bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Romantic relationship status biases the processing of an attractive alternative's behavior
Authors: VISSERMAN MARIKO L. , KARREMANS JOHAN C.
Published: May 2014

The present research examines whether romantically involved individuals process behavioral information of attractive alternatives in a biased manner. When presented with behavioral information of an attractive mate, in Study 1 involved (vs. uninvolved) participants tended to recall fewer positive behaviors of an attractive alternative. Study 2 demonstrated that involved participants recalled more negative behaviors, and also evaluated these behaviors more negatively, compared to uninvolved participants. Study 3 demonstrated that romantically involved participants recalled more negative (but also neutral) behaviors when it concerned behaviors displayed by an attractive alternative as compared to a same‐sex other. These findings provide initial evidence for biased processing of behavioral information of an alternative mate, which may serve an important relationship protection function.
From Fame to Glory. The Case of Prince Friedrich of Homburg
Authors: Balazs Zoltan
Published: May 2014

The paper examines the value of glory and offers a conception of it, which is developed by criticising other accounts and by arguing that the Homeric and the Biblical traditions have a remarkably similar, converging view on glory. A more detailed analysis of Heinrich von Kleist's The Prince Friedrich of Homburg serves to deepen this view and outline an account of glory that rests on the following claims: it is different from, although not entirely opposite to, fame; it is related to victory, to abundant, everlasting life, and to a certain type of passivity and dialogical contemplation.
Photosynthetic and antioxidant responses of Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia) plants to Citrus tristeza virus infection
Authors: Pérez‐Clemente R. M. , Montoliu A. , Vives V. , López‐Climent M. F. , Gómez‐Cadenas A.
Published: May 2014

The effect of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) infection on photosynthetic activity and antioxidant metabolism was analysed in plants of the highly susceptible citrus genotype Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia). Two virus isolates differing in their virulence (the severe T318 and the mild T385) were used in the experiments. CTV infection caused a reduction in photosynthetic capacity in infected plants. This limitation was mainly due to a reduction in the carboxylative efficiency whereas the limitation of CO2 diffusion through the stoma had lower impact. The virus did not damage the antennae and did not reduce the efficiency of light harvesting complexes. Oxidative damage occurred in infected plants, as evidenced by the increase in malondialdehyde levels. Indeed, CTV infection caused an increase in ascorbate peroxidase activity in new shoots developed in infected plants during the 2 years of the experiment. Data suggest that the H2O2 removal machinery was not damaged as a result of stress but the defence mechanism was overwhelmed with time due to the continuing pressure of biotic stress.
District nurses' views on quality of primary healthcare encounters
Authors: Nygren Zotterman Anna , Skär Lisa , Olsson Malin , Söderberg Siv
Published: May 2014

Good encounters are fundamental for good and professional nursing care, and can be described as treating patients with respect and protecting their integrity and autonomy. This study describes district nurses' views on quality of healthcare encounters in primary healthcare. A purposive sample of 27 district nurses participated in five focus group interviews. The focus groups interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. The interview texts were analysed using a thematic content analysis. The analysis resulted in four themes, including being aware of the importance and difficulties during encounters, being the patient's advocate, being attentive to the unique person and being informed when a meeting turned out poorly. The results show that district nurses believed that encounters formed the basis of their work and it was vital for them to be aware of any difficulties. District nurses found that acting in a professional manner during encounters is the most significant factor, but this type of interaction was sometimes difficult because of stress and lack of time. The district nurses considered themselves to be the patients' advocate in the healthcare system; in addition, the acts of seeing, listening, believing and treating the patient seriously were important for providing good quality care. If a poor encounter occurred between the district nurse and the patient, the district nurses found that it was necessary to arrange a meeting to properly communicate what problems arose during the interaction. The district nurses highlighted that providing an apology and explanation could improve future encounters and establish a better nurse–patient relationship. In conclusion, this study shows the importance of confirming and respecting patients' dignity as the fundamental basis for a good quality encounter in primary healthcare.
β‐Carboxysomal proteins assemble into highly organized structures in Nicotiana chloroplasts
Authors: Lin Myat T. , Occhialini Alessandro , Andralojc P. John , Devonshire Jean , Hines Kevin M. , Parry Martin A. J. , Hanson Maureen R.
Published: May 2014

The photosynthetic efficiency of C3 plants suffers from the reaction of ribulose 1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) with O2 instead of CO2, leading to the costly process of photorespiration. Increasing the concentration of CO2 around Rubisco is a strategy used by photosynthetic prokaryotes such as cyanobacteria for more efficient incorporation of inorganic carbon. Engineering the cyanobacterial CO2‐concentrating mechanism, the carboxysome, into chloroplasts is an approach to enhance photosynthesis or to compartmentalize other biochemical reactions to confer new capabilities on transgenic plants. We have chosen to explore the possibility of producing β‐carboxysomes from Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942, a model freshwater cyanobacterium. Using the agroinfiltration technique, we have transiently expressed multiple β‐carboxysomal proteins (CcmK2, CcmM, CcmL, CcmO and CcmN) in Nicotiana benthamiana with fusions that target these proteins into chloroplasts, and that provide fluorescent labels for visualizing the resultant structures. By confocal and electron microscopic analysis, we have observed that the shell proteins of the β‐carboxysome are able to assemble in plant chloroplasts into highly organized assemblies resembling empty microcompartments. We demonstrate that a foreign protein can be targeted with a 17‐amino‐acid CcmN peptide to the shell proteins inside chloroplasts. Our experiments establish the feasibility of introducing carboxysomes into chloroplasts for the potential compartmentalization of Rubisco or other proteins.
Immune globulins and same‐day thrombotic events as recorded in a large health care database during 2008 to 2012
Authors: Sridhar Gayathri , Ekezue Bola F. , Izurieta Hector S. , Selvam Nandini , Ovanesov Mikhail V. , Divan Hozefa A. , Liang Yideng , Golding Basil , Forshee Richard A. , Anderson Steven A. , Menis Mikhail
Published: May 2014

Background

Thrombotic events (TEs) are rare and serious adverse events after administration of immune globulin (IG) products. Our study evaluated the occurrence of same‐day TEs for different IG products and ascertained potential risk factors.

