bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Health care seeking practices of caregivers of children under 5 with diarrhea in two informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Mukiira Carol , Ibisomi Latifat
Published: November 2013

In Kenya, as in other developing countries, diarrhea is among the leading causes of child mortality. Despite being easy to prevent and treat, care seeking for major child illnesses including diarrhea remains poor in the country. Mortality due to diarrhea is even worse in informal settlements that are characterized by poor sanitary conditions and largely unregulated health care system among other issues. The study aims to examine the health care seeking practices of caregivers of children under 5 with diarrhea in two informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya. The article used data from a maternal and child health (MCH) prospective study conducted between 2006 and 2010. Results show that more than half (55%) of the caregivers sought inappropriate health care in the treatment of diarrhea of their child. Of the 55%, about 35% sought no care at all. Use of oral rehydration solution and zinc supplements, which are widely recommended for management of diarrhea, was very low. The critical predictors of health care seeking identified in the study are duration of illness, informal settlement of residence, and the child’s age. The study showed that appropriate health care seeking practices for childhood diarrhea remain a great challenge among the urban poor in Kenya.
Environmental and school influences on physical activity in South Asian children from low socio-economic backgrounds
Authors: Eyre Emma Lisa Jane , Duncan Michael J , Birch Samantha L , Cox Val
Published: November 2013

South Asian (SA) children are less active but have enhanced metabolic risk factors. Physical activity (PA) is a modifiable risk factor for metabolic disease. Evidence suggests that environmental factors and socio-economic status influence PA behaviour. The purpose of this study was to understand PA environments, barriers and facilitators of PA in deprived environments for children from SA backgrounds. Focus groups were conducted with 5 groups of children aged 7–9 years ( n = 33; male = 16, female = 17; SA = 17, White = 8 and Black = 8) from two schools in deprived wards of Coventry, England. Thematic analysis was used to identify key themes and subthemes across all transcripts. From the results, emergent themes included school and home environment, outdoor activity, equipment, weather, parental constraints and safety. Ethnic differences were apparent for sources of beliefs and knowledge and religious practice as constraints for PA. The findings suggest that school provides a good foundation for PA attitude, knowledge and behaviour, especially for SA children. To increase PA, multi-component interventions are needed, which focus on changing the home environment (i.e. junk food and media time), encouraging outdoors activity, changing perceptions of safety and weather conditions, which provide parental constraints for children. Interventions also need to be considerate to religious practices that might constrain time.
My dad’s a ‘barbie’ man and my mum’s the cooking girl
Authors: Drummond Murray , Drummond Claire
Published: November 2013

Academics from a variety of disciplines claim that gender has an influence on men’s and women’s food choices and portion sizes at mealtime and snack time. While these socially constructed norms present health-related implications for both men and women, it is arguable that men have a greater risk of problems associated with overweight as a consequence of gendered food choices and dietary practices. This article reports on qualitative research data attained from Australian boys in early childhood and middle primary school years. The data were thematically analysed using inductive analysis. The voices of boys provide the opportunity to understand how gendered food choices, among males, emerge in contemporary Western culture. Such research can also potentially play a role in developing strategies to assist boys in making healthy food selection, which will ultimately assist their food-related health literacy as they move towards adolescence and adulthood.
An exploration of children’s nursing graduates’ ability to assess children’s emotional health and well-being
Authors: Little Moira Catherine
Published: November 2013

This exploratory, qualitative study was designed to be the first stage of an action research project to investigate whether graduates from BSc children’s nursing programmes are sufficiently prepared to assess children’s emotional health. Early identification of children’s and young people’s emotional problems is important for timely interventions to be initiated. Data were gathered from a focus group and a series of semi-structured interviews and interpreted using thematic analysis approaches. The findings indicated those interviewed can recognise when a child was emotionally unwell, reporting that assessments were brief, subjective and completed without the use of age-appropriate assessment tools. It is concluded that assessment of a child’s emotional health appears to take low priority in comparison to its physical counterpart.
An online adolescent message board discussion about the internet
Authors: Henderson Ellen M , Eccleston Christopher
Published: November 2013

Health-care systems seek to advance their care to adolescents through the online provision of information and support. An online, moderated, asynchronous discussion board called Let’s Chat Pain was created to recruit adolescent users of online content for pain to a discussion about pain coping and associated Internet use. Participants were asked about everyday pain coping and the role they judge online information to play in this coping. They were asked about determinations of website reliability and validity for health but especially for help with pain problems. Themes around adolescent trust in online websites for pain and research are explored, in addition to inhibiting and disinhibiting factors associated with the Internet use for health. We found users to mistrust online content even when they know it to be valid. Further study is needed to assess if there are ways of instilling confidence in pain information presented online for this group.
Parental perceptions of childhood feeding problems
Authors: Harvey Lucy , Bryant-Waugh Rachel , Watkins Beth , Meyer Caroline
Published: November 2013

