bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring the potential of blockchain technology for citizen engagement in smart governance
Authors: Testi Niccolò , Marconi Rebecca , Pasher Edna
Published: January 2025

This review article explores the potential of blockchain technology (BCT) as a key enabler for fostering transparency, trust, and citizen engagement in smart governance within smart cities. By examining the benefits of BCT in various aspects of smart city systems, such as data security and privacy, the paper highlights the advantages of implementing consortium blockchain architecture and the Proof of Authority (PoA) consensus algorithm and discusses the challenges of scalability and security concerns. Based on the literature showed in this article, we believe that the use of BCT in smart governance could significantly enhance citizen participation and help manage and deliver public services, paving the way for more effective decision-making processes and improved quality of life for citizens.
Próba nowego spojrzenia na problematykę wokół słowa „Kohelet”
Authors: Majewski Marcin
Published: January 2025

Księga Koheleta stawia przed czytelnikiem wiele zagadek i choć jest komentowana już od ponad 2000 lat, ciągle na niektóre z nich nie mamy jednoznacznej odpowiedzi. Jedną z nich jest samookreślenie się autora jako „Kohelet”. Słowo to, nieobecne w żadnej innej księdze biblijnej i pozabiblijnej tamtych czasów, bywa różnie interpretowane. Popularne dziś interpretacje wiążą je z mędrcem piszącym swe dzieło w czasach ptolemejskich i jego aktywnością. Celem artykułu będzie przebadanie występowania i znaczenia słowa „Kohelet” oraz weryfikacja założenia, że dotyczy ono właściwego, anonimowego autora dzieła. W trakcie analizy okaże się, że „Kohelet” to nie jest (auto)określenie dla autora rozważań zebranych w księdze, ale zawoalowane i niebezpośrednie nawiązanie do wyjątkowej funkcji króla Salomona, opisanej zwłaszcza w 1 Krl 8. Mimo żeńskiej formy słowa qōhelet, w księdze wypowiada się mężczyzna. Żeński czasownik w Koh 7,27 należy uznać za błąd skryby i poprawić według wzorca z Koh 12,8.
Dynamika nowego exodusu w księgach Ezdrasza i Nehemiasza
Authors: Pikor Wojciech
Published: January 2025

Przedmiotem artykułu jest temat nowego exodusu w Ezdraszu i Nehemiasza w perspektywie narracyjnej. Po ukazaniu stanu badań w tym zakresie, autor analizuje miejsce motywu nowego exodusu w fabule obu ksiąg, by zweryfikować, w jakim stopniu stanowi on model narracyjny w nich wykorzystany oraz w jakim stopniu służy on zbudowaniu określonej tożsamości narracyjnej powygnaniowej wspólnoty Izraela.
Sprawozdanie o stanie ludności Gdańska z 31 grudnia 1948 roku i jego znaczenie w badaniach populacji miasta
Authors: Bykowska Sylwia
Published: January 2025

Artykuł wpisuje się w nurt badań nad migracjami i osadnictwem polskim po II wojnie światowej. Stanowi analizę danych dotyczących populacji Gdańska, pochodzących z „Jednorazowego sprawozdania o stanie zaludnienia Ziem Odzyskanych” z 31 grudnia 1948 r. Był to pierwszy zbiorczy spis, w którym dokonano podsumowania akcji osadniczej na obszarach włączonych w 1945 r. w granice Polski. Zaprezentowano obraz ludności Gdańska w szczególnym momencie jej rozwoju, tj. w chwili zakończenia masowych migracji. Spis stanowi więc powojenny bilans otwarcia i punkt wyjścia do analizy dalszych procesów społecznych. Mimo pewnych mankamentów jest wartościowym źródłem odzwierciedlającym przebieg procesów osiedleńczych. Sprawozdanie dostarcza wiedzy na temat pochodzenia ludności Gdańska: przybyszy, którzy dotarli na Wybrzeże z dwóch generalnych kierunków migracji: z centralnej Polski oraz z byłych wschodnich województw II RP, a także ludności rodzimej. W artykule ukazano podział mieszkańców Gdańska w perspektywie pochodzenia regionalnego, w tym także na tle populacji miast „odzyskanych”. Wskazano tendencje rozwoju w obrębie struktur demograficznych pod względem wieku i płci, a także ruchu naturalnego.
Źródło prawa do dziejów ławy Głównego Miasta Gdańska w XV wieku
Authors: Grulkowski Marcin
Published: January 2025

