bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combining ferromagnetic resonator and digital image correlation to study the strain induced resonance tunability in magnetoelectric heterostructures
Authors: Zighem Fatih , Belmeguenai Mohamed , Faurie Damien , Haddadi Halim , Moulin Johan
Published: October 2014

This paper reports the development of a methodology combining microstrip ferromagnetic resonance and digital image correlation in order to simultaneously measure the voltage-induced strains and the magnetic resonance in artificial magnetoelectric heterostructures (“magnetic films/piezoelectric substrate” or “magnetic films/flexible substrate/piezoelectric actuator”). The overall principle of the technique and the related analytical modelling are described. It is powerful to estimate the magnetostriction coefficient of ferromagnetic thin films and can be used to determine the effective magnetoelectric coefficient of the whole heterostructures in addition to the piezoelectric coefficient related to the in-plane voltage-induced strains. This methodology can be applied to system for which the strains are well transmitted at the different interfaces.
On the approximations of the distribution function of fusion alpha particles
Authors: Bilato R. , Brambilla M. , Poli E.
Published: October 2014

The solution of the drift-kinetic equation for fusion-born alpha particles is derived in the limit of dominant parallel streaming, and it is related to the usual slowing-down distribution function. The typical approximations of the fast tail of fusion-born alpha particles are briefly compared and discussed. In particular, approximating the distribution function of fast-alpha particles with an “equivalent” Maxwellian is inaccurate to describe absorption of radio-frequency waves in the ion-cyclotron range of frequencies.
Inertial confinement fusion based on the ion-bubble trigger
Authors: Jafari S. , Nilkar M. , Ghasemizad A. , Mehdian H.
Published: October 2014

Triggering the ion-bubble in an inertial confinement fusion, we have developed a novel scheme for the fast ignition. This scheme relies on the plasma cavitation by the wake of an intense laser pulse to generate an ion-bubble. The bubble acts both as an intense electron accelerator and as an electron wiggler. Consequently, the accelerated electrons trapped in the bubble can emit an intense tunable laser light. This light can be absorbed by an ablation layer on the outside surface of the ignition capsule, which subsequently drills it and thereby produces a guide channel in the pellet. Finally, the relativistic electron beam created in the bubble is guided through the channel to the high density core igniting the fusion fuel. The normalized beam intensity and beam energy required for triggering the ignition have been calculated when core is heated by the e-beam. In addition, through solving the momentum transfer, continuity and wave equations, a dispersion relation for the electromagnetic and space-charge waves has been analytically derived. The variations of growth rate with the ion-bubble density and electron beam energy have been illustrated. It is found that the growth rates of instability are significantly controlled by the ions concentration and the e-beam energy in the bubble.
Low-frequency acoustic atomization with oscillatory flow around micropillars in a microfluidic device
Authors: Cheung Yin Nee , Nguyen Nam Trung , Wong Teck Neng
Published: October 2014

This letter reports a low frequency acoustic atomization technique with oscillatory extensional flow around micropillars. Large droplets passing through two micropillars are elongated. Small droplets are then produced through the pinch-off process at the spindle-shape ends. As the actuation frequency increases, the droplet size decreases with increasing monodispersity. This method is suitable for in-situ mass production of fine droplets in a multi-phase environment without external pumping. Small particles encapsulation was demonstrated with the current technique.
Simple thermodynamics of strongly coupled one-component-plasma in two and three dimensions
Authors: Khrapak Sergey A. , Khrapak Alexey G.
Published: October 2014

Simple analytical approximations for the internal energy of the strongly coupled one-component-plasma in two and three dimensions are discussed. As a result, new practical expressions for the internal energy in the fluid phase are proposed. Their accuracy is checked by evaluating the location of the fluid-solid phase transition from the free energy consideration. Possible applications to other related systems are briefly discussed.
Yang-Mills like instantons in eight and seven dimensions
Authors: Loginov E. K. , Loginova E. D.
Published: October 2014

We consider a gauge theory in which a nonassociative Moufang loop takes the place of a structure group. We construct Belavin-Polyakov-Schwartz-Tyupkin (BPST) and t’Hooft like instanton solutions of the gauge theory in seven and eight dimensions.
Analytical and numerical studying of the perturbed Korteweg-de Vries equation
Authors: Kudryashov Nikolai A. , Sinelshchikov Dmitry I.
Published: October 2014

The perturbed Korteweg-de Vries equation is considered. This equation is used for the description of one-dimensional viscous gas dynamics, nonlinear waves in a liquid with gas bubbles and nonlinear acoustic waves. The integrability of this equation is investigated using the Painlevé approach. The condition on parameters for the integrability of the perturbed Korteweg-de Vries equation equation is established. New classical and nonclassical symmetries admitted by this equation are found. All corresponding symmetry reductions are obtained. New exact solutions of these reductions are constructed. They are expressed via trigonometric and Airy functions. Stability of the exact solutions of the perturbed Korteweg-de Vries equation is investigated numerically.
A crystalline oxide passivation for Al2O3/AlGaN/GaN
Authors: Qin Xiaoye , Dong Hong , Kim Jiyoung , Wallace Robert M.
Published: October 2014

In situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and low energy electron diffraction are performed to study the formation of a crystalline oxide on the AlGaN surface. The oxidation of the AlGaN surface is prepared by annealing and remote N2 + O2 plasma pretreatments resulting in a stable crystalline oxide. The impact of the oxide on the interface state density is studied by capacitance voltage (C-V) measurements. It is found that a remote plasma exposure at 550 °C shows the smallest frequency dispersion. Crystalline oxide formation may provide a novel passivation method for high quality AlGaN/GaN devices.
Absorption modulation of terahertz metamaterial by varying the conductivity of ground plane
Authors: Wen Yongzheng , Ma Wei , Bailey Joe , Matmon Guy , Aeppli Gabriel , Yu Xiaomei
Published: October 2014

Most research focuses on varying the resonator and dielectric spacer to configure the absorption and resonant frequency of terahertz (THz) metamaterial absorbers (MAs), where a metal ground plane is used as a perfect reflector of incident THz waves. In this paper, we modulate the MAs absorption by varying the conductivity of the ground plane. Two THz MAs were fabricated by replacing the gold ground planes with cobalt silicide films, and the measured absorptivity decreases by 4% for the electric resonance and increases by 44% for the dipole resonance. Our quantitative analysis reveals that when the conductivity of the ground plane decreases from 1.8 × 107 S/m to 3.0 × 105 S/m, the absorptivity of the electric resonance decreases by 23%, while that of the dipole resonance increases by 62%. Our approach also provides a practical method to measure the electric conductivity of conductive films in the THz regime.
A review of nitrogen losses due to leaching and surface runoff under intensive pasture management in Australia
Authors: Burkitt Lucy L.
Published: October 2014

This paper reviews the literature on nitrate leaching and nitrogen (N) runoff under intensive dairy pasture systems in Australia and draws comparisons with research undertaken under similar climates and farming systems internationally, with the aim to inform future research in this area. An Australian nitrate-leaching study suggests that annual nitrate-leaching loads are lower (3.7–14.5 kg N ha–1 year–1 for nil N and 6–22 kg N ha–1 year–1 for 200 kg N ha–1 applied) than the range previously measured and modelled on New Zealand dairy farms (~18–110 kg N ha–1 year–1). It is likely that nitrate-leaching rates are higher in New Zealand because of the prevalence of free-draining soils and higher average stocking rates. However, this review highlights that there are insufficient Australian nitrate-leaching data, particularly following urine application, to undertake a rigorous comparison. Median N surpluses on Australian dairy farms are higher (198 kg N ha–1) than values for an average New Zealand farm (135 kg N ha–1). Given the facts that many soils used for intensive pasture production in Australia are lightly textured or free-draining clay loams receiving average rainfall of >800 mm year–1, that herd sizes have risen in the last 10 years and that water quality is a concern in some dairy catchments, nitrate leaching could be an issue for the Australian dairy industry. Australian data on surface runoff of N are more available, despite its overall contribution to N losses being low (generally <5 kg N ha–1 year–1), except under border-check flood irrigation or hump-and-hollow surface drainage (3–23 kg N ha–1 year–1). More research is needed to quantify surface N runoff and leaching following effluent application and to examine dissolved organic forms of N loss, particularly in view of the continued intensification of the Australian dairy industry.
Testing a new method for sequential silicon extraction on soils of a temperate–humid climate
Authors: Georgiadis Anna , Sauer Daniela , Herrmann Ludger , Breuer Jörn , Zarei Mehdi , Stahr Karl
Published: October 2014

The importance of silicon (Si) compounds in agriculture and geochemical cycles has received increasing attention over the last decade; however, quantitative data on non-crystalline pedogenic Si phases in soils are still rare. Recently, the authors developed a method for sequential Si extraction from soils, in order to improve the quantification of different Si compounds in soils. The method has been tested on samples of known composition. Here, the method is applied for the first time to complete soil profiles. Six different soil types from south-west Germany that have developed since the end of the last glacial period were selected. Most of the Si in these soils was bound in primary and secondary silicates. In mineral soil horizons, the second-highest proportion of Si was in precipitates of amorphous silica (minerogenic amorphous silica), whereas in some O horizons, the second-most important Si fraction was in biogenic amorphous silica. Topsoil horizons and clayey subsoil horizons of a Luvisol and a Stagnosol especially accumulate amorphous silica. Silicon from bio-opal contributed up to 14% to the total Si in Oa horizons of the studied soils. The smallest amounts of Si were found in the mobile and adsorbed Si fractions. Some methodological limitations are identified and discussed; however, the new sequential method of Si extraction enabled separation of different Si fractions in typical soils of a temperate–humid climate.
SEC-10 and RAB-10 coordinate basolateral recycling of clathrin-independent cargo through endosomal tubules in
Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Chen Sanyou , Li Lei , Li Jiangli , Liu Bei , Zhu Xinyu , Zheng Li , Zhang Rongying , Xu Tao
Published: October 2014

Significance

Understanding how clathrin-independent endocytic (CIE) cargo proteins are sorted into and transported within endosomes has attracted growing interests. Here, in
Caenorhabditis elegans
intestine, a well-established genetic system for deciphering endocytic trafficking in multicellular organisms, we report direct visualization of dynamic endosomal tubules as carriers for basolateral recycling of certain CIE cargoes. We unveil the coordination of the Rab GTPase RAB-10, the exocyst component SEC-10, and the microtubule cytoskeleton to form a network of interconnected tubules. We demonstrate that RAB-10 leads the growing tubules and that SEC-10 is required for tethering/fusion of tubular carriers. Our results provide previously unidentified insights into the regulation of CIE pathways.
Extended uses of the progressive form in L1 and L2 Englishes
Authors: Paulasto Heli
Published: October 2014