Study Design and Methods

This retrospective cohort study utilized HealthCore's Integrated Research Database (HIRD) to assess individuals exposed to IGs during 2008 to 2012. IG products were identified using recorded procedure codes and TEs were ascertained using ICD‐9‐CM diagnosis codes. The unadjusted same‐day TE rates (per 1000 persons exposed) were estimated overall and by IG products, age, and sex. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for same‐day TEs by IG products.

Results

Of 14,944 individuals exposed to IG products, 233 (15.6 per 1000 persons) had TE diagnosis code(s) recorded on the same‐day as the IG exposure. Compared to Gammagard Liquid, Gammaplex (OR, 20.96; 95% CI, 2.45‐179.33) and Vivaglobin (OR, 2.74; 95% CI, 1.19‐6.32) users had a significantly increased same‐day TE risk. Elevated, but nonsignificant TE risks were identified for Octagam, Gamunex, Privigen, and Lyophilized IG(s). An increased TE risk was also found with older age (≥45 years), prior TEs, and other health conditions.

Conclusion

Our claims‐based cohort study suggests a potentially elevated TE risk with different IG products and shows importance of recipient factors such as older age, previous TE, hypercoagulable state(s), and other health conditions. The results of this study suggest the need for continuous evaluation of procoagulant activity and manufacturing processes for IG products to further assure their safety.
A quality monitoring program for red blood cell components: in vitro quality indicators before and after implementation of semiautomated processing
Authors: Acker Jason P. , Hansen Adele L. , Kurach Jayme D.R. , Turner Tracey R. , Croteau Ioana , Jenkins Craig
Published: May 2014

Background

Canadian Blood Services has been conducting quality monitoring of red blood cell (RBC) components since 2005, a period spanning the implementation of semiautomated component production. The aim was to compare the quality of RBC components produced before and after this production method change.

Study Design and Methods

Data from 572 RBC units were analyzed, categorized by production method: Method 1, RBC units produced by manual production methods; Method 2, RBC units produced by semiautomated production and the buffy coat method; and Method 3, RBC units produced by semiautomated production and the whole blood filtration method. RBC units were assessed using an extensive panel of in vitro tests, encompassing regulated quality control criteria such as hematocrit (Hct), hemolysis, and hemoglobin (Hb) levels, as well as adenosine triphosphate, 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate, extracellular K+ and Na+ levels, methemoglobin, p50, RBC indices, and morphology.

Results

Throughout the study, all RBC units met mandated Canadian Standards Association guidelines for Hb and Hct, and most (>99%) met hemolysis requirements. However, there were significant differences among RBC units produced using different methods. Hb content was significantly lower in RBC units produced by Method 2 (51.5 ± 5.6 g/unit; p < 0.001). At expiry, hemolysis was lowest in Method 2–produced RBC units (p < 0.05) and extracellular K+ levels were lowest in units produced by Method 1 (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

While overall quality was similar before and after the production method change, the observed differences, although small, indicate a lack of equivalency across RBC products manufactured by different methods.
Hepatitis B virus DNA viral load determination in hepatitis B surface antigen–negative Swiss blood donors
Authors: Stolz Martin , Tinguely Caroline , Fontana Stefano , Niederhauser Christoph
Published: May 2014

Background

Nucleic acid test (NAT) hepatitis B virus (HBV) screening for all blood donations with a sensitivity limit of 25 IU/mL in the individual donation is mandatory in Switzerland since 2009. The aims of the two studies were to define the percentage of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti‐HBc) or anti‐HBc and antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti‐HBs)‐positive donors bearing HBV DNA and to gather HBV viral load data on HBV NAT yields during the routine screening since the introduction of the HBV NAT.

Study Design and Methods

Archive samples from anti‐HBc–positive donors (Group I) were analyzed with a quantitative HBV DNA test and further with anti‐HBc and anti‐HBs assays. In addition, all the HBV NAT‐only–yield samples (Group II) from the routine donor screening performed between July 2007 and May 2013 were included in the study.

Results

From the 667 samples investigated (131 donors), three donors (2.3%) had donated eight samples (1.2%) with detectable HBV DNA; however, all had very low viral loads (≤10 IU/mL). From the 1,160,426 donations screened with the routine HBV NAT assay, 16 HBV NAT yields were detected: two window period (WP) and 14 occult hepatitis B infection (OBI) cases. In eight of these positive donations (two WP and six OBI), the HBV viral loads were not more than 10 IU/mL, in three cases between 10 and 25 IU/mL, and in the remaining five donations between 37 and 166 IU/mL.

