bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insect Control of Flue-Cured Tobacco with Systemic Insecticides, 1997
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson William B.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted at the Southern Piedmont Agric. Res. and Ext. Cntr., Blackstone, VA to evaluate TA and TFB control on flue-cured tobacco with various systemic insecticides applied as soil or transplant water treatments and to determine the impact of these treatments on tobacco yield. Thirteen treatments and an untreated check were established in a RCB design with 4 replications in a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil. Plots, 4 X 40 ft (1 row X 24 plants), were separately by single guard rows. Pre-transplant soil treatments of all liquid formulations except Furadan were broadcast with a CO2-pressurized tractor sprayer that delivered 32 gpa at 30 psi through 8003 LP tips on 13 May (Ambient temperature 66-68 °F, soil temperature, 65 °F; soil pH, 5.7; OM, <2%). Treatments were immediately incorporated by double disking. Band applications of Furadan and Temik were made during bed formation and immediately covered with 6 to 8 inch of soil on 15 May (Ambient temperature 75-78 °F, soil temperature, 70 °F). Furadan 4°F band treatments were applied in a 12-inch band using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 16 gpa through an 8003E tip at 30 psi. Temik was applied in a 14-inch band using a tractor mounted-Gandy granular applicator. The soil was in excellent condition for both the pretransplant soil and bedding treatments. ‘Coker 371Gold’ flue-cured tobacco was transplanted into experimental plots on 19 May. A measuring cup was used to apply transplant water (TPW) treatments of Orthene and Admire in 4 fl oz/plant (204 gpa) at the base of each plant in the treatment plots. Except for insect control, production practices followed Virginia Cooperative Extension recommendations. Dipel (Bacillus thuringiensis) was applied for tobacco budworm and tobacco hornworm control on 3 Jul. Foliar applications of Orthene were applied to the Orthene TPW treatment on 5 and 31 Jul and to the Furadan treatment on 19 Jul using a CO2-pressurized back-pack sprayer that delivered 30 gpa through TX-12 tips (3 per row) at 50 psi. TA populations were estimated on the upper 4 levels of 10 plants/plot every 6 to 12 days from late Jun to mid Aug. On 25 Aug, TA damage was rated on a scale of 0 to 10: 0 = no signs of damage; 10 = very severe necrosis of leaves and extensive sooty mold. TFB and TFB feeding holes were counted on 10 plants/plot at 1 to 4 wks after transplanting. Tobacco was harvested as it ripened, weighted, and yield was calculated. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by Waller-Duncan K-ratio t-test (K = 100). TA count data were transformed to log10 (x + 1) before analysis. Actual means are presented in the table.
Control of Tobacco Aphids with Systemic Insecticides, 1997B
Authors: Sorenson C. E. , Stephenson A. S. , Clewis S. B. , Ratz C. E.
Published: December 2017

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the efficacy of Orthene 75 SP, Orthene 75 SP with Tracer NAF-85, Admire 2°F with Tracer NAF-85, and Temik 15 G with Tracer NAF-85 against tobacco aphids in the field. Plots were established at the Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, NC, on 6 May in a field with a Norfolk loamy sand soil. Individual plots were 4 rows (1.14 m apart) wide by 22 plants (ca. 13.7 m) long and were arranged in a RCB design with 5 treatments (untreated check included) and 4 blocks. On 6 May, the granular materials were applied to the performed beds through 2 fertilizer shanks attached to an electrically driven, granular applicator. The shanks were positioned 12 cm on each side of the row center and 10 cm below the final bed surface. Tobacco was transplanted on 7 May with a 2-row transplanter. Transplant water treatment of Admire 2°F was applied beside the plants. Foliar spray treatments were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer through a single nozzle (Spraying Systems D2-33) per row at a pressure of 60 psi and 12.5 gpa. Once a wk after transplant, all plants in one row of the plot (20) were rated for aphid abundance on a scale of 0 to 7 as given in the table. Using this aphid abundance data, the average aphid rating was calculated. Aphid ratings were subjected to ANOVA and WD, K = 100, was used to separate treatment means.
Comparison of Mach-2 and Tempo on Late Larval Instars of Black Cutworm, 1997
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan , Lamarche Rachel , Hodgson Meggan
Published: December 2017

