bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Cognition and Depression in Predicting Functional Outcome in Geriatric Medical Rehabilitation Patients
Authors: Nanna Michael J. , Lichtenberg Peter A. , Buda-Abela Michelle , Barth Jeffrey T.
Published: March 2007

The roles depression and cognition play in activities of daily living (ADL) and ambulation recovery in geriatric patients were investigated. Subjects consisted of 423 medical rehabilitation inpatients between the ages of 60 and 99. Depression and cognition as measured by standard tests at admission were found to be significantly related to performance on ADLs and ambulation at admission and discharge. Furthermore, measures of depression and cognition accounted for 7% of unique discharge ADL variance above and beyond that accounted for by admission level of ADL functioning, demographic variables, and number of existing medical conditions. Level of depression and quality of cognitive abilities did not, however, predict ambulation recovery in a regression model. Overall, depression and cognition appear to play a significant role in functional recovery. Treatment strategies for multidisciplinary team members are provided.
Criminal Justice in the Courts Today
Authors: Clark Tom C.
Published: March 2007

The improvement and modernization of the criminal courts is underway throughout the United States today. This article discusses the implementation of the American Bar Association's Standards for Criminal Justice and the climate of the country which led to their formulation. It also discusses the Speedy Trial Act of 1974 and the impact which it will have on our criminal courts and society in the next few years. Finally, Justice Clark offers his ideas on improving advocacy in the criminal courts.
Is a "Correctional Officer," by any Other Name, a "Screw?"
Authors: Toch Hans
Published: March 2007

A narrow definition of the correctional officer's role excludes important functions officers can serve in prison, including critical contributions they can make to inmate survival and mental health. Such functions are currently exercised by a significant minority of officers, whose contributions are neither recognized nor rewarded.

Interview excerpts are presented in this paper to illustrate ways in which correctional officers exercise discretion to provide support to vulnerable inmates who need support. Such constructive exercise of discretion includes invoking non-custodial prison staff and circumventing resistances to change. Officers also form personal relationships with inmates which de-escalate conflict, ameliorate crises, and provide susceptible inmates with rehabilitative role models.

Custodial goals and expanded services can be constructively combined, provided administrators provide a flexible climate. If they do not, sophisticated officers often become discouraged and regress to narrow, traditional definitions of their jobs. Prison administrators can contribute both to correctional officer job enrichment and to inmate welfare by locating correctional officer innovators and recognizing their role as self-motivated pioneers. Officers now ”fight the system" to advance goals which we verbally endorse but often sabotage in practice.
Resistance to Change in Police Organizations: The Diffusion Paradigm
Authors: Lingamneni Jaganmohan Rao
Published: March 2007

This paper presents an analysis, bi use of a diffusion paradigm, of factors which inhibit innovations in police organization. An in-depth review and analysis of the diffusion of innovations paradigm is presented and its application to resistance to departmental changes is evaluated. Police organizational structure, leadership styles, ideology, perceived attributes of the innovations, type of innovation, timeliness, communication channels and the community-social system are discussed as determiners of the acceptance or rejection of policY and operational decisions within police organizations.

A review of literature on each of the cited areas with general recommendations for the reduction of that resistance is also included. The future of changes in police departments is discussed with the conclusion that academicians have tended to be overly optimistic concerning changes within police organizations and police practitioners and chiefs have often acted without due consideration to possible areas of conflict innovative programs mays create within a department or community.
Federal Law Enforcement: Structure and Reorganization
Authors: Kaiser Frederick M.
Published: March 2007

Law enforcement, a Federal concern since the inception of the national government, has dramatically increased during the past decade. Presently, more than 100 Federal agencies with a combined annual budget of $5 billion participate in police, investigative, and law enforcement activities. This collection of often-competing units, however, is characterized by fragmented authority and overlapping jurisdiction. The proliferation of units, a response to new or expanded demands, counters other objectives associated with improved coordination, efficiency, and austerity. Consequently, some types of reorganizations may be in conflict with others and other goals. Moreover, broad-scale reorganizations have proven elusive; and basic assumptions and implications about certain proposals in this and related fields are subject to serious questions.
Criminal Sentencing in Urban, Suburban, and Rural Counties
Authors: Austin Thomas L.
Published: March 2007

Previous research efforts addressing the topic of criminal sentencing disparity have been criticized on a variety of accounts encompassing conceptual, operational, and statistical issues. Drawing from these criticisms, this study undertook to determine whether the length of sentence imposed on felony offenders receiving either a probation or prison term varied among rural, suburban, and urban court settings. Theoretical considerations as well as prior empirical research posited that such differences might occur. Of interest also was whether resultsfrom my earlier study (Austin, 1981) which revealed that the type of sentence imposed on felony offenders varied among rural, suburban, and urban court settings would exhibit a similar pattern with respect to length of sentence. Prior discussion suggested that criminal sentencing, rather than being static, represented a dynamic process and that decisions made at one procedural stage might be strengthened, diluted, or left unchanged by those occurring at a later time.

