer ces conditions d'instabilité.

En 1978 el mercado mundial del cobalto se encontró abruptamente en un estado de gran incertidumbre, con precios crecientes, oferta restringida y la demanda en acelerado aumento. Aunque la amenaza de una paralizante carestía del cobalto no se materializó, esta situación sirvió para dramatizar la vulnerabilidad de los países occidentales a la interrupción del suministro de este recurso. Un número de factores tales como la limitada disponibilidad de estos recursos, las condiciones desfavorables del mercado y el crecimiento acelerado de la demanda, se combinaron para dar lugar a esta situación inestable.
THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY IN THE DRINKING WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION DECADE
Authors: FANO ENZO
Published: October 2009

The International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade, which was inaugurated in November of 1980 is intended to focus attention and development efforts on the implementation of national drinking water supply and sanitation plans. This article briefly describes the background and goals of the Decade and analyses the findings and recommendations of a seminar on rural water supply held in Uppsala, Sweden in October of 1980. The meeting, which was jointly sponsored by the Government of Sweden, Uppsala University and the United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development examined – among other issues – appropriate technology; operation and maintenance; monitoring and evaluation; and consumer‐producer‐donor relationships.

La Décennie internationale de l'eau potable et de l'assainissement qui a été inaugurée en novembre 1980 a pour but d'attirer l'attention et de centraliser les efforts sur les plans nationaux pour la fourniture d'eau potable et pour l'assainissement. Cet article décrit brièvement les raisons et les objectifs de la Décennie. Il analyse les résultats et les recommandations d'un séminaire sur la fourniture de l'eau rurale qui s'est tenue à Uppsala, en Suède, en octobre 1980. La réunion qui a été organisée conjointement par le Gouvernement de la Suède, l'Université d'Uppsala et le Département des Nations Unies de la coopération technique pour le développement a étudié, entre autres, la technologie nécessaire, le mode opératoire et l'entretien, la supervision et les estimations, et les rapports entre consommateur, producteur et donateur.

El Decenio Internacional del Agua Potable y del Saneamiento Ambiental que se inauguró en noviembre de 1980 enfocará la atención y los esfuerzos de desarrollo en la implementación de los planes nacionales de suministro de agua potable y saneamiento. Este artículo describe brevemente los antecedentes y metas del Decenio y analiza los resultados y recomendaciones de un seminario sobre suministro de agua en zonas rurales realizado en Suecia en octubre de 1980. La reunión que fue organizada en forma conjunta por el Gobierno Sueco, la Universidad de Uppsala y el Departamento de Cooperación Técnica para el Desarrollo de las Naciones Unidas examinó – entre otros temas – la tecnología apropiada, operación y mantenimiento, seguimiento y evaluación, y las relaciones entre productor y consumidor.
EGYPTIAN ECONOMIC POLICY
Authors: MABRO ROBERT
Published: October 2009

This paper presents the main objectives of the economic policy in Egypt as revealed in a study of recent history. The merits and shortcomings of the major policies are appraised and it is argued that far reaching changes in economic policy are needed. Principles to guide the change are formulated and examples of possible reforms presented. Suggestions are given for maximizing the economic benefit to Egypt from the exploitation of its natural gas deposits.

Cet article présente les objectifs principaux de la politique économique de l'Egypte tels qu'ils ressortent d'une étude réalisée récemment. Il évalue les mérites et les insuffisances des politiques majeures et fait valoir que des changements de longue portée dans la politique économique sont nécessaires. Les principes qui doivent guider ces changements sont énoncés et des exemples de réformes possibles sont présentés. Des suggestions sont faites pour optimiser le bénéfice que l'Egypte est en droit d'attendre de l'exploitation de ses gisements de gaz naturel.

