bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exhibitry at the Tennessee Aquarium
Authors: ANDREWS JACKSON , & DAVE COLLINS , BOCK CHRISTINE
Published: December 2007

The Tennessee Aquarium is the first large public aquarium with a primarily freshwater theme and focus. Exhibitry at the Aquarium incorporates multi‐taxa expression and blurs the traditional line between aquarium and zoological exhibitry. The benefits and challenges of this approach are explored by examining selected exhibits.
Allwetter Zoo, Munster: Wildlife conservation activities in Vietnam
Authors: PETER WOLFGANG P. , ADLER H. JÖRG
Published: December 2007

The ecological disaster which has overtaken Vietnam as the result of 17 years of war has been exacerbated by continuing deforestation and hunting for food and trade. The country's two zoos and seven national parks lack adequate resources. This paper reports on the work of the Munster Zoo as an intermediary between the wildlife authorities in Vietnam and European zoos. The resulting co‐operation has provided support for particular projects for threatened species and enabled the provision of equipment and finance, as well as training at home and overseas for national park personnel.
Asian Tropical Rainforest stage I: Tiger/Otter exhibit at Melbourne Zoo
Authors: EMBURY AMANDA , ARNOTT JOHN
Published: December 2007

This paper contains a description of the steps involved in developing stage I of Melbourne Zoo's Asian Tropical Rainforest area, including constraints and opportunities, relationship to the Master Plan, research, development of graphics and, ultimately, design and construction of the exhibit. The project occupies an area of 2040 m2, including an aviary but excluding the 200 m2off‐exhibit facilities, and was constructed at a cost of AUSS745 000. Stage I was developed to display Sumatran tiger Panthera tigris sumatrae, Asian small‐clawed otter Aonyx cinerea and Binturong Arctictis binturong.
Three decades of Snow leopards Panther a uncia in captivity
Authors: BLOMQVIST LEIF
Published: December 2007

The international studbook for Snow leopards Panthera uncia was established at Helsinki Zoo in 1976. This paper reports on the status of the captive population over the last three decades and contains genetic and demographic analysis using the Single Population Analysis and Records Keeping System computer program. The number of collections maintaining the species has increased from ten in 1961 to 160 in 1991 and the captive population as at 1 January 1992 was 541. A total of 1599 Snow leopards have been listed in the studbook of which 27% (428), one‐third of wild‐caught and a quarter of captive‐bred animals, have bred. The captive population has 53 founders 11 of which are still living. Founder genetic contribution ranges from 0–1 to 8‐6% with a mean representation of 1–8±1–95%. As at January 1992 98% of the living population was captive bred.
Detailed observations of suckling behaviour of a Grey seal Halichoerus grypus at Harderwijk Marine Mammal Park
Authors: KASTELEIN R. A. , GROENENBERG H. J. , WIEPKEMA P. R.
Published: December 2007

In each of the five years, 1987 to 1991, a pair of Grey seals Halichoerus grypus produced a pup. For each birth the mother and pup were kept under constant observation and a variety of suckling parameters were recorded. In January 1991 the pup was born in an indoor suckling enclosure where in 1987 and 1990 other infants had been reared. Most suckling sessions were initiated by the pup vocalizing followed by the mother presenting her nipples. The pup ended 89% of the sessions. Throughout the 17‐day suckling period, total daily suckling time, suckling session length and number of pauses in suckling sessions all increased. The length of non‐suckling intervals decreased. Even in the absence of vocalizations the mother appeared to be able to judge when the pup wanted to suckle, probably alerted by the waking‐up behaviour of the infant. The ♀ flippered before 43%, during 41% and after 76% of all suckling sessions. The pup flippered before 12%, during 13% and after 17%) of the suckling sessions. The mother's food intake was low for a few days immediately before and for three days after the birth. After this her food intake increased to 5 kg per day until day 9, then decreased to 0–5 kg one day before weaning. The ♀ ate more after weaning and copulation than during the suckling period when she lost a mean 3 kg per day. The pup gained a mean 2 kg per day and by day 43 he began to catch live fish. When the pup started to eat thawed marine fish the colour of his mystacial vibrissae started to change and about two weeks later they went from black to transparent. At the age of 120 days the pup was released into the North Sea to join a group of wild Grey seals.
Conservation strategies for the long‐term survival of the Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus by the Cheetah Conservation Fund, Windhoek
Authors: MARKER‐KRAUS LAURIE , KRAUS DANIEL
Published: December 2007

The Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus is declining throughout its range because of loss of habitat, a declining prey base and competition with livestock interests. Throughout Africa there are less than 15 000 animals remaining. The largest wild population of Cheetahs is in Namibia, although in the last 12 years numbers have been reduced by half to c. 2500 animals. Significant declines have continued as farmers capture and remove Cheetahs as ‘pests’. Established in 1990, the Cheetah Conservation Fund aims to secure habitats for the long‐term survival of the species and its ecosystems. The primary focus of the Fund is working outside of the protected reserves with the local livestock farming communities to develop ways to reduce conflict between humans and Cheetahs. The Fund also conducts independent and collaborative research, disseminates information and recommends management techniques to farmers.
In situ and ex situ observations and management of Black‐footed cats Felis nigripes
Authors: OLBRICHT GEA , SLIWA ALEXANDER
Published: December 2007

