bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Didascalia Apostolorum: A Mishnah for the Disciples of Jesus
Authors: Fonrobert Charlotte Elisheva
Published: February 2007

The article reexamines the Jewish character of the Syriac translation
of theDidascalia Apostolorum.Whereas this text is commonly read as a Jewish-Christian text, theauthorial voice never identifies itself in these terms. The verycategory of Jewish Christianity can be questioned in light of theDidascalia.The Jewish character of the document is doubly reflected in thevoice of the author(s) as well as among the heretics against whom itpolemicizes. TheDidascalia's heresiology clearly indicates a diversity of Jewish heterodoxpractices which are partially echoed in the rabbinic tradition. Basedon the author's familiarity with some of the rabbinic traditions, thepaper suggests that theDidascaliacan be read as a counter-Mishnah for the disciples of Jesus. In addition,the article explores the parallelisms between theDidascalia's biblical hermeneutic and some of the rabbinic midrashic tradition. Thisprovides grounds for reading theDidascalia's voice as a Jewish voice. Ultimately, theDidascaliaprovides further evidence that, even in the fourth century, rabbinicJudaism was still in the process of establishing itself as the
representative form of Judaism. Simultaneously, the process of the
separation between Judaism and Christianity still remained in flux.
Multis enim notissima est sanctitas loci: Paulinus and the Gradual Rise of Nola as a Center of Christian Hospitality 1
Authors: Mratschek Sigrid H.
Published: February 2007

Thanks to the network of hospitality created by Paulinus, Nola was transformed from a rural sanctuary to a prominent cultural and ascetic center in Italy, becoming a major stop on the route from East to West and from South to North, as well as to the imperial court. This paper, offered as a supplement to the recent works on Paulinus, presents the first prosopographical analysis and chronological list of the visitors. Previously ignored sources not only provide an insight into the different social classes and aims of Paulinus' guests, but also illuminate the role the monastery played in religious politics under Honorius.
Defining the Sortes Sanctorum : Gibbon, Du Cange, and Early Christian Lot Divination
Authors: Klingshirn William E
Published: February 2007

First mentioned in a fifth-century Gallic church council, the
term
sortes sanctorum
("lots of the saints") recurs throughout
the Latin middle ages. Following Charles Du Cange's
Glossarium . . . Latinitatis
(1678), scholars have usually defined it
either as a synonym for divinatory consultation of the Bible (sortes
biblicae) or as a blanket label for all early Christian lot
divination. This article argues instead that
Sortes Sanctorum
was the title of a divinatory text found in numerous manuscripts
(incipit: "Post solem surgunt stellae"), which also appears under the
title
Sortes Apostolorum.
The original setting of this text,
its subsequent history and condemnation, and changing interpretations
of its titles are then traced from the end of antiquity to the present,
with special attention to Edward Gibbon's transmission of Du Cange's
definition. Among other consequences, the rejection of this
definition removes most of the evidence for the early church's
condemnation of the
sortes biblicae.
2002 NAPS Presidential Address: Hellenism and Heresy
Authors: Lyman J. Rebecca
Published: February 2007

Drawing on post-colonial theories concerning religion and culture,
the author argues that the ancient history of Christian theological
controversies should no longer rest on oppositions between "orthodoxy" and
"heresy" or Christianity and Hellenism. Recent studies of ancient Roman
religion and culture in fact reveal conscious negotiation by ancient
authors that traditional terms such as "syncretism" or "eclecticism"
have hidden. Reading the development of "heresiology" by Justin Martyr
as a form of cultural negotiation concerning problems of universalism
and tradition in contemporary Hellenism allows one to understand the
creation of "orthodoxy" as both definitive for religious identity and
inherently unstable.
Tackling HIV/AIDS and Related Stigma in Swaziland through Education
Authors: Kanduza Ackson M
Published: February 2007

This paper discusses how the Swazi Government and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Swaziland have responded
to HIV/AIDS between 1986 and 2002. The central strategy has
been to use education in various forms in order to change the
behaviour of Swazi citizens and non-Swazi residents in the country.
This involved adoption of a policy and structures which were
informed by research and a variety of field experiences. Through
the use of IEC, peer education and mass education, the Swazi
Government has eventually decided to set up specialised bodies and
to develop programmes focused on changing the behaviour of
young people. The central focus is to develop life styles which
reduce risky behaviour and which also avoid risky situations. The
central goals of the HIV/AIDS education strategy have been to
prevent HIV infection, deal with impact mitigation and eliminate
stigma.
Writing Indigenous Femininity: Mary Rowlandson's Narrative of Captivity
Authors: Potter Tiffany
Published: February 2007

Mary Rowlandson's narrative of her captivity offers insight into the ideas of femininity and race in early colonial America through its depiction of Weetamoo, the squaw-sachem of the Wampanoags. Despite evidence that Weetamoo was quite well known as an enemy in King Philip's War, Rowlandson refuses to acknowledge Weetamoo's extraordinary status and power in her own culture. Instead, Rowlandson attempts to cast Weetamoo merely as a failure of the Eurocentric femininity articulated by Increase Mather in his Preface to the text-a femininity that Rowlandson works so hard to claim for herself in her representation of her own maternity, asexuality, and gender-appropriate production and exchange.
Kleist and the Resurrection of the Father
Authors: Weineck Silke-Maria
Published: February 2007