This trial was conducted or 3rd-, 4th-, and 5th-instar BCW larvae on bentgrass chipping green at Campbell’s Scottish Highlands Golf Course, Salem, NH. There were 4 treatments with 7 replications per instar. For each replicate 10 larvae were placed in a PVC cylinder on 29 Jul. All treatments were applied 30 Jul with a 32-oz hand held sprayer. The volume of water and insecticide mix per plot was 2 gal/1000ft2. None of the treatments were watered in. Weather conditions were as follows: air temp, 70°F: sky, clear; wind, 5 mph. Soil conditions were as follows: surface temp, 72°F; at 1-inch depth, 68CF; at 2-inch depth, 65°F.; textureloamy sand; sand, 86%; silt, 7%; clay, 7%; soil pH, 6.2; moisture, 9%, organic matter, 9%. The trial was rated on 2 Aug (3 DAT) by applying to each cylinder a mixture of Joy dish soap and water to force the live larvae to the surface for counting.
Control of Black Turfgrass Ataenius, 1997
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney , Kramer-Wilson Karen
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted at a golf course in Loveland, CO with a history of problems with black turfgrass ataenius. Plots were 7 ft X 7 ft, arranged in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. Applications were made 29 May, shortly after peak flight of the first generation. Liquid treatments were applied in a volume of 5 gal/1000 ft2. A light drizzle preceded and was concurrent with the applications. Evaluations were made 22 Jul by lifting an 18-inch by 18-inch turf flap from the center of each plot and counting all larvae and pupae.
Curative Management of White Grubs with 1.5-G Formulations of Halofenozide and Mach-2 Liquid In-Secticide, 1997
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The turfgrass area, located in University Park, PA, consisted primarily of Kentucky bluegrass (30%), annual bluegrass (50%), and crabgrass (20%). Treatment plots were 8 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8002VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 500 ml of water/48 ft2 or delivering 2.7 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with fine top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (27 Aug), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 67° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 62° F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 64° F; RH, 89%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.375 inch; soil textural class, silt loam; soil particle size analysis; sand, 14.9%; silt, 66.4%; clay, 18.7%; organic matter, 5.9%; soil percent water content (percent by weight), 21.2; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.5; application time, early morning; and skies partly sunny. Immediately after application treatments were irrigated in with 0.2 inch of water. Post-treatment counts were made on 13 Oct. Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of JB and NMC grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Control of Japanese Beetle Larvae with Insecticide Mixtures, 1997
Authors: Nixon Philip L. , Dorner W. , Ratcliffe Susan T. , Goodwin S.
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted in the short rough alongside a golf course fairway at Urbana Country Club, Urbana, IL. The fairway, short, and long rough consisted of Kentucky bluegrass. A RCB design was used because an outlet for the fairway’s irrigation system was directly opposite block 1, resulting in successively lower levels of irrigation and JB infestation from block 1 through 3. Plots were 5 X 10 ft and were arranged in a single row. Insecticide applications were applied in 3 replications on 16 Sep. Liquid applications were applied with a watering can, and the granular application (Dylox) was shaken from a measuring spoon. Insecticides were watered into the soil within 30 min after all applications were completed with approximately H inch irrigation. At the time of application, it was partly cloudy, 80°F, 50% relative humidity, and with winds < 10 mph. Soil pH was 6.1 with no thatch and was moist at application and 21 DAT. Grub sampling was conducted with a 6-inch diam sod sampler taking five scattered samples in each plot. All the JB grubs were counted in each ⅕ ft2 sample and the numbers were added together in each plot to obtain a ft2 measure. An ANOVA was conducted on the data and means separated by LSD test at P = 0.05.
Efficacy of Two Scimitar Formulations on Ants, 1997
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan , Lamarche Rachel , Hodgson Meggan
Published: December 2017

This trial was conducted at White Mountain Country Club, Ashland. NH. Four replications of 5 treatments were applied to a bluegrass fairway in 140-ft2 plots on 23 Jun, with a 1-ft buffer separating each plot. Plots were arranged in a RCB design. All treatments were applied with a 2-wheel bicycle sprayer equipped with 4 spray heads fitted with an 8005 flat fan-type noz zle and a 50-mesh stainer. The insecticides were applied by CO2 pressure at 40 psi. The volume of water and insecticide mix per plot was 2 gal/1000 ft2 Weather conditions were as follows: air temp, 77°F (6:00 pm); sky, scattered clouds. Soil conditions were as follows: texture, loamy sand; sand, 83%; silt. 10%; clay, 7%; moisture, 11.47%; organic matter, 6.2%, pH, 5.2. Evaluation of each treatment involved counting all active ant hills in every plot prior to spraying and, then 7, 14 and 21 DAT.
Evaluation of Insecticides Against Foliar-Feeding Insect Pests on Apple, 1997
Authors: Straub Richard W.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were applied to fourtree (of which ‘Delicious’ was included) plots replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. All treatments were applied dilute to runoff using a high-pressure handgun sprayer at 300 psi delivering from 160 (prebloom) to 300 (postbloom) gpa depending upon foliage density. Trees on the M.2 rootstock were 34 year-old, 10 ft high, and 12 ft wide. Dates of application were: 9 Apr [delayed dormant (DD)]; 22 Apr [pink (P)]; 27 May [petal fall (PF)]; 6 Jun [first cover (IC)]; 19 Jun [second cover (2C); 11 Jul [third cover (3C)]; 28 Jul [fourth cover (4C)]; and 8 Aug [fifth cover (5C)]. Fungicides applied to all treatments were Benlate, captan, Dithane, Nova, and Rubigan. Damage by PLH was assessed on 10 Jul by walking the tree perimeter and counting the number of terminals displaying ‘hopperburn’ symptoms per 2-min periods. Damage by second-generation RLH nymphs was assessed on 17 Jul by counting the number of nymphs per 100 randomly selected leaves. Subsequently, cumulative foliar damage by RLH and WALH was estimated on 16 Sep by selecting 25 proximal terminal leaves and rating on 0-4 scale: 0 = no stippling; 1 = slight stippling (<10%); 2 = low stippling (>10-25%); 3 = moderate stippling (26-50%); and 4 = high stippling (51-75%). Damage by second generation STLM was assessed on 6 Aug by counting the number of mines per 100 randomly selected leaves. Damage by JB was assessed on 18 Sep by walking the tree perimeter and counting the number of infested terminals per 2 min.
Effect of Date of Application on Efficacy of Tempo and Merit Against Annual Bluegrass Weevil on Golf Course Fairway, 1997
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: December 2017

