bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Key Concepts in Advertising: Objectification
Authors: Lambiase Jacqueline , Bronstein Carolyn
Published: July 2022

Abstract: Key Concepts in Advertising articles provide short lectures on an important concept to help understand advertising’s place in society, culture, history, and the economy. This article focuses on the concept of objectification. This term is addressed within the disciplines of women’s studies, sociology, philosophy, visual culture, and advertising; in the latter field, feminist Jean Kilbourne has used the term for decades in her critique of modern advertising and its use of sexuality. Other scholars have also used the work of sociologist Erving Goffman, especially Gender Advertisements (1979), to discuss the ways that objectification works within ads through gendered and racialized depictions of models. A series of short videos define objectification and provide background information about Kilbourne’s and Goffman’s work, among other theorists. After several ads are deconstructed, viewers are encouraged to analyze an ad, using these terms to unpack the meaning within advertising in the ways it treats women, people of color, and members of the LGBTQ+ community. Two media scholars join the authors to help with these analyses. The last video in the series looks ahead at challenges for the industry, in terms of self-objectification, depictions of transgender people, and the use of Big Data. A recommended reading list provides other sources for learning more about objectification, self-objectification in the age of selfies, and sexuality in advertising.
Roundtable on Equity and Inclusion in Advertising Since the Racial Reckoning of 2020
Authors: Lindsey-Warren Tyrha M. , Chenevert Amber , James J. P. , Lewis Nakeisha S. , Paul Lukeisha , Thomas Kevin D.
Published: July 2022

Abstract: A panel of academics and industry leaders came together to discuss diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) efforts in the advertising industry since the racial reckoning of 2020. This is the third installment of a roundtable series focused on equity and inclusion in the advertising industry (the first two parts having taken place in early May 2020). Participants discuss many topics: the state of DEI efforts in the advertising industry since the murder of George Floyd in May 2020; the authenticity of brands’ and agencies’ DEI efforts in creative work and within the workplace; how to implement DEI initiatives; examples of successful DEI programs in ad agencies; and advice for practitioners, professors, and students on how to achieve a more equitable, inclusive, and diverse world through advertising.
Key Concepts in Advertising: Technological Determinism
Authors: Timke Edward
Published: July 2022

Abstract: Key Concepts in Advertising articles provide short lectures on an important concept to help understand advertising’s place in society, culture, history, and the economy. This article focuses on the highly debated concept and theory of technological determinism. A series of short videos discuss background information about technological determinism, the questions raised by the theory, the S-curve of adoption, and the ways in which the concept helps us understand advertising technologies, especially the implications of using advertising in social media. A recommended reading list provides other sources to learn more about technological determinism as well as its important place in studying advertising and society.
Author Meets Critics: Pushing Cool: Big Tobacco, Racial Marketing, and the Untold Story of the Menthol Cigarette
Authors: Wailoo Keith A. , Boulton Christopher , Piety Tamara R. , Rosa-Salas Marcel , Timke Edward
Published: July 2022

Abstract: This Author Meets Critics conversation focuses on Keith Wailoo’s book Pushing Cool: Big Tobacco, Racial Marketing, and the Untold Story of the Menthol Cigarette (University of Chicago Press, 2021). Wailoo met with marketing and advertising specialists from various disciplines to discuss the following topics: racialized marketing and its role in the history of the menthol cigarette in the United States; the interconnections between Big Tobacco and the advertising industry; the connection between the asphyxiation of Black people at the hands of law enforcement and Big Tobacco’s targeting of Black people to consume menthol cigarettes; the creation of markets based on race; the role of motivational research consultants like Ernest Dichter in the 1950s and 1960s; the Master Settlement Agreement archive housing decades of Big Tobacco’s internal documents, including marketing research and plans; regulation’s impact on Big Tobacco’s changing tactics and priorities to sell menthol cigarettes; the contradictory roles of civil rights activists and the Black press in the history of the menthol cigarette; the need to find and eliminate legal loopholes that can lead to taking advantage of minority communities; the power and dangers of diverse representation in advertising for dangerous products like cigarettes; and advice for professors, students, and practitioners. The videos include a wealth of examples of tobacco and public service advertisements.
Using prosocial behavior to safeguard mental health and foster emotional well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: A registered report of a randomized trial
Authors: Miles Andrew , Andiappan Meena , Upenieks Laura , Orfanidis Christos
Published: July 2022

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic, the accompanying lockdown measures, and their possible long-term effects have made mental health a pressing public health concern. Acts that focus on benefiting others—known as prosocial behaviors—offer one promising intervention that is both flexible and low cost. However, neither the range of emotional states prosocial acts impact nor the size of those effects is currently clear—both of which directly influence its attractiveness as a treatment option.

Objective

To assess the effect of prosocial activity on emotional well-being (happiness, belief that one’s life is valuable) and mental health (anxiety, depression).