Este articulo presenta los objectivos principales de la economía política de Egipto tal como se revelan en un estudio de la historia reciente. Se evalúan los méritos y desventajas de las políticas principales y se arguye que es necesario hacer cambios de gran alcance en la política económica. Se formulan luego los principios para guiar dichos cambios y se dan ejemplos de posibles reformas. Se dan también sugerencias para maximizar los beneficios económicos de Egipto, derivados de la explotación de sus depoósitos de gas natural.
The Approaches to Energy Supply Management in Thailand
Authors: BEJRAPUTRA KRIENGKORN
Published: October 2009

Thailand used 42% of its export earnings to pay the 1981 oil import bill of US$3 billion. The present difficult economic situation is caused by the country's increasing dependence on imported oil which has risen from 50% of total energy consumption in 1962 to 75% in 1981. Contributing factors include basic problems in energy consumption patterns, inadequate pricing structures and a lack of a clearly‐defined responsibility over the country's energy management. To remedy the present situation the Government is embarking on a large‐scale programme based on the utilization of natural gas, hydroelectric power, lignite and imported coal, which should reduce the share of imported oil in Thailand's total energy consumption to 38% in 1990.

En 1981, la Thailande a consacré 42 pour cent du revenu de ses exportations à régler sa facture pétrolière qui s'est chiffrée à 3 milliards de dollars des Etats‐Unis. Les difficultés de la situation économique actuelle sont le résultat de la dépendance croissante du pays à l'égard du brut d'importation qui représentait, en 1981, 70 pour cent de la consommation totale d'énergie contre 50 pour cent en 1962. Parmi les causes de cette situation, il faut citer les problèmes qui sont à la base des changements de structures de la consommation d'énergie, de mauvaises politiques de prix et l'absence d'une stratégie clairement établie en ce qui concerne la gestion des ressources énergétiques du pays. Pour remédier à cette situation, le gouvernement s'est lancé dans un programme à grande échelle basé sur l'utilisation du gaz naturel, de la force hydroélectrique, du lignite et du charbon d'importation qui devraient pouvoir réquire à 38%, en 1990, la part d'importation du pétrole d'origine érangère de la Thailande

Tailandia utilizó el 42 porciento de su ingreso por exportación para pagar tres mil millones de dólares correspondiente a la importación de petróleo durante 1981. La dificultad presente es causada por la creciente dependencia en petróleo importado que ha aumentado del 50 porciento del consumo total de energía en 1962 al 75 porciento en 1981. Los factores que contribuyen a esta situatión son: problemas básicos en la estructura del consumo y de precios y la falta de una clara delimitación de responsabilidades en la administractión del sector de energía. Para remediar esta situación el Gobierno se ha embarcado en un programa de gran escala basado en la utilización de gas natural, energía hidroeléctrica, lignito y carbon importado lo cual deberá reducir al 38 porciento del consumo de 1990 la parte del petróleo importado.
New Approach to Water Supply in Developing Countries
Authors: FANIRAN ADETOYE
Published: October 2009

The supply of adequate water is cited as one of the major challenges to governments in developing countries, mainly because communities in many countries have come to depend almost entirely upon governments for the provision of that vital resource. Some reasons for poor performance of government water supply projects are given. Recent developments at the Federal level in Nigeria, which should substantially improve the domestic water supply situation, are described. It is suggested that governments will have to change their practice of concentrating on large‐scale schemes to one of undertaking several small‐scale schemes simultaneously through the pooling of government and local, especially community self‐help, resources.

L'un des principaux problèmes que rencontrent les gouvernements des pays en développement est celui de l'alimentation en eau en quantité suffisantes car les collectivités dans de nombreux pays en sont arrivées à dépendre presqu'entièrement du gouvernement pour l'approvisionnement de cette ressource vitale. Cet article donne quelquesunes des raisons qui peuvent expliquer les maigres résultats obtenus par un gouvernement lorsqu'il s'agit de projets d'alimentation en eau. Il relate des travaux récents entrepris au niveau fédéral au Nigéia et qui devraient améliorer de manière substantielle l'alimentation en eau des foyers domestiques. Il est suggéré que les gouvernements devraient modifier leur politique qui consiste à ne s'intéresser qu'à des projets de grande dimension pour réaliser de manière simultanée plusieurs projets à petite échelle en mettant en commun les moyens gouvernementaux et locaux et, plus spécialement, l'aide que peuvent apporter les communautés.

