bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSXII-15 Impacts of Forage Maturity and Apple Cider Vinegar Supplementation on Fermentation Parameters Using Ruminal Batch Culture
Authors: Snider Miriam A , Ziegler Sara E , Darby Heather M , Kraft Jana , Greenwood Sabrina L
Published: September 2022

Grassfed dairy production systems often rely on alternative diet supplements such as apple cider vinegar (ACV) to improve productivity. The objectives of this study were to 1) compare rumen fermentative patterns resulting from diets consisting of forages harvested at mature and vegetative stages, and 2) evaluate the effects of ACV supplementation on fermentation metrics of vegetative forage mixtures using ruminal batch culture, performed as two different experiments. In each experiment, treatments were arranged as a randomized design with three periods per experiment. In experiment 1, 15 mL tubes were supplemented with 1.0 g DM of either vegetative 50% red clover + 50% orchardgrass (VEG) or mature 50% red clover + 50% orchardgrass (MAT). Tubes were inoculated with a 3:1 buffer: rumen fluid mixture (12 mL) and incubated at 39ºC under anerobic conditions for 48 h. In experiment 2, tubes received either 1.0 g DM VEG substrate only or 1.0 g DM VEG substrate + 0.125 mL ACV. Samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, and 48 h, pooled, and analyzed for carbohydrates (WSC), pH, in vitro DM disappearance (IVDMD), methane (CH4), and ammonia N (NH3-N). Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS at P ≤ 0.05. The VEG treatment produced more CH4 than the MAT treatment (4.98 mg/ dL v. 2.87 mg/ dL; P < 0.0001); however, CH4 from the VEG treatment was not affected by ACV. Tubes receiving VEG had greater WSC (2.39 mg/mL v. 1.56 mg/mL; P ≤ 0.05), IVDMD (81.7% v. 77.3%; P ≤ 0.05), and mean pH compared with those receiving MAT. Tubes receiving MAT had greater concentrations of NH3-N (P < 0.01) compared with tubes receiving VEG. Fermentation metrics of VEG tubes were not affected by ACV; however, considerations need to be made for forage maturity.
PSXII-13 Impact of Intensification on the Ratio between Carbon Emission per Human-Edible Protein Produced of Nellore Young Bulls in Tropical Production Systems
Authors: Lima Lais , Ongaratto Fernando , Fernandes Marcia H , Vyas Diwakar , Malheiros Euclides
Published: September 2022

Pasture-fed beef cattle production has been often criticized as a source of greenhouse gas emissions. However, ruminants efficiently convert foods of low nutritional value to humans (e.g., pasture and by-products) into beef, a high-quality food. The present study aimed assessing the ratio between carbon emission per human-edible protein produced (HePp) of Nellore young bulls under three levels of beef cattle intensification systems: lenient, semi-intensive, and intensive. During backgrounding, all animals were raised in marandu palisadegrass pastures managed in continuous stocking with variable stocking rate and fertilized with 0, 75, and 150 kg N/ha, as ammonium nitrate (32% N) for lenient, semi-intensive, and intensive systems, respectively. During the finishing phase, bulls from lenient system remained in the pasture, while animals from semi-intensive and intensive systems were moved to a feedlot barn. The total carbon emission was represented by the total GHG emissions converted to CO2 equivalent (CO2e). Human-edible protein produced was calculated for each production phase and for the entire production system based on animal body protein minus the inedible fraction of empty body weight. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED procedures of SAS. During the backgrounding phase, the ratio CO2e/kg HePp of semi-intensive did not differ from other systems; however, the intensive system presented the greatest ratio (P< 0.05). During the finishing phase, the ratio was greater for the more intensive systems (P< 0.05). For the entire period, the ratio was greater for the intensified systems (P< 0.05). Although the HePp of bulls from the intensified systems was greater than the lenient system (P< 0.05), the gain was insufficient to offset the CO2e production. Our results suggest that cattle ranching intensification acquired by improvements in grazing management is the most powerful tool to mitigate environmental impact of grazing systems. The authors acknowledge the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP #2017/18750-7; #2018/26492-0).
PSIII-A-2 Administering Anti-Inflammatory Dexamethasone or Fish oil Mitigated Components of the Inflammatory Response to Chronic Heat Stress and Improved Average Daily Gain in Whether Lambs
Authors: Grijalva Pablo C , Yates Dustin T , Most Micah S , Gibbs Rachel L , Hicks Zena M , Lacey Taylor , Beer Haley N , Petersen Jessica L , Schmidt Ty B
Published: September 2022

Heat-stressed livestock exhibit systemic inflammation, which likely contributes to poor growth and metabolism even when nutritional effects are controlled by pair feeding. Thus, heat stress-induced deficits in growth, metabolism, and well-being may be improved by moderating heightened inflammation. Our objective was to determine whether targeting inflammation by administering anti-inflammatory dexamethasone or fish oil would mitigate blood indicators of inflammation and improve average daily gain (ADG) in heat-stressed lambs. Wether lambs were randomly assigned to 30d of heat stress (40°C, THI=88) or thermoneutral (pair-fed controls; 25°C, THI=70; n=11) conditions. Heat-stressed lambs were randomly assigned to receive no intervention (HS; n=11), oral boluses of fish oil (HS+FO; 360mg; n=11) twice daily, or IM injection of dexamethasone (HS+DEX; 0.15mg/kg; n=11) every 72h. Throughout the study, rectal temperatures and respiration rates were greater (P< 0.05) for HS, HS+DEX, and HS+FO than for controls. Plasma TNFα was greater (P< 0.05) for HS lambs (528±31pg/ml) than for controls (341±28pg/ml), HS+DEX (423±39pg/ml), or HS+FO lambs (376±38pg/ml). Total white blood cells and monocytes were greater (P< 0.05) for HS, HS+DEX, and HS+FO lambs than for controls. Granulocytes and granulocyte:lymphocyte were greater (P< 0.05) for HS and HS+DEX but not HS+FO than for controls. Lymphocytes did not differ among groups and platelets were less (P< 0.05) for HS+FO than for other groups. Blood pH was greater (P< 0.05) for HS, HS+DEX, and HS+FO than for controls early in the study but did not differ by d 30. Blood HCO3 was less (P< 0.05) for HS but not HS+DEX or HS+FO lambs than for controls throughout the study. ADG was reduced (P< 0.05) by 22% for HS lambs but not for HS+DEX or HS+FO lambs compared to controls. These data indicate that supplementing anti-inflammatory agents to chronically heat-stressed lambs improved growth by reducing components of the inflammatory response.
PSIII-A-4 Analysis of Galectin Gene Variants from Diverse Sheep and Goat Populations Genotyped with the Illumina Beadchip
Authors: Uzzaman Md Rasel , Edea Zewdu , Islam Rabiul , Kim Kwan-Suk , Mulumebet Worku
Published: September 2022

