bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Public Dance Halls Act, 1935: a re-examination
Authors: Porter John
Published: December 2018

Historical scholarship has interpreted the Public Dance Halls Act, 1935 in a relatively uniform manner. Most works on the subject have emphasised the expanding influence of Catholic church authorities over dancing following the enactment of the legislation, as well as the increasing restrictions placed on the freedom of dancers. The act has been viewed as one element in a sequence of pieces of legislation passed by successive Free State governments that aimed to limit and control citizens, including the Censorship of Films Act, 1923, and the Censorship of Publications Act, 1929. Using previously unexamined Department of Justice records, this article questions the dominant interpretation of the Public Dance Halls Act. It analyses whether dances moved predominantly into parochial halls, as has been the common understanding, and also considers whether the supposedly harsh restrictions imposed on dancers were actually enforced or observed. The article also proposes that two largely unexamined facets of the legislation and its subsequent implementation be given more consideration. Safety concerns played a sizeable part in shaping dancing regulations, as did the interests and worries of local communities. The article concludes by suggesting that lacunae in the historiography of dance halls in the 1930s are emblematic of wider gaps in Irish social and cultural history and recommends avenues for future research.
Allies From Within: I-O Practitioners in Organizations
Authors: Lowery Meghan , Nadler Joel , Putka Dan J.
Published: December 2018

The focal article (Lapierre et al., 2018) highlights many good suggestions but only briefly mentions partnering with an academically trained internal industrial and organizational (I-O) practitioner. We believe beginning a partnership with a similarly trained ally well-versed through training in academic language and through experience in “business speak” will yield a stronger end result. The appreciation for an internal I-O practitioner should not go overlooked; when an academic partners with the right practitioner in the right environment, the partnership can be mutually beneficial and more rewarding than other options. For instance, recently we collaborated to set up a partnership for scientific discovery and mutual interest that involved 12 teams representing 14 different institutions spanning academe and practice to conduct a machine learning competition. This partnership enabled many academics and practitioners access to a complex organizational dataset in order to contribute to both an organization and the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP) community (see Putka et al., 2018).
Maintain a Web Presence So Practitioners Can Find You
Authors: Borneman Matthew J.
Published: December 2018

In addition to the suggestions made by the authors of the focal article (Lapierre et al., 2018), it is also important for academics to market themselves and keep their information up to date. As a practitioner, I sometimes end up working with interesting data sets worth publishing but lack the time and resources to complete the entire publication progress. There are also times when I am in need of a targeted intervention and would be willing to work with academic researchers in a mutually beneficial arrangement. As such, I need to be able to find you. This commentary expands on the focal article by providing some tips on how to be found by practitioners and increase the likelihood that a practitioner will contact you. Though networking is also of vital importance in this area, the authors of the focal article covered that well; as such, no further discussion of it will take place here.
Research Partnerships Between Academics and Consulting Firms: A Stakeholder Analysis
Authors: Islam Sayeedul , Lahti Ken , Chetta Michael H.
Published: December 2018

The focal article (LaPierre et al., 2018) proposes several steps in developing a research partnership with organizations. We commend LaPierre and colleagues for bringing to light these recommendations. We agree that research partnerships may prove valuable for the science of industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology. For I-O psychology to grow as a science, more appropriate sampling and more relevant data sources are necessary (Landers & Behrend, 2015). Although I-O psychology master's and PhD programs continue to grow and produce more I-O psychology graduates that enter the applied marketplace, there remains a paucity of applied research partnerships between academics and organizations. Research partnerships are often established in other disciplines (i.e., computer science, public health, biochemistry) and have resulted in fruitful relationships for both parties (D'Este & Iammarino, 2010; Israel, Schulz, Parker, & Becker, 1998; Santoro & Betts, 2002), but similar partnerships have not become the norm in I-O psychology. Despite a growing number of I-O psychology graduates and programs (Shellenbarger, 2010), I-O psychology academics have not leveraged those relationships to create research partnerships between universities and business. We would argue that this lack of research partnerships is due to the difficulty of navigating and negotiating with the multiple stakeholders involved in the process of developing a research partnership.
Gaining Organizational Entry and Developing Partnerships for Applied Research and Experience: A Perspective From Industrial-Organizational Psychology Master's Programs
Authors: Shoenfelt Elizabeth L. , Stone Nancy J. , Kottke Janet L.
Published: December 2018

