bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrogeochemical Characterisation and Quality of Groundwater for Drinking and Irrigation in the Rural Commune of Gouna, Zinder, Niger Region
Authors: Souleymane Issa Malam Salmanou , Sani Abdou Babaye Maman , Alhassane Illias , Faridatou Halidou Adamou , Garba Moustapha , Issa Habou
Published: December 2024

The study area, the rural Commune of Gouna is located in the south of the department of Mirriah between latitudes 13°17' and 13°43' N and longitudes 9°08' and 9°19' E. From a hydrogeological point of view, the municipality is underlain by groundwater aquifers formed by formations of recent Korama sands and discontinuous formations of the Damagaram. These aquifers are much in demand for drinking water supply, animal watering and irrigation, which is booming in the commune. Because of their shallow aquifers are very sensitive to anthropogenic pollution. The aim of this study is to characterise the se aquifers from a hydrogeochemical and assess the suitability of these waters for human consumption and irrigation. Forthy (42) water samples from hand-dugwells and boreholes were analysed. The methodology applied involves conventional hydrochemical approaches the use of Piper diagrams and the correlation matrix, Principal Component Analysis and the water quality assement (SAR, USSL, %Na and Wilcox). Results showed that the water type is calcic bicarbonate (54.76%); calcic chloride (26.19%); magnesian (14.29%); sodium and potassium bicarbonate (4.76%) and sodium chloride facies Principal Component shows that mineralisation of the water in the study area is mainly controlled by the hydrolysis of silicate minerals due to the presence of CO2 in the soil, water-rock interactions due to residence time leaching from ferruginouss oils and human activities. Comparison of the analytical results with standards (2017) indicates that the majority of groundwater in the study area is fit for human consumption. However, some samples have NO3-, FeT, K+ and Ca2+exceeding the WHO standard. The percentage values for Na (%Na), SAR and the positioning of samples on the Wilcox indicate that the water is of excellent quality for irrigation.
Impact of Biofertilizers on Yield and Economics of Rabi Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) under Rainfed Condition
Authors: Bandiwaddar,T.T.  , Shaila,H.M.  , Anjum,S.S.  , Hanamaratti,N.G  , Kubsad,V.S
Published: December 2024

A field experiment was conducted at All India Coordinated Research Project on sorghum, Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad-580050, Karnataka for two consecutive rabi season (2018 and 2019) to study the impact of biofertilizers on growth, yield and Economics of Rabi sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) under rainfed condition in northern transition tract of Karnataka. The pooled results of the experiment indicated that, application of RDF (50:25:0 kg N:P2O5:K2O/ha+seed treatment with Azospirillum @4ml+PSB @ 4 ml kg-1 seeds recorded significantly higher grain (42.3 q/ha) and fodder yield (8.4 t/ha) of rabi sorghum compared to rest of the treatments. The higher grain yield was due to significantly higher values of yield components viz., grain yield g/plant (40.0) and 1000-grain weight (33.3g). Further, significantly higher gross returns (Rs.102133/ha), net returns (Rs.68232/ha) and BC ratio (3.0) were recorded due to application of RDF (50:25:0 kg N:P2O5:K2O/ha) +seed treatment with Azospirillum @4ml +PSB @ 4ml kg-1seeds compared to rest of the treatments.
Impact of Foliar Nutrient Application on Quality Attributes and Leaf Nutrient Composition in Kinnow Mandarin
Authors: Luxmi  , Rana G.S. , Sakshi  , Mehta Akshay
Published: December 2024

The quality of Kinnow mandarins (Citrus reticulate Blanco) is significantly influenced by the application of micronutrients, which play a crucial role in enhancing fruit attributes. This study evaluated the effect of foliar applications of 1.5% zinc sulfate, 0.6% boric acid and 0.5% potassium sulfate on various quality parameters of Kinnow mandarins cultivated in North India. Key quality metrics analyzed included juice content, peel content, rag content, peel thickness, total soluble solids (TSS), acidity, ascorbic acid and the TSS/acid ratio. Foliar nutrient treatments resulted in an increase in juice content and a reduction in peel and rag content, thereby improving the edible portion of the fruit. Peel thickness was minimized, contributing to better consumer acceptance. Additionally, significant improvements were observed in biochemical parameters: TSS, acidity, ascorbic acid levels and the TSS/acid ratio, enhancing the overall flavor and nutritional profile of the fruit. The study also examined leaf nutrient status (N, P, K, Zn and B), confirming improved uptake and utilization of essential nutrients under the foliar treatments. These findings underscore the importance of precise micronutrient management for achieving superior fruit quality in Kinnow mandarins.
Effects of Photobiomodulation with LED Cluster on Mandibular and Cervical Mobility, Pain and Quality of Life in Patients with Temporomandibular Dysfunction: A Clinical Study Protocol
Authors: Trindade Lucía Píriz , Urruty Maria Jose , Bruno Laura Hermida , Todeschini Federico , Moya Luis Eduardo Pascuali , Lestido Valentina , Bussadori Sandra Kalil , Motta Lara Jansiski , Fernandes Kristianne Porta Santos , Horliana Anna Carolina Ratto Tempestini , Mesquita-Ferrari Raquel Agnelli
Published: December 2024

