bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Partial Vertical Ownership, Capacity Investment, and Information Exchange in a Supply Chain
Authors: Avinadav Tal , Shamir Noam
Published: January 2023

Partial vertical ownership describes a situation in which a firm holds financial shares in either its supplier (referred to as partial backward integration) or its customer (partial forward integration). We study the effect of such financial interconnectedness on two operational decisions: capacity investment and information exchange. In our model, a retailer, who has superior information about the future market demand, has passive financial holdings in the supplier. Although this passive financial investment does not enable the retailer to directly influence the supplier’s operational decisions, it does affect the market equilibrium. Specifically, financial interconnectedness between the firms can result in the retailer financing the entire capacity in the market. In addition, we characterize the conditions that ensure that information between the retailer and the supplier can be exchanged via cheap-talk communication. Interestingly, a high level of information asymmetry facilitates the exchange of information via cheap talk in the presence of these financial links. When cheap talk is not possible, we study the separating equilibrium that is achieved through the retailer’s commitment to order in advance. In this case, the separating quantity can either increase or decrease with the level partial vertical ownership, and this trend does not depend the actual level of the financial holdings. We further analyze the incentive of the retailer to conceal demand information by choosing a pooling equilibrium and conclude with discussing the effect of the financial interconnectedness on the parties’ operational payoffs.

This paper was accepted by Jayashankar Swaminathan, operations management.

Funding: N. Shamir gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Israel Science Foundation [Grant 2358/22] and The Henry Crown Institute of Business Research in Israel. T. Avinadav gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Israel Science Foundation [Grant 1571/20].

Supplemental Material: Data and the electronic companion are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4673 .
Cognition, Self-Efficacy, and Problem-Solving Strategies: A Harmonistic Framework for Sustainable Competitive Advantage
Authors: Tende Friday Buradum , Deme Adomale
Published: January 2023

Purpose: This review examinesthe ways in which cognition, self-efficacy, and problem-solving strategies can bring about sustainable competitive advantage. Methodology: The systematic literature review was adopted to identify, select, and evaluate relevant literature in a transparent manner. Findings: Exploring cognition, self-efficacy, and problem-solving strategies are critical to addressing potential fundamental issues that bedevil efforts of organisations to gain sustainable competitive advantage.Limitations: Bradley (2015) proposed the dimensions of entrepreneurial resourcefulness as use of cognitions and self-instructions, application of problemsolving strategies, ability to delay immediate gratification, and belief in one’s ability to self-regulate internal events (self-efficacy). However, only cognition, self-efficacy, and problem-solving strategies were adopted, applied and discussed independently. Contributions: Cognition, self-efficacy, and problem-solving strategies enhances the capabilities of organisations to pursue and take advantage of opportunities.
The acquired anterior open bite: possible aetiologies and management strategies
Authors: Chesterman James , Gray David , Mannion Christopher , Beddis Hannah
Published: January 2023

An anterior open bite (AOB) is present when there is no vertical overlap between the upper and lower incisors when the buccal segment teeth are in occlusion, and most commonly develops during childhood. This article presents a series of cases in which an AOB has developed in adulthood, together with a discussion of potential aetiological factors and management strategies.

CPD/Clinical Relevance: A review of the potential causes, presentation and management of the anterior open bite, applicable to clinicians in primary and secondary care
The Mind in the Body
Authors: Hackett Helen
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the state of the person's mind within their body. It begins with a discussion of how the Elizabethans defined the souls and the spirit, as influenced by the teachings of Aristotle. Next, the chapter discusses humoral theory. This is the idea that each human being was formed of the four elements — earth, water, air, and fire — each of which was associated with a particular fluid or ‘humour’ in the body. The chapter also considers how the humours were represented on stage. It goes on to explore how the complex humoral model of relations between mind and body was rendered even more intricate and variable by the workings of the passions: forces similar to the modern concept of the emotions. To conclude, the chapter examines Elizabethan mind–body relations.
Mind against Body
Authors: Hackett Helen
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores deep-rooted philosophical and theological traditions — including Platonism, Stoicism, and Christian spirituality — which gained new impetus and took on new forms in the sixteenth century. In both their ancient and revived manifestations, these thought-systems encouraged the separation of mind and body long before Cartesian dualism. They attributed to each human being a defining inner essence that was distinct from, and elevated above, the body and the material world, denominating this sometimes as the mind, sometimes the soul, and sometimes the self. The chapter unpacks these ideas by examining ancient traditions of mind–body division, the allegory of the psychomachia (‘conflict of the soul or mind’), the iconography of martyrdom, and religious introspection. Neoplatonism and Neostoicism are also discussed.
The Minds of Africans
Authors: Hackett Helen
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores how the Elizabethans defined their own minds against the minds of the ‘Other’. It offers a case study of one of the groups who seemed to the Elizabethans most different from themselves: Africans. The people of Africa were variously referred to by the English as ‘Moors’, ‘blackamoors’, ‘Negros’, or ‘Ethiopians’. These terms reflected some understanding that Africa was inhabited by diverse populations, but often collapsed into a single ‘Othered’ category. The Elizabethans perceived Africans as essentially different from themselves partly because of geographical distance and partly because of skin colour, which was relevant to ideas about the minds of Africans because of sixteenth-century belief in the interrelationship of mind and body. However, the chapter shows that the deductions that Elizabethans drew about the minds of Africans from their skin colour were not always what one might expect.
Stars and Demons
Authors: Hackett Helen
Published: January 2023

