bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Noise Modeling of Capacitive Feedback Transimpedance Amplifiers in CMOS
Authors: Romanova Agata , Barzdenas Vaidotas
Published: October 2022

The work reports on the development of a detailed noise current model for a low-noise capacitive feedback transimpedance amplifier (TIA) in CMOS. The proposed TIA circuit implements the programmable-gain using an array of discretely controlled feedback capacitors and resistances in the biasing circuit and is originally designed bearing in mind low-noise requirements for optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) applications with the base gain of 10 kΩ at 1 GHz bandwidth and noise levels below 5.0 pA/Hz. The newly developed model for input-referred noise current spectral density complements the previously suggested transimpedance gain model and takes into account both the primary and secondary noise sources so far ignored in the models known in the literature. The proposed noise model consists of five terms and includes the effects caused by biasing components of the input stage and the noise shaping from the source follower. The performance of the developed noise model is evaluated using the post-layout simulation in 0.18 μm CMOS and 0.25 μm BiCMOS technologies, and a close match of the proposed model is demonstrated in the results of the post-layout simulation with the noise level below 1.8 pA/Hz for the base gain configuration in CMOS. A comparison to available noise models from the literature confirms that previously known noise models for this promising TIA architecture omitted important noise components present in practical and physically realizable circuits and, therefore, resulted in underestimating the base noise level by a factor of two to three, while completely ignoring the flicker noise mapping in the low-frequency range.
An Intelligent Shooting Reward Learning Network Scheme for Medical Image Landmark Detection
Authors: Huang Kai , Feng Feng
Published: October 2022

As the need for medical services has grown in recent years, medical image critical point detection has emerged as a new subject of research for academics. In this paper, a search decision network method is proposed for medical image landmark detection. Unlike the conventional coarse-to-fine methods which generate bias prediction due to poor initialization, our method is to use the neural network structure search strategy to find a suitable network structure and then make reasonable decisions for robust prediction. To achieve this, we formulate medical landmark detection as a Markov decision process and design a shooting reward function to interact with the task. The task aims to maximize the discount of the received value and search for the optimal network architecture over the entire search space. Furthermore, we embed the central difference convolution, which typically extracts the data invariant feature representation, into the architectural search space. In experiments using standard accessible datasets, our approach achieves a detection accuracy of 98.59% in the 4 mm detection range. Our results demonstrate that, on standard datasets, our proposed approach consistently outperforms the majority of methods.
Obstacle Crossing in Older Adults with Total Knee Arthroplasty at the Initial Swing Phase
Authors: Srijaroon Archrawadee , Yuktanandana Pongsak , Sanguanrungsirikul Sompol
Published: October 2022

After undergoing a total knee arthroplasty (TKA) procedure, patients are at a high risk of falling because they present with ineffective mobility within a complex environment, especially during obstacle crossing. Toe clearance (TC) is an important factor to quantify the risks of trip-related falls. The study aimed to investigate TC height and toe trajectory and joint kinematic changes occurring in the lower limb following TKA during obstacle crossing at the initial swing phase. Twenty TKA patients, including those in preoperative and postoperative stages (three and six months), performed obstacle-crossing tasks to compare their performance with 20 healthy controls. Participants walked at self-pace along an 8 m walkway with 2.5, 5, and 10 cm obstacles positioned along the center of the path. For each participant, body segment motions were traced using reflective markers and the kinematics of lower extremity, toe clearance, and gait parameters were analyzed using a 3D-motion analysis system. TKA patients had lower TC height and toe trajectory at six months, slower toe elevation than controls when swing toe crossed 5 and 10 cm obstacles (p < 0.05), and decreased hip and knee flexion (p < 0.05). These altered gait patterns with decreased TC height and toe trajectory were identified as tripping factors as the toe trajectory was close to the ground surface. TKA patients had acquired different lower limb kinematics to maintain adequate TC. At long-term follow-up, there was an increasing trend for patients to trip after surgery. Therefore, more focus is needed on the exercise prescription for rehabilitation programs to improve muscle strength and stepping control.
Saturation Effect Produced by Laser Pulses: Karplus–Schwinger Approach versus Bloch Solution
Authors: Astapenko Valery , Lisitsa Valery
Published: October 2022

The saturation effect during the excitation of a two-level system by laser pulses is investigated in the framework of two approaches: excitation probability based on Karplus–Schwinger spectral profile and exact solution of Bloch equations. Simple analytical expression for the excitation probability by exponential pulse is derived. The excitation spectra obtained using this expression were compared with the result of solving the Bloch equations for various values of the pulse duration and the Rabi frequency, which describes the strength of the electromagnetic interaction. It is shown that in the case of long pulses, there is a satisfactory correspondence between the two approaches, but in short-pulse limit and strong saturation, the probability description based on Karplus–Schwinger spectral profile and perturbation theory does not provide satisfactory results.
Properties of Water Activated with Low-Temperature Plasma in the Context of Microbial Activity
Authors: Małajowicz Jolanta , Khachatryan Karen , Kozłowska Mariola
Published: October 2022

