bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Smart‐Sex and Proper‐Sex: A Paradigm Found
Authors: Freilich Morris
Published: November 2004

Fieldwork problems are multiplied with sexual research. A model is presented which identifies the critical issues. Sociocultural processes are shown to be a function of two different types of guidance systems: logical standards and empirical standards. Logical standards (when followed) lead to “proper” behavior; empirical standards (when followed) lead to “smart” behavior. The “smart” versus “proper” conflict must be fully described and analyzed for an adequate ethnographic statement on sexual life. It is also necessary to discuss the hiding processes: the processes which mediate the “smart” versus “proper” conflict.
Sexuality in Folklore in a Nigerian Society
Authors: Messenger John C. , Messenger Betty T.
Published: November 2004

This article probes the place of sexuality in Anang culture as mirrored through folktales, drama, and observation of real behavior. The authors show that the “fit” between real culture and folklore is almost perfect in the area of sexuality. Important also is the ability of the authors to show the usefulness of folklore analysis to ethnographic research and to share important data from a segment of human social life that is not often made available.
Optimum Diet Models and Prehistoric Hunter‐Gatherers: A Test on Martha's Vineyard
Authors: Perlman Stephen M.
Published: November 2004

An optimum diet model like those used in ecology is developed for an archeological test. Predictions are made for subsistence and settlement patterns of hunter‐gatherer of populations on Martha's Vineyard. The results indicate the future potential of this model for hunter‐gatherer groups in general.
Factors Enhancing the Rapid Assimilation of Maltese Immigrants in Detroit
Authors: Calleja Judith M.
Published: November 2004

Population movement is discussed within a framework of geographical and cultural step migration using the Maltese immigrants of Detroit as an example. Barriers to assimilation experienced by migrant groups such as race and religion are examined and their impact within this particular group discussed. A brief ethnohistorical account of Maltese culture at the point of origin is compared to the ethnically mixed atmosphere of Detroit and factors which have accelerated Maltese assimilation are described. Extensive participant observation within the Detroit Maltese community has indicated that assimilation occurs along a continuum with response clustered at the end points. Some assertively maintain a separate cultural identity while most actively seek assimilation. The author concludes that the specific history of the group at the point of origin predisposed the majority of Maltese to rapid assimilation once having arrived in a receptive environment.
Sex, Sexuality, and the Quest for Power: A Feminist Analysis of the 1988 Republican Presidential Campaign Discourse
Authors: Kanner Melinda
Published: November 2004

The 1988 Presidential campaign in the United States, like all political contests, reveals a struggle for power through the manipulation of symbols. The focus of this paper is the role of women as symbols and as symbolically manipulated in the political discourse of the 1988 Republican Presidential campaign. Two central issues are discussed: the construction of “women's issues,” including abortion, child care, and employment; second, the Willie Horton campaign strategy. This discussion shows that the manipulation of women as symbols in this political discourse relies upon images of women defined essentially by their sexual and procreative functions and their relation to male concerns.
Discourse, Foucault, and Critical Medical Anthropology
Authors: Greenlee Edwin J.
Published: November 2004

One of the major research interests of critical medical anthropology is the examination of Western biomedicine. The concepts of discourse and genealogy elaborated in the writing of Michel Foucault are particularly useful in this task. In addition, the notion of discursive structure defines a unit of investigation well suited to the anthropological examination of complex society. This paper reviews some of these theoretical and methodological possibilities, and then looks at the case example of borderline hypertension in 20th‐century American culture drawn from the author's dissertation research.
What's in a Name: The Meaning of Meaninglessness in Telefolmin
Authors: JORGENSEN DAN
Published: November 2004

If there is one belief (however the facts resist it) that units us all, from the evangelists to those who argue away inconvenient partions of their txts, and those who spin large plots to accommodate the discrepancies and dissonances into some larger scheme, it is this conviction that somehow, in some occult fashion, if we could only detect it, everything will be found to hang togethe. [Kermode 1979:72]
Studying Spatial Conceptualization across Cultures: Anthropology and Cognitive Science
Authors: Levinson Stephen C.
Published: November 2004

Philosophers, psychologists, and linguists have argued that spatial conception is pivotal to cognition in general, providing a general, egocentric, and universal framework for cognition as well as metaphors for conceptualizing many other domains. But in an aboriginal community in Northern Queensland, a system of cardinal directions informs not only language, but also memory for arbitrary spatial arrays and directions. This work suggests that fundamental cognitive parameters, like the system of coding spatial locations, can vary cross‐culturally, in line with the language spoken by a community. This opens up the prospect of a fruitful dialogue between anthropology and the cognitive sciences on the complex interaction between cultural and universal factors in the constitution of mind.
Where the World Ended: Re‐Unification and Identity in the German Borderland/The Burning of Bridget Cleary/Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends
Authors: Voros Miklos , Straughn Jeremy , Quinn Eileen Moore , Catey A. Scott
Published: November 2004

Daphne Berdahl. Where the World Ended: Re‐Unification and Identity in the German Borderland. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1999. 294pp. ISBN 0‐520‐21476‐5 US$ 45.00 (cloth), ISBN 0‐520‐21477‐3 US$ 16.95 (paper).

Angela Bourke. The Burning of Bridget Cleary:. True Story. New York: Viking Press, 2000. 279pp, including chronology, notes index; contains maps, illustrations and photos. ISBN 0‐670‐89270‐X. US$ 24.95 (cloth).