This chapter reveals that, for many Elizabethans, treating the troubled mind was not just a matter of managing its relations to the body, but also a matter of contending with astrological and demonic forces that were always threatening to invade its permeable boundaries, sometimes with unexpected and alarming effects. However, these beliefs were also being increasingly called into question, provoking animated debates about how character and behaviour were determined, the extent and limits of human autonomy, and how far the human mind had power over itself. Thus the chapter considers how astrology affected the Elizabethan mind. It then discusses demonic possession at length, as well as representations of demons in Shakespeare and Marlowe. Elizabethan belief-systems, combining religious and folkloric traditions, not only offered interpretations of the symptoms of sixteenth-century demoniacs, but probably had a shaping influence upon the manifestations of those symptoms.
‘Things Feigned in the Mind’
Authors: Hackett Helen
Published: January 2023

This chapter shows how Elizabethan ideas about the imagination were in many ways fundamentally different from modern ones; beginning with the period's understanding of the location and function of this faculty in the brain. It first takes a look into Andreas Vesalius' groundbreaking studies in human anatomy — particularly the human brain and its capacity for imagination. Next, the chapter takes a look at how imagination was perceived as wicked, according to biblical scripture. The interpretation of dreams is then discussed, followed by a look into how Elizabethans used imagination as a means of literary creation. Focus is given on the ‘mind's eye’ or the imaginative writer's mental image-making, as well as the ‘imagine’ chorus. Finally, the chapter considers how Shakespeare in particular treated imagination.
Writing Thought and Self
Authors: Hackett Helen
Published: January 2023

This chapter takes a look at how many literary authors of the late sixteenth century became preoccupied with representing ‘the very image of the mind’ in writing. For some, this meant continuing and developing the allegorical tradition, in which mental faculties were projected outside the mind and personified. But as Elizabethan writers became increasingly interested in disparities between the inner, mental self and the outer, social self, and in ways of representing unfolding thought-processes within the mind, many of them turned away from allegory towards other kinds of writing. This includes autobiography, particularly in the work of composer and music teacher Thomas Whythorne. The chapter then turns to the sonnet — a lyric poem used to represent and reflect upon states of mind. Finally, the chapter discusses Elizabethan prose fiction.
‘That Within’
Authors: Hackett Helen
Published: January 2023

This chapter considers how the mind is represented on the Elizabethan stage. It details how the soliloquy developed in the late Elizabethan period and how it reached its apogee in Hamlet. Here, the chapter explores how speech is transitional between the medieval convention of psychomachic allegory and the developing Elizabethan convention of the soliloquy as a representation of inner conflict. It also reveals an unfolding sense of Shakespeare's realisation of what soliloquy can do, and the many dramatic and literary techniques that can be powerfully combined within it. To that end the chapter probes in-depth on the origins of Hamlet, reflecting on a ‘moment of the mind’ which occurred in 1600 to allow for a play like Hamlet to be written.
Epilogue
Authors: Hackett Helen
Published: January 2023

This concluding chapter reflects on Elizabethan ideas of the mind as elaborated in the previous chapters, revealing their parallels with modern ideas of the mind. Surveying this cultural landscape, the chapter shows how current frameworks for understanding the mind are no less eclectic and jumbled than those of the Elizabethans. In fact, some Elizabethan ideas about the mind are ancestors of those of the present day, while there are others that have been circled towards after centuries of divergence. Literature and drama are particular fields where Elizabethan innovations in representing the mind and its workings have had a vast legacy in subsequent centuries. Moreover, some behaviours of the mind, and some of the experiences of having a mind, have remained much the same over time.
Agile Stability
Authors: Kattel Rainer , Drechsler Wolfgang , Karo Erkki
Published: January 2023

This chapter argues that Weberian notions reveal themselves in the context of innovation bureaucracies through two ideal-typical categories of organisations: charismatic networks and expert organisations. The charismatic networks provide agility and dynamism for innovation bureaucracies to search for new directions and ways of doing things, while expert organisations bring long-term focus, predictability, and stability to deliver needed policies and results. It defines agile stability as the symbiosis of charismatic networks and expert organisations, which are the key to the success of capitalist systems. The chapter describes genuinely entrepreneurial states that have capacities and capabilities for agile stability, in other words, being oriented towards overall success in context. It explains how agile stability requires agility- and stability-oriented mindsets and for organisations to be able to go along with, support, and lead economic and societal transformations.
State of the Debate
Authors: Kattel Rainer , Drechsler Wolfgang , Karo Erkki
Published: January 2023

