bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Autonomous Vehicle Accidents on Public Sentiment: A Decadal Analysis of Twitter Discourse Using roBERTa
Authors: Sauvayre Romy , Gable Jessica S. M. , Aalah Adam , Fernandes Novo Melvin , Dehondt Maxime , Chauvière Cédric
Published: December 2024

In the field of autonomous vehicle (AV) acceptance and opinion studies, questionnaires are widely used. Additionally, AV experiments and driving simulations are utilized. However, few AV studies have investigated social media, and fewer studies have analyzed the impact of AV crashes on public opinion, often relying on limited social media datasets. This study aims to address this gap by exploring a comprehensive dataset of six million tweets posted over a decade (2012–2021), and neural networks, sentiment analysis and knowledge graphs are applied. The results reveal that tweets predominantly convey negative sentiment (40.86%) rather than positive (32.52%) or neutral (26.62%) sentiment. A binary segmentation algorithm was used to distinguish an initial positive sentiment period (January 2012–May 2016) followed by a negative period (June 2016–December 2021), which was initiated by a fatal Tesla accident and reinforced by a pedestrian killed by an Uber AV. The sentiment polarity exhibited in the posted tweets was statistically significant (U = 24,914,037,786; p value < 0.001). The timeline analysis revealed that the negative sentiment period was initiated by fatal accidents involving a Tesla AV driver and a pedestrian hit by an Uber AV, which was amplified by the mainstream media.
Ultra-High-Energy Photons: New Horizons Ahead?
Authors: Homola Piotr , Settimo Mariangela
Published: December 2024

This Special Issue is dedicated to photons of energies above 1018 eV, i [...]
Building European Cities, Shaping Economies: The Roles of Infrastructure and Demographics in Urban Economic Performance (2017–2022)
Authors: Anastasiou Evgenia , Karkanis Dimitrios , Kalogiannidis Stavros , Konteos George
Published: December 2024

This study examines the interplay between urban policy interventions, infrastructure investments, and economic and labor market outcomes in large metropolitan areas from 2017 to 2022. We have employed empirical research to unravel the phenomena among these domains by employing a comprehensive dataset comprising gross value added (GVA), compensation of employees, gross fixed capital formation, environmental taxes, trade, employment, and time series data for demographic cohort transitions. Through a linear regression analysis, we uncovered strong positive associations between gross fixed capital formation and GVA and employment per capita, highlighting the critical role of infrastructure in driving urban economic growth. We also scrutinize how population dynamics—natural population changes and net migration—affect economic performance, offering valuable insights for evidence-driven urban policy. This research informs sustainable urban economic development policies and contributes significantly to the urban economics discourse.
Towards Resilient and Inclusive Cities: A Framework for Sustainable Street-Level Urban Design
Authors: Sádaba Juan , Alonso Ylenia , Latasa Itxaro , Luzarraga Arantzazu
Published: December 2024

This study addresses the need for sustainable urban design, focusing on enhancing street-level interactions in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 11). The research specifically examines the evolving role of urban furniture and infrastructure in creating inclusive, resilient cities that respond to current challenges, such as climate adaptation and citizen accessibility. Using a qualitative mixed-methods approach, this study combines keyword analysis and semi-structured interviews with urban design experts, and comparative case studies in the Basque Country. Key themes emerged, including sustainable water management, Nature-based Solutions, technological integration, and pedestrian prioritization. These findings underscore a shift from static, object-oriented urban components to adaptable, modular designs that balance functionality with environmental and social sustainability. This study concludes with a checklist for urban furniture design, offering practical guidelines that will inform the next research phase: prototyping innovative urban furniture solutions to support more sustainable and inclusive city environments.
Challenges and Opportunities for Adult Vaccine Coverage: Insights for Healthcare Professionals Focusing on Herpes Zoster in Mexico
Authors: Cervantes-Apolinar María , Guzman-Holst Adriana , Mascareñas De los Santos Abiel , Macías Hernández Alejandro , Cabrera Álvaro , Lara-Solares Argelia , Abud Mendoza Carlos , Motola Kuba Daniel , Flores Díaz Diana , Salgado Gomez Fernanda , Castro-Narro Graciela , Nieto Javier , Mata-Marín José , Barba Gómez José , Tinoco Juan , Calleja Castillo Juan , Contreras Serratos Maria , Castellanos Ramos Nathali , Rosas Carrasco Oscar , Ricaño Raúl , Huerta García Gloria
Published: December 2024

Herpes zoster (HZ) is a common disease in older adults and immunocompromised patients, and is frequently associated with long-term complications that impact quality of life. Fortunately, more than one vaccine against HZ is now available in Mexico. Two expert consensus groups discussed adult vaccination strategies in Mexico, focusing on HZ in older adults and immunocompromised individuals; their insights are reported here. HZ is usually treated inappropriately in Mexico. Late diagnosis and suboptimal management are common, as is a lack of treatment options, particularly for pain, which is often unresponsive to standard painkillers. Improving vaccination rates against HZ in Mexico is therefore important, but several barriers to HZ vaccination exist. It is not included in the national vaccination schedule, where included vaccines usually have higher coverage. Actions to overcome barriers include improving awareness of HZ and vaccine availability, developing and promoting guidelines and recommendations for vaccination, and expanding access and infrastructure for vaccination.
Boosting Vaccine Research: The 16-Year Journey of TRANSVAC Vaccine Infrastructure
Authors: Martin William , Luís Catarina , Jungbluth Stefan , Slezak Monika , Verreck Frank A. W. , Spiegel Holger , Guzman Carlos A. , Roldão António , Carrondo Manuel J. T. , Van der Ley Peter , Segalés Joaquim , Dockrell Hazel M. , Ho Mei Mei , Pedersen Gabriel K. , Lawrenz Maria , Olesen Ole F.
Published: December 2024

