bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship of Kernel Oil Content to Yield in Maize1
Authors: Alexander D. E. , Lambert R. J.
Published: July 2010

Oil content of the grain of six maize (Zea mays L.) single crosses was modified by xenia‐like effects induced by pollen from high and low oil stocks. Oil analyses were made and the calorie grain production on an individual plant basis determined

In comparisons of high and low oil versions of eight hybrids, one high oil hybrid stored significantly more calories than the low oil version, one stored significantly fewer calories, and six did not differ significantly. We conclude that oil content and calorie yield per plant are probably independent in most stocks but that calorie yield may be limited in some stocks by inefficient oil synthesizing systems. Conversely, high oil strains may be limited in total calorie storage by hyper‐active oil synthesis
Contribution of Endosperm and Embryo to the Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Developing Flaxseeds1
Authors: Dybing C. Dean
Published: July 2010

Analysis of seed tissues from 14 lines of Linum usitatissimum L. and single lines of L. alpinum L., L. lewisii Pursh., L. hispanicum Mill., L. altaicum Fisch., and L. angustifolium Huds. showed that oil accumulated in the endosperm accounted for 15 to 26% of the mature seed oil content. During early stages of seed development, the endosperm was the primary site of oil storage, but the embryo became the major site 12 days after anthesis in seed grown in the field and 16 days after anthesis in seed grown in a controlled environment at 20 C. Oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids were apportioned between the two tissues of the seed in proportions similar to total oil. Stearic acid was located almost entirely in the embryo, while palmitic acid was relatively high in the endosperm. All five acids increased in weight in the embryo throughout the period of seed development; in the endosperm only oleic and linolenic acids accumulated after 14 days of age. Increased temperature reduced the dry weight, oil content, and iodine value of both tissues. Both endosperm and embryo incorporated acetate‐l‐14C into fatty acids in vitro at 14, 19, and 21 days of age, but higher specific activities were attained in the embryo. Maximum labelling occurred in the linolenic fraction in the embryo and the oleic fraction in the endosperm.
Performance of Barley Hybrids at Four Seeding Rates1
Authors: Severson Dale A. , Rasmusson Donald C.
Published: July 2010

Five hybrids and eight varieties of barley, Hordeum vulgare L., were evaluated at four seeding rates. A split plot design with four replications at each of two locations was employed. Main plots consisted of seeding rates which corresponded to within‐row plant spat ings of 2.5, 7.5, 15.0, and 22.5 cm. Rows were 30.5 cm apart. Hybrids and parental varieties constituted subplots. The average performance of hybrids and varieties was similar for yield and components of yield at the 2.5‐cm spacing, a rate which approximates solid seeding. At the wider spacings hybrids were significantly superior to the varieties for yield and two of three components of yield. Average estimates of heterosis for yield, based on the midparent comparison, were 32, 16.7, 17.3, and 22.5% for the 4 spacings, respectively. Hybrids did not respond to the various spacings in the same manner. The implication is that data from spaced plantings may lead to erroneous conclusions concerning hybrid performance at commercial seeding rates.
Quantitative Descriptions of Foliage Display and Light Absorption in Field Communities of Corn Plants1
Authors: Loomis R. S. , Williams W. A. , Duncan W. G. , Dovrat A. , Nunez F. A.
Published: July 2010

Leaf display in foliage canopies of equidistantly spaced corn plants was measured; the vertical distribution of leaf area within several angle classes are given at various stages ot growth for seven population densities. When used in computer simulations, these descriptions provide calculated light profiles which agree well with measured profiles. The canopies are compared with earlier and more general reports from other workers.
Genotypic‐Environmental Interactions for Sweet Corn Hybrids Produced by the Conventional and Cytoplasmic‐Genetic Male Sterile Methods1
Authors: Creech R. G. , Synder R. J. , Wann E. V. , Lachman W. H.
Published: July 2010

Genotypic‐environmental interactions were ascertained for 13 plant and ear characters of importance in sweet corn (Zea mays L.). The experiment consisted of 14 hybrids evaluated at each of 5 locations for 3 consecutive years. The results suggest the manner in which each character should be evaluated. In addition, comparisons were made between hybrids produced by the conventional method and hybrids produced by the cyto‐sterile method. The differences between the two types for most economic characters were insignificant
Estimates of General and Specific Combining Ability for Forage Yield in F1 Hybrids of Forage Sorghum1
Authors: Blum A.
Published: July 2010

Forty‐two Fj forage sorghum hybrids, obtained by crossing 7 sorgo varieties (males) to 6 grain sorghum A‐lines (females), were studied under dryland conditions. Estimates for relative general and specifiic combining ability effects for forage yield were obtained.

