bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Daniel Frederick Rambaut: ‘Rugbanian’ and innovative Resident Medical Superintendent
Authors: Collins A.
Published: February 2016

Daniel Frederick Rambaut was a prominent asylum doctor in the late 19th and early 20th century. Of Irish and Huguenot origins, his career brought him from the Richmond Asylum in Dublin to the Resident Medical Superintendent position at the largest private hospital in England. In his student years at Trinity, he was a central figure in a groundbreaking rugby match.
Homosexuality and Irish psychiatry: medicine, law and the changing face of Ireland
Authors: Kelly B. D.
Published: February 2016

Homosexual acts were illegal in Ireland until 1993. Between 1962 and 1972 there were 455 convictions of men for crimes such as ‘indecency with males’ and ‘gross indecency’. Homosexuality was regarded as a mental illness by the American Psychiatric Association until 1973 and by the World Health Organisation until 1990. ‘Treatment’ provided in various countries, including England and Northern Ireland, included psychotherapies (such as psychoanalysis) and ‘aversion therapies’ involving delivering emetic medication or electric shocks to homosexual men as they viewed images of undressed males; administration of testosterone followed by showing films of nude or semi-nude women; and playing tape recordings outlining the alleged adverse effects of homosexuality and alleged benefits of heterosexuality. In Ireland, homosexuality was regarded as a sexual deviation throughout the 1960s and some psychiatrists were involved in court proceedings and ‘treating’ homosexual persons with psychotherapy. Although there are some suggestions that ‘aversive therapies’ were used for homosexuality in Ireland, there is currently insufficient primary evidence to clarify this further. The history of psychiatry’s attitude to homosexuality is revealing for what it shows of the changeability of psychiatric diagnostic practices over time, and the extent to which certain psychiatric diagnoses are subject to social, political and various other influences. There is a strong need to enhance mental health services for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons who experience mental health problems.
Inside the head and tail of a turbulent gravity current
Authors: Hughes Graham O.
Published: February 2016

Gravity currents are an important buoyancy-driven flow in environmental, geophysical and industrial settings. Turbulence and mixing is commonplace in these flows, but is typically overlooked in theoretical models and predictions. Sher & Woods (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 784, 2015, pp. 130–162) have quantified the velocity and density structure in turbulent gravity currents by combining high-quality experimental data with new theory. Their insights are set to stimulate significant advances in the area.
Optimal mixing of buoyant jets and plumes in stratified fluids: theory and experiments
Authors: Camassa R. , Lin Z. , McLaughlin R. M. , Mertens K. , Tzou C. , Walsh J. , White B.
Published: February 2016

The influence of ambient fluid stratification on buoyant miscible jets and plumes is studied theoretically and experimentally. Given a fixed set of jet/plume parameters, and an ambient fluid stratification sandwiched between top and bottom homogeneous densities, a theoretical criterion is identified to show how step-like density profiles constitute the most effective mixers within a broad class of stable density transitions. This is assessed both analytically and experimentally, respectively by establishing rigorous a priori estimates on generalized Morton–Taylor–Turner (MTT) models (Morton et al., Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, vol. 234, 1956, pp. 1–23; Fischer et al., Mixing in Inland and Coastal Waters. Academic, 1979), and by studying a critical phenomenon determined by the distance between the jet/plume release height with respect to the depth of the ambient density transition. For fluid released sufficiently close to the background density transition, the buoyant jet fluid escapes and rises indefinitely. For fluid released at locations lower than a critical depth, the buoyant fluid stops rising and is trapped indefinitely. A mathematical formulation providing rigorous estimates on MTT models is developed along with nonlinear jump conditions and an exact critical-depth formula that is in good quantitative agreement with the experiments. Our mathematical analysis provides rigorous justification for the critical trapping/escaping criteria, first presented in Caulfield & Woods (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 360, 1998, pp. 229–248), within a class of algebraic density decay rates. Further, the step-like background stratification is shown to be the most efficient mixing profile amongst a broad family of stably stratified profiles sharing the same density transition within a fixed distance. Finally, the analysis uncovers surprising differences between the Gaussian and top-hat profile closures concerning initial mixing of the jet and ambient fluid.
Complete self-preservation on the axis of a turbulent round jet
Authors: Djenidi L. , Antonia R. A. , Lefeuvre N. , Lemay J.
Published: February 2016

