bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conformational flexibility of xanthene‐based covalently linked dimers
Authors: Zoric Marija R. , Pandey Kadel Usha , Korvinson Kirill A. , Luk Hoi Ling , Nimthong‐Roldan Arunpatcha , Zeller Matthias , Glusac Ksenija D.
Published: May 2016

The conformational flexibility of three covalently linked dimers consisting of two xanthene‐based moieties connected by a diphenyl ether linker was studied using NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray crystallography, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The three dimers interconvert as a function of pH: the doubly cationic dimer (Xan+)2 exists in acidic solutions (pH < 0.5), the mono‐alcohol monocation Xan+–Xan‐OH at intermediate pH values (pH = 1–3), and the neutral diol at the highest pH‐values (pH > 3). Each dimer exhibits conformational degrees of freedom associated with rotations of either the xanthene moiety or of the diphenyl ether (DPE) linker. The barriers for rotation of the xanthylium moiety were evaluated using DFT calculations, yielding values of 23 kcal/mol for (Xan+)2 and 11 kcal/mol for (Xan‐OH)2, respectively. The rotational barrier for the diphenyl ether linker in Xan+–Xan‐OH (15 kcal/mol) was experimentally determined using variable temperature NMR measurements. The relative orientation of the two –OH groups in (Xan‐OH)2 diol was investigated in solution and the solid state using NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography. The conformer observed in the solid state was found to be the In–Out conformer, while free rotation of the xanthenol units is thought to occur on the NMR timescale at room temperature. These studies are relevant for the design of linkers for efficient water oxidation catalysts. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reimagining Leadership in Service‐Learning: Student Leadership of the Next Generation of Engagement
Authors: Garcia‐Pletsch Magali , Longo Nicholas V.
Published: May 2016

As service‐learning has moved from the margins to the mainstream of education, programs once led by students are now coordinated by administrators, faculty, or leadership development staff. This chapter calls for the return of student‐led service.
Hugh O’Brian Youth Leadership: Using a Theoretical Model at the Intersection of Youth Leadership Education and Service‐Learning
Authors: Ray Vicki Ferrence
Published: May 2016

This chapter presents the Hugh O’Brian Youth Leadership (HOBY) program as a case study, examining their gradual process of shifting all programs to integrate leadership development and service. As an organization with over 4,000 volunteers and a nationwide scope, the change process was a challenge but resulted in benefits that fit the organizations’ values. The social change model for leadership development (Higher Education Research Institute, ) was used as a guiding framework.
Thermodynamics of egg production, development and hatching in trematodes
Authors: Morley N.J. , Lewis J.W.
Published: May 2016

Temperature is a key factor influencing the rate of biological processes of ectothermic animals and is intrinsically linked to climate change. Trematode parasites may be potentially susceptible to temperature changes and, in order to develop a predictive framework of their response to climate change, large-scale analyses are needed. In particular, the biology of the egg of all species is at some time influenced by environmental conditions. The present study uses Arrhenius activation energy (E*), a common measure of temperature-mediated reaction rates, to analyse experimental data from the scientific literature on the effects of temperature on the production, development and hatching of trematode eggs. Egg production declines at high temperatures, with habitat-specific climatic factors determining the optimal thermal range. Egg development, as is typical of invertebrates, shows a simple response to temperature, with minimal differences between mid- (35–60°) and low-latitude (<35°) species. Egg hatching demonstrates variable thermodynamics with high E* values at low temperature ranges and thermostability at mid-temperatures, before declining at high temperature ranges, with wide thermostable zones being a common feature. Comparisons between development and hatching indicate that these two parameters demonstrate different thermodynamical responses. The significance of these results in furthering our understanding of trematode egg biology under natural conditions is discussed.
Composition and regulation of thylakoid membrane of Antarctic ice microalgaeChlamydomonassp. ICE-L in response to low-temperature environment stress
Authors: Yi-Bin Wang , Fang-Ming Liu , Xiu-Fang Zhang , Ai-Jun Zhang , Bin Wang , Zhou Zheng , Cheng-Jun Sun , Jin-Lai Miao
Published: May 2016

Ice algae have successfully adapted to the extreme environmental conditions in the Antarctic, however the underlying mechanisms involved in the regulation and response of thylakoid membranes and chloroplast to low-temperature stress are still not well understood. In this study, changes in pigment concentrations, lipids, fatty acids and pigment protein complexes in thylakoid membranes and chloroplast after exposure to low temperature conditions were investigated using the Antarctic ice algaeChlamydomonassp. ICE-L. Results showed that the chloroplasts ofChlamydomonassp. ICE-L are distributed throughout the cell except in the nuclear region in the form of thylakoid lamellas which exists in the gap between organelles and the starch granules. Also, the structure of mitochondria has no obvious change after cold stress. Concentrations of Chla, Chlb, monogalactosyl diacylglycerol, digalactosyl diacylglycerol and fatty acids were also observed to exhibit changes with temperature, suggesting possible adaptations to cold environments. The light harvesting complex, lutein and β-carotene played an important role for adaptation of ICE-L, and increasing of monogalactosyl diacylglycerol and digalactosyl diacylglycerol improved the overall degree of unsaturation of thylakoid membranes, thereby maintaining liquidity of thylakoid membranes. The pigments, lipids, fatty acids and pigment-protein complexes maintained the stability of the thylakoid membranes and the normal physiological function ofChlamydomonassp. ICE-L.
Taking the elephant out of the room and into the corridor: can urban corridors work?
Authors: Adams Tempe S. F. , Chase Michael J. , Rogers Tracey L. , Leggett Keith E. A.
Published: May 2016

