bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Creating sustainable corporations
Authors: Shrivastava Paul , Hart Stuart
Published: February 2007

Corporate industrial activities of the past are environmentally unsustainable. Many of today's environmental crises are rooted in an unsustainable pattern of industrialization. Sustainable economic development can be ushered in only if corporations, the main economic engines of the future, are made environmentally sound. This can be facilitated through ‘total environmental management,’ and ‘sustainable organizational design’. Although many companies have embraced the practice of environmental management, few have seriously engaged the idea of sustainability. Those that do might reap competitive and financial benefits.
New models for exhaustible resource development
Authors: Emel Jody , Angel David , Bridge Gavin
Published: February 2007

Minerals sector firms have joined other industries in going green, and some have used the language of sustainable development in the context of the relationship between industry, environment and community. Because of its historical practices of causing severe land disturbance, water pollution and ecosystem disruption, many have thought the concept of ‘sustainable mining’ an oxymoron. Within the context of trying to find the ‘best’ models for minerals development in the fledgling Russian democracy (specifically in Western Siberia), however, we discovered a number of possibilities for creating at least a more sustainable mining sector. This paper presents in summary form some interim results from our work on sustainable development in the extractive hydrocarbon economies of Western Siberia. We identify practices along three dimensions of sustainability – environment, community and labor – and briefly discuss the implications of these practices for Western Siberia.
OPLS discriminant analysis: combining the strengths of PLS‐DA and SIMCA classification
Authors: Bylesjö Max , Rantalainen Mattias , Cloarec Olivier , Nicholson Jeremy K. , Holmes Elaine , Trygg Johan
Published: February 2007

The characteristics of the OPLS method have been investigated for the purpose of discriminant analysis (OPLS‐DA). We demonstrate how class‐orthogonal variation can be exploited to augment classification performance in cases where the individual classes exhibit divergence in within‐class variation, in analogy with soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) classification. The prediction results will be largely equivalent to traditional supervised classification using PLS‐DA if no such variation is present in the classes. A discriminatory strategy is thus outlined, combining the strengths of PLS‐DA and SIMCA classification within the framework of the OPLS‐DA method. Furthermore, resampling methods have been employed to generate distributions of predicted classification results and subsequently assess classification belief. This enables utilisation of the class‐orthogonal variation in a proper statistical context. The proposed decision rule is compared to common decision rules and is shown to produce comparable or less class‐biased classification results. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The OPLS methodology for analysis of multi‐block batch process data
Authors: Gabrielsson Jon , Jonsson Hans , Airiau Christian , Schmidt Bernd , Escott Richard , Trygg Johan
Published: February 2007

With increasing availability of different process analysers multiple data sources are commonly available and this will impose new challenges and enable new types of investigations. The ability to separate joint, complementary and redundant information in multiple block data will be of increasing importance. In this study data from a batch mini plant were collected and O2PLS was implemented to facilitate a combined analysis of spectroscopic and process data. This enables assessment of both the joint and complementary variations in the respective data sets. The different types of variation that were separated were then modelled together to evaluate their individual correlation to a time response. By combining data of different origin an uncomplicated summary of the variation was accomplished and a deeper understanding of process interactions was gained. The analysis of separated variation with a response variable proved useful for verifying the supposed correlation between the joint variation and time. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Replacing affinity with binding kinetics in QSAR studies resolves otherwise confounded effects
Authors: Andersson Karl , Hämäläinen Markku D.
Published: February 2007

Steady‐state binding affinity is a commonly used response variable in quantitative structure‐activity relationship (QSAR) studies. In this paper we show that affinity alone may introduce unnecessary noise to the model or even cause model failure. Binding affinity is a ratio between the dissociation rate and association rate. Mathematical modeling of a ratio with unknown variation structure of nominator and denominator is difficult and the interpretation of the resulting model might be meaningless under certain circumstances. Commercially available biosensors can be used for measurement of binding kinetics enabling separate modeling of association and dissociation rates. In this paper we discuss the problems caused by the confounded effect in the compiled response affinity and show examples where separate modeling of the rate constants improves the interpretation of QSAR models. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A modification of canonical variates analysis to handle highly collinear multivariate data
Authors: Nørgaard Lars , Bro Rasmus , Westad Frank , Engelsen Søren Balling
Published: February 2007

A modification of the standard Canonical Variates Analysis (CVA) method to cope with collinear high‐dimensional data is developed. The method utilizes Partial Least Squares regression as an engine for solving an eigenvector problem involving singular covariance matrices. Three data sets are analyzed to demonstrate the properties of the method: a two‐group problem with near infrared spectroscopic data consisting of 60 samples and 376 variables, a multi‐group problem with fluorescence spectroscopic data (1023 variables) consisting of 83 samples from six groups and a three‐group problem with physical‐chemical data (10 variables) consisting of 41 samples from three groups. It is demonstrated that the modified CVA method forces the discriminative information into the first canonical variates as expected. The weight vectors found in the modified CVA method possess the same properties as weight vectors of the standard CVA method. By combination of the suggested method with, for example, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) as a classifier, an operational tool for classification and discrimination of collinear data is obtained. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maximum likelihood scaling (MALS)
Authors: Hoefsloot Huub C. J. , Verouden Maikel P. H. , Westerhuis Johan A. , Smilde Age K.
Published: February 2007

