bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling for Concurrent Design Using Game Theory Formulations
Authors: Badhrinath K. , Jagannatha Rao J.R.
Published: March 2007

One way to model concurrent decision making is to formulate multi player mathematical games The purpose of this paper is to illus trate a variety of concurrent decision-making models that arise in two simple applications where explicit models can be obtained to represent the typical stages of design and manufacturing in product development Of particular interest are bilevel formulations which have an interpretation of a Stackelberg game between two players such as Design and Manufacturing The solutions in these models show how the final design out come can be predicted based on the different interactions that may occur between the decision makers in concurrent design project
Creating a Multicultural Family Practice
Authors: Jencius Marty , Duba Jill D.
Published: March 2007

The article suggests a way in which family therapists can begin to develop a multicultural family practice. The authors review literature regarding recommendations for working with diverse families, examine the therapist’s adoption of Multicultural Competencies, and provide a model for components of a family practice that encourages diverse clients.
Conceptualizing Parent-Adolescent Conflict: Applications from Systems and Attachment Theories
Authors: Caffery Tom , Erdman Phyllis
Published: March 2007

This article describes how parent-adolescent conflict can be conceptualized from a systems-based attachment model. This conceptualization shifts the focus of conflictual interactions from blaming the parent or the adolescent to viewing the conflict as an attempt to reestablish security needs of the adolescent. Case examples are provided to illustrate how various types of insecure behaviors may be manifested in adolescence.
Anorexia Nervosa: Treatment in the Family Context
Authors: Levitt Dana Heller
Published: March 2007

The prevalence of eating disorders is on the rise, and many treatment modalities are being developed and investigated to demonstrate their efficacy. One form of treatment for anorexia nervosa that continues to be developed is family therapy. In the following article, anorexia nervosa and its prevalence are defined, theories of its development are discussed, and family therapy interventions that have been applied to the treatment of the disorder are outlined.
Family Defense Mechanisms: The Concept and its Utility to Family Scientists, Practitioners, and Educators
Authors: Schwebel Andrew I.
Published: March 2007

Interpersonal conflict among family members and between spouses can cause dissatisfaction and threaten the viability of the marriage. Family Defense Mechanisms (FDMs) are defined as fixed patterns of behaviors that, when followed by spouses and other family members, enable them to better manage their interpersonal differences and conflict. Four categories of FDMs are described and illustrated with examples. It is suggested that the concept of FDMs has theoretical and clinical utility, enabling researchers and practitioners to understand family interactions in a new way.
Dominator Versus Partnership Cultures: A Potential Framework for Family Counseling
Authors: Lewis Judith A.
Published: March 2007

Literature concerning two cultural models as potential frameworks for family counseling is reviewedfrom a Theory perspective.
Self and Relationship: An Informal Relationship Assessment Questionnaire
Authors: Watts Richard E. , Medler Byron W.
Published: March 2007

This column provides a forum within which you, the reader, may share with your colleagues some of the creative techniques that you have invented or adapted and find successful in counseling with couples and families. If it works wellfor you, it may be that others can adapt it to work wellfor them too.

Submit manuscripts (4 to 6 double-spaced, typed pages in the format of the technique that follows) to: Robert Sherman, Queens College, Flushing, NY 11367-0904. We reserve the right to edit the manuscripts.
Response to "Sexual Narcissism: Addiction or Anachronism?"
Authors: Hoffmann F. James
Published: March 2007

Apt and Hurlbert's (1995) article, "Sexual Narcissism: Addiction or Anachronism?" is critically reviewed and suggestions are made forexpanding conceptual approaches to the treatment of persons experiencing such sexual problems.
Adaptation to Pediatric Physical Disability within the Family System: A Conceptual Model for Counseling Families
Authors: Lynch Ruth Torkelson , Morley Kathleen Lahiff
Published: March 2007

Thefoundation offamily systems theory is that all members in afamily are affected by the actions and experiences of any one member As a member of a family, the child with a physical or medical disability has an effect on each of the other family members and on thefamily unit itself Pediatric physical disability is explored within the context offamily systems theory and the stress, coping, and grief processes within families. This article's primary aim is to present a conceptual framewvork and intervention strategy models that counselors can use when counseling families with a child who has a physical disability.
Differentiation and Self-Development in the Relationship Context
Authors: Knudson-Martin Carmen
Published: March 2007

The author presents a way to conceptualize differentiation in which separateness and togetherness are identified as 2 different dimensions, both of which are important to the development of an integrated self This model allows diverse pathways to self-development, including both separateness, or distinguishing the selffrom another, and connection, knowing oneself in relational context. Application of this model through use of a detailed case example illustrates how both capacities may be addressed within one counseling session and how self-development may be facilitated within relationship counseling. Implications for assessment, case conceptualization, and clinical practice are addressed.
Marriage and Family Counselors as Politicians
Authors: Huber Charles H.
Published: March 2007

