bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ДОКЛІНІЧНЕ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ НАНОЧАСТИНОК КУПРУМУ
Authors: Stravskyy Y. S. , Fedoniuk L. Ya. , Yarema O. M. , Reznichenko L. S.
Published: December 2020

Вступ. Доклінічне вивчення лікарських препаратів – невід’ємна частина процесу створення лікарського засобу. Встановлені, за результатами доклінічного вивчення, характеристики специфічної фармакологічної активності та нешкідливості під час застосування і щодо його ймовірних віддалених наслідків є принциповими факторами, які визначають можливість промислового випуску лікарського засобу та доцільність його медичного використання.

Мета дослідження – вивчити біобезпечність, гостру токсичність, протимікробну та фунгіцидну дії наночастинок Купруму.

Методи дослідження. Біобезпечність синтезованої субстанції наночастинок у тестах in vitro визначали з використанням показників цитотоксичності, мутагенності, молекулярно-генетичного (показник генотоксичності), фізіологічного (стан мікрофлори шлунково-кишкового тракту людини) та біохімічних (ATP-aзна і лактатдегідрогеназна активність) маркерів. Протимікробні та фунгіцидні властивості препарату було вивчено на клінічних ізолятах збудників інфекційно-запальних процесів: бактеріях S. aureus, E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, K. pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, P. aeruginosa, грибах роду Candida – C. albicans, Candida non-albicans та інших мікроміцетах – Penicillium spp., Paecilomyces lilacinus, A. niger і A. flavus.

Результати й обговорення. Взаємодія наночастинок Купруму з тестовими еукаріотичними клітинами не призводила до появи первинних ДНК-ушкоджень порівняно з впливом N-нітрозометилсечовини, яка є відомим генотоксикантом. У зразках тестових еукаріотичних клітин лінії СНО-К1, оброблених наночастинками Купруму в широкому концентраційному діапазоні, не було зафіксовано цитотоксичного впливу досліджуваного наноматеріалу. Експериментальна субстанція наночастинок Купруму (CuNP) володіє вираженою протимікробною та фунгіцидною активністю відносно всіх досліджуваних патогенних тест-культур: як у вихідній концентрації (32,0 мг/мл у перерахунку на метал), так і при її десятикратному розведенні (3,2 мг/мл у перерахунку на метал). Повне інгібування росту патогенних тест-штамів спостерігали при використанні кінцевих засівних доз мікроорганізмів на чашках від 103 до 105 КУО/см3. Досліджувана субстанція наночастинок Купруму також проявляла протимікробну та фунгіцидну дії щодо клінічних ізолятів збудників інфекційно-запальних процесів різної локалізації, а саме бактерій і грибів.

Висновок. Результати оцінювання гострої токсичності субстанції наночастинок Купруму після одноразового внутрішньовенного введення білим мишам залежно від рівня дози протягом 14 діб спостереження дозволяють віднести її до IV класу токсичності (малотоксичні речовини).
O vazio como limite, perda ou queda: uma leitura de três poemas de Rubén Darío
Authors: Laurentiis Marina Barzaghi de
Published: December 2020

Este trabalho tem como objetivo fazer uma leitura de três poemas do livro Cantos de vida y esperanza (1905), de Rubén Darío, sendo eles “Nocturno (V)”, “Nocturno (XXXII)” e “Lo fatal”. Para isso, seguimos as considerações de Sylvia Molloy acerca da constituição do sujeito poético dariano no ensaio “Voracidad y solipsismo en la poesía de Darío”. Desse modo, destacamos a relação que o eu poético estabelece com o outro – que em Darío é o vazio – em cada um dos poemas selecionados.
PPARγ-p53-Mediated Vasculoregenerative Program to Reverse Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Hennigs Jan K. , Cao Aiqin , Li Caiyun G. , Shi Minyi , Mienert Julia , Miyagawa Kazuya , Körbelin Jakob , Marciano David P. , Chen Pin-I , Roughley Matthew , Elliott Matthew V. , Harper Rebecca L. , Bill Matthew A. , Chappell James , Moonen Jan-Renier , Diebold Isabel , Wang Lingli , Snyder Michael P. , Rabinovitch Marlene
Published: December 2020

Rationale:

In pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), endothelial dysfunction and obliterative vascular disease are associated with DNA damage and impaired signaling of BMPR2 (bone morphogenetic protein type 2 receptor) via two downstream transcription factors, PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma), and p53.

Objective:

We investigated the vasculoprotective and regenerative potential of a newly identified PPARγ-p53 transcription factor complex in the pulmonary endothelium.

Methods and Results:

In this study, we identified a pharmacologically inducible vasculoprotective mechanism in pulmonary arterial and lung MV (microvascular) endothelial cells in response to DNA damage and oxidant stress regulated in part by a BMPR2 dependent transcription factor complex between PPARγ and p53. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing and RNA-sequencing established an inducible PPARγ-p53 mediated regenerative program regulating 19 genes involved in lung endothelial cell survival, angiogenesis and DNA repair including,
EPHA2
(
ephrin type-A receptor 2
),
FHL2
(
four and a half LIM domains protein 2
),
JAG1
(
jagged 1
),
SULF2
(
extracellular sulfatase Sulf-2
), and
TIGAR
(
TP53-inducible glycolysis and apoptosis regulator
). Expression of these genes was partially impaired when the PPARγ-p53 complex was pharmacologically disrupted or when BMPR2 was reduced in pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) subjected to oxidative stress. In endothelial cell-specific
Bmpr2
-knockout mice unable to stabilize p53 in endothelial cells under oxidative stress, Nutlin-3 rescued endothelial p53 and PPARγ-p53 complex formation and induced target genes, such as
APLN
(
apelin
) and
JAG1
, to regenerate pulmonary microvessels and reverse pulmonary hypertension. In PAECs from
BMPR2
mutant PAH patients, pharmacological induction of p53 and PPARγ-p53 genes repaired damaged DNA utilizing genes from the nucleotide excision repair pathway without provoking PAEC apoptosis.