Self-preservation (SP) solutions on the axis of a turbulent round jet are derived for the transport equation of the second-order structure function of the turbulent kinetic energy ($k$), which may be interpreted as a scale-by-scale (s.b.s.) energy budget. The analysis shows that the mean turbulent energy dissipation rate, $\overline{{\it\epsilon}}$, evolves like $x^{-4}$ ($x$ is the streamwise direction). It is important to stress that this derivation does not use the constancy of the non-dimensional dissipation rate parameter $C_{{\it\epsilon}}=\overline{{\it\epsilon}}u^{\prime 3}/L_{u}$ ($L_{u}$ and $u^{\prime }$ are the integral length scale and root mean square of the longitudinal velocity fluctuation respectively). We show, in fact, that the constancy of $C_{{\it\epsilon}}$ is simply a consequence of complete SP (i.e. SP at all scales of motion). The significance of the analysis relates to the fact that the SP requirements for the mean velocity and mean turbulent kinetic energy (i.e. $U\sim x^{-1}$ and $k\sim x^{-2}$ respectively) are derived without invoking the transport equations for $U$ and $k$. Experimental hot-wire data along the axis of a turbulent round jet show that, after a transient downstream distance which increases with Reynolds number, the turbulence statistics comply with complete SP. For example, the measured $\overline{{\it\epsilon}}$ agrees well with the SP prediction, i.e. $\overline{{\it\epsilon}}\sim x^{-4}$, while the Taylor microscale Reynolds number $Re_{{\it\lambda}}$ remains constant. The analytical expression for the prefactor $A_{{\it\epsilon}}$ for $\overline{{\it\epsilon}}\sim (x-x_{o})^{-4}$ (where $x_{o}$ is a virtual origin), first developed by Thiesset et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 748, 2014, R2) and rederived here solely from the SP analysis of the s.b.s. energy budget, is validated and provides a relatively simple and accurate method for estimating $\overline{{\it\epsilon}}$ along the axis of a turbulent round jet.
Dynamic-mode decomposition based analysis of shear coaxial jets with and without transverse acoustic driving
Authors: Hua Jia-Chen , Gunaratne Gemunu H. , Talley Douglas G. , Gord James R. , Roy Sukesh
Published: February 2016

Modal decompositions of unperturbed and acoustically driven injector flows from shear coaxial jets are implemented using dynamic-mode decomposition, which is a natural approach in the search for collective oscillatory behaviour in nonlinear systems. Previous studies using proper orthogonal decomposition had revealed the most energetic pairs of coherent structures in injector flows. One of the difficulties in extracting lower-energy coherent structures follows from the need to differentiate robust flow constituents from noise and other irregular facets of a flow. The identification of robust features is critical for applications such as flow control as well, since only they can be used for the tasks. A dynamic-mode decomposition based algorithm for this differentiation is introduced and used to identify different classes of robust dynamic modes. They include (1) background modes located outside the injector flow that decay rapidly, (2) injector modes – including those presented in earlier studies – located in the vicinity of the flow, (3) modes that persist under acoustic driving, (4) modes responding linearly to the driving and, most interestingly, (5) a mode whose density exhibits antiphase oscillatory behaviour in the observation plane and that appears only when $J$, the outer-to-inner-jet momentum flux ratio, is sufficiently large; we infer that this is a projection of a mode rotating about the symmetry axis and born via a spontaneous symmetry breaking. Each of these classes of modes is analysed as $J$ is increased, and their consequences for the flow patterns are discussed.
Impact of Graphic Pack Warnings on Adult Smokers’ Quitting Activities: Findings from the ITC Southeast Asia Survey (2005–2014)
Authors: Li Lin , Fathelrahman Ahmed I. , Borland Ron , Omar Maizurah , Fong Geoffrey T. , Quah Anne C. K. , Sirirassamee Buppha , Yong Hua-Hie
Published: February 2016

Malaysia introduced graphic health warning labels (GHWLs) on all tobacco packages in 2009. We aimed to examine if implementing GHWLs led to stronger warning reactions (e.g., thinking about the health risks of smoking) and an increase in subsequent quitting activities; and to examine how reactions changed over time since the implementation of the GHWLs in Malaysia and Thailand where GHWL size increased from 50–55% in 2010. Data came from six waves (2005–2014) of the International Tobacco Control Southeast Asia Survey. Between 3,706 and 4,422 smokers were interviewed across these two countries at each survey wave. Measures included salience of warnings, cognitive responses (i.e., thinking about the health risks and being more likely to quit smoking), forgoing cigarettes, and avoiding warnings. The main outcome was subsequent quit attempts. Following the implementation of GHWLs in Malaysia, reactions increased, in some cases to levels similar to the larger Thai warnings, but declined over time. In Thailand, reactions increased following implementation, with no decline for several years, and no clear effect of the small increase in warning size. Reactions, mainly cognitive responses, were consistently predictive of quit attempts in Thailand, but this was only consistently so in Malaysia after the change to GHWLs. In conclusion, GHWLs are responded to more frequently, and generate more quit attempts, but warning wear-out is not consistent in these two countries, perhaps due to differences in other tobacco control efforts.
Comment on “Invalidation of the Intracavity Opto-galvanic Method for Radiocarbon Detection” by Cantwell G Carson, Martin Stute, Yinghuang Ji, Roseline Polle, Arthur Reboul, and Klaus S Lackner
Authors: Murnick Daniel E
Published: February 2016

