bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward a Geographic Biography: Mi la ras pa in the Tibetan Landscape
Authors: Quintman Andrew
Published: March 2012

Few Tibetan figures have left an impression on the Himalayan landscape, both literary and geographic, as indelibly as Mi la ras pa (ca. 1028–1111), whose career as meditator and poet was punctuated by travel across the borderlands of southern Tibet. This essay will begin to address the defining role of place in Tibetan biographical literature by examining the intersections of text and terrain in the recording of an individual's life. In particular, this study examines sites of transformation in Mi la ras pa's biographical narratives, arguing for what might be called a geographic biography by examining the dialogical relationship between a life story recorded on paper and a life imprinted on the ground. It first considers the broad paradigms for landscaping the environment witnessed in Tibetan literature. It then examines ways in which the yogin's early biographical tradition treated the category of sacred place, creating increasingly detailed maps of the yogin's life, and how those maps were understood and reinterpreted. The paper concludes by addressing two specific modes of transformation in the life story — contested place and re-imagined place — exploring new geographies of consecration, dominion, and praxis.
Ruth Benedict's Legacy of Shame: Orientalism and Occidentalism in the Study of Japan
Authors: Lie John
Published: March 2012

Ruth F. Benedict's The Chrysanthemum and the Sword (1946) remains perhaps the most influential English-language book on contemporary Japanese society and culture. The Chrysanthemum and the Sword has generated a large critical literature and has sold over 1.4 million copies in Japan. It would not be an exaggeration to state that Benedict's book framed both American and Japanese - and, by extension, global - perceptions of Japan since the end of World War II. In this paper, I explore why her work found such resonance among the Japanese themselves to the extent that The Chrysanthemum and the Sword became something of an ur-text of the post-World War II Japanese discourse on the Japanese and on Japanese culture (Nihonjinron or Nihonbunkaron).
Of Marriage, Money and Men: Bidayuh Working Mothers and their Households in Kuching
Authors:   Hew Cheng Sim
Published: March 2012

This paper is based on a larger ethnographic study of Bidayuh women who are a group of minority indigenous women in the Malaysian state of Sarawak. The paper discusses women's entry into paid work and life-course squeezes. As the women earned a mere 39 per cent of their husbands' monthly wages even though they had the same years of schooling if not more than their husbands, the women's views on work and marriage are examined. The paper also explores the feminist question as to whether women's employment increases their personal autonomy and independence.
‘To’ or ‘Against’?:The Interpretation of in 2 Chr 28:20
Authors: Hom Mary Katherine Y. H.
Published: March 2012

The preposition , which contributes to the interpretation of 2 Chr 28:20 as a whole, should be understood as ‘against’, not ‘to’. Relatedly, is best translated in v. 20 with a sense of hostility.
Elijah and the ‘Voice’ at Horeb (1 Kings 19): Narrative Sequence in the Masoretic Text and Josephus
Authors: Rogland Max
Published: March 2012

Abstract

This study examines the peculiar narrative sequence in the Masoretic Text of 1 Kgs 19.11-13, in which Elijah appears to delay obeying the “still small voice”. It examines Josephus’ version of the account, which presents a different narrative sequence, arguing that it represents a reading of the Hebrew text that is grammatically and exegetically superior to the common interpretation.
BEHAVIOUR AND MORPHOLOGY OF PAGURID HERMIT CRABS (DECAPODA, ANOMURA) THAT LIVE IN TUSK SHELLS (MOLLUSCA, SCAPHOPODA)
Authors: Ando Takamichi , Imafuku Michio
Published: March 2012

Behaviour and morphology of the hermit crab, Pagurus imafukui, which occupies tusk shells in nature, were investigated. A positive correlation was found between the shield length of the crab and the width of the tusk shell. The uropods were nearly symmetrical, with an average asymmetry index of 0.04, such in contrast with a value of 0.28 for Pagurus filholi, that naturally occupies dextral shells. P. imafukui showed a weak preference for tusk shells over dextral shells. The crabs walked in a parallel pattern, while they adopted a cross pattern when forced to enter dextral shells or were in a shell-less condition. On the contrary, P. filholi individuals walked in a cross pattern when in a tusk shell as well as in a dextral shell. Behaviours of shell entering, copulation, and zoeal release as seen in P. imafukui, are similar to the conditions observed in other species. Nearly symmetrical uropods, preference for non-spiral shells, and the walking style comprising a parallel pattern, are thought to be specific to this hermit crab that lives in non-spiral dwellings. Verhalten und Morphologie des Einsiedlerkrebses Pagurus imafukui McLaughlin & Konishi, 1994 der Scaphopoden-Schalen bewohnt, wurden untersucht. Es wurde eine positive Korrelation zwischen Carapaxlange des Krebses und Breite der Scaphopoden-Schale gefunden. Die Uropoden sind fast symmetrisch. Der Medianwert des Asymmetrie-Indexes betragt 0,04 in deutlichem Gegensatz zu dem von 0,28 bei Pagurus filholi De Man, 1887, der rechtsgewundene Schalen bewohnt. P. imafukui zeigte eine schwache Bevorzugung von Scaphopoden-Schalen im Vergleich mit rechtsgewundenen Schalen. Die Gangart der Einsiedler ist parallel, aber uber Kreuz in schalenlosem Zustand oder in rechtsgewundener Schale. Von P. filholi wird sowohl in Scaphopoden-Schalen als auch in rechtsgewundenen Schalen nur letztere Gangart benutzt. Das Verhalten bei der Inbesitznahme der Schale, bei der Begattung und dem Entlassen der Zoeen gleicht dem bei anderen Arten. Fast symmetrische Uropoden, Bevorzugung ungewundener Schalen und die parallele Gangart werden als Besonderheiten dieser Einsiedler-Art betrachtet, die ungewundene Gehause bewohnt.
Professionalism as Symbolic Capital: Materials for a Bourdieusian Theory of Professionalism
Authors: Noordegraaf Mirko , Schinkel Willem
Published: March 2012

