bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Anterior Hippocampus Supports a Coarse, Global Environmental Representation and the Posterior Hippocampus Supports Fine-grained, Local Environmental Representations
Authors: Evensmoen Hallvard Røe , Lehn Hanne , Xu Jian , Witter Menno P. , Nadel Lynn , Håberg Asta K.
Published: June 2013

Representing an environment globally, in a coarse way, and locally, in a fine-grained way, are two fundamental aspects of how our brain interprets the world that surrounds us. The neural correlates of these representations have not been explicated in humans. In this study we used fMRI to investigate these correlates and to explore a possible functional segregation in the hippocampus and parietal cortex. We hypothesized that processing a coarse, global environmental representation engages anterior parts of these regions, whereas processing fine-grained, local environmental information engages posterior parts. Participants learned a virtual environment and then had to find their way during fMRI. After scanning, we assessed strategies used and representations stored. Activation in the hippocampal head (anterior) was related to the multiple distance and global direction judgments and to the use of a coarse, global environmental representation during navigation. Activation in the hippocampal tail (posterior) was related to both local and global direction judgments and to using strategies like number of turns. A structural shape analysis showed that the use of a coarse, global environmental representation was related to larger right hippocampal head volume and smaller right hippocampal tail volume. In the inferior parietal cortex, a similar functional segregation was observed, with global routes represented anteriorly and fine-grained route information such as number of turns represented posteriorly. In conclusion, moving from the anterior to the posterior hippocampus and inferior parietal cortex reflects a shift from processing coarse global environmental representations to processing fine-grained, local environmental representations.
Putting an “End” to the Motor Cortex Representations of Action Words
Authors: de Zubicaray Greig , Arciuli Joanne , McMahon Katie
Published: June 2013

Language processing is an example of implicit learning of multiple statistical cues that provide probabilistic information regarding word structure and use. Much of the current debate about language embodiment is devoted to how action words are represented in the brain, with motor cortex activity evoked by these words assumed to selectively reflect conceptual content and/or its simulation. We investigated whether motor cortex activity evoked by manual action words (e.g., caress) might reflect sensitivity to probabilistic orthographic–phonological cues to grammatical category embedded within individual words. We first review neuroimaging data demonstrating that nonwords evoke activity much more reliably than action words along the entire motor strip, encompassing regions proposed to be action category specific. Using fMRI, we found that disyllabic words denoting manual actions evoked increased motor cortex activity compared with non-body-part-related words (e.g., canyon), activity which overlaps that evoked by observing and executing hand movements. This result is typically interpreted in support of language embodiment. Crucially, we also found that disyllabic nonwords containing endings with probabilistic cues predictive of verb status (e.g., -eve) evoked increased activity compared with nonwords with endings predictive of noun status (e.g., -age) in the identical motor area. Thus, motor cortex responses to action words cannot be assumed to selectively reflect conceptual content and/or its simulation. Our results clearly demonstrate motor cortex activity reflects implicit processing of ortho-phonological statistical regularities that help to distinguish a word's grammatical class.
Beyond Unbridled Optimism and Fear: Indigenous Peoples, Intellectual Property, Human Rights and the Globalisation of Traditional Knowledge and Expressions of Folklore: Part I
Authors: Picart Caroline Joan S. , Fox Marlowe
Published: June 2013

Abstract

This article is the first part of a two-part piece, which considers the intellectual property rights of indigenous peoples. After establishing pragmatic working definitions of who “indigenous peoples” are and what folklore (or “traditional cultural expression”) is, as compared with, but dialectically related to, “traditional knowledge,” this article does the following: 1) explains why western assumptions built into intellectual property law make this area of law a problematic tool for protecting traditional knowledge (TK) and expressions of folklore (EoF) or traditional cultural expressions (TCE) of indigenous peoples; and 2) creates a general sketch of human rights related legal instruments that could be and have been harnessed, with varying degrees of success, in the protection of the intellectual property of indigenous peoples.
Corporate Power and the Protection of Human Rights in Equilibrium
Authors: Khan Wasima
Published: June 2013

Corporate power reaches beyond land frontiers and holds sway over the lives of billions of individuals throughout communities and living environments all over the world. Regrettably, this power is not always exercised in a responsible manner when we look at the amount of violations of human rights in which corporations have been involved through their international business affairs. In order to prevent an abuse of corporate authority to the detriment of human rights, the impact of corporate power should be balanced with a matching responsibility towards all members of society. This article examines how corporate power and the protection of human rights are currently out of equilibrium. Subsequently, it explores solutions in the field of corporate law and best practices such as the emergence of social entrepreneurship to restore this equilibrium.
Translating “natural selection” in Japanese: from “shizen tōta” to “shizen sentaku”, and back?
Authors: KIJIMA Taizo , HOQUET Thierry
Published: June 2013