Conclusion

The highly sensitive HBV NAT assay with a threshold significantly below 10 IU/mL is a valuable alternative to anti‐HBc and a less sensitive HBV NAT screening in blood donor screening.
Pathogen inactivation efficacy of Mirasol PRT System and Intercept Blood System for non‐leucoreduced platelet‐rich plasma‐derived platelets suspended in plasma
Authors: Kwon S. Y. , Kim I. S. , Bae J. E. , Kang J. W. , Cho Y. J. , Cho N. S. , Lee S. W.
Published: May 2014

Background and Objectives

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of pathogen inactivation (PI) in non‐leucoreduced platelet‐rich plasma‐derived platelets suspended in plasma using the Mirasol PRT System and the Intercept Blood System.

Methods

Platelets were pooled using the Acrodose PL system and separated into two aliquots for Mirasol and Intercept treatment. Four replicates of each viral strain were used for the evaluation. For bacteria, both low‐titre (45–152 CFU/unit) inoculation and high‐titre (7·34–10·18 log CFU/unit) inoculation with two replicates for each bacterial strain were used. Platelets with non‐detectable bacterial growth and platelets inoculated with a low titre were stored for 5 days, and culture was performed with the BacT/ALERT system.

Results

The inactivation efficacy expressed as log reduction for Mirasol and Intercept systems for viruses was as follows: human immunodeficiency virus 1, ≥4·19 vs. ≥4·23; bovine viral diarrhoea virus, 1·83 vs. ≥6·03; pseudorabies virus, 2·73 vs. ≥5·20; hepatitis A virus, 0·62 vs. 0·76; and porcine parvovirus, 0·28 vs. 0·38. The inactivation efficacy for bacteria was as follows: Escherichia coli, 5·45 vs. ≥9·22; Staphylococcus aureus, 4·26 vs. ≥10·11; and Bacillus subtilis, 5·09 vs. ≥7·74. Postinactivation bacterial growth in platelets inoculated with a low titre of S. aureus or B. subtilis was detected only with Mirasol.

Conclusion

Pathogen inactivation efficacy of Intercept for enveloped viruses was found to be satisfactory. Mirasol showed satisfactory inactivation efficacy for HIV‐1 only. The two selected non‐enveloped viruses were not inactivated by both systems. Inactivation efficacy of Intercept was more robust for all bacteria tested at high or low titres.
Islet cell xenotransplantation: a serious look toward the clinic
Authors: Samy Kannan P. , Martin Benjamin M. , Turgeon Nicole A. , Kirk Allan D.
Published: May 2014

Type I diabetes remains a significant clinical problem in need of a reliable, generally applicable solution. Both whole organ pancreas and islet allotransplantation have been shown to grant patients insulin independence, but organ availability has restricted these procedures to an exceptionally small subset of the diabetic population. Porcine islet xenotransplantation has been pursued as a potential means of overcoming the limits of allotransplantation, and several preclinical studies have achieved near‐physiologic function and year‐long survival in clinically relevant pig‐to‐primate model systems. These proof‐of‐concept studies have suggested that xenogeneic islets may be poised for use in clinical trials. In this review, we examine recent progress in islet xenotransplantation, with a critical eye toward the gaps between the current state of the art and the state required for appropriate clinical investigation.
Mixing by Time-Dependent Orbits in Spatiotemporal Chaotic Advection
Authors: Karami Mohammad , Shirani Ebrahim , Jarrahi Mojtaba , Peerhossaini Hassan
Published: May 2014

The simultaneous effects of flow pulsation and geometrical perturbation on laminar mixing in curved ducts have been numerically studied by three different metrics: analysis of the secondary flow patterns, Lyapunov exponents and vorticity vector analysis. The mixer that creates the flow pulsation and geometrical perturbations in these simulations is a twisted duct consisting of three bends; the angle between the curvature planes of successive bends is 90 deg. Both steady and pulsating flows are considered. In the steady case, analysis of secondary flow patterns showed that homoclinic connections appear and become prominent at large Reynolds numbers. In the pulsatile flow, homoclinic and heteroclinic connections appear by increasing β, the ratio of the peak oscillatory velocity component of the mean flow velocity. Moreover, sharp variations in the secondary flow structure are observed over an oscillation cycle for high values of β. These variations are reduced and the homoclinic connections disappear at high Womersley numbers. We show that small and moderate values of the Womersley number (6 ≤ α ≤ 10) and high values of velocity amplitude ratio (β ≥ 2) provide a better mixing than that in the steady flow. These results correlate closely with those obtained using two other metrics, analysis of the Lyapunov exponents and vorticity vector. It is shown that the increase in the Lyapunov exponents, and thus mixing enhancement, is due to the formation of homoclinic and heteroclinic connections.
Dose-Response Walking Activity and Physical Function in Older Adults
Authors: Dondzila Christopher J. , Gennuso Keith P. , Swartz Ann M. , Tarima Sergey , Lenz Elizabeth K. , Stein Stephanie S. , Kohl Randal J. , Strath Scott J.
Published: May 2014