Pierre Bourdieu has given a brief but fierce critique of the concept of “profession” that calls for a more reflexive analysis of the professions and in fact suggests not using the concept at all. In this contribution, we explicate the gist of that critique and argue it is possible to analyze it in a Bourdieusian fashion. We regard professionalism as a form of symbolic capital, the substance of which is constantly at stake in power-driven contexts, both internally and externally. Professional fields are embedded in objective relations with other fields in what Bourdieu describes as a general field of power. Within each professional field, the legitimate substance of what it means to act in a “professional way” is constantly at stake. In turn, across various professional fields, within what Bourdieu describes as a larger field of power, the very idea or “formal content” of “professionalism” is subject to struggle and (re)negotiation. This power-centered view emphasizes professionalism is a scarce symbolic resource, an object of a process of consecration and a source of legitimate forms of acting and interpreting. It thereby de-essentializes talk of professions and professionalization.
Lapis Lazuli From the East: a Stamp Seal in the British Museum
Authors: Collon Dominique
Published: March 2012

The article deals with the interpretation of two images on the lapis lazuli stamp seal from the Western Asiatic Department of Antiquities in the British Museum. The author compares the images with scenes on Shahdad "standard", on bifacial disc from eastern Iran and on fragments of steatite vases from Louvre and the British Museum, and comes to the conclusion that the figure with a sidelock is a male personage, the other one is a female. Links with the art of south-eastern Iran put the stamp seal in the context of the Trans-Elamite culture, about 2550-2250 B.C.
Les Sceaux De L'Oxus: Diversité De Formes Et Variabilité De Fonctions
Authors: Francfort Henri-Paul
Published: March 2012

Glyptics of the civilazition of the Oxus was an obvious anomaly because all macrotypes of seals characteristics (square, round, cylinder, compartmented) of the cultures of the Indus, the Arabic Gulf, Mesopotamia and Turkmenistan coexisted there. The author supposes that the Oxus seals were symbolic marks of status of an individual (together with luxurious metal axes), but not real administrative attributes. The diversity of forms of the Oxus seals was the result of the polyethnic character of the population which created civilization of the Oxus rather than the consequence of the cultural influence of its neighbours. According to the author, amazing scenes of tauromachy and some other motifs of the Oxus seals do not presuppose migration of ethnic groups from the Aegean and Syro-Hittite West. It is the result of exception from the vast corpus of artistic imagery of the epoch by the Oxus dwellers for the illustration of their native myths. The creators of the Oxus civilization usually added some local traits to the things they had adopted from their neighbours.
Civil Autonomy and Military Power in Early Modern Ireland
Authors: Siochrú Micheál Ó
Published: March 2012

The transformation of Irish towns in the early modern period (from bastions of English loyalism, to centers of Catholic resistance, to stridently Protestant colonial outposts) has received relatively little attention from historians. Instead, scholars have focused on the major land transfers of the seventeenth century, but the change in urban settlement patterns proved even more dramatic and was closely related to the positioning of civic communities in relation to the military struggles of the 1640s and 1650s. The central argument is that the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland marked a crucial and irrevocable transformation in both the possibilities of civic militarism and the nature of urban society and politics more generally. It demonstrates that during the 1640s, the citizens of Ireland’s major provincial cities participated in the troubles through strategic neutralism and the retention (or careful negotiation) of military force, acting with the fortunes of the citizenry in mind. This approach continued a tradition of relative civic autonomy, which was probably more embedded and accentuated in Ireland than either Scotland or England.
Targum Onkelos in Rashi’s Exegetical Consciousness
Authors: Viezel Eran
Published: March 2012

