bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selective prevention of mechanical hyperalgesia after incision by spinal ERK1/2 inhibition
Authors: van den Heuvel I. , Reichl S. , Segelcke D. , Zahn P.K. , Pogatzki‐Zahn E.M.
Published: June 2014

Background

Activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinases (ERK1/2) has been shown to play an important role in several pain states. Here we investigated the ERK1/2 contribution to non‐evoked and evoked pain‐like behaviour in rats after surgical incision.

Methods

Spinal phosphorylation of ERK1 and ERK2 was assessed 15 min, 4 h, 24 h and 5 days after plantar incision and sham incision. The effect of PD98059, a specific inhibitor of ERK1/2 activation, administered intrathecally (IT) 1 h before or 2 h after incision on spinal ERK1 and ERK2 phosphorylation was assessed. In behavioural experiments, the effect of PD98059 administered 1 h before or after incision on non‐evoked pain behaviour and mechanical and heat hyperalgesia was assessed.

Results

Phosphorylated ERK1 and ERK2 were rapidly increased in the ipsilateral dorsal horn from rats after incision post‐operatively. This increased ERK1 and ERK2 phosphorylation were blocked by PD98059 administered before incision. In congruence, IT administration of PD98059 before incision delayed mechanical hyperalgesia after incision; however, administration after incision had only a modest effect on mechanical hyperalgesia. In addition, PD98059 did not affect non‐evoked pain behaviour or heat hyperalgesia after incision.

Conclusion

The results suggest that spinal ERK1 and ERK2 are involved in regulation of pain after incision differentially with regard to the pain modality. Furthermore, blockade of ERK1/2 activation was most effective in a preventive manner, a condition which is rare after incision. Spinal ERK1/2 inhibition could therefore be a very useful tool to manage selectively movement‐evoked pain after surgery in the future.
Im Brennglas eines Diariums
Authors: Unterstell Rembert
Published: June 2014

Alltag im Dreißigjährigen Krieg: Mehr als 35 Jahre lang führte Christian II. von Anhalt‐Bernburg Tagebuch — tiefe Einblicke in Wirklichkeiten fern der großen Schlachtfelder. Nun wird das ungewöhnliche Selbstzeugnis in einem Langfristvorhaben digital ediert — als neues Rechercheinstrument und als Forschungslaboratorium für die Digital Humanities.
Quantenstatt Karat
Authors: Wrachtrup Jörg
Published: June 2014

Dieselben Eigenschaften, die Diamanten zu spektakulären Edelsteinen machen, begründen auch ihre hervorragenden Einsatzmöglichkeiten in der Quantentechnologie. Eine Forschergruppe untersucht die quantenphysikalischen Grundlagen des Materials und eröffnet so neue Wege für Halbleitertechnologie, Quanteninformationsverarbeitung und Medizin.
Breiter Ansatz
Authors: Blüher Matthias
Published: June 2014

Adipositas ist längst ein Volksleiden. Doch Stoffwechdie Faktoren und Mechanismen, die Fettleibigkeit begünstigen und auslösen, müssen noch deutlich besser verstanden und aufeinander bezogen werden. In aktuellen Studien rücken nun vor allem das Fettgewebe im Körper sowie die Aktivitäten von Hormonen und Entzündungen in den Blick medizinischer Grundlagenforscher.
Determination of prognosis in metastatic melanoma through integration of clinico‐pathologic, mutation, mRNA, microRNA, and protein information
Authors: Jayawardana Kaushala , Schramm Sarah‐Jane , Haydu Lauren , Thompson John F. , Scolyer Richard A. , Mann Graham J. , Müller Samuel , Yang Jean Yee Hwa
Published: June 2014

In patients with metastatic melanoma, the identification and validation of accurate prognostic biomarkers will assist rational treatment planning. Studies based on “‐omics” technologies have focussed on a single high‐throughput data type such as gene or microRNA transcripts. Occasionally, these features have been evaluated in conjunction with limited clinico‐pathologic data. With the increased availability of multiple data types, there is a pressing need to tease apart which of these sources contain the most valuable prognostic information. We evaluated and integrated several data types derived from the same tumor specimens in AJCC stage III melanoma patients—gene, protein, and microRNA expression as well as clinical, pathologic and mutation information—to determine their relative impact on prognosis. We used classification frameworks based on pre‐validation and bootstrap multiple imputation to compare the prognostic power of each data source, both individually as well as integratively. We found that the prognostic utility of clinico‐pathologic information was not out‐performed by any of the various “‐omics” platforms. Rather, a combination of clinico‐pathologic variables and mRNA expression data performed best. Furthermore, a patient‐based classification analysis revealed that the prognostic accuracy of various data types was not the same for different patients. This indicates that ongoing development in the individualized evaluation of melanoma patients must take account of the value of both traditional and novel “‐omics” measurements.
Clinical experience with aspiration of breast abscesses based on size and etiology at an academic medical center
Authors: Giess Catherine S. , Golshan Mehra , Flaherty Karen , Birdwell Robyn L.
Published: June 2014

Purpose

Our purpose was to review needle aspiration of breast abscesses and identify factors associated with treatment by aspiration alone versus aspiration with surgical incision and drainage (I/D).