A filtering procedure is introduced for multivariate data that does not suffer from noise amplification by scaling. A maximum likelihood principal component analysis (MLPCA) step is used as a filter that partly removes noise. This filtering can be used prior to any subsequent scaling and multivariate analysis of the data and is especially useful for data with moderate and low signal‐to‐noise ratio's, such as metabolomics, proteomics and transcriptomics data. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Oxygen‐Bridge Templating Approach to Eight‐ and Nine‐Membered Carbocycles: Recent Developments Based on Catalytic Reactions
Authors: López Fernando , Mascareñas José Luis
Published: February 2007

Recent developments concerning metal‐catalyzed reactions have led to the implementation of new, rapid, and practical routes to eight‐ and nine‐membered carbocycles based on an oxygen‐bridge templated cyclization.
Combination of quantification and observation methods for study of “Side Population” cells in their “in vitro” microenvironment
Authors: Benchaouir Rachid , Picot Julien , Greppo Nicolas , Rameau Philippe , Stockholm Daniel , Garcia Luis , Paldi Andras , Laplace‐Builhé Corinne
Published: February 2007

Background:

Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the rare phenotypic variants in in vitro culture systems is necessary for the understanding of cell differentiation in cell culture of primary cells or cell lines. Slide‐based cytometry combines image acquisition and data treatment, and associates the power of flow cytometry (FCM) and the resolution of the microscopic studies making it suitable for the analysis of cells with rare phenotype. In this paper we develop a method that applies these principles to a particularly hot problem in cell biology, the study of stem cell like cells in cultures of primary cells, cancer cells, and various cell lines.

Methods:

The adherent cells were labeled by the fluorescent dye Hoechst 33342. The images of cell populations were collected by a two‐photon microscope and processed by a software developed by us. The software allows the automated segmentation of the nuclei in a very dense cell environment, the measurement of the fluorescence intensity of each nucleus and the recording of their position in the plate. The cells with a given fluorescence intensity can then be located easily on the recorded image of the culture plate for further analysis.

Results:

The potential of our method is illustrated by the identification and localization of SP cells in the cultures of the C2C12 cell line. Although these cells represent only about 1% of the total population as calculated by flow cytometry, they can be identified in the culture plate with high precision by microscopy.

Conclusion:

Cells with the rare stem‐cell like phenotype can be efficiently identified in the undisturbed cultures. Since the fluorescence intensity of rare events and the position of thousands of surrounding cells are recorded at the same time, the method associates the advantage of the FCM analysis and the microscopic observation. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Extended depth of field imaging for high speed cell analysis
Authors: Ortyn William E. , Perry David J. , Venkatachalam Vidya , Liang Luchuan , Hall Brian E. , Frost Keith , Basiji David A.
Published: February 2007

Background:

Fluoresence microscopy is an extremely useful tool to analyze the intensity, location and movement of fluorescently tagged molecules on, within or between cells. However, the technique suffers from slow image acquisition rates and limited depth of field. Confocal microscopy addresses the depth of field issue via “optical sectioning and reconstruction”, but only by further reducing the image acquisition rate to repeatedly scan the cell at multiple focal planes. In this paper we describe a technique to perform high speed, extended depth of field (EDF) imaging using a modified ImageStream® system whereby high resolution, multimode imagery from thousands of cells is collected in less than a minute with focus maintained over a 16 μm focal range.

Methods:

A prototype EDF ImageStream system incorporating a Wavefront Coded™ element was used to capture imagery from fluorescently labeled beads. Bead imagery was quantitatively analyzed using photometric and morphological features to assess consistency of feature values with respect to focus position. Jurkat cells probed for chromosome Y using a fluorescence in situ hybridization in suspension protocol (FISHIS™) were used to compare standard and Wavefront Coded‐based EDF imaging approaches for automated chromosome enumeration.

Results:

Qualitative visual inspection of bead imagery reveals that the prototype ImageStream system with EDF maintains focus quality over a 16 μm focus range. Quantitative analysis shows the extended depth field collection mode has approximately ten‐fold less variation in focus‐sensitive feature values when compared with standard imaging. Automated chromosome enumeration from imagery of Jurkat cells probed using the FISHIS protocol is significantly more accurate using EDF imaging.