Abstract

The widespread argument that Rashi sometimes criticized the way in which Targum Onkelos translated the Hebrew verses is fundamentally wrong. Rather, Rashi was aware that Targum Onkelos did not always translate literally. Rashi saw a connection between the character of the Targum and its origin and addressees. This article compares the place of Targum Onkelos in Rashi’s exegesis with that of other sources he used and examines specific items from his commentary to the Bible and the Talmud. It shows that the place of Targum Onkelos in Rashi’s exegetical consciousness influenced other commentators in the medieval period.
Following the Path of the Water Libation
Authors: Brand Itzhak
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Some of the precepts pertaining to the holiday of Sukkot involve water and the prayer for rain; of these, the most prominent is nissukh ha-mayim, the water libation. The water libation has an eschatological and cosmological character. According to R. Eliezer b. Jacob in the Mishnah, the water was brought to the altar through the Water Gate, because “the water that will flow from under the threshold of the House in the future [i.e., in the messianic age] trickles through it.” This alludes to Ezekiel’s vision of a thin stream of water that emerges from the Temple and grows until it becomes a flowing river whose waters have special properties of blessing and healing. The scholarly literature has addressed the eschatological interpretation of the water libation ritual in various contexts. Here I expand on this and show how the elements of the vision correspond closely to the elements of the ritual. The focus will be on the path by which the water was brought into the Temple and then to the altar, first in the ritual and then in the vision.
Qur’ānic Commentators on Jewish and Zoroastrian Approaches to Menstruation
Authors: Mazuz Haggai
Published: March 2012

Abstract

The early Qur’ānic commentators argued that, in pre-Islamic times, Arabs observed many Jewish customs relating to menstruation. From the tenth century on, we find Qur’ānic commentators who claim that pre-Islamic Arabs observed Zoroastrian menstruation customs rather than Jewish ones. From the eleventh century on, commentators combined Jewish and Zoroastrian customs in their commentary on Qur’ān 2:222. This paper sets out the close relationship between Jewish and Zoroastrian rules regarding menstruation, which may explain why Jewish and Zoroastrian menstruation customs are connected in some Muslim scholars’ commentaries: the Muslim commentators were making an accurate assessment of the similarities between the two sets of customs. At the same time, we only find Jews and the Zoroastrians mentioned side by side in the Qur’ānic commentaries from the eleventh century on, since only by then had Muslim scholars’ understanding of other religions expanded enough to provide this knowledge. Early commentators simply did not know enough about Judaism and Zoroastrianism to notice the similarities. It is possible, though by no means certain, that the post-tenth century Qur’ānic commentators who mention only the Jews in regard to pre-Islamic menstruation rituals did so because they were not familiar with Zoroastrian customs and their similarities to those of Judaism.
Why does the Didache Conceive of the Eucharist as a Holy Meal?
Authors: van de Sandt Huub
Published: March 2012

In the institution accounts of the New Testament Jesus declares the bread to be his body and the wine his blood. In the passages of the Didache referring to the eucharistic ritual (Did 9-10 and 14) the words of institution are lacking. Wine is not related to Jesus’ blood and bread is in no way linked to his physical body. If the Didache does not even suggest that the eucharistic ritual is related in any way to the tradition of the Last Supper, why then is the communal meal in the Didache considered holy? This paper argues that the meal was conceived in terms of holiness in order to show that it related as much to the Divine as did the temple service. Since a temple setting was generally seen as the natural context for religious rites, temple concepts and temple thinking were used to describe and define non-temple ritual settings.
Origen’s Anti-Subordinationism and its Heritage in the Nicene and Cappadocian Line
Authors: Ramelli Ilaria L.E.
Published: March 2012

Nyssen’s arguments in In Illud: Tunc et Ipse Filius entirely derive from Origen (probably also passing through Marcellus of Ancyra and Eusebius). Origen’s influence, theoretical and exegetical, is evident in every passage, from the argumentative pillars down to the tiniest details of exegesis. Gregory’s close dependence on Origen in his anti-subordinationism, within his polemic against ‘Arianism,’ confirms that Origen was not the forerunner of ‘Arianism,’ as he was depicted in the Origenistic controversy and is often still regarded to be, but the main inspirer of the Cappadocians, especially Nyssen, in what became Trinitarian orthodoxy. Origen inspired Marcellus, who was anti-Arian, Eusebius, who in fact was no ‘Arian,’ Athanasius, the champion of anti-Arianism, and the Cappadocians. I argue extensively that Origen’s Trinitarian heritage is found, not in Arianism, but in Nyssen, Athanasius, Eusebius, and the Nicene-Constantinopolitan line, on the basis of a painstaking analysis of his works (always with attention to their reliability in relation to Greek original, translations, and fragments) and of Pamphilus, Eusebius, Athanasius, and other revealing testimonies, pagan and Christian. The origin of the µοοσιος formula is also investigated in this connection. Further interesting insights will emerge concerning Eusebius and his first report of what exactly happened at Nicaea.
Population structure and demography of an Algerian population of the Moorish tortoise, Testudo graeca
Authors: Rouag Rachid , Benyacoub Slim , Luiselli Luca , Mouden El Hassan El , Tiar Ghoulem , Ferrah Chahira
Published: March 2012

