bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discretionary Authority and Prioritizing in Government Agencies
Authors: Schinkel Maarten Pieter , Tóth Lukáš , Tuinstra Jan
Published: September 2019

Government agencies have a certain freedom to choose among different possible courses of action. This article studies agency decision making on priorities in a principal–agent framework with multiple tasks. Agency leadership has discretion over part of the agency’s budget to incentivize staff in the pickup of cases. The head is concerned not only with society’s benefits from the agency’s overall performance, but also with the organization’s public image. Based on their talent and the contracts offered by the head, staff officials choose which type of task to pursue: complex major cases with an uncertain outcome or basic minor and simple cases with a higher probability of success. We show how the size of the agency’s discretionary budget influences both the scale and type of tasks it will engage in. Small changes in the budget can cause extensive restructuring from major to minor tasks, or vice versa, causing social welfare jumps. The mechanism provides overhead authorities with some control over the priorities of supposedly independent agencies. It applies generally to government bureaus with the formal and informal discretion to choose their tasks. Antitrust authorities serve as one illustration of implications for institutional design.
An Old Disease Comes Back: Reporting 2 Cases of Neonatal Measles
Authors: Capasso Letizia , Lepore Lorenza , Lo Vecchio Andrea , Caprio Maria Grazia , Vallone Gianfranco , Raimondi Francesco
Published: September 2019

We report two cases of neonatal measles (one congenital and one post natal infection) admitted to our neonatal intensive care unit and discuss the management. This report intend to keep alert against measles and point out the risk for susceptible pregnant women and their offspring in countries with reduction of coverage from anti measles vaccine.
Hepatitis C Virus in Children: Trying to Overcome the Domestic and Global Challenges of Cases and Cost
Authors: Perfect Chase , Jhaveri Ravi
Published: September 2019

Over the last decade, Hepatitis C virus has persisted and evolved as a domestic and global health challenge for adults and children. The challenges involve both increased cases in the United States and cost of treatment both in the US and globally.
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis for functional genomics research of crassulacean acid metabolism plants
Authors: Liu Degao , Chen Mei , Mendoza Brian , Cheng Hua , Hu Rongbin , Li Linling , Trinh Cong T , Tuskan Gerald A , Yang Xiaohan
Published: September 2019

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is an important photosynthetic pathway in diverse lineages of plants featuring high water-use efficiency and drought tolerance. A big challenge facing the CAM research community is to understand the function of the annotated genes in CAM plant genomes. Recently, a new genome editing technology using CRISPR/Cas9 has become a more precise and powerful tool than traditional approaches for functional genomics research in C3 and C4 plants. In this study, we explore the potential of CRISPR/Cas9 to characterize the function of CAM-related genes in the model CAM species Kalanchoë fedtschenkoi. We demonstrate that CRISPR/Cas9 is effective in creating biallelic indel mutagenesis to reveal previously unknown roles of blue light receptor phototropin 2 (KfePHOT2) in the CAM pathway. Knocking out KfePHOT2 reduced stomatal conductance and CO2 fixation in late afternoon and increased stomatal conductance and CO2 fixation during the night, indicating that blue light signaling plays an important role in the CAM pathway. Lastly, we provide a genome-wide guide RNA database targeting 45 183 protein-coding transcripts annotated in the K. fedtschenkoi genome.
Frequency and Evolution of New Postoperative Enhancement on 3 Tesla Intraoperative and Early Postoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Miskin Nityanand , Unadkat Prashin , Carlton Michael E , Golby Alexandra J , Young Geoffrey S , Huang Raymond Y
Published: September 2019

BACKGROUND

Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (IO-MRI) provides real-time assessment of extent of resection of brain tumor. Development of new enhancement during IO-MRI can confound interpretation of residual enhancing tumor, although the incidence of this finding is unknown.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the frequency of new enhancement during brain tumor resection on intraoperative 3 Tesla (3T) MRI. To optimize the postoperative imaging window after brain tumor resection using 1.5 and 3T MRI.

METHODS

We retrospectively evaluated 64 IO-MRI performed for patients with enhancing brain lesions referred for biopsy or resection as well as a subset with an early postoperative MRI (EP-MRI) within 72 h of surgery (N = 42), and a subset with a late postoperative MRI (LP-MRI) performed between 120 h and 8 wk postsurgery (N = 34). Three radiologists assessed for new enhancement on IO-MRI, and change in enhancement on available EP-MRI and LP-MRI. Consensus was determined by majority response. Inter-rater agreement was assessed using percentage agreement.

RESULTS

A total of 10 out of 64 (16%) of the IO-MRI demonstrated new enhancement. Seven of 10 patients with available EP-MRI demonstrated decreased/resolved enhancement. One out of 42 (2%) of the EP-MRI demonstrated new enhancement, which decreased on LP-MRI. Agreement was 74% for the assessment of new enhancement on IO-MRI and 81% for the assessment of new enhancement on the EP-MRI.

