bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A case‐based discussion of clinical problems in the management of patients treated with ruxolitinib for myelofibrosis
Authors: Ho P. Joy , Bajel Ashish , Burbury Kate , Dunlop Lindsay , Durrant Simon , Forsyth Cecily , Perkins Andrew C. , Ross David M.
Published: March 2017

Ruxolitinib is a dual janus kinase 1 (JAK1)/JAK2 inhibitor used to treat splenomegaly and symptoms associated with myelofibrosis (MF). Current therapeutic options for symptomatic MF include supportive care, myelosuppressive therapy (such as hydroxycarbamide) and janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors (in particular ruxolitinib). Allogeneic stem cell transplantation remains the only potentially curative treatment for MF, and younger transplant‐eligible patients should still be considered for allogeneic stem cell transplantation; however, this is applicable only to a small proportion of patients. There is now increasing and extensive experience of the efficacy and safety of ruxolitinib in MF, both in clinical trials and in ‘real‐world’ practice. The drug has been shown to be of benefit in intermediate‐1 risk patients with symptomatic splenomegaly or other MF‐related symptoms, and higher risk disease. Optimal use of the drug is required to maximise clinical benefit, requiring an understanding of the balance between dose‐dependent responses and dose‐limiting toxicities. There is also increasing experience in the use of ruxolitinib in the pre‐transplantation setting. This paper aims to utilise several ‘real‐life’ cases to illustrate several strategies that may help to optimise clinical practice.
Lung ultrasound B‐lines in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Sriram Krishna B. , Singh Maninder
Published: March 2017

We report on preliminary observations on performing lung ultrasound (LUS) in patients admitted to hospital with an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We found that LUS had high specificity and moderate sensitivity in identifying patients with elevated B‐type natriuretic peptide. Thus, we hypothesise that LUS may have utility in screening COPD patients with an exacerbation to identify the sub‐group with elevated natriuretic peptides and are at risk of increased cardiovascular mortality. The use of LUS in patients with acute and chronic respiratory disorders is increasing and its role in COPD patients is an interesting subject for future research.
Seasonality and 3D‐visualization of brooding in the hermaphroditic ophiuroid Amphiura capensis
Authors: MacKinnon Rebecca B. , Landschoff Jannes , Griffiths Charles L.
Published: March 2017

This article describes the reproductive biology and developing young of Amphiura capensis, a small brooding brittle star found in the intertidal zones of Namibia and South Africa. Each month from October 2014 to September 2015, 20 specimens were collected from Mouille Point, Cape Town, South Africa, and dissected for internal examination of brooding characteristics. Disc diameters of 238 analyzed adults ranged 2.5–8.7 mm, with a mean of 6.15 mm (SD = 1.10 mm). Brooding was exhibited in 60.5% of all sampled individuals, of which 30.6% contained young of only one of six subjectively chosen size classes, 31.9% contained two size classes, and the rest (37.5%) contained more than two size classes at the same time. Young within the same bursa were commonly of the same size class, which suggests sequential brooding. However, multiple size classes of young were often present within different bursae of the same parent, which thus exhibited characteristics of both sequential and simultaneous brooding. Of 584 brooded young retrieved from dissections, an average of 2.5 (SD = 3.2) and a maximum of 14 young were recorded within a single parent. As no larval stages were observed, development was assumed to be direct. Three‐dimensional visualizations of μCT scans revealed the positions of the brooded young to be quite different from those in other species, facing with their mouths downwards instead of upwards, and not all pressed against the adult's bursal wall. Brooding occurred throughout the year, but numbers of young peaked in austral winter, coinciding with warmer water temperatures at this site. The duration of brooded development was estimated to be ~6 months, comparable with other species with similar reproductive biology.
The effect of age at metamorphosis on the transition from larval to adult suspension‐feeding of the slipper limpet Crepidula fornicata
Authors: Pechenik Jan A. , Strathmann Richard R.
Published: March 2017

Slipper limpets use different ciliary feeding mechanisms as larvae and adults. Veliger larvae of Crepidula fornicata developed part of the adult feeding apparatus, including ctenidial filaments, neck lobe, and radula, before metamorphosis, but ctenidial feeding did not begin until well after loss of the larval feeding apparatus (velum) at metamorphosis. Earlier initiation of ctenidial feeding by individuals that were older larvae when metamorphosis occurred suggests continued development toward ctenidial feeding during delay of metamorphosis. Early juveniles produced a ciliary current through the mantle cavity and moved the radula in a grasping action before they began to capture algal cells on mucous strands or form a food cord. Either early juveniles could not yet form mucous strands or they delayed their production until development of other necessary structures. The neck canal for transporting food from ctenidium to mouth cannot develop before velar loss. In their first feeding, juveniles fed much like the adults except that the neck canal was less developed and the path of the food cord toward the mouth sometimes varied. As suspension feeders, calyptraeids lack the elaborations of foregut that complicate transition to juvenile feeding for many caenogastropods, but a path for the food cord must develop after velar loss. Why individuals can initiate ctenidial feeding sooner when they are older at metamorphosis is not yet known. The juveniles became sedentary soon after metamorphosis and were not observed to feed by scraping the substratum with the radula, in contrast to the first feeding by juveniles of another calyptraeid species, observed by Montiel et al. ().
The importance of treating the field in actinic keratosis
Authors: Stockfleth E.
Published: March 2017