Carson et al. (2016) have measured the optogalvanic response of an intracavity cell discharge containing carbon dioxide enriched in radiocarbon in a 14CO2 laser, and compared same to an unenriched sample. The measurement was carried out by modulating the laser wavelength while slowly tuning through the laser gain profile. The results of the measurements are claimed to “invalidate the optogalvanic method for radiocarbon detection.” A broadband linear absorption model is presented in support of this hypothesis. In fact, the experimental design was such as to minimize any possibility for 14C detection, and the model presented is not relevant to their experiment. Crucial control measurements were not carried out and the model used did not differentiate between broadband absorption spectroscopy and intracavity optogalvanic spectroscopy (ICOGS) with a narrow-band single-mode CO2 laser.
Biomineral structure and crystallographic arrangement of cerioid and phaceloid growth in corals belonging to the Syringoporicae (Tabulata, Devonian–Carboniferous): a genetic reflection
Authors: CORONADO ISMAEL , RODRÍGUEZ SERGIO
Published: February 2016

An extensive study of the microstructure, nanostructrure and crystallographic properties of six taxa belonging to four different genera of Devonian and Carboniferous Syringoporicae showing dense phaceloid (Pleurosiphonella), pseudocerioid (Neomultithecopora) and cerioid growth patterns (RoemeriaandRoemeripora) has been done in order to disclose the similarities and differences in the growth processes at the biomineral scale and understand the growth processes that provide organisms with an evolutionary advantage to colonize different habitats. All the skeletons have similarities regarding the biocrystallization process, showing that the Syringoporicae skeletons are a product of matrix-mediated biocrystallization. Micro- and nanotextural features are common in all of the skeletons studied, showing that they were composed of hierarchical structures. All studied taxa possess a complex nanostructure composed of co-oriented rounded nanocrystals with different sizes and morphologies, depending on the taxon. The identified microstructures include granules, lamellae, fibres and hyaline elements. The crystallographic techniques demonstrate that all of them except the hyaline elements are biogenic in origin. Granules could be aborted fibres during the growth of two corallites in contact. On the other hand, the study of the biomineral properties suggests that the skeleton structure is a reflection of the genetic code. The median lamina was formed by the joint crystallization of both polyps at the same time. The variation in the internal structural organization (phaceloid, pseudocerioid or cerioid) was conditioned by the environment (stressful situations or feeding strategies); on the contrary, the final structure is controlled by genetics and their crystallographic properties are characteristic for each internal structural organization.
Declining population of the Vulnerable common hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius in Bénoué National Park, Cameroon (1976–2013): the importance of conservation presence
Authors: Scholte Paul , Iyah Emmanuel
Published: February 2016

Populations of the common hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius have undergone widespread decline as a result of habitat conversion and hunting for bushmeat and, increasingly, for ivory. North Cameroon holds important populations of large mammals, including the hippopotamus. The species' status and population trend are poorly known, and led CITES to suspend trade in hippopotamus trophies in 2013. Using the methodology of surveys conducted during 1976–1987, we conducted counts of the hippopotamus in Bénoué National Park during the wet season of 2011 and dry season of 2013, and drew on unpublished biannual density counts conducted by the Garoua Wildlife College, Cameroon, during 1989–2010. Counts along the 100 km stretch of the Bénoué River in the Park indicated a reduction from 400 individuals in 1987 to 188 in 2013. However, linear densities along a 15–32 km stretch in proximity to the Park headquarters and two tourist camps were constant during 1976–2013 (c. 3.7 individuals km−1). Hippopotamus distribution was negatively associated with the presence of the camps of gold diggers, which occupied the northern half of the Park. Observations of antelopes suggested they had a comparable distribution, unlike primates, which were distributed relatively evenly. Our results show the importance of year-round conservation presence in the Park, which could be achieved with adequate personnel, a functional road system, and reinforcement of operations in neighbouring sport-hunting areas.
Reassessing Trust in the Central Government: Evidence from Five National Surveys
Authors: Li Lianjiang
Published: February 2016

This paper argues that popular trust in the Chinese central government is significantly weaker than five national surveys suggest. The evidence comes from these surveys. First, the surveys show that between one- and two-thirds of respondents hold hierarchical trust, i.e. they have more trust in the central government than they do in local government. Second, all other things being equal, people who are less satisfied with political democracy in China tend to be less trusting of the central government. Finally, hierarchical trust holders tend to be less satisfied with political democracy in the country than those who express equal trust for central and local governments. Put together, the three findings show that hierarchical trust holders are less trusting of the central government than equal trust holders with regard to developing political democracy, although they sound equally confident. The fact that so many respondents hold hierarchical trust indicates that trust in the central government is significantly weaker than it looks.
International Criminal Law: Over-studied and Underachieving?
Authors: VAN SLIEDREGT ELIES
Published: February 2016

In his recent review of Neil Boister's book, An Introduction to Transnational Criminal Law, Robert Currie praises the author for shedding light on a field of law that has suffered from inattention. Transnational criminal law (TCL), the ‘other’ branch of what was traditionally called international criminal law, has been overshadowed by international criminal law ‘proper’ (ICL). The establishment of international criminal tribunals after the end of the Cold War, culminating in the establishment of the ‘flagship’ court, the International Criminal Court (ICC), came with a spectacular rise of ICL as a separate legal discipline. As a result, ICL stole the limelight at the expense of TCL. Currie deplores this since TCL presents features and issues that are worthy and in pressing need of in-depth study. Also, in his view the attention to ICL is unjustified: ICL ‘as an academic and legal inquiry or study has become distended by over-study’. While he supports the mission of international criminal justice in general, Currie points out that ICL as an academic discipline is saturated; each article, paragraph and subparagraph of the ICC Statute has been pulled apart and dissected.
Restrictivist Reasoning on theRatione PersonaeDimension of Armed Attacks in the Post 9/11 World
Authors: DE HOOGH ANDRÉ
Published: February 2016