As faculty in master's industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology graduate programs, we read with great interest the focal article on initiating and maintaining partnerships with organizations (Lapierre et al., 2018). We applaud the efforts of the authors to present guidelines and recommendations for successful applied research in organizations. Although Lapierre et al. directed their recommendations primarily to doctoral faculty and their students, there currently are 159 I-O psychology master's programs listed on the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP) webpage (http://my.siop.org/GTP). Because of the applied nature of most master's programs, by necessity we work continuously to gain entry into and partner with organizations for internship placements, applied course projects, and applied service opportunities. We, along with other master's faculty colleagues, have published and presented on the topic of partnering with organizations (e.g., Shoenfelt, 2003; Shoenfelt, Kottke, & Stone, 2012; Shoenfelt et al., 2015; Shoenfelt, Stone, & Kottke, 2013; Shoenfelt, Walker, Long, Smith, & Whelan, 2012; Stone, Shoenfelt, Huffcut, Morganson, & Frame, 2018; Stone, Shoenfelt, Morganson, Moffett, & Van Hein, 2017). In this response, we offer an analogous perspective from the master's level based on tacit knowledge garnered from more than a century of combined experience. We note that many of the recommendations in this focal article likewise surfaced in our work. Here we highlight the challenges unique to master's-level and teaching-intensive faculty in implementing these recommendations. In our response, we embrace Lewin's (1946) definition of action research that there is no action without research and no research without action. Thus, we broadly define applied research as asking an important applied question and systematically collecting data to answer that question in a manner in which the results inform organizational action (whether or not it results in a peer-reviewed publication).
Making and Managing the Pitch: Selling I-O Psychology Research to Organizations
Authors: Demsky Caitlin Ann
Published: December 2018

In their focal article, Lapierre et al. (2018) draw attention to several key unanswered concerns academics face in establishing, developing, and maintaining research partnerships with organizations. Though mentioned briefly in the article's introduction, one potential concern that would benefit from further attention is selling a potential research topic to organizations. Many academics find themselves with research interests that organizations would prefer to avoid shedding light on (e.g., workplace mistreatment, sexual harassment, hiring practices, diversity and inclusion practices, etc.). In these instances, it may be particularly difficult to convince key stakeholders within organizations to partner on research projects, especially in situations that might raise organizational fears of negative publicity. In their introduction, Lapierre et al. (2018) state that “middle or frontline managers may be reluctant to facilitate a study out of fear of what the research could reveal in terms of problems in their units, particularly if such problems might be perceived as reflecting poorly upon them (e.g., poor leadership skills)” (p. 545). Further, “managers may fear raising employees’ expectations or highlighting particular problems by involving them in research projects” (Lapierre et al., 2018, p. 544). In the following several paragraphs, I address how academics may proactively address and minimize these potential concerns. Although not meant to be an exhaustive set of recommendations, the goal is to provide several potential avenues for “selling” industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology research to potential organizational stakeholders.
Diagnosing diabatic effects on the available energy of stratified flows in inertial and non-inertial frames
Authors: Scotti Alberto , Passaggia Pierre-Yves
Published: December 2018

The concept of available energy in a stratified fluid is revisited from the point of view of non-canonical Hamiltonian systems. We show that the concept of available energy arises when we minimize the energy subject to the constraints associated with the existence of Lagrangian invariants. The non-canonical structure implies that there exists a class of dynamically equivalent Hamiltonians, related by a local (in phase space) gauge symmetry. A local diagnostic energy can be defined via the Hamiltonian density chosen imposing a specific gauge-fixing condition on the class of dynamically similar Hamiltonians. The gauge-fixing condition that we introduce selects a specific local diagnostic energy which is well suited to study the effect of diabatic processes on the evolution of the available energy. Non-inertial effects, which are notoriously elusive to capture within an energetic framework, are naturally included via conservation of potential vorticity. We apply the framework to stratified flows in inertial and non-inertial frames. For stratified Boussinesq flows, when the initial distribution of potential vorticity is even around the origin, our framework recovers the available potential energy introduced by Holliday & McIntyre (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 107, 1981, pp. 221–225), and as such, depends only on the mass distribution of the flow. In rotating flows, the isopycnals of the ground state are generally not flat, and the ground state may have kinetic energy. We finally demonstrate that flows in non-inertial frames characterized by a low Rossby number ($Ro$), the local diagnostic energy has, to lowest order in $Ro$, a universal character.
Fracture Properties of Surface Modification Layers Via a Modified Bi-Layer Beam Model
Authors: Liu H. T. , Zhao M. H. , Zhang J. W.
Published: December 2018

A modified bi-layer beam model is proposed to study the fracture-dominated scratch process of the brittle material with surface modification layer considering residual stress. The nonlinear analytical solution of the energy release rate is derived considering the graded distribution of the elastic modulus and residual stress. Finite element analysis is also conducted. Both analytical and numerical results show that the graded distribution of the material properties and residual stress plays an important role in the fracture process. Based on the inverse analysis, the proposed model could provide a convenient way to determine the energy release rate of materials possessing a surface modification layer.
Accuracy in the estimation of children's food portion sizes against a food picture book by parents and early educators
Authors: Nissinen Kaija , Korkalo Liisa , Vepsäläinen Henna , Mäkiranta Päivi , Koivusilta Leena , Roos Eva , Erkkola Maijaliisa
Published: December 2018