An analysis of variance components; indicated that general combining ability effect was 20‐Ji times greater than specific combining ability effect for forage yield. Variance component for general combining ability of male parents was 10.6 times greater than for female parents. Although some high relative estimates of specific combining ability were obtained in certain crosses, the results suggest a greater effect of sorgo varieties over grain sorghum A‐lines on variance between crosses.
Polycross‐Progeny Testing of Red Clover (trifolium pratense L.1
Authors: Taylor Norman L. , Kendall W. A. , Stroube W. H.
Published: July 2010

Investigations were conducted into the feasibility of breeding red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) for persistence utilizing polycross‐progeny testing. Approximately 1,500 clones of red clover were vegetatively increased and selected for virus tolerance in nurseries. Ultimately, 20 clones were selected for polycross progeny testing. Seed produced on the 20 clones under conditions of random pollination were sown at two locations. Persistence of clones was correlated with persistence of progenies, but the value of progeny testing was indicated because only a portion of the variability in persistence could be recognized by clonal evaluation alone. Yields of progenies were greatly different only in the 3rd year at which time persistence was expressed. Earliness of bloom of the first growth was implicated in previous and in the present research as being associated with lack of persistence. No correlation existed between earliness of the first crop with that of the second crop. Earliness of the first growth was transmitted to progenies but because of the practice of harvesting seed from the second‐crop growth, selection for earlinesss was eliminated in these genetic materials. Use of the polycross test in the breeding of red clover for persistence appears to have been effective in view of the genetic gain made in the selected materials. Further gains should be possible when the most persistent of the 20 clones are combined into a synthetic variety.
Location, Isolation, and Transfer of Male‐Fertility Restoring Genes to a Uniform Genetic Background in Wheat1
Authors: Maan S. S. , Lucken K. A.
Published: July 2010

A procedure is described by which the following materials and information can be obtalned in a relatively short time (8‐10 crop generations): I) a monosomic set of male‐sterile Chris in Triticum timopheevi Zhuk. cytoplasm; 2) chromosomal location of male‐fertility restoring genes in several R‐lines; and 3) substitution of chromosomes carrying male‐fertility restoring genes to the genetic background of several common wheat varieties and the development of male‐sterile monosomics for the critical chromosomes in these varieties.
Heterosis for Grain Yield and Leaf Area and Their Components in Two‐ ✕ Six‐Rowed Barley Crosses1
Authors: Carleton A. E. , Foote W. H.
Published: July 2010

Twelve hybrids between two‐ and six‐rowed barley varieties were evaluated for heterosis for two complex traits through the component interaction approach. On the average, very low levels of heterosis were found for the complex traits (grain yield per plant and total leaf blade area per plant). Data were presented on some of the possible causes of the failure of component niteraction to produce heteroic effects for the complex trait. The negative association of kernels per head and weight per kernel and the lack of additivity for kernels per head were determined as possible reasons for the failure of component interactions to occur and produce heterosis for grain yield. No apparent reasons were found for the failure of component interaction to occur for TLA. Reciprocal differences in the components among the parental varieties may not have been sufficiently large enough to promote component interactions for TLA.
Interspecific Hybridization in Glycine, Subgenus Leptocyamus1
Authors: Palmer R. G. , Hadley H. H.
Published: July 2010

Reciprocal hybrids between an induced autotetraploid form of Glycine tomentosa (Benth.) (n=20) and G. tabacina (Labill) Benth. (n=40) were obtained. All F1 hybrids were morphologically intermediate between the parents and were highly male and female sterile as estimated by pollen stainability and seed set. However, F1 hybrids with G. tomentosa cytoplasm had lower pollen stainability and the anthers usually failed to dehisce. F1's with G. tabacina cytoplasm shed pollen abundantly. F2 and backcross plants generally were lower in fertility than the F1's. In all comparisons made between G. tomentosa and G. tabacina cytoplasms the former was associated with lower fertility. Both species are members of the subgenus Leptocyamus and limited attempts to cross them with G. max (of the sub‐genus, Soja) were unsuccessful.

Cytological observations indicated three different genomes are involved in the two species crossed. G. tomentosa was designated 2(A1) and G. tabacina 2(A0A2). Genome A1 is apparently more closely related to both genome A0 and A2 than A0 and A2 are related to each other.
Heritability Estimates of Protein Content and Certain Quality and Agronomic Properties in Bread Wheats (Triticum aestvum, L.)1
Authors: Lofgren J. R. , Finney K. F. , Heyne E. G. , Bolte L. C. , Hoseney R. C. , Shogren M. D.
Published: July 2010

Four crosses between two soft red winter wheats, ‘Atlas 50’ and ‘Atlas 66,’ and two hard red winter wheats, ‘Triumph’ and ‘Kaw,’ were studied for heritability and correlation values among various agronomic and quality characters. Flour yield, 1000‐kernel weight, and kernels per 30 ml were more heritable than test weight, protein content, and mixogram mixing time. The parent cultivars were separated by two to four genes for flour yield, three to four genes for protein content, and at least two genes for mixing time. There were significant correlations between 7 pairs of characters among all combinations of 13 characters studied. Thirteen Kaw ✕ Atlas 50 and Atlas 50 ✕ Kaw progenies contained 1 to 3% more flour protein than Kaw controls, and possessed promising hard wheat characters for milling, baking, and dough mixing properties.
Genetic and Environmental Variation in Mineral Element Accumulation in Barley, Wheat, and Soybeans
Authors: Kleese R. A. , Rasmusson D. C. , Smith L. H.
Published: July 2010

Twelve varieties each of barley and wheat and 10 of soybeans were grown in 2 years at two locations to assess genetic and environmental variation in accumulation of 12 mineral elements. Seedling leaves and seed of barley and wheat and seed of soybeans were assayed. Varietal differences in accumulation of P, K, Mg, Na, Ca, Mn, B, and Sr were significant in most plant materials studied. In contrast, differences in accumulation due to years and locations generally were small and non‐significant.