Data for the study consisted ofmy previously employed secondary sample of 1,664 convicted Jowafelony offenders derived from archival sources including the Iowa Division of Adult Corrections and the Bureau of Correctional Evaluation within the Iowa Department of Social Services. Although nojustifiable differences in length of sentence were discovered, the findings when viewed in the context of my earlier work suggest that future studies should, while considering offender related legal and extralegal variables, also consider the role of environmental variables such as court setting and the interaction which may occur among thesefactors in the process ofmovingfrom type to length of sentence.
Media Technology and the Courts: The Case of Closed Circuit Video Arraignments in Miami, Florida
Authors: Terry W. Clinton , Surette Ray
Published: March 2007

The normative and policy implications of introducing video technologies into the courtroom are analyzed in this work. Examining video misdemeanor arraignments conducted in Miami's Eleventh Judicial Circuit, reveals a dis ruption of normative expectations within the courtroom, especially on the part of public defenders. Such latent consequences suggest that some defendants may not be getting the full benefit of constitutionally guaranteed due process protections. They also suggest an increased depersonalization of courtroom interactions and the possibility of negatively altered perceptions upon the part of courtroom actors and public onlookers. Because these percep tions affect the legitimacy with which courtroom procedures are held, the policy implications of introducing video technologies, along the lines of this study's findings, require careful consideration.
Criminal Prosecution of the Mentally Disordered: A Descriptive Analysis
Authors: Hochstedler Ellen
Published: March 2007

While the mentally disordered defendant has garnered notable attention recently, little empirical research has been conducted in this area. In an attempt to fill this void, the research effort reported here examines prosecutorial and judicial decisions concerning this type of defendant. Emphasis is placed on the postures (punitive or therapeu tic) assumed by these court officials and the impact of various factors on these postures. Data were gathered on all adult criminal defendants identified as mentally disordered by the Milwaukee, Wisconsin Mental Health Screening Unit from 1981 through 1983. The results clearly indicate that criminal justice officials are at least as interested in therapy as they are in punishment. Furthermore, the findings suggest that the court views these defendants as inappropriate subjects for criminal sanctioning but under certain conditions mandates treatment for individuals who likely would not be subject to such involuntary treatment under civil law.
Black Homicides in Baltimore 1974-1986: Age, Gender, and Weapon Use Changes
Authors: Cheatwood Derral
Published: March 2007

Criminal homicides in the city of Baltimore during the period 1974 through 1986 are analyzed, focusing on those homicides that involved black offenders or black victims. Absolute numbers of black homicides, as well as black offender and victim rates and the percentages of all homicides involving black offenders or victims, declined somewhat from their highs in 1974 through 1977. These figures achieved a relative stability by 1980, but their levels remained higher than the comparable figures from the 1950s and 1960s. Black female involvement has declined, and the use of firearms in black homicides has increased substantially over comparable levels from the 1950s. The average age of offenders and victims is substantially lower, although the involvement of black juveniles in homicide appears to have declined somewhat. The suggestion is made that increased firearm use may be a key factor in the changing patterns of black homicide.
Communications
Authors: Hamm Mark S.
Published: March 2007

A communication may take one of two forms. The first relates to correspondence about an article that has appeared in the Review. In this instance the editor will determine whether the initial correspondence from a reader is worthy of publication. In the event that it is, the author of the article in question will have an opportunity to respond to the reader's comment. Both communications will appear unedited. The second type of communication relates to book reviews. It is assumed that this type of communication will be initiated by authors of books who believe that their work has been criticized unfairly. In this instance the editor will not determine whether the communication should be published. Instead, it is our intention to allow the reviewer of the book in question to respond to the author's communication and then to permit the author of the book a final rejoinder to the reviewer's communication. All of this correspondence will be published unedited. This policy is designed to assure the essential integrity and purpose of the Review.
Capital Punishment and the Deterrence of Violent Crime in Comparable Counties
Authors: Cheatwood Derral
Published: March 2007