Actinic keratoses (AKs) are intraepithelial atypical proliferations of keratinocytes that develop in skin that has undergone long‐term exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Given the ageing population and an increasing prevalence of AK, the socio‐economic burden of AK is likely to rise over the coming years. Areas of subclinical (non‐visible) sun damage in the periphery of visible AK lesions contain the same genetic changes as those found in the lesions themselves, and are known as areas of field cancerization. AK lesions and the field are associated with an increased risk of skin cancer, including invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Although effective in clearing visible AK, lesion‐directed therapies do not address field cancerization and can lead to high recurrence rates. In contrast, field‐directed therapies, such as ingenol mebutate, imiquimod and diclofenac, can clear both visible and subclinical AK lesions and reduce the development of new lesions in the treated field. Additionally, preclinical studies suggest that field therapy may prevent or delay the recurrence of non‐melanoma skin cancer. AK treatment guidelines now recognize the importance of treating the field in patients with AK, and adaptation of treatment guidelines into clinical practice is warranted. Physician and patient education around the consequences of leaving the field of cancerization untreated is necessary in order to reduce the increasing burden associated with AK.
Modeling Data From Collaborative Assessments: Learning in Digital Interactive Social Networks
Authors: Wilson Mark , Gochyyev Perman , Scalise Kathleen
Published: March 2017

This article summarizes assessment of cognitive skills through collaborative tasks, using field test results from the Assessment and Teaching of 21st Century Skills (ATC21S) project. This project, sponsored by Cisco, Intel, and Microsoft, aims to help educators around the world enable students with the skills to succeed in future career and college goals. In this article, ATC21S collaborative assessments focus on the project's “ICT Literacy—Learning in digital networks” learning progression. The article includes a description of the development of the learning progression, as well as examples and the logic behind the instrument construction. Assessments took place in random pairs of students in a demonstration digital environment. Modeling of results employed unidimensional and multidimensional item response models, with and without random effects for groups. The results indicated that, based on this data set, the models that take group into consideration in both the unidimensional and the multidimensional analyses fit better. However, the group‐level variances were substantially higher than the individual‐level variances. This indicates that a total individual estimate of group plus individual is likely a more informative estimate than individual alone but also that the performances of the pairs dominated the performances of the individuals. Implications are discussed in the results and conclusions.
Long‐term effects of a computer‐based nutritional training program for inpatient hospital care
Authors: Westergren Albert , Edfors Ellinor , Norberg Erika , Stubbendorff Anna , Hedin Gita , Wetterstrand Martin , Hagell Peter
Published: March 2017

Rationale

A previous short‐term study showed that a computer‐based training in eating and nutrition increased the probability for hospital inpatients at undernutrition (UN) risk to receive nutritional treatment and care without increasing overtreatment (providing nutritional treatment to those not at UN risk). The aim of this study was to investigate if a computer‐based training in eating and nutrition influences the precision in nutritional treatment and care in a longer‐term perspective.

Method

A preintervention and postintervention study was conducted with a cross‐sectional design at each time points (baseline and 7 months postintervention). Hospital inpatients >18 years old at baseline (2013; n = 201) and follow‐up (2014; n = 209) were included. A computer‐based training was implemented during a period of 3 months with 297 (84%) participating registered nurses and nurse assistants. Undernutrition risk was screened for using the minimal eating observation and nutrition form—version II. Nutritional treatment and care was recorded using a standardized protocol.

Results

The share of patients at UN risk that received energy‐dense food (+25.2%) and dietician consultations (+22.3%) increased between baseline and follow‐up, while fewer received oral nutritional supplements (‐18.9%). “Overtreatment” (providing nutritional treatment to those not at UN risk) did not change between baseline and follow‐up.

Conclusion

The computer‐based training increased the provision of energy‐dense food and dietician consultations to patients at UN risk without increasing overtreatment of patients without UN risk.
Development and use of an Arctic charr cell line to study antiviral responses at extremely low temperatures
Authors: Semple S L , Vo N T K , Li A R , Pham P H , Bols N C , Dixon B
Published: March 2017

Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) are the northernmost distributed freshwater fish and can grow at water temperatures as low as 0.2 °C. Other teleost species have impaired immune function at temperatures that Arctic charr thrive in, and thus, charr may maintain immune function at these temperatures. In this study, a fibroblastic cell line, named ACBA, derived from the bulbus arteriosus (BA) of Arctic charr was developed for use in immune studies at various temperatures. ACBA has undergone more than forty passages at 18 °C over 3 years, while showing no signs of senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase activity and producing nitric oxide. Remarkably, ACBA cells survived and maintained some mitotic activity even at 1 °C for over 3 months. At these low temperatures, ACBA also continued to produce MH class I proteins. After challenge with poly I:C, only antiviral Mx proteins were induced while MH proteins remained constant. When exposed to live viruses, ACBA was shown to permit viral infection and replication of IPNV, VHSV IVa and CSV at 14 °C. Yet at the preferred temperature of 4 °C, only VHSV IVa was shown to replicate within ACBA. This study provides evidence that Arctic charr cells can maintain immune function while also resisting infection with intracellular pathogens at low temperatures.
Hospital Variation in Rates of New Institutionalizations Within 6 Months of Discharge
Authors: Middleton Addie , Zhou Jie , Ottenbacher Kenneth J. , Goodwin James S.
Published: March 2017

Objectives

Hospitalization in community‐dwelling elderly is often accompanied by functional loss, increasing the risk for continued functional decline and future institutionalization. The primary objective of our study was to examine the hospital‐level variation in rates of new institutionalizations among Medicare beneficiaries.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Hospitals and nursing homes.