The low-temperature plasma process is an advanced technology that has recently enjoyed great popularity due to its eco-friendly nature and antibacterial efficacy. Plasma-activated water (PAW)—a product of non-thermal plasma reaction with water, containing a rich variety of highly reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), is a green prospective solution for decontamination of microorganisms in a wide range of biotechnology aspect. Here, we present a succinct review of the formation of PAW and its properties in the context of inactivation of microorganisms. Among the wide range of articles on plasma-activated water, there is no comprehensive overview of the mechanism of microbial inactivation, the influence of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species on cell components, or the role of growth phases in PAW effectiveness in inactivation. This review aims to summarize the results of research in this area, taking into account the directions of potential applications of PAW in the field of medical sciences and food technology, indicating the species or strains of inactivated microorganisms.
Biotechnological Modification of Cider Brewing Processes for the Enhanced Production of 2-Phenylethanol
Authors: Wilson Arron , Johnson Joel B. , Naiker Mani
Published: October 2022

Consumers of Australian cider are currently trending towards higher-quality cider products. As a result, boutique and craft cider breweries are expected to experience a period of growth over the next five years. Supporting this trend and subsequent growth is paramount to rebuilding the cider industry post-COVID-19. Many current practices and procedures, such as must clarification and biomass reduction in cider brewing, have been adapted from the beer and wine industry. While these practices are beneficial to the quality of cider and often promote the production of favourable volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the targeted enhancement of specific VOCs has not been achieved. This work investigates the specific enhancement of 2-phenylethanol (2-PE), which is known to improve the organoleptic properties of cider and provide potential health benefits through its antioxidant properties. The effect of three levels of biomass reduction (90%, 80%, and 0%) and five levels of L-phenylalanine (L-phe) saturation (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 g L−1) for the enhanced production of 2-PE during cider fermentation were investigated. A high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed to accurately quantify the concentration of both 2-PE and L-phe, with a root-mean-square deviation (RSMD) of 0.41% and 1.60%, respectively. A significant increase in 2-PE production was achieved for all treatments, with 2-PE levels up to two orders of magnitude higher than respective controls. The highest 2-PE production was achieved by a moderate (80%) biomass reduction at a 2.5 g L−1 L-phe spike. Additionally, the VOC profile of several of the ciders was quantitively determined, and subsequent data underwent extensive chemometric analysis. Principle component analysis (PCA) showed that 2-PE and its derivatives (2-phenylethyl pivalate and phenylacetaldehyde) were correlated with the 80% biomass reduction treatment at the highest L-phe spike. Additionally, it was observed that several acids and alkanes were negatively correlated with the production of 2-PE and its derivatives. Additionally, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) showed clustering between the 80% and 90% biomass reduction treatments at several L-phe spike concentrations. However, the 0% biomass reduction treatments only showed similarity with other treatments with 0% biomass reduction. This work provides insight into the production of 2-PE during apple cider fermentation while building the foundation for more targeted biotechnological production of favourable compounds to improve cider quality.
Assessing the Impact of Village Development on the Habitat Quality of Yunnan Snub-Nosed Monkeys Using the INVEST Model
Authors: Zhu Shuxian , Li Li , Wu Gongsheng , Liu Jialan , Slate Timothy J. , Guo Hongyan , Li Dayong
Published: October 2022

The habitats of the already endangered Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) are degrading as village economies develop in and around these habitat areas, increasing the depopulation and biodiversity risk of the monkey. The paper aims to show the areas of these monkeys’ high-quality habitats that are at highest risk of degradation by continued village development and hence be the focus of conservation efforts. Our analysis leveraged multiple tools, including primary component analysis, the InVEST Habitat-Quality model, and GIS spatial analysis. We enhanced our analysis by looking at habitat quality as it relates to the habitat suitability for the monkey specifically, instead of general habitat quality. We also focused on the impact of the smallest administrative scale in China—the village. These foci produced a clearer picture of the monkeys’ and villages’ situations, allowing for more targeted discussions on win–win solutions for both the monkeys and the village inhabitants. The results show that the northern habitat for the monkey is currently higher quality than the southern habitat, and correspondingly, the village development in the north is lower than in the south. Hence, we recommend conservation efforts be focused on the northern areas, though we also encourage the southern habitats to be protected from further degradation lest they degrade beyond the point of supporting any monkeys. We encourage developing a strategy that balances ecological protection and economic development in the northern region, a long-term plan for the southern region to reduce human disturbance, increase effective habitat restoration, and improve corridor design.
The Role of Clusterin Transporter in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease at the Blood–Brain Barrier Interface: A Systematic Review
Authors: Fareed Muhammad Mazhar , Qasmi Maryam , Aziz Shaan , Völker Elisabeth , Förster Carola Yvette , Shityakov Sergey
Published: October 2022