A matching process identified 293 pairs of counties in the United States that share 45 percent or more of their borders across a state line. Data from the 1988 County and City Data Book were then used to examine social, demographic, and economic differences within these matched pairs, with the difference in the violent crime rate in each pair employed as the dependent variable. Three variables reflecting the existence and use of capital punishment in the two states represented in each matched pair-the existence of a provision for capital punishment, the number of people executed since 1976, and the number of people currently held on death row-were then entered in the analysis to examine the effects of capital punishment. The capital punishment variables did not account for any significant portion of the differences in the violent crime rates, and, contrary to deterrence theory, what effects these variables did have were positive. These findings support the large number of studies at state and national levels that have found no deterrent effect of capital punishment.
Teaching Victims Crime Prevention Skills: Can Individuals Lower their Risk of Crime?
Authors: Davis Robert C. , Smith Barbara
Published: March 2007

Data indicate that persons who become victims of crime run a higher than normal risk of becoming victims again. Because of their increased vulnerability to crime and their motivation to prevent future crimes, victims make an ideal population for training in crime prevention techniques.

This paper describes an experiment in which victims were introduced to a crime prevention training program by having them first think about ways in which their victimization might have been prevented. Evidence suggests that the program achieved the intended results. It increased participants' knowledge of crime prevention principles and precautionary behaviors, and it reinforced the belief that victimization could be avoided. Nevertheless, the program had no significant effect on revictimization or on fear of crime.
Kinetic Study of the Pyrolysis of Sewage Sludge
Authors: Conesa J.A. , Marcilla A. , Prats D. , Rodriguez-Pastor M.
Published: March 2007

Pyrolysis of sewage sludges has been studied by means of thermogravimetric analysis. Different possible kinetic models of thermal decomposition have been considered using different heating rates. Two types of sludges, non-digested and anaerobically digested, have been pyrolysed. The best model considers three different organic fractions in sludges, each of them associated with a different thermal behaviour. This model shows an increase in the relative amount of the fraction that is decomposed at the highest temperature as a consequence of the process of digestion. © 1997 ISWA
An Empirical Approach to the Performance Assessment of Solid Waste Landfills
Authors: Nixon W.B. , Murphy R.J. , Stessel R.I.
Published: March 2007

Several methods and models have been developed to simulate or assess the probability, magnitude and potential consequences of the leakage of aqueous environmental contaminants from solid waste landfills and similar facilities. The various models incorporate many common factors, including climatological and geological char acteristics. Each model, however, employs a unique approach to the problem, assigns different relative weights to factors, and relies upon extrapolation of small-scale experimental data and/or the designers' subjective judgment in predicting the various mechanisms of full-scale landfill failure that lead to contaminant migration. As a result, no two models are likely to yield the same assessment of a given facility, and no one model has been validated as a predictor of long-term landfill performance. More than 500 landfills, virtually all unlined and now closed, were analyzed to determine the correlation between a multitude of observable parameters and the actual performance of these landfills over periods up to 90 years. Landfill surface area, seismic impact, freeze/thaw cycling, potential evaporation relative to pre cipitation, and several other factors were found to be significantly correlated with performance. The results of this empirical analysis suggest that the many existing models may be refined to acknowledge relevant landfill performance parameters, and their relative weights and critical values. © 1997 ISWA
Methane production of raw and composted solid waste in simulated landfill cells
Authors: West M.E. , Brown K.W. , Thomas J.C.
Published: March 2007

Methane contributes approximately 20% to the annual increase in global warming, and is explosive at concentrations of 5 to 15% in air. Landfills are the origin of approximately 15% of the total global methane emissions. This study was conducted to determine the potential decrease in methane production from municipal landfills if the organic compo nents of solid waste (SW) are composted prior to landfilling. The quantities and rates of methane production were mea sured using simulated landfill cells containing composted and raw simulated SW. The SW was composted in an open pile and characterized by temperature, pH, ash content and CO2 evolved during aerobic respiration. Assuming a 10% lignin content, the labile carbon fraction was reduced by an esti mated 71% during composting. Over a 6-month period, sim ulated landfill cells filled with raw waste generated 66 liters methane per kg of dry refuse, while cells containing com posted SW produced 31 liters methane per kg of dry compost. Per unit weight of the original dry raw SW, composted SW placed in a simulated landfill environment produced only 15 liters methane per kg dry raw SW which is 23% of the meth ane that was generated when the raw SW was placed directly in the simulated landfill cells.
Application of an electrokinetic technique to the reclamation of fluoride polluted soils: laboratory and pilot scale experiments
Authors: Costarramone N. , Tellier S. , Astruc M. , Grano B. , Lecomte D.
Published: March 2007

