bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Accuracy of Fossil Datum Levels: Globorotalia margaritae Foraminiferida, a Pliocene Test Case
Authors: Weaver P. P. E. , Bergsten H.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. The stratigraphic distribution of the planktonic foraminiferal species Globorotalia margaritae has been determined in 34 DSDP, ODP and piston core sites from throughout the world’s oceans and from one land section. All these sites have good palaeomagnetic records, and thus the age of the first and last appearance of G. margaritae can be determined in each case. The results show strong diachronism and indicate that this is not a good species to use for correlation. There appears to be no simple explanation for this diachronism, dissolution is probably a contributing factor in the deeper sites, and the edges of the geographical range of the species show shorter stratigraphic ranges but these factors do not explain all the data. We suggest that diachronism in planktonic foraminifera may be common, but without global arrays of palaeomagnetically dated cores it will be very difficult to distinguish reliable species from unreliable ones.
Activity and PI3-kinase dependent trafficking of the intestinal anion exchanger downregulated in adenoma depend on its PDZ interaction and on lipid rafts
Authors: Lissner S. , Nold L. , Hsieh C.-J. , Turner J. R. , Gregor M. , Graeve L. , Lamprecht G.
Published: July 2010

The Cl/HCO3 exchanger downregulated in adenoma (DRA) mediates electroneutral NaCl absorption in the intestine together with the apical Na/H exchanger NHE3. Lipid rafts (LR) modulate transport activity and are involved in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase)-dependent trafficking of NHE3. Although DRA and NHE3 interact via PDZ adaptor proteins of the NHERF family, the role of LR and PDZ proteins in the regulation of DRA is unknown. We examined the association of DRA with LR using the nonionic detergent Triton X-100. DRA cofractionated with LR independently of its PDZ binding motif. Furthermore, DRA interacts with PDZK1, E3KARP, and IKEPP in LR, although their localization within lipid rafts is independent of DRA. Disruption of LR integrity resulted in the disappearance of DRA from LR, in a decrease of its surface expression and in a reduction of its activity. In HEK cells the inhibition of DRA by LR disruption was entirely dependent on the presence of the PDZ interaction motif. In addition, in Caco-2/BBE cells the inhibition by LR disruption was more pronounced in wild-type DRA than in mutated DRA (DRA-ETKFminus; lacking the PDZ binding motif)-expressing cells. Inhibition of PI3-kinase decreased the activity and the cell surface expression of wild-type DRA but not of DRA-ETKFminus; the partitioning into LR was unaffected. Furthermore, simultaneous inhibition of PI3-kinase and disruption of LR did not further decrease DRA activity and cell surface expression compared with LR disruption only. These results suggest that the activity of DRA depends on its LR association, on its PDZ interaction, and on PI3-kinase activity.
Association between chronic liver and colon inflammation during the development of murine syngeneic graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Brandon J. Anthony , Perez Jacqueline , Jennings C. Darrell , Cohen Donald A. , Sindhava V. J. , Bondada S. , Kaplan Alan M. , Bryson J. Scott
Published: July 2010

The murine model of cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced syngeneic graft-versus-host disease (SGVHD) is a bone marrow (BM) transplantation model that develops chronic colon inflammation identical to other murine models of CD4+T cell-mediated colitis. Interestingly, SGVHD animals develop chronic liver lesions that are similar to the early peribiliary inflammatory stages of clinical chronic liver disease, which is frequently associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Therefore, studies were initiated to investigate the chronic liver inflammation that develops in the SGVHD model. To induce SGVHD, mice were lethally irradiated, reconstituted with syngeneic BM, and treated with CsA. All of the SGVHD animals that developed colitis also develop chronic liver inflammation. Liver samples from control and SGVHD animals were monitored for tissue pathology, RNA for inflammatory mediators, and phenotypic analysis and in vitro reactivity of the inflammatory infiltrate. Diseased animals developed lesions of intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. Elevated levels of mRNA for molecules associated with chronic liver inflammation, including mucosal cellular adhesion molecule −1, the chemokines CCL25, CCL28, CCR9, and TH1- and TH17-associated cytokines were observed in livers of SGVHD mice. CD4+T cells were localized to the peribiliary region of the livers of diseased animals, and an enhanced proliferative response of liver-associated mononuclear cells against colonic bacterial antigens was observed. The murine model of SGVHD colitis may be a valuable tool to study the entero-hepatic linkage between chronic colon inflammation and inflammatory liver disease.
Low-magnitude vertical vibration enhances myotube formation in C2C12 myoblasts
Authors: Wang Chau-Zen , Wang Gwo-Jaw , Ho Mei-Ling , Wang Yan-Hsiung , Yeh Ming-Long , Chen Chia-Hsin
Published: July 2010

