bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On a new class of elastic deformations not allowing for cavitation
Authors: Müller S. , Qi Tang , Yan B.S.
Published: February 2017

Let

Ω ⊂ ℝ^n

be open and bounded and assume that

u:Ω → ℝ^n

satisfies

u\in W^{1,p}(Ω, ℝ^n)

,

\mathrm{adj} \mathrm{D}u \in L^q(Ω; ℝ^{n × n})

with

p≧ n − 1

,

q≧\frac{n}{n−1}

. We show that for

g\in C^1(ℝ^n; ℝ^n)

with bounded gradient, one has the identity

\frac{∂}{∂x^{j}}\left\{\left(g^{i} \circ u\right)\left(\mathrm{adj}\:\mathrm{D}u\right)_{i}^{j}\right\} = (\mathrm{div}\:g) \circ u \det \mathrm{D}u

in the sense of distributions. As an application, we obtain existence results in nonlinear elasticity under weakened coercivity conditions. We also use the above identity to generalize Šverák’s (
cf
. [Sv88]) regularity and invertibility results, replacing his hypothesis

q≧\frac{p}{p−1}

by

q≧\frac{n}{n−1}

. Finally if

q = \frac{n}{n−1}

and if

\det \mathrm{D}u ≧ 0

a.e., we show that

\det \mathrm{D}u \ln (2 + \det \mathrm{D}u)

is locally integrable.

Soit

Ω ⊂ ℝ^n

un ouvert borné et soit

u:Ω → ℝ^n

une application dans

W^{1,p}(Ω, ℝ^n)

avec

\mathrm{adj} \mathrm{D}u \in L^q(Ω; ℝ^{n × n})

et

p≧ n − 1

,

q≧\frac{n}{n−1}

. On montre l’identité

\frac{∂}{∂x^{j}}\left\{\left(g^{i} \circ u\right)\left(\mathrm{adj}\:\mathrm{D}u\right)_{i}^{j}\right\} = (\mathrm{div}\:g) \circ u\det \mathrm{D}u

au sens de distributions si

g\in C^1(ℝ^n; ℝ^n)

avec gradient borné. Par conséquence on obtient des nouveaux résultats d’existence en élasticité non linéaire. On obtient aussi une généralization de résultats de Šverák sur la régularité et l’invertibilité en remplaçant l’hypothèse

q≧\frac{p}{p−1}

par

q≧\frac{n}{n−1}

. Finalement si

q = \frac{n}{n−1}

et

\det \mathrm{D}u ≧ 0

p.p. on montre que

\det \mathrm{D}u \ln (2 + \det \mathrm{D}u)

est localement intégrable.
How Much Does Love Really Hurt? A Meta-Analysis of the Association Between Romantic Relationship Quality, Breakups and Mental Health Outcomes in Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Mirsu-Paun Anca , Oliver Jason A.
Published: February 2017

A meta-analysis of 20 manuscripts reporting on 21 unique studies (N = 19,623) was conducted to investigate the magnitude of the association between adolescent romantic relationship quality (RRQ), romantic relationship breakups (RRB) and mental health outcomes (i.e., depression, suicide ideation, deliberate self-harm, and suicide attempt). Potential moderators of these relationships were also explored. The sample included U.S. and non-U.S. adolescents (13–17 years old), and young adults (18–29 years old). Results indicated statistically significant but modest relationships between both RRQ and RRB and mental health, with the first showing a stronger association. There was some evidence suggesting this relationship may be stronger for women, but no evidence it differed as a function of nationality or age. Additional research is needed to address the distinction between clinical and non-clinical populations on specific outcomes and to further explore the role of mental health outcomes as related to romantic relationship quality and breakups. Implications for practice include the need for (a) services to individuals emotionally affected by romantic relationships, (b) relationship quality psycho-education, and (c) screenings of individuals at risk due to low romantic relationship quality or recent relationship breakup.
Evolution of a Late Prehistoric Winter Village on the Interior Plateau of British Columbia: Geophysical Investigations, Radiocarbon Dating, and Spatial Analysis of the Bridge River Site
Authors: Prentiss Anna Marie , Cross Guy , Foor Thomas A. , Hogan Mathew , Markle Dirk , Clarke David S.
Published: February 2017

A common issue for archaeologists who study intermediate-scale societies is defining scale and complexity of occupations across entire villages or towns. This can be a major problem since an understanding of site-wide inter-household occupation patterns can be crucial for accurate reconstruction of village demographics and socio-economic organization. In this paper we present new research at the Bridge River site, a large complex hunter-gatherer village in British Columbia, designed to develop a site-wide history of household occupation patterns. We accomplish this through broad-scale geophysical investigations, test excavations and an extensive program of radiocarbon dating. Results of the study suggest that the village grew rapidly between ca. 1800 and 1250 cal. B.P. expanding from 7 to at least 29 simultaneously occupied houses. Variability in household spacing and size indicate that social organization may have grown increasingly complex parallel with rising numbers of households.
Harvest Pressure and Environmental Carrying Capacity: An Ordinal-Scale Model of Effects on Ungulate Prey
Authors: Wolverton Steve
Published: February 2017