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is considered a chronic and debilitating neurological illness that is increasingly impacting older-age populations. Some proteins, including clusterin (CLU or apolipoprotein J) transporter, can be linked to AD, causing oxidative stress. Therefore, its activity can affect various functions involving complement system inactivation, lipid transport, chaperone activity, neuronal transmission, and cellular survival pathways. This transporter is known to bind to the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide, which is the major pathogenic factor of AD. On the other hand, this transporter is also active at the blood–brain barrier (BBB), a barrier that prevents harmful substances from entering and exiting the brain. Therefore, in this review, we discuss and emphasize the role of the CLU transporter and CLU-linked molecular mechanisms at the BBB interface in the pathogenesis of AD.
Targeting Neuroinflammation in Osteoarthritis with Intra-Articular Adelmidrol
Authors: Guida Francesca , Rocco Monica , Luongo Livio , Persiani Pietro , Vulpiani Maria Chiara , Nusca Sveva Maria , Maione Sabatino , Coluzzi Flaminia
Published: October 2022

Neuroinflammation is an emerging therapeutic target in chronic degenerative and autoimmune diseases, such as osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis. Mast cells (MCs) play a key role in the homeostasis of joints and the activation of MCs induces the release of a huge number of mediators, which fuel the fire of neuroinflammation. Particularly, synovial MCs release substances which accelerate the degradation of the extra-cellular matrix causing morphological joint changes and cartilage damage and inducing the proliferation of synovial fibroblasts, angiogenesis, and the sprouting of sensory nerve fibers, which mediate chronic pain. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a well-known MCs modulator, but in osteoarthritic joints, its levels are significantly reduced. Adelmidrol, a synthetic derivate of azelaic acid belonging to the ALIAmides family, is a PEA enhancer. Preclinical and clinical investigations showed that the intra-articular administration of Adelmidrol significantly reduced MC infiltration, pro-inflammatory cytokine release, and cartilage degeneration. The combination of 1% high molecular weight hyaluronic acid and 2% Adelmidrol has been effectively used for knee osteoarthritis and, a significant improvement in analgesia and functionality has been recorded.
Simulation of Calcium Dynamics in Realistic Three-Dimensional Domains
Authors: Sneyd James , Rugis John , Su Shan , Suresh Vinod , Wahl Amanda M. , Yule David I.
Published: October 2022

The cytosolic concentration of free calcium ions ([Ca2+]) is an important intracellular messenger in most cell types, and the spatial distribution of [Ca2+] is often critical. In a salivary gland acinar cell, a polarised epithelial cell, whose principal function is to transport water and thus secrete saliva, [Ca2+] controls the secretion of primary saliva, but increases in [Ca2+] are localised to the apical regions of the cell. Hence, any quantitative explanation of how [Ca2+] controls saliva secretion must take into careful account the spatial distribution of the various Ca2+ sources, Ca2+ sinks, and Ca2+-sensitive ion channels. Based on optical slices, we have previously constructed anatomically accurate three-dimensional models of seven salivary gland acinar cells, and thus shown that a model in which Ca2+ responses are confined to the apical regions of the cell is sufficient to provide a quantitative and predictive explanation of primary saliva secretion. However, reconstruction of such anatomically accurate cells is extremely time consuming and inefficient. Here, we present an alternative, mostly automated method of constructing three-dimensional cells that are approximately anatomically accurate and show that the new construction preserves the quantitative accuracy of the model.
Alcohol-Related Liver Disease: An Overview on Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Therapeutic Perspectives
Authors: Ha Yoonji , Jeong Inju , Kim Tae Hyun
Published: October 2022

Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) refers to a spectrum of liver manifestations ranging from fatty liver diseases, steatohepatitis, and fibrosis/cirrhosis with chronic inflammation primarily due to excessive alcohol use. Currently, ALD is considered as one of the most prevalent causes of liver disease-associated mortality worldwide. Although the pathogenesis of ALD has been intensively investigated, the present understanding of its biomarkers in the context of early clinical diagnosis is not complete, and novel therapeutic targets that can significantly alleviate advanced forms of ALD are limited. While alcohol abstinence remains the primary therapeutic intervention for managing ALD, there are currently no approved medications for treating ALD. Furthermore, given the similarities and the differences between ALD and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in terms of disease progression and underlying molecular mechanisms, numerous studies have demonstrated that many therapeutic interventions targeting several signaling pathways, including oxidative stress, inflammatory response, hormonal regulation, and hepatocyte death play a significant role in ALD treatment. Therefore, in this review, we summarized several key molecular targets and their modes of action in ALD progression. We also described the updated therapeutic options for ALD management with a particular emphasis on potentially novel signaling pathways.
Adenocarcinomas of the Lung and Neurotrophin System: A Review
Authors: Ricci Alberto , Salvucci Claudia , Castelli Silvia , Carraturo Antonella , de Vitis Claudia , D’Ascanio Michela
Published: October 2022

