bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effects of sound conditioning on gentamicin‐induced vestibulocochlear toxicity in gerbils
Authors: Suryadevara Amar C. , Wanamaker Hayes H. , Pack Adam
Published: March 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Recent studies in animal models have shown via physiologic and histologic measures that the administration of exogenous antioxidants is protective against gentamicin‐induced oto‐vestibulo toxicity. In addition, studies have also shown that sound conditioning increases cochlear antioxidants. The objective of this study is to determine whether sound conditioning provides protection against gentamicin in the cochlear and/or vestibular system.

Study Design:

Prospective animal study.

Methods:

Three‐month‐old gerbils were divided into three groups (A, B, and C). The gerbils in group A were sound conditioned only (n = 2). In group B, the animals received gentamicin on the round window (n = 2). The gerbils in group C were sound conditioned first and later received gentamicin to the round window (n = 2). The animals were ultimately sacrificed and their right cochlea and posterior crista ampullaris were removed, processed, and sectioned. The specimens were analyzed for inner hair cell (IHC) and outer hair cell (OHC) loss and vestibular supporting and sensory hair cell nuclei per micrometer of vestibular epithelium.

Results:

The sound‐conditioned group (A) had no loss of cochlear hair cells. The gerbils treated with gentamicin only (B) had a 34% decrease of OHCs and 49% decrease of IHCs. The sound‐conditioned plus gentamicin‐treated group (C) had a 5.5% decrease in OHCs and 12% decrease in IHCs. There were no significant differences with regards to supporting cell nuclei within the posterior crista across all groups. When compared to group A, the gerbils in groups B and C did have a 23 to 42% decrease in the number of sensory cell nuclei per micrometer of vestibular epithelium.

Conclusions:

Sound conditioning does appear to attenuate the effects of gentamicin in the cochlea, although not significantly altering its vestibulotoxicity. An upregulation of cochlear‐specific antioxidants is believed to be an important factor. As we had a small sample size, we can only note trends in the data, but future studies with more animals and measurements of antioxidant levels after sound conditioning would be useful to quantify this effect and determine if it can be exploited clinically. Laryngoscope, 2009
Pharyngeal morphology: A determinant of successful nasal surgery for sleep apnea
Authors: Morinaga Mami , Nakata Seiichi , Yasuma Fumihiko , Noda Akiko , Yagi Hidehito , Tagaya Mitsuhiko , Sugiura Makoto , Teranishi Masaaki , Nakashima Tsutomu
Published: March 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To estimate the effectiveness of nasal surgery on the occurrence of sleep apnea, and to analyze the pharyngeal morphology of apnea patients whose sleep‐disordered breathing was ameliorated postoperatively.

Study Design:

Prospective study.

Methods:

Thirty‐five consecutive patients with apnea and nasal obstruction underwent polysomnography and a morphological examination of the upper airway before and after nasal surgery, which included septoplasty, inferior turbinectomy, and/or functional endoscopic sinus surgery.

Results:

Sleep apnea was significantly ameliorated in only eight patients. The postoperative reduction in the apnea‐hypopnea index tended to be lower in those with a low‐positioned soft palate, reflected in an elevated modified Mallampati score, and a narrow retroglossal space. Neither swollen tonsils nor narrow fauces affected the surgical outcome. Regression analysis showed that the modified Mallampati score (P < .05) and the retroglossal space (P < .05) were significant predictors of postoperative improvement in the apnea‐hypopnea index.

Conclusions:

Among sleep apnea patients suffering from nasal obstruction, nasal surgery is effective in those with a high‐positioned soft palate and/or a wide retroglossal space. Laryngoscope, 2009
Diagnostic delay and disease stage in head and neck cancer: A systematic review
Authors: Goy Jennifer , Hall Stephen F. , Feldman‐Stewart Deb , Groome Patti A.
Published: March 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

The objective of this study was to examine the evidence for an association between patient and/or provider‐related diagnostic delay and late stage at diagnosis.

Study Design:

We identified all English language published studies worldwide and present a summary of the direction and magnitudes of the associations observed. We consider the role of study population characteristics and symptom variation across the head and neck cancer sites on the delay‐stage association.

Results:

The 27 eligible studies reviewed varied considerably in the cancer types grouped by analysis, types of delay, and measurement of delay. The relationship between diagnostic delay and stage at diagnosis varied in direction and magnitude, with no consistent positive association in any of the head and neck cancer sites.

Conclusions:

Possible explanations for the lack of an observed relationship between patient delay and stage include: inaccurate measurement of delay, lack of sensitivity of disease stage to delay‐related disease progression, and variation in tumor aggressiveness, which could lead to variation in symptom progression rates. We call for better evidence about the relationship between diagnostic delay and disease progression and/or disease outcomes. If demonstrated and validated, such associations would provide a much stronger argument than description of delay alone for education programs around symptom recognition and for more active screening of high‐risk individuals. Laryngoscope, 2009
Effects of systemic transplantation of adipose tissue‐derived stem cells on olfactory epithelium regeneration
Authors: Kim Yong Min , Choi Young Seok , Choi Jin Woong , Park Yong Ho , Koo Bon Seok , Roh Hwan‐Jung , Rha Ki‐Sang
Published: March 2009

Objective/Hypothesis:

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of intravenous adipose tissue‐derived stem cell (ADSC) transplantation on olfactory epithelium regeneration following transection of the olfactory nerve in rats.

