bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why Community Health Systems Have Not Flourished in High Income Countries: What the Australian Experience Tells Us
Authors: Baum Fran , Freeman Toby
Published: June 2021

Background: Despite the value of community health systems, they have not flourished in high income countries and there are no system-wide examples in high income countries where community health is regarded as the mainstream model. Those that do exist in Australia, Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom provide examples of comprehensive primary healthcare (PHC) but are marginal to bio-medical primary medical care. The aim of this paper is to examine the factors that account for the absence of strong community health systems in high income countries, using Australia as an example. Methods: Data are drawn from two Australian PHC studies led by the authors. One examined seven case studies of community health services over a five-year period which saw considerable health system change. The second examined regional PHC organisations. We conducted new analysis using the ‘three I’s’ framework (interests, institutions, ideas) to examine why community health systems have not flourished in high-income countries. Results: The elements of the community health services that provide insights on how they could become the basis of an effective community health system are: a focus on equity and accessibility, effective community participation/control; multidisciplinary teamwork; and strategies from care to health promotion. Key barriers identified were: when general practitioners (GPs) were seen to lead rather than be part of a team; funding models that encourage curative services rather than disease prevention and health promotion; and professional and medical dominance so that community voices are drowned out. Conclusion: Our study of the community health system in Australia indicates that instituting such a system in high income countries will require systematic ideological, political and institutional change to shift the overarching government policy environment, and health sector policies and practices towards a social model of health which allows community control, and multidisciplinary service provision.
On sapphirine-bearing rocks in the vicinity of Sukkertoppen (West Greenland)
Authors: Ramberg H
Published: June 2021

During the journey along the west coast of Greenland where some of the members of the G. G. U.s expeditions of 1946 had to undertake geologic investigations in the Holsteinsborg district, a scattered and casual geologic reconnaissance was made at several places along the coast. After the return to Copenhagen some rock samples from the vicinity of Sukkertoppen appeared to contain the comparatively rare mineral of sapphirine, and a brief examination of these rock specimens was made in spite of the incomplete field work.
The Røde Ø Conglomerate of inner Scoresby Sund and the Carboniferous(?) and Permian rocks west of the Schuchert Flod. A general sedimentological account
Authors: Collinson J.D
Published: June 2021

The Røde Ø Conglomerate is a formation of red sandstones and conglomerates in the inner part of Scoresby Sund. It has an elongated north-south outcrop within an area of high-grade metamorphic rocks. It is bounded on the west by a normal fault, downthrowing to the east and dying out northwards. The sediments rest unconformably on migmatites along their eastern boundary. Within the Røde Ø Conglomerate, four lithofacies associations are recognised. A conglomerate association is the most abundant and occurs along the western side of the outcrop against the fault. It is coarse and poorly sorted, and easterly palaeocurrents are suggested. The association is interpreted as the product of alluvial fans building eastwards. This association passes laterally eastwards through an interbedded complex into a silty sandstone association which, in turn, passes into a gypsiferous sandstone association. These are both thought to be largely suspension deposits at the distal limit of the fans. The gypsum is the result of near surface precipitation due to high evaporation. On Storø, on the eastern side of Rødefjord and east of the other associations, a cross-bedded sandstone association referable to a normal fluviatile model occurs. Palaeocurrents here were to the north and north-west. It is suggested that movements along the western boundary fault were probably the cause of the rapid uplift needed to supply the coarse sediment. The rocks west of the Schuchert Flod were described by Kempter (1961) who recognised three major subdivisions, the Bjørnbos Corner Formation of alleged Carboniferous age, the Gurreholmsdal Formation (Lower Permian) and the Karstryggen Group (Upper Permian). The Bjørnbos Corner Formation is an arkosic conglomerate whose sedimentation is not obviously related to any presently observed tectonic feature. The Gurreholmsdal Formation shows a pattern of sedimentation broadly similar to the Røde ø Conglomerate with conglomerates in the west, near the Stauning Alper Fault passing eastwards and downcurrent into finer arkoses and eventually into micaceous sandstones which have northerly palaeocurrents. Sediment supply is again thought to have been due to movement on the western fault margin. It is not possible to date the Røde Ø Conglomerate by comparison with the Schuchert sequence in any conclusive way, though it can be tentatively suggested that the same regional tensional event might have been responsible for both sedimentary events.
Stratigraphy of the Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous sediments of Jameson Land and Scoresby Land, East Greenland
Authors: Surlyk F , Callomon J.H , Bromley R.G , Birkelund T
Published: June 2021

The Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous sediments of Jameson Land and Scoresby Land are divided into seven formations. They comprise from bottom to top: Kap Stewart Formation of Rhaetian-Liassic age; Neill Klinter Formation of PliensbachianToarcian age divided into three members; Vardekløft Formation of ?BajocianMiddle Callovian age redefined and divided into three members; Olympen Formation of Upper Callovian-Middle Oxfordian age designated as a new formation; Hareelv Formation of Upper Oxfordian-Middle Kimmeridgian age designated as a new formation; Raukelv Formation of Upper Kimmeridgian-Upper Volgian (Lower Ryazanian?) age designated as a new formation and divided into three members; Hesteelv Formation of Ryazanian age designated as a new formation and divided into two members. The six lower formations together comprise the Jameson Land Group. The main facies types are described. They comprise black shales, shaly siltstones, horizontally bedded sandstones, ripple-laminated sandstones, massive-bedded sandstones, medium- and large-scale cross-bedded sandstones, black shales with lenticular sand-bodies and coals. A general interpretation of the changing depositional regimes throughout the Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous of Jameson Land and Scoresby Land is given. The interpretation is based on the spatial distribution of the different facies types, on longitudinal profiles, and on investigations and measurements of cross-bedding, parting-lineation, grain sizes and sand-shale ratios. The exact geographical position of the borderlands and thus of the source areas of the sediments are rarely known but the predominance of very coarse sediments and the large-scale sedimentary structures indicate a position very near the coast.
Ferri-sepiolite in hydrothermal calcite-quartz-chalcedony veins on Nûgssuaq in West Greenland
Authors: Binzer K , Karup-Møller S
Published: June 2021

Ferri-sepiolite has been found in low temperature fracture veins in volcanic rocks. The veins are composed of an early calcite-quartz generation and a late generation of calcite, quartz, chalcedony and minor amounts of ferri-sepiolite. The late generation developed simultaneously with deformation of the early minerals. Fluid inclusion studies on the associated calcite give a temperature of formation of the early generation of 65°-80°C. Secondary inclusions in calcite which may have formed simultaneously with the late generation homogenize at temperatures between 40 and 50° C. The mineral veins probably formed from circulating meteoric waters. Optical and other physical properties of the ferri-sepiolite together with X-ray crystallographic and chemical data of the mineral are compared with the similar properties of ferri-sepiolite from East Greenland.
Early Tertiary flood basalts from Hareøen and western Nûgssuaq, West Greenland
Authors: Hald N
Published: June 2021

In central West Greenland flood basalts were erupted in the Early Tertiary. On Hareøen and western Nûgssuaq the upper part of the volcanic sequence predominates reaching a thickness of more than 3 km. In these two areas tholeiitic, olivine porphyritic basalts and picritic basalts are followed by tholeiitic basalts with plagioclase as the dominant phenocryst. The content of incompatible elements in the plagioclase porphyritic basalts is low in the early stages, as is the case in most of the older olivine porphyritic lavas in the province; however, after a pause in the volcanic activity, the concentration of these elements is increased by a factor of 3-6. A few thin layers of peralkaline, rhyolitic tuffs are found in the upper part of the plagioclase porphyritic sequence. The tholeiitic lavas are intruded by dykes. Most of these are petrographically the equivalent of the extrusive rocks, but dykes of transitional olivine basalts are presumed to represent a younger magmatic episode from which no lavas are known. The youngest igneous rocks in the area – and perhaps the youngest lavas in all of the West Greenland basalt province – are olivine porphyritic, alumina enriched transitional basalts deposited unconformably on the tholeiitic sequence on Hareøen. Forty-three new chemical analyses of the magmatic rocks are presented as well as micro-probe data on phenocryst and groundmass phases. The diversity of basaltic rocks cannot be explained by low pressure crystal fractionation alone, and it is suggested that the chemical evolution of the lavas and dyke rocks reflect chemical variations in batches of olivine rich magmas injected into the crust from the mantle.
The ore minerals of the Ilímaussaq intrusion: their mode of occurrence and their conditions of formation
Authors: Karup-Møller S
Published: June 2021

On the basis of their chemical composition, the Ilímaussaq ore minerals in pegmatites and hydrothermal veins have been subdivided into the following four associations: I Pb-Zn-Mo, II Cu-Sb (including two subtypes: IIA Cu-Sb and IIB Cu-Sb-S), III Fe-As and IV Fe-Ni-As-Sb. Accessory rock-forming ore minerals have been studied in heavy mineral concentrates isolated from the augite syenite and from the following agpaitic rocks: alkali granite, sodalite foyaite, naujaite, green lujavrite, medium- to coarse-grained lujavrite and black, red and white kakortokites. The ore minerals comprise sulphides (galena, sphalerite, molybdenite, pyrrhotite, troilite, marcasite, pyrite, chaIcopyrite and djerfisherite), native elements (tin, lead and iron), aIloys (seinäjokite [FeSb2] and unnamed Sn-Cu(-Pb)phase), arsenides (westerveldite and loeIlingite) and one antimonide (gudmundite). Oxides of iron, titanium and chromium have been identified. Native iron, native tin, unnamed Sn-Cu(-Pb)phase, decomposed wüstite and chromite may represent contaminated material. Some of the accessory rock forming ore minerals form two additional associations: V Fe-Cu and VI Fe-Ti-O. The accessory ore minerals in the agpaitic rocks crystallized relatively late compared to the silicate minerals. In the augite syenite the original pyrrhotite and associated chaIcopyrite crystallized from an immiscible sulphide phase. Correlation between accessory rock-forming ore minerals and bulk chemical composition of the major rocks is severely limited due to the lack of chemical data. The ore minerals in the rocks, pegmatites and veins crystallized at low sulphur and oxygen fugacities. The log αS2 and log fO2 ranges are semi-quantitatively estimated on the basis of published thermodynamic data.
Upper Cretaceous belemnites from West Greenland
Authors: Birkelund T
Published: June 2021