Lonnie R. Johnson. Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. 347 pp, including preface. Notes, index; contains maps, illustrations, and photos. ISBN 0‐19‐510071‐. US$ 30.00 (cloth).
The Future of Class? The Role of Temporality in Class Identity in Greece
Authors: Malaby Thomas M.
Published: November 2004

Recent approaches to the importance of class in social inquiry have noted the importance of temporality ‐ attitudes toward the past and future ‐ as a locus of class identity conceived both processually and structurally. In Greece this issue of the future and its unpredictability is deeply embedded in much of the agonistic practices of everyday life, from politics and business to localized illegal activities such as gambling. This paper explores how attitudes toward the uncertain future are articulated through notions of class identity in a Cretan town. In particular, gamblers and non‐gamblers alike in the town identify one's class with how effectively one faces the contingencies of everyday experience, and such temporal stances also come into conflict or resonance with authorized stances toward the future supplied by the state and other institutions This ascription of attitudes toward time according to class background also occurs alongside the play of other domains of identity, such as gender, ethnicity, locality, and family. Through an examination of a particular event of class‐articulated conflict between prominent gamblers within the city this paper will illuminate the role of senses of time in the construction of class.
ANTHROPOLOGY IN THE MEDICAL CONTEXT
Authors: Leighton Dorothea C.
Published: November 2004

The following is a draft of Dr. Leighton's remarks to the 1972 Roundtable Luncheon, to be held in Toronto during the American Anthropological Association annual meeting in November. Dr. Leighton is concluding her term as the first official Chairman of the Society for Medical Anthropology, 1971‐72. It has been a highly active year for our Society, judging by almost any criterion. Membership has boomed, the Society has affiliated with the AAA, many panels and symposia have been held, and reader response to the Newsletter has increased markedly. The following remarks by Dr. Leighton will set the tone for the 1972 Roundtables. We feel that they are highly appropriate at a time when the image of anthropology‐in‐medicine, and with it the Society for Medical Anthropology, stands at a crossroads. We are also glad for this opportunity to thank Dr. Leighton on behalf of the SMA for her excellent leadership during this crucial year, and to welcome our new Chairman, Dr. Margaret Clark.–CWK
Cognitive Models and Health Decision Making
Authors: Debacker Donald E.
Published: November 2004

Four hypotheses are proposed concerning intracultural variation in the conceptualization of disease and the reported use of professional health services. It is concluded that educational level explains more of the variance than any other factor tested. Analysis of the structure of cognitive models of disease indicates that physicians and nonpractitioners tend to view each disease as a unique entity rather than as one of a class of diseases.
Anthropology and Primary Health Care
Authors: Varkevisser Corlien , Streefland Pieter
Published: November 2004

[The following is a report of a symposium held in April 1981 as part of the International Union of Ethnological and Anthropological Sciences (IUAES) congress in Amsterdam. This report was compiled by the organizers of that symposium.]
Commentary on Hahn's Divisions of Labor
Authors: Newton Michael
Published: November 2004

Editor's Note: Dr. Newton is currently Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Northwestern University Medical School and head of the department's Section of Graduate Education. He holds medical degrees from both the University of Pennsylvania and Cambridge University and has served as Director of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. He is himself co‐author (with E. E. Philipp and J. Barnes) of a textbook in the field that has gone through three editions (Scientific Foundations of Obstetrics and Gynecology: 1970, 1977, and 1986). His comments were prepared, at my request, as part of an effort to increase dialogue in print between anthropologists and health professionals and particularly to publish health professionals' reactions to our work.
Cultural Variation in Biomedicine: The Kur in West Germany
Authors: Maretzki Thomas W.
Published: November 2004

Variations within Western biomedicine reveal different cultural styles of therapy, particularly for medical conditions either of uncertain etiology or with diverse and diffuse symptoms. The West German biomedical system consists of an eclectic set of therapies, all offered under physicians' care. The Kur, spa treatments that are part of rehabilitation medicine, exemplifies a form of biomedical care that reflects a distinct cultural style. Though ideal standards of German biomedicine devalue traditional treatments like the Kur, a variety of cultural, economic, and political factors support its persistence.
Tracing Home‐Based Health Care Change in an Andean Indian Community
Authors: Finerman Ruthbeth
Published: November 2004

Qualitative and quantitative data collected over a period of 11 years indicate that Saraguro Indians in the southern Ecuadorian highlands rely almost exclusively on mothers as family healers despite access to a range of specialized traditional and biomedical services. However, the home‐based health care system has begun to change in recent years as mothers increasingly integrate selected features of biomedicine into family curing. I suggest that the tenacity of home‐based therapy is a product of its receptivity to innovations that complement core health care values.
Community Health Assessment of a “Repopulated” Village in El Salvador
Authors: Meyers Alan , Epstein Adrienne , Burford Doris , Colorado Maytte , Zadel Janis L. , DeVoney Anthony , Brunt Melanie
Published: November 2004