Conclusions:

The use of EDF techniques may significantly enhance the quantitation of cell imagery, particularly in applications such as FISH, where small discrete signals must be detected over a wide focal range within the cell. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Development and validation of flow cytometric measurement for parasitemia in cultures of P. falciparum vitally stained with YOYO‐1
Authors: Li Qigui , Gerena Lucia , Xie Lisa , Zhang Jing , Kyle Dennis , Milhous Wilbur
Published: February 2007

Background:

The need for improved malaria diagnostics has long been recognized.

Methods:

Human parasitized erythrocytes based on the principles of flow cytometry (FCM) method is described for the determination of parasitemia in Plasmodium falciparum cultures using the fluorescence activated cell sorter and DNA‐binding fluorescent dye, YOYO‐1. The same assay samples can be also evaluated both microscopically and by scintillation counting after use of 3H‐hypoxanthine‐labeled parasites.

Results:

The counts of uninfected, infected, and nucleated cells occurred with high precision. The cells were categorized into different populations according to their physical or chemical properties such as RNase treatment and compensation required optimization. The detection and quantitation limits in the assay were 0.003% and 0.008% parasitemia, respectively. Overall, the parasite counts by FCM measurement correlated highly (r2 = 0.923–0.968) with the parasitemia measured by 3H‐hypoxanthine incorporation assay when parasites variants incubated with various antimalarial drugs. In addition, the low levels of parasitemia (7.9%–21.3%) detected by microscopy than by FCM may be related to a number of tiny schizonts externally attached to the erythrocyte membranes but were not definitely inside the erythrocyte that normally would never be included in microscopy counting.

Conclusion:

On the basis of data reported herein, a rapid, high sensitivity, lower sampling error and reliable identification of human parasitized erythrocytes by the principles of FCM have been established. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combined serial section‐based 3D reconstruction of cervical carcinoma invasion using H&E/p16INK4a/CD3 alternate staining
Authors: Wentzensen Nicolas , Braumann Ulf‐Dietrich , Einenkel Jens , Horn Lars‐Christian , Doeberitz Magnus von Knebel , Löffler Markus , Kuska Jens‐Peer
Published: February 2007

Background:

Malignant growth and invasiveness of cancers is a function of both intratumoral and stromal factors. The accessibility to nutrients, oxygen and growth factors, the stromal composition, and the interference with the immune system all shape the tumor invasion front. A recent study has shown a prognostic difference with respect to different invasion patterns analyzed on histological specimens of cervical cancers. The present study analyzes the spatial organization of a cervical cancer and the relation of the tumor invasion front and the infiltration with CD3+ T‐cells.

Methods:

From a cervical squamous cell carcinoma specimen, 84 serial sections were performed and three interleaving series were stained with hematoxylin/eosin and immunohistochemistry directed against the cervical carcinoma biomarker p16INK4a and the T‐cell marker CD3. Sections were passed through an image processing chain to obtain a reconstructed and segmented tissue volume. For local tumor invasion front analysis the mean curvature was used, which in turn was related to the respective local minimum tumor to T‐cell distance as well to a T‐cell originated diffusing substance's concentration at the tumor surface.

Results:

Spatial models of the tumor tissue and the infiltrating T‐cells were computed. The overall discrete compactness of the tumor invasion front was 0.89, corresponding to a pathological assessment of diffuse infiltration. The comparison of the tumor invasion front with the density of T‐cell infiltration revealed an increased smoothening in regions with high T‐cell infiltration.

Conclusions:

We could demonstrate the spatial organization of a cervical cancer and model the interaction between infiltrating T‐cells with the tumor invasion front shape. Increased smoothening in regions with high T‐cell infiltration suggests that T‐cells may have an influence on the shaping of the tumor invasion front, e.g., by attacking tumor cells displaying specific antigens. The applied technique allows visualization of the spatial organization of tissues and could be extended to analyze multiple stains on alternating sections. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Visualization of two distinct classes of neurons by gad2 and zic1 promoter/enhancer elements in the dorsal hindbrain of developing zebrafish reveals neuronal connectivity related to the auditory and lateral line systems
Authors: Sassa Takayuki , Aizawa Hidenori , Okamoto Hitoshi
Published: February 2007

The dorsal hindbrain includes distinct classes of neurons for processing various sensory stimuli, but the developmental aspects of these neurons remain largely unknown. We identify here two distinct classes of neurons in the dorsal hindbrain of developing zebrafish: (1) neurons that express the inhibitory neuronal marker Gad1/2, and (2) neurons that express the zn‐5 antigen and Lhx2/9 and require the basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor Atoh1a for development. Neurons were traced to their axon terminals by expressing green fluorescent protein using the Gal4VP16‐UAS (UAS, upstream activating sequences) system in combination with the promoter/enhancer regions of gad2 for the Gad1/2(+) neurons and zic1 for the zn‐5(+)Lhx2/9(+) neurons. The Gad1/2(+) neurons projected to the contralateral hindbrain, while the zn‐5(+)Lhx2/9(+) neurons projected to the contralateral midbrain torus semicircularis, suggesting a role in auditory and lateral line sensory processing. Comparison of these projections with those from the cochlear nuclei to the inferior colliculus in mammals suggests similarities across vertebrate species. Developmental Dynamics 236:706–718, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Environmental policy planning: Experience from flanders
Authors: Verbruggen Aviel
Published: February 2007

