bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suicide Rates among Native Americans in 1890
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

From 1890 to 1980, estimated suicide rates for Chinese males and Native American females appear to have decreased while the suicide rates of white, African American, and Native American males have increased.
Preliminary Predictions of Athletic Performance among Collegiate Baseball Players with a Biopsychosocial Model
Authors: Plante Thomas G. , Booth Jennifer
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the association of nine biopsychosocial variables and athletic performance among 40 elite collegrate baseball players. High scores on confidence and perceived fitness and low scores on repressive denial, strength of religious faith, and sensitivity to glare were reliably associated with ratings of superior athletic performance by four coaches. Preliminary results suggest that the biopsychosocial model may prove useful in predicting athletic performance.
Handedness Trends across Age Groups in a Japanese Sample of 2316
Authors: Iwasaki Syoichi , Kaiho Takehito , Iseki Ken
Published: August 2011

Hand-preference data of 2316 Japanese were analyzed by age groups, sex, and familial sinistrality. Right-hand preference increased across age groups at least up to 30 years for men, while women showed relatively stable and stronger preference for right-hand use. Unlike some Western studies, no linear trends across age groups were found for both sexes. Declining cultural censorship against left-handedness would not be responsible for the trends, since there was no evidence indicating such a decline in Japan. Hypotheses of reduced longevity and life-long adaptation to the right-handed world are not satisfactory either, since both hypotheses assume a linear trend spanning the entire life span. Thus, it seems that a single-factor hypothesis which explains all the results by resorting to a single cause does not account for the complex results found in this and other studies.
Use of Normative Data for the Selective Reminding Test
Authors: Smith Renee L. , Boll Thomas J.
Published: August 2011

As there are multiple forms of the Selective Reminding Test, it is critical to consider the implications of using published normative data in interpretation of results as different forms of administration may not be equivalent in regards to the domain of memory assessed.
Pain in Infancy: Individual Differences
Authors: Axia Giovanna , Bonichini Sabrina , Benini Franca
Published: August 2011

Two patterns of reactions to painful medical procedures were found in infancy, i.e., continuous and interval patterns. Also, infants often in a good mood in everyday life (as reported by their mothers) showed pain more briefly after blood sampling, while infants often in a bad mood in everyday life showed pain longer.
Differences in Academic Achievement as a Function of Scores on Hemisphericity
Authors: Gadzella Bernadette M.
Published: August 2011

The subjects were 55 undergraduates enrolled in psychology classes and classified by their scores on the Human Information Processing Survey as having preferences of left hemisphericity ( n = 17), right ( n = 19), and integrated hemisphericity ( n = 19). Differences in their scores on multiple-choice tests and course grades were found between left- and right-hemisphericity groups with the left-hemisphericity group obtaining higher course grades.
On the Focal Distance of the Eye during Sighting in Pistol Shooting
Authors: Ishigaki Hisao , Edagawa Hiroshi , Miyao Masaru
Published: August 2011

We measured the focal distance and pupil diameter of the eyes of 11 marksmen sighting a pistol target at 23 m distance. Based upon the focal distance and pupil diameter of the subjects, we estimated the point at which they were looking during sighting. Calculation based on depth of field which can be derived from the pupil diameter of 4.5 mm suggested that the subjects were looking at the foresight of the pistol approximately 80 cm in front of the eye during sighting.
Measuring the Areal Density of a Finite Ensemble
Authors: O'Brien Frank
Published: August 2011

A new measure A p is introduced for estimating density in spatial ecological studies. The measure is constructed from the ratio of the area of a convex hull relative to a reference containing region. The measurement of the area is demonstrated with the Surveyor's Area Formula, Hero's Formula, and Pick's Theorem. Research applications of the measure are outlined.
Perceptions of an Instructor: Dress and Students' Characteristics
Authors: Lukavsky Julie , Butler Sara , Harden Amy J.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the influence of a female instructor's clothing style on students' perceptions of an instructor's characteristics. Social perception provided the theoretical framework. Formality of clothing style, students' clothing interest, and students' gender were the independent variables. Perception of the instructor's characteristics was the dependent variable. A 25-item questionnaire was administered to 216 college students from three universities. Perceptions of the instructor's characteristics varied significantly with formality of clothing style. The students' clothing interest influenced perceptions to some extent; gender of students did not.
Relationships between Measures of Phonological Performance in Preterm Children
Authors: Holdgrafer Gary
Published: August 2011

Percent Consonants Correct (PCC) was computed for spontaneous connected speech samples and responses on a single-word articulation test from 29 preterm children in preschool. Maturity of speech motor control was also assessed. Moderate intercorrelations of all measures are mentioned with regard to clinical implications.
Is the Gender of a Suicide Note Writer Associated with Judgments Made about the Suicide?
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The gender of a suicide note writer did not affect 44 undergraduate students' judgments of the emotional upset, mental illness, likelihood of death, or rationality of the suicidal person.
Effects of Induced Social Roles on the High School Personality Questionnaire
Authors: Merydith Scott P. , Wallbrown Fred H.
Published: August 2011

