bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Street-level psychiatrists’?
Authors: Cummins Ian
Published: January 2023

The title of this chapter comes from Lipsky’s (1980) classic study, Street level bureaucracy. Lipsky’s work is the study of the impact of financial crisis on welfare services in New York. It was also a period when the impact of the first wave of deinstitutionalisation was being felt. This led to an increase in homelessness but also more frequent contact between the police and people experiencing mental health problems. ‘Street-level psychiatrist’ was a term that officers used in interviews with Lipsky to sum up the new role that they felt they were being forced to play. This chapter examines mental health work in the context of broader ‘cop culture’ before outlining new models of policing such as street triage that have been developed.
Identity And Emotion
Authors: Marston Greg , Humpage Louise , Peterie Michelle , Mendes Philip , Bielefeld Shelley , Staines Zoe
Published: January 2023

Compulsory income management has been touted as a measure to bring financial stability to welfare recipients’ lives, improving the health and wellbeing of individuals and communities in the process. In reality, however, compulsory income management can have contradictory and even counterproductive effects. This chapter explores the impact of compulsory income management on participants’ wellbeing and sense of self. It shows that – while financial stress and reduced financial control are key concerns for many participants – the infantilisation and stigmatisation that compulsory income management involves are also powerful stressors. Together, these factors can contribute to significant reductions in participant wellbeing, harming cardholders, their families and their communities. The influence of financial deprivation on physical and psychological wellbeing underlines the importance of available funds, personal autonomy and social connectedness for good health. While a minority of individuals experience improved financial and material stability under compulsory income management the social and emotional impacts of the policy have been largely negative.
Uncovering Food Poverty in Ireland
Authors: Drew Michael
Published: January 2023

The book contributes significantly to increased awareness and understanding of food poverty, a problem which has been largely overlooked in Ireland. The prevalence of food poverty in Ireland, which is relatively high compared to levels in other EU15 states, has deteriorated during COVID-19. Households at higher risk include lone parents, the unemployed, those with an illness or disability and renters. Interviews with users of food aid explored their pathways into food poverty, which resulted from an inadequate and inflexible social protection system, unaffordable housing, illness/disability, caring responsibilities and low-paid precarious employment. Many respondents experienced hunger on a regular basis, while social exclusion was common. The interviews revealed the severe stress and extreme anxiety in trying to make ends meet and provide for their families. Self-blame, shame and embarrassment about their situation were also commonplace. Survival on low income forced extremely difficult decisions about how to prioritise spending, with food often a low priority. The book draws on the key findings from the research, including the policy drivers that exacerbate the problem and the landscape of food charity in Ireland. In order to address food poverty, it urges the introduction of a living wage, income security and a responsive, adequately funded welfare system in Ireland.
Poverty and food: the Irish context
Authors: Drew Michael
Published: January 2023

Chapter 3 provides an overview of poverty research in Ireland from a food perspective and drivers for food poverty. It includes an overview of the literature on core areas of social policy relevant to contemporary food poverty in Ireland. Risk factors include demographic and socio-economic characteristics, the cost of food, household and accommodation type, as well as location-based food poverty. The overview of policy areas includes social protection, the minimum/living wage, precarious work, in-work poverty and caring responsibilities.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Rob , Duckworth Vicky , Tuckett Alan
Published: January 2023

After more than a decade of funding cuts and a never-ending stream of instrumentalist policy interventions, it’s time to re-evaluate the purpose of further and adult education. In England, there are two very different perspectives on this purpose. One view, held by government ministers, civil servants and policy makers, positions colleges and other providers as little factories whose sole purpose is to churn out a flexible, identity-less and objectified workforce of skilled labour. The other view, arising from local contexts and from the embodied experience of teachers and students, sees further and adult education as being about the growth and development of real people with real lives, families and communities. This view asserts its supreme value as an engine for individual, community-based and social change. This book presents research from the Transforming Lives project: inspirational stories of transformative teaching and learning: educational experiences that have brought positive change to people’s lives and a huge range of wider social benefits. These stories assert the transformative power of education, its important role in bringing about social justice and as a space for nurturing change, love and hope for the future. While we celebrate these transformative stories, the research also illuminates the conditions that foster transformative educational experiences and the factors that hinder. The book argues that changes to funding and governance are vital if the true potential of further and adult education is to be realised.
Decolonising theory
Authors: Marovatsanga Washington , Garrett Paul Michael
Published: January 2023