A solid planning approach is needed if effective and efficient environmental policies are to be developed. This policy planning process should be open and comprehensive and should be based on a good understanding of environmental impacts and the mobilization of high‐quality management skills. Building on Dutch experience, at least five conditions for progress in environmental policy planning have been identified in Flanders: (i) policy‐makers should agree on the type of planning needed; (ii) public support and political leadership should be present; (iii) investment in administrative capability and team‐building is needed; (iv) support from the scientific community should be guaranteed; and (v) the planning process should be supported by law. Meeting all five conditions in a balanced way is often very difficult.
The impact of EU environmental policy on water industry reform
Authors: Hassan John
Published: February 2007

European Union (EU) water laws should not be viewed in isolation from wider influences. They both reflect and reinforce changing public attitudes towards environmental protection. It is argued here that until recently indifference to the water environment was pervasive. The development of European water directives since 1975 has signalled a change in attitudes. It is explained that initially, however, European legislation failed to exercise a significant influence on environmental conditions, a major cause of this being non‐compliance. This problem itself helped to politicize the issue, and the hand of those interests fighting for environmental improvement was ultimately strengthened. It is shown that in the context of EU obligations Member States have been forced to try to remedy earlier neglect and to reform their water industries. It is also argued that the environmental directives have helped to empower the green lobby.
Climate change and the European union: Towards a green and common energy policy?
Authors: Collier Ute
Published: February 2007

Measures to reduce carbon dioxide, the most important greenhouse gas, to a large extent have been taken within the framework of energy policy. This paper discusses how the European Union (EU) faces a fundamental problem in addressing the climate change issue in that it has to date failed to establish a common energy policy. Hence the energy elements of the EU's carbon dioxide strategy, such as the SAVE programme, are weak. Under a general climate of subsidiarity, Member States are reluctant to cede sovereignty in this economic policy area, yet cannot necessarily be relied on to integrate environmental concerns into their own energy policies. Nevertheless, the climate change concern together with other issues, such as liberalization in the energy sector, are giving a new impetus to the development of an EU energy policy, as exemplified by the publication of the recent Commission Green Paper. However, despite these advances, the paper argues that the prospects for a ‘green’ and common energy policy in the EU still remain faint.
Long‐term environmental policy under corporatist institutions
Authors: Hukkinen Janne
Published: February 2007

Case studies in waste management are reviewed to assess how successfully long‐term considerations have been included in the design and implementation of environmental policy in two European countries with corporatist decision‐making institutions, Finland and the Netherlands. Although corporatism, or the institutionalized integration of conflicting interests in social decision‐making, has been linked with good long‐term industrial and economic performance, this study indicates that the corporatist structure of environmental institutions prevents important conflicts of interest from entering the political conflict resolution agenda. The central recommendation of the study is the administrative and procedural separation of conflicting environmental policy interests and the backing of sustainable goals with appropriate institutions. This would promote an open political debate and settlement of long‐term environmental policy issues. The designers of common European environmental policy should be aware of environmental corporatism, because corporatist institutions within the European Union lack the transparency required to settle the multidimensional long‐term issues of a transnational environment.
Process modelling and sustainability assessment in the development of the sustainable community
Authors: Reed Mary‐Ann
Published: February 2007

Following the UNCED Earth Summit in 1992 many local authorities are currently engaged in the development of a Local Agenda 21. Local Agenda 21 is concerned with the development of strategies, policies, practices, projects and partnerships which will cause a shift towards more sustainable modes of environmental, social and economic development. Kirklees Metropolitan Council in the UK is working in partnership with Sheffield Hallam University in the development of processes and tools which will facilitate moves towards sustainable development at the community level. These processes interface with local authority policy and practice through to national and European statutory frameworks. A process model for the sustainable community has been developed, from which sustainability assessment, a working tool for application, has been drawn out. Both the process model and the sustainability assessment technique incorporate the application of broad themes which relate to indicators of sustainability, facilitating a common ground for dialogue between all levels.
Recurrent binge eating (RBE) and its characteristics in a sample of young women in Germany
Authors: Munsch Simone , Becker Eni , Meyer Andrea , Schneider Silvia , Margraf Jürgen
Published: February 2007

Objective

To examine the characteristics of recurrent binge eating (RBE) in a non‐treatment‐seeking sample from the general population. RBE individuals are described in terms of socio‐economic status, general psychopathology, and comorbidity rates of mental disorders.

Method

Participants were 1877 German females aged 18–24 years from a population‐based epidemiological study.

