bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of different approaches to transformation‐induced plasticity in steel
Authors: Wolff M. , Böhm M. , Suhr B.
Published: June 2009

Transformation‐induced plasticity (TRIP) is an important phenomenon of material behaviour of steel. It may lead to distortion of work‐pieces. As there are open questions in modelling and simulation, TRIP is an important field of current research. There are different modelling approaches. The well‐known Leblond model is implemented in the commercial program SYSTUS (SYSWELD)®. New experiments and investigations show that there are interaction effects between TRIP and classical plasticity which cannot be described by the Leblond model. In this contribution, we compare the Leblond model with an alternative approach, discussing advantages and deficiencies. Moreover, we present some first comparative simulations in 3d settings.
Evaluation of models for martensitic transformation and TRIP via comparison of experiments and simulations
Authors: Suhr B. , Frerichs F. , Hüßler I. , Wolff M.
Published: June 2009

The main aim of the investigations is to compare and evaluate several models of martensitic transformation and transformation‐induced plasticity (TRIP) for the bearing steel 100Cr6, with and without taking stress dependence into account. At first, the investigations are based on measured data of tension‐compression tests with small probes undergoing martensitic transformation at a special testing machine. Secondly, we consider martensitic quenching of thin conical rings. In case of symmetric quenching by gas nozzles, the rings undergo distortion the major part of which can only be explained by TRIP, while the usual plasticity is negligible. The 3D‐simulations will be compared with experimental data.
Gastric myoelectrical differences between Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy
Authors: Sakakibara Yumi , Asahina Masato , Suzuki Atsuya , Hattori Takamichi
Published: June 2009

The electrogastrogram (EGG) was recorded for 24 hours in 17 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, 17 multiple system atrophy (MSA) patients, and 8 healthy control subjects to elucidate the differences in the EGG findings between the two diseases. Eight EGG segments (3 preprandial, 3 postprandial, and 2 sleep segments) were selected from the total recording for spectral analysis, from which we obtained the dominant frequency (DF), instability coefficient of DF (ICDF), and low (LFR%), normal (NFR%), and high (HFR%) range power percentages of the total power. PD patients showed irregular slow waves, high HFR%, and high ICDF, whereas MSA patients showed regular slow waves and low ICDF. Although DF and NFR% increased after meal in controls, postprandial increases in DF and NFR% were less significant in both patient groups compared to the controls. The PD patients presented gastric dysrhythmias indicating gastric pacemaker disturbances. The MSA patients showed regular slow waves with low variability of the slow wave rhythm (low ICDF), which might have resulted from the involvement of gastric autonomic nerve function. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Substantia nigra echogenicity: A structural correlate of functional impairment of the dopaminergic striatal projection in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Weise David , Lorenz Reinhard , Schliesser Mira , Schirbel Andreas , Reiners Karlheinz , Classen Joseph
Published: June 2009

Transcranial sonography (TCS) reveals abnormal spatial extension of substantia nigra (SN) echogenicity in a high proportion of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). It has been proposed that this abnormality represents a structural trait that is mechanistically distinct from degeneration of dopaminergic nigrostriatal projection neurons. We sought to clarify the relationship between sonographic abnormalities of SN and dysfunction of striatal dopaminergic neurotransmission. We studied 50 patients with PD. The spatial extension of the echogenic SN area was compared with the activity of presynaptic striatal dopamine reuptake transporters, assessed in the same patients by I‐123‐2‐beta‐carbomethoxy‐3‐beta‐(4‐iodophenyl)‐tropane (β‐CIT) single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Extension of echogenic SN area correlated (inversely) with striatal activity of presynaptic dopamine reuptake transporter in PD patients (R = −0.417; P = 0.003) and with the equivalent levodopa dose (R = 0.380; P = 0.006; linear regression analysis). Findings support the hypothesis that in PD abnormal extension of echogenic SN area provides a direct structural marker of degeneration of SN neurons. Therefore, in PD, TCS and β‐CIT assess pathophysiologically related phenomena. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Effects of the level of feed intake and ergot contaminated concentrate on ergot alkaloid metabolism and carry over into milk
Authors: Schumann Barbara , Lebzien Peter , Ueberschär Karl‐Heinz , Dänicke Sven
Published: June 2009

The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of ergot contaminated concentrate at differing levels of feed intake on ergot alkaloid metabolism and carry over into milk. Twelve double fistulated (in the rumen and the proximal duodenum) Holstein Friesian cows were fed either the control diet (on a dry matter (DM) base: 60% maize silage, 40% concentrate) or the contaminated diet (concentrate contained 2.25% ergot, which caused an alkaloid concentration of the daily ration between 504.9 and 619.5 μg/kg DM) over a period of 4 weeks. Daily feed amounts were adjusted to the current performance which resulted in a dry matter intake (DMI) variation between 6.0 and 18.5 kg/day. The actual alkaloid exposure varied between 4.1 and 16.3 μg/kg body weight when the ergot contaminated concentrate was fed. Approximately 67% of the alkaloids fed were recovered in the duodenal ingesta, and ∼︁24% were excreted with the faeces. No alkaloid residues could be detected in the blood or milk samples.
Strategic dynamic sourcing from competing suppliers with transferable capacity investment
Authors: Li Cuihong , Debo Laurens G.
Published: June 2009

