bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Causes and Consequences of Hand Injury
Authors: SMITH M. E. , AUCHINCLOSS J. M. , ALI M. S.
Published: December 2021

Studies were carried out in Edinburgh to determine the nature, causes and economic consequences of hand injuries requiring more than one visit to hospital. Information on 236 out-patients was collected during a period of six weeks and on 122 in-patients during a period of six months. In both studies, follow-up was by postal questionnaire six weeks after injury. More serious injuries requiring admission to hospital occurred at home (39%) than at work (27%), and of injuries treated on an out-patient basis, the highest proportion (30%) happened at sport. As a result, demands on hospital services were highest in the later part of the day and evening. The main causes of injury were falls at home, at work, in the street or through violence, and only a few were caused by industrial machinery. Two-thirds of the patients were employed, and the mean time off work was three weeks for out-patients and seven weeks for in-patients. Although Edinburgh may not be typical of other cities in the United Kingdom, the studies suggest that even so-called ‘trivial’ hand injuries make considerable demands on hospital services, with related costs to the individual, the employer and the nation.
The Proximal Interphalangeal Joint in Dupuytren’s Disease
Authors: TONKIN M. A. , BURKE F. D. , VARIAN J. P. W.
Published: December 2021

In one hundred patients with Dupuytren’s disease, one hundred and fifty-four operations were performed. The average pre-operative proximal interphalangeal joint contracture was 42° and the average percentage improvement in proximal interphalangeal joint extension at post­operative review was 41%. Fourteen amputations were performed (9.1%). The primary deformity is caused by disease involvement of the palmar fascial structures. Secondary changes may prevent correction of the deformity despite excision of the contracted fascia. The anatomy of the joint is reviewed together with the primary and secondary mechanisms of joint contracture in Dupuytren's disease. Arthrodesis, osteotomy of the proximal phalanx and joint replacement are considered as alternatives to amputation when a systematic surgical approach fails to correct the flexion contracture.
Dislocation of the Index Metacarpal and Trapezoid Bones
Authors: DUNKERTON MARK , SINGER MARTIN
Published: December 2021

A soccer injury resulted in dislocation of the index metacarpal and trapezoid bones.
Monostotic Fibrous Dysplasia of the Hand
Authors: GROPPER P. T. , MAH J. Y. , GELFANT B. M. , BELL H. M.
Published: December 2021

A case of monostotic fibrous dysplasia of a long bone of the hand is reported. There has been only one similar case recorded, though it is not uncommon in other long bones. The diagnosis was proved by histology, and the tumour treated by subperiosteal excision. There has been no recurrence after 31 months, though in similar cases excision including the periosteum has been advised to reduce the likelihood of recurrence.
Lead Synovitis in the Hand: A Case Report
Authors: WATSON N. , SONGCHAROEN G. P.
Published: December 2021

A case is presented in which a .177 air rifle pellet became lodged in a metacarpophalangeal joint of a thirteen year old boy causing lead synovitis and a raised serum lead level. The local and general effects of lead in a joint merit immediate exploration and removal of the material.
The Phantom at The Opera
Authors: Tarrow Sidney
Published: December 2021

Movements and parties have given rise to two largely separates specialties in the social sciences. This Element is an effort to link the two literatures, using evidence from American political development. It identifies five relational mechanisms governing movement/party relations: two of them short term, two intermediate term, and one long-term. It closes with a reflection on the role of movement/party relations in democratization and for democratic resilience.
One Road to Riches?
Authors: Gjerløw Haakon , Knutsen Carl Henrik , Wig Tore , Wilson Matthew Charles
Published: December 2021

Building effective state institutions before introducing democracy is widely presumed to improve different development outcomes. Conversely, proponents of this “stateness-first” argument anticipate that democratization before state building yields poor development outcomes. In this Element, we discuss several strong assumptions that (different versions of) this argument rests upon and critically evaluate the existing evidence base. In extension, we specify various observable implications. We then subject the stateness-first argument to multiple tests, focusing on economic growth as an outcome. First, we conduct historical case studies of two countries with different institutional sequencing histories, Denmark and Greece, and assess the stateness-first argument (e.g., by using a synthetic control approach). Thereafter, we draw on an extensive global sample of about 180 countries, measured across 1789–2019 and leverage panel regressions, preparametric matching, and sequence analysis to test a number of observable implications. Overall, we find little evidence to support the stateness-first argument.
The Politics of LGBTQ Rights Expansion in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Corrales Javier
Published: December 2021

The first section of this Element reviews the history of LGBTQ rights in the region since the 1960s. The second section reviews explanations for the expansion of rights and setbacks, especially since the mid 2000s. Explanations are organized according to three themes: (1) the (re-)emergence of a religious cleavage; (2) the role of political institutions such as presidential leadership, political parties, federalism, courts, and transnational forces; and (3) the role of social movement strategies, and especially, unity. The last section compares the progress on LGBTQ rights (significant) with reproductive rights (insignificant). This Element concludes with an overview of the causes and possible future direction of the current backlash against LGBTQ rights.
Ethics and Confidentiality: Reflections and Lessons Learned Post-Parent and Bruckert v R and Magnotta
Authors: McClelland Alexander , Bruckert Chris
Published: December 2021