A description is given of Upper Cretaceous belemnites from West Greenland, and their affinities are discussed. The genera Actinocamax and Belemnoteuthis are represented. 2 new species viz. Actinocamax groenlandicus and Belemnoteuthis rosenkrantzi are established. A. groenlandicus is presumably from the Coniacian and is closely allied to Upper Turonian- ?Lower Senonian species. B. rosenkrantzi is most probably from the Senonian.
Dinoflagellate cysts and acritarchs from the Middle and Upper Jurassic of Jameson Land, East Greenland
Authors: Fensome R.A
Published: June 2021

Twenty-six samples from the Middle and Upper Jurassic strata of Jameson Land were prepared; twenty-one of these were found to contain organic-walled microplankton, of which seventeen yielded assemblages worthy of detailed examination. A new genus (Ambonosphaera) and six new species (Sentusidinium myriatrichum, Sentusidinium pelionense, Ellipsoidictyum gochtii, Pareodinia brachythelis, Gonyaulacysta birkelundii, and Ambonosphaera calioviana) of dinoflagellates, and two new species of acritarchs (Veryhachium sortehatense and Solisphaeridium ankyleton) were discovered. One taxon, Gonyaulacysta pectinigera, is elevated from subspecific to specific level and its generic reallocation is proposed. Samples from the Sortehat and Pelion Members of the Vardekløft Formation and from the Olympen formation yielded poor assemblages in terms of the number of taxa present and are therefore not especially biostratigraphically useful. However, previous Bajocian and Lower Oxfordian dates for the Sortehat Member and Olympen Formation respectively are supported. Moderately rich assemblages from some samples from the Fossilbjerget Member of the Vardekløft Formation and from the Hareelv Formation indicate Bathonian--Callovian and Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian ages respectively. Two samples, one from each of these units, contain organic-walled microplankton assemblages indicative of a date approximately one half stage earlier than that derived from ammonite faunas. All but one of the samples prepared from the Raukelv Formation contain only carbonized organic remains. One sample, from the Fynselv Member, yielded an assemblage of organic-walled microplankton which, although not conclusive themselves in suggesting a date, do not contradict the latest Jurassic assignation based on ammonite faunas.
Upper Jurassic bivalves from Milne Land, East Greenland
Authors: Fürsich F.T
Published: June 2021

Eighty-six species of bivalves belonging to 49 genera are identified. Seventy-four species are described. Eleven of them are new: Lopatinia callomoni, Modiolus elongatus, Aguilerella aldingeri, Camptonectes milnelandensis, Tancredia magna, ?Pronoella superjurensis, Isocyprina birkelundi, Hartwellia borealis, Goniomya bicarinata, Pleuromya triangularis, and Pleuromya zakharovi. One new subspecies, Limatula consobrina multicostata is also described, and two new subgenera are erected: Strimodiolus and Costicamptonectes. The autecology of each species is discussed and comprehensive faunal lists, which include the remaining benthic invertebrates, are given for each member.
The geology of the Qôrqut granite complex north of Qôrqut, Godthåbsfjord, southern West Greenland
Authors: Friend C.R.L , Brown M , Perkins W.T , Burwell A.D.M
Published: June 2021

The late Archaean (c. 2550 Ma) Qôrqut granite complex post-dates the major part of the geological evolution of the Godthåbsfjord region of southern West Greenland. The complex is composed of a variety of granites intruded as a multitude of individual sheets. The granites are divided into three groups according to their age relations and overall characteristics: leucocratic granites, grey biotite granites, and composite granites. Moreover, the complex can be divided into three zones: upper, intermediate and lower. These zones have different proportions of the three granite groups and included country rocks. Textures and structures typical of partial melting are found in highly modified gneiss enclaves contained in the leucocratic granites of the lower zone. All stages of the transition from gneiss to granite are present. Field evidence suggests that much of the biotite contained in the granites may be derived from the parent gneiss. Petrographic and mineral data are presented to support this contention. In some parts of the complex in the area studied extensive mineral and lithological layering is present. This most commonly occurs in the leucocratic granites and consists of biotite-rich versus biotite-poor granite. Otherwise seams and thin layers of biotite are found which, in part, may be derived from the partially melted enclaves. Lithological layering may also be produced by intrusive effects of thin sheets of granite of slightly different characteristics. Using mesonormative components the granites approximate to minimum melts in the granite system and appear to have crystallised under conditions where PTotal was less than 5 kbar. The melting zone for the leucocratic granites was not far below the present level of exposure. The grey biotite granites were probably derived from slightly deeper levels. The tectonic regime under which the Archaean crust was partially melted allowed small, discrete batches of magma rapid access to higher levels of the crust. Once at this higher level, emplacement was constrained to a sheet form. The complex was thus built up by successive intrusions of small batches of magma.
The Kimmeridgian ammonite faunas of Milne Land, central East Greenland
Authors: Birkelund T , Callomon J.H
Published: June 2021