After sketching some of the historical and theoretical developments in the eighteenth-century crisis of fatherhood, "Kleist and the Resurrection of the Father" reads three Kleist novellas, The Marquise of O . . ., The Earthquake of Chili, and The Foundling, as companion pieces that expose the radically destabilized nature of paternity at the close of the eighteenth century. Arguing that Kleist's fathers are caught in the tension of bios and nomos, the essay demonstrates how documents and bodies undermine each others' claims to establish paternity. Precisely because all attempts to ground fatherhood biologically, metaphysically, ethically, or politically fail on some level, none of them can emerge as dominant, and all of them survive their own delegitimization. In consequence, Kleistian fatherhood exists in a strange realm of Ungleichzeitigkeit, the state of non-synchronicity Ernst Bloch defined as the simultaneous existence of historically distinct ideologies within a shared but non-identical "now."
Hilarity and Pitilessness in the Mid-Eighteenth Century: English Jestbook Humor
Authors: Dickie Simon
Published: February 2007

Starting from a detailed consideration of jestbook humor, this article explores the cruel everyday laughter of mid-eighteenth-century England. Jestbooks were an enormously profitable part of the mid-century print market. They offer not just the usual jokes about scolds and cuckolds, but pitiless jokes about cripples and hunchbacks; nasty stories about leading blind women into walls; and oddly cheerful jests about rape and wife-beating. This malicious humor was produced not for "low" or "popular" readers, but for the middle and upper-classes—and for women as well as men. And it reflects a prevalent comic style, a set of almost habitual attitudes and pleasures. Contrary to current assumptions about the dominance of "sensibility" and "politeness" in mid-century culture, English people continued to delight—at all levels of society—in the afflictions and misfortunes of others.
Dickinson and the Poetics of Revolution
Authors: Kohler Michelle
Published: February 2007

This essay situates Dickinson's use of the term "revolution" within the context of both the longstanding national mythology of revolutionary progress and the intensified rhetorical use of the term in political and popular discourse during the Civil War period. In Dickinson's poems that feature the term "revolution," the notion of political revolution as a key marker of American history and linear change is confounded by the punning invocation of the earth's (rather than the nation's) revolution and other forms of repetition and circularity. Dickinson thus rebukes national fictions of history that cast America's destiny in teleological, exceptionalist terms. In using a pun to execute her argument, she also destabilizes the transparent authority and myth-making capacities of language on which nationalism and other forms of power depend.
"We Know. .. the Duties We Must Fulfill": Modern 'Mothers and Fathers' of the Vietnamese Nation
Authors: Lessard Micheline R
Published: February 2007

Cet essai maintient que les �tudiants et les instituteurs
vietnamiens s'engagaient dans des revendications scolaires et des
mouvements de protestation anti-coloniaux en vertu d'une id�e de
responsabilit� traditionnelle des "p�res et m�res"
de la nation vietnamienne. Ils ont pr�conis� des
m�thodes et des actions r�volutionnaires, mais les ont
exprim�s en termes de valeurs confuciennes traditionnelles du
devoir des savants vietnamiens.
"A Passage to China": A French Jesuit's Perceptions of Siberia in the 1680s
Authors: Love Ronald S.
Published: February 2007

En 1684, les J�suites ont envoy� le p�re Philippe
Avril pour d�couvrir une route terrestre s�re � la
Chine � travers la Sib�rie (connue sous le nom de "Grande
Tartarie" par les europ�ens occidentaux). Quittant la France,
Avril s'est arriv� au Moyen-Orient, et puis a voyag�
� travers la Perse, la mer Caspienne, et la Volga jusqu'�
Moscou. Il a envisag� de traverser ensuite la Sib�rie
russe jusqu'� la fronti�re chinoise, mais le gouvernement
tsariste, d�termin� � interdire aux �trangers
l'acc�s �, aussi bien que la connaissance de, son empire
asiatique grandissant, lui a bloqu� la route. Malgr� cet
�chec, apr�s son retour en France, Avril a publi� un
rapport d'une grande importance pour la connaissance g�ographique
de son �poque. Il a donn� un r�cit scrupuleux sur les
pays qu'il a travers�s; de plus, il �tait parmi les premiers
� distinguer l'Asie centrale de l'Asie septentrionale. Pour les
occidentaux, le livre d'Avril fournissait une des descriptions initiales
de la g�ographie et des habitants de la Sib�rie, et des
routes diverses vers la Chine utilis�es par les marchands et
les explorateurs russes. Bien qu'il n'a pas travers� la Grande
Tartarie lui-m�me, Avril a d�peint une partie de l'Asie
gu�re connue par les occidentaux jusque-l�.
Africains et Europeens au Pays des Illinois durant la Periode Francaise (1699-1765)
Authors: Vidal Cecile
Published: February 2007

