bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhanced metallic properties of SrRuO3 thin films via kinetically controlled pulsed laser epitaxy
Authors: Thompson J. , Nichols J. , Lee S. , Ryee S. , Gruenewald J. H. , Connell J. G. , Souri M. , Johnson J. M. , Hwang J. , Han M. J. , Lee H. N. , Kim D.-W. , Seo S. S. A.
Published: October 2016

Metal electrodes are a universal element of all electronic devices. Conducting SrRuO3 (SRO) epitaxial thin films have been extensively used as electrodes in complex-oxide heterostructures due to good lattice mismatches with perovskite substrates. However, when compared to SRO single crystals, SRO thin films have shown reduced conductivity and Curie temperatures (TC), which can lead to higher Joule heating and energy loss in the devices. Here, we report that high-quality SRO thin films can be synthesized by controlling the plume dynamics and growth rate of pulsed laser epitaxy (PLE) with real-time optical spectroscopic monitoring. The SRO thin films grown under the kinetically controlled conditions, down to ca. 16 nm in thickness, exhibit both enhanced conductivity and TC as compared to bulk values, due to their improved stoichiometry and a strain-mediated increase of the bandwidth of Ru 4d electrons. This result provides a direction for enhancing the physical properties of PLE-grown thin films and paves a way to improved device applications.
Mutual synchronization of nano-oscillators driven by pure spin current
Authors: Urazhdin S. , Demidov V. E. , Cao R. , Divinskiy B. , Tyberkevych V. , Slavin A. , Rinkevich A. B. , Demokritov S. O.
Published: October 2016

We report the experimental observation of mutual synchronization of magnetic nano-oscillators driven by pure spin current generated by nonlocal spin injection. We show that the oscillators efficiently synchronize due to the direct spatial overlap of the dynamical modes excited by the spin current, which is facilitated by the large size of the auto-oscillation area inherent to these devices. The synchronization occurs within an interval of the driving current determined by the competition between the dynamic nonlinearity that facilitates synchronization and the short-wavelength magnetic fluctuations enhanced by the spin current that suppress synchronization. The demonstrated synchronization effects can be utilized to control the spatial and spectral characteristics of the dynamical states induced by the spin currents.
Vector magneto-optical sensor based on transparent magnetic films with cubic crystallographic symmetry
Authors: Rogachev A. E. , Vetoshko P. M. , Gusev N. A. , Kozhaev M. A. , Prokopov A. R. , Popov V. V. , Dodonov D. V. , Shumilov A. G. , Shaposhnikov A. N. , Berzhansky V. N. , Zvezdin A. K. , Belotelov V. I.
Published: October 2016

The concept of vector magneto-optical magnetometry is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The key element of the vector magnetometer is a transparent high Faraday activity magnetic film with a cubic crystal lattice. Magnetocrystalline anisotropy of the film leads to the three dimensional trajectory of the film magnetization when the magnetization is rotated by the control magnetic field. It makes the magnetization sensitive to all three components of the external magnetic field. This field can be found from the harmonic composition of the Faraday rotation dependence on the azimuth angle of the control magnetic field. The demonstrated vector magnetometer is promising for mapping and visualization of ultra small magnetic fields.
Single-photon electroluminescence for on-chip quantum networks
Authors: Bentham C. , Hallett D. , Prtljaga N. , Royall B. , Vaitiekus D. , Coles R. J. , Clarke E. , Fox A. M. , Skolnick M. S. , Itskevich I. E. , Wilson L. R.
Published: October 2016

An electrically driven single-photon source has been monolithically integrated with nano-photonic circuitry. Electroluminescent emission from a single InAs/GaAs quantum dot (QD) is channelled through a suspended nanobeam waveguide. The emission line has a linewidth of below 6 μeV, demonstrating the ability to have a high coherence, electrically driven, waveguide coupled QD source. The single-photon nature of the emission is verified by g(2)(τ) correlation measurements. Moreover, in a cross-correlation experiment, with emission collected from the two ends of the waveguide, the emission and propagation of single photons from the same QD is confirmed. This work provides the basis for the development of electrically driven on-chip single-photon sources, which can be readily coupled to waveguide filters, directional couplers, phase shifters, and other elements of quantum photonic networks.
Improving the quality of proton beams via double targets driven by an intense circularly polarized laser pulse
Authors: Xu Yanxia , Wang Jiaxiang , Qi Xin , Li Meng , Xing Yifan , Yang Lei , Zhu Wenjun
Published: October 2016

A new scheme is proposed to improve the quality of proton beams via ultra-intense laser pulse interacting with double plasma targets, which consist of a pre-target with relatively low density and a main target with high density. Both one- and two-dimensional Particle-in-Cell simulations show that, the using of an appropriate pre-target can help to obtain a much stronger longitudinal charge separation field in contrast to using only the main target. And proton beam with lower momentum divergence, better monochromaticity and collimation, as well as higher current density is generated. Moreover, due to the strengthened coupling between the laser pulse and targets, the energy conversion from laser pulse to protons is also increased.
Formation of high conductive nano-crystalline silicon embedded in amorphous silicon-carbide films with large optical band gap
Authors: Ji Yang , Shan Dan , Qian Mingqing , Xu Jun , Li Wei , Chen Kunji
Published: October 2016

