bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Topographical Method for the Development of Neural Networks for Artificial Brain Evolution
Authors: Jung Sung Young
Published: July 2005

Developmental neural networks, which are constructed according to developmental rules (i.e., genes), have the potential to be differentiated into heteromorphic neural structures capable of performing various kinds of activities. The fact that the biological neural architectures are found to be highly repetitive, layered, and topographically organized has important consequences for neural development methods. The purpose of this article is to propose a neural development method that can construct topographical neural connections, that is, a topographical development method, to facilitate fast and efficient development. This is achieved by arborizing neural connections on a developmental tree that rarely produces dead connections. Modular gene expression and corresponding modular networks have an important role in a gradual evolutionary process. Gene expression for modular networks is also proposed here as a way to reduce the probability of fatal mutants created through gene alteration. The corresponding evolutionary experiment shows that various neural structures—layered, repetitive, modular, and complex ones like those in the biological brain—can be constructed and easily observed. It also demonstrates that due to the efficiency of the proposed method, large neural networks can be easily managed, thereby making it suitable for long duration evolutionary experiments.
Emergence of Cooperation: State of the Art
Authors: Nitschke Geoff
Published: July 2005

This review presents a review of prevalent results within research pertaining to emergent cooperation in biologically inspired artificial social systems. Results reviewed maintain particular reference to biologically inspired design principles, given that current mathematical and empirical tools have provided only a partial insight into elucidating mechanisms responsible for emergent cooperation, and then only in systems of an abstract nature. This review aims to provide an overview of important and disparate research contributions that investigate utilization of biologically inspired concepts such as emergence, evolution, and self-organization as a means of attaining cooperation in artificial social systems.

An introduction and overview of emergent cooperation in artificial life is presented, followed by a survey of emergent cooperation in swarm-based systems, the pursuit-evasion domain, and RoboCup soccer. The final section draws conclusions regarding future directions of emergent cooperation as a problem-solving methodology that is potentially applicable in a wide range of problem domains. Within each of these sections and their respective themes of research, the mechanisms deemed to be responsible for emergent cooperation are elucidated and their key limitations highlighted. The review concludes that current studies in emergent cooperative behavior are limited by a lack of situated and embodied approaches, and by the research infancy of current biologically inspired design approaches. Despite these limiting factors, emergent cooperation maintains considerable future potential in a wide variety of application domains where systems composed of many interacting components must cooperatively perform unanticipated global tasks.
A Gene Network Model for Developing Cell Lineages
Authors: Geard Nicholas , Wiles Janet
Published: July 2005

Biological development is a remarkably complex process. A single cell, in an appropriate environment, contains sufficient information to generate a variety of differentiated cell types, whose spatial and temporal dynamics interact to form detailed morphological patterns. While several different physical and chemical processes play an important role in the development of an organism, the locus of control is the cell's gene regulatory network. We designed a dynamic recurrent gene network (DRGN) model and evaluated its ability to control the developmental trajectories of cells during embryogenesis. Three tasks were developed to evaluate the model, inspired by cell lineage specification in C. elegans, describing the variation in gene activity required for early cell diversification, combinatorial control of cell lineages, and cell lineage termination. Three corresponding sets of simulations compared performance on the tasks for different gene network sizes, demonstrating the ability of DRGNs to perform the tasks with minimal external input. The model and task definition represent a new means of linking the fundamental properties of genetic networks with the topology of the cell lineages whose development they control.
Artificial Life Down Under
Authors: Abbass Hussein A.
Published: July 2005

For many years, Australian researchers have been contributing to the areas of artificial life and complex adaptive systems. This report highlights some of the Australian-based activities in these areas.
Prediction of Delamination Growth and Opening Near Intersection of Transverse Matrix Cracks and Delamination
Authors: Noh Jae , Whitcomb John
Published: July 2005

The use of advanced composite materials for cryogenic fuel tanks reduces the mass of the structure but microscopic damage can cause fuel leakage. The amount of leakage depends on the connectivity of the damage and crack opening displacements. In this paper, the damage growth and the opening near the intersection of transverse matrix cracks (TMC) and a delamination are discussed. Three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) was used to analyze cross-ply and angle-ply graphite/epoxy laminates. The strain energy release rates (SERR) along the delamination front were calculated based on the virtual crack closure technique. The strain energy release rate has a very large variation along the delamination front and is sensitive to a variety of geometric and load parameters. There is an extreme gradient of the strain energy release rate near the intersection of the delamination front and the TMC. Based on the SERR results, likely delamination shape and size for cross- and angle-ply laminates were determined. Prediction of the likely shape and size will help one to understand the conduit for leakage. The opening near the intersection of the TMC and the delamination was calculated. The effect of ply thickness on the SERR and the opening is also discussed.
‘Where’, ‘In Which’, and ‘In That’: A Corpus-Based Approach to Error Analysis
Authors: Crompton Peter
Published: July 2005