A one-way multivariate analysis of variance design with a control group (regular directions) and three treatment groups using induced social roles (Faking Good, Teacher, and Ideal Teacher) as independent variables and the High School Personality Questionnaire primary scores as dependent variables was used. Subjects were 384 male high school students from Grades 9 through 12. Within each classroom, students were randomly assigned to the four groups noted above. A broad pattern of differences in scores on primary and secondary personality dimensions were obtained. Significant differences between the control (standard directions) and the Faking Good, Teacher, and Ideal Teacher roles were obtained on three secondary and most of the primary personality dimensions. In several cases the ideal social role and neutral social role showed distinct differences from the more pervasive favorable impression role.
Zero Effect of Crowding on Arousal and Performance: On ‘Proving’ the Null Hypothesis
Authors: Rousseau François , Standing Lionel
Published: August 2011

This study examined the effect of crowded versus uncrowded conditions upon pulse and self-rated arousal, and upon verbal production performance in subjects' first and second languages. Participants were 52 francophone college students. Arousal estimates were identical for crowded and noncrowded conditions as was verbal performance, thereby contradicting the theories of Zajonc (1965) and Freedman and Perlick (1979) in which crowding is viewed as an activating and intensifying stimulus. Crowding itself appears to have no direct effect on arousal or behaviour as measured.
Measures of Status Integration in Theory of Suicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Measures of status integration in 30 American states in 1950 were associated most strongly with longitude, divorce rates, and the size of the urban population.
Rates of Problem Behaviour among Preschoolers Attending Nursery Classes in St. Helena, South Atlantic
Authors: Lovemore Tessa , Flores Hazel , Charlton Tony
Published: August 2011

The Preschool Behaviour Checklist was used to assess rates of problem behaviour among 59 preschoolers on St. Helena. The prevalence rate (6.8%) and mean scores obtained are among the lowest found world-wide for similarly aged children.
Trait and State Anxiety before and after Competitive Performance
Authors: Halvari Hallgeir , Gjesme Torgrim
Published: August 2011

33 subjects were tested on competitive trait and state anxiety immediately before and after a competitive motor task of short duration (average performance time of 25 seconds). It required precise coordination of correct muscular activity, timing as well as speed, and physical strength that included explosive shifts in direction of movement. Two types of performance measures were employed, (a) number of errors during the performance and (b) the time it took to complete the motor task. Analysis showed a positive relation between trait anxiety and performance errors when a linear model was applied; however, when a curvilinear model was used, a strong significant U-relationship between errors and precompetition state anxiety emerged. Further, a strong positive linear relation between poststate anxiety and number of performance errors was observed. The results indicate that making errors in performance situations is a critical factor in producing postcompetition state anxiety.
Convergent and Discriminant Validity of the Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory
Authors: Rahim M. Afzalur , Psenicka Clement
Published: August 2011

Confirmatory factor analysis with LISREL 7 of data from 1,188 managers on the 21 items of the Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory-I provided support for the convergent and discriminant validities of this measure of the three types of organizational conflict (intrapersonal, intragroup, and intergroup).
An Event-Related Potential Study of the Effects of Semantic Deviations: An Application of a Method of Sequential-Part Presentation
Authors: Yano Takemi
Published: August 2011

The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of semantic deviations of picture stimuli by applying a method of sequential-part presentations. S1 stimuli were 10 pictures of animals which were divided into 7 × 7 portions and successively presented in random order. S2 stimuli were three types of pictures (A, the same as S1; B, semantically the same but physically different from S1; and C, both semantically and physically different from S1). Subjects were required to name S1 verbally after seeing S2. The largest N400 components of the event-related potential were elicited for Category C of S2, whereas large LPCs were elicited for Categories B and C. This suggests that a method of sequential-part presentations is effective for eliciting the N400 component of the event-related potential for picture stimuli.
The Moral Acceptability of Suicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Four studies ( Ns of 50, 148, 201, and 63) examined personality correlates of people's opinions about the morality of suicide. The more depressed and suicidal college students viewed suicide as less morally wrong.
Lower-Limb Speed and Foot Preference in Children
Authors: Iteya Misaki , Gabbard Carl , Okada Morihiko
Published: August 2011