A special section comprising several related articles by mental health professionals who are also state legislators recently appeared in the prfessional mental health literature. These articles offer some unique and yet pragmatic considerations for marriage and family counselors.
Carolyn L. Vash: On Disability and Family Issues
Authors: Wiegmann Susan M. , Cusick Greg M.
Published: March 2007

Carolyn L. Vash is a leadingfigure in psychosocial and psychospiritual aspects of disability. In this interview, she discusses reciprocal influences, cultural perspectives, and spiritual considerations of counseling persons with disabilities and theirfamilies.
Watch Out for the Sand Twaps
Authors: Lewis Judith A.
Published: March 2007

As a 3-year-old, golf star Tiger Woods learned that to prepare for each shot, he would need to watch outfor wawa, sand twaps, and the wind. The idea of being alert to uncontrollable aspects of the environment serves as a metaphor for family life. Family counselors need to recognize the impact of the environment on eachfamily. They must also play a part in eliminating the sand twaps themselves.
Holiday Vaccine: A Systems Application in a Nontraditional Women's Group
Authors: Quinn Kathleen , Cowardin-Bach Anne
Published: March 2007

A family systems model is presented for consideration in group work with nontraditional women. Holiday stress often exacerbates family concerns in individual and group therapies, especially in this university Counseling Center setting where students feel pressure to return home after being absent from their families of origin for most of the year A systems approach, particularly Virginia Satir's communication/validation family therapy, was used by the cofacilitators of a nontraditional women's group in conjunction with the Stone Center's Relational and Cultural Model to lessen holiday stress and to implement change.
Peeling Back the Onion: Personality, Problem Solving, and Career Decision-Making Style Correlates of Career Indecision
Authors: Chartrand Judy M. , Rose Melissa L. , Elliott Timothy R. , Marmarosh Cheri , Caldwell Susan
Published: March 2007

A model to predict affective and informational antecedents of career indecision was proposed. The model attempted to explicate paths between personality dispositions, appraisal of problem-solving skills, career decision-making styles, and antecedents of career indecision. Both personality and coping constructs were posited to examine the relative contribution of dispositional and perceived skill variables. Using a college student sample, results from a path analysis indicated that the disposition of neuroticism was a powerful predictor of perceived problem-solving skills, a dependent decision- making style, and both affective and informational antecedents of career indecision. The predicted effects of the coping constructs were of a much smaller magnitude. Directions for future research are discussed and several suggestions for career counseling assessment and intervention selection are made.
Construct Validity of Career Indecision: Negative Personality Traits as Predictors of Career Indecision
Authors: Leong Frederick T. L. , Chervinko Stephanie
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the construct validity of career indecision by examining its relationships to selected negative personality traits (perfectionism, self-consciousness, and fear of commitment) among 217 college students. It was hypothesized that career indecision would be positively and significantly associated with perfectionism, self-consciousness, and fear of commitment. As predicted, fear of commitment was a strong predictor of career indecision. Two of the three dimensions of perfectionism were also predictive of career indecision: Self-oriented perfectionism was a significant negative predictor of career indecision, whereas socially prescribed perfectionism was positively predictive of career indecision. However, other-oriented perfectionism was not predictive of career indecision. As was true of perfectionism, two of the three dimensions of self-consciousness were predictive of career indecision: Private self-consciousness was a positive predictor of career indecision, and social anxiety was a negative predictor. Public self-consciousness was not a significant predictor of career indecision. The implications of the findings for career counselors and for future research are discussed.
Theory Into Assessment: A Model for Women of Color
Authors: Bingham Rosie P. , Ward Connie M.
Published: March 2007

The field of career development lacks a generally accepted assessment protocol for women of color. This lack is fueled by the breadth of the definition of the category, women of color. In this article, we limit the category to African American, Asian American, Hispanic or Latina American, and Native American women living in the United States. While acknowledging significant within-group and between-group differences among these women, the authors look at the components of the career development literature related to women and various ethnic and racial groups. The authors review and critique the Ward and Bingham (1993) and the Fouad and Bingham (1995) models and discuss ways to expand these existing models. This discussion is then used to suggest a four-step process to career assessment for women of color.
The Career Decision Profile: Using a Measure of Career Decision Status in Counseling
Authors: Jones Lawrence K. , Lohmann Raychelle Cassada
Published: March 2007

