bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Notices descriptive of the Localities of certain sculptured stone monuments in Forfarshire &c. (Part I)
Authors: Jervise Andrew
Published: December 2021

This article aims to shed light on some of the sculpted stone monuments of Perth, Kincardine and Angus. Taking each monument in turn, the author discusses the design of the monuments and gives a brief overview of the history of the area in which they were uncovered. Several of the monuments were discovered on or near burial sites and for some of these sites the author relates local legends about historical figures who might have been buried there.

 

Meeting notes for March 10, 1856 are appended.
Notices of the Early History of the Parish of Govan
Authors: Roger James C
Published: December 2021

This article traces the historical events and religious activities that took place in the parish of Govan. The author describes some of the notable structures in the parish that are of architectural or historical interest and emphasises the charitable work of the parish throughout its history.
Account of the expenses of the Funeral of Mrs Barbara Ruthven, Daughter-in-Law of Sir Hugh Paterson of Bannockburn, 20th July 1695. From the original belonging to Hugh J Rollo
Authors: Stuart John
Published: December 2021

This paper quotes an account of George Porteous' heraldry work associated with the funeral of Barbara Ruthven.

 

Meeting notes for 12 May, 1856 are appended.
Notice of a Stone Cist, containing the remains of a human skeleton, recently discovered at Ardyne, Near Castle Toward, Argyleshire
Authors: Roger J C
Published: December 2021

A stone cist was revealed on a shingle beach following a storm. The cist revealed the remains of a male skeleton and what the author believed to be a flint spearhead. The article goes on to place this discovery in the context of other cists uncovered in the area and concludes with the author's views on the dating of these burials.
On one of the simple forms of Burial in use among the Ancient Egyptians, observed in a recent excavation at Geezeh
Authors: Rhind Alexander Henry
Published: December 2021

The author describes what he believes to be the tombs of two common people excavated outside Giza in Egypt. The dimensions of the tombs were very similar, as were the vessels discovered alongside the remains. The bodies in both tombs were either ritually arranged to fit into the small space or dismembered, a feature that the author speculates may have been a feature of ancient cultures across the world.
Anniversary Meeting
Authors: - -
Published: December 2021

The Vice-President gave the opening address praising the Society's achievements over the past session and commemorating the Fellows who died over the past year. He also noted the success of the meeting held by the Archaeological Institute of Great Britain in Edinburgh, which he believes will increase the study of archaeology in Scotland. He goes on to give his opinion on what the Society's purpose should be and what benefits the study of the past can offer.

 

Meeting notes for December 15, 1856 are appended.
Notice of the Stone Circle at Callernish, in the Island of Lewis
Authors: Callender Henry
Published: December 2021

Henry Callender describes the layout of the standing stones at Callanish, which he notes have not been written about in detail due to their geographical isolation. He relates some of the local legends surrounding the site as well as some of the historical accounts of druids that are assumed to have used the site.
Notice of an Urn and other Sepulchral remains, &c., discovered in the Windy-Goul, on Arthur's Seat, in cutting the New Road from Edinburgh to the Village of Duddingstone
Authors: Logan George
Published: December 2021

While digging a new road from Edinburgh to Duddingston through an area named Windy Gowl, several underground cavities were unearthed. One contained an urn and a further seven were found containing human remains. A small hatchet and some copper coins were also discovered nearby. The author notes that no weaponry was found near these graves and speculates that they may have been related to an area of execution nearby known as 'Hangman's Knowe'.
Notice of some Indian Antiquities, as compared with British in a letter from Dr Daniel Wilson, Toronto, Upper Canada, to David Laing
Authors: Wilson Daniel , Laing David , MacKinley John
Published: December 2021

Daniel Wilson comments on the similarities between some artefacts belonging to First Nations groups in north-western Canada and those of the early peoples of the British Isles. In particular, he notes that an adze made one tribe is used to hollow out their canoes in a way that he believes echoes the way that wooden canoes found in the Clyde were made. This hand tool is also compared to some stone weaponry made by Pacific Islanders.

 

Meeting notes for April 13, 1857 are appended. During this meeting a communication on a German cruet was read by John MacKinlay and the Great Seal of Scotland of George III and the Quarter Seal of Scotland of George IV were presented to the Society as donations with accompanying explanatory notes.
Notices of the Localities of the Sculptured Stone Monuments at St Bigeans, Inchbrayoch, Pitmuies, and Menmuir, in Angus, and of Fordoun in the Mearns. Part IV
Authors: Jervise Andrew
Published: December 2021

The author discusses the churches, local history, stone monuments and barrows of several locations in Angus. He also describes the historical monuments found in the area surrounding Fordoun in Aberdeenshire and pays particularly close attention to the local history of these sites.
Notes on some Sepulchral Cists, and on the Latin Inscription upon one of the Standing Stones near Yarrow Kirk, Selkirkshire
Authors: Smith John Alexander
Published: December 2021

Finds from the excavation of several cists found near Yarrow in the Scottish Borders were exhibited. A standing stone found nearby that was inscribed with illegible Latin text is also described. The author quotes a letter he received from the local parish Reverend that details his thoughts on the stone's purpose and age. The article ends with the author's belief that more study is required before any conclusions can be drawn.
Notice of the Ancient Die of a Scottish Coin found near Pittencrieff, recently presented to the Museum
Authors: Scott W H
Published: December 2021

A medieval coining iron was exhibited alongside a coin from the die itself. The author argues that these objects are from the reign of Alexander III. He goes on to discuss the manufacture of coinage, concluding that we do not have sufficient evidence to determine that this die was from an official royal mint and suggested that it may have been a forger's tool.
Description of Antiquities in Orkney recently examined, with Illustrative Drawings
Authors: Petrie George
Published: December 2021

A description of three excavations undertaken by Mr James Farrer in 1853 on Orkney. The author discusses the excavations, the sites themselves and the finds made at these sites. 

