bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The State Defense Form Through Cultural Education On Energy Saving
Authors: Khotimah Khusnul
Published: January 2019

Abstract – A strong country is a nation that has a united citizen in defending, fighting and protecting the country from all kinds of threats that occur, both military and non-military through awareness of defending the state for the integrity of the territory of Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). The concept of defending the state can be realized through energy-efficient culture education for the sustainability of Indonesia's energy in the future.

This article is intended to apply energy efficient and rational culture through the application of basic energy-saving values which include: (1) development of green education curriculum through energy conservation materials (efficient, wise and energy savvy); (2) developing the concept of energy-saving lifestyle habits in two directions (learning from student to student so that active student participation) such as turning off energy source equipment (tap water, lamp, AC) when they are not used continuously with assistance from educator which will become a positive habit that is embedded from childhood to use energy efficiently and rationally. The energy-saving culture education is not only a normative appeal, but there must be clear regulation on energy saving through cooperation between Ministry of Research and Technology and Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources and Ministry of Defense. Therefore, the development culture of energy application continuously can be created with commitment from all academic society of education state defenses.

Keywords: defending the state, energy conservation, education
Sekuritisasi Isu Keamanan Maritim Dalam Mendukung Diplomasi Pertahanan Indonesia di Admm Plus On Maritime Security
Authors: Lubis Rizky Reza
Published: January 2019

Abstrak – Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara yang memiliki banyak persoalan keamanan maritim yang perlu dikelola secara tepat melalui pendekatan diplomasi pertahanan, termasuk dalam kerangka ASEAN. ADMM Plus on Maritime Security sebagai forum dan dialog pertahanan tertinggi di ASEAN yang membicarakan persoalan keamanan maritim diharapkan dapat membangun rasa saling percaya antar-negara ASEAN dan negara luar ASEAN dalam mengatasi persoalan maritim. Namun, beberapa tujuan yang ingin dicapai belum tercapai dengan baik dikarenakan banyaknya persoalan keamanan maritim yang bersifat kompleks pada lingkup domestik. Tulisan ini akan menggunakan teori sekuritisasi, konsep diplomasi pertahanan, dan konsep keamanan maritim untuk menganalisis persoalan keamanan maritim di Indonesia yang perlu disekuritisasi untuk mendukung diplomasi pertahanan Indonesia di ADMM-Plus on Maritime Security. Namun, tahap sekuritisasi tersebut menghadapi beberapa tantangan dari berbagai aspek, terutama kebiasaan pemimpin politik yang cenderung menggunakan isu keamanan maritim hanya sebagai instrumen politik sehingga mengabaikan isu keamanan maritim yang merupakan ancaman bagi negara.

Kata Kunci : keamanan maritim, sekuritisasi, ADMM-Plus, diplomasi pertahanan
Peran Nelayan Dalam Membantu Instansi Penegak Hukum Laut Untuk Mencegah Ancaman Keamanan Maritim
Authors: Nasution Anta Maulana
Published: January 2019

Abstrak – Indonesia memiliki luas laut hampir 2/3 lebih luas dari daratan. Letak geografis Indonesia sangat strategis karena berada pada titik silang antara Samudera Hindia dan Pasifik. Selain itu posisi silang ini memberikan sebuah jalur strategis bagi pelayaran dunia dimana setiap pengiriman dari wilayah barat menuju timur dan sebaliknya akan melewati wilayah laut Indonesia. Hal ini dapat menjadi sebuah peluang ataupun tantangan. Jika tidak dikelola dengan baik akan mengakibatkan ancaman keamanan maritim semakin meningkat, seperti kasus-kasus IUU fishing, penyelundupan, dan perompakan. Ancaman-ancaman ini sangat mengganggu pembangunan ekonomi kelautan, mengingat masih terbatasnya alutsista dan personel instansi penegak hukum laut. Oleh karena itu, peran serta nelayan dalam membantu instansi penegak hukum laut mencegah ancaman keamanan maritim sangat dibutuhkan. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskiptif kualitatif dengan sumber data primer yang diperoleh melalui wawancara dengan stake holder dan organisasi kenelayanan, kemudian data sekunder diperoleh melalui studi literatur. Analisa data dilakukan melalui pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Peran nelayan dalam membantu instansi penegak hukum laut dalam hal ini PSDKP KKP dan TNI AL untuk mencegah ancaman keamanan maritim merupakan prescribed role atau peran yang dianjurkan. Prescribed role ini ditunjukkan dengan adanya program Kelompok Masyarakat Pengawas yang dibentuk PSDKP dan Pembinaan Desa Pesisir yang dibentuk TNI AL. Dalam hal ini, nelayan berperan dalam menyuplai informasi-informasi terkait ancaman keamanan maritim seperti IUU fishing, penyelundupan, perompakan dan ancaman lainnya kepada PSDKP dan TNI AL sehingga bisa langsung bertindak untuk mencegah ancaman-ancaman tersebut terjadi.

Kata Kunci : ancaman keamanan maritim, nelayan, Kelompok Masyarakat Pengawas (Pokmaswas), Pembinaan Desa Pesisir (Bindesir)
Nagari Sebagai Pranata Penyelesaian Konflik : Suatu Kajian Tentang Kerapatan Adat Nagari (Kan) di Nagari Ketaping, Pariaman, Sumatra Barat
Authors: Safitri Lia , Malik Ichsan , Marietta Josephine R.
Published: January 2019