A community health assessment was carried out in San Jose las Flores, a village in rural northern El Salvador “repopulated” entirely by former refugees who returned to their area of origin in June 1986. In a survey of randomly selected households, knowledge of hygienic practices was documented among mothers, despite low levels of literacy and education. A campaign stressing sanitation and health education, conducted by village health promoters, and the use of oral rehydration therapy were associated by the health promoters with a decline in diarrheal mortality in children. Anthropometric measurement of children under five, however, showed an increase in acute undernutrition compared to survey data reported from the region in 1978. Respondents reported a high rate of total child mortality (255 of 1,000 live births), with cause of death attributed to actions of the Armed Forces of El Salvador (FAES) in 43% of cases. War‐related mortality of family members was also high (a mean of 7.1 per respondent), again with the leading cause of death (91 %) reported to be actions of the FAES.
W. H. R. Rivers Prize Essay (1988): Fracturing the Language of Biomedicine: The Speech Play of U.S. Physicians
Authors: Burson‐Tolpin Anne
Published: November 2004

Play with the professional language of biomedicine is endemic in American hospitals. In this article 1 present a typology of such speech play forms and suggest that biomedical speech play represents an alternative biomedical voice distinct from both that of the lifeworld and that of objective, scientific biomedicine. The voice that speaks through biomedical speech play embodies social and emotional concerns that are devalued in the professional ideology of biomedicine but that cannot be ignored by biomedical practitioners. Biomedical speech play thus presents an alternative (and necessary) reconstruction of biomedical reality.
Characterization of Obesity in the Prader‐Labhart‐ Willi Syndrome: Fatness Patterning
Authors: Meaney F. John , Butler Merlin G.
Published: November 2004

A multidisciplinary study involving cytogenetic, clinical, and anthropometric assessments of Prader‐Labhart‐Willi Syndrome (PLWS) has focused on improving diagnosis and prognosis in this complex condition. Since one of the major features of PLWS is obesity, 7 of the 26 measurements in the anthropometric evaluation were skinfold thicknesses at different body sites. Forty individuals with PLWS have been assessed. Z‐scores were computed for skinfold measurements to examine quantitative differences for fatness at different sites. Data on PLWS individuals, grouped by age, sex, and chromosome type, were compared with normative data for skinfolds. The results suggest that males with PLWS have three times the fatness scores of other males their age, while scores for PLWS females average only twice those of normals. Our research illustrates the utility of anthropometry in the evaluation of patients in clinical genetics and offers a comprehensive approach to the heterogeneity observed in PLWS.
Hypoglycemia: Portrait of an Illness Construct in Everyday Use
Authors: Hunt Linda M. , Browner C. H. , Jordan Brigitte
Published: November 2004

Most people suffer from multiple ill‐defined symptoms from time to time. In this article we consider some reasons why hypoglycemia may have gained widespread lay acceptance in the United States as an explanation for such symptoms. The discussion focuses on how the hypoglycemia construct links the interpretation of symptoms to the cultural milieu in which they are experienced. A group of 12 informants, either self‐diagnosed or diagnosed by physicians as hypoglycemic, were followed over a 14‐week period, and their varied and changing interpretations of hypoglycemia were examined. We suggest that because the construct of hypoglycemia is ambiguous, it is amenable to a wide range of idiosyncratic applications and understandings. Moreover, through reference to two potent cultural symbols, eating and stress, hypoglycemia appears to offer a ready field for symbolic expressions of issues of personal control, a key theme in American society. Though these tentative findings concern only hypoglycemia, we suggest that ambiguity and cultural meaningfulness are essential for any illness to attain widespread lay acceptance.
Socioeconomic Status, Gender, and Risk of HIV‐1 Infection in a Rural Community in South West Uganda
Authors: Seeley Janet A. , Malamba Sam S. , Nunn Andrew J. , Mulder Daan W. , Kengeya‐Kayondo Jane F. , Barton Thomas G.
Published: November 2004

This report explores the hypothesis that the presence of HIV infection in rural south west Uganda is associated with socioeconomic status and gender. As part of an ethnographic, medical, and serological survey in 15 villages in Masaka district, population 9,950 persons, data were collected on a series of possible socioeconomic indicators. Serological specimens were collected from all consenting individuals for the determination of HIV serostatus. In five selected study villages, there was a good correlation between wealth rankings made by selected local residents and four socioeconomic indices, namely, type of dwelling, available land size, ownership of cattle, and an index of household items. These indices were applied to the full data set to rank the households in all villages. The resulting ranking was matched against HIV‐1 status of household heads and, subsequently, their first‐degree relatives. Analyzing the data from the 15 villages combined, there was evidence from all four indicators that both male and female heads of the poorest households were most likely to be HIV positive. The increased risk of HIV infection of the poor may be due in part to the income‐generating strategies they adopt to survive.
Sacred Healing and Biomedicine Compared
Authors: Finkler Kaja
Published: November 2004

This analysis addresses the similarities and differences between sacred healing and biomedicine along several important dimensions that bear on the differential effects of patients' experiences of their treatment, including the physical setting, etiological beliefs, diagnoses, the practitioner‐patient relationship, recruitment into the healing role, treatment repertoires, and perceptions of the body. The exploration of these differences illuminates the nature of medical regimes embedded in dissimilar systems of knowledge and reveals the strengths and weaknesses of each. The analysis demonstrates the dramaturgical nature of the biomedicine‐patient encounter with its inherent underlying contradictions, in contrast to the sacred healer‐patient interactions where the drama is lacking. The comparison reveals the importance of treatment techniques in sacred healing in contrast to the doctor's persona in biomedical treatment. The article concludes with a consideration of contemporary sociocultural forces that have led to the emphasis on the physicians's persona in biomedical practice.
Ways of Knowing about Birth in Three Cultures
Authors: Sargent Carolyn , Bascope Grace
Published: November 2004

