bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression and mutagenesis of the NqrC subunit of the NQR respiratory Na+ pump from Vibrio cholerae with covalently attached FMN
Authors: Barquera Blanca , Häse Claudia C , Gennis Robert B
Published: July 2002

The Na+‐translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (Na+‐NQR) is present in the membranes of a number of marine bacteria and pathogenic bacteria. Two of the six subunits of the Na+‐NQR, NqrB and NqrC, have been previously shown to contain covalently bound flavin adenine mononucleotide (FMN). In the current work, the cloning of nqrC from Vibrio cholerae is reported. The gene has been expressed in V. cholerae and shown to contain one equivalent of covalently bound FMN. In contrast, no covalent flavin was detected when threonine‐225 was replaced by leucine. The data show that the FMN attachment does not require assembly of the enzyme and are consistent with the unusual threonine attachment site.
The photoreceptor rim protein is an ABC transporter encoded by the gene for recessive Stargardt's disease (ABCR)
Authors: Azarian Sassan M. , Travis Gabriel H.
Published: July 2002

Rim protein (RmP) is a high‐M
r membrane glycoprotein that has been localized to the rims of photoreceptor outer segment discs, but its molecular identity is unknown. Here, we describe the purification of RmP and present the sequence of its mRNA. RmP is a new member of the ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily. We show that RmP is expressed specifically in photoreceptors and predominantly in outer segments. Further, RmP is identical to the protein recently shown to be affected in recessive Stargardt's disease. RmP is the first ABC transporter observed in photoreceptors and may play a role in the photoresponse.
Post‐transcriptional regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA in murine macrophages by doxycycline and chemically modified tetracyclines
Authors: Amin Ashok R , Patel Rajesh N , Thakker Geeta D , Lowenstein Charles J , Attur Mukundan G , Abramson Steven B
Published: July 2002

Chemically modified tetracyclines [CMT‐3 (IC50 ∼6–13 μM = ∼2.5–5 μg/ml) and CMT‐8 (IC50 ∼26 μM = 10 μg/ml), but not CMT‐1, ‐2 or ‐5], which lack anti‐microbial activity, inhibited nitrite production in LPS‐stimulated macrophages. Unlike competitive inhibitors of l‐arginine which inhibited the specific activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cell‐free extracts, CMTs exerted no such direct effect on the enzyme. CMTs could, however, be shown to inhibit both iNOS mRNA accumulation and protein expression in LPS‐stimulated cells. Tetracyclines (doxycycline and CMT‐3) unlike hydrocortisone had no significant effect on murine macrophages transfected with iNOS promoter (tagged to a luciferase reporter gene) in the presence of LPS. However, doxycycline and CMT‐3 augmented iNOS mRNA degradation, in LPS‐stimulated murine macrophages. These studies show a novel mechanism of action of tetracyclines which harbours properties to increase iNOS mRNA degradation and decrease iNOS protein expression and nitric oxide production in macrophages. This property of tetracyclines may have beneficial effects in the treatment of various diseases where excess nitric oxide has been implicated in the pathophysiology of these diseases.
Dehydroascorbate and dehydroascorbate reductase are phantom indicators of oxidative stress in plants
Authors: Morell Susanne , Follmann Hartmut , De Tullio Mario , Häberlein Ingo
Published: July 2002

In many physiological studies dehydroascorbate (DHA) reductase is regarded as one of the chloroplast enzymes involved in the protection against oxidative stress. Here, evidence is presented that plant cells do not possess a specific DHA reductase. The DHA reductase activities measured in plant extracts are due to side reactions of proteins containing redox‐active dicysteine sites. Native gel electrophoresis combined with specific activity staining revealed three different proteins with DHA reductase activity in leaf and chloroplast extracts. These proteins have been identified as thioredoxins and trypsin inhibitors (Kunitz type) by Western blot analysis. The essential regulatory functions of thioredoxins in chloroplast metabolism are strongly inhibited in the presence of as little as 50 μM DHA. Thus, the intracellular DHA concentration should be kept below 50 μM but not all proteins with DHA reductase activity are effective enough for this purpose. A specific DHA reductase is frequently demanded as part of the enzymatic equipment to avoid oxidative stress. We argue that this is not necessary because in chloroplasts DHA does not accumulate to any significant extent due to the high activities of monodehydroascorbate reductase and of reduced ferredoxin.
How melatonin interacts with lipid bilayers: a study by fluorescence and ESR spectroscopies
Authors: Costa Ernane J.X , Shida Claudio S , Biaggi Márcia H , Ito Amando S , Lamy-Freund M.Teresa
Published: July 2002

ESR spectra of spin labels placed at the membrane surface and at different depths of the bilayer core, and melatonin fluorescence in the presence of lipid vesicles, suggest an average shallow position for the hormone in the membrane. However, according to the melatonin ability to cross lipid bilayers, nitroxides placed deep in the bilayer were able to quench the melatonin fluorescence. Melatonin membrane partition coefficients were calculated for bilayers in different packing states, and similar and rather high values were found. The data presented here may be quite important to the understanding of melatonin physiological actions at the membrane level.
Rotenone‐insensitive internal NADH‐quinone oxidoreductase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria: the enzyme expressed in Escherichia coli acts as a member of the respiratory chain in the host cells
Authors: Kitajima-Ihara Tomomi , Yagi Takao
Published: July 2002