In May 2012, a former research assistant contacted the Montréal police about an interview he had conducted with Luka Magnotta for the SSHRC-funded research projectSex Work and Intimacy: Escorts and their Clientsfour years previously. That call ultimately resulted in theParent and Bruckert v R and Magnottacase. Now, a decade later, we are positioned to reflect on the collective lessons learned (and lost) from the case. In this paper, we provide a lay of the Canadian confidentiality landscape before teasing out ten lessons fromParent c R.To do so, we draw on personal archives, survey results from sixty researchers, twelve key informant interviews with qualitative sociolegal and criminology researchers, and documentary analysis of university research policies. The lessons, which range from the clichéd, to the practical, to the frustrating, have implications for the individual work of Canadian researchers and for the collective work of academic institutions.
The Syrian Constitution at the end of the civil war: Is there a constitutional way to democratization?
Authors: Porras-Gómez Antonio-Martín
Published: December 2021

The 2012 Syrian Constitution has been largely (dis)regarded as embodying a mere policy intent to placate contestation, leaving the resorts of monocratic power untouched. While this might be true, there were formal changes whose study is worthwhile to understand the possibilities for some degree of democratization. This article delves into the 2012 charter and its main innovations, asking, first, from a descriptive-analytical perspective, what are the main trends underlying contemporary Syrian constitutional politics? Second, from an explanatory perspective, what specific constitutional provisions prevent the rule of law and the material constitutional transformation in democratic terms? What legal-institutional mechanisms account for this phenomenon? While the 2012 formal constitutional changes can be conceived as a ‘blueprint’ revealing governmental priorities, the outstanding democratic deficits might help to identify the opposition's priorities. Together, they contribute to delineate a bargaining range for the ongoing constituent negotiations.
Transient evolution of basal drag during glacier slip
Authors: Zoet Lucas K. , Iverson Neal R. , Andrews Lauren , Helanow Christian
Published: December 2021

Glacier slip is usually described using steady-state sliding laws that relate drag, slip velocity and effective pressure, but where subglacial conditions vary rapidly transient effects may influence slip dynamics. Here we use results from a set of laboratory experiments to examine the transient response of glacier slip over a hard bed to velocity perturbations. The drag and cavity evolution from lab experiments are used to parameterize a rate-and-state drag model that is applied to observations of surface velocity and ice-bed separation from the Greenland ice sheet. The drag model successfully predicts observed lags between changes in ice-bed separation and sliding speed. These lags result from the time (or displacement) required for cavities to evolve from one steady-state condition to another. In comparing drag estimates resulting from applying rate-and-state and steady-state slip laws to transient data, we find the peaks in drag are out of phase. This suggests that in locations where subglacial conditions vary on timescales shorter than those needed for cavity adjustment transient slip processes control basal drag.
En el mar interior de Última Esperanza: Dinámicas de ocupación y movilidad canoera en la isla Diego Portales (Magallanes, Chile)
Authors: García-Piquer Alberto , Navarrete Vanessa , Aguilera Nelson , Carracedo Robert , Franch Anna , García P. Christian , Ros-Sabé Eva , Zegers Gabriel , Prieto Alfredo , Piqué Raquel
Published: December 2021

Caracterizar las estrategias de movilidad de las sociedades cazadoras-recolectoras-pescadoras en ambientes insulares y litorales es fundamental para comprender la interacción humano-ambiental en el pasado. Las prospecciones en el noreste de la isla Diego Portales, en el mar interior de Última Esperanza (Magallanes, Chile), han permitido documentar ocho yacimientos arqueológicos formados por uno o varios conchales. Todos ellos se hallan ubicados en áreas de la costa al resguardo del viento dominante y con fácil acceso mediante embarcación. Los trabajos arqueológicos en dos de estos yacimientos (Bahía Easter 1 y 2) indican una estrategia de subsistencia similar durante el Holoceno tardío final, basada en el aprovechamiento de la biodiversidad de este ambiente de ecotono, con más de una docena de recursos marinos y terrestres consumidos. Entre éstas destaca en abundancia el huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus), probablemente cazado en el litoral continental. Teniendo en cuenta las dinámicas de poblamiento y movilidad propuestas desde la etnografía o la arqueología para otras áreas del archipiélago fuego-patagónico, los resultados permiten discutir la reocupación sucesiva de puntos estratégicos de la isla, particularmente en primavera-verano, cuando la encrucijada de caminos y recursos que representa el mar interior de Última Esperanza presentaba alicientes significativos para las comunidades canoeras.
East-Greenland traditional nutrition: a reanalysis of the Høygaard et al. nutritional data (1936–1937)
Authors: Mullie Patrick , Deliens Tom , Clarys Peter
Published: December 2021