This article examines the concept of authoritative knowledge elaborated by Brigitte Jordan, using examples of birthing systems in Mexico, Texas, and Jamaica. We explore the linkages between the distribution of knowledge about birth and the use of technology; the valuation of biomedical and alternative “ways of knowing” about birth; the production of authoritative knowledge through interaction; and the relationship between authoritative knowledge and social status. In the Maya low‐technology, collaborative birthing system in Mexico, the midwife and other adult women share knowledge about birth. In contrast, Spanish‐speaking women undergoing cesarean delivery in a high‐technology public hospital in Texas are, due to their limited English, only minimally able to interact with hospital staff. While they acknowledge the authoritative position of biomedical personnel and value technology, they protest their inability to communicate during their hospitalization. Jamaican women deliver in a formerly high‐technology hospital system that is now experiencing economic austerity measures that render it increasingly dysfunctional. While use of technology is infrequent in the Jamaican case, authoritative knowledge remains vested in biomedicine. By means of three examples we respond to Jordan's call for a rethinking of authoritative knowledge in high‐and low‐technology settings.
Reviews, Catalogues, New Publications
Authors: Harris Janet S. , Berlo Janet Catherine , Bakewell Elizabeth , Schevill Margot , Schevill Margot
Published: November 2004

Cole. Herbert M. 1985. Am Not Myself: The Art of African Masquerade. Museum of Cultural History, University of California, Los Angeles, Monograph Series, No 26, Regents of UCLA 28. 21‐5 cm. 112 pp. Full color cover,. color plates, 90 black and white illustrations, three color map of Africa, notes and bibliography ISBN 0‐930/41‐02‐1 Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name displayed at Saddleback College Art Gallery (Mission Viejo, California), University Art Museum (University of California, Santa Barbara), Museum of Cultural History Gallery, Haines Hall (University of California, Los Angeles)

Wade. Edwin L. editor 1986 The Arts of the North American Indian; Native Traditions In Transition. Hudson Hills Press, New York, in association with the Philbrook Art Center, Tulsa. 31.12 cm. 24.13 cm, 324 pp., 274 illustrations Bibliography and index. ISBN 0‐933920‐55‐5. $50. Hudson Hills Press, 230 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10001.

Walker. Willard. and Lydia L. Wyckoff. eds. 1983 Hopis, Tewas and the American Road. Middletown, CT. Eastern Press for Wesleyan University. 189 pp., 68 black and white photographs, two color plates, references, no index. Inquiries should be addressed to: Department of Anthropology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457

Kent. Kate Peck 1985 Navajo Weaving: Three Centuries of Change. Santa Fe, New Mexico. School of American Research Press 25. 21.5 cm, 152 pp., 24 color plates, 63 black‐and‐white photos, 16 technical diagrams, appendix, bibliography and index. ISBN: 0‐933452‐12‐8, clothbound, $30; 0‐933452‐13‐6, paperback, $14.95. Distributed by the University of Washington Press, P0 Box C‐50096, Seattle, WA 98145‐0096.

Kaufman. Alice and Christopher Selser 1985 The Navajo Weaving Tradition: 1650 to the Present. New York. E. Dutton, Inc. 28. 21.5 cm, 145 pp., 1/5 color plates, 39 black‐and‐white illustrations,. maps, Notes, Glossary, Selected Bibliography, Index. ISBN 0‐525‐48194‐X. $24.95, paperback. Published simultaneously in Canada by Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited, Toronto E.P Dutton,. Park Ave., New York, NY 10016.
Reviews, Catalogues, New Publications
Authors: Schevill Margot Blum
Published: November 2004

Asturias de Barrios. Linda and Idalma Meji'a de Rodas 1985 Comalapcu Native Dress and Its Significance. Guatemala City: Ixchel Museum Publications. 27.5x21 cm, 126 pp., 14 color plates, 14 black‐and‐white photographs and drawings,. map,. glossaries, and bibliography. $16. (includespostage). Spanish version also available. Museo Ixchel delTraje Indigena, 4a avenida 16‐27, Zona 10, Guatemala City, Guatemala, C.A.

Mayen de Castellanos. Guisela with Idalma Mejia de Rodas. Linda Asturias de Barrios 1986 Tzute. Jerarquia en Solola. Guatemala City: Ixchel Museum Publications. 27.5 21cm, 140 pp., 15 color plates, 36 black‐andwhite drawings and photographs,. maps,. chart,. glossary, and bibliography. Write for price to Museo Ixchel delTraje Indigena, 4a Avenida 16‐27, Zona 10, Guatemala City, Guatemala, C.A.

Eicher. Joanne B. Illa N. Pokornowski. Moira F. Harris. and Otto C. Thieme. 1985 African Dress II. select and Annotated Bibliography. East Lansing, MI: African Studies Center, Michigan State University. 23x 15.5 cm, 316 pp.,. map 1260 citations, and author index. Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 73‐631220, paper only, $11.25. Available from the African Studies Center, 106 Center for International Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI (add $2 for postage).