We study the supplier relationship choice for a buyer that invests in transferable capacity operated by a supplier. With a long‐term relationship, the buyer commits to source from a supplier over a long period of time. With a short‐term relationship, the buyer leaves open the option of switching to a new supplier in the future. The buyer has incomplete information about a supplies efficiency, and thus uses auctions to select suppliers and determine the contracts. In addition, the buyer faces uncertain demand for the product. A long‐term relationship may be beneficial for the buyer because it motivates more aggressive bidding at the beginning, resulting a lower initial price. A short‐term relationship may be advantageous because it allows switching, with capacity transfer at some cost, to a more efficient supplier in the future. We find that there exists a critical level of the switching cost above which a long‐term relationship is better for the buyer than a short‐term relationship. In addition, this critical switching cost decreases with demand uncertainty, implying a long‐term relationship is more favorable for a buyer facing volatile demand. Finally, we find that in a long‐term relationship, capacity can be either higher or lower than in a short‐term relationship. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 2009
Bizygomatic breadth determination in damaged skulls
Authors: Oskam C. L. , Premachandra I. M. , Dias G. J.
Published: June 2009

Metric and discriminant function analyses of the skull have been used successfully to determine ancestry and sex from human skeletal remains in both forensic and archaeological contexts. However, skulls are frequently discovered in damaged condition. One structure that is commonly fragmented, even when the rest of the skull is preserved, is the zygomatic arch. The bizygomatic width is an important measurement in craniometry and in forensic facial reconstruction for determining facial width; therefore we propose a simple linear regression model to predict the bizygomatic width of skulls with damaged zygomatic arches. Thirty‐one adult skulls originating from the Indian sub‐continent were used to measure the bizygomatic width. Then, on the same skulls, a straight steel wire was placed at the superior surface of the temporal and zygomatic origins of the zygomatic arch to simulate the zygomatic arch reconstruction on damaged skulls. These wire measurements were used to fit a simple linear regression model between the bizygomatic widths and the wire measurements, and the estimated regression model; Bizygomatic Width (bone) = 0.61 + 1.02(wire measurement), has a very high R2 value of 0.91. Hence, this model could effectively be used to predict bizygomatic widths based on wire measurements. In addition, the bizygomatic widths and wire measurements were collected from 14 New Zealand European skulls to test the ability of the regression model to determine bizygomatic widths from different ethnic groups. This model accurately predicted the bizygomatic widths in New Zealands of European origin skulls and therefore suggests that this regression model could be used for other ethnic groups. The importance of the bizygomatic width for craniometric analysis makes this regression model particularly useful for analysing archaeological samples. Furthermore, this regression line can be used in the field of forensic facial reconstruction to reconstruct damaged zygomatic arches prior to facial reconstructions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cancer Research UK's Cancer Campaigns function: moving into the campaigning arena
Authors: Spiers Jon
Published: June 2009

This paper explores the evolution of patient and public involvement in campaigning at Cancer Research UK.

Cancer Research UK is the world's leading charity dedicated to cancer research. They support research into all aspects of cancer through the work of more than 4500 scientists, doctors and nurses in over 40 towns and cities in the UK. They produce information for audiences including cancer patients and their families, the general public and health professionals. They also work with government in Westminster, Scotland, Wales and Europe to ensure cancer is at the top of the political agenda.

In 4 years, the charity grew its campaigner base from zero to well over a third of a million people. This case study covers the research exercise in 2004, the 2005 launch of the pilot and growth of the nascent campaigning function, the major campaigns up to 2008 and what lessons were learnt from them.

The aim of this case study is to examine how the process occurred, share insights into the challenges and opportunities, and make recommendations for any organization considering a similar move.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Marriage: Cause or mere indicator of future earnings growth?
Authors: Mincy Ronald , Hill Jennifer , Sinkewicz Marilyn
Published: June 2009

The hypothesis that marriage increases men's earnings has contributed to legislative support for the Healthy Marriage Initiative (HMI). However, previous studies of this phenomenon have not controlled for many relevant characteristics that select men into marriage, nor have they focused on low‐income, unmarried fathers—the population targeted by HMI. We use the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, which measures many previously unobserved confounders, to test for a relationship between marriage and earnings. We use a variety of analytic strategies to control for selection (including differencing and propensity scores) and find no evidence of an effect of transitions to marriage on the earnings of unmarried fathers that differs from zero, either for the full sample or subsamples defined by race‐ethnic category and baseline cohabitation status. © 2009 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Crystal distribution and molecule orientation of micro injection molded polypropylene microstructured parts
Authors: Lu Zhen , Zhang K.F.
Published: June 2009

