bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence that genes for depression impact on the pathway from trauma to psychotic-like symptoms by occasioning emotional dysregulation
Authors: Kramer I. M. A. , Simons C. J. P. , Myin-Germeys I. , Jacobs N. , Derom C. , Thiery E. , van Os J. , Wichers M.
Published: August 2011

Background

Genes for depression may act by making individuals more sensitive to childhood trauma. Given that childhood adversity is a risk factor for adult psychosis and symptoms of depression and psychosis tend to cluster within individuals and families, the aim was to examine whether the association between childhood adversity and psychotic-like symptoms is moderated by genetic liability for depression. A secondary aim was to determine to what degree a depression-related increase in stress sensitivity or depressive symptoms themselves occasioned the moderating effect.

Method

Female twins (n=508) completed both prospective and retrospective questionnaires regarding childhood adversity [the Symptom Checklist-90 – Revised (SCL-90-R) and SCID-I (psychotic symptoms)] and psychotic trait liability [the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE)]. Stress sensitivity was indexed by appraisals of event-related stress and negative affect (NA) in the flow of daily life, assessed with momentary assessment technology for five consecutive days. Multilevel regression analyses were used to examine moderation of childhood adversity by genetic liability for depression in the prediction of follow-up psychotic experiences.

Results

The effect of childhood adversity was significantly moderated by genetic vulnerability for depression in the model of both follow-up psychotic experiences (SCL-90-R) and follow-up psychotic trait liability (CAPE). The moderation by genetic liability was mediated by depressive experience but not by stress sensitivity.

Conclusions

Genetic liability for depression may potentiate the pathway from childhood adversity to psychotic-like symptoms through dysfunctional emotional processing of anomalous experiences associated with childhood trauma.
Violence among female stalkers
Authors: Strand S. , McEwan T. E.
Published: August 2011

Background

Female stalkers account for 10–25% of all stalking cases, yet little is known about risk factors for female stalking violence. This study identifies risk factors for female stalking violence and contrasts these with risk factors for male stalking violence.

Method

Seventy-one female and 479 male stalkers presenting to police in Sweden and a specialist stalking clinic in Australia were investigated. Univariate comparisons of behaviour by gender, and comparisons between violent and non-violent female stalkers, were undertaken. Logistic regression was then used to develop a predictive model for stalking violence based on demographic, offence and clinical characteristics.

Results

Rates of violence were not significantly different between genders (31% of males and 23% of females). For both men and women, violence was associated with a combination of a prior intimate relationship with the victim, threats and approach behaviour. This model produced receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves with area under the curve (AUC)=0.80 for female stalkers and AUC=0.78 for male stalkers. The most notable gender difference was significantly higher rates of personality disorder among women. High rates of psychotic disorder were found in both genders. Stalking violence was directly related to psychotic symptoms for a small number of women.

Conclusions

Similar risk factors generally predict stalking violence between genders, providing initial support for a similar approach to risk assessment for all stalkers. The most notable gender difference was the prevalence of personality and psychotic disorders among female stalkers, supporting an argument for routine psychiatric assessment of women charged with stalking.
The Religious Music of Islām
Authors: Farmer Henry George
Published: August 2011

Islām, notwithstanding its immediate and overwhelming triumph, was unable to eradicate the paganism which had preceded it. In pagan Arabia the jinn and spirit world could be conjured by music, and even in ʻAbbāsid times such famous musicians as Ibrāhīm al-Mauṣilī of Baghdad and Ziryāb of Cordova claimed to derive some of their music from the jinn and even shaiṭān himself. This conceit is understandable. The voice of the jinn was termed ʻazf, and when we know this, we can appreciate the occult significance of the word ʻazīf or miʻzaf for a harp-like instrument. We read in the ʻIqd al-Farīd (tenth century) that David the Prophet played a miʻzaf when he wanted to gather the jinn unto himself. Even to-day the Arabic name for an instrumentalist is ʻazzāf.
What is the evidence for giving chemoprophylaxis to children or students attending the same preschool, school or college as a case of meningococcal disease?
Authors: HELLENBRAND W. , HANQUET G. , HEUBERGER S. , NIELSEN S. , STEFANOFF P. , STUART J. M.
Published: August 2011

We performed a systematic literature review to assess the effectiveness of chemoprophylaxis for contacts of sporadic cases of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) in educational settings. No studies directly compared IMD risk in contacts with/without chemoprophylaxis. However, compared to the background incidence, an elevated IMD risk was identified in settings without a general recommendation for chemoprophylaxis in pre-schools [pooled risk difference (RD) 58·2/105, 95% confidence interval (CI) 27·3–89·0] and primary schools (pooled RD 4·9/105, 95% CI 2·9–6·9) in the ~30 days after contact with a sporadic IMD case, but not in other educational settings. Thus, limited but consistent evidence suggests the risk of IMD in pre-school contacts of sporadic IMD cases is significantly increased above the background risk, but lower than in household contacts (pooled RD for household contacts with no chemoprophylaxisvs. background incidence: 480·1/105, 95% CI 321·5–639·9). We recommend chemoprophylaxis for pre-school contacts depending on an assessment of duration and closeness of contact.
B. anthracisin a wool-processing factory: seroprevalence and occupational risk
Authors: KISSLING E. , WATTIAU P. , CHINA B. , PONCIN M. , FRETIN D. , PIRENNE Y. , HANQUET G.
Published: August 2011

