bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OLFACTORY PERCEPTION OF THE SEX ATTRACTANT PHEROMONE OF THE GREATER WAX MOTH, GALLERIA MELLONELLA L. (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE), BY THE HONEY BEE, APIS MELLIFERA L. (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)1
Authors: Dickens J. C. , Eischen F. A. , Dietz A.
Published: September 2017

Electrophysiological responses of worker honey bees were recorded to a series of six to eleven carbon saturated aldehydes (100 μg dosage) including nonanal and undecanal, components of the sex attractant pheromone of the greater wax moth. Peak responsiveness occurred to heptanal, octanal, and nonanal. Dosage response curves to serial dilutions of nonanal and undecanal revealed both greater sensitivity and a larger population of acceptors responsive to nonanal. The results are discussed with regard to honey bee/greater wax moth ecology.
REDUCED NET PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF LEAVES FROM MATURE PECAN TREES BY THREE SPECIES OF PECAN APHID
Authors: Wood B. W. , Tedders W. L.
Published: September 2017

Pecan, Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch, foliage from 60-year-old ‘Stuart’ trees infested by phloem feeding pecan aphids experienced a reduction in net photosynthesis (Pn) as the population density of Monellia caryella (Fitch), Monelliopsis pecanis Bissell, or Mellanocallis caryaefoliae (Davis) increased. The increase was curvilinear for M. caryella and M. pecanis, but linear for M. caryaefoliae.The degree of reduction by an individual aphid was similar for M. caryella and M. pecanis, but M. caryaefoliae was far more detrimental. When the densities of the three aphid species are within the currently recommended spray threshold levels, there is very little adverse influence on Pn.
LEAFHOPPER VECTORS OF PHONY PEACH DISEASE: FEEDING SITE PREFERENCE AND SURVIVAL ON INFECTED AND UNINFECTED PEACH, AND SEASONAL RESPONSE TO SELECTED HOST PLANTS1
Authors: Mizell Russell F. , French William J.
Published: September 2017

The feeding site acceptance and adult survival of 2 leafhoppers, Homalodisca coagulata (Say) and H insolita (Walker), the vectors of phony peach disease (PPD), were determined on branches of uninfected and infected peach, Prunus persica L. Batsch ‘Flordaking’. The seasonal use pattern of H. coagulata on 19 species of plants was also observed in the field during 1983 – 1985.

Although all sections of branches were used, both species of leafhopper accepted the terminal growth for feeding more frequently than older tissue on both infected and uninfected trees. Survival of field collected adults of the H. insolita was not different on infected or uninfected branches. However, percent survival of H. coagulata was significantly higher on uninfected peach branches.

Japanese plum, P. salicina, ‘Santa Rosa’; citrus, Citrus sp. × Poncirus sp. hybrid; sumac, Rhus sp.; eastern baccharis, Baccharis halimifolia L., and crape myrtle, Lagerstroemia indica L. were food plants used most frequently by H. coagulata in the field. Fifteen other food plants were used to a lesser degree. Peach was only an occasional host. Vector abundance on particular food plants varied with species and time of year. The implications of these findings are discussed.
DIEL PATTERNS OF LARRA BICOLOR (HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE) IN PUERTO RICO
Authors: Castner James L. , Fowler Harold G.
Published: September 2017

Behavioral observations of Larra bicolor F., a sphecid parasitoid of Scapteriscus mole crickets, made in Puerto Rico differed significantly from records made in Brazil. Foraging and host-searching occurred over a greater daily period and were less severely affected by climatic conditions. Foraging adults, previously recorded only on Spermacoce verticillata L. and species of Hyptis, were also frequently found on Euphorbia heterophylla L. and Croton glandulosus L. Mate-searching is described and appears to be based on the attraction of males to a female-produced pheromone.
CHEMICAL1 CONTROL OF THREE WHITE GRUB SPECIES (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) ATTACKING FRASER FIR CHRISTMAS TREES IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS
Authors: Kard Bradford M. R. , Hain Fred P.
Published: September 2017

Field experiments were conducted in 1982, 1983, and 1984 to evaluate the efficacy of several insecticides for controlling white grubs infesting Fraser fir, Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir., Christmas trees and pastureland scheduled for fir plantings, and to evaluate insecticide phytotoxicity. The white grub complex consisted primarily of three species: Pyllophaga anxia (LeConte) Glasgow, P. fusca (Froelich) Glasgow, and Polyphylla comes Casey. Mean pretreatment white grub population densities ranged from 20.8 to 77.8 grubs per m2. Isazophos, diazinon, carbofuran, carbaryl, trichlorfon, chlorpyrifos, and isofenphos demonstrated a wide range of effectiveness in reducing populations while showing no phytotoxicity to grass sod or fir. Isazophos and diazinon applications provided the highest levels of control.
EUONYMUS SCALE, UNASPIS EUONYMI (COMSTOCK) (HOMOPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE): EFFECTS OF HOST CULTIVAR AGE, AND LOCATION ON INFESTATION LEVELS1
Authors: Brewer B. S. , Oliver A. D.
Published: September 2017

The euonymus scale, Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) infestation frequency was measured on 5 species and varieties of Euonymus. Euonymus japonica var. aureovariegata was infested more frequently than ‘Grandifolia’, var aureomarginata, cv ‘Silver King’, and cv ‘Silver Queen’. There were no differences in infestation rates among the other four cultivars. Plants located in “protected” environments had a significantly higher rate of infestation than plants located in “unprotected” environments. There were also significant differences (∞ = 0.05) in rate of infestation related to age of plants, with older plants being more heavily infested.
PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF TRIMETHACARB AS A WHEAT PROTECTANT AGAINST FOUR SPECIES OF STORED-PRODUCT INSECTS1
Authors: Halliday W. R.
Published: September 2017