This paper examines extended stative and habitual uses of the progressive form (PF), features of vernacular syntax that are shared by numerous contact-induced Englishes. Three of these are investigated here: Welsh English (WelE), a high-contact L1/L2 shift variety, Indian English, an indigenised L2 variety, and the traditional dialects of England, representing vernacular L1 English and a potential historical superstrate. Despite cross-varietal similarities, the PF proves to be quite distinctive in the corpora in terms of its structural, functional, and lexical properties. The patterns of variation are considered in relation to the primary substrate languages, Welsh and Hindi, the English English superstrate, and general developments in the use of the PF in English. The results indicate that the contact-induced varieties are typologically similar to the substrates in divergent ways and that the superstrate is clearly influential in WelE. Propositions of “angloversality” therefore need to be considered in light of regional linguistic ecologies and the structural and functional characteristics of (vernacular) English itself.
Chapter 3. Echolalia and language development in children with autism
Authors: Roberts Jacqueline M.A.
Published: October 2014

Echolalia, the immediate or delayed repetition of the speech of another, is associated with autism. Echolalia is usually described as a non-functional self-stimulatory or stereotypical behaviour, despite research and theory suggesting echolalia has several functions for people with autism and may also be important in language development. Reduction or elimination of echolalia is often cited as a therapeutic goal and is generally considered to be a positive intervention outcome. In this chapter, the relationship between echolalia and imitation in typical and disordered language development is discussed. The relationship between developing receptive language competence (Reynell Developmental Language Scales) and the amount of echolalia (language sample) in speech is examined in a group (n=26) of children with Autistic Disorder compared to a group of children (n=23) of children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI). The receptive language and the amount of echolalia in speech were assessed in both groups annually for three years. An inverse association between the amount of echolalia in speech and receptive language ability in children with autism was noted. Like imitation in typical development, echolalia may be exact or modified in some way (mitigated). These modifications can be classified into several types. The amount and type of mitigated echolalia in speech and its relationship to the receptive language ability of children with autism is described. The findings of this study are consistent with the view that echolalia plays an important role in the language development of children with autism. Implications for assessment and management of echolalia in children with autism are discussed.
Chapter 9. Using conversational structure as an interactional resource
Authors: Rendle-Short Johanna
Published: October 2014

One of the diagnostic criteria for children with Asperger’s Syndrome (AS) is pragmatic impairment. Yet, minimal interactional research has been carried out on what exactly ‘pragmatic impairment’ might mean. What do children with AS do (or not do) when interacting? What do they find interactionally ‘difficult’? What do the conversational partners do to manage social and pragmatic difficulties as they emerge, moment by moment, in interaction? Using a conversation analytic framework, this paper explores some of the ways in which two pragmatically impaired children with AS, aged 8 years, interact with four different conversational partners. Using a competence model, it examines the conversational partners’ use of adjacency pairs as a scaffolding device enabling the children with AS to make contributions to the talk-in-interaction in a safe, predictable environment. It also examines the different strategies used by the children with AS in environments in which the talk is less well-scaffolded, such as when initiating new topics or repair sequences. The analysis highlights the need for further research into how interaction is collaboratively managed by children with AS and their interactional partners.
The Scholar behind the Medal: Edward J. Dent (1876–1957) and the Politics of Music History
Authors: Fauser Annegret
Published: October 2014

This article engages with issues of musical historiography and politics – mainly in the 1930s and 1940s – through the example of Edward J. Dent, a towering figure of international musical and musicological life during that period. Dent's career was tightly interwoven with musical and musicological practice both in Britain and in the wider Western world. It offers a fascinating access point to European musical modernism on the one hand, and to mid-century concerns with the uses of music history on the other. In this article, I focus on these aspects of Dent's career and their intersections by exploring first Dent's involvement with the International Society for Contemporary Music, before turning to two further and closely related issues: Dent's scholarly work of that period – especially his turn to Handel – and his involvement in international cultural politics during the 1930s and 1940s.
Shorter intervals at peak SV vs.V̇O2max may yield high SV with less physiological stress
Authors: Colakoglu Muzaffer , Ozkaya Ozgur , Balci Gorkem Aybars , Yapicioglu Bulent
Published: October 2014

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether greater and sustainable stroke volume (SV) responses may be obtained by exercise intensities corresponding to peak SV (SVpeak) vs. maximal O2 consumption (), and short vs. long intervals (SI vs. LI). Nine moderate‐ to well‐trained male athletes competing at regional level specialists of cyclist, track and field volunteered to take part in the study (: 59.7 ± 7.4 mL·min−1·kg−1). Following familiarisation sessions, was determined, and then SVpeak was evaluated using exercise intensities at 40%–100% of by nitrous‐oxide rebreathing (N2ORB) method. Then each separate participant exercised wattages corresponding to individual and SVpeak during both SI (SI and SISVpeak) and LI (LI and LISVpeak) workouts on a cycle ergometer. Main results showed that both SI and SISVpeak yielded greater SV responses than LI and LISVpeak (p ≤ 0.05). Mean SV responses were greater in LISVpeak than in LI (p ≤ 0.05), but there was no statistical difference between SISVpeak and SI. However, there was significantly less physiological stress based on VO2, respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate and rate of perceived exhaustion in SVpeak than in intensities (p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, SV responses at exercise phases increased in the early stages and remain stable until the end of SI and SISVpeak workouts (p > 0.05), while they were gradually decreasing in LI and LISVpeak sessions (p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, if the aim of a training session is to improve SVpeak with less physiological stress, SISVpeak seems a better alternative than other modalities tested in the present study.
Intrinsic square function characterizations of Musielak-Orlicz Hardy spaces
Authors: Liang Yiyu , Yang Dachun
Published: October 2014