CONCLUSION

New enhancement occurs in intraoperative 3T MRI in 16% of patients after brain tumor resection, which decreases or resolves on subsequent MRI within 72 h of surgery. Our findings indicate the opportunity for further study to optimize the postoperative imaging window.
Prospects of Photo- and Thermoacoustic Imaging in Neurosurgery
Authors: Ravina Kristine , Lin Li , Liu Charles Y , Thomas Debi , Hasson Denise , Wang Lihong V , Russin Jonathan J
Published: September 2019

The evolution of neurosurgery has been, and continues to be, closely associated with innovations in technology. Modern neurosurgery is wed to imaging technology and the future promises even more dependence on anatomic and, perhaps more importantly, functional imaging. The photoacoustic phenomenon was described nearly 140 yr ago; however, biomedical applications for this technology have only recently received significant attention. Light-based photoacoustic and microwave-based thermoacoustic technologies represent novel biomedical imaging modalities with broad application potential within and beyond neurosurgery. These technologies offer excellent imaging resolution while generally considered safer, more portable, versatile, and convenient than current imaging technologies. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding photoacoustic and thermoacoustic imaging and their potential impact on the field of neurosurgery.
Selective Dorsal Root Rhizotomy for Spastic Cerebral Palsy: A Longitudinal Case-Control Analysis of Functional Outcome
Authors: Iorio-Morin Christian , Yap Rita , Dudley Roy W R , Poulin Chantal , Cantin Marie-Andrée , Benaroch Thierry E , Farmer Jean-Pierre
Published: September 2019

BACKGROUND

The benefit of selective dorsal rhizotomies (SDR) on motor function relative to the cerebral palsy (CP) natural history remains unknown.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the functional benefit of SDR over the longitudinal CP natural history.

METHODS

Retrospective, single-center, case-control study of patients post-SDR after 1990. Inclusion criteria were the following: diagnosis of spastic CP, at least 1 preoperative and 1 postoperative Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-88), at least 1 yr of postoperative follow-up. GMFM-88 assessments were performed at 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, and 15 yr postoperatively and converted to GMFM-66. Cases were stratified by preoperative Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) and matched against their expected natural history using published reference centiles. After age 12, our cohort and matched controls were also fitted to published nonlinear mixed models of GMFM-66 evolution over time.

RESULTS

Analysis included 190 patients. Median follow-up, 5.3 yr (range: 1-16.9), median age at surgery, 4.6 yr, and 81.6% of patients grouped as GMFCS II or III pre-op. SDR patients performed statistically significantly better than their expected natural history (P < .0005). At 21 yr old, a modeled benefit of 8.435 was observed for GMFCS I (P = .0051), 0.05 for GMFCS II (P = .9647), 6.31 for GMFCS III (P < .0001), and 1.191 for GMFCS IV patients (P = .0207).

CONCLUSION

These results support the use of SDR in carefully selected spastic CP children.
Freedom and Obligation
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque
Published: September 2019

This chapter first summarizes the responsibility dilemma—responsibility is incompatible with both determinism and its falsity—and then outlines the homologous obligation dilemma. It primarily focuses on showing that obligation requires alternative possibilities: an obligation for one to do something presupposes that one can do, and one can refrain from doing, it. Four principles undergird the view that obligation entails avoidability: (i) If one ought to do something, then one can do it; (ii) if it is impermissible for one to do something, then one can do it; (iii) one ought to do something if, and only if, it is impermissible for one not to do it; and (iv) if it is impermissible for one to do something, there is something else one can do, which is obligatory for one. A formidable analysis of the concept of obligation validates these principles.
China and the Era of Industrial Citizenship
Authors: Andreas Joel
Published: September 2019

Chapter 1 develops a theoretical framework, involving industrial citizenship and autonomy, to analyze authority relations in workplaces. In factories, as in states, citizenship is the essential prerequisite for democratic participation; if workers’ jobs are not secure and they are not recognized as legitimate stakeholders, they cannot claim rights to participate in decision-making and hold factory leaders accountable. To effectively participate, however, also requires autonomy, that is, the freedom to manage your own work, express opinions, and organize collectively. Both citizenship and autonomy are continuous variables, combinations of which produce four ideal types: market despotism (weak citizenship and little autonomy), individual autonomy (weak citizenship but substantial autonomy), paternalism (strong citizenship but little autonomy), and workplace democracy (strong citizenship and substantial autonomy). During the postwar decades, when workers in many countries enjoyed relatively strong industrial citizenship, workplace democracy was on the agenda, even if it was rarely accomplished in practice.
Russia, the Former Soviet Republics, and Europe Since 1989
Authors: Graney Katherine
Published: September 2019