Transfrontier wildlife corridors can be successful conservation tools, connecting protected areas and reducing the impact of habitat fragmentation on mobile species. Urban wildlife corridors have been proposed as a potential mitigation tool to facilitate the passage of elephants through towns without causing conflict with urban communities. However, because such corridors are typically narrow and close to human development, wildlife (particularly large mammals) may be less likely to use them. We used remote-sensor camera traps and global positioning system collars to identify the movement patterns of African elephants Loxondonta africana through narrow, urban corridors in Botswana. The corridors were in three types of human-dominated land-use designations with varying levels of human activity: agricultural, industrial and open-space recreational land. We found that elephants used the corridors within all three land-use designations and we identified, using a model selection approach, that season, time of day and rainfall were important factors in determining the presence of elephants in the corridors. Elephants moved more slowly through the narrow corridors compared with their movement patterns through broader, wide-ranging corridors. Our results indicate that urban wildlife corridors are useful for facilitating elephants to pass through urban areas.
NERA 2.0: Improving coverage and performance of rule-based named entity recognition for Arabic
Authors: OUDAH MAI , SHAALAN KHALED
Published: May 2016

Named Entity Recognition (NER) is an essential task for many natural language processing systems, which makes use of various linguistic resources. NER becomes more complicated when the language in use is morphologically rich and structurally complex, such as Arabic. This language has a set of characteristics that makes it particularly challenging to handle. In a previous work, we have proposed an Arabic NER system that follows the hybrid approach, i.e. integrates both rule-based and machine learning-based NER approaches. Our hybrid NER system is the state-of-the-art in Arabic NER according to its performance on standard evaluation datasets. In this article, we discuss a novel methodology for overcoming the coverage drawback of rule-based NER systems in order to improve their performance and allow for automated rule update. The presented mechanism utilizes the recognition decisions made by the hybrid NER system in order to identify the weaknesses of the rule-based component and derive new linguistic rules aiming at enhancing the rule base, which will help in achieving more reliable and accurate results. We used ACE 2004 Newswire standard dataset as a resource for extracting and analyzing new linguistic rules for person, location and organization names recognition. We formulate each new rule based on two distinctive feature groups, i.e. Gazetteers of each type of named entities and Part-of-Speech tags, in particular noun and proper noun. Fourteen new patterns are derived, formulated as grammar rules, and evaluated in terms of coverage. The conducted experiments exploit a POS tagged version of the ACE 2004 NW dataset. The empirical results show that the performance of the enhanced rule-based system, i.e. NERA 2.0, improves the coverage of the previously misclassified person, location and organization named entities types by 69.93 per cent, 57.09 per cent and 54.28 per cent, respectively.
An Application of the HFACS Method to Aviation Accidents in	Africa
Authors: Munene Isaac
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) methodology was applied to accident reports from three African countries: Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa. In all, 55 of 72 finalized reports for accidents occurring between 2000 and 2014 were analyzed. In most of the accidents, one or more human factors contributed to the accident. Skill-based errors (56.4%), the physical environment (36.4%), and violations (20%) were the most common causal factors in the accidents. Decision errors comprised 18.2%, while perceptual errors and crew resource management accounted for 10.9%. The results were consistent with previous industry observations: Over 70% of aviation accidents have human factor causes. Adverse weather was seen to be a common secondary casual factor. Changes in flight training and risk management methods may alleviate the high number of accidents in Africa.
Specific microbiome-dependent mechanisms underlie the energy harvest efficiency of ruminants
Authors: Shabat Sheerli Kruger Ben , Sasson Goor , Doron-Faigenboim Adi , Durman Thomer , Yaacoby Shamay , Berg Miller Margret E , White Bryan A , Shterzer Naama , Mizrahi Itzhak
Published: May 2016

Ruminants have the remarkable ability to convert human-indigestible plant biomass into human-digestible food products, due to a complex microbiome residing in the rumen compartment of their upper digestive tract. Here we report the discovery that rumen microbiome components are tightly linked to cows’ ability to extract energy from their feed, termed feed efficiency. Feed efficiency was measured in 146 milking cows and analyses of the taxonomic composition, gene content, microbial activity and metabolomic composition was performed on the rumen microbiomes from the 78 most extreme animals. Lower richness of microbiome gene content and taxa was tightly linked to higher feed efficiency. Microbiome genes and species accurately predicted the animals’ feed efficiency phenotype. Specific enrichment of microbes and metabolic pathways in each of these microbiome groups resulted in better energy and carbon channeling to the animal, while lowering methane emissions to the atmosphere. This ecological and mechanistic understanding of the rumen microbiome could lead to an increase in available food resources and environmentally friendly livestock agriculture.
Silk Fibroin as Edible Coating for Perishable Food Preservation
Authors: Marelli B. , Brenckle M. A. , Kaplan D. L. , Omenetto F. G.
Published: May 2016