In a Belgian wool-processing factory, living anthrax spores were found in raw goat hair and air dust, but confirmed anthrax cases had never been reported. Anthrax vaccines are not licensed nor recommended in Belgium. We conducted aB. anthracisseroprevalence study to investigate risk factors associated with positive serology and advise on protective measures. Overall 12·1% (8/66) employees were seropositive; 30% of persons processing raw goat hair and 20% of persons sorting raw goat hair were seropositive compared to 3% in less exposed jobs [adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) 44·4,P=0·001; aPR 14·5,P=0·016, respectively). The number of masks used per day was protective (aPR 0·3,P=0·015). Results suggest a dose–response association for those processing raw goat hair. Host-related factors probably played a role as antibody response varied from person to person within an exposure group. Workers exposed to raw goat hair should be offered higher protection against anthrax and have access to anthrax vaccines.
Masking within and across visual dimensions: Psychophysical evidence for perceptual segregation of color and motion
Authors: CHEADLE SAMUEL W. , ZEKI SEMIR
Published: August 2011

Visual masking can result from the interference of perceptual signals. According to the principle of functional specialization, interference should be greatest when signal and mask belong to the same visual attribute (e.g., color or motion) and least when they belong to different ones. We provide evidence to support this view and show that the time course of masking is visual attribute specific. First, we show that a color target is masked most effectively by color (homogeneous target-mask pair) and least effectively by motion (heterogeneous pair) and vice versa for a motion target. Second, we show that the time at which the mask is most effective depends strongly on the target-mask pairing. Heterogeneous masking is strongest when the mask is presented before the target (forward masking) but this is not true of homogeneous masking. This finding supports a delayed cross-feature interaction due to segregated processing sites. Third, lengthening the stimulus onset asynchrony between target and mask leads to a faster improvement in color than in motion detectability, lending support for a faster color processing system and consistent with reports of perceptual asynchrony in vision. In summary, we present three lines of psychophysical evidence, all of which support a segregated neural coding scheme for color and motion in the human brain.
The Future of ‘High’ Establishment
Authors: Morris Bob
Published: August 2011

The present form of church establishment in England represents no more than the eroded residue of the original confessional state. The presence of non-Christian religions and the significant decline in Christian belief and observance call into question the validity of the remaining elements of establishment, though not necessarily a national mission. It is argued that, rather than wait passively on events that themselves may – carelessly – force uncomfortable outcomes, it would be better for the Church of England itself to consider its future policy and practice as a national church, should it wish to retain that role. Apparently declining to consider any unforced change, the Church shows a tendency to aimless drifting that makes it rudderless and vulnerable. Some examples of where it might constitutionally take initiatives are discussed. However, the position and behaviour of bishops in the House of Lords exemplifies a tendency to hold on, however untenably, to what it has without thinking through the implications of the politics of its situation. Now that the Church is, in practice, in charge of its own destiny, it should face up to the responsibility that its changed status implies.1
Religion in the Public Forum
Authors: Trigg Roger
Published: August 2011

Must the state be neutral to all religious and philosophical positions? This article argues that that is an impossibility and that the most basic principles of our democratic society, such as our belief in the importance of individual freedom and equality, are Christian in origin and need their Christian roots. The relevance of recent judgments in the European Court of Human Rights and in English courts is discussed. In particular, exception is taken to views of religious belief that see it as subjective, irrational and arbitrary. It is argued that religion needs to take its place in the public arena, and that the national recognition of the Church of England through establishment is an important means to that end.1
Competing Concepts of Religious Freedom Through the Lens of Religious Product Authentication Laws
Authors: Daly Eoin
Published: August 2011

Religious product authentication laws, predicated on conceptions of doctrinal authenticity, risk curtailing the religious freedom of dissenting adherents engaged in non-orthodox forms of the regulated practice. They may also entail discrimination between, or even the ‘establishment’ of, competing doctrinal viewpoints within religions. This raises important constitutional and theoretical questions surrounding the conceptual necessity, to religious freedom, of state neutrality in religious controversies. Comparative church–state jurisprudence reveals strikingly different approaches to the question of the compatibility of religious product authentication laws with constitutional guarantees of religious freedom and state neutrality. The religion clauses of the United States Constitution preclude regulatory schemes incorporating doctrinal concepts of authenticity, whereas a failed constitutional challenge in Ireland (to a law regulating the sale of Mass cards in Ireland) rejected the contention that such laws denied constitutional guarantees of religious freedom and non-discrimination on religious grounds. This article argues that these contrasting approaches to the constitutionality of religious product authentication laws illustrate a deeper conflict surrounding the very concept of religious freedom. In particular, this comparative constitutional jurisprudence crystallises broader normative debates surrounding the competing claims of recognition and neutrality with regard to religion.
Crucifixes, Margin of Appreciation and Consensus: The Grand Chamber Ruling in Lautsi v Italy
Authors: Ronchi Paolo
Published: August 2011