This chapter addresses the question of how governments understand innovations and their role in supporting and fostering innovations. It looks at the context of innovation being a policy arena that has been continuously expanding over past decades, particularly since the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) of 2008. Before the GFC, the role of governments in innovation was expanding in the sense of developing ever more complex interventions, primarily to tackle market failures, but after the GFC legitimate expectations have gradually expanded towards governments giving direction to innovation efforts to simultaneously tackle wicked societal challenges and co-create new market opportunities. The chapter highlights the three broad tasks of the US government: to invest in the building blocks of American innovation, to promote competitive markets, and to catalyse breakthroughs. It mentions the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency organisational model, which was taken as a successful example of how government can support innovation.
Neoliberalism, Innovation Bureaucracies and the Reinvention Of Missions
Authors: Kattel Rainer , Drechsler Wolfgang , Karo Erkki
Published: January 2023

This chapter recounts that the end of the Cold War marked a fundamental shift in the global patterns of innovation policy making. It highlights that the 1990s became one of the main periods of de-contextualised or neoliberal innovation policies. In the 1990s, the shift in policy was based on the global spread and emulation of what has been labelled as Washington Consensus policies combined with new public management (NPM)-based approaches to reform innovation bureaucracies. The chapter talks about how the NPM was driven by the neoliberal desires to cut the state and pursue cost-efficiency and favoured the separation of small elites tasked with policy-level decision making from routine policy implementation. It looks at the concerns of competitiveness, which is a comparative notion that leads to international benchmarking and technocratic policy emulations.
Beatrix Potter
Authors: Kelly Matthew
Published: January 2023

This chapter highlights Beatrix Potter and the historical context of her accumulation of significant personal wealth. It discusses her two major sources of income: A northern industrial inheritance came to her in stages over the course of her life, and she earned a great deal as the author of a series of phenomenally lucrative children's books. The chapter then examines how Potter took a principled position on maintaining public access to the fells. It emphasizes that Potter placed little symbolic value on the collection of small donations from working people: she preferred quick transactions with single wealthy donors, enjoying high-powered negotiations. The chapter also looks at Potter's preservationism, arguing that it was predicated on a mix of aesthetic judgement and local priorities rather than a nationally orientated social progressivism. Ultimately, the chapter investigates how Potter freed herself from familial claustration in middle age for love, a companionable marriage, and a purposeful anonymity. Despite the enormous success of her books, and despite her close work with the National Trust, the chapter stresses that Potter's modus operandi was private and enabled by private means.
Epilogue
Authors: Kelly Matthew
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks back from the third decade of the twenty-first century to imagine how Octavia Hill, Beatrix Potter, Pauline Dower and Sylvia Sayer saved the English countryside. It highlights that the countryside needed saving from the developments associated with industrial modernity, whether this took the form of new housing, tourist infrastructure, commercial and industrial interests or the voracious appetites of the modern state. The chapter also emphasizes that the four believed that access to the countryside brings about human health and happiness and that this is a right, perhaps even a God-given right. The chapter assesses how the four translated the rights-based claim into a meaningful and often successful environmental activism. It then discusses the palpable shift away from the preservationism characteristic of their activist careers and towards an environmentalism more strongly predicated on nature conversation, ecology and the shared vulnerabilities of all life on Earth during the early 1970s.
Introduction ​The Object Matter of Modern Jewish Literature
Authors: Mann Barbara E.
Published: January 2023

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the materiality of Jewish literature. Classical Jewish texts have always possessed a material dimension, deriving from both their tendency to serve as markers for lost spaces and their connection to a sacred tradition. Texts such as the Torah scroll or prayer book were handled with respect and sensitivity, as befitting holy objects. Due to the specific historical conditions in which modern Jewish literature emerged in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, one can more clearly identify the rise of secularism and the consequent pressure upon cultural forms to retain some evidence of “aura.” The chapter explains that the book suggests how the particulars of twentieth-century Jewish experience—its mass migrations as well as physical and psychological traumas—have shaped materiality's emergent role in literary forms by Jewish authors.
The Expansion of an Idea
Authors: Polisi Joseph W.
Published: January 2023

