bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting cetane numbers of n‐alcohols and methyl esters from their physical properties
Authors: Freedman B. , Bagby M. O.
Published: January 2007

Cetane numbers (C#) for the homologous series of straight‐chain, saturated n‐alcohols, C5−C12 and C14, were determined according to ASTM D 613. Measured C# ranged from 18.2–80.8 and increased linearly with carbon number (CN). Regression analyses developed equations that related various physical properties or molecular characteristics of these alcohols to calculated C#. The degree of relationship between measured and calculated C# was expressed as R2. The decreasing order of the precision with which these properties correlated with C# was: boiling point (bp)>melting point (mp)>CN>heat of combustion (HG)>refractive index (n20D)>density (d). This ranking was based upon R2 (0.99–0.96) and the Average % error (2.8–7.2%). C# were also determined for straight‐chain homologs of saturated methyl esters with CN of 6, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18. C# ranged from 18.0–75.6 and increased curvilinearly with CN. Equations were also developed that related physical properties of these esters to C#. The precision with which these properties correlated with C# was: bp>viscosity (V)>heat of vaporization (HV)>HG>CN>surface tension (ST)>mp>n20D>d. R2 ranged from 0.99 for bp to 0.98 for d. Equations for the alcohols were linear or quadratic, while equations for the esters were linear, quadratic or cubic based upon statistical considerations that included a Student’s t‐test. With related physical properties and these equations, accurate predictions of C# can be made for saturated n‐alcohols and methyl esters.
Fatty acid variation among U.S. Runner‐type peanut cultivars
Authors: Branch W. D. , Nakayama T. , Chinnan M. S.
Published: January 2007

Fatty acid composition was determined among seven U.S. runner‐type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars: Florunner, Sunrunner, GK‐7, Southern Runner, Sunbelt Runner, Okrun, and Langley. Significant year and cultivar differences were found within these fatty acid profiles. Southern Runner had the best oleic to linoleic ratio and iodine values; whereas Florunner, Sunrunner, and Langley were the highest in unsaturated and lowest in saturated and long‐chain fatty acids. For the future, breeding programs need to continue developing peanut cultivars with improved oil quality.
Surface activity of quaternary ammonium salts derived from jojoba oil
Authors: Magdassi S. , Shani A.
Published: January 2007

A number ofcis andtrans quatenary ammonium salts were synthesized from jojoba oil. All derivatives were found to be surface active agents, i.e., they reduced the surface tension to 35 dynes/cm−1, at very low concentrations. The relationship between the surface activity and the molecular structure is discussed.
Quantitative determination of glycerin in soap by capillary gas chromatography
Authors: Molever Keith
Published: January 2007

A simple and rapid procedure is described for the isolation, silylation and capillary gas chromatographic quantitation of the free glycerin content in soap. Free glycerin is determined by mixing the sample with dimethylformamide (DMF), filtering the mixture, silylating an aliquot withbis‐trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide (BSTFA), and quantitating by capillary GC using flame ionization detection. Silyl derivatization and capillary gas chromatography provide for a quick and easy analysis which allows straightforward automated gas chromatographic analysis instead of the more tedious traditional periodate methods. This procedure also provides reliable quantitation for glycerin levels in soap lower than those measurable with the standard methods.
Synthesis ofGEM‐dibromocyclopropanoid fatty esters using phenyl (tribromomethyl) mercury
Authors: Jamal Sajid , Ahmad Ishtiaque , Iqbal Jawaid , Ahmad Mashood
Published: January 2007

Thegem‐dibromocyclopropanation of naturally occurring unsaturated hydroxy fatty esters, methyl ricinoleate (I) and methyl isoricinoleate (II), has been undertaken to provide compounds which might have potential utility. Phenyl(tribromomethyl)mercury reacts only with the carbon‐carbon double bond of each substrate, leaving the OH group intact. The product, methyl 9,10‐dibromomethylene‐12‐hydroxyoctadecanoate (III) and methyl 12,13‐dibromomethylene‐9‐hydroxyoctadecanoate (IV), obtained from I and II, respectively, were characterized by elemental, infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses.
Fatty acid composition of seed oils of the meliaceae, including one genus rich incis‐vaccenic acid
Authors: Kleiman Robert , Payne‐Wahl Kathleen L.
Published: January 2007

The seed lipids of three species ofEntandraphragma (Meliaceae) contain the largest proportion (31–50%) ofcis‐vaccenic acid ever found in nature. The acid is not indicative of the family as a whole and is found as a major fatty acid in the seed of only one additional species, besidesEntandraphragma, out of the 30 analyzed from this family. With the total oil comprising between 45 and 62% ofEntandraphragma seed, these species should be considered as a source of undecadioic acid for the production of nylon 11.
Effect of moisture and particle size on the extractability of oils from seeds with supercritical CO2
Authors: Snyder J. M. , Friedrich J. P. , Christianson D. D.
Published: January 2007

Moisture level and particle size of soybeans, peanuts and cottonseed were correlated with the extraction rate and yield of oil when extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) at a constant temperature (50 C) and pressure (8000 psig). The rate of extraction and ultimate oil yields were quite low with cracked soybeans. However, good extraction rates and nearly theoretical oil yields were obtained from ground or thinly flaked (<0.010″) seeds. Moisture levels between 3% and 12% had little effect on extracability. Oil composition was not influenced by either parameter. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study seed structure before and after extraction with SC‐CO2. Micrographs of SC‐CO2‐extracted seeds were similar to hexane‐extracted seeds.
Detergent fractionation of tallow
Authors: Glassner D. A. , Grulke E. A. , Gray J. I.
Published: January 2007