Participants

Medicare fee‐for‐service beneficiaries discharged from 4,469 hospitals in 2013 (N = 4,824,040).

Measurements

New institutionalization, defined as new long term care nursing home residence (not skilled nursing facility) of at least 90 days duration within 6 months of hospital discharge.

Results

The overall observed rate of new institutionalizations was 3.6% (N = 173,998). Older age, white race, Medicaid eligibility, longer hospitalization, and having a skilled nursing facility stay over the 6 months before hospitalization were associated with higher adjusted odds. Observed rates ranged from 0.9% to 5.9% across states. The variation in rates attributable to the hospital after adjusting for case‐mix and state was 5.1%. Odds were higher for patients treated in smaller (OR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.27–1.45, ≤50 vs >500 beds), government owned (OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.09–1.21 compared to for‐profit), limited medical school affiliation (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.07–1.19 compared to major) hospitals and lower for patients treated in urban hospitals (OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.76–0.82 compared to rural). Higher Summary Star ratings (OR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.67–0.93, five vs one stars) and Overall Hospital Rating (OR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.57–0.67, ratings of 9–10 vs 0) were associated with lower odds of institutionalization.

Conclusion

Hospitalization may be a critical period for preventing future institutionalization among elderly patients. The variation in rates across hospitals and its association with hospital quality ratings suggest some of these institutionalizations are avoidable and may represent targets for care improvement.
Trajectories of Verbal Episodic Memory in Middle‐Aged and Older Adults: Evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Authors: Olaya Beatriz , Bobak Martin , Haro Josep Maria , Demakakos Panayotes
Published: March 2017

Objectives

To identify distinct latent groups of baseline levels and age‐related decline in verbal episodic memory in middle‐aged and older adults, and to identify factors associated with these trajectories.

Design

Longitudinal study of six data collections over a period of 10 years.

Setting

Population‐based cohort in England.

Participants

9,515 community‐dwelling adults aged 50‐79 years.

Measurements

Six repeated measurements of immediate and delayed recall of 10 words over 10‐year follow‐up. Group‐based trajectory modeling was used to identify patterns of baseline levels and subsequent decline in memory in two age categories (50‐64 and 65‐79 years), and to investigate associations between trajectories and baseline predictors of group membership (gender, education, household wealth, marital status, smoking and physical activity) and time‐varying covariates (depressive symptoms and number of chronic conditions).

Results

Four trajectories were identified and labelled according to baseline status and decline in memory: very low/decline (9.8%), low/stable (40.2%), average/stable (39.5%) and good/stable (10.5%) in the younger group, and very low/rapid decline (15.7%), low/decline (32.0%), average/stable (38.8%), and good/stable (13.5%) in older participants. In people with stable or declining trajectories, a higher number of depressive symptoms and the presence of cardiovascular diseases were associated with worse memory. Female sex, younger age, and higher education, wealth and physical activity were consistently associated with more favourable trajectories.

Conclusions

We identified four memory trajectories. Factors known to be associated with cognitive reserve (such as education, wealth and physical activity) were associated with better memory function while depressive symptoms and cardiovascular disease were associated with poorer memory. This suggests that interventions to reduce depressive symptoms and better manage cardiovascular risk factors and disease in midlife may help prevent or delay future memory decline.
Changes in Emergency Department Geriatric Services in Quebec and Correlates of These Changes
Authors: McCusker Jane , Vadeboncoeur Alain , Cossette Sylvie , Veillette Nathalie , Ducharme Francine , Minh Vu Thien Tuong , Ciampi Antonio , Cetin‐Sahin Deniz , Belzile Eric
Published: March 2017

Background/Objectives

To describe changes in geriatric emergency department (ED) services from 2006 (T1) to 2013/14 (T2), associated factors, and outcomes.

Design

Two‐wave survey design.

Setting

Province of Quebec, Canada.

Participants

Lead nurses and physicians at 57 EDs that participated in both the T1 and T2 surveys.

Intervention

Changes over time in ED geriatric services, observed naturalistically.

Measurements

Survey questionnaires assessed: ED geriatric services (11 items) and nursing and geriatric staffing resources. Key administrative data indicators for ED bed visits for T1 and T2 for ages 75 and over included: volume of ED visits; length of ED stay; admission rate; and 30‐day return visits.

Results

There was a significant overall increase in the number ED geriatric services, from mean 2.8 (SD 2.2) at T1 to mean 6.0 (SD 2.0) at T2. EDs were clustered into 3 groups based on their T1 and T2 geriatric service scores: “early adopters” (n = 12); “late adopters” (n = 27); “non‐adopters” (n = 18). Group membership was associated with three T1 variables: availability of a geriatric nurse clinician, a lower ratio of nurses to ED beds, and longer ED stays. There were significant overall increases between T1 and T2 in number of ED bed visits and ED length of stay among those aged 75 and over, decreases in hospitalization rates, but no change in ED return visits. There were no differential changes in the key indicators among the three ED clusters.

Conclusions

Overall, ED geriatric services improved in Quebec from 2006 to 2013/14. EDs with a geriatric nurse clinician, relatively fewer nursing resources, and longer ED stays improved more quickly.
Ageism in Studies on the Management of Osteoporosis
Authors: McGarvey Caoimhe , Coughlan Tara , O'Neill Desmond
Published: March 2017

Objectives

To review the literature to assess whether the fact that osteoporosis is chiefly considered a disease of the older population was reflected in research in the area of the management of osteoporosis and to determine the extent of ageism in studies on the management of osteoporosis.

Design

Review.

Setting

All randomized control trials on the management of osteoporosis entered in the Cochrane Library Database that reported mean age were included. Exclusion criteria were also examined. Of 284 randomized control trials identified, 102 were eligible for inclusion.

Participants

Older adult trail participants.

Measurements

Mean age of participants and exclusion criteria used were analyzed.

Results

The mean age of all participants was 64.0, despite the fact that the average age at hip fracture is 83 for women and 84 for men. Overall, the mean age of those presenting with hip fractures is 84.8. Twenty‐four (23%) of the 102 trials used older age as an exclusion factor. Other exclusion factors were long time since menopause, impaired cardiac or pulmonary function, dependent in ambulation, any severe comorbidity, dementia or any cognitive impairment, recent history of peptic ulcer disease or erosive gastric disease, uncontrolled hypertension, and psychiatric illness.

Conclusion

These data show a distinct difference between the mean age of participants in studies of the management of osteoporosis and the mean age of those presenting with hip fractures. Given that osteoporosis is the leading cause of hip fractures, this finding could have a significant effect on future studies in this area. It would follow that future research should include a cohort of an age that is more reflective of those most likely to experience the adverse effects of osteoporosis.
Estimates of live birth prevalence of children with Down syndrome in the period 1991–2015 in the Netherlands
Authors: de Graaf G. , Engelen J. J. M. , Gijsbers A. C. J. , Hochstenbach R. , Hoffer M. J. V. , Kooper A. J. A. , Sikkema‐Raddatz B. , Srebniak M. I. , van der Kevie‐Kersemaekers A. M. F. , van Zutven L. J. C. M. , Voorhoeve E.
Published: March 2017

Background

In Western countries, increasing maternal age has led to more pregnancies with a child with Down syndrome (DS). However, prenatal screening programs, diagnostic testing and termination of pregnancy influence the actual DS live birth (LB) prevalence as well. The aim of this study is to examine these factors in the Netherlands for the period 1991–2015. In our study, we establish a baseline for DS LB prevalence before non‐invasive prenatal testing will be made available to all pregnant women in the Netherlands in 2017.

Methods

Full nationwide data from the Dutch cytogenetic laboratories were used to evaluate the actual DS LB prevalence. In addition, nonselective DS prevalence, which is the DS LB prevalence that would be expected in absence of termination of pregnancies, was estimated on the basis of maternal age distribution in the general population.

Results

Because of an increase in maternal age, nonselective DS prevalence increased from around 15.6 [95% confidence interval (CI) 13.9–17.4] per 10 000 LBs in 1991 (311 children in total) to around 22.6 (95% CI 20.3–24.9) per 10 000 in 2015 (385), the increase levelling off in recent years. Actual LB prevalence rose from around 11.6 (95% CI 10.9–12.2) per 10 000 in 1991 (230 children) to an estimated peak of 15.9 (95% CI 15.6–16.2) per 10 000 in 2002 (322), gradually decreasing since to 11.1 (95% CI 10.8–11.5) per 10 000 in 2015 (190). Reduction of DS LBs resulting from elective terminations had been fairly constant between 1995 and 2002 at around 28% and rose afterwards from 35% in 2003 to around 50% in 2015.

Conclusions

In spite of expansion of antenatal screening in the Netherlands in the 1990s and early 2000s, actual DS LB prevalence increased during this period. However, after 2002, this trend reversed, probably because of informing all pregnant women about prenatal testing since 2004 and the implementation of a national screening program in 2007.
Demographic Differences in District‐Level Policies Related to School Mental Health and Social Services—United States, 2012
Authors: Demissie Zewditu , Brener Nancy
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND

Mental health conditions among youth are a major concern. Schools can play an important role in supporting students affected by these conditions. This study examined district‐level school health policies related to mental health and social services to determine if they varied by district demographic characteristics.

METHODS

The School Health Policies and Practices Study (SHPPS) 2012 collected cross‐sectional data on school health policies and practices from a nationally representative sample of public school districts (N = 684). We used logistic regression to examine the association between district‐level demographic characteristics and school mental health policies.

RESULTS

Southern and low‐affluence districts had higher odds of requiring schools to have a specified counselor‐to‐student ratio as compared with Northeastern and average affluence districts, respectively. Northeastern and urban districts had higher odds of requiring educational and credentialing requirements for school mental health or social services staff, compared to other regions and rural districts, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Results describe the extent to which school mental health and social services programs in the United States are meeting various guidelines. More work is necessary to ensure that all schools have the resources needed to support their students' mental health and meet national guidelines, especially in districts with certain characteristics.
Association of Self‐Perceived Physical Competence and Leisure‐Time Physical Activity in Childhood—A Follow‐Up Study
Authors: Hamari Lotta , Heinonen Olli J. , Aromaa Minna , Asanti Riitta , Koivusilta Leena , Koski Pasi , Laaksonen Camilla , Matomäki Jaakko , Pahkala Katja , Pakarinen Anni , Suominen Sakari , Salanterä Sanna
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND

The basis of self‐perceived physical competence is built in childhood and school personnel have an important role in this developmental process. We investigated the association between initial self‐perceived physical competence and reported leisure‐time physical activity (LTPA) longitudinally in 10‐, 12‐, and 15‐year‐old children.

METHODS

This longitudinal follow‐up study comprises pupils from an elementary school cohort (N = 1346) in the city of Turku, Finland (175,000 inhabitants). The self‐perceived physical competence (fitness and appearance) and LTPA data were collected with questionnaires. The full longitudinal data were available from 571 pupils based on repeated studies at the ages of 10, 12, and 15 years in 2004, 2006, and 2010. We analyzed the association of self‐perceived physical competence and LTPA using regression models.

RESULTS

Self‐perceived physical competence was positively associated with LTPA at all ages (10 years p < .05, 12 years p < .0001, 15 years p < .0001). Increase in the self‐perceived physical fitness scores was likely to associate with higher LTPA at each age point (10 years [odds ratio, OR] = 1.18, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.09‐1.27; 12 years [OR] = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.18‐1.37; and 15 years [OR] = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.19‐1.38).

CONCLUSIONS

Self‐perceived physical competence is associated with LTPA in children and adolescents, and the association is strengthened with age.
Ten‐Year Secular Trends in Youth Violence: Results From the Philadelphia Youth Risk Behavior Survey 2003‐2013
Authors: Pool Andrew C. , Patterson Freda , Luna Ingrid Y. , Hohl Bernadette , Bauer Katherine W.
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND

Youth violence reduction is a public health priority, yet few studies have examined secular trends in violence among urban youth, who may be particularly vulnerable to numerous forms of violence. This study examines 10‐year secular trends in the prevalence of violence‐related behaviors among Philadelphia high school students.

METHODS

Repeated cross‐sectional data were analyzed from 5 waves of the Philadelphia Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) from 2003 to 2013. Sex‐specific multivariate regression models were used to examine secular trends in multiple types of violence, accounting for age, race/ethnicity, and sampling strategy.

RESULTS

In 2013, the most prevalent violent behavior was physical fighting among boys (38.4%) and girls (32.7%). Among girls, the prevalence of sexual assault and suicide attempts declined between 2003 and 2013 (β = −0.13, p = .04 and β = −0.14, p = .007, respectively). Among boys, significant declines in carrying a weapon (β = −0.31, p < .001), carrying a gun (β = −0.16, p = .01), and physical fighting (β = −0.35, p = .001) were observed.

CONCLUSIONS

Whereas the prevalence of some forms of violence stabilized or declined among Philadelphia youth during 2003‐2013 time span, involvement in violence‐related behaviors remains common among this population. Continued surveillance and evidence‐based violence reduction strategies are needed to address violence among urban youth.
Cost‐Effectiveness of Ready for Recess to Promote Physical Activity in Children
Authors: Wang Hongmei , Li Tao , Siahpush Mohammad , Chen Li‐Wu , Huberty Jennifer
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND

Many school‐based recess interventions have been shown to be effective in increasing physical activity but their relative efficiency compared to other school‐based programs are unknown. This study examined the cost‐effectiveness of Ready for Recess, a program designed to increase students' physical activity in 2 elementary schools.

METHODS

Standard cost‐effectiveness analysis method was used from a program's perspective for this study. Program effectiveness was measured as total metabolic equivalent (MET) hours gained. Program costs included equipment, training, and personnel costs during the 1‐year intervention. The cost‐effectiveness was measured as the ratio of program costs to total MET‐hours gained.

RESULTS

Ready for Recess cost $27,643.97 for the 2 schools in the first year of implementation. Physical activity increased by 1.8 MET‐hours per day per student. Approximately 32 cents were spent on Ready for Recess to produce an additional MET‐hour per student per school day in the 2008‐2009 school year.

CONCLUSIONS

Ready for Recess was cost‐effective in its first year of implementation using 35 cents as a benchmark and it was cost‐effective relative to other school‐based physical activity interventions. The program may be more cost‐effective if implemented for a longer time and on a larger scale.
Investigation of iron status and markers of inflammation in anaemic and non‐anaemic hospitalised cats
Authors: von Roedern M. , Buriko Y. , Prittie J. , Lamb K.
Published: March 2017

Objectives

To measure iron parameters and markers of inflammation in anaemic cats presented for intensive care unit hospitalisation, and to compare these to cohorts of non‐anaemic hospitalised cats and cats that develop hospital‐acquired anaemia.