Validated methodological aids for food quantification are needed for the accurate estimation of food consumption. Our objective was to assess the validity of an age-specific food picture book, which contains commonly eaten foods among Finnish children, for parents and early educators in estimating food portion sizes. The food picture book was developed to assist in portion size estimation when filling in food records in the Increased health and wellbeing in preschools (DAGIS) study. All ninety-five food pictures in the book, each containing three or four different portion sizes, were evaluated at real-time sessions. Altogether, seventy-three parents and 107 early educators or early education students participated. Each participant evaluated twenty-three or twenty-four portions by comparing presented pre-weighed food portions against the corresponding picture from the food picture book. Food portions were not consumed by participants. The total proportion of correct estimations varied from 36 % (cottage cheese) to 100 % (fish fingers). Among the food groups, nearly or over 90 % of the estimations were correct for bread, pastries and main courses (‘piece products’ such as meatballs and chicken nuggets). Soups, porridges, salads and grated and fresh vegetables were least correctly estimated (<65 % correct estimations). There were small differences in evaluations of berries and fresh fruits, warm vegetables and pastries between the parents and early educators, but other estimations were mostly similar. The children's food picture book was found to be a useful aid for the estimation of food portion sizes. Parents and early educators evaluated the portion sizes with similar accuracy.
New Ordovician marine macroalgae from North America, with observations onButhograptus,Callithamnopsis, andChaetocladus
Authors: LoDuca Steven T.
Published: December 2018

Ordovician material from the Platteville Formation (Sandbian) of southern Wisconsin and Big Hill Formation (Katian) of northern Michigan is described that provides novel information about the phylogenetic affinity, taxonomic diversity, and stratigraphic range of the nonbiomineralized taxaButhograptus,Callithamnopsis, andChaetocladus. Two new species ofButhograptus, a previously monotypic genus, are erected on the basis of the Platteville Formation material,Buthograptus gundersonin. sp. andB.meyerin. sp., and new occurrences ofB.laxusare recorded from several localities and two distinct stratigraphic levels within this unit. On the basis of scanning electron microscopic investigation of the material and the fact that each of the threeButhograptusspecies has a close counterpart in the frond morphology of an extant species ofCaulerpa,Buthograptusis interpreted as a member of the green algal order Bryopsidales. New specimens from the Platteville Formation assigned toCallithamnopsisreveal new morphological details for the type species,C.fruticosa(Hall, 1865), aspects of which indicate that the genus belongs to the family Triploporellaceae rather than Seletonellaceae within the green algal order Dasycladales, andChaetocladusmaterial from the Big Hill Formation includes specimens that are formally assigned toChaetocladus dubius(Spencer, 1884), a species of dasycladalean alga known previously only from the mid-Silurian of Ontario.
Changes in Self-Silencing From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood and Associations With Relationship Quality and Coping With Relationship Stressors
Authors: Shulman Shmuel , Norona Jerika C. , Scharf Miri , Ziv Ido , Welsh Deborah P.
Published: December 2018

Self-silencing is a tendency to suppress the expression of thoughts and opinions from a romantic partner due to the fear that this self-expression would lead to a dissolution of the relationship. The aim of the current study was to assess the longitudinal effects of self-silencing during adolescence and its change across time in the context of future romantic relationships at the age of 23. In the current study, the level of self-silencing was assessed among 144 adolescents (86 females) aged 16–18 years (mean age = 16.57 years). Seven years later at the age of 23, participants reported again on the level of self-silencing, the quality of their romantic relationships, and their ability to cope with romantic stressors. Employing regression analyses, results showed that self-silencing at age 16 predicted more concealment. In addition, changes in self-silencing over time explained the variance within future levels of concealment, partner support, relationship certainty, and posttraumatic growth. Embedded within a developmental framework, our results illuminate the importance of considering both initial levels of relational vulnerabilities and their change over time in future romantic relationships.
CONTINUITY OF HILBERT–KUNZ MULTIPLICITY AND F-SIGNATURE
Authors: POLSTRA THOMAS , SMIRNOV ILYA
Published: December 2018

We establish the continuity of Hilbert–Kunz multiplicity and F-signature as functions from a Cohen–Macaulay local ring $(R,\mathfrak{m},k)$ of prime characteristic to the real numbers at reduced parameter elements with respect to the $\mathfrak{m}$-adic topology.
Perturbed Schrödinger lattice systems: existence of homoclinic solutions
Authors: Chen Guanwei , Ma Shiwang
Published: December 2018

We study a class of Schrödinger lattice systems with sublinear nonlinearities and perturbed terms. We get an interesting result that the systems do not have nontrivial homoclinic solutions if the perturbed terms are removed, but the systems have ground state homoclinic solutions if the perturbed terms are added. Besides, we also study the continuity of the homoclinic solutions in the perturbation terms at zero. To the best of our knowledge, there is no published result focusing on the perturbed Schrödinger lattice systems.
Nonlocal problems arising from the birth-jump processes
Authors: Delgado M. , Suárez A. , Duarte I. B. M.
Published: December 2018

In this paper, we prove the existence and uniqueness of a positive solution for a nonlocal logistic equation arising from the birth-jump processes. For this, we establish a sub-super solution method for nonlocal elliptic equations, we perform a study of the eigenvalue problems associated with these equations and we apply these results to the nonlocal logistic equation.
Autonomous and non-autonomous unbounded attractors under perturbations
Authors: Carvalho Alexandre N. , Pimentel Juliana F. S.
Published: December 2018

