bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fabrication and characterization of vapor grown carbon nanofiber/epoxy magnetic nanocomposites
Authors: Zhu Yaofeng , Ding Juan , Fu Yaqin , Dong Yubing
Published: December 2014

Co3O4 nanoparticle‐decorated vapor‐grown carbon nanofiber (VGCNF) hybrid materials were successfully synthesized and served as nanofillers for preparing magnetic epoxy (EP) nanocomposites. The Co3O4‐decorated VGCNF (Co3O4‐VGCNF) and Co3O4‐VGCNF/EP nanocomposites were systematically and explicitly investigated by combined analytical techniques. The composition and phase structure of Co3O4‐VGCNF hybrid materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction analyses. The morphology of Co3O4 was investigated using field‐emission scanning electronic microscopy (FE‐SEM). Results revealed the presence of Co3O4 nanoparticles firmly immobilized on VGCNF sidewalls. The tensile mechanical, thermomechanical, and magnetic properties of Co3O4‐VGCNF/EP nanocomposites were also investigated in detail. Results indicated that the tensile strength of Co3O4‐VGCNF/EP nanocomposites (filler = 0.5 wt%) improved by 44.6% compared with that of raw VGCNF/EP nanocomposites (filler = 0.5 wt%). Magnetization measurements revealed that Co3O4‐VGCNF/EP nanocomposites exhibited ferromagnetic behavior, and the saturation magnetization and coercivity of the nanocomposites with 2 wt% of Co3O4‐VGCNF were 0.055 emu g−1 and 0.75 kOe, respectively. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:1728–1734, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Thermal conductivity of epoxy resins filled with MWCNT and hydrotalcite clay: Experimental data and theoretical predictive modeling
Authors: Romano Vittorio , Naddeo Carlo , Guadagno Liberata , Vertuccio Luigi
Published: December 2014

In this work, the effect of hydrotalcite clay on the thermal conductivity of epoxy resin filled with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been studied. Thermal and morphological experiments show that the presence of hydrotalcite clay in a mesh of carbon nanotubes gives rise to aggregates and twisted bundles, resulting in a lower thermal conductivity of epoxy nanocomposites. Simple model for evaluation of the thermal conductivity of the composites is presented as analytical function of volume fraction, anisotropic thermal conductivities, aspect ratio, non‐straightness, and interfacial thermal resistance of the CNTs. The model predictions agree very well with the measured thermal conductivities of epoxy nanocomposites and confirm the hypothesis that the presence of a clay in a mesh of nanotubes results in a lower elongation of CNT. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:1118–1123, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Point pattern analysis with spatially varying covariate effects, applied to the study of cerebrovascular deaths
Authors: Pinto Junior Jony Arrais , Gamerman Dani , Paez Marina Silva , Fonseca Alves Regina Helena
Published: December 2014

This article proposes a modeling approach for handling spatial heterogeneity present in the study of the geographical pattern of deaths due to cerebrovascular disease.The framework involvesa point pattern analysis with components exhibiting spatial variation. Preliminary studies indicate that mortality of this disease and the effect of relevant covariates do not exhibit uniform geographic distribution. Our model extends a previously proposed model in the literature that uses spatial and non‐spatial variables by allowing for spatial variation of the effect of non‐spatial covariates. A number of relative risk indicators are derived by comparing different covariate levels, different geographic locations, or both. The methodology is applied to the study of the geographical death pattern of cerebrovascular deaths in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The results compare well against existing alternatives, including fixed covariate effects. Our model is able to capture and highlight important data information that would not be noticed otherwise, providing information that is required for appropriate health decision‐making. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fe3O4 nanoparticle redox system modulation via cell‐cycle progression and gene expression in human mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Periasamy Vaiyapuri S. , Athinarayanan Jegan , Alhazmi Mohammad , Alatiah Khalid A. , Alshatwi Ali A.
Published: December 2014

The use of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) across multiple fields and applications has rapidly increased over the last decade owing to their unusual properties. However, there is an increased need in understanding their toxicological effect on human health. Particularly, iron oxide (Fe3O4) have been used in various sectors, including biomedical, food, and agriculture, but the current understanding of their impact on human health is inadequate. In this investigation, we assessed the toxic effect of Fe3O4 NPs on human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) adopting cell viability, cellular morphological changes, mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and cell‐cycle progression assessment methodologies. Furthermore, the expression of oxidative stress, cell death, and cell‐cycle regulatory genes was assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The Fe3O4 NPs induced cytotoxicity and nuclear morphological changes in hMSCs by dose and time exposure. Cell‐cycle analysis indicated that Fe3O4 NPs altered the cell‐cycle progression through a decrease in the proportion of cells in the G0–G1 phase. The hMSC mitochondrial membrane potential loss increased with an increase in the concentration of Fe3O4 NPs exposure. The observed expression levels of the CYP1A, TNF3, TNFSF10, E2F1, and CCNC genes were significantly upregulated in hMSCs in response to Fe3O4 NPs exposure. Our findings suggest that Fe3O4 NPs caused metabolic stress through altered cell cycle, oxidative stress, and cell death regulatory gene expression in hMSCs. The results of this investigation revealed that Fe3O4 NPs exhibited moderate toxicity on hMSCs and that Fe3O4 NPs may have biomedical applications at low concentrations. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 901–912, 2016.
Talking shit: is Community‐Led Total Sanitation a radical and revolutionary approach to sanitation?
Authors: Galvin Mary
Published: December 2014

Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) is a new approach to sanitation that has been widely adopted by international and national development organizations and national governments and implemented in 56 countries in the global South. Using participatory methods, it forces primarily rural communities to recognize that their practice of open defecation causes sickness and disease in their area and ‘triggers’ them to take action, ensuring that every household builds at least a pit latrine so that the community becomes open defecation free (ODF). In contrast to past approaches, one of its main tenets is strictly no subsidies of finance or materials. In the absence of monitoring and evaluation systems, it is not clear whether its immediate achievements are sustainable. In addition to questioning its sustainability, it is essential to examine CLTS through the analytical lens of power dynamics and human rights. While there is a rich practitioner‐focused literature, there are few critical studies of this nature. Drawing on literature from a range of disciplines, this article deliberates how CLTS can be understood in terms of the concepts of rights, agents, and community. It questions whether, in the case of conflicting rights, the communal right to sanitation may justify compromising an individual's right to dignity. It also asks how we balance the right to dignity against the socioeconomic right to sanitation. Finally it questions the community led nature of CLTS, and suggests that external agents retain a level of responsibility for responding to any human rights infringements. WIREs Water 2015, 2:9–20. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1055

This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Water, Health, and Sanitation

Human Water > Water as Imagined and Represented
Perceived physical appearance and life satisfaction: A moderated mediation model of self‐esteem and life experience of deaf and hearing adolescents
Authors: Lu Aitao , Hong Xiuxiu , Yu Yanping , Ling Hong , Tian Haiping , Yu Zuwei , Chang Lei
Published: December 2014

In this study, we investigated the relationship between perceived physical appearance and life satisfaction, and the role of self‐esteem as mediator and life experience as moderator of the relationship in deaf and hearing adolescents. 118 Chinese deaf adolescents (55.1% male; mean age = 15.12 years, standard deviation [SD] = 2.13) from 5 special education schools and 132 Chinese hearing adolescents (53.8% male; mean age = 13.11 years, SD = .85) completed anonymous questionnaires regarding perceived physical appearance, self‐esteem, and life satisfaction. Perceived physical appearance, self‐esteem, and life satisfaction were significantly and positively associated with each other. Moreover, self‐esteem partially mediated the relationship between perceived physical appearance and life satisfaction; however, this indirect link was weaker for deaf adolescents than it was for hearing adolescents. Implications of the findings and future research directions are discussed, as are potential interventions that can be applied to increase subjective well‐being in deaf adolescents.
Botulinum neurotoxin homologs in non‐Clostridium species
Authors: Mansfield Michael J. , Adams Jeremy B. , Doxey Andrew C.
Published: December 2014

Clostridial neurotoxins (CNTs) are the deadliest toxins known and the causative agents of botulism and tetanus. Despite their structural and functional complexity, no CNT homologs are currently known outside Clostridium. Here, we report the first homologs of Clostridium CNTs within the genome of the rice fermentation organism Weissella oryzae SG25. One gene in W. oryzae S25 encodes a protein with a four‐domain architecture and HExxH protease motif common to botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs). An adjacent gene with partial similarity to CNTs is also present, and both genes seem to have been laterally transferred into the W. oryzae genome from an unknown source. Identification of mobile, CNT‐related genes outside of Clostridium has implications for our understanding of the evolution of this important toxin family.
Disruption of Snf3/Rgt2 glucose sensors decreases lifespan and caloric restriction effectiveness through Mth1/Std1 by adjusting mitochondrial efficiency in yeast
Authors: Choi Kyung-Mi , Kwon Young-Yon , Lee Cheol-Koo
Published: December 2014

Down‐regulation of intracellular nutrient signal pathways was proposed to be a primary mechanism of caloric restriction (CR)‐mediated lifespan extension. However, the link between lifespan and glucose sensors in the plasma membrane was poorly understood in yeast. Herein, a mutant that lacked glucose sensors (snf3Δrgt2Δ) had impaired glucose fermentation, showed decreased chronological lifespan (CLS), and reduced CLS extension by CR. The mutant also had reduced mitochondrial efficiency, as inferred by increased mitochondrial superoxide and decreased ATP levels. Mth1 and Std1, which are downstream effectors of the Snf3/Rgt2 pathway, were required for viability through mitochondrial function but not fermentative metabolism.
Neoadjuvant transcatheter arterial chemoembolization does not provide survival benefit compared to curative therapy alone in single hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Yeh Ming‐Lun , Huang Ching‐I , Huang Chung‐Feng , Hsieh Ming‐Yen , Huang Jee‐Fu , Dai Chia‐Yen , Lin Zu‐Yau , Chen Shinn‐Cherng , Yu Ming‐Lung , Chuang Wan‐Long
Published: December 2014