The formation of an emulsified olein product can reduce the yield of the initial olein fraction in the detergent fractionation of tallow. Emulsion formation was linked to the crystal size obtained during partial crystallization and the surfactant concentration used for separation. Smaller crystal sizes in the partially crystallized oil caused the formation of more emulsified olein product, which would not coagulate during centrifugation. High surfactant concentrations inhibited the coagulation of olein drops during the centrifuging step. A rolling‐up mechanism of detergency is proposed for the separation step, which explains the crystal size dependence of emulsified olein production.
Improvement in hydrolytic procedure for GLC determination of non‐indolyl glucosinolates in rapeseed as isothiocyanates
Authors: Radwan M. N. , Lu B. C. ‐Y.
Published: January 2007

Some methods determine the non‐indolyl glucosinolates content in rapeseed as their hydrolysates: the isothiocyanates and the oxazolidinethiones. These methods in their present form underestimate the amount of the glucosinolates content. In this investigation, a modified method was developed to give a better quantitative estimate, indicating a glucosinolate level five times that obtained by a typical existing method.
A high performance size‐exclusion chromatographic method for evaluating heated oils
Authors: White Pamela J. , Wang Yen‐chin
Published: January 2007

High performance size‐exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) was used to measure compounds with high‐molecular weight (MW) formed during the heating of oil. Formation of the high‐MW compounds is believed to be a reliable indicator of heat abuse in oils. The HPSEC method employs two µ‐spherogel size‐exclusion columns (500 and 1000 Å) in a series to separate the high‐MW compounds which are detected at a wave‐length of 234 nm by using a variable wavelength detector.

The method was examined in the following study. Two sources of soybean oil were heated under laboratory conditions at 182 ± 2 C for eight 7‐hr days. Samples were taken periodically and tested by using HPSEC. Oil samples from two commercial deep‐fat frying operations were similarly tested. In all cases, size, number and apparent MW of the compounds formed increased with increasing frying time.

The HPSEC procedure was compared with a method involving separation of polar and nonpolar components in a used frying fat by means of column chromatography on silica gel.
The electrocatalytic hydrogenation of soybean oil
Authors: Yusem G. J. , Pintauro P. N.
Published: January 2007

Soybean oil has been hydrogenated electrocatalytically at a moderate temperature, without an external supply of pressurized H2 gas. In the electrocatalytic reaction scheme, atomic hydrogen is produced on an active Raney nickel powder cathode surface by the electrochemical reduction of water molecules from the electrolytic solution. Adsorbed hydrogen then reacts with an oil’s triglycerides to form a hydrogenated product. Experiments were carried out at 70°C with a flow‐through electrochemical reactor operating in a batch recycle mode. The reaction medium was a two‐phase mixture of soybean oil in a water/t‐butanol solvent containing tetraethylammoniump‐toluenesulfonate as the supporting electrolyte. In all experiments the reaction was allowed to continue for sufficient time to synthesize a brush hydrogenation product. The effects of oil content, applied current, solvent composition, and supporting electrolyte concentration on the efficiency of hydrogen addition to the oil and on the chemical properties of the hydrogenated oil product were determined. The electrohydrogenated oil is characterized by a high stearic acid content and a low percentage of totaltrans isomers, as compared to that produced in a traditional hydrogenation process.
Catalytic transfer hydrogenation of soybean oil
Authors: Šmidovnik A. , Štimac A. , Kobe J.
Published: January 2007

The catalytic transfer hydrogenation of soybean oil by various hydrogen donors and solvents with palladium‐oncarbon catalyst was investigated in batch and continuous modes. The choice of reaction conditions, donor and catalyst allowed the manufacture of partially hydrogenated oils or semi‐solid fats with controlled fatty acid contents, iodine value, melting point and solid content index. The level of “iso” forms of fatty acids was similar to, and average initial selectivity was higher than that obtained with gaseous hydrogenation under pressure with a catalyst of the same type. The best results were obtained in aqueous solution with sodium formate as hydrogen donor at 60°C.
HPLC analysis of phospholipids by evaporative laser light‐scattering detection
Authors: Mounts T. L. , Abidl S. L. , Rennick K. A.
Published: January 2007

High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for analysis of phospholipids has traditionally employed ultraviolet detection of the eluted compounds. The evaporative laser light‐scattering detector (ELSD) offers new opportunities for quantitative analysis of lipids. Phospholipids were isolated from crude and degummed oils prepared from soybeans subjected to storage at high moisture content. Analytical and preparative separations of phospholipids by normal‐phase HPLC were accomplished. Major class fractions were analyzed by transmethylation and capillary collumn chromatography for fatty acid composition, and by reverse‐phase C‐18 HPLC (RP‐HPLC) for molecular species composition. The RP‐HPLC‐ELSD system was limited to the analysis of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine.
Gamma‐irradiation of individual cholesterol oxidation products
Authors: Maerker G. , Jones K. C.
Published: January 2007

