bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Right Timing” in Sickness and in Health
Authors: Miller Kassandra J.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 7 explores more deeply how Galen’s interest in hourly timekeeping relates to his understanding of “right timing” (Gr. kairos). The primary case study for this discussion is Galen’s On Hygiene, a treatise in which he expounds upon the nature of health and strategies for maintaining it. This chapter demonstrate how, for Galen, hours can be used both to calculate and to articulate individual kairoi, and that the window of kairotic or “timely” action varies in aperture depending on whether a patient is sick, healthy, or simply aged. Ultimately, we see that here, too, Galen’s use of hours is motivated by his desire to practice good scientific method and to build upon the theories of his Classical and Hellenistic predecessors. However, it also establishes important connections between Galen’s approach to hourly timekeeping and his personal theories of health and disease.
Conclusion
Authors: Miller Kassandra J.
Published: August 2023

The conclusion follows the book’s central themes into twentieth- and twenty-first-century Western medicine. It considers a debate, which raged in the British Medical Journal during World War I, over the proper role of hourly timekeeping in the operating room. It also addresses twenty-first century developments in chronobiology and precision medicine. This conclusion thereby highlights continuties across millennia in how medical providers and researchers debate the relevance of daily timekeeping within their thought and practice, the contexts in which precision matters, the relative values of quantitative and qualitative forms of knowledge expression, and the tensions that can arise between the desires for standardization and personalization.
Free Movement and European Welfare States
Authors: Ruhs Martin , Palme Joakim
Published: August 2023

The regulation of the free movement of workers in the European Union (EU), and specifically EU (migrant) workers’ access to welfare benefits in the host country, has generated considerable political conflicts within and across Member States in recent years. These conflicts have the potential to threaten the future political sustainability of unrestricted intra-EU labour mobility and broader processes of European integration. In this paper, we provide an institutional analysis of one specific issue that has been at the heart of these debates: the exportability of child benefits. Under the current EU rules, ‘EU workers’ (i.e. mobile EU citizens who live and work in a Member State of which they do not hold nationality) can ‘export’ family benefits to their children and other family members resident in the home country. A number of EU countries have demanded change to these rules. We argue that political conflicts about exporting child benefits are, at least in part, due to a fundamental tension between ‘employment-based’ institutional logic that regulates EU workers’ access to child and family benefits and ‘residence-based’ institutional logic that underpins family policy in all Member States. To reduce this tension, we make the case for changing the principles for coordinating EU workers’ access to welfare benefits, which would mean, as a consequence, that the exportability of child benefits would no longer apply. It is the country where the child lives, rather than the country where the working parent/spouse (‘breadwinner’) is employed, that should bear the responsibility for providing child benefits.
Abandonment Compared to Elimination, Reduction, Replacement, and Amelioration
Authors: Cappelen Herman
Published: August 2023

This chapter compares abandonment with related phenomena that are often referred to as elimination, reduction, replacement, and amelioration. It discusses each phenomenon in turn, and shows how abandonment is different from all of them. The chapter turns to the challenge of how to preserve a topic when the meaning of a term changes over time, and it also introduces the emergence of an alternative account of topic continuity. Following a section on the implementation and control of abandonment, the final section offers lines of response to an annoying whataboutism objection.
The Ordinary Notion of “Democracy”
Authors: Cappelen Herman
Published: August 2023

This chapter is about why we should care about the ordinary notion of “democracy” and not just about stipulative definitions from theorists. One way in which it approaches that topic is through an understanding of how the terms “democracy” and “democratic” are used in English. It gives several arguments for the importance of paying attention to and showing interest in the ordinary notion of “democracy,” which has been a topic of discussion, a source of fundamental disagreement, and a central motivator of social change, wars, and revolutions for the past 2,000 years. The chapter connects and compares this discussion with concepts and data in other parts of philosophy such as epistemology and moral philosophy.
Ameliorations of “Democracy”
Authors: Cappelen Herman
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores whether amelioration of “democracy” can be a better strategy than abandonment. The ameliorator wants to give the D-words a meaning that is better than the current one. They aim to improve the semantic, pragmatic, and communicative properties of the D-words. The chapter focuses on defects of particular ameliorative definitions and describes problems that spring out of various ameliorative proposals. It criticizes ameliorative proposals from Thomas Christiano, David Estlund, and Joseph Schumpeter, highlighting the many ways in which many accounts fail to match up with our ordinary notion of democracy. It also discusses various democracy indices that provide quantified models of degrees of democracy.
Verbal Disputes about “Democracy”
Authors: Cappelen Herman
Published: August 2023