Demography and population biology aspects of the Moorish tortoise, Testudo graeca graeca were studied in the Parc National d'El Kala, north-eastern Algeria. Density, which was assessed by capture-mark-recapture procedures in a study plot of 30 ha surface, was 3.73 individuals × ha−1. Adult sex-ratio was nearly equal (1.06 : 1). Sexual maturity was reached at 7-8 years of age in the males and at 9-11 years in the females. The mean age of tortoises was 13.8 ± 6.4 years (n = 88). Maximum longevity was over 20 years in both sexes. The females reached larger body size than the males. The growth was rapid during the early years of age in both sexes, and tended to stop completely by the 9-12 years of life in the males and by the 8-10 years in the females. The instantaneous growth of adults which were recaptured in multiple years indicated an average growth rate of 11.34 mm/year in the males, and of 26.30 mm/year in the females. Mortality was estimated at 3.94%. The main mortality cause for the tortoises of this population was the occurrence of fires spreading throughout the study area. These data are of interest because demographic patterns of Testudo graeca seem to vary not only because of their relative genetical variability, but also because of their relative environmental stress.
Thelohanellus habibpuri sp. n. (Myxozoa: Bivalvulida) from the tropical freshwater fish rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1882) in West Bengal, India: Light and electron microscope observations
Authors: Acharya Subhendu , Dutta Tanusree
Published: March 2012

A new species of myxozoan (Myxozoa: Bivalvulida) Thelohanellus habibpuri sp. n. parasitic in tropical freshwater fish collected from the Habibpur, West Bengal, India is described in this paper. T. habibpuri was found in the Pectoral fin of Labeo rohita (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1882). The diagnostic characters of T. habibpuri are: generally oval milky-whitish plasmodia attached in the pectoral fin of host fishes; spore egg-shaped to ovoid with slightly tapering anterior and rounded posterior end, averaging 13.9 × 8.5 μm in size; a single oval-round polar capsule 6.0 × 4.9 μm in diameter, with polar filament wound in 3-4 coils. Finely granular sporoplasm containing two slightly oval nuclei (1.4 μm in diameter) and a small iodinophilous vacuole (3.0 μm in diameter) present in the spore.SEM study of this myxozoan reveals the anterior extremity of spore is truncated. The Cnidocyst discharge channel appear as a dark area. The longitudinal wavy surface are visible on the spore.
Tuna Fisheries Management in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean: A Critical Analysis of the Convention for the Conservation and Management of Highly Migratory Fish Stocks in the Western and Central I Pacific Ocean and Its Implications for the Pacific Island States
Authors: Aqorau Transform
Published: March 2012

The conclusion of the UN Fish Stocks Agreement in 1995 provided the impetus for changes to international fisheries law. The western and central Pacific region provides at least 60 per cent of the world's supply of raw tuna. Since 1994, efforts have been ongoing to develop a comprehensive conservation and management regime there. On 5 September, 2000, the Convention for the Conservation and Management of Highly Migratory Fish Stocks in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean was concluded and signed. It represents a new threshold in international tuna management as it builds on the principles in the Fish Stocks Agreement. The article analyses the implications of the Convention for the Pacific Island States and what it will mean for tuna management in the region. The Convention is an instrument that will empower the Pacific Island States to harness the resource in a way that enhances their sovereign rights. However, the article points out that the Convention is also threatening because fishing states might want to use it to weaken the control Pacific Island States now have over the tuna resource. The article concludes that the Convention increases the economic opportunities to benefit from the tuna resource and clarifies the legal rights over the resource.
CCAMLR and Southern Ocean Fisheries
Authors: Molenaar Erik Jaap
Published: March 2012

The Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR Convention) forms the core of the regulatory regime for Southern Ocean fisheries. This article analyses the scope and extent of the Convention and the competence of the bodies established under it while also addressing the role of states and other international intergovernmental organisations with relevant competence. As part of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), the CCAMLR Convention is characterised by a unique sovereignty situation. The analysis thereof is complemented by a comparison with (other) regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs) and illustrated by the difficulties in addressing illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. The article concludes inter alia that the CCAMLR Convention is unlike other RFMOs due to the special natural characteristics, its integration into the ATS and the ensuing sovereignty situation, and its conservationist objective. This notwithstanding, it seems justifiable to treat the CCAMLR Convention as "something more" than an RFMO for the purpose of international instruments on fisheries.
Marine Habitat Protection in Sea Areas under the Jurisdiction of a Coastal Member State of the European Union: The Case of Deep-Water Coral Conservation in Ireland
Authors: Long Ronan , Grehan Anthony
Published: March 2012

