bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cyp26b1 is a critical regulator of distal airway epithelial differentiation during lung development
Authors: Daniel Edward , Barlow Haley R. , Sutton Gabrielle I. , Gu Xiaowu , Htike Yadanar , Cowdin Mitzy A. , Cleaver Ondine
Published: January 2020

Proper organ development depends on coordinated communication between multiple cell types. Retinoic acid (RA) is an autocrine and paracrine signaling molecule critical to development of most organs, including lung. Despite extensive work detailing effects of RA deficiency in early lung morphogenesis, little is known about how RA regulates late gestational lung maturation. Here, we investigate the role of the RA catabolizing protein Cyp26b1 in the lung. Cyp26b1 is highly enriched in lung endothelial cells (ECs) throughout development. We find that loss of Cyp26b1 leads to reduction of alveolar type 1 (AT1) cells, failure of alveolar inflation, and early postnatal lethality. Furthermore, we observe expansion of distal epithelial progenitors, but no appreciable changes in proximal airways, ECs, or stromal populations. Exogenous administration of RA during late gestation partially mimics these defects; however, transcriptional analyses comparing Cyp26b1−/− and RA-treated lungs reveal overlapping, but distinct, responses. These data suggest that defects observed in Cyp26b1−/− lungs are caused by both RA-dependent and RA-independent mechanisms. This work reports critical cellular crosstalk during lung development involving Cyp26b1-expressing endothelium and identifies a novel RA modulator in lung development.
In the chick embryo, estrogen can induce chromosomally male ZZ left gonad epithelial cells to form an ovarian cortex, which supports oogenesis
Authors: Guioli Silvana , Zhao Debiao , Nandi Sunil , Clinton Michael , Lovell-Badge Robin
Published: January 2020

In chickens, the embryonic ovary differentiates into two distinct domains before meiosis: a steroidogenic core, the female medulla, overlain by the germ cell niche, the cortex. The differentiation of the medulla is a cell autonomous process based on chromosome sex identity (CASI). In order to address the extent to which cortex differentiation depends on intrinsic or extrinsic factors, we generated models of gonadal intersex by mixing ZW (female) and ZZ (male) cells in gonadal chimeras, or by altering estrogen levels of ZW and ZZ embryos. We found that CASI does not apply to the embryonic cortex. Both ZW and ZZ cells can form the cortex and this can happen independently of the phenotypic sex of the medulla as long as estrogen is provided. We also show that the cortex promoting activity of estrogen signalling is mediated via Estrogen Receptor alpha within the left gonad epithelium. However, the presence of a medulla with an “intersex” or male phenotype may compromise germ cells progression into meiosis, causing cortical germ cells to remain in an immature state in the embryo.
Drosophila adult muscle precursor cells contribute to motor axon pathfinding and proper innervation of embryonic muscles
Authors: Lavergne G. , Zmojdzian M. , Da Ponte J. P. , Junion G. , Jagla K.
Published: January 2020

Despites several decades of studies on the neuromuscular system, the relationship between muscle stem cells and motor neurons remains elusive. Using the Drosophila model, we provide evidences that adult muscle precursors (AMPs), the Drosophila muscle stem cells, interact with the motor axons during embryogenesis. AMPs not only hold the capacity to attract the navigating intersegmental (ISN) and segmental a (SNa) nerve branches, but are also mandatory to the innervation of muscles in the lateral field. This so far ignored AMPs role involves their filopodia-based interactions with nerve growth cones. In parallel, we report the previously undetected expression of encoding guidance molecules sidestep and side IV in AMPs. Altogether, our data support the view that Drosophila muscle stem cells represent spatial landmarks for navigating motor neurons and reveal that their positioning is critical for the muscles innervation in the lateral region. Furthermore, AMPs and motor axons are interdependent as the genetic ablation of SNa leads to a specific loss of SNa-associated lateral AMPs.
Germline development in rat revealed by visualization and deletion of Prdm14
Authors: Kobayashi Toshihiro , Kobayashi Hisato , Goto Teppei , Takashima Tomoya , Oikawa Mami , Ikeda Hiroki , Terada Reiko , Yoshida Fumika , Sanbo Makoto , Nakauchi Hiromitsu , Kurimoto Kazuki , Hirabayashi Masumi
Published: January 2020

Primordial germ cells (PGCs), the founder cells of the germline, are specified in pre-gastrulating embryos in mammals, and subsequently migrate towards gonads to mature into functional gametes. Here, we investigated PGC development in rats, by genetically modifying Prdm14, a unique marker and a critical PGC transcriptional regulator. We trace PGC development in rats, for the first time, from specification until sex determination stage in fetal gonads using Prdm14 H2BVenus knock-in rats. We uncover that Prdm14’s crucial role in PGC specification is conserved between rat and mice, by analyzing Prdm14 deficient rat embryos. Notably, loss of Prdm14 completely abrogates the PGC program: failure in maintenance and/or activation of germ cell markers and pluripotency genes. Finally, we profile the transcriptome of the postimplantation epiblast and all PGC stages in rat, to reveal enrichment of distinct gene sets at each transition point, thereby providing an accurate transcriptional time-line for rat PGC development. Thus, the novel genetically modified rats and data sets obtained in this study will advance our knowledge on conserved vs species-specific features for germline development in mammals.
Characterizing the timing of Yolk Testosterone Metabolism and the effects of Etiocholanolone on development in Avian Eggs
Authors: Campbell Nicole A. , Angles Rachel , Bowden Rachel M. , Casto Joseph M. , Paitz Ryan T.
Published: January 2020