Galectins are a highly conserved family of β-galactoside binding lectins encoded by lectin, galactosidebinding soluble genes (LGALS). They are found on a variety of cells and tissues of vertebrates and invertebrates. Understanding the roles of galectins in host–pathogen interaction and activation of host innate, and adaptive immunity has become an important research question. Galectins are known to play a role in parasitic infection in small ruminants. However, little is known about LGALS variants in sheep and goat breeds across the world. In this study, we investigated galectin single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variants on five distinct sheep breeds from different geographical regions of Ethiopia. A total of 88 sheep (Arsi-Bale=12, Horro=24, Menz=18, Wolayita=18 and Blackhead Somali=16) were genotyped with Ovine Infinium HD SNP BeadChip (600K). An In Silico approach with Ensembl database (https://useast.ensembl.org/index.html) and SNP BeadChip (perfect matched reference SNP along with their genomic position) identified a total of nineteen SNPs from LGALS-1, -2, -3, -4, -7, -8, -9, -11 and -12 with a consequence of upstream, downstream, and missense gene variant. For all these variants, a highly variable minor allele frequency (MAF) was observed across five sheep populations. We also investigated a total of 308 Chinese goat (Qinggeli=48, Nanjiang=48, Luoping=48, Liaoning=116, and Guangfeng=48) genotyped with Illumina Goat 50K BeadChip. The goat chip only contained a SNP from LGal-4 (rs268252010) which was also found at variable MAF level across the said populations. These results have implications for animal health and production and warrant further investigation using targeted sequencing of galectin genes across different local and international sheep and goat breeds.
PSIII-A-11 Effects of Maternal Nutrition and Selenium Status on Postnatal Muscle Growth and Meat Quality
Authors: Siomka Alexis M , Carlin Kasey Maddock , Keller Wanda , Reynolds Lawrence P , Caton Joel S , Vonnahme Kimberly A
Published: September 2022

To investigate the effects of maternal nutritional plane and selenium (Se) level on offspring muscle development in first parity ewes, Rambouillet ewes (n = 84) were stratified by BW and randomized to receive diets formulated to contain adequate Se (ASe) or high Se (HSe) initiated at breeding. On d 40 of gestation, ewes were assigned randomly within Se treatments supply 60% (RES), 100% (CON), or 140% (HI) of NRC requirements. Offspring were slaughtered at 180 ± 2.2 d of age. Psoas major (PM), longissimuss dorsi (LD), and semimembranosus (SM) samples were snap frozen and analyzed for fiber diameter and type, celluarity, calpain 1 autolysis, and calpastatin expression. Within the PM RNA was increased (P=0.04) in HSe vs. ASe and CON vs. HI. Protein was greater (P=0.05) in ASe than HSe within HI. RES had greater (P=0.09) protein than CON. Calpain 1 had more autolysis in HSe vs. ASe (P≤0.03) in CON and HI. Calpastatin with lower molecular weights was greater (P≤0.01) in the Ase than HSe from CON. Within the SM, ASe had greater (P≤0.05) DNA and RNA concentrations than HSe within HI. Calpastatin immunoreactivity was less (P=0.04) for RES-ASe than all treatments except CON-HSe. Within the LD, calpain 1 had more (P≤0.01) autolytic degradation in CON-ASe than other treatments. Maternal diet did not influence fiber type or diameter. The influence of treatments on skeletal muscle cellularity and calpain system activation is not consistent between muscle types. The PM was most influenced by selenium in the HI group. Conversely, the LD showed more activation of calpain in the CON-ASe. Maternal diet and selenium possibly changed muscle development in offspring which could result in altered quality and yield of lamb produced.
PSIII-A-10 Effect of Grain Type and wet-Aging Time on Lamb Meat
Authors: Villaverde María S , Menghini Mariano , Bravo Rodrigo D , Chamadoira María D , Martínez Marcela F , Arelovich Hugo M
Published: September 2022