A few of the genotype ✕ environment interactions were statistically significant but the majority of them were nonsignificant, and all the interaction components were smaller than the experimental error. Also, estimates of genetic variane were larger generally than interaction components. The consistency in performance of genotypes across years and locations indicates that a single environment may suffice when screening genotypes for differences in mineral accumulation.

Genetic correlations involving accumulation of a particular element in seed and seedling leaves were positive and near 0.4 to 0.5. Ca and Sr accumulation were highly correlated in all plant materials. In soybean seed, P, Ca, Sr, Mg, and Mn accumulations were highly and positively correlated.
Analysis of a Genetic Double Recessive Completely Male‐Sterile Cotton1
Authors: Weaver J. B.
Published: July 2010

Genetic analysis of a male‐sterile character in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) showed that the male‐sterile expression was conditioned by two pairs of homozygous recessive alleles. Tests of six varieties of cotton showed that they had a homozygous dominant constitution at the two loci. The varieties 'Lankart 57' and 'Gregg' apparently have homozygous dominant genes at only one of the two loci. It is proposed that the appearance of a single male‐sterile plant from an F2 population of a cross involving Lankart 57 occurred as a gene mutation. Tests indicated that the genes at these two loci are independent of the previously reported ms2 gene. The new genes have been assigned the symbol ms5 and ms6. This is the second published report of a complete male‐sterile that is inherited as a recessive character and the first to be inherited as a double recessive.
Inheritance of Reaction to Phytophthora Rot in the Soybean1
Authors: Hartwig E. E. , Keeling B. L. , Edwards C. J.
Published: July 2010

Inheritance of reaction to race 1 and race 2 of Phytophthora megasperma (Drechs.) var. sojae A. A. Hildeb. in soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] was studied. Results obtained from crosses between D60‐9647, which is resistant to race 1 and susceptible to race 2 (rps2 rps2), Hood, which is susceptible to both races (rps rps), and Semmes, which is resistant to both races (Rps Rps) indicate that Rps, rps2, and rps form an allelomorphic series. Rps is dominant to rps2, and rps2 is dominant to rps.
A Boll Weevil Oviposition Suppression Factor in Cotton1
Authors: Buford William T. , Jenkins Johnie N. , Maxwell Fowden G.
Published: July 2010

The rate of boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, oviposition was tested on 252 cotton lines, Gossypium hirsutum L. and G. barbadense L., in a nonreplicated mass screening procedure. Boll weevil oviposition was reduced in 26 lines. Replicated tests were performed on six of these by using the A & M laboratory strain and a Mississippi field strain of weevils. The two strains ranked the six cotton lines in relatively the same order. We obtained F1 hybrids of each of the 26 lines by crossing them with ‘Deltapine Smooth Leaf’ (DPSL) and tested the hybrids for oviposition with the A & M strain in replicated tests. Significant differences were found. Oviposition values ranged from 49 to 178% of the commercial DPSL parental line. ‘S. I. Seaberry’ produced the lowest oviposition rate. Inheritance studies with S. I. Seaberry ✕ DPSL were conducted in the F1, F2, and backcross progeny. Difficulty was experienced in testing individual F2 backcross plants since the test required many squares. We did, however, determine that the ability of S. I. Seaberry to suppress boll weevil oviposition was under genetic control.
Effect of Seed Weight on the Vegetative Growth of Competing Annual Trifoliums1
Authors: Williams W. A. , Black J. N. , Donald C. M.
Published: July 2010

The effect of seed weight on the competitive abilities of crimson clover, Trifolium incarnatum L., and subterranean clover, T. subterraneum L., was studied in simple and mixed communities in a natural‐light environment with nutrients and soil moisture nonlimiting. The yield of each component of the mixture was dependent mainly on its own seed weight (positive) and that of its associate (negative). The effect of seed weight on growth was essentially linear, and it remained so over time. The potential for a buffering effect giving community stability among species of diverse temporal and morphological growth patterns is discussed.
Development Changes in Oil and Fatty Acid Content of Maize Strains Varying in Oil Content1
Authors: Curtis P. E. , Leng E. R. , Hageman R. H.
Published: July 2010

Changes in kernel and germ weight, germ percentage, oil percentage, weight of oil produced, and fatty acid distribution were studied in the maize (Zea mays L.) strains ‘Illinois High Oil’ (IHO), ‘Reverse High Oil’(RHO), ‘Illinois Low Oil’ (ILO), and ‘Reverse Low Oil’(RLO) and in a standard F1 hybrid, WF9 ✕ OH43, during the 1964 growing season. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used for oil analyses and gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) for determination of esterified fatty acids.

Sixty‐five generations of selection for high oil resulted in: a) early and rapid development of the germ (scutellum and embryo axis), b) larger total germ weight, c) lower total endosperm and kernel weight, d) greater germ percentage, e) greater germ and kernel oil percent, and f) greater percent of total oil residing in the germ. The converse was true in the low oil selections except that total kernel weight was not changed. WF9 ✕ OH43 generally was intermediate for all characteristics, and reverse strains, although resembling the original selections, differed significantly from them for most characters.

Percent of total oil was initially higher in the endosperm, but the majority of the oil was located in the germ by 20 days after pollination in the high oil strains, and by 36 days in all strains. A lower percentage of palmitic acid was found in mature than immature (24days after pollination) kernels for all strains. The percentage of oleic acid was lower and linoleic acid higher in the mature kernels and germs of WF9 ✕ OH43, ILO, and RLO.