The aim of this study was to examine the dose-response relationship between walking activity and physical function (PF) in community-dwelling older adults. Physical activity (PA, pedometry) and PF (self-report [SF-36] and 6-minute walk test [6MWT]) were assessed in 836 individuals. Accumulated PA was categorized into four groups (1 = ≤ 2,500; 2 = 2,501–5,000; 3 = 5,001–7,500; and 4 = ≥ 7,501 steps/day). Across individual groups 1–4, SF-36 scores increased from 66.9 ± 25.0% to 73.5 ± 23.2% to 78.8 ± 19.7% to 81.3 ± 20.6%, and 6MWT increased from 941.7 ± 265.4 ft to 1,154.1 ± 248.2 ft to 1,260.1 ± 226.3 ft to 1,294.0 ± 257.9 ft. Both SF-36 and 6MWT scores were statistically different across all groups, apart from groups 3 and 4. PA and ranks of groups were highly significant predictors (p < .0001) for both SF-36 and 6MWT. There was a positive dose-response relationship evident for both SF-36 and 6MWT with increasing levels of PA. Low levels of PA appear to be an important indicator of poor functionality in older adults.
Simultaneous Transitions in Cuprate Momentum-Space Topology and Electronic Symmetry Breaking
Authors: Fujita K. , Kim Chung Koo , Lee Inhee , Lee Jinho , Hamidian M. H. , Firmo I. A. , Mukhopadhyay S. , Eisaki H. , Uchida S. , Lawler M. J. , Kim E.-A. , Davis J. C.
Published: May 2014

Under the Dome

The superconducting transition temperature

T
c

of copper oxides has a dome-shaped dependence on chemical doping. Whether there is a quantum critical point (QCP) beneath the dome, and whether it is related to the enigmatic pseudogap, has been heavily debated. Two papers address this question in two different families of Bi-based cuprates. In (Bi,Pb)
2
(Sr,La)
2
CuO
6+δ
,

He
et al.

(p.
608
) found that the Fermi surface (FS) undergoes a topological change as doping is increased, which points to the existence of a QCP at a doping close to the maximum in

T
c

, seemingly uncorrelated with the pseudogap.

Fujita
et al.

(p.
612
) studied a range of dopings in Bi
2
Sr
2
CaCu
2
O
8+δ
to find an FS reconstruction simultaneous with the disappearance of both rotational and translational symmetry breaking, the latter of which has been associated with the pseudogap. These findings point to a concealed QCP.
Structural Basis for Protein Antiaggregation Activity of the Trigger Factor Chaperone
Authors: Saio Tomohide , Guan Xiao , Rossi Paolo , Economou Anastassios , Kalodimos Charalampos G.
Published: May 2014

Nuclear magnetic resonance data show how molecular chaperones recognize and prevent aggregation and misfolding of unfolded proteins.

[Also see Perspective by
Gamerdinger and Deuerling
]
Convergence Between Science and Environmental Education
Authors: Wals Arjen E. J. , Brody Michael , Dillon Justin , Stevenson Robert B.
Published: May 2014

Citizen science and concerns about sustainability can catalyze much-needed synergy between environmental education and science education.
In Situ TEM Observation of a Microcrucible Mechanism of Nanowire Growth
Authors: Boston Rebecca , Schnepp Zoe , Nemoto Yoshihiro , Sakka Yoshio , Hall Simon R.
Published: May 2014

Nanowire Growth Observed

In the hypothetical microcrucible growth mechanism for nanowires, a molten catalytic particle located in a pore on a substrate continually feeds the outward growth of the wire. To observe such a mechanism requires the ability to examine nanowire growth in situ.

Boston
et al.

(p.
623
) studied various stages of Y
2
BaCuO
5
nanowire growth using transmission electron microscopy and were able to observe a microcrucible growth mechanism directly.
Response to Comment on “Revealing Nature’s Cellulase Diversity: The Digestion Mechanism of
Caldicellulosiruptor bescii
CelA”
Authors: Brunecky Roman , Alahuhta Markus , Xu Qi , Donohoe Bryon S. , Crowley Michael F. , Kataeva Irina A. , Yang Sung‐Jae , Resch Michael G. , Adams Michael W. W. , Lunin Vladimir V. , Himmel Michael E. , Bomble Yannick J.
Published: May 2014

Gusakov critiques our methodology for comparing the cellulolytic activity of the bacterial cellulase CelA with the fungal cellulase Cel7A. We address his concerns by clarifying some misconceptions, carefully referencing the literature, and justifying our approach to point out that the results from our study still stand.
Direct, Nonoxidative Conversion of Methane to Ethylene, Aromatics, and Hydrogen
Authors: Guo Xiaoguang , Fang Guangzong , Li Gang , Ma Hao , Fan Hongjun , Yu Liang , Ma Chao , Wu Xing , Deng Dehui , Wei Mingming , Tan Dali , Si Rui , Zhang Shuo , Li Jianqi , Sun Litao , Tang Zichao , Pan Xiulian , Bao Xinhe
Published: May 2014

Upgrading Methane Sans Oxygen

Direct routes to converting methane to higher hydrocarbons can allow natural gas to be used to provide chemical feedstocks. However, the reaction conditions needed to activate the strong C-H bond tend to overoxidize the products.

Guo
et al.

(p.
616
) report a high-temperature nonoxidative route that exposes methane to isolated iron sites on a silica catalyst. Methyl radicals were generated and coupled in the gas phase to form ethylene and aromatics along with hydrogen. The isolation of the active sites avoided surface reactions between the radicals that would deposit solid carbon.
Trigger Factor Flexibility
Authors: Gamerdinger Martin , Deuerling Elke
Published: May 2014

A nuclear magnetic resonance study shows how the bacterial chaperone trigger factor can dynamically bind and release many different substrates.

[Also see Research Article by

Saio
et al.