The term temporomandibular disorders (TMD), according to the American Dental Association (ADA), refers to a group of disorders characterized by pain in the temporomandibular joint (TMD) in the preauricular area or in the muscles of chewing, in addition to the TMD sounds during mandibular function and deviation or restriction of mandibular movements. Its multifactorial etiology is related to a heterogeneous group of functional, structural, and psychological factors, making it difficult to identify the association between a single etiological factor and the signs and symptoms of TMD. It has been demonstrated in various studies that photobiomodulation (PBM) is a preferred treatment option for temporomandibular disorders. However, there is a need to establish protocols that specifically address the multifactorial aspects of this disorder. Additionally, considering the use of clusters may help optimize the treatment. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of photobiomodulation using clusters of 850nm LEDs (infrared) and 630nm LEDs (red) on pain, and also in cervical and mandibular mobility in patients with TMD. This randomized, controlled, and blind clinical trial will include 36 patients, randomized into 2 groups: Group 1 Red and infrared LED cluster, Group 2 control (placebo - simulation of irradiation). The irradiated areas (n=12) will include the TMJ, masseter muscles, temporal muscles, ECOM, scalenus and trapezius. Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders - DC/TMD will be used to include TMD patients in the study. The primary outcome of this study will be pain evaluated using the visual analog scale (1-10cm). The secondary outcomes include cervical spine mobility using a goniometer (fleximeter) that will be used for cervical range of motion and to measure a mandibular range of motion (ADM), a pachymeter will be used. Data analysis: All outcomes will be evaluated at baseline and two weeks after treatment to allow comparisons between the 2 groups Normality will be assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. If the data follow a normal distribution, a two-way ANOVA will be used for analysis. Results will be expressed as means with standard deviation (± SD), and statistical significance will be set at p < 0.05.
Socioeconomic Determinants of Livelihood Dependence on Forestry Resources in Leh Himalaya, India
Authors: Khan F.A. Shah , Islam M.A. , Gatoo A.A. , Bhat G.M. , Parrey A.A. , Bakshi M.R. , Atta Ummar
Published: December 2024

A comprehensive understanding of the underlying socioeconomic determinants is crucial for the implementation of forestry interventions in the Indian arid region, particularly in cold deserts.  This study investigated the socioeconomic determinants of livelihood dependence on forestry resources in Leh Himalaya, India. Using a multi-stage random sampling technique, the data were gathered from 185 sample families selected from five blocks and nine chosen villages. Descriptive and analytical statistics were used to analyze the data. The findings showed that out of the twelve socioeconomic determinants, ten factors, including education (0.536), social participation (0.604), family composition (0.592), size of land holding (0.554), housing status (0.688), possession of livestock (0.711), main occupation (0.521), wealth status (0.427), and annual income (0.570), exhibited a significant positive correlation with livelihoods based on forestry resources, while urban closeness (-0.678) demonstrated a significant negative correlation. The coefficient of determination (R2) of multiple regression analysis is 0.865, implying that all the socioeconomic variables jointly explained 86.50% of the variation in the forestry resource-based livelihood. The F value (92.12) indicated that the R2 is statistically significant (p < 0.05). Prioritizing socioeconomic upliftment and livelihood diversification through strengthening forestry interventions is an effective strategy for poverty alleviation for downtrodden people. The characterization of the socioeconomic determinants of forestry-based livelihoods for farmers will be the basis for the planning and implementation of forestry programmes for forestry resource production and livelihood diversification in the Leh district of Ladakh.
Meat Products
Authors: Toldrá Fidel
Published: March 2020

Meat products are an important part of human diet. Consumers' expectations have evolved over the years, and today, consumers not only expect flavorful and nutritional meat products, but they are also concerned with their safety and healthiness. For example, saturated fatty acids in red meat and the potential risk of nitrosamines generation in cured meats are among such concerns. In response to consumers' demands, manufacturers of meat products are developing new technologies and improving the existing ones.

In this article, the ingredients and processing procedures of meat products, as well as technological approaches for reducing the fat and salt in meat products while keeping sensory perception, are discussed. Nutritional and health factors, and the safety of meat products, packaging, and labeling information to help consumers select products, are also mentioned.
Tar Sands
Authors: Speight James G.
Published: March 2020

Tar sand deposits are widely distributed throughout the world in a variety of countries, but many of the reserves of bitumen in tar sand formations are available only with some difficulty, and optional refinery methods are necessary for future conversion of these materials to liquid products, because of the substantial differences in character between conventional petroleum and bitumen.

The potential reserves of hydrocarbon liquids that are available through conversion of the bitumen to synthetic crude oil have been variously estimated on a world basis to be in excess of three trillion (3 × 1012) barrels. However, geographical and geological features require new approaches to recovery and conversion.
Bleaching Agents in Consumer Goods: Fabric, Home, and Hair Care Applications
Authors: Ottavia Bianchetti Giulia , Antonio Quintieri , Jennifer Marsh
Published: March 2020

Bleach is widely used in consumer goods for its ability to deliver cleaning, disinfection, stain removal and whiteness as well as for its ability to react with dye precursors to deliver different color shades in hair colorants. This article describes the evolution of bleach actives to date, their mechanism of action, their manufacturing as well as the fabric, home and hair care formulations and products that leverage bleach.
The RAD52 S346X variant reduces risk of developing breast cancer in carriers of pathogenic germline BRCA2 mutations
Authors: Adamson Aaron W. , Ding Yuan Chun , Mendez‐Dorantes Carlos , Bailis Adam M. , Stark Jeremy M. , Neuhausen Susan L.
Published: March 2020