Greenlandic traditional nutrition was unique in the arctic environment. The aim of the present study was to reanalyse the Høygaard et al. data, focusing on two micronutrients object of discussion, i.e. Ca and vitamin C. Høygaard et al. left Copenhagen in August 1936 and stayed in East-Greenland until August 1937. The members of the expedition recorded nutritional intake whilst residing in families. However, the nutritional intake was analysed on a household level. In total, thirty-five adults and fourty-one children participated. Median total energy expenditure in kcal per d was estimated at 2978 and 2627 for male and female adults, respectively, and 1997 for children and adolescents. Median (IQR) energy consumption in kcal per d was 3881 (1568) for male and 2910 (882) for female adults. This was 2442 (857) and 2023 (1122) for male and female children and adolescents. Median (IQR) Ca intake in mg.d–1 was 555 (1110) for male and 484 (883) for female adults. This was 458 (747) and 358 (838) for male and female children and adolescents. Median (IQR) vitamin C intake in mg.d–1 was 79 (77) for male and 59 (56) for female adults. This was 44 (47) and 60 (52) for male and female children and adolescents. In this study, the importance of traditional foods in reaching an acceptable energy balance was emphasised, together with the confirmation of a low Ca intake in East-Greenland traditional dietary pattern, and the important role of algae consumption in Inuit traditional dietary pattern to avoid scurvy.
From Chatter to Action: How Social Networks Inform and Motivate in Rural Uganda
Authors: Larson Jennifer M. , Lewis Janet I. , Rodriguez Pedro L.
Published: December 2021

From public health to political campaigns, numerous attempts to encourage behavior begin with the spread of information. Of course, seeding new information does not guarantee action, especially when it is difficult for receivers to verify this information. We use a novel design that introduced valuable, actionable information in rural Uganda and reveals the intermediate process that led many in the village to hear the information but only some to act on it. We find that the seeded information spread easily through word of mouth via a simple contagion process. However, acting on the information spread less easily; this process relied instead on endogenously created social information that served to vet, verify, and pass judgment. Our results highlight an important wedge between information that a policy intervention can best control and the behavior that ultimately results.
Language, Ethnicity, and Separatism: Survey Results from Two Post-Soviet Regions
Authors: Marquardt Kyle L.
Published: December 2021

Scholars often use language to proxy ethnic identity in studies of conflict and separatism. This conflation of language and ethnicity is misleading: language can cut across ethnic divides and itself has a strong link to identity and social mobility. Language can therefore influence political preferences independently of ethnicity. Results from an original survey of two post-Soviet regions support these claims. Statistical analyses demonstrate that individuals fluent in a peripheral lingua franca are more likely to support separatism than those who are not, while individuals fluent in the language of the central state are less likely to support separatist outcomes. Moreover, linguistic fluency shows a stronger relationship with support for separatism than ethnic identification. These results provide strong evidence that scholars should disaggregate language and ethnic identity in their analyses: language can be more salient for political preferences than ethnicity, and the most salient languages may not even be ethnic.
The interaction of working memory capacity and engagement with recasts on different L2 outcome measures: A replication of Révész (2012)
Authors: Alipour Javad , Mohebi Maryam , Roohani Ali
Published: December 2021

We report on a conceptual replication of Révész (2012) in order to investigate the idea whether learners provided with recasts do engage in different kinds of behavioral engagement as a function of their working memory and if/how this engagement comes to bear on performance on different measures. Engagement with recasts was measured through a coding method categorizing responses to the recasts running the gamut from: (1) no opportunity, (2) opportunity, but did not repeat, (3) repeated the recasted form, (4) negotiated the response, to (5) used the recasted form later in the discourse. Consistent with Révész (2012), though with lower effect sizes, the results showed that recasts were most conducive to gains on an oral task and less so on a written description task, but non-effective on a grammaticality judgment task. Furthermore, it was revealed that learners with a high phonological short-term memory were more prone to recast-induced engagement on an oral production task, whereas those enjoying a higher reading span were considerably less so. We propose that learner engagement be deemed more important in future interaction research.
On the measurement of need-based justice
Authors: Springhorn Nils
Published: December 2021

Need-based justice is an important ingredient for a pluralistic theory of justice. But how can need-based justice be measured? I will argue that need-based justice cannot be measured by measuring need-satisfaction. This is because need-based justice does not only depend on need-satisfaction, but also on opportunities to avoid or at least mitigate undersupply. Depending on these opportunities, one and the same degree of undersupply can be unjust to different degrees. In this article, I establish a number of desiderata that a measure of need-based justice has to comply with. Resulting measures treat avoidable undersupply as the main source of injustice.
From tools to production: recent research on textile economies in Greece
Authors: Dimova Bela , Gleba Margarita
Published: December 2021