Trimethacarb, a carbamate insecticide, was evaluated at four concentrations as a grain protectant of soft red winter wheat against four species of common stored-product insects. Its effectiveness was assessed using two criteria: mortality of adults after 5 days exposure on the treated grain and suppression of the F 1 generation's emergence. At the highest rate of 25 ppm, mortality of the confused flour beetle and the rice weevil was 24.0 and 71.5%, respectively. The mortality of the adult lesser grain borers and Angoumois grain moths after 5 days was 100 and 93.9%, respectively, at 5.0 ppm. There was 68.5% suppression of the rice weevil's emergence at 25 ppm while for the lesser grain borer and the Angoumois grain moth there was greater than 95% suppression at rates of 5.0 ppm or higher.
SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF LESSER CORNSTALK BORER (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) ADULTS IN SOYBEAN, PEANUT, CORN, SORGHUM, AND WHEAT IN NORTHERN FLORIDA
Authors: Funderburk J. E. , Herzog D. C. , Lynch R. E.
Published: September 2017

Adult abundance of lesser cornstalk borer (LCB), Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller), in agronomic crops in northern Florida was determined by pheromone trapping. Trap captures revealed that the temporal pattern of adult abundance differed for each crop. Multiple generations occurred in peanut and grain sorghum fields, with adults in abundance during both vegetative and reproductive crop-growth stages. Adults were abundant in the soybean fields only during vegetative and early reproductive crop-growth stages, with captures comprising individuals of two generations. Adults were abundant in wheat fields only during early seedling stages, while few adults were collected at any time in corn fields. Trap captures further indicated that there was rarely any considerable overlap between adult populations of different generations. The temporal patterns and magnitudes of adult captures were similar in fields of the same crop planted on about the same date, but dissimilar in fields of different crops or fields of the same crop planted on different dates.
MORPHOLOGY OF THE BRAIN AND SUBOESOPHAGEAL GANGLION OF THE ADULT MALE OF CHORISTONE URA FUMIFERANA (CLEMENS) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: White Linda Ellis , Seabrook W. D.
Published: September 2017

The neuromorphology of the brain and suboesophageal ganglion (SOG) of the adult male spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), is described and compared with information in the existing literature on adult Lepidoptera. The brain, SOG, and connecting nerves are illustrated. Protocerebral nerves include two pairs to the corpora cardiaca as well as optic nerves and ocellar pedicels. One pair of antennal nerves innervate the deuto-cerebrum and the tritocerebrum is innervated by one pair of labrofontalis nerves. Five pairs of nerves arise from the SOG: the mandibular, maxillary, labial, and two pairs of cervical nerves.
EVIDENCE OF A SEX PHEROMONE IN THE GREEN JUNE BEETLE, COTINIS NITIDA (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE)1
Authors: Domek J. M. , Johnson D. T.
Published: September 2017

A trapping study was conducted in an area of heavy green June beetle (GJB), Cotinis nitida (L.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), emergence to collect evidence in support of the hypothesis that unmated females attract males with a sex pheromone. Yellow-painted baffle and funnel traps, baited with unmated females, mated females, unmated males or no beetles (control), were arranged in a Latin-cube design and randomized daily for four consecutive days. Trap catch was not significantly affected by trap placement (row or column) or time. Significantly more male beetles were caught in traps baited with unmated females than in any other treatments (P = 0.05, Duncan's multiple range test).
DEFENSIVE CHEMICAL WEAPONRY IN THE ANT PACHYCONDYLA HARPAX (FORMICIDAE: PONERINAE)
Authors: Overal William L.
Published: September 2017

When pursued with forceps, workers of the ant Pachycondyla harpax release a stream of clear viscous secretion from the top of the abdomen. It is suggested that these are defensive secretions employed in tunnels where room is lacking in which to wield the sting.
EFFECT OF PHORATE ON SOIL ARTHROPODS AND SOYBEAN PRODUCTIVITY IN A NORTH CAROLINA COASTAL PLAIN CROPPING SYSTEM
Authors: Riley D. G. , House G. J. , Van Duyn J.
Published: September 2017

Soil arthropods were sampled from untreated and phorate-treated conventionally tilled soybean (Forrest cv) systems at the Tidewater Research Station, Plymouth, NC. Arthropods larger than 420 microns (U.S. Std. 40 mesh) were collected in 10-cm diameter by 15-cm depth soil cores and extracted through an elutriation process. Microarthropods larger than 149 microns (U.S. Std. 100 mesh) were collected in 5-cm diameter by 5 cm-depth soil cores and extracted using a salt flotation technique. Soybean root weight, root damage, nodulation, and yield were also quantified.

Coleopteran larval number in early-planted soybean was positively correlated with root weight (r = 0.404, P < 0.01) and nodulation, yet soybean yields were higher (P < 0.05) in phorate-treated than in untreated plots. Adult Ataenius spp. number was higher (P < 0.05) in phorate-treated than in untreated plots in 1984 and 1985, suggesting higher arthropod decomposer activity in phorate- than in untreated soil. Predaceous centipede number was positively correlated with the number of Chrysomelidae larvae (r = 0.478, P < 0.001) and other Coleoptera larvae (r = 0.357, P < 0.01) in late-planted soybean. Similar nodulation levels between phorate-treated and untreated plants suggests compensatory or possibly stimulatory growth in response to low levels of soil arthropod feeding.
DISPERSAL OF TRICHOSIROCALUS HORRIDUS (PANZER) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) IN SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA
Authors: McAvoy Thomas J. , Kok Loke-Tuck , Mays Warren T.
Published: September 2017

