bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Educational Satellites: The ATS-6 Experiments
Authors: Grayson Lawrence P.
Published: May 2005

On May 30, 1974, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration launched ATS-6, which NASA referred to as the most complex, versatile and powerful communications satellite developed to-date (Figure 1). Launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, the satellite assumed a geosynchronous orbit some 22,300 miles above the equator in order to match the Earth's 24-hour rotational period and remain over a fixed position on the globe. From its position at 94° west longitude, the same longitude as Des Moines, Iowa, ATS-6 is being used for a year-long series of education and health experiments. This paper describes the education activities, which are supported by the National Institute of Education (NIE).
Pathogenetic Considerations of Pica in Lead Poisoning
Authors: Pueschel Siegfried M. , Cullen Susan M. , Howard Rosanne B. , Cullinane Marie M.
Published: May 2005

An important factor associated with lead poisoning in children is the habit of eating non-food substances, a condition termed pica. In search for underlying mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of pica, this investigation presents evidence in support of the hypothesis that in many families failure of normal mother-child interaction, paternal deprivation, culturally dependent maternal oral interests and significant stress factors in the home where abundant lead-containing material is available are etiologically related to the development of pica in lead poisoning. Other factors, which have been thought to be associated with pica, are nutritional deficiencies and maladaptive behavior patterns. A multifocal treatment approach is considered to be most effective.
Short-Term Substance Abuse Prevention in Jail: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach
Authors: Peyrot Mark , Yen Sherman , Baldassano Carole A.
Published: May 2005

This article describes a cognitive-behavioral program for substance abusers which was first implemented in the Baltimore City Jail in 1987. Similar but separate programs are provided for male and female inmates, consisting of twelve to sixteen contact hours over three to four weeks. In addition to conventional drug and alcohol information (physiologic and psychological effects, treatment options), the program emphasizes cognitive and behavioral skills which can prevent substance abuse, including training in consequential thinking, and stress and anger management. Over a two-year period, 607 males and 131 females were served, of whom 429 (59%) completed the entire program. Both males and females showed statistically significant improvement from pretest to posttest in all knowledge areas. Inmates gave high ratings to the program and group leaders reported substantial change in client attitudes toward drug and alcohol use. Knowledge scores at the end of the program were highest for those who scored higher at pretest, rated their group leader higher, and were rated by their group leader as more active participants. Client participation was the strongest predictor of program outcome.
Self-Awareness in Autistic Subjects and Deeply Hypnotized Subjects: Dissociation of Self-Concept versus Self-Consciousness
Authors: Kunzendorf Robert G. , Beltz Susan McLaughlin , Tymowicz Gina
Published: May 2005

By refining past tests of self-awareness in mirrors, current testing demonstrates that autistic subjects' percepts are dissociated from self-concept, whereas hypnotized subjects' sensations are dissociated from self-consciousness. In the current test of self-concept, subjects could not directly see a line inside the box on their lap, but subjects could see the line indirectly in a televised mirror image. When instructed to touch the line, autistic subjects reached towards the televised line, whereas nonautistic subjects reached towards the actual line occluded inside the box. This first result suggests that the autistic subject's visual percept of the televised line is dissociated from its spatial relationship to the subject's self-concept. In the current test of self-consciousness, subjects were told to use a televised mirror-image to move their hands together until touching, but were not told that they were actually seeing a pre-recorded tape of their hands struggling unsuccessfully to touch. When queried, hypnotized subjects denied that their tactually joined hands were touching, whereas nonhypnotized subjects confirmed that their hands were touching. This latter result suggests that the hypnotized subject's hand-touching sensations are dissociated from the immediate and incontrovertible self-consciousness that one is perceiving the hands touching (not imaging them touching).
The Stream of Consciousness: XXV. Awareness as Commentary (Part I)
Authors: Natsoulas Thomas
Published: May 2005

This two-part article is propaedeutic to considering subsequently Weiskrantz's “commentary” conception of consciousness: from the perspective that James bequeathed to us more than a century ago. Weiskrantz has sought to render plausible a general account of awareness that resembles the “Intellectualist” notion of mind to which James had objected in The Principles. Whereas the central problem he addresses is where in the brain James's consciousness stream flows, Weiskrantz holds all awareness, even pain, is commentary. Contrary to how it may appear to the person himself or herself, every state of consciousness is no more than a kind of behavioral response—covert, overt, or incipient—bringing something or other under some heading. Although Weiskrantz formulates his concept of awareness in terms of operations that get a subject to report so the experimenter can judge whether the subject is aware of something in particular, Weiskrantz rejects all strategies that seek to theoretically eliminate awareness. Nevertheless, he proposes awareness to consist simply of the actual or potential delivery of a report.
The Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders and Subsyndromal Mental Illness in Low-Income, Medically Ill Elderly
Authors: Areán Patricia A. , Alvidrez Jennifer
Published: May 2005

Objective:

This study estimated the past and current prevalence of psychiatric illness and subsyndromal mental illness (both pre-relapse and new onset) in a sample of low-income, medically ill older adults.