Polypropylene (PP) microstructured part which comprises micro columns array and a macroscopical base plate was manufactured by micro injection molding. The morphology distribution in micro columns is quite different from that of the base plate. This article investigates the crystal distribution and molecule orientation of the microstructured part by X‐ray diffraction. The hardness of shear zone of micro columns was evaluated by Nano Indenter. Test results show that both micro columns and macroscopical base plate contain α and β phase. However, the relative proportion of β phase in micro columns is markedly higher than that of the base plate. β phase distributes only in the shear zone of the microstructured part. So, the mechanical properties of micro columns must differ from that of the base plate. In addition, the orientation of Ø100 μm micro columns is slight, which indicates that the mechanical anisotropy of micro columns induced by orientation could be ignored. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Further validation of the Systematic Screening for Behavior Disorders in middle and junior high school
Authors: Richardson Michael J. , Caldarella Paul , Young Benjamin J. , Young Ellie L. , Young K. Richard
Published: June 2009

The Systematic Screening for Behavior Disorders (SSBD), a screening system to identify elementary students at risk for emotional and behavioral disorders, was evaluated for use in middle and junior high schools. Teachers completed SSBD Stages One and Two on students in grades 6 to 8 who had characteristics of internalizing or externalizing disorders. Teacher, parent, and self‐rating forms of the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) and the Social Skills Rating System (SSRS) were also completed on 66 students nominated via the SSBD as at risk for internalizing and externalizing problems. Office discipline referrals and grade point averages, for students nominated at SSBD Stage One, were compared with nonnominated students resulting in medium to large effect sizes. Small to moderate correlations were also found between SSBD Stage Two scores and ASEBA and SSRS scores, including several from the parent and student forms. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A developmental continuum of phonological sensitivity skills
Authors: Pufpaff Lisa A.
Published: June 2009

A large body of evidence supports the link between acquisition of phonological sensitivity skills among young children and their later literacy achievement. This literature review presents a synthesis of the developmental nature of phonological sensitivity skills as assessed among typically developing children over the past 30 years. Phonological sensitivity is composed of both phonological awareness and phonemic awareness, each representing a distinct set of skills that emerge in a general developmental sequence among typically developing children. Yet, insufficient attention is being paid to the developmental nature of phonological sensitivity skills in our efforts to identify and remediate early literacy difficulties among children. This article presents the array of skills that constitute phonological sensitivity, ordered in a developmental continuum based on research evidence in order to create a bridge between scientific evidence and school‐based practices. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Viscoelastic behavior of polyacrylonitrile/dimethyl sulfoxide concentrated solution with water
Authors: Du Weiping , Chen Huifang , Xu Haifeng , Pan Ding , Pan Ning
Published: June 2009

The spinnability and polydispersity of polyacrylonitrile/dimethyl sulfoxide (PAN/DMSO)/H2O spinning solutions with conventional PAN molecular weight and comparative high PAN concentration have been investigated using a cone‐plate rheometer. It is observed from the measurements that, the viscosities of the solutions decreased with the rising of shear rate, and then stabilized to almost the same value, regardless of the PAN concentration. The chain orientation in the fiber formed under constant shear rate cannot be changed considerably even after long relaxation of more than 900s. For dynamic experiments, a steady increase of both G′ and G″ with escalating oscillation frequency was seen for all samples. Higher viscous‐elastic modulus at higher H2O content was found, too. It is also concluded from the log G′ − log G″ plot and the gel point that the PAN/DMSO/H2O system with regular PAN molecular weight behaves very close to a mono‐disperse system, thus very suitable for gel spinning and for preparation of high performance PAN precursor fiber. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 1437–1442, 2009
Amphiphilic polymer electrolytes consisting of PVC‐g‐POEM comb‐like copolymer and LiCF3SO3
Authors: Koh Joo Hwan , Lee Kyung Ju , Seo Jin Ah , Kim Jong Hak
Published: June 2009

An amphiphilic comb‐like copolymer consisting of a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) backbone and poly((oxyethylene)9 methacrylate) (POEM) side chains, PVC‐graft‐POEM was synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization. This comb copolymer was complexed with LiCF3SO3 to form a solid polymer electrolyte. FTIR and FT‐Raman spectroscopy indicate that lithium salts are dissolved in the ion conducting POEM domains of microphase‐separated graft copolymer up to 10 wt % of salt concentration. Microphase‐separated structure of the materials and the selective interaction of lithium ions with POEM domains were revealed by transmission electron microscopy, wide angle X‐ray scattering, and differential scanning calorimetry. The maximum ionic conductivity of 4.4 × 10−5 S/cm at room temperature was achieved at 10 wt % of salt concentration, above which salts are present as less mobile species such as ion pairs and higher order ionic aggregates, as characterized by FT‐Raman spectroscopy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 1443–1451, 2009
Women's perceptions and experience of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy account for their adherence: breast cancer patients' point of view
Authors: Pellegrini Isabelle , Sarradon‐Eck Aline , Ben Soussan Patrick , Lacour Anne‐Claude , Largillier Rémy , Tallet Agnès , Tarpin Carole , Julian‐Reynier Claire
Published: June 2009

Objective: The aim of this study on primary breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant tamoxifen treatment was to determine how their perceptions of the treatment and their experience of side‐effects contributed to their adherence to the treatment.

Methods: A consecutive series of primary breast cancer patients eligible for tamoxifen therapy were studied qualitatively by conducting semi‐structured in‐depth interviews at two French cancer centres.