The Career Decision Profile (CDP) is useful in career counseling. The CDP was developed from a three-dimensional model of career decision status (Decidedness, Comfort, and Reasons), and data on the validity and reliability for its six scales are provided. The CDP can be used by counselors to (a) explore clients' career indecision, (b) screen for readiness, (c) determine the appropriate level of career services needed, and (d) evaluate counseling outcomes. We conclude with a description of the results from a survey of counselors who have used the CDP in career counseling.
The Relationship Between Coping Styles, Attachment, and Career Salience in Partnered Working Women With Children
Authors: Raskin Patricia M. , Kummel Patricia , Bannister Tanya
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relationship between coping, career salience, attachment, and workplace variables in partnered, working women with children under 18 years old living at home. A second objective of this study was to determine the continued usefulness of Hall's (1972) coping styles scoring strategy for this population. Women who were securely or avoidantly attached were more likely to use Type I coping strategies in response to a hypothetical vignette, while women who were ambivalently attached were more likely to engage in Type III strategies. In describing actual dilemmas, more securely attached and fewer ambivalently attached women reported engaging in Type III behaviors, while fewer securely attached and more ambivalently attached women reporting using Type II strategies. No support was found for the relationship between coping styles, attachment and work environment variables (flextime, company support, supervisory support). Implications for future research are discussed.
Control of Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) in West Africa: Ecology, Risk, and Resettlement
Authors: Norgbey Segbedzi W.
Published: March 2007

Onchocerciasis (river blindness) control in West Africa has been described as the most successful disease control program of its type. This article examines the potential risk of resurgence of onchocerciasis in light of ongoing efforts to transfer disease control responsibilities to the participating countries. This article describes the risk of the disease as a recurring phenomenon and the ramifications of recurrence for the goals of settlement and economic development in the Volta River Basin. The environmental and public health risks of chemical control of the disease are explored. This article further examines the potential capacity of the host countries to sustain disease control operations and develop disease-free zones following disengagement of the donor commu nity. It discusses factors required to sustain disease control and recommends, among other things, the establishment of early warning systems through continuing monitoring activities to prevent disease recrudescence. Further, the framework for a new regional health agency is proposed.
Sixand Ten-Item Indexes of Psychological Distress Based on the Symptom Checist-90
Authors: Rosen Craig S. , Drescher Kent D. , Moos Rudolf H. , Finney John W. , Murphy Ronald T. , Gusman Fred
Published: March 2007

Clinicians, provider organizations, and researchers need simple and valid measures to monitor mental health treatment outcomes. This article describes development of 6and 10-item indexes of psychological distress based on the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90). A review of eight factor-analytic studies identified SCL-90 items most indicative of overall distress. Convergent validity of two new indexes and the previously developed SCL-10 were compared in an archival sample of posttraumatic stress disorder patients (n = 323). One index, the SCL-6, was further validated with archival data on substance abuse patients (n = 3,014 and n = 316) and hospital staff (n = 542). The three brief indexes had similar convergent validity, correlating .87 to .97 with the SCL-90 and Brief Symptom Inventory, .49 to .76 with other symptom scales, and .46 to .73 with changes in other symptom measures over time. These results indicate the concise, easily administered indexes are valid indicators of psychological distress.
Metamemory in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Deutsch Gayle K. , Saykin Andrew J. , Sperling Michael R.
Published: March 2007

The impact of depression on self-perception of memory has been well documented in a variety of populations. We examined the relationship between metamemory (defined as awareness of memory capacities and deficits), actual memory performance, depression, and laterality of epileptogenic focus in surgical candidates with medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) (N = 151) and with healthy controls (N = 63). Compared to healthy controls, presurgical TLE patients reported more difficulties in memory on self-rating and activities of daily living rating scales, performed worse on tests of memory, and were less accurate in self-perception of memory capacity when compared to actual test performance. Patients reported more depression than controls, but there were no differences in level of depression or accuracy of metamemory between right and left TLE patients. Presurgical TLE patients who were depressed reported more memory impairment and underestimated their memory, but did not differ in actual memory performance. Results suggest that depression plays an important role in self-perceived memory impairment in patients with refractory TLE.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Revised Personal Style Inventory (PSI)
Authors: Bagby R. Michael , Parker James D. A. , Joffe Russell T. , Schuller Deborah , Gilchrist Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

