bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foliar Treatments for Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1984
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Late Superior’ potatoes were planted near Benson, NC on 20 Apr. Treatment plots consisted of single rows 10 ft long on 42-inch centers in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times Treatments were applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle deliverying 75 gal/acre at 60 psi. Application; were made 22 May, 5 Jun, and 25 Jun. Damage ratings and insect counts were made on 22, 31 May, 5, 25 Jun, and 3 Jul. Potatoes were harvested and weighed 25 Jul.
Foliar Insecticide Efficacy Trial, 1983
Authors: Silowitz Zane , Wallace Jean , Gurecki Tom , Rebarchak Paul , Yocum John O.
Published: March 2022

Certified, Class B ‘Katahdin’ seed potatoes were planted 10 May, with a 9-inch spacing between plants. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was used. Plots consisted of four 25-ft rows planted at 34 inches apart Temik 15 G (1.0 lb (AI)/acre) was applied in-furrow at planting for all treatments and the control. A 3.0 lb (AI)/acre Temik treatment was also included. Starting in Jun, Dithane M-45 was applied at 1.5 lb (AI)/acre on a 5-7 day schedule for potato late blight control. The foliar insecticides were applied 28 Jun and 26 Jul, 3, 18 Aug with a George White boom sprayer in 22 gal per acre at 66 psi. Ten stems per plot were sampled before and after sprays for all stages of CPB. Control plots were sampled weekly beginning 13 Jun. A subjective damage estimate was also assessed, 1 for little or no damage through 5 for more than 75% defoliation. One 20 ft row per plot was harvested 18 Oct and graded by size. Rainfall totalled 2.89 inches for Jun, .28 inches for Jul and 3.27 inches for Aug. Avg max and min daily temperatues (°F) were 83.1 and 57.5 for Jun, 89.8 and 60.1 for Jul and 89.2 and 61.4 for Aug.
Wireworm Control on Potato, Hermiston, OR, 1984
Authors: Toba H. H.
Published: March 2022

The effectiveness of different rates of chemicals or application methods in reducing wireworm damage was evaluated in a solid-set sprinkler-irrigated field of potatoes. The soil type was Adkins fine sandy loam (Xerollic Camborthid) with a pH of 6.6-7.8 and an organic matter content of 0.5-1%. On 6 Mar, 3 wireworms were found in 25 soil samples obtained in the test area with a posthole digger to a depth of at least 18 inches. On 10 Apr, preplant broadcast (PPB) applications of granules were made with a hand-operated Ortho Whirlybird spreader, and the plots rototilled to a depth of 4-6 inches within 1 h after application. On 18 Apr, at-plant sidedress (APSD) applications were made with Gandy applicators mounted on the planter by placing the granules in 1-inch bands shanked 3-4 inches to each side and level with the seed pieces. Similarly, at-plant seed-piece furrow (APF) applications were made by placing granules in 1-inch bands on the planter shoe, level with and directly ahead of the seed pieces. On 21 May, postemergence sidedress (PESD) applications were made with tractor-mounted Gandy applicators in a manner similar to APSD. On the same day, postemergence topical incorporated (PETI) applications were made by allowing granules to fall over the plants from the end of the delivery tube to which a spreader was attached; all plots were similarly treated with Temik 15G (3 lb (AI)/acre) for aphid control, then hilled with a Lilliston cultivator immediately after treatment. Each plot measured 10 ft long and 11.3ft wide (4 rows, 34-inch spacing), and each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. On 2 Oct, tuber samples were harvested from the 2 center rows of each plot (ca. 15 ft/row). Expressed as percentages of tubers by weight, an injured tuber was one with any wireworm feeding, and a damaged tuber was one with any injury as severe as described in Sec. 51.1560 and 51.1564 of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Potatoes.
Aphid Suppression on Spinach, 1985
Authors: McLeod Paul
Published: March 2022

Five rows of spinach, each separated by 1 ft, were planted in 6-ft-wide beds on 11 Mar at the University of Arkansas Vegetable Substation, Kibler, AR. Plots consisted of 1 bed (5 rows) × 30 ft. Plots were separated by 1 ft of bare ground on each side and 3 ft of spinach separated plots within the same row. Experimental design was a randomized complete block (12 treatments × 4 replications). Sprays were applied 24 April with a hand held CO2 sprayer equipped with 3 Delvan #10 nozzles and calibrated to deliver 28 gpa. Weather at spraying was clear, 65°F and negligible wind. Ten randomly selected plants were cut from each plot 13 days after spraying and transferred to the laboratory where the number of live aphids were determined by plant dissection.
Pyrethroid Phytotoxicity on Tomatoes, 1985
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

‘Ohio 7870’ tomato transplants were planted in 25-ft rows on 15 May ’85. Plots consisted of a treatment row buffered on each side by an untreated guard row. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 12 inches. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied with a custom built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/A at 90 psi. Treatments were applied 27 May; 2, 10, 17 and 24 Jun. In evaluating the treatments phytotoxicity was recorded on 7, 14 and 25 Jun using a 0-5 scale where 0 = none, 1 = slight phytotoxicity (yellow to white spotting), 3 = moderate phytotoxicity heavy spotting or discoloration, curling of leaves) and 5 = severe phytotoxicity (plant death).
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Insect Pests of Tomatoes, 1985
Authors: Waddill Van
Published: March 2022