The role of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) prior to curative therapy is still unclear. The aim of our study was to elucidate the survival of single hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and also to clarify whether TACE plus sequential curative therapy provides benefits in single HCC. A total of 470 patients with a diagnosis of single HCC between 2005 and 2010 were studied. The factors associated with clinical outcomes were analyzed. The outcomes between patients who underwent neoadjuvant TACE and those who did not were also compared. The 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year overall survival (OS) rates of all patients were 92.6%, 73.3%, and 59.6%, respectively. Child‐Pugh class A [HR: 2.04, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.277–3.254, p = 0.003], very early stage Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) (HR: 2.03, 95% CI: 1.021–4.025, p = 0.043), tumor size < 5 cm (HR: 1.75, 95% CI: 1.115–2.751, p = 0.015), alpha fetoprotein (AFP) level < 200 ng/mL (HR: 2.07, 95% CI: 1.346–3.182, p = 0.001), and curative‐based therapy (HR: 2.16, 95% CI: 1.442–3.224, p < 0.001) were factors associated with better OS. The 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year disease‐free survival (DFS) rates of all the patients were 75.4%, 53.7%, and 36.3%, respectively. Only Child‐Pugh class A (HR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.068–2.294, p = 0.022) and curative‐based therapy (HR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.128–2.028, p = 0.006) were significantly associated with better DFS. Neoadjuvant TACE did not provide benefit compared with curative therapy alone in subgroup analysis. In conclusion, neoadjuvant TACE is not recommended in single HCC patients who may indicate for curative therapy.
Splanchnic-bed transfers of amino acids in sheep blood and plasma, as monitored through use of a multiple U-13C-labelled amino acid mixture
Authors: Lobley G. E. , Connell A. , Revell D. K. , Bequette B. J. , Brown D. S. , Calder A. G.
Published: December 2014

The response in whole-body and splanchnic tissue mass and isotope amino acid transfers in both plasma and blood has been studied in sheep offered 800 g lucerne (Medicago sutiva) pellets/d. Amino acid mass transfers were quantified over a 4 h period,by arterio-venous procedures, across the portal-drained viscera (PDV) and liver on day 5 of an intravenous infusion of either vehicle or the methylated products, choline (0.5 g/d) plus creatine (10 g/d). Isotopic movements were monitored over the same period during a 10 h infusion of a mixture of U-13C-labelled amino acids obtained from hydrolysis of labelled algal cells. Sixteen amino acids were monitored by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, with thirteen of these analysed within a single chromatographic analysis. Except for methionine, which is discussed in a previous paper, no significant effects of choline plus creatine infusion were observed on any of the variables reported. Whole-body protein irreversible-loss rates ranged from 158 to 245 g/d for the essential amino acids, based on the relative enrichments (dilution of the U-13C molecules by those unlabelled) of free amino acids in arterial plasma, and 206-519 g/d, when blood free amino acid relative enrichments were used for the calculations. Closer agreement was obtained between lysine, threonine, phenylalanine and the branched-chain amino acids. Plasma relative enrichments always exceeded those in blood (P < 0.001), possibly due to hydrolysis of peptides or degradation of protein within the erythrocyte or slow equilibration between plasma and the erythrocyte. Net absorbed amino acids across the PDV were carried predominantly in the plasma. Little evidence was obtained of any major and general involvement of the erythrocytes in the transport of free amino acids from the liver. Net isotope movements also supported these findings. Estimates of protein synthesis rates across the PDV tissues from [U-13C] leucine kinetics showed good agreement with previous values obtained with single-labelled leucine. Variable rates were obtained between the essential amino acids, probably due to different intracellular dilutions. Isotope dilution across the liver was small and could be attributed predominantly to uni-directional transfer from extracellular sources into the hepatocytes and this probably dominates the turnover of the intracellular hepatic amino acid pools.
Heat Generation and Transport in the Earth
Authors: Jaupart Claude , Mareschal Jean-Claude
Published: December 2014

Heat provides the energy that drives almost all geological phenomena and sets the temperature at which these phenomena operate. This book explains the key physical principles of heat transport with simple physical arguments and scaling laws that allow quantitative evaluation of heat flux and cooling conditions in a variety of geological settings and systems. The thermal structure and evolution of magma reservoirs, the crust, the lithosphere and the mantle of the Earth are reviewed within the context of plate tectonics and mantle convection - illustrating how theoretical arguments can be combined with field and laboratory data to arrive at accurate interpretations of geological observations. Appendices contain data on the thermal properties of rocks, surface heat flux measurements and rates of radiogenic heat production. This book can be used for advanced courses in geophysics, geodynamics and magmatic processes, and is a reference for researchers in geoscience, environmental science, physics, engineering and fluid dynamics.
Description des expériences de la machine aérostatique de MM. de Montgolfier
Authors: Faujas de St-Fond Barthélemy
Published: December 2014

