bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adaptation and comparative analysis of HSPICE level‐61 and level‐62 model for a‐IGZO thin film transistors
Authors: Dubey Divya , Goswami Manish , Kandpal Kavindra
Published: January 2024

This paper presents a Computer‐aided design (CAD) model for a‐IGZO thin film transistors (TFTs) by adapting SPICE level‐61 RPI a‐Si: H (Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon) TFT model and level‐62 RPI Poly‐Si (Poly Silicon) TFT model. This work provides a complete understanding of SPICE level‐61 and 62 model parameters, which must be tuned for a‐IGZO TFT simulation. The adapted SPICE models of level‐61 and level‐62 could model all regions of operation of the TFT, that is, above‐threshold and below‐threshold regions. Adapted RPI poly‐Si model also shows the kink effect in ZnO thin film transistors (TFTs) due to the recombination of electron–hole pairs in the channel via boundary trap states present in the poly‐Si TFTs thereby increasing the drain current in the transistors above pinch‐off region. The extracted performance parameters of the adapted models were found to be contiguous with experimental results. The maximum deviation in the subthreshold slope is approximately 5 mV/decade for level‐61 a‐Si TFT, and for level‐62 poly‐Si TFT, deviation in the subthreshold slope is even less, that is, 0.2 mV/decade. The experimental and simulated characteristics, extracted on‐to‐off ratio, negative bias reverse saturation current, and threshold voltage were almost similar. However, an average deviation of 2.4% and 2.27% was observed in the output characteristics of the adapted level‐61 and level‐62 models, respectively.
Design of low‐voltage low‐noise operational transconductance amplifiers for low frequency applications
Authors: Sharma Kulbhushan , Kumar Ayush , Madan Jaya , Pandey Rahul
Published: January 2024

Low‐noise and low‐voltage operation is prime requirement of an operational transconductance amplifier for low frequency applications. However, achieving low‐noise operation at low supply voltages is a challenging task in CMOS technology owing to noise‐power and noise‐stability tradeoffs. This article outlines, the design of four differential bias self‐cascode (DBSC) operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs) working at ±0.7 V. The four design techniques namely gate driven (GD), bulk driven (BD), bulk driven quasi‐floating gate (BDQFG), and gate driven quasi floating bulk (GDQFB) have been applied on DBSC OTAs. The designing aspects and performance parameters of these four OTAs such as gain, gain‐bandwidth, input referred noise (IRN), settling time (ST), common mode rejection ratio (CMRR), total harmonic distortion, input impedance, transconductance, power consumption, area consumption and process/mismatch variations have been fairly compared in this work. These DBSC OTAs have been designed and simulated using a standard 0.18‐μm 6M1P CMOS N‐well process. The results infer GD DBSC OTA shows high CMRR of 125.83 dB. While the BD DBSC OTA consumes very low power of 0.2 μW. The BDQFG DBSC OTA shows low 1% ST of 24.83 μS. The GDQFB DBSC OTA show high transconductance (2.35 mS), high gain (64.97 dB), and low IRN (0.40 μV/√Hz at 10 Hz). The theoretical predictions for these OTAs agree with the post‐layout simulations. The proposed OTAs can be used for designing various analog circuits such as programmable gain amplifiers, variable gain amplifiers, and transimpedance amplifiers for low‐frequency biomedical and health care applications.
Establishing the clinical relevance of grade A post‐hepatectomy liver failure
Authors: Vitello Dominic J. , Shah Dhavan , Ko Bona , Brajcich Brian C. , Peters Xane D. , Merkow Ryan P. , Pitt Henry A. , Bentrem David J.
Published: January 2024

Introduction

The International Study Group of Liver Surgery's criteria stratifies post‐hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) into grades A, B, and C. The clinical significance of these grades has not been fully established.

Methods

The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) hepatectomy‐targeted database was analyzed. Outcomes between patients without PHLF, with grade A PHLF, and grade B or C PHLF were compared. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression were performed.

Results

Six thousand two hundred seventy‐four adults undergoing elective major hepatectomy were included in the analysis. The incidence of grade A PHLF was 4.3% and grade B or C was 5.3%. Mortality was similar between patients without PHLF (1.2%) and with grade A PHLF (1.1%), but higher in those with grades B or C PHLF (25.4%). Overall morbidities rates were 19.3%, 41.7%, and 72.8% in patients without PHLF, with grade A PHLF, and with grade B or C PHLF, respectively (p < 0.001). Grade A PHLF was associated with increased morbidity (grade A: odds ratios [OR] 2.7 [95% CI: 2.0−3.5]), unplanned reoperation (grade A: OR 3.4 [95% CI: 2.2−5.1]), nonoperative intervention (grade A: OR 2.6 [95% CI: 1.9−3.6]), length of stay (grade A: OR 3.1 [95% CI: 2.3−4.1]), and readmission (grade A: OR 1.8 [95% CI: 1.3−2.5]) compared to patients without PHLF.

