bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adding plain language summaries to rebuttals on Skeptical Science
Authors: Winkler Bärbel , Mason John
Published: February 2023

Skeptical Science (SkS) is an international, non-profit science education organization founded by John Cook in 2007. Its main purpose is to debunk misconceptions and misinformation about human-caused climate change based on peer-reviewed literature, featuring a database with more than 200 rebuttals. Many of these rebuttals date back to 2010 or earlier, some have seen updates since then but in a few cases developments in science have rendered these originals out of date. We started an updating programme some years ago, but are now taking a more structured approach.We decided that rather than fix these rebuttals in an ad-hoc fashion, a full review would be useful as a first step. This review found that most rebuttals lacked an entry-level version, an easy read for people unfamiliar with the terminology and methods of science, identifying a major accessibility issue. Some rebuttals had a “basic” version but no “intermediate” or “advanced” equivalents. In other cases, there was only an intermediate entry. Some basic-level rebuttals were written more accessibly than others. A number of tasks were identified to undertake.As an initial step, we took a sample of the most frequently-read rebuttals and updated them to include entry-level versions. These “at-a-glance” sections are short (ideally <500 words) and written in a style that hopefully holds the reader via the following three key principles:ENGAGEThis term refers to engaging with and gently leading the reader into a rebuttal, using things they can relate to: the writer is starting a conversation and needs to do that in an accessible way. Questions can feature here but where appropriate, analogy can be used too. Relating the topic to things in everyday life should always be considered.HOLDAvoid all trip-wires. These can be poorly-written or over-lengthy sentences, overly technical terms without proper and full introduction, grammatical issues, repetition: anything that distracts a reader, including links embedded within the text. You want to hold the reader from the start to finish of the rebuttal without distraction.FINISHAlways try to have an especially memorable short finishing-sentence, a take-home that stays with the reader.In order to check the effectiveness of these at-a-glance sections, we accompanied the prototyping with a blog post to make our readers aware of these additions and to actively ask for their feedback. By the time the EGU meeting takes place we expect to have received enough feedback to be able to judge how helpful and effective these new plain language additions to our basic rebuttals have turned out to be.
Assessment of meteorological drought characteristics during 1980-2020 over the Marathwada Region, India
Authors: Mishra Surendra Kumar , Swain Sabyasachi , Pandey Ashish
Published: February 2023

Drought is a meteorological phenomenon that occurs when there is a prolonged period of below-average precipitation, leading to a shortage of water. It can have serious consequences, particularly for agriculture, as plants and crops depend on water for their growth and survival. In this study, we conducted a spatiotemporal assessment of drought trends and variabilities in the Marathwada Region of Maharashtra, India, which is dominated by agriculture. We used precipitation data from the India Meteorological Department for 1980-2020 and characterized drought occurrences using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) at different time frames (1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-months moving windows). Further, we used non-parametric tests, such as the modified Mann–Kendall (MMK) and Sen's slope (SS) tests, to detect trends in precipitation as well as in Evaporative Stress Index (ESI) and actual evapotranspiration (ET). The results of the study indicate that the Marathwada region is prone to droughts, and the SPI at a 12-monthly moving frame is more effective at capturing drought occurrences than shorter time frames due to the lesser randomness in the time series. We also found a mix of positive and negative trends in the SPI series for the monsoonal months, with more concentration towards negative trends, thereby indicating an increased tendency or severity of drought events. A detailed discussion is also provided on the seasonal variations of precipitation, ESI and ET. The information from this study can be used to develop water management strategies to mitigate the effects of drought in the region.
Observation of the moist convective environment of West Africa by the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder
Authors: Osei Marian
Published: February 2023

The seasonal migration of the Intertropical Discontinuity (ITD) is critical for monitoring seasonal moist convective processes and associated rainfall over West Africa. This study constitutes a new analysis of the seasonality of moist convection over West Africa, relative to the ITD, based on NASA's Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) measurements from 2003-2018. Results show that AIRS resolves the seasonal march of the ITD, including its inherent diurnal-scale variations. AIRS captures the north - south daytime skin temperature dipole around the ITD, with greater relative temperatures to the north, especially during March - August. In the vicinity of the nighttime ITD, AIRS profiles indicate increased instability that is characteristic of nocturnal thunderstorm propagation. On thunderstorm days, the mean latitude of the AIRS-derived ITD is displaced 3o , 0.2o, and 2o north of its DJF, MAM, and SON climatological positions, respectively, and 1.2o south in JJA. The findings of this study are critical to building local tropical weather forecasting capacity and capabilities in West Africa.
The next generation U.S. National Science Foundation Ice Core Facility: supporting state-of-the-art science.
Authors: Powers Lindsay , Kurbatov Andrei , Kershaw Charles , Hargreaves Geoffrey , Labombard Curtis , Fudge Tyler J.
Published: February 2023