Along with Chapter 4, this is the book’s most fascinating, and perhaps challenging, chapter. The authors explain, synthesise and distil a complex body of theory. Their discussion explores figures located in the western European canon (Gramsci, Foucault and Bourdieu). They then move on to engage with the critique launched from the Global South by Boaventura de Sousa Santos. The chapter concludes by explaining the core elements of critical race theory and critical whiteness theory.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on UK housing policy: how do we rebuild the foundations of the ‘wobbly pillar’?
Authors: McCall Vikki , Rolfe Steve , Matthews Peter , Wallace Andrew , Manyika Grace , Iafrati Steve , Clark Colin , Munro Moira
Published: January 2023

Housing has often been regarded as a ‘wobbly pillar’ of the welfare state due to its disjointed position between the public and private realms and the intractability of some problems to policy solutions. Indeed, we can ask whether a ‘housing sector’ exists at all, due to complex systems of governance, financialisation, policy divergence and overall fragmentation of housing-related social policy throughout the UK. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of housing policy, putting ‘the home’ and neighbourhoods into the spotlight. This chapter looks at some of the key emerging and re-emerging issues for housing policy in the UK through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic. The chapter firstly outlines why housing was considered the ‘wobbly pillar’ going into 2019, including issues surrounding the financialisation of housing. Key COVID-19 housing-related policy responses are then examined in the context of emerging evidence that the pandemic is reinforcing inequalities in housing. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated underlying housing issues faced by more vulnerable groups, yet it has also created an opportunity to showcase radical policy options and highlight the importance of future-proofing housing to be more flexible, dynamic and better quality.
The faceless researcher: the implications of carrying out research using digital methods during a global pandemic
Authors: Partlow Emma
Published: January 2023

The ways in which researchers carry out ethical and inclusive research has been reimagined as a result of COVID-19. The predominant response has been to take research online through a range of methods and technologies. Through reflections on carrying out research during a global pandemic, key issues of digital exclusion have been brought to the fore. In addition to digital exclusion there is the risk that research has changed in a way that positions participants unavoidably as objects of research rather that subjects who can engage with researchers in a transparent and authentic manner. The reflections are based upon researching disability and engaging with disabled participants. There is a recognition that for many disabled participants, engaging in research through digital technologies provides autonomy and control about how and when they can respond. However, this chapter will carry an important message and warning for researchers to be mindful about the ways in which digital methods can be and are exclusionary. Practical examples of seeking to ensure that an authentic relationship can be built with participants through digital methods in a way that leaves them feeling engaged rather than ‘visited’ will be provided.
Caught between the local and the (trans)national: a street-level analysis of EU migrants’ access to social benefits in German job centres
Authors: Ratzmann Nora
Published: January 2023

Immigration fundamentally challenges the social contract of European welfare states, which is based on the idea of redistribution within a closed, nationally bound community of welfare. This chapter explores how local social administrators deal with the challenges of solidarity and fairness within an increasingly culturally diverse society when legal entitlements remain ambiguous. It approaches the question through a detailed examination of the German case, as the country constitutes one of Europe’s ethnically most diverse countries. The study is based on over 100 in-depth qualitative interviews with local social administrators, migrant claimants and welfare advisers and explores the inequalities in access when claiming welfare benefits and associated services in local job centres. The findings point to three dominant styles of decision-making, namely generous, restrictive or indifferent gatekeeping based on nationality and perceived belonging of a claimant. Street-level bureaucrats informally, yet systematically, sort benefit claimants, with non-nationals more likely to be subject to administrative discretion that creates barriers to receiving benefits. The findings show how street-level practices affect possibilities for social and economic inclusion and exclusion regardless of Germany’s manifest legal obligations to EU citizens.
The Caring City
Authors: Davis Juliet
Published: January 2023

In this important contribution to urban studies, Juliet Davis makes the case for a more ethical and humane approach to city development and management.With a range of illustrative case studies, the book challenges the conventional and neoliberal thinking of urban planners and academics, and explores new ways to correct problems of inequality and exclusion. It shows how a philosophy of caring can improve both city environments and communities.This is an original and powerful theory of urban care that can promote the wellbeing of our cities’ many inhabitants.
Shaping Caring Urban Atmospheres
Authors: Davis Juliet
Published: January 2023

In Chapter 4 I touched on the notion of atmosphere in the context of the design firm WES’s work, where it was framed as part of the liveability and accessibility of a street. I did not unpack the notion of urban atmosphere and its wider relevance to care practices and relations, however. I do this now in this chapter. As discussed in Chapter 2, the notion of atmosphere is complex, encompassing different meanings, areas of knowledge and modes of investigation. On the one hand, the atmosphere denotes the layers of gases, held in place by gravity, that surround a planet or other celestial body. The earth’s atmosphere is made up of five major layers together forming a continuous envelope about 480 kilometres thick around our planet. It plays a key role in supporting life on earth, constituting the air that organisms breathe, shielding the planet from ultraviolet (UV) radiation and keeping it warm through its insulating properties. The atmosphere, in these terms, including atmospheric conditions and weather patterns, is a focus of study within the physical and life sciences.
Conclusion
Authors: Davis Juliet
Published: January 2023

