bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fachgeschichte als Beitrag zur Identitätsfindung und Etablierung des wissenschaftlichen Faches Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Ein Einblick am Beispiel des Internationalen Deutschlehrerverbandes.
Authors: Sorger Brigitte
Published: March 2021

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Überlegungen zu einem Fach ‚Bilinguismus‘ in der Ausbildung von FremdsprachenlehrerInnen.
Authors: Wagner Roland
Published: March 2021

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Das Gefängnis der Freiheit Michael Endes im Literaturunterricht.
Authors: Váňa Pavel
Published: March 2021

Die kurze Vorstellung von zwei Prosatexten Michael Endes Einer langen Reise Ziel und Das Haus an der Peripherie entstand mit zweierlei Absicht: zum einen soll hervorgehoben werden, dass Michael Ende bei Weitem nicht nur als ein erfolgreicher Autor der Fantasy-Literatur zu verstehen ist, zum anderen soll auf die zahlreichen Bezüge zur historischen, kulturellen, politischen und gesellschaftlichen Wirklichkeit der Zeit des ausgehenden neunzehnten und des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts hingewiesen werden, die in Endes Sammlung von kurzen Prosatexten Das Gefängnis der Freiheit „entdeckt“ werden können.
Mehrsprachigkeit in der Slowakei und die Stellung des Deutschen.
Authors: Fedáková Katarína
Published: March 2021

Der Artikel setzt sich zuerst mit dem Begriff der Mehrsprachigkeit auseinander und führt einige Ergebnisse zweier Umfragen in Bezug auf die Erforschung der Sprachkompetenz in der Slowakei sowie zum Einfluss der Muttersprache bzw. der zuvor gelernten Sprachen auf das Erlernen der Zielsprache.
Zum Bilingualismus im tschechischen Bildungssystem. Tschechisch-deutsche Bildungsgänge an tschechischen Schulen und die Charakteristik der SchülerInnen
Authors: Lachout Martin
Published: March 2021

Der vorliegende Beitrag widmet sich der Problematik des tschechisch-deutschen Bilingualismus in der Tschechischen Republik von heute. In der Einleitung definiert der Autor zunächst die Termini „Vielsprachigkeit“, „Mehrsprachigkeit“ und „Bilingualismus“, anschließend grenzt er dieses Phänomen aus Sicht der Psycholinguistik ab, um im zweiten Schritt ganz kurz die soziolinguistische Perspektive zu thematisieren. Im Anschluss an die theoretischen Einführung präsentiert der Autor seine Pilotstudie, in deren Rahmen er sich vor allem auf diejenigen Institutionen konzentriert hat, die die beschriebene Art des tschechisch-deutschen Bilingualismus mit ihren bilingualen Bildungsgängen unterstützen, d. h. auf zweisprachige Kindergärten, Haupt- und Mittelschulen in der Tschechischen Republik. Die in diesen Bildungsinstitutionen geförderte Mehrsprachigkeit wird dann im Hinblick auf das jeweilige Verhältnis der sog. simultan und sukzessiv bilingualen Kinder/Schüler zu den monolingualen untersucht.
Überregionale Dimensionen der Literatur aus der Mährischen Walachei. Facetten der Moderne im Schaffen Heinrich Herbatscheks
Authors: Marek Libor
Published: March 2021

Der vorliegende Artikel bietet eine Analyse des Prosabandes Skizzenbuch (1929) von Heinrich Herbatschek (1877–1956). Dieser aus dem mährisch-walachischen Ort Wsetin (Vsetín) stammende österreichische Schriftsteller liefert in seinem Werk Beweise für eine spezifische Rezeption der ästhetischen Moderne seitens marginaler und regionaler Autoren. In dem Skizzenbuch, einem spätmodernistischen Text, bedient sich Herbatschek einer impressionistischen und dekadenten Formensprache. Das modernistische Arrangement geht hier eine ambivalente Symbiose mit traditionellen, humanistisch-aufklärerischen Wertvorstellungen ein.
Thought Leader Insights on Innovation Ecosystems and Clusters
Authors: Gunn Moira
Published: March 2021

This article provides short, “book reviews” and selected comments on recent, popular books that focused on ecosystems and clusters.  They include: AnnaLee Saxenian (reflections and lessons from “Regional Advantage”; Leslie Berlin (the building of Silicon Valley from “Troublemakers”); Richard Florida (reflections and extensions of “The Creative Class”); and, Greg Horowitt (lessons from “Rainforest”).
A Tale in Three Parts: The Success of California’s Life Science Clusters
Authors: Panetta Joe
Published: March 2021

With the seventh largest GDP in the world, California has the economic heft of a country. One of the largest drivers of economic growth in California is the life science industry. In fact, it is a cornerstone of California’s innovation ecosystem, and is characterized by three distinct geographical clusters. There’s San Diego’s entrepreneurial energy, Los Angeles’ emerging incubators and the Bay Area’s unique tech influence. All of these clusters drive growth and distinct opportunities for institutes, universities, businesses and entrepreneurs.