The NDI1 gene encodes the internal rotenone‐insensitive NADH‐quinone oxidoreductase localized in the inner mitochondrial membranes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The T7 tag‐fused mature NDI1 was overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The overexpressed NDI1 was exclusively found in the membrane fraction. The NDI1‐overexpressed membranes showed significantly increased activities of NADH oxidase and NADH‐ubiquinone‐1 (UQ1) reductase when compared with the control membranes. Flavone, which is a specific inhibitor of the S. cerevisiae NDI1, inhibited almost completely NADH oxidase and NADH‐UQ1 reductase activities of NDI1‐overexpressed membranes but scarcely inhibited these activities of the control membranes. In addition, the NADH oxidase activity of the NDI1‐overexpressed membranes was also inhibited by KCN as well as the control membranes. These results indicate that the overexpressed NDI1 worked as a member of the respiratory chain in the host cells, even though E. coli membranes are different from S. cerevisiae inner mitochondrial membranes in terms of quinones and lipid composition.
Overexpression of EGFR and c‐erbB2 causes enhanced cell migration in human breast cancer cells and NIH3T3 fibroblasts
Authors: Verbeek Bianca S , Adriaansen-Slot Sabrina S , Vroom Thea M , Beckers Thomas , Rijksen Gert
Published: July 2002

Overexpression of EGFR and c‐erbB2 frequently occurs in human breast cancers, correlating with poor prognosis. Here we show that overexpression of EGFR and c‐erbB2 in cell lines increases cell migration, an important step in metastasis formation. The effect of EGFR on migration is dependent on the addition of EGF to the cells. In contrast, c‐erbB2 seems to act independently of its ligand in these assays. Overexpression of this receptor is sufficient to induce cell migration. In addition, we investigated the involvement of a number of signal transduction pathways known to be activated by the EGFR. We found that inactivation of MAPKK results in a decreased migration, while inactivation of PI3K increases migration.
Apolipoprotein A‐I induced amyloidosis
Authors: Genschel Janine , Haas Regina , Pröpsting Marcus J , Schmidt Hartmut H.-J
Published: July 2002

Amyloidosis is characterized by extracellular deposits of protein fibrils with a high content of β‐sheets in secondary structure. The protein forms together with proteoglycans amyloid fibrils causing organ damage and serious morbidity. Intact apolipoprotein A‐I (apoA‐I) is an important protein in lipid metabolism regulating the synthesis and catabolism of high density lipoproteins (HDL). Usually, apoA‐I is not associated with amyloidosis. However, four naturally occuring mutant forms of apoA‐I are known so far resulting in amyloidosis. The most important feature of all variants is the very similar formation of N‐terminal fragments which were found in the amyloid deposits (residues 1–83 to 1–94). The new insights in the understanding of the association of apoA‐I with HDL, its metabolism, and its hypothesized structural findings may explain a common mechanism for the genesis of apoA‐I induced amyloidosis. Here we summarized the specific features of all known amyloidogenic variants of apoA‐I and speculate about its metabolic pathway, which may have general implications for the metabolism of apoA‐I.
Insulin‐like growth factor‐binding protein‐2 inhibits proliferation of human embryonic kidney fibroblasts and of IGF‐responsive colon carcinoma cell lines
Authors: Höflich Andreas , Lahm Harald , Blum Werner , Kolb Helmut , Wolf Eckhard
Published: July 2002

So far, the physiological role of insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐2 (IGFBP‐2) has not been demonstrated directly. Therefore, we transfected 293 cells with an expression vector containing the CMV promoter and the complete cDNA of mouse IGFBP‐2. Secretion of bioactive IGFBP‐2 into conditioned medium was demonstrated by Western ligand and Western immunoblotting and quantified by specific RIA. For the analysis of cell proliferation three clones exhibiting either high or low/no IGFBP‐2 expression were selected and compared to non‐transfected parental 293 cells. IGFBP‐2 secreting clones displayed reduced conversion of thiazolyl blue when compared to negative clones or non‐transfected parental 293 cells (P<0.01). The lower growth activity measured in the IGFBP‐2 secreting clones was compensated in great part by the administration of exogenous IGF‐I or ‐II. Conditioned media of IGFBP‐2 secreting clones inhibited growth of IGF‐responsive colon tumor cell lines (LS513, HT‐29) while those of negative clones did not. In addition, conditioned medium from a clone expressing high levels of IGFBP‐2 inhibited anchorage‐independent growth of LS513 and HT‐29 cells. In contrast, growth of an IGF‐unresponsive tumor cell line (Co‐115) was not affected by the conditioned media. We hypothesize that IGFBP‐2 might sequester the IGFs and thus prevent them from transferring their mitogenic signals.
Dephosphorylation of perilipin by protein phosphatases present in rat adipocytes
Authors: Clifford Gary M , McCormick Damion K.T , Londos Constantine , Vernon Richard G , Yeaman Stephen J
Published: July 2002

By incubating 32P‐labelled adipocytes, and extracts from these cells, in the presence or absence of specific inhibitors, we evaluated the contribution of protein phosphatases PP1, PP2A and PP2C, to the dephosphorylation of perilipin, an acutely hormone‐regulated adipocyte phosphoprotein. Under conditions to completely inhibit PP2A activity, perilipin phosphatase activity in extracts remain unaffected, but PP1 inhibition results in abolition of perilipin phosphatase activity. Inhibition of PP1 (and 2A) in intact adipocytes stimulated lipolysis and increased phosphorylation of perilipin. No involvement of PP2C was found. Hence, PP1 constitutes the predominant if not sole perilipin phosphatase in adipocytes.
Synthetic filaments assembled from C‐terminally truncated α‐synuclein
Authors: Crowther R.Anthony , Jakes Ross , Spillantini Maria Grazia , Goedert Michel
Published: July 2002

