bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fungal infection after keratoplasty and the role of antifungal supplementation to storage solution: a review
Authors: Thareja Tarika , Kowalski Regis , Kamyar Roheena , Dhaliwal Deepinder , Jeng Bennie H , Tu Elmer , Jhanji Vishal
Published: December 2019

Fungal infection after corneal transplantation is a rare, yet potentially devastating, postoperative complication and has become a growing concern for the transplant surgeon and eye banking community. The Eye Bank Association of America (EBAA) has reported an increasing trend in the rate of postkeratoplasty fungal infections and a reversal in the previously documented predominance of bacterial over fungal infections. Additionally, several studies have confirmed a high correlation between positive corneoscleral donor rim fungal cultures and postoperative infections. Optisol GS (Bausch & Lomb, Irvine, California, USA), the most extensively used corneal storage solution in US eye banks, does not currently contain any antifungal supplementation. Although large randomised control trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of routine antifungal supplementation to corneal storage solution are lacking, several investigative studies have assessed the role of antifungal agents in reducing fungal contamination of donor corneas without causing undue corneal toxicity. This review will present the current epidemiology of postkeratoplasty fungal infections and evidence for obtaining routine fungal rim cultures and antifungal supplementation of storage solution.
How do the new Olympic sports compare with the traditional Olympic sports? Injury and illness at the 2018 Youth Olympic Summer Games in Buenos Aires, Argentina
Authors: Steffen Kathrin , Soligard Torbjørn , Mountjoy Margo , Dallo Ignacio , Gessara Alan Maximiliano , Giuria Hernan , Perez Alamino Leonel , Rodriguez Joaquin , Salmina Natalia , Veloz Daniel , Budgett Richard , Engebretsen Lars
Published: December 2019

Objective

To describe injuries and illnesses across traditional and new sports among the participating athletes of the Buenos Aires 2018 Youth Olympic Summer Games (BA YOG) (6–18 October 2018).

Methods

We recorded the daily number of athlete injuries and illnesses (1) through the reporting of all National Olympic Committee (NOC) medical teams and (2) in the polyclinic and medical venues manned by the BA YOG 2018 medical staff.

Results

In total, 3.984 athletes from 206 NOCs were observed. NOCs and BA YOG 2018 medical staff reported 619 injuries and 334 illnesses, equalling 15.5 injuries and 8.4 illnesses per 100 athletes over the 13-day period. The eight new sports on the Youth Olympic programme (futsal, beach handball, karate, roller speed skating, kitesurfing, BMX freestyle, climbing and break dancing) fell in between the other sports with respect to injury and illness risk. Injury incidence was highest in rugby (43% of all rugby players), followed by boxing (33%) and badminton (24%), and lowest in swimming, archery, roller speed skating, equestrian, climbing and rowing (<5%). The highest incidences of illness were recorded in golf (20%), followed by triathlon (16%), beach volleyball and diving (both 14%). Of the illnesses, 50% affected the respiratory system and 15% the gastrointestinal system. Injury and illness incidences varied between continents with athletes representing Europe having significantly fewer injuries and illnesses compared with other continents, apart from a similar illness incidence to Asian athletes.

Conclusion

The overall injury incidence of 15.5 injuries per 100 athletes was higher, while the overall illness incidence of 8.4 illnesses per 100 athletes was similar to previous youth and Olympic Games. The new sports did not differ significantly compared with the other sports with respect to injury and illness risk.
Organic or organised: an interaction analysis to identify how interactional practices influence participation in group decision meetings for residency selection
Authors: Gennissen Lokke , de la Croix Anne , Stegers-Jager Karen , de Graaf Jacqueline , Fluit Cornelia R M G , de Hoog Matthijs
Published: December 2019

Objectives

This study aims to shed light on interactional practices in real-life selection decision-making meetings. Adequate residency selection is crucial, yet currently, we have little understanding of how the decision-making process takes place in practice. Since having a wide range of perspectives on candidates is assumed to enhance decision-making, our analytical focus will lie on the possibilities for committee members to participate by contributing their perspective.

Design

We analysed interaction in seven recorded real-life selection group decision meetings, with explicit attention to participation.

Setting

Selection meetings of four different highly competitive specialties in two Dutch regions.

Participants

54 participants discussed 68 candidates.

Methods

To unravel interactional practices, group discussions were analysed using a hybrid data-driven, iterative analytical approach. We paid explicit attention to phenomena which have effects on participation. Word counts and an inductive qualitative analysis were used to identify existing variations in the current practices.

Results

We found a wide variety of practices. We highlight two distinct interactional patterns, which are illustrative of a spectrum of turn-taking practices, interactional norms and conventions in the meetings. Typical for the first pattern—‘organised’—is a chairperson who is in control of the topic and turn-taking process, silences between turns and a slow topic development. The second pattern—‘organic’—can be recognised by overlapping speech, clearly voiced disagreements and negotiation about the organisation of the discussion. Both interactional patterns influence the availability of information, as they create different types of thresholds for participation.