Women who carry pathogenic mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 have a lifetime risk of developing breast cancer of up to 80%. However, risk estimates vary in part due to genetic modifiers. We investigated the association of the RAD52 S346X variant as a modifier of the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancers in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers from the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2. The RAD52 S346X allele was associated with a reduced risk of developing breast cancer in BRCA2 carriers [per‐allele hazard ratio (HR) = 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.56–0.86; P = 0.0008] and to a lesser extent in BRCA1 carriers (per‐allele HR = 0.78, 95% CI 0.64–0.97, P = 0.02). We examined how this variant affected DNA repair. Using a reporter system that measures repair of DNA double‐strand breaks (DSBs) by single‐strand annealing (SSA), expression of hRAD52 suppressed the loss of this repair in Rad52−/− mouse embryonic stem cells. When hRAD52 S346X was expressed in these cells, there was a significantly reduced frequency of SSA. Interestingly, expression of hRAD52 S346X also reduced the stimulation of SSA observed upon depletion of BRCA2, demonstrating the reciprocal roles for RAD52 and BRCA2 in the control of DSB repair by SSA. From an immunofluorescence analysis, we observed little nuclear localization of the mutant protein as compared to the wild‐type; it is likely that the reduced nuclear levels of RAD52 S346X explain the diminished DSB repair by SSA. Altogether, we identified a genetic modifier that protects against breast cancer in women who carry pathogenic mutations in BRCA2 (P = 0.0008) and to a lesser extent BRCA1 (P = 0.02). This RAD52 mutation causes a reduction in DSB repair by SSA, suggesting that defects in RAD52‐dependent DSB repair are linked to reduced tumor risk in BRCA2‐mutation carriers.
S
piribacter
Authors: Ventosa Antonio , León María José , Sánchez‐Porro Cristina
Published: March 2020

Spi.ri.bac'ter. L. fem. n.
spira
a spiral; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
a rod; N.L. masc. n.
Spiribacter
spiral rod.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales / Ectothiorhodospiraceae / Spiribacter

The genus
Spiribacter
is classified within the family
Ectothiorhodospiraceae
and the order
Chromatiales
, in the class
Gammaproteobacteria
. The cells are Gram‐stain‐negative, nonmotile, and curved‐to‐spiral shaped. Colonies are pink to yellow‐brown pigmented. Moderately halophilic, not able to grow in the absence of NaCl. Optimal growth at 10–15% (w/v) total salts. They are neutrophilic (optimal growth at pH 7.5–8.0). Optimal temperature for growth is 37°C. Strictly aerobic. Chemoorganotrophic. Utilize pyruvate or glycerol as carbon and energy sources. The DNA G + C content is between 60 and 66 mol%. Currently, the genus includes four species:
Spiribacter salinus
(type species of the genus),
Spiribacter aquaticus
,
Spiribacter curvatus
, and
Spiribacter roseus
. The strains of these species were isolated from marine salterns.

DNA G
+
C content (mol
%
)
: 60–66.

Type species
:
Spiribacter salinus
León et al. 2014, VL159.
Applying prospect theory to pilot weather‐related decision‐making: The impact of monetary and time considerations on risk taking behaviour
Authors: Walmsley Stephen , Gilbey Andrew
Published: March 2020

One of the key findings of prospect theory is that people tend to treat potential gains differently to potential losses. Consistent with earlier findings across a range of areas, pilots were risk averse when faced with an uncertain situation involving monetary gains and risk seeking when faced with a monetary loss. Prospect theory has largely been used to explore monetary decision‐making; however, “time” is potentially a more important consideration for pilots than money. For example, how much time can be flown with the current fuel onboard. It was found that pilots' decision behaviour changed when faced with a decision involving time, with pilots risk averse for both a time gain and a time loss situation. Pilots appeared to prefer to know precisely the time required for a journey, rather than take a gamble on a potential short cut. Evidence also suggests pilots were more likely to take risks in situations that they perceive they have more control over (e.g. air traffic delays) compared to dynamic weather‐related events. There was some evidence to suggest pilots do not consider a decision in terms of an end state, but rather in terms of losses and gains from their current state. The final part of the study found evidence that it may be possible to predict pilot risk taking behaviour using self‐report decision frames.
Photoluminescent Ferroelectric LiNbO3 Crystals Grown from MXenes
Authors: Tu Shaobo , Mizohata Masayuki , Sheng Guan , Liu Lingmei , Ming Fangwang , Xu Chao‐Nan , Tu Dong , Zhang Xixiang , Alshareef Husam N.
Published: March 2020

MXenes have recently been used to grow highly textured potassium niobate ferroelectric crystals. Herein, the versatility of MXenes is further demonstrated by growing ferroelectric and luminescent lithium niobate (LiNbO3) crystals from niobium carbide MXene (Nb2CTx). The formation of high‐aspect‐ratio LiNbO3 rhombic crystals is confirmed by extensive structural analysis. The ferroelectricity of MXene‐derived LiNbO3 is verified, using standard ferroelectric and dielectric measurements. In addition, for the first time, Pr3+‐doped LiNbO3 crystals are synthesized with simultaneous visible photoluminescence (PL) from Nb2CTx MXene. This work demonstrates that it is possible, by using the 2D character of MXenes, to fabricate high aspect ratio and well‐oriented photoluminescent ferroelectric crystals for advanced optoelectronic applications.
Excitons and Electron–Hole Liquid State in 2D γ‐Phase Group‐IV Monochalcogenides
Authors: Luo Nannan , Duan Wenhui , Yakobson Boris I. , Zou Xiaolong
Published: March 2020

