bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Great House
Authors: Fox Georgia L.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 2 discusses the Great House at Betty’s Hope, which was excavated from 2007 to 2012. The plantation was owned by the Codrington family from 1674 until the plantation was sold in 1944. Ownership began with Christopher Codrington II, the son of a Barbadian sugar planter. Although the house itself is long gone, the house and grounds at Betty’s Hope follow certain basic characteristics of Caribbean plantation architecture and landscapes. The overall material culture of the Betty’s Hope Great House is similar to other British colonial sites, with a predominance of eighteenth-century British ceramics and artifacts reflecting domestic life. Archaeological and documentary evidence suggest that the house was destroyed by the time of the sale of the property in 1944.
“Primed with Flip and Toddy”
Authors: Goudge Charlotte
Published: September 2020

The commoditization and manufacture of rum has been a major industry in the Caribbean since the inception of the plantation as a means of amplified production to fill consumer needs. Still houses can be analysed to reflect the major economic processes active in the wider Atlantic theater. Betty’s Hope is a perfect example of the British microcosm of production, displaying themes which become archetypal within the socio-economic model of the British Caribbean and wider Atlantic world, during the historic period. These themes, exampled by the impact of that technology in the form of industrial steam manufacture, are dramatically displayed within the documentary survey and archaeology of the still house.
Afterword
Authors: Fox Georgia L.
Published: September 2020

The afterword chronicles the last days of Betty’s Hope plantation. The abolition of slavery in 1807 emboldened actions of stance and rebellion by the enslaved in the days leading up to emancipation on August 1, 1834. As Afro-Antiguans were freed, a new and uncertain future upended the old established order, displacing Afro-Antiguans who sought new opportunities. Others less fortunate remained on plantations as paid labor during acute labor shortages. This resulted in new forms of pseudo-peonage by plantation managers, and the influx of foreign workers. The declining market for Caribbean sugar finally forced consolidation on Antigua, as Betty’s Hope and other plantations sent their sugar to a central processing sugar factory, which closed its doors in the early 1970s.
Better than Butter
Authors: Altman Heidi M. , Peres Tanya M. , Compton J. Matthew
Published: September 2020

Bears are central figures in Cherokee oral history, folk tales, and traditional arts. However, bear grease was also crucial to pre-colonial Cherokee foodways and economies, and persisted as an element of both well into the twentieth century. This chapter explores the relationships between bears as cultural icons and the use of their fat for fuel, flavor, and trade. In contemporary times there is disagreement among community members about whether the consumption of bear meat is culturally prohibited, but there is wide agreement that bear grease is an essential part of traditional foodways. Archaeological data from Cherokee-identified sites from the Mississippi period (ca. AD 1000) to the mid-nineteenth century are examined for evidence of the use of bear fat in the past. These data sets indicate that when bears are present at Cherokee sites, typically only a small subset of skeletal elements are present. These elements include the remains of the paws and skull, a pattern that does not suggest the regular consumption of meat, but does correlate with the field processing of bears for fat and hide removal in the field.
Coda
Authors: L’Hoeste Héctor Fernández , Rodríguez Juan Carlos
Published: September 2020

This chapter provides a balance for the volume, accounting for the implications of recent political shift in the US, much of which has been linked to social media. It emphasizes how the texts included in this collection also suggest the speed with which technology is playing a preeminent role in cultural, political, and social relations, be it north or south of the border. In the end, it seeks to strike a balance between the scholarly worlds in Portuguese and Spanish and academic spheres of the Anglo domain, clarifying the volume's intention not to pontificate, but rather to serve as a bridge between the Latin American digital humanities and the Anglo academe in the US and the UK, in a fashion as independent as possible to hegemonic proclivities.
Natural Histories of the Anthropocene
Authors: Andermann Jens
Published: September 2020

Twentieth-century Latin American intellectuals from the provincial interior, often combining in their professional and intellectual lives different forms of expertise ranging from the humanities to medicine and the natural sciences, developed a prescient and idiosyncratic way of reflecting on the extractive frontiers advancing from the region’s political and economic centers. Taking as its sample case the essayistic writings from the 1930s of two authors from the Argentine Northwest—Bernardo Canal Feijóo and Orestes Di Lullo—this chapter argues that, in their attempt to reflect the social and cultural impact of deforestation, soil erosion and drought, these provincial intellectuals came up with a prescient and hybrid mode of writing and thinking, the urgency of which we are only beginning to understand today: a natural history of the Anthropocene. Thus, the chapter also argues for a re-appraisal of Latin American regionalism as an indispensable reference for a political ecology in our time.
Postcolonial Social Sciences of Nineteenth-Century Spanish America
Authors: Castillo Lina del
Published: September 2020