Extensive new collections of ammonites made bed by bed in many sections through the Kimmeridgian (Lower Kimmeridgian sensu anglico) of Milne Land are described. These are used to revise and amplify the earlier accounts in a classical monograph of 1935 by Spath. The ammonites occur at ten sharply defined and well separated faunal horizons in the Bays Elv, Cardioceraskløft and Gråkløft Members of the Kap Leslie Formation. These horizons are readily correlated with the well-known successions of NW Europe, and their precise stratigraphical positions within the framework of the standard NW European Sub-Boreal zonation are discussed. All five Zones – Baylei, Cymodoce, Mutabilis, Eudoxus and Autissiodorensis – are represented. The more tenuous correlations with the analogous successions of the Barents Shelf and northern Siberia are also discussed. The faunas belong almost wholly to the two Sub-Boreal families Cardioceratidae and Aulacostephanidae. In the former, eight species of Amoeboceras are described, one of them new: A. (Amoebites) bayi sp. nov., closely related to European A. (A.) bauhini . In the latter family ten species of the genera Pictonia, Rasenia, Pachypictonia?, Aulacostephanoides and Aulacostephanus are described. Those of Pictonia and Rasenia are particularly significant in comparison with European and Siberian forms. Other families continue to be represented by but a single specimen of the Oppeliidae, Streblites? cf. S. taimyrensis Mesezhnikov. Some key sections of stratigraphical importance are recorded in an Appendix.
The early Archaean to Proterozoic history of the Isukasia area, southern West Greenland
Authors: Nutman A.P
Published: June 2021

The c. 3800 Ma Isua supracrustal belt and associated smaller bodies of supracrustal rocks are intruded by >3600 Ma orthogneisses. A coherent stratigraphic sequence is recognised consisting of interlayered metabasic rocks, metasediments derived from volcanic rocks, chemical sediments, and metabasic and ultramafic intrusions. Despite repeated deformation and high-grade metamorphism sedimentary structures are locally preserved. The depositional environment was probably an immersed volcanic region remote from areas of significantly older crust. Conglomeratic structures in a metachert and banded iron formation unit suggest shoaling and shallow water conditions. Felsic sediments locally preserve evidence of deposition from turbidite flows. The Isua supracrustal rocks are regarded as thin fragments of a thicker, more extensive sequence. The orthogneisses that intrude the supracrustal rocks consist of 3750-3700 Ma multiphase tonalites (the grey gneisses) which were first intruded by the basic Inaluk dykes, then by abundant shallow-dipping swarms of c. 3600 Ma granite sheets (the white gneisses) and finally by c. 3400 Ma pegmatitic gneiss sheets. These early Archaean rocks were metamorphosed under amphibolite facies conditions and repeatedly deformed prior to intrusion of the Tarssartôq basic dykes in the mid Archaean. In the late Archaean (3100-2500 Ma) there was polyphase metamorphism up to amphibolite facies grade and two or more stages of deformation and local intrusion of granitic gneiss sheets and pegmatites. However, despite general strong deformation there is a large augen of low deformation preserved within the arc of the Isua supracrustal belt. During the Proterozoic there was intrusion of basic dykes, major faulting with associated recrystallisation under uppermost greenschist to lowermost amphibolite facies conditions, followed by heating and intrusion of acid dykes at c. 1600 Ma. No profitable mineralisations have been located.
Chapter 3: Analytical programme and applied methods
Authors: Christiansen F.G , Boserup J , Buchardt B , Guvad C , Hansen K , Koch C.J.W , Jensenius J , Nielsen G.S , Nøhr-Hansen H , Stouge S , Østfeldt P
Published: June 2021

No abstract available.
Chapter 4: Palynological studies of the organic matter
Authors: Nøhr-Hansen H
Published: June 2021

No abstract available.
Chapter 6: Thermal maturity
Authors: Christiansen F.G , Koch C.J.W , Nøhr-Hansen H , Stouge S , Thomsen E , Østfeldt P
Published: June 2021

No abstract available.
The North Greenland Project
Authors: Henriksen N , Higgins A.K
Published: June 2021

The first areas to be investigated when the Geological Survey of Greenland (Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse, GGU) was established shortly after the Second World War were the more easily accessibIe parts of West and South-West Greenland. From the mid-1950s a systematic programme aimed at the production of 1: 100 000 geological maps was begun in South-West Greenland. A complementary 1:500 000 mapping programme was initiated in 1964 with the aim of establishing a general geological overview of the entire ice-free part of Greenland within the foreseeable future. A summary of the many papers and maps resulting from the project is given here.
Carboniferous and Permian history of the Wandel Sea Basin, North Greenland
Authors: Stemmerik L , Håkansson E
Published: June 2021

Upper Palaeozoic sediments in North Greenland were deposited in basins formed as the result of rifting between Norway, Greenland and Svalbard. The succession comprises Upper Carboniferous fluviatile sediments, Upper Carboniferous mixed shallow marine siliciclastic sediments and carbonates, Lower Permian shallow water carbonates, and Upper Permian carbonates, cherts and shales. Major depositionaJ sequences encompass the following intervals: early Moscovian, mid Moscovian - Gzelian, Asselian-Kungurian, and Ufimian-Kazanian.
Functional morphology, evolution and systematics of Early Palaeozoic univalved molluscs
Authors: Peel J.S
Published: June 2021