 

Meeting notes for March 12, 1855 are appended.
Notices of Impressions of Ancient Seals, principally of the Eglinton Family
Authors: Scott W H
Published: December 2021

A notice of a communication entitled 'Notices of impressions of ancient seals, principally of the Eglinton family' was read.

 

Meeting notes from 11 April 1855.
Contratos Futuros de Taxa de Juros e Política Monetária: Uma Visão Pós-Keynesiana
Authors: Bezerra Rogério Sobreira
Published: December 2021

Este trabalho discute o papel dos derivativos – mais especificamente dos contratos futuros de taxas de juros – na determinação das taxas de juros de curto e de longo prazo. Mudanças na taxa de juros iniciadas pelo banco central são transmitidas para outras taxas através dos efeitos substituição e expectativas. A existência de derivativos de taxas de juros – particularmente contratos futuros de taxas de juros – pode afetar a determinação da taxa de juros pelo menos de duas maneiras: primeiramente, elevando a substitutibilidade dos ativos. Os derivativos podem ainda afetar a velocidade e extensão pela qual variações na taxa de juros de curto prazo são transmitidas ao longo do espectro de maturidade de taxas de juros. Em segundo lugar, os derivativos de taxa de juros podem afetar o efeito riqueza resultante da ação da política monetária.
Managerial Economics Versus Managerial Accounting: Um Estudo à Procura de Suas Semelhanças ou Divergências
Authors: Rodrigues Adriano
Published: December 2021

Dentre os conhecimentos utilizados por gestores se encontram a Managerial Economics e a Managerial Accounting. Estas duas disciplinas se dedicam a estudar a tomada de decisões no ambiente de negócios. Este estudo possui o objetivo de levantar as diferenças e similaridades entre estas duas disciplinas, tentando identificar pontos que possam estabelecer uma possível interação entre elas. A metodologia utilizada foi à revisão bibliográfica, onde foi analisado o conjunto de livros e artigos destinados ao estudo dessas disciplinas. No seu desenvolvimento, a partir das referências levantadas pela revisão bibliográfica, o estudo elaborou uma comparação entre as disciplinas em relação a três itens relacionados ao processo de tomada de decisão: a) escopo de atuação, b) amplitude temporal e c) critérios de definição de custos. O conjunto de referências levantadas pela revisão bibliográfica e a comparação, proporcionou a identificação de algumas diferenças entre as duas disciplinas.
Propriedades das Projeções de Lucros: um estudo para o Brasil
Authors: Martinez Antônio Lopo
Published: December 2021

Coletando informações e analisando o desempenho corrente das empresas, os analistas do mercado de capitais realizam projeções de resultados contábeis. Com base em dados extraídos do sistema I/B/E/S, realiza-se uma abrangente pesquisa empírica das projeções dos analistas de empresa brasileiras. O período de estudo foi de janeiro 1995 a junho 2003. Características como acurácia, viés e precisão das projeções dos analistas são apreciadas e contextualizadas em diferentes situações. A pesquisa evidenciou que os analistas de empresas brasileiras foram otimistas em termos médios e tiveram um desempenho fraco no tocante à precisão e à acurácia. Os analistas são particularmente otimistas em relação àquelas empresas que apresentam resultados negativos. Adicionalmente, observou-se que à medida que aumenta o número de analistas que participam do consenso a acurácia aumenta. Quanto maior for a firma analisada, melhor será o desempenho dos analistas.
Determinantes do Nível de Divulgação Ambiental nas Demonstrações Contábeis de Empresas Brasileiras
Authors: Braga Josué Pires , Oliveira José Renato Sena , Salotti Bruno Meirelles
Published: December 2021

O objetivo principal do estudo em questão consiste em avaliar empiricamente a influência de determinadas variáveis sobre o nível de divulgação ambiental nas demonstrações contábeis de empresas brasileiras. A partir da teoria da divulgação foram levantadas sete hipóteses, as quais relacionam o nível de divulgação ambiental com as variáveis: tamanho, desempenho, endividamento, riqueza criada, natureza da atividade, controle acionário e governança corporativa. Foram analisadas as demonstrações contábeis referentes ao exercício social de 2006 de 108 companhias de capital aberto listadas na Bovespa. O nível de divulgação ambiental foi mensurado por meio da aplicação da técnica de análise de conteúdo nas demonstrações contábeis das empresas da amostra. Foram efetuados testes paramétricos e não paramétricos de correlação e de diferença de médias e análise de regressão linear múltipla com a finalidade de avaliar a influência das variáveis explicativas sobre o nível de divulgação ambiental. As evidências empíricas apontam que a maior parte (82,85%) das informações ambientais foi encontrada no relatório da administração e não passou pela avaliação dos auditores externos; 61,60% destas informações são do tipo declarativa; e a grande maioria (90,22%) atribuem crédito à imagem da empresa. As evidências analisadas sugerem que as variáveis tamanho, riqueza criada e natureza da atividade exercem influência direta e significativa sobre o nível de divulgação ambiental. Estes resultados são coerentes com os de alguns estudos anteriores e estão de acordo com os pressupostos da teoria da divulgação.
FLUXO DE CAIXA LIVRE: VALUATION DE UMA EMPRESA DO SETOR AÉREO BRASILEIRO
Authors: ALMEIDA NEIRILAINE SILVA DE , SILVA RONALDO FREITAS DA , RIBEIRO KÁREM CRISTINA DE SOUSA
Published: December 2021