In March 2011, the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights reversed the decision of the Court's Second Section in Lautsi v Italy. The case clearly demonstrates how controversial the use of religious symbols in the public environment has become. This article sets out the complicated framework of the case, assesses the judgment and concludes that the Grand Chamber's decision is unfortunate and, in many respects, objectionable. It will be shown that this decision has implications regarding the malleable nature of the doctrines of the margin of appreciation and consensus, as well as the development of Strasbourg's application of double standards in its case law regarding the public display of religious symbols.
Parliamentary Report
Authors: Cranmer Frank
Published: August 2011

The long-awaited proposals for the final (?) reform of the House of Lords were published on 15 May. Though the draft Bill envisages a House with 240 elected members and 60 appointed members nominated by a statutory Appointments Commission and recommended for appointment by the Prime Minister, the White Paper states explicitly that ‘it is a draft and we will consider options including a wholly elected House’. Probably the key proposal for readers of this Journal is that a maximum of 12 Church of England bishops would sit ex officiis in the reformed House, in addition to the 60 appointed members. Unlike the other members, the bishops will not be paid in respect of their membership, and the provisions of the draft Bill on taxation, suspension and expulsion and the majority of the disqualifying grounds will not apply to them. Over time the number of bishops in the Lords will be reduced from the initial 12 to 7.
IN THE TRANSLATOR'S WORKSHOP
Authors: Vagelpohl Uwe
Published: August 2011

Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq's Arabic translation of Galen's commentary on the HippocraticEpidemicsis an invaluable source for our knowledge of Galenic medicine and its transmission history, not least because much of it is extant only in Arabic. Its importance for the Arabic medical tradition is amply attested in the later medical literature. It also tells us much about the methods and self-image of contemporary translators. Throughout the translation, we find remarks by Ḥunayn discussing the quality of his source text, his own interpretation and also his attempts to reconstruct problematic or damaged passages. Based on an edition of these notes, their analysis and comparison to similar texts and Galen's own thought on editing and interpreting difficult medical texts, this article aims to situate Ḥunayn's methods in the context of the Greek-Arabic translation movement. It argues that his approach differs in important respects from that of preceding Greek-Arabic and Greek-Syriac translators and that he was indebted to Galen not just as a physician, but also as a translator and exegete.
Spatial ecology and habitat selection of Little Owl Athene noctua during the breeding season in Central European farmland
Authors: ŠÁLEK MARTIN , LÖVY MATĚJ
Published: August 2011

Information on habitat requirements and spatial ecology is vital in conservation strategies and management of particular species. Little Owl Athene noctua is a highly threatened owl species whose populations have significantly decreased or are locally extinct in many European countries. In this study we report on spatial ecology and habitat selection of Little Owls during their breeding season in an agricultural landscape and discuss key management actions for its conservation. The mean home range size of radio-tracked Little Owls, determined by the kernel method, was 0.94 ha (SD = 0.95, 0.24–2.72 ha) and 4.30 ha (SD = 3.75, 0.88–11.70 ha) for 50% and 95% home range, respectively. The smallest home ranges were recorded in April–June (incubation and nesting period) with a significant increase in July–August (fledging season). The most important foraging habitat during the entire breeding season was grassland (especially pastures) reaching 90% for all locations. Vegetation height and cover were the main factors determining habitat selection: Little Owls significantly preferred sparse and short sward vegetation patches that enabled hunting of ground-dwelling prey. Conservation efforts for Little Owls should focus on the active management of prey-rich grassland habitats in the vicinity of breeding sites.
Patterns of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity during health transition in Vanuatu
Authors: Dancause Kelsey N , Vilar Miguel , Chan Chim , DeHuff Christa , Wilson Michelle , Soloway Laura E , Tarivonda Len , Regenvanu Ralph , Kaneko Akira , Garruto Ralph M , Lum J Koji
Published: August 2011

Objective

Rapid economic development and subsequent changes in lifestyle and disease burdens (‘health transition’) is associated with increasing prevalence of obesity among both adults and children. However, because of continued infectious diseases and undernutrition during the early stages of transition, monitoring childhood obesity has not been prioritized in many countries and the scope of the problem is unknown. Therefore we sought to characterize patterns of childhood overweight and obesity in an early transitional area, the South Pacific archipelago of Vanuatu.

Design

We completed an anthropometric survey among children from three islands with varying levels of economic development, from rural areas (where adult obesity prevalence is low) to urban areas (where adult obesity prevalence is high).

Setting

The islands of Ambae (rural), Aneityum (rural with tourism) and Efate (urban).

Subjects

Boys and girls (n 513) aged 6–17 years.