Methods

This Institutional Review Board–approved, retrospective review of the breast ultrasound database from 2008 to 2010 identified 40 patients (41 abscesses) who underwent aspiration, with or without I/D. Demographics, imaging, number of aspirations, and microbiology were reviewed.

Results

Twenty‐two abscesses underwent aspiration only, 16 > 3 cm, 6 ≤ 3 cm (mean 4.3 cm, range 0.9–10 cm). Known risk factors included lactational (11), 3 weeks post partum (1), pregnancy (1), recent biopsy/lumpectomy (5). Nineteen abscesses underwent aspiration and I/D, 15 > 3 cm, 4 ≤ 3 cm (mean 4.1 cm, range 2.2–7.5 cm). Known risk factors included lactational (4), recurrent subareolar abscess (4), diabetes (3), hydradenitis suppuritiva (1), nipple piercing (2), smoking (1), pregnancy (1), HIV (1), and lumpectomy (1). Identified reasons for I/D included lack of improvement/recurrence (12), fistula (3), and one electively after clinical improvement of a recurrent subareolar abscess.

Conclusions

Abscesses associated with pregnancy and lactation or breast biopsy are effectively managed with aspiration, even when large. Recurrence, chronicity, or fistula may require surgical intervention. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42:513–521, 2014
An examination of the sensory structures in the oral cavity of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)
Authors: Rehorek Susan J. , Duffy Michael , Zacherl Janelle R. , Anand Kusuma , Elsey Ruth M. , Smith Timothy S.
Published: June 2014

The location and distribution of mucosal sensory structures of the crocodilian oral cavity are poorly understood. Although there are several descriptions of these structures in adults, nothing is known about their development. The purpose of this study was to document location, morphology, and relative abundance of these mucosal sensory structures in both hatchling and subadult alligators. Numerous mucosal sensory structures and pale staining dome‐shaped papillae were observed only in the upper palate and tongue. In hatchlings, these papillae, which house either mechanoreceptive or chemosensory (taste buds) structures, were larger and more prevalent on the tongue than the upper palate. In the subadult, however, these papillae housed primarily mechanoreceptive structures and possibly degenerate taste buds. Although the presence of the mechanoreceptive structures in the palates of the suabadult alligator are to be expected, the loss of most taste buds is hitherto undocumented. Thus, there is morphological support for an ontogenetic shift in the role of the sensory palate, from a prey detection gustatory sensory system in hatchlings to a prey‐manipulative mechanoreceptive system in subadults. J. Morphol. 275:1312–1320, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Building Alignment to Improve Organizational Effectiveness
Authors: Rieley James B.
Published: June 2014

How can business leaders ensure that their organizations are able to meet rising customer expectations, deal with ever increasing regulatory demands, and anticipate and offset competitive threats—all while satisfying the expectations of their shareholders and employees? The answer to meeting these challenges lies in the effectiveness of the organization's decision‐making process; and the key to ensuring organizational effectiveness is to create an environment in which there is a high level of organizational alignment. Two techniques—cause‐and‐effect diagramming and the “vehicle analogy” line of questioning—can be used to yield insights into how employees at all levels view not only the organization, but also how their own contributions help it accomplish its objectives. Those findings are crucial to the development of a sound and effective strategic plan. ©2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Achieving High Performance in the United Arab Emirates: The Case of biz‐group
Authors: De Waal André , Frijns Miriam , Mroueh Mirna
Published: June 2014

Operating within a foreign trade zone in Dubai, biz‐group has built a solid reputation as a provider of corporate training, team building, and strategic services for organizations throughout the United Arab Emirates. Driven by its motto, “Passionate about performance,” the company strives to engender cooperation among its diverse workforce through creative culture‐building and communications activities. In an effort to analyze the effectiveness of its internal and external processes, the company participated in a research study that measured its policies and practices against a framework of high‐performance organization (HPO) characteristics. The results confirmed the company's underlying strengths and identified opportunities for improvement. In a similar vein, other organizations can use the HPO Framework to assess their own operations and home in on the characteristics they need to develop in order to improve performance. ©2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using Agency Theory to Analyze the Effect of Incentive Programs on a French SME: A Principal‐Agent Perspective
Authors: Moore Ernesto Tapia
Published: June 2014

When seeking to internationalize, the managers of many small to medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) often turn to government incentive programs to help them achieve their goals. The experience of one French firm shows that, in doing so, however, there is a risk of becoming dependent on the financing party for not only funding but also for management. When applied to both internal and external business relationships, Agency Theory—which focuses on the behavior and contracts between principals and agents—provides a tool for understanding the process by which a business owner can become financially dependent on and surrender decision‐making rights to an outside agency, particularly in a declining market environment. ©2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of organic and other management practices on soil nematode communities in tea plantation: a case study in southern China
Authors: Li Xingyue , Liu Qizhi , Liu Zhilong , Shi Wangpeng , Yang Daowei , Tarasco Eustachio
Published: June 2014