Conclusions

Although mortality was similar between patients without PHLF and with grade A PHLF, other postoperative outcomes were notably inferior. Grade A PHLF is a clinically distinct entity with relevant associated postoperative morbidity.
Perception of medical practitioners on the importance of medical tourism services
Authors: Li Xiubai , Hyun Sunghyup Sean , Kim Hye‐Sun
Published: January 2024

This study (a) investigates the perception of medical practitioners regarding medical tourism, and (b) examines the differences in the perception of medical practitioners regarding the importance of the services involved. The hypotheses are focused on a series of comparisons of medical institutions that “are or are not involved in medical tourism.” The results showed that (i) professionalism of treatment is recognized as the most important factor regardless of the nature and value of the medical treatment provided while a patient travels; and that (ii) there are no significant differences in surgery, treatment, examination, in‐hospital and patient room costs.
The phenotypic diversity of anteromedial osteoarthritis before and after treatment with medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: A radiographic analysis of 1000 knees
Authors: Bayoumi Tarik , ten Noever de Brauw Gaby V. , Ruderman Lindsey V. , van der List Jelle P. , Kerkhoffs Gino M. M. J. , Pearle Andrew D. , Zuiderbaan Hendrik A.
Published: January 2024

Purpose

This study aimed to assess phenotypic variation in the coronal plane of knees with anteromedial osteoarthritis using the functional knee phenotype classification, before and after treatment with medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA).

Methods

The study comprised 1000 knees of 835 patients (45% females, 55% males, 90% Caucasian) who underwent medial UKA for anteromedial osteoarthritis. Pre and postoperative alignment was evaluated through the hip‐knee‐ankle angle (HKA), femoral mechanical angle (FMA), and tibial mechanical angle (TMA). Knees were classified according to the functional knee phenotype system which combines limb phenotype (HKA), and femoral and tibial knee phenotypes (FMA and TMA, respectively). Restoration of prearthritic coronal alignment following medial UKA was evaluated by phenotype.

Results

Preoperatively, 76 distinct and 25 relevant (prevalence ≥1%) functional knee phenotypes were identified, of which VARHKA6°VARFMA3°NEUTMA0° was the most common (9.4% of knees). The most prevalent limb phenotype, VARHKA6°, comprised 15 distinct knee phenotypes (FMA and TMA combinations). Postoperatively, 58 distinct and 17 relevant functional knee phenotypes were observed, of which VARHKA3°NEUFMA0°NEUTMA0° had the highest prevalence at 18.3%. Knees with combined tibial and femoral deformities were associated with a lower probability of restoration of prearthritic coronal alignment following medial UKA, compared to knees without extra‐articular deformity, or knees with an isolated tibial or femoral deformity.

Conclusion

Phenotype analysis using the functional knee phenotype system demonstrated a wide diversity of coronal alignment phenotypes among knees with anteromedial osteoarthritis in a predominantly Caucasian population. Following medial UKA, a reduction from 25 preoperative to 17 postoperative relevant phenotypes was observed. Consideration of phenotypic variation can be of importance when aiming to restore prearthritic coronal alignment during medial UKA.

Level of Evidence

Level III, retrospective cohort study.
Novel 40 µm spot size 3050/3200 nm DFG laser versus CO2 laser for laser‐assisted drug delivery
Authors: T. Suwan Parita , Ahn Ga Ram , Sumner Roger , Paithankar Dilip , Yaroslavsky Ilya V. , Altshuler Gregory , Arkhipova Valeriya , Manstein Dieter , Wang‐Evers Michael
Published: January 2024

Background and Objectives

The use of ablative fractional lasers to enhance the delivery of topical drugs through the skin is known as laser‐assisted drug delivery. Here, we compare a novel 3050/3200 nm difference frequency generation (DFG) fiber laser (spot size: 40 µm) to a commercially used CO2 laser (spot size: 120 µm). The objective is to determine whether differences in spot size and coagulation zone (CZ) thickness influence drug uptake.

Materials and Methods

Fractional ablation was performed on ex‐vivo human abdominal skin with the DFG (5 mJ) and CO2 (12 mJ) lasers to generate 680 µm deep lesions. To evaluate drug delivery, 30 kDa encapsulated fluorescent dye was topically applied to the skin and histologically analyzed at skin depths of 100, 140, 200, 400, and 600 µm. Additionally, transcutaneous permeation of encapsulated and 350 Da nonencapsulated dye was assessed using Franz Cells.

Results

The DFG laser generated smaller channels (diameter: 56.5 µm) with thinner CZs (thickness: 22.4 µm) than the CO2 laser (diameter: 75.9 µm, thickness: 66.8 µm). The DFG laser treated group exhibited significantly higher encapsulated dye total fluorescence intensities after 3 h compared to the CO2 laser treated group across all skin depths (p < 0.001). Permeation of nonencapsulated dye was also higher in the DFG laser treated group vs the CO2 laser treated group after 48 h (p < 0.0001), while encapsulated dye was not detected in any group.

Conclusion

The DFG laser treated skin exhibited significantly higher total fluorescence uptake compared to the CO2 laser. Additionally, the smaller spot size and thinner CZ of the DFG laser could result in faster wound healing and reduced adverse effects while delivering similar or greater amount of topically applied drugs.
Temporal evolution and source apportionment of BC aerosols during autumn in the grassland of Ordos, China
Authors: Li Yanhong , Zhang Jinwen , Duan Qiyong , Kong Xiangchen , Wang Honglei
Published: January 2024

