bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reshaping the undergraduate business curriculum and scholarship experiences in Australia to support whole‐person outcomes
Authors: Fish Alan
Published: January 2013

Purpose

In the face of continued criticism from Australian higher education stakeholders regarding problems with undergraduate business education outcomes; it is notable that little change has occurred to the philosophy, and the learning and scholarship activity underpinning Australian undergraduate business education since the early 1970s. Exceptions of recent times though include The Universities of Melbourne (UM) and Western Australia (UWA), Macquarie University (MU) and The Australian Catholic University (ACU). The purpose of this paper is to comment on this criticism and critique existing Australian curriculums and scholarship practices, and offer a potentially more informed and improved pathway.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper expresses a viewpoint in critiquing Australian undergraduate business practices; including external stakeholder commentary, and supports a renewed curriculum focusing on personal growth and the early career needs of business undergraduates.

Findings

The paper argues for a more informed foundation to the undergraduate business curriculum; to wit, the traditional Aristotelian classical liberal approach, including scholarship aspects which assist in enhancing student values.

Research limitations/implications

Whilst the paper is limited to Australia, implications exist for other Western and Asian higher education environments. The paper is also limited to undergraduate business education, but also has implications for other undergraduate disciplines.

Originality/value

Whilst not entirely original in its approach; the paper seeks a more informed balance of teaching, learning and scholarship approaches away from the traditional studia divinitatis approach based in skills and specialised knowledge, in favour increased attention to a studia humanitatis perspective, in pursuit of three principles: intellectual enhancement, moral behaviour and aesthetic appreciation.
Title by Registration: Rectification, Indemnity and Mistake and the Land Registration Act 2002
Authors: Lees Emma
Published: January 2013

Our understanding of the system of registered title is crucial to our understanding of real property in general but there is no consensus as to the best way to interpret ‘correcting a mistake’ in Schedule 4 LRA 2002. This provision should be interpreted to mean that subsequent registrations following a ‘mistaken’ registration are not in themselves a mistake. Section 58 means that the subsequent transferee is relying on good title and a valid transfer and this ought to protect them from rectification. Where an original registered proprietor loses out as a result of this interpretation, they should be entitled to an indemnity however and this requires a change of approach to the interpretation of Schedule 8 LRA 2002. This approach best accords with the logic of the principle of title by registration whilst also avoiding a clash with Article 1, Protocol 1 ECHR.
Edwards v Chesterfield Royal Hospital – Parliamentary Intention and Damages Caused by Maladministration of a Contractual Dismissal Procedure
Authors: Costello Kevin
Published: January 2013

In Edwards v Chesterfield Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust [2011] UKSC 58 [2012] 2 W.L.R. 55 the Supreme Court addressed the following question: is an employee, who can establish that (a) if a contractual disciplinary process had been correctly administered he would have been exonerated, and (b) thereafter employed until retirement, able to sue for loss of the earnings that he would have acquired until retirement? Three members of the Supreme Court held that such a remedy was not reconcilable with the enactment, originally in the Industrial Relations Act 1971, of a statutory unfair dismissals protection regime. It was Parliament's intention that an employee should not be able to outmanoeuvre the statute's compensation limitation rules by deploying a superior common law remedy. This note considers that reading of Parliament's intention.
Woodcock v Cumbria Primary Care Trust: The Objective Justification Test for Age Discrimination
Authors: Lane Jackie
Published: January 2013

This note discusses the limits to the defence of objective justification when applied to direct age discrimination, specifically with regard to situations where the employer attempts to rely on cost‐saving as a legitimate aim. The author examines the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union (formerly the European Court of Justice, ECJ) on which this case relies, and considers whether the defence has been interpreted too widely, opening up the possibility of cost‐saving as a defence to discrimination on the grounds of this particular protected characteristic. The note concludes that, while cost‐saving cannot be the sole justification for less favourable treatment by employers, it may nevertheless form part of an overall legitimate aim when coupled with additional factors.
What determines immediate use of invasive ventilation in patients with COPD?
Authors: BERKIUS J. , SUNDH J. , NILHOLM L. , FREDRIKSON M. , WALTHER S. M.
Published: January 2013

Background

The choice between non‐invasive ventilation (NIV) and invasive ventilation in patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) may be irrational. The aim of this study was to examine those patient characteristics, and circumstances deemed important in the choice made between NIV and invasive ventilation in the intensive care unit (ICU).

Methods

We first examined 95 admissions of AECOPD patients on nine ICUs and identified variables associated with invasive ventilation. Thereafter, a questionnaire was sent to ICU personnel to study the relative importance of different factors with a possible influence on the decision to use invasive ventilation at once.

Results

Univariable analysis showed that increasing age [odds ratio (OR) 1.06 per year] and increasing body mass index (BMI) (OR 1.11 per kg/m2) were associated with immediate invasive ventilation, while there was no such association with arterial blood gases or breath rate. BMI was the only factor that remained associated with immediate invasive ventilation in the multivariable analysis [OR 1.12 (95% confidence interval 1.03–1.23) kg/m2]. Ranking of responses to the questionnaire showed that consciousness, respiratory symptoms and blood gases were powerful factors determining invasive ventilation, whereas high BMI and age were ranked low. Non‐patient‐related factors were also deemed important (physician in charge, presence of guidelines, ICU workload).

