bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The analysis of some physical properties of drained peat-moorsh soil layers
Authors: Oleszczuk Ryszard , Truba Milena
Published: September 2013

The analysis of some physical properties of drained peat-moorsh soil layers. The paper presents the results of measurements of some physical properties for 14 drained fen peat-moorsh layers (degree of decomposition, bulk density, particle density, porosity and saturated moisture content). The soil samples were taken from north- -east, central and east part of Poland. These areas were drained in order to use as a grassland and meadows. The article presents obtained data of selected physical properties from several drained peatlands in Poland and shows the comparison of established results with relevant data published in literature.
The stabilization and protection of shorelines using the broadleaf cattail and reed sweet grass
Authors: Kowalik Weronika , Pachuta Kinga , Jeznach Jerzy
Published: September 2013

The stabilization and protection of shorelines using the broadleaf cattail and reed sweet grass. The article presents the results of studies on the mechanical properties of the broadleaf cattail Typha latifolia and reed sweet grass Glyceria maxima. The necessary study samples were collected from Lake Urszulewskie near Sierpc, Poland. The experiment was conducted using an Instron 5966 universal tensile strength testing machine. Tensile forces and the tensile strength of the individual parts of both plant species, i.e. below-ground stems (rhizomes), base of the stem and above-ground stems, were determined and compared with each other. The STATISTICA program was used for analysis. The calculated tensile strength values were compared to data of selected tree, shrub and plant species provided by other authors.
Using support vector regression to predict direct runoff, base flow and total flow in a mountainous watershed with limited data in Uttaranchal, India
Authors: Adamowski Jan
Published: September 2013

Using support vector regression to predict direct runoff, base flow and total flow in a mountainous watershed with limited data in Uttaranchal, India. In the ecologically sensitive Himalayan region, land transformations and utilization of natural resources have modified water flow patterns. To ascertain future sustainable water supply it is necessary to predict water flow from the watersheds as affected by rainfall and morphological parameters. Although such predictions may be made using available process- -based models, in mountainous and hilly areas it is extremely difficult to determine the numerous parameters needed to run such models, thus limiting their applicability. Artificial intelligence (AI) based models are a possible alternative in such circumstances. In this study an AI technique, support vector machines (SVM), was used for modeling the rainfall-runoff relationship from three hilly watersheds in the state of Uttaranchal, India. Different SVM models were developed to predict direct runoff, base flow, and total flow based on the daily rainfall, runoff, and morphological parameters collected from each watershed. The results confirm the potential of SVM models in the prediction of runoff, base flow, and total flow in hilly areas.
Alterations in Respiratory and Limb Muscle Strength and Size in Patients With Sepsis Who Are Mechanically Ventilated
Authors: Baldwin Claire E. , Bersten Andrew D.
Published: September 2013

Background

Skeletal muscle wasting and weakness are common in patients with sepsis in the intensive care unit, although less is known about deficits in diaphragm and limb muscles when mechanical ventilation also is required.

Objective

The objective of this study was to concurrently investigate relative differences in both thickness and strength of respiratory and peripheral muscles during routine care.

Design

A prospective, cross-sectional study of 16 alert patients with sepsis and 16 people who were healthy (control group) was used.

Methods

Assessment was made of the diaphragm, upper arm, forearm, and thigh muscle thicknesses with the use of ultrasound; respiratory muscle strength by means of maximal inspiratory pressure; and isometric handgrip, elbow flexion, and knee extension forces with the use of portable dynamometry. To describe relative changes, data also were normalized to fat-free body mass (FFM) measured by bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy.

Results

Patients (9 men, 7 women; mean age=62 years, SD=17) were assessed after a median of 16 days (interquartile range=11–29) of intensive care unit admission. Patients' diaphragm thickness did not differ from that of the control group, even for a given FFM. When normalized to FFM, only the difference in patients' mid-thigh muscle size significantly deviated from that of the control group. Within the patient sample, all peripheral muscle groups were thinner compared with the diaphragm. Patients were significantly weaker than were the control group participants in all muscle groups, including for a given FFM. Within the critically ill group, limb weakness was greater than the already-significant respiratory muscle weakness.

Limitations

Volitional strength tests were applied such that successive measurements from earlier in the course of illness could not be reliably obtained.

Conclusions

When measured at bedside, survivors of sepsis and a period of mechanical ventilation may have respiratory muscle weakness without remarkable diaphragm wasting. Furthermore, deficits in peripheral muscle strength and size may exceed those in the diaphragm.
Glottic Squamous Cell Carcinoma Metastatic to the Brain
Authors: Patne Shashikant CU , Pradhan Satyajit , Mittal Reena , Kumar Mohan , Tanwar Pranay
Published: September 2013

Spread of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) commonly occurs vialocal lymphatic channels. Owing to scanty lymphatic drainage and vascular supply, SCC arising from the glottis rarely metastasizes. A 39-year-old male, operated for SCC of the glottis, presented 13 months later with complaints of headache. Computed tomography revealed a single ring-enhancing lesion in the right temporo-parietal region of the brain, suggestive of brain abscess. However, histopathological examination of the excised brain lesion showed metastasis of moderately differentiated SCC. Here, we report a rarecase of distant hematogenous brain metastasis of SCC of the glottis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i1.5205 Asian Journal of Medical Science Vol.5(1) 2014 pp.77-80
Assessment of Students’ Satisfaction on Academic Environment, Clinical Skills and Examinations in Obstetrics and Gynecology Course of Under Graduate Curriculum
Authors: Al-Hakeem Malak Mohammed Musaed
Published: September 2013

