bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Participant Personality On Management Training Methods
Authors: Sulkin Howard A.
Published: March 2007

Many variables influence results in a learning situation. Any one who is to understand adult education fully should be aware of the effect of such factors as characteristics of the teacher and of the learner, the learning environment, and the teaching method used. Of these factors, teaching method has been studied probably more than any other variable. This study, however, investigated an aspect of teaching methods that has not often been looked at before: the extent to which personality characteristics of adults influence the success of teaching methods. This study attempted to determine whether certain teaching methods are more effective in increasing knowledge and changing attitudes of adults with specific personality characteristics than are other teaching methods.
Patterns of Adult Library Use: a Regression and Path Analysis
Authors: Kronus Carol L.
Published: March 2007

Use of public library resources is conceptually and historically linked to mass education and literacy. On the individual level, the impact of educational achievement along with other social and demographic factors on the rate of library use is the subject of study. A multiple regression and path analysis of survey data on a large sample of Illinois adults reveals three principal clusters of factors as important predictors of the rate of library use. Edu cation, both in number of years and plans for further education is the most powerful predictor, followed by family life cycle factors and urban residence. Commonly found factors of age, sex, and race had no independent effect on how often people used library resources.
Adult Education in Savannah, Georgia: 1765-1789
Authors: Long Huey B.
Published: March 2007

This article examines advertisements placed in Savannah, Georgia, newspapers from 1765 through 1789 to identify and describe the nature of adult educational opportunities available through private venture schools. The advertisements reviewed indi cate that provisions for the education of adults were made by private venture schools during the period. These provisions in cluded a variety of leisure-related topics such as drawing, lan guage, music and self-defense.
Interpersonal Behaviors and Their Relationship to the Andragogical and Pedagogical Orientations of Adult Educators
Authors: Holmes Mel R.
Published: March 2007

The objectives of the study were: (a) to determine the andragogical and pedagogical orienta tions of a selected group of adult educators; (b) to identify selected interpersonal behaviors of the adult educator sample and determine the relationship of these behaviors to andragogical and pedagogical orientations; and (c) to determine if the relationship between interpersonal behaviors and an andragogical orientation differed from the relationship between interpersonal behaviors and a pedagogical orientation.

The sample consisted of 197 Auburn University faculty and 103 Alabama Cooperative Exten sion personnel identified as experienced adult educators. The Educational Orientation Question naire was administered to determine the andragogical or pedagogical nature of the adult educator's orientations. The Fundamental Interpersonal Relationship Orientation Behavior Scale was administered to identify interpersonal behaviors of the adult educators. Questionnaires were returned by 167 subjects (55.7%).

Results of the study indicated that: beliefs and attitudes about adult education were significantly different for the andragogical and pedagogical groups; a significant relationship ex isted between interpersonal behaviors and the orientations of adult educators categorized as an dragogical ; the relationship between interpersonal behaviors and the orientations of adult educators categorized as pedagogical was not significant.
In Defense of the Staged Self-Directed Learning Model
Authors: Grow Gerald
Published: March 2007

In response to Mark Tennant's critique of the Staged Self-Directed Learning Model, the author welcomes Tennant's point that a mismatch between teacher and student styles may be at times more effective than a match, and his reminder that self-direction should not be considered a generic quality like psychological maturity. The model, however, does not denigrate directive teaching methods, as Tennant claims. It has found wide acceptance and has been recently re-invented by others at least twice. Teachers can detect a student's degree of self-direction by observation (though this may be more difficult than it first appeared). The author restates the major claims of the model and identifies new research questions.
Beyond Galileo's Telescope: Situated Knowledge and the Assessment of Experiential Learning
Authors: Michelson Elana
Published: March 2007

For all their celebration of experiential learning, current approaches to the assessment of prior experiential learning (APEL) are consistent with and, in some respects, trapped within Enlight-enment theories of knowledge. Alternative epistemologies offered by post-modernist, feminist, and anti-racist theory suggest a different conceptual underpinning for APEL. Reinscribed within an epistemology of situated knowledge, APEL can grant visibility to outsider knowledge that is valuable for its divergence from academic ways of knowing, not only its similarity, and rewrite the relationship between experiential learning and academic authority.
Exploring Alternative Research Epistemologies for Adult Education: Participatory Research, Feminist Research and Feminist Participatory Research
Authors: Joyappa Vinitha , Martin Donna J.
Published: March 2007

Although there has been a growing interest in participatory research and feminist research as streams of social science inquiry, they remain largely peripheral to North American adult education research paradigms. This paper is based on the premise that alternative epistemologies can enhance research practices and further the democratizing aims of adult education. The authors review the emergence of participatory, feminist, and the developing feminist participatory approaches with emphasis on international dimensions of research interests. Possible ways in which these emancipatory approaches can reconceptualize and impact adult education discourse and research frameworks are suggested.
The Politics of Planning Culturally Relevant AIDS Prevention Education for African-American Women
Authors: Archie-Booker D. Elaine , Cervero Ronald M. , Langone Christine A.
Published: March 2007