Conclusion

Factors other than those deemed most important in guidelines appear to have an inappropriate influence on the choice between NIV and immediate intubation in AECOPD in the ICU. These factors must be identified to further increase the appropriate use of NIV.
Is there an association between PONV and chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting?
Authors: ODDBY‐MUHRBECK E. , ÖBRINK E. , EKSBORG S. , ROTSTEIN S. , LÖNNQVIST P. A.
Published: January 2013

Background

Drug‐induced nausea and vomiting, both post‐operatively and following chemotherapy, is often distressing for the patients. Our clinical impression is that certain patients are not prone to but instead protected against both post‐operative and chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). If support for this hypothesis could be generated, it might be easier to identify such patients as low‐risk patients and judge all other patients as high‐risk patients by default.

Methods

All patients scheduled for breast cancer surgery at Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden during 1 year (March 2003–March 2004) were asked to participate in this prospective, observational study. A number of women went on to receive adjuvant chemotherapy. Post‐operatively, patients were assessed for 24 h with regard to the occurrence of post‐operative nausea and vomiting (PONV). CINV was assessed for 5 days after start of chemotherapy.

Results

A total of 275 women were included, 33% were classified as PONV and 67% as non‐PONV.

Sixty‐one of the 275 women included were later subjected to adjuvant chemotherapy. In the non‐PONV group, 95% of the patients did not experience CINV, whereas the association between PONV and subsequent CINV was only 38%.

Conclusions

A substantially stronger interrelationship was found between non‐PONV and non‐CINV than between both PONV and CINV. This may suggest that certain patients, instead of being prone to nausea and vomiting, in fact in some way are protected against these unpleasant side effects.
Genome‐wide linkage analysis for human longevity: Genetics of Healthy Aging Study
Authors: Beekman Marian , Blanché Hélène , Perola Markus , Hervonen Anti , Bezrukov Vladyslav , Sikora Ewa , Flachsbart Friederike , Christiansen Lene , De Craen Anton J. M. , Kirkwood Tom B. L. , Rea Irene Maeve , Poulain Michel , Robine Jean‐Marie , Valensin Silvana , Stazi Maria Antonietta , Passarino Giuseppe , Deiana Luca , Gonos Efstathios S. , Paternoster Lavinia , Sørensen Thorkild I. A. , Tan Qihua , Helmer Quinta , van den Akker Erik B. , Deelen Joris , Martella Francesca , Cordell Heather J. , Ayers Kristin L. , Vaupel James W. , Törnwall Outi , Johnson Thomas E. , Schreiber Stefan , Lathrop Mark , Skytthe Axel , Westendorp Rudi G. J. , Christensen Kaare , Gampe Jutta , Nebel Almut , Houwing‐Duistermaat Jeanine J. , Slagboom Pieternella Eline , Franceschi Claudio ,   the GEHA consortium
Published: January 2013

Clear evidence exists for heritability of human longevity, and much interest is focused on identifying genes associated with longer lives. To identify such longevity alleles, we performed the largest genome‐wide linkage scan thus far reported. Linkage analyses included 2118 nonagenarian Caucasian sibling pairs that have been enrolled in 15 study centers of 11 European countries as part of the Genetics of Healthy Aging (GEHA) project. In the joint linkage analyses, we observed four regions that show linkage with longevity; chromosome 14q11.2 (LOD = 3.47), chromosome 17q12‐q22 (LOD = 2.95), chromosome 19p13.3‐p13.11 (LOD = 3.76), and chromosome 19q13.11‐q13.32 (LOD = 3.57). To fine map these regions linked to longevity, we performed association analysis using GWAS data in a subgroup of 1228 unrelated nonagenarian and 1907 geographically matched controls. Using a fixed‐effect meta‐analysis approach, rs4420638 at the TOMM40/APOE/APOC1 gene locus showed significant association with longevity (P‐value = 9.6 × 10−8). By combined modeling of linkage and association, we showed that association of longevity with APOEε4 and APOEε2 alleles explain the linkage at 19q13.11‐q13.32 with P‐value = 0.02 and P‐value = 1.0 × 10−5, respectively. In the largest linkage scan thus far performed for human familial longevity, we confirm that the APOE locus is a longevity gene and that additional longevity loci may be identified at 14q11.2, 17q12‐q22, and 19p13.3‐p13.11. As the latter linkage results are not explained by common variants, we suggest that rare variants play an important role in human familial longevity.
Basic concepts and reasons behind the emergence of religious terror activities inIndonesia: An inside view
Authors: Putra Idhamsyah Eka , Sukabdi Zora A.
Published: January 2013

