bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increasing yield potential of potato (Solanum tuberosum) by using irrigation methods and fertilizer levels
Authors: B.S. RASKAR
Published: December 2023

The experiment was conducted during 1998 99 and 1999 2000 to study the yield potential of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) by adopting different irrigation methods and fertilizer levels. Eighteen treatments comprising 3 irriga tion methods, viz. sprinkler, drip and furrow, and 6 fertilizer levels, viz. 80: 40 :40, 120 : 60 : 60, 160 : 80 : 80, 80 :40 : 80, 120 : 60 : 120 : and 160 : 80 : 160 (N : P205: K20 kglha), were undertaken in split plot design with 6 replica tions. The crop was planted in November during both the years on ridges, spaced at 60 cm keeping 20 cm space between plants. The pooled results indicated that sprinkler and drip irrigation systems resulted in significantly higher potato tuber yield to extent of 43.5 and 21.2%, respectively, compared with the furrow irrigation method. The fertilizer dose of 120 : 60 : 120 N : P205: K20 kglha resulted in significant higher yield than rest of fertilizer lev els and found optimum for potato. Sprinkler irrigation gave the maximum returns (Rs 42,850lha) and benefit : cost ratio with 120 : 60 : 120 N : P205: K20 kglha and benefit : cost ratio and hence found less economical for potato.
Effect of planting technique and fertigation on growth, yield and quality of banana (Musa sp)
Authors: B.S. RASKAR
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during 1997 98 and 1999 2000 to assess the effect of planting technique and fertigation through drip on the growth, yield and quality of banana (Musa sp.). Twelve treatments comprising 2 fer tilizer sources [water soluble and straight (N through drip)], 3 fertilizer levels [50, 75 and 100% of recommended fertilizer (444:178:888 kg N : P,O, : K,O/ha)] and 2 planting systems [ normal planting (1.5 m x 1.5 m) and triangu lar paired planting (0.90 2.1 0 m x 1.5 m) along with surface method of irrigation using straight fertilizer as usual were tried in factorial randomized block design with 3 replications. Banana yield was significantly higher under nor mal planting than paired planting, resulting 11.38 % higher fruit yield. The yield of banana was increased signifi cantly where water soluble fertilizer used in fertigation compared to straight fertilizer. The yield, pulp : peel ratio and total soluble solids (TSS) were increased significantly by application of 100% recommended dose of fertilizer. Application of 50% recommended fertilizer dose thought drip, resulted in 50% of fertilizer saving than surface irri gation. Water use efficiency under drip at 100% fertilizer level was more than double compared to surface method of irrigation (2.18 kglha cm). The returns and benefit : cost ration were significantly higher in normal planting in straight fertilizer with N through drip and application of 100% recommended dose of fertilizer than those observed under the treatments of paired planting straight fertilizer and lower fertilizer levels.
Crop productivity, returns and soil sustainability under rice (Oryza sativa) wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system
Authors: M.C. MUNDRA  , B.P. SINGH  , R.S. RlNWA  , S.C. GUPTA
Published: December 2023

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Effect of integrated weed management and intercropping systems on growth and yield of pearlmillet (Pennisetum glaucum)
Authors: BALDEV RAM  , G.R. CHAUDHARY  , A.S. JAT  , M.L. JATZ
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during the rainy season of 1999 and 2000 at S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (Jaipur), on loamy sand soil, to evaluate the effect of integrated weed management and intercropping sys tems on growth and yield of pearlmillet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) Br. emend. Stuntz]. lntercropping systems signifi cantly reduced weed population and dry matter production compared to sole pearlmillet. Lowest weed population (1 17/m2) and dry weight (975 kglha) were recorded under pearlmillet cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] fol lowed by pearlmillet greengram (Phaseolus radiatus L.), while maximum under sole pearlmillet at harvest. The sole pearlmillet recorded significantly higher tillerslplant and crop dry matter at harvest than all the 3 intercropping systems, whereas plant height under sole pearlmillet being at par with pearlmillet clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taubert]. Sole pearlmillet gave significantly more ear length, grainslear, grain (20.8 qlha), stover (54.9 qlha) and biological (75.6 qlha) yields compared to rest of the intercropping systems, while highest pearlmillet grain equivalent yield was recorded under pearlmillet clusterbean (39.1 qlha), followed by pearlmillet greengram over pearlmillet cowpea and sole pearlmillet. Hand weeding twice at 30 and 45 days after sowing remained at par with pendimethalin and oxadiazon each at 1.0 kg/ha supplemented with hand weeding once at 45 days after sowing recorded the lowest weed population (77/m2) and dry matter production (625 kglha) compared to rest of the weed management practices. The crop dry matter, plant height, tillerslplant, earstplant, ear length and grainslear increased significantly under all the weed control measures compared to unweeded control with maximum values under hand weeding twice. Similarly, all weed control measures gave significantly higher grain, stover, biological and grain equivalent yields of pearlmillet compared to weedy check but maximum values were obtained under hand weeding twice (22.9 qlha grain, 61.5 qlha stover, 84.4 qlha biological and 41.4 qlha grain equivalent yields), followed by pendimethalin and oxadiazon each at 1.0 kglha hand weeding once at 45 days af ter sowing.