Results

Height-, weight- and BMI-for-age did not vary among islands, and prevalence of overweight/obesity based on BMI was low. However, girls from Aneityum – a rural island where the tourism industry increased rapidly after malaria eradication – had increased central adiposity compared with girls from the other islands. This is contrary to adult patterns, which indicate higher obesity prevalence in urban areas. Multiple factors might contribute, including stunting, biological responses after malaria control, sleeping patterns, diet and physical activity levels.

Conclusions

Measures of central adiposity highlight an emerging obesity risk among girls in Vanuatu. The data highlight the synergistic relationship among infectious diseases, undernutrition and obesity during the early stages of health transition.
Target weight gain for moderately wasted children during supplementation interventions – a population-based approach
Authors: Briend André , Van den Broeck Jan , Fadnes Lars T
Published: August 2011

Objective

In malnourished populations, the weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ) distribution is shifted to the left. The aim of nutrition interventions should be to restore a normal WHZ distribution for the whole population. The present paper examines the WHZ change needed by each individual to achieve this objective.

Design

We developed a mathematical model of required individual change in WHZ as a function of characteristics of the initial population to restore a normal distribution. This model was then tested by simulating WHZ change needed to restore a normal WHZ distribution in a test population.

Setting

A rural area of Democratic Republic of the Congo with a high prevalence of undernutrition.

Subjects

Children under 5 years of age.

Results

To restore a normal distribution for the whole population, the WHZ of all children should be shifted. The desired WHZ change of each individual should be higher when the individual's initial WHZ is low, when the mean WHZ of the whole population is low and, for the most wasted individual, when the variance of WHZ and WHZ change in the population are high. Using the suggested model in a simulation on the test population resulted in a WHZ distribution close to the growth standard.

Conclusions

To restore a normal WHZ distribution in wasted populations, nutritional programmes should cover the whole population with a higher weight gain in areas where mean WHZ is low.
Fast-food and commercial baked goods consumption and the risk of depression
Authors: Sánchez-Villegas Almudena , Toledo Estefania , de Irala Jokin , Ruiz-Canela Miguel , Pla-Vidal Jorge , Martínez-González Miguel A
Published: August 2011

Objective

Whereas the relationship between some components of diet, such as n-3 fatty acids and B-vitamins, and depression risk has been extensively studied, the role of fast-food or processed pastries consumption has received little attention.

Design

Consumption of fast food (hamburgers, sausages, pizza) and processed pastries (muffins, doughnuts, croissants) was assessed at baseline through a validated semi-quantitative FFQ. Participants were classified as incident cases of depression if they reported a physician diagnosis of depression or the use of antidepressant medication in at least one of the follow-up questionnaires. Cox regression models were fit to assess the relationship between consumption of fast food and commercial baked goods and the incidence of depression.

Setting

The SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra – University of Navarra Follow-up) Project, Spain.

Subjects

Participants (n 8964) from a Spanish cohort.

Results

After a median follow-up of 6·2 years, 493 cases of depression were reported. A higher risk of depression was associated with consumption of fast food (fifth (Q5) v. first quintile (Q1): hazard ratio (HR) = 1·36; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·81; P trend = 0·003). The results did not change after adjustment for the consumption of other food items. No linear relationship was found between the consumption of commercial baked goods and depression. Participants belonging to consumption quintiles Q2–Q5 showed an increased risk of depression compared with those belonging to the lowest level of consumption (Q1; HR = 1·38; 95 % CI 1·06, 1·80).

Conclusions

Fast-food and commercial baked goods consumption may have a detrimental effect on depression risk.
Validity of self-reported weight and height in Austrian adults: sociodemographic determinants and consequences for the classification of BMI categories
Authors: Großschädl Franziska , Haditsch Bernd , Stronegger Willibald J
Published: August 2011

Objective

Epidemiological studies have shown that adults tend to underestimate their weight and overestimate their height. This may lead to a misclassification of their BMI in studies based on self-reported data. The aim of the present study was to assess the validity of self-reported weight and height in Austrian adults.

Design

Data on weight, height, health behaviour and sociodemographic characteristics of adults were collected in a standardized procedure via a self-filling questionnaire and a medical examination including measurements of weight and height.

Setting

A publicly accessible out-patient clinic in southern Austria.

Subjects

Austrian residents (n473) aged 18 years and older who attended a health check participated in the study.

Results

The mean difference between reported and measured BMI was not significant in younger adults (<35 years: mean difference −0·21 kg/m2;P< 0·08) but increased significantly with age (≥55 years: mean difference −0·68 kg/m2;P< 0·001). The prevalence of normal weight (BMI = 18·5–24·9 kg/m2) and overweight (BMI = 25·0–29·9 kg/m2) was overestimated based on the self-reported data on BMI, while that for underweight (BMI < 18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥ 30·0 kg/m2) was underestimated (P< 0·001). The self-reported data showed an obesity prevalence of 12·5 %, while measurement showed a prevalence of 15·4 % (P< 0·001).