This study aims to understand the fundamental concepts and reasons behind the emergence of religious terror activities inIndonesia, providing an ‘insider’ rather than an ‘outsider’ view. Data were collected from a total of 40 religious terror activists inIndonesia using a set of focused group discussions and interviews. The reasons they provided for their terror activities were as follows: (1)Indonesia is seen as being in a state of war (thus justifying a defensive attack); (2) Suicide bombing is believed to be noble; (3) TheWest (as a whole) is targeted as it is considered the invader ofMuslim countries and a representative of evil; theIndonesian government is viewed as its corrupt ally.
Ultrasound‐guided femoral catheter placement: a randomised comparison of the in‐plane and out‐of‐plane techniques
Authors: Fredrickson M. J. , Danesh‐Clough T. K.
Published: January 2013

In‐plane vs out‐of‐plane needle‐probe alignment for perineural catheter placement remains controversial. Patients presenting for major knee surgery were randomly assigned to out‐of‐plane (n = 42) or in‐plane (n = 39) needle‐probe alignment for femoral nerve catheter placement, with both techniques using short‐axis nerve imaging. Twenty millilitres of ropivacaine 0.5% was administered via the catheter followed by a ropivacaine elastomeric infusion incorporating on‐demand boluses. All patients received pre‐operative single‐injection sciatic and obturator blocks and general anaesthesia. The primary outcome, numerically rated worst pain on movement (0–10) during the first 24 h, demonstrated equivalence within two points of the scale at a 5% significance level using two one‐sided tests (corresponding 90% CI −1.2 to 0.6). There were no differences between groups for all secondary outcomes, including numerically rated worst rest pain, ropivacaine bolus and tramadol consumption. These results suggest that for ultrasound‐guided femoral catheter placement using short‐axis nerve imaging, operators should use the needle‐probe alignment technique with which they are most familiar.
“They have the right to throw us out”: Élisée Reclus'New Universal Geography
Authors: Ferretti Federico
Published: January 2013

Abstract: The anarchist and geographer Élisée Reclus (1830–1905) argued for the idea of universal brotherhood for all the peoples of the world in his encyclopaedic work the Nouvelle Géographie Universelle (NGU) (1876–1894). The nature of Reclus' argument and its representations of Europe, otherness and colonialism, however, are contested today, and it is unclear what insights it might offer to contemporary students of colonialism and post‐colonialism. In this paper I engage with two emblematic cases—British rule over India and French occupation of Algeria—as they are presented in the NGU, considering Reclus' analysis of imperialism and his novel critique of colonial power. In doing so I wish to demonstrate that far from being conventional, the NGU is a radical and interesting resource for those struggling to construct a critical discourse on Europe, otherness and colonialism.
Jaguar and Puma Activity Patterns and Predator‐Prey Interactions in Four Brazilian Biomes
Authors: Foster Vania C. , Sarmento Pedro , Sollmann Rahel , Tôrres Natalia , Jácomo Anah T. A. , Negrões Nuno , Fonseca Carlos , Silveira Leandro
Published: January 2013

Jaguars (Panthera onca) and pumas (Puma concolor) coexist throughout the Neotropics. Using camera trapping in four Brazilian biomes, we compare the daily activity patterns of the jaguar and puma, and their relationships with their main prey species. We used a kernel density method to quantify daily activity patterns and to investigate overlap between these predators and their main prey. Both cats showed intensive nocturnal and crepuscular activity (0.69 and 0.14 kernel density, respectively, for jaguars; 0.68 and 0.19 kernel density, respectively, for pumas). Only in the Pantanal did we observe a pattern of concentrated diurnal activity for both species. We found little temporal segregation between jaguars and pumas, as they showed similar activity patterns with high coefficients of overlapping (average ∆1 = 0.86; SE = 0.15). We also observed a significant overlap between the activity patterns of the predators and their main prey species, suggesting that both predators adjust their activity to reduce their foraging energy expenditure. Our findings suggest that temporal partitioning is probably not a generalized mechanism of coexistence between jaguars and pumas; instead, the partitioning of habitat/space use and food resources may play a larger role in mediating top predator coexistence. Knowledge about these behavior aspects is crucial to elucidating the factors that enable coexistence of jaguars and pumas. Furthermore, an understanding of their respective activity periods is relevant to management and associated research efforts.
‘Other children say you're not normal because you don't live with your parents’. Children's views of living with informal kinship carers: social networks, stigma and attachment to carers
Authors: Farmer Elaine , Selwyn Julie , Meakings Sarah
Published: January 2013

Our re‐analysis of census data shows that 95% of kinship arrangements are ‘informal’, i.e. made outside the formal child welfare system. Interviews with 80 children aged 8–18 years in informal kinship care and their carers showed that most children were well attached to their kin carers, but one‐third had been taunted or bullied because they did not live with their parents. Many children tightly controlled who knew about this potentially stigmatizing information. Most children had good numbers of adults and children in their social networks, and for three‐fifths, their parents were still key figures in their lives. The children who regarded few people as very important to them significantly more often lived with older kin carers (many of whom were in poor health), were more often anxious and depressed, and did not talk about their living situation to others. A considerable number of children worried about their carers’ poor health and about their own future if they died. The significance of these findings for statutory and voluntary services is discussed.
Professional foster carer and committed parent: role conflict and role enrichment at the interface between work and family in long‐term foster care
Authors: Schofield Gillian , Beek Mary , Ward Emma , Biggart Laura
Published: January 2013

