bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determinants of Visitor Expenditures and Visitor Lengths of Stay: A Cross-Section Analysis of U.S. Visitors to Hawaii
Authors: Mak James , Moncur James , Yonamine Dave
Published: March 2008

Available data on United States visitors to Hawaii provides highly comprehensive socio-economic profiles for visitor parties. This data was supplemented by air fares and flying times. A behavioral model was then used to analyze the determinants of actual length of stay and per capita daily expenditure of United States visitors in 1974.
The Bicentennial Traveler: A Life-Style Analysis of the Historian Segment
Authors: Solomon Paul J. , George William R.
Published: March 2008

This empirical investigation examines through life-style analysis travelers who are particularly interested in history. The findings seem to indicate there is a sizeable market segment of historian travelers who are different than their general population counterparts. The results have implications for marketing decision makers of tourism agencies and firms.
Determination of Touristic Attractiveness of the Touristic Areas in British Columbia
Authors: Var Turgut , Beck R.A.D. , Loftus Patrick
Published: March 2008

British Columbia's travel industry has experienced remarkable growth in recent years. In order to meet this continued growth and preserve its environment British Columbia must research potential problem areas. This article describes a means for establishing an index of touristic attractiveness to be used as a basis for making com parisons among touristic regions and districts. This index provides quantified comparisons to help the administrator in his decisions.
Travel as an Em ployer i n the State Economy
Authors: Frechtling Douglas C.
Published: March 2008

This article discusses the travel industry as an employer in the state economy. The Travel Economic Impact Model (TEIM) developed in 1975 for the U.S. Department of the Interior is used to describe the contribution of travel jobs to employment in each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia. First, travel industry employment is estimated by the TEIM; then this employment is compared on a state basis with other state industries to determine the travel industry's em ployment rank. The ratio of travel-generated jobs to total nonagricultural payroll employment in 1974 is also discussed.
Room for Rooms: A Procedure for the Estimation of Potential Expansion of Tourist Accommodations
Authors: Smith Stephen L.
Published: March 2008

This article describes a method developed in Michigan to identify counties which, on the basis of supply of tourism resources, offer potential for overnight accommodations expansion (or reduction). Actual data and predicted levels of overnight accommodation development to establish residuals are used.
New Evidence Regarding Tourism in Arizona
Authors: Hora Stephen C. , Bond M.E.
Published: March 2008

This article reviews the procedures and empirical findings that resulted from a comprehensive tourism and travel industry study conducted in Arizona during 1975-76. The objectives and design of the study are presented, followed by a discussion of the findings. Another section deals with the economic impact of the spending by these tourists and travelers. The article concludes with a discussion of implementa tion of the findings.
Consumer Perceptions Regarding First Class and Coach Airline Seating
Authors: Makens James C. , Marquardt Raymond A.
Published: March 2008

The results of a study of consumers' opinions about segmented airline classes and their reasons for selecting a particular class when traveling by plane are discussed in this article. The study methodology is presented and the results discussed. A demographic profile of the air traveler is presented broken down by class of travel— first or coach. Attitudes of respondents to degree of difference between classes is also discussed. Limitations of the study and implications are presented.
When Is a Job a Job?
Authors: Mueller Raymond W.
Published: March 2008

There are many ways of viewing jobs and the impact of travel on jobs. This paper focuses on and explores some of the ramifications relating to estimating non-resident recreation/travel impact on jobs. Non-resident impact is defined as the recreation/traveler impact occurring in a county by a person that lives outside of the county. The average-month method of job estimating appears to provide the best opportunity for evaluating job impact, since recreation/travel is a highly seasonal business.
American Visitors to Canada: A Study in Market Segmentation
Authors: Graham John E.J. , Wall Geoffrey
Published: March 2008

A methodology for determining activity packages and the socioeconomic status of their patrons is described in this article. This methodology is applied in an analy sis of United States visitors to Canada. Using factor analysis, four market segments are developed: sightseeing, commercial recreation, water-oriented activities, and outdoor living. The socioeconomic attributes of participants in each segment are then determined. The potential of using these activity packages for marketing rec reational opportunities and designing new vacation packages is suggested.
Tourism's Impacts: The Social Costs to the Destination Community as Perceived by Its Residents
Authors: Pizam Abraham
Published: March 2008

Most impact of tourism studies have been restricted to economic analysis and benefits occurring to the area. Recently, concern has been aired on the existence of negative impacts. This article describes a study conducted during the summer of 1976 in an attempt to examine empirically the existence of these negative impacts of tourism. A total of 1,636 residents and 212 entrepreneurs of Cape Cod, Massa chusetts, were interviewed to measure their perception of how tourism impacts on different domains. An Attitude-Index was created by averaging the scores of each respondent. Comparisons were made between the respondents attitudes toward tourism and their dependence on tourism for a livelihood.
Washington, D.C., Travel/Tourism Information Sources
Authors: Leifer Anita E. , Hawkins Donald E.
Published: March 2008

This article presents a guide to travel/tourism information sources in Washing ton, D. C. Libraries are listed by agency and data are provided on location, phone number, types of information available, and circulation.
The Reactions of Travelers to Gasoline Rationing and to Increases in Gasoline Prices
Authors: Dan Kamp B. , Crompton John L. , Hensarling David M.
Published: March 2008

Much attention is currently being given to possible effects higher fuel prices and/or fuel rationing will have on individuals' travel habits and patterns. This study analyzed the responses of travelers interviewed at the Orange, Texas, Welcome Center. Information was gathered regarding travel plans and the effects either rationing or higher fuel prices would have on future travel plans.