The French geologist and traveller Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond (1741–1819) was a strong supporter of the aerostatic experiments of the Montgolfier brothers, seeking to publicise their pioneering endeavours in this 1783 work. Exploiting the principle that hot air is lighter than cold, the Montgolfiers developed and demonstrated their hot air balloons to great acclaim. In this collection of reports, Faujas presents the details of each experiment, describing the balloons as well as potential improvements. Where possible, he specifies the position of witnesses, precise timings and viewing angles. A number of finely engraved plates enhance the work, giving readers a flavour of the spectacle that impressed contemporary observers. Faujas published a second volume, containing additional accounts and illustrations, in 1784. His Minéralogie des volcans (1784) and Essai de géologie (1803–9) are also reissued in this series.
Observations in Natural History
Authors: Jenyns Leonard
Published: December 2014

Although devoted to his parish, Leonard Jenyns (1800–93) combined his clerical duties with keen research into natural history. Notably, he was offered the place on the Beagle that later went to Charles Darwin. His numerous works include A Manual of British Vertebrate Animals (1835) and Observations in Meteorology (1858), both of which are reissued in this series. First published in 1846, the present work was originally intended as a companion volume to Gilbert White's acclaimed Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne (1789), which Jenyns had copied out as a student at Eton. The product of two decades of meticulous observation of Jenyns' surroundings in eastern England, the text includes journal entries with careful records on a wide variety of wildlife, including quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fish, insects and molluscs. Also featuring a detailed calendar of periodic phenomena, this work illuminates the rhythms and quirks of the natural world in England.
Michael Faraday
Authors: Gladstone John Hall
Published: December 2014

Encouraged to share his memories of Michael Faraday (1791–1867), John Hall Gladstone (1827–1902) published in 1872 this short work about his late friend's life and career. Faraday's successor as Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution, Gladstone discusses how Faraday approached science, and the value of his discoveries. Offering informed insights into Faraday's character, Gladstone includes a number of extracts from personal letters. The work also includes a translation of part of the eulogy given by Jean-Baptiste Dumas at the Académie des Sciences, as well as an anonymous poem honouring Faraday and published in Punch shortly after his death. An appendix lists the numerous learned societies to which Faraday belonged. Also reissued in this series are The Life and Letters of Faraday (1870), compiled by Henry Bence Jones, and John Tyndall's Faraday as a Discoverer (1868).
Transitional and Retrospective Justice in the Baltic States
Authors: Pettai Eva-Clarita , Pettai Vello
Published: December 2014

More than twenty years after the fall of communism, many countries in Central and Eastern Europe are still seeking truth and justice for the repression suffered under communist rule. This search has been particularly notable in the Baltic states, given the three countries' histories as both former Soviet republics and later member-states of the European Union. On the one hand, the legacy of Stalinist oppression was more severe in these countries than elsewhere in Central Europe, but on the other hand much of this past could more easily be externalized onto the former Soviet Union (and by extension Russia) following re-independence. Transitional and Retrospective Justice in the Baltic States develops a novel conceptual framework in order to understand the politics involved with transitional and retrospective justice, and then applies this outline to the Baltic states to analyse more systematic patterns of truth- and justice-seeking in the post-communist world.
Essai de géologie
Authors: Faujas-de-St.-Fond Barthélemy
Published: December 2014

Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond (1741–1819) abandoned the legal profession to pursue studies in natural history. Appointed a royal commissioner of mines in 1785, he also served as professor of geology at the natural history museum in Paris from 1793 until his death. His keen interest in rocks, minerals and fossils led to a number of important discoveries, among which was confirmation that basalt was a volcanic product. The present work appeared in three parts between 1803 and 1809. The first volume features an introductory discussion of the current state of geology, before going on to consider the fossils of plants, shells, fish, cetaceans, crocodiles, and various mammalian quadrupeds. Of related interest in the history of geology, Minéralogie des volcans (1784) and the revised English edition of A Journey through England and Scotland to the Hebrides in 1784 (1907) are two other works by Faujas which are also reissued in this series.
Travels from St Petersburg in Russia, to Diverse Parts of Asia
Authors: Bell John
Published: December 2014

John Bell (1691–1780) trained as a physician, but preferred a life of travel and diplomacy. He entered the service of Tsar Peter the Great of Russia, and had already taken part (as the expedition's doctor) in a government mission to Persia in 1715–18 when he was asked to join a further embassy to China. This two-volume work, published in 1763, describes both these journeys. The first part of Volume 1 contains an account of the Persian expedition, and the second a narrative of the journey across Siberia to the walls of Beijing. It includes fascinating anecdotes of the peoples encountered, and their environment, beliefs and customs, including a female Siberian shaman, the pet musk deer of an exiled Swedish general, and the interdependence of marmots and rhubarb (at this time a valuable medicinal drug). This is a delightful account of an area then hardly known in the west.
A Journey through England and Scotland to the Hebrides in 1784
Authors: Faujas de St-Fond Barthélemy
Published: December 2014

The French geologist Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond (1741–1819) abandoned the legal profession to pursue studies in natural history, working at the museum of natural history in Paris and as royal commissioner of mines. His enthusiasm for geology took him in 1784 to Britain, to investigate the basalt formations on the Hebridean island of Staffa described by Sir Joseph Banks in Pennant's Tour in Scotland (also reissued in this series). His subsequent account was published in France in 1797, and first translated into English in an abridged form in 1814. This two-volume annotated translation by the well-known geologist Sir Archibald Geikie (1835–1924), prefaced by a short biography of Faujas, was published in 1907. The work is interesting for its social as well as its geological observations. Volume 2 describes the geology and natural history of the Hebrides. On his return journey, Faujas also visits the geological marvels of Derbyshire.
Journal of Captain Cook's Last Voyage to the Pacific Ocean, on Discovery
Authors: Rickman John
Published: December 2014