Several combinations of cyfluthrin (Tempo 20 WP) and imidacloprid (Merit) were applied to golf course fairway turf in the spring of 1997 to determine efficacy against annual bluegrass weevil. This test was conducted at two sites, Sleepy Hollow Country Club (Scar-borough, NY) and Fairview Country Club (Greenwich, CT). At Sleepy Hollow, applications were made on 21 Apr (sunny, calm, air temp 53° F, soil temp at 2 in 55° F), 13 May (high overcast, calm, air temp 51° F, soil temp 50° F), or 22 May (sunny, calm, air temp 56° F, soil temp 48° F). Soil pH was 6.4, buffered pH 6.8, CEC 20.3 Meq/100 g. At Fairview, applications were made on 29 Apr (sunny, light breeze, air temp 46° F, soil temp 42° F) or 13 May (sunny, calm, air temp 55° F, soil temp 51° F). SoilpH was 6.3, buffered pH 6.8, CEC 14.5 Meq/100 g. Treatment plots were 6 ft by 6 ft, replicated 5 times, and arranged in a CRB. All applications were applied with a watering can using 3 liters of water per plot. Plots were watered in with 0.1 to 0.2 in irrigation within 1 hr of application. Product efficacy was evaluated on 23 Jun (Sleepy Hollow) or 11 Jun (Fairview) by removing 12 cores, 1.83 inches diam each from near the center of each plot. Cores were transported to Amherst, MA, where they were broken apart manually and inspected under 10 X magnification. Insect counts were recorded for 3 cores at a time (4 observations per replication, 20 total observations).
Selected Rates of Conventional and Biorational Insecticides for Early Season Sod Webworm Control, 1997
Authors: Weinhold A. P. , Baxendale F. P. , Schild J. , Merrigan T.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated for control of sod webworm larvae on a Kentucky bluegrass lawn at the Gering Cemetery, in Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska. The turf (80% Kentucky bluegrass, 20% perennial rye and tall fescue) was maintained at a mowing height of 2.5 inches. Thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 0.5 inches. Field conditions at the study site were: soil type, silt loam; soil organic matter, 2.3%; soil pH, 8.4. Weather conditions at the time of application were as follows: soil moisture 22% by wt; air temperature 71°F; soil temperature 70°F; relative humidity : 27%; wind direction and velocity 108° at 7 mph. Plots were 6 X 10 ft and the experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Treatments were applied on 5 May. Liquid insecticides were applied using a CO2 sprayer with a TeeJet® 8002 nozzle at 30 psi and delivering 87 gpa finished spray. Following applications, plots were irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. No rain fell during the post-treatment period. Treatments were evaluated 3, 7, and 14 DAT (8, 12, and 19 May) by mixing 0.5 oz Lemon Dawn® per gal of water and applying 2 gal of the dilution to each of two 6 ft sampling areas per plot (12.0 ft2 total area). Larvae that moved to the grass surface after 30 minutes were collected and counted.
Efficacy of Talstar Formulations and Entomophagous Nematodes Toward Black Vine Weevil in Potting Media; 1997
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan , Lamarche Rachel , Hodgson Meggan
Published: December 2017

This trial was conducted in an open-field plot at Kingman Farm, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH. Ten replications of 6 treatments were applied to 7-inch pots. The bulk density of the potting media was 24g/cc. Talstar and Merit granular formulations were incorporated into the potting media on 10 Jun, before the plants were put into the pots; applications of Talstar flowable and Lorsban formulations were done on 30 Jun. The first application of nematodes was applied on 13 Jul, and then every 2 weeks thereafter for a total of 4 applications. All granulars were watered in immediately after planting. All liquid formulations and nematodes were poured over the surface of the potting media; the nematodes were watered in after treatment. All pots were buried into the soil on 7 Jul to just under the rim of each pot, and the pots were shaded with a 60% black greenhouse shading material, suspended 8 ft above the pots. The plants were watered as necessary to keep the soil moist. BVW eggs were placed into each pot on two occasions: 30 Jun, and 20 Aug. On 17 Oct, the pots were removed from the soil; the potting media, roots and crown were checked for live larvae.Talstar F, Lorsban, Merit, and nematodes performed well. No phytotoxicity was observed.
Thrips Control on Gloxinia 1997
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Williams M. M.
Published: December 2017

Gloxinia plants were obtained in flats from Earl J. Small Inc. in Florida, and transplanted to 6-inch :lay pots on 5 May. Plants were grown in a thrips infested greenhouse at the Pesticide Research Center at Michigan State University. The pre-treatment counts were made on 24 Jul by collecting 2 buds per plant, extracting the thrips with EtOH, filtering through a Buchner funnel and counting the number of thrips under a dissecting microscope. Only 3 of the 7 replicate plants were sampled for precounts since only 25% of the plants had begun to flower. Pre counts were used to block the treatments. The treatments were sprayed on 28 Jul, 1 Aug, 4 Aug, and 8 Aug with a handheld R&D CO2 sprayer with an 5008 nozzle at 30 psi. On 11 Aug, flowers were collected to determine efficacy of insecticide treatments against thrips. One or two flowers were collected rom each plant. Some plants had flowered and already dropped their flowers, but at least 5 plants in each treatment had flowers suitable for sampling (n = 5 - 7) except for 3 treatments in which the treatments severely damaged the flowers. Counts from plants with only one flower were doubled to correate with the remaining plants which all were sampled using two flowers.
Evaluation of Miticides and Predatory Mites for Managing Twospotted Spider Mites on A Herba-Ceous Perennial Goutweed, 1997
Authors: Abbey T. , Pundt L.
Published: December 2017