During the first half of the nineteenth century, Spanish American intellectuals believed science could diagnose, treat, and excise an array of “colonial legacies” left in the wake of Spanish monarchical rule. Drawing on New Granada as a case in point, this chapter considers two revealing examples of how Spanish American contributions to emerging social sciences challenged prevailing European and North Atlantic ideas about race well before the late nineteenth century adoption and adaptation of eugenics. The first example emerges from an 1830s land-surveying catechism by noted New Granadan educator and publicist, Lorenzo María Lleras. The catechism sought to ensure equitable land surveys of indigenous communal land holding. The second example spotlights José María Samper’s mid-century invention of comparative political sociology. Spanish American intellectuals like Lleras and Samper ultimately believed that the deployment of sciences in society would produce a new “race” of democratic republicans.
Beyond Empiricism
Authors: Ezcurra Mar a Polgovsky
Published: September 2020

Argentine Rolando García was one of the earliest world-leading specialists on climate change. Forced to leave his country after the 1966 military coup, García became a nomadic thinker, living in various countries and moving from the study of the atmosphere to addressing larger questions of epistemology. In collaboration with Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget, García developed a “theory of complex systems” (TCS) to model and understand social behaviours in uncertain, nonlinear milieus. This chapter discusses García’s TCS as not just an epistemological but also an ontological turning point in the production of knowledge in Latin America. It also describes García’s role in the rise of socio-cybernetic research, an arguably post-humanist area of study and practice that effectively imagines new “modes of existence” on the basis of an ecological and non-empiricist theory of knowledge.
Introduction to Section II
Authors: Blanco María del Pilar , Page Joanna
Published: September 2020

The “contact zone” of the American hemisphere, to use Mary Louise Pratt’s terminology, was both the space that witnessed the violence of colonization and also one of organic and cultural mestizaje in which European, indigenous, African, and Asian worldviews met and produced new, syncretic forms of interpreting natural phenomena, of treating bodies, and of understanding society. In his ...
Introduction to Section V
Authors: Blanco María del Pilar , Page Joanna
Published: September 2020

In Latin America, the construction of science as an analogue of modernity was cemented in the late nineteenth century with the appropriation of positivism by ruling liberal elites to promote their modernizing agendas. Positivism—itself a reaction against the conservative, colonial, and Catholic consensus that had previously dominated intellectual life in Latin America—provided the justification for Comtean doctrines of “order and progress” that advocated economic liberalism while shoring up social hierarchies. The belief that human society could be perfected through the application of scientific methods underpinned a series of modernizing projects around the turn of the century, particularly in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. Science and modernity patently created the conditions for their mutual advancement; even the speed with which scientific theories were radiating across the globe seemed in itself to create a new vision of the interconnectedness of the modern world....
Telling Death Stories in Mexican New Media
Authors: Díaz Liliana Chávez
Published: September 2020

The chapter focuses on collective digital projects representing real stories in Mexico, particularly on 72 migrantes (2010) and Testigos presenciales (2014). It aims to demonstrate that new media narratives are alternative ways for truth-telling while dealing with a failed state and a censored press. Since 2006, when public policies against drug trafficking provoked the rise of violence in the country, there has been a boom of what Cristina Rivera Garza has called “necrowriting.” Moving beyond conventional testimonial accounts, these works use new communication technologies in response to experiences of horrorism. The chapter reflects on how the Mexican artistic community responds to this horror by telling what they call “death stories.” Following Rosi Braidotti’s theory of the posthuman, this chapter proposes that new media narratives expose an updated version of Walter Benjamin’s storyteller. Contemporary storytellers, it is argued, excavate life from the dead in their aim of rescuing lost identities. This process, however, cannot leave the storyteller intact. In the era of the eyewitness and the new forensic sensibility, testimonial narratives are no longer attached to a particular person or locality but rather can be found at the intersections of self, community, and geopolitical borders.
“La trama apocalíptica del Antropoceno”
Authors: Baker Emily
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines figurations of a plant-animal-human-digital continuum in the novel Las constelaciones oscuras by contemporary Argentine author Pola Oloixarac. The novel connects three different eras: the nineteenth century, on the cusp between Michel Foucault’s observed transition between the “classic” and the “modern” eras; the 1980s and 1990s representing the origins of the internet and activities of nascent communities of hackers; and the year 2025 when the biopolitical drive of states and corporations to know peoples’ locations at any given moment, based on DNA tracking, comes close to being realized. The findings of the nineteenth century botanist Niklas Bruun defy gradualist theories of evolution and set the stage for the examination of multispecies relationships, carried out away from the prying eyes of humans. The chapter argues that Oloixarac “speculatively fabulates” how our understanding of the “trama apocalíptica del antropoceno” might be different, were animals able to speak, and were we fully able to appreciate our biological plurality (and thus the concrete dependence on the ecosystem we are destroying). I argue that an underlying focus on astrologically unifying factors draws us away from arbitrarily defined national borders to appreciate the challenges we face at a planetary level.
Tomás Saraceno and the Ethics of the Sublime in the Aerocene
Authors: Page Joanna
Published: September 2020