The aim of this report is to provide a summary of the latest developments in the textile archaeology of Greece and the broader Aegean from the Neolithic through to the Roman period, focusing in particular on recent research on textile tools. Spindle-whorls and loomweights appeared in the Aegean during the Neolithic and by the Early Bronze Age weaving on the warp-weighted loom was well established across the region. Recent methodological advances allow the use of the physical characteristics of tools to estimate the quality of the yarns and textiles produced, even in the absence of extant fabrics. The shapes of spindle-whorls evolved with the introduction of wool fibre, which by the Middle Bronze Age had become the dominant textile raw material in the region. The spread of discoid loomweights from Crete to the wider Aegean has been linked to the wider Minoanization of the area during the Middle Bronze Age, as well as the mobility of weavers. Broader issues discussed in connection with textile production include urbanization, the spread of different textile cultures and the identification of specific practices (sealing) and previously unrecognized technologies (splicing), as well as the value of textiles enhanced by a variety of decorative techniques and purple dyeing.
Hacking the Medium: Shaping the creative constraints of network architectures in multiplicitous media artworks
Authors: Bown Oliver , Ferguson Sam , Dias Pereira Dos Santos Augusto , Mikolajczyk Kurt
Published: December 2021

In this article we discuss our practice-based research into effective architectures and creative workflows for creatively coding massive multidevice light and sound installation artworks. We discuss the challenges of working with networked multidevice systems and illustrate these challenges with examples of the type of content that one may wish to display on these systems. We then consider how the structuring of a creative framework can strongly influence how an artist approaches the creation of such work, eases the process of creative search and discovery and reduces the time cost and risk of solving technical problems of architecture design. We take a design perspective on how to make effective creativity support tools and also consider a holistic perspective on creative practice that attempts to satisfy creative ideals grounded in the reality of practice.
Telematic Sound Body: A trajectory of intimacy and defiance
Authors: Papadomanolaki Maria
Published: December 2021

This article reflects on telematic soundwalking by initially considering the network as it is experienced in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It uses learnings and writings about our networked lives (during COVID) to generate a framework in order to understand the artist’s pre-pandemic work; more specifically, in the context of a series of telematic soundwalking performances titled A Certain Geography, of which two case studies are presented here. The network is analysed through a diverse and cross-disciplinary selection of ideas and writings on networked cultures, experimental radio, listening, philosophy, anthropology and urban design. This cluster of diverse theoretical notions become important for the creation of a type of networked listening where the authorship of I often collapses into a polyphonic intimacy of voices and soundings affected by all that is taking place in between, including the distortions created by the materiality of technologies, the different layers of ecologies at stake, the words and voices of those who sound and listen remotely and site-specifically. It proposes an incomplete reception loop where the aspiration of walking on a planned trajectory is constantly contested and destabilised. The network becomes a porous space where the I constantly morphs into a convivial-collective action.
The Kaon’CPT Collective: Building a musical culture of not-in-real-life performance through conducted live comprovisation
Authors: Bouillot Nicolas , Seta Michał
Published: December 2021

In this article we describe a Networked Music Collective for online live performance events. Four characteristics of live performance (bodies, space and time, musical culture and social process) are identified as the conceptual and technological basis of our approach. Our recent distributed comprovisation, Perripplayear, is used to illustrate these concepts and to describe the technology stack we employed. The Kaon’CPT collective uses diverse instrumentation including acoustic and electronic instruments, voice and digital musical instruments (DMIs). Its members span 12 time zones and their comprovisation is conducted via a custom distributed score.
“All I See Is Your Booty and Cleavage”: Sex and the Contemporary Gospel Song (1988–2017)
Authors: Pollard Deborah Smith
Published: December 2021

Gospel songs traditionally feature lyrics that glorify God. However, there is music by contemporary gospel artists that addresses pre-marital sex, homosexuality, and pornography. The fact that these topics are being lyrically confronted by some of the genre's most recognized performers invites exploration into the content, purpose, and impact of the songs.

This article places these lyrics into categories: those that are testimonial narratives about the spiritual deliverance the singer has received after transgressing sexual mores of the Black Church and those that encourage the avoidance of specific sexual practices. These songs contribute to gospel music on several levels, providing a platform through which the artists can testify of their sexual journeys while giving listeners a format through which they can find direction regarding sexual steps, missteps, and spiritual realignment.

The article delineates the changes within US culture that led to less silence about sex and support for the LGBTQIA+ community from some within the Black Church. The major analysis involves the lyrics, the differences in what men and women tend to address, and the fact that despite breaking new ground, in virtually every instance, they reflect traditional Biblical interpretations.
Music is a Place: Oprys and the Rural Working-Class Constitution of Public Space
Authors: Flood Liza Sapir
Published: December 2021

“Oprys” are public musicking events found in Appalachia and beyond. They facilitate regular embodied sociality between strangers and friends in a region often characterized by the social fallout of neoliberal economic trends. Drawing on ethnographic research in Tennessee and elsewhere, I show that oprys constitute rural working-class public space where participants negotiate a precarious cultural order through the affordances of live country music performance. But political discourse in these spaces is articulated primarily through embodied, performative, and aesthetic realms which are not captured in a delimited and classed notion of discourse as primarily text or talk. As such, oprys offer a corrective to our understanding of what counts as discursive contestation. I foreground two particular cultural imperatives that structure oprys: participation and accommodation. These imperatives produce a socio-cultural event that characteristically refuses the monetization of space and privileges dialogic sociality over the production of artistic sound. Approaching oprys through the frame of “counterpublic” reveals a different way of imagining public space, public music making and sociality, and the terrain of political discourse.
Are Popular Music Curricula Antiracist?: The CCNY Music Department as a Case Study
Authors: Carter Matthew K.
Published: December 2021