Neurotrophins (NTs) represent a group of growth factors with pleiotropic activities at the central nervous system level. The prototype of these molecules is represented by the nerve growth factor (NGF), but other factors with similar functions have been identified, including the brain derived-growth factor (BDNF), the neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), and NT-4/5. These growth factors act by binding specific low (p75) and high-affinity tyrosine kinase (TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC) receptors. More recently, these growth factors have shown effects outside the nervous system in different organs, particularly in the lungs. These molecules are involved in the natural development of the lungs, and their homeostasis. However, they are also important in different pathological conditions, including lung cancer. The involvement of neurotrophins in lung cancer has been detailed most for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), in particular adenocarcinoma. This review aimed to extensively analyze the current knowledge of NTs and lung cancer and clarify novel molecular mechanisms for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Several clinical trials on humans are ongoing using NT receptor antagonists in different cancer cell types for further therapeutic applications. The pharmacological intervention against NT signaling may be essential to directly counteract cancer cell biology, and also indirectly modulate it in an inhibitory way by affecting neurogenesis and/or angiogenesis with potential impacts on tumor growth and progression.
The New Standard Is Biodigital: Durable and Elastic 3D-Printed Biodigital Clay Bricks
Authors: Estévez Alberto T. , Abdallah Yomna K.
Published: October 2022

In a previously published study, the authors explained the formal design efficiency of the 3D-printed biodigital clay bricks 3DPBDCB: a project that aimed to change the conventional methods of clay brick design and mass production. This was achieved by employing the behavioural algorithms of reaction-diffusion and the shortest path that were extracted from the exact material physical properties and hydrophilic behaviours of clay and controlled material deposition 3D printing to create sustainable clay bricks. Sustainability in their use in the built environment and their production processes, with full potential sustainability aspects such as passive cooling, thermal and acoustical insulation, and bio receptivity. The current work studies the mechanical properties of the 3D-printed biodigital clay bricks as elastic and durable clay bricks whose properties depend mainly on their geometrical composition and form. Each of the three families of the 3D-printed biodigital clay bricks (V1, V2, V3) includes the linear model of a double line of 0.5 cm thickness and a bulk model of 55% density were tested for compression and elasticity and compared to models of standard industrial clay bricks. The results revealed that the best elasticity pre-cracking was achieved by the V2 linear model, followed by the V3 linear model, which also achieved the highest post-cracking elasticity—enduring until 150 N pre-cracking and 200 N post-cracking, which makes the V3 linear model eligible for potential application in earthquake-resistant buildings. While the same model V3-linear achieved the second-best compressive strength enduring until 170 N. The best compressive strength was recorded by the V1 linear and bulk model enduring up to 240 N without collapsing, exceeding the strength and resistance of the industrial clay bricks with both models, where the bulk and the perforated collapsed at 200 N and 140 N, respectively. Thus, the mass production and integration of the V1 bulk and linear model and the V3 linear model are recommended for the construction industry and the architectural built environment for their multi-aspect sustainability and enhanced mechanical properties.
Principles and Applications of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification to Point-of-Care Tests
Authors: Park Jee-Woong
Published: October 2022

For the identification of nucleic acids, which are important biomarkers of pathogen-mediated diseases and viruses, the gold standard for NA-based diagnostic applications is polymerase chain reaction (PCR). However, the requirements of PCR limit its application as a rapid point-of-care diagnostic technique. To address the challenges associated with regular PCR, many isothermal amplification methods have been developed to accurately detect NAs. Isothermal amplification methods enable NA amplification without changes in temperature with simple devices, as well as faster amplification times compared with regular PCR. Of the isothermal amplifications, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is the most studied because it amplifies NAs rapidly and specifically. This review describes the principles of LAMP, the methods used to monitor the process of LAMP, and examples of biosensors that detect the amplicons of LAMP. In addition, current trends in the application of LAMP to smartphones and self-diagnosis systems for point-of-care tests are also discussed.
Blood Metabolites and Profiling Stored Adipose Tissue Reveal the Differential Migratory Strategies of Eurasian Reed and Sedge Warblers
Authors: Araújo Pedro M. , Viegas Ivan , Da Silva Luis P. , Lopes Pedro B. , Tavares Ludgero C. , Ramos Jaime A.
Published: October 2022

