bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On ne peut pas protéger les gens contre la réalité
Authors: Miyoko Smith Eileen
Published: April 2012

Résumé La responsable de l’ONG Green Action Japan explique l’action des Femmes de Fukushima contre le nucléaire . Il s’agit d’un sit-in de femmes de toutes les régions du Japon devant le ministère de l’Éducation pour exiger que le gouvernement réduise l’exposition des enfants aux radiations dans la région de Fukushima par des travaux ou par une évacuation vers d’autres régions. Le Haut commissariat aux droits de l’homme de l’ONU a été appelé à l’aide, mais à la date de l’interview la réponse se fait attendre.
An Evolutionary View of the Mechanism for Immune and Genome Diversity
Authors: Kato Lucia , Stanlie Andre , Begum Nasim A. , Kobayashi Maki , Aida Masatoshi , Honjo Tasuku
Published: April 2012

An ortholog of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) was, evolutionarily, the first enzyme to generate acquired immune diversity by catalyzing gene conversion and probably somatic hypermutation (SHM). AID began to mediate class switch recombination (CSR) only after the evolution of frogs. Recent studies revealed that the mechanisms for generating immune and genetic diversity share several critical features. Meiotic recombination, V(D)J recombination, CSR, and SHM all require H3K4 trimethyl histone modification to specify the target DNA. Genetic instability related to dinucleotide or triplet repeats depends on DNA cleavage by topoisomerase 1, which also initiates DNA cleavage in both SHM and CSR. These similarities suggest that AID hijacked the basic mechanism for genome instability when AID evolved in jawless fish. Thus, the risk of introducing genome instability into nonimmunoglobulin loci is unavoidable but tolerable compared with the advantage conferred on the host of being protected against pathogens by the enormous Ig diversification.
T Cell Factor-1 and β-Catenin Control the Development of Memory-like CD8 Thymocytes
Authors: Sharma Archna , Chen Qinghua , Nguyen Trang , Yu Qing , Misra Sen Jyoti
Published: April 2012

Innate memory-like CD8 thymocytes develop and acquire effector function during maturation in the absence of encounter with Ags. In this study, we demonstrate that enhanced function of transcription factors T cell factor (TCF)-1 and β-catenin regulate the frequency of promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF)-expressing, IL-4–producing thymocytes that promote the generation of eomesodermin-expressing memory-like CD8 thymocytes in trans. In contrast, TCF1-deficient mice do not have PLZF-expressing thymocytes and eomesodermin-expressing memory-like CD8 thymocytes. Generation of TCF1 and β-catenin–dependent memory-like CD8 thymocytes is non–cell-intrinsic and requires the expression of IL-4 and IL-4R. CD8 memory-like thymocytes migrate to the peripheral lymphoid organs, and the memory-like CD8 T cells rapidly produce IFN-γ. Thus, TCF1 and β-catenin regulate the generation of PLZF-expressing thymocytes and thereby facilitate the generation of memory-like CD8 T cells in the thymus.
Hypercalcemia in a Patient with Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome
Authors: Katsnelson Svetlana , Cella Jessica , Suh Heesuk , Charitou Marina M.
Published: April 2012

Hypercalcemia is a rare condition in patients with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (APS-1), usually characterized by hypoparathyroidism and hypocalcemia, and it can develop due to simultaneous adrenal insufficiency. We present a case of severe hypercalcemia in a patient with APS-1, found to have adrenal insufficiency secondary to steroid non-compliance.
Evidence of Polyandry for Aedes aegypti in Semifield Enclosures
Authors: Helinski Michelle E. H. , Valerio Laura , Facchinelli Luca , Scott Thomas W. , Ramsey Janine , Harrington Laura C.
Published: April 2012

Female Aedes aegypti are assumed to be primarily monandrous (i.e., mate only once in their lifetime), but true estimates of mating frequency have not been determined outside the laboratory. To assess polyandry in Ae. aegypti with first-generation progeny from wild mosquitoes, stable isotope semen-labeled males (15N or 13C) were allowed to mate with unlabeled females in semifield enclosures (22.5 m3) in a dengue-endemic area in southern Mexico. On average, 14% of females were positive for both labels, indicating that they received semen from more than one male. Our results provide evidence of a small but potentially significant rate of multiple mating within a 48-hour period and provide an approach for future open-field studies of polyandry in this species. Polyandry has implications for understanding mosquito ecology, evolution, and reproductive behavior as well as genetic strategies for mosquito control.
Using Limes and Synthetic Psoralens to Enhance Solar Disinfection of Water (SODIS): A Laboratory Evaluation with Norovirus, Escherichia coli, and MS2
Authors: Harding Alexander S. , Schwab Kellogg J.
Published: April 2012

We investigated the use of psoralens and limes to enhance solar disinfection of water (SODIS) using an UV lamp and natural sunlight experiments. SODIS conditions were replicated using sunlight, 2 L polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles, and tap water with Escherichia coli, MS2 bacteriophage, and murine norovirus (MNV). Psoralens and lime acidity both interact synergistically with UV radiation to accelerate inactivation of microbes. Escherichia coli was ablated > 6.1 logs by SODIS + Lime Slurry and 5.6 logs by SODIS + Lime Juice in 30-minute solar exposures, compared with a 1.5 log reduction with SODIS alone (N = 3; P < 0.001). MS2 was inactivated > 3.9 logs by SODIS + Lime Slurry, 1.9 logs by SODIS + Lime Juice, and 1.4 logs by SODIS in 2.5-hour solar exposures (N = 3; P < 0.05). MNV was resistant to SODIS, with < 2 log reductions after 6 hours. Efficacy of SODIS against human norovirus should be investigated further.
Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis in Laos: A Community-Wide Cross-Sectional Study of Humans and Dogs in a Mass Drug Administration Environment
Authors: Conlan James V. , Khamlome Boualam , Vongxay Khamphouth , Elliot Aileen , Pallant Louise , Sripa Banchob , Blacksell Stuart D. , Fenwick Stanley , Thompson R. C. Andrew
Published: April 2012