Zooarchaeologists have long realized the analytical potential of ungulate mortality data in studies of temporally shifting foraging efficiency. An additional but seldom examined form of evidence from ungulate remains is the morphometry of age-independent body size. Together simple bivariate morphometric and mortality data from ungulate remains reveal shifts through time in harvest pressure and/or environmental carrying capacity. A proposed model of these effects is validated using wildlife biology data from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), an ungulate taxon that is very common in North American archaeological faunas. Several archaeological implications that bear on studies of foraging efficiency in subsistence hunting economies arise from this ordinal-scale model, such as the conditions under which harvest pressure increases or decreases or when carrying capacity rises or declines.
The Cultural Transmission of Great Basin Projectile-Point Technology II: An Agent-Based Computer Simulation
Authors: Mesoudi Alex , O'Brien Michael J.
Published: February 2017

We present an agent-based computer simulation that extends a previous experimental simulation (Mesoudi and O"Brien 2008) of the cultural transmission of projectile-point technology in the prehistoric Great Basin, with participants replaced with computer-generated agents. As in the experiment, individual learning is found to generate low correlations between artifact attributes, whereas indirectly biased cultural transmission (copying the point design of the most successful hunter) generates high correlations between artifact attributes. These results support the hypothesis that low attribute correlations in prehistoric California resulted from individual learning, and high attribute correlations in prehistoric Nevada resulted from indirectly biased cultural transmission. However, alternative modes of cultural transmission, including conformist transmission and random copying, generated similarly high attribute correlations as indirect bias, suggesting that it may be difficult to infer which transmission rule generated this archaeological pattern. On the other hand, indirect bias out-performed all other cultural-transmission rules, lending plausibility to the original hypothesis. Importantly, this advantage depends on the assumption of a multimodal adaptive landscape in which there are multiple locally optimal artifact designs. Indeed, in unimodal fitness environments no cultural transmission rule outperformed individual learning, highlighting how the shape of the adaptive landscape within which cultural evolution occurs can strongly influence the dynamics of cultural transmission. Generally, experimental and computer simulations can be useful in answering questions that are difficult to address with archaeological data, such as identifying the consequences of different modes of cultural transmission or exploring the effect of different selective environments.
Archaeological Roots of Human Diversity in the New World: A Compilation of Accurate and Precise Radiocarbon Ages from Earliest Sites
Authors: Faught Michael K.
Published: February 2017

A compilation of 63 stratigraphic situations with evidence for human presence and two or more radiocarbon ages older than 10,500 B.P. has been processed to increase the accuracy and precision of the estimated ages and to compare their distributions at hemispheric scale. The compilation was developed to perceive patterns of population expansion and to plot early sites in their temporal and geographic order. The use of radiocarbon dates as data, criteria for inclusion in the compilation, the statistical processing methods used, and effects of controlling for precision and accuracy are described. The results indicate three earliest mean ages with great distance from each other in North and South America by 12,000 B.P., slightly later mean ages in Alaska, and the abrupt occurrence of Fluted and Fishtail Point sites at the beginning of the Younger Dryas climatic reversal (YD). One interpretation of these data is that there were different colonizing groups settling into different parts of the hemisphere in near-contemporaneity. Another is that Fluted and Fishtail Point sites may represent population relocations due to YD related ecological disturbances at the shorelines of those times. Corollary to the conclusions of early population diversity is the possibility of landfalls of people from areas other than Beringia in the late Pleistocene.
In Pursuit of Mobile Prey: Martu Hunting Strategies and Archaeofaunal Interpretation
Authors: Bird Douglas W. , Bird Rebecca Bliege , Codding Brian F.
Published: February 2017

By integrating foraging models developed in behavioral ecology with measures of variability in faunal remains, zooarchaeological studies have made important contributions toward understanding prehistoric resource use and the dynamic interactions between humans and their prey. However, where archaeological studies are unable to quantify the costs and benefits associated with prey acquisition, they often rely on proxy measures such as prey body size, assuming it to be positively correlated with return rate. To examine this hypothesis, we analyze the results of 1,347 adult foraging bouts and 649 focal follows of contemporary Martu foragers in Australia's Western Desert. The data show that prey mobility is highly correlated with prey body size and is inversely related to pursuit success—meaning that prey body size is often an inappropriate proxy measure of prey rank. This has broad implications for future studies that rely on taxonomic measures of prey abundance to examine prehistoric human ecology, including but not limited to economic intensification, socioeconomic complexity, resource sustainability, and overexploitation.
A Public Relations Primer
Authors: DeCicco Gabriel
Published: February 2017

The Public Relations Committee of the Society for American Archaeology, in seeking ways to promote the Society and increase public awareness of archaeology, commissioned this "do-it-yourself" guide to the print media, principally newspapers. For demonstrative purposes, the short-paragraph format used conforms stylistically to that used in journalism.
A taphonomy of palaeoart
Authors: Bednarik Robert G.
Published: February 2017

As one digs back through the archaeological record, art and other evidence of symbolic behaviour becomes scarcer, so it is much disputed just when human marking behaviour and human language began. Is the fading away a real fact of prehistory, or a distorting effect of selective survival?
Early urbanization in the Eastern Zhou in China (770—221 BC): an archaeological view
Authors: Shen Chen
Published: February 2017

Take six early Chinese cities from the key Eastern Zhou period, study their shape and topography, see how their development represents both migration into the urban centres and the established structures of the ruling class.
The existence of Andronovo cultural influence in Xinjiang during the 2nd millennium BC
Authors: Jianjun Mei , Shell Colin
Published: February 2017