This article proposes a legal framework for the conservation of deep-water coral in the sea area under the coastal state jurisdiction of Ireland. Two potential risks from human activities to the conservation of deep-water coral are considered. These are commercial fishing activity and the exploration and exploitation activities of the offshore oil and gas industry. The article reviews the relevant provisions of the Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC) as they apply to Ireland and mentions several international legal instruments and initiatives that may influence the shape of an effective conservation and management regime. The potential application of European environmental law (the Habitats Directive) to protect deep-water coral in the maritime areas beyond the territorial sea and the interaction between European environmental law and the European common fisheries policy are discussed. This article concludes by suggesting a number of actions that could be taken at European and at coastal state levels to protect the unique ecosystems associated with deep-water coral.
Decommissioning of Offshore Oil and Gas Installations in European Waters : The End of a Decade of Indecision?
Authors: Woodliffe John
Published: March 2012

For the past 10 years or more, governments of European states have sought to lay the scientific, legal and political groundwork for an agreed normative framework intended to govern decommissioning of deep-water offshore installations, many of which will shortly reach the end of their working life. The Brent Spar episode abruptly shattered any illusion of consensus on decommissioning issues. This article traces the main stages in the development of the current legal regime, including the recent overhaul and rebuilding of regional and international agreements. It examines the implications of the assertion of interest by the European Union in this area and also documents the outcome of the Brent Spar saga. The article concludes with an assessment of the OSPAR Decision of 23 July 1998, which appears to provide the long sought for international agreement.
Climate Change Resilience and Technology Transfer: The Role of Intellectual Property
Authors: Azam M. Monirul
Published: March 2012

The impact of climate change has emerged as a major threat to sustainable development and poverty reduction efforts in many less developed countries, in particular in the least developed countries (LDCs) such as the countries in the African region and Small Island States. New technologies are necessary for the stabilization and reduction of atmospheric greenhouse gases and to enhance the capacity of poor countries to respond to shifts in resource endowments that are expected to accompany climate change. Therefore, technology transfer, particularly in the case of access to environmentally sound technologies (ESTs) is widely seen as an integral part of climate change resilience. Concerted efforts will be required for the development, deployment and transfer of ESTs to reduce vulnerability and increase resilience to the risks of climate change. Thus, development and transfer of ESTs has emerged as a fundamental building block in the crafting of a post-Kyoto 2012 global regime for climate change resilience. In this context, the role of intellectual property rights (IPRs) has been the subject of increased attention in the climate change discussions since the Bali conference of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2007. Different conflicting views and positions have emerged pointing to the role of IPRs in either facilitating or hindering the transfer of ESTs. The dissemination of ESTs from developed countries to developing countries and LDCs is a very complicated process often simplified by the argument that patent waiver for ESTs or allowing copying with weak intellectual property rights will help the developing countries and LDCs to better cope with the climate change problems. This article tries to examine the relationship between the IPRs (with special reference to patent system) and the resilience discourse with a starting point in the terms of social and ecological resilience.
Modifying the UN Charter through Subsequent Practice: Prospects for the Charter's Revitalisation
Authors: Liang Jessica
Published: March 2012

Despite the vast challenges facing the United Nations in its ever expanding mandate, the task of reforming the organisation remains encumbered by its onerous amendment procedures. Recent attempts to instigate formal changes to the Charter of the United Nations have all failed. In this context, it is argued that greater attention should be paid to the other ways in which changes can be made to the Charter. The subsequent practice of member states and organs can play an important role in informing changes to the Charter's application. The idea that treaties can be modified through subsequent practice is not new under international law. While it was rejected as a principle that should be codified under the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, its utility is being presently re-considered by the International Law Commission. However, the functional potential of this doctrine vis-à-vis the Charter has attracted little academic scrutiny. This article pre-empts some of the issues that will be examined by the Commission, arguing that it is time to expand the role of subsequent practice, by not only using practice to inform interpretations to the Charter, but to embrace the opportunity for amendments to be also made through the subsequent practice of parties. This approach promises to open up greater prospects for the Charter's revitalisation. If the conditions for modification are carefully considered, the doctrine can be a useful instrument for Charter reform.
Empowerment: A New Generative Theme of Christian Mission in a Globalized World
Authors: Kolimon Mery
Published: March 2012

Facing the contemporary challenge of global capitalism, churches around the world need to consider the way they perform their mission. Three decades ago liberation movements and theologies played an important role in dealing with the negative impact of modernity that created a huge gap between the rich and the poor. It became what Schreiter calls one of ‘the global theological flows.’ However, we are now confronting a different kind of global reality. The very fact that all parts of the world are more and more connected because of the impact of globalization, and that in such a process of globalization the issue of power appears as a dominant theme challenges churches around the world to consider the issue of power in their mission strategy. Theologically we can find a source for constructing empowerment as a new generative theme of Christian mission in Jesus’ ministry.
Caligula, the Church of Antioch and the Gentile Mission
Authors: Taylor Nicholas H
Published: March 2012