Background: During the last decade efforts has been made globally by academic experts in changing curriculum with essential requirements and core competences, so that medical graduates must become a good physician. This study aims to evaluate medical students’ level learning and satisfaction towards Obstetrics and Gynaecology course. Methods: A Cross sectional survey was carried out during November2009 and June 2010 at College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh. The fourth year medical students (n=128) who were undertaking the Obstetrics and Gynaecology course constitute the study subjects. A structured questionnaire was used to quantify the outcome variables knowledge, skills and satisfaction from various components of the curriculum in obstetrics and gynaecology course. Results: The overall internal consistency (alpha) of various components scales in the curriculum was 0.94 with a range of alpha 0.82-0.91 in various domains. The study showed an increase in the proportion of knowledge and clinical skills of excellence (72.3%) among medical students than they were at the beginning of the course (20.7%, p<0.001). Faculty support, study materials, theoretical lectures, and clinical training have greatly influenced students’ satisfaction. Conclusions: Although various components of the curriculum appear to give greater level of knowledge, skill and satisfaction, their potential influence on graduate outcomes, in terms of delivering health care providers who are patient-centred, creative thinkers and compassionate leaders should not be discounted. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i1.8073 Asian Journal of Medical Science Vol.5(1) 2014 pp.52-57
Incidence of Cardiac Arrhythmia in Chronic Cor Pulmonale with Special Reference to its Etiology
Authors: Nayak Jadumani , Naik Manoranjan , Panda Smaraka R , Behera Sudeshna
Published: September 2013

Objective: to evaluate the incidence of cardiac arrhythmia in chronic cor pulmonale and to focus on the contributing etiological factors. Material & Methods: 35 cases of chronic cor pulmonale were thoroughly examined for the presence of arrhythmia. After recording history & physical examination blood was collected for various investigations like serum potassium, blood urea, blood volume and ABG study before and after the development of arrhythmia. Along with this X-ray & ECG were done in every case. Results: incidence of cardiac arrhythmia among all cor pulmonale patients was found to be 20% of which supraventricular ectopic beats was the most common. Respiratory infection may be thought to be the major factor in the development of congestive heart failure & different cardiac dysarrhythmia. Besides this, not a single possible factor has been found to be associated with cardiac arrhythmia. Conclusion: cor pulmonale has a low incidence in this part of country. Not a single factor associated with cardiac arrhythmia could be found out except pulmonary infection. Further studies are required in this field on a larger number of patients. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i1.8393   Asian Journal of Medical Science Vol.5(1) 2014 pp.15-19
Common Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness Reflects the Cumulative Burden of Atherosclerosis and Predicted Well by Total-C/HDL-C Ratio in Type-II Diabetic Patients- A Case Control Study Based from Kolkata, India
Authors: Sau Tanmay Jyoti , Dey Sandip Kumar , Kumar Arun , Biswas Utpal Kumar
Published: September 2013

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is frequently associated with the development of premature atherosclerotic vascular disease and is the major cause of morbidity and mortality. Approximately 80% of all deaths and more than 75% of all hospitalizations are due to CAD. Individuals with DM are usually associated with accelerated atherosclerosis. Common Carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCAIMT) is now also considered as a surrogate marker of atherosclerosis. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted from Jan, 2011 to June, 2012 among Type-II diabetes, aged between 30-80yrs. Patients with Type-I diabetes, aged <30yrs or >80yrs and other secondary causes of diabetes, hypertensive, smokers and patients under therapy with lipid lowering drugs were excluded from this study. The biochemical tests were done in the department of Biochemistry, Nilratan Sarkar Medical College and Hospital, using standardized reagent kits. CCAIMT was measured by high resolution imaging using 10MHz transducer in the department of Radiodiagnosis, Nilratan Sarkar Medical College and Hospital. Results: The results of our study indicate that dyslipidemic diabetic patients had significantly higher blood glucose at any phase along with glycated haemoglobin compared to controls. The lipid variables were also significantly higher in the diabetes patients with dyslipidemia compared to controls except HDL levels were significantly higher in control. CCAIMT was higher in the dyslipidemic group (1.71 ± 0.57mm) compared to the non-dyslipidemic group (0.77 ± 0.10) which was statistically significant (p value <0.001). Conclusion: CCAIMT reflects the cumulative burden of atherosclerosis and is highly correlated and predicted well by Total-C/HDL-C ratio in Type-II diabetic patients. So it is advised that a direct examination of the vessel wall is extremely essential for early detection of the affected individuals so that the cost burden in Intensive coronary care unit can be minimized and also the individual can be advised to control the extensive dyslipidemia through dietary restrictions and exercise. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i1.8450 Asian Journal of Medical Science Vol.5(1) 2014 pp.9-14
Carbon Pricing Options for Canada
Authors: Schott Stephan
Published: September 2013