The regeneration of structural biopolymers into micelles or nanoparticles suspended in water has enabled the design of new materials with unique and compelling properties that can serve at the interface between the biotic and the abiotic worlds. In this study, we leveraged silk fibroin quintessential properties (i.e. polymorphism, conformability and hydrophobicity) to design a water-based protein suspension that self-assembles on the surface of food upon dip coating. The water-based post-processing control of the protein polymorphism enables the modulation of the diffusion of gases through the silk fibroin thin membranes (e.g. O2 and CO2 diffusion, water vapour permeability), which is a key parameter to manage food freshness. In particular, an increased beta-sheet content corresponds to a reduction in oxygen diffusion through silk fibroin thin films. By using the dip coating of strawberries and bananas as proof of principle, we have shown that the formation of micrometre-thin silk fibroin membranes around the fruits helps the management of postharvest physiology of the fruits. Thus, silk fibroin coatings enhance fruits’ shelf life at room conditions by reducing cell respiration rate and water evaporation. The water-based processing and edible nature of silk fibroin makes this approach a promising alternative for food preservation with a naturally derived material.
STIM1-dependent Ca2+ microdomains are required for myofilament remodeling and signaling in the heart
Authors: Parks Cory , Alam Mohammad Afaque , Sullivan Ryan , Mancarella Salvatore
Published: May 2016

In non-excitable cells stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) is a key element in the generation of Ca2+ signals that lead to gene expression, migration and cell proliferation. A growing body of literature suggests that STIM1 plays a key role in the development of pathological cardiac hypertrophy. However, the precise mechanisms involving STIM-dependent Ca2+ signaling in the heart are not clearly established. Here, we have investigated the STIM1-associated Ca2+ signals in cardiomyocytes and their relevance to pathological cardiac remodeling. We show that mice with inducible, cardiac-restricted, ablation of STIM1 exhibited left ventricular reduced contractility, which was corroborated by impaired single cell contractility. The spatial properties of STIM1-dependent Ca2+ signals determine restricted Ca2+ microdomains that regulate myofilament remodeling and activate spatially segregated pro-hypertrophic factors. Indeed, mice lacking STIM1 showed less adverse structural remodeling in response to pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy. These results highlight how STIM1-dependent Ca2+ microdomains have a major impact on intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, cytoskeletal remodeling and cellular signaling, even when excitation-contraction coupling is present.
Ultrasonic acoustic levitation for fast frame rate X-ray protein crystallography at room temperature
Authors: Tsujino Soichiro , Tomizaki Takashi
Published: May 2016

Increasing the data acquisition rate of X-ray diffraction images for macromolecular crystals at room temperature at synchrotrons has the potential to significantly accelerate both structural analysis of biomolecules and structure-based drug developments. Using lysozyme model crystals, we demonstrated the rapid acquisition of X-ray diffraction datasets by combining a high frame rate pixel array detector with ultrasonic acoustic levitation of protein crystals in liquid droplets. The rapid spinning of the crystal within a levitating droplet ensured an efficient sampling of the reciprocal space. The datasets were processed with a program suite developed for serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX). The structure, which was solved by molecular replacement, was found to be identical to the structure obtained by the conventional oscillation method for up to a 1.8-Å resolution limit. In particular, the absence of protein crystal damage resulting from the acoustic levitation was carefully established. These results represent a key step towards a fully automated sample handling and measurement pipeline, which has promising prospects for a high acquisition rate and high sample efficiency for room temperature X-ray crystallography.
Crackle template based metallic mesh with highly homogeneous light transmission for high-performance transparent EMI shielding
Authors: Han Yu , Lin Jie , Liu Yuxuan , Fu Hao , Ma Yuan , Jin Peng , Tan Jiubin
Published: May 2016

Our daily electromagnetic environment is becoming increasingly complex with the rapid development of consumer electronics and wireless communication technologies, which in turn necessitates the development of electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, especially for transparent components. We engineered a transparent EMI shielding film with crack-template based metallic mesh (CT-MM) that shows highly homogeneous light transmission and strong microwave shielding efficacy. The CT-MM film is fabricated using a cost-effective lift-off method based on a crackle template. It achieves a shielding effectiveness of ~26 dB, optical transmittance of ~91% and negligible impact on optical imaging performance. Moreover, high–quality CT-MM film is demonstrated on a large–calibre spherical surface. These excellent properties of CT-MM film, together with its advantages of facile large-area fabrication and scalability in processing on multi-shaped substrates, make CT-MM a powerful technology for transparent EMI shielding in practical applications.
Design of virus-based nanomaterials for medicine, biotechnology, and energy
Authors: Wen Amy M. , Steinmetz Nicole F.
Published: May 2016

Virus-based nanomaterials are versatile materials that naturally self-assemble and have relevance for a broad range of applications including medicine, biotechnology, and energy.
In situ calibration of micro-photoionization detectors in a multi-dimensional micro-gas chromatography system
Authors: Lee Jiwon , Zhou Menglian , Zhu Hongbo , Nidetz Robert , Kurabayashi Katsuo , Fan Xudong
Published: May 2016

In situ calibration of PIDs in multi-dimensional GC.
High-throughput endogenous measurement of S-nitrosylation in Alzheimer's disease using oxidized cysteine-selective cPILOT
Authors: Gu Liqing , Robinson Renã A. S.
Published: May 2016