Methods

Blood samples were collected for measurement of iron panel and serum amyloid A in addition to routine investigation in cats admitted to the intensive care unit. Medical records were reviewed to determine how many of the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome criteria were met and to assign Acute Patient Physiologic and Laboratory Evaluation scores as a measure of illness severity.

Results

Seventy‐eight cats were enrolled. Anaemia was documented in 34·6% of cats on presentation and another 10·3% developed anaemia during hospitalisation. Compared with non‐anaemic cats, animals that were anaemic on presentation had higher neutrophil and white blood cell counts, and longer hospitalisation. Iron status was consistent with anaemia of inflammation in most anaemic patients. Iron status, serum amyloid A concentration, and prevalence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome did not differ between anaemic and non‐anaemic cohorts. All cause mortality was higher in anaemic cats.

Clinical Significance

Anaemia is common in cats hospitalised in the intensive care unit. Systemic inflammation is also common in these cats. Iron status in anaemic cats suggests that anaemia of inflammatory disease may be a significant contributor to anaemia in this patient population.
Optimum Dietary Protein and Lipid Levels in Juvenile Filefish, Stephanolepis cirrhifer, Feed
Authors: Khosravi Sanaz , Lee Sang‐Min
Published: March 2017

A feeding trial was designed to assess the effects of dietary protein and lipid content on growth, feed utilization efficiency, body composition, and hematological indices of juvenile filefish, Stephanolepis cirrhifer. Eight experimental diets were formulated with a combination of four protein (35, 40, 45, and 50%) and two dietary lipid levels (7 and 14%). Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish (3.2 ± 0.06 g) to apparent satiation for 8 wk. Fish growth performance and feed utilization were significantly affected by increasing dietary protein and lipid levels, with no significant interactions between factors. The highest growth performance value, in terms of weight gain, was observed in groups fed the diets with 50% protein (399%). However, fish fed the diet containing 45% protein had comparable growth (357%) while achieving relatively higher protein efficiency ratio. Hepatosomatic index was significantly affected by interaction of dietary lipid and protein with the highest values observed in those fish fed the highest protein (45–50%) and lipid (14%) diets. There was a significant increase in body lipid content (5.1 to 6.6%) and a decrease in body protein (15.8 to 14.8%) and ash (2.47 to 2.16%) with increasing dietary lipid levels from 7 to 14%. Muscle lipid content was significantly affected by both dietary protein and lipid levels and tended to increase with increasing dietary protein and lipid levels, ranging from 0.13 to 1.20%. Liver lipid content (65.9 to 68.7%) was significantly increased with the increase in dietary lipid levels while liver moisture content (28.9 to 25.9%) showed a clear decreasing trend. Hematological values were also altered with the increase in either dietary protein or lipid levels. These findings may suggest that a diet containing 45% protein and 7% lipid, with a protein to energy ratio of 23.8 mg/kJ, could deliver sufficient nutrient and energy to support acceptable growth and feed utilization and avoid excessive fat deposition in juvenile filefish.
Wrongful convictions and prototypical black features: Can a face‐type facilitate misidentifications?
Authors: Kleider‐Offutt Heather M. , Knuycky Leslie R. , Clevinger Amanda M. , Capodanno Megan M.
Published: March 2017

Purpose

Eyewitness misidentification is the leading cause of wrongful convictions, and Black men, more than other racial groups, are affected by this memory error. A subgroup of Black men who have stereotypically Black features (dark skin, wide lips, and nose) are associated with the criminal‐Black‐man stereotype more than their atypical counterparts. This perception of criminality leads to harsh sentencing and misidentification from line‐ups in laboratory studies. In this study, we investigated whether face‐type biases that lead to misidentifications in the laboratory extend to real‐world cases.

Method

Participants rated the face stereotypicality of Black men exonerated by the Innocence Project (IP) with DNA evidence, who were incarcerated due to eyewitness misidentification (IP eyewitness) and for non‐misidentification reasons (IP other).

Results

Higher stereotypicality‐face ratings were given to IP eyewitness exonerates than to IP other exonerates regardless of participant race. Moreover, the face ratings were unrelated to the race of the eyewitness in the actual case (i.e., cross‐race, same race), suggesting that cross‐race misidentification was not associated with higher stereotypicality ratings of the IP eyewitness exonerates.