The paper discusses energy links between Canada, the United States, and Mexico and the state of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission-reduction policies. A review of GHG reduction policies reveals fragmented approaches with political stalemates at the national level. Closely integrated North American energy markets are potentially changing in different directions. While Canada is contemplating more diversification of energy trade, the United States is increasingly relying on domestic supply of energy and will soon be a net exporter of energy. The paper argues that carbon pricing needs to be harmonized in conjunction with trade flows and elaborates on how current, fragmented carbon pricing initiatives could be turned into a more harmonized carbon pricing system. It provides arguments in support of a binding absolute emissions cap with limited safety valves and price floors in a North American emissions-trading program. It also discusses lessons learned from the EU GHG emissions-trading system and their implications for the design of North American cap-and-trade regimes.
Economic Instruments, Innovation, and Efficient Water Use
Authors: Bruneau Joel , Dupont Diane , Renzetti Steven
Published: September 2013

Les gouvernements sont de plus en plus préoccupés par le fait que les niveaux actuels de consommation d’eau ne sont pas viables à long terme, d’un point de vue écologique, particulièrement devant les dangers que posent les changements climatiques. Dans cet article, nous examinons des recherches récentes portant sur l’innovation en matière de consommation d’eau dans trois secteurs (résidentiel, industriel, agricole) pour montrer que l’utilisation d’instruments économiques doit faire partie des mesures à mettre en place pour promouvoir l’innovation dans le but de gérer plus efficacement la consommation et la conservation de l’eau. Nos résultats indiquent que deux facteurs influencent l’innovation: la compréhension du rôle que joue l’eau dans la production (industrielle, agricole et des ménages) et les changements dans le coût unitaire des autres intrants (particulièrement l’énergie et le capital). De plus, les recherches actuelles montrent qu’il faudrait concevoir des politiques qui s’appuient sur des instruments économiques pour chaque secteur, sur la base de leur contexte et de leurs caractéristiques spécifiques.
Environmental Management Practices and Performance in Canada
Authors: Henriques Irene , Sadorsky Perry
Published: September 2013

In this paper, a model of the determinants of environmental management practices and the impact of these practices on environmental performance is described and tested using Canadian manufacturing facility-level data. Our results show that Canadian manufacturing facilities have indeed undertaken environmental initiatives as a result of pressures arising from the buyers of their products and corporate headquarters. The relationship between environmental management practices and environmental performance is curvilinear. Increases in environmental performance are observed as the number of environmental practices increases up to an inflection point. Past this inflection point, environmental performance diminishes with further increases in environmental practices. We also find that, across time, facilities with more comprehensive practices continue to see improvements in environmental performance.
A Tale of Two Climate Policies: Political Economy of British Columbia’s Carbon Tax and Clean Electricity Standard
Authors: Rhodes Ekaterina , Jaccard Mark
Published: September 2013

In 2007–08, British Columbia implemented two significant climate policies: the first broadly based carbon tax and the first almost 100-percent “clean” electricity standard in North America. We describe the key design characteristics of these policies and analyse them against the criteria of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions, economic efficiency, administrative feasibility, and public acceptance. We find that the clean electricity standard is estimated to reduce four to six times more emissions per year by 2020 than the carbon tax, but at an average cost per tonne of CO2 reduced that is significantly higher than the carbon tax at its current level. Interestingly, the clean electricity standard achieves higher and steadier levels of public acceptance, which might be attributed to its lack of visibility, relative to the carbon tax.
Phenotypic characteristics of Individual Bull used for Artificial Insemination (AI) Programme in Bangladesh
Authors: Sarder MJU , Sultana R , Naha L , Islam MA
Published: September 2013

The purpose of the present study was to estimate the effect of phenotypic characteristics on the performances of bulls at three AI centres/stations (CCBSDF, Savar, RDCIF, Rajabarihat and District AI centres, Rajshahi). A total 71 bulls were studied for phenotypic parameters, viz., body weight, body condition score, scrotal circumference (SC), libido score and time required between two ejaculates during 1993 to 2002. The information on the phenotypic parameters was obtained by interviewing the semen collectors in respective AI centers, reading the AI bull resister as well as examining and observing the bull during semen collection. The bulls were classified according to genetic composition viz., Group I: 100% Friesian, Group II: 100% Sahiwal, Group III: 75% Friesian? 25% Local, Group IV: 50% Sahiwa l?50% Friesian, Group V: 50% Friesian ? 50% Local and Group VI: 100% Local. In general, the average body weight, body condition score, scrotal circumference (SC), libido score and time required between two ejaculates were 572 ? 124 kg, 3.2 ? 0.5 (Score:1-5), 36.3 ? 1.9cm, 3.3 ? 0.6 (Score:1-5) and 7.1 ? 2.3 minutes, respectively. Individual bull had significant effect on phenotypic characteristics in six genetic groups. The overall better performance of phenotypic parameter was observed in bull Id #: 0065 for Friesian breed, 163 for 100% Sahiwal breed, 7811 for 75% Friesian ?25% Local, 5156 for 50% Sahiwal?50% Friesian, 8224 for 50% Friesian ? 50% Local and 40248 for 100% Local breed. Therefore, phenotypic characteristics has clearly influenced on bull performances of Artificial Insemination (AI) programme in Bangladesh. Key words: Phenotypic characteristics, Individual bull and AI. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v15i0.2209 J. bio-sci. 15: 99-109, 2007
Tragedy in Savar - Humanity in Debris and Unique Role of Enam Medical College
Authors: Khan Md. Aminul Haque , Parvin Rukhsana , Alamgir Mithun
Published: September 2013