During the French period (1699-1765), the Illinois country, in the
upper Mississippi Valley, owed its growth to European-style commercial
agriculture, based mainly on the labor of black slaves. Even though not
a majority of the colony's population (in contrast to Lower Louisiana),
slaves formed a large group. This article compares Upper and Lower
Louisiana to distinguish the particularities of the Illinois slave
system. At the same time, it discusses historians' divergent views
on slavery and on African-European relations in Lower Louisiana. The
comparison demonstrates that Africans and Afro-Creoles experienced better
conditions of life in Illinois, but enjoyed less economic and cultural
autonomy than their counterparts in Lower Louisiana. Within the context
of a hierarchical and inegalitarian European society, relations between
Africans and Europeans in Illinois varied by social group, but were
never entirely free of racism.
"Une Babylone Noire": Interracial Unions in Colonial Libreville, c. 1860-1914
Authors: Rich Jeremy (Jeremy McMaster)
Published: February 2007

Capitale de la colonie franÃ§aise du Gabon, Libreville
devenait fameuse au dix-neuviÃ¨me siÃ¨cle pour
sa quantitÃ© Ã©levÃ©e d'unions mixtes
europÃ©ennes-africaines. Puisant dans les craintes de
proximitÃ© de cultures diverses et dans les idÃ©es de
dÃ©gÃ©nÃ©ration qui vont naÃ®tre en Europe Ã 
cette Ã©poque, les europÃ©ens au Gabon dÃ©ployaient
des clichÃ©s d'une promiscuitÃ© des femmes Mpongwes ou
d'influences Ã©trangÃ¨res corruptrices pour dÃ©crire
les relations sexuelles Ã  travers les frontiÃ¨res
raciales Ã  Libreville. Les membres de diffÃ©rentes
communautÃ©s indigÃ¨nes et Ã©trangÃ¨res se
sont servis de l'image dÃ©favorable des maÃ®tresses Mpongwes
afin de critiquer Ã  la fois le statut moral les uns des autres
et l'idÃ©e d'assimilation des Africains Ã  la culture
et la religion europÃ©ennes. Ils l'ont aussi utilisÃ©e
Ã  dÃ©rider les femmes africaines elles-mÃªmes. Les
histoires de la vie de deux femmes, Anyentyuwa et Marie Ndar, mettent en
Ã©vidence la diversitÃ© de motifs et de pratiques dans les
relations sexuelles interraciales: de l'exploitation et de la pression
familiale jusqu' au choix indÃ©pendant et une liaison avantageuse
pour les deux partenaires. Les histoires des deux femmes reflÃ¨tent
des tensions parmi les missionnaires sur le sujet d'assimilation,
mais elles tÃ©moignent Ã©galement de la complexitÃ©
d'interactions et d'auto-reprÃ©sentations que les femmes de
Libreville ont employÃ©es dans leurs nÃ©gociations avec les
discours coloniaux de race et de sexe.
Pictures for Texts
Authors: Graham Wendy
Published: February 2007

James's collaboration with the experimental photographer, Alvin
Langdon Coburn, on the production of photographic frontispieces
for the New York Edition has figured prominently in discussions of
James's views on illustration. Photography's status as a new and
controversial medium has been suggested as the chief factor in
James's preference for photographic plates, while the possibility
of hand-rendered illustrations has been dismissed without
reflection. In my view, James recognized the interimplication of
the graphic and photomechanical arts within the milieu of
Impressionism, nascent modernism, and the popular culture,
resisting the tendencies he found outdated and played out in each.
Through a hypothesized competition between Coburn and the black
and-white artist, Joseph Pennell for the chance to illustrate
James's work, I aim to concretize James's modernist leanings.
Branding Milly Theale: The Capital Case of The Wings of the Dove
Authors: Martin Michael R
Published: February 2007

This article offers a materialist interpretation of James's 1902 novel, in which Milly Theale's iconographic association with capital underpins a thoroughgoing critique of class relations at the beginning of the twentieth-century. Milly's aggrandizement of her material power into a culturally transcendent hegemonic force is dialectically opposed by Kate Croy's own more class-conscious understanding of her social circumstances. Through her purchase of the cultural goods of Venice, Milly brands herself with the image of the dove, an image masking the ultimately coercive power she exercises over others.
On the Status of Scholarly Study of Henry James in Korea
Authors: Kim Choon-hee
Published: February 2007

This article will analyze the significance of James studies for Korean literary studies and look at trends within James studies in Korea. For the former, it will look into the literary circumstances at the time when James was introduced into Korea. For the latter, a statistical analysis of articles in Henry James Studies and other scholarly periodicals and degree theses will reveal scholarly trends within James studies. The purpose of this article is to describe the general properties of James studies in Korea and to establish their significance within Korean culture, rather than to discuss individual properties of specific James-related articles.
The Wings of the Dove and the Coldness of Venice
Authors: Perosa Sergio
Published: February 2007