High conductive phosphorus-doped nano-crystalline Si embedded in Silicon-Carbide (SiC) host matrix (nc-Si:SiC) films were obtained by thermally annealing doped amorphous Si-rich SiC materials. It was found that the room conductivity is increased significantly accompanying with the increase of doping concentrations as well as the enhanced crystallizations. The conductivity can be as high as 630 S/cm for samples with the optical band gap around 2.7 eV, while the carrier mobility is about 17.9 cm2/ V·s. Temperature-dependent conductivity and mobility measurements were performed which suggested that the carrier transport process is strongly affected by both the grain boundaries and the doping concentrations.
Experimental study on the sound absorption characteristics of continuously graded phononic crystals
Authors: Zhang X. H. , Qu Z. G. , He X. C. , Lu D. L.
Published: October 2016

Novel three-dimensional (3D) continuously graded phononic crystals (CGPCs) have been designed, and fabricated by 3D printing. Each of the CGPCs is an entity instead of a combination of several other samples, and the porosity distribution of the CGPC along the incident direction is nearly linear. The sound absorption characteristics of CGPCs were experimentally investigated and compared with those of uniform phononic crystals (UPCs) and discretely stepped phononic crystals (DSPCs). Experimental results show that CGPCs demonstrate excellent sound absorption performance because of their continuously graded structures. CGPCs have higher sound absorption coefficients in the large frequency range and more sound absorption coefficient peaks in a specific frequency range than UPCs and DSPCs. In particular, the sound absorption coefficients of the CGPC with a porosity of 0.6 and thickness of 30 mm are higher than 0.56 when the frequency is 1350–6300 Hz and are all higher than 0.2 in the studied frequency range (1000–6300 Hz). CGPCs are expected to have potential application in noise control, especially in the broad frequency and low-frequency ranges.
Asymmetrical passive intermodulation distortions of memristors with mathematical behavior models
Authors: Wu Yongle , Jin Qiuyan , Wang Weimin , Liu Yuanan
Published: October 2016

A rigorous mathematical explanation and accurate numerical prediction for asymmetrical passive intermodulation (PIM) distortions of memristors are investigated in this article. This theoretical explanation is based on behavior models of memristors representing the interrelation between terminated voltages and currents. The simulated single-tone and two-tone signal spectrums for extremely low-frequency (Hz) and microwave (GHz) applications verify our proposed mathematical approach and the new discovery of asymmetrical PIM distortions. This presented method provides an innovative choice to model and simulate the external performance of circuits and systems with asymmetrical PIM distortions in the future.
Utilisation of giant taro (Alocasia macrorrhiza) root meal with or without coconut oil slurry by layers and broilers
Authors: Diarra Siaka S.
Published: October 2016

Replacements of maize with Alocasia macrorrhiza root meal (AMRM) with or without added coconut oil slurry (COS) in poultry diets were investigated in a series of two experiments. In Experiment 1, the replacement of maize with two levels (10% and 20%) each of AMRM and AMRM–COS on egg production and egg quality was investigated. Experiment 2 investigated the same treatments as in Experiment 1 on broiler performance. In both experiments, each diet was fed to four replicates of 10 birds in a completely randomised design. There was no marked effect on feed intake (FI) in both experiments (P > 0.05). In Experiment 1, percentage hen-day production and feed conversion ratio were depressed (P < 0.05) on 20% AMRM and egg weight on 10% AMRM, but these depressing effects were overcome by COS addition. Egg mass was significantly (P < 0.05) increased on 20% AMRM–COS compared with the other AMRM groups, but did not differ (P > 0.05) between the control and AMRM–COS. Haugh unit and percentage shell were not affected by the treatment (P > 0.05). In Experiment 2, bodyweight gain was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced with the inclusion of AMRM in the diet, with the lowest gain on 20% AMRM–COS. Feed conversion ratio was adversely affected when AMRM was included at a concentration greater than 10% of dietary maize (P < 0.05). Coconut oil-slurry treatment of the meal did not improve performance. It was concluded that inclusion of AMRM at a concentration greater than 10% dietary maize adversely affects the performance of both layers and broilers. Treatment of AMRM with COS at 9 : 1 overcomes these adverse effects in laying hens, but not in broilers. More research is warranted on the effects of higher concentrations of COS-treated AMRM in the diet on layers, and on processing methods that will improve performance of poultry.
Evaluation of Pseudoraphis spinescens (Poaceae) seed bank from Barmah Forest floodplain
Authors: Durant Rebecca A. , Nielsen Daryl L. , Ward Keith A.
Published: October 2016

Use of environmental water allocations to conserve floodplain and wetland plants is becoming an increasingly common management tool. In south-eastern Australia, Pseudoraphis spinescens (R.Br.) Vickery has historically covered extensive areas within Barmah Forest where it is deemed to be ecologically significant and of high conservation value. The areal extent of P. spinescens significantly declined throughout the forest during the Millennium drought (1996–2010). Natural flooding (2010–2012) failed to elicit an expected increase in the extent of P. spinescens, suggesting that this species may not have a viable long-lived seed bank. We investigated the presence and viability of the seed bank of P. spinescens by (1) germination trials, (2) identification of seeds within the sediment and (3) estimates of seed viability. No plants were identified as P. spinescens during the germination trial. Seeds of P. spinescens were identified as present in the sediment, but the majority (98%) were not viable. In contrast, 16% of seeds collected from mature seed heads were found to be viable. The present study demonstrated the absence of a persistent long-lived seed bank of P. spinescens in Barmah Forest.
Areas of endemism of the North American species of Tigridieae (Iridaceae)
Authors: Munguía-Lino Guadalupe , Escalante Tania , Morrone Juan J. , Rodríguez Aarón
Published: October 2016