This study examines such data as are available regarding the impact of the crisis which confronted Jewish communities in many parts of the Roman Empire during the reign ofGaius Caligula (3 7-41 CE). Particular attention is given to Antioch on the Orontes, and to the Christian community which emerged there and was to become a major force both in the spread of Christianity and in the conversion of Gentiles to a hitherto Jewish movement. It is argued that the crisis was a major catalyst in changing the character of the Christian church in Antioch, so that it acquired an identity distinct from that of the Jewish community. The reappraisal of eschatological expectations occasioned by the crisis led to the conviction that Gentiles must be included in the Church before the parousia of Christ.
Recent Movements in Pastoral Theology
Authors: De Jongh Van Arkel Jan
Published: March 2012

The article maps the major trends and movements in the field of pastoral care and counselling and pastoral theology during the last ten years as they are reflected in publications. The areas which receive focused attention are the influence of and response to postmodern culture; renewed interest in ethical problems and the way these are attended to; the phenomenal contributions by feminist and zuomanist pastoral theologians; the much more prominent use of theological language rather than psychological jargon; renewed interest in the importance of pastoral anthropology; the recurring theme of spirituality; the attention given to the communal and contextual aspects of pastoral work; the effort to recognise the importance of making provision for congregational pastoral counselling; and the new emphasis on narrative and outcomes-based models of pastoral counselling. A model is proposed for pastoral work zuhich recognises four distinct forms of care: mutual care, pastoral care, pastoral counselling and pastoral therapy.
David Gauthier and The Development of a Contractarian Morality
Authors: Frances-Gomez Pedro
Published: March 2012

The appearance of the following pages might suggest an "intellectual biography". My purpose is not, though, to offer such a simple thing (interesting as it might be). Indeed, I would like to follow the evolution of Gauthier's thought not only to show how a thinker evolved from a particular view about a particular problem toward a quite original and suggestive formulation, but also to deepen our comprehension of moral contractarianism and its implications, by means of its contextualization. For this reason, I will focus not on Gauthier's philosophical production as a whole (we will pay little attention to his historical works, for example), but on the papers and works that mark the line toward moral contractarianism as it is found in Morals by Agreement (henceforth MA). The trajectory we are about to go over is not, therefore, only a personal adventure (though it will be displayed this way), but (if I may use this pompous language) the adventure of ideas. This will not be an easy journey. Our focus on the historical development of concepts will prevent us from giving a fully systematic account of every one of them. The unfamiliar reader may be disappointed as we use somewhat strange terms without completely explaining their meaning. We beg acquiescence with our method, hoping that, on the whole, the essential ideas will be understandable without a detailed discussion.
Obligation and Assent in Hobbes's Moral Philosophy
Authors: Rhodes Rosamond
Published: March 2012

In the history of moral and political philosophy, Hobbes has a bad reputation. Among other things, he has been a favorite whipping boy of moral theorists who wanted to criticize egoism. He has been so disparaged that philosophers who actually draw on his insights avoid acknowledgment of their debt and advise their similarly inspired friends to follow a similarly guarded course, all presumably to protect their own reputations. In what follows, I want to raise the question of whether Hobbes's critics have been engaged in combat with a straw man.1 Is Hobbes's moral theory a classic example of egoism? This is not a new question, but, in my opinion, the answers that have been generated to date are not satisfactory. The issue turns on his account of obligation, and the question is whether Hobbesian obligation is merely a detailed and interesting version of calculating prudent self-interest or whether it involves something that ranks as a moral foundation.2 What is at stake is the status of his Laws of Nature. Are they just a list of calculated best bets, guidelines for action, advice that can be ignored if it should ever turn out to be convenient or more prudent to do something else instead? Or, are the Laws of Nature moral commandments that may not be breached regardless of the personal advantage that could be had through a violation?
Public Reason and the Hobbesian Dilemma
Authors: Courtland Shane
Published: March 2012

Hobbesian accounts of public reason (provided by David Gauthier and Michael Ridge) are forced to face a tension that is presented for any theorist that toes the Hobbesian line. This tension has been referred to as the “Hobbesian Dilemma.” On one horn, we are afraid that we might create a monster with our authorization of an absolute sovereign. On the other horn, we are afraid that if we do not hand over unlimited power to the sovereign (and to its judgment) we will not be freed from the conflict that is endemic to our reliance upon private pluralistic standards. These Hobbesians, stressing the first horn, are afraid of authorizing a supreme political entity, so they provide modifications that serve to restrict such an entity. Such modifications, however, necessarily reintroduce pluralism back into the commonwealth. But if we take Hobbes seriously and accept that pluralism generates a state of war, the reintroduction of pluralism must be viewed as disastrous.
The Method in Hobbes' Madness
Authors: Carter Alan
Published: March 2012