The National Science Foundation Ice Core Facility (NSF-ICF, fka NICL) is in the process of building a new facility including freezer and scientist support space. The facility is being designed to minimize environmental impacts while maximizing ice core curation and science support. In preparation for the new facility, we are updating research equipment and integrating ice core data collection and processing by assigning International Generic Sample Numbers (IGSN) to advance the “FAIR”ness and establish clear provenance of samples, fostering the next generation of linked research data products. The NSF-ICF team, in collaboration with the US ice  core science community, has established a metadata schema for the assignment of IGSNs to ice cores and samples. In addition, in close coordination with the US ice core community, we are adding equipment modules that expand traditional sets of physical property, visual stratigraphy, and electrical conductance ice core measurements. One such module is an ice core hyperspectral imaging (HSI) system. Adapted for the cold laboratory settings, the SPECIM SisuSCS HSI system can collect up to 224 bands using a continuous line-scanning mode in the visible and near-infrared (VNIR) 400-1000 nm spectral region. A modular system design allows expansion of spectral properties in the future. The second module is an updated multitrack electrical conductance system. These new data will guide real time optimization of sampling for planned analyses during ice core processing, especially for ice with deformed or highly compressed layering. The aim is to facilitate the collection of robust, long-term, and FAIR data archives for every future ice core section processed at NSF-ICF. The NSF-ICF is fully funded by the National Science Foundation and operated by the U.S. Geological Survey.
Implementation Of The Novel Duo-Grid Within The GFDL FV3 Dynamical Core
Authors: Mouallem Joseph , Harris Lucas
Published: February 2023

The current edge handling of the cubed sphere grid introduces numerical errors in simulations and creates grid imprinting due to the discontinuity of the great­-circle grid lines between two adjacent tiles. In this work, we implement a new edge/corner handling method to greatly reduce the grid imprinting in GFDL's dynamical core FV3. First, we extend on the duo-grid method (Chen 2021) to support halo updates of staggered variables. Second, we implement a corner handling algorithm to fill the corner regions using a lagrangian polynomial interpolation. Results of idealized shallow water test cases show that the new halo update methods are able to reduce the numerical noise at the edges/corners and thus reduce the grid imprinting in the numerical solution. This improvement is especially useful for coarse-grid models such as climate models in which the cube edges are most noticeable.
Open Science as the new normal, Citizen Science as the new component of research infrastructure
Authors: Otsu Kaori , Masó Joan
Published: February 2023

The increasing involvement of citizens in scientific projects over the last decade is another critical factor that has encouraged Open and FAIR data. Citizen science is in fact one of the eight priorities of the European Open Science Agenda (2018), along with the establishment of the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) enabling a federation of multidisciplinary research infrastructures.Until now, citizen science projects and platforms, also known as Citizen Observatories (COs) in Europe, are yet to be considered among the research sector in the EOSC ecosystem. With the ambition of overcoming this challenge, the Cos4Cloud (Co-designed Citizen Observatories Services for the EOS-Cloud) project was the first ‘Enabling an operational, open and FAIR EOSC ecosystem (INFRAEOSC)’ project to include citizen science as a core part of research infrastructure.Specifically, the Cos4Cloud aimed to integrate citizen science in the EOSC through co-designing innovative services to support widely used COs in biodiversity and environmental monitoring. To make COs interoperable, the services adopted internationally recognized standards such as SensorThings API and Darwin Core. As a result, over 30 interoperability experiments have been reported in various combinations among the new services and existing COs during the project period; some of which are now offered in the EOSC Marketplace following open and FAIR principles. The Cos4Colud has also demonstrated that the services combined with AI technologies and robust algorithms could improve COs by leveraging the data quality to the research grade.We thus expect more resources and services derived from COs to be reused in the EOSC ecosystem, eventually enabling to establish its own thematic cluster for citizen science in the research infrastructure as well as facilitate the reuse of data by other researchers. We conclude with the key role of such diverse scientific communities enriched in the EOSC that may create a bridge among researchers, citizens and decision-makers. (This work has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no 863463.)
Relationship between the high-amplitude magnetic anomalies and serpentinized fore-arc mantle in the Cascadia subduction zone
Authors: Doo Wen-Bin , Wang Hsueh-Fen
Published: February 2023

A zone of significant high-amplitude magnetic anomalies is observed without a comparable gravity high along the Cascadia margin and is spatially correlated with the low-velocity fore-arc mantle wedge, which is understood to be serpentinized fore-arc mantle and is further considered to be the main source of the high-amplitude magnetic anomalies. To test this concept, the magnetization-density ratio (MDR) is estimated along the Cascadia margin to highlight the physical characteristics of serpentinization (reduce density and increase in magnetization). Interestingly, high MDR values are found only in central Oregon, where slab dehydration and fore-arc mantle serpentinization (50%-60% serpentinization) are inferred in conjunction with sparse seismicity. This result may indicate either a poorly serpentinized fore-arc mantle or that the fore-arc mantle is deeper than the Curie temperature isotherm for magnetite in northern and southern Cascadia. This finding means that magnetic anomaly highs and serpentinized fore-arc mantle may not be completely positively related in subduction zones.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in speleothems.
Authors: Homann Julia , Breitenbach Sebastian , Carolin Stacy , Hodell David , Oster Jessica , de Wet Cameron , Hoffmann Thorsten
Published: February 2023