Conclusions:

We identified a novel therapeutic strategy that activates a vasculoprotective gene regulation program in PAECs downstream of dysfunctional BMPR2 to rehabilitate PAH PAECs, regenerate pulmonary microvessels, and reverse disease. Our studies pave the way for p53-based vasculoregenerative therapies for PAH by extending the therapeutic focus to PAEC dysfunction and to DNA damage associated with PAH progression.
Temporal Evolution of Serum Concentrations of High‐Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin During 1 Year After Acute Coronary Syndrome Admission
Authors: van den Berg Victor J. , Oemrawsingh Rohit M. , Umans Victor A. W. M. , Kardys Isabella , Asselbergs Folkert W. , van der Harst Pim , Hoefer Imo E. , Kietselaer Bas , Lenderink Timo , Oude Ophuis Anton J. , van Schaik Ron H. , de Winter Robbert J. , Akkerhuis K. Martijn , Boersma Eric , Mulder Maarten , Schotborgh Carl , Ronner Eelko , Liem Anho , Haitsma David , Maas Arthur , Ilmer, Ben , Dijkgraaf Rene , Kie S. Hong , Wardeh Alexander J , Hermans Walther , Cramer Etienne , Doevendans Pieter A , Simoons Maarten L
Published: December 2020

Background

Detailed insights in temporal evolution of high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin following acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are currently missing. We aimed to describe and compare the post‐ACS kinetics of high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs‐cTnI) and high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs‐cTnT), and to determine their intra‐ and interindividual variation in clinically stable patients.

Methods and Results

We determined hs‐cTnI (Abbott) and hs‐cTnT (Roche) in 1507 repeated blood samples, derived from 191 patients with ACS (median, 8/patient) who remained free from adverse cardiac events during 1‐year follow‐up. Post‐ACS kinetics were studied by linear mixed‐effect models. Using the samples collected in the 6‐ to 12‐month post‐ACS time frame, patients were then considered to have chronic coronary syndrome. We determined (differences between) the average hs‐cTnI and average hs‐cTnT concentration, and the intra‐ and interindividual variation for both biomarkers. Compared with hs‐cTnT, hs‐cTnI peaked higher (median 3506 ng/L versus 494 ng/L;
P
<0.001) and was quicker below the biomarker‐specific upper reference limit (16 versus 19 days;
P
<0.001). In the post–6‐month samples, hs‐cTnI and hs‐cTnT showed modest correlation (
r
spearman
=0.60), whereas the average hs‐cTnT concentration was 5 times more likely to be above the upper reference limit than hs‐cTnI. The intraindividual variations of hs‐cTnI and hs‐cTnT were 14.0% and 18.1%, while the interindividual variations were 94.1% and 75.9%.

Conclusions

Hs‐cTnI peaked higher after ACS and was quicker below the upper reference limit. In the post–6‐month samples, hs‐cTnI and hs‐cTnT were clearly not interchangeable, and average hs‐cTnT concentrations were much more often above the upper reference limit than hs‐cTnI. For both markers, the within‐patient variation fell largely below beween‐patient variation.

Registration

URL:
https://www.trialregister.nl
; unique identifiers: NTR1698 and NTR1106.
Refining Safe Contrast Limits for Preventing Acute Kidney Injury After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Yuan Neal , Latif Khalid , Botting Patrick G. , Elad Yaron , Bradley Steven M. , Nuckols Teryl K. , Cheng Susan , Ebinger Joseph E.
Published: December 2020

Background

Contrast‐associated acute kidney injury (CA‐AKI) is associated with substantial morbidity and may be prevented by using less contrast during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, tools for determining safe contrast volumes are limited. We developed risk models to tailor safe contrast volume limits during PCI.

Methods and Results

Using data from all PCIs performed at 18 hospitals from January 2015 to March 2018, we developed logistic regression models for predicting CA‐AKI, including simpler models (“pragmatic full,” “pragmatic minimum”) using only predictors easily derivable from electronic health records. We prospectively validated these models using PCI data from April 2018 to December 2018 and compared them to preexisting safe contrast models using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The model derivation data set included 20 579 PCIs with 2102 CA‐AKI cases. When applying models to the separate validation data set (5423 PCIs, 488 CA‐AKI cases), prior safe contrast limits (5*Weight/Creatinine, 2*CreatinineClearance) were poor measures of safety with accuracies of 53.7% and 56.6% in predicting CA‐AKI, respectively. The full, pragmatic full, and pragmatic minimum models performed significantly better (accuracy, 73.1%, 69.3%, 66.6%; AUC, 0.80, 0.76, 0.72 versus 0.59 for 5 * Weight/Creatinine, 0.61 for 2*CreatinineClearance). We found that applying safe contrast limits could meaningfully reduce CA‐AKI risk in one‐quarter of patients.