Dla Gdańska XIV–XV w. zachowało się niewiele źródeł, które ukazują sposób działania sądu ławniczego. Szczegółowo sposób działania sądu ławniczego określały ordynacje. Najstarsza ordynacja z ok. połowy XV w. (Ordinancie der herren scheppen) regulowała m.in. procedurę wyboru ławników oraz sposób prowadzenia ksiąg miejskich. Artykuł omawia jeszcze jedną ordynację rady i ławy Głównego Miasta Gdańska z 1442 r. w sprawie opłat sądowych oraz postępowania z dokumentami okazywanymi przed sądem ławniczym.
Tekst o Spitsbergenie z 1782 roku jako przykład zainteresowania terenami polarnymi w końcu XVIII wieku
Authors: Paluchowski Piotr
Published: January 2025

W okresie oświecenia również w prasie zaczęto popularyzować naukę, w tym odkrycia geograficzne. Przykładem jednego z takich artykułów jest tekst, który ukazał się w gdańskim periodyku w 1782 r. Dotyczył on wyprawy Constantine’a Johna Phippsa w okolice Spitsbergenu. Odbyła się ona w 1773 r. Celem pracy jest krytyczne przedstawienie tego tekstu. To jeden z najstarszych tekstów opisujących Spitsbergen w polskich czasopismach. Zarówno ten artykuł, jak i inne z polskich wydawnictw periodycznych dowodzą, że mieszkańcy osiemnastowiecznej Polski byli żywo zainteresowani tematyką polarną.
Gdańsk wojenny i powojenny we wspomnieniach włoskiego oficera lekarza Piera Redaellego (1944–1945)
Authors: Molendowski Leszek
Published: January 2025

Poniższy tekst przedstawia fragment wspomnień włoskiego oficera okresu II wojny światowej Piera Redaellego (1915–1997), lekarza-chirurga (weterana wielu frontów, m.in. we Francji, na Bałkanach i w Związku Sowieckim), którego kapitulacja armii włoskiej (wrzesień 1943) zaprowadziła w 1944 r. do Gdańska. Tam jako internowany włoski żołnierz przez kilka miesięcy – do marca 1945 r. – pracował jako lekarz w strukturze niemieckiego obozu jenieckiego (Stalag XX B/Z). W swoich wspomnieniach opisuje warunki życia i pracy, głównie włoskich jeńców, miasto w trakcie oblężenia i walk, w końcu również wkroczenie Armii Czerwonej. Włoski chirurg opuścił Gdańsk wczesną jesienią 1945 r., angażując się jeszcze w uruchomienie Szpitala Miejskiego Ogólnego (Akademii Lekarskiej w Gdańskiej, dziś Gdański Uniwersytet Medyczny).
Powstanie i początki działalności Towarzystwa Sztuk Pięknych i Rzemiosła Artystycznego na tle przemian modernizacyjnych u progu XX w.
Authors: Barylewska-Szymańska Ewa
Published: January 2025

Towarzystwo Sztuk Pięknych i Rzemiosła Artystycznego (Verein für Kunst und Kunstgewerbe) powołano do życia w lipcu 1905 r. Podczas zebrania założycielskiego uchwalono jego statut, a na czele Towarzystwa stanął miejski radca Ernst Goeritz. Wśród członków pierwszego Zarządu znaleźli się nauczyciele akademiccy, artyści i przedstawiciele kulturalnej elity miasta.
Samodzielnie Towarzystwo działało stosunkowo krótko, bo do 1913 r., kiedy to połączyło się z Towarzystwem Sztuk Pięknych. Do życia społecznego początku XX w. w Gdańsku wniosło ożywcze wartości, propagując nowe trendy w sztukach plastycznych i rzemiośle. Zaproponowało innowacyjne w Gdańsku metody współpracy z publicznością – przygotowywanie kilku niewielkich ekspozycji w każdym sezonie, wykłady, wspólne zwiedzanie zabytkowych obiektów. Przywiązywało także duże znaczenie do estetyki i typografii wydawanych druków ulotnych – zaproszeń, programów oraz katalogów.
Dzięki takim działaniom Towarzystwo wywarło znaczący wpływ na postawy gdańszczan i ich otwartość na nowe trendy artystyczne. Działalność Towarzystwa wpisuje się tym samym w ogólnoniemiecki ruch reform (Reformbewegung), charakterystyczny dla przełomu XIX i XX w. w Niemczech, który m.in. zakładał odnowę rzemiosł artystycznych.
Diecezja gdańska niespełna rok od zakończenia II wojny światowej na podstawie sprawozdania administratora apostolskiego ks. inf. Andrzeja Wronki z kwietnia 1946 r., przygotowanego dla prymasa Polski kard. Augusta Hlonda
Authors: Gucewicz Daniel
Published: January 2025