We conducted a community cross-sectional survey of soil-transmitted helminthiasis in humans and dogs in four provinces in northern Laos. We collected and tested human and dog fecal samples and analyzed results against sociodemographic data. The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, hookworm, and Strongyloides stercoralis was 26.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 23.7–28.4%), 41.5% (95% CI = 38.8–44.1%), 46.3% (95% CI = 43.3–49.0%), and 8.9% (95% CI = 7.4–10.4%), respectively. We observed strong heterogeneity for helminthiasis by ethnicity, province, and wealth status, which coincided with a risk profile demonstrating that Mon-Khmer persons and the poorest households are highly vulnerable. Necator americanus was the dominant hookworm species infecting humans and Ancylostoma ceylanicum was the only Ancylostoma species detected. Hookworm prevalence in village dogs was 94%, and the dominant species was A. ceylanicum. Necator americanus was also detected in dogs. It appears that dogs have a role in human hookworm transmission and warrant further investigation.
Compliance with Antimalaria Chemoprophylaxis in a Combat Zone
Authors: Brisson Michael , Brisson Paul
Published: April 2012

Compliance with malaria chemoprophylaxis by military service members (MSMs) is notoriously low, ranging from 30% to 56%. Our objective was to determine the rate of compliance and reasons for non-compliance with malaria chemoprophylaxis among healthy US MSMs in Afghanistan. An eight-question, anonymous online survey was used to collect data regarding the compliance of healthy MSMs with malaria chemoprophylaxis. E-mail surveys were sent to 1,200 MSMs; 528 (44%) MSMs completed the survey. One-time daily doxycycline was the most commonly prescribed chemoprophylaxis (90%); 60% (N = 318) responded that they were compliant with their chemoprophylaxis as prescribed, whereas 40% (N = 221) indicated that they were not compliant. Compliance with daily dosing was 61% and weekly dosing was 38%. The most common reasons for non-compliance were gastrointestinal effects (39%), forgetfulness (31%), and low perception of risk (24%). Malaria chemoprophylaxis compliance by healthy MSMs in Afghanistan is poor. Side effects, forgetfulness, and lack of education are contributing factors. Commanders bear the primary responsibility for the health of their soldiers, and the individual MSM bears personal responsibility; however, additional public health interventions could possibly have a positive impact on prevention.
Dispersal of Male Aedes aegypti in a Coastal Village in Southern Mexico
Authors: Valerio Laura , Facchinelli Luca , Ramsey Janine M. , Scott Thomas W.
Published: April 2012

Most
Aedes aegypti dispersal studies have focused on females because of their central role in dengue virus transmission. Only a few mark-release-recapture (MRR) studies provided insights into male
Ae. aegypti dispersal. To fill this knowledge gap, we conducted five male
Ae. aegypti MRR experiments in a coastal village in southern Mexico. Small and large male cohorts were marked with fluorescent dusts, released outside buildings, and recaptures were carried out by using backpack aspirators. Recapture rates ranged between 0.35% and 6.55% and median distance traveled was 12–166 meters. A statistically significant difference in median distance traveled with large males dispersing farther than small ones was detected only in one experiment (MRR5: U = 3.5,
P < 0.01). Male dispersal data will be useful for constructing and estimating parameter values and validating models that will be used to plan the most effective release strategies for genetically modified male
Ae. aegypti.
Investigation of a Sudden Malaria Outbreak in the Isolated Amazonian Village of Saül, French Guiana, January–April 2009
Authors: Berger Franck , Flamand Claude , Musset Lise , Djossou Félix , Rosine Jacques , Sanquer Marie-Anne , Dusfour Isabelle , Legrand Eric , Ardillon Vanessa , Rabarison Patrick , Grenier Claire , Girod Romain
Published: April 2012

Malaria is endemic in French Guiana. Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are the predominant species responsible and Anopheles darlingi is described as the major vector. In mid-August 2008, an increase in malaria incidence was observed in Saül. A retrospective cohort survey was performed. In vitro susceptibility profiles to antimalarials were determined on P. falciparum isolates. Collections of mosquitoes were organized. The malaria attack rate reached 70.6/100. The risk of malaria increased for people between 40 and 49 years of age, living in a house not subjected to a recent indoor residual insecticide spraying or staying overnight in the surrounding forest. All isolates were susceptible. Anopheles darlingi females and larvae were collected in the village suggesting a local transmission. Our results strongly support a role of illegal mining activities in the emergence of new foci of malaria. Therefore, public health authorities should define policies to fight malaria at a transborder level.
Climate Risks and Carbon Prices: Revising the Social Cost of Carbon
Authors: Ackerman Frank , Stanton Elizabeth A.
Published: April 2012

The social cost of carbon – or marginal damage caused by an additional ton of carbon dioxide emissions – has been estimated by a U.S. government working group at $21/tCO2in 2010. That calculation, however, omits many of the biggest risks associated with climate change, and downplays the impact of current emissions on future generations. Our reanalysis explores the effects of uncertainty about climate sensitivity, the shape of the damage function, and the discount rate. We show that the social cost of carbon is uncertain across a broad range, and could be much higher than $21/tCO2. In our case combining high climate sensitivity, high damages, and a low discount rate, the social cost of carbon could be almost $900/tCO2in 2010, rising to $1,500/tCO2in 2050.