Study Design:

This was a experimental study using primary cultures of mesenchymal stem cells derived from animal adipose tissue with histological analysis of animal olfactory tissue.

Methods:

All rats underwent unilateral transection of the olfactory nerve to induce degeneration of olfactory epithelium, and then were observed for regeneration according to time sequences. ADSCs were cultivated from neck adipose tissue of rats, and systemically injected into the experimental group. The control group was injected with phosphate buffered solution, instead of ADSCs. After 30 days, regeneration of olfactory epithelium was observed with olfactory marker protein (OMP) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. To observe the characteristics of the transplanted ADSCs, olfactory epithelium was stained with von Willebrant factor and OMP.

Results:

After olfactory nerve transection, mature olfactory cells disappeared in 5 days, but gradually regained their thickness with increased cell numbers at approximately 10 to 15 days. By 30 days post‐transection, the thickness and cellular composition of epithelium was almost restored to baseline levels pretransection. However, OMP expressions remained decreased compared with day 0 or 3. Systemically injected ADSCs were transplanted into the olfactory epithelium and survived beyond 4 weeks. The ADSCs promoted regeneration of olfactory epithelium in the animal model and differentiated into olfactory receptor neurons and endothelial cells.

Conclusions:

Our findings suggest the feasibility of ADSC transplantation as a treatment for head trauma‐related olfactory dysfunction. Laryngoscope, 2009
Nano Si3N4 composites with improved tribological properties
Authors: Schulz Ingrid , Herrmann Mathias , Endler Ingolf , Zalite Ilmars , Speisser Bruno , Kreusser Johannes
Published: March 2009

Nano Si3N4 composites with tailored microstructure were developed using fine ß‐Si3N4 powders. Their wear behaviour was investigated. Whereas pure Si3N4 composites showed improved wear behaviour under dry rolling conditions with slip, TiN‐reinforced nano Si3N4 composites generate a self‐lubricating behaviour under dry sliding conditions. After chemical treatment with hydrogen sulphide, the friction coefficient and wear rate was found to be significantly decreased under dry sliding conditions. Additionally, the new composites possess higher fracture toughness than the pure nano Si3N4 materials. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Head and neck reconstruction with the deep inferior epigastric perforator flap: A report of two cases
Authors: Yano Tomoyuki , Sakuraba Minoru , Asano Takayuki , Sarukawa Syunji
Published: March 2009

Rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (RAMC) free flaps are preferred for head and neck reconstruction because of the abundant blood supply to the rectus abdominis musculocutaneous. In contrast, the indications for deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) free flaps in head and neck reconstruction are limited. In this report, two cases of oral cavity reconstruction with DIEP free flaps are described. In both cases, the defect was reconstructed with a DIEP free flap because it could avoid functional damage to the donor site. Successful reconstruction with a two skin‐island method was performed in both patients. Furthermore, donor site morbidity was minimal in both patients. When a DIEP free flap is used for head and neck reconstruction, elimination of dead space is the most difficult problem, because a DIEP free flap does not contain well‐vascularized muscle tissue. We compensate for this disadvantage with a flap designed to include a de‐epithelialized skin flap. Although this technique is not always the first choice for head and neck reconstruction, it is suitable for patients who wish to avoid donor site morbidity. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2009.
Free latissimus dorsi flap with long venous grafts for closure of a soft tissue defect of the spine in a patient with Noonan's syndrome: A case report
Authors: Sinis Nektarios , Lanaras Tatjana Ismini , Kraus Armin , Werdin Frank , Schaller Hans‐Eberhard , Peek Alberto
Published: March 2009

A 23‐year‐old male patient was operated for a soft tissue defect of the spine using a free musculocutaneous latissimus dorsi flap with two 21‐cm long venous grafts connecting the flap to its vascular supply at the thoracodorsal vessels. This young patient suffered from Noonan's Syndrome that is a complex hereditary malformation syndrome with clinical features often leading to spinal deformities and gibbus development. The defect originated from a former internal vertebral fixation that was necessary for erective correction of such a spinal deformity. After perforation of the introduced material and debridement the defect was 4 × 8 cm in size, which was successfully closed by the free latissimus dorsi transfer. However, two venous grafts were necessary because the extension of the pedicled muscle was not sufficient to reach the defect. This is the first case in literature where a free flap was used with two venous grafts to close a soft tissue defect of the spine in the special case of a vertebral deformity based on a Noonan's Syndrome. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2009.
Technique and proof of patency of microsurgical lympho‐lymphonodular anastomoses: A study in the rat model
Authors: Wallmichrath Jens , Baumeister Ruediger G. H. , Deglmann Claus J. , Greiner Axel , Heim Sibylle , Frick Andreas
Published: March 2009