Abstrak – Studi ini menganalisa mengenai upaya pencegahan konflik tanah ulayat oleh Kerapatan Adat Nagari di Nagari Ketaping Kabupaten Padang Pariaman. Nagari Ketaping merupakan wilayah berkembang yang memiliki potensi konflik tanah ulayat, dimana tanah ulayat bagi masyarakat Minangkabau merupakan pengikat bagi kaum dan identitas. Terjadinya konflik tanah ulayat di wilayah ini tidak menutup kemungkinan terjadinya potensi konflik yang berakhir pada krisis. Konflik yang disebabkan oleh konflik tanah ulayat pernah terjadi di wilayah ini, akan tetapi tingkat eskalasi konflik di wilayah ini tidak tinggi, meskipun berada di wilayah konflik. Studi ini dianalisis menggunakan Kerangka Dinamis Pencegahan dan Resolusi Konflik untuk menganalisa upaya pencegahan konflik tanah ulayat serta kerja sama KAN dan pemerintah. Studi ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan deskriptif analisis dengan pengambilan data menggunakan teknik wawancara, observasi, penelitian lapangan dan studi pustaka yang melibatkan Kerapatan Adat Nagari (KAN) dan pemerintah serta masyarakat setempat dan niniak mamak. Dari hasil studi didapatkan bahwa rendahnya eskalasi konflik di Nagari Ketaping ini karena adanya upaya pencegahan konflik tanah ulayat oleh Kerapatan Adat Nagari dengan menggunakan kerangka penyelesaian konflik tanah ulayat sehingga pencegahan konflik dapat dilakukan. Selain itu dengan adanya pengoptimalan berlakunya hukum adat yang merupakan kearifan lokal yang dimiliki oleh Nagari Ketaping dan sinergitas yang baik dari pemerintah dengan KAN menyebabkan Nagari tingkat konflik di Nagari ini rendah.
Kata Kunci : pencegahan konflik, tanah ulayat, kerapatan adat nagari, kearifan lokal, hukum adat
THE ROLE OF FISHERMEN IN ASSISTING MARITIME LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES TO PREVENT MARITIME SECURITY THREATS
Authors: Nasution Anta Maulana
Published: January 2019

Abstract – Indonesia’s sea is approximately 2/3 wider than the mainland, with very strategic geographical posisition located at the cross point of Indian and Pacific Oceans. This geographical posisition serves as strategic route for shipping, with every shipment from the west to east and the opposite will sail through the Indonesian sea. This can be both opportunity or challenge, depending on how Indonesia will manage it. If the State did not manage it well, it will increase the maritime security threats, such as IUU fishing, smuggling, and piracy. These threats may seriously disrupt the marine economics development, given the limited number of armaments and personnel of marine law enforcement agencies. Therefore, the capacity of fishermen in assisting marine law enforcement agencies to prevent the maritime security threat is inevitable. This study uses descriptive qualitative method. There are two types of data sources, primary and secondary data sources. Primary sources is obtained through interview with stakeholders and fishermen organization, while secondary data source is obtained by literature study. The role of fishermen in assisting maritime law enforcement agencies, in this case PSDKP KKP and Navy, to prevent maritime security threats is prescribed role or recommended role. The prescribed role is shown by the community group program established by PSDKP and Coastal Development in Rural area which is established by the Navy. With this program, the fishermen can supply informations about maritime security threats to PSDKP and the Navy so that they can act immediately to prevent these threats.
Keywords: Maritime Security Threats, Fishermen, Community Group Supervisor (Pokmaswas), Development Of Coastal In Rural Area (Bindesir)
THE DINAMICS OF MAJOR-POWER RELATION AND ITS INFLUENCES TOWARD ASIA-PACIFIC REGIONAL ORDER IN CONTEMPORARY ERA
Authors: Iriawan Sony
Published: January 2019

Asia-Pacific as the "pivot" of the 21st century area, related to the various issues that became the main agenda when discussing the development of international politics today. The dynamics of major-power relations as the complexity of the USA-China relations has effect significantly to the regional order in Asia Pacific. The urgency of reshaping the regional order in Asia Pacific is when China as an emerging power presenting a threat towards US hegemony existence in the region. The dynamics of major-power relations have indirectly created perceptions of the strengthening of China's influence in the regional level, which leads to the centralistic weakening of US leadership in Asia-Pacific. Simultaneously, the creation of peace and the stability of regional security also demands the re-establishment of an Asia-Pacific regional order that can accommodate the possibility of a truly transitional US power over China.

Keyword: major-power relation, world order, Asia-Pacific, United States of America, the rise of China
PENETAPAN AIR DEFENCE IDENTIFICATION ZONE (ADIZ) DALAM RANGKA MENDUKUNG KEDAULATAN WILAYAH UDARA NASIONAL
Authors: Marsono Marsono , D.A.R. Deni
Published: January 2019

Salah satu aspek penataan ruang udara yang berkaitan dengan kedaulatan wilayah udara nasional adalah dengan menetapkan Air Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ) yang dibentuk atas dasar pertimbangan keamanan, khususnya untuk keperluan identifikasi pesawat udara asing.  ADIZ Indonesia yang telah ditetapkan pada saat ini belum ideal, karena masih berada di atas pulau Jawa dan sekitarnya, yang masih belum memadai dihadapkan pada luas wilayah Indonesia. Untuk itu dilakukan penelitian tentang hal tersebut dengan tujuan untuk menganalisis kondisi ADIZ Indonesia saat ini, upaya-upaya apa yang telah dilakukan untuk menetapkan kembali ADIZ Indonesia agar dapat mendukung kedaulatan wilayah udara nasional, dan ketentuan penetapan ADIZ yang sesuai dengan hukum udara Internasional. Penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif, data dikumpulkan dengan teknik wawancara dan studi dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ADIZ Indonesia saat ini berada di wilayah udara sebagian kecil Sumatera Selatan, Jawa dan Madura, Bali, Lombok dan sebagian kecil Pulau Sumbawa bagian barat, tidak berada di luar wilayah laut teritorial (ZEE). Upaya-upaya untuk menetapkan kembali wilayah ADIZ Indonesia telah dilaksanakan melalui forum diskusi atau FGD yang diselenggarakan di BNPP, dan penetapan ADIZ Indonesia sudah berdasarkan hukum kebiasaan internasional saat itu.