This contribution investigates restrictivist reasoning on the origin of armed attacks, and concentrates on the interpretation of Article 51 of the UN Charter and the use of state practice. One particular aspect is examined: the linkage of the armed activities of non-state actors to a state required for an exercise of the right of self-defence to be justified in relation to that state. Many authors have moved away from a restrictive interpretation of Article 51 of the Charter and customary international law, and have proposed various legal constructs –complicity, aiding and abetting, harbour and support, unwillingness or inability to act– to allow for the invocation of self-defence even when armed activities of non-state actors cannot be attributed to a state and its substantial involvement is doubtful. Noticeable among authors generally, with certain exceptions, is a certain lack of concern to account for whatever method of interpretation or analysis they employ.
Show Me the Money: Enforcing Original Jurisdiction Judgments of the Caribbean Court of Justice
Authors: MOHAMMED-DAVIDSON RIA
Published: February 2016

This article examines the challenges surrounding the enforcement of decisions of international courts, using the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) as the fulcrum of the analysis. When sitting in its original jurisdiction, the CCJ adjudicates claims arising from the Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas and the operation of the Caribbean Single Market and Economy. However, there is no clear route for the enforcement of original jurisdiction decisions. The Agreement Establishing the CCJ leaves the issue of enforcement to the states themselves, who in turn have either failed to enact enforcement legislation or have provided for enforcement to be carried out ‘in like manner’ as the decisions of domestic courts. This phraseology raises the spectre of the Crown Proceedings Act and its legislative progeny which bar the pursuit of enforcement proceedings against the state. Several solutions to this enforcement conundrum are discussed, ranging from a regional enforcement treaty, akin to the New York Convention, to enforcement at common law using the Fick case, with the merits and demerits of each examined in turn.
The Declaratory Judgment in Recent Jurisprudence of the ICJ: Conflicting Approaches to State Responsibility?
Authors: MCINTYRE JULIETTE
Published: February 2016

As the list of contentious cases concerning issues of state responsibility brought before the International Court of Justice (the Court) continues to grow, a closer consideration is demanded of the most common remedy granted by the Court – the declaratory judgment. In particular, while the Court continues to issue declarations intended to constitute ‘appropriate satisfaction’, it also appears that the Court is – or is attempting – to use declarations more creatively in certain circumstances. This immediately provokes a question as to not only the proper role of declaratory judgments, but also whether and to what extent variations in the nature of the obligations owed by states, or the nature of their internationally wrongful acts, gives rise to a coherent differentiation in the remedies granted by the Court.
The Anxieties of International Criminal Justice
Authors: MÉGRET FRÉDÉRIC
Published: February 2016

International criminal justice is on one level a project of hubris and promise, but on another level a project arguably riddled by anxieties. These anxieties are linked to the dizziness of choices available to it, and the degree to which every move to compensate for anxieties produces its own form of anxiety. This article surveys ten distinct anxieties that are deemed to be constitutive of the movement. Ultimately, it argues that the neurotic nature of international criminal justice can be the source of its creativity and resilience.
Of Fallen Demons: Reflections on the International Criminal Court's Defendant
Authors: KOCHHAR STUTI , HIERAMENTE MAYEUL
Published: February 2016

The defendant in international trials is presumed innocent until proven guilty but is often judged by the ‘court of popular opinion’ even before the trial begins. This article provides reflections on how the image of a malevolent individual emerges with regard to those brought/to be brought before international courts. In such a situation, coming before the Court and subsequently being convicted or acquitted can mean little. It is coming before the Court that is, in itself, the end of the line. The manner in which the International Criminal Court has functioned has contributed, both advertently and inadvertently, to the maintenance of the image of the defendant as a malevolent being. Specifically, the purposes of historiography and the ever present discourse of deterrence, breed the suspicion that this ‘demonizing the defendant’ effect might be endorsed by the manner in which the Prosecutor has popularized the Court and it's functions and aims. This is a conflict that gets to the heart of international criminal law. It is the dilemma of how one must simultaneously fulfil two of the law's essential aims: to presume innocence (and thus abide by a fundamental tenet of international criminal law) and to deter, educate and pacify (and thus for the law to have a reason to exist).
From Networks to Society: Pottery Style and Hegemony in Bronze Age Southern Italy
Authors: Iacono Francesco
Published: February 2016