]
A Price to Pay for Adult Neurogenesis
Authors: Mongiat Lucas A. , Schinder Alejandro F.
Published: May 2014

Newly formed hippocampal neurons participate in the encoding of new memories in adult rodents, but too much neurogenesis may jeopardize memory retention.

[Also see Research Article by

Akers
et al.

]
Young Brains on Drugs
Authors: DuPont Robert L. , Lieberman Jeffrey A.
Published: May 2014

The debates over legalization, decriminalization, and medical uses of marijuana in the United States are missing an essential piece of information: scientific evidence about the effects of marijuana on the adolescent brain. Much is known about the effects of recreational drugs on the mature adult brain, but there has been no serious investigation of the risks of marijuana use in younger users. In April 2014, a controversial study
*
suggested that “casual” use of marijuana is associated with structural abnormalities in the brains of young people (aged 18 to 25), particularly in regions vital to emotion, motivation, and decision-making. The fact that the findings are preliminary and disputed indicates that rigorous research is needed to inform discussions about the public health benefits and risks of legalized marijuana.
Designer Microbes Expand Life's Genetic Alphabet
Authors: Service Robert F.
Published: May 2014

California researchers have created living microbes capable of incorporating and copying a new pair of letters in life's genetic alphabet.
Maritime Ambitions
Authors: Hvistendahl Mara
Published: May 2014

As China builds a modern armada, it is pouring money into underwater archaeology and rewriting the history of its early exploits on the high seas.
Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Infection as a Possible Cause of Ogilvie's Syndrome in an Immunocompromised Host
Authors: Carrascosa Miguel F. , Salcines-Caviedes José R. , Román Javier Gómez , Cano-Hoz Marta , Fernández-Ayala Marta , Casuso-Sáenz Elena , Abascal-Carrera Ismael , Campo-Ruiz Ana , Martín Marta Cobo , Díaz-Pérez Ainhoa , González-Gutiérrez Pablo , Aguado José M.
Published: May 2014

We describe an immunodeficient adult with Ogilvie's syndrome preceding a disseminated papulovesicular skin rash in whom varicella-zoster virus infection was demonstrated by PCR assay in cutaneous and colonic biopsy specimens. In view of the significant morbidity and mortality that this condition carries, early and accurate molecular diagnosis and timely treatment are strongly recommended.
Detection and Measurement of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin-Like K (SEl-K) Secretion by Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates
Authors: Aguilar Jorge L. , Varshney Avanish K. , Wang Xiaobo , Stanford Lindsay , Scharff Matthew , Fries Bettina C.
Published: May 2014

Staphylococcal enterotoxin-like K (SEl-K) is a potent mitogen that elicits T-cell proliferation and cytokine production at very low concentrations. However, unlike the classical enterotoxins SEB and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), the gene for SEl-K is commonly present in more than half of all
Staphylococcus aureus
clinical isolates and is present in almost all USA300 community-acquired methicillin-resistant
S. aureus
(CA-MRSA) isolates. Sequencing of the
sel-k
gene in over 20 clinical isolates and comparative analysis with all 14 published
sel-k
sequences indicate that there are at least 6 variants of the
sel-k
gene, including one that is conserved among all examined USA300 strains. Additionally, we have developed a highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that specifically detects and measures SEl-K protein in culture supernatants and biological fluids. Quantification of
in vitro
SEl-K secretion by various
S. aureus
isolates using this novel capture ELISA revealed detectable amounts of SEl-K secretion by all isolates, with the highest secretion levels being exhibited by MRSA strains that coexpress SEB.
In vivo
secretion was measured in a murine thigh abscess model, where similar levels of SEl-K accumulation were noted regardless of whether the infecting strain exhibited high or low secretion of SEl-K
in vitro
. We conclude that SEl-K is commonly expressed in the setting of staphylococcal infection, in significant amounts. SEl-K should be further explored as a target for passive immunotherapy against complicated
S. aureus
infection.
HIV-1 Vaccine-Induced C1 and V2 Env-Specific Antibodies Synergize for Increased Antiviral Activities
Authors: Pollara Justin , Bonsignori Mattia , Moody M. Anthony , Liu Pinghuang , Alam S. Munir , Hwang Kwan-Ki , Gurley Thaddeus C. , Kozink Daniel M. , Armand Lawrence C. , Marshall Dawn J. , Whitesides John F. , Kaewkungwal Jaranit , Nitayaphan Sorachai , Pitisuttithum Punnee , Rerks-Ngarm Supachai , Robb Merlin L. , O'Connell Robert J. , Kim Jerome H. , Michael Nelson L. , Montefiori David C. , Tomaras Georgia D. , Liao Hua-Xin , Haynes Barton F. , Ferrari Guido
Published: May 2014

The RV144 ALVAC/AIDSVax HIV-1 vaccine clinical trial showed an estimated vaccine efficacy of 31.2%. Viral genetic analysis identified a vaccine-induced site of immune pressure in the HIV-1 envelope (Env) variable region 2 (V2) focused on residue 169, which is included in the epitope recognized by vaccinee-derived V2 monoclonal antibodies. The ALVAC/AIDSVax vaccine induced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against the Env V2 and constant 1 (C1) regions. In the presence of low IgA Env antibody levels, plasma levels of ADCC activity correlated with lower risk of infection. In this study, we demonstrate that C1 and V2 monoclonal antibodies isolated from RV144 vaccinees synergized for neutralization, infectious virus capture, and ADCC. Importantly, synergy increased the HIV-1 ADCC activity of V2 monoclonal antibody CH58 at concentrations similar to that observed in plasma of RV144 vaccinees. These findings raise the hypothesis that synergy among vaccine-induced antibodies with different epitope specificities contributes to HIV-1 antiviral antibody responses and is important to induce for reduction in the risk of HIV-1 transmission.