The central purposes of the study were to determine: 1) the extent to which the programs of a community-based AIDS education provider were culturally relevant for African-American women, and 2) what organizational and social factors in the program planning process influence whether these programs are culturally relevant. Using the Cervero and Wilson theoretical framework, a qualitative case study of an AIDS community services agency was conducted using interviews with staff and board members, participant-observations of three programs, and analysis of agency documents. The study showed that, except for a one-hour segment of one program, the overall AIDS education efforts were not culturally relevant for African-American women. Three factors accounted for this lack of cultural relevancy: (a) the organizational image and financing were directed toward the interests of its white gay male leadership, (b) the internal interpretation of the agency's educational mission did not include a focus on African-American women, and (c) the organizational structure did not support substantive representation of the interests of African-American women in regard to programmatic decisions. It is concluded that power relations manifested themselves concretely through these factors in the social and organizational context, which by defining African-American learners as generic entities, produced undifferentiated educational programs.
Loneliness in Late Adolescence: A Social Skills Training Study
Authors: Adams Gerald R. , Openshaw D. Kim , Bennion Layne , Mills Tom , Noble Sean
Published: March 2007

A social deficit hypothesis has been advanced to predict loneliness during adolescence. As a test of this hypothesis, two studies were completed. The first investigation involved the factor analysis of the UCLA Loneliness Scale to assess for unidimensionality versus multidimensionality. Three forms of loneliness were derived-psychological, psychosocial and social loneliness. Internal consistency and predictive validity were estimated for the three subscales. In the second investigation a social skills training study was completed with females who reported high levels of loneliness and inadequate or marginal social skills. A standard pretest posttest experimental and control group design was utilized. Acquisition of social skills was observed to be associated with decreased psychosocial and social loneliness but not psychological loneliness. However, no effects were observed on self-perceived social inhibition.
Television and Movie Behaviors of Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Adolescents
Authors: Solderman Anne K. , Greenberg Bradley S. , Linsangan Renato
Published: March 2007

Television and film viewing by many adolescents constitutes a substantial part of their leisure time. While no single factor can account wholly for the development of sexually-oriented attitudes, values, and behaviors, it is believed that media play at least a subtle role. The purpose of this study was to determine whether media viewing habits of pregnant and non-pregnant, Black and White adolescent girls differ and how they differ. Data were collected by questionnaires given to 649 9th and 10th grade girls in three large high schools and 146 pregnant adolescents in alternative education programs in the same Midwestern state. Systematic analysis of sexual content in the soaps, primetime TV, and R-rated films most viewed by these adolescents revealed that Blacks and the pregnant adolescents had significantly greater exposure to the media. Pregnant respondents watched television programming more often in the company of their steady boyfriends than did their non-pregnant peers. Black adolescents reported a greater effort by their parents to control viewing behaviors.
Family Structure and Adolescence
Authors: Aptekar Lewis
Published: March 2007

The characteristics of two family structures in Colombia and their methods of childrearing were described from participant observational data. The data illustrated that street childrenz camefrompoorfamilies that were matrifocal and of indigenous orAfrican descentt. Tley raised children for early independence. The class-dominant, Spanish patrifocal families had methods of child-rearing that demanded strict obedience to paretntal authority and delaved adolescent independence. The present study illustrated that the street children's early independence in a rapidly changing and volatile society increased the presslure on the state to exert its waning authority. The children were then described usinig ethnographic standards. The study demonstrated the difficulty of getting accurate information about a largc social problem, and illustrated that adolescence was defined itn a historical and societal context.
Long-Term Effects of Sibling Death during Adolescence
Authors: Fanos Joanna H. , Nickerson Bruce G.
Published: March 2007

The authors explored the long-term consequences for adolescents of surviving a sibling afflicted with cystic fibrosis. Seventy-five adults were interviewed whose siblings had died from cystic fibrosis in the 1960s and 1970s. Subjects were drawn from case records at Children's Hospital, Boston; Children's Hospital, Oakland; and the University of California, San Francisco. For quantitative analysis, a sample wasdrawn of25 survivors who were under the age of 19 years at the time of the death. Anxiety and depression scales derived from the Hopkins checklist were used, and a 3-point scale developed for guilt. There were no significant relationships between sibling adaptation and number of siblings lost, birth order and gender, family size, or time since death of sibling. The age of the surviving sibling at the time of the death was statistically significant. Those who had been between 13 and 17 years of age at the time of the loss expressed the most symptoms. They were troubled by a global sense of guilt, guilt over their handling of the sibling's illness and death, and survival guilt. They also manifested global anxiety, bodily concerns and feelings of vulnerability, fear of intimacy, excessive concern for others, somatic complaints, and sleeping difficulties.
Stress and Coping among Pregnant Adolescents
Authors: Anda Diane , Darroch Pat , Davidson Marion , Gilly Jennifer , Javidi Mitra , Jefford Susan , Komorowski Rob , Morejon-Schrobsdorf Alina
Published: March 2007