The tribe Tigridieae (Iridoideae: Iridaceae) is a New World group with centres of diversity in Mexico and Andean South America. North America harbours 67 of the 172 species recognised within the tribe, 54 being endemic. Our aims were to identify areas of endemism of the North American Tigridieae using endemicity analysis (EA) and to infer their relationships using parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE). A data matrix with 2769 geographical records of Tigridieae was analysed. The EA allowed to identify six consensus areas of endemism in Mexico. The PAE resulted in one cladogram with four clades and the following five biotic components: northern Mexico, western Mexico, central Mexico, southern Mexico and central–southern Mexico. The richness analysis of these areas of endemism indicated that the greatest concentration of species is located in central Mexico, with 14 species in one grid-cell. Grid-cells with 12 species each were identified in low western Mexico, high western Mexico, southern Mexico and central–southern Mexico. This last area is characterised by the greatest endemism, including nine species. The formation of the Transmexican Volcanic Belt seems to have been a key element to explain the diversification of North American Tigridieae.
Dealing with propositions, not with the characters: the ability of three-taxon statement analysis to recognise groups based solely on ‘reversals’, under the maximum-likelihood criteria
Authors: Mavrodiev Evgeny V.
Published: October 2016

Three-taxon statement matrices can be analysed using the maximum-likelihood method. In the present paper, it is demonstrated that groups based solely on putative reversals are always recognisable after maximum-likelihood analysis of three-taxon statement matrices, even without a priori recoding of the putative reversals as new character states or fractional weighting of three-taxon statements. Parametric implementations of three-taxon statement analysis still require more investigation. However, it must be highlighted that a focus on the set of hypotheses, rather than on the ‘actual data’, is required.
Introduction to a general reading of the Arab scene
Authors: Ahmad Ahmad Yousef
Published: October 2016

This paper provides a reading of the current Arab scene with a view to understanding the reasons for its present frustrating and depressing decline. The establishment of the Arab League in 1945 embodied the birth of the modern Arab regional system. The rise of a period of pan-Arab nationalism saw numerous successes for the Arab system and possibilities for achieving Arab unity. However, this was followed by the defeat of the 1967 war, inter- Arab conflicts, the other setbacks for pan-Arabism and increasing foreign penetration, particularly by the United States, Israel, Turkey and Iran. This foreign interference, increasing terrorism and the rise of sectarian and ethnic divisions now threaten the integrity of the Arab system as well as the Arab identity. The Arab system and the Arab League are failing to tackle these threats effectively and the League has made decisions that have had serious repercussions for many critical Arab issues. The Arab Spring represented a hope for a renaissance of the Arab system, but in some cases it has worsened foreign penetration and caused further instability. This paper proposes that it is necessary to examine the features of the Arab scene in order to understand its predicament and reflect on the prospects for this decline to be exacerbated or contained. The conclusion looks at several possible future scenarios for the Arab scene.
The ubiquitin ligase CRL2ZYG11 targets cyclin B1 for degradation in a conserved pathway that facilitates mitotic slippage
Authors: Balachandran Riju S. , Heighington Cassandra S. , Starostina Natalia G. , Anderson James W. , Owen David L. , Vasudevan Srividya , Kipreos Edward T.
Published: October 2016

The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) ubiquitin ligase is known to target the degradation of cyclin B1, which is crucial for mitotic progression in animal cells. In this study, we show that the ubiquitin ligase CRL2ZYG-11 redundantly targets the degradation of cyclin B1 in Caenorhabditis elegans and human cells. In C. elegans, both CRL2ZYG-11 and APC/C are required for proper progression through meiotic divisions. In human cells, inactivation of CRL2ZYG11A/B has minimal effects on mitotic progression when APC/C is active. However, when APC/C is inactivated or cyclin B1 is overexpressed, CRL2ZYG11A/B-mediated degradation of cyclin B1 is required for normal progression through metaphase. Mitotic cells arrested by the spindle assembly checkpoint, which inactivates APC/C, often exit mitosis in a process termed “mitotic slippage,” which generates tetraploid cells and limits the effectiveness of antimitotic chemotherapy drugs. We show that ZYG11A/B subunit knockdown, or broad cullin–RING ubiquitin ligase inactivation with the small molecule MLN4924, inhibits mitotic slippage in human cells, suggesting the potential for antimitotic combination therapy.
Unidirectional Eph/ephrin signaling creates a cortical actomyosin differential to drive cell segregation
Authors: O’Neill Audrey K. , Kindberg Abigail A. , Niethamer Terren K. , Larson Andrew R. , Ho Hsin-Yi Henry , Greenberg Michael E. , Bush Jeffrey O.
Published: October 2016