Methods

1,234 respondents from the United States and Canada were recruited from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk and randomly assigned (by computer software) to perform prosocial (N = 411), self-focused (N = 423), or neutral (N = 400) behaviors three times a week for three weeks. A follow-up assessment was given two weeks after the intervention. Participants were blind to alternative conditions. Analyses were based on 1052 participants (Nprosocial = 347, Nself = 365, Nneutral = 340).

Findings

Those in the prosocial condition did not differ on any outcome from those in the self-focused or neutral acts conditions during the intervention or at follow-up, nor did prosocial effects differ for those who had been negatively affected socially or economically by the pandemic (all p’s > 0.05). Exploratory analyses that more tightly controlled for study compliance found that prosocial acts reduced anxiety relative to neutral acts control (β = -0.12 [95% CI: -0.22 to -0.02]) and increased the belief that one’s life is valuable (β = 0.11 [95% CI: 0.03 to 0.19]). These effects persisted throughout the intervention and at follow-up.

Conclusion

Prosocial acts may provide small, lasting benefits to emotional well-being and mental health. Future work should replicate these results using tighter, pre-registered controls on study compliance.
DOMÈNECH, Xavier, Un haz de naciones. El Estado y la plurinacionalidad en España (1833-2017). Barcelona, Península, 384 pp.
Authors: Casanellas Pau
Published: July 2022

Reseña del libro: DOMÈNECH, Xavier, Un haz de naciones. El Estado y la plurinacionalidad en España (1833-2017). Barcelona, Península, 384 pp.
Cellular immune response of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B in Balb/c mice through intranasal infection
Authors: Purwanasari Hidayatun Nisa , Permatasari Amanda Tri Utami , Lestari Fajar Budi , Wasissa Madarina , Zaini Khusnan , Salasia Siti Isrina Oktavia
Published: July 2022

Background and Aim: Staphylococcus aureus produces various superantigen exotoxins, including staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). It causes fatal anaphylactic reactions and toxic shock. This study aimed to evaluate the reaction of leukocytes and histopathological changes in the respiratory organs of Balb/c mice after intranasal infection with enterotoxigenic S. aureus (SEB).

Materials and Methods: The presence of the seb gene in S. aureus was established in this study using polymerase chain reaction-specific primer. Two groups of 8-week-old male Balb-c mice consist of six mice in each group. The treated group was infected with 50 μL and 100 μL of SEB intranasal on days 1 and 14, respectively. NaCl was administered in the second group and was considered as a control group. Blood samples were collected through the retro-orbital plexus on days 1, 4, 7, 14, and 22 after infections. Total cell counts were analyzed with an independent sample t-test and compared using the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 16.0 (IBM Corp., NY, USA). The infected tissues of the respiratory organ were observed descriptively and compared to the control group.

Results: The seb gene with a molecular size of 478 bp, indicating the SEB strain, is present in S. aureus used in this study. Intranasal administration of SEB showed increased leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils on day 22 post-infection. Significant leukocytosis was seen on days 6 and 14; lymphocytosis on days 1, 4, 6, and 16; and eosinophilia on days 6, 14, and 22 compared with the control group (p > 0.05). In contrast, the neutrophil decreased after an increase of immature band cells compared to the control group, indicating a severe acute infection with SEB. The lungs and trachea of the test group had an inflammatory cell accumulation in the respiratory organ.

Conclusion: Intranasal route infection of S. aureus containing seb gene significantly induced the cellular immune response and caused pathological changes in the respiratory tissues of the Balb/c mice model. The hematological changes were aligned with marked pathological changes in the respiratory tract. Balb/c mice could be an excellent experimental model to study toxic and anaphylactic shock against SEB to define the future therapeutic agents.
Comparison of ITS-1 and TBR-1/2 primer sensitivity for the detection of Trypanosoma evansi local isolates in experimental rats using a polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Suprihati Endang , Suwanti Lucia Tri , Yudhana Aditya , Kusumaningrum Andika Indra
Published: July 2022

Background and Aim: Surra is caused by Trypanosoma evansi. The detection method using conventional parasitological tests has not always shown positive results in blood parasite detection, although the livestock has presented with clinical signs. Therefore, a fast and accurate diagnosis is necessary to prevent the disease predominately in field isolates. This study aimed to investigate the sensitivity of molecular detection method using two different specific primers, namely, Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS-1) and Trypanosoma brucei repeat 1/2 (TBR-1/2) against T. evansi field isolates from Banten Province, Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: The isolates of T. evansi used in this study were collected from Banten Province and cultured and preserved by the National Research Center for Veterinary Science, Indonesia. Eighteen experimental rats were divided into three equal groups, which were categorized as control, 1 × 101, and 1 × 104 infective doses. The isolates were injected into all experimental albino rats intraperitoneally. All samples were tested using conventional blood smear, card agglutination test (CATT), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.

Results: The results of the CATT examination in all treatments showed negative results. However, PCR results showed that two different primers, namely, ITS-1 and TBR-1/2 had been successfully detected T. evansi from infected experimental rats, proven by positive PCR band appeared in 480 base pairs (bp) and 164 bp, respectively.