Journal of Enam Medical College; Vol 3 No 2 July 2013; Page 60-62 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v3i2.16124
Milk - An Effective Low-Attenuation Computed Tomography Oral Contrast Medium
Authors: Rupa Sharmin Akhtar , Azad Salahuddin Al , Chakraborty Nehar Ranjan
Published: September 2013

Background: To evaluate gastrointestinal pathology in computed tomography (CT) scan, optimum distention, mural visualization and gastrointestinal tract discrimination are necessary. High attenuation oral contrast material in the form of iodine solution has drawbacks in mural visualization and tolerance. Milk can be used as a low attenuation CT oral contrast agent in gastrointestinal tract discrimination and mural visualization with better tolerance. Objective: The purpose of our study was to compare the effectiveness, cost, and tolerance of milk and iopamiro (iodinated positive contrast medium) in patients undergoing abdominal CT with oral and IV contrast media. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and twelve patients were purposively assigned to receive either whole milk (n = 110) or iopamiro (n = 100). Results were independently reviewed by radiologists. Degree of bowel distention, mural visualization and gastrointestinal tract discrimination were qualitatively scored on a 4- point scale. A questionnaire regarding oral contrast tolerability was provided to each patient. Cost comparison of the two agents was performed. Results: No statistically significant differences were seen between whole milk and iopamiro with respect to degree of bowel distention and gastrointestinal tract discrimination for all segments of bowel studied (p > 0.05). Mural visualization is better with whole milk compared with iopamiro (p < 0.05). Significantly more patients ranked milk as pleasant in taste compared with iopamiro (p < 0.05). Milk was better tolerated than iopamiro, with fewer gastrointestinal side effects, including abdominal discomfort (p = 0.065), cramping (p = 0.309), nausea (p = 0.001), vomiting (p = 0.003) and diarrhea (p = 0.347). The cost per patient for iopamiro is 900 BDT compared with 60 BDT for milk. Conclusion: Whole milk is comparable to iopamiro with respect to bowel distention and gastrointestinal tract discrimination and better in bowel wall visualization and has better patient acceptance, and fewer adverse symptoms. Milk is a costeffective alternative to iopamiro as a low-attenuation CT oral contrast agent. Journal of Enam Medical College; Vol 3 No 2 July 2013; Page 71-76 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v3i2.16126
Serum Creatinine and Uric Acid Levels in Hypothyroid Patients: A Cross Sectional Study
Authors: Khan Md. Aminul Haque , Majumder Md. Ishaque , Hoque Md. Mozammel , Fariduddin Md. , Mollah Forhadul Hoque , Arslan Iqbal
Published: September 2013

Background: Hypothyroidism is associated with many biochemical abnormalities including increased serum creatinine and uric acid levels. Many studies were done abroad regarding serum creatinine and uric acid levels in hypothyroid patients. We designed this study in our population for evaluation of serum creatinine and uric acid levels in hypothyroid patients. Objective: To assess serum creatinine and uric acid levels in hypothyroid patients and to find out relationship of creatinine and uric acid levels with severity of hypothyroidism. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross sectional study to evaluate the serum creatinine and uric acid levels of hypothyroid patients and to find out relationship of hyperuricemia and hypercreatininemia with severity of hypothyroidism was done in the department of Biochemistry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka. Results were compared with that of age and sex matched healthy euthyroid controls. Statistical analyses were performed by using SPSS for Windows version 10.0. ANOVA and unpaired t tests were done to see the significance among the groups and between groups respectively. Pearsons correlation coefficient test was done to see the correlation of serum creatinine and uric acid levels with the severity of hypothyroidism. Results: Mean serum creatinine and uric acid levels in cases were 1.38 ± 0.53 and 7.00 ± 2.54 mg/dL respectively compared to 1.01 ± 0.17 and 5.21 ± 1.35 mg/dL in controls. Conclusion: Mean serum creatinine and uric acid levels were found significantly higher in hypothyroid patients compared to controls. These findings suggest that hyperuricemia and hypercreatininemia are associated with hypothyroidism. Therefore, patients presenting with these biochemical abnormalities are recommended to be investigated to explore hypothyroidism. Journal of Enam Medical College; Vol 3 No 2 July 2013; Page 84-87 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v3i2.16129
College News Vol.3(2)
Authors: Khan Md. Aminul Haque , Parvin Rukhsana
Published: September 2013

Journal of Enam Medical College; Vol 3 No 2 July 2013; Page 120-122 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v3i2.16137
Yang-Baxter Systems, Algebra Factorizations and Braided Categories
Authors: Nichita Florin
Published: September 2013