This bulletin contains two papers describing aspects of the functional morphology and systematics of Early Palaeozoic untorted molluscs and bellerophontacean gastropods. A brief discussion of the potential role in early molluscan evolution of articulated halkieriids recently discovered from the Lower Cambrian of North Greenland forms an introduction to the volume.
Slope apron and deep shelf sediments of the Brønlund Fjord and Tavsens Iskappe Groups (Lower Cambrian – Lower Ordovician), North Greenland: stratigraphy, facies and depositional setting
Authors: Ineson J.R , Surlyk F , Higgins A.K , Peel J.S
Published: June 2021

The aim of this paper is to present a review of the stratigraphy and regional depositional setting of the Brønlund Fjord and Tavsens Iskappe Groups in their northern outcrop. In addition, the Kap Stanton Formation, a new formation of the Tavsens Iskappe Group, is formally defined. In particular, the aim is to clarify the relationship between these northern sections and the better known, more proximal shelf sediments of the southern outcrop belt.
Upper Cretaceous dinoflagellate cyst stratigraphy, onshore West Greenland
Authors: Nøhr-Hansen H
Published: June 2021

This study is part of the Geological Survey of Greenland (GGU) project 'Sequence stratigraphic analysis of the Cretaceous sediments in West Greenland', and aims to establish a palynostratigraphy for the Disko-Nuussuaq- Svartenhuk Halvø area in West Greenland.
Continued geophysical and petroleum geological activities in West Greenland in 1995 and the start of onshore exploration
Authors: Christiansen F.G , Bate K.J , Dam G , Marcussen C , Pulvertaft T.C.R
Published: June 2021

The 1995 summer season saw continued petroleum activities in West Greenland, both onshore and offshore. The activities took place both as major geological and geophysical projects led by the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS)
A preliminary seismic interpretation of an area with extensive Tertiary basalts offshore central West Greenland
Authors: Whittaker R.C
Published: June 2021

A seismic and geological interpretation of the area between latitudes 67°30'N and 73°N offshore West Greenland, was completed in 1995 and has been published as an Open File Series report (Whittaker, 1995). The area is characterised by extensive Early Tertiary basalts which are the seaward extension of the plateau basalts exposed in the Disko - Nuussuaq - Svartenhuk Halvø area onshore (Clarke & Pedersen, 1976). These basalts present special problems in the processing and interpretation of seismic data. The interpretation incorporates all the seismic data acquired prior to the 1995 field season, inc1uding those lines acquired during the first phase of exploration in the 1970s. Ties to two of the exploration wells drilled offshore southem West Greenland have led to a greater understanding of the timing and kinematics of teetonie events during the Tertiary period; such events are not recorded in the onshore area. The area is considered to have significant exploration potential and warrants additional studies to determine the thickness of the basalt formation in the area.
Conclusion of the 1:500 000 field mapping in eastern North Greenland
Authors: Henriksen N
Published: June 2021

The third and last field season of the mapping project in eastern North Greenland (1993-95) was completed with full accomplishment of all geoscientific goals. The programme included producing a general overview of the onshore geology of the region between Jøkelbugten and Kronprins Christian Land (78°-81°N) aiming at production of a 1:500 000 geological map sheet.
Distribution of gold, arsenic, and antimony in West and South Greenland: a guide to mineral exploration and environmental management
Authors: Steenfelt A
Published: June 2021

The Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland analysed all systematically collected stream sediment samples in Greenland by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis for a range of elements including Au, As and Sb. The large-scale regional distribution patterns for the three elements are shown here for the first time, and their implications for old exploration and for environmental issues are discussed.
Airborne geophysical surveys in 1995
Authors: Thorning L , Stemp R.W
Published: June 2021

Two major airborne geophysical surveys were carried out during 1995. The second year of a planned five-year electromagnetic and magnetic survey programme (project AEM GreenJand 1994-1998) financed by lhe Government of Greenland, and the first year of an aeromagnetic survey programme (project AEROMAG 1995-1996) jointly financed by lhe governmems of Denmark and Greenland; both projecls are managed by the Geological Survey of Denmark and Grcenland (GEUS).
The East Greenland volcanic rifted margin – onshore DLC fieldwork
Authors: Brooks C.K , Field parties
Published: June 2021

The main objectives of this research are to document the chemical changes of the volcanic parents (magmas), to determine both the absolute and relative timing of the different magma types, and to correlate these events with both stretching and vertical movements within the Earth's crust.
Geological map of Atanikerdluk and environs, 1:10 000
Authors: Koch B.E , Pedersen K.R
Published: June 2021

The unravelling of the geology of the Atanikerdluk arca is one product of the geological investigations which since 1951 have been carried out along the south coast of the Nûgssuaq peninsula under the Geological Survey of Greenland. The complex of investigations which under the leadership of professor A. Rosenkrantz were concentrated on the geological map Nûgssuaq, and which necessitated the unravelling of the geological conditions of the whole West Greenland sedimentary area in outline, led the senior author of this paper to the Tertiary occurrences of the territory round Atanikerdluk in 1951. Since, there has been worked in this field in the summers of 1952, 1954, and 1956 (B. Eske Koch 1955 and 1959). In 1956 the junior author commenced an investigation of the Cretaceous sequence along the south coast of the Nûgssuaq peninsula to obtain a micropaleontological-stratigraphical cronology.
Textural features of some contrasted igneous cumulates from South Greenland
Authors: Upton B.G.J
Published: June 2021

