bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human activities altered the enrichment patterns of microplastics in mangrove blue carbon ecosystem in the semi-enclosed Zhanjiang Bay, China
Authors: Zhang Peng , Zhao Wei , Zhang Jibiao , Gao Yeqin , Wang Shujia , Jian Qiying
Published: April 2024

Mangroves, as the key blue carbon ecosystem, are considered ‘potential sinks’ for microplastics (MPs) in the land-ocean interface zones. However, there is limited understanding of enrichment patterns of MPs in mangrove blue carbon ecosystem, particularly in relation to human activities. This study explored the abundance, composition, and diversity of MPs in mangrove and non-mangrove sediments in Zhanjiang Bay (ZJB) to investigate the effects of human activities on MPs enrichment patterns in the blue carbon system. The results showed that MPs were widely prevalent in all sediment samples, and the abundance of MPs was significantly higher in all mangrove sediments than in non-mangrove sediments (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the average abundance of MPs was found to be 263.67 ± 85.25 items/kg in non-mangrove sediment samples, whereas in mangrove sediment samples, it was 618.17 ± 71.75 items/kg. The average abundance of MPs in mangroves was about 1.6 times higher than that in non-mangroves, indicating that mangroves have an interception effect on MPs, and human activities are the key factor leading to the difference in MPs enrichment patterns between mangroves and non-mangroves. Furthermore, the predominant MPs shapes in both mangroves and non-mangroves are fragments, with multicolor and green being the most common colors and most MPs sizes ranging between 100 and 330 µm. Besides, there was no significant relationship found between MPs abundance and particulate organic carbon (P > 0.05), indicating that MPs pollution didn’t significantly alter the natural POC pool in ZJB. Overall, this study provided important baseline information on MPs pollution in the mangrove blue carbon ecosystems in ZJB, which was implications for future mitigation of MPs pollution and the management of mangrove ecosystem.
Efficacy and safety of different systemic drugs in the treatment of uremic pruritus among hemodialysis patients: a network meta-analysis based on randomized clinical trials
Authors: Zhao Xueqian , Sun Haipeng , Li Wei
Published: April 2024

Aim

This network meta-analysis was to analyze and rank the efficacy and safety of different systemic drugs in the treatment of uremic pruritus (UP) among hemodialysis patients.

Method

PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched from inception to 10 July 2023 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating different drugs in the treatment of UP among hemodialysis patients. Drugs including cromolyn sodium, dexchlorpheniramine, difelikefalin, gabapentin, hydroxyzine, ketotifen, melatonin, montelukast, nalbuphine, nalfurafine, nemolizumab, nicotinamide, pregabalin, sertraline, thalidomide, and placebo were assessed. Outcome measures, including pruritus relief, response, and adverse events, were analyzed. Network plots, forest plots, league tables, and the surface under the cumulative ranking (SUCRA) probabilities were depicted for each outcome.

Results

The network meta-analysis retrieved 22 RCTs. Gabapentin (69.74%) had the highest likelihood to be the most effective drug for pruritus relief in UP patients receiving hemodialysis, followed by cromolyn sodium and hydroxyzine. Thalidomide (60.69%) and gabapentin (58.99%) were associated with significantly more drug responses for treating UP among patients receiving hemodialysis. Patients who were treated with gabapentin (40.01%) were likely to have risks of adverse events and dizziness. Lower risks of adverse events, nausea, and diarrhea were found in patients who received cromolyn sodium and lower risks of somnolence.

Conclusion

This study suggests considering gabapentin treatment when facing a patient suffering from UP. This study provides a reference for the selection of drug therapy for UP patients receiving hemodialysis.
Study on the clinical efficacy and safety of baloxavir marboxil tablets in the treatment of influenza A
Authors: Qiu Chaochao , Cheng Fang , Ye Xinchun , Wu Zhengxing , Ning Hongye , Liu Saiduo , Wu Lianpeng , Zhang Yiyang , Shi Jichan , Jiang Xiangao
Published: April 2024

Objective

To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of baloxavir marboxil tablets in the treatment of influenza A.

Methods

According to a random sequence generated by computer software, 200 patients with confirmed influenza A were divided into a study group and a control group with 100 cases in each group. Group allocation was concealed using sealed envelopes. The study group was treated with oral administration of baloxavir marboxil tablets, 40 mg once. The control group was given oral oseltamivir capsules, 75 mg twice a day, for five consecutive days. The therapeutic effects, symptom disappearance time and adverse drug reactions of the two groups after 5 days of treatment were compared.

Results

There was no significant difference in the total effective rate between the two groups (99% vs. 98%, p > 0.05). There was no significant difference in fever subsidence time (1.54 ± 0.66 d vs. 1.67 ± 0.71 d, p > 0.05), cough improvement time (2.26 ± 0.91 d vs. 2.30 ± 0.90 d, p > 0.05) and sore throat improvement time (2.06 ± 0.86 d vs. 2.09 ± 0.83 d, p > 0.05) between the two groups. There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse drug reactions between the two groups (8% vs. 13%, p > 0.05).