Cholesterol and seven of its oxidation products in aqueous suspensions of multilamellar vesicles or sonicated aqueous suspensions were subjected individually to γ‐radiation (10 KGy) at 0–4°C in air, N2 or N2O. All compounds underwent some changes under the influence of radiation. β‐Epoxide (cholesterol 5β,6β‐epoxide) and, to a much lesser extent, α‐epoxide (cholesterol 5α,6α‐epoxide) were converted in low yield to 6‐ketocholestanol (5α‐cholestan‐3β‐ol‐6‐one). 7β‐Hydroxycholesterol (cholest‐5‐ene‐3β,7β‐diol) and, to a lesser extent, 7α‐hydroxycholesterol (cholest‐5‐ene‐3β,7α‐diol) gave low yields of 7‐ketocholestanol (5α‐cholestan‐3β‐ol‐7‐one). The latter compound also was obtained by irradiation of 7‐ketocholesterol (cholest‐5‐ene‐3β‐ol‐7‐one). 6‐Ketocholestanol and 7‐ketocholestanol are potential biomarkers for irradiated meat and poultry.
Coloring conditions of thiobarbituric acid test for detecting lipid hydroperoxides
Authors: Asakawa T. , Matsushita S.
Published: January 2007

The coloring reaction of the thiobarbituric acid test for hydroperoxides was completely inhibited by the addition of EDTA. Therefore, it was necessary to add a metal salt to the reaction mixture to complete the reaction and also to add an antioxidant to prevent autoxidation when unoxidized unsaturated fatty acids co‐exist. The optimal pH of the reaction was found at 3.6 using glycine‐hydrochloric acid buffer.
Incorporation of [1‐14C]octadecanol into the lipids ofLeishmania donovani
Authors: Herrmann H. , Gercken G.
Published: January 2007

After incubation of stationary phaseLeishmania donovani with [1‐14C] octadecanol, about 70% of the precursor was taken up within 3 hr. Wax esters and acyl moieties of glycerolipids contained most of the14C‐activity from 3 to 6 hr, because octadecanol was partly oxidized to stearate. Ether moieties were only weakly labeled. After 40 hr, 1‐0‐aklyl and 1‐0‐alk‐1′‐enyl diacylglycerols as well as 1‐0‐alkyl and 1‐0‐alk‐1′‐enyl‐2‐acyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphoethanolamines contained nearly all of the radioactivity. Most of the label in the neutral ether lipids was located in the alkyl ether side chain, whereas, in the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction, most of the label was found in the alkenyl ether side chain. Administration of 1‐0‐[1‐14C] hexadecyl glycerol resulted in rapid labeling of the vinyl ether side chain of phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen (1 hr) increasing further at 2.5 hr. Most of the radioactivity in the alkoxy diacylglycerols was found in the 1‐0‐alkyl moiety.
Activation of the phospholipase A1 activity of lipoprotein lipase by apoprotein C‐II
Authors: Stocks J. , Galton D. J.
Published: January 2007

The effect of apo very low density lipoprotein (apo VLDL) and apoprotein C‐II on the phospholipase A1 activity associated with lipoprotein lipase (E.C.3.1.1.3) was studied using purified bovine milk lipoprotein lipase. The enzyme degraded14C phosphatidylcholine (PC) to14C 2‐acyl lysophosphatidylcholine at a rate of 0.28±0.01 nmol/min/ml and triolein at a rate of 20.3±0.4 nmol/min/ml in mixed emulsions of PC and triolein. The phospholipase activity and triacylglycerol lipase activity were both increased by the addition of apo VLDL and apoprotein C‐II. After maximal activation, the rate of PC degradation was 1.19±0.02 nmol/min/ml and triolein degradation 64.4±0.4 nmol/min/ml. Activation of phospholipase A1 activity and triacylglycerol lipase activity occurred in parallel.
5,9,23‐triacontatrienoic acid, principal fatty acid of the marine spongeChondrilla nucula
Authors: Litchfield Carter , Tyszkiewicz John , Dato Virginia
Published: January 2007

The marine spongeChondrilla nucula contains 34% 30∶3Δ5,9,23 in its total fatty acids. This nonmethylene‐interrupted polyunsaturated acid, unknown in other living organisms, occurs mainly as an ester in phosphatidylethanolamine.
θ3 fatty acids in freshwater fish from south brazil
Authors: Andrade A. D. , Rubira A. F. , Matsushita M. , Souza N. E.
Published: January 2007

Lipid and fatty acid levels in the edible flesh of 17 freshwater fish from Brazil’s southern region were determined. Analyses of fatty acid methyl esters were performed by gas chromatography. Palmitic acid (C16:0) was the predominant saturated fatty acid, accounting for 50–70% of total saturated acids. Oleic acid (C18:1θ9) was the most abundant monounsaturated fatty acid. Linoleic acid (C18:2θ6), linolenic acid (C18:3θ3), and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6θ3) were the predominant polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The data revealed that species such as truta, barbado, and corvina were good sources of eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5θ3) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6θ3), and that most freshwater fish examined were good sources of PUFA θ3.
Antioxidative effect of Ajowan in a model system
Authors: Mehta Rajesh L. , Zayas Joseph F.
Published: January 2007

Model conditions were utilized to test the antioxidative activity of a methanolic extract of ajowan (Carum coptimum) (MEA). MEA was less effective than butylated hydroxytoluene in protecting against oxidation of emulsified linoleic acid measured by coupled oxidation of linoleic acid‐β‐carotene, conjugated diene values, and the thiobarbituric acid values. Ajowan may have potential as a source of natural antioxidant.
Retarding autoxidation in raw peanut oil by addition of water
Authors: Gopala Krishna A. G. , Prabhakar J. V.
Published: January 2007