Hobbes appears to subscribe to a form of the resolutive/compositive method not only as the appropriate means for understanding the natural world but also as the correct means for understanding the political world. However, the view that Hobbes adopts this methodology for understanding both 'bodies politic' and 'natural bodies' has been challenged in Tom Sorell's widely praised study of Hobbes' philosophy. In this article, I first rebut Sorell's challenge, and then consider several other objections which might be levelled against the claim that Hobbes employs a version of the resolutive/compositive method in his civil philosophy.
Revision of the genus Stegnaspea Baly with descriptions of five new species from southern Africa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Alticini)
Authors: D’Alessandro Paola , Grobbelaar Elizabeth , Biondi Maurizio
Published: March 2012

A revision of the Afrotropical flea beetle genus Stegnaspea Baly, 1877 is presented. In addition to the type species S. trimeni Baly, 1877, five new species are ascribed to this genus, S. audisiana sp.n., S. danielssoni sp.n., S. debiasei sp.n., S. endroedyi sp.n. and S. penrithae sp.n., all from the Republic of South Africa. A key to the species, micrographs of male and female genitalia, scanning electron micrographs of peculiar morphological characters, and distributional and ecological data are supplied.
Loss of male secondary sexual structures in allopatry in the Neotropical butterfly genus Arcas (Lycaenidae: Theclinae: Eumaeini)
Authors: Robbins Robert K. , Martins Ananda Regina P. , Busby Robert C. , Duarte Marcelo
Published: March 2012

Male secondary sexual characters in Lepidoptera may be present or absent in species that otherwise appear to be closely related, an observation that has led to differences of opinion over the taxonomic usefulness of these structures above the species level. An evolutionary issue raised by this debate is whether male secondary sexual characters (1) can be regained after being lost evolutionarily, (2) are not lost after being evolved, or (3) are ‘switched on and off’ by genes that regulate development. A second evolutionary issue is the conditions under which male secondary sexual characters might be lost or gained evolutionarily. Because these structures are thought to promote species recognition, theory predicts evolutionary losses to be most likely in allopatry; evolutionary gains to be most likely during the process of secondarily establishing sympatry or during sympatric speciation. We updated the species-level taxonomy of the brilliant emerald-winged Neotropical lycaenid butterfly genusArcasand performed an analysis of phylogenetic relations among species to assess these evolutionary issues. We morphologically detail a scent pouch on the ventral hindwing ofArcasand report that six species possess the pouch with androconia, one possesses the pouch without androconia, and the remaining two species have neither pouch nor androconia. In addition, eightArcasspecies have a morphologically species-specific male forewing scent pad, and one lacks a scent pad. This variation appears to be the result of three evolutionary losses and no gains of male secondary sexual organs. The fourArcasspecies lacking a scent pouch or a scent pad are allopatric with their closest phylogenetic relatives while four of five with both of these structures are sympatric. AlthoughArcasis a small genus, these results are significantly more extreme than predicted by chance. For taxonomy, this study provides a rationale for the evolutionary loss of male secondary sexual structures and suggests that their absence, but itself, does not indicate a lack of relationship above the species level.
HISTORIC ROOTS OF EASTERN EUROPEAN BACKWARDNESS
Authors: Baer Josette A.
Published: March 2012

Selbst als Historiker erschrickt man ob der Einsicht, dass gewisse Voraussetzungen für das Auseinanderdriften der politischen Kulturen innerhalb Europas bis in die Spätantike zurückreichen und dass sich das sozialokonomische West-Ost-Gefalle von heute bereits im spaten Mittelalter abzeichnet (Goehrke, p. 741).

 (Even historians are surprised by the insight that certain conditions responsible for the gap between the political cultures of Europe reach back to the late Antique and that the contours of today's socio-economic declivity of East and West emerge in the late Middle Ages.)
The Ballets Russes and the Parisian Avant-Garde
Authors: Nochlin Linda
Published: March 2012

Abstract

“The Ballets Russes and the Parisian Avant-Garde” deals with the complex relationship between Diaghalev and the members of the Parisian avant-garde he commissioned to design sets and costumes for his productions after World War I. Despite their previous aesthetic radicalism, such artists as Gris and Derain were obliged to rein in their vanguard originality and produce work of surprising conservatism, at the urging of the impresario. Matisse attempted greater originality, but in an unsuccessful ballet. The only really avant-garde production sponsored by Diaghalev after the war was Parade, in which such luminaries as Picasso, Satie and Cocteau played a leading role. Yet ultimately, it was not Diaghalev but Rolf de Mare’s Ballet Suedois that created the most experimental productions involving dance: Relache and Entr’acte. Yet, in experimenting with new forms, de Mare, in effect, abandoned ballet for different forms of expression relying on cinematic techniques rather than classical dance.
The Enduring Relevance of Léonide Massine
Authors: Anderson Jack
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Once the most celebrated of 20th-century ballet choreographers, Léonide Massine (1895-1979) went out of fashion in the 1950’s for a variety of reasons. Now the time has come for renewed interest in this remarkably versatile choreographer who regarded ballet as an art capable of constant expansion in terms of themes, styles, and movement vocabulary. His ballets include works, both serious and comic, about the history and customs of such places as Spain (Le Tricorne), Venice (The Good-Humoured Ladies), and Paris (Gaîté Parisienne), collaborations with Cubists (e.g. Pablo Picasso) and Surrealists (e.g. Salvador Dalí), and choreographic interpretations, often allegorical, of great pieces of symphonic music. Many of these creations could still enrich company repertories today.
Retrieval of Cloud Properties Using CALIPSO Imaging Infrared Radiometer. Part I: Effective Emissivity and Optical Depth
Authors: Garnier Anne , Pelon Jacques , Dubuisson Philippe , Faivre Michaël , Chomette Olivier , Pascal Nicolas , Kratz David P.
Published: March 2012