The overall speed of bird migration is limited by the amount of fuel stores acquired during the initial phases of migration. The ability to mobilize fat is crucial for migratory birds that can exhibit different migratory strategies. Birds mobilize triglycerides during nocturnal flight thus increasing circulating fatty acids and glycerol to meet the metabolic demands of flight. Eurasian Reed (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) and Sedge (Acrocephalus schoenobaenus) Warblers were captured at Portuguese stopover sites during spring and autumn migration. These species were selected based on their different migration strategies and dietary preferences during migration. Blood metabolites and fat composition were analyzed to determine their nutritional states. Sedge Warblers had higher blood triglyceride and glycerol levels during post-flight fasting than in non-fasting periods. Furthermore, Sedge Warblers had higher triglyceride and glycerol levels than Eurasian Reed Warblers in both post-flight fasting and non-fasting condition. The differences found may reflect distinct approaches in re-feeding activity (e.g., feeding intensely) associated with the number of stopovers during migratory cycle. Dietary preferences affect the fat composition available for oxidation during long-term exercise in migratory flight. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of subcutaneous fat composition revealed that Sedge Warblers presented higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid levels than Eurasian Reed Warblers. The distinct lipidic profiles observed and differences in feeding ecology may explain the different migration strategies of these species. Overall and despite their ecological similarity, our study species showed pronounced differences in blood metabolites levels and subcutaneous fatty acids composition, likely attributed to the migratory strategy and foraging preferences during their migratory cycle.
Suppressive Effects of Isofraxidin on Depressive-like Behaviors Induced by Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress in Mice
Authors: Wu Xiaoli , Gu Jingwen , Zou Zhicong , Yu Meng , Zhang Chen , Xiao Qinghui , Chen Xin , Li Chuwen
Published: October 2022

Isofraxidin is an active component of several traditional and functional plants that have beneficial properties for neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we examined whether isofraxidin exhibited antidepressant-like effects in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced mice. Firstly, isofraxidin could reverse CUMS-induced decrease in body weight gain in mice. Additionally, in the sucrose preference test (SPT), isofraxidin reversed the decrease in sucrose consumption due to CUMS-induced depressive-like behavior. Isofraxidin also increased locomotor activity in the open field test (OFT) and alleviated immobility duration in the forced swimming test (FST) and tail-suspension test (TST). Furthermore, isofraxidin decreased levels of corticosterone (CORT), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and hypothalamus corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the serum after CUMS-induced hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Also, isofraxidin suppresses tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 expression in the hippocampus of CUMS mice. Further investigations demonstrated that isofraxidin inhibited CUMS-induced activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes in the hippocampus. Summarily, in CUMS-induced mice, isofraxidin reduced depressive-like behaviors, accompanied by its inhibitory effects on hyperactivity of the HPA axis and NF-κB /NLRP3 inflammasomes pathways.
Public Space Behaviors and Intentions: The Role of Gender through the Window of Culture, Case of Kerman
Authors: Jalalkamali Aida , Doratli Naciye
Published: October 2022

Urban public spaces are the spatial nexus of social interactions, activities, and expressions. Society manifests itself within these spaces through different lenses such as cultures and norms. The framework and restrictions related to gender-based behavior play a central role in the discourse about inclusivity and equity in urban public spaces when viewed through these lenses. There is, however, a gap in the literature that addresses how culture and gender influence public space behaviors and intentions within a traditional and modern cultural framework. The current study tests whether culture correlates with public space behavior on a neighborhood scale. A comparative study was conducted between two distinct neighborhoods in the city of Kerman, Iran. The two cases were selected due to their significant differences in how women use and interact with urban space. The effects of gender differences and perceived constraints on how residents manifest their behavior in public spaces were investigated. The study further investigated whether gender has a significant relationship with the level of appropriateness of certain public space behaviors and the intention to pursue them. The findings indicate significant cultural differences in both behavioral practice and behavioral intentions among the respondents. Furthermore, in traditional neighborhoods, the findings support significant gender-dependent differences in public space behavior, even though this gap is not apparent regarding intentions toward public space behaviors. The findings show a significantly greater disparity between traditional and modern districts in women’s perceived behavioral restrictions on personal expression.
The Impact of Imperfect Maintenance Scheduling on the Physical Degradation of Painted Renderings
Authors: Petersen André , Silva Ana , González Marco
Published: October 2022

Theoretical studies suggest that maintenance improves the state of conservation of buildings and components, increasing their durability and service life. However, the existing studies point to a qualitative improvement somewhere between “as-good-as-new” and “as-bad-as-old”. This study proposes a methodology to estimate the impact of imperfect maintenance actions on the degradation condition of painted renderings in external walls, based on an extensive fieldwork survey evaluating the timing and the effect of different maintenance actions on the life cycle of these claddings. Façades are analyzed at different instants (before and after the execution of maintenance services). The results reveal that the maintenance actions usually improve the condition of the painted renderings, although they are performed at inadequate moments. Cleaning actions reduce approximately 13% of the overall degradation condition of the claddings (12.2% for renderings and 13.2% for painted surfaces). The partial repair of renderings leads to a reduction of approximately 70% of the façade’s overall degradation condition. The façade only returns to the condition “as-good-as-new” when a total replacement of the rendering is performed. This study contributes to a better understanding of the phenomenon and to a more accurate projection of the real effect of the maintenance actions on the durability of façades.
Numerical Assessment of the Structural Damage of a Composite Lining Water Conveyance Tunnel Subjected to Reverse Fault Conditions
Authors: Shi Xinwei , Feng Xin
Published: October 2022