Maternal transfer of steroids to eggs can elicit permanent effects on offspring phenotype. Although testosterone was thought to be a key mediator of maternal effects in birds, we now know that vertebrate embryos actively regulate their exposure to maternal testosterone through steroid metabolism, suggesting testosterone metabolites, not testosterone, may elicit the observed phenotypic effects. To address the role steroid metabolism plays in mediating yolk testosterone effects, we used European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) eggs to characterize the timing of testosterone metabolism and determine whether etiocholanolone, a prominent metabolite of testosterone in avian embryos, is capable of affecting early embryonic development. Tritiated testosterone was injected into freshly laid eggs to characterize steroid movement and metabolism during early development. Varying levels of etiocholanolone were also injected into eggs and incubated for either three or five days to test whether etiocholanolone influences the early growth of embryonic tissues. The conversion of testosterone to etiocholanolone is initiated within 12 hours of injection, but the increase in etiocholanolone is transient indicating that etiocholanolone is also subject to metabolism, and that exposure to maternal etiocholanolone is limited to a short period during early development. Exogenous etiocholanolone manipulation had no significant effect on the growth rate of the embryos or extra-embryonic membranes early in development. Thus, the conversion of testosterone to etiocholanolone may be an inactivation pathway that buffers the embryo from maternal steroids, with any effects of yolk testosterone resulting from testosterone that escapes metabolism; alternatively, etiocholanolone may influence processes other than growth or take additional time to manifest.
Uncoiling springs promote mechanical functionality of spider cribellate silk
Authors: Piorkowski Dakota , Blackledge Todd A. , Liao Chen-Pan , Joel Anna-Christin , Weissbach Margret , Wu Chung-Lin , Tso I-Min
Published: January 2020

Composites, both natural and synthetic, achieve novel functionality by combining two or more constituent materials. For example, the earliest adhesive silk in spider webs – cribellate silk – is composed of stiff axial fibers and coiled fibers surrounded by hundreds of sticky cribellate nanofibrils. Yet little is known of how fiber types interact to enable capture of insect prey with cribellate silk. To understand the roles of each constituent fiber during prey capture, we compared the tensile performance of native-state and manipulated threads produced by Psechrus clavis, and the adhesion of native threads along a smooth surface and hairy bee thorax. We found that the coiled fiber increases the work to fracture of the entire cribellate thread by up to 20-fold. We also found that the axial fiber breaks multiple times during deformation, an unexpected observation that indicates: i) the axial fiber continues to contribute work even after breakage, ii) the cribellate nanofibrils may perform a previously unidentified role as a binder material that distributes forces throughout the thread. Work of adhesion increased on surfaces with more surface structures (hairy bee thorax) corresponding to increased deformation of the coiled fiber. Together, our observations highlight how the synergistic interactions among the constituents of this natural composite adhesive enhance functionality. These highly extensible threads may serve to expose additional cribellate nanofibrils to form attachment points with prey substrata while also immobilizing prey as they sink into the web due to gravity.
Recent Advancement of Biosensor Technology for the Detection of Microcystin-LR
Authors: Pang Pengfei , Lai Yanqiong , Zhang Yanli , Wang Hongbin , Conlan Xavier A , Barrow Colin J , Yang Wenrong
Published: January 2020

Microcystins are a class of toxins that are mainly produced by cyanobacteria and among them, microcystin-leucine arginine (microcystin-LR) is one of the most toxic and harmful of the fresh water toxins causing many accidents and threats to human health. The detection of microcystin-LR in drinking water and environmental water samples is therefore crucial. To date, methods such as high performance liquid chromatography, protein phosphatase inhibition assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Raman spectroscopy have been employed to monitor microcystin-LR levels. Although these techniques are precise and sensitive, they require expensive instrumentation, well-trained personnel and involve time-consuming processes meaning that their application is generally limited to well-resourced and centralized laboratory facilities. Among the emerging microcystin-LR detection methods, biosensors have received great attention because of their remarkable sensitivity, selectivity, and simplicity. In this review, we will discuss the current state-of-the-art microcystin-LR biosensing platforms, and evaluate the advantages and limitations of typical transduction technologies to identify the most efficient detection system for the potentially harmful cyanobacteria.
Cardiovascular Control During Exercise: The Connectivity of Skeletal Muscle Afferents to the Brain
Authors: Teixeira André L. , Fernandes Igor A. , Vianna Lauro C.
Published: January 2020

The exercise pressor reflex (EPR) is engaged upon the activation of group III/IV skeletal muscle afferents and is one of the principal mediators of cardiovascular responses to exercise. This review explores the hypothesis that afferent signals from EPR communicate via GABAergic contacts within the brain stem to evoke parasympathetic withdrawal and sympathoexcitation to increase cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and blood pressure during exercise.
Focused ultrasound induced-blood–brain barrier opening in mouse brain receiving radiosurgery dose of radiation enhances local delivery of systemic therapy
Authors: Wang Shutao , Wu Cheng-Chia , Zhang Hairong , Karakatsani Maria Eleni , Wang Yi-Fang , Han Yang , Chaudhary Kunal R , Wuu Cheng-Shie , Konofagou Elisa , Cheng Simon K
Published: January 2020

Objective:

Investigate the temporal effects of focused ultrasound (FUS)-induced blood–brain barrier (BBB) opening in post-radiotherapy mouse brains.