Conclusions

Compared with preexisting equations, new multivariate models for safe contrast limits were substantially more accurate in predicting CA‐AKI and could help determine which patients benefit most from limiting contrast during PCI. Using readily available electronic health record data, these models could be implemented into electronic health records to provide actionable information for improving PCI safety.
Deus est Homo
Authors: Bogdan Henrik
Published: December 2020

Despite the centrality of the concept of God in Christian theology and Western philosophy for over two millennia, little attention has been given the concept of God in twentieth-century occultism in general, and in the writings of Aleister Crowley (1875–1947) in particular. In this article it is argued that Crowley’s multifaceted and sometimes conflicting approaches to God, are dependent on five main factors: (1) his childhood experiences of Christianity in the form of the Plymouth Brethren, (2) the impact of Empirical Scepticism and Comparative Religion, (3) the emanationist concept of God that he encountered through his membership in the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, (4) the revelation of The Book of the Law and the claim of being a Prophet, The Great Beast 666, of a New Age, and finally (5) solar-phallicism as expressed through the Ordo Templi Orientis. These apparently contradictory strands in Crowley’s biography and intellectual armoury are in fact interlinked, and it is by studying them together that it is possible to identify the concept of God in Crowley’s magical writings.
Things That Don’t Talk Much and Things That Feel
Authors: Neswald Elizabeth
Published: December 2020

This essay explores whether and how objects that seem pedestrian and anonymous can be made fruitful for material culture study. Using the example of late 20th-century blood glucose monitors for diabetes, it assesses the potential and limitations of common approaches to the study of material objects, when the object itself is unremarkable. It then turns to object- and experiment-oriented work in the history of science and seeks to integrate the concepts of tacit and embodied knowledge to formulate an approach to medical objects based on bodies and practices. Comparisons between monitors show how changes in their material configuration affected these practices and, by extension, changed the relationship between user and object. Finally, it looks to studies on the objects and practices of medicine and healthcare at the intersection of bodies and emotions and asks what insights they can provide for the study of modern medical devises.
Material Traces of Disability
Authors: Virdi Jaipreet
Published: December 2020

This paper examines the lived experiences of Canadian machinist and double-amputee Andrew A. Gawley (1895–1961), whose prosthetic “steel hands” rose him to fame during the mid-twentieth century, to analyze how disability objects can illuminate complex tensions of unruliness to represent a fraught epistemological materiality. Drawing on Williamson and Guffey’s “design model of disability,” I argue that Gawley’s prostheses are physical and tangible representations of his need to achieve functional normalcy. His self-reliance and identity was not only premised on ability, but dependent upon the complex unruliness ascribed within the prostheses, such that the sensationalized freakery of the “steel hands” become as crucial to Gawley’s identity as his performances of normative masculinity.
Classifications of Knowledge in Classical Islamic Mysticism: from Eastern Sufi Sources to the Writings of Muḥyī l-Dīn Ibn al-ʿArabī
Authors: Ebstein Michael
Published: December 2020

The following article aims at analyzing various classifications of knowledge that are found in the literature of classical Islamic mysticism. The discussion focuses on two main corpora: Sufi writings, composed in the central and eastern parts of the Islamic world, and works by the Andalusī mystics or theosophists Ibn Masarra (d. 319/931), Ibn Barraǧān (d. 536/1141), Ibn Qasī (d. 546/1151), and Muḥyī l-Dīn Ibn al-ʿArabī (d. 638/1240). The article examines the discrepancies between the Eastern-Sufi and Andalusī taxonomies of knowledge, in an attempt to highlight the typological differences between these two mystical traditions of classical Sunnī Islam.
THE DECISION OF THE ITALIAN CONSTITUTIONAL COURT CONCERNING THE JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES OF GERMANY
Authors: Bothe Michael
Published: December 2020

In judgment No. 238/2014 the Italian Constitutional Court held that the Italian Constitution required Italian courts to disregard the decision of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) upholding Germany’s jurisdictional immunity and to continue proceedings against Germany concerning actions for damages arising out of war crimes and crimes against humanity committed by Germany during the Second World War. The Court balanced the constitutional value of respect for international law, demanding respect for the binding force of the ICJ judgment, against the value of enforcing fundamental rights, and gave precedence to the latter. This type of balancing has also been employed by the Court of Justice of the European Union and by the German Constitutional Court. Where the highest national courts prefer constitutional values over States’ international obligations, they cause a dilemma for other State organs as from the international perspective no State may rely on its internal law to justify non-performance of international norms. Yet the decision of the Italian Constitutional Court has attempted to close a “justice gap” in the regulation of the treatment of victims of international crimes committed during the Second World War. It is therefore hoped that the two governments follow the admonition of the ICJ to reopen negotiations.
THE ITALIAN IMPLEMENTATION OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE CONVENTION ON VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND VICTIMS’ RIGHTS TO REPARATIONS
Authors: Staiano Fulvia
Published: December 2020