The most ambitious scenarios for eliminating carbon dioxide emissions as rapidly as technologically feasible (reaching zero or negative net global emissions by the end of this century) require spending up to $150 to $500 per ton of reductions of carbon dioxide emissions by 2050. Using a reasonable set of alternative assumptions, therefore, the damages from a ton of carbon dioxide emissions in 2050 could exceed the cost of reducing emissions at the maximum technically feasible rate. Once this is the case, the exact value of the social cost of carbon loses importance: the clear policy prescription is to reduce emissions as rapidly as possible, and cost-effectiveness analysis offers better insights for climate policy than costbenefit analysis.
Tight coupling of particle size, number and composition in atmospheric cloud droplet activation
Authors: Topping D. O. , McFiggans G.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. The substantial uncertainty in the indirect effect of aerosol particles on radiative forcing in large part arises from the influences of atmospheric aerosol particles on (i) the brightness of clouds, exerting significant shortwave cooling with no appreciable compensation in the long wave, and on (ii) their ability to precipitate, with implications for cloud cover and lifetime. Predicting the ambient conditions at which aerosol particles may become cloud droplets is largely reliant on an equilibrium relationship derived by Köhler (1936). However, the theoretical basis of the relationship restricts its application to particles solely comprising involatile compounds and water, whereas a substantial fraction of particles in the real atmosphere will contain potentially thousands of semi-volatile organic compounds in addition to containing semi-volatile inorganic components such as ammonium nitrate. We show that equilibration of atmospherically reasonable concentrations of organic compounds with a growing particle as the ambient humidity increases has potentially larger implications on cloud droplet formation than any other equilibrium compositional dependence, owing to inextricable linkage between the aerosol composition, a particles size and concentration under ambient conditions. Whilst previous attempts to account for co-condensation of gases other than water vapour have been restricted to one inorganic condensate, our method demonstrates that accounting for the co-condensation of any number of organic compounds substantially decreases the saturation ratio of water vapour required for droplet activation. This effect is far greater than any other compositional dependence; more so even than the unphysical effect of surface tension reduction in aqueous organic mixtures, ignoring differences in bulk and surface surfactant concentrations.
α-pinene photooxidation under controlled chemical conditions – Part 2: SOA yield and composition in low- and high-NOx environments
Authors: Eddingsaas N. C. , Loza C. L. , Yee L. D. , Chan M. , Schilling K. A. , Chhabra P. S. , Seinfeld J. H. , Wennberg P. O.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. The gas-phase oxidation of α-pinene produces a large amount of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in the atmosphere. A number of carboxylic acids, organosulfates and nitrooxy organosulfates associated with α-pinene have been found in field samples and some are used as tracers of α-pinene oxidation. α-pinene reacts readily with OH and O3 in the atmosphere followed by reactions with both HO2 and NO. Due to the large number of potential reaction pathways, it can be difficult to determine what conditions lead to SOA. To better understand the SOA yield and chemical composition from low- and high-NOx OH oxidation of α-pinene, studies were conducted in the Caltech atmospheric chamber under controlled chemical conditions. Experiments used low O3 concentrations to ensure that OH was the main oxidant and low α-pinene concentrations such that the peroxy radical (RO2) reacted primarily with either HO2 under low-NOx conditions or NO under high-NOx conditions. SOA yield was suppressed under conditions of high-NO. SOA yield under high-NO conditions was greater when ammonium sulfate/sulfuric acid seed particles (highly acidic) were present prior to the onset of growth than when ammonium sulfate seed particles (mildly acidic) were present; this dependence was not observed under low-NOx conditions. When aerosol seed particles were introduced after OH oxidation, allowing for later generation species to be exposed to fresh inorganic seed particles, a number of low-NOx products partitioned to the highly acidic aerosol. This indicates that the effect of seed acidity and SOA yield might be under-estimated in traditional experiments where aerosol seed particles are introduced prior to oxidation. We also identify the presence of a number of carboxylic acids that are used as tracer compounds of α-pinene oxidation in the field as well as the formation of organosulfates and nitrooxy organosulfates. A number of the carboxylic acids were observed under all conditions, however, pinic and pinonic acid were only observed under low-NOx conditions. Evidence is provided for particle-phase sulfate esterification of multi-functional alcohols.
A disjunct eddy accumulation system for the measurement of BVOC fluxes: instrument characterizations and field deployment
Authors: Edwards G. D. , Martins D. K. , Starn T. , Pratt K. , Shepson P. B.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. Biological volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), such as isoprene and monoterpenes, are emitted in large amounts from forests. Quantification of the flux of BVOCs is critical in the evaluation of the impact of these compounds on the concentrations of atmospheric oxidants and on the production of secondary organic aerosol. A disjunct eddy accumulation (DEA) sampler system was constructed for the measurement of speciated BVOC fluxes. Unlike traditional eddy covariance (EC), the relatively new technique of disjunct sampling differs by taking short, discrete samples that allows for slower sampling frequencies. Disjunct sample airflow is directed into cartridges containing sorbent materials at sampling rates proportional to the magnitude of the vertical wind. Compounds accumulated on the cartridges are then quantified by thermal desorption and gas chromatography. Herein, we describe our initial tests to evaluate the disjunct sampler including the application of using vertical wind measurements to create optimized sampling thresholds. Measurements of BVOC fluxes obtained from DEA during its deployment above a mixed hardwood forest at the University of Michigan Biological Station (Pellston, MI) during the 2009 CABINEX field campaign are reported. Daytime (09:00 a.m. to 05:00 p.m.) isoprene fluxes, when averaged over the footprint of the tower were 1.31 mg m−2 h−1 which is comparable to previous flux measurements at this location. Speciated monoterpene fluxes are some of the first to be reported from this site. Daytime averages were 26.7 μg m−2 h−1 for α-pinene and 10.6 μg m−2 h−1 for β-pinene. These measured concentrations and fluxes were compared to the output of an atmospheric chemistry model, and were found to be consistent with our knowledge of the variables that control BVOCs fluxes at this site.
Ectopic Pregnancy in an Apparently Healthy Bitch
Authors: Eddey Philip D.
Published: April 2012