Foot preference and performance characteristics of gross-motor lower-limb speed of tapping were examined in 606 4- to 6-yr.-olds. Analysis indicated no effect for gender; however, speed of foot tapping increased significantly across the three ages, suggesting an association with selected developmental (neuromuscular) processes. Contrary to earlier reports on handedness, there was no statistical evidence that mixed- or left-footers were at a performance disadvantage compared to right-footers. All groups performed best with the right foot, limb differentiation (right versus left) being significant for the right- and mixed-footed groups. Speculation about maturational and environmental influences is given.
Developmental Trends in Pursuit Eye Movements among Preschool Children
Authors: Haishi Kouichi , Kokubun Mitsuru
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the developmental differences in pursuit eye movements among preschool children. The subjects were 28 children aged 3 to 6 years old and 5 adults aged 22 to 37 years. The target was moved sinusoidally on the horizontal plane at 0.3-, 0.5-, and 0.7-Hz stimulus frequency. The power ratio which represented the smoothness of eye movements and the phase difference between eye movements and target movement was calculated. The power ratio decreased with increased stimulus frequency for all subjects, indicating that eye movements became less smooth. At all stimulus frequencies, the power ratio was higher for adults than for children. Among the three age groups of children, there was no statistically significant difference on this parameter. The phase shifted from a small amount of lead for no lag to the lag with faster stimulus frequency in adults, but the gap was not statistically significant. For children, there was a statistically significant difference across age groups on change in the phase difference. These findings may suggest that the developmental differences in pursuit eye movements of children across ages 3 to 6 years were clear in what related to the phase difference.
Base Rate of “10 to 11” Clocks among Patients Referred for Neuropsychological Evaluation
Authors: Ryan Joseph J. , Lopez Shane J. , Sumerall Scott W.
Published: August 2011

Of 655 neuropsychological referrals who were asked to draw a clock and set the hands at “10 after 11,” 9% set the hands at “10 to 11.” This low base rate of occurrence suggests the error was not highly sensitive to neurological impairment or diagnostically specific.
Cross-Validation of the Alternative Impairment Index
Authors: Horton Arthur MacNeill
Published: August 2011

The Alternative Impairment Index, a new composite measure of neuropsychological deficit, was cross-validated by comparison with an established measure of neuropsychological impairment, the Halstead Impairment Index. An initial study gave agreement of 60% (15/25) between the Halstead Impairment Index and the Alternative Impairment Index. Analysis of a cross-validation sample of 50 brain-damaged patients with complete Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test scores yielded agreement of 66% (33/50) on severity for the Alternative Impairment Index and Halstead Impairment Index.
Magnitude of Stress Reported by Basketball Referees
Authors: Rainey David , Winterich Daniel
Published: August 2011

723 basketball referees responded to a survey that assessed stress related to officiating. Mean reported ratings were between “very little” and “moderate amount”; only 4% reported high stress. Results are consistent with other accounts, suggesting that most sport officials experience low occupational stress.
A Review of the Clinical and Research Use of the Bender-Gestalt Test
Authors: Piotrowski Chris
Published: August 2011

The Bender Visual-motor Gestalt test has been an integral part of the standard test battery for the past 50 years. However, the test has been extensively critiqued on issues of inappropriate administration, scoring schemes, and clinical interpretation. In an analysis of recent surveys on test use, the Bender-Gestalt remains quite popular in a variety of clinical settings across all age groups. Secondly, the test has a respectable level of research interest, based on a citation analysis of the Psychological Abstracts database.
Visual Perception of Area and Hypnotic Susceptibility
Authors: Di Maio Vito , Santarcangelo Enrica L. , Busse Knut
Published: August 2011

The visual perception of area of geometrical figures was compared for subjects of high and low hypnotizability in experiments with direct comparison of two different geometrical figures. The Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale (Form C) was used to assess subjects' hypnotizability. No differences between 17 highly hypnotizable and 10 low bypnorizable subjects were found. Present results were also compared with those previously obtained for subjects of unknown hypnotizability. The model based on the Image Function Theory proposed earlier to explain the errors in area estimation committed by subjects of unknown hypnotizability was confirmed as a general rule.
Effects of Ear Canal Occlusion and Masking on the Perception of Voice
Authors: Navarro Richard
Published: August 2011

This study examined the effect of ear canal occlusion and masking noise on four parameters of voice: (1) average fundamental frequency, (2) intensity in decibel (dB), (3) maximum fundamental frequency observed in a given sample (max), and (4) minimum fundamental frequency observed in a given sample (min). 12 normal hearing undergraduates produced the vowel /i/ ten times under conditions of unoccluded ear canal, ear canal occluded with a sound attenuating earplug, or masking noise. Other than a small (.73 dB) decrease in intensity, analysis showed no significant changes under the occluded condition; however, the masking condition showed statistically significant increases in the fundamental frequency, the intensity, and the maximum and minimum frequency as well as an increased range of frequencies.
Hemispheric Asymmetry as a Function of Handedness: Perception of Facial Affect Stimuli
Authors: Everhart D. Erik , Harrison David W. , Crews W. David
Published: August 2011