Following the establishment of Trichosirocalus horridus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a rosette feeding weevil which was initially released in Southwest Virginia from 1974 to 1977 for the biocontrol of thistle, a study of its dispersal was conducted from 1981 to 1985. Trichosirocalus horridus covered an area of 609 km2 by 1981 and extended its range to 4,345 km2 by 1985. Thirty to 50% of the area was forested and did not support thistles. The remainder of the land consists of small farms with crops, pasture, and small towns, with adequate hosts in most areas. Four thistle species were found infested by T. horridus: Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore (39% of the total plants found), C. discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. (32%), Carduus thoermeri Weinmann (23%), and C. acanthoides L. (6%). Of the thistles examined, 54% of C. thoermeri, 20% of C. acanthoides, 20% of C. vulgare and 6% of C. discolor were infested with T. horridus.
BIOGEOGRAPHY AND HABITATS OF PONERA EXOTICA (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)
Authors: Johnson Clifford
Published: September 2017

Ponera exotica is interpreted as a native North America ant rather than an introduced exotic, based on new and earlier distributional and ecological data. Collections reveal a marked patchy distribution and a likely subterranean existence.
COMPOSITION OF ADULT EXOCRINE GLAND SECRETIONS FROM THREE SPECIES OF BURROWER BUGS (HEMIPTERA: CYDNIDAE) IN FLORIDA1
Authors: Scheffrahn Rudolf H. , Hsu Ruei-Ching , Su Nan-Yao , Toth John P.
Published: September 2017

The adult exocrine gland secretions of three cydnid species, Rhytidoporus indentatus Uhler, Pangaeus bilineatus (Say), and Cyrtomenus ciliatus (Palisot de Beauvois), were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. All species produced E-2-octenal and n-tridecane as major secretory components. Only C. ciliatus yielded 4-oxo-E-2-hexenal whereas n-undecane was unique to R. indentatus. 2-Decenal, pentadecane, and hexadecane were also identified from these cydnids.
REARING MICROPLITIS DEMOLITOR WILKINSON (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) IN THE LABORATORY FOR USE IN STUDIES OF SEMIOCHEMICAL MEDIATED SEARCHING BEHAVIOR
Authors: Hérard F. , Keller M. A. , Lewis W. J.
Published: September 2017

Microplitis demolitor Wilkinson were reared in Heliothis zea (Boddie) larvae fed artificial diet and cowpea seedlings. The effect of temperature on development time, food and humidity on adult longevity, and cage design on mating and subsequent sex ratio of the progeny of M. demolitor were tested and are discussed. It was determined that individual pairs of males and females should be held in mating chambers for at least 24 hours in order to obtain a high percentage of inseminated parent females. Females used for parasitization should be at least 24 hours old in order to obtain the maximum number of female progeny. A 25-day longevity of female parasitoids was obtained when they were fed unadulterated honey and a separate water source, and confined in 90–95% relative humidity. A parasitoid survival of 74% was obtained in the hosts when they were reared individually on artificial diet at 27°C. Our rearing techniques were shown to produce parasitoids with a consistent high host searching response as shown by tests involving use of volatile semiochemicals in a wind tunnel.
FOOD UTILIZATION AND EGESTION RATES OF THE PREDATOR GEOCORIS PUNCTIPES (HEMIPTERA: HETEROPTERA) FED ARTIFICIAL DIETS WITH RUTIN
Authors: Cohen Allen C. , Urias Nina M.
Published: September 2017

A predaceous hemipteran, Geocoris punctipes (Say) was fed an artificial diet containing 0, 0.01, 0.10, or 1.00% rutin, a plant secondary chemical known to affect adversely certain phytophagous insects. Survival rates, exuvial weights, egg weights, relative growth rates, consumption indices, growth efficiencies, metabolic efficiencies and digestive efficiencies were unaffected by any of the rutin concentrations tested. Frass production for nymphs and adults was decreased by all rutin treatments. Uric acid excretion was decreased by all rutin concentrations in adult G. punctipes but not in nymphal insects.
COMPARATIVE CONSUMPTION AND UTILIZATION OF FLORIDA BEGGARWEED AND TWO SOYBEAN GENOTYPES BY PSEUDOPLUSIA INCLUDENS LARVAE (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Beach R. Mark , Todd James W.
Published: September 2017

Larvae of the soybean looper (SBL), Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), were reared on three food types: soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, genotypes ‘Kirby’ (insect susceptible) and GatIR 81-296 (insect resistant), and Florida beggarweed, (Desmodium tortuosum (Swartz) de Candolle. Larval development was longest on GatIR 81-296 (16.7 days) followed by beggarweed (15.5 days) and Kirby (14.1 days). Total consumption and relative consumption rate by ultimate (6th) instar SBL were significantly greatest on Kirby with no difference noted in consumption between GatIR 81-296 and beggarweed. However, approximate digestibility and efficiency of conversion of ingested food by ultimate instars were significantly greatest on beggarweed compared with the two soybean genotypes. Ultimate instar weight gain and growth rate were similar for larvae restricted to Kirby and beggarweed, while larvae restricted to GatIR 81-296 had significantly reduced weight gain and growth rate. Pupal weights of individuals reared on GatIR 81-296 also were significantly reduced compared with those in the Kirby and beggarweed treatments. SBL larvae consumed less beggarweed foliage (mg dry weight) than Kirby soybean, yet compensated to some extent by utilizing beggarweed foliage more efficiently. Beggarweed proved to be a better source of larval nutrition for SBL than the insect-resistant soybean genotype GatIR 81-296.
SCREENING FOR PHYTO-PROTECTANTS TO GUARD CORN SEEDS/SEEDLINGS FROM SOUTHERN CORN ROOTWORM FEEDING INJURY
Authors: Landis D. A. , Gould F.
Published: September 2017