Recently two point mutations in the α‐synuclein gene have been found in familial Parkinson's disease. The characteristic fibrous neuropathological lesions of Parkinson's and other neurodegenerative diseases have been shown to stain strongly with antibodies against α‐synuclein and extracted filaments have been labelled with anti‐α‐synuclein antibodies. In view of the close involvement of α‐synuclein filaments with pathology, it was important to establish an in vitro assembly system. We report here that C‐terminally truncated recombinant α‐synuclein readily assembles into filaments resembling those isolated from diseased brain and suggest that truncation by proteolysis may play a role in the pathological process.
Functional expression of α‐latrotoxin in baculovirus system
Authors: Volynski Kirill E , Nosyreva Elena D , Ushkaryov Yuri A , Grishin Eugene V
Published: July 2002

To facilitate the study of the mechanism of α‐latrotoxin action, it is necessary to create a biologically active recombinant toxin. Mature α‐latrotoxin is naturally produced by post‐translational cleavage, probably at two furin sites located at the N‐ and C‐termini of the precursor. A recombinant baculovirus has now been constructed, which encodes the melittin signal peptide fused to the 130‐kDa mature toxin between the furin sites. Insect cells, infected with this baculovirus, secreted recombinant α‐latrotoxin. This was partially purified and proved indistinguishable from the natural toxin with respect to its molecular mass, immunostaining, toxicity to mice, binding to α‐latrotoxin receptors (latrophilin or neurexin Iα) and electrophysiological recording in the mouse diaphragm. The successful expression of recombinant α‐latrotoxin permits mutational analysis of the toxin.
Negative cyclic AMP response elements in the promoter of the L‐type pyruvate kinase gene
Authors: Gourdon Laurence , Lou Dan Qing , Raymondjean Michel , Vasseur-Cognet Mireille , Kahn Axel
Published: July 2002

L‐type pyruvate kinase gene expression is modulated by hormonal and nutritional conditions. Here, we show by transient transfections in hepatocytes in primary culture that both the glucose response element and the contiguous hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF4) binding site (L3) of the promoter were negative cyclic AMP (cAMP) response elements and that cAMP‐dependent inhibition through L3 requires HNF4 binding. Another HNF4 binding site‐dependent construct was also inhibited by cAMP. However, HNF4 mutants whose putative PKA‐dependent phosphorylation sites have been mutated still conferred cAMP‐sensitive transactivation of a L3‐dependent reporter gene. Overexpression of the CREB binding protein (CBP) increased the HNF4‐dependent transactivation but this effect remained sensitive to cAMP inhibition.
Identification of a novel Skp2‐like mammalian protein containing F‐box and leucine‐rich repeats
Authors: Ilyin Gennady P. , Rialland Mickael , Glaise Denise , Guguen-Guillouzo Christiane
Published: July 2002

The F‐box protein Skp2 is important for S phase entry and binds to Skp1 and the cyclin A‐Cdk2 complex. Here we report the cloning, analysis of genomic organization and characterization of a novel gene product related to Skp2 named FBL2. The human FBL2 gene was found to be a highly interrupted gene of at least 126.6 kb located on chromosome 17 in close proximity to the TRAP220 gene in a head‐to‐tail orientation. The predicted protein contains an F‐box and six perfect C‐terminal leucine‐rich repeats. Similar to Skp2, this protein interacts with Skp1 and deletion of the F‐box inhibits this association. However, in contrast to Skp2, FBL2 was detected in non‐proliferating hepatocytes and its expression increased in growth‐arrested liver epithelial cells. In addition, FBL2 was localized primarily in the cytoplasm concentrated around the nucleus. Overall, our data indicate that although FBL2 shares strong structural homology with Skp2 as well as having a similar ability to associate with Skp1, these proteins likely play distinct roles and target different substrates to the SCF complex.
Sociobiological variables and pregnancy outcome
Authors: Tambyrajia R.L. , Mongelli M.
Published: July 2002

Recent advances are beginning to shed light on the mechanisms whereby adverse psychosocial factors can influence pregnancy outcome. High levels of maternal stress have been linked to endocrine disturbances, which in turn increases the risk of preterm labor considerably. These observations have been supported by experimental animal models. Birth weight is subject to considerable ethnic variation, and on its own is a nonspecific indicator of pregnancy outcome. The benefits of social and psychological intervention have been best documented in the intrapartum situation, whereas antenatal intervention is most likely to be of benefit when focused on improving socioeconomic conditions and access to healthcare providers.
Perinatal outcome and the type and number of maneuvers in shoulder dystocia
Authors: McFarland M.B. , Langer O. , Piper J.M. , Berkus M.D.
Published: July 2002