The Venetian setting of The Wings of the Dove partakes of, and is inscribed in, two 19th-century archetypes: Venice as a particularly suitable seat for plots and conspiracies, deceptions and betrayals; the "decline" or "death-in-Venice" literary motif, with its long pedigree. The essay examines these motifs and Henry James's views of the city as decaying in her glory and splendid in her decay. The cold-blooded deception plot in Wings is characterized by a setting of wintry coldness, splashing rain, and even a touch of "high water." Sinking Venice is a mirror of sinking Milly Theale; a sense of coldness and despairing death prevails in the end.
Henry James and Globalization
Authors: Rowe John Carlos
Published: February 2007

The essay analyzes Henry James's relevance to recent debates regarding globalization in three different ways: 1) James's responses to the modernization process anticipate our concerns with one-way globalization; 2) James's criticisms of the relationship between imperial expansion and second-stage modernization in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; 3) the commodification of Henry James as a high-cultural writer in the modern and postmodern periods. The essay examines works from throughout James's career, including fiction and nonfiction.
Does Membership Have Its Privileges?: Entrance into the Council of Europe and Compliance with Human Rights Norms
Authors: Jordan Pamela A
Published: February 2007

This article examines the role of the Council of Europe in promoting
human rights in twenty-one former Soviet bloc countries. Using three
cases, the author argues that constructivist approaches best inform the
process of norm diffusion in countries of high compliance (Latvia),
while neoliberal and neorealist approaches better explain why norm
diffusion is less successful in medium (Croatia) and low-compliance
(Russia) countries. She concludes that the Council decided it is more
effective to persuade new entrants to conform to European human rights
standards as members than to wait years until they have reached a high
level of compliance before rewarding them with membership.
Multinational Corporations and the Ethics of Global Responsibility: Problems and Possibilities
Authors: Monshipouri Mahmood , Welch Claude Emerson , Kennedy Evan T
Published: February 2007

Multinational corporations (MNCs) have provoked considerable debate about
the issues of "efficiency" and "social justice." The simultaneous surge
in economic growth and inequality has led to serious implications for
economic rights in developing countries. Using a rights-based perspective,
we argue that in the human rights area the responsible party is generally
the state. In the context of neoliberal globalization, however, the
wrongdoers are often corporations. Reliance on state duties alone may
not be sufficient to broadly protect human rights. Certain corporate behaviors are
detrimental to internationally recognized norms of human rights. Although
private actions, media exposure, and lawsuits based on civil law appear to
be the only practical way to put the pressure on MNCs, it is important
to examine the possibility of an outside governing body to hold in
check unfettered global capitalism and to bring accountability to MNCs'
policies that are socially detrimental.
"Parent Involvement is Like Apple Pie": A Look at Parental Involvement in Two States
Authors: Ramirez A. Y
Published: February 2007

Many legislators and researchers are proclaiming that parental
involvement assists in student academic achievement. Although the calling
for more parental involvement is evident in literature, there are issues
that need to be addressed within the high school. This study looks at one
high school, and the issues that teachers, parents, and administrators
address while discussing parental involvement.
Authentic Assessment: A Solution, or Part of the Problem?
Authors: Tanner David Earl
Published: February 2007

Among educational reformers, one point of focus is classroom
assessment. It has become common to criticize traditional testing for
its emphasis on outcomes that will not serve the student beyond the
classroom. Authentic assessment has emerged out of this discussion
with the promise that assessment can be constructed so as to further
both learning and teaching. Analysis has been largely uncritical,
however, and the emphasis on authentic outcomes poses problems as well
as solutions.
Alternative School Students' Perceptions of Past [Traditional] and Current [Alternative] School Environments
Authors: Saunders Jeanne A , Saunders Edward J
Published: February 2007

The opening of a new alternative school in a suburb of a small
midwestern city in 1995 provided the opportunity to elicit student
perceptions of their past and current school environments. Students
were asked at two different times to complete three short scales that
characterized teacher, counselor and administrative responsiveness to
them: the first time they were surveyed they were asked about their
former school; the second time they were surveyed they were asked about
their experiences in their new alternative school. The students were also
asked to rate the overall experience of their past and current school
and explain their responses. The responses to these scales clearly point
to a perception among the alternative school students that their new
alternative school experience-- including interactions with teachers,
counselors and administrators-- was significantly better than the schools
they left. An examination of the reasons they gave for these differences
is illustrative of the needs of these at-risk students and suggests
intervention strategies to keep them in school.
The Impact of Belonging to a High School Gay/Straight Alliance
Authors: Lee Camille
Published: February 2007