Addition of water at levels of 0.25 to 1.00% (wt/vol) to raw peanut oil inhibited the formation of peroxides in the oil. The free fatty acid content of oils to which water had been added also did not increase appreciably compared to a control oil. To improve the stability of the oil, a moisture content of 0.2%, which is about ten times higher than the Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller monomolecular moisture content of the oil, has been suggested.
Peanut triacylglycerols: Effect of season and production location
Authors: Sanders T. H.
Published: January 2007

Stereospecific analysis of triacylglycerols from 4 peanut varieties grown for up to 3 years at 4 locations showed diversity in percentage fatty acid placement. Distribution of oleic and linoleic acids at each position was significantly correlated to the amount in the total triacylglycerol for varieties grown at one location. However, correlations for thesn‐3 position were not significant when data from more than one location were analyzed together. Generally, higher percentages of oleic or linoleic acid in the triacylglycerol resulted in a greater proportion of the particular fatty acid in thesn‐2 position. Apparently, fatty acid concentrations as influenced by growing location have a significant influence on peanut triacylglycerol structure.
High‐temperature stability of alcohol ethoxylates
Authors: Evetts Sam , Kovalski Cynthia , Levin Marc , Stafford Michele
Published: January 2007

The oxidative stability of alcohol ethoxylates during storage and handling is studied. Realistic conditions are modelled by heating in quiescent air. More rigorous, extensively aerated conditions are modelled by thermogravimetry with mass spectrometric detection and differential scanning calorimetry with vapor‐phase sampling.

In quiescent air, C12–15 alcohol with an average of 7 moles ethylene oxide (EO) is discolored at 204°C, with some increase in aldehydes, but there is no change in the EO distribution of the sample. Under extensively aerated conditions, increased oxidation occurs above 150°C, with a loss of one EO unit on average, and increases in CO and CO2 occur in the vapor phase above the sample. High‐temperature oxidation under extensive aeration is not affected by an antioxidant or by raising the pH of the sample from 6.4 to 7.5.
Role of alkanols in micellar growth: A viscometric study
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev , Kirti  , Kumari Krishna , Kabir‐ud‐Din
Published: January 2007

We have measured the viscosity of solutions of 0.3 M sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) + 0.3 M NaBr +n‐alkanols as a function of [alkanol] and temperature. When propanol was added, the viscosity of micellar solutions remained almost constant and then decreased, whereas it continuously increased with hexanol. However, with butanol or pentanol, depending upon the added concentration, increases followed by decreases in viscosity were observed. This behavior has been discussed in light of solubility of alkanols in various soluble phases of the micellar system with a resultant change in the Mitchell‐Ninham parameter of the “effective surfactant” (i.e., SDS +n‐alkanol). An increase in temperature caused a decrease in viscosity, which is related to micellar breakdown. Activation parameters (ΔG* and ΔH*) were computed from the temperature dependence data. ΔH* Covered almost the total contribution to ΔG*.
A correlation for the estimation of critical micellization concentrations and temperatures of polyols in aqueous solutions
Authors: Alexandridis Paschalis , Holzwarth Josef F. , Alan Hatton T.
Published: January 2007

An empirical correlation is presented for the estimation of critical micellization concentrations (CMC) and critical micellization temperatures (CMT) for poly(ethylene oxide)‐block‐poly(propylene oxide)‐block‐poly(ethylene oxide) copolymers in aqueous solutions. The CMC and CMT are expressed as a function of the polyol molecular weight, composition, and temperature (for CMC determination) or concentration (in the case of CMT). The correlation was developed from experimental CMT data for a set of 12 polyols that covered a wide range of molecular weights (2900–14600) and poly(ethylene oxide) contents (30–80 wt%) and is based on a simple expression for the standard free energy of micellization. Such a correlation should be useful to practitioners of the field as it allows easy prediction of CMC and CMT for a wide range of polyols with a minimal number of input parameters.
Nonbleach process for the purification of palm C16–18 methyl ester sulfonates
Authors: Sherry Alan E. , Chapman Benjamin E. , Creedon Michael T. , Jordan James M. , Moese Rosa L.
Published: January 2007

There has long been interest in methyl ester sulfonates (MES) derived from natural or renewable sources, such as palm oil, with considerable effort focused on process development. A major drawback with current process technology is the formation of dark brown impurities that create aesthetic and odor issues in the final product. These issues are usually addressed by bleaching rather than by chemical purification. This paper reports on a simple yet highly effective nonbleach, two‐step process for purifying palm C16–18 potassium methyl ester sulfonates. The first step comprises addition of water to the impure surfactant mixture. Preferably, the temperature of the system is maintained above the Krafft point of the surfactant, thereby completely solubilizing the surfactant and associated impurities. Once completely dissolved, the surfactant mixture is allowed to cool, and the potassium‐neutralized methyl ester sulfonate precipitates out selectively. In the second step, the purified surfactant is recovered by gravity‐ or pressure‐filtration or by centrifugation, followed by drying. The process significantly improves C16–18 MES analytical purity and color without raising safety or environmental concerns. It also allows for the purification of products derived from lower‐grade methyl esters, resolves odor issues, and does not require use of substantial amounts of solvent such as methanol.
Screening of lipase activities with cultures from the agricultural research service culture collection
Authors: Hou C. T. , Johnston T. M.
Published: January 2007