Previously considered a Bronze Age lacuna, the Northwest Xinjiang region of China has new archaeological finds, showing significant relationships between it and Kazakhstan and Kirghizia. The new Bronze Age culture of Xinjiang shows close affiliation with the Andronovo culture.
Understanding the initial colonization of Scotland
Authors: Finlayson Bill
Published: February 2017

Discussion of the colonization of Scotland in the post-glacial period has long perplexed scholars, because of drowned coasts and archaeological evidence. This paper presents data and new speculation on the subject.
Unpeeling Pompeii
Authors: Fulford Michael , Wallace-Hadrill Andrew
Published: February 2017

Pompeii, recovered from under Vesuvius ash, offers a famous ‘frozen moment’ in archaeological time: a city as it stood at a certain day. Beyond and beneath the dating evidence visible in its standing buildings is to be found a more archaeological chronology.
In search of Hindsgavl: experiments in the production of Neolithic Danish flint daggers
Authors: Stafford Michael
Published: February 2017

Few chipped stone artefacts from prehistory were as technically complex as the flint daggers of Late Neolithic Denmark. Here Michael Stafford present a study that examines, through experimental archaeology, many aspects of dagger production.
Archaeological research in Timbuktu, Mali
Authors: Insoll Timothy
Published: February 2017

Urban archaeological survey in Africa is rarely undertaken, and relatively little is known about many important cities and their development. Here Tim Insoll describes the results of a preliminary season at Timbuktu.
Eastern Central Europe during the Pleniglacial
Authors: Verpoorte Alexander
Published: February 2017

New dating of several key sites in eastern Central Europe refines our view of human presence there around the Last Glacial Maximum. The author shows that, with the advancing Ice Age, this part of Europe was abandoned later than the west, and a critical environmental factor was increasing aridity rather than the dropping temperatures.
The earliest evidence for clay hearths: Aurignacian features in Klisoura Cave 1, southern Greece
Authors: Karkanas P. , Koumouzelis M. , Kozlowski J.K. , Sitlivy V. , Sobczyk K. , Berna F. , Weiner S.
Published: February 2017

The authors describe clay features dating from c. 34-23 000 years ago discovered in a stratified occupation sequence in a Greek cave. The clay was brought from outside the cave, puddled with water and shaped into shallow basins. Laboratory analyses have shown that these clay features were burnt. This together with the occurrence of fragments of wood ash and phytoliths lying on their surfaces suggest that these features were hearths used for cooking, including the roasting of wild grasses.
High Place: symbolism and monumentality on Mount Moriah, Jerusalem
Authors: Scham Sandra
Published: February 2017

Jerusalem’s Temple Mount, the Haram al-Sharif, is one of the most iconic archaeological sites in the world. The author relates its functions to that of other local prehistoric high places, and in tracing its history up to the present day draws a distinction between state-sponsored and popular shrines.
Food of the Gods or mere mortals? HallucinogenicSpondylusand its interpretive implications for early Andean society
Authors: Glowacki Mary
Published: February 2017

Eating shellfish in the wrong season makes you ill. But early people of the Andes seem to have courted these effects to gain out-of-body experiences. It may have been these effects, as well as its distinctive colouring and appearance, that madeSpondylussuch a very special commodity.
Using reduced rank regression methods to identify dietary patterns associated with obesity: a cross-country study among European and Australian adolescents
Authors: Huybrechts Inge , Lioret Sandrine , Mouratidou Theodora , Gunter Marc J. , Manios Yannis , Kersting Mathilde , Gottrand Frederic , Kafatos Anthony , De Henauw Stefaan , Cuenca-García Magdalena , Widhalm Kurt , Gonzales-Gross Marcela , Molnar Denes , Moreno Luis A. , McNaughton Sarah A.
Published: February 2017

This study aims to examine repeatability of reduced rank regression (RRR) methods in calculating dietary patterns (DP) and cross-sectional associations with overweight (OW)/obesity across European and Australian samples of adolescents. Data from two cross-sectional surveys in Europe (2006/2007 Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence study, including 1954 adolescents, 12–17 years) and Australia (2007 National Children’s Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey, including 1498 adolescents, 12–16 years) were used. Dietary intake was measured using two non-consecutive, 24-h recalls. RRR was used to identify DP using dietary energy density, fibre density and percentage of energy intake from fat as the intermediate variables. Associations between DP scores and body mass/fat were examined using multivariable linear and logistic regression as appropriate, stratified by sex. The first DP extracted (labelled ‘energy dense, high fat, low fibre’) explained 47 and 31 % of the response variation in Australian and European adolescents, respectively. It was similar for European and Australian adolescents and characterised by higher consumption of biscuits/cakes, chocolate/confectionery, crisps/savoury snacks, sugar-sweetened beverages, and lower consumption of yogurt, high-fibre bread, vegetables and fresh fruit. DP scores were inversely associated with BMI z-scores in Australian adolescent boys and borderline inverse in European adolescent boys (so as with %BF). Similarly, a lower likelihood for OW in boys was observed with higher DP scores in both surveys. No such relationships were observed in adolescent girls. In conclusion, the DP identified in this cross-country study was comparable for European and Australian adolescents, demonstrating robustness of the RRR method in calculating DP among populations. However, longitudinal designs are more relevant when studying diet–obesity associations, to prevent reverse causality.
The emergence of phonetic categories in Korean–English bilingual children
Authors: LEE SUE ANN S. , IVERSON GREGORY K.
Published: February 2017