Conclusions

By deconstructing group decision-making meetings concerning resident selection, we show how structure, interactional norms and conventions affect participation. We identified a spectrum ranging from organic to organised. Both ends have different effects on possibilities for committee members to participate. Awareness of this spectrum might help groups to optimise decision processes by enriching the range of perspectives shared.
Storytelling as a research tool and intervention around public health perceptions and behaviour: a protocol for a systematic narrative review
Authors: McCall Becky , Shallcross Laura , Wilson Michael , Fuller Christopher , Hayward Andrew
Published: December 2019

Introduction

There is a growing trend to use storytelling as a research tool to extract information and/or as an intervention to effect change in the public knowledge, attitudes and behaviour (KAB) in relation to public health issues, primarily those with a strong element of disease prevention. However, evidence of its use in either or both capacities is limited. This protocol proposes a systematic narrative review of peer-reviewed, published literature on the use of storytelling as a research tool within the public health arena.

Methods and analysis

Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center), Web of Science, Art and Humanities database (ProQuest), Scopus and Google Scholar will be searched for studies that look at the use of storytelling in the research of pressing current public health issues, for example, vaccinations, antimicrobial resistance, climate change and cancer screening. The review will synthesise evidence of how storytelling is used as a research tool to (a) gain insights into KAB and (b) to effect change in KAB when used as an intervention. Included studies will be selected according to carefully defined criteria relevant to public health issues of interest, and data from qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods studies will be extracted with a customised data extraction form. A narrative synthesis will be performed according to Economic and Social Research Council guidance from Popay, J, 2006.The study protocol follows the recommendations by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P).

Ethics and dissemination

Formal ethical approval is not required for this study, as no primary data will be collected. Dissemination will involve publishing results of this study in relevant peer-reviewed journal(s). Where possible, the study results will also be presented as posters or talks at relevant medical conferences and meetings.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42019124704
High‐grade astrocytoma with ventricular invasion in a dog
Authors: Pupin Rayane Chitolina , Rissi Daniel R , Gomes Danilo Carloto , Gimelli Amanda , Palumbo Mariana Isa Poci
Published: December 2019

A 13‐year‐old female German Shepherd dog was euthanised and submitted to necropsy after a 7‐month history of prolonged recumbency and vocalisation. Gross anatomical changes consisted of a well‐demarcated, 3.5×1.5 cm, soft red mass that effaced the right lateral ventricle and compressed the adjacent neuroparenchyma. Histologically, elongate neoplastic cells with astrocytic morphology were arranged in short bundles and streams supported by a neuropil‐like stroma. Neoplastic cells were immunopositive for glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP) and oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 (Olig2), and immunonegative for e‐cadherin and pancytokeratin. Histological and immunohistochemical features were consistent with a high‐grade astrocytoma with ventricular invasion, a rare feature of astrocytic tumours in dogs.
Homogeneity and heterogeneity of biological characteristics in mesenchymal stem cells from human umbilical cords and exfoliated deciduous teeth
Authors: Yang Chao , Chen Yu , Zhong Liwu , You Min , Yan Zhiling , Luo Maowen , Zhang Bo , Yang Benyanzi , Chen Qiang
Published: December 2019

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have proven powerful potential for cell-based therapy both in regenerative medicine and disease treatment. Human umbilical cords and exfoliated deciduous teeth are the main sources of MSCs with no donor injury or ethical issues. The goal of this study was to investigate the differences in the biological characteristics of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs). UCMSCs and SHEDs were identified by flow cytometry. The proliferation, differentiation, migration, chemotaxis, paracrine, immunomodulatory, neurite growth-promoting capabilities, and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity were comparatively studied between these two MSCs in vitro. The results showed that both SHEDs and UCMSCs expressed cell surface markers characteristic of MSCs. Furthermore, SHEDs exhibited better capacity for proliferation, migration, promotion of neurite growth, and chondrogenic differentiation. Meanwhile, UCMSCs showed more outstanding adipogenic differentiation and chemotaxy. Additionally, there were no significant differences in osteogenic differentiation, immunomodulatory capacity, and the proportion of ALDHBright compartment. Our findings indicate that although both UCMSCs and SHEDs are mesenchymal stem cells and presented some similar biological characteristics, they also have differences in many aspects, which might be helpful for developing future clinical cellular therapies.
Zircons to the front: accretionary history of the Rheno-Hercynian active margin (Variscides, Germany)
Authors: Franke Wolfgang , Huckriede Hermann , O’Sullivan Paul , Wemmer Klaus
Published: December 2019

Our paper reports the detrital zircon record from Late Devonian to late Carboniferous foreland basin deposits in the Rheno-Hercynian (RH) Variscides of Germany. Together with a review of petrography and detrital mineral ages from the literature, the data permit to reconstruct accretion and exhumation along the RH active margin. From Frasnian to latest Carboniferous, the main source (now eroded) was a north-Armorican microcontinent (Franconia) with magmatic rocks representing late Neoproterozoic arc or back-arc, Cambro-Ordovician rift and Silurian–Early Devonian subduction of the Rheic ocean and (or) RH rifting. At ca. 380 Ma, detrital magmatic zircons combined with high- to medium-pressure mica and detrital glaucophane suggest the existence of a paired metamorphic belt at the RH tectonic front. From the Viséan onwards, zircons reveal younging of granitoid debris from ca. 380–360 Ma in Late Devonian sediments to ca. 320–300 Ma in the Westphalian C–D and Stephanian. Greywackes of the Namurian A record a change from dominant magmatic clasts toward meta-arenites associated with Baltoscandian zircons, which document accretion to and exhumation from the base of the orogenic wedge. Their source must be sought in metamorphosed Devonian sandstones of the type presently encountered in parts of the active margin crystallines (Mid-German Crystalline High), but in eroded higher units. Basal accretion implies heating of the lower plate beyond the brittle–ductile boundary and supports the model of a high-temperature regime before and during Variscan collision. Palinspastic restoration of the estimated volume of recycled material yields >100 km of distal shelf deposits lost in the process, which adds to the known shortening of the RH basin. The Variscan geology of southwestern England and southern Portugal and provenance studies in those areas are compatible with a geodynamic evolution similar to that in Germany.
Ion-optical design of the high-rigidity spectrometer for FRIB
Authors: Berg G. P. A. , Noji Shumpei , Zegers Remco G. T.
Published: December 2019