Methods and materials:

C57B6 mice without tumors were used to simulate the scenario after gross total resection (GTR) of brain tumor. Radiation dose of 6 Gy x 5 was delivered to one-hemisphere of the mouse brain. FUS-induced BBB-opening was delivered to the irradiated and non-irradiated brain and was confirmed with MRI. Dynamic MRI was performed to evaluate blood vessel permeability. Two time points were selected: acute (2 days after radiation) and chronic (31 days after radiation).

Results:

BBB opening was achieved after FUS in the irradiated field as compared to the contralateral non-irradiated brain without any decrease in permeability. In the acute group, a trend for higher gadolinium concentration was observed in radiated field.

Conclusion:

Localized BBB-opening can be successfully achieved without loss of efficacy by FUS as early as 2 days after radiotherapy.

Advances in knowledge:

Adjuvant radiation after GTR is commonly used for brain tumors. Focused ultrasound facilitated BBB-opening can be achieved without loss of efficacy in the post-irradiated brain as early as 2 days after radiation therapy. This allows for further studies on early application of FUS-mediated BBB-opening.
An unusual presentation of neuroglial heterotopia: case report
Authors: Karunakaran Parthasarathy , Duraikannu Chary , Pulupula Venkata Narasimha Kumar
Published: January 2020

We report a rare case of nasopharyngeal neuroglial heterotopia in a 16-year-old girl who presented with sore throat and feeling of a lump in her throat. Neuroglial heterotopia is a mass composed of misplaced neural tissue during embryonic development which has lost its intracranial connection. A careful review of literature in PUBMED shows most of the previously reported cases of nasopharyngeal glial heterotopia presented during neonatal or infancy period with symptoms of respiratory distress or airway obstruction. Our case caused a diagnostic dilemma due to late presentation and atypical radiological findings. Imaging, especially MRI, is vital for evaluating such nasopharyngeal masses in children for pre-surgical planning and more importantly to rule out any intracranial communication. Treatment is surgical resection by endoscopic or external approach, with a rare possibility of recurrence.
Classification of primary progressive aphasia: challenges and complexities
Authors: Tippett Donna C.
Published: January 2020

Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is classified into three variants, logopenic variant PPA (lvPPA), nonfluent agrammatic PPA (nfaPPA), and semantic variant PPA (svPPA), based on clinical (syndromic) characteristics with support from neuroimaging and/or underlying neuropathology. Classification of PPA variants provides information valuable to disease management. International consensus criteria are widely employed to identify PPA subtypes; however, classification is complex, and some individuals do not fit neatly into the subtyping scheme. In this review, diagnostic challenges and their implications are discussed, possible explanations for these challenges are explored, and approaches to address PPA classification are considered.
Methods of catastrophe theory in the phenomenology of phase transitions
Authors: Pavlov Sergey
Published: January 2020

The monograph is devoted to describing the methods of catastrophe theory and building on the basis of these methods, phenomenological models of phase transitions in solids. Methods of constructing structurally stable normal forms of functions, including functions that are imposed on the symmetry conditions. The classification of phenomenological models of phase transitions for two interacting one-component order parameter, two-component and three-component order parameters the number of control parameters varied in the experiment. Theoretical dependence of the anomalies of the physical properties of the models are compared with experimental data in ferroelectrics, magnetic materials, solid solutions of rare earth metals, multiferroics and other solids that are experiencing phase transitions.
For professionals in the field of solid state physics and phase transitions.
Design furniture
Authors: Bartashevich Aleksandr , Onegin Vladimir , Trofimov Sergey , Gayduk Sergey
Published: January 2020

Reviewed all types of furniture and the basic requirements to it, the history of its development, structural and style features modern furniture, basics of design engineering design. A General characteristic properties of production materials and normative-reference data necessary for the development of interiors and furniture. In detail the questions of automation of designing of furniture. Considered furniture in the interior and analyzed all aspects of engineering products for various purposes for premises of residential and public buildings.
For students of higher educational institutions trained on specialities "Technology of logging and wood processing industries" and "Design". Will be useful to students of colleges, higher and secondary vocational and technical schools woodworking profile. Can serve as a reference book for architects, designers, and all production workers in the furniture industry.
Economic grounds for the development of new forms of labor relations
Authors: Dolzhenko Ruslan
Published: January 2020

The monograph examines the key new forms of labor relations (outsourcing, crowdsourcing, and insourcing, freelancing), which by their nature and content have positive qualities for the subjects of labor. The methodological basis of research are the theory of neo-institutional Economics and the theory of transaction costs. The considered approach to the introduction of new practices in the system of labor relations of the organization with consideration of needs of subjects of labour to reduce transaction costs may serve as a guideline to determine promising areas of transformation of labor relations in the innovation economy.
For specialists in the Economics and sociology of labour, as well as all those interested in questions of introduction and use of innovation in the workplace.
Fundamentals of the theory and algorithms on graphs
Authors: Gdanskiy Nikolay
Published: January 2020