Meteorological conditions and source emissions in grassland areas are quite different from those in urban areas, which significantly impacts the spatiotemporal characteristics of black carbon (BC). To obtain the characteristics of BC in the typical grassland environment in China, continuous observations of BC were carried out in Etuoke Banner, a typical grassland environment in Ordos, from September 8 to December 1, 2022. BC in Etuoke Banner in autumn is 22.4–4667.5 ng m−3, and the average concentration is 456.6 ng m−3, accounting for 2.20% of the mass fraction of PM2.5. BCliquid (BC generated from the combustion of liquid fuels) is the main component of BC (accounting for 79.2%); the average concentration is 361.7 ng m−3. The diurnal variations of BC, BCliquid, and BCsolid (BC generated from the combustion of solid fuels) are bimodal, with peaks at 08:00 and 18:00. The first peak is mainly related to traffic sources, cooking sources, and incomplete combustion of carbon‐containing substances; the second peak may be caused by emissions from residential cooking sources under the influence of meteorological conditions unfavorable to diffusion. The diurnal variation of absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) is unimodal, with the peak at 14:00. With the increase in BC mass concentration, AAE and visibility gradually decreased, wind speed first decreased and then increased, P and RH gradually increased, and the contribution of biomass combustion sources to BC decreased. In contrast, the contribution of traffic sources to BC increased. The evolution characteristics of atmospheric pollutants differed with the increase in BC concentration. The potential sources and affecting areas of BC and PM2.5 are mainly concentrated around Etuoke Banner and can affect the North China Plain after 48 h of transmission.
Bringing partners together: A symposium on native lampreys and the Pacific Lamprey Conservation Initiative
Authors: Liedtke Theresa L. , Harris Julianne E. , Wang Christina J. , Sutton Trent M.
Published: January 2024

Impact statement A symposium at the 2022 American Fisheries Society meeting highlighted collaborations among biologists, policymakers, and Native American tribes addressing conservation for native lampreys. We present key findings from the symposium and related research and an example of grassroots effort to protect and restore Pacific Lamprey.
Geotechnical reliability‐based design optimization updating under changing design scenarios
Authors: Wang Tao , Ji Jian
Published: January 2024

In the context of geotechnical uncertainty characterization, the reliability‐based design optimization (RBDO) provides an effective means to achieve the most balanced design outcome between the targeted safety and the risk‐based cost planning. As a common practice, the geotechnical RBDO is conducted on the premise of prescribed statistical information of those uncertain parameters. Nevertheless, the uncertain geotechnical parameters are usually subject to amendment resulting from further site investigation. In other words, changing design scenarios must be properly handled in advanced geotechnical RBDO. Thus, in this study, a novel reliability updating method using a sample reweighting technique that requires only a single simulation run is developed for RBDO. Simultaneously, the RBDO is readily extendable to RBDO updating under changing design scenarios while avoiding any further re‐evaluation of the performance functions. The proposed RBDO updating method allows for the consideration of a continuous design space encompassing an infinite number of feasible designs, whereas the existing simulation‐based method can only consider a finite number of feasible designs in a discrete design space. Moreover, the efficiency and flexibility of the proposed RBDO updating method are illustrated through a standard RBDO test problem and a practical rock slope design example, where the changing design scenarios of different means, standard deviations, correlation coefficient, and distributions are respectively studied.
A topological approach for optimizing the dimensional properties of various bioinspired periodic type honeycomb latticed carbon fiber reinforced glycol‐modified poly (ethylene terephthalate) composite materials
Authors: Mathiazhagan N. , Sivakumar Narain Kumar , Palaniyappan Sabarinathan , Muthuramamoorthy Muthumareeswaran
Published: January 2024

The present research efforts are directed toward investigating dimensional stability, focusing on bio‐inspired periodic honeycomb lattice structures within carbon fiber reinforced glycol‐modified poly ethylene terephthalate (PETG) composites. These samples are fabricated using extrusion‐based 3D printing, with topological parameters such as shell thickness (ST), unit cell type (UCT), wall thickness (WT), unit cell orientation (UCO), skewing angle (SA), and unit cell size (UCS) being manipulated across three different levels. The experimental findings indicate that achieving the lowest dimensional length error is attainable under specific conditions, including a smaller ST of 0.5 mm, a square UCT, a WT of 0.5 mm, a UCO of 90°, a SA of 0°, and a UCS of 4 mm. Analyzing the results with ANOVA reveals that UCT (28.82%) and WT (18.73%) exert the most significant influence on the dimensional stability response. The regression model closely aligns with experimental outcomes, with an error percentage of 3%, rendering it suitable for large‐scale customization. Under the optimized topological parameters, carbon fiber‐reinforced PETG latticed composites exhibited a dimensional length error of 0.292 mm and a compressive strength of 21.56 MPa. Fractography analysis revealed a brittle mode of fracture across all samples, indicating their stiffness and strength, especially when compared to samples with lower wall thickness. These findings suggest that the designed carbon fiber‐reinforced PETG latticed composite material holds potential for use in minor surgical orthotic and prosthetic applications.

Highlights

Bio‐inspired periodic honeycomb lattice structured PETG composites.

Topological optimization on the dimensional properties.

Taguchi optimization is performed on design‐based lattice structures.

Unit cell type has highest contribution of 28.82% on dimensional properties.
Investigation of the performance of dopamine‐modified carbon fiber‐reinforced natural rubber‐based magneto‐rheological elastomers
Authors: Yue Xinqi , Liang Jicai , Li Yi , Teng Fei , Zhu Yanchao , Zhao Zengxia , Liang Ce
Published: January 2024

Five types of magneto‐rheological elastomers (MREs) based on natural rubber were synthesized by incorporating carbonyl iron particles (CIP) as the primary filler. The objective was to investigate the influence of carbon fiber and magnetic particle content on the mechanical and magneto‐rheological properties of the MREs. Carbon fibers (CF) were further added as secondary reinforcement pre‐modified with polydopamine. The composite's microstructure was examined through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the mechanical and magnetodynamic properties were assessed using an electronic universal testing machine and an advanced rotational rheometer. The addition of appropriate amounts of CIP and CF resulted in increased rubber modulus, indicating the formation of a filler‐rubber network and the synergistic effect between carbon fibers as a supporting structure and CIP. Compared to the unfilled MREs, the mechanical and magnetodynamic properties were further improved by adding 2 and 4 wt% CF. These findings demonstrate that employing carbon fibers as reinforcing fillers and incorporating suitable magnetic fillers can enhance the magnetic and mechanical properties of the materials, providing a theoretical basis for the study of MREs' performance.