Plots were direct seeded on 4 Feb, ’85 in Rockdale soil. Each plot was a single row on 6-ft centers, 15 ft long. Normal cultural practices were followed using black plastic mulch and overhead irrigation. There were 4 replications per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied weekly from 25 Mar (1st bloom) to 6 May for a total of 7 applications. They were applied with a Spirit Mfg. Inc. model 902 high-clearance sprayer with 5 nozzles per row, 80 psi, and in 100 gal of water/acre. Mature green to ripe fruit were harvested on 10 May. The % of fruit damaged by SGSB and SAW were determined by examining 25 randomly selected fruit per plot. The populations of both pests were lower than usual.
Foliar Miticides on Alfalfa, Idaho, 1984
Authors: Baird Craig R. , Frohlich Donald R.
Published: March 2022

Miticides were applied as foliar sprays on .01 acre plots of established alfalfa in a field with heavy mite populations near Caldwell, ID. Treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. Sprays were applied on Jul 24 and 31 Jul, 1984 with a CO2 backpack sprayer using 50 gal water/acre. Mite counts were made by randomly picking ten 3-leal samples per replicate. Leaves were brushed through a brushing machine and mites and eggs were counted under a dissecting microscope.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1985
Authors: Hower Arthur A. , Alexander Sandy , Rebarchak Paul
Published: March 2022

Experiment A was conducted at the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station farm at Rock Springs, Centre County, Pa. 35 × 40-ft plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications per treatment. PLH densities were estimated from 20 180° sweep samples taken randomly across each plot with a 15 inch diam sweep net 1 day before stubble spray on Jul 16, 8 days after the stubble spray, on Jul 25, then after the 25 Jul foliar sprays on Aug 1, Aug 8, and Aug 15 in all plots. This latter date was 29 and 21 days from the stubble and foliar sprays, respectively. Alfalfa height of the time of foliar spraying was 6-8 inch. Sprays were applied in 20 gal water per acre at 50 psi with a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with a 20-ft boom, with 80° flat fan nozzles and 50 mesh screens. Alfalfa yield was determined from two 75 ft2 swathes taken from each plot 4 days after the last sampling date. A similar test, Experiment B, was conducted in State College, Centre County, Pa. The only changes being: size was increased to 40 × 40 ft, and no stubble sprays were applied. PLH density was evaluated on Jul 30 just before spraying at 7, 14, 22, and 28 days post spray on Aug 6, 13, 22, and 28, respectively. Alfalfa yield was determined from 2 60 ft2 swaths taken from each plot after the last sample date.
Control of Alfalfa Insects in Iowa (Mid Season), 1985
Authors: Hutchins Scott H. , Pedigo L. P. , Higley L. G. , Lasack P. M.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots measuring 40 × 40 ft were located in a newly established stand near the city limits of Ames, IA. Five treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete-block design. Insecticide treatments were applied on Jun 26 ’85 to the center 20 ft of the plot with a Suzuki LT-125 4-wheel all terrain cycle. The CO2 charged (31 psi) boom was ca. 18 inches from the foliage and fitted with 12 brass 8003 flat-fan nozzles. Ground speed was 3.9 mph delivering 12 gal of final solution per acre. Plants were in stage 5 (early bloom) and ca. 11 inches tall. Weather conditions at application time were partly cloudy, winds 3-7 mph, temperature 70-75 degrees F, and ca. 75% RH. A standard 15-inch sweepnet was used to take 15 pendulum sweeps in each plot 1 day before treatment and 1, 5, and 10 days posttreatment. In order to induce recolonization into the experimental area to evaluate residual toxicity, the alfalfa surrounding the plot area was cut ca. 8 days after application of the treatments. No phytotoxicity was observed in any plot.
Control of Lygus Bugs in Alfalfa in Montana, 1985
Authors: Morrill Wendell L. , Wrona Alan
Published: March 2022

The trial was conducted on a 2-year-old stand of alfalfa on the Montana Agric Exp Stn Post Farm in Gallatin County. Plots were 16 by 20 ft with 3 replications in a randomized block design. Chemicals were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer delivering 27 gal/acre at 20 psi on Jun 17. Lygus bugs were sampled using a 15 inch diam sweep net. Weather was unusually hot and dry, and other commonly occurring insects including pea aphids and alfalfa weevils were present only in low numbers. Lygus Dugs were primarily in the nymphal stage during the first sample period, while adults were predominant on the last sample date. The alfalfa normally would have been cut prior to the final sample in a forage production program.
Variegated Cutworm Control, 1985
Authors: Sloderbeck P. E.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted at the Garden City Experiment Station in Finney County, KS. The plots were 4.6m by 4.6m in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The plots were treated on 31 May after the first cutting of hay was removed. The variegated cutworm larvae were approximately 2.5 cm long. The treatments were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer with a 1.5-m boom calibrated to deliver 119 liters of spray per acre. Counts were made on Jun 1 by visually searching 2 strips of 0.3 m × 3.2 m across each plot for dead larvae.
Control of the Spotted Alfalfa Aphid and Pea Aphid with Foliar Sprays in Idaho, 1985
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. , Baird Craig R.
Published: March 2022

Insecticide treatments were applied to 8 inch high alfalfa near Kimberly, ID, on 6 Aug ’85. Plots were 24 ft × 24 ft, with 4 replications arranged in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a CO2 back-pack sprayer at 25 psi delvering 50 gal water/acre. Aphid counts were made with a 15-inch diam sweep net taking 5 (90°) sweeps per plot.
Potato Leafhopper Control on Alfalfa, 1985
Authors: Whalen J. , Vanderhoef H.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted at the Delaware State College Research Farm near Kenton, DE on a sixth-year stand of alfalfa. Plots were 20 ft × 20 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Treatments vere applied with a wheelbarrow design, CO2 pressurized sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 40 psi. Leafhopper density was evaluated prior to treatment on 10 Jul and 2, 5, and 13 days posttreatment by taking 10 sweeps per plot with a 15-inch diam insect net.
Spider Mite Control on Dry Beans, 1985
Authors: Stoltz Robert L.
Published: March 2022