Background: Lymphedemas due to local lymphatic blocks can be treated by microsurgical transplantation or transposition of lymphatic vessels. Here, the anastomoses are usually made end‐to‐end between lymphatics, but occasionally appropriate lymphatic recipient vessels are missing. In such cases, reconstructing lymph drainage by connection to a lymph node could be another technical option. The purpose of this study was to examine the patency rate of such lympho‐lymphonodular anastomoses in an experimental animal model. Methods: Male Sprague–Dawley rats were anesthetized, and the retroperitoneum was exposed. Patent blue dye was injected into the left foot to stain lymphatic structures. In group A (n = 8), the left lumbar trunk was cut centrally, the distal part was turned over to the right lumbar lymph node, and a microsurgical lympho‐lymphonodular anastomosis was performed. In group B (n = 8), the left lumbar trunk was cut. After 8 weeks, the lumbar region was surgically re‐explored, and the lymphatic drainage was examined by injection of Patent blue dye into the left lumbar lymph node. Results: In 8/8 animals of group A, patent transposed lymphatics were found. The patency of the anastomosis was proven directly by observation of blue dye transit and indirectly by observation of blue staining of the right lumbar lymph node. In 6/8 animals of group B, no lymphatic connection to the right lumbar lymphatic system was observed. Conclusions: This is the first report of the microsurgical technique and the proof of patency of lympho‐lymphonodular anastomoses. The novel animal model for testing the patency of transposed lymphatics is discussed. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2009.
Aesthetic restoration of Poland's syndrome in a male patient using free anterolateral thigh perforator flap as autologous filler
Authors: Gravvanis Andreas , Lo Steven , Shirley Rebecca
Published: March 2009

We report a case of a male patient with Poland's anomaly who was reconstructed with a free anterolateral thigh perforator flap. The flap was used successfully as an autologous filler to recreate the anterior axillary line and correct the chest contour deformity. The use of the free anterolateral thigh perforator flap is an excellent choice as an autologous filler to correct mild and moderate deformity in male Poland's syndrome, carrying low morbidity and leaving both minimal scarring and functional sequelae. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2009.
The “limited rectus sheath incisions” technique for DIEP flaps using preoperative CT angiography
Authors: Rozen Warren M. , Ashton M. W.
Published: March 2009

The abdominal wall donor site has become popularized for autologous breast reconstruction, with low donor site morbidity one of its key attributes. Further improvements in donor site outcomes have been facilitated through muscle sparing techniques, such as the use of the deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEA) perforator (DIEP) flap, and the use of modifications to closing the rectus sheath following muscular dissection, such as the use of endoscopic techniques and the use of mesh. We describe a new and unique method for potentially minimizing donor site damage during DIEP flap harvest: the “limited rectus sheath incisions” technique. This approach is only possible in select cases, the choice of which can be aided with the use of preoperative computed tomography angiography (CTA). In select patients, there may be an extended segment of DIEA that does not give any musculocutaneous perforators, and thus does not require open exposure. In such cases, limited incision to the rectus sheath may be made: one to access the periumbilical perforators and a separate incision to access the pedicle near its origin on the external iliac artery. This incision may then be made in a muscle‐splitting fashion, in the line of external oblique fibers. This approach may reduce damage to the anterior rectus sheath, and may contribute to improving donor site morbidity. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2009.
Lean and obese Zucker rats exhibit different patterns of p70s6 kinase regulation in the tibialis anterior muscle in response to high‐force muscle contraction
Authors: Katta Anjaiah , Karkala Sunil K. , Wu Miaozong , Meduru Sarath , Desai Devashish H. , Rice Kevin M. , Blough Eric R.
Published: March 2009

Increased phosphorylation of the 70‐kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (p70S6k) signaling is strongly correlated with the degree of muscle adaptation following exercise. Herein we compare the phosphorylation of p70S6k, Akt, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscles of lean and obese Zucker rats following a bout of eccentric exercise. Exercise increased p70S6k (Thr389) phosphorylation immediately after (33.3 ± 7.2%) and during [1 h (24.0 ± 14.9%) and 3 h (24.6 ± 11.3%)] recovery in the lean TA and at 3 h (33.5 ± 8.0%) in the obese TA Zucker rats. mTOR (Ser2448) phosphorylation was elevated in the lean TA immediately after exercise (96.5 ± 40.3%) but remained unaltered in the obese TA. Exercise increased Akt (Thr308) and Akt (Ser473) phosphorylation in the lean but not the obese TA. These results suggest that insulin resistance is associated with alterations in the ability of muscle to activate p70S6k signaling following an acute bout of exercise. Muscle Nerve 39: 503–511 2009
Dimensionality reduction for uncertain dynamic systems
Authors: Kenny Sean , Crespo Luis , Giesy Dan
Published: March 2009

Dimensionality reduction is a beneficial step to alleviate some of the computation burden as well as to improve the accuracy associated with complex system analyses. This paper investigates dimensionality reduction techniques for linear, time‐invariant systems subject to general non‐linear parameter dependencies. In the context of this paper, dimensionality reduction refers to simultaneous reductions in both model state order and parameter order, i.e. number of uncertain parameters. Two complementary approaches will be presented, one based on the worst‐case H‐infinity norm error associated with both model state and parameter‐order reductions, and another, which is essentially the inverse problem, that considers the largest allowable parameter bounds for a given total H‐infinity norm error for the dimensionally reduced problem. Although applicable to larger‐order systems, a simple low‐order spring–mass example is used to demonstrate the usefulness of the techniques developed herein. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring social values in philanthropic foundations
Authors: Whitman John R.
Published: March 2009