John Rickman, second lieutenant on one of the two ships commanded by James Cook on his last expedition, wrote this journal during the voyage. It was first published anonymously in 1781, because the Admiralty embargoed all personal accounts until an official report of the voyage was released. Rickman apparently wanted to anticipate any attempt to blame him (a party under his command had killed a Hawaiian chief) for precipitating Cook's death. This revised edition, 'compared with, and corrected from, the voyage published by authority' was published - again anonymously - in 1785. After an editorial preface and an introductory account of earlier voyages to the South Seas, the journal itself offers a detailed first-hand narrative of the four-year voyage, including the deaths of Cook and of Captain Clerke, who took over command of the expedition but died of tuberculosis while searching for the western entrance to the North-West Passage.
Memorials of the Sea
Authors: Scoresby William
Published: December 2014

Son of an Arctic whaler, William Scoresby (1789–1857) made the first of many voyages to northern latitudes when he was just ten years old. Later a scientist and clergyman, he wrote on a wide range of topics, and his observations on the Arctic prompted further exploration of the region. The two works reissued here together draw on his experience of seafaring in difficult conditions. First published in 1835, Memorials of the Sea is coloured by Scoresby's belief in divine providence. He discusses the observance of the Sabbath at sea, and considers the Mary Russell murders of 1828, where a ship's captain killed his crew. Scoresby interviewed the perpetrator himself and draws his own conclusions as to the meaning of the incident. The second work included in this reissue is The Franklin Expedition (1850), drawing together considerations relating to the fate and whereabouts of the missing explorers.
Memoir of John Aubrey
Authors: Britton John
Published: December 2014

The antiquarian and topographer John Britton (1771–1857) is best remembered for his multi-volume series of The Beauties of England and Wales. A self-taught author and scholar, he was attracted by the work of John Aubrey (1626–97), who was born in the same Wiltshire village as him, and had very similar interests as an antiquarian and biographer, famous for his Brief Lives and for his surveys of and writings on Avebury and Stonehenge. Britton's research on Aubrey's life induced him to write a fresh account, using surviving manuscripts as well as printed sources, which would clear up the contradictions and errors of earlier versions. This 1845 book is a fascinating portrait of a sickly child who ended up a pauper because of family debts and lawsuits, but was a diligent and intelligent scholar, scientist and occultist, and a close friend of Thomas Hobbes and Robert Hooke.
A Tour in Wales, MDCCLXXIII
Authors: Pennant Thomas
Published: December 2014

Antiquary, zoologist and traveller, Thomas Pennant (1726–98) is remembered for his work in bringing natural history to popular attention and for his engaging writing about the journeys he made. Lavishly illustrated by Moses Griffith with fine engravings of the stunning scenery, buildings and artefacts, this work appeared in two volumes between 1778 and 1781. More than a mere travelogue, this tour of his native country is full of delightful vignettes and historical background. The descriptions of locations and buildings reveal Pennant's thorough mind and tireless capacity for observation. Several of Pennant's other works, including his Tour in Scotland (second edition, 1772), are also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection. Volume 2 follows a route around the area of Snowdonia, the Llŷn Peninsula, Caernarfon, Anglesey and the north-east coast. The latter part of the volume traces a journey from Downing in Flintshire to Shrewsbury via Montgomery.
The Auricula
Authors: Biffen Rowland H.
Published: December 2014

The plant geneticist Sir Rowland Biffen (1874–1949), who is best remembered for his work on the improvement of English wheat varieties using Mendelian principles, was also a keen botanist and gardener. This short work on the auricula, published posthumously in 1951, contains a full botanical account of the species, but also a social history of this most popular of 'florist's flowers'. Probably introduced to England by refugees from the continent in the late sixteenth century, the auricula, though delicate-looking, is extremely hardy, can be grown in pots, and hybridizes freely, and so it was an ideal plant for competitive growers, especially in the north of England, who in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries vied with each other to breed ever more spectacular varieties, while adhering to strict guidelines on form and proportion. This work, illustrated with seven black-and-white plates, will be of interest to botanists and garden historians alike.
The Transformation of Islamic Law in Global Financial Markets
Authors: Ercanbrack Jonathan
Published: December 2014

The role of global capital in relation to human social systems has assumed enormous proportions in liberalised, deregulated markets. States attempt to nationalise it, financial centres spring up in its wake, and INGOs attempt to deal with its de-territorialising, supranational characteristics. A global adjudication system (arbitration) has been introduced to safeguard and buttress its flow. The power of Islamic capital has generated numerous sites of legal contestation and negotiation, ranging from gateway financial centres, international law firms and transnational financial institutions, all of which interact in the production of Islamic financial law (IFL). The process of producing IFL illustrates complex fields of action driven by power dynamics, neoliberal paradigms and the institutional momentum of the global economy. The municipal legal systems under study in this book (the United Kingdom, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates and the Dubai International Financial Centre) illustrate globalisation's acceleration of legal, economic and social production.
The Epistolary Correspondence of Sir Richard Steele
Authors: Steele Richard
Published: December 2014