The international studbook for the Black‐footed cat Felis nigripes shows a steady increase in the captive population between 1974, when four animals were recorded, and 1990, when the total captive population was 108, although numbers have decreased since then. High mortality and an unequal sex ratio pose serious husbandry and management problems. Since 1993 research into the behaviour and ecology of this small nocturnal cat has been carried out in a 110 km2 area 10 km south‐east of Kimberley, South Africa. Radio‐collars fitted to nine cats made it possible to obtain data on size of home range and distribution. This paper describes the history, management and husbandry of Black‐footed cats in captivity. Information is also given on hunting technique, diet, interaction with non‐prey species, communication and reproduction, obtained from four animals observed in the wild for a total of 800 hours,
Husbandry and breeding of the Pampas cat Oncifelis colocolo at Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden
Authors: CALLAHAN PATRICK , DULANEY MICHAEL W.
Published: December 2007

In 1972 Cincinnati Zoo received a pair of Pampas cats Oncifelis colocolo from Paraguay, and in 1981 a second ♂ was transferred to the Zoo. Since 1974 31 kittens (10.6.15) have been born at the Zoo in 23 litters. Because ♀♀ appear to be particularly sensitive to disturbances when rearing, a management protocol for the seclusion of ♂ cats has been developed. A pair is housed in the exhibit for 65 days, after which the ♂ is transferred to an off‐exhibit enclosure for the next 90 days. This paper describes the husbandry, enclosure, diet and veterinary care of the species at the Zoo and details the management and behaviour of breeding pairs.
International co‐operative efforts to save the Sumatran tiger Panthera tigris sumatrae
Authors: TILSON RONALD , SISWOMARTONO DWIATMO , MANANSANG JANSEN , BRADY GERALD , ARMSTRONG DOUGLAS , TRAYLOR‐HOLZER KATHY , BYERS ANN , CHRISTIE PETER , SALFIFF ATJE , TUMBELAKA LIGAYA , CHRISTIE SARAH , RICHARDSON DOUGLAS , REDDY SUHERTI , FRANKLIN NEIL , NYHUS PHILIP
Published: December 2007

The Endangered status of the Sumatran tiger Panthera tigris sumatrae is now well recognized around the world, with an estimated population of 400–500 remaining in the wild and c. 245 Sumatran tigers maintained ex situ. In recognition of the situation, the Indonesian government has prioritized the steps necessary for effective conservation of the subspecies, formalized in 1994 in the Ministry of Forestry's far‐sighted document, the Indonesian Sumatran Tiger Conservation Strategy (Ministry of Forestry, 1994). This document inspired the initiation of a multitude of programmes, which evolved into a multi‐national conservation effort to save the Sumatran tiger, involving the World Conservation Union specialist groups, zoological parks, universities, governments and corporations working co‐operatively with Indonesian forestry and wildlife agencies. In this article, we illustrate how the traditionally isolated fields of ex situ (zoos and captive management) and in situ conservation (wildlife agencies and field programmes) can work together. In today's world close co‐operation of workers in these two fields will become increasingly necessary for effective conservation action.
Environmental enrichment for felids: an integrated approach
Authors: MELLEN JILL D. , SHEPHERDSON DAVID J.
Published: December 2007

Environmental factors play a critical role in determining the behavioural and physiological responses of animals to captivity. Understanding these responses in order to establish new and improved techniques of enclosure design and animal husbandry is integral to environmental enrichment. This paper describes an integrated approach to providing optimal captive environments for felids and includes an evaluation of social structure, enclosure design, husbandry style, positive‐reinforcement training, diet and the provision of novel objects.
Environmental enrichment programme for Ocelots Leopardus partialis at North Carolina Zoological Park, Asheboro
Authors: POWELL KAREN E.
Published: December 2007

An environmental enrichment programme for 2.0 Ocelots Leopardus partialis at North Carolina Zoological Park, Asheboro, was developed using sensory stimulation to elicit a range of species‐typical behaviours. A diverse collection of enrichment items was used to create a complex sensory environment for the felids. Enrichment items were categorized according to the sense which was being stimulated and whether the items were edible or inedible. This enabled the keepers to provide enrichment while monitoring ingestion to avoid overfeeding. A combination of behaviours were elicited by the presentation of one or more enrichment items.
Breeding the Red‐billed toucan Ramphastos tucanus at Reid Park Zoo, Tucson
Authors: HANSEN EDWARD P.
Published: December 2007

In 1989 1.1 Red‐billed toucans were donated to Reid Park Zoo, Tucson, and in May 1990 the birds were placed in an outdoor enclosure measuring 6.1 × 2.7 × 2.1 m high containing a nest constructed from the log of a California palm Washingtonia filifera. For the three first clutches, laid in May 1992, May 1993 and May 1994, fertility was not determined and the eggs disappeared. A second clutch in June 1994 was found to be infertile but in July of that year a third clutch of four eggs was laid from which two chicks hatched successfully. This paper describes the nest used for breeding the species and details diet and breeding behaviour, and the growth and development of chicks.
Husbandry and breeding of Palm cockatoos Probosciger aterrimus at Rotterdam Zoo
Authors: KING C. E.
Published: December 2007