This case describes an extrauterine fetus that was discovered in an apparently healthy bitch 5 mo after whelping. The extrauterine fetus was surgically removed, and the bitch made a complete recovery. The topic of canine ectopic pregnancy is discussed, and a review of previously reported cases is presented.
Cytologic Diagnosis of Disseminated Histoplasmosis in the Wall of the Urinary Bladder of a Cat
Authors: Taylor Amanda R. , Barr James W. , Hokamp Jessica A. , Johnson Mark C. , Young Benjamin D.
Published: April 2012

A 10 yr old domestic longhair presented with a 2.5 mo history of recurrent hematuria. Abdominal ultrasound examination demonstrated a thickened urinary bladder, abdominal lymphadenopathy, and a thickened and rounded spleen. Cytologic examination of fine-needle aspirate samples revealed Histoplasma capsulatum organisms in the urinary bladder wall and spleen. The cat was treated with itraconazole (10 mg/kg per os q 24 hr for 2.5 wk). The cat was euthanized after 19 days of treatment because of lack of improvement. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first documented case of feline disseminated histoplasmosis diagnosed in the urinary bladder wall.
The Use of Vacuum-Assisted Closure in the Management of Septic Peritonitis in Six Dogs
Authors: Buote Nicole J. , Havig Marc E.
Published: April 2012

The purpose of this study was to describe the appropriate surgical technique, postoperative monitoring, and complications encountered with use of vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) in six dogs with confirmed septic peritonitis. Initial diagnosis of septic peritonitis was performed by measuring either the blood-to-fluid lactate ratio and glucose concentration differences or cytologic verification of intracellular bacteria. After appropriate surgical procedures were performed to manage the primary cause of peritoneal sepsis, a VAC was performed. Serum and abdominal fluid protein levels were measured, and all complications were noted during the postoperative period. Three of the six dogs (50%) survived to the secondary closure and were subsequent discharged, which is similar to previous studies where the abdomen was either closed primarily or treated with open abdominal drainage. No major complications occurred with bandage management during hospitalization. The results of this study support VAC as a feasible technique for managing septic peritonitis.
Feline Histoplasmosis: A Retrospective Study of 22 Cases (1986–2009)
Authors: Aulakh Harmeet K. , Aulakh Karanvir S. , Troy Gregory C.
Published: April 2012

Twenty-two cases of feline histoplasmosis seen at the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital between 1986 and 2009 were reviewed. The median age of affected cats was 9 yr (mean, 8.8 yr). Female domestic shorthairs were more commonly affected. The clinical presentation of most cases was nonspecific. The most common presenting complaints included weakness, lymphadenopathy, weight loss, and anorexia. Less frequent clinical signs included vomiting, diarrhea, blindness, and lameness. Less than half of the cats had clinical evidence of pulmonary disease on admission. Anemia and hypoalbuminemia were common laboratory abnormalities. An interstitial pattern was the most common radiographic pattern observed with pulmonary disease. Diagnosis was based on identification of the organism on cytology or histopathology. Fifteen of the 22 cats were treated, and itraconazole was the most common antifungal agent prescribed. Median duration of the antifungal treatment was 5 mo for cats that survived to discharge. Overall survival at time of discharge for cats in this study was 55%.
Numerical Study of Fluid Dynamic and Heat Transfer in a Compact Heat Exchanger Using Nanofluids
Authors: Gunnasegaran P. , Shuaib N. H. , Abdul Jalal M. F. , Sandhita E.
Published: April 2012

Compact heat exchangers (CHEs) are characterized by a high surface area per unit volume, which can result in a higher efficiency than conventional heat exchangers. They are widely used in various applications in thermal fluid systems including automotive thermal fluid systems such as radiators for engine cooling systems. Recent development of nanotechnology brings out a new heat transfer coolant called “nanofluids,” which exhibit larger thermal properties than conventional coolants due to the presence of suspended nanosized composite particles in a base fluid. In this study, a numerical investigation using different types of nanoparticles in ethylene glycol-base fluid namely copper (Cu), diamond (DM), and silicon dioxide (SiO2) on automobile flat tube plate-fin cross-flow CHE is explored. The nanoparticles volume fraction of 2% is considered for all types of nanofluids examined in this study. The three-dimensional (3D) governing equations for both liquid flow and heat transfer are solved using a standard finite volume method (FVM) for the range of Reynolds number between 4000 and 7000. The standard κ-ε turbulence model with wall function is employed. The computational model is used to study the variations of shear stress, skin friction, and convective heat transfer coefficient. All parameters are found to yield higher magnitudes in the developing and developed regions along the flat tubes with the nanofluid flow than base fluid. The pressure drop is slightly larger for nanofluids but insignificant at outlet region of the tube. Hence, the usage of nanofluids in CHEs transfers more energy in a cost-effective manner than using conventional coolants.
The Management of Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Hypoglycemic Agents
Authors: Carnevale Schianca G. P. , Sola D. , Rossi L. , Fra G. P. , Bartoli E.
Published: April 2012