Sir Richard Steele (1672–1729), soldier, courtier and dramatist, is best remembered for his founding of two literary and political periodicals, the Tatler and the Spectator (the latter jointly with his friend Joseph Addison). These two volumes of his letters to friends and family were compiled by the publisher John Nichols and published in 1809. Nichols claims in his preface that these letters, 'some of them evidently scribbled when their amiable Author was probably not in the very best condition for penmanship', are nonetheless of great interest, 'as they contain the private and undisguised opinions of the man who took upon himself to be the Censor of the age'. In Volume 1, many of the letters are addressed to his second wife (both before and after their marriage), others to Addison, Swift, and the duke of Marlborough. Fragments of two unfinished plays by Steele, and one by Addison, are also included.
The Epistolary Correspondence of Sir Richard Steele
Authors: Steele Richard
Published: December 2014

Sir Richard Steele (1672–1729), soldier, courtier and dramatist, is best remembered for his founding of two literary and political periodicals, the Tatler and the Spectator (the latter jointly with his friend Joseph Addison). These two volumes of his letters to friends and family were compiled by the publisher John Nichols and published in 1809. Nichols claims in his preface that these letters, 'some of them evidently scribbled when their amiable Author was probably not in the very best condition for penmanship', are nonetheless of great interest, 'as they contain the private and undisguised opinions of the man who took upon himself to be the Censor of the age'. Volume 2 contains letters to his wife and daughters, and to literary and political figures of his day, including Sir Robert Walpole, Robert Harley, earl of Oxford, the duke of Newcastle, and the theatre managers Cibber and Booth.
Tour of a German Artist in England
Authors: Passavant Johann David
Published: December 2014

The German artist Johann David Passavant (1787–1861) visited Britain in 1831 in order to examine works by Raphael in private and public galleries for a book he was preparing. He had not been able to find any helpful German accounts of British collections, and so decided to publish a narrative of his own travels and observations. The British writer and art critic Elizabeth Rigby (later Lady Eastlake) produced a two-volume translation in 1836, believing that English readers would benefit from Passavant's descriptions of little-known collections in their own country, as well as from his practitioner's response to the works themselves. Volume 1 covers the National Gallery, the Royal Academy and the royal collections at Buckingham and Kensington Palaces, Windsor Castle and Hampton Court, as well as the private galleries of aristocrats and wealthy commoners in London and the home counties, ending with the colleges of Oxford.
A Bibliography of Printing
Authors: Bigmore E. C. , Wyman C. W. H.
Published: December 2014

This three-volume bibliography of printing was published between 1880 and 1886 by E. C. Bigmore (1838–99) and C. W. H. Wyman (1832–1909), who had, unknown to each other, been working on similar projects and were brought together by the antiquarian bookseller and publisher Bernard Quaritch. The scope of the work, which quickly became a classic, includes 'typographic, lithographic, copperplate printing, etc., with the cognate arts of type-founding, stereotyping, electrotyping, and wood-engraving', but excludes the topics of paper and bookbinding. The three volumes are arranged in alphabetical order of surname of author; anonymous works are ordered by the wording of the title. Compiled with the assistance of such historians of printing as William Blades and John Southward (several of whose works are available in this series), this authoritative work is of continuing value to bibliographers. Volume 2, published in 1884, covers the letters M to S.
A Descriptive Study of Bengali Words
Authors: Dash Niladri Sekhar
Published: December 2014

This book is a study of modern Bengali words based on the data obtained from a corpus of written texts. The author has used all kinds of data, information and examples from the Bengali corpus to shape up this text. He has made an empirical attempt to analyse Bengali words and other lexical items from the perspective of their surface orthographic representation to understand the internal structure of their composition with a focus on their functional roles in various contexts of their usage within texts. In order to achieve this goal, he has established a link between the internal composition and external representation of words within an interface of usage and function of words in texts. The issues addressed in the book include decomposition of words, interpretation of function of word-formative elements and analysis of lexico-semantic identities of the word-formative elements in relation to their function in words.
Deep-Sky Companions: The Messier Objects
Authors: O'Meara Stephen James
Published: December 2014

The bright galaxies, star clusters, and nebulae catalogued in the late 1700s by the famous comet hunter Charles Messier are still the most widely observed celestial wonders in the sky. The second edition of Stephen James O'Meara's acclaimed observing guide to the Messier Objects features improved star charts for helping you find the objects, a much more robust telling of the history behind their discovery - including a glimpse into Messier's fascinating life - and updated astrophysical facts to put it all into context. These additions, along with new photos taken with the most advanced amateur telescopes, bring O'Meara's first edition more than a decade into the twenty-first century. Expand your universe and test your viewing skills with this truly modern Messier guide. It is a must for all budding night watchers.
Sexting and Cyberbullying
Authors: Shariff Shaheen
Published: December 2014