A pilot-scale study of an electrokinetic soil reclamation tech nique applied to fluorine is presented. Parameters determined during the electromigration process are also presented (fluo ride recovery, pH, electric current and potential, electro- osmotic flux and temperature) for tests carried out at three different scales using similar operating conditions.
Mediating Employment Disputes at the United States Postal Service
Authors: Bingham Lisa B. , Chesmore Gregory , Moon Yuseok , Napoli Lisa Marie
Published: March 2007

The United States Postal Service (USPS) has been engaged in experimentation with various models and forms of mediation for employment discrimination disputes since 1994 This study examines perceptions of procedural justice in a natural field experiment An upstate New York USPS district implemented an inside neutral model of mediation -that is, a model using existing USPS employees trained as mediators, for the period 1996 to 1998 In 1998 to the present, the USPS implemented a new, outside neutral model nationwide Under this model, outside neutral indepen dent contractors, compensated but not employed by the USPS, provide mediation services
Skill-based Pay as an Organizational Innovation
Authors: Thompson James R. , Lehew Charles W.
Published: March 2007

The apparent success of skill-based pay m the private sector has generated attention within the public management community Some public agencies are now experimenting with the concept The experiences ofthose organizations as well as of private organizations that have implemented skill-based pay programs provide sufficient basis to address questions relating to the suitability of skill-based pay for the public sector This review of the literature and of the experiences of three public agencies concludes that an understanding of the implications of publicness for skill-based pay outcomes necessitates the development of a theoretical model which incorporates a range of both environmental and organizational variables
Developing Future Executives: an Assessment of Federal Efforts in an Era of Reform
Authors: Flanders Loretta R. , Klauss Rudi
Published: March 2007

This study examines the status of executive development in the federal government since the passage of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978. A preliminary assessment indicates that encouraging ini tial steps have been taken in many agencies to establish executive development programs that in clude a range of work related experiences and formal training to prepare individuals for the Senior Executive Service. However, the next few years will be critical to the long-term effort to institu tionalize executive development programs on a government-wide basis.
Equal Pay for Comparable Work: Stimulus for Future Civil Service Reform
Authors: Friss Lois
Published: March 2007

The equal pay for work of comparable value movement forces reexamination not only of the processes of the merit system but also its outcomes. This study identifies key issues in equal pay for comparable work, potential civil service reforms, contextual dilemmas in implementation of change, and benchmarks against which progress might be gauged.
Improving Selection Outcomes With the Use of Situational Interviews: Empirical Evidence from a Study of Correctional Officers for New Generation Jails
Authors: Stohr-Gillmore Mary K. , Stohr-Gillmore Michael W. , Kistler Nannette
Published: March 2007

The post-Watson case legal environment calls into question the too frequent reliance upon interviews for attaining good 'bottom line' representativeness in the work force—both in the initial selection and in promotional selection. The 'situational interview'—entailing the use of questions about appropriate behavior in actual job situations—has been touted as a way to improve the typically unreliable interview to an extent that validatable scores can be derived from group-rater interview sessions. A comparison of selection outcomes for correctional offi cers in New Generation jails employing first no situational content and then including situa tional content reveals that the situational interview-based scores reflect a higher level of inter- rater agreement (reliability) and a higher correlation with performance on the job as reflected in performance appraisal scores (validity) than occurs in interview sessions lacking situation al content. The policy implications of these findings are discussed briefly, and a plea is made for further replication of such research in additional public sector settings.
Union Donations to Congressional Candidates
Authors: Ball Carolyn
Published: March 2007

Scholars have used exchange theory to describe how unions contribute to candidates based on voting records, vulnerabil ity, and party identification. Although the theory has been well accepted, some of its assumptions have not been tested thoroughly. This study uses exchange theory to test new variables: system biases (ideology, right to work and public union laws) and economic interests (i.e., wage levels, public and private sector union differences). Results show that system biases and wages have a greater effect on the level of private sector contributions than on public sector contributions.
Values Management in Local Government
Authors: Berman Evan M. , West Jonathan P.
Published: March 2007

Based on a survey of public personnel administrators with responsibilities for ethics training and employee develop ment, this study examines "values management" in municipal governments as it relates to the minimization of wrongdoing and increased responsiveness to employees, citizens and customers of city services. Results show that municipalities are shifting their focus from traditional concerns of wrongdoing to those of responsiveness, and that a large "aspiration gap" exists in areas of employee career development and customer satisfaction.
Planning Pedagogy and Globalization
Authors: Pezzoli Keith , Howe Deborah
Published: March 2007