Previous research suggests that parental report of children’s feeding corresponds with their child’s nutritional intake (Cooke et al., 2006; Ekstein et al., 2010). The current study aimed to determine whether there is a relationship between parental report of children’s feeding problems and their child’s nutritional intake in a non-clinical population and, in addition, to establish whether parental anxiety (Cooke et al., 2003) can predict whether parental report of feeding problems correspond with the child’s intake. Sixty-one parents of children aged two to seven years completed the parent report measure; the Behavioural Paediatric Feeding Assessment Scale as well as a food diary detailing their child’s intake, which was analysed using CompEAT nutritional software. They also completed the anxiety subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Previous findings of an association between parent report of feeding problems and child’s intake (Cooke et al., 2006) were not replicated. However, an association was found between parents’ anxiety and their reports of feeding problems. Parental anxiety was also found to independently predict whether parent report of feeding problems matched the child’s intake. Findings highlight the importance of a multifactorial approach to understanding childhood feeding difficulties. This requires replication with a clinical sample.
From political to social generations
Authors: Aboim Sofia , Vasconcelos Pedro
Published: November 2013

Faced with the confused meanings of the concept of generation, this article defends the need to move from Karl Mannheim’s excessive emphasis on political and intellectual self-awareness as a pre-condition for generation formation to an enlarged social and cultural definition of generations. By developing the concept of social generations, we argue that rather than concrete groups, generations are better conceived as discourses with which individuals relate in order to build self-identification. Individuals living in similar historical contexts may share mental and practical dispositions, but must always position themselves in face of the narratives that have come to be dominant to describe a given generational location. Such a contention implies redressing Mannheim’s culturalist view through a reformulation of his hierarchical view of the scheme of generations. By replacing generation-units by dominant ideas, we contend that generations are better conceived as discursive formations in the Foucauldian sense.
Either/or questions in child psychiatric assessments: The effect of the seriousness and order of the alternatives
Authors: Antaki Charles , O’Reilly Michelle
Published: November 2013

Mental health practitioners, assessing children for possible psychiatric conditions, need to probe sensitive matters. We examine practitioners’ use of questions which try to clarify a given issue by offering alternative descriptions of how things are: one bland, and the other clearly undesirable in some way. The undesirable states of affairs can be described in serious terms (e.g. the child wanting to kill themselves) or, while still undesirable, in less serious ones (e.g. the child feeling temporarily upset). We find that if an undesirable state of affairs is described in seriously negative terms, it tends to be put as the first item in the pair of alternatives. We argue that this version of the familiar ‘optimistic questioning’ practice ensures that were the negative case to be chosen, it would be in spite of it being the more interactionally difficult answer to give. That makes the answer diagnostically more reliable. We discuss the pros and cons use of this practice in the environment of triage.
“Where is our Steve Jobs?” A case study of consumerism and neo-liberal media in China
Authors: Liu Zhengjia , Berkowitz Dan
Published: November 2013

When covering foreign events, journalists bring resonant cultural meanings to an otherwise little-understood occurrence. From a cultural perspective, we analyzed “Steve Jobs fever” in five publications of a progressive neo-liberal media group in China. The media texts allowed us to understand society’s neo-liberal narratives. The media re-crafted Jobs’ death into a story about Chinese society: the first theme foreshadowed the greatness and necessity of having Steve-Jobs-style genius; the second theme raised the question why not having an equivalent Steve Jobs and immediately answered it; finally, the third theme logically provided the solution to solve this social crisis. This story fits into the enduring narratives of national salvation through technological consumption and further Westernized liberalization. The study attempts to move research on Chinese media beyond the Chinese context by making a conceptual contribution for understanding journalism in a global environment.
Water under the bridge? Nature, memory and hydropolitics
Authors: Griffiths Hywel M.
Published: November 2013

Memories are not confined to those who experience them firsthand. Rather, they can be transmitted and repeated by subsequent generations as prosthetic and moral memories, not linked solely to specific geographic locations but extending to affect and inform contemporary political debates. This paper investigates how and why the 1965 flooding of the village of Capel Celyn in the Tryweryn valley, north Wales is remembered through textual analysis of Welsh literature and popular music. It also highlights the profound impact that struggles over resources can have on social, cultural and political landscapes. The flooding, arguably the most dramatic hydropolitical event in the history of the United Kingdom, created tension between the need to protect cultural identity on the one hand and on the other, the need to provide essential natural resources for industry and urban development. The memory of this event has been sustained in Wales in a number of ways. Visually, graffiti calling on the public to ‘remember Tryweryn’ has become a tangible symbol of Welsh nationalism, and a potent part of the Welsh landscape. In Welsh literature (poems and songs) the memory of Tryweryn has been expressed in terms of loss and shame and the defilement of nature. Politically, Tryweryn provided the context for the rise of Welsh nationalism and devolution and has become a regularly used symbol of a culture under threat. Crucially, the memories now influence and inform contemporary debates around precipitation, drought and any forced removal justified in the name of progress.
Mind over matter? On decentring the human in Human Geography
Authors: Anderson Kay
Published: November 2013