Objectives: To ascertain the type and order of maneuvers that should be used for the treatment of shoulder dystocia; and to attempt to quantify the severity of shoulder dystocia, and to determine its correlation with perinatal outcome. Methods: We reviewed all consecutive cases of shoulder dystocia from January 1986 to August 1994 in our institution to obtain the type, order and number of maneuvers used for delivery. Patients were stratified by the number of maneuvers required for delivery. Outcome parameters included cord pH, Apgar score, neonatal trauma (Erb's palsy and fracture), and maternal trauma. Results: The incidence of shoulder dystocia was 0.7% (39 280 total vaginal deliveries). Use of only two maneuvers, McRoberts and suprapubic pressure, resulted in resolution in 58% of cases. The addition of the Woods screw maneuver and/or delivery of the posterior arm was sufficient in all remaining cases. The rates of neonatal palsy and fracture, and maternal fourth‐degree laceration, increased with the number of maneuvers. Conclusions: The McRoberts maneuver and suprapubic pressure should be first‐line treatment for shoulder dystocia. More difficult and damaging maneuvers such as Woods screw and delivery of the posterior arm may be reserved for refractory cases. Additional maneuvers are rarely necessary for delivery. The number of maneuvers may serve as a measure of the severity of the shoulder dystocia.
Low‐dose oral contraceptives and 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressure
Authors: Cardoso F , Polónia J , Santos A , Silva‐Carvalho J , Ferreira‐de‐Almeida J
Published: July 2002

Objective: To evaluate in normotensive women the influence of low‐dose oral contraceptives (OC, monophasic formulations containing 30 μg of estrogen) on 24‐h blood pressure. Methods: We evaluated prospectively in 15 normotensive healthy women (three smokers) the influence of OC on 24‐h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). ABPM was performed (SpaceLabs 90207) before and after 6–9 months of use of OC. We also evaluated ABPM in eight women (two smokers) before and after 6–8 months on an intrauterine device (IUD) as contraceptive method — these were used as control subjects. Results: OC produced a significant increase in 24‐h ABPM values (from 120±3/75±2 to 128±4/81±2 mmHg, P<0.04) which was particularly evident for night‐time values (from 108±2/64±2 to 120±4/73±2 mmHg, P<0.02). After OC, two normotensive women developed ‘hypertensive values’. In OC users there was a slight but significant increase in body weight which did not correlate with the increase of blood pressure. In contrast, in the control group (IUD) neither ABPM values nor weight were modified by the contraceptive maneuver. Conclusions: In normotensive women, low‐dose OC may increase blood pressure to an extent that, at least in some women, may affect blood pressure control towards ‘hypertensive values’. This stresses the importance of monitoring blood pressure values during OC treatment.
Efficacy, tolerability, and rare side effects of tibolone treatment in postmenopausal women
Authors: Egarter C , Sator M , Berghammer P , Huber J
Published: July 2002

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the tolerability and side effects of tibolone (Livial®, Organon), a synthetic steroid analogue for the treatment of postmenopausal symptoms, in a large population of patients. Method: 1189 postmenopausal patients were included in this study. The patients' blood pressure, body weight, general complaints, and the severity of their climacteric complaints were documented at baseline and after 4 months of tibolone treatment. Results: Tibolone significantly relieved all of the classical menopausal complaints. The proportion of patients with bleeding problems dropped significantly from 15.9% to 6.8%. Other complaints, such as headache, vertigo, nervousness, breast tenderness, and hirsutism were also significantly less frequent than before treatment. Only few women reported other rare side effects, and only 14.4% of women discontinued treatment prematurely. Conclusion: Tibolone provides an efficient and safe means of treating the postmenopausal syndrome in every‐day practice.
Epidemiologic aspects of endometrial cancer in Thrace, Greece
Authors: Anastasiadis P.G. , Skaphida P.G. , Koutlaki N.G. , Galazios G.Ch. , Tsikouras N. , Liberis P.N.
Published: July 2002

To describe the epidemiologic characteristics of endometrial cancer in relation with certain risk factors affecting the two major ethnic groups (Christian Orthodox and Muslims) in the area of Thrace, Greece. We performed a cross‐sectional study of 166 consecutive patients, aged between 29 and 87 years, with documented endometrial cancer who were referred to our clinic for treatment from January 1986 to June 1998. Epidemiologic characteristics of the patients were abstracted from medical charts. To evaluate our results we used the direct standardization method (1995 Eur. Population) and χ2 test. The endometrial cancer incidence for the two study populations (Christian Orthodox and Muslims) was 16.96 and 3.16/100 000, respectively. We observed statistically significant differences in most epidemiologic characteristics between the two major ethnic groups in Thrace (Christian Orthodox and Muslims) regarding endometrial cancer. Our results confirm the increasing trend of endometrial cancer incidence as established in previous investigations.
Characterization of cultured human ligamentum flavum cells in lumbar spine stenosis
Authors: Specchia Nicola , Pagnotta A. , Gigante A. , Logroscino G. , Toesca A.
Published: July 2002

To investigate the pathogenesis of the degenerative changes of the ligamentum flavum occurring in lumbar spine stenosis, yellow ligament cells from patients with lumbar spine stenosis were cultured for the first time and subjected to biochemical, histochemical and immunohistochemical study. Stenotic ligamentum flavum (SLF) cells were seen to express high levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and to produce a matrix rich in type I and III collagen, fibronectin and osteonectin. The matrix mineralized only following β‐glycerophosphate (βGP) and ascorbic acid supplementation. Stimulation with human parathyroid hormone (PTH) increased intracellular cAMP concentration. These findings indicate that there was significant evidence of osteoblast‐like activity in these cells. SLF cells also stained for S100 protein, type II and type X collagen, and co‐localized type II collagen and ALP labelling, reflecting the presence of hypertrophic chondrocyte‐like cells. Cultures from control patients showed neither osteoblastic nor chondrocytic features: they expressed type I and type III collagen and fibronectin, but did not stain for osteonectin, nor were bone‐like calcifications observed in presence or absence of βGP. Normal ligamentum flavum (NLF) cells did not synthesized S100 protein or type II or type X collagen, and showed a weaker response to PTH stimulation. Our data demonstrated the presence of hypertrophic chondrocytes with an osteoblast‐like activity in the ligamentum flavum of patients with spinal stenosis suggesting that they could have a role in the pathophysiology of the heterotopic ossification of ligamentum flavum (OLF) in lumbar spine stenosis. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Neonatal handling in eae‐susceptible rats altersNGFlevels and mast cell distribution in the brain
Authors: Manni Luigi , Micera Alessandra , Pistillo Luana , Aloe Luigi
Published: July 2002