Global megatrends including economic restructuring, migration, and environmental degradation have profoundly transformed planning practice; this reality needs to be reflected in planning education. To this end, a content analysis of sixty-nine planning syllabi was conducted to identify how and to what extent global themes are being included. The analysis highlighted the interdisciplinary nature of globalized planning pedagogy and the greater emphasis on planning theory and history and economic development. The courses were clustered according to common themes, and these are discussed as they relate to planning practice. Noteworthy pedagogical approaches are highlighted.
Another Face of Planning: Human Service Planning in Direct-Service Agencies
Authors: Hahn Alan J.
Published: March 2007

Interviews with people engaged in planning in direct-service agencies reveal considerable differences from more con ventional planners, as portrayed in the literature They are less likely to be tech nicians and more likely to consider the political aspects of planning important, they are involved in decision making and implementation as well as planning, and nearly all of them claim to be satisfied with their planning work. Their exper iences may provide valuable lessons for more coventional planners, but their single-agency focus and limited technical abilities represent problems that must also be recognized For human service plan ning, advocating greater political sensi tivity and skill may be less useful than showing how political and technical skills can be combined in equal proportions.
What is Plan-Implementation and How is It Taught?
Authors: Alexander Ernest R.
Published: March 2007

Concepts and theories of plan implementa tion that have been presented in the literature are reviewed to provide the basis of comparison for a survey of planning programs carried out in 1981 The survey aimed to find out how planning educators conceptualize plan implementation and how it is taught Responding programs were clustered by program type, and implementation-related courses classified as generic, contextual, or substantive Findings included an association between program type and the type of courses taught, probably attributable to the process of curriculum development While there was a broad consensus among respondents on the importance of plan-implementation, there are conspicuous gaps between their concepts of plan-implementation and the concepts which prevail in the research and literature, and the types of courses through which many programs claim to be teaching plan-implementation. This implies that such existing courses may not be enough Planning educators need to provide their students with a better exposure to the concepts and findings of implementation theory and research
Planning and Philosophy: The Anthropology of Action
Authors: Haynes Kingsley E. , Stubbings R.G.
Published: March 2007

Value neutrality is a problem that has perplexed planners and other policy scientists for a long time. Richard Klosterman has attempted to resolve this problem in a recent series of articles in planning journals. His effort is ambitious and interesting; and it evidently has general appeal. Part of this appeal can be seen in similar work addressing these issues in parallel ways in associated areas. Moreover, these concerns reach beyond the applications in the planning and policy sciences into the fundamental roots of the social sciences. The argument is instructive, for it points to deeper difficulties about the logic of evaluation that, in turn, raise problems about description and explanation of action, particularly the intentionality of action These problems are explored by means of a planning fable. The exploration raises pervasive doubts about the possibility of finding effective procedures for settling disputes in planning and policy making; and, beyond that, about the status of the social sciences as a relevant base for evaluating plans and planning. A more adequate anthropology is needed which would take the intentionality of action more seriously
Planning Practice within Public Bureaucracy: A New Perspective on Roles of Planners
Authors: Gondim Linda M.
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses planning practice from an intra-organizational perspective. Findings of a case study on the Planning Agency for the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Ja neiro, Brazil, covering the 1975-82 period, suggest that planners' rela tionships with higher-ranking offi cials of the planning agency were a crucial factor affecting professional performance. Effective planners were those able to carry out professional work in a fashion consistent with their goals. To do this, they had to devise appropriate strategies to ac quire influence over top officials. The majority of planners, however, failed to devise such strategies, due to their negative attitude toward politics at the level of the organization.
Discourse Analysis and City Plans
Authors: Tett Alison , Wolfe Jeanne M.
Published: March 2007

The use of discourse theory as a tool for critical analysis has been ex plored by several planning theorists. Two understandings of discourse can be identified in planning literature: the understanding derived from Ha bermas's critical theory which has been adapted for planners by John Forester, and the understanding based on Foucault's work which has been employed by Christine Boyer. Brief summaries of these two tradi tions are followed by a reading of planners' own major discourse — the city plan — in order to identify some of its enduring discursive traits. The significance of these traits is then discussed in terms of some of the key tenets of current postmodern theory.
Comprehensive Impact Assessment in Planning Education and a Course Syllabus
Authors: Burby Raymond J.
Published: March 2007

Impact assessment skills are used in a variety of ways in planning practice, reflecting expansion in society's concern with externalities associated with growth and development, improved methods for predicting impacts, and wider acceptance of impact mitigation as a goal of growth management. This article reviews the status of impact assessment in planning pedagogy and describes a new way of teaching this subject. At present, few planning education programs address development impact assessment in a comprehensive way. Instead, most curricula either have courses dedicated to teaching methods related to a few categories of impacts, such as environmental or fiscal, or treat impact assessment in passing in courses that cover broader subjects. Here I argue that a comprehensive impact assessment course can have several advantages, and I present the design of such a course and report on initial classroom experience with it. The course combines instruction on causal relationships between characteristics of the built environ ment and a variety of impacts with the use of computer-based models to give students first- hand experience with predicting impacts and testing alternative mitigation strategies.
Metaphor and Analogy as Elements of a Theory of Similarity for Planning
Authors: Verma Niraj
Published: March 2007