A simple, sensitive agar plate method was used to screen lipase activity from 1229 selected cultures, including 508 bacteria, 479 yeasts, 230 actinomycetes and 12 fungi, covering many genera and species. About 25% of the cultures tested are lipase‐positive. These lipase‐positive strains were further classified into three categories according to their enzyme activity: good, moderate and weak lipase producers for those having orange fluorescent halo zones greater than 10 mm, 7.5 mm or 5 mm diameters, respectively. The good lipase producers have the potential to be developed for industrial enzymes. The positional, fatty acid or enantiospecificity of each individual lipase requires further investigation. The data presented here are important for the discovery of new lipases.
Purification and properties of lipase from the anaerobepropionibacterium acidi‐propionici
Authors: Sarada R. , Joseph Richard
Published: January 2007

A lipase secreted by the anaerobePropionibacterium acidipropionici was purified 52‐fold with 27% recovery by employing a three‐step purification protocol. The enzyme has a small molecular mass (Mr = 6000–8000) as determined by gel filtration and ultracentrifugation. It hydrolyzed palm oil, coconut oil, castor oil, olive oil, groundnut oil and tributyrin. Enzyme activity was inhibited by Ni2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, iodoacetamide, N‐acetylimidazole and nonidet P‐40 but stimulated by Ca2+, Co2+, K+, Fe2+, sodium dodecyl sulfate and N‐bromosuccinamide. The enzyme showed substrate inhibition for both tributyrin andp‐nitrophenyl acetate.
Effects of rosemary extracts and major constituents on lipid oxidation and soybean lipoxygenase activity
Authors: Chen Qinyun , Shi Huang , Ho Chi‐Tang
Published: January 2007

Rosemary (Rosemarinus officinalis L.) leaves were extracted with three different solvents, namely hexane, acetone and methanol. A reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography system in combination with a mass detector was used to quantitate the content of carnosol, carnosic acid and ursolic acid in the rosemary extracts. All rosemary extracts showed strong inhibitory effects on lipid oxidation and soybean lipoxygenase activity.
Acid‐catalyzed alcoholysis ofVernonia galamensis oil
Authors: Bryant Kent A. A. , Nwaonicha Chukwuma P. , Anderson Melissa A. , Ayorinde Folahan O.
Published: January 2007

We have demonstrated the potential ofVernonia galamensis seed oil as a source of hydroxy alkoxy fatty esters. Reaction of the oil with various alcohols (methanol, ethanol, 1‐propanol and 2‐propanol), under acidic conditions, resulted in transesterification as well as epoxy ring opening in all cases. The major products, the hydroxy alkoxy fatty esters, constituted approximately 80% of the product mixtures, of which the 12‐hydroxy‐13‐alkoxy isomers were the major constituents. These derivatives were isolated by solvent extraction and/or column chromatography to afford 78–80% of pure isomers. Alcoholysis with butanol resulted in a poor yield of the hydroxy butoxy esters. A discussion of the isolation and mass‐spectrometric characterization of these new esters is provided.
Content and distribution oftrans‐18:1 acids in ruminant milk and meat fats. Their importance in european diets and their effect on human milk
Authors: Wolff Robert L.
Published: January 2007

Thetrans‐18:1 acid content and distribution in fats from ewe and goat milk, beef meat and tallow were determined by a combination of capillary gas‐liquid chromatography and argentation thin‐layer chromatography of fatty acid isopropyl esters. Thetrans isomers account for 4.5 ± 1.1% of total fatty acids in ewe milk fat (seven samples) and 2.7±0.9% in goat milk fat (eight samples). In both species, as in cow, the main isomer is vaccenic (trans‐11 18:1) acid. The distribution profile oftrans‐18:1 acids is similar among the three species. The contribution of ewe and goat milk fat to the daily intake oftrans‐18:1 acids was estimated for people from southern countries of the European Economic Community (EEC): France, Italy, Greece, Spain, and Portugal. It is practically negligible for most of these countries, but in Greece, ewe and goat milk fat contributeca. 45% of the daily consumption oftrans‐18:1 acids from all dairy products (0.63 g/person/day for a total of 1.34 g/person/day). Thetrans‐18:1 acid contents of beef meat fat (ten retail cuts, lean part) and tallow (two samples) are 2.0 ± 0.9% and 4.6%, respectively, of total fatty acids (animals slaughtered in winter). Here too, the main isomer is vaccenic acid. Othertrans isomers have a distribution pattern similar to that of milk fat. Beef meat fat contributes less than one‐tenth of milk fat to thetrans‐18:1 acid consumed. The daily per capita intake oftrans‐18:1 acids from ruminant fats is 1.3–1.8 g for people from most countries of the EEC, Spain and Portugal being exceptions (ca. 0.8 g/person/day). In France, the respective contributions of ruminant fats and margarines to the daily consumption oftrans‐18:1 acids are 1.7 and 1.1 g/person/day (60 and 40% of total, respectively). These proportions, based on consumption data, were confirmed by the analysis of fat from milk of French women (ten subjects). The mean content oftrans‐18:1 acids in human milk is 2.0 ± 0.6%, with vaccenic acid being the major isomer. Based on the relative levels of thetrans‐16 18:1 isomer, we could confirm that milk fat is responsible for the major part of the daily intake oftrans‐18:1 acids by French people. The daily individual intake oftrans‐18:1 isomers from both ruminant fats and margarines for the twelve EEC countries varies from 1.5 g in Spain to 5.8 g in Denmark, showing a well‐marked gradient from the southwest to the northeast of the EEC.
Stereospecific analysis and mass spectrometry of triacylglycerols fromarabidopsis thaliana (L.) heynh. columbia seed
Authors: Taylor David C. , Giblin E. Michael , Reed Darwin W. , Hogge Lawrence R.
Published: January 2007