During the last two decades, the use of network methodologies in archaeological studies of interaction has gradually emerged. In this paper I will explore the social significance of networks, advocating the explicit use of Marxist-inspired social theory to increase our understanding of the patterns recognized through graph-theory. Crucial in this will be the new concepts of Means, Relations and Modes of Interaction and the Gramscian notion of hegemony. I will illustrate the potential of this approach, through a case study based in MBA and LBA southern Italy, focused on the sharing of stylistic features in pottery from Apulia in a period when the region was one of the loci of interaction with Minoan/Mycenaean Greece. Local pottery networks show the existence of intense interaction since the early phases of the MBA, before the main period of contact with the Aegean world. It is argued that such networks were influenced by the growing Aegean presence in the region and the overall hegemony of this wide cultural component. Through the later phases of the Late Bronze Age the level of local interaction further increases, while at the same time Aegean-type pottery almost disappears, suggesting a less hegemonic role for Aegean groups involved and a re-balancing of interaction.
Nearly Optimal Bernoulli Factories for Linear Functions
Authors: HUBER MARK
Published: February 2016

Suppose that X1, X2, . . . are independent identically distributed Bernoulli random variables with mean p. A Bernoulli factory for a function f takes as input X1, X2, . . . and outputs a random variable that is Bernoulli with mean f(p). A fast algorithm is a function that only depends on the values of X1, . . ., XT, where T is a stopping time with small mean. When f(p) is a real analytic function the problem reduces to being able to draw from linear functions Cp for a constant C > 1. Also it is necessary that Cp ⩽ 1 − ε for known ε > 0. Previous methods for this problem required extensive modification of the algorithm for every value of C and ε. These methods did not have explicit bounds on $\mathbb{E}[T]$ as a function of C and ε. This paper presents the first Bernoulli factory for f(p) = Cp with bounds on $\mathbb{E}[T]$ as a function of the input parameters. In fact, supp∈[0,(1−ε)/C]$\mathbb{E}[T]$ ≤ 9.5ε−1C. In addition, this method is very simple to implement. Furthermore, a lower bound on the average running time of any Cp Bernoulli factory is shown. For ε ⩽ 1/2, supp∈[0,(1−ε)/C]$\mathbb{E}[T]$≥0.004Cε−1, so the new method is optimal up to a constant in the running time.
Verbal Fluency in Parkinson’s Patients with and without Bilateral Deep Brain Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Wyman-Chick Kathryn A.
Published: February 2016

Objectives: Patients with Parkinson’s disease often experience significant decline in verbal fluency over time; however, deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) is also associated with post-surgical declines in verbal fluency. The purpose of this study was to determine if Parkinson’s patients who have undergone bilateral STN-DBS have greater impairment in verbal fluency compared to Parkinson’s patients treated by medication only. Methods: A literature search yielded over 140 articles and 10 articles met inclusion criteria. A total of 439 patients with Parkinson’s disease who underwent bilateral STN-DBS and 392 non-surgical patients were included. Cohen’s d, a measure of effect size, was calculated using a random effects model to compare post-treatment verbal fluency in patients with Parkinson’s disease who underwent STN-DBS versus those in the non-surgical comparison group. Results: The random effects model demonstrated a medium effect size for letter fluency (d=−0.47) and a small effect size for category fluency (d=−0.31), indicating individuals with bilateral STN-DBS had significantly worse verbal fluency performance than the non-surgical comparison group. Conclusions: Individuals with Parkinson’s disease who have undergone bilateral STN-DBS experience greater deficits in letter and category verbal fluency compared to a non-surgical group. (JINS, 2016, 22, 478–485)
The history ofvery: the directionality of functional shift and (inter)subjectification
Authors: BREBAN TINE , DAVIDSE KRISTIN
Published: February 2016

On the basis of extensive corpus analysis, we reconstruct the history ofveryand the paths of change along which it acquired new meanings. We propose an analytical model that, firstly, assigns general semantic functions to the (sub)modifier relations in the English noun phrase and, secondly, identifies subsenses of these functions on the basis of collocational, semantic and pragmatic distinctions observed in different contexts. Thus, we arrive at a comprehensive description of the various (sub)modifier relations in whichveryhas functioned in its history. Having been borrowed into English as part of fixed collocations such asvery Ihus(‘the true Jesus’) andcroice verra(‘the true cross’),verysuccessively acquired the functions of descriptive modifier, noun-intensifier, focus marker, adjective-intensifier, classifier, postdeterminer-intensifier, quantifier-intensifier and postdeterminer. This description allows us to interpret the history ofveryas a paradigm case of progressive grammaticalization and (inter)subjectification involving leftward movement in the English NP (Adamson 2000). Our analytical model allows us to capture finer mechanisms of change such as collocational extension, pragmatically driven host class expansion, invited inferences and analogy.
Historical development of the syntactic patterns ofblame: anOED-based study
Authors: MIURA AYUMI
Published: February 2016

In Present-day Englishblameis known to be the only verb which participates in what Levin (1993) calls the ‘blamealternation’ (e.g.Mira blamed the accident on TerryvsMira blamed Terry for the accident). This article investigates how the modern usage has developed since the verb was borrowed from Old French at the beginning of Middle English, an area which has received little attention so far. With a comprehensive survey of the quotations database of theOEDOnline, the main focus is on the diachronic relationship between different syntactic patterns and the animacy of the target of blame. It will be demonstrated that, contrary to the common accounts in grammars and previous studies, the target is often not an animate being, and the two constructions forming theblamealternation have a very different origin and development, with a gap of five centuries between their first attestations. The status of the participant role expressing the cause of blame, which is considered to be omissible if it receives a definite interpretation from the context (e.g.Mira blamed Terry), will also be questioned.
Kant on Proving Aristotle’s Logic as Complete
Authors: Lu-Adler Huaping
Published: February 2016