Different dispersion near the electronic band edge of a semiconductor can have great influence on its transport, thermoelectric, and optical properties. Using first‐principles calculations, it is demonstrated that a new phase of group‐IV monochalcogenides (γ‐MX, M = Ge, Sn; X = S, Se, or Te) can be stabilized in monolayer limit. γ‐MXs are shown to possess a unique band dispersion—that is, camel's back like structure—in the top valence band. The band nesting effect near the camel's back region induces a large excitonic absorbance and significantly different exciton behaviors from other 2D materials. Importantly, the small effective mass and the indirect characteristics of lowest‐energy exciton render it advantageous for the generation of electron–hole liquid state. After careful evaluation of the electron–hole dissociation temperature and the Mott critical density, it is predicted that a high‐temperature exciton gas to electron–hole liquid phase transition can be achieved in these materials with a low excitation power density. The findings open up new opportunities for both the fundamental research on exciton physics and design of excitonic devices based on 2D materials with distinct band dispersion.
Selective, Quantitative, and Multiplexed Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Using Aptamer‐Functionalized Monolithic Plasmonic Nanogrids Derived from Cross‐Point Nano‐Welding
Authors: Cho Seunghee H. , Baek Kwang Min , Han Hyeuk Jin , Kim Minjoon , Park Hyungjoon , Jung Yeon Sik
Published: March 2020

Recent advances in surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) have resulted in multiplexing with unprecedented levels of sensitivity and selectivity in trace‐amount detection. However, quantification of multiple trace‐amount molecules with ng‐level accuracy has yet to be demonstrated due to nonuniform distribution of SERS enhancement and random adsorption of molecules at low concentrations. While Raman reporter‐free SERS is favorable for quantification in that the unique fingerprint spectra of molecules enable specific molecular identification, it has yet to be demonstrated due to poor reproducibility and insufficient SERS enhancement. Raman reporter‐free multiplex SERS with highly accurate quantification is successfully realized by versatile aptamer‐functionalized plasmonic Au nanogrids with uniform SERS enhancement. By cross‐point nano‐welding, monolithic Au nanogrids with excellent uniformity and high stability in aqueous media are produced. Raman reporter‐free multiplex detection and highly accurate quantification of concentration and composition is realized at picomolar levels. As a demonstration, Au nanogrids functionalized with bisphenol A‐specific aptamers successfully detect and quantify trace‐amounts of bisphenol A (8.49 ng) from thermal receipt paper. Moreover, principal component analysis is applied to multiplex SERS spectra to establish a ternary composition map, which can potentially serve as a practical reference for future Raman reporter‐free SERS.
Soft, Implantable Bioelectronic Interfaces for Translational Research
Authors: Schiavone Giuseppe , Fallegger Florian , Kang Xiaoyang , Barra Beatrice , Vachicouras Nicolas , Roussinova Evgenia , Furfaro Ivan , Jiguet Sébastien , Seáñez Ismael , Borgognon Simon , Rowald Andreas , Li Qin , Qin Chuan , Bézard Erwan , Bloch Jocelyne , Courtine Grégoire , Capogrosso Marco , Lacour Stéphanie P.
Published: March 2020

The convergence of materials science, electronics, and biology, namely bioelectronic interfaces, leads novel and precise communication with biological tissue, particularly with the nervous system. However, the translation of lab‐based innovation toward clinical use calls for further advances in materials, manufacturing and characterization paradigms, and design rules. Herein, a translational framework engineered to accelerate the deployment of microfabricated interfaces for translational research is proposed and applied to the soft neurotechnology called electronic dura mater, e‐dura. Anatomy, implant function, and surgical procedure guide the system design. A high‐yield, silicone‐on‐silicon wafer process is developed to ensure reproducible characteristics of the electrodes. A biomimetic multimodal platform that replicates surgical insertion in an anatomy‐based model applies physiological movement, emulates therapeutic use of the electrodes, and enables advanced validation and rapid optimization in vitro of the implants. Functionality of scaled e‐dura is confirmed in nonhuman primates, where epidural neuromodulation of the spinal cord activates selective groups of muscles in the upper limbs with unmet precision. Performance stability is controlled over 6 weeks in vivo. The synergistic steps of design, fabrication, and biomimetic in vitro validation and in vivo evaluation in translational animal models are of general applicability and answer needs in multiple bioelectronic designs and medical technologies.
A Mitochondria‐Driven Metabolic Sensing Nanosystem for Oxygen Availability and Energy Blockade of Cancer
Authors: Wan Shuang‐Shuang , Liu Miao‐Deng , Cheng Qian , Cheng Han , Zhang Xian‐Zheng
Published: March 2020

A mitochondrial targeting and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)‐responsive nanosystem is designed and constructed to interfere with mitochondrial respiration. This triggers metabolic therapy and enhanced photodynamic therapy of malignant tumor via blocking of ATP and the diversion of endogenous oxygen. The nanosystem is synthesized by incorporating the drug resveratrol (RES) into porous coordination polymer PCN‐224 (RES@PCN). After RES@PCN nanoparticles target the tumor site by enhanced penetration and retention (EPR) effects, PCN delivery endows RES@PCN nanoparticles with the ability to target mitochondria. Subsequently, ATP overexpressed in the mitochondria of tumor cell disintegrates the PCN structure by coordination substitution. This also leads to release of entrapped drug RES. As an ATPase inhibitor, RES interferes with the metabolism of the respiratory chain of tumor cell, triggering an ATP‐blocked metabolic therapy. In addition, inhibition of mitochondrial respiration reduces the consumption of endogenous oxygen. The spare oxygen is used as an “oxygen depot” in photodynamic therapy for generation of toxic reactive oxygen species. Taken together, the mitochondria‐driven metabolic interference system successfully achieves synergistic photodynamic and metabolic therapy via a respiratory inhibition‐medicated oxygen diversion and an ATP blockade. This strategy has great potential for cancer treatment.
Bioinspired Ultrastrong Nanocomposite Membranes for Salinity Gradient Energy Harvesting from Organic Solutions
Authors: Chen Cheng , Liu Dan , Yang Guoliang , Wang Jiemin , Wang Lifeng , Lei Weiwei
Published: March 2020