Cell segregation is the process by which cells self-organize to establish developmental boundaries, an essential step in tissue formation. Cell segregation is a common outcome of Eph/ephrin signaling, but the mechanisms remain unclear. In craniofrontonasal syndrome, X-linked mosaicism for ephrin-B1 expression has been hypothesized to lead to aberrant Eph/ephrin-mediated cell segregation. Here, we use mouse genetics to exploit mosaicism to study cell segregation in the mammalian embryo and integrate live-cell imaging to examine the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. Our data demonstrate that dramatic ephrin-B1–mediated cell segregation occurs in the early neuroepithelium. In contrast to the paradigm that repulsive bidirectional signaling drives cell segregation, unidirectional EphB kinase signaling leads to cell sorting by the Rho kinase–dependent generation of a cortical actin differential between ephrin-B1– and EphB-expressing cells. These results define mechanisms of Eph/ephrin-mediated cell segregation, implicating unidirectional regulation of cortical actomyosin contractility as a key effector of this fundamental process.
Regulation of morphine-induced synaptic alterations: Role of oxidative stress, ER stress, and autophagy
Authors: Cai Yu , Yang Lu , Hu Guoku , Chen Xufeng , Niu Fang , Yuan Li , Liu Han , Xiong Huangui , Arikkath Jyothi , Buch Shilpa
Published: October 2016

Our findings suggest that morphine dysregulates synaptic balance in the hippocampus, a key center for learning and memory, via a novel signaling pathway involving reactive oxygen species (ROS), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and autophagy. We demonstrate in this study that exposure of morphine to hippocampal neurons leads to a reduction in excitatory synapse densities with a concomitant enhancement of inhibitory synapse densities via activation of the μ opioid receptor. Furthermore, these effects of morphine are mediated by up-regulation of intracellular ROS from NADPH oxidase, leading, in turn, to sequential induction of ER stress and autophagy. The detrimental effects of morphine on synaptic densities were shown to be reversed by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), a pleiotropic growth factor that has been implicated in neuroprotection. These results identify a novel cellular mechanism involved in morphine-mediated synaptic alterations with implications for therapeutic interventions by PDGF.
Progressive alterations in multipotent hematopoietic progenitors underlie lymphoid cell loss in aging
Authors: Young Kira , Borikar Sneha , Bell Rebecca , Kuffler Lauren , Philip Vivek , Trowbridge Jennifer J.
Published: October 2016

Declining immune function with age is associated with reduced lymphoid output of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Currently, there is poor understanding of changes with age in the heterogeneous multipotent progenitor (MPP) cell compartment, which is long lived and responsible for dynamically regulating output of mature hematopoietic cells. In this study, we observe an early and progressive loss of lymphoid-primed MPP cells (LMPP/MPP4) with aging, concomitant with expansion of HSCs. Transcriptome and in vitro functional analyses at the single-cell level reveal a concurrent increase in cycling of aging LMPP/MPP4 with loss of lymphoid priming and differentiation potential. Impaired lymphoid differentiation potential of aged LMPP/MPP4 is not rescued by transplantation into a young bone marrow microenvironment, demonstrating cell-autonomous changes in the MPP compartment with aging. These results pinpoint an age and cellular compartment to focus further interrogation of the drivers of lymphoid cell loss with aging.
Emerging concepts and future challenges in innate lymphoid cell biology
Authors: Tait Wojno Elia D. , Artis David
Published: October 2016

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are innate immune cells that are ubiquitously distributed in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues and enriched at mucosal and barrier surfaces. Three major ILC subsets are recognized in mice and humans. Each of these subsets interacts with innate and adaptive immune cells and integrates cues from the epithelium, the microbiota, and pathogens to regulate inflammation, immunity, tissue repair, and metabolic homeostasis. Although intense study has elucidated many aspects of ILC development, phenotype, and function, numerous challenges remain in the field of ILC biology. In particular, recent work has highlighted key new questions regarding how these cells communicate with their environment and other cell types during health and disease. This review summarizes new findings in this rapidly developing field that showcase the critical role ILCs play in directing immune responses through their ability to interact with a variety of hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells. In addition, we define remaining challenges and emerging questions facing the field. Finally, this review discusses the potential application of basic studies of ILC biology to the development of new treatments for human patients with inflammatory and infectious diseases in which ILCs play a role.
The Hv1 proton channel responds to mechanical stimuli
Authors: Pathak Medha M. , Tran Truc , Hong Liang , Joós Béla , Morris Catherine E. , Tombola Francesco
Published: October 2016

The voltage-gated proton channel, Hv1, is expressed in tissues throughout the body and plays important roles in pH homeostasis and regulation of NADPH oxidase. Hv1 operates in membrane compartments that experience strong mechanical forces under physiological or pathological conditions. In microglia, for example, Hv1 activity is potentiated by cell swelling and causes an increase in brain damage after stroke. The channel complex consists of two proton-permeable voltage-sensing domains (VSDs) linked by a cytoplasmic coiled-coil domain. Here, we report that these VSDs directly respond to mechanical stimuli. We find that membrane stretch facilitates Hv1 channel opening by increasing the rate of activation and shifting the steady-state activation curve to less depolarized potentials. In the presence of a transmembrane pH gradient, membrane stretch alone opens the channel without the need for strong depolarizations. The effect of membrane stretch persists for several minutes after the mechanical stimulus is turned off, suggesting that the channel switches to a “facilitated” mode in which opening occurs more readily and then slowly reverts to the normal mode observed in the absence of membrane stretch. Conductance simulations with a six-state model recapitulate all the features of the channel’s response to mechanical stimulation. Hv1 mechanosensitivity thus provides a mechanistic link between channel activation in microglia and brain damage after stroke.
Interplay between turbulence, neoclassical and zonal flows during the transition from low to high confinement mode at ASDEX Upgrade
Authors: Cavedon M. , Pütterich T. , Viezzer E. , Birkenmeier G. , Happel T. , Laggner F. M. , Manz P. , Ryter F. , Stroth U.
Published: October 2016