Nearly three decades after the fall of the Berlin Wall, early hopes for the integration of the post-Soviet states into a “Europe whole and free” seem to have been decisively dashed. Europe itself is in the midst of a multifaceted crisis that threatens the considerable gains of the postwar liberal European experiment. This book provides a panoramic view of the process of “Europeanization” in Russia and all fourteen of the other former Soviet republics since 1989, in a study that is both theoretically grounded (with five chapters that discuss the historical and contemporary meanings of “Europe” in its cultural-civilizational, political, and security guises) and empirically rich (with case studies that examine the question of Europeanization in Russia and each of the other fourteen ex-Soviet republics). It argues that deeply rooted ideas about Europe’s cultural-civilizational primacy and about who “belongs” in Europe, and who doesn’t—and who might be able to “become European” someday, and who definitely cannot—to influence both internal politics in contemporary Europe and the processes of Europeanization in Russia and the former Soviet Union. From the “European dreams” of people in Ukraine and Georgia, who continue to see Europe as a beacon of liberal values, democratic institutions, and economic prosperity, to Russia’s efforts to weaken the postwar European order by presenting an alternative, more ethnonationalist, realist, and revanchist view of “Europe,” it demonstrates the necessity and utility of viewing contemporary Eurasian politics as a struggle over the meaning and practices of “Europeanness.”
When the Drop Broke the Pop Song
Authors: Sloan Nate , Harding Charlie , Gottlieb Iris
Published: September 2019

Rihanna and Calvin Harris ushered in the first major revision to conventional pop form in decades when they inserted a new musical section borrowed from electronic dance music (EDM) into their hit “We Found Love,” discussed in Chapter 4. The song ratchets up intensity like a rollercoaster by migrating the “build and drop” approach of EDM into pop. The sections are two sides of the same coin: the build generates pent-up energy and the drop releases it, all but requiring listeners to bounce up and down in fifteen seconds of ecstatic joy. It is hard to say whether the pop drop is a permanent change or a passing fad, but the result in “We Found Love” is a song that generates a feeling of ecstatic liberation not only through a pounding beat and celebratory lyrics, but also through its denial of formal expectation.
Drunk on Rhythm
Authors: Sloan Nate , Harding Charlie , Gottlieb Iris
Published: September 2019

Chapter 9 analyzes Kendrick Lamar’s “Swimming Pools (Drank),” a cautionary tale of alcohol abuse that musicalizes its topic through the dissociative effect of syncopation. Lamar and producer T-Minus accomplish the feat with two techniques borrowed from trap music: a triplet-rhythm rap flow popularized by artists like Migos, and super-syncopated, “rattling” hi-hats that seem to break loose from organized time altogether. The sensuality of “Swimming Pools” is so alluring that it serves both as a critique of addiction and as a testament to how compelling escape from sobriety can be. By expressing this duality through syncopation and temporal dissociation, Lamar creates sensual pleasures for listeners akin to a high.
Music Takes You Higher
Authors: Sloan Nate , Harding Charlie , Gottlieb Iris
Published: September 2019

Chapter 10 discusses Beyoncé’s “Love on Top.” The track is one of the most uplifting songs of the twenty-first century, its success is built on a retro, 1990s musical aesthetic: chord progressions and instruments borrowed from the new jack swing of New Edition; vocal runs in homage to Whitney Houston; and the old-school musical technique of modulation in which Beyoncé and her producers raise the entire key of the song, literally “lifting up” every pitch and harmony. “Love on Top” does not just have one modulation, but five, an acrobatic feat giving Beyoncé a strong claim to being the hardest-working artist in modern pop.
The Performance of Identity
Authors: Sloan Nate , Harding Charlie , Gottlieb Iris
Published: September 2019

No one knew what to make of Britney Spears at the turn of the twenty-first century, perhaps because she performed so many conflicting identities: innocence and maturity, purity and dissolution, naiveté and self-awareness. While her public image has dominated this narrative, decidedly less attention has been paid to how Spears expresses multiple identities through her music. In “Oops! . . . I Did it Again,” discussed in Chapter 11, she creates contradictory personae by exploiting an ancient feature of Western music: counterpoint, which lets an audience hear two independent melodies at the same time. Though the two melodies make beautiful music together, neither represents the “real” melody—just as audiences could never know the “real” Britney Spears.
Shock, Awe, and Synthesis
Authors: Sloan Nate , Harding Charlie , Gottlieb Iris
Published: September 2019

Dubstep is one of the most polarizing of musical styles, but not for any graphic lyrics or hypersexuality—its power to unsettle is located in its bold digital timbres. Digital audio workstations (DAWs) give Skrillex and other producers the ability to create new sounds and manipulate existing ones until they are unrecognizable, using a few mouse clicks and keyboard taps. Reverb and filters are two other tools the DAW can add to the mix. “Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites,” discussed in Chapter 13, is a modern tone poem that takes listeners on a timbral journey from lightness to darkness, each sound carefully sculpted for maximum shock and awe.
Finding Home in the Harmonic Diaspora
Authors: Sloan Nate , Harding Charlie , Gottlieb Iris
Published: September 2019