We present the High-Rigidity Spectrometer (HRS) planned at the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB). The current status of the layout and the ion-optical design of the HRS is discussed.
Computation of the main and fringe fields for the electrostatic quadrupoles of the muon g − 2 storage ring
Authors: Valetov Eremey , Berz Martin , Makino Kyoko
Published: December 2019

We developed a highly accurate and fully Maxwellian conformal mapping method for calculation of main fields of electrostatic particle optical elements. A remarkable advantage of this method is the possibility of rapid recalculations with geometric asymmetries and mispowered plates. We used this conformal mapping method to calculate the multipole terms of the high voltage quadrupoles in the storage ring of the Muon [Formula: see text] Experiment (FNAL-E-0989). Next, we demonstrate that an effect where the observed tunes correspond to a voltage that is about [Formula: see text] higher compared to the voltage to which the Muon [Formula: see text] quadrupoles are set is explained by the conceptual and quantitative differences between the beam optics quadrupole voltage and the quadrupole voltage at the plates. Completing the methodological framework for field computations, we present a method for extracting multipole strength falloffs of a particle optical element from a set of Fourier mode falloffs. We calculated the quadrupole strength falloff and its effective field boundary (EFB) for the Muon [Formula: see text] quadrupole, which has explained the experimentally measured tunes, while simple estimates based on a linear model exhibited discrepancies up to [Formula: see text].
Duffin–Kemmer–Petiau equation: Casimir effect and Stefan–Boltzmann law at finite temperature
Authors: Furtado T. F. , Ulhoa S. C. , Khanna F. C. , Amorim R. G. G.
Published: December 2019

This work deals with the Duffin–Kemmer–Petiau (DKP) field theory. The structure of the wave functions is analyzed for the scalar and vector sectors for particles with spin 0 and spin 1. The finite temperature is introduced using Thermo Fields Dynamics (TFD). It is a mathematical approach which involves doubling of the Hilbert space to introduce finite temperature. Results for Stefan–Boltzmann law and Casimir effect in DKP field are calculated at finite temperature.
Forty high-intensity interval training sessions blunt exercise-induced changes in the nuclear protein content of PGC-1α and p53 in human skeletal muscle
Authors: Granata Cesare , Oliveira Rodrigo S. F. , Little Jonathan P. , Bishop David J.
Published: December 2019

Exercise-induced increases in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and p53 protein content in the nucleus mediate the initial phase of exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis. Here, we investigated whether exercise-induced increases in these and other markers of mitochondrial biogenesis were altered after 40 sessions of twice-daily high-volume, high-intensity interval training (HVT) in human skeletal muscle. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected from 10 healthy recreationally active participants before, immediately postexercise, and 3 h after a session of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) performed at the same absolute exercise intensity before and after HVT (pre-HVT and post-HVT, respectively). The protein content of common markers of exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis was assessed in nuclear- and cytosolic-enriched fractions by immunoblotting; mRNA contents of key transcription factors and mitochondrial genes were assessed by qPCR. Despite exercise-induced increases in PGC-1α, p53, and plant homeodomain finger-containing protein 20 (PHF20) protein content, the phosphorylation of p53 and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (p-p53 Ser15and p-ACC Ser79, respectively), and PGC-1α mRNA Pre-HVT, no significant changes were observed post-HVT. Forty sessions of twice-daily high-intensity interval training blunted all of the measured exercise-induced molecular events associated with mitochondrial biogenesis that were observed pre-HVT. Future studies should determine whether this loss relates to the decrease in relative exercise intensity, habituation to the same exercise stimulus, or a combination of both.
A Case of Laparoscopic-Assisted Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (LAPEG) for Gastric Volvulus
Authors: Ueda Shuhei , Orita Hajime , Ito Tomoaki , Tokuda Satoshi , Sakuraba Shunsuke , Kushida Tomoyuki , Sakurada Mutsumi , Maekawa Hiroshi , Sato Koichi
Published: December 2019