A screening program was developed to detect chemicals without acute toxicity that could protect seedling corn from injuiy by southern corn rootworm (SCR), Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber. Crude plant extracts, purified secondary plant compounds and agricultural fungicides were screened in a no-choice laboratory bioassay using germinating corn seeds in soil. Promising candidates were further tested in a greenhouse assay. Chemicals were evaluated on the ability to reduce the number of plants damaged and the severity of SCR feeding. A seed treatment fungicide, thiram, energed as the most effective compound in these tests. The term phyto-protectant is used to describe substances which prevent or reduce the severity of insect damage to plants without regard to their specific mode of action. The usefulness and limitations of this screening program and terminology are discussed as well as implications for futher screening of phyto-protectants.
A NEW SPECIES OF GEOMYDOECUS (MALLOPHAGA: TRICHODECTIDAE) FROM PAPPOGEOMYS (RODENTIA: GEOMYIDAE) POCKET GOPHERS IN JALISCO, MEXICO1
Authors: Price Roger D. , Hellenthal Ronald A.
Published: September 2017

The new species Geomydoecus telli is described and illustrated for material taken from the pocket gopher taxa Pappogeomys gymnurus tellus [type host], P. tylorhinus atratus, and P. t. zodius from Jalisco, Mexico.
COMPARATIVE RESPONSES OF FERAL AND LABORATORY TRICHOGRAMMA SPP. (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) TO HELIOTHIS SPP. (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) MOTH SCALES AND INERT PARTICLES
Authors: Thomson M. S. , Stinner R. E.
Published: September 2017

A laboratory assay of the klinokinetic response of Trichogramma spp. to scales of Heliothis virescens (F.) and Heliothis zea (Boddie) was investigated. The assay indicated significant behavioral response to materials similar in size to lepidopteran scales (small glass beads, cotton fibers); however, response to these materials was significantly less than response to H. virescens scales. The assay did not distinguish any difference in response to H. zea scales betewen naturally occurring and laboratory-bred Trichogramma exiguum Pinto and Platner. Physiological status (freshly emerged, virgin vs. 3–4 day-old, mated) of the H. zea moths from which scales originated affected scale response, but anatomical origin (abdominal tip vs. abdominal venter vs. wing) of host scales did not.
EVALUATION OF AN AEROSOL FORMULATION CONTAINING CYFLUTHRIN AGAINST THREE SPECIES OF STORED-PRODUCT INSECTS
Authors: Arthur F. H.
Published: September 2017

An experimental formulation containing cyfluthrin (Laser®) was evaluated against two commercial products for control of adult almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker), adult confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum (DuVal) and black carpet beetle, Attagenus unicolor (Brahm) (= A. megatoma F.) larvae. When Laser was released for 2.5 and 5.0 sec into test chambers and almond moths were exposed for 3 h, mortality was 97 and 99%, respectively. These percentages were significantly greater than the mortality provided by one of the commercial formulations (79 and 89% for 2.5 and 5.0 sec, respectively). There were no differences between the three formulations at release times of 10 and 20 sec and exposure times of 6 and 18 h. None of the formulations killed either of the two beetle species, but the percentage knockdown for Laser was significantly greater than knockdown provided by either commercial product.
PARASITISM OF TRIGONOTYLUS DODDI (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE) BY LASIOERYTHRAEUS JOHNSTONI (ACARI: ERYTHRAEIDAE), WITH NOTES ON ADDITIONAL HOSTS AND DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Young O. P. , Welbourn W. C.
Published: September 2017

Three new host species of Lasioerythraeus johnstoni Welbourn & Young are reported from Washington County, MS during 1986. These hosts were in the Thysanoptera (Thripidae) and Hemiptera (Cydnidae and Miridae), and increase to 18 the number of known hosts of L. johnstoni. Ecological characteristics of the 12 known sites of L. johnstoni are summarized, indicating an apparent association of these mites with undisturbed early successional moist habitats containing Erigeron sp. (Compositae), to include pasture, old-field, and roadside areas. A parasitization rate of 85% was recorded for 235 Trigonotylus doddi (Distant) nymphs collected at one time and place. Sixty-three percent of these hosts had one L. johnstoni attached; the remainder had 2–5 attached mites. Sixty-four percent of the attachment sites were on molt sutures.
DAMAGE THRESHOLD OF THE SOUTHERN GREEN STINK BUG, NEZARA VIRIDULA, (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) ON FRESH MARKET TOMATOES
Authors: Lye Ben - Huai , Story Richard N. , Wright Vernon L.
Published: September 2017

Southern green stink bug (SGSB), Nezara viridula (L.), damage to fresh market tomato, Lycopersicum esculentum Mill., quality was studied in 1984. The effect of SGSB density and feeding duration on the quality (grade) of tomatoes was quantified and analyzed with the log likelihood ratio test. Both bug density and feeding duration significantly affected grade. Because of highly significant interactions between SGSB density and feeding duration, the interaction term (bug - days) was used to develop polynomial regression models for the estimation of injury levels. The percentage fruit to be classified as U S grade 1, 2, or 3, with a given bug density and feeding duration, can be estimated with these equations.
LABORATORY EVALUATION OF PHOSALONE FOR CONTROL OF WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Robertson Jacqueline L. , Preisler Haiganoush K.
Published: September 2017

Phosalone was tested to estimate the optimal time and minimum application rate for 90% population mortality of western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, larvae. The optimal time of application was estimated to be during the first 10 days after the first group of second instars emerged from diapause, especially between days 7 and 8. Aerial application rates necessary to bracket 90% mortality were estimated as 320, 640, and 960 g/ha. Because these rates are well below the application rates used for agricultural pests, phosalone is a candidate for field trials on western spruce budworm.
A COMPARISON OF TWO TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT MODELS FOR IMMATURE STAGES OF THE NANTUCKET PINE TIP MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Richmond James A. , Bacheler Jeanne E.
Published: September 2017