Pullback attractors with forwards unbounded behaviour are to be found in the literature, but not much is known about pullback attractors with each and every section being unbounded. In this paper, we introduce the concept of unbounded pullback attractor, for which the sections are not required to be compact. These objects are addressed in this paper in the context of a class of non-autonomous semilinear parabolic equations. The nonlinearities are assumed to be non-dissipative and, in addition, defined in such a way that the equation possesses unbounded solutions as the initial time goes to -∞, for each elapsed time. Distinct regimes for the non-autonomous term are taken into account. Namely, we address the small non-autonomous perturbation and the asymptotically autonomous cases.
Effects of Divisive Political Campaigns on the Day-to-Day
Segregation of Arab and Muslim Americans
Authors: HOBBS WILLIAM , LAJEVARDI NAZITA
Published: December 2018

How have Donald Trump’s rhetoric and policies affected Arab and
Muslim American behavior? We provide evidence that the de facto
effects of President Trump’s campaign rhetoric and vague policy
positions extended beyond the direct effects of his executive
orders. We present findings from three data sources—television news
coverage, social media activity, and a survey—to evaluate whether
Arab and Muslim Americans reduced their online visibility and
retreated from public life. Our results provide evidence that they
withdrew from public view: (1) Shared locations on Twitter dropped
approximately 10 to 20% among users with Arabic-sounding names after
major campaign and election events and (2) Muslim survey respondents
reported increased public space avoidance.
Does Exposure to the Refugee Crisis Make Natives More Hostile?
Authors: HANGARTNER DOMINIK , DINAS ELIAS , MARBACH MORITZ , MATAKOS KONSTANTINOS , XEFTERIS DIMITRIOS
Published: December 2018

Although Europe has experienced unprecedented numbers of refugee arrivals in recent years, there exists almost no causal evidence regarding the impact of the refugee crisis on natives’ attitudes, policy preferences, and political engagement. We exploit a natural experiment in the Aegean Sea, where Greek islands close to the Turkish coast experienced a sudden and massive increase in refugee arrivals, while similar islands slightly farther away did not. Leveraging a targeted survey of 2,070 island residents and distance to Turkey as an instrument, we find that direct exposure to refugee arrivals induces sizable and lasting increases in natives’ hostility toward refugees, immigrants, and Muslim minorities; support for restrictive asylum and immigration policies; and political engagement to effect such exclusionary policies. Since refugees only passed through these islands, our findings challenge both standard economic and cultural explanations of anti-immigrant sentiment and show that mere exposure suffices in generating lasting increases in hostility.
Effect of pre-exercise ingestion of α-lactalbumin on subsequent endurance exercise performance and mood states
Authors: Qin Lu , Sun Feng-Hua , Huang Yu , Sheridan Sinead , Sit Cindy Hui-Ping , Wong Stephen Heung-Sang
Published: December 2018

This study investigated the effect of pre-exercise α-lactalbumin ingestion on subsequent endurance exercise performance, muscle pain and mood states. In a two-stage cross-over counterbalance design, eleven male endurance runners (age: 31 (se 2) years, height: 169·5 (se 4·4) cm, weight: 63·6 (se 5·1) kg, V̇O2max: 58·8 (se 6·3) ml/kg per min) consumed two solutions (carbohydrate+α-lactalbumin, CA; carbohydrate+whey protein isolate, CW) 2 h before a self-paced 21-km run. Creatine kinase, IL-6, muscle pain, pressure pain threshold (PPT) and mood states were assessed 2 h before exercise, immediately before exercise (Pre-ex0) and immediately after exercise (Post-ex0). No difference was found in 21-km running performance between two trials (CA v. CW: 115·85 (se 5·20) v. 118·85 (se 5·51) min, P=0·48). Compared with CW, CA led to higher PPT at Pre-ex0 (41·77 (se 2·27) v. 35·56 (se 2·10) N/cm2, P<0·01) and Post-ex0 (38·76 (se 3·23) v. 35·30 (se 3·55) N/cm2, P=0·047). Compared with CW, CA reduced the feeling of fatigue at Post-ex0 (P<0·01); CA also reduced salivary cortisol levels at Post-ex0 (0·72 (se 0·07) v. 0·83 (se 0·13) ng/ml, P<0·01). In conclusion, the ingestion of α-lactalbumin did not improve the 21-km time-trial performance. However, compared with the pre-exercise ingestion of whey protein, that of α-lactalbumin led to superior results during similar levels of endurance exercise: it elevated PPT and reduced the feeling of fatigue and the cortisol levels.
Glycaemic indices and glycaemic loads of common Korean carbohydrate-rich foods
Authors: Kim Do-Yeon , Kim Yeajee , Lim Hyunjung
Published: December 2018

Glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) values of foods consumed in Asia remain poorly characterised despite the fact that Asian diets are high in carbohydrates. We evaluated the GI and GL of the most commonly consumed carbohydrate-rich foods, according to food type and cooking methods. GI and GL values were determined using protocols from the FAO/WHO and International Standards Organization recommendations. A total of 152 healthy subjects were enrolled in the study. In all, forty-nine carbohydrate-rich foods were categorised as cereal grains, noodles and pasta, breads and other processed grains and starchy vegetables, prepared using standard cooking methods and evaluated. Cereal grains had the widest range of GI values that the food made with white rice and barley had GI values of 51–93 and 35–70, respectively, according to cooking methods, and most cereal grains had high GL values. Noodles and pasta had low to medium GI values, but most foods had high GL values. Breads had medium to high GI and GL values, while other processed grains had low to medium GI and GL values. The GI values for food made with starchy vegetables (e.g. potatoes and sweet potatoes) varied widely for different cooking methods but tended to have low GL values. In conclusion, GI values for a single food type varied widely with the cooking method used. This study of GI and GL values for common carbohydrate-rich foods provides a valuable reference for consumers and health professionals to make informed food choices for glycaemic control.
Is essential fatty acid interconversion an important source of PUFA in humans?
Authors: Burdge Graham C.
Published: December 2018

Humans can obtain pre-formed long-chain PUFA from the diet and are also able to convert essential fatty acids (EFA) to longer-chain PUFA. The metabolic pathway responsible for EFA interconversion involves alternating desaturation and carbon chain elongation reactions, and carbon chain shortening by peroxisomalβ-oxidation. Studies using stable isotope tracers or diets supplemented with EFA show that capacity for PUFA synthesis is limited in humans, such that DHA (22 : 6n-3) synthesis in men is negligible. PUFA synthesis is higher in women of reproductive age compared with men. However, the magnitude of the contribution of hepatic PUFA synthesis to whole-body PUFA status remains unclear. A number of extra-hepatic tissues have been shown to synthesise PUFA or to express genes for enzymes involved in this pathway. The precise function of extra-hepatic PUFA synthesis is largely unknown, although in T lymphocytes PUFA synthesis is involved in the regulation of cell activation and proliferation. Local PUFA synthesis may also be important for spermatogenesis and fertility. One possible role of extra-hepatic PUFA synthesis is that it may provide PUFA in a timely manner to facilitate specific cell functions. If so, this may suggest novel insights into the effect of dietary PUFA and/or polymorphisms in genes involved in PUFA synthesis on health and tissue function.
Total polyphenol intake and breast cancer risk in the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) cohort
Authors: Gardeazabal Itziar , Romanos-Nanclares Andrea , Martínez-González Miguel Ángel , Sánchez-Bayona Rodrigo , Vitelli-Storelli Facundo , Gaforio José Juan , Aramendía-Beitia José Manuel , Toledo Estefanía
Published: December 2018

Polyphenols are a wide family of phytochemicals present in diverse foods. They might play a role in cancer development and progression.In vivoandin vitrostudies have suggested beneficial properties and potential mechanisms. We aimed to evaluate the association between total and main classes of polyphenol intake and breast cancer (BC) risk in the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra project – a prospective Mediterranean cohort study. We included 10 713 middle-aged, Spanish female university graduates. Polyphenol intake was derived from a semi-quantitative FFQ and matching food consumption data from the Phenol-Explorer database. Women with self-reported BC were asked to return a copy of their medical report for confirmation purposes; death certificates were used for fatal cases. Cox models were fitted to estimate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % CI for the association between tertiles (T) of polyphenol intake and BC. After 10·3 years of median follow-up, 168 probable incident BC cases were identified, out of which 100 were confirmed. We found no association between polyphenol intake and the overall BC risk. Nevertheless, we observed a significant inverse association between total polyphenol intake and BC risk for postmenopausal women, either for probable or only for confirmed cases (HRT3v.T10·31 (95 % CI 0·13, 0·77;Ptrend=0·010)). Also, phenolic acid intake was inversely associated with postmenopausal BC. In summary, we observed no significant association between total polyphenol intake and BC risk. Despite a low number of incident BC cases in our cohort, higher total polyphenol intake was associated with a lower risk of postmenopausal BC.
Milk drinking and risk of hip fracture: the Norwegian Epidemiologic Osteoporosis Studies (NOREPOS)
Authors: Holvik Kristin , Meyer Haakon E. , Laake Ida , Feskanich Diane , Omsland Tone K. , Søgaard Anne-Johanne
Published: December 2018