This article focuses on: how did California become a life science powerhouse, and what do each of these regions have to offer to the industry?
How We Got into Drum Circles, and How to Get Out: De-Essentializing African Music
Authors: Carter-Ényì Quintina , Carter-Ényì Aaron , Hylton Kevin Nathaniel
Published: March 2021

Babatunde Ọlátúnjí’s Drums of Passion (1960) caught the attention of prominent American musicians from John Coltrane to the Grateful Dead and turned on subsequent generations to West African djembe drumming. The inclusion of djembe drum circles in education is alarming because they are “based on the partial appropriation and transformation” of African-based drumming. This article suggests how to get out of drum circles by recognizing and embracing African melody, especially pitched idiophones and ensemble singing. We describe a program at two Historically Black Colleges that combines more equitable and accurate representation of African cultures with technological literacy and a greater range of learning modalities.
Bulos que desacreditan al feminismo
Authors: Estévez Jiménez Patricia
Published: March 2021

Existe una tendencia creciente a usar técnicas de desinformación en redes sociales para fomentar el descrédito tanto de mujeres con actividad pública como del movimiento feminista. Estas presiones, que se producen de forma paralela al incremento de la violencia online, están provocando el alejamiento de las mujeres de la esfera pública e impiden el avance en la lucha por los derechos y la igualdad. Es imperativa la profundización en su estudio y la toma de medidas específicas para paliar sus efectos en nuestras democracias.
Convertidor App: convertidor de unidades y divisas
Authors: Vidal Pardo Juan Ramón
Published: March 2021

El 23 de septiembre de 1999, a más de 600 millones de kilómetros de nuestro planeta, la sonda espacial Mars Climate Orbiter se precipitaba contra la superficie de Marte quedando totalmente inoperativa. Los científicos y técnicos de la misión no fueron capaces de percatarse de un problema fundamental. La NASA había realizado los cálculos para que la nave ingresase en la órbita marciana utilizando las unidades del Sistema Internacional mientras que una de las empresas constructoras de la sonda espacial seguía utilizando el Sistema Anglosajón de Unidades. El malentendido provocó un accidente de pérdidas millonarias.
Orthogonal Town Planning in Antiquity
Authors: Castagnoli Ferdinando
Published: March 2021

The decisiveness of the right angle, which is uncommon in nature, would seem to exercise an irresistible appeal to the human mind, for it permeates man's art, artifacts, and architecture. That it should also appear as a basic organizational element in town plans over many centuries and in many cultures only confirms this appeal. The present work examines Greek, Etruscan, Italic, Hellenistic, and Roman cities that were based on orthogonal or grid plans – those characterized by streets intersecting at right angles to form blocks of regular size and spacing. Some of these have only recently been uncovered.

The author suggests that the implementation of these plans may have constituted the first exercise in master planning for the future extension and development of cities. These goals doubtless varied in ancient times from the tyrannical – suggesting an authoritarian control with the power to order a population into a strict grid pattern – to the egalitarian – implicit in the essential uniformity and equality of the blocks regardless of location.

In Roman times the orthogonal plan was to evolve into a quadrant system in which two broad streets at right angles served as the defining axes of the town, meeting to produce a formal central space, the “origin” of the coordinated city. These plans are discussed in the book, but the major emphasis is on “Hippodamean” layouts, in which a few – usually three or four – main parallel roads are intersected at right angles by numerous narrow streets to form long, narrow blocks.

Hippodamean plans are named for Hippodamus of Miletus, a Greek of the fifth century B. C. Although in antiquity Hippodamus was believed to have devised this scheme, the author points out that such plans antedate Hippodamus by an extensive period and that his role was one of refining and further systematizing the plan. His chief contribution appears to be the application of his insight into political organization and social behavior to town planning.

Indeed, Hippodamean plans go back at least to the seventh century B.C. in Greece, and rectangular elements basic to such plans have been found not only throughout the Mediterranean region but in Aztec, Indian, and Chinese cultures as well.

A number of aerial photographs are juxtaposed with detailed plans prepared by archaeologists and provide a fascinating insight into the solutions that Hippodamus and other planners evolved in the process of adjusting the needs of urban settlements to the exigencies of the terrain.
Detection of malicious consumer interest packet with dynamic threshold values
Authors: Qureshi Adnan Mahmood , Anjum Nadeem , Rais Rao Naveed Bin , Ur-Rehman Masood , Qayyum Amir
Published: March 2021

As a promising next-generation network architecture, named data networking (NDN) supports name-based routing and in-network caching to retrieve content in an efficient, fast, and reliable manner. Most of the studies on NDN have proposed innovative and efficient caching mechanisms and retrieval of content via efficient routing. However, very few studies have targeted addressing the vulnerabilities in NDN architecture, which a malicious node can exploit to perform a content poisoning attack (CPA). This potentially results in polluting the in-network caches, the routing of content, and consequently isolates the legitimate content in the network. In the past, several efforts have been made to propose the mitigation strategies for the content poisoning attack, but to the best of our knowledge, no specific work has been done to address an emerging attack-surface in NDN, which we call an interest flooding attack. Handling this attack-surface can potentially make content poisoning attack mitigation schemes more effective, secure, and robust. Hence, in this article, we propose the addition of a security mechanism in the CPA mitigation scheme that is, Name-Key Based Forwarding and Multipath Forwarding Based Inband Probe, in which we block the malicious face of compromised consumers by monitoring the Cache-Miss Ratio values and the Queue Capacity at the Edge Routers. The malicious face is blocked when the cache-miss ratio hits the threshold value, which is adjusted dynamically through monitoring the cache-miss ratio and queue capacity values. The experimental results show that we are successful in mitigating the vulnerability of the CPA mitigation scheme by detecting and blocking the flooding interface, at the cost of very little verification overhead at the NDN Routers.
Good Corporate Governance, Capital Adequacy, Financing Risk, Profitability and Islamic Social Reporting (ISR) of Sharia Commercial Banks in Indonesia
Authors: Wijaya Dwi Indriani Fidiastutik , Sulistyo Agung Budi , Roziq Ahmad
Published: March 2021

Aims: To empirically evaluate Sharia commercial banks in Indonesia for good corporate governance, capital adequacy, financing risk, profitability, and Islamic Social Reporting (ISR).