Results of this study indicate that a significant shift from recreational vehicles and full-sized automobiles to smaller, more economical vehicles would be made. Pleasure travel is much more likely to be curtailed than business travel. While most business travelers would seek alternative transportation, pleasure travelers would be more likely to either eliminate the trip altogether or take a shorter trip. These actions may seriously impact upon the entire travel and tourism industry.
The Effect of Leadership Style on Satisfaction Levels of Tour Quality
Authors: Lopez Elsa M.
Published: March 2008

The effect of authoritarian versus democratic leadership styles on tour members'satisfaction with tour quality was investigated. The final sample consisted of 24 high school teacher-leaders and 287 student-followers. It was found that at the initial stage of the tour the members under authoritarian leadership are the most satisfied, but that at the later stage the members under democratic leadership are the most satisfied. In addition, a significant relationship was found between satisfaction with tour quality and leadership style at the initial and latter stages of the tour. The implication of these results for a formulation of the group process with travelers is discussed.
Outdoor Recreation Trends in the 1980s: Implications for Society
Authors: Van Doren Carlton S.
Published: March 2008

The leisure, travel, and recreation industry is at a critical point. Inflation and limited mobility will force changes in both the quantity and use of leisure time in the next decade, and use patterns for public parks and recreational sites will change drastically. This article discusses trends for the 1980s and suggests implications for the forecast changes.
The Measurement and Economic Impact of Tourism on Galveston, Texas: A Case Study
Authors: Rose Warren
Published: March 2008

Tourism is one of the four major components of the economic base of Galveston, Texas, aided by a rich historical legacy and a strategic location on the Gulf of Mexico. Its economic contributions extend to employment, income from all sources, and taxes. The magnitude of tourism extends to thousands of employees and millions of dollars. Despite the lack of growth trend in the number of tourist visitors, Galveston's public and private sectors are committed to expanding and upgrading tourist attractions. The energy crisis and the proximity to major population centers are viewed as catalysts in strengthening the role of tourism. Research methodologies are presented to assist others in determining the impact of tourism in their respective communities.
When Mt. St. Helens Blew Its Top
Authors: Kreck Lothar A.
Published: March 2008

This article presents the results of an investigation into the immediate economic impact and hardship suffered by a segment of the business community in the afflicted areas in the state of Washington.
Consumer Reactions to the Standby Motor Fuel Rationing Plan
Authors: Crompron John L. , Gitelson Richard J.
Published: March 2008

A study is reported which assessed the reactions of automobile travelers to potential gasoline rationing and pricing situations which are projected to occur if the 1980 standby motor fuel rationing plan is implemented.
Where to Find Travel Research Facts
Authors: Goeldner C.R.
Published: March 2008

This article presents a comprehensive list of sources of information available on tourism, travel, and recreation. It is divided into eight sections: Indexing Services; Bibliographies and Finding Guides; Periodicals; Trade Associations; Government; Yearbooks, Annuals, Handbooks, etc.; Proceedings; and Some Final Suggestions. A summary of the type of information available in each source is also provided.
Segmenting the Vacationer Market: Identifying the Vacation Preferences, Demographics, and Magazine Readership of Each Group
Authors: Crask Melvin R.
Published: March 2008

Five vacation segments having distinct vacation preferences were identified using respondents to a mail survey. These segments were found to differ both demo-graphically and with respect to their magazine readership patterns. Each vacation segment is described and some implications of the findings are presented.
Positioning a Province Using Travel Research
Authors: Woodside Arch G.
Published: March 2008

What benefits does Nova Scotia give its visitors that the visitors perceive to be important and unique? How should Nova Scotia be positioned in the minds of members of its largest market segment? A benefit-matching model and positioning strategy are used to answer these questions. The discussion is illustrated with examples of positioning strategies for Canada, Belgium, South Carolina, and Nova Scotia.
Tourism and the Host Community
Authors: Jafari Jafar
Published: March 2008

This article reports on a recent conference of the Society for Applied Anthropology, and summarizes sessions of that conference, which focused on tourism.
Segmenting Vacation Markets: The Case of the Distant and Near-Home Travelers
Authors: Etzel Michael J. , Woodside Arch G.
Published: March 2008