Background. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is the standard modality for long-term enteral nutrition for patients with dysphagia. Compared with open gastrostomy, though PEG is an extremely safe procedure with fewer complications, there are severe cases due to anatomical features. For these cases, laparoscopic-assisted percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (LAPEG) is the optimal method. Case Presentation. A 52-year-old man had a disturbance in swallowing because of cerebral infarction. We attempted PEG under gastrointestinal fiberscope (GIF) and colon ﬁberscope inspection; however, the procedure was unsuccessful because it was impossible to move the transverse colon downward. We therefore attempted LAPEG to observe the stomach and other organs. Under laparoscopic observation, we diagnosed gastric volvulus, classified as the organo-axial type. For this reason, inserting the tube through the skin was very difficult. We easily corrected the gastric volvulus by using laparoscopic forceps and were finally able to place the PEG tube safely. Discussion. Gastric volvulus is rare in clinical practice. The treatment of gastric volvulus depends on whether mucosal ischemia is present. Endoscopic reduction of gastric volvulus is effective for many patients. Surgical treatment should be considered for patients with gastric volvulus that frequently recurs. In our patient, completely inserting the GIF was impossible; therefore, we could not correctly diagnose gastric volvulus. Laparoscopy-assisted PEG is a useful and safe technique for placing a gastrostomy tube in patients presenting with anatomical difficulties. Moreover, in our patient, gastropexy was performed with PEG. Therefore, LAPEG may be used to prevent the recurrence of gastric volvulus. Gastropexy is a useful option in LAPEG. Conclusions. Laparoscopy has the advantage of allowing a direct inspection of the stomach while gastrostomy is performed and may reveal complications to PEG insertion. Furthermore, in our patient, gastropexy was performed with PEG.
Polysomnographic Findings in Fragile X Syndrome Children with EEG Abnormalities
Authors: Carotenuto Marco , Roccella Michele , Pisani Francesco , Matricardi Sara , Verrotti Alberto , Farello Giovanni , Operto Francesca Felicia , Bitetti Ilaria , Precenzano Francesco , Messina Giovanni , Ruberto Maria , Ciunfrini Cristiana , Riccardi Mariagrazia , Merolla Eugenio , Pastorino Grazia Maria Giovanna , Polito Anna Nunzia , Marotta Rosa
Published: December 2019

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a genetic syndrome with intellectual disability due to the loss of expression of the FMR1 gene located on chromosome X (Xq27.3). This mutation can suppress the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) with an impact on synaptic functioning and neuronal plasticity. Among associated sign and symptoms of this genetic condition, sleep disturbances have been already described, but few polysomnographic reports in pediatric age have been reported. This multicenter case-control study is aimed at assessing the sleep macrostructure and at analyzing the presence of EEG abnormalities in a cohort of FXS children. We enrolled children with FXS and, as controls, children with typical development. All subjects underwent at least 1 overnight polysomnographic recording (PSG). All recorded data obtained from patients and controls were compared. In children with FXS, all PSG-recorded parameters resulted pathological values compared to those obtained from controls, and in FXS children only, we recorded interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs), as diffuse or focal spikes and sharp waves, usually singles or in brief runs with intermittent or occasional incidence. A possible link between IEDs and alterations in the circadian sleep-wake cycle may suggest a common dysregulation of the balance between inhibitory and excitatory pathways in these patients. The alteration in sleep pattern in children with FXS may negatively impact the neuropsychological and behavioral functioning, adding increasing burn of the disease on the overall management of these patients. In this regard, treating physicians have to early detect sleep disturbances in their patients for tailored management, in order to prevent adjunctive comorbidities.
Applying Rare Earth Elements, Uranium, and87Sr/86Sr to Disentangle Structurally Forced Confluence of Regional Groundwater Resources: The Case of the Lower Yarmouk Gorge
Authors: Siebert Christian , Möller Peter , Magri Fabien , Shalev Eyal , Rosenthal Eliahu , Al-Raggad Marwan , Rödiger Tino
Published: December 2019

The conjoint discussion of tectonic features, correlations of element concentrations,δ18O,δD, and87Sr/86Sr of groundwater leads to new insight into sources of groundwater, their flow patterns, and salinization in the Yarmouk Basin. The sources of groundwater are precipitation infiltrating into basaltic rock or limestone aquifers. Leaching of relic brines and dissolution of gypsum and calcite from the limestone host rocks generate enhanced salinity in groundwater in different degrees. High U(VI) suggests leaching of U from phosphorite-rich Upper Cretaceous B2 formation. Both very low U(VI) and specific rare earth element including yttrium (REY) distribution patterns indicate interaction with ferric oxyhydroxides formed during weathering of widespread alkali olivine basalts in the catchment area. REY patterns of groundwater generated in basaltic aquifers are modified by interaction with underlying limestones. Repeated sampling over 18 years revealed that the flow paths towards certain wells of groundwater varied as documented by changes in concentrations of dissolved species and REY patterns and U(VI) contents. In the Yarmouk Gorge, groundwater with basaltic REY patterns but high U(VI) and low Sr2+and intermediate sulfate concentrations mainly ascends in artesian wells tapping a buried flower structure fault system crossing the trend of the gorge.
Plasmodium falciparumandPlasmodium vivaxPrevalence in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Deress Teshiwal , Girma Mekonnen
Published: December 2019

