bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of ceftazidime/avibactam versus best available therapy on mortality from infections caused by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CAVICOR study)
Authors: Castón Juan José , Cano Angela , Pérez-Camacho Inés , Aguado Jose M , Carratalá Jordi , Ramasco Fernando , Soriano Alex , Pintado Vicente , Castelo-Corral Laura , Sousa Adrian , Fariñas María Carmen , Muñoz Patricia , Abril López De Medrano Vicente , Sanz-Peláez Óscar , Los-Arcos Ibai , Gracia-Ahufinger Irene , Pérez-Nadales Elena , Vidal Elisa , Doblas Antonio , Natera Clara , Martínez-Martínez Luis , Torre-Cisneros Julian
Published: February 2022

Background

Infections caused by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) are not well represented in pivotal trials with ceftazidime/avibactam. The best strategy for the treatment of these infections is unknown.

Methods

We conducted a multicentre retrospective observational study of patients who received ≥48 h of ceftazidime/avibactam or best available therapy (BAT) for documented CPE infections. The primary outcome was 30 day crude mortality. Secondary outcomes were 21 day clinical response and microbiological response. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify factors predictive of 30 day crude mortality. A propensity score to receive treatment with ceftazidime/avibactam was used as a covariate in the analysis.

Results

The cohort included 339 patients with CPE infections. Ceftazidime/avibactam treatment was used in 189 (55.8%) patients and 150 (44.2%) received BAT at a median of 2 days after diagnosis of infection. In multivariate analysis, ceftazidime/avibactam treatment was associated with survival (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.20–0.80; P = 0.01), whereas INCREMENT-CPE scores of >7 points (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.18–1.5.58; P = 0.01) and SOFA score (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.08–1.34; P = 0.001) were associated with higher mortality. In patients with INCREMENT-CPE scores of >7 points, ceftazidime/avibactam treatment was associated with lower mortality compared with BAT (16/73, 21.9% versus 23/49, 46.9%; P = 0.004). Ceftazidime/avibactam was also an independent factor of 21 day clinical response (OR 2.43, 95% CI 1.16–5.12; P = 0.02) and microbiological eradication (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.18–0.85; P = 0.02).

Conclusions

Ceftazidime/avibactam is an effective alternative for the treatment of CPE infections, especially in patients with INCREMENT-CPE scores of >7 points. A randomized controlled trial should confirm these findings.
Inaccuracies andIzzat: Channel Affordances for the Consideration of Face in Misinformation Correction
Authors: Pearce Katy E , Malhotra Pranav
Published: February 2022

The correction of misinformation is an important scholarly and practical endeavor. Understanding the correction process requires drawing on theorizing from a multitude of perspectives. This interview study of (N = 26) Indian young adults in Delhi uses an affordances perspective in combination with face-negotiation theory to understand how face considerations during a misinformation correction are tied to different social and mobile media affordances that influence channel selection. While older family members share falsehoods on WhatsApp group chats, corrections rarely occur there. Instead, perceived synchronicity, bandwidth, and publicness affordances of different channels that support politeness and face concerns influence channel choice for correction. Thus, this study not only provides an interesting context for understanding these affordances, but also adds to the literature on misinformation correction by highlighting the role of social and contextual factors, and demonstrates the utility of CMC and interpersonal communication theory in understanding misinformation correction.
Decreased Mite Reproduction to Select Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) Resistant Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae): Limitations and Potential Methodological Improvements
Authors: von Virag Adrien , Guichard Matthieu , Neuditschko Markus , Dietemann Vincent , Dainat Benjamin
Published: February 2022

The invasive parasitic mite, Varroa destructor (Anderson and Trueman), is the major biotic threat to the survival of European honey bees, Apis mellifera L. To improve colony survival against V. destructor, the selection of resistant lineages against this parasite is considered a sustainable solution. Among selected traits, mite fertility and fecundity, often referred to as suppressed mite reproduction are increasingly used in breeding programmes. However, the current literature leaves some gaps in the assessment of the effectiveness of selecting these traits toward achieving resistance. In the population studied here, we show a low repeatability and reproducibility of mite fertility and fecundity phenotypes, as well as a low correlation of these traits with infestation rates of colonies. Phenotyping reliability could neither be improved by increasing the number of worker brood cells screened, nor by screening drone brood, which is highly attractive for the parasite and available early in the season, theoretically allowing a reduction of generation time and thus an acceleration of genetic progress in selected lineages. Our results provide an evaluation of the potential and limitations of selecting on decreased mite reproduction traits to obtain V. destructor-resistant honeybee colonies. To allow for a more precise implementation of such selection and output reporting, we propose a refined nomenclature by introducing the terms of decreased mite reproduction and reduced mite reproduction, depending on the extent of mite reproduction targeted. We also highlight the importance of ensuring accurate phenotyping ahead of initiating long-lasting selection programmes.
Na+/K+-ATPase Activation by cAMP in the Midgut of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912; Diptera: Psychodidae)
Authors: Barguil Nepomuceno Denise , DÁvila Pessoa Grasielle Caldas , Nascimento Araújo Ricardo , Barbosa Koerich Leonardo , Viana Sant’Anna Maurício Roberto , Horácio Pereira Marcos , Figueiredo Gontijo Nelder
Published: February 2022

Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) females have been intensively studied regarding the regulation of midgut pH. The mechanisms involved in pH regulation are complex, and some aspects remain to be clarified. Here, we investigated the role of the Na+/K+-ATPase pump as an electrochemical potential generator and its modulation by the second messenger cAMP in the midgut of female L. longipalpis. Our results suggest that not only may Na+/K+-ATPase be the main generator of an electrochemical potential across membranes in the midgut of female L. longipalpis, but also its activity is positively regulated by cAMP. cAMP-mediated Na+/K+-ATPase pump activity might be necessary to maintain the transport of the nutrients produced during blood digestion.
Triptolide ameliorates osteoarthritis by regulating nuclear factor kappa B-mediated inflammatory response
Authors: Liu Gang , Wang Laijie , Tuerxunyiming Muhadasi , Xu Jin , Wu Zaifeng , Wang Wei , Liu Hongyu , Lin Lin , Liu Qingbai
Published: February 2022

Objectives

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint degenerative disease that commonly occurs in older people and affect the quality of life. Triptolide (TPL), a compound derived from Tripterygium wilfordii, has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. Here, we investigated the therapeutic effect of TPL on the experimental OA as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Methods

OA models were established using monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) or surgery. The arthritis score and paw withdrawal threshold value of knees were used to evaluate the degree of arthritis. The level and expression of proinflammatory cytokines were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA kits.

Key findings

In surgery and MIA-induced OA rats, TPL alleviated arthritis symptoms and reduced inflammatory cytokine production in serum. In primary chondrocytes, TPL dose-dependently reversed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cell proliferation. Moreover, LPS-induced cell apoptosis and the expressions of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-(IL-)6, IL-8, IL-1β, IL-12, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (INF-γ) were also attenuated by TPL. Mechanistically, the therapeutic effects of TPL on OA were effective by dampening nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activity leading to reduced proinflammatory cytokines production and inflammatory response.

Conclusions

TPL acts as an effective therapeutic drug for OA by mediating NF-κB signalling, thereby leading to the reduced proinflammatory cytokines production and inflammatory response.
Multi-centre prospective cohort study of diaphragmatic defect phenotype and repair in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: ‘The Defect Study’
Authors:   Paediatric Surgery Trainee Research Network (PSTRN) Organisation and Writing Group, Eastwood Mary Patrice , Harwood Rachel , Rhodes Hannah , Bethell George Stephen , Bradnock Timothy J , Hall Nigel J ,   ‘The Defect Study’ Lead Team
Published: February 2022

Defect size and closure technique in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) has long-term consequences for morbidity in survivors. Although subjective operative reporting of the defect size has been standardized, objective evaluation is lacking. There is no reported optimum closure technique related to the size and position of the diaphragmatic defect. We aim to objectively describe diaphragmatic defects and repair methods, at the time of neonatal CDH repair, through a prospective multi-centre service evaluation project. We will evaluate all neonates born with CDH surviving to diaphragmatic repair. All specialist paediatric surgical centres in the UK, Ireland and New Zealand will be invited to participate. Non-identifiable patient data will be collected over a 24-month period using a REDCap database. Diaphragmatic defects and hemidiaphragm measurements will be recorded intra-operatively alongside standardized defect reporting. Closure technique and 1-year outcomes will be captured. Demographics and peri-operative data will be reported as median (interquartile range), mean (standard deviation) or categorical variables. Defect measurement will be calculated as an ellipse with area displayed as a histogram. Patch usage will be compared to the defect area using univariate logistic regression analysis. Univariate logistic regression analysis will also be used to assess for the association between peri-operative variables and complications. Where possible, a multi-variate regression analysis will be performed. Centres will register the project as service evaluation at each participating hospital site. The results will be submitted to an international peer reviewed journal and will be disseminated via appropriate international forums and through patient support networks (CDH-UK).
Clustering with general photo-z uncertainties: application to Baryon Acoustic Oscillations
Authors: Chan Kwan Chuen , Ferrero Ismael , Avila Santiago , Ross Ashley J , Crocce Martin , Gaztañaga Enrique
Published: February 2022

Photometric data can be analysed using the 3D correlation function ξp to extract cosmological information via e.g. measurement of the Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO). Previous studies modeled ξp assuming a Gaussian photo-z approximation. In this work we improve the modeling by incorporating realistic photo-z distribution. We show that the position of the BAO scale in ξp is determined by the photo-z distribution and the Jacobian of the transformation. The latter diverges at the transverse scale of the separation s⊥, and it explains why ξp traces the underlying correlation function at s⊥, rather than s, when the photo-z uncertainty σz/(1+ z) ≳ 0.02. We also obtain the Gaussian covariance for ξp. Due to photo-z mixing, the covariance of ξp shows strong off-diagonal elements. The high correlation of the data causes some issues to the data fitting. None the less, we find that either it can be solved by suppressing the largest eigenvalues of the covariance or it is not directly related to the BAO. We test our BAO fitting pipeline using a set of mock catalogs. The data set is dedicated for Dark Energy Survey Year 3 (DES Y3) BAO analyses and includes realistic photo-z distributions. The theory template is in good agreement with mock measurement. Based on the DES Y3 mocks, ξp statistic is forecast to constrain the BAO shift parameter α to be 1.001 ± 0.023, which is well consistent with the corresponding constraint derived from the angular correlation function measurements. Thus, ξp offers a competitive alternative for the photometric data analyses.
MUSE sneaks a peek at extreme ram-pressure stripping events – V. Towards a complete view of the galaxy cluster A1367
Authors: Pedrini Alex , Fossati Matteo , Gavazzi Giuseppe , Fumagalli Michele , Boselli Alessandro , Consolandi Guido , Sun Ming , Yagi Masafumi , Yoshida Michitoshi
Published: February 2022