This chapter reveals that the initial thrust in developing what was to become the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts had less to do with the arts and more with the redevelopment of so-called blighted sections of New York City through “slum clearance.” The greatest strategist behind this was Robert Moses. Moses viewed the development of Lincoln Center as a project befitting the ambitions of a great city like New York; one that would make it a world-class center for the arts. He believed that the prestige of a new cultural center would overcome any objections to the project. Some civic leaders expressed qualms about condemning private property, but the destruction of a city neighborhood and the resulting diaspora of residents moved ahead with a single-mindedness that left the affected individuals and families in its wake.
It Was Not a Matter of Friendship but Principle
Authors: Polisi Joseph W.
Published: January 2023

This chapter tackles further challenges during William Schuman's presidency as well as further additions to the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. The chapter begins with the opening of the new Metropolitan Opera House in 1966. Although it was already the fifth new venue to be opened since 1962, the Met was, by far, the most anticipated hall at the new arts center. In addition to the performing art of opera appearing onstage at the Met, the visual arts were also represented in the new building through the work of distinguished international artists. And as the construction of buildings moved toward completion, the idea of creating new constituents also surfaced, including the potential for film and even a mall. By the end of 1966, however, a serious rift had developed between William Schuman and John D. Rockefeller 3rd. The latter's sound business practices and the former's vision of those creating art at the highest level of excellence and integrity gradually came at odds with one another.
She Had Bet the Ranch
Authors: Polisi Joseph W.
Published: January 2023

This chapter chronicles mid-2000s developments at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. It talks about The Juilliard School's centennial celebration during the 2005–6 academic year. And as the excitement of the Lincoln Center Redevelopment project washed over campus, Beverly Sills was settling in as the new chair of the Metropolitan Opera board. Unlike other leadership changes at the Center, Sills's new position was closely watched by constituent heads because of the important role the Met played within the Lincoln Center community. However, the City Opera later left the New York State Theater and Lincoln Center after Sills passed away. In January 2005, Bruce Crawford announced that he would step down as Lincoln Center chair after a tenure of three years. He had assumed the role at a difficult time for Lincoln Center. Fortunately, Crawford could step down knowing that a strong Lincoln Center president would be in place in the person of Reynold Levy. To conclude, the chapter details the official groundbreaking for the Sixty-Fifth Street renovation.
War and Supply Scotland and the British Empire, 1914–67
Authors: Pittock Murray
Published: January 2023

This chapter covers the long history of the Scottish military within the British Army during the Second World War. It elaborates on the disbanding of the Scottish regiments as the British Empire retired west of Suez in the 1960s. Early generations of Nationalists had been global Scots who served the British Empire and became the first of Scotland's regionalization within the United Kingdom. Moreover, the increase in Scottish emigration overseas marked the final ages of the Empire and Scotland's natural increase in population. The chapter looks into the legacy of the Second World War and the Battle of Britain. In relation to the Scottish National Party's effort to establish a separate Scottish state, the constitutional instability of Scotland gradually developed over the last fifty years despite being a product of the postwar reconceptualization of Great Britain.
West of Suez to Out of Europe, 1967–
Authors: Pittock Murray
Published: January 2023

This chapter explains the effort of Scotland to achieve independence from Great Britain. It looks into the representation of contemporary Scotland in television, cinema, and Gaelic language, which featured an image of a small town or urban wasteland model. However, Scotland remains largely differentiated from Great Britain via the imaginary under which many of its nineteenth-century social and economic leaders camouflaged their ambition. The chapter discusses the Scottish National Party under Alex Salmond starting a ‘National Conversation’ as a prelude to a further referendum on the creation of a separate Scottish state. It tackles the international visibility of Scotland, which correlates to its distinct national culture.
American Justice
Authors: Hutchinson Robert
Published: January 2023

This chapter presents an institutional and intellectual history of the aftermath of the Nuremberg tribunals from the perspective of new High Commissioner of Occupied Germany John J. McCloy. It explores the emergent consensus within HICOG that the Landsberg prisoners were entitled to a full review of their sentences. Far from the scholarly consensus that this shift in American policy from punishment to clemency was due to the pressures of the Cold War and West German political agitation, this chapter reveals that American officials were instead guided by the conviction that there were injustices done at Nuremberg that required revision—that some prisoners were either wrongly convicted or treated unduly harshly by the tribunal. The relationship between the Cold War and the drift toward clemency was at best, indirect, factoring into McCloy’s secondary consideration to provide a shining example of “American justice” and forbearance toward former enemies by allowing them to appeal their sentences, in contrast to the ubiquitous show trials of the Soviet Union and its satellites. As a result of this consensus, McCloy established an Advisory Board on Clemency for German War Criminals to review all eighty-nine cases under his jurisdiction and recommend appropriate revisions.
Voices from Landsberg
Authors: Hutchinson Robert
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the arguments put forward by the Nuremberg war criminals explaining why they deserved mercy. In their clemency petitions, the Landsberg prisoners presented themselves to the 1950 Advisory Board on Clemency for German War Criminals not as repentant criminals but as a misunderstood and persecuted victim class. These men and women claimed that they were dedicated and respectable lawyers, doctors, military and police officers, civil servants, and businessmen, not the remnants of the Nazi elite. The fact that the tribunals had come to a different conclusion spoke only to their illegitimacy. These arguments were self-serving, tendentious, and false. Yet, in the absence of competing narratives from victims or prosecutors, the Clemency Board internalized and reproduced many of them in its reports to McCloy recommending substantial sentence reductions for most of the prisoners.
Clemency
Authors: Hutchinson Robert
Published: January 2023