Results: The women aged 35–65 (N=34) were struggling with several issues involving their understanding and experience of the treatment, which have not been documented so far. These issues included confusion about the ‘hormonal’ nature and activity of tamoxifen and the etiology of the changes in their menopausal status, as well as the symbolic associations formed by patients about the paradox of taking a treatment that has aging effects but saves lives.

Conclusions: This study shows the great physical burden often associated with tamoxifen treatment and brings to light women's own complex representations of the treatment and their interpretation of the side‐effects. Better communication between health‐care providers and patients should ultimately help to prevent refusal or discontinuation of tamoxifen treatment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of different chloride and glucose solutions on nasal potential difference
Authors: House Hugh H. , Middleton Peter G.
Published: June 2009

Introduction

The nasal potential difference (nasal PD) technique can provide useful diagnostic information and can be used to assess the physiological effect of new treatments for cystic fibrosis (CF). In preparation for multi center trials of new CF treatments, many groups worldwide have sought to standardize the protocol, but subtle differences in solution composition remain. This article has compared the effect of different chloride and glucose concentrations on the PD.

Methods

Following pre‐treatment with amiloride to block sodium absorption, the effect of 0 mM versus 6 mM chloride was compared in six non‐CF and six CF subjects. In a separate series of experiments, the effect of glucose on baseline PD was examined in the range of 0–20 mM.

Results

Following amiloride pre‐treatment, the change from 6 to 0 mM chloride increased the PD by ∼2 mV in the non‐CF subjects; the reverse protocol decreased PD by a similar amount. As expected, little change in PD occurred in the CF subjects. Changing the glucose concentration between 0, 10, and 20 mM had little effect on nasal PD in non‐CF and CF subjects.

Conclusion

The use of 0 mM chloride gives responses in the non‐CF subjects, which are ∼2 mV greater than protocols which use low (6 mM) chloride. Different glucose concentrations appear to exert little effect on baseline PD, suggesting that electrogenic glucose transport plays a limited role in airway transport at rest. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:645–648. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spirometric pulmonary function parameters of healthy Chinese children aged 3–6 years in Taiwan
Authors: Jeng Mei‐Jy , Chang Hua‐Lun , Tsai Meng‐Chiao , Tsao Pen‐Chen , Yang Chia‐Feng , Lee Yu‐Sheng , Soong Wen‐Jue , Tang Ran‐Bin
Published: June 2009

Spirometry is a well‐known technique for evaluating pulmonary function, but few studies have focused on preschool children. The aim of this study was to determine reference values of forced spirometric parameters in young Chinese children, aged 3–6 years, in Taiwan. Spirometric measurements were performed at day care centers by experienced pediatricians. Of 248 children without a history of chronic respiratory illness, at least two valid spirometric attempts were obtained from 214 children (109 boys and 105 girls; age: 36–83 [mean = 61] months; height: 90–131 [mean = 111] cm). Values of forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) and 0.5 sec (FEV0.5), forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow rate (PEF), forced expiratory between 25% and 75% FVC (FEF25–75), and forced expiratory flow rate at 25%, 50%, and 75% of FVC (FEF25, FEF50, and FEF75) were derived and analyzed. There were significant positive correlations between study parameters and body height, body weight, and age. Height was the most consistently correlated measurement in both boys and girls. Although boys tended to have higher spirometric values than girls, we found significant differences only in FVC and FEV1 between boys and girls aged 6 years. The regression equations of each parameter were obtained. In conclusion, spirometric pulmonary function tests are feasible in 3‐ to 6‐year‐old children. The obtained values and regression equations provide a reference for Chinese preschool children and may be of value in evaluating pulmonary function of children with respiratory problems in this age group. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:676–682. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combined XBIC/μ‐XRF/μ‐XAS/DLTS investigation of chemical character and electrical properties of Cu and Ni precipitates in silicon
Authors: Trushin M. , Vyvenko O. , Seifert W. , Kittler M. , Zizak I. , Erko A. , Seibt M. , Rudolf C.
Published: June 2009

Combination of DLTS method and synchrotron‐based analytical microprobe techniques was used to study the precipitation of Cu and Ni atoms at two kinds of structural defects in silicon lattice: dislocation network created by direct wafer bonding and oxygen‐induced microdefects. Results of our measurements revealed the difference in the preferred precipitation places: Ni particles in form of NiSi2 were found only at the dislocation network, while Cu particles in form of Cu3Si were found both at the dislocation network and at the oxygen‐induced microdefects. DLTS measurements showed Ni acceptor levels in Ni contaminated sample and a broad band related to Cu precipitates in Cu contaminated one. In case of simultaneous Cu and Ni contamination NiSi2 and Cu3Si precipitates were found definitely at the same places indicating therefore that the metals interact during precipitation. DLTS showed the superposition of spectra for only Ni and for only Cu contaminated samples. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Generation and suppression of misfit dislocations at the seed/crystal interface in Si bulk crystal growth
Authors: Taishi Toshinori , Hoshikawa Keigo , Ohno Yutaka , Yonenaga Ichiro
Published: June 2009