A positive correlation was found between percent oil and oleic acid percent (r = 0.947) and a negative correlation between percent oil and linoleic (r = −0.931) and palmitic (r = −.767) acid content.
The Races of Maize: II. Use of Multivariate Analysis of Variance to Measure Morphological Similarity1
Authors: Goodman Major M.
Published: July 2010

The racial means and the residual covariance matrix from the multivariate analysis of variance of an experiment based on a randomized block design involving 15 races of maize (Zea mays L.) from southeastern South America were used to calculate generalized distances between the races. Sixteen characters commonly used in taxonomic studies of the races of maize were employed. The effects of transformations designed to eliminate some of the heterogeneity among the withinrace, within‐row covariance matrices were studied, and the effects of within‐plot sampling were investigated. It was shown that the use of transformations had very little effect on the relative distances (and hence that highly significant heterogeneity — as measured by the multivariate extension of Bartlett's test — had little effect on the analysis of the non‐transformed data). Similarly, essentially the same relative distances were obtained when only a single plant from each race was used per block (eight blocks were used). In all cases the distances obtained were relatively very similar (i.e., Spearman rank correlation coefficient between 0.91 and 0.99) to the distances obtained from the commonly employed Mahalanobis’ generalized distance technique.
Inheritance of Crown Rust Resistance in Avena Sterilis1
Authors: Fleischmann George , McKenzie R. I. H.
Published: July 2010

The inheritance of resistance in three collections of Avena sterilis (F83 and F366 from Israel, and CW491‐4 from Algeria) to races 264, 290, 295, 332, and 446 of crown rust, Puccinia coronata avenae, was investigated. Genetic analysis indicated that two of the collections (CW491‐4 and F366) each had a single gene (Pc‐38 and Pc‐39 respectively), independent of each other, which conditioned resistance to these five races of crown rust and to every other isolate to which they were tested.

Four distinct genes for crown rust resistance were discovered in the third A. sterilis collection, F83. Gene Pc‐40 was epistatic to the other three genes in F83, and conditioned resistance to races 290, 295, 332, and 446, but not to race 264. Gene Pc‐41 conferred resistance to races 290, 295, and 332, while gene Pc‐42 was effective only against race 332 and gene Pc‐43 only against race 290. Some backcross families of F83 that were susceptible to all five of these races segregated for resistance to a few of the other crown rust races against which they were tested, indicating the presence of an additional gene. Genes Pc‐38, Pc‐39, Pc‐40, and Pc‐42 all conditioned fleck type resistance. Gene Pc‐41 conditioned intermediate type 2 resistance, while gene Pc‐43 was incompletely dominant and conditioned either fleck or type 2 resistance.
Genetic Variability in Flue‐Cured Varieties of Nicotiana tabacum L. III. SC58 ✕ Dixie Bright 2441
Authors: Matzinger D. F.
Published: July 2010

Full‐sib and self progenies obtained from parent plants in the F2 generation of a cross of two varieties of Nicotiana tabacum L. were evaluated for relative amounts of additive genetic, dominance, and additive ✕ additive epistatic variances. Significant estimates of additive genetice variance were obtained for yield, alkaloids, plant height, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, and number of leaf axil suckers. None of the estimates of dominance variance were significant. A significant estimate of additive ✕ additive epistatic variance was obtained for plant height. Positive genetic correlations were obtained among most of the growth characters. There was a large negative correlation between yield and total alkaloids, −.85. Value of tobacco leaf was not correlated with growth characters or with total alkaloids.
Seedling Vigor Evaluation of Four Birdsfoot Trefoil Varieties Grown Under Two Temperature Regimes1
Authors: Cooper Clee S. , Qualls Mickey
Published: July 2010

Seedling vigor of four birdsfoot trefoil varieties was studied in growth chambers, at two temperatures, 21 and 27 C. Vigor was evaluated in terms of relative growth rate and its components, net assimilation rate and leaf area ratio. At 21C, relative growth rate of Leo was superior to other varieties and relative growth rate of ‘Tana’ and ‘Viking’ was superior to ‘Empire’. The superiority of ‘Leo’ over Tana and Viking was attributed to a greater leaf area ratio but the superiority of Leo over Empire was due to a greater net assimilation rate. The greater superiority of Tana and Viking over Empire was due to a greater net assimilation rate.

At 27C, relative growth rate of Leo and Tana was greater than relative growth rate of Empire. The difference was due to a greater leaf area ratio since net assimilation rate of all varieties was the same. Within a temperature, differences in leaf area ratio between varieties were associated with changes in the leaf area to leaf weight ratio since the ratio of leaf weight to plant weight was the same.