IMPORTANCE
The Thai RV144 ALVAC/AIDSVax prime-boost vaccine efficacy trial represents the only example of HIV-1 vaccine efficacy in humans to date. Studies aimed at identifying immune correlates involved in the modest vaccine-mediated protection identified HIV-1 envelope (Env) variable region 2-binding antibodies as inversely correlated with infection risk, and genetic analysis identified a site of immune pressure within the region recognized by these antibodies. Despite this evidence, the antiviral mechanisms by which variable region 2-specific antibodies may have contributed to lower rates of infection remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that vaccine-induced HIV-1 envelope variable region 2 and constant region 1 antibodies synergize for recognition of virus-infected cells, infectious virion capture, virus neutralization, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. This is a major step in understanding how these types of antibodies may have cooperatively contributed to reducing infection risk and should be considered in the context of prospective vaccine design.
Activation and Repression of Epstein-Barr Virus and Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Lytic Cycles by Short- and Medium-Chain Fatty Acids
Authors: Gorres Kelly L. , Daigle Derek , Mohanram Sudharshan , Miller George
Published: May 2014

The lytic cycles of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are induced in cell culture by sodium butyrate (NaB), a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. Valproic acid (VPA), another SCFA and an HDAC inhibitor, induces the lytic cycle of KSHV but blocks EBV lytic reactivation. To explore the hypothesis that structural differences between NaB and VPA account for their functional effects on the two related viruses, we investigated the capacity of 16 structurally related short- and medium-chain fatty acids to promote or prevent lytic cycle reactivation. SCFAs differentially affected EBV and KSHV reactivation. KSHV was reactivated by all SCFAs that are HDAC inhibitors, including phenylbutyrate. However, several fatty acid HDAC inhibitors, such as isobutyrate and phenylbutyrate, did not reactivate EBV. Reactivation of KSHV lytic transcripts could not be blocked completely by any fatty acid tested. In contrast, several medium-chain fatty acids inhibited lytic activation of EBV. Fatty acids that blocked EBV reactivation were more lipophilic than those that activated EBV. VPA blocked activation of the BZLF1 promoter by NaB but did not block the transcriptional function of ZEBRA. VPA also blocked activation of the DNA damage response that accompanies EBV lytic cycle activation. Properties of SCFAs in addition to their effects on chromatin are likely to explain activation or repression of EBV. We concluded that fatty acids stimulate the two related human gammaherpesviruses to enter the lytic cycle through different pathways.

IMPORTANCE
Lytic reactivation of EBV and KSHV is needed for persistence of these viruses and plays a role in carcinogenesis. Our direct comparison highlights the mechanistic differences in lytic reactivation between related human oncogenic gammaherpesviruses. Our findings have therapeutic implications, as fatty acids are found in the diet and produced by the human microbiota. Small-molecule inducers of the lytic cycle are desired for oncolytic therapy. Inhibition of viral reactivation, alternatively, may prove useful in cancer treatment. Overall, our findings contribute to the understanding of pathways that control the latent-to-lytic switch and identify naturally occurring molecules that may regulate this process.
Maintenance of Dimer Conformation by the Dengue Virus Core Protein α4-α4′ Helix Pair Is Critical for Nucleocapsid Formation and Virus Production
Authors: Teoh Pak-Guan , Huang Zhi-Shun , Pong Wen-Li , Chen Po-Chiang , Wu Huey-Nan
Published: May 2014

The virion of dengue virus (DENV) is composed of a viral envelope covering a nucleocapsid formed by a complex of viral genomic RNA and core protein (CP). DENV CP forms a dimer via the internal α2 and α4 helices of each monomer. Pairing of α2-α2′ creates a continuous hydrophobic surface, while the α4-α4′ helix pair joins the homodimer via side-chain interactions of the inner-edge residues. However, the importance of dimer conformation and the α4 helix of DENV CP in relation to its function are poorly understood. Loss of association between CP and lipid droplets (LDs) due to mutation suggests that the CP hydrophobic surface was not exposed, offering a possible explanation for the absence of dimers. Further assays suggest the connection between CP folding and protein stability. Attenuation of full-length RNA-derived virus production is associated with CP mutation, since no significant defects were detected in virus translation and replication. The
in vitro
characterization assays further highlighted that the α4-α4′ helix pair conformation is critical in preserving the overall α-helical content, thermostability, and dimer formation ability of CP, features correlated with the efficiency of nucleocapsid formation. Addition of Tween 20 improves
in vitro
nucleocapsid-like particle formation, suggesting the role of the LD in nucleocapsid formation
in vivo
. This study provides the first direct link between the α4-α4′ helix pair interaction and the CP dimer conformation that is the basis of CP function, particularly in nucleocapsid formation during virion production.