Philanthropic foundations are seen as organizations that allocate resources to achieve their visions of a better world. Drawing on a sample of foundations in Canada, the United States, and Europe, this research undertakes to reveal the social values that constitute such visions and to measure the consistency between espoused social values and those conveyed by resource allocations. A social values identification and measurement instrument is described and tested. The social values that comprise the instrument are presented in a chart of social values. A methodology for measuring the consistency between social values espoused by a foundation and those actually conveyed by resource allocation decisions is described, tested, and critiqued. It is argued that the results of this research provide a basis on which to pursue development of a standardized vocabulary of social values that may enhance understanding and discourse regarding the purposes and work of foundations, as well as provide a basis for cross‐cultural comparative analyses of foundations.
Factors affecting member perceptions of coalition impact
Authors: Wells Rebecca , Feinberg Mark , Alexander Jeffrey A. , Ward Ann J.
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this study was to identify attributes of communitybased coalitions associated with member perceptions of greater impact. Based on Hackman's model of work group effectiveness, we hypothesized that member effort, knowledge and skill, and performance strategies would affect their perceptions of coalition impact. Findings from a lagged regression on a sample of forty‐five youth‐oriented coalitions indicated that two aspects of member effort were associated with subsequent perceived impact, as were performance strategies for both coalition governance and community interventions. There were no associations, however, between member knowledge and skill and perceived impact. These results suggest that leaders may improve perceived coalition impact by encouraging member participation in discussions and interventions and by developing effective strategies for both governance and implementation.
Isotopic ecology and human palaeodiets in the lower basin of the Colorado River, Buenos Aires province, Argentina
Authors: Martínez G. , Zangrando A. F. , Prates L.
Published: March 2009

Results of stable isotope analyses are presented for the study of human subsistence in the lower basin of the Colorado River, Buenos Aires province, Argentina. This paper provides the most current state of knowledge concerning isotopic research in the study area, which in turn sheds new light on such a significant region as the Pampa‐Patagonia transitional zone, spatially related to the Atlantic coast. In addition, information from the middle basin of the Negro River is incorporated in the analysis and discussion. Both the construction of an isotopic ecology and the prehistoric human diets derived from δ13C and δ15N human isotope values for the area are explored. Stable isotope analysis of modern plants indicates a C3 plant‐based environment. Animal resources have δ13C values that indicate a diet based mainly on C3 products. Nevertheless, they have highly variable δ15N values. Human isotopic values have the following mean values: −18.8‰ ± 1.08‰ for δ13CCOL (n = 25), and 11.98‰ ± 1.34‰ for δ15N (n = 25). As a general trend, the results obtained from both C and N isotopic signals indicate a diet based on the consumption of protein provided by meat of terrestrial herbivores (e.g. artiodactyls) with the complement of fish. These results are in agreement with the data obtained from the zooarchaeological record for the Late Holocene. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stable isotopes and archaeology in central Chile: methodological insights and interpretative problems for dietary reconstruction
Authors: Tykot R. H. , Falabella F. , Planella M. T. , Aspillaga E. , Sanhueza L. , Becker C.
Published: March 2009

This paper discusses the problems faced when making interpretations of human stable isotope values due to the various explanatory alternatives that arise when reading archaeological data. These interpretative issues are analysed and discussed using the isotopic results for approximately 100 human individuals from archaeological contexts spanning from 5000 BC to 1540 AD in central Chile, supported by data for more than 50 plant and animal samples to establish a local C3 and C4 baseline. A number of assumptions are frequently used to establish the bridge between isotopic results in human tissues and their corresponding diets. The problem is that different assumptions lead to different dietary reconstructions. Past feeding experiments on herbivores, pigs, rats and mice give different results, so we need to be cautious when applying these models to human isotope data. One specific problem concerns estimates of % C4 from collagen and apatite data, a very important issue when looking for evidence of maize in archaeological contexts, which was one of the major objectives we had in the isotopic analyses of archaeological specimens in central Chile. We conclude that the opportunity for estimating the actual percentage of C4 foods in human diets is limited, since a specific apatite fractionation value for humans cannot be experimentally determined, while maize consumption is underrepresented in bone collagen. This may be addressed in our study by sampling more specimens of wild gramineae to establish baseline plant values, more humans that could have had a low maize intake, and more Archaic period individuals when there was certainly no maize in the region. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Camelid handling in the meridional Andes during the first millennium AD: a preliminary approach using stable isotopes
Authors: Izeta A. D. , Laguens A. G. , Marconetto M. B. , Scattolin M. C.
Published: March 2009

Stable isotope analysis has been used in archaeology to answer a variety of questions. In general, the study of human palaeodiets has been the main subject. Studies of past animal feeding behaviour have not been considered extensively in South America. In this paper we discuss the interpretation of theδ13C values in camelid bone specimens on the basis of published and new data from the southern Andes (northwestern Argentina). The temporal frame is mainly focused in the first millennium AD (part of the local Formative Period – 400 BC to 600 AD – as well as the Regional Integration Period at 600–1000 AD, and the Late Period at 1000–1500 AD) which for this area implies a time of great social changes. Samples from modern Camelidae family were used to compare with those from archaeological sites, interpreting two different patterns that can be associated with distinctive animal feeding strategies. We suggest that these strategies can be associated with human management rather than free‐range camelid feeding behaviour. Thus stable isotopes become an innovative strategy to segregate domestic from wild camelids, complementing those results achieved by osteometric and statistical analyses. Moreover, they allow for camelid management interpretation in three different localities of the area from the above‐mentioned different periods. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patient attitudes toward fertility preservation
Authors: Schover Leslie R.
Published: March 2009