Conclusion: Based on the molecular diagnostic test using PCR method, TBR-1/2 primer is more sensitive to detect T. evansi compared to ITS-1 primer. The present finding provides preliminary data for studying the efficiency of different primers if practically applied as a standard diagnostic test for trypanosomiasis, especially in Indonesian livestock.
Screening of salt stress in the overexpressed type of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. for the identification of significant hub genes using a systems biology approach
Authors: Amjad Elham , Sokouti Babak , Asnaashari Solmaz , Dastmalchi Siavoush
Published: July 2022

Worldwide, it is known that abiotic and biotic stresses can affect the production of crops by a declining trend. To control the situation, SnRK2 (a subfamily 2 of SNF1-related protein kinase) overexpression levels can induce salt tolerance. This study used a dataset for 2 types of Arabidopsis thaliana including the wild and PtSnRK2.7 overexpressed in mock and salt conditions to compare and identify the salt stress-responsive genes. A computational systems biology approach was employed to identify the differentially expressed genes and determine their mechanisms in terms of molecular functionalities, cellular components, KEGG enrichment pathways and plant ontology analyses. The results indicate that the 15 genes identified for PtSnRK2.7 overexpressed type in mock against salt conditions were upregulated (AT1G19180 and AT2G23150 were downregulated) and related to various environmental stresses. Furthermore, 8 out of 15 identified genes were downregulated for the wild type exposed to salt stress and the rest were upregulated. And, the only upregulated gene found differentially expressed between wild and overexpressed types in salt stress conditions was AT4G15110. In contrast, the other two AT1G15010 and AT4G19430 were downregulated and involved in transient stress and inactivation of chloroplast, respectively. Taken together, it has been shown that A. thaliana PtSnRK2.7 overexpressed type can resist salt stress. Finally, more experimental studies and computational systems biology methodologies are needed to reveal and confirm the responsive gene for salt stress in A. thaliana.
Theoretical Analysis of Hydrogen Bonds, Energy Distribution and Information in a 1 % Rosa damascena Mill Oil Solution
Authors: Ignatov Ignat , Neshev Nikolai , Popova Teodora P , Kiselova-Kaneva Yoana , Drossinakis Christos , Bankova Ralitsa , Toshkova Reneta , Gluhchev Georgi , Valcheva Nedyalka , Angelcheva Mariana , Dinkov Georgi , Angushev Ivan , Todorova Teodora , Balabanski Valentin , Baiti Sadek , Huether Fabio , Ignatov Alexander I.
Published: July 2022

The method of Non-equilibrium Energy Spectrum (NES) was applied in measurement of hydrogen bonds energy distribution in 1% Rosa damscena L. oil solution in deionized water. Local maxima in this spectrum were identical with these obtained in investigations of other biologically active solutions and related to particular bio effects as follows: (-0.1387 eV; 8.95 µm; 1117 cm-1). This local maximum is typical for antibacterial, anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects. The local maxima at (-0.1212 eV; 10.23 µm; 978 cm-1) and (-0.1262 eV; 9.82 µm; 1018 cm-1) are typical for anti-inflammatory effects and this at (-0.1112 eV; 11.15 µm; 897 cm-1) is typical for effects on the nervous system and nerve conductivity. Information theoretical analysis was performed using the values of Shannon entropy and Transformational information entropy, pointing to hydrogen bonds distribution similarities between Rosa damscena L., V. myrtillus L. and Salvia divinorum Epling. The possible chemical causes of these similarities were identified as antioxidant activity and polyphenols concentration.
The messianic concept in modern Judaism
Authors: Homolka Walter
Published: July 2022

The history of the Messiah in Judaism is a history of disappointed hopes. Again and again, there were salvation fi gures to whom this role was ascribed. But redemption from occupation and foreign rule, exile, oppression and persecution failed to materialize. Therefore, the expectation of the Messiah fell to the periphery of Jewish theology. This article examinesin what ways the messianic concept plays a role in modern times and what it contributes to describing the relationship between God and humanity in Judaism. The author intends to show the development from the abandonment of a personal Messiah towards the affi rmation of the prophets’ hope for a universal messianic age in which the duty of all people to participate in the healing of the world becomes central. What becomes also clear is: The messiah idea cannot be a bridge between Christianity and Judaism.
Ein auf christlichen Werten basierendes Familienmodell
Authors: Podgórni Krystian
Published: July 2022