Four major tea management practices (organic, pollution‐free, conventional, and semi‐natural) are employed in Chinese tea plantations at present. These practices can induce changes in the physiochemical parameters, microorganism community and enzyme activity in tea plantation soil. However, understanding of their effects on soil nematodes is still scarce. This study aimed to investigate whether and how different management practices affect the biodiversity, function, and structure of soil nematode communities in tea plantation habitats. The soil nematode community structures and ecological indices were determined from the soil samples collected more than 6 y after their respective farming practices were first applied, and different management practices did not greatly affect soil nematode community evenness or species diversity, but organic practice increased nematode trophic diversity, common species diversity, and species richness. Pollution‐free practice considerably increased fungivorous nematodes, and both pollution‐free and conventional practice decreased bacterivorous nematodes markedly in the subsurface layers of soil. Predator and omnivorous nematodes were found to be more abundant in semi‐natural plantation. Organic practice was more sustainable and suitable for tea cultivation, with the greatest biodiversity, best nutrient conditions, higher and more stable C/N ratio and lower interference in the food web.
Novel super fast response vertical alignment‐liquid crystal display with extremely wide temperature range
Authors: Iwata Yosuke , Murata Mitsuhiro , Tanaka Kohei , Ohtake Tadashi , Yoshida Hidefumi , Miyachi Koichi
Published: June 2014

We have developed a novel super fast response (SFR) thin‐film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT‐LCD) with an extremely wide temperature range. Nematic liquid crystal molecules with positive dielectric anisotropy are vertically aligned initially. Any gray‐to‐gray response is forcibly controlled by applying an electric field. Response times of the SFR TFT‐LCD are over several times shorter than those of conventional LCDs such as vertical alignment or in‐plane switching LCDs.
Estimation of electrokinetic and hydrodynamic global properties of relevant amyloid‐beta peptides through the modeling of their effective electrophoretic mobilities and analysis of their propensities to aggregation
Authors: Deiber Julio A. , Piaggio Maria V. , Peirotti Marta B.
Published: June 2014

Neuronal activity loss may be due to toxicity caused by amyloid‐beta peptides forming soluble oligomers. Here amyloid‐beta peptides (1–42, 1–40, 1–39, 1–38, and 1–37) are characterized through the modeling of their experimental effective electrophoretic mobilities determined by a capillary zone electrophoresis method as reported in the literature. The resulting electrokinetic and hydrodynamic global properties are used to evaluate amyloid‐beta peptide propensities to aggregation through pair particles interaction potentials and Brownian aggregation kinetic theories. Two background electrolytes are considered at 25°C, one for pH 9 and ionic strength I = 40 mM (aggregation is inhibited through NH4OH) the other for pH 10 and I = 100 mM (without NH4OH). Physical explanations of peptide oligomerization mechanisms are provided. The effect of hydration, electrostatic, and dispersion forces in the amyloidogenic process of amyloid‐beta peptides (1–40 and 1–42) are quantitatively presented. The interplay among effective charge number, hydration, and conformation of chains is described. It is shown that amyloid‐beta peptides (1–40 and 1–42) at pH 10, I = 100 mM and 25°C, may form soluble oligomers, mainly of order 2 and 4, after an incubation of 48 h, which at higher times evolve and end up in complex structures (protofibrils and fibrils) found in plaques associated with Alzheimer's disease.
Precise rates of the first moment convergence in the LIL for NA sequences
Authors: Xiao Xiao‐Yong , Yin Hong‐Wei , Ye Cha‐Hua
Published: June 2014

Let be a strictly stationary sequence of negatively associated random variables with zero mean and finite variance. We set and , . If , then for any , we show the precise rates of the first moment convergence in the law of the iterated logarithm for a kind of weighted infinite series of and as , and as .
On some relationships between biorthogonal systems, linear topologies and the weak‐AFPP
Authors: Barroso Cleon S. , Rebouças Michel P.
Published: June 2014

In this paper, we obtain new results for the weak‐AFPP in abstract spaces by exploiting biorthogonal systems techniques. Firstly, we investigate the strong‐AFPP on countably infinite dimensional Hausdorff locally convex spaces. Spaces of this class are shown to be sequentially complete iff they have the hereditary FPP for totally bounded, closed convex sets. This might open a research line for the analysis of weak‐AFPP in such frames. In connection, we provide a simple criterion for the containement of ℓ1‐sequences in terms of strongly‐equicontinuous biorthogonal systems. We then establish a few results concerning the existence of Hausdorff finer vector topologies on abstract spaces having as prescribed condition the existence of such systems. The proofs are based on methods of Peck and Porta concerning building of finer vector topologies, and a classical construction of Singer which allows us to prove under rather natural conditions the existence of equicontinuous biorthogonal systems in metrizable locally convex spaces. These results are compatible with the failure of the weak‐AFPP. We also study the inverse problem by proving that every infinite dimensional vector space admits a (non‐locally convex) Hausdorff vector topology which is complete, non‐metrizable and is compatible with a bounded Hamel Schauder basis. It is shown further that such a topology has the ‐AFPP, where is the linear span of coefficient functionals associated to a Hamel basis. Finally, inspired by a result of Shapiro, we observe that if X is a non‐locally convex F‐space with an absolute basis, then the weak‐AFPP is equivalent to the fact that every bounded convex subset of X is compact.
Isothiocyanate metabolism, distribution, and interconversion in mice following consumption of thermally processed broccoli sprouts or purified sulforaphane
Authors: Bricker Gregory V. , Riedl Kenneth M. , Ralston Robin A. , Tober Kathleen L. , Oberyszyn Tatiana M. , Schwartz Steven J.
Published: June 2014

Scope

Broccoli sprouts are a rich source of glucosinolates, a group of phytochemicals that when hydrolyzed, are associated with cancer prevention. Our objectives were to investigate the metabolism, distribution, and interconversion of isothiocyanates (ITCs) in mice fed thermally processed broccoli sprout powders (BSPs) or the purified ITC sulforaphane.