Przedstawiony do edycji dokument – sprawozdanie zarządcy diecezji gdańskiej z kwietnia 1946 r. – stanowi cenne źródło do dziejów stosunków wyznaniowych panujących w Gdańsku w pierwszym roku od zakończeniu działań wojennych. Zawiera podstawowe dane statystyczne oraz odpowiednie tło historyczne i uwarunkowania polityczne. Dużo miejsca zajmuje w nim sytuacja ludności i duchowieństwa niemieckiego, które dotąd dominowało w niewielkiej diecezji gdańskiej. Autorem sprawozdania jest administrator apostolski diecezji gdańskiej i chełmińskiej ks. Andrzej Wronka, który od września 1945 r. zarządzał obiema diecezjami z Pelplina (diecezja chełmińska), a na stałe do Gdańska przeniósł się dopiero w lipcu 1946 r. Być może odległość od stolicy biskupstwa przyczyniła się do pewnych nieścisłości w przytoczonych w dokumencie informacji. Od początku ks. Wronka czynił starania, by diecezję gdańską możliwie szybko spolonizować, nie tracąc jednak z oczu chrześcijańskiej solidarności wobec ubogiej ludności niemieckiej, wyrażającej się m.in. w pomocy charytatywnej i zachowaniu na stanowiskach przedwojennych księży gdańskich.
Invasive Treatment of Lower Limb Varicose Veins - Comparison of Treatment Methods
Authors: Piekarska Ewa , Dobrzeniecki Krzysztof , Luter Remigiusz
Published: January 2025

Introduction and objective: Varicose veins in the lower extremities are a clinical manifestation of chronic venous disease. The condition is highly prevalent, with incidence increasing with age. Varicose veins are often accompanied by pain, and neglecting treatment can lead to complications such as superficial vein inflammation, deep vein thrombosis, and, most critically, pulmonary embolism. The primary aim of this study was to analyze and compare the efficacy and safety of available contemporary invasive methods for treating varicose veins in the lower extremities. Additionally, this paper addresses the epidemiology, etiology, and clinical presentation of chronic venous insufficiency.
Review methods: The literature review utilized databases covering sources from PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and Scopus. Keywords included: ‘varicose veins of the lower limbs’; ‘spider veins’; ‘EVLT (endovenous laser treatment of the small saphenous vein and great saphenous vein)’; ‘sclerotherapy’; ‘diode laser’; ‘varicose vein surgeries of the lower limbs’.
Brief description of the state of knowledge: Numerous methods for treating lower limb varicose veins are available. Among all treatment options, minimally invasive procedures using laser technology, steam, or radiofrequency waves are the most common. These procedures have been successfully performed for many years, with an estimated effectiveness of approximately 90% over a five-year observation period.
Summary: Despite the high prevalence and complex pathophysiological mechanisms of varicose veins in the lower extremities, current treatment methods allow for a satisfactory therapeutic outcome in most patients.
Diagnostic challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer in Lynch syndrome
Authors: Protasiuk Agnieszka , Żak Agata , Sierzpowski Rafał , Tymoszuk Patrycja , Kasperek Bartosz , Augustowska Katarzyna
Published: January 2025

Introduction and purpose
Lynch syndrome (LS), also known as hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by a significantly increased risk of developing various malignancies, including ovarian cancer. This study aims to analyse the risk of ovarian cancer development in patients with Lynch syndrome and to compare the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for this neoplasm in the context of sporadic cases.
Description
This discussion explores the genetic mechanisms underlying mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes, such as MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2, which are essential for maintaining genomic stability. The diagnostic criteria, including the Amsterdam Criteria and the Bethesda Guidelines, are reviewed. The paper highlights the diagnostic challenges posed by the nonspecific symptoms of ovarian cancer and emphasizes the importance of early detection and monitoring.A comprehensive review of treatment modalities is also provided, covering surgical cytoreduction, chemotherapy, and emerging therapies, such as immunotherapy and cancer vaccines. The importance of interdisciplinary care for patients is underscored, along with the need for preventive measures and health education to manage cancer risk.
Summary
Despite the challenges associated with diagnosis and treatment, the prognosis for patients with ovarian cancer linked to Lynch syndrome is generally more favourable than for those with sporadic cancers. This can be attributed to earlier diagnosis and the favourable histopathological characteristics of tumours associated with Lynch syndrome.
Approaches to the diagnosis of Cutaneous Diseases Among Swimmers: Causes, Symptoms, Prevention, Treatment
Authors: Łazicka Patrycja , Jakubowska Eliza , Tarnowska Julia
Published: January 2025