Hemispheric asymmetry in 14 left- and 14 right-handed persons shown tachistoscopically presented emotional stimuli to left and right visual fields was examined using a forced-choice, reaction-time paradigm in which subjects were asked to identify positive and negative faces. Neutral faces were included within the two-alternative forced-choice paradigm. Reaction time and response-bias measures were recorded. Analysis indicated differential lateralization for left-handed and right-handed subjects with respect to neutral affective stimuli. While right-handed subjects' perceptions of neutral stimuli remained consistent across visual fields, left-handed ones identified neutral stimuli as more positive (happy) when presented to the left visual field and negative (angry) when presented to the right visual field. Implications for differential lateralization patterns among left- and right-handed adults are discussed.
Nonasymptotic Probability Values for Cochran's Q Statistic: A Fortran 77 Program
Authors: Berry Kenneth J. , Mielke Paul W.
Published: August 2011

A nonasymptotic inference procedure for Cochran's Q test for the equality of matched proportions is described. An algorithm and FORTRAN 77 program are provided to compute Cochran's Q test statistic and the associated nonasymptotic probability value. The nonasymptotic method provides improvement over the usual asymptotic chi-squared analysis procedure whenever the effective number of subjects is small or the number of successes is small.
A Virtual Pattern Generator for Designing Motor Behavior Tasks
Authors: Del Rey Patricia , Simpson Kathy J. , Lapena D. Chito , Chung Hyun Chae
Published: August 2011

A description of the hardware and software used to create movement patterns that differ spatially and temporally is explained. These tasks are presented to participants using a virtual pattern generator.
Measures of Variation for Ordinal Data as Functions of the Cumulative Distribution
Authors: Blair Julian , Lacy Michael G.
Published: August 2011

A new measure of ordinal variation, the LSQ, is developed using a geometric representation involving the cumulative distribution function. Connections among it and previously suggested measures, the LOV, IOV, and COV, are clarified. This geometric perspective helps demonstrate that all these statistics measure the distance between the observed cumulative distribution and that corresponding to the maximally dispersed distribution, given the sample size and the number of categories for the ordinal variable. From this perspective, it is clear that none of these measures relies on supra-ordinal assumptions concerning intercategory distances. Recent questions concerning scale invariance and unreasonable values for these measures are also clarified.
EEG Correlates of Enhanced Spatial Performance following Exposure to Music
Authors: Rideout Bruce E. , Laubach Catherine M.
Published: August 2011

Previous research has shown that exposure to classical music can influence performance on a spatial task. The present study investigated EEG correlates of this enhanced performance effect. 4 female and 4 male undergraduates completed two equivalent spatial tests, one following a control procedure and one following the presentation of Mozart's Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major. EEG was recorded during a baseline and two task-performance periods. Test performance and EEG recordings were analyzed, and correlations were generated between task performance and EEG variables (average spectral power and peak frequency within 5 frequency ranges). Performance improved significantly following the presentation of the music. EEG analysis indicated 6 reliable correlations out of 40 calculated between differential EEG variables and changes in performance. Ten reliable correlations out of 120 were also found between changes in performance and nondifferential EEG variables across baseline, control, and experimental conditions.
Relationship between Motoneuron Pool Excitability and Parameters of Timing and Force in an Isometric Ankle-Extension Movement
Authors: Brunt Denis , Robichaud Julie
Published: August 2011

The changes in peak facilitation and slope of facilitation of the H-reflex were compared to the parameters of an isometric plantarflexion task. The amplitude of the reflex was significantly greater for reflexes elicited within 50 msec. of the onset of soleus muscle activity. Neither peak amplitude of the reflex nor slope correlated with rate of rise of isometric force; however, they did show a modest relationship between premotor time and reaction time.
Benussi Effect as an Integration of Disparity by Motion
Authors: Deni James R. , Brigner Willard L.
Published: August 2011

It was hypothesized that the apparent depth of the Benussi effect could be elicited using stimuli corresponding to retinally disparate images. When such stimuli were presented rapidly and successively in a manner approximating apparent motion, 21 of 22 observers reported apparent depth.
Development of Cursive Handwriting
Authors: Karlsdottir Ragnheidur
Published: August 2011

The efficiency of two different instructional methods for improving the growth of handwriting quality in the upper grades of primary school was investigated in field experiments using a control-group design. No improvement in mean quality was found for a group of 38 children using a method based on copying exercises. A substantial improvement in mean quality, corresponding to about 1.4 SD, was found for 23 children using a method based on reintroduction of the letter forms explaining each form visually and verbally. It was concluded that the bottleneck in the development of handwriting quality in primary school is a mismatch between the instructional methods used and the perceptual ability of the children.
Motivation to Participate, Exercise Affect, and Outcome Behaviors toward Physical Activity
Authors: Frederick Christina M. , Morrison Craig , Manning Terri
Published: August 2011