Five particular occurrences of layered plutonic rocks within the south Greenland alkaline province are discussed. These five examples are of gabbro, anorthosite, syenite of larvikite-nordmarkite type, foyaite and eudialyte nepheline syenite, respectively. Each is thought to consist of cumulate rocks formed by bottom accumulation of the early mineral phases and the subsequent crystallization of the trapped interstitial liquid. The possible causes of banding and feldspar lamination are considered in each case. The presence or absence of feldspar lamination is used as one criterion for deciding whether the settling of the early (cumulus) phases occurred through moving or still magma. Magmatic flow during the accumulation of the cumulus mush was important in controlling the degree of packing within the latter and hence was influential in determining the ultimate bulk composition of the solidified rock.
Geology of Tugtutôq and neighbouring islands, South Greenland. Part I
Authors: Upton B.G.J
Published: June 2021

Tugtutôq is an island lying off the SW. coast of Greenland, separated from the mainland by fjords overlying major lines of faulting. The main island, together with numerous smaller islands and skerries, is largely composed of Precambrian granites formed after the close of the Ketilidian orogeny. At a still later date in the Precambrian alkaline rocks were extensively intruded into the south Greenland region and, of these, a large variety are preserved in the Tugtutôq area. Many of the intrusions take the form of ENE.-WSW. trending dykes running parallel to one of the major faulting directions. Tugtutôq lies along a belt in which these dykes are especially concentrated and provides a rewarding field for their investigation. One of the earliest dykes, some 500 m broad, is composite and consists of narrow gabbroic marginal zones and a broad central component of syenite. The syenite centre changes character along its 20 km outcrop from a nepheline-poor 'augite syenite' to a variety of foyaite. 'Giant-dykes' of troctolitic gabbro, up to 800 m across, were intruded after the solidification of the composite dyke. In certain sectors of the dykes the gabbros display primary layering. These gabbro dykes themselves occasionally show composite character and possess a central zone of quartz syenite or of alkalic gabbo akin to the marginal gabbro of the earlier composite dyke. Small bodies of pyroxenite, related to a larger mass cutting the troctolitic gabbros on the mainland, occur on the main island. Subsequent to these ultramafic intrusions dense swarms of small dykes composed of olivine dolerite, quartz microsyenite, alkali microgranite and hybrid variants were injected through the area. Many of these are also composite. The widespread presence of labradorite anorthosite fragments in the dyke rocks prompts the suggestion that a large body of anorthosite underlies the area. At a late stage in the igneous cycle a ring-complex developed across the main dyke belt and this, in striking contrast to the nearby and roughly contemporaneous Ilímaussaq complex, consists only of saturated syenite and alkali granites. The complex comprises some half-dozen ring-intrusions of related syenites and granites followed by a stock of coarse perthositic syenite. Intrusive activity in the area came to a close with eruption of further dyke swarms and occasional sills.
Ice margin features in the Julianehåb District, South Greenland
Authors: Weidick A
Published: June 2021

The present report deals with the extension of the ice margin deposits in the Julianehåb district, South Greenland. An attempt is made to establish a Holocene chronology for the ice margin deposits within the region on the basis of their association with raised marine shorelines, combined with a determination of fluctuations of the glaciation limits of the individual stages in Holocene times. As the Narssarssuaq region in the north-eastern part of the district contains numerous extensive ice deposits, this region is treated in more detail than the other localities within the district. On the basis outlined above, it is attempted to establish a relative chronology for the ice margin deposits in the Narssarssuaq region. The remaining deposits within the district are then tentatively incorporated in the chronological scheme for the Narssarssuaq region. After the deglaciation of the district during the last phases of the Wisconsin, four periods of stagnation or readvance of the glacier lobes and the ice caps (four "stages") seem to have given rise to the formation of ice deposits. The earliest of these stages is the Niaqornakasik stage (older Dryas??), succeeded by the Tunugdliarfik stage (probably younger Dryas), the Narssarssuaq stage (probably Roman time), and the maximum extension of the ice in historie times (ca. 1750-1900 A.D.). The variation in the volume of the ice coverings (the inland ice and the Julianehåb ice cap) during the period from the Tunugdliarfik stage to the present day is studied. The superficial conditions of the ice covering above an altitude of ca. 1,700 m do not seem to have altered much since the Tunugdliarfik stage. Finally, deposits from former ice-dammed lakes in the Narssarssuaq region are treated. All the deposits from such lakes found here seem to show that all the lakes at the glacier front had a maximum height of the water level of 120-150 m. This is in accordance with J.W. Glen's theory of subglacial outbursts of ice-dammed lakes.
Geology of the Ilímaussaq alkaline intrusion, South Greenland. Description of map and structure
Authors: Ferguson J
Published: June 2021