With increasing temperature, leaf area ratio decreased as a result of a decrease in the ratio of leaf weight to plant weight. The other component of LAR (the leaf area to leaf weight ratio) increased with increasing temperature, but not enough to counteract the effect of the decrease in the ratio of leaf weight to plant weight. The decrease in leaf area ratio with increasing temperature was not great enough to affect relative growth rate. Both relative growth rate and net assimilation rate at the two temperatures were the same.
Germination, Growth, and Respieration Rates of Birdsfoot Trefoil at Three Temperatures During the Early Non‐Photosynthetic Stage of Development1
Authors: Qualls Mickey , Cooper Clee S.
Published: July 2010

Seedling gowth of four blrdsfoot trefoil, (Lotus corniculatus L.) varieties, ‘Empire,’ ‘Tana,’ ‘Viking,’ and ‘Leo’ was evaluated during the non‐photosynthetlc stage of development for speed of germination and elongation, rate of emergence and rate of respiration. The speed of germination, elongation, and emergence speed of Leo was significantly greater than for other varieties. This was not due to differences in imbibition rate, nor was it related to respiration rate. Varieties ranked in the same order for all measurements but respiration. Rank order was Leo > Tana > Viking > Empire. A similar order of rank in yield was found when these varieties were grow in growth chambers or in the field. Respiration rates were similar for all varieties within each of six age groups and each of three growth temperatures. Respiration rates increased significantly for all varieties with increasing temperature.
Effects of Various Storage Conditions on Longevity of Cotton, Corn, and Sorghum Seeds1
Authors: Bockholt A. J. , Rogers J. S. , Richmond T. R.
Published: July 2010

Seed of ‘Acala’ cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), ‘White Surcropper’ corn (Zea mays L.), and ‘Dwarf Yellow Milo’ sorghmn (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) were sealed bottles and stored in refrigerated storage (10C) and room temperature. Treatments used were vacuum, dehydrated, vacuum‐dehydrated, and control.

Storage at 10C had the greatest influence on maintaining viability. After 26 years the sorghum, cotton, and corn germinated 91, 41, and 0%, respectively. The corn seed germinated 34% at the end of 22 years of refrigerated storage. Seed sealed in bottles and stored at room temperature remained viable at least 2 years longer than seed stored in paper envelopes.

Dehydration was ineffective in maintaining the viability of both cotton and corn seed. The germination percentage of cotton and grain sorghum was maintained at a higher level by storage in a partial vacuum.
Chromosomal Location of Rf2, a Restorer Gene for Cytoplasmic Pollen Sterile Maize1
Authors: Snyder R. J. , Duvick D. N.
Published: July 2010

Rf2, one of two major dominant genes needed to restore pollen fertility to the T‐type of cytoplasmic pollen sterile maize (Zea mays L.), has been shown to be located on chromosome 9, approximately 5 crossover units from waxy endosperm (wx) and adjacent to the centromere. Results from tests involving chromosomal translocations and tests involving marker genes were in complete agreement.
Influence of Temperatured uring Anthesis on Seed Set in Poa pratensis L.1
Authors: Maun M. A. , Canode C. L. , Teare I. D.
Published: July 2010

‘Newport’ Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) was subjected to temperatures of 21, 27, 32, 38, and 43C for time intervals of 1 to 6 days during anthesis. Effects of these treatments were measured by seed weight per head, weight of 100 seed, viability of pollen, percent of rioters setting seed, and seed germination.

Increases in temperature above 27C during anthesis resulted in reduction for all measurements except seed germination. The decline was gradual as temperature increased, becoming significantly lower at 32C for most measurements and at 38 and 43C for all measurements.

Increasing the length of exposure to high temperature during anthesis also resulted in a gradual decline in all measurements except seed germination. Differences were usually significant after 2 to 3 days of exposure to high temperature.

Germination of seed produced was not significantly affected by high temperature or length of exposure to high temperature during anthesis.
Heritabilities and Interrelationships of Shortness and Other Agronomic Characters in F3 and F4 Generations of Two Wheat Crosses (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell)1
Authors: Reddi M. V. , Heyne E. G. , Liang G. H. L.
Published: July 2010

Two wheat crosses (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell), ‘Norin’ 10/3* ‘Pawnee’ //2* ‘Kaw’ and Norin 10/5*Pawnee, were studied for heritability and for interrelationships among plant height, spike length, tillering ability, and kernel weight. Norin 10 is a short cultivar introduced from Japan, while Kaw and Pawnee are adapted cultivars in Kansas.

Heritabilily estimates were calculated by conventional and standard unit regression (F4 on F3) methods. The estimates of heritability were relatively high for culm length in both crosses and medium for kernel weight in the cross Norin 10/3*Pn//2*Kaw, indicating selection for culm length or kernel weight would be effective. Heritability estimates for the other two characters were low.

Culm length and kernel weight were positively and highly significantly correlated in the two crosses. The correlation between spkie length and kernel weight was negative or low for both crosses. The lines with shorter culm length tended to have longer spikes and low kernel weight, characteristic of the Norin 10 donor parent.
Interrelations Among Agronomic Characters in Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor Moench)1
Authors: Liang George H. L. , Overley C. B. , Casady A. J.
Published: July 2010

Genotypic and phenotypic correlations among 12 characters were estimated in segregating populations and in pure lines of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor Moench). Grain yield was positively and significantly correlated with head weight, kernel number, half bloom date, and leaf number, but negatively correlated with germination percentage and protein percentage. The inverse relationships between kernel weight and kernel number, and between kernel weight and head number per plant may arise from developmentally induced relationships or be genetically dependent. Head weight and half bloom date are considered best indicators for yield, while germination percentage may be of value as an indicator for protein content. Magnitudes of the estimates of expected progress in improving yield by selecting for characters other than yield appear to be greater than those for protein, indicating that direct selection for protein may be more effective in improving protein content.
Predicting the Effect upon Net Photosynthesis of Changes in Leaf Metabolism and Physics1
Authors: Waggoner Paul E.
Published: July 2010