Throughout this book, I have shown that urban design offers a valuable lens for understanding how societies place and organize care. But I have also shown how urban design is key to addressing issues of care in contemporary cities worldwide, issues that span the changing place of care in contemporary society, the impacts of urban change on wellbeing and flourishing and the degradation of environments in the Anthropocene. To briefly recap, across the book’s substantive chapters, I have focussed on the potential for urban design to perform care through the placing and staging of care relations, the making of accessible urban places, the shaping of atmospheres both affective and aerographic, strategies enabling ongoing attunement through materiality to the changing contexts and contingencies of caringscapes, the cultivation of positive place-attachments and through care for the resources of a common world shared across the generations. Between them, these chapters and themes embrace all the dimensions of urban design that Carmona (2021) identifies, from the social to the perceptual, morphological, functional and temporal. These dimensions, though not always picked out explicitly, weave through all the chapters. The case study analyses have also explored the significance of design governance for care relations and practices.
The Public Problem of PPE Waste and Being Prepared
Authors: Hird Myra J.
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on prepping as a particular response to the uncertainty of our species’ survival. Far from the experiences of millions of people who are forced into relentless adaptation due to unremitting poverty, inequality and global changes in climate, preppers largely plan for an imagined future by accumulating survivalist skills and things. That is, what most characterizes preppers is their mass consumption: preppers spend many thousands of dollars stockpiling resources like food, water and weaponry. Not only, then, do they eschew initiatives that seek to prevent an imagined future apocalypse but as we will show, preppers influence the very conditions that they then say they are forced to respond to as they intensify the hegemony of over-consumption. As such, this chapter demonstrates that the increasingly popular phenomenon of prepping is a contemporary reiteration of western consumer/trashing culture, which feeds the global capitalist system responsible for the very apocalyptic conditions to which preppers believe they are responding.
A Public Sociology of Waste
Authors: Hird Myra J.
Published: January 2023

This chapter pulls together the various analyses made throughout the book in order to distil how public sociology is currently engaging waste issues, and how it may powerfully intervene in future waste issues.
Introduction: Why Not Demand The Impossible? Geography And Marcuse
Authors: Walker Margath A.
Published: January 2023

How does Herbert Marcuse help us to understand contemporary geographies? In turn, what can a geographic perspective provide to Marcuse? Marcuse’s political and theoretical legacy hinges on several overlapping intellectual pursuits. Chapter 1 begins by establishing the theoretical and contextual grounding for the pairing of Herbert Marcuse with geographical concerns. Marcuse rarely wrote very explicitly about geography, thus, the chapter introduces readers to the idea of a Marcusean-inspired geography, suggesting that such an engagement provides a rich approach to space, politics, and concepts of human liberation. The chapter draws attention to the continuing relevance of his writings in these times.
Peripheries within the City: The Role of Place/ Space in Shaping Youth Educational Choices and Transitions
Authors: Tarabini Aina , Jacovkis Judith , Montes Alejandro
Published: January 2023

The objective of this chapter is to analyse the role of urban peripheries in shaping post-16 youth educational choices and transitions. By means of qualitative interviews with young people in their first year of upper secondary education in Barcelona (Spain), we explore the relationship between urban mobility and educational transitions and investigate the reasons for selecting a particular upper secondary school. The analysis demonstrates that living in an urban periphery conditions young people both in material terms -through the economic, social and cultural possibilities that it prevents- and in emotional and experiential terms -by creating a sense of self that is deeply rooted in the logics of the periphery. Overall, our chapter shows that urban peripheries are a core part of young people’s habitus that critically influence their educational choices and transitions by means of internalized feelings of (dis) entitlement, (lack of) belonging and (dis) possession.
Bright Lights, No City: Investigating Young People’s Suburban and Rural Drinkscapes
Authors: Fenton Laura , Markham Claire , Wilkinson Samantha
Published: January 2023

This chapter analyses young people’s drinking practices and experiences in suburban and rural England to explore how young people located beyond global cities creatively navigate shifting conditions of possibility and constraint shaping their opportunities to socialize. The chapter investigates young people’s drinking practices in the suburbs of Manchester, and in rural village pubs in Lincolnshire. It pays particular attention to how young people craft and experience ‘drinkscapes’, and the role of classed and other socio-spatial processes of exclusion in the creation and experience of drinkscapes. Suburban and rural drinkscapes offer distinct drinking experiences. The material cultures and sensual atmospheres of suburban and rural drinkscapes have the ability to both allure and repel young people.
Thinking beyond the Neighbourhood and National Territory: Exploring Central American Migration from a Mobilities Perspective
Authors: Rivera Lirio Gutiérrez
Published: January 2023