A test was conducted in Cheshire, CT, to determine the efficacy of five miticides and two predatory mite species for control of TSSM. There was also an untreated check. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with four replications. Plots consisted of 12 container-grown plants in a 1.7 ft2 plastic flat. The trial cultivar ‘Variegate’ was planted on 1 Apr. Miticides were applied to the foliage from the top and sides with a Solo backpack sprayer at 60 psi with 35.3 gpa. Predatory mites were placed into the treatment plots by gently brushing them off of the lip of the shipment container. All treatments were applied on 18 Jul. Five leaves were removed from each treatment plot on 17, 25 Jul and 1, 8 and 15 Aug to count the eggs and motile TSSM. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and LSD.
Aphid Control on Easter Lily, 1997
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: December 2017

Easter lilies infested with melon aphids were obtained from a commercial greenhouse in the Romulus, Michigan area on 20 Mar because of a suspected pesticide problem. The plants were held in the Pesticide Research Center greenhouses on a drip irrigation system for the duration of the test. The plants had been treated repeatedly during the previous 7 weeks with a number of compounds, but none of the treatments seemed to be effective. The plants were all approximately 12 inches tall with 2 plants/pot and most of the plants had not started blooming at the start of the test. Each treatment was replicated 5 times with each replication consisting of an individual pot. Treatments were applied on 1 Apr with a single nozzle R&D CO2 powered sprayer. The applications were made with an 8008 flat fan nozzle in a hand held spray wand at 50 psi. The plants were sprayed to runoff. Counts were made by counting all aphids on the plants on 25 Mar, 1 Apr, 4 Apr, 8 Apr, and 11 Apr. The plants were blocked based on the 25 Mar counts, but the aphids were counted again just prior to the application on 1 Apr.
Interaction of Beauveria Bassiana with Various Fungicides Under Exposed Conditions, 1997
Authors: Costa Heather
Published: December 2017

Fifty greenhouse grown poinsettia plants were infested with all stages of SLW. A total of 7 treatment combinations of BotaniGard (B. bassiana) with various fungicides were compared using 6 replicates (plants) of each treatment. Fungicides were applied twice, 2 d before each of two BotaniGard treatments. Liquids were applied with a hand sprayer, and sulfur (Yellowstone® 99.9% S) was applied by vaporizing (Nivole® sulfur pot, Systems USA, Watsonville, CA) for 6 hours the nights preceding the other fungicide applications. Plants were treated with sulfur in a 113-ft2 greenhouse for either three nights or one night before the first application of BotaniGard; the second sulfur application for both sulfur treatments was only for one night. BotaniGard was applied twice with a 7 d interval, 2 d after fungicide applications. Plants were treated with BotaniGard ES using a 2-gal hand pump sprayer, approximately 25 psi. After treatments, plants were maintained outdoors under a light shade cloth. Three days after treatment with BotaniGard, 2 leaves per plant were collected and pressed on Benomylyeast agar plates and incubated for 24 hours. One hundred spores from each leaf press (12 counts per treatment) were rated as either germinated or not germinated and the percentage of spore germination was calculated. Six days after the last BotaniGard treatment, 2 leaves were collected from each plant and the number of live and dead immature whiteflies in a 4-cm-diam circle were counted on each leaf. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by LSD separation of means. Percentage spore germination data and percentage mortality data were arcsin square root transformed before analysis. Number alive counts were square root transformed before analysis. Means are reported as untransformed data.
Evaluation of Insecticides Against Fruit-Feeding Insects on Apple, 1997
Authors: Straub Richard W.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were applied to four-tree (including ‘Cortland’) plots replicated three times in a RCB design. All treatments were applied dilute to runoff using a high-pressure handgun sprayer at 300 psi delivering from 190 (prebloom) to 300 (postbloom) gpa depending upon foliage density. Trees on the M.2 rootstock were 34 years old, 10 ft high, and 12 ft wide. Dates of application were: 9 Apr [delayed dormant (DD)]; 22 Apr [pink (P)]; 27 May [petal fall (PF)]; 6 Jun [first cover (IC)]; 19 Jun [second cover (2C)]; 11 Jul [third cover (3C)]; 28 Jul [fourth cover (4C)]; and 8 Aug [fifth cover (5C)]. Fungicides applied to all treatments were Benlate, captan, Dithane, Nova, and Rubigan. Control of fruit-feeding insects was assessed at harvest maturity (18 Sep) by randomly selecting 100 fruit and scoring for external damage by each pest; subsequently, fruits were dissected to detect internal damage. Damage by early PC designates ovipositional scars, while late PC indicates feeding punctures.
Ataenius Adult and Larval Control, 1997
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: December 2017