Production potential of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) and greengram (Phaseolus radiatus) intercropping patterns in semi arid tract of Haryana
Authors: SATISH KUMAR  , R.C. SlNGH  , V.S. KADIAN
Published: December 2023

A 2 year field study was conducted during the rainy (kharif) season of 1999 and 2000, to evaluate different planting patterns of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] and greengram (Phaseolus radiatus L.) intercropping in different row spacings. Higher monetary advantage (Rs 7,1971ha) and benefit : cost ratio (1.67) were recorded with sole pigeonpea at 45 cm row spacing and these were reduced with the increase in row spacing. All the intercrop ping patterns were superior in terms of pigeonpea equivalent yield and land equivalent ratio to sole crops. Among different intercropping patterns, pigeonpea (75 cm) greengram 1 :2 ratio gave the highest total yield (2,352 kglha), net returmand benefit : cost ratio (2.09). Greengram as an intercrop in different systems gave significantly lower , grain yield compared to sole crop. However, 1:2 ratio of planting resulted in the higher seed yield of intercrop com pared to 1 :1 ratio system irrespective of row spacing.
Production potential and economic feasibility of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and pigeonpea (Cajnnus cajan) intercropping system on rainfed upland condition
Authors: R.K. SARKAR  , S. GOSWAMI  , P.K. PAL
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy season of 1999 and 2000 at Baruipur, to evaluate different planting patterns of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] intercropping. Various growth and yield attributes and yield of sunflower and pigeonpea were superior under sole cropping. Inter cropping of sunflower and pigeonpea in 3:l row proportion and in 2:2 row proportion showed better manifestation of growth and yield attributes in sunflower and pigeonpea respectively. All the intercropping patterns were superior in terms of sunflower equivalent yield and income equivalent ratio (IER) values to sole crops. Intercropping of sun flower,and pigeonpea in 3:l row proportion was the best system, recording the highest sunflower equivalent yield (2,480 kglha), land equivalent ratio (1.38), product of crowding coefficient (k 5.94), income equivalent ratio (1.73), benefit : cost ratio (2.06), gross (Rs 19.840lha) and net returns (Rs 10,212lha) and monetary advantage (Rs 5,463/ha).
Influence of phosphorus and sulphur fertilization on productivity and oil yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in intercropping with simultaneous and staggered planting
Authors: S.K. MAlTY  , GAJENDRA GIRI
Published: December 2023

Results of field experiment conducted at New Delhi during the rainy seasons of 1999 and 2000 revealed that number of total and developed pods and pod weightlplant of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) remained unaf fected due to simultaneous sown sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) intercrop. However, 1 month delayed sowing of sunflower intercrop caused significant improvement in these parameters of groundnut. However, the highest pod and oil yields were recorded from sole groundnut owing to its higher plant population. Application of 40 kg P20Jha and 30 kg Slha individually caused highest pod yield in groundnut with 28 and 27% increase over respective con trols. Significant positive interaction of P and S on pod yield of groundnut was noted with the combined application of 40 kg P20 ha and 30 kg Slha. Oil yield of groundnut was the highest with the application of 40 kg P20 ha and 30 kg Slha with respective nutrients. In sunflower, significant increase in seed and oil yields was recorded owing to application of 80 kg P,OJha and 30 kg Slha with respective nutrients.
Integrated weed control in drill sown rainfed finger millet (Eleusine coracana)
Authors: E.G. ASHOK  , M. CHANDRAPPA  , G.G. KADALLI  , KlRAW KUMAR  , V. MOTHAD  , K.T. KRISHNE GOWDA
Published: December 2023

Series of on station field experiment and on farm testing were conducted during 1994 99 on red sandy loam soils of Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra, Bangalore, and on the farmers fields of Bangalore, Kolar and Tumkur dis tricts of Southern Karnataka, to evaluate the effects of herbicides, cultural and mechanical measures of weed con trol on yield of drill sown rainfed finger millet [Eluesine coracana (L.) Gaertn.]. Out of 8 herbicides tested, pre emergence application of isoproturon 0.75 kg a.i.1ha gave comparable yield (2,907 kglha) to that of farmer s practice of 2 intercultivations and 1 hand weeding (3,078 kglha) and weed free check 1 intercultivation and 2 hand weedings (3,177 kg/ha) besides accounting for lower weed biomass (444, 125 and 59 kglha respectively) and higher weed control efficiency (86.7, 96.2 and 98.2% respectively). Combinations of isoproturon 0.5 kg a.i./ha and cultural mechanical measures of weed control have further enhanced the yield by 12.14% over no chemical. 2, 4 D sodium salt 0.75 kg a.i./ha as post emergence spray 15 20 days after sowing was next best alternative herbicide. On farm trials confirmed the superiority of isoproturon to farmer s practice of weed control to an extent of 6.4% yield increase besides being less labour intensive and providing effective weed control.
Effect of levels and mode of phosphorus and biofertilizers on chickpea (Cicer arietinum) under dryland conditions
Authors: KALIPADA PRAMANIK  , R.K. SlNGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted.during the winter seasons of 2000 2001 and 2001 2002, to study the ef fect of levels and mode of phosphorus, and biofertilizers [vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB)] on yield attributes and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Inoculation of biofertilizers significantly increased yield attributes of podslplant and seedslplant and yield of chickpea. Among biofertilizers, dual inoculation of PSB VAM markedly enhanced these yield attributes and yield compared with PSB or VAM alone. Application of phosphorus from 0 to 60 kg P,OJha resulted in linear increase in yield at tributes and yield. Aqua placement of phosphorus significantly increased grain yield in first year only.