Recently researchers have focused attention on understanding the relationship between motivation to participate and affective states associated with adherence to exercise and psychological outcomes of participation. It was hypothesized that intrinsic motivation toward an activity will heighten the associated positive affect, thereby leading to increased participation and higher perceived competence and satisfaction. The presently devised models tested the above hypothesis with 130 college students enrolled in psychology classes. They were asked to complete the Motivation for Physical Activity Measure, the Sport Enjoyment Questionnaire, and general demographic questions assessing adherence to exercise and perceived competence and satisfaction. Partial support for these path models was shown as intrinsic motivation was a predictor of affect and perceived competence and satisfaction, while extrinsic motivation predicted adherence for men only. These results provide a model to enhance the understanding of exercise-related behavior in the general population and the study of the relationship of motivation with affect toward exercise.
Spatial Frequency-Dependent Asymmetry of Visual Evoked Potential Amplitudes
Authors: van Orden Karl F. , House John F.
Published: August 2011

The extent to which pattern reversal evoked potential amplitudes are distributed symmetrically over the scalp was investigated as a function of stimulus spatial frequency. Nine right-handed male subjects viewed sinusoidal grating stimuli of 4.0 and 0.5 c/deg phase reversed every 900 msec. A visual half-field configuration enabled selective stimulation of the right- or left-hemisphere visual cortex. Evoked responses were recorded from the 2 cm above the inion (Oz) and at 7 and 13 cm lateral to Oz. Analyses of normalized evoked response amplitudes showed a significant asymmetry for the 4.0 c/deg stimulus; right-hemisphere amplitudes declined as a function of distance from the midline, while left-hemisphere amplitudes were greatest at the 7 cm recording site. No hemispheric differences were observed for the 0.5 c/deg stimulus; amplitudes for both hemispheres declined as a function of distance from the midline. The data are discussed in terms of hemispheric differences in morphology and functional asymmetries at early levels of sensory processing.
Empirical Statistics: V. Evidence on the Extent of the Steepness Bias in Visual Estimation of Trends
Authors: Bailey Charles D.
Published: August 2011

The existence of a pervasive and pronounced steepness bias in visually fitting a line to data in a scattergraph was investigated. 262 undergraduate business students were asked to fit lines visually to scattergraphs, to correspond to a least squares regression fit. These visually estimated lines strongly overestimated the steepness of the actual trend. As visual inspection of data is an important step for the detection of linear trends and outliers prior to regression analysis, this bias in subjective perception of the line may result in inappropriate deletion or retention of outliers, transferring the subjective bias into the results of least squares regression. In addition, textbooks on management accounting discuss the use of visually fitted lines to estimate cost behavior.
Generality of Connotative Meaning across Methods and Subjects
Authors: Anderson C. W. , Ritchie M.
Published: August 2011

A test was made of the generality of the connotative meaning scores of evaluation, activity, and potency in a dictionary of the 1000 most frequent words in English that has been used as the basis of a computer system to measure the expression of emotional tone. This was done by correlating those scores with the values for evaluation and activity given for words also found in two independently created dictionaries, one based upon adults' ratings and one upon ratings by children. In replicated findings reported by the authors of the dictionary for adults' responses support for the generality of evaluation scores was more strong than that for activity scores. For the ratings by children the generality of both evaluation and activity dimensions received strong support.
Effects of Smoking on Eeg Alpha Asymmetry during Production of Random Sequences of Numbers
Authors: Hori Tadao , Iwaki Tatsuya , Hayashi Mitsuo , Masato Takagi
Published: August 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of smoking on EEG alpha asymmetry which occurs during the production of random sequences of numbers. The subjects were 10 students. The randomness of orally generated sequences was measured by the randomization index based on the Polya-Eggenberger distribution RIPE. The randomness decreased in the postsmoking sessions Smoking increased EEG alpha asymmetry by reducing alpha activities in the left hemisphere (left-hemisphere activation) but not by increasing alpha activities (deactivation) of the right hemisphere. The self-reported stress related to task was lower in the postsmoking sessions. The cognitive facilitation model of smoking is discussed from a psychophysiological point of view.
Caffeine Enhances Initial but Not Extended Learning of a Proprioceptive-Based Discrimination Task in Nonsmoking Moderate Users
Authors: Miller L. Stephen , Miller Scott E.
Published: August 2011

We examined the effects of caffeine on fine motor performance and learning using a multiple-force discrimination task. 93 college-aged subjects performed this task on which multiple measurements were made in an operant response paradigm. Quantitative measures of accuracy of response, duration of response, latency of response, force, and variability of force were examined. Significant interactions for caffeine dose by session on accuracy of response and latency of response indicated that caffeine enhanced the initial learning of a proprioceptive motor task but did not improve performance beyond that of normal practice.
Self-Disclosure of Parent and Adult Son
Authors: Myers Scott A. , Robel Derek W. , Belsito Jeffrey
Published: August 2011

160 adult sons completed the Wheeless and Grotz (1976) Revised Self-disclosure scale with reference to interaction with either their fathers or mothers. Results indicated that sons do not differ in their self-disclosure behaviors between their fathers and their mothers.
An Analysis of Criterion Variable Reliability in Conjoint Analysis
Authors: Evans Richard H.
Published: August 2011