This essay approaches a number of key works by the Argentine artist Tomás Saraceno (currently resident in Berlin) through the paradox of the sublime, which points simultaneously to the limits of the human and to the power of humans to overcome those limits. In Saraceno’s spiderweb exhibits and arachno concerts, we are offered both a perspective that suggests human transcendence and an experience of our perpetual entanglement with nature. Many of them are also transspecies cocreations, demonstrating the potential for multispecies sociality and aesthetic coproduction. Saraceno’s exploration of sensory worlds and his construction of foam-like architectures are discussed in the light of the work of Jakob von Uexküll and Peter Sloterdijk, respectively, which invite us to consider how human and nonhuman worlds are bound together in heterarchical and co-fragile relationships. In Saraceno’s work, it is our human capacity to reflect on the structure of the universe that reveals to us our indivisibility from it; equally paradoxically, it is human dominion over nature by means of scientific knowledge, technological inventiveness, and artistic expression that returns us to an experience of the interdependence that binds humans and nonhumans, and that suggests new possibilities for a future life-in-common.
Os efeitos da utilização de atributos perinodulares na classificação de nódulos pulmonares
Authors: Calheiros José , Amorim Lucas , Lima Lucas , Oliveira Marcelo
Published: September 2020

Atualmente grande parte dos sistemas CADx vem utilizando apenas descritores oriundos da região do nódulo pulmonar. Trabalhos recentes indicam que há uma interação significativa entre o nódulo pulmonar e seu entorno, o parênquima, entretanto essa região tem sido pouco utilizada para o processo de diagnóstico do câncer pulmonar. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o desempenho de descritores de imagem extraídos das regiões do nódulo, borda e parênquima (atributos intranodulares e perinodulares), na identificação de seu potencial para malignidade. Neste trabalho foram avaliados 897 nódulos pulmonares com 121 descritores de imagem extraídos da região tumoral. Os descritores foram selecionados por algoritmo genético e a avaliação de desempenho foi feita através da área sob a curva ROC (AUC) com validação cruzada de 10 folds e 5 repetições. Nosso melhor modelo avaliado obteve AUC média de 0,916, acurácia de 84,26%, sensibilidade de 84,45% e especificidade de 83,84%. Os resultados obtidos sustentam que a utilização de atributos perinodulares melhoram efetivamente o desempenho de classificação de nódulos pulmonares.
Challenges for Deriving Hepatocyte-Like Cells from Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells forIn VitroToxicology Applications
Authors: Sofia Martins Serras Ana , Zincke dos Reis Fernandes Cipriano Madalena , Miguel da Graça Silva Pedro , Paiva Gomes Miranda Joana
Published: September 2020

The in vitro toxicology field seeks for reliable human relevant hepatic models for predicting xenobiotics metabolism and for the safety assessment of chemicals and developing drugs. The low availability and rapid loss of the phenotype or low biotransformation activity of primary hepatocytes urged the stem cell differentiation into hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs). Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSC), in particular, offer a highly available cell source, with few ethical issues and higher genetic stability. However, the dynamic and complex microenvironment of liver development, including the cell-ECM and cell–cell interactions, pressure gradients (oxygen and nutrients) and growth factor signaling that are critical for the differentiation and maturation of hepatocytes, challenges the progress of in vitro hepatic models. Promising strategies like (i) cytokine and growth factor supplementation mimicking the liver development; (ii) epigenetic modification; and (iii) bioengineering techniques to recreate the liver microphysiological environment are gaining increasing importance for the development of relevant in vitro liver models to address the need for higher predictivity and cost efficiency. In this context, this chapter reviews the existing knowledge and recent advances on the approaches for deriving HLCs from UC-MSC and their application for in vitro toxicology.
Remapping the Sinophone
Authors: Hee Wai-Siam
Published: September 2020

In a work that will force scholars to re-evaluate how they approach Sinophone studies, Wai-Siam Hee demonstrates that many of the major issues raised by contemporary Sinophone studies were already hotly debated in the popular culture surrounding Chinese-language films made in Singapore and Malaya during the Cold War. Despite the high political stakes, the feature films, propaganda films, newsreels, documentaries, newspaper articles, memoirs, and other published materials of the time dealt in sophisticated ways with issues some mistakenly believe are only modern concerns. In the process, the book offers an alternative history to the often taken-for-granted versions of film and national history that sanction anything relating to the Malayan Communist Party during the early period of independence in the region as anti-nationalist.
Drawing exhaustively on material from Asian, European, and North American archives, the author unfolds the complexities produced by British colonialism and anti-communism, identity struggles of the Chinese Malayans, American anti-communism, and transnational Sinophone cultural interactions. Hee shows how Sinophone multilingualism and the role of the local, in addition to other theoretical problems, were both illustrated and practised in Cold War Sinophone cinema. Remapping the Sinophone: The Cultural Production of Chinese-Language Cinema in Singapore and Malaya before and during the Cold War deftly shows how contemporary Sinophone studies can only move forward by looking backwards.
American Evangelists and Tuberculosis in Modern Japan
Authors: Perelman Elisheva A.
Published: September 2020