This paper analyses the use of the word where in texts written by Malay-speaking learners of English. Data from a learner corpus is compared with data from two corpora of academic writing by native English-speaker writers. Considerable over-use of where is found: this is explained as a consequence of various patterns of misuse of where and non-use of standard forms of relativization common in written academic English. Suggestions are offered as to (a) the causes of misuse and (b) teaching strategies for helping students avoid misuse.
English In…Thailand
Authors: Foley Joseph A.
Published: July 2005

This account of English in the formal education system in Thailand traces briefly its historical background and then looks at the teaching of English today. The country itself has quite a complex sociolinguistic context and in order to understand the teaching and learning of English, one must understand the basic tenets of the culture. From this cross-cultural perspective, we can then understand some of the new initiatives that are presently being taken in English Language Teaching in Thailand.
Foucault on Freedom and Capabilities
Authors: Tobias Saul
Published: July 2005

Within recent scholarship, a long-standing tendency to view Foucault as pessimistic about the possibilities of activism is now being reversed. For many contemporary commentators who emphasize the themes of personal agency, transgression and radical freedom in their assessment of his thought, Foucault offers new possibilities for political practice and for the pursuit of self-determination. However, an examination of Foucault’s work, particularly in the transitional period preceding his so-called ‘ethical’ writings, indicates his appreciation of basic human needs and functions that complicates the current understanding of Foucault as a philosopher of freedom. Particularly in his discussions of the ideas of ‘desubjectivation’ and ‘limit-experience’, Foucault’s work recognizes that prior conditions of psychological, economic and social ‘well-being’ are prerequisites for any subsequent performance of freedom. Examining this dimension of Foucault’s work reveals interesting points of convergence between his thought and the capabilities approach advocated by philosophers such as Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum. Like them, Foucault’s work recognizes that there are some minimal levels of human functioning below which talk of self-determination is misplaced. As such, political philosophy needs to be concerned with the grounds of personal and political obligation, no less than the limits and possibilities of freedom.
Instrumentum Vocale
Authors: Kemple Thomas M.
Published: July 2005

Max Weber’s reply to Werner Sombart’s lecture on technology and culture, presented at the first meeting of the German Sociological Society held in Frankfurt in 1910, is discussed in terms of its conventional and improvised character as a distinctive mode of ‘sociological’ speech. Emphasis is placed on the specific rhetorical circumstances that gave rise to these remarks, especially with regard to Weber’s status as an authorized speaker at the meeting, and their formulation as a response to Marxist theories accepted or criticized by members of the audience. In characterizing the relationship between technology and culture specifically as a topic of sociological discourse, Weber’s comments therefore constitute a speech-act in their own right. They both conform to the protocols of ‘value-free’ academic debate upheld by the Society and experiment with this new genre and forum of intellectual discussion. Weber’s innovative aspirations are ultimately in tension with his efforts to routinize or even rationalize the scholarly vocation ( Beruf) of sociology as both an inward calling and an institutionalized profession that can speak critically to the most pressing and relevant issues of the day.
The Uncertain but Crucial Relationship between a ‘New Energy’ Technology and Global Environmental Problems
Authors: Matsumoto Miwao
Published: July 2005

This paper describes, analyses and illuminates complex unnoticed aspects of the ’Sunshine’ project in Japan. The ‘Sunshine’ project was launched by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) as a large-scale and long-term project with the aim of developing ‘new energy’ technology. It continued from the 1970s through the early 1990s. Particular reference is made to the unexpectedly complex relationship between the ocean thermal energy conversion technology developed by the project and stratospheric ozone depletion. The paper shows that the unexpected and complex relationship between ‘new energy’ technology development and irreversible environmental change can be reduced to the problems of assessment and decision-making in situations of uncertainty. Based on this insight, a model for assessing large-scale, long-term technological development projects through a reflexive ‘feedback-for-learning’ channel is proposed. Finally, the paper introduces a sociological implication of the study: the principle of ‘mild freezing’, a perspective that builds upon and complements the precautionary principle.
On Writing Art History in Australia
Authors: Smith Bernard
Published: July 2005

In this article, presented as the Second Annual Thesis Eleven Centre Lecture in 2003, Bernard Smith discusses the practice of writing art history in, and about, Australia and Europe. Smith defends periodization, and argues for the necessity of henceforth viewing what is typically called modernism as what he calls the formalesque. Further discussion includes problems of classification, the role of theory, and the place of Aboriginal art in white art history. The article thus surveys the condition of art history in Australia, its emergence and consolidation as a discipline, and its present situation as part of contemporary world culture.
Bernard Smith’s Early Marxist Art History
Authors: O’Brian John
Published: July 2005