Whole body vibration training is widely used in rehabilitation and sports activities to improve muscle strength, balance, and flexibility. However, the molecular mechanisms of vertical vibration (VV) training and their effect on the myogenesis of myoblasts remain undefined. This study was undertaken to address the hypothesis that VV can enhance the expression of ECM proteins and myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) in myoblasts and, in turn, increase myotube formation. Using real-time PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence studies, we examined the effect of VV treatment with frequencies of 5, 8, or 10 Hz on the expression of ECM proteins and MRFs as well as myotube formation in C2C12 myoblasts. We showed that VV stimulation is safe and effective at stimulating myogenesis in C2C12 myoblasts. The levels of expression of the ECM proteins type I collagen and decorin were the highest after VV treatment at frequencies of 8 and 10 Hz. Expression of the MRFs MyoD and myogenin increased after VV stimulation in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The total number of myotubes formed, as well as the length and the average area of myotubes, were substantially increased following VV treatment at frequencies of 8 to 10 Hz. In conclusion, VV treatment at frequencies of 8 to 10 Hz can stimulate the expression of ECM proteins and MRFs in myoblasts and, in turn, increase myotube formation.
Small particles disrupt postnatal airway development
Authors: Lee DongYoub , Wallis Chris , Wexler Anthony S. , Schelegle Edward S. , Van Winkle Laura S. , Plopper Charles G. , Fanucchi Michelle V. , Kumfer Ben , Kennedy Ian M. , Chan Jackie K. W.
Published: July 2010

Increasing numbers of epidemiologic studies associate air pollution exposure in children with decreased lung function development. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of exposure to combustion-generated fine [230 and 212 nm number mean aerodynamic particle diameter (NMAD)] to ultrafine (73 nm NMAD) particles differing in elemental (EC) and organic (OC) carbon content on postnatal airway development in rats. Neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed from postnatal day 7 through 25, and lung function and airway architecture were evaluated 81 days of age. In a separate group of rats, cell proliferation was examined after a single particle exposure at 7 days of age. Early life exposure to 73 nm high OC/EC particles altered distal airway architecture and resulted in subtle changes in lung mechanics. Early life exposure to 212 nm high OC/EC particles did not alter lung architecture but did alter lung mechanics in a manner suggestive of central airway changes. In contrast, early life exposure to 230 nm low OC/EC particles did not alter lung architecture or mechanics. A single 6-h exposure to 73 nm high OC/EC particle decreased airway cell proliferation, whereas 212 nm high OC/EC particles increased it and 230 nm low OC/EC particles did not. The early life exposure to ultrafine, high OC/EC particles results in persistent alterations in distal airway architecture that is characterized by an initial decrease in airway cell proliferation.
Gene expression profiling of sex differences in HIF1-dependent adaptive cardiac responses to chronic hypoxia
Authors: Bohuslavová Romana , Kolář František , Kuthanová Lada , Neckář Jan , Tichopád Aleš , Pavlinkova Gabriela
Published: July 2010

Although physiological responses to chronic hypoxia, including pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy, have been well described, the molecular mechanisms involved in cardiopulmonary adaptations are still not fully understood. We hypothesize that adaptive responses to chronic hypoxia are the result of altered transcriptional regulations in the right and left ventricles. Here we report results from the gene expression profiling of adaptive responses in a chronically hypoxic heart. Of 11 analyzed candidate genes, the expression of seven and four genes, respectively, was significantly altered in the right ventricle of hypoxic male and female mice. In the transcriptional profile of the left ventricle, we identified a single expression change in hypoxic males ( Vegfa gene). To directly test the role of HIF1, we analyzed the expression profile in Hif1a partially deficient mice exposed to moderate hypoxia. Our data showed that Hif1a partial deficiency significantly altered transcriptional profiles of analyzed genes in hypoxic hearts. The expression changes were only detected in two genes in the right ventricle of Hif1a+/−males and in one gene in the right ventricle of Hif1a+/−females. First, our results suggest that hypoxia mainly affects adaptive expression profiles in the right ventricle and that each ventricle can respond independently. Second, our findings indicate that HIF1a plays an important role in adaptive cardiopulmonary responses and the dysfunction of HIF1 pathways considerably affects transcriptional regulation in the heart. Third, our data reveal significant differences between males and females in cardiac adaptive responses to hypoxia and indicate the necessity of optimizing diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in clinical practice, with respect to sex.
Group III and IV muscle afferents contribute to ventilatory and cardiovascular response to rhythmic exercise in humans
Authors: Amann Markus , Blain Gregory M. , Proctor Lester T. , Sebranek Joshua J. , Pegelow David F. , Dempsey Jerome A.
Published: July 2010

We investigated the role of somatosensory feedback on cardioventilatory responses to rhythmic exercise in five men. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled design, subjects performed the same leg cycling exercise (50/100/150/325 ± 19 W, 3 min each) under placebo conditions (interspinous saline, L3–L4) and with lumbar intrathecal fentanyl impairing central projection of spinal opioid receptor-sensitive muscle afferents. Quadriceps strength was similar before and after fentanyl administration. To evaluate whether a cephalad migration of fentanyl affected cardioventilatory control centers in the brain stem, we compared resting ventilatory responses to hypercapnia (HCVR) and cardioventilatory responses to arm vs. leg cycling exercise after each injection. Similar HCVR and minor effects of fentanyl on cardioventilatory responses to arm exercise excluded direct medullary effects of fentanyl. Central command during leg exercise was estimated via quadriceps electromyogram. No differences between conditions were found in resting heart rate (HR), ventilation [minute ventilation (V̇e)], or mean arterial pressure (MAP). Quadriceps electromyogram, O2consumption (V̇o2), and plasma lactate were similar in both conditions at the four steady-state workloads. Compared with placebo, a substantial hypoventilation during fentanyl exercise was indicated by the 8–17% reduction in V̇e/CO2production (V̇co2) secondary to a reduced breathing frequency, leading to average increases of 4–7 Torr in end-tidal Pco2( P < 0.001) and a reduced hemoglobin saturation (−3 ± 1%; P < 0.05) at the heaviest workload (∼90% maximal V̇o2) with fentanyl. HR was reduced 2–8%, MAP 8–13%, and ratings of perceived exertion by 13% during fentanyl vs. placebo exercise ( P < 0.05). These findings demonstrate the essential contribution of muscle afferent feedback to the ventilatory, cardiovascular, and perceptual responses to rhythmic exercise in humans, even in the presence of unaltered contributions from other major inputs to cardioventilatory control.
A Large Deletion of PROP1 Gene in Patients with Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiency from Two Unrelated Chinese Pedigrees
Authors: Zhang Huiwen , Wang Yi , Han Lianshu , Gu Xuefan , Shi Dingping
Published: July 2010