Conclusion

Baloxavir marboxil tablets can be effectively used in the treatment of patients with influenza A and have a similar efficacy and safety profile as oseltamivir capsules.
Identifying and costing common gaps in Central and West Africa pharmaceutical regulation
Authors: Alfonso Claudia P. , N’Jambong Guy B. , Magdy Alaa , Di Trapani Laura , Kuwana Rutendo , Kahsay Abraham G. , Maïga Diadié , Ossei-Agyeman-Yeboah Sybil N. A. , Djitafo Fah Aimé B. , Ndomondo-Sigonda Margareth
Published: April 2024

Background

Regulatory systems strengthening is crucial for catalyzing access to safe and effective medical products and health technologies (MPHT) for all. Identifying and addressing common regulatory gaps through regional approaches could be instrumental for the newly incepted African Medicine Agency.

Aims

This original study sheds light on common gaps among 10 national regulatory authorities (NRAs) and ways to address them regionally.

Objectives

The study used NRA self-assessment outcomes to identify common gaps in four critical regulatory pillars and estimate the cost of addressing them from regional perspectives that aimed at raising the maturity level of regulatory institutions.

Methods

A cross-sectional study, using the WHO Global Benchmarking Tool (GBT), was conducted between 2020 and 2021 with five NRAs from ECCAS and ECOWAS member states that use French and Spanish as lingua franca.

Results

The 10 NRAs operated in a non-formal-to-reactive approach (ML1-2), which hinders their ability to ensure the quality of MPHT and respond appropriately to public health emergencies. Common gaps were identified in four critical regulatory pillars—good regulatory practices, preparedness for public health emergencies, quality management systems, and substandard and falsified medical products—with overall cost to address gaps estimated at US$3.3 million.

Contribution

We elaborated a reproducible method to strengthen regulatory systems at a regional level to improve equitable access to assured-quality MPHT. Our bottom-up approach could be utilized by RECs to address common gaps through common efforts.
Diaphragm ultrasonography as a monitor in assessing antagonistic effect of sugammadex on rocuronium in patients with Child-Pugh grades A and B
Authors: Sun Yan , Sun Shujun , Chen Rui , Shen Jiwei , Chen Xiangdong , Lin Yun , Yao Shanglong
Published: April 2024

Background

Although diaphragm ultrasound can be used for detecting residual neuromuscular blockade post-surgery, there exists notable dearth in contemporary research exploring the correlation between preoperative Child-Pugh classification and the effectiveness of sugammadex in reversing rocuronium-induced blockade as evaluated by diaphragmatic ultrasonography.

Methods

This was a prospective, double-blind, non-randomized controlled clinical trial conducted on patients scheduled for laparoscopic liver resection surgery. The participants were categorized into two groups, A and B, based on their preoperative Child-Pugh classification. Prior to anesthesia induction, baseline diaphragm thickness was evaluated using ultrasonography. Throughout the surgical procedure, a deep neuromuscular blockade was maintained with rocuronium. Post-surgery, sugammadex (2 mg/kg) was intravenously administered to patients in both groups upon reaching a train-of-four ratio of 0.2. Diaphragm thickness was assessed at 0, 10, and 30 min, as well as 2 h after extubation, to analyze thickening fractioning (TF) and thickness recovery fractioning (TRF).

Results

No significant differences in TF or TRF were observed between the two groups at 0, 10, and 30 min, as well as 2 h after extubation. Furthermore, there were no significant variances in hemodynamic stability following sugammadex administration. However, patients in the Child-Pugh B group experienced a significantly prolonged time from sugammadex administration to tracheal extubation (19 ± 8.0 min vs. 11 ± 6.1 min) and an extended post-anesthesia care unit stay (123 ± 28.3 min vs. 103 ± 26.0 min) compared to those in the Child-Pugh A group.

Conclusion

The preoperative Child-Pugh grades may not exhibit a significant association with the reversal effect of sugammadex on rocuronium, as evaluated through diaphragmatic ultrasonography.

Clinical trial registration

Registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05028088) on July 18, 2021.
Concomitant lithium increases radioiodine uptake and absorbed doses per administered activity in graves’ disease: comparison of conventional versus lithium-augmented radioiodine therapy
Authors: Khreish Fadi , Schaefer-Schuler Andrea , Roth Leonie , Burgard Caroline , Rosar Florian , Ezziddin Samer
Published: April 2024

Background

Lithium inhibits iodine and thyroid hormone release from thyroid cells, possibly increasing radioiodine retention and anti-hyperthyroid efficacy when given adjunctively to radioiodine therapy (RAI) of Graves’ disease (GD). However, the literature contains limited dosimetric data regarding the influence of concomitant lithium in this setting.

Methods

We retrospectively compared dosimetric variables in patients undergoing RAI with/without adjunctive lithium (n = 52 each). We assessed two low-dose, short-duration oral lithium carbonate regimens, 450 mg/d (n = 22) or 900 mg/d (n = 30), for a mean of 4.7 ± 1.4 d starting upon RAI administration. Patients underwent diagnostic testing to measure thyroidal radioiodine uptake (RAIU) 24 h ± 2 h after ingesting up to 5 MBq radioiodine, receiving individualized RAI activities 24 h later. Using ≥3 RAIU daily measurements starting 24 h post-RAI, researchers were able to determine the effective radioiodine half-life and absorbed dose to the thyroid; we also calculated the absorbed dose per administered activity concentration within that organ. Rates of GD cure, defined as reaching euthyroidism or hypothyroidism post-RAI, were evaluated in patients with ~6 months or longer post-RAI follow-up.