In a recent virtual talk at the Hitchcock Institute for Studies in American Music, music theorist Philip Ewell considered how music educators and researchers might begin to “undo the exclusionist framework of our contemporary music academy.” Ewell's enterprise resonated with me not only as one who teaches undergraduate courses in music theory, history, performance, and ear training, but also as an instructor in a recently adopted Popular Music Studies program at the City College of New York (CCNY). The CCNY music department's shift in focus from a mostly white, mostly male, classical-based curriculum towards a more diverse and polystylistic repertory of popular music chips away at the exclusionist framework to which Ewell refers.
Compact line source generator for feeding continuous transverse stub arrays
Authors: Qiu Houtong , Yang Xue-Xia , Li Meiling , Yi Zixuan
Published: December 2021

Based on a substrate integrated lens (SIL), a compact line source generator (LSG) for feeding continuous transverse stub (CTS) arrays with linear-polarized (LP) beam scanning and dual-polarized (DP) operations is presented in this paper. The SIL consists of metamaterial cells with different sizes being arranged as concentric annulus and is printed on the center surface of two substrate layers. The SIL can convert the cylindrical wave generated by the feed probe of SIW-horn to the planar wave for feeding the CTS array. This rotationally symmetric SIL can be used conveniently to design LSG for feeding CTS arrays with the continuous beam scanning and DP operations, which has been verified by the fabrications and measurements. By simply rotating the SIW-horn along the edge of SIL, the 10-element LP-CTS array obtains a measured beam scanning range of ±35° with the highest gain of 20.6 dBi. By setting two orthogonal SIW-horns at the edge of the proposed SIL, the nine-element DP-CTS array with orthogonal radiation stubs is excited. The DP array obtains the gain of 20.3 dBi at the center frequency with the isolation of 28 dB and the cross-polarization level <−25 dB.
The Missing Magmas of MOR: Insights From Phase Equilibrium Experiments on Plagioclase Ultraphyric Basalts
Authors: Ustunisik Gokce K. , Nielsen Roger L. , Walker David
Published: December 2021

Plagioclase ultraphyric basalts (PUBs) are a class of mid‐ocean ridge (MOR) lavas found in a variety of ocean floor environments, are characterized by abundant (15–40 volume %) plagioclase megacrysts and a diverse trace element and isotopic signature. Paradoxically, we never see lavas erupted on the seafloor that are in equilibrium with these PUB megacrysts. Based on petrographic evidence, melt inclusion composition, and new data on depth of entrapment calculated from CO2 contents in plagioclase‐hosted inclusions, many of the megacrysts formed at upper mantle pressures (∼3–7 kbars). To constrain the composition of the parent magmas of the plagioclase megacrysts, we conducted a series of experiments at 5 and 10 kbars using mid‐ocean ridge basalts glasses as starting materials. The experimental results were consistent with the presence of a pseudoazeotrope in the anorthitic segment of the plagioclase + basalt pseudobinary. This has the effect of dropping the anorthitic end of the feldspar loop, lowering the solidus for upper mantle conditions, and driving evolving magmas toward higher Ca. As magmas rise and pressure drops, the pseudoazeotrope disappears, and the feldspar loop at the high‐An end rises, causing those magmas to undergo decompression crystallization of plagioclase and resorption of olivine. Therefore, the conditions which generated the magmas from which the megacrysts form disappear as the magmas rise and magmas evolve toward lower Ca, Mg (as we normally assume during plagioclase + olivine crystallization). In effect, the phase equilibria conditions that allow for the generation of such liquids also prevent them from being erupted as lavas.
The Illumination of Thunderclouds by Lightning: 1. The Extent and Altitude of Optical Lightning Sources
Authors: Peterson Michael , Light Tracy E. L. , Mach Douglas
Published: December 2021

Optical space‐based lightning sensors including NOAA's Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) detect lightning though its transient illumination of the surrounding clouds. What space‐based optical lightning sensors measure is influenced by the physical attributes of the light source, the location of the source within the cloud scene, and the spatial variations in cloud composition. We focus on the lightning channels that serve as optical sources for GLM groups and flashes in this first part of our thundercloud illumination study. We match Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) sources with GLM groups and flashes during two thunderstorms to examine channel segments that are active during optical emission. We find that in each storm, the LMA sources matched with GLM groups are small (median: 3 km) compared to GLM pixels (nominal: 8 km), and preferentially come from high altitudes in the cloud (>8–10 km). The detection advantage for high‐altitude sources permits GLM to resolve faint optical pulses near the cloud top that might be missed from lower altitudes. However, the most energetic groups can be detected from all altitudes, and the largest groups largely originate at low altitudes. The relationship between group energy and illuminated area depends on flash development within the cloud medium, and flash development into different cloud regions can be identified by tracking GLM metrics of cloud illumination over time.
DNA/RNA heteroduplex oligonucleotide technology for regulating lymphocytes in vivo
Authors: Ohyagi Masaki , Nagata Tetsuya , Ihara Kensuke , Yoshida-Tanaka Kie , Nishi Rieko , Miyata Haruka , Abe Aya , Mabuchi Yo , Akazawa Chihiro , Yokota Takanori
Published: December 2021