O fluxo de caixa livre é considerado, por diversos autores, como uma das ferramentas mais efetivas para a mensuração do valor de uma empresa, por trazer o valor presente de expectativas futuras a uma taxa de desconto condizente com a realidade econômica em que a organização está inserida. Sendo assim, a proposta deste trabalho constitui em verificar qual o valor da empresa GOL através do Fluxo de Caixa Livre. Utilizou-se esta empresa, pois a mesma foi criada há nove anos e com a aquisição da Varig em 2007 divulga expectativas de expansão de mercado tanto nacional como internacionalmente. Como metodologia, realizou-se uma pesquisa descritiva com abordagem quantitativa, através de um estudo de caso. Os resultados demonstraram que o valor da empresa, através do Fluxo de Caixa Livre é 10,74% menor do que o valor patrimonial e que a diminuição do Fluxo de Caixa Livre no decorrer dos anos projetados é proveniente, principalmente, do crescimento percentual maior dos custos e das despesas gerais e administrativas, em relação ao crescimento da receita.
Nível de Percepção do Projeto Político-Pedagógico: O que Pensam os Profissionais de Educação Contábil de uma Intituição de Ensino Superior Pública do Estado da Bahia/Brasil
Authors: Guimaraes Isac Pimentel , Slomski Vilma Geni , Gomes Sonia Maria da Silva , Da Silva Antonio Carlos Ribeiro
Published: December 2021

O presente trabalho busca investigar o nível de percepção dos professores de Ciências Contábeis da Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), acerca do Projeto Político-Pedagógico. Com o propósito de atingir o objetivo circunscrito nesta investigação, optou-se em desenvolver uma pesquisa empírica, utilizando o questionário em escala Likert de 1 a 7 como técnica de coleta de dados, no qual 22 dos 28 profissionais de ensino, do curso de Ciências Contábeis, responderam ao questionário proposto. Tendo em vista que as discussões foram realizadas com respaldo na literatura existente, a pesquisa identificou o nível de percepção dos professores com base nos seguintes critérios: i) concentração de pontos da escala Likert acima de 4 = Nível de percepção satisfatório; ii) concentração de pontos da escala Likert sobre o ponto 4 = Nível de percepção em neutralidade; iii) concentração de pontos da escala Likert abaixo de 4 = Nível de percepção insuficiente. Com efeito, constatou-se que os docentes expressam um nível de percepção bastante satisfatório no que diz respeito a conceitos, interdiscplinaridade, currículo, planos de ensino, implantação e consolidação do PPP, uma vez que corroboram, em sua maioria, com a idéia de que esse documento deve abranger reflexões em torno das seguintes dimensões: estrutural e conjuntural da sociedade; ética-valorativa; historicidade da instituição e; processo de conhecimento. Além disso, verificou-se que em meio ao quadro de professores permanentes e substitutos, prevalece a figura masculina em quantidade, formação contábil, maior nível acadêmico e atuação em coordenação de curso.
Monitoria: Atividade de Aprendizagem nos Fundamentos da Ciência Contábil
Authors: Laffin Marcos , Boca Santa Stephane Louise , Pollnow Camila Gabriela
Published: December 2021

Este artigo discute questões do processo de aprender e tem como objetivo identificar a contribuição da Monitoria na aprendizagem dos fundamentos da Contabilidade dos estudantes do curso de Graduação em Ciências Contábeis da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Como recurso metodológico, utilizamos o levantamento de dados por meio de um questionário de opinião e referências bibliográficas para os conceitos teóricos que abrangem a compreensão de Monitoria no processo ensino-aprendizagem. A análise das respostas desse estudo permite afirmar o entendimento da Monitoria como atividade de trabalho e de reflexão que auxilia na compreensão e na autonomia das novas apropriações dos fundamentos da Ciência Contábil.
Teorias da propriedade, entidade e fundos: uma análise da evidenciação das demonstrações financeiras de empresas sem fins lucrativos
Authors: Varandas Raquel Nascimento , Villa Patricia , Colauto Romualdo Douglas
Published: December 2021

As empresas sem fins lucrativos, para efeitos de evidenciação, são tratadas como empresas com fins lucrativos, obrigadas a publicar demonstrações financeiras que não transparecem efetivamente as informações que estas deveriam fornecer. Esta pesquisa tem o intuito de demonstrar a aplicação das teorias do proprietário, entidade e fundos em empresas sem fins lucrativos. A análise da aplicação destas teorias do patrimônio líquido foi testada em três organizações não governamentais, uma do Rio Grande do Sul, uma de Santa Catarina e uma do Paraná. Realizou-se uma pesquisa descritiva com as demonstrações contábeis das empresas estudadas podendo inferir desta pesquisa que as três teorias podem ser aplicadas em organizações sem fins lucrativos. O que difere é a visão de patrimônio líquido em cada uma das teorias elencadas. Neste intuito, a teoria dos fundos oferece a evidenciação mais perfeitamente aplicável ao Terceiro Setor.
Gerenciamento de Resultados: Investigação de sua Ocorrência em Empresas de Setores Regulados no Brasil
Authors: Dos Santos Alexandre Corrêa , MARCELLO Idair EDSON , Zonatto Vinícius Costa da Silva , Toledo Filho Jorge Ribeiro de
Published: December 2021

Este estudo tem por objetivo investigar se empresas listadas na BM&FBovespa, pertencentes a setores regulados efetuam gerenciamento de resultados contábeis (GR), e identificar se a relação entre o índice de governança corporativa dessas empresas influencia no nível de gerenciamento dos resultados das mesmas. A pesquisa caracteriza-se como Descritiva em relação a seu objetivo; Documental quanto aos procedimentos e Quantitativa quanto a sua abordagem. Os dados analisados foram coletados junto ao software Economática® para o período de 2005 a 2009. Para a análise dos dados utilizou-se o modelo KS para o cálculo do gerenciamento de resultados. As medidas representativas do índice de governança corporativa das organizações representam as variáveis dependentes da pesquisa. Para verificar a relação entre gerenciamento de resultados e o índice de governança corporativa destas empresas, foi realizado o teste-T de diferenças de médias. Os resultados encontrados sugerem o gerenciamento de resultados nas companhias de setores regulados. No entanto, não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre o nível de gerenciamento de resultado de empresas dos setores regulados com governança corporativa e companhias sem esta característica.
ASPECTOS CONTÁBEIS DO CRÉDITO DE CARBONO EM UMA EMPRESA PRODUTORA DE ENERGIA LIMPA
Authors: Folster André , Ferreira Luiz Felipe
Published: December 2021