The textbook describes the main theoretical principles of graph theory, the main tasks to be solved using graph structures, and General methods of their solution and specific algorithms, with estimates of their complexity. I covered a lot of the examples given questions to test knowledge and tasks for independent decisions. Along with the control tasks to verify the theoretical training provided practical assignments to develop programs to study topics of graph theory.
Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation.
Designed for undergraduate and graduate programs, studying information technology, for in-depth training in analysis and design of systems of complex structure. Also the guide can be useful to specialists of the IT sphere in the study of algorithmic aspects of graph theory.
Grocery Store Density and Food Waste
Authors: Belavina Elena
Published: January 2020

We study the impact of grocery-store density on the food waste generated at stores and by households. Food waste is a major contributor to carbon emissions (as big as road transport). Identifying and influencing market conditions that can decrease food waste is thus important to combat global warming. We build and calibrate a stylized two-echelon perishable-inventory model to capture grocery purchases and expiration at competing stores and households in a market. We examine how the equilibrium waste in this model changes with store density. An increase in store density decreases consumer waste due to improved access to groceries, whereas increasing retail waste due to decentralization of inventory increased variability propagation in the supply chain (cycle truncation) and diminished demand by customers. Higher density also induces more competition which further increases (decreases) waste when stores compete on prices (service levels). Overall, consumer waste reductions compete with store waste increases and the effects of increased competition. Our analysis shows that higher density reduces food waste up to a threshold density; it leads to higher food waste beyond this threshold. Put differently, in so far as food waste is concerned, there exists an optimal store density. Calibration using grocery industry, economic, and demographic data reveals that actual store density in most American cities is well below this threshold/optimal level, and modest increases in store density substantially reduce waste; for example, in Chicago, just 3–4 more stores (per 10 sq km) can lead to a 6%–9% waste reduction, and a 1%–4% decrease in grocery expenses. These results arise from the principal role of consumer waste, suggesting that activists and policy makers’ focus on retail waste may be misguided. Store operators, urban planners, and decision makers should aim to increase store densities to make grocery shopping more affordable and sustainable.
DA PRÁTICA DA TERCEIRIZAÇÃO NA ESFERA DA ADMINISTRAÇÃO PÚBLICA
Authors: Nelson Rocco Antonio Rangel Rosso , Braga Cristina Alves da Silva
Published: January 2020

Numa economia global crescente, com políticas neoliberais que propugna por uma descentralização das responsabilidades da Administração Pública, a temática da terceirização é matéria corrente. O objetivo do presente ensaio é exatamente aferir a dimensão jurídica do uso da terceirização na Administração Pública, no Brasil, cotejando os limites constitucionais autorizantes da Constituição Federal, em face do pleito social pela concretização da aplicação dos princípios da eficiência, economicidade e moralidade administrativa e o uso da terceirização sem barreiras. Nesse estudo será trazido à baila a proposta do Projeto de Lei nº 4.330/04 que oferta uma nova modelagem jurídica a questão da terceirização, a Súmula 331 do Tribunal Superior do Trabalho e a posição do Supremo Tribunal Federal na Ação Direta de Constitucionalidade nº 16. A pesquisa em tela, fazendo uso de uma metodologia de análise qualitativa, usando-se os métodos de abordagem hipotético-dedutivos de caráter descritivo e analítico, tem por linha de fundo analisar o tema da terceirização na Administração Pública e sua adequação aos princípios constitucionais e legislação infraconstitucional.
Handover among junior doctors: a quality improvement study
Authors: Sarfraz Aamer , Igunma Yvonne , Harman-Jones Ben
Published: January 2020

Background/Aims

Handover is a procedure that ensures efficient transfer of clinical information across teams. It is also an opportunity for junior doctors to develop clinical competencies, communications skills and leadership. Poor handovers can result in delays, clinical errors, duplication of work, poor morale, increased length of hospital stay, and risk of harm to patients. Poor handovers were identified as an area of concern for two successive years in the General Medical Council's survey.

Methods

Measures were undertaken to address this by updating their handover policy, developing a new handover protocol and instigating rota monitoring by involving junior doctors and consultants through focus groups. A survey was conducted among the same cohort of junior doctors before and after the interventions.

Findings

There was a remarkable improvement in junior doctors' attitudes towards safety, frequency of face-to-face handover, use of a handover book, and overall positive experiences of the handover procedure.