Conclusions

Our results indicate that prevalence rates of obesity are probably underestimated for Austrian adults when using self-reported weight and height information. The deviations from the measured data clearly increased with age. Analyses based on self-reported data should therefore be adjusted for the age dependency of the validity.
Is the objective food environment associated with perceptions of the food environment?
Authors: Williams Lauren K , Thornton Lukar , Ball Kylie , Crawford David
Published: August 2011

Objective

The present study examined whether objective measures of the food environment are associated with perceptions of the food environment and whether this relationship varies by socio-economic disadvantage.

Design

The study is a cross-sectional analysis of self-report surveys and objective environment data. Women reported their perceptions on the nutrition environment. Participants’ homes and food stores were geocoded to measure the objective community nutrition environment. Data on the average price and variety of fruit and vegetables were used to measure the objective consumer nutrition environment.

Setting

The study was conducted in Melbourne, Australia, in 2003–2004.

Subjects

Data presented are from a sample of 1393 women aged 18–65 years.

Results

Overall the match between the perceived and objective environment was poor, underscoring the limitations in using perceptions of the environment as a proxy for the objective environment. Socio-economic disadvantage had limited impact on the relationship between perceived and objective nutrition environment.

Conclusions

Further research is needed to understand the determinants of perceptions of the nutrition environment to enhance our understanding of the role of perceptions in nutrition choices and drivers of socio-economic inequalities in nutrition.
Changes in beverage consumption in Norwegian children from 2001 to 2008
Authors: Stea Tonje H , Øverby Nina C , Klepp Knut-Inge , Bere Elling
Published: August 2011

Objective

To analyse (i) differences in beverage pattern among Norwegian children in 2001 and 2008; (ii) beverage intake related to gender, parental education and family composition; and (iii) potential disparities in time trends among the different groups.

Design

Within the Fruits and Vegetables Make the Marks (FVMM) project, 6th and 7th grade pupils filled in a questionnaire about frequency of beverage intake (times/week) in 2001 and 2008.

Setting

Twenty-seven elementary schools in two Norwegian counties.

Subjects

In 2001 a total of 1488 and in 2008 1339 pupils participated.

Results

Between 2001 and 2008, a decreased consumption frequency of juice (from 3·6 to 3·4 times/week, P = 0·012), lemonade (from 4·8 to 2·5 times/week, P < 0·001) and regular soft drinks (from 2·7 to 1·6 times/week, P < 0·001), but an increased consumption frequency of diet soft drinks (from 1·2 to 1·6 times/week, P < 0·001), were observed. From 2001 to 2008, boys increased their frequency of juice consumption (from 3·1 to 3·3 times/week) whereas girls decreased their frequency of juice consumption (3·8 to 3·4 times/week; interaction time × gender P = 0·02). Children with higher educated parents increased their frequency of juice consumption (3·6 to 3·8 times/week) whereas those with lower educated parents decreased their frequency of juice consumption (3·3 to 3·0 times/week; interaction time × parental education P = 0·04).

Conclusion

A lower frequency of consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages was observed among pupils in 2008 than in 2001. This is in accordance with the Norwegian health authority's goals and strategies for this time period, and is an important step to improve the dietary health of adolescents.
The Standard Language Situation in the Low Countries: Top-Down and Bottom-Up Variations on a Diaglossic Theme
Authors: Grondelaers Stefan , van Hout Roeland
Published: August 2011

This paper reviews the available evidence in support of a diaglossic account (Auer 2005, 2011) of the 20th century history of Belgian and Netherlandic Dutch, whereby the national varieties of Dutch are argued to be developing towards a stratificational configuration without discrete intermediate strata between the base dialects and the standard. However, we show that the processes leading to diaglossia differ significantly in the two varieties. While the recent history of Netherlandic Dutch is characterized by downward norm relaxation (top to bottom), Belgian Dutch is characterized by bottom-up (re)standardization. Building on a refined version of Auer’s diaglossic model, we reflect on the exact nature of linguistic standardization in the Low Countries and outline scenarios for the further development of Belgian and Netherlandic Dutch.
Ecological impact of wheat and spelt production under industrial and alternative farming systems
Authors: Bavec Martina , Narodoslawsky Michael , Bavec Franc , Turinek Matjaž
Published: August 2011

The Industrial Revolution and intensification of agriculture have, in some cases, led to economic activities that profoundly influenced the ecosystem to the point where environmental stability and geographic political security are jeopardized. The uncertainty about oil reserves, rising energy prices and the threat of harmful climate change effects has intensified the search for alternative farming systems that reduce negative environmental impact. This study reports the ecological impact of conventional (CON), integrated (INT), organic (ORG) and biodynamic (BD) farming systems calculated from data collected in a field trial at Maribor, Slovenia, and interpreted using the SPIonExcel tool. This tool is a member of the ecological footprint family and describes the area necessary to embed a human activity sustainably into the ecosphere. Three-year results show a markedly reduced ecological footprint of the ORG and BD systems in production of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Antonius’) and spelt (Triticum spelta L. ‘Ebners rotkorn’), mainly due to the absence of external production factors. When yields were also considered, the ORG and BD systems again had a reduced overall footprint per product unit and increased ecological efficiency of production. Thus, ORG and BD farming systems present viable alternatives for reducing the impact of agriculture on environmental degradation and climate change. Nevertheless, room for improvement exists in the area of machinery use in all systems studied and yield improvement in the ORG farming system.
Global-scale wreath-building dynamos in stellar convection zones
Authors: Brown Benjamin P. , Browning Matthew K. , Brun Allan Sacha , Miesch Mark S. , Toomre Juri
Published: August 2011

