bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microscopic evidences that bone marrow mononuclear cell treatment improves sciatic nerve regeneration after neurorrhaphy
Authors: Lopes‐Filho JoÃO D. , Caldas Heloisa C. , Santos Fernanda C.A. , Mazzer Nilton , SimÕes Gustavo F. , Kawasaki‐oyama Rosa S. , Abbud‐filho Mario , Oliveira Alexandre R. , Toboga SebastiÃo R. , Chueire Alceu G.
Published: August 2010

Cell therapy constitutes a possibility for improving nerve regeneration, increasing the success of nerve repair. We evaluate the use of mononuclear cells in the regeneration of the sciatic nerve after axotomy followed by end‐to‐end neurorrhaphy. Forty adult male Wistar rats (250–300 g) were divided into four groups: (1) sham, (2) neurorrhaphy: the sciatic nerve was sectioned and repaired using epineural sutures, (3) culture medium: after the suture, received an injection of 10 μL of culture medium into the nerve, and (4) mononuclear cell: after the suture, a concentration of 3 × 106 of mononuclear cell was injected in epineurium region. Mononuclear cells were obtained from the bone marrow aspirates and separated by Ficoll‐Hypaque method. The histological analyses were performed at the 4th postoperative day. The sciatic functional index, histological, and morphometric analyzes were used to evaluate nerve regeneration at the 6th postoperative week. Six rats were used for immunohistochemical analysis on the 4th postoperative day. In the group 4, on the fourth day, the histological analysis demonstrated a more accelerated degenerative process and an increase of the neurotrophic factors was observed. In the 6th week, all the morphometric results of the group 4 were statistically better compared with groups 2 and 3. There was a statistically significant improvement in the sciatic functional index for group 4 compared with groups 2 and 3. Mononuclear cells stimulated nerve regeneration, most probably by speeding up the Wallerian degeneration process as well as stimulating the synthesis of neurotrophic factors. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical analysis of turgescent and semi‐dry resurrection plants: The effect of sample preparation on the sample, resolution, and image quality of X‐ray micro‐computed tomography (μCT)
Authors: Korte Nikola , Porembski Stefan
Published: August 2010

Computer tomography has been used frequently for the 3‐D visualization of plant anatomical traits but sample preparation has been widely neglected. Without any preparation smaller (i.e., up to 1 × 1 cm2) turgescent or semi‐dry plant samples (especially leaf samples) diminish the image quality of a scan due to gradual water loss and therefore constant movement. A suitable preparation for scans of turgescent and semi‐dry plant samples with a high resolution μCT (<1–5 μm) has to be very thin, heat‐resistant (up to 35°C), have a low attenuation coefficient, and should not alter the water content and structure of the sample. Several agents have been tested, but only a coating with vaseline conserved the water content of a plant sample efficiently. However, water molecules and vaseline both attenuate the X‐ray beam, which decreases the image quality of scans of turgescent or semi‐dry plant samples. Therefore, trade‐offs between the spatial resolution, sample water content, sample size, and image quality have to be considered: larger samples have to be placed further away from the X‐ray tube, which leads to a lower spatial resolution; water and preparation agents attenuate the X‐ray beam, causing low‐quality images which may be accompanied by motion artifacts compared to a scan of a dry sample, where no preparation is necessary. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Leaf epidermal characteristics of Cissampelos L. (Menispermaceae) species from Northeastern Brazil
Authors: Porto Niara Moura , De Figueiredo Regina Célia Bressan Queiroz , Oliveira Antonio Fernando Morais , De Fátima Agra Maria
Published: August 2010

The morphological similarities among the species of Cissampelos are remarkable and the difficult to distinguish them as well. This article presents a comparative anatomical study of the leaves of common Northeastern Brazilian species of Cissampelos, carried out using light and scanning electron microscopy. The leaf epidermal was studied to obtain data on epidermal characteristics and to evaluate their taxonomic significance. As results, some micromorphological characters on the leaf epidermal like the cuticular waxes, the presence of papillae in epidermis and nonglandular trichomes, the anticlinal walls epidermal cells, the distribution, density and type of trichomes, and also the type and distribution of epicuticular wax proved to be the most useful characteristics to distinguish the species in taxonomic studies. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, raster image correlation spectroscopy, and number and brightness on a commercial confocal laser scanning microscope with analog detectors (Nikon C1)
Authors: Moens Pierre D.J. , Gratton Enrico , Salvemini Iyrri L.
Published: August 2010

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) was developed in 1972 by Magde, Elson and Webb. Photon counting detectors and avalanche photodiodes have become standards in FCS to the point that there is a widespread belief that these detectors are essential to perform FCS experiments, despite the fact that FCS was developed using analog detectors. Spatial and temporal intensity fluctuation correlations using analog detection on a commercial Olympus Fluoview 300 microscope have been reported by Brown et al. (2008). However, each analog instrument has its own idiosyncrasies that need to be understood before using the instrument for FCS. In this work, we explore the capabilities of the Nikon C1, a low‐cost confocal microscope, to obtain single point FCS, Raster‐scan image correlation spectroscopy (RICS), and Number and Brightness data both in solution and incorporated into the membrane of giant unilamellar vesicles. We show that it is possible to obtain dynamic information about fluorescent molecules from single point FCS, RICS, and Number and Brightness using the Nikon C1. We highlighted the fact that care should be taken in selecting the acquisition parameters to avoid possible artifacts due to the detector noise. However, due to relatively large errors in determining the distribution of digital levels for a given microscope setting, the system is probably only adequate for determining relative brightness within the same image. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A facile solvent‐free synthesis of 1‐alkyl/aralkyl‐2‐(1‐arylsulfonyl alkyl) benzimidazoles using “TBAB” as surface catalyst
Authors: Dubey P. K. , Prasada Reddy P.V.V. , Srinivas K.
Published: August 2010