TRANSVAC represents a long-running effort to accelerate the development of novel vaccines by integrating institutions from across Europe under a single collaborative framework. This initiative has empowered the global vaccine community since 2009 including contributing toward the development and optimization of vaccine candidates as well as the provision of new adjuvants, research protocols, and technologies. Scientific services were provided in support of 88 different vaccine development projects, and 400 professionals attended TRANSVAC training events on various vaccine-related topics. Here, we review the accomplishments of the TRANSVAC consortia and analyze the continued needs of academic and industrial vaccine developers in Europe. The findings highlight the benefits of coordination across different sectors, both through research infrastructures such as TRANSVAC and other mechanisms, to address the current and future global health challenges and ensure that European vaccine developers have the support required to successfully compete in the global market.
Assessment of Simplified Surveillance for Congenital Rubella Syndrome in Sudan, 2014–2017
Authors: Abdalla Omayma , Ahmed Nada , El-Hag Mukhtar Hanan Abdo , Reef Susan , Hagan Jose , Grant Gavin
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is a constellation of serious multi-organ birth defects following rubella virus infection during early pregnancy. Countries in which rubella vaccination has not yet been introduced can have a high burden of this disease. Data on CRS burden and epidemiology are needed to guide the introduction of a rubella vaccine and monitor progress for rubella elimination, but the multi-system nature of CRS manifestations and required specialized testing creates a challenge for conducting CRS surveillance in developing settings such as Sudan. To enhance data quality, we designed and tested a simplified approach for CRS surveillance in Sudan. Methods: Seven CRS surveillance sentinel sites were set up at general pediatric, eye, and cardiology hospitals in Sudan, using standard definitions for reporting and classifying infants with CRS clinical manifestations. Between 2014 and 2017, we evaluated the system using WHO CRS surveillance monitoring indicators, comparing simplified approaches against a comprehensive one. The simplified approaches included (1) an ophthalmic-focused approach; (2) a heart-focused approach; and (3) a cataract-only approach. Results: Surveillance identified 179 infants with suspected CRS via the comprehensive approach, with 25 infants classified as laboratory-confirmed and 6 as clinically compatible. Surveillance sensitivity was highest for the simplified ophthalmic approach, while cataract-based surveillance had the highest proportion of confirmed cases. Conclusions: Simplified CRS surveillance, particularly focusing on detecting cataracts, can significantly contribute to monitoring the impact of rubella vaccine introduction. It could serve as an initial step towards comprehensive CRS surveillance, providing robust evidence to support rubella and CRS elimination efforts.
Combination Adjuvants Enhance Recombinant H5 Hemagglutinin Vaccine Protection Against High-Dose Viral Challenge in Chickens
Authors: He Yanjuan , Wang Jiaxin , Chi Lanyan , Dong Yajing , Chen Huixin , Meng Xiaocui , Liao Ming , Luo Yongwen , Fan Huiying
Published: December 2024

Background: Recombinant avian influenza subunit vaccines often require adjuvants to enhance immune responses. This study aims to evaluate the immune-enhancing potential of seven combination adjuvants in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. Methods: SPF chickens were vaccinated with combinations of ISA78VG and adjuvants, including Quil-A, CpG, and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA). Their immune responses were assessed using a vaccination and viral challenge protection model. Results: The combinations of ISA78VG with Quil-A, CpG&MPLA or CpG&Quil-A significantly enhanced antibody responses and provided cross-protection against the H5N8-20135 strain. The ISA78VG&MPLA and ISA78VG&CpG&MPLA combinations induced the stronger IFN-γ production, with CpG further amplifying the immune response. The ISA78VG&Quil-A formulation, in particular, stimulated rapid antibody responses, achieving a 100% seroconversion by day 14 and high titers of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies against both the recombinant HA antigen and the H5N6-20053 virus. Conclusions: The ISA78VG&Quil-A combination is an ideal adjuvant for enhancing the immunogenicity of avian influenza rHA subunit vaccines, offering a promising strategy for H5 subtype vaccine development.
Vaccination After Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant: A Review of the Literature and Proposed Vaccination Protocol
Authors: Silva-Pinto André , Abreu Isabel , Martins António , Bastos Juliana , Araújo Joana , Pinto Ricardo
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) induces profound immunosuppression, significantly increasing susceptibility to severe infections. This review examines vaccinations’ necessity, timing, and efficacy post-HCT to reduce infection-related morbidity and mortality. It aims to provide a structured protocol aligned with international and national recommendations. Methods: A systematic review of current guidelines and studies was conducted to assess vaccination strategies in HCT recipients. The analysis included the timing of vaccine administration, factors influencing efficacy, and contraindications. Recommendations for pre- and post-transplant vaccination schedules were synthesised, specifically for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), immunosuppressive therapy, and hypogammaglobulinemia. Results: Vaccination is essential as specific immunity is often lost after HCT. Inactivated vaccines are recommended to commence three months post-transplant, including influenza, COVID-19, and pneumococcal vaccines. Live attenuated vaccines remain contraindicated for at least two years post-transplant and in patients with ongoing GVHD or immunosuppressive therapy. Factors such as GVHD and immunosuppressive treatments significantly impact vaccine timing and efficacy. The review also underscores the importance of pre-transplant vaccinations and ensuring that patients’ close contacts are adequately immunised to reduce transmission risks. Conclusions: Implementing a structured vaccination protocol post-HCT is critical to improving patient outcomes. Timely and effective vaccination strategies can mitigate infection risks while addressing individual patient factors such as GVHD and immunosuppression. This review highlights the need for tailored vaccination approaches to optimize immune reconstitution in HCT recipients.
Evaluating Antigen- and Vector-Specific Immune Responses of a Recombinant Pichinde Virus-Based Vaccine Expressing the Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Nucleoprotein
Authors: Cain Michaela , Huang Qinfeng , Sanchez Shania , Ly Hinh , Liang Yuying
Published: December 2024