This chapter offers a brief institutional history of McCloy’s 1950 Advisory Board on Clemency for German War Criminals as a case study in how the best of intentions and hopes for “American Justice” could succumb to muddled bureaucratic mandates, questionable operating procedures, and a flawed understanding of the law that blurred the lines between an appellate court and a clemency panel. Even in the few cases where the Advisory Board sounded and behaved most like a “normal” clemency panel in its denial of applications or grants of mercy to the old, sick, and the few prisoners who presented a compelling case for sentence adjustments, the Board took great liberty in overruling the judgements imposed on the Nazi war criminals at Nuremberg. The Advisory Board determined that American punishments fit the crime in only thirteen of eighty-nine cases.
Undoing Nuremberg
Authors: Hutchinson Robert
Published: January 2023

This chapter analyzes the Advisory Board’s recommendations that seventy-six of the eighty-nine Nuremberg war criminals deserved clemency. The Board systematically questioned the parameters of individual guilt or responsibility as established by the Nuremberg tribunals, at times coming dangerously close to reviving the discredited “superior orders” defense deployed by most of the Nuremberg prisoners at trial. In some cases, the Board simply disagreed with the tribunals’ findings, deeming the judgments insufficient to justify a conviction on one or more charges without consulting the evidence. Whatever the amorphous concept of “American Justice” meant to McCloy, the Advisory Board’s case reports indicated that it was absent at Nuremberg. Since the Board framed its reports on individual prisoners in the language of justice done or injustice corrected rather than mercy, each clemency recommendation implicitly questioned the legitimacy of the Nuremberg verdicts. Because of McCloy’s affirmation of the Board’s conclusions in his own pronouncements on the cases, the Board’s private criticisms and rejections of the tribunal findings entered the public sphere, while also serving as an internal HICOG reference point for all future clemency and parole evaluations through 1958.
Crimes without Punishment
Authors: Hutchinson Robert
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the rationale behind John McCloy’s final clemency decisions in January 1951 and the public backlash that quickly followed. In granting mass reprieves to the Landsberg prisoners, McCloy implicitly and explicitly called into question the validity of the Nuremberg trials, providing rhetorical victories for the unrepentant Nazis who decried the tribunals as illegitimate exercises in “victor’s justice” and denounced the postwar American commitment to international law as a sham. McCloy’s decisions were met with a firestorm of critical commentary in media outlets around the world. American, French, and British critics decried what they interpreted as McCloy’s bending to the will of the loudest and most reactionary voices in West German politics. Jewish groups and the state of Israel were horrified at the apparent trivialization of the broader Nazi project of genocide, and the continued marginalization of surviving victims. All expressed both regret for the consequences that the clemency decisions would have on the reluctantly forged consensus on the prevention of war crimes and genocide in international law, as well as dismay at the apparent propaganda victory McCloy had handed to Stalin by setting so many war criminals free.
Between Clemency and Parole
Authors: Hutchinson Robert
Published: January 2023

This chapter considers how and why, even after the mass clemency of 1951, McCloy and his successors continued tinkering with the Nuremberg sentences from 1951 to 1953 in an accelerating spiral of American, British, and French revision. Given that the Landsberg prisoners were already beneficiaries of good conduct release, medical parole, and clemency-based sentence reductions, the construction of a rehabilitative parole system on the American model seemed the next logical step. HICOG’s turn to parole to address the war criminals issue was the product of both an American desire for a smooth end to the West German occupation and adherence to the sense of American justice that guided all decisions on clemency after Nuremberg.This evolving story of institutional capture, as the fate of the Nuremberg war criminals was increasingly bound to both the broader population of army incarcerees and their compatriots in French and British custody, served to accelerate the release process for all prisoners still in American, British, and French custody. The justifications for continuing to incarcerate the few eroded with every act of mercy bestowed upon the many.
What Went Wrong?
Authors: Lieber Robert J.
Published: January 2023

This chapter begins by asking what went wrong and what happened to the once widely shared optimism about world order and America's indispensable place within it. It addresses the question on how and why the United States' long record of Cold War and post-Cold War leadership give way to a much more uncertain role. It also examines the extent to which the sources of disruption are explained by the rise of China and other revisionist states; the diffusion of economic wealth and geopolitical power; and political, social, and cultural trends within America itself. The chapter considers America, amidst its deep and intense political polarization and global issues, as the only country among its allies that have the capacity to galvanize or lead efforts and to provide deterrence, defense, and reassurance to its allies and friends in Europe, Asia, and parts of the Middle East.
Indispensability Then And Now
Authors: Lieber Robert J.
Published: January 2023