A rational simulator of photosynthesis in a single leaf has been constructed by incorporating the effects of light, temperature and CO2 upon light and dark respiration, stomatal resistance to CO2 diffusion and photochemical ability. The physical resistances of the boundary layer and mesophyll are also incorporated. The simulator behaves like a real leaf, demonstrating the fairly satisfactory state of knowledge of CO2 assimilation. More important, it permits estimates of the efficacy of changes in respiration and other identified characteristics in changing net assimilation.
Kernel Dimensions, Weight, Protein Content and Milling Yield of Grain from Portions of the Wheat Spike1
Authors: Ali Altaf , Atkins I. M. , Rooney L. W. , Porter K. B.
Published: July 2010

Spikes of ‘Sturdy’ (Triticum aestivum L.) wheat, which had set seed in approximately 60% of the central florets, were broken into approximately three equal portions, after removal of the seed from the central florets. The grain from the four classes (top, center, and bottom thirds and the central florets) were compared with grain from untreated spikes of the same lot. Kernels from the central florets were significantly shorter, narrower, and weighed less per 1,000 kernels than grain from the other three classes. They differed significantly from grain from the top and central parts of the spike in test weight and from grain of the top and bottom parts in protein content but not from the check (entire spike). Grain from the top third of the spike had the lowest test weight and protein content. Grain from the bottom third of the spike had the highest protein content. Milling yield differences were small and non‐significant, except for the small seed from the central florets, which were significantly lower than the other portions.
Allelic Interactions at the Pu Locus in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench1
Authors: Miller F. R. , Cruzado H. J.
Published: July 2010

Sorghum rust (Puccinia purpurea Cke.) inheritance studies indicate that allelic interactions exist at the Pu locus in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. A reversal dominance was observed when B406 contributed the pu allelomorph but normal dominance existed when Combine Shallu donated the pur allelomorph; in crosses to two different sources of resistance. In addition, an interaction for rapidity of uredial development was observed between crosses. When Pu was considered in association with pur (from ‘Combine Shallu’), complete normal dominance resulted. In F1 or testcross progenies the genotypes Pu Pu and Pu pur could not be separated. On the other hand, Pu Pu and Pu pu (pu from B406) were readily separable in F1 or testcross individuals which demonstrated the late‐season reversal of dominance.

The late‐season rusting, reversal of dominance in certain individuals, provides an example of slow rusting in sorghum, a condition existing as an intra‐allelic interaction. Genotypes Pu Pu, Pu pu, and Pu pur gave satisfactory control of rust in early‐season, although Pu pu became inferior in late season.
Yield and Stability for a 10‐Line Diallel of Single‐Cross and Double‐Cross Maize Hybrids1
Authors: Eberhart S. A. , Russell W. A.
Published: July 2010

A diallel of 45 single‐cross hybrids from 10 inbred lines of maize (Zea mays L.), and a balanced set of 45 doublecross hybrids from the same inbred lines plus 10 commercial hybrids, were grown at 21 locations throughout the U.S. Corn Belt in 1965 and 1966. The purpose was to compare the stability of single‐cross and double‐cross hybrids. Two single crosses, as stable as any of the double crosses, were identified. These two single crosses outyielded the four commercial single crosses by 11%, and the three commercial double crosses by 13%. Although single crosses differed in their ability to respond to more favorable environments, the most important stability parameter appeared to be the deviation mean square. Since all types of gene action appeared to be involved in this stability, potentially useful single crosses must be evaluated over a wide range of environmental conditions to identify stable, high‐yielding single crosses for commercial release
Specific Leaf Weight Differences in Alfalfa Associated with Variety and Plant Age1
Authors: Barnes D. K. , Pearce R. B. , Carlson G. E. , Hart R. H. , Hanson C. H.
Published: July 2010

Procedures for determining specific leay weight (SLW = leaf dry weight per unit leaf area) were described. Significant variation in SLW was found both within and among alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) varieties. Relative SLW ranking of plants was not influenced by stage of maturity. Seedlings classified as high for SLW at the three‐ to six‐trifoliolate leaf stage were also high at the six‐ to 10‐leaf stage and on regrowth after plants had been clipped. The age ✕ variety interaction was not significant. SLW and leaf area appeared to be under independent genetic control. We recommend further investigation of SLW as a selection criterion for increasing yield potential.
Specific Leaf Weight and Photosynthesis in Alfalfa1
Authors: Pearce R. B. , Carlson G. E. , Barnes D. K. , Hart R. H. , Hanson C. H.
Published: July 2010

Specific leaf weight (SLW = leaf dry weight per unit leaf area) and net photosynthesis (Pn) of 13 alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) clones were positively correlated (r = 0.790). Pn increased from 20 ± 7 to 50 ± 8 mg CO2, dm−2 hr−1 when SLW increased from 1.9 to 5.3 mg cm−2. The SLW‐Pn relationship was the same whether SLW was influenced by genetics or environment.

Selections from four alfalfa populations (MSA‐C4, MSB‐11, ‘Vernal,’ and ‘DuPuits’) were grown in high (37.7 klux) and low (12.9 klux) light growth chambers. Except for DuPuits, they showed a SLW‐Pn relationship similar to the 13 clones mentioned above. At high light, the Pn of DuPuits did not exceed 33 ± 6 mg CO2 dm−2 hr−1 even when SLW was greater than 4 mg cm−2.