Este artigo tem como objetivo investigar a contabilização das negociações dos créditos de carbono na empresa Lages Bioenergética Ltda, nos anos de 2007 a 2011. A pesquisa caracteriza-se como sendo estudo de caso de caráter exploratório com abordagem qualitativa. Os resultados demonstraram que (i) a Lages obtém crédito de carbono por ser uma receita adicional, além de contribuir para a imagem da empresa; (ii) a aquisição do crédito de carbono passa por um longo processo de projeção e análise e profissionais da área formulam o projeto de MDL; (iii) a receita é reconhecida pelos recebimento dos créditos e os custos lançados no exercício em que ocorrem. A Lages Bioenergética faz o reconhecimento das negociações com o crédito de carbono no momento em que elas ocorrem. Desta forma, não incorre ao erro ao demonstrar valores arbitrários em seus demonstrativos, já que não há uma regulamentação própria para negociações deste instrumento.
N
‐Hydroxyphthalimide
Authors: Gambarotti Cristian , Punta Carlo , Recupero Francesco , Zlotorzynska Maria , Sammis Glenn , Petersen Wade F.
Published: January 2025

image

[

524‐38‐9

]

C
8
H
5
NO
3

(MW 163.11)

InChI = 
1S/C8H5NO3/c10‐7‐5‐3‐1‐2‐4‐6(5)8(11)9(7)12/h1‐4,12H

InChIKey = 
CFMZSMGAMPBRBE‐UHFFFAOYSA‐N

(reagent for the formation of
O
‐alkyl hydroxylamines, catalytic precursor to the phthalimido‐
N
‐oxyl radical (PINO), capable of mild and selective abstraction of hydrogen from a wide variety of CH bonds with the formation of free radicals for exploitation in synthetic schemes, oxidation of CH bonds)

Physical Data:
 mp 233 °C;
d
1.58 g cm
−3
; refractive index 1.522 (at 589 nm); p
K
a
6.3 at 25 °C in H
2
O; OH BDE 88 kcal mol
−1
;
1
H NMR (DMSO‐d
6
) 7.84 (s, 4
H
, CH), 10.9 (s, 1
H
, OH);
13
C NMR (DMSO‐d
6
) 168, 134, 128, 123; EPR of the derived radical (PINO) triplet,
g
 = 2.0073,
A
N
 = 4.23 G; MASS (EI) (
m/z
) 163 M
+
, 147, 133, 105, 104, 77, 76, 50.

Solubility:
 0.33 g L
−1
5 °C in benzene; 50.5 g L
−1
at 25 °C in H
2
O; soluble in AcOH, CH
3
CN, CH
3
COOEt.

Preparative Methods:
 
N
‐hydroxyphthalimide is easily prepared by reaction of phthalic anhydride and hydroxylamine hydrochloride or sulphate in basic conditions.

Handling, Storage and Precaution:
 
N
‐hydroxyphthalimide is a white crystalline solid, stable to air, does not need particular precautions for the storage, irritant for the eyes and the skin and very toxic after inhalation.
2,3‐Bis[(
R
)‐(1,1‐dimethylethyl)methylphosphino]‐Quinoxaline
Authors: Lebel Hélène , Carmona José A. , Hornillos Valentín
Published: January 2025

image

[

866081‐62‐1

]

C
18
H
28
N
2
P
2

(MW 334.38)

InChI = 
1S/C18H28N2P2/c1‐17(2,3)21(7)15‐16(22(8)18(4,5)6)20‐14‐12‐10‐9‐11‐13(14)19‐15/h9‐12H,1‐8H3/t21‐,22‐/m0/s1

InChIKey = 
DRZBLHZZDMCPGX‐VXKWHMMOSA‐N

(reagent may be used as a chiral ligand for rhodium, palladium, copper, and silver complexes to perform enantioselective reductions, conjugate additions, and allylic alkylations)

Alternate Name:
QuinoxP*.

Physical Data:
 mp 102–103°C; [α]
D
−54.3° (
c
1.00, CHCl
3
);
1
H NMR (395.75 MHz, CDCl
3
) δ 1.00–1.03 (m, 18
H
), 1.42–1.44 (m, 6
H
), 7.70–7.74 (m, 2
H
), 8.08–8.12 (m, 2
H
);
13
C NMR (99.45 MHz, CDCl
3
) δ 4.77 (t,
J
 = 4.1 Hz), 27.59 (t,
J
 = 7.4 Hz), 31.90 (t,
J
 = 7.4 Hz), 129.50, 129.60, 141.63, 165.12 (dd,
J
 = 5.7, 2.4 Hz);
31
P NMR (202.35 MHz, CDCl
3
) δ−17.7 (s); IR (KBr) 2950, 1470, 780 cm
−1
; HRMS (FAB) calcd. for C
18
H
29
N
2
P
2
(M
+
+ H); 335.1809; found: 335.1826. Anal. calcd. for C
18
H
28
N
2
P
2
: C, 64.66; H, 8.44. Found: C, 64.57; H, 8.29.

1

Solubility:
 sol toluene, ether, THF, dichloromethane, hexane.

Form Supplied in:
 orange solid; commercially available.