Since the mid‐1980s 22 Palm cockatoos Probosciger aterrimus (10.7 adults and 2.1.2 young birds) have been maintained at Rotterdam Zoo. Health problems and husbandry experiences with this species are recounted here. Nine (5.4) adults died, five within 2 years of acquisition through governmental confiscation. Three ♂♂were relocated to other zoos which had single ♀♀ Since 199! ten eggs (nine fertile) have been produced collectively by two ♀♀ with three ♂♂ Five eggs hatched, from which two chicks which were being hand‐reared died, one at 6 weeks and one at 6 months of age. One chick was unsuccessfully fostered by a pair of Red‐sided eclectus parrots Eclectus roratus polychloros and two chicks were successfully parent‐reared: a ♀ in 1995 and a ♂ in 1997.
The status of cockatoos in south‐west Western Australia and conservation efforts by Perth Zoo
Authors: JUPP T.
Published: December 2007

There are eight indigenous species (with two represented by two subspecies) and one introduced species of cockatoo in south‐west Western Australia. Woodland clearance for agriculture has contracted the range of at least five species and fragmented the natural habitat across the region. Perth Zoo, in collaboration with the state conservation authority, private aviculturists and community groups, has developed a series of co‐operative breeding programmes and education initiatives to protect local species of cockatoo and prevent further decline of wild populations. Detailed descriptions are given of the breeding requirements and threats which affect four species, Carnaby's cockatoo Calyptorhynchus latirostris, Baudin's cockatoo Calyptorhynchus baudinii, forest Red‐tailed black cockatoo Calyptorhyn chus banksii naso and the southern subspecies of the Western long‐billed corella Cacatua pastinator pas‐tinator, and the contribution that the husbandry, education and captive‐breeding activities at Perth Zoo make to the conservation of the species is described.
Husbandry and breeding of Blue‐eyed cockatoos Cacatua ophthalmica at Chester Zoo 1966–1998
Authors: WILKINSON R. , PILGRIM M. , WOOLHAM A. , MORRIS P. I. , MORRIS A. , WEST B.
Published: December 2007

Since 1966 Blue‐eyed cockatoos Cacatua ophthalmica have been maintained at Chester Zoo and 38 young have been reared to independence, 27 of which were hand‐reared. In October 1997 EAZA (European Association of Zoos and Aquaria) approved a European studbook for C. ophthalmica, to be managed from Chester Zoo. Twenty‐four of the Blue‐eyed cockatoos bred at Chester Zoo have been placed in nine of the co‐operating European institutions. As at 31 December 1998 the studbook listed 72 Blue‐eyed cockatoos, 42 of which were living and maintained at nine institutions in Europe. Husbandry at Chester Zoo, natural breeding and techniques for artificial incubation, hand‐rearing and enrichment are described. Data are also presented on chick development, age at first breeding and longevity. Chester Zoo, in collaboration with Manchester Metro University, supports in situ research on the biology and status of Blue‐eyed cockatoos and other parrot species on the island of New Britain.
An integrated approach to conservation of the Philippine or Red‐vented cockatoo: Cacatua haematuropygia
Authors: BOUSSEKEY M.
Published: December 2007

The endemic Philippine cockatoo Cacatua haematuropygia is classified as Critically Endangered. In 1992 an in situ conservation programme was launched on Palawan island, the major stronghold of the species, and the education, law‐enforcement and nest‐protection schemes are described. An EEP (European Endangered Species Programme) was also established in 1992 to co‐ordinate the breeding of Philippine cockatoos already maintained in captivity. The collection of ecological data through fieldwork, and research into disease and genetics are outlined.
Husbandry and management of Kea at Paradise Park, Hayle
Authors: Notabilis Nestor , WOOLCOCK D.
Published: December 2007

Keas Nestor notabilis have been maintained at Paradise Park, Hayle, since 1978. Successful breeding began in 1983 and of the 106 chicks hatched since then, 62 have been reared to independence. Suitable enclosure design and diet for adult Keas are described. The artificial incubation and hand‐rearing techniques developed at Paradise Park are presented, including full details of the diet specifically developed for Kea chicks.
Development of the European Endangered Species Programme (EEP) for the Ecuadorian or Lilacine amazon
Authors: PILGRIM M.
Published: December 2007

In the early 1980s customs officials confiscated 150 Ecuadorian or Lilacine amazons Amazona autum nalis lilacina which were illegally imported int0 United Kingdom and Germany, presenting the ders had been traced as potential breeders. Recommendations concerning the breeding of founders, husbandry and disease control are presented here together with details of the genetic management of the EEP population and taxonomic research using
Breeding programme for St Lucia amazon
Authors: JEGGO D. F. , FRENCH H. , BELLINGHAM L. , COPSEY J. , FIDGETT A. L. , NEKE K. , ROBERT N. , FEISTNER A.
Published: December 2007

Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust maintains the only captive population of St Lucia amazons Amazona versicolor outside St Lucia. In 1975 a captive‐breeding progamme was established as a safeguard against extinction of A. versicolor in the wild, however, the wild population recovered from a low of 100 birds in the 1970s to between 350 and 500 individuals at time of writing. Over 20 offspring have been bred at Jersey and since 1996 all chicks have been parent‐reared. An extensive programme of research has been carried out on diet, mortality and breeding behaviour, resulting in considerable advances in our knowledge of the requirements of this species when maintained in captivity.
Environmental enrichment for psittacines at Edinburgh Zoo
Authors: FIELD D. A. , THOMAS R.
Published: December 2007