Foliar sprays were applied to beans near Buhl, ID on 1 Aug ‘85. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 6 rows wide (22 inch row spacings) × 20 ft long. Materials were applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer at 25 psi using 18 gal finished spray per acre. Motile mite forms were counted from a cm2 located in the middle of the central leaflet of 2 trifoliates picked from the top, 2 from the middle, and 1 from the bottom of the plant canopy.
Stalk Borer Control in No-Till Field Corn, 1985
Authors: Bowman J. S. , Everich R. C.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted on the Dan Harvey farm in Epping, NH, where an infestation of stalk borer had occurred the previous year. Both the at-planting time treatment of Furadan 15G and the foliar applications of Pounce 3.2EC at the rates and timing suggested on their labels were made by the grower with conventional equipment. The 10-acre field had not been sown to winter rye the previous fall but contained large patches of grass weeds that would harbor overwintering stalk borer eggs. The field was no-till planted on 34-inch centers to ‘Muncie Chief’ field corn on 16 May using a 4-row White no-till planter equipped with granular applicators. Furadan 15G was applied at a label rate for nematode control which was 12 oz/1000 ft row or 1.7 lb (AI)/acre. The field was planted in a circular pattern starting at 1 edge of the field. The first 16 rows received Furadan 15G directed into the seed and fertilizer opening. This was followed with 4 rows of untreated corn, and this sequence was repeated to give a total of 4 replicates of each treatment to complete the planting of the field. The corn also received 9-19-30 fertilizer at a rate of 500 lb per acre. On 22 May the field was treated with a mixture of Bicep at 2 qts per acre and Roundup at 1 qt per acre to kill the weeds. Pounce 3.2EC was applied at 6 oz per acre (0.15 lb (AI)/acre) using a low pressure (28 gal spray per acre) on 23 May to 80-ft strips running across the corn rows. Alternate 80 ft strips were left untreated. This scheme resulted in 48 × 80 ft plots treated with Pounce 3.2EC alone or left untreated to serve as checks. On 20 Jun, when the plants were in the early whorl stage, 4 replicates of each treatment were evaluated for stalk borer injury by examining 200 corn plants per replicate.
Efficacy of Miticides Against Corn Spider Mites, 1985
Authors: Buschman L. L. , Sloderbeck P. E.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted in furrow-irrigated corn planted at the Garden City Experiment Station in Finney County, KS. Fifteen treatments and a check were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The plots were 4 rows wide (10 ft) and 50 ft long with a 10-ft border at the end of each plot. Most miticide treatments were applied with a high clearance sprayer using a 10-ft boom extending over 4 rows. Three hollow cone nozzles were directed at each row (1 nozzle directly over the row and 1 on each side of the row on 18-inch drop hoses). The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 20 gal of water with 30 psi of CO2 pressure. One treatment was applied using three 3/4 inch rain drop nozzles mounted on the high clearance sprayer at tassel height between the rows to simulate a chemigation application. This system was calibrated to deliver 5430 gal of water with 20 psi. The treatments were applied on 12 Aug. Mite counts were made by visually searching the leaves on 1 side of 8 flagged plants in each plot for larger mites (mostly adult females). These plants had previously been infested (1 to 2 wk pretreatment) with mites, 4 plants with TSSM from a newly established greenhouse colony, and 4 plants with Banks grass mites from an infested corn field. Pre-treatment counts were made 1-6 Aug and posttreatment counts were made 21-27 Aug. Mite samples were collected with a vacuum sampler from each of the 2 groups of flagged plants in each plot. Forty mites from each sample were selected at random and mounted for microscopic examination and species determination. The percent TSSM in each sample was then calculated. This test was designed to test these miticides against both the Banks grass mite and the TSSM; however, the plots were found to contain predominantly TSSM when the posttreatment counts were made. Therefore, the counts from all 8 plants in each plot were combined for analysis. Grain yields were determined by hand harvesting 40 row-ft from the 2 center rows in each plot 1-4 Sep. All yields were corrected to 15.5% moisture.
First Generation European Corn Borer Control, 1985
Authors: Foster David E. , Wintersteen Wendy K.
Published: March 2022

The efficacy of 5 granular insecticides for control of European corn borer were tested near Wellman, Washington County, IA. Six treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Plots measured 28 rows by approximately 500 yds. All treatments were aerially applied on 28 Jun when the crop was in the late whorl to early pretassel state. Weather conditions were clear with a temperature of 84°F. The wind varied from 5-8 mph from the south-southwest. The longitudinal axes of the plots were north-south. Pretreatment counts made 26 Jun, consisted of examining 10 plants at each of 10 locations with each of 4 blocks. The number of plants with shot-hole damage were recorded. Two damaged plants from each location were dissected and the number of ECB larvae recorded. Insecticide efficacy was evaluated on 31 Jul and 1 Aug by removing 20 shot-hole damaged plants from each plot, dissecting them and recording the number of ECB cavities per plant. Plants used in the efficacy evaluation were selected from the eighth row in from the east edge of each plot. Individual plants were selected by walking 20 paces down row 8, then cutting every third plant that exhibited shot-hole damage.
Efficacy of Insecticides Against First Generation European Corn Borer Larvae, 1985
Authors: Higgins R. A. , Moulton M. , Blodgett S. L. , Gibb T. J. , Neumann-Dye P.
Published: March 2022