The fantasy of a human being who is, or becomes, human to the extent they move away from animal nature is stubbornly persistent in western cultural formations. This article (see Acknowledgements) works with, and against, recent materialist moves within Cultural Geography to critically engage the idea that the human is in some sense irreducible to nature. It considers how comparative anatomists of the early 19th century – in explicitly departing from the 18th-century Cartesian dualism that had identified the human with an immaterial notion of soul or mind – looked to the human body, and above all the head, in order to establish that people were categorically different from all other animals. More specifically, the paper considers how it was to ‘race’ that scientists turned, in order to provide an anatomical foundation for a specifically modern strand of humanism. The discourse of humanism is thus considered, not – as many would have it – as an otherworldly or flawed myth, irremediably upheld by blind human faith and vanity. It is not the bearer of an idealism set up in (often shrill) negation to the task of ‘re-materializing’ Cultural Geography. Instead it is, itself, a worldly mix of ideas, practices and technologies. Eliciting humanism’s instability via this (overlooked) historical episode is to render it more vulnerable to precisely the scrutiny demanded by the earth’s current state of ecological fragility. It also enables a more rigorous interrogation of the notion of mind – humanist but also colonialist – that has been disowned in recent efforts to decentre the human in Human Geography. For, as this article demonstrates, re-imagining humanity’s place in nature extends to its co-habitation with all manner of others: human as well as nonhuman.
Introduction
Authors: Berry Keith
Published: November 2013

There is an unmistakable power in narrative to comment on and shape cultural lives. This special issue of Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies is comprised of often unheard stories that seek to queer the relational phenomena of family, home, love, and loss. Authors draw on a range of theoretical perspectives and methodologies to disrupt and dismantle the normative conceptualizations that pervade research and everyday understanding concerning these thematic areas. These essays work in creative and experimental ways to evocatively demonstrate Queer Theory and queer as unique, needed, and generative paradigmatic orientations and conceptual tools for use in Cultural Studies research. They help to advance a more open and tentative understanding of relational stories and fluid and dynamic relational identities.
Losing Consciousness With John T. Warren
Authors: Brower Jay
Published: November 2013

In this article, I examine the experience of loss through a phenomenological description of disorientation based in lived experience. Drawing on the insights of queer theory, I explore disorientation as pathway to narrate death and dying in a way that breaks from linear historical frameworks of cultural meaning. Embedded in this conversation is also a call for a method of resuscitating and making visible the fragments of difference lived under erasure. My purpose is to grasp at what it means to mourn loss while embracing the attendant feelings that escape neatly established cultural systems. Thus, I ask how do we think through loss as an experience of disoriented-difference-made-abject?
Burning Down the House
Authors: Jenkins Mercilee M.
Published: November 2013

Embodying change is never easy, especially when our history is often lost or overlooked. Performance allows us to reenact, reexperience, reclaim and bring those moments into the future. In 1973, a group of hippies moved into a beautiful house in the Oakland/Berkeley Hills. We didn’t know then that we would become a queer family that would endure many personal and political crises, including the AIDS epidemic and the destruction of our house in the great firestorm of 1991. Shifting through the ashes, stories emerge of the personal struggles and politics of the times that have much to offer us today, when we strive once again to do it differently. The following piece is an excerpt from the beginning of the play, which juxtaposes our early experiences with some of the more stark realities the fire would come to symbolize as the years progressed.
Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus II C and D Iliac Lesions Can Be Treated by Endovascular and Hybrid Approach
Authors: Taurino Maurizio , Persiani Francesca , Fantozzi Cristiano , Ficarelli Roberta , Rizzo Luigi , Stella Nazzareno
Published: November 2013

Purpose:

To evaluate the long-term results of endovascular and hybrid treatment in patients with Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) II type “C” and “D” aortoiliac lesions and to highlight, in contrast to TASC II guidelines, the importance to analyze individually the lesions of a single iliac axis.

Methods:

From January 2008 to December 2012, 50 patients with TASC II type C and D aortoiliac lesions underwent endovascular or hybrid treatment. In 38 patients (76%), the lesions were treated by endovascular approach, while in 12 (24%) patients surgical treatment was adopted. All patients underwent a postoperative surveillance program at 1, 3, and 6 months for the first year and every 6 months thereafter.

Results:

Technical success was achieved in all patients (100%). The postoperative complication rate was 4%. Primary patency rate was 93.3% at 1 year, 90.2% at 2 years, and 86.6% at 3 years. Cumulative secondary patency rate was 97.7% at 1, 2, and 3 years. Survival after 1 and 2 years was 94.8% and after 3 years was 91.1%. Limb salvage was 100% for the entire period of follow-up.