A grid of 15 ft X 15 ft plots was established in the heavy clay soil fairway of hole #14 at Cattails Golf Club near South Lyon, MI. The actual area sprayed was 12 ft X 12 ft, leaving a 1.5-ft buffer on all sides. Four 8-dram vials, half filled with ethylene glycol, were buried in each plot as pitfall traps. The applications were made with an R & D 5-gal backpack CO2 sprayer at 50 psi with a boom holding four 8008 nozzles. Treatments were applied at a rate of 4 gal/1000 ft2 (175 gal/acre). Applications were made on 30 Jun. It was 80°F and sunny with 0-5 mph wind. Vials were placed on 23 Jun prior to application and were collected on 30 Jun, 7 Jul, and 14 Jul. Four cup-cutter samples were taken from each plot on 30 Jul. These samples, each 4¼" in diam, were then examined for ateanius grubs.
Zimmerman Pine Moth Control with Spring Treatments, 1997
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted at an abandoned nursery near Boulder, CO. Trials were conducted on Austrian and Scotch pines about 12 ft in height; individual plots consisted of 5 trees of a species. Experimental design included four replications of Scotch pine and one of Austrian arranged in a RCB design. Applications were made 1 Apr and 7 May as a trunk drench using a commercial hydraulic sprayer applying approximately 3 qt of spray mixture per tree. Evaluations were made 22 Jul by counting all the “fresh hits” evident from sap at new wound sites.
Control of Pinyon Spindlegall Midge, 1997
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney , Gerace Daniel , Tupy Andrea
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted in Ft. Collins, CO on established pinyon pine located on the campus of Colorado State University that had sustained high levels of infestation for several years. Initial emergence of adults was observed on 19 Jun. Treatments were applied the following day using a pump mister sprayer to point of run-off. Individual plots consisted of single branches, with a RCB plot design with 4 replications. Evaluations were made 25 Jul by examining all the new needles on 10 terminals/plot and calculating the percentage of galled needles.
Laboratory Bioassay of Beauveria Bassiana, Spinosad, Garlic, and Neem-Derived Products for Control of Grasshoppers
Authors: Demirel Nihat , Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted with adult, field collected migratory grasshoppers to determine susceptibility to ingestion expo sure to Beauveria bassiana Strain GHA (BotaniGard WP), spinosad (Conserve SC) a garlic-derived insecticide/repellent (Garlic Barrier), neem oil (Tril ogy) and a neem extract (BioNeem). Field collected late instar grasshoppers were confined, 8 per petri dish (100 mm X 15 mm), with 6 petri dishes usetl per treatment. Treatments involved dipping alfalfa leaves into the insecticide solutions and allowing them to air dry before feeding these to the grasshop pers. After the originally treated foliage were consumed, untreated foliage was used to maintain grasshoppers in all treatments. Mortality was assessed a 24, 48, 96, and 192 h after exposure.
Evaluation of Transgenic Corn Against European Corn Borer, 1997A
Authors: Ostlie K. R. , Luedeman J. , Price P. , O’Sell C.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted to assess the performance of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic corn hybrids (100- and 105-day RM) and comparable non-Bt hybrids against a natural ECB infestation in southern Minnesota. Plots, each measuring 50 ft by 8 rows (30 inch row spacing), were established in Webster clay loam soil on 2 May at a rate of 33,000 seeds per acre. Plots were arranged in a RCB with four replications. ECB injury assessments for first generation on 15 Aug included % shotholing from the center two rows of each plot and leaf injury ratings (1 to 9 scale) from 10 plants per plot. Tunnel length and number from first generation were measured from 10 plants per plot on 18 Aug. Measurements for second generation ECB on 7-10 Oct included cumulative tunnel length and number, fall larvae, ear and shank damage from 10 plants per plot. Plants were harvested on 23 Oct and yields were corrected to 15.5% moisture.
Evaluation of Transgenic Corn Against European Corn Borer, 1997B
Authors: Ostlie K. R. , Luedeman J. , Price P. , Bhend J. , Potter B. , Porter P.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted to assess the performance of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic corn hybrids (100- and 105-day RM) and comparable non-Bt hybrids against a natural ECB infestation in southwest Minnesota. Plots, each measuring 50 ft by 8 rows (30-inch row spacing), were established in Normania loam soil on 5 May at a rate ol 30,000 seeds per acre. Plots were arranged in a RCB with four replications. ECB injury assessments for first generations on 4 Aug included % shotholing from the center two rows of each plot and leaf injury ratings from 10 plants per plot. Tunnel length and number from both the first generation and univoltine generations were measured simultaneously from 10 plants per plot on 27 Aug. Measurements for second-generation ECB on 15-16 Oct included cumulative tunnel length and number, fall larvae, and ear and shank damage. Plots were harvested on 23 Oct and yields were corrected to 15.5% moisture.
Evaluation of Transgenic Corn Against European Corn Borer, 1997D
Authors: Ostlie K. R. , Luedeman J. , Price P. , Jharco M. , Nelson George
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted to assess the per formance of Bacillus thuringiensis transgenic corn hybrids (<95-day RM) and comparable non-Bt hybrids against a natural ECB infestation in west centra Minnesota. This area contains a mixture of univoltine and multivoltine biotypes. Treatments included 3 non-Bt hybrids (Ciba 4144, NK 2555, NK 3030) anc their isogenic counterparts (Max 357, NK 2555Bt, NK 3030Bt) arranged in a RCB design with 6 replications. Plots, each measuring 50 ft by 8 rows (30-inch row spacing), were planted on 19 May at a rate of 30,000 seeds per acre using a Hiniker Econo Till Planter. Planting preparations, fertilizer and herbicide ap plications followed normal production practices. First generation evaluations on 5 Aug included % of plants with leaf injury, leaf injury ratings (1 to 9 scale) number of tunnels, and tunnel length. Combined effects of univoltine and second generations were measured by examining tunnel number and length, ear anc shank infestations, and overwintering larvae on 20 Sept. Plots were harvested on 10 Oct and yields were corrected to 15.5% moisture.
Evaluation of Sweetpotato Cultivars for Resistance to Sweetpotato Weevil, 1997
Authors: Mao Lixin , Story R. N. , Hammond A. M. , LaBonte Don R.
Published: December 2017