The Yang-Baxter equation first appeared in a paper by the Nobel laureate, C.N. Yang, and in R.J. Baxter’s work. Later, Vladimir Drinfeld, Vaughan F. R. Jones and Edward Witten were awarded Fields Medals for their work related to the Yang-Baxter equation. After a short review on this equation and the Yang-Baxter systems, we consider the problem of constructing algebra factorizations from Yang-Baxter systems. Our sketch of proof uses braided categories. Other problems are also proposed.
Gold Nanoparticle-Biological Molecule Interactions and Catalysis
Authors: Heddle Jonathan
Published: September 2013

This review gives a brief summary of the field of gold nanoparticle interactions with biological molecules, particularly those with possible catalytic relevance. Gold nanoparticles are well known as catalysts in organic chemistry but much is unknown regarding their potential as catalysts of reactions involving biological molecules such as protein and nucleic acids. Biological molecules may be the substrate for catalysis or, if they are the ligand coating the gold particle, may be the catalyst itself. In other cases biological molecules may form a template upon which gold nanoparticles can be precisely arrayed. As relatively little is currently known about the catalytic capabilities of gold nanoparticles in this area, this review will consider templating in general (including, but not restricted to, those which result in structures having potential as catalysts) before going on to consider firstly catalysis by the gold nanoparticle itself followed by catalysis by ligands attached to gold nanoparticles, all considered with a focus on biological molecules.
Getting Smart? Climate Change and the Electric Grid
Authors: Stephens Jennie , Wilson Elizabeth , Peterson Tarla , Meadowcroft James
Published: September 2013

Interest in the potential of smart grid to transform the way societies generate, distribute, and use electricity has increased dramatically over the past decade. A smarter grid could contribute to both climate change mitigation and adaptation by increasing low-carbon electricity production and enhancing system reliability and resilience. However, climate goals are not necessarily essential for smart grid. Climate change is only one of many considerations motivating innovation in electricity systems, and depending on the path of grid modernization, a future smart grid might do little to reduce, or could even exacerbate, risks associated with climate change. This paper identifies tensions within a shared smart grid vision and illustrates how competing societal priorities are influencing electricity system innovation. Co-existing but divergent priorities among key actors’ are mapped across two critical dimensions: centralized versus decentralized energy systems and radical versus incremental change. Understanding these tensions provides insights on how climate change objectives can be integrated to shape smart grid development. Electricity system change is context-specific and path-dependent, so specific strategies linking smart grid and climate change need to be developed at local, regional, and national levels. And while incremental improvements may bring short term gains, a radical transformation is needed to realize climate objectives.
The Measurement of Information Transmitted by a Neural Population: Promises and Challenges
Authors: Crumiller Marshall , Knight Bruce , Kaplan Ehud
Published: September 2013

All brain functions require the coordinated activity of many neurons, and therefore there is considerable interest in estimating the amount of information that the discharge of a neural population transmits to its targets. In the past, such estimates had presented a significant challenge for populations of more than a few neurons, but we have recently described a novel method for providing such estimates for populations of essentially arbitrary size. Here, we explore the influence of some important aspects of the neuronal population discharge on such estimates. In particular, we investigate the roles of mean firing rate and of the degree and nature of correlations among neurons. The results provide constraints on the applicability of our new method and should help neuroscientists determine whether such an application is appropriate for their data.
Liberation of GPI-Anchored Prion from Phospholipids Accelerates Amyloidogenic Conversion
Authors: Lin Shen-Jie , Yu Kun-Hua , Wu Jhih-Ru , Lee Chin-Fa , Jheng Cheng-Ping , Chen Hau-Ren , Lee Cheng-I
Published: September 2013

Prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are a rare group of fatal neurodegenerative illnesses in humans and animals caused by misfolding of prion protein (PrP). Prion protein is a cell-surface glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored glycoprotein expressed mostly in the central and peripheral nervous system, and this membrane-bound protein can be cleaved from the cell membranes by phosphoinositide phospholipase C. Numerous studies have investigated GPI-free recombinant PrP, but the role of GPI on misfolding of PrP is not well known. In this study, we synthesized a GPI analog that was covalently linking to a PrP S230C mutant, resulting in S230C-GPI. The structural changes in S230C-GPI upon binding to lipid vesicles composed of mixtures of the zwitterionic lipid (POPC) and the anionic lipid (POPG) were analyzed by circular dichroism spectroscopy, and the amyloid aggregation of S230C-GPI in the liberation from phospholipid vesicles was monitored by proteinase K-digestion assay. Our results indicate that S230C-GPI in the liberation of lipid vesicles has high tendency to misfold into amyloid fibrils, while the membrane-bound S230C-GPI proteins are highly stable and rarely convert into amyloid forms. In addition, the role of cholesterol in S230C-GPI was studied. The effect of GPI, cholesterol and phospholipid vesicles on misfolding of PrP is further discussed.
Inhibition of Stromal PlGF Suppresses the Growth of Prostate Cancer Xenografts
Authors: Zins Karin , Thomas Anita , Lucas Trevor , Sioud Mouldy , Aharinejad Seyedhossein , Abraham Dietmar
Published: September 2013