In the literature on work–family balance, role and boundary issues are commonly discussed in relation to parents who work outside of the home. Work and family are considered as two different spheres of activity, with different role identities and cultural meanings. For foster carers, however, in very significant ways, their family is their work and their work is their family – so roles are not so clearly separated and boundaries are not so clearly defined. This paper reviews theoretical approaches to the work–family interface and draws on qualitative data from 40 interviews with long‐term foster carers. It provides an analysis of their accounts of their roles as professional carers and/or committed parents to explore how they manage different and potentially contradictory role identities. The study found that foster carers primarily identified as carers or as parents, but that some foster carers could move flexibly between these roles while others could not. For foster carers who could be flexible, the two roles enriched each other rather than causing stress and role conflict. Implications for supporting professional foster carers who can also meet the parenting needs of long‐term foster children are discussed.
Making sense of siblings: connections and severances in post‐adoption contact
Authors: Cossar Jeanette , Neil Elsbeth
Published: January 2013

Sociological and anthropological studies of kinship have examined adoption as a test case for understanding the complex combinations of biological and social ties that constitute kinship. Adoption sets up an ‘adoption kinship network’ between birth family and adoptive family members. Contact after adoption poses challenges for adoptive families and birth relatives in negotiating changing kinship ties. This paper examines the experience of post‐adoption direct sibling contact from the perspectives of adoptive parents and birth relatives, including adult siblings. Interviews were carried out with 51 adoptive parents, four long‐term foster carers and with 39 birth relatives. The analysis revealed the complex multiple family networks that exist between adoptive families and the families of the adopted child's birth siblings. These networks connect some siblings, but sever connections with others. Where direct contact occurs, infrequent meetings mean that regular, repeated interactions normally considered to constitute ‘family practices’ are absent, in some cases creating barriers to feelings of kinship. Implications for adoption and contact support services are discussed.
Two‐Stage Recovery of Amphibian Assemblages Following Selective Logging of Tropical Forests
Authors: ADUM GILBERT BAASE , EICHHORN MARKUS PETER , ODURO WILLIAM , OFORI‐BOATENG CALEB , RÖDEL MARK‐OLIVER
Published: January 2013

There is a lack of quantitative information on the effectiveness of selective‐logging practices in ameliorating effects of logging on faunal communities. We conducted a large‐scale replicated field study in 3 selectively logged moist semideciduous forests in West Africa at varying times after timber extraction to assess post logging effects on amphibian assemblages. Specifically, we assessed whether the diversity, abundance, and assemblage composition of amphibians changed over time for forest‐dependent species and those tolerant of forest disturbance. In 2009, we sampled amphibians in 3 forests (total of 48 study plots, each 2 ha) in southwestern Ghana. In each forest, we established plots in undisturbed forest, recently logged forest, and forest logged 10 and 20 years previously. Logging intensity was constant across sites with 3 trees/ha removed. Recently logged forests supported substantially more species than unlogged forests. This was due to an influx of disturbance‐tolerant species after logging. Simultaneously Simpson's index decreased, with increased in dominance of a few species. As time since logging increased richness of disturbance‐tolerant species decreased until 10 years after logging when their composition was indistinguishable from unlogged forests. Simpson's index increased with time since logging and was indistinguishable from unlogged forest 20 years after logging. Forest specialists decreased after logging and recovered slowly. However, after 20 years amphibian assemblages had returned to a state indistinguishable from that of undisturbed forest in both abundance and composition. These results demonstrate that even with low‐intensity logging (≤3 trees/ha) a minimum 20‐year rotation of logging is required for effective conservation of amphibian assemblages in moist semideciduous forests. Furthermore, remnant patches of intact forests retained in the landscape and the presence of permanent brooks may aid in the effective recovery of amphibian assemblages.

Recuperación de Ensambles de Anfibios en Dos Etapas Después de la Tala Selectiva de Bosques Tropicales
Malignant epithelial tumors: Part II. Therapy and prevention
Authors: Manousaridis Ioannis , Leverkus Martin
Published: January 2013

A multitude of surgical and non‐surgical therapies are available to treat malignant epithelial tumors of the skin. The article summarizes the current treatment options for basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and keratoacanthoma. Moreover, the possibilities of primary and secondary prevention for high‐risk patients are reviewed. The decision about the best therapeutic option depends on location, age, and general health of the patient as well as the risk of tumor recurrence.
Knockdown of orexin type 2 receptor in the lateral pontomesencephalic tegmentum of rats increases REM sleep
Authors: Chen Lichao , McKenna James T. , Bolortuya Yunren , Brown Ritchie E. , McCarley Robert W.
Published: January 2013