Background: Live viral vector-based vaccines are known to elicit strong immune responses, but their use can be limited by anti-vector immunity. Here, we analyzed the immunological responses of a live-attenuated recombinant Pichinde virus (PICV) vector platform (rP18tri). Methods: To evaluate anti-PICV immunity in the development of vaccine antigen-specific immune responses, we generated a rP18tri-based vaccine expressing the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) nucleoprotein (NP) and administered four doses of this rP18tri-NPLCMV vaccine to mice. Using MHC-I tetramers to detect PICV NP38-45 and LCMV NP396-404 epitope-specific CD8+ T cells, we monitored vector- and vaccine-antigen-specific immune responses after each vaccination dose. Results: LCMV NP396-404-specific effector and memory CD8+ T cells were detected after the first dose and peaked after the second dose, whereas PICV NP38-45-specific memory CD8+ T cells increased with each dose. PICV-binding IgG antibodies peaked after the second dose, while anti-PICV neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) remained low even after the fourth dose. Immunization with the rP18tri-NPLCMV vaccine significantly reduced LCMV viral titers in a chronic LCMV Clone 13 infection model, demonstrating the protective role of LCMV NP-specific T cells. Conclusion: These findings provide important insights into the antigen- and vector-specific immunity of the rP18tri-NPLCMV vaccine and support the development of NP-based vaccines against arenavirus pathogens.
T Cell Responses to BA.2.86 and JN.1 SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Elderly Subjects
Authors: Segato Irene , Mele Dalila , Forlani Greta , Dalla Gasperina Daniela , Mondelli Mario , Varchetta Stefania
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: New SARS-CoV-2 variants are continuously emerging, making it essential to assess the efficacy of vaccine-induced immune protection. Limited information is available regarding T cell responses to BA.2.86 and JN.1 variants, particularly in elderly individuals. Methods: We evaluated T cell and total IgG responses against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain, as well as BA.2.86 and JN.1 omicron subvariants, in two groups of subjects. One group consisted of SARS-CoV-2-exposed elderly individuals who were fully vaccinated with the BNT162B2 mRNA vaccine, with a booster dose of the updated 2023–2024 COVID-19 vaccine (XBB.1.5) at least 15 days after receiving a booster dose of the updated 2023–2024 COVID-19 vaccine. The second group consisted of healthcare workers who were unexposed to SARS-CoV-2 one month after the booster dose of the first-generation BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. T cell activation-induced markers (AIM) and IFN-γ secretion were evaluated by flow cytometry and ELISpot assays, respectively. Results: Elderly subjects showed reduced IgG levels against JN.1 compared with the ancestral strain. BA.2.86 stimulation resulted in lower IFN-γ levels in the elderly versus the COVID-19-naïve group. AIM analysis showed that among T cells, CD4+ were the most responsive, with a reduced proportion of JN.1-reactive CD4+ T cells compared with the ancestral strain in the SARS-CoV-2-unexposed group. Despite receiving the updated booster, the elderly group showed reduced CD4+ T cell reactivity to BA.2.86. Conclusions: The XBB.1.5-containing vaccine induced lower CD4+ T cell responses against BA.2.86 in the elderly. CD4+ T cells from BNT16b2-vaccinated, COVID-19-naïve subjects recognized ancestral and BA.2.86 RBD strains while showing reduced responses to JN.1. These results emphasize the need for tailored vaccine strategies for emerging variants, particularly in vulnerable populations.
Health–Economic Impact Attributable to Occurrence of Pleurisy and Pneumonia Lesions in Finishing Pigs
Authors: Malcher Clarisse S. , Petri Fernando A. M. , Arruda Laiza P. , de Aguiar Gabriel A. , Storino Gabriel Y. , Sonalio Karina , Toledo Leonardo T. , Hirose Flávio , Oliveira Luís Guilherme de
Published: December 2024