Results

The lithium dosage subgroups had similar dosimetric values and thus are considered together. Lithium patients and controls had similar average “diagnostic” RAIU (51.1% ± 15.7% vs. 50.6% ± 13.8%, p = 0.820), but the former had significantly higher RAIU post-RAI (56.3% ± 13.5% vs. 49.1% ± 13.5%, p = 0.002), reflecting significantly greater change in the former (+16.2% ± 30.4% vs. -1.8% ± 16.1%, p = 0.001). Radioiodine effective half-life was non-significantly longer in lithium patients (5.43 ± 1.50 d vs. 5.08 ± 1.16 d, p = 0.192). The mean RAI administered activity was 27% less in lithium patients (677 ± 294 MBq vs. 930 ± 433 MBq, p = 0.001), but GD cure rates were similar (83% [39/47] vs. 82% [33/40], p = 0.954), possibly due to the significantly higher thyroid dose in the lithium patients, especially in thyroid gland with a volume ≤ 20 mL (1.04 ± 0.44 Gy/MBq vs. 0.76 ± 0.30 Gy/MBq, p = 0.020). Day 3 serum lithium concentrations were low (450 mg/d: 0.26 ± 0.12 mmol/L, 900 mg/d: 0.50 ± 0.18 mmol/L); no lithium toxicity was noted.

Conclusion

Lithium augmentation may increase the RAIU and thyroid absorbed dose, permitting potentially decreased RAI activities without sacrificing efficacy. Our observations should be confirmed in a prospective, randomized trial.
Biosynthetic and catabolic pathways control amino acid δ2H values in aerobic heterotrophs
Authors: Silverman Shaelyn N. , Wijker Reto S. , Sessions Alex L.
Published: April 2024

The hydrogen isotope ratios (δ2HAA values) of amino acids in all organisms are substantially fractionated relative to growth water. In addition, they exhibit large variations within microbial biomass, animals, and human tissues, hinting at rich biochemical information encoded in such signals. In lipids, such δ2H variations are thought to primarily reflect NADPH metabolism. Analogous biochemical controls for amino acids remain largely unknown, but must be elucidated to inform the interpretation of these measurements. Here, we measured the δ2H values of amino acids from five aerobic, heterotrophic microbes grown on different carbon substrates, as well as five Escherichia coli mutant organisms with perturbed NADPH metabolisms. We observed similar δ2HAA patterns across all organisms and growth conditions, which–consistent with previous hypotheses–suggests a first-order control by biosynthetic pathways. Moreover, δ2HAA values varied systematically with the catabolic pathways activated for substrate degradation, with variations explainable by the isotopic compositions of important cellular metabolites, including pyruvate and NADPH, during growth on each substrate. As such, amino acid δ2H values may be useful for interrogating organismal physiology and metabolism in the environment, provided we can further elucidate the mechanisms underpinning these signals.
Safety and immunogenicity of Vi-diphtheria toxoid typhoid conjugate vaccine among children below 2 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Mohamed Taha Amira , Abouelmagd Khaled , Mahmoud Abdelrahman Mohamed , Elkasaby Mohamed Hamouda , Nguyen Dang , Ahmed Ryan , Patel Pari , Bonilla-Aldana D. Katterine , Luna Camila , Rodriguez-Morales Alfonso J.
Published: April 2024

Background

The Vi-diphtheria toxoid typhoid conjugate vaccine (Vi-DT) has shown promising results in preventing typhoid fever in children under 2 years of age. However, a thorough assessment of its safety and immunogenicity is required to inform vaccination strategies. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the safety and immunogenicity of Vi-DT in children below 2 years.

Methods

We systematically searched multiple databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, for relevant studies published up to September 2023. We included studies reporting on the safety and immunogenicity outcomes of Vi-DT compared to the control or Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugated vaccine (Vi-TT) in children below 2 years. We applied a random-effects model for meta-analysis using RevMan 5.4. We expressed the results as risk ratio (RR) with a 95% confidence interval (95%CI).

Results

In this analysis, five studies were selected, encompassing 1,292 children under 2 years who received the Vi-DT vaccine. No significant difference in immediate reactions was observed within 30 min post-vaccination between Vi-DT and control groups (RR: 0.99 [95% CI: 0.19, 5.26]), nor between Vi-DT and Vi-TT groups. For solicited adverse events within 4 weeks, the VI-DT group showed no significant increase in adverse events compared to control (RR: 0.93 [95% CI: 0.78, 1.12]) or Vi-TT (RR: 0.86 [95% CI: 0.69, 1.07]). Similarly, within 7 days post-vaccination, risk ratios indicated no significant differences in adverse events between the groups. The 4-week seroconversion rate was significantly higher in the Vi-DT group compared to the control (RR: 1.99 [95% CI: 1.07, 3.69]), but no difference was found between Vi-DT and Vi-TT. Adverse events associated with typhoid conjugate vaccines were predominantly non-serious, including fever and injection site reactions. Serious adverse events were rare but included conditions like pneumonia and gastroenteritis.