Let

φ
:

R

n

×
[
0
,
∞
)
→
[
0
,
∞
)

\varphi : \mathbb R^n\times [0,\infty )\to [0,\infty )

be such that

φ
(
x
,
⋅
)

\varphi (x,\cdot )

is an Orlicz function and

φ
(
⋅
,
t
)

\varphi (\cdot ,t)

is a Muckenhoupt

A
∞

(

R

n

)

A_\infty (\mathbb R^n)

weight uniformly in

t
t

. In this article, for any

α
∈
(
0
,
1
]

\alpha \in (0,1]

and

s
∈

Z

+

s\in \mathbb {Z}_+

, the authors establish the

s
s

-order intrinsic square function characterizations of

H

φ

(

R

n

)

H^{\varphi }(\mathbb R^n)

in terms of the intrinsic Lusin area function

S

α
,
s

S_{\alpha ,s}

, the intrinsic

g
g

-function

g

α
,
s

g_{\alpha ,s}

and the intrinsic

g

λ

∗

g_{\lambda }^*

-function

g

λ
,
α
,
s

∗

g^\ast _{\lambda , \alpha ,s}

with the best known range

λ
∈
(
2
+
2
(
α
+
s
)

/

n
,
∞
)

\lambda \in (2+2(\alpha +s)/n,\infty )

, which are defined via

L
i
p

α

(

R

n

)

\mathrm {Lip}_\alpha ({\mathbb R}^n)

functions supporting in the unit ball. A

φ
\varphi

-Carleson measure characterization of the Musielak-Orlicz Campanato space

L

φ
,
1
,
s

(

R

n

)

{\mathcal L}_{\varphi ,1,s}({\mathbb R}^n)

is also established via the intrinsic function. To obtain these characterizations, the authors first show that these

s
s

-order intrinsic square functions are pointwise comparable with those similar-looking

s
s

-order intrinsic square functions defined via

L
i
p

α

(

R

n

)

\mathrm {Lip}_\alpha ({\mathbb R}^n)

functions without compact supports, which when

s
=
0

s=0

was obtained by M. Wilson. All these characterizations of

H

φ

(

R

n

)

H^{\varphi }(\mathbb R^n)

, even when

s
=
0

s=0

,
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="phi left-parenthesis x comma t right-parenthesis colon equals w left-parenthesis x right-parenthesis t Superscript p Baseline for reverse-solidus all t element-of left-bracket 0 comma normal infinity right-parenthesis and x element-of double-struck upper R Superscript n">

φ
(
x
,
t
)
:=
w
(
x
)

t
p

 

for\ all

 
t
∈
[
0
,
∞
)
 

and

 
x
∈

R

n

\varphi (x,t):=w(x)t^p\ \textrm {for\ all}\ t\in [0,\infty )\ \textrm {and}\ x\in {\mathbb R}^n

\]
with

p
∈
(
n

/

(
n
+
α
)
,
1
]

p\in (n/(n+\alpha ), 1]

and

w
∈

A

p
(
1
+
α

/

n
)

(

R

n

)

w\in A_{p(1+\alpha /n)}(\mathbb R^n)

, also essentially improve the known results.
The Impact of the U.S. Sugar Program Redux
Authors: Beghin John C. , Elobeid Amani
Published: October 2014

We analyze the various welfare costs, transfers, trade, and employment consequences of the current U.S. sugar program for U.S. consumers, other sugar users, sugar refiners, cane and beet growing and processing industries, other associated agricultural sectors, and world markets. The removal of the sugar program would increase U.S. consumers' welfare by $2.9 to $3.5 billion each year and generate a modest job creation of 17,000 to 20,000 new jobs in food manufacturing and related industries. Imports of sugar containing products would fall dramatically, especially confectioneries substituting for domestic inputs under the sugar program. Sugar imports would rise substantially to 5–6 million short tons raw sugar equivalent. World sugar price increases would be minor, equivalent to about 1 cent per pound.
First Report of Colletotrichum karstii Causing Anthracnose on Blueberry Leaves in Brazil
Authors: Rios J. A. , Pinho D. B. , Moreira W. R. , Pereira O. L. , Rodrigues F. A.
Published: October 2014