Mechanism of generation and suppression of misfit dislocations in Si bulk crystal growth at the seed/crystal interface is studied. Misfit dislocations in B‐doped CZ‐Si crystal growth are suppressed when the difference in B concentration between a seed and the grown crystal is at least 9 × 1018 cm–3, corresponding to 4.5 × 10–5 of misfit strain. Similar misfit strain of 3.4 × 10–5 was obtained in Ge‐doped CZ‐Si crystal growth. In the CZ‐Si crystal growth, a transition region of impurity concentration with about 40 μm in width is formed at the seed/crystal interface in both dislocation‐free and dislocated crystals by diffusion of impurity atoms from the seed. From a macroscopic viewpoint at the seed/crystal interface, the critical misfit strain in Si bulk crystal growth is larger than that in epitaxial growth model in a consideration that the width of the transition region is the critical thickness of the grown layer. We propose a preliminary new mechanism of generation and suppression of misfit dislocations dependent on the local misfit strain at the interface during the growth from a microscopic viewpoint. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cation‐interlinking network cluster approach in application to extended defects in covalent‐bonded glassy semiconductors
Authors: Shpotyuk Oleh , Boyko Vitaliy , Hyla Malgorzata
Published: June 2009

A principally new cation‐interlinking network cluster approach (CINCA) was proposed to describe different types of glass‐forming structural units in network covalent‐bonded solids like to chalcogenide vitreous semiconductors. Within this approach, two (or three) interconnected cation‐centered polyhedra form more stretched structural fragments conditionally named atomic clusters, reflecting in such a way whole backbone of covalent‐bonded semiconductor multiply duplicated in a space. The probability of possible atomic clusters is estimated with numerical parameter giving average formation energy in respect to the number of atoms involved in the cluster and average coordination number. This approach was probed at the example of regular network clusters based on AsS3/2 pyramids mutually‐interconnected through bridge ‐S‐ atom contrasted with irregular double‐bond‐based quasi‐tetrahedral structural S = AsS3 defects within binary As‐S system. The corresponding mathematical calculations confirming a preference of regularly‐linked structural units over irregular ones was performed using HyperChem 7.5 program. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Interaction of interstitials with buried amorphous layer in silicon
Authors: Oliviero E. , David M. L. , Fichtner P. F. P.
Published: June 2009

Buried amorphous layers have been produced in silicon single crystal by lithium implantation at liquid nitrogen temperature and followed by a 400 °C annealing. By this process, a wide region, perfectly crystalline and free of any extended defect, is formed ahead of the buried amorphous layer up to the implanted surface. Neon has then been implanted in this front region at high fluence and high temperature (250 °C) in order to create bubbles and avoid further amorphization. In the presence of a buried amorphous layer, significant decrease of the extended defect density is observed at the neon end of range region. The results are discussed in terms of interstitial trapping, i.e. the buried amorphous layer acting as an efficient sink for interstitials during recrystallization. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Doping influence on the nanoindentation response of GaAs
Authors: Bourhis Eric Le , Patriarche Gilles
Published: June 2009

We have studied the nanoindentation structures realised at room temperature (RT) on (001) GaAs being either undoped, heavily n or p doped. Elastic‐plastic nanoindentations were made under a large range of loads (between 0.2 mN and 50 mN) at room temperature using a Berkovich indenter. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to observe systematically the nanoindentation structures (central zone and rosette arms) and to investigate changes in dislocations activity. The mechanical responses of all types of samples are relatively close either in terms of hardness or pop‐in load amplitude. In contrast, indentation rosette structure appears to be sensitive to doping. Perfect dislocations show long screw segments only in undoped and n‐doped specimens and this is attributed to mobility effects. Moreover, p‐doped specimens show no partial dislocations while undoped and n‐doped specimens show partial dislocations in one and both rosette arms respectively. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dynamics of nanostructure formation using point defects on semiconductors by laser radiation
Authors: Medvid A. , Onufrijevs P. , Dauksta E. , Barloti J. , Grabovskis D. , Ulyashin A.
Published: June 2009

Dynamics of nanostructures (nanocones and nanocavties) formation on surface of semiconductors by laser radiation based on Thermogradient effect (TGE) is studied. Nanostructures formation of both nanohills and nanocavities are explained by point defects redistribution in gradient of temperature at the irradiated surface. Study of photoluminescence (PL), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman back‐scattering spectra speak in favour of presence of quantum confinement effect (QCE) on the top of nanocones on the irradiated surface of semiconductor single crystals. Aggregation of vacancies under the irradiated surface forms nanocavities. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Charge‐derivatized amino acids facilitate model studies on protein side‐chain modifications by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhu Xiaochun , Anderson Vernon E. , Sayre Lawrence M.
Published: June 2009