In a systematic investigation of national art histories, Bernard Smith’s Place, Taste and Tradition: A Study of Australian Art since 1788, first published in 1945, would likely emerge as an Ur-text of the genre. The book’s rewriting of Australian art history within a Marxist tradition of ‘culturalist’ criticism was a major advance on the available models. Its success stems in no small part from its judicious and balanced account of how social forces intersect. The book privileges economic production as a primary force, as does any Marxian text deserving of the name, but no more than it privileges cultural production and reception as primary forces.
Reconnecting the Antipodes: A Reflective Note
Authors: Pearson David
Published: July 2005

This article, drawing on Peter Beilharz’s account of Bernard Smith’s conception of the Antipodes, argues for the utility of using the connections between Australia and New Zealand as a means of exploring aspects of settler state and national relations within a local, meso-regional and global perspective. The historical development of British imperial and settler state citizenship provides the setting for demonstrating how an Antipodean viewpoint could be pursued. Emphasis is placed on the creation and reproduction of aboriginal and immigrant minorities, the establishment of strategic cross-Tasman regional relations, and shifts in the reconstruction of majority ethnic and national imaginings.
School Attachment Among Latino Youth in Rural Minnesota
Authors: Diaz Joseph D.
Published: July 2005

To explore school attachment in a group of rural Latino students in Minnesota, the data from 159 surveys given to students from 14 schools were analyzed. The findings indicate that students’ level of school attachment is increased by the frequency of attendance at community events and by the number of extracurricular activities in which students engaged. Consistent with theories of school attachment was the finding that some high-risk behaviors were reduced with greater levels of school attachment, although limitations of the study prevent generalization to the population of all Latino students. Additionally, students surveyed who were born outside of the United States were found to be more attached to their school than Latino students born in the United States.
Medical Pluralism in the Life of a Mexican Immigrant Woman
Authors: Belliard Juan Carlos , Ramírez-Johnson Johnny
Published: July 2005

This case study reflects on the variety of approaches to health care in a pluralistic immigrant urban enclave in Southern California. In-depth interviews were conducted with a Mexican immigrant woman to explore and understand her health worldview and the strategies she uses in deciding among the diverse health care options available to protect and maintain her family’s health. Kleinman’s typology of health sectors (professional, folk, and popular) is applied to the popular healing practices of the key informant and her own health-seeking behaviors. These expose the conflict between a professional community that relies on categories and binary comparisons and the existence of multiple, simultaneous health care sectors. This case study highlights the paradoxical world of health and illness in a pluralistic medical setting and how those who reside in an environment where medical syncretism exists apparently see their options very differently from their professional health care providers.
Characterization of Indentation-induced ‘Particle Crowding’ in Metal Matrix Composites
Authors: Pereyra R. , Shen Y. -L.
Published: July 2005

A direct experimental characterization of reinforcement configuration in an indentation-deformed metal matrix composite is undertaken. The primary objective is to quantify the possible local increase in particle concentration, which has been proposed to cause inconsistency in the indentation hardness and the overall composite strength. Quantitative metallography on the post-indented material is carried out to measure the particle volume fraction. Multiple cross sections of an indentation are investigated with the statistically significant results obtained. A distinct increase in particle concentration induced by the indentation is found. The spatial distribution of particle concentration is also examined in detail. The residual compressive stress field remained in the material upon unloading, as illustrated by the finite element analysis, is shown to be in qualitative agreement with the measurement.
On Microscopic Thermodynamic Mechanisms of Damage Evolution Laws
Authors: Yang Qiang , Chen Xin , Zhou Wei-Yuan
Published: July 2005

Most existing phenomenological damage evolution laws can be covered by phenomenological equations or linear irreversible thermodynamics. In this paper, general microscopic thermodynamic mechanisms leading to nonlinear phenomenological equations are explored within the framework of ‘normality structures’ by Rice (Rice, J.R. (1971). Inelastic Constitutive Relations for Solids: An Internal Variable Theory and its Application to Metal Plasticity, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 19: 433-455, Rice, J.R. (1975). Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Plasticity in Relation to Microscale Deformation Mechanisms, In: Argon, A.S. (ed.), Constitutive Equations in Plasticity, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 23-79.) at the level of microstructural rearrangements. Rice’s kinetic rate laws of local internal variables, with each rate being stress dependent only via its conjugate thermodynamic force, are cornerstones of the normality structure. It is revealed in this paper that nonlinear phenomenological equations and Onsager reciprocal relations emerge naturally from the normality structures if each rate is a homogeneous function of degree q in its conjugate force. Furthermore, the nonlinear phenomenological coefficient matrix is identical to the Hessian matrix of the flow potential function in conjugate forces scaled by q. Finally, as an application and demonstration, some fundamental issues on damage evolution laws for microcracked solids have been addressed based on the revealed remarkable properties. It is shown that the deduced flow potential functions of microcracked solids can be expressed in the forms of well-established Hill (Hill, R. (1950). The Mathematical Theory of Plasticity, Clarendon Press, Oxford.) anisotropic yield function and Karafillis and Boyce (Karafillis, A.P. and Boyce, D.B. (1993). A General Anisotropic Yield Criterion Using Bounds and a Transformation Weighting Tensor, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 46: 85-113.) isotropic yield surface.
Development and Application of an Active Control System for Smart Structures Using the Wave Method
Authors: Yousefi-Koma Aghil , Vukovich George
Published: July 2005