In this paper, the structural responses and failure characteristics of a new type of water conveyance tunnel lining structure subjected to reverse fault conditions were numerically investigated by considering multiple loads and interaction separation modes between different structural layers. This study proposes a new evaluation standard for the safety level of the damage state of the composite lining water conveyance tunnel. It also discusses the influences of fault dislocation displacement (Δf), dip angle (β), and the mechanical properties of the surrounding rock in the fault fracture zone on the water conveyance tunnel response and damage. The results indicate that the buckling failure of the steel tube under axial compression is the dominant failure mode of the composite lining structure. With increasing fault dislocation displacement, the axial compressive strain and circumferential shear strain of the composite lining are most severely damaged on the sliding plane. With decreasing fault dip angle, the axial compressive strain of the composite lining weakens, while the bending and shear strains increase. The increase in rock stiffness in the fault fracture zone reduces the damage scope but increases the composite lining structural damage severity. Overall, the numerical results of this study provide a better understanding of the failure mode and damage process of composite lining water conveyance tunnels under reverse fault conditions; therefore, this study can serve as a reference for composite lining structure disaster assessments.
Investigation on the Deformation of Segment Linings in Cross-Fault Tunnel Considering the Creep Behavior of Surrounding Rock during Construction-Operation Period
Authors: He Yinpeng , Sun Xinjian , Zhang Mengxi
Published: October 2022

Time-dependent deformation of surrounding rocks during construction and service directly affects the structural safety of hydraulic tunnels. Specifically, the creep effect on the cross-fault diversion tunnels is particularly significant. In recent years, a variety of research has focused on the impact of creep on operating cross-fault diversion tunnels. However, there is a lack of consideration for the creep phenomenon during the construction-operation period. This study proposes a simulation method of segment linings deformation of cross-fault diversion tunnel combining deformation monitoring, creep constitutive identification, and creep during construction operation. According to the measured time-displacement data of the surrounding rock, the suitable creep constitutive model is selected by a regression-comparison method. Subsequently, the three-dimensional numerical model of the cross-fault tunnel is established, with the tunnel excavation and long-term creep calculation carried out under the creep effect of the surrounding rock. In addition, the intelligent inversion model was adopted to obtain the basic parameters of the surrounding rock. The results show that fault directly affects the rock mass characteristics near the fault. The radius of influence is about one time the tunnel diameter from the fault. The vertical deformation of segment linings of the vault and inverted arch tends to be subsidence when the fault is above the tunnel; however, the trend is inverse when the fault is under the tunnel. This work gives targeted engineering suggestions and provides a scientific basis for designing and constructing diversion tunnels under complicated geological structures.
Mechanosensitive Ion Channel PIEZO1 Signaling in the Hall-Marks of Cancer: Structure and Functions
Authors: Zhao Fuqiang , Zhang Lei , Wei Mankun , Duan Wei , Wu Shourong , Kasim Vivi
Published: October 2022

Tumor cells alter their characteristics and behaviors during tumorigenesis. These characteristics, known as hallmarks of cancer, are crucial for supporting their rapid growth, need for energy, and adaptation to tumor microenvironment. Tumorigenesis is also accompanied by alteration in mechanical properties. Cells in tumor tissue sense mechanical signals from the tumor microenvironment, which consequently drive the acquisition of hallmarks of cancer, including sustained proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, apoptosis resistance, sustained angiogenesis, metastasis, and immune evasion. Piezo-type mechanosensitive ion channel component 1 (Piezo1) is a mechanically sensitive ion channel protein that can be activated mechanically and is closely related to various diseases. Recent studies showed that Piezo1 mediates tumor development through multiple mechanisms, and its overexpression is associated with poor prognosis. Therefore, the discovery of Piezo1, which links-up physical factors with biological properties, provides a new insight for elucidating the mechanism of tumor progression under a mechanical microenvironment, and suggests its potential application as a tumor marker and therapeutic target. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the role of Piezo1 in regulating cancer hallmarks and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of Piezo1 as an antitumor therapeutic target and the limitations that need to be overcome.
Molecular Mechanisms Driving the Formation of Brain Metastases
Authors: Campbell Bethany K. , Gao Zijie , Corcoran Niall M. , Stylli Stanley S. , Hovens Christopher M.
Published: October 2022

Targeted therapies for cancers have improved primary tumor response rates, but concomitantly, brain metastases (BM) have become the most common brain tumors in adults and are associated with a dismal prognosis of generally less than 6 months, irrespective of the primary cancer type. They most commonly occur in patients with primary breast, lung, or melanoma histologies; however, they also appear in patients with other primary cancers including, but not limited to, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and renal cell carcinoma. Historically, molecular biomarkers have normally been identified from primary tumor resections. However, clinically informative genomic alterations can occur during BM development and these potentially actionable alterations are not always detected in the primary tumor leading to missed opportunities for effective targeted therapy. The molecular mechanisms that facilitate and drive metastasis to the brain are poorly understood. Identifying the differences between the brain and other extracranial sties of metastasis, and between primary tumors and BM, is essential to improving our understanding of BM development and ultimately patient management and survival. In this review, we present the current data on the genomic landscape of BM from various primary cancers which metastasize to the brain and outline potential mechanisms which may play a role in promoting the formation of the distant metastases in the brain.
Correlation of Yes-Associated Protein 1 with Stroma Type and Tumor Stiffness in Hormone-Receptor Positive Breast Cancer
Authors: Lee Yangkyu , Bae Soong June , Eun Na Lae , Ahn Sung Gwe , Jeong Joon , Cha Yoon Jin
Published: October 2022