This chapter compares the meanings of “indispensability” a quarter century ago and now. It talks about how America's relative power and influence have diminished even as it faces stiffer challenges abroad and serious difficulties at home. For the United States, indispensability does not mean a false dichotomy of endless military interventions or complete abdication, as painless disengagement from foreign involvement is impossible and domestic prosperity, security, national interest, and values cannot be separated from what happens abroad. The chapter highlights President Joseph Biden's entry into office, promising to restore America's global leadership in contrast to his two predecessors. It details how Biden's pledge to rejoin international organizations and agreements from which his predecessor had withdrawn, restore relations with allies, confront China, withdraw from Afghanistan, support human rights, and much else have been proven fraught.
Outbreak
Authors: Stoyle Mark
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines how the protests at Sampford Courtenay were initially kindled, and how the flames of popular dissent then spread rapidly to envelop much of Devon by the end of June 1549. The chapter evaluates how the government of Edward Seymour, duke of Somerset — Edward VI's uncle, and the man who had been appointed to act as lord protector of England and governor of the king's person during his nephew's minority — initially reacted to these alarming events. It also discusses the two acts that were passed in the second session of Edward's first Parliament, both of which would have far-reaching effects on the kingdom as a whole and on the West Country in particular. The chapter highlights the Act of Uniformity, which decreed that the old medieval liturgy in Latin should be abolished, in all of its regional variations, and replaced with a new prayer book in English, to be introduced in parishes throughout the realm by Whitsun that year. The chapter then looks at the series of further religious innovations and financial impositions that Somerset's regime had already made. It chronicles the demonstrations against the enclosure of common land that had occurred in several Midland counties from May 1548 onwards.
Defeat
Authors: Stoyle Mark
Published: January 2023

This chapter demonstrates how the rising was eventually crushed in August, after Lord Russell, who had by now received substantial reinforcements, first overcame the protestors in a series of pitched battles fought in East Devon. The chapter unfolds how it enabled him to relieve the siege of Exeter, then scattered the insurgent forces that had regrouped at Sampford Courtenay and finally advanced into Cornwall itself, at the head of a large army, in order to stamp out the last remaining embers of resistance there. The chapter also describes how the arrival of Lord Grey of Wilton and his forces transformed the military situation in the South-West. Following the defeat of the insurgents in Oxfordshire, Grey had not set off to join the lord privy seal straight away. Instead, he and Genoese Captain Paulo Baptist Spinola had directed their steps to Bristol — the second city of the kingdom, and another place in which serious disturbances had recently occurred — in order to pre-empt any further outbreaks of trouble there. The chapter concludes by exploring how money, ordnance, horsemen, and soldiers who were well versed in the use of the most up-to-date firearms proved crucial in the bloody battles that were soon to come.
Retribution
Authors: Stoyle Mark
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on the aftermath of the Western Rising. It tells the grim story of what happened to the defeated insurgents after the protests had been crushed, as Lord Russell and his subordinates identified the chief leaders of the rising and sent them up to London for interrogation by the king's Privy Council in preparation for their eventual trial, while scores of lesser ‘rebels’ suffered summary justice on the ground. The black tide of repression that had already swept from one end of the West Country to the other in the wake of the royal army continued to overflood the land. As the chapter shows, hundreds, if not thousands, of local people were punished for the parts they had played in the rebellion. The chapter also looks at the most high-profile victims: the surviving rebel leaders, whom the privy councillors had been determined to apprehend, to interrogate and to make a terrible example of from the moment that the first stirs in Devon began.
Aftershocks
Authors: Stoyle Mark
Published: January 2023

This chapter reviews some of the consequences of the Western Rising. It pays attention to the bitter factional struggles that raged in London between October 1549 and January 1550. The chapter follows the time when Protector Somerset was toppled from power. His fall was a direct consequence of the terror that the popular protests of the previous summer — protests that had occurred, not just in the West Country, but in many other parts of England, too — had inspired in the hearts of the ruling elite. The chapter then examines how the Western Rising helped to usher in dramatic political change, then, despite the insurgents' defeat, but its consequences could well have been more momentous still, for, in the wake of Somerset's fall, religious conservatives at court battled to take control of the boy-king's government and to install his Catholic half-sister, Mary, as regent. Had this happened, the imprisoned captains of the western rebels — now incarcerated in London and gloomily awaiting trial and surely inevitable execution — could well have seen their fortunes change overnight.
Conclusion
Authors: Stoyle Mark
Published: January 2023