The present goal is to describe a study of the reliability of a criterion variable in conjoint analysis. Specifically, two criterion variables were compared, affect and purchase intention. Given the two sets of derived importance, weights generated from the two criterion variables, reliability was supported through an acceptable Spearman rho and a significant Pearson correlation. Further, significant t tests supported the reliability of each pair of importance weights. The participants were 500 distributors of the proprietary firm which supported the study.
Dysphoria and the Failure to Perceive and Use Discounting Information: Implications for Internalizing Negative Feedback
Authors: Pillow David R. , Dougherty Rodger W.
Published: August 2011

The present study examined the proposition that dysphoric individuals make internal attributions because they do not use available discounting cues. To test this hypothesis, 23 dysphoric and 32 nondysphoric college students were either provided a discounting cue or were led to believe that an internal attribution for failure was appropriate (no discounting cue). On the primary measure of internality, nondysphoric individuals made greater external attributions when a discounting cue was available than they did when no such cue was present, but attributions made by dysphoric individuals were unaffected by the presence of a discounting cue. On the other hand, using a secondary dependent measure inserted to replicate a prior study in this area, key comparison differences were not obtained.
A Comparative Study of Color Preferences in Japan, China and Indonesia, with Emphasis on the Preference for White
Authors: Saito Miho
Published: August 2011

To measure and compare the main color-preference tendencies in Japan, China, and Indonesia, 490 subjects (175 Japanese, 158 Chinese, and 157 Indonesian) were asked to choose from a color chart the three colors they liked most and the three they liked least and to state the reasons for their choices. Analysis of the choices by correspondence analysis showed that each area (country) shows tendencies for unique color preference and that there are statistically significant differences in the frequency of selection of colors of certain hues and tones. However, a high preference for white was common to all areas, along with preferences for some other colors. The successive studies done by the author have shown a common strong preference for white in other Asian areas as well. The reasons given for the choices suggested that associative images based on environmental and cultural aspects may be important influences on color preference.
Perceived Competence of U.S. Presidents, 1933–1989: Presidential News Conferences and the Mere-Exposure Effect
Authors: Young Thomas J. , French Laurence A.
Published: August 2011

1933–1989 data yielded a strong, positive Spearman's coefficient of .996 for the average number of presidential news conferences per month and presidential rankings in the Murray-Blessing Poll. The finding supports research on the mere-exposure effect and is consistent with studies showing a tendency for group members to associate talkativeness with leadership.
Physiological Correlates with Perceived Exertion during Deep Water Running
Authors: Brown Stanley P. , Chitwood Linda F. , Beason Kim R. , McLemore Deena R.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between perceived exertion and physiological variables during deep water running. Deep water running to VO2 peak was performed in 3-min. stages at leg speeds controlled by a metronome. VO2 and heart rate were continuously monitored by open circuit spirometry and radiotelemetry. Perceived exertion was measured using Borg's 6- to 20-point scale. Multiple regression analysis with a forward solution was used to establish the relations of the measures of perceived exertion with the measures of oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, pulmonary ventilation, respiratory exchange ratio, and respiratory rate. %VO2 max was the most important variable predicting perceived exertion. Men and women ( ns = 12) reported using different sensory cues to perceive exertion during deep water running.
Psychology of Computer Use: XXXVIII. Compatibility of Task Presentation and Task Structure in Human-Computer Interaction
Authors: Zhao Baijun , Salvendy Gavriel
Published: August 2011

Task presentation concerns how information is presented. Previous studies of differences between the alphanumeric presentation and the graphic presentation of task information have reported inconclusive or inconsistent results because the effect of task structure and its interaction with task presentation have been ignored. This study explored the compatibility between task presentation and task structure. Two forms of task presentation, namely, the alphanumeric presentation and the graphic presentation, were examined. Two types of task structure, namely, linear procedural and conditional branching, were examined. A nested factorial experiment was conducted for a comprehension of computer programs. Program code written in C programming language was used as the alphanumeric presentation of computer programs. Flowchart was the graphic presentation of computer programs. 32 subjects participated, 16 being exposed only to the alphanumeric presentation, while another 16 were exposed only to the graphic presentation. Each subject performed tasks with both types of structure. Four measures were collected, task completion time, number of errors, subjective rating of task difficulty, and subjective rating of mental workload. Analysis indicated significant interaction between presentation and the structure of task on all four measures. On each measure, the graphic flowchart presentation was more compatible with the conditional branching tasks than the alphanumeric program code presentation. On the two subjective measures of task difficulty and mental workload, the alphanumeric program code presentation was more compatible with the linear procedural tasks than the graphic flowchart presentation.
Validity of the Borg Perceived Exertion Scale for Use in Semirecumbent Ergometry during Immersion in Water
Authors: Robertson Robert , Goss Fredric , Michael Timothy , Moyna Niall , Gordon Paul , Visich Paul , Kang Jie , Angelopoulos Theodore , Dasilva Sergio , Metz Kenneth
Published: August 2011