Rodziny opierające się na wartościach chrześcijańskich napotykają dziś wiele wyzwań, można nawet powiedzieć, że w niektórych krajach są zagrożone. Rze­czywistość postmodernistyczna, nasycona antywartościami zaszczepionymi z wielką siłą przez liberalizm moralny, relatywizm aksjologiczny i neomarksizm, stawia przed takim modelem rodziny wiele przeszkód. Przede wszystkim silne jest dążenie do zdewaluowa­nia pozycji i roli mężczyzny-ojca w rodzinie w stosunku do żony i dzieci. To samo można zauważyć w próbach podważania roli rodziców w stosunku do dzieci oraz w deprecjono­waniu i relatywizacji pojęcia „rodzina". Rozbicie modelu rodziny opartego na wartościach chrześcijańskich prowadzi do roz­padu rodziny w świecie rzeczywistym. Rodzina oparta na wartościach chrześcijańskich uznaje nauczanie Jezusa za drogowskaz, a nauczanie Kościoła za ich uzupełnienie w wy­pełnianiu swojej misji. Jest to misja rodziców na całe życie, a poprzez powołanie na świat ich potomstwa, staje się misją wielopokoleniową.
Contemporary Puritan Salafism: A Swedish Case Study
Authors: Olsson Susanne
Published: July 2022

This volume addresses issues of authority and authenticity related to contemporary interpretations of Islam in a minority setting. Salafism is a contemporary multifaceted and global phenomenon that represents a fundamentalist interpretative stance which appears to be growing among minority Muslims. This book studies a Salafi group in Sweden that is puritan in the sense of avoiding political participation and rejecting jihadism. They strive to imitate the lives of the first generations of Muslims and the prophet Muhammad within their own minority setting, surrounded by a society which in their view is characterized by immorality and capitalism. The group recommends segregation, or even emigration, as a strategy in order to enable people to live proper Muslim lives, in preparation for the Hereafter.
Asystole kidney donation using automated chest compression system and hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (first experience in the Russian Federation)
Authors: Shabunin A. V. , Minina M. G. , Drozdov P. A. , Sevostianov V. M. , Nesterenko I. V. , Makeev D. A. , Zhuravel O. S.
Published: July 2022

Objective: to demonstrate, using a clinical case, the first successful experience in a combined use of an automated chest compression device (ACCD) and hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (HOPE) for kidney transplantation from a donor with irreversible cardiopulmonary arrest. Materials and methods. In the presented clinical case, ACCD was successfully used in a donor who was pronounced dead following an irreversible cardiopulmonary arrest. This allowed to minimize the primary warm ischemia time. Kidney graft HOPE for 585 minutes reduced the static cold storage time to 165 minutes. Results. In the uneventful postoperative period, there was immediate kidney graft function. This allowed for rapid rehabilitation and discharge from hospital. Conclusion. Introduction of ACCD and HOPE will increase the number of donor organs, mainly kidneys intended for transplantation.
Ways of improving the legal regulation of human organ and tissue transplantation in the Russian Federation
Authors: Karakulina E. V. , Khomyakov S. M. , Aleksandrova O. A. , Lysikov I. V. , Shedenko S. V. , Gautier S. V.
Published: July 2022

Over the past 10 years, significant breakthroughs have been achieved in Russian transplantology in the field of regulatory legal framework. During this period, the powers of government authorities in the field of healthcare on organization of transplant care and organ donation have been defined, and sources and mechanisms for target financing of medical activities related to organ donation for transplantation purposes have been identified. The procedure for providing medical care under surgery (human organ and/or tissue transplantation) has been adopted, and a state registry system for donor organs, donors and recipients has been created. Measures on organ donation and transplantation in the Russian Federation have been approved within the «Healthcare Development», a framework of the state program of the Russian Federation. The Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs (Shumakov Center) has also been identified as the core institution that coordinates the activities of the entire transplant industry in the Russian Federation. Transplant medical care is currently being provided by specialist physicians trained in human organ and tissue transplantation, in collaboration with other specialist physicians. The Nomenclature of Specialties of Specialists with Higher Medical and Pharmaceutical Education, approved by the Russian Ministry of Health via Order No. 700n of October 7, 2015, does not contain a separate specialty related to human organ and tissue transplantation activities, and this is quite justified. However, in order to improve the legal regulation of transplantation activities, it is necessary to unify the requirements for specialists providing medical care in human organ/tissue transplantation. This can be achieved by developing uniform approaches to the definition of labor functions in the professional standards of specialist doctors involved in transplantation.
On the possibility of therapeutic action after transdermal patch application
Authors: Kuznetsova E. G. , Kuryleva O. M. , Salomatina L. A. , Kursakov S. V. , Belov V. Yu. , Gonikova Z. Z. , Basok Yu. B. , Sevastianov V. I.
Published: July 2022