The α‐amino groups of histidine and lysine were derivatized with p‐carboxylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium to form the pseudo dipeptides, PHis and PLys, which can be sensitively detected by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOFMS) due to the fixed positive charge of the phosphonium group. Detection limits of PHis and PLys by MALDI‐TOFMS were both 30 fmol with a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 5:1. These pseudo dipeptides were excellent surrogates for His‐ or Lys‐containing peptides in model reactions mimicking proteins with reactive electrophiles, prominently those generated by peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids including 4‐hydroxy‐2(E)‐nonenal (HNE), 4‐oxo‐2(E)‐nonenal (ONE), 2(E)‐octenal, and 2(E)‐heptenal. An air‐saturated solution of linoleic acid (d0:d5 = 1:1) was incubated in the presence of Fe(II) and ascorbate with these two pseudo dipeptides, and the reaction products were characterized by MALDI‐TOFMS and liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS). By using PHis and PLys, the previously reported ONE‐derived His‐furan adduct was detected along with evidence for a cyclic α,β‐unsaturated ketone. A dimer formed from ONE was found to react with PHis through Michael addition. Alkenals were found to form two novel adducts with PLys. 2(E)‐Octenoic acid–His Michael adduct and Nε‐pentanoyllysine were identified as potential protein side‐chain adducts modified by products of linoleic acid peroxidation. In addition, when PHis or PLys and AcHis or BocLys were exposed to the linoleic acid peroxidation, an epoxy‐keto‐ocatadecenoic acid mediated His–His cross‐link was detected, along with the observation of a His–ONE/9,12‐dioxo‐10‐dodecenoic acid–Lys derived pyrrole cross‐link. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phospholipids in liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry bioanalysis: comparison of three tandem mass spectrometric techniques for monitoring plasma phospholipids, the effect of mobile phase composition on phospholipids elution and the association of phospholipids with matrix effects
Authors: Xia Yuan‐Qing , Jemal Mohammed
Published: June 2009

Because plasma phospholipids may cause matrix effects in bioanalytical liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) methods, it is important to establish optimal mass spectrometric techniques to monitor the fate of phospholipids during method development and application. We evaluated three MS/MS techniques to monitor phospholipids using positive and negative electrospray ionization (ESI). The first technique is based on using positive precursor ion scan of m/z 184, positive neutral loss scan of 141 Da and negative precursor ion scan of m/z 153. The second technique is based on using class‐specific positive and negative selected reaction monitoring (SRM) transitions to monitor class‐representative phospholipids. The third technique, previously reported, utilizes in‐source collision‐induced dissociation (CID)‐based positive SRM of m/z 184 → 184. We recommend the all‐inclusive technique 1 for use in qualitative assessment of all classes of phospholipids and technique 2 for use in quantitative assessment of class‐representative phospholipids. Secondly, we evaluated the elution behaviors of the plasma phospholipids under different reversed‐phase mobile phase conditions. The phospholipid‐eluting strength of a mobile phase was mainly dependent on the type and amount (%) of the organic eluent and the strength increased in the order of methanol, acetonitrile and isopropyl alcohol. Under the commonly used gradient and isocratic elution schemes in LC/MS/MS bioanalysis, not all the phospholipids are eluted off the column. Thirdly, we investigated the association between phospholipids and matrix effects in positive and negative ESI using basic, acidic and neutral analytes. While the phospholipids caused matrix effects in both positive and negative ESI, the extent of ionization suppression was analyte‐dependent and was inversely related to the retention factor and broadness of the phospholipids peaks. The lysophospholipids which normally elute earlier in reversed‐phase chromatography are more likely to cause matrix effects compared to the later‐eluting phospholipids in spite of the larger concentrations of the latter in plasma. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of acetone as an alternative to acetonitrile in peptide analysis by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Fritz Ria , Ruth Wolfgang , Kragl Udo
Published: June 2009

Acetonitrile as a solvent used in liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) of peptides and proteins is a relatively toxic solvent (LD50 oral; rat; 2,460 mg/kg) compared to alternatives like methanol (LD50 oral; rat; 5,628 mg/kg) and acetone (LD50 oral; rat; 5,800 mg/kg). Strategies to minimize its consumption in LC are either to reduce the inner diameter of the column or replace acetonitrile with a suitable alternative. Methanol is often recommended to replace acetonitrile in peptide analysis. In this study however, the main focus lies on another alternative solvent for LC/MS of peptides; acetone. A number of model proteins were tryptically digested and the peptide solutions were analyzed on a linear trap quadrupole (LTQ) mass spectrometer. The performances of acetonitrile, methanol and acetone were compared according to the quality of the chromatograms obtained and identification of the peptides using the BioWorks™ software developed by Thermo Scientific. In accordance to the elutropic series, acetone was found to significantly reduce the retention times of peptides separated by C18 column material with regard to acetonitrile while methanol led to increased retention times. Acetone was the superior solvent to methanol for most of the tested model proteins reaching similar sequence coverage and numbers of identified peptides as acetonitrile. We therefore propose acetone as an alternative to acetonitrile in LC/MS of peptides. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural characterization of pregnane glycosides from Cynanchum auriculatum by liquid chromatography on a hybrid ion trap time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer
Authors: Qi Lian‐Wen , Gu Xiao‐Jie , Li Ping , Liang Yan , Hao Haiping , Wang Guangji
Published: June 2009