Results/Discussion

The point prevalence of RBE in our sample was 0.9% (N = 17). Compared to healthy women, subjects with RBE suffered more often from comorbid mental disorders and also exhibited more general psychopathology: They were similar to women with other mental disorders and other eating disorders (EDs). RBE seems to be a syndrome of clinical significance itself and might be an important risk factor for the development of further EDs, especially binge eating disorder (BED) and other mental disorders. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Influence of ion exchange on dissolved load of alpine meltwaters
Authors: Lemmens M. , Roger M.
Published: February 2007

Meltwaters were collected in Switzerland at the border of two alpine glaciers, the Tsanfleuron glacier resting on limestones and the Tsijiore Nouve glacier flowing over gneissic rocks. Waters were analysed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry for the four major cations.

Cation exchange appears to be an essential mechanism in the explanation of the dissolved cationic content of meltwaters in the frontal zone of glaciers. This is indicated by a study of the rate and characteristics of water enrichment.

The rate‐determining step in the process seems to be film diffusion. The influence of this diffusion is put forward in an analysis of the rates of change in concentration of the four major cations with discharge.

Glacier grinding is considered as a factor favouring cation exchange in a proglacial environment.
CaTiO3 coating on titanium for biomaterial application—Optimum thickness and tissue response
Authors: Ohtsu Naofumi , Sato Kenji , Yanagawa Aya , Saito Kesami , Imai Yoshio , Kohgo Takao , Yokoyama Atsuro , Asami Katsuhiko , Hanawa Takao
Published: February 2007

The objectives of this study were to determine the optimum thickness of a CaTiO3 film for biomaterial applications and to investigate the biocompatibility and bone formation of titanium with a CaTiO3 film. First, CaTiO3 films of 10, 20, 30, and 50 nm in thickness were deposited on titanium substrates using radiofrequency magnetron sputtering followed by annealing at 873 K in air for 7.2 ks. The optimum thickness of the CaTiO3 film for bone formation was determined by comparison with its performance regarding calcium phosphate formation in Hanks' balanced saline solution (HBSS). Regarding calcium phosphate formation, the performance of the specimen with a 50‐nm‐thick CaTiO3 film was superior to those of specimens with other thicknesses. A titanium prism with a CaTiO3 film of 50‐nm in thickness was surgically inserted in both soft and hard rat tissues. The biocompatibility of CaTiO3‐deposited titanium and bone formation on it was investigated by histological observations. A slight inflammatory reaction was observed around the titanium with the 50‐nm‐thick CaTiO3 film, while no severe response, such as degeneration and necrosis, was observed in either soft or hard rat tissue. New bone formation on the titanium plate with the CaTiO3 film was more active than that without the film. The 50‐nm‐thick CaTiO3 film has biocompatibility and can facilitate new bone formation in vivo, and, consequently, it is an excellent surface modification method for biomaterial applications. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Preparation of porous collagen/hyaluronic acid hybrid scaffolds for biomimetic functionalization through biochemical binding affinity
Authors: Lee Su Jin , Kim So Yeon , Lee Young Moo
Published: February 2007

This study demonstrated the feasibility of introducing an avidin–biotin system to three‐dimensional and highly porous scaffolds for the purpose of designing scaffolds that have binding affinity with bioactive molecules for various biomimetic modifications. Porous hybrid scaffolds composed of collagen and hyaluronic acid (HA) were prepared by a novel overrun process. The overrun‐processed scaffolds showed a uniform dual‐pore structure because of the injection of gas bubbles and ice recrystallization during the fabrication process and had a higher porosity than scaffolds prepared by a conventional freeze‐drying method. The mechanical strength and biodegradation kinetics were controlled by the method of preparation and the composition of collagen/HA. Collagen/HA scaffolds did not show any significant adverse effects on cell viability even after 10 days of incubation. The fibroblasts cultured in the overrun‐processed scaffolds were widely distributed and had proliferated on the surfaces of the macropores in the scaffolds, whereas the cells that were seeded in the freeze‐dried scaffolds had attached mainly on the dense surface of the scaffolds. As the collagen content in the scaffolds increased, the cellular ingrowth into the inner pores of the scaffolds decreased because of the high affinity between the collagen and the cells. Measurements obtained via confocal microscopy revealed that the porous collagen/HA scaffolds could be functionalized with the biotin by incorporating avidin. Therefore, the present biotinylation approach may allow the incorporation of various bioactive molecules (DNA, growth factors, drug, peptide, etc) into the three‐dimensional porous scaffolds. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 2007
Wampold et al.'s reiterate spin in the conclusion of a re‐analysis of placebo versus no‐treatment trials despite similar results as in original review
Authors: Hróbjartsson Asbjørn , Gøtzsche Peter C.
Published: February 2007