The increased survival rates for pediatric cancer patients and for some malignancies that are common in young adults, such as testicular cancer and Hodgkin disease have led to an increased focus on preserving fertility. Research on the psychosocial aspects of cancer‐related infertility is a recent development, but we know that both young men and women value parenthood after cancer. At least 75% of survivors who were childless at diagnosis would like future offspring. For those who do not become parents, long‐term distress is common. Younger teens may have difficulty assessing whether parenthood will be important to them in the future, and informed consent protocols need to respect their desires rather than deferring too much to parents. We do not know whether parenting a non‐biological child (adopted, conceived through third‐party reproduction, or a stepchild) reduces distress as much as being able to have one's own genetic offspring. Survivors often have exaggerated concerns about their children's health risks, but still prefer to have biological children if possible. More research is needed on whether participating in fertility preservation reduces long‐term distress about cancer‐related fertility. Better evidence‐based programs to educate families and reduce decisional conflict are needed. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:281–284. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and thermal properties of cyanate esters containing sulfoxide linkage
Authors: Anuradha G. , Rakesh S. , Sarojadevi M.
Published: March 2009

A series of new bisphenols containing sulfoxide has been prepared from various substituted phenols and thionyl chloride using AlCl3 as catalyst. These bisphenols were converted to their respective cyanate esters by reacting with cyanogen bromide. The structures of all the five bisphenols and cyanate esters have been confirmed by FTIR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectral methods and elemental analysis. The thermal properties of cyanate ester resins were studied by DSC and TGA. The glass transition temperature of the cured sulfoxide bridged cyanate esters are in the range of 181–236°C. The Cy(e) cyanate ester shows high thermal stability due to linked interpenetrating polymer networks formed by allyl functionality. The initial thermal degradation temperature starts above 340°C. The char yield is in the range of 38–54%. The limiting oxygen index value is the range of 32.7–39.1. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
A comparison of women who continue and discontinue treatment for borderline personality disorder
Authors: Webb Daniel , McMurran Mary
Published: March 2009

Background Treatment non‐completion is a significant problem for personality disorder treatment services.

Aims We investigated differences between treatment continuers and treatment discontinuers of a tertiary specialist service for people with borderline personality disorder. The two groups were compared on: (1) personality disorder severity; (2) motivation for therapy; (3) mood; and (4) social problem solving.

Method Patients' personality disorders were examined using the International Personality Disorder Examination. Three self‐report questionnaires were administered at the start of treatment: the Treatment Motivation Questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Social Problem Solving Inventory‐Revised.

Results Of 14 outpatients recruited to the service during 2005 to 2007, seven continued and seven discontinued treatment. Those who did not continue with therapy had more complex personality disorder profiles, were more externally motivated for treatment and were less internally motivated for treatment. All patients scored high on the HADS. Problem‐solving abilities were apparently intact, but adversely affected by a negative problem orientation. Treatment discontinuers spent, on average, three times longer in hospital than continuers.

Conclusion Engaging people with complex personality disorders, low internal motivation for therapy and negative problem orientation is a challenge for services. Non‐completion of treatment is associated with more days in hospital and higher service costs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DAP emission band in a carbon doped (1‐101)GaN grown on (001)Si substrate
Authors: Honda Yoshio , Hikosaka Toshiki , Yamaguchi Masahito , Sawaki Nobuhiko , Pozina Galia , Karlsson Fredrik , Darakchieva Vanya , Paskov Plamen , Monemar Bo
Published: March 2009

Optical spectra of a C‐doped (1‐101) GaN are investigated via time resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. Samples with different C‐doping levels were prepared by metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy using C2H2 as the doping precursor. A carbon related emission peak is identified at 375 nm which shows typical behaviours for a donor‐acceptor‐pair emission band. The acceptor level is estimated to be 190 meV which is at 43 meV shallower than that in an Mg doped GaN. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Instilling a new learning, work and communication culture through systemically integrated technology in education
Authors: Eteokleous‐Grigoriou Nikleia
Published: March 2009

This research work discusses technology integration in education by applying the major concepts and principles that underlie the systems approach. Information and communications technology (ICT) provides a realistic, visually compelling and motivating interactive environment for developing students' skills and knowledge needed in today's globalized, hi‐tech, multicultural environment. The paper puts the major concepts of the systems approach into practice in an attempt to instil a new learning, communication and work culture through technology integration in the educational settings. Based on the above, a roadmap is proposed for introducing and diffusing computer technology integration in the educational systems. The suggested roadmap proposes a new educational approach to technology integration, which can improve its application in schools and open various educational opportunities. It is a recommendation to stakeholders who have the power to advocate for and implement systemic change in order to redesign the educational systems in terms of technology integration. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Practical implications for student affairs professionals' work in facilitating students' inner development
Authors: Seifert Tricia A. , Holman‐Harmon Noël
Published: March 2009