Central American migration to the US has been on the rise the past decades and it has been gaining scholarly attention. There are various factors that explain the movement of Central Americans, such as poverty, exclusion and, more recently, violence. This chapter proposes looking at Central American migration from a mobilities perspective. It explores how Central Americans’ experience with criminal groups impacts their movements. It draws on declarations of Hondurans seeking asylum submitted to immigration courts. Analysis shows the different experiences of mobilities (for example restriction, waiting). The chapter claims that Honduran asylum seekers have agency in their experiences of mobilities vis-à-vis criminal groups as they attempt to establish protection and security through various ways, such as, in their imagination, moving, and even seeking asylum in immigration courts.
Death, Family and the Law
Authors: Kirton-Darling Edward
Published: January 2023

When a death is investigated by a coroner, what is the place of the family in that process?
This accessibly written book draws together empirical, theoretical and historical perspectives to develop a rich, nuanced analysis of the contemporary inquest system in England and Wales. It investigates theories of kinship drawn from socio-legal research and analyses law, accountability and the legal process.
Excerpts of conversations with coroners and officers offer real insights into how the role of family can be understood and who family is perceived to be, and further, how their participation fundamentally shapes the investigation into a death.
Accountability and Authority in the Historical Jurisdiction
Authors: Kirton-Darling Edward
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the historic inquest jurisdiction. It argues that history has a particularly important place in understandings of the inquest, and histories of the inquest can reinforce or disrupt the way in which the system is understood. It unpicks the legal authority of the historic Coroner and the jury, and the place of kinship in the historic jurisdiction. It focuses in particular on the deodand, an animal or inanimate object declared by the jury to be responsible for the death. This was sometimes used to compensate the bereaved family and, upon its abolition in 1846, was replaced with the first Fatal Accidents Act, which allowed dependants to claim damages for negligently caused death.
Conclusion: Explaining the ‘Mental Health Crisis’
Authors: Brossard Baptiste , Chandler Amy
Published: January 2023

This book has provided insights into the wealth of research that explores the multiple social roots underlying those experiences that manifest as mental health issues. The theories and methods of the social sciences suggest that mental health is not about mental health, it is one visible façade of much deeper social processes. This concluding chapter explores how the reorganization of research outlined in the present book could draw alternative sociologically grounded explanations of the ‘mental health crisis’.
Alternatives on the Horizon
Authors: Stacey Timothy
Published: January 2023

After the end of history and amidst a culture of ‘there is no alternative’, this chapter reflects on the sources of alternative imaginaries that can inspire people to take action collectively. It then addresses key terms (liberalism, secularism, imaginaries, spirit) and introduces the book’s key arguments, most important among which is the idea that while the liberal quest to secure equal dignity for all regardless of background and positionality is noble, liberalism fails to deliver. It then introduces the book’s theoretical framework and methods. It distinguishes itself from other approaches in cultural sociology and the sociology of religion, including those focused on drama and the emotions. It also outlines the book’s approach: it is positioned as a middle ground between liberalism and post-liberalism and, as such, a starting point for reconciliation. It closes by offering concise summaries of each subsequent chapter.
What’s Liberalism got to do With It?
Authors: Stacey Timothy
Published: January 2023

This chapter connects theoretical and empirical studies of liberalism to explore how key pillars of the liberal project have made it difficult for people to collectively imagine and enact alternatives to neoliberal capitalism. It highlights four ideas (individualism, the severing of head and heart, the social contract and public rationality); three mechanisms (the state, the market and civil society); and four consequences (meaning fatigue, the social as contract, political fragmentation and the turn to the populist right). The chapter critically engages with a number of liberal pillars, seeking, from a position of sympathy with liberal values, to be honest about the shortcomings of liberal political culture.
How to Address Liberalism’s Faults
Authors: Stacey Timothy
Published: January 2023

This chapter offers a ‘critique of critiques’ of liberalism, followed by my own alternative. Four responses to liberalism’s shortcomings are addressed: the post-liberal response, which is dominated by religiously inclined social conservatives and populists for whom the only way forward is to revalorize the past; the parochialization of liberalism response, which is dominated by anthropologists and activists who insist that liberalism is just one culture among others; the ongoing Enlightenment response , dominated by political centrists and sociologists for whom disillusionment with liberalism is primarily a consequence of losing out on globalization, or else a failure of education; and the civil religion response, which seeks to tack spirited elements onto a preconceived liberal framework. My own alternative can be conceived as civil religion from the ground up. I begin with the myths, rituals, magic and traditions of liberally oriented people seeking to build solidarity across differences in their local communities.
A Variety of Liberalism in Vancouver
Authors: Stacey Timothy
Published: January 2023