Respiratory diseases, such as pleurisy and pneumonia, cause significant health and economic losses in pig production. This study evaluated 867 finishing pigs from a farm with a history of respiratory issues, using macroscopic lesion scoring (SPES and CVPC), histopathological analysis, qPCR diagnostics, and economic modeling. Severe pleurisy (scores 3 and 4) was observed in 42.1% of carcasses and was strongly correlated with higher bacterial loads of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, and Pasteurella multocida. Severe lesions reduced the average daily gain (ADG) and carcass weight, leading to increased production costs and lower profitability. Economic analysis revealed that pigs with higher pleurisy scores incurred an additional cost per kg (USD 1.29 vs. USD 1.32 for milder cases), reduced total revenue by 1.36%, and decreased return on investment (ROI) from 5.33% to 3.90%. These findings emphasize the critical impact of respiratory diseases on profitability and the necessity of robust health management strategies, including vaccination and enhanced biosecurity, to minimize economic losses in swine farming.
Successful Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma Associated with Hypertrophic Osteopathy in a Cat
Authors: Tanaka Takashi , Tanaka Midori , Tezuka Tomoyuki , Shimada Kazumi , Tanaka Ryo
Published: December 2024

An eight-year-old spayed female Abyssinian cat presented with lameness. Palpation revealed swelling, heat, and a reduced range of motion in the stifle and tarsal joints in both hind limbs. A radiographic examination of both hind limbs revealed periosteal proliferation from the distal tibia to the tarsal and metatarsal bones, which suggested hypertrophic osteopathy. Thorax and abdominal radiographic examinations were performed to identify the primary disease. Complete blood count and routine serum biochemistry tests revealed no abnormalities. No obvious anomalies were evident in the thoracic radiograph; however, a mass was observed near the left kidney on an abdominal radiograph. An abdominal ultrasound was performed, which revealed a hypoechoic renal mass located in the caudal pole of the left kidney. The left nephrectomy was performed after exploration of the abdominal cavity confirmed an abnormality in the left kidney. A histopathological examination revealed renal cell carcinoma. The cat was subsequently fed on a renal prescription diet but received no additional treatment. The periosteal lesion in the distal tibia regressed over time, but the lesions remained in the talus and metatarsal bones. At 1670 days following surgery, blood tests indicated that urea nitrogen and creatinine were above the normal range. In addition, urinalysis revealed an isosthenuria. However, the cat survived over 4500 days following surgery.
Development and Evaluation of Non-Antibiotic Growth Promoters for Food Animals
Authors: Wang Hanfei , Zhao Hengji , Tai Bocheng , Wang Simeng , Ihsan Awais , Hao Haihong , Cheng Guyue , Tao Yanfei , Wang Xu
Published: December 2024

The widespread utilization of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) boosts the growth rate of food animals and enhances human living standards. Nevertheless, it is accompanied by escalating antibiotic resistance. Consequently, there is an urgent demand to develop novel alternatives to growth promoters. The objective of this study was to develop a non-antibiotic growth promoter (NAGP) for augmenting the growth rate of food animals. The growth-promoting effect of plant-derived NAGPs was assessed in mice and broiler chickens, and its growth-promoting mechanism was initially investigated. The results reveal that a combination of hawthorn (also known as shanzha) and astragalus (also known as huangqi) extracts (SQ) enhanced the growth rate of mice both in vivo and in vitro, attributed to their significant capacity to promote muscle growth and improve immunity (p < 0.05). The composite super energy extract M (CSEE-M), further optimized on the basis of SQ, significantly improved growth performance and feed conversion ratio, and elevated the activity of intestinal digestive enzymes (p < 0.05) in both mice and broilers and reshaped the gut microbiota of broilers. The addition of 0.5% CSEE-M to broiler drinking water significantly increased muscle content and improved carcass quality (p < 0.05). In conclusion, both SQ and CSEE-M hold great promise as NAGPs and serve as effective substitutes to AGPs. This research not only furnishes new solutions for the misuse of antibiotics but presents a fresh perspective for the development of growth promoters.
Recombinant Factor C as an In Vitro Assay for the Residual Pathogenicity Evaluation of Veterinary Autogenous Vaccines
Authors: Di Paolo Antonella , Liberti Rosario , Anzalone Lucia , Colabella Claudia , Felici Andrea , Severi Giulio , Cagiola Monica
Published: December 2024

Background: Veterinary autogenous vaccines, similar to all injectable pharmaceutical products, must be tested to assess endotoxin concentrations. The Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Test (LAL test) is widely used in in vitro quality control assays for endotoxin detection, although it presents some ethical issues related to the production of reagents and is also characterized by a low specificity due to other contaminants that can activate the reaction. For all these reasons, a new recombinant factor C LAL test was developed. Aim: In this study, we described the comparison between two LAL test methods for in vitro quality control of veterinary autogenous vaccines, with the aim of evaluating the most suitable method and establishing an endotoxin concentration range for two different matrices. Methods: Two hundred batches of two different vaccine matrices were tested using the kinetic chromogenic LAL test and recombinant factor C endotoxin detection assay commercial kits. Results and Conclusions: Statistical analysis conducted after the validation of the recombinant factor C test exhibited a statistically significant correlation between the two methods and for both vaccine matrices, suggesting that the animal-free assay can be used as a routine quality control test for veterinary autogenous vaccines.
Selenium Enhances the Growth of Bovine Endometrial Stromal Cells by PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β and Wnt/β-Catenin Pathways
Authors: Dong Junsheng , Wang Zi , Fei Fan , Jiang Yeqi , Jiang Yongshuai , Guo Long , Liu Kangjun , Cui Luying , Meng Xia , Li Jianji , Wang Heng
Published: December 2024