The growth and vascularization of prostate cancer is dependent on interactions between cancer cells and supporting stromal cells. The primary stromal cell type found in prostate tumors is the carcinoma-associated fibroblast, which produces placental growth factor (PlGF). PlGF is a member of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family of angiogenic molecules and PlGF mRNA levels increase after androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer. In this study, we show that PlGF has a direct dose-dependent proliferative effect on human PC-3 prostate cancer cells in vitro and fibroblast-derived PlGF increases PC-3 proliferation in co-culture. In xenograft tumor models, intratumoral administration of murine PlGF siRNA reduced stromal-derived PlGF expression, reduced tumor burden and decreased the number of Ki-67 positive proliferating cells associated with reduced vascular density. These data show that targeting stromal PlGF expression may represent a therapeutic target for the treatment of prostate cancer.
Construction of a Novel Magnetic Targeting Anti-Tumor Drug Delivery System: Cytosine Arabinoside-Loaded Bacterial Magnetosome
Authors: Deng Qiongjia , Liu Yuangang , Wang Shibin , Xie Maobin , Wu Shenjian , Chen Aizheng , Wu Wenguo
Published: September 2013

To ease the side effects triggered by cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) for acute leukemia treatment, a novel magnetic targeting anti-tumor drug delivery system was constructed through bacterial magnetosomes (BMs) from Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 combined with Ara-C by crosslinking of genipin (GP). The results showed that Ara-C could be bonded onto the membrane surface of BMs effectively through chemical crosslinking induced by dual hand reagents GP. The average diameters of BMs and Ara-C-coupled BMs (ABMs) were 42.0 ± 8.6 and 72.7 ± 6.0 nm respectively, and the zeta potentials (−38.1 ± 9.1) revealed that these systems were stable, confirming the stability of the system. The optimal encapsulation efficiency and drug loading were 89.05% ± 2.33% and 47.05% ± 0.64% respectively when crosslinking reaction lasted for 72 h. The system also presented long-term stability and release behaviors without initial burst release (Ara-C could be released 80% within three months). Our results indicate that BMs have great potential in biomedical and clinical fields as a novel anti-tumor drug carrier.
Secondary Metabolites from the Soft Coral Sinularia arborea
Authors: Chen Kuan-Hua , Dai Chang-Feng , Lu Mei-Chin , Li Jan-Jung , Chen Jih-Jung , Chang Yu-Chia , Su Yin-Di , Wang Wei-Hsien , Sung Ping-Jyun
Published: September 2013

Previous studies on the chemical constituents of soft corals belonging to the genus Sinularia have led to the isolation of a number of interesting secondary metabolites and some of these were found to possess extensive bioactivities [1–3]. Continuation investigation on the chemical constituents of the marine invertebrates collected off the waters of Taiwan, two new cembrane-type diterpenoids, arbolides A (1) and B (2), and a known steroid, crassarosterol A (3) [4], were isolated from the soft coral Sinularia arborea (family Alcyonacea) (Figure 1). In this paper, we describe the isolation, structure determination and cytotoxicity of compounds 1–3.
DNA Condensation by Partially Acetylated Poly(amido amine) Dendrimers: Effects of Dendrimer Charge Density on Complex Formation
Authors: Yu Shi , Li Ming-Hsin , Choi Seok , Baker James , Larson Ronald
Published: September 2013

The ability of poly(amido amine) (or PAMAM) dendrimers to condense semiflexible dsDNA and penetrate cell membranes gives them great potential in gene therapy and drug delivery but their high positive surface charge makes them cytotoxic. Here, we describe the effects of partial neutralization by acetylation on DNA condensation using light scattering, circular dichroism, and single molecule imaging of dendrimer-DNA complexes combed onto surfaces and tethered to those surfaces under flow. We find that DNA can be condensed by generation-five (G5) dendrimers even when the surface charges are more than 65% neutralized, but that such dendrimers bind negligibly when an end-tethered DNA is stretched in flow. We also find that when fully charged dendrimers are introduced by flow to end-tethered DNA, all DNA molecules become equally highly coated with dendrimers at a rate that becomes very fast at high dendrimer concentration, and that dendrimers remain bound during subsequent flow of dendrimer-free buffer. These results suggest that the presence of dendrimer-free DNA coexisting with dendrimer-bound DNA after bulk mixing of the two in solution may result from diffusion-limited irreversible dendrimer-DNA binding, rather than, or in addition to, the previously proposed cooperative binding mechanism of dendrimers to DNA.
New Flurbiprofen Derivatives: Synthesis, Membrane Affinity and Evaluation of in Vitro Effect on β-Amyloid Levels
Authors: Sozio Piera , Marinelli Lisa , Cacciatore Ivana , Fontana Antonella , Türkez Hasan , Giorgioni Gianfabio , Ambrosini Dario , Barbato Francesco , Grumetto Lucia , Pacella Stephanie , Cataldi Amelia , Di Stefano Antonio
Published: September 2013