Preparative Methods:
 a solution of
n
‐BuLi (1.25 mL of 1.60 M hexane solution, 2.0 mmol) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of
t
‐butylmethylphosphine–borane (236 mg, 2.0 mmol) in THF (4 mL) at −78 °C under nitrogen. After 15 min, a solution of 2,3‐dichloroquinoxaline (133 mg, 0.67 mmol) in THF (4 mL) was added in one portion with vigorous stirring and the mixture was warmed to rt during 1 h. After stirring for additional 3 h, tetramethylethylenediamine (1 mL) was added and stirring was continued for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with 1 M HCl and the mixture was extracted with hexane. The combined extracts were washed with 1 M HCl and brine, and dried over Na
2
SO
4
. The solvent was removed in vacuum and the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (hexane/EtOAc = 30/1) to give the desired product (179 mg, 8%) as an orange solid, which was further purified by recrystallization from hot MeOH (1.7 mL) to give orange cubes.

1

Handling, Storage, and Precautions
: stable to air and moisture for more than 8 months.
5,5‐Dioxido‐10
H
‐dibenzo[
b
,
e
][1,4]Thiabismin‐10‐yl 4‐Methylbenzenesulfonate
Authors: Ball Liam T.
Published: January 2025

image

[2414061‐66‐6]

C
19
H
15
BiO
5
S
2

(MW 596.02)

InChI = 
1S/C12H8O2S.C7H8O3S.Bi/c13‐15(14,11‐7‐3‐1‐4‐8‐11)12‐9‐5‐2‐6‐10‐12;1‐6‐2‐4‐7(5‐3‐6)11(8,9)10;/h1‐7,9H;2‐5H,1H3,(H,8,9,10);/q;;+1/p‐1

InChIKey = 
LWPNVZXHNROCLR‐UHFFFAOYSA‐M

(precursor to arylbismacycles, which can be used in oxidative C
ortho
‐arylation of phenols,

1

O‐arylation of sulfonates,

2,3

and
C
α
‐oxytosylation of ketones

4

)

Physical Data:
mp 191–192 °C.

1

Solubility:
insoluble in water, hydrocarbons, Et
2
O, and MTBE; moderately soluble in toluene, MeCN, CH
2
Cl
2
, CHCl
3
, and THF; soluble in DMSO.

Form Supplied in:
nonhygroscopic white powder; not widely available. Typical impurities if inadequately purified following synthesis: diphenyl sulfone, inorganic bismuth salts.

Analysis of Reagent Purity:
1
H NMR spectroscopy (
δ
H
(CDCl
3
): 8.94 (dd,
J
 = 7.4, 1.1 Hz, 2
H
), 8.40 (dd,
J
 = 7.7, 1.2 Hz, 2
H
), 7.84 (d,
J
 = 8.3 Hz, 2
H
), 7.79 (ddd,
J
 = 7.6, 7.4, 1.2 Hz, 2
H
), 7.49 (ddd,
J
 = 7.7, 7.6, 1.1 Hz, 2
H
), 7.29 (d,
J
 = 8.0 Hz, 2
H
), 2.42 (s, 3
H
)).

1

Preparative Methods:
protodebismuthation of an arylbismacycle with
p
‐toluenesulfonic acid.

1

The requisite arylbismacycle is prepared by addition of the appropriate arylbismuth dichloride

5

or dibromide

6

to 2,2′‐dilithiodiphenyl sulfone. The bismacycle synthesis and protodebismuthation processes can be performed as a single, telescoped operation.

1

Purification:
recrystallize from MeCN.

Handling, Storage, and Precautions:
stable to air, water, and laboratory light; can be stored as a solid for at least 3 years at room temperature under an ambient atmosphere; and can be manipulated on the benchtop without special precautions. Hydrolysis of the BiO bond is promoted by aqueous base.

While bismuth reagents are generally considered to be nontoxic,

7

no toxicity data exists for this specific compound, so appropriate care should be exercised. Structurally related bismacyclic carboxylates are reported to exhibit antifungal activity.

8–10
1,1,1‐Trifluoro‐2‐Butanone
Authors: Li Chunyu
Published: January 2025

image

[381‐88‐4]

CF
3
COC
2
H
5

(MW 126.08)

InChI = 
1S/C4H5F3O/c1‐2‐3(8)4(5,6)7/h2H2,1H3

InChIKey = 
QBVHMPFSDVNFAY‐UHFFFAOYSA‐N

(precursor of ethyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane (ETFDO) for CH oxidation; precursor of trifluoromethylated amines; building blocks for the syntheses of various trifluoromethyl‐containing molecules)

Physical Data:
bp 45 °C

1

; d 0.929 g cm
−3
(25 °C).

Solubility:
sol in methanol, chloroform, and most organic solvents.

Form Supplied in:
colorless liquid; commercially available.

Purification:
by distillation or rectification on a large scale.

2

Preparation Method:
it has been reported that 1,1,1‐trifluoro‐2‐butanone could be prepared by several synthetic routes. 1,1,1‐Trifluoro‐2‐butanone could be obtained in 47% yield through trifluoromethyl magnesium iodide with propionyl chloride

1

or prepared from trifluoroacetic anhydride and ethyl magnesium bromide in a 3:1 mole ratio.

3

For process scale, 1,1,1‐trifluoro‐2‐butanone can be obtained in 3 kg scale with 95% purity, 90% yield by rectification through 2,2,2‐trifluoro‐
N
‐methoxy‐
N
‐methylacetamide with ethyl magnesium bromide.