Directed at policy makers, legislators, educators, parents, the legal community, and anyone concerned about current public policy responses to sexting and cyberbullying, this book examines the lines between online joking and legal consequences. It offers an analysis of reactive versus preventive legal and educational responses to these issues using evidence-based research with digitally empowered kids. Shaheen Shariff highlights the influence of popular and 'rape' culture on the behavior of adolescents who establish sexual identities and social relationships through sexting. She argues that we need to move away from criminalizing children and toward engaging them in the policy development process, and she observes that important lessons can be learned from constitutional and human rights frameworks. She also draws attention to the value of children's literature in helping the legal community better understand children's moral development and in helping children clarify the lines between harmless jokes and harmful postings that could land them in jail.
The Anthropology of Intentions
Authors: Duranti Alessandro
Published: December 2014

How and to what extent do people take into account the intentions of others? Alessandro Duranti sets out to answer this question, showing that the role of intentions in human interaction is variable across cultures and contexts. Through careful analysis of data collected over three decades in US and Pacific societies, Duranti demonstrates that, in some communities, social actors avoid intentional discourse, focusing on the consequences of actions rather than on their alleged original goals. In other cases, he argues, people do speculate about their own intentions or guess the intentions of others, including in some societies where it was previously assumed they avoid doing so. To account for such variation, Duranti proposes an 'intentional continuum', a concept that draws from phenomenology and the detailed analysis of face-to-face interaction. A combination of new essays and classic re-evaluations, the book draws together findings from anthropology, linguistics and philosophy to offer a penetrating account of the role of intentions in defining human action.
American Poetic Materialism from Whitman to Stevens
Authors: Noble Mark
Published: December 2014

In American Poetic Materialism from Whitman to Stevens, Mark Noble examines writers who rethink the human in material terms. Do our experiences correlate to our material elements? Do visions of a common physical ground imply a common purpose? Noble proposes new readings of Walt Whitman, Ralph Waldo Emerson, William James, George Santayana and Wallace Stevens that explore a literary history wrestling with the consequences of its own materialism. At a moment when several new models of the relationship between human experience and its physical ground circulate among critical theorists and philosophers of science, this book turns to poets who have long asked what our shared materiality can tell us about our prospects for new models of our material selves.
A Comparison Between National Healthcare Safety Network Laboratory-Identified Event Reporting versus Traditional Surveillance for Clostridium difficile Infection
Authors: Durkin Michael J. , Baker Arthur W. , Dicks Kristen V. , Lewis Sarah S. , Chen Luke F. , Anderson Deverick J. , Sexton Daniel J. , Moehring Rebekah W.
Published: December 2014

OBJECTIVE

Hospitals in the National Healthcare Safety Network began reporting laboratory-identified (LabID) Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) events in January 2013. Our study quantified the differences between the LabID and traditional surveillance methods.

DESIGN

Cohort study.

SETTING

A cohort of 29 community hospitals in the southeastern United States.

METHODS

A period of 6 months (January 1, 2013, to June 30, 2013) of prospectively collected data using both LabID and traditional surveillance definitions were analyzed. CDI events with mismatched surveillance categories between LabID and traditional definitions were identified and characterized further. Hospital-onset CDI (HO-CDI) rates for the entire cohort of hospitals were calculated using each method, then hospital-specific HO-CDI rates and standardized infection ratios (SIRs) were calculated. Hospital rankings based on each CDI surveillance measure were compared.

RESULTS

A total of 1,252 incident LabID CDI events were identified during 708,551 patient-days; 286 (23%) mismatched CDI events were detected. The overall HO-CDI rate was 6.0 vs 4.4 per 10,000 patient-days for LabID and traditional surveillance, respectively (P<.001); of 29 hospitals, 25 (86%) detected a higher CDI rate using LabID compared with the traditional method. Hospital rank in the cohort differed greatly between surveillance measures. A rank change of at least 5 places occurred in 9 of 28 hospitals (32%) between LabID and traditional CDI surveillance methods, and for SIR.

CONCLUSIONS

LabID surveillance resulted in a higher hospital-onset CDI incidence rate than did traditional surveillance. Hospital-specific rankings varied based on the HO-CDI surveillance measure used. A clear understanding of differences in CDI surveillance measures is important when interpreting national and local CDI data.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;00(0): 1–7
High-frequency viscosity of a dilute suspension of elongated particles in a linear shear flow between two walls
Authors: Feuillebois François , Ekiel-Jeżewska Maria L. , Wajnryb Eligiusz , Sellier Antoine , Bławzdziewicz Jerzy
Published: December 2014