To obtain information regarding the responses to stress and the degree of stress experienced by pregnant adolescents, a sample of 120 pregnant adolescents was given three measures of stress: the State TraitAnxiety Inventory (STAI), the Sources of Stress Inventory, and the Pregnant Adolescent/Adolescent Mother Stress Measure. A majority of the respondents reported experiencing dysphoric affect in response to stress. Those ivithin the sample who reported experiencing the highest degree of stress also reported a greater degree of anger andfrustration as well as dysphoria. Specific coping strategies for dealing with stress were employed infiequently and were viewed as minimally effective. When coping strategies were used, however, those employed were more often adaptiv e (e.g., relaxation, distraction) than maladaptive (e.g., substance abuse, aggression). The only individual reported to be afrequent source of stress was the unborn child's father, a source of great stress for 43.3% of the pregnant adolescents.
Alcohol and Drug Use during Sexual Activity
Authors: Jemmott John B. , Jemmott Loretta Sweet
Published: March 2007

The relation of alcohol and drug use during sexual activity to increased HIV risk-associated behavior was examined among 108 inner-city Black male adolescents who completed a self-administered questionnaire. Adolescents who reported a greater number of days in which they had sex while "high" reported more unprotected coitus, a greater number of coital partners, a greater number of risky coital partners, and more frequent insertive anal intercourse than did those who reported fewer days on which they had sex while high. For the most part, these relations remained significant when total frequency of sexY, a correlate of having sex while high, was included in the regression equation. The only exception was failure to use condoms. These results support the view that alcohol and drug use during sexual activity may affect the nature of the sexual behavior in which Black male adolescents engage, although it may not affect whether they use condoms.
A Longitudinal Investigation of the Relationship between Educational Investment and Adolescent Sexual Activity
Authors: Ohannessian Christine McCauley , Crockett Lisa J.
Published: March 2007

The relation between educational investment and sexual behavior was examined longitudinally in a sample of479 rural adolescents. Surveys were administered to the subjects twice-once when they were in the 8th, 9th, and 10th grades, and again 2 years later, when they were in the 10th, 11th, and 12th grades. Results indicated that among girls, educational investment predicted sexual activity, with academic grades in school significantly predicting reportedfrequency of sexual activity 2 years later. In contrast,forboys, sexual involvement predicted later educational investment, particularly involvement in academic activities. These findings suggest different developmental pattems for boys and girls. For girls, academic involvement may limit their sexual activity. However, sexual activity does not seem to reduce educational involvement. In contrast, sexual activity is associated with less involvement in academic activities for boys. The possible reasons for these gender differences are discussed.
The Sense of Self and Identity among Adolescents and Adults
Authors: Glodis Kimberly A. , Blasi Augusto
Published: March 2007

This investigation pursued the study of the subjective experience of identity that was initiated in 1991 byBlasiandMilton. The conceptual categories thatwere usedto explore differences in the experience of identity correspond tofour identity modes thatpreviously had been derivedfrom a secondary analysis of the Loevinger ego development categories. This study focused on two modes, Identity Observed and Management of Identity, and was guided by two main hypotheses: (a) patterns of subjects' responses should closely correspond to the identity modes; and (b) the main characteristics of these modes, as represented by five self scales as well as the overall response patterns, should differentiate a group of middle adolescents from a group of adults. Data were derived from extensive interviews on themes related to the subjective experience of self and identity with 15 high school seniors and 15 adults, all women. The hypotheses were confirmed.
Affective Expression in Family Problem-Solving Discussions with Adolescent Boys
Authors: Capaldi Deborah M. , Forgatch Marion S. , Crosby Lynn
Published: March 2007

Families who fail to stay problem-focused and instead resort to the exchange of negatively charged emotions during family problem-solving discussions tend to have more distressed adolescents and also fail to solve their disputes. The current study examined the role of 10 affects observed during family problem solving for an at-risk sample of approximately 200 boys and their parent(s). Affects were assessed at Grade 8 and at Grade 10 as part of an ongoing longitudinal study with extensive multimethod, multi-agent assessments. Stability of affect over the 2-year period as well as the relation of affect to problem-solving outcome, parent-adolescent relationship, and adolescent self-esteem was examined. Analyses were conducted by family structure (intact, single-mother, stepfather). Results provided evidence for the value of studying the role of a range of affects in family interaction andfor the predictive validity of observed affects duringfamily process.
Disordered Eating and Weight Control among Adolescent Female Athletes and Performance Squad Members
Authors: Taub Diane E. , Blinde Elaine M.
Published: March 2007