On 27 June 2013 Italy ratified the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (Istanbul Convention). This ratification was the result of the recent focus of socio-political forces on the serious and widespread phenomenon of violence against women in Italy. This article seeks to analyze the issue of how to ensure the effective implementation of this comprehensive and complex source of international obligations in the domestic legal order. In this analysis, specific attention will be devoted to one particularly significant aspect of non-compliance with the Istanbul Convention, i.e. the rights of female victims of violence to receive State compensation as a form of reparation, enshrined in its Article 30. At the same time, the analysis of Article 30 will raise more general points with regard to how to remedy instances of failed implementation of human rights treaties, and most importantly on the possible role of national courts in ensuring respect of such treaties when the latter are not assisted
by a supranational judicial authority in charge of their interpretation and implementation.
THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL LAW AND NATIONAL LAW IN THE FIRST ITALIAN PROSECUTION OF PIRACY: THE M/V MONTECRISTO CASE
Authors: Bo Marta
Published: December 2020

This note scrutinizes the complex relationship between international law and national criminal law in the prosecution of piracy. UN Security Council Resolutions on Somalia have marked the beginning of a new era in counter-piracy, with much wider involvement of States and international organizations in patrols in the Horn of Africa and with an increasing number of piracy trials in courts in Europe, the US, and Africa. Increased State cooperation in enforcement and adjudication has evinced the weaknesses and ambiguities inherent in the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) which deal with piracy. This article questions the suitability of the UNCLOS definition of piracy as a standalone legal basis for detention in light of the requirements of legal certainty that must be satisfied in order to permit the arrest and the “pre-transfer arrest” of piracy suspects. This question seems to have been recently overlooked by the Italian Court of Cassation whose reasoning, while correct in relation to the assertion of jurisdiction over the pirates arrested on board the M/V Montecristo, seems flawed with regard to the assumption of jurisdiction over the pirates captured aboard the “mothership” and then transferred to Italy by the British unit participating to the NATO counter-piracy mission.
DETENTION AND EXPULSION OF MIGRANTS: THE KHLAIFIA V. ITALY CASE
Authors: Mauro Maria Rosaria
Published: December 2020

On 1 September 2015 the European Court of Human Rights adopted the judgment in Khlaifia and Others v. Italy, concerning the detention and the ensuing repatriation to Tunisia of three irregular immigrants who had arrived in Italy in 2011 during the “Arab Spring”. The Court found that the applicants had been unlawfully detained in Italy and that they were not provided information or the possibility to challenge their detention. Moreover, the conditions of detention amounted to inhuman and degrading treatment. Finally, according to the Court, the applicants had been subject to collective expulsion, as despite their individual identification by Italian authorities, the personal circumstances of each of them had not been evaluated prior to their removal to Tunisia. This note considers the Italian immigration policy in the light of the European Convention of Human Rights and of the examined decision, mainly in relation to the controversial aspects of the detention and expulsion of migrants.
THE EU’S HOTSPOT APPROACH TO MANAGING THE MIGRATION CRISIS: A BLIND SPOT FOR INTERNATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY?
Authors: Casolari Federico
Published: December 2020

Announced by the European Commission in its 2015 European Agenda on Migration as one of the EU’s priority tools to face the “unprecedented” migration crisis the Union was experiencing, the “hotspot” approach consists of a common platform for EU agencies (namely, the European Asylum Support Office, Frontex, Eurojust, and Europol) to intervene, rapidly and in an integrated manner, in frontline Member States when there is a crisis due to specific and disproportionate migratory pressure at their external borders. The goal was to reduce the pressure at the borders of the most affected Member States to “normal” levels while ensuring the proper reception, identification, and processing of arrivals. The present contribution makes some introductory remarks on issues of international responsibility under international law emerging from the implementation – by State and EU actors – of the hotspot approach. In particular, the analysis will focus on problems related to the attribution of conduct, in light of the large number of subjects involved in the relevant activities. In this respect, this contribution will highlight first the function of hotspots. Then, the discussion will analyze the position of different actors involved in the hotspot approach in light of the international law framework on international responsibility. An assessment of what has been discussed in the preceding sections is contained in the final part.
REVOCATION OF ENDURING AMNESTIES VS. PRINCIPLE OF LEGALITY: JURISPRUDENTIAL CONTESTATIONS BETWEEN THE INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND DOMESTIC COURTS
Authors: Vagias Michail
Published: December 2020

International human rights bodies have declared amnesties for serious human rights violations incompatible with human rights law. As a result, amnesties have been revoked many years after their award. They have thus enabled criminal prosecutions for alleged crimes committed in the distant past. This has particularly been the case in the Inter-American system. Currently, a long debate on the compatibility of amnesties with human rights norms is taking place. The present contribution focuses on a topic hitherto at the fringes of this debate; namely, whether the revocation of amnesties and the initiation of proceedings against the accused, many years after the award of the amnesty, are consistent with the principle of legality. Certain domestic courts have argued that they are not, while the Inter-American Court of Human Rights has decided otherwise. This Article reflects on the reasoning of both sides. It argues that the revocation of amnesties raises valid concerns as regards the principle of legality, which should be seriously considered by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. It is suggested that the protection of the accused from the risk of a trial made unfair due to the passing of time and the rights of victims of access to justice require the performance of a more nuanced balancing exercise on the part of the Court.
Study of a new nano-hydroxyapatite/basic fibroblast growth factor composite promoting periodontal tissue regeneration
Authors: Wang Haiying , Wu Yanmin , Yao Zhengyu , Wang Cong
Published: December 2020