Maternal separation in neonatal rodents causes a wide range of behaviouralandmetabolic alterations, affecting the physiological response of theneuro‐immune‐endocrinesystem. For example, interference with the normal mother‐infantinteractions leads to anincreased susceptibility to experimentally‐induced allergicencephalomyelitis (EAE) in adult life.Since it has been reported that mast cells (MCs) participatein the pathophysiology of theautoimmune inflammatory disease multiple sclerosis (MS) and alsoEAE and that brain nervegrowth factor (NGF) levels are altered in EAE, we studied whethermaternal separation andgentle manipulation (gentling) of neonatal Lewis rats perturb NGF levelsor MC distribution inthe brain. EAE‐induction susceptibility in adult life was also evaluated andNGF levels and mastcell distribution within the hippocampus and thalamus were measured at 0,10, 20 and 60postnatal days. Our results show an exacerbation of clinical signs in rats separatedfrom motherswhere EAE was induced, a general decrease in NGF protein levels and MC numberin thehippocampus during the first developmental period and a significant increase in the numberofMC in the hippocampus and the thalamus at young‐adulthood (60 days of age). Theseresultsindicate that disruption of the maternal bond during early infancy may producelong‐lastingalterations in the brain cellular and molecular environment, leading to increasedsusceptibility toEAE in adult life.
Treatment of the agitation of late-life psychosis and Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Salzman C.
Published: July 2002

In older as well as younger people, antipsychotic medication is commonly used to treat psychoses. In clinical practice, antipsychotic medication is also used to control severe behavioral disturbances such as agitation, wandering, self-mutilation, as well as assaultiveness. Neuroleptic and non-neuroleptic drug treatments are used to control severe agitation and disruptive behavior.

Among typical neuroleptics, very low doses (e.g., 0.25 mg of haloperidol 1–4 times per day) may be effective and limit the development of severe extrapyramidal reactions.

Recent experience suggests that the atypical neuroleptics, olanzaine, risperidone, and quetiapine, are also useful for controlling severe agitation in elderly demented nursing home residents.

The benzamides are also known for the treatment of behavioral disturbances in Europe, but there is little experience in the U.S.A.

Although research studies in this area are virtually nonexistent, growing clinical experience sugests that the following may be quite useful: 1) trazodone; 2) buspirone (Buspar®); 3) anticonvulsants (e.g., valproate); and 4) β-blockers.
Unawareness of illness and its relationship with depression and self-deception in schizophrenia
Authors: Moore O. , Cassidy E. , Carr A. , O'Callaghan E.
Published: July 2002

Both poor insight and depressive symptomatology are common features of schizophrenia that may be independent of positive and negative symptoms. Forty-six patients with DSM-III-R schizophrenia were evaluated for level of insight (schedule for unawareness of mental disorder), depression (Calgary depression scale for schizophrenia, Beck depression inventory), and self-deception or denial (balanced inventory of desirable responding). Patients with a greater unawareness of their illness had relatively less depressive symptomatology and relatively greater self-deception. This relationship was particularly strong for unawareness of the social consequences of having a mental disorder. These results suggest that the presence of depressive symptomatology in schizophrenia is related to the level of insight, and contingent at least in part on the absence of self-deception as a denial defense.
Solidarity and Akcja Wyborcza ‘Solidarnosc'. An Attempt At Reviving the Legend
Authors: Wenzel Michal
Published: July 2002

The paper is an attempt to analyse Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS), the biggest political coalition in Poland, in the context of the historical development of the Solidarity movement. In particular, two aspects are considered: the value system of the “old” and “new” Solidarity, and the relative importance of the trade union and political goals and modes of activity. The basic hypothesis advanced in the paper is, that the AWS is an attempt to institutionalise trade union control over the political party in the name of clearly defined values. Thus, compared with the “first Solidarity”, the movement has become both more exclusive and more focused in its goals. Values and interests converge in defining its new identity. The paper distinguishes three stages in the existence of the movement (1980–81, 1988–89, and 1996–98) and investigates all three of them. The stress, however, is put on the last of the three.
Ambulatory heart failure management in private practice in France
Authors: M. Komajda , J.B. Bouhour , P. Amouyel , F. Delahaye , E. Vicaut , I. Croce , E. Rougemond , F. Vuittenez , E. Leutenegger
Published: July 2002

Management of ambulatory heart failure was assessed in a group of 600 patients, mean age 73, 64% males, NYHA I: 9%; II: 52%; III: 33%; IV: 6%; followed up by a representative sample of private cardiologists. Fifty‐two percent of patients had been previously hospitalised for worsening heart failure with a mean duration of stay of 13.1 days, for those hospitalised in the year preceding the survey (26%). First diagnosis of heart failure had been performed by a cardiologist (57%), a general practitioner (37%) or another category of physician (6%). Seventy percent of patients received three or more different classes of heart failure medications. Diuretics were prescribed to 71%, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors to 54% and digitalis to 35% of the population. Beta‐blockers were given to only 14% of the patients. In patients aged over 80 years, only 45% received angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors.