El suministro suficiente de agua es considerado como uno de los desafíos mayores para los gobiernos de los países en desarrollo, debido a que en la mayoría de estos países las comunidades dependen casi enteramente en el gobierno para el suministro de este recurso tan vital. Se señalan algunas causas de la acción deficiente del gobierno en los proyectos de suministro de agua. Se describen desarrollos recientes a nivel federal en Nigeria los que posiblemente mejorarán sustancialmente el suministro doméstico de agua. Se sugiere que los gobiernos tienen que cambiar la práctica de concentrarse en esquemas de gran envergadura hacia el desarrollo de proyectos de pequéna escala aprovechando simultaneamente recursos del gobierno nacional, local y, especialmente, la participación de los consumidores.
Potential Mineral and Energy Resources at Submerged Plate Boundaries
Authors: RONA PETER A.
Published: October 2009

The theory of plate tectonics is briefly reviewed with reference to the recognized association between types of mineral (metals) and energy (hydrocarbons, geothermal) resources that may occur at sites along plate boundaries submerged beneath the oceans. An immense gap in knowledge, technology and economics exists between the potential for mineral or energy resources to occur and the development of the resource as a commercial prospect. The real benefit of mineral discoveries such as polymetallic sulfides at submerged plate boundaries is to feed back information from the seabed to guide exploration for analogous deposits on land. A world map is presented showing the location of submerged plate boundaries and a 200 nautical mile‐wide offshore zone.

La théorie de la tectonique en plaques est examinée brièvement à la lumière d'associations connues entre les types de mineraux (métaux) et les ressources énergétiques (hydrocarbures, géothermie) qui peuvent se manifester sur des sites au long des plaques submergées par les océans. Il existe une lacune importante en matière de connaissances et de données techniques et économiques entre, d'une part, la presence potentielle de ressources minerales ou energétiques, et d'autre part, la développment de ces ressources dans une perspective de commercialisation. Le benefice réel de découvertes de mineraux tels que les sulfures polymetalliques au long des plaques est celui de fournir des données en provenance du fond de la mer pour l'orientation d'explorations de gisements analogues sur terre ferme.

La teoría de placas tectónicas son revisadas brevemente con referencia a la conocida asociación que existe entre tipos de minerales (metales) y energía (hidrocarburos, geotermia) que puedan existir a lo largo de los bordes de placas sumergidas bajo los océanos. Existe un gran vacío de conocimiento, tecnológico y económico, entre el potencial de recursos que pueden existir y el desarrollo comercial de estos recursos. Se espera que los descubrimientos de minerales tales como el de los sulfuros polometálicos en placas sumergidas proveerá información para la exploración de depoAsitos análogos en tierra firme.
The World Bank and Petroleum Development in the Third World
Authors: ZAKARIYA HASAN S.
Published: October 2009

The issues that arise between state sovereignty over natural resources and the desire of the State to finance the development of its petroleum resources from external sources are briefly examined. The problem is particularly acute for the least developed countries. It is suggested that financing obtained from international agencies such as the World Bank, may provide a means for such countries to maintain full sovereignty over their petroleum resources and at the same time obtain needed financing. To this end the petroleum lending activities of the World Bank are examined both in terms of policy and in terms of the financial resources available. A special lending facility to help underwrite financial risk of petroleum exploration in the least developed countries is proposed.
Econometric Models of Minerals Markets Uses and Limitations
Authors: WAGENHALS GERHARD
Published: October 2009

The article presents a broad non‐technical survey of econometric minerals and metals market models. The paper discusses a basic model and its extensions. It identifies weaknesses and strengths of the econometric approach, and discusses the potential of econometric models for minerals policy analysis and forecasting.
Progress in the Development of Natural Resource Legislation in Latin America
Authors: CANO GUILLERMO J.
Published: October 2009

This article examines briefly the history of legislation dealing with natural resources in Latin America during the last two centuries. The process has been one of strengthening of legislation governing different resources and an integrated approach in cases of interdependence.
Copper, Cobalt, Nickel and Manganese Availability from Land‐based Endowments A Perspective
Authors: BARSOTTI ALDO F.
Published: October 2009