The bovine uterus is susceptible to bacterial infections after calving, particularly from Escherichia coli (E. coli), which often results in endometritis. Additionally, postpartum stress in cows can elevate cortisol levels in the body, inhibiting endometrial regeneration and reducing immune function, thereby further increasing the risk of infection. Selenium (Se) is a common feed additive in dairy farming, known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulatory role of Se in the growth of bovine endometrial stromal cells (BESCs) under the conditions of LPS-induced inflammatory damage at high cortisol levels. BESCs were treated with 1, 2, 4 μM Se in combination with co-treatment of LPS and cortisol. The results indicated that LPS inhibited the cell viability and reduced the mRNA expression of CTGF, TGF-β1, and TGF-β3. Additionally, LPS increased apoptosis, hindered the cell cycle progression by blocking it in the G0/G1 phase, and suppressed the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. Furthermore, increased concentrations of cortisol can exacerbate the impacts of LPS on cell proliferation and apoptosis. Conversely, the supplementation of Se promoted cell viability, increased the mRNA expression of TGF-β1 and TGF-β3, and enhanced cell cycle progression, while simultaneously repressing cell apoptosis as well as activating the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. The above findings demonstrated that Se can promote cell proliferation, reduce cell apoptosis, and aid in the growth of BESCs damaged by LPS under high levels of cortisol. The potential mechanisms may be associated with the regulation of the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways.
Effects of Ganoderma lucidum Powder on the Growth Performance, Immune Organ Weights, Cecal Microbiology, Serum Immunoglobulins, and Tibia Minerals of Broiler Chickens
Authors: Avain Arazay , Azad Md. Abul Kalam , García Yaneisy , García Yanelys , Martínez Yordan
Published: December 2024

A total of 640 one-day-old Cobb 500 MV × Cobb 500 FF mixed broilers were randomly assigned to one of four experimental treatments with four replicates per treatment and 40 birds per replicate for 32 days. The treatments consisted of a basal diet (control group), basal diet + 0.02% zinc bacitracin (AGP group), basal diet + 0.2% G. lucidum powder (GLP; 0.2% GLP group), and basal diet + 0.3% GLP (0.3% GLP group). The results showed that dietary 0.2% GLP supplementation increased body weight compared to the control and 0.3% GLP groups, and decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the control group, during 19–32 days (p < 0.05). The feed intake was lower (p < 0.05) in both dietary GLP supplementation groups and the AGP group during 1–8 and 1–32 days compared to the control group. Additionally, the FCR was lower in the dietary GLP supplementation group (0.2%) and the AGP group (p < 0.05) compared to the control group. Moreover, the caeca of broiler chickens in the AGP and 0.2% GLP groups had a higher abundance of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Supplementation of feed additives (AGP and GLP) increased the relative weight of the thymus, with no effect on the bursa of Fabricius and spleen. However, AGP supplementation decreased the serum IgM concentration, while supplementing a higher dose of GLP (0.3%) increased the ash content in the tibia. The findings indicate that 0.2% GLP is the recommended supplementation dose as a natural growth promoter to replace AGP in apparently normal chickens.
Subclinical Mastitis in Lacaune Sheep: Etiologic Agents, the Effect on Milk Characteristics, and an Evaluation of Infrared Thermography and the YOLO Algorithm as a Preprocessing Tool for Advanced Analysis
Authors: Lysitsas Marios , Botsoglou Georgios , Dimitriadis Dimitris , Termatzidou Sofia , Kazana Panagiota , Tsoumakas Grigorios , Tsokana Constantina N. , Malissiova Eleni , Spyrou Vassiliki , Billinis Charalambos , Valiakos George
Published: December 2024

This study aimed to investigate the incidence of subclinical mastitis (SCM), the implicated pathogens, and their impact on milk quality in dairy sheep in Greece. Furthermore, we preliminarily evaluated infrared thermography and the application of AI tools for the early, non-invasive diagnosis of relevant cases. In total, 660 milk samples and over 2000 infrared thermography images were obtained from 330 phenotypically healthy ewes. Microbiological investigations, a somatic cell count (SCC), and milk chemical analyses were performed. Infrared images were analyzed using the FLIR Research Studio software (version 3.0.1). The You Only Look Once version 8 (YOLOv8) algorithm was employed for the automatic detection of the udder’s region of interest. A total of 157 mammary glands with SCM were identified in 122/330 ewes (37.0%). The most prevalent pathogen was staphylococci (136/160, 86.6%). Considerable resistance was detected to tetracycline (29.7%), ampicillin (28.6%), and sulfamethoxazole–trimethoprim (23.6%). SCM correlated with high total mesophilic count (TMC) values and decreased milk fat, lactose, and protein content. A statistically significant variation (p < 0.001) was identified in the unilateral SCM cases by evaluating the mean temperatures of the udder region between the teats in the thermal images. Finally, the YOLOv8 algorithm was employed for the automatic detection of the udder’s region of interest (ROI), achieving 84% accuracy in defining the ROI in this preliminary evaluation. This demonstrates the potential of infrared thermography combined with AI tools for the diagnosis of ovine SCM. Nonetheless, more extensive sampling is essential to optimize this diagnostic approach.
Current Insights into Porcine Bocavirus (PBoV) and Its Impact on the Economy and Public Health
Authors: Prpić Jelena , Keros Tomislav , Božiković Margarita , Kamber Magda , Jemeršić Lorena
Published: December 2024