Effect of planting density and improved seeding machinery on yield and economics of soybean (Glycine ma.)
Authors: P.M. NIMJE  , VlJAY AGRAWAL  , R.D. SON
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 1997 98 to 2000 2001 in farmers fields at Bhopal on clayey loam medium deep Vertisols, to study the effect of planting densities and improved seeding machines on growth, yield and economics in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. The use of improved seeding machines such as seed cum fertilizer drill and strip till seed cum fertilizer drill reduced the cost of op eration by Rs 935 and Rs 1,578tha and increased the net income by Rs 2,589 and Rs 3,703/ha, respectively, over the local seed drills used by the farmers. The planting density of 888,000 plantstachieved by the farmers through sowing at 22.5 cm by use of local seed dr ll mixing seed and fertilizer together increased the plant height and total dry matter disproportionally, thereby increasing the incidence of pests (32%) and decreasing the branching, filled pods, test weight of seeds and seed yisld. Planting density of 440,000tha increased the seed yield by 61.6% and the net returns by Rs 6,669tha over farmers practice. The planting densities at 666,000tha and 533,000tha produced the intermediate effects.
Effect of pre and post emergence herbicides on weed control and productivity of soybean (Glycine max)
Authors: M.D. VYAS N A.K. JAlN D
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy seasons of 2000 and 2001 on Vertisol, to study the effect of different pre and post emergence herbicides on JS 335 soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Among the tested herbicides, the highest seed yield was recorded with combi product of imazamox imazethapyr Q 75 glha PoE, i.e. 1,622 kglha, and it was significantly on a par with 2 hand weedings (1,710 kglha). The highest weed control efficiency and lowest weed biomass were recorded with 2 hand weedings, followed by application of imazamox imazethapyr Q 75 glha PoE and quizalofop ethyl Q 50 glha PoE. Among the pre emergence herbicides, S metolachlor Q 750 glha performed better than application of alachlor Q 2 kglha and lower dose of S metolachlor 500 glha.
Flowering behaviour and reproductive growth of polyethylene film-mulched groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) intercropped with cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) under irrigated situation
Authors: K. SUBRAHMANIYAN  , P. KALAISELVAN
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during the winter season of 1999-2000 and rainy season of 2000, to study the flowering behaviour and reproductive growth of polyethylene film-mulched groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in sole as well as intercropping with cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The effect of polyethylene film mulch (PFM) on days to first flowering, days to produce 50% of total flowers in a single plant, total number of flowers produced, pod set- ting ratio and total number of matured podstplant was significant. As a result, the pod yield was also highest with the same treatment (26.17 q/ha and 26.46 q/ha respectively during winters of 1999-2000 and rainy 2000). The ef- fect of intercrop treatments was significant on majority of the phenological and yield characters and pod yield of groundnut. The interaction effect was non-significant during both the seasons for all the parameters studied.
Effect of time and levels of nitrogen application on malt barley (Hordeum vulgare)
Authors: RAMESH K. SlNGH  , R.K. SlNGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted to study the response of malt barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. 'BCU 73'to N rates and time of its application at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, during the winter seasons of 1999-2001. Application of N significantly increased the number of ears, grainslear and 1,000-grain weight up to 80 kglha. The maximum grain and straw yields, total N uptake and protein content in grain were recorded at 80 kg Nlha. Two split applica- tion of N (113 at sowing and 213 at first irrigation) had higher values of yield components and resulted in signifi- cantly higher grain and straw yields. The total N uptake was also the maximum in this treatment, but protein con- tent was significantly higher in treatment receiving 3 splits of N. The benefit : cost ratio was the highest at 80 kg N1 ha and with 2 split application of N.
Effect of row spacing, nitrogen and weed control on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
Authors: M.K. KAUSHIK  , MS. SHAKTAWAT
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy seasons of 1998 and 1999, at Rajasthan College of Agricul- ture, Udaipur, to study the effect of row spacing, nitrogen and chemical / cultural weed - control practice on sor- ghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production. Row spacing had no significant influence on growth parameters and nutrient uptake. The maximum grain yield was obtained with 60 cm row spacing (23.48 qlha). There was no significant difference in yield due to 60 and 80 cm row spacing. Application of 80 kg N/ha significantly increased grain yield and total N uptake by crop and weeds; however total P uptake was significantly increased up to 120 kg N/ha. Atrazine Q 0.5 kg a.i./ha +I hoeing at 35 days significantly increased yields, N and P uptake over atrazine alone.
Effect of phosphorus sources, solubilizers and bioregulators on growth, yield and phosphorus uptake by pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)
Authors: B.S. MEENA  , D.D. SHARMA
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharit) seasons of 2001 and 2002 on clay loam soil of Udaipur, Rajasthan. Among phosphorus sources, application of rockphosphate 34% P,0$74 microns (RP 34/74) + farm- yard manure (FYM) in ratio of 1:3 + elemental sulphur (ES) at 25 kgtha significantly improved plant height, primary and secondary branchestplant, podstplant, seedslpod, seed index, yield and P uptake by pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] over other treatments. However, it was statistically at par with diammonium phosphate (DAP) and RP 34174 + FYM in ratio of 1 :3 phosphate-solubilizing. bacteria (PSB) at 2 kgtha. Significant improvement in pri- mary branchestplant, podstplant, seedslpod, seed index, seed yield, stover yield and P uptake by crop was re- corded by foliar spray of thiourea over water spray and 2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoic acid (TIBA). However, foliar spray of TIBA significantly reduced plant height at harvest over water spray and thiourea.