Arabidopsis thaliana continues to be an excellent model organism for studying plant molecular genetics and biochemistry. In particular, the generation and analysis of mutant lines has facilitated the study of fatty acid biosynthesis, lipid bioassembly and the regulation of these processes. In view of its importance in understanding the pathways specific to seed storage lipid biosynthesis, we report here, for the first time, stereospecific and mass spectral analyses of the triacylglycerols present inA. thaliana (L.) Heynh. Columbia wild‐type seed. The use of NH4+‐chemical‐ionization mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry is described as a powerful technique in analyzing even trace amounts of individual triacylglycerol species.
Mode of oleic acid adsorption on rice hull ash cristobalite
Authors: Proctor A. , Adhikari C. , Blyholder G. D.
Published: January 2007

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate the adsorption of oleic acid (OA) onto dry rice hull ash (RHA) silica. Adsorption partially occurred by surface hydrogen bonding of the carboxylic acid. There was also formation of carboxylate ions by reaction of OA with residual potassium oxide. These ions were strongly bound by the ash. Isopropanol inhibited OA adsorption by H‐bonding and encouraged desorption of H‐bonded OA, but without itself being significantly bound. RHA with 40% moisture also adsorbed a small amount of OA by H‐bonding and reacted with OA to form and adsorb carboxylate ions.
Factice from oil ofPutranjiva roxburghii
Authors: Nag A. , Chaki T. K. , De K. B.
Published: January 2007

Preparation and characterization of factice by vulcanization of oil extracted fromPutranjiva roxburghii, a fairly abundant plant of the tropical Indian subcontinent, is presented. This information serves as a processing aid for substituting commercially available factices. Mechanical and thermal studies of this new type of factice, blended with rubber, showed higher thermal stability and improved processing characteristics during extrusion and calendering operations compared to rubber without factice.
Effect of ingestion of isomeric fatty acids on cholesterol and lipids of serum and liver
Authors: Tidwell Herbert C. , McPherson James C. , Gifford Patricia
Published: January 2007

The effect of the ingestion of large amounts of thetrans, trans isomer of linolein upon the cholesterol and lipid levels of the blood and liver was investigated using hypercholesterolemic rats. The serum levels of esterified fatty acids and cholesterol of rats fed the diets containing 30% oftrans, trans linoleic acid glycerides and safflower oil were 15 and 25%, respectively, lower than those fed coconut oil. However, a weight loss associated with less intake of thetrans isomer as compared with a gain with the other two fats must be considered. The serum levels of labeled cholesterol of rats administered radioactive cholesterol along with thetrans isomer were intermediate in maximum value as compared to the levels obtained with coconut and safflower oils. These results suggest that thetrans isomers are not as effective as thecis isomers in lowering the cholesterol and lipids of the blood. The livers of the former group had a lower fat content than the latter which might be accounted for in part by the lower fat intake
Autoxidation of cholesteryl linoleate in aqueous colloidal suspension
Authors: Norcia L. N. , Janusz W. F.
Published: January 2007

The autoxidation of the cholesteryl moiety of cholesteryl linoleate stabilized in aqueous colloidal suspension with sodium dodecyl sulfate has been studied at 85C. The overall rate of this oxidation is more rapid than that for unesterified cholesterol and oxidation also occurs to a greater extent for the linoleate ester. These results are in contrast to those for more saturated fatty acyl esters of cholesterol which show diminished susceptibility to attack by oxygen in such a system. Autoxidation of cholesteryl linoleate by an intramolecular free‐radical mechanism is considered.
Field study of the removal of linear alkylate sulfonate detergents by the activated sludge process
Authors: Knopp P. V. , Uhren L. J. , Rohlich G. A. , Nichols M. S.
Published: January 2007

Field evaluation of the removal of linear alkylate sulfonate (LAS) detergents by the activated sludge process was carried out at the Kettle Moraine Boys舗 School near Plymouth, Wisconsin. The procedures and controls afforded by the school舗s central supply system along with its new and well‐operated 舠extended aeration舡 activated sludge plant, provided an excellent arrangement for controlled field comparison of the removal of LAS and ABS (alkyl benzene sulfonate) material. In addition, the sewage treatment plant was operated intentionally to produce poor results in order to observe the effects of such conditions on removals.

Previous work showed that, with products containing ABS in use at the school, removals of methylene blue active substance could be expected to fall in the region of 75 to 85%. Removals with LAS material in use at the school were shown to be from 95 to 99% as long as the plant was operated satisfactorily. Further, the results showed that there was a strong correlation between LAS removal and BOD removal with a one to one slope.