Combined precursor isotopic labeling and isobaric tagging (cPILOT) technique enables enhanced multiplexing quantification of S-nitrosylation in biological tissues from animal models of disease.
Pharmaceutical crystallization with nanocellulose organogels
Authors: Ruiz-Palomero Celia , Kennedy Stuart R. , Soriano M. Laura , Jones Christopher D. , Valcárcel Miguel , Steed Jonathan W.
Published: May 2016

A carboxylated nanocellulose organogel facilitates crystallization of pharmaceutical solid forms including a new sulfapyridine solvate.
Assembly of three stable POM-based pillar-layer CuI coordination polymers with visible light driven photocatalytic properties
Authors: Lu Xin-Xin , Luo Yu-Hui , Liu Yu-Shuang , Ma Wen-Wen , Xu Yan , Zhang Hong
Published: May 2016

Three new 3D POM-based CuI coordination polymers have been successfully prepared by a hydrothermal reaction. Compounds 1–3 show remarkably high heat stability, acid and alkali resistance, and effectively degrade methylene blue within visible light range.
A computational study of the interaction of graphene structures with biomolecular units
Authors: Carballeira Diego López , Ramos-Berdullas Nicolás , Pérez-Juste Ignacio , Fajín José Luis Cagide , Cordeiro M. Natália D. S. , Mandado Marcos
Published: May 2016

Chemical sensors constructed from graphene nanostructures have raised recently a great interest. In this work we analyse using DFT the electronic factors responsible for the large affinity of biomolecular units for graphene surface.
Probing of molecular replication and accumulation in shallow heat gradients through numerical simulations
Authors: Keil Lorenz , Hartmann Michael , Lanzmich Simon , Braun Dieter
Published: May 2016

Shallow temperature gradients across porous rocks drive highly efficient molecular accumulation processes while simultaneously subjecting them to frequent temperature oscillations.
Phase transitions in hydrophobe/phospholipid mixtures: hints at connections between pheromones and anaesthetic activity
Authors: Borsacchi Silvia , Geppi Marco , Macchi Sara , Ninham Barry W. , Fratini Emiliano , Ambrosi Moira , Baglioni Piero , Lo Nostro Pierandrea
Published: May 2016

The phase behavior of a mixture of a typical insect pheromone (olean) and a phospholipid (DOPC)/water dispersion is extensively explored through SAXS, NMR and DSC experiments.
Prediction of the electronic structure of single-walled black phosphorus nanotubes
Authors: Guan Lixiu , Chen Guifeng , Tao Junguang
Published: May 2016

Size dependent electronic structure of black phosphorus nanotubes.
The fragment molecular orbital method combined with density-functional tight-binding and the polarizable continuum model
Authors: Nishimoto Yoshio , Fedorov Dmitri G.
Published: May 2016

The electronic gap in proteins is analyzed in detail, and it is shown that FMO-DFTB/PCM is efficient and accurate in describing the molecular structure of proteins in solution.
Elucidation of the surface structure–selectivity relationship in ethanol electro-oxidation over platinum by density functional theory
Authors: Sheng Tian , Lin Wen-Feng , Sun Shi-Gang
Published: May 2016

We have successfully built a general framework to comprehend the structure–selectivity relationship in ethanol electrooxidation on platinum by density functional theory calculations.
Electronically non-adiabatic influences in surface chemistry and dynamics
Authors: Wodtke Alec M.
Published: May 2016

Electronically nonadiabatic interactions between molecules and metal surfaces are now well known. But evidence that such interactions influence reaction rates is still scarce. This paper reviews research related to this topic and proposes pathways forward.
Molybdenum diselenide/reduced graphene oxide based hybrid nanosheets for supercapacitor applications
Authors: Balasingam Suresh Kannan , Lee Jae Sung , Jun Yongseok
Published: May 2016

The hybrid MoSe2/rGO nanosheets were synthesized via a facile hydrothermal process. The hybrid nanosheets electrode showed enhanced specific capacitance value than that of the pristine MoSe2. The MoSe2/rGO nanosheets exhibited increasing capacitance retention of up to 180% for the long-term stability test of 10,000 cycles at high current density.
Incorporation of gallium-68 into the crystal structure of Prussian blue to form K68GaxFe1−x[Fe(CN)6] nanoparticles: toward a novel bimodal PET/MRI imaging agent
Authors: Kandanapitiye Murthi S. , Gott Matthew D. , Sharits Andrew , Jurisson Silvia S. , Woodward Patrick M. , Huang Songping D.
Published: May 2016

Similarity between the Ga3+ ion and the Fe3+ ion allows for partial replacement of Fe3+ ions with Ga3+ ions in Prussian blue (PB) leads to formation of various solid solutions KGaxFe1−x[Fe(CN)6] (0 < x < 1).
Metal complexes with di(N-heterocyclic carbene) ligands bearing a rigid ortho-, meta or para-phenylene bridge
Authors: Monticelli Marco , Tubaro Cristina , Baron Marco , Basato Marino , Sgarbossa Paolo , Graiff Claudia , Accorsi Gianluca , Pell Thomas P. , Wilson David J. D. , Barnard Peter J.
Published: May 2016

Ag(i) complexes with diNHC ligands are efficient transmetalating agents towards transition metals.
A novel capillary microplasma analytical system: interface-free coupling of glow discharge optical emission spectrometry to capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Jiang Xue , Xu Xinliang , Hou Xiandeng , Long Zhou , Tian Yunfei , Jiang Xiaoming , Xu Fujian , Zheng Chengbin
Published: May 2016