Methods and results

For 1 wk, mice were fed a control diet (n = 20) or one of four treatment diets (n = 10 each) containing nonheated BSP, 60°C mildly heated BSP, 5‐min steamed BSP, or 3 mmol purified sulforaphane. Sulforaphane and erucin metabolite concentrations in skin, liver, kidney, bladder, lung, and plasma were quantified using HPLC‐MS/MS. Thermal intensity of BSP processing had disparate effects on ITC metabolite concentrations upon consumption. Mild heating generally resulted in the greatest ITC metabolite concentrations in vivo, followed by the nonheated and steamed BSP diets. We observed interconversion between sulforaphane and erucin species or metabolites, and report that erucin is the favored form in liver, kidney, and bladder, even when only sulforaphane is consumed.

Conclusion

ITC metabolites were distributed to all tissues analyzed, suggesting the potential for systemic benefits. We report for the first time tissue‐dependent ratio of sulforaphane and erucin, though further investigation is warranted to assess biological activity of individual forms.
Generating multiple contrasts using single‐shot radial T1 sensitive and insensitive steady‐state imaging
Authors: Benkert Thomas , Bartsch Andreas J. , Blaimer Martin , Jakob Peter M. , Breuer Felix A.
Published: June 2014

Purpose

Recently, the (Resolution Enhanced‐) T1 insensitive steady‐state imaging (TOSSI) approach has been proposed for the fast acquisition of T2‐weighted images. This has been achieved by balanced steady‐state free precession (bSSFP) imaging between unequally spaced inversion pulses. The purpose of this work is to present an extension of this technique, considerably increasing both the efficiency and possibilities of TOSSI.

Theory and Methods

A radial trajectory in combination with an appropriate view‐sharing reconstruction is used. Because each projection traverses the contrast defining k‐space center, several different contrasts can be extracted from a single‐shot measurement. These contrasts include various T2‐weightings and T2/T1‐weighting if an even number of inversion pulses is used, while an odd number allow the generation of several images with predefined tissue types cancelled.

Results

The approach is validated for brain and abdominal imaging at 3.0 Tesla. Results are compared with RE‐TOSSI, bSSFP, and turbo spin‐echo images and are shown to provide similar contrasts in a fraction of scan time. Furthermore, the potential utility of the approach is illustrated by images obtained from a brain tumor patient.

Conclusion

Radial T1 sensitive and insensitive steady‐state imaging is able to generate multiple contrasts out of one single‐shot measurement in a short scan time. Magn Reson Med 73:2129–2141, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Advantages and problems with pregnancy registries: observations and surprises throughout the life of the International Lamotrigine Pregnancy Registry
Authors: Sinclair Susan , Cunnington Marianne , Messenheimer John , Weil John , Cragan Janet , Lowensohn Richard , Yerby Mark , Tennis Patricia
Published: June 2014

Purpose

The International Lamotrigine Pregnancy Registry monitored for a signal of a substantial increase in the frequency of major congenital malformations associated with lamotrigine exposures in pregnancy over an 18‐year period. Key methodological lessons are discussed.

Methods

The strengths and weaknesses of the Registry were assessed using quantifiable methodological and operational parameters including enrollment, completeness of exposure and outcome data reporting, and lost to follow‐up. The choice of comparator groups and stopping rules for registry closure were critically evaluated.

Results

The reliance on voluntary reporting was associated with a clustered geographical distribution of registered pregnancies. The enrollment rate increased over time with new approvals and indications for lamotrigine and publication of interim data. Reporter burden was minimized through a streamlined data collection approach resulting in a high level of completeness of exposure and primary outcome data. Lost to follow‐up rates were high (28.5% overall) representing a major limitation; incentives to increase the completeness of reporting failed to reduce rates. A lack of an internal comparator group complicated data interpretation; but external comparisons with multiple external groups allowed an assessment of consistency of outcome data across multiple data sources. A lack of a priori closure criteria prolonged the life of the Registry, and consideration of regulatory guidelines on this subject is encouraged at the time of conception of future registries.