Aims and Scope. Aims of the paper are to suggest the best treatment to improve the glycemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes using hypoglycemic agents, in particularly, we think that every patient is different from another one in terms of BMI, family history, duration of the disease and so on. We propose for every clinical aspect the best hypoglycemic agents to use, considering the scientific evidence and physiopathology.
Oscillating Flows of Fractionalized Second Grade Fluid
Authors: Jamil Muhammad , Khan Najeeb Alam , Rauf Abdul
Published: April 2012

New exact solutions for the motion of a fractionalized (this word is suitable when fractional derivative is used in constitutive or governing equations) second grade fluid due to longitudinal and torsional oscillations of an infinite circular cylinder are determined by means of Laplace and finite Hankel transforms. These solutions are presented in series form in term of generalized Ga,b,c(⋅,t) functions and satisfy all imposed initial and boundary conditions. In special cases, solutions for ordinary second grade and Newtonian fluids are obtained. Furthermore, other equivalent forms of solutions for ordinary second grade and Newtonian fluids are presented and written as sum of steady-state and transient solutions. The solutions for Newtonian fluid coincide with the well-known classical solutions. Finally, by means of graphical illustrations, the influence of pertinent parameters on fluid motion as well as comparison among different models is discussed.
Les exilés dans l’Amérique cinématographique
Authors: El Khachab Walid
Published: April 2012

La mémoire n’est pas une reconstitution de l’expérience, mais une production. L’expérience de l’immigration des Grecs anatoliens vers l’Amérique, telle que racontée par Elia Kazan dans America America, procède de ce principe. Le film se présente comme un témoignage sur la souffrance d’un peuple victime d’un autre, mais dit en silence autre chose que ce qu’il dit, selon la formule de Foucault. Sur le point d’arriver en Amérique, le héros grec exécute une danse turque, remettant en cause la dichotomie des altérités. Cette séquence produit une mémoire de la réconciliation, plutôt qu’une vision étroite désignant des victimes et des bourreaux.
Glauber Rocha et l’image-exil dans Claro
Authors: Moura Hudson
Published: April 2012

Le cinéaste Glauber Rocha est l’auteur de l’une des oeuvres cinématographiques les plus importantes, les plus expérimentales et les plus polémiques du cinéma brésilien. En 1975, après six ans d’exil en Europe, il réalise en Italie le film Claro. Dans ce film, la fiction se confond avec le documentaire autobiographique. Un aspect particulier distingue le film Claro des autres films du réalisateur : la nostalgie de l’exil. Dans Claro, la nostalgie, matérialisée dans l’interaction de l’image et du son, permet de réinventer le politique. Le Brésil y est d’abord l’objet d’un souvenir nostalgique, puis d’une mémoire mélancolique, comme si la distance constituait une perte irréparable et irréversible, propre à l’exil.
Bemberg’s Third Sex: Argentine Mothers at the Dawn of Democracy
Authors: Williams Bruce
Published: April 2012

The early features of Argentine director María Luisa Bemberg, Momentos and Señora de nadie, underscore the deployment of an ideology of motherhood in service of bourgeois social structure and military dictatorship. In these films, Bemberg posits the institution as balancing between containment and rebellion, her protagonists confronting the traditional ideological role of mother and asserting a stance against the repression of the waning dictatorship. Although entrenched in a conventional film discourse, these films set into motion the dynamics of diegetic radicalization which would define Bemberg’s subsequent work and would anticipate the redefinition of the social domain of the feminine for post-democracy Argentina.
Le rêve : un jeu d’enfant
Authors: Crombez Jean-Charles
Published: April 2012

La richesse du rêve tient à son contenu, à ses objets ; sa fonction tient à son contenant, à ses assises. Dans un univers psychique pauvre, il ne sera plus que l’ombre de lui-même. Avant l’interprétation qui s’adresse à un contenu et pour qu’elle soit utile, il faut réanimer la vie intérieure de la personne. Prendre le rêve comme un terrain jeu et le rêveur comme un joueur permet de lui redonner sa fonction.
Miroirs de femmes
Authors: Grenier Louise
Published: April 2012

L’auteure résume les réflexions que lui ont inspirées les divers angles sous lesquels, à travers sa pratique clinique et ses écrits, elle a étudié la psyché féminine et ses vicissitudes. Ces angles sont : le sujet au féminin, la violence au féminin, l’Oedipe et/ou la passion au féminin ; elle illustre ces réflexions par des vignettes cliniques.
Pour une gnoséologie objective et applicable
Authors: Bourneuf Éric
Published: April 2012