Interface-free coupling of glow discharge to capillary electrophoresis by sharing one d.c. power supply for elemental and speciation analysis.
Heteroleptic Cu(ii)–polypyridyl complexes as photonucleases
Authors: Singh V. , Sharma K. , Shankar B. , Awasthi S. K. , Gupta R. D.
Published: May 2016

Four new copper(ii)–polypyridyl complexes having tail groups with increasing aromaticity, hydrophobicity and planarity are synthesized. These complexes are found to be avid DNA binders and show efficient nuclease activity under either chemical stimulus or UV-A light irradiation.
A direct carbon fuel cell with a CuO–ZnO–SDC composite anode
Authors: Hao Wenbin , Mi Yongli
Published: May 2016

A direct carbon fuel cell with a CuO–ZnO–SDC composite anode was demonstrated. The maximum power density was 130 mW cm−2 at 700 °C. The results indicate that CuO–ZnO can be used as a nickel-free anode material for direct carbon fuel cells.
Layered NiO/reduced graphene oxide composites by heterogeneous assembly with enhanced performance as high-performance asymmetric supercapacitor cathode
Authors: Li Qian , Wei Qiang , Xie Lijing , Chen Chengmeng , Lu Chunxiang , Su Fang-Yuan , Zhou Pucha
Published: May 2016

Layered NiO/RGO composites by heterogeneous assembly show high energy density as an asymmetric supercapacitor.
Volume accessibility of acid sites in modified montmorillonite and triacetin selectivity in acetylation of glycerol
Authors: Venkatesha N. J. , Bhat Y. S. , Prakash B. S. Jai
Published: May 2016

Generated space around acid centers by dealumination termed as ‘volume accessibility’ which helps glycerol to interact with acylium ions formed on the acid sites more effectively leading to the product triacetin.
Light modulation (vis-NIR region) based on lanthanide complex-functionalized carbon dots
Authors: Liu Jinghua , Ge Xiaoqian , Sun Lining , Wei Ruoyan , Liu Jinliang , Shi Liyi
Published: May 2016

Based on the carbon dots synthesized by using l-lysine, a series of lanthanide complexes-functionalized carbon dots were synthesized, which show multicolor visible and near-infrared luminescence upon visible-light excitation.
Synthesis, structure and characterization of 1-D polymer {[Sr(CHZ)2(ClO4)]ClO4}n: a new concept for designing primary explosives
Authors: Mi Zhenhao , Zhang Tonglai , Zhang Jianguo , Zhou Zun-ning , Yang Li
Published: May 2016

A new idea for designing energetic compounds: by introducing polymer structures to the molecule.
Variable temperatures 1H NMR technique on the kinetics and thermodynamic parameters of equilibrium between the Z and E isomers in a stable phosphorus ylide involving an imidazole
Authors: Aghdaei Elham , Habibi-Khorassani Sayyed Mostafa , Shahraki Mehdi
Published: May 2016

Analysis of 1H NMR spectra of a special ylide involving an imidazole at variable temperatures has been employed to study the kinetics of the interchangeable process in the equilibrium between the two Z- and E-isomers of a stable phosphorus ylide.
Nitrogen-rich energetic salts of 1H,1′H-5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate: synthesis, characterization, and thermal behaviors
Authors: Shang Yu , Jin Bo , Peng Rufang , Guo Zhicheng , Liu Qiangqiang , Zhao Jun , Zhang Qingchun
Published: May 2016

A series of nitrogen-rich heterocyclic 1H,1′H-5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate salts with excellent thermal stabilities, impact sensitivities and promising detonation performances was synthesized.
Risk‐averse multi‐objective generation dispatch considering transient stability under load model uncertainty
Authors: Xu Yan , Xie Xuekuan , Dong Zhao Y. , Hill David J. , Zhang Rui
Published: May 2016

Maintaining transient stability is one essential requirement for power system reliable operations. However, there is usually a conflict between the stability level and the economic objective. This study presents a new generation dispatch model to balance the two concerns. A risk‐based criterion is proposed to quantify system transient stability on a probabilistic basis, and a multi‐objective programming model is proposed to achieve best trade‐off between transient stability requirement and economic operation. In the meantime, the load dynamics have a substantial impact on the transient stability but has not well accounted in the generation dispatch stage. In this study, the dynamic load models and their uncertain variation are taken into account through a strategically selected set of load composition scenarios to approximate the whole uncertainty space. A multi‐objective evolutionary algorithm‐based hybrid solution process is then developed. The proposed method is verified on the New England 10‐machine 39‐bus system. Numeric results show that the model can effectively obtain Pareto solutions which are free from instability risk and robust to stochastic load composition variations.
Doping concentration dependence of the photoluminescence spectra of n-type GaAs nanowires
Authors: Arab Shermin , Yao Maoqing , Zhou Chongwu , Daniel Dapkus P. , Cronin Stephen B.
Published: May 2016