When stars like our Sun are young they rotate rapidly and are very magnetically active. We explore dynamo action in rapidly rotating suns with the 3-D MHD anelastic spherical harmonic (ASH) code. The magnetic fields built in these dynamos are organized on global-scales into wreath-like structures that span the convection zone. Wreath-building dynamos can undergo quasi-cyclic reversals of polarity and such behavior is common in the parameter space we have been able to explore. These dynamos do not appear to require tachoclines to achieve their spatial or temporal organization. Wreath-building dynamos are present to some degree at all rotation rates, but are most evident in the more rapidly rotating simulations.
KPG 390: A pair of trailing spirals.
Authors: Repetto P. , Rosado M. , Gabbasov R. , Fuentes-Carrera I.
Published: August 2011

In this study we present scanning Fabry-Perot Hα observations of the isolated interacting galaxy pair NGC 5278/79. We derived velocity fields, various kinematic parameters and rotation curves for both galaxies. These kinematical results together with the fact that dust lanes have been detected in both galaxies, as well as the analysis of surface brightness profiles along the minor axis, allowed us to determine univocally that both components of the interacting pair are trailing spirals. We have also estimated the mass of NGC 5278 fitting its rotation curve with a disk-halo component. We have tested three different types of halo (pseudo-isothermal, Hernquist and Navarro Frenk White) and we have obtained that the rotation curve can be fitted either with a pseudo-isothermal, an Hernquist halo or a Navarro Frenk White halo component, although in the first case the amount of dark matter required is about ten times smaller than for the other two halo distributions.
Large Dynamic Range Simulations of Galaxies Hosting Supermassive Black Holes
Authors: Levine Robyn
Published: August 2011

The co-evolution of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) and their host galaxies is a rich problem, spanning a large-dynamic range and depending on many physical processes. Simulating the transport of gas and angular momentum from super-galactic scales all the way down to the outer edge of the black hole's accretion disk requires sophisticated numerical techniques with extensive treatment of baryonic physics. We use a hydrodynamic adaptive mesh refinement simulation to follow the growth and evolution of a typical disk galaxy hosting an SMBH, in a cosmological context (covering a dynamical range of 10 million!). We have adopted a piecemeal approach, focusing our attention on the gas dynamics in the central few hundred parsecs of the simulated galaxy (with boundary conditions provided by the larger cosmological simulation), and beginning with a simplified picture (no mergers or feedback). In this scenario, we find that the circumnuclear disk remains marginally stable against catastrophic fragmentation, allowing stochastic fueling of gas into the vicinity of the SMBH. I will discuss the successes and the limitations of these simulations, and their future direction.
Simulations of stellar convection, pulsation and semiconvection
Authors: Muthsam Herbert J. , Kupka Friedrich , Mundprecht Eva , Zaussinger Florian , Grimm-Strele Hannes , Happenhofer Natalie
Published: August 2011

We report on modelling in stellar astrophysics with the ANTARES code. First, we describe properties of turbulence in solar granulation as seen in high-resolution calculations. Then, we turn to the first 2D model of pulsation-convection interaction in a cepheid. We discuss properties of the outer and the HeII ionization zone. Thirdly, we report on our work regarding models of semiconvection in the context of stellar physics.
MHD relaxation of fossil magnetic fields in stellar interiors
Authors: Mathis Stéphane , Duez Vincent , Braithwaite Jonathan
Published: August 2011

The understanding of fossil fields origin, topology, and stability is one of the corner stones of the stellar magnetism theory. On one hand, since they survive on secular time scales, they may modify the structure and the evolution of their host stars. On the other hand, they must have a complex stable structure since it has been demonstrated that the simplest purely poloidal or toroidal fields are unstable on dynamical time scales. In this context, the only stable stellar configurations found today are those resulting from numerical simulations by Braithwaite and collaborators who studied the evolution of an initial stochastic magnetic field, which relaxes with a selective decay of magnetic helicity and energy, on mixed stable configurations (poloidal and toroidal) that seem to be in equilibrium and then diffuse. In this talk, we report the semi-analytical investigation of such an equilibrium field in the axisymmetric case. We use variational methods, which describe selective decay of magnetic helicity and energy during MHD relaxation, and we identify a supplementary invariant due to the stable stratification of stellar radiation zones. This leads to states that generalize force-free Taylor's relaxation states studied in plasma laboratory experiments that become non force-free in the stellar case. Moreover, astrophysical applications are presented and the stability of obtained configurations is studied.
Can short time delays influence the variability of the solar cycle?
Authors: Jouve Laurène , Proctor Michael R. E. , Lesur Geoffroy
Published: August 2011