This paper focuses on terminological issues related to the translation of Darwin’s concept of “natural selection” in Japanese. We analyze the historical fate of the different phrases used as translations, from the first attempts in the late 1870s until recent times. Our first finding is that the first part of the Japanese translations never changed during the period considered: “natural” was constantly rendered by “shizen”. By contrast, the Japanese terms for “selection” have dramatically changed over time. We identify some major breaks in the history of Japanese translations for “natural selection”. From the end of the 1870s to the early 1880s, several translations were suggested in books and periodicals: “shizen kanbatsu”, “shizen tōta”, “tensen”. Katō Hiroyuki adopted “shizen tōta” in 1882 and he undeniably played an important role in spreading this phrase as the standard translation for “natural selection”. The most common Japanese translation of the Origin during the first half of the 20th century (by Oka Asajirō in 1905) also used “shizen tōta”. Adramatic shift occurred after WWII, from “tōta” to “sentaku”. While a linear interpretation could suggest a move from a “bad” translation to a better one, a closer analysis leads to more challenging insights. Especially we stress the role of the kanji restriction policy, which specified which kanji should be taught in schools and thus should be used in textbooks: “tōta” was not included in the list, which may have led to the good fortune of “sentaku” in the 1950–1960s. We think the hypothesis of the influence of Chinese translations is not a plausible one. As to conceptual differences between “shizen tōta” and “sentaku”, they remain unconvincing as both terms could be interpreted as a positive or negative process: there is no clear reason to prefer one term over the other from the strict point of view of their meanings or etymology. Then, turning to the way terms are used, we compare translations of natural selection with translations of artificial or sexual selection. First we turn to the field of thremmatology (breeders): there, “tōta” (sometimes spelled in hiragana instead of kanji) often bore the meaning of culling; since 1917, breeders often used “sentaku” as a translation for “selection”. However, quite surprisingly, breeders used two different terms for selection as a practice (“senbatsu”), and “selection” as in “natural selection” (“shizen sentaku”). Finally, we compare possible translations for “sexual selection” and “matechoice”: here again, there are some good reasons to favour “tōta” over “sentaku” to avoid lexical confusion.
A revised taxonomy of crested newts in the Triturus karelinii group (Amphibia: Caudata: Salamandridae), with the description of a new species
Authors: WIELSTRA B. , LITVINCHUK S. N. , NAUMOV B. , TZANKOV N. , ARNTZEN J. W.
Published: June 2013

We present a taxonomic revision of the crested newt Triturus karelinii sensu lato. Based on the presence of discrete nuclear DNA gene pools, deep genetic divergence of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, and no indication of gene flow, we interpret this taxon as comprising two species: one covering the southern Caspian Sea shore, the Caucasus and the Crimea, i.e. the eastern part of the total range and another covering northern Asiatic Turkey and western Asiatic Turkey plus the south-eastern Balkan Peninsula, i.e. the central and western part of the total range. We acknowledge that the central/western spe-cies should likely be further subdivided into a central and a western taxon, but we prefer to await a more detailed genetic analysis of the putative contact zone, positioned in northwestern Asiatic Turkey. The name T. karelinii (Strauch, 1870) applies to the eastern species as the type locality is positioned along the coast of the Gulf of Gorgan, Iran. The name T. arntzeni has been applied to the central/western species with Vrtovać, Serbia as the type locality. We show that not T. karelinii sensu lato but T. macedonicus occurs at Vrtovać. Hence, the name T. arntzeni Litvinchuk, Borkin, Džukić and Kalezić, 1999 (in Litvinchuk et al., 1999) is a junior synonym of T. macedonicus (Karaman, 1922) and should not be used for the central/western species. We propose the name T. ivanbureschi sp. nov. for the central/western species and provide a formal species description.
The Extreme Drought Event during Winter–Spring of 2011 in East China: Combined Influences of Teleconnection in Midhigh Latitudes and Thermal Forcing in Maritime Continent Region
Authors: Jin Dachao , Guan Zhaoyong , Tang Weiya
Published: June 2013

The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (MLRYR) in China experienced an extremely severe and persistent drought event from January to May of 2011. Using both the observational data and NCEP–NCAR reanalysis, features of the drought event and the related circulation anomalies were investigated. It is found that the precipitation during the investigated period of 2011 was deficient mostly along the Yangtze River. The water vapor diverged from MLRYR southward into the Bay of Bengal, South China Sea, and the Philippines. There were two factors facilitating the drought event. One was the quasi-stationary Rossby wave–related teleconnection, which propagated eastward at midhigh latitudes from the North Atlantic to East Asia, reinforcing the Siberian high and the East Asian trough, henceforth resulting in the divergence anomalies in MLRYR in the lower troposphere. This quasi-stationary wave train, though originating from the North Atlantic region, was not essentially related to the North Atlantic Oscillation. Another factor for the drought event was the persistent anomalous thermal forcing over the Maritime Continent, which induced the anomalous divergence in the upper troposphere in this region, building up an anomalous Hadley circulation with its ascent branch over the Maritime Continent and descent branch over MLRYR. This thermal forcing was possibly, but not necessarily, related to the La Niña event. The persistence of the drought event over MLRYR was due to the maintenance of the quasi-stationary waves at midhigh latitudes and the persistent anomalous thermal forcing in the Maritime Continent.
Weakening the Enemy
Authors: Fjelde Hanne , Hultman Lisa
Published: June 2013