This chapter shows how those who propose ameliorative definitions of “democracy” end up engaging in verbal disputes. These disputes undermine communication involving “democracy.” That’s an important consideration against engaging in amelioration over abandonment. The chapter elaborates on programmatic remarks under the interrelated headings of verbal disputes, interactive content flow (between the theoretical domain and the practical), and what the author calls “normative sneak” (what happens when someone takes a descriptive expression, gives it a revisionist definition, and the revised definition includes normative terms). Finally, the chapter introduces the reader to the Why-Keep-the-Lexical-Item Challenge (as there are so many potential words to choose from, why use “democracy”?).
An Annotated Handlist of Papal Privileges in Early Medieval England
Authors: Savill Benjamin
Published: August 2023

Chapter 3 serves as the technical backbone to the book, providing a full annotated handlist and commentary on all papal privileges purportedly acquired in England from the time of Pope Gregory the Great (d. 604) to Pope Alexander II (d. 1073). It covers both authentic and forged/falsified documents, plus reported acquisitions of privileges whose texts no longer survive (deperdita). The handlist provides information on the extant manuscripts and archival tradition of each document, and indicates critical editions and further reference works.
Papal Privileges in the ‘Age of Bede’ (c. 680–c. 730)
Authors: Savill Benjamin
Published: August 2023

Chapter 4 investigates the significance of the first group of papal privileges known to have been obtained by English monasteries: special privileges of Roman ‘jurisdiction’ (or similar) acquired at Canterbury, Wearmouth, Jarrow, Ripon, Hexham, Chertsey, Barking, Malmesbury, Frome, Bermondsey, and Woking in the decades around the turn of the eighth century. It first locates these documents in their continental context, exploring European traditions of monastic privilege first visible in late antique Provence, and influential in the Merovingian realm. It then sets out what was different about these acquisitions for English beneficiaries. It argues that these privileges are particularly valuable in what they suggest about tensions between the later seventh-century ‘monastic boom’ and what may have been an intensified, increasingly territorialised conception of the English episcopate from the 670s onwards.
Papal Privileges and the ‘Mercian Supremacy’ (c. 770–c. 830)
Authors: Savill Benjamin
Published: August 2023

Chapter 5 turns to the transformed political landscape of the ‘Mercian Supremacy’ of the later eighth and earlier ninth centuries, exploring the ways in which Mercian kings, queens, and abbesses used new kinds of papal privileges to help tighten their grip on familial (monastic) properties, and secure their inheritance plans. It argues that it was in these decades that papal privileges may well have been utilised more effectively in England than at any other time; moreover, the kinds of privileges and strategies pursued by the Mercian royals were quite unique, sharply differing from what we see in the contemporary Carolingian empire, or in other periods. It also addresses the problem of why the record of these events appears to have become so distorted in later centuries.
An Ethical Country
Authors: Sohal Amar
Published: August 2023

Focusing on Abdul Ghaffar Khan, this chapter extends the argument that Muslim self-statement at the regional level could produce an Indian nationalism prior to 1947. Extending the historiographical engagement with Ghaffar Khan beyond the Pashtun ethnos, it demonstrates how he universalized his intellectual inheritance for India and the world. His reinvention of the Muslim Pashtun warrior as the harbinger of an ethical freedom allowed him to both replace its negative British and Indian image as an untameable savage, and in turn establish the Pashtun as India’s nationalist ‘gate-keeper’. Derived from Pashtunwali, Ghaffar Khan and his understudy Mohammad Yunus made a politics of honour and obligation the foundation for an ethical reciprocity between Muslim Pashtuns and Hindu Hindustanis. Enhanced by their endorsement of Nehruvian socialism, the contemporary, civic nature of Indian nationalism on the Pashtun Frontier was striking. The presence of neighbouring Afghanistan, with its large Pashtun population, meant that historical inheritance was unable to decisively award modern Indian nationality to Pashtuns. But this did not prevent Ghaffar Khan and Yunus from indulging in ancient history and making their Frontier the birthplace of a pre-Islamic Indian civilization. This only reinforced their counterintuitive argument that this peripheral region was the centre of an inclusive, non-violent Indian nationalism. They strengthened this claim further by cutting through colonial India’s sectarian politics to frame their national question not in religious but in explicitly secular terms: were Pashtuns Indians or Afghans? Ultimately, only the tumultuous event of Partition could undo their secular exceptionalism.
Balloon Work
Authors: Blower Brooke L.
Published: August 2023

George and Frederick Spiegelberg, sons of an affluent German Jewish family in New York, eagerly volunteer for the US military’s budding aviation programs during World War I. Class and political affiliations rather than ethnic allegiances—as well as the war fervor brewing on elite East Coast college campuses—drive their early support for the Allied cause and opposition to German “barbarism.” While George trains to fly observation balloons for the navy, his older brother serves in France with the army’s 9th Aero Squadron, tasked with night reconnaissance work during the Meuse-Argonne campaign. Their experiences put into George’s sights two competing visions of war—one focused on individual heroism versus the other, attentive to collective logistics.
Free Lunches
Authors: Blower Brooke L.
Published: August 2023