Making innovative relationships and generating creative ideas are important for planning. In this paper I examine metaphor and analogy as sources for creative ideas and examine the difficulties in instrumentalizing them as methods of planning. By tracing metaphor and analogy to their epistemological roots I show that these difficulties are overcome by using similarity as a framework for thinking about planning. An explicit idea of similarity legitimates the examination of key relationships and opens up issues in planning. The discussion suggests a teleologically driven search for similarities among different fields of inquiry and cautions against over reliance on Newtonian morphological thinking in planning. The argument is exemplified by the war on poverty metaphor in American public policy.
Exurban Development in Australia and the United States: Through a Glass Darkly
Authors: Burnley Ian H. , Murphy Peter A.
Published: March 2007

Exurban population growth around Australian cities has been observed for at least a quarter of a century. Low-density residential development of this type has been a concern of land use planners over the same period, with loss of prime agricultural land, costs of service provision, landscape impacts, and overreliance on transport by private automobiles being the main issues. Focusing on Sydney's perimetropolitan region, this paper presents data on exurban growth rates and intraurban migration for the decade 1981 to 1991 and also sketches sociodemographic features of exurban settlers. While the types of people populating exurbia are similar to their US counterparts, rates of exurban growth are much lower. The second part of the paper suggests reasons for this contrast. Although a number of factors regarded as driving exurban growth in the US also operate in Australia, they are argued to have less impact. Other factors relevant in the US do not appear to be significant in Australia The differing spatial structure of Australian and US cities, along with the apparently greater strength of regional planning in Australia, are argued to account for the differences.
Deserving a Wider Audience: An Interactive Process for Graduate Student Writing in Landscape Architecture And Planning
Authors: Erickson Donna L.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes and analyzes an intensive semester-long writing exercise used in a graduate landscape architecture and planning course. Writing as a discovery technique, not merely as a communication tool, is promoted. In a course titled Landscape Planning and Design in Rural Environments, students choose and refine a topic, prepare multiple drafts, receive and give peer review, complete a final manuscript, and submit their work for publication to a self-selected audience. This technique has been evaluated positively by students and has improved students' research and writing. Several student papers have been published. This technique can be applied in a broad range of courses in planning and design.
Teaching about Property Rights and the Environment
Authors: Baer William C.
Published: March 2007

Property rights are integral to the professions involving planning, development, and environmental issues. A theoretical and historical framework on land and property rights gives students preparing for these professions a deeper understanding of the concepts underlying current practice. Without this background, practitioners are relatively ignorant about the rich history that is involved in how we perceive and govern property. This article reviews how such a course was developed for undergraduates in these programs, including the selection of the substantive issues covered; the problems in teaching about property rights to students who have not yet had experience with the concepts; and the various assignments used to transmit a relevance that students otherwise might think missing.
Institutionalist Analysis, Communicative Planning, and Shaping Places
Authors: Healey Patsy
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the developments in the new institutionalism in social science and their relation to communicative planning theory, with emphasis on the relevance to the practcal task of responding to demands for a more place-conscious evolution in public policy. I trace the evolution of forms of governance that are more responsive to the multiple claims and social worlds of civil society and include discussion of the social-constructionist conception of institutions, the significance of actors and networks, the interrelation between structure and agency, and the cultural dimesions of social networks. The implications for developing governance capability or instittional capacity are also explored. In reviewing comnmunicative planning theory, I discuss how Habermas's approach to communicative ation may be reworked or positioned in an institutionalist perspective. Finally, I explore how these developments can be used to dvelop understanding and strategies for evoling more inclusionary approaches to intgrated, place-focused public policy.
Manipulation in planning: The social choice perspective
Authors: Sager Tore
Published: March 2007