While case-based narratives from civil wars often stress the ethnic dimension of civilian atrocities, cross-national studies have found limited evidence in support of such contentions. Addressing this debate, we argue that warring actors often use ethnic affiliation to identify groups of suspected enemy supporters when individual wartime affiliations are not known. Since warring actors depend on their civilian constituencies for support, collective targeting of the enemy’s co-ethnics becomes a strategy for weakening the enemy’s capacity. Armed actors are thus more likely to engage in civilian abuse in areas where the enemy’s ethnic constituency resides. To examine this argument, we combine new georeferenced event data on violence against civilians in African conflicts, 1989–2009, with spatial data on the location of the warring actors’ ethnic constituencies. The analysis shows that the number of civilians killed by both governments and rebel groups is higher in areas inhabited by the enemy’s ethnic constituency.
Fair-Weather Allies? Terrorism and the Allocation of US Foreign Aid
Authors: Boutton Andrew , Carter David B.
Published: June 2013

While it is commonly assumed that the United States uses foreign aid as an instrument to combat global terrorism, it is unclear whether it views terrorist threats to other countries, particularly its allies, with urgency. We show that the relationship between transnational terrorism and foreign aid flows is strongly conditional on whether terrorist activity based in a potential recipient directly threatens the United States. Using data on terrorist attacks and casualties in potential recipient countries, we demonstrate that terrorist activity based within a state’s borders, which targets US interests is a strong determinant of both whether that state receives any aid and also how much aid it receives. In contrast, the presence of terrorism targeted at non-US interests, even if it targets formal allies of the United States, is generally unrelated to US aid allocation. These findings suggest that the United States' use of foreign aid to fight terrorism and political violence is narrowly tailored to assist countries that directly threaten its own security, rather than those of other countries, even its allies.
The Amazing Odontoblast
Authors: Couve E. , Osorio R. , Schmachtenberg O.
Published: June 2013

Odontoblasts are dentin-secreting cells that survive for the whole life of a healthy tooth. Once teeth are completely erupted, odontoblasts transform into a mature stage that allows for their functional conservation for decades, while maintaining the capacity for secondary and reactionary dentin secretion. Odontoblasts are also critically involved in the transmission of sensory stimuli from the dentin-pulp complex and in the cellular defense against pathogens. Their longevity is sustained by an elaborate autophagic-lysosomal system that ensures organelle and protein renewal. However, progressive dysfunction of this system, in part caused by lipofuscin accumulation, reduces the fitness of odontoblasts and eventually impairs their dentin maintenance capacity. Here we review the functional activities assumed by mature odontoblasts throughout life. Understanding the biological basis of age-related changes in human odontoblasts is crucial to improving tooth preservation in the elderly.
Potential early phase success and ultimate failure of economic sanctions
Authors: Dizaji Sajjad Faraji , van Bergeijk Peter A G
Published: June 2013

In order to explain why successes of economic sanctions predominantly occur in the first two years of a sanction episode, we analyse the dynamic economic and political impact of an economic sanction. Our theoretical analysis of the dynamics of adjustment gives us two important results: firstly, the strongest impact in terms of utility forgone occurs in the initial phase of the sanction episode and, secondly, the long-term gain of compliance decreases during a sanction episode and is lower in the long run than acknowledged by the usual comparative static analysis. On both accounts we expect that sanctions have a higher probability of success in the early phase and a lower probability of success in the long run. Next we build a comprehensive set of vector autoregressive (VAR) models that we apply to the case of a boycott of Iranian oil. An important innovation is that we include both economic and political factors in a VAR model of economic sanctions. Our VAR models find significant impacts of economic sanctions both on key economic variables (government consumption, imports, investment, income) and on two indicators of the political system (the Polity variable that describes shifts in the autocracy–democracy dimension and the Vanhanen Index of Democratization that describes political competition and participation). The impact of an oil boycott on the Iranian economy is considerable: oil and gas rents are important drivers of the Iranian key macroeconomic variables and ultimately of its political system. A reduction of oil and gas rents creates economic costs that act as incentives to move towards a more democratic setting. However, this effect is only significant in the first two years and turns negative after six to seven years, as adjustment of economic structures mitigates the economic and political impact of the sanctions.
Validating the Level of Service Inventory-Revised
Authors: Ostermann Michael , Herrschaft Bryn A.
Published: June 2013