Naturally infested mid-to-late whorl stage yellow field corn was treated on 14 Jun ‘85. Eighteen insecticides and 2 untreated control plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All plots were composed of 4 adjacent rows, each 12 m long with 76-cm between-row spacing. Sprays w ere applied in water (20 gpa) with a carbon dioxide-powered backpack sprayer. The boom was equipped with 80 degree hollow cone tips positioned to deliver spray simultaneously through 8 nozzles across 4 rows (2 per row positioned 45 degrees from the vertical). Granular products were applied with custom-modified electric drive Nobel applicators. Band spreaders were positioned approximately 5 cm above the whorl proper and distributed products over a 20-cm band width.
Efficacy of Insecticides Against Second Generation European Corn Borer Larvae, 1985
Authors: Higgins R. A. , Moulton M. , Blodgett S. L. , Gibb T. J. , Neumann-Dye P.
Published: March 2022

Naturally infested silking stage yellow field corn was treated twice (19 Jul and 29 Jul ‘85). Eighteen insecticides and 2 untreated plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All plots were composed of 4 adjacent rows, each 12 m long with 76 cm between-row spacing. Sprays were applied in water (20 gpa) with a carbon dioxide-powered system mounted above the canopy on a rickshaw-style frame. The boom was equipped with 80 degree hollow cone tips positioned to deliver spray simultaneously through 12 nozzles across 4 rows. For each row, 2 nozzles were positioned on drops and sprayed 45 degrees from the vertical into the ear zone while 1 was positioned to apply spray straight down from above the tassel. Granular products were applied with custom-modified electric drive Noble applicators. Band spreaders were positioned approximately 5 cm above the tassel and distributed products over a 20-cm band width.
Field Corn, Black Cutworm Planting-Time and Rescue Treatments, 1985
Authors: Levine Eli
Published: March 2022

A field evaluation of registered and experimental insecticides to control artificial infestations of black cutworm larvae under 2 tillage systems (fall plow, spring disk; no-till) was conducted in Champaign, IL. Corn (Pioneer 3747) was planted in 30-inch rows at a plant population of 26100 on May 9. Sixty plots (32 plots in no-till and 28 plots in conventional till) were established by erecting 6-inch high aluminum barriers over the corn rows immediately after planting. Each plot measured 56 × 7 inches and enclosed an average of 7 corn seeds. Each plot was infested with laboratory-reared black cutworms (fourth to fifth instar) as follows: 2 larvae each on 12 and 17 May and one larva each on 21, 24, 28, 31 May and 4 Jun. All insecticides except the Lorsban 4E rescue treatment were applied on 13 May using either a CO2 sprayer equipped with a 1-nozzle wand for the liquids (Spraying Systems no. 80015E even flat fan nozzle, 3.9 ft/sec, 20 psi, 20 gal water/acre) or a Noble metering unit attached to a bicycle-wheeled applicator for the granules. In the conventionally tilled plots, Ambush, Pydrin, one of the Pounce treatments, and a pre-emergence application of Lorsban were very lightly incorporated into the upper 1 inch of soil with a hand cultivator. In both tillage experiments, the Lorsban 4E rescue treatments were applied when insect damage was first noted on 18 May (corn in spike stage) and existing cut plants were marked at application. In each tillage experiment, treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Seedlings were assessed for cutting damage daily until 17 Jun.
Control of Western Bean Cutworm, Handplots, Hale (Bonny Dam), Co, 1985
Authors: Peairs Frank B. , Pilcher Stanley D.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied on 26 Jul ‘85 to pretassel center-pivot irrigated corn. Treatments were applied with a CO2 sprayer calibrated to deliver 11.5 gal/acre at 30 psi through 2 nozzles (8003) mounted on a 2.5-ft boom. Plots were 2 50-ft rows separated with a single buffer row and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were evaluated on 21 Aug ‘85 by counting the number of live larvae in 10 ears per plot.
Corn Rootworm Control with Nematodes, 1983
Authors: Peters Leroy L.
Published: March 2022

* These experiments were conducted in Buffalo County, NE. Experiment 1 was center pivot sprinkler irrigated with 4 replications; Experiment 2 was furrow irrigated with three replications. The entomophagous nematodes, Neoaplectana carpocapsae Weiser (Breton Strain), in Experiment 1 were applied at the rate of 70 million nematodes per acre in liquid fertilizer at time of planting on 5 May. In Experiment 2, 50 million nematodes per acre were applied at planting in liquid fertilizer on 11 May. Granular insecticides were applied at planting time by the cooperating farmer in an 18-cm band. Entomophagous and plant pathogenic nematodes were counted by Dr. Eric Kerr, U-N-Panhandle Research and Extension Center, from 2.5 × 20-cm soil samples taken on 14 Jul. Roots were evaluated on 19 Jul on a 1 to 6 damage scale (1 = no damage; 6 = 3 or more nodes of roots destroyed). In Experiment 1 corn was hand harvested from three, 6-m long sections of row within each treatment. The yield data for Experiment 2 was obtained by the cooperating farmer who harvested corn with a combine from 16 rows, 402 m long.
Chemigated and Aerially-Applied Insecticides for Control of First Generation Eurpoean Corn Borer, Wray, Co, 1985
Authors: Pilcher Stanley D. , Peairs Frank B.
Published: March 2022