We present an analysis of the kinematics and ionization conditions in a sample composed of seven star-forming galaxies undergoing ram-pressure stripping in the A1367 cluster, and the galaxy ESO137–001 in the Norma cluster. MUSE observations of two new galaxies in this sample, CGCG097–073 and CGCG097–079, are also presented. This sample is characterized by homogeneous integral field spectroscopy with MUSE and by a consistent selection based on the presence of ionized gas tails. The ratio [O i]/H α is consistently elevated in the tails of these objects compared to what observed in unperturbed galaxy discs, an ubiquitous feature which we attribute to shocks or turbulent phenomena in the stripped gas. Compact star-forming regions are observed in only $\approx 50 {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the tails, implying that specific (currently unknown) conditions are needed to trigger star formation inside the stripped gas. Focusing on the interface regions between the interstellar and intracluster medium, we observe different line ratios that we associate to different stages of the stripping process, with galaxies at an early stage of perturbation showing more prominent signatures of elevated star formation. Our analysis, thus, demonstrates the power of a well selected and homogeneous sample to infer general properties arising from ram-pressure stripping inside local clusters.
The first X-ray spectrum of the high-mass X-ray binary XTE J1855−026 during the compact object eclipse
Authors: Sanjurjo-Ferrín G , Torrejón J M , Rodes-Roca J J
Published: February 2022

We present the first XMM–Newton observation of the classical supergiant high-mass X-ray binary XTE J1855−026 taken entirely during the eclipse of the neutron star (NS), covering the orbital phases ϕ = 0.00–0.11. The analysis of the data allows us to (a) compare with the parameters obtained during the existing pre-eclipse observation and (b) explore the back-illuminated stellar wind of the B0I-type donor. The blackbody component, used to describe the soft excess during pre-eclipse, is not observed during eclipse. It must be then produced near the NS or along the donor–NS line. The 0.3–10 keV luminosity during eclipse (∼1034 erg s−1) is 70 times lower than pre-eclipse. The intensity of the Fe Kα line, in the average eclipse spectrum, is ∼7.4 times lower than the one measured during pre-eclipse. Since Kα photons cannot be resonantly scattered in the wind, the vast majority of Fe Kα emission must come from distances within 1R* from the NS. The eclipse spectrum is successfully modelled through the addition of two photoionized plasmas, one with low ionization (log ξ1,cold = 0.36) and high emission measure (EM1,cold ≈ 3 × 1059 cm−3) and another with high ionization (log ξ2,hot = 3.7) and low emission measure (EM2,hot ≈ 2 × 1056 cm−3). Assuming that the cold and hot gas phases are the clumps and the interclump medium of the stellar wind, respectively, and a clump volume filling factor of ≈0.04–0.05, typical for massive stars, a density contrast between clumps and the interclump medium of nc/ni ≈ 180 is deduced, in agreement with theoretical expectations and optical–ultraviolet observations of massive star winds.
Low-mass members of nearby young stellar moving groups from Gaia EDR3
Authors: Lee Jinhee , Song Inseok , Murphy Simon J
Published: February 2022

Gaia EDR3 offers greatly improved kinematics for nearby objects, including members of nearby young stellar moving groups (NYMGs). In this study, we aim to identify low-mass NYMG members (spectral types of M0 to mid-L) in Gaia EDR3. We calculated spatio-kinematic membership probabilities by utilizing a Bayesian membership probability calculation scheme developed in our previous study. We evaluated stellar youth primarily based on colour–magnitude diagram positions. Combining spatio-kinematic membership assessment and youth evaluation, we identified ∼2900 low-mass NYMG candidate members, including ∼700 previously claimed members. In the set of ∼2200 new candidate members, ∼550 appear to be young based on NUV brightness. Our pilot spectroscopic study with Wide Field Spectrograph (WiFeS) on the ANU 2.3-m telescope observed 78 candidates, with 79 per cent confirmed as members. Using our new member sample, we estimated an isochronal age of the β Pictoris Moving Group. The mean age (∼10 Myr), which is around half the age of recent estimates, suggests either a truly younger age of the β Pictoris Moving Group or inaccuracies in contemporary isochrones. As the main results of this study, we provide lists of newly confirmed and candidate low-mass NYMG members.
Spatially Resolved Chandra Spectroscopy of Supernova Remnant DEM L71 in the Large Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Alan N , Bilir S
Published: February 2022