Manipulating lymphocyte functions with gene silencing approaches is promising for treating autoimmunity, inflammation, and cancer. Although oligonucleotide therapy has been proven to be successful in treating several conditions, efficient in vivo delivery of oligonucleotide to lymphocyte populations remains a challenge. Here, we demonstrate that intravenous injection of a heteroduplex oligonucleotide (HDO), comprised of an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) and its complementary RNA conjugated to α-tocopherol, silences lymphocyte endogenous gene expression with higher potency, efficacy, and longer retention time than ASOs. Importantly, reduction of Itga4 by HDO ameliorates symptoms in both adoptive transfer and active experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis models. Our findings reveal the advantages of HDO with enhanced gene knockdown effect and different delivery mechanisms compared with ASO. Thus, regulation of lymphocyte functions by HDO is a potential therapeutic option for immune-mediated diseases.
Rapid microbial methanogenesis during CO2 storage in hydrocarbon reservoirs
Authors: Tyne R. L. , Barry P. H. , Lawson M. , Byrne D. J. , Warr O. , Xie H. , Hillegonds D. J. , Formolo M. , Summers Z. M. , Skinner B. , Eiler J. M. , Ballentine C. J.
Published: December 2021

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a key technology to mitigate the environmental impact of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. An understanding of the potential trapping and storage mechanisms is required to provide confidence in safe and secure CO2 geological sequestration1,2. Depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs have substantial CO2 storage potential1,3, and numerous hydrocarbon reservoirs have undergone CO2 injection as a means of enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR), providing an opportunity to evaluate the (bio)geochemical behaviour of injected carbon. Here we present noble gas, stable isotope, clumped isotope and gene-sequencing analyses from a CO2-EOR project in the Olla Field (Louisiana, USA). We show that microbial methanogenesis converted as much as 13–19% of the injected CO2 to methane (CH4) and up to an additional 74% of CO2 was dissolved in the groundwater. We calculate an in situ microbial methanogenesis rate from within a natural system of 73–109 millimoles of CH4 per cubic metre (standard temperature and pressure) per year for the Olla Field. Similar geochemical trends in both injected and natural CO2 fields suggest that microbial methanogenesis may be an important subsurface sink of CO2 globally. For CO2 sequestration sites within the environmental window for microbial methanogenesis, conversion to CH4 should be considered in site selection.
Children develop robust and sustained cross-reactive spike-specific immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection
Authors: Dowell Alexander C. , Butler Megan S. , Jinks Elizabeth , Tut Gokhan , Lancaster Tara , Sylla Panagiota , Begum Jusnara , Bruton Rachel , Pearce Hayden , Verma Kriti , Logan Nicola , Tyson Grace , Spalkova Eliska , Margielewska-Davies Sandra , Taylor Graham S. , Syrimi Eleni , Baawuah Frances , Beckmann Joanne , Okike Ifeanyichukwu O. , Ahmad Shazaad , Garstang Joanna , Brent Andrew J. , Brent Bernadette , Ireland Georgina , Aiano Felicity , Amin-Chowdhury Zahin , Jones Samuel , Borrow Ray , Linley Ezra , Wright John , Azad Rafaq , Waiblinger Dagmar , Davis Chris , Thomson Emma C. , Palmarini Massimo , Willett Brian J. , Barclay Wendy S. , Poh John , Amirthalingam Gayatri , Brown Kevin E. , Ramsay Mary E. , Zuo Jianmin , Moss Paul , Ladhani Shamez
Published: December 2021

SARS-CoV-2 infection is generally mild or asymptomatic in children but a biological basis for this outcome is unclear. Here we compare antibody and cellular immunity in children (aged 3–11 years) and adults. Antibody responses against spike protein were high in children and seroconversion boosted responses against seasonal Beta-coronaviruses through cross-recognition of the S2 domain. Neutralization of viral variants was comparable between children and adults. Spike-specific T cell responses were more than twice as high in children and were also detected in many seronegative children, indicating pre-existing cross-reactive responses to seasonal coronaviruses. Importantly, children retained antibody and cellular responses 6 months after infection, whereas relative waning occurred in adults. Spike-specific responses were also broadly stable beyond 12 months. Therefore, children generate robust, cross-reactive and sustained immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 with focused specificity for the spike protein. These findings provide insight into the relative clinical protection that occurs in most children and might help to guide the design of pediatric vaccination regimens.
Association between magnesium concentrations and prediabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Ebrahimi Mousavi Sara , Ghoreishy Seyed Mojtaba , Hemmati Amirhossein , Mohammadi Hamed
Published: December 2021