Visual appearance is critical for the consumer perception of meat quality. Color, as well as juiciness are key factors in determining consumer choice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of grain type and different wet-aging periods on lamb meat. Eighteen castrated Merino x Corriedale lambs (± 40 kg) were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments: 60% corn grain (CG), 60% oats grain (OG) or all fescue hay (Control); diets were isonitrogenous (13% CP). After slaughter, pieces of Longissimus thoracis muscle from each animal were aged during 1, 4, 8 and 16 d. Treatments were arranged as a 3x4 factorial experiment, and color and water-holding variables were measured. No interactions were found (p > 0.05) between type of grain and aging time. Meat from CG showed the highest values for lightness, redness and yellowness (p= 0.0240, 0.0119, 0.0077, respectively), while meat from OG had the lowest values for redness and yellowness. Expressible juice was lowest (p= 0.0307) for Control, intermediate for CG and higher for OG. Meat cooking loss (p= 0.0157) resulted highest for Control, intermediate for OG and lowest for CG. Cooking loss, drip loss (48h) and expressible juice showed differences among aging periods (p= 0.002, 0.0001, 0.0015, respectively); the highest loss was found for 1d-aging, but no differences were detected for the other aging periods. The effect of aging period was greater than type of grain for cooking loss (F: 7.82, 4.48) and expressible juice (F: 5.88, 3.71) respectively. Purge-thaw loss showed no differences for diet type (p > 0.16) or aging period (p > 0.11). A more intense color developed by CG than OG might favor consumer perception of meat quality. Additionally, water-loss seems to be independent of these diets, showing that a longer aging period would be more relevant to get juicier lamb meat.
PSIII-A-6 Boreox, a Proprietary Blend of Polyphenols Alters Positively Broiler Meat Quality During Storage
Authors: Medina Bertrand , Kumprechtova Dana , Girard IvanD , Hulankov Radka
Published: September 2022

Feed supplementation with vitamin E increases antioxidant capacity, essential to cope with cellular oxidative process that may happen during meat length of storage. This last decades, polyphenol rich botanicals content were widely investigated as new antioxidant chain links able to spare and/or strengthen Vitamin E inclusion. Therefore, this study designed on broiler meat model aims to determine any preservative and positive effects of a novel proprietary blend of polyphenols extracts [BoreOX® (BX500), Probiotech International Inc.]. A total of 840 Ross 308 male broilers were distributed on two dietary treatments: standard (SVE) with 84, 56 and 50 ppm of expected vit. E in starter (S), grower (G) and finisher (F) stages, respectively and a polyphenols-supplemented diet with the same levels of vit. E added with 25, 50 and 100 ppm of (BX500) in S, G and F phases, respectively (SVEBX). The same 3-phase diets were offered ad libitum to 6 replicated pens of 70 birds from 0 to 42 days of age with robenidine as anticoccidial agent. At slaughterhouse, meat samples (breast and thigh muscle from 1 bird/pen) were cooled down for 24 hours and stored at +3°C before completing some selected analysis (chemical, rheological and microbiological) at 2, 6 and 10 days of storage (72 samples/treatment). Treatment effect was compared an analysis of variance performed in Statistica, version 7.1 (StatSoft, Czech Republic). The monitored parameters of chicken meat changed mainly due to the length of storage - TBA, dripping and microorganism counts increased, on the other hand, antioxidant capacity, meat firmness and water activity decreased. The presence of the polyphenols leaded to higher thigh meat lightness (p = 0.059). In conclusion, although the effect of the tested supplement in the feed was slightly positive in terms of protection of fat against oxidative changes. Apart from meat lightness, the other parameters monitored were not significantly affected.
PSVIII-B-18 Sustained Maternofetal Inflammation at mid-Gestation Causes Intrauterine Growth Restriction of the Sheep Fetus That is Characterized by Poor Muscle Mass and Asymmetric Body Composition Near Term
Authors: Hicks Zena M , Gibbs Rachel L , Beer Haley N , Grijalva Pablo C , Most Micah S , Yates Dustin T
Published: September 2022

Induction of maternofetal inflammation for two wk at 0.7 gestation was previously shown to cause fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) in sheep. However, the impact of sustained maternofetal inflammation during peak placental development and growth at mid-gestation has not been explored. Therefore, our objective was to determine the effects of sustained maternofetal inflammation during this period on subsequent fetal growth. Pregnant ewes were injected every 3rd day from the 50th to 65th d of gestation (dGA; term=150 dGA) with saline (control; n=10) or bacterial lipopolysaccharide endotoxin to induce maternofetal inflammation and IUGR (MI-IUGR; n=12). Fetuses were surgically catheterized on dGA 118 to collect daily blood samples and necropsied on dGA 125 to assess growth metrics. From dGA 120 to 125, blood O2, CO2, and HCO3 content was less (P < 0.05) for MI-IUGR fetuses than controls, but blood glucose, lactate, and pH did not differ. Circulating granulocytes and platelets were greater (P < 0.05) and red blood cells were less (P < 0.05) for MI-IUGR fetuses than controls, but circulating monocytes, lymphocytes, and total leukocytes did not differ. At necropsy, MI-IUGR fetuses were 23% lighter (P < 0.05), hindlimbs were 25% smaller (P < 0.05), and cannon bones were 6% shorter (P < 0.05) compared to controls. MI-IUGR fetuses also had reduced (P < 0.05) semitendinosus, flexor digitorum superficialis, and longissimus dorsi masses compared to controls. Heart, liver, and brain masses did not differ between control and MI-IUGR fetuses, but brain/bodyweight and heart/bodyweight were greater (P < 0.05) for MI-IUGR fetuses. We conclude that sustained maternofetal inflammation during peak placental development at mid-gestation led to fetal hypoxemia (but not hypoglycemia), which impaired muscle growth and caused asymmetrical body composition near term. This reflects the growth phenotype in other models of IUGR and indicates at least partial placental insufficiency.
PSXIII-B-10 Effects of Termite (Hodotermopsis Sjostedti) Meal Supplement in Broiler Chicken Diets on Growth and Intake
Authors: Tsukahara Yoko , Tomonaga Nami , Tomonaga Shozo , Kumagai Hajime , Hirooka Hiroyuki , Matsuura Kenji
Published: September 2022