Secondary mineral deposits in caves, such as stalagmites, constitute valuable paleoclimate archives because they are largely protected from degradation by stable in-cave conditions and can be precisely dated In addition to established climate proxies such as stable isotopes and trace elements, organic proxies have become increasingly attractive in recent years for the study of paleo vegetation, wildfires, and hydrodynamics. [1]Biomass burning events are major sources of atmospheric particulate matter that influences global and local climate. [2] Investigating fire proxies in paleoclimate archives may therefore help determine the interactions of climate, hydrology, and fire activity.Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic molecules made up of two or more fused aromatic rings. They stem from the incomplete combustion of organic matter. Their persistence in the environment makes them useful for the reconstruction of fire events from paleoenvironmental archives like sediments, peat, ice cores, and soils. [3-6] Their presence has also been reported in speleothems, however, only a limited range of PAHs seem to be transported into the cave and subsequently preserved in speleothem carbonate. [7, 8]We present a new sample preparation method for the extraction of PAHs from speleothem and the subsequent extraction of levoglucosan, an anhydrosugar derived from the combustion of cellulose that also constitutes a marker for biomass burning. We apply this method to speleothems from Cenote Ch'en Mul, Mayapan, on the Yucátan peninsula, and White Moon Cave, California, to investigate the relationship between PAHs and levoglucosan. Such tandem approach will deepen our understanding of paleo-fire dynamics and strengthen proxy-based reconstructions.[1] A. Blyth et al. Quat. Sci. Rev. 149 (2016) 1-17 [2] P. Yao et al. J. of Glaciology 59 (2013) 599-611 [3] Tan et al. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 560 (2020) 110015 [4] Argiriadis et al. Microchem. J. 156 (2020) 104821 [5] Vecchiato et al. Sci. Rep. (2020) 10:10661 [6] Chen et al. ACS Earth Space Chem. 2018, 2, 1262−1270 [7] Argiriadis et al. Anal. Chem. 2019, 91, 7007−7011 [8] Perrette et al. Chem. Geol. 251 (2008) 67–7
The spatial variability in isotopic composition of surface snow and snowpits on the East Antarctic Ice Sheet
Authors: Petteni Agnese , Casado Mathieu , Stenni Barbara , Dreossi Giuliano , Fourré Elise , Landais Amaelle , Savarino Joel , Spolaor Andrea , Delmonte Barbara , Becagli Silvia , Frezzotti Massimo
Published: February 2023

The water isotope composition of snow precipitations, archived in the Antarctic ice sheet every year, is an important proxy of climatic conditions. This signal depends on several parameters such as local temperature, altitude, moisture source areas and air mass pathways.However, especially in areas where snow accumulation is very low (as on the East Antarctic Plateau), the isotopic composition is affected by additional spatial variability induced by the interactions between the atmosphere and snow surface, and the pristine signal may be modified through isotopic exchanges, sublimation processes and mechanical mixing originated from wind action.Here, we present the isotopic composition (δD and δ18O) and the second-order parameter d-excess of surface snow and snowpit samples collected during the Italian-French campaign in Antarctica (2019-2020). The sampling sites cover the area from Dumont D'Urville to Concordia Station and from Concordia Station towards the South Pole (EAIIST – East Antarctic International Ice Sheet Traverse). These data, compared with a previous dataset of Antarctic surface snow isotopic composition (Masson-Delmotte et al. 2008), are analyzed to determine the variability of the spatial relationship between precipitation isotopic composition and local temperature in relation to geographical parameters (latitude, distance from the coast and elevation). The interpretation of these factors determining the isotope signature is the base to better define the amount of the effects caused by subsequent interaction between atmosphere and surface snow, and by the wind action.Understanding the spatial variability of this proxy, which strongly decreases the signal-to-noise ratio, could permit to improve the use of the “isotopic thermometer” to quantify past changes in temperature based on the stable isotopic record of deep ice cores.
Modelling past and future O3 and PM2.5 surface levels over Europe under various emission scenarios
Authors: Im Ulas , Ye Zhuyun , Christensen Jesper H. , Geels Camilla , Hanninnen Risto , Sofiev Mikhail , Hodneborg Øivind , Sandstad Marit
Published: February 2023