This article presents an approach to study near-home and distant travelers as target segments for travel marketing. Questions addressed include the types of benefits travelers perceive, the personal and family demographics of the groups, and what the groups seek on vacations.
A Consumer-Based Approach to Assist in the Design of Hotels
Authors: Bjorklund Richard A. , King Barry
Published: March 2008

How might one design hotels for a new resort area that are more attractive to target market consumer than competing hotels and meet profit objectives? This was the problem faced by executives from a Caribbean country tourism agency. This article describes a consumer-based methodology to assist in solving this and related problems.
Fear of Flying: Impact on the U.S. Air Travel Industry
Authors: Dean Robert D. , Whitaker Kerry M.
Published: March 2008

One of every six adult Americans—25,000,000—is afraid to fly. These people make two-thirds fewer trips on commercial aircraft than those who are not afraid. The 1978 impact on the U. S. air travel industry is estimated to be a $1.6 billion revenue loss and a 9% reduction in air travel. These are the conclusions drawnfromfive surveys conducted between 1976 and 1979 to measure how fear of flying affects the air travel industry.
Highlights of the 13th Annual TTRA Conference Miami, Florida, June 13-16, 1982
Authors: Duea Karen P. , Guernsey Cindy E.
Published: March 2008

The following paragraphs briefly summarize the 13th Annual Conference of the Travel and Tourism Research Association held in Miami, Florida. Conference registrants and members of TTRA will automatically receive a copy of the conference proceedings when they are published. Other readers who wish to receive a copy of the proceedings may order copies for $35 from Mari Lou Wood, Executive Secretary, TTRA, Bureau of Economic and Business Research, University of Utah, P.O. Box 8066, Foothill Station, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108 .
Research Into the Vocational Education and Training Requirements of the Hotel and Catering Industry in the U.K.
Authors: Kelly Terry K.
Published: March 2008

The U. K. Hotel and Catering Industry Training Board has been in existence for nearly 15 years. This article outlines some of the changes and trends in the research which have taken place, in particular those which have led to the present project into vocational education and training requirements.
The Planning Horizons and Sources of Information Used by Pleasure Vacationers
Authors: Gitelson Richard J. , Crompton John L.
Published: March 2008

This study examined differences in vacationers' planning horizons and related them to the purpose of the trip and the length of the trip in terms of mileage and stay. Purposes included desire for excitement, desire for relaxation, and desire for a well-planned trip. These differences were then related to respondents' use of information sources, including print media, broadcast media, consultants, and destination-specific literature.
1983 Travel Outlook Forum
Authors: Rubin Karen
Published: March 2008

The 1983 Travel Outlook Forum was held December 9, 1982, at the Capital Hilton Hotel, Washington, D. C. Over 280 participants from 34 states attended the forum. Highlights of the morning general sessions are summarized here by Karen Rubin with some of her own insight. The afternoon concurrent sessions as well as the morning sessions are covered in the Proceedings of the 1983 Travel Outlook Forum, available for $70 prepaid from the U. S. Travel Data Center, 1899 L Street, N. W. , Washington, D. C. 20036.
The Massachusetts Travel Research Study
Authors: Cournoyer Norman G. , Kindahl James K.
Published: March 2008

A system for continuing data collection on travel and tourism and their economic impact was developed for Massachusetts; the general principles employed could be used in other states as well. The main features of the system are discussed.
Marketing Strategies for Hotels: A Cluster Analysis Approach
Authors: Meidan Arthur , Lee Benjamin
Published: March 2008

This article discusses major stages in the formulation of specific hotel marketing strategies and presents the results of a study to determine whether chain and independent hotels differ in their marketing strategy. Forty-six managers of chain and independent hotels in Britain were surveyed regarding their attitudes towards 16 marketing strategy variables and their responses cluster-analyzed. The clusters were found to have certain attributes of inherent similarity. Cluster analysis of the 16 variables revealed two distinctive phases in hotel marketing strategy: planning and implementation.
Negative Images of the United States as Expressed by Tour Operators From Other Countries
Authors: McLellan Robert W. , Foushee Kathryn Dodd
Published: March 2008

Images of a travel destination affect the choice of someone selecting a visitation site. Potential travelers to the United States perceive personal safety as a major problem, followed by costs and availability of information to foreign visitors. Virginia is cited as having promotional efforts which are effective in overcoming negative images of potential foreign visitors, and suggestions are made to increase the attractiveness of the U.S. as a travel destination.
Characteristics of Campers in Private and State-Owned Campgrounds in Wisconsin
Authors: Henderson Karla A. , Cooper Rollie
Published: March 2008

Campers at private Wisconsin campgrounds seek a variety of activities, opportunities for the family to be together, and chances for socializing. Campers at public campgrounds seek hiking and nature-solitude experiences. Differences between the two groups seemed minimal.
Passenger Prefierences for Airline Fare Plans
Authors: Good W.S. , Wilson M.K. , Mcwhirter B.J.
Published: March 2008