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by irreversible and progressive loss of memory and cognition and profound neuronal loss. Current therapeutic strategies for the treatment of AD have been directed to a variety of targets with the aim of reversing or preventing the disease but, unfortunately, the available treatments often produce no significant clinical benefits. During the last decades compounds that inhibit or modulate γ-secretase, reducing β amyloid (Aβ) levels, have been considered as potential therapeutics for AD. Among these the (R)-enantiomer of flurbiprofen (FLU) seems to be very promising, but it shows low brain penetration. In this study, in order to improve the properties of FLU against Alzheimer’s pathogenesis we synthesized some novel FLU lipophilic analogues. Lipophilicity of the new molecules has been characterized in terms of clogP, log KC18/W and log K IAM/W values. Permeability has been determined in both gastrointestinal PAMPA (PAMPA-GI) at different pH values and in brain blood barrier PAMPA (PAMPA-BBB) models. They were also tested for their ability to inhibit in vitro γ-secretase activity using rat CTXTNA2 astrocytes. Interestingly, the investigated molecules demonstrated to reduce Aβ 42 levels without affecting the amyloid precursor protein APP level in a clear concentrations-dependent manner.
Quantitative Analysis of the Human Milk Whey Proteome Reveals Developing Milk and Mammary-Gland Functions across the First Year of Lactation
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Cundiff Judy , Maria Sarah , McMahon Robert , Woo Jessica , Davidson Barbara , Morrow Ardythe
Published: September 2013

In-depth understanding of the changing functions of human milk (HM) proteins and the corresponding physiological adaptions of the lactating mammary gland has been inhibited by incomplete knowledge of the HM proteome. We analyzed the HM whey proteome (n = 10 women with samples at 1 week and 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months) using a quantitative proteomic approach. One thousand three hundred and thirty three proteins were identified with 615 being quantified. Principal component analysis revealed a transition in the HM whey proteome-throughout the first year of lactation. Abundance changes in IgG, sIgA and sIgM display distinct features during the first year. Complement components and other acute-phase proteins are generally at higher levels in early lactation. Proteomic analysis further suggests that the sources of milk fatty acids (FA) shift from more direct blood influx to more de novo mammary synthesis over lactation. The abundances of the majority of glycoproteins decline over lactation, which is consistent with increased enzyme expression in glycoprotein degradation and decreased enzyme expression in glycoprotein synthesis. Cellular detoxification machinery may be transformed as well, thereby accommodating increased metabolic activities in late lactation. The multiple developing functions of HM proteins and the corresponding mammary adaption become more apparent from this study.
Material Flow Cost Accounting as an Approach to Improve Resource Efficiency in Manufacturing Companies
Authors: Schmidt Mario , Nakajima Michiyasu
Published: September 2013

What potentials do manufacturing companies have for identifying inefficiencies in their use of resources? Assessing the products with regard to their durability, functional usefulness, use of materials, etc. is only one aspect of the exercise. The actual production operations and the search for in-plant inefficiencies represent the other. In Germany, the material flow cost accounting (MFCA) method was developed years ago to tackle this requirement. It evaluates material losses in the company in monetary terms and thus points up the economic benefit of resource efficiency. MFCA first achieved practical relevance and large-scale application in Japan. Now there is even an ISO standard on the method. The article outlines the process and presents typical examples. It explains how a methodological bridge can be built to assess the loss of material in ecological terms too.
L'insoutenable légèreté de la victoire. Niké chez Homère et Hésiode
Authors: Leclerc Marie-Christine
Published: September 2013

The main characteristic of homeric νίκη is inconstancy : always hazardous, mobil, doubtful at the same time she is proclaimed, transient when given by gods. By the first appearence of Niké as a goddess in Hesiod's Theogony, she is said to stay for evermore on Zeus' side, like other deities, both mobil and "domesticated" (so to say) by Zeus to become supporters of his power. The further pictures of a winged Niké take possibly their rises in such an old conception of inconstant νίκη.
Virtual Learning Communities
Authors: Bassani Patrícia Brandalise Scherer
Published: September 2013

This chapter presents a reflection on the use of social software tools to enhance the interaction between students, allowing the development of virtual learning communities in blended learning settings. The discussion about education in Web 2.0, learning through communities, personal learning environments, and social software tools are the basic concepts of this reflection. The results show the importance of five strategies to promote blended learning based on virtual learning communities. They are: the use of a pedagogical approach based on cooperation; the focus on the selection of learning spaces that promote the interaction between students; the mixing of oriented collaborative activities in the VLE and the promotion of the use of social software, articulating prescriptive learning systems and emergent learning networks; the use of Web 2.0 tools in a PLE perspective; and the use of folksonomies to follow up the contents students produce on the Web.
Adoption of Blended Learning Technologies in Selected Secondary Schools in Cameroon and Nigeria
Authors: Nganji Julius T. , Nggada Shawulu H.
Published: September 2013

Blended learning could be seen as the solution to learning resource accessibility, especially when the indicators of measure are limited to distance and time. Distance and time could be said to be the generic indicators for the measure of blended learning. However, these do not solve the problem for everyone in society. For Inclusive Blended Learning (IBL), different types of users in society should be considered in its design. This is exactly what has provoked the focus of this chapter, to investigate the position of blended learning with respect to people with disabilities. The chapter's investigation is centered on selected secondary schools in Cameroon and Nigeria.
Capturing the Semantics of Simulation Learning with Linked Data
Authors: Celino Irene , Dell’Aglio Daniele
Published: September 2013