A method coupling high‐performance liquid chromatography with hybrid ion trap time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) using an electrospray ionization source was firstly used to characterize ten major pregnane glycosides including one novel compound auriculoside IV from the roots of Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight. In the MS/MS spectra, fragmentation reactions of the [M+Na]+ were recorded to provide abundant structural information on the aglycone and glycosyl moieties. Experiments using TOFMS allowed us to obtain precise elemental compositions of molecular ions and subsequent product ions with errors less than 6 ppm. The pregnane glycosides in C. auriculatum were classified into two major core groups: one is caudatin characterized by the neutral loss of one ikemamic acid molecule (128 Da) from the precursor ion, and the other is kidjoranin characterized by the neutral loss of cinnamic acid (148 Da) from the precursor ion. Meanwhile, a series of sugar‐chain fragment ions provided valuable information about the compositions of the sugar residues and the sequences of the sugar chain. Logical fragmentation pathways for pregnane glycosides have been proposed and are useful for the identification of these compounds in natural products especially when there are no reference compounds available. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometric observation of ligand exchange of zinc pyrithione with amino acids
Authors: Moriwaki Hiroshi , Okabayashi Masanori , Watanabe Takehiro , Kawasaki Hideya , Arakawa Ryuichi
Published: June 2009

Zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) is widely used as an antidandruff or antifouling reagent. However, this compound is considered toxic, such as the teratogenic effect, to aquatic lives, and it is important to clarify the mechanism of its toxicity. In this study, the interactions between ZnPT and amino acids were observed using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) in order to obtain information on the activity of ZnPT within the living body. The ZnPT complex ([ZnPT‐ligand+Amino acid]+), in which the ligand of ZnPT was exchanged by the amino acid, was detected in ZnPT solutions mixed with one of 20 amino acids by ESI‐MS. Histidine and cysteine, in particular, showed a high reactivity with ZnPT, while serine and glycine showed a low reactivity. The complexes of ZnPT and a peptide were also observed by the ESI‐MS measurement of the solution containing ZnPT with the peptide. These results would be useful to understand the mechanism of ZnPT toxicities to living creatures. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing low‐degree polynomials over prime fields
Authors: Jutla Charanjit S. , Patthak Anindya C. , Rudra Atri , Zuckerman David
Published: June 2009

We present an efficient randomized algorithm to test if a given functionf: 𝔽→ 𝔽p(wherepis a prime) is a low‐degree polynomial. This gives a local test for Generalized Reed‐Muller codes over prime fields. For a given integertand a given real ε > 0, the algorithm queriesfatO($ O({{1}\over{\epsilon}}+t.p^{{2t \over p-1}+1}) $) points to determine whetherfcan be described by a polynomial of degree at mostt. Iffis indeed a polynomial of degree at mostt, our algorithm always accepts, and iffhas a relative distance at least ε from every degreetpolynomial, then our algorithm rejectsfwith probability at least$ {1\over 2} $. Our result is almost optimal since any such algorithm must queryfon at least$ \Omega ( {1 \over \epsilon} + p^ {t+1 \over p-1})$points. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2009
How to deal with malicious users in privacy‐preserving distributed data mining
Authors: Duan Yitao , Canny John
Published: June 2009

A major problem in current privacy‐preserving data‐mining research is the lack of practical mechanisms to deal with malicious users who may submit bogus data to bias the computation. In this paper we explore private computation built on vector addition and its applications in privacy‐preserving data mining. We show that such a paradigm not only supports a large number of popular data‐mining algorithms (including both linear and nonlinear ones such as SVD, k‐means, ID3, machine‐learning algorithms based on Expectation‐Maximization (EM), etc., and all algorithms in the statistical query model) with efficiency comparable to that of a regular, nonprivate implementation, but also admits extremely efficient zero‐knowledge (ZK) protocols for verifying properties of user data. These ZK protocols are based on random projection and use a linear number of inexpensive small field (e.g. 32 or 64 bits) operations, and only a logarithmic number of large‐field (1024 bits or more) cryptographic operations, achieving orders of magnitude reduction in running time over standard techniques (from hours to seconds) for large‐scale problems. Such ZK tools thus provide practical solutions for handling the malicious users problem for many real‐world applications. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 1: 18‐33, 2009
Die unbekannte Seite Fritz Leonhardts – Sein Beitrag zum Stahlbau
Authors: Weber Christiane , Kleinmanns Joachim
Published: June 2009

Fritz Leonhardt ist einer der bedeutendsten Bauingenieure des 20. Jahrhunderts. In der Öffentlichkeit gilt er vor allem als “Vater” des Stuttgarter Fernsehturms, Bauingenieure kennen ihn als Brückenbauer, dessen Veröffentlichungen zum Spannbetonbau als Standardwerke gelten. Dieser Aufsatz soll die weniger bekannte Seite Leonhardt s als Stahlbauer beleuchten. Vor allem sein Frühwerk, mit dem er sich einen Namen macht, ist dem Stahlbau gewidmet. Doch auch nach dem Krieg leistet Leonhardt einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Entwicklung von Leichtkonstruktionen, die prägend für die Architektur der Bonner Republik werden. Aus historischer Sicht sind die persönlichen Netzwerke, die er sich zu Beginn seiner Laufbahn aufbaut, von besonderer Bedeutung. Kontakte zu Architekten wie Paul Bonatz, Gerd Lohmer und Friedrich Tamms sowie zu Ingenieuren wie Otto Graf werden ausschlaggebend für seinen schnellen Aufstieg in der Nachkriegszeit.