The present study examined the speech production of three-year-old Korean–English bilingual (KEB) children. English and Korean stops, as well as front vowels in both languages, were compared acoustically among the KEB children, then also measured against those of their age-equivalent monolingual counterparts. Evidence of distinctive phonetic categorization in bilingual children was more salient in vowels than in stops. Vowels and stops produced by the bilingual children were not significantly different from those of their monolingual counterparts. The findings suggest that, similar to other language domains, two linguistic systems are apparent in the phonetic production component of three-year-old KEB children, but that phonetic distinctiveness in production may not emerge holistically in an across-the-board fashion, appearing earlier in vowels than stops. Thus, the phonetic production systems of the two languages may develop with only limited interaction in simultaneous KEB children exposed to two languages at an early age.
Quantifying the contribution of asymptomatic infection to the cumulative incidence
Authors: CHAMPREDON D. , MOGHADAS S. M.
Published: February 2017

Many infectious diseases in humans may manifest with no or mild symptoms. While numerous studies have estimated the proportion of infectious individuals in whom symptoms are absent during the entire course of infection, the contribution of asymptomatic cases to the overall cumulative incidence is difficult to untangle. Here, with a mathematical model, we provide a simple analytical formula to quantify this contribution and highlight the potential for large errors that can arise when naively estimating it.
Genetic diversity ofMycobacterium aviumcomplex strains isolated in Argentina by MIRU-VNTR
Authors: IMPERIALE B. R. , MOYANO R. D. , DI GIULIO A. B. , ROMERO M. A. , ALVARADO PINEDO M. F. , SANTANGELO M. P. , TRAVERÍA G. E. , MORCILLO N. S. , ROMANO M. I.
Published: February 2017

Mycobacterium aviumsp.avium(MAA),M. aviumsp.hominissuis(MAH), andM. aviumsp.paratuberculosis(MAP) are the main members of theM. aviumcomplex (MAC) causing diseases in several hosts. The aim of this study was to describe the genetic diversity of MAC isolated from different hosts. Twenty-six MAH and 61 MAP isolates were recovered from humans and cattle, respectively. GenoType CM®and IS1311-PCR were used to identifyMycobacteriumspecies. The IS901-PCR was used to differentiate between MAH and MAA, while IS900-PCR was used to identify MAP. Genotyping was performed using a mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit-variable-number tandem-repeat (MIRU-VNTR) scheme (loci: 292, X3, 25, 47, 3, 7, 10, 32) and patterns (INMV) were assigned according to the MAC-INMV database (http://mac-inmv.tours.inra.fr/). Twenty-two (22/26, 84·6%) MAH isolates were genotyped and 16 were grouped into the following, INMV 92, INMV 121, INMV 97, INMV 103, INMV 50, and INMV 40. The loci X3 and 25 showed the largest diversity (D: 0·5844), and the global discriminatory index (Hunter and Gaston discriminatory index, HGDI) was 0·9300. MAP (100%) isolates were grouped into INMV 1, INMV 2, INMV 11, INMV 8, and INMV 5. The HGDI was 0·6984 and loci 292 and 7 had the largestD(0·6980 and 0·5050). MAH presented a higherDwhen compared with MAP. The MIRU-VNTR was a useful tool to describe the genetic diversity of both MAH and MAP as well as to identify six new MAH patterns that were conveniently reported to the MAC-INMV database. It was also demonstrated that, in the geographical region studied, human MAC cases were produced by MAH as there was no MAA found among the human clinical samples.
Assessing the Scale of Prehistoric Human Impact in the Neotropics Using Stable Carbon Isotope Analyses of Lake Sediments: A Test Case From Costa Rica
Authors: Lane Chad S. , Horn Sally P. , Taylor Zachary P. , Mora Claudia I.
Published: February 2017

Analyses of pollen and other terrestrial microfossils in sediment profiles from neotropical lakes can complement and extend archaeological studies by documenting the timing of prehistoric human disturbances within watersheds. However, assessing the scale of prehistoric human impact from sedimentary microfossil assemblages alone is often difficult. We explore here the utility of combining stable carbon isotope (δ13C) analyses of lake sediments and isotopie mixing models to improve our ability to gauge the extent of prehistoric human disturbance recorded in sediment profiles. Our test case involves the analysis o f a sediment core from Laguna Bonillita on the central Caribbean slope of Costa Rica that spans approximately the last 2,700 calendar years. Variations in the δ13C values of the Laguna Bonillita sediments suggest that human population growth and environmental impacts in the watershed were at their maximum ~cal yr 300 B.C. This finding is in keeping with archaeological evidence of rapid regional population growth at this time but differs from initial interpretations of the sediment record that were based on pollen and charcoal analyses alone. We believe that the use of stable carbon isotope data from sediment profiles can improve estimates of the scale of prehistoric human impact and in doing so improve the contributions of paleoecological research to archaeology.
Lithic Industry in a Maya Center: An Axe Workshop at El Pilar, Belize
Authors: Whittaker John C. , Kamp Kathryn A. , Ford Anabel , Guerra Rafael , Brands Peter , Guerra Jose , McLean Kim , Woods Alex , Badillo Melissa , Thornton Jennifer , Eiley Zerifeh
Published: February 2017