Chapter 14 listens to Lusi Fonsi and Daddy Yankee’s “Despacito,” which reinvigorated the market for Latin pop and mainstreamed the sound of reggaetón for a new generation, hybridizing new and classic forms of Puerto Rican music into an international smash hit. The song’s success is due in part to a more subtle feature: its use of a classic chord progression called the Axis, which has the unique property of being able to generate two tonal homes at once. It is impossible to say whether “Despacito” is in a major key or a minor key, a pleasantly disorienting effect that also sets to music the migratory identities of its composers.
Civil Action in the Syrian Conflict
Authors: Pearlman Wendy
Published: September 2019

The Syrian conflict stands as the most brutally violent conflict of the twenty-first century. Yet it also witnessed an unprecedented blossoming of nonviolent civil action. During the early months of the unarmed uprising that began in March 2011, a network of local grass-roots committees formed to coordinate and sustain nonviolent street demonstrations; citizen journalists documented events; and communities mobilized to provide medical relief. As the Assad regime responded to dissent with repression and the opposition took up arms, a multidimensional war and humanitarian catastrophe propelled new forms of civil action, including rescue services and the building of institutions of self-governance and service provision in rebel-controlled areas. Syrian civil action groups were not more successful than the international community in bringing an end to the war. Yet they played important roles in alleviating some of the effects of violence, monitoring human rights violations, and even shaping the behavior of armed groups.
The Adversity and Empathy of Emma Goldman
Authors: Bennett Nolan
Published: September 2019

Chapter 4 examines how Emma Goldman wrote her 1931 Living My Life to challenge the state authority that had deported her during the first Red Scare, turning inward before a global audience to analyze experiences in the family, factory, anarchist circles, prison, and in nursing. Through autobiography Goldman theorized two approaches to antiauthoritarian politics. Whereas an adversarial approach aimed to emancipate the people through targeting and removing agents of oppression, empathy would raise awareness of the people that suffer structural injustice. The chapter traces this shift in anarchist politics across Goldman’s descriptions of her assistance with the attempted murder of Henry Clay Frick and her response to the assassination of President William McKinley. Recognizing Goldman’s claim of experience elevates Living My Life among her anarcha-feminist essays and speeches, and it explains why she revealed her previously secret involvement with the attack on Frick though it made difficult her return to the United States.
Conclusion
Authors: Bennett Nolan
Published: September 2019

How should we understand claims of experience today? This conclusion reviews the underlying precarity of bearing witness evident throughout the book and in contemporary politics. Claims of experience are inherently tentative and risky: they are open to revision, may be misunderstood, or may be received by unintended audiences in unanticipated ways. This chapter proposes that we see these possibilities as not flaws but features of claims of experience. The book concludes with a call: we should acknowledge the diverse forms that claims take in contemporary politics and the diverse goals they seek, for we are responsible for what democratic politics we make of a person’s life and our own lives.
Mobilization and Conflict in Multiethnic States
Authors: Vogt Manuel
Published: September 2019

Why are ethnic movements more likely to turn violent in some multiethnic countries than in others? Focusing on the long-term legacies of European colonialism, this book presents two ideal-typical logics of ethnic group mobilization—one of violent competition and another of nonviolent emancipatory opposition. The book’s theory first explains why ethnic grievances are translated into either violent or nonviolent forms of conflict as a function of distinct ethnic cleavage types, resulting from different colonial experiences. Violent intergroup conflict is least likely where settler colonialism resulted in persistent stratification, with ethnic groups organized as ethnoclasses. Such stratified societies are characterized by an equilibrium of inequality, in which historically marginalized groups lack both the organizational strength and the opportunities for armed rebellion. In contrast, where colonialism and decolonization divided ethnic groups into segmented, unranked subsocieties that feature distinct socioeconomic and cultural institutions, ethnic mobilization is more likely to trigger violent conflict. Second, the theory links this structural explanation to the political actors at the heart of ethnic movements—in particular, ethnic organizations. It elucidates how these organizations fuel the risk of civil conflict in segmented unranked societies, but peacefully promote the empowerment of historically marginalized groups in stratified societies. The book draws on an innovative mixed-methods design that combines large-n statistical analyses—using new data on the linguistic and religious segmentation of ethnic groups, as well as on ethnic organizations—with case studies based on original field research in four different countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America.
“Down down with military rule”
Authors: Holmes Amy Austin
Published: September 2019