Kata Kunci: ADIZ, identifikasi pesawat, kedaulatan wilayah udara, hukum udara
MEMBANGUN KOMPONEN CADANGAN BERBASIS KEMAMPUAN BELA NEGARA SEBAGAI KEKUATAN PERTAHANAN INDONESIA MENGHADAPI ANCAMAN NIR-MILITER
Authors: Indrawan Raden Mas Jerry , Efriza Efriza
Published: January 2019

Ancaman, Gangguan, Hambatan, dan Tantangan (AGHT) Indonesia di masa depan sangat bersifat nir-militer (non-konvensional). Paradigma pertahanan Indonesia jika hanya mengandalkan TNI sebagai kekuatan utama sudah seharusnya berubah. Berkurang secara drastisnya ancaman militer (konvensional) dari negara lain terhadap Indonesia, maupun ancaman sejenis di seluruh dunia, membuat kita harus berpikir ulang bagaimana rumusan yang paling tepat untuk strategi pertahanan Indonesia di era ancaman nir-militer seperti ini. Untuk itu, pembentukan komponen cadangan, yang sebelumnya sudah dilengkapi dengan kemampuan dan pengetahuan mumpuni tentang bela negara, perlu dipertimbangkan. Pertimbangannya adalah, pembentukan komponen cadangan ini dapat berguna sebagai elemen kekuatan pertahanan pendukung komponen utama, utamanya untuk menghadapi ancaman nir-militer. Penggunaan komponen cadangan tidak hanya dipersiapkan untuk perang, tetapi mempunyai fungsi utama membantu TNI menghadapi AGHT yang bersifat non-fisik (intangible). Tulisan ini akan membahas bagaimana komponen cadangan, sebagai bagian dari kekuatan pertahanan negara, menghadapi ancaman nir-militer di masa depan. Selain itu, tulisan ini juga melihat bahwa bela negara dapat menjadi bagian integral dalam upaya komponen cadangan mewujudkan hal tersebut.

Kata Kunci : bela negara, komponen cadangan, ancaman nir-militer, dan pertahanan negara
WUJUD KESADARAN BELA NEGARA MELALUI BUDAYA PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT DALAM PENGELOLAAN ENERGI TERBARUKAN
Authors: Khotimah Khusnul
Published: January 2019

Setiap negara memiliki ciri khas kepribadian yang menjadi identitas negara tersebut. Indonesia dikenal sebagai negara yang memiliki budaya partisipasi masyarakat. Namun, identitas tersebut semakin memudar ditengah globalisasi saat ini. Padahal budaya ini sangat berpotensi menjadi budaya khas Indonesia dalam menguasai dunia melalui kesadaran bela negara demi persatuan dan kesatuan bangsa. Metode penelitian pada kajian ini menggunakan studi literatur dan observasi penelitian penulis sebelumnya. Hasilnya adalah analisis penerapan budaya partisipasi masyarakat dalam pengelolaan energi terbarukan menuju kemandirian energi pendukung kekuatan pertahanan negara melalui penerapan dasar prinsip partisipasi masyarakat yang mencakup: (1) pengembangan, penyediaan dan pemanfaatan secara bersama-sama sumber energi terbarukan oleh masyarakat; (2) menjadikan masyarakat sebagai pelopor dan inovator yang berhasil memfasilitasi masyarakat lainnya dalam menyediakan energi secara mandiri serta ikut menggerakkan tumbuhnya ekonomi kerakyatan mendukung pertahanan negara. Pengelolaan energi terbarukan melalui partisipasi masyarakat diharapkan bukan hanya imbauan yang bersifat normatif, namun harus ada regulasi yang jelas tentang keterlibatan aktif masyarakat dalam mendukung program pencapaian bauran energi terbarukan 23% pada Tahun 2025. Perlunya optimalisasi penguatan koordinasi, evaluasi dan pengawasan berkelanjutan antara Kementerian ESDM, Kementerian Desa, Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal dan Transmigrasi maupun Kementerian Pertahanan sehingga pengembangan partisipasi oleh masyarakat dapat menciptakan pengelolaan energi terbarukan secara berkelanjutan dalam wujud bela negara.

Kata Kunci: bela negara, energi terbarukan, partisipasi masyarakat
BELA NEGARA MELALUI KAMPANYE PANGAN LOKAL DI MEDIA INTERNET
Authors: Handayani Lusia , Nahrawi Munawar K.
Published: January 2019

Pangan merupakan hak mendasar setiap manusia. Masyarakat atau bangsa yang tidak terpenuhi kecukupan pangannya akan berpotensi menimbulkan tidakstabilan ekonomi bahkan dapat menjatuhkan sebuah pemerintah. Ketergantungan terhadap beras sebagai pangan pokok dapat mengancam stabilitas ekonomi dan politik manakala pangan tersebut tidak tercukupi dengan baik. Salah satu alternatif yang dapat dilakukan untuk menghindari ancaman tersebut adalah beralih ke berbagai pangan sumber karbohidrat lainnya yang banyak tumbuh di Indonesia, antara lain ubi jalar, singkong, garut, dan ganyong. Namun demikian, aneka pangan lokal tersebut masih dianggap pangan kelas dua, karena masih kuatnya budaya pangan berbasis nasi dari beras. Karena itu, perlu kampanye pangan lokal di media internet. Internet saat ini berkembang menjadi media yang mampu menjangkau seluruh kalangan secara cepat dan tepat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan menggunakan sumber data sekunder berupa buku, dokumen, dan jurnal terkait bela negara dan ketahanan pangan. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan belum maksimalnya pemanfaatan internet sebagai media kampanye pangan lokal ke masyarakat baik yang dilaksanakan oleh pemerintah maupun non-pemerintah. Sejalan dengan perkembangan pesat internet dan pentingnya melakukan bela negara di semua aspek, kampanye pangan lokal melalui media internet perlu dilakukan oleh semua pihak. 

Kata Kunci: Bela Negara, Kampanye Pangan Lokal, Internet  
PENDIDIKAN BELA NEGARA SEBAGAI MATA KULIAH DI PERGURUAN TINGGI
Authors: Indrawan Jerry , Aji M. Prakoso
Published: January 2019

Indonesia saat ini menghadapi ancaman yang multidimensional, dari yang kecil sampai besar, menyangkut seluruh aspek kehidupan negara, mulai dari ideologi, politik, ekonomi, sosial budaya, pertahanan, dan keamanan. Sifat ancaman yang ada sekarang sudah memiliki perspektif keamanan manusia (human security), bukan lagi keamanan (state security) negara saja. Untuk itu, diperlukan sebuah upaya yang menyeluruh yang mampu menghadapi Ancaman, Gangguan, Hambatan, Tantangan (AGHT) seperti demikian. Bela negara dapat menjadi jawaban untuk permasalahan demikian karena bela negara sendiri dapat diartikan sebagai kewajiban dan tanggung jawab warga negara untuk mempertahankan eksistensi dan kedaulatan negara. Bela negara akan optimal jika didiseminasikan melalui pendidikan formal. Dalam hal ini, pendidikan formal yang dimaksud berada di tingkat pendidikan tinggi. Tulisan ini mengusulkan agar bela negara dapat diselenggarakan di tingkat pendidikan tinggi dalam bentuk mata kuliah wajib universitas, dan diselenggarakan dengan nama Pendidikan Bela Negara. Pendidikan Bela Negara ini bukanlah pendidikan militer atau wajib militer, tetapi pendidikan yang disesuaikan dengan iklim dan nuansa pendidikan tingkat tinggi.