Conclusion:

This survey of ambulatory heart failure patients confirms that the disease is predominantly observed in elderly patients, and associated with prolonged and recurrent hospitalisations. The underuse of recommended therapeutic classes including angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and beta‐blockers deserves further investigation.
Against the Odds: Breastfeeding Experiences of Low Income Mothers
Authors: Raisler Jeanne
Published: July 2002

This qualitative study asked low income mothers about their experiences of breastfeeding care in the health system and about integrating breastfeeding into their daily lives. Focus group interviews were conducted with urban and rural nursing mothers who participated in the WIC Program and were supported by breastfeeding peer counselors. Mothers said that helpful breastfeeding care providers knew correct information, established supportive personal relationships, referred women to breastfeeding specialists for problems, showed enthusiasm for nursing, and facilitated breastfeeding through concrete actions during the prenatal, intrapartum, and postpartum periods. Unhelpful providers missed opportunities to discuss breastfeeding, gave misinformation, encouraged formula supplementation, provided perfunctory or routine breastfeeding care, and were hard to contact when problems arose. Women valued their breastfeeding peer counselors for responding promptly to distress calls, making home visits, being knowledgeable about breastfeeding, providing hands‐on assistance, and acting personal and caring. Incorporating breastfeeding into daily activities was a challenge for many mothers. Ambivalence about the physical bond of nursing, personal modesty, and getting on with life at home, work, or school were identified as important issues. Listening to the thoughts and experiences of low income nursing mothers can help health workers to provide more culturally sensitive, effective breastfeeding care to this population.
MicroRNAs in blood act as biomarkers of colorectal cancer and indicate potential therapeutic targets
Authors: Stang Axel , Weilert Hauke , Lipp Michael J. , Oldhafer Karl J. , Hoheisel Jörg D. , Zhang Chaoyang , Bauer Andrea S.
Published: July 2021

Association studies have linked alterations of blood‐derived microRNAs (miRNAs) with colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, we performed a microarray‐based comparison of the profiles of 2549 miRNAs in 80 blood samples from healthy donors and patients with colorectal adenomas, colorectal diverticulitis and CRC at different stages. Confirmation by quantitative real‐time PCR (RT‐PCR) was complemented by validation of identified molecules in another 36 blood samples. No variations in miRNA levels were observed in samples from patients with colorectal adenomas and diverticulitis or from healthy donors. However, there were 179 CRC‐associated miRNAs of differential abundance compared to healthy controls. Only three – miR‐1225‐5p, miR‐1207‐5p and miR‐4459 – exhibited increased levels at all CRC stages. Most deregulated miRNAs (128/179, 71%) specifically predicted metastatic CRC. Pathway analysis found several cancer‐related pathways to which the miRNAs contribute in various ways. In conclusion, miRNA levels in blood vary throughout CRC progression and affect cellular functions relevant to haematogenous CRC progression and dissemination. The identified biomarker and therapeutic candidates require further confirmation of their clinical relevance.
2D van der Waals Heterojunction Nanophotonic Devices: From Fabrication to Performance
Authors: Yu Xiantong , Wang Xin , Zhou Feifan , Qu Junle , Song Jun
Published: July 2021

2D van der Waals heterojunctions (vdWhs) are a novel type of metamaterial that are flexible, adjustable, and easy to assemble. Using weak van der Waals forces (vdWfs), layered 2D materials can stack freely to form vdWhs with atomic level flat interfaces. By using different 2D materials and specific stacking methods, their unique properties can be organically combined, to exhibit more abundant optical properties. In fact, nanophotonic devices based on 2D vdWhs have developed rapidly and made significant progress. Therefore, the main progress of 2D vdWhs nanophotonic devices in recent years, including the preparation methods of 2D vdWhs and the performance improvements of various nanophotonic devices, is reviewed. Lastly, the prospects of 2D vdWhs nanophotonic devices are discussed.
Progress in Light‐Responsive Lanthanide Nanoparticles toward Deep Tumor Theranostics
Authors: Yan Jie , Li Bei , Yang Piaoping , Lin Jun , Dai Yunlu
Published: July 2021

Recently, lanthanide nanoparticles have aroused widespread interest in cancer theranostics by virtue of their excellent photoresponsive performance in deep‐seated tumors. The abundant ladder‐like energy levels, controllable emission profiles, and unique photoluminescence properties make lanthanide nanoparticles highly efficient for deep skin‐penetration of near‐infrared (NIR) light, concentrating light energy in tumors with negligible scattering and minimal autofluorescence from biological tissues. High‐Z radio‐sensitization of lanthanide elements endows lanthanide nanoparticles with a high X‐ray attenuation coefficient, making them effective nanoprobes for X‐ray‐excited bioimaging and synchronous radiotherapy‐related treatments. In this review, comprehensive progressions including the synthesis, structural characteristics of lanthanide nanoparticles, and distinct optical excitation mechanisms with NIR and X‐ray triggers, are summarized. Advances in NIR‐excited and X‐ray‐triggered cancer imaging methods and therapies are described in detail, wherein NIR‐induced luminescence from upconversion nanoparticles and downconversion nanoparticles are introduced separately based on some typical sensitization. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of lanthanide nanoparticles as light‐triggered cancer theranostic candidates are discussed, whose translation from bench to bedside still has a long journey to go.
Elastic Janus film for Wound Dressings: Unidirectional Biofluid Transport and Effectively Promoting Wound Healing
Authors: Xu Bing , Li Ang , Wang Rui , Zhang Juan , Ding Yinlong , Pan Deng , Shen Zuojun
Published: July 2021