Kant claims that Aristotle’s logic is complete. He defends this claim from the nature of a strictly scientific logic, and rejects as futile the attempts by some modern philosophers at extending it. I analyse what it means for Kant to regard Aristotle’s (formal) logic as complete, explain the historical and philosophical considerations that commit him to proving the completeness claim and sketch the proof based on materials from his logic corpus. The proof will turn out to be an integral part of Kant’s larger reform of formal logic in response to a foundational crisis facing it.
No King and No Torture: Kant on Suicide and Law
Authors: Uleman Jennifer
Published: February 2016

Kant’s most canonical argument against suicide, the universal law argument, is widely dismissed. This paper attempts to save it, showing that a suicide maxim, universalized, undermines all bases for practical law, resisting both the non-negotiable value of free rational willing and the ordinary array of sensuous commitments that inform prudential incentives. Suicide therefore undermines moral law-governed community as a whole, threatening ‘savage disorder’. In pursuing this argument, I propose a non-teleological and non-theoretical nature – a ‘practical nature’ or moral law governed whole – the realization of which morality demands.
Varieties of legal systems: towards a new global taxonomy
Authors: SIEMS MATHIAS M.
Published: February 2016

Legal scholars, economists and other social scientist often refer to the idea that countries can be classified into a number of ‘legal families’ or ‘legal origins’. Yet, this research is unsatisfactory as regards the actual classifications of the legal systems of the world. It is the aim of this paper to fill this gap and to develop a more robust taxonomy of legal systems. This taxonomy is based on a new dataset of 156 countries that is subsequently analysed with tools of network analysis. Applying cluster optimisation, this paper finds that the world's legal systems can be divided into four clusters. It displays those clusters in a map, akin to the Inglehart–Welzel cultural map. It is suggested that those findings have important implications, not only for our understanding of the legal world, but also for the feasibility of legal transplants and harmonisation.
TRIAL AND ERROR MATHEMATICS I: DIALECTICAL AND QUASIDIALECTICAL SYSTEMS
Authors: AMIDEI JACOPO , PIANIGIANI DUCCIO , MAURO LUCA SAN , SIMI GIULIA , SORBI ANDREA
Published: February 2016

We define and study quasidialectical systems, which are an extension of Magari’s dialectical systems, designed to make Magari’s formalization of trial and error mathematics more adherent to the real mathematical practice of revision: our proposed extension follows, and in several regards makes more precise, varieties of empiricist positionsà laLakatos. We prove several properties of quasidialectical systems and of the sets that they represent, called quasidialectical sets. In particular, we prove that the quasidialectical sets are${\rm{\Delta }}_2^0$sets in the arithmetical hierarchy. We distinguish between “loopless” quasidialectal systems, and quasidialectical systems “with loops”. The latter ones represent exactly those coinfinite c.e. sets, that are not simple. In a subsequent paper we will show that whereas the dialectical sets areω-c.e., the quasidialectical sets spread out throughout all classes of the Ershov hierarchy of the${\rm{\Delta }}_2^0$sets.
Strain effects on the work function of an organic semiconductor
Authors: Wu Yanfei , Chew Annabel R. , Rojas Geoffrey A. , Sini Gjergji , Haugstad Greg , Belianinov Alex , Kalinin Sergei V. , Li Hong , Risko Chad , Brédas Jean-Luc , Salleo Alberto , Frisbie C. Daniel
Published: February 2016

Establishing fundamental relationships between strain and work function (WF) in organic semiconductors is important not only for understanding electrical properties of organic thin films, which are subject to both intrinsic and extrinsic strains, but also for developing flexible electronic devices. Here we investigate tensile and compressive strain effects on the WF of rubrene single crystals. Mechanical strain induced by thermal expansion mismatch between the substrate and rubrene is quantified by X-ray diffraction. The corresponding WF change is measured by scanning Kelvin probe microscopy. The WF of rubrene increases (decreases) significantly with in-plane tensile (compressive) strain, which agrees qualitatively with density functional theory calculations. An elastic-to-plastic transition, characterized by a steep rise of the WF, occurs at ∼0.05% tensile strain along the rubrene π-stacking direction. The results provide the first concrete link between mechanical strain and WF of an organic semiconductor and have important implications for understanding the connection between structural and electronic disorder in soft organic electronic materials.
Network-based in silico drug efficacy screening
Authors: Guney Emre , Menche Jörg , Vidal Marc , Barábasi Albert-László
Published: February 2016