After Hosni Mubarak stepped down, Egypt was ruled by the Supreme Council of Armed Forces (SCAF). During this time, a new form of antimilitarist activism emerged for the first time in Egyptian history. Of the three waves of antigovernment uprisings, this one was perhaps the most revolutionary: the goal was not to topple a single person or to hold elections but rather to dismantle the entrenched power of the armed forces. This chapter offers insights into these groups that fall in between the Muslim Brotherhood/military dichotomy. Many of these groups were led by women. After Mubarak was ousted, certain private companies celebrated the revolution in their advertising, but opposition to the SCAF was never commercialized. Despite egregious human rights abuses committed under the SCAF, neither the business elite nor the United States ever withdrew support from the military junta. However, the SCAF did lose popular support, evidenced when mass protests emerged in July during the Tahrir sit-in, and then again during the Battle of Mohamed Mahmoud in November–December 2011.
“Sisi is a Killer”
Authors: Holmes Amy Austin
Published: September 2019

The first year of the counterrevolution under interim President Adly Mansour is covered in chapter 6. In contrast to the period of the Supreme Council of Armed Forces, when men in uniform ruled Egypt, after the ouster of President Mohamed Morsi the authorities created a semblance of civilian rule, installing a civilian interim president, a civilian vice president, and a civilian prime minister. Nonetheless, there was no civilian control of the armed forces. The goal during the first wave of the counterrevolution was not only to eliminate the Muslim Brotherhood from politics but also to crush any group that could mobilize for street protests, regardless of ideology. It was the bloodiest period in modern Egyptian history. After carrying out numerous massacres of the Muslim Brotherhood, the state turned to secular and independent activists next. The Protest Law passed in November 2013 essentially criminalized even small and entirely peaceful protests. The regime was slowly able to regain control of the streets and university campuses. The nature of the coup determined the nature of the crackdown: precisely because it was a “coup from below,” characterized by mass protests that reached deep and wide into Egyptian society, the crackdown had to reach this extent as well.
How to Reconcile Human Rights, Trade Law, Intellectual Property, Investment and Health Law?
Authors: Petersmann Ernst-Ulrich
Published: September 2019

This article on the legal findings of the four WTO panel reports of June 2018 on Australia’s tobacco plain packaging (TPP) measures begins with a discussion of the ‘systemic interpretation’ challenges (section I) and ‘legitimacy challenges’ of WTO panel interpretations of trade rules that affect also related disputes over intellectual property rights, health rights, investment regulations and human rights (section II). Section III summarizes the main Panel findings that the TPP measures are apt to, and do make a meaningful contribution to Australia’s objective of reducing the use of, and exposure to, tobacco products; the claimants have not demonstrated that the TPP measures are ‘more trade-restrictive than necessary to fulfil a legitimate objective’ in violation of Article 2.2 of the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT). Section IV summarizes the Panel findings that the complainants did not demonstrate that the TPP measures were inconsistent with the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Section V concludes.
The Citizen and the State: A Paradoxical Relation
Authors: Thornhill Chris
Published: September 2019

This article argues that modern states and modern societies were formed through the construction of citizenship as a pattern of social attachment, membership and legal norm formation. Citizenship originally developed as a principle that removed feudal legal orders from society, and it underpinned the processes of territorial unification, institution building, centralized integration and democratic participation that characterize modern nation states and national societies. However, the article argues that, both at the functional level and at the normative level, the trajectories contained in national citizenship were not fully realized within national societies, defined by national legal orders. It was only as a system of global legal norms emerged outside national societies, shaping inner-societal patterns of and institutional construction and norm formation, that the basic potentials of national citizenship were fully realized.
Under Construction
Authors: Seatzu Francesco
Published: September 2019

Although compelled by both political and trade necessities, negotiations for the Euro-Mediterranean Free Trade Area (EMFTA) have been problematic and lengthy. This free trade area is to encompass the countries around the Mediterranean, including non-EU member countries, and it was foreseen in the 1995 Barcelona Declaration as one of the key elements of the Euro Mediterranean Partnership (EMP). After over fifteen years of negotiations and the creation of closer commercial relations between EU Member States and the states of the southern side of the Mediterranean through the conclusion of several Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreements (AAs) and Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreements (DCFTAs) between 1998 and 2012‏, there is a lot at stake for the EU and the MPCs in the results of these deliberations. This work aims to examine these issues, with particular reference to the most recent progress, if any, made in the decade long negotiation process of EMFTA, and seeks to identify the best way forward.
Demilitarizing Palestine
Authors: René Beres Louis
Published: September 2019

In principle, at least, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has made his country’s acceptance of Palestinian statehood contingent upon prior Palestinian “demilitarization.” This expressed contingency, however, is potentially contrary to pertinent international law, especially those norms regarding any sovereign state’s peremptory rights to self-defense. It follows, as this article will clarify, that potentially a new Palestinian state could permissibly abrogate any pre-independence commitments it had once made to remain demilitarized, and that reciprocally Israel ought never base its related security expectations upon any such mutable diplomatic promises. Ultimately most important, as the article concludes, is that national leaders all over the world finally begin to take seriously the organic “oneness” of our world legal order, and accordingly look toward identifying some promisingly coherent replacements for our time-dishonored Realpolitik or “Westphalian” world system.
Introductory Note
Authors: Treves Tullio
Published: September 2019