Dysfunction of the orexin/hypocretin neurotransmitter system causes the sleep disorder narcolepsy, characterized by intrusion of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep‐like events into normal wakefulness. The sites where orexins act to suppress REM sleep are incompletely understood. Previous studies suggested that the lateral pontomesencephalic tegmentum (lPMT) contains an important REM sleep inhibitory area, and proposed that orexins inhibit REM sleep via orexin type 2 receptors (OxR2) in this region. However, this hypothesis has heretofore not been tested. We thus performed bilateral injection of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting Ox2R into the lPMT on two consecutive days. This led to a approximately 30% increase of time spent in REM sleep in both the dark and light periods for the first 2 days after injection, with a return to baseline over the next two post‐injection days. This increase was mainly due to longer (> 120 s) REM episodes. Cataplexy‐like episodes were not observed. The percentage of time spent in wakefulness and non‐(N)REM sleep, as well as the power spectral profile of NREM and REM sleep, were unaffected. Control animals injected with scrambled siRNA had no sleep changes post‐injection. Quantification of the knockdown revealed that unilateral microinjection of siRNAs targeting OxR2 into the lPMT induced a approximately 40% reduction of OxR2 mRNA 2 days following the injections when compared with the contralateral side receiving control (scrambled) siRNA. Orexin type 1 receptor mRNA level was unaffected. Our results indicate that removal of OxR2 neurotransmission in the lPMT enhances REM sleep by increasing the duration of REM episodes.
Antioxidant capacity and rate of decomposition of organic amendments in a Vertisol
Authors: Rimmer D. L. , McKenna B. A. , Vaughan S. M. , Menzies N. W.
Published: January 2013

We hypothesized that antioxidants in organic amendments would control the rate of their decomposition in soil, such that those with more antioxidant capacity (AOC) would have slower rates of decomposition. This has been tested using materials from an incubation experiment, in which a Vertisol had been amended with a number of organic materials. Green waste compost, wheat straw, sugarcane trash and mineral fibre had been added to the soil and incubated for different periods of up to 84 days. Decomposition had been monitored by measuring cumulative carbon dioxide emissions. One and four m NaOH extracts of soil material from the experiment were analysed for their AOC by the Trolox equivalent method. The same method was used to characterize the organic amendments and the unamended soil. AOCs of the amendments were much greater than that of the soil and therefore we expected that the AOC of amended soils would be greater than the unamended control. However, this was not generally the case. A comparison of the AOC of amended soil measured after 7 days with that calculated from the components showed that the measured values of incubated amended soils were less than the calculated ones, particularly for wheat straw and sugarcane trash amendments. This suggests that some of the extractable antioxidants in the amendments were lost or transformed during the first 7 days of incubation. In the remainder of the incubation period there was a small increase in AOC with time in 4 m NaOH extracts of the amended soils, but this was not the case for 1 m NaOH extracts. There was some evidence that amendments with larger AOCs had slower rates of decomposition, especially during the first 7 days of the incubation. Other factors may have been responsible, but C:N ratio alone could not explain the differences. The results are encouraging, but more data are required to test our hypothesis thoroughly.
Traumatic brain injury and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures yield worse outcomes
Authors: LaFrance W. Curt , DeLuca Marie , Machan Jason T. , Fava Joseph L.
Published: January 2013

Purpose:  To investigate the relationship between traumatic brain injury (TBI) and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). We hypothesized that PNES with TBI would be associated with more psychiatric comorbidities and disability than PNES without TBI.

Methods:  In this cross‐sectional study comparing patients with PNES with TBI to patients with PNES without TBI, medical records from 255 consecutive patients with electroencephalography (EEG)‐confirmed PNES were reviewed to assess variables including demographic, head injury, neurologic, psychiatry, social variables, and quality of life and symptoms scales. Parametric, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and logistic regression analyses were performed, to compare psychiatric and function variables between the two study groups while controlling for age and sex.

Key Findings:  Of the 92 patients with PNES who fulfilled inclusion/exclusion criteria, 41 (44.6%) had a history of TBI. Of the 41 patients with TBI, 30 (73%) met criteria for mild TBI (mTBI). Patients with TBI had more mood disorder diagnoses, were more likely to receive disability, and had lower global functioning than non‐TBI patients with PNES, after adjusting for age and sex. Patients with TBI and PNES had significantly increased odds for having major depression, behavioral impulsivity, posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis, and a trauma/abuse history.