The results support the conclusion that for biological treatment processes, the removal of LAS material corresponds to the removal of BOD.
Alkaline cleavage of hydroxy unsaturated fatty acids. I. Ricinoleic acid and lesquerolic acid
Authors: Diamond M. J. , Binder R. G. , Applewhite T. H.
Published: January 2007

The effects of temperature and media on the fusion of ricinoleic and lesquerolic acid derivatives with concentrated aqueous alkali were examined. Improved yields of३‐hydroxy acids were obtained by use of excess 2‐octanol. The effect of excess 2‐octanol is discussed in relation to a recently proposed reaction mechanism.
Preparation of methyl malvalate fromSterculia foetida seed oil
Authors: Fogerty A. C. , Johnson A. R. , Pearson Judith A. , Shenstone F. S.
Published: January 2007

Methyl malvalate has been prepared from mixed methyl esters ofSterculia foetida seed oil fatty acids by reversed‐phase liquid‐liquid partition chromatography, and confirmatory evidence adduced for its structure.
Refining of oils and fats
Authors: Sullivan Frank E.
Published: January 2007

The technique of continuous refining of oils and fats has steadily improved since the first commercial installation some 30 years ago. Refining is the most important economic factor in the overall processing of an oil from the crude to the finished product.

Crude oil handling, reagent selection, mixing, heating, and centrifugal separation are all critical when an attempt is made to obtain the maximum refining efficiency. The agronomist, scientist, control laboratory and operating personnel, along with the equipment manufacturers, have all aided in obtaining more efficient and economical processing methods.

In a discussion of the over‐all refining process, soapstock handling must also be considered. In recent years several successful continuous soapstock acidulation plants have been installed. With this addition to a refinery, the refining operation can now truly be considered as a continuous process. Like most industrial processes, this has been an evolution from the batch system to a semicontinuous system up to the present continuous treatment of soapstock and wash water to produce a high‐purity acid oil on an economical basis.

Details of the various factors in refining and aeidulation on a commercial basis, along with control methods, are discussed.
Emulsifiers: Processing and quality control
Authors: Macdonald Ira A.
Published: January 2007

I. Characterization and Processing

Emulsifiers are surface‐active agents (surfactants) which are added to an emulsion to increase its stability by interfacial action. They are divided into two broad categories, ionic or nonionic, according to the character of their colloidal solutions in water. As an eclectic guide to emulsifiers considered pertinent to the AOCS, greatest emphasis is placed on the description and processing of the nonionic type and only representative examples of the three classes of ionic surfactants, i.e., anionic, cationic, and amphoteric will be considered.

Nonionic types discussed in more detail include: polyol‐fatty acid esters of glycol, glycerol, polyglycerol, tetritol and pentitol, hexitol, anhydro hexitols, and sugar, as well as the polyethanoxy and polylpropanoxy esters and ethers.

II. Controls

Common analytical procedures, i.e. acid number, saponification number, hydroxyl number, etc. and their significance are described.

A combined statistical‐chemical control program plays an important role in assuring batch to batch emulsifier uniformity. Consistent emulsifier performance is obtained by mating raw material acceptance plans, in‐process control, and final product qualification. All of these elements are required for an effective program. Statistical Q.C. techniques maximize control benefits of chemical analysis. Newer analytical methods such as automated GLC increase the sensitivity of control decisions.
A system for rating the performance of laboratories in analytical check series
Authors: Perrin C. H. , Glucker E. M.
Published: January 2007

The system described rates the accuracy of the analyses of laboratories participating in meat, oil, feed and fertilizer check series but it has a much broader application. It is based upon the assumption that the relative quality of such analytical work may be judged by comparing the normalized deviations of the reported analyses from the best estimates of their respective correct values. A computer program was written to carry out the required calculations and comparisons. We follow the concept of accuracy expressed so well by Eisenhart (1), Murphy (2), Youden (3) and recommended by ASTM Committee E‐11 (4). Thus the accuracy of a measuring process is its freedom from total error. The total error is described by presenting estimates of the error of imprecision of the process and of its bias error relative to a suitable reference value. It is understood that the apparent accuracy of a measuring process is conditioned by the particular population of experimenters using it.
Regional differences of lipid composition in morphologically distinct fatty tissues: III. Peanut seeds
Authors: Fedeli E. , Favini G. , Camurati F. , Jacini G.
Published: January 2007

Lipids extracted from three different parts of peanut seeds (cotyledons, germs, and hulls) have been examined for glyceride, fatty acid, and unsaponifiable composition. Notable differences have been shown, as expected, the unsaponifiable material being more abundant in germs than other parts of the seed. Germ oil, in turn, appears as more unsaturated.

The presence of minor components, not detected when studying the unsaponifiable material from the whole oil, has been demonstrated. Besides qualitative distribution, the quantity of components of the unsaponifiable material has been shown to vary over wide limits in morphologically distinct parts of the seeds.
The solubility of water in edible oils and fats
Authors: Hilder M. H.
Published: January 2007

The solubilities of water in rapeseed oil, coconut oil, and a palm‐coconut oil mixture were determined at temperatures of 60C, 80C, and 100C.

Oil samples were equilibrated with water vapor under conditions of constant temperature and humidity. The equilibrium water content was determined by means of the Karl Fischer titration method.