Female adolescents and individuals participating in activities that emphasize body shape and control have been identified as risk groups for eating disorders. The purpose of this study was to determine whether certain groups of adolescentfemales are more vulnerable to disordered eating patterns or usage of pathogenic weight control techniques (e.g., diuretics, diet pills, fasting, laxatives, induced vomiting). Questionnaire responses were obtainedfrom 650 high schoolfemales-302 athletes (basketball, track andfield/crosscountry, volleyball, tennis, and softball), 89 performance squad members (e.g., cheerleaders, pom-pom teams, majorettes), and 259 students not engaged in these activities. Although sport and performance squads emphasized body shape and control, involvement in these organized physical activity contexts did not differentiate adolescents most at risk. However, I of every 5 students in the total sample had responses reflective of disturbed eating patterns, and 5% through 7% reported daily use of pathogenic weight control techniques.
The Differentiation of "Firm" and "Developmental" Foreclosure Identity Statuses
Authors: Kroger Jane
Published: March 2007

The present exploratory study was undertaken for the purpose of empirically differentiating 'firm "from "developmental "foreclosure subjects in the Marcia ego identity status modeL A total of 131 university students volunteeredfor the first phase of this study in 1990. Each was administered the Marcia Identity Status Interview, foursubscales of the Separation-Individuation Test of Adolescence (SJTA), and an Early Memories Interview. Of the participants, 80 were reassessed 2 years later on the same measures. Firm foreclosure subjects (who retained their foreclosure rating over 2 years) had higher nurturance seeking scores than did developmental foreclosure, moratorium, and achieved individuals at the outset of the study. Firm foreclosure participants also had more frequent early memory themes of seeking security at the outset of the study than did developmentalforeclosure, moratorium, or achieved subjects. The ability to differentiate firm from developmental foreclosure late adolescents holds important implications for theory construction andfuture research.
The Influence of Family Regulation, Connection, and Psychological Autonomy on Six Measures of Adolescent Functioning
Authors: Hennan Melissa R. , Dornbusch Sanford M. , Herron Michael C. , Herting Jerald R.
Published: March 2007

This study disaggregated parenting styles into three socialization dimensions: connection/involvement, regulation, and psychological autonomy. Six dependent variables were used (grades and educational expectations, psychological and somatic symptoms, and delinquent acts and substance use), and the three socialization measures were associated individually with all six outcomes. When multiple regressions included all three socialization measures simultaneously, connection/involvement was associated positively with educational outcomes, whereas regulation andpsychological autonomy were associated significantly with all six outcomes in the three domains. For deviance, regulation appeared to be the strongest socialization dimension. For health, psychological autonomy was the strongest. Educational outcomes were more balanced among the three socialization measures, with all three contributing positively to these outcomes. Using instrumental variables allowed the regression models to isolate the direction of causality from the socialization variables to the six outcomes. The impact of each socialization dimension was stable across allfour ethnic groups and both genders.
Family Processes, Identity Development, and Behavioral Outcomes for Adopted Adolescents
Authors: Grotevant Harold D.
Published: March 2007

Relationship processes of connection, regulation, and autonomy within families are considered with respect to the development of identity in adopted adolescents. Following discussion of the changing nature ofadoptive family relationships in North America and conceptual and methodological issues in the study of identity, it is argued that coherence of identity narratives can serve as a useful window on adolescent development. A research agenda linking family processes with identity development in adopted adolecsents that involves both descriptive and hypothesis-testing phases is outlined. It is specifically hypothesized that variations in openness in adoption (forms of connection) moderate the relation between family process and adolescent outcomes and that identity (a form of autonomy) mediates this link.
Collective Regulation of Adolescent Misbehavior
Authors: Sampson Robert J.
Published: March 2007

This study tested a neighborhood-level approach to what often is treated as a purely familial or within-household phenomenon-the infonmal social control of children. The data analyzed were drawn from a new, multilevel assessment of 80 neighborhoods in Chicago. The results showed that, first, informal social control can be measured reliably at the neighborhood level. Second, three dimensions of neighborhood structure-concentrated poverty, ethnicity/immigration, and residential stability-were found to explain significant amounts of variation in child social control. Third, informal social control mediated 50% of the effect of residential stability on rates of adolescent delinquency. Even afteradjustingforprior levels of crime in the neighborhood, informal social control emerged as a significant inhibitor of adolescent delinquency. The collective social control of children is an important construct that should be added to theoretical accounts and research projects that stress social regulation in families.
Cognitive Complexity of Expectations and Adjustment to University in the First Year
Authors: Pancer S. Mark , Hunsberger Bruce , Pratt Michael W. , Alisat Susan
Published: March 2007