Background.Malaria is a protozoan disease caused by thePlasmodiumspecies. Among the fivePlasmodiumspecies known to infect human beings,Plasmodium falciparumandPlasmodium vivaxmalaria are by far the most predominant and widelydistributed in Ethiopia.Malaria is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally, particularly in the sub-Saharan countries including Ethiopia. It is also a major obstacle to socio-economic development in the country.Methods.Articles were searched from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct databases. The pooled prevalence estimates were analyzed using the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model and the possible sources of heterogeneity were evaluated through subgroup analysis, metaregression, and sensitivity analysis. Publication bias was analyzed using funnel plots and Egger’s test statistics. The data management and analysis were done using STATA 15.1 version software.Results.Among 922 studies initially identified, thirty-five full-text articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria and included in the study. The combined,Plasmodium falciparum,Plasmodium vivax, and mixed infections pooled prevalence estimates were 25.8% (95% CI: 21.3, 30.4), 14.7% (95% CI: 11.4, 18.1), 8.7% (95% CI: 7.0, 10.4), and 1.2% (95% CI: 20.7, 29.9), respectively. Based on agro-ecological subgroup analysis, the highest malaria prevalence (37.6%) was obtained from studies conducted on mixed regions of low lands and midlands while the least (20.7%) was from low lands. In Ethiopia, malaria transmission is seasonal, variable, and coincides with the peak agricultural activities that greatly affected the country’s socio-economic development.Conclusions.This systematic review and meta-analysis showed a high malaria prevalence in Ethiopia. Therefore, previous prevention and control measures should be revised and/or strengthened as appropriate and new strategies should be implemented. In addition, technical, financial and material support, and coordination of the regional capacity building and logistics should be adequately implemented.
Early Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Reactivation due to Drug Interaction between Cobicistat and Intranasal Fluticasone
Authors: Pineda-Reyes Roberto , Klochko Alena
Published: December 2019

Background. Single-tablet antiretroviral therapy is currently the first-line choice for the treatment of HIV infection. Some therapeutic regimens contain the CYP3A4 inhibitor cobicistat, which can interact with drugs undergoing hepatic first-pass metabolism, leading to unintended adverse effects. Case Presentation. A 41-year-old man presented to the HIV clinic following a visit to the Emergency Department. His CD4+ count was 1,271 cells/μL, and viral load was undetectable in the previous month. The patient was on an antiretroviral therapy regimen containing cobicistat. He reported using a self-initiated over-the-counter fluticasone nasal spray for at least 2 weeks prior. He had a history of positive tuberculin skin test and a negative chest X-ray within the past year. He denied cough and was in no respiratory distress. A chest CT scan revealed a new thick-walled cavitary nodule in the right upper lobe. A CT-guided biopsy of the lesion yielded Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Conclusions. HIV-infected individuals have higher risk for tuberculosis reactivation regardless of their CD4+ count. Fluticasone’s hepatic metabolism is bypassed in the presence of CYP3A4 inhibitors, which increases its systemic bioavailability and the risk for impaired immunity. The goal of this report is to increase awareness among physicians about the potential adverse outcomes from the interaction of these drugs.
Echocardiography and Correction of Mitral Regurgitation: An Unbreakable Link
Authors: Cimino Sara , Guarracino Fabio , Valenti Valentina , Frati Giacomo , Sciarretta Sebastiano , Miraldi Fabio , Agati Luciano , Greco Ernesto
Published: December 2019

Background: Degenerative mitral valve (MV) disease causing mitral regurgitation (MR) is the most common organic valve pathology and is classified based on leaflet motion. MV repair is indicated as the preferred technique (Class I indication) when the results are expected to be durable. Therefore, a detailed and systematic evaluation of MV apparatus is pivotal in allowing the proper surgical planning, as well as the screening for trans catheter-based treatment when surgery is not indicated. Aim: The aim of the present review is to describe the crucial role of both Transthoracic Echocardiography (TTE) and Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE) in the decisional process and the guidance of MV repair procedures. TTE is the main investigation and the first approach used to make diagnosis of MR, to assess the severity and to describe the underlying mechanism, while TEE, especially with 3D echocardiography, has been shown to be useful for clarifying complicated valvular anatomy, assessing the surgical result and detecting complications. The surgical treatment of MR takes advantage of ultrasound evaluation of MV apparatus at any stage of the process, thus making the link between surgery and echocardiography unbreakable throughout the perioperative phase.
Is There an Optimal Training Interval to Improve the Correct Use of Adrenaline Auto-Injectors?
Authors: Sirin Kose Seda , Asilsoy Suna , Tezcan Dilek , Al Serdar , Atay Ozge , Kangalli Ozge , Uzuner Nevin , Karaman Ozkan
Published: December 2019

Background: Accurate use of adrenaline auto-injectors (AAIs) for anaphylaxis is critical to decrease mortality and morbidity. Objective: In this study, we aimed to assess user knowledge of AAIs and evaluate the factors that affect their correct use. Methods: The study involved caregivers of pediatric patients diagnosed with anaphylaxis who were trained with trainer injectors up to 24 months ago. The demographics of the caregivers, anaphylaxis history of the patients, usage of AAIs in the case of anaphylaxis, and the reasons for not using AAIs in anaphylaxis were evaluated. Users were asked to demonstrate the use of Penepin® with a trainer injector. Results: Fifty-nine caregivers were enrolled in the study. Forty-seven (79.7%) users stated that they always carry AAIs with them. Forty-one (69.5%) of the users demonstrated all steps of the use of AAIs. The time from the last AAI training was the most significant parameter affecting the ability to use AAIs correctly (OR 0.678, 95% CI 0.546–0.841, p < 0.0001). AAI training every 6 months results in the proper usage of AAIs, with 96% probability. Thirty (50.8%) caregivers stated that anaphylactic reactions occurred in their children after the last AAI training. Of these, 16 (53.3%) users stated that they did not use an AAI for the anaphylactic reaction. The most common reason (50%) was not carrying an AAI on their person. Conclusion: Training users at least every 6 months is associated with the proper application of AAIs. Although regular training increases the frequency of AAI use in anaphylaxis, awareness of carrying AAIs is the most important factor for usage of AAI in anaphylaxis.
Functional MRI as a Tool for Evaluating Interstitial Fibrosis and Prognosis in Kidney Disease
Authors: Zhang Jiong , Zhang Long Jiang
Published: December 2019