Method:

A convenience sample of 95 public sector medical patients aged 55 and older were assessed for the presence of psychiatric diagnosis and symptoms using the Geriatric Depression Scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Short Michigan Alcohol Screening Test, and the Computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS-C).

Results:

Dysthymia and Major Depression were the most prevalent current disorders and Alcohol Dependence the most prevalent past disorder. Overall, 25 percent met criteria for at least one Axis I disorder. An additional 44 percent of patients had subsyndromal mental illness: 14 percent had subsyndromal depression, 17 percent were significantly anxious, and 30 percent were problem drinkers. A prior model predicting current Axis I disorder in younger people was found to be predictive of current Axis I but did not predict to subsyndromal disorder.

Conclusions:

The rates of psychiatric disorders and symptoms in this older, low-income population were similar to those in other samples of older medical patients. The findings from this research suggest the need for larger epidemiological studies of the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in this disadvantaged aging population. The complexities of this type of research are also discussed.
A Comprehensive Theoretical Model of Psychological Reaction to Loss
Authors: Katz Shlomo , Florian Victor
Published: May 2005

This article describes a multidimensional model which may be applicable to study three types of loss, interpersonal loss, loss of a limb or function, and environmental loss or loss of peace of mind. It is a preliminary attempt to collate relevant variables associated with the three types of loss into one comprehensive model which assumes that the dynamic processes associated with and encountered in one area of loss can be extrapolated for use in comprehending other areas of loss. A number of testable hypotheses can be derived for future validation and research.
End of Life Care and Reactions to Death in African-American and White Family Caregivers of Relatives with Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Owen Jason E. , Goode Kathryn T. , Haley William E.
Published: May 2005

Family caregivers for relatives with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) often experience significant stress-related problems in mental and physical health. Patients with AD often survive for protracted periods of time, placing an extensive burden of care on the caregiver prior to the patient's death. The present study addresses ethnic differences in the experience of AD caregivers around the time of their loved one's death, including life-sustaining treatment decisions and reactions to death. The results showed that, in our sample, more patients died in their homes than has been reported for deaths in the United States. African-American and White caregivers differed substantially in their reports of end of life care and subjective reactions to the death. Compared with White caregivers, African-American caregivers were less likely to make a decision to withhold treatment at the time of death, less likely to have their relative die in a nursing home, and reported less acceptance of the relative's death and greater perceived loss. Results suggest that death after AD caregiving deserves further study, and that ethnic differences in end of life care and bereavement may be of particular importance.
User Fee Policies to Promote Health Service Access for the Poor: A Wolf in Sheep's Clothing?
Authors: Russell Steven , Gilson Lucy
Published: May 2005

An international survey of health service user fee and exemption policies in 26 low- and middle-income countries assessed whether user fee policies were supported by measures that protect the poor. In particular, it explored whether governments were introducing a package of supportive measures to promote service improvements that benefit disadvantaged groups and tackle differential ability to pay through an effective series of exemptions. The results show that many countries lack policies that promote access for disadvantaged groups within user fee systems and quality improvements such as revenue retention at the health care facility and expenditure guidelines for local managers. More significant policy failures were identified for exemptions: 27 percent of countries had no policy to exempt the poor; in contrast, health workers were exempted in 50 percent of countries. Even when an official policy to exempt the poor existed, there were numerous informational, administrative, economic, and political constraints to effective implementation of these exemptions. The authors argue that user fee policy should be developed more cautiously and in a more informed environment. Fees are likely to exacerbate existing inequities in health care financing unless exemptions policy can effectively reach those unable to pay.
Impact of Life Factors upon Attitudes toward Death
Authors: Franke Kevin J. , Durlak Joseph A.
Published: May 2005

This study investigated the impact of life factors on college students' feelings about death. Participants completed a recently validated self-report scale and then were individually interviewed regarding their life experiences related to death. The interview process permitted identification of which life factors had affected death attitudes and the relative importance and specific impact of each factor. Regression analysis suggested that the most important life factor was a significant predictor of the participants' current feelings about death ( r = −.51) and that other factors of lower ranked importance did not significantly increase the power of the regression equation. The most important life factors clustered into three categories: Death of Significant Other, Religious Upbringing, and Near-Death Experiences, but these factors tended to have mixed effects across individuals. Results stress the importance of an individualized approach in studying the impact of life factors on the development of death attitudes.
Evaluating Primary Prevention: The California “Winners” Alcohol Program
Authors: Wallack Lawrence , Barrows David C.
Published: May 2005