Milk provides energy and nutrients considered protective for bone. Meta-analyses of cohort studies have found no clear association between milk drinking and risk of hip fracture, and results of recent studies are contradictory. We studied the association between milk drinking and hip fracture in Norway, which has a population characterised by high fracture incidence and a high Ca intake. Baseline data from two population-based cohorts were used: the third wave of the Norwegian Counties Study (1985–1988) and the Five Counties Study (2000–2002). Diet and lifestyle variables were self-reported through questionnaires. Height and weight were measured. Hip fractures were identified by linkage to hospital data with follow-up through 2013. Of the 35 114 participants in the Norwegian Counties Study, 1865 suffered a hip fracture during 613 018 person-years of follow-up. In multivariable Cox regression, hazard ratios (HR) per daily glass of milk were 0·97 (95 % CI 0·92, 1·03) in men and 1·02 (95 % CI 0·96, 1·07) in women. Of 23 259 participants in the Five Counties Study, 1466 suffered a hip fracture during 252 996 person-years of follow-up. HR for hip fractures per daily glass of milk in multivariable Cox regression was 0·99 (95 % CI 0·92, 1·07) in men and 1·02 (95 % CI 0·97, 1·08) in women. In conclusion, there was no overall association between milk intake and risk of hip fracture in Norwegian men and women.
Mycorrhizal inoculation and application of cattle manure in field-grown maize in semiarid conditions
Authors: Lino Ingrid A. N. , Da Silva Danielle K. A. , Martins Júlio C. R. , Sampaio Everardo V. S. B. , Maia Leonor C.
Published: December 2018

We evaluated the effects of cattle manure and inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in maize plants growing in a semiarid area of Brazilian north-east in 2012 and 2013. Three isolates of AMF (AcaulosporalongulaURM-FMA 07 and URM-FMA 03,ClaroideoglomusetunicatumUNIVASF 06A) were used, with or without the application of cattle manure, during two growing cycles. In the first year, significant effects of inoculation were detected for straw yield only when the manure was applied. In the second year, there was an interaction between fertilisation and inoculation for plant height and grain yield, with the highest values in the fertilised treatments. Inoculation withA. longulademonstrated that mycorrhizal inoculation in field-grown plants could be an alternative management for improving plant growth and grain yield, reducing the use of cattle manure. The AMF sporulation and mycorrhizal colonisation were improved after inoculation, andA. longulaURM-FMA 07 increased sporulation by more than 15 times while inoculation withC. etunicatumincreased sporulation by more than 3 times. The mycorrhizal inoculation is a management practice that can be useful for recovering or maintaining AMF infective propagules in soil, showing potential to be used in large-scale field conditions in Brazilian semiarid. Although mycorrhisation presents high agricultural relevance due to benefits promoted to the soil and plants, the knowledge about the factors influencing the interactions among microorganisms, soil and plants need to be broadened aiming to achieve successful crop management in semiarid regions.
Does long-term care coverage shape the impact of informal care-giving on quality of life? A difference-in-difference approach
Authors: van den Broek Thijs , Grundy Emily
Published: December 2018

The impact that providing care to ageing parents has on adult children's lives may depend on the long-term care (LTC) context. A common approach to test this is to compare whether the impact of care-giving varies between countries with different LTC coverage. However, this approach leaves considerable room for omitted variable bias. We use individual fixed-effects analyses to reduce bias in the estimates of the effects of informal care-giving on quality of life, and combine this with a difference-in-difference approach to reduce bias in the estimated moderating impact of LTC coverage on these effects. We draw on longitudinal data for Sweden and Denmark from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) collected between 2004 and 2015. Both countries traditionally had generous LTC coverage, but cutbacks were implemented at the end of the 20th century in Sweden and more recently in Denmark. We use this country difference in the timing of the cutbacks to shed light on effects of LTC coverage on the impact care-giving has on quality of life. Our analyses show that care-giving was more detrimental for quality of life in Sweden than in Denmark, and this difference weakened significantly when LTC coverage was reduced in Denmark, but not in Sweden. This suggests that LTC coverage shapes the impact of care-giving on quality of life.
“The Reasonable (Wo)man”: Physicians, Freedom of Contract, and Women's Rights, 1870–1930
Authors: Thompson Lauren Macivor
Published: December 2018

This article examines how ideals of contract freedom within the women's rights movement challenged medical and medical jurisprudence theories about women between 1870 and 1930. Throughout this period, medicine linked women's intellectual incapacity with problems rooted in their physical bodies. Doctors opined that reproductive diseases and conditions of pregnancy, childbirth, menstruation, and menopause rendered women disabled, irrational, and inherently dependent. Yet at the same moment, the elimination of the legal disability of coverture, and new laws that expanded women's property and earnings rights contributed to changing perceptions of women's public roles. Courts applied far more liberal understandings of sanity and rationality in property and contract cases, even when the legal actors were women. Seizing this opportunity, reformers made powerful arguments against doctors' ideas of women's “natural” mental weakness, pointing out that the growing rights to contract and transact illustrated women's rationalism and competency for full citizenship. Most significantly, these activists insisted that these rights indicated women's right to total bodily freedom—a concept that would become crucially important in the early birth control movement.
Powder X-ray diffraction of bendamustine hydrochloride monohydrate, C16H22Cl2N3O2Cl·H2O
Authors: Kaduk J. A. , Zhong K. , Blanton T. N. , Gates-Rector S. , Fawcett T. G.
Published: December 2018