The spatio-temporal interplay between turbulence, mean and zonal flows has been investigated at the L–H and H–L transitions in the edge region of the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak. Close to both transitions, an intermediate phase (I-phase) characterized by ‘limit cycle like oscillations’ (LCOs) is observed in which periodic bursts of turbulence correlate with

E

×

B

flow reduction and relaxation of gradients. During the I-phase, the

E

×

B

velocity is dominated by the mean flows indicating that turbulence driven flows are small. Periodic dithers between L-mode and the phases with LCOs are also observed just before the H-mode onset where the edge density and temperature profile gradients evolve on similar timescale as the flows. Thus connection between mean and

E

×

B

flows holds during the all evolution from L-mode to H-mode demonstrating the fundamental role of the neoclassical flows in the L–H transition physics.
Runaway electron mitigation by applied magnetic perturbations in RFX-mod tokamak plasmas
Authors: Gobbin M. , Valisa M. , White R.B. , Cester D. , Marrelli L. , Nocente M. , Piovesan P. , Stevanato L. , Puiatti M.E. , Zuin M.
Published: October 2016

Thanks to its advanced system for the control of magnetohydrodynamic modes, the RFX-mod device run as a tokamak is particularly suited to the study of the possible impact on runaway electron (RE) de-confinement in response to applied magnetic perturbations. This paper shows that during the flat-top phase in RFX-mod discharges, with a plasma current of

I

p

∼
150

kA and a low density (

n

e

<

10

19

m−3), the amount of REs scales with the m  =  2,n  =  1 perturbation both in q(a)  <  2 and q(a)  >  2 plasmas. Similar results have also been obtained in post-disruption phases, but still with limited statistics. The mechanisms generating REs and the effect of magnetic perturbation (MP) on their confinement are interpreted by numerical simulations with the relativistic guiding center code ORBIT. The role played by different magnetic equilibria on the energy of REs and on their loss rates is investigated. ORBIT simulations indicate that RE-enhanced losses are associated with a raised level of stochasticity, the effect being more pronounced when the MP amplitude is higher and internally resonant.
Reduction of poloidal magnetic flux consumption during plasma current ramp-up in DEMO relevant plasma regimes
Authors: Wakatsuki T. , Suzuki T. , Hayashi N. , Shiraishi J. , Sakamoto Y. , Ide S. , Kubo H. , Kamada Y.
Published: October 2016

The method for reducing a poloidal magnetic flux consumption of external coils is investigated to reduce the size of the central solenoid (CS) in the DEMO reactor. The reduction of the poloidal magnetic flux consumption during a plasma current ramp-up phase by electron cyclotron (EC) heating is investigated using an integrated modeling code suite, TOPICS. A strongly reversed shear q profile tends to be produced if intense off-axis EC heating is applied to obtain a large reduction of the flux consumption. In order to overcome this tendency, we find a method to obtain the optimum temperature profile which minimizes the poloidal flux consumption for a wide range of the q profile. We try to reproduce the optimum temperature profile for a weakly reversed shear q profile using six EC rays of 20 MW. As a result, the resistive flux consumption during the current ramp-up can be reduced by 63% from the estimation using the Ejima constant of 0.45 and the total flux consumption can be reduced by 20% from the conventional estimation. In addition, we find that the resistive flux consumption is closely related to the volume averaged electron temperature and not to the profile shape. Using this relation, the required heating power is estimated to be 31 MW based on a well established global confinement scaling, ITER L-89P. As a result, it is clarified that the poloidal magnetic flux consumption can be reduced by 20% using 20–31 MW of EC heating for a weakly reversed shear q profile. This reduction of the flux consumption accounts for 10% reduction of the CS radius.
Impact of impurity seeding and divertor conditions on transitions, pedestal structure and ELMs
Authors: Dunne M.G.
Published: October 2016

Future devices will require a high scrape-off later (SOL) density and impurity seeding to avoid high-Z sputtering. However, these operational parameters are not included in present-day scaling laws, making extrapolations to larger devices difficult. As such, understanding the physics of such effects is vital in order to design the operational scenarios most favorable to high fusion gain. This review presents the favorable lowering of L-H transition power by changing to metal walled devices and sumarises the effects currently thought to be responsible for how SOL geometry can play a role in determining this threshold. Experimental observations on changes to the pedestal structure with main ion fuelling and low-, medium-, and high-Z impurity seeding are presented. These results, from several devices, show that main ion fuelling or high density operation can result in a lower pedestal top pressure, and hence reduced stored energy, while impurity seeding can recover this lost pressure. Particular focus is given to nitrogen seeded discharges and the recovery of pedestal parameters (notably high