This investigation examined the validity of the Borg 15-category Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale during semirecumbent exercise in 32°C water. 9 men undertook 12 8-min. trials at 3 power outputs and 4 pedal-crank rates. The power output was distributed between the arms (20%) and legs (80%). RPEs were measured for the arms, legs, chest, and over-all body. Correlation coefficients for RPE expressed as a function of power output and gross metabolic efficiency (MEG) ranged from .56 to .83 and .54 to .70, respectively, for each pedal-crank rate. Validity coefficients were greatest at those pedal-crank rates having the highest MEG. The Borg 15-category RPE scale is valid for use during semirecumbent exercise in water.
Cognitive Spontaneity and Learning Style
Authors: Bozionelos Nicholas
Published: August 2011

The relationship between cognitive spontaneity and learning style was investigated ( N = 157; 23 women, 133 men). Kolb's experiential learning theory was employed. Scores on cognitive spontaneity correlated positively with those on a measure of learning style which emphasizes active experimentation over reflective observation. The 44 respondents classified as Accommodators reported significantly higher scores on cognitive spontaneity than the 34 respondents classified as Assimilators.
Office Wall Color: An Assessment of Spaciousness and Preference
Authors: Kwallek Nancy
Published: August 2011

The perceptions of environmental characteristics in comparing red, green and white offices were evaluated by 124 undergraduate students. In addition, subjects were asked about their general color preferences. Over-all, the white office was favored in terms of several environmental characteristics and also preferred over many other colors as an appropriate office color.
Validity of the Rohrbaugh and Jessor Religiosity Scale
Authors: Nicholas Lionel J. , Durrheim Kevin
Published: August 2011

The validity of the Rohrbaugh and Jessor religiosity scale was investigated with a sample of 1817 first-year university students. Using criterion groups, the validity of the scale was confirmed by demonstrating that religiosity varied as a function of fundamentalism of religious beliefs.
An Examination of the Internal Reliability of the Breskin Rigidity Test among German Adults
Authors: Maltby John , Lewis Christopher Alan
Published: August 2011

Reliability estimates of the 15-item Breskin Rigidity Scale were made among 101 German adults. A principal components analysis indicated that 14 items loaded on the same component. The finding facilitates the use of the scale among this sample and suggests the scale's reliability across different cultures.
Perception of Body Shape in Elderly White and Black Men
Authors: Abadie B. R. , Schuler P. B. , Hunt B. P. , Lischkoff N. J. , Hallinan C. J. , Wang M. W.
Published: August 2011

In assessing the effects of age, physical activity and ethnic identity on perception of body shape in a group of 110 elderly men, the difference was significant for perception of current and ideal body shape, with the greatest difference for the 49 physically active black elderly men.
Human Ethology: Eating, Security, and Curiosity
Authors: Freidenberg Brian M. , Cimbalo Richard S.
Published: August 2011

This study replicated an earlier one on selection of seats and looking up in a college eating environment. Both studies showed that solitary individuals chose wall tables more often than center tables. Opposite findings held here for looking up, with almost twice as much occurring at wall tables whether by solitary individuals or groups. The differences between these studies may reflect environmental variables. Sitting at wall tables may enhance security and promote looking-up as an indication of exploratory behavior or alternatively and more simply an exploratory need may determine the selection of wall tables.
Partial Validation of the MAACL–R Positive Affect Scales
Authors: Greenwald Deborah F. , Harder David W.
Published: August 2011

The Positive Affect and Sensation Seeking scales of the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist-Revised correlated inversely with measures of negative affect and derogatory self-attitudes among 41 college undergraduates and showed some evidence of concept discrimination.
Instrumental and Perceptual Evidence for Tracheoesophageal Speech
Authors: Drummond Sakina S. , Krueger Kathy , Dancer Jess , Spring Gretchen
Published: August 2011

With 8 men, two methods of alaryngeal speech production, tracheoesophageal and electrolaryngeal, were compared on perceptual and acoustic measures of speech intelligibility. Measures consistently identified the tracheoesophageal speech as superior to electrolaryngeal speech.
On the Benefits of Direct Teaching of Spelling in Children's Language Arts Instruction
Authors: Stromer Robert
Published: August 2011

Three studies involved 5 children, ages 6 to 8 years, who were experiencing difficulty in learning skills in reading. Each participated in several spelling tasks which led to improved reading skiills, perhaps because stimulus were formed.
Effect of Practice of a Throwing Skill in One Body Position on Performance of the Skill in an Alternate Position
Authors: Mount Julie
Published: August 2011

The effect of learning a throwing skill with the body in one position on performing the skill in a different position was investigated, 40 normal women, aged 20 to 34 years, were randomly assigned to experimental or control groups. Subjects threw darts from two positions, sitting on a Balans chair or reclined on a slanted table. Practice and transfer sessions each included 4 sets of 5 throws. Performance was significantly poorer after switching positions than when remaining in the same position. Performance after practice in an alternate position was significantly worse than performance after no practice. These findings suggest that practicing a skill in one position may not improve learners' ability to perform that skill in a different position.
Effects of Inclusion Instruction in Teaching and Probe Phases on Interpretation of Novel Words
Authors: Sugimura Takeshi
Published: August 2011