Efforts to extract energy from waste organic solutions can not only support clean environments but also help to alleviate the energy crisis. Here, a bioinspired ultrastrong nanocomposite membrane is developed via the layer‐by‐layer method based on aramid nanofiber‐graphene oxide (AGO) with good mechanical properties for salinity gradient energy harvesting from organic solutions. Benefiting from the 1D and 2D network interlocking arrangement, the AGO membrane shows an unprecedented mechanical stress of 688 MPa and maintains its integrity after soaking in organic solvents for 24 h. Impressively, when LiCl is diluted in methanol, the AGO membrane device with a working area of 113 mm2 produces a current and a measured power generation of 28 ± 11 µA and 3140 ± 960 nW (Cfeed = 2 mol L−1), respectively. Thus, the working area of the AGO membrane for salinity gradient energy harvesting and temperature‐related energy harvesting enables its use in practical applications. In addition, 14 cells with the methanol‐LiCl solution (Cfeed = 1 mol L−1) can produce a voltage up to 1.82 V to light a liquid crystal display. Therefore, this AGO nanocomposite membrane presents a promising avenue to harvest salinity gradient energy from organic solutions.
Enantioselective 1,4‐Reduction of Pyrimidin‐2‐ones to Synthesize Novel 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones Containing an Alkyl‐substituted Stereogenic Center
Authors: Meng Fan‐Jie , Shi Lei , Jiang Wen‐Feng , Lu Xiao‐Bing
Published: March 2020

An efficient asymmetric 1,4‐reduction of pyrimidin‐2‐ones with a chiral phosphoric acid‐catalyzed system has been successfully developed, furnishing a series of chiral 3,4‐dihydro‐pyrimidin‐2‐one derivatives in excellent yields and enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee). Notably, this methodology enables a novel kind of chiral 3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2‐one with an alkyl stereogenic center to be prepared in high optical purity for the first time.
Effects of liraglutide on metabolic syndrome in WBN/Kob diabetic fatty rats supplemented with a high‐fat diet
Authors: Kaji Noriyuki , Takagi Yoshiichi , Matsuda Satomi , Takahashi Anna , Fujio Sakurako , Asai Fumitoshi
Published: March 2020

Background

Liraglutide, a GLP‐1 receptor agonist, has recently been used to treat metabolic syndrome (MS) because of its anti‐diabetic and anti‐obesity effects. We have previously shown that Wistar Bonn Kobori diabetic and fatty (WBN/Kob‐Leprfa, WBKDF) rats fed a high‐fat diet (HFD) developed MS including marked obesity, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. To obtain further information on WBKDF‐HFD rats as a severe MS model, we performed a pharmacological investigation into the anti‐MS effects of liraglutide in this model.

Methods

Seven‐week‐old male WBKDF‐HFD rats were allocated to three groups (N = 8 in each group): a vehicle group, a low‐dose liraglutide group, and a high‐dose liraglutide group. They received subcutaneous injections of either saline or liraglutide at doses of 75 or 300 μg/kg body weight once daily for 4 weeks.

Results

Results showed that liraglutide treatment reduced body weight gain and food intake in a dose‐dependent manner. The marked hyperglycemia and the glucose tolerance were also significantly ameliorated in the liraglutide‐treated groups. Moreover, liraglutide also reduced the plasma triglyceride concentration and liver fat accumulation.

Conclusions

The present study demonstrated that liraglutide could significantly alleviate MS in WBKDF‐HFD rats, and the reaction to liraglutide is similar to human patients with MS. WBKDF‐HFD rats are therefore considered to be a useful model for research on severe human MS.
A DOPO‐base Schiff derivative used as a flame retardant for polystyrene
Authors: Sun Yu , Wang Yazhen , Qing Yingbo , Wu Xueying , Shi Zhen
Published: March 2020

A novel 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO)‐based Schiff base derivative, 6,6′‐(1,4‐phenylenebis (((3‐hydroxyphenyl)amino) methylene)) bis (dibenzo [c,e] [1,2] oxaphosphinine 6‐oxide) (SD), was synthesized and applied to polystyrene. The structure of terephthalaldehyde dihydroxymethane benzene and SD are characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The results of thermogravimetric analysis tests show that the residue of the SD/PS composites increased from 0.21 to 7.09% with the increase of SD content, indicated that the thermal stability of the SD/PS composites was significantly improved. The introduction of SD also efficiently ameliorated the flame‐retardant property of SD/PS composites with limiting oxygen index increased by 33.15%, rated UL‐94 vertical burning test V‐0 rating, lower peak heat release rate, and total heat release. The mechanism of SD/PS composite was explored by scanning electron microscopy images and FTIR spectra of residue of SD/PS composites after calcination by muffle furnace. These tests prove that SD can be used as an effective polystyrene (PS) flame retardant.
Influences of processing conditions on mechanical properties of recycled epoxy‐anhydride vitrimers
Authors: Zhang Biao , Li Honggeng , Yuan Chao , Dunn Martin L. , Qi H. Jerry , Yu Kai , Shi Qian , Ge Qi
Published: March 2020