The “Winners” program was a three year primary prevention effort sponsored by the California Department of Alcohol and Drug Programs. The demonstration attempted to alter drinking behavior through the use of paid mass media messages and community-based educational and organizational strategies. The evaluation design included three communities: a media plus community organization and education site; a media only site; and, a comparison site. This article describes the “Winners” program and presents some results of the evaluation. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for prevention efforts in general.
A Reply to Alan Berg
Authors: Csete Joanne
Published: May 2005

When short-term technical solutions to nutritional deficiencies are possible, they need to be brought about in concert with the painstaking work of improving community-based health and nutrition care. In the area of academic nutrition research, there is a need for funding mechanisms that link this research to direct interventions and policy making. The failings of nutritionists—academic and nonacademic—are but a small part of the world's nutritional problems. If academic nutritionists have erred, it is not in failing to apply technologies, but in not being stronger advocates of structural change on behalf of the poor.
Advance Directives in Nursing Homes: Resident and Facility Characteristics
Authors: Castle Nicholas G.
Published: May 2005

Advance directives are a means whereby competent individuals can guide treatment decisions, and in many cases their death, at a future time when they may be rendered incompetent of doing so. This article first examines the differences between nursing home residents who choose to use advance directives and those that do not. Second, the differences between nursing homes who choose to use advance directives and those that do not are examined. Also, advance directives are not investigated as homogeneous constructs, rather they are divided into residents with a do-not-resuscitate (DNR) status and those with other advance directives (i.e., do-not-hospitalize, living wills, and feeding restrictions). A multinomial logistic regression model with data representing 60,366 nursing home residents in ten states is used. Thirteen factors are significantly associated with a DNR status, whereas eleven factors are significantly associated with other advance directives. In both cases these significant factors include both resident characteristics and characteristics of the nursing homes. These results extend the scope of both facility and resident characteristics as important covariates in studies of advance directives.
Down the Rabbit-Hole: Exploring Health Messages on the World Wide Web
Authors: Koski Cheryl A.
Published: May 2005

Over a quarter century ago, James W. Carey and John J. Quirk questioned the prevailing belief that technology would revolutionize communication. Now that we have begun traveling on the information superhighway, we are bombarded more often than ever by what Carey and Quirk called “the rhetoric of the electronic sublime.” Yet an exploration of some fifty award-winning health messages on the World Wide Web suggests that our well-worn maps—that is, the traditional concepts of source, content, purpose, audience, and presentation—can give us a sense of direction as we begin our fall down the rabbit-hole.
Profiles of Reminiscence among Older Adults: Perceived Stress, Life Attitudes, and Personality Variables
Authors: Cappeliez Philippe , O'Rourke Norm
Published: May 2005

The goal of the present study was to identify subgroups of older participants on the basis of unique configurations of variables among functions of reminiscence, personality traits, life attitudes, and perceived stress by means of cluster analysis. Ninety-three older adults ( M = 66.7 years of age) completed the NEO-Five Factor Inventory, the Life Attitude Profile-Revised, the Reminiscence Functions Scale, and the Psychological State of Stress Measure. Cluster membership was determined on the basis of intra-personal functions of reminiscence (Boredom Reduction, Death Preparation, Identity, Bitterness Revival). These groups were subsequently compared on personality traits (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to experience), life attitudes (Existential Vacuum, Goal Seeking), and perceived stress. Three distinct groupings emerged. A greater tendency to ruminate about negative memories and lower extraversion characterized the negative reminiscers. Higher frequency of reminiscence related to issues of identity, life meaning and death, together with a tendency toward openness to experience, typified the meaning seekers. Lower reminiscence frequency for each of the four functions, combined with lower perceived stress and neuroticism, characterized the infrequent reminiscers. These results are interpreted in terms of differential patterns of coping and adaptation.
Psychosocial Adjustment before and after Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
Authors: Stein Daniel , Troudart Tristan , Hymowitz Zipora , Gotsman Mervyn , De-Nour Atara Kaplan
Published: May 2005

Twenty-eight consecutive male patients were examined a few days before, and again twelve months after, coronary artery bypass surgery. The evaluation included the patients' psychological distress, psychosocial adjustment, cardiac state, personality and family relations. Before surgery the patients were relatively well adjusted, despite being severely disabled physically. On the follow-up evaluation the cardiac state improved significantly on every index examined. On the other hand no change occurred in the psychological distress, personality and family relations. Significant post-operative improvement was found in some of the domains of the psychosocial adjustment, but not in others.
Declining Drug Use in Relation to Increased Drug Education: A Trend Study 1979–1991
Authors: Smart Reginald G. , Adlaf Edward M. , Walsh Gordon W.
Published: May 2005