Anthracnose or ripe rot of blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) is caused predominantly by Colletotrichum fioriniae, which belongs to the C. acutatum complex since it has cylindrical conidia with both ends acute (2). In May 2013, an isolate typical of the C. boninense complex (cylindrical conidia with both ends rounded) (1) was obtained from leaves of southern highbush blueberry seedlings in a nursery located in the municipality of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The symptoms initially appear as circular, necrotic lesions 10 to 30 mm in diameter. At high humidity, lesions expand rapidly to cover the entire foliar surface, leading to severe defoliation of the seedlings. This disease occurred in 100% of the seedlings, causing serious losses in the nursery. A single-conidium culture was obtained on potato-dextrose-agar (PDA) medium followed by morphological and molecular characterization. This culture was deposited at the culture collection of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil (Accession No. COAD 1741). Conidia were cylindrical, aseptate, hyaline, rounded at both ends, and 11 to 16 μm (μ = 13) long and 5 to 6 μm (μ = 5.5) wide (n = 100). For the molecular characterization, sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and β-tubulin 2 (βt) regions were obtained and deposited in GenBank (KM055653 to KM055655). A search of the Q-bank Fungi database using the ITS, βt, and GAPDH sequences retrieved C. karstii with 100, 99, and 100% identities, respectively. Based on morphological and molecular data, the fungus was identified as C. karstii. To verify pathogenicity, 20 leaves from the upper branches of 1-m tall blueberry seedlings were inoculated with 6-mm-diameter plugs from a 7-day-old culture. PDA plugs were placed on the leaves of seedlings to serve as the control. Initially, seedlings were maintained at 25 ± 2°C in the dark. Thereafter, seedlings were covered with plastic bags and transferred to a greenhouse. Anthracnose symptoms on the leaves were observed at 5 days after inoculation. Seedlings from the control treatment remained symptomless. The fungus was re-isolated from the necrotic lesions, confirming Koch's postulates. C. karstii has a wide host range and in Brazil has been previously reported on Bombax aquaticum, Carica papaya, Eugenia uniflora, Malus domestica, and Mangifera indica (1,3,4). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of C. karstii causing anthracnose on the leaves of blueberry seedlings in Brazil or worldwide. Due to the high disease severity and intense defoliation of blueberry seedlings, this pathogen represents a new threat for nurseries. Therefore, control strategies should be investigated for this disease.

References: (1) U. Damm et al. Stud. Mycol. 73:1, 2012. (2) U. Damm et al. Stud. Mycol. 73:37, 2012. (3) Lima et al. Plant Dis. 97:1248, 2014. (4) Velho et al. Plant Dis. 98:157, 2014.
First Report of Dickeya solani Causing Soft Rot in Imported Bulbs of Hyacinthus orientalis in China
Authors: Chen X. F. , Zhang H. L. , Chen J.
Published: October 2014

A bacterial pathogen, Dickeya solani, emerged as a major threat to potato (Solanum tuberosum) production in Europe in 2004 and has spread to many potato-growing regions via international trade. In December 2013, soft rot symptoms were observed in hyacinth (Hyacinthus orientalis) bulbs imported from the Netherlands into China at Ningbo Port. Diseased bulbs gave off an offensive odor. The base and internal parts of diseased bulbs rotted, and the margins of diseased tissues showed brown discoloration. Isolation on nutrient agar glucose (NAG) medium resulted in dominating colonies of characteristic “fried egg” morphology (1). One colony was chosen for further investigation and tentatively named “isolate 6165-3.” Under microscopic visualization after gram stain, the cells of isolate 6165-3 were gram-negative, motile, and rod shaped. The isolate was then identified as a member of genus Dickeya using the Biolog GN microplate. The 16S rRNA, recA, and dnaX sequences of isolate 6165-3 were subsequently determined and deposited in GenBank with accession numbers KM405240, KM405241, and KM405242, sharing 99% (16S rRNA), 100% (recA), and 100% (dnaX) nucleotide identity with those of known D. solani isolates, respectively. By this means, the isolate 6165-3 was identified as D. solani (1,2). To confirm the pathogenicity of the isolate, four plants each of 30-day-old hyacinth, 14-day-old potato, and 60-day-old moth orchid (Phalaenopsis amabilis) were inoculated with suspensions of the isolate with a concentration of 108 CFU/ml in sterile water by stabbing. Plants were incubated in a climate chamber at 28°C during the day and 24°C during the night with a relative humidity of 93% and a photoperiod of 12/12 h. Plants inoculated with sterile water were included as negative controls. After 2 or 3 days, typical symptoms such as water-soaked lesions and soft rot developed around the inoculation point, while the negative controls remained symptomless. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by re-isolating bacteria from lesions, which had identical sequence and morphology characters with the inoculated isolate. This is the first report of intercepted D. solani on hyacinth bulbs imported from the Netherlands into China, indicating that D. solani can spread via hyacinth. Further spread of the pathogen into potato production might lead to immeasurable economic consequences for China.