The chemically crosslinked network structures make epoxies, the most common thermosets, unable or hard to be recycled, causing environmental problems and economic losses. Epoxy‐based vitrimers, polymer networks deriving from epoxy resins, can be thermally malleable according to bond exchange reactions (BERs), opening the door to recycle epoxy thermosets. Here a series of experiments were carried out to study the effects of processing conditions (such as particle size distributions, temperature, time, and pressure) on recycling of an epoxy‐anhydride vitrimer. Polymer powders from the epoxy‐anhydride vitrimer with different size distributions were prepared and characterized, and the influence of particle size on the mechanical performance of recycled epoxy‐anhydride vitrimers was investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis and uniaxial tensile test. Experimental results demonstrated that finer polymer powders can increase the contacting surfaces of recycled materials and thus result in high quality of recycled materials. In addition, the influences of other treating parameters, such as temperature, time, and pressure, were also discussed in this study. Adjusting these treating parameters can help the design of an optimized reprocessing procedure to meet practical engineering applications.
Missing Links. Indigenous Life and Evolutionary Thought in the History of Russian Ethnography
Authors: Grant Bruce
Published: March 2020

The history of Russian social anthropology has long been best known for the work of three, late nineteenth‐century “exile ethnographers,” each sent to the Russian Far East for their anti‐tsarist activities as students. All three men—Vladimir Bogoraz, Vladimir Iokhel'son, and Lev Shternberg—produced voluminous and celebrated works on Russian far eastern indigenous life, but it was the young Shternberg who had perhaps the most profound effect on setting the agenda for the canonic evolutionist line soon to take hold in late Russian imperial and early Soviet ethnography. This essay draws on archival, library, and field research to revisit the life and work of Shternberg in order to tell the story of “group marriage” that he documented for the life of one Sakhalin Island indigenous people, Gilyaks (or Nivkhgu, Nivkhi). Documented in this way by Shternberg, the Nivkh kinship system proved a crucial “missing link” for Friedrich Engels, who had long been eager to provide evidence of primitive communism as man's natural state. For Gilyaks, the die was cast. Their role as the quintessential savages of Engels’ favor made them famous in Russian and Soviet ethnographic literature, and significantly enhanced their importance to Soviet government planners. This essay tracks that episode and its aftermaths as a pivotal moment in the history of Russian social anthropology and of evolutionist thought more broadly.
Pharmacokinetic and bioavailability study of 5‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxycanthin‐6‐one, a typical canthinone alkaloid, in rats using ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhao Li , Zhao Ying , Guo Lin , Zhang Lei
Published: March 2020

5‐methoxycanthin‐6‐one, a major canthinone alkaloid isolated from Picrasma quassioides, exhibited significant pharmacological activities. In this study, a rapid and sensitive LC–MS/MS method was established and validated for the determination of 5‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxycanthin‐6‐one in rat plasma. Small quantities (20 μL) of plasma sample were used for sample preparation. 5‐Hydroxy‐4‐methoxycanthin‐6‐one and an internal standard (IS, caffeine) were separated using an ACQUITY HSS T3 column (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm; Waters, Milford, MA, USA). The mobile phase was composed of 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile. Precursor‐to‐product ion transitions were m/z 267.0 → 168.2 and m/z 195.0 → 138.1 for quantitative monitoring of 5‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxycanthin‐6‐one and IS, respectively. The assay was linear over the concentration range of 0.5–500 ng/mL (r > 0.99) with the lower limit of quantification 0.5 ng/mL. Other parameters, including intra‐ and inter‐day precision and accuracy, carryover, stability, extraction recovery, matrix effect, and dilution effect, were within acceptable limits. The validated method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study in rats after intravenous (5 mg/kg) and oral (10, 25, 50 mg/kg) administration of 5‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxycanthin‐6‐one. The result indicated that 5‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxycanthin‐6‐one was quickly absorbed into the blood and reached the highest concentration at ~33.0–42.0 min, with moderate elimination half‐life (0.85–2.11 h) and low bioavailability (16.62–24.42%) after oral administration. The study provided valuable information that can be used as a reference for studying other canthinone alkaloids.
Synthesis and Analysis of Reactive Dividing‐Wall Distillation for Methylal Production
Authors: Zhou Daowei , Guo Jia , Zhu Yunfei , Zhuo Yayun , Sha Yong
Published: March 2020

By means of water as an extractant, the two‐feed and three‐feed reactive distillation production processes of methylal are synthesized and analyzed. The effects of water on the methylal reactive distillation (RD) production is investigated. Thermally coupled two‐feed and three‐feed reactive dividing‐wall columns are proposed and analyzed. The two‐feed and three‐feed RD processes are compared. The three‐feed thermally coupled reactive dividing‐wall column (DWC) exhibits an outstanding ability of energy and cost savings. Results from this work could be helpful for further development and application of RD or reactive DWC in methylal production.
Understanding the Co : Mo Compositional Modulation and Fe‐Interplay in Multicomponent Sulfide Electrocatalysts for Oxygen and Hydrogen Evolution Reactions
Authors: Mukherji Aniruddha , Bal Rajaram , Srivastava Rajendra
Published: March 2020