This Note focuses on the Judgment handed out by a special Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) in a dispute concerning delimitation of maritime areas between Ghana and Cote d’Ivoire. This is the only decision of substance of ITLOS during 2017. Among the elements of particular interests of the Judgment the following should be noted. First, the consideration and rejection of the argument that oil concession practice may constitute a tacit agreement. Second, the reliance, however limited to this case, as regards delimitation of the territorial sea on the same methodology used for the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf, namely, the equidistance/relevant circumstances methodology. Third, the distinction between the function of the Chamber in delimiting the continental shelf beyond 200 nm and that of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in delineating the outer limits of the shelf. Fourth, the examination of the question of whether the Chamber had jurisdiction to decide on questions of responsibility, and of the applicability of customary international law thereto. Fifth, the statement that to adjudicate on the claim that Ghana had contravened the Chamber’s Order on provisional measures belonged to the Chamber’s “inherent competence”. Sixth, the analysis of the regime of contested areas in light of Article 83 of UNCLOS.
Introductory Note
Authors: Nieto-Navia Rafael
Published: September 2019

The International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, which is the official name of the ICTY, officially shuttered its operations on 31 December 2017, and all its remaining functions were transferred to the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals (the Mechanism). The ICTY issued two judgments in 2017, which are reviewed here. The Trial Chamber issued the decision on Prosecutor v. Ratko MLADIĆ; the Appeals Chamber issued the decision on the PRLIĆ et al. case. The Mechanism has three final cases under its consideration.
Introductory Note
Authors: Tizzano Antonio
Published: September 2019

The Introductory Note describes the main developments of 2017 with regard to the functioning and the organization of the Court of Justice of the European Union, as well as to its case-law. The Court of Justice and the General Court of the European Union were confronted with many delicate legal questions pertaining to all aspects of EU law. The Introductory Note provides for an overview of the most important judgments that were delivered in 2017, in an array of legal domains, including rights and obligations of third-country migrants, fundamental rights, rules of competition and internal market, common commercial policy and common foreign and security policy.
Introductory Note
Authors: Ferrer Mac-Gregor Poisot Eduardo
Published: September 2019

During 2017, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights issued ten judgments in contentious cases, four interpretations of previous judgments, and two advisory opinions. It was a year in which the Court issued several landmark cases. For the first time, it declared a violation of Article 26 of the American Convention, which enshrines economic, social, cultural, and environmental rights (ESCER). The Court also declared the right to a healthy environment as an autonomous right under Article 26, and developed its jurisprudence on the rights of LGBTI persons, particularly with respect to marriage equality, gender identity and gender expression. The Court also tackled a variety of other issues, such as the need to duly investigate sexual violence, the proper use of force by security personnel, and the need to protect human rights defenders in the exercise of their endeavors.
Eastern Medieval Architecture
Authors: Ousterhout Robert G.
Published: September 2019

The rich and diverse architectural traditions of the Eastern Mediterranean and adjacent regions are the subject of this book. Representing the visual residues of a “forgotten” Middle Ages, the social and cultural developments of the Byzantine Empire, the Caucasus, the Balkans, Russia, and the Middle East parallel the more familiar architecture of Western Europe. The book offers an expansive overview of the architectural developments of the Byzantine Empire and areas under its cultural influence, as well as of the intellectual currents that lie behind their creation. The book alternates chapters that address chronological or regional developments with thematic studies that focus on the larger cultural concerns, as they are expressed in architectural form.
Innovative Architecture
Authors: Ousterhout Robert G.
Published: September 2019

Several new architectural trends emerged in the fifth and sixth centuries: (1) the development of skeletal structural systems in Late Roman architecture that transform wall support into point support; (2) the juxtaposition of longitudinal and centralized plans in church architecture; and (3) an increased interest in geometry and measurement in architectural design. The innovative developments signaled by Hagia Sophia mark a creative shift from Rome and Italy (where architecture would remain conservative after the sixth century) to Constantinople and the East.
New Church Architecture and the Rise of Monasticism
Authors: Ousterhout Robert G.
Published: September 2019

By the end of the ninth century, Byzantium emerged from the Transitional Period as a smaller entity, limited for the most part to Turkey, Greece, and the southern Balkans. Society was also transformed, from open to closed, from public to private. A new type of church architecture emerged—small, centralized, and domed (the “cross-in-square” church type)—perfectly suited to the private worship of the family or the small congregation. The church’s spatial organization was matched by the development of a standardized decorative program (in mosaic or fresco) that reflected the hierarchy of Orthodox belief. Monasticism emerged as a major social force, although in contrast to Western Europe, Byzantine monasteries remained relative small, with an organization that resembled that of the household (oikos).
Secular Architecture and the Fate of the City
Authors: Ousterhout Robert G.
Published: September 2019