Effects of partial replacement of fishmeal with termite (Hodotermopsis sjostedti) meal in chicken diets on BW, ADG, intake, and organ and meat weight were tested with Chunky broiler female chickens in two experiments. In Exp.1, 20 chickens (8 d of age and 239 ± 3.0 g BW initially) were allocated in individual pens and assigned one of the four diet treatments; commercial diet with fishmeal supplement (0.0%) and replacement of fishmeal with freeze-dried ground termite meal of 0.5%, 2.5%, and 5.0%. In Exp.2, 18 chickens (9 d of age and 309 ± 3.8 g BW initially) were assigned one of the three diet treatments; commercial diet (COM), 2.5% fishmeal supplement (FM), and 2.5% termite meal supplement (TM). At 21 d old, chickens were slaughtered, and meat and organ weight were measured. Treatment diet CP concentrations resulted in 29.7 and 27.9% DM for Exp.1 and Exp.2, respectively. There was no treatment effect (P>0.05) on BW, ADG, intake, feed conversion rate, meat (i.e., thigh, breast fillet, and inner breast fillet) weights, or organ (i.e., liver, heart, spleen, gizzard, proventriculus, and intestine) weight in both experiments. In Exp.1, empty cecum weight was greater (P=0.03) when termite meal was not included (0.37, 0.33, 0.31, and 0.31 % per shrunk BW for 0.0%, 0.5%, 2.5%, and 5.0%, respectively; SE=0.022). Similarly, whole cecum weight (0.38, 0.54, and 0.40 % per shrunk BW for COM, FM, and TM, respectively; SE=0.043) and cecum fill (0.08, 0.21, and 0.09 % per shrunk BW for COM, FM, and TM, respectively; SE=0.037) were greater (P=0.05) for FM than COM and TM in Exp.2. In conclusion, termite meal supplements did not have either favorable or adverse effects on the growth or weight of meat and organs except cecum weight. Further investigation is needed for cecum function and meat quality.
PSV-B-14 Bovine Luteal Cell Apoptosis Following Administration of a Commercial Inactivated or Modified-Live Virus Vaccine at Time of AI
Authors: Epperson Kaitlin M , Quail Lacey K , Rich Jerica J J , Zoca Saulo Menegatti , Andrews Taylor , Kline Adalaide , White Frank , Daly Russell F , Perry George A
Published: September 2022

Damage to the bovine corpus luteum (CL) has been reported following modified-live virus vaccination (MLV). The objective of this study was to investigate the degree of luteal apoptosis after MLV or inactivated vaccine (IV) administration at time of artificial insemination. Beef females were estrous synchronized and on d 0 were vaccinated with a MLV or IV after being transrectally ultrasounded to record presence and location of dominant follicles and CL. Thirteen cows (MLV, n=7; IV, n=6) were selected on d 10-13 across treatment based on dominant follicle size and estrus expression for ovariectomy. Ovaries were obtained and CL were frozen in OCT and sectioned for immunohistochemistry analysis. At the time of ovary collection, some MLV animals had two CL. These were characterized into old or new CL, relative to if ovulation had occurred in response to the synchronization protocol or afterward due to an abnormal cycle, respectively. For immunohistochemistry analysis, two nonconsecutive sections were evaluated for apoptosis using a TUNEL staining kit (ab66110) according to manufacturer’s instructions, with the modification of DAPI being used as a cell marker. Two random fields of view from each section were photographed with a Keyence BZ-X810 microscope and were evaluated for number of total and apoptotic cells. The GLIMMIX procedure of SAS was utilized to analyze percentage of apoptotic cells with image included as a random effect. Percentage of apoptotic cells were affected by treatment (P < 0.0001). MLV-new CL had the greatest percentage (35.56 ± 5.5%) of luteal cell apoptosis, while MLV-old CL (7.05 ± 4.6%) and IV (4.24 ± 4.9%) were similarly decreased. In summary, a greater degree of apoptosis in new CL which formed after an abnormal cycle following MLV administration indicates the ability of MLV to induce estrous cycle dysfunction and extend its effects to luteal cell development and function.
PSV-B-16 Correlation between Plasma, Uterine, and Vaginal Cytokine Concentrations in Postpartum Beef Cows Prior to Artificial Insemination
Authors: Hickman-Brown Kyle J , Smith Molly S , McAnally Brooke E , Filho Ramiro V Oliveira , de Melo Gabriela Dalmaso , Pohler Ky G , Poole Rebecca K
Published: September 2022

Cytokines have a vital role in reproductive immune environment during the postpartum period. Previous data evaluated uterine and vaginal cytokine concentrations prior to insemination; however, was unable to correlate these data with plasma cytokine concentrations. The objective of this study was to determine relationships between uterine, vaginal, and plasma pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine concentrations in postpartum beef cows prior to timed artificial insemination (TAI). Bos indicus-influenced beef cows (n=20) free of any physical, health or reproductive-related issues were subjected to the Bee Synch II protocol 8 days prior (d-8) to TAI (d0). Uterine and vaginal flushes and blood were collected on d-3 and d-1. Pregnancy was determined by transrectal ultrasonography on d28 (Pregnant, n=7; Open, n=13). Using the RayBiotech Quantibody Bovine Cytokine Array 1 the following cytokines concentrations were determined: interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)-13, IL-1α, IL-1-F5, IL-21, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, chemokine ligand (CXCL)-9, CXCL-10, and chemokine ligand 4 (CCL4). Concentration data were analyzed using PROC GLM and correlations using Pearson correlation in SAS. For plasma samples, 8 pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-α, IFN-γ, IL-13, IL-1α, IL-1-F5, IL-21, CXCL-9, and TNF-α) had greater (P< 0.05) concentrations in open cows compared with pregnant cows. For uterine flushes, 3 pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-1α, and IL-21) had greater (P< 0.05) concentrations in open cows compared with pregnant cows. For vaginal flushes, IFN-α concentrations were greater (P< 0.05) in open cows, while CXCL-10 concentrations were greater in pregnant cows. There were no significant correlations between plasma and uterine or vaginal samples (P>0.05). Interestingly, for open cows there were correlations for IFN-α (r=0.46; P=0.02), IFN-γ (r=0.58; P=0.002), and IL-21 (r=0.54; P=0.004) between uterine and vaginal samples; however, no correlations were observed for pregnant cows. These results suggest a greater abundance of pro-inflammatory cytokines within the uterus, vagina, and in peripheral circulation for resulting open cows prior to TAI.
PSIX-6 Ruminal Tissue Morphology of Beef Yearling Steers Offered Finishing Diets with Direct fed Microbial Mixtures
Authors: Lopez Alejandra M , Wilkes Katherine , Sarturi Jhones O , Henry Darren H , Johnson Bradley J , Scaranto Silva Kaliu G , Rush Camron J , Rodrigues Barbara , Peters Sarah , Camarillo Angela
Published: September 2022