Background. As scientific knowledge about the peculiarities of the structure and functional properties of the skin increased, it became clearer that during transdermal administration, drug may accumulate in the deep layers of the dermis and subsequently get diffused into the bloodstream even after the transdermal therapeutic system (TTS), also called transdermal patch, had been removed. Objective: to quantify active drug substances remaining in an animal skin after TTS application. Materials and methods. Two previously developed transdermal patches containing Russian-made drug substances were chosen for the study: aminodihydrophthalazinedione sodium (immunomodulator) and bis(1-vinylimidazole-N) zinc diacetate (antidote for carbon monoxide). The study was performed on male Chinchilla rabbits weighing 2.5–3 kg. Five series of experiments were performed for each substance: immediately after removal of the patch, 4 hours later, at week 1, 2 and 3 after removal. High-performance liquid chromatography and atomic absorption spectroscopy methods were used to quantify residual drug substances left in the skin. Results. In the skin flap that was in contact with the aminodihydrophthalazinedione sodium TTS for 24 hours, 0.516 mg of the drug was detected immediately after removal of the patch. Over the next two weeks, the drug substance in the skin decreased with the immunomodulator significantly reducing to 0.41 mg in the first 4 hours. In the skin flap that had been in contact with zinc bis(1-vinylimidazole-N) diacetate for 24 hours, about 1 mg of the drug was present immediately after patch removal. Four hours after removal of the transdermal patch, the quantity of active substance in the skin remained practically unchanged. At week 1 and 2, the quantity of the antidote decreased slightly to ~0.7 mg and ~0.25 mg, respectively. Conclusion. For transdermal application of aminodihydrophthalazinedione sodium, the skin can act as a drug depot and prolong the effect of this drug even after the transdermal patch had been removed. No such effect was found in the case of bis(1-vinylimidazole-N) zinc diacetate, which is apparently due to the different solubility of the drugs in the biotissue.
Efficacy of surgical techniques for morbid obesity and their potentials in end-stage renal disease in preparation for kidney transplantation
Authors: Zharikov A. A. , Saydulaev D. A. , Sadovnikov S. V. , Miloserdov I. A.
Published: July 2022

Obesity is a modern «epidemic» not only in the general population but also among patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) who require kidney transplantation (KTx). The objective of this literature review is to analyze global studies on surgical methods of treating morbid obesity and their potentials in ESRD patients in preparation for KTx.
Successful surgical correction of ascending aortic dissection in a kidney transplant patient
Authors: Kantaria R. O. , Vetchinnikova O. N. , Pasov C. A. , Dudakov V. A.
Published: July 2022

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in patients with a transplanted kidney and in graft loss. We present the first clinical case of successful surgical correction of ascending aortic dissection (DeBakey type I) in a young patient with a functioning kidney graft. The patient underwent the first cadaveric kidney transplantation (KTx), which was complicated by acute humoral rejection and suboptimal graft function. High blood pressure, anemia, elevated blood levels of triglycerides, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, and uric acid were recorded. A repeat KTx was performed five years later; the patient’s condition and kidney function were satisfactory. Three years later,the patient started experiencing severe pain along the thoracic and lumbar spine; his blood creatinine level was 408 μmol/L. Computed tomography and echocardiography diagnosed DeBakey type I aortic dissection (AD) with critical narrowing of the true aortic lumen at certain levels, dissection of aortic branches. Aortic resection surgery with prosthetic replacement of the ascending aorta according to David procedure with reimplantation of coronary artery orifices according to Kouchoukos technique, prosthetic replacement of the aortic arch with debranching of brachiocephalic artery and left common carotid artery were successfully performed as planned under endotracheal anesthesia, cardiopulmonary bypass and selective pharmacological cold cardioplegia. The peculiarities of the course, possible causes and outcomes of surgical correction of thoracic AD in the patient are discussed.
Post-liver transplant HBV infection (Review)
Authors: Nikogosova A. D. , Umrik D. V. , Tsirulnikova O. M.
Published: July 2022

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is common throughout the world. According to the World Health Organization, about 300 million people around the world are living with the HBV infection markers, with prevalence ranging from 0.4% to 8.5%, depending on the region. Untreated HBV infection results in severe liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), in at least one third of patients. While vaccination and new antiviral drugs are effective in preventing the severe consequences of HBV infection, liver transplantation remains the ultimate therapy for patients with HBV in cirrhosis. In patients with HBV replication, recurrence in the graft occurs in 100% of cases, which requires antiviral therapy combined with immunosuppressive therapy. According to the literature, de novo HBV infection after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTx) in patients without replication and even in patients negative for hepatitis B surface antigen is between 1.7% and 5% [Castells L. et al., 2002]. After OLTx, liver recipients with baseline chronic HBV infection and patients with de novo HBV infection occurring after transplantation are indicated for long-term antiviral therapy.
Historical aspects and current understanding of autoimmune hepatitis. When is liver transplantation indicated? (Review)
Authors: Iljinsky I. M. , Tsirulnikova O. M.
Published: July 2022

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) can occur at any age and is more common in women. The disease is a manifestation of autoimmune predisposition caused in genetically susceptible people exposed to certain environmental factors. The pathogenetic mechanism of AIH is not yet fully understood, but it involves an aggressive cellular immune response. The pathogenesis and severity of AIH also depend on various cytokines. This disease is characterized by elevated levels of transaminases – aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Liver histology plays a crucial role in confirming or supporting the clinical diagnosis of AIH. Diagnosis of AIH remains a challenge in clinical practice. AIH is one of the few liver diseases for which pharmacologic treatment has been shown to improve survival. Standard treatment is based on high-dose prednisone alone or prednisolone plus azathioprine. It leads to disease remission in 80%-90% of patients. Approximately 20% of patients do not respond to the standard steroid treatment and are treated with second-line immunosuppressive drugs: mycophenolate mofetil, budesonide, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, everolimus, and sirolimus. There have been reports on the use of infliximab and rituximab. In the natural course of AIH and resistance to therapy, there is a tendency for cirrhosis to develop and for the disease to progress to an end stage. These patients, as well as those diagnosed with fulminant liver failure, require liver transplantation.
The role of frailty in selecting patients for heart transplantation
Authors: Koloskova N. N. , Shevchenko A. O.
Published: July 2022