Highlights

CF and CIP synergistically enhance the strength of the rubber matrix.

The MR effect is gradually enhanced with the increase of CIP content.

Modified CF has a promoting effect on the magnetic responsivity.

Magnetic responsivity increases with increasing modified CF content.

Improved mechanical and magnetodynamic properties of composites.
Structural effects of AgNWs/MXene in artificial nacre‐Like hybrid cellulose nanofiber films on electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance
Authors: Zhang Yan , Jiang Xinbo , Wang Yanming , Zhang Hao , Wang Yu , Cheng Haokai , Zhai Shimin , Chen Kai , Yu Yihao , Qi Dongming
Published: January 2024

The heterogeneous interface generally offers unique conductive behaviors in nacre‐like films. Reasonable interface and composition regulation are important to enhance EMI shielding performance when containing one and two dimensional nanofillers together. Herein, a series of flexible cellulose‐based EMI shielding nacre‐like films with different content of AgNWs and/or Ti3C2Tx nanosheets were prepared by vacuum‐assisted filtration method. To explore their different interaction behaviors, three different nacre structures (mixed, double‐layered, and multilayered structure) are fully prepared. The comparison results show that the Ti3C2Tx sheets are more advantageous to form a conductive path at a lower addition (<15%) than AgNWs. Surprisingly, the mixed structure leads to even lower SET values due to the break of original compact conductive network and interface resistance enhancement. Particularly, the layered‐structure film obtains the synergistic effect. However, with increasing layer numbers, the SET values reached the maximum at six layers (54.86 dB) and then dropped to 51.50 dB at eight layers, which is even lower than that of two layers (52.36 dB). Consequently, this work provided a detailed contrastive experimental process and discussion to obtain optimal EMI shielding films by adjusting composition and architecture. The interface coupling strategy may offer a useful path to guide the structural design.

Highlights

EMI shielding nacre‐like films were prepared with interface structure.

Synergistic shielding effect of 1D AgNWs and 2D Ti3C2Tx nanosheets.

Mixed, double‐layered, and multilayered structural films were prepared.

The layered structure exhibits superior EMI SE than mixed structure.

Excessive layered structure leads to the degradation of EMI SE.
A botanical oasis rather than a biological desert: Rediscoveries, new species and new records in a tropical city
Authors: Neo Louise , Chong Kwek Yan , Lindsay Stuart , Middleton David J. , Tan Puay Yok , Er Kenneth Boon Hwee
Published: January 2024

Societal Impact Statement

Cities present a unique challenge for conservation. While overall native biodiversity is reduced, remnant habitats in the urban matrix can be important refugia for native and endemic species. This study reviews the rediscovery of 173 presumed nationally extinct plant taxa and discovery of 155 new native plant records, including 22 new to science and five endemics, in the botanically densely‐collected tropical city‐state of Singapore. The findings of this study indicate that plant rediscoveries and new discoveries are still possible in cities and urban areas with remaining fragments of original forest reserved for species protection, and investment in comprehensive botanical surveys and taxonomic research.

The conservation of native species‐dominated forest fragments and investment into botanical surveys and taxonomic research have enabled the rediscovery of presumed nationally extinct plant taxa and discovery of new native plant records in the tropical city‐state of Singapore.

We compared national plant checklists of 2009, 2022, and the national Red Data Book (third edition in press) to enumerate rediscovered and newly discovered native vascular plant taxa in the last 14 years. We examined if these were from taxonomic specialist redetermination of only pre‐existing specimens or newly collected from field surveys, and if they were from particular sites and vegetation types, disproportionately represented by certain life forms and families, and predominantly threatened.

We documented 173 rediscoveries and 155 new records after 2009, including 22 new to science and five endemics. Most rediscoveries were newly collected from field surveys, but most new records resulted from redetermination of pre‐existing specimens. Native species‐dominated forest fragments were the most important sites for the first collection of new records or first re‐collection of rediscoveries. Trees and climbers were well‐represented among the rediscoveries and new records. Epiphytes were significantly under‐represented compared to their proportion in the presumed nationally extinct flora. Most rediscoveries and new records are nationally Critically Endangered but regionally and globally not assessed.

Our findings indicate hope for the persistence of rare native plant species and opportunities for conservation in cities.
Improving Solar Cell Efficiency through Controlled Annealing Effects of TiO2 Thin Films
Authors: Kanmaz İmran , Tomakin Murat
Published: January 2024