The effects of the dietary inclusion of live bacteria mixtures on feedlot beef cattle ruminal papillae morphology were evaluated. Crossbred-Angus yearling steers (n = 192; initial BW = 409 kg ± 8 kg) were blocked by body weight (BW) and randomly assigned into 48 pens (4 steers/pen; 16 pens/treatment) following a randomized complete block design. A steam-flaked corn-based fishing diet was offered ad libitum once daily during 153 d containing the following treatments: 1) Control, in which no direct-fed microbial (DFM) was offered (lactose as carrier only); 2 and 3) Probiotic mixtures at distinct concentrations [Mixture A and B, at 2g/animal-daily (lactose used as carrier)]. Upon harvest at a federally inspected slaughter facility, epithelium samples were collected from the cranial sac of the rumen, immersed in a 70% alcohol, and preserved under refrigeration (5°C). Ruminal tissue fragments were trimmed (1cm2), in which papillae were completely counted within the fragment, followed by the removal of 12 random individual papillae for further area measurement using electronic scanning (ImageJ). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS and pen was considered the experimental unit with the fixed effect of treatment and the random effect of block. Regardless of treatments, average papillae area in cm2 (P = 0.39; control: 0.38, DFM mixture-A: 0.40, DFM mixture-B: 0.37), papillae number within fragment (P = 0.70; control: 47, DFM mixture-A: 52, DFM mixture-B: 49), absorptive surface area in cm2/fragment cm2 (P = 0.87; control: 37, DFM mixture-A: 39, DFM mixture-B: 38), and ruminal absorptive surface area (P = 0.74; control: 97%, DFM mixture-A: 97%, DFM mixture-B: 97%) were not affected compared with control. The addition of DFM mixtures did not seem to affect ruminal papillae physical aspect, although the long-term effects of dietary inclusion of live bacteria on ruminal morphology needs to be further evaluated.
PSIX-8 Supplementing a Natural Citrus Flavonoid Extract (Bioflavex) to Finishing Cattle
Authors: Silvero Melina , Crespo Francisco , Pesquer Maria del Mar Serra , Bayo Elisa Perez , Peñarrubia Igor Fernández , Palladino Alejandro , Fattore Rodolfo , Palladino Rafael A
Published: September 2022

Finishing cattle are exposed to diets with high amounts of starch and consequently to hindgut acidosis. Usually, antibiotics like ionophores are used to control dysbiosis at gut level. However, natural options are being evaluated as healthy alternatives. Flavonoids are well known as antibacterial agent, being an interesting alternative to antibiotics. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the performance of finishing steers supplemented with monensin compared with citrus flavonoid extract (Bioflavex). Steers (n = 48; 214.3 kg live weight; LW) were assigned to two treatments: Monensin (MON; 30 g/tn DM) and flavonoids extract (FLAV; Bioflavex, Spain; 400 g/tn DM). Animals were allocated in 6 groups (3 pens/treatment; 8 animals/pen). Pen was considered as the experimental unit. Transition diet was offered from d 1 to 21 (CP 18% , starch 40.6%) whilst finishing diet from d 21 to 86; (CP 10.6%, starch 47.8%). The LW was registered at 0, 21 and 86 d. The DMI was estimated by difference between offered and refusals. Ruminal and feces pH were recorded (rumen liquor samples were obtained by ruminocentesis). Data were analyzed by proc mixed (treatment and time as fixed effects; pen as random). Differences were stated when P< 0.05. Only DMI was different between treatments, being FLAV greater than MON (6.68 kg/d vs 6.45 kg/d for FLAV and MON respectively; P< 0.05). No differences were found in terms of daily gain (1.355 kg/d vs 1.294 kg/d for FLAV and MON respectively; P >0.05), final weight (FLAV 331.6 kg vs MON 324.8 kg; P >0.05), neither conversion (4.95 kg/kg vs 4.98 kg/kg for FLAV and MON respectively; P >0.05). Rumen and feces pH did not differ across treatments (P >0.05). According to our results, a citrus flavonoid extract showed a similar performance comparing to monensin, being a potential alternative to antibiotics.
PSVII-10 Effects of Supplementing a Standardized Plant-Derived Feed Additive Containing Isoquinoline Alkaloids on Rumen Lesions in Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Alarcón Rogelio Gómez , Arellano Rafael Ruíz , Piña Alejandro , Castellanos Gabriela , De Souza Cleverson , Rigolin Lucas , Bas Santiago , Madrid Jorge Gómez , Ribeiro Flavio
Published: September 2022