References: (1) P. F. Sarris et al. New Dis. Rep. 24:21, 2011. (2) J. M. van der Wolf et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 64:768, 2014.
Improved Diagnoses and Quantification of Fusarium virguliforme, Causal Agent of Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome
Authors: Wang Jie , Jacobs Janette L. , Byrne Jan M. , Chilvers Martin I.
Published: October 2014

Fusarium virguliforme (syn. F. solani f. sp. glycines) is the primary causal pathogen responsible for soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS) in North America. Diagnosis of SDS is difficult because symptoms can be inconsistent or similar to several soybean diseases and disorders. Additionally, quantification and identification of F. virguliforme by traditional dilution plating of soil or ground plant tissue is problematic due to the slow growth rate and plastic morphology of F. virguliforme. Although several real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based assays have been developed for F. virguliforme, the performance of those assays does not allow for accurate quantification of F. virguliforme due to the reclassification of the F. solani species complex. In this study, we developed a TaqMan qPCR assay based on the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) intergenic spacer (IGS) region of F. virguliforme. Specificity of the assay was demonstrated by challenging it with genomic DNA of closely related Fusarium spp. and commonly encountered soilborne fungal pathogens. The detection limit of this assay was determined to be 100 fg of pure F. virguliforme genomic DNA or 100 macroconidia in 0.5 g of soil. An exogenous control was multiplexed with the assay to evaluate for PCR inhibition. Target locus copy number variation had minimal impact, with a range of rDNA copy number from 138 to 233 copies per haploid genome, resulting in a minor variation of up to 0.76 cycle threshold values between strains. The qPCR assay is transferable across platforms, as validated on the primary real-time PCR platform used in the Northcentral region of the National Plant Diagnostic Network. A conventional PCR assay for F. virguliforme detection was also developed and validated for use in situations where qPCR is not possible.
Host Genotype and Hypersensitive Reaction Influence Population Levels of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians in Lettuce
Authors: Bull Carolee T. , Gebben Samantha J. , Goldman Polly H. , Trent Mark , Hayes Ryan J.
Published: October 2014

Dynamics of population sizes of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians inoculated onto or into lettuce leaves were monitored on susceptible and resistant cultivars. In general, population growth was greater for susceptible (Clemente, Salinas 88, Vista Verde) than resistant (Batavia Reine des Glaces, Iceberg, Little Gem) cultivars. When spray-inoculated or infiltrated, population levels of X. campestris pv. vitians were consistently significantly lower on Little Gem than on susceptible cultivars, while differences in the other resistant cultivars were not consistently statistically significant. Populations increased at an intermediate rate on cultivars Iceberg and Batavia Reine des Glaces. There were significant positive correlations between bacterial concentration applied and disease severity for all cultivars, but bacterial titer had a significantly greater influence on disease severity in the susceptible cultivars than in Little Gem and an intermediate influence in Iceberg and Batavia Reine des Glaces. Infiltration of X. campestris pv. vitians strains into leaves of Little Gem resulted in an incompatible reaction, whereas compatible reactions were observed in all other cultivars. It appears that the differences in the relationship between population dynamics for Little Gem and the other cultivars tested were due to the hypersensitive response in cultivar Little Gem. These findings have implications for disease management and lettuce breeding because X. campestris pv. vitians interacts differently with cultivars that differ for resistance mechanisms.
Characterization of Streptococcus pneumoniae clones from paediatric patients with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Pimentel de Araujo Fernanda , D’Ambrosio Fabio , Camilli Romina , Fiscarelli Ersilia , Di Bonaventura Giovanni , Baldassarri Lucilla , Visca Paolo , Pantosti Annalisa , Gherardi Giovanni
Published: October 2014

The role ofStreptococcus pneumoniaein cystic fibrosis (CF) is poorly understood. The pneumococcal population has changed over time after the introduction of the heptavalent conjugate vaccine (PCV7) and, more recently, the 13-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV13). Although serotypes and clones causing invasive pneumococcal disease or colonizing healthy children have been extensively analysed, little is known so far on the serotypes and clones of pneumococci in CF patients. The aim of this work was to investigate serotypes, antibiotic susceptibilities, genotypes and biofilm production of CF pneumococcal isolates. Overall, 44S. pneumoniaestrains collected from 32 paediatric CF patients from January 2010 to May 2012 in a large Italian CF Centre were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility testing by Etest, serotyped by the Quellung reaction and genotyped by a combination of different molecular typing methods, includingpbpgene restriction profiling,pspArestriction profiling and sequencing, PFGE and multilocus sequence typing. Biofilm production by pneumococcal strains was also assessed. Penicillin non-susceptibility was 16 %. High resistance rates (>56 %) were observed for erythromycin, clindamycin and tetracycline. The most frequent serotype recovered was serotype 3 (31.8 %). The coverage of PCV7 and PCV13 was 6.8 and 47.7 %, respectively. More than 80 % of CF strains belonged to Pneumococcal Molecular Epidemiology Network (PMEN) reference clones, the most common being Netherlands3-ST180 (28.2 %), and Greece21-30/ST193 (15.4 %). All strains produced biofilmin vitro, although with large variability in biofilm formation efficiency. No correlation was found between biofilm levels and serotype, clone or antibiotic resistance. The high isolation rate of antibiotic-resistant serotype 3 pneumococci from CF patients suggests that PCV13 could increase protection from pneumococcal colonization and infection.
Quantification of GC-biased gene conversion in the human genome
Authors: Glémin Sylvain , Arndt Peter F. , Messer Philipp W. , Petrov Dmitri , Galtier Nicolas , Duret Laurent
Published: October 2014