In the scope of this research, the impact of thermal annealing on the electrical and optical characteristics of TiO2 thin films is investigated through empirical analysis. Varied annealing temperatures are applied during the production of TiO2 thin films, and their reflection, transmission, absorption, and crystalline structure attributes are meticulously gauged. Through systematic analysis, the optimal annealing temperature is determined to be 500 °C. Remarkably, TiO2 thin films fabricated under this specific temperature exhibit notably reduced reflection values. Moreover, comprehensive scrutiny extends to encompass both electrical and structural attributes, such as carrier density, resistivity, and crystal size, in addition to optical attributes. In the outcome, it is revealed that TiO2 thin films subjected to annealing at 500 °C exhibit the highest carrier density and the lowest resistivity. X‐ray diffraction analyses unveil the anatase phase of TiO2 thin films developed at this temperature. Notably, ascending annealing temperatures correlate with amplified crystal sizes and increased surface roughness. Furthermore, the TiO2 thin films are subsequently integrated into crystalline silicon solar cells via employment of the SCAPS (a Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator) software, culminating in a noteworthy 8% enhancement in solar cell efficiency.
Enhanced Fiber Long‐Range Surface Plasmon Sensing Enabled by Resonance Coupling to Surface Plasmon Polaritons
Authors: Li Penglei , Li Lixia , Zong Xueyang , Zhao Linlin , Lei Fugui , Liu Yufang
Published: January 2024

A tunable fiber optic (FO) long‐range surface plasmon (LRSP) sensor with strong coupling is developed and demonstrated theoretically in this article. The sensor consists of a square lattice array of Ag nanodisks resting on the FO end face. Utilizing nanodisks with small diameters leads to the pronounced excitation of two distinct and independent resonant modes: surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) and LRSP. A systematic investigation is performed to evaluate the sensing performance and capabilities of the sensor, focusing on its bulk and surface sensitivity. Significantly, the LRSP mode demonstrates high sensitivity and favorable linearity in response to refractive index (RI) changes, with an exceptionally high figure of merit (FOM). On the contrary, the SPP mode is regarded as an ideal self‐referencing mode due to its immunity to RI fluctuations. The enlargement of nanodisks diameters results in a swift redshift in the LRSP wavelength, leading to a strong coupling with the SPP mode. This coupling facilitates the transfer of electric fields within the SPP mode, promotes sensing capabilities, and enables the realization of dual‐channel sensing functionality. The occurrence of strong coupling phenomena along with the use of FO substrates provides an innovative option for achieving multifunctionality and miniaturization in sensor platforms.
Charting New Horizons: Unrivalled Efficiency and Stability in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Jayan Koodali Deepthi
Published: January 2024

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with hybrid halide perovskite playing the role of photon‐harvesting materials have recently made strides in efficiency that have put them in the spotlight of solar cell research. Though PSCs are capable of exhibiting favorable photoconversion capabilities, they have not yet been commercialized as they are unstable in typical operating environments, especially for longer‐term usage. The mechanisms by which PSCs degrade, along with the methods to enhance their conversion efficiency, are studied, which, in turn, helps develop effective solutions to the degradation problem and increase the stability of the device architecture. A broad collection of theoretical and experimental analysis on stability of PSCs is available. In this article, a strategic review on the main challenges in attaining superior efficiency for PSCs along with the methods to overcome their efficiency limit is included providing emphasis to various degradation mechanisms of perovskite structures followed by a detailed examination of various factors impacting stability of PSCs as a whole. The performance and stability of devices can be improved by means of several methods including compositional engineering, interfacial engineering, device encapsulation, etc. The strategies that can be used to improve PSCs’ long‐term stability while ensuring cost‐effective device manufacture are covered here.
Study of Vacancy Clusters and Antisite Defects in Titanium Beryllide Be12Ti Using Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy
Authors: Xu Qiu , Yang Qigui , Popov Evgeni , Yabuuchi Atsushi , Shibayama Tamaki , Kim Jaehwan , Nakamichi Masaru , Cao Xingzhong
Published: January 2024

Beryllium (Be) intermetallic compounds (beryllides) are promising materials for neutron multiplication in fusion reactors. In particular, titanium beryllide (Be12Ti) exhibits low swelling and good corrosion resistance compared to other beryllides. Herein, the defects in neutron‐irradiated Be12Ti are investigated using positron annihilation spectroscopy, and the results are analyzed based on positron annihilation calculations. Calculation results indicate that the positron lifetime in a perfect Be12Ti crystal is 134.2 ps, while that of a Be monovacancy is found to be within the 177.3–195.0 ps range, depending on the configuration of the monovacancy. On the other hand, the positron lifetime of the Ti monovacancy is 222.7 ps. In addition, the lifetimes of the Be and Ti vacancy clusters increase with an increase in the number of vacancies. Finally, the positron lifetimes of the antisite defects in different configurations are found to be within the 137.9–141.7 ps range. In contrast to the calculated results, the positron lifetime of unirradiated Be12Ti is 141.1 ps. Furthermore, in the neutron‐irradiated Be12Ti, no vacancies are detected and only Be dislocation loop formation occur based on the calculation results. Although the irradiation dose of Be12Ti is low, its irradiation resistance is satisfactory.
Composition‐Dependent Absorption of Radiation in Semiconducting MSi2Z4 Monolayers
Authors: Ramzan Muhammad Sufyan , Woźniak Tomasz , Kuc Agnieszka , Cocchi Caterina
Published: January 2024