Aerial treatments were applied on 1 Jul ‘85 with an AgCat G164 A-600 aircraft at 105 mph. The liquid treatment was applied at 2 gal/acre and 25 psi through 20 Whorljet 1/8 B5 nozzles mounted on a 32-ft boom. The granules were applied with a High Volume Transland 4017 granule spreader. The chemigated treatments were applied on 2 Jul ‘85 through a Zimmatic sprinkler with low angle Rainbird nozzles using a Pulsafeeder Hydracone R-l pump. Once-refined soybean oil was used in the insecticide + oil treatments. Treatments were evaluated on 25 Jul ‘85 by dissecting 4 groups of 10 plants per treatment and counting the number of live 3rd-5th stage larvae and cavities per plant.
Cultivation Treatments for Control of European Corn Borer, Wray, Co, 1985
Authors: Pilcher Stanley D. , Peairs Frank B.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were made on 27 Jun ‘85 to 38-44 inch center-pivot irrigated corn. Insecticides were metered with Noble electric units through 7-inch spreaders mounted on a tool bar held 52 inch above the ground. Applications were made at 3 mph. Plots were single 200-ft rows arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Treatments were evaluated on 6 Jul ‘85 by selecting 5 plants/plot which showed leaf feeding damage, dissecting the plants and counting the number of live 3rd-5th stage larvae and cavities.
Effect of Lannate in Varying Volumes of Finished Spray on Control of Fall Armyworm And Yield in Late-Planted Field Corn, 1985
Authors: Pless C. D. , Shamiyeh N. R.
Published: March 2022

Field corn ‘Pioneer 3147’ was planted on 14 Jun at the Tobacco Experiment Station, Greeneville. Seven in-whorl treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 20 ft × 4 rows with 5-ft alleys between blocks. Rows were 38 inches apart. Plant population was 25 plants/20 row ft. Lannate insecticide (0.45 lb Al/acre) was applied in 6 different finished spray volumes (3-30 gal/acre) on 17 Jul when 94% of the plants were infested with 3.35 larvae/plant. Sprays were applied using different nozzle sizes with a 2.5-gal compressed CO2 sprayer at a constant tank pressure of 30 psi. Dead larvae were counted on 18 Jul and percent mortality was determined. Newly damaged whorls were counted on 25 and 31 Jul. Ensilage yield was determined on 8 Oct at 52.38% moisture.
In-Whorl Treatments for Fall Armyworm Control in Late-Planted Field Corn, 1985
Authors: Pless C. D. , Shamiyeh N. B.
Published: March 2022

‘Pioneer 3147’ corn was planted on 14 Jun at the Tobacco Experiment Station, Greeneville. Sixteen insecticide treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 30 ft × 4 rows with 5-ft alleys between blocks. Rows were 38 inches apart with a population of 37 plants/30 row ft Insecticides were applied on 17 Jul when 94% of the plants were infested with an average of 3.45 larvae/plant. Liquid formulations were applied with a 2.5-gal compressed CO2 sprayers at 30 psi and 30 gal/acre. Granular insecticides were applied with shaker jars. Newly damaged whorls were counted on 31 Jul. Ensilage yield was measured on 8 Oct at 52.38% moisture.
In-Whorl Treatments for Fall Armyworm and Second Brood European Corn Borer, 1985
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Pless C. D.
Published: March 2022

‘Pioneer 3147’ corn was planted on 16 Jun and 2 Jul at the Highland Rim Experiment Station, Springfield, TN. Fourteen treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 30 ft × 4 rows with 5-ft alleys between blocks. Rows were spaced 40 inches apart with 45 plants/30 row ft. The 2 middle rows were evaluated for whorl damage. One row was harvested for ensilage yields. Liquid formulations were applied using 2.5-gal compressed CO2 sprayers at 30 psi and 30 gal/acre. Granular insecticides were applied with shaker jars. In the first planting, 1 insecticide application was made on 17 Jul when plants were infested with an average of 5.60 larvae/plant. Ensilage yield was determined on 25 Sep at 53.95% moisture. In the second planting, the first insecticide application was made on 23 Jul when plants were infested with 2.69 larvae/plants; the second on 1 Aug with 2.45 larvae/plant and the third on 15 Aug with 11.4 larvae/plant. Stalk feeding counts were based on the number of basal tunnels/ 45 plants. Ensilage yield was measured on 16 Oct at 60% moisture.
Control of the Gray Garden Slug on Corn, 1985
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T.
Published: March 2022

Field and greenhouse trials were conducted simultaneously. All corn seeds used were treated with Captan. The ‘Magnum’-treated seeds were obtained directly from Gustafson. Field. Corn was planted in an RCB design with 3 replicates of each treatment on 19 Jun at the Robbins Entomology Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of 10 corn plants, each plant spaced 1 ft apart. When corn was 2-4 inches high, plants were infested (3 Jul) with slugs (1/plant) collected from a neighboring plot. The bare ground around the plants was covered with a layer of straw to enhance the habitat for slugs. Two days after infestation plants were examined, and since little injur) was apparent, 5 more mid-sized slugs/plot were added. On 8 Jul plants were examined for the presence of slugs and feeding injury. Greenhouse. The 3 treatments of corn used were planted into 10-inch azalea pots on 8 Jul with 1 plant/pot and 6 pots/treatment. When plants were 3-4 inches high, 5 mid-sized slugs were placed on each seedling and allowed to feed. After 48 h the number of feeding sites, and live and dead slugs were recorded.
Susceptibility of Western Corn Rootworm Adults From Illinois to Carbofuran, Terbufos and Fmc 67825, 1985
Authors: Staetz C. A. , Findlay C. A. , Lew A. C.
Published: March 2022