Significance:  TBI is a significant risk factor in patients with PNES, being associated with increased psychiatric diagnostic comorbidity, symptoms severity, poorer functioning, and increased disability. This study reveals the importance of identifying and addressing the impact of TBI in patients with seizure disorders. Addressing the sequelae of TBI in PNES may be a target to improve functioning.
Wound healing around dental implants
Authors: Villar Cristina C. , Huynh‐Ba Guy , Mills Michael P. , Cochran David L.
Published: January 2013

Dental implants have become a part of routine dentistry. Bone healing around modern implants follows established sequence of events and results in predictable osseointegration. Bone formation can be seen as early as four days after implant placement. In a healing bone wound, fibroblast‐like osteogenic progenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts and start to deposit woven bone that gradually grows towards the implant surface. During 1–3 months of healing, this woven bone is replaced by lamellar bone with increasing bone to implant contact that allows functional loading of the implant. As a clinical application, RFA has suggested that implant stability is initially decreased up to three weeks due to bone remodeling and followed by an increase to the baseline at 4–5 weeks and then reaching plateau in 8 weeks. Regardless of this remodeling, studies have shown that implants can be successfully loaded immediately after placement although with somewhat reduced survival rates. Development of new implant surfaces has played a critical role in expanding these clinical loading protocols.

Soft tissue healing around implants has become a focus of attention because it plays a central role in esthetic outcomes. Healing of the peri‐implant soft tissue occurs similarly to that against of a tooth after surgical procedure. Fibrin clot serves as a provisional matrix allowing epithelial and fibroblast migration towards the implant surface. Epithelial and connective tissue contact to the implant or abutment surface is established within 1–2 weeks and further maturation follows up to at least 12 weeks. In the established interphase, the peri‐implant epithelium is similar but longer than the junctional epithelium against the tooth. Orientation of collagen fiber bundles also differs from natural tooth. Instead of attaching to the neck of the implant, collagen fibers run parallel and circumferentially around the implant. Future studies are needed to develop better implant designs and surfaces that improve the soft tissue healing for more predictable esthetical outcomes.
Local adaptation and evolutionary potential along a temperature gradient in the fungal pathogen Rhynchosporium commune
Authors: Stefansson Tryggvi S. , McDonald Bruce A. , Willi Yvonne
Published: January 2013

To predict the response of plant pathogens to climate warming, data are needed on current thermal adaptation, the pathogen's evolutionary potential, and the link between them. We conducted a common garden experiment using isolates of the fungal pathogen Rhynchosporium commune from nine barley populations representing climatically diverse locations. Clonal replicates of 126 genetically distinct isolates were assessed for their growth rate at 12°C, 18°C, and 22°C. Populations originating from climates with higher monthly temperature variation had higher growth rate at all three temperatures compared with populations from climates with less temperature fluctuation. Population differentiation in growth rate (QST) was significantly higher at 22°C than population differentiation for neutral microsatellite loci (GST), consistent with local adaptation for growth at higher temperatures. At 18°C, we found evidence for stabilizing selection for growth rate as QST was significantly lower than GST. Heritability of growth rate under the three temperatures was substantial in all populations (0.58–0.76). Genetic variation was lower in populations with higher growth rate at the three temperatures and evolvability increased under heat stress in seven of nine populations. Our findings imply that the distribution of this pathogen is unlikely to be genetically limited under climate warming, due to its high genetic variation and plasticity for thermal tolerance.
Competition, Efficiency, and Stability in Banking
Authors: Schaeck Klaus , Cihák Martin
Published: January 2013

We examine the effect of competition on banking stability using a new measure of competition based on the reallocation of profits from inefficient banks to efficient ones. In a sample of European Banks, we find that this measure does capture competition, that competition is stability‐enhancing, and that the stability‐enhancing effect of competition is greater for healthy banks than for fragile ones. Our results suggest that efficiency is the conduit through which competition contributes to stability and that regulators must condition policy on the health of existing banks.
Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of Syzygium aromaticum,Ocimum sanctum and Cinnamomum zeylanicum plant extracts against Enterococcus faecalis: a preliminary study
Authors: Gupta A. , Duhan J. , Tewari S. , Sangwan P. , Yadav A. , Singh G. , Juneja R. , Saini H.
Published: January 2013

Aim

To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Ocimum sanctum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Syzygium aromaticum and 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) against Enterococcus faecalis in planktonic suspension and biofilm phenotypes.

Methodology

The antibacterial efficacy of different concentrations of aqueous ethanolic extracts of O. sanctum, C. zeylanicum and S. aromaticum against E. faecalis at various time intervals was assessed using the agar well diffusion test, microdilution test and biofilm susceptibility assay (BSA) on cellulose nitrate membrane as well as in a tooth model. NaOCl was used as the positive control. Distilled water was used as negative control for agar diffusion and microdilution tests and phosphate‐buffered saline for the BSA. The results of the agar diffusion test were analysed statistically using anova and Tukey's tests.

Results

Cinnamomum zeylanicum, S. aromaticum and O. sanctum exhibited minimum bactericidal concentration at 10%, 10% and 40%, respectively. Cinnamomum zeylanicum, S. aromaticum, O. sanctum and NaOCl showed complete bacterial inhibition in planktonic form after exposure of 30, 15, 35 and 1 min, respectively. In BSA on cellulose nitrate membrane, NaOCl was associated with complete bacterial inhibition after contact of 2 min, whilst 10% C. zeylanicum, 10% S. aromaticum and 40% O. sanctum showed cessation of growth after 12, 12 and 24 h, respectively. The results of BSA on tooth model were similar except for O. sanctum, which was not included in the model.