During the 1980s alcohol and drug education increased in Ontario schools, especially at the Grade 7 level. This article reports aggregate relationships between increased levels of exposure to classroom alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis education, and the use of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis by students in Ontario schools. The data were derived from repeated cross-sectional probability surveys of alcohol and drug use conducted every two years since 1979. There were strong inverse associations between increases in exposure to alcohol and drug education and reported levels of use of these substances, especially for alcohol and for Grade 7 students.
Expressing the Student's Concepts versus Exploring the Teacher's: Issues in the Design of Microworlds for Teaching
Authors: Mellar Harvey G. , Bliss Joan
Published: May 2005

This article discusses the concept of a microworld and the role it might play in education. Three questions are asked of previous descriptions of microworlds: what does the microworld look and feel like, what are its design features, and what sort of learning happens? It is argued that most microworld designers begin from a desire to teach particular ideas, and design for an “exploratory” mode of learning in which the student explores the microworld to find hidden nuggets of knowledge. An alternative design strategy is described in an account of a microworld intended to help improve understanding of proportion. The design of this microworld, which arose from a commitment to helping with a specific learning difficulty, was based on research about the nature of that learning difficulty, and was designed for an “expressive” mode of learning in which the student is provided with tools to express his/her own ideas.
Computer Based At-Risk Instructional Model
Authors: Clouse R. Wilburn
Published: May 2005

Students are dropping out of high school at an increasing rate. Many students have dropped out because they have poor basic skills and therefore cannot succeed academically. This study developed a strategy whereby the classroom teacher was given the responsibility to manage all aspects of the instructional process, including the assignment of computer-based learning activities for low achieving At-Risk students and peer group learning. The research investigated the effectiveness of a computer-based instructional model for improving the ability of At-Risk students to read, write, and calculate. The model placed the microcomputer and related software in the hands of the classroom teacher to be used as a tool for the target students in grades 1–8. Besides increased performance in most grade level tests, students and teachers also demonstrate positive attitudes toward using computers as tools.
HI Tech Collaborations: Producing a Virtual Critique
Authors: Luescher Andreas
Published: May 2005

This article describes a pedagogical experiment involving the transposition of a traditional semester's-end juried critique to a modern medium: video conferencing. Synchronized remote collaborations are increasingly common in academia as the facilitating technologies become faster and more affordable. The most exciting implication of media-supported remote juried critiques (or, similarly, joint studio work) is the possibility of working with scholars and acolytes worldwide. The author suggests that the development of imaginative and effective protocols for such remote exchanges is still in its infancy.
Hypnosis and Memory Illusions: An Investigation Using the Deese/Roediger and McDermott Paradigm
Authors: Neuschatz Jeffrey S. , Lynn Steven Jay , Benoit Greg E. , Fite Rachael
Published: May 2005

Our research used the Deese/Roediger and McDermott paradigm [1] to examine the effects of hypnosis on memory. The paradigm yielded a high rate of false recognition (>.70), regardless of whether participants were hypnotized or not. Hypnotized ( N = 21) and non-hypnotized ( N = 20) participants reported high false recognition rates and were very confident in their remembrances, independent of their recognition accuracy and their level of hypnotic suggestibility (medium vs. high). Although our results provide no support for the proposition that hypnosis is a viable memory enhancement procedure, hypnosis did not impair recognition above and beyond the non-hypnotic condition.
Hypermedia and the Facilitation of Native American Language Learning: Preserving a Heritage through the Use of Technology
Authors: Lockee Barbara B. , Moore David M.
Published: May 2005

The problem of Native American language loss can be addressed through the use of computer-assisted technology to teach indigenous languages to Native American learners. Hypermedia technology may provide a mechanism for the development of curriculum materials which reflect appropriate instructional techniques. Whole language methods advocated in second language instruction incorporate observational learning strategies—strategies which are inherent in many Native American homes, but often ignored in school. Hypermedia holds promise as an effective development tool for the creation of Native American language instruction.
How Children Live after Disfiguring Burns
Authors: Van C. Quinby Susan , Bernstein Norman R.
Published: May 2005

At the Boston Shriners Burns Institute, where this study was undertaken, a great number of burned patients present a further complication: poor socioeconomic conditions, which often have a clear causal relationship with the injury. Because of this complex of relationships, not only the psychodynamics of the child and his family, but social conditions and the widely variant nature of the trauma itself, each case, in the end, is singular. Nevertheless, for each severely burned child and his family, it can be said that the psychological effects of injury are both of great magnitude and lifelong. This study, then, is particularly concerned with the individual patient, his family, their attempt to cope with their problem and—beyond that—what can be done to help keep them in the community somehow and out of the pale of despair.
The Tip of the Iceberg: Psychiatric Consultations on an Orthopedic Service
Authors: Kuhn Wolfgang F. , Bell Roger A. , Seligson David , Laufer Sharon T. , Lindner John E.
Published: May 2005