Bendamustine hydrochloride monohydrate (marketed as Treanda®) is a nitrogen mustard purine analog alkylator used in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Commercial bendamustine hydrochloride monohydrate crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c (14), with a = 4.71348(4) Å, b = 47.5325(3) Å, c = 8.97458 (5) Å, β = 96.6515(8)°, V = 1997.161(23) Å3, and Z = 4. A reduced cell search in the Cambridge Structural Database yielded a previously reported crystal structure (Allen, 2002), which did not include hydrogens (Reck, 2006). In this work, the sample was ordered from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, and analyzed as received. The room-temperature crystal structure was refined using synchrotron (λ = 0.413896 Å) powder diffraction data, density functional theory (DFT), and Rietveld refinement techniques. Hydrogen positions were included as part of the structure, and recalculated during the refinement. The diffraction data were collected on beamline BM-11 at the Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory. Figure 1 shows the powder X-ray diffraction pattern of the compound. The pattern is included in the Powder Diffraction File as entry 00-064-1508.
Opsin-based photopigments expressed in the retina of a South American pit viper,Bothrops atrox(Viperidae)
Authors: Katti Christiana , Stacey-Solis Micaela , Coronel-Rojas Nicole A. , Davies Wayne I.L.
Published: December 2018

Although much is known about the visual system of vertebrates in general, studies regarding vision in reptiles, and snakes in particular, are scarce. Reptiles display diverse ocular structures, including different types of retinae such as pure cone, mostly rod, or duplex retinas (containing both rods and cones); however, the same five opsin-based photopigments are found in many of these animals. It is thought that ancestral snakes were nocturnal and/or fossorial, and, as such, they have lost two pigments, but retained three visual opsin classes. These are theRH1gene (rod opsin or rhodopsin-like-1) expressed in rods and two cone opsins, namelyLWS(long-wavelength-sensitive) andSWS1(short-wavelength-sensitive-1) genes. Until recently, the study of snake photopigments has been largely ignored. However, its importance has become clear within the past few years as studies reconsider Walls’ transmutation theory, which was first proposed in the 1930s. In this study, the visual pigments ofBothrops atrox(the common lancehead), a South American pit viper, were examined. Specifically, full-lengthRH1andLWSopsin gene sequences were cloned, as well as most of theSWS1opsin gene. These sequences were subsequently used for phylogenetic analysis and to predict the wavelength of maximum absorbance (λmax) for each photopigment. This is the first report to support the potential for rudimentary color vision in a South American viper, specifically a species that is regarded as being nocturnal.
1ML – Core and modules united
Authors: ROSSBERG ANDREAS
Published: December 2018

ML is two languages in one: there is thecore, with types and expressions, and there aremodules, with signatures, structures, and functors. Modules form a separate, higher-order functional language on top of the core. There are both practical and technical reasons for this stratification; yet, it creates substantial duplication in syntax and semantics, and it imposes seemingly unnecessary limits on expressiveness because it makes modules second-class citizens of the language. For example, selecting one among several possible modules implementing a given interface cannot be made a dynamic decision. Language extensions allowing modules to be packaged up as first-class values have been proposed and implemented in different variations. However, they remedy expressiveness only to some extent and tend to be even more syntactically heavyweight than using second-class modules alone. We propose a redesign of ML in which modules are truly first-class values, and core and module layers are unified into one language. In this “1ML”, functions, functors, and even type constructors are one and the same construct; likewise, no distinction is needed between structures, records, or tuples. Or viewed the other way round, everything is just (“a mode of use of”) modules. Yet, 1ML does not require dependent types: its type structure is expressible in terms of plain System Fω, with a minor variation of ourF-ing modulesapproach. We introduce both an explicitly typed version of 1ML and an extension with Damas–Milner-style implicit quantification. Type inference for this language is not complete, but, we argue, not substantially worse than for Standard ML.
Compressed Sensing of Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) With Nonrectangular Scans
Authors: Li Xin , Dyck Ondrej , Kalinin Sergei V. , Jesse Stephen
Published: December 2018

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) has become the main stay for materials characterization on atomic level, with applications ranging from visualization of localized and extended defects to mapping order parameter fields. In recent years, attention has focused on the potential of STEM to explore beam induced chemical processes and especially manipulating atomic motion, enabling atom-by-atom fabrication. These applications, as well as traditional imaging of beam sensitive materials, necessitate increasing the dynamic range of STEM in imaging and manipulation modes, and increasing the absolute scanning speed which can be achieved by combining sparse sensing methods with nonrectangular scanning trajectories. Here we have developed a general method for real-time reconstruction of sparsely sampled images from high-speed, noninvasive and diverse scanning pathways, including spiral scan and Lissajous scan. This approach is demonstrated on both the synthetic data and experimental STEM data on the beam sensitive material graphene. This work opens the door for comprehensive investigation and optimal design of dose efficient scanning strategies and real-time adaptive inference and control of e-beam induced atomic fabrication.
The Impact of Two Combined Oral Contraceptives Containing Ethinyl Estradiol and Drospirenone on Whole Blood Clot Viscoelasticity and the Biophysical and Biochemical Characteristics of Erythrocytes
Authors: Emmerson Odette , Bester Janette , Lindeque Barend G. , Swanepoel Albe C.
Published: December 2018