Conclusion

Cinnamomum zeylanicum, S. aromaticum and O. sanctum demonstrated antimicrobial activity against planktonic and biofilm forms of E. faecalis with C. zeylanicum and S. aromaticum having better antimicrobial efficacy than O. sanctum. NaOCl had superior antimicrobial efficacy amongst all the groups.
Automated digital cell morphology identification system (CellaVision DM96) is very useful for leukocyte differentials in specimens with qualitative or quantitative abnormalities
Authors: Park S. H. , Park C.‐J. , Choi M.‐O. , Kim M.‐J. , Cho Y.‐U. , Jang S. , Chi H.‐S.
Published: January 2013

Introduction

The CellaVision DM96 system (CellaVision AB, Lund, Sweden) was developed as one of the automated digital cell morphology analyzer for determining leukocyte differential counts in peripheral blood smears (PBS) and we evaluated this system.

Methods

A total of 308 PB samples with abnormalities were analyzed in this study. For each sample, manual differential counts were performed by two independent technologists, and the CellaVision DM96 system was applied in duplicate. Correlations between the two methods and ability of this system to identify six abnormalities were assessed.

Results

The correlation coefficients between two methods were consistently high, ranged from 0.864 to 0.992. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive values of this system for the identification of abnormalities were consistently high, especially for blasts (98.2%, 99.2%, 96.6%, 99.6%). When the instrument was ordered to count 300 or 500 cells from the operator, better performance was demonstrated than 100 cells in the leukopenic samples by sacrificing only 40 s/slide in average.

Conclusions

The CellaVision DM96 system is useful in the clinical laboratory providing comparative accuracy compared with manual counts in samples with abnormalities. In leukopenic samples, report quality can be improved by ordering to count 300 or 500 cells from the operator without severe prolongation of turnaround time.
Alternative care options and policy choices to support orphans: The case of Mozambique in the context of the SADC
Authors: Shibuya Tomoko , Taylor Viviene
Published: January 2013

Contextualizing the situation of orphans within the Southern African region and drawing on quantitative and qualitative field research, this article analyses care options and social protection policy for orphans in Mozambique, with its focus placed on children in orphan support centres. Seeking to offer new insights and greater understanding of the experiences of children in care and of the social protection available to them, the research highlights that orphaned children living in informal foster care arrangements are more likely to experience abuse, neglect and maltreatment than those living in non‐governmental care organizations. The research emphasizes the need for a more careful selection of foster families in which children are placed. Recommendations include the need to focus on capacity building and institutional reforms that provide social protection policies for orphaned children as part of an overall social protection floor. The monitoring and evaluation of organizations providing care to orphaned children is deemed a priority.
Hunting Effects on Favourable Conservation Status of Highly Inbred Swedish Wolves
Authors: LAIKRE LINDA , JANSSON MIJA , ALLENDORF FRED W. , JAKOBSSON SVEN , RYMAN NILS
Published: January 2013

The wolf (Canis lupus) is classified as endangered in Sweden by the Swedish Species Information Centre, which is the official authority for threat classification. The present population, which was founded in the early 1980s, descends from 5 individuals. It is isolated and highly inbred, and on average individuals are more related than siblings. Hunts have been used by Swedish authorities during 2010 and 2011 to reduce the population size to its upper tolerable level of 210 wolves. European Union (EU) biodiversity legislation requires all member states to promote a concept called “favourable conservation status” (FCS) for a series of species including the wolf. Swedish national policy stipulates maintenance of viable populations with sufficient levels of genetic variation of all naturally occurring species. Hunting to reduce wolf numbers in Sweden is currently not in line with national and EU policy agreements and will make genetically based FCS criteria less achievable for this species. We suggest that to reach FCS for the wolf in Sweden the following criteria need to be met: (1) a well‐connected, large, subdivided wolf population over Scandinavia, Finland, and the Russian Karelia‐Kola region should be reestablished, (2) genetically effective size (Ne) of this population is in the minimum range of Ne = 500–1000, (3) Sweden harbors a part of this total population that substantially contributes to the total Ne and that is large enough to not be classified as threatened genetically or according to IUCN criteria, and (4) average inbreeding levels in the Swedish population are <0.1.