Growth, yield and economics of rice (Oryza sativa) as influenced by level and time of silicon application
Authors: A.K. SINGH  , RAGHAVENDRA SINGH  , KALYAN SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) season of 1999 and 2000 at Research Farm, Depart- ment of Agronomy, Banaras Hindu Univeristy, Varansi, Uttar Pradesh, to study the effect of level and time of sili- con application on growth, yield and economics of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Different silicon levels led to significant increase in plant height, dry-matter production, panicles/m2, filled grainslpanicle, test weight and yield of rice. The maximum grain yield (6,588 kglha) was recorded with highest level of silicon, i.e. 180 kg Silha. However, the maximum response was observed at 127 kg Silha and thereafter decreased with increase in silicon level. High- est net returns and benefit : cost ratio were recorded when silicon was applied @ 120 kg Silha full as basal. The apparent silicon recovery and agronomic efficiency were higher at the lowest silicon level (60 kg Silha) and de- creased with increasing silicon levels. However, the highest nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and silicon uptake was associated with 180 kg Silha. Among the application time,..full basal application of silicon at the time of trans- planting significantly increased the growth, yield attributes, yield and uptake of nutrients compared with the other time of silicon application.
Herbicidal weed control in soybean (GZycine m u )
Authors: S.S. KUSHWAH  , M.D. VYAS
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy season of 2001 and 2002 at Sehore, to study the effect of herbicidal weed control on growth, yield and economics of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Application of imazethapyr 10% Q 75 g/ha was found most effective in reducing weed biomass and resulting higher weed- control efficiency over other pre- and post-emergence herbicides. Quizalofop ethyl 5 EC Q 50 g/ha was also found effective with fairly low weed shoot biomass during both the years and controlled particularly the monocot weeds effectively. Treatment of 2 hand-weedings recorded higher values for growth, yield attributes, harvest in- dex and yield followed by post-emergence application of imazethapyr 10% @ 75 g/ha.
Effect of weed-management practices on spring-planted sugarcane
Authors: ROHITASHAV SINGH  , DHIMAN SEN  , V.K. SINGH  , N.S. RANA  , SANJAY KUMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 1997-98 and 1998-99 to study the effect of weed-management practices on spring-planted sugarcane and associated weeds. Significantly lower density of Echinochloa spp. was recorded with the pre-emergence application of thiozopyr at 0.36 kglha than all other treatments, except it was at par with pre-emergence application of thiozopyr at 0.48 kglha, atrazine at 2.0 kglha applied just after hoe- ing and 2 hoeings at 50 and 80 days after planting. Brachiaria mutica was completely controlled by the applica- tion of thiozopyr at all the rates. Pre-emergence application of metribuzin at 1 kglha, atrazine at 2.0 kglha alone or atrazine at 1.5 kglha and 2.0 kglha just after hoeing caused complete control of Parthenium hysterophorus. Uncontrolled weeds on an average caused 65.3% reduction in the cane yield compared to weed-free treat- ments. Pre-emergence application of thiozopyr at 0.48 kglha gave significantly higher cane yield than its lower doses and was at par with thiozopyr at 0.36 kglha, metibuzin at 1.0 kglha and atrazine at 1.0 kglha just after hoe- ing. Atrazine at 1.5 kglha and 2.0 kglha applied after hoeing and 2 hoeings at 50 and 80 days after planting re- sulted in cane yield at par with weed-free condition.
Herbicidal weed control in blond psyllium (Plantago ovretre) grown on Aridisols under irrigated condition
Authors: I. SINGH  , M.S. RATHORE  , M.S. CHANDAWAT  , R.S.YADAV  , MAKHAN LAL
Published: December 2023

A field study was conducted on the Aridisols during the winter seasons (rabo of 2001-02 and 2002-03 to evaluate suitable herbicide for management of weeds in blond psyllium (Plantago ovata Forsk.). Application of oxadirgyl Q 50 g/ha 15 days after sowing (DAS) recorded maximum seed yield (1,833 kg/ha) and net returns (Rs 25,244Iha) closely followed by pre-emergence application of isoproturon Q 600 g/ha which gave seed yield of 1,729 kg/ha and net returns of Rs 23,1220tha. Due to phytotoxic effect on the crop, oxyfluorfen applied Q 50 or 75 g/ha 15 DAS remained inferior to oxadirgyl 50 g/ha applied 15 DAS.
Effect of crop establishment methods on performance of rice (Oryza sntiva) cultivars and their effect on succeeding wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: S.K. SHARMA  , D.K. PANDEY  , K.S. GANGWAR  , O.K. TOMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 to evaluate the performance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars under different crop establishment methods and their effect on succeeding wheat (Triti- cum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) at the Project Directorate for Cropping Systems Research, Modipuram, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. Rice grown under unpuddled conditions gave higher systems productivity than rice trans- planted after puddling. However, productivity of rice and wheat and system as a whole under unpuddled and transplanted conditions did not differ significantly. Similar trend was observed in basmati rice-equivalent yield (BREY). Net returns were also not influenced significantly by crop establishment methods. Among rice varieties, 'IET 15339' gave superior performance followed by wheat variety 'PBW 226' in respect of yield and net returns.