Tissue engineering technology provides a new method for periodontal regeneration. Finding or preparing a suitable scaffold is the key to periodontal tissue engineering. Here, we use nano-hydroxyapatite-modified collagen biomimetic material (nHAC) as the packaging material, and carry fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) for the regeneration and repair of periodontal tissue. Due to its low cytotoxicity and high biocompatibility, nHAC shows unique advantages in the construction of periodontal tissue scaffolds. The nHAC periodontal tissue scaffold material has a dense and porous three-dimensional network structure, has a high loading rate of bFGF, and can firmly lock human periodontal ligament cells (HPDLCs), which is easy for cell growth and attachment. In vivo experiments have shown that, in artificial animal periodontal tissue models, the nHAC-loaded bFGF periodontal scaffold covered by Geistlich Bio-Gide (GBG) membrane is better than the simple GBG membrane and the blank group, the nHAC/bFGF-GBG composite membrane It is beneficial to promote the growth of new alveolar bone and cement formation, and realize the regeneration of periodontal tissue.
Upregulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 promotes osteoblast activity by activating AMP-activated protein kinase based on cationic liposome transfection
Authors: Jiang Tao , Chen Qingzhen , Shao Min , Shen Zhen , Wang Gang , Wang Qinsheng , Zeng Zhenming
Published: December 2020

Activation of Protein Kinase AMP-Activated Catalytic Subunit Alpha (AMPKα) is an important regulatory pathway for osteogenic differentiation. STAT4 acts as a transcriptional activity factor to regulate the transcription of many genes and is potentially a regulatory factor
for AMPKα transcription activity. To confirm the regulatory effect of STAT4 on AMPKα and the effect of STAT4 on osteogenic differentiation, the promoter sequence of AMPKα was analyzed via bioinformatics, the STAT4 overexpression vector was constructed
and transfected into human osteoblast-like cells MG-63 by cationic liposome, fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blotting technologies were used to detect the effect of STAT4 on the expression of AMPKα. MTT and ALP activity assays were also used to verify the effect
of STAT4 on the proliferation and maturation of osteoblasts by regulating AMPKα expression. Our results showed that STAT4 was a co-transcriptional regulator of AMPKα1 and AMPKα2, which combined the enrichment region of CpG on the promoter sequence of
AMPKα1/2. Overexpression of STAT4 significantly increased the expression of AMPKα1 and AMPKα2, which promoted the proliferation and maturation of osteoblasts. We concluded that STAT4 was a transcriptional activator of AMPKα and promoting
STAT4 expression enhances the proliferation and differentiation activity of AMPKα in osteoblasts.
Boosting rate capability of ionic liquid supercapacitors by copolymer-derived activated hollow carbon nanospheres
Authors: Gao Hongquan , Xu Guijiang , Zhang Dong , Zhou Haitao , Wu Jianchun , Liu Chao , Liu Menghao , Yang Jianhong
Published: December 2020

Herein, a novel activated hollow carbon nanospheres (AHCNSs) with enlarged specific surface area (SSA) of 1796 m2ú g-1and pore volume (Vp) of 1.33 cm3ú g-1was synthesized from poly(aniline-co-pyrrole) hollow nanospheres via KOH activation method. The supercapacitor containing AHCNSs displayed high gravimetric capacitance (Cg) of 290 F ú g-1at 1 Aú g-1and 79% capacitance retention even at 20 Aú g-1in ionic liquid EMIMBF4, indicating its excellent rate capability. This study highlights the potential value of novel hollow structure activated carbon in the field of energy storage.
Preparation and photocatalytic activity of pendant heteroaryl groups (pyrimidine and pyridine) grafted polyterthiophene/TiO2 composites
Authors: Liu Yingcheng , Abdurexit Abdukeyum , Jamal Ruxangul , Zhang Wenli , Yan Yinqiang , Zhang Ruanye , Yu Zongna , Ge Yi , Abdiryim Tursun
Published: December 2020

In this paper, new π-conjugated heterocyclic systems with pyrimidine- and pyridine-grafted polyterthiophene were combined with TiO2 to obtain composite materials (PDTPrT/TiO2 and PDTPrmT/TiO2). The photocatalytic properties of the composites
were tested by using them to degrade MB using UV-light and simulated solar irradiation. The structural analysis revealed that the pyrimidine and pyridine groups in the polyterthiophenes interacted with TiO2 via non-covalent interactions. The combination of the substituted polyterthiophene
and TiO2 restrained the recombination rate of photogenerated e-?h+ pairs and broadened the spectral response range of TiO2. The results indicated that PDTPrT/TiO2 and PDTPrmT/TiO2 with a TiO2-to-monomer molar
ratio of 75 had the highest photodegradation rates under UV light (98.6% and 97.4%, respectively after 10 min) and simulated solar (95.4% and 92.7%, respectively after 300 min).
Influence of selective etching on the enamel and dentin leakage of three low shrinkage composites in class V restoration
Authors: Al-Nahedh Hend N.
Published: December 2020