One hundred and one consecutively admitted orthopedic patients with leg fractures participated in a study assessing psychiatric morbidity using the BSI- and SMAST-questionnaires. Patients identified as probable cases of psychopathology were then psychiatrically evaluated to establish diagnoses. It was determined that about 70 percent of the sample met the criteria for psychiatric diagnoses, with substance abuse being the leading group of disorders. The psychiatric consultation-liaison and orthopedic services remained blind to the research activities and continued to refer patients for psychiatric consultation when clinically necessary. Only six (5.9%) of the patients also participating in the study were referred for clinical consultation, and these appeared to have very obvious symptoms or complaints. The large majority of emotional distress remained unnoticed.
Lead Suit: An Immodest Proposal
Authors: Celenza James
Published: May 2005

Rhode Island's Attorney General Whitehorse has announced that Rhode Island will sue the lead paint industry for its contribution to the epidemic of health problems caused by lead paint. The suit asserts that the paint industry was negligent because it marketed a harmful product; since it caused the problem, it should contribute to paying for it. We need a lead trust fund to provide for primary abatement upkeep and maintenance of housing. The attorney general's action can, if successful, help implement such a fund. Personal lead injury cases, which have a minimal public health impact, can be channeled to do so. Whenever personal injury cases are settled—either through negotiated settlement or full jurisprudence—a percentage of the settlement could be earmarked for a public lead trust fund.
Six Innovative Methods of Teaching Technical Writing
Authors: Estrin Herman A.
Published: May 2005

Several innovative methods were used to help technical writing students to write more purposively, professionally, and effectively: writing a paper on the improvement of style in technical writing; reading science literature and writing critiques; editing a technical report; writing a professional technical report; writing science books for children; and writing for publication.
Readers' Responses While Reading a Narrative Text
Authors: Levorato M. Chiara , Nemesio Aldo
Published: May 2005

This article examines cognitive and emotional responses produced while reading a short story. The text was presented in the original and in two modified versions, which differed in the presence or absence of anticipations. Readers were presented with a questionnaire concerning their responses. Effects of text version, gender, and type of academic studies were examined. A factorial analysis explored the underlying dimensions of the 15 variables. Three factors emerged, concerning readers' participation in the story, responses to the violation of their expectations, and cognitive evaluation of the textual features that make the story comprehensible. Women scored significantly higher on the first factor and the presence or absence of anticipations significantly influenced the second factor.
Belief in Afterlife, Religion, Religiosity and Life-Threatening Experiences
Authors: Berman Alan L.
Published: May 2005

The interrelated effects of religion, religiosity, belief in afterlife, and life-threatening experiences were studied to empirically test a number of previously untested propositions raised in the literature. The experience of a prior, subjectively perceived, inevitable death-threat had no effect on subsequent beliefs in a life after death (BA). On the other hand, BA was found to be primarily related to an ordered interaction among religions and religious activity. While religious activity appears not to serve to defend against an initially experienced stress reaction, the recall and report of life-threatening experiences over time occurs less frequently among religious versus non-religious Ss.
The Social Construction of the “Dying Role” and the Hospice Drama
Authors: Parker-Oliver Debra
Published: May 2005

The social construction of a “dying role” is emerging in response to terminal illness for which the “sick role” is no longer functional. When people are in the process of dying, in the absence of a “dying role,” they take on the rights and responsibilities of the “sick role” to which they have been socialized. This is problematic for the individual who will not get well no matter how hard the effort. Hospice, a professional community with a central purpose of bringing the drama of dying to an appropriate close, marks the transition from a sick role to a dying role. This article looks at how the hospice community directs this transition and redefinition of self for the dying and significant others. Utilizing the symbolic interactionist and phenomenlogical perspective and the sick role theory of Talcott Parsons, this view of the drama is demonstrated through stories of hospice patients.
Emotional Aspects of Heart Disease: A Personal Narrative
Authors: Abram Harry S.
Published: May 2005

It is not particularly profound to note that one's choice of a professional career is related to unconscious motivational forces, and that a desire to become a physician may stem from a wish to conquer one's own illness and the inevitability of death. Once one becomes a physician his personal experience with illness may, but not by means necessarily, place him in the position of being empathetic with the sick patient. My purpose in this particular narrative is to review my experience with a life-long illness and to relate it to my longstanding psychiatric interest and work with patients with chronic disease. I trust the confessional quality will be instructive and not taken as maudlin or pseudo-Proustian.
Avery D. Weisman, M.D.: An Omega Interview
Authors: Kastenbaum Robert
Published: May 2005