We have used the Danish Eulerian Hemispheric Model (DEHM), offline-coupled with the Weather Research and Forecast model (WRF) to model the ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) surface levels over Europe in the period 1981-2050. Several future emission projections adopted from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) have been used to simulate the O3 and PM2.5 levels in the 2015-2050 period. Results showed that under the high emission mitigation scenario (SSP1-2.6), surface O3 and PM2.5 levels will decrease by up to 20% and 80%, respectively, compared to the 2015 levels, while middle-of-the-road scenario (SSP2-4.5) will lead to a 3% and 60% decrease in O3 and PM2.5 levels, repectively. The low mitigation scenario (SSP3-7.0) will lead to an increae of 3% in Euoprean O3 levels, while a 40% reduction is calculated for the Eueropean PM2.5 levels in 2050. Results also showed that O3 levels are expected to increase mainly over the southern Europe in all scenarios, while PM2.5 levels are expected to decrease in particular over central Europe. 
Stratospheric observations of carbonyl sulfide using AirCore and LISA
Authors: Zanchetta Alessandro , van Heuven Steven , Ramonet Michel , Laemmel Thomas , Ma Jin , Krol Maarten , Chen Huilin
Published: February 2023

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is a long-lived sulfur compound present in the atmosphere with an average mole fraction of around 450-500 ppt, and has been suggested as a potential tracer to partition gross primary production (GPP) and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) in plants’ photosynthesis, possibly by satellite observations. However, its sources and sinks have not been fully understood, and remote sensing observations of COS still require validation and to be linked with a reference measurement scale, e.g., NOAA’s. In this work, we have made vertical profiles of COS mole fractions using AirCore at Trainou, France (47°58' N, 2°6' E), in June 2019, and at Kiruna, Sweden (67°53' N, 21°04' E) in August 2021, using both AirCore and a new version of lightweight stratospheric air (LISA) sampler. Besides COS, simultaneous measurements of CO2, CO, CH4 and N2O have also been made. These results will be compared with COS simulations from the TM5-4DVAR modeling system to get a better understanding of the behavior of this species in the stratosphere, i.e., the sources and the sinks COS, as well as vertical structures due to atmospheric transport. These will be helpful to improve our understanding of the budget and the variabilities of COS in the stratosphere, and advance the use of remote sensing observations of COS from satellite and ground-based spectrometers to study the carbon cycle.  
Concentrative drop impacts by a bunch of canopy drips: hotspots of soil erosion in forest
Authors: Katayama Ayumi , Nanko Kazuki , Jeong Seonghun , Kume Tomonori , Shinohara Yoshinori , Seitz Steffen
Published: February 2023

Soil erosion induced by rainwater in forest ecosystems is mainly determined by throughfall kinetic energy (TKE) and ground vegetation cover. TKE is determined by raindrop size and velocity as well as precipitation amounts. Lateral canopy water flow paths can create localized concentrations of throughfall as impact points with considerable high TKE. At structurally mediated woody surface drip points notably bigger canopy drips can thus be formed under forest canopy. It is also assumed that TKE per 1mm rainfall amount (i.e., unit TKE) at impact locations is considerably higher than that at general locations due to increased rain drop sizes, resulting in a higher risk of soil erosion. However, the TKE and subsequent splash erosion potential at these impact locations have rarely been described in the previous literature and have not been quantified yet. The objectives of this study are (1) to evaluate the intensity of TKE and unit TKE at an impact location and (2) to compare those with general locations and freefall kinetic energy. We measured TKE using splash cups at seven points under a beech tree in a cool temperate forest, Japan, during five rainfall events in each leafed and leafless season. Five splash cups were further installed at an open area outside the forest as a reference. A rainfall collector was installed next to each splash cup, and throughfall at each point was quantified. TKE at the impact location (9142 ± 5522 J m-2) was 15.2 times higher than that at general locations under beech (601 ± 495 J m-2) and 49.7 times higher than at the open area (184 ± 195 J m-2). The ratio of TKE at the impact location to those at general locations was higher in the leafless season. Unit kinetic energy at the impact location (39.2 ± 23.7 J m-2 mm-1) was higher than those at general locations (22.0 ± 12.7 J m-2 mm-1) and at the open area (4.5 ± 3.5 J m-2 mm-1). The branch height at the impact location was lower than most areas at general locations, suggesting that higher unit TKE was induced by a bigger drop size. Our results imply that big-sized canopy drips in addition to intense throughfall amount generated at specific structurally-mediated points of the branch surface contribute far above the average to the erosion potential under the forest.
Influential factors of intercity patient mobility and its network structure in China
Authors: Ding Jiaqi , Chao Yang , Wang Yueyao , Li Pengfei , Wang Fulin , Kang Yuhao , Wang Haoyang , Liang Ze , Zhang Jiawei , Han Peien , Wang Zheng , Chu Erxuan , Li Shuangcheng , Zhang Luxia
Published: February 2023