This study determined if prior selective enamel etching affected leakage of enamel/dentin margins in Class V low-shrinkage resin-based composite restorations. Round cavities, centered on the cemento/enamel junction, 2 mm in diameter and 2 mm in depth were prepared on the buccal, palatal
or lingual surfaces of premolar teeth to have a total of 60 cavities. One side of the tooth received selective enamel etching and both sides were restored using one of 3 restorative materials (n = 10): Aelite LS posterior/All-bond SE, Estelite Sigma Quick/Bond Force, or Filtek P90/P90
System Adhesive. The teeth were fatigued for 5000 thermal cycles, and the marginal sealing was challenged with 50% ammoniacal silver nitrate. The interface was analyzed and the leakage score was calculated. Two-way ANOVA revealed that Filtek P90 (25.5±17.4) had lower leakage than Estelite
Sigma Quick (63.1±34.5) and Aelite LS Posterior (64.2±41.8) with self-etching. With selective etching, the three materials showed reduced leakage in enamel. A significant difference (P <0.05) was found between leakage in enamel and dentin for the Aelite LS Posterior
selective etch group and for Estelite Sigma Quick. Selective etching reduced enamel leakage for all materials in one-step self-etch materials. Two-step self-etch adhesives bond better to enamel and dentin than one-step resin-based adhesives.
Genesis and Decay of Mesoscale Baroclinic Eddies in the Seasonally Ice-Covered Interior Arctic Ocean
Authors: Meneghello Gianluca , Marshall John , Lique Camille , Isachsen Pål Erik , Doddridge Edward , Campin Jean-Michel , Regan Heather , Talandier Claude
Published: December 2020

Observations of ocean currents in the Arctic interior show a curious, and hitherto unexplained, vertical and temporal distribution of mesoscale activity. A marked seasonal cycle is found close to the surface: strong eddy activity during summer, observed from both satellites and moorings, is followed by very quiet winters. In contrast, subsurface eddies persist all year long within the deeper halocline and below. Informed by baroclinic instability analysis, we explore the origin and evolution of mesoscale eddies in the seasonally ice-covered interior Arctic Ocean. We find that the surface seasonal cycle is controlled by friction with sea ice, dissipating existing eddies and preventing the growth of new ones. In contrast, subsurface eddies, enabled by interior potential vorticity gradients and shielded by a strong stratification at a depth of approximately 50 m, can grow independently of the presence of sea ice. A high-resolution pan-Arctic ocean model confirms that the interior Arctic basin is baroclinically unstable all year long at depth. We address possible implications for the transport of water masses between the margins and the interior of the Arctic basin, and for climate models’ ability to capture the fundamental difference in mesoscale activity between ice-covered and ice-free regions.
Book review: Xu Qian, Water Services Disputes in International Arbitration: Reconsidering the Nexus of Investment Protection, Environment, and Human Rights
Authors: Kang Sungjin
Published: December 2020

Xu Qian, Water Services Disputes in International Arbitration: Reconsidering the Nexus of Investment Protection, Environment, and Human Rights. The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International BV, 2020, xiv+280 pp., GBP 156.51. ISBN 978-94-035-2203-6.
Cultural competency training for psychiatry residents and mental health professionals: A systematic review
Authors: Venkataramu Vyjayanthi N , Vajawat Bhavika , Raghuraman Bharathram Sathur , Chaturvedi SK
Published: December 2020

Introduction:

Cultural competence is a prerequisite skill for a psychiatrist. There is a dearth of information on the methods used for training of cultural competence and their outcomes. This study aims to explore and determine the existing methods used for cultural competency training (CCT) for psychiatry residents and how useful these training methods are.

Method:

A systematic review methodology based on PRISMA guidelines was adopted for this study. The literature search reviewed databases of PubMed and MesH, using keywords ‘psychiatry resident’, ‘psychiatry’, ‘psychiatrist’, ‘mental health’, and ‘mental health professional’. In the end,14 articles qualified for the detailed review. The level of evidence and quality of the studies were evaluated and recorded.

Results:

The methods of cultural competence training identified were grouped as, active/passive/mixed; group training/individual training. These included documentaries or non-feature films based teaching, secondary consultation and cross consultation models, case vignette discussions, Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE), behavioral simulation, video demonstration, cultural discussion in rounds, and traditional clinical teaching. The studies covered participants from different cultural backgrounds, mainly urban and predominantly university/institution based.

Conclusion:

There is limited literature in the area to conclude one method to be better than the other with respect to CCT in psychiatry residents. However, this review identified a variety of training methods, which can be used and pave way for research on their effectiveness. Training and evaluation of psychiatry residents in the area of cultural competence should be done routinely during their training to enable them to practice in the multi ethic societies.
On-site monitoring of bearing failure in composite bolted joints using built-in eddy current sensing film
Authors: Liu Qijian , Sun Hu , Chai Yuan , Zhu Jianjian , Wang Tao , Qing Xinlin
Published: December 2020

Bearing damage is one of the common failure modes in composite bolted joints. This paper describes the development of an on-site monitoring method based on eddy current (EC) sensing film to monitor the bearing damage in carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) single-lap bolted joints under tensile testing. Configuration design and operating principles of EC array sensing film are demonstrated. A series of numerical simulations are conducted to analyze the variation of EC when the bearing failure occurs around the bolt hole. The results of damage detection in the horizontal direction and through the thickness direction in the bolt hole with different exciting current directions are presented by the finite element method (FEM). Experiments are performed to prove the feasibility of the proposed EC array sensing film when the bearing failure occurs in CFRP single-lap bolted joints. The results of numerical simulations and experiments indicate that bearing failure can be detected according to the variation of EC in the test specimen.
Honor and Seeking Mental Health Services: The Roles of Stigma and Reputation Concerns
Authors: Foster Stephen , Carvallo Mauricio , Lee Jongwon , Bernier Itzel
Published: December 2020