Efectos de la Cacería sobre el Estatus de Conservación Favorable de Lobos Suecos con Endogamia Alta
Multiple site dissimilarity quantifies compositional heterogeneity among several sites, while average pairwise dissimilarity may be misleading
Authors: Baselga Andrés
Published: January 2013

Several measures of multiple site dissimilarity have been proposed to quantify the overall heterogeneity in assemblage composition among any number of sites. It is also a common practice to quantify such overall heterogeneity by averaging pairwise dissimilarities between all pairs of sites in the pool. However, pairwise dissimilarities do not account for patterns of co‐occurrence among more than two sites. In consequence, the average of pairwise dissimilarities may not accurately reflect the overall compositional heterogeneity within a pool of more than two sites. Here I use several idealized examples to illustrate why pairwise dissimilarity measures fail to properly quantify overall heterogeneity. Thereafter, the effect of this potential problem in empirical patterns is exemplified with data of world amphibians. In conclusion, when the attribute of interest is the overall heterogeneity in a pool of sites (i.e. beta diversity) or its turnover or nestedness components, only multiple site dissimilarity measures are recommended.
Patterns of plant beta‐diversity along elevational and latitudinal gradients in mountain forests of China
Authors: Tang Zhiyao , Fang Jingyun , Chi Xiulian , Feng Jianmeng , Liu Yining , Shen Zehao , Wang Xiangping , Wang Zhiheng , Wu Xiaopu , Zheng Chengyang , Gaston Kevin J.
Published: January 2013

Biodiversity patterns and their underlying mechanisms have long been focal topics of study for ecologists and biogeographers. However, compared with spatial variation in species richness (α‐ and γ‐diversity), β‐diversity, or the dissimilarity of species composition between two or more sites has until recently received limited attention. In this study, we explored the large‐scale patterns of altitudinal turnover (β‐diversity) of plants in montane forests of China, based on systematic inventories of 1153 plots from 46 mountains distributed over ˜30 degrees of latitude (21.9–51.7°N) and ˜4100 m of altitude (160–4250 m). The β‐diversity of trees and shrubs declined significantly with increasing latitude. Along the altitudinal gradient, β‐diversity of both trees and shrubs showed non‐significant trends in most mountains. Differences in climate explained ˜30.0% of the variation in tree β‐diversity (27.7, 36.5, and 26.2% for the Jaccard's, βj, Sorenson's, βs, and Simpson's dissimilarity, βsim, respectively), with mean annual temperature being most important, and ≤ 10.0% of that in shrub β‐diversity (10.0, 8.2, and 7.0% for βj, βs, and βsim, respectively), with annual actual evapotranspiration and annual precipitation as the main predictors. However, climatic controls of β‐diversity varied dramatically in different biogeograpical regions. The β‐diversity of trees exhibited stronger, whereas that of shrubs showed weaker, climatic patterns in temperate and arid than subtropical regions. These results suggest that mechanisms causing patterns of β‐diversity may differ between latitudinal and altitudinal gradients, and among biogeographical regions; as a result, caution should be exercised in drawing close parallels between patterns and causes of β‐diversity along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients and among regions.
Chemical modification of projectile residues and target material in a MEMIN cratering experiment
Authors: EBERT Matthias , HECHT Lutz , DEUTSCH Alexander , KENKMANN Thomas
Published: January 2013

Abstract– In the context of the MEMIN project, a hypervelocity cratering experiment has been performed using a sphere of the iron meteorite Campo del Cielo as projectile accelerated to 4.56 km s−1, and a block of Seeberger sandstone as target material. The ejecta, collected in a newly designed catcher, are represented by (1) weakly deformed, (2) highly deformed, and (3) highly shocked material. The latter shows shock‐metamorphic features such as planar deformation features (PDF) in quartz, formation of diaplectic quartz glass, partial melting of the sandstone, and partially molten projectile, mixed mechanically and chemically with target melt. During mixing of projectile and target melts, the Fe of the projectile is preferentially partitioned into target melt to a greater degree than Ni and Co yielding a Fe/Ni that is generally higher than Fe/Ni in the projectile. This fractionation results from the differing siderophile properties, specifically from differences in reactivity of Fe, Ni, and Co with oxygen during projectile‐target interaction. Projectile matter was also detected in shocked quartz grains. The average Fe/Ni of quartz with PDF (about 20) and of silica glasses (about 24) are in contrast to the average sandstone ratio (about 422), but resembles the Fe/Ni‐ratio of the projectile (about 14). We briefly discuss possible reasons of projectile melting and vaporization in the experiment, in which the calculated maximum shock pressure does not exceed 55 GPa.
BMI may underestimate the socioeconomic gradient in true obesity
Authors: van den Berg G. , van Eijsden M. , Vrijkotte T. G. M. , Gemke R. J. B. J.
Published: January 2013

Background

Body mass index (BMI) does not make a distinction between fat mass and lean mass. In children, high fat mass appears to be associated with low maternal education, as well as low lean mass because maternal education is associated with physical activity. Therefore, BMI might underestimate true obesity in children of low‐educated mothers.

Objective

To investigate the associations of maternal education with fat mass index (FMI), lean mass index (LMI) and BMI.

Methods

In total, 1965 Dutch children from a prospective cohort, aged 5.7 years (standard deviation 0.5), had available data on body composition based on bioelectrical impedance analysis.

Results

Maternal education was not associated with BMI after adjustment for confounders. In contrast, children of low‐educated mothers had a higher FMI (β 0.28 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.07; 0.49) and a lower LMI (β −0.18 95% CI −0.33; −0.03) compared with children of high‐educated mothers.

Conclusions

This suggests that BMI underestimates the educational gradient of childhood obesity.