Effect of sources and methods of nitrogen application on growth, yield and N uptake of transplanted lowland rice (Oryza sativa) and their residual effect on succeeding wheat (~n'ticuk aestivum)
Authors: I. S.K. CHAUDHARY  , S.K. THAKUR  , R.B. THAKUR
Published: December 2023

A fitd experiment was conducted during 1998-2000 on silty-clay soil at University research farm, Pusa (Bihar), to evaluate the relative efficiency of few slow-release N fertilizers, viz. prilled urea (PU), Mussoorie rock phosphate-coated urea (MRPU), nimin-coated urea (NCU) and large granulated urea (LGU) with basal and split application in transplanted lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and their effect on succeeding wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.). Modified urea fertilizers exhibited their superiority by recording significantly higher value of all the yield-contributing characters, nitrogen uptake and significantly higher grain yield than prilled urea, irre- spective of their methods of application. Maximum grain and straw yields of wheat were recorded under NCU which was significantly superior to the control and prilled urea and comparable with other sources of N.
Effect of integrated nutrient supply on growth, yield and nutrient uptake by maize (Zea mays)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system
Authors: ARVIND VERMA  , V. NEPALIA  , P.C. KANTHAtlYA
Published: December 2023

A long-term fertilizer experiment initiated in 1997 at Instructional Farm of the Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur, was selected for this investigation during 2000-01 and 2001-02, to evaluate the effect of integrated nu- trient supply on productivity and nutrient uptake of maize (Zea mays L.)-wheat miticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) cropping system. Maximum plant height and leaf-area index (LAI) of maize were observed by applying 150% NPK, while dry matter was found maximum with 100% NPK + FYM 10 tonneslha. The results of both these treatments were at par in all growth parameters. Highest maize grain and stover yields were obtained by apply- ing 150% NPK, though the results were at par with those obtained with 100% NPK + FYM 10 tonneslha. Applica- tion of 100% NPK + FYM 10 tonneslha showed highest values of growth parameters and grain yield of wheat, while maximum straw yietd was recorded with 150% NPK. However, these 2 treatments were found at par. The balanced and integrated nutrient supply to maize and wheat showed significantly higher uptake of primary nutri- ents.
Organic, integrated and chemical farming in wheat (Triticum aestivum) under maize (Zea mays)-wheat cropping system
Authors: D.S. KLER  , S.S. WALlA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment with organic vs chemical farming with maize (Zea mays L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) system was initiated during 199G97. On the same field, the investigation was expanded to organic (pure), integrated (partial) and chemical farming systems during winter seasons of 2001-02 and 2002- 03 and was conducted at the experimental farm, Ludhiana, on sandy-loam irrigated soil. In maize-wheat se- quence, on an average M2,-M2,-RI [FYM 20 tonneslha each to maize and wheat and incorporation of residues (RI)], MI,-MI,-GM, RI (GM-green manuring before maize), Rec.-GM-RI (Rec.-recommended chemical fertilizers) and Rec.-GM-RO (RO-residue removed); pure and partial organic farming treatments gave 12.4, 8.3, 8.0 and 5.9% higher wheat grain yield than the Rec. treatment. M2,-M2,-RI and MI,-MI,-GM-RI (pure organic), Rec.-GM- RI and Rec.-GM-RO (partial organic) treatments produced significantly higher plant height, dry-matter accumula- tion, leaf-area index, PAR1 (%), effective tillers/m2, ear length, number of grainslear and recorded higher root density and SPAD readings and also showed less canopy and soil temperature as compared to Rec. treatments.
Direct and residual effects of sources and levels of phosphorus and farmyard manure in maize (Zea mays)-mustard (Brassica juncea) cropping sequence
Authors: H.L. MAHALA  , MS. SHAKTAWAT  , R.K. SHIVRAN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) and winter (rabi) seasons of 2001 -02 and 2002-03 to evaluate the direct and residual effects of sources and levels of phosphorus and farmyard manure (FYM) applied in maize (Zea mays L.) on the succeeding Indian mustard [Brassicajuncea (L.) Czernj & Cosson]. Phosphorus application through single superphosphate (SSP) recorded the maximum grain and stover yields of maize and were on a par with that of Udaipur rock phosphate (URP) +SSP (1:l). Application of URP + phosphate-solubiliz- ing bacteria (PSB) recorded the highest available P after maize harvest. Grain and stover yields of maize signifi- cantly increased up to 60 kg P,O,/ha, whereas the available N and P status of the soil after maize harvest in- creased up to 80 kg P,O$ha. FYM also significantly improved the grain and stover yields as well as the availabil- ity of N and P in the soil after maize harvest. Residual effect of P sources was found equally effective in improv- ing the yield and nutrient uptake of mustard. Residual effect of URP+PSB recorded the highest available P in the soil after mustard harvest. Residual effect of increasing P levels up to 80 kg P,O$ha significantly increased the seed and straw yields, nutrient uptake and the available N and P status of soil after mustard harvest. Residual ef- fect of FYM also had a significant positive impact on these aspects of mustard crop as well as on the available N and P in soil.
Growth, nutrient uptake and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) as influenced by biofertilizers and nitrogen
Authors: DILEEP KACHROO  , RAVINDER RAZDAN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter season of 1999-2000 and 2000-01 at research farm, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, R.S. Pura, Jammu, to study the effect of biofertilizers and nitrogen levels on growth, yield attributes, yield and nitroigen-use efficiency of 'PBW 343' wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol). Combined inoculation of Azotobacter + Azospirillum in 1 : 1 ra- tio increased the growth, yield attributes and yield significantly. The nitrogen-use efficiency values also were higher. Each unit increase in N level led to significant increase in growth, yield-attributing characters and yield of wheat. The maximum grain yield (53.55 qlha) was recorded with highest N level. The nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE), apparent N recovery (%), nitrogen-efficiency ratio (NER) and physiological efficiency index of absorbed nitrogen (PEIN) were higher up to 80 kg Nlha and thereafter decreased with increasing N level.