In an earlier comment (Hróbjartsson & Gøtzsche, this issue) we pointed out that Wampold et al.'s conclusion “the placebo effect was robust” (2005) was not substantiated by their analysis, which came to essentially the same result as our original analysis (2001). Wampold et al. replied (this issue) that their conclusion was “… not made based on the magnitude of effect … but on a pattern of results interpreted in the context of the theory of placebo effects, the nature of the studies reviewed, other literature, and a pattern of results that corroborate predictions” (Wampold et al., this issue). In this follow‐up commentary we argue that an estimation of how robust the effect of placebo is should primarily rest on the magnitude and reproducibility of the effect. We also comment on other aspects of Wampold et al.'s reply, for example that Wampold et al.'s critique of our review is not persuasive as their analysis came to essentially the same result, indicating that the difference in methodological and theoretical approaches had little importance. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 63: 405–408, 2007.
Cognitive‐Behavioral group treatment for panic disorder with agoraphobia
Authors: Galassi Ferdinando , Quercioli Silvia , Charismas Diana , Niccolai Valentina , Barciulli Elisabetta
Published: February 2007

Cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT) is well documented in the treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia; however, little is known about the efficacy of group treatment. The purpose of this open study is to investigate the benefits of a combination of the major cognitive and behavioral techniques used in the several specific versions of CBT thus far developed, in a psychotherapeutic group approach for panic and agoraphobia. Seventy‐six outpatients meeting the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, third edition, revised (DSM‐III‐R; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) criteria for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia were included in the study. The treatment consisted of 14 weekly 2‐hr group sessions and included: (a) an educational component, (b) interoceptive exposure, (c) cognitive restructuring, (d) problem solving, and (e) in vivo exposure. Patients achieved significant treatment gains on all dimensions assessed with a high rate of panic remission and significant improvement in the associated symptoms. Furthermore, these gains were maintained at 6‐months' follow‐up. Our results suggest the feasibility of this combination of cognitive and behavioral techniques. The findings raise questions about the specificity and the impact of each technique. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 63: 409–416, 2007.
The assessment of microscopic charging effects induced by focused electron and ion beam irradiation of dielectrics
Authors: Stevens‐Kalceff Marion A. , Levick Katie J.
Published: February 2007

Energetic beams of electrons and ions are widely used to probe the microscopic properties of materials. Irradiation with charged beams in scanning electron microscopes (SEM) and focused ion beam (FIB) systems may result in the trapping of charge at irradiation induced or pre‐existing defects within the implanted microvolume of the dielectric material. The significant perturbing influence on dielectric materials of both electron and (Ga+) ion beam irradiation is assessed using scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques. Kelvin Probe Microscopy (KPM) is an advanced SPM technique in which long‐range Coulomb forces between a conductive atomic force probe and the silicon dioxide specimen enable the potential at the specimen surface to be characterized with high spatial resolution. KPM reveals characteristic significant localized potentials in both electron and ion implanted dielectrics. The potentials are observed despite charge mitigation strategies including prior coating of the dielectric specimen with a layer of thin grounded conductive material. Both electron‐ and ion‐induced charging effects are influenced by a delicate balance of a number of different dynamic processes including charge‐trapping and secondary electron emission. In the case of ion beam induced charging, the additional influence of ion implantation and nonstoichiometric sputtering from compounds is also important. The presence of a localized potential will result in the electromigration of mobile charged defect species within the irradiated volume of the dielectric specimen. This electromigration may result in local modification of the chemical composition of the irradiated dielectric. The implications of charging induced effects must be considered during the microanalysis and processing of dielectric materials using electron and ion beam techniques. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contribution of high‐resolution correlative imaging techniques in the study of the liver sieve in three‐dimensions
Authors: Braet Filip , Wisse Eddie , Bomans Paul , Frederik Peter , Geerts Willie , Koster Abraham , Soon Lilian , Ringer Simon
Published: February 2007

Correlative microscopy has become increasingly important for the analysis of the structure, function, and dynamics of cells. This is largely due to the result of recent advances in light‐, probe‐, laser‐ and various electron microscopy techniques that facilitate three‐dimensional studies. Furthermore, the improved understanding in the past decade of imaging cell compartments in the third dimension has resulted largely from the availability of powerful computers, fast high‐resolution CCD cameras, specifically developed imaging analysis software, and various probes designed for labeling living and or fixed cells. In this paper, we review different correlative high‐resolution imaging methodologies and how these microscopy techniques facilitated the accumulation of new insights in the morpho‐functional and structural organization of the hepatic sieve. Various aspects of hepatic endothelial fenestrae regarding their structure, origin, dynamics, and formation will be explored throughout this paper by comparing the results of confocal laser scanning‐, correlative fluorescence and scanning electron‐, atomic force‐, and whole‐mount electron microscopy. Furthermore, the recent advances of vitrifying cells with the vitrobot in combination with the glove box for the preparation of cells for cryo‐electron microscopic investigation will be discussed. Finally, the first transmission electron tomography data of the liver sieve in three‐dimensions are presented. The obtained data unambiguously show the involvement of special domains in the de novo formation and disappearance of hepatic fenestrae, and focuses future research into the (supra)molecular structure of the fenestrae‐forming center, defenestration center and fenestrae‐, and sieve plate cytoskeleton ring by using advanced cryo‐electron tomography. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Moving in the right direction—Nanoimaging in cancer cell motility and metastasis
Authors: Soon Lilian , Braet Filip , Condeelis John
Published: February 2007