T

e
,
p
e
d

) in JET and AUG since the changeover to metal walls in these devices. Lithium seeding is also emerging as a strong actuator in pedestal dynamics, with results ranging from a prolonged inter-ELM period to completely ELM-free scenarios on different devices. ELM dynamics are also presented in each section, with nitrogen seeding offering a probe into the structure of the ELM and demonstrating the difference between the initial ELM crash, likely due to a sharp MHD event, and a prolonged second phase, the origin of which remains unkown. Finally, modelling of the pedestal in impurity seeded scenarios reveals a common effect in the position of the density profile. Either through mode excitation near to the separatrix or an altered fuelling profile, seeding of impurities results in an inward shift of the density profile. This inward shift improves MHD stability, allowing access to regions of higher pressure gradient and current density, and, hence, offering a promising operational scenario for future devices.
Fabrication of light, flexible and multifunctional graphene nanoribbon fibers via a 3D solution printing method
Authors: Wang Mingqiang , Zhang Shuai , Song Yuanjun , Dong Jidong , Wei Huawei , Xie Huaquan , Fang Xiaojiao , Shao Lu , Huang Yudong , Jiang Zaixing
Published: October 2016

Graphene oxide nanoribbons (GONRs) are one of the most promising carbon based materials. The integration of 2D GONR sheets into macroscopic materials, such as continuous fibers or film, leads the way in translating the good properties of individual GONR sheets into macroscopic and ordered materials for future applications. In this study, we first report the fabrication of GONR fibers utilizing GONR sheets as the raw material without any supporting surfactant or polymer. The method of fabricating fibers is referred to as ‘3D solution printing’. GONR fibers exhibit good mechanical and electrical properties, whose tensile strength and electrical conductivity could reach up to 95 MPa and 680 S cm−1, respectively. Hence, the fabricated 3D integrated circuits are lighter and smaller compared to traditional metal circuits, and with high electrical properties. The 3D integrated circuits, therefore, have a bright future prospect.
Schwarz lemma at the boundary and rigidity property for holomorphic mappings on the unit ball of ℂⁿ
Authors: Tang Xiaomin , Liu Taishun , Zhang Wenjun
Published: October 2016

In this paper, we first establish a new type of the classical Schwarz lemma at the boundary for holomorphic self-mappings of the unit ball in

C

n

\mathbb {C}^n

, and then give the boundary version of the rigidity theorem.
Hidden symmetries via hidden extensions
Authors: Chesebro Eric , DeBlois Jason
Published: October 2016

This paper introduces a new approach to finding knots and links with hidden symmetries using “hidden extensions”, a class of hidden symmetries defined here. We exhibit a family of tangle complements in the ball whose boundaries have symmetries with hidden extensions; then we further extend these to hidden symmetries of some hyperbolic link complements.
Families of hypersurfaces with noncancellation property
Authors: Masuda Kayo
Published: October 2016

Let

k
k

be a field of characteristic zero and

R
R

a factorial affine

k
k

-domain. Let

B
B

be an affine

R
R

-domain. In an earlier work of the author, the criteria are given in terms of locally nilpotent derivations for

B
B

to be

R
R

-isomorphic to the residue ring of the form

R
[
X
,
Y
,
Z
]

/

(
X
Y
−
φ
(
Z
)
)

R[X,Y,Z]/(XY-\varphi (Z))

for some

φ
(
Z
)
∈
R
[
Z
]
∖
R

\varphi (Z)\in R[Z]\setminus R

. We give a criterion for

B
B

to be

R
R

-isomorphic to

R
[
X
,
Y
,
Z
]

/

(

X
m

Y
−
F
(
X
,
Z
)
)

R[X,Y,Z]/(X^mY-F(X,Z))

where

m
≥
1

m \ge 1

and

F
(
X
,
Z
)
∈
R
[
X
,
Z
]

F(X,Z)\in R[X,Z]

is such that

F
(
0
,
Z
)
∈
R
[
Z
]
∖
R

F(0,Z)\in R[Z]\setminus R

when

B
B

is factorial. We also show that for

m
≥
1

m \ge 1

, the hypersurfaces defined by

x
m

y
−
F
(
x
,
z
)
=
0

x^my-F(x,z)=0

have noncancellation property under some conditions on

F
(
X
,
Z
)
∈
R
[
X
,
Z
]

F(X,Z)\in R[X,Z]

.
On a counterexample related to weighted weak type estimates for singular integrals
Authors: Caldarelli Marcela , Lerner Andrei , Ombrosi Sheldy
Published: October 2016

We show that the Hilbert transform does not map

L
1

(

M

Φ

w
)

L^1(M_{\Phi }w)

to

L

1
,
∞

(
w
)

L^{1,\infty }(w)

for every Young function

Φ
\Phi

growing more slowly than

t
log
⁡
log
⁡
(

e

e

+
t
)

t\log \log (\textrm {e}^\textrm {e}+t)

. Our proof is based on a construction of M.C. Reguera and C. Thiele.
On the rigidity and boundary regularity for Bakry-Emery-Kohn harmonic functions in Bergman metric on the unit ball in 𝐶ⁿ
Authors: Zhang QiQi
Published: October 2016

In this paper we study the rigidity theorem for smooth Bakry-Emery-Kohn harmonic function

u
u

in the unit ball

B
n

B_n

in

C

n

\textit {C}^n

, which satisfies
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="white medium square u equals sigma-summation Underscript i comma j equals 1 Overscript n Endscripts left-parenthesis delta Subscript i j Baseline minus z Subscript i Baseline z overbar Subscript j Baseline right-parenthesis StartFraction partial-differential squared u Over partial-differential z Subscript i Baseline partial-differential z overbar Subscript j Baseline EndFraction plus left-parenthesis 1 minus StartAbsoluteValue z EndAbsoluteValue squared right-parenthesis psi prime left-parenthesis StartAbsoluteValue z EndAbsoluteValue squared right-parenthesis sigma-summation Underscript j equals 1 Overscript n Endscripts z overbar Subscript j Baseline StartFraction partial-differential u Over partial-differential z overbar Subscript j Baseline EndFraction equals 0">