The paper describes the operational analysis of the Imaging Infrared Radiometer (IIR) data, which have been collected in the framework of the Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) mission for the purpose of retrieving high-altitude (above 7 km) cloud effective emissivity and optical depth that can be used in synergy with the vertically resolved Cloud–Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) collocated observations. After an IIR scene classification is built under the CALIOP track, the analysis is applied to features detected by CALIOP when found alone in the atmospheric column or when CALIOP identifies an opaque layer underneath. The fast-calculation radiative transfer (FASRAD) model fed by ancillary meteorological and surface data is used to compute the different components involved in the effective emissivity retrievals under the CALIOP track. The track analysis is extended to the IIR swath using homogeneity criteria that are based on radiative equivalence. The effective optical depth at 12.05 μm is shown to be a good proxy for about one-half of the cloud optical depth, allowing direct comparisons with other databases in the visible spectrum. A step-by-step quantitative sensitivity and performance analysis is provided. The method is validated through comparisons of collocated IIR and CALIOP optical depths for elevated single-layered semitransparent cirrus clouds, showing excellent agreement (within 20%) for values ranging from 1 down to 0.05. Uncertainties have been determined from the identified error sources. The optical depth distribution of semitransparent clouds is found to have a nearly exponential shape with a mean value of about 0.5–0.6.
AMO- and ENSO-Driven Summertime Circulation and Precipitation Variations in North America
Authors: Hu Qi , Feng Song
Published: March 2012

Interannual and multidecadal time-scale anomalies in sea surface temperatures (SST) of the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans could result in persistent atmospheric circulation and regional precipitation anomalies for years to decades. Understanding the processes that connect such SST forcings with circulation and precipitation anomalies is thus important for understanding climate variations and for improving predictions at interannual–decadal time scales. This study focuses on the interrelationship between the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and their resulting interannual to multidecadal time-scale variations in summertime precipitation in North America. Major results show that the ENSO forcing can strongly modify the atmospheric circulation variations driven by the AMO. Moreover, these modifications differ considerably between the subtropics and the mid- and high-latitude regions. In the subtropics, ENSO-driven variations in precipitation are fairly uniform across longitudes so ENSO effects only add interannual variations to the amplitude of the precipitation anomaly pattern driven by the AMO. In the mid- and high latitudes, ENSO-forced waves in the atmosphere strongly modify the circulation anomalies driven by the AMO, resulting in distinctive interannual variations following the ENSO cycle. The role of the AMO is shown by an asymmetry in precipitation during ENSO between the warm and cold phases of the AMO. These results extend the outcomes of the studies of the recent Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) Drought Working Group from the AMO and ENSO effects on droughts to understanding of the mechanisms and causal processes connecting the individual and combined SST forcing of the AMO and ENSO with the interannual and multidecadal variations in summertime precipitation and droughts in North America.
Global Contraction of Antarctic Bottom Water between the 1980s and 2000s*
Authors: Purkey Sarah G. , Johnson Gregory C.
Published: March 2012

A statistically significant reduction in Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) volume is quantified between the 1980s and 2000s within the Southern Ocean and along the bottom-most, southern branches of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC). AABW has warmed globally during that time, contributing roughly 10% of the recent total ocean heat uptake. This warming implies a global-scale contraction of AABW. Rates of change in AABW-related circulation are estimated in most of the world’s deep-ocean basins by finding average rates of volume loss or gain below cold, deep potential temperature (θ) surfaces using all available repeated hydrographic sections. The Southern Ocean is losing water below θ = 0°C at a rate of −8.2 (±2.6) × 106 m3 s−1. This bottom water contraction causes a descent of potential isotherms throughout much of the water column until a near-surface recovery, apparently through a southward surge of Circumpolar Deep Water from the north. To the north, smaller losses of bottom waters are seen along three of the four main northward outflow routes of AABW. Volume and heat budgets below deep, cold θ surfaces within the Brazil and Pacific basins are not in steady state. The observed changes in volume and heat of the coldest waters within these basins could be accounted for by small decreases to the volume transport or small increases to θ of their inflows, or fractional increases in deep mixing. The budget calculations and global contraction pattern are consistent with a global-scale slowdown of the bottom, southern limb of the MOC.