The Ilímaussaq Intrusion forms part of the alkaline province of South Greenland. It is thought that all the alkaline intrusions in South Greenland were emplaced in the basement rocks towards the dose of the Gardar period. Rb/Sr age determinations of the Kungnât and Ilímaussaq rocks give values of 1240 m.y. and 1086 m.y. respectively. The Ilímaussaq Intrusion intruded into the Julianehåb granite and the overlying sandstones, basalts and trachytes of the Gardar continental series. The trachytes probably represent an extrusive phase of the Ilímaussaq igneous activity. E.S.E. faulting, initiated in Ketilidian or early Kuanitic time, continued through the Sanerutian into the Gardar period and is thought to be the controlling factor of emplacement for the major alkaline centres. The earliest magma of the Ilímaussaq Intrusion had an augite syenitic composition. After emplacement this magma proceeded along an undersaturated differentiation trend. The in situ undersaturated differentiation was interrupted by an injection of alkali granite into the upper parts of the intrusion. Following this, in situ undersaturated differentiation was resumed, and, aided by volatiles, formed a magma of peralkaline composition (agpaitic). Crystallization took place from the roof downwards with simultaneous gravity accumulation on the floor of the intrusion. Finally, a residual liquid, rich in volatiles, was trapped between the downward crystallizing naujaite and the gravity accumulating kakortokites. As a result of faulting and/or slumping, the residual crystal mush was injected into the overlying brecciated rocks where it crystallized to form the fissile lujavrites. Minor syenitic intrusions in the complex probably mark the last phase of igneous activity.
On the geology of a metamorphic complex in West Greenland. The islands of Anarssuit, Isuamiut, and Eqûtit
Authors: Ellitsgaard-Rasmussen K
Published: June 2021

The field examined consists of small island groups belonging to the skerry archipelago near the settlement of Egedesminde in North Greenland. More exactly, the islands are situated N-NW of the settlement which is on the south side of Disko Bugt.
The Eqaloqarfia layered dyke, Nunarssuit, South Greenland
Authors: Pulvertaft T.C.R
Published: June 2021

The layering in the Eqaloqarfia dyke defines a synform running parallel to the length of the dyke, with a maximum inward dip of the limbs of 36°. The layering is developed in the lower part of a trough of feldspar-phyric gabbro in an otherwise normal dolerite. Homogeneous dolerite both underlies and forms a border to the gabbro. A perpendicular feldspar layer occurs in places at the border between the dolerite and the gabbro: in this layer unzoned plagioclase laths have grown at steep angles to the margin of the dolerite. The gabbro is characterised by platy feldspars up to 2 cm wide which are set in a doleritic matrix. The cores of the plates have a composition in the range An57-64 and constitute an early generation of plagioclase which crystallised at depth. The second generation of plagioclase, forming the shells of these plates and the smaller crystals in the matrix, began crystallising with a composition An69-75, zoning down to An30-40 at the margins of crystals. The layering comprises olivine-rich horizons alternating with layers of the feldspar-phyric gabbro. There is no graded bedding in the olivine-rich layers, nor is there any lamination or packing of the feldspar plates in the gabbro. Intermittent settling of olivine during the early slow crystallisation in the gabbro trough is regarded as the cause of the layering. A slight cryptic variation is shown by the second generation of plagioclase. In view of the lack of evidence for either magmatic currents or feldspar settling, it is thought that diffusion can contribute more to differentiation than is usually allowed. Diffusion is also required to explain the lack of zoning in the plagioclase laths of the perpendicular feldspar layer.
Sanerutian appinitic rocks and Gardar dykes and diatremes, north of Narssarssuaq, South Greenland
Authors: Walton B.J
Published: June 2021

Precambrian (Ketilidian) foliated granites and gneisses are intruded by Kuanitic basic dykes and large bodies of noritic gabbro, diorite and hypersthenemonzonite of Sanerutian age. The latter constitute an appinitic suite, the recognition of which is new to South Greenland. Younger granites are developed around the basic masses and from the occurrence of relict basic dykes are shown to be at least partly due to recrystallization of earlier granitic rocks, though in places the granite has been clearly mobile. It is suggested that the Sanerutian plutonic episode may represent the epeirogenic uplift phase of a root-zone of the orogeny which developed in Ketilidian time rather than the expression of a separate orogenic development as has been thought previously. The appinitic rocks are considered to belong to the normal orogenic calc-alkali suite. Hypersthene monzonite and locally syenite are thought to have developed by diffusive potassium enrichment in basic to intermediate magma. The Gardar alkali province, represented here by swarms of trachydolerites and microsyenites, together with carbonatites, is shown to occupy a characteristic post-orogenic position. Its development is related to continental disruption during the later phases of the Svecofennid chelogenic cycle. The rocks of this region are interpreted as belonging to a unified tectono-magmatic cycle.
The deformation and granitisation of Ketilidian rocks in the Nanortalik area, S. Greenland
Authors: Escher A
Published: June 2021