Although genetic and protein manipulations have been the cornerstone for the study and understanding of biological processes for many decades, complimentary nanoscale observations have only more recently been achieved in the live‐imaging mode. It is at the nano measurement level that events such as protein–protein interactions, enzymatic conversions, and single‐molecule stochastic behavior take place. Therefore, nanoscale observations allow us to reinterpret knowledge from large‐scale or bulk techniques and gain new insight into molecular events that has cellular, tissue, and organismal phenotypic manifestations. This review identifies pertinent questions relating to the sensing and directional component of cancer cell chemotaxis and discusses the platforms that provide insight into the molecular events related to cell motility. The study of cell motility at the molecular imaging level often necessitates the use of devices such as microinjection, microfluidics, in vivo/intravital and in vitro chemotaxis assays, as well as fluorescence methods like uncaging and FRET. The micro‐ and nanofabricated devices that facilitate these techniques and their incorporation to specialized microscopes such as the multiphoton, AFM, and TIR‐FM, for high‐resolution imaging comprise the nanoplatforms used to explore the mechanisms of carcinogenesis. In real‐time observations, within a milieu of physiological protein concentrations, true states of dynamic and kinetic fluxes can be monitored. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spot Counting to Locate Fetal Cells in Maternal Blood and Tissue: A Comparison of Manual and Automated Microscopy
Authors: Johnson Kirby L. , Stroh Helene , Khosrotehrani Kiarash , Bianchi Diana W.
Published: February 2007

Background: Fetal cell detection in maternal tissue requires an accurate, efficient, and reproducible microscopy method. Our objective was to compare manual scoring to a commercially available automated scanning system for the detection of chromosome signals by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Methods: X and Y chromosome FISH signals were detected on slides of calibrated mixtures of blood, paraffin‐embedded liver sections, and post‐termination blood. For manual scoring (400× magnification), the number of cells located and duration of scoring were recorded. For automated scanning using the Metasystems Metafer3/Metafer4 Scanning System (200× magnification), duration of scanning, number of gallery images generated, duration of manual review of gallery images, and number of confirmed fetal cells were recorded. Results: From all slides the number of target fetal cells located by manual and automated microscopy was highly correlated (r = 0.90). However, automated scanning required on average 4‐fold more time than manual scoring (P < 0.0001), with an average automated scanning time of 9.7 h per slide compared with 2.4 h per slide when scored manually. Conclusions: In general, the accuracy of automated and manual microscopy is comparable, although manual scoring is more efficient because of the level of magnification necessary for automated scanning of cells, and a large number of gallery images generated by automated scanning that must then be reviewed manually. This suggests that when rapid analysis is required (i.e., clinical situations), manual microscopy is preferable. In contrast, automated scanning may have advantages over manual microscopy when time constraints are less imposed (i.e., research situations). Microsc. Res. Tech., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histatin‐induced Alterations in Candida albicans: A Microscopic and Submicroscopic Comparison
Authors: Isola Raffaella , Isola Michela , Conti Gabriele , Lantini Maria Serenella , Riva Alessandro
Published: February 2007

Despite the numerous studies performed in an attempt to clarify the issue, the mechanism of action of salivary histatins remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to correlate histatin‐induced morphological changes in Candida albicans by fluorescence microscopy (FM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM). Each of the fluorescent dyes used by FM (i.e., tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester perchlorate for mitochondrial potential, Lysotracker for lysosome acidic compartment, and 4′,6‐diamino‐2‐phenylindole dihydrochloride for DNA) exhibited a specific staining in control cells. Following histatin treatment, we observed a recurring staining pattern, corresponding to fluorescence concentration along the cell periphery, suggesting a loss of dye specificity. To assess histatin‐induced cytoplasmic modifications, ultrastructural analysis was then carried out. After treatments with histatins, TEM revealed characteristic intracellular modifications including: vacuole overgrowth, nuclear disappearance, loss of organelle identity, as well as the appearance of electron‐dense membranes, likely of mitochondrial origin. Additionally, structures resembling autophagosomes were occasionally observed. By HRSEM, mitochondrial swelling was invariably the first sign of a histatin‐induced effect. Other modifications included intracellular membrane disarrangement, organelles in disarray, and a large central cavity with deformed bodies displaced to the cell periphery, similar to what was detected by TEM. In summary, our study illustrates the occurrence of ultrastructural modifications following administration of histatins. Observations made with FM, TEM, and HRSEM provided different views of the same signs, demonstrating a definite action of histatins on C. albicans morphology. The possible functional meanings of these morphological results is discussed in light of the most recent biochemical data on histatin fungicidal activity. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Homomorphism bounds for oriented planar graphs
Authors: Marshall T. H.
Published: February 2007