This chapter outlines how this desperate battle for power at the heart of government played out. It shows how the rebel captains — who possessed close links to several of the key contestants in that battle — looked on, helpless, from the Tower: suspended, as it were, halfway between life and death. The chapter also considers the most important new insights to have emerged from this book, then investigates how they enable us to refine and extend the traditional narrative of the rising which was originally laid down by Frances Rose-Troup more than a century ago. The chapter notes that in some ways, the book has supported and expanded upon the thesis that Helen Speight was the first to advance in detail, during the 1990s: that the influence of the Arundell family of Lanherne had been far more important in the history of the Western Rising than scholars had hitherto realised.
Work-Related Stress as a Risk Factor for Farm Injuries in the Central United States
Authors: Bai He , Beseler Cheryl , Baccaglini Lorena , Rautiainen Risto Heikki
Published: January 2023

Highlights

Operators reporting stress had 1.9 times as many injuries per year compared to those who did not report stress.

Stress, sleep deprivation, and fatigue showed a similar positive association with injuries.

Hearing loss and exposure to animal and/or chemical-based allergens were also risk factors for injury.

Musculoskeletal pain/discomfort was strongly associated with injuries, making it a potential risk factor or a consequence.

Abstract. This study evaluated the association of self-reported occupational stress and injury among farm and ranch operators in the central United States. Randomly sampled operators received mail surveys with questions related to injuries, chronic health conditions, work exposures, and preventive measures in 2018 and 2020. Injury risk factors were analyzed using Poisson regression analysis. Out of 6,744 participants, 836 (12%) reported at least one injury in the past 12 months and 1,766 (26%) reported work-related stress. The percentage of those reporting stress was 24% among those with no injuries, 36% among those with one injury, and 66% among those with two or more injuries. Similar percentages across the three injury categories were found for sleep deprivation (21%, 30%, and 51%) and fatigue (25%, 39%, and 66%). A high perceived stress level was a risk factor for injury in the final adjusted model (adjusted Rate Ratio (aRR): 1.93, 95% CI: 1.65 to 2.25) when controlling for hearing loss (aRR: 1.25, CI: 1.25 to 1.75) and exposure to animal and/or chemical based allergens (aRR: 1.49, CI: 1.17 to 1.91). With musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS) in the model, the association of stress and injuries was attenuated (aRR: 1.54, CI: 1.32 to 1.79) while MSS had a strong association with injuries (aRR: 3.79, CI: 3.00 to 4.78). Stress, sleep deprivation, and fatigue were associated with injuries in a dose-response manner. Preventing injuries among farmers and ranchers requires a focus on stress reduction and related health conditions. Keywords: Agriculture, Fatigue, Hearing Loss, Injury, Musculoskeletal discomfort, Stress.
Nonlinear optical limiting effect of porous graphene dispersions at 1064  nm
Authors: Xie Youwen , Lu Yuangang , Huang Jian , Li Xinghan , He Chongjun
Published: January 2023

This work presents a new, to the best of our knowledge, porous graphene dispersion in ethanol that can achieve a good nonlinear optical limiting (NOL) effect at the wavelength of 1064 nm. Using the Z-scan system, the nonlinear absorption coefficient of the porous graphene dispersion with a concentration of 0.01 mg/mL was measured as 9.69×10−9cm/W. The NOL of the porous graphene dispersions in ethanol under three different concentrations (0.01, 0.02, and 0.03 mg/mL) were measured. Among them, the 1-cm-thick porous graphene dispersion with a concentration of 0.01 mg/mL has the best optical limiting effect, in which the linear transmittance is 76.7%, and the lowest transmittance is 24.9%. By using the pump-probe technique, we detected the formation and annihilation times of the scatter when the suspension interacts with the pump light. The analysis shows that the NOL mechanisms of the novel porous graphene dispersion are mainly nonlinear scattering and nonlinear absorption.
Multi-wavelength lock-in spectroscopy for extracting perturbed spectral responses: molecular signatures in nanocavities
Authors: Xomalis Angelos , Baumberg Jeremy J.
Published: January 2023

Detecting small changes in spectral fingerprints at multiple wavelength bands simultaneously is challenging for many spectroscopic techniques. Because power variations, drift, and thermal fluctuations can affect such measurements on different timescales, high speed lock-in detection is the preferred method, however this is typically a single channel (wavelength) technique. Here, a way to achieve multichannel (multi-wavelength) lock-in vibrational spectroscopy is reported, using acousto-optic modulators to convert nanosecond periodic temporal perturbations into spatially distinct spectra. This simultaneously resolves perturbed and reference spectra, by projecting them onto different locations of the spectrometer image. As an example, we apply this multichannel time-resolved methodology to detect molecular frequency upconversion in plasmonic nanocavities from the perturbed Raman scattering at different wavelengths. Our phase-sensitive detection scheme can be applied to any spectroscopy throughout the visible and near-infrared wavelength ranges. Extracting perturbed spectra for measurements on nanosecond timescales allows for capturing many processes, such as semiconductor optoelectronics, high-speed spectro-electrochemistry, catalysis, redox chemistry, molecular electronics, or atomic diffusion across materials.
Simultaneous achievement of power boost and low-frequency intensity noise suppression in a bidirectional pumping fiber amplifier based on saturated even-distribution gain
Authors: Zeng Chun , Peng Wenkun , Zhao Qilai , Lin Wei , Yang Changsheng , Sun Yuxin , Wang Changhe , Feng Zhouming , Yang Zhongmin , Xu Shanhui
Published: January 2023