This study addresses the validity of the Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R) as a predictor of recidivism for women. We analyzed all female parolees that were released in New Jersey in 2006 ( n = 450) as well as a randomly selected group of male parolees. Results indicate that the LSI-R was a valid predictor of rearrests, reconvictions, and technical parole violations, but that the instrument was problematic in accurately predicting true positives both across genders as well as outcome types. It is likely that this lack of specificity is due to local-level policies regarding the use of the instrument.
A new method for classification of woven structure for yarn-dyed fabric
Authors: Zheng Dejun , Han Yu , Hu Jin lian
Published: June 2013

The fabric weave pattern recognition process is a structure identification process that detects the yarn location as well as the yarn crossing structure in a woven fabric. A new local orientation feature is proposed for fabric structure detection by using high-resolution images. The detection process consists of two main steps. Firstly, the yarn location is detected through a series of image enhancement techniques and an edge-based projection method. Secondly, the yarn float is recognized with a local orientation detection approach based on Radon transform. Three kinds of yarn-dyed cotton fabrics are investigated in this study, including the single yarn, the double yarn, and the twisted yarn fabric. Experimental results and discussions demonstrate that the research method is effective in detecting fabric structure and yarn float even with long hairiness.
Back to the Drawing Board: A Critique of Offensive Realism
Authors: Pashakhanlou Arash Heydarian
Published: June 2013

Offensive realism argues that states committed to survive are nevertheless condemned to participate in a relentless struggle for power, and it holds the structure of the international system as the cause of this tragic outcome. This article subjects the logic behind this tragic worldview and the explanatory power of offensive realism to a careful and comprehensive scrutiny. This in-depth analysis of offensive realism amounts to a substantial critique of the theory as it fails to logically generate the brutish world it presupposes and is plagued by significant shortcomings in its explanatory model. These findings suggest that offensive realism cannot provide useful theoretical lenses for explaining and understanding international politics, even when it is assessed on its own terms.
On theology and international relations: World politics beyond the empty sky
Authors: Rengger Nicholas
Published: June 2013

In previous periods, scholarship about international relations often drew on writing in theology, as well as more familiarly, history, law or philosophy. Some very influential scholars of international relations – think of Rheinhold Niebuhr, Martin Wight and Herbert Butterfield – were extremely widely read in theological topics, and their theological concerns influenced their understanding of international relations. This article looks at some contemporary writing with overtly theological concerns and asks how might contemporary international relations scholarship benefit from an engagement with contemporary philosophical and political theology.
New Venture Teams
Authors: Klotz Anthony C. , Hmieleski Keith M. , Bradley Bret H. , Busenitz Lowell W.
Published: June 2013

As entrepreneurship research has matured, scholars have increasingly recognized that the formation of new ventures is commonly accomplished by teams as opposed to lone entrepreneurs. Over the past two decades, the upper echelons perspective has served as the primary lens for investigating new venture team functioning and performance. However, researchers have begun to move beyond the relationship between team characteristics and team outcomes, to explore intermediary mechanisms that more precisely explain how team inputs lead to team effectiveness. In this article we apply an inputs-mediators-outcomes framework, which has served as a foundation for teams research in organizational behavior over the past 50 years, to first organize and review prior work on new venture teams, and then to provide a roadmap for future research. By integrating the upper echelons approach from strategic management with the inputs-mediators-outcomes framework from organizational behavior, we clarify what is known about new venture teams and shed light on important issues that could help the field of entrepreneurship to develop a more comprehensive understanding of why some new venture teams, but not others, achieve successful outcomes.
Evidence Synthesis for Decision Making 4
Authors: Dias Sofia , Welton Nicky J. , Sutton Alex J. , Caldwell Deborah M. , Lu Guobing , Ades A. E.
Published: June 2013

Inconsistency can be thought of as a conflict between “direct” evidence on a comparison between treatments B and C and “indirect” evidence gained from AC and AB trials. Like heterogeneity, inconsistency is caused by effect modifiers and specifically by an imbalance in the distribution of effect modifiers in the direct and indirect evidence. Defining inconsistency as a property of loops of evidence, the relation between inconsistency and heterogeneity and the difficulties created by multiarm trials are described. We set out an approach to assessing consistency in 3-treatment triangular networks and in larger circuit structures, its extension to certain special structures in which independent tests for inconsistencies can be created, and describe methods suitable for more complex networks. Sample WinBUGS code is given in an appendix. Steps that can be taken to minimize the risk of drawing incorrect conclusions from indirect comparisons and network meta-analysis are the same steps that will minimize heterogeneity in pairwise meta-analysis. Empirical indicators that can provide reassurance and the question of how to respond to inconsistency are also discussed.
Evidence Synthesis for Decision Making 7
Authors: Ades A. E. , Caldwell Deborah M. , Reken Stefanie , Welton Nicky J. , Sutton Alex J. , Dias Sofia
Published: June 2013