This chapter discusses ways student affairs practitioners can aid students on the journey to asking and answering life's big questions. The suggestions are based on a study that compares student affairs practitioners' sense of life purpose and spiritual well‐being relative to their engagement in practices associated with students' inner development.
Working with Jewish undergraduates
Authors: Blumenfeld Warren J. , Klein Jacqueline R.
Published: March 2009

This chapter discusses issues surrounding Americans who identify with Judaism and Jewish student identity development, presents challenges Jewish students face on American college campuses, and offers strategies for faculty and administrators to use when working with Jewish undergraduates.
1,2‐, 1,7‐ and 1,12‐Dicarba‐closo‐dodecaborane(12) Derivatives Revisited by 13C NMR Spectroscopy and DFT Calculations. First Observation of Isotope‐Induced Chemical Shifts 1Δ10/11B(13C), and the Signs and Magnitudes of Coupling Constants 1J(13C,13C) and 1J(13C,11B)
Authors: Wrackmeyer Bernd , García Hernández Zureima , Lang Julian , Tok Oleg L.
Published: March 2009

The origin of broadening of 13C(carborane) NMR signals of 1,2‐, 1,7‐ and 1,12‐dicarba‐closo‐dodecaboranes(12) and several diphenylsilyl derivatives has been examined in detail and could be traced only partially to unresolved 13C–11B spin‐spin coupling. Other contributions to the line widths arise from 13C–1H dipole‐dipole interactions and, in particular, from isotope‐induced chemical shifts 1Δ10/11B(13C), observed here for carboranes for the first time. In the case of 1‐diphenylsilyl‐1,2‐dicarba‐closo‐dodecaborane(12), the coupling constant 1J(13C,13C) = 9.3 Hz was measured in natural abundance of 13C. The small value of this coupling constant and its negative sign is predicted by calculations based on optimised structures [B3LYP/6‐311+G(d,p) level of theory] of the parent carboranes and 1‐silyl‐1,2‐dicarba‐closo‐dodecaborane(12) as a model compound [calcd. 1J(13C,13C) = –10.5 Hz]. Calculated coupling constants 1J(13C,11B) are small (<7 Hz), in contrast to published assumptions, and of either sign, whereas 1J(11B,11B) are all positive and range up to 15 Hz.
New Germanium‐rich Compounds SrCo5–xGe9 (x = 0.39 and 0.28) with Optimized Co–Ge Bonding
Authors: Hlukhyy Viktor , Fässler Thomas F. , Claus Peter
Published: March 2009

New germanium‐rich compounds SrCo5–xGe9 (x = 0.39 and 0.28) were synthesized by melting mixtures of the three elements by induction heating in niobium crucibles in a water‐cooled sample chamber. Both compounds were investigated by X‐ray powder and single‐crystals diffraction methods; the structures have been refined on the basis of single‐crystal data. The compounds crystallize with a new structure type: Pnma, Z = 4, a = 13.932(4), b = 3.957(1), c = 16.838(7) Å, wR2 = 0.064, 1099 F2 values, 93 variables for x = 0.39 and a = 13.951(3), b = 3.964(1), c = 16.869(5) Å, wR2 = 0.046, 1543 F2 values, 93 variables for x = 0.28. The complex crystal structure is built up from slabs of Ge4Co2 octahedra, which consist of five columns of face‐sharing octahdra along the b direction. The columns are connected in the ac plane by sharing vertices. These slabs are connected by {Sr@Co5Ge15} polyhedra, which share pentagonal faces of germanium atoms along b. The columns are further condensed by common edges along the a direction. Centering strontium atoms form slightly puckered layers in the ab plane. Along the c direction, the layers of strontium‐centered polyhedra are interconnected by the slabs of Ge4Co2 octahedra. The Co5 site of the structure shows defects (39 % and 28 %) leading to the refined composition SrCo5–xGe9 for the investigated crystals with x = 0.39 and 0.28. The catalytic properties of the title compound with respect to the selective hydrogenation of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes are discussed.
Unilateral contact of elastoplastic bodies with uncertain input data
Authors: Hlaváček I.
Published: March 2009

A unilateral frictionless contact of two elastoplastic bodies is considered within the range of the deformation theory of plasticity. The material functions and the loading are uncertain, being prescribed in a given sets of admissible functions. The worst scenario method is employed. Approximate problems are proposed on the basis of finite elements and the secant modulus method. The solvability of both the original and the approximate worst scenario problem is proved. Some theoretical convergence analysis is presented.
The Electoral Implications of Candidate Ambiguity
Authors: TOMZ MICHAEL , VAN HOUWELING ROBERT P.
Published: March 2009