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Reaction 2‐(α‐chloroalkyl)benzimidazoles1with aryl sulphinate sodium salt2under solvent‐free conditions in the presence of tetrabutylammonium bromide as surface catalyst, by simple physical grinding using mortar and pestle, gives 1H‐2‐(α‐arylsulfonylalkyl)benzimidazoles3. The latter on treatment with alkylating agents under solvent‐free conditions results in 1‐alkyl/aralkyl‐2‐(α‐arylsulfonylalkyl)benzimidazoles4. Alternatively,4can also be prepared directly from 1‐alkyl/aralkyl‐2‐(α‐chloroalkyl)benzimidazoles5by reaction with2, which in turn could be prepared by reaction of1with alkylating agents under solvent‐free conditions and all these reactions are free from organic solvents including experimental procedures. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
An efficient protocol for multicomponent synthesis of spirooxindoles employing L‐proline as catalyst at room temperature
Authors: Raghuvanshi Dushyant Singh , Singh Krishna Nand
Published: August 2010

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An efficient three‐component one‐pot synthesis of medicinally important spirooxindoles is described by the reaction of isatin, malononitrile/ethyl cyanoacetate, and dimedone/barbituric acid using L‐proline as catalyst in ethanol at room temperature. This approach is convenient, mild, and affords the products in high yields without the use of chromatography. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Synthesis, characterization, and biological activities of novel (Z)‐3‐((E)‐1‐(alkyloxyimino)ethyl)‐5‐arylidene‐4‐hydroxypyrroline‐2‐one derivatives
Authors: Zhu Zhao‐Yong , Wang Xian‐Feng , Meng Fan‐Gui , Li Qing‐Bin , Zheng Xiao‐Qian , Qiang Sheng , Yang Chun‐Long
Published: August 2010

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Twenty‐four novel tetramic acid derivatives (Z)‐3‐((E)‐1‐(alkyloxyimino)ethyl)‐5‐arylidene‐4‐hydroxypyrroline‐2‐ones 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d, 6e, 6f, 6g, 6h, 6i, 6j, 6k, 6l, 6m, 6n, 6o, 6p, 6q, 6r, 6s, 6t, 6u, 6v, 6w, 6x were synthesized by the reaction of (Z)‐3‐acetyl‐5‐arylidene‐4‐hydroxypyrroline‐2‐ones 4 with O‐alkyl hydroxylamines 5 under reflux conditions in good yields (77.2–92.4%). Their structures were confirmed by IR, 1H‐NMR, MS, and elemental analysis. The preliminary bioassays showed that most of the title compounds exhibited noticeable fungicidal activities against Colletotrichumorbiculare and a certain degree of fungicidal activities against Fusarium gramineaum and Rhizoctonia cerealis at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Oxidation of substituted imidazolidin‐4‐ones: New alternative method preparation of 4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐imidazol‐5‐ones
Authors: Panov Illia , Drabina Pavel , Padělková Zdeňka , Hanusek Jiří , Sedlák Miloš
Published: August 2010

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The reaction of aldehydes (pentanal, benzaldehyde, 4‐methoxybenzaldehyde, 4‐nitrobenzaldehyde, salicylaldehyde, pyridin‐2‐carbaldehyde) with 1‐aminocyclopentancarboxamide or (S)‐2‐amino‐2,3‐dimethylbutanamide has been used to prepare substituted imidazolidin‐4‐ones 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e, 1f, 1g (a: R1 = CH3(CH2)3; b: R1 = C6H5; c: R1 = 4‐CH3OC6H4; d: R1 = 4‐NO2C6H4; e: R1 = 2‐HOC6H4; f: R1 = 2‐pyridyl; for R2 = R3 = (CH2)4), and g: R1 = 2‐pyridyl; for R2 = CH3; R3 = CH(CH3)2) in the yields of 53–83%. Subsequent oxidations with various reagents gave the corresponding 4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐imidazol‐5‐ones 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e, 2f, 2g: Pd/C (72–93%), DDQ (25–80%), and MnO2 (30–77%). Structure of the prepared compounds 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e, 1f, 1g and 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e, 2f, 2g was verified by 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy, EI‐MS and elemental analysis. X‐ray diffraction was performed in the case of compounds 1e and 2e. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Toward a novel approach to bis‐β‐lactam synthesis using Vilsmeier reagent as an efficient entity via Staudinger cycloaddition reaction
Authors: Meshram Jyotsna , Ali Parvez , Tiwari Vandana
Published: August 2010

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A facile synthesis of bis‐β‐lactams has been executed using chloromethylenedimethylammonium chloride (Vilsmeier reagent), prepared easily from N,N‐dimethylformamide and phosphorus oxychloride. It works out as a versatile acid activator reagent for the direct [2 + 2] ketene–imine cycloaddition of substituted acetic acid and bis‐imines in one‐pot synthesis under mild conditions. Thus, this method has been proved as a high yielding, efficient, and cheap protocol for bis‐β‐lactam synthesis. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Synthesis and antiviral activities of some heteroaryl‐substituted triarylmethanes
Authors: Mibu Nobuko , Yokomizo Kazumi , Miyata Takeshi , Sumoto Kunihiro
Published: August 2010

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Some molecular modifications were attempted to find antiviral active compounds in the class of triarylmethanes against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1). All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for antiviral activity with HSV‐1 by a plaque reduction assay. Some of the compounds showed significant antiviral activities. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
A simple and efficient synthesis of some novel thiazolidine‐4‐one derivatives
Authors: Porshamsian Khalil , Montazeri Naser , Rad‐Moghadam Kurosh , Ali‐Asgari Safa
Published: August 2010

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Reaction of 4‐phenylthiosemicarbazide with dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylate in CH2Cl2 at 0°C lead to construction of alkyl 3‐amino‐2‐phenyliminothiazolidine‐4‐one‐5‐ylidene acetate in a few minutes and good yields. Alternatively, the use of thiosemicarbazide has given the corresponding 3‐amino‐2‐iminothiazolidine‐4‐one‐5‐ylidene acetate, while application of di‐t‐butylacetylenedicarboxylate in these reactions has not entailed with cyclization. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
An efficient synthesis and biological testing of novel 3‐chloro‐4‐aryl‐1‐(4‐(phenyldiazenyl)phenyl)azetidin‐2‐ones
Authors: Chopde Himani N. , Pagadala Ramakanth , Meshram Jyotsna S. , Jetti Venkateshwarlu
Published: August 2010

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N‐Benzylidene‐4‐(phenyldiazenyl)aniline (Ia, Ib, Ic, Id, Ie, If, Ig, Ih, Ii, Ij) has been prepared from p‐aminoazobenzene with different aromatic aldehydes under microwave irradiation, which on further treatment with chloro acetic acid and POCl3 in the presence of triethyl amine gave the title compounds. The structure of the compounds has been confirmed by spectroscopic techniques (IR and 1H NMR) and elemental analysis. These azetidinones analogues were screened for their antimicrobial activities against strains of different microorganisms. Some of the compounds displayed the promising antibacterial activities against some bacterial strains. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Synthesis of benzopyran[2,3‐b]quinolinone derivatives
Authors: Han Guangfan , Cui Bin , Chen Lizhuang , Jin Yan
Published: August 2010

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A series of novel 11‐amino‐3,3‐dimethyl‐8‐substituted‐12‐aryl‐3,4,7,8,9,12‐hexahydro‐2H‐benzopyran[2,3‐b]quinoline‐1,10‐dione derivatives 4 were synthesized by 2‐amino‐3‐cyano‐4‐aryl‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐7,7‐dimethyl‐5‐oxo‐4H‐benzopyran 2 with 5‐substituted‐1,3‐cyclohexanedione using p‐toluenesulfonic acid, K2CO3, and Cu2Cl2 as catalysts. The compounds 2 as easily accessible precursors were obtained from 5,5‐dimethyl‐1,3‐cyclohexanedione by Michael addition with β‐dicyanostyrenes 1, prepared by Knoevenagel condensation of different aromatic aldehydes and malononitrile. The synthesis of the title compounds 4 completed by one‐pot reaction of 4‐aryl‐4H‐benzopyran derivatives with 5‐substituted‐1,3‐cyclohexanediones by refluxing in toluene using TsOH as catalyst. The structures of all compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, MS, and 1H NMR spectra. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
A facile and efficient synthesis of bis(oxazoline)s
Authors: Li Wei Jie , Qiu Sheng Xiang
Published: August 2010

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Thiophene‐2,5‐dicarboxylic acid, benzene‐1,3‐dicarboxylic acid, or furan‐2,5‐di‐carboxylic acid, respectively, reacted with various β‐amino alcohols in toluene under reflux within 24 h, to form nine bis(oxazoline)s (1, 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e, 2, 2a, 2b, 2c, 3) in good yields through water deprivation via a one‐pot reaction. The synthetic method is facile and efficient and deserves great application potentials in the research and development in the area of bis(oxazoline)s. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Reaction of pyrano[3,4‐b]indolones with aliphatic amines and N,N‐dimethylhydrazine
Authors: Livadiotou Despina , Hatzimimikou Dimitra , Tsoleridis Constantinos A. , Stephanidou‐Stephanatou Julia
Published: August 2010

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The synthesis of a number of indolylacetamides and indolylacetohydrazides in very good yields from the reaction of pyranoindolones with aliphatic amines and N,N‐dimethylhydrazine, respectively, is described. The reactivity difference with aromatic amines but also with methylhydrazine and aromatic hydrazines is discussed. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Syntheses of potentially bioactive [1,2,4]oxadiazolo[5,4‐d]benzothiazepines by 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition
Authors: Wu Xiao‐Long , Liu Fang‐Ming , Shen Song‐Wei
Published: August 2010

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The chalcones, 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e, 2f, 2g, 2h, 2i, 2j, 2k, 2l reacted with o‐aminobenzenthiol to give a series of 1,5‐benzothiazepines, 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e, 3f, 3g, 3h, 3i, 3j, 3k, 3l. The [3+2] 1, 3‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions of 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e, 3f, 3g, 3h, 3i, 3j, 3k, 3l with ethyl chlorooximidoacetate in the presence of Et3N afforded the target compounds, 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f, 4g, 4h, 4i, 4j, 4l possessing an additional 1,2,4‐oxadiazole ring fused to the heptaatomic nucleus. The structures have been elucidated by spectral methods and X‐ray crystallographic analysis. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Synthesis of 2‐(N‐benzylpyrrolyl)‐benzimidazoles using polyphosphoric acid prompted cyclocondensation
Authors: Mochona Bereket , Le Laine , Gangapuram Madhavi , Mateeva Nelly , Ardley Tiffany , Redda Kinfe K.
Published: August 2010

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Synthesis of a series of 2‐substituted benzimidazoles was carried out for screening anti‐inflammatory activities. 2‐(N‐benzylpyrrolyl)‐benzimidazoles 9a, 9b, 9c, 9d, 9e, 9f, 9g, 9h, 9i, 9j, 9k were synthesized from N‐benzyl‐2‐pyrrole carboxylic acids 8a, 8b, 8c, 8d and 4‐substituted‐1,2‐phenylenediamines by cyclocondensation utilizing polyphosphoric acid (PPA) as condensing agent. The N‐benzyl‐2‐pyrrole carboxylic acids were prepared by standard method of N‐benzylation of 2‐pyrrole carboxylate using NaH/DMF and appropriately substituted benzyl halides followed by alkaline hydrolysis. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Synthesis of some new pyrazole and pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives
Authors: Ghozlan Said A. S. , Abdelrazek Fathy M. , Mohamed Mona H. , Azmy Khaled E.
Published: August 2010

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A series of pyrazolo [3,4‐d] pyrimidine, pyrazolo [1,5‐a] pyrimidine, and pyrazolyl triazoles have been prepared via reaction of ethyl 5‐amino‐3‐phenylpyrazole‐4‐carboxylate with isothiocyanic esters, α,β‐unsaturated nitriles, and some active methylene reagents. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Chemoselective synthesis of quinoline N‐oxides from 3‐(2‐nitrophenyl)‐3‐hydroxypropanones
Authors: Okuma Kentaro , Seto Jun‐ichi , Nagahora Noriyoshi , Shioji Kosei
Published: August 2010

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The reaction of 3‐(2‐nitrophenyl)‐3‐hydroxypropanones with Zn/NH4Cl gave the corresponding quinoline N‐oxides in 80–90% yields. The reaction initiated the reduction of nitro group to afford the corresponding hydroxylamine, which intramolecularly condensed and followed by dehydration to give quinoline N‐oxide. Although treatment of 2‐nitrochalcone with Zn/NH4Cl in EtOH/H2O resulted in the formation of quinoline N‐oxide in low yield, the reaction of 2‐nitrochalcone with Sn/NH4Cl in refluxing EtOH/H2O afforded quinoline N‐oxide in 80% yield. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Phenylselenoetherification of some Δ4‐alkenols facilitated by pyridine and some Lewis acids
Authors: Šmit Biljana M. , Bugarčić Zorica M.
Published: August 2010

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Studies on the phenylselenoetherification of some Δ4‐alkenols in the presence of pyridine and some Lewis acids are described. All alkenols underwent intramolecular cyclization yielding corresponding tetrahydrofuran or tetrahydropyran derivatives. Yield and diastereomeric ratio of the cyclic products depend on counterion of selenylating reagent used. We found that external additives, such as pyridine and some Lewis acids coordinating to the electrophilic and/or nucleophilic species are used to control the course of cyclizations with high degrees of efficiency and improve the level of stereoinduction. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Synthesis of substituted 1,3‐oxazines using sulfamic acid as an efficient and eco‐friendly catalyst
Authors: Damodiran M. , Perumal Paramasivan T.
Published: August 2010

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Sulfamic acid catalyzed the synthesis of substituted 1,3‐oxazines by one‐pot three‐component reaction of aniline, alkynoates, and formaldehyde in excellent yields. The catalyst possesses distinct advantages shows ease of handling, good yields, cleaner reactions, nonhygroscopic, noncorrosive, and high activity. Sulfamic acid is a green alternative for metal‐containing acidic materials, which are toxic and deleterious for human health and environmental protection. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Clinical and economic outcomes in patients with community‐acquired Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia
Authors: Taneja Charu , Haque Nadia , Oster Gerry , Shorr Andrew F. , Zilber Sophia , Kyan Paola Osaki , Reyes Katherine C. , Moore Carol , Spalding James , Kothari Smita , Zervos Marcus
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND:

While the clinical and economic consequences of S. aureus pneumonia in healthcare settings have been well documented, much less is known about community‐acquired S. aureus pneumonia (CAP).

METHODS:

We retrospectively identified all patients admitted to a large US urban teaching hospital between January 2005 and May 2008 with pneumonia and positive blood or respiratory cultures for S. aureus within 48 hours of admission. Patients with suspected healthcare‐associated pneumonia (HCAP) were excluded from the study sample, using established criteria (eg, recent hospitalization, admission from nursing home, hemodialysis). Patients were designated as having methicillin‐resistant (MRSA) or methicillin‐susceptible (MSSA) CAP based on initial S. aureus isolates. Initial therapy was designated “appropriate” vs. “inappropriate” based on expected susceptibility of the organism to the regimen received.

RESULTS:

We identified a total of 128 CAP patients with S. aureus isolates; mean (standard deviation [SD]) age was 60 (17) years. A total of 55 patients (43%) had initial cultures positive for MRSA. Patients with MRSA CAP were more likely to receive inappropriate initial therapy (24 [44%] vs. 13 [18%] for MSSA; P = 0.002). Approximately 25% of all patients underwent surgery for pneumonia, 69% received mechanical ventilation, 79% were admitted to intensive care unit (ICU), and 24% died in hospital. Mean (SD) length of stay was 17.0 (15.7) days, and total hospital charges averaged $127,922 ($154,605) per patient; there were no significant differences between patients with MRSA vs. MSSA CAP.

CONCLUSION:

Outcomes are poor, hospital stays are long, and costs of care are high in patients with S. aureus CAP, and do not differ between those with MRSA vs. MSSA. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2010. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Hospitalizations with healthcare‐associated complicated skin and skin structure infections: Impact of inappropriate empiric therapy on outcomes
Authors: Zilberberg Marya D. , Shorr Andrew F. , Micek Scott T. , Chen Joyce , Ramsey Andrew M. , Hoban Alex P. , Pham Victor , Doherty Joshua A. , Mody Samir H. , Kollef Marin H.
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE:

Inappropriate empiric therapy worsens outcomes in certain healthcare‐associated infections (HCAI). We studied the association of inappropriate empiric therapy with outcomes in patients with HCA complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSI).

DESIGN:

A single‐center retrospective cohort study.

PATIENTS:

Hospitalized with a culture‐positive cSSSI.

MEASUREMENTS:

We defined HCA‐cSSSI as having ≥1 of these risk factors: (1) recent hospitalization, (2) recent antibiotics, (3) hemodialysis, (4) transfer from a nursing home, and inappropriate treatment as no antimicrobial therapy active against the pathogen(s) within 24 hours of obtaining culture specimen. We performed descriptive and multivariate statistics to compute the impact of inappropriate empiric therapy on outcomes. Hospital length of stay (LOS) served as primary and mortality as secondary outcomes.

RESULTS:

Of the 717 patients with culture‐positive cSSSI, 527 (73.5%) had HCAI, of whom 405 (76.9%) received appropriate treatment. A higher proportion of those receiving inappropriate than appropriate treatment had a decubitus ulcer (29.5% vs. 10.9%, P < 0.001), a device‐associated infection (42.6% vs. 28.6%, P = 0.004), or bacteremia (68.9% vs. 57.8%, P = 0.028). The frequency of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) did not differ between the groups. The low overall unadjusted mortality rate did not vary based on initial treatment. In a multivariable analysis adjusting for potential confounders inappropriate therapy had an attributable increase in hospital LOS of 1.8 days (95% CI, 1.4–2.3).

CONCLUSION:

Similar to other populations with HCAI, HCA‐cSSSI patients are likely to receive inappropriate empiric therapy for their infection. This early exposure is associated with a significant prolongation of the hospitalization by nearly 2 days. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2010;. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Allowance for antibody bivalence in the characterization of interactions by ELISA
Authors: Winzor Donald J.
Published: August 2010

The objective of this review is to remove empiricism from the characterization of immunospecific interactions by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In place of the original presumption that the absorbance generated by the enzyme‐linked assay could be regarded as a measure of free antibody concentration, the stance is taken that the parameter being monitored is the concentration of antibody complexed with immobilized antigen on the microtiter plate. After the presentation of general binding theory that takes ligand multivalence into account, that theory is adapted to incorporate the simplifying circumstances that prevail in an ELISA study. Validity of the original expressions for characterizing antigen–antibody interactions by competitive ELISA is confirmed, thereby refuting reported concerns about the need for amendment of the theoretical expressions to take into account bivalence of the antibody. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disruption of shape complementarity in the ribosomal protein L1–RNA contact region does not hinder specific recognition of the RNA target site
Authors: Kostareva Olga , Tishchenko Svetlana , Nikonova Ekaterina , Kljashtorny Vladislav , Nevskaya Natalia , Nikulin Alexei , Sycheva Anna , Moshkovskii Sergei , Piendl Wolfgang , Garber Maria , Nikonov Stanislav
Published: August 2010

The formation of a specific and stable complex between two (macro)molecules implies complementary contact surface regions. We used ribosomal protein L1, which specifically binds a target site on 23S rRNA, to study the influence of surface modifications on the protein−RNA affinity. The threonine residue in the universally conserved triad Thr−Met−Gly significant for RNA recognition and binding was substituted by phenylalanine, valine and alanine, respectively. The crystal structure of the mutant Thr217Val of the isolated domain I of L1 from Thermus thermophilus (TthL1) was determined. This structure and that of two other mutants, which had been determined earlier, were analysed and compared with the structure of the wild type L1 proteins. The influence of structural changes in the mutant L1 proteins on their affinity for the specific 23S rRNA fragment was tested by kinetic experiments using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor analysis. Association rate constants undergo minor changes, whereas dissociation rate constants displayed significantly higher values in comparison with that for the wild type protein. The analysed L1 mutants recognize the specific RNA target site, but the mutant L1−23S rRNA complexes are less stable compared to the wild type complexes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Opioid system functional regulation in neurological disease management
Authors: Nandhu M.S. , Naijil George , Smijin Soman , Jayanarayanan S. , Paulose C.S.
Published: August 2010

There is increasing evidence to suggest a role for the opioid system in the control of pathophysiology of neurological disorders (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases, spinal cord injury, epilepsy, hypoxia, and autism). Resuscitation of the altered expression of the opioid system in various neurological disorders is of therapeutic importance. Such treatment may be beneficial in ameliorating the clinical symptoms of the disorder. This Mini‐Review provides a brief update on opioid system regulation in neurological disorders and focuses on the opioids' pharmacological importance. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The H63D HFE gene variant promotes activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway via mitochondria dysfunction following β‐amyloid peptide exposure
Authors: Mairuae Nootchanat , Hall II Eric C. , Cheepsunthorn Poonlarp , Lee Sang Y. , Connor James R.
Published: August 2010

Numerous epidemiological studies suggest that the expression of the HFE allelic variant H63D may be a risk factor or genetic modifier for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The H63D variant alters cellular iron homeostasis and increases baseline oxidative stress. The elevated cellular stress milieu, we have proposed, may alter cellular responses to genetic and environmental determinants of AD. Accumulation of β‐amyloid peptides (Aβ) is one of the most prominent pathogenic characteristics of AD. Several studies have demonstrated that Aβ can induce neuronal cell death through apoptosis. In this study, we provide evidence that an Aβ25–35 fragment, which contains the cytotoxic sequence of the amyloid peptide, activates the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in SH‐SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells expressing the HFE allelic variant H63D to a greater extent than in cells with wild‐type (WT) HFE. Specifically, Aβ25–35 peptide exposure significantly induced Bax translocation from the cytosol to the mitochondria in H63D‐expressing cells compared with WT cells. This translocation was associated with increased cytochrome c release from mitochondria and an increase in active caspase‐9 and caspase‐3 activity in H63D cells. Consequently, there is increased apoptosis in cells expressing the H63D variant as opposed to cells expressing WT HFE. We also found increased amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Aβ1–42 peptide in the mitochondrial compartment as well as increased mitochondrial stress in H63D‐expressing cells compared with WT. These findings support our hypothesis that the presence of the HFE H63D allele enables factors that trigger neurodegenerative processes associated with AD and predisposes cells to cytotoxcity. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glutamate‐induced calcium increase mediates magnesium release from mitochondria in rat hippocampal neurons
Authors: Shindo Yutaka , Fujimoto Ai , Hotta Kohji , Suzuki Koji , Oka Kotaro
Published: August 2010

Excess administration of glutamate is known to induce Ca2+ overload in neurons, which is the first step in excitotoxicity. Although some reports have suggested a role for Mg2+ in the excitotoxicity, little is known about its actual contribution. To investigate the role of Mg2+ in the excitotoxicity, we simultaneously measured intracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+, using fluorescent dyes, Fura red, a fluorescent Ca2+ probe, and KMG‐104, a highly selective fluorescent Mg2+ probe developed by our group, respectively. Administration of 100 μM glutamate supplemented with 10 μM glycine to rat hippocampal neurons induced an increase in intracellular Mg2+ concentration ([Mg2+]i). Extracellular Mg2+ was not required for this glutamate‐induced increase in [Mg2+]i, and no increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) or [Mg2+]i was observed in neurons in nominally Ca2+‐free medium. Application of 5 μM carbonyl cyanide p‐(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP), an uncoupler of mitochondrial inner membrane potential, also elicited increases in [Ca2+]i and [Mg2+]i. Subsequent administration of glutamate and glycine following FCCP treatment did not induce a further increase in [Mg2+]i but did induce an additive increase in [Ca2+]i. Moreover, the glutamate‐induced increase in [Mg2+]i was observed only in mitochondria localized areas. These results support the idea that glutamate is able to induced Mg2+ efflux from mitochondria to the cytosol. Furthermore, pretreatment with Ru360, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter, prevented this [Mg2+]i increase. These results indicate that glutamate‐induced increases in [Mg2+]i result from the Mg2+ release from mitochondria and that Ca2+ accumulation in the mitochondria is required for this Mg2+ release. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Attribution theory in the organizational sciences: A case of unrealized potential
Authors: Martinko Mark J. , Harvey Paul , Dasborough Marie T.
Published: August 2010

We argue that although attributional processes appear to affect virtually all goal and reward oriented behavior in organizations, they have not received adequate attention in the organizational sciences. In this Incubator, we encourage scholars to unlock the potential of attribution theory to develop more complete explanations of organizational behavior. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low dose erythropoietin stimulates bone healing in mice
Authors: Garcia P. , Speidel V. , Scheuer C. , Laschke M.W. , Holstein J.H. , Histing T. , Pohlemann T. , Menger M.D.
Published: August 2010

Beyond its classical role in regulation of erythropoiesis, erythropoietin (EPO) has been shown to exert protective and regenerative actions in a variety of non‐hematopoietic tissues. However, little is known about potential actions in bone regeneration. To analyze fracture healing in mice, a femoral 0.25 mm osteotomy gap was stabilized with a pin‐clip technique. Animals were treated with 500 U EPO/kg bw per day or with vehicle only. After 2 and 5 weeks, fracture healing was analyzed biomechanically, radiologically and histologically. Expression of PCNA and NFκB was examined by Western blot analysis. Vascularization was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining of PECAM‐1. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells were measured by flow‐cytometry. Herein, we demonstrate that EPO‐treatment significantly accelerates bone healing in mice. This is indicated by a significantly greater biomechanical stiffness and a higher radiological density of the periosteal callus at 2 and 5 weeks after fracture and stabilization. Histological analysis demonstrated significantly more bone and less cartilage and fibrous tissue in the periosteal callus. Endosteal vascularization was significantly increased in EPO‐treated animals when compared to controls. The number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells was significantly greater in EPO‐treated animals. The herein shown acceleration of healing by EPO may represent a promising novel treatment strategy for fractures with delayed healing and non‐union formation. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:165–172, 2011
Scleraxisexpression is coordinately regulated in a murine model of patellar tendon injury
Authors: Scott Alexander , Sampaio Arthur , Abraham Thomas , Duronio Chris , Underhill Tully M.
Published: August 2010

This study investigated the expression ofScleraxisin a murine model of patellar tendon injury in which the central third of the patellar tendon was unilaterally injured. The presence of tendon pathology was assessed using dual photon microscopy, conventional histology and microCT. Tendon pathology was also quantified noninvasively over a 12‐week period using high‐frequency ultrasound and laser Doppler flowmetry. Gene expression (Scx,Tnmd, andCol1a1) was determined at defined end‐points (1, 4, 8, and 12 weeks) using qPCR on RNA from individual patellar tendons on injured and uninjured sides. There was significant development of tendon pathology as gauged by ultrasound and laser Doppler over 12 weeks. Injured tendons demonstrated significant histological and microCT evidence of pathological change, and disorganized collagen with reduced density. The expression ofScxandCol1a1was unchanged at 1 week, significantly upregulated at 4 and 8 weeks, and had returned to baseline by 12 weeks.Tnmdexpression was unchanged at 1 week, and significantly increased at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Patellar tendon injury was associated with marked increases in the expression ofScx,Tnmd, andCol1a1. Our data suggest new roles forScleraxisin coordinating the response to injury in the pathogenesis of tendon disorders. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:289–296, 2011
Bridging the gap: Bone marrow aspiration concentrate reduces autologous bone grafting in osseous defects
Authors: Jäger Marcus , Herten Monika , Fochtmann Ulrike , Fischer Johannes , Hernigou Philippe , Zilkens Christoph , Hendrich Christian , Krauspe Rüdiger
Published: August 2010

Although autologous bone grafting represents an effective tool to induce osteogenic regeneration in local bone defects or pseudarthroses, it is associated with significant donor site morbidity and limited by the amount available for grafting. We investigate the potency of bone marrow aspiration concentrate (BMAC) to augment bone grafting and support bone healing. The functional and radiographic outcome of 39 patients with volumetric bone deficiencies treated with BMAC are presented and evaluated in a prospective clinical trial. A collagen sponge (Col) served as scaffold in 12 patients and a bovine hydroxyapatite (HA) was applied in the other 27 individuals. The minimal follow‐up was 6 months. Clinical and radiographic findings were completed by in vitro data. All patients showed new bone formation in radiographs during follow‐up. However, two patients underwent revision surgery due to a lack in bone healing. In contrast to the Col group, the postoperative bone formation appeared earlier in the HA group (HA group: 6.8 weeks vs. Col group 13.6 weeks). Complete bone healing was achieved in the HA group after 17.3 weeks compared to 22.4 weeks in the Col group. The average concentration factor of BMAC was 5.2 (SD 1.3). Flow cytometry confirmed the mesenchymal nature of the cells. Cells from BMAC created earlier and larger colonies of forming units fibroblasts (CFU‐F) compared to cells from bone marrow aspirate. BMAC combined with HA can reduce the time needed for healing of bone defects when compared to BMAC in combination with collagen sponge. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:173–180, 2011
The catabolic role of toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR‐2) mediated by the NF‐κB pathway in septic arthritis
Authors: Papathanasiou Ioanna , Malizos Konstantinos N. , Poultsides Lazaros , Karachalios Theofilos , Oikonomou Pagona , Tsezou Aspasia
Published: August 2010

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are involved in mediating cell activation on stimulation with microbial components. Our objective was to investigate the role of TLR‐2 mediated by the NF‐κB pathway in septic arthritic chondrocytes. TLR‐1, ‐2, and ‐6 mRNA expression levels were investigated in septic and normal chondrocytes using real‐time reverse transcription‐PCR. TLR‐2 and MMP‐13 mRNA and protein levels were measured using real‐time PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. Blocking TLR‐2 mRNA expression was performed using small interfering RNA (siRNA) against TLR‐2 and subsequently MMP‐3, MMP‐13, IL‐1β, and IL‐6 mRNA levels, as well as p65 NF‐κB, IkBα, and MMP‐13 protein levels were evaluated using real‐time PCR and Western blot analysis. IL‐6 protein levels were measured using ELISA assay. We observed that TLR‐1, ‐2, and ‐6 mRNA expression levels were significantly higher in septic compared to normal chondrocytes. MMP‐13 mRNA and protein expressions were also significantly upregulated in septic arthritic cartilage. Blocking TLR‐2 mRNA expression in septic chondrocytes resulted in significant increase of inactivated nonphosphorylated p65 NF‐κB and IkBα protein levels and reduction in MMP‐13, IL‐1β, and IL‐6 expression. Our findings suggest the pro‐inflammatory and catabolic role of TLR‐2 mediated by the NF‐κB pathway in septic arthritis. Modulation of TLR‐mediated signaling may be a potential therapeutic strategy for the prevention of postinfectious cartilage degradation in articular joints. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:247–251, 2011
Processing characteristics and flavour of full lotus root powder beverage
Authors: Liu Junbo , Zhang Min , Wang Shaojin
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND: Lotus root beverage is commonly made from raw lotus root (RLR). However, RLR production is strictly limited, because it is prone to decomposition and browning after its short harvest season. In this study an innovative beverage was prepared from full lotus root powder (FLRP) as a substitute for RLR in an attempt to solve this problem.

RESULTS: The components of FLRP basically corresponded to those of RLR, but there was some loss of heat‐labile compounds. Using differential scanning calorimetry, a gelatinisation temperature range of 57.08–67.80 °C was determined for FLRP with an average particle size distribution of 70 µm. The optimal conditions for enzymatic treatment of FLRP beverage were determined by response surface methodology as an enzyme concentration of 2.2 g kg−1 at 53 °C for 86 min. Turbidity decreased from 1082 to 280 nephelometric turbidity units following enzymolysis. Properties of FLRP beverage were also studied and a qualitative comparison of flavour compounds between RLR and FLRP beverages was made by electronic nose.

CONCLUSION: Basic flavour compounds were consistent and flavour radar plots had approximately the same shape, area and proportion when all ingredients were identical apart from FLRP and RLR. Therefore, in terms of flavour, FLRP beverage appears to be a feasible substitute for RLR beverage. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Antioxidant and pancreas‐protective effect of red mold fermented products on streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats
Authors: Shi Yeu‐Ching , Pan Tzu‐Ming
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND: Red mold fermented products contain various antioxidants, and were mentioned in an ancient Chinese pharmacopoeia of medicinal food and herbs. They were considered useful for the treatment of diabetes. The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant and pancreas‐protective function of red mold fermented products on streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic rats.

RESULTS: Throughout the experimental period (8 weeks), significantly (P < 0.05) lowered plasma glucose, amylase, triglyceride and cholesterol levels were observed in groups treated with red mold fermented products. Diabetic rats showed higher reactive oxygen species (P < 0.05) and lower activities of glutathione disulfide reductase, glutathione reductase and catalase (P < 0.05) in pancreas as compared to normal rats and those treated with red mold fermented products. There were some necrotic cells observed in the pancreas of diabetic rats and pancreatic tissue damaged by STZ in the red mold fermented products supplemented groups was ameliorated.

CONCLUSION: These results indicate that red mold fermented products not only regulate hyperglycemia but also provide prevention against the effects of STZ‐induced pancreatic damage. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Adrenal incidentalomas: Risk of adrenocortical carcinoma and clinical outcomes
Authors: O'Neill Christine J. , Spence Andrew , Logan Barney , Suliburk James W. , Soon Patsy S. , Learoyd Diana L. , Sidhu Stan B. , Sywak Mark S.
Published: August 2010

Introduction

The number of incidentally discovered adrenal lesions is increasing due to the widespread use of abdominal imaging. Although most incidentalomas are benign, larger suspicious lesions will require adrenalectomy. The aim of this study is to determine the risk of malignancy in patients undergoing surgery for adrenal incidentaloma; and to compare clinical outcomes in those with adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) based on the mode of presentation.

Methods

A retrospective study of consecutive patients who underwent adrenalectomy between 1995 and 2008 was performed. Data were retrieved from a prospectively maintained adrenal tumor database. Those with adrenal incidentaloma were selected and histopathology reviewed. All patients with ACC (presenting with symptoms or incidentally) during the same time period were identified and clinical outcomes compared.

Results

Adrenalectomy was performed in 274 patients of whom 73 (27%) were characterized pre‐operatively as incidentaloma. Benign, non‐functioning adrenocortical adenoma was the most common histopathological finding (46 patients, 63%). There was a trend (P = 0.08) towards increased survival amongst the seven patients with ACC presenting incidentally compared to the nine patients with symptomatic ACC.

Conclusions

Adrenal incidentalomas have a small but important risk of malignancy. ACC presenting as incidentaloma appear to have a more favorable prognosis than symptomatic or functioning ACC. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:450–453. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Understanding of breast cancer concepts in an undereducated county hospital population
Authors: Bouton Marcia E. , Nodora Jesse , Hsu Chiu‐Hsieh , Green Andrew , Martinez Maria Elena , Komenaka Ian K.
Published: August 2010

Background and objectives

The purpose of this study was to determine how well breast cancer patients at a County hospital understood breast cancer concepts and treatment at time of operation.

Methods

An 11 question multiple‐choice examination was devised at a Flesch‐Kincaid grade level of 5.8. This was administered to patients prior to undergoing their definitive cancer operation.

Results

Forty‐one of 42 consecutive women agreed to participate in the study. Seventy‐eight percent self identified as Hispanic and 64% had less than a High School education. For the question “Which surgery gives me a better chance to live?” 51% said mastectomy and lumpectomy are equal and 33% thought mastectomy was superior. Interestingly, 88% of respondents understood that screening mammograms are important. Sixty‐two percent of the patients, however, did not get screening mammograms. Multivariate analysis revealed that highest level of education (P < 0.001) and employment status (P = 0.007) correlated significantly with test score. Age, insurance status, household income, and ethnicity did not significantly predict test score.

Conclusion

Although the correct answer was the most frequently selected answer, this examination revealed deficits in the understanding of this undereducated population. Higher level of education and employment status did correlate with improved score. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:398–403. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of secondary cytoreductive surgery in ovarian cancer relapse: Who will benefit? A systematic analysis of 240 consecutive patients
Authors: Sehouli Jalid , Richter R. , Braicu Elena Ioana , Bühling Kai J. , Bahra Marcus , Neuhaus Peter , Lichtenegger Werner , Fotopoulou Christina
Published: August 2010

Background and Objectives

In contrast to primary ovarian cancer, the value of surgery in relapsed‐OC (ROC) remains unclear. We evaluated surgical and clinical outcome of secondary cytoreduction in ROC.

Methods

All consecutive ROC patients who underwent secondary tumor‐debulking surgery were systematically analyzed as based on a validated intraoperative documentation tool. Tumor dissemination pattern, operative and clinical outcome were evaluated. Cox‐regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of mortality.

Results

Between 09/2000 and 10/2008, 240 operations were evaluated; 184 patients (81.1%) were platinum‐sensitive and 43 (20%) platinum‐resistant. 47.5% of the patients had ascites, while 85.8% presented a multifocal tumor dissemination pattern. In 53.8% a complete tumor resection was achieved; in another 24.2%, postoperative tumor residuals were <1 cm. In multivariate analysis, no tumor resection (HR: 7.6; 95% CI: 2.9–19.9), ascites >500 ml (HR: 6.76; 95% CI: 3.77–12.1), platinum resistance (HR: 3.1; 95% CI: 1.26–7.7), and initial FIGO stage IV (HR: 2.86; 95% CI: 1.16–7) were the most significant risk factors for mortality. Median OS was 42.3 months (95% CI: 24.37–60.2); 17.7 months (95% CI: 12.27–23.13); and 7.7 months (95% CI: 3.1–12.3) for patients with complete tumor resection, tumor residuals ≤1 and >1 cm, respectively (trend P‐value <0.001).

Conclusions

Absence of ascites, platinum‐sensitivity, initial FIGO stage <IV, and complete tumor resection correlate with a significantly better long‐term prognosis after ROC surgery. However, a significant trend of continuously improving survival associated with increasing tumor reduction rates could be identified even in patients where a complete tumor resection is not achievable. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:656–662. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.