◻

ψ

u
=

∑

i
,
j
=
1

n

(

δ

i
j

−

z
i

z
¯

j

)

∂
2

u

∂

z
i

∂

z
¯

j

+
(
1
−

|

z

|

2

)

ψ
′

(

|

z

|

2

)

∑

j
=
1

n

z
¯

j

∂
u

∂

z
¯

j

=
0

\begin{equation*} \Box ^{\psi } u=\sum _{i, j=1}^n (\delta _{ij}-z_i \overline {z}_j){\partial ^2 u \over \partial z_i \partial \overline {z}_j}+(1-|z|^2) \psi ’(|z|^2) \sum _{j=1}^n \overline {z}_j {\partial u\over \partial \overline {z}_j}=0 \end{equation*}

with some restriction of the coefficients of Taylor expansion for

ψ
\psi

at

1
1

. We prove that any smooth B-E-K harmonic function on

B
¯

n

\overline {B}_n

must be holomorphic in

B
n

B_n

. We study the regularity problem for the solution of the Dirichlet boundary value problem:
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="StartLayout Enlarged left-brace 1st Row white medium square u equals 0 comma if z element-of upper B Subscript n Baseline comma 2nd Row u equals f comma if z element-of partial-differential upper B Subscript n Baseline period EndLayout">

{

◻

ψ

u
=
0
,

 if 

z
∈

B
n

,

 
u
=
f
,

 if 

z
∈
∂

B
n

.

\begin{equation*} \begin {cases} \Box ^\psi u=0, \hbox { if } z\in B_n,\cr \quad \ u=f, \hbox { if } z\in \partial B_n.\cr \end{cases} \end{equation*}
ℤ/2-equivariant and ℝ-motivic stable stems
Authors: Dugger Daniel , Isaksen Daniel
Published: October 2016

We establish an isomorphism between the stable homotopy groups

π
^

s
,
w

R

\hat {\pi }^{\mathbb {R}}_{s,w}

of the 2-completed

R

\mathbb {R}

-motivic sphere spectrum and the stable homotopy groups

π
^

s
,
w

Z

/

2

\hat {\pi }^{\mathbb {Z}/2}_{s,w}

of the 2-completed

Z

/

2

\mathbb {Z}/2

-equivariant sphere spectrum, valid in the range

s
≥
3
w
−
5

s \geq 3 w - 5

or

s
≤
−
1

s \leq -1

.
Singular decompositions of a cap product
Authors: Chataur David , Saralegi-Aranguren Martintxo , Tanré Daniel
Published: October 2016

In the case of a compact orientable pseudomanifold, a well-known theorem of M. Goresky and R. MacPherson says that the cap product with a fundamental class factorizes through the intersection homology groups. In this work, we show that this classical cap product is compatible with a cap product in intersection (co)homology that we have previously introduced. If the pseudomanifold is also normal, for any commutative ring of coefficients, the existence of a classical Poincaré duality isomorphism is equivalent to the existence of an isomorphism between the intersection homology groups corresponding to the zero and the top perversities.
Cancer driver gene discovery through an integrative genomics approach in a non-parametric Bayesian framework
Authors: Yang Hai , Wei Qiang , Zhong Xue , Yang Hushan , Li Bingshan
Published: October 2016

Motivation

Comprehensive catalogue of genes that drive tumor initiation and progression in cancer is key to advancing diagnostics, therapeutics and treatment. Given the complexity of cancer, the catalogue is far from complete yet. Increasing evidence shows that driver genes exhibit consistent aberration patterns across multiple-omics in tumors. In this study, we aim to leverage complementary information encoded in each of the omics data to identify novel driver genes through an integrative framework. Specifically, we integrated mutations, gene expression, DNA copy numbers, DNA methylation and protein abundance, all available in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and developed iDriver, a non-parametric Bayesian framework based on multivariate statistical modeling to identify driver genes in an unsupervised fashion. iDriver captures the inherent clusters of gene aberrations and constructs the background distribution that is used to assess and calibrate the confidence of driver genes identified through multi-dimensional genomic data.

Results

We applied the method to 4 cancer types in TCGA and identified candidate driver genes that are highly enriched with known drivers. (e.g.: P < 3.40 × 10−36 for breast cancer). We are particularly interested in novel genes and observed multiple lines of supporting evidence. Using systematic evaluation from multiple independent aspects, we identified 45 candidate driver genes that were not previously known across these 4 cancer types. The finding has important implications that integrating additional genomic data with multivariate statistics can help identify cancer drivers and guide the next stage of cancer genomics research.

Availability and Implementation

The C ++ source code is freely available at https://medschool.vanderbilt.edu/cgg/.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
KAT: a K-mer analysis toolkit to quality control NGS datasets and genome assemblies
Authors: Mapleson Daniel , Garcia Accinelli Gonzalo , Kettleborough George , Wright Jonathan , Clavijo Bernardo J
Published: October 2016

Motivation

De novo assembly of whole genome shotgun (WGS) next-generation sequencing (NGS) data benefits from high-quality input with high coverage. However, in practice, determining the quality and quantity of useful reads quickly and in a reference-free manner is not trivial. Gaining a better understanding of the WGS data, and how that data is utilized by assemblers, provides useful insights that can inform the assembly process and result in better assemblies.