SLW‐Pn relationships were similar for attached and detached leaves. Leaves selected for high SLW had the highest Pn at several light intensities between 6.3 and 64.0 klux. The possibility of increasing Pn by selecting for SLW is discussed.
Environmental and Genetic Modification of Leaf Number in Maize, Sorghum, and Hungarian Millet1
Authors: Hesketh J. D. , Chase S. S. , Nanda D. K.
Published: July 2010

In Zea mays L., Sorghum vulgare Pers., and Setaria italica (L.) Beauv, leaf number, an attribute differing with genolype and modified by temperature and photoperiod, is correlated with plant weight and height, photosynthetic area, time of flowering, and length of life cycle. Eighteen lnaize hybrids representing a wide range of genotypes, two maize races, three sgrghum varieties, and Hungarian millet were grown variously in CERES, the Canberra phytotron, under intense sunlight radiation and a variety of daylength and temperature regimes. In maize, the average change in leaf number per degree increased from 0.17 to 0.33 over the day/night temperature range 15/10, 21/16, 30/25, and 36/31 C under 16‐hour daylengths, with about the same average increase under 10.hour days. Under short days, at 30 and 21 C, leaf numbers were reduced 2.6 and 1.8 below long‐day values. With 30 C day temperature and 16‐hour daylength, the earliest hybrid developed 15 leaves, the latest 22.3. Leaf numbers per plant were greatest at the higher temperatures, least at the lower, the average difference being almost six leaves per plant. For plants grown at high temperatures, cold treatments up to emergence of the 7th leaf decreased leaf number only in the earlier hybrids. Changes in nutrient level did not alter leaf numbers in the one hybrid studied. Within temperature regimes, leaf number was correlated with dry weight, leaf area, and height per plant at tasseling and with days to tassel emergence. Leaf numbers in sorghum and Hungarian millet responded to environmental changes in abaut the sanle manner as in maize.
Varietal Differences in Net Photosynthesis of Zea mays L.1
Authors: Heichel Gary H. , Musgrave Robert B.
Published: July 2010

The photosynthesis of single, attached leaves was measured in the Held in a well‐ventilated, brightly illuminated chamber by infrared gas analysis. Differences in mean photosynthesis rates of 100 to 200% were observed among inbred, hybrid, and open‐pollinated varieties grown in temperate and tropical climates. Photosynthetic heterosis was apparent in single crosses derived from inbreds of divergent ancestry. Marked variability in photosynthesis among plants of several varieties was observed. Photosynthetic rates were correlated with fresh weight of leaf lamina and days between emergence and silking, but not with dry weight of leaf lamina, or with water content or soluble solids of leaf.
Inheritance of Rust Resistance in Safflower1
Authors: Zimmer D. E. , Urie A. L.
Published: July 2010

The inheritance of resistance in safflower, Carthamus tinctorius L., to the foliage and seedling phase of rust, incited by Puccinia carthami Cda., was studied in crosses between rust‐susceptible lines and three resistant selection (‘PI 195895‐95,’ ‘PI 250601‐109,’ ‘PI 253914‐5’). The relationship between the genes for resistance of these selections and the resistance genes of ‘7083‐245‐8,’ ‘PI 250721‐73,’ and ‘Nebraska 1‐1‐5’ was determined from the segregation ratios exhibited in the F2 and F3 generations. Three independently inherited‐dominant‐factor pairs AA, II, and MM, which individually and collectively condition resistance to both seedling and foliage rust, were found — Gene A in PI 253914‐5, gene M in PI 195895‐95 and 7083‐245‐8, and gene I in PI 250601‐109 and PI 250721‐73. Genes A, I, and M were inherited independently of the exclusionary resistance gene‐pair N1N1 of Nebraska 1‐1‐5. They are believed to be unrelated to the OyOy gene pair for resistance in Carthamus oxyacantha M.B.
Effect of Planting Rate and Genotypic Frequency on Yield and Seed Size in Mixtures of Two Wheat Varieties1
Authors: Chapman S. R. , Allard R. W. , Adams Julian
Published: July 2010

Yield of mixtures of the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties Baart 46’ and Ramona’ grown in row plantings varied with the frequency of the two varieties and showed significant positive deviations from predictions based on the weighted mean performance of components. This frequency dependent effect was itself dependent on density. The seed size of mixtures showed no such frequency dependent effects although seed size increased significantly at lower population densities
Differential Responses of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Selections to Three Herbicides1
Authors: Anderson Lee G. , Kneebone William R.
Published: July 2010

Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pets.) selections were evaluated as rooted cuttings for their reaction to atrazine, bromacil, and dalapon applied as subirrigation solutions. Herbicide effects were first observable as changes in leaf color with leaves becoming yellow and ultimately dying. These changes were quantitatively assessed by a recording densitometer. Selections differed significantly in responses to herbicide exposure with some showing a high degree of resistance. No selection was resistant to all three herbicides.
Variations in Nutritive Value Among Species of the Medicago Genus as Measured by Laboratory Techniques1
Authors: Allinson D. W. , Elliott F. C. , Tesar M. B.
Published: July 2010

Individual alfalfa clones derived from populations of Medicago sativa L., M. falcata L., M. glutinosa M. B., and M. coerulea Less. were analyzed for nutritive value by using (a) in vitro fermentation techniques and (b) fiber analyses.