Je présente les grandes lignes d'une approche méthodologique des questions gnoséologiques traditionnelles, qui intègre mais dépasse l'approche habituelle consistant à construire des théories pour rendre compte des intuitions particulières des locuteurs eu égard à l'obtention de conditions épistémiques. Mon analyse, qui se situe donc au niveau méta-gnoséologique, m'amène à définir mon propre projet gnoséologique par renonciation de deux nouvelles contraintes sur les théories gnoséologiques : l'applicabilité et l'objectivité.
Le projet Épistémologique de Sartre
Authors: Joannis David Guy
Published: April 2012

Contrairement à l'opinion répandue, l'échec de l'éthique et de l'ontologie ne constitue pas l'aboutissement de la pensée de Sartre, mais plutôt son point de départ. En effet, l'enjeu du projet de Sartre est le problème de la connaissance.
Food, Photographs, and Frames: Photo Elicitation in a Canadian Qualitative Food Study
Authors: Sharma Sonya , Chapman Gwen
Published: April 2012

Photo elicitation was employed in a cross-Canada study on family food habits as a means of understanding the meanings that people associate with food. From each family who took part in the study, at least one parent and one adolescent were asked to participate in a qualitative interview, to take photographs of how food fits into their everyday lives, and to participate in a second interview about their photos. In using photo elicitation, we were interested in ways in which participants eat, cook, and shop for food—everyday activities that are often taken for granted. In this article, we examine photographs and interview data provided by two mothers from the same rural community. We explore what their words and photographs reveal about their food worlds, both as self-representations reflecting the food environments in which they are embedded, and as the frames through which those environments are subsequently viewed and constructed.
L’étude du menu comme représentation de l’identité culinaire québécoise : le cas des menus au Château Frontenac
Authors: Desjardins Renée
Published: April 2012

Les arts de la table et la bonne bouffe font partie intégrante de la culture québécoise et lui donnent en grande partie son charme et son cachet. Avec plus de 400 ans d’histoire, la ville de Québec représente un lieu propice et riche non seulement pour l’étude de l’identité culinaire québécoise et franco-canadienne, mais aussi quant à l’évolution de la cuisine canadienne en général. Notre objet d’étude, le menu, se situe au croisement de l’historiographie, des food studies, des études canadiennes et de la traductologie. Nous y faisons valoir, à partir d’un corpus unique (les menus archivés du Château Frontenac), que le menu est un lieu discursif riche en pistes d’analyse et relativement inexploré. D’ailleurs, notre étude se propose d’analyser les normes langagières, sociales et culinaires présentes dans ces menus, et ainsi de dégager quelques tendances relatives aux identités culinaires québécoise, canadienne et franco-canadienne.
Lobster Tales: Narratives of Food, Past, and Place in Maritime Canada
Authors: Tye Diane
Published: April 2012

In Canada’s Maritime Provinces, lobster is the food of tourism. Featured in countless guidebooks, cookbooks and restaurant ads, lobster beckons visitors to the region. Later, represented in as many forms as souvenirs, it signifies their trip, offering tangible proof that they have experienced–and tasted–the “real” place. However, as George Lewis (1989) argues is the case in Maine, residents of Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick have their own understandings. Here I explore two generalized narratives widespread in Maritime oral tradition: that lobster was used by farmers as fertilizer on fields and that its consumption once was associated with shame, signaling as it did that a family had nothing else to eat. In considering the contested meanings surrounding lobster’s recontextualization from a food of poverty to a regional delicacy, I suggest that Maritimers’ knowledge of lobster’s earlier working class associations, as well as of the “right” way to cook and eat lobster, acts not only as a marker of socio-economic difference but as an indicator of Pierre Bourdieu’s notion of distinction (1984) that is intricately linked to constructions of regional identity.
Les systèmes de justice pénale face à un défi international ?
Authors: Hall Matthew , Mzouji Rabia
Published: April 2012

Les droits des victimes de crimes font actuellement l’objet de réformes constantes et d’une attention politique soutenue tant dans la plupart des pays développés que dans les plus hautes sphères des organisations internationales. Le présent article met l’accent sur le caractère international de tels constats en identifiant les normes de services et de soutien que les victimes sont maintenant en droit d’attendre de la part des acteurs de la justice pénale. L’article procédera à une analyse qualitative des déclarations de politique générale qui traitent de la place des victimes en cour et/ou pendant les procédures criminelles et ce, dans neuf juridictions distinctes, et à une analyse détaillée des engagements internationaux fixés par les Nations Unies, le Conseil de l’Europe et l’Union européenne. Les résultats démontrent que les réformes et les attentes en matière de droits des victimes de crimes prennent aujourd’hui la forme d’un processus de mondialisation. Les conséquences d’un tel processus seront explorées à la fois pour les acteurs du système et pour les victimes de crimes elles-mêmes.
La Cour pénale internationale, une juridiction pour les victimes ?
Authors: Walleyn Luc
Published: April 2012

Le 17 juillet 1998, la Conférence diplomatique de plénipotentiaires adopta à Rome le Statut de la Cour pénale internationale. Quand les délégués se levèrent spontanément pour applaudir la réalisation d’un projet vieux d’un demi-siècle, les représentants des ONG qui participaient à la conférence pouvaient être fiers : sans le travail incessant de la société civile internationale pendant plusieurs années, la CPI aurait certes pu voir le jour, mais sa structure et ses compétences auraient été bien différentes. La juridiction pénale internationale permanente qui venait de naître s’annonçait différente de ses prédécesseurs à plusieurs égards. Elle ne serait pas uniquement l’instrument de la « communauté internationale », trop souvent associée aux pays occidentaux, voire aux anciens colonisateurs, mais un forum où les innombrables victimes de crimes de masse et leurs communautés affectées pourraient trouver justice et réparation. Un des acquis les plus importants était en effet la possibilité pour les victimes de participer à la procédure et d’obtenir réparation. Douze ans plus tard, et six ans après l’ouverture du premier dossier, les victimes semblent avoir conquis leur place dans la procédure internationale, leurs représentants ont une influence réelle sur la procédure, mais leurs communautés attendent toujours la réalisation des espoirs créés par la Cour.
Les droits procéduraux des victimes devant la Cour pénale internationale
Authors: Bitti Gilbert
Published: April 2012