Cahal Tok (Place of Flint) is a limestone rise with some structural evidence, associated with the previously designated LDF Chert Site, close to the ceremonial center of El Pilar. Excavations uncovered evidence that during the Late Classic period, specialized flintknappers produced bifaces, primarily chert axes, at the Cahol Tok locus, first on a cleared limestone shelf then on a prepared cobble platform. Small flakes remained in situ whereas much of the larger debris was deposited to the east off the edge of the platform and into the LDF debitage dump. The identification of a specialized manufacturing locale near the ceremonial precinct of a major center is unusual in Maya archaeology. Central control of an important industry may be implied, although knapping could equally well be organized more independently. We expect that small industrial areas are actually present at most large sites, but may often be difficult to recognize.
Hydraulics, Cacao, and Complex Developments at Preclassic Chocolá, Guatemala: Evidence and Implications
Authors: Kaplan Jonathan
Published: February 2017

Investigations begun in 2003 and continued through 2005 at Chocolá, in Southwestern Guatemala, have determined the existence of an extensive Preclassic network of well-engineered subterranean canals. The hydraulics discovered at the site, as well as other findings, add to long-standing evidence of Preclassic developments in the site's immediate region. While I consider an impressive Preclassic hydraulic system proven for Chocolá, a similarly early industry of cacao—a high-water demand plant of pan-Mesoamerican importance and native to the region—is discussed here admittedly only as a plausible hypothesis, based on copious ethnohistoric attestation but also on the long-known but disparate evidence of a temporal priority to many developments considered key to later Classic Maya civilization that are found in the Southern Maya area.
Stingray Spine Use and Maya Bloodletting Rituals: A Cautionary Tale
Authors: Haines Helen R. , Willink Philip W. , Maxwell David
Published: February 2017

Stingray spine use in Maya human bloodletting rituals has long been an accepted phenomenon. Recent work has suggested that intact spines may have been used and that the symptoms resulting from envenomation were an important part of the bloodletting ritual. Zoological and medical research, however, indicate that stingray toxins pose a more serious threat to human health than mere pain and inflammation. Medical studies conducted to track injuries resulting from stingray attacks report that some two-thirds of all cases result in tissue necrosis. Reconciling the use of stingray spines by the Maya with the physiological effects they present is crucial if we are to understand how the Maya viewed toxic marine materials and why they incorporated them in their ritual behaviors. Correlations between political events and stingray spine use may hold the key for understanding how these objects were articulated into the larger social and political sphere. We provide a discussion of the effects of stingray envenomation and the health risks inherent to the ritual use of stingray spines as bloodletters among the ancient Maya. Finally, we offer some possible explanations for the role of cleaned and defleshed spines in ritual contexts.
Elites in the Early Middle Ages: Identities, Strategies, Mobility
Authors: Bougard François , Bührer-Thierry Geneviève , Le Jan Régine
Published: February 2017

When considering status within early medieval societies, it is necessary to set aside juridical classifications in favor of concepts derived from political sociology—the notion of an “elite” can thus encompass any individual occupying an elevated social position within his or her community, be it through wealth, power, or culture. Using textual and archaeological sources, historians can seek out the processes of distinction and social recognition that were characteristic of elites throughout the early Middle Ages (from the sixth to the eleventh century). The Carolingian period shows signs of increasing hierarchization, which led both individuals and groups to devise strategies for bolstering their position and forestalling the loss of social status. Within the framework of these processes of social mobility, it becomes possible to examine elites at various levels and from different chronological and regional perspectives while avoiding an overly structural analysis.
For a New Approach to Credit Relations in Modern History
Authors: Lemercier Claire , Zalc Claire
Published: February 2017

Credit relations have not been thoroughly examined by modern historians and are usually viewed through the lens of evolutionist narratives recounting the victory of “ economic rationality” by means of the institutionalization, formalization, and modernization of these relations, although the veritable meaning of these terms are never precisely defined. This article examines the notion of credit relations by exploring their formalization and personalization, which are viewed as two relatively compatible elements. Drawing on a survey of recent publications on the subject, this article analyzes the complementarity of the various types of people involved in credit relations, the transformation of the tools for undertaking such a transaction, and the difficulties surrounding credit in addition to the (non-)existence of sanctions.
Fossil Fuel Leaders Look to New Playing Field Under Trump
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: February 2017

The election made a difference, say oil and coal mining industry heads, who expressed hope that the new administration will reduce regulations to improve development opportunities.
Clustering of 770,000 genomes reveals post-colonial population structure of North America
Authors: Han Eunjung , Carbonetto Peter , Curtis Ross E. , Wang Yong , Granka Julie M. , Byrnes Jake , Noto Keith , Kermany Amir R. , Myres Natalie M. , Barber Mathew J. , Rand Kristin A. , Song Shiya , Roman Theodore , Battat Erin , Elyashiv Eyal , Guturu Harendra , Hong Eurie L. , Chahine Kenneth G. , Ball Catherine A.
Published: February 2017