Background: Familial combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) appears to have a genetic cause, PROP1 gene mutations being the most common one. We investigated whether PROP1 plays a role in two Chinese familial cases of CPHD. Methods:PROP1 gene and adjacent sequences from genomic samples from two unrelated families were amplified to investigate molecular variations and define the extension of a potential deletion. A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was conducted to analyze the copy number of PROP1 gene in the probands’ mothers. The relationship of the two distantly located families was further analyzed using microsatellite markers. Results: A segment of about 53.2 kilobases (kb) comprehending PROP1 and another gene encoding a hypothetical protein Q6ZTH3 was deleted in both pedigrees. The mother of one of the probands was hemizygous for this large deletion, which confirmed the assumption that the affected children inherited the deletion allele from their consanguineous parents. The difference of three microsatellites surrounding the absent segment indicated that the two pedigrees were genetically unrelated. Conclusion: We report the largest genomic deletion including PROP1 gene associated with CPHD. Q6ZTH3 is unlikely to exert an indispensable function during embryogenesis or organogenesis. The 7.7-kb segment upstream of the transcription of PROP1 probably harbors a fragile site that favors the occurrence of breakpoints.
Endocrine Disorders in Children with Prader-Willi Syndrome – Data from 142 Children of the French Database
Authors: Diene G. , Mimoun E. , Feigerlova E. , Caula S. , Molinas C. , Grandjean H. , Tauber M. ,   French Reference Centre for PWS
Published: July 2010

Aim: The first results from the French National Prader-Willi pediatric database in a cohort of 142 children aged 0.2–18.8 years are reported. This database gathers information about the endocrine dysfunctions traditionally described in Prader-Willi patients. Methods: Questionnaires were filled in by the patients’ practitioners. The coordination team of the reference center performed the statistical analysis. Results: Median BMI Z-score was +1.3 for a median age of 7.1 years, and 40% of the population were overweight or obese (International Obesity Task Force 2000 criteria). Growth hormone deficiency was present in 80% of patients and 86.7% were treated, with a height gain of +1 SD and a BMI reduction of –0.8 Z-score achieved in the first year of treatment. Hypogonadism was present in 49% of patients, and hypothyroidism in 24.4%. Glucose intolerance was found in 4% of patients, but no diabetes mellitus was detected in the 74 patients explored. Conclusion: Our report gives an overview of endocrine dysfunctions recorded in a large registry database of French children and adolescents with Prader-Willi syndrome. The database, which now encompasses six southern regions of France, will be further extended to the whole country and to adult patients.
Unusual Virilization in Girls with Juvenile Granulosa Cell Tumors of the Ovary Is Related to Intratumoral Aromatase Deficiency
Authors: Kalfa Nicolas , Méduri Geri , Philibert Pascal , Patte Catherine , Boizet-Bonhoure Brigitte , Thibaut Elisabeth , Pienkowski Catherine , Jaubert Francis , Misrahi Micheline , Sultan Charles
Published: July 2010

Background: Hyperandrogenism is a rare symptom of juvenile ovarian granulosa cell- tumors (JGCTO). This study aimed to determine whether hyperandrogenism was related to overexpression of SOX9, decreased expression of FOXL2 or absent aromatase expression in tumor with particular scheme of expression of P450scc and P450c17α. Methods: Through a nationwide study including the French Society of Pediatric Oncology, 6/30 patients with JGCTO presented with clinical hyperandrogenism and high plasma testosterone. Tumor specimens underwent immunofluorescence (SOX9, FOXL2) and immunochemistry (aromatase, P450scc, P450c17α). Results were compared with patients without hyperandrogenism. Results: SOX9 was expressed in the granulosa cell nucleus in 2/6 cases but also in 9/24 tumors without hyperandrogenism (p = n.s.). FOXL2 was absent or decreased in 3/6 cases of JGCTO with hyperandrogenism with no statistical difference from the group without this symptom. In 6/6 patients, the intratumoral expression of aromatase was absent (n = 5) or dramatically reduced (n = 1). In contrast, 15/24 patients without virilization exhibited conserved aromatase expression in their tumor (p < 0.05). A variable number of tumoral cells expressed P450scc while some interstitial cells were focally immunopositive for P450c17α. Conclusion: Unusual virilization in girls with JGCTO is not explained by a dysregulation in SOX9 or FOXL2 expression, but is related to a localized defect of aromatase expression in granulosa cells and to the ability of interstitial cells to produce testosterone.
Association between Biomarkers of Carbonyl Stress with Increased Systemic Inflammatory Response in Different Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease and after Renal Transplantation
Authors: Aveles Paulo R. , Criminácio Ciro R. , Gonçalves Simone , Bignelli Alexandre T. , Claro Ligia Maria , Siqueira Sérgio S. , Nakao Lia S. , Pecoits-Filho Roberto
Published: July 2010