The role of frailty in cardiovascular disease is becoming increasingly recognized. Up to 79% of patients with heart failure are frail. Frailty is associated with reduced quality of life and poor prognosis. This review summarizes the available literature on frailty and its key role in waitlisting patients for heart transplantation.
Heart transplantation and COVID-19 in the early postoperative period in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a clinical case
Authors: Zaynetdinov M. R. , Mukharyamov M. N. , Dzhordzhikiya R. K. , Vagizov I. I. , Miroshnichenko M. A. , Abdulyanov I. V. , Khamzin R. R. , Abdulganieva D. I. , Dyakova E. V. , Bayalieva A. Zh. , Gizatullina N. F. , Stekolshchikova N. Yu. , Minnullin M. M. , Khairullin R. N.
Published: July 2022

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a disease that is usually unresponsive to conservative pathogenetic therapy. It does not have clearly developed surgical correction algorithms. Heart transplantation (HTx) is the sole therapeutic option when drug therapy is ineffective and surgical reduction of hypertrophic myocardium is not feasible. There are only sporadic reports in the literature about HTx for HCM. The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly affected the work of cardiac surgical units and, in particular, organ transplantation activities. This paper presents a clinical case of an HCM patient who underwent HTx, complicated by COVID-19 infection in the early postoperative period.
Impact of the growth hormone and IGF-1 on graft function and immune response in pediatric liver recipients
Authors: Kurabekova R. M. , Tsirulnikova O. M. , Oleshkevich S. Yu. , Pashkova I. E. , Olefirenko G. A.
Published: July 2022

Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) are the most important regulators of growth, regeneration and metabolism. The influence of GH and IGF-1 on pediatric liver transplant outcomes is mediated through growth and body weight regulation, specific effects on hepatocyte function and immune system activity. In recent years, the blood levels of these factors and life expectancy, both in healthy individuals and liver recipients, have been shown to be correlated. In pediatric liver recipients, neurohumoral regulation of graft function and other functions of the growing organism, has not been studied enough. The results of studies on the levels and dynamics of GH and IGF-1 in the blood of liver recipients can serve as a basis for assessing the state of graft using new minimally invasive methods and identifying therapeutic targets for personalized therapy. This review summarizes the current understanding of the significance of GH/IGF-1 hormones in hepatobiliary diseases and pediatric liver transplantation (LTx).
Testing of the pHEMA hydrogel as an implantation material for replacement of osteochondral defects in animals
Authors: Makarova E. B. , Korch M. A. , Fadeyev F. A. , Bliznets D. G. , Bugayova A. V. , Shklyar T. F. , Safronov A. P. , Nokhrin K. A. , Blyakhman F. A.
Published: July 2022

Objective: to evaluate the features of reparative chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in animal experiments with the implantation of porous poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) hydrogel into osteochondral defects. Materials and methods. Cylindrical pHEMA implants (5 mm in diameter) were synthesized by radical polymerization. The implants were subjected to light microscopy and mechanical tests to characterize the structure and viscoelastic properties of the material. In experimental group #1, four pHEMA specimens were implanted into formed defects in the distal femoral epiphysis of rabbits. In experimental group #2, allogeneic chondrocytes were applied to the surface of four specimens before implantation. In the control series, four defects were not replaced with implants. Tissue regeneration was investigated by morphological and morphometric methods 30 days after operation. Results. The pHEMA implants were heterogeneous specimens with irregularly shaped pores – up to 30 × 10 μm at the surface and 300 × 120 μm inside. With >10% static compressive stress, the Young’s modulus was 54.7 kPa. For dynamic stress, increased frequency of compression-relaxation cycles from 0.01 Hz to 20.0 Hz led to increased storage modulus from 20 kPa to 38 kPa on average, and increased loss modulus from 2 kPa to 10 kPa. Indicators of semi-quantitative assessment of local inflammatory response to pHEMA implantation had the following values in points: pHEMA, 4.7 ± 0.3; pHEMA with allogeneic chondrocytes, 6.0 ± 1.0; control, 4.3 ± 0.3. The ratio of connective, bone, and cartilage tissues proper in the regenerates had the following respective values: pHEMA, 79%, 20%, 1%; pHEMA with chondrocytes, 82%, 16%, 2%; control, 9%, 74%, 17%. Conclusion. In a short-term experiment, pHEMA implants did not trigger a pronounced inflammatory response in the surrounding tissues and can be classified as biocompatible materials. However, the tested implants had low conductivity with respect to bone and cartilage cells, which can be improved by stabilizing the pore size and increasing the rigidity when synthesizing the material.
The «microbiome» of post-liver transplant complications
Authors: Salimov U. R. , Stoma I. O. , Scherba A. E. , Fedoruk A. M. , Kovalev A. A. , Rummo O. O.
Published: July 2022