We present a detailed X-ray spectroscopic study of the supernova remnant (SNR) DEM L71 in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Based on deep ∼103 ks archival Chandra data, we perform a detailed spatially resolved spectral analysis of DEM L71. We analyse regional spectra extracted from thin-sliced regions along several different azimuthal directions of the SNR to construct radial profiles of elemental abundances for O, Ne, Mg, Si, and Fe. Our elemental abundance measurements reveal an asymmetrical spatial distribution of metal-rich ejecta gas. Especially the asymmetry in the western part of the central Fe distribution is remarkable. While the location of the contact discontinuity is generally at ∼5 pc from the geometric center of the X-ray emission of DEM L71, it is uncertain in the western part of the remnant. Fe is enhanced in the ejecta while O and Ne abundances are generally negligible. This finding confirms the Type Ia origin of DEM L71. We estimate an upper limit on the Sedov age of ∼6660 ± 770 yr and explosion energy of ∼1.74 ± 0.35 × 1051 erg for the remnant. This explosion energy estimate is consistent with a canonical explosion of a type Ia SNR.
Effects of the refractive index of the X-ray corona on the emission lines in AGNs
Authors: Chainakun P , Watcharangkool A , Young A J
Published: February 2022

X-ray reflection from an accretion disc produces characteristic emission lines allowing us to probe the innermost regions in active galactic nuclei. We investigate these emission lines under a framework of Riemannian geometrical optics where the corona has a refractive index of n ≠ 1. The empty space outside is a vacuum with n = 1. The Kerr metric is modified to trace the light rays that are bent due to not only the gravity of the black hole but also the effects of coronal plasma dependent on n. The choice of n alters the null geodesics, producing the effect which is analogous to the light deflection. For the corona with n > 1, the disc on the far side within the corona covers a larger area on the observer’s sky, enhancing the blue wing of the line and producing more flux difference between the blue peak and extended red tail. The inverse effects are seen when n < 1. Moreover, the corona with n > 1 and n < 1 could induce extra shifts in the blue wing (Δgmax) to higher and lower energy, respectively. These effects are more prominent when the inclination angle is ≳60° and the corona extends to ≳5rg. To obtain the deviation of the line shift of Δgmax ≳ 0.01, the difference between the refractive index of the corona and that of the empty space must be $\Delta n \gtrsim 0.5{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. Finally, the lensing corona can influence the arrival time of photons that may affect the observed variability of these emission lines.
Colchicine as rescue treatment in two pediatric patients with chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO)
Authors: Quintana-Ortega Cristian , Prieto-Moreno Pfeifer Ana , Palomino Lozano Laura , Lancharro Ángel , Saavedra Lozano Jesús , Villa-García Ángel José , Seoane-Reula Elena
Published: February 2022

Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is a rare idiopathic autoinflammatory bone disease characterised by noninfective inflammation of bones. Diagnostic approach is challenging and requires exclusion of other causes such as malignancies or infections. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids are usually applied as first-line therapy in CRMO patients; however, some cases require more intensive therapy with second-line agents to control disease activity. We hereby describe the use of colchicine as a nonconventional second-line disease-modifying antirheumatic drug in two pediatric patients with CRMO refractory to NSAIDs and corticosteroids. Our data indicate that colchicine might prove an important area for future research as a potential therapeutic option with easy administration, low cost, and a good safety profile in CRMO patients refractory to first-line therapy.
Engineered Sleeping Beauty transposase redirects transposon integration away from genes
Authors: Miskey Csaba , Kesselring Lisa , Querques Irma , Abrusán György , Barabas Orsolya , Ivics Zoltán
Published: February 2022

The Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system is a popular tool for genome engineering, but random integration into the genome carries a certain genotoxic risk in therapeutic applications. Here we investigate the role of amino acids H187, P247 and K248 in target site selection of the SB transposase. Structural modeling implicates these three amino acids located in positions analogous to amino acids with established functions in target site selection in retroviral integrases and transposases. Saturation mutagenesis of these residues in the SB transposase yielded variants with altered target site selection properties. Transposon integration profiling of several mutants reveals increased specificity of integrations into palindromic AT repeat target sequences in genomic regions characterized by high DNA bendability. The H187V and K248R mutants redirect integrations away from exons, transcriptional regulatory elements and nucleosomal DNA in the human genome, suggesting enhanced safety and thus utility of these SB variants in gene therapy applications.
A tRNA modifying enzyme as a tunable regulatory nexus for bacterial stress responses and virulence
Authors: Fleming Brittany A , Blango Matthew G , Rousek Alexis A , Kincannon William M , Tran Alexander , Lewis Adam J , Russell Colin W , Zhou Qin , Baird Lisa M , Barber Amelia E , Brannon John R , Beebout Connor J , Bandarian Vahe , Hadjifrangiskou Maria , Howard Michael T , Mulvey Matthew A
Published: February 2022