A test was conducted ir Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge Parish, to determine the resistance of 5 cultivars and 3 breeding lines of sweetpotato to sweetpotato weevil. Single row plots consisting of 10 plants (10 ft. row length) were arranged in a CRB design with 6 replications. Slips were transplanted on July 2. During the growing season 20 adult weevils were released in each replication on 29 Aug, 5 Sep, and 12 Sep. Roots were harvested on 5 Nov and the number of roots damagec by SPW were recorded.
Insecticide Evaluation, 1997
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted in a two-acre orchard of 19-yr-old trees on Halford rootstock. Trees measured 11 ft in height and 13.5 ft in width and were planted at a spacing of 20 X 20 ft. The experimental design consisted of a single plot of 18 trees (6 rows X 3 trees/row) for each of 8 spray treatments and a single plot of 36 trees (6 rows X 6 trees/row) for each of 8 spray treatments and a single plot of 36 trees (6 rows X 6 trees/row) as an untreated check. Insecticides were applied as complete sprays to both sides of the trees with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.4 mph and delivered a spray volume of 100 gpa in treatments 1-7 and 250 gpa in treatment 8. Dates [stages or OFM degree days from first moth catch] of application, which differed among treatments, were 21 Apr [petal fall], 29 Apr [late petal fall], 5 May [shuck split], 19 May [shuck fall], 4 Jun [586], 16 June [830], 19 Jun [920], 24 Jun [1085], 30 Jun [1253], 3 Jul [1354], 15 Jul [1692], 29 Jul [2119], and 7 Aug (2318]. Other materials applied separately to all treatments, except for no. 8, were Bravo 720, Orbit, Topsin-M and Ziram. Treatments were evaluated by taking insect counts or assessing injury on 4 single-tree replications from the center of each plot. GPA control was evaluated by counting the number of colonies per tree. Control of first-generation OFM was determined by counting injured terminals per tree. Fruit injury from OFM and catfacing insects was determined by sampling 100 picked fruit from each tree replicate on 19 Aug.
Blueberry, Control of Cranberry Fruitworm and Cherry Fruitworm, 1997
Authors: Wise John C. , Gut Larry J.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were applied to mature blueberry bushes at the Trevor Nichols Research Complex in Douglas, MI at a rate of 50 GPA with a FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments plots were arranged in a CRB design of 44-ft-long rows containing a total of 11 bushes, replicated 4 times. Funginex was applied to all treatments. Applications of test materials were made on 19 Jun (Bloom, 5 days past 1st egg laying), 24 Jun (Petal Fall), 2 Jul (PF + 7 days), 11 Jul (1C), 17 Jul (1C + 7 days), 24 Jul (2C), 4 Aug (2C + 7 days). Fruit evaluations were made on 3 Jul, 18 Jul, and 30 Jul by randomly picking 50 blueberry fruit clusters per rep, or 200 clusters per treatment, and evaluating the fruit for CBFW and CFW damage. Fruit clusters with singular damaged berries were counted separately from the clusters with multiple damaged berries to determine the amount of injury caused by CFW compared to CBFW.
Insecticide Efficacy for Root Weevil on Strawberry, 1997
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Chamberlain J. D.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were replicated four times in a 2-year-old ‘Rainier’ strawberry field in La Center, WA. Plots measuring 3 rows wide and 25 ft long were arranged in a RCB design. Sprays were applied on 6 Jun with a tractor-mounted 6-tank plot sprayer with a 3-row boom using 3 D4-45 TeeJet nozzles per row at 150 psi, delivering 100 gal/acre at 2 mph. Visual samplings for BVW were taken on 13, 16, and 24 Jun along the center 20 feet of the center row beginning at 10 PM with the aid of a flashlight.
Citrus Rust Mite Control on Texas Citrus, 1997
Authors: French J. Victor , Villarreal Santiago
Published: December 2017