92 second- and 116 sixth-graders were taught that an apple is a group of buruna (novel word) for the inclusion instruction or that an apple is a buruna for no inclusion. Then six fruit and five unrelated names were presented in the probe phase, and the subjects were asked to select the names which they thought were a group of buruna for the inclusion instruction or the names which they thought were a buruna for the no-inclusion. The percentages of the subjects who selected the six fruit names, i.e., those who interpreted the novel word as the superordinate category, were greater for the inclusion than for the no-inclusion instructions in the probe phase, especially for the sixth-graders.
Effects of Gender on Listeners' Judgments of Speech Intelligibility
Authors: Ellis Lee , Fucci Donald , Reynolds Loriann , Benjamin Barbaranne
Published: August 2011

Effects of gender on listeners' judgments of intelligibility were investigated. Subjects (15 women; 15 men) provided magnitude-estimation scaling responses and over-all impressions of the intelligibility of a male and female speaker's comparable versions of audiotaped speech samples varying systematically in terms of the number of phonemes produced correctly. There was no significant difference between male and female subjects' magnitude-estimation scaling responses; however, their over-all impressions of the intelligibility of the speakers tended to differ. Women indicated that the male speaker was more understandable, and men indicated that the female speaker was more understandable. Magnitude-estimation scaling may provide an objective means for evaluating a speaker's intelligibility. It appears to transcend gender-biases associated with judgments of speech intelligibility.
A Note on Distributions of True versus Fabricated Data
Authors: Hill Theodore P.
Published: August 2011

New empirical evidence and statistical derivations of Benford's Law have led to successful goodness-of-fit tests to detect fraud in accounting data. Several recent case studies support the hypothesis that fabricated data do not conform to expected true digital frequencies.
Identifying Sex from Handwriting
Authors: Hayes William N.
Published: August 2011

The ability to infer the sex of the writer from cursive handwriting was examined under a range of conditions. In 5 experiments male and female college students were able to perform this task at the 75% accuracy level even with small amounts of material, sometimes only a single letter or a single geometric pattern. On the other hand, age of the writer was just barely discernible from handwriting. It was suggested that sex or gender is present in handwriting in much the same way as it is present in movement of the whole body.
Number Bias, Estimation, and Sensation Seeking
Authors: Ginsburg N.
Published: August 2011

A cognitive hypothesis of sensation seeking was described. Predictions generated from this hypothesis were made.
Cues to Illumination Do Not Cause Coren and Komoda's Illusion of Lightness in an Ambiguous Tube
Authors: Schulman Paul H. , Van Etten Shawn
Published: August 2011

The inside of a picture of a uniformly gray tube drawn with black circles appears lighter than the outside. Coren and Komoda, who first described this illusion, argued that observers take illumination into account to infer that the inside is lighter. That is, the inside of the tube should receive less illumination than the outside but reflects the same amount of light into the eyes. Observers, therefore, infer that it must be lighter. The inside of a gray tube drawn with white circles should appear lighter as well according to this account, but the experiments reported here show that the outside appears lighter in such a tube. We believe that depth perception is involved in this illusion but that lightness constancy is not.
International Bias in Gymnastic Judging: Conscious or Unconscious Influences?
Authors: Ste-Marie Diane M.
Published: August 2011

A clear pattern of international bias in gymnastic judging is that judges award gymnasts from their own country higher scores than other judges who have evaluated the same routine. Two experiments tested whether international bias in gymnastic judging could be partially explained by unconscious influences in the form of exposure or perceptual fluency effects. It was reasoned that repeated exposure to a gymnast's routine would lead to perceptual fluency effects that would be misattributed to increased appreciation of the routine. This misattribution could result in judges awarding higher scores. No support was provided for the hypothesis of unconscious influences. The results are discussed in terms of the possible factors that contributed to a null effect and the practical implications for gymnastic judging.
Comparison of Force and Peak EMG during a Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction at Selected Angles in the Range of Motion for Knee Extension
Authors: Zabik Roger M. , Dawson Mary L.
Published: August 2011

For 5 adults maximal isometric strength at 110°, 90°, 70°, 50°, and 30° of knee flexion for the vastus medialis, rectus femoris, and vastus lateralis varied across angles but EMG responses were similar. That motor recruitment patterns were similar throughout the range of joint motion requires replication on a larger sample.
Correlations between Mood Scores and Volleyball Performance
Authors: Newby Robert W. , Simpson Steve
Published: August 2011

Scores on the Profile of Mood States Inventory of 15 volleyball players at a small southwestern university were compared by means of regression analysis to the players' final season statistics. The analysis showed that Vigor as measured was related to several volleyball statistics.