Post-transcriptional modifications can impact the stability and functionality of many different classes of RNA molecules and are an especially important aspect of tRNA regulation. It is hypothesized that cells can orchestrate rapid responses to changing environmental conditions by adjusting the specific types and levels of tRNA modifications. We uncovered strong evidence in support of this tRNA global regulation hypothesis by examining effects of the well-conserved tRNA modifying enzyme MiaA in extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC), a major cause of urinary tract and bloodstream infections. MiaA mediates the prenylation of adenosine-37 within tRNAs that decode UNN codons, and we found it to be crucial to the fitness and virulence of ExPEC. MiaA levels shifted in response to stress via a post-transcriptional mechanism, resulting in marked changes in the amounts of fully modified MiaA substrates. Both ablation and forced overproduction of MiaA stimulated translational frameshifting and profoundly altered the ExPEC proteome, with variable effects attributable to UNN content, changes in the catalytic activity of MiaA, or availability of metabolic precursors. Cumulatively, these data indicate that balanced input from MiaA is critical for optimizing cellular responses, with MiaA acting much like a rheostat that can be used to realign global protein expression patterns.
A transcriptional roadblock protects yeast centromeres
Authors: Hedouin Sabrine , Logsdon Glennis A , Underwood Jason G , Biggins Sue
Published: February 2022

Centromeres are the chromosomal loci essential for faithful chromosome segregation during cell division. Although centromeres are transcribed and produce non-coding RNAs (cenRNAs) that affect centromere function, we still lack a mechanistic understanding of how centromere transcription is regulated. Here, using a targeted RNA isoform sequencing approach, we identified the transcriptional landscape at and surrounding all centromeres in budding yeast. Overall, cenRNAs are derived from transcription readthrough of pericentromeric regions but rarely span the entire centromere and are a complex mixture of molecules that are heterogeneous in abundance, orientation, and sequence. While most pericentromeres are transcribed throughout the cell cycle, centromere accessibility to the transcription machinery is restricted to S-phase. This temporal restriction is dependent on Cbf1, a centromere-binding transcription factor, that we demonstrate acts locally as a transcriptional roadblock. Cbf1 deletion leads to an accumulation of cenRNAs at all phases of the cell cycle which correlates with increased chromosome mis-segregation that is partially rescued when the roadblock activity is restored. We propose that a Cbf1-mediated transcriptional roadblock protects yeast centromeres from untimely transcription to ensure genomic stability.
Virus-specific editing identification approach reveals the landscape of A-to-I editing and its impacts on SARS-CoV-2 characteristics and evolution
Authors: Song Yulong , He Xiuju , Yang Wenbing , Wu Yaoxing , Cui Jun , Tang Tian , Zhang Rui
Published: February 2022

Upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, viral intermediates specifically activate the IFN response through MDA5-mediated sensing and accordingly induce ADAR1 p150 expression, which might lead to viral A-to-I RNA editing. Here, we developed an RNA virus-specific editing identification pipeline, surveyed 7622 RNA-seq data from diverse types of samples infected with SARS-CoV-2, and constructed an atlas of A-to-I RNA editing sites in SARS-CoV-2. We found that A-to-I editing was dynamically regulated, varied between tissue and cell types, and was correlated with the intensity of innate immune response. On average, 91 editing events were deposited at viral dsRNA intermediates per sample. Moreover, editing hotspots were observed, including recoding sites in the spike gene that affect viral infectivity and antigenicity. Finally, we provided evidence that RNA editing accelerated SARS-CoV-2 evolution in humans during the epidemic. Our study highlights the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to hijack components of the host antiviral machinery to edit its genome and fuel its evolution, and also provides a framework and resource for studying viral RNA editing.
Genome-wide characterization of i-motifs and their potential roles in the stability and evolution of transposable elements in rice
Authors: Ma Xing , Feng Yilong , Yang Ying , Li Xin , Shi Yining , Tao Shentong , Cheng Xuejiao , Huang Jian , Wang Xiu-e , Chen Caiyan , Monchaud David , Zhang Wenli
Published: February 2022

I-motifs (iMs) are non-canonical DNA secondary structures that fold from cytosine (C)-rich genomic DNA regions termed putative i-motif forming sequences (PiMFSs). The structure of iMs is stabilized by hemiprotonated C-C base pairs, and their functions are now suspected in key cellular processes in human cells such as genome stability and regulation of gene transcription. In plants, their biological relevance is still largely unknown. Here, we characterized PiMFSs with high potential for i-motif formation in the rice genome by developing and applying a protocol hinging on an iMab antibody-based immunoprecipitation (IP) coupled with high-throughput sequencing (seq), consequently termed iM-IP-seq. We found that PiMFSs had intrinsic subgenomic distributions, cis-regulatory functions and an intricate relationship with DNA methylation. We indeed found that the coordination of PiMFSs with DNA methylation may affect dynamics of transposable elements (TEs) among different cultivated Oryza subpopulations or during evolution of wild rice species. Collectively, our study provides first and unique insights into the biology of iMs in plants, with potential applications in plant biotechnology for improving important agronomic rice traits.
Tobacco Control in Bolivia: Transnational Civil Society Efforts in Securing a Comprehensive Law
Authors: Crosbie Eric , Perez Sara , Copa Pamela Cortez , Monje Alejandra Karina Garron , Machin Nina , Lopez Gabrielle , Sebrié Ernesto M
Published: February 2022

Introduction

To document the adoption of a comprehensive tobacco control law in Bolivia, a low-income country in South America.

Aims and Methods

Analysis of the Bolivian case study by reviewing news sources, tobacco control legislation, industry websites, and advocacy reports. Application of the Policy Dystopia Model to analyze tobacco industry and health advocacy arguments and action-based strategies.