Fields. Virginia M. 1985 The Hover Collection of Karul Baskets. Eureka, CA: Clarke Memorial Museum. 25x23 cm., 112 pp., 261 black‐and‐white photographs and drawings, lmap, and bibliography. plus postage. Clarke Memorial Museum, 204 E. St., Eureka, CA 95501.

Schenck. Sara M. and E. W. Gifford 1952 Karok Ethnobotany. Anthropological Records 13(6). University of California Press, Berkeley. ISBN 0‐934490‐43‐0, paper. $15.95, Museum of the America Indian, Heye Foundation, Broadway at 155th St., New York, NY 10042.

Burnham. Dorothy K. 1986 Unlike the Lilies: Doukhobor Textile Traditions in Canada. Toronto:Royal Ontario Museum. 17.5x21 cm., 102 00., 23color plates, 162 black‐and‐white photographs and drawings, glossary, literature cited. ISBN 0‐88854‐322‐0. Paperback, $24.95. Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, Canada, M5S 2C6.
Indian Trade Ornaments
Authors: Myers Thomas P.
Published: November 2004

James W. VanStone 1989 Indian Trade Ornaments in the Collections of the Field Museum of Natural History. Ficldiana Anthropology, New Series No. 13. 40 pp. 32 illustrations. $11.
Mesquakie Art
Authors: Myers Thomas P.
Published: November 2004

Gaylor Torrence and Robert Hobbs 1989 Art of the Red Earth People: The Mesquakle of Iowa. The University of Iowa Museum of Art. Distributed by the University of Washington Press. 144 pp., 33 color plates, 66 black‐and‐white illustrations, bibliography, 8‐1/2″. 11″, ISBN 0‐295‐96831‐1 (cloth: $50), 0‐295‐96832‐X (paper: $24.95). University of Washington Press, P.O. Box 50096, Seattle, WA 98145‐5096.
Film Review
Authors: Privett Ray
Published: November 2004

Chief! 1999. Directed by Jean‐Marie Téno. California Newsreel. Co‐distributed with Head in the Clouds. 98 nun.
Book Review
Authors: Desser David
Published: November 2004

The Emperor's Naked Army Marches On/Yukiyukite shingun. Jeffrey Ruoff and Kenneth Ruoff. Wiltshire, England: Flicks Books, 1998. 57pp
Book Review
Authors: Ramey Kathryn
Published: November 2004

Experimental Ethnography: the work of film in the age of video. Catherine Russell. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999.
Book Review
Authors: Davidson Brad
Published: November 2004

Mental Hygiene: Classroom Films 1945‐1970. Ken Smith. New York: Blast Books. 238 pp.
The British Museum Encyclopedia of Native North America
Authors: Cohan Scherer Joanna
Published: November 2004

The British Museum Encyclopedia of Native North America. Rayna Green with Melanie Fernandez. Indiana University Press, 1999. 213 pp., index, index of individuals, maps. 273 illustrations.
Immunoblotting and Immunodetection
Authors: Gallagher Sean , Winston Scott E. , Fuller Steven A. , Hurrell John G.R.
Published: November 2004

Immunoblotting (western blotting) is used to identify specific antigens recognized by polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies. This unit provides numerous protocols for all steps starting with solubilization of the protein samples, usually with SDS and reducing agents. Following solubilization, the material is separated by SDS‐PAGE and the antigens are then electrophoretically transferred to a membrane, a process that can be monitored by reversible staining or Ponceau S staining. The transferred proteins are bound to the surface of the membrane, providing access to immunodetection reagents. Any remaining binding sites are blocked by immersing the membrane in a blocking solution. After probing with the primary antibody, the membrane is washed and the antibody‐antigen complexes are identified with horseradish peroxidase (HRPO) or alkaline phosphatase enzymes coupled to the secondary anti‐IgG antibody (e.g., goat anti‐rabbit IgG) and appropriate chromogenic or luminescent substrates. Finally, membranes may be stripped and reprobed.
Patch‐Clamp Recording from Neuronal Dendrites
Authors: Poolos Nicholas P. , Jones Terrance D.
Published: November 2004

Pyramidal neurons of the central nervous system have extensively arborized apical dendrites that contribute importantly to the signaling properties of the neuron. Recent advances in electrophysiological techniques have allowed recording from neuronal dendrites. These techniques depend on using infrared optics to visualize dendritic processes in the unstained brain slice preparation, on pipet positioning with high resolution micromanipulators, and on stringent techniques for brain slice preparation that preserved healthy dendritic processes, even in tissue from mature animals. The procedures underlying these techniques are described in this unit.
Herpesvirus saimiri Transformation of Human T Lymphocytes
Authors: Fleckenstein Bernhard , Ensser Armin
Published: November 2004

Viral transformation of T cells is an effective method for obtaining large numbers of T cells that are easily maintained in the laboratory. This unit describes a method for generating antigen‐independent, virally‐transformed T cells using a T‐lymphotropic primate gamma‐2 herpesvirus, Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS; strain C488). Support protocols for preparing and titrating HSV C488 stocks and testing the functional status of transformed T cells are also included.
Assays for B Cell and Germinal Center Development
Authors: Bleesing Jack J.H.
Published: November 2004