Conclusions:

In contrast to TASC II guidelines, the endovascular or hybrid treatment should be considered a valid approach for type C and D lesions. The hybrid treatment, in selected cases, is an effective method to improve the runoff, which plays a key role in the success of the treatment of multilevel stenoocclusive lesions. In TASC II C to D iliac lesions, a specific overview of each axis is necessary in order to select the most appropriate treatment.
Functional Electrical Stimulation to Augment Poststroke Reach and Hand Opening in the Presence of Voluntary Effort
Authors: Makowski Nathaniel S. , Knutson Jayme S. , Chae John , Crago Patrick E.
Published: November 2013

Background. Hemiparesis after stroke can severely limit an individual’s ability to perform activities of daily living. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) has the potential to generate functional arm and hand movements. We have observed that FES can produce functional hand opening when a stroke patient is relaxed, but the FES-produced hand opening is often overpowered by finger flexor coactivation in response to patient attempts to reach and open the hand. Objective. To determine if stimulating both reaching muscles and hand opening muscles makes it possible to achieve useful amounts of simultaneous reach and hand opening even in the presence of submaximal reaching effort. Methods. We measured reach and hand opening during a reach-then-open the hand task under different combinations of voluntary effort and FES for both reach and hand opening. Results. As effort was reduced and stimulation generated more movement, a greater amount of reach and hand opening was achieved. For the first time, this study quantified the effect of voluntary effort for reach and hand opening on stimulated hand opening. It also showed variability in the interaction of voluntary effort and stimulation between participants. Additionally, when participants were instructed to reach with partial effort during simultaneous FES, they achieved greater reach and hand opening. Conclusions. Simultaneous reaching and FES hand opening is improved by including FES for reach and reducing voluntary effort. In the future, an upper extremity neuroprosthesis that uses a combination of voluntary effort and FES assistance may enable users to perform activities of daily living.
Arm–Trunk Coordination for Beyond-the-Reach Movements in Adults With Stroke
Authors: Shaikh Tahir , Goussev Valerie , Feldman Anatol G. , Levin Mindy F.
Published: November 2013

Background. By involving additional degrees of freedom, the nervous system may preserve hand trajectories when making pointing movements with or without trunk displacement. Previous studies indicate that the potential contribution of trunk movement to hand displacement for movements made within arm reach is neutralized by appropriate compensatory shoulder and elbow rotations. For beyond-the-reach movements, compensatory coordination is attenuated after the hand peak velocity, allowing trunk movement to contribute to hand displacement. Objective. To investigate if the timing and spatial coordination of arm and trunk movements during beyond-the-reach movements is preserved in stroke. Methods. Eleven healthy control subjects and 11 individuals with mild-to-moderate chronic unilateral hemiparesis participated. Arm and trunk kinematics during 60 target reaches to an ipsilaterally placed target were recorded. In 30% of randomly chosen trials, trunk movement was unexpectedly prevented (blocked-trunk trials) by an electromagnetic device, resulting in divergence of the hand trajectory from that in free-trunk trials. Hand trajectories and elbow–shoulder interjoint coordination were compared between trials. Results. In stroke participants, hand trajectory divergence occurred at a shorter movement extent and interjoint coordination patterns diverged at a relatively greater distance compared to controls. Thus, arm movements in stroke participants only partially compensated trunk displacement resulting in the trunk movement contributing to arm movement earlier and to a larger extent during reaching. Conclusion. Individuals with mild-to-moderate stroke have deficits in timing and spatial coordination of arm and trunk movements during different parts of a reaching movement. This deficit may be targeted in therapy to improve upper limb function.
Discipline Unbound: Patuxent, Treatment and the Colonization of Law
Authors: Follis Luca
Published: November 2013

This article engages Michel Foucault’s thesis that post-sovereign law would be increasingly colonized by the disciplinary norm. It explores, through an analysis of prisoner litigation surrounding Maryland’s Patuxent Institution and its defective delinquency statute, how disciplinary power is enabled, understood, and resisted through law. I argue that Article 31B (as the defective delinquency statute was known) set up a zone of expert prerogative and discretion actively maintained and legitimated through jurisprudence. Yet, paradoxically, law also functioned as a conduit for resistance and contestation pitting the epistemological premises of discipline against the functions of legal jurisprudence and the foundations of criminal law. I contend that this dual character of law’s engagement with discipline (i.e., at once open to expert “colonization” and site of structural incompatibility and resistance) illustrates the intractability of the relationship between the disciplinary and law. That is, law both constitutes disciplinary space (and within this normative envelope, discipline can be “unbound”) and remains in a state of tension with the forms of power that develop within it (which by their very premises seek to exceed the limits law would place upon them).
Organ donation
Authors: Wilkinson Kate , Peet Danielle
Published: November 2013

Organ donation is the transplantation of an organ from one person to another. This includes solid organs as well as blood products, bone marrow and skin. It is a life-prolonging operation for patients with organ failure, either from the primary effects of disease on an organ or the secondary effects of a disease process. The demand for organ donation currently vastly outnumbers supply, both nationally and internationally, and the number of patients requiring organ donation continues to rise. This article explores the different types of organ donation and how a GP can both promote and facilitate the donation process.
Role of ultrasound in the understanding and management of vasculitis
Authors: Schmidt Wolfgang A.
Published: November 2013