Results

For decades tobacco control progress in Bolivia remained relatively stagnant due to industry interference. In the 2000s and 2010s, Bolivia ratified the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) and implemented a couple of laws that began restricting smoking in public places and tobacco advertising. In 2015, tobacco control civil society emerged with the creation of Fundación InterAmericana del Corazón (FIC) Bolivia, which began coordinating efforts to counter industry interference. Between 2016 and 2020, FIC Bolivia with financial and technical support from international health groups proactively coordinated interministerial meetings, identified and met with key policymakers, and held public educational socialization events to introduce and support a FCTC-based tobacco control bill. Tobacco companies argued to policymakers and the media the bill would result in lost sales/jobs, increase illicit trade and help smugglers profit but only secured minimal changes. In February 2020, Bolivia passed Law 1280, which established 100% smoke-free environments, banned tobacco advertising (except at the point-of-sale), required 60% pictorial health warnings, among others.

Conclusions

International financial and technical support combined with proactive advocacy strategies, including identifying and engaging key policymakers, coordinating interministerial meetings, and educating the public can help pass strong tobacco control laws, especially in low-income countries.

Implications

Low- and middle-income countries struggle to adopt comprehensive tobacco control legislation due to weak state capacity, limited resources, and aggressive tobacco industry interference. This is one of a handful of studies to examine the adoption of a comprehensive tobacco control law in a low-income country, Bolivia. Proactive health advocacy strategies, including identifying and engaging key political allies, helping coordinate interministerial meetings, and aggressively educating and engaging the public can help pass strong tobacco control laws, especially in low-income countries.
Identifying barriers and facilitators in the development and implementation of government-led food environment policies: a systematic review
Authors: Ng SeeHoe , Yeatman Heather , Kelly Bridget , Sankaranarayanan Sreelakshmi , Karupaiah Tilakavati
Published: February 2022

Context

Policy-specific actions to improve food environments will support healthy population diets.

Objective

To identify cited barriers and facilitators to food environment policy (FEP) processes reported in the literature, exploring these according to the nature of the policy (voluntary or mandatory) and country development status.

Data sources

A systematic search was conducted of 10 academic and 7 grey-literature databases, national websites, and manual searches of publication references.

Data extraction

Data on government-led FEPs, barriers, and facilitators from key informants were collected.

Data synthesis

The constant-comparison approach generated core themes for barriers and facilitators. The appraisal tool developed by Hawker et al. was adopted to determine the quality of qualitative and quantitative studies.

Results

A total of 142 eligible studies were identified. Industry resistance or disincentive was the most cited barrier in policy development. Technical challenges were most frequently a barrier for policy implementation. Frequently cited facilitators included resource availability or maximization, strategies in policy process, and stakeholder partnership or support.

Conclusions

The findings from this study will strategically inform health-reform stakeholders about key elements of public health policy processes. More evidence is required from countries with human development indices ranging from low to high and on voluntary policies.

Systematic Review Registration

PROSPERO registration no. CRD42018115034.
Employment Guaranteed? Social Protection During a Pandemic
Authors: Afridi Farzana , Mahajan Kanika , Sangwan Nikita
Published: February 2022

The Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted the potential of social protection programs in mitigating labor market shocks. We examine the role of one of the world’s largest employment guarantee schemes, India’s MG-NREGA, in cushioning job losses in one of the worst affected economies due to the pandemic. Our findings indicate that regions with greater historical state capacity to provide public work under the scheme showed relatively smaller employment losses during the pandemic. Consequently, an increase in state capacity by one MG-NREGA workday per rural inhabitant in a district reduced job losses in rural areas in April–August 2020 by 7% overall and by 74% for rural women, over baseline employment rate. These cushioning effects strengthened as the mobility restrictions eased and were larger for women who were less mobile and less skilled. Our results suggest that employment guarantee programs can protect livelihoods, but for certain demographic groups relatively more than others depending on the nature and skill level of work offered.
Fractal inequality in rural India: class, caste and jati in Bihar
Authors: Joshi Shareen , Kochhar Nishtha , Rao Vijayendra
Published: February 2022

That inequality varies within and between groups is well understood. We explore how inequality can also be ‘fractal,’ salient not only between sub-groups of groups but also between sub-groups of sub-groups. We demonstrate this, as a proof of concept using a limited sample, in the case of Bihar one of India’s poorest states where caste has been a persistent driver of inequality. Caste is generally analysed with government-defined ‘broad’ categories, such as Scheduled Caste (SC). In everyday life, however, caste is experienced as ‘jati’, a local system of stratification. We explore expenditure inequality at the jati level. Inequality decompositions show much more variation between jatis than between broad-caste categories. We find that even within generally disadvantaged broad-caste categories some jatis are significantly worse off than others and that inequality is largely driven by inequality ‘within’ jatis. We show that this has implications for the implementation of large-scale poverty alleviation programs.
DFT calculations of elastic, electronic and thermal properties of TiB2Mo
Authors: Wafula Job W , Manyali George S , Makokha John W
Published: February 2022