The increasing cost of drug development together with a significant drop in the number of new drug approvals raises the need for innovative approaches for target identification and efficacy prediction. Here, we take advantage of our increasing understanding of the network-based origins of diseases to introduce a drug-disease proximity measure that quantifies the interplay between drugs targets and diseases. By correcting for the known biases of the interactome, proximity helps us uncover the therapeutic effect of drugs, as well as to distinguish palliative from effective treatments. Our analysis of 238 drugs used in 78 diseases indicates that the therapeutic effect of drugs is localized in a small network neighborhood of the disease genes and highlights efficacy issues for drugs used in Parkinson and several inflammatory disorders. Finally, network-based proximity allows us to predict novel drug-disease associations that offer unprecedented opportunities for drug repurposing and the detection of adverse effects.
C1q acts in the tumour microenvironment as a cancer-promoting factor independently of complement activation
Authors: Bulla Roberta , Tripodo Claudio , Rami Damiano , Ling Guang Sheng , Agostinis Chiara , Guarnotta Carla , Zorzet Sonia , Durigutto Paolo , Botto Marina , Tedesco Francesco
Published: February 2016

Complement C1q is the activator of the classical pathway. However, it is now recognized that C1q can exert functions unrelated to complement activation. Here we show that C1q, but not C4, is expressed in the stroma and vascular endothelium of several human malignant tumours. Compared with wild-type (WT) or C3- or C5-deficient mice, C1q-deficient (C1qa−/−) mice bearing a syngeneic B16 melanoma exhibit a slower tumour growth and prolonged survival. This effect is not attributable to differences in the tumour-infiltrating immune cells. Tumours developing in WT mice display early deposition of C1q, higher vascular density and an increase in the number of lung metastases compared with C1qa−/− mice. Bone marrow (BM) chimeras between C1qa−/− and WT mice identify non-BM-derived cells as the main local source of C1q that can promote cancer cell adhesion, migration and proliferation. Together these findings support a role for locally synthesized C1q in promoting tumour growth.
Export of malaria proteins requires co-translational processing of the PEXEL motif independent of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate binding
Authors: Boddey Justin A. , O’Neill Matthew T. , Lopaticki Sash , Carvalho Teresa G. , Hodder Anthony N. , Nebl Thomas , Wawra Stephan , van West Pieter , Ebrahimzadeh Zeinab , Richard Dave , Flemming Sven , Spielmann Tobias , Przyborski Jude , Babon Jeff J. , Cowman Alan F.
Published: February 2016

Plasmodium falciparum exports proteins into erythrocytes using the Plasmodium export element (PEXEL) motif, which is cleaved in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by plasmepsin V (PMV). A recent study reported that phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI(3)P) concentrated in the ER binds to PEXEL motifs and is required for export independent of PMV, and that PEXEL motifs are functionally interchangeable with RxLR motifs of oomycete effectors. Here we show that the PEXEL does not bind PI(3)P, and that this lipid is not concentrated in the ER. We find that RxLR motifs cannot mediate export in P. falciparum. Parasites expressing a mutated version of KAHRP, with the PEXEL motif repositioned near the signal sequence, prevented PMV cleavage. This mutant possessed the putative PI(3)P-binding residues but is not exported. Reinstatement of PEXEL to its original location restores processing by PMV and export. These results challenge the PI(3)P hypothesis and provide evidence that PEXEL position is conserved for co-translational processing and export.
4Pi-RESOLFT nanoscopy
Authors: Böhm Ulrike , Hell Stefan W. , Schmidt Roman
Published: February 2016

By enlarging the aperture along the optic axis, the coherent utilization of opposing objective lenses (4Pi arrangement) has the potential to offer the sharpest and most light-efficient point-spread-functions in three-dimensional (3D) far-field fluorescence nanoscopy. However, to obtain unambiguous images, the signal has to be discriminated against contributions from lobes above and below the focal plane, which has tentatively limited 4Pi arrangements to imaging samples with controllable optical conditions. Here we apply the 4Pi scheme to RESOLFT nanoscopy using two-photon absorption for the on-switching of fluorescent proteins. We show that in this combination, the lobes are so low that low-light level, 3D nanoscale imaging of living cells becomes possible. Our method thus offers robust access to densely packed, axially extended cellular regions that have been notoriously difficult to super-resolve. Our approach also entails a fluorescence read-out scheme that translates molecular sensitivity to local off-switching rates into improved signal-to-noise ratio and resolution.
Stem cells of the suture mesenchyme in craniofacial bone development, repair and regeneration
Authors: Maruyama Takamitsu , Jeong Jaeim , Sheu Tzong-Jen , Hsu Wei
Published: February 2016

The suture mesenchyme serves as a growth centre for calvarial morphogenesis and has been postulated to act as the niche for skeletal stem cells. Aberrant gene regulation causes suture dysmorphogenesis resulting in craniosynostosis, one of the most common craniofacial deformities. Owing to various limitations, especially the lack of suture stem cell isolation, reconstruction of large craniofacial bone defects remains highly challenging. Here we provide the first evidence for an Axin2-expressing stem cell population with long-term self-renewing, clonal expanding and differentiating abilities during calvarial development and homeostastic maintenance. These cells, which reside in the suture midline, contribute directly to injury repair and skeletal regeneration in a cell autonomous fashion. Our findings demonstrate their true identity as skeletal stem cells with innate capacities to replace the damaged skeleton in cell-based therapy, and permit further elucidation of the stem cell-mediated craniofacial skeletogenesis, leading to revealing the complex nature of congenital disease and regenerative medicine.
Erratum: The assembly dynamics of the cytolytic pore toxin ClyA
Authors: Benke Stephan , Roderer Daniel , Wunderlich Bengt , Nettels Daniel , Glockshuber Rudi , Schuler Benjamin
Published: February 2016