The revised Personal Style Inventory (PSI) was developed to measure the sociotropy and autonomy personality dimensions; both of these dimensions are thought to confer specific vulnerabilities to the onset, maintenance, and reoccurrence of depression. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the theoretical structure that informed the construction of the PSI. Using a large sample of nonclinical participants (n = 869) and a sample of outpatients with major depression (n = 101), both the items and the subscales of the PSI decomposed into factor structures that were, overall, fair to good representations of the theoretical model. Modifications were needed at the subscale level to achieve an adequate fit for the nonclinical and clinical samples, which provide implications for both the measurement and theory of the PSI and the sociotropy and autonomy domains.
Judgment of Line Orientation in Patients with Unilateral Cerebrovascular Lesions
Authors: Trahan Donald E.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the relationship between visual neglect and ability to judge the angular orientation of lines in patients with unilateral cerebrovascualar lesions. Participants were 75 patients with right-hemisphere cerebrovascular lesions (RCVA) and 39 patients with left-hemisphere cerebrovascular lesions (LCVA). All were administered the Judgment of Line Orientation test (JLO). Results revealed that twice as many RCVA patients (56%) exhibited impairment on the JLO as did LCVA patients (26%). In RCVA patients, much lower performance was seen in patients with left visual neglect. Among LCVA patients, no relationship was found between JLO performance and the presence of visual neglect. Correlations between JLO scores and WAIS-R variables suggested that JLO performance may be related in part to general cognitive factors, as well as to other perceptual and spatial abilities.
Novaco Anger Scale: Reliability and Validity within an Adult Criminal Sample
Authors: Mills Jeremy F. , Kroner Daryl G. , Forth Adelle E.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the reliability and validity of the Novaco Anger Scale (NAS; Novaco, 1994) with two groups of correctional offenders, General Admissions and Violent Admissions. Predominantly White male offenders (N = 204), ranging in age from 18 to 69 years, participated in the study. One-month test-retest reliability for the General Admissions group ranged from .78 to .91 using both similar (paper-pencil) and dissimilar (computerized) retesting methods, with lower scores occurring on retest. Significantly lower scores were found for the Violent Admissions group as compared with the General Admissions group. Concurrent validity was examined in the Violent Admissions group using three anger/aggression measures and clinical ratings of eight anger dimensions. Stronger correlations with other similar anger measures than with negative affect indices revealed concurrent and discriminant validity. Implications for clinical use in an offender population are discussed.
The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (Pasat): Norms For Age, Education, And Ethnicity
Authors: Diehr Michael C. , Heaton Robert K. , Miller Walden , Grant Igor
Published: March 2007

The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT) is often used to measure attention, concentration, working memory, and speed of information processing. Using a modified 200-item version of the PASAT with presentation rates of 3.0, 2.4, 2.0, and 1.6 items per second, we analyzed demographic influences on test performance in a large sample (N = 566) of healthy North American adults. We found that age, education, and ethnicity were significant predictors, accounting for nearly 23% of the variance in test performance. We discuss these results in comparison to previous normative studies, and present a formula and tables for computing age, education, and ethnicity-adjusted T scores for performance on the PASAT-200.
Norms for Letter and Category Fluency: Demographic Corrections for Age, Education, and Ethnicity
Authors: Gladsjo Julie Akiko , Schuman Catherine C. , Evans Jovier D. , Peavy Guerry M. , Miller S. Walden , Heaton Robert K.
Published: March 2007

Letter and category fluency tasks are used to assess semantic knowledge, retrieval ability, and executive functioning. They appear to be useful in detecting different types of dementia, but accurate detection of neuropsychological impairment relies on appropriate normative data. Multiple regression analysis was used to develop demographically corrected norms for letter and category fluency in 768 normal adults. T-score equations were developed on a base subsample of 403, and crossvalidated on a separate subsample (n = 365). Participants ranged in age from 20 years to 101 years; in educational level from 0 to 20 years; 55% were Caucasian and 45% were African American. Together, age, education, and ethnicity were significant predictors of letter and category fluency performance, accounting for 15% and 25% of variance, respectively. Formulas and tables for converting raw fluency scores to demographically corrected T scores are presented.
Panic Disorder-A Malfunction of Multiple Transmitter Control Systems within the Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray Matter?
Authors: Lovick T.A.
Published: March 2007

The clinical and psychopharmacological profile of panic disorder in human patients shows a remarkable similarity to the defensive behavioral response evoked in experimental animals by activation of neurons in the dorsal part of the midbrain periaqueductal gray matter (PAG). Studies of the neural circuitry within the PAG indicate that a subpopulation of GABAergic neurons in the dorsolateral sector may act as an amplifying stage that potentiates inhibitory serotonergic input to the "defense area" within the PAG. These neurons may function as a gain-control system that sets the level of excitability of efferent output neurons, which mediate the autonomic and somatomotor components of panic behavior. Dysfunctional activity within the dorsolateral PAG leading to a destabilization of this control system may be a factor underlying panic behavior and predisposes to the development of panic disorder in susceptible persons. NEUROSCIENTIST 6:48-59, 2000
Neurotrophins: Mechanisms of Action
Authors: Russell David S.
Published: March 2007