Productivity and water-use efficiency of rainfed pearlmillet (Pennisetum glaucum) as influenced by planting patterns and integrated nutrient management
Authors: V. S. RATHORE  , PANJAB SlNGH  , R.C. GAUTAM
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 2001 and 2002 a the Indian Agricul.tural Research Institute, New Delhi, to study the effect of planting patterns and nutrient management on growth, yield attributes, yield, nutrient uptake and water-use efficiency of rainfed pearmillet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. Emend. Stuntz.]. Modified planting patterns, viz. ridge and furrow (RF), paired row (PR) and paired rows + inter- crop (PR+l system), recorded significantly higher growth, yield, nutrient uptake and water-use efficiency of pearlmillet than uniform row (UR) system of planting. The maximum grain yield and water-use efficiency (WUE) were recorded with PR system of planting. Nutrient management caused remarkable improvement in growth, yield attributes, yield, nutrient uptake and water-use efficiency of pearlmillet. The performance of nutrient man- agement treatments in term of grain yield and WUE followed the order of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF)>lM RDF + Azospirillum + phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) > 112 RDF + Azospirillum >I12 RDF + PSB r 112 RDF > control.
A.S. DHINDWAL1, I.S. HOODA, R.K. MALlK AND S. KUMAR
Authors: A.S. DHINDWALI  , I.S. HOODA  , R.K. MALIK ANO S. KUMAR
Published: December 2023

Water use, yield and economics of furrow-irrigated raised-bed system (FIRBS) of planting in pigeonpea, [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] and greengram [Phaseolus radiatus (L.) Hepper] were studied under three moisture regimes, viz. irrigations at 150, 200 and 250 mm cumu- lative pan evaporation (CPE), during 2001 and 2002. FIRBS resulted in 22% higher grain yield of pigeonpea, 8% of clusterbean and 15% of greengram compared with flat-sown crops. In FIRBS 21.6, 18.8 and 14.4 cm irri- gation water was applied in the three respective crops, with 25% saving compared with flat sown. Irrigation-wa- ter productivity (WPirri) of pigeonpea, clusterbean and greengram under FIRBS was 76, 44 and 54% more than that of flat-sown crops. In all three crops, it was lowest in irrigation at 150 mm CPE and highest in irrigation at 250 mm CPE moisture regime. FIRBS-planted pigeonpea, clusterbean and greengram gave additional net ben- efit of R s 2,820, 830 and 1,465lha respectively compared with flat-sown crops.
Effect of seed priming and tillage management on productivity of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) genotypes under rainfed conditions
Authors: RAW KUMAR  , R.L. ARYA  , J.P. MISHRA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was undertaken during 1998-99 to 2000-01 at the Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, to study the effect of seed soaking and tillage management on growth, yield and yield attributes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes under rainfed conditions. Significantly higher grain and straw yields of chickpea were obtained with compact (double cross planking) tillage than normal (single cross planking) tillage. Soaking of seeds in 5% solution of KC1 for 12 hr increased the grain and straw yields of chickpea over without soaking of seeds (control). Chickpea cv 'KWR 108' recorded significantly higher seed and straw yields than 'Pant G 114'. Highest net return and benefit : cost ratio of chickpea were recorded in compact tillage soaking of seeds in 5% solution of KC1 for 12 hr and chickpea cv. 'KWR 108'.
Integrated weed management in rainfed cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)
Authors: R.M. DESHPANDE  , W.S. PAWAR  , P.S. MANKAR  , P.N. BOBDE  , AN. CHIMOTE
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy season (kharif) 2000 to 2002 at Agriculture College farm, Nagpur, to find out suitable integrated method of weed control for rainfed cotton. Pre- and post-emergence appli- cation of herbicides along with 2 hand-weedings and 2 hoeings at 20 and 40 days after sowing (DAS) gave ef- fective control of weeds. The highest weed-control efficiency was recorded by pre-emergence application of pendimethalin followed by post-emergence application of glyphosate with 2 hand-weedings and 2 hoeings at 20 and 40 days. Maximum seed-cotton yield (8.54 qlha) was recorded with 3 hand-weedings and 3 hoeings fol- lowed by pre- and post-emergence application of pendimethalin and glyphosate with 2 hand-weedings and 2 hoeings (8.44 @ha). Maximum benefit : cost ratio (1.34) was recorded with 3 hand-weedings and 3 hoeings treatment. Among integrated weed-management treatments, the post-emergence application of glyphosate with 2 hand-weedings and 2 hoeings recorded more benefit : cost ratio compared to other integrated weed-manage- ment treatments.