This checklist is for the review of evidence syntheses for treatment efficacy used in decision making based on either efficacy or cost-effectiveness. It is intended to be used for pairwise meta-analysis, indirect comparisons, and network meta-analysis, without distinction. It does not generate a quality rating and is not prescriptive. Instead, it focuses on a series of questions aimed at revealing the assumptions that the authors of the synthesis are expecting readers to accept, the adequacy of the arguments authors advance in support of their position, and the need for further analyses or sensitivity analyses. The checklist is intended primarily for those who review evidence syntheses, including indirect comparisons and network meta-analyses, in the context of decision making but will also be of value to those submitting syntheses for review, whether to decision-making bodies or journals. The checklist has 4 main headings: A) definition of the decision problem, B) methods of analysis and presentation of results, C) issues specific to network synthesis, and D) embedding the synthesis in a probabilistic cost-effectiveness model. The headings and implicit advice follow directly from the other tutorials in this series. A simple table is provided that could serve as a pro forma checklist.
Evidence Synthesis for Decision Making 3
Authors: Dias Sofia , Sutton Alex J. , Welton Nicky J. , Ades A. E.
Published: June 2013

In meta-analysis, between-study heterogeneity indicates the presence of effect-modifiers and has implications for the interpretation of results in cost-effectiveness analysis and decision making. A distinction is usually made between true variability in treatment effects due to variation in patient populations or settings and biases related to the way in which trials were conducted. Variability in relative treatment effects threatens the external validity of trial evidence and limits the ability to generalize from the results; imperfections in trial conduct represent threats to internal validity. We provide guidance on methods for meta-regression and bias-adjustment, in pairwise and network meta-analysis (including indirect comparisons), using illustrative examples. We argue that the predictive distribution of a treatment effect in a “new” trial may, in many cases, be more relevant to decision making than the distribution of the mean effect. Investigators should consider the relative contribution of true variability and random variation due to biases when considering their response to heterogeneity. In network meta-analyses, various types of meta-regression models are possible when trial-level effect-modifying covariates are present or suspected. We argue that a model with a single interaction term is the one most likely to be useful in a decision-making context. Illustrative examples of Bayesian meta-regression against a continuous covariate and meta-regression against “baseline” risk are provided. Annotated WinBUGS code is set out in an appendix.
Comparison of cardiac output derived from FloTrac™/Vigileo™ and impedance cardiography during major abdominal surgery
Authors: Kim Ji-Yeon , Kim Bo-Ram , Lee Kang-Hun , Kim Kyung-Woo , Kim Jun-Hyun , Lee Sang-Il , Kim Kyung-Tae , Choe Won-Joo , Park Jang-Su , Kim Jung-Won
Published: June 2013

Objectives

Impedance cardiography (ICG) is a noninvasive technique that provides reasonably accurate measurements of cardiac output, but the usefulness of ICG in patients undergoing open abdominal surgery has not been validated.

Methods

Cardiac output was measured while patients underwent open gastrectomy using an ICG monitor ( niccomo™; ICG-CO); the results were compared with those measured using a FloTrac™/Vigileo™ monitor (Flo-CO), which measures cardiac output by analysing the arterial waveform. Data collection commenced at the beginning of anaesthetic induction and continued until the patient was awake. Data were compared using the Bland–Altman analysis, and the clinical significance of the difference between the two methods was evaluated by calculating the percentage error (%).

Results

Eleven patients were monitored during surgery. The bias of the Flo-CO and ICG-CO values was −0.45 l/min. The upper and lower limits of agreement were 0.96 l/min and −1.85 l/min, respectively. The percentage error was 28.5%. Electrocautery induced interference that transiently impaired the performance of the ICG monitor.

Conclusions

ICG provided useful information in evaluating the cardiac output of patients during abdominal surgery.
Improving the Rapid and Reliable Diagnosis of Complete Distal Biceps Tendon Rupture
Authors: Devereaux Moira W. , ElMaraghy Amr W.
Published: June 2013

Background:

Diagnosis of complete distal biceps tendon rupture (DBTR) is frequently missed or delayed on clinical examination. No single clinical test, including MRI, has demonstrated 100% efficacy in assessing the integrity of the distal biceps tendon.

Hypothesis:

Combining 3 validated clinical tests for identifying complete rupture can maximize a true-positive diagnosis for complete DBTR without the need for confirmatory soft tissue imaging when performed in concert with other important factors from the history and clinical examination.

Study Design:

Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

The hook test, the passive forearm pronation (PFP) test, and the biceps crease interval (BCI) test were applied in sequence in conjunction with a standard patient history and physical examination on 48 patients with suspected distal biceps tendon injuries. If results on all 3 special tests were positive for complete rupture, the patient was referred for surgical repair; diagnosis was confirmed intraoperatively. If results on all 3 special tests were negative, diagnosis was confirmed with soft tissue imaging and patients were managed nonoperatively. If results of the 3 tests were not in agreement, soft tissue imaging was used to clarify the disagreement and to confirm the diagnosis.