This article segments the air travel market based on consumer preferences for various combinations of the common attributes associated with airline fare plans. It also explores the sensitivity of members of each market segment to changes in the levels of each of the air travel attributes. The study complements the work of Ritchie et al. published in a 1980 issue of the "Journal . "
Domestic Tourism Development in China: A Regression Analysis
Authors: Wang Tie-Sheng , Ge Li-Cheng
Published: March 2008

Tourism in China is growing rapidly. Using regression analysis, this article forecasts tourism demand of the city of Hangzhou and draws implications for the Chinese tourism industry as a whole.
Modeling Variation in Destination Patronage for Outdoor Recreation Activity
Authors: Fesenmaier Daniel R.
Published: March 2008

Recreation researchers long have recognized that existing destination choice models embody a number of assumptions that are often violated. One important aspect over which researchers have recently voiced concern is the inability of these models to account for intrapersonal variation in the place of recreation activity. The present study investigated the extent to which households allocate recreation activity among recreation facilities and identified those characteristics of the household and the recreation facility that may affect the decision concerning where to recreate. The results indicate that most households repeatedly use a single facility and that there are significant behavioral differences between those who visit a single facility and those who go to a variety of places.
The Arts/Tourism Partnership
Authors: Tighe Anthony J.
Published: March 2008

This article probes the relationship between tourism and the arts, concluding that cooperation of state tourism offices and state arts councils would be mutually beneficial. Suggestions for encouraging cultural tourism are presented, and the results of a survey of state arts agencies and travel offices are included.
Travel Within Tonga
Authors: Pearce Douglas G. , Johnston Douglas C.
Published: March 2008

This article examines tourist travel patterns within the South Pacific Island group of the Kingdom of Tonga. Significant differences are reported between tourists who limit their stay to the main island of Tongatapu and those who visit both the main island and others in the group.
Dynamics of the U.S. International Tourism Market, 1970-1984
Authors: Gibbons Jean D. , Fish Mary
Published: March 2008

This article analyzes data for 1970-1984 on number of expenditures of tourists to the U.S. from Mexico, Canada, Caribbean and Central America, South America, and West ern Europe, and comparable data on tourists from the U.S. to these same areas. The trends in the time series data for totals and also for each area are studied and compared. The net tourist balance (number of travelers to the U.S. minus those from the U.S.) is presently a large negative figure. The U.S. balance of expenditures (spending by travelers to the U.S. minus those from the U.S.) is also a large negative figure because visitors from Western Europe, Mexico, the Caribbean, and Central America spend much less in the U.S. than U.S. travelers spend in their countries. The expansion of the industry must be guided by the market changes underlying the long-term pattern of growth. The com parison of the areas indicates that only South America and Canada have contributed more favorably than the other areas to the U.S. travel account over the period studied.
Factory Outlets and Travel Industry Development
Authors: Patton Spiro G.
Published: March 2008

Localities often develop a travel industry based upon a unique local asset. This paper reports on the locality of Reading, Pennsylvania and the role a unique asset—the factory outlet—has played in the development of its travel industry during the past decade. Re sults of a study based on surveys sent to outlets and other travel industry establishments are presented and analyzed.
An Approach to the Determination of Optimal Airline Fares: Some Useful Insights on Price Elasticities, Monopoly Power and Competitive Factors in the Airline Industry
Authors: Toh Rex S. , Kelly Michael K. , Hu Michael Y.
Published: March 2008

Within the airline industry, demand curves can be derived externally by survey methods and cost curves can be generated internally by astute accounting procedures. The tradi tional tools of microeconomic analysis can be used in a practical way to arrive at profit maximizing fares. The optimizing procedures are not sensitive to the sampling ration in the survey and are therefore generally applicable. An empirical case study provides some useful insights on the competitive factors in the airline industry that help determine market segmentability, price elasticities of demand, and monopoly power.
The Importance of U.S. Historic Sites As Visitor Attractions
Authors: Makens James C.
Published: March 2008

The results of a study concerning the importance of historic sites as visitor attractions are discussed in this article. This study demonstrated that U. S. historic sites are important visitor attractions but that accurate data concerning visitation often are not available and that a national data base is needed. From available data it was estimated that U.S. historic sites annually host at least 76 million visitors.
The Demand For Package Tours: A Mode Choice Model
Authors: Sheldon Pauline J. , Mak James
Published: March 2008

A model is presented to explain a traveler's choice of vacation mode. The possible modes considered are independent travel, travel on an inclusive package tour, and travel on a basic package tour. The model is tested using logit analysis and survey data on travel to the Hawaiian Islands. The results indicate that purchasers ofpackage tours are likely to be elderly, be intent on visiting several destinations, contain few people in the party, intend to make short visits, and be first-time visitors to the destination.
Econometric Models for Forecasting International Tourism Demand
Authors: Witt Stephen F. , Martin Christine A.
Published: March 2008