Avery D. Weisman, M.D., a distinguished contributor to the study of the human encounter with death, discusses both the personal and professional facets of his long and productive career. Although aware of the fragility of life even as a child and exposed to death through his training in neurology, psychiatry, and pathology, Weisman found that nothing in medical school had prepared him for dealing with terminal patients. As a psychiatric consultant in a hospital, he observed that some seriously ill patients seemed inclined or “predilected” to death, while others did not. Furthermore, some deaths seemed to be “good” or “appropriate” and others not. With his interest in the psychosocial side of death stimulated by these experiences, Weisman embarked on a many-faceted quest for understanding the ways in which people live with the prospect of death. “I think there was something special about looking over the edge between existence and nonexistence that fascinated me.” His concepts of appropriate death and middle knowledge, and his use of the psychological autopsy technique are reviewed, as well as the findings of Project Omega, a clinical research study that Weisman directed for eighteen years.
Aspects of Culture Change in the Late Prehistoric Period on the Northwestern Plains
Authors: Hudecek-Cuffe Caroline R.
Published: May 2005

Stylistic and temporal differences in projectile points have long been used by Plains archaeologists to establish chronologies of cultural complexes for the Northern Plains. This practice is often extended to using changes in projectile point types as indicators of culture change. However, since culture is a multivariate phenomenon, culture change cannot be based on a single variable such as a projectile point type, but rather, all aspects of culture as represented in the archaeological record must be considered. With regards to the culture changes between the Avonlea and Old Women's phases of the Late Prehistoric Period on the Northwestern Plains, archaeological evidence of lithic and ceramic assemblages indicates a general continuity between the two phases rather than a distinct break. Thus, any differences between the two phases should not be regarded as involving major culture change but rather as a sequential transition with gradual stylistic variation in projectile points and ceramics.
Using “Bud World Party” Attendance to Predict Adolescent Alcohol Use and Beliefs about Drinking
Authors: Thomsen Steven R. , Rekve Dag , Lindsay Gordon B.
Published: May 2005

This study explored the association between attendance at the “Bud World Party,” a family entertainment venue created by Anheuser-Busch for the 2002 Winter Olympics, and alcohol-related beliefs and current drinking behaviors for a group of 7th and 8th graders who attend a middle school in close proximity to the downtown Salt Lake City plaza where the exhibit and related events were located. Data were collected via a questionnaire administered to 283 students 30 days after the closing ceremonies. Logistic regression was used to predict recent alcohol consumption. Significant predictors were race (non-white) (OR = 3.9), religiosity (OR = .72), having a parent who drinks (OR = 4.8), the number of best friends who drink (OR = 2.5), and the interaction for “Bud World Party” attendance and gender (OR = 33.2). Post-hoc analysis of the interaction effect indicated that the relationship between “Bud World Party” attendance and recent alcohol consumption is moderated by gender. Girls who visited “Bud World Party” were more likely than the boys to have consumed alcohol in the past 30 days. In addition, the girls who visited “Bud World Party” were more likely to believe that drinking would increase their chances of popularity at school than the students who did not.
A System for Managing the Research Activities of Business School Faculty
Authors: Bradbard David A. , Grigsby William W. , Padgett Jerry H.
Published: May 2005

One responsibility of university/college faculty is to engage in research activity. Such activity typically manifests itself in contributions to scholarly journals or professional meetings. Administrators monitor this activity on a yearly basis because it is an important factor in decisions relating to promotion, tenure, and salary improvement For many academic institutions, it is important to encourage and monitor this activity over the long-term to maintain accreditation of their programs. The purpose of this article is to describe: 1) the development of a computer-based information system to manage a database generated by the research activity of a business school faculty; and 2) how this system can support the decision making roles of deans and department chairs. Although the setting is a business school, the design and benefits of this system are applicable to other academic units.
Women's Technologies, Women's Literacies: Sewing and Computing across the Years
Authors: Rohan Liz
Published: May 2005

This article compares the historical and contemporary clothing industry with the current microelectronics industry. It argues that the development of paper patterns, along with the perfection of the sewing machine as a technology in the 1870s, “democratized fashion” for lower and middle class women just as the development of the World Wide Web and Web-making software has democratized publishing for authors before unable to gain access to an audience for their writing. Comparing the businesses of three groups of women using the World Wide Web, this article finally problematizes these historical and contemporary democratizing technologies—the sewing machine and the computer—by pointing out both obvious and more subtle socioeconomic realities which undercut some utopian promises of publishing in Cyberspace.