Environmental enrichment is, or should be, an integral part of any husbandry programme. The concepts and philosophies of enrichment are well documented yet the application of such techniques to birds has been limited. Even now when more enrichment is being provided for birds much of it is centred on parrots, possibly as a means of alleviating undesirable behaviours rather than providing enriched environments. The strategies developed for psittacine enrichment at Edinburgh Zoo are described and these have now been extended to include other birds in the collection.
Promoting Protection Through Pride: a manual to facilitate successful conservation‐education programmes developed at RARE Center for Tropical Conservation
Authors: BUTLER P.
Published: December 2007

RARE Center for Tropical Conservation is a nonprofit, unaffiliated organization founded in 1973 to promote the conservation of tropical wildlife and habitats, and to serve local conservation organizations in Latin America, the Caribbean and the Pacific. RARE Center has developed a successful and reproducible approach for promoting conservation awareness in a programme called Promoting Protection Through Pride, a locally driven, locally staffed, 1 year outreach campaign that uses marketing techniques, colourful flagship species (usually a threatened bird) and national pride to generate grass‐roots support for conservation. RARE Center provides a conservation‐education manual, core materials, such as posters and badges, and technical assistance to the lead agency (normally a government forestry department or national trust) and local counterpart, who tailor the campaign to address the ecological, social, political and economic realities of the target country or region. In this paper details are given of seven species or subspecies where the conservation‐education programme of RARE Center has been utilized, in many instances, to a positive advantage.
Great EscApe: the great ape facility at Oklahoma City Zoological Park
Authors: GRISHAM J. , LYON F. , PEARSON P. , MACFARLANE C.
Published: December 2007

On 31 July 1993, after nearly 4 years of design and construction, Oklahoma City Zoological Park opened Great EscApe, a state‐of‐the‐art exhibit for the maintenance and conservation of three species of great ape: Western lowland gorilla Gorilla gorilla gorilla, Sumatran orang‐utan Pongo pygmaeus abelii and Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes. The 2–6 ha enclosure comprises a large support facility, four spacious outdoor exhibit areas, two visitor centres, a children's activity loop, an open‐air pavilion and a research station. In addition, Great EscApe provides an educational experience for visitors covering all facets of great ape biology and the conservation challenges which these species present. Extensive landscaping with plants, many of which simulate the natural surroundings of the apes, was utilized throughout the exhibit.
Hand‐rearing and early reintroduction of a Sumatran orang‐utan
Authors: SODARO C. , WEBER B.
Published: December 2007

In 1988 Brookfield Zoo successfully reintroduced a 5 month‐old, hand‐reared Sumatran orangutan Pongo pygmaeus abelii to its mother. This paper documents the hand‐rearing procedures and training techniques used to facilitate supplemental feeding in what is believed to be the earliest documented case of infant‐mother orang‐utan reintroduction.
The relative effectiveness of manipulable feeders and olfactory enrichment for Kinkajous
Authors: BLOUNT J. D. , TAYLOR N. J.
Published: December 2007

The Kinkajou Potos flavus (Carnivora: Procyonidae) is a nocturnal, arboreal species that feeds opportunistically, mostly on fruits and insects. The implications for the management of these aspects of the ecology of P. flavus in captivity have received little attention in the literature. Captive Kinkajous often show stereotypic behaviour, indicating sub‐optimal welfare and probably reflecting insufficient opportunity to display important aspects of natural behaviour. This study assessed the individual and additive effects of complex feeders and scented cloths as enrichment for a pair of Kinkajous at Newquay Zoo. Feeding enrichment, alone and in combination with scented cloths, elicited most positive active behaviours and space utilization, and least stereotypic and inactive behaviours. Food provision requiring species‐typical exploration and manipulation may improve the welfare and educational value of Kinkajous.
The role of zoos in the 21st century1
Authors: Conway W.
Published: December 2007

Zoos have been overtaken by the rapidity of wildlife extinction and most of their conservation programmes are unresponsive. To fulfil their obligations to society, and to survive, zoos must become proactive conservation organizations, applying their popularity to win support for wildlife protection and their expertise to help sustain reduced numbers of wildlife in marginal habitats.
The role of reproductive technologies in zoos: past, present and future
Authors: WILDT D. E.
Published: December 2007

Reproductive technologies have been playing a role in zoos for more than two decades. However, the value of these techniques has largely been misunderstood. There has been an over‐emphasis on hyperbole and the ‘quick‐fix’ (the attempted use of assisted‐breeding techniques to produce offspring rapidly) and too little prominence on the prerequisite need to understand fundamental reproductive processes. The real value of these technologies is in delving into species‐specific mechanisms that regulate reproductive success. Thus, the priority should always be using the technologies as tools to generate new knowledge that can then have applied benefits to management, ex situ or in situ. Models of using this strategy to develop successful assisted‐breeding programmes are discussed, as well as the importance of integrating science between researchers and animal managers.
Observations on the husbandry, breeding and behaviour of the Indian python
Authors: WALSH T. , MURPHY J. B.
Published: December 2007