Conclusion

This meta-analysis highlights Vi-DT safety and immunogenicity in six to 24-month-old children. The findings support the use of this Vi-DT to expand typhoid vaccination in endemic regions, in line with WHO’s strategy.
Hsp90 inhibition leads to an increase in surface expression of multiple immunological receptors in cancer cells
Authors: Wickenberg Madison , Mercier Rebecca , Yap Megan , Walker John , Baker Kristi , LaPointe Paul
Published: April 2024

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone important for maintaining protein homeostasis (proteostasis) in the cell. Hsp90 inhibitors are being explored as cancer therapeutics because of their ability to disrupt proteostasis. Inhibiting Hsp90 increases surface density of the immunological receptor Major Histocompatibility Complex 1 (MHC1). Here we show that this increase occurs across multiple cancer cell lines and with both cytosol-specific and pan-Hsp90 inhibitors. We demonstrate that Hsp90 inhibition also alters surface expression of both IFNGR and PD-L1, two additional immunological receptors that play a significant role in anti-tumour or anti-immune activity in the tumour microenvironment. Hsp90 also negatively regulates IFN-γ activity in cancer cells, suggesting it has a unique role in mediating the immune system’s response to cancer. Our data suggests a strong link between Hsp90 activity and the pathways that govern anti-tumour immunity. This highlights the potential for the use of an Hsp90 inhibitor in combination with another currently available cancer treatment, immune checkpoint blockade therapy, which works to prevent immune evasion of cancer cells. Combination checkpoint inhibitor therapy and the use of an Hsp90 inhibitor may potentiate the therapeutic benefits of both treatments and improve prognosis for cancer patients.
Restoring cellular copper homeostasis in Alzheimer disease: a novel peptide shuttle is internalized by an ATP-dependent endocytosis pathway involving Rab5- and Rab14-endosomes
Authors: Okafor Michael , Champomier Olivia , Raibaut Laurent , Ozkan Sebahat , El Kholti Naima , Ory Stéphane , Chasserot-Golaz Sylvette , Gasman Stéphane , Hureau Christelle , Faller Peter , Vitale Nicolas
Published: April 2024

CPPs, or Cell-Penetrating Peptides, offer invaluable utility in disease treatment due to their ability to transport various therapeutic molecules across cellular membranes. Their unique characteristics, such as biocompatibility and low immunogenicity, make them ideal candidates for delivering drugs, genes, or imaging agents directly into cells. This targeted delivery enhances treatment efficacy while minimizing systemic side effects. CPPs exhibit versatility, crossing biological barriers and reaching intracellular targets that conventional drugs struggle to access. This capability holds promise in treating a wide array of diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and infectious diseases, offering a potent avenue for innovative and targeted therapies, yet their precise mechanism of cell entry is far from being fully understood. In order to correct Cu dysregulation found in various pathologies such as Alzheimer disease, we have recently conceived a peptide Cu(II) shuttle, based on the αR5W4 CPP, which, when bound to Cu(II), is able to readily enter a neurosecretory cell model, and release bioavailable Cu in cells. Furthermore, this shuttle has the capacity to protect cells in culture against oxidative stress-induced damage which occurs when Cu binds to the Aβ peptide. The aim of this study was therefore to characterize the cell entry route used by this shuttle and determine in which compartment Cu is released. Pharmacological treatments, siRNA silencing and colocalization experiments with GFP-Rab fusion proteins, indicate that the shuttle is internalized by an ATP-dependent endocytosis pathway involving both Rab5 and Rab14 endosomes route and suggest an early release of Cu from the shuttle.
3D human pose data augmentation using Generative Adversarial Networks for robotic-assisted movement quality assessment
Authors: Wang Xuefeng , Mi Yang , Zhang Xiang
Published: April 2024

In the realm of human motion recognition systems, the augmentation of 3D human pose data plays a pivotal role in enriching and enhancing the quality of original datasets through the generation of synthetic data. This augmentation is vital for addressing the current research gaps in diversity and complexity, particularly when dealing with rare or complex human movements. Our study introduces a groundbreaking approach employing Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), coupled with Support Vector Machine (SVM) and DenseNet, further enhanced by robot-assisted technology to improve the precision and efficiency of data collection. The GANs in our model are responsible for generating highly realistic and diverse 3D human motion data, while SVM aids in the effective classification of this data. DenseNet is utilized for the extraction of key features, facilitating a comprehensive and integrated approach that significantly elevates both the data augmentation process and the model's ability to process and analyze complex human movements. The experimental outcomes underscore our model's exceptional performance in motion quality assessment, showcasing a substantial improvement over traditional methods in terms of classification accuracy and data processing efficiency. These results validate the effectiveness of our integrated network model, setting a solid foundation for future advancements in the field. Our research not only introduces innovative methodologies for 3D human pose data enhancement but also provides substantial technical support for practical applications across various domains, including sports science, rehabilitation medicine, and virtual reality. By combining advanced algorithmic strategies with robotic technologies, our work addresses key challenges in data augmentation and motion quality assessment, paving the way for new research and development opportunities in these critical areas.
The application prospects of robot pose estimation technology: exploring new directions based on YOLOv8-ApexNet
Authors: Tang XianFeng , Zhao Shuwei
Published: April 2024

Introduction

Service robot technology is increasingly gaining prominence in the field of artificial intelligence. However, persistent limitations continue to impede its widespread implementation. In this regard, human motion pose estimation emerges as a crucial challenge necessary for enhancing the perceptual and decision-making capacities of service robots.

Method

This paper introduces a groundbreaking model, YOLOv8-ApexNet, which integrates advanced technologies, including Bidirectional Routing Attention (BRA) and Generalized Feature Pyramid Network (GFPN). BRA facilitates the capture of inter-keypoint correlations within dynamic environments by introducing a bidirectional information propagation mechanism. Furthermore, GFPN adeptly extracts and integrates feature information across different scales, enabling the model to make more precise predictions for targets of various sizes and shapes.