Kata Kunci : ancaman, keamanan manusia, bela negara, dan pendidikan bela negara
PERKEMBANGAN KELOMPOK RADIKAL DI INDONESIA PASCA PERPPU ORMAS NOMOR 2 TAHUN 2017 DAN UU NOMOR 5 TAHUN 2018 TERORISME DALAM PERSPEKTIF KEAMANAN NASIONAL
Authors: Hikam Muhammad AS , Riyanta Stanislaus
Published: January 2019

Pengesahan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang Undang, No. 2Tahun 2017 tentang Keormasan (Perppu Ormas) sebagai UU dan pengesahan UU No.5 Tahun 2018 tentang Terorisme adalah sebuah capaian kebijakan strategis dalam sektor keamanan nasional yang dapat dimanfaatkan oleh pemerintah maupun masyarakat sipil untuk membendung kiprah kelompok-kelompok radikal di Indonesia, terutama (namun tak terbatas pada) mereka yang terkait dengan gerakan-gerakan Islam radikal, baik yang diketahui menggunakan pendekatan kekerasan maupun yang tidak. Pemetaan yang tepat terhadap perkembangan kelompok radikal, pada tataran lingkungan strategis global, regional, dan nasional, penting dilakukan karena akan menjadi landasan bagi pembentukan kebijakan publik yang lebih luas dan mendalam tekait penanggulangan radikalisme dan gerakan radikal di masa depan. Analisis kualitatif deskriptif yang dilakukan penulis berdasarkan data-data, dokumen dan fenomena yang terjadi menunjukkan bahwa pengesahan Perppu Ormas No 2 Tahun 2017 dan UU No 5 Tahun 2018 tentang Terorisme mempunyai dampak signifikan jika diikuti dengan tindakan-tindakan tegas oleh penegak hukum.

Kata Kunci: radikalisme, deradikalisasi, terorisme, perpu ormas, uu terorisme
TEKNOLOGI MENANGKAL SERANGAN SINAR LASER GUNA MENDUKUNG KESELAMATAN PENERBANGAN
Authors: Aritonang Sovian , Juhana Riyadi
Published: January 2019

Dunia penerbangan, baik sipil maupun militer, adalah zona baru yang rentan terkena serangan laser. Jumlah peningkatan angka kejadian yang dilaporkan, menunjukkan ancaman serius terhadap keselamatan penerbangan. Serangan laser pada ketinggian rendah dapat menyebabkan gangguan pengelihatan yang menyilaukan hingga kebutaan mendadak kepada pilot pada fase kritis sebuah penerbangan, seperti saat mendarat atau tinggal landas. Sinar laser yang terlihat maupun yang tidak terlihat juga dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada mata manusia. Studi literatur ini menyajikan diskusi dan kesimpulan dari sebuah literatur tentang teknologi baru untuk melindungi mata manusia dari ancaman serangan laser.

Kata Kunci : serangan laser, ancaman laser, pencegahan laser, kacamata pelindung dari laser
DIPLOMASI PERTAHANAN INDONESIA DALAM MENCAPAI KEPENTINGAN NASIONAL
Authors: Sudarsono Budyanto Putro , Mahroza Jonni , D.W. Surryanto
Published: January 2019

Dalam mencapai dan mengamankan kepentingan negara, diplomasi selalu menjadi pilihan negara sebagai cara dominan untuk meraih tujuan tersebut. Dalam pelaksanaannya, negara dapat menggunakan sumber-sumber kekuatan yang dimiliki, antara lain, kekuatan militer, ekonomi, politik, intelijen dan sebagainya. Penggunaan militer sebagai salah satu instrumen dalam diplomasi sudah menjadi hal yang tidak terhindarkan lagi. Semua pihak pasti sepakat bahwa dalam berdiplomasi, negosiasi merupakan inti dari diplomasi, sehingga kemenangan dalam bernegosiasi juga bisa diartikan sebagai kemenangan dalam berdiplomasi. Untuk bisa bernegosiasi dengan baik, kekuatan bargaining position merupakan syarat penting yang harus dimiliki oleh suatu bangsa. Posisi tawar suatu bangsa sangat dipengaruhi oleh national power bangsa dan salah satu komponen yang menonjol dari national power tersebut adalah komponen militer. Hal inilah yang membuat militer sulit untuk dipisahkan dari diplomasi negara. Penelitian ini dirancang guna memperoleh pemahaman tentang diplomasi pertahanan Indonesia dalam mencapai kepentingan nasional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana peran diplomasi pertahanan Indonesia dalam mencapai kepentingan nasional serta bagaimana mengoptimalkannya dan menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi peran diplomasi pertahanan dalam mencapai kepentingan nasional. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, dengan data diperoleh melalui observasi, wawancara dan studi kepustakaan. Teknik analisis data lebih banyak dilakukan bersamaan dengan pengumpulan data saat peneliti berada di lapangan. Lokasi penelitian dilakukan wilayah Kota Jakarta. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) peran diplomasi pertahanan dalam mencapai kepentingan nasional belum optimal dan capaiannya masih sebatas pada isu pertahanan semata; 2) faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi peran diplomasi pertahanan ditinjau dari beberapa dimensi yaitu dimensi kapasitas dan kapabilitas TNI, dimensi Kerjasama antar instansi dan dimensi penyusunan strategi diplomasi.