(1) Background: Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) is an oncogene activated under the dysregulated Hippo pathway. YAP1 is also a mechanotransducer that is activated by matrix stiffness. So far, there are no in vivo studies on YAP1 expression related to stiffness. We aimed to investigate the association between YAP1 activation and tumor stiffness in human breast cancer samples, using immunohistochemistry and shear-wave elastography (SWE). (2) Methods: We included 488 patients with treatment-naïve breast cancer. Tumor stiffness was measured and the mean, maximal, and minimal elasticity values and elasticity ratios were recorded. Nuclear YAP1 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs); tumor-stroma ratio (TSR) and stroma type of tumors were also evaluated. (3) Results: Tumor stiffness was higher in tumors with YAP1 positivity, low TILs, and high TSR and was correlated with nuclear YAP1 expression; this correlation was observed in hormone receptor positive (HR+) tumors, as well as in tumors with non-collagen-type stroma. (4) Conclusions: We confirmed the correlation between nuclear YAP1 expression and tumor stiffness, and nuclear YAP1 expression was deemed a prognostic candidate in HR+ tumors combined with SWE-measured tumor stiffness.
Integration of Carboxymethyl Cellulose Isolated from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Waste into Bismuth Ferrite as Photocatalyst for Effective Anionic Dyes Degradation
Authors: Md Azman Siti Aqilah Husna , Sagadevan Suresh , Ahmad Ishak , Kassim Mohamad Haafiz Mohamad , Imam Saifullahi Shehu , Nguyen Khoa Dang , Kaus Noor Haida Mohd
Published: October 2022

Photocatalytic biomass valorization has proven to be a valuable approach for sustainably constructing value—added products from waste materials. The present study aimed to know about Bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) nanoparticles combined into carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) obtained from oil palm empty fruit bunch waste (OCMC) and used as a catalyst composite for the degradation of anionic dyes, specifically on methyl orange (MO) and congo red (CR). The parameter that affects the formation of OCMC, such as the degree of substitution (DS), depends upon the alkalization reaction time and NaOH concentrations. The highest DS was obtained at 1.562 and found at 60% NaOH with 9 h of alkalization, very close to that of the commercial CMC (CCMC) DS value. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that OCMC as a semi-crystalline phase and the tensile strength of OCMC film increased significantly from 0.11 MPa to 3.54 MPa as compared to CCMC. The comparative study on photocatalytic degradation of MO and CR using OCMC and CCMC reinforced with 0.8% BiFeO3 showed a minor difference in removal percentage. The efficiency removal for CCMC/BFO towards CR and MO was enhanced to 95.49% and 92.93% after a 3-h treatment, and a similar result was obtained in the case of OCMC/BiFeO3 at 92.50% for CR and 89.56% for MO, respectively. Nevertheless, it is interesting that OCMC film exhibits remarkable stability with an improvement in terms of tensile strength and stays more intact than that of CCMC.
The Role of Nanoparticle Catalysis in the Nylon Production
Authors: Tonucci Lucia , Mascitti Andrea , Ferretti Anna M. , Coccia Francesca , d’Alessandro Nicola
Published: October 2022

Renewal in the world production of plastics with growing amounts of building blocks from biomass is a pressing demand among society. Adipic acid is one of the monomers of nylon 6,6, and, traditionally, is obtained from fossil sources, but it is possible to reduce the muconic acids, deriving it from biomass, to obtain adipic acid. However, these catalyzed reactions use commonly hazardous conditions or reagents; in this study, a pathway to obtain a bio-adipic acid, following the Green Chemistry, is reported. Metal nanoparticles (M NPs; M = Pd, Pt, Ru, Rh) were synthesized in water at 80 °C using sodium lignosulphonate as a reducing and stabilizing agent. They were characterized by TEM and XRD techniques: Pd NPs were larger (21 nm) and spherical in shape; Pt NPs were irregular; Ru and Rh NPs were smallest (1.9 and 5.3 nm, respectively). M NPs were tested as catalyst in the hydrogenation reactions of dicarboxylic acids (fumaric, malonic, trans,trans- and cis,cis-muconic acids) in water at room pressure and temperature. The NPs transformed selectively fumaric and malonic acids to succinic acid, although with different yields. Ru and Pt NPs were moderately active while with Pd NPs, 80% of succinic acid was obtained and with Rh NPs, 100% was observed. Carrying out the hydrogenations on muconic acids at pH 5, the formation of adipic acid was observed with all NPs but selectivities in the presence of Ru, Pt and Pd NPs were not excellent. The selectivity with Rh NPs was remarkable (86% from cis,cis- and about 100% from trans,trans-muconic acid) considering the mild conditions; furthermore, it is attractive that the adipic acid was obtained also from the cis,cis isomer which can be produced from biomass.
Sulfate Decelerated Ferrous Ion-Activated Persulfate Oxidation of Azo Dye Reactive Brilliant Red: Influence Factors, Mechanisms, and Control Methods
Authors: Tang Chenliu , Long Zhicheng , Wang Yidan , Ma Dongze , Zhu Xiaobiao
Published: October 2022