Background: Kidney fibrosis is a key driver of progression of kidney diseases. Renal biopsies remain the gold-standard approach to specifically diagnose and stage renal fibrosis at present. However, there is a lack of multi-dimensional pictures showing renal function, histology, and imaging of the fibrotic kidney. Summary: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) strategies have been rapidly evolving during the past couple of decades, especially driven by advances in technology. Recently, several pioneer and remarkable studies demonstrated that advanced functional MRI (fMRI) tools could be useful for the evaluation of kidney fibrosis and progression, which provides more opportunities to benefit from the significant value of fMRI tools for clinical implementation. Key Messages: fMRI will be a novel approach to evaluate interstitial fibrosis and prognosis in kidney disease.
Efeitos da concentração de propriedade e da estrutura do conselho de administração nos covenants de debêntures emitidas pelas empresas brasileiras de capital aberto
Authors: Palhares Cláudia Margareth Gomes , Carmo Carlos Henrique Silva do , Ferreira Marília Paranaíba , Ribeiro Alex Mussoi
Published: December 2019

Este estudo objetiva identificar fatores da governança corporativa que afetam a quantidade de covenants financeiros presentes nos contratos de debêntures e a restrição advinda do covenant financeiro “Dívida Financeira Líquida/EBITDA”. Os dados foram analisados por meio de regressões múltipla e logística e os resultados indicam que a concentração de propriedade e o tamanho do conselho de administração são determinantes para definir o número de covenants financeiros inseridos nos contratos das debêntures emitidas. Além disso, os resultados apontam que a concentração de propriedade, o tamanho e a independência do conselho de administração influenciam a probabilidade de a escritura de emissão de debênture conter um covenant financeiro “Dívida Financeira Líquida/EBITDA” mais ou menos restritivo. Como contribuição, este trabalho mostra que as empresas emissoras de debêntures podem procurar mecanismos substitutos à utilização e à restrição de covenants financeiros e, assim, evitar os entraves decorrentes dessas cláusulas contratuais, e fornece apoio à literatura de que mecanismos internos de governança corporativa impactam tanto a quantidade de covenants financeiros quanto a restrição imposta pelo covenant de endividamento em contratos de debêntures.
Ganga-Zumbi
Authors: Souza Pedro de Grammont e
Published: December 2019

Ganga-Zumbi é um trabalho que analisa, partindo de uma perspectiva histórica, semiótica, rítmica e harmônica, a canção mineira contemporânea Ganga-Zumbi. Esta canção – composta por Sérgio Santos e Paulo César Pinheiro – evidencia um arquétipo da cultura brasileira em uma síntese que traz, em si, muitos elementos rítmicos, ritualísticos e cancionais, contando a história de um de seus personagens históricos, Zumbi dos Palmares. Têm-se por “contemporâneo” um recorte que se estende aos últimos vinte anos, e “mineiro”, um objeto centrado em sua capital, o que – de certa forma – representa eixos identitários e de produção do estado.
The Age-Friendly Media and Information Literate (#AFMIL) City:
Authors: Webber Sheila , Johnston Bill
Published: December 2019

This paper proposes a model for developing an Age-Friendly Media and Information Literate (#AFMIL) city. It starts by addressing general issues concerning ageing and ageism. Key features of UNESCO’s framework for a media and information literate city are described. The authors proceed to identify relevant international handbooks, guidelines and initiatives concerning age-friendly environments, cities for human rights, smart cities, creative cities and informational cities. Drawing on these documents, the authors outline a model for developing an #AFMIL city, centred on older people enacting three roles: their role as consumers of media and information; older people as represented in the media; and older people in their role as creators, critics and innovators. They highlight the role of librarians in this development.
Production of Phenolic-Rich Bio-Oil from Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass Over Tailored Fe-Based Catalysts
Authors: Yang Shuangxia , Zhang Xiaodong , Yang Feixia , Zhao Baofeng , Chen Lei , Sun Laizhi , Meng Fanjun , Si Hongyu , Xie Xinping
Published: December 2019