This article presents a set of econometric models for forecasting interna tional tourism demand. The models are developed from tourist visits from West Germany and the United Kingdom to their respective tourist destinations.
Reassessing Wholesaler Marketing Strategies: The Role of Travel Research
Authors: Kent William E. , Meyer Robert A. , Reddam Thomas M.
Published: March 2008

As tour package sales by travel agents increase, tour wholesalers are becoming more important in the travel marketplace. This article reports the results of two mail surveys and a series of follow-up personal interviews. The results indicate that travel agents' purchases are based on the wholesaler's reputation for reliability, quality, and service. Factors which travel agents perceive as influencing clients' purchases are also reported.
On Domestic Tourism
Authors: Jafari Jafar
Published: March 2008

This article presents the argument that domestic tourism offers many benefits to both developed and developing countries, and that such tourism should be encouraged both as a prelude and an adjunct to international tourism.
Evaluating the Role of State Welcome Centers in Disseminating Travel Related Information in North Carolina
Authors: Gitelson Richard J. , Perdue Richard R.
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine the distribution of travel-related information by visitors to the seven welcome centers operated by the North Carolina Division of Travel and Tourism. Three questionnaire forms were distributed to random samples of visitors during the fall quarter of 1984. The questionnaires were designed to survey on-site to determine why people stop at the welcome centers, what was their actual use of the wel come centers, and what was the likely influence of information received at the welcome centers on trip decisions. The results indicate that a substantial proportion of welcome center visitors do stop for information, that a large proportion actually pick up or receive information at the centers, and that visitors indicated they would use the information for decisions on both the current and on future trips. There were very few differences in these results between individuals traveling to North Carolina and individuals traveling through North Carolina en route to another state.
Tourism In The 1990s
Authors: Goeldner C.R.
Published: March 2008

The papers presented at the Tourism in the 1990s Conference held in London, November 27-28, 1986 are summarized in the following paragraphs. The international conference was organized by the journal Tourism Management and the Department of Management Studies for Tourism and Hotel Industries, University of Surrey, and was attended by approximately 150 people representing 18 countries. The proceedings of the conference will be published in the June 1987 issue of Tourism Management, P.O. Box 63, Westbury House, Bury Street, Guildford, Surrey GU2 5BH, England.
An Analysis of State Image Change Over a Twelve-Year Period (1971-1983
Authors: Gartnerand William C. , Hunt John D.
Published: March 2008

State image, or perceptions nonresidents hold about the attributes of certain activities and attractions present within a state, changes slowly. Advertising, media accounts, conversations with acquaintances are all accepted as change agents. This report analyzes changes in the state of Utah's image between 1971 and 1983 by repeating a 1971 study on Utah's image; identical questions were utilized in a study completed in 1983 to elicit responses used to determine image change. Results indicated that for every activity and attraction analyzed, in no case was image change negative and in many cases it was positive. Factors causing the change were most likely a mix of organic and induced influences; state advertising based on the 1971 study findings was viewed as greatly contributing to the change. Indications are that successfully changing state image will result in that state becoming a more desirable destination for nonresidents.
A Comprehensive Review Of The Tourism Forecasting Literature
Authors: Calantone Roger J. , Di Benedetto C.Anthony , Bojanic David
Published: March 2008

Major reports of tourism forecasting studies are classified by forecasting method employed, reviewed, compared, and critiqued. Apartial meta-analysis is used to attempt to gauge relative accuracy of the various approaches used in differing situations. Summary statements on the relative usefulness of the different methods in specific forecasting situa tions are provided. Some conclusions are drawn to aid future conduct and reporting of tourism forecasting reports.
Length Of Stay: A Macro Analysis For Cross-Country Skiing Trips
Authors: Uysal Muzaffer , McDonald Cary D. , O'Leary Joseph T.
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this study was to estimate the determinants of demand for observed length of stay for cross-country skiing using a nationwide survey. Costperperson, distance traveled one way, number of trips, number of persons in group, number of contacts, exis tence of man-made structures, and prominence of non-recreational activities were examined by two-stage least-square regression analysis to explain length of stay among cross- country skiers. This observed demandfunction explained 58% of the variance in length of stay. However, unlikeprevious studies which have shown distance traveled to bepositively related to length of stay, this study revealed a negative relationship. Characteristics inherent to the activity itself, in this instance cross-country skiing, are offered as an explanation for the discrepancy from previous findings.
The Impact Of Situational Factors On The Evaluation Of Hospitality Services
Authors: Filiatrault Pierre , Ritchie J.R. Brent
Published: March 2008

This questionnaire study examined the influence of three dining situations on the selection of a restaurant. The three situations were a weekday lunch with associates or friends, an important business dinner, and a weekend eveningfamily meal; hypothetical selection was based on the five attributes of type of cuisine, price, quality of service, ambiance, and quality of food. The results demonstrate that it is necessary to explicitly define a situation when requesting evaluations of attribute importance.
Travel-Related Lifestyle Profiles Of Older Women
Authors: Hawes Douglass K.
Published: March 2008