Frank Cuhel, raised by Czech-speaking immigrants in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and orphaned at eighteen, turns to small-town Midwestern sports to understand the world as he comes of age. The principles of American athletics, hardwired with capitalist logic, will guide him through a life of international travel, trade, empire, and war. He crashes the Paris Olympics in 1924, tours the Great War battlefields, and stows away on the US team’s ship home. Four years later he competes at the Amsterdam Olympics in the 400-meter high hurdles under the American team captain, Douglas MacArthur. Though the Games have been revived in hopes of diverting international conflicts into friendly rivalries, by the 1920s, sports have become an undeniable part of nation and empire building.
Interlude
Authors: Blower Brooke L.
Published: August 2023

The Yankee Clipper’s inhabitants have only an hour or so of daylight left as they race away from Bermuda and the setting sun. A number of precautions have been taken by the crew, because dangers lurk—from winter weather to the unknowns of passing through a war zone—as they fly into the mid-ocean air gap known as the Black Pit. On the Atlantic below, a fierce battle between U-boats and an Allied convoy unfolds. In the lounge the stewards prepare for a formal dinner service. It is customary for Pan Am pilots to join some of the passengers at a captain’s table. Sully has many stories that could be shared—about his modest upbringing, his time with the navy, and his early exploits flying planes for Pan Am. But other details about his career are secrets.
Hold Your Hats
Authors: Blower Brooke L.
Published: August 2023

After volunteering for the army George finds himself hard at work at the Selfridges Annex in London, procuring local services and supplies for arriving US forces. He has little more than three months to amass enough materiel for them to launch Operation Torch, the most complex amphibious operation ever attempted. Like his observation balloon service during World War I, this procurement job lacks the drama of frontline combat, but the system of aggressive resource pooling he helps to devise will prove to be one of the Allies’ greatest long-term advantages over the Axis who, at their own peril, hardly share at all.
Interlude
Authors: Blower Brooke L.
Published: August 2023

The plane splashes down at Horta Harbor on Faial Island in the Azores not long after breakfast—and after a long night for crewmembers tasked with keeping meticulous paperwork on the flight’s progress. When Sully first learned to fly, piloting had been a freebooting adventure. But since then, technological advances and an onrush of rules have transformed flying into a regulated industry. Enclosed flight decks keep pilots away from the elements and advanced dashboards solve their mysteries for them. Governments now claim the airspace above their territories and demand more supervision over routes. Sully nevertheless finds ways to amuse himself.
Gendered Hierarchies of Dependency
Authors: Kokot-Blamey Patrizia
Published: August 2023

This book shares the findings of an original empirical study with women who made partnership in accounting and professional service firms in Germany and the United Kingdom. It is divided into seven chapters. The book brings together what is known about women’s entrance and advancement in the accountancy profession, historically and contemporarily, and considers the ways in which the profession is organized differently in both countries. It contrasts the UK’s neoliberal politics with Germany’s ordoliberal stance and the extent to which ethics of care feminism can offer new insights to the study of women’s careers in liberal and coordinated market economies by considering dependencies at work and at home. Introducing the notion of Gendered Hierarchies of Dependency, the book problematizes the ways in which dependency is considered unfavourably under advanced capitalism and the implications of this for women from a feminist perspective in relation to career advancement, perceived sex discrimination, motherhood, work centrality, and job security and the impact of economic crises. It shows how the profession is organized in variegated ways across borders and draws out the implications for women’s careers and, in doing so, also shares rare insights into the working lives of these elite women.
Introduction
Authors: Kokot-Blamey Patrizia
Published: August 2023

Chapter 1 introduces the research context and brings together key literatures employed throughout the book with a focus on dependency, in and outside of work, and at the individual, firm, and state level. Difference in capitalism across borders are explored and the chapter considers what such differences might mean for workers and how we organize work in practice. It looks at evidence from previous economic crises in how the state, unions, and employers coordinate or not in weather recessions and how this shapes our relationships at work and between institutions. In doing so, it seeks to make connections between at times opposing feminist perspectives on gender, dependency, and capitalism and the importance of the wider socio-economic and political context on women’s careers, arguing in favour of an ethics of care feminism that has capacity to more appropriately center dependency in our day-to-day lives.
Accounting Matters
Authors: Kokot-Blamey Patrizia
Published: August 2023

Chapter 2 introduces the accounting profession and provides an overview of what we know about women’s entrance and advancement to partnership in accountancy in Germany and the UK. It offers a snapshot of some of the latest research and current statistics as well as historical developments. It will be of interest to anyone who wants to learn more about the history of the profession and women’s advancement within it and those who wonder about the differences of the professions across borders—a topic that remains underexplored. The statistics, side-by-side for both countries, give an interesting insight into just how different the professions in each country are.
Sexism at Work
Authors: Kokot-Blamey Patrizia
Published: August 2023