The recent synthesis of monolayer MoSi2N4, along with theoretical predictions encompassing the entire family of its chemical analogs, has opened up a new array of low‐dimensional materials for a diverse range of optoelectronics and photovoltaics applications. In this first‐principles many‐body study, the quasiparticle electronic structure of the material class MSi2Z4 (M = Mo, W, and Z = N, P, As, Sb) is analyzed. All monolayers display a direct bandgap at the K point, with the exception of MoSi2N4. In the tungsten‐based compounds, the fundamental gap can be adjusted by composition over a significantly broader energy range compared to their Mo‐based counterparts. Additionally, upon increasing atomic weight of the Z, both bandgap and exciton‐binding energies decrease. A noteworthy feature is the absence of a lateral valley near the conduction band minimum, indicating potential higher photoluminescence efficiencies compared to conventional transition‐metal dichalcogenide monolayers. The optical spectra of the considered materials are characterized by tightly bound excitons, leading to an absorption onset in the visible range (for N‐based) and in the infrared region (for all the others). This diversity offers promising opportunities to incorporate these materials and their heterostructures into functional optoelectronic devices such as tandem solar cells.
Controlling Remote Entanglement and One‐Way Steering Via a Squeezed Vacuum Field and an Optical Parametric Amplifier
Authors: Wei Jing‐Nan , Wang Tie , Zhang Shou , Wang Hong‐Fu
Published: January 2024

A scheme is proposed for generating remote entanglement and one‐way Einstein‐Podolsky‐Rosen (EPR) steering between two mechanical resonators in a cavity optomechanical system. Both mechanical resonators are coupled to a common cavity, which contains an optical parametric amplifier (OPA) and is driven by a squeezed vacuum field. The entanglement and EPR steering can be generated by the squeezed vacuum field and significantly enhanced by the gain of OPA. By manipulating the ratio of two effective optomechanical coupling strengths, the asymmetric EPR steering with excellent controllability on the direction, even the one‐way EPR steering can be achieved. Moreover, both the squeezed vacuum field and the OPA can effectively enhance the robustness of EPR steering against the environment temperature, and the temperature‐dependent one‐way EPR steering is explored. This work paves the way toward generating macroscopic mechanical entanglement and EPR steering with potential applications in quantum information processing.
Effect of SH/SBA‐15 Molar Ratio on Pb(II) and Cd(II) Ions Adsorption from Aqueous Solution by Mercaptopropyl‐grafted SBA‐15 Mesoporous Material as Adsorbent
Authors: Denoyel Renaud , Boucherif Zayneb , Cherif‐Aouali Leïla , Saidi‐Bendahou Karima , Bouri Rokia
Published: January 2024

The purposes of the current study were to investigate the adsorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from aqueous solution by thiol‐functionalized SBA‐15 materials designed by SBA‐15‐SH (x) where x is the SH/SBA‐15 molar ratio, which corresponds to the introduced moles number of Mercapto moieties to that of siliceous of the SBA‐15 materials. Furthermore, these materials were synthesized using 3‐Mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) via post‐grafting approach. SBA‐15‐SH(x) materials were characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption‐desorption and FT‐IR. The incorporation of SH fragments was proved by FT‐IR Spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and solid state 13C and 29Si NMR Spectroscopy.

The removal of lead ions is more important than that of cadmium ions. Furthermore, the lead removal on SBA‐15‐SH(x) increased with the increase of SH/SBA‐15 molar ratio (removal rate of 28.5, 71.3, and 96.8 % for SH/SBA‐15 molar ratio=0.35, 0.7 and 1.4, respectively) while the removal of cadmium was not affected (around 57 % removal rate for all molar ratios).
Role of ZnO/GO nanocomposite in photocatalytic degradation of mixture of organic pollutants and antimicrobial activity
Authors: Verma Nidhi , Chundawat Tejpal Singh , Chandra Harish , Vaya Dipti
Published: January 2024

A number of carcinogenic dyes and microbial infections have negative effects on living being. These also have a detrimental effect on water quality and responsible for major health problems. ZnO/GO nanocomposites (NCs) (10 wt. % GO) is synthesized via one pot ecofriendly route. It is utilized for photocatalytic degradation of aqueous solution of Malachite green (MG), Crystal violet (CV) and first time mixture of pollutants (CV+MG) dyes in 1 : 2 ratio. These synthesized NCs are analyzed by using many techniques such as P‐XRD, FE‐SEM, HR‐TEM, BET and UV‐Vis spectrophotometer. Kinetics and mechanism of photocatalytic degradation is also explored. The photocatalytic degradation followed the order (CV+MG) (1 : 2) binary system > MG > CV dyes.  On the other hand, an antibacterial activity is also investigated against Gram positive (+ve) bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) as well as Gram negative (−ve) bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Citrobacter sp. The ZnO/GO NCs followed the antibacterial activity order: E. coli > S. aureus ~ Citrobacter sp. > E. faecalis and the inhibition zones  diameters are  20, 15, 15 and 10 mm respectively which is comparable with standard drug Gentamycin.
Photocatalytic Epoxy Paint Based on TiO2 for the Decontamination of Water under Visible LED and Sunlight Irradiation
Authors: Chawraba Khaled , Medlej Hussein , Noun Adel , Sakr Mohamad , Toufaily Joumana , Lalevee Jacques , Hamieh Tayssir
Published: January 2024

Semiconductor oxides such as titanium dioxide (TiO2) have been used as photocatalysts for removing contaminants. In addition, TiO2 nanoparticles in suspension form are difficult to recover and recycle, and they are expensive. In our work, titanium dioxide has been immobilized on a commercially available, thermally stable, chemically stable, and cheap polymer. The nanocomposite is synthesized with varying percentages of TiO2, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 weight percent. The obtained nanocomposites were characterized, and the effect of the process parameter (i. e., initial concentration of MB, amount of catalyst, light wavelength, and power of light) was investigated. Also, the results show good photodegradation of MB by the TiO2‐epoxy nanocomposite. The decomposition of 10 ppm methylene blue (MB) during 200 min under 25 W visible LED irradiation can reach 95 %. This value is higher than that obtained with pristine TiO2, which does not have photocatalytic activity under LED light. The antibacterial activity of nanocomposites concerning Escherichia coli and Stephalocous aureus was studied, and an inhibition zone of 2 cm and 3.5 cm was obtained, respectively. Therefore, the TiO2‐epoxy nanocomposite was applied to a glass jar and tested after four months for the degradation of methylene blue (5 ppm) and methyl orange (8 ppm) under sunlight. The paint demonstrated good photocatalytic efficiency of 41 % and 72 % within 310 min, respectively.
Synthesis of Pure and Bi‐Doped Lead Oxides via Microwave‐Assisted Solvothermal Methodology and their Electrochemical Characterization
Authors: Danish Muhammad , Mehmood Arslan , Sandhu Zeshan Ali , Asam Raza Muhammad , Sajid Samavia , Ali Furqan
Published: January 2024