The objective of this study is to catalytically upgrade fast pyrolysis vapors of sawdust using various Fe-based catalysts for producing phenolic-rich bio-oil by analytical pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) technique. A variety of parameters, including support
characteristic, calcination temperature, pyrolysis temperature, as well as the catalyst-to-biomass ratio during the pyrolysis process were evaluated for their effects on product distribution of bio-oil. GC-MS analysis showed that compared to Fe–Mg and Fe–Al catalysts, the developed
Fe–Ca catalyst significantly promoted the formation of phenols and its derivatives. The phenolic concentration declined with increasing calcination temperature and pyrolysis temperature, while increased monotonically along with increasing catalyst-to-biomass ratio. The phenolics concentration
was high upto 81% (peak area) under optimum conditions of calcination temperature of 500 °C, pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C and catalyst-to-biomass ratio of 10. At higher catalyst-to-biomass ratio of 20, phenolics (88.03% in peak area) and hydrocarbons (including 7.86% of aromatics
and 4.1% aliphatics) were the only two components that can be detected, with all the acids, aldehydes and ketones completely eliminated. This indicated the excellent capability of developed Fe–Ca catalyst in promoting the decomposition of lignin in biomass to generate phenolic compounds
and meanwhile inhibiting the devolatilization of holocellulose.
Study on the Formation of Ethyl Levulinate from Wheat Straw Based on a Model Compound
Authors: Chen Zhiyong , Guan Qian , Xu Haiyan , Lei Tingzhou , Lin Lu , Wang Zhiwei , He Xiaofeng , Zhu Jinling
Published: December 2019

Glucose and microcrystalline cellulose were selected as model compounds to investigate the formation of ethyl levulinate (EL). Optimal glucose and microcrystalline cellulose transformation conditions resulted in yields of 41.05 wt.% and 38.56 wt.% for EL, 0.73 wt.% and 2.63 wt.% for
ethyl-glucoside (EG), 0.42 wt.% and 0.36 wt.% for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and 2.18 wt.% and 2.16 wt.% for 5-ethoxy methyl furfural (EMF), respectively. Increasing the reaction time and temperature resulted in an optimized yield of EL. These increases also resulted in decreased EG and
EMF yield, and the change trend of HMF was not significant. EMF, HMF, and EG are intermediates in the formation of EL. Finally, we concluded that biomass conversion occurs first through cellulose degradation to glucose followed by the production of EG through alcoholysis and hydrolysis and
dehydration of the reaction products to produce EL.
Improving the Quality of Crop Residues by the Reduction of Ash Content and Inorganic Constituents
Authors: Peng Yige , Lau Anthony K.
Published: December 2019

In this study, the mechanical size fractionation technique and the water leaching technique were applied in sequence to reduce the ash content of crop residues to target value of 6% db (dry basis) following the applicable standard. Results showed that the finest fraction of ground crop
residues (< 0.25 mm) had much higher ash content than the coarser fractions, thus demonstrating that size fractionation can reduce the need for leaching as ash removal technique, and it was most effective for corn stover. For a water-to-biomass ratio (w/w) of 30, the final ash contents
of the biomass materials involved in all experimental treatments were effectively reduced to below the target value. Canola straw had the highest ash removal efficiency and element removal efficiency as compared to wheat straw and corn stover. Even though the leaching condition (12 h, 25 °C)
was adequate for effective ash reduction, SiO2 removal efficiency could be significantly improved when the leaching temperature was raised from 25 °C to 45 °C. A preliminary cost analysis indicated that biomass pretreatment by mechanical size fraction followed by water leaching
as needed would lead to a 30% increase in the total production cost (TPC) of agro-pellets, and this is significantly lower than the increase in TPC by 66% if the pretreatment is done by water leaching only of the ground crop residues.
Inhibition of Alga Contamination in Open-Culture Under Silicon Stress
Authors: Bi Guican , Shang Changhua , Xie Jun
Published: December 2019

Alga contamination was a major problem in microalgae open cultivation. The objective of this study was to estimate the effect of silicon on microalgae growth by mixed-culture experiments with four different microalgae. The results showed that under the osmotic pressure caused by high
concentration of Na2SiO3, Navicula sp. N6 had a competition advantage of absorbing nutrient compared with the other three microalgae. The impacts (initial pH, nitrogen content, and silicon content) on cell growth and lipid accumulation were investigated by response
surface analysis and the biomass and lipid content increased from 1.01 g/L and 10.98% to 1.33 g/L and 20.04% under the optimal conditions, with lipid yield raised from 110.90 mg/L to 266.53 mg/L. Comparison on the growth under optimum and silicon deficiency condition indicated that silicon
played an important role on the growth of Navicula sp. N6 and algal contamination in diatom open scale cultivation could be solved by regulating the sodium silicate concentration.
Improved Mechanical Properties of Jute Fiber/Polypropylene Composite with Interface Modified by Sodium Lignosulfonate
Authors: Wang Qianting , Wang Jianjie , Liang Weikang , Cui Zhixiang , Si Junhui
Published: December 2019

How to improve the interfacial compatibility between polar fibers and non-polar polymer matrices is still a challenge for the application of natural fiber/polymer composites. In this study, the jute fibers (JF) was firstly treated by coating sodium lignosulfonate (SL) layer, then the
JF-SL/polypropylene (PP) composite was fabricated by injection molding technique. The morphology, surface chemical property, surface energy, mechanical properties of JF and JF-SL, as well as the mechanical properties of JF/PP and JF-SL/PP composites were systematically studied. The results
showed that the SL coating layer successfully formed on the surface of JF, and the dipole bond and hydrogen bond interaction occurred between the SL and JF. Compared with JF/PP composite, the tensile modulus, tensile strength, flexural modulus and flexural strength of JF-SL/PP composite increased
by 8.25%, 16.79%, 16.87% and 19.71%, respectively, due to the enhancement of the interfacial binding force between JF-SL and PP matrix. These results indicate that SL possesses great potential to be used as a compatibilizer to effectively improve the mechanical properties of JF-SL/PP composite.
It could provide an reference basis for the feasibility of SL used as a compatibilizer for natural fiber/polymer composites.
Diagnostic Metrics for Evaluating Model Simulations of the East Asian Monsoon
Authors: Li Juan , Wang Bin , Yang Young-Min
Published: December 2019