Long-term feeding of high grain diets can lead to digestive disorders which can result in inflammation of the digestive tract, poor performance and a negative impact on animal welfare. Plant-derived feed additives are widely used in food producing animals to improve the productivity, digestibility, and health. The objective of the present study was to assess the effects of supplementing a plant-derived feed additive containing standardized concentrations of isoquinoline alkaloids (IQ) on rumen lesions in finishing feedlot cattle. Crossbreed bulls from a commercial feedlot were enrolled in the present study. During the control period (CON; n = 470): from September 1st to October 12th cattle were fed the feedlot finishing diet. During the treatment period (TRT; n = 480): from October 13th to November 23rd finishing feedlot cattle were fed the same ration plus 600 g/t of a feed additive with standardized concentrations of IQ. Slaughter was performed in 2 abattoirs and the rumen of animals were examined by the same investigator. Rumen health was scored by visual observation of the rumen epithelia: 1) normal rumen; 2) mild rumenitis; 3) moderate rumenitis; 4) diffuse rumenitis 5) ulcerative rumenitis. Statistical analysis was performed with the R software. The Pearson chi-squared statistic was performed to test the independence between the variables. Results showed that TRT had greater and positive association with score 2 (P< 0.05; 3.2), and a negative association (P< 0.05) with scores 4 (-1.1) and 5 (-1.1). The CON presented greater and positive association with score 3 (P< 0.05; 3.3), as well as positive association (P< 0.05) for the scores 4 (1.1) and 5 (1.1). In conclusion, supplementing finishing feedlot cattle with a plant-derived feed additive containing IQ resulted in less severe rumen lesions in feedlot cattle receiving finishing diets indicating that IQ exerted a positive effect on rumen condition.
PSVII-7 Effects of Minerals Source Supplementation on Performance and Carcass Production by Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Niehues Maria B , Perdigão Alexandre , de Matos Isabelle E , Gouvêa Daniel I C G , de Carvalho Victor Valério , Acedo Tiago S S , Tamassia Luis M , Martins Cyntia L L , Arrigoni Mário B D B , Gouvêa Vinicius
Published: September 2022

Our objective was to evaluate the effects of mineral source supplementation on performance of finishing cattle when fed a high-concentrate diet for 89 days. Angus-Nellore bulls (iBW, n = 32; 472 ± 4.93 kg; age, 18 months) were randomly assigned to two treatments in a completely randomized design, with sixteen replicates per treatment (animal as experimental unit). The control group received a diet containing inorganic minerals (i.e. sulphates) and the other group were supplemented with carbo-amino-phospho-chelates (TM, Tortuga Minerals) as a source of Cr, Se, Zn, Mn, S, Cu and Co. The DM intake and weight of the animals variables were assessed individually using the respective digital devices, Intergado electronic feeders and the Bosch Precision Livestock platform placed in the feedlot pen. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS and means were separated using PDIFF statement, adopting P< 0.05, and the initial BW as a covariate when significant. Supplementation with TM increased the ADG (1.74 vs. 1.55 kg/d, P< 0.01) and final BW (626.96 vs. 609.91kg, P< 0.01) compared with animals supplemented with inorganic sources. Likewise, animals supplemented with TM had better G:F (0.133 vs. 0.123 kg/kg, P< 0.05) and biological efficiency (146.41 vs 134,34 kg DMI/15 kg de carcass; P< 0.05), with no effect on DM intake (~12.94 kg, P=0.43). In addition, supplementation with TM increased final HCW in 13.44 kg (366.57 vs. 353.13 kg; P< 0.01) and carcass ADG in 0.15 kg/d (1.47 vs. 1.32 kg/d; P< 0.01). We conclude that supplementation with carbo-amino-phospho-chelates can be used as a tool to increase productive performance and efficiency by feedlot cattle.
PSVII-20
Hepatic Mrna Expression of Nutrient and Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism Genes in Beef Steers Selected for low or High Residual Feed Intake
Authors: Taiwo Godstime A , Idowu Modoluwamu , Pech-Cervantes Andres a , Estrada-Reyes Zaira M , Ogunade Ibukun M
Published: September 2022

We evaluated the mRNA expression of genes involved in hepatic fatty acid, amino acid, and mitochondrial energy metabolism in crossbred beef steers with divergent low and high residual feed intake (RFI). Low-RFI beef steers (n = 8; RFI = - 1.93 kg/d) and high-RFI beef steers (n = 8; RFI = + 2.01kg/d) were selected from a group of 56 growing crossbred beef steers (average BW = 261 ± 18.5 kg) after a 49-d performance testing period. At the end of the 49-d period, liver biopsies were collected from the low-RFI and high-RFI beef steers for RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis. The mRNA expression of 84 genes each related to fatty acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and mitochondrial energy metabolism were analyzed using pathway-focused PCR-based arrays. The mRNA expression of genes with absolute fold change (FC) ≥ 2.0 having false discovery rate-adjusted P-values (FDR) ≤ 0.05 were considered to be differentially expressed. Eight genes (CRAT, SLC27A5, SLC27A2, ACSBG2, ACADL, ACADSB, ACAA1, and ACAA2) involved fatty acid transport and β-oxidation were upregulated in low-RFI, compared with high-RFI steers. Hepatic mRNA expression of a gene encoding for aminoadipate aminotransferase, an enzyme related to lysine degradation, was downregulated (FC = -5.45, P = 0.01) in low-RFI steers, whereas those of methionine adenosyltransferase I and aspartate aminotransferase 2, which both link amino acid and lipid metabolism, were upregulated. Two mitochondrial energy metabolism genes (UQCRC1 and ATP5G1) involved in ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation were upregulated in low-RFI beef steers, compared with high-RFI beef steers. The results of this study demonstrated that low-RFI beef steers exhibit upregulation of molecular mechanisms related to fatty acid transport, fatty acid β-oxidation, and mitochondrial ATP synthesis, which suggest that low-RFI beef steers have enhanced metabolic capacity to maximize capture of energy and nutrients from feeds consumed.
PSVIII-14
Investigating Variability of Spent Craft Microbreweries Grains for Classification and Incorporation Into Diet Formulation Through Multivariate Analyses
Authors: Rockwell Macy L , Franco Arturo Macias , da Silva Aghata Elins Moreira , Fonseca Mozart
Published: September 2022