The lifestyle profiles of elderly travelers apparently has not been well researched. This study of 534 older women is an attempt to address this issue. The results suggest three distinct travel-related lifestyle profiles, distinct differences between some of the age groups, and managerially useful media preference pattern differences.
Temporal Shift In Commercial Chattooga River Tours As A Result Of A Federally Imposed Use Cap
Authors: Howard Gordon , Wallace Joseph , Kosanke Rebecca
Published: March 2008

In order to provide a degree of seclusion forf loaters, the U. S. Forest Service has placed a cap on the numberof tours and clients the three river touroperators (outfitters) can put on the Chattooga River each day. During the summer high season, weekend use has reached the cap. This article presents evidence that, while weekend use has notgrown in fouryears, weekday use, which has not reached its cap, is continuing togrow. A temporal shift ofusers away from weekend use towards weekday use is postulated.
A Conference Report: 1989 Travel Outlook
Authors: Goeldner C.R.
Published: March 2008

This report briefly summarizes the 1989 Travel Outlook Forum held in Denver, Colorado on October 4, 1988. Copies of the proceedings of the Forum are available for $100 (prepaid) from the U.S. Travel Data Center, Two Lafayette Centre, 1133 21st Street, N.W., Washington, D. C. 20036.
Segmentation Of The Senior Pleasure Travel Market
Authors: Shoemaker Stowe
Published: March 2008

The reasons members of the senior market travel forpleasure are used to segment that market into smaller homogenous groups. Findings suggest that the senior market is not one large homogenous group but many submarkets, each with its own needs.
Consumer Perceptions Of Travel Agencies: Communications, Images, Needs, And Expectations
Authors: Kendall K.W. , Booms Bernard H.
Published: March 2008

Data were collected on consumers'responses to travel advertising, their travel patterns and travel agent usage, and their perceived importance of physical needs and information expectations for travel agents. Consumers' ability to discriminate between travel agencies also was examined. Consumers did not respond to travel ads differentially for common and uncommon destinations, and there were few differences between clientele travel patterns except for business trips. Information expectations of consumers were rated as more important than physical needs with respect to travel agent facilities. Some evidence suggests that consumers can and do distinguish among travel agents.
An Analysis Of The Differences Between State Welcome Center Users And Nonusers: A Profile Of Oregon Vacationers
Authors: Howard Dennis R. , Gitelson Richard
Published: March 2008

This research examines the issue of the degree to which users of state welcome centers are representative of summer tourist visitors in general. No significant differences were found between the demographic and trip behavior profiles of out-of-state travelers who used welcome centers and those who did not. The results support the historical reliance of states on data collected from welcome center users to monitor visitor activity.
A Note About Information Sources for Preferred Recreational Environments
Authors: Raitz Karl , Dakhil Meftah
Published: March 2008

People employ a wide variety of information sources to establish activity. A survey of 999 college-age people revealed differences in the importance of various formal and informal information types. College students place more value on informationfrom peers than from family members. Television advertising and programs are the most used formal information types. For selected information sources, rankings increased with increasing age of respondent.
State Tourism Ofifices And Their Impact On Tourist Expenditures
Authors: Hunt John D.
Published: March 2008

As the awareness of tourism as an economic development opportunity has increased, interest has also increased in understanding the relationship of state tourism spending to tourism receipts within states. This article suggests that a relationship does appear to exist between growth in state tourism budgets and changes in market share among groups of states.
A Conference Report
Authors: Goeldner C.R.
Published: March 2008

This report briefly summarizes the 1990 Travel Outlook Forum held in Hollywood, Florida on October 3, 1989. Copies of the "1990 Outlook for Travel and Tourism" are available from the U.S. Travel Data Center, Two Lafayette Center, 1133 21st Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. 20036 for $125.00.
Consumer Perceptions Of Tourist Attractions
Authors: Fodness Dale
Published: March 2008

Perceptual mapping is an important marketing research tool used by tourism marketers in product positioning, new product planning, advertising development, and strategic planning. Data collected from 3,842 Florida attractions visitors were analyzed via customer interchange analysis, multidimensional scaling, and cluster analysis. Clear patterns ofconsumerperceptions which suggest how tourists evaluate alternative attractions emerged from the analyses. Marketing implications based on the results are discussed.
The Economic Impact Of Rural Festivals And Special Events: Assessing The Spatial Distribution Of Expenditures
Authors: Long Patrick T. , Perdue Richard R.
Published: March 2008