The solubility was found to be independent of the type of oil when expressed in terms of the mole fraction. An equation relating solubility and temperature is given.
The prostaglandins and their influence on lipid metabolism
Authors: BergstrɆm Sune
Published: January 2007

Isolation, characterization, occurrence, and physiological action of the prostaglandins are reviewed.
Human erythrocyte phosphoglycerides. II. Diet and lecithin structure
Authors: Farquhar J. W.
Published: January 2007

Lecithins (separated on basic silicic acid columns) were obtained from humans fed three different diets: eitherad‐libitum or diets containing 40% of calories from linoleic acid (as corn oil) or from oleic acid (as triolein). Four lecithin subfractions were studied from each dietary group. Lecithin fractions eluting earliest (and apparently the least polar) contained the highest molar ratios of unsaturated fatty acids and the highest proportion of C‐20 to C‐22 polyunsaturated fatty acids. A slight increase in proportions of diunsaturated molecules occurred in corn oil and triolein groups. However, over 90% of lecithins of each dietary group were maintained as themonosaturated ‐ monounsaturated type. Therefore, in contrast to human adipose tissue triglycerides, the saturated/unsaturated fatty acid ratio of lecithins of the erythrocyte membrane is largely unaffected by immense increases in dietary unsaturated fatty acid. Major shifts of oleic and linoleic acid occurred but proportions were unaltered of longer chain length (>C‐18) polyunsaturated fatty acids. The relevance of these findings to membrane structure and function and to glycerophosphatide biosynthesis is discussed.
Tracer experiments to assess metabolic conversions of polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Mohrhauer Hans , Holman Ralph T.
Published: January 2007

Fifteen groups of rats were maintained on diets free of fat or supplemented with different levels of linoleate, arachidonate or linolenate. After 100 days on the diets the rats were sacrificed and liver slices were incubated with acetate‐1‐14C. The individual fatty acids were separated by gas chromatography and their radioactivity was determined by liquid scintillation counting. The C20 esters were separated by GLC, collected, and the structures of the components were determined by ozonolysis. The acetate incorporation into the various polyunsaturated fatty acids was influenced by the previous dietary conditioning. The distributions of radioactivity indicated that metabolic reactions taking place in the rat liver are modified by dietary supply of essential fatty acids.
Fabric bleaching with sodium perborate
Authors: Murray L. T.
Published: January 2007

Presently two classes of fabric bleaching agents, the chlorine and oxygen types, are employed in home laundering. Although these two classes of bleaches are employed, there is a vast difference in their effectiveness. The chlorine bleaches function well under most time and temperature conditions practiced in fabric laundering in the United States, but equivalent effectiveness with the oxygen type can only be obtained under longer time or higher temperature use conditions.

This paper represents a review of the relative performance and cost of the two classes and concentrates on the considerable research activity of the last 20 years, directed toward finding routes to increased bleaching effectiveness with sodium perborate. The chemistry of these approaches, consisting primarily of the use of the so‐called organic activators and metal ion catalyst systems, is discussed along with a discussion of effectiveness, cost, and potential utility.
Assessment of thin‐film oxidation with ultraviolet irradiation for predicting the oxidative stability of edible oils
Authors: Gordon Michael H. , Mursi Eltigani , Rossell J. Barry
Published: January 2007

The oxidative stability of edible oils and samples of rapeseed oil with added antioxidants, metal ions, phospholipids and oxidized oil was assessed by a method involving oxidation of a thin film of oil with ultraviolet (UV) irradiation at 100°C. Induction times determined by this method were compared with those determined with the Rancimat at 100°C. The two methods agreed well in describing the effects of additives on the stability of the edible oil. Induction times were considerably shorter for the thin‐film UV method, and the method may have potential as an accelerated test method for assessing the effect of additives on the oxidative stability of relatively stable oils and fats. The correlation between the Rancimat and the thin‐film UV induction times also was assessed at 80°C for rapeseed oil containing additives, but there was no advantage in using the lower temperature alone because the induction times were 2–7 times longer than at 100°C. However, use of two elevated temperatures is likely to improve predictions of stability at lower temperatures, especially for samples containing copper, which have an exceptionally high‐temperature coefficient. The thin‐film UV method showed a poorer agreement with the Rancimat for comparing the oxidative stability of some fats and oils. For instance, corn oil was more stable than soybean oil in the Rancimat test but the order of stability was reversed in the thin‐film UV test. Cocoa butter was much more stable in the Rancimat test than when assessed by the thin‐film UV test.
Quality control of rapeseed oil methyl esters by determination of acyl conversion
Authors: Cvengroš Ján , Cvengrošová Zuzana
Published: January 2007

A simple procedure for the evaluation of vegetable oil conversion to methyl esters of fatty acids has been developed. These methyl esters, prepared by the transesterification of vegetable oil with methanol, are used as alternative fuel for diesel engines. A method of gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) on packed columns is used to determine the conversion of acyls bound in acylglycerols to methyl esters. This procedure is based on comparison of the peak areas of methyl esters in fuel samples before and after reaction with an effective transesterification reagent, which will transform unreacted acylglycerols to methyl esters. A correlation between the bound glycerol content, determined by the thin‐layer chromatography/flame‐ionization detector method, and the acyl conversion, determined by GLC, is given. In acyl conversions to methyl esters over 96.0%, the bound glycerol content is less than 0.25% by weight.
Adsorption isotherms of fatty acids on rice hull ash in a model system
Authors: Saleh Muhammad Idiris , Adam Farook
Published: January 2007

The adsorption of lauric, myristic and stearic acids on rice hull ash (RHA) from isooctane as solvent was studied and conformed to a Langmuir isotherm. Monolayer coverage was determined to be 35.7±2.5, 43.5±2.2 and 36±5 mg/g, respectively. The free energy of adsorption, †G°, for the adsorption was determined to be‐6.64,‐6.23 and‐6.49 kcal mol−1 for the adsorbates, respectively. The equilibrium parameter indicated that RHA is a good adsorbent for the three fatty acids examined.