The widespread growth in microbreweries presents a unique byproduct in spent brewer’s grains (SBG). However, incorporation of SBG into livestock production systems requires further consideration due to potential variety in end-products due to beer styles and beer makers. Herein, we aim to characterize and cluster SBG according to nutritional composition to determine if nutrient composition groups in SBG are of nutritional and environmental concern. A total of five breweries with over twenty-nine SBG were collected for a period of three years in Reno, Nevada. Proximate chemical analysis and long chain fatty acid (LCFA) analysis were performed on all SBG. A hierarchical clustering (HC) of principal components (PC; HCPC) was performed on the nutrients to characterize maximum variation explainable through PC, followed by grouping of varietals on the multivariate axes through HC. A Ward’s Linkage with scaled Euclidean distance was utilized for the HCPC. The greatest variance in the nutritional groups was explained through the first two PC (PC1, PC2). For PC1, non-fibrous carbohydrates had correlation values of 40.34% (-0.98), neutral detergent fiber assay with heat stable amylase and expressed exclusive of residual ash and protein (apNDFom) 30.39% (0.73), ether extract 17.32% (0.64) and crude protein (CP) 11.94 % (0.53). For PC2, the nutrient correlations were CP 74.26% (0.81) and apNDFom 23.77% (0.21). Ultimately, the variance explained in the PC represents energy (PC1), and protein (PC2). For the HC on the PC, four main clusters were obtained. For the PC generated from the LCFA, there were no superficial patterns detectable along the multivariate space. The distribution into the clusters represent an overlooked reality when considering SBG as livestock feed highlighting the need for a better classification of the varietals as livestock feed. Better classification of SBG will allow producers to better utilize the feed to maximize both productivity and reduce potential nitrogen runoff.
PSVIII-1 Hy-D Increases Ca, P and Serum Metabolites Related to Growth in Grazing Animals Receiving a P Deficient Supplement
Authors: Mudado Fernanda Simões , Perdigão Alexandre , Silveira Melissa Barreto , de Matos Isabelle E , da Silva Aline Gomes , Fernandes Henrique Jorge , Acedo Tiago S S , de Carvalho Victor Valério
Published: September 2022

The aim with this trial was to evaluate the effects of 25-OH Vit D3 in serum metabolites of growing grazing Nellore young bulls during the rainy season with two different supplementary P levels. Two independent and sequential trials were performed: first one using a 250 g/kg CP supplement containing 8 g/kg of P, and the second one using the same 25% CP supplement, with no addition of P. In each trial, eighteen young bulls of 385 kg BW and 18 months of age were randomly assigned to the two treatments (n=9 animals/treatment): addition or not (control) of 25-OH Vit D3 (ROVIMIX Hy-D 1.25%, Hy-D) to the supplement. Animals were placed in a paddock of B. brizantha, cv. Marandú, equipped with electronic feeders that provided individual access (animal/treatment). On day 31 of each trial, blood samples were taken for determination of 25-OH Vit D3, IGF-1, Ca, P, Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), and osteocalcin (OCa). In each trial, data were analyzed according to a complete randomized design. In the first trial (8 g/kg of P in supplement) the use of Hy-D (Control vs Hy-D) increased serum concentrations of 25-OH Vit D3 (25.8 vs 30.0 ng/mL, P< 0.03); not affecting the others variables. In the second trial, when no P was not added to the supplement, the use of Hy-D (Control vs Hy-D) increased serum concentrations of 25-OH Vit D3 (25.4 vs 44.7 ng/mL, P< 0.01); Ca (10.8 vs 11.3 mg/dL, P< 0.07); P (7.4 vs 8.3 mg/dL, P< 0.08); ALP (205 vs 263 U/L, P< 0.04); IGF-1 (256 vs 327 ng/mL, P< 0.07); and did not affect OCa (P< 0.27). These results showed that positive effects of Hy-D on metabolism could be dependent of dietary P level, with Hy-D being able to maintain the levels of Ca, P and serum metabolites related to growth when no P was supplied in the supplement.
PSVIII-21 Modulation of Goat Plasma Proteins Using Different Preparations of Garlic
Authors: Jagana Sowmya , Inupala Sreenavya , Pande Priyanka , Uzzaman Md Rasel , Mulumebet Worku
Published: September 2022

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different garlic preparations on plasma protein concentration and Galectin secretion in goat blood. Inflammatory diseases caused by pathogens including gastrointestinal parasites impact goat gut health and productivity. Changes in plasma protein concentration are indicators of health status with application in inflammatory disease diagnosis and prognosis. Galectins (Gals) are small soluble proteins that contain one or two carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDS). ‘Prototype’ galectin-1, -2, -7, contain one CRD, Galectin 3 is chimeric, and galectin-4, -8, -9 and -12, are tandem repeat galectins with two CRDs. Galectins regulate biologic functions, immunity and disease pathogenesis and can serve as biomarkers. Garlic (Allium sativum) is a medicinal herb that has anti-parasitic and immuno-modulatory effects. Six (N=6) adult female clinically healthy Boer x Spanish goats were used. Blood was collected from the jugular vein and treated with different concentrations of fresh garlic, allicin, garlic barrier, or aged garlic (Sigma aldich). Total plasma protein secretion was evaluated using the BCA assay. Secretion of Gals 1(Prototype), Gal 3 (chimera type) and Gal 9 (tandem-repeat type) determined using commercial ELISA kits as recommended by the manufacturer. All variables were assessed using SAS analysis software (version 9.0, Sas Institute Cary, p≤0.05). Garlic treatment had a dose dependent effect on total plasma protein and Gals secretion. The protein secretion was affected by different types of garlic. Allicin (72.86μg/ml) reduced the concentration of plasma proteins. No change was observed with fresh garlic (156.334μg/ml) and garlic barrier (160.73μg/ml). Garlic barrier treatment increased protein secretion (6.3%) in goat blood. All Gals were detected (Gals 1 >9 >3), with a variable response to Garlic preparation (Garlic barrier > fresh garlic Gals secretion). Garlic modulates protein secretion. Studies are needed to determine the effect of different preparations on leukocytes and molecular targets in goat blood.
PSVIII-7 Impact of Virginiamycin on Rumen Fermentation and Methane Production in a Lactation Diet
Authors: Jiang Yun , Humphrey Brooke , Garcia Miriam
Published: September 2022