IMPORTANCE
Structure-based mutagenesis study of the dengue virus core protein (CP) reveals that the α4-α4′ helix pair is the key to maintaining its dimer conformation, which is the basis of CP function in nucleocapsid formation and virus production. Attenuation of full-length RNA-derived virus production is associated with CP mutation, since no significant defects in virus translation and replication were detected.
In vitro
inefficiency and size of nucleocapsid-like particle (NLP) formation offer a possible explanation for
in vivo
virus production inefficiency upon CP mutation. Further, the transition of NLP morphology from an incomplete state to an intact particle shown by α4-α4′ helix pair mutants in the presence of a nonionic detergent suggests the regulatory role of the intracellular lipid droplet (LD) in CP-LD interaction and in promoting nucleocapsid formation. This study provides the first direct link between the α4-α4′ helix pair interaction and CP dimer conformation that is the fundamental requirement of CP function, particularly in nucleocapsid formation during virion production.
Molecularly Tagged Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac239 Synthetic Swarm for Tracking Independent Infection Events
Authors: Del Prete Gregory Q. , Park Haesun , Fennessey Christine M. , Reid Carolyn , Lipkey Leslie , Newman Laura , Oswald Kelli , Kahl Christoph , Piatak Michael , Quiñones Octavio A. , Alvord W. Gregory , Smedley Jeremy , Estes Jacob D. , Lifson Jeffrey D. , Picker Louis J. , Keele Brandon F.
Published: May 2014

Following mucosal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission, systemic infection is established by one or only a few viral variants. Modeling single-variant, mucosal transmission in nonhuman primates using limiting-dose inoculations with a diverse simian immunodeficiency virus isolate stock may increase variability between animals since individual variants within the stock may have substantial functional differences. To decrease variability between animals while retaining the ability to enumerate transmitted/founder variants by sequence analysis, we modified the SIVmac239 clone to generate 10 unique clones that differ by two or three synonymous mutations (molecular tags). Transfection- and infection-derived virus stocks containing all 10 variants showed limited phenotypic differences in 9 of the 10 clones. Twenty-nine rhesus macaques were challenged intrarectally or intravenously with either a single dose or repeated, limiting doses of either stock. The proportion of each variant within each inoculum and in plasma from infected animals was determined by using a novel real-time single-genome amplification assay. Each animal was infected with one to five variants, the number correlating with the dose. Longitudinal sequence analysis revealed that the molecular tags are highly stable with no reversion to the parental sequence detected in >2 years of follow-up. Overall, the viral stocks are functional and mucosally transmissible and the number of variants is conveniently discernible by sequence analysis of a small amplicon. This approach should be useful for tracking individual infection events in preclinical vaccine evaluations, long-term viral reservoir establishment/clearance research, and transmission/early-event studies.

IMPORTANCE
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission is established by one or only a few viral variants. Modeling of limited variant transmission in nonhuman primates with a diverse simian immunodeficiency virus isolate stock may increase the variability between animals because of functional differences in the individual variants within the stock. To decrease such variability while retaining the ability to distinguish and enumerate transmitted/founder variants by sequence analysis, we generated a viral stock with 10 sequence-identifiable but otherwise genetically identical variants. This virus was characterized
in vitro
and
in vivo
and shown to allow discrimination of distinct transmission events. This approach provides a novel nonhuman primate challenge system for the study of viral transmission, evaluation of vaccines and other prevention approaches, and characterization of viral reservoirs and strategies to target them.
Gas gangrene presenting with back pain
Authors: El Sayad Mohamed , Chikate Albert , Ramesh Balasundaram
Published: May 2014

A 61-year-old Caucasian man (previously fit and well) presented to the emergency department with 2 days of non-traumatic, non-radiating lower back pain. He was admitted to our department having been provisionally diagnosed with discitis. Later that night, while being reassessed, a skin lesion on his thigh appeared and gas could be palpated. The patient was then taken immediately to theatre and a radical surgical debridement was performed. The organism that grew from tissue samples wasClostridium septicum, which when identified is an indication to exclude colonic neoplasms. The patient managed to preserve his limb on this occasion, however, he underwent a right hemicolectomy for what proved to be a colonic tumour at a later date.
Ocular manifestations in porphyria cutanea tarda
Authors: Gogri Pratik Yeshwant , Misra Neeta Somen , Misra Somen
Published: May 2014

A 24-year-old man presented with pain, sticky discharge and loss of vision in the right eye. He has had typical skin manifestations of porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) since 6 years and ophthalmological symptom for 6 weeks. On ophthalmological examination, visual acuity was light perception in the right eye and 6/12 in the left. There were bilateral, symmetrical temporal scleromalacia along with temporal corneal melting in both eyes and perforation in the right eye. Ultrasonography B-scan (USG B-scan) revealed a retinal detachment in the right eye. Artificial tear instillation was started every hour along with topical antibiotic coverage in both eyes. Additionally, ultraviolet protective sunglasses and hat for photo-protection was advised. The vision in the right eye improved to 5/60 along with subsidence of retinal detachment on repeat USG B-scan after 3 weeks.
Subclinical miliaryMycobacterium bovisfollowing BCG immunotherapy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
Authors: Choi Chang-Ho Ryan , Lee Sang Oh , Smith Geoff
Published: May 2014