Results

Empirical research findings reveal significant performance enhancements of the YOLOv8-ApexNet model across the COCO and MPII datasets. Compared to existing methodologies, the model demonstrates pronounced advantages in keypoint localization accuracy and robustness.

Discussion

The significance of this research lies in providing an efficient and accurate solution tailored for the realm of service robotics, effectively mitigating the deficiencies inherent in current approaches. By bolstering the accuracy of perception and decision-making, our endeavors unequivocally endorse the widespread integration of service robots within practical applications.
Could early life DHA supplementation benefit neurodevelopment? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Hu Ruolan , Xu Juan , Hua Yimin , Li Yifei , Li Jinrong
Published: April 2024

Background

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) plays a crucial role in the growth and functional development of the infant brain. However, the impact of additional DHA supplementation on neurodevelopment in infants remains controversial in randomized controlled trials. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to investigate the effects of prenatal and postnatal DHA supplementation on neurodevelopment.

Methods

We systematically searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library electronic databases using a predefined strategy until 8 February 2024. We extracted relevant study characteristics and outcomes related to the nervous system. Two independent reviewers critically evaluated the included studies to assess their validity and risk of bias.

Results

A total of 21 studies met our inclusion criteria, one study was removed after quality assessment, and the meta-analysis included 9 randomized controlled trials. The meta-analysis results indicated that there was no statistically significant difference between the DHA supplementation group and the placebo group, as assessed by the Mental Development Index [MDI; mean difference (MD), 0.41; 95% confidence interval (CI), −0.91 to 1.73; p = 0.55]. However, the DHA group had a significantly higher Psychomotor Development Index (PDI) than the placebo group (MD, 1.47; 95% CI, 0.23 to 2.72; p = 0.02). Subgroup analyses based on populations showed that DHA supplementation was superior to placebo for infants in both MDI (language score conversion; MD, 2.05; 95% CI, −0.16 to 4.26; p = 0.07) and PDI (MD, 1.94; 95% CI, 0.23 to 3.65; p = 0.03). Other subgroup analyses indicated no statistical differences between the two groups. The remaining assessments that could not be summarized quantitatively underwent a narrative evaluation.

Conclusion

Based on the BSID assessments, DHA supplementation in infants may have potential neurodevelopmental benefits. Because the meta-analysis included few high-quality articles and had some limitations, more relevant articles are needed to address the need for separate DHA supplementation in infants, pregnant women, and lactating mothers.

Systematic review registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022348100, identifier: CRD42022348100.
Effect of spectral degradation on speech intelligibility and cortical representation
Authors: Choi Hyo Jung , Kyong Jeong-Sug , Won Jong Ho , Shim Hyun Joon
Published: April 2024

Noise-vocoded speech has long been used to investigate how acoustic cues affect speech understanding. Studies indicate that reducing the number of spectral channel bands diminishes speech intelligibility. Despite previous studies examining the channel band effect using earlier event-related potential (ERP) components, such as P1, N1, and P2, a clear consensus or understanding remains elusive. Given our hypothesis that spectral degradation affects higher-order processing of speech understanding beyond mere perception, we aimed to objectively measure differences in higher-order abilities to discriminate or interpret meaning. Using an oddball paradigm with speech stimuli, we examined how neural signals correlate with the evaluation of speech stimuli based on the number of channel bands measuring N2 and P3b components. In 20 young participants with normal hearing, we measured speech intelligibility and N2 and P3b responses using a one-syllable task paradigm with animal and non-animal stimuli across four vocoder conditions with 4, 8, 16, or 32 channel bands. Behavioral data from word repetition clearly affected the number of channel bands, and all pairs were significantly different (p < 0.001). We also observed significant effects of the number of channels on the peak amplitude [F(2.006, 38.117) = 9.077, p < 0.001] and peak latency [F(3, 57) = 26.642, p < 0.001] of the N2 component. Similarly, the P3b component showed significant main effects of the number of channel bands on the peak amplitude [F(2.231, 42.391) = 13.045, p < 0.001] and peak latency [F(3, 57) = 2.968, p = 0.039]. In summary, our findings provide compelling evidence that spectral channel bands profoundly influence cortical speech processing, as reflected in the N2 and P3b components, a higher-order cognitive process. We conclude that spectrally degraded one-syllable speech primarily affects cortical responses during semantic integration.
The impact of gender-affirming hormone therapy on nutrition-relevant biochemical measures
Authors: Waters Jennifer , Linsenmeyer Whitney
Published: April 2024

Gender-affirming hormone therapy carries the potential risk for shifts in biochemical markers that may impact cardiometabolic, hematologic, hepatic, and renal health. The critical evaluation of biochemical data is an integral part of a comprehensive nutrition assessment; therefore, nutrition professionals should be aware of shifts that are expected during the course of masculinizing and feminizing hormone therapy. Changes in important biochemical values along with binary sex-specific standards for interpreting laboratory data can pose significant challenges for nutrition professionals working with transgender and gender-diverse patients who receive gender-affirming hormone therapy. Overall, research on the biochemical impact of masculinizing and feminizing hormone therapy is nascent and limited. Methodologies and outcomes measured are heterogenous across studies, introducing complexities that impede researchers from drawing definitive conclusions. In light of these limitations, this narrative review aims to describe the potential implications of masculinizing and feminizing hormone therapy regimens on biochemical measures that may influence nutrition strategies and interventions to promote optimal health.
Case report: Unusual breast cancer metastasis manifesting as a scalp lesion in a patient with invasive lobular carcinoma
Authors: Koh Nam Hee , Oh Ha Yeun
Published: April 2024