2

Handling, Storage, and Precautions:
wear protective equipment while handling. Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Avoiding ingestion and inhalation. Keep from flames and hot places/sources. Recommended to store at 2–8 °C. Pressure might develop over time. Cool the bottles/containers down before use. Recommended to handle in a fume hood.
Triphenylphosphine Dichloride
Authors: Dormoy Jean‐Robert , Castro Bertrand , Borah Bhaskarjyoti , Bhuyan Rajashree , Allam Bharat Kumar
Published: January 2025

image

[

2526‐64‐9

]

C
18
H
15
Cl
2
P

(MW 333.20)

InChI = 
1S/C18H15Cl2P/c19‐21(20,16‐10‐4‐1‐5‐11‐16,17‐12‐6‐2‐7‐13‐17)18‐14‐8‐3‐9‐15‐18/h1‐15H

InChIKey = 
ASWXNYNXAOQCCD‐UHFFFAOYSA‐N

(conversion of alcohols,

6–10

phenols,

13

and enols

15

into alkyl chlorides; synthesis of
vic
‐dichlorides

16

or chlorohydrins

17

from epoxides; conversion of carboxylic acids

11

and derivatives

20

into acyl chlorides; chlorination

23,24

or dehydration

11

of the CONH group; production of iminophosphoranes from amines and related compounds

27–29

)

Alternate Name:
 dichlorotriphenylphosphorane; triphenyldichlorophosphorane; chlorotriphenylphosphonium chloride.

Physical Data:
 adduct:

2

white crystalline solid; mp 85–100 °C;

4

fp 20 °C. Ph
3
P: mp 80.5 °C; bp 377 °C (in inert gas);
d
25
4
1.194 g mL
−3
;
n
80
D
1.6358. Cl
2
: mp −101 °C; bp −34.6 °C;
d
0
3.214 g L
−1
.

Solubility:
 adduct: slightly sol ether, THF, PhMe; sol CCl
4
, CH
2
Cl
2
, DMF, MeCN, pyridine; insol petroleum ether. Ph
3
P: sol ether, PhH, CHCl
3
, AcOH; less sol alcohol; pract insol H
2
O. Cl
2
: sol CCl
4
, alcohol.

Form Supplied in:
 very hygroscopic solid; commercially available; purity ≈80%; the remainder is 1,2‐dichloroethane. The precursors Ph
3
P and Cl
2
are both widely available. Ph
3
P: odorless platelets or prisms; purity ≈99%; typical impurity is Ph
3
PO ≈1%. Cl
2
: greenish‐yellow gas, with suffocating odor; purity >99.3%; typical impurities are Br
2
, C
2
Cl
6
, C
6
Cl
6
, and H
2
O.

Analysis of Reagent Purity:
 adduct:

2,3

31
P NMR (various solvents and solid state) +47 to +66 (ionic form), −6.5 to +8 (covalent form); Raman (solid state) ν(PCl) 593 cm
−1
(ionic form), 274 cm
−1
(covalent form). Typical impurities, Ph
3
P and Ph
3
PO:
31
P NMR (various solvents) −5 to −9 and +25 to +42, respectively.

Preparative Methods:
 various preparations have been described;

5

the adduct is usually prepared just before use by addition of a stoichiometric amount of
Chlorine
to
Triphenylphosphine
in a dry solvent.

2

Handling, Storage, and Precautions:
 adduct: exceedingly sensitive to moisture; incompatible with strong oxidizing agents and strong bases; may decompose on exposure to moist air or water; do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing; keep containers closed and store in a cool dry place; these reagents should be handled in a fume hood.
ABC transporter activity is affected by the size of lipid nanodiscs
Authors: Nouel Barreto Annabella , Cuello Luis G. , Zoghbi Maria E.
Published: January 2025

Lipid nanodiscs have become a widely used approach for studying membrane proteins thanks to several advantages they offer. They have been especially useful for studying ABC transporters, despite the growing concern about the possible restriction of the conformational changes of the transporters due to the small size of the discs. Here, we performed a systematic study to determine the effect of the nanodisc size on the ATPase activity of model ABC transporters from human, plant, and bacteria. Our data confirm that the activity of the transporters and their response to regulatory molecules is affected by the nanodisc size. Our findings suggest the use of larger membrane scaffold proteins (MSPs), such as MSP2N2 nanodiscs, to minimize alterations caused by the commonly used small MSP1D1.
ECSIT‐X4 is Required for Preventing Pressure Overload‐Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy via Regulating Mitochondrial STAT3
Authors: Lu Xia , Tong Tingting , Sun Haoliang , Chen Yi , Shao Yongfeng , Shi Pengxi , Que Linli , Liu Li , Zhu Guoqing , Chen Qi , Li Chuanfu , Li Jiantao , Yang Shuo , Li Yuehua
Published: January 2025

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key factor in exacerbating pressure overload‐induced cardiac hypertrophy and is linked to increased morbidity and mortality. ECSIT, a crucial adaptor for inflammation and mitochondrial function, has been reported to express multiple transcripts in various species and tissues, leading to distinct protein isoforms with diverse subcellular localizations and functions. However, whether an unknown ECSIT isoform exists in cardiac cells and its potential role in regulating mitochondrial function and pathological cardiac hypertrophy has remained unclear. This study identified a 42‐kDa ECSIT isoform encoded by the transcript variant Ecsit‐X4, which is highly expressed in the mitochondria of adult cardiomyocytes but down‐regulated in hypertrophic human heart samples and TAC‐treated mouse hearts. AAV9‐mediated Ecsit‐X4 gene therapy, administered either before or after TAC surgery, significantly attenuated cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiomyocyte‐specific Ecsit deficiency worsened TAC‐induced cardiac hypertrophy, while Ecsit‐X4 compensation independently rescued hypertrophic phenotypes in EcsitcKO mice. Mechanistically, ECSIT‐X4 localized to the mitochondria and interacted with STAT3, leading to increased STAT3 levels and enhanced serine 727 phosphorylation in cardiomyocyte mitochondria, thereby promoting strong mitochondrial bioenergetics. This study identified a novel transcript variant of ECSIT localized in the mitochondria of adult cardiomyocytes and highlights its potential as a therapeutic target for heart failure.
A Note on Homogeneity Bias in Equilibrium Displacement Models
Authors: Kinnucan Henry W.
Published: January 2025

The purpose of this Note is to measure the homogenous of degree zero (HOD0) bias discussed in Brester et al.'s (2023a) book on equilibrium displacement models. It does so by inserting parameter values for the US beef and pork industries into a restricted form of the model Brester et al. set forth to illustrate the bias. Simulating the model for isolated shifts in farm supply and retail demand, results suggest the bias is nontrivial. And this is true for welfare effects as well as for price and quantity effects.
Validation of digital biomarkers
Authors: Au Rhoda , Kourtis Lampros
Published: January 2025

Background

Interest in use of digital technology to advance AD/ADRD research has been growing exponentially over the last few years. This acceleration is fueled in part by growing awareness that both well used research methods as well as newer biomarker approaches are 1) inadequate for clinical symptom detection in the earliest stages of an insidious onset disease and 2) have resulted in inaccurate as well as biased data that is generating treatment and prevention solutions that are insufficiently relevant to some and potentially not relevant to many.