The study of B cell development is highly relevant for a better understanding of human disorders in which B cells are involved. B cell development in humans appears to proceed largely along a linear pathway and occurs in three compartments: bone marrow, peripheral blood, and lymphoid tissue. The focus of this unit is on the detailed immunophenotypic evaluation of cell suspensions obtained from these compartments. These protocols are based on routine methodology, commonly used by clinical flow laboratories. Special emphasis will be placed on the approach to the study of B cell development, including current knowledge regarding immunophenotypic identification of B cell subsets. Multiparameter flow cytometry provides powerful analytical tools, as long as attention is paid to careful design and proper execution of flow cytometric acquisition and analysis. The goal of this unit is to provide a guide to the flow cytometric study of B cell development in humans.
Reporting of Diagnostic Cytogenetic Results
Authors: Ligon Azra H. , Morton Cynthia C. , Bieber Frederick R. , Fletcher Jonathan A. , Giersch Anne B.S. , Lee Charles , Sandstrom Mary , Weremowicz Stanislawa , Xiao Sheng , Cin Paola Dal
Published: November 2004

This appendix, developed by the staff at the Clinical Cytogenetics Laboratory at the Brigham and Women's Hospital, provides a comprehensive list of the facilities' current "macros" or standardized statements, used to facilitate reporting of cytogenetic results. These are provided as a reference for other laboratories. The statements are organized under the general categories of constitutional or acquired abnormalities and subdivided into analysis type (GTG‐banding or FISH). Multi‐specimen usage macros are included that can be applied to two or more specimen types.
Differential Staining of DNA and RNA
Authors: Darzynkiewicz Zbigniew , Juan Gloria , Srour Edward F.
Published: November 2004

Cell cycle analysis by means of differential staining of RNA and DNA permits determination of RNA content, which in turn allows one to discriminate G0 versus G1 cells and to detect cell differentiation. This unit presents two protocols for differential staining, one using the metachromatic dye acridine orange (AO) and the other a combination of pyronin Y (PY) and Hoechst 33342. Each method has its advantages and limitations, and the Hoechst‐PY method is not applicable to single‐laser instruments. A third protocol describes staining of viable cells to identify/sort hematopoietic stem cells, with an alternative that includes simultaneous immunostaining.
Overview of Flow Cytometry and Microbiology
Authors: Robinson J. Paul
Published: November 2004

Although in recent years flow cytometry has become commonplace in hematology and immunology laboratories, application of the technology to microbiology remains largely unrealized. This overview presents the historical background, discusses applications in various areas of the field, and speculates on the directions of future developments. The availability of high‐quality methods should be a prime factor in convincing microbiologists that flow cytometry may have certain advantages over traditional methods and that it does indeed have much to contribute to microbiology.
Insights from genomic microarrays into structural chromosome rearrangements
Authors: Knijnenburg Jeroen , Szuhai Károly , Giltay Jacques , Molenaar Lia , Sloos Willem , Poot Martin , Tanke Hans J. , Rosenberg Carla
Published: November 2004

Array‐based comparative genomic hybridization allows high‐resolution screening of copy number abnormalities in the genome, and becomes an increasingly important tool to detect deletions and duplications in tumor and post‐natal cytogenetics. Here we illustrate that genomic arrays can also provide novel clues regarding the structural basis of chromosome rearrangement, including instability and mechanisms of formation of ring chromosomes. We also showed that array results might impact the recurrence risks for relatives of affected individuals. Our data indicate that chromosome rearrangements frequently involve more breaks than current cytogenetic models assume. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An αtropomyosin mutation alters dimer preference in nemaline myopathy
Authors: Corbett Mark A. , Anthony Akkari P. , Domazetovska Ana , Cooper Sandra T. , North Kathryn N. , Laing Nigel G. , Gunning Peter W. , Hardeman Edna C.
Published: November 2004

Nemaline myopathy is a human neuromuscular disorder associated with muscle weakness, Z‐line accumulations (rods), and myofibrillar disorganization. Disease‐causing mutations have been identified in genes encoding muscle thin filament proteins: actin, nebulin, slow troponin T, βTropomyosin, and αTropomyosinslow. Skeletal muscle expresses three tropomyosin (Tm) isoforms from separate genes: αTmfast(αTm, TPM1), βTm (TPM2), and αTmslow (γTm, TPM3). In this article, we show that the level of βTm, but not αTmfast protein, is reduced in human patients with mutations in αTmslow and in a transgenic mouse model of αTmslow(Met9Arg) nemaline myopathy. A postnatal time course of Tm expression in muscles of the mice indicated that the onset of αTmslow(Met9Arg) expression coincides with the decline of βTm. Reduction of βTm levels is independent of the degree of pathology (rods) within a muscle and is detected before the onset of muscle weakness. Thus, reduction in the level of βTm represents an early clinical diagnostic marker for αTmslow‐based mutations. Examinations of tropomyosin dimer formation using either recombinant proteins or sarcomeric extracts show that the mutation reduces the formation of the preferred α/β heterodimer. We suggest this perturbation of tropomyosin isoform levels and dimer preference alters sarcomeric thin filament dynamics and contributes to muscle weakness in nemaline myopathy. Ann Neurol 2004
Successful management of cataplexy with intravenous immunoglobulins at narcolepsy onset
Authors: Dauvilliers Yves , Carlander Bertrand , François  , Touchon Jacques , Tafti Mehdi
Published: November 2004