In this letter, the photoluminescence spectra of n-type doped GaAs nanowires, grown by the metal organic chemical vapor deposition method, are measured at 4 K and 77 K. Our measurements indicate that an increase in carrier concentration leads to an increase in the complexity of the doping mechanism, which we attribute to the formation of different recombination centers. At high carrier concentrations, we observe a blueshift of the effective band gap energies by up to 25 meV due to the Burstein-Moss shift. Based on the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the photoluminescence peaks, we estimate the carrier concentrations for these nanowires, which varies from 6 × 1017 cm−3 (lightly doped), to 1.5 × 1018 cm−3 (moderately doped), to 3.5 × 1018 cm−3 (heavily doped) as the partial pressure of the disilane is varied from 0.01 sccm to 1 sccm during the growth process. We find that the growth temperature variation does not affect the radiative recombination mechanism; however, it does lead to a slight enhancement in the optical emission intensities. For GaAs nanowire arrays measured at room temperature, we observe the same general dependence of band gap, FWHM, and carrier concentration on doping.
Generation of laser-induced periodic surface structures on transparent material-fused silica
Authors: Schwarz Simon , Rung Stefan , Hellmann Ralf
Published: May 2016

We report on a comparison between simulated and experimental results for the generation of laser-induced periodic surface structures with low spatial frequency on dielectrics. Using the established efficacy factor theory extended by a Drude model, we determine the required carrier density for the generation of low spatial frequency LIPSS (LSFL) and forecast their periodicity and orientation. In a subsequent calculative step, we determine the fluence of ultrashort laser pulses necessary to excite this required carrier density in due consideration of the pulse number dependent ablation threshold. The later calculation is based on a rate equation including photo- and avalanche ionization and derives appropriate process parameters for a selective generation of LSFL. Exemplarily, we apply this approach to the generation of LSFL on fused silica using a 1030 nm femtosecond laser. The experimental results for the orientation and spatial periodicity of LSFL reveal excellent agreement with the simulation.
Identification of a limiting mechanism in GaSb-rich superlattice midwave infrared detector
Authors: Delmas Marie , Rodriguez Jean-Baptiste , Rossignol Rémi , Licht Abigail S. , Giard Edouard , Ribet-Mohamed Isabelle , Christol Philippe
Published: May 2016

GaSb-rich superlattice (SL) p-i-n photodiodes grown by molecular beam epitaxy were studied theoretically and experimentally in order to understand the poor dark current characteristics typically obtained. This behavior, independent of the SL-grown material quality, is usually attributed to the presence of defects due to Ga-related bonds, limiting the SL carrier lifetime. By analyzing the photoresponse spectra of reverse-biased photodiodes at 80 K, we have highlighted the presence of an electric field, breaking the minibands into localized Wannier-Stark states. Besides the influence of defects in such GaSb-rich SL structures, this electric field induces a strong tunneling current at low bias which can be the main limiting mechanism explaining the high dark current density of the GaSb-rich SL diode.
Baseline levels of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites and indications of chronic stress in the vulnerable grey-headed flying-fox, Pteropus poliocephalus
Authors: Parry-Jones Kerryn , Webster Koa Narelle , Divljan Anja
Published: May 2016

The physiological stress hormone levels and physical condition of captured urban flying-foxes experiencing a food shortage were compared with those of free-living rural flying-foxes with access to supplementary food. Glucocorticoid hormone levels were determined by measuring glucocorticoid metabolites (GCMs) from the faeces of individual animals. The rural flying-foxes were in good condition with high Body Condition Indexes (BCIs) and low levels of GCMs, the range of which may be considered the baseline for this species. In comparison, urban flying-foxes had lower BCIs and elevated levels of GCMs: 75% had levels that were higher than the rural range and 30% were higher by an order of magnitude. Such elevated levels of glucocorticoid (‘stress’) hormones are characteristic of chronic stress. While urbanisation can cause chronic stress, given the low BCIs observed, it is more likely that food shortage was the major stressor in this study. While the rural male and female flying-foxes showed no significant differences in either their levels of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites or their BCIs, significantly different results were found between male and female urban flying-foxes: males were in relatively better condition than females but had higher levels of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites. The autumn and winter reproductive constraints on food-restricted flying-foxes probably explain the differences observed. Additional droppings collected under the urban colony gave similar results to those collected from captured flying-foxes at the same location, and could be a useful non-invasive method for determining the levels of physiological stress in flying-fox colonies.
Development of enzyme technology for Aspergillus oryzae, A. sojae, and A. luchuensis,the national microorganisms of Japan
Authors: Ichishima Eiji
Published: May 2016

This paper describes the modern enzymology in Japanese bioindustries. The invention of Takadiastase by Jokiti Takamine in 1894 has revolutionized the world of industrial enzyme production by fermentation. In 1949, a new γ-amylase (glucan 1,4-α-glucosidase, EC 3.2.1.3) from A. luchuensis (formerly designated as A. awamori), was found by Kitahara. RNase T1 (guanyloribonuclease, EC 3.1.27.3) was discovered by Sato and Egami. Ando discovered Aspergillus nuclease S1 (single-stranded nucleate endonuclease, EC 3.1.30.1). Aspergillopepsin I (EC 3.4.23.18) from A. tubingensis (formerly designated as A. saitoi) activates trypsinogen to trypsin. Shintani et al. demonstrated Asp76 of aspergillopepsin I as the binding site for the basic substrate, trypsinogen. The new oligosaccharide moieties Man10GlcNAc2 and Man11GlcNAc2 were identified with α-1,2-mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.113) from A. tubingensis. A yeast mutant compatible of producing Man5GlcNAc2 human compatible sugar chains on glycoproteins was constructed. The acid activation of protyrosinase from A. oryzae at pH 3.0 was resolved. The hyper-protein production system of glucoamylase was established in a submerged culture.
Why reread? Evidence from garden-path and local coherence structures
Authors: Christianson Kiel , Luke Steven G. , Hussey Erika K. , Wochna Kacey L.
Published: May 2016