Effective control of animal infectious diseases is crucial for maintaining robust livestock production systems worldwide. Porcine meat constitutes approximately 35–40% of global meat production with the largest producers being China and the European Union (EU). Emerging viral pathogens in swine, like porcine bocavirus (PBoV), have not garnered significant attention, leaving their pathogenic characteristics largely unexplored. This review aims to bridge this knowledge gap by conducting a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature on PBoV. We explore the virus’s genome structure, discovery, classification, detection methods, pathogenesis, and its potential public health implications. Additionally, we discuss the distribution and economic impact of PBoV, which includes potential losses due to decreased productivity, increased veterinary costs, and trade restrictions. By highlighting the current state of knowledge, this review seeks to enhance the understanding of PBoV, thereby aiding in its prevention and control, and mitigating its economic impact on the swine industry.
Shape of the Doppler Sonographic Systolic Blood Flow Profile of the Pulmonary Artery of Healthy Racing Pigeons and the Influence of Anesthesia
Authors: Girard Carolin , Koy Lajos , Kummerfeld Norbert , Pees Michael , Fehr Michael , Legler Marko
Published: December 2024

There is scant information available about the blood flow of the pulmonary artery in avian cardiology. In human medicine, the shape of the Doppler sonographic blood flow profile of the pulmonary artery can be used to access the pressure conditions of the right heart. With this background, this study focused on the examination of the acceleration and deceleration phase of the pulsed-wave Doppler flow profile of the pulmonary artery of healthy racing pigeons. The results showed a significant difference between the pulmonary artery and aorta. The Doppler flow profile of the aorta was characterized by a short acceleration phase; however, the pulmonary flow profile revealed an acceleration similar to that of the deceleration phase. Neither profile changed considerably under the influence of heart rate changes and anesthesia with isoflurane. A negative correlation of the pulmonary acceleration phase with the left diastolic A wave and the systolic pulmonary blood flow velocities could be found. This indicates the influence of pressure changes in the heart on the flow profiles. The results of this study allow for the use of the shape of the Doppler sonographic blood flow profile of the pulmonary artery in the assessment of cardiovascular diseases in avian medicine, especially in racing pigeons.
Impacts of N2O Oversaturated Sewage Effluents on the Spatial Distribution of Riverine N2O: Insights from Sanya Estuaries, Hainan Province
Authors: Qin Dajun , Geng Jing , Ren Bingnan , Yang Bo
Published: December 2024

Rivers and estuaries are recognized as significant sources of atmospheric greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O), primarily through diffusive pathways. Anthropogenic nitrogen contributions to surface water bodies can alter the baseline emissions from natural sources; however, due to high spatial variability and limited datasets, the specific sources and sinks contributing to N2O remain poorly understood. This study investigates the sources and sinks of nitrous oxide (N2O) in river systems located in Sanya, Hainan Province, China. In April 2023, we collected 48 samples of river water and seawater, measuring hydrochemical parameters in situ while analyzing N2O concentrations in the laboratory. The results indicate that N2O concentrations vary significantly across different river systems within Sanya. Specifically, N2O concentrations ranged from 0.33 to 307.18 nmol/L for samples from the Sanya River, 2.28 to 3113.46 nmol/L for samples from Damaoshui River, 5.72 to 122.75 nmol/L for Tengqiao River waters, and between 11.08 and 18.07 nmol/L for Ningyuan River waters; coastal seawater exhibited concentrations ranging from 2.42 to 21.96 nmol/L. Notably, we observed that riverine N2O levels near sewage discharge points were oversaturated—indicating a peak concentration—which subsequently declined towards levels more consistent with those found in natural river systems as one approaches the mouths of estuaries. Both Sanya River and Damaoshui River appear to be significant sources of N2O; conversely, coastal seawater is not considered a substantial source. Our data suggest that wastewater discharges may play a critical role in influencing N2O levels within river waters by directly introducing oversaturated effluents into these ecosystems.
Targets for Urban Stormwater Management in Australia
Authors: O’Halloran Dan , McLean Jonathon , Morison Peter , Sims Alex , Weber Tony , Markwell Kim , Walker Ben , Light Oliver , Hart Barry
Published: December 2024