If ${\cal C}$ is a class of oriented graphs (directed graphs without opposite arcs), then an oriented graph is a homomorphism bound for ${\cal C}$ if there is a homomorphism from each graph in ${\cal C}$ to H. We find some necessary conditions for a graph to be a homomorphism bound for the class of oriented planar graphs and prove that such a graph must have maximum degree at least 16; thus there exists an oriented planar graph with oriented chromatic number at least 17. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 55: 175–190, 2007
Design and development of a prototype endocavitary probe for high‐intensity focused ultrasound delivery with integrated magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Wharton Iain P. , Rivens Ian H. , ter Haar Gail R. , Gilderdale David J. , Collins David J. , Hand Jeff W. , Abel Paul D. , deSouza Nandita M.
Published: February 2007

Purpose

To integrate a high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) transducer with an MR receiver coil for endocavitary MR‐guided thermal ablation of localized pelvic lesions.

Materials and Methods

A hollow semicylindrical probe (diameter 3.2 cm) with a rectangular upper surface (7.2 cm × 3.2 cm) was designed to house a HIFU transducer and enable acoustic contact with an intraluminal wall. The probe was distally rounded to ease endocavitary insertion and was proximally tapered to a 1.5‐cm diameter cylindrical handle through which the irrigation tubes (for transducer cooling) and electrical connections were passed. MR compatibility of piezoceramic and piezocomposite transducers was assessed using gradient‐echo (GRE) sequences. The radiofrequency (RF) tuning of identical 6.5 cm × 2.5 cm rectangular receiver coils on the upper surface of the probe was adjusted to compensate for the presence of the conductive components of the HIFU transducers. A T1‐weighted (T1‐W) sliding window dual‐echo GRE sequence monitored phase changes in the focal zone of each transducer. High‐intensity (2400 W/cm–2), short duration (<1.5 seconds) exposures produced subtherapeutic temperature rises.

Results

For T1‐W images, signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) improved by 40% as a result of quartering the conductive surface of the piezoceramic transducer. A piezocomposite transducer showed a further 28% improvement. SNRs for an endocavitary coil in the focal plane of the HIFU trans‐ducer (4 cm from its face) were three times greater than from a phased body array coil. Local shimming improved uniformity of phase images. Phase changes were detected at subtherapeutic exposures.

Conclusion

We combined a HIFU transducer with an MR receiver coil in an endocavitary probe. SNRs were improved by quartering the conductive surface of the piezoceramic. Further improvement was achieved with a piezocomposite transducer. A phase change was seen on MR images during both subtherapeutic and therapeutic HIFU exposures. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Head and neck imaging: The role of CT and MRI
Authors: Wippold Franz J.
Published: February 2007

High‐resolution computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have become indispensable tools for the evaluation of conditions involving the head and neck. Complex anatomic structures and regions, such as the orbit, skull base, paranasal sinuses, deep spaces of the neck, larynx, and lymph nodes, require that the radiologist be familiar with the imaging modalities available and their appropriate applications. The purpose of this article is to review the techniques of CT and MRI and the roles they play in clinical practice, including head and neck disorders. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measurement of MR signal and T2* in lung to characterize a tight skin mouse model of emphysema using single‐point imaging
Authors: Olsson Lars E. , Lindahl Maria , Önnervik Per‐Ola , Johansson Lars B. , Palmér Malin , Reimer Martina Kvist , Hultin Leif , Hockings Paul D.
Published: February 2007

Purpose

To evaluate whether MRI signal and T2* measurements of lung tissue acquired at ultrashort detection times (tds) can detect emphysematous changes in lungs.

Materials and Methods

MR signal intensity of in vivo mouse lungs was measured at 4.7 T at tds of 0.2 and 0.4 msec using single‐point imaging (SPI). T2* was calculated from the measurements obtained at the two tds. Two groups of 8‐ and 30‐week‐old Tight Skin (TS) and aged‐matched CB57BL/6 mice were examined. The TS mice spontaneously developed emphysema‐like alveolar enlargement. In vivo micro‐computed tomography (μCT) scanning and histology were used as reference methods.

Results

MR signal and T2* were significantly lower in the lungs of TS mice than in controls. There were no significant differences between the different age groups. MR signal in lung parenchyma correlated linearly (P < 0.0001, r = 0.89) with μCT mass density, and T2* correlated linearly (P < 0.0001, r = –0.91) with the alveoli size (mean linear intercept [MLI]).

Conclusion

The MR signal intensity and T2* measured at short tds can be used as imaging biomarkers to characterize parenchyma density and alveolar size, respectively. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.