Parameters for a degree-day model (DD) and the Sharpe-DeMichele poikilothermic model (POIK) were estimated for the development of Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock) immature stages. A comparison of the accuracy between the two models was made for eggs, larvae, and pupae. The DD and POIK model were equally effective for predicting development of eggs, but the POIK model was superior for predicting larval and pupal development. Regression analysis of predicted vs. observed development days show a good fit (R2 > 0.99) for eggs using both models, a relative good fit (R2 > 0.90) for larvae and a poor fit (R2 < 0.85) for pupae. Threshold temperatures were at 10.0°C for eggs, 7.0°C for larvae, and 9.8°C for pupae. Optimum hatch was 100% for eggs at 24°C and required 81 DD; optimum survival was 77% for larvae at 21°C and required 704 DD; and optimum eclosion from pupae was 55% at 26°C and required 227 DD.
COMPATIBILITY OF XYLOCORIS FLAVIPES (HEMIPTERA: ANTHOCORLDAE) AND VENTURIA CANESCENS (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) FOR SUPPRESSION OF THE ALMOND MOTH, CADRA CAUTELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Press John W.
Published: September 2017

The predaceous bug Xylocoris flavipes (Reuter) was combined with the parasitic wasp Venturia canescens Gravenhorst to assess their compatibility in suppressing the almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker). Each natural enemy was applied at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 insects for each ca. 1000 C. cautella. Significantly greater (P < .0001) suppression of C. cautella was obtained by the combination of X. flavipes and V. canescens at all levels. This demonstrated that the combination of X. flavipes and V. canescens is likely to enhance suppression of C. cautella in field applictions.
USING RUBIDIUM TO MARK A PREDATOR, GEOCORIS PUNCTIPES (HEMIPTERA: LYGAEIDAE)1
Authors: Cohen Allen C. , Jackson C. Glen
Published: September 2017

Geocoris punctipes (Say) was fed artificial diet containing 0, 70, 350 or 700 ppm Rb from 4th-instar nymphal stage to adult stage. Adult weights and duration of nymphal stadia were not affected by Rb treatment. Adult survival was reduced at 350 ppm but was not significantly lower at 700 ppm than at 0 or 70 ppm Rb. Fifth-instar nymphs that were fed 350 ppm and kept under laboratory conditions (i.e., ad libitum food and water, 27°C, 40% RH) retained enough Rb for reliable detection 1 week after return to unlabeled diet.
EFFECTS OF MYRISTICA FRAGRANS FRUIT (FAMILY: MYRISTICACEAE) TO FOUR SPECIES OF STORED-PRODUCT INSECTS1
Authors: Su Helen C. F.
Published: September 2017

Acetone extracts of mace and nutmeg applied topically at dosages up to 50μg/insect were nontoxic to cowpea weevils, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), slightly toxic to cigarette beetles, Lasioderma serricorne (F.), and confused flour beetles, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, and moderately toxic to rice weevils, Sitophilus oryzae (L.). Initially, both extracts showed strong repellency to rice weevils on surface-treated wheat at 2000 ppm for mace and 2000, 1000, and 500 ppm for nutmeg, although the repellency deteriorated rapidly. However, similarly treatd wheat greatly reduced the number of F1 progeny of rice weevils. This reduction decreased gradually. At 23 weeks after treatment, only the 2000 ppm dose of mace and nutmeg extract-treated wheat gave a significant reduction of the F1 generation when compared with the untreated control.
COMPARISON OF ARTIFICIAL MEMBRANE WITH LIVE HOST BLOODFEEDING OF AEDES AEGYPTI (L.) (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)1,2
Authors: Bunner Bobbie L. , Scott Roy L. , Dobson Stephan E. , Anderson Leroy M. , Boobar Lewis R.
Published: September 2017

Bloodfeeding, egg production and eclosion of Aedes aegypti (L.) fed citrated horse, sheep, or rabbit blood through a Parafilm membrane, with and without a phagostimulant (CO2), were compared with live host (rabbit) fed Ae. aegypti. Laboratory-reared Ae. aegypti were bloodfed for 30 min, 3 times/week for 18 weeks. Citrated mammalian bloods in a glass feeder were warmed to 37°C by a heater/circulator, and offered to the mosquitoes through a stretched Parafilm membrane; dry ice was placed beside the feeders during the final 9 weeks of the study. A significantly lower percentage (47–70%, P < 0.0001) of Ae. aegypti engorged during membrane bloodfeeding than during live host bloodfeeding resulting in significantly lower egg production (P < 0.0001) and egg eclosion in membrane bloodfed insects. Of the in vitro fed mosquitoes, mean egg production was highest in citrated horse blood fed females during weeks 1–9. With the use of CO2 during the last 9 weeks, there was a significant increase in the mean number of mosquitoes engorging on citrated sheep and rabbit blood (P < 0.0001) with a corresponding increase in mean egg production (P ≤ 0.0001). Even though egg production decreased with membrane bloodfeeding, this study suggests that Ae. aegypti colonies can be successfully maintained on a variety of preserved mammalian bloods fed through a Parafilm membrane.
BIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF THE REDNECKED CANE BORER, AGRILUS RUFICOLLIS (F.) (COLEOPTERA: BUPRESTIDAE), ON BLACKBERRIES IN ARKANSAS1
Authors: Johnson Donn T. , Mayes Ralph L.
Published: September 2017