Prior research has indicated the extent to which living in a culture of honor can elicit aggressive behaviors in response to insult. Recent work has extended this research to the realm of mental health, with research demonstrating that honor endorsement is linked with decreased utilization of mental health resources due to social concerns that the stigma of psychological help-seeking will reflect poorly on one’s reputation. However, measurements of both the mechanism proposed by the extant literature (reputation concern) and individual-level psychological help seeking intentions were not addressed by previous researchers. In order to address this gap in the literature, the current study of 156 participants located in a Southern U.S. state utilized measures of both reputation concern and psychological help-seeking intentions to clarify the relationship between honor endorsement and the stigma of mental health care utilization. Results from path analysis provided further support to the propositions formulated by prior researchers, in that honor endorser’s reputation concerns appear to fuel stigmatization, which ultimately leads to lower intention to seek psychological services. These findings, in conjunction with prior work, demonstrate the importance of considering individual differences in honor endorsement as an influential factor in understanding the utilization of psychological health resources.
Gremlins in the Data: Identifying the Information Content of Research Subjects
Authors: Howell John R. , Ebbes Peter , Liechty John C.
Published: December 2020

Empirical demand functions, such as those from choice-based conjoint analyses, are critical to many aspects of marketing. Approaches have been developed to ensure that research subjects provide honest and thoughtful responses. However, to reduce costs, researchers increasingly collect data online, under conditions that compromise the value of the information provided. Objective measures related to how the study is completed, such as latency (how quickly answers are given), can only be tied to other objective measures (such as the consistency of the answers), but ultimately their relationship to the subject’s utility function is questionable. To address this problem, the authors introduce a mixture modeling framework that clusters subjects based on variances. The proposed model naturally groups subjects based on their internal consistency. The authors argue that a higher level of internal consistency (i.e., lower variance) reflects more engaged consumers who have sufficient experience with the product category and choice task. “Gremlins,” in contrast, behave such that the noise in their responses overwhelms any signal, leading to a lack of predictive power. This approach provides an automated way to determine which respondents are relevant. The authors discuss the conceptual and modeling framework and illustrate the method using both simulated and commercial data.
The Processing of Spanish Article–Noun Gender Agreement by Monolingual and Bilingual Toddlers
Authors: Molnar Monika , Alemán Bañón José , Mancini Simona , Caffarra Sendy
Published: December 2020

We assessed monolingual Spanish and bilingual Spanish-Basque toddlers’ sensitivity to gender agreement in correct vs. incorrect Spanish noun phrases (definite article + noun), using a spontaneous preference listening paradigm. Monolingual Spanish-learning toddlers exhibited a tendency to listen longer to the grammatically correct phrases (e.g., la casa; “the house”), as opposed to the incorrect ones (e.g., * el casa). This listening preference toward correct phrases is in line with earlier results obtained from French monolingual 18-month-olds (van Heugten & Christophe, 2015). Bilingual toddlers in the current study, however, tended to listen longer to the incorrect phrases. Basque was not a source of interference in the bilingual toddler’s input as Basque does not instantiate grammatical gender agreement. Overall, our results suggest that both monolingual and bilingual toddlers can distinguish between the correct and incorrect phrases by 18 months of age; however, monolinguals and bilinguals allocate their attention differently when processing grammatically incorrect forms.
Drugs, Violence, and Capitalism: The Expansion of Opioid Use in the Americas
Authors: Pereira Paulo José dos Reis
Published: December 2020

In the past two decades, the United States has experienced a rapid rise in the use of opioids by its population, a context that has come to be assessed by the U.S. government as a threat to national and international security that requires emergency measures. The strategies of the U.S. government and transnational pharmaceutical corporations for resolving the insecurity generated by capitalist accumulation constitute what a certain literature calls “pacification.” In addition, these corporations export to the “foreign” the contradictions inherent in the opioid control policy that underlies the capitalist logic of drugs. Thus Latin American populations have been instrumentalized in the “solution” of this crisis either as a focus of violence by the state or as a focus of consumption by the market.

Nas últimas duas décadas, os Estados Unidos vivenciaram uma rápida ascensão do uso de opioides pela sua população, contexto que passou a ser avaliado pelo governo estadunidense como uma ameaça à segurança nacional e internacional que demanda medidas emergenciais. As estratégias do Estado estadunidense e das corporações farmacêuticas transnacionais para solucionar a insegurança gerada pela acumulação capitalista configuram o que certa literatura chama “pacificação” Ademais, elas exportam para o “estrangeiro” as contradições próprias da política de controle de opioides que fundamenta a lógica capitalista das drogas. Assim, populações latino-americanas têm sido instrumentalizadas para a “solução” dessa crise, seja como foco da violência pelo Estado, seja como foco do consumo pelo mercado.
Socio-territorial Disputes and Violence on Fracking Land in Vaca Muerta, Argentina
Authors: Hadad María Gisela , Palmisano Tomás , Wahren Juan
Published: December 2020

With the discovery of unconventional hydrocarbon deposits and the consequent expansion of the commodity frontiers in the past decade, a series of territorial disputes over the geological formation called Vaca Muerta has arisen in the province of Neuquén, Argentina, between oil companies, Mapuche indigenous communities, pastoralists, and the state. A general panorama of territorial conflict, state and parastate violence, tension, and negotiation among various actors in conflict in the department of Añelo suggests that violence in the territory is complex and multidimensional, since it supposes the superposition of its direct, structural, ecological, epistemic, and mercantilist forms.