The most powerful of the social choice theorems are also highly significant to planning. The Gibbard-Satterthwaite theorem, for instance, states that every procedure for choosing from among at least three outcomes is either dictatorial or liable to manipulation, which is narrowly conceptualized as a false revelation of preferences. Planning provides opportunities for many other types of manipulation, but there is not much room for public planning in standard social choice theory, where the ideal is that social decisions should be independent of the procedures leading up to them. However, institutionally enriched social choice theory introduces assumptions about agenda formation and other organizational procedures. The effect is that the entire planniong process is seen to have potential impact on the final decision. A planning version of the Gibbard-Satterthwaite theorem can then be formulates, which implies that one should not expect utility maximizing planners to always tell the truth in organizational setting where the agents act strategically in pursuit of their own interest.
Organic Regionalism, Corporate Liberalism, and Federal Land Management: Creating Pacific Northwest Timber Towns
Authors: Hibbard Michael
Published: March 2007

An underdeveloped area of planning history is the role of federal policy in community deveopment in the American West. Federal policy shaped the West not just in some vague overall sense; its actions provided the impetus for the creation of specific communities in specific places to take advantage of specific opportunties. This paper describes the attempt to create permanent, stable natural resource-based comunities in the west. I begin with a description of the problem situation in the early part of the century. Next, I discuss efforts at policy reform, focusing on the example of the Pacific Nortwest “timber belt.” I then use examples of community development drawn from experences in the “timber belt” to illustrate the emergence of the federal-corporate collabortion. Finally, I discuss the consequences for the region and its communities.
A Descriptive Study of Urban Mexican American Adolescents’ Perceived Stress and Coping
Authors: Kobus Kimberly , Reyes Olga
Published: March 2007

In this descriptive study, the perceived stress, coping, and coping effectiveness of 158 low-income, urban, Mexican American 10th graders were assessed using open-ended and structured interview procedures. A total of 95% of participants were able to identify a difficult life event stressor and at least one way they coped with this event. Participants, particularly females, most frequently identified family-related events as being the most difficult recent life event stressor. To manage stress, participants most commonly reported using active coping strategies, followed by family social support, self-reliance, and behavioral avoidance. Females were more likely than males to seek family support and to vent emotions when coping with stress. Participants were most likely to use active, problem-focused strategies when confronting school-and personal-related stressors, and to find coping most helpful when dealing with stressful school events. Findings are discussed in terms of the urban, ethnic-minority backgrounds of participants and directions for further research.
Fun is Not Enough: Attitudes of Hispanic Middle School Students toward Science and Scientists
Authors: Sorge Carmen , Newsom Horton E. , Hagerty Justin J.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the impact of a Space Science Education Program (SSEP) for students enrolled in New Mexico Math, Engineering, and Science Achievement (MESA) classes in middle schools with a large Hispanic enrollment. An instrument was developed to measure the students’ attitudes toward science and scientists before and after the program. After exposure to the SSEP program, a significant and positive increase in attitudes was found. However, our study suggests that most of these students have difficulty with perceiving themselves as scientists, probably due to a lack of exposure to role models and negative media stereotypes. They also lack information on the rewards of a career in science, including opportunities in college, and they think they must be a genius at math to pursue a technical career.
The Cuban Diaspora: A Comparative Analysis of the Search for Meaning among Recent Cuban Exiles and Cuban Americans
Authors: Bonnin Rodolfo , Brown Chris
Published: March 2007

One hundred four recent exiled Cubans and 98 Cuban Americans were compared on purpose in life, well-being, and family dimension variables. Specifically, the authors examined (a) whether acculturation, family adaptability, and family cohesion predict purpose in life; (b) the relations among family dimension variables, acculturation, purpose in life, and U.S. residency; and (c) whether recent exiled Cubans and Cuban Americans differ on family adaptability, family cohesion, and purpose in life. Findings revealed that family adaptability, family cohesion, and acculturation were significant predictors of purpose in life. Furthermore, several of the variables under investigation were significantly related, in particular a significant relationship was found between purpose in life and the two family dimension variables for both groups. Finally, recent exiled Cubans as compared to Cuban Americans scored higher on family adaptability, purpose in life, and well-being.
Are Condom Instructions in Spanish Readable? Implications for AIDS Prevention Activities for Hispanics
Authors: Richwald Gary A. , Schneider-Mufnoz Margarita , Valdez R. Burciaga
Published: March 2007

Almost haylof the 10,544 cases of AIDS reported among Hispanics are associated with sexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus. As a result, the use of condoms has assumed a central role in the prevention of AIDS. In order to determine the readability of Spanish instructions provided with condoms, twentyfive brands were purchased in Los Angeles. Only half of the manufacturers of condoms available in Los Angeles provided instructions in Spanish. Seven different Spanish texts were identified from the thirteen marketed brands. Readability tests indicate that these texts pose difficulties in comprehension for anyone whose reading skills are below the ninth grade level. These instructions inadequately serve the majority of the Hispanic community whose limited reading skills inhibit comprehension of high school level materials. These results suggest the need to modify AIDS education and prevention materials to increase the level of information available to the Hispanic community.
An Integrative Model for Drug Use Severity Among Inhalant Users
Authors: Joe George W. , Barrett Mark E. , Simpson D. Dwayne
Published: March 2007