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in women globally, often leading to distant metastasis in the lung, liver, or bones. Cutaneous metastasis represents an uncommon pattern in breast cancer, but when observed, it tends to manifest in the thorax and upper abdomen, primarily due to lymph node involvement. Therefore, occurrences of cutaneous metastasis on the scalp and extremities are infrequent. Moreover, invasive lobular carcinoma metastasizing to remote skin is rare among the breast cancer. This report presents a case of cutaneous metastasis of invasive lobular carcinoma to the scalp in a patient treated for breast cancer six years ago, with no signs of local recurrence or metastasis to other organs.
Application of nano-radiosensitizers in non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Hu Xiao , Hu Jiamiao , Pang Yuke , Wang Mengjia , Zhou Weiwen , Xie Xuyun , Zhu Chu , Wang Xuanxuan , Sun Xiaonan
Published: April 2024

Radiotherapy stands as a cornerstone in the treatment of numerous malignant tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer. However, the critical challenge of amplifying the tumoricidal effectiveness of radiotherapy while minimizing collateral damage to healthy tissues remains an area of significant research interest. Radiosensitizers, by methods such as amplifying DNA damage and fostering the creation of free radicals, play a pivotal role in enhancing the destructive impact of radiotherapy on tumors. Over recent decades, nano-dimensional radiosensitizers have emerged as a notable advancement. Their mechanisms include cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, combating tumor hypoxia, and others, thereby enhancing the efficacy of radiotherapy. This review delves into the evolving landscape of nanomaterials used for radiosensitization in non-small cell lung cancer. It provides insights into the current research progress and critically examines the challenges and future prospects within this burgeoning field.
Efficacy and safety of low-dose esketamine for painless gastrointestinal endoscopy in adults: a systematic evaluation and meta-analysis
Authors: Deng Juan , Yu Yun-Feng , Tang Zheng-Guo , Lei Hua-Juan , Tan Chuan-Chuan
Published: April 2024

Object: The benefits of low-dose esketamine for painless gastrointestinal endoscopy remain unclear. As such, the present study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of low-dose esketamine for this procedure.

Methods: Seven common databases were searched for clinical studies investigating low-dose esketamine for painless gastrointestinal endoscopy. Subsequently, a meta-analysis was performed to synthesize and analyze the data extracted from studies fulfilling the inclusion criteria.

Results: Meta-analysis revealed that, compared with propofol, low-dose esketamine in combination with propofol significantly reduced recovery time by 0.56 min (mean difference [MD] −0.56%, 95% confidence interval (CI) −1.08 to −0.05, p = 0.03), induction time by 9.84 s (MD −9.84, 95% CI −12.93 to −6.75, p < 0.00001), propofol dosage by 51.05 mg (MD −51.05, 95% CI −81.53 to −20.57, p = 0.01), and increased mean arterial pressure by 6.23 mmHg (MD 6.23, 95% CI 1.37 to 11.08, p = 0.01). Meanwhile, low-dose esketamine reduced injection pain by 63% (relative risk [RR] 0.37, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.49, p < 0.00001), involuntary movements by 40% (RR 0.60, 95% Cl 0.42 to 0.85, p < 0.005), choking by 42% (RR 0.58, 95% Cl 0.38 to 0.88, p = 0.01), bradycardia by 68% (RR 0.32, 95% Cl 0.18 to 0.58, p = 0.0002), hypotension by 71% (RR 0.29, 95% Cl 0.21 to 0.40, p < 0.00001), respiratory depression by 63% (RR 0.37, 95% 0.26 to 0.51, p < 0.00001), additional cases of propofol by 53% (RR 0.47, 95% Cl 0.29 to 0.77, p = 0.002), and increased hypertension by 1000% (RR 11.00, 95% Cl 1.45 to 83.28, p = 0.02). There were no significant differences in mean heart rate, mean oximetry saturation, delirium, dizziness, vomiting, tachycardia, and hypoxemia. Subgroup analyses revealed that, compared with other dose groups, 0.25 mg/kg esketamine afforded additional benefits in recovery and induction time, mean arterial pressure, involuntary movements, hypoxemia, and respiratory depression.

Conclusion: Low-dose esketamine was found to be safe and effective for providing anesthesia during gastrointestinal endoscopy, with 0.25 mg/kg identified as the optimal dose within the dosage ranges examined. However, caution should be exercised when administering this drug to patients with inadequate preoperative blood pressure control.
Periodic solution problems of neutral-type stochastic neural networks with time-varying delays
Authors: Zheng Famei , Li Xiaoliang , Du Bo
Published: April 2024