Considerable variation in estimated nutritive value occurred both within and between populations. The range of values of percent dry matter disappearance (DMD), using a 6‐hr in vitro fermentation technique, within populations was from 45.0 to 27.1% (M. sativa, ‘DuPuits’) to 33.3 to 27.7% (M. glutinosa). The corresponding range between populatiou means was 35.4 (M. sativa, ‘DuPuits’) to 26.3% (M. falcata, ‘Wisconsin 460’). Clones of high estimated uutritive value were characterized by being relatively low in fibrous or cell wall constituents. Similarly, the production of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids was consistently greater in fermentations when clones of high estimated nutritive value were used as substrates compared to clones of low estimated nutritive value.
Breaking Dormancy in Seeds of Pearl Millet, Pennisetum typhoides1
Authors: Burton Glenn W.
Published: July 2010

Seeds of most pearl millet, Pennisetum typholdes (Burm.) Stapf and C.E. Hubb., genotypes are partially dormant for several weeks after harvest. Storage in airtight containers at 0 to 6 C extended the dormancy period in such seeds to more than 12 months. Leaching in running water and exposure to light failed to improve germination and exposure to dry heat from 60 to 90 C for 1 to 72 hours reduced the germination of dormant (but not nondormant) seeds. Soaks in water solutions of the following chemicals listed in order of decreasing effectiveness improved the germination of partially dormant pearl millet seed: 2‐chlorocthanol, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, potassium nitrate, sulfuric acid, potassium salt of gibberellic acid, and kinetin. A 1‐hour soak in a water solution of 1% 2‐chloroethanol plus 0.5% sodium hypochlorite increased the germination of dormant pearl millet seeds significantly more than any other chemical without reducing the germination of any genotype tested.
Chromosome Configuration Changes with Stages of Anther Development in a Triploid Sorghum Plant1
Authors: Lin P. S. , Ross J. G.
Published: July 2010

The homozygous nature of a triploid sorghum plant derived by selfing a haploid afforded the unique opportunity of studying chromosome behavior without the effect of heterozygosity. Frequency of univalents per cell at metaphase I of meiosis was found to increase while frequency of two trivalent types decreased as stage of anther development progressed. At anaphase I and telophase I, laggards per cell likewise increased at later stages of development of the anthers. These observations may be explained by the tendency of univalents to delay metaphase I so freqency of cells containing univalents would increase at later stages of anther development.
Identification of Photoperiod Insensitive Strains of Maize (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Francis C. A. , Grogan C. O. , Sperling D. W.
Published: July 2010

Forty maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds and two hybrids were evaluated for day length reaction. Types considered to be insensitive, sensitive, and intermediate were found. Some could not be classified during the duration of the study. The extremes of insensitive to sensitive were found in each of the differentiation and maturity classes. This suggests that insensitivity can be incorporated into maize of different maturities and thus the development of genotypes with very wide adaptation is possible.
Interactive Effects of Temperature and Osmotic Potential on the Germination of Range Plants1
Authors: Tadmor N. H. , Cohen Y. , Harpaz Y.
Published: July 2010

Germination of Oryzopsis holciformis (M.B.) Hack, Phalaris tuberosa L., Medicago polymorpha L., Medicago truncatula Gaertn., and cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were compared in D‐mannitol solutions of 0, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 4.0, 8.0 and 15 atm. osmotic concentration at 4, 10, 15, 20 and 25 C. The effect of temperature X osmotic potential interaction differed with the aspect of germination investigated. Onset of germination was delayed in all species by an osmotic potential above 4 atm. In Phalaris and Oryzopsis, onset of germination also was negatively correlated with temperature. Final germination percentage was dependent on the temperature X osmotic potential interaction in all range species. The more the temperature diverged from the optimum for germination, the more final germination became dependent on osmotic potential. The rate of germination was greatly affected by temperature at all osmotic potentials in all species, while the effect of osmotic potential was greatly dependent on temperature.
Contribution of Stalk Soluble Carbohydrates to Grain Yield in Corn (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Daynard T. B. , Tanner J. W. , Hume D. J.
Published: July 2010

A significant reduction in stalk dry weight was found to occur during the last half of the grain‐filling period for several corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids grown at various plant populations during two seasons in Ontario. This decrease was attributed to a remobilization towards the ear of soluble carbohydrates stored temporarily in the stalk.
Effects of Variation in Leaf Area Index on Growth of Maize and Soybeans1
Authors: Buttery B.R.
Published: July 2010

Maize and soybean crops were grown at high density in separate plots in the same field experiment; when a thick canopy had developed, a range of leaf area indexes (LAI) was created by thinning. Samples were taken at time of thinning and 2 weeks later. The experiment was repeated twice yearly for 3 years.

Mean relative growth rate (RGR) and mean net assimilation rate (NAR) increased with increasing density, while mean crop growth rate (CGR) and leaf area ratio (LAR) decreased. In four maize and two soybean experiments the best fitting regression of NAR on LAI was a straight line; in the other six experiments the relationship was curvilinear. NAR of maize declined more rapidly with increase in LAI than did that of soybeans, but if the regression values at LAI = 4 were expressed as percentages of the values at LAI = 1, the NAR of maize and soybeans decreased at the same rate. Thus, the adverse effects of self‐shading with increase in LAI are at least as pronounced in maize as in soybeans. Despite this, NAR of soybeans was only 57% of that of maize, and CGR of maize was correspondingly greater than that of soybeans. In only 4 out of the 12 experiments was an optimum value of LAI indicated.