Kelthane MF and Kelthane 50 W (each tank mixed with Latron AG-44M Acidifier), were compared to Alert 2 SC and standard acaricide Agri-Mek + NR 435 Oil for efficacy against CRM. Treatments were randomized and replicated 4 times on plots of 6 trees each in an orchard of 36-yr-old grapefruit trees planted on 16 X 22 ft spacing. Treatment sprays were applied 30 Apr by an FMC 1229 single-volume commercial airblast sprayer with nozzling, pressure and speed calibrated to deliver 200 gpa. At 1-2-week intervals after treatment, 25 fruit per replicate were randomly selected and examined for CRM in situ with a 10X handlens. All live CRM were counted in two, 1-sq-cm lens fields on the shaded side of each fruit. The two counts per fruit were averaged and recorded as one observation. Upon culmination of the trial, 100 randomly sampled fruit from trees in each replicate were evaluated for CRM feeding injury. If > one-third of the fruit surface area was damaged it was downgraded to process fruit. The percentage of downgraded fruit was determined and expressed as percent russet.
California Red Scale Insecticide Efficacy Trial, 1996
Authors: Grafton-Cardwell E. E. , Reagan C. A.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy of two insect growth regulators (IGR) and a new chemical insecticide for the control of California red scale (CRS) were compared with an organophosphate insecticide and an untreated check. The insecticides were applied to 13-year-old ‘Washington’ navel orange trees at the Lindcove Research and Extension Center, Exeter, CA. Single insecticide applications were compared with multiple applications of two different insecticides. Treatments were assigned on the basis of pre-treatment densities of CRS and insecticides were applied to ten single-tree replicates in each treatment. Admire was applied to the soil on 29 Apr and the soil was irrigated for 4 hours. Foliar treatments were timed for emergence of 1 st-generation (9, 10 May) and 2nd-generation (8, 9 July) scale crawlers and applied with a Bean hand-sprayer at 450 psi and 1200 gpa (14-15 gallons per tree). Five randomly collected two-year-old twigs per tree and five fruit per tree (when they were available) were evaluated at monthly intervals. All live and parasitized 1st- and 2nd-instar scales and 3rd-instar female scales were counted. At harvest (14-22 Jan 1997), the percentage of fruit infested with > 10 CRS was evaluated and the fruit was electronically graded into juice (poorest cosmetic quality), choice, and fancy (best cosmetic quality) categories.
Citricola Scale Insecticide Efficacy Trial, 1996
Authors: Grafton-Cardwell E. E. , Reagan C. A.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides alone and in combination with a spray adjuvant were evaluated against the lst-instar nymphal stage of citricola scale on citrus compared with a water application. Treatments were applied to 22-year-old ‘Washington’ navel orange trees at the Lindcove Research and Extension Center, Exeter, California. The first application was made 16 Sep 1996 and was timed to cause mortality of 1st-instar nymphs on leaves. A separate application of Lorsban was applied 14 Nov 1996 and targeted lst-instar nymphs after they had begun to move to the twigs. The purpose of testing this later application was to determine if a late spray of a low rate of Lorsban could be efficacious against citricola scale. Growers utilizing an integrated pest management program would like to minimize the negative impact of Lorsban application on parasitism of California red scale by Aphytis melinus. Eight replications of single tree treatments were applied at 300 gpa (3-4 gal/tree), 300 psi using a Bean handsprayer. On 4 Sep and 25 Oct 1996, treatments were evaluated by collecting 10 leaves from the northeast quadrant of each tree and counting the number of live lst-instar nymphs. The following spring, 2 May 1997, citricola scale densities were evaluated by counting the number of life female citricola scale on 10 twigs (approximately 30 cm in length) per tree in each treatment.
Speed-Sprayer Trials for Citrus Thrips Control, 1997
Authors: Morse J. G. , Schweizer H. , Urena A. A.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated for control of citrus thrips during spring, 1997 in Field 41-42 (13-year-old ‘Washington’ navel oranges) at the University of California’s Lindcove Research and Extension Center near Exeter, California. Pesticides were applied with an FMC CP-267 speed-sprayer pulled behind a tractor. Five treatments were compared against an untreated control using 200 gpa and outside coverage (achieved by reducing fan speed). The field was divided into 12 plots; treatments were assigned to plots randomly and were replicated twice in each field; each plot was six rows wide and 5-8 trees long. Ten data trees were chosen from the center two rows of each plot, excluding the trees at the end of a row. Citrus thrips infestation due to first- and second-instar immatures was monitored after petal fall by examining 5 fruit randomly selected from each data in each plot (50 fruit per plot, 100 fruit per treatment). Citrus thrips fruit scarring evaluations were taken in September on all fruit on the exterior of data trees from knee to eye level. Typical scarring levels on outside fruit as sampled in this study are approximately twice as high as percent scarring of fruit sampled from the entire tree (inside fruit are less severely scarred). Scarring was rated as: (a) none, (b) slight (any citrus thrips scarring), or (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in a commercial operation). Economic scarring levels in a normal year are approximately 5% severe scars.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Leafminers on Lima Beans, 1997
Authors: Fouche Calvin , Canevari Mick , Cutter Dawn
Published: December 2017

Eight treatments were evaluated in a research field near Farmington, CA to determine their efficacy in controlling leafminers. The experimental design was a RCB with 3 replications. Plots were 2 rows wide (5ft) by 35 ft. long. Research sprays were applied with a backpack CO2-powered sprayer on 31 Jul (A), 7 Aug (B), 13 Aug (C), and 20 Aug (D) in 20 gallons per acre. In early July, maintenance applications of Orthene 75 SP at .66 lb(AI)/acre and Lannate 90 SP at 1.0 lb(AI)/acre were applied to increase leafminer populations. Treatments were evaluated by removing and examining 25 leaves from the top to the interior of the plant in the center of two treated rows. Pupae were collected from two plastic dinner plates, 26-cm dia, placed in the center of the two treated rows at the base of the plants. Pupae were removed from the plates and placed in 165-ml Dixie cups with lids and held in the lab for 3-4 weeks and then evaluated for adult leafminer emergence, natural mortality, and parasite emergence. Rainfall just before the 21 Aug collection date made that week’s data unreliable for number of pupae.
Control of Cabbage Looper, Diamondback Moth, and Imported Cabbageworm on Cabbage with Mi-Crobial Insecticides, 1997
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Baumann Donna , Parr Annika
Published: December 2017

‘Bravo’ cabbage were planted in 35-ft-long 1-row plots on 19 Aug. Plants were spaced 22 inches apart in the row i with 72 inches between rows. The treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 3 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 2.0 gal of water and applied with a custom-built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at j 30 psi. Treatments were applied on 8, 15, and 22 Sep and 1, 7 Oct. Foliage injury was rated on 1-6 scale as follows: 1) no apparent insect feeding; 2) minor insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves, 0-1% leaf area eaten; 3) moderate insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves with no head damage, 2-leaf area eaten; 4) moderate insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves with minor feeding on head, 6-10% leaf head unmarketable during normal marketing conditions; 5) moderate to heavy feeding on wrapper and head leaves and moderate number of feeding scars on head, 11-30% of leaf area eaten; 6) j considerable insect feeding on wrapper and head leaves with head having numerous feeding scars, over 30% of leaf area eaten.
Control of the Diamondback Moth on Cabbage Under Field Conditions, Spring 1996
Authors: Seal Dakshina R. , McCord Elzie
Published: December 2017