Conclusions

It is worth examining the approach to handover among other health professionals and perhaps between professions regarding the same patients.
Change for good?
Authors: Donohoe Helen
Published: January 2020

There is growing disquiet about the ability of the reformed EYFS to promote social mobility. Setting the bar too high for literacy and maths could exacerbate problems for society's least advantaged children who already lack the support they need.
‘We can't go on like this’
Authors: Leitch Neil
Published: January 2020

As the Comprehensive Spending Review and the end of the funding freeze loom, 2020 offers new opportunities to ramp up the fight for fair early years funding. What comes after that is ‘up to us’ says Neil Leitch.
Baby Brains at work
Authors: Harries Judith
Published: January 2020

Award-winning author and illustrator Simon James is renowned for his books featuring Baby Brains, the extraordinarily smart baby. They can be used as a springboard for children to write letters, cards, lists and labels and experiment with rhyming words.
Carefully does it!
Authors: Clarke Jenni
Published: January 2020

Through the lens of ‘in the moment planning’ Jenni Clarke outlines scenarios which maximise opportunities for children to challenge themselves physically. It is all about being spontaneous and guided by the child.
Pitch perfect
Authors: Harries Judith
Published: January 2020

The final article in this series on different ways to inspire a love of music, looks at ways to support children to play in pairs or small groups, and bring it all together as an exciting class band.
Transition between coherent and incoherent chirping mechanisms in electron-positron pair creation
Authors: Gong C. , Penwell A. , Li Z. L. , Li Y. J. , Su Q. , Grobe R.
Published: January 2020

We examine the effect of a frequency-chirped external force field on
the final energy that has been absorbed by two classical mechanical
oscillators, by quantum mechanical two- and three-level systems, and
by electron-positron pairs that were created from the quantum field
theoretical Dirac vacuum. By comparing the final dynamical responses
to the original force field with that associated with the
corresponding time-reversed field, we can test the sensitivity of each
of these five systems to the temporal phase information contained in
the field. We predict that the linear oscillator, the two-level atom,
and the pair-creation process triggered by a spatially homogeneous
field are remarkably immune to this phase, whereas the quartic
oscillator, the three-level atom, or the pair-creation process caused
by a space-time field absorb the provided energy differently depending
on the temporal details of the external field.
On space-spectrum uncertainty analysis for spectrally programmable cameras
Authors: Saragadam Vishwanath , Sankaranarayanan Aswin C.
Published: January 2020

We introduce and analyze the concept of space-spectrum uncertainty for certain commonly used designs of spectrally programmable cameras. Our key finding states that, it is not possible to simultaneously acquire high-resolution spatial images while programming the spectrum at high resolution. This phenomenon arises due to a Fourier relationship between the aperture used for resolving spectrum and its corresponding diffraction blur in the spatial image. We show that the product of spatial and spectral standard deviations is lower bounded by

λ

4
π

ν
0

femto square-meters, where ν0 is the density of groves in the diffraction grating and λ is the wavelength of light. Experiments with a lab prototype validate our findings and its implication for spectral programming.
Fourier ptychography: current applications and future promises
Authors: Konda Pavan Chandra , Loetgering Lars , Zhou Kevin C. , Xu Shiqi , Harvey Andrew R. , Horstmeyer Roarke
Published: January 2020

Traditional imaging systems exhibit a well-known trade-off between the resolution and the field of view of their captured images. Typical cameras and microscopes can either “zoom in” and image at high-resolution, or they can “zoom out” to see a larger area at lower resolution, but can rarely achieve both effects simultaneously. In this review, we present details about a relatively new procedure termed Fourier ptychography (FP), which addresses the above trade-off to produce gigapixel-scale images without requiring any moving parts. To accomplish this, FP captures multiple low-resolution, large field-of-view images and computationally combines them in the Fourier domain into a high-resolution, large field-of-view result. Here, we present details about the various implementations of FP and highlight its demonstrated advantages to date, such as aberration recovery, phase imaging, and 3D tomographic reconstruction, to name a few. After providing some basics about FP, we list important details for successful experimental implementation, discuss its relationship with other computational imaging techniques, and point to the latest advances in the field while highlighting persisting challenges.
Remote recovery of audio signals from videos of optical speckle patterns: a comparative study of signal recovery algorithms
Authors: Barcellona Concetta , Halpaap Donatus , Amil Pablo , Buscarino Arturo , Fortuna Luigi , Tiana-Alsina Jordi , Masoller Cristina
Published: January 2020

Optical remote sensors are nowadays ubiquitously used, thanks to unprecedented advances in the last decade in photonics, machine learning and signal processing tools. In this work we study experimentally the remote recovery of audio signals from the silent videos of the movement of optical speckle patterns. This technique can be used even when in between the source and the receiver there is a medium that does not allow for the propagation of sound waves. We use a diode laser to generate a speckle pattern on the membrane of a loudspeaker and a low-cost CCD camera to record the video of the movement of the speckle pattern when the loudspeaker plays an audio signal. We perform a comparative analysis of six signal recovery algorithms. In spite of having different complexity and computational requirements, we find that the algorithms have (except for the simplest one) good performance in terms of the quality of the recovered signal. The best trade-off, in terms of computational costs and performance, is obtained with a new method that we propose, which recovers the signal from the weighted sum of the intensities of all the pixels, where the signs of the weights are determined by selecting a reference pixel and calculating the signs of the cross-correlations of the intensity of the reference pixel and the intensities of the other pixels.
Quantitative strain sensing in a multimode fiber using dual frequency speckle pattern tracking
Authors: Murray Matthew J. , Redding Brandon
Published: January 2020