The intrinsic hydrophilicity of conventional dressings cannot achieve effective management of excessive biofluid around the wound bed, which inevitably causes infection and hinders wound healing. In addition, present dressings such as medical gauze or band aids have a limited stretching capability, which does not comply well with the skin deformation during muscle movement, thus impacting patient comfort. Herein, a Janus wound dressing is reported by assembling an external hydrophobic (HP) adhesive tape, a filter paper, and a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Janus film. The PDMS Janus film as the primary dressing can unidirectionally remove biofluid away from the wound bed. The mechanism of the unidirectional biofluid transport is investigated, demonstrating that the stretching or bending of the Janus dressing is beneficial for unidirectional biofluid draining. It indicates that the Janus PDMS film has potential for practical applications on stretched or bended skin surface. In addition, in order to prevent bacterial infection, amoxicillin powder is uniformly encapsulated on the HP layer of Janus film, resulting in faster wound healing. This study is valuable for designing and fabricating next‐generation dressings with high performance for clinical applications.
In Situ (Operando) Electrochemical Dilatometry as a Method to Distinguish Charge Storage Mechanisms and Metal Plating Processes for Sodium and Lithium Ions in Hard Carbon Battery Electrodes
Authors: Escher Ines , A. Ferrero Guillermo , Goktas Mustafa , Adelhelm Philipp
Published: July 2021

In situ (operando) electrochemical dilatometry (ECD) provides information on the expansion/shrinkage of an electrode during cell cycling. It is shown that the ECD signal can be used as descriptor to characterize the charge storage behavior of lithium and sodium ions in hard carbon electrodes. It is found that sodium storage in hard carbons occurs by a three‐step mechanism, namely I) insertion, II) pore filling, and III) plating. Step III can be seen from a sudden increase in electrode thickness for potentials below around 36 mV versus Na+/Na and is assigned to plating on the hard carbon surface. Interestingly, this last step is absent in the case of lithium which demonstrates that the storage behavior between both alkali metals is different. The plating mechanism is also supported by reference experiments in which bulk plating is enforced. Bulk plating on hard carbon electrodes can be detected more easily for sodium compared to lithium. It is also found that the type of binder strongly influences the dilatometry results. A comparison between the binders sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose and poly(vinylidene difluoride) shows that the use of the former leads to notably smaller first electrode expansion as well as a higher initial Coulomb efficiency.
Universal Current Losses in Perovskite Solar Cells Due to Mobile Ions
Authors: Thiesbrummel Jarla , Le Corre Vincent M. , Peña‐Camargo Francisco , Perdigón‐Toro Lorena , Lang Felix , Yang Fengjiu , Grischek Max , Gutierrez‐Partida Emilio , Warby Jonathan , Farrar Michael D. , Mahesh Suhas , Caprioglio Pietro , Albrecht Steve , Neher Dieter , Snaith Henry J. , Stolterfoht Martin
Published: July 2021

Efficient mixed metal lead‐tin halide perovskites are essential for the development of all‐perovskite tandem solar cells, however they are currently limited by significant short‐circuit current losses despite their near optimal bandgap (≈1.25 eV). Herein, the origin of these losses is investigated, using a combination of voltage dependent photoluminescence (PL) timeseries and various charge extraction measurements. It is demonstrated that the Pb/Sn‐perovskite devices suffer from a reduction in the charge extraction efficiency within the first few seconds of operation, which leads to a loss in current and lower maximum power output. In addition, the emitted PL from the device rises on the exact same timescales due to the accumulation of electronic charges in the active layer. Using transient charge extraction measurements, it is shown that these observations cannot be explained by doping‐induced electronic charges but by the movement of mobile ions toward the perovskite/transport layer interfaces, which inhibits charge extraction due to band flattening. Finally, these findings are generalized to lead‐based perovskites, showing that the loss mechanism is universal. This elucidates the negative role mobile ions play in perovskite solar cells and paves a path toward understanding and mitigating a key loss mechanism.
Barriers to appropriate prescribing in older adults with multimorbidity: A modified Delphi study
Authors: Lun Penny , Tang Jia Ying , Lee Jia Qi , Tan Keng Teng , Ang Wendy , Ding Yew Yoong
Published: July 2021

Objectives

We aimed to understand the barriers experienced by physicians when prescribing for older adults with multimorbidity in specialist outpatient clinics in Singapore.

Methods

A modified Delphi study was conducted via email with 20 panel experts in the field of geriatric medicine. Barriers identified from an earlier scoping review were presented as statements to the panel.

Results

Eleven barrier statements reached consensus with high importance according to the Delphi panel. Of these statements, seven (64%) belong to the domain of Environmental context and resources in the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF), while the remaining barriers belong to the domains of skills, knowledge, intentions, and professional/social role and identity. The barriers are further linked to intervention functions in the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW).