Venous thrombosis is associated with combined oral contraceptive (COC) use. We investigated the impact of two ethinyl estradiol (EE) and drospirenone (DRSP) containing COCs (3 mg DRSP/20µg EE and 3µg DRSP/30µg EE) on the viscoelasticity of whole blood clots along with the biophysical and biochemical characteristics of erythrocytes. Thromboelastography (TEG) analysis showed a tendency toward a hypercoagulable state in the COCs groups that was more pronounced with higher EE concentrations. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed rouleaux formation of erythrocytes and alterations to the erythrocyte shape for both COC groups, which was attributed to membrane damage. SEM analysis showed spontaneous activation of fibrin and platelets in the COC groups, along with interactions between erythrocytes and platelets and/or fibrin. Confocal microscopy confirmed compromised membrane integrity in the COC groups compared to controls. Global thrombosis test analysis showed increased platelet activation and low thrombolysis in both COC groups when compared to controls. In conclusion, DRSP/EE formulations impact erythrocytes’ biophysical and biochemical properties to cause a shift in hemostasis to a prothrombotic state. Although these effects are mostly subclinical the long-term effects and risks involved with the use of these hormones should be considered carefully for each individual.
Exploring Photothermal Pathways via in Situ Laser Heating in the Transmission Electron Microscope: Recrystallization, Grain Growth, Phase Separation, and Dewetting in Ag0.5Ni0.5 Thin Films
Authors: Wu Yueying , Liu Chenze , Moore Thomas M. , Magel Gregory A. , Garfinkel David A. , Camden Jon P. , Stanford Michael G. , Duscher Gerd , Rack Philip D.
Published: December 2018

A new optical delivery system has been developed for the (scanning) transmission electron microscope. Here we describe the in situ and “rapid ex situ” photothermal heating modality of the system, which delivers >200 mW of optical power from a fiber-coupled laser diode to a 3.7 μm radius spot on the sample. Selected thermal pathways can be accessed via judicious choices of the laser power, pulse width, number of pulses, and radial position. The long optical working distance mitigates any charging artifacts and tremendous thermal stability is observed in both pulsed and continuous wave conditions, notably, no drift correction is applied in any experiment. To demonstrate the optical delivery system’s capability, we explore the recrystallization, grain growth, phase separation, and solid state dewetting of a Ag0.5Ni0.5 film. Finally, we demonstrate that the structural and chemical aspects of the resulting dewetted films was assessed.
Going home with baby: innovative and comprehensive support for new mothers
Authors: Olson Tonia , Bowen Angela , Smith-Fehr Julie , Ghosh Swagata
Published: December 2018

Shorter length of stay for postpartum mothers and their newborns necessitates careful community follow-up after hospital discharge. The vast amount of information given during the initial postpartum period can be overwhelming. New parents often need considerable support to understand the nuances of newborn care including newborn feeding. Primary health care and community services need to ensure there is a seamless continuum of care to support, empower, and educate new mothers and their families to prevent unnecessary hospital readmission and other negative health outcomes. The Healthy & Home postpartum community nursing program provides clinical communication and supports to bridge the gap between acute hospital and community follow-up care through home visits, a primary health care clinic, a breastfeeding center, a breastfeeding café, a postpartum anxiety and depression support group, bereavement support, and involvement in a Baby-Friendly Initiative™ coalition. Nurses working in the program have the acute care skills and resources to complete required health care assessments and screening tests. They are also international board-certified lactation consultants able to provide expert breastfeeding and lactation care. This paper describes how the Healthy & Home program has evolved over the past 25 years and offers suggestions to other organizations wanting to develop a postpartum program to meet the physical and mental health needs of postpartum families to promote maternal and infant wellbeing.
How will persistent low expected returns shape household economic behavior?
Authors: Horneff Vanya , Maurer Raimond , Mitchell Olivia S.
Published: December 2018

Many believe that global capital markets will generate lower returns in the future versus the past. We examine how persistently lower real returns will reshape work, retirement, saving, and investment behavior of older persons using a calibrated dynamic life cycle model. In a low return regime, workers build up less wealth in their tax-qualified 401(k) accounts versus the past, claim social security benefits later, and work more. Moreover, the better-educated are more sensitive to real interest rate changes, while the least-educated alter their behavior less. Interestingly, the distribution of wealth is more uniform in periods of persistent low expected returns.
UNDERSTANDING A NATIONAL AND GLOBAL RED SCARE/RED SUMMER THROUGH THE LOCAL INVENTION OF SOLIDARITIES
Authors: Hodges Adam J.
Published: December 2018

As the centennial of the First Red Scare arrives, the time has come to revisit our understanding of it. This methodological article makes the case that the field still struggles with the fundamental problem that the incidents we have collected as the “Red Scare” and “Red Summer” and madenational, manifested often as disparatelocalevents that responded to immediate conditions. It argues that responding to the local events of the Red Scare/Red Summer to better understand regional history is not an inadequate response that distracts us from a more worthy attempt to synthesize national currents. Through analyzing smaller-scale strikes and incidents of racial violence, looking at the variance in form and response of local governments, and seeing the global interconnections of the Red Scare through the lens of localities, we can gain new ground toward a broader, more multifaceted understanding of this transformative era.