Despite strides in characterizing human history from genetic polymorphism data, progress in identifying genetic signatures of recent demography has been limited. Here we identify very recent fine-scale population structure in North America from a network of over 500 million genetic (identity-by-descent, IBD) connections among 770,000 genotyped individuals of US origin. We detect densely connected clusters within the network and annotate these clusters using a database of over 20 million genealogical records. Recent population patterns captured by IBD clustering include immigrants such as Scandinavians and French Canadians; groups with continental admixture such as Puerto Ricans; settlers such as the Amish and Appalachians who experienced geographic or cultural isolation; and broad historical trends, including reduced north-south gene flow. Our results yield a detailed historical portrait of North America after European settlement and support substantial genetic heterogeneity in the United States beyond that uncovered by previous studies.
Correction: Corrigendum: Greenland subglacial drainage evolution regulated by weakly connected regions of the bed
Authors: Hoffman Matthew J. , Andrews Lauren C. , Price Stephen F. , Catania Ginny A. , Neumann Thomas A. , Lüthi Martin P. , Gulley Jason , Ryser Claudia , Hawley Robert L. , Morriss Blaine
Published: February 2017

Nature Communications 7: Article number: 13903 (2016); Published 19 December 2016; Updated 7 February 2017 The original version of this Article contained a typographical error in the spelling of the author Stephen F. Price, which was incorrectly given as Stephen A. Price. This has now been correctedin both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
Correction: Corrigendum: Daxx inhibits hypoxia-induced lung cancer cell metastasis by suppressing the HIF-1α/HDAC1/Slug axis
Authors: Lin Ching-Wen , Wang Lu-Kai , Wang Shu-Ping , Chang Yih-Leong , Wu Yi-Ying , Chen Hsuan-Yu , Hsiao Tzu-Hung , Lai Wei-Yun , Lu Hsuan-Hsuan , Chang Ya-Hsuan , Yang Shuenn-Chen , Lin Ming-Wei , Chen Chi-Yuan , Hong Tse-Ming , Yang Pan-Chyr
Published: February 2017

Nature Communications 7: Article number: 13867 (2016); Published 22 December 2016; Updated 7 February 2017 The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the author Yih-Leong Chang, which was incorrectly given as Yi-Liang Chang. This has now been corrected in both the PDFand HTML versions of the Article.
Gating of memory encoding of time-delayed cross-frequency MEG networks revealed by graph filtration based on persistent homology
Authors: Hahm Jarang , Lee Hyekyoung , Park Hyojin , Kang Eunjoo , Kim Yu Kyeong , Chung Chun Kee , Kang Hyejin , Lee Dong Soo
Published: February 2017

To explain gating of memory encoding, magnetoencephalography (MEG) was analyzed over multi-regional network of negative correlations between alpha band power during cue (cue-alpha) and gamma band power during item presentation (item-gamma) in Remember (R) and No-remember (NR) condition. Persistent homology with graph filtration on alpha-gamma correlation disclosed topological invariants to explain memory gating. Instruction compliance (R-hits minus NR-hits) was significantly related to negative coupling between the left superior occipital (cue-alpha) and the left dorsolateral superior frontal gyri (item-gamma) on permutation test, where the coupling was stronger in R than NR. In good memory performers (R-hits minus false alarm), the coupling was stronger in R than NR between the right posterior cingulate (cue-alpha) and the left fusiform gyri (item-gamma). Gating of memory encoding was dictated by inter-regional negative alpha-gamma coupling. Our graph filtration over MEG network revealed these inter-regional time-delayed cross-frequency connectivity serve gating of memory encoding.
Correlative Imaging of the Murine Hind Limb Vasculature and Muscle Tissue by MicroCT and Light Microscopy
Authors: Schaad Laura , Hlushchuk Ruslan , Barré Sébastien , Gianni-Barrera Roberto , Haberthür David , Banfi Andrea , Djonov Valentin
Published: February 2017

A detailed vascular visualization and adequate quantification is essential for the proper assessment of novel angiomodulating strategies. Here, we introduce an ex vivo micro-computed tomography (microCT)-based imaging approach for the 3D visualization of the entire vasculature down to the capillary level and rapid estimation of the vascular volume and vessel size distribution. After perfusion with μAngiofil®, a novel polymerizing contrast agent, low- and high-resolution scans (voxel side length: 2.58–0.66 μm) of the entire vasculature were acquired. Based on the microCT data, sites of interest were defined and samples further processed for correlative morphology. The solidified, autofluorescent μAngiofil® remained in the vasculature and allowed co-registering of the histological sections with the corresponding microCT-stack. The perfusion efficiency of μAngiofil® was validated based on lectin-stained histological sections: 98 ± 0.5% of the blood vessels were μAngiofil®-positive, whereas 93 ± 2.6% were lectin-positive. By applying this approach we analyzed the angiogenesis induced by the cell-based delivery of a controlled VEGF dose. Vascular density increased by 426% mainly through the augmentation of medium-sized vessels (20–40 μm). The introduced correlative and quantitative imaging approach is highly reproducible and allows a detailed 3D characterization of the vasculature and muscle tissue. Combined with histology, a broad range of complementary structural information can be obtained.
A sugarcane R2R3-MYB transcription factor gene is alternatively spliced during drought stress
Authors: Guo Jinlong , Ling Hui , Ma Jingjing , Chen Yun , Su Yachun , Lin Qingliang , Gao Shiwu , Wang Hengbo , Que Youxiong , Xu Liping
Published: February 2017