Expectations about university and subsequent adjustment in the first year were examined in a longitudinal study of the transition to university. Two hundred and twenty-six students (158 females and 68 males) completed a preuniversity questionnaire in the summer prior to beginning university, and another questionnaire in February of their first year. The preuniversity questionnaire contained measures that assessed perceived stress and the amount and sources of information students had about university, as well as open-ended questions concerning their expectations about university. Responses to the open-ended questions were coded for integrative complexity of thought. The February questionnaire contained measures of adjustment to university. Results indicated that students with more complex expectations about university tended to adjust better to stressful circumstances than did students who had simpler expectations. The stress-buffering properties of complex expectations are discussed, as are some of the factors that may contribute to more complex thinking about university.
Middle-Grade Predictors of Students’ Motivation and Behavior in High School
Authors: Murdock Tamera B. , Anderman Lynley H. , Hodge Sheryl A.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated students’ school context, motivation, and behavior across the transition to high school. During the final marking period of 7th and 9th grades, students completed questionnaires assessing their academic self-concept and perceptions of the motivational context created by teachers, peers, and their economic opportunity structure. Achievement and discipline data were also collected at both time points. Ninth graders provided data on their motivation (effort and valuing of education) and future academic plans. Students reported more positive motivational contexts in 9th grade versus 7th grade, particularly with respect to teachers. Seventh-grade contextual variables were associated with 9th-grade motivation and adjustment. Discriminant function analyses found that 7th-grade variables discriminated between least adjusted and better adjusted high school students. Students’7th-grade discipline referrals, doubts about the economic value of education, and negative expectations of peers and teachers were the best discriminators between less and more adjusted 9th graders.
Voluntary Service, Peer Group Orientation, and Civic Engagement
Authors: Youniss James , Mclellan Jeffrey A. , Mazer Barbara
Published: March 2007

Responses from students at two suburban Catholic high schools were analyzed to identify associations among peer group orientation, voluntary service, and civic engagement measures.Crowd types were constructed through cluster analysis of reputational group activities.Types were called School, Disengaged, All-Around, Fun, and Average.School crowd members were likely to volunteer for social service activities and unlikely not to volunteer; Fun crowd members showed the opposite tendency.All-Around crowd members were likely to choose functionary service compared with other crowds.Crowd membership was also differentiated on civic engagement measures.School crowd members were likely to participate in school clubs versus Fun members.School, All-Around, and Average crowd members had high scores on future service intentions, compared with Fun and Disengaged crowd members.School and Average crowd members scored high on intentions for political activities.These results support our theory of social-historical identity development.
Acculturation, Gender Role Orientation, and Reproductive Risk-Taking Behavior among Latina Adolescent Family Planning Clients
Authors: Kaplan Celia P. , Erickson Pamela I. , Juarez-Reyes María
Published: March 2007

This article explores the influence of demographic, sociocultural, and risk proneness indicators on age at first intercourse, number of lifetime sexual partners, and number of pregnancies in a sample of 670 Latina adolescents age 14-19 recruited from two publicly funded familyplanning clinics. Acculturation accounted for a small but statisticallysignificant amount of the variation explained for all three reproductive behaviors. Being less acculturated was associated with older age at initiation of sexual intercourse, fewer lifetime sexual partners, and fewer pregnancies. Substance experimentation was associated with earlier sexual debut and more sexual partners but with fewer pregnancies. Gender role orientation was significant onlyfor age at first intercourse. More traditional young women were older at sexual debut. These results suggest that gender role orientation is important for delaying first intercourse, but once sexually active, acculturation and substance experimentation become more important influences on sexual risk taking among Latina adolescents.
Predictors of Competence among Offspring of Depressed Mothers
Authors: Garber Judy , Little Stephanie
Published: March 2007

From a prospective study of 185 offspring of depressed mothers, 51 children were identified in sixth grade as being high competent, which was defined as high functioning and without psychopathology. During the next 2 years, 18 of these high competent children developed problems. Compared to these 18 decreased competent children, the 33 continuously competent children reported at Time 1 significantly more commitment to achievement, more positive coping, better family relationships, and greater social support. In addition, the decreased competence group reported experiencing more hassles during junior high school. Both commitment to achievement and better family relationships moderated the relation between school hassles and competence. That is, among adolescents experiencing higher levels of hassles during junior high school, greater commitment to achievement and better family relationships were associated with higher competence.
Academic Functioning and Mental Health in Adolescence
Authors: Roeser Robert W. , Eccles Jacquelynne S. , Freedman-Doan Carol
Published: March 2007