Introduction
The environment in which the sports enthusiast participates may influence the dermatoses that develop. Skin dermatoses are a significant health problem among athletes, especially swimmers, exposed to long-term contact with water and chemicals used in swimming pools. The use of appropriate diagnostic and preventive strategies, such as functional sports clothing, prevention before the occurrence or rapid diagnosis, can significantly reduce the risk of these diseases.
Aim
The aim of this article is to discuss the main approaches to the diagnosis of dermatoses in swimmers, their prevention and treatment.
Materials and methods
 The review was based on the analysis of materials collected in the Google Scholar and,, PubMed’’. The following keywords were entered during the search for scholarly articles: dermatoses, swimmers, skin infections, xerosis, sport. A total of 48 articles were considered for the study and verified for their relevance to the topic.
State of knowledge
Dermatoses in swimmers are the result of a combination of several factors, including impaired skin barrier, bacterial, viral and fungal infections, contact dermatitis, sun-related conditions or acne mechanica. Chemical agents such as chlorine used to disinfect swimming pool water may irritate the skin, causing contact dermatitis. Moreover, mechanical factors, such as skin friction against swimming equipment, and a humid environment leads to fungal and bacterial infections, combined with contact with allergens, e.g. latex, may lead to irritation, hives or other allergic reactions.
Summary (Conclusions)
Swimmers require a comprehensive approach that combines precise diagnostics with effective preventive measures. Proper skin care is crucial, including the use of emollients, protective creams and quick removal of chlorine residues from the body surface after training.
Effects of physical activity on pain, fatigue, inflammation and cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Wirkijowska Małgorzata , Wirkijowski Jakub , Woźniak Paulina , Gajek-Flanczewska Wiktoria , Flanczewski Sebastian , Wietrzykowska Ewa , Śliwińska Martyna , Wójtowicz Katarzyna , Walczak Agata , Sobolewska Dominika , Podraza Anna , Michalczyk-Fraszka Katarzyna
Published: January 2025

Introduction and aim of the study: The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in our society is relatively high. As a result, the number of people requiring some kind of treatment or improvement in quality of life is also increasing day by day. In our study, we aimed to explore the topic of reducing discomfort associated with this condition. We decided to examine the effects of physical activity on individual complaints and systemic symptoms. We summarised the influence of different exercises on pain, fatigue, inflammation, and the cardiovascular system.
Materials and methods: The authors conducted an extensive review of articles available in PubMed, Google Scholar, UpToDate,  Science  Direct,  and  Cochrane databases.  The keywords rheumatoid arthritis, physical activity, quality of life, pain, inflammation, fatigue, and cardiovascular diseases were the basis of the review. Studies published between 2004 and 2024 were included.
Results: Most studies emphasized the positive effects of exercise, particularly aerobic and resistance training, on improving the clinical conditions and well-being of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Nevertheless, the papers with inconsistent results underscored the need to delve further into this topic.
An Explicative Review of Thiadiazole: Medicinal Chemistry Aspects
Authors: Mishra Abha , Khare Ekta , Chandra Dinesh
Published: January 2025

This review examined the biological effects of thiadiazole on humans. In recent years compounds featuring thiadiazole moiety have gained significance in pharmaceutical chemistry. Among the various structural isomers of thiadiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole stands out due to its extensive range of pharmacological activities, prompting numerous studies to assess its relevance. The 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus is integral to various classes of medications, including antioxidants, antimicrobials, anti-inflammatories, anticonvulsants, and antivirals, among others. In this study, An attempt has been made with recent research finding to review the structural modification on different derivatives for various pharmacological activities.
‘Law but not law’: explaining unenacted policy as a type of policy failure
Authors: Needham Catherine , Burn Emily
Published: January 2025

This article explores unenacted policy – where legislation is passed but the policy is not implemented. It argues that this should be seen as a form of policy failure and that this has been underexplored to date. It tackles the puzzle of explaining why governments would go to all the trouble of passing legislation without then moving to enact the law. The article draws on the recent example of long-term care funding reform in England, which has twice been passed into legislation but not enacted. It develops theoretical insights around non-enactment and argues that the literature on policy failure should incorporate non-enactment, as this work disrupts existing claims that governments will tend to stick with legislated commitments for as long as possible. In a context in which the reputational risks of implementation are constantly recalibrated against the risks of abandonment, we see governments pursuing a deliberate ‘policy mortality’. Killing off policy prior to implementation can be seen as a tactical approach to major welfare issues, shifting blame to local actors and creating a narrative of fatalism.
Technique for forming substrates for grazing incidence X-ray mirrors with cylindrical surface profiles
Authors: Pestov Alexey E. , Chernyshev Aleksei K. , Mikhailenko Mikhail S. , Zorina Maria V. , Glushkov Egor I. , Petrakov Egor V. , Malyshev Ilya V. , Chkhalo Nikolay I. , Reunov Dmitry G.
Published: January 2025