Intercity patient mobility reflects the geographic mismatch between healthcare resources and the population, and has rarely been studied with big data at large spatial scales. In this study, we investigated the patterns of intercity patient mobility and factors influencing this behavior based on over 4 million hospitalization records of patients with chronic kidney disease in China. To provide practical policy recommendations, a role identification framework informed by complex network theory was proposed considering the strength and distribution of connections of cities in mobility networks. Such a mobility network features multiscale community structure with “universal administrative constraints and a few boundary breaches”. We discovered that cross-module visits which accounted for only 20 % of total visits, accounted for >50 % of the total travel distance. The explainable machine learning modeling results revealed that distance has a power-law-like effect on flow volume, and high-quality healthcare resources are an important driving factor. This study provides not only a methodological reference for patient mobility studies but also valuable insights into public health policies.
Space-time monitoring of groundwaterfluctuations with passive seismicinterferometry
Authors: Mao Shujuan , Lecointre Albanne , van der Hilst Robert D. , Campillo Michel
Published: February 2023

Historic levels of drought, globally, call for sustainable freshwater management. Under pressing demand is a refined understanding of the structures and dynamics of groundwater systems. Here we present an unconventional, cost-effective approach to aquifer monitoring using seismograph arrays. Employing advanced seismic interferometry techniques, we calculate the space-time evolution of relative changes in seismic velocity, as a measure of hydrological properties. During 2000–2020 in basins near Los Angeles, seismic velocity variations match groundwater tables measured in wells and surface deformations inferred from satellite sensing, but the seismological approach adds temporal and depth resolutions for deep structures and processes. Maps of long-term seismic velocity changes reveal distinct patterns (decline or recovery) of groundwater storage in basins that are adjacent but adjudicated to water districts conducting different pumping practices. This pilot application bridges the gap between seismology and hydrology, and shows the promise of leveraging seismometers worldwide to provide 4D characterizations of groundwater and other near-surface systems.
Persistent urban heat
Authors: Li Dan , Wang Linying , Sun Ting
Published: February 2023

While there have been many studies on the diurnal and seasonal variations of urban heat islands (UHIs), the day-to-day variability of UHI remains largely unknown, despite being the key to explaining interactions between UHIs and extreme heat events or heatwaves. In this study, we aim to understand and quantify the persistence of urban/rural temperatures. Autocorrelation and spectral analyses are conducted on urban and rural temperatures simulated by a global land model to quantify the urban-rural difference of temperature persistence. A surface energy balance model is then derived to explain the simulation results, elucidating the key biophysical processes that contribute to the stronger persistence of urban surface temperature in certain areas.
Long term monitoring of the changes in Impervious Surface Areas in a Greek setting using Machine Learning and Remote Sensing data: the case of Athens Greece
Authors: Dermosinoglou Katerina , Petropoulos George P.
Published: February 2023

Information on Impervious Surface Areas (ISA) is required in various studies related to the urban environment. The continuous expansion of these surfaces is being noticed in large urban centers as a result of urbanization. The development of automated methodologies for mapping the ISas using remote sensing data has experienced a great growth in recent years.The aim of the present study is the long-term mapping of ISA changes in Athens, Greece, from 1984 to 2022, exploiting the Landsat archive and contemporary methods of geospatial data processing, such as Machine Learning. The study implementation is also carried out in Google Earth Engine cloud platform and the final results obtained are presented in a WebGIS environment.The results of the present study can contribute to a better understanding of the urban expansions dynamics and the key drivers linked to the urban sprawl that affect cities such as Athens. Furthermore, they can serve as a reference for further development of applications related to urban environments, using machine learning techniques combined with remote sensing data. KEYWORDS: ISA, urban sprawl, Landsat, GEE, WebGIS, Greece
Episodic delocalization in the upper crust: Implications for earthquake forecasting
Authors: McBeck Jessica , Renard Francois , Ben-Zion Yehuda
Published: February 2023

The progressive localization of deformation has long been recognized as a fundamental phenomenon of the macroscopic failure of rocks. Our recent analyses using X-ray tomography during triaxial compression indicate that fractures and higher magnitudes of shear and dilative strain spatially localize as rocks are driven closer to macroscopic failure. Similarly, geophysical observations of low magnitude seismicity in southern and Baja California show that deformation localizes toward the future rupture plane of M>7 earthquakes. These sets of observations indicate that deformation can increase in localization toward failure, and that deformation can temporarily decrease in localization (delocalize) during this overall increase. These observations indicate that the spatial organization of deformation may be used to recognize the acceleration of the precursory phase leading to large earthquakes and the macroscopic, system-scale failure of heterogeneous materials. However, such efforts will require identifying the conditions that promote phases of delocalization, and how these perturbations in the overall trend of increasing localization influence the timing of macroscopic failure. In this presentation, I will describe these analyses, and new work that aims to identify which characteristics of the fracture networks determine the localization at a particular level of stress, and the change in localization from one stress step to the next in triaxial compression experiments at the confining stress conditions of the upper crust.
Conifer desiccation in the 2021 NW heatwave confirms the role of hydraulic damage
Authors: Klein Tamir , Torres-Ruiz Jose , Albers John
Published: February 2023