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by progressive kidney dysfunction accompanied by accumulation of uremic toxins and a potential disequilibrium between the redox status and the generation of prooxidants, resulting in oxidative stress and chronic inflammation which is associated with complications (particularly cardiovascular disease) in this population. We aimed to analyze the concentration of total plasma thiols (indicator of antioxidant capacity) and the protein carbonyl content (a marker of carbonyl stress) in relation to kidney function and inflammation in a group of patients with CKD. Patients and Methods: A group of 68 patients with CKD (stages 2–5; mean age 57 ± 12 years, 46% male, 34% diabetics) and another group of 21 patients who underwent living donor kidney transplantation (mean age 36 ± 17 years, 50% male, 10% diabetics, and 9 ± 2 months after renal transplantation) were included in the study. Total plasma thiol and protein carbonyl levels were determined by the DTNB and DNPH methods, respectively, and were adjusted to the plasma albumin concentrations. Plasma levels of fibrinogen and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured by routine methods and used as markers of inflammation. Results: Mean glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 48 ml/min, and there was a positive correlation between GFR and thiol (r = 0.25, p < 0.05) and a negative correlation between GFR and carbonyl (r = –0.26, p < 0.05), fibrinogen (r = –0.45, p < 0.0001) and CRP (r = –0.14, p = ns). Carbonyl strongly correlated with CRP (0.49, p < 0.0001) and fibrinogen (0.30, p < 0.01). There was a significant reduction in plasma carbonyl after renal transplantation (1.4 ± 0.4 nmol/mg albumin), compared with the levels before the procedure (2.0 ± 1.4 nmol/mg albumin, p < 0.05), which parallels an improvement in thiol levels (15 ± 4 vs. 21 ± 5 nmol/mg albumin, p < 0.001). In addition, there was a significant correlation between CRP and carbonyl after the transplantation (r = 0.65; p < 0.005). Conclusion: We observed that patients with CKD present an altered redox status and increased signs of carbonyl stress and inflammatory activity as kidney function deteriorates, which was partially but significantly improved after renal transplantation. These findings indicate the importance of renal function in the complications of CKD related to oxidative stress and inflammation.
Hydrogen Sulfide Is an Endogenous Inhibitor of Phosphodiesterase Activity
Authors: Bucci Mariarosaria , Papapetropoulos Andreas , Vellecco Valentina , Zhou Zongmin , Pyriochou Anastasia , Roussos Charis , Roviezzo Fiorentina , Brancaleone Vincenzo , Cirino Giuseppe
Published: July 2010

Objective—Recent studies have demonstrated that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is produced within the vessel wall froml-cysteine regulating several aspects of vascular homeostasis. H2S generated from cystathione γ-lyase (CSE) contributes to vascular tone; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the vasorelaxing effects of H2S are still under investigation.

Methods and Results—Using isolated aortic rings, we observed that addition ofl-cysteine led to a concentration-dependent relaxation that was prevented by the CSE inhibitorsdl-propargylglyicine (PAG) and β-cyano-l-alanine (BCA). Moreover, incubation with PAG or BCA resulted in a rightward shift in sodium nitroprusside-and isoproterenol-induced relaxation. Aortic tissues exposed to PAG or BCA contained lower levels of cGMP, exposure of cells to exogenous H2S or overexpression of CSE raised cGMP concentration. RNA silencing of CSE expression reduced intracellular cGMP levels confirming a positive role for endogenous H2S on cGMP accumulation. The ability of H2S to enhance cGMP levels was greatly reduced by the nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine. Finally, addition of H2S to a cell-free system inhibited both cGMP and cAMP breakdown.

Conclusion—These findings provide direct evidence that H2S acts as an endogenous inhibitor of phosphodiesterase activity and reinforce the notion that this gasotransmitter could be therapeutically exploited.
Gene Delivery of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase Inhibits Ventricular Remodeling in Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation
Authors: Beeri Ronen , Chaput Miguel , Guerrero J. Luis , Kawase Yoshiaki , Yosefy Chaim , Abedat Suzan , Karakikes Ioannis , Morel Charlotte , Tisosky Ashley , Sullivan Suzanne , Handschumacher Mark D. , Gilon Dan , Vlahakes Gus J. , Hajjar Roger J. , Levine Robert A.
Published: July 2010

Background—

Mitral regurgitation (MR) doubles mortality after myocardial infarction (MI). We have demonstrated that MR worsens remodeling after MI and that early correction reverses remodeling. Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca
+2
-ATPase (SERCA2a) is downregulated in this process. We hypothesized that upregulating SERCA2a might inhibit remodeling in a surgical model of apical MI (no intrinsic MR) with independent MR-type flow.