This qualitative investigation studies the impact of belonging to
a high school Gay/Straight Alliance (GSA or Alliance) on the lives of
seven students. Individual and focus group interviews were conducted
over a two-year time period. The author used voices of gay, lesbian,
bi-sexual and straight students to relate the experiences unique to
each participant. In addition, data from media and spoken transcripts,
video tapes of news reports, grade records, and the GSA advisor's
personal observations were analyzed and organized into a framework of
seven categories of impact. The results support previous research that
Alliances positively impact academic performance, school/social/and family
relationships, comfort level with sexual orientation, development of
strategies to handle assumptions of heterosexuality, sense of physical
safety, increased perceived ability to contribute to society, and
an enhanced sense of belonging to school community. Implications for
educators and questions for further research are included.
Academic Disidentification, Race, and High School Dropouts
Authors: Griffin Bryan W
Published: February 2007

An important predictor of whether students remain in
school or withdraw is their ability to identify with academics. Consistent
with Ogbu's (1992) cultural inversion and Steeles (1992) stereotype
threat hypotheses, research has shown that Black and Hispanic students
tend to demonstrate higher levels of academic disidentification relative
to Asian and White students. The present study was conducted to learn
whether Black and Hispanic students, when compared to Asian and White
students, show further evidence of disidentification from academics when
deciding to withdraw from school. Data were collected from 132,903 high
school students in Florida, USA. Results from the data analysis are
consistent with the disidentification hypothesis. Specifically, both
Black and Hispanic students appear to place less importance on academic
achievement than do either Asian or White students when considering
school withdrawal. Potential limitations of this research and methods
for addressing disidentification are discussed.
Teacher Socialization: Opportunities for University-School Partnerships to Improve Professional Cultures
Authors: Johnston Bill , Wetherill Karen , High Hope , Greenebaum Hilary
Published: February 2007

Secondary school organizational structures often result
in a marked lack of opportunity for university faculty, teachers and
teacher interns to collaborate and engage in sustained discussions about
teaching and curriculum. Emerging partnership efforts between schools
and teacher preparation programs have encouraged more frequent and
intense involvement of undergraduate education students with schools,
classrooms and teachers. This article describes the results of research
related to a partnership project that linked a teacher preparation
program with two high schools. Data are presented that indicate interns
benefit by an increased understanding of the realities of classroom
dynamics and development of instructional skills. Partnership teachers
contributed to the professional development of interns and reported
renewed enthusiasm for teaching. With the emergence of institutionally
supported professional partnerships, teacher education programs and K-12
schools have an opportunity to unite efforts to improve the quality of
education for students in both educational contexts.
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Students: Perceived Social Support in the High School Environment
Authors: Munoz-Plaza Corrine , Quinn Sandra C. (Sandra Crouse) , Rounds Kathleen A
Published: February 2007

Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth
(LGBT) continue to face extreme discrimination within the school
environment. Existing literature suggests that LGBT youth are at high
risk for a number of health problems, including suicide ideation and
attempts, harassment, substance abuse, homelessness, and declining school
performance. This exploratory study consists of face-to-face interviews
with 12 male and female participants, 18-21 years old, who identify as
gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender. The purpose of the study is to
determine the types of social support (emotional, appraisal, instrumental
and informational) available to these young adults in high school. In
addition, the study examines the connection between social support and
sexual identity development. Participants found non-family members,
which included peers and non-family adults, to be more supportive than
family members. More specifically, participants perceived heterosexual
and LGBT-identified friends and non-family adults as providing emotional
and instrumental support. However, participants perceived limitations
to the emotional support they received from heterosexual peers to whom
they disclosed their orientation. In addition to providing emotional
support, peers and adults who also identified as LGBT provided valuable
informational and appraisal, support. Finally, most participants did
not disclose to their parents during high school and perceived their
parents and family members as offering limited emotional, appraisal and
informational support. Confronted with their own sense of alienation
and confusion, as well as the overwhelmingly negative messages about
homosexuality in their home and school environments, respondents described
their sexual identity formation as a process characterized by varying
degrees of denial and acceptance. The need for multiple resources emerged
as a major theme from participant responses to questions about what types
of services and support they would have valued from their high school.
Promoting the Retention of Prospective Teachers Through a Cohort for College Freshman
Authors: Lucas Tamara , Robinson Jennifer
Published: February 2007

This article describes a cohort of freshmen planning to become
teachers at Montclair State University (MSU) in New Jersey. The goals
of the cohort are to identify freshmen, especially students of color,
with an interest in becoming teachers, to provide them with a supportive
community as they make the transition from high school to college, and
to increase their retention at the university and in teacher education
as a result of this early support. A study of the cohort highlights six
salient elements—identifying prospective teachers in their first
year in college, creating a sense of community that supports them in the
transition into higher education, supporting their adjustment to the
university environment, building confidence in their academic skills,
socializing them into the teaching profession, and mentoring students
who feel competing pressures from home, peers, and school.
A Case Study of an Experienced English Teacher's Self-efficacy and Persistence through "Crisis" Situations: Theoretical and Practical Considerations
Authors: Milner H. Richard
Published: February 2007