Amidst the escalating urge in the economical generation of clean hydrogen fuel from water, this article presents the development of simple and economical electrocatalysts, Cobalt Molybdenum Sulfides (Co−Mo−S), for oxygen evolution (OER) and hydrogen evolution (HER) reactions. The compositional modulation of Co and Mo produces the highly active catalysts, Co0.75Mo0.25Sx for OER and Co0.40Mo0.60Sx for HER. Moreover, the potentiality of Fe incorporation in CoMoSx is demonstrated in enhancing the OER performance of the catalyst. The best catalyst for OER (Fe0.05Co0.70Mo0.25Sx) achieves a current of 10 mA cm−2 at an overpotential (η10) of 227 mV (1.457 V vs RHE) while that for HER (Co0.40Mo0.60Sx) requires only 130 mV (−0.13 V vs. RHE) of η10. The holistic enhancement of the OER kinetics is attributed to the facile generation of CoOOH in the co‐existence of Fe at oxidation states≥+3, and Mo at +6 and +5 states. Finally, a complete water electrolyser is demonstrated using Fe0.05Co0.70Mo0.25Sx as the anode and Co0.40Mo0.60Sx as the cathode.
Primary dural lymphomas: Clinical presentation, management, and outcome
Authors: Karschnia Philipp , Batchelor Tracy T. , Jordan Justin T. , Shaw Brian , Winter Sebastian F. , Barbiero Frank J. , Kaulen Leon D. , Thon Niklas , Tonn Joerg‐Christian , Huttner Anita J. , Fulbright Robert K. , Loeffler Jay , Dietrich Jorg , Baehring Joachim M.
Published: March 2020

Background

Clinical experience is limited for primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma that arises from the dura mater, which is denoted with the term primary dural lymphoma (PDL). This study was aimed at determining the relative incidence, presentation, and outcomes of PDL.

Methods

The institutional databases of the Divisions of Neuro‐Oncology at the Massachusetts General Hospital and the Yale School of Medicine were retrospectively searched for patients with primary CNS lymphoma. Patients with pathologically confirmed dural lymphoma and no evidence of primary cerebral or systemic involvement were identified. Clinical data, diagnostic findings, treatments, and outcomes were recorded.

Results

A total of 20 patients with PDL were identified, and they represented 6.3% of the individuals with primary CNS lymphomas (20 of 316). Histopathological examination of PDL revealed the following underlying subtypes: diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (10 of 20 patients), marginal zone lymphoma (6 of 20), follicular lymphoma (2 of 20), undefined B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (1 of 20), and T‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (1 of 20). On imaging, all tumors appeared as extra‐axial masses with avid contrast enhancement and mostly mimicked meningioma. The median apparent diffusion coefficient value was 667 ± 26 mm2/s. Cerebrospinal fluid analyses and symptoms were nonspecific, and the diagnosis rested on tissue analysis. Therapeutic approaches included surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. The median overall survival was not reached after 5 years. Three patients were deceased at database closure because of tumor progression. The extent of tumor resection correlated positively with overall survival (P = .044).

Conclusions

PDL is a rare variant of primary CNS lymphoma that can be radiographically mistaken for meningioma. The outcome is excellent with multimodality treatment, and aggressive surgery may convey a survival advantage in select cases.
Quantitative Assessment of Parental Somatic Mosaicism for Copy‐Number Variant (CNV) Deletions
Authors: Liu Qian , Grochowski Christopher M. , Bi Weimin , Lupski James R. , Stankiewicz Paweł
Published: March 2020

As genome sequencing methodologies have become more sensitive in detecting low‐frequency rare‐variant events, the link between post‐zygotic mutagenesis and somatic mosaicism in the etiology of several human genetic conditions other than cancers has become more clear. Given that current clinical‐genomics diagnostic methods have limited detection sensitivity for mosaic events, a copy‐number variant (CNV) deletion inherited from a parent with low‐level (<10%) mosaicism can be erroneously interpreted in the proband to represent a de novo germline event. Here, we describe three sensitive, precise, and cost‐efficient methods that can quantitatively assess the potential degree of parental somatic mosaicism levels for CNV deletions: droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), PCR amplicon–based next‐generation sequencing (NGS), and quantitative PCR. ddPCR using the EvaGreen fluorescent dye protocol can specifically quantify the deleted or non‐deleted alleles by analyzing the number of droplets positive for a fluorescent signal for each event. PCR amplicon–based NGS assesses the allele frequencies of a heterozygous single‐nucleotide polymorphism within a deletion region. The difference in number of reads between the two genotypes indicates the level of somatic mosaicism for the CNV deletion. Quantitative PCR can be applied where the relative quantity of the deletion junction–specific product represents the level of mosaicism. Clinical implementation of these quantitative variant‐detection methods enables potentially more accurate assessment of disease recurrence risk in family‐based genetic counseling, allowing couples to engage in more informed family planning. © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Basic Protocol: Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR)

Alternate Protocol 1: PCR amplicon–based next‐generation sequencing

Alternate Protocol 2: Quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR)
Engineering the Morphology and Crystal Phase of 3 D Hierarchical TiO2 with Excellent Photochemical and Photoelectrochemical Solar Water Splitting
Authors: Chandra Moumita , Pradhan Debabrata
Published: March 2020