Conclusions

A successful pregnancy exposure registry requires ongoing flexibility and continuous re‐assessment of enrollment, recruitment, and retention methods and the availability of comparison data, throughout its lifecycle. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of layered silicates on the crosslinking reaction of silanol‐terminated polysiloxane
Authors: Vasilakos Sozon P. , Triantou Marianna I. , Tarantili Petroula A.
Published: June 2014

The effect of incorporation of clay nanoparticles on the vulcanization reaction of silanol‐terminated polysiloxane was studied. Three different types of commercial clays were investigated as reinforcement, namely: Cloisite 20 A (organically modified with nonpolar aliphatic chains), Cloisite 30B (modified with aliphatic chains containing hydroxyl‐end groups) and Nanofil 116, an unmodified montmorillonite as a reference. Nanoclays were found to increase the rate of curing, assessed by viscosity measurements, in all the examined systems and the acceleration rate is proportional to the content of the additive. Moreover, an increase of the area of peaks corresponding to the formation of SiOSi bonds (900–1200 cm−1) was recorded by FTIR spectroscopy for pure and reinforced poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). Temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry was also used for accurately monitoring the curing reaction of organoclay/PDMS hybrids, through the heat capacity and the enthalpy of cold crystallization measurements. For pure PDMS low reaction rate was observed during the first 200 min, followed by fast acceleration. A linear increase of the reaction rate as a function of time was observed for the organoclay/PDMS hybrids. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:957–965, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Biomarkers for AAA: Encouraging steps but clinical relevance still to be delivered
Authors: Htun Nay Min , Peter Karlheinz
Published: June 2014

Potential biomarkers have been investigated using proteomic studies in a variety of diseases. Some biomarkers have central roles in both diagnosis and monitoring of various disorders in clinical medicine, such as troponins, brain natriuretic peptide, and C‐reactive protein. Although several biomarkers have been suggested in human abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), reliable markers have been lacking. In this issue, Moxon et al. [Proteomics Clin Appl. 2014, 8, 762‐772] undertook a broad and systematic proteomic approach toward identification of biomarkers in a commonly used AAA mouse model (AAA created by angiotensin‐II infusion). In this mouse model, apolipoprotein C1 and matrix metalloproteinase‐9 were identified as novel biomarkers of stable AAA. This finding represents an important step forward, toward a clinically relevant role of biomarkers in AAA. This also encourages for further studies toward the identification of biomarkers (or their combinations) that can predict AAA progression and rupture, which would represent a major progress in AAA management and would establish an AAA biomarker as a much anticipated clinical tool.
Non‐commutative geometry in higher dimensional quantum hall effect as A‐class topological insulator
Authors: Hasebe K.
Published: June 2014

We clarify relations between the higher dimensional quantum Hall effect and A‐class topological insulator. In particular, we elucidate physical implications of the higher dimensional non‐commutative geometry in the context of A‐class topological insulator. This presentation is based on the author's recent work [1].
Ensemble Support Vector Machine Algorithm for Reliability Estimation of a Mining Machine
Authors: Chatterjee Snehamoy , Dash Ansuman , Bandopadhyay Sukumar
Published: June 2014

In this study, a support vector machine (SVM)‐based ensemble model was developed for reliability forecasting. The hyperparameters of the SVM were selected by applying a genetic algorithm. Input variables of the SVM model were selected by maximizing the mean entropy value. The diverse members of the ensemble model were obtained by a k‐means clustering algorithm, and one ensemble member was selected from each cluster by choosing the closest from the cluster center. The optimum cluster number was selected using the Davies–Bouldin index. The developed model was validated by a benchmark turbocharger data set. A comparative study reveals that the proposed method performs better than existing methods on benchmark data sets. A case study was conducted investigating a dumper operated at a coal mine in India. Time‐to‐failure historical data for the dumper were collected, and cumulative time to failure was calculated for reliability forecasting. Study results demonstrate that the developed model performs well with high accuracy (R2 = 0.97) in the prediction of dumper failure, and a comparison with other methods demonstrates the superiority of the proposed ensemble SVM model. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of 2,5‐dihydroxyacetophenone with sublimation provides efficient ionization of lipid species by atmospheric pressure matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry
Authors: Hayasaka Takahiro , Goto‐Inoue Naoko , Masaki Noritaka , Ikegami Koji , Setou Mitsutoshi
Published: June 2014

Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is a powerful tool for detecting and visualizing biomolecules in tissue sections. Most IMS instruments are equipped with a high‐vacuum chamber for matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). However, the use of high‐vacuum conditions restricts the usage of the matrix to less‐volatile substances. We recently developed an atmospheric pressure MALDI instrument, named the ‘mass microscope’, to avoid this problem. The atmospheric pressure condition enables us to use volatile matrices. In this study, we compared the reliability of a volatile matrix, 2,5‐dihydroxyacetophenone (DHAP) with that of a conventionally used matrix, 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB). Compared with the results obtained with DHB, the mass spectra obtained with DHAP showed a variety of signal species in a mass region corresponding to phospholipid species in both the positive and negative ion modes without any matrix‐derived signals. DHAP provided highly strong signals of ganglioside (GM1) species. We also compared two matrix deposition techniques for DHAP matrix: sublimation and spraying. We found that the sublimation method for applying DHAP matrix on a tissue surface can maintain ion images of lipid species, including ganglioside species only in a tissue. In contrast, the spraying method led the diffusion of GM1 species toward the outside of the tissue sections. Consequently, the sublimation method for applications of DHAP is adequate to analyze some types of lipid species including GM1 in atmospheric pressure MALDI IMS. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics of phase transition in boron‐implanted Ge2Sb2Te5 thin films for phase change memory applications
Authors: Chao D. S. , Lee P. H. , Liang J. H. , Chang P. C. , Chin T. S.
Published: June 2014