Candidates often make ambiguous statements about the policies they
intend to pursue. In theory, ambiguity affects how voters make choices and
who wins elections. In practice, measurement and endogeneity problems have
impeded empirical research about the consequences of ambiguity. We conducted
survey experiments that overcame these obstacles by manipulating a common
form of ambiguity: the imprecision of candidate positions. Our data show
that, on average, ambiguity does not repel and may, in fact, attract voters.
In nonpartisan settings, voters who have neutral or positive attitudes
toward risk, or who feel uncertain about their own policy preferences, tend
to embrace ambiguity. In partisan settings, voters respond even more
positively to ambiguity; they optimistically perceive the locations of
ambiguous candidates from their own party without pessimistically perceiving
the locations of vague candidates from the opposition. We further find,
through analysis of two additional new data sets, that candidates often
take—and voters frequently perceive—ambiguous positions like the ones in our
experiments. The pervasive use of ambiguity in campaigns fits with our
experimental finding that ambiguity can be a winning strategy, especially in
partisan elections.
Effect of environmental factors on the spatio-temporal patterns of influenza spread
Authors: CHARLAND K. M. L. , BUCKERIDGE D. L. , STURTEVANT J. L. , MELTON F. , REIS B. Y. , MANDL K. D. , BROWNSTEIN J. S.
Published: March 2009

Although spatio-temporal patterns of influenza spread often suggest that environmental factors play a role, their effect on the geographical variation in the timing of annual epidemics has not been assessed. We examined the effect of solar radiation, dew point, temperature and geographical position on the city-specific timing of epidemics in the USA. Using paediatric in-patient data from hospitals in 35 cities for each influenza season in the study period 2000–2005, we determined ‘epidemic timing’ by identifying the week of peak influenza activity. For each city we calculated averages of daily climate measurements for 1 October to 31 December. Bayesian hierarchical models were used to assess the strength of association between each variable and epidemic timing. Of the climate variables only solar radiation was significantly related to epidemic timing (95% CI −0·027 to −0·0032). Future studies may elucidate biological mechanisms intrinsically linked to solar radiation that contribute to epidemic timing in temperate regions.
The violent interstellar medium of the Magellanic Cloud System
Authors: Chu You-Hua
Published: March 2009

The interstellar gas of the Magellanic System is subject to the harassment of tidal interactions on galaxy-wide scales and stellar energy feedback on sub-galactic scales. Hisurveys of the Magellanic System have produced spectacular images of the tidally displaced interstellar gas in the Magellanic Bridge and Streams. Multi-wavelength observations of the interstellar gas in the Magellanic Clouds have revealed gas components in physical conditions ranging from cold molecular cloud to hot ionized coronal gas. While stellar energy feedback is responsible for heating and dispersing interstellar gas, it can also compress ambient cloud to form stars. I will useChandra,XMM-Newton,FUSE,HST,Spitzer,ATCA, and other ground-based observations to illustrate the interplay among massive stars, interstellar medium, and star formation.
The magnetic field structure of the Small Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Magalhães Antonio Mário , Gomes Aiara Lobo , de Almeida Vidotto Aline , Rodrigues Cláudia Vilega , Pereyra Antonio , Wisniewski John , Bjorkman Karen , Bjorkman Jon , Meade Marilyn , Babler Brian L.
Published: March 2009

We describe two studies of the interstellar magnetic field in regions of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), including those affected by the interaction with the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). We use optical polarization data from aligned grains in the interstellar medium of the SMC in order to map the sky-projected direction of the magnetic field and determine characteristics of the SMC and Pan-Magellanic field structures. The earlier, photoelectric data are reanalyzed and they provide values for the average projected magnetic field intensity (1.7 × 10−6G) and the random field component intensity (3.5 × 10−6G). Another on-going program uses imaging data and, when concluded, will allow more local estimates of the field intensity in the SMC NE/Wing regions. Additional goals include cross-correlating our field mapping results with those of point sources and structures found by the Spitzer Space Telescope in the SMC between 3.6 and 8 μm.
Star-formation masers in the Magellanic Clouds: A multibeam survey with new detections and maser abundance estimates
Authors: Green J. A. , Caswell J. L. , Fuller G. A. , Avison A. , Breen S. L. , Brooks K. , Burton M. G. , Chrysostomou A. , Cox J. , Diamond P. J. , Ellingsen S. P. , Gray M. D. , Hoare M. G. , Masheder M. R. W. , McClure-Griffiths N. M. , Pestalozzi M. , Phillips C. , Quinn L. , Thompson M. A. , Voronkov M. A. , Walsh A. , Ward-Thompson D. , Wong-McSweeney D. , Yates J. A. , Cohen R. J.
Published: March 2009

The results of the first complete survey for 6668-MHz CH3OH and 6035-MHz excited-state OH masers in the Small and Large Magellanic Clouds are presented. A new 6668-MHz CH3OH maser in the Large Magellanic Cloud has been detected towards the star-forming region N 160a, together with a new 6035-MHz excited-state OH maser detected towards N 157a. We also re-observed the previously known 6668-MHz CH3OH masers and the single known 6035-MHz OH maser. Neither maser transition was detected above ~0.13 Jy in the Small Magellanic Cloud. All observations were initially made using the CH3OH Multibeam (MMB) survey receiver on the 64-m Parkes radio telescope as part of the overall MMB project. Accurate positions were measured with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA). In a comparison of the star formation maser populations in the Magellanic Clouds and our Galaxy, the LMC maser populations are demonstrated to be smaller than their Milky Way counterparts. CH3OH masers are under-abundant by a factor of ~50, whilst OH and H2O masers are a factor of ~10 less abundant than our Galaxy.
The chemical enrichment history of the Magellanic Clouds field populations
Authors: Carrera Ricardo , Gallart Carme , Aparicio Antonio , Costa Edgardo , Hardy Eduardo , Méndez Rene A. , Noël Noelia E. D. , Zinn Robert
Published: March 2009