Two eye-tracking experiments were conducted to compare the online reading and offline comprehension of main verb/reduced relative garden-path sentences and local coherence sentences. Rereading of early material in garden-path reduced relatives should be revisionary, aimed at reanalysing an earlier misparse; however, rereading of early material in a local coherence reduced relative need only be confirmatory, as the original parse of the earlier portion of these sentences is ultimately correct. Results of online and offline measures showed that local coherence structures elicited signals of reading disruption that arose earlier and lasted longer, and local coherence comprehension was also better than garden path comprehension. Few rereading measures in either sentence type were predicted by structural features of these sentences, nor was rereading related to comprehension accuracy, which was extremely low overall. Results are discussed with respect to selective reanalysis and good-enough processing.
Maximum intrinsic rate of population increase in sharks, rays, and chimaeras: the importance of survival to maturity
Authors: Pardo Sebastián A. , Kindsvater Holly K. , Reynolds John D. , Dulvy Nicholas K.
Published: May 2016

The maximum intrinsic rate of population increase rmax is a commonly estimated demographic parameter used in assessments of extinction risk. In teleosts, rmax can be calculated using an estimate of spawners per spawner, but for chondrichthyans, most studies have used annual reproductive output b instead. This is problematic as it effectively assumes all juveniles survive to maturity. Here, we propose an updated rmax equation that uses a simple mortality estimator which also accounts for survival to maturity: the reciprocal of average lifespan. For 94 chondrichthyans, we now estimate that rmax values are on average 10% lower than previously published. Our updated rmax estimates are lower than previously published for species that mature later relative to maximum age and those with high annual fecundity. The most extreme discrepancies in rmax values occur in species with low age at maturity and low annual reproductive output. Our results indicate that chondrichthyans that mature relatively later in life, and to a lesser extent those that are highly fecund, are less resilient to fishing than previously thought.
Separating spandrels from phenotypic targets of selection in adaptive molecular evolution
Authors: Springer Stevan A. , Manhart Michael , Morozov Alexandre V.
Published: May 2016

There are many examples of adaptive molecular evolution in natural populations, but there is no existing method to verify which phenotypic changes were directly targeted by selection. The problem is that correlations between traits make it difficult to distinguish between direct and indirect selection. A phenotype is a direct target of selection when that trait in particular was shaped by selection to better perform a function. An indirect target of selection, also known as an evolutionary spandrel, is a phenotype that changes only because it is correlated with another trait under direct selection. Studies that mutate genes and examine the phenotypic consequences are increasingly common, and these experiments could estimate the mutational accessibility of the phenotypic changes that arise during an instance of adaptive molecular evolution. Under indirect selection, we expect phenotypes to evolve toward states that are more accessible by mutation. Deviation from this null expectation (evolution toward a phenotypic state rarely produced by mutation) would be compelling evidence of adaptation, and could be used to distinguish direct selection from indirect selection on correlated traits. To be practical, this molecular test of adaptation requires phenotypic differences that are caused by changes in a small number of genes. These kinds of genetically simple traits have been observed in many empirical studies of adaptive evolution. Here we describe how to use mutational accessibility to separate spandrels from direct targets of selection and thus verify adaptive hypotheses for phenotypes that evolve by adaptive molecular changes at one or a few genes.
5-Benzoyl-2-(5-bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile
Authors: Vimala G. , Raja J. Kamal , Perumal P. T. , SubbiahPandi A.
Published: May 2016

In the title compound, C27H18BrN3O, the indole and central pyrrole ring systems are inclined to one another by 13.15 (15)°. The carbonitrile group is almost coplanar with its attached pyrrole ring, the C[triple-bond]N bond making a dihedral angle of 1.9 (2)° with the ring plane. The 4-methoxybenzene ring and the benzoyl ring are inclined to the central pyrrole ring by 55.1 (2) and 51.5 (2)°, respectively. The dihedral angle between these two benzene rings is 37.68 (17)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked by pairs of N—H...N hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers with anR22(16) ring motif. The dimers are linked by offset π–π interactions [intercentroid distance = 3.614 (2) Å], which leads to the formation of chains propagating in the [010] direction.
N-(5-Chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-N′-(3-hydroxypropyl)oxalamide
Authors: Wang Chang-Kai , Zheng Kang , Li Yan-Tuan , Wu Zhi-Yong
Published: May 2016

In the structure of the titleN,N′-bis(substituted)oxamide compound, C11H13ClN2O4, the chlorohydroxyphenyl ring plane subtends an angle of 15.06 (13)° to the plane of the oxalamide unit. This in turn is inclined to the hydroxypropyl substituent by 78.03 (14)°. In the crystal, classical O—H...O and N—H...O hydrogen bonds give rise to a three-dimensional supramolecular structure.
Market intelligence effect on perceived psychic distance, strategic behaviours and export performance in industrial SMEs
Authors: Navarro-García Antonio , Peris-Oritz Marta , Barrera-Barrera Ramón
Published: May 2016

Purpose

This paper has two objectives in the area of industrialised small- and medium-sized industrial company (SME) export activity. First, it responds to the gap in the literature on the role of market intelligence in the interrelations between perceived psychic distance, marketing mix decisions and export performance. The second objective concerns the influence of resource heterogeneity (size and export department) in the proposed model.