Si l’instauration de droits procéduraux pour les victimes devant la Cour pénale internationale a constitué sans aucun doute une innovation fondamentale par rapport aux deux tribunaux ad hoc pour l’ex-Yougoslavie et le Rwanda, cette innovation se caractérise par son imprécision. Dans cet article nous étudierons le droit des victimes à participer aux procédures. On étudiera d’abord les droits procéduraux des victimes de la situation, puis les droits procéduraux des victimes de l’affaire. Nous conclurons que la mise en oeuvre de la participation des victimes par la jurisprudence leur laisse encore un sentiment d’incertitude. La solution pour une meilleure intégration des victimes à la procédure devant la CPI devrait passer par une codification de leurs droits.
La justice et les victimes : l’importance de l’information pour les victimes
Authors: Wemmers Jo-Anne , Raymond Émilie
Published: April 2012

Depuis les années 1980, les gouvernements occidentaux, incluant celui du Québec, ont travaillé à améliorer la condition des victimes d’actes criminels. Les droits fondamentaux des victimes tels que les droits à l’information, à la réparation et à la protection ont été entérinés par des lois. De plus, en droit international, la nouvelle Cour pénale internationale accorde aux victimes le droit de participer aux procédures ainsi que le droit de demander réparation. Malgré ces innovations, nous continuons aujourd’hui d’entendre des plaidoyers en faveur des victimes pour que justice leur soit rendue. Ce débat public soulève la question suivante : à quel moment les victimes croient-elles que justice est rendue et quels facteurs influencent cette perception ? Dans cet article, nous présentons une recherche sur les perceptions qu’ont les victimes d’actes criminels de la justice et nous étudions l’impact de l’information sur leur perception de la justice.
La justice réparatrice et les crimes graves
Authors: Van Camp Tinneke , Wemmers Jo-Anne
Published: April 2012

Les besoins des victimes d’actes criminels violents sont multiples. Les victimes ont, entre autres, besoin de se sentir soutenues et reconnues en tant que victimes et de participer aux procédures judiciaires. Plusieurs études scientifiques révèlent que les interventions réparatrices ont la capacité de répondre à ces besoins. Bien que les victimes ne soient pas toujours intéressées par une telle approche, celles qui acceptent d’y participer sont effectivement satisfaites de l’offre réparatrice. On pourrait dépasser l’interrogation sur la pertinence d’offrir des mesures réparatrices aux victimes de crimes violents et plutôt se demander quel est le meilleur moment pour le faire. Dans cet article, nous comparons les expériences des victimes de crimes violents qui ont participé à une intervention réparatrice soit avant, soit après qu’une décision judiciaire a été prise. Nous voulions savoir notamment quel est l’impact d’une réponse judiciaire sur l’appréciation de l’approche réparatrice et si la disponibilité d’une décision judiciaire est une condition pour l’appréciation de l’approche bilatérale de la justice réparatrice. Cette étude illustre aussi comment les victimes situent l’approche réparatrice par rapport au système judiciaire.
De l’évaluation clinique au calcul de probabilité : le recours aux outils actuariels dans les pénitenciers canadiens
Authors: Quirion Bastien , D’Addese Lisa
Published: April 2012

Dans le cadre du présent article, nous abordons la question du virage actuariel qui s’est manifesté dans le champ de la pénalité, particulièrement en ce qui concerne la multiplication des outils d’évaluation actuarielle qui sont désormais mis à la disposition des intervenants correctionnels. Les objectifs de cet article sont au nombre de trois. Tout d’abord, nous décrivons l’ampleur et la nature des transformations qui se sont opérées au cours des deux dernières décennies en ce qui a trait aux outils utilisés par les intervenants correctionnels canadiens. Par la suite, nous délimitons sur le plan conceptuel et théorique les principaux enjeux de ces transformations techniques, particulièrement en ce qui concerne la réduction du pouvoir discrétionnaire accordé aux intervenants. Finalement, nous analysons le discours des intervenants afin de mieux évaluer comment ces modifications ont été reçues par les intervenants eux-mêmes dans le cadre de leur pratique professionnelle. Il s’agit en fait d’évaluer l’impact de l’introduction et de l’utilisation d’une nouvelle gamme d’outils actuariels sur les pratiques correctionnelles.
Modèle interactif du risque suicidaire chez les jeunes contrevenants
Authors: Laurier Catherine , Chagnon François
Published: April 2012