This paper reviews modern literature and presents a brief analysis of our own data on one of the most pressing issues in modern transplantology and, in particular, transplant hepatology – the role and place of gut-liver axis (GLA) in the early post-transplant period.Objective: to compare the correlation between gut microbiome palette and incidence of certain early postoperative complications in liver transplantation.Materials and methods. The study design is presented as a pilot, prospective, observational, double-blind study based on investigation of the composition of the microbiome residing in the large intestinal in patients that underwent orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTx). The primary cohort of patients consisted of 12 patients who underwent OLTx from a postmortem donor. To assess the gut microbiome palette, biomaterial was collected from all patients in the preand post-transplant period followed by next-generation sequencing. The study was conducted as primary study results registered under number NCT04281797.Results. In the preoperative period, differences close to statistically reliable in relation toActinobacteriawere observed in patients included in the liver transplant waiting list for cirrhosis (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in cirrhosis. However, due to the pilot nature of the study, this study cohort was limited to an extremely small sample. In turn, in the post-transplant period, there was a statistically significant difference in the taxonomic range ofActinobacteria(p < 0.05) between the above groups, indicating a possible effect of liver transplantation on the gut microbiome. In addition, in the early post-transplant period, there was a marked difference in the microbiome palette between patients with and without acute cellular rejection.Conclusion. GLA and the gut microbiome play a critical role in many liver diseases, and may also have a significant impact on the post-transplant period. In this regard, further research in this direction will not only characterize the predictors and risk factors of bacterial infection and rejection episodes, but will also allow us to form a completely new approach to the treatment tactics for certain complications, including through formation of a microbiota-oriented pharmacotherapy.
Cryogenically structured gelatin-based hydrogel as a resorbable macroporous matrix for biomedical technologies
Authors: Grigoriev A. M. , Basok Yu. B. , Kirillova A. D. , Surguchenko V. A. , Shmerko N. P. , Kulakova V. K. , Ivanov R. V. , Lozinsky V. I. , Subbot A. M. , Sevastianov V. I.
Published: July 2022

Objective: to investigate the biological properties of a matrix made of cryogenically structured hydrogel in the form of a macroporous gelatin sponge, as well as the possibility of creating cell-engineered constructs (CECs) on its basis. Materials and methods. The main components of the cryogenically structured hydrogel were gelatin (type A) obtained from porcine skin collagen, N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N’-ethylcarbodiimide, (EDC) and urea (all from Sigma-Aldrich, USA). Surface morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The degree of swelling in water of the samples was determined by gravimetric method. Cytotoxicity was studied on NIH3T3, a fibroblast cell line isolated from a mouse, and on human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hAMSCs) using IncuCyte ZOOM (EssenBioscience, USA). The metabolic activity of hAMSCs was assessed using PrestoBlue™ reagents (Invitrogen™, USA). To create CECs, we used hAMSCs, human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 or human umbilical vein endothelial cell lines EA.hy926. Albumin content in the culture medium was determined by enzyme immunoassay. Ammonia metabolism rate was assessed after 90 minutes of incubation with 1 mM ammonium chloride (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) diluted in a culture medium on day 15 of the experiment. Results. Obtaining a cryogenically structured hydrogel scaffold in the form of macroporous gelatin sponge included freezing an aqueous solution of a gelatin+urea mixture, removal of polycrystals of frozen solvent by lyophilization, extraction of urea with ethanol and treatment of the cryostructurate with an ethanol solution of EDC. Scanning electron microscopy identified three types of pores on the carrier surface: large (109 ± 17 μm), medium (39 ± 10 μm), and small (16 ± 6 μm). The degree of swelling in water of the matrix samples was 3.8 ± 0.2 g H2O per 1 g of dry polymer. The macroporous gelatin sponge as a part of CEC was found to have the ability to support adhesion and proliferation of hAMSCs, EA.hy926 and HepG2 for 28, 15 and 9 days, respectively. Albumin secretion and ammonia metabolism when HepG2 cells were cultured on the gelatin sponge were detected. Conclusion. The use of a matrix made from macroporous cryogenically structured gelatin-based hydrogel for tissue engineering products is shown to be promising using a cell-engineered liver construct as a case.
Normothermic ex vivo perfusion of isolated lungs in an experiment using a russian-made perfusion system
Authors: Gautier S. V. , Tsirulnikova O. M. , Pashkov I. V. , Oleshkevich D. O. , Filatov I. A. , Bogdanov V. K. , Bondarenko D. M. , Mozheiko N. P. , Karpov A. A. , Bunenkov N. S. , Grudinin N. V.
Published: July 2022