The Nanortalik peninsula, situated between the fjords of Tasermiut and Sarqâ, is largely composed of Ketilidian schists, quartzites and volcanic rocks. All these rocks are more or less strongly folded. The folding took place probably in three successive phases during the Ketilidian period : A first deformation resulting in folds with NNE trending axes, was followed by a second major phase of folding with NW axes. This second folding was essentially plastic. A third deformation, acting probably on a more rigid mass, was characterised by the formation of fracturec1eavage. Third-period folds possess very long wavelengths; their axes are oriented NNE to NE. Migmatisation started probably during the second deformation period resulting in the formation of many dykes and veins of pegmatite and aplite. Four generations of Ketilidian pegmatites can be recognised. Most of them appear to have been formed by metasomatic replacement. It seems that during the Ketilidian orogeny, the evolution of the schists and gneissic schists tended to a granodioritic composition. Potassium metasomatism only became active at the end of the Ketilidian period. In the NE part of the Nanortalik peninsula, three Sanerutian granites can be observed. These granites are similar in composition (quartz-microline-biotite), but possess different ages and textures. The time interval between the last Ketilidian deformation and the emplacement of the first Sanerutian granite was marked by the intrusion of several metadoleritic dykes. The first and principal Sanerutian granite usually shows an indistinct foliation due to numerous oriented inc1usions. Field evidence indicates that this granite was formed mainly by replacement of volcanic rocks. Chemical analyses show that large amounts of K, Si and Na have been supplied to produce the granitisation of the volcanic rocks. The second Sanerutian granite is characterised by a coarse porphyroblastic texture and appears to have been emplaced partially by the intrusion of a melt and partially by a subsequent replacement of the host-rock. Finally, the last Sanerutian granite displays all the characteristics of a pure intrusive body. It is generally very fine-grained and forms many cross-cutting dykes.
The layered aplite-pegmatite sheets of Kînâlik, South Greenland
Authors: Windley B , Bridgwater D
Published: June 2021

A series of low-dipping garnet-bearing interlayered aplite and pegmatite sheets is described from Kînâlik, South Greenland. The sheets are made up of three main rock types: rhythmically layered garnetiferous aplite, megacrysts of perthite-quartz intergrowth, and pegmatite layers. The relationships between these components suggest that the sheets are the result of a single injection of magma which has segregated into a dominantly aplitic portion towards the lower margin and pegmatite towards the top. The observation that veins of pegmatite cut the aplite but not vice versa suggests that the pegmatite remained in a fluid state longer than the aplite. The relationship between the perthite megacrysts and the layered aplite is discussed in detail and it is suggested that while perthite and aplite were formed approximately simultaneously, in some cases the megacrysts continued to grow after the initial formation of the aplite. Recrystallisation and a partial redistribution of material after the formation of layering but before the final solidification of the body is put forward as an explanation for some of the features described.
Eudidymite and epididymite from the Ilímaussaq alkaline intrusion, South Greenland
Authors: Semenov E.I , Sørensen H
Published: June 2021

Eudidymite has been discovered as lamellar or spherulitic aggregates in veins of albitite in alkali granite and in poikilitic nepheline-sodalite syenite (naujaite) in the Ilímaussaq alkaline intrusion, South Greenland. In the veins in granite it is associated with microcline, quartz, albite, arfvedsonite, ægirine, polylithionite, narsarsukite, monazite and elpidite. In naujaite eudidymite is associated with albite, microcline, fluorite, analcime, tugtupite, epididymite, genthelvite, neptunite, schizolite, lithium mica, ægirine, katapleiite, etc. Epididymite occurs as microcrystalline or fine-grained masses associated with analcime, albite, tugtupite, eudidymite leucophane, schizolite, etc. in veins of albitite in naujaite. The optical properties of the two minerals are: eudidymite: nα = 1.545, nγ = 1.549, 2 Vγ = 25°; epididymite: nα = 1.540, nγ = 1.544, 2 Vα = 16-26° with a pronounced crossed axial plane dispersion. Both minerals are polysynthetically twinned. Chemical analyses of the two minerals are recorded. The X-ray powder diagrams are identical with those of epididymite and eudidymite from Lovozero. Eudidymite and epididymite were formed during late albitization of naujaite. Their mode of occurrence recalls that of these two minerals at Lovozero, the Kola peninsula.
Genthelvite from the Ilímaussaq Alkaline Intrusion, South Greenland
Authors: Bollingberg H , Petersen O.V
Published: June 2021

Tiny white or yellow grains of genthelvite have been found in cavities in albititic veins in the Ilímaussaq alkaline intrusion. The veins also contain ægirine, neptunite, catapleiite, eudidymite, epididymite, tugtupite and leucophane. The mineral has been identified by means of x-ray and spectrographic methods.
On beryllite and bertrandite from the Ilímaussaq alkaline intrusion, South Greenland
Authors: Andersen S , Sørensen I
Published: June 2021

The two beryllium silicates beryllite and bertrandite and their mode of occurrence are described from the Ilímaussaq alkaline intrusion. Optical and X-ray data are presented for the two minerals together with chemical analyses of two beryllite samples. The data for bertrandite correspond closely to those given for bertrandite from other localities. The identification of the beryllite is based on the similarity in X-ray data with the Lovozero type mineral. Pronounced differences from the latter are found in the refractive indices which are 1.50 < n < 1.52, and in the water content which varies in different samples from Ilímaussaq. The two minerals are associated with the beryllium minerals epididymite, eudidymite, chkalovite and sorensenite. The beryllium minerals are found in analcite veins and pockets formed in a late stage of the development of the complex. It is argued that differences in the partial water pressure of hydrothermal fluids govern the formation of the two minerals.