Studies on the association between serum magnesium level and prediabetes yielded inconsistent results. Therefore, the present meta-analysis was designed to examine the association between serum magnesium levels and prediabetes. Online databases including PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Google Scholar were searched up to October, 2020. A total of 10 studies that reported mean and standard deviation (SD) of magnesium levels in prediabetes and healthy control group were identified. Random effects models were used to pool weighted mean differences (WMDs) of serum magnesium levels. Pooled-analysis showed that subjects with prediabetes had significantly lower serum magnesium levels compared with healthy controls (WMD =  − 0.07 mmol/L; 95% CI − 0.09, − 0.05 mmol/L, P < 0.001). A significant heterogeneity observed across included studies (I2 = 95.6%, P < 0.001). However, different subgroup analysis did not detect the potential source of observed heterogeneity. Withdrawal of each individual study had no effect on the overall results. The present meta-analysis showed that circulating magnesium levels in people with prediabetes were significantly lower than healthy controls, confirming that magnesium deficiency may play a role in development and progression of prediabetes. Further studies with larger sample size and robust design are warranted to confirm present results.
Computational analyses of mechanism of action (MoA): data, methods and integration
Authors: Trapotsi Maria-Anna , Hosseini-Gerami Layla , Bender Andreas
Published: December 2021

This review summarises different data, data resources and methods for computational mechanism of action (MoA) analysis, and highlights some case studies where integration of data types and methods enabled MoA elucidation on the systems-level.
Recent advances in fluorescent probes for lipid droplets
Authors: Zhao Yanyan , Shi Wen , Li Xiaohua , Ma Huimin
Published: December 2021

This feature article discusses the recent advances in the design strategies, structural features and applications of fluorescent probes for lipid droplets.
Room-temperature Pd-catalyzed methoxycarbonylation of terminal alkynes with high branched selectivity enabled by bisphosphine-picolinamide ligand
Authors: Liu Ding , Ke Miaolin , Ru Tong , Ning Yingtang , Chen Fen-Er
Published: December 2021

The challenging room temperature Pd-catalyzed methoxycarbonylation for a wide array of alkynes with excellent branched selectivity has been developed.
Trace CO elimination in H2-rich streams with a wide operation temperature window: Co deposited CuO–CeO2 catalysts
Authors: Qiu Zhihuan , Guo Xiaolin , Mao Jianxin , Zhou Renxian
Published: December 2021

Achieving a wide operation window for CO removal in a H2-rich stream on a Co deposited CuO–CeO2 catalyst via a combined CO-PROX and CO methanation reaction occurring at low and high reaction temperature respectively.
Frontier orbital stability of nitroxyl organic radicals probed by means of inner shell resonantly enhanced valence band photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Totani R. , Ljubić I. , Ciavardini A. , Grazioli C. , Galdenzi F. , de Simone M. , Coreno M.
Published: December 2021

We have investigated the frontier orbitals of persistent organic radicals known as nitroxyls by resonant photoelectron spectroscopy (ResPES) under inner shell excitation.
Phase reconfiguration of multivalent nickel sulfides in hydrogen evolution
Authors: Sun Yu , Wu Jing , Zhang Zheng , Liao Qingliang , Zhang Suicai , Wang Xin , Xie Yong , Ma Kaikai , Kang Zhuo , Zhang Yue
Published: December 2021

We report a universal phase reconfiguration phenomenon and a doping strategy to enhance the activity of multivalent nickel sulfides in hydrogen evolution. Based on these, a life-time dynamic structure-activity correlation has been established.
Multi-omics analysis reveals size-dependent toxicity and vascular endothelial cell injury induced by microplastic exposurein vivoandin vitro
Authors: Zhang Min , Shi Jun , Huang Qiong , Xie Yi , Wu Ruihao , Zhong Jiayin , Deng Huiping
Published: December 2021

Although microplastic (MP) pollution has recently garnered increasing attention, few studies have examined the effects of these small particles on the vascular system.
Graphitic carbon nitride and carbon nanotubes modified active carbon fiber cathode with enhanced H2O2 production and recycle of Fe3+/Fe2+ for electro-Fenton treatment of landfill leachate concentrate
Authors: Li Mingran , Qin Xia , Gao Mingxiao , Li Tinghui , Lv Yue
Published: December 2021

g-C3N4/CNTs/ACF with improved H2O2 production and Fe2+ regeneration showed an excellent performance in the treatment of landfill leachate concentrate.
Oxidative degradation of cylindrospermopsin and anatoxin-a by FeIII–B*/H2O2
Authors: Liu Jishan , Greenwood David R. , Kuntz Lionel , Wright L. James , Singhal Naresh
Published: December 2021

Cylindrospermopsin (CYL) and anatoxin-a (ANA) are alkaloid-like potent cyanotoxins produced during cyanobacterial blooms.
A three-dimensional (3D) printing approach to fabricate an isolation chip for high throughputin situcultivation of environmental microbes
Authors: Goh Calvin Bok Sun , Goh Clariss Hui Peng , Wong Li Wen , Cheng Wai Teng , Yule Catherine Mary , Ong Kuan Shion , Lee Sui Mae , Pasbakhsh Pooria , Tan Joash Ban Lee
Published: December 2021