The paper demonstrates the possibility of forming flat substrates for grazing incidence X-ray mirrors with an accuracy of RMS ∼0.7nm, and also implements a technique for manufacturing grazing incidence X-ray optical elements with cylindrical surface profiles, using ion beam etching. The technique assumes the linear movement of the workpiece behind a slit diaphragm with a speed that varies depending on the coordinate. The result of the work was the creation of a pair of X-ray mirror substrates for a Kirkpatrick-Baez collimating system, having surface shape deviations from the ideal plane of HM1=1.05µm and HM2=1.13µm, and from the calculated parabolic cylinders of RMSM1=3.0nm and RMSM2=2.9nm. The described technique makes it possible to produce substrates for mirrors in the form of elliptical and parabolic cylinders used in commercial diffractometers, synchrotrons, and free electron lasers for collimation and focusing of X-ray radiation, as well as in the telescopes of space observatories.
Impact of light-induced atomic desorption on electric field sensing via electromagnetically induced transparency and its correction
Authors: Xiao Dongping , Lin Wenyu , Yan Sheng , Wei Xutao , Zhang Huaiqing
Published: January 2025

In Rydberg quantum electric field sensing, the amplitude and linewidth of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) spectra significantly impact the accuracy of electric field measurements. This paper discusses the influence of atomic density on the amplitude and linewidth of EIT spectra in a vapor cell within a three-level ladder system driven by two-photon excitation. Due to the adsorption of alkali metal atoms on the inner surface of the vapor cell, the study utilizes light-induced atomic desorption effects to regulate the atomic density using LED light. This approach, combined with probe and coupling lasers, results in the formation of high-amplitude, low-linewidth EIT spectra. Based on the Rydberg atom sensing measurement system constructed in this study, when the number of atoms per cubic meter is less than 1.5×1024, a decrease in the optical depth at the bottom of the EIT leads to a reduction in amplitude and an increase in linewidth. When the number of atoms per cubic meter exceeds 4×1024, a decrease in the peak value at the top of the EIT results in a reduction in amplitude, with a slight decrease in linewidth. By adjusting the atomic density within the vapor cell through the power of desorption light and optimizing the laser Rabi frequency parameters, the atomic number density is maintained between 1.5×1024 and 4×1024 per cubic meter, yielding high-amplitude, low-linewidth EIT spectra. Additionally, the influence of introducing 365 nm desorption light on the accuracy of the constructed electric field measurement system is analyzed and corrected.
MIM waveguide structure consisting of a baffle and a ring cavity embedded in a square metal layer
Authors: Li Zijun , Chen Li , Yao Ming , Wen Kunhua
Published: January 2025

This paper presents a design for a tunable plasmon refractive index nanosensor based on Fano resonance. The proposed structure comprises a metal–insulator–metal waveguide featuring a silver baffle and a ring cavity embedded in a square (RCSQ). This innovative structural configuration effectively excites dual Fano resonances by leveraging the unique properties of its constituent elements and geometry. The transmission spectrum and electric field at the resonance were simulated using the finite element method (FEM) in two-dimensional space, providing an in-depth explanation of the formation mechanism of the Fano resonance, as well as analyzing how various structural parameters influence sensor characteristics. Simulation results indicate that the Fano peak can be readily tuned by adjusting cavity parameters and refractive indices. Common tuning of the Fano resonance is achievable through modifications to the proportionality constant of the RCSQ. Finally, we optimize and analyze the sensor characteristics of this structure, achieving sensitivity levels up to 2750 nm/RIU with a figure of merit (FOM) of 3.48×104. Consequently, this structure holds significant potential for applications in optical nanosensors.
Image encryption based on a hyperchaotic hyperbolic optoelectronic oscillator and the Tetris game
Authors: Atchoffo William Nodem , Talla Mbé Jimmi Hervé , Tchitnga Robert , Woafo Paul
Published: January 2025

In this paper, we propose, to our knowledge, a novel image encryption scheme based on a hyperchaotic hyperbolic optoelectronic oscillator and the Tetris game. We first demonstrate that a hyperbolic optoelectronic oscillator is capable of displaying highly complex dynamical behavior such as hyperchaos in almost the entire range of its control parameter. Later on, leveraging on such hyperchaotic behavior, we perform efficient image encryption. In the image encryption process, we use a simultaneous permutation-diffusion by channel operation. Prior to that, a plain image pixel rewriting operation and a new pixel-channel permutation based on the rank orders of the values in the hyperchaotic sequence generated by the optoelectronic oscillator are performed. The major core of the permutation phase is a new scrambling by extraction and recombination technique, which is inspired by the Tetris game. In the entire encryption process, the hyperchaotic key stream used is made dependent on the plain image by the SHA-256 function. Results demonstrate that the proposed technique is more efficient than some existing ones and is secure enough to resist existing attack strategies.
Binocular holographic display with a wide viewing zone using eye-tracking and multiple reconstruction lights
Authors: Watanabe Riku , Kang Seok , Sakamoto Yuji
Published: January 2025

To solve the narrow viewing zone problem in electro-holography, we previously proposed [Appl. Opt. 63, B76 (2024)APOPAI0003-693510.1364/AO.507391] a viewing zone expansion method that uses eye-tracking to dynamically switch between multiple reconstruction lights. This paper proposes a new optical system, to our knowledge, that removes high-order diffracted light to enable binocular vision, which was not possible with the previous method. In this new system, barriers, liquid crystal shutters, and concave mirrors arranged in a fan shape remove high-order diffracted light without any mechanical movement of the optical elements. Experimental results showed that the viewing angle was expanded by a factor of 4.2 to 41.06°, which is sufficient for binocular vision. Also, it is confirmed that high-order diffracted light was properly removed.
Fusion splicing of a single-mode fiber with a pure-silica core and graded-index fiber-lens: toward an optimal fabrication of optical collimators
Authors: Minkin Aleksander , Vatolina Alina , Krauzina Marina , Krauzin Pavel , Medvedeva Natalia , Zhikina Lyudmila
Published: January 2025

Lensed fibers consisting of a microlens introduced at the end of the SMF are important
devices for coupling power from lasers to fibers, between two fibers,
or from fibers to other waveguide devices, such as photodetectors,
MEMS optical switches, and in other non-telecom applications. This
work examines the parameters and manufacturing technology of
graded-index fiber (GIF) lenses using fluorine-doped silica optical
fibers, driven by the expanding applications of these fibers and the
need for compact collimator lenses. The impact of fluorine diffusion
during fusion splicing on the parameters of GIF lenses is examined. In
addition, the effect of fusion splicing parameters on coupling
efficiency and reflectance analysis of GIF lenses is theoretically
analyzed and compared with experimental results. The collimator
system, including an input and an identical output collimator,
demonstrated a coupling loss of less than −0.6dB through a gap of up to 0.5 mm.
The SMF/GIF splice losses were approximately –105–(–120) dB, while the
return losses on the GIF lens surface end were approximately –18–(–23)
dB.
Neural network-based equalizers for nonlinear frequency division multiplexing transmission
Authors: Wang Ruichen , Hu Qingsong , Zhou Junhe
Published: January 2025

Nonlinear frequency division multiplexing (NFDM) offers a possible solution to the fiber nonlinearity-induced signal distortion in the optical fiber networks. However, the application of NFDM is challenged during the information retrieval after perturbed propagation. The paper proposes a novel, to the best of our knowledge, nonlinear frequency domain neural network (NN)-based equalizer that exploits the phase relationship between modulated information on different eigenvalues. Similar parameters are utilized in a time-domain NN to address the overall complexity issue of the receiver. Such configurations enhance performance and reduce the computational complexity. In the dual-polarization NFDM (DP-NFDM) transmitting systems, the proposed NN-based equalizers successfully maintain a low bit error rate (BER) after up to 2800 km transmission, demonstrating an effective approach to address the perturbation issue in NFDM.
Mitigating reconstruction errors in extended-ptychography with adaptive scanning position correction
Authors: Gao Feng , Veetil Suhas P. , He Xiaoliang , Sun Aihui , Jiang Zhilong , Kong Yan , Liu Cheng
Published: January 2025

The combination of the extended ptychographic iterative engine (ePIE) and adaptive
scanning position correction simplifies ptychographic imaging by
eliminating the need for prior knowledge of the illuminating probe or
object scanning positions. However, we demonstrate for the first time,
to our knowledge, that reconstructed illuminations often suffer from
significant quadratic phase errors, while the reconstructed objects
exhibit slight size distortions. To address these issues, we propose
what we believe to be a novel calibration method for these
reconstruction errors. Theoretical analyses, supported by numerical
simulations and experiments, confirm the effectiveness of our
calibration approach in reducing these errors and enhancing
ptychographic accuracy, particularly in optical element
measurements.
Interferometric micro-grating accelerometer based on vertical packaging
Authors: You Chengxin , Shi Yunbo , Zhao Rui , Liu Wenyao , Ren Xingqiao , Gao Shijie
Published: January 2025

This paper presents the optical sensing system based on the principle
of Michelson interference. A multilayer diffraction grating is
employed to decrease the zeroth-order light, which allows for the
vertical packaging of both the light source and the sensing structure
to reduce the packaging volume. The accelerometer has achieved a
sensitivity of 82.52 V/g with a dynamic range of
1.46 mg. The R2coefficient is 99.98%, and the
linearity after fitting is 99.55%. The background noise
of the accelerometer within the 0–80 Hz range is , while the zero-bias stability at
room temperature is 3.55 µg. The packaging dimensions are .
Visual search for warm and cool colors
Authors: Manalansan Jake , Simoncelli Camilla , Webster Michael A.
Published: January 2025

Warm versus cool colors are considered a fundamental aspect of color experience, yet the basis for this distinction remains poorly understood. Recently, we found that the warm–cool dimension closely aligns with sensitivity biases implicit in uniform color spaces [J. Vis. 23, 5572 (2023)1534-736210.1167/jov.23.9.5572], which predicts that color vision is less sensitive to the warm–cool axis than other chromatic axes. Here, we tested this prediction by measuring visual search for color targets on backgrounds defined by different axes in color space. The search task involved locating a circular chromatic target sampled from a range of chromaticities that was presented on a background of ellipses that randomly varied in color along the warm–cool (roughly orange–cyan) axis, a blue–yellow axis, or along magenta–greenish axes perpendicular to the warm–cool or blue–yellow axis. Search times were faster on both warm–cool and blue–yellow backgrounds than the orthogonal backgrounds. However, there was no difference between these two axes, or for warm versus cool hues or blue versus yellow hues. These results are consistent with weaker sensitivity for the warm–cool and blue–yellow axes of the color space, but do not reveal a salience difference between colors more strongly associated with objects and surfaces (warm and yellow) versus backgrounds and illumination (cool and blue).
Propagation characteristics of partially coherent twisted off-axis double-vortex beams in atmospheric turbulence
Authors: Wang Qinghai , Zhang Meng , Zhang Shaohua , Qu Jun
Published: January 2025

We propose a partially coherent twisted off-axis double vortex (PCTODV) beam and investigate its propagation characteristics in atmospheric turbulence. By employing the extended Huygens–Fresnel principle and the Wigner distribution function, we derive the corresponding analytical expressions and perform numerical simulations to validate our findings. The findings reveal that PCTODV beams possess a wider array of tunable parameters than single vortex beams with central phase singularities, which is beneficial for atmospheric turbulence propagation. The twist factor size notably affects the beam evolution rate in turbulence, with an optimized twist factor enhancing resistance to turbulence. Moreover, factors such as increased wavelength, larger initial beam waist, greater inner turbulence scale, higher refractive index structure constant, and reduced M2 factor contribute to improved transmission stability. These insights advance the understanding of vortex beam propagation in turbulent atmospheric optical communication systems.
Equivalence theorem for light waves on scattering from particle collections with anisotropic random distributions
Authors: Zhang Junhao , Lv Jiaxing , Xing Yuqi , Xiao Yingying , Wang Tao , Wu Hao
Published: January 2025

We report the equivalence theorem for light waves on scattering from particle collections with anisotropic distributions. Our findings indicate that different particle collections with anisotropic distributions can generate scattered fields exhibiting identical spectral density or spectral degree of coherence across different dimensions, provided that certain conditions are satisfied. As an example, we investigate the scattering of light waves from collections of Gaussian-correlated, determinate particles with quasi-homogeneous, anisotropic distributions, and we derive the conditions for achieving identical normalized spectral density and spectral degree of coherence across the entire space, specific planes, and specific lines. Additionally, we discuss the implications of the equivalence theorem for the inverse scattering problem. Our work is anticipated to extend the weak scattering equivalence theorem and may assist in guiding accurate measurements of anisotropic medium information in the inverse scattering problem.
Finite-difference coupled-mode analysis of waveguide gratings and their optimization for single-mode DFB lasers
Authors: Saeidi Shayan , Aghili Sina , Paul Tuhin , Rosenstein Boris , Tolstikhin Valery , Berini Pierre , Dolgaleva Ksenia
Published: January 2025

This study presents a semi-numerical algorithm based on the coupled-mode theory combined with finite differencing to assess the performance of one-dimensional trapezoidal waveguide gratings, as well as arbitrarily shaped ones. Our approach not only surpasses traditional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) and finite-element method (FEM) solvers in computational efficiency but also provides insightful information on DFB stack design by including partially confined radiative waves. We apply this method to investigate fifth-order trapezoidal waveguide gratings and optimize groove profiles in the context of a single-mode DFB laser, demonstrating its potential for rapid design and analysis in photonics applications.
Birefringent filters in fiber systems
Authors: Kobtsev S.
Published: January 2025