Methods and Results—

In 12 sheep, percutaneous gene delivery was performed by using a validated protocol to perfuse both the left anterior descending and circumflex coronary arteries with occlusion of venous drainage. We administered adeno-associated virus 6 (AAV6) carrying SERCA2a under a
Cytomegalovirus
promoter control in 6 sheep and a reporter gene in 6 controls. After 2 weeks, a standardized apical MI was created, and a shunt was implanted between the left ventricle and left atrium, producing regurgitant fractions of ≈30%. Animals were compared at baseline and 1 and 3 months by 3D echocardiography, Millar hemodynamics, and biopsies. The SERCA2a group had a well-maintained preload-recruitable stroke work at 3 months (decrease by 8±10% vs 42±12% with reporter gene controls;
P
<0.001). Left ventricular dP/dt followed the same pattern (no change vs 55% decrease;
P
<0.001). Left ventricular end-systolic volume was lower with SERCA2a (82.6±9.6 vs 99.4±9.7 mL;
P
=0.03); left ventricular end-diastolic volume, reflecting volume overload, was not significantly different (127.8±6.2 vs 134.3±9.4 mL). SERCA2a sheep showed a 15% rise in antiapoptotic pAkt versus a 30% reduction with the reporter gene (
P
<0.001). Prohypertrophic activated STAT3 was also 41% higher with SERCA2a than in controls (
P
<0.001). Proapoptotic activated caspase-3 rose >5-fold during 1 month in both SERCA2a and control animals (
P
=NS) and decreased by 19% at 3 months, remaining elevated in both groups.

Conclusions—

In this controlled model, upregulating SERCA2a induced better function and lesser remodeling, with improved contractility, smaller volume, and activation of prohypertrophic/antiapoptotic pathways. Although caspase-3 remained activated in both groups, SERCA2a sheep had increased molecular antiremodeling “tone.” We therefore conclude that upregulating SERCA2a inhibits MR-induced post-MI remodeling in this model and thus may constitute a useful approach to reduce the vicious circle of remodeling in ischemic MR.
Interleukin-33 Induces Protective Effects in Adipose Tissue Inflammation During Obesity in Mice
Authors: Miller Ashley M. , Asquith Darren L. , Hueber Axel J. , Anderson Lesley A. , Holmes William M. , McKenzie Andrew N. , Xu Damo , Sattar Naveed , McInnes Iain B. , Liew Foo Y.
Published: July 2010

Rationale:

Chronic low-grade inflammation involving adipose tissue likely contributes to the metabolic consequences of obesity. The cytokine interleukin (IL)-33 and its receptor ST2 are expressed in adipose tissue, but their role in adipose tissue inflammation during obesity is unclear.

Objective:

To examine the functional role of IL-33 in adipose tissues and investigate the effects on adipose tissue inflammation and obesity in vivo.

Methods and Results:

We demonstrate that treatment of adipose tissue cultures in vitro with IL-33 induced production of Th2 cytokines (IL-5, IL-13, IL-10) and reduced expression of adipogenic and metabolic genes. Administration of recombinant IL-33 to genetically obese diabetic (
ob/ob
) mice led to reduced adiposity, reduced fasting glucose and improved glucose and insulin tolerance. IL-33 also induced accumulation of Th2 cells in adipose tissue and polarization of adipose tissue macrophages toward an M2 alternatively activated phenotype (CD206
+
), a lineage associated with protection against obesity-related metabolic events. Furthermore, mice lacking endogenous ST2 fed high-fat diet had increased body weight and fat mass and impaired insulin secretion and glucose regulation compared to WT controls fed high-fat diet.

Conclusions:

In conclusion, IL-33 may play a protective role in the development of adipose tissue inflammation during obesity.
Short Communication: PPARγ Mediates a Direct Antiangiogenic Effect of ω3-PUFAs in Proliferative Retinopathy
Authors: Stahl Andreas , Sapieha Przemyslaw , Connor Kip M. , SanGiovanni John Paul , Chen Jing , Aderman Christopher M. , Willett Keirnan L. , Krah Nathan M. , Dennison Roberta J. , Seaward Molly R. , Guerin Karen I. , Hua Jing , Smith Lois E.H.
Published: July 2010

Rationale:

Omega3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3-PUFAs) are powerful modulators of angiogenesis. However, little is known about the mechanisms governing ω3-PUFA–dependent attenuation of angiogenesis.

Objective:

This study aims to identify a major mechanism by which ω3-PUFAs attenuate retinal neovascularization.

Methods and Results:

Administering ω3-PUFAs exclusively during the neovascular stage of the mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy induces a direct neovascularization reduction of more than 40% without altering vasoobliteration or the regrowth of normal vessels. Cotreatment with an inhibitor of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ almost completely abrogates this effect. Inhibition of PPARγ also reverses the ω3-PUFA–induced reduction of retinal tumor necrosis factor-α, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, endothelial selectin, and angiopoietin 2 but not vascular endothelial growth factor.

Conclusions:

These results identify a direct, PPARγ-mediated effect of ω3-PUFAs on retinal neovascularization formation and retinal angiogenic activation that is independent of vascular endothelial growth factor.
Short Communication: Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Stiffness As a Mechanism for Increased Aortic Stiffness With Aging
Authors: Qiu Hongyu , Zhu Yi , Sun Zhe , Trzeciakowski Jerome P. , Gansner Meredith , Depre Christophe , Resuello Ranillo R.G. , Natividad Filipinas F. , Hunter William C. , Genin Guy M. , Elson Elliot L. , Vatner Dorothy E. , Meininger Gerald A. , Vatner Stephen F.
Published: July 2010

Rationale:

Increased aortic stiffness, an important feature of many vascular diseases, eg, aging, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and aortic aneurysms, is assumed because of changes in extracellular matrix (ECM).