The first half of this chapter exemplifies what I have been calling a ‘varieties of liberalism’ approach. It does so by exploring how the broad theoretical ideas discussed thus far play out in the city of Vancouver, Canada. It subsequently introduces Metro Vancouver Alliance (MVA), the ethnographic centrepiece of the book. MVA is just one among a global network of broad-based community organizations across the liberal world, from the US to Australia and many places in between. I explain how such institutions are able to position themselves between universal liberal ideals and the shortcomings of liberalism arising in particular places. I expand on the notion of a pre-contractual ‘we’ of place, whereby we owe things to people simply by virtue of being caught in a web of reciprocal relations.
Rituals for Radicals
Authors: Stacey Timothy
Published: January 2023

Far more than myth, ritual has been unharnessed from religion and is widely understood as something in which all humans engage. Yet there is much confusion about what role ritual plays in political life. In this chapter I explore the role that rituals can play in building solidarity across differences and, with this, the power to act collectively. I suggest that rituals for radicals have three qualities: they are performative (they are engaged in consciously with the aim of eliciting a response), normative (they have a moral aim), and subversive (they challenge some other way of acting in the world). And I explore three different kinds of ritual: subtle gestures, solidarity games and public dramas.
Magical Feelings as the Source and Aim of Myths and Rituals
Authors: Stacey Timothy
Published: January 2023

Magic, much like myth, has long been ridiculed by rationalists. In this chapter I understand magic as a feeling that an extraordinary power resides within an object, person, way of being, or political process such that it is especially meaningful and, as such, especially able to transform reality. When we deny magic, we are doomed to the world of ‘there is no alternative’. Ironically, precisely at the same time as the powerful were labelling certain practices as magical and thus either dangerous or ridiculous, they were using their own conjuring tricks to whip up faith in the nation and capitalism. So strong is the spell of these behemoths that it is now easier to imagine the end of the world than the end of capitalism. In this chapter I argue that breaking the spell requires imbuing alternative people and objects with magical qualities. I stress that magic can be found in many places, from raves to rebellions, and that as an activist, one must strike a balance between authenticity and efficacy.
Traditions at the End of History
Authors: Stacey Timothy
Published: January 2023

In this chapter I explain that myths, rituals and magic are each threads within an overall canopy of meaning that tradition provides. But liberals struggle to simply step into a tradition. The past is often present to them, but normally as something they have escaped from. Any particular tradition that they may wish to step into ends up being either riddled with exclusion, or else appears so watered down as to be hardly a tradition at all. I offer an alternative conceptualization that may help: tradition is not simply a fixed idea, practice or object from the past that we inherit and pass on unchanged. Tradition is also something we do: it is a process of choosing what to inherit, how to reshape it for the present, and how to pass it on to the future.
Globalization and the Changing Role Of Civil Servants: Towards an Analytical Framework
Authors: Verheijen Tony , Staroňová Katarína , Elghandour Ibrahim , Lefebvre Anne-Lucie
Published: January 2023

A review of the literature on the impact of global norms and principles on national governance systems shows the limited attention given to the role of civil servants in the interaction between global actors and nation states. To allow for a deeper analysis of this important research topic, this chapter sets out a new analytical framework and typology of how civil servants respond to global influence. Based on a review of academic research on the drivers of civil servants’ responses to external influence, the model focuses on two key parameters: bureaucratic accountability and socialization. Based on these parameters, four response types are expected to emerge: the traditional, professional, engaged, and rebel civil servant. The chapter also discusses transmission channels (global performance indicators, direct engagement with international actors, and global norms on freedom of information and participation) and institutional and behavioural filters of global influence. Finally, it lays out and discusses the research methodology used in the study on which this book is based, with particular attention given to the design and use of explorative vignettes as an innovative research method.
‘Why Do You Hate Me So Much?’ Examining Disability Hate Crime Experiences through an Intersectional Lens
Authors: Healy Jane
Published: January 2023