The spatial distribution of the expenditures associated with a rural arts and crafts festival was examined. Of the nonresident expenditures associated with the festival, the mean percentage spent in the community by the survey respondents was 69.7%. Importantly, however, 77.9% of this spending was to thefestival booths, many of which were not operated by local residents. More specifically, of the $43,689 spent by the survey re spondents, $32, 719 (74.9%) was to entities outside the local economy. While the generalizability of these results is limited, the findings imply that research which fails to correct for nonlocal spending may significantly overestimate the economic benefits of festivals to the host community.
Demographic And Situational Correlates Of Business Travel
Authors: Snepenger David , Milner Laura
Published: March 2008

Using the responses from 749 business travelers to Alaska, this study examined demographic variables as background factors and situational variables as trip-specific factors which could affect business travel. These variables were used in multiple regression analyses as independent variables in an effort to identify their influence on pre-trip, on-location, and post-trip behaviors and attitudes. The demographic and situational variables accounted for 7 to 23% ofthe variance in business travel behaviors and attitudes. Situational variablesproved to be stronger correlates than demographics and mayprovide a better basis for developing marketing strategy for business travelers. The most important situational variables were (1) whether the traveler combined business with pleasure, and (2) whether the traveler traveled to fulfill a staff or line function.
Methods Of Accountability Research For Destination Marketing
Authors: Perdue Richard R. , Pitegoff Barry E.
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this article is to discuss the types ofpersuasion tools commonly used in destination marketing and the types of accountability methods which may be suitablefor those tools. Tourism persuasion activities are aimed at influencing the consumer at three times: prior to leaving home; while enroute to the destination; and after arriving in the destination area. The article shows that a variety of different accountability methods exist depending upon the particular persuasion technique.
The Impact Of A Mega-Event On Host Region Awareness: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Ritchie J.R.Brent , Smith Brian H.
Published: March 2008

A center or region which hosts a major event attracting global attention is affected in many positive and negative ways. From a tourism perspective, perhaps the major benefits sought by organizers are increased awareness and an enhanced imageforthe host region in the international marketplace. It is assumed that this increased awareness and enhanced image will, over the long term, provide a strongercompetitiveposition and greater benefits from tourism. The present research reports thefindings of a five year study to monitor and assess the extent to which one mega-event, the 1988 Calgary Olympic Winter Games, did impact on the international levels of awareness and the image of the host city. Data were collected annually from 1986 through 1989 in some 20 centers in the United States and Europe. The results indicate that, in this particular case, the event dramatically increased levels of awareness and substantially modified the image of the city of Calgary. However, there is also strong evidence that cities considering the staging ofsuch a mega-event must anticipate a significant rate of awareness and image decay, and take steps to counter it, if they wish to remain visible and competitive in the international marketplace.
Recovery From Natural Disaster: Travel Writers And Tourist Destinations
Authors: Milo Katherine Jean , Yoder Sharon Logsdon
Published: March 2008

Mass media complicate tourist industry disaster recovery, as coveragepassesfrom hard news to feature writers. A survey of travel writers following the 1989 San Francisco earthquake identifies their recovery stage attitudes and newsgathering techniques. The authors suggest strategies to build loyalty to assist destinations in lessening negative media coverage.
Measuring Service Quality in the Travel and Tourism Industry
Authors: Fick Gavin R. , Brent Ritchie J.R.
Published: March 2008

The SERVQUAL instrument has been proposed as an instrument for the measurement of perceived service quality within a wide range of service categories. The current research examines both the operation of the scale and its management implications in four major sectors of the travel and tourism industry. Concerns regarding the SERVQUAL scale and its limitations and problems are discussed; within and across service category comparisons are also considered. Finally, other areas requiring attention in the area of quality of service are suggested.
Image Differences between Prospective, First-Time, and Repeat Visitors to the Lower Rio Grande Valley
Authors: Fakeye Paul C. , Crompton John L.
Published: March 2008

Destination image was conceptualized as evolvingfrom an organic image, through an induced image, to a complex image. These image phases were linked to the informative, persuasive, and reminding functions of promotion. Data were analyzed from a sample of 568 prospective, first-time, and repeat long-stay winter visitors to the lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas. These three subsamples were considered likely to be reasonably reflective of the three stages of image evolution. Significant differences on all five of the image factors which were derived were found between nonvisitors and the other two subsamples. Length of stay was found to significantly affect image on two of the five factors. Differences in image based on respondents' proximity to the Valley were revealed on only one of the five factors.
Using Probabilistic Incentives to Increase Response Rates to Mail-return Highway Intercept Diaries
Authors: Mccool Steven F.
Published: March 2008

This article reports the results of a field experiment testing the effectiveness of a probabilistic monetary incentive to increase the rate of return of a highway intercept diary used to estimate the economic significance of tourism. The experiment consisted of two groups of travelers using a highway wayside rest just inside a state's borders. The control group was given the mail-return diary-questionnaire, while the experimental group was given the diary-questionnaire and told that they would be entered into a lottery for a $50 U.S. Savings Bond when the diary was returned. The rate of return of the diaries for the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group, but no other effects were found.
An Exploratory Investigation of Format, Design, and Use of U.K. Tour Operators' Brochures
Authors: Gilbert D.C. , Houghton P.
Published: March 2008