The tuberculosis epidemic of Meiji and Taishō helped to define the relationship between Japan’s government and the foreign, Protestant nondenominational evangelist organizations and individuals who had recently arrived on the archipelago. For those willing to undertake medical missionary work, particularly concerning public health issues that the government chose to ignore, tuberculosis could have provided an arena in which to prove both utility to the nation and enthusiasm for Japan’s industrial modernization, a moral enterprise. Yet theirs was also a utilitarian mission—more converts would mean more funds for the mission, either from the pockets of the recently converted or from foreign supporters who were bolstered by promising statistics. The victims of the tuberculosis epidemic were pawns in the interactions between the Japanese government and foreign evangelists, as their existence (physical and spiritual) was often used to mediate the relationship between their government and their caretakers. These potential caretakers included the Y.M.C.A., The Salvation Army, and individuals who formerly fell under the auspices of each. These organizations, and the Japanese government, at whose behest they often worked, parsed and differentiate the value of human life medically, politically, culturally, and in terms of gender, labor, and utility.
The Earliest London House Names
Authors: Wright Laura
Published: September 2020

294 pre-1400 London house names given in Appendix 1 are analysed as to meaning and structure. Before 1300 haw, bury, seld, hall and house were the predominant medieval house-naming nouns, but haw, bury and seld dropped out around the Norman Conquest. Modifiers were limited to the householders’ name, the householders’ occupation, and the appearance of the house. From the 1320s heraldic names became common for commercial premises, adopting the emblems used by chivalric knights. Commercial premises also used synecdoche to signal their wares (such as the Cock referencing the stopcock on a barrel), and double meanings were exploited visually on signage. Cock seems to have been the first (literal meaning ‘tap’, punning meaning ‘fowl’), starting a fashion for bird names. By the 1700s an extensive informal code of trade signs had evolved, such as a rainbow to signify a dyer. From 1762 numbering replaced urban building signs, with the exception of bookshops and pubs.
Religion, Fame and Sunnyside
Authors: Wright Laura
Published: September 2020

This chapter tracks the earliest Nonconformist Sunnyside to Quakers in 1706 in Crawshawbooth, Lancashire, and then follows as Quakers spread the name Sunnyside around the country from North to South. Quakers took the name to North America, where it is still in use as a church name. Different Nonconformist sects are described, and Sir John Betjeman’s fictitious depiction of Sandemanians and Swedenborgians is presented. The novelist Washington Irving’s highly-influential Sunnyside at Tarrytown in the state of New York is investigated, and it is posited that he named it after the farm named Sunnyside, Melrose, TD6 9BE, in the Scottish Borders, which has been so-named since at least the 1590s. Irving would have seen this farm as a young man when visiting Sir Walter Scott at his nearby house Abbotsford. An excursus discusses Sir James Murray’s Sunnysides, and his annoyance with Sir Walter Scott.
Sunnyside Timeline
Authors: Wright Laura
Published: September 2020

The timeline summarises the findings presented in the book and re-orders them in chronological order. Dividing land into sunny and shady parts was originally a technical North British legal concept to do with land tenure, evidenced in manuscripts from the twelfth century and with counterparts in Scandinavia known as solskifte. When the open-field system was abandoned, houses built on former sunny divisions retained the name Sunnyside. Greens was the Scottish Gaelic expression of the same concept. The name largely stayed within North Britain until the Nonconformist movements of the 1600s spread it southwards via networks of travelling Quakers, who took it to North America. In 1816 Washington Irving saw Sunnyside, Melrose when visiting Sir Walter Scott, and renamed his house Sunnyside accordingly. Wealthy London nonconformists named their grand suburban villas Sunnyside, consolidating the trend. Twentieth-century plotlands house-naming is also considered, and the prevalence of historic sol- farm names in Scandinavia.
‘Astray in a Dark Forest’? The Emotional Politics of Reconstruction Britain
Authors: Langhamer Claire
Published: September 2020

Based on material generated by the British social investigative organisation Mass Observation between 1944 and 1946 this chapter maps some of the political work that emotion did in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War. It adapts cultural theorist Sara Ahmed’s question ‘What do emotions do?’ to a precise historical moment. It approaches emotion through the lens of social, as well as cultural, history by asking an additional question: ‘What did people do with emotion?’ It examines how the interlinked categories of feeling and experience were invoked by individual Mass Observers as ways of knowing a rapidly changing world and as grounds for participating in a dynamic public sphere. The chapter argues that a distinctive form of ‘emotional citizenship’ emerged out of the war; one which deployed feeling as a form of epistemology and experience as an evidential base.
Time and Space: Barthes and the Discourse of History
Authors: O’sullivan Maria
Published: September 2020

In Roland Barthes’s ‘Michelet, l’histoire et la mort’ (1951), Michelet’s linear journey through centuries of French history is contrasted with the panoramic ‘tableau’ that holds together, in a moment of euphoric understanding, otherwise unconnected points in time. This chapter moves from this play of reversible and irreversible time to that of centred and decentred spaces in an unpublished section of Barthes’s 1966–7 seminar, ‘Le discours de l’histoire’. It suggests that Barthes’s discussion of time and space, which draws on the work of Vernant, Levêque, and Vidal-Naquet, and is applied to Michelet, Machiavelli, and Bossuet, can be mapped onto a shift from a structuralist focus on intra-relations between elements of a structure (as in Lévi-Strauss’s account of totemism) to the nascent post-structuralist emphasis on excentric structures associated with Derrida’s notion of ‘play’. The excentric centre is shown to underpin Barthes’s analysis of Michelet’s Tableau de la France, whereby Jakobson’s account of the poetic function of language is applied to Michelet’s rhetorical construction of the geography of France: the sequential ordering of the outlying regions according to their antithetical characteristics is ‘poetic’ in its form; by contrast, the ‘prosaic’ centre (the Île de France) absorbs and neutralises these differences.
Barthes and Religion
Authors: Moriarty Michael
Published: September 2020