We present the effects of introducing results of 3D MHD simulations of buoyant magnetic fields in the solar convection zone in 2D mean-field Babcock-Leighton models. In particular, we take into account the time delay introduced by the rise time of the toroidal structures from the base of the convection zone to the solar surface. We find that the delays produce large temporal modulation of the cycle amplitude even when strong and thus rapidly rising flux tubes are considered. The study of a reduced model reveals that aperiodic modulations of the solar cycle appear after a sequence of period doubling bifurcations typical of non-linear systems. We also discuss the memory of such systems and the conclusions which may be drawn concerning the actual solar cycle variability.
Basic Human Values in the Swiss Population and in a Sample of Farmers
Authors: Dobricki Martin
Published: August 2011

Basic human values were investigated in Swiss farmers. The main objective was to take a first step toward elucidating the structure and profile of basic human values in farmers. Data from the first three rounds (2002, 2004, 2006) of the European Social Survey were used. Value orientations were assessed with Shalom H. Schwartz’s 21-item Portrait Values Questionnaire ( 2003b ). The value orientations of the farmers (n = 125) were compared with those of the general Swiss population (n = 5,055) in terms of structure. In addition, the farmers’ scores in four higher-order value types were compared with those of the general population, managers of small enterprises (n = 103), and production and operations managers (n = 155). The structure of Schwartz’s four higher-order value types were replicated in the Swiss population as well as in the farmer sample. The farmers showed the highest score in conservation, followed by self-transcendence, self-enhancement, and lastly, openness to change. Their value profile differed from that of the general population and that of both groups of managers. According to the farmers’ value profile, recent agricultural policy strategies to promote farmers’ ecological behavior may not be structured and marketed in a manner which is in line with their basic values.
Cannabis Dependence in Swiss Adolescents
Authors: Cascone Pablo , Zimmermann Grégoire , Auckenthaler Bertrand , Robert-Tissot Christiane
Published: August 2011

This naturalistic cross-sectional study explores how and to what extent cannabis dependence was associated with intrapersonal aspects (anxiety, coping styles) and interpersonal aspects of adolescent functioning (school status, family relationships, peer relationships, social life). A convenience sample of 110 adolescents (aged 12 to 19) was recruited and subdivided into two groups (38 with a cannabis dependence and 72 nondependent) according to DSM-IV-TR criteria for cannabis dependence. Participants completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y), the Coping Across Situations Questionnaire (CASQ), and the Adolescent Drug Abuse Diagnosis (ADAD) interview investigating psychosocial and interpersonal problems in an adolescent’s life. Factors associated with cannabis dependence were explored with logistic regression analyses. The results indicated that severity of problems in social life and peer relationships (OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.21 – 2.33) and avoidant coping (OR = 4.22, 95% CI = 1.01 – 17.73) were the only discriminatory factors for cannabis dependence. This model correctly classified 84.5% of the adolescents. These findings are partially consistent with the “self-medication hypothesis” and underlined the importance of peer relationships and dysfunctional coping strategies in cannabis dependence in adolescence. Limitations of the study and implications for clinical work with adolescents are discussed.
“I Don’t Know Anything About Soccer”
Authors: Reinhard Marc-André , Schindler Simon , Stahlberg Dagmar , Messner Matthias , Mucha Nadine
Published: August 2011

A great deal of research has been dedicated to the difficulties women face in business management domains because they lack the required “masculinity” in terms of masculine skills and traits. Previous work has shown that when males are judged, failures in typical feminine tasks can signal high masculinity and can therefore become an asset in terms of attributed occupational success in a typical masculine job (i.e., manager position). However, jobs at lower levels of organizational hierarchies differ in their trait requirements, with some jobs requiring mostly typical feminine traits and others mostly typical masculine traits. The present study therefore tested and found support for the hypothesis that personal weaknesses and strengths in a feminine or masculine domain guide recruiters’ inferences about a candidate’s gender prototypicality. These inferences, in turn, predict job-suitability ratings for sex-typed jobs. It is shown that for women, too, stating weaknesses can sometimes be more advantageous than stating strengths.
Relationship Between Time-Based Work-Life Conflict and Burnout
Authors: Brauchli Rebecca , Bauer Georg F. , Hämmig Oliver
Published: August 2011