A flexible structure with bonded piezoelectric sensors and actuators is considered as a smart structure. In this paper we introduce a new control criterion based on the absorption of the traveling waves of the sensing area. Unlike conventional wave controllers (local wave controllers), this controller not only employs the local system parameters but also uses global system parameters, such as the total length of the flexible structure and the absolute positions of the piezotransducers. Including the global parameters of the system in the wave control design increases the control performance significantly over mainstream wave controllers. A simple parameter based design of the global wave controller is then developed, which can be easily implemented in actual practice. The controller gains depend only on the mechanical parameters of the system and can be obtained from a simple parametric formula. The performance of the controller is compared with that of the conventional controller, and it is seen that this performance is as good as that of optimal controllers with this very simply designed wave controller. Experimental results match closely with simulation and illustrate that the controller suppresses the flexural vibrations quickly and efficiently.
Recruiting African American Men for Cancer Screening Studies: Applying a Culturally Based Model
Authors: Abernethy Alexis D. , Magat Maricar M. , Houston Tina R. , Arnold Harold L. , Bjorck Jeffrey P. , Gorsuch Richard L.
Published: July 2005

In a study of psychosocial factors related to prostate cancer screening (PCS) of African American men, researchers achieved significant success in recruitment. Key strategies included addressing specific barriers to PCS for African American men and placing recruitment efforts in a conceptual framework that addressed cultural issues (PEN-3 model). To conduct cancer prevention research in the African American community, to engage in health promotion in collaboration with churches, and to recruit African American men, a culturally competent approach that incorporates the values of the community is essential. Implications for addressing specific barriers to recruitment and building partnerships in health promotion research are discussed.
Correlates of Mammography Screening Among Hispanic Women Living in Lower Rio Grande Valley Farmworker Communities
Authors: Palmer Richard C. , Fernandez Maria E. , Tortolero-Luna Guillermo , Gonzales Alicia , Mullen Patricia Dolan
Published: July 2005

Factors contributing to the underuse of mammography screening by female Hispanic farmworkers aged 50 years and older in the Lower Rio Grande Valley were determined through home-based, Spanish-language personal interviews ( N = 200). Questions covered adherence to screening mammography guidelines (mammogram within 2 years), healthcare access, sociodemographic characteristics, and theoretical constructs related to breast cancer screening in the literature. Multivariate findings indicated that adherent women were 3.6 times more likely to have health insurance. Self-efficacy for obtaining a mammogram and decisional balance were also significantly related to adherence; age, income, and education variables were not associated, perhaps because of restricted variation. Results indicate continuing efforts are needed to ensure that medically underserved migrant farmworker women have access to health care services. In addition, efforts to increase their self-efficacy in obtaining a mammogram and to counter negative attitudes and opinions by stressing the positive prognosis associated with early detection are warranted.
Identifying Churches for Community-Based Mammography Promotion: Lessons From the LAMP Study
Authors: Duan Naihua , Fox Sarah , Derose Kathryn Pitkin , Carson Sally , Stockdale Susan
Published: July 2005

There is great potential in public health and faith communities partnering to promote health education and research. This article describes lessons learned from the design and implementation of such a partnership, the Los Angeles Mammography Promotion in Churches Program (LAMP). It is feasible, although challenging, to enumerate and survey churches in a geographically defined urban population, using data compiled from telephone directories, religious sources (e.g., denominational networks), chambers of commerce, and newspapers. Among those sources, telephone directories provided the broadest coverage, whereas religious sources yielded the highest recruitment rate. For collecting survey data from churches, telephone methods are superior to mail methods. For church-based health education programs that seek comprehensive coverage and have adequate resources, it is recommended that telephone directories be combined with religious sources to identify target churches. For programs with limited resources and less emphasis on comprehensive coverage, using religious sources alone is recommended.
Youth Attitudes and Beliefs Toward Alternative Tobacco Products: Cigars, Bidis, and Kreteks
Authors: Soldz Stephen , Dorsey Elizabeth
Published: July 2005

Youth use of cigars, bidis, and kreteks has spread as youth cigarette use has declined. This study investigates young people’s attitudes toward and beliefs about these alternative tobacco products. The study used data from a convenience sample survey of 5,016 7th-through 12th-grade students in Massachusetts. The cigar attitudes receiving the highest endorsement levels were that cigars smell good and are something different to try, whereas the item receiving the lowest endorsement was that cigars give you a goodbuzz. The most endorsed bidi attitudes were that bid is look like joints and are something different to try. For kreteks, the most endorsed items were that kreteks smell good and are something different to try. Multivariate analyses found that reporting that these products tasted, smelled good, or were something different to try predicted use. Because the study was conducted with a convenience sample in one state, results do not necessarily generalize.
Blinded by ‘objectivity’
Authors: Dolan Kevin
Published: July 2005