Conclusion

Linking the TDF domains to intervention functions revealed strategic directions for the development of an intervention to address the barriers and optimize prescribing.
Facial recognition accuracy in photographs of Thai neonates with Down syndrome among physicians and the Face2Gene application
Authors: Srisraluang Wewika , Rojnueangnit Kitiwan
Published: July 2021

Down syndrome (DS) is typically recognizable in those who present with multiple dysmorphism, especially in regard to facial phenotypes. However, as the presentation of DS in neonates is less obvious, a phenotype‐based presumptive diagnosis is more challenging. Recently, an artificial intelligence (AI) application, Face2Gene, was developed to help physicians recognize specific genetic syndromes by using two‐dimensional facial photos. As of yet, there has not been any study comparing accuracy among physicians or applications. Our objective was to compare the facial recognition accuracy of DS in Thai neonates, using facial photographs, among physicians and the Face2Gene. Sixty‐four Thai neonates at Thammasat University Hospital, with genetic testing and signed parental consent, were divided into a DS group (25) and non‐DS group (39). Non‐DS was further divided into unaffected (19) and those affected with other syndromes (20). Our results revealed physician accuracy (89%) was higher than the Face2Gene (81%); however, the application was higher in sensitivity (100%) than physicians (86%). While this application can serve as a helpful assistant in facilitating any genetic syndrome such as DS, to aid clinicians in recognizing DS facial features in neonates, it is not a replacement for well‐trained doctors.
Polygenic risk for major depression is associated with lifetime suicide attempt in US soldiers independent of personal and parental history of major depression
Authors: Stein Murray B. , Jain Sonia , Campbell‐Sills Laura , Ware Erin B. , Choi Karmel W. , He Feng , Ge Tian , Gelernter Joel , Smoller Jordan W. , Kessler Ronald C. , Ursano Robert J.
Published: July 2021

Suicide is a major public health problem. The contribution of common genetic variants for major depressive disorder (MDD) independent of personal and parental history of MDD has not been established. Polygenic risk score (using PRS‐CS) for MDD was calculated for US Army soldiers of European ancestry. Associations between polygenic risk for MDD and lifetime suicide attempt (SA) were tested in models that also included parental or personal history of MDD. Models were adjusted for age, sex, tranche (where applicable), and 10 principal components reflecting ancestry. In the first cohort, 417 (6.3%) of 6,573 soldiers reported a lifetime history of SA. In a multivariable model that included personal [OR = 3.83, 95% CI:3.09–4.75] and parental history of MDD [OR = 1.43, 95% CI:1.13–1.82 for one parent and OR = 1.64, 95% CI:1.20–2.26 for both parents), MDD PRS was significantly associated with SA (OR = 1.22 [95% CI:1.10–1.36]). In the second cohort, 204 (4.2%) of 4,900 soldiers reported a lifetime history of SA. In a multivariable model that included personal [OR = 3.82, 95% CI:2.77–5.26] and parental history of MDD [OR = 1.42, 95% CI:0.996–2.03 for one parent and OR = 2.21, 95% CI:1.33–3.69 for both parents) MDD PRS continued to be associated (at p = .0601) with SA (OR = 1.15 [95% CI:0.994–1.33]). A soldier's PRS for MDD conveys information about likelihood of a lifetime SA beyond that conveyed by two predictors readily obtainable by interview: personal or parental history of MDD. Results remain to be extended to prospective prediction of incident SA. These findings portend a role for PRS in risk stratification for suicide attempts.
The effect of mixed soft segment on the microstructure of thermoplastic polyurethane
Authors: Cui Yongyin , Wang Hairui , Pan Hongwei , Yan Tongtong , Zong Chengzhong
Published: July 2021

In this work, we fixed the hard segment content (Ch%) and synthesized thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) elastomers with one‐soft segment (HTPB‐PU, PTMG‐PU, and PCL‐PU) and bi‐soft segment (PTMG‐HPU and PCL‐HPU), using 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 1,4‐butanediol, and different oligomer diols as raw materials. This work was used to explore the impact of two polar diols (polytetrahydrofuran diol [PTMG]; polycaprolactone diol [PCL]) of the hydroxy‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB)‐based TPU on the microstructure and macroscopic properties. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry to characterize TPU, the results showed that the introduction of PCL was better than PTMG in promoting microphase mixing and crystallization, and reducing microphase separation. This result was closely related because the carbonyl group in PCL was stronger than the ether bond in PTMG in forming hydrogen bonds with ─NH bond. Through mechanical test and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) resistance test, the results showed that HTPB‐based TPU with PCL (PCL‐HPU) significantly improved tensile strength and elongation at break, and only a small reduction of Young's modulus was observed. PCL‐HPU had the best retention of the IPA resistance of HTPB‐based TPU.
Preparation and evaluation of self‐healing microcapsules for asphalt based on response surface optimization
Authors: Li Jia , Ji Xiaoping , Tang Zhennong , Hu Yonglin , Hua Wenlong
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this study is to explore the best preparation process of asphalt self‐healing microcapsules. Response surface design and single factor design were used to optimize the preparation process parameters of asphalt self‐healing microcapsules, and the prediction model of core content was established. The optimal preparation process was determined. The results of response surface design showed that the interaction among emulsifier concentration/reaction temperature, core‐shell ratio/reaction temperature, and pH/reaction temperature had significant effect on the core content of microcapsules; the microcapsules prepared by the optimal process were spherical with an average particle size of 90.19 μm. The results of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and heating simulation test showed that the microcapsule can delay the damage of the core in high temperature environment; the results of nanoindentation test showed that the young's modulus and hardness of the microcapsules were about 2.50 and 0.28 GPa, respectively. Finally, the improvement mechanism of self‐healing performance of asphalt by microcapsules was revealed by fluorescence microscope.