Results:

Thirty-five patients had unequivocal results based on history, physical examination, and special tests. Thirty-two tested in agreement positive for complete rupture, which were confirmed intraoperatively. Three tested in agreement negative, with subsequent imaging confirming partial rupture. Thirteen patients had equivocal special test results; soft tissue imaging suggested complete rupture in 10 and partial rupture in 3.

Conclusion:

Application in sequence of the hook test, the PFP test, and the BCI test results in 100% sensitivity and specificity when the outcomes on all 3 special tests are in agreement.
Arthroscopic Capsulolabral Reconstruction for Posterior Instability of the Shoulder
Authors: Bradley James P. , McClincy Michael P. , Arner Justin W. , Tejwani Samir G.
Published: June 2013

Background:

There are few reports in the literature detailing the arthroscopic treatment of unidirectional posterior shoulder instability.

Hypothesis:

Arthroscopic capsulolabral reconstruction is effective in restoring stability and function and alleviating pain in athletes with symptomatic unidirectional posterior instability.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

One hundred eighty-three athletes (200 shoulders) with unidirectional recurrent posterior shoulder instability were treated with arthroscopic posterior capsulolabral reconstruction and underwent an evaluation at a mean of 36 months postoperatively. A subset of 117 shoulders of contact athletes was compared with the entire group of 200 shoulders. Patients were evaluated prospectively with the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) scoring system. Stability, strength, and range of motion were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively with standardized subjective scales. Methods of intraoperative soft tissue fixation as well as anchorless (n = 44) and anchored (n = 156) plications were recorded for each patient.

Results:

At a mean of 36 months postoperatively, the mean ASES score improved from 45.9 to 85.1 ( P < .001). There were also significant improvements in stability, pain, and function based on previously used scales ( P < .001). The contact athletes did not demonstrate any significant differences when compared with the entire cohort for any outcome measure. With regard to the method of internal fixation, patients who underwent capsulolabral plications with suture-anchors showed significantly greater improvement in ASES scores ( P < .001) and a higher rate of return to play ( P < .05) when compared with patients with anchorless capsulolabral plications.

Conclusion:

Arthroscopic capsulolabral reconstruction is an effective, reliable treatment for symptomatic, unidirectional recurrent posterior glenohumeral instability in an athletic population. Overall, 90% of patients were able to return to sport, with 64% of patients able to return to the same level postoperatively. With the incorporation of bone suture-anchors in capsulolabral reconstruction, patients had greater improvements in ASES scores and a higher rate of return to play.
A review on FRP composites applications and durability concerns in the construction sector
Authors: Zaman Asifuz , Gutub Saud A , Wafa Mahmoud A
Published: June 2013

Construction sector is one of the largest markets for fibre reinforced polymers (FRPs) globally. FRP composites are used in a wide range of applications in construction ranging from rehabilitation of existing structures to the full-scale use for new projects because of the benefits they provide over conventional building materials. Such advantages include but not limited to lightness, high mechanical performance and possibility of production in any shape, ease of installation and lesser requirement for supporting structure, controlled anisotropy, high specific strength and specific stiffness. All these multifarious features of FRPs are knocking the doors for new avenues of myriad applications in the Construction Industry, but unfortunately polymeric composites are susceptible to heat and moisture when operating in changing environmental conditions dispelling the biggest myth of them being invincible. The heat response of FRPs is also a major issue of importance in dictating the fate of FRPs future acceptability and applicability. This paper thus attempts to review the specific areas of the current utilization trend of FRPs in the Construction Industry and draw their advantages to support the future applications in a variety of construction processes. It is also being attempted to juxtapose the applicability and the durability concerns of FRPs in a single literature for assessing the versatility and scope of FRPs, by shedding light on the past available studies on the related matter.
Thermo-mechanical properties of epoxidized hemp oil-based bioresins and biocomposites
Authors: Manthey Nathan W , Cardona Francisco , Francucci Gaston , Aravinthan Thiru
Published: June 2013

Novel epoxidized hemp oil-based biocomposites containing jute fibre reinforcement were produced at the Centre of Excellence in Engineered Fibre Composites (CEEFC) owing to the need to develop new types of biobased materials. Mechanical properties (tensile, flexural, Charpy impact and interlaminar shear), thermo-mechanical properties (glass transition temperature, storage modulus and crosslink density) and moisture-absorption properties (saturation moisture level and diffusion coefficient) were investigated and compared with samples containing commercially produced epoxidized soybean oil and a synthetic bisphenol A diglycidyl ether-based epoxy control, R246TX cured with a blend of triethylenetetramine and isophorone diamine. Scanning electron microscopy was also performed to investigate the fibre–matrix interface. Epoxidized hemp oil-based samples were found to have marginally superior mechanical, dynamic mechanical and similar water-absorption properties in comparison to samples made with epoxidized soybean oil bioresin; however, both sample types were limited to bioresin concentrations below 30%. Synthetic epoxy-based samples exhibited the highest mechanical, dynamic mechanical and lowest water-absorption properties of all investigated samples. This study has also determined that epoxidized hemp oil-based bioresins when applied to jute fibre-reinforced biocomposites can compete with commercially produced epoxidized soybean oil in biocomposite applications.
Extraction of cellulose nanofiber from waste papers and application to reinforcement in biodegradable composites
Authors: Takagi Hitoshi , Nakagaito Antonio Norio , Bistamam Mohd Shahril Amin
Published: June 2013