There is little sustained exploration of intersectionality in disability studies and in hate crime research. A unified approach to disability through the social model paradigm may have distracted from the diversity of disabilities. Additionally, intersectionality is at odds with the silo-framework of hate crime policy and legislation. Both concepts fail to fully acknowledge the multiple, overlapping and complicated experiences of risk and victimization. This chapter draws upon research on disabled people’s experiences of hate crime (Healy, 2019). Intersectional analysis of a corpus of 12 disabled participants identified the difficulty in categorizing individual experiences through one strand of hate crime. Participants recognized that they were targeted for multiple reasons, such as their sexual orientation, gender and disability, and the chapter demonstrates how disabled women and men interpret their experiences differently. The chapter argues that the current strand-based approach to hate crime disguises the variety of intersecting elements of identity that, combined, can increase risk of victimization while at the same time reducing a victims’ likelihood of reporting their experiences.
Using Intersectionality to Understand Abuse against Elders: A Conceptual Examination
Authors: Finnegan Emma
Published: January 2023

Despite some recognition that older people can be victims, and the term ‘elder abuse’ (EA) often used to define the abuse of older people, it is a neglected area. Feminist research has long been at the forefront of examining violence in women’s lives (Stanko, 1990). However, this has largely focused on younger women. Consequently, there is an absence of UK literature considering the potential of intersectional feminist theory in examining EA. This is despite calls for researchers to adopt an intersectional feminist lens for EA (Bows, 2018). Intersectionality recognizes that systems of power such as gender, race and class interconnect and are axes for analysis (Nash, 2008). Women are not a homogenous group, and their experiences of abuse are not limited to their gender alone (Crenshaw, 1991). Nevertheless, despite this awareness intersectionality has not been applied to EA (Bows, 2019). This chapter addresses this lacuna by providing a conceptual examination of the potential of intersectionality to analyse the connection between older age and abuse. It is argued that research adopting an intersectional lens would lead to a more nuanced understanding of EA, would be a more progressive way to advance social justice goals, and could help improve services responses.
Intersections of LGBTQ+ Social Spaces Using Gender Analysis and the Social Model
Authors: Overton Lisa , Hepple Joshua
Published: January 2023

This chapter provides the historical background to intersectionality as a concept paying particular attention to its black feminist roots. The chapter then discusses how it might be possible to engage with intersectionality as a research practice, as white people. Lisa Overton sets forth the discussion as a white woman, and Joshua Hepple problematizes how to engage with a feminist term as a white man. As a queer femme white woman and as a gay disabled man we move into our shared yet very different research areas around sexualities, broadly exploring ‘gay bars’ and ‘queer entertainment venues’ with an intersectionalities lens. The chapter unpacks assumptions and lived realities of these spaces, demonstrating how sexualities intersect with race, gender, disability, class, access, age, space, autonomy, danger and even different ‘types’ of queer identities in very different ways, yet an intersectionalities lens reveals to us what can sometimes be hidden. The chapter explores the intersectionalities of our own identities through a section around positionalities.
Sex Buyers
Authors: Mulvihill Natasha
Published: January 2023

This chapter presents extended narratives from three sex buyers who pay for sexual services in England and Wales, as well as short excerpts from interviews with other participants. Topics covered include motivations, experiences, risks, the law and criminalization. It also explores the impact of COVID-19 and the experience of participating in academic and government research.
Introduction: Why Diversity, Inclusion, and Decolonization Matter
Authors: Day Abby , Lee Lois , Thomas Dave S.P.
Published: January 2023

The editors introduce the volume’s objectives and contributors, synthesising the new knowledge that is emerging, and commenting on remaining gaps.
They address ideas of diversity beyond Global North universities, thinking about other scholarly institutions in the Global South, and comparing the kinds of issues raised in the chapters. Accepting that diverse views about diversity and identity politics also exist, the editors review several opposing perspectives that may generate productive debate and augment interest in the volume. The chapter proposes ways in which both theory and practice can change and highlights the challenges that remain.
Negotiating Diversity, a Personal Reflection
Authors: Stringer Martin
Published: January 2023

Highlights of diversity policy and implementation in the UK are discussed from the perspective of a senior academic who has been leading such programmes for more than twenty years. focusing first on the early 2000s, on the Equality Act, the Black and Minority Ethnic attainment gap, the development of the Stonewall Workplace Equality programme and the early years of Athena SWAN. These discussions are interspersed with reflections on the author’s own work and initiatives at Birmingham University to bring equality and diversity onto the agenda, the key lessons learnt and some of the principal barriers. The main finding is his observation that the drive towards equality and diversity point began from a very low base, involved the whole University, and maintained a key emphasis on the fully range of equality characteristics. Not everything worked, but the change in culture was significant and lasting. The latter part of the chapter discusses his more recent experience at the level of senior management at Swansea University, the lessons learned and the clear principles he argues should sit underneath any work on equality and diversity that is undertaken across a whole institution.
Emergent Tensions in Diversity and Inclusion Work in Universities: Reflections on Policy and Practice
Authors: Brennan Samantha , Chapman Gwen , Leach Belinda , Rodney Alexandra
Published: January 2023