To further understand the mode of action of virginiamycin (VM), an in vitro rumen fermentation study was conducted to determine the effects of VM on rumen fermentation and methane production using lactation diets. VM is approved for the control of liver abscesses in the United States and in preventing or treating ruminal acidosis in other countries. Three ruminally cannulated Jersey heifers were adapted to 53:47 forage to concentrate ratio diet for two weeks before use as rumen fluid donors. The treatments were control (CON) and VM (25 ppm). Diet was dried, ground to 1mm and used as substrate. Rumen fluid was collected two hours after feeding. Substrate (0.5 g) was inoculated with 100 mL of a 3:1 McDougall’s buffer:ruminal fluid mixture for 24 h at 39°C and constant agitation. Each treatment was run in triplicate and in three runs. Data were analyzed with a mixed model including treatment as the fixed effect and experimental run as a random effect using SAS software 9.4. Statistical significance was set when P≤0.05. Maximum gas production was less (P < 0.01) in VM compared with CON (100 vs. 130 mL/g incubated DM). VM tended to reduce methane production per unit digested DM (6.71 vs. 9.88 mg/g digested DM; P=0.07) and per unit incubated DM (4.40 vs. 7.16 mg/g incubated DM; P=0.06). VM increased propionate molar % compared to CON (21.4 vs. 16.2%, P< 0.01). VM reduced acetate:propionate compared to CON (2.84 vs. 3.85, P = 0.01). VM reduced DMD (65.5 vs. 72.5%, P=0.02) without reducing total VFA concentration compared with CON. VM tended to increase pH compared with CON (6.73 vs. 6.68, P=0.07). VM reduced methane production, increased propionate proportion, and maintained rumen pH in an in vitro fermentation system using an early lactation diet.
Days-of-the-Week Effect in Temporal Judgments
Authors: Sokolova Tatiana
Published: September 2022

Consumers often receive and evaluate temporal information, such as the number of days it will take a package to arrive or the number of days a vacation will last. Across eight preregistered studies (N = 4,758), we examine how using days-of-the-week information in descriptions of temporal intervals (e.g., “ordered on Monday, February 1, delivered on Saturday, February 6” vs. “ordered on February 1, delivered on February 6”) affects consumers’ duration perceptions. We propose that the days-of-the-week framing prompts people to rely on narrow-span implicit scales characterized by lower thresholds for magnitude categories. These implicit scales lead people to judge objectively equivalent temporal intervals to be longer, which in turn has downstream consequences for consumers’ time-versus-money tradeoffs, work planning, and provider-switching decisions. This research adds to our understanding of how decision context can activate different implicit scales and how these scales shape consumer judgments.
Skin Biopsy as a Novel Diagnostic Aid in Immune-Mediated Neuropathies
Authors: Min Young Gi , Ju Woohee , Ha Ye-Eun , Ban Jae-Jun , Shin Je-Young , Kim Sung-Min , Hong Yoon-Ho , Park Sung-Hye , Sung Jung-Joon
Published: September 2022

Immune-mediated neuropathies are a heterogenous group of inflammatory peripheral nerve disorders. They can be classified according to the domain where the autoimmune process begins: the internode, paranode, or node. However, conventional diagnostic tools, electrodiagnosis (EDX), and autoantibody testing do not fully address this issue. In this institutional cohort study, we investigated the value of dermal myelinated fiber analysis for target domain-based classification. Twenty-seven consecutive patients with immune-mediated neuropathies underwent skin biopsies. The sections were stained with antibodies representative of myelinated fiber domains and were scanned using a confocal microscope. Clinical and pathological features of each patient were reviewed comprehensively. Quantitative morphometric parameters were subjected to clustering analysis, which stratified patients into 3 groups. Cluster 1 (“internodopathy”) was characterized by prominent internodal disruption, intact nodes and paranodes, demyelinating EDX pattern, and absence of nodal-paranodal antibodies. Cluster 2 (“paranodopathy”) was characterized by paranodal disruption and corresponding antibodies. Morphological changes were restricted to the nodes in cluster 3; we designated this cluster as “nodopathy.” This report highlights the utility of skin biopsy as a diagnostic aid to gain pathogenic insight and classify patients with immune-mediated neuropathies.
Pancreas
Authors: Shrikhande Shailesh , Buchler Markus
Published: September 2022

Over the last two decades, there have been major advances in imaging, endoscopy, and laparoscopy in the field of gastrointestinal (GI) surgery. GI surgery is the newest super-specialty branch of general surgery where enhanced expertise and high-volume centres have made a difference to the outcomes of complex operations. Surgeons can now do difficult procedures with low morbidity and mortality rates and greatly improved overall results. This volume provides detailed and up-to-date information on diseases of the pancreas. The pancreas continues to fascinate clinicians and researchers worldwide, due to its anatomical location deep inside the abdominal cavity and the various functions of the gland, some of which are well understood, but with others remaining ill defined. Last, but certainly not least, pancreatic surgery, along with liver surgery, remains the final frontier for the vast majority of gastrointestinal and hepato-pancreato-biliary surgeons. The information explosion in this era has resulted in cutting-edge developments in acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer. Comprising evidence-based contributions from recognized leaders in pancreatology, this book covers contemporary issues in acute and chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer to help practising surgeons and pancreatologists with the most up-to-date concepts in management. It will be a valuable resource for pancreas specialists, general surgeons with an interest in pancreatic diseases, researchers, and medical students.