Within recent years, new cellular, molecular, and genetic techniques have led to an ex plosion of biochemical information about cell growth and regulation. Growth factor recep tor signal transduction and proto-oncogene product function are among the fields that have experienced the most impressive and exciting gains. One important area in which these have merged is in the elucidation of the mechanisms of signal transduction of a class of receptors bearing intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity. The basis of the current "De cade of the Brain" has been the expectation that these powerful techniques and discov eries in cell biology would fuel equally exciting discoveries in the function of the brain and the nervous system in general. The neurotrophins are a class of neurotrophic factors that powerfully shape both the developing and the adult brain. The mechanisms of neuro trophin action via their trk receptors, briefly reviewed in this Update, is one area where the groundwork is likely being established for the futures of neurology and psychiatry. The Neuroscientist 1:3-6, 1995
Is There a Neuroanatomic Basis for Schizophrenia? An Old Question Revisited
Authors: Benes Francine M.
Published: March 2007

In the past century, the finding of ventricular enlargement in structural brain imaging studies of schizophrenia has stimulated interest in the question of whether this disorder may involve an underlying neurodegenerative process. Recent microscopic investigations have revealed a subtle loss of neurons but no gliosis in several corticolimbic regions of schizophrenic brain, a pattern that is not consistent with a typical adult pattern of neuronal degeneration. The fact that a variety of histopathological changes have been found in cortical layer II of schizophrenic subjects has suggested that an early disturbance of neuronal migration may play an etiological role in this disorder. Overall, many investigators now consider schizophrenia to be a neurodevel opmental disorder in which a latent defect present from birth requires normal maturational changes in the brain to trigger the characteristic onset of illness during adolescence and early adulthood. The Neuroscientist 1:104-115, 1995
Multiple Sclerosis: New Approaches to Immunotherapy
Authors: Vollmer Timothy L.
Published: March 2007

Until recently, the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) was restricted to symptomatic therapies. Advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of MS are now resulting in the rapid proliferation of treatment strategies to slow or stop the progression of this disease. Clearly, immunological therapies can improve outcomes in MS and offer hope that this crippling disease can be controlled before patients develop major neurological disabilities. Immunological therapies under investigation for the treatment of MS are taking advantage of dramatic improvements in our understanding of immunoregulation. In addition, immunological treatment of MS is becoming selective relative to myelin antigens, enhancing efficacy and reducing toxicity. The Neuroscientist 2:127-136, 1996
■ REVIEW : Olfactory Receptors: A Large Gene Family with Broad Affinities and Multiple Functions
Authors: Shepherd Gordon M. , Singer Michael S. , Greer Charles A.
Published: March 2007

Five years have passed since the first cloning and sequencing of a large family of G protein-coupled receptors from the olfactory epithelium. These receptors are believed to be the initial sites of odor transduction. Although direct experimental evidence concerning the properties of these molecules is still limited, a variety of studies has provided fascinating insights into a range of possible functions, extending beyond olfactory transduction to include functions as diverse as sperm navigation and neural and cardiac development. To serve these functions, the olfactory receptors appear to express interesting adaptations of the basic seven transmembrane domain structures found in the neurotransmitter members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. We review here this evidence and propose hypotheses for the molecular mechanisms underlying several distinct functions for this receptor family as guides for future experimental testing. NEUROSCIENTIST 2:262-271, 1996
REVIEW ■ : Calcium and the Pathogenesis of Traumatic CNS Injury: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms
Authors: Mcintosh Tracy K. , Saatman Kathryn E. , Raghupathi Ramesh
Published: March 2007

Under normal conditions in the central nervous system (CNS), the calcium ion (Ca2+) is known to mediate a variety of neuronal functions, including synaptic neurotransmitter release, neuronal plasticity, protein phos phorylation, and gene expression. Whereas intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i) are precisely reg ulated through intracellular buffering, binding, and sequestration, alterations in calcium ion homeostasis and influx of Ca 2+ have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neuronal death and degeneration, as well as cerebral vasospasm associated with multiple types of CNS injury. This review revisits the "calcium hypoth esis" of neuronal death associated with traumatic injury to the CNS and examines both the direct and indirect molecular and cellular evidence for calcium-mediated neuropathology, as well as the potential for novel therapeutic strategies targeted at the downstream intracellular effects of calcium signaling and calcium- activated neutral protease (calpain) activation. NEUROSCIENTIST 3:169-175, 1997
Neural Rhythmicity, Feature Binding, and Serotonin: A Hypothesis
Authors: Fost Joshua W.
Published: March 2007