Objective:

We tested the hypothesis that the mechanisms also involve intrinsic stiffening of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs).

Methods and Results:

Stiffness was measured in vitro both by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and in a reconstituted tissue model, using VSMCs from aorta of young versus old male monkeys (
Macaca fascicularis
) (n=7/group), where aortic stiffness increases by 200% in vivo. The apparent elastic modulus was increased (
P
<0.05) in old (41.7±0.5 kPa) versus young (12.8±0.3 kPa) VSMCs but not after disassembly of the actin cytoskeleton with cytochalasin D. Stiffness of the VSMCs in the reconstituted tissue model was also higher (
P
<0.05) in old (23.3±3.0 kPa) than in young (13.7±2.4 kPa).

Conclusions:

These data support the novel concept, not appreciated previously, that increased vascular stiffness with aging is attributable not only to changes in ECM but also to intrinsic changes in VSMCs.
Alcohol and Acute Ischemic Stroke Onset
Authors: Mostofsky Elizabeth , Burger Mary R. , Schlaug Gottfried , Mukamal Kenneth J. , Rosamond Wayne D. , Mittleman Murray A.
Published: July 2010

Background and Purpose—

Previous research suggests that regular heavy alcohol consumption increases the risk for ischemic stroke, whereas frequent light to moderate alcohol intake may decrease the risk. However, the risk of ischemic stroke associated with transient exposure to alcohol remains unclear. In this study, we used a case–crossover approach to test the hypothesis that alcohol consumption affects the acute risk of ischemic stroke, to determine the length of time between alcohol intake and the onset of symptoms (induction time), and to examine whether the risk varies by the type of alcohol.

Methods—

In this multicenter study, we interviewed 390 patients (209 men, 181 women) between January 2001 and November 2006 (median 3 days after stroke). Alcohol consumption in the hour before stroke symptoms was compared with its expected frequency based on the usual frequency of alcohol consumption over the prior year.

Results—

Of the 390 patients, 248 (64%) reported alcohol consumption in the prior year, 104 within 24 hours and 14 within 1 hour of stroke onset. The relative risk of stroke in the hour after consuming alcohol was 2.3 (95% CI, 1.4 to 4.0;
P
=0.002). The relative risks were similar for different types of alcoholic beverages and when the sample was restricted to those who were not simultaneously exposed to other potential triggers.

Conclusions—

The risk of stroke onset is transiently elevated in the hour after alcohol ingestion.
Venous Thromboembolic Events After Cerebral Vein Thrombosis
Authors: Miranda Bruno , Ferro José M. , Canhão Patrícia , Stam Jan , Bousser Marie-Germaine , Barinagarrementeria Fernando , Scoditti Umberto ,   the ISCVT Investigators
Published: July 2010

Background and Purpose—

After cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis (CVT), there is an increased risk of further venous thromboembolic events (VTEs). Time to a second cerebral or systemic venous thrombotic event and risk factors for recurrence have not been investigated in large prospective studies.

Methods—

We used the International Study on Cerebral Vein and Dural sinus Thrombosis, which included 624 patients with CVT followed up for a median of 13.9 months. Outcome measures included all symptomatic VTEs and CVT recurrence. Potential predictors of recurrence, including demographic characteristics, imaging features, thrombophilic abnormalities, other risk factors for CVT, and anticoagulation, were analyzed by Cox survival analysis.

Results—

Of the 624 included patients, 36 (5.8%) had at least 1 venous thromboembolic event. The rate of VTEs after the initial CVT was 4.1 per 100 person-years. Of all VTEs, 63.2% (n=24) occurred within the first year. Fourteen patients (2.2%) had an episode of recurrent CVT and the rate of recurrence was 1.5 per 100 person-years. Nine (64.3%) of these CVT recurrences occurred within the first year. Male gender (hazard ratios=2.6; 95% CI, 1.4 to 5.1;
P
=0.004) and polycythemia/thrombocythemia (hazard ratios=4.4; 95% CI, 1.6 to 12.7;
P
=0.005) were the only factors associated with a significant higher risk of VTEs in multivariate survival analysis.

Conclusions—

The risk of recurrence of CVT is low but is moderate for other VTEs. Recurrence of venous thrombosis after CVT is more frequent among men and in patients with polycythemia/thrombocythemia.
Learning from Weaving for Digital Fabrication in Architecture
Authors: Muslimin Rizal
Published: July 2010

This project restructures weaving performance in architecture by analyzing the tacit knowledge of traditional weavers through perceptual study and converting it into an explicit rule in computational design. Three implementations with different materials show the advantages of using computational weaving that combines traditional principles with today's digital (CAD/CAM) tools to develop affordable fabrication techniques.
Glowing Pathfinder Bugs: A Natural Haptic 3D Interface for Interacting Intuitively with Virtual Environments
Authors: Rowe Anthony , Birtles Liam
Published: July 2010

Glowing Pathfinder Bugs is an interactive art project primarily aimed at children and created by the digital arts group Squidsoup. It uses projection to visualize virtual bugs on a real sandpit. The bugs are aware of their surroundings and respond to its form in their vicinity. By altering the topography of the sand, participants affect the bugs' environment in real time, facilitating direct communication between them and computer-generated creatures.