Conclusions

These findings are consistent with extant laboratory research wherein Black men with stereotypical facial features are at increased risk for eyewitness misidentification and that face‐type biases extend beyond cross‐race judgements. These results further highlight the risk of face‐type judgements in misidentifications that potentially contribute to error in real‐world cases.
Using Technology for Accessible Chemistry Homework for High School Students with and without Learning Disabilities
Authors: King-Sears Margaret E. , Evmenova Anya S. , Johnson Todd M.
Published: March 2017

High school students with and without learning disabilities in two chemistry classes accessed technologically–enhanced worksheets, called Pencasts, when completing homework assignments. In this action research study, feedback from students was gathered via questionnaires and interviews. Students most frequently used Pencasts to figure out how to solve homework problems, and all students expressed satisfaction with using Pencasts. Students shared other ways they used Pencasts, such as studying for chemistry tests, and shared how they could benefit if Pencasts were available in other classes. According to the teacher, students with and without disabilities completed the majority of homework when Pencasts were available, and almost all students earned “A” grades on homework. Teacher reflections about Pencasts, implications for practice, and future research are described.
Estimation of minke whale abundance from an acoustic line transect survey of the Mariana Islands
Authors: Norris Thomas F. , Dunleavy Kerry J. , Yack Tina M. , Ferguson Elizabeth L.
Published: March 2017

The minke whale is one of the most abundant species of baleen whales worldwide, yet is rarely sighted in subtropical waters. In the North Pacific, they produce a distinctive sound known as the “boing,” which can be used to acoustically localize individuals. A vessel‐based survey using both visual and passive acoustic monitoring was conducted during the spring of 2007 in a large (616,000 km2) study area encompassing the Mariana Islands. We applied line transect methods to data collected from a towed hydrophone array to estimate the abundance of calling minke whales in our study area. No minke whales were sighted, but there were hundreds of acoustic detections of boings. Computer algorithms were developed to localize calling minke whales from acoustic recordings, resulting in over 30 independent localizations, a six‐fold increase over those estimated during the survey. The two best estimates of abundance of calling minke whales were determined to be 80 and 91 animals (0.13 and 0.15 animals per 1,000 km2, respectively;CV= 34%). These are the first density and abundance estimates for calling minke whales using towed hydrophone array surveys, and the first estimates for this species in the Mariana Islands region. These are considered minimum estimates of the true number of minke whales in the study area.
Intraventricular gliosarcoma with dual sarcomatous differentiation: A unique case
Authors: Poyuran Rajalakshmi , bn Nandeesh , Reddy Yerasi Varun Kumar , Savardekar Amey R.
Published: March 2017

Gliosarcoma, a variant of isocitrate dehydrogenase‐wildtype glioblastoma, is largely a lobar surfacing neoplasm often with dural attachment. In this biphasic neoplasm, the sarcomatous component usually takes the form of fibrosarcoma or malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Heterologous sarcomatous differentiation is a rare phenomenon. Here, we present a case of gliosarcoma with liposarcomatous and myosarcomatous differentiation in a 68‐year‐old man which was purely intraventricular. This is the first report of such a morphologic pattern in this location. Varied histological components with their immunohistochemical profile are discussed. Of note was the presence of a p53 negative giant cell glioblastoma component, as was the expression in the rest of the tumor.
Rectal gas volume: Defining cut‐offs for screening for evacuation disorders in patients with constipation
Authors: Park S.‐Y. , Khemani D. , Acosta A. , Eckert D. , Camilleri M.
Published: March 2017

Background

Diagnosis of rectal evacuation disorders (RED) is currently based on anorectal manometry (ARM) and evacuation tests in specialized laboratories; we recently showed higher rectal gas volume (RGV) and maximum rectal gas transaxial area (MRGTA) measured on abdominal and pelvic computed tomography (CT) in patients with documented RED.The aim of this study was to obtain cut‐off values of RGV, MRGTA, and rectal area on scout film (RASF) to differentiate constipated patients with RED from those without RED, based on ARM, balloon expulsion test (BET), and colon transit test.

Methods

We identified 118 constipated patients (65 with RED) with prior record of CT. Using standard CT software, we used a variable region of interest (ROI) program to measure RGV, MRTGA, and RASF, as previously described. We constructed receiver operating characteristics curves based on different values, and we estimated AUC, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV) to detect RED in patients with constipation.

Key Results

Receiver operating characteristics of the models to predict RED showed AUC 0.751 for RGV and 0.737 for MRGTA (both P<.001), and 0.623 for RASF (P=.029). At specificity of 90%, RGV of 30 mL had a PPV 77.3%, MRGTA of 10 cm2 had a PPV 75.0%, and RFAS of 9 cm2 had a PPV of 68.8% for identifying constipated patients with RED.

Conclusions & Inferences

Rectal gas measurements on abdominal imaging may indicate RED in patients with constipation. At ~90% specificity for RED, RGV of 20 or 30 mL or MRGTA of 10 cm2 on CT has PPV ~75%, and RASF of >9 cm2 has PPV of ~69%.
Functional anatomy of the cervical region in the late Miocene amphicyonid Magericyon anceps (Carnivora, Amphicyonidae): implications for its feeding behaviour
Authors: Siliceo Gema , Salesa Manuel J. , Antón Mauricio , Peigné Stéphane , Morales Jorge
Published: March 2017