Methods

Sensors embedded in mobile devices such as smartphones and wearables deliver a high penetration, low‐cost solution for overcoming previous limitations of early detection sensitivity and limited representative reach. The advances in AD biomarker development has spilled over into the digital realm, leading to the misconception and misclassification of many digital measures as digital biomarkers.

Results

Re‐examination of what is and is not a digital biomarker today and rethinking what a digital biomarker could be tomorrow is warranted. The validation pathways for digital biomarkers are twofold: 1) the path of least resistance, which creates digital versions of what is currently already being done and 2) the path of greatest resistance, where the definition of such is still unknown, including to the FDA.

Conclusion

The impact of digital biomarkers today is still rather modest because research and clinical care remain relatively risk adverse. Re‐imagination not bounded by precedent will be needed to unleash the full potential of what digital biomarkers could and should be, which include well beyond what can be conceived of currently.
Novel digital speech biomarker for early detection of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: König Alexandra , Linz Nicklas , Tröger Johannes
Published: January 2025

Future clinical trials targeting Alzheimer’s disease (AD) on new disease modifying drugs necessitate a paradigm shift towards early identification of individuals at risk. Emerging evidence indicates that subtle alterations in language and speech characteristics may manifest concurrently with the progression of neurodegenerative disorders like AD. These changes manifest as discernible variations, assessable through semantic nuances, word choices, sentiment, grammar usage (linguistic features), and phonetic/acoustic traits (paralinguistic features). Consequently, automated analysis of speech performance stands as a promising avenue for detecting AD, enabling widespread screening of diverse at‐risk populations.

The talk will outline applications of novel digital speech biomarkers for measuring cognition (SB‐C) alongside its analytical and clinical validation. The SB‐C algorithm demonstrates robustness in detecting Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) across various cohorts and languages. In addition, speech and language markers have shown to be useful to assess objectively common neuropsychiatric symptoms in MCI such as depression or apathy.

This innovation holds the potential to enhance the efficiency of ongoing trials and augment future primary healthcare practices concerning AD. Identifying subtle cognitive and as well as affective changes through speech analysis signifies a critical advancement in the pursuit of early AD detection, potentially transforming the landscape of AD research and clinical interventions.
Into the Visual World of Patients with Posterior Cortical Atrophy through their Words: A Natural Language Processing Approach
Authors: Rezaii Neguine , Hochberg Daisy , Quimby Megan , Wong Bonnie , McGinnis Scott M , Dickerson Brad C , Putcha Deepti
Published: January 2025

Background

Posterior Cortical Atrophy (PCA) is a syndrome characterized by a progressive decline in higher‐order visuospatial processing, leading to symptoms such as space perception deficit, simultanagnosia, and object perception impairment. While PCA is primarily known for its impact on visuospatial abilities, recent studies have documented language abnormalities in PCA patients. This study aims to delineate the nature and origin of language impairments in PCA, hypothesizing that language deficits reflect the visuospatial processing impairments of the disease.

Method

We compared the language samples of 25 patients with PCA with age‐matched cognitively normal (CN) individuals across two distinct tasks: a visually‐dependent picture description and a visually‐independent job description task. We extracted word frequency, word utterance latency, and spatial relational words for this comparison. We then conducted an in‐depth analysis of the language used in the picture description task to identify specific linguistic indicators that reflect the visuospatial processing deficits of PCA.

Result

Patients with PCA showed significant language deficits in the visually‐dependent task, characterized by higher word frequency, prolonged utterance latency, and fewer spatial relational words, but not in the visually‐independent task. An in‐depth analysis of the picture description task further showed that PCA patients struggled to identify certain visual elements as well as the overall theme of the picture. A predictive model based on these language features distinguished PCA patients from CN individuals with high classification accuracy.

Conclusion

The findings indicate that language is a sensitive behavioral construct to detect visuospatial processing abnormalities of PCA. These insights offer theoretical and clinical avenues for understanding and managing PCA, underscoring language as a crucial marker for the visuospatial deficits of this atypical variant of Alzheimer’s disease.
Efficacy and safety of tramiprosate in Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Bouhuwaish Ahmad
Published: January 2025

Background

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease. Tramiprosate is an amyloid protein (Aß) antagonist. It binds to soluble Aß and prevents conformational transitions that progress to plaque deposition. In this systematic review and meta‐analysis, we aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tramiprosate in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

Method

We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane library on 10/6/2020 and then updated the search on 2/5/2022 for clinical trials that compare between tramiprosate and placebo in Alzheimer’s disease. We pooled data as mean difference (MD) or relative risk (RR) values using Review Manager 5.3 for windows.