MYB transcription factors of the R2R3-MYB family have been shown to play important roles in many plant processes. A sugarcane R2R3-MYB gene (ScMYB2) and its two alternative forms of transcript (ScMYB2S1 and ScMYB2S2) were identified in this study. The deduced protein of ScMYB2S1 is a typical plant R2R3-MYB protein, while ScMYB2S2 encodes a truncated protein. Real-time qPCR analysis revealed that ScMYB2S1 is suppressed under PEG-simulated drought stress in sugarcane, while ScMYB2S2 is induced at later treatment stage. A senescence symptom was observed when ScMYB2S1 was injected into tobacco leaves mediated by Agrobacterium, but no symptom for ScMYB2S2. Further investigation showed that the expression levels of 4 senescence-associated genes, NtPR-1a, NtNYC1, NtCAT3 and NtABRE, were markedly induced in tobacco leaves after ScMYB2S1-injection, while they were not sensitive to ScMYB2S2-injection. Moreover, MDA and proline were also investigated after injection. Similarly, MDA and proline levels were induced by ABA and ScMYB2S1, while inhibited by ScMYB2S2. We propose that ScMYB2, by alternatively splicing two transcripts (ScMYB2S1 and ScMYB2S2), is involved in an ABA-mediated leaf senescence signaling pathway and play positive role in respond to drought-induced senescence in sugarcane. The results of this study provide information for further research in sugarcane stress processes.
Pigment epithelium-derived factor attenuates myocardial fibrosis via inhibiting Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in rats with acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Zhang Hao , Hui Hongliang , Li Zhimin , Pan Jiajun , Jiang Xia , Wei Tengteng , Cui Huazhu , Li Lei , Yuan Xulong , Sun Teng , Liu Zhiwei , Zhang Zhongming , Dong Hongyan
Published: February 2017

Endothelial mesenchymal transition (EndMT) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis and progression of interstitial and perivascular fibrosis after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is shown to be a new therapeutic target owing to its protective role in cardiovascular disease. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that PEDF is an endogenous inhibitor of EndMT and represented a novel mechanism for its protective effects against overactive cardiac fibrosis after AMI. Masson’s trichrome (MTC) staining and picrosirius red staining revealed decreased interstitial and perivascular fibrosis in rats overexpressing PEDF. The protective effect of PEDF against EndMT was confirmed by co-labeling of cells with the myofibroblast and endothelial cell markers. In the endothelial cells of microvessels in the ischemic myocardium, the inhibitory effect of PEDF against nuclear translocation of β-catenin was observed through confocal microscopic imaging. The correlation between antifibrotic effect of PEDF and inactivation of β-catenin was confirmed by co-transfecting cells with lentivirus carrying PEDF or PEDF RNAi and plasmids harboring β-catenin siRNA(r) or constitutive activation of mutant β-catenin. Taken together, these results establish a novel finding that PEDF could inhibit EndMT related cardiac fibrosis after AMI by a mechanism dependent on disruption of β-catenin activation and translocation.
In vivo remineralization of dentin using an agarose hydrogel biomimetic mineralization system
Authors: Han Min , Li Quan-Li , Cao Ying , Fang Hui , Xia Rong , Zhang Zhi-Hong
Published: February 2017

A novel agarose hydrogel biomimetic mineralization system loaded with calcium and phosphate was used to remineralize dentin and induce the oriented densely parallel packed HA layer on defective dentin surface in vivo in a rabbit model. Firstly, the enamel of the labial surface of rabbits’ incisor was removed and the dentin was exposed to oral environment. Secondly, the hydrogel biomimetic mineralization system was applied to the exposed dentin surface by using a custom tray. Finally, the teeth were extracted and evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and nanoindentation test after a certain time of mineralization intervals. The regenerated tissue on the dentin surface was composed of highly organised HA crystals. Densely packed along the c axis, these newly precipitated HA crystals were perpendicular to the underlying dental surface with a tight bond. The demineralized dentin was remineralized and dentinal tubules were occluded by the grown HA crystals. The nanohardness and elastic modulus of the regenerated tissue were similar to natural dentin. The results indicated a potential clinical use for repairing dentin-exposed related diseases, such as erosion, wear, and dentin hypersensitivity.
Emergent Hyperbolic Network Geometry
Authors: Bianconi Ginestra , Rahmede Christoph
Published: February 2017

A large variety of interacting complex systems are characterized by interactions occurring between more than two nodes. These systems are described by simplicial complexes. Simplicial complexes are formed by simplices (nodes, links, triangles, tetrahedra etc.) that have a natural geometric interpretation. As such simplicial complexes are widely used in quantum gravity approaches that involve a discretization of spacetime. Here, by extending our knowledge of growing complex networks to growing simplicial complexes we investigate the nature of the emergent geometry of complex networks and explore whether this geometry is hyperbolic. Specifically we show that an hyperbolic network geometry emerges spontaneously from models of growing simplicial complexes that are purely combinatorial. The statistical and geometrical properties of the growing simplicial complexes strongly depend on their dimensionality and display the major universal properties of real complex networks (scale-free degree distribution, small-world and communities) at the same time. Interestingly, when the network dynamics includes an heterogeneous fitness of the faces, the growing simplicial complex can undergo phase transitions that are reflected by relevant changes in the network geometry.
Attenuation of lymphocyte immune responses during Mycobacterium avium complex-induced lung disease due to increasing expression of programmed death-1 on lymphocytes
Authors: Shu Chin-Chung , Wang Jann-Yuan , Wu Ming-Fang , Wu Chen-Tu , Lai Hsin-Chih , Lee Li-Na , Chiang Bor-Luen , Yu Chong-Jen
Published: February 2017