Hypocretin/orexin deficiency appears to be a consistent feature of narcolepsy with a putative autoimmune mechanism involved. We treated four hypocretin/orexin‐deficient narcolepsy patients with intravenous immunoglobulins and assessed the efficacy by repeated polysomnographies and questionnaires. Three patients received the treatment within a few months after acute onset of narcolepsy. A clear improvement in the frequency and severity of cataplexy was obtained with a benefic effect up to 7 months without any anticataplectics drugs at follow‐up. Our findings point to the importance of early diagnosis of narcolepsy, which once treated quickly may modify its long‐term outlook. Ann Neurol 2004;56:905–908
Diskrete Metallkatalysatoren zur Copolymerisation von CO2 mit Epoxiden: Entdeckung, Reaktivität, Optimierung, Mechanismus
Authors: Coates Geoffrey W. , Moore David R.
Published: November 2004

Synthetische Polymere werden zum weit überwiegenden Teil aus dem Rohstoff Erdöl hergestellt und sind nicht erneuerbar. Demnach besteht ein steigender Bedarf an Herstellungsverfahren für Polymere aus erneuerbaren Quellen und ein zunehmendes Interesse an biologisch abbaubaren polymeren Materialien. Polycarbonate, die aus CO2 und Epoxiden zugänglich sind, haben das Potenzial, diese Anforderungen zu erfüllen. Seit der Entdeckung von Katalysatoren zur Copolymerisation von CO2 und Epoxiden in den späten 60er Jahren durch Inoue wurde ein erheblicher Forschungsaufwand in die Entwicklung von Katalysatoren mit verbesserter Aktivität und Selektivität investiert. Dieser Aufsatz behandelt wohldefinierte Katalysatoren für die Epoxid‐CO2‐Copolymerisation und verwandte Reaktionen.
Analysis of butyltin compounds by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry: an application to the Antarctic bivalve Adamussium colbecki
Authors: Magi Emanuele , Di Carro Marina , Rivaro Paola
Published: November 2004

A gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method was developed for the determination of butyltin compounds in biota samples. Tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT) were extracted in methanol‐containing tropolone (0.05% w/v) and subjected to Grignard pentylation. A solid‐phase extraction procedure on florisil was optimized in order to purify the extracts. Quantitative determinations were carried out in single ion monitoring mode (TBT m/z 305, DBT and MBT m/z 319) using tripropyltin as internal standard (m/z 277). The accuracy of the whole methodology was verified on a certified reference material (CRM 477 from BCR), obtaining a recovery of about 95% for TBT and DBT and 116% for MBT.

Detection limits (organotin cation per tissue dry weight) were 6.4 ng g−1 for TBT, 6.2 ng g−1 for DBT and 4.5 ng g−1 for MBT.

Butyltin compounds were determined in the marine bivalve Adamussium colbecki, collected near the Italian Antarctic Base of Terra Nova Bay, during the XIII Italian Antarctic Campaign. The presence of the analytes, although at low levels, was verified in the whole tissue, gills and digestive glands; gills showed the highest concentrations, ranging from 31 to 133 ng g−1. The occurrence of butyltin compounds in the southern polar region studied suggests their ubiquitous distribution. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy transfer processes between primary and secondary dopants in polystyrene solutions dissolved in 1,4‐dioxane
Authors: Prabhugouda M. , Lagare M. T. , Mallikarjuna N. N. , Naidu B. V. K. , Aminabhavi T. M.
Published: November 2004

High molecular weight polystyrene prepared by emulsion polymerization was characterized by gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and solution viscosity. Prepared polystyrene was used to study the energy transfer processes using Exalite 416 and Coumarin 515 dyes as the primary and the secondary dopants. Absorption and emission spectra of the dyes in polystyrene (PS) solution of concentration 2.5 g/dL in 1,4‐dioxane have been measured. Absorption spectrum of the acceptor dye, Coumarin 515 (wavelength shifter), at 403 nm matches with the emission spectrum of the donor dye, Exalite 416. Continuous wave emission spectra of these wavelength shifters have been studied by changing the concentration of Coumarin 515 dye (accepter) while keeping the Exalite 416 (donor) concentration (10−4 M) fixed in the PS solution. Energy transfer process has been discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 336–341, 2005
Template imprinting amphoteric polymer for the recognition of proteins
Authors: Huang Ji‐Tao , Zhang Jie , Zhang Jia‐Qi , Zheng Si‐Hua
Published: November 2004

A selective recognizing of proteins with amphoteric polymer is essential for application in protein separations. An amphoteric polymer was synthesized by copolymerization of the two functional monomers with the crosslinker in the presence of the template proteins. After extraction of the template protein, the polymer was applied as chromatographic stationary phase, showing high resolution capacity. The molecular imprinting technique allows the formation of specific recognition sites in amphoteric polymers through the use of template protein. Protein is preferentially bound to a polymer made in the presence of the same protein. The recognition ability of an amphoteric polymer is attributed to imprinted cavities that complement proteins in shape and electrostatic interactions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 358–361, 2005
Poly(amide‐ester)s derived from dicarboxylic acid and aminoalcohol
Authors: Borriello Anna , Nicolais Luigi , Huang Samuel J.
Published: November 2004