Many lines of evidence indicate GC-biased gene conversion (gBGC) has a major impact on the evolution of mammalian genomes. However, up to now, this process had not been properly quantified. In principle, the strength of gBGC can be measured from the analysis of derived allele frequency spectra. However, this approach is sensitive to a number of confounding factors. In particular, we show by simulations that the inference is pervasively affected by polymorphism polarization errors, especially at hypermutable sites, and spatial heterogeneity in gBGC strength. Here we propose a new method to quantify gBGC from DAF spectra, incorporating polarization errors and taking spatial heterogeneity into account. This method is very general in that it does not require any prior knowledge about the source of polarization errors and also provides information about mutation patterns. We apply this approach to human polymorphism data from the 1000 genomes project. We show that the strength of gBGC does not differ between hypermutable CpG sites and non-CpG sites, suggesting that in humans gBGC is not caused by the base-excision repair machinery. We further find that the impact of gBGC is concentrated primarily within recombination hotspots: genome-wide, the strength of gBGC is in the nearly neutral area, but 2% of the human genome is subject to strong gBGC, with population-scaled gBGC coefficients above 5. Given that the location of recombination hotspots evolves very rapidly, our analysis predicts that in the long term, a large fraction of the genome is affected by short episodes of strong gBGC.
Cotton WRKY1 Mediates the Plant Defense-to-Development Transition during Infection of Cotton byVerticillium dahliaeby ActivatingJASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN1Expression
Authors: Li Chao , He Xin , Luo Xiangyin , Xu Li , Liu Linlin , Min Ling , Jin Li , Zhu Longfu , Zhang Xianlong
Published: October 2014

Plants have evolved an elaborate signaling network to ensure an appropriate level of immune response to meet the differing demands of developmental processes. Previous research has demonstrated that DELLA proteins physically interact with JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN1 (JAZ1) and dynamically regulate the interaction of the gibberellin (GA) and jasmonate (JA) signaling pathways. However, whether and how the JAZ1-DELLA regulatory node is regulated at the transcriptional level in plants under normal growth conditions or during pathogen infection is not known. Here, we demonstrate multiple functions of cotton (Gossypium barbadense) GbWRKY1 in the plant defense response and during development. Although GbWRKY1 expression is induced rapidly by methyl jasmonate and infection by Verticillium dahliae, our results show that GbWRKY1 is a negative regulator of the JA-mediated defense response and plant resistance to the pathogens Botrytis cinerea and V. dahliae. Under normal growth conditions, GbWRKY1-overexpressing lines displayed GA-associated phenotypes, including organ elongation and early flowering, coupled with the down-regulation of the putative targets of DELLA. We show that the GA-related phenotypes of GbWRKY1-overexpressing plants depend on the constitutive expression of Gossypium hirsutum GhJAZ1. We also show that GhJAZ1 can be transactivated by GbWRKY1 through TGAC core sequences, and the adjacent sequences of this binding site are essential for binding specificity and affinity to GbWRKY1, as revealed by dual-luciferase reporter assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. In summary, our data suggest that GbWRKY1 is a critical regulator mediating the plant defense-to-development transition during V. dahliae infection by activating JAZ1 expression.
Posttranslational Modifications of FERREDOXIN-NADP+ OXIDOREDUCTASE in Arabidopsis Chloroplasts
Authors: Lehtimäki Nina , Koskela Minna M. , Dahlström Käthe M. , Pakula Eveliina , Lintala Minna , Scholz Martin , Hippler Michael , Hanke Guy T. , Rokka Anne , Battchikova Natalia , Salminen Tiina A. , Mulo Paula
Published: October 2014

Rapid responses of chloroplast metabolism and adjustments to photosynthetic machinery are of utmost importance for plants’ survival in a fluctuating environment. These changes may be achieved through posttranslational modifications of proteins, which are known to affect the activity, interactions, and localization of proteins. Recent studies have accumulated evidence about the crucial role of a multitude of modifications, including acetylation, methylation, and glycosylation, in the regulation of chloroplast proteins. Both of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaf-type FERREDOXIN-NADP+ OXIDOREDUCTASE (FNR) isoforms, the key enzymes linking the light reactions of photosynthesis to carbon assimilation, exist as two distinct forms with different isoelectric points. We show that both AtFNR isoforms contain multiple alternative amino termini and undergo light-responsive addition of an acetyl group to the α-amino group of the amino-terminal amino acid of proteins, which causes the change in isoelectric point. Both isoforms were also found to contain acetylation of a conserved lysine residue near the active site, while no evidence for in vivo phosphorylation or glycosylation was detected. The dynamic, multilayer regulation of AtFNR exemplifies the complex regulatory network systems controlling chloroplast proteins by a range of posttranslational modifications, which continues to emerge as a novel area within photosynthesis research.
Crystal structure of 1-methyl-3-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-indole
Authors: Liu Xian-Rong , Zhou Yan-Ling
Published: October 2014

The title compound, C26H21F3N2, was prepared by the palladium-catalysed reaction of (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)benzene with 1-methyl-1H-indole. The dihedral angle between the planes of the indole-ring systems is 52.13 (6)° and theN-methyl groups point away from each other. Three short intramolecular C—H...F contacts are observed.
Correlation of the solid-state reactivities of racemic 2,4(6)-di-O-benzoyl-myo-inositol 1,3,5-orthoformate and its 4,4′-bipyridine cocrystal with their crystal structures
Authors: Tamboli Majid I. , Bahadur Vir , Gonnade Rajesh G. , Shashidhar Mysore S.
Published: October 2014