Results

We present the K-mer Analysis Toolkit (KAT): a multi-purpose software toolkit for reference-free quality control (QC) of WGS reads and de novo genome assemblies, primarily via their k-mer frequencies and GC composition. KAT enables users to assess levels of errors, bias and contamination at various stages of the assembly process. In this paper we highlight KAT’s ability to provide valuable insights into assembly composition and quality of genome assemblies through pairwise comparison of k-mers present in both input reads and the assemblies.

Availability and Implementation

KAT is available under the GPLv3 license at: https://github.com/TGAC/KAT.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Modelling methodology of atrial fibrosis affects rotor dynamics and electrograms
Authors: Roney Caroline H. , Bayer Jason D. , Zahid Sohail , Meo Marianna , Boyle Patrick M.J. , Trayanova Natalia A. , Haïssaguerre Michel , Dubois Rémi , Cochet Hubert , Vigmond Edward J.
Published: October 2016

Aims

Catheter ablation is an effective technique for terminating atrial arrhythmia. However, given a high atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence rate, optimal ablation strategies have yet to be defined. Computer modelling can be a powerful aid but modelling of fibrosis, a major factor associated with AF, is an open question. Several groups have proposed methodologies based on imaging data, but no comparison to determine which methodology best corroborates clinically observed reentrant behaviour has been performed. We examined several methodologies to determine the best method for capturing fibrillation dynamics.

Methods and results

Patient late gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging data were transferred onto a bilayer atrial computer model and used to assign fibrosis distributions. Fibrosis was modelled as conduction disturbances (lower conductivity, edge splitting, or percolation), transforming growth factor-β1 ionic channel effects, myocyte-fibroblast coupling, and combinations of the preceding. Reentry was induced through pulmonary vein ectopy and the ensuing rotor dynamics characterized. Non-invasive electrocardiographic imaging data of the patients in AF was used for comparison. Electrograms were computed and the fractionation durations measured over the surface. Edge splitting produced more phase singularities from wavebreaks than the other representations. The number of phase singularities seen with percolation was closer to the clinical values. Addition of fibroblast coupling had an organizing effect on rotor dynamics. Simple tissue conductivity changes with ionic changes localized rotors over fibrosis which was not observed with clinical data.

Conclusion

The specific representation of fibrosis has a large effect on rotor dynamics and needs to be carefully considered for patient specific modelling.
4. States
Authors: Lowe Vaughan
Published: October 2016

Celebrated for their conceptual clarity, titles in the Clarendon Law Series offer concise, accessible overviews of major fields of law and legal thought. This chapter examines three concepts of State: first, that of the territory of the State, which is an area; second, that of the border of the State, which is a line having adjacent to it a vaguer ‘frontier’ zone; and third, that of the State itself, which is a legal concept that denotes the political society that is based in the territory. It begins with a discussion of how we know that a piece of territory belongs to one State rather than to another. It then considers the requirements that states must meet as a person of international law: a permanent population; a defined territory; government; and the capacity to enter into relations with the other states. Next, the chapter deals with the requirement of ‘legitimacy’ that must be satisfied by candidates for Statehood, focusing on the issues of recognition in domestic law and state succession.
6. The Global Economy
Authors: Lowe Vaughan
Published: October 2016

Celebrated for their conceptual clarity, titles in the Clarendon Law Series offer concise, accessible overviews of major fields of law and legal thought. This chapter presents a survey of international economic law. It discusses the creation of the Bretton Woods system, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and the Havana Conference. It considers the roles of the World Bank, the International Development Association, the International Finance Corporation, the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes, the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Trade Organization. It also looks into commodity and energy agreements and regional economic arrangements.
To shape or to be shaped: engaging stakeholders in fishery management advice
Authors: Sampedro Paz , Prellezo Raúl , García Dorleta , Da-Rocha José María , Cerviño Santiago , Torralba Julia , Touza Julia , García-Cutrín Javier , Gutiérrez María José
Published: October 2016

The purpose of this article is to assess the effectiveness of the collaboration between stakeholders and scientists in the construction of a bio-economic model to simulate management strategies for the fisheries in Iberian Atlantic waters. For 3 years, different stakeholders were involved in a model development study, participating in meetings, surveys and workshops. Participatory modelling involved the definition of objectives and priorities of stakeholders, a qualitative evaluation and validation of the model for use by decision-makers, and an iterative process with the fishing sector to interpret results and introduce new scenarios for numerical simulation. The results showed that the objectives of the participating stakeholders differed. Incorporating objectives into the design of the model and prioritizing them was a challenging task. We showed that the parameterization of the model and the analysis of the scenarios results could be improved by the fishers’ input: e.g. ray and skate stocks were explicitly included in the model; and the behaviour of fleet dynamics proved much more complex than assumed in any traditional modelling approach. Overall, this study demonstrated that stakeholder engagement through dialogue and many interactions was beneficial for both, scientists and the fishing industry. The researchers obtained a final refined model and the fishing industry benefited from participating in a process, which enables them to influence decisions that may affect them directly (to shape) whereas non-participatory processes lead to management strategies being imposed on stakeholders (to be shaped).