Studies of methods for adult detection, development and control of the rednecked cane borer (RNCB), Agrilus ruficollis (F.), in blackberries were conducted in Goshen and Fayetteville, Arkansas from 1984 through 1987. Colored sticky traps were shown to be ineffective since they captured a total of only 13 RNCB adults over a two-year period. Pupae began to transform to inactive adults by 2 May 1985, 29 April 1986 and 4 May 1987. The earliest reported emergence of RNCB adults was between 22 and 29 April 1986. The latest completion of adult emergence was 8 June 1987. Adults in the field emerged from blackberry canes over a two to four week period. Adults that emerged in the insectary in 1984 lived for 13.4 days ± 1.7 SEM. Insecticide evaluations demonstrated that sprays of malathion, chlorpyrifos and methoxychlor resulted in adequate control of RNCB. Carbaryl did kill RNCB adults quickly as noted by 75 percent mortality inside exit holes, but a more frequent spray schedule would be required to give adequate control.
TWO NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF EUZERCONIDAE (MESOSTIGMATA: CELAENOPSOIDEA) WITH A KEY TO NEW WORLD GENERA
Authors: Hunter Preston E. , Rosario Rose M. T.
Published: September 2017

Two new genera and species of mites of the family Euzerconidae are described. Trinizercon atyeoi Hunter and Rosario, n. gen., n. sp., is described from specimens collected from the beetle Passalus (Passalus) interruptus (Lineo) (Passalidae) in Trinidad. Etazercon starri Hunter and Rosario, n. gen., n. sp., is described from specimens collected from the beetle Passalus (Passalus) jansoni (Bates) (Passalidae) in Costa Rica.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ASTER PILOSUS (COMPOSITAE), MISUMENOPS SPP. (ARANEAE: THOMISIDAE), AND LYGUS LINEOLARIS (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE).
Authors: Young Orrey P.
Published: September 2017

Sweep sampling and whole-plant examinations of the Hairy Aster, Aster pilosus (Compositae), were conducted in habitats adjacent to cotton in Mississippi. A strong negative correlation was demonstrated between population densities of the crab spider, Misumenops spp. (Araneae: Thomisidae), and the tarnished plant bug (TPB), Lygus lineolaris (Heteroptera: Miridae). Misumenops spp. populations were highest on large, isolated, bush-like A. pilosus individuals and lowest on small, sparsely branched plants in clusters. When differences in the number of flowers and flower buds between the two growth forms were accounted for, TPB were five times more abundant on small plants. Predation on TPB by Misumenops spp. was observed, and the sampling data suggest that TPB populations are negatively impacted by high population levels of Misumenops spp. Changes in the management of road and field margins and fallow fields are suggested that could increase bush-like A. pilosus densities, leading to larger populations of Misumenops and subsequent smaller populations of TPB.
EFFECTS OF HUMIDITY AND PHOSPHORUS ON POPULATIONS OF THE EUROPEAN RED MITE PANONYCHUS ULMI (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE)1
Authors: Dormond Merle , Hunter Preston E.
Published: September 2017

A laboratory study investigating the combined effects of phosphorus and relative humidity upon reproduction by the European red mite Panonychus ulmi (Koch) was conducted. Phosphorus effects were tested at two levels (Hoagland solution with or without phosphorus) and relative humidity at five levels (6%, 30%, 60%, 75% and 90%). Experiments were run at two temperatures, 21°C and 25°C, and at a day-length regime of 16L:8D. The mites' response to phosphorus was characterized by a significant increase in progeny numbers when the host plant contained “high” levels of this element. Reaction to humidity was characterized by an increase in progeny at relative humidities between 60% and 75%. Under the same RH conditions, higher numbers of progeny were generally obtained from plants containing higher levels of phosphorus; the most favorable treatment was Hoagland solution with phosphorus and 75% RH.
LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE LIFE CYCLE AND PREY RELATIONSHIPS OF PACHYLISTER CAFFER ERICHSON (COLEOPTERA: HISTERIDAE)
Authors: Summerlin J. W. , Fincher G. T. , Roth J. P. , Petersen H. D.
Published: September 2017

The biology and behavior of Pachylister caffer Erichson were studied to determine the developmental history of this cattle manure-attracted, predaceous beetle and to evaluate its potential for controlling the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.). Females deposit eggs singly 0.5–3.0 cm deep in soil beneath cattle manure. Embryonic incubation averaged 3.9 days, larval development (two instars) 37.3 days, and pupal development 16.4 days. Development from oviposition to adult averaged 57.6 days.

Prey consumption of horn fly; stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), and house fly, Musca domestica L., pupae by P. caffer larvae was compared. Although the total weight of all prey species consumed was similar, the number of prey consumed and the development time of beetle larvae varied with prey species.

Horn fly pupae accounted for 65.6% of the prey consumed, whereas stable fly and house fly pupae accounted for 26.9% and 7.5%, respectively.
COMPARISON OF SWEEP-NET AND STEM-COUNT TECHNIQUES FOR SAMPLING PEA APHIDS IN ALFALFA
Authors: Buntin G. David , Isenhour David J.
Published: September 2017

The accuracy, precision and efficiency of stem-count and sweep-net techniques were compared for sampling the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), in alfalfa. Density estimates by both techniques were highly correlated (r = 0.87). Both techniques were similar in sample precision and efficiency, but stem counts provided more accurate density estimates than the sweep net technique. The stem count technique is an accurate and efficient alternative to the sweep net for sampling pea aphids in alfalfa.
MAPPING NANTUCKET PINE TIP MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) PHENOLOGY IN GEORGIA
Authors: Ross Darrell W. , Pickering John , Berg Jack D. , Berisford C. Wayne
Published: September 2017