Vasculitis is characterized by a circumferential vessel-wall thickening (‘halo’), which can be visualized by modern imaging techniques. In particular, the resolution of ultrasound has increased to 0.1 mm. Ultrasound detects abnormalities that are pathognomonic even in arteries with a diameter below 1 mm. It is particularly helpful in the diagnosis of large-vessel vasculitides, such as classic temporal arteritis, large-vessel giant-cell arteritis (GCA), Takayasu arteritis and idiopathic aortitis. Echocardiography is important for determining cardiac involvement in Takayasu arteritis and also for examining the coronary arteries of children with suspected Kawasaki disease, which is a medium-vessel vasculitis. In small vessel vasculitides ultrasound has only a role for determining the distribution or organ involvement.

Fast-track clinics for the diagnosis of GCA help to initiate treatment before complications such as blindness occur; patients receive appointments within 24 h in these clinics. Clinical examination and ultrasound of temporal and axillary arteries are performed by an experienced rheumatologist. In most cases this is able to determine if GCA is present. Temporal artery biopsy can be still carried out in ambivalent cases. The wall swelling of temporal arteries disappears after 2–3 weeks of glucocorticoid treatment. After 3 days of treatment, diagnosis becomes more difficult with ultrasound in some cases. In larger arteries, such as the axillary arteries, wall thickening disappears within months. It tends to be darker (more hypoechoic) in acute disease because of oedema.
Bosutinib in the treatment of patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) chronic myelogenous leukemia: an overview
Authors: Shen Ann Q. , Wilson Nicole M. , Gleason Shannon L. , Khoury Hanna Jean
Published: November 2013

Bosutinib is an orally bioavailable SRC/ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor with activity against all phases of resistant chronic myeloid leukemia that do not express the T315I or V299L ABL kinase domain mutations. Bosutinib has a unique toxicity profile that is manageable. This paper provides an overview of bosutinib, covering pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic properties, results of treatment in newly diagnosed and previously treated chronic myeloid leukemia patients, as well as common side effects.
Fidaxomicin in Clostridium difficile infection: latest evidence and clinical guidance
Authors: Mullane Kathleen
Published: November 2013

The incidence of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has risen 400% in the last decade. It currently ranks as the third most common nosocomial infection. CDI has now crossed over as a community-acquired infection. The major failing of current therapeutic options for the management of CDI is recurrence of disease after the completion of treatment. Fidaxomicin has been proven to be superior to vancomycin in successful sustained clinical response to therapy. Improved outcomes may be due to reduced collateral damage to the gut microflora by fidaxomicin, bactericidal activity, inhibition of Clostridial toxin formation and inhibition of new sporulation. This superiority is maintained in groups previously reported as being at high risk for CDI recurrence including those: with relapsed infection after a single treatment course; on concomitant antibiotic therapy; aged >65 years; with cancer; and with chronic renal insufficiency. Because the acquisition cost of fidaxomicin far exceeds that of metronidazole or vancomycin, in order to rationally utilize this agent, it should be targeted to those populations who are at high risk for relapse and in whom the drug has demonstrated superiority. In this manuscript is reviewed the changing epidemiology of CDI, current treatment options for this infection, proposed benefits of fidaxomicin over currently available antimicrobial options, available analysis of cost effectiveness of the drug, and is given recommendations for judicious use of the drug based upon the available published literature.
Probable Interaction Between Warfarin and Divalproex Sodium
Authors: Anderson Sarah L. , Marrs Joel C.
Published: November 2013

Objective: A potential interaction between warfarin and divalproex sodium is described. Case Summary: A 65-year-old Arabic-speaking Egyptian woman chronically anticoagulated with warfarin for atrial fibrillation and a history of stroke presented to the anticoagulation clinic with an elevated international normalized ratio (INR) of 3.2. This was an increase of 1.4 over her previous INR of 1.8 only 9 days prior. Discussion with the patient’s daughter revealed the addition of divalproex sodium (a derivative of valproic acid) 250 mg twice daily to the patient’s medication regimen 6 days prior. Other contributing factors that could cause an elevated INR were ruled out. The patient’s total weekly dose (TWD) of warfarin was decreased from 22.5 mg to 20 mg, and the patient was instructed to return for a repeat INR in 1 week. On the day the patient was due to return for a repeat INR, she was admitted to the hospital and her INR was 2.2 on admission. Based on medication reconciliation information, the patient had decreased her warfarin TWD as instructed and had self-discontinued the divalproex sodium due to intolerable fatigue. During this time, the patient received no additional divalproex sodium. She was instructed to resume her previous TWD of warfarin of 22.5 mg on discharge and subsequently had a therapeutic INR (2.6) 11 days later. Discussion: Warfarin and divalproex sodium are commonly prescribed agents with few case reports to describe their interaction. Primary literature supports a multifactorial mechanism, including CYP450 metabolism inhibition and protein-binding displacement, both of which can result in an elevated INR. Use of the Drug Interaction Probability Scale indicated a probable interaction between warfarin and divalproex sodium. Conclusions: Patients receiving concurrent warfarin and divalproex sodium therapy should be monitored closely for changes in INR values as the combination may increase the INR and put the patient at increased risk for bleeding.
The formation of diploid and triploid hybrids of female grass carp × male blunt snout bream and their 5S rDNA analysis
Authors: He Weiguo , Xie Lihua , Li Tangluo , Liu Shaojun , Xiao Jun , Hu Jie , Wang Jing , Qin Qinbo , Liu Yun
Published: November 2013