Estimates of land‐based demonstrated resources of cobalt, copper, manganese, and nickel would indicate adequate supply for many years to come based on current levels of annual consumption. However, when these resource estimates are disaggregated, much of this resource is found to occur in a limited number of producing mines. Almost all of the cobalt in these resources coexists with either nickel or copper, and as such, will be available only to the degree extraction of these two metals from existing mines is economical. Finally, current projections of excess capacity in existing mines for all four metals, coupled with additional inferred resources at these mines and yet to be exploited resources in known economical deposits, would lead one to conclude that, from this perspective, the mining of sea bed nodules is not likely to occur until well into the next century.
The Selebi‐Phikwe Nickel/Copper Mine in Botswana
Authors: MIKESELL RAYMOND F.
Published: October 2009

The development of the Selebi‐Phikwe nickel/copper mine from its inception to the commencement of production and the role of the various parties in the financing of the project are described. The project was launched with every expectation of financial success by the Government of Botswana and the mining companies involved. Unfortunately, from the beginning it was plagued by technical difficulties which led to cost overruns and by falling nickel/copper prices which led to negative cash flows. Shortages of capital and cash flow difficulties necessitated three separate re‐structurings of the financial package.
Economics of Energy Conservation in Developing Countries and Analysis of Investment Incentives
Authors: ANANDALINGAM G.
Published: October 2009

This paper analyzes the economics of energy conservation in developing countries, compares the cost of energy conservation with the cost of enhancing domestic energy supply, and examines the effect of government investment incentive policies on the financial feasibility of energy conservation projects. A representative sample of 21 projects from six Indian industries shows that investing in energy conservation is more economical to a country than investing in domestic energy supply. Moreover, the nature of the conservation effort, i.e. housekeeping improvements, waste heat recovery or process change, is more important in determining the economics of energy conservation than is the type of industry. Analysis of government investment incentives shows that most of them are effective in making uneconomical energy conservation projects financially feasible and that the most effective incentive for the private investor to invest in energy conservation is the removal of fuel subsidies.
Pricing of Natural Gas in Developing Countries
Authors: MASHAYEKHI AFSANEH
Published: October 2009

The uncertain supply and increasing cost of petroleum products since 1973 has spurred on the development of alternative forms of energy. Natural gas is a major source of energy in over 50 developing countries. In these countries natural gas has many uses as a substitute for other fuels or as a feedstock. This paper discusses the economic concept for pricing of natural gas, in particular marginal costs, and estimates the economic cost of natural gas in developing countries under a wide range of conditions. The marginal cost of natural gas estimated for these countries is far below the border price of competing fuels. Because natural gas is in its early days of development, gas supply costs are not expected to rise in these countries within the next two decades as already proven reserves are tapped.
The Contribution of Small‐Scale Mining to World Mineral Production
Authors: CARMAN J. S.
Published: October 2009

There is no agreement as to the definition of a small‐scale mine. It is proposed that for a developing country a small‐scale mine be defined as a producer (often sporadically) of limited amounts of minerals for deposits with a few known ore reserves, and of a character not readily amenable to mass mining. Output is won without appreciable use of mechanical energy and by exploitation of labor under leadership which sometimes lacks technical, managerial or entrepreneurial skills. A mine producing less than 100 000 tons of ore is considered to be a small‐scale mine. Using these criteria and worldwide production data, an estimate of the contribution of small‐scale mining to world mineral output is made. The estimate is 16%.
Potential of Pacific Ocean Nodule, Crust, and Sulfide Mineral Deposits
Authors: JOHNSON CHARLES J. , CLARK ALLEN L.
Published: October 2009

This paper summarizes the main physical and economic features of manganese nodules, cobalt‐rich manganese crusts and marine polymetallic sulfide deposits in the Pacific region. The most favourable areas for deposits of commerical interest are shown on a map of the Pacific. The gross metal sales values of hypothetical mines are compared to estimated size of world metal markets in the year 2000. It is suggested that a prudent policy for the major developed‐country governments is to support research on those marine minerals that appear to have the potential to become a major source of minerals in the next century.