Recent publications have enabled a much fuller understanding of Barthes’s religious (Protestant) background. The work published in his lifetime shows a negative attitude to religion, to Christianity in particular, fairly typical of French left-wingers of the period; but certain religious preoccupations continue to inflect his thought. In the lectures published as Comment vivre ensemble he discusses religious communities of various kinds. The notion of the Neutral is asserted as a value against the arrogant and intolerant certitude of faith. He shows a strong interest in Eastern mysticism, as distinct from Christian varieties of mystical experience. Yet the experience of bereavement sends him back to reading Pascal and to passages of Proust with a marked religious resonance. Thinking about his mother’s relationship to religion leads him to think again about what Christianity could mean and to ponder the possibility of a faith without violence. The chapter concludes by asking whether, along the lines of Barthes’s distinction between politics (an object of suspicion) and the political (a value to be affirmed), it is possible to make a similar distinction between religion and the religious.
Barthes and ‘Subtle Forms of Living’
Authors: Macé Marielle
Published: September 2020

A life cannot be dissociated from its forms (its ways, regimes, spaces, and rhythms) for these forms are also ideas of what life should be. This question is keenly felt today, especially in our ways of experiencing politics: we need ‘other sorts of life’, ‘other ways of living’, other rhythms and connections. Yet these phrases are often emptied of their meaning: they are the stock-in-trade of advertising, which allows us to dream of passing from one lifestyle to another without regard for the ethical complexity of what Pavese called ‘the business of living’. Roland Barthes helps us here. Right from his sanatorium years, and all that it cost him to become aware, so young, of the life made for us by daily routines, food, the weather, our ways of relating to others, and through to La Préparation du roman (which reflected on how everyday life must be organised to lead to a literary work), Barthes was always conscious of the seriousness of what the forms of living entail, in all their precision and detail. This chapter tracks the constancy of this conviction in Barthes’s trajectory, from the early sanatorium correspondence to Comment vivre ensemble and Journal de deuil.
Barthes and the Emotions
Authors: Lombardo Patrizia
Published: September 2020

Barthes’s œuvre is significant not simply for the ‘linguistic turn’ of the second half of the twentieth century, but also for the interest in the emotions that has marked a number of disciplines since the early 1980s. This chapter analyses Barthes’s changing relationship to affectivity in general and to art considered as an emotional experience. The early Barthes, enthralled by Brecht’s dramaturgy and Japanese Bunraku, denounced traditional Western theatre for its privileging of the expression of emotions and the audience’s participation in the feelings of fictional characters (Barthes’s comparison of two operatic death scenes, Mussorgsky’s Boris Godunov and Debussy’s Mélisande, is a key example). By the late 1970s, Barthes has rethought his negative evaluation of emotion. In Fragments d’un discours amoureux, he draws on Sartre’s phenomenological Esquisse pour une théorie des émotions; in the Proustian ‘“Longtemps, je me suis couché de bonne heure”’, he stresses the reader’s participation in fictional ‘moments of truth’ and proclaims his own need to write a novel of pathos; in La Chambre claire, he valorises an emotional relation to photography. Barthes’s late vita nova cannot be fully understood without this new focus on affectivity, a positive acknowledgement of pathos, and the emergence of joy.
From Fichier to OEuvre: Barthes and the ‘Our Literature’ Project
Authors: Coste Claude
Published: September 2020

Would Barthes have carried through to completion his plan to write a novel? The largely unpublished Roland Barthes archive, held at the Bibliothèque nationale de France, shows clearly that he worked right up to his death on his Vita nova project. What is less known is that another project entered into competition with it. In the last months of his life, Barthes was hesitating between writing a fictional work or writing the literary history he referred to as ‘Notre littérature’ (Our literature). The existence and gestation of this project, which can be traced in Barthes’s fichier, offers an illuminating example of this filing-system at work. The fichier can be seen as a curious intellectual object: autonomous and self-renewing, but in constant dialogue with previously published texts; often, these return to their starting point as fiches, before being recycled by Barthes in new contexts. More specifically, this chapter has two aims: first, to present the detail of Barthes’s project of a ‘subjective’ history of French literature, contextualising it within his earlier publications on literary history; second, to analyse his very late hesitation between the two forms of writing he wished to renew – a fictional work or a literary history.
The Tale of al-Barrāq Son of Rawḥān and Laylā the Chaste
Authors: Hammond Marlé
Published: September 2020