Kata Kunci : Diplomasi pertahanan, strategi diplomasi, kepentingan nasional
STATE DEFENSE EDUCATION AS A COURSE IN UNIVERSITY
Authors: Indrawan Jerry , Aji M. Prakoso
Published: January 2019

Indonesia currently faces multidimensional threats, from small to large, concerning all aspects of the country's life, from ideology, politics, economics, social, culture, defense, and security. The nature of contemporary threat has a human security aspect rather than only state security. As such, a thorough effort is needed to deal with those Threats, Disruption, Obstacle, Challenge (TDOC). State defense can be the answer to such problems because state defense itself can be interpreted as an obligation and responsibility of citizens to maintain the existence and sovereignty of the state. State defense will be optimal if disseminated through formal education. In this case, the formal education in question is at the level of higher education. This paper proposes that state defense can be held at higher education level in the form of university compulsory course, and is organized under the name State Defense Education. This State Defense Education is not military education or conscription, but an education that is adjusted to the condition and nuance of higher education.

Keywords: Threat, Human Security, State Defense, and State Defense Education
BUILDING DEFENSE POWER THROUGH RENEWABLE ENERGY MANAGEMENT BASED ON LOCAL WISDOM
Authors: Khotimah Khusnul
Published: January 2019

Human Resources (HR) is one of the potential sources for building non-military defense forces for Indonesia. However, the condition of Indonesian human resources has many challenges amid the existing pluralistic conditions of society. One of them is by creating a community that is united in national pluralism. The research method used in this study is literature study and observation of previous research. The result is an analysis on the use of local wisdom in managing renewable energy towards energy independence to support national defense forces, through the application of the basic principles of community participation which include: (1) The community mobilizes and facilitates other communities to provide energy independently and contribute to the growth of people’s economy in support of national defense; (2) Management of renewable energy through community participation is expected to not only be a normative suggestion, but must be strengthened with regulations that regulate the active involvement of the community in supporting the achievement of 23% renewable energy mix program by 2025.

Keywords: defense power, plural society, energy
THE DEVELOPMENT OF RADICAL GROUPS IN INDONESIA AFTER GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS IN LIEU OF LAW NO 2/2017 CONCERNING COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION AND LAW NO 5/2018 CONCERNING TERRORISM IN NATIONAL SECURITY PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Hikam Muhammad AS , Riyanta Stanislaus
Published: January 2019

The ratification of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 2/2017 concerning Community Organization (Perppu Ormas) and Law No.5/2018 concerning Terrorism is a strategic policy achievement in the national security sector that can be utilized by the government and civil society to stem the progress of radical groups in Indonesia, especially (but not limited to) those associated with radical Islamic movements, both those who are known to use violent approaches and those who do not. Appropriate mapping of the development of radical groups, at the level of global, regional and national strategic environments, is important because it will become the basis for the formation of broader and deeper public policies related to the fight against radicalism and radical movements in the future. Descriptive qualitative analysis based on the data, documents and phenomena that occur shows that the ratification of those laws have a significant impact if followed by decisive actions by law enforcement.

Keywords: radicalism, deradicalization, terrorism, Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 2/2017 concerning Community Organization (Perppu Ormas), Law No.5/2018 concerning Terrorism
THE ROLE OF KODIM 0618/BS IN BANDUNG ANALYSIS IN THE EFFORT OF REDUCING NATURAL DISASTERS IN BANDUNG CITY
Authors: Zaqy Fithra Luthfi Bahri , Thamrin Suyono , Lasmono Lasmono
Published: January 2019

Kodim 0618/BS of Bandung City is a unit of Military District Command under the Kodam III/Siliwangi Command which oversees as many as 14 Koramil that are spread in the area of Bandung City. With 14 Koramil spread across the city of Bandung, Kodim 0618/BS has 347 personnel and stands by itself because it is not under the Korem and tasked with regional empowerment, defense and preparing all aspects of regional defense including having their own programs and handling in reducing the risk of natural disasters. This research is conducted to find out the role of Kodim 0618/BS in the Effort of Reducing Natural Disasters in Bandung, which has a high potential for natural disasters because it is located between the Lembang Fault and geographically is in the form of a basin which means it has a high risk of flood. This study employs qualitative method. The data was obtained through observation, interviews and library studies. Descriptive analytical techniques were employed in conjunction with data collection when researchers were in the research site – Bandung. The research finds that 1) The role of Kodim 0618/BS in Efforts of Reducing Natural Disasters is essential with Dandim being the deputy chairman in the Satlak of Disaster Mitigation and Reduction and 2) Bandung City uses the Fire Department and Natural Disaster Management as an organization responsible for Natural Disaster Management 3) There is a lack of Disaster Mitigation Experts, hence special training for personnel is needed

Keywords: Disaster Management, Natural Disaster, Main Duty of TNI
La crisis económica del Ecuador 1999-2000
Authors: Velasteguí López Efraín
Published: January 2019

En si el Ecuador ha sufrido una serie de trastornos y embates de distinto orden que se han confabulado para impedir el progreso y desarrollo del país, con la consecuente sobre el Sistema Financiero y por tal en el sector productivo. El proceso de reactivación de la economía ecuatoriana se detiene súbitamente en 1995, pues sobrevino una cadena de desestabilizadores externos e internos que sacaron a la luz graves falencias tanto estatales como privadas.

Los administradores de los bancos quebrados, autoridades y funcionarios encargados de vigilar los negocios bancarios que fueron cómplices, no han recibido la sanción penal correspondiente por su actuar doloso, y ello refleja la poca eficiencia, moralidad y eficacia en la administración del Estado. Como siempre el Estado siempre termina perdiendo, y como consecuencia la población ecuatoriana.
Los Medios de Comunicación y el Impacto en las Redes Sociales
Authors: Velasteguí López Efraín , Velasteguí Pablo Homero
Published: January 2019

Podemos de este modo identificar los tres principales tipos de conocimientos sobre los medios de comunicación y cada uno de ellos merece ser considerado en su propia especificidad. Las redes sociales en su dimensión de instrumento de participación política suscitado y suscitan un vivo interés entre expertos, entre ciudadanos y, en general, entre todos aquellos que se acercan a esta poderosa herramienta de participación e integración democrática. Pueden observarse desde diversas esferas de interés o perspectivas de análisis, desde nuevos instrumentos aptos para la libertad de expresión individual, hasta medios para articular nuevas formas de participación democrática colectiva. Las potencialidades que brinda el nuevo instrumental tecnológico son amplias.