Chapter 4 concentrates on the respondents’ narratives on sexism, discrimination, and equal opportunities in the workplace, relating the ways in which respondents pointed to sexism in professional service firms, or indeed denied its existence, to their relationships with their superiors and line managers. It employs, in particular, the literature on post- and neoliberal feminism in its analysis and also considers how the respondents made sense of being othered or different at work from an intersectional perspective. The analysis notes differences in their talk across borders, with the respondents in Germany more reluctant to problematize inappropriate behavior by clients or colleagues, while their UK counterparts took more of a rights-based and arm’s length approach. The chapter considers the extent to which relationships-based hierarchies, such as the ones encountered in Germany, make direct complaints and confrontations riskier within this context.
Mothering in Accounting
Authors: Kokot-Blamey Patrizia
Published: August 2023

Chapter 5 moves from an exploration of the respondents’ lives at work to the subject of motherhood, at work and at home. It exposes the ways in which making partnership always also requires one to be an unencumbered worker, and how this was done in different ways in practice across borders. The chapter further shares insight into how elite women organize childcare and how this differs cross-nationally. The relative centrality or absence of fathers in the organization of the women’s private sphere in the UK and Germany respectively is explored as part of a wider analysis of motherhood as institution, its cultural specificities, and how these constrain women either in their opportunities at work or in the extent to which they are free or not to mother as they wish.
Job In/security and Work Centrality
Authors: Kokot-Blamey Patrizia
Published: August 2023

Chapter 6 discusses work centrality and job security and considers the extent to which the elite women interviewed felt secure in their positions when faced with fluctuations of the economy. In this way, then, the book moves from an exploration of the respondents’ lives at work, towards an acknowledgement of how our working lives intersect with our private lives in gendered ways, and to an examination of how both are subject to a wider economic, political, and embodied reality. The chapter shows how the German respondents, who had to navigate relation-based hierarchies on their way to the top with gendered outcomes, were also more secure in their positions and confident in their ability to secure other opportunities should this be necessary. In contrast, the respondents in the UK were more insecure in their positions, with some having suffered redundancy – even at partnership level. The chapter considers the impact of variegated forms of capitalism on job insecurity and work centrality and the extent to which the women’s different experiences across borders reflects the status of accountancy as a professionalization project.
Grow and Hide
Authors: Grogan Colleen M.
Published: August 2023

The U.S. health care system is almost always described as predominately private even though it is a predominantly public-funded system, and has been that way since 1930—before the passage of The New Deal, Medicare and Medicaid, and the Affordable Care Act. This book explains the persistence of this myth by documenting how the American government—federal, state, and local—invested in the health care system, and how policy actors described state actions over time. Grogan shifts from the common historical question concerning why the United States lacks national health insurance to consider instead why the U.S. government significantly expanded health care spending and public provision in every historical period since 1900, and yet successfully hid the government’s role in the system. Grogan calls this Grow and Hide and offers three main factors to explain the phenomenon: using the federal structure to expand growth, delegating authority to the voluntary sector, and institutional fragmentation whereby administrative responsibility is dispersed across numerous government agencies. In addition to these structural factors, Grogan documents the use of discursive strategies by political actors over time and across ideological divides to hide growth and demonize government. Grogan argues that the Grow-and-Hide Regime was firmly established by 1965, leading to three main consequences for our health system today: extreme fragmentation and the demise of health care planning, profiteering and the financial industry’s takeover, and growing inequality while public discourse intentionally pulls public attention to focus on “the problem” of public expenditures for the poor.
The Voluntary Approach Hides the Role of Government
Authors: Grogan Colleen M.
Published: August 2023

This chapter documents how publicly funded health care expenditures continued to increase throughout the 1950s, yet the dominant health policy public discourse suggested otherwise, centering instead around the principle of “private democratic volunteerism.” This concept was infused throughout the three main areas of the U.S. health care system: voluntary health insurance, voluntary hospitals, and voluntary health agencies. The political transformation of the American health care state was most dramatic during this period because the increased public expenditures were politically constructed as private voluntary expenditures that would enable freedom, choice, and access to high-quality medical care. The volunteerism discourse was led by groups outside of—and rhetorically hostile to—government: the hospital industry, business, and the voluntary sector. Despite their persistent demonization of government, all three groups needed and used an enormous amount of government expenditures to bolster their American Voluntary Way.
Fragmentation
Authors: Grogan Colleen M.
Published: August 2023

This chapter details the first main consequence of Grow and Hide: the fragmentation and failure of health care planning. It explains why two planning acts were passed, one in 1966 and another in 1974, and how—despite planning legislation—the U.S. health care system became more fragmented, expensive, and unequal by the end of the 1970s. The private hospital sector was extremely influential in designing the planning acts as voluntary, local, and without government authority. Yet when planning failed, they shifted the blame back on government and reified the planning acts as “government regulation.” However, rather than argue that the Voluntary Way would rationally plan the health care system as the private sector did prior to 1965, by the late 1970s they argued that a competitive health care market was the solution to governmental regulatory failure and would rationalize the system better than government planning.
The ACA Embraces Grow and Hide
Authors: Grogan Colleen M.
Published: August 2023