The current study examines patterns of academic functioning and mental health in 184 middle school children and the relation of such patterns to their prior and subsequent functioning. Data were collected from children during their second, third, fourth, eighth, and ninth grade school years. Cluster analyses were used to delineate patterns of academic functioning and mental health during eighth grade. The authors examined the relation of these patterns to academic functioning and mental health 1 year later the transition to high school, and then examined the long-term developmental roots of the eighth grade patterns using data collected during elementary school years. Results indicated variegated patterns of academic and emotional functioning at eighth grade and stability in these patterns across the high school transition. Some long-term continuity was found among children showing uniformly positive or negative functioning at eighth grade. Studying child functioning across multiple domains and time periods is discussed.
Circadian Photoentrainment: Parameters of Phase Delaying
Authors: DeCoursey Patricia J.
Published: March 2007

Experiments were carried out using simulated den cages to delineate specific char acteristics of phase delaying in circadian photoentrainment of a nocturnal rodent, the flying squirrel. The principal experiments entailed presentation of one to five consecutive 15-min white-light pulses per activity cycle at activity onset to animals free-running in darkness, in order to determine the immediate and final phase-shifting effect. Auxiliary experiments recorded entrainment patterns on light-dark (LD) schedules in the den cages. Phase response curves (PRCs) based on 15-min white-light pulses in standard wheel cages were also constructed for these animals as background information for interpreting the phase-delaying experiments. Exposure of a den animal to light by light sampling at the time of initial arousal from the rest state at circadian time (CT) 12, either by an LD schedule or by a 15-min light pulse, resulted in a return to the nest box for a short rest period. The phase delay occurring after a single light exposure at activity onset was equal to the induced rest, thus suggesting an immediate phase shift. The maximum delay was about 11/2 hr/cycle, with the amount of delay related to the number of light exposures. During the photoentrained state on an LD schedule, the activity rhythm of a den-housed animal was essentially free-running on the days following a phase delay. The data are used to expand current models for photoentrainment of circadian activity rhythms in nocturnal rodents.
Intraspecific Allometry of Basal Metabolic Rate: Relations with Body Size, Temperature, Composition, and Circadian Phase in the Kestrel, Falco tinnunculus
Authors: Daan Serge , Masman Dirkjan , Strijkstra Arjen , Verhulst Simon
Published: March 2007

The relationship between body size and basal metabolic rate (BMR) in homeo therms has been treated in the literature primarily by comparison between species of mammals or birds. This paper focuses on the intraindividual changes in BMR when body mass (W) varies with different maintenance regimens. BMR varied in individual kestrels in proportion to W1.67, which is considerably steeper than the mass exponents for homomorphic change (0.667; Heusner, 1984) for interspecific comparison among all birds (0.677) or raptors (0.678), for interindividual comparison of kestrels on ad libitum maintenance regimens (0.786), and for mass proportionality (1.00). The circadian range of telemetered core temperature also varied more strongly with intraindividual than with interspecific (Aschoff, 1981a) variation in mass. This was due to reduced nocturnal core temperature at low-maintenance regimens, which was, however, insufficient to account for the excessive reduction in BMR. Carcass analysis of eight birds sacrificed revealed a disproportionate reduction in heart and kidney lean mass at low-maintenance regimens. We surmise that variation in BMR primarily reflects variation in these metabolically highly active tissues. This may account for positive correlations found between heart, kidney, and BMR residuals relative to interspecific allometric prediction, and between α and p residuals, as expected on the basis of the constant excess of BMR during α above BMR during p (Aschoff & Pohl, 1970a).
Circadian Components of Semilunar and Lunar Timing Mechanisms
Authors: Neumann Dietrich
Published: March 2007

The timing of semilunar as well as lunar reproductive rhythms has been analyzed in different geographic populations of the intertidal chironomid Clunio. In stocks of three populations differing in period and phase relationship with the lunar month, these long-term rhythms were synchronized in the laboratory by using artificial moonlight cycles of 30 days in otherwise 24-hr light-dark (LD) cycles (0.4 lux during 4 successive nights every 30 days in LD 12:12). In LD cycles of various periods, a strong synchronization was only possible in LD 12:12 and LD 11:11, whereas in LD 10:10 and LD 15:15 the synchronization by the 30-"day" moonlight cycle was weak or even absent.
Reentrainment of Motor Activity and Spontaneous Neuronal Activity in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus of Djungarian Hamsters
Authors: Puchalski Wolfgang , Saarela Seppo , Lynch G. Robert
Published: March 2007

Neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus exhibit a daily rhythm in spontaneous electrical activity Essentially two methods have been employed to record this circadian rhythm: (1) an in vitro brain slice technique and (2) in vivo multiunit recordings. Reentrainment of a circadian output to a shifted light:dark cycle commonly takes several cycles (depending on the amount of shift) until completed. Such a resetting kinetic has also been shown to be valid for SCN electrical activity if recorded in vivo. In an in vitro slice preparation, however, pharmacologically induced resetting is much faster and lacks transients; that is, a shift is completed within one cycle. This study was designed to probe for the presence of transients in the neuronal activity of the SCN in a brain slice preparation. The authors exposed Djungarian hamsters to an 8-h advanced or delayed light:dark cycle and monitored wheel-running activity during reentrainment. Additional groups of identically treated hamsters were used to record the pattern of spontaneous neuronal activity within the SCN using the brain slice preparation. Neuronal activity exhibited the usual rhythm with high firing rates during the projected day and low firing rates during the projected night. However, following 1 day of exposure to the 8-h advanced light:dark cycle, this rhythm disappeared in 6 of 7 slices. Rhythmicity was still absent following 3 days of exposure to the advanced light:dark cycle (n = 4). By contrast, 3 of 7 slices prepared from hamsters exposed to a delayed light:dark cycle for 3 days exhibited a daily rhythm in electrical activity Although pharmacological agents reset the in vitro SCN neuronal activity almost instantaneously and in in vivo studies a stable phase relationship to a shifted light:dark cycle occurs gradually over several cycles, the authors did not detect either of these patterns. Such differences in resetting kinetics (e.g., rapid resetting, gradual reentrainment, temporary lack of measurable rhythmicity) may be due to (a) application of a resetting stimulus in vivo versus in vitro, (b) duration of the resetting stimulus, (c) the nature of the resetting stimulus, or (d) the recording technique employed.
Ocular Melatonin Rhythms in the Goldfish, Carassius auratus
Authors: Iigo Masayuki , Furukawa Kiyoshi , Hattori Atsuhiko , Ohtani-Kaneko Ritsuko , Hara Masayuki , Suzuki Takuro , Tabata Mitsuo , Aida Katsumi
Published: March 2007

Ocular melatonin rhythms in the goldfish were studied and compared to those in the pineal organ and plasma. Under light:dark (LD) of 12 h light:12 h dark, melatonin contents in the eye as well as the pineal organ and plasma exhibited clear day-night changes with higher levels at mid-dark than at mid-light. However, melatonin contents in the eye at mid-light and mid-dark were approximately 100 and 9 times greater than those in the pineal organ, respectively. Day-night changes of ocular melatonin persisted after pinealectomy, which abolished those in plasma melatonin under LD 12:12. Ocular melatonin contents in the pinealectomized fish at mid-light were significantly higher than those in the sham-operated control. Under constant darkness (DD), circadian melatonin rhythms were observed in the eye but damped on the 3rd day, whereas plasma melatonin rhythms generated by the pineal organ persisted for at least 3 days. Under constant light, ocular melatonin contents exhibited a significant fluctuation with a smaller amplitude than that under DD, whereas plasma melatonin remained at low levels. These results indicate the involvement of LD cycles, a circadian clock, and the pineal organ in the regulation of ocular melatonin rhythms in the goldfish.
Plant Closures and Worker Displacement
Authors: Howland Marie
Published: March 2007

This paper surveys the theoretical and empirical research on the causes of plant closures and the types of communities most likely to experience capital disinvestment. The article also explores the impact of a plant closure or mass layoff on the displaced worker and the characteristics of workers who suffer the largest income losses from displacement. One of the most debated policies to assist displaced workers and communities is to require employers to give workers advance notice of an impending closure. This paper reviews the literature on the impact of prenotification on the reemployment success of displaced workers, and finally, it reviews the implications of the above findings for planning practice.
Reconsidering Planning and Environmental Protection
Authors: Harris Glenn , King Leslie
Published: March 2007

Recognizing that environmental problems transcend political boundaries, planners have advocated centralization of policy to protect the environment. Strategies of growth management have recommended state preemption of land-use planning traditionally exercised by local government. Thus, a strong bias against local planning has been reinforced in the literature over the last two decades. Based on studies in rural areas of the Northeast, this article questions the prevailing attitudes and underlying assumptions about local planning. The research demonstrates that people in rural areas are concerned about environmental issues, that local planning boards do not reject land control for environmental protection, and that state planning may not protect the rural environment more effectively than local planning.
Small Towns, Political Culture, and Policy Innovation
Authors: Mattson Gary A. , Burke Anthony T.
Published: March 2007

Even though small towns are in the throes of socioeconomic change, their political culture is generally still based in traditional individualism. As a result, planning in small towns is rarely innovative, even when planning professionals are hired to direct the planning process. This article reviews the literature on political culture and policy innovation in small town America, and describes approaches for rural and small town planners to follow in order to be effective.
Community in Theory and Practice: A Framework for Intellectual Renewal
Authors: Morris Elizabeth W.
Published: March 2007