This book is a bilingual edition and study of a lengthy specimen of pre-modern Arabic storytelling. The tale’s origins are unknown but it probably dates from the seventeenth century. As a sustained fairy tale of the knight-in-shining-armour-rescues-damsel-in-distress variety, it reads as fiction and was probably intended as such. However, scholars in the Arab renaissance or Nahḍa received the text as history. Its pre-Islamic protagonists, ever emoting in verse, were thus celebrated as some of the earliest Arabic poets. The Arabic text featured in the monograph is sourced from five manuscripts and three published editions, and it is modelled on what I call the ‘Christian’ branch of the tale, or that version of the tale which identifies its hero as a Christian and which was promulgated by Christian scholars and literati in the nineteenth century. Two analytical chapters frame the tale: an introductory chapter which charts the evolution of the narrative and its cultural import through to the end of the twentieth century, and a concluding chapter that breaks the story down into its components and compares its structure to both the ʿUdhrī love tale and the popular epic or sīra, thereby situating the text as a hybrid precursor to the modern novel.
From Fiction to History and Back: The Tale, Its Versions and Its Afterlives
Authors: Hammond Marlé
Published: September 2020

This chapter introduces the fictional tale by tracing its evolution from its unknown origins in what was probably the seventeenth century to its historicisation and Christianisation in the nineteenth century, to its infiltration of popular culture and the fine arts in the twentieth century. Its adaptations across various media, including literature, cinema and music, are explored. The chapter furthermore shows how the tale inscribes the endemic paradigms of the ʿUdhrī love narrative and the popular epic or sīra with the western model of the damsel-in-distress fairy tale. Finally, the chapter relates the process by which the tale becomes absorbed into Arabic culture to Yuri Lotman’s notion of the ‘boundary’ as the site of artistic innovation and the creation of new genres.
The influence of the appearance of englishism and English words in the media on the use of englishism in everyday speech in school-age children
Authors: Miljković Miljan
Published: September 2020

Everyday exposure to the influences of the English language in the Serbian-speaking environment naturally leads to a greater use of English words, which is manifested by the use of English as a substitute for words of the original Serbian language. The population that falls under the influence of a foreign, English language, among other groups of Serbian society, includes school-age children because they search for information of various contents that are available to them with the help of the Internet. Here, first of all, we mean social networks such as Facebook, Instagram or Tik Tok, but we also have in mind YouTube, which is a very popular medium where various contents are shown for the purposes of online teaching and information from the world of science, culture, social life of young people. Having in mind the mentioned facts, the research, the results of which will be presented in this paper, deals with the issue of conditional-consequential connection between the use of English in third, fourth and fifth grade students of elementary school "Branko Radičević" in Kosovska Mitrovica and teaching and other content within online teaching, data for teaching purposes from the sources of the daily press in Serbia, the content of certain television programs as well as the mentioned sources of websites for the purposes of collecting information. In order to obtain relevant data, an online survey was made and conducted, within which words from the Serbian and English original vocabulary were offered in the given context of statements from the Serbian language. The aim of the study is to examine the frequency of use of anglicisms, i.e. words of foreign, English, origin, and to determine the cause-and-effect relationship with the offered internet media and their contents. We will show in the paper that the results of our study showed that the use of anglicisms is positively correlated with the time spent in research on social networks, and that the negative correlation of the use of anglicisms in relation to time spent in online classes organized during the state of emergency in Serbia in the first months of the Covid virus epidemic 19.
Attention-related modulation of caudate neurons depends on superior colliculus activity
Authors: Herman James P , Arcizet Fabrice , Krauzlis Richard J
Published: September 2020

Recent work has implicated the primate basal ganglia in visual perception and attention, in addition to their traditional role in motor control. The basal ganglia, especially the caudate nucleus ‘head’ (CDh) of the striatum, receive indirect anatomical connections from the superior colliculus (SC), a midbrain structure that is known to play a crucial role in the control of visual attention. To test the possible functional relationship between these subcortical structures, we recorded CDh neuronal activity of macaque monkeys before and during unilateral SC inactivation in a spatial attention task. SC inactivation significantly altered the attention-related modulation of CDh neurons and strongly impaired the classification of task-epochs based on CDh activity. Only inactivation of SC on the same side of the brain as recorded CDh neurons, not the opposite side, had these effects. These results demonstrate a novel interaction between SC activity and attention-related visual processing in the basal ganglia.
A whole-brain connectivity map of mouse insular cortex
Authors: Gehrlach Daniel A , Weiand Caroline , Gaitanos Thomas N , Cho Eunjae , Klein Alexandra S , Hennrich Alexandru A , Conzelmann Karl-Klaus , Gogolla Nadine
Published: September 2020

The insular cortex (IC) plays key roles in emotional and regulatory brain functions and is affected across psychiatric diseases. However, the brain-wide connections of the mouse IC have not been comprehensively mapped. Here, we traced the whole-brain inputs and outputs of the mouse IC across its rostro-caudal extent. We employed cell-type-specific monosynaptic rabies virus tracings to characterize afferent connections onto either excitatory or inhibitory IC neurons, and adeno-associated viral tracings to label excitatory efferent axons. While the connectivity between the IC and other cortical regions was highly bidirectional, the IC connectivity with subcortical structures was often unidirectional, revealing prominent cortical-to-subcortical or subcortical-to-cortical pathways. The posterior and medial IC exhibited resembling connectivity patterns, while the anterior IC connectivity was distinct, suggesting two major functional compartments. Our results provide insights into the anatomical architecture of the mouse IC and thus a structural basis to guide investigations into its complex functions.
miRNA profile is altered in a modified EAE mouse model of multiple sclerosis featuring cortical lesions
Authors: Orefice Nicola S , Guillemot-Legris Owein , Capasso Rosanna , Bottemanne Pauline , Hantraye Philippe , Caraglia Michele , Orefice Giuseppe , Alhouayek Mireille , Muccioli Giulio G
Published: September 2020