In this study, we have reported the synthesis of both pure and bismuth‐doped lead oxide nanoparticles using solvothermal method. The synthesized nanomaterials were analyzed to assess their structure, crystallinity, phase, maximum absorption and band gap. The electrical characteristics of the fabricated nanostructures were evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electron impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The maximum specific capacitance and energy density, 349.96 F/g and 95.27 Wh/g respectively, were attained at a scan rate of 200 mV/s in pure lead oxide. The synthesized pure lead oxide has displayed remarkable cyclic stability, retaining approximately 83 % of its performance even after undergoing 2000 cycles. The addition of bismuth to the lead oxide appeared to inhibit the electrochemical properties of lead oxide due to bismuth ion adsorption. This effect is directly concerned with the amount of dopant which predicted the increase in bismuth contents potentially suppressed the performance of the lead oxide. Our study provides insights into the possible uses of lead oxides in energy storage and conversion devices by revealing a previously unexplored method for optimizing their electrochemical characteristics. The understanding of oxide‐based materials in materials science and electrochemistry is expected to advance with the use of this novel technology.
Enhancing Li‐ion Battery Performance through the Integration of Si@TiO2 Core‐Shell Nanoparticles with Natural Graphite
Authors: Vats Bhavya Nidhi , Gupta Raghvendra , Gupta Amit , Fatima S. , Kumar Deepak
Published: January 2024

In this study, Si@TiO2 core‐shell nanoparticles are synthesized using the peptization technique, resulting in a thin and uniform TiO2 coating layer over silicon nanoparticles. This coating layer serves the purpose of controlling the structural degradation of the silicon nanoparticles. These core‐shell nanoparticles are then reinforced into the natural graphite with the potential to be used as a composite anode material (Graphite/Si@TiO2) for Li‐ion batteries. The developed composite material exhibits an initial specific capacity of ≈675 mAh/g at 0.5 A/g, and after 100 cycles it retains the capacity of 75 %. Compared with Graphite/Si composite anode, the developed composite anode material shows improved cyclic stability. The pre‐and post‐cycling morphological analysis of Graphite/Si and Graphite/Si@TiO2 composite anode reveals the degradation behavior. It is assumed that the TiO2 coating provides a protective shield for the silicon particles, preventing their interaction with the electrolyte and causing less material to deposit over the anode surface. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) analysis supports these findings, with the Graphite/Si composite anode exhibiting higher resistance than the Graphite/Si@TiO2 anode. In conclusion, the study demonstrates the potential of using Si@TiO2 core‐shell nanoparticles as a reinforcing agent for natural graphite to develop high‐performance composite anode material for Li‐ion batteries.
Research Progress of Iron Catalysts with N,N,N‐tridentate Ligands for Ethylene Polymerization
Authors: Hu Suling , Zhao Qing , Luo Mingjian , Xin Shixuan , Mao Guoliang
Published: January 2024

Some iron complexes are found to be effective catalysts of ethylene polymerization and have become a research hotspot due to their advantages of high activity, good thermal stability, and mild reaction conditions. Compared with other systems, iron catalysts bearing N,N,N‐tridentate ligand have good comprehensive performance in catalyzing ethylene polymerization. This review article focuses on changes in the framework of bis(imino)pyridyl ligand and the effect of different substituents on the catalytic performance of ethylene polymerization (activity, molecular weight, thermal stability, etc.) since 2019. Despite significant achievements, many opportunities and possibilities are yet to be fully addressed, and a brief outlook on the future of issues should be focused on is provided.
Sulfonimidamide as Directing Group for Pd‐mediated ortho‐C−H Chlorination of Arenes
Authors: Ravindra S. , Jesin C. P. Irfana , Hariprasad R. , Natarajan K. , Priya V. R. Padma , Nandi Ganesh Chandra
Published: January 2024

Herein, sulfonimidamide (SIA) has been used as directing group for ortho‐chlorination of arene of N‐aroyl part of SIA. The Pd‐mediated protocol uses N‐chlorosuccinimide (NCS) as oxidant/chlorine source, and acetic acid as solvent. The products are obtained in moderate to good yields.
Modulation of Potential‐Limiting Steps in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries by Catalyst Synergy
Authors: Liu Liqi , Zheng Yichun , Sun Yang , Pan Huilin
Published: January 2024