This bibliography identifies a wide range of theories, research, and institutional practices linking ideas of urban community with the processes of urban development. The author argues that urban communities exist in multiple structural forms and that they emerge from the efforts of people embedded in diverse contexts to shape the physical, social, and economic conditions of their environment. Sources reference modern foundations, postmodern perspectives, spatial and social structures (neighborhoods, networks, and organizations), values and ideologies, ethnicity and class, political economy of urban development, citizen participation in planning, environmental design, community development, and community economic development.
The Effects of Migration on Planning in Canada, Mexico, and the United States: An Annotated Bibliography
Authors: Huntoon Laura , Pierce-Thomas Edie
Published: March 2007

This bibliography provides abstracts of recent publications on the effects of immigration and emigration. Planning journals form the core of citations included, but important references from economics, sociology, and political studies also are incorporated. The focus is on the contiguous countries of the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Most of the articles abstracted here look at the effects of immigration and emigration within a country or within a smaller area's borders; the rest deal with immigration and emigration from an international perspective.
A Feminist Approach to Working With Homeless Women
Authors: Brown Kaaren Strauch , Ziefert Marjorie
Published: March 2007

This article describes the application of a developmental model in work with groups of homeless women in two shelters and delineates the types of homeless women and the stages through which the women go as they develop. The women's development occurs in the context of affiliation, attachment, and relationship and moves from an emphasis on self to a reconnection to the community.
For Love and Money: Women as Foster Mothers
Authors: Smith Brenda , Smith Tina
Published: March 2007

In traditional foster care, the child welfare system has generally pitted foster mothers and natural mothers against each other as "good" and "bad" mothers, according to the prevailing ideologies about motherhood. This article describes how a progressive Australian foster care agency, with feminist insights into this situation, has attempted to organize foster care in ways that emphasize collaboration, rather than conflict, between the women who are involved.
Dilemmas and Demands: Working With Adult Survivors of Sexual Abuse
Authors: Mennen Ferol E.
Published: March 2007

Although knowledge of the incidence, psychological outcome, and treatment of childhood sexual abuse has burgeoned, information about the consequences for therapists in treating survivors is limited. This article highlights the conflicts, dilemmas, and demands that arise for social workers who provide services to women who were sexually abused as children. It offers suggestions for dealing with these prob lems and discusses the implications for professional education.
Child Sexual Abuse: Impact on Mothers
Authors: Carter Betty
Published: March 2007

This article explores the broader context in which child sexual abuse occurs and the ethic of blame with respect to mothers of victims. It is based on in-depth interviews with 24 mothers after their children's disclosure, interviews with 15 experts in this area, and an analysis of child welfare case records. It concludes that policy and practice based on familist ideology results in a service delivery system that is insen sitive to the needs and rights of women and sexually abused children.
AIDS, Health Policy, and Ethics
Authors: Kaplan Mark S. , Krell-Long Laurie
Published: March 2007

AIDS is now a disease primarily of disadvantaged people of color, and a particularly vulnerable group is poor women of color. This article presents a general view of HIV testing from the perspective of the contemporary surveillance and control of urban populations, using a proposed Illinois state neonatal-maternal testing policy targeted at high seroprevalence areas as an example to demonstrate that surveillance and the regulation of women's bodies as an AIDS-control strategy reproduce hegemonic relationships of power.
Feminist Standpoint Theory and the Questions of Social Work Research
Authors: Swigonski Mary E.
Published: March 2007

This article presents feminist standpoint theory as an alternative epistemology for social work research—an alternative theory of what makes knowledge possible and how to get it—and discusses the outcomes and consequences of a research so transformed. Three issues raised by standpoint theory are used to refocus the questions of social work research: What is the base of the research? What is the purpose of the research? How does this project incorporate researchers' ref lexivity?
Developing Resources for Incest Survivors Through a Training Project for Service Providers
Authors: Gold Karen , Anderson Laura
Published: March 2007

This article describes a training project developed by a hospital-based women's health center to help service providers expand resources for survivors of incest. The project reflected a feminist social work approach based on an awareness of the connections among gender, power, and violence, as well as a commitment to social justice, empowerment of clients and service providers, and community building.
Low-Income Single Mothers: Myths and Realities
Authors: Nesto Barbara
Published: March 2007

Most studies of single mothers have investigated women who sought clinical treatment and thus have concluded that these women are troubled. The study presented here explored the everyday functioning of 50 poor single mothers in the community from a strengths or adaptation viewpoint, using both qualitative and quantitative methods and three theoretical perspectives on the importance of experiences in adult life to development. It found that despite these women's personal and economic hardships, significant personal growth took place.
Midlife Women With Disabilities: Another Challenge for Social Workers
Authors: Quinn Peggy , Walsh Sheri Keys
Published: March 2007

The paucity of information about midlife women with disabilities led to a qualitative study of 25 such women. The study found that these are competent, independent women who provide care for family mem bers and friends and participate in the community. However, the women need services to maintain the control necessary to function. Social workers can help them by locating role models and mentors and by working with policymakers to develop beneficial programs and policies.