Cortical lesions represent a hallmark of multiple sclerosis and are proposed as a predictor of disease severity. microRNAs are suggested to be important players in the disease pathogenesis and the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis animal model. We implemented a mouse model recapitulating more closely the human pathology as it is characterized by both an autoimmune heterogeneity and the presence of cortical lesions, two parameters missing in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. In our model, mice clustered in two groups displaying high or low clinical scores. Upon cortical cytokine injection, lesions appeared with a specific topography while cortical miRNA profiles were altered. These two features differed according to disease severity. We evidenced changes in miRNA regulators and targets suggesting that miRNA alteration had functional repercussions that could explain the differences in cortical lesions. This model represents a crucial tool for the study of both miRNA involvement and cortical lesion formation in disease pathogenesis.
Quantitative mapping of transcriptome and proteome dynamics during polarization of human iPSC-derived neurons
Authors: Lindhout Feline W , Kooistra Robbelien , Portegies Sybren , Herstel Lotte J , Stucchi Riccardo , Snoek Basten L , Altelaar AF Maarten , MacGillavry Harold D , Wierenga Corette J , Hoogenraad Casper C
Published: September 2020

The differentiation of neuronal stem cells into polarized neurons is a well-coordinated process which has mostly been studied in classical non-human model systems, but to what extent these findings are recapitulated in human neurons remains unclear. To study neuronal polarization in human neurons, we cultured hiPSC-derived neurons, characterized early developmental stages, measured electrophysiological responses, and systematically profiled transcriptomic and proteomic dynamics during these steps. The neuron transcriptome and proteome shows extensive remodeling, with differential expression profiles of ~1100 transcripts and ~2200 proteins during neuronal differentiation and polarization. We also identified a distinct axon developmental stage marked by the relocation of axon initial segment proteins and increased microtubule remodeling from the distal (stage 3a) to the proximal (stage 3b) axon. This developmental transition coincides with action potential maturation. Our comprehensive characterization and quantitative map of transcriptome and proteome dynamics provides a solid framework for studying polarization in human neurons.
Antibody escape by polyomavirus capsid mutation facilitates neurovirulence
Authors: Lauver Matthew D , Goetschius Daniel J , Netherby-Winslow Colleen S , Ayers Katelyn N , Jin Ge , Haas Daniel G , Frost Elizabeth L , Cho Sung Hyun , Bator Carol M , Bywaters Stephanie M , Christensen Neil D , Hafenstein Susan L , Lukacher Aron E
Published: September 2020

JCPyV polyomavirus, a member of the human virome, causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an oft-fatal demyelinating brain disease in individuals receiving immunomodulatory therapies. Mutations in the major viral capsid protein, VP1, are common in JCPyV from PML patients (JCPyV-PML) but whether they confer neurovirulence or escape from virus-neutralizing antibody (nAb) in vivo is unknown. A mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV) with a sequence-equivalent JCPyV-PML VP1 mutation replicated poorly in the kidney, a major reservoir for JCPyV persistence, but retained the CNS infectivity, cell tropism, and neuropathology of the parental virus. This mutation rendered MuPyV resistant to a monoclonal Ab (mAb), whose specificity overlapped the endogenous anti-VP1 response. Using cryo-EM and a custom sub-particle refinement approach, we resolved an MuPyV:Fab complex map to 3.2 Å resolution. The structure revealed the mechanism of mAb evasion. Our findings demonstrate convergence between nAb evasion and CNS neurovirulence in vivo by a frequent JCPyV-PML VP1 mutation.
Alkylative damage of mRNA leads to ribosome stalling and rescue by trans translation in bacteria
Authors: Thomas Erica N , Kim Kyusik Q , McHugh Emily P , Marcinkiewicz Thomas , Zaher Hani S
Published: September 2020

Similar to DNA replication, translation of the genetic code by the ribosome is hypothesized to be exceptionally sensitive to small chemical changes to its template mRNA. Here we show that the addition of common alkylating agents to growing cultures ofEscherichia colileads to the accumulation of several adducts within RNA, including N(1)-methyladenosine (m1A). As expected, the introduction of m1A to model mRNAs was found to reduce the rate of peptide bond formation by three orders of magnitude in a well-defined in vitro system. These observations suggest that alkylative stress is likely to stall translation in vivo and necessitates the activation of ribosome-rescue pathways. Indeed, the addition of alkylation agents was found to robustly activate the transfer-messenger RNA system, even when transcription was inhibited. Our findings suggest that bacteria carefully monitor the chemical integrity of their mRNA and they evolved rescue pathways to cope with its effect on translation.
A dual role for Cav1.4 Ca2+ channels in the molecular and structural organization of the rod photoreceptor synapse
Authors: Maddox J Wesley , Randall Kate L , Yadav Ravi P , Williams Brittany , Hagen Jussara , Derr Paul J , Kerov Vasily , Della Santina Luca , Baker Sheila A , Artemyev Nikolai , Hoon Mrinalini , Lee Amy
Published: September 2020