Result

Five studies were included in the qualitative analysis and only three of them were eligible for quantitative analysis. There was no significant difference between tramiprosate and placebo in terms of baseline‐endpoint change in Alzheimer’s disease assessment scale ‐ Cognitive subscale Score; neither in DIB 100 mg dose (MD = ‐.08, 95%CI [‐1.82, 1.65], P = 0.09) nor in DIB 150 mg (MD = ‐0.22, 95%CI [‐1.96, 1.51], P = 0.80). Also, there was no significant difference between tramiprosate and placebo in terms of baseline‐endpoint change in Clinical Dementia Rating Scale – Sum of boxes; neither in DIB 100 mg dose (MD = 0.08, 95%CI [‐0.41, 0.57], P = 0.75) nor in DIB 150 mg (MD = 0.20, 95%CI [‐0.29, 0.69], P = 0.42). Regarding safety, there was no significant difference between tramiprosate in terms of DIB 100 mg dose and placebo in side effects except in the incidence of nausea that was significantly higher in the placebo than in tramiprosate groups (RR = 1.41, 95% CI [1.02,1.94], p = 0.04). In terms of DIB 150 mg dose, there was no significant difference between tramiprosate and placebo in the incidence of side effects except in nausea (RR = 1.80, 95% CI [1.32, 2.44], p = 0.0002), vomiting (RR = 1.75, 95% CI [1.18, 2.61], p = 0.006), and decreased weight (RR = 2.28, 95% CI [1.49, 3.49], p = 0.0002) that were significantly higher in placebo than tramiprosate groups.

Conclusion

tramiprosate is not effective in the treatment of AD, although it may have fewer side effects. We recommend other studies to investigate mechanisms other than targeting Aß in the treatment of AD.
Microglial ADGRG1/GPR56 regulates amyloid clearance in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Zhu Beika , Wangzhou Andi , Yu Diankun , Li Tao , Schmidt Rachael , De Florencio Stacy L. , Chao Lauren , Seeley William W. , Piao Xianhua
Published: January 2025

Background

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease with virtually no therapeutic interventions to reverse its pathology. Emerging studies emphasize the role of glial cells, particularly microglia, in brain homeostasis and AD progression. Notably, the adhesion G protein‐coupled receptor GPR56 (also known as ADGRG1) is one of the critical genes defining yolk sac‐derived microglia. Recent single‐nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNAseq) studies have shown GPR56, as one of the top five genes upregulated in microglia in individuals with early‐stage AD compared to those with no pathology or late‐stage AD. This observation suggests that individuals with upregulated microglial GPR56‐mediated pathways may have survived to an advanced age with mild AD pathology. In the present study, we test the hypothesis that microglial GPR56 is critical in modulating the microglial response in AD.

Method

We developed a novel AD mouse model with specific deletion of GPR56 in the microglia of 5xFAD mice (designated AD‐cKO and AD‐Control). Comprehensive analyses, including immunostaining, behavioral tests, and snRNAseq, were employed. The impact of GPR56 on microglial phagocytosis was evaluated using both in vitro and in vivo assays.

Result

Absence of microglial GPR56 exacerbated AD pathology, characterized by a compromised microglial response, increased plaque burden, exacerbated neuronal pathology, and cognitive deficits. snRNAseq analysis revealed a downregulation of genes associated with microglial homeostasis, phagocytosis, and lysosomal functions in AD‐cKO mice. Phagocytosis assays showed a significant reduction in phagocytic capability in AD‐cKO microglia. Extending this assay to human iPSC‐derived microglia, we observed a corresponding phenotype in GPR56 KO cells. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis using several published human sequencing databases corroborated our results in mouse models.

Conclusion

Our study supports that microglial GPR56 plays an indispensable role in curtailing AD progression, presenting a potential new therapeutic target in combating AD.
Correlation analysis of walking speed with executive function in patients with subjective memory decline
Authors: Chen Lei , Wang Jiayu , Li Linlin , Feng Qiansen , Wang Ziqi , Duan Mingjun
Published: January 2025

Background

To examine whether walking speed is associated with executive function in patients with subjective memory decline.

Method

Patients were recruited from the Fourth People’s Hospital of Chengdu, including 63 patients with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and 23 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Each participant assess global function by the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment‐Basic Scale (MoCA‐B). Executive function assessments using the Shape Symbol Task A (STT‐A) to evaluate visual perception and writing speed, Shape‐Tracing Test B (STT‐B) to evaluate cognitive flexibility. Animal Fluency Test (AFT) to evaluate semantic organization and retrieval strategies, Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) to assess processing speed and Digit Span Test (DST) to evaluate information processing processes. 10‐m walking test (10MWT) to evaluate walking speed, with time recorded converted to speed (m/s). SPSS 26.0 software was used to analyze the Pearson correlation between walking speed and executive function.

Result

Significant difference of MMSE, MoCA‐B, AFT, STT‐A, STT‐B and SDMT were found in both individual groups (P <0.05), and associations were independent of Gender, Age, Education and 10MWT. In the total combined group, 10MWT were significantly associated with Education (r = 0.267, p = 0.014), MMSE (r = 0.281, p = 0.009), MoCA‐B (r = 0.255, p = 0.019), AFT (r = 0.244, p = 0.024) and SDMT (r = 0.221, p = 0.043), negatively correlated with Age (r = ‐0.267, p = 0.013). In the SCD group, 10WMT were identified positive association with SDMT (r = 0.259, p = 0.042), negative correlation with Age (r = ‐0.282, p = 0.026). In the MCI group, 10WMT were identified positive association with Education (r = 0.655, p = 0.001), MMSE (r = 0.528, p = 0.01), MoCA‐B (r = 0.655, p = 0.001), AFT (r = 0.426, p = 0.043), negative correlation with STT‐A (r = ‐0.473, p = 0.023).

Conclusion

There was no difference between two groups in walking speed, but were differences in global cognition and executive functions. In the SCD group, walking speed was correlated with processing speed in executive function. More associations between walking speed and executive function were found in the MCI group, mainly with the ability of organize and extract semantic strategies, visual perception and writing motor speed and also related to global cognitive function. The results revealed that impairment of executive function is a significant feature and has important relation with walking speed in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease.