bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long‐term chemical evolution and modification of continental basement brines – a field study from the Schwarzwald, SW Germany
Authors: Walter B. F. , Burisch M. , Markl G.
Published: January 2016

Highly saline, deep‐seated basement brines are of major importance for ore‐forming processes, but their genesis is controversial. Based on studies of fluid inclusions from hydrothermal veins of various ages, we reconstruct the temporal evolution of continental basement fluids from the Variscan Schwarzwald (Germany). During the Carboniferous (vein type i), quartz–tourmaline veins precipitated from low‐salinity (<4.5wt% NaCl + CaCl2), high‐temperature (≤390°C) H2O‐NaCl‐(CO2‐CH4) fluids with Cl/Br mass ratios = 50–146. In the Permian (vein type ii), cooling of H2O‐NaCl‐(KCl‐CaCl2) metamorphic fluids (T ≤ 310°C, 2–4.5wt% NaCl + CaCl2, Cl/Br mass ratios = 90) leads to the precipitation of quartz‐Sb‐Au veins. Around the Triassic–Jurassic boundary (vein type iii), quartz–haematite veins formed from two distinct fluids: a low‐salinity fluid (similar to (ii)) and a high‐salinity fluid (T = 100–320°C, >20wt% NaCl + CaCl2, Cl/Br mass ratios = 60–110). Both fluids types were present during vein formation but did not mix with each other (because of hydrogeological reasons). Jurassic–Cretaceous veins (vein type iv) record fluid mixing between an older bittern brine (Cl/Br mass ratios ~80) and a younger halite dissolution brine (Cl/Br mass ratios >1000) of similar salinity, resulting in a mixed H2O‐NaCl‐CaCl2 brine (50–140°C, 23–26wt% NaCl + CaCl2, Cl/Br mass ratios = 80–520). During post‐Cretaceous times (vein type v), the opening of the Upper Rhine Graben and the concomitant juxtaposition of various aquifers, which enabled mixing of high‐ and low‐salinity fluids and resulted in vein formation (multicomponent fluid H2O‐NaCl‐CaCl2‐(SO4‐HCO3), 70–190°C, 5–25wt% NaCl‐CaCl2 and Cl/Br mass ratios = 2–140). The first occurrence of highly saline brines is recorded in veins that formed shortly after deposition of halite in the Muschelkalk Ocean above the basement, suggesting an external source of the brine's salinity. Hence, today's brines in the European basement probably developed from inherited evaporitic bittern brines. These were afterwards extensively modified by fluid–rock interaction on their migration paths through the crystalline basement and later by mixing with younger meteoric fluids and halite dissolution brines.
Cognitive impairment is associated with the absence of fear of falling in community‐dwelling frail older adults
Authors: Shirooka Hidehiko , Nishiguchi Shu , Fukutani Naoto , Tashiro Yuto , Nozaki Yuma , Hirata Hinako , Yamaguchi Moe , Tasaka Seishiro , Matsushita Tomofumi , Matsubara Keisuke , Aoyama Tomoki
Published: January 2016

Aim

The purpose of the present study was to explore the association between cognitive function and fear of falling in frail/non‐frail older adults in a community setting.

Methods

We recruited 483 community‐dwelling older adults aged 65 years and older (mean age 73.3 ± 5.1 years, 68.3% women). Fear of falling was assessed using a yes/no question, “Are you afraid of falling?” Cognitive function was measured using the Mini‐Mental State Examination. The five subscores of the examination were also recorded. We used the frailty criteria developed by the Cardiovascular Health Study, and divided the participants into non‐frail and frail groups according to the number of affected domains. The statistical analyses were carried out separately for these two groups.

Results

A multiple logistic regression analysis showed that, in frail older adults, cognitive impairment was significantly associated with the absence of fear of falling (OR 0.04, 95% CI 0.00–0.50, P = 0.012). In addition, a stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the score on the attention and calculation subsection of the Mini‐Mental State Examination was positively associated with the presence of fear of falling in frail older adults (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.08–3.12, P = 0.026). In contrast, cognitive impairment was not associated with fear of falling in non‐frail older adults.

Conclusions

The results suggest that cognitive impairment, especially that in executive function, is associated with the absence of fear of falling in community‐dwelling frail older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 232–238.
Neuroimaging signatures of frailty: A population‐based study in community‐dwelling older adults (the Atahualpa Project)
Authors: Del Brutto Oscar H , Mera Robertino M , Cagino Kristen , Fanning Kathryn D , Milla‐Martinez Marleni F , Nieves Johnathan L , Zambrano Mauricio , Sedler Mark J
Published: January 2016

Aims

Frailty is a geriatric state of physical vulnerability that might be associated with cognitive decline in the absence of a concurrent neurodegenerative disorder. This assumes that neuroimaging studies are normal, but such examinations have rarely been considered for a frailty work‐up. The present study identifies neuroimaging signatures in older adults interviewed with the Edmonton Frail Scale (EFS).

Methods

Community‐dwellers aged ≥60 years enrolled in the Atahualpa Project were invited to undergo brain magnetic resonance imaging. Using generalized regression models, we evaluated the association between frailty and diffuse cortical and subcortical brain damage, after adjusting for relevant confounders. Multivariate models estimated the interaction of age in the association between frailty and these neuroimaging signatures.

Results

Out of 298 participants (mean age 70 ± 8 years, 57% women), 151 (51%) had moderate‐to‐severe cortical atrophy and 74 (25%) had moderate‐to‐severe white matter hyperintensities of presumed vascular origin. Mean EFS scores were 5 ± 3 points, with 140 (47%) individuals classified as robust, 65 (22%) as pre‐frail and 93 (31%) as frail. Multivariate models showed a significant association between cortical atrophy with the continuous (P = 0.002) and the categorized (P = 0.008) EFS score. The relationship between white matter hyperintensities and the EFS was marginal. According to interaction models, prefrail or frail individuals aged ≥67 years presented more prominent neuroimaging signatures of diffuse cortical or subcortical damage than their robust counterparts.

Conclusions

Neuroimaging signatures of frailty are mainly related to age. This reinforces the importance of early frailty detection to reduce its catastrophic consequences. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 270–276.
Loss of ezrin in human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is associated with ectopic expression of E‐cadherin
Authors: Guedj Nathalie , Vaquero Javier , Clapéron Audrey , Mergey Martine , Chrétien Yves , Paradis Valérie , Fouassier Laura
Published: January 2016

Aims

Ezrin connects proteins from the plasma membrane to the subcortical cytoskeleton, and contributes to epithelial integrity by interacting with the cell–cell adhesion molecule E‐cadherin. In the liver, ezrin is restricted to cholangiocytes, where it regulates biliary secretory functions. During carcinogenesis, ezrin expression is impaired and associated with enhancement of cell migratory activity in cancer cells; therefore, we aimed to analyse ezrin in cholangiocarcinogenesis.

Methods and results

Ezrin expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays from 94 surgical specimens of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), and correlated with clinicopathological factors and E‐cadherin expression. Ezrin function was also analysed in human CCA cell lines. In CCA, ezrin was negative/weakly expressed in 49 cases (52%) and moderately/strongly expressed in 45 cases (48%), mostly in cell cytoplasm. The negative/weak expression of ezrin was more frequent in peripheral than in perihilar CCA (P = 0.002), and was associated with high tumour size (P = 0.001), low mucus secretion (P = 0.042), the presence of satellite nodules (P = 0.024), and ectopic cytoplasmic expression of E‐cadherin (P = 0.005). In vitro, silencing of ezrin in CCA cells caused internalization of E‐cadherin and favoured cell migration.

Conclusions

Ezrin is down‐regulated during cholangiocarcinogenesis, and its loss results in a more aggressive phenotype.
Defining Purpose and Process in Teaching History with Case Studies
Authors: Dougherty Jack
Published: January 2016

When theHistory of Education Quarterlyeditors invited us to contribute to this forum, they asked us to reflect on how we taught histoiy with case studies. To jump-start our exchange, they suggested four possible purposes for teaching history in this way, which I have paraphrased below:

•

To reflect on the antecedents of the so-called “new” educational policy topics (what is the long histoiy of standardized testing?).

•

To disrupt conventional beliefs with counterexamples (why did nineteenth-century science and math classrooms include so many female students?).

•

To compare and contrast educational change in particular places or regions (how did the development of schooling differ in New England, the New South, or New Mexico?).

•

To call attention to the intersection of human agency and institutional structures (how did teachers, parents, and political leaders conflict or collaborate in struggles over school reform?).
Using Case Studies in the History of Education to Teach U.S. Women's and Gender History
Authors: Leroux Karen
Published: January 2016

Texts introducing students to women's and gender history typically emphasize how gender refers to the social meanings attached to sexual difference, which vary over time and across societies and cultures. As one of these texts explains, “Definitions of what is masculine and feminine are learned as each society instructs its members from infancy through adulthood as to what behavior and personality attributes are appropriate for males and females of that generation.” Given wide agreement that gender is learned, it is surprising how seldom the places and people who institutionalize learning appear in the texts used to teach U.S. women's and gender history. Teachers are remarkably scarce in the literature, even though vast numbers of U.S. women have taught since the mid-nineteenth century. The reasons for this absence are not clear. Perhaps teachers' social location, at the murky boundaries of the working and middle classes, has contributed to their omission from sharply defined studies of class and gender consciousness. Or perhaps the conventional association of women and teaching has deterred gender historians, following the theory that studying the margins of women's experiences better reveals the mainstream. Yet, the perceived ordinariness of the woman teacher may be especially helpful to illuminate periods of significant change in the meaning of gender.
Reconstructing the Southern Landscape: The History of Education and the Struggle for Civil Rights in Charleston, South Carolina
Authors: Hale Jon N.
Published: January 2016

The city of Charleston, South Carolina, illustrates how educators can use people- and place-based case studies as pedagogical tools to reconstruct a Southern public and historic landscape. Teaching the Foundations of Education course in the city of Charleston makes the history that frames contemporary educational issues such as (re)segregation more visible. In the wake of the recent tragedy at the historic African Methodist Episcopal (AME) church in Charleston that claimed nine lives at the hands of Dylann Roof, place and local history help make a silent history more pronounced. A history of resistance and an ongoing struggle for freedom is inscribed into Charleston's landscape as much as the colonial and antebellum grandeur that captures the imagination, and dollars, of a thriving tourism industry. The public and historic landscape, in short, is in and of itself an educative space that allows educators and students to disrupt popular narratives by making the invisible more visible.
The effect of a researcher designated music intervention on hospitalised psychiatric patients with different levels of anxiety
Authors: Yang Chyn‐Yng , Miao Nae‐Fang , Lee Tso‐Ying , Tsai Jui‐Chen , Yang Hui‐Ling , Chen Wen‐Chun , Chung Min‐Huey , Liao Yuan‐Mei , Chou Kuei‐Ru
Published: January 2016

Aims and objectives

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a music intervention on hospitalised psychiatric patients with different levels of anxiety.

Background

In clinical practice, psychiatric inpatients and nurses routinely suffer from anxiety. A music intervention may possibly be useful, but knowledge as to how useful and how effective it is in patients with different levels of anxiety is limited.

Design

The study design was a three‐group, repeated‐measures experimental study.

Methods

Subjects were 22 psychiatric patients who were divided into three groups based on their level of anxiety. They listened to 20 minutes of music each day for 10 days and were assessed using the Beck Anxiety Inventory before and after the music intervention and at a one‐week follow‐up; an electroencephalogram and finger temperature were monitored before and during the music intervention.

Results

Anxiety levels of all three groups showed a significant difference (p = 0·0339) after the intervention. The difference alpha and beta electroencephalogram percentages for all three groups showed a significant difference (p = 0·04; p = 0·01). The finger temperature showed a non‐significant difference (p = 0·41).

Conclusions

A music intervention can effectively alleviate the anxiety of hospitalised psychiatric patients who suffer from all levels of anxiety.

Relevance to clinical practice

The study recommends a practice in alleviating anxiety. Effective lower‐cost interventions to reduce anxiety in psychiatric inpatient settings would be of interest to nurses and benefit patients.
The nuclear melatonin receptor RORα is a novel endogenous defender against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: He Ben , Zhao Yichao , Xu Longwei , Gao Lingchen , Su Yuanyuan , Lin Nan , Pu Jun
Published: January 2016

Circadian rhythm disruption or decrease in levels of circadian hormones such as melatonin increases ischemic heart disease risk. The nuclear melatonin receptors RORs are pivotally involved in circadian rhythm regulation and melatonin effects mediation. However, the functional roles of RORs in the heart have never been investigated and were therefore the subject of this study on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury pathogenesis. RORα and RORγ subtypes were detected in the adult mouse heart, and RORα but not RORγ was downregulated after MI/R. To determine the pathological consequence of MI/R‐induced reduction of RORα, we subjected RORα‐deficient staggerer mice and wild‐type (WT) littermates to MI/R injury, resulting in significantly increased myocardial infarct size, myocardial apoptosis and exacerbated contractile dysfunction in the former. Mechanistically, RORα deficiency promoted MI/R‐induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial impairments, and autophagy dysfunction. Moreover, RORα deficiency augmented MI/R‐induced oxidative/nitrative stress. Given the emerging evidence of RORα as an essential melatonin effects mediator, we further investigated the RORα roles in melatonin‐exerted cardioprotection, in particular against MI/R injury, which was significantly attenuated in RORα‐deficient mice, but negligibly affected by cardiac‐specific silencing of RORγ. Finally, to determine cell type‐specific effects of RORα, we generated mice with cardiomyocyte‐specific RORα overexpression and they were less vulnerable to MI/R injury. In summary, our study provides the first direct evidence that the nuclear melatonin receptor RORα is a novel endogenous protective receptor against MI/R injury and an important mediator of melatonin‐exerted cardioprotection; melatonin‐RORα axis signaling thus appears important in protection against ischemic heart injury.
A quantitative real‐time PCR assay for identification and enumeration of the occasionally co‐occurring ichthyotoxic Pseudochattonella farcimen and P. verruculosa (Dictyochophyceae) and analysis of variation in gene copy numbers during the growth phase of single and mixed cultures
Authors: Eckford‐Soper Lisa K. , Daugbjerg Niels
Published: January 2016

The ichthyotoxic genus Pseudochattonella forms recurrent extensive blooms in coastal waters in Japan, New Zealand and Northern Europe. It comprises of two morphologically similar species, P. verruculosa and P. farcimen, which complicates visual species identification and enumeration of live and fixed material. Primers designed previously could not quantitatively distinguish species in mixed assemblages. To address this issue we developed two primer sets: one revealed itself to be genus specific for Pseudochattonella and the other species‐specific for P. verruculosa. By subtracting cell estimates for P. verruculosa from combined results we could calculate cell numbers for P. farcimen. This approach has overcome the challenges posed by the very limited sequence availability and low gene variability between the two species. The qPCR assay was extensively tested for specificity, efficiency and sensitivity over an entire growth cycle in both single and mixed assemblages. Comparison of cell abundance estimates obtained by qPCR assay and microscopy showed no statistically significant difference until stationary and death phases. The assay was also tested on environmental samples collected during a small Pseudochattonella bloom in Denmark in March–April 2015. It was impossible to distinguish P. farcimen and P. verruculosa by light microscopy but qPCR showed both species were present. The two methods provided nearly identical cell numbers but the assay provided discrimination and enumeration of both species.
Danger underground and in the open – predation on blind mole rats (Rodentia: Spalacinae) revisited
Authors: Németh Attila , Hegyeli Zsolt , Sendula Tímea , Horváth Márton , Czabán Dávid , Csorba Gábor
Published: January 2016

Being totally blind with no tail or pinnae, blind mole rats are the most specialised rodents for the subterranean lifestyle. However, they come to the surface occasionally due to unusual climatic events, for foraging, to collect hay for bedding material, for dispersal as subadults, due to intraspecific aggression, and in illness.

The only previous review suggests that surface activity of and predation on blind mole rats is rare and that they are preyed on mainly at night by owls.

Based on 57 scientific publications, 14 unpublished reports and several personal observations (from 15 countries), the present review reveals that altogether 26 species of bird and mammal prey on blind mole rats either regularly or occasionally. It is evidenced that not only the number of predators, but also the importance of blind mole rats in their diet has been seriously underestimated.

The tight relationship between the colour of the soil and the colour of the pelage of blind mole rats suggests the importance of diurnal raptors via their selective impact. Predation by mammals happens relatively often, and mustelids hunt blind mole rats not only on the surface, but probably also inside their burrows. The labyrinth‐like structure of the burrows may play a vital role in confusing mammalian predators trying to hunt inside the burrows, and may increase the blind mole rat's chance of escape.

With the proven importance of blind mole rats as a food resource for several threatened species of birds of prey, the survival, reproductive success, and population size of these species may partly depend on the density of the rodents. Although many species within the blind mole rat subfamily are themselves threatened to various extents, the role of blind mole rat populations in carnivore and raptor conservation should be considered and evaluated.
A high frequency of allopolyploid speciation in the gymnospermous genus Ephedra and its possible association with some biological and ecological features
Authors: Wu Hui , Ma Zhen , Wang Ming‐Ming , Qin Ai‐Li , Ran Jin‐Hua , Wang Xiao‐Quan
Published: January 2016

The origin and evolution of polyploids have been studied extensively in angiosperms and ferns but very rarely in gymnosperms. With the exception of three species of conifers, all natural polyploid species of gymnosperms belong to Ephedra, in which more than half of the species show polyploid cytotypes. Here, we investigated the origin and evolution of polyploids of Ephedra distributed in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and neighbouring areas. Flow cytometry (FCM) was used to measure the ploidy levels of the sampled species that are represented by multiple individuals from different populations, and then, two single‐copy nuclear genes (LFY and DDB2) and two chloroplast DNA fragments were used to unravel the possible origins and maternal donors of the polyploids. The results indicate that the studied polyploid species are allopolyploids, and suggest that allotetraploidy is a dominant mode of speciation in Ephedra. The high percentage of polyploids in the genus could be related to some of its biological attributes such as vegetative propagation, a relatively high rate of unreduced gamete formation, and a small genome size relative to most other gymnosperms. Significant ecological divergences between allotetraploids and their putative progenitors were detected by PCAs and anova and Tukey's tests, with the exception of E. saxatilis. The overlap of geographical distributions and ecological niches of some diploid species could have provided opportunities for interspecific hybridization and allopolyploid speciation.
Bullying of the Manager and Employees' Prosocial or Antisocial Behaviors: Impacts on Equity, Responsibility Judgments, and Witnesses' Help‐Giving
Authors: Desrumaux Pascale , Machado Tony , Vallery Gérard , Michel Lucie
Published: January 2016

This article aims at studying how bullying acts, revictimization, and behaviors' targets influence responsibility judgments of witnesses bullying and determine help decision. According to the literature, help‐giving has various determinants such as gravity of the bullying acts and behaviors of the perpetrators and responsibility attributed to the perpetrators and to the victims often depend on behaviors. With vignettes, we examined the influence of bullying acts, victim's prosocial or antisocial behavior at work, and revictimization on equity judgments, perceived responsibility of perpetrators and victims, and help‐giving. Eight vignettes of bullying at work were submitted to 205 participants. The results showed that the situation was judged less equitable, the victim less responsible, the perpetrator more responsible, and the intention of help increased (a) when the perpetrator's acts were serious and (b) when the bullied had emitted a prosocial behavior versus an antisocial one.
What's a Masculine Negotiator? What's a Feminine Negotiator? It Depends on the Cultural and Situational Contexts
Authors: Shan Wen , Keller Joshua , Imai Lynn
Published: January 2016

Gender‐related categorization is a key feature of the literature on gender in negotiation. While previous literature focused on context‐free traits such as warmth and competence, we examine how people categorize specific negotiation goals and behaviors asmasculineandfeminine across theUnitedStates andChina in different negotiation contexts, illustrating the role of cultural and situational contexts in gender‐related categorization. Two studies found that whileAmerican participants categorized competitive goals and behaviors as masculine and cooperative ones as feminine across business‐to‐consumer (B2C) and business‐to‐business (B2B) negotiation contexts,Chinese participants' patterns depended on the negotiation context. InB2Ccontexts,Chinese participants categorized competitive goals and behaviors as feminine and cooperative ones as masculine; inB2Bcontexts, they made further distinctions, categorizing competitive goals and behaviors that are socially inappropriate as feminine, but competitive ones that are socially appropriate, and cooperative goals and behaviors, as masculine. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
VAMP721a and VAMP721d are important for pectin dynamics and release of bacteria in soybean nodules
Authors: Gavrin Aleksandr , Chiasson David , Ovchinnikova Evgenia , Kaiser Brent N. , Bisseling Ton , Fedorova Elena E.
Published: January 2016

In root nodules rhizobia enter host cells via infection threads. The release of bacteria to a host cell is possible from cell wall‐free regions of the infection thread. We hypothesized that the VAMP721d and VAMP721e exocytotic pathway, identified before in Medicago truncatula, has a role in the local modification of cell wall during the release of rhizobia.

To clarify the role of VAMP721d and VAMP721e we used Glycine max, a plant with a determinate type of nodule. The localization of the main polysaccharide compounds of primary cell walls was analysed in control vs nodules with partially silenced GmVAMP721d.

The silencing of GmVAMP721d blocked the release of rhizobia. Instead of rhizobia‐containing membrane compartments – symbiosomes – the infected cells contained big clusters of bacteria embedded in a matrix of methyl‐esterified and de‐methyl‐esterified pectin. These clusters were surrounded by a membrane. We found that GmVAMP721d‐positive vesicles were not transporting methyl‐esterified pectin. We hypothesized that they may deliver the enzymes involved in pectin turnover. Subsequently, we found that GmVAMP721d is partly co‐localized with pectate lyase.

Therefore, the biological role of VAMP721d may be explained by its action in delivering pectin‐modifying enzymes to the site of release.
Porphyromonas gingivalis induces autophagy in THP‐1‐derived macrophages
Authors: Park M.H. , Jeong S.Y. , Na H.S. , Chung J.
Published: January 2016

Autophagy provides a mechanism for the turnover of cellular organelles and proteins through a lysosome‐dependent degradation pathway and is a possible mechanism in inflammatory disease. Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease caused by periodontal pathogens. Porphyromonas gingivalis, an important periodontal pathogen, activates cellular autophagy to provide a replicative niche while suppressing apoptosis in endothelial cells. However, the molecular basis for a causal relationship between P. gingivalis and autophagy is unclear. This research examines the involvement of P. gingivalis in autophagy through light chain 3 (LC3) and autophagic proteins, and the role of P. gingivalis‐induced autophagy in the clearance of P. gingivalis and inflammation. To investigate the molecular mechanism of autophagy induced by P. gingivalis, PMA‐differentiated THP‐1‐derived macrophages were infected with live P. gingivalis. The P. gingivalis increased the formation of autophagosomes in a multiplicity of infection‐dependent manner, as well as autophagolysosomes. Porphyromonas gingivalis activated LC3‐I/LC3‐II conversion and increased the conjugation of autophagy‐related 5 (ATG5) –ATG12 and the expression of Beclin1. The expressions of Beclin1, ATG5–ATG12 conjugate, and LC3‐II were significantly inhibited by the presence of 3‐methyladenine, an autophagy inhibitor. Interestingly, 3‐methyladenine increased the survival of P. gingivalis and proinflammatory cytokine interleukin‐1β production. The data indicate that P. gingivalis induces autophagy in PMA‐differentiated THP‐1‐derived macrophages and in turn, macrophages eliminate P. gingivalis through an autophagic response, which can lead to the restriction of an excessive inflammatory response by downregulating interleukin‐1β production. The induction of autophagy by P. gingivalis may play an important role in the periodontal inflammatory process and serve as a target for the development of new therapies.
Enhanced frontal activation underlies sparing from the attentional blink: Evidence from human electrophysiology
Authors: Dell'Acqua Roberto , Doro Mattia , Dux Paul E. , Losier Talia , Jolicœur Pierre
Published: January 2016

Using the ERP method, we examined the processing operations elicited by stimuli that appear within the same temporal attention window. Forty subjects searched for letter targets among digit distractors displayed in rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP). ERPs were examined under conditions where a single target was embedded among distractors and compared to those recorded when two consecutive targets were embedded among distractors. Standard and independent component analyses revealed two temporally and topographically distinct ERP responses, a midfrontal P3a component peaking at about 300 ms followed by a midparietal P3b component peaking at about 450 ms. With minimal latency variations, the frontal P3a was amplified when elicited by two consecutive targets relative to a single target. The parietal P3b response was also amplified when elicited by two consecutive targets compared to a single target but, in contrast to P3a, it was also associated with a substantially longer time course. These results provide evidence for the involvement of frontal brain regions in the close‐to‐concurrent selection of two consecutive targets displayed in RSVP, and of posterior brain regions in the serial encoding of targets in visual working memory. The present findings are discussed in relation to current models of temporal gating of attention and the attentional blink effect.
Blurring the Boundaries of Environmentalism: The Role of Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society as a Boundary Organization in Northern Conservation Planning
Authors: Caine Ken J.
Published: January 2016

Boundary organizations facilitate the transfer of practical knowledge between scientific and political realms. In the Northwest Territories of Canada the Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society (CPAWS), an environmental nongovernmental organization (ENGO), increasingly undertakes boundary work as a partner or leading organization in the development of novel arrangements in natural resource management. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted over three years’ participation in working groups for Great Bear Lake watershed management planning and the protection of an Aboriginal cultural landscape, I examine how CPAWS served an atypical ENGO function as a boundary organization. Historically ENGOs in Canada have taken a strong preservationist and anti‐industrial development stance to environmental governance issues. CPAWS, in these contemporary cases, was sensitive to multiple interests and values and assisted in both community and government projects by taking a proactive and participatory role, recognizing the need for community economic development including resource‐extractive industries. At the same time, however, CPAWS strategically promoted its status in other national conservation projects. An indirect outcome is increased perceived efficacy and influence of the boundary organization in larger forums and contexts. CPAWS effectively transformed its historically perceived preservationist, litigious, and watchdog stance to a position as active, positive, and even powerful organizational actor in conservation and development in Canada.
Optical coherence tomography to evaluate the effects of oxidative hair dye on the fiber
Authors: Velasco Maria Valéria Robles , de Abreu Simone Rachid Pfannemüller , de Freitas Anderson Zanardi , Bedin Valcinir , Baby André Rolim , da Gama Robson Miranda
Published: January 2016

Background/purpose

Oxidative hair dyes can damage the hair, since these chemical procedures are involved to change the fiber structure and therefore changes in their mechanical and surface properties. Evaluate and compare the effect of the two colors of oxidative hair dye emulsions on Caucasian hair. This research analyzed the Dark brown hair untreated (I); Dark brown hair treated with light brown dye (II); Dark brown hair treated with light blond dye (III); Light blond hair untreated (IV); Light blond hair treated with light brown dye (V); Light blond hair treated with light blond dye (VI) on Caucasian hair.

Methods

The hair samples were submitted to breaking strength, color, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) analysis.

Results

For the breaking strength assay no presented statistically significant differences between treatments. The parameters of color and brightness can differ in some hair dye formulations, but also the hair type can respond differently. The OCT images of the sample I and IV was possible observed, clearly Medulla and Cortex, which was not observed clearly after treatment with both oxidative hair dye colors.

Conclusion

Based on the results, the oxidative hair dyes increased alteration in color and ultrastructure of hair.
An inexpensive programmable illumination microscope with active feedback
Authors: Tompkins Nathan , Fraden Seth
Published: January 2016

We have developed a programmable illumination system capable of tracking and illuminating numerous objects simultaneously using only low-cost and reused optical components. The active feedback control software allows for a closed-loop system that tracks and perturbs objects of interest automatically. Our system uses a static stage where the objects of interest are tracked computationally as they move across the field of view allowing for a large number of simultaneous experiments. An algorithmically determined illumination pattern can be applied anywhere in the field of view with simultaneous imaging and perturbation using different colors of light to enable spatially and temporally structured illumination. Our system consists of a consumer projector, camera, 35-mm camera lens, and a small number of other optical and scaffolding components. The entire apparatus can be assembled for under $4,000. Supplemental matlab code is available to assist in the setup of the active feedback software.
Witnessing entanglement in an undergraduate laboratory
Authors: Beck Marisol N. , Beck M.
Published: January 2016

An entangled state of a two-particle system is a quantum state that cannot be separated, meaning it cannot be written as the product of states of the individual particles. One way to tell if a system is entangled is to use it to violate a Bell inequality (such as the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt, CHSH, inequality), because entanglement is necessary for such a violation. However, there are other, easier-to-perform measurements that determine whether or not a system is entangled. An operator that corresponds to such a measurement is referred to as an entanglement witness. Here, we present the theory of witness operators and an undergraduate experiment that measures entanglement witnesses for the joint polarization state of two photons. We are able to produce states for which the expectation value of a witness operator is entangled by more than 300 standard deviations. In order to further examine the performance of these witness operators, we present a simple way to generate states that closely approximate Werner states, which have a controllable degree of entanglement.
Performance metrics for depth-based signal separation using deep vertical line arrays
Authors: Kniffin Gabriel P. , Boyle John K. , Zurk Lisa M. , Siderius Martin
Published: January 2016

A recent publication by McCargar and Zurk [(2013). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 133(4), EL320–EL325] introduced a modified Fourier transform-based method for passive source depth estimation using vertical line arrays deployed below the critical depth in the deep ocean. This method utilizes the depth-dependent modulation caused by the interference between the direct and surface-reflected acoustic arrivals, the observation of which is enhanced by propagation through the reliable acoustic path. However, neither the performance of this method nor its limits of applicability have yet been thoroughly investigated. This paper addresses both of these issues; the first by identifying and analyzing the factors that influence the resolution and ambiguity in the transform-based depth estimate; the second by introducing another, much simpler depth estimation method, which is used to determine the target trajectories required for observation of the interference pattern and the array requirements for accurate depth estimation.
Shell trade pushes giant clams to the brink
Authors: Larson Christina
Published: January 2016

With elephant tusks harder to obtain, the “jade of the sea” is the new ivory in China.
Standoff imperils Oregon refuge
Authors: Service Robert F.
Published: January 2016

Takeover disrupts what observers call a model public-private restoration effort.
Real-time detection of an extreme scattering event: Constraints on Galactic plasma lenses
Authors: Bannister Keith W. , Stevens Jamie , Tuntsov Artem V. , Walker Mark A. , Johnston Simon , Reynolds Cormac , Bignall Hayley
Published: January 2016

Identifying live radio scattering events

Radio emissions from distant quasars are occasionally modified for a few weeks by foreground interstellar plasma, in an extreme scattering event (ESE). Understanding this process has been difficult, because existing techniques do not allow events to be identified fast enough for follow-up before they finish. Bannister
et al.
developed a radio survey technique that allows ESEs to be identified in real time. After finding their first live ESE, they followed it up with additional radio and optical telescopes. The results constrain the size and density of the plasma and rule out one popular model of ESEs.