The unprecedented heatwave that hit the Pacific northwest of North America in late June-early July 2021 impacted ecosystems and communities, yet evidence and analysis of this impact are still missing. Here we bring a unique dataset quantifying the impact on conifer trees, which are keystone species of many northwest ecosystems. Moreover, we take advantage of this exceptional event as a broad, extreme, “field experiment” to test a fundamental theory in plant physiology, and prepare our forests to a harsher future. Overall, the data collected confirm the role of hydraulic vulnerability in drought-induced injury to trees. Among the recorded species, we obtained P50 data for 27 species, represented by 64 cultivars. Plotting needle browning extent by P50 revealed important thresholds of drought sensitivity: (1) species with P50 <-6 MPa were unaffected by drought. (2) species with -6 MPa< P50 <-5 MPa had mild extent of needle browning, up to 25% of the canopy. (3) species with P50 > -5 MPa had browning of up to 95%. The sharp divergence among resistant and vulnerable conifer species according to their xylem vulnerability, all of which simultaneously exposed trees to the same extreme event at the same site, is evidence to the key role of P50, in agreement with previous assessments of drought effects on angiosperms. Among local, NW conifer species, some cultivars proved hardier than others. The aftermath of the 2021 NW heatwave should take advantage of this broad, extreme, “field experiment” to prepare our forests to a harsher future.
Global sensitivity analysis of physical non-equilibrium contaminant transport model for reactive transport in a saturated porous system
Authors: Guleria Abhay , Chakma Sumedha
Published: February 2023

Simulation of fate and transport mechanisms in the porous systems from contaminant transport models are affected by uncertainty associated with input model parameters. Sensitivity analysis (SA) provides tools to quantify the sources of uncertainty to the variations in the model output metrics. To quantify the uncertainty associated with physical non-equilibrium contaminant transport model, global SA was conducted for the problem mimicking reactive transport in the saturated soil column conditions. Five global SA methods, namely Morris, RSA (Regionalized Sensitivity Analysis), Sobol, FAST (Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test), and PAWN, were tested based on the temporal moments of contaminant concentrations for two output metrics: zeroth temporal moment (ZTM) and mean residence time (MRT). The ranking order of ten input model parameters from global SA methods for two output metrics was compared. Morris SA implied that the ZTM at outlet of the soil column is highly sensitive to sorption distribution coefficient in the mobile and immobile regions and less sensitive to dispersion coefficient and degradation rate constant in the immobile region. The mass-transfer coefficient showed highest non-linear interactions with other flow and transport parameters based on the highest value of standard deviation of elementary effects (EEs) for ZTM output metric. The sorption distribution coefficient in the mobile region and mass-transfer coefficient showed highest sensitivity and non-linear effect toward MRT based on the Morris method. The comparison of global SA methods revealed that the top two sensitive parameters affecting ZTM and MRT were the same from all the considered methods. However, large difference in the ranking order of bottom three sensitive parameters was observed. The sorption distribution coefficient of mobile region and mass-transfer coefficient were observed as the most sensitive parameters affecting ZTM and MRT based on the comparison of all five global SA methods. Overall results suggest that the non-linear contaminant transport model should be examined based on multiple sensitivity output metrics via a multi-model approach. The multi-model global SA approach implemented in this study highlighted its significance in quantifying the interplay of non-linear model parameters.
From the Solar Limb and Out: Results from the Wide-Field EUV Image Campaigns with GOES/SUVI
Authors: Tadikonda Sivakumara K. , Seaton Daniel B. , Bethge Christian , Caspi Amir , Dahya Melissa , DeForest Craig , Garhart Matthew P. , Hughes J. Marcus , Krimchansky Alexander , Sullivan Pamela C. , Todirita Monica , West Matthew
Published: February 2023

Traditional approaches to tracking solar outflows for space weather forecasting rely primarily on coronagraph images, which generally observe the solar corona above a minimum height of about 2.5 solar radii. EUV images have been widely used to characterize features on the solar disk, but the limited fields of view of most current EUV imagers have prevented their use for tracking outflows through the inner and middle coronae. A series of off-point campaigns with the GOES 16-18 Solar Ultraviolet Imager (SUVI) between 2018 and 2022 from three Flight Models have provided an opportunity to assess the value of extended EUV images for space weather forecasting applications. These new results demonstrate that wide field-of-view EUV images are useful for characterizing the early onset of eruptive events and tracking smaller outflow into the solar wind. They also reveal the origins of shocks that are known to accelerate particles and drive solar energetic particle (SEP) events. Because CMEs generally experience the bulk of their acceleration below the height of white light coronagraphic observations, these images provide information about the origins of these events that has not been available traditionally. Together with coronagraphic measurements, EUV images provide the continuous views needed to connect CMEs back to their source regions. Here, we present these new SUVI observations and discuss their potential use in space weather operations.
Assessment of six satellite precipitation products in a Moroccan arid area
Authors: Rachdane Mariame , El Khalki El Mahdi , Saidi Mohamed Elmehdi , Nehmadou Mohamed , Ahbari Abdellatif , Tramblay Yves
Published: February 2023