In 2001, a photo montage by Los Angeles artist Alma López called Our Lady created a firestorm in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Because of journalistic practices that wait for officials or major players to raise issues before doing stories on them in order to claim ‘objectivity’, newspaper coverage left many underlying issues surrounding the controversy largely unexamined. This predominant trend in coverage privileged the almost exclusively male protesters by constantly replaying their attacks. Also, the way in which the different sides were condensed in ongoing stories forced the artist and her mostly female supporters to play defense without their best defense: the Sandra Cisneros essay that inspired the work and its feminist critique of Chicano culture and its effect on Latinas’ self-image.
Framing the map of international education (1969-1998)
Authors: Sylvester Robert
Published: July 2005

English

Considering the period 1969-1998 and then building upon the detailed examination of research documents in the period 1893-1969 in two previous articles, this article seeks to complete consideration of how international education has been defined over the course of a century. Utilizing a matrix involving the concepts of international understanding and world citizenship, the article then seeks to place the major research figures of that century within a suggested framework.

French

En se concentrant sur la période allant de 1969 à 1998 et en se basant sur deux articles précédemment publiés qui examinaient en détail les travaux de recherche effectués entre 1893 et 1969, cet article tente de compléter l'examen des façons dont l'éducation internationale a été définie au cours d'un siècle. En utilisant un tableau comprenant les concepts de compréhension internationale et de citoyenneté mondiale, cet article tente de placer les principaux chercheurs de cette période dans un cadre suggéré.

Spanish

Este artículo intenta completar el análisis de las formas en que se ha definido a la educación internacional durante más de un siglo, considerando el período 1969-1998, y basándose en dos artículos anteriores que examinaron detalladamente los trabajos de investigación llevados a cabo entre 1893 y 1969. Se ha construido una matriz-marco con dos conceptos principales: entendimiento internacional y civismo global, y se ha ubicado en este marco a las figuras más destacadas en el terreno de la investigación durante el período estudiado.
maids in Arabia
Authors: Roumani Hala B.
Published: July 2005

Worldwide, there is concern about the effect of non-parental childcare on children’s development although research has shown that good quality alternative childcare during infancy can have a positive effect on children’s development. This article reports a study of the use of housemaids instead of qualified caregivers in the Arabian Gulf. Using national employment statistics, interviews with maids, parent focus groups and a survey of child development, the study shows the widespread adoption of the use of maids as child carers. This is an inexpensive and easily accessible choice of alternative childcare, recognized as a social norm in the Gulf region. The article examines the characteristics of this form of childcare with case studies that demonstrate its harmful effects on children’s social and emotional development. The study is largely qualitative, adopting a constructivist framework to build a comprehensive representation, and including in-depth analysis of three child cases. The article concludes with recommendations for change and implications for parents and policymakers.
Cancer Patients’ Perception of the Quality of Communication Before and After the Implementation of a Communication Strategy in a Regional Cancer Center in India
Authors: Nayak Sukdev , Pradhan Jeeta Parija B. , Reddy Suresh , Palmer J. Lynn , Zhang Tao , Bruera Eduardo
Published: July 2005

Purpose

Physician communication is one of the areas that cancer patients have expressed their lowest level of satisfaction. Very few studies have used patient-based outcomes in the Developing world.

Methods

We conducted a survey of 400 consecutive patients attending our outpatient clinic (Step I). Survey results were used to make changes in the physical layout of the setting to increase privacy and to educate staff regarding practical techniques on communication (Step II). A second group of 400 patients were interviewed immediately after the implementation of the new communication strategy (Step III).

Results

Comparing Step I (n = 400) and Step III (n = 400) we observed a favorable response (“yes” v “no”) with regard to overall satisfaction with communication in 52 patients (13%) versus 132 patients (33%; P = .0001), privacy in 21 patients (5%) versus 279 patients (70%; P = < .001), no interruptions in 170 patients (42%) versus 330 patients (82%; P = < .001), clear language in 57 patients (14%) versus 227 patients (57%; P = < .001), sufficient time in 88 patients (22%) versus 168 patients (42%; P = < .001), doubts cleared by the doctor in 105 patients (26%) versus 225 patients (56%; P = < .001). Patients older than 65 years and manual laborers were significantly more satisfied compared with younger patients and those patients with nonmanual occupations, during both Steps I and III.