The 3D-printed iChip version made from thermoplastics or photopolymers can isolate microbial populations of a peat swampin situwith a population profile different from that isolatedviathe standardin vitroPetri dish cultivation method.
Roles of the structural defects and the combined acidity of H3PW12O40/Zr-MCM-41 catalysts in ultralow sulfur diesel production
Authors: Chen Lifang , Wang Jin An , de la Fuente Natali , Zhou Sinong , Jiang Peng , Song Yueqin , Zhou Xiaolong
Published: December 2021

This work contributes to the production of ultralow-sulfur diesel using phosphotungstic acid immobilized on Zr-MCM-41 catalysts containing structural defects and combined acidity.
Fullerene superlattices containing charge transfer complexes for an improved nonlinear optical performance
Authors: Li Jinrui , Li Hongguang , Hao Jingcheng
Published: December 2021

Solvent-based nanoarchitectonics was adopted to obtain highly-ordered C60 supramolecular structures with good reverse saturable absorption and optical limiting properties, providing new opportunities for C60 to be applied in nonlinear optics.
Facilitators and Barriers to Implementing the International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative in Care Facilities in Upstate New York
Authors: Harvey Caileen , Flemming Rachel , Davis Julia , Reynolds Victoria
Published: December 2021

Introduction:

Dysphagia is a swallowing disorder that can result in aspiration, asphyxiation, or other complications. One method of facilitating safer swallowing is modification of the diet and fluids of individuals living with dysphagia. The International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI) is a globally standardized framework for texture modification. Its implementation has been recommended in the United States, but adoption is not yet universal. This study investigated implementation issues by surveying health care professionals in health care facilities in rural, Upstate New York.

Method:

A questionnaire created through the SurveyMonkey platform was distributed to health care facilities within a predetermined geographical area in Upstate New York. The survey consisted of 22 questions and utilized a mixed-methods design.

Results:

Forty-six participants from 10 individual professions and nine types of facilities completed the study. Twenty texture modification labels and 10 fluid modification labels were described. Analysis of qualitative data yielded three main barriers to implementation: funding, education, and communication. Within each barrier, awareness and resources were recurrent themes.

Discussion:

The variety of modification labels in comparison with the sample size demonstrates a lack of standardization of texture modification processes across facilities. While nearly half the respondents had not heard of IDDSI prior to the survey, 89% agreed that a standardized dysphagia diet would improve patient health and safety. This demonstrated a willingness to adopt IDDSI and indicated that staff attitudes may not be a barrier to its implementation. Participants felt that training was needed for successful implementation and expressed concern about the lack of availability of financial resources.

Supplemental Material:

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.17270861
Dynamic reactive power optimization of distribution network with distributed generation based on fuzzy time clustering
Authors: Ji Yuqi , Chen Xuehan , Wang Tao , He Ping , Jin Nan , Li Congshan , Tao Yukun
Published: December 2021

In order to solve the coordinated optimization problem of distributed generation (DG), on‐load tap changer (OLTC) and capacitor banks, a dynamic reactive power optimization (DRPO) method based on fuzzy time clustering is proposed. In the method, fuzzy time clustering algorithm is used to cluster the static optimal switching sequence of OLTC and capacitor banks. The time decoupling of control variables is realized and it meets the constraints of the maximum switching times. Next, the influencing factors of DG reactive power limit are analysed. Considering the control ability of OLTC, capacitor banks and DG in voltage and reactive power optimization, a coordinated optimization method is proposed. Since the adjustment of OLTC tap position directly affects the voltage and reactive power distribution of the whole line, the switching time and tap position of OLTC are determined based on the static optimization results of each time and fuzzy time clustering algorithm. Then, the switching time of capacitor banks is determined by fuzzy time clustering algorithm. At last, the switching capacity of capacitor banks and DG reactive power are jointly optimized to get the final control scheme. The proposed method demonstrated good performance in the modified IEEE33 node system and two actual power grid examples.
Single‐layer tri‐state switching as an economical method to address linear light‐emitting diode arrays
Authors: Klein Eric , Ruther Patrick , Paul Oliver
Published: December 2021

This paper reports on new schemes based on the concept of tri‐state switching for routing linear arrays of light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) on slim substrates. The schemes use a minimal number of wires in single‐metal planar technologies, where wires are not allowed to cross. They have in common that the number of LEDs, NL, addressable by NW wires is given by NL = 4NW − 6. The designs are built on a family of hierarchically interconnected structures with (2n+1 − 2) LEDs and (2n−1 + 1) wires, for positive integers n. A process termed linear expansion straightforwardly extends them to arbitrary values of NW and adds 4 LEDs with each additional wire. Expressions for series resistances and the average wire length normalized to the array length are derived. In hierarchical designs, the average normalized wire length asymptotically approaches 7/12 for large n. A matrix formulation graphically elucidates the new interconnection schemes.