Precipitation is the main component of the hydrological cycle; it is a crucial source of data in hydroclimate applications for water resources management. However, several regions, especially mountainous and arid regions, suffer from limited data from a ground measurement network. Remotely sensed data may provide a viable alternative for these regions. This study aims to evaluate six high spatio-temporal resolution satellite products (GPM-F, GPM-L, GPM-E, CHIRPS, PERSIANN-CCS-CDR and PDIR-Now) in the sub-Saharan regions of Morocco during the period September 2000-August 2020. The record data from 33 rain-gauge stations was used to evaluate these products on two spatial scales (pixel and basin scales) and three temporal scales (daily, monthly and annually), adopting a quantitative and qualitative evaluation. For all examined timescales, the results showed that the GPM-F product performed the best quantitatively, while at the detection capability tested for different threshold and at daily time scale, the GPM near real-time products (GPM-E and GPM-L) were better at detecting more intense rainfall events higher than 40 mm/day. At the daily time scale, GPM-E and GPM-L and, on monthly and annual scales, CHIRPS and PERSIANN-CCS-CDR, provided satisfactory precipitation estimates. Moreover, the evaluation based on the altitudes of rain gauges revealed a bias increasing from low to high altitudes. The findings also highlight that the continental and mountainous basins showed the lowest performance compared to the other locations closer to the Atlantic Ocean. The latitude-based analysis showed a decrease of bias and increase of correlation towards the most arid zones. These results provide valuable information for a scarcely gauged and arid regions, showing that GPM-F could be a valuable alternative to rain gauges.
Urbanization-Induced Increases in Heavy Precipitation are Magnified by Moist Heatwaves in an Urban Agglomeration of East China
Authors: Gu Xihui , Li Chenxi , Slater Louise
Published: February 2023

Heavy precipitation (HP) events can be preceded by moist heatwaves (HWs; i.e., hot and humid weather), and both can be intensified by urbanization. However, the effect of moist HWs on increasing urban HP remains unknown. Based on statistical analyses of daily weather observations and ERA5 reanalysis data, we investigate the effect of moist HWs on urban-intensified HP by dividing summer HP events into NoHW- and HW-preceded events in the Yangtze River delta (YRD) urban agglomeration of China. During the period 1961–2019, the YRD has experienced more frequent, longer-lasting, and stronger intense HP events in the summer season (i.e., June–August), and urbanization has contributed to these increases (by 22.66%–37.50%). In contrast, urban effects on HP are almost absent if we remove HW-preceded HP events from all HP events. Our results show that urbanization-induced increases in HP are associated with, and magnified by, moist HWs in urban areas of the YRD region. Moist HWs are conducive to an unstable atmosphere and stormy weather, and they also enhance urban heat island intensity, driving increases in HP over urban areas.
One Martian Year of Observations by the Emirates eXploration Imager (EXI): Operations Summary, Current Status, and Seasonal Trends in the Diurnal Behavior of Water Ice Clouds
Authors: Wolff Michael , Jones Andrew , Osterloo Mikki , Shuping Ralph , Edwards Christopher , Al Shamsi Mariam , Espejo Joey , Fisher Charles , Jeppesen Christopher , Knavel Justin
Published: February 2023

The EXI instrument onboard the Emirates Mars Mission (EMM) spacecraft has been operating for a full Martian year.  Using the elliptical orbit, EXI has observed the atmosphere and surface of Mars at both regional and global scales while providing a unique diurnal sampling.  This diurnal coverage is available over much of the planet on a time scale of approximately ten days.  The observations are typically taken in both the ultraviolet and visible: 260, 320, 437, 546, and 635 nm, with an effective spatial resolution of 2–4 km per native pixel.  This presentation will provide an overview of EXI’s on-orbit activities and performance during the first Mars year of science operations, a summary of the diurnal behavior of seasonal trends in water ice clouds, and some examples of the combined analysis of EXI and Emirates Mars InfraRed Spectrometer (EMIRS) observations.  More specifically, we will cover the following: The multiple types of observational modes employed, statistics of the images obtained and available in the EMM Science Data Center, and the radiometric performance of the camera as measured by the standard star observation program.
 The diurnal trends are associated with the seasonal behavior of water ice clouds through a Martian year, including the aphelion and perihelion seasons.
 The advantages and challenges of combining the EXI and EMIRS observations for atmospheric and surface studies, where the Instantaneous Field of View differs by one-to-two orders of magnitude.
 Funding for the development of the EMM mission was provided by the UAE government and to co-authors outside of the UAE by the Mohammed bin Rashid Space Center (MBRSC).
Deep Ocean Circulation in the Subpolar North Atlantic Observed by Acoustically-tracked Floats
Authors: Zou Sijia , Bower Amy , Lozier M. Susan , Furey Heather
Published: February 2023