The unknown angle of Fritz Leonhardt – His contribution to steel construction.

Fritz Leonhardt (1909–1999) is one of the best known civil engineers of the 20th century. Publicly best known is his television tower in Stuttgart, civil engineers perceive him as a constructor of bridges, whose publications on pre‐stressed concrete set a standard. With this paper we focus on the less known role of Leonhardt as a steel constructor. His early works are mainly dedicated to this branch. With these constructions his fame within the civil engineering community startes. Additionally, after World War II Leonhardt had been one of the outstanding engineers developing light weight structures that had a great influence on the architecture of the Federal Republic of Germany. From a historical point of view, the personal networks created by Leonhardt are of special interest: his contacts to architects like Paul Bonatz, Gerd Lohmer, and engineers like Otto Graf in Stuttgart were formative for his rapid advancement in post‐war Germany.
Fritz Leonhardt als junger Ingenieur – Frühe Erfahrungen im Großbrückenbau
Authors: Voormann Friedmar , Schüller Matthias
Published: June 2009

Fritz Leonhardt (1909–1999) hat sich in den nahezu sieben Jahrzehnten seines beruflichen Schaffens auf vielen Gebieten des Bauingenieurwesens hohe Anerkennung erworben. Sein besonderes Interesse galt dem Brückenbau. Unvergessen sind Leonhardt s innovative Vorschläge und Bauten, die den Spannbeton‐ und Schrägseilbrückenbau in der deutschen Nachkriegszeit maßgeblich beeinflusst haben. Weniger bekannt ist, dass Leonhardt bereits vor 1945 an mehreren großen Bauvorhaben beteiligt war. Zwei dieser Projekte sollen hier herausgegriffen und näher beleuchtet werden: der Bau der Hängebrücke Köln‐Rodenkirchen (1938–1941) und die in den selben Jahren von Leonhardt erarbeiteten Entwürfe für eine Hängebrücke über die Elbe in Hamburg.

Fritz Leonhardt as a Young Engineer – Early Experiences in Long Span Bridge Design and Construction.

Fritz Leonhardt (1909–1999) worked almost seven decades as a civil engineer. His contributions made him famous and well recognized world wide. He was especially interested in bridge design and construction. Well known are his innovative concepts which have influenced significantly the design of post‐tensioned concrete structures and cable‐stayed bridges in post war Germany. Less known is the fact that Leonhardt already participated in major projects before 1945. Two of those projects are selected and described here: the construction of the suspension bridge Cologne‐Rhodenkirchen (1938–1941) and his designs for the Elbe suspension bridge in Hamburg (1938–1941).
Using systems engineering to create a framework for evaluating industrial symbiosis options
Authors: Maya Sopha Bertha , Magerholm Fet Annik , Maria Keitsch Martina , Haskins Cecilia
Published: June 2009

Motivated by the success of industrial symbiosis at Kalundborg, Denmark, there have been many attempts to establish industrial symbiosis around the world. Modeling the complex system that underlies an industrial symbiosis provides much needed understanding of these interactions in the planning stage. Therefore, guidance and/or a framework are needed to identify “what to model” and to keep the modeling process on track. This paper applies systems engineering to create a framework for modeling industrial symbiosis. The proposed framework provides a practical road map for the modeling process that connects relevant concepts and techniques. A case is introduced to illustrate use of the framework. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng
Response of wind‐excited benchmark building installed with dampers
Authors: Patil V. B. , Jangid R. S.
Published: June 2009

The response of the benchmark building is investigated under across‐wind loads. The governing equations of motion are solved by employing state space theory. Generally, the dampers are connected to successive floors of a building (Type‐I arrangement). As the relative velocity and inter‐storey drift between the alternate floors would be larger, the performance of dampers is studied by connecting them to alternate stories with two innovative (Type‐II and Type‐III) arrangements, and the comparison of response is made with that of the conventional (Type‐I) arrangement. Optimization of location and number of dampers is also carried out with the help of a controllability index, which is obtained with the help of root‐mean‐square value of the inter‐storey drift. Further, a parametric study of semi‐active variable friction dampers and linear viscous dampers by varying gain multiplier and damping ratio, respectively, is carried out. From the numerical study, it is observed that Type‐II and Type‐III arrangements are found to be quite effective in reducing the response quantities. It is also found that a considerable amount of economy is achieved by optimization of location of dampers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A lightweight low‐speed permanent magnet electrical generator for direct‐drive wind turbines
Authors: Mueller Markus A. , McDonald Alasdair S.
Published: June 2009

The evolution, design and test results of a novel permanent magnet generator for use in direct‐drive wind turbines are presented. This generator topology is based on steel C‐core modules (which make up the rotor) and an air‐cored stator winding. This topology allows a reduction in structural mass for large diameter generators, which can lead to lightweight generators. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.