En la última década, con el descubrimiento de yacimientos de hidrocarburos no convencionales y la consiguiente ampliación de la frontera mercantil, se han generado en la provincia de Neuquén, Argentina, una serie de disputas territoriales en torno a la formación geológica denominada Vaca Muerta entre empresas petroleras, comunidades indígenas mapuche, crianceros y diferentes niveles del Estado. Un panorama general de la conflictividad territorial, violencias estatales y para-estatales, procesos de tensión y negociación entre los diferentes actores en pugna del departamento de Añelo sugiere que la violencia en el territorio es de carácter complejo y multidimensional pues supone la superposición de su forma directa, estructural, ecológica, epistémica y mercantil.
The Persistence of Stigma Reduction After Teaching Abnormal Psychology Using Celebrity Narratives
Authors: Ferrari Anne
Published: December 2020

Research shows that stigma toward mental illness prevents a large percentage of college students from seeking help. Finding pedagogies that can be utilized in the classroom to reduce stigma is important. The present study replicated previous research that utilized celebrity case material in the teaching of abnormal psychology for the purpose of reducing public stigma toward mental illness and help seeking. The present study also examined whether stigma reductions would persist beyond the initial post-testing. Data were collected using a pre-post design from 48 (experimental group) and 23 (control group) college undergraduates enrolled in an abnormal psychology course. Compared to the control group, the use of celebrities as narratives to teach about mental illness resulted in reduced public stigma toward mental illness and reduced stigma toward seeking help which persisted over a 6-month time period.
The Value of Handwritten Notes: A Failure to Find State-Dependent Effects When Using a Laptop to Take Notes and Complete a Quiz
Authors: Crumb Roni M. , Hildebrandt Ryan , Sutton Tina M.
Published: December 2020

Background:

Many students use laptops in the classroom to take notes; however, even when laptops are used for the sole purpose of taking notes they can negatively impact academic performance.

Objective:

The current study examined state-dependent effects, and the potential for a match in note taking and quiz taking methods to improve quiz performance.

Method:

Participants were placed into a congruent (take notes by hand and complete the quiz by hand or take notes using a laptop and complete an online quiz) or an incongruent condition (take notes by hand and take an online quiz or take notes using a laptop and complete the quiz by hand).

Results:

The results revealed that participants who took notes by hand performed better on the quiz overall, and better on conceptual questions, then students who took notes using a laptop. We failed to find evidence for state-dependent effects.

Conclusions:

The current study suggests that taking notes by hand may improve how students encode material, and result in higher quality external storage used by students when studying for quizzes.

Teaching Implications:

Reinforcing the notion that taking notes by hand may benefit quiz performance for lecture-style information and could improve student performance in class.
Book review: Sudheer Sharma, The Nepal Nexus: An Inside Account of the Maoists, the Durbar and New Delhi
Authors: Verma Raj Kumar
Published: December 2020

Sudheer Sharma, The Nepal Nexus: An Inside Account of the Maoists, the Durbar and New Delhi (New Delhi, Penguin/Viking, 2019), xiii + pp. 521.
Book review: Sumit Guha, History and Collective Memory in South Asia 1200–2000
Authors: Ingole Anagha Y.
Published: December 2020

Sumit Guha, History and Collective Memory in South Asia 1200–2000 (Seattle, University of Washington Press, 2019), xiii + 258 pp.
Gallincin ameliorates colitis-associated inflammation and barrier function in mice based on network pharmacology prediction
Authors: Cui De-jun , Yang Xiao-lan , Okuda Shujiro , Ling Yi-wei , Zhang Zhu-xue , Liu Qi , Yuan Wen-qiang , Yan Fang
Published: December 2020

Objective

To explore potential mechanisms and effects of gallincin on a mouse model of colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS).

Methods

Network pharmacology analysis was used to predict the molecular mechanism of action of gallincin for treatment of colitis. Gallincin was administered orally to mice with DSS-induced colitis. Expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), D-lactate, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and myeloperoxidase activity were assessed with real-time quantitative PCR and an enzyme-linked immunoassay, respectively. Expression of occludin, zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1), and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase1/2 (p-ERK1/2) was analyzed with immunohistochemical staining and/or western blot assays.

Results

Using a network pharmacology approach, 12 mapping targets between gallincin and colitis were obtained, including ERK/mitogen-activated protein kinase. Further investigations in an experimental colitis mouse model showed that gallincin significantly ameliorated experimental colitis, reduced D-lactate levels, and remarkably increased occludin and ZO-1 expression, possibly in part by decreasing IL-1β, TNF-α, and p-ERK1/2 levels and inhibiting leukocyte penetration.

Conclusions

Gallincin regulated colonic barrier function and reduced colitis-associated inflammation, suggesting it is a promising drug for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.