This paper is devoted to investigating a class of stochastic neutral-type neural networks with delays. By using the fixed point theorem and the properties of neutral-type operator, we obtain the existence conditions for periodic solutions of stochastic neutral-type neural networks. Furthermore, we obtain the conditions for the exponential stability of periodic solutions using Gronwall-Bellman inequality and stochastic analysis technique. Finally, a numerical example is given to show the effectiveness and merits of the present results. Our results can be used to obtain the existence and exponential stability of periodic solution to the corresponding deterministic systems.
Mathematical frameworks for investigating fractional nonlinear coupled Korteweg-de Vries and Burger’s equations
Authors: Noor Saima , Albalawi Wedad , Shah Rasool , Al-Sawalha M. Mossa , Ismaeel Sherif M. E.
Published: April 2024

This article utilizes the Aboodh residual power series and Aboodh transform iteration methods to address fractional nonlinear systems. Based on these techniques, a system is introduced to achieve approximate solutions of fractional nonlinear Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equations and coupled Burger’s equations with initial conditions, which are developed by replacing some integer-order time derivatives by fractional derivatives. The fractional derivatives are described in the Caputo sense. As a result, the Aboodh residual power series and Aboodh transform iteration methods for integer-order partial differential equations may be easily used to generate explicit and numerical solutions to fractional partial differential equations. The results are determined as convergent series with easily computable components. The results of applying this process to the analyzed examples demonstrate that the new technique is very accurate and efficient.
Long-range air-host plasmonic propagation with subwavelength confinement
Authors: Yue Kun , Feng Xialian , Yu Jiaxin , Gu Fuxing
Published: April 2024

Confining light at a subwavelength scale is important for building ultracompact opto-electronic networks. Plasmonic waveguides are good candidate devices for this purpose. However, the oscillation of electrons relating to surface plasmon polaritons causes energy dissipation, which limits the propagation length and thus reduces the waveguide performance. Here, we design a low-loss plasmonic waveguide composed of a nanowire dimer structure on a metal substrate, in which the dominant modes are localized within the air gap between the nanowires and referred to as air-host plasmonic modes. The use of air instead of dielectric materials as the host medium can reduce ohmic loss and avoid the dispersion effect of dielectric. When the constructed nanowires have a diameter less than 100 nm, the air-host mode has subwavelength-scale confinement and a propagation length of ∼100 μm, which has broad application prospects for the construction of ultracompact plasmonic devices.
Understanding optimal cadence dynamics: a systematic analysis of the power-velocity relationship in track cyclists with increasing exercise intensity
Authors: Dunst Anna Katharina , Hesse Clemens , Ueberschär Olaf
Published: April 2024

Background:This study aimed to investigate the changes in force-velocity (F/v) and power-velocity (P/v) relationships with increasing work rate up to maximal oxygen uptake and to assess the resulting alterations in optimal cadence, particularly at characteristic metabolic states.

Methods:Fourteen professional track cyclists (9 sprinters, 5 endurance athletes) performed submaximal incremental tests, high-intensity cycling trials, and maximal sprints at varied cadences (60, 90, 120 rpm) on an SRM bicycle ergometer. Linear and non-linear regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between heart rate, oxygen uptake (V.O2), blood lactate concentration and power output at each pedaling rate. Work rates linked to various cardiopulmonary and metabolic states, including lactate threshold (LT1), maximal fat combustion (FATmax), maximal lactate steady-state (MLSS) and maximal oxygen uptake (V.O2max), were determined using cadence-specific inverse functions. These data were used to calculate state-specific force-velocity (F/v) and power-velocity (P/v) profiles, from which state-specific optimal cadences were derived. Additionally, fatigue-free profiles were generated from sprint data to illustrate the entire F/v and P/v continuum.

Results:HR, V.O2demonstrated linear relationships, while BLC exhibited an exponential relationship with work rate, influenced by cadence (p< 0.05, η2≥ 0.655). Optimal cadence increased sigmoidally across all parameters, ranging from 66.18 ± 3.00 rpm at LT1, 76.01 ± 3.36 rpm at FATmax, 82.24 ± 2.59 rpm at MLSS, culminating at 84.49 ± 2.66 rpm at V.O2max(p< 0.01, η2= 0.936). A fatigue-free optimal cadence of 135 ± 11 rpm was identified. Sprinters and endurance athletes showed no differences in optimal cadences, except for the fatigue-free optimum (p< 0.001, d = 2.215).

Conclusion:Optimal cadence increases sigmoidally with exercise intensity up to maximal aerobic power, irrespective of the athlete’s physical condition or discipline. Threshold-specific changes in optimal cadence suggest a shift in muscle fiber type recruitment toward faster types beyond these thresholds. Moreover, the results indicate the need to integrate movement velocity into Henneman’s hierarchical size principle and the critical power curve. Consequently, intensity zones should be presented as a function of movement velocity rather than in absolute terms.
Comparative transcriptome analysis identifies candidate genes related to sucrose accumulation in longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) pulp
Authors: Li Yun , Ren Rui , Pan Ruoyun , Bao Yuying , Xie Tao , Zeng Lihui , Fang Ting
Published: April 2024

Sucrose content is one of the important factors to determine longan fruit flavor quality. To gain deep insight of molecular mechanism on sucrose accumulation in longan, we conducted comparative transcriptomic analysis between low sucrose content longan cultivar ‘Qingkebaoyuan’ and high sucrose content cultivar ‘Songfengben’. A total of 12,350 unique differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected across various development stages and different varieties, including hexokinase (HK) and sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS), which are intricately linked to soluble sugar accumulation and metabolism. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified magenta module, including DlSPS gene, was significantly positively correlated with sucrose content. Furthermore, transient expression unveiled DlSPS gene play crucial role in sucrose accumulation. Moreover, 5 transcription factors (MYB, ERF, bHLH, C2H2, and NAC) were potentially involved in DlSPS regulation. Our findings provide clues for sucrose metabolism, and lay the foundation for longan breeding in the future.
Implicit motor learning in children with autism spectrum disorder: current approaches and future directions
Authors: Zheng Weiqi
Published: April 2024