With the disruptions of the Transitional Period, many Byzantine cities were reduced to villages or simply abandoned. The evidence from Ephesus, Thessalonike, and elsewhere indicates loss of the urban infrastructure, formal spaces converted to utilitarian or industrial purposes, and an emphasis on security. Constantinople continued as a major center, thanks to a radical restructuring and consolidation begun in the eighth century. The transformation of the city may be viewed through the later histories of its major monuments and spaces.
Development of Regional Styles I
Authors: Ousterhout Robert G.
Published: September 2019

Certain features in Byzantine church design are universal, such as the centralized, domed plan and the three-part sanctuary. While plans may have been imported from major centers, construction was local: under normal circumstances, masons did not travel. Thus, regional workshops developed distinctive techniques and styles. The architecture of the so-called Helladic School of the south (primarily Athens and the Peloponnese) contrasts with northern developments in the area of Thessalonike and Macedonia. At the same time, traveling masons from Constantinople seem to have been at work at several sites, such as Ferai, Veljusa, and Nea Mone.
Aristotle on Wittiness
Authors: Walker Matthew D.
Published: September 2019

This chapter offers a complete account of Aristotle’s underexplored treatment of the virtue of wittiness (eutrapelia) in Nicomachean Ethics 4.8. It addresses the following questions: (1) What, according to Aristotle, is this virtue and what is its structure? (2) How do Aristotle’s moral psychological views inform Aristotle’s account, and how might Aristotle’s discussions of other, more familiar virtues, enable us to understand wittiness better? In particular, what passions does the virtue of wittiness concern, and how might the virtue (and its attendant vices) be related to the virtue of temperance (and its attendant vices)? (3) How does wittiness, as an ethical virtue, benefit its possessor? (4) How can Aristotle resolve some key tensions that his introducing a virtue of wittiness apparently generates for his ethics? In addition to exploring these questions, this chapter challenges some commonly accepted accounts of Aristotle’s views on the nature of the laughable.
Philosophy Is Great Fun!
Authors: Roskam Geert
Published: September 2019

This chapter is a careful look at the different aspects of laughter in the history of Epicurean philosophy, from its very beginning (Epicurus and his fellow philosophers) to the Imperial period (Diogenes of Oenoanda). More precisely, the following facets of Epicurean laughter are examined: (1) its philosophical foundation (laughter is connected with truth in Epicurus and Polystratus, with true freedom in Metrodorus); (2) its objects (widespread opinions and empty ideals, famous statesmen and generals, philosophical opponents); (3) its function (Epicurean laughter is usually polemical laughter; e.g., Colotes and Metrodorus); (4) its nature (especially in the earlier generations of the Garden, we find a clever but sharp, polemical laughter [cf. 3]; in later times, the Epicurean laughter is milder and tamed, as it were, by social decorum [e.g., in Diogenes of Oenoanda]); (5) its results (laughing together in Epicurean communities, but sharp and “serious” reactions in anti-Epicurean literature).
Artistic Creativity
Authors: Changeux Jean-Pierre
Published: September 2019

Creativity is viewed as the ultimate outcome of multiple evolutions nested within the human brain at the level of its genes, its cells, its neuronal networks, its cognitive architecture, and through its epigenetic sociocultural interactions. The creative experience is an endogenous process that makes incoming and/or internally generated information globally available to multiple brain systems through a distributed network, which Changeux and colleagues have long established as the global neuronal workspace (GNW) of neurons with long-range axons, particularly dense in prefrontal, parietotemporal, and cingulate cortex. Creation proceeds from the internal production of transitory patterns of neurons or pre-representations. Within the Darwinian framework, the brain’s spontaneous activity is a source of “epigenetic” diversity which preexists in the brain in its interaction with the outside world. It contributes to a synthesis within the neuronal workspace of external perceptions, internal memories, and stored emotions. The combinatorial access of the GNW to a broad diversity of representations is a unique kind of ignition process, one that can be called esthetic ignition. The creative act itself involves the selection of pre-representations according to a set of stored, innate rules of art such as novelty, parsimony, and harmony. This artistic process describes the creation and contemplation of visual art according to a neuroaesthetic analysis which reveals the neural origins of aesthetic pleasure and artistic creation.
Significant Form and Aesthetic Emotion
Authors: Hussey Mark
Published: September 2019