Cellulose nanofibers have shown great potential to improve mechanical and physical properties in polymer-based composites. We aimed to extract the cellulose nanofibers from waste newspaper as a high-yield cellulosic source. First the newspaper was treated chemically and physically in order to extract individualized cellulose nanofibers from their cellulosic matrix. Then acid hydrolysis and mechanical treatments resulted in the cellulose nanofibers of diameter between 10 and 40 nm. The reinforcing effect of obtained cellulose nanofibers from waste newspaper was investigated by composing with a starch-based dispersion-type biodegradable resin CP-300, Miyoshi Oil & Fat Co. Ltd, Japan. Commercially available cellulose nanofiber-reinforced composites were used as comparison to newspaper cellulose nanofiber-reinforced composites. The tensile test results show significant enhancement in mechanical properties of reinforced composites for both composites. However, commercially available cellulose nanofiber-reinforced composites showed greater enhancement than newspaper cellulose nanofiber-reinforced composites.
“Too Good to Be Real”
Authors: Gimlin Debra L.
Published: June 2013

Although consumers and physicians alike have long described the goal of aesthetic surgery as the production of an “improved” but still “natural-looking” body, interviews with women who had cosmetic surgery between 1990 and 2007 suggest that the “artificial” is becoming increasingly prevalent within consumers’ narratives of breast enlargement. This article explores that change in relation to processes of conspicuous consumption, the growing cultural emphasis on continual self-transformation, and the increasing normalization of cosmetic modification. Following Fraser (2003), it treats consumers’ accounts not as the reflection of “reality” or a “true self” but instead as indicators of the kinds of options, expressions, assumptions, and perspectives that are available for use in communication about cosmetic surgery. The analysis also draws on feminist writings about the social construction of “breastedness” in femininity. In so doing, it seeks to conceptualize the cultural significance of breasts that are “too good to be real.”
Evaluating the Economic Impact of a Targeted Medication Intervention Program
Authors: Rhodes Sarah A. , Reynolds Abigale E. , Marciniak Macary W. , Ferreri Stefanie P.
Published: June 2013

Objective: To calculate the return on investment (ROI) for a targeted medication intervention program developed by corporate management of a community pharmacy. Design: Retrospective analysis and cross-sectional survey. Setting: Regional community pharmacy chain in North Carolina. Participants: Targeted medication interventions completed from February 1, 2010, to July 31, 2010, were included in the retrospective analysis. Community pharmacists employed by the pharmacy chain that completed the questionnaire were included in the cross-sectional analysis. Intervention: Targeted medication intervention services were provided to the patient and documented by the pharmacist. Main Outcome Measure: The ROI for a community pharmacist-provided targeted medication intervention program. Results: Of the 180 pharmacists, 69 completed the questionnaire (38% response rate). The average time to complete one targeted medication intervention was calculated to be 22.63 minutes. The total cost for providing a targeted medication intervention program during the study time frame was $15 760.86. Total revenue was $15 216.00; therefore, the program resulted in an ROI to the pharmacy chain of negative 3%. Conclusion: This 6-month study resulted in an ROI to the pharmacy chain of negative 3%. Under the current reimbursement model, for this program to break even, the average time to complete one targeted medication intervention must equal 21.85 minutes or less.
Long-term life prediction of polyacrylate rubber (ACM) gasket with chlorine cure sites using the four-parameter recovery model
Authors: Lee Hyung-Seok , Kim Cheol , Kwon Young-Doo , Doh Jae-Hyeok
Published: June 2013

Rubber-like materials are widely used in many fields and are often installed in various mechanical systems. These materials are used as dampers, oil sealing gaskets and other important automotive parts. In the design of rubber-like materials, engineers consider the lifetime, the durability and the reliability. The lifetime prediction of rubber material is very important in the design process; however, it is difficult to predict the lifetime of rubber materials because of changing properties under complex operational environments such as the temperature, the humidity and the vibration and because of long-time consumption. The highly accelerated life test is generally used to predict the long-term lifetime of rubber materials. We conducted compression set tests with polyacrylate (ACM) rubber gasket material and regressed the experimental data with several models using a successive zooming genetic algorithm. We compared the regressed recovery curves of the single-parameter model, the two-parameter model and the four-parameter model in terms of the mean squared error. Finally, using the Arrhenius equation, we predicted the quantitative long-term lives for a rubber gasket made of polyacrylate (ACM) rubber with chlorine cure sites at lower temperatures.
Comparison between FEBio and Abaqus for biphasic contact problems
Authors: Meng Qingen , Jin Zhongmin , Fisher John , Wilcox Ruth
Published: June 2013