We report an amplitude-measuring multimode fiber sensor capable of
making quantitative strain measurements and extracting the algebraic
sign of the strain. The Rayleigh-based sensor probes the fiber with
pulses of alternating optical frequency and records the backscattered
speckle patterns on a high-speed camera. We show that measuring the
change in the speckle pattern induced by a change in optical frequency
provides a form of in situ calibration,
enabling the sensor to recover the magnitude and algebraic sign of the
strain. The sensor, which can be positioned anywhere along 2 km of
fiber, has a linear strain response, a 10 kHz bandwidth, and a strain
noise of

10.2

p

ε

/

√

H
z

.
Elastic tape behavior of a bi-directional Kerr-lens mode-locked dual-comb ring laser
Authors: Lomsadze Bachana , Fradet Kelly M. , Arnold Richard S.
Published: January 2020

We experimentally investigate a fixed point of a bi-directional dual-comb ring laser and the behavior of dual-comb signals in different spectral regions. We show that the results are quite different from those obtained with traditional dual-comb spectroscopy. We explain the difference using the elastic tape formalism that we apply to a bi-directional ring laser. We also discuss how the results can aid efforts to synchronize two bi-directional laser systems to enable rapid and high-resolution multidimensional coherent spectroscopy with a compact apparatus.
Materials and Devices for Quantum Photonics: introduction to special issue
Authors: Aharonovich Igor , Kim Sejeong , Liu Jin , Majumdar Arka , Neu Elke
Published: January 2020

Single photons and individual quantum systems are at the heart of recent developments in quantum technologies and are about to enable a variety of novel applications in sensing, communication, and computing. Photonic devices are the key to control interactions between quantum systems and light as well as to simultaneously engineer the properties of photons. For scalable quantum technologies, the employed quantum systems are solid-state based, thus placing the field of quantum photonics at the intersection of physics, nanotechnology, and material sciences. This special issue features 14 contributions and addresses recent advances in several material platforms.
Adiabatic frequency shifting in epsilon-near-zero materials: the role of group velocity
Authors: Khurgin Jacob B. , Clerici Matteo , Bruno Vincenzo , Caspani Lucia , DeVault Clayton , Kim Jongbum , Shaltout Amr , Boltasseva Alexandra , Shalaev Vladimir M. , Ferrera Marcello , Faccio Daniele , Kinsey Nathaniel
Published: January 2020

The conversion of a photon’s frequency has long been a key application area of nonlinear optics. It has been discussed how a slow temporal variation of a material’s refractive index can lead to the adiabatic frequency shift (AFS) of a pulse spectrum. Such a rigid spectral change has relevant technological implications, for example, in ultrafast signal processing. Here, we investigate the AFS process in epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) materials and show that the frequency shift can be achieved in a shorter length if operating in the vicinity of

R
e

{

ε
r

}

=

0

. We also predict that, if the refractive index is induced by an intense optical pulse, the frequency shift is more efficient for a pump at the ENZ wavelength. Remarkably, we show that these effects are a consequence of the slow propagation speed of pulses at the ENZ wavelength. Our theoretical predictions are validated by experiments obtained for the AFS of optical pulses incident upon aluminum zinc oxide thin films at ENZ. Our results indicate that transparent metal oxides operating near the ENZ point are good candidates for future frequency conversion schemes.
Cap-Assisted Chromo-Colonoscopy: Are 2 Techniques Better Than None?
Authors: Anderson Joseph C.
Published: January 2020

Cap-assisted and chromo-colonoscopy are 2 techniques which may increase adenoma detection; however, chromo-colonoscopy is limited by increased time requirement. In this edition of The American Journal of Gastroenterology, Kim et al. present data from a randomized controlled trial comparing standard colonoscopy with an arm using both techniques (CAP/CHROMO). The indigo carmine was applied using a simpler method than previous studies, resulting in shorter times. The CAP/CHROMO adenoma detection was higher than the controls (54.4% vs 44.9%; P < 0.001), but there was no difference for advanced neoplasia. If endoscopists find these data convincing, they should trial these techniques separately because each technique may have a different impact.
Vitamin D metabolism in hypercorticism and acromegaly
Authors: Povaliaeva Alexandra A. , Pigarova Ekaterina A. , Dzeranova Larisa K. , Rozhinskaya Liudmila Ya. , Mel'nichenko Galina A.
Published: January 2020

Due to the high prevalence of low vitamin D levels in the overwhelming majority of regions of the world and discovery of extra-skeletal effects of vitamin D, the issue of maintaining adequate levels of vitamin D in the blood remains extremely relevant, especially in people with high risk of severe deficiency. To date, few studies have been performed on the features of vitamin D metabolism in disorders such as hypercorticism and acromegaly. However, vitamin D deficiency in such patients, according to available literature, may be more widespread and more pronounced than in general population. It is now recommended to use standard prophylactic and therapeutic doses of vitamin D for the treatment of these diseases, which may not satisfy the therapeutic goals specific to each disease. This review provides information on normal vitamin D metabolism, as well as literature data on the possible relationship and mutual influence between these endocrinopathies and vitamin D metabolism.
Effects of instructors’ academic disciplines and prior experience with learning management systems: A study about the use of Canvas
Authors: Fathema Nafsaniath , Akanda Mohammad H
Published: January 2020