Phase change memory has been considered as one of the most promising alternatives for next‐generation nonvolatile semiconductor memory. Modification of phase change materials by impurity doping has been proved to be an effective way to improve phase change memory device performance. In this study, the most common phase change material, Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST), was employed, and its intrinsic properties were modified using boron–ion implantation. The GST films were implanted with 20 keV boron ions to fluences of 5 × 1014 and 5 × 1015 ions/cm2. The characteristics of the virgin and boron‐implanted GST films were investigated by SIMS, XRD, and in situ resistance measurement. The kinetics of the thermally activated phase transition was also analyzed on the basis of the Arrhenius relationship. The results revealed that both crystallization temperature and activation energy of crystallization increase with increasing the boron fluence. The data retention capability is also enhanced from 83 to 88 °C, corresponding to a criterion of 10‐year archival lifetime. In addition, the XRD spectra indicated that high‐fluence boron–ion implantation partially inhibits the transition of the GST films from face‐centered cubic phase to hexagonal close‐packed phase. In conclusion, the thermal stability of the GST films can be improved through boron–ion implantation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
J‐Aggregates of Organic Dye Molecules Complexed with Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Imaging‐Guided Photothermal Therapy Under 915‐nm Light
Authors: Song Xuejiao , Gong Hua , Liu Teng , Cheng Liang , Wang Chao , Sun Xiaoqi , Liang Chao , Liu Zhuang
Published: June 2014

Recently, the development of nano‐theranostic agents aiming at imaging guided therapy has received great attention. In this work, a near‐infrared (NIR) heptamethine indocyanine dye, IR825, in the presence of cationic polymer, polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH), forms J‐aggregates with red‐shifted and significantly enhanced absorbance. After further complexing with ultra‐small iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and the followed functionalization with polyethylene glycol (PEG), the obtained IR825@PAH‐IONP‐PEG composite nanoparticles are highly stable in different physiological media. With a sharp absorbance peak, IR825@PAH‐IONP‐PEG can serve as an effective photothermal agent under laser irradiation at 915 nm, which appears to be optimal in photothermal therapy application considering its improved tissue penetration compared with 808‐nm light and much lower water heating in comparison to 980‐nm light. As revealed by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, those nanoparticles after intravenous injection exhibit high tumor accumulation, which is then harnessed for in vivo photothermal ablation of tumors, achieving excellent therapeutic efficacy in a mouse tumor model. This study demonstrates for the first time that J‐aggregates of organic dye molecules are an interesting class of photothermal material, which when combined with other imageable nanoprobes could serve as a theranostic agent for imaging‐guided photothermal therapy of cancer.
Prenatal prediction of pulmonary arterial hypertension in congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Spaggiari E. , Stirnemann J. J. , Sonigo P. , Khen‐Dunlop N. , De Saint Blanquat L. , Ville Y.
Published: June 2014

Objective

To evaluate the role of prenatal prognostic markers obtained routinely by ultrasound examination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the prediction of development of postnatal pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH).

Methods

One hundred and ten cases of isolated CDH were referred to our fetal medicine unit between January 2004 and April 2013. Mortality and morbidity rates were reviewed for those presenting with postnatal PAH. The following prenatal markers were evaluated as potential predictive factors of PAH: liver position, side of the CDH defect, lung area to head circumference ratio (LHR) and observed/expected LHR (o/e‐LHR), which were measured by ultrasound, and observed/expected total fetal lung volume (o/e‐TFLV), which was measured by MRI. Univariable logistic regression was used to assess associations.

Results

PAH was significantly associated with perinatal mortality and morbidity (P < 0.001). The occurrence of PAH decreased significantly with an increasing LHR, o/e‐LHR and o/e‐TFLV and was significantly increased for cases with an intrathoracic liver, but not for those with right‐sided defects. Univariable regression revealed that o/e‐TFLV (odds ratio (OR), 0.9 (95% CI, 0.86–0.95); P < 0.05 for percentage unit change in o/e), LHR (OR, 0.19 (95% CI, 0.09–0.40); P < 0.05 for unit change), o/e‐LHR (OR, 0.95 (95% CI, 0.93–0.98); P < 0.05 for percentage unit change in o/e) and liver position (OR, 2.82 (95% CI, 1.13–7.00); P < 0.05 for intrathoracic liver) were significant predictors of subsequent PAH. No differences were found after adjusting for gestational age at delivery. The areas under the receiver–operating characteristics curve were 0.80 and 0.75 for o/e‐TFLV and o/e‐LHR, respectively.