The early twentieth-century revolution in visual art that came to be known in England as post-impressionism emphasized the view that artistic creativity resides not only in the making of the artwork, but also in the interaction between the artwork and the spectator, an orientation which the contemporary discipline of neuroaesthetics holds in our time. Clive Bell’s theory of “significant form” provided an approachable way for the British public to integrate their understanding of the new art into existing notions of art history and led to a severely diminished role for representation in visual art. Bell’s theory is identifiable as one manifestation of pervasive changes in the understanding of creativity and perception that were sweeping through Europe in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Bell could not say why certain combinations of lines and colors led to the experience of an “aesthetic emotion,” only that they did. Contemporary researchers in neuroaesthetics, such as Semir Zeki, have returned to Bell’s notion to ask whether the experience of aesthetic emotion might be due to some common neural organization. This chapter points to commonalities between the speculations of Bell and other members of the Bloomsbury Group, such as Virginia Woolf and Roger Fry, and those of contemporary researchers into brain processes.
The Musical Imagination
Authors: Adolphe Bruce
Published: September 2019

Composers have taken various approaches to create musical compositions, including an exploration of the relationship between intellect, emotion, and memory as they combine in the imagination. In this chapter, aspects of compositional thought—defined primarily in terms of dreaming and thinking—are considered in detail, and the reader is given means to explore these methods of thought through specific imagination exercises. The author also examines these concepts through historical and contemporary examples of the creative process, with analyses that link personal real-life experiences to musical ideas in music by Mozart and Beethoven, as well as in works by the author. Examples of the author’s own creative process are examined, with particular attention paid to the relationship of inspiration and improvisation to the selection of ideas and the realization of those ideas through technique and craft. A central focus is the process of creative decision-making and its link to emotional authenticity as a manifestation of the composer’s memories and inner life. The idea of truth and personal artistic expression is investigated. Particular principles of composing—surprise, emotional authenticity, economy, and unity—serve as essential tools for assessment during the composing process. The role of unconscious thought is considered as an aspect of the mysterious side of the creative process, linked to dreaming and associative thinking. Finding musical inspiration from real life, neuroscience, and preexisting music are considered in depth within the context of compositional analysis. Neuroscience in particular is explored along with the composer’s work with neuroscientist Antonio Damasio.
An American Icon Crosses the Pacific
Authors: Yoshihara Mari
Published: September 2019

Leonard Bernstein’s early career was shaped by the global politics of World War II and its aftermath as well as his interest in the world beyond the United States, his understanding of war, and his dedication to peace. It was also propelled by the United States government’s investment in his background, qualities, and success in its war effort and postwar public relations. The initial encounter of Kazuko Amano (born Ueno) with Bernstein was enabled by the cultural policy of US occupation forces. After her initial fan letter to Bernstein in 1947, she followed his rising career through recordings, broadcasts, and performances and became Japan’s most loyal fan of the maestro, who quickly became an American icon with his appointment as the music director of the New York Philharmonic and the huge success of West Side Story.
Coda
Authors: Yoshihara Mari
Published: September 2019

The project for this book began with the author’s accidental discovery of Kazuko Amano’s and Kunihiko Hashimoto’s letters in the Leonard Bernstein Collection at the Library of Congress. Subsequent research in various archives and corresponding with and meeting the two individuals, in Tokyo and Sydney, respectively, took her on an unexpected journey as a scholar and a writer. In this coda, the author reflects upon her findings and the research process, as well as the portent of correspondence, especially handwritten letters sent through what is now colloquially called snail mail that shaped Amano’s and Hashimoto’s special relationship with Bernstein.
Conclusion
Authors: Alborn Timothy
Published: September 2019

The discovery of gold in California in 1848, and in Australia three years later, transformed the landscape for most of the themes discussed in the book. By doubling the world’s supply of gold in less than a decade, these discoveries produced short-term inflation and, over time, made it possible for other nations to join Britain on the gold standard—both of which processes radically altered the financial significance of gold in the British economy. By newly identifying the extraction of gold with the British Empire, the Australian gold rush rendered it more difficult for British observers to domesticate the metal. The huge influx of new gold supplies also threatened to wreak havoc on the conviction that gold was perennially precious. Although it would soon regain its prior value, the misgivings that surfaced in the 1850s remind us that gold’s value was always contingent.
Icons of Dissent
Authors: Prestholdt Jeremy
Published: September 2019

The global icon is an omnipresent but poorly understood element of mass culture. This book asks why audiences around the world have embraced particular iconic figures, how perceptions of these figures have changed, and what this tells us about transnational relations since the Cold War era. Prestholdt addresses these questions by examining one type of icon: the anti-establishment figure. As symbols that represent sentiments, ideals, or something else recognizable to a wide audience, icons of dissent have been integrated into diverse political and consumer cultures, and global audiences have reinterpreted them over time.
To illustrate these points the book examines four of the most evocative and controversial figures of the past fifty years: Che Guevara, Bob Marley, Tupac Shakur, and Osama bin Laden. Each has embodied a convergence of dissent, cultural politics, and consumerism, yet popular perceptions of each reveal the dissonance between shared, global references and locally contingent interpretations. By examining four very different figures, Icons of Dissent offers new insights into global symbolic idioms, the mutability of common references, and the commodification of political sentiment in the contemporary world.