The purpose of this case study was to understand and to describe the
sources of self-efficacy (Bandura, 1997) for an experienced European
American teacher in a suburban high school. Like other teachers who
may have left teaching, this teacher had been challenged over the
years. This could have threatened her sense of self-efficacy and
ultimately resulted in her leaving the teaching profession. Yet she
persevered. Her experiences can teach us about teacher self-efficacy
and teacher persistence. Findings of this case study have implications
for teacher self-efficacy theory, for future research, and for teacher
retention.
High School English: A National Portrait
Authors: Gamoran Adam , Carbonaro William J
Published: February 2007

What sorts of instruction do students experience in high school
English? Most research findings rely on small-scale, localized
contexts. The purpose of this study is to provide a national portrait
of high school English by documenting its overall quality on several
dimensions that are theoretically important. In addition, the study
examines individual and structural sources of inequality in the types
of English instruction that occur in different types of classes and
to which different types of students are exposed. Nystrand's (1997)
and Applebee's (1996) conceptual frameworks were used to identify
four essential aspects of classroom instruction in English: quantity,
coherence, student voice, and content. Data from teachers and students
in the 1990 wave of the National Educational Longitudinal Survey provide
evidence. The results show that most students do not receive English
instruction that meets the standards suggested by these authors. This
finding comes from reports by teachers as well as students. There is
also evidence of unequal access to high quality instruction: students
in honors classes have greater access to high quality instruction,
and students in general-track classes have the least access on several
indicators. The study provides a useful baseline for understanding how
far we have to go in the reform of high school English.
The Development of the Organizational Climate Index for High Schools: Its Measure and Relationship to Faculty Trust
Authors: Hoy Wayne K , Smith Page A , Sweetland Scott R
Published: February 2007

A parsimonious measure of organizational climate of high schools is
developed and tested in this research. The Organizational Climate Index
(OCI) captures open and healthy dimensions of high school climates at the
student, teacher, principal, and community levels. Next the relationship
between the climate of schools and faculty trust is examined in a large,
diverse sample of high schools (N=97). Different dimensions of high
school climate explain distinct aspects of faculty trust-faculty trust
in colleagues, in principals, and in clients (students and parents).
Let's Keep Our Quality School Principals on the Job
Authors: Norton M. Scott
Published: February 2007

Research studies strongly support the fact that the leadership of the
school principal impacts directly on the climate of the school and, in
turn, on student achievement. National statistics relating to principal
turnover and dwindling supplies of qualified replacements show clearly
that principal turnover has reached
crisis proportions. Increasing demands upon the work life of the
principal, low salary levels, time constraints, lack of parent and
community support and lack of respect are among the reasons that
principals are leaving the
position. It is essential that the principal's job description be
reexamined and new strategies implemented in order to allow the principal
to focus on teaching and learning. Specific
recommendations for improving the current problem of principal turnover
in schools are presented.
Successful Career Transitions: Lessons from Urban Alternate Route Teachers Who Stayed
Authors: Jorissen Kathleen Topolka
Published: February 2007

Mindful of the current difficulty and challenge in retaining new teachers, particularly in urban schools, this study examines data from a 1997 qualitative investigation of 6 Black sixth-year teachers in 2 Midwestern urban school districts regarding their views of their alternate route preparation program. The findings indicate that the program assisted them in successfully making a transition from other careers into teaching. Program structures and relationships that enabled the teachers to develop competence and identity included effective instruction in content and pedagogy and the development of close professional relationships with their mentors and with other members of their cohort. The findings imply the importance of addressing the developmental needs of individuals undertaking career transitions into teaching.
Running the Treadmill: Explorations of Beginning High School Science Teacher Turnover in Arizona
Authors: Patterson Nancy C , Roehrig Gillian H , Luft Julie A
Published: February 2007

Over the past decade, the high number of teachers leaving the profession has been a growing concern among parents, teacher educators, administrators, and policy-makers. While most argue the problem is due to a burgeoning demand and increased numbers of retirements, some researchers propose that the problem of teacher shortages is far more complex. They argue that the greatest numbers of attrition actually occur among beginning teachers. In addition, teacher migration from school to school within the public education system is also a significant feature of the staffing problem, creating inconsistency and impacting student performance and the general effectiveness of schools. Research also points to the fact that migration is a more frequent occurrence among high school teachers, specifically in high demand subject areas such as science.
This paper examines the status of a small sample of beginning high
school secondary science teachers in Arizona who have either left the
profession or changed positions within the public secondary school
system. The authors present the context in which the beginning teachers
worked, analyze reasons for their decisions, and compare findings to
national data.
Effects of Locus Control on African American High School Seniors' Educational Aspirations: Implications for Preservice and Inservice High School Teachers and Counselors
Authors: Flowers Lamont A , Milner H. Richard , Moore James L
Published: February 2007

The major purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of
locus of control on African American high school seniors' educational
aspirations. Controlling for family, student, and school characteristics,
the results of the study suggest that African American high school seniors
who reported higher levels of locus of control were more likely to have
higher educational aspirations than African American high school seniors
who reported lower levels of locus of control. Implications for preservice
and inservice high school teachers and counselors are discussed.
Beyond Self-Concept and Self-Esteem for African American Students: Improving Racial Identity Improves Achievement
Authors: Grantham Tarek C , Ford Donna Y
Published: February 2007