Natural selection favors animals that make successful predictive theories about the world. The first step in the formation of these theories is the construction of complex, multifea ture percepts. This process requires resolution of the binding problem, possibly via rhyth mic cortical oscillations, as suggested by von der Malsburg, Singer, Koch & Crick, and others. If the binding process were made rewarding, animals might enjoy theory-making and spontaneously become "smarter." I argue that the serotonergic raphe may have been used by evolution to link cortical binding with limbic reward centers and so serve as a neural substrate for the enjoyment of successful theory-making. I present evidence, from the study of such disorders as obsessive-compulsive disorder and autism and such drugs as d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), suggesting that rhythmicity, reward, and pattern recognition are causally linked. I also propose that the genus Homo has tied powerful symbol manipulation hardware ("language") to the binding/theory-making circuits, allowing the construction, rehearsal, and communication of sophisticated models of the world. I suggest that many interesting phenomena, such as music-induced euphoria, déjà vu, and the so-called "temporal lobe personality" can be explained by the interactions between these systems. NEURO SCIENTIST 5:79-85, 1999
Telehealth: Connecting with Families to Promote Health and Healing
Authors: Siden Harold B. , Young Lynne E. , Starr Elizabeth , Tredwell Stephen J.
Published: March 2007

Telehealth is defined as the provision of health care via telecommunications wherever individuals are geographically separated. In this literature review, we explore the role of telehealth in family care. Telehealth has not been fully examined for its potential to support health and healing in families. Moreover, technological innovation, such as telehealth, presents an opportunity to question concepts and approaches to family care.
Interaction between Family Members and Health Care Providers in an Acute Care Setting in Finland
Authors: Åstedt-Kurki Päivi , Paavilainen Eija , Tammentie Tarja , Paunonen-Ilmonen Marita
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the study was to ascertain health care providers’ perspectives about interaction with patients’ family members. Data were collected by questionnaire from health care providers who worked in a Finnish acute care hospital (N = 320). The response rate was 51%. The hospital staff perceived the interaction with the patient’s family to be important. Family members were primarily seen as informants of the patient’s condition and family situation, and the interaction was marked by dissemination of information. The support provided by family members to the patient was also seen as important. The interaction with hospital staff was mainly initiated by a family member. Further research should explore family members’ perceptions of the interaction with health care providers to enable comparisons between perceptions. Application of qualitative study methods would also deepen the existing knowledge of the family-health care provider interaction.
Cardiac Couples at Hospitalization and 3 Months Later
Authors: Hilbert Gail A.
Published: March 2007

Based on family systems theory, this study examined perceptions of familyfunction and affect of myocardial infarction (MI) patients and their spouses at the time of hospitalization and 3 months later. Research questions were (a) Is there a difference in the perceived satisfaction withfamilyfunctioning and affect between hospitalization and 3 months later? (b) Is there a relationship between perceptions of familyfunctioning and affect? A nonprobability sample of 42 couples completed the Family APGAR and the Affects Balance Scale. Thirtyseven couples completed the same instruments at Time 2,for a return rate of 88%. In contrast to a number of previous studies, perceptions offamilyfunction did not decline between Time 1 and Time 2. At both times, patients and spouses experienced considerable emotional distress, with spouses fanrng worse than patients. Perceptions offamily function and affect balance were significantly correlated for patients at Time 2 and for spouses at both times. It is suggested that family systems nurses assess and intervene with cardiac couples at hospitalization and during convalescence with the goal of improving affect and perceptions of family function.
Report: Excerpts from “Defining and Certifying Electronic Publication in Science”
Authors:   INTERNATIONAL WORKING GROUP
Published: March 2007

At the request of the International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers, an international working group prepared a paper on what constitutes publication in science in the electronic environment. The excerpts below address the importance of defining publication in science, the distinctions between first publication and definitive publication, the challenges inherent in this publication process, and the necessity of preserving the bibliographic record.
Report: Trends in Science Communication Today—Bridging the Gap Between Theory and Practice
Authors: CATAPANO PAOLA
Published: March 2007

PCST 2001 was the sixth in the series of the Public Communication of Science and Technology network meetings. Held early in February 2001 in Geneva, Switzerland, the conference attracted 250 delegates from thirty-one countries to discuss theoretical and practical issues in science communication. Following is a report on the conference by the conference chair.
The Generalizability of Selected Knowledge Diffusion/Utilization Know-How
Authors: Thayer William R. , Wolf W.C.
Published: March 2007

This article describes an effort to identify and to cluster considerable numbers of completed education-based studies around a set of 26 knowledge diffusion/utilization generalizations, which are drawn from and supported by the work of sociologists, anthropologists, and other communication research specialists. The authors are able to report parallel outcomes between the education and other collective research traditions in most instances. These results suggest that the educational communication research tradition is not unlike traditions evolving in other communication disciplines insofar as linkage phenomena are concerned.
Controversies as Informal Technology A ssessment
Authors: Rip Arie
Published: March 2007