Study Design: Explanatory research with a quantitative approach and using secondary data.

Place and Duration of Study: Sharia commercial banks registered with the Financial Services Authority in the period 2015-2019.

Methodology: The sample selection used a purposive sampling technique and resulted in 7 Sharia commercial banks. Data analyzed using path analysis with SmartPLS 3.0. The analysis only uses the inner model evaluation because each variable in this study only uses one proxy or one indicator.

Results: Good corporate governance and capital adequacy affects financing risk, good corporate governance, capital adequacy, and financing risk affects profitability, financing risk affects Islamic Social Reporting (ISR), while good corporate governance, capital adequacy, and profitability do not affect Islamic Social Reporting (ISR).

Conclusions: Management should be able to create good corporate governance, manage capital adequacy to mitigate financing risk so that it can generate optimal profits for conducting sharia-based social activities and express it using the Islamic Social Reporting (ISR) as business transparency for stakeholders, thus increasing stakeholder confidence in the existence of Islamic commercial banks.
Welcome to Romania!, A Philatelic Retrospective on the Most Valuable Elements of the National Cultural Heritage
Authors: Cioruța Bogdan-Vasile
Published: March 2021

One of the most beautiful countries in Europe, Romania, offers many travel experiences that are just waiting to be discovered. The words that best describe the essence of Romania are authentic, natural, and cultural, being a country rich in history, art, and natural beauty. As a part of Europe, Romania has often earned its reputation as a country with special cultural and spiritual values. Most often, however, it has been noted in terms of people who have sanctified the places, in terms of places and monuments that delight our eyes, but especially in terms of biodiversity in protected areas recognized nationally and internationally. The purpose of this study is to present the implications of philately in promoting Romania abroad. In this sense, an attempt was made to expose a series of different philatelic effects. The pieces in question (postage stamps, First Day Covers - FDCs, maximum postcards, special envelopes and covers, etc.) that appeared on the occasion of various philatelic issues, come to warmly greet the visitor and entice him to visit these places. Moreover, through these philatelic materials (collected, indexed, and analyzed based on specialized catalogs and platforms with philatelic content), it was wanted to show that our country (Romania) is not just a Carpathian garden, but a European treasure, which transcends over the centuries through beauty and spirituality. No less than four reference philatelic issues have been discovered for the period 2009-2020, which support the idea of visiting the country, as well as the possibility to practice special cultural tourism.
Growth and Yield of Squash Influenced by Leaf Pruning and Gibberellic Acid (GA3)
Authors: Baby Tanzina , Das Banalata , Ara Anjuman , Choudhury Shormin , Uddain Jasim
Published: March 2021

The experiment was conducted at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University's Horticulture Farm, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207, to determine the effect of pruning and GA3 on squash growth and yield over the period from November 2017 to February 2018 Three levels of pruning as P0 = No pruning (control), P1 = 1st pruning at 20 DAT (1st and 2nd leaves) and P2 = 2nd pruning at 30 DAT (3rd and 4th leaves) and four levels of GA3foliar application as G0 = No GA3 (control), G1 = 100 ppm GA3, G2 = 200 ppm GA3 and G3 = 400 ppm GA3 considered for the present study. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Considering growth parameters, pruning treatment had a significant effect on growth, yield contributing parameters and yield of squash except for stem base diameter and individual fruit weight. Regarding GA3 treatments, growth and yield parameters were significantly influenced except fruit diameter. In terms of the combined effect of pruning and GA3 treatments, all the studied growth and yield parameters were significantly influenced. The highest stem length (64.73 cm), number of leaves plant-1 (23.59), stem base diameter (2.09 cm), number of male flower plant-1 (8.69), number of female flower plant-1 (7.52), total number of fruits plant-1 (5.74), fruit length (22.42 cm), fruit diameter (6.15 cm), individual fruit weight (507.66 g), dry weight of fruit (6.61%), weight of fruits plant-1 (2914.33 g) and fruit yield ha-1 (29.14 t) were also found from the treatment combination of P1G1 compared to the other treatment combination. Hence, we can summarize that 1st pruning at 20 DAT (1st and 2nd leaves) with 100 ppm GA3 given the maximum output in terms of yield compared to other treatments.
A Profile of Adolescents Admitted on an Inpatient Psychiatry Unit in Nigeria and Their Evaluation of the Service
Authors: Bella-Awusah Tolulope , Adeniyi Yetunde , Abdurahman Haleem , Lawal Kehinde , Onileimo Victoria , Omigbodun Olayinka
Published: March 2021

Aims: This study set out to describe the profile of adolescents admitted unto an inpatient unit in Nigeria and their evaluation of the service. 

Study Design: This was a retrospective cohort study.

Place and duration of study: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University College Hospital Ibadan, Nigeria between January 2016 and February 2020.

Methodology: Patient notes and discharge summaries were used to collect the  demographic characteristics of adolescents and their families, diagnoses and treatments provided during the hospital stay. A feedback form was used to evaluate different aspects of the service.  Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, and thematic analysis for open ended responses. 