Conclusion

In cases of CDH, PAH is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity. Routinely obtained prenatal markers, usually used for the assessment of pulmonary hypoplasia, are also relevant for the postnatal prediction of PAH. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Climate geoengineering: issues of path‐dependence and socio‐technical lock‐in
Authors: Cairns Rose C.
Published: June 2014

As academic and policy interest in climate geoengineering grows, the potential irreversibility of technological developments in this domain has been raised as a pressing concern. The literature on socio‐technical lock‐in and path dependence is illuminating in helping to situate current concerns about climate geoengineering and irreversibility in the context of academic understandings of historical socio‐technical development and persistence. This literature provides a wealth of material illustrating the pervasiveness of positive feedbacks of various types (from the discursive to the material) leading to complex socio‐technical entanglements which may resist change and become inflexible even in the light of evidence of negative impacts. With regard to climate geoengineering, there are concerns that geoengineering technologies might contribute so‐called ‘carbon lock‐in’, or become irreversibly ‘locked‐in’ themselves. In particular, the scale of infrastructures that geoengineering interventions would require, and the issue of the so‐called ‘termination effect’ have been discussed in these terms. Despite the emergent and somewhat ill‐defined nature of the field, some authors also suggest that the extant framings of geoengineering in academic and policy literatures may already demonstrate features recognizable as forms of cognitive lock‐in, likely to have profound implications for future developments in this area. While the concepts of path‐dependence and lock‐in are the subject of ongoing academic critique, by drawing analytical attention to these pervasive processes of positive feedback and entanglement, this literature is highly relevant to current debates around geoengineering. WIREs Clim Change 2014, 5:649–661. doi: 10.1002/wcc.296

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Policy and Governance > Multilevel and Transnational Climate Change Governance

Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge > Climate Science and Decision Making
Typologies and precursors of career adaptability patterns among emerging adults: A seven‐year longitudinal study
Authors: Shulman Shmuel , Vasalampi Kati , Barr Tamuz , Livne Yaara , Nurmi Jari‐Erik , Pratt Michael W.
Published: June 2014

The present study examined career adaptability in 100 Israeli emerging adults who were followed from ages 22 to 29. Participants were given an in depth interview and were asked to talk about their current work, difficulties they might have had in the past and how they coped with them. In addition they were asked to elaborate on the extent to which their job fits their interests and is meaningful to them. Analyses of interviews yielded three distinctive career adaptability patterns that were associated with different levels of concurrent wellbeing: Integrated, Compromised, and Vague. A lower level of identified motivation measured seven years earlier predicted membership in the Compromised pattern. A higher level of extrinsic motivation combined with decreased parental support predicted membership in the Vague pattern. Findings are discussed within the framework of the occupational adaptations and compromises that young people must make when approaching the age of 30.
A case of cardiac sarcoidosis presenting with double tachycardia
Authors: Takahashi Keiko , Okumura Yasuo , Watanabe Ichiro , Nagashima Koichi , Mano Hiroaki , Sonoda Kazumasa , Kogawa Rikitake , Sasaki Naoko , Iso Kazuki , Okubo Kimie , Nakai Toshiko , Hirayama Atsushi
Published: June 2014

Although the most feared cardiac manifestation in cardiac sarcoidosis is the onset of ventricular arrhythmia, some patients may present with supraventricular arrhythmias. We present a rare case of cardiac sarcoidosis associated with double tachycardia manifesting as atrial flutter and ventricular tachycardia.
Localization of PGE mineralization in southeastern Russia
Authors: Khomich V.G. , Boriskina N.G.
Published: June 2014

Southeastern Russia occupies an area south of the Siberian Platform and east of Lake Baikal, up to the coasts of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan. Most of PGE placers are localized south of the Siberian Platform, mainly within the Baikal–Aldan–Stanovoi megablock. Noble-metal placers formed by PGE minerals in varying amounts are associated with the regional mafic–ultramafic complexes of different ages, namely, layered, zoned (ring) massifs and ophiolite fields. PGE mineralization is also found in layered carbonaceous strata of different ages and in several brown-coal deposits localized in the Cenozoic zones of dispersed rifting and intraplate magmatism. One of the magmatism centers is the Ussuri plume structure. The widespread regional manifestations of plume magmatism of different ages permit the development of a new approach to study the additional factors that affected the formation and localization of PGE mineralization. Based on geological, geophysical, geochemical, and mineralogical data, we have established that the conditions favorable for the formation of platinum-bearing deposits were mainly due to ore-generating plume magmatism. This magmatism gave rise to layered (in the Neoarchean and Proterozoic) and zoned (in the Phanerozoic) mafic–ultramafic massifs, which were later subjected to ore-producing magmatogene-fluid-metasomatic processes. The most favorable conditions for PGE concentration appeared in zones where late granite deposits were superposed on early layered, zoned massifs, ophiolite complexes, and layered carbonaceous strata.
Paleomagnetism of the Late Paleozoic granites of the Angara–Vitim batholith and the host rocks of the Baikal–Patom folded area: tectonic implications
Authors: Shatsillo A.V. , Fedyukin I.V. , Powerman V.I.
Published: June 2014