Los medios de comunicación, por otra parte, son un aspecto de la sociedad que nos resulta demasiado familiar para ser comprendido solo en el marco de teorías altamente formalizadas. Otro aspecto de la industria de los medios de comunicación que investigaremos es el vinculado a toda la corriente que parte de la denominada. Son los profesionales de los medios de comunicación, que muchas veces basan sus actividades y sus rutinas laborables en determinadas convicciones atribuidas, según los casos, a la experiencia, a otros factores.

La tecnología en las comunicaciones avanza a una velocidad tan rápida que aprender a dominar las actualizaciones realizadas a cualquier software o aplicación, nuevamente nos dejaría atrás porque de seguro abran nuevas tecnologías que aprender. Un ejemplo de este proceso tan agresivo de crecimiento se puede evidenciar en el artículo de la revista Top Ten Economía donde refleja las diez principales industrias del mundo, siendo las dos principales tecnología y comunicaciones.
Effect of level of irrigation and nitrogen rate on yield performance of late sown wheat
Authors: Kazi S , Bhuiya SU , Hasan AK , Rajib RR , Rahman ABMR , Shanta FH
Published: January 2019

The experiment was at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh–2202 during late Rabi season (December-March) of 2015. It was two factorial experiment (1) irrigation level and (2) nitrogen rate. Irrigation significantly influenced on yield and yield contributing characters except harvest index. The highest plant height (79.69cm), maximum number of total tillers plant-1 (4.725), number of grains spike-1 (40.61), spike length (11.80cm), 1000 grain weight (28.67g), grain yield (3.227 t ha-1), harvest index (41.26%) were obtained by mulching treatment. Nitrogen rate significantly influenced the yield and yield contributing characters. The highest plant height (80.37cm), maximum number of total tillers plant-1 (5.124), number of grains spike-1 (40.85), spike length (10.37cm), 1000 grain weight (31.86g), grain yield (3.792 t ha-1), harvest index (41.69%) were obtained by the application of 180 kg N ha-1. The combined effect of Irrigation and nitrogen significantly interacted on yield and yield contributing characters. The highest plant height (83.44cm), number of total tillers plant-1 (5.66), number of grains spike-1 (41.60), 1000 grain weight (36.66g), grain yield (4.32 t ha-1) and harvest index (47.36%) were obtained by application of 180 kg N ha-1 with mulching. The present study revealed that high dose of nitrogen 180 kg ha-1 and mulching practice can compensate low production of wheat even at late sowing.

Progressive Agriculture 29 (3): 213-220, 2018
Performance of concentrated cropmax on growth and yield of mungbean
Authors: Shimu LA , Hasan MM , Khan ABMMM , Hossain MK , Howlader MHK
Published: January 2019

The present study was conducted at the research field of Patuakhali Science and Technology University (PSTU), Patuakhali during the period from December 2013 to March 2014 to study on the effect of a concentrated fertilizer (Cropmax) on the growth and yield the Mung bean. It also observed the comparative growth and yield performance of foliar application Cropmax ( 0, 2.0, 3.0 and 5.0 ml L–1) . Data were collected on plant height, leaf per plant, branches per plant, length of root, leaf area, dry weight of shoot, dry weight of root, TDM, AGR, CGR and RGR, number of pod per plant, pod length, number of seed per pod, thousand seed weight, grain yield (t ha–1), straw yield (t ha–1), biological yield (t ha–1) and harvest index (%) etc.The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized block design (RCBD) with three replications. The collected data were analyzed statistically and means were adjudged by DMRT at 5% level of probability. The treatments Cropmax @ 3.0 ml L–1 as foliar application gave the highest performance in respect of all growth and yield parameters.

Progressive Agriculture 29 (3): 239-247, 2018
Profitability, input demand and output supply of tilapia production at Trishal upazila of Mymensingh district in Bangladesh
Authors: Islam S , Sarker JR
Published: January 2019

Fisheries sector has high potential for the economic development of Bangladesh. Bangladesh earns a considerable amount of foreign currencies by exporting fish, shrimps and other fisheries products. This study addresses profitability of tilapia production using benefit cost ratio. The study also examines input demand and output supply of tilapia farming in Bangladesh by applying a profit function approach. Results revealed that benefit cost ratio is greater than 1, means that tilapia production is profitable in the study area. Tilapia farmers are also responsive to changes in market prices of inputs and outputs. Tilapia price is the most dominant determinant of output supply and input demand. A 1% increase in tilapia price will increase output supply by 3.836% and increase demand for lime, fingerlings, feed and labour by 0.941%, 0.987%, 0.523% and 1.00%, respectively. Problem facing index analysis shows major problems faced by the farmers were low market price of tilapia, high prices of fish feed with adulteration and inadequate supply of good quality fry.

Progressive Agriculture 29 (3): 248-258, 2018
Factors influencing farmers practices in using pesticide for vegetable cultivation at sadar upazila of Gazipur district in Bangladesh
Authors: Yeasmin F , Yasmin S , Nahar K
Published: January 2019

The focus of the study was to determine the pesticide control measures practiced by the farmers in Sadar Upazila of Gazipur district of Bangladesh. Data were collected through personal interview during the period of November 2016 to March 2017. Total numbers of 90 respondents were selected as the sample of the study. Safety measures were not taken by most of the respondents. Education, training, experience, extension contact and knowledge towards practices of pesticide use had significant positive relationships (at 1% level) with the pesticide use for vegetable cultivation. Age, farm size, family size, farming experience and annual income of the respondents had no significant relationships with the pesticide use for vegetable cultivation. "Hand sprayers are used for pesticide application in your plot" was identified as the first highest scores (PPI = 296) and "Use of appropriate pesticide" was the second highest scores (PPI = 287) and "Use Knapsack Sprayer for pesticide application" achieved the lowest scores (PPI = 2) about their use of recommended pesticides and methods. The above findings suggested that the farmers did not use knapsack sprayer. Applicators usually spray their field with different types of hand sprayer machine for vegetable cultivation. In this regard "Take bath right after spraying" (PPI = 299) was the highest and "Use Shoes/Head cover/Glasses when applied pesticide" (PPI =73) was the lowest scores. Majority of the farmers were aware about safety measures about ‘after using pesticide they took bath’, but most of the farmers were not aware of using of shoes, head cover and glasses while using pesticide in their field.