Electrocatalysis is considered to be an effective method to solve the sluggish kinetics of lithium–sulfur batteries. However, a single catalyst cannot simultaneously catalyze multi‐step sulfur reductions. And once the catalyst surface is covered by the initially deposited solid products, the subsequent catalytic activity will significantly deteriorate. Here, microporous ZIF‐67 and its derivative nano‐metallic Co0 are used as dual‐catalyst aiming to address these drawbacks. The dual catalytic center effectively cooperates the adsorption and electron transfer for multi‐steps of sulfur reductions, transforming the potential‐limited step (Li2S4→Li2S2/Li2S) into a thermodynamic spontaneous reaction. ZIF‐67 first adsorbs soluble Li2S4 to form a coordination structure of ZIF‐Li2S4. Then nano‐metallic Co0 attracts uncoordinated S atoms in ZIF‐Li2S4 and facilitates the breaking of S–S bonds to form transient reductive ZIF‐Li2S2 and Co‐S2 via. spontaneous electron transfer. These intermediates facilitate continuous conversion to Li2S with reduced formation energy, which is beneficial to the regeneration of the catalyst. As a result, the cathode with ZIF@CNTs/Co@CNFs synergetic catalyst achieves initial areal capacity of 4.7 mAh cm−2 and maintains 3.5 mAh cm−2 at low electrolyte/sulfur ratio (E/S) of 5 µL mg−1. This study provides valuable guidance for improving the electrochemical performance of lithium–sulfur batteries through catalyst synergistic strategies for multi‐step reactions.
Manual shaking exfoliation of large‐size two‐dimensional LiInP2S6 nanosheets with exponential change in ionic conductivity for water detection
Authors: Liang Jianing , Sun Zongdong , Zhu Chaoqi , Wang Shuhao , Zeng Cheng , Zeng Dawen , Zhai Tianyou , Li Huiqiao
Published: January 2024

Large‐sized and atomically thin two‐dimensional metal thiophosphate materials have been widely exploited in detectors due to their rich physical/chemical properties of high surface area and massive adjustable sites. However, existing production methods are limited in terms of meeting the demanding challenges in achieving the scalable fabrication of high‐quality nanomaterials under mild conditions. Here, we develop a facile intercalation–exfoliation method that can fabricate large lateral size (>23 μm) and few‐layer LiInP2S6 nanosheets with high crystalline quality fast. Due to the advantage of hydrophilicity of lithium, swelled interlayer spacing can be obtained, which enables the rapid exfoliation by only slight manual shaking within tens of seconds. Concomitantly, the inorganic LiInP2S6 film manufactured by nanosheets has inter‐connected ionic channels, which can be adjusted on the basis of the water content, enabling tunable ionic conductivity. As a result, ionic conductor films using ions as charge carriers can achieve high water response with good repeatability and excellent long‐term stability in a wide moisture range. Moreover, the as‐prepared detector has excellent capability in real‐time noncontact human–machine interfacing. This study, not only is a powerful strategy for the fabrication of large‐sized and high‐quality nanosheets presented but also proof for the promising development of iontronic devices in new applications.
High‐power microbial‐fuel‐based hybrid cells with three‐dimensional graphene‐coated iron foam as an anode control Fe3+ release
Authors: Wu Zijie , Ni Zhengyang , Qin Mengmeng , Zhang Baocai , Liu Qijing , Zhao Fulai , Liu Gejun , Long Peng , Li Feng , Yu Huitao , Song Hao , Feng Yiyu , Feng Wei
Published: January 2024

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) benefit from the introduction of iron in the anode, as its multiple valence states and high electron‐catalytic activity led to improved power densities in MFCs. However, the effect of long‐term Fe3+ release into the electrolyte on the power density of MFCs is often overlooked. Herein, an anode consisting of a three‐dimensional iron foam uniformly coated by reduced graphene oxide (rGO/IF) with a suitable loading density (8 g/m2) and a large specific surface area (0.05 m2/g) for high‐density bacterial loading was prepared. The hybrid cells based on the rGO/IF anode exhibit a maximum power density of 5330 ± 76 mW/m2 contributed by MFCs and galvanic cells. The rGO/IF anode enables continuous Fe3+ release for high electron‐catalytic activity in the electrolyte during the discharging of the galvanic cells. As a result, the hybrid cells showed a power density of 2107 ± 64 mW/m2 after four cycles, facilitated through reversible conversion between Fe3+ and Fe2+ in the electrolyte to accelerate electron transfer efficiency. The results indicate that the rGO/IF anode can be used for designing and fabricating high‐power MFCs by optimizing the rate of release of Fe3+ in the electrolyte.
Enhanced Anti/De‐Icing Performance on Rough Surfaces Based on The Synergistic Effect of Fluorinated Resin and Embedded Graphene
Authors: Zhang Rui , Ding Zhengmao , Wang Kaiqiang , Zhang Hanli , Li Jinjin
Published: January 2024

Icing negatively impacts various industrial sectors and daily life, often leading to severe safety problems and substantial economic losses. In this work, a fluorinated resin coating with embedded graphene nanoflakes is prepared using a spin‐coating curing process. The results shows that the ice adhesion strength is reduced by ≈97.0% compared to the mirrored aluminum plate, and the icing time is delayed by a factor of 46.3 under simulated solar radiation power of 96 mW cm−2 (1 sun) at an ambient temperature of −15 °C. The superior anti/de‐icing properties of the coating are mainly attributed to the synergistic effect of the fluorinated resin with a low surface energy, the rough structure of the sandblasted aluminum plate, which reduces the contact area, and the embedded graphene nanoflakes with a superior photothermal effect. Furthermore, the hydrogen bonding competition effect between the exposed‐edge oxygen‐containing functional groups of the embedded graphene nanoflakes and water molecules further improves the anti‐icing properties. This work proposes a facile preparation method to prepare coatings with excellent anti/de‐icing properties, offering significant potential for large‐scale engineering applications.