This study examines the effects of instructors’ academic disciplines and prior experience with the learning management system (LMS), Canvas, on current use. Our mixed method study collected data via an online survey from 557 instructors at two United States universities. Quantitative analyses found significant differences in instructors’ use of Canvas by their academic discipline and prior Canvas experience. Content analysis of the open-ended responses revealed that, when reporting the strengths and weaknesses of Canvas, while instructors across disciplines reported common strengths, the weaknesses they identified varied according to the features they used for their specific disciplines. Our findings lead us to recommend routine evaluation and assessment of instructors’ needs related to LMS. We suggest that, together with general LMS training, campuses design and offer discipline-specific LMS training to ensure instructors’ needs for LMS based on their academic fields are addressed. Also, we propose that universities should design and offer basic and advanced LMS training programs for instructors with different levels of LMS experience.
Sieci neuronowe typu GAN i GPT-2, słowa zużyte i kreatywność, czyli literacki second-hand
Authors: Okulska Inez
Published: January 2020

Czy kreatywność to wyłącznie domena człowieka? Czy sieć neuronowa, choćby najbardziej skomplikowanej architektury, nakarmiona materiałem stworzonym i wybranym przez człowieka może być kreatywna, a jeśli nawet, to czy jej dzieło nie będzie wobec ludzkiego wtórne? A może, jak chciał Bachtin, a za nim Kristeva, każda nasza wypowiedź i tak jest skazana na wtórność, bo taka jest natura języka? Czym jest kreatywność, co potrafi sztuczna inteligencja, do jakich refleksji krytycznoliterackich skłaniać może jej twórczość, szczególnie w kontekście relacji intertekstualnych, interpoetyckich? W artykule odpowiedzi szukam na przykładzie funkcjonowania sieci neuronowych typu GAN oraz modelu GPT-2. Oprócz fragmentów analizowanych tekstów i nawiązań do teorii literatury pojawia się również wprowadzenie do struktury i istoty omawianych rozwiązań technologicznych.
Boobalk, Schubert i szyfry
Authors: Kaliszuk Przemysław
Published: January 2020

Artykuł dotyczy relacji międzytekstowych w utworze Ryszarda Schuberta Trenta tre, uznawanym za schyłkowe osiągnięcie polskiej literatury neoawangardowej. Autor pokazuje, w jaki sposób Schubert konstruuje odniesienia do literatury romantycznej oraz do modernistycznych tekstów dialogujących z romantyzmem. Identyfikuje potencjalne źródła cytatów i aluzji, a także zwraca uwagę na relację między utworem Schuberta a niedokończonym opowiadaniem Krzysztofa Kamila Baczyńskiego. Zasadniczym celem budowania połączeń międzytekstowych okazuje się problematyzacja kluczowych opozycji literatury nowoczesnej, a tym samym ilustracja schyłkowości samej formacji i spowolnienia dynamiki tych procesów, które decydowały o jej produktywności.
Professional career and family life of Viennese Primadonnas. The case of Catarina Cavalieri and Aloysia Weber (Lange)
Authors: Winiszewska Hanna
Published: January 2020

The aim of this article is to present the issue of female singers and their role in the society of eighteenth-century Vienna on the example of two women: Mozart’s sister-in-law Aloysia, née Weber, later Lange, and Catarina Cavalieri, the first Constance. These singers were rivals on the opera stage in late 18th century Vienna, as evidenced by the parts written for them by Mozart in his Der Schauspieldirektor. From the social point of view, the biographies of these two outstanding singers are very different.
Social Determinants of Crime and Hatred Incidents at Mass Sports Events in Poland
Authors: Jarczewski Waldemar , Bogdalski Piotr
Published: January 2020

Crime and hatred have been a permanent part of mass events organized in Poland. The situation is the most difficult in the case of football matches, especially at the national level. Despite legal changes and many measures adopted by sports clubs, the police and other institutions, not only has the situation not changed but there are symptoms of its deterioration. It is extremely worrying that these informal groups form structures that operate following the principles characteristic of organized crime. The subject of study in this article are the phenomena of crime and hatred occurring at mass events organized in Poland; its purpose is to identify the causes and present conclusions regarding necessary actions, based on an analysis of statistics and reports. Methods characteristic of theoretical studies have been employed developing this study, as well as the results of surveys conducted in 2014. The basic research problems involve finding answers to the following questions:

–  Did the determination of police in ensuring the safety of the EURO 2012 final tournament calm the mood and improve security of mass events?

–  What is the current scale of crime, hooligan acts and collective violations of security and public order in relation to mass events organized in Poland today?