A series of alternating aliphatic poly(amide‐ester)s, derived from dicarboxylic acid and aminoalcohols, were obtained by polycondensation in melt. All poly(amide‐ester)s were characterized by FTIR and 1H/13C‐NMR spectroscopies. The synthesized polymers showed an inherent viscosity ranging from 0.4 to 1.0 dL g−1. Thermal analysis showed melting points within the range 100–115°C and glass transition within the range 30–60°C. Decomposition temperatures were more than 200°C higher than the corresponding melting temperatures. The polymers can thus be processed from the melt. The processed polymers were partially crystalline with good thermal stability. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 362–368, 2005
Synthesis and characterization of novel low‐dielectric cyanate esters. II
Authors: Shieh Jeng‐Yueh , Yang Shih‐Peng , Wang Chun‐Shan
Published: November 2004

A novel cyanate ester, 2,6‐dimethyl phenol dipentene cyanate ester (DPCY), was successfully synthesized from cyanogen bromide with 2,6‐dimethyl phenol dipentene novolac, which was synthesized from dipentene and 2,6‐dimethyl phenol. For the purpose of increasing the mobility of residual DPCY during the final stage of curing and achieving a complete reaction of cyanate groups, a small quantity of a monofunctional cyanate ester, 4‐tert‐butyl phenol cyanate ester, was added to DPCY to form a cyanate ester copolymer. The thermal properties of the cured cyanate ester resins were studied by dynamic mechanical analysis, dielectric analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. These data were compared with those of the commercial bisphenol A cyanate ester system. The cured modified cyanate ester exhibited a dielectric constant of 2.59–2.50, a dissipation factor of 0.0055–0.0089, and moisture absorption of 0.91–1.17%; these values were all lower than those of the as‐cured bisphenol A dicyanate system. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 369–379, 2005
Copolymerization reactivity ratios analysis of sequentially sampled data by error in variables method
Authors: Parıl Ahmet , Giz Ahmet , Çatalgil‐Giz Huceste
Published: November 2004

A new method for estimating copolymerization reactivity ratios, by sequentially sampling the reaction medium and analyzing the samples by ultraviolet spectroscopy and gravimetry, was developed. The data were analyzed by a new error‐in‐variables method. The method was applied to solution copolymerization of the styrene (Sty)–methyl methacrylate (MMA) system in butyl acetate at 65°C, for which reactivity ratios were rMMA = 0.660 ± 0.050 and rSty = 0.309 ± 0.050. The data were also analyzed by the Kelen–Tüdös and the Extended Kelen–Tüdös methods where the methods are applicable. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 393–399, 2005
The effect of pool depth on system evaluation in TREC
Authors: Keenan Sabrina , Smeaton Alan F. , Keogh Gary
Published: November 2004

The TREC benchmarking exercise for information retrieval (IR) experiments has provided a forum and an opportunity for IR researchers to evaluate the performance of their approaches to the IR task and has resulted in improvements in IR effectiveness. Typically, retrieval performance has been measured in terms of precision and recall, and comparisons between different IR approaches have been based on these measures. These measures are in turn dependent on the so‐called “pool depth” used to discover relevant documents. Whereas there is evidence to suggest that the pool depth size used for TREC evaluations adequately identifies the relevant documents in the entire test data collection, we consider how it affects the evaluations of individual systems. The data used comes from the Sixth TREC conference, TREC‐6. By fitting appropriate regression models we explore whether different pool depths confer advantages or disadvantages on different retrieval systems when they are compared. As a consequence of this model fitting, a pair of measures for each retrieval run, which are related to precision and recall, emerge. For each system, these give an extrapolation for the number of relevant documents the system would have been deemed to have retrieved if an indefinitely large pool size had been used, and also a measure of the sensitivity of each system to pool size. We concur that even on the basis of analyses of individual systems, the pool depth of 100 used by TREC is adequate.
Food fortification with folic acid and rate of multiple births, 1994–2000
Authors: Lawrence Jean M. , Watkins Margaret L. , Chiu Vicki , Erickson J. David , Petitti Diana B.
Published: November 2004

BACKGROUND

Since fortification of cereal grain products with synthetic folic acid (FA) became mandatory in January 1998, women in the United States who have become pregnant have been exposed to a higher level of FA than women who became pregnant previously. Some studies have suggested that increased FA consumption might increase the risk of multiple gestation pregnancies.

METHODS

Women who had a live birth in Kaiser Foundation Health Plan hospitals from January 1, 1994 through December 31, 2000; all multiple births; and the use of ovulation‐inducing drugs were ascertained from electronic databases. Medical records of a sample of women with multiple births who did not use ovulation‐inducing drugs were reviewed to determine whether they used assisted reproductive technology. Exposure to FA‐fortified foods was based on date of delivery.

RESULTS

The rate of multiple births increased from 13.6 to 14.8 per 1000 live births from 1994 through 2000. The percentage of women who had a multiple birth and who filled a prescription for an ovulation‐inducing drug in the 12 months before delivery increased from a low of 6.6% in 1994 to a high of 14.9% in 2000. After excluding women using ovulation‐inducing drugs, the increased rate of multiple births was no longer observed.

CONCLUSIONS

While the rates of multiple births have increased since FA fortification became mandatory, this increase can be explained by the increased use of ovulation‐inducing drugs. Our findings show no relationship between food fortification with FA and the rates of multiple births in this large, managed health care population. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2004. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.