Results: There were slightly more females (56.4%) than males (43.6%)admitted during the period of study and their mean age was 18.2 years (SD =3.0). The most common psychiatry diagnosis was psychotic disorders (48.9%) followed by mood disorders (38.3%). Almost half (48.6%) had 2 or more psychiatric diagnosis. Second generation antipsychotics were the most frequently used medications by the participants (76.6%). Median length of stay on the unit was 2.5 weeks (IQR = 2.6). Themes which emerged from patients’ experiences on the ward were reductions in feelings of isolation, changes in mental health perceptions and self – discovery. Strengths of the unit included staff responsiveness and team work. Weaknesses of the unit cited were the poor physical environment, and inflexible routines.  Suggestions on how to improve the unit included increasing recreational and physical activities and staff re - training. Parents/guardians also wanted more support for themselves, and peer support for their children. 

Conclusions: Majority of patients admitted onto this unit were older adolescents with psychotic and mood disorders. They and their parents/guardians were generally satisfied with the treatment milieu of the unit, and gave recommendations for further improvement of services on the unit.
Retracted: The circadian rhythm regulator RpaA modulates photosynthetic electron transport and alters the preferable temperature range for growth in a cyanobacterium
Authors: Hasegawa Hazuki , Tsurumaki Tatsuhiro , Imamura Sousuke , Sonoike Kintake , Tanaka Kan
Published: March 2021

Cyanobacterial strains can grow within a specific temperature range that approximately corresponds to their natural habitat. However, how the preferable temperature range for growth (PTRG) is determined at the molecular level remains unclear. In this study, we detected a PTRG upshift in a mutant strain of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 lacking the circadian rhythm regulator RpaA. Subsequent analyses revealed that RpaA decreases the electron transport from photosystem I to NADPH. The change in electron transport likely inhibits H2O2 generation under high‐temperature conditions and contributes to the observed PTRG upshift in rpaA‐deficient cells. The importance of the effects of the circadian rhythm regulator on the PTRG is discussed.
Enhanced binding of the N501Y‐mutated SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein to the human ACE2 receptor: insights from molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Luan Binquan , Wang Haoran , Huynh Tien
Published: March 2021

Recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) variants (B.1.1.7 and B.1351) have emerged harbouring mutations that make them highly contagious. The N501Y mutation within the receptor‐binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein of these SARS‐CoV‐2 variants may enhance binding to the human angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (hACE2). However, no molecular explanation for such an enhanced affinity has so far been provided. Here, using all‐atom molecular dynamics simulations, we show that Y501 in the mutated RBD can be well‐coordinated by Y41 and K353 in hACE2 through hydrophobic interactions, which may increase the overall binding affinity of the RBD for hACE2 by approximately 0.81 kcal·mol−1. The binding dynamics revealed in our study may provide a working model to facilitate the design of more effective antibodies.
Dapagliflozin reverses the imbalance of T helper 17 and T regulatory cells by inhibiting SGK1 in a mouse model of diabetic kidney disease
Authors: Wang Dan , Zhang Zikun , Si Zekun , Yang Yanlin , Li Shuangshuang , Xue Yaoming
Published: March 2021

An imbalance between T helper 17 (Th17) and T regulatory (Treg) cell subsets contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms that cause this imbalance are unknown. Serum/glucocorticoid‐regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) has been suggested to affect Th17 polarization in a salt‐dependent manner, and sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have been demonstrated to regulate sodium‐mediated transportation in the renal tubules. This study aimed to evaluate the potential benefits of dapagliflozin (Dap) on DKD, as well as its influence on shifting renal T‐cell polarization and related cytokine secretion. We treated male db/db mice with Dap or voglibose (Vog) and measured blood and kidney levels of Th17 and Treg cells using flow cytometry. We found that Th17 cells were significantly increased, while Treg cells were significantly decreased in diabetic mice. Moreover, Dap suppressed the polarization of Th17/Treg cells by inhibiting SGK1 in diabetic kidneys, and this was accompanied by attenuation of albuminuria and tubulointerstitial fibrosis independent of glycemic control. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the imbalance of Th17/Treg cells plays an important role in the progression of DKD. Moreover, Dap protects against DKD by inhibiting SGK1 and reversing the T‐cell imbalance.
Internalizing and externalizing symptoms and aggression and violence in men and women
Authors: Mendez Beatriz , Bozzay Melanie , Verona Edelyn
Published: March 2021

Literature linking aggressive behavior across internalizing and externalizing disorders support the co‐occurrence of aggression and various mental health diagnoses. However, research has yet to examine relationships between aggression and dimensional psychopathology models that cut across diagnostic boundaries (e.g., internalizing, externalizing composites) and capture shared liability across common disorders. The role of gender has also been largely ignored in prior work, despite evidence that men and women manifest psychopathology differently. The present study examined cross‐sectional and longitudinal relationships between psychopathology composites (i.e., Internalizing, Externalizing) and different manifestations of physical aggression (i.e., aggressive traits, general violence, physical intimate partner violence, and self‐directed aggression), as well as moderation by gender. Internalizing (INT) and Externalizing (EXT) lifetime symptoms and various physically aggressive behaviors were assessed at baseline and at 6 months and 1 year follow up in a sample of 319 adults with violence and/or substance use histories. Cross‐sectional results showed that INT was associated with all forms of aggression, and women showed stronger relationships between INT and both physical intimate partner violence (IPV) and self‐directed aggression. EXT was specifically linked to general violence, and a stronger relationship between EXT and self‐directed aggression emerged in men compared to women. Longitudinal relationships were mostly small and nonsignificant. Results support the co‐occurrence of aggression with distinct forms of psychopathology, as well as gender‐dependent relationships, but do not support the predictive validity of symptom composites in aggression risk. Findings implicate the need for aggression interventions tailored within gender.
One‐Pot Synthesis of 3‐Halo‐2‐organochalcogenylbenzo[b]chalcogenophenes from 1‐(2,2‐Dibromovinyl)‐2‐organochalcogenylbenzenes
Authors: Luz Eduardo Q. , Silvério Gabriel L. , Seckler Diego , Lima David B. , Santana Francielli S. , Barbosa Ronilson V. , Montes D'Oca Caroline R. , Rampon Daniel S.
Published: March 2021