Increasing urbanisation is occurring in Australia’s major cities and in almost every country in the world. This creates a challenge for the urban water sector, which not only needs to provide traditional water services (i.e., wastewater, domestic water) for a rapidly growing population, but also to service potential additional demands to contribute to enhanced amenity, and to do so in the context of climate change. This paper is focused on stormwater management controls for the develop of new greenfield urban sites in the three major east coast Australian cities—Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane. While stormwater management in all three cities is focused on the protection of community values of the waterways, including environment (ecology), amenity and recreation, the scale or type of the waterways considered is considerably different—Melbourne has adopted a regional waterway strategy, while the Sydney and Brisbane approach is more localised. Pollution load reduction targets (TSS, TP, TN and litter) from new urban areas have been enforced in all three cities for many years, although there is concern that these targets primarily aimed at protecting the values of downstream bays (e.g., Port Phillip Bay, Sydney Harbour and Morton Bay) will not necessarily protect the values of the contributing waterways. However, targets to control stormwater volumes entering waterways are proving to be considerably more difficult to both develop and implement. These targets are typically expressed as volumes of stormwater to be harvested and/or infiltrated for every additional hectare of directly connected impervious (DCI) surface created as a result of urban development. The three cities have approached the setting of stormwater flow targets somewhat differently, as is apparent from the details provided in the paper. Additionally, we argue that there is a need for the development of new targets related to the reuse of stormwater and its integration with wastewater and domestic water management.
Combining Physical Hydrological Model with Explainable Machine Learning Methods to Enhance Water Balance Assessment in Glacial River Basins
Authors: Yang Ruibiao , Wu Jinglu , Gan Guojing , Guo Ru , Zhang Hongliang
Published: December 2024

The implementation of accurate water balance assessment in glacier basins is essential for the management and sustainable development of water resources in the basins. In this study, a hybrid modeling framework was constructed to enhance runoff prediction and water balance assessment in glacier basins. An improved physical hydrological model (SEGSWAT+) was combined with a machine learning model (ML) to capture the relationship between runoff residuals and water balance components through the Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) method. Based on the enhancement of the runoff fitting results of the existing model, the runoff residuals are decomposed and used to correct the hydrological process component values, thus improving the accuracy of the water balance results. We evaluated the performance and correction results of the method using various ML methods. We analyzed the results for two consecutive periods from 1959 to 2022 for the glacial sub-basins of three tributaries of the Upper Ili River Basin in central Asia. The results show that the hybrid framework based on extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) with an average NSE value of 0.93 has the best performance, and the bias based on the evapotranspiration component and soil water content change component is reduced by 3.2–5%, proving the effectiveness of the water balance correction. This study advances the interpretation of ML models for hydrologic assessment of areas with complex hydrodynamic characteristics.
The Analysis of the Spatial–Temporal Evolution and Driving Effect of Land Use Change on Carbon Storage in the Urban Agglomeration in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River
Authors: Li Shenglin , Shi Peng , Liu Xiaohuang , Liu Jiufen , Liu Run , Zhu Ping , Wang Chao , Zheng Yan
Published: December 2024

Studying the temporal and spatial variation characteristics and driving factors of carbon reserves in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River urban agglomeration is crucial for achieving sustainable development and regional ecological conservation against the backdrop of the “double carbon” plan. Based on three periods of land use data from 2000 to 2020, combined with the InVEST model(Version 3.14.2), the spatiotemporal changes in carbon storage in the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River were analyzed. The PLUS model (Version 1.3.5) was used to predict three scenarios of natural development, urban development, and eco-development in the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in 2035 and estimate the carbon storage of the ecosystems under different scenarios, and it used optimal parameter GeoDetectors (Version 4.4.2) to reveal the driving factors affecting the spatiotemporal differentiation of carbon storage. The results show that farmland and construction land area increased and forestland area continued to decrease from 2000 to 2020. Carbon storage decreased by 1 × 106 t, with forestland conversion to farmland and construction land being the main decreasing drivers. The carbon storage of natural and urban developments decreased by 0.26 × 106 t and 0.32 × 106 t, while it increased by 0.16 × 106 under ecological development. The results of the factor detector showed that the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) had the highest explanatory power on the spatiotemporal variation in carbon storage (q = 0.588), followed by the slope (q = 0.454) and elevation (q = 0.391), and the explanatory power of natural environmental factors on the spatiotemporal variation in of carbon storage was dominant. The interaction detector results showed that the spatiotemporal variation in carbon storage was affected by multiple factors, the interaction intensity between each driving factor was stronger than that of a single factor, and the synergy between the NDVI and slope was the strongest, at q = 0.646.
A Systematic Investigation on Contamination of Pesticides and Relevant Metabolites in Pre- and Post-Treatment Drinking Water from the Yangtze River Delta, China
Authors: Chen Yuhang , Feng Chao , Le Sunyang , Lin Yuanjie , Qiu Xinlei , Xu Qian , Wang Xinyu , Qian Hailei , Qian Zixin , Lu Dasheng , Wang Guoquan , Xiao Ping
Published: December 2024