Effect of alkali water irrigation and gypsum doses on yield and chemical composition of oat (Avena sativa) varieties in an alkali soil ASHOK KUMAR, P.C. SHARMA AND LALITA BATRA
Authors: ASHOK KUMAR  , P.c. SHARMA  , LALITA BATRA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 2002-2003 and 2003-2004 at Karnal, to study the effect of gypsum application on 5 varieties of oat (Avena sativa L.) in a moderately alkali soil (pH 9.3) using alkali water (RSC 8.6 mellitre) irrigation. The yield of oat was not significantly influenced owing to gypsum application; however, variation in yield was recorded amongst the varieties. Highest yield was observed in vari- ety 'HJ 8' followed by 'OS 7'. On an average, 'HJ 8' and 'OS 7' varieties registered 16.2% and 8.3% higher yield, respectively, than 'Kent', a popular variety. Higher yield of 'HJ 8' may be attributed to its tall and broad leaves compared with remaining varieties. However, 'OS 6' variety showed the maximum tillers. Gypsum application did not influence chemical composition of oat. Varieties 'Kent', 'HJ 8' and 'OL 9' showed similar crude protein that was significantly greater than the remaining 2 varieties. 'Kent' and 'OL 9' varieties accumulated significantly lower sodium percentage than the other varieties evaluated. Application of gypsum at each level enhanced the chlorophyll content of oat. Varieties 'HJ 8' and 'OS 7' also showed significantly higher total chlorophyll content, indicating their better tissue tolerance inspite of their greater sodium content. - Key words : Oat, Varieties, Akali soil, RSC water irrigation, Growth, Yield, Chemical composition
Production potential and economic analysis of direct-sown rice (Oryza sativa)- wheat (Triticum aestivum) system as influenced by rice varieties, nutrient management and weed-control measures
Authors: S.K. SHARMA  , D.K. PANDEY  , K.S. GANGWAR  , O.K. TOMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) and winter (rabl] seasons of 1999-2000 and 2000-01 at Modipuram in Meerut district to identify the most suitable rice (Oryza sativa L.) variety for direct seeding under unpuddled conditions, and also to study the effect of sulphur and weed-control measures on rice-wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.] system. Rice varieties 'DRRH 1' and 'Jaya' recorded mean yields of 71.5 and 66.7 qlha respectively, which were significantly higher than of 'PAC 808' (50 qlha) and 'Pusa Basmati' (45.8 q/ ha). Application of sulphur @ 30 kglha and weed control did not influence the productivity of both the crops. However, application of isoproturon @ 1.25 kglha + 2, 4-D @ 0.8 kglha significantly affected the mean yield (49.3 qlha) of wheat than hand-weeding (47.4 qlha). Rice 'Jaya' - wheat (Rs. 39,0941ha) and rice 'DRRH 1'- wheat (Rs 38,8281ha) system gave significantly higher net returns than rice 'Pusa Basmati 1'-wheat (Rs 37,7521 ha) and rice 'PAC 808'-wheat (Rs 33,8711ha) systems.
Effect of integrated weed-management practices on growth and yield of wet- seeded rice (Oryza and their residual effect on succeeding pulse crop sativa)
Authors: E. SUBRAMANIAN  , G. JAMES MARTIN  , R. BALASUBRAMANIAN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai during winter (rabl) seasons of 1998-99 and 1999-2000, to study the effect of integrated weed-management practices on weed control and yield of wet-seeded rice. Glyphosate (1.5 kg a.i./ha) was applied at pre-sowing stage alone or in combination with pre-emergence application of pretilachlor +Safener (0.4 kg a.i./ha) and early post-emergence application of butanil (3 litresfha) along with manual weeding. It was compared with weed-free check and unweeded control. All the weed-management practices significantly reduced the weed density of grasses, sedges and broad-leaf weeds, resulting in their reduced dry weight. Pre-sowing application of glyphosate (1.5 kg a.i./ha) effectively reduced the sedges, when combined with pre-emergence application of pretilachlor + Safner (0.4 a.i./ha) followed by two hand-weedings at 25 and 45 days after sowing. These recorded lesser weed density, dry weight and higher weed-control efficiency, resulting in higher grain yield (58.73 qfha). Bioassay showed no residual effect of the herbicides applied to rice (Oryza sativa L.) on the stand of succeeding crop of blackgram [Phaseolus mungo (L.) Wilczek].
Evaluation of sulfosulfuron and metribuzin for weed control in irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: A.K. PANDEY  , K.A. GOPINATH  , H.S. GUPTA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out on sandy clay-loam soil in North-western Himalayas of India and the ex- perimental field had enough weed population. An average decrease in grain yield by 29% was observed due to season-long weed-crop competition. The best weed-control efficiency (85.7-93.8%) was achieved with metribuzin compared to other herbicides, i.e. Sulfosulfuron, isoproturon and 2, 4-D (55.4-87.5%). Earlier timing of metribuzin application (40 days stage) provided excellent control of Phalaris minor (Ftetz.) Pers., while control of Polygonum plebeium R.Br. and Melilotus indica All. was better with application at 60 days stage. Sulfosulfuron showed high activity against all weed species except I? plebeium and at equivalent doses, control was greater at the earlier timing of application. Slight crop injury in terms of yellowing of leaves and stunted growth was ob- served in the plots treated with sulfosulfuron. It was more pronounced under delayed application of the herbi- cide. The injury, however, disappeared with the advancement of crop growth. All the treatments except 2.4-D ap- plication gave significantly higher grain yield compared to weeded check. The highest grain yield was recorded in manual weeding treatment. Lower doses of sulfosulfuron (20 to 25 g/ha) and metribuzin (230 to 245 glha) both applied at 40 days stage gave yields similar to manual weeding treatment.