This chapter reports on a collaborative workshop, organized jointly by the University of Guelph, Canada, and Bremen University, Germany, designed to share information and practices about the participants’ everyday experiences of ‘doing diversity’. The chapter illuminates the complex and messy relationships between policy and praxis and the extent to which institutional context praxis can shape understandings of how policies are enacted, embodied, and experienced.
How ‘Diverse’ is Your Reading List? Tools, Tips, and Challenges
Authors: Bird Karen Schucan
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores several challenges in developing diverse and inclusive curricula in UK higher education. Based on a case study that examined course reading lists in a research design module used at the research-intensive UK university. After describing the study’s results, the chapter provides ten practical steps for educators seeking to diversifying their syllabi.
Towards an Intersectional Feminist Pedagogy of Gender-Based Violence
Authors: Buiten Denise , Finlay Ellen , Hancock Rosemary
Published: January 2023

This chapter proposes an intersectional feminist lens as a means to tackle three common classroom challenges in teaching about gender-based violence (GBV): student resistance to a gender lens on violence; the tendency in university classrooms to highlight some experiences of violence and to silence others; and the proneness for classrooms to reproduce their own social arrangements and power relations. Our argument is that, while it presents challenges, teaching GBV through an intersectional feminist approach offers an effective means to address these issues. By ‘doing diversity’ within our classrooms in this way, we can communicate the value of a gender lens on violence while being inclusive of a wider range of student experiences and challenging existing silences and knowledge hierarchies around GBV. This chapter outlines some of the challenges the authors have experienced in teaching GBV at university, and what a feminist intersectional lens in this context means and can offer. It concludes with a reflection of some of the challenges and principles for its implementation.
Why Test for Citizenship?
Authors: Brooks Thom
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the historical origins of the UK’s citizenship test. These origins drew inspiration from Australia, which had decided to base its future test, in part, on shared Australian values. Similarly, the UK launched several reports into shared British values – and shared public institutions – to set the scene for these playing a central role in a future test.
Introduction: Derailing Development, Exacerbating Gender Injustice
Authors: Grugel Jean , Barlow Matt , Lines Tallulah , Eugenia Giraudo Maria , Omukuti Jessica
Published: January 2023

In this chapter we contextualise the scale of the gendered inequalities that have been exacerbated by Covid-19 response policies, which ultimately threaten any progress towards gender equality laid out in the SDGs. At the heart of the SDGs are the principles of equity and inclusion: this introduction identifies how and why Covid-19 response policies have exacerbated the inequalities that the most socially, economically and culturally marginalised women and girls in the Global South live with on a daily basis. We use this chapter to clearly lay out the aims, scope, methodology and the structure of the book.
Unequal Development: What Lies Beneath COVID-19’s Gender Politics?
Authors: Grugel Jean , Barlow Matt , Lines Tallulah , Eugenia Giraudo Maria , Omukuti Jessica
Published: January 2023

In this chapter we shift our attention to the operation of the global political economy. In doing so we show how an unequal distribution of excessive and unnecessary risks falls on the shoulders of poor women and girls in the Global South. We explain how particular groups of girls and women are made vulnerable through the ways they are integrated into and excluded from the global political economy. The point we wish to make, above all, is that the global political economy is not gender-neutral. We show how the rules governing global finance actively worsen health, income and employment security for the poor, and especially poor women, and especially those located geographically in, or from, the global South. For this reason, this chapter shifts the narrative to the global level and asks: how have key international actors helped shape responses to Covid-19 in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa? And to what extent have they understood Covid-19 to be both a crisis of gender and development and a challenge to gender equity? To what extent is the architecture of development finance, adequate to the task of building resilient and gender equitable development.
Exacerbating Inequalities: Gender-Based Violence and Sexual and Reproductive Health
Authors: Grugel Jean , Barlow Matt , Lines Tallulah , Eugenia Giraudo Maria , Omukuti Jessica
Published: January 2023

Gender-based violence and sexual and reproductive health affect all areas of development, from human wellbeing to economic growth. Living a life free from violence and with autonomy over one’s own body and sexuality are fundamental human rights. In this chapter we shine a light on how the Covid-19 pandemic has further challenged these rights by exacerbating already long-standing inequalities related to gender-based violence and sexual and reproductive health. During crises, violence against women and girls regularly increases, whilst funding for sexual and reproductive health programmes are reduced. But the challenges presented by Covid-19, in particular ‘stay at home’ and social distancing measures, have increased the challenges faced by women and girls even more than we would perhaps normally expect to see in crisis situations. We empirically draw from primary and secondary data from both regions to make our argument.
Conclusion
Authors: Grugel Jean , Barlow Matt , Lines Tallulah , Eugenia Giraudo Maria , Omukuti Jessica
Published: January 2023