This study investigated the inhibition effects of sulfate on ferrous ion-activated persulfate oxidation of azo dye reactive brilliant red X-3B. The experimental results showed that the degradation efficiency of reactive brilliant red X-3B decreased from 100% to 63% in 60 min when the initial concentration of sulfate increased from 0 to 3 g/L. The ferrous/persulfate molar ratio had remarkable influence on persulfate oxidation capability in presence of sulfate. SO42− could coordinate with Fe2+ and Fe3+ in generating FeSO4 ion pairs as well as FeSO4+ or Fe(SO4)2− complexes, which were difficult to activate persulfate and reduced the regeneration of Fe2+. Radicals quenching and electron paramagnetic resonance experiments showed that ·OH and SO4·− were responsible for the oxidation of reactive brilliant red X-3B; however, the addition of sulfate significantly inhibited the generation of SO4·−, and then the generation of ·OH. Moreover, the corresponding Nernst equation indicated that high concentration of sulfate reduced the oxidation potential of SO4·−/SO42−. Experimental results proved that the adverse effects of sulfate on the persulfate oxidation could be counteracted either by batch addition of ferrous or by adding Ba2+ to remove SO42− in the system.
Behavior of N-Doped TiO2 and N-Doped ZnO in Photocatalytic Azo Dye Degradation under UV and Visible Light Irradiation: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Sacco Olga , Mancuso Antonietta , Venditto Vincenzo , Pragliola Stefania , Vaiano Vincenzo
Published: October 2022

N-doped TiO2 (N-TiO2) and N-doped ZnO (N-ZnO) were synthesized utilizing ammonia as a dopant source. The chemico-physical characteristics of synthesized samples were studied by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, SEM analysis, N2 adsorption–desorption at −196 °C, and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Compared to undoped samples, the introduction of nitrogen in the semiconductor lattice resulted in a shift of band-gap energy to a lower value: 3.0 eV for N-ZnO and 2.35 eV for N-TiO2. The photocatalysts were tested for the degradation of Eriochrome Black T (EBT), which was selected as a model azo dye. Both N-doped semiconductors evidenced an improvement in photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation (62% and 20% EBT discoloration for N-TiO2 and N-ZnO, respectively) in comparison with the undoped samples, which were inactive in the presence of visible light. Different behavior was observed under UV irradiation. Whereas N-TiO2 was more photoactive than commercial undoped TiO2, the introduction of nitrogen in ZnO wurtzite resulted in a drastic reduction in photocatalytic activity, with only 45% EBT discoloration compared to total color removal obtained with the commercial ZnO sample, suggesting intrinsic limitations for doping of this class of semiconductors.
Captopril Alleviates Chondrocyte Senescence in DOCA-Salt Hypertensive Rats Associated with Gut Microbiome Alteration
Authors: Chan Lok Chun , Zhang Yuqi , Kuang Xiaoqing , Koohi-Moghadam Mohamad , Wu Haicui , Lam Theo Yu Chung , Chiou Jiachi , Wen Chunyi
Published: October 2022

Gut microbiota is the key controller of healthy aging. Hypertension and osteoarthritis (OA) are two frequently co-existing age-related pathologies in older adults. Both are associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis. Hereby, we explore gut microbiome alteration in the Deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-induced hypertensive rat model. Captopril, an anti-hypertensive medicine, was chosen to attenuate joint damage. Knee joints were harvested for radiological and histological examination; meanwhile, fecal samples were collected for 16S rRNA and shotgun sequencing. The 16S rRNA data was annotated using Qiime 2 v2019.10, while metagenomic data was functionally profiled with HUMAnN 2.0 database. Differential abundance analyses were adopted to identify the significant bacterial genera and pathways from the gut microbiota. DOCA-induced hypertension induced p16INK4a+ senescent cells (SnCs) accumulation not only in the aorta and kidney (p < 0.05) but also knee joint, which contributed to articular cartilage degradation and subchondral bone disturbance. Captopril removed the p16INK4a + SnCs from different organs, partially lowered blood pressure, and mitigated cartilage damage. Meanwhile, these alterations were found to associate with the reduction of Escherichia-Shigella levels in the gut microbiome. As such, gut microbiota dysbiosis might emerge as a metabolic link in chondrocyte senescence induced by DOCA-triggered hypertension. The underlying molecular mechanism warrants further investigation.