This study aimed to investigate the distribution of commonly used pesticides and their metabolites in drinking water before and after treatment at drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in the Yangtze River Delta and to assess the health risks from the perspective of non-carcinogenicity and carcinogenicity. A total of 85 pesticides and their metabolites were analyzed in source, finished, and tap water using online solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Across 91 water samples, 31 parent compounds and 9 metabolites were detected, with the median total concentrations of 62.2 (range: 6.20 to 392) ng/L. Atrazine, 2-hydroxyatrazine, and S-metolachlor were detected in all samples. Advanced treatment processes at DWTPs effectively reduced the residues of pesticides and their metabolites (removal rates 51.5~95.2%), with removal rates for metabolites significantly lower than those for parent compounds (p = 0.03). Regarding health risks, the estimated carcinogenic risk for pesticides and metabolites detected in tap water was within acceptable limits and the non-carcinogenic risk was insignificant. However, it is important to note that both of the two compounds with the relatively highest non-carcinogenic risks are pesticide metabolites. Overall, this study showed that despite dozens of pesticides and metabolites being detected in water from the Yangtze River Delta, their health risks were assessed to be insignificant. The lower effectiveness of current advanced treatments in removing pesticide metabolites indicates the necessity of technique improvement in DWTPs.
MEGA-EVENTS EFFECTIVE TRANSPORT SERVICES PRINCIPLES DEFINING USING THE XIX ASIAN GAMES IN HANGZHOU EXAMPLE
Authors:   Don State Technical University, Anie Xin , Bulatova Olga Yurievna ,   Don State Technical University, Eremin Sergey Vasilyevich ,   Oryol State University, Troshin Alexander Sergeevich ,   Belgorod State Technological University
Published: December 2024

This article provides an overview of the transport services organization of the XIX Asian Games in Hangzhou, intelligent transport systems services, in order to identify the principles of effective organization of transport services during mega-events.
RECYCLING IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS OF THE TRANSPORT AND ROAD COMPLEX OF THE REGION. REVIEW
Authors:   Belgorod State Technological University, Kabalin Maxim Dmitrievich , Tokarev Vladimir Alekseevich ,   Belgorod State Technological University, Liu Chunguang ,   Don State University ShTU-DSTU, Iudina Marina Sergeevna ,   Don State Technical University
Published: December 2024

The publication is of an overview nature and is devoted to the recycling of asphalt and cement concrete for the construction of transport and road complex facilities. The issues of efficiency, environmental and technical feasibility of returning recycled materials to the technological process of production of road construction materials are considered. The following research me-thods are used: patent search, systematization, description and analysis. An analytical review of the information is carried out based on the results of domestic and foreign articles related to the topic of secondary placeholders and practical experience in their use. The article describes both the approaches used in the industry to the use of asphalt and concrete scrap, as well as possible prospects for their implementation. The results obtained demonstrate the prospects of recycling in the construction of roads of the transport and road complex of the regions.
COMPLEX FOR UNLOADING OPERATIONS RELATED TO BULKY CYLINDRICAL LOADS
Authors:   Don State Technical University, Kopylov Maxim Alekseevich
Published: December 2024

The applied and proposed methods of unloading a motor vehicle during the transportation of bulky goods are considered. In order to improve the process of unloading bulky cylindrical cargoes, an unloading complex is proposed for consideration, which reduces time and financial costs at this stage of transportation, as well as reducing the share of human physical labor in the process along with increasing its safety.
DEVELOPMENT OF A DECISION-MAKING SYSTEM FOR THE DESIGN OF A SMART STOP AT TRANSPORT HUBS OF URBAN PASSENGER TRANSPORT
Authors:   Volgograd State Technical University, Kulikov Alexey Viktorovich
Published: December 2024

The article analyzes the characteristics of bus stops with the allocation of the properties of smart stops in the transport hubs of the unified transport system of the city and agglomeration. The requirements for smart stops are formed, and decision-making methods are presented when designing an information system for a smart stop. The use of morphological tables allows you to make a decision or select several solutions that determine good or satisfactory levels of develop-ment of smart stop systems. It is proposed to use the morphological method for designing various information components of a unified transport system.
MORPHOFUNCTIONAL STATE OF PINEALOCYTES DURING DARK DEPRIVATION
Authors: Kondakova Larisa Igorevna , Kalashnikova Svetlana Aleksandrovna
Published: December 2024

The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of dark deprivation on morphometric parameters of pinealocytes in rats.
Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted on male rats (n=36). Animals of the control group (n=12) were kept under the standard light-dark regime (12/12 h), animals of experimental groups 1 (n=12) and 2 (n=12) were subjected to 24-hour dark deprivation (24/0 h). The dark deprivation lasted for 30 days. After the dark deprivation, rats of experimental group 2 were kept under the standard light-dark regime (12/12 h). After the experiment, pineal gland samples were placed in 10 % buffered formalin solution and subjected to automated histological processing. The prepared sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Immunohistochemical study for antibodies to caspase-3 and Klotho protein was performed according to manufacturers' recommendations. Morphometry of pinealocytes and gliocytes was performed using LAS Software Version 4.7.1.
Results. It was found that 30-day dark deprivation caused a decrease in the number of light pinealocytes by 23.2 %, their hypertrophy by 12.7 % and an increase in nuclei size by 20.5 %. Fourteen days after dark deprivation, the number of light pinealocytes increased by 5.5 %. Morphometric parameters of light pinealocytes of the pineal gland returned to the initial level: the volume of light pinealocytes and their nuclei decreased by 2.8 % and 5.8 %, respectively. Signs of apoptosis appeared under morphofunctional exhaustion: a decrease in Klotho protein activity and an increase in caspase-3 activity.
Conclusion. Dark deprivation should be considered as a factor contributing to accelerated aging of the pineal gland.