Background

Hybridization is a useful strategy to alter the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring. It could transfer the genome of one species to another through combing the different genome of parents in the hybrid offspring. And the offspring may exhibit advantages in growth rate, disease resistance, survival rate and appearance, which resulting from the combination of the beneficial traits from both parents.

Results

Diploid and triploid hybrids of female grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus, GC, Cyprininae, 2n = 48) × male blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala, BSB, Cultrinae, 2n = 48) were successfully obtained by distant hybridization. Diploid hybrids had 48 chromosomes, with one set from GC and one set from BSB. Triploid hybrids possessed 72 chromosomes, with two sets from GC and one set from BSB.

The morphological traits, growth rates, and feeding ecology of the parents and hybrid offspring were compared and analyzed. The two kinds of hybrid offspring exhibited significantly phenotypic divergence from GC and BSB. 2nGB hybrids showed similar growth rate compared to that of GC, and 3nGB hybrids significantly higher results. Furthermore, the feeding ecology of hybrid progeny was omnivorous.

The 5S rDNA of GC, BSB and their hybrid offspring were also cloned and sequenced. There was only one type of 5S rDNA (designated type I: 180 bp) in GC and one type of 5S rDNA (designated type II: 188 bp) in BSB. However, in the hybrid progeny, diploid and triploid hybrids both inherited type I and type II from their parents, respectively. In addition, a chimera of type I and type II was observed in the genome of diploid and triploid hybrids, excepting a 10 bp of polyA insertion in type II sequence of the chimera of the diploid hybrids.

Conclusions

This is the first report of diploid and triploid hybrids being produced by crossing GC and BSB, which have the same chromosome number. The obtainment of two new hybrid offspring has significance in fish genetic breeding. The results illustrate the effect of hybridization and polyploidization on the organization and variation of 5S rDNA in hybrid offspring.
Genome-wide transcriptional analysis of T cell activation reveals differential gene expression associated with psoriasis
Authors: Palau Nuria , Julià Antonio , Ferrándiz Carlos , Puig Lluís , Fonseca Eduardo , Fernández Emilia , López-Lasanta María , Tortosa Raül , Marsal Sara
Published: November 2013

Background

Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune disease in which T cells have a predominant role in initiating and perpetuating the chronic inflammation in skin. However, the mechanisms that regulate T cell activation in psoriasis are still incompletely understood. The objective of the present study was to characterize the main genetic pathways associated with T cell activation in psoriasis.

Results

Gene expression profiles fromin vitroactivated T cells were obtained from 17 psoriasis patients and 7 healthy controls using Illumina HT-12 v4 microarrays. From a total of 47,321 analyzed transcripts, 42 genes were found to be differentially expressed between psoriasis and controls (FDR p-value < 0.1, absolute fold-change > 1.2). Using an independent cohort of 8 patients and 8 healthy controls we validated the overexpression ofSPATS2L(p-value =0.0009) andKLF6(p-value =0.0012) genes in activated T cells from psoriasis patients. Using weighted correlation analysis we identifiedSPATS2LandKLF6coexpression networks, which were also significantly associated with psoriasis (p-value < 0.05). Gene Ontology analysis allowed the identification of several biological processes associated with each coexpression network. Finally, using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis over the global T cell transcriptome we also found additional genetic pathways strongly associated with psoriasis (p-value < 0.0001).

Conclusions

This study has identified two new genes,SPATS2LandKLF6, strongly associated with T cell activation in psoriasis. Functional analyses of the gene expression profiles also revealed new biological processes and genetic pathways associated with psoriasis. The results of this study provide an important insight into the biology of this common chronic inflammatory disease.
An ERP-study of brand and no-name products
Authors: Thomas Anika , Hammer Anke , Beibst Gabriele , Münte Thomas F
Published: November 2013

Background

Brands create product personalities that are thought to affect consumer decisions. Here we assessed, using the Go/No-go Association Task (GNAT) from social psychology, whether brands as opposed to no-name products are associated with implicit positive attitudes. Healthy young German participants viewed series of photos of cosmetics and food items (half of them brands) intermixed with positive and negative words. In any given run, one category of goods (e.g., cosmetics) and one kind of words (e.g., positive) had to be responded to, whereas responses had to be withheld for the other categories. Event-related brain potentials were recorded during the task.