Conclusion

We conclude that cancer patients in Developing countries have many unmet needs regarding communication and that simple changes in the organization of clinics and oncologist education can result in major improvements in satisfaction with the quality of communication.
Functional interactions with Pit-1 reorganize co-repressor complexes in the living cell nucleus
Authors: Voss Ty C. , Demarco Ignacio A. , Booker Cynthia F. , Day Richard N.
Published: July 2005

The co-repressor proteins SMRT and NCoR concentrate in specific subnuclear compartments and function with DNA-binding factors to inhibit transcription. To provide detailed mechanistic understanding of these activities, this study tested the hypothesis that functional interactions with transcription factors, such as the pituitary-gland-specific Pit-1 homeodomain protein, direct the subnuclear organization and activity of co-repressor complexes. Both SMRT and NCoR repressed Pit-1-dependent transcription, and NCoR was co-immunoprecipitated with Pit-1. Immunofluorescence experiments confirmed that endogenous NCoR is concentrated in small focal bodies and that incremental increases in fluorescent-protein-tagged NCoR expression lead to progressive increases in the size of these structures. In pituitary cells, the endogenous NCoR localized with endogenous Pit-1 and the co-expression of a fluorescent-protein-labeled Pit-1 redistributed both NCoR and SMRT into diffuse nucleoplasmic compartments that also contained histone deacetylase and chromatin. Automated image-analysis methods were applied to cell populations to characterize the reorganization of co-repressor proteins by Pit-1 and mutation analysis showed that Pit-1 DNA-binding activity was necessary for the reorganization of co-repressor proteins. These data support the hypothesis that spherical foci serve as co-repressor storage compartments, whereas Pit-1/co-repressor complexes interact with target genes in more widely dispersed subnuclear domains. The redistribution of co-repressor complexes by Pit-1 might represent an important mechanism by which transcription factors direct changes in cell-specific gene expression.
CO2 laser processing of multilayer packaging films
Authors: Brown N , Shi F , Kerr D , Jackson M R , Parkin R M
Published: July 2005

This paper describes a mechatronic approach to the design and implementation of a non-contact sealing system for multilayer lidding films, as used in aseptic containers for food and medical packaging. The method proposed uses a beam-steered laser to seal the product, thereby enabling virtually instant changeover from one product line to another while reducing sealing machine tooling costs and downtime. Results are presented which show that the process may produce seals of higher strength than the conventional thermal/mechanical process.
Improvement of Photocatalytic Activity of Titanate Pyrochlore Y2Ti2O7 by Addition of Excess Y
Authors: Higashi Masanobu , Abe Ryu , Sayama Kazuhiro , Sugihara Hideki , Abe Yoshimoto
Published: July 2005

We found that Y2Ti2O7 samples prepared by polymerized complex method with excess amounts (5%) of Y showed higher photocatalytic activity for overall water splitting reaction than those prepared with a stoichiometric ratio of Y and Ti (1:1). The excess Y prevented the formation of the impurity TiO2 rutile which forms on the surface of catalysts at high temperatures and thereby decreases photocatalytic activity.
Synthesis of Nickel Selenide Nanocables and Nanotubes
Authors: Zhao Aiwu , Xu Liqiang , Luo Tao , Qian Yitai
Published: July 2005

Se@NiSe2 nanocables were synthesized using a procedure that combines self-sacrificing template method and hydrothermal method, in which nanorodes of trigonal selenium served as template. The nickel selenide nanotubes were obtained by appropriate evaporation to remove Se cores.
Provincial Actors, the Comedie-Francaise, and the Business of Performing in Eighteenth-Century France
Authors: Clay Lauren
Published: July 2005

This essay examines how commercialization transformed theater in eighteenth-century France. It explores the ways acting companies restructured themselves as they cultivated new provincial markets. This process of provincial innovation was mediated to some degree by Paris, as the Com�die-Fran�aise used its authority to help define the rights of actors, actresses, and directors. The success of provincial theater also influenced Parisian cultural life. Paris stars capitalized on their fame through performance tours in the provinces provoking criticism that they were neglecting the capital. This labor history of acting suggests the need to reassess the relationship between "center" and "periphery" in France.
Death and the Author: Westminster Abbey and the Meanings of the Literary Monument
Authors: Connell Philip
Published: July 2005

This article suggests that the contribution of monumental sculpture to the formation of an English literary canon has been underestimated, and that more concerted attention to the meanings and practices of monumental commemoration can provide an important new perspective from which to approach eighteenth-century representations of the nation's cultural past. Focusing on the 'poetical corner' of Westminster Abbey, the article explores the public and private meanings of the literary monument, and the ways in which the monumental commemoration of the literary past provided a vehicle for both cultural consumption, and political expression.
An Art Book and its Viewers: The "Recueil Crozat" and the Uses of Reproductive Engraving
Authors: Leca Benedict
Published: July 2005

The hybrid nature of works such as the so-called "Recueil Crozat," a bound compendium of engravings reproducing paintings and drawings, often results in their being ill-served by the specialized modern historical disciplines. With this in mind, the Recueil Crozat is here considered in light of the development of the recueil of prints as a distinct book type, as well as in the context of eighteenth-century art pedagogy and print culture. The essay argues that the book should be considered as a pedagogical system, with volume I (Roman paintings) and volume II (Venetian paintings) presenting the reader with the academic dyad of line (I) and color (II). I contend, moreover, that the book was not instructive merely on the level of content, but of technique as well: using line-valorizing gravure rang�e (ordered) to reproduce the Roman paintings, and the greater coloristic effects of gravure libre (free) to reproduce the Venetian paintings, the book's authors sought to provide engravers with a model of reasoned engraving. In considering overlapping aspects of contemporary art history and pedagogy, book design, and printmaking, the essay aims to present an integrated critical approach in order to recover the fullness of early modern print culture.
The Cambrian Muse: Welsh Identity and Hanoverian Loyalty in the Poems of Jane Brereton (1685-1740)
Authors: Prescott Sarah
Published: July 2005

This article examines the work of the Anglo-Welsh poet Jane Brereton in the context of recent critical interest in constructions of British national identity in the eighteenth century. It is argued that Brereton's staunch commitment to the Hanoverian monarchs and the Anglo-British center does not so much detract from her expression of Welsh identity in her poetry, but rather refracts this identity through the lens of British solidarity. In conclusion, it is suggested that, in keeping with other Anglo-Welsh writers of her class and language group, Brereton's national identity is informed by ideas of British unity rather than Welsh independence.
Shaftesbury's Soliloquy : Authorship and the Psychology of Romance
Authors: Tierney-Hynes Rebecca
Published: July 2005

This paper takes up Shaftesbury's investment in authorship, arguing that it is, in large part, a reaction to the discourse of romance and the early novel in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. My argument is unique in addressing Shaftesbury's specifically gendered concern with the relationship between the authorial psyche and the social role of literary and philosophical texts. Departing from recent analyses that have tended to see Shaftesbury's Characteristicks (1711) as a generic precursor to the novel, I have examined Shaftesbury's role in shaping the emergence of an eighteenth-century literary theory; a theory that reads the novel as an intimately affective and highly sexualized form in need of rescue by masculine authority.
Principles of Early Stopping of Randomized Trials for Efficacy: A Critique of Equipoise and an Alternative Nonexploitation Ethical Framework
Authors: Buchanan David , Miller Franklin G
Published: July 2005

Recent controversial decisions to terminate several large clinical trials have called attention to the need for developing a sound ethical framework to determine when trials should be stopped in light of emerging efficacy data. Currently, the fundamental rationale for stopping trials early is based on the principle that equipoise has been disturbed. We present an analysis of the ethical and practical problems with the "equipoise disturbed" position and describe an alternative ethical framework based on the principle of nonexploitation. This framework acknowledges the need for balancing the dual ethical obligations of clinical research, the protection of human subjects and the generation of new medical knowledge. Based on this framework, we put forward a proposal to make early stopping guidelines more stringent under specified conditions. The temporary withholding of apparent benefits in certain circumstances is justified by achieving a fair contract with the research participants, one that protects them from undue harm and exploitation while reducing the many uncertainties surrounding new investigational treatments that arise when trials are stopped prematurely.
Engelhardt and Children: The Failure of Libertarian Bioethics in Pediatric Interactions
Authors: Hanson Stephen
Published: July 2005

In Engelhardt's secular bioethics, moral obligations derive from contracts and agreements between rational persons, and no infants or children and few adolescents meet Engelhardt's requirements for being a rational person. This is a problem, as one cannot have any direct secular moral obligations toward nonpersons such as infants and adolescents. The Engelhardtian concepts of ownership, indenture, and social personhood, which are meant to allow the theory to accommodate children and adolescents adequately, fail to give an Engelhardtian any actual means of determining the right action to take in difficult cases, even on his or her own terms. Thus, the theory is incapable of determining the morally correct action to take in cases involving children and therefore is unhelpful in dealing with moral questions involving children.
Third-Party Payers and the Costs of Biomedical Research
Authors: Smith Iltis Ana
Published: July 2005

Four principal arguments have been offered in support of requiring public and private third-party payers to help fund medical research: (1) many of the costs associated with clinical trial participation are for routine care that would be reimbursed if delivered outside of a trial; (2) there is a need to promote scientific research and medical progress and lack of coverage is an impediment to enrollment; (3) to cover the costs of trials expands health care and treatment options for the sick; and (4) it is beneficial for private insurers to cover the costs associated with cancer clinical trials because doing so makes such companies more attractive to consumers. Although many see third-party-payer coverage as a victory for patients and for the future of research, requiring coverage of services provided in a trial beyond those that would be provided to a comparable patient outside the research context raises a number of concerns.
Developing Human-Nonhuman Chimeras in Human Stem Cell Research: Ethical Issues and Boundaries
Authors: Karpowicz Phillip , Cohen Cynthia B , Van der Kooy Derek J
Published: July 2005