Controversies, especially those that surround "early warnings" about impacts of a technology or a large project, may be welcomed as an informal way of technology assessment. This is not always recognized, because of ideals of consensus and context-free rationality. An alternative, rhetorical perspective is presented on controversies and their sociocognitive dynamics, in which interests and actor-strategies play an integral role besides arguments and evidence. Because of such interactions, articulation of insights and positions occurs, that is, social learning. Improvement of social learning has to take the sociocognitive dynamics into account. Absolute standards and methods are impossible, but one can take robustness of views as a realistic goal.
Knowledge Utilization in Evaluation Efforts
Authors: Marsh David D. , Glassick Judith M.
Published: March 2007

The utilization of evaluations is an important knowkdge utilization problem. This study focused on the role that recommendations played in evaluation utilization, and included (a) the form and content of recommendations, (b) their relationship to the purposes and findings of the evaluation, (c) the process by which they were developed, and (d) the factors that influenced their utilization. A coordinated case study methodology was used. Factors influencing the utilization of recommendations mirrored the factors enhancing general utilization of evaluations. However, the use of recommendations influenced general utilization by creating an early, negotiated, and public focus on decision implications. Implications of the study for knowledge utilization are discussed.
Organizational Learning, Bureaucratic Control, Preservation of Form
Authors: Lovell Rickie D. , Turner Billy M.
Published: March 2007

Research utilization refers to a phenomenon or set of phenomena inseparable from the complicated context in which use is to occur. This article examines possibilities for refining our basic understanding of research use in public agencies. The authors propose the notion that preservation of form is a subtle bureaucratic imperative that influences research use at the level of the single organization and at the level of the organizational sector. The authors suggest that the metaphor of organizational learning provides a rich set of possibilities for conceptual development and that examination of characteristic orientations and features of decision systems, combined withexamination of bureaucratic control of the decision system, results in intriguing and important possibilities for refining the essential foundation for understanding and investigating use in complex public organizations.
Policy Communities and Discourse Coalitions
Authors: Singer Otto
Published: March 2007

The role of ideas in policy processes is rather neglected in most analyses of economic policy making. This article synthesizes the main concerns of two bodies of literature that, despite their many differences, both address the process of policy formation: the first is institutional in character, exploring the way in which state agencies organize political participation; the second emphasizes the cognitive or symbolic aspects of policy debates. In particular, attention is paid to the way in which policy making is affected by the interaction of political institutions and discourse structures. More specifically, the article analyzes how different types of discourse coalitions shape the prospects for policy change and policy learning.
Edited Excerpts from a Smithsonian Seminar Series
Authors: Borden Carla M. , Lucas George R. , Daniel Pete , Miller Steven F. , Fischer Michael M.J. , Abedi Mehdi
Published: March 2007

In this excerpt from a series of seminars on knowledge generation in the arts, the sciences, and the humanities, scholars of philosophy, history, and anthropology eaplore the meaning of collaboration in their respective fields. The seminars, held at the Smithsonian Institution during 1991, compared the goals, techniques, and myths of creative and scholarly collaboration.
Reaching Readers
Authors: STEINKE JOCELYN
Published: March 2007

Although most people rely on the mass media to translate the abstract principles and technical jargon of scientific research into comprehensible information they can use to make informed decisions about their lives and about science policy, there is little research examining people's impressions of newspaper reports on science and how these impressions influence their reading of science news. This study used think-aloud protocols to examine the responses of a small group of readers to two newspaper science articles. Results indicate that readers may be most concerned about their ability to understand the articles and their interest in an article's subject. When readers encountered information they could not comprehend, they used a number of reading strategies, such as rephrasing, questioning, and acknowledging a lack of prior knowledge. These responses illustrate how individual predispositions, social affiliations, and information processing abilities can influence impressions of science news.
The Roles of “Positive” Theory in Built-Environment Decisionmaking
Authors: COLDICUTT SUSAN
Published: March 2007

By exploring the processes by which theory and the organizational politics of built-environment decisionmaking are intertwined with each other, this article shows how “positive” theory regarding contentious ends appears to be systematically misapplied in built-environment decisionmaking. Positive theory tends to be veiled with a “factual” status that appears to be in tune with the tacit aims of institutions applying it so that theory and institutions are mutually self-supporting. As a result, the explicit aims of practicing decisionmakers may fail to be realized if they conflict with tacit aims of institutions and theory. The article shows how these misapplications can be revealed by questioning aspects of the underlying aims of decisionmakers and of the organizational politics involved.
The Origins of a Trade-Based Approach to Intellectual Property Protection
Authors: SELL SUSAN K.
Published: March 2007

How did the previously arcane, technical issue of intellectual property protection become elevated to the top tier of the U.S. trade agenda? A powerful coalition of private-sector industry associations, whose intellectual property constitutes increasingly valuable exports of goods and services, successfully lobbied for new domestic laws, and bilateral and multilateral negotiations linking intellectual property protection to international trade. They framed the problem in a way that captured the imagination of U.S. policymakers and marketed a trade-based approach as a solution to government concerns over the trade deficit and international competitiveness.
Blended Rationality and Democracy
Authors: FOREMAN CHRISTOPHER H.
Published: March 2007