This chapter details how the Affordable Care Act (ACA) enacted important expansion while leaving the Grow-and-Hide Regime untouched. As such, the major consequences of Grow and Hide escalated: (1) the ACA’s Medicaid expansion built on current inequities by continuing to bifurcate the program across enrollee groups and hide its true reach; (2) the ACA’s attempt to create more coordination in the health care delivery system has been stymied because it relies yet again on voluntary participation lacking effective government regulation; and (3) the financial industry now reaches into every part of the health care system, taking advantage of public funding to increase profits, while remaining completely unregulated and hidden from view. The ACA represents a set of complex and convoluted subsidies to consumers, insurance companies, large hospital systems, and the financial industry, making this reform the largest and most hidden health care expansion in American history.
Jules Michelet, La Sorciére (1862)
Authors: van Luijk Ruben
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the French historian Jules Michelet’s La Sorciére (The Witch, 1862), which can be considered as the most prominent manifestation of Romantic Satanism in nineteenth-century history writing. Much more than just a history of witchcraft, it is also an ideological program and an anti-Christian manifesto. Using his reconstruction of the witch cult as a springboard, Michelet constructs a deliberate counter-myth that targets the purported nefarious influence of the Christian Church in past and present and promotes a progressive agenda of liberation and emancipation. In a grand vision of coming cosmic unity, he envisions the final triumph of science and the reunion of Satan with God, of the “Fairy-Woman” with the “Medicine-Man,” and of humanity with nature. La Sorcière would prove to be highly influential and was an (indirect) source of inspiration for the concept of witchcraft in Wicca and some forms of Satanism.
Albert Pike, Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry (1871)
Authors: Gregorius Fredrik
Published: August 2023

This chapter evaluates Albert Pike’s Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry (1871), which has become one of the most famous and notorious books about Masonry ever published, not least because of its references to Lucifer and Baphomet. While Pike was not by any definition a Satanist or a Luciferian, the ambivalent description of Lucifer in Morals and Dogma has contributed to the image of him as the primary proponent of Luciferian Masonry. Morals and Dogma is divided into thirty-two parts, each dealing with one of the degrees of the Scottish Rite, excluding the 33th. It claims to be the collected wisdom of several philosophical and mystical schools and is based upon the idea that there is a universal form of religion that transcends confessional boundaries. What distinguished Pike’s work from similar books is its very eclectic nature and the author’s frequent references to “pagan” sources.
Stanislaw Przybyzewski, Die Synagoge des Satan (1897)
Authors: Faxneld Per
Published: August 2023

This chapter addresses Stanislaw Przybyzewski’s Die Synagoge des Satan (1897). Przybyzewski was perhaps the earliest person ever to openly self-define as a Satanist, develop a system of thought centered on a positive interpretation of Satan as its root metaphor, and then consistently propagate this ideology for decades in a plethora of different texts. His text first appeared in two parts in the art and literature journal Die Kritik in 1897, and later that year as a small book issued by the same journal’s publishing house under the full title Die Synagoge des Satan: Ihre Entstehung, Einrichtung und jetzige Bedeutung: Ein Versuch (The Synagogue of Satan: Its Emergence, Establishment, and Current Significance: An Essay). Die Synagoge des Satan is structured as an encapsulation of the history of the veneration of Satan. To Przybyszewski, Satan represents evolution, which Przybyszewski calls “the only law of existence,” and this comes across as the highest good in the book.
Ben Kadosh (aka Carl William Hansen), Den ny morgens gry (1906)
Authors: Nilsson Johan
Published: August 2023

This chapter describes Carl William Hansen’s (aka Ben Kadosh) Luciferian manifesto, Den ny morgens gry (1906). Throughout his life, Hansen was a member of several masonic and occult organizations operating in Denmark and was well known (or perhaps notorious) in the Danish occult milieu. Even though Den ny morgens gry appears to be a very original work, it ties in with late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century occultism in several ways. Hansen’s speculations about the pagan roots of Freemasonry, his interest in Pan, and his preoccupation with the idea of a universal life-force and its “phallic” expressions were all recurring motifs in this religious environment. It would also appear that there was a certain amount of affinity between the worldview of Den ny morgens gry and the so-called phallicist literature of the nineteenth century. Ultimately, the book is more or less unique for its time in that it so clearly presents itself as an argument for the cult of the Devil, represented (in part) by the figure of Lucifer.
Maria de Naglowska, La Lumière du sexe (1932) and “Satanisme masculin, Satanisme féminin” (1933)
Authors: Hakl Hans Thomas , Olzi Michele
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on Maria de Naglowska, a writer, journalist, poetess, and teacher, as well as an occultist of Russian origin. It explores two different publications that represent de Naglowska’s figure of Satan and form of Satanism: the first is a chapter from La Lumière du sexe—rituel d’initiation satanique selon la doctrine du Troisième Terme de la Trinité (The Light of Sex—Ritual of Satanic Initiation according to the Doctrine of the Third Term of the Trinity, 1932), and the second is an article from a number of the periodical La Flèche. La Lumière du Sexe introduces itself as one of the “gospels” of the “Third Term of the Trinity,” a scathing critique of bourgeois society and morality, and a first testimony of the “Satanism” de Naglowska preaches. Sexuality lies at the core of La Lumière du Sexe; Satan is associated with sex and specifically female sexuality. Meanwhile, de Naglowska’s article “Satanisme masculin, Satanisme féminin” (1933) outlines the female role in the doctrine of the T.T.T. and unfolds its Satanic nature.
Kenneth Grant (Typhonian Order), “Vinum Sabbati” (1961)
Authors: Nilsson Johan
Published: August 2023