This study used a qualitative research design to investigate brochure use and effectiveness. Two levels of inquiry were incorporated. The first aimed at understanding the environmental aspects of travel agency outlets; the second attempted to determine how individual consumers interpret and perceive brochure front covers. The objective of the research was to achieve some exploratory understanding of the factors which may lead a consumer to chose one or more brochures in perference to others. The f indings indicate that consumers interpret the context and design of different front covers according to a clear pattern .
Frequent-Stayer Programs: The Demographic, Behavioral, and Attitudinal Characteristics of Hotel Steady Sleepers
Authors: Rivers Mary Jean , Toh Rex S. , Alaoui Mehdi
Published: March 2008

This study, based on the results of a survey of hotel guests, describes the extent and operational nature of frequent-stayer programs and examines the statistical profile of hotel guests. Differential demographic, behavioral, and attitudinal characteristics of steady sleepers are provided, and some marketing implications for the hotel industry are identified.
Resident Perceptions of the Impact of Tourism on an Australian City
Authors: Ross Glenn F.
Published: March 2008

In this study, 508 residents of the Australian tourist city of Cairns rated the impact of tourism on a range of community facilities, as well as on individual and community life. Residents perceived major positive impacts within the economic sphere, major negative impacts on housing and crime levels, and overall perceptions of negative personal impact being associated with a change in the friendliness of local residents. Judgments about personal impacts were much more likely to be associated with perceptions of community enjoyment than were judgments about community impacts. Partialling out the effects of judgments of tourism's impacts on individual and community life revealed the importance of perceived friendliness of local residents. The relevance of these findings for host communities and the tourist industry is discussed.
The Economic Contribution of Conventions: The Case of Orlando, Florida
Authors: Braun Bradley M.
Published: March 2008

This study examines the economic impact of conventions on cities, using the MSA of Orlando, Florida, as a case study. The study uses local convention characteristics to adjust national and state data on two types of spending: that which arises from attending and holding a convention and that done by delegates before and after a convention. The impact of both types of spending is estimated from a 494-sector input/output model of the Orlando regional economy. Direct effects, multipliers, and total effects are measured in terms of wages, employment, and output, both within and outside of the convention industry.
Tourism and the European Regional Development Fund: The First Fourteen Years
Authors: Pearce Douglas G.
Published: March 2008

After brief reviews of tourism in the European Community, the evolution of the ERDF and the links between tourism and regional development, this article examines the role of tourism in regional development within the EC through an analysis of tourism projects supported by the ERDF from its establishment in 1975 to the reforms of 1988. This analysis shows tourism has played only a minor role in regional development during this period. Tourist projects have been more significant in declining industrial regions, particularly in the U.K., than in lagging regions, with most support going to projects in the attractions sector.
A Conference Report ... The Outlook for Travel in 1992
Authors: Goeldner C.R.
Published: March 2008

This report briefly summarizes the 1992 Travel Outlook Forum held in Washington, D.C., October 23, 1991. Copies of the "1992 Outlook for Travel and Tourism" are available from the U.S. Travel Data Center, Two Lafayette Centre, 1133 21st Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036, for $125.00.
Risk Perceptions and Pleasure Travel: An Exploratory Analysis
Authors: Roehl Wesley S. , Fesenmaier Daniel R.
Published: March 2008

This article investigates risk perceptions associated with pleasure travel. Psychophy sical scaling methods and multivariate analysis identified three basic dimensions of perceived risk: physical-equipment risk, vacation risk, and destination risk. Subsequent cluster analysis of the respondents based on the three risk dimensions identified three groups of travelers with substantially different risk perceptions regarding travel. The three risk groups differed in terms of the most recent trip taken and the benefits soughtfrom travel as well as basic demographic characteristics. Interestingly, relationships between risk perceptions and travel behavior appear to be situation-specific, suggesting that it may be difficult to generalize behaviors observed in the purchase of goods to travel decision making.
The Effect of the Across-the-Border Travel of Canadian Tourists on the City of Spokane: A Replication
Authors: Kendall K.W. , Kreck Lothar
Published: March 2008

This 1988 economic impact study examined changes in demand by Canadian weekend travelers to Spokane. Ten variables were examined and the results were compared with data from an earlier (1982) study. Variables included point of origin, border crossings used, number of people in party, age, frequency of visits, purpose of visit, type of lodging, length of stay, expenditures, and family income. The study concludes that although the total economic impact on Spokane may be the same for the two years studied, the 1988 increase in number of visits to Spokane (from a mean of 2.5 to a mean of 2.9) would not offset the dramatic 26% drop in actual number of Canadian visitors to Spokane. Because the overall number of Canadian travelers to the state of Washington increased considerably between 1982 and 1988, the results indicate that Spokane's strategic plan for tourism should address the question of market share.