This highly malleable and tactile physical environment lets us define and carve out the landscape in which the creatures exist in real time. Thus, virtual creatures and real people coexist and communicate through a shared tactile environment. Participants can use natural modes of play, kinesthetic intelligence, and their sense of tactility to collaboratively interact with creatures inhabiting a hybrid parallel world.

This paper describes the project and analyzes how children in particular respond to the experience; it looks at the types of physical formations that tend to be built and notes how children instinctively anthropomorphize the bugs, treating projected imagery as living creatures — though with a ludic twist.
Variable habitat use influences the mating system of a Lesser Antillean anole
Authors: Powell Robert , Eifler Douglas , Joyce Trevor
Published: July 2010

Ecologically versatile Anolis schwartzi from St. Eustatius (Lesser Antilles) occurs in various habitats, usually in shaded situations and often in higher densities when associated with rock piles, rock slides, and stone walls. In order to evaluate the mating systems of A. schwartzi in different habitats, we examined populations in rocky and adjacent forested plots in Boven National Park to test the following predictions: (1) Population densities would be higher in habitats with rocks or rock slides than in nearby areas of forest without rocks. (2) Males would be larger in favoured habitats with higher population densities. (3) Behaviours related to territoriality and aggression would be more prevalent in habitats with higher population densities. In fact, population densities were higher in rock plots, males and females were larger in rock plots, and males engaged in territorial/aggressive behaviours (push-ups, movements, presumably necessary for surveying territories, and chases) more frequently in rock plots. Large male A. schwartzi in rock plots with high population densities apparently exclude small males (social exclusion hypothesis). Average female:male densities in forest plots approached 1:1, which is suggestive of monogamy, whereas that in rock plots was 0.72. Consequently, the mating systems of A. schwartzi appear to vary in a predictable manner along the spectrum of monogamy to polygyny between proximate habitats between which no genetic isolation is possible.
Predation risk, escape and refuge use by mountain spiny lizards (Sceloporus jarrovii)
Authors: Avalos Arián , Cooper, Jr. William
Published: July 2010

Economic theories of antipredatory behavior take into account expected fitness losses and gains to predict escape decisions. Prey at greater risk are predicted to have longer flight initiation distance (= distance from predator when escape begins), flee farther, be more likely to enter refuge, and have longer hiding time (= time between entering and exiting refuge). We simulated predators to study effects of risk factors in the lizard Sceloporus jarrovii. Flight initiation distance, distance fled and probability of entering refuge increased with approach speed. Flight initiation distance increased additively with increases in speed and directness of approach. Lizards habituated to human presence had shorter flight initiation distances than unhabituated lizards. As predicted from greater threat posed by a persistent predator, flight initiation distance and hiding time were longer after the second of two approaches. Fleeing was more likely when an investigator stood nearby and turned toward them than when farther way or turned away. These findings verify theoretical predictions of escape and refuge use for several risk factors and most are consistent with those for other lizards. However, speed and directness of approach had additive effects in S. jarrovii, but interacted in other species. Another novel finding was a small interaction between individual investigator and directness of approach. Although outcomes of tests of escape and refuge use theories consistently confirm qualitative predictions, quantitative comparisons between studies by different investigators may have limited value unless information is available about relative responses by prey to each investigator.
Two complete mitochondrial genomes of Crocodylus and implications for crocodilians phylogeny
Authors: Yan Peng , Feng Ge , Li Xiaoqiang , Wu Xiaobing
Published: July 2010

The complete mitochondrial (mt) genomes of two crocodilians: Crocodylus palustris and Crocodylus mindorensis, were sequenced in order to examine their gene and genome features. Additionally, we intended to increase the amount of molecular data suitable for phylogenetic analysis. Their gene orders conform to other crocodilians that have been sequenced, except the arrangement of two tRNA genes differ from other vertebrates, showing that the gene order of crocodilians is remarkably conserved. Phylogenetic analyses (maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference) based on the mt protein-coding genes at the nucleotide level were performed among crocodilians for which complete mt genomes were available. The results suggest that the gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) joins the false gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii) on a common branch, that constitutes a sister group to traditional Crocodylidae. In this report, Mecistops cataphractus is evidently most closely related to Osteolaemus tetraspis. They are isolated as sister taxon from the main clades in Crocodylus. Regarding Paleosuchus, it appears as sister group to Caiman within the Alligatoridae. In particular, relationships among species of Crocodylus (true crocodiles) are discussed.
The Messages and Practices of the European Union’s Public Diplomacy
Authors: Rasmussen Steffen Bay
Published: July 2010

This article examines the messages and practices of the European Union’s public diplomacy. Public diplomacy is conceptualized as a modality of diplomacy that seeks to influence foreign political discourses. The influence sought by the EU through its messages relates to the projection of its identity as an actor and to the diffusion of its own normative foundation, which are potentially conflicting objectives. EU public diplomacy is characterized by its decentralized nature, where the European Commission’s delegations in third states are the most important actors in the network ‘doing’ EU public diplomacy. The article concludes that the network organization of EU public diplomacy, although giving rise to important problems of coherence, is well adapted to the current patterns of diplomatic interaction and the pursuit of EU strategic objectives, and indeed is more effective than a more unitary actor that was able to speak with a single voice in international relations.
Street-level Informal Economic Activities: Estimating the Yield of Begging in Brussels
Authors: Adriaenssens Stef , Hendrickx Jef
Published: July 2010