This chapter highlights Kenneth Grant’s “Vinum Sabbati” (1961). Grant became an influential figure in the British Thelemic movement, and to some extent British occultism in general, after Aleister Crowley’s death in 1947. “Vinum Sabbati” is a short essay on the Witches’ Sabbath, and two principal lines of reasoning are intertwined in the text. To some extent, Grant argues that the witches’ Sabbath had roots in pre-Christian magical ceremony; the main part of the text, however, is an attempt to explain the logic and magical motive behind the rite of the Sabbath. What Grant here calls “the medieval Sabbath” is perceived by him to be a corrupted remnant of an ancient Egyptian religious ceremony dedicated to the god Set. Moreover, the Devil, presiding over the Sabbath, is described by Grant as a reinterpretation of older pagan deities such as Pan or Set, he is the sun and the life force—but he is also that source of creation in which the performers of the Sabbath are trying to reabsorb themselves. Even though “Vinum Sabbati” is one of Grant’s earliest texts, it expounds basic elements of an understanding of the Devil that is never really revised.
The Process Church of the Final Judgement, “The Gods on War” (1967) and “The Gods and Their People” (1970)
Authors: Gregorius Fredrik
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the Process Church of the Final Judgement, an apocalyptic organization founded by Robert DeGrimston and Mary Anne DeGrimston, active primarily in California during the 1960s and 1970s. Focused on the idea of a unity between the gods of the universe (Jehovah, Lucifer, Satan, and Christ), the Process Church developed a highly original form of theology. Becoming manifest in the counter-cultural milieu of the 1960s, it combined Satanism with Christian apocalypticism and ideas derived from Scientology. The chapter then looks at two texts that were distributed internally within the Process Church: “The Gods on War” (1967) and “The Gods and Their People” (1970). These texts express the foundational beliefs of the Process Church, each of the gods being offered their own chapter explaining their nature and the nature of their followers.
Michael Aquino (Temple of Set),The Book of Coming Forth by Night(1975)
Authors: Holt Cimminne
Published: August 2023

This chapter evaluates Temple of Set founder Michael Aquino’s The Book of Coming Forth by Night (1975). The text describes a manifestation of an “ageless Intelligence of the Universe” that rejected the “Moorish” moniker of Satan. It is a “sequence of realizations” from the ancient Egyptian god Set. Aquino does not consider himself the author as much as the instrument for Set’s revelations. Indeed, it is written in the first person as the voice of Set, who claims responsibility for Aleister Crowley and Anton Szandor LaVey’s occult ideas, in order to “prepare men for that which would follow.” The Book of Coming Forth by Night, despite being an important internal text, is perhaps not the most influential externally: its reach does not extend much beyond the Temple of Set.
The Order of the Nine Angles, The Black Book of Satan (1984)
Authors: Gregorius Fredrik
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on the British Satanic organization called the Order of the Nine Angles (ONA), one of the most controversial and infamous Satanic groups of the twentieth century. In contrast to most forms of Satanism, ONA texts include references to and advocacy of certain criminal actions to further the group’s end game. Most controversial are the references to human sacrifice, and the question of whether these are to be taken literally has been much debated. The chapter then considers The Black Book of Satan (1984), which is seemingly an early introduction to the ONA’s version of Satanism and what the organization defines as the “Sinister Way.” It looks at three excerpts from the book: “the 21 Satanic points,” “What is Satanism?,” and one of the ONA’s versions of the Black Mass.
Øystein “Euronymous” Aarseth (Den Sorte Sirkel/Black Metal Satanism), Interview for Close-Up Magazine (1992)
Authors: Faxneld Per
Published: August 2023