The distinctive monsoon climate over East Asia, which is affected by the vast Eurasian continent and Pacific Ocean basin and the high-altitude Tibetan Plateau, provides arguably the best testbed for evaluating the competence of Earth system climate models. Here, a set of diagnostic metrics, consisting of 14 items and 7 variables, is specifically developed. This physically intuitive set of metrics focuses on the essential features of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM), and includes fields that depict the climatology, the major modes of variability, and unique characteristics of the EASM. The metrics are applied to multimodel historical simulations derived from 20 models that participated in phases 3 and 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3 and CMIP5, respectively), along with the newly developed Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Earth System Model, version 3. The CMIP5 models show significant improvements over the CMIP3 models in terms of the simulated East Asian monsoon circulation systems on a regional scale, major modes of EAWM variability, the monsoon domain and precipitation intensity, and teleconnection associated with the heat source over the Philippine Sea. Clear deficiencies persist from CMIP3 to CMIP5 with respect to capturing the major modes of EASM variability, as well as the relationship between the EASM and ENSO during El Niño developing and decay phases. The possible origins that affect models’ performance are also discussed. The metrics provide a tool for evaluating the performance of Earth system climate models, and facilitating the assessment of past and projected future changes of the East Asian monsoon.
Strengthened Connection between Springtime North Atlantic Oscillation and North Atlantic Tripole SST Pattern since the Late 1980s
Authors: Chen Shangfeng , Wu Renguang , Chen Wen
Published: December 2019

This study reveals a marked enhancement in the relationship between the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and North Atlantic tripole (NAT) sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly pattern during boreal spring since the late 1980s. A comparative analysis is conducted for two periods before and after the late 1980s to understand the reasons for the above interdecadal change. During both periods, SST cooling in the northern tropical Atlantic during the positive phase of the NAT SST pattern results in an anomalous anticyclone over the subtropical western North Atlantic via a Rossby wave–type atmospheric response. The westerly wind anomalies along the north flank of the anomalous anticyclone are accompanied by a marked decrease in synoptic-scale eddies over the midlatitudes as well as cyclonic (anticyclonic) vorticity forcings at the north (south) side. As such, an NAO-like dipole atmospheric anomaly is induced over the North Atlantic, which in turn helps to maintain the NAT SST anomaly via modulating surface heat fluxes. The intensity of the synoptic-scale eddy feedback to mean flow is stronger after than before the late 1980s, which is related to interdecadal increase in the intensity of North Atlantic synoptic-scale eddies. This is followed by a stronger NAO-like atmospheric response to the NAT SST anomaly since the late 1980s. Further analysis shows that changes in the spatial structure of the spring NAO may also partly contribute to changes in the spring NAO–NAT SST connection around the late 1980s. In particular, spring NAO-related atmospheric anomalies are weaker and shift northward before the late 1980s, which reduces the contribution of the NAO to a tripole SST anomaly pattern in the North Atlantic.
Risks of Neoplasia and Malignancy in Surgically Resected Cystic Parotid Lesions
Authors: Boursiquot Brian C. , Fischbein Nancy J. , Sirjani Davud , Megwalu Uchechukwu C.
Published: December 2019

Objectives

To evaluate the risks of neoplasm and malignancy in surgically treated cystic parotid masses compared with solid or mixed lesions and to evaluate the performance of fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) in parotid cysts.

Study Design

Retrospective cross‐sectional study.

Setting

Single‐institution academic tertiary care center.

Subjects and Methods

Patients without a history of human immunodeficiency virus or head and neck cancer who underwent parotidectomy for parotid masses and had preoperative imaging to characterize lesions as cystic, solid, or mixed (ie, partially cystic and partially solid). We assessed the risks of neoplasia and malignancy, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, facial nerve weakness, and history of malignancy. We also evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of FNA.

Results

We included 308 patients, 27 of whom had cystic parotid masses (5 simple and 22 complex). Cystic masses were less likely to be neoplastic compared to solid or mixed masses (44% vs 97%; odds ratio [OR], 0.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.01‐0.07); however, there was no difference in the risk of malignancy (22% vs 26%; OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.32‐2.10). Cystic masses were more likely to yield nondiagnostic FNA cytology results, but for diagnostic samples, FNA was 86% sensitive and 33% specific for diagnosing neoplasia and 75% sensitive and 83% specific for diagnosing malignancy.

Conclusion

In our population, cystic masses undergoing surgery were less likely to be neoplastic but had a similar risk of malignancy as solid masses. The risk of malignancy should be considered in the management of cystic parotid masses.
Born to Be Wild: A Case for Targeting Ectopic Adult Born Granule Cells for Seizure Control
Authors: Corrubia Lucas , Santhakumar Viji
Published: December 2019

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