Thermal requirements for the Nantucket pine tip moth (NPTM), Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock), to complete one generation were estimated using published data and new observations representing six unique combinations of location and year. Estimates ranged from 690 degree-days (DD) to 818 DD using a lower threshold of 9.5° C and an upper threshold of 33.5° C. Selected values within the range of estimates were used along with historical temperature data to produce maps of NPTM phenology in Georgia. The map based on the midpoint of the range of estimates (754 DD) was most closely compatible with previous observations of NPTM phenology and major physiographic boundaries. With an estimated mean thermal requirement of 754 DD, the NPTM will complete two to four generations per year in Georgia. This study demonstrates a technique that could be applied to map the phenology of any multivoltine insect for which data on thermal requirements for development are available.
PUBLIC ATTITUDES ON RED IMPORTED FIRE ANT (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) INFESTATIONS IN HOMES AND RECREATIONAL AREAS
Authors: Lemke L. A. , Kissam J. B.
Published: September 2017

A survey of South Carolina residents conducted between 1983 and 1985 solicited opinions on the red imported fire ant (RIFA), Solenopsis invicta Buren and its control. Eighty-seven percent of the 430 respondents felt they had a severe RIFA problem on their property and a similar proportion (89%), reported having had one or more members of their immediate family stung by RIFAs. Control measures were taken by 74% of the respondents. A survey of 55 pest control companies revealed that 97% received calls in 1984 concerning the RIFA. Eighty-two percent of these companies offered a service to control RIFAs in yards.
GRASSHOPPER SWIMMING AS A FUNCTION OF SEXUAL AND TAXONOMIC DIFFERENCES: EVOLUTIONARY AND ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Lockwood Jeffrey A. , Clapp Dewey A. , Conine Jeffrey , Romberg Marvin H.
Published: September 2017

Swimming behavior of grasshoppers (21 species from 3 subfamilies) was assessed with respect to sexual and taxonomic differences. The parameters of swimming included capacity (the ability of individuals to reach the edge of a 100 cm diameter pool within 3 min), rate of net displacement (the time required to reach the edge of the pool, if this was greater than 3 min the subject was deemed as incapable of swimming) and orientation (the ability to reach a target of vertical stripes on the pool). Melanoplinae had a significantly greater proportion of individuals capable of swimming than Oedipodinae or Gomphocerinae. Males and females did not differ significantly in swimming capability. Considerable differences were found among species in the rate of net displacement. This rate was significantly greater for Melanoplinae than Oedipodinae, and Oedipodinae were significantly faster than Gomphocerinae. In comparing across all species, females had a significantly greater rate of net displacement than males. Several species exhibited an ability to reach the target at a rate significantly better than chance. However, at the subfamily level, only the Melanoplinae were able to orient to the target at a frequency significantly better than chance. In comparing across all species, the sexes were not found to differ in their ability to orient. Phylogenetic and ecological interpretations of the data are suggested.
SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF RED AND GREEN MORPHS OF THE TOBACCO APHID (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) ON FLUE-CURED TOBACCO IN GEORGIA
Authors: McPherson Robert M.
Published: September 2017

The seasonal abundance of red and green morphs of the tobacco aphid, Myzus nicotianae Blackman, was investigated on flue-cured tobacco in Georgia during 1987–1988. The effect of tobacco transplantation date also was examined in 1988. Aphid populations peaked on tobacco in mid-June 1987, then rapidly declined following the removal of the terminal floral branch (topping). Early season samples contained both green and red morphs; however, by early June, and throughout the remainder of the season, the aphid population was almost exclusively comprised of the red morph. Similar results were obtained in 1988, although population densities were higher and peaked earlier in the early transplanting (30 March) compared to the 14 April and 28 April transplantings. Regardless of transplanting date, the red morphs began a rapid population increase about 45 days after transplantation, and this increase continued until plants were topped. Daily high temperatures exceeding 35°C did not appear detrimental to the red morphs in these field experiments.
EFFECTS OF LOW DOSES OF APHOLATE PLUS IRRIDIATION ON REPRODUCTION AND LONGEVITY OF THE BOLL WEEVIL (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Haynes J. W. , Smith J. W.
Published: September 2017

Dipping boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, in apholate concentrations of 0.5, 0.75, or 1.0% plus 4 krads of gamma irradiation reduced egg hatch and adult emergence by an average of 88.9% and 99.7%, respectively, Mortality of treated males averaged 18.8% but was never higher than 28.0% by 5 days after treatment. Mortality of treated females averaged 76.0% after 5 days and was never less than 60.0%. By 10 days, mortality of treated males and females was never less than 96.0%. Excessive female mortality by 5 days is desirable if the treatment does not affect males. Radiation levels less than 4 krads resulted in less sterility than may be acceptable in eradication programs; less mortality was also observed at lower radiation levels.
TOXICITY OF FENVALERATE TO FIVE UNFED SPECIES OF TABANIDS AND ENGORGED TABANUS FUSCICOSTATUS HINE (DIPTERA: TABANIDAE)
Authors: Zyzak M. D. , Leprince D. J. , Byford R. L. , Foil L. D.
Published: September 2017

The toxicity of topically applied fenvalerate for five Tabanus species was determined on a per fly and per weight basis. The LD50's ranged from 0.0086 to 0.0816 μg/fly for Tabanus fuscicostatus and T. americanus, respectively. The LD50's in μg/g fly weight ranged from 0.156 for T. americanus to 0.404 for T. pallidescens. Blood-engorged T. fuscicostatus were less susceptible to topical application of fenvalerate than unfed individuals.
DEVELOPMENT OF HELIOTHIS ZEA (BODDIE) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ON CAROLINA GERANIUM AND ARTIFICIAL DIET AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES1
Authors: Roach S. H. , Thomas W. M.
Published: September 2017