Social behaviour and reproductive biology are reported for a group of 3.2 Indian pythons Python molurus molurus at the National Zoological Park, Washington, DC. Details of the python enclosure and the conditions provided for artificial incubation are also described. Twenty‐two fertile eggs were laid by one wild‐hatched ♀ and the clutch was removed for artificial incubation in two slate‐bottomed aquariums. Ambient temperature during incubation ranged from 26.7 to 32.2°C, while temperatures in the aquariums ranged from 27.2 to 32.2°C. Sixteen young hatched successfully. Temperature appears to play a critical role in hatching success and coloration of the hatchlings, and this parameter is discussed.
REVIEWS
Authors: D.G.F.
Published: December 2007

ELEMENTS OP PURE ECONOMICS or The Theory of Social Wealth. By LEAON WALRAS, translated by WILLIAM JAFFEA.

THE ECONOMIST IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY, AND OTHER LECTURES ON POLITICAL ECONOMY. By LIONEL ROBBINS.

BRITISH INCOMES AND SAVINGS. By H. F. LYDALL.

COLONIAL SOCIAL ACCOUNTING. By PHYLLIS DEANE.

RETAIL TRADING IN BRITAIN 1850–1950. By J. B. JEFREYS.

THE SCOTTISH ECONOMY. A Statistical Account of Scottish Life by Members of the Staff of Glasgow University. Edited by A. K. CAIRNCROSS

THE VALIDITY OF INTERNATIONAL GOLD MOVEMENT STATISTICS. By OSKAR MORGENSTERN.

RIGHT AND WRONG. By A. SPIR:

THE ALPHABET OF ECONOMIC SCIENCE. By PHILIP H. WICKSTEED. New York
REVIEWS
Authors: Bijl W. V. van der
Published: December 2007

The Affluent Society. By J. K. Galbraith.

A Short History of Germany 1815–1945. By E. J. Passant. Economic Sections by W. O. Henderson and Contributions by C. J. Child and D. C. Watt.

An Ancient Economic History: From the Palacolithic Age to the Migrations of the Germanic, Slav and Arabic Nations. Vol. I. By Fritz M. Heichelheim.

Economic Development: Theory, History, Policy. By Gerald M. Meier and Robert E. Baldwin.

Economic Backwardness and Economic Growth. By Harvey Leiuenstein.

Hobson and Underconsumption. By E. S. Nemmers8

Accounting—A Social Force in the Community. By Mary E. Murphy. (London: Cambridge University Press for Melbourne University Press, 1956. Pp. 208. Price 30s.).
SOME IMPLICIT ASSUMPTIONS IN THE “EXPANDED CHOICE” TREATMENT OF WELFARE PROPOSITIONS1
Authors: NICULESCU BARBU
Published: December 2007

It is not easy to get rid of the indifference curve technique. Mr. Lancaster shows once more how strongly that technique is embedded in our subconscious.
THE SHAUL INDEX OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY*
Authors: OSBORN E.
Published: December 2007

Mr. Shaul's work on an index of economic activity is welcomed as a notable contribution to economic statistics in the Federation or Rhodesia and Nyasaland. He has introduced an index of such practical importance, especially in the absence of official quarterly estimates of gross domestic product that attention should be given to its theoretical basis. In Mr. Shaul's paper greater attention was given, however, to the conception of the index and the choice of variable. The method of Factor Analysis used by Mr. Shaul has had wide application in other scientific fields, particularly psychology, but has only in recent years received support for its use as a powerful method in economics. Although this paper is primarily concerned with the mathematical theory of the index, it is hoped that the treatment is sufficiently general to be of wide interest to economic statisticians in Southern Africa.
UNANIMITY VERSUS NON‐DISCRIMINATION (AS CRITERIA FOR CONSTITUTIONAL VALIDITY)
Authors: HUTT W. H.
Published: December 2007

The doctrinal evolution which led, early this century, to the gradual substitution of the term ‘economics’ for ‘political economy’ can by no means be thought of as a wholly beneficial specialisation. Indeed, among the problems which arise in the study of issues in which economic science and political science overlap are some of the most difficult as well as the most vital in the era which appears to be emerging. During the last decade, several works of importance have been published devoted to analysis of these issues. They are all broadly concerned with alternative yet complementary ways in which man's objectives may be sought, namely, via centralised, governmental decision‐making (whether democratically controlled or undemocratic) and via democratic consumers' sovereignty (i.e., via‘free’ markets). These studies have, in other words, concentrated attention upon two distinct and very different methods of exercising social discipline upon those who determine resource use — through governments (possibly disciplined by the ballot box) or through business entrepreneurs (disciplined by the loss‐avoidance, profit‐seeking sanctions).
STATE TRADING IN TANGANYIKA1
Authors: RUTMAN GILBERT
Published: December 2007

The purpose of this paper is to point out some of the effects of, as well as some of the political reasons for, government intervention into trade in Tanganyika. In so doing, we shall point out: (1) the nature of private trading operations in this country, (2) the political and economic role of co‐operatives, and (3) some of the effects of government intervention on the rate of economic growth.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Strydom P. D. F.
Published: December 2007

Book reviewed in this article:

American and British Technology in the Nineteenth Century: The Search for Labour‐saving Investions, by H.J. Habakkuk
THE NATIONAL DEBT1
Authors: DE V. GRAAFF J.
Published: December 2007

To finance its expenditure, the state can tax, borrow and print money. Each of these methods has a different effect on private spending, so the combination selected should depend on the pressure of demand upon resources. It should depend too on the pattern of private spending the state wants to encourage, and its division between consumption and investment.
FUTURE GROWTH PATTERNS IN SOUTH AFRICA—A COMMENT*
Authors: DU PLESSIS T. A. , STRYDOM P. D. F.
Published: December 2007

In their article Bailey and Hogan1 employ an econometric model containing 12 endogenous variables to be explained by 10 behaviour equations, two identities and 8 predetermined variables. An open Keynesian model is employed to present projections of possible future growth patterns of the South African economy for the period 1969/80. The performance of any model is to a large extent determined by the rationale behind the equations, and the plausibility of the coefficients used. It is the purpose of this comment, firstly, to offer certain criticisms of the equations and coefficients in the model; secondly, to discuss the growth rates of the exogenous variables used in the Economic Development Programme (EDP), 2 and criticised by Bailey and Hogan, and finally to evaluate the performance of the model.
SOME NOTES ON THE NATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF COPPER‐ORE DEPOSITS IN CENTRAL AFRICA
Authors: COLEMAN F. L.
Published: December 2007

The discovery and working of copper deposits in south‐central Africa must not be regarded solely as a European phenomenon. It is true that there never was a Bronze Age in Africa, south of the Sahara, as there was elsewhere, the earliest metal users in south and central Africa using iron from the beginning and working it in a manner similar to that evolved by other Iron Age people in Europe and Asia. Nevertheless, where surface deposits of other metals such as copper, tin, gold or silver were found, there is no doubt that they, too, were extensively worked and the resulting ingots, ornaments and weapons not only retained for local use but also traded often to considerable distances.
SOME COMMENTS ON PROFESSOR RÄDEL'S “PROFIT MAXIMIZATION—CAN IT BE JUSTIFIED?”*
Authors: SPANDAU ARNT
Published: December 2007

In the confrontation of the principle of acquisition with the principle of self‐sufficiency, Professor Rädel's suggestive and penetrating paper condenses Werner Sombart's work on modern capitalism. As is well known, Sombart characterized the economic objective of medieval man, as one of meeting needs, and that of modern man as one of seeking profits. To quote Rädel: “The principle of self‐sufficiency (‘Bedarfsdeckungsprinzip’), the characteristic basic objective of economic activity of the middle ages, is replaced by the principle of acquisition, as much as ‘traditionalism’ is replaced by ‘rationality’ as formal principles of economic operations. It is the essential characteristic of the principle of acquisition that the primary aim of economic activity is no longer the satisfaction of the requirements of man, which are relatively limited and personal in nature, but rather the acquisition of wealth represented by a sum of money, which is entirely unlimited and of a more impersonal anonymous nature.”1 Rädel also mentions the linkage, drawn by Sombart, between the “development of the modern democratic state, modern technology and the discovery of new continents” and the growth of capitalism, together with the formation of a “spirit of wordliness… and of lust for power.”2
Physics First? Survey First!
Authors: Korsunsky Boris , Agar Ozymandias
Published: December 2007

The idea of teaching physics to ninth-graders, known as “Physics First,” has become more and more popular among physics educators in this country. However, introducing ninth-grade physics has been an uphill battle; such a change has a major impact on the students, parents, teachers, and the school administration. Switching to Physics First affects the entire science (and possibly mathematics) curriculum. If and when the decision to switch has been made, it is crucial that the implementation of that switch is as flawless as possible right from the start. To achieve that, the administration and the science departments should gather as much relevant information as possible. A good way to start is to explore the state of mind of those affected most directly: the students.
The Biot-Savart Law: From Infinitesimal to Infinite
Authors: Phillips Jeffrey A. , Sanny Jeff
Published: December 2007

In this paper, we discuss a simple apparatus and accompanying class activity that we have developed to illustrate the Biot-Savart law. Since students in introductory electricity and magnetism courses often find this law a mathematical mystery, we feel that a simple experiment such as this will provide the students a better understanding of the concepts introduced. By collecting data from several finite segment lengths, students are able to infer the 1/r2 distance dependence of the magnetic field for infinitesimal segments and the 1/r dependence for infinite wires.
Immunocytochemical analysis of protein body formation in seeds of Sorghum bicolor
Authors: Krishnan Hari B. , White Jerry A. , Pueppke Steven G.
Published: December 2007

Electrophoretic analysis of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) seed prolamines in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate reveals major proteins of 27 and 25 kDa and two other proteins of 18 and 12 kDa. Antibodies were raised against this prolamine fraction and used to examine the subcellular distribution of the proteins in developing sorghum seeds. Protein bodies in the starchy endosperm and subaleurone cells usually are round in cross section and contain darkly staining materials arranged in concentric rings. Protein bodies in the first two layers beneath the aleurone layer are irregular in shape and contain discrete pockets of light and dark staining inclusions. Prolamines were detected in both types of protein bodies by immunolabeling. Other oganelles, including Golgi complexes, mitochondria, and amyloplasts, were not labeled. The protein bodies, which have ribosomes attached to their surfaces, are directly connected to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. In some instances, this endoplasmic reticulum was specifically labeled with protein A – gold particles. Based on these observations, we suggest that the rough endoplasmic reticulum serves as the site of both synthesis and accumulation of sorghum prolamines.
The effects of stem density and nutrient status on size inequality and resource allocation in lodgepole pine and white spruce seedlings
Authors: Lieffers V. J. , Titus S. J.
Published: December 2007

Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Loudon) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings were grown at three densities (900, 2200, and 4000 stems/m2) in fertilized and unfertilized soil. Pine was grown for 111 days and spruce for 120 days. For both the pine and spruce, the mean weight of shoots, roots, and total plant was significantly greater and the root to shoot ratio was lowest in the fertilized and low density treatments. For the spruce, the fertilized treatment had significantly higher size inequality (as measured by the Gini coefficient) for shoot, root, and total mass. For lodgepole pine, only the inequality in root size was greater with fertilization. For the spruce, inequality in shoot, root, and total mass was lowest in the high-density conditions. In the pine, there was little relationship between size inequality and stem density. Compared with the spruce, the pine had greater biomass allocation to roots in poor growing conditions.
Responses of barley cells to puncture by microneedles and to attempted penetration by Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei
Authors: Russo V. M. , Bushnell W. R.
Published: December 2007

Responses to puncture by microneedles were compared with responses to attempted penetration by Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei in epidermal cells of coleoptiles of Hordeum vulgare. Wounds left by needles were repaired within a few minutes so that cells could withstand development of turgor, although no plug was visible at the wound site and cytoplasmic aggregation at the site was not necessary for repair. These initial (stage I) repairs were more effective in the cutinized than in the non-cutinized cell surface. Stage I was followed by a second set of repairs (stage II) in which cytoplasm aggregated at the wound site where a visible wall apposition (wound plug) was deposited. Similar appositions were deposited as encasements on the surfaces of needles left in cells or as papillae at sites of attempted penetration by E. graminis. Cytoplasm aggregated in cells adjacent to cells under fungal attack but not in cells adjacent to cells with needle punctures. Furthermore, histochemical tests indicated that needle-induced wound plugs and encasements contained cellulose and pectin, whereas fungal-induced papillae did not; and papillae contained phenols and basic staining material, whereas wound plugs and encasements did not. The differences between the stage II wound response and fungal-induced response suggest that fungal attack generates inducing factors not produced by mechanical penetration.
Floral development in Arabidopsis thaliana: a comparison of the wild type and the homeotic pistillata mutant
Authors: Hill Jeffrey P. , Lord Elizabeth M.
Published: December 2007

Homeosis is sometimes defined as the replacement of one member of a meristic series by another member normally formed in a different position. The pistillata floral mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae) has petals replaced by sepal-like organs ("petals"), is male sterile, and has abnormal gynoecial development. We compared the ontogeny of wild type and pistillata flowers to determine the developmental basis for their divergent final forms. Normal sepal development in wild type pistillata flowers is indistinguishable in terms of initiation events, anatomical and morphological development, and allometric growth. Wild type petals and pistillata "petals" are initially ontogenetically similar in these same respects. The first observable difference between the two floral forms is abnormal patterns of cell division in pistillata at stamen inception. Tissues in the normal position of the androecium appear congenitally fused to the gynoecium to various extents and differentiate gynoecial cell fates. Form divergence between wild type petals and pistillata "petals" becomes evident when these organs reach 90 μm in length, after androecial developmental divergence has occurred. Pistillata does not have petals replaced by sepals; pistillata "petals" are intermediate in form between wild type sepals and petals because of the developmental switching of petal primordia into the ontogenetic pattern characteristic of wild type sepals after petal primordia are initiated.
Intertidal mangrove fungi from north Sumatra
Authors: Hyde Kevin D.
Published: December 2007

Investigations into the intertidal fungi of Kampong Nelayan Mangrove (Belawan), north Sumatra, yielded 39 species of which one is new to science. Driftwood and mangrove roots and branches were examined. This first report of marine fungi from north Sumatra extends our knowledge of their ecology and geographical distribution. The new species is described and illustrated at the light microscope level.
Vegetative incompatibility in diploid isolates of Armillaria North American biological species I and V
Authors: Mallett K. I. , Hopkin A. A. , Blenis P. V.
Published: December 2007

Vegetative incompatibility among diploid isolates of Armillaria root rot pathogens (Armillaria spp.) was studied using isolates of North American biological species I (Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink) and V (Armillaria sinapina Bérubé & Dessureault). Interspecific, intraspecific, and self crosses were made on dialysis membrane over malt agar media and on wood strips and wood blocks. Hyphal interactions were studied using light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. On dialysis membrane, hyphae in the contact zone between the two species, the so-called "black line," were melanized and failed to fluoresce with fluorescein diacetate but stained with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine and L-β-3,4-dihydroxy-phenylalanine, indicating peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activity in the contact zone. Hyphae adjacent to the contact zone fluoresced and did not show any significant reaction to the other stains. The hyphae of the contact zone in intraspecific crosses and self crosses were not melanized, fluoresced, and did not react with the other stains. No black lines were formed in the interspecific crosses made on or in wood. In both interspecific and intraspecific crosses, pseudosclerotial plates formed between the opposing mycelia. No pseudosclerotial plates were formed in the wood between opposing mycelia of self crosses. Results indicated that the interspecific and intraspecific reactions differ significantly and should be considered as separate and distinct phenomena.
Localization of fragile areas in walls of resting spores of Polymyxa betae
Authors: Ciafardini G. , Marotta B.
Published: December 2007