Adult beetles were collected from nine separate locations in northern Illinois from fields with organophosphate, carbamate and mixed insecticide use histories as well as from an untreated field on 25-27 Jul. Control problems had been reported for the organophosphate fields. The beetles were caged, provided with fresh corn silk, and treated within 24h at the FMC Research Farm at Champaign, IL. Individual beetles were topically treated with 1.0 microliter of acetone: insecticide solution (technical grade) on the ventral abdomen using a Burkard microapplicator. At least 4 or 5 dosages were of carbofuran, terbufos, or FMC 67825 were used to determine 24h LD50‘s. Each test was replicated twice (10 beetles per replication) and the tests were repeated 2 or 3 times on separate days. Beetles were considered dead if they did not move or regain a standing position 24h after treatment. Dosage-mortality data were calculated by a logit analysis program and the LD50‘s corrected for beetle weight.
First Generation European Corn Borer Control in Southeast Pennsylvania, 1985
Authors: Starner Van R. , Grice Todd A. , Pryor T. W. (Bill)
Published: March 2022

This commercial field test was conducted in cooperation with Ed and Jim Ranck of Noble Oak Farms near Nine Points, PA, in eastern Lancaster County. A conventionally-tilled 6-acre field, which was soybeans in 1984, was planted on 30-inch centers with ‘DK587’ field corn on 19 Apr ‘85 with no soil insecticide. When corn was at the 10-12 leaf stage (38-inch extended leaf height), scouting for first generation European corn borer “shot-hole” feeding damage (20 consecutive plants in each of 8 randomly selected areas of the field) indicated that 83% of the plants were infested. Larvae were first and second costar with an average 5.6 larvae/plant, determined by dissecting the last infested plant within each 20-consecutive-plant sample and counting larvae. On 7 Jun ‘85, Lorsban 15G at 6.5 lb/acre (1.0 lb (AI)/acre) was applied using a small-plot Gandy air-spred granular applicator (compliments of Gandy Corp) pulled behind a tractor. Granules were applied directly over the whorls with 4 rows treated the length of the field (about .25 mile) and replicated 6 times. Treated strips were separated by 4-row non-treated strips. On 10-11 Jul ‘85 the effectiveness of the treatments was evaluated by dissecting 5 consecutive plants from 4 random sample sites within each treated strip and 6 non-treated strips, and counting the no. of live corn borer larvae, pupae and empty tunnels caused by borer feeding. A yield evaluation was made on 26 Sep ‘85 by commercially harvesting, with the farmers‘ 4-row combine, about 520 ft of each 4-row treated and non-treated strip near one end of the field (for ease of harvesting and weighing). Grain from each strip was weighed separately (using a weigh wagon furnished by Dekalb-Pfizer Seed Co.), and % moisture was determined with a moisture tester at the field.
Apple, Summer Acaricide Evaluation, 1985
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Crim Larry
Published: March 2022

Acaricides were applied to single-row plots of 32-year-old trees on 26 Jun. Appli-cation was with a Swanson DA400PT024 airblast sprayer delivering 935 1/ha at a travel speed of 3.86 k/hr. Treatment effect on European red mite was determined by sampling 20 leaves from the periphery of each of 5 trees, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine and counting active stages with a binocular microscope. The effect of acaricides on Stethorus punctum was evaluated by counting the number of adult and larval stages observed during a 3-minute period while walking around the tree periphery.
Effect of Selected Early Treatments on Flowering, June Bollworms, and the Early Pest/Predator Complex, 1985
Authors: Burris Gene , Graves J. B. , Pavloff A. M.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted for determination of early insecticide treatment effects on cotton and the pest/predator complex that occurs in May and Jun. Cotton was planted on 16 Apr in 40 inch rows. Plots were 8 rows × 95 ft replicated 4 times. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots, delivering 3 gal/acre with 2 X-4 hollow cone nozzles/row. Early season treatments were started at pinhead square stage of cotton and applied 4 times, on 28 May, 3, 10, and 25 Jun. White flowers/95 row ft were counted on 19, 24, and 26 Jun. Sweep net data were collected by making 25 sweeps/plot 31 May and 4 Jun. Other insecticides applied for major pest and/or secondary insect control were: 16 Apr; Temik + Terraclor Super-X 0.75 + 0.25 + 1.0 lb Al/acre, 5 Jul; Pydrin (2.4EC) + Fundal (4E) 0.05 + 0.125, 25 Jul; Baythroid (2E) 0.03, 6 Aug; Curacron (6E) + Galecron (4E) 0.75 + 0.125, 12 Aug; Guthion (2L) 0.25, 25 Aug; Baythroid (2E) 0.033. On 5 Sep the test was defoliated with Folex + Dropp 1.2 + 0.1 and Prep 1.0 was applied on 11 Sep. Four rows from each plot were harvested on 18 Sep with a 2 row John Deere picker, equipped with a sacking device. Yields were converted to lb seedcotton/acre.
Effect of Selected Insecticides on Plant Bugs, Cotton Fleahoppers and Beneficial Insects, 1985
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B. , Pavloff A. M. , Burris G.
Published: March 2022

‘DPL 41’ cotton was planted on a Tensas silty clay loam 10 Apr at Helena Plantation, Waterproof, LA. Cotton seed was commercially treated with Orthene (75SP 6.4 oz (AI)/100 lb) and planted at the rate of 12 lb/acre. Terrachlor Super × (Terrachlor 1.0 lb + Terrazole 0.25 lb (AI)/acre) was applied in-furrow as a systemic fungicide behind the planter. Nitrogen 90 lb/acre was sidedressed 18 May. Five insecticide treatments were replicated 3 times in a complete random design. Each treatment consisted of approximately 15 acres with no fewer than 200 rows/plot. All treatments were applied 5 Jun with a John Deere Hi-Cycle 6000 ground sprayer with 2 Teejet X-6 nozzles per row calibrated to deliver 5 gal finished spray/acre. Insects were sampled with a standard insect sweep net (15-inch dia) at 4 locations in each plot with 25 sweeps at each location.
Control of Early Season Insect Pests of Cotton with Insecticides Applied as Seed Treatments, Granular Formulations, and Foliar Sprays, 1984
Authors: Luttrell R. G. , Lorenz Gus , Wofford Tommy , Gary Debra
Published: March 2022

A small plot field study was conducted on the Plant Science Research Farm at Mississippi State, MS. Plots (4 rows × 45 ft) were planted to ‘Stoneville 825’ cotton on 22 May. The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block with 10 replicates. Seed treatments were applied to seed by spraying evenly distributed samples on a belt sprayer. Granular applications were made with Gandy applicators, and in-furrow applications of Standak were made with a compressed air sprayer mounted behind the planter wheel. All foliar applications were made with a compressed air sprayer mounted on a Ford 5000 tractor. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver ca. 6.5 gpa total volume with 2 TX-4 nozzles per row. Foliar applications followed 2 different treatment regimes. Some of the treatments were initiated at the first true leaf (ITL) stage of plant growth with a total of 5 early season applications being made on weekly intervals. The alternative treatment regime was initiating early season applications at the pinhead square (PHS) stage of growth and making 4 early season applications on weekly intervals. After the first bloom stage of plant growth, the entire study area was oversprayed on weekly intervals to protect the influence of early season treatment effects. ITL treatments were made on 12, 20, and 27 Jun, and 4, 12, and 16 Jul. PHS treatments were made on 27 Jun, and 4, 12, and 16 Jul. All plots were oversprayed on 12 Jun with dimethoate (0.2 lb Al/acre) to prevent thrips from destroying the test. Subsequent oversprays were made on 20 and 24 Jul, 24, and 3, 13, 20, 22, and 28 Aug, 12, 20 and 28 Sep, and 3 Oct with fenvalerate (0.1 lb Al/acre) and azinphosmethyl (0.25 lb Al/acre) to protect the plots from Heliothis spp. and Anthonomus grandis.
Effects of Selected Foliar Insecticides on Early Season Cotton Insect Control, Stoneville, Ms, 1984
Authors: Luttrell R. G. , Debra Gary , Lorenz Gus , Furr Randy
Published: March 2022

A small plot field experiment was conducted on the Delta French Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville, MS. Plots (4 rows × 50 ft with 2 row buffers) were planted to ‘DES 422’ cotton on 7 May. The experiment was conducted as a RCB with 9 replicates per block. All insecticide applications were made with a John Deere high clearance sprayer equipped with a compressed air spray system. The sprayer delivered a spray volume of ca. 4.5 gps through 2 TX-4 nozzles/row. Two basic insecticide treatment regimes were used: (1) initiating applications at the first true leaf (ITL) stage of plant growth, and (2) initiating applications at the pinhead square (PHS) stage of plant growth. In both cases, applications were made on weekly intervals until the first bloom stage of growth. After first bloom all plots except the untreated check were oversprayed with Pydrin, Comite, and Lorsban to prevent subsequent insect damage. ITL treatments were applied on 25 and 31 May, and 5, 13, 19, and 28 Jun. PHS treatments were applied on 5, 13, 19, and 28 Jun. Plots were oversprayed on 6, 16, 23, and 25 Jul, and 3 and 20 Aug. Thrips populations were monitored by shaking the plants in a hill of cotton over a standard cigar box or white pan and counting the number of immature and mature thrips. Ten hills were sampled in each plot.
Control of Aphids in Cotton in Mississippi, 1985
Authors: Luttrell R. G. , Gary D. , Reed J.
Published: March 2022

A small plot field study was conducted to measure the relative efficacy of several insecticides for control of aphids on cotton in the Delta region of MS. Since the species of aphids was not determined, we assumed that the population was predominantly composed of Aphis gossypii. The study was conducted on a grower farmer where aphids were found at measurable severs. According to the grower the field had previously been treated several times with pyrethroid insecticides. Plot size was 4 rows × 50 ft. Applications were applied with a John Deere high clearance sprayer equipped with 2 TX-4 nozzles/row that delivered a spray volume of ca. 3.0 gpa. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Pretreatment observations indicated that the aphid population was between 10-20 aphids/upper leaf. Posttreatment observations were made by randomly collecting 10 leaves from the upper, mid, and lower canopy levels in each plot at 2, 7, and 14 days after application. Each collected leaf was classified as having (1) 0 aphids, (2) 1-5 aphids, (3) 6-15 ;iphids, (4) 16-25 aphids, or (5) 25+ aphids. For purposes of comparing the various treatments, the data were converted to estimated number of aphids/leaf by multiplying the mid-point of each classification by the number of observations for that classification. Data were subjected to AOV and means were separated by Duncan’s multiple range test.
Timing Studies of Selected Early Season Insecticide Applications 1984 and 1985
Authors: Ratchford Kevin
Published: March 2022

Selected insecticides were tested for effects on the pest/predator complex associated with the early weeks of square production. Stoneville 825 cotton was planted 3 May, 1984 and 9 May, 1985 on loessial silt loam soil at the Macon Ridge Branch the Northeast Research Station. Plots were 8 rows (40 inches wide × 75 ft) and were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied with a high clearance sprayer equipped with a compressed air system for spraying small plots, delivering 2.5 gal/acre with two X-3 hollow cone nozzles/row. Weekly insecticide applications were initiated at 4 stages: pinhead square on 18 June, ‘84 and 13 Jun, ‘85 (3 applications); 1 wk after pinhead square on 25 Jun, ‘84 and 21 Jun, ‘85 (3 applications); 2 wk after pinhead square on 3 Jul, ‘84 (2 applications) and 27 Jun, ‘85 (3 applications) and; 3 wk after pinhead square on 10 Jul, ‘84 (1 application) and 3 Jul, ‘85 (2 applications). A ‘total control‘ treatment was sprayed each wk, beginning at pinhead square for the duration of the observation period. Sweep net data were collected by making 25 and 5 sweeps/plot on 20 and 28 Jun, 6 and 12 Jul, 1984 and 20 and 26 Jun, 3, and 8 Jul, ‘85. Early season applications were discontinued in Jul of each year when plots had to be oversprayed and maintained with standard insecticides for bollworm and boll weevil control. Two rows from each plot were mechanically harvested 17 Sep, 5 Oct ‘84 and 20 Sep, 7 Oct 1985. Yields were converted to lb sc/acre.
Spider Mite and Cotton Aphid Control, 1985
Authors: Royer Tom A. , Edelson J. V.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted in a Raymondville clay loam soil on 25 Mar at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco, TX. Plots measured 2 rows (40-inch centers) by 40 ft, and were bordered by 1 row of ‘Headless Wonder’ forage sorghum to reduce spray drift. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 replications. Plants were oversprayed with metalaxyl at 0.6 lb + cypermethrin at 0.06 lb (AI)/acre on 6, 13, 20, and 28 Jun in an attempt to induce an outbreak of spider mites. Treatments were applied on 2 Jul with a CO2 powered, tractor-mounted spray boom with hollow-cone nozzles at a rate of 5 gal/acre finished formulation (4 mph, 40 psi, 2 TX4 nozzles/row). Aphids and mites were monitored by randomly collecting 10 leaves from each plot, counting all mites present on the leaves, and all aphids present within a one square area centered on the leaf nectary.
Large Plot Evaluation of Baythroid and Ammo for Middle- and Late-Season Control of Boll Weevil on Cotton, 1984
Authors: Treacy M. F. , Benedict J. H. , Hopkins S. W.
Published: March 2022

A large plot field study was conducted on a commercial farm near Tivoli, TX, to evaluate the relative effectiveness of Baythroid and Ammo for control of boll weevils on cotton. Treatments were compared in 32-row by 800 ft plots of cotton planted on 38 inch rows. Treatments were replicated 6 times in a paired block design. Beginning ca. 1 wk past first-bloom, applications of each treatment were made on 12, 17, 29 Jun, 5, 9 and 12 Jul. The applications in Jun were done with a high-clearance ground machine, while those in Jul were done by aircraft. Efficacy of the insecticides was evaluated by inspecting 25 randomly chosen squares and ca 7-day-old bolls in each plot for the presence of boll weevil damage. Seed-cotton was hand harvested from designated 10-ft sections of row in each plot for yield analysis.
Aphid Control in Spring Oats, 1985
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Hynson Teresa P.
Published: March 2022

Foliar insecticides were applied on 30 May ‘85 at the Russell Settle Farm in Richmond County, Virginia. Oats were planted on a 7-inch row spacing on 11 Mar ‘85. A completely random design was utilized with 3 replications. Individual plots were 6 × 50 feet with a 1-foot border between treatments. Spray concentrate was applied with a CO2 air sprayer at 22 psi that delivered 11.7 gal of finished formulation per acre. Flat Fan, Tee Jet AL8002, nozzels were used. The efficacy of individual treatments was determined 1-, 5-, 7-, and 14-days after treatment by inspecting all grain heads per 1 row-foot for the presence of live aphids.
Control of Corn Earworms and Fall Armyworm on Peanuts in Alabama, 1984
Authors: Backman C. B. , Mack T. P.
Published: March 2022

This field test was conducted on peanuts planted in a light clay loam soil at the Wiregrass Substation of Auburn University at Headland, AL. Five treatments and an untreated were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each 0.011 acre plot was 4 rows wide (36-inch row spacing, each “row” consisting of 2 rows 7 inch apart) and 40 ft long. Conventional tillage methods were used. Treatments were applied on 25 Jul with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer equipped with 3 TX6 hollow cone nozzles per row operating at 40 psi and delivering 15 gal/acre. Insect populations were sampled by placing a standard 3-ft beat sheet between the rows and beating the plants on both sides. CEW and FAW larvae were identified and classified into small (instar 1-2), medium (instar 3-4), or large (instar 5+). Larvae were then counted and recorded. Three samples from each plot were taken 2, 9, 14 and 21 days postspray (Jul 27, Aug 3, 8 and 15).
Lesser Cornstalk Borer Control in Grain Sorghum, 1983
Authors: Cheshire J. M.
Published: March 2022

Two experiments were planted (36-inch rows) on 31 Aug (Test l)and 20 Sep (Test 2) in Spalding Co, GA. The soil type was a Cecil loamy clay soil. Materials were applied 2 days after each planting in randomized complete blocks with 4 replicates. Liquid formulations were applied in a 7-inch band over the row with a 2-gal hand sprayer equipped with a pressure gauge and a cone nozzle. All liquids were applied at 20 gal/acre at 30 psi, and application speed was regulated with a stopwatch. Granular formulations were applied in a 7-inch band over the row with a hand pushed granular applicator equipped with a 4-inch bander. Partial incorporation of materials was attained by lightly spreading soil from the edge of the rows over the treated bands. Data were collected from 2-row × 28-ft plots which were separated on each side by a border row which received the same treatment. The numbers of healthy and lesser cornstalk borer-(LCB) damaged plants were counted in each plot ca. 2 and 6 weeks after planting (14 and 42 days in Test 1, 18 and 41 days in Test 2). Each plant with LCB damage was identified by characteristic damage symptoms (dead or dying central whorl, or complete wilting) and also by the presence of LCB larvae or their silken feeding tubes which extend laterally in the soil from plant bases.