–  Are the solutions in this area systemic, durable and consistent?The hypothesis was that, although public security authorities have been implementing

a wide range of measures, crime and deep-rooted hatred towards enemy clubs and ideological opponents continue to be a hallmark of football fan circles and thus of some mass events organized in Poland. The inconsistent continuation of good practices adopted in the past, perceiving the problem only in terms of isolated incidents, and the lack of statistics that would help to prepare precise scientific analyses, all require moderation in predicting positive changes in this narrow area of public security.
The Issue of Self-defence Based on Crisis Management and Combat System Krav Maga
Authors: Woźniak Mikołaj
Published: January 2020

The goal of this publication is to confirm that the pattern of operation, developed based on the Krav Maga combat system and crisis management, provides an individual with safety against the threat of a street attack. At the beginning of the article, the issues of self-defence were discussed, the Krav Maga combat system was presented and the most important elements of the crisis management theory were introduced. Later in the paper, an analysis of each of the crisis management phases was carried out in relation to the risk of a street attack. The author answers the research questions in detail: What is the best source through which you can learn effective self-defence? How should an individual behave in particular phases of crisis management against the threat of a street attack to ensure its own safety? The analysis made in the paperwork based on available sources, observations and the author’s experience gained gives an unambiguous confirmation that combat systems are the best source through which one can learn effective self-defence, because they take into account all the elements that accompany a street attack. Following the scheme included in the publication, every person, regardless of age, sex or physical posture can effectively increase their own personal safety.
Selected Aspects of Iran’s Hydrological Security
Authors: Sakson-Boulet Anna
Published: January 2020

The main objective of this paper is to analyze Iran’s hydrological security and to verify the hypothesis that the low level of Iran’s hydrological security is one of the country’s most important ecological threats. An attempt to answer the following research questions is made using the quantitative method, decision-making method and institutional and legal analysis: (1) what water resources does Iran have, and are citizens suffering from a shortage of water?; (2) is the management of groundwater, closed reservoirs and rivers sustainable?; (3) do the actions of the Iranian authorities safeguard the hydrological security of the state? The analysis of the factors of Iran’s water security carried out in this paper leads to the conclusion that this country is facing a serious ecological crisis resulting from shrinking fresh water resources.
Anxiety and Safety– the Ideology of the Consumer Society
Authors: Pieszak Eryk
Published: January 2020

One of the basic human needs is safety. The article assumes that the consumer society must ful- fill this need. The aim of the analysis of scientific research on consumer society and its ideology is to try to answer the question: how is this happening? It is difficult to answer the above question clearly. It can be said, however, that a consumer- oriented market may be wrong, but it always cares about the consumer’s good. This is the basic message concerning safety that is to be provided to consumers. How does this safe world of the consumer look like? Building a safe world is a utopia. The presented sentence is not a discovery and it does not bring much. However, if there is no safe world, why is it so important and why are there areas of the world in which for many decades there have been no wars? You cannot look at all of Europe in this way. And yet the richest countries in the world are waging war not in their own territory, but going beyond it, they are guarding global security. It is sometimes difficult to say whether these activities were necessary for safety. One should rather ask what type of security we meant. Therefore, a justified question is whether in the consumer society security of financial turnover is not the most important one.
„Ja i moja szkoła” w kontekście trudności związanych z doświadczaniem dysleksji rozwojowej – refleksja uczniów w wieku dorastania
Authors: Pawluk-Skrzypek Agnieszka
Published: January 2020

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Przemiany pozycji kobiety w PRL-u – wybrane konteksty
Authors: Mrozek Justyna
Published: January 2020

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Edukacja, społeczeństwo i praca we wzajemnych międzykulturowych związkach. Przypadek Japonii
Authors: Banaszak Sławomir , Domagalska-Nowak Karolina , Ratajczak Łukasz P. , Skowroński Dariusz , Waszyńska Katarzyna
Published: January 2020

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ELEKTRONİK PAZARLAMANIN ÇERÇEVESİ VE TÜRKİYE’DEKİ KOBİ’LERİN KONUYLA İLGİLİ BİLGİ DÜZEYLERİ VE BEKLENTİLERİ
Authors: ÖZMEN Şule
Published: January 2020

Elektronik kelimesinin kısaltılmışı olan "E" harfi gelecek ile özdeşleşmiş durumda. Her yerde, kavramların, işlemlerin ve süreçlerin önüne eklenmiş elekronik kelimesini görüyoruz. Bunlardan sıkça rastladıklarımız arasında E-Dünya, e-ekonomi, e-yaşam, e-ticaret, e-iş(letme), e-devlet ve elbette e-pazarlamayı saymak mümkün. İşletme aktiviteleri arasında özellikle pazarlama ile ilgili olanlar büyük ölçüde Internet ve Web tabanlı uygulamalardan etkilenmektedir. Dolayısıyla pazarlamaya ilişkin karar vericilerin bu gerçeğin farkına varması gerekir. Yeni iş yapış biçimlerini göz ardı etmeden pazarlama güçlerini gerekli olan durumlarda bu yeni platforma yönlendirmeleri gerekir. Bunun yanısıra yeni ekonominin dijital müşterilerinin değişen tutum ve davranışlarını, sanal yaşam tarzlarını dikkatlice değerlendirmeleri ve eylem planlarını ona göre hazırlamaları gerekir. Bu bağlamda, çalışmanın amacı, e-pazarlamanın ve sürecinin çerçevesini çizerek yeni platformda pazarlama stratejileri oluşturulmasına yardımcı olmaktır. Bilgisayar, mobil iletişim araçları ve Internet teknolojilerinin önemi ve sunduğu fırsatlar çeşitli uygulama örnekleri ile ortaya konmaktadır. Çalışmada, 1999 yılında Ülkemizde 339 Küçük ve Orta Ölçekli İşyerlerinde yapılan bir araştırmanın “konuyla ilgili bulgularına da yer verilmektedir.