‘Rio Verde’ was transplanted in Rockdale soil on Jan 16, 1996. A RCB design was employed to provide 4 replicates each for 11 treatments comprising a plot size of 4 rows, 25 feet long. Insecticide applications were initiated after 10% of the plants were infested with DBM and continued at approximately 7-day intervals beginning 15 Apr. Foliar insecticides were applied using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer using 2 nozzles per row at 40 PSI delivering 70 gpa. Evaluations were done by counting all larvae on 10 randomly selected center row plants per plot 24 h after each treatment. Cabbage heads were graded for marketability on 1-6 scale: 6 highly marketable, 1 not marketable.
Comparison of Proclaim and Warrior for Control of Lepidoptera on Cabbage, 1997
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T.
Published: December 2017

Two trials were conducted. Cabbage was transplanted on 11 Jun for one trial and 20 Jun for the second trial at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of two 10-ft rows on 36-inch centers with 18-inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in an RCB design. A CO2 backpack sprayer with a one-row boom, having 3 nozzles per row (one over the top and one drop nozzle on each side) with TXVS-8 hollow cone tips and delivering 31 gpa at 40 psi and 2 mph, was used to apply a single application of each treatment. Silwet L-77 spray adjuvant was applied at 0.1% v/v with all treatments. Treatments for the first trial were applied on 22 Jul with evaluations done on 28 Jul. Treatments for the second trial were applied on 19 Aug with evaluations done on 26 Aug. Evaluations were done by selecting three plants per plot, removing all leaves, and counting the number of live larvae. A two-way ANOVA was used for analysis of Lepidoptera using replicate totals.
Control of Lepidoptera on Cabbage with Orthene, Spintor and Warrior, 1997
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T.
Published: December 2017

Two trials were conducted. Cabbage was transplanted on 11 Jun for one trial and 20 Jun for the second trial at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of two 10-ft rows on 36-inch centers with 18-inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in an RCB design. A CO2 backpack sprayer with a one-row boom, having 3 nozzles per row (one over the top and one drop nozzle on each side) with TXVS-8 hollow cone tips and delivering 31 gpa at 40 psi and 2 mph, was used to apply a single application of each treatment. Silwet L-77 spray adjuvant was applied at 0.1 % v/v with all treatments. The first trial treatments were applied on 22 Jul with evaluations done on 28 Jul. Treatments for the second trial were applied on 18 Aug with evaluations done on 25 Aug. Evaluations were done by selecting three plants per plot, removing all leaves, and counting the number of live larvae. A two-way ANOVA was used for analysis of Lepidoptera using replicate totals.
Control of European Corn Borer and Corn Earworm on Sweet Corn, 1997
Authors: Burkness E. C. , O'Rourke P. K. , Hutchison W. D.
Published: December 2017

‘Jubilee’ was planted 25 Jun at the Uni-versity of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station at Rosemount, MN. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plots consisted of 2 rows, 25 ft long with 30-inch row spacing. A single skip row separated each plot and 10-ft alleys separated the replications. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using a single nozzle fitted with an XR-Teejet 8002 flat fan nozzle with no screen. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 20 gpa at 34 psi, both rows of each 2-row plot were treated. Treatments were applied to the ear zone and began at 50% silk. Three applications were made 31 Aug, 5 and 11 Sep. Treatments were evaluated on 23 Sep by selecting 25 ears at random from each plot (100 per treatment) and recording the total number of larvae, larval size and location, and feeding damage (cm2).
Ear-Infesting Insect Control on Sweet Corn, 1997
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Dunlap Michael J.
Published: December 2017

‘Seneca Daybreak’ sweet corn was planted 10 Jul on the Fry Farm at the OARDC, Wooster, Ohio. Plant spacing was 30 inches between rows and 6-8 inches between plants. Plots consisted of 2 rows, 50 ft in length, with two untreated guard rows between plots and 3 ft of untreated corn at either end of each plot. Treatments were applied during the silking period on 27 Aug, 1, 4, 8, and 12 Sep using a backpack sprayer delivering 30 gpa at 50 psi with a flat fan nozzle directed at the ear zone. Plots were evaluated 16 Sep by examining 30 ears from the middle two rows of each plot for any lepidopteran pests infesting the ears and for feeding damage to the kernels.
Foliar Sprays to Control Ear-Invading Insects on Sweet Corn, 1997
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Baumann Donna , Parr Annika
Published: December 2017

‘NK-199’ sweet corn was planted in 4-row plots 100 ft in length on 29 May. Distance between rows was 3 ft. Distance between plants within the row was 8 inches. Plots consisted of 4 treatment rows with the center 2 rows serving as record rows. Plots were replicated 3 times in a RCB design. Sprays were applied with an International Harvester 770 Hi-Clear sprayer. The spray boom was adjusted to spray the silk area with each row being covered by 4 nozzles. The sprayer was equipped to treat 4 rows. All treatments were mixed in 10 gallons of water and applied at the rate of 25 gpa with 50 psi. Spray treatments were applied at 30% silk 21 Jul, 27 Jul, and 31 Jul, At harvest (8 Aug), 50 ears from the center 2 rows of each plot were husked and evaluated for insect damage for fresh-market (clean ears, no damage evident), processing (evidence of tip feeding but less than 3.6 cm tip damage), and culls (tip damage beyond 3.6 cm to the side and/or bottom). All insects found within the husk or ear were identified. The soil type was Norfolk “A” loamy sand.