Mycobacterium avium complex-induced lung disease (MAC-LD) becomes important due to its increasing prevalence. Attenuated cellular immunity associated with programmed cell death (PD)–1 may play a pathophysiological role in MAC-LD but lacks of investigation. We enrolled 80 participants in this prospective study, including 50 with MAC-LD and 30 healthy controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), lymphocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages were used for MAC antigen stimulation. Patients with MAC-LD had lower tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ responses compared to the healthy controls in PBMC stimulation assays with MAC bacilli. These responses improved after MAC treatment. The PD-1 and PD ligand expressions and apoptosis were higher in the lymphocytes of the patients with MAC-LD compared to the controls. Both PD-1 and apoptosis on T lymphocytes were significantly increased in the patients with MAC-LD, either by direct MAC stimulation or by MAC-primed macrophage activation. Partially blocking PD-1 and the PD ligand with antagonizing antibodies in the stimulation assay significantly increased the cytokine production of IFN-γ and decreased the apoptosis on T lymphocytes. In conclusion, the patients with MAC-LD have attenuated lymphocyte immunity, which might be associated with increasing activation of PD-1 and PD-1 ligand. Regulating such activation might improve the lymphocytic secretion of IFN-γ and reduce apoptosis.
Electromagnetic pulsed thermography for natural cracks inspection
Authors: Gao Yunlai , Tian Gui Yun , Wang Ping , Wang Haitao , Gao Bin , Woo Wai Lok , Li Kongjing
Published: February 2017

Emerging integrated sensing and monitoring of material degradation and cracks are increasingly required for characterizing the structural integrity and safety of infrastructure. However, most conventional nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods are based on single modality sensing which is not adequate to evaluate structural integrity and natural cracks. This paper proposed electromagnetic pulsed thermography for fast and comprehensive defect characterization. It hybrids multiple physical phenomena i.e. magnetic flux leakage, induced eddy current and induction heating linking to physics as well as signal processing algorithms to provide abundant information of material properties and defects. New features are proposed using 1st derivation that reflects multiphysics spatial and temporal behaviors to enhance the detection of cracks with different orientations. Promising results that robust to lift-off changes and invariant features for artificial and natural cracks detection have been demonstrated that the proposed method significantly improves defect detectability. It opens up multiphysics sensing and integrated NDE with potential impact for natural understanding and better quantitative evaluation of natural cracks including stress corrosion crack (SCC) and rolling contact fatigue (RCF).
Image reconstruction from photon sparse data
Authors: Mertens Lena , Sonnleitner Matthias , Leach Jonathan , Agnew Megan , Padgett Miles J.
Published: February 2017

We report an algorithm for reconstructing images when the average number of photons recorded per pixel is of order unity, i.e. photon-sparse data. The image optimisation algorithm minimises a cost function incorporating both a Poissonian log-likelihood term based on the deviation of the reconstructed image from the measured data and a regularization-term based upon the sum of the moduli of the second spatial derivatives of the reconstructed image pixel intensities. The balance between these two terms is set by a bootstrapping technique where the target value of the log-likelihood term is deduced from a smoothed version of the original data. When compared to the original data, the processed images exhibit lower residuals with respect to the true object. We use photon-sparse data from two different experimental systems, one system based on a single-photon, avalanche photo-diode array and the other system on a time-gated, intensified camera. However, this same processing technique could most likely be applied to any low photon-number image irrespective of how the data is collected.
DNA methylation governs the dynamic regulation of inflammation by apoptotic cells during efferocytosis
Authors: Notley Clare A. , Jordan Christine K. , McGovern Jenny L. , Brown Mark A. , Ehrenstein Michael R.
Published: February 2017

Efficient clearance of apoptotic cells (AC) is pivotal in preventing autoimmunity and is a potent immunosuppressive stimulus. However, activation of cells prior to apoptosis abolishes their immunoregulatory properties. Here we show using the antigen-induced model of arthritis that the degree of DNA methylation within AC confers their immunomodulatory plasticity. DNA isolated from resting and activated AC mimicked their respective immune effects. Demethylation of DNA abrogated the protective effect of AC whereas remethylation of AC DNA reversed the effects of activation and restored the ability to inhibit inflammation. Disease suppression or lack thereof was associated with TGFβ and IL-6 production respectively. Apoptotic CD4+T cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus were demethylated compared to healthy controls and favoured production of IL-6 when cultured with healthy macrophages, in contrast to the TGFβ produced in response to healthy AC. Our data implicate AC DNA methylation as the molecular switch that imprints their regulatory properties.
Alkynyl-protected gold and gold–silver nanoclusters
Authors: Lei Zhen , Wan Xian-Kai , Yuan Shang-Fu , Wang Jia-Qi , Wang Quan-Ming
Published: February 2017

Alkynyl-protected coinage metal nanoclusters show new structural features and have interesting luminescence properties and catalytic behavior.
An automated and compartmented fluidic reactor device for multi-step sample-to-answer processes using magnetic particles
Authors: Hübner J. , Heinzler R. , Arlt C. , Hohmann S. , Brenner-Weiß G. , Franzreb M.
Published: February 2017

A benchtop device that combines segmented flow with magnetic particle separation and active resuspension capabilities for biotechnological applications, e.g. biomolecule purification.