Knowledge-rich learning environments like simulation learning sessions call for the adoption of knowledge technologies to effectively manage information and data related to the learning supply and to the observation analysis. In this chapter, the authors illustrate the benefits and the challenges from the adoption of Linked Data and Semantic Web technologies to model, store, update, collect, and interpret learning data in simulation environments. The experience gained in applying this approach to a Simulation Learning system based on Serious Games proves the feasibility and the advantages of knowledge technologies in addressing and solving the issues faced by trainers and teachers in their daily practice.
An Effective Selective Encryption Scheme for H.264 Video based on Chaotic Qi System
Authors: Peng Fei , Zhu Xiao-wen , Long Min
Published: September 2013

With the wide use of H.264 in Internet and wireless network, many concerns have been made to the security of it. Aiming at providing an effective content protection method for H.264 video, a novel selective encryption scheme based on chaotic Qi system is proposed in this paper. The unpredictability of chaotic system is implemented to construct a pseudo-random number generator based on the 3-dimensional chaotic Qi system, and then some key data such as intra-prediction modes, residual coefficients and MVD are encrypted by the generated key stream. Experimental results and analysis show that the proposed scheme can achieve a good encryption result, a low computational complexity, little impact on compression ratio, and good format compatibility. It has a great potential to be applied in some real-time applications.
Training Equipment Design for Repairing Aircraft Fuel System Based on CAN Bus
Authors: Song Jian Hua , Wang Zheng , Zhu Xing Dong
Published: September 2013

At this time training equipment for maintenance personnel is relatively primitive. This laboratory training equipment was designed on CAN bus and simulates a real aircraft fuel system. The device adopts the application program and KingView to build a man-machine interface and presentation, using PLC technology to achieve electrical logic control. It simulates physical device faults using CAN bus to deliver communication between industrial computer, PLC and other components. The fault tree in the form of the case is stored in the SQL database. The equipment combines software and hardware, with full functions, high stability and support for expansion. It meets fully the current training tasks and requirements for fault analysis. After testing, it has proven to be satisfactory.
Design and Static Analysis of an Addendum Modified Helical Gear Tooth
Authors: Balambica V. , Prabhu T.J. , Venkateshbabu R. , Deepak Er Vishwa
Published: September 2013

A gear is a rotating machine part having cut teeth, or cogs, which mesh with another toothed part in order to transmit torque. We have several types of gears among which spur gears are used as pinion and gear between parallel shafts.. When the involute portion of the tooth mates with the non-involute portion of the other tooth an undercut is formed. Due to this the mating gear will try to scoop out metal from the interfering portion. In order to avoid undercutting and interference, addendum modification of the gear tooth is carried out. This paper describes about the modeling meshing and the analysis techniques. Effort has been taken to develop the tooth profile involute as well as the fillet region by calculating the co-ordinates using C-language. The output file of the C-program is converted to modeling software PRO/E for 3-D modeling with the help of a coupler software DXF file converter. Those PRO/E models are imported to an analysis software ANSYS for the proposed stress analysis.
The Structural Design of Medical Water-Jet Transmission System and Kinematics Simulation of Cam Mechanism
Authors: Cao Lei Ting , Zhang Xi Zheng , Shi Cai Hong , Fu Shao Bo , Wang Shou Jun
Published: September 2013

In this paper, cam mechanism is used as water jet transmission, and two sets of cam mechanism are used to guarantee the stability of medical water-jet pressure. The motion law of push rod is the combined motion law. Finally, kinematics simulation of cam mechanism is carried out, which results meet the design requirements of the medical water-jet transmission system.
Eight Surfaces of Radiation Heat Transfer Network Model Development
Authors: Ibrahim Ummi Kalthum , Salleh Ruzitah Mohd , Zhou W.
Published: September 2013

This paper deals with the numerical solution for radiative heat transfer within a heated six wall surfaces baking oven, baking tin surface and bread surface. The radiation heat transfer model is constructed by adopting a radiation network representation analysis. The analysis applies view factor and radiosity in determining the radiation rates for each surface in the oven. The amount of radiation heat,qand temperature,Tvariables are equivalent to electric current and voltage, respectively. Finite difference method coupled with Gauss-Seidel iteration was selected to solve the equations involved in the analysis. Even though this method is tedious and intractable for multiple surfaces, but it would seem to be the most accurate and suitable approach for radiation analysis in the enclosure.
Enhanced Delay Feedback Control of Chaos Motion in Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor
Authors: Wang Hong Jun , Yun Ting Ting , Zhao Hui , Yue You Jun
Published: September 2013

This paper studies the permanent-magnet synchronous motor model, taking advantage of enhanced feedback control to realize time-continuous chaos system , with further application of the method in each equation to analyze the effect of the control systems according to the former theory which claims the Hopf theory. The next step is to prove the experimental results consisted with theory analysis and calculation results. The simulation on matlab demonstrates that this method not only improves the quality of chaos but also meets the practical demand.
Analysis of Typical Time Synchronization Technology in Wireless Sensor Network
Authors: Zhang Yu Ying , Liu Zi Lai , Ma Rui
Published: September 2013

By introducing three time synchronization models of wireless sensor network, this article presents six typical time synchronization algorithms in wireless sensor network, and conducts the analysis and comparison of their performance. It will help to develop new time synchronization algorithms.