This study investigates whether and how time-based work-to-life conflict and time-based life-to-work conflict are related to burnout among Swiss employees. The sample consisted of 6,091 female and male employees of four large-scale Swiss enterprises in various economic sectors (healthcare, banking, insurance, and logistics) and occupational groups (bankers, insurance company employees, nurses, physicians, technical staff, administrative staff, baggage handlers, etc.). Participants completed an extensive questionnaire relating to specific work and general life conditions, the integration of work and private life, health, and socioeconomic factors. Employees reported greater time-based work-to-life conflict than time-based life-to-work conflict. Regression analyses indicated that time-based work-to-life conflict appeared to be strongly associated with burnout. Time-based life-to-work conflict seems to be a weaker, but equally significant predictor of burnout. The present study contributes to the research literature on work-life conflict in Switzerland and its association with burnout. Since the results suggest a strong association between time-based work-to-life conflict and burnout, intervention strategies that help to mitigate such conflict may also reduce burnout.
Contribution of mesoscale processes to nutrient budgets in the Arabian Sea
Authors: Resplandy L. , Lévy M. , Madec G. , Pous S. , Aumont O. , Kumar D.
Published: August 2011

We examine the impact of mesoscale dynamics on the seasonal cycle of primary production in the Arabian Sea with an eddy‐resolving (1/12°) bio‐physical model. Comparison with observations indicates that the numerical model provides a realistic description of climatological physical and biogeochemical fields as well as their mesoscale variability during the Southwest and Northeast Monsoons. We show that mesoscale dynamics favors biological production by modulating the nutrient supplies throughout the year. Different processes are involved depending on the blooming season. During the summer bloom period, we found that the main process is the export of nutrients from coastal upwelling regions into the central Arabian Sea by mesoscale filaments. Our model suggests that lateral advection accounts for 50–70% of the total supply of nutrients to the central AS. A less expected result is the major input of nutrients (up to 60–90%) supplied to upwelling regions during the early stage of the summer bloom period by eddy‐induced vertical advection. During the winter bloom period, our model evidences for the first time how vertical velocities associated with mesoscale structures increase the supply of nutrients to the upper layer by 40–50% in the central Arabian Sea. Finally, the restratification effect of mesoscale structures modulates spatially and temporally the restratification that occurs at large‐scale at the end of the Northeast Monsoon. Although this effect has no significant impact on the large‐scale budget, it could be a source of uncertainty in satellite and in‐situ observations.
Rapid radiocarbon (14C) analysis of coral and carbonate samples using a continuous‐flow accelerator mass spectrometry (CFAMS) system
Authors: McIntyre Cameron P. , Roberts Mark L. , Burton Joshua R. , McNichol Ann P. , Burke Andrea , Robinson Laura F. , von Reden Karl F. , Jenkins William J.
Published: August 2011

Radiocarbon analyses of carbonate materials provide critical information for understanding the last glacial cycle, recent climate history and paleoceanography. Methods that reduce the time and cost of radiocarbon (14C) analysis are highly desirable for large sample sets and reconnaissance type studies. We have developed a method for rapid radiocarbon analysis of carbonates using a novel continuous‐flow accelerator mass spectrometry (CFAMS) system. We analyzed a suite of deep‐sea coral samples and compared the results with those obtained using a conventional AMS system. Measurement uncertainty is <0.02 Fm or 160 Ryr for a modern sample and the mean background was 37,800 Ryr. Radiocarbon values were repeatable and in good agreement with those from the conventional AMS system. Sample handling and preparation is relatively simple and the method offered a significant increase in speed and cost effectiveness. We applied the method to coral samples from the Eastern Pacific Ocean to obtain an age distribution and identify samples for further analysis. This paper is intended to update the paleoceanographic community on the status of this new method and demonstrate its feasibility as a choice for rapid and affordable radiocarbon analysis.
Structural and geochronological constraints on the Mesozoic‐Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Longmen Shan thrust belt, eastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Yan Dan‐Ping , Zhou Mei‐Fu , Li Shu‐Bin , Wei Guo‐Qin
Published: August 2011

The Longmen Shan thrust belt in the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau underwent deformation of D1 associated with the Late Triassic collision between the North and South China Blocks, followed by deformation of D2 and D3 related to the eastward growth of the Tibetan Plateau. The D1 is marked by moderately tight folds (f1), spaced cleavage (S1), mineral lineation (L1), multistage reactivated faults, and top‐to‐the south thrusting. This deformation initiated before 237 Ma and ended at 208 Ma. The 193–159 Ma D2 deformation is top‐to‐the‐southeast directed and normal ductile in nature and was associated with the formation of half‐graben basins. The Mesozoic deformation of the Longmen Shan belt was related to the subduction of the Paleo‐Tethys oceanic lithosphere, followed by the South China Block underneath the Songpan‐Ganze Terrane. The D1 was produced in the pro‐side of the overriding Songpan‐Ganze plate, most probably driven by slab corner flow above the retreating South China Block. The D2 and extensional Songpan‐Ganze turbidite basin were produced by roll‐back and migration of the overriding plate above the retreating subduction zone. This model for the deformation from D1 to D2 is similar to a Mediterranean‐style model. The D3 is characterized by SE‐ward thrusting with stepwise migration of rapid denudation and dextral strike‐slip faulting during the Late Cretaceous to present. Therefore, the Longmen Shan thrust belt involved Mesozoic compressional and extensional events that were overprinted by the Late Cretaceous to Cenozoic compressional event.