We describe the skull and neck morphology of the late Miocene amphicyonid Magericyon anceps, focusing on aspects related to functional anatomy. This species, recorded only from the Vallesian sites of Batallones‐1 and Batallones‐3 (Madrid, Spain), is the last known amphicyonid in the fossil record of Western Europe, with the Batallones populations being one of the best‐known of the family. The morphology of its skull and cervical vertebrae allows us to infer aspects of its associated musculature, such as muscle strength and range of movement. Magericyon anceps had well‐developed neck muscles, suited for providing the head with a high capacity for lateral and rotatory movements, as well as for playing an important role in the extension and stabilization of the head and neck, improving its efficiency in killing and consuming prey. Magericyon anceps shared its habitat with other large carnivorans, which would have strongly influenced its behaviour. Rapid killing and processing of prey would have been an advantage for avoiding kleptoparasitism by other large predators, as well as reducing consumption time, during which M. anceps would have been more vulnerable to attack from competitors.
Moral uncertainty
Authors: Bykvist Krister
Published: March 2017

What should we do when we are not certain about what we morally should do? There is a long history of theorizing about decision‐making under empirical uncertainty, but surprisingly little has been written about the moral uncertainty expressed by this question. Only very recently have philosophers started to systematically address the nature of such uncertainty and its impacts on decision‐making. This paper addresses the main problems raised by moral uncertainty and critically examines some proposed solutions.
Occurrence of azoxystrobin‐resistant isolates in Passalora fulva, the pathogen of tomato leaf mould disease
Authors: Watanabe H. , Horinouchi H. , Muramoto Y. , Ishii H.
Published: March 2017

Since 2007, serious damage to tomato from leaf mould caused by Passalora fulva has frequently been observed in commercial greenhouses in Gifu Prefecture, Japan. One of the factors relating to this damage was suspected to be a decrease in azoxystrobin sensitivity of the pathogen. Biological and molecular studies were conducted to characterize fungicide resistance. In in vitro sensitivity tests using mycelial homogenate placed on fungicide‐amended medium, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of azoxystrobin for mycelial growth of the isolates divided into two ranges, 0.031–0.5 mg L−1 and 8–32 mg L−1. Isolates with MICs within the two ranges were considered as sensitive and resistant, respectively, to azoxystrobin because, in in vivo tests, the percentage protection conferred by this fungicide (100 mg a.i. L−1) against these isolates was 89.7–100% and 4.5–31.1%, respectively. Resistant isolates had a replacement of phenylalanine with leucine at codon 129 (F129L) in cytochrome b. Forty‐five percent of the 271 isolates collected from 63 tomato greenhouses from 2007 to 2008 were resistant to azoxystrobin. In many greenhouses where the isolation frequency of resistant isolates was 80% or more, azoxystrobin had been used twice per crop for approximately 6 years. In 2012, 27% of the 405 isolates collected were resistant to azoxystrobin, and there was a marked difference in the frequency of occurrence of resistant isolates in the field populations between the three locations sampled. The occurrence of azoxystrobin‐resistant P. fulva isolates (F129L mutants) inflicted considerable damage on greenhouse tomatoes.
Human and animal in the Renaissance eye
Authors: Gage Frances
Published: March 2017

Although the Venetian senator and horse enthusiast Marino Garzoni (fl. 1688–92) was motivated in part to write his L'arte di ben conoscere e distinguere le qualità de’ cavalli, d'introdurre, e conservare una razza nobile, e di resanare il cavallo da mali… [The Art of Knowing and Distinguishing the Qualities of Horses Well, and Establishing and Preserving a Noble Race, and of Healing the Horse of Sicknesses . . .] (1692) as a memorial to his beloved Turkish horse, which Garzoni had prematurely lost, Garzoni vehemently asserted that animals and humans could not form the bond of friendship. Yet Garzoni argued in his description of the physical characteristics of the ideal horse that its eyes ought to be ‘black, large, clear, jovial, placid and human’. This article examines Garzoni's arguments in relation to discourses about eyes and eye colour in contemporary hippological literature as well as texts on human diversity, aesthetics and physiognomy, considering conceptions of the geohumoral conditioning responsible for specific eye colours and the perceptions of associated character traits. The physical variety found in both horses and humans was perceived to be an indication of the nobility and subjectivity of these species. Garzoni's physical specifications for the ideal horse attest to the fact that for the horse, as for the human, the eyes are the windows to the soul, the avenue by which horses and humans communicate and form emotive bonds, which Garzoni conceived of in terms that largely map onto relations between the sexes. Nevertheless, Garzoni's notion of the ideal horse's eyes reveals the degree to which this species conjoins masculine and feminine traits, characteristics suggesting that it accepts and also always partially resists human government.
Analytic Solutions of Von Kármán Plate under Arbitrary Uniform Pressure — Equations in Differential Form
Authors: Zhong X. X. , Liao S. J.
Published: March 2017

The large deflection of a circular thin plate under uniform external pressure is a classic problem in solid mechanics, dated back to Von Kármán [1]. This problem is reconsidered in this paper using an analytic approximation method, namely, the homotopy analysis method (HAM). Convergent series solutions are obtained for four types of boundary conditions with rather high nonlinearity, even in the case of , where denotes the ratio of central deflection to plate thickness. Especially, we prove that the previous perturbation methods for an arbitrary perturbation quantity (including the Vincent's [2] and Chien's [3] methods) and the modified iteration method [4] are only the special cases of the HAM. However, the HAM works well even when the perturbation methods become invalid. All of these demonstrate the validity and potential of the HAM for the Von Kármán's plate equations, and show the superiority of the HAM over perturbation methods for highly nonlinear problems.