Results

Unexpectedly, there were no response-time differences between congruent (brand and positive words) and incongruent (brand and negative words) pairings but ERPs showed differences as a function of congruency in the 600–750 ms time-window hinting at the existence of implicit attitudes towards brand and no-name stimuli. This finding deserves further investigation in future studies. Moreover, the amplitude of the late positive component (LPC) was found to be enhanced for brand as opposed to no-name stimuli.

Conclusions

Congruency effects suggest that ERPs are sensitive to implicit attitudes. Moreover, the results for the LPC imply that pictures of brand products are more arousing than those of no-name products, which may ultimately contribute to consumer decisions.
Heterotopic pancreas in excluded stomach diagnosed after gastric bypass surgery
Authors: Guimarães Marta , Rodrigues Pedro , Gonçalves Gil , Nora Mário , Monteiro Mariana P
Published: November 2013

Background

Heterotopic pancreas is defined as finding of pancreatic tissue without anatomic and vascular continuity with the normal pancreas. Heterotopic pancreas is a rare condition difficult to diagnose and with controversial clinical management.

Case presentation

We describe a 43 year old female patient previously submitted to laparoscopic gastric bypass for primary treatment of morbid obesity; 5 years later, the patient was discovered to have a mass in the antrum of the excluded stomach that was found to be heterotopic pancreatic tissue. Before gastric bypass surgery, the presence of the pancreatic mass in the gastric wall was unnoticed in the imagiologic records.

Conclusion

This is the first reported case of pancreatic heterotopy diagnosed in the excluded stomach after gastric bypass. A putative role of incretin hormones in mediating pancreatic cell hyperplasia of heterotopic pancreatic remnants should be considered an additional hypothesis that requires further research.
MiR-181a contributes to bufalin-induced apoptosis in PC-3 prostate cancer cells
Authors: Zhai Xiao-feng , Fang Fan-fu , Liu Qun , Meng Yong-bin , Guo Yu-yu , Chen Zhe
Published: November 2013

Background

Bufalin is a major active compound of cinobufacini, which comes from dried toad venom and has been used for treatments of various cancers in China for many years. A number of studies have demonstrated that bufalin can induce apoptosis in some cancers. However, effects and mechanism of bufalin on prostate cancer cells remain unknown.

Methods

Apoptosis assay was measured by the annexin-V/PI flow cytometric assay. Western blot was used to measure Caspase-3 and Bcl-2. qRT-PCR was used to measure the relative expression of miR-181a.

Results

Bufalin was found to induce the expression of miR-181a, a small non-coding RNA believed to induce apoptosis by repressing its target gene, BCL-2. In prostate cancer PC-3cell line, bufalin-induced apoptosis can be largely attenuated by a miR-181a inhibitor, which blocked bufalin-induced Bcl-2 reduction and caspase-3 activation.

Conclusions

Our dataindicatedthat miR-181a mediates bufalin-induced apoptosis in PC-3 cells. Thus, we presented here a new pharmacological mechanism for bufalin in anti-tumor therapy.
Methanol extract of Melastoma malabathricum leaves exerted antioxidant and liver protective activity in rats
Authors: Mamat Siti Syariah , Kamarolzaman Mohamad Fauzi Fahmi , Yahya Farhana , Mahmood Nur Diyana , Shahril Muhammad Syahmi , Jakius Krystal Feredoline , Mohtarrudin Norhafizah , Ching Siew Mooi , Susanti Deny , Taher Muhammad , Zakaria Zainul Amiruddin
Published: November 2013

Background

Melastoma malabathricumL. (Melastomaceae) is a small shrub with various medicinal uses. The present study was carried out to determine the hepatoprotective activity of methanol extract ofM. malabathricumleaves (MEMM) against the paracetamol-induced liver toxicity in rats model.

Methods

The respective chemicals and herbal solutions (10% DMSO, 200 mg/kg silymarin or MEMM (50, 250 and 500 mg/kg)) were administered orally to rats once everyday for 7 days followed by the hepatotoxicity assay. The blood samples and livers were collected and subjected to biochemical and microscopical analysis. Prior to the hepatoprotective study, MEMM was subjected to determination of the total phenolic content (TPC) and the antioxidant properties using several standard assays (e.g. 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl- and superoxide anion- radical scavenging assay, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay).

Results

MEMM exerted significant (p < 0.05) and high antioxidant activity in which high TPC was recorded; while in the hepatotoxicity study, the extract exhibited significant hepatoprotective effects against the paracetamol-induced hepatotoxic model. The results observed for serum liver enzymes (ALT, ALP and AST) as well as the microscopic observations and microscopic scoring supported the hepatoprotective potential of MEMM. The phytochemical and HPLC analysis of MEMM demonstrated the presence of flavonoids as its major constituents.