Women are … without class because the cut and fall of the skirt and good leather shoes can take you across the river and to the other side: the fairytales tell you that goose-girls may marry kings [1, pp. 15–16].
Grief Transformed: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo
Authors: Thornton Sally Webb
Published: May 2005

In Argentina during the years 1976–1983 the military assumed power, employing oppression, torture, death, and disappearance to intimidate the citizenry. A group of mothers, who met while searching for their “disappeared” children, banded together in 1977, organized the group “Madres de la Plaza de Mayo” (Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo), and protested publicly the atrocities that were being inflicted on the Argentine people. Through the support of their group, the public protesting, and the continuation of their disappeared children's work, the Mothers transformed their grief into positive action.
Application of Cost-Benefit Analysis to the Health Services and the Special Case of Technologic Innovation
Authors: Klarman Herbert E.
Published: May 2005

As an economic technique for evaluating specific projects or programs in the public sector, cost-benefit analysis is relatively new. In this paper, the theory and practice of cost-benefit analysis in general are discussed as a basis for considering its role in assessing technology in the health services. A review of the literature on applications of cost-benefit or cost-effectiveness analysis to the health field reveals that few complete studies have been conducted to date. It is suggested that an adequate analysis requires an empirical approach in which costs and benefits are juxtaposed, and in which presumed benefits reflect an ascertained relationship between inputs and outputs. A threefold classification of benefits is commonly employed: direct, indirect, and intangible. Since the latter pose difficulty, cost-effectiveness analysis is often the more practicable procedure. After summarizing some problems in predicting how technologic developments are likely to affect costs and benefits, the method of cost-benefit analysis is applied to developments of health systems technology in two settings-the hospital and automated multiphasic screening. These examples underscore the importance of solving problems of measurement and valuation of a project or program in its concrete setting. Finally, barriers to the performance of sound and systematic analysis are listed, and the political context of decision making in the public sector is emphasized.
Motivating Engineering Students to Publish
Authors: Estrin Herman A.
Published: May 2005

In a technical writing course, students analyze the classics of engineering literature, prepare annotated bibliographies of articles concerning engineering writing, write an in-depth technical report on a civil engineering topic, and analyze the various articles in science and engineering magazines.

To acquaint the students with the different magazines to which they may submit manuscripts, they also analyze a professional magazine. In this way, they are prepared for publication. After having reviewed science books for children, the students prepare their own manuscripts of science literature and submit them to consultants at the Writers' Conference held annually at Newark College of Engineering during April.
Self-Predictions, Interpretational Set and Imagery Vividness as Determinants of Hypnotic Responding
Authors: Katsanis Joanna , Barnard Joanne , Spanos Nicholas P.
Published: May 2005

Two studies assessed the effects of self-predictions and interpretations of suggested demands on hypnotizability. Subjects overestimated their responsiveness to suggestions. Those who believed that they would fail all or almost all suggestions invariably attained low hypnotizability scores. However, those who believed that they would be highly responsive exhibited wide variability in their actual hypnotizability. Among subjects who self-predicted high responsiveness, those who adopted a passive “wait and see” interpretation toward suggestions scored significantly lower in hypnotizability than those who believed that they should actively bring about suggested effects. Study 2 also found that the relationship between adopting an active interpretation and hypnotizability was moderated by subjects' level of imagery vividness. Theoretical implications are discussed.
Factors Affecting the Acceptability of Suicide
Authors: Deluty Robert H.
Published: May 2005

The present study examined whether attitudes toward suicide vary as a function of the age and gender of the suicide victim, the gender of the evaluator, and the type of illness that precipitates the suicide. The participants in the study were 780 college students who were administered a questionnaire consisting of one of twelve scenarios describing a fictitious individual who has decided to commit suicide, as well as a series of evaluative scales and questions about the individual and his/her decision. The scenarios varied in terms of the age of the victim (i.e., forty-five vs. seventy), the gender of the victim, and the precipitating illness (i.e., chronic depression, chronic physical pain, or terminal bone cancer). Evaluations of suicide tended to be significantly more favorable when the evaluators were male, when male victims were being judged, when elderly victims were being evaluated, or when terminal cancer was the precipitating illness.
Citation Indexes Improve Bibliography in Technical Communication
Authors: Stephens Irving E.
Published: May 2005

Researchers continue to miss useful references because of unsystematic methodology and because on-going efforts at systematic bibliography have not utilized some key resources. Although no combination of available resources guarantees comprehensive bibliographic coverage for technical communication, composition, or rhetoric, researchers can significantly improve their personal efforts by using citation indexes and a few other databases.
Regulation and Control of the Medical Profession in Great Britain
Authors: Fry John
Published: May 2005

Regulation and control of the medical profession are evaluated in the light of the recent inquiry into the British General Medical Council. The Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Regulation of the Medical Profession is examined and its worldwide applications are discussed.
Does Art have Selective Value?
Authors: Dissanayake Ellen
Published: May 2005