Progressive Agriculture 29 (3): 259-266, 2018
La formación del profesional de la Educación especial en Cuba
Authors: González Peña Raúl , Llanes Isla Adriana
Published: January 2019

La formación del profesional de la Educación Especial en Cuba se ha caracterizado por estar en correspondencia con las transformaciones sociales, económicas y políticas del país. En el período comprendido en la primera mitad del siglo XX no se hallan evidencias sobre la instrumentación de un sistema de formación de estos profesionales; sin embargo, la consulta de artículos especializados y el análisis de contenido sobre la memoria histórica de los Planes de Estudio han podido confirmar que a partir del año 1959 se han organizado formas particulares para garantizar profesionales con elevada preparación de acuerdo a las exigencias sociales.
Inibidor de corrosão ambientalmente seguro: avaliando extratos de Plectranthus barbatus Andrews
Authors: Oliveira Daiane Festraets de , Silva Carmelita Gomes da , Cardoso Sheila Pressentin
Published: January 2019

O trabalho apresenta uma avaliação dos extratos etanólico e aquoso de Plectranthus barbatus Andrews (boldo brasileiro) como potenciais inibidores naturais de corrosão para o aço carbono P110 e inoxidável 22Cr-7Ni-3Mo (duplex 22 %Cr), em meio contendo ácido clorídrico 1,0 mol.L-1 e ácido sulfúrico 0,5 mol.L-1. O estudo foi realizado a partir de ensaios gravimétricos com variação na concentração dos extratos e obtenção das eficiências de inibição, e pela análise do perfil químico para identificar metabólitos presentes nos extratos. Os resultados indicaram a ausência de terpenos e a presença de flavonoides, taninos e compostos fenólicos em ambos os extratos. Os ensaios gravimétricos mostraram que os extratos apresentam excelentes resultados para o aço carbono, em ambos os ácidos, com valores de eficiência de inibição superiores a 90 %, revelando o potencial dos extratos como inibidores de corrosão para o aço carbono. Contudo, não apresentam para o aço inoxidável o mesmo desempenho, revelando valores baixos de eficiência de inibição não justificando o uso dos extratos como inibidores para este aço. Os extratos aquoso e etanólico possuem comportamentos diferentes conforme o ácido empregado, com o etanólico proporcionando melhores resultados em ácido sulfúrico e o aquoso em ácido clorídrico.
Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Rekreasyonel Eğilimleri ve Rekreasyonel Etkinliklere Katılımlarına Engel Olan Faktörlerin İncelenmesi (Üsküdar Üniversitesi Örneği)
Authors: Bosna Orhan Şükrü , Bayazıt Betül , Yılmaz Ozan
Published: January 2019

Bu araştırmada, Üsküdar
Üniversitesi'nde okuyan öğrencilerin rekreasyonel etkinliklere katılımına engel
olan faktörlerin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmaya, Üsküdar
Üniversitesi'nde okuyan 96’sı erkek, 99’u kadın olmak üzere toplam 195 öğrenci gönüllü
olarak katılmıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak Alexandris ve Carroll (1997)
tarafından geliştirilen, Türkçe uyarlaması, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması
Gürbüz ve Karaküçük (2007) tarafından yapılan “Boş Zaman Engelleri” ölçeği
kullanılmıştır. Ölçek, toplam 6 alt boyut ve 27 maddeden oluşmaktadır. Elde
edilen veriler, SPSS 21.0 paket programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmada
kullanılan boş zaman engelleri ölçeğinden elde edilen verilerin frekans ve
yüzde değerleri alındıktan sonra parametrik testlerden Bağımsız Örneklem
T-Testi (independent sample t-test) ve ANOVA testi uygulanmıştır. Anlam düzeyi
0.05 olarak alınmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre,
Üsküdar Üniversitesi öğrencilerinin rekreatif etkinliklere katılımını etkileyen
faktörlerde büyük bir farklılığın olmadığı görülmektedir. “Cinsiyet” ve “Bölüm”
değişkenlerine göre karşılaştırıldığında alt boyutlarda istatistiksel olarak
anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmamıştır (p>0.05). “Sınıf” değişkenine göre
karşılaştırıldığında ise alt boyutlarda “zaman ve ilgi eksikliği” ile “birey
psikolojisi” alt boyutlarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık
bulunmuştur (p<0.05).
Spor Bilimleri Alanında Eğitim Gören Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Sportmenlik Davranışları ile Saygı Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi
Authors: Koç Yakup , Seçer Emrah
Published: January 2019

Bu araştırmanın amacı;
spor bilimleri alanında eğitim gören üniversite öğrencilerinin sportmenlik
davranışları ile saygı düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Araştırma
grubunu 2016-2017 eğitim-öğretim yılında spor bilimleri alanında öğrenimlerine
devam eden 302 üniversite öğrencisi oluşturmuştur. Araştırmada Koç (2013)
tarafından geliştirilen “Beden Eğitimi Dersi Sportmenlik Ölçeği (BEDSÖ)” ile
Yazıcı & Yazıcı (2015) tarafından geliştirilen “Saygı Ölçeği” ve
araştırmacı tarafından oluşturulan kişisel bilgi formu kullanılmıştır.
Öğrencilerin ölçeklerden aldığı puanlar bağımsız değişkenlere göre
incelenmiştir. Ayrıca öğrencilerin sportmenlik değerleriyle saygı düzeyleri
arasındaki ilişkiye (Pearson) bakılmıştır. Ölçeklerin üniversite öğrencileri
için geçerli ve güvenilir ölçekler olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Öğrencilerin
sportmenlik davranışlarının ve saygı düzeylerinin cinsiyetlerine (kadınlar
lehine) ve sınıf düzeylerine (1 ve 4. sınıflar lehine) göre bazı boyutlarda
anlamlı düzeyde farklılaştığı görülmüştür. 
Ölçek puanlarının öğrencilerin üniversite takımlarında oynamalarına,
aktif spor yapmalarına ve yaptıkları branş türlerine göre anlamlı düzeyde
farklılaşmadığı görülmüştür. Öğrencilerin sportmenlik davranışlarıyla saygı
düzeyleri arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı ilişki bulunmuştur. Üniversitede
öğrencilerin saygı düzeylerini geliştirmeye yönelik etkinlikler uygulamanın
öğrencilerin sportmenlik davranışlarını geliştirmede faydalı olacağı
düşünülmektedir.
Serbest Zaman Engelleri ile Engellerle Baş Etme Stratejileri arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi: Keşifsel Bir Çalışma
Authors: Yerlisu Lapa Tennur , Köse Elif
Published: January 2019