The transplantation of adult human neural stem cells into prenatal non-humans offers an avenue for studying human neural cell development without direct use of human embryos. However, such experiments raise significant ethical concerns about mixing human and nonhuman materials in ways that could result in the development of human-nonhuman chimeras. This paper examines four arguments against such research, the moral taboo, species integrity, "unnaturalness," and human dignity arguments, and finds the last plausible. It argues that the transfer of human brain or retinal stem cells to nonhuman embryos would not result in the development of human-nonhuman chimeras that denigrate human dignity, provided such stem cells are dissociated. The article provides guidelines that set ethical boundaries for conducting such research that are consonant with the requirements of human dignity.
Whose Modernism Is It? Abraham Cahan, Fictions of Yiddish, and the Contest of Modernity
Authors: Blair Sara
Published: July 2005

Rereading literary histories from the vantage point of the Lower East Side foregrounds the unacknowledged power of immigrant culture-makers and of Yiddishkeit institutions as a shaping force in the creation of an American cultural response to the challenges of modernity. Abraham Cahan's short fiction in English limns the paradox for the immigrant intellectual whose engagements with "native" culture are both socially transformative and invisible. In these texts, we can read an allegory of the Yiddish-language intellectual, laboring at the birth of alternative modernisms, in a history of mutual borrowings that has never been fully translated or recorded.
Goy Interrupted: Mina Loy's Unfinished Novel and Mongrel Jewish Fiction
Authors: Feinstein Amy
Published: July 2005

This essay introduces readers to Mina Loy's unpublished novel Goy Israels, written in the 1930s, an autobiographical portrait of a young half-Jewish half-English artist and writer. The novel draws on sources as diverse as its protagonist, from contemporary racialist scientism to John Bunyan. Loy considered her self-portraits to be part of the modernist impulse to make it new and this one melds science and art, autobiography and experimentation, allegory and ethnography. Feinstein argues that Loy pioneers complex narrative forms in Goy Israels to reflect and better understand the complexities of human nature—especially the enigmatic aspects of modern Jewish identity.
Femininity and Assimilatory Desire in Joseph Roth
Authors: Garloff Katja
Published: July 2005

The article examines Joseph Roth's ambivalent attitude toward Jewish assimilation in Hiob and related works. In Hiob, the motor behind Jewish assimilation is figured as both an inexplicable Jewish Wandertrieb and an excessive attraction of Jewish women to Gentile men. Drawing on post-Freudian psychoanalytic theories and sociocultural studies, including Daniel Boyarin's Unheroic Conduct, I explore the implications of this eroticization of a social process. While Roth tends to blame the destruction of Jewish tradition on Jewish women, his notion of an "assimilatory drive" also allows for a productive reengagement with the concept of assimilation.
The Year of the Rose: Jewish Masculinity in The House of Mirth
Authors: Goldsmith Meredith
Published: July 2005

This essay examines the racialized and gendered construction of Jewishness in Edith Wharton's The House of Mirth. Through an analysis of the depiction of Simon Rosedale, the Jewish parvenu who unsuccessfully woos Lily Bart, I contend that Wharton's perception of Jewish difference is more complex than it initially appears, making reductive conclusions regarding her antisemitism impossible. However, uncovering Wharton's ambivalence makes her repudiation of Jewish difference all the more striking; although Wharton grudgingly acknowledged that upwardly mobile immigrant Jews like Rosedale had become part of her world, she would never fully accept that they were there to stay.
"Drunk with the fiery rhythms of jazz:" Anzia Yezierska, Hybridity, and the Harlem Renaissance
Authors: Harrison-Kahan Lori
Published: July 2005

This essay analyzes images of blackness in Anzia Yezierska's novels and short stories. Instead of viewing Yezierska within the confines of immigrant writing, it situates her within the context of concurrent movements in black American literature. By placing Yezierska within the historical milieu of the Jazz Age and Harlem Renaissance, it argues that these images of blackness, including references to jazz, mark her protagonists' ambivalence about assimilation. It thus explores how Yezierska's writing expresses a model of cultural hybridity by symbolically addressing the dialectic of black and white—a strategy reflected in her protagonists' attempts to model hybrid selves.
The Rise (and fall) of David Levinsky: Performing Jewish American Heterosexuality
Authors: Hoffman Warren
Published: July 2005

This essay examines Abraham Cahan's 1917 classic novel The Rise of David Levinsky through the lens of queer theory. The article suggests that Levinsky may be read as a queer character whose homoerotic desires must be suppressed as being incompatible with the larger project of Jewish American assimilation that Cahan's text is invested in. Focusing on how David carefully constructs his own persona via narration to establish himself as a masculine heterosexual American man, the essay highlights the power that compulsory heterosexuality exerts over the formation of David's identity and situates that force opposite multiple moments of queer desire that pervade the narrative.