Nature Communications 6: Article number: 6198 (2015); Published: 5 February 2015; Updated: 1 February 2016 In Figure 2b of this article, the sets of arrows connecting 'I' and 'M' in the kinetic scheme are inverted. The correct version of Fig. 2 appears below. Figure 2 |
Correction: Corrigendum: Photon number statistics uncover the fluctuations in non-equilibrium lattice dynamics
Authors: Esposito Martina , Titimbo Kelvin , Zimmermann Klaus , Giusti Francesca , Randi Francesco , Boschetto Davide , Parmigiani Fulvio , Floreanini Roberto , Benatti Fabio , Fausti Daniele
Published: February 2016

Nature Communications 6: Article number: 10249 (2015); Published: 22 December 2015; Updated: 1 February 2016 The affiliation details for Davide Boschetto are incorrect in this article. The correct affiliation details for this author are given below: Laboratoire d’Optique Appliquée, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 828 boulevard des Maréchaux, 91762 Palaiseau cedex, France.
Prognostic role of left atrial strain and its combination index with transmitral E-wave velocity in patients with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Hsu Po-Chao , Lee Wen-Hsien , Chu Chun-Yuan , Lee Hung-Hao , Lee Chee-Siong , Yen Hsueh-Wei , Lin Tsung-Hsien , Voon Wen-Chol , Lai Wen-Ter , Sheu Sheng-Hsiung , Su Ho-Ming
Published: February 2016

Left atrial (LA) strain can reflect LA remodeling and is reduced in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients with prior stroke. This study sought to examine the ability of LA strain in predicting subsequent stroke event in AF and also evaluated whether E/LA strain could predict cardiovascular (CV) events in these patients. In 190 persistent AF patients, we performed comprehensive echocardiography with assessment of LA strain. There were 69 CV events including 19 CV death, 32 hospitalizations for heart failure, 3 myocardial infarctions and 15 strokes during an average follow-up of 29 months. Multivariate analysis showed old age, chronic heart failure, increased left ventricular (LV) mass index and increased E/LA strain were associated with CV events and decreased LA strain was associated with subsequent stroke event. The addition of E/LA strain and LA strain to a model containing CHA2DS2-VASc score and LV function significantly improved the values in predicting CV events and subsequent stroke event, respectively. In conclusion, E/LA strain and LA strain were respectively useful in predicting CV events and subsequent stroke event in AF. E/LA strain and LA strain could provide incremental values for CV outcome and subsequent stroke outcome prediction over conventional clinical and echocardiographic parameters in AF, respectively.
Tinselenidene: a Two-dimensional Auxetic Material with Ultralow Lattice Thermal Conductivity and Ultrahigh Hole Mobility
Authors: Zhang Li-Chuan , Qin Guangzhao , Fang Wu-Zhang , Cui Hui-Juan , Zheng Qing-Rong , Yan Qing-Bo , Su Gang
Published: February 2016

By means of extensive ab initio calculations, a new two-dimensional (2D) atomic material tin selenide monolayer (coined as tinselenidene) is predicted to be a semiconductor with an indirect gap (~1.45 eV) and a high hole mobility (of order 10000 cm2V−1S−1) and will bear an indirect-direct gap transition under a rather low strain (<0.5 GPa). Tinselenidene has a very small Young’s modulus (20–40 GPa) and an ultralow lattice thermal conductivity (<3 Wm−1K−1 at 300 K), making it probably the most flexible and most heat-insulating material in known 2D atomic materials. In addition, tinseleniden has a large negative Poisson’s ratio of −0.17, thus could act as a 2D auxetic material. With these intriguing properties, tinselenidene could have wide potential applications in thermoelectrics, nanomechanics and optoelectronics.
Characterization of Cyclooxygenase-2 and its induction pathways in response to high lipid diet-induced inflammation in Larmichthys crocea
Authors: Wang Tianjiao , Yan Jing , Xu Wei , Ai Qinghui , Mai Kangsen
Published: February 2016

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of a high-lipid diet (HLD) on cyclooxygenase (Cox)-2 expression and the signalling pathways related to low-grade inflammation in the large yellow croaker (Larmichthys crocea). An isolated 2508 bp cDNA clone of cox-2 contained an open reading frame spanning 1827 bp encoding a protein with 608 amino acid residues. The over-expression of cox-2 was consistent with the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in HLD-fed fish. The activation of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) and the nuclear transcription factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signalling pathways in HLD-fed fish and the significant increase of cox-2 promoter-luciferase activity in vitro indicated that AP-1 and NF-κB could combine cox-2 promoter to promote its transcription, respectively. Together, HLD-induced inflammation up-regulates cox-2 expression via JNKs and p38 MAPK-dependent NF-κB and AP-1 pathways. The present study provides important insight into the signal transduction pathways involved in HLD-induced inflammation, which is detrimental to the health and production of fish as well as to the health of fish consumers.