Motor dysfunction is increasingly being viewed as a core characteristic of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children. In particular, children with ASD have difficulty in learning new motor skills and there is a need to develop effective methods to improve this. Previous research has found that children with ASD may retain the ability to implicitly learn motor skills in comparison to their explicit learning of motor skills, which is typically impaired. This literature mini review focuses on summarizing the study of implicit learning in the acquisition of motor skills in children with ASD. First, we briefly introduce several common implicit learning methods in children’s motor skill learning. Second, we focus on the role of two important implicit learning approaches in motor skill learning, namely, an external focus of attention and analogy learning. Finally, based on our review of the existing studies, we present an outlook for future research and the areas that need to be improved in the practical teaching of implicit learning in the acquisition of motor skills in children with ASD.
Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward the prevention of occupational exposure in public health emergencies among nurses in Wuhan
Authors: Liu Yan , Zhang Zhili , Liu Ying
Published: April 2024

Background and objective

Nurses have an essential role in dealing with public health emergencies (PHE). This study explored the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) towards preventing occupational exposure in PHE among nurses in Wuhan.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted in May 2023 to assess the KAP of nurses in Wuhan, China. Questionnaires were created and distributed to evaluate the KAP of nurses and explore the factors associated with KAP. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between baseline demographic characteristics and KAP, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to explore complex relationships and causal pathways among relevant factors.

Results

A total of 440 valid questionnaires were collected. The mean knowledge, attitude, and practice scores were 11.84 ± 2.37, 39.87 ± 3.10, and 44.05 ± 3.76, respectively. The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that age >50 years old (p = 0.039), working experience of 1–3 years (p = 0.060) and 4–6 years (p = 0.024), participation in PHE training, and scene rescue (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with knowledge score. In addition, the attitude of the nurses was significantly related to knowledge scores (p = 0.002). Moreover, practice was significantly associated with knowledge scores (p = 0.005) and attitude scores (p < 0.001). The correlation analysis showed that the practice was significantly associated with knowledge (r = 0.336, p < 0.001) and attitude (r = 0.449, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Nurses exhibited moderate knowledge, relatively positive attitude, and practice, which needed to be improved regarding occupational exposure in PHE. The practice of the nurses could be promoted by paying more attention to the working experience, participation in training and scene rescue in PHE, and their knowledge and attitude.
Microscopy detection and molecular characterisation of Giardia duodenalis infection in outpatients seeking medical care in Egypt
Authors: Elmahallawy Ehab Kotb , Gareh Ahmed , Ghallab Marwa M. I. , Köster Pamela C. , Dashti Alejandro , Aboelsoued Dina , Toaleb Nagwa Ibrahim , Alzaylaee Hind , Gonzálvez Moisés , Saleh Amira A. , Alhegaili Alaa S. , Eldehn Ahmed Fathy , Hernández-Castro Carolina , Bailo Begoña , González-Barrio David , Carmena David
Published: April 2024

Introduction

Giardiosis remains one of the most prevalent enteric parasitic infections globally. Earlier molecular-based studies conducted in Egypt have primarily focused on paediatric clinical populations and most were based on single genotyping markers. As a result, there is limited information on the frequency and genetic diversity of G. duodenalis infections in individuals of all age groups.

Methods

Individual stool samples (n = 460) from outpatients seeking medical care were collected during January–December 2021 in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, northern Egypt. Initial screening for the presence of G. duodenalis was conducted by coprological examination. Microscopy-positive samples were further confirmed by real-time PCR. A multilocus sequence typing approach targeted amplification of the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), beta-giardin (bg), and triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) genes was used for genotyping purposes. A standardised epidemiological questionnaire was used to gather basic sociodemographic and clinical features of the recruited patients.

Results

Giardia duodenalis cysts were observed in 5.4% (25/460, 95% CI: 3.6–7.9) of the stool samples examined by conventional microscopy. The infection was more frequent in children under the age of 10 years and in individuals presenting with diarrhoea but without reaching statistical significance. Stool samples collected during the winter period were more likely to harbour G. duodenalis. All 25 microscopy-positive samples were confirmed by real-time PCR, but genotyping data was only available for 56.0% (14/25) of the isolates. Sequence analyses revealed the presence of assemblages A (78.6%, 11/14) and B (21.4%, 3/14). All assemblage A isolates were identified as sub-assemblage AII, whereas the three assemblage B sequences belonged to the sub-assemblage BIII. Patients with giardiosis presenting with diarrhoea were more frequently infected by the assemblage A of the parasite.

Conclusion

This is one of the largest epidemiological studies evaluating G. duodenalis infection in individuals of all age groups in Egypt. Our molecular data suggest that G. duodenalis infections in the surveyed population are primarily of anthropic origin. However, because assemblages A and B are zoonotic, some of the infections identified can have an animal origin. Additional investigations targeting animal (domestic and free-living) and environmental (water) samples are warranted to better understand the epidemiology of giardiosis in Egypt.