A transition‐metal‐free one‐pot synthesis of 3‐halo‐2‐organochalcogenylbenzo[b]chalcogenophenes has been developed using 1‐(2‐organochalcogenylethynyl)‐2‐butylchalcogenylbenzenes generated in situ from 1‐(2,2‐dibromovinyl)‐2‐organochalcogenylbenzenes and diorganoyl dichalcogenides. By this method, several 2,3‐disubstituted benzo[b]chalcogenophenes were prepared in yields of 48–93%. The mechanistic investigation suggests that the formation of chalcogenoacetylenes containing an adjacent chalcogen atom in the first step of this one‐pot procedure involves acetylide anions formed from 1‐(2,2‐dibromovinyl)‐2‐organochalcogenylbenzenes and mild bases.

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Ultrafine TiO2 Nanoparticle Supported Nitrogen‐Rich Graphitic Porous Carbon as an Efficient Anode Material for Potassium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Dubal Deepak P. , Schneemann Andreas , Ranc Václav , Kment Štěpán , Tomanec Ondrej , Petr Martin , Kmentova Hana , Otyepka Michal , Zbořil Radek , Fischer Roland A. , Jayaramulu Kolleboyina
Published: March 2021

Potassium‐ion batteries (KIBs) have attracted enormous attention as a next‐generation energy storage system due to their low cost, fast ionic conductivity within electrolytes, and high operating voltage. However, developing suitable electrode materials to guarantee high‐energy output and structural stability to ensure long cycling performance remains a critical challenge. Herein, anatase TiO2 nanoparticles are encapsulated in nitrogen‐rich graphitic carbon (TiO2@NGC) with hierarchical pores and high surface area (250 m2 g−1) using the Ti‐based metal–organic framework NH2‐MIL‐125 (Ti8O8(OH)4(NH2‐bdc)6 with NH2‐bdc2− = 2‐amino‐1,4‐benzenedicarboxylate) as a sacrificial template. Serving as the anode material in a K‐ion half‐cell, TiO2@NGC delivers a high capacity of 228 mA h g−1 with remarkable cycling performance (negligible loss over 2000 cycles with more than 98% Coulombic efficiency). The charge‐storing mechanism is underpinned using ex situ characterization techniques such as ex situ X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. It is revealed that the original TiO2 phase gets transformed to the anorthic Ti7O13 and monoclinic K2Ti4O9 phase after the first charge/discharge cycle, which further initiates the charge storage process via the conversion reactions.
Winter cereal rye cover crop decreased nitrous oxide emissions during early spring
Authors: Reicks Graig W. , Clay David E. , Clay Sharon A. , Joshi Deepak R. , Moriles‐Miller Janet , Westhoff Shaina , Daigh Aaron Lee M. , Bruggeman Stephanie A.
Published: March 2021

Despite differences between the cover crop growth and decomposition phases, few greenhouse gas (GHG) studies have separated these phases from each other. This study's hypothesis was that a living cover crop reduces soil inorganic N concentrations and soil water, thereby reducing N2O emissions. We quantified the effects of a fall‐planted living cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop (2017, 2018, 2019) on the following spring's soil temperature, soil water, water‐filled porosity (WFP), inorganic N, and GHG (N2O‐N and CO2–C) emissions and compared these measurements to bare soil. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, where years were treated as blocks. Rye was fall planted in 2017, 2018, and 2019, but mostly emerged the following spring. The GHG emissions were near‐continuously measured from early spring through June. Rye biomass was 1,049, 428, and 2,647 kg ha–1 in 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. Compared to the bare soil, rye reduced WFP in the surface 5 cm by 29, 15, and 26% in 2018, 2019, and 2020 and reduced soil NO3–N in surface 30 cm by 53% in 2019 (p = .04) and 65% in 2020 (p = .07), respectively. Rye changed the N2O and CO2 frequency emission signatures. It also reduced N2O emissions by 66% but did not influence CO2–C emissions during the period prior to corn (Zea mays L.) emergence (VE). After VE, rye and bare soils N2O emissions were similar. These results suggest that nitrous oxide (N2O‐N) sampling protocols must account for early season impacts of the living cover.
Specialty clinics for adults with Down syndrome: A clinic survey
Authors: Santoro Stephanie L. , Campbell Ashlee , Balasubramanian Archana , Haugen Kelsey , Schafer Kimberly , Mobley William
Published: March 2021

Specialty centers improve care for patients with Down syndrome. The cohort of adults with Down syndrome is increasing, but the capacity for specialty centers to meet their medical care needs is unknown. Electronic survey of staff of specialty clinics for adults with Down syndrome was conducted. Review of online clinic listings, and calculation of the number of adults with Down syndrome were performed. Analysis identified the percent of adults with Down syndrome who could have their medical care needs met in a current specialty clinic. Fourteen specialty clinics report providing care for 4038 adults with Down syndrome. Respondents reported gaps in care including: limitations of existing clinics, need for additional clinics, and knowledgeable health professionals in Down syndrome. Survey‐respondent clinic capacity would meet needs of 3% of adults with Down syndrome. Twenty‐five clinics for adults with Down syndrome were listed online with capacity to care for 6517 adults with Down syndrome meeting the needs of 5% of the population. Additional clinic capacity is needed to meet the needs of adults with Down syndrome. Survey of existing clinics provides guidance to create additional clinics, including: must‐have team members, current sources of clinic financial support, and gaps in current clinical care.
Development of a Novel Three‐step Sonogashira Cross Coupling/Deacetonation/Cycloaddition Protocol for the Synthesis of 4‐aryl‐1,2,3‐triazoles Using 2‐methyl‐3‐butyn‐2‐ol as a Versatile Acetylene Surrogate
Authors: da Silva Everton M. , de Albuquerque Danilo Yano , Zukerman‐Schpector Julio , Schwab Ricardo S.
Published: March 2021

A practical, and efficient microwave‐assisted, three‐step Sonogashira cross‐coupling/Deacetonation/Cycloaddition sequence has been developed for the synthesis of a variety of 4‐aryl‐1,2,3‐triazoles from readily available starting materials. The important features of this synthetic sequence include the use of inexpensive 2‐methyl‐3‐butyn‐2‐ol as an acetylene surrogate, 2‐Me‐THF as a bio‐based solvent, short reaction time, good yields, avoiding the isolation of volatile terminal alkynes.
Selective Functionalization of Norbornadiene Through Nitrile Oxide Cycloaddition/Ring‐Opening/Cross‐Metathesis Protocols
Authors: Benke Zsanett , Remete Attila M. , Semghouli Anas , Kiss Loránd
Published: March 2021

This work describes a study on the selective functionalization of norbornadiene across nitrile oxide 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition/ring‐opening (ROM)/cross‐metathesis (CM) protocols. Readily available norbornadiene was transformed into novel bicyclic scaffolds with multiple chiral centers. The described syntheses involved selective cycloadditions followed by ring‐opening metathesis of the resulting cycloalkane‐fused isoxazoline derivatives, and selective cross‐metathesis by chemodiscrimination of the C=C bonds of the resulting alkenylated heterocycles. The cross‐metathesis transformations have been studied under various experimental conditions with the aim of exploring the substrate influence and chemodifferentiation of the olefin bonds providing the corresponding functionalized isoxazoline derivatives.
Responsiveness and convergent validity of the chronic rhinosinusitis patient‐reported outcome (CRS‐PRO) measure in CRS patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Lin Katherine A. , Price Caroline P.E. , Huang Julia H. , Ghadersohi Saied , Cella David , Kern Robert C. , Conley David B. , Shintani‐Smith Stephanie , Welch Kevin C. , Tan Bruce K.
Published: March 2021

Background

The chronic rhinosinusitis patient‐reported outcome (CRS‐PRO) measure is a 12‐item measure with previously demonstrated validity in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients receiving medical therapy. This study establishes the factor structure, responsiveness, and convergent validity of the CRS‐PRO following endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS).

Methods

Northwestern CRS Subject Registry patients had pre‐ESS, 3‐month (n = 111; CRS without nasal polyps [CRSsNP] = 60, CRS with nasal polyps [CRSwNP] = 51), and 6‐month (n = 86; CRSsNP = 47, CRSwNP = 39) post‐ESS assessments where patients completed the CRS‐PRO, 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22), and four Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement (PROM) Information System (PROMIS) short forms (general health measures). Patients had pre‐ESS objective testing (endoscopic and radiographic assessment). Factor analysis was conducted using principal axis factoring with varimax rotation on the baseline CRS‐PRO. The clinically important difference (CID) was estimated using both distribution‐based and anchor‐based methods.

Results

Factor analysis found the CRS‐PRO comprised the “rhino‐psychologic,” “facial discomfort,” and “cough” factors, which were responsive to ESS and correlated with the other PROMs. The changes observed in the CRS‐PRO at 3 months had strong correlation with the corresponding changes in SNOT‐22 (r = 0.792, p < 0.0001) and moderate correlations with changes in PROMIS fatigue and sleep domains. These changes had a very large effect size (Cohen's d 1.44) comparable to the longer SNOT‐22 (Cohen's d 1.41) with slightly larger effect sizes observed in CRSwNP compared to CRSsNP patients. Similar convergent validity and responsiveness were observed in the 6‐month data. The CRS‐PRO CID was estimated to be between 5.0 and 7.5 (midpoint 6.0) using distribution‐based and anchor‐based methods.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates the validity and responsiveness of the CRS‐PRO in subjects receiving ESS.
Systemic corticosteroids in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19)‐related smell dysfunction: an international view
Authors: Huart Caroline , Philpott Carl M. , Altundag Aytug , Fjaeldstad Alexander W. , Frasnelli Johannes , Gane Simon , Hsieh Julien W. , Holbrook Eric H. , Konstantinidis Iordanis , Landis Basile N. , Macchi Alberto , Mueller Christian A. , Negoias Simona , Pinto Jayant M. , Poletti Sophia C. , Ramakrishnan Vijay R. , Rombaux Philippe , Vodicka Jan , Welge‐Lüessen Antje , Whitcroft Katherine L. , Hummel Thomas
Published: March 2021

The frequent association between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) and olfactory dysfunction is creating an unprecedented demand for a treatment of the olfactory loss. Systemic corticosteroids have been considered as a therapeutic option. However, based on current literature, we call for caution using these treatments in early COVID‐19–related olfactory dysfunction because: (1) evidence supporting their usefulness is weak; (2) the rate of spontaneous recovery of COVID‐19–related olfactory dysfunction is high; and (3) corticosteroids have well‐known potential adverse effects. We encourage randomized placebo‐controlled trials investigating the efficacy of systemic steroids in this indication and strongly emphasize to initially consider smell training, which is supported by a robust evidence base and has no known side effects.
Advances on Nanomedicines for Diagnosis and Theranostics of Hepatic Fibrosis
Authors: Dai Xinghang , Zeng Yujun , Zhang Hu , Gu Zhongwei , Gong Qiyong , Luo Kui
Published: March 2021

Hepatic fibrosis is induced by chronic hepatic injuries before it turns into hepatic cirrhosis/carcinoma. It is characterized by the formation of collagen and other extracellular matrices around damaged hepatic tissues; consequently, the normal architecture of liver would be disrupted and its function impaired. Diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis, especially at the early stage, is crucial because most fibrotic changes are reversible during the hepatic fibrosis stage. However, early and more accurate diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis still remains a great challenge. With their promising structural adjustability and targeting ability, nanomedicines have recently been introduced to improve diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis. By targeting fibrogenic cells, receptors, and extracellular matrix components, these nanomedicines can achieve detection of hepatic tissues with high sensitivity and specificity at the early stage. The use of nanomedicines can also enable theranostics of this chronic hepatic disease. This review aims to present an overview of recent advances of nanomedicines in diagnosis and theranostics of hepatic fibrosis.
Tailoring a Dynamic Metal–Polymer Interaction to Improve Catalyst Selectivity and Longevity in Hydrogenation
Authors: Hyun Kyunglim , Park Younghwan , Lee Songhyun , Lee Jueun , Choi Yeonwoo , Shin Seung‐Jae , Kim Hyungjun , Choi Minkee
Published: March 2021

Controlling metal–support interactions is important for tuning the catalytic properties of supported metal catalysts. Here, premade Pd particles are supported on stable polymers containing different ligating functionalities to control the metal–polymer interactions and their catalytic properties in industrially relevant acetylene partial hydrogenation. The polymers containing strongly ligating groups (e.g., Ar‐SH and Ar‐S‐Ar) can form a polymer overlayer on the Pd surface, which enables selective acetylene adsorption and partial hydrogenation to ethylene without deactivation. In contrast, polymers with weakly ligating groups (e.g., Ar‐O‐Ar) do not form an overlayer, resulting in non‐selective hydrogenation and fast deactivation, similar to Pd catalysts on conventional inorganic supports. The results imply that tuning the metal–polymer interactions via rational polymer design can provide an efficient way of synthesizing selective and stable catalysts for hydrogenation.
Mechanochemische Freisetzung nichtkovalent gebundener Gäste aus einem mit Polymerketten dekorierten supramolekularen Käfig
Authors: Küng Robin , Pausch Tobias , Rasch Dustin , Göstl Robert , Schmidt Bernd M.
Published: March 2021

Supramolekulare Koordinationskäfige zeigen ein breites Spektrum an nützlichen Eigenschaften, wie zum Beispiel komplexe maschinenartige Operationen, Katalyse in deren nanoskopischen Hohlräumen und umfangreiche Wirt‐Gast‐Chemie. Hier berichten wir über die Aufnahme und Freisetzung von nichtkovalent verkapselter, pharmazeutischer Fracht aus einem oktaedrischen Pd‐Käfig, welcher an jedem Vertex Polymerketten trägt. Sechs Poly(ethylenglykol)‐dekorierte Bipyridinliganden werden verwendet, um einen oktaedrischen PdII6(TPT)4‐Käfig zu bilden. Der entstandene supramolekulare Wirt verkapselt Progesteron und Ibuprofen in seiner hydrophoben Nanokavität. Der Käfig wird mittels Scherkräfte aktiviert, die durch Ultraschall in wässriger Lösung erzeugt werden und zu einer vollständigen Freisetzung der Fracht bei Bindungsbruch führen, wie NMR‐ und GPC‐Analysen zeigen.
Durch sichtbares Licht vermittelte Cycloadditionen von α‐Ketoacylsilanen mit Iminen: Einfache Synthese von β‐Lactamen
Authors: Ye Jian‐Heng , Bellotti Peter , Paulisch Tiffany O. , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Glorius Frank
Published: March 2021

Wir berichten über die Synthese von β‐Lactamen aus α‐Ketoacylsilanen und Iminen, die über eine formale photochemische [2+2]‐Cycloaddition unter in situ‐Generierung von Siloxyketenen erfolgt. Diese milde und operativ einfache Reaktion verläuft atomökonomisch mit einem breiten Substratspektrum, einschließlich Aldiminen, Ketiminen, Hydrazonen und kondensierten Stickstoff‐Heterocyclen, und liefert eine Vielzahl wichtiger β‐Lactame mit zumeist guten Diastereoselektivitäten. Diese Reaktion zeichnet sich auch durch eine hohe Toleranz funktioneller Gruppen, einfache Skalierbarkeit und Produktdiversifizierung aus. Experimentelle und quantenchemische Studien legen nahe, dass α‐Ketoacylsilane als Vorstufen von Siloxyketenen dienen können, die unter photochemischen Bedingungen eine [1,3]‐Siliciumverschiebung durchlaufen.
Advances in anatomical visualization on the head and neck through robotic surgery: A Brazilian perspective
Authors: Dias Fernando L.
Published: March 2021