Bu çalışmanın amacı
serbest zaman engelleri ile serbest zaman engelleri ile baş etme stratejileri
arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Araştırmanın evreni Akdeniz Üniversitesinde
okuyan üniversite öğrencilerinden oluşurken, araştırma örneklemi ise Akdeniz
Üniversitesinde okuyan 386 üniversite öğrencisinden oluşturmaktadır.
Araştırmada örneklem seçimi yöntemi olarak kolayda örnekleme yöntemi
kullanılmıştır. Veri toplamak amacıyla Beggs ve ark. tarafından son hale
getirilmiş ve Yerlisu Lapa tarafından Türkçeye adapte edilmiş “Serbest Zaman
Engelleri ile Baş Etme Stratejileri Ölçeği” ile Alexandris ve Carroll
tarafından geliştirilen ve Karaküçük ve Gürbüz tarafından Türkçeye adapte
edilen ve yine Gürbüz ve ark. tarafından yapı geçerliği sınanan “Boş Zaman
Engelleri Ölçeği”nin kısa formu kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulguları
incelendiğinde; serbest zaman engelleri olarak tanımlanan U1 kanonik
değişkenine en önemli katkıların .75 ile tesis/hizmet/ulaşım, .73 ile zaman
eksikliği ve .67 ile sosyal ortam sağlamaktadır. Serbest zaman engelleri ile
baş etme stratejileri olarak tanımlanan V1 kanonik değişkenine en
önemli katkının ise .73 ile fiziksel uygunluk stratejilerinin olduğu
görülmektedir. V1 kanonik değişkenine katkı sağlayan diğer
değişkenleri ise sırasıyla; .66 ile beceri stratejileri, .62 ile finansal
yönetim, .59 ile zaman yönetimi stratejileridir. Sonuç olarak, serbest zaman
engelleri kümesinin varyansının %9.70’i serbest zaman engelleri ile baş etme
stratejileri tarafından açıklanırken, serbest zaman engelleri ile baş etme
stratejileri kümesinin %10.41’inin serbest zaman engelleri kanonik değişkeni
tarafından açıklandığı görülmektedir.
Farklı Kategorideki Amatör Futbol Maçlarında Atılan Gollerin Taktik Analizi
Authors: Afyon Yakup Akif , Boyacı Abdurrahman , Mülazımoğlu Olcay
Published: January 2019

Bu çalışmada, 2012-2013
futbol sezonunda Muğla ilinde, farklı kategorideki Bölgesel Amatör Ligi (BAL)
ve Süper Amatör Liginde (SAL) birinci ve sonuncu olan takımların (n=4) sezonun
2.yarısında oynadıkları 50 resmi lig maçında atılan gollerin taktik analizi
yapılmıştır. Atılan gollerin 15’er dakikalık periyotlar halinde dağılımı,
gollerin atılışındaki vuruş teknikleri, gollerin hangi mevkide oynayan
oyuncular tarafından atıldığı ve gollerin atılış şekillerine göre dağılımı
yazılı gözlem ve çeteleme yöntemiyle incelendi. Analizi yapılan 50 lig maçında
toplam 97 gol atıldığı, maç başına gol ortalaması (X=1.94) olarak tespit
edildi. Müsabakalarda zaman dilimine bağlı olarak atılan gollerin en fazla
76-90 dakikaları arasında (26 gol ), en fazla golün (46 gol) orta saha
oyuncuları tarafından atıldığı, gollerin 76 tanesinin ayakla yapılan vuruş ile
ve çoğunluğunun ceza sahası içinden yapıldığı belirlendi.
Sporun Kamu Diplomasisi Açısından Türkiye’nin İmajına Etkisi
Authors: Akoğlu Halil Erdem , Mutlu Tonguç Osman
Published: January 2019

İletişim teknolojilerinin hızla
gelişmesi ile dünya üzerinde yaşanan her olaya tüm dünya neredeyse anında ve
canlı olarak kolayca ulaşabilmektedir. Kamu diplomasi
aktörlerinin de günümüz teknolojisine ayak uydurmaları onları devletlerin
önemli bir gücü haline getirmektedir. İnsanların
en çok ilgi duyduğu ve takip ettiği büyük spor organizasyonlarını kullanarak kamu
diplomasisi uygulamalarını yürütmek birçok gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkenin
öncelikleri arasına girmiştir. Sportif başarı, son 20 yıldır uluslararası
ilişkiler literatüründe yumuşak güç unsuru olarak yerini almış ve spor,
ülkelerin uluslararası alandaki imajlarının oluşumunda önemli bir etken olmaya
başlamıştır. Bu bilgiler doğrultusunda bu çalışmanın amacı, sporun kamu
diplomasisi aracı olarak Türkiye’nin imajına etkisini incelemektir. Bu kapsamda
uluslararası spor organizasyonlarında
yer almış spor yöneticileri, uluslararası hakemler, spor yazarlarını ile
çeşitli branşlarda milli takımlarda yer almış veya almakta olan sporcuları ve
antrenörleri kapsayan 394 kişiye Gök (2016) tarafından geliştirilen İmaj Ölçeği
uygulanmıştır. Uygulanan ölçek analiz edilmiş ve sonuçları değerlendirilmiştir.
Sonuç olarak araştırmaya katılan kişiler, Türkiye’nin ülke imajı
olarak tesisleşme, uluslararası organizasyonları başarıyla düzenleme, spor
alanında zengin bir kültürel mirasa sahip olma ifadelerinde daha olumlu görüş
bildirirken, spor kültürünün, spor biliminin yeterli düzeyde oluşmadığı ve spor
alanında teknolojinin geri kaldığı bir ülke imajının olduğunu belirtmişlerdir.