While it is recognized that self-concept and self-esteem affect the
academic achievement of students, few publications have focused on
the affective and psychological needs of students who are gifted
and ethnically or culturally diverse. In this article, we extend the
discussion of self-concept and achievement by focusing on how racial
identity development affects the achievement of gifted African American
students. We argue that few efforts, designed to improve gifted Black
students' achievement and social-emotional well-being, will be successful
until educators focus specifically on their racial identity. While we
acknowledge that a focus on racial identity is necessary for all African
American students, we are most concerned in this article with gifted
Black students because so few have been identified as gifted. Along with
describing racial identity development and issues facing gifted African
American students, we offer solutions for change.
The Fieldwork Legacy of James Macpherson
Authors: McKean Thomas A.
Published: February 2007

Discussions of James Macpherson and his work largely overlook his fieldwork techniques.
Drawing on his own writings and the testimonies of his contemporaries, this article examines
how motive, expectations, and early collecting work came together to form a pioneering
fieldwork methodology for Gaelic culture. Macpherson's initial processing of
material is also discussed, raising issues relevant today: the merits of different recording
methods, transcription problems, and the processing of material for publication and ethical
considerations. This article sidesteps the controversy to look at what Macpherson accomplished
"on the ground" before becoming the most celebrated writer of his day.
Toward an Assessment of Verbal Art as Performance: A Cross-Disciplinary Citation Study with Rhetorical Analysis
Authors: Rudy Jill Terry
Published: February 2007

At the 20th anniversary of its publication in book form, Verbal Art as Performance merits reconsideration for its contribution to folklore studies and other scholarly fields. While many contemporary folklorists may clearly remember the intellectual and social milieu surrounding the production and reception of Verbal Art, the passage of time since then invites an examination of the diffusion of the text across scholarly disciplines and allows for the book to be assessed in terms of its impact on folklore studies. This article includes a citation study of journal references to the text and a rhetorical analysis of references in articles published by folklore journals. This study indicates that Verbal Art has played a central role in synthesizing earlier research on performance-centered theories in folklore; the book continues to disseminate these ideas to scholars in a variety of academic fields. The aspects of Verbal Art that threaten to undermine its connections with the field of folklore studies, including the widespread interest in performance concepts and the intentional reach to an interdisciplinary audience, can also serve to invigorate the field and promote its interests to a significant number of scholars in other areas.
"I Think I Wrote a Folksong": Popularity and Regional Vernacular Anthems
Authors: Narvaez Peter
Published: February 2007

The popularity of vernacular song cannot be measured by market research alone. As this article illustrates, such data must be augmented through a knowledge of the emotional investments that regional groups make in appropriating particular songs and performances as their own. In the mid-seventies, Newfoundland songwriter Ron Hynes composed and began publicly performing "Sonny�s Dream." Since then, the song has attained a degree of international popularity, as well as a regional "anthemic" dimension in Atlantic Canada. Anthems are sacrosanct signifiers that express regional social consciousness; they identify common experience through powerful performance and lyrical codes that prompt collective awe. In turn, participants reap rewards of mutual support, assertiveness, and empowerment. A close examination of the lyrics of "Sonny�s Dream" reveals some of the ways that the song�s verbal sentiments have accurately reflected the social concerns and aspirations of Atlantic Canadians.
Imagining a Canadian Identity through Sport: A Historical Interpretation of Lacrosse and Hockey
Authors: Robidoux Michael A
Published: February 2007

Sport in Canada during the late 19th century was intended to promote physical excellence, emotional restraint, fair play, and discipline; yet these ideological principles were consistently undermined by the manner in which Canadians played the game of hockey. This article explores the genesis of violence in hockey by focusing on its vernacular origins and discusses the relevance of violence as an expression of Canadian national identity in terms of First Nations and French Canadian expressions of sport.
Questions of Criolian Contagion
Authors: Abrahams Roger D
Published: February 2007

This essay explores the plantation system as it operated in the Greater Caribbean in the formation of creole communities. Special focus is given to the two kinds of markets found in such communities, and to the ways in which African approaches to work and play entered into the rich mix of cultural forms growing out of the plantation experiment.
Techniques of Creolization
Authors: Haring Lee
Published: February 2007

Language- and genre-mixing, framing, quotation, and other narrative techniques are practiced both by storytellers in creole societies of Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles, and the Comoros and by their collectors, who elaborate and simulate oral texts. Creole folklore, built on creole linguistics, offers a model wherewith to understand the cultural convergences of the postmodern world.
Folklore Studies and Popular Film and Television: A Necessary Critical Survey
Authors: Koven Mikel J
Published: February 2007

The study of folklore and popular film and television,
although frequently ignored by folkloristics and film scholars alike,
has produced a number of articles and paradigms which not only inform its
own study, but also other disciplines. This current study is a much-needed
critical survey of the existing academic literature on the relationship
between contemporary folkloristics and popular film and television.
Folklore with a Vengeance: A Sumatran Literature of Resistance in the Colonial Indies and New Order Indonesia
Authors: Rodgers Susan
Published: February 2007