Trans Oral Robotic Surgery (TORS) is an emerging technique that provides several benefits over existing treatment regimens for head and neck cancer, including smaller incisions, less bleeding, shorter term inpatient hospitalization, and reduced intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay. TORS allows a high resolution, magnified, three‐dimensional wide view of the surgical field through an endoscope, avoiding large external cervical incisions and split‐lip mandibulotomy, usually required in cancer surgeries of the oropharynx. The anatomy of the Oropharynx viewed from the perspective of the robotic surgeon is different from the anatomy taught in medical schools and residence/fellowship programs, which is more directly related to emergency procedures, open field surgery, and imaging exams. Developing an understanding of the anatomic relationships and landmarks from the “inside out” perspective is critical for any surgeon willing to perform surgical procedures through a transoral robotic approach. Here we address the major anatomic landmarks and structures in head and neck robotic surgeries and advantages and disadvantages of this approach. We emphasize the importance of imaging for successful outcomes, pointing out important anatomic landmarks considered as blind spots for surgeons in clinical and endoscopic evaluations. We also describe the Brazilian current scenario and future perspectives of Robotic Surgery in terms of training and access to this technique, including institutions that currently offer this service in the different regions of Brazil.
American College of Rheumatology Guidance for COVID‐19 Vaccination in Patients With Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases: Version 1
Authors: Curtis Jeffrey R. , Johnson Sindhu R. , Anthony Donald D. , Arasaratnam Reuben J. , Baden Lindsey R. , Bass Anne R. , Calabrese Cassandra , Gravallese Ellen M. , Harpaz Rafael , Sadun Rebecca E. , Turner Amy S. , Williams Eleanor Anderson , Mikuls Ted R.
Published: March 2021

Objective

To provide guidance to rheumatology providers on the use of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) vaccines for patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs).

Methods

A task force was assembled that included 9 rheumatologists/immunologists, 2 infectious disease specialists, and 2 public health physicians. After agreeing on scoping questions, an evidence report was created that summarized the published literature and publicly available data regarding COVID‐19 vaccine efficacy and safety, as well as literature for other vaccines in RMD patients. Task force members rated their agreement with draft consensus statements on a 9‐point numerical scoring system, using a modified Delphi process and the RAND/University of California Los Angeles Appropriateness Method, with refinement and iteration over 2 sessions. Consensus was determined based on the distribution of ratings.

Results

Despite a paucity of direct evidence, 74 draft guidance statements were developed by the task force and agreed upon with consensus to provide guidance for use of the COVID‐19 vaccines in RMD patients and to offer recommendations regarding the use and timing of immunomodulatory therapies around the time of vaccination.

Conclusion

These guidance statements, made in the context of limited clinical data, are intended to provide direction to rheumatology health care providers on how to best use COVID‐19 vaccines and to facilitate implementation of vaccination strategies for RMD patients.
Supervised Machine Learning‐Based Classification of Li−S Battery Electrolytes
Authors: Jeschke Steffen , Johansson Patrik
Published: March 2021

Machine learning (ML) approaches have the potential to create a paradigm shift in science, especially for multi‐variable problems at different levels. Modern battery R&D is an area intrinsically dependent on proper understanding of many different molecular level phenomena and processes alongside evaluation of application level performance: energy, power, efficiency, life‐length, etc. One very promising battery technology is Li−S batteries, but the polysulfide solubility in the electrolyte must be managed. Today, many different electrolyte compositions and concepts are evaluated, but often in a more or less trial‐and‐error fashion. Herein, we show how supervised ML can be applied to accurately classify different Li−S battery electrolytes a priori based on predicting polysulfide solubility. The developed framework is a combined density functional theory (DFT) and statistical mechanics (COSMO‐RS) based quantitative structure‐property relationship (QSPR) model which easily can be extended to other battery technologies and electrolyte properties.
Consider strategies for challenges of budget cuts, public perception
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: March 2021

The Campus Security Report Advisory Board spoke, via Zoom meeting, about some of the major challenges facing college campuses today, including financial challenges related to a post‐COVID‐19 world, maintaining close community ties despite calls for police defunding, and more.
Electrophotocatalytic C−H Azolation of Arenes
Authors: Hou Zhong‐Wei , Xu Hai‐Chao
Published: March 2021

An electrophotocatalytic method has been developed for the dehydrogenative cross coupling of arenes with azoles employing a bicatalytic system consisting of acridinium dye and (2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐yl)oxyl (TEMPO). The reactions are conducted in a simple undivided cell with visible‐light irradiation and requires no external chemical oxidant.
Investigating the morphological and chemical characteristics of surviving neo‐rococo wall paintings in Egypt
Authors: Refaat Fatma , Marey Mahmoud Hussein , Brania Atef
Published: March 2021

Cairo's 19th‐century buildings with historic and cultural importance are decorated with a prosperous coloring palette. In the present work, samples of pictorial layers and gilded surfaces from El‐Gawhara Palace, the Great mosque of Muhammad Ali Pasha, and the Palace of Shubra were studied. Since there is a research gap concerning the painting materials in those monuments, the present study aims to characterize the pictorial surfaces in the studied buildings and to compare the results with other paintings from the same period. The material characterization included microscopic examination via an optical digital microscope. The surface morphology, microstructure, and the elemental identification were accomplished using a field‐emission scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray micro‐analyzer. In addition, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer was used to confirm some findings. The results allowed a sufficient understanding of the paint layers and their chemical nature. The analytical methods revealed ultramarine blue (Na7Al6Si6O24S3) as the blue coloring material in the studied buildings. Further, an obvious discoloration in the blue paint layer from El‐Gawhara Palace was reported. Green earth was identified in the great mosque of Muhammad Ali Pasha and in Shubra Palace. Lead (II) oxide (massicot, PbO) was used for the yellow color in Shubra Palace and a mixture of lampblack and magnetite (Fe3O4) was possibly used for the black color in El‐Gawhara Palace. For the gilding technique in Shubra Palace, mechanically adhered gold‐silver leaves were preferred.