Articular cartilage plays an important role in the function of diarthrodial joints. Computational methods have been used to study the biphasic mechanics of cartilage, and Abaqus has been one of the most widely used commercial software packages for this purpose. A newly developed open-source finite element solver, FEBio, has been developed specifically for biomechanical applications. The aim of this study was to undertake a direct comparison between FEBio and Abaqus for some practical contact problems involving cartilage. Three model types, representing a porous flat-ended indentation test, a spherical-ended indentation test, and a conceptual natural joint contact model, were compared. In addition, a parameter sensitivity study was also performed for the spherical-ended indentation test to investigate the effects of changes in the input material properties on the model outputs, using both FEBio and Abaqus. Excellent agreement was found between FEBio and Abaqus for all of the model types and across the range of material properties that were investigated.
Teaching Young Children a Theory of Nutrition
Authors: Gripshover Sarah J. , Markman Ellen M.
Published: June 2013

In two experiments, we used a novel approach to educating young children about nutrition. Instead of teaching simple facts, we provided a rich conceptual framework that helped children understand the need to eat a variety of healthy foods. Using the insight that children’s knowledge can be organized into coherent belief systems, or intuitive theories, we (a) analyzed the incipient knowledge that guides young children’s reasoning about the food-body relationship, (b) identified the prerequisites that children need to conceptualize food as a source of nutrition, and (c) devised a strategy for teaching young children a coherent theory of food as a source of diverse nutrients. In these two experiments, we showed that children can learn and generalize this conceptual framework. Moreover, this learning led children to eat more vegetables at snack time. Our findings demonstrate that young children can benefit from an intervention that capitalizes on their developing intuitive theories about nutrition.
A Brief Intervention to Promote Conflict Reappraisal Preserves Marital Quality Over Time
Authors: Finkel Eli J. , Slotter Erica B. , Luchies Laura B. , Walton Gregory M. , Gross James J.
Published: June 2013

Marital quality is a major contributor to happiness and health. Unfortunately, marital quality normatively declines over time. We tested whether a novel 21-min intervention designed to foster the reappraisal of marital conflicts could preserve marital quality in a sample of 120 couples enrolled in an intensive 2-year study. Half of the couples were randomly assigned to receive the reappraisal intervention in Year 2 (following no intervention in Year 1); half were not. Both groups exhibited declines in marital quality over Year 1. This decline continued in Year 2 among couples in the control condition, but it was eliminated among couples in the reappraisal condition. This effect of the reappraisal intervention on marital quality over time was mediated through reductions in conflict-related distress over time. This study illustrates the potential of brief, theory-based, social-psychological interventions to preserve the quality of intimate relationships over time.
“The Way I Am Is the Way You Ought to Be”
Authors: Laurin Kristin , Kille David R. , Eibach Richard P.
Published: June 2013

People often become evangelists for their own lifestyles. When it comes to relational status, people are rarely content to simply say “being single works for me” or “being in a relationship suits my disposition.” Results from four studies suggested that this tendency to view one’s own relational status as the universal ideal emerges in part from a desire to rationalize one’s own relational status. Building on existing evidence that people are motivated to rationalize circumstances they perceive as likely to persist, we predicted that participants’ perceptions of the stability of their own relational status would lead them to rationalize that status. In Studies 1 and 2, we found evidence for an association between perceptions of stability and idealizations and ruled out an alternative explanation. In Studies 3 and 4, we found evidence of the effect of stability on people’s judgments of same- and different-status others in contexts in which relational status should carry little objective weight.
On analyzing ordinal data when responses and covariates are both missing at random
Authors: Rana Subrata , Roy Surupa , Das Kalyan
Published: June 2013

In many occasions, particularly in biomedical studies, data are unavailable for some responses and covariates. This leads to biased inference in the analysis when a substantial proportion of responses or a covariate or both are missing. Except a few situations, methods for missing data have earlier been considered either for missing response or for missing covariates, but comparatively little attention has been directed to account for both missing responses and missing covariates, which is partly attributable to complexity in modeling and computation. This seems to be important as the precise impact of substantial missing data depends on the association between two missing data processes as well. The real difficulty arises when the responses are ordinal by nature. We develop a joint model to take into account simultaneously the association between the ordinal response variable and covariates and also that between the missing data indicators. Such a complex model has been analyzed here by using the Markov chain Monte Carlo approach and also by the Monte Carlo relative likelihood approach. Their performance on estimating the model parameters in finite samples have been looked into. We illustrate the application of these two methods using data from an orthodontic study. Analysis of such data provides some interesting information on human habit.