This chapter assesses an interview with Øystein “Euronymous” Aarseth, arguably the most important ideologue in the development of the Black Metal variety of Satanism. The primary means of dissemination for said Satanic ideology has been interviews with musicians in fanzines and magazines, and, to a more limited extent, song lyrics and liner notes for albums. Aside from Satanism, the most disturbing part of Black Metal for most was probably its direct connection to violence, murder, and what can only be described as crimes of religious terrorism. Black Metal Satanism takes pride in being destructive for the individual, including the Satanists themselves. In the interview for Close-up Magazine (1992), there is an element of self-contradiction in Aarseth’s expressed enthusiasm for Communism and his harsh condemnation of “socially conscious” Death Metal bands, whom he perceives as having lost the focus on worshipping death that is intrinsic to the genre according to his interpretation of it.
The Satanic Reds, “FAQ for Satanic Reds—Social Realist Organization” (circa 2001)
Authors: Nilsson Johan
Published: August 2023

This chapter addresses the organization known as the Satanic Reds, which was founded in the latter half of the 1990s by Tani Jantsang and Philip Marsh. The organization has been described as a ”virtual audience cult,” and even though it is clear that several people have contributed in shaping it, the organization has been especially influenced by its two founders. Jantsang and Marsh have spoken for the Satanic Reds in a large number of texts, making it known, among other things, for its strong Internet presence. The chapter then looks at the “FAQ for Satanic Reds—Social Realist Organization,” which deals briefly and more or less concisely with a number of subjects, among these the organization’s views on the Devil, its political ideology, and its relationship to other esoteric and Satanist groups. In connection with the interpretation of the Devil, the FAQ also expresses one of the common motifs of older occult discourse on the satanic: the concept of Satan as misunderstood by Christian theology. Ultimately, the FAQ and other texts connected to the Satanic Reds are characterized by viewpoints and terminology taken from Asian, especially Indian, philosophy and religion, as well as frequent appeals to the natural sciences.
Michael W. Ford (The Order of Phosphorus, etc.), The Bible of the Adversary (2007)
Authors: Cejvan Olivia
Published: August 2023

This chapter begins by describing how Michael W. Ford founded the Order of Phosphorus (TOPH). Ford’s writings, as well as his organizations, have a pronounced eclectic approach, weaving together several religious tenets, such as Zoroastrian, Sumerian, and Western Judeo/Christian esoteric elements. The Bible of the Adversary (2007) is a key text in Ford’s Luciferian ideology. The chapter then considers an excerpt from The Bible of the Adversary, located in the section called the Book of Taromat, attributed to the element Earth. Ford follows the common occult understanding of Earth as connected to manifestation and foundation. Ritual, then, is a way to manifest the individual will of the practitioner, a goal reflected in Lucifer as the very epitome of self-realization. The didactic context of the Book of Taromat, wherein the ritual scripts are located, suggests that the intended audience is new to Luciferian ritual practice.
Lucien Greaves (The Satanic Temple), “Church of Satan vs. Satanic Temple” (2017)
Authors: Gregorius Fredrik , White Manon Hedenborg
Published: August 2023

This chapter studies The Satanic Temple (TST), which has emerged as one of the most important movements in the history of Satanism. Penned by Lucien Greaves, the national spokesperson for TST in the United States, “Church of Satan vs. Satanic Temple” (2017) presents what Greaves perceives as the essential differences between TST and LaVey’s Church of Satan. Constructing the Church of Satan as a sort of negative “other,” contrasted with TST’s own brand of Satanism, the text serves as an illustrative example of TST’s self-image and presentation vis-à-vis other forms of Satanism. In contrast to the Church of Satan, TST makes limited references to Satan as a symbol for earthly pleasure or egotism. Instead, Satan is presented as a Promethean character, fighting on behalf of the oppressed. While TST does not align itself with any political ideology, its written material, terminology, and symbols frequently reference leftist thought and activism.
Democratic Notions in Islam
Authors: Ahmad Parray Tauseef
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses some ‘operational’ key concepts and institutions of democracy in Islam, like Shura (Mutual Consultation), Khilafah (Caliphate), Ijma‘ (Consensus), Ijtihad (Independent Interpretive Reasoning), Bay‘ah (Oath of Allegiance), Maslaha (Public Interest), Ahl al-Hall wa al-‘Aqd (the ‘Wise Ones’), and Mithaq al-Medina (the Constitution of Medina). These ‘notions’ are regarded, en masse, the operational key concepts of ‘Islamic democracy’—or the basis of an effective foundation for comprehending Islam–democracy relationship in the contemporary world. Though the reformists/modernists reinterpret and construe all these notions as the basis of ‘Islamic democracy’, however, it is the concept and institution of Shura, which is predominantly considered and reinterpreted as the central and dominant source of Islamic democratic governance. Therefore, in this chapter, more focus is on the theory, practice, and modern interpretations of Shura—both as a concept and as an institution—from classical to contemporary era.
The Abu Dhabi Police Virtual Training Centre: A case study for building a virtual reality development capacity and capability
Authors: Hussain AlShaima Taleb , Halford Eric , AlKaabi Faisal
Published: August 2023