In this chapter we draw together our findings and sum up our argument. In doing so we reassert our argument that Covid-19 is not just a global health crisis, it is a gendered crisis of governance, equity and development. The pandemic has exposed the gendered social, economic and cultural fault lines of inequality within and between countries. It was a crisis foretold. Whilst we summarise these inequalities, we finish with an eight-point plan that we argue is essential to build out of the pandemic in a way that addresses some of the injustices that we have had the unenviable but not surprising task of reporting.
Self-Sufficiency out of Necessity: Refugee Self-Reliance Assistance in Interwar Greece
Authors: Easton-Calabria Evan
Published: January 2023

This chapter presents the first international response to refugees led by the League of Nations through a case study of ethnic Greek refugees in Greece in the 1920s. It highlights the dominant self-reliance assistance practices undertaken at the time by the Greek Refugee Settlement Commission, created to assist the 1.5 million ethnic Greek refugees from Asia Minor forced to relocate to Greece between 1922 and 1924. The population exchange exemplifies the upholding of the post-First World War new ‘world order’, the creation of nation-states after the collapse and break-up of multi-ethnic European empires, and a corresponding attempt to return to the successful international economy of the pre-First World War world. This case study examines the ways refugee development assistance explicitly targeted state needs through agricultural production, and a larger economic motive of instrumentalizing refugees for both peace and labour through development. The broader work of the League of Nations High Commission for Refugees and the International Labour Organization at the time is also presented.
Welfare State: Restoration or Universal Basic Income?
Authors: Nölke Andreas
Published: January 2023

Generally, welfare state reactions to the coronavirus pandemic show a high degree of path dependency. Bismarck-style welfare states continue their path of dualization between even more comprehensive coverage for the middle classes and marginalization of those with atypical work. Scandinavian countries continued their generous welfare provision. The introduction of the novel furlough scheme in the UK seems to be the exception proving the rule, but this hardly will become permanent. Finally, we may be witnessing a new round of welfare state austerity, if the experience of the Global Financial Crisis further indicates the direction of events. Austerity may somewhat increase the attractiveness of universal basic income (UBI) schemes. The Coronavirus crisis erupted after four decades during which welfare systems in most Northern countries became somewhat less decommodifying. Whereas governments did not fundamentally reduce social spending, labor activation policies exposed workers to precariousness, instability, and social risks. Correspondingly, UBI concepts have gained some ground in public discussions. The coronavirus pandemic seemed to further this trend, given that economic stimulation programmes in some countries had UBI-like traits. Still, it is highly unlikely that the pandemic will lead to a general turn towards UBI.
Monetary Policy: Democratic or Technocratic?
Authors: Nölke Andreas
Published: January 2023

During the coronavirus pandemic, central banks were instrumental in stabilizing the economy via highly expansive monetary policy. Arguably, central banks were at least as important as governments for overcoming the economic crisis. The range of their tasks and instruments have become broader than ever before in history. This raises crucial questions about the future of central bank independence. Can we continue considering central banks as neutral, technocratic institutions or do we need more democratic accountability via a stronger involvement of parliaments in monetary policy? The coronavirus pandemic has further consolidated non-traditional central bank instruments as well as a heterodox interpretation of central bank mandates. The conservative approach with its narrow focus on inflation rates and traditional instruments of central banking has been pushed in the back seat even further. This increases the problem of limited democratic legitimacy of central banks in post-coronavirus capitalism.
Industrial Policy: Laissez-faire or State Leadership?
Authors: Nölke Andreas
Published: January 2023

The coronavirus pandemic has led to a massive increase of state activity in the economy. Correspondingly, we may wonder whether the state retains this role after the end of the crisis or whether it returns to its pre-crisis role. This is particularly relevant in case of industrial policy, i.e. government policies for the upgrading of industrial structures. While these policies can also have regulatory character, the focus here is on an active role in complementing private investment by state-led allocation of resources. This can be done in different ways, via as state-owned enterprises, public investment banks, or state subsidies to private companies. Industrial policy has seen a revival in many countries even before the coronavirus pandemic. The necessity to rebuild economies after the crisis will strengthen the case for continuing in this direction, with a particular focus for support of digital and climate change technologies, but also for the near-shoring of certain parts of global value chains in order to increase technological sovereignty. The main factor that might work against the tendency for a rejuvenation of industrial policies could be the lack of financial resources in fiscally constrained economies.