A general expression for the effective viscosity of a dilute suspension of arbitrary-shaped particles in linear shear flow between two parallel walls is derived in terms of the induced stresslets on particles. This formula is applied to $N$-bead rods and to prolate spheroids with the same length, aspect ratio and volume. The effective viscosity of non-Brownian particles in a periodic shear flow is considered here. The oscillating frequency is high enough for the particle orientation and centre-of-mass distribution to be practically frozen, yet small enough for the flow to be quasi-steady. It is known that for spheres, the intrinsic viscosity $[{\it\mu}]$ increases monotonically when the distance $H$ between the walls is decreased. The dependence is more complex for both types of elongated particles. Three regimes are theoretically predicted here: (i) a ‘weakly confined’ regime (for $H>l$, where $l$ is the particle length), where $[{\it\mu}]$ is slightly larger for smaller $H$; (ii) a ‘semi-confined’ regime, when $H$ becomes smaller than $l$, where $[{\it\mu}]$ rapidly decreases since the geometric constraints eliminate particle orientations corresponding to the largest stresslets; (iii) a ‘strongly confined’ regime when $H$ becomes smaller than 2–3 particle widths $d$, where $[{\it\mu}]$ rapidly increases owing to the strong hydrodynamic coupling with the walls. In addition, for sufficiently slender particles (with aspect ratio larger than 5–6) there is a domain of narrow gaps for which the intrinsic viscosity is smaller than that in unbounded fluid.
Flows produced by the combined oscillatory rotation and translation of a circular cylinder in a quiescent fluid
Authors: Koehler Christopher , Beran Philip , Vanella Marcos , Balaras Elias
Published: December 2014

Flows produced by a circular cylinder undergoing oscillatory rotation and translation in a quiescent fluid have been studied via direct numerical simulations. The incompressible Navier–Stokes equations were solved for large dimensionless time windows using an immersed boundary method with adaptive Cartesian grid refinement. Parametric studies were conducted in two dimensions on the Reynolds number, Keulegan–Carpenter number and phase shift. In addition to the previously reported net thrust case (Blackburn et al., Phys. Fluids, vol. 11, 1999, pp. 4–6), the study catalogued the appearance of several streaming jet regimes with varying deflection angles, deflected and horizontal vortex shedding regimes, and a double mirrored jet regime with varying inter-jet angles, as well as several chaotic cases. Visualizations are presented to clarify each observed flow regime and to illustrate the parameter space. Connections are drawn between these canonical bluff-body deflected wakes and a similar phenomenon observed in aerofoils oscillating at high reduced frequencies in a cross-flow. Also, the discovery of the streaming jet regimes with varying deflection angles opens the door for using these flows as a low-Reynolds-number propulsive mechanism requiring only a two-degree-of-freedom actuator. Simulation results suggest that the flow phenomena observed in two dimensions persist in three dimensions, despite spanwise fluctuations.
Thin-film flow in helically-wound rectangular channels of arbitrary torsion and curvature
Authors: Arnold D. J. , Stokes Y. M. , Green J. E. F.
Published: December 2014

Laminar helically-symmetric gravity-driven thin-film flow down a helically-wound channel of rectangular cross-section is considered. We extend the work of Stokes et al. (Phys. Fluids, vol. 25 (8), 2013, 083103) and Lee et al. (Phys. Fluids, vol. 26 (4), 2014, 043302) to channels with arbitrary curvature and torsion or, equivalently, arbitrary curvature and slope. We use a non-orthogonal coordinate system and, remarkably, find an exact steady-state solution. We find that the free-surface shape and flow have a complicated dependence on the curvature, slope and flux down the channel. Moderate to large channel slope has a significant effect on the flow in the region of the channel near the inside wall, particularly when the curvature of the channel is large. This work has application to flow in static spiral particle separators used in mineral processing.
Recalibrating the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) W4 Filter
Authors: Brown M. J. I. , Jarrett T. H. , Cluver M. E.
Published: December 2014

We present a revised effective wavelength and photometric calibration for the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer W4 band, including tests of empirically motivated modifications to its pre-launch laboratory-measured relative system response curve. We derived these by comparing measured W4 photometry with photometry synthesised from spectra of galaxies and planetary nebulae. The difference between measured and synthesised photometry using the pre-launch laboratory-measured W4 relative system response can be as large as 0.3 mag for galaxies and 1 mag for planetary nebulae. We find the W4 effective wavelength should be revised upward by 3.3%, from 22.1 to 22.8 μm, and the W4 AB magnitude of Vega should be revised from mW4 = 6.59 to mW4 = 6.66. In an attempt to reproduce the observed W4 photometry, we tested three modifications to the pre-launch laboratory-measured W4 relative system response curve, all of which have an effective wavelength of 22.8 μm. Of the three relative system response curve models tested, a model that matches the laboratory-measured relative system response curve, but has the wavelengths increased by 3.3% (or ≃ 0.73 μm) achieves reasonable agreement between the measured and synthesised photometry.
MAXIMAL HARDY SPACES ASSOCIATED TO NONNEGATIVE SELF-ADJOINT OPERATORS
Authors: HU GUORONG
Published: December 2014

Let $(X,d,{\it\mu})$ be a metric measure space satisfying the doubling, reverse doubling and noncollapsing conditions. Let $\mathscr{L}$ be a nonnegative self-adjoint operator on $L^{2}(X,d{\it\mu})$ satisfying a pointwise Gaussian upper bound estimate and Hölder continuity for its heat kernel. In this paper, we introduce the Hardy spaces $H_{\mathscr{L}}^{p}(X)$, $0<p\leq 1$, associated to $\mathscr{L}$ in terms of grand maximal functions and show that these spaces are equivalently characterised by radial and nontangential maximal functions.