In a previous paper we reported that the resting spores of Polymyxa betae observed with the scanning electron microscope appeared to undergo germination on one side only; however, it was not possible to ascertain whether this was the upper or lower area of the resting-spore wall. This paper reports a sonication study of purified sporosori of P. betae performed to determine if there are any fragile areas that may be involved in germination in the walls of mature resting spores. The sporosori were sonicated and observed with the scanning electron microscope. Of the damaged sporosori, 95% showed fractures distributed exclusively on the upper area of the resting spores. In addition, observations made directly on the sporosori present in the host cells showed that the upper area of the resting-spore wall is oriented preferentially towards the periphery of the root. The favorable position inside the host and the greater fragility of the upper area of the resting-spore wall support the hypothesis that the latter is a preferential area of germination.
Effectiveness of spruce budworm spraying in New Brunswick in protecting the spruce component of spruce–fir stands
Authors: MacLean David A. , Kline A. Wayne , Lavigne Daniel R.
Published: December 2007

Tree mortality and defoliation were examined in 45 spruce (Picea sp.) stands protected against damage by spruce budworm (Choristoneurafumiferana (Clem.)) and in 27 unprotected spruce stands in New Brunswick, and were related to tree, stand, and site characteristics. The "protected" and "unprotected" classes of stands were defined on the basis of any spraying in the last 5 years (1978–1982), but we also estimated the spray and budworm hazard history from 1973 to 1982 for each stand. Based on this total sample of about 17 000 trees, there was little difference in mortality levels of spruce or combined spruce–fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) between protected and unprotected stands. Spruce mortality was relatively low in both protected and unprotected stands, averaging about 13 and 20% of the total volume, respectively. Fir mortality was higher in unprotected than in protected stands, although fir formed only a minor component of most of the sampled stands. Both average mortality and range were similar among the four spruce types present in New Brunswick: black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.), red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.), hybrid red–black spruce, and white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss). In examining the relation of tree mortality to stand and site characteristics, the strongest correlations were found between dead spruce–fir volume (cubic metres per hectare) and total stand volume (r = 0.85), and between dead fir volume and total fir volume (r = 0.75). No apparent relationships were observed between mortality levels and various indices of protection and budworm hazard. It should be emphasized in presenting these results that the spray program in New Brunswick has historically been designed to protect fir, so that any protection afforded to spruce would be entirely an incidental benefit from attention to the fir problem. Although our results do not reflect a failure of a clearly defined effort to protect spruce, we do recommend that further protection efforts for spruce in New Brunswick be reevaluated.
The effects of sewage effluent on endomycorrhizal development in Acer
Authors: Otto P. C. , Boyle J. R.
Published: December 2007

Secondarily treated sewage effluent was sprayed into a 50-year-old beech–maple forest near Harbor Springs, Emmet County, Michigan. Effluent was applied at rates of 0, 3.8, and 7.6 cm per week onto thinned and unthinned plots during the growing seasons of 1978 and 1979. Each spray rate and density combination was replicated four times. Acer sp. roots were examined each growing season to evaluate development of endomycorrhizae. Numbers of mycorrhizae were significantly greater in the sprayed than in the unsprayed plots but did not vary significantly with month or thinning.
Compatible basal-area growth and yield model for thinned and unthinned stands
Authors: Bailey Robert L. , Ware Kenneth D.
Published: December 2007

not available
Comparison of the photosynthetic responses to temperature and light of Betulamaximowicziana and Betulaplatyphylla var. japonica
Authors: Koike Takayoshi , Sakagami Yukio
Published: December 2007

Betula maximowicziana Regel and Betulaplatyphylla var. japonica Hara are common early successional tree species in Hokkaido. The CO2 exchange rates of early and late leaves in the sunny crown of 10-year-old trees were investigated in relation to leaf growth. The green period of the leaves of B. platyphylla was 10–15 days longer than that of B. maximowicziana. Net photosynthesis of both species attained a maximum toward early July, declined temporarily in early August, and decreased from late September, when the daily minimum temperature fell below 10 °C. The optimal temperature for net photosynthesis in both species ranged between 10 and 20 °C, under a photosynthetic photon flux density of 525 μE•−2•s−1; however, net photosynthesis of B. maximowicziana declined more rapidly above this optimum, as compared with B. platyphylla. The inflection point of the relationship between temperature and respiration rates of both species occurred around 15 °C in early leaves, and around 20 °C in late leaves. The light compensation point at 20 °C of B. maximowicziana was 18.7 μE•m−2•s−1; that of B. platyphylla was 30.3 μE•m−2•s−1. The stronger pioneer species characteristics in B. platyphylla, as compared with B. maximowicziana, are indicated by its higher light utilization and its wider optimal temperature range for photosynthesis.