Integrated nutrient management in transplanted hybrid rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: N. PANDEY  , A.K. VERMA  , ANURAG  , R. S. TRIPATHI
Published: December 2023

A field experimnt was conducted on clay-loam soil at research farm of lndira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur during rainy season 1999 and 2000, to find out suitable nutrient-management strategies for hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.). Application of inorganic fertilizer level of 100, 60 and 40 kglha N, P,O, and K,O along with 10 tonnes farmyard manure (FYM) gave the grain yield and B:C ratio comparable to that of 100, 60 and 40 kglha N, P,O, and K,O + FYM + 25 kg ZnS0,Iha or 150, 75 and 60 kglha N, P,O, and K,O + FYM. The application of potas- sium 60 per cent as basal and 40 per cent at maximum tillering stage significantly increased the grain yield, up- take of N, P and K and the net return than its whole amount applied basal. Nitrogen treated with neem extract proved significantly better than untreated nitrogen.
Comparative study on combined and individual effects of farmyard manure and green-manuring with fertilizer N on growth and yield of rice (Oryza under sativa) submergence-prone situation
Authors: A. GHOSH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 2003 and 2004 to study the combined and invidual effects of using farmyard manure (FYM), green-manure (dhaincha : Sesbania aculeata L.) along with fertilizer N on rice (Oryza sativa L.) variety 'Gayatri' experiencing 10 days' complete submergence at maximum tillering stage. The crops under both the organics (FYM and green-manuring) thrived better under submergence, due to greater root de- velopment, higher critical N level in plant, higher biomass production and less tiller mortality compared with their individual application. Consequently these crops gave significantly higher grain yield (3.03 tonneslha). The crops under both the organics ensured higher N uptake (55.50 kglha), apparent N recovery (38.32%) and N-use effi- ciency (29.50 kg grainlkg N applied).
Response of sewage-irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum) to level and timing of nitrogen application
Authors: GOG RAJ  , S. TIWARI  , P. S. MINHAS
Published: December 2023

A study was conducted during the winter season of 2001-02 and 2002-03 at sewage-irrigated farms in Sirsa (Haryana) for evaluating the optimal dose and time of application of nitrogenous fertilizers to wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.). Seven fields, 0.4 ha each, were selected along the sewage drain during 2001- 02 on the basis of variations in the build-up of organic matter (0.89-3.44%) vis-a-vis nitrogen (available N 191- 413 kglha). Eight treatments consisting of different doses of fertilizer N (0, 60, 120 and 180 kglha) and times of application of 75 kg Nlha (50% of recommended N for normal soils of the area). First trial was repeated on eight other farmers' fields during 2002-03 with 1.19-3.01 per cent organic matter. The observations on wheat yield showed improvement in basic productivity of soils with accumulation of organic matter up to 2 per cent. The latter also defined the optimal doses of nitrogen, computed to be 55-1 19 kglha. Distinct possibility of producing high yield with reduced addition of N fertilizer was found in the immediate vicinity of the sewage-dlsposal sites. Under reduced doses, wheat responded better to a booster basal dose, followed by at crown-root initiation. Thus the recommendations to the farmers on the use of N fertilizers should be different for waste water-irrigated soils. The reduced use of nitrogen should further help in minimizing the pollution problems by NO,-N, especially with shal- low ground waters.
Effect of nutrient-management practices on growth and yield of pearl millet (Penniseturn glaucum)
Authors: R.S. CHOUDHA.RY  , R.C. GAUTAM
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted for 2 years (2002 and 2003) at Dryland Research Farm of Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, to evaluate the effect of nutrient-management practices on growth and yield of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. emend. Stuntz.]. Nutrient-management practices comprised the con- trol, 30 kg N/ha + 20 kg P,O,/ha, 60 kg N/ha + 40 kg P,O,/ha, 5 tonnes FYM/ha + bio-fertilizer (Azotobacter + ve- sicular arbuscular mycorrhizae), 10 tonnes FYM/ha + bio-fertilizer (Azotobacter + VAM), 30 kg N/ha + 20 kg P,O,/ ha + 5 tonnes FYM/ha + bio-fertilizer, 30 kg Nlha + 20 kg P,O,/ha + 10 tonnes FYM/ha + bio-fertilizer and 60 kg N/ha + 40 kg P,O,/ha + 10 tonnes FYM/ha + bio-fertilizer in randomized block design with three replications. The total rainfall received during kharif season of 2002 and 2003 was 405.5 mm and 823.0 mm respectively. Applica- tion of 60+40 kg/ha of N + P,O, along with 10 t FYM/ha and biofertilizer gave significantly higher grain yield and N, P uptake by pearlmillet than control and FYM (5 or 10 tlha) + biofertilizers use.
Integrated weed management in rainfed kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum)
Authors: B. L. PRAJAPATI  , V. B. UPADHYAY  , R. P. SlNGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) season of 2002, 2003 and 2004 to study integrated weed management in rainfed kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.). Application of isoproturon (0.50 kg ailha) as pre-emergence + one intercultivation (20 days after sowing) + one hand-weeding (40 DAS) appreciably low- ered the weed population (16.7/m2) and dry weight of weeds (56 g/m2). It increased the weed-control efficiency by 50.21 per cent compared with pre-emergence application of isoproturon @ 0.50 kglha. It was followed by intercultivation (20 DAS) and hand-weeding (40 DAS), which gave the highest grain yield (18.42 qlha) and fetched higher net monitory return (Rs 5,6981ha) in all weed-control measures.