Synapses are fundamental information processing units that rely on voltage-gated Ca2+(Cav) channels to trigger Ca2+-dependent neurotransmitter release. Cavchannels also play Ca2+-independent roles in other biological contexts, but whether they do so in axon terminals is unknown. Here, we addressed this unknown with respect to the requirement for Cav1.4 L-type channels for the formation of rod photoreceptor synapses in the retina. Using a mouse strain expressing a non-conducting mutant form of Cav1.4, we report that the Cav1.4 protein, but not its Ca2+conductance, is required for the molecular assembly of rod synapses; however, Cav1.4 Ca2+signals are needed for the appropriate recruitment of postsynaptic partners. Our results support a model in which presynaptic Cavchannels serve both as organizers of synaptic building blocks and as sources of Ca2+ions in building the first synapse of the visual pathway and perhaps more broadly in the nervous system.
Determining The Leadership Behavior Orientation Of Coaches İn İndividual And Team Sports According To Some Bariables (Example of Sakarya Province Adapazarı District)
Authors: Orkun TAPŞIN Fuat , BAYAZIT Betül , AYDEMİR Ahmet , TAPŞIN Faik Orhun
Published: September 2020

Bu araştırmanın amacı, bireysel ve takım sporlarındaki antrenörlerin liderlik davranışları yönelimlerinin belirlenmesidir. Betimsel olan bu araştırma, Sakarya ilinin Adapazarı ilçesindeki özel spor merkezlerinde antrenörlük yapan bireylerin
spor branşı gözetmeksizin liderlik yönelimlerinin incelenmesi olup araştırma evreni ise Sakarya İlinin Adapazarı ilçesindeki özel spor merkezlerinde antrenörlük yapan kişilerdir. Bu araştırmanın yapılabilmesi için Kocaeli Üniversitesi
Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Etik Kurulu’nun 27/02/2020 tarihli, 2020/3 nolu ve 5 sıra sayılı kararı ile etik kurul onayı alınmıştır. Çalışmada özel spor merkezlerinde antrenörlük yapan kişiler rastgele yöntemle ulaşılan ve araştırmaya
gönüllü katılmayı kabul eden 55’i (%30.6) kadın, 125’i (%69.4) erkek olmak üzere toplam 180 kişiden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada, kişisel bilgi formu ile Bolman ve Deal tarafından (1990) yılında geliştirilen ve Dereli (2003) tarafından
Türkçeye uyarlanan “Liderlik Yönelimleri Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Verilerin çözümlenmesinde SPSS 20.0 paket programı kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda; bireysel ve takım sporu antrenörlerinin liderlik
yönelimlerinde, yaş ve cinsiyet değişkeni açısından anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmazken (p>0.05) ekonomik durum değişkeninde yapıya yönelik liderlik ve karizmatik liderlik alt boyutunda anlamlı bir farklılık olduğu bulunmuştur
(p<0.05). Bu çalışmada, özel spor merkezlerinde antrenörlük yapan bireylerin liderlik yönelimlerinin gelişiminde yapıya yönelik ve karizmatik liderlik özelliklerinin ekonomik duruma bağlı olarak etkilendiği ortaya çıkmış olup
karizmatik ve yapıya yönelik liderliğin gelişiminde antrenörlerin güçlü bir vizyon oluşturabilmesi için emir komuta, iş bölümü gibi özelliklerinin gelişebilmesinde de ekonomik durumun önemli olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.
Physically Active Bioreactors for Tissue Engineering Applications
Authors: Castro N. , Ribeiro S. , Fernandes M. M. , Ribeiro C. , Cardoso V. , Correia V. , Minguez R. , Lanceros‐Mendez S.
Published: September 2020

Tissue engineering (TE) is a strongly expanding research area. TE approaches require biocompatible scaffolds, cells, and different applied stimuli, which altogether mimic the natural tissue microenvironment. Also, the extracellular matrix serves as a structural base for cells and as a source of growth factors and biophysical cues. The 3D characteristics of the microenvironment is one of the most recognized key factors for obtaining specific cell responses in vivo, being the physical cues increasingly investigated. Supporting those advances is the progress of smart and multifunctional materials design, whose properties improve the cell behavior control through the possibility of providing specific chemical and physical stimuli to the cellular environment. In this sense, a varying set of bioreactors that properly stimulate those materials and cells in vitro, creating an appropriate biomimetic microenvironment, is developed to obtain active bioreactors. This review provides a comprehensive overview on the important microenvironments of different cells and tissues, the smart materials type used for providing such microenvironments and the specific bioreactor technologies that allow subjecting the cells/tissues to the required biomimetic biochemical and biophysical cues. Further, it is shown that microfluidic bioreactors represent a growing and interesting field that hold great promise for achieving suitable TE strategies.