Conclusions

The MEMM-induced hepatoprotective activity could be allied partly to its antioxidant activity and the presence of flavonoids.
Pilot study of blood perfusion coherence along the meridian in forearm
Authors: Wang Guangjun , Tian Yuying , Jia Shuyong , Zhou Wenting , Zhang Weibo
Published: November 2013

Background

Many studies have explored the relationship between skin microcirculation and meridian activation. However, few studies have examined blood perfusion coherence along the meridians, and other studies have suggested that the skin vasodilator response relates to age. This study investigated blood perfusion coherence characteristics along the meridian of the forearm in healthy volunteers.

Methods

A total of 15 young subjects (25.53 ± 2.20) and 15 middle-aged subjects (50.07 ± 3.37) were recruited for this study. Before experiments, each subject was placed in a temperature-controlled room for 60 min. Skin blood perfusion from five points was recorded simultaneously using a full-field laser perfusion imager before and after inflatable occlusion. The five points comprised three points located on the pericardium meridian, and two points from different locations. Coherence analysis between these points was performed at different frequency intervals from 0.0095 to 2 Hz.

Results

In young subjects, the coherence value was unchanged before and after occlusion, and there was no significant difference in coherence value between meridian-meridian points (M-M) and meridian-parameridian points (M-P). In middle-aged subjects, the coherence value increased significantly in both M-M and M-P at frequency intervals of 0.14-0.4 Hz, 0.4-1.6 Hz, and 1.6-2 Hz. However, there was no significant difference in coherence values between M-M and M-P.

Conclusions

Inflatable occlusion can increase middle-aged subjects’ blood perfusion coherence value of the forearm. However, there is no specificity in meridian location.
PinX1 suppresses bladder urothelial carcinoma cell proliferation via the inhibition of telomerase activity and p16/cyclin D1 pathway
Authors: Liu Jian-Ye , Qian Dong , He Li-Ru , Li Yong-Hong , Liao Yi-Ji , Mai Shi-Juan , Tian Xiao-Peng , Liu Yan-Hui , Zhang Jia-Xing , Kung Hsiang-Fu , Zeng Yi-Xin , Zhou Fang-Jian , Xie Dan
Published: November 2013

Background

PIN2/TRF1-interacting telomerase inhibitor1 (PinX1) was recently suggested as a putative tumor suppressor in several types of human cancer, based on its binding to and inhibition of telomerase. Moreover, loss of PinX1 has been detected in many human malignancies. However, the possible involvement of PinX1 and its clinical/prognostic significance in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) are unclear.

Methods

The PinX1 expression profile was examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blotting, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in UCB tissues and adjacent normal urothelial bladder epithelial tissues. PinX1 was overexpressed and silenced in UCB cell lines to determine its role in tumorigenesis, development of UCB, and the possible mechanism.

Results

PinX1 expression in UCB was significantly down-regulated at both mRNA and protein level as compared with that in normal urothelial bladder epithelial tissues. PinX1 levels were inversely correlated with tumor multiplicity, advanced N classification, high proliferation index (Ki-67), and poor survival (P < 0.05). Moreover, overexpression of PinX1 in UCB cells significantly inhibited cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, whereas silencing PinX1 dramatically enhanced cell proliferation. Overexpression of PinX1 resulted in G1/S phase arrest and cell growth/proliferation inhibition, while silencing PinX1 led to acceleration of G1/S transition, and cell growth/proliferation promotion by inhibiting/enhancing telomerase activity and via the p16/cyclin D1 pathway.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that down-regulation of PinX1 play an important role in the tumorigenesis and development of UCB and that the expression of PinX1 as detected by IHC is an independent molecular marker in patients with UCB.
Urea immunoliposome inhibits human vascular endothelial cell proliferation for hemangioma treatment
Authors: Wang Zhiliang , Li Jie , Xu Xin , Duan Xianglong , Cao Gang
Published: November 2013

Background

Urea injection has been used in hemangioma treatment as sclerotherapy. It shrinks vascular endothelial cells and induces degeneration, necrosis, and fibrosis. However, this treatment still has disadvantages, such as lacking targeting and difficulty in controlling the urea dosage. Thus, we designed a urea immunoliposome to improve the efficiency of treatment.

Methods

The urea liposome was prepared by reverse phase evaporation. Furthermore, the urea immunoliposome was generated by coupling the urea liposome with a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) monoclonal antibody using the glutaraldehyde cross-linking method. The influence of the urea immunoliposome on cultured human hemangioma vascular endothelial cells was observed preliminarily.

Results

Urea immunoliposomes showed typical liposome morphology under a transmission electron microscope, with an encapsulation percentage of 54.4% and a coupling rate of 36.84% for anti-VEGFR. Treatment with the urea immunoliposome significantly inhibited the proliferation of hemangioma vascular endothelial cells (HVECs) in a time- and dose-dependent manner.

Conclusions

The urea immunoliposome that we developed distinctly and persistently inhibited the proliferation of HVECs and is expected to be used in clinical hemangioma treatment.