Science
, this issue p.
354
Research opportunities to advance solar energy utilization
Authors: Lewis Nathan S.
Published: January 2016

Relying more on the Sun

Improved technologies for harnessing solar energy are not limited to creating more efficient solar cells. The associated hardware of delivering power from solar cells to homes and businesses, and storing this intermittent resource on the grid, offer R&D opportunities. Lewis reviews the status of these areas, as well as solar thermal and solar fuels approaches for harnessing solar energy.

Science
, this issue p.
10.1126/science.aad1920
Weaving of organic threads into a crystalline covalent organic framework
Authors: Liu Yuzhong , Ma Yanhang , Zhao Yingbo , Sun Xixi , Gándara Felipe , Furukawa Hiroyasu , Liu Zheng , Zhu Hanyu , Zhu Chenhui , Suenaga Kazutomo , Oleynikov Peter , Alshammari Ahmad S. , Zhang Xiang , Terasaki Osamu , Yaghi Omar M.
Published: January 2016

Weaving organic threads

Woven fabrics are inherently flexible. Liu
et al.
created a molecular fabric analog using metal-organic frameworks (see the Perspective by Gutierrez-Puebla). Phenanthroline ligands on a copper metal complex directed the addition of organic linkers via imine bonds to create helical organic threads with woven texture. Removing the copper allowed the strands to slide against each other and increased the elasticity of the material 10-fold.

Science
, this issue p.
365
; see also p.
336
The damage we do
TRAUMA Built to Break
Science Gallery Dublin Through 21 February 2016 www.sciencegallery.com
Authors: Frazzetto Giovanni
Published: January 2016

A new exhibition explores how we remember, record, and recover from trauma
Commentary: HIV Whole-Genome Sequencing Now: Answering Still-Open Questions
Authors: Metzner Karin J.
Published: January 2016

Diversity, evolution, and epidemiology of HIV are directly relevant to HIV transmission and pathogenesis; hence, they play a key role in antiretroviral treatment and vaccine design. Global HIV whole-genome sequencing would provide a treasure chest of data to answer many questions still open in these fields. An article by Berg et al. in this issue of the
Journal of Clinical Microbiology
describes a universal strategy to amplify and sequence heterogeneous HIV whole genomes (M. G. Berg, J. Yamaguchi, E. Alessandri-Gradt, R. W. Tell, J.-C. Plantier, and C. A. Brennan, J Clin Microbiol 54:868–882, 2016,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02479-15
).
Mutations in a Highly Conserved Motif of nsp1β Protein Attenuate the Innate Immune Suppression Function of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Li Yanhua , Shyu Duan-Liang , Shang Pengcheng , Bai Jianfa , Ouyang Kang , Dhakal Santosh , Hiremath Jagadish , Binjawadagi Basavaraj , Renukaradhya Gourapura J. , Fang Ying
Published: January 2016

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) nonstructural protein 1β (nsp1β) is a multifunctional viral protein, which is involved in suppressing the host innate immune response and activating a unique −2/−1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting (PRF) signal for the expression of frameshifting products. In this study, site-directed mutagenesis analysis showed that the R128A or R129A mutation introduced into a highly conserved motif (
123
GKYLQRRLQ
131
) reduced the ability of nsp1β to suppress interferon beta (IFN-β) activation and also impaired nsp1β's function as a PRF transactivator. Three recombinant viruses, vR128A, vR129A, and vRR129AA, carrying single or double mutations in the GKYLQRRLQ motif were characterized. In comparison to the wild-type (WT) virus, vR128A and vR129A showed slightly reduced growth abilities, while the vRR129AA mutant had a significantly reduced growth ability in infected cells. Consistent with the attenuated growth phenotype
in vitro
, pigs infected with nsp1β mutants had lower levels of viremia than did WT virus-infected pigs. Compared to the WT virus in infected cells, all three mutated viruses stimulated high levels of IFN-α expression and exhibited a reduced ability to suppress the mRNA expression of selected interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). In pigs infected with nsp1β mutants, IFN-α production was increased in the lungs at early time points postinfection, which was correlated with increased innate NK cell function. Furthermore, the augmented innate response was consistent with the increased production of IFN-γ in pigs infected with mutated viruses. These data demonstrate that residues R128 and R129 are critical for nsp1β function and that modifying these key residues in the GKYLQRRLQ motif attenuates virus growth ability and improves the innate and adaptive immune responses in infected animals.