The cotton bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), was reared in environmental chambers on artificial diet and a wild host plant, Carolina geranium, Geranium carolinianum, L. at temperatures from 15.5 to 35°C. All above-ground plant parts were used by the larvae, and fruiting structures were not necessary for development to the pupal stage. Bollworms developed on plant bouquets at a rate very similar to that achieved on artificial diet but pupal weight, percent pupation, and percent adult emergence were lower in pupae produced on plant bouquets. Developmental rate parameters estimated for the combined data closely resemble previously published reports in the literature.
Spatial Emergence Pattern of Bronze Birch Borer, (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) from European White Birch2
Authors: Akers Rodney C. , Nielsen David G.
Published: September 2017

Spatial emergence patterns of the bronze birch borer, Agrilus anxius Gory, and associated parasite and woodpecker predation in European white birch, Betula pendula Roth, were examined. Beetle and total hole density (beetle + parasite + woodpecker) were significantly lower from stem bolts 6 m above ground, 0.1 to 5.0 cm in circumference, and with 0.1 to 1.5 mm bark thickness than bolts 1 to 3 m above ground, 5.1 to 60.0 cm circumference, and with 1.51 to 3.0 mm bark thickness. Significantly more emergence occurred from the southwestern quadrant of trees than from other quadrants. Beetle emergence and total hole densities were also significantly less from branches than from tree trunks.
Biological Activities of Hexane Extract of Piper cubeba Against Rice Weevils and Cowpea Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)2
Authors: Su Helen C. F.
Published: September 2017

Piper cubeba fruit was evaluated for its biological activites to adults of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Callosobrunchus maculatus (F.). The hexane extract of berries was toxic (>50% mortality) to both species of insects when applied topically at ≥ 30 μg/insect to S. oryzae and at ≥ 40 μg/insect to C. maculatus. The pulverized berries and its hexane extract, when applied to wheat, were repellent to S. oryzae with the berry powder having greater repellency than the extract. When applied to wheat or black-eyed peas at dosages of ≥ 500 ppm, the hexane extract reduced infestation of S. oyrzae and C. maculatus in these commodities.
Biology and Mortality Agents of the Fruittree Leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), on Baldcypress in Louisiana
Authors: Braun David M. , Goyer Richard A. , Lenhard Gerald J.
Published: September 2017

The fruittree leafroller, Archips argyrospila (Walker), recently has been found feeding on a new host, baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) at outbreak levels in Louisiana. The general biology of A. argyrospila and the impact of its parasitoids, predators, and hyperparasitoids found in infestation areas in and near the Atchafalaya Basin in Louisiana are described. The hymenopteran parasitoid, Itoplectis conquisitor (Say), caused the greatest amount of pupal parasitism. Two carabids, Plochionus timidis Haldeman and Calleida viridipennis Say, were found to be important predators of larvae and pupae.
Big-Eyed Bugs (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) and the Striped Lynx Spider (Araneae: Oxyopidae): Intra- and Interspecific Interference on Predation of First Instar Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Guillebeau L. P. , All J. N.
Published: September 2017

To understand agroecology and to increase the role of entomophages in pest management, it is important to understand interactions among arthropod predators. Laboratory studies were conducted with 1–2 adult big-eyed bugs, (BEB) Geocoris spp., 1–2 striped lynx spiders (SLS), Oxyopes salticus Hentz (lst–3rd instar), or one of each to investigate conspecific and interspecific interference of predation on 1st instar Heliothis zea Boddie in the laboratory. The number of 1st instar H. zea consumed per individual in 24 h fell significantly when two adult BEB were confined together compared with the number consumed by solitary BEB. Placing two juvenile SLS together did not reduce the number of larvae consumed per individual in 24 h. The combined feeding rate of one BEB and one SLS confined together fell well below the sum of the rates for solitary BEB and SLS, but it was unclear to what degree each predator's feeding rate was reduced. These results suggest that exceeding the optimum density of BEB and SLS in the field could reduce the biocontrol of H. zea provided by BEB.
Growth Inhibitors in Host Plant Resistance to Insects: Examples from a wild tomato with Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Farrar Robert R. , Kennedy George G.
Published: September 2017

Non-lethal, growth inhibiting allelochemicals have potential roles in host plant resistance to insects because they can extend the time the insects are exposed to other mortality factors. Four chemical constituents of the wild tomato, Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum, PI 134417 were evaluated in artificial diet as growth inhibitors to Heliothis zea (Boddie): alpha-tomatine, chlorogenic acid, beta-caryophyllene and alpha-humulene. All caused small increases in developmental time, and, except for chlorogenic acid, small decreases in pupal weight. These changes may be too small to be of biological significance in host plant resistance. Our results suggest that the usual method of evaluating growth inhibitors, which is to weigh the insects after a fixed feeding period, is inadequate to assess the biological significance of any observed growth inhibitory effects. Because differences in weight after fixed feeding periods do not always translate into equivalent changes in developmental time or final weight, measurement of actual developmental time may be more appropriate.
Pre-mating Blood Feeding by Anopheles pharoensis (Diptera: Culicidae) and Its Effects on Mating, Longevity and Egg Production
Authors: El-Akad Adel S. , Humphreys J. G.
Published: September 2017

Field observations and laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effects of a pre-mating blood meal on mating, ovarian development and oviposition in Anopheles pharoensis (Theobald). Approximately 24% of the females blood feed before mating; however, swollen abdomens of blood-fed females interfere with the mating process. In females which mated prior to first blood meal, first oviposition occurred at 6.6 days and required only a single blood meal. A second blood meal takes them to the second oviposition in an additional 2.5 days; the third oviposition required 1.4 blood meals and occurred 3 days after the second oviposition. Blood-fed unmated females reach first oviposition at 13.4 days and require an average of 4 blood meals prior to the first oviposition. At this age, the female is chronologically old and even if mating now occurs, egg production is greatly reduced and continues to decrease through subsequent ovipositions until death. The taking of a blood meal prior to mating greatly decreases the reproductive potential of this species.