This paper considers the resistance potential of
a locally authored "old customs" literature from North Sumatra as a
body of texts that wrote back to the power of states in both colonial
and postcolonial Indonesian contexts. Starting by the 1910s, Angkola
Batak school textbook authors and amateur antiquarians captured part
of the Dutch colonial folkloristic enterprise for their own political
and aesthetic purposes. Attention to two sample translated texts by
colonial-era Angkola Batak allows access to these authors' concrete
rhetorical strategies for writing Angkola identity in robust terms. A
third text from Angkola antiquarian literature from the Indonesian
national era echoes the colonial political situation and illustrates a
third writing strategy for contesting central state control.
Redemption from Hazardous Vows in Turkish Folklore
Authors: Walker Warren S
Published: February 2007

While vows are sometimes hard to keep, they may be even
more difficult to escape. Because they are often sworn in the name of
the Deity, of some other divine being (angel or saint), or of a sacred
object (such as Solomon's signet ring), vows tend to have a sanctity
which intimidates would-be violators. Turkish storytellers explore
ramifications of such dilemmas.
Embodiment, Community Building, and Aesthetic Saturation in "Restroom World," a Backstage Women's Space
Authors: Gordon Beverly
Published: February 2007

This case study focuses on a functioning campus
bathroom that has been transformed into a sensually rich women's
community space and explores how women have created meaning in a private
context where their own norms prevail. The women have built an embodied
environment, where ordinary objects are used to foster connectedness,
expressiveness, and creativity. They value playfulness, good humor, and
an aesthetically elaborated environment that caters to all body senses
while expressing a nonconsumerist ethos.
Reading Strategies for Coping With Information Overload ca.1550-1700
Authors: Blair Ann
Published: February 2007

This article surveys some of the ways in which early modern scholars
responded to what they perceived as an overabundance of books. In addition
to owning more books and applying selective judgment as well as renewed
diligence to their reading and note-taking, scholars devised shortcuts,
sometimes based on medieval antecedents. These shortcuts included the use
of the alphabetical index, whether printed or handmade, to read a book
in parts, and the use of reference books, amanuenses, abbreviations,
or the cutting and pasting from printed or manuscript sources to save
time and effort in note-taking.
From Philology to Fossils: The Biblical Encyclopedia in Early Modern Europe
Authors: Sheehan Jonathan
Published: February 2007

In the Early Modern era of encyclopedias, the Bible functioned as a tool
for managing and organizing the superabundance of information. From Johann
Alsted to Johann Scheuchzer, this paper traces the use of the Biblical
encyclopedia and the ways that the Bible was deployed to control the
data that flooded the world of Early Modern scholarship. In a variety
of contexts, the Bible served as a structure for generating meaningful
statements from informational noise. In turn, the use of the Bible as
a principle of organization would have profound implications for the
status of the Bible in Early Modern scholarly culture.
Matter of Fact in the English Revolution
Authors: Levine Joseph M.
Published: February 2007

In the religious
controversies of the English Revolution (1640-60), one problem became
particularly urgent. How far were the Scriptures to be accepted as a faithful
record of history? Much ink was spilled over the theoretical and practical
problems of evidence and testimony and there swiftly developed an increasing
self-consciousness and sophistication about the meaning of "matter of fact."
This paper describes the response to skeptics and dogmatists of such moderate
divines as Henry Hammond, Seth Ward, Richard Baxter, and Brian Walton, and the
way in which they attempted to construct a defense of the Biblical
storyâincidentally helping to defend the claims of history in general.
Historians and Antiquarians in Sixteenth-Century Florence
Authors: Moyer Ann E. (Ann Elizabeth)
Published: February 2007

In 1566 and 1567, two noted
Florentine humanists–—Vincenzio Borghini and Girolamo Mei—
carried on a written debate about Florence's origins and early history. That
debate reveals significant features and innovations about the ways late
humanists approached and employed historical evidence, as well as their own
reflections on their methods. We see important roles for both humanistic tools
of textual and linguistic analysis, and for antiquarian studies of artifacts
and inscriptions. Borghini won the debate, but Mei remained committed to his
own emphasis on textual analysis and never accepted Borghini's broad and more
eclectic use of artifacts as historical sources.
History, Antiquarianism, and Medicine: The Case of Girolamo Mercuriale
Authors: Siraisi Nancy G
Published: February 2007

Girolamo
Mercuriale (1530-1606) presents an especially striking example of the
participation of physicians in the broader culture of late humanism.
Throughout a long and successful career as a practitioner and, subsequently,
professor of medicine, Mercuriale combined medicine with antiquarian and
historical interests. In particular, his De arte gymnastica, a work that combines an account of
ancient athletics with health advice, shows that he had many contacts among
antiquarians in Rome. This article explores the relation and intersection of
medicine, history, and antiquarianism in Mercuriale's writings, successful
search for patronage, and rise to fame as an eminent professor of medicine.