This article develops and applies a method to estimate the revenues of beggars in Brussels. This is relevant for three reasons. First, in the literature on the informal economy, we lack reliable empirical knowledge of informal street-level activities like begging, substantiating the expectation that beggars’ income will be low. Secondly, popular representation of beggars often depicts them as criminal and wealthy. Finally, recent legislation builds on the idea of criminal organisations behind beggars. Building on an analysis of existing attempts to measure beggars’ income, we aim for a triangulation with data from three different sources: observation, self-reports and quasi-experimental observations. This triangulation allows for more reliable and valid conclusions. Hypotheses based upon popular images and the criminalisation of begging are dismissed. The evidence does support the hypothesis based upon the literature on informal activities.
The Politicisation of Suburbanisation in Belgium
Authors: De Maesschalck Filip
Published: July 2010

The electoral and political consequences of suburbanisation recently regained interest in the Anglo-Saxon literature, pointing to a growing polarisation between city and suburban fringe. This paper analyses these processes in the Antwerp urban region and shows the development of a similar electoral divide that is supported by the political parties involved. These observations add to the existing evidence that city–suburban polarisation in Belgium cannot be simply equated with the Anglo-Saxon experience, where a complete suburban fencing off from the city is observable. Rather, because of the comparatively limited development of functions in the Belgian suburbs, a suburban discourse emerges that focuses on safe and accessible cities for the suburban user, yet without much reference to its present inhabitants.
Creating a Public Face for Posterity: The Making of Chiang Kai-shek’s Shilüe Manuscripts
Authors: Huang Grace C.
Published: July 2010

In the midst of war, secretaries began selecting and organizing excerpts from Chiang Kai-shek’s diary, telegrams, written reports, and speeches to form the shilüe gaoben , which might be roughly translated as “draft” or “working manuscripts.” Yet because of the Guomindang’s later exodus to Taiwan, these manuscripts remained incomplete and in different stages of draft form. As such, they open an intriguing window into the process of establishing a Chinese leader’s political legitimacy in the eyes of posterity. In comparing the shilüe to its nearest equivalent, the dynastic Standard Histories, this article finds that its content reflected the change from the relationship between emperor and subject to that between national leader and citizen. In addition, by clarifying the methodology informing the shilüe as a political/historical document, this article finds that the secretaries’ varying goals for, and abilities to put together, the shilüe influenced how posterity would view Chiang’s legacy.
Avoiding Early Study Attrition in Adolescent Girls: Impact of Recruitment Contextual Factors
Authors: Seibold-Simpson Susan , Morrison-Beedy Dianne
Published: July 2010

This descriptive study examined factors associated with adolescent girls continuing in a randomized controlled trial of an HIV-prevention intervention after enrollment based on an analysis of locator form and demographic data. When the authors piloted the study, 48% (62 of 129) of the participants (aged 15-19 years) continued in the intervention after enrollment. Once a formal recruitment and retention protocol was initiated, 80% (264 of 334 girls 15-19 years old) returned after enrollment. Chi-square analyses found statistically significant differences ( p < .001 to .05) between the girls who continued ( n = 264) and those who did not ( n = 68), associated with recruiter’s experience, recruitment method, contact status, and parental awareness of study participation. Living situation was not relevant, nor was being able to receive email or cell phone messages. These findings suggest factors to consider when developing and implementing recruitment protocols to enhance retention in clinical trials involving adolescent girls.
Cultural Similarity, Cultural Competence, and Nurse Workforce Diversity
Authors: McGinnis Sandra L. , Brush Barbara L. , Moore Jean
Published: July 2010

Proponents of health workforce diversity argue that increasing the number of minority health care providers will enhance cultural similarity between patients and providers as well as the health system’s capacity to provide culturally competent care. Measuring cultural similarity has been difficult, however, given that current benchmarks of workforce diversity categorize health workers by major racial/ethnic classifications rather than by cultural measures. This study examined the use of national racial/ethnic categories in both patient and registered nurse (RN) populations and found them to be a poor indicator of cultural similarity. Rather, we found that cultural similarity between RN and patient populations needs to be established at the level of local labor markets and broadened to include other cultural parameters such as country of origin, primary language, and self-identified ancestry. Only then can the relationship between cultural similarity and cultural competence be accurately determined and its outcomes measured.
Personal Growth After Severe Fetal Diagnosis
Authors: Black Beth , Sandelowski Margarete
Published: July 2010

The traumatic aspects of positive diagnosis of a severe fetal anomaly have garnered the most attention, but the personal growth in the aftermath of this event remains relatively unexplored. We used the five dimensions of growth and change from Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) to analyze data generated from ethnographic interviews conducted with 15 women and 10 of their male partners in the aftermath of a severe fetal diagnosis. Eighteen (12 women and 6 men) of these 25 participants experienced positive change across these dimensions. Relating to others was the dimension that showed the most consistent early and prolonged change. Six of the 10 couples had congruent profiles of change. Negative change was evident in 2 women and 2 men. Recognizing the potential for growth allows nurses opportunities to promote it in the aftermath of severe fetal diagnosis.