Design/methodology/approach

The current paper tests a posited research model and its hypotheses using the data from a multi-sector sample of exporters (196 Spanish industrial SMEs). The data are analyzed using a partial least squares approach.

Findings

The results of the empirical study show that: strategic decisions to adapt marketing mix elements to suit foreign markets have a positive effect on export performance; strategic adaptations are more numerous when export managers perceive a greater psychic distance; an export department helps develop market intelligence ability, which positively moderates the impact of strategic adaptations on export performance; and size does not have a significant effect on the interrelations studied.

Practical implications

Export managers in industrial SMEs can use the results and conclusions of this present paper to systematise their decision-making in export activity.

Originality/value

This paper makes a significant contribution towards covering an important gap in research into industrial SME exporters, by demonstrating the importance of market intelligence in export activity.
The incidence of incentives for t-commerce acceptance: improving television as a distribution channel
Authors: Arroyo-Cañada Francisco-Javier , Gil-Lafuente Jaime
Published: May 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to explore the impact of incentives on the behavioral intention to use electronic commerce through interactive television to enhance a deeper understanding of how television platforms can improve the attractiveness of television to enterprises as a channel of communication and distribution.

Design/methodology/approach

This study uses a questionnaire to collect empirical data on preferences related to perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived enjoyment, attitude toward the use of t-commerce and behavioral intention to use t-commerce and incentives. The measurement scales of the variables were tested using exploratory factor analysis. The hypotheses were tested using the results of forgotten effects analysis applied to the incidences of incentives on the precedents of the behavioral intention to use t-commerce.

Findings

The findings suggest that there are no significant direct incidences between incentives and the behavioral intention to use t-commerce, but the direct incidence is only part of the total incidence and on many occasions is only a small part, as the result of causal relationships between causes and effects. The results indicate indirect incidences between incentives and the behavioral intention to use t-commerce through its precedents.

Practical Implications

Marketing managers of television platforms may consider the use of incentives to encourage behavioral intention to use t-commerce to achieve the development of interactive television as a distribution channel.

Originality/value

Research on t-commerce acceptance, especially research that uses extrinsic variables, is scarce. This paper addresses that gap by exploring the use of incentives to attract users.
The relationship between competition and risk-taking behaviour of Indian banks
Authors: Sarkar Sanjukta , Sensarma Rudra
Published: May 2016

Purpose

Under the traditional franchise value paradigm, competition in banking markets is considered to be risk enhancing because of its tendency to raise interest rates on deposits. Taking a contrarian view, Boyd and De Nicolo (2005) have argued that competition in the loan market can lead to lower interest rates and hence reduce bank risk-taking. Following these contradictory theoretical results, the empirical evidence on the relationship between risk and competition in banking has also been mixed. This paper analyses the competition–stability relationship for the Indian banking sector for the period 1999-2000 to 2012-2013.

Design/methodology/approach

Banking competition is measured using structural measures of concentration, namely, five-bank concentration ratios and the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index as well as a non-structural measure of competition – the Panzar-Rosse H-Statistic. Panel regression methods are used to estimate the relationships.

Findings

Our results show that while concentration leads to lower levels of default, market and asset risks, it exacerbates the levels of capital and liquidity risks.

Practical implications

These results have interesting implications for banking sector policy in emerging economies. For instance, any strategy on entry of new banks has to be carefully coordinated with supervisory efforts and macro-prudential policy to derive the benefits of greater competition in the banking industry.

Originality/value

This is the first paper that analyses the competition – stability relationship using a large number of alternative measures for the banking sector, an emerging economy.
Whose Water Is It?
Authors: Lambert Hilary A. B.
Published: May 2016

Legal protection of the USA's water resources was reduced during the Bush‐Cheney Administration (2000–2008), facilitating coal, oil, and gas development at the expense of clean water. The “Halliburton Loophole” in the 2005 Energy Act exempted all oil and gas development activities, including fracking (hydraulic fracturing), from the Clean Water Act, Clean Drinking Water Act, and other federal statutes. Two U.S. Supreme Court rulings weakened the Clean Water Act's protections of headwaters, streams, wetlands, and other water bodies. In New York State, communities faced with the imminent prospect of fracking by energy companies organized. From 2008–2014, they prevented fracking in New York. Water protection played a major role in energizing community response, In 2015, a fragile, but resilient, ban was declared statewide. In Kentucky, 150 years of coal mining resulted in pollution of many waterways, with hundreds of stream miles buried beneath mountaintop removal debris. Kentuckians have been pushing back since the 1930s to protect communities, farms, and water quality. They remain hopeful in the face of great odds. Urban populations making daily use of cheap, clean water and fossil‐fuel‐powered energy sources have little knowledge of these struggles. In rural America, the fight to protect communities, lands, and waters from energy exploitation is lifelong.