As part of the Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program, 122 acoustically-tracked subsurface floats were deployed at 1800-2800 dbar to understand the deep ocean circulation in the subpolar North Atlantic. Gridded mean velocity and eddy kinetic energy (EKE) maps have been constructed using velocity vectors derived from the floats. The mean velocity field reveals a relatively strong deep boundary current around Greenland and in the Labrador Sea, with a weaker deep boundary current over the eastern flank of the Reykjanes Ridge, and near-zero mean flow over the western flank, implying a discontinuous deep boundary current across the subpolar basin. Over most of the subpolar basin, deep EKE resembles that at surface, albeit with smaller magnitudes. A surprising finding about deep EKE is an elevated EKE band east of Greenland. This high EKE band is possibly attributed to the combined influence from propagating Denmark Strait Overflow Cyclones, variability of the wind-driven recirculation offshore of southeast Greenland, and/or topographic waves. The float-based flow fields constructed in this study provide an unprecedented view on the kinematic properties of the large-scale deep circulation in the subpolar North Atlantic.
A holistic framework for coastal forecast and evaluation of coastal protection schemes through Integration of hydro-morphodynamic modelling and Artificial Intelligence into the Sand Engine App
Authors: Kumar Pavitra , Leonardi Nicoletta
Published: February 2023

There is a growing interest in adoption of Engineering with Nature or Nature Based Solutions for coastal protection including large mega-nourishment interventions. However, there are still many unknowns on the variables and design features influencing their functionalities. There are also challenges in the optimization of coastal modelling outputs or information usage in support of decision-making. Artificial Intelligence, especially deep learning, is a powerful technology that has been rapidly evolving over the last couple of decades and can offer new means of analysis for the coastal science field. Yet, the potential of these technologies for coastal geomorphology remains relatively unexplored with respect to other scientific fields. In the current study, application of Artificial Neural Network is tested in combination with fully coupled hydrodynamics and morphological model (Delft3D) for predicting morphological changes and understanding the behaviour of large mega-nourishment intervention (Sand Engine).For prediction of morphological change, two sets of deep learning models were tested, one set relying on localized modelling outputs or localized data sources and one set having reduced dependency from modeling outputs and, once trained, solely relying on boundary conditions and coastline geometry. The first set of models provides regression values greater than 0.95 and 0.86 for training and testing. The second set of reduced-dependency models provides regression values greater than 0.84 and 0.76 for training and testing.For understanding the behavior of sand engines, a holistic framework is proposed which supports the choice of coastal protection schemes through the synthesis of numerical modelling outputs into an Artificial Neural Networking model whose computational efficiency allows the creation of a standalone computer application (Sand Engine App) illustrating the effectiveness of different users’ defined sand engines. In support of this app, twelve Artificial Neural Networking ensemble models structures were trained to predict the influence of different sand engines on water depth, wave height and sediment transports in its vicinity. The ensemble models were trained on simulated data obtained from more than five hundred numerical simulations with different sand-engine designs and different locations along Morecambe Bay conducted in Delft3D. These ensemble models provided good performance with majority of the models having testing regression greater than 0.90. These ensemble models were then packed into a Sand Engine App developed in MATLAB and designed to calculate the impact of different sand engine features on the above variables based on users’ inputs of sand engine designs.
Regional phase picking on single stations using deep learning
Authors: Myklebust Erik , Köhler Andreas
Published: February 2023

Automatic detection of seismic events in processing pipelines at the IDC and many NDCs is mostly done using beamforming on arrays; however, extensive use of single stations can improve the detection capability and accuracy of event location. Advances in deep learning methods enable faster and more accurate processing of large quantities of single station data not seen previously. We use event catalogues including phase picks on a range of arrays in Scandinavia at regional distances (200-2000km), i.e., up to 3min separation between P and S arrivals, to train several deep learning models (PhaseNet and EQTransformer variants) using single stations within the arrays. The models are trained on clips of 324s to capture the multiple arrivals. The models are then applied to various single stations in Norway to assess their generalization. We can detect events at a variety of back-azimuths and distances.  

Furthermore, we expand the existing deep learning models to provide predictions for back-azimuth and distance. This imposes physical restrictions on the models, leading to increased picking accuracy for the predicted phase arrivals. Moreover, this enables us to use the vast number of single stations available to efficiently detect and locate distant events.  