Bien que l’on observe une diminution marquée de la mortalité par suicide chez les jeunes au cours des dernières années, le suicide représente la deuxième cause de mortalité chez les 15-19 ans et la première chez les 20-34 ans. Les délinquants juvéniles constituent un groupe à risque accru de comportements suicidaires, mais les facteurs de risque chez cette population sont encore peu étudiés. Cet article présente les principaux facteurs de risque et de protection associés au risque suicidaire chez les jeunes contrevenants en les intégrant dans un modèle interactif. Parmi les facteurs pris en compte dans le modèle se trouvent les facteurs liés aux événements de vie, les facteurs individuels (psychopathologie, consommation de substances psychotropes et/ou d’alcool, caractéristiques individuelles et de personnalité), les facteurs sociaux (famille, réseau social) et les facteurs résidentiels (milieu de vie et voisinage, école, milieu résidentiel pour jeunes contrevenants). Afin d’appuyer le modèle interactif présenté, le cas d’un adolescent jeune contrevenant, Olivier, est exposé.
Le film-dispositif dans le documentaire brésilien contemporain
Authors: Lins Consuelo , Karydakis Savas
Published: April 2012

Cet article aborde la notion de « dispositif » dans le documentaire brésilien contemporain, à partir de la conception classique du dispositif élaborée dans la théorie du cinéma et des contributions plus récentes des domaines de l’art et du documentaire à cette réflexion. Pour les réalisateurs dont il est question ici, il s’agit de construire certaines stratégies de tournage dont la fonction n’est plus de refléter une réalité préexistante mais, au contraire, de susciter des événements qui seront capturés par la caméra. Le texte analyse plus longuement deux films réalisés par Cao Guimarães, artiste qui articule de façon originale des stratégies tirées des pratiques artistiques contemporaines à des procédés chers à la tradition du documentaire.
Rethinking Automatist Interdisciplinarity: The Relationship between Dance and Music in the Early Choreographic Works of Jeanne Renaud and Françoise Sullivan, 1948-1950
Authors: Lindgren Allana C.
Published: April 2012

This article considers the role of music within the context of the Montréal automatists by addressing the choreographic works created by Jeanne Renaud and Françoise Sullivan during the late 1940s and early 1950s. In so doing, it becomes clear that the dance activities of these two choreographers often paralleled contemporaneous experiments in music. Renaud and Sullivan’s collaborations with Pierre Mercure were particularly successful and ultimately demonstrate that music was a significant part of the Automatists’ history, even though Mercure was not a signatory to the Automatist manifesto, Refus Global.
Justice et politiques linguistiques : pourquoi les laisser-fairistes devraient exiger des interventions de l’État
Authors: Robichaud David
Published: April 2012

La neutralité bienveillante est parfois considérée comme la seule politique linguistique compatible avec l’impératif de neutralité de l’État libéral. Un argument en faveur d’une telle position est celui de la coïncidence entre l’équilibre des choix individuels et l’optimalité des résultats. Nous démontrons que la présence d’échecs de marché (externalités et asymétrie d’informations) empêche cette coïncidence sur le marché linguistique et que des interventions étatiques, dont la nature demeure à préciser, sont alors nécessaires pour rétablir cette coïncidence.
La dimension numérique dans le concept de minorité : efficience et justice ethnoculturelle1
Authors: Landes Xavier
Published: April 2012

L’article introduit au rôle de l’efficience dans la génération d’avantages ou de désavantages enregistrés par les minorités. L’objectif est de démontrer que l’efficience devrait jouer un rôle plus important dans le domaine de la justice ethnoculturelle. Pour ce faire, une brève présentation de la place du nombre dans la littérature sur le sujet est offerte, ce qui permet de saisir le fond de l’argument consistant à faire des déséquilibres numériques une source certaine des injustices subies par les minorités, notamment dans une perspective inspirée par l’égalitarisme de la chance. De ce point de vue, l’asymétrie numérique peut toutefois constituer une source d’avantages pour ces groupes. Dès lors, une telle asymétrie, qui est l’un des constituants de la définition de la minorité, prend une autre dimension. Plus que cette asymétrie, il apparaît que c’est l’efficience (la manière dont les groupes gèrent cette asymétrie) qui détermine les conditions et succès matériels des membres d’un groupe donné. Après une discussion des minorités efficientes et dominantes, l’article se conclut par la mise en lumière de quelques pistes de recherche rendues visibles par l’efficience et qui sont pertinentes pour la théorie de la justice en contexte multiculturel.
Le refus d’aide et de soin des personnes âgées en situation complexe
Authors: Balard Frédéric , Somme Dominique
Published: April 2012

Cet article aborde la problématique du refus d’aide et de soin des personnes âgées en situation complexe. En se basant sur l’analyse du discours de ces individus âgés et de leur entourage, il s’agit de décrire les manifestations de ce refus puis d’en analyser ses différents sens.
Un dispositif sociopsychanalytique d’expression socialisante médiatisée à l’école
Authors: Inizan-Vrinat Françoise
Published: April 2012

Est présenté ici un dispositif spécifique d’expression collective des élèves sur leur vie scolaire s’inscrivant dans l’optique d’une socialisation des jeunes à la fois plus épanouissante et plus démocratique. La médiation, élément essentiel à son fonctionnement, est exposée dans sa spécificité : hors champ classique de la résolution des conflits, elle ouvre au contraire un espace de conflictualité où peuvent se construire des échanges formateurs et créateurs de changements entre les élèves et les enseignants, entre les élèves et pour les individus eux-mêmes.
Saison 1993-1994 : le développement de l’individualisme, première conséquence du désengagement
Authors: Olivier Dominique
Published: April 2012

Proposant comme à l’accoutumée un panorama critique de la saison montréalaise 1993-1994, l’auteure insiste sur ses caractéristiques marquantes.