We report the results of our project devoted to study the chemical enrichment history of the field population in the Magellanic Clouds using Ca ii triplet spectroscopy.
A comprehensive study of the link between star-formation history and X-ray source populations in the SMC
Authors: Antoniou Vallia , Zezas Andreas , Hatzidimitriou Despina
Published: March 2009

Using Chandra, XMM-Newton and optical photometric catalogs we study the young X-ray binary (XRB) populations of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). We find that the Be/X-ray binaries (Be-XRBs) are observed in regions with star-formation (SF) rate bursts ~30–70 Myr ago, which coincides with the age of maximum Be-star formation, while regions with strong but more recent SF (e.g., the Wing) are deficient in Be-XRBs. Using the 2dF spectrograph of the Anglo-Australian Telescope (AAT) we have obtained optical spectra of 20 High-Mass X-ray Binaries (HMXBs) in the SMC. All of these sources were proved to be Be-XRBs. Similar spectral-type distributions of Be-XRBs and Be field stars in the SMC have been found. On the other hand, the Be-XRBs in the Galaxy follow a different distribution than the isolated Be stars in the Galaxy, in agreement with previous studies.
Dust around red supergiants in the Magellanic Clouds
Authors: Clayton Geoffrey C. , Freeman W. , Bright S. , Massey P. , Gordon K. D. , Levesque E. , Plez B. , Olsen K. , Nordhaus J.
Published: March 2009

It is both surprising and exciting to find that young galaxies at high redshift contain large dust masses. For galaxies at z > 5, after only 1 Gyr, there has not been time for low-mass stars to have evolved to the AGB phase and produce dust. In such galaxies, Type II SNe and red supergiants (RSGs) may even dominate the dust production rate. It has long been known that RSG atmospheres produce dust, but little is known about it. We are pursuing three parallel studies to better understand RSG dust. First, we are using optical spectra and JHK photometry to characterize the optical and near-IR extinction curves of the RSGs. Second, we are using the optical spectra combined with 2MASS, IRAC and MIPS photometry to estimate the dust mass loss rates from Local Group RSGs. In addition, we will use our Monte Carlo radiative transfer models to analyze the emission from dust in the circumstellar shells. Third, the final piece of the puzzle is being provided by obtaining new IRS spectra of LMC and SMC RSGs. We plan to use the IRS to make a systematic study of the dust properties in RSG shells in the LMC and SMC so that we can probe how they may vary with a large range of galactic metallicities. The derived stellar SEDs and extinction curves will be combined with Spitzer IRAC and MIPS photometry and IRS spectra for use as inputs to our Monte Carlo codes which will be used to study the composition, size distributions and clumpiness of the dust.
An interlaboratory study of TEX86 and BIT analysis using high‐performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Schouten Stefan , Hopmans Ellen C. , van der Meer Jaap , Mets Anchelique , Bard Edouard , Bianchi Thomas S. , Diefendorf Aaron , Escala Marina , Freeman Katharine H. , Furukawa Yoshihiro , Huguet Carme , Ingalls Anitra , Ménot‐Combes Guillemette , Nederbragt Alexandra J. , Oba Masahiro , Pearson Ann , Pearson Emma J. , Rosell‐Melé Antoni , Schaeffer Philippe , Shah Sunita R. , Shanahan Timothy M. , Smith Richard W. , Smittenberg Rienk , Talbot Helen M. , Uchida Masao , Van Mooy Benjamin A. S. , Yamamoto Masanobu , Zhang Zhaohui , Sinninghe Damsté Jaap S.
Published: March 2009

Recently, two new proxies based on the distribution of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) were proposed, i.e., the TEX86 proxy for sea surface temperature reconstructions and the BIT index for reconstructing soil organic matter input to the ocean. In this study, fifteen laboratories participated in a round robin study of two sediment extracts with a range of TEX86 and BIT values to test the analytical reproducibility and repeatability in analyzing these proxies. For TEX86 the repeatability, indicating intralaboratory variation, was 0.028 and 0.017 for the two sediment extracts or ±1–2°C when translated to temperature. The reproducibility, indicating among‐laboratory variation, of TEX86 measurements was substantially higher, i.e., 0.050 and 0.067 or ±3–4°C when translated to temperature. The latter values are higher than those obtained in round robin studies of Mg/Ca and U37k′ paleothermometers, suggesting the need to primarily improve compatibility between labs. The repeatability of BIT measurements for the sediment with substantial amounts of soil organic matter input was relatively small, 0.029, but reproducibility was large, 0.410. This large variance could not be attributed to specific equipment used or a particular data treatment. We suggest that this may be caused by the large difference in the molecular weight in the GDGTs used in the BIT index, i.e., crenarchaeol versus the branched GDGTs. Potentially, this difference gives rise to variable responses in the different mass spectrometers used. Calibration using authentic standards is needed to establish compatibility between labs performing BIT measurements.