According to global health statistics, respiratory diseases, together with infectious complications and hereditary lung diseases, rank as the third leading cause of death. Today, lung transplantation (LTx) is a well-recognized modality of treatment for end-stage chronic lung disease. However, the number of LTx surgeries performed is much lower than other solid organs. This is due to the high requirements for the potential donor and characteristics of the lung graft, reflecting the efficiency of gas exchange function. Non-compliance with the selection criteria leads to deselection of donors, which, according to various estimates, occurs in 80–85% of cases. One of the ways to increase the number of lung transplant surgeries is to restore them to the level of optimal gas exchange parameters, which can be achieved and objectively assessed during normothermic ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP). EVLP is becoming increasingly common at leading transplantation centers in Europe and North America. This has significantly increased the number of transplant surgeries as a result of using lungs procured from suboptimal donors and rehabilitated via EVLP. In our pilot study, the developed Russian-made mechanical circulatory support system showed that performing normothermic EVLP for isolated lungs under experimental conditions is feasible. Basic and optimized perfusion protocols have fully shown that they are reliable and efficient.
Knowledge retention among six-year students in internal medicine in the context of distance learning
Authors: Zhdanova O. N. , Berkovich O. A. , Vanchakova N. P. , Trusov I. S.
Published: July 2022

Aim. To assess the retention of theoretical knowledge of internal medicine and practical skills in 6-year students of the Department of General Medicine 5-6 months after the exam.

Material and methods. Knowledge retention in internal medicine was assessed by testing on 11 topics (233 questions), while practical skills was analyzed by the results of electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation and the clinical case task in 48 students.

Results. The following internal medicine sections with a high and very high retention rate of theoretical knowledge (average, 59,1%) were identified: gastroenterology and hematology. One section with a low retention rate was identified (emergency endocrinology) (27,5%). Retention of practical skills was high in ECG interpretation (5 points) and low (2,3-3,5 points) in solving clinical case task.

Conclusion. The results obtained showed that the educational process in a medical university should have hybrid forms of organization, including technologies and methods of distance and compulsory inperson education, even during a pandemic. This implies the analysis and deep processing of programs focused on the redistribution of different sections between distance and in-person forms of education.
The concept of teaching clinical hemostasiology in internal medicine
Authors: Chulkov V. S. , Shumakova O. A. , Vereina N. K. , Chulkov Vl. S. , Sinitsyn S. P.
Published: July 2022

Modern professional education of internists is being updated at an intensive pace. This is primarily due to the fact that medicine and its technologies do not stand still, rushing into a high-tech future. In this regard, people have great hopes for highly effective conservative care, including for hematological diseases. Basic research on the mechanisms of blood clotting has greatly improved the knowledge of complex pathophysiology. These advances have led to a more complex decision-making process, which is reflected in the complex effect of hemostasis imbalance on the complement system, immunity and inflammation, and hence on the treatment of hemostasis disorders. Given this rapidly changing context, optimal educational activities are needed to disseminate knowledge among health professionals and develop their competencies in this field. Specialized professional associations can provide support and training offerings that facilitate access to relevant resources and tools to enable high-quality, up-todate basic and clinical research.
Assessment of the quality of research and practice events using telemedicine technologies at the National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Drapkina O. M. , Shepel R. N. , Astanina S. Yu. , Vakhovskaya T. V. , Sapronova T. V. , Samoilov T. V.
Published: July 2022

Aim. To assess the quality of research and practice (RP) events using telemedicine technologies (TMT) at the National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, implemented in 2021 during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Material and methods. At the end of RP events using TMT in 2021, the observers were asked to fill out the checklist “Quality of RP events using TMT” in a digital survey form no later than 3 days from the date of the event. The questionnaire consisted of 19 questions on the content and organizational part of the event, each of which was asked to answer “yes” or “no”. Further, cluster analysis of the responses received was performed with subsequent scoring according to the cluster rank. For each positive answer, points were awarded according to the proper cluster (range): 1 point (bad) — proportion of “yes” is from 0 to 20%; 2 points — from 20 to 40%; 3 points (satisfactory) — from 40 to 60%; 4 points (good) — from 60 to 80%; 5 points (excellent) — >80%. To evaluate the final result of events’ quality, based on the developed integrated approach, a scale was used where the total score of 90 or more corresponds to an excellent rating, 8589 — good, 80-84 — satisfactory, less than 80 — bad. Statistical analysis, accumulation, adjustment, systematization of initial data and visualization of the obtained results were carried out in Microsoft Office Excel 2021 spreadsheet software.

Results. In total, in 2021, 157 RP events were implemented using TMT, in which 24277 individual and group connections were recorded, as a result of which 3359 checklists were fully completed. The analysis of obtained answers showed the total score of 92, which corresponds to an excellent rating.

Conclusion. The assessment of the quality of RP events using TMT at the National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, implemented in 2021 in the context of a COVID-19 pandemic, showed that the these activities have an excellent quality rating. At the same time, the totality of RP events can be considered as an integral system, and its quality should be considered as the correspondence of events’ organization and content to the expected needs of trained doctors.