The authors present an unusual case of a 51-year-old man who developed relatively mild non-specific symptoms following intravesical BCG instillation for superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, with radiological investigations demonstrating typical features of miliary tuberculosis (TB). Transbronchial biopsy showed small foci of poorly formed granuloma suggestive ofMycobacteriuminfection. The patient's respiratory symptoms only became apparent 7 days after discharge having had 4 weeks of unremarkable inpatient stay where he remained clinically well. Prompt anti-TB treatment resulted in a remarkable improvement in his symptoms and radiological appearance, supporting the diagnosis of disseminatedMycobacterium bovisinfection. This case highlights the importance of recognising miliaryM bovisas a potential complication in patients receiving BCG immunotherapy, and that the disease course can be subclinical with delayed onset of symptoms.
Niemann-Pick disease type C or Gaucher’s disease type 3? A clinical conundrum
Authors: Pandi Suresh , Chandran Vijay , Deshpande Anirudda , Kurien Annamma
Published: May 2014

We describe a patient who presented with a neurovisceral syndrome characterised by ataxia, bulbar dysfunction, supranuclear gaze palsy, splenomegaly and foamy histiocytes in the bone marrow. This presentation was suggestive of a lysosomal storage disorder such as Niemann-Pick disease type C or Gaucher's disease type 3. We review the presentation of these disorders, with a focus on the neurological features. In addition, we briefly discuss the disease-modifying therapeutic options which have recently become available.
Ten questions to ask when choosing an accountant
Authors: Harwood Mark
Published: May 2014

The right accountant will go far beyond just preparing your accounts and tax returns, says Mark Harwood, and that work can ultimately have a significant impact on your practice's bottom line. Here, he suggests 10 questions to ask potential accountants to help identify the one that will best look after your practice's interests.
Effective student feedback in clinical practice
Authors: Warman Sheena , Bell Catriona , Rhind Susan
Published: May 2014

This article, the third in a series aimed at providing veterinary staff and students with tips and tools to enhance teaching and learning, considers how to give feedback to students in a constructive manner that enhances learning in practice.
Financial incentives
Authors: Main David
Published: May 2014

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved.

In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐and‐dried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, ‘Financial incentives’, was submitted and is discussed by David Main. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Discussion of the dilemma ‘Giraffes’ greater good?’, which was published in the April issue of In Practice, appears on page 263.

The series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.
Comments on the dilemma in the April issue: ‘Giraffes’ greater good?'
Authors: Dixon Greg , Magalhães‐Sant'Ana Manuel
Published: May 2014

The dilemma in the April issue dealt with a young healthy giraffe that was genetically similar to other captive giraffes. The zoo's trustees had to decide whether to euthanase the animal to free up resources for a more genetically distinct animal (In Practice, April 2014, volume 36, pages 214‐215). Ian Sayers pointed out that, as a result of loss of natural habitat, zoos' breeding programmes are needed to try and preserve the diversity of species. However, they also have limited finances, so a judicious use of funds is necessary. Although, he believed that the ideal solution would be to stop encroachment on natural habitats, rendering zoos unnecessary, euthanasia might be the best option in this case.
Biosecurity in the beef herd
Authors: Sibley Dick
Published: May 2014

Biosecurity planning for beef herds will depend on the aspirations of the farmer, the type of herd and the particular diseases that threaten the health of the herd. Herd specific plans can be created that are practical, affordable and effective in minimising the impact of any disease on herd health, when combined with other disease control measures, such as managing biocontainment, surveillance and resilience. This article outlines the principles of biosecurity and the practicalities of implementing biosecurity procedures within the resources available on the farm. It also highlights some particular measures that can be taken to avoid specific disease threats.
Immunochromatographic strip assay for the rapid and sensitive detection ofSalmonellaTyphimurium in artificially contaminated tomato samples
Authors: Shukla Shruti , Leem Hyerim , Lee Jong-Suk , Kim Myunghee
Published: May 2014

This study was designed to confirm the applicability of a liposome-based immunochromatographic assay for the rapid detection of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salmonella Typhimurium) in artificially contaminated tomato samples. To determine the detection limit and pre-enrichment incubation time (10, 12, and 18 h pre-enrichment in 1% buffered peptone water), the tests were performed with different cell numbers of Salmonella Typhimurium (3 × 100, 3 × 101, 3 × 102, and 3 × 103CFU·mL−1) inoculated into 25 g of crushed tomato samples. The assay was able to detect as few as 30 Salmonella Typhimurium cells per 25 g of tomato samples (1.2 cells·g−1) after 12 h pre-enrichment incubation. Moreover, when the developed assay was compared with traditional morphological and biochemical culture-based methods as well as colloidal gold nanoparticle-based commercial test strips, the developed assay yielded positive results for the detection of Salmonella Typhimurium within a shorter period time. These findings confirm that the developed assay may have practical application for the sensitive detection of Salmonella Typhimurium in various food samples, including raw vegetables, with a relatively low detection limit and shorter analysis time.
Simultaneous effects of variable viscosity and thermal conductivity on peristaltic flow in a vertical asymmetric channel
Authors: Mekheimer Kh.S. , Abd elmaboud Y.
Published: May 2014

This paper discusses the effects of variable viscosity and thermal conductivity on peristaltic flow of a Newtonian fluid in a vertical asymmetric channel. Both viscosity and thermal conductivity are considered as a function of temperature. The long wavelength approximation is used to linearize the governing equations. The system of the governing nonlinear partial differential equation is solved using the perturbation method. Solutions are obtained for the velocity field, the temperature and the concentration. Asymmetry in the flow is induced by traveling waves of different phase and amplitude that propagate along the channel walls. The numerical results show that variable viscosity and thermal conductivity have significant influence on velocity, temperature, and mass transfer. The importance of pertinent flow parameters entering into the flow modeling is discussed.