The paper presents the results of paleomagnetic and geochronological studies of the Late Paleozoic granites of the Angara–Vitim batholith as well as Vendian–Early Cambrian sedimentary rocks and Late Devonian subvolcanic rocks of the Patom margin of the Siberian Platform. Primary and metachronous magnetization in the rocks of the study region was used to calculate an Early Permian (~290 Ma) paleomagnetic pole, which is proposed as a reference pole for the Siberian Platform in paleomagnetic reconstructions, plotting of the apparent polar-wander path curve, and other magnetotectonic studies. The published and obtained paleomagnetic data and analysis of the geological data confirm the Late Paleozoic age of the final folding in the Baikal–Patom area. Possible causes of Late Paleozoic deformations and large-scale granite formation in the Baikal–Patom area and Transbaikalia in the Late Paleozoic are discussed.
Lithospheric mantle structure of the Siberian craton inferred from the superlong Meteorite and Rift seismic profiles
Authors: Kuskov O.L. , Kronrod V.A. , Prokof’ev A.A. , Pavlenkova N.I.
Published: June 2014

Modeling of the seismic, thermal, and density structure of the Siberian craton lithospheric mantle at depths of 100–300 km has been performed along the superlong Meteorite and Rift seismic profiles. The 2D velocity sections reflect the specific features of the internal structure of the craton: lateral inhomogeneities, seismic-boundary relief at depths of ~ 100, 150, 240, and 300 km, velocities of 8.3-8.7 km/s, and the lack of low-velocity zone in the lower lithosphere. Mapping of the thermal state along the Meteorite and Rift profiles shows a significant temperature decrease in the cratonic mantle as compared with the average temperatures of the surrounding Phanerozoic mantle (> 300 °C) estimated from the global reference model AK135. Lateral temperature variations, reflecting the thermal anomalies in the cratonic keel, are observed at depths of < 200 km (with some decrease in temperature in the central part of the craton), whereas at depths of > 200 km, temperature variations are negligible. This suggests the preservation of residual thermal perturbations at the base of the lithosphere, which must lead to the temperature equalization in the transition zone between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere. Variations in chemical composition have a negligible effect on the thermal state but affect strongly the density structure of the mantle. The results of modeling admit a significant fertilization of matter at depths more than 180–200 km and stratification of the cratonic mantle by chemical composition. The thicknesses of chemical (petrologic) and thermal boundary layers beneath the Siberian craton are estimated. The petrologic lithosphere is localized at depths of ~ 200 km. The bottom of the thermal boundary layer is close to the 1450 °C isotherm and is localized at a depth of 300 km, which agrees with heat flow and seismic-tomography data.
Evaluation of limitations of the transient electromagnetic method in shallow-depth studies: numerical experiment
Authors: Plotnikov A.E.
Published: June 2014

Based on a proposed electrical model of a system for subsurface sensing by an induction transient electromagnetic method, a numerical experiment was performed to evaluate the limitations of the method in shallow-depth studies. During the experiment, the theoretical and pseudoexperimental emf curves are compared. Based on the degree of their convergence, the capability of the system to adequately record the response from the excited space at depth is determined. The experimental results are used to plot dependences of the measured parameters of the system on its geometrical dimensions. Recommendations on the use of small-size systems are given.
Performance Anxieties: Interpellation of the Refugee Subject in Law
Authors: Luker Trish
Published: June 2014

Refugee law posits the refugee as a rights-bearing subject prior to legal recognition. The determination procedures from which legal protection may be availed to a person escaping persecution demand that the applicant be recognizable as a subject entitled to law’s power to name her as a refugee. In this article, I draw on speech act theory to investigate the rhetorical structure of refugee recognition. Viewed as a performative speech act, refugee subjectivity emerges as a result of repetition and citation of tropes of “refugee-ness,” which function to legitimate and naturalize certain representations as evidence of the grounds for protection. This places applicants in a paradoxical position: they must attempt to deliver their evidence as a performance of refugee-ness, but in making the narrative recognizable and understandable according to the norms of the legal process, the singularity, and possibly the authenticity, of the account may be lost. The argument is supported by empirical research conducted at the Australian Refugee Review Tribunal.
A comparison of sweet sorghum and maize as first-generation bioethanol feedstocks in Greece
Authors: VLACHOS C. E. , MARIOLIS N. A. , SKARACIS G. N.
Published: June 2014

According to the EU 28/2009 directive, member states are mandated to substitute 10% of fossil fuels used in transportation with biofuels by the year 2020. Bioethanol production is expected to contribute significantly towards fulfilling Greece's obligations. First-generation bioethanol, produced from amylaceous and sugar crops, is the most important biofuel globally. Maize (Zea mays L.) is the main feedstock for production worldwide, while sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), although a promising raw material source, has not yet enjoyed substantial commercial exploitation due to the high seasonality of the crop. Sustainability criteria set by the EU constitute a key factor in the characterization and future use of biofuels. A 3-year study including 20 maize and 4 sweet sorghum varieties was conducted in order to compare these two crops in terms of emitted greenhouse gases (GHG) during the cultivation phase as well as regarding emission savings by substituting bioethanol for petrol/gasoline. Both crops demonstrated promising bioethanol yields reaching 5235·7 and 6443·7 l/ha/yr for maize and sweet sorghum, respectively, and showed that they could be employed towards first-generation bioethanol production in Greece. Sweet sorghum varieties produced higher bioethanol yields per hectare coupled with lower emissions during the cultivation phase and better overall GHG savings compared to maize.