An optimized bidirectional pumping fiber amplifier is demonstrated to achieve low-frequency intensity noise suppression and effective power enhancement simultaneously. Based on the concept analysis of the gain saturation effect, the influence of input signal power and pump power on intensity noise suppression is investigated and optimized systematically. Further combining with the optimization of the pumping configuration to achieve the even-distribution gain, the relative intensity noise (RIN) of 1083 nm single-frequency fiber laser (SFFL) is suppressed with 9.1 dB in the frequency range below 10 kHz. Additionally, the laser power is boosted from 10.97 dBm to 25.02 dBm, and a power instability of ±0.31% is realized. This technology has contributed to simultaneously improving the power and noise performance of the 1083 nm SFFL, which can be applied to a multi-channel helium (He) optically pumping magnetometer. Furthermore, this technique has broken the mindset that power amplification of the conventional fiber amplifiers will inevitably cause the degradation of intensity noise property, and provided a valuable guidance for the development of high-performance SFFLs.
Event-based dual photography for transparent scene reconstruction
Authors: Liu Xiaomeng , Rego Joshua D. , Jayasuriya Suren , Koppal Sanjeev J.
Published: January 2023

Light transport contains all light information between a light source and an image sensor. As an important application of light transport, dual photography has been a popular research topic, but it is challenged by long acquisition time, low signal-to-noise ratio, and the storage or processing of a large number of measurements. In this Letter, we propose a novel hardware setup that combines a flying-spot micro-electro mechanical system (MEMS) modulated projector with an event camera to implement dual photography for 3D scanning in both line-of-sight (LoS) and non-line-of-sight (NLoS) scenes with a transparent object. In particular, we achieved depth extraction from the LoS scenes and 3D reconstruction of the object in a NLoS scene using event light transport.
Investigation into the writing dynamics of planar Bragg gratings using pulsed 213 nm radiation
Authors: Ahmed Q. Salman , Field James W. , Holmes Christopher , Oo Swe Zin , Mennea Paolo L. , Bannerman Rex H. S. , Cecil Rod , Churchill Glenn , Gawith Corin B. E. , Smith Peter G. R. , Gow Paul C. , Gates James C.
Published: January 2023

We present the first substantive investigation into the photosensitivity response of planar-doped silica to pulsed 213 nm light. We look at the response over a broad range of fluences and average powers to identify suitable regimes for simultaneous waveguide and Bragg grating writing. Unlike previously reported work, we do not observe any clear evidence of a similar non-linear photosensitivity response in B/Ge doped silica. We discuss laser-induced damage, saturation of photosensitivity, and grating response. This paper presents writing regimes for small spot direct UV writing where the photosensitivity and grating response are optimum, thereby confirming the suitability of the fabrication approach for complex devices.
Multifunctional terahertz device based on a VO2-assisted metamaterial for broadband absorption, polarization conversion, and filtering
Authors: Chen Zhe , Chen Jinjiang , Tang Haowen , Shen Tao , Zhang Hui
Published: January 2023

This paper proposes a multifunctional terahertz device based on VO2 with a simple structure that needs only one step lithography. The designed device can realize broadband absorption, reflective broadband cross-polarization conversion, reflective linear-to-circular polarization conversion, transmissive narrowband cross-polarization conversion, and filtering under different working conditions. When VO2 is in a metallic state, the device can perform two different functions depending on the direction of the incident wave. When the electromagnetic wave is a forward incident, the device is a broadband absorber in the frequency range from 3.53 THz to 9.68 THz with a corresponding absorption efficiency above 90% and a relative bandwidth of 93%. When the electromagnetic wave is a backward incident, the device can work as a reflective broadband cross-polarization converter in the frequency range from 0.77 THz to 1.79 THz with a polarization conversion rate greater than 97% and a relative bandwidth of 80% and a reflective linear-to-circular polarization converter at 0.66 THz and 1.86 THz. While for VO2in the insulating state, the device exhibits the transmissive narrowband cross-polarization converter with polarization conversion rate greater than 90% at 1.32 THz and the function of the transmissive narrowband filter with transmittance more than 60% at 1.84 THz for both forward and backward incident waves. This multifunctional device may have great potential in miniaturized terahertz systems.