In the absence of satisfactory accounts by evolutionary biologists to explain the ubiquity and persistence of art in all human societies, a number of reasons offered by other writers for the existence and effects of art are critically examined for their evolutionary plausibility. These are found to be inadequate because they are only partial and because their “selective value” is more parsimoniously attributed to other behaviors and attributes which art resembles (e.g., play, ritual, fantasy, ordering, and so forth). The necessity for invoking a concept “art” at all is questioned. Instead it is posited that a universal human behavior, “making special,” from which art in the modern sense is derived had evolutionary value because it reinforced the adoption of other selectively-valuable behaviors. Aesthetic ingredients and responses can be called enabling mechanisms to this end. A concluding section discusses peculiarities of advanced technological society that contribute to modern confusion about art and its place — necessary or unnecessary — in human life.
Development of Population Policy in Bangladesh
Authors: Rob Ubaidur , Mutahara Marium Ul , Sprafkin Noah
Published: May 2005

Bangladesh, being a country with a high population density, faces many significant population and development problems. The first population policy of Bangladesh was formulated in 1976 when the rate of population growth was approximately 3% per year. Since then Bangladesh has achieved remarkable success in lowering fertility to a medium level. From independence to present, Bangladesh's population policy has evolved in two distinct phases. The first phase lasted through 1997 and was guided by objectives and strategies outlined in the 1976 Population Policy. The second phase started in 1998 and has continued to the present. This stage is strongly influenced by the United Nations International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo, 1994 (ICPD). This article describes the evolvement of the major population issues in Bangladesh and examines how the policies and programs are dealing with the issues and how the policies and programs can be improved to address emerging issues more effectively.
Social Functions of Denial of Death
Authors: Beilin Robert
Published: May 2005

Denial of death has been the focus of much writing in the thanatological literature. Much of this literature has viewed denial as disfunctional in the treatment of terminal illness. Denial has been defined in psychodynamic terms as the defense mechanism which protects dying patients from disabling awareness of the danger of impending death. This paper explores both the social nature of denial and the functionality of denial in preserving relationships threatened by knowledge of terminal illness. It asserts that denial serves to forestall social withdrawal by the patient and his/her social circle, as well as promoting role enactments necessary to medical treatment.
A Process Approach to Educational Systems Design
Authors: Meals Donald W.
Published: May 2005

An examination of the steps in systems design reveals it to be an iterative process. The complexity and dynamic quality of the educational environment require designers of educational technology systems to emphasize this process and at the same time take into account conditions within the education system and the community that provide essential data. Examples of attempts to cope with these features of the design processes are presented along with implications for changes in the approach to the design of educational technology systems.
Titelbild: Der Weg zu Fludelon: ein Tumortherapeutikum mit außergewöhnlichen Eigenschaften (Angew. Chem. 19/2005)
Authors: Rivkin Alexey , Chou Ting‐Chao , Danishefsky Samuel J.
Published: May 2005

Präparative und biologische Studien an Epothilon B (isoliert aus einem Myxobakterium) führten zur Entdeckung eines 26‐Trifluor‐Analogons mit einer bemerkenswerten Aktivität gegen Xenotransplantat‐Tumoren in Nacktmäusen. Dieser Befund unterstreicht das Potenzial der Verwendung von Naturstoffen als Leitsubstanzen, verbunden mit einer gezielten Totalsynthese, bei der Suche nach neuen Wirkstoffen. S. J. Danishefsky et al. stellen im Kurzaufsatz auf S. 2898 ff. ihre Synthesestrategie sowie biologische Daten vor.
Recognition of Proline‐Rich Motifs by Protein–Protein‐Interaction Domains
Authors: Ball Linda J. , Kühne Ronald , Schneider‐Mergener Jens , Oschkinat Hartmut
Published: May 2005

Protein–protein interactions are essential in every aspect of cellular activity. Multiprotein complexes form and dissociate constantly in a specifically tuned manner, often by conserved mechanisms. Protein domains that bind proline‐rich motifs (PRMs) are frequently involved in signaling events. The unique properties of proline provide a mechanism for highly discriminatory recognition without requiring high affinities. We present herein a detailed, quantitative assessment of the structural features that define the interfaces between PRM‐binding domains and their target PRMs, and investigate the specificity of PRM recognition. Together with the analysis of peptide‐library screens, this approach has allowed the identification of several highly conserved key interactions found in all complexes of PRM‐binding domains. The inhibition of protein–protein interactions by using small‐molecule agents is very challenging. Therefore, it is important to first pinpoint the critical interactions that must be considered in the design of inhibitors of PRM‐binding domains.