IMPORTANCE
PRRSV infection induces poor antiviral innate IFN and cytokine responses, which results in weak adaptive immunity. One of the strategies in next-generation vaccine construction is to manipulate viral proteins/genetic elements involved in antagonizing the host immune response. PRRSV nsp1β was identified to be a strong innate immune antagonist. In this study, two basic amino acids, R128 and R129, in a highly conserved GKYLQRRLQ motif were determined to be critical for nsp1β function. Mutations introduced into these two residues attenuated virus growth and improved the innate and adaptive immune responses of infected animals. Technologies developed in this study could be broadly applied to current commercial PRRSV modified live-virus (MLV) vaccines and other candidate vaccines.
Hepatoblastoma in a mosaic trisomy 18 child with hemihypertrophy
Authors: Ahmad Naveed , Wheeler Kate , Stewart Helen , Campbell Carolyn
Published: January 2016

To date, there are 12 reported cases of hepatoblastoma in trisomy 18 patients, three of whom had a mosaic chromosome pattern. We report on an 18-month-old child who had hemihypertrophy and developmental delay, was found to have hepatoblastoma on surveillance ultrasound scan, and was subsequently diagnosed with mosaic trisomy 18 on array comparative genomic hybridisation from a peripheral blood sample and molecular cytogenetic analysis of the tumour specimen. Although hemihypertrophy has been associated with mosaic trisomies, there are only a couple of published case reports of hemihypertrophy or asymmetry in mosaic trisomy 18 patients and none in the reported cases of hepatoblastoma in a mosaic trisomy 18 setting. We have reviewed the published case reports of hepatoblastoma in trisomy 18 patients and found that they seem to tolerate the intensive treatment very well if there are no significant comorbidities.
Ewing's sarcoma of the pelvis: an unusual, but not to be missed, cause of an irritable hip
Authors: Ray Partha , Girach Julekha , Sanghrajka Anish Pradip
Published: January 2016

A 15-year-old girl presented with a 2-month history of non-specific right hip pain associated with pain in the back, right flank and foot. Her symptoms deteriorated, interfering with weight-bearing. Following admission, she was found to be febrile with a flexion deformity of her right-hip, and tenderness over the iliac crest and posterior pelvis. A markedly elevated C reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, with an ultrasound-proven scan effusion within the right hip were all suggestive of septic arthritis. However, full blood count demonstrated a significant anaemia, which together with the tenderness around the pelvis was not in keeping with this diagnosis. Surgical washout was therefore delayed to obtain a MRI scan of the pelvis. The scan revealed a 5×5×3 cm necrotic soft tissue mass within the gluteal muscles, arising from the right ilium, which biopsy confirmed to be a Ewing's sarcoma.
Aberrant innominate artery may complicate a potentially safe surgery
Authors: Dave Varun Jitendra , Upadhya Ila Balakrishna
Published: January 2016

Surgeries of the anterior neck include thyroid surgery, open or percutaneous dilatational tracheotomy, bronchoscopy, mediastinoscopy and oesophagoscopy. These are potentially safe surgeries with mortality rates less than 1%. Today, the most common cause of death following a tracheotomy is haemorrhage and, following thyroid surgery, the causes are haemorrhage, giant goitres and upper airway complications. Bronchoscopies and mediastinoscopies are almost never fatal. While operating around the trachea, no major vessel is encountered in the surgical field. We report a case in which an aberrant innominate artery was encountered crossing anterior to the trachea just below the thyroid isthmus. As it is an uncommon finding, even minor complacency can lead to torrential bleeding culminating in death. Thus, we recommend surgeons to be vigilant for any aberrant artery in the surgical field rather than finding it accidentally; thereby preventing any complications in a potentially safe surgery.
Identification of incident poisoning, fracture and burn events using linked primary care, secondary care and mortality data from England: implications for research and surveillance
Authors: Baker Ruth , Tata Laila J , Kendrick Denise , Orton Elizabeth
Published: January 2016

Background

English national injury data collection systems are restricted to hospitalisations and deaths. With recent linkage of a large primary care database, the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), with secondary care and mortality data, we aimed to assess the utility of linked data for injury research and surveillance by examining recording patterns and comparing incidence of common injuries across data sources.

Methods

The incidence of poisonings, fractures and burns was estimated for a cohort of 2 147 853 0–24 year olds using CPRD linked to Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) and Office for National Statistics (ONS) mortality data between 1997 and 2012. Time-based algorithms were developed to identify incident events, distinguishing between repeat follow-up records for the same injury and those for a new event.

Results

We identified 42 985 poisoning, 185 517 fracture and 36 719 burn events in linked CPRD-HES-ONS data; incidence rates were 41.9 per 10 000 person-years (95% CI 41.4 to 42.4), 180.8 (179.8–181.7) and 35.8 (35.4–36.1), respectively. Of the injuries, 22 628 (53%) poisonings, 139 662 (75%) fractures and 33 462 (91%) burns were only recorded within CPRD. Only 16% of deaths from poisoning (n=106) or fracture (n=58) recorded in ONS were recorded within CPRD and/or HES records. None of the 10 deaths from burns were recorded in CPRD or HES records.

Conclusions

It is essential to use linked primary care, hospitalisation and deaths data to estimate injury burden, as many injury events are only captured within a single data source. Linked routinely collected data offer an immediate and affordable mechanism for injury surveillance and analyses of population-based injury epidemiology in England.