Virtual reality (VR) technology has revolutionized the way organizations are approaching the training of their workforce. By adopting elements of gamification, VR developers are now able to develop simulations that studies are beginning to demonstrate can teach vocational content in a more effective, efficient, and cost-effective manner, in comparison to traditional teaching approaches, such as classroom tuition for example. VR simulators are considered to be especially effective when used for replicating real-life training scenarios and this is the reason that they are beginning to be adopted by policing. To date, studies have examined their application in a small variety of policing scenarios but no literature has examined exactly how the police develop such VR training simulators, and this is the primary research gap that the study seeks to fill. This is achieved by using a single holistic case study methodology (Yin, 2018. Case Study Research: Design and Methods (6th edn). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage) to examine the design process of nine simulators developed by the Abu Dhabi Police Virtual Training Centre (ADPVTC). By examining detailed design documents this article identifies the use of elements of the constructivist pedagogical approach to learning to underpin the development process used, and associated hardware and software specifications and outlines practical methods of scalability, portability, and mitigation of health and safety risks. In doing so, whilst also providing a blueprint, and the argument for police services to consider the implementation of their own internal VR development capacity and capability, we discuss the possible implications of this for policing. Limitations are also outlined, with the primary issue being the absence of a formal effectiveness evaluation of the products produced, particularly those used for training.
The Prevalence of Cognitive Impairment Among Medicare Beneficiaries Who Use Outpatient Physical Therapy
Authors: Miller Matthew J , Cenzer Irena , Barnes Deborah E , Kelley Amy S , Covinsky Kenneth E
Published: August 2023

Objective

The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of cognitive impairment (including cognitive impairment no dementia [CIND] and dementia) among Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries who used outpatient physical therapy and to estimate the prevalence of cognitive impairment by measures that are relevant to rehabilitation practice.

Methods

This cross-sectional analysis included 730 Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries in the 2016 wave of the Health and Retirement Study with claims for outpatient physical therapy. Cognitive status, our primary variable of interest, was categorized as normal, CIND, or dementia using a validated approach, and population prevalence of cognitive impairment (CIND and dementia) was estimated by sociodemographic variables and Charlson comorbidity index score. Age-, gender- (man/woman), race-/ethnicity-adjusted population prevalence of CIND and dementia were also calculated for walking difficulty severity, presence of significant pain, self-reported fall history, moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) ≤1×/week, and sleep disturbance frequency using multinomial logistic regression.

Results

Among Medicare beneficiaries with outpatient physical therapist claims, the prevalence of any cognitive impairment was 20.3% (CIND:15.2%, dementia:5.1%). Cognitive impairment was more prevalent among those who were older, Black, had lower education attainment, or higher Charlson comorbidity index scores. The adjusted population prevalence of cognitive impairment among those who reported difficulty walking across the room was 29.8%, difficulty walking 1 block was 25.9%, difficulty walking several blocks was 20.8%, and no difficulty walking was 16.3%. Additionally, prevalence of cognitive impairment among those with MVPA ≤1×/week was 27.1% and MVPA >1×/week was 14.1%. Cognitive impairment prevalence did not vary by significant pain, self-reported fall history, or sleep disturbance.

Conclusion

One in 5 older adults who use outpatient physical therapist services have cognitive impairment. Furthermore, cognitive impairment is more common in older physical therapist patients who report worse physical function and less physical activity.

Impact

Physical therapists should consider cognitive screening for vulnerable older adults to inform tailoring of clinical practice toward a patient’s ability to remember and process rehabilitation recommendations.
Behavioral Response to Catecholamine Depletion in Individuals With Schizophrenia and Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Suker Samir , Mihov Yoan , Wolf Andreas , Mueller Stefanie V , Hasler Gregor
Published: August 2023

Background and Hypothesis

Dysfunction of the dopamine system is the leading neurobiological hypothesis of schizophrenia. In this study, we tested this hypothesis in the context of aberrance salience theory of delusions using catecholamine depletion. We hypothesized that acute dopamine depletion improves both positive symptoms and salience attribution in individuals with schizophrenia.

Study Design

Catecholamine depletion was achieved by oral administration of alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (AMPT) in 15 individuals with schizophrenia and 15 healthy volunteers. The study design consisted of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover, single-site experimental trial. The main outcome measures were the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms and the Salience Attribution Test.

Study Results

Catecholamine depletion transiently reduced specific psychotic symptoms in symptomatic individuals with schizophrenia, namely delusions and positive formal thought disorder (interaction treatment-by-timepoint, P = .013 and P = .010, respectively). We also found trends for catecholamine depletion to increase relevant bias and adaptive salience in participants with schizophrenia while decreasing them in healthy controls (interaction group-by-treatment, P = .060 and P = .089, respectively). Exploratory analyses revealed that in participants with schizophrenia, higher relevant bias at 3 hours after the end of AMPT treatment corresponded to lower delusional symptoms (Spearman’s rho = −0.761, P = .001).

Conclusions

This study suggests that the relationship between dopamine hyperactivity and delusional symptoms in schizophrenia is mediated by impaired attribution of salience to reward-predicting stimuli.