Racemic 2,4(6)-di-O-benzoyl-myo-inositol 1,3,5-orthoformate, C21H18O8,(1), shows a very efficient intermolecular benzoyl-group migration reaction in its crystals. However, the presence of 4,4′-bipyridine molecules in its cocrystal, C21H18O8·C10H8N2,(1)·BP, inhibits the intermolecular benzoyl-group transfer reaction. In(1), molecules are assembled around the crystallographic twofold screw axis (baxis) to form a helical self-assembly through conventional O—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions. This helical association places the reactive C6-O-benzoyl group (electrophile, El) and the C4-hydroxy group (nucleophile, Nu) in proximity, with a preorganized El...Nu geometry favourable for the acyl transfer reaction. In the cocrystal(1)·BP, the dibenzoate and bipyridine molecules are arranged alternately through O—H...N interactions. The presence of the bipyridine molecules perturbs the regular helical assembly of the dibenzoate molecules and thus restricts the solid-state reactivity. Hence, unlike the parent dibenzoate crystals, the cocrystals do not exhibit benzoyl-transfer reactions. This approach is useful for increasing the stability of small molecules in the crystalline state and could find application in the design of functional solids.
Who leads?
Authors: H Deacon Jonathan , A Harris Jacqueline , Worth Louise
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to engage with contemporary gender and entrepreneurship theories to gain insights into the division of labour, capitals and capacities and gendered identities within husband and wife heterosexual copreneurial businesses. This paper acknowledges copreneurship as a constituent sub group of research within family business and in doing so, the wider small business domain.

Design/methodology/approach

– A multiple exploratory interview approach was used, with data generated through face-to-face in-depth interviews and ethnographic participant – observer multi-setting observation. This approach provided exceedingly rich and detailed data, and thus insights into the complex relationships found within copreneurial businesses.

Findings

– The interviews generated a large amount of qualitative data, which were organised into themes through a process of recursive abstraction. Expelling the myth of the “male lead entrepreneur”, this study found that entrepreneurial identity and roles and responsibilities within a copreneurial business are shared and complementary, and are dependent upon the unique capacities and capitals of each partner. While there is evidence of duties that could be stereotypically described as either “men’s work or women’s work”, there was no apparent role tension between the partners. Thus, no partner’s contribution was deemed more valuable than the other.

Originality/value

– By examining the division of labour and unique value/contribution of both men and women within the copreneurial/familial relationship the stereotyped perception of the husband being the lead (male) entrepreneur is challenged in favour of the more complementary capacities, roles, responsibilities and, thus, value of each actor/participant.
A comparative study of reciprocity in international physician licensing
Authors: Pande Vivek
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine the international mobility of physicians by comparing the regulations governing the practice of foreign physicians in the USA and eight other countries.

Design/methodology/approach

– This is a comparative study of the regulations governing the practice of foreign physicians in eight countries: China, India, the Philippines, the UK, Germany, Denmark, Israel and Australia. Their requirements are then contrasted with the USA’s requirements for foreign physician licensure to evaluate the extent of reciprocity among these countries. We conclude the paper by outlining some recommendations to increase the international mobility of physicians in the future.

Findings

– The results indicate that licensure for US physicians to practice in the nations above ranges from impossible (India), to difficult (China), to moderately difficult (the UK, Germany and Denmark), to easy and completely reciprocal (Australia, Israel and the Philippines).

Originality/value

– The results and recommendations in this study are a valuable starting point for further research and policy changes that will ensure a more reciprocal relationship between the USA and other countries, in terms of opportunities for international medical practice.
Understanding the complexities of responding to child sex trafficking in Thailand and Cambodia
Authors: Davy Deanna
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The market in trafficked children bought and sold for sexual exploitation is one of the most inhumane transnational crimes that appear to have been facilitated by globalisation and its many effects, such as growing disparity in wealth between North and South. Child sex trafficking (CST) in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) is an extremely complex problem, deeply rooted in historical injustice, gender inequality and poverty. In addition to the complexities of the child trafficking issue, the organisations that seek to combat CST are themselves not always a united force and display their own internal and inter-agency complexities. The purpose of this paper is to examine some of the key complexities of responding to CST in Thailand and Cambodia.

Design/methodology/approach

– The methodology for this research consisted of 22 semi-structured interviews with anti-child trafficking experts in Thailand and Cambodia, in addition to field observations in various child sex tourism hubs in Southeast Asia.

Findings

– The complexities of the CST problem in Thailand and Cambodia are discussed as well as analysis of the internal and inter-agency barriers faced by the organisations that seek to combat CST. The research finds that, due to limitations in donor funding, anti-trafficking organisations face difficulties in effectively responding to all aspects of the CST problem. The recommendation is made for improved advocacy networking against this transnational crime. Recent success stories are highlighted.

Research limitations/implications

– The research for this paper involved semi-structured interviews with staff from non-government organisations and United Nations agencies, but not with government representatives. The lack of available data from Thai and Cambodian government representatives limits the ability of the researcher to evaluate the effectiveness of anti-trafficking organisations’ response to the child trafficking issue. Also lacking is the voice of child trafficking victims, the key beneficiaries of anti-trafficking organisations’ aid and advocacy efforts.

Originality/value

– There is an abundance of literature on the subject of CST but a dearth in scholarly literature on the subject of advocacy and policy responses to CST in Southeast Asia. This paper provides a valuable contribution the knowledge base on child trafficking by analysing both the complexities of the CST issue and the complexities, for anti-trafficking organisations, of effectively combating CST in the GMS.