Two alternative conceptual models, a psychological-peer model and an integrative model, for explaining inhalant use in early adolescence and drug use severity in later adolescence among Mexican American youth were tested using linear structural equations (LISREL). The models addressed the interrelationships of peer deviancy, psychological vulnerability, availability of inhalants, family environment, acculturative stress, and low social assets and their effects longitudinally otn inhalant use and drug use severity. They differed mainly in the specification of direct influences on inhalant use. Results suggest that the integrative model was the better model for explaining the data. The most important component represented peer influences, and only an indirect effect was found for psychological vulnerability on inhalant use and drug use severity. There was no support foundfor direct influences of availability of inhalants and low socioeconomic assets on inhalant use.
Cross-Cultural Investigations of the Imagery of Cancer in Mexican Nationals
Authors: Domino George , Fragoso Amanda , Moreno Hector
Published: March 2007

Two studies are presented, both using the Cancer Metaphors Test (CMT) as a measure of the imagery of cancer. In Study 1, the responses of 75 Mexican students were compared with those of 135 United States students, and statistically significant differences were obtained on all four CMT scales, with Mexican students scoring higher on Terminal Pessimism, Natural Disaster, and Foreign Intruder, but lower on Future Optimism. Substantial similarities were found between cultural groups when individual CMT items were analyzed. In the second study, CMTscoresfor 82 Mexican nationals were correlated with scores on measures of anxiety, depression, fatalism, attitude toward cancer, knowledge about cancer, socioeconomic status, and preventive health behavior. A modest but meaningful pattern of correlations was obtained.
U.S.-and Mexico-Born Hispanic Teen Mothers: A Descriptive Study of Factors that Relate to Postpartum Compliance
Authors: Weinman Maxine L. , Smith Peggy B.
Published: March 2007

This study examinedfactors that related to postpartum compliance in a group of U.S.-and Mexico-born Hispanic teens who delivered at a county hospital in Houston, Texas. Only 50 (17.3%) of the combined group returnedfor their scheduled postpartum visit. Returning teens across groups were more likely to have no prenatal care, have a preterm or expired infant, report no educational plan, but have a support system. When controlling for marital status, Mexico-born married teens were the most likely to return for postpartum visits. Medical services need to focus on cultural norms andfamily support systems to increase use of health services. These factors appear to be consistent across both groups of Hispanic teens although married teens from Mexico appear to be more compliant to health care.
Reliability and Validity of a Brief Measure of Loneliness with Anglo-American and Mexican American Adolescents
Authors: Higbee Katherine R. , Roberts Robert E.
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the operating characteristics of an eight-item loneliness scale developed by the second author. Data from a sample of 2,600 Mexican American and Anglo-American middle school students indicate the scale, the RULS-8, has good reliability and validity. Cronbach's alpha was .87 for Mexican American and .90 for Anglo-American students. Principal components factor analysis yielded one factor accounting for 55.5% of the variance, with little variation across groups. Correlations with measures of depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, self-esteem, social skills, and other measures were in the direction and on the order of magnitude predictedfrom other studies of loneliness, providing evidence for construct validity. Overall, the RULS-8 appears to provide an acceptable and parsimonious measure of adolescent loneliness suitable for use in mental health surveys.
Anglo-American and Mexican American Adolescent Mothers: Caregiving, Approval, and Family Functioning
Authors: Records Kathryn A.
Published: March 2007

This study tested the Adolescent Family Assessment Model using a descriptive correlational design. The model describes the relationships between caregiving behaviors, peer and family approval, and the outcome variables of caregiving knowledge and family functioning. Social exchange theory and social learning theory guided the study. Modelbuilding procedures involved replicated testing with data from 64 Mexican American and 50 Anglo-American adolescent mothers, 19 years of age or younger Four instruments were used: the Infant Caregiving Inventory (alpha = .93); Smilkstein's Family APGAR (alpha = .90); the Peer Approval Instrument (alpha = .73); and the Family Approval Instrument (alpha = .83). Results forAnglo mothers indicated that caregiving 2 behavior was explained by single marital status (R = .22). Family functioning was explained by age of the first child (R2 = .11). Model results for the Mexican American mothers differed from the resultant Anglo model. Caregiving knowledge was explained 2 by past experience with child care (R = .14), whereas familyfunctioning was explained by caregiving behavior (R = .10).