Owing to their unique characteristics, hierarchical TiO2 nanostructures have several advantages in solar‐fuel production. In this work, a single‐step approach has been developed to control both the crystal phase and morphology of TiO2 with 3 D urchin‐like structure via a surfactant‐free solvothermal route. The growth of 3 D hierarchical structure with phase‐engineered band alignment, the role of the H2O/HCl ratio, and fine‐tuning of the reaction parameters are investigated systematically. An optimum ratio of anatase (41 %) to rutile (59 %) in the mixed‐phase TiO2 (AR‐2) results in excellent photocatalytic H2 generation activity of 5753 μmol g−1 after 5 h of irradiation with apparent quantum yields of 20.9 % at 366 nm and 4.5 % at 420 nm. The superior performance of AR‐2, attributed to efficient separation of charge carriers through the phase junction, is apparent from the transient photocurrent response and photoluminescence studies. The 3 D urchin‐like pure rutile TiO2 (R‐1) composed of nanorods shows enhanced photocatalytic activity compared with pure anatase and pure rutile TiO2 nanoparticles, and this demonstrates the role of morphology. The best‐performing mixed‐phase 3 D TiO2 shows excellent durability up to 25 h and is shown to produce 3522 μmol g−1 of H2 under natural sunlight, which highlights its potential for long‐term application.
‘Successful futures’ for all in Wales? The challenges of curriculum reform for addressing educational inequalities
Authors: Power Sally , Newton Nigel , Taylor Chris
Published: March 2020

This paper focuses on the implications of the transformative student‐centred curriculum being developed in Wales for tackling educational inequalities. Informed by long‐standing debates within the sociology of education about the role of school knowledge in social and cultural reproduction, our research outlines some of the challenges that those implementing the new Curriculum for Wales need to address if it is to offer ‘successful futures’ for all. Drawing on interview and survey data from those schools tasked with developing the new curriculum, and the evaluation of a very similar curriculum reform for early years and primary education in Wales, we outline the demands the new curriculum will place on material and human resources and the risks of increasing flexibility. We argue that there will need to be significant investment and some form of external accountability to ensure that disadvantaged students receive a curriculum experience that opens up avenues to ‘powerful knowledge’.
Effectiveness of offloading interventions to heal foot ulcers in persons with diabetes: a systematic review
Authors: Lazzarini Peter A. , Jarl Gustav , Gooday Catherine , Viswanathan Vijay , Caravaggi Carlo F. , Armstrong David G. , Bus Sicco A.
Published: March 2020

Background

Offloading interventions are commonly used in clinical practice to heal foot ulcers. The aim of this updated systematic review is to investigate the effectiveness of offloading interventions to heal diabetic foot ulcers.

Methods

We updated our previous systematic review search of PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases to also include original studies published between July 29, 2014 and August 13, 2018 relating to four offloading intervention categories in populations with diabetic foot ulcers: (a) offloading devices, (b) footwear, (c) other offloading techniques, and (d) surgical offloading techniques. Outcomes included ulcer healing, plantar pressure, ambulatory activity, adherence, adverse events, patient‐reported measures, and cost‐effectiveness. Included controlled studies were assessed for methodological quality and had key data extracted into evidence and risk of bias tables. Included non‐controlled studies were summarised on a narrative basis.

Results

We identified 41 studies from our updated search for a total of 165 included studies. Six included studies were meta‐analyses, 26 randomised controlled trials (RCTs), 13 other controlled studies, and 120 non‐controlled studies. Five meta‐analyses and 12 RCTs provided high‐quality evidence for non‐removable knee‐high offloading devices being more effective than removable offloading devices and therapeutic footwear for healing plantar forefoot and midfoot ulcers. Total contact casts (TCCs) and non‐removable knee‐high walkers were shown to be equally effective. Moderate‐quality evidence exists for removable knee‐high and ankle‐high offloading devices being equally effective in healing, but knee‐high devices have a larger effect on reducing plantar pressure and ambulatory activity. Low‐quality evidence exists for the use of felted foam and surgical offloading to promote healing of plantar forefoot and midfoot ulcers. Very limited evidence exists for the efficacy of any offloading intervention for healing plantar heel ulcers, non‐plantar ulcers, and neuropathic ulcers with infection or ischemia.

Conclusion

Strong evidence supports the use of non‐removable knee‐high offloading devices (either TCC or non‐removable walker) as the first‐choice offloading intervention for healing plantar neuropathic forefoot and midfoot ulcers. Removable offloading devices, either knee‐high or ankle‐high, are preferred as second choice over other offloading interventions. The evidence bases to support any other offloading intervention is still weak and more high‐quality controlled studies are needed in these areas.
An Overview on Electrochemical Determination of Cholesterol
Authors: Amiri Mandana , Arshi Simin
Published: March 2020

Cholesterol detection is of great significance in biomedical applications because it is a crucial biomarker for some diseases. It is the precursor of different biological compounds such as vitamin D, hormones, and bile acid, etc. The cholesterol level in blood correlated to various diseases such as hypolipoproteinaemia, septicaemia, malnutrition hypertension, anaemia, brain thrombosis and arteriosclerosis for instance its levels in the blood of more than 200 mg/dL, increase the risk of heart disease. It is also found in foods from animal origin such as milk, meat, cheese, egg and seafood. With respect to dietary reference value for cholesterol intake, most of food safety authorities recommended maximum intake 300 mg per day for adults. Consequently, cholesterol is considered as a critical indicator of clinical biochemistry and so introducing new techniques for determination of it in biological samples and food is important. In this review, Principles, methods and recent developments in electrochemical cholesterol sensors are reviewed. Special attention is given to the discussion on some problems and bottlenecks in areas of enzymatic cholesterol sensing and new advances in non‐enzymatic sensors.