Environmental policy reform has proceeded along two parallel tracks: a rationalizing perspective and a democratizing one. Efforts to blend the two (including the attempt by “environmentalist-in-chief” Al Gore in his book Earth in the Balance ) have often been awkward and unpersuasive. As the new century dawns, Science Communication might help pursue a reconciliation.
On Drawing Attention to Ignorance
Authors: STOCKING S. HOLLY
Published: March 2007

In the years since a symposium on science and ignorance at the 1993 annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), a small but growing number of scholars has begun to study scientific ignorance. This essay offers informal descriptions of three major projects on the social construction of ignorance and raises the possibility for the development of a sociology of scientific ignorance (SSI) to complement the existing sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK). As currently conceptualized, SSI would draw attention to a wide range of phenomena in scientific discourse and practice; these include a rich assortment of ignorance claims, and ignorance arrangements, social arrangements that work to deprive people of scientific knowledge. For SSI to develop its full potential will require scholars to overcome ignorance of existing scholarship and resistance within both science and science studies to ignorance as an organizing idea. The benefits, if scholars can do these things, may be many.
Report: The Portrayal of Women in Science Books for Junior Readers
Authors: McARTHUR LYNNE C.
Published: March 2007

This case study examines the portrayal of women in three types of science books written for preadolescent girls and available in bookstores and a public library in Montgomery County, Maryland. The results suggest that images of scientists in general science books tend to be representative of both sexes, whereas science histories and encyclopedias focus on men's contributions. Biographies of women scientists deliver mixed messages. These books generally imply that women can simultaneously be scientists and have “normal” lives, but that only the most extraordinary and exceptional women achieve this because of the adversity, discrimination, and loneliness that women scientists face.
Excerpts from the Declaration on Science and the Use of Scientific Knowledge
Authors:   WORLD CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE
Published: March 2007

Participants at the World Conference on Science in Budapest, Hungary, on 1 July 1999 adopted a Declaration on Science and the Use of Scientific Knowledge that set forth the guiding principles of a new “social contract” for science. Excerpts appear below.
Does the Effect of Respondent Characteristics on Consumer Assessments Vary across Health Plans?
Authors: Zaslavsky Alan M. , Zaborski Lawrence , Cleary Paul D.
Published: March 2007

Responses to the Consumer Assessments of Health Plans Survey (CAHPS®) are related to respondent characteristics. CAHPS procedures include casemix adjustment to remove effects of difference in respondent characteristics on comparative plan ratings, under the assumption that casemix coefficients are homogeneous across plans. The authors analyzed data from the Washington state CAHPS demonstration, fitting hierarchical models in which coefficients of casemix variables and intercepts could vary by plan. They estimated the impact of variability in casemix coefficients on plan adjustments and also assessed the implications for differential effects of individual characteristics at different plans. Estimated between-plan variability of coefficients was small, but the data are consistent with substantially larger variability. The potential impact of this variability on adjustments for plans was small relative to the magnitude of the adjustments. Comparisons between plans for individuals, however, could be affected substantially. This methodology could be useful wherever casemix adjustment is applied.
The Structure and Experience of State Risk Pools: 1988-1994
Authors: Stearns Sally C. , Slifkin Rebecca T. , Thorpe Kenneth E. , University Tulane , Mroz Thomas A.
Published: March 2007

State risk pools are state-sponsored plans for persons who want to buy health insurance but are medically uninsurable or unable to find policies at reasonable cost. This article reviews the structure of all pools and describes in more detail the experiences of eight pools. Although pools grew in number and size in the late 1980s, most pools subsequently stabilized in size. The eight risk pools studied had high enrollee turnover; and a small proportion of enrollees accounted for a large proportion of expenditures. All pools experienced losses, and the current methods of financing losses embody undesirable incentives. Continued use or expansion of these pools may require broader methods of covering losses.
The Effect of Fathers or Father Figures on Child Behavioral Problems in Families Referred to Child Protective Services
Authors: Marshall David B. , English Diana J. , Stewart Angela J.
Published: March 2007

This study examines some possible effects of the presence and quality of parent-child interaction of fathers and father figures on the behavior of young children in a sample of families reported to child protective services. Whereas the presence or absence of a father or father figure seemed to make little difference in child behavioral problems at age 4, lower levels of aggression and depression were observed for children by age 6 if an adult male in some form of father-like relationship was present in the child's life. When controlling for mother's ethnicity, child's gender, the number of referrals to child protective services, and the presence of domestic violence, the direct effect of a father/father figure was no longer significant but remained in the multivariate models as a significant interaction term.