Ceramics are materials with good mechanical properties; however, low fracture toughness, intrinsic brittleness and poor resistance against oxidation at high temperatures are challenges limiting their applications. TiB2Mo is a ceramic material whose all elastic properties have not been calculated. In this study, we investigated the elastic, electronic and thermal properties of TiB2Mo structure using first principles calculations. All first principles calculations were based on the density functional theory as implemented in Quantum ESPRESSO code with the help of Thermo−pw as a post-processing code. Obtained lattice parameters of TiB2Mo structure were in good agreement with other previous theoretical studies. TiB2Mo structure was found to be mechanically and dynamically stable at ground state conditions. The results also show that TiB2Mo is brittle, anisotropic and metallic in nature. Based on the calculated Vicker’s hardness Hv, we noted that TiB2Mo is classified as a hard material with fracture toughness of above 7 MPam0.5; therefore, it is a promising ultra-high temperature ceramic.
Tumorigenicity risk of iPSCs in vivo: nip it in the bud
Authors: Zhong Chaoliang , Liu Miao , Pan Xinghua , Zhu Haiying
Published: February 2022

In 2006, Takahashi and Yamanaka first created induced pluripotent stem cells from mouse fibroblasts via the retroviral introduction of genes encoding the transcription factors Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf44, and c-Myc. Since then, the future clinical application of somatic cell reprogramming technology has become an attractive research topic in the field of regenerative medicine. Of note, considerable interest has been placed in circumventing ethical issues linked to embryonic stem cell research. However, tumorigenicity, immunogenicity, and heterogeneity may hamper attempts to deploy this technology therapeutically. This review highlights the progress aimed at reducing induced pluripotent stem cells tumorigenicity risk and how to assess the safety of induced pluripotent stem cells cell therapy products.
In-Depth Proteomic Analysis of the Secondary Dormancy Induction by Hypoxia or High Temperature in Barley Grains
Authors: Cueff Gwendal , Rajjou Loïc , Hoang Hai Ha , Bailly Christophe , Corbineau Françoise , Leymarie Juliette
Published: February 2022

In barley, incubation of primary dormant (D1) grains on water under conditions that do not allow germination, i.e. 30°C in air and 15°C or 30°C in 5% O2, induces a secondary dormancy (D2) expressed as a loss of the ability to germinate at 15°C in air. The aim of this study was to compare the proteome of barley embryos isolated from D1 grains and D2 ones after induction of D2 at 30°C or in hypoxia at 15°C or 30°C. Total soluble proteins were analyzed by 2DE gel-based proteomics, allowing the selection of 130 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) among 1,575 detected spots. According to the protein abundance profiles, the DAPs were grouped into six abundance-based similarity clusters. Induction of D2 is mainly characterized by a down-accumulation of proteins belonging to cluster 3 (storage proteins, proteases, alpha-amylase inhibitors and histone deacetylase HD2) and an up-accumulation of proteins belonging to cluster 4 (1-Cys peroxiredoxin, lipoxygenase2 and caleosin). The correlation-based network analysis for each cluster highlighted central protein hub. In addition, most of genes encoding DAPs display high co-expression degree with 19 transcription factors. Finally, this work points out that similar molecular events accompany the modulation of dormancy cycling by both temperature and oxygen, including post-translational, transcriptional and epigenetic regulation.
Identifying the adoption of policing styles: A methodology for determining the commitment to problem-oriented policing amongst police forces in England and Wales
Authors: Tura Ferhat , Hunter James , Thompson Rebecca , Tseloni Andromachi
Published: February 2022

Previous research consistently demonstrates that problem-oriented policing (POP) can address a range of policing issues; hence its continued appeal and relevance to current practice. However, there are well-documented challenges in terms of its implementation and sustenance within police forces. Studies of policing styles have yet to thoroughly assess the long-term commitment to POP within police forces in England and Wales. To this end, we first revisit and revise previous research findings on policing styles. Then, we advance a methodology for retrospectively measuring police force POP commitment using two novel indicators—problem-oriented projects submitted to the Tilley Award and those applied as part of the Crime Reduction Programme. We then rank police forces in terms of POP commitment. The empirical evidence and methodology presented here can be used to further examine contemporary adherence to POP as well as the role of policing styles in long-term crime falls or other policing outcomes in England and Wales.
The Right Tool for the Job: Evaluating Police Experiences of a Pilot Tool for Responding to Stalking
Authors: Bleakley Paul , Frost Stewart , Bradbury Paula , Short Emma , Martellozzo Elena
Published: February 2022

This research aimed to evaluate the rollout of a pilot Stalking Screen Tool (SST) across two police forces in southern England (Surrey and Sussex Police). The mixed-method approach to this evaluation consisted of several stages which included the analysis of existing crime data; conducting a survey (N = 102) of officers who were part of the pilot and; in-depth qualitative interviews (N = 10) with officers experienced in policing stalking from the pilot forces. The results indicated a relationship between longer terms of service and not seeing the utility of the SST. Ultimately, the research supports the need for tools like the piloted SST with the potential to assist law enforcement to police stalking effectively, albeit also pinpointing areas where such tools could be amended to better reflect the realities of policing stalking. The results further suggest the need for improved training for police on tools like the SST in order to ensure effective implementation.
Nitric oxide-releasing polyurethane/S-nitrosated keratin mats for accelerating wound healing
Authors: Dou Jie , Yang Rong , Jin Xingxing , Li Pengfei , Han Xiao , Wang Lijuan , Chi Bo , Shen Jian , Yuan Jiang
Published: February 2022

Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in wound healing, due to its ability to contract wound surfaces, dilate blood vessels, participate in inflammation as well as promote collagen synthesis, angiogenesis and fibroblast proliferation. Herein, keratin was first nitrosated to afford S-nitrosated keratin (KSNO). As a NO donor, KSNO was then co-electrospun with polyurethane (PU). These as-spun PU/KSNO biocomposite mats could release NO sustainably for 72 h, matching the renewal time of the wound dressing. Moreover, these mats exhibited excellent cytocompatibility with good cell adhesion and cell migration. Further, the biocomposite mats exhibited antibacterial properties without inducing severe inflammatory responses. The wound repair in vivo demonstrated that these mats accelerated wound healing by promoting tissue formation, collagen deposition, cell migration, re-epithelialization and angiogenesis. Overall, PU/KSNO mats may be promising candidates for wound dressing.
Social Networks and Hedge Fund Activism
Authors: He Yazhou Ellen , Li Tao
Published: February 2022

We study the role of social networks in hedge fund activism. Actively managed funds whose managers are socially connected to activists are more likely than unconnected managers to invest in target stocks; their investment decisions are profitable. Importantly, such effects are greater for funds facing more severe information asymmetry. Connected funds are 14.2 percentage points more likely to support activists in proxy contests and contribute to reducing proxy contest costs. Our evidence shows that social ties benefit both connected investors and activists, and suggests that social networks reduce information asymmetry around activist campaigns by facilitating information exchange and increasing trust.
A PHANTOM EVALUATION OF THE USE OF CT AUTOMATIC TUBE CURRENT MODULATION WITH LOW TUBE POTENTIALS FOR IODINATED CONTRAST STUDIES
Authors: Sookpeng Supawitoo , Martin Colin J
Published: February 2022

This paper aimed to investigate effects of different tube voltage and image quality settings on radiation dose and image quality for patients undergoing computed tomography iodinated contrast studies using automatic tube current modulation system and to recommend settings to achieve improved radiation dose and image quality values. A Pagoda phantom with an additional rod of iodine contrast was scanned using different tube voltages and noise index (NI) settings. Size-specific dose estimate (SSDE) and image quality (noise, contrast, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and figure of merit (FOM)) were analysed. Values of SSDE were maintained with similar NI settings. Contrast and CNR were higher for lower tube voltage settings. Better FOM values can be achieved with higher NI settings with the lower kVs. To achieve better CNR and SSDE compared with the standard setting of 120 kV, a 80 kV with an NI setting of 15 was recommended.
Partial lottery can make grant allocation more fair, more efficient, and more diverse
Authors: Horbach Serge P J M , Tijdink Joeri K , Bouter Lex M
Published: February 2022

We call on research funding organisations to experiment with different models for integrating partial randomisation into their grant allocation processes as well as to assess the feasibility, the potential implications, and the perceptions of such models. Traditional models of grant allocation have usually been based on peer review to rank applications and allocate grants. These models have been shown to suffer from various shortcomings. In particular, we believe that partial randomisation holds the potential of being more fair, more efficient, and more diverse. In addition, it may lead to more responsible research practices. We outline a proposal for such a grant allocation process and sketch various arguments in favour of it. We also address potential counterarguments and conclude that partial randomisation in grant allocation holds the potential to lead to many benefits and therefore warrants further experimentation and implementation.
Individual cerebrocerebellar functional network analysis decoding symptomatologic dynamics of postoperative cerebellar mutism syndrome
Authors: Chen Ko-Ting , Ho Tsung-Ying , Siow Tiing-Yee , Yeh Yu-Chiang , Huang Sheng-Yao
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Postoperative cerebellar mutism syndrome (pCMS) consists of three types of symptoms (motoric, linguistic, and neurobehavioral) in patients with posterior fossa pathologies. The evolutional mechanism of this high cognitive syndromic complex from cerebellar origin remains unconfirmed. Previous studies analyzing CMS patients mostly focused on the association between structural abnormalities that occur during CMS, of which proximal efferent cerebellar pathway (pECP) injury appears to be the most common pathogenesis. However, structural imaging may not be sensitive enough to determine the dynamic course of CMS, since the symptomatology is primarily an output of cerebral operation.

Method

We took a network approach in a child during her course of development and recovery of the pCMS. On the other hand, a network neuroscience approach using a mathematical model to extract information from functional imaging to generate interregional connectivity provides abundant evidence that the cerebellum is influential in modulating cerebral functions.

Result

This study applied a network approach to children with pCMS. An individual cerebrocerebellar functional network analysis using graph theory was then performed to determine the network dynamics during CMS. Cross-validation of clinical neurophysiology and functional neuroscience suggested the critical role of the pECP within CMS from the network analysis.

Conclusion

The employed approach was therefore useful in determining the complex clinical symptoms using individual functional network analysis, which bridges the gap between structural neuroimaging and clinical neurophysiology.