Birefringent filters (or Lyot filters, as their implementation is most
widely used in lasers) are popular radiation wavelength selectors. Their
adaptations to fiber lasers are quite diverse and feature many original
solutions. This work analyzes various configurations of Lyot filters in
fiber lasers and discusses modifications of these filters under new
conditions. The question is further discussed regarding the possibility of
choosing the initial birefringence value in the discrete and fiber-optical
implementations of the filter, and of subsequent birefringence adjustment.
Also, the prospects of electronically controlled Lyot filters and their
application in fiber-optical sensors are explored. Peculiarities of
all-fiber Lyot filters are demonstrated in comparison to their
conventional implementations.
Ab initio analytical model of lasing in plasmonic lattices
Authors: Bordo V. G.
Published: January 2025

The first-principles theory of lasing in a rectangular lattice of spherical metal nanoparticles is developed in a fully analytical form in the dipole approximation. The lasing conditions are obtained for different diffraction orders, both propagating and evanescent. Their analysis reveals that, in addition to typical lasing, there can be lasing without population inversion, which is invisible in conventional experiments, but can be observed in total internal reflection.
Modeling the formation of unslanted holographic gratings in hybrid photopolymer media
Authors: Lyons Jack , Mackey Dana , Naydenova Izabela
Published: January 2025

The theoretical modeling of holographic recording in photopolymers has been
an important tool in their optimization. More complex, hybrid
organic/inorganic photopolymers have been developed in pursuit of
materials with higher sensitivity, low shrinkage, high dynamic range, and
environmental stability. Recent attempts to augment existing models for
the redistribution of inorganic nanoparticles in holographic recording
were successful, but there is still a knowledge gap regarding the modeling
of optical losses, mutual cross-diffusion, the formation of slanted
holographic gratings, and polymerization-induced shrinkage in hybrid
photopolymer media. This paper will describe a novel, to the best of our
knowledge, approach to modeling the formation of unslanted holographic
gratings in hybrid photopolymer materials by considering optical losses
and coupled cross-diffusion in the recording process. The new model is
validated via a comparison of previously published experimental results
with model predictions. Numerical simulations of the model will also
provide an insight into how the grating can be optimized for holographic
applications in the experimental design through the proper selection of
recording conditions and nanoparticles.
Restoring extremely low-light light fields via decomposition-enhancement and frequency-pixel fusion
Authors: Liu Bo , Chen Jing , Leng Zhen , Wang Yongtian
Published: January 2025

Light field (LF) technology records both spatial and angular information of light rays in space, yet it faces significant challenges under extreme low-light conditions. The simultaneous processing of the complex degradations of low-light LF restoration suffers considerable difficulties. To address this issue, we propose what we believe to be a novel decomposition-enhancement method that leverages properties of frequency space, allowing for the partial decomposition of luminance and noise, to achieve frequency-pixel domain information fusion. Our approach decouples the low-light enhancement task into three sub-tasks: brightness adjustment, noise suppression, and detail refinement, each tackled independently. In the frequency stage, we employ two distinct branches: one dedicated to brightness adjustment by estimating a transformation map, and the other focuses on noise suppression through the reconstructing clear phase map. During the fusion stage, we implement a cross-attention module to effectively integrate information from the frequency-enhanced outputs and the original low-light input for the purpose of feature enhancement. Finally, in the pixel stage, we utilize a spatial-angular attention module to recover fine details by exploiting global information within each view and complementary information among all views. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method achieves competitive performance compared to state-of-the-art methods, showcasing its effectiveness in enhancing light field images under challenging low-light conditions.
Effective control of conductivity in lutetium orthoferrite with cobalt doping measured by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy
Authors: Li Gaofang , Liu Rongyang , Huang Jingguo , Cui Haoyang , Xia Nenghong , Wang Zhi , Huang Zhiming , Chu Junhao
Published: January 2025

The effective control of conductivity in LuFeO3 (LFO) with Co3+ doping is explored by terahertz (THz) time-domain spectroscopy. It is demonstrated that the conductivity of 5% Co-doped LFO (LFO:Co 5%) is lower than that of LFO, while that of 15% Co-doped LFO (LFO:Co 15%) is significantly higher than LFO. Furthermore, LFO exhibits two lattice vibration peaks at 0.58 and 1.61 THz, LFO:Co 5% shows only one lattice vibration peak at 1.61 THz, while no distinct vibration peak is observed in LFO:Co 15%. The disappearance of lattice vibration at 0.58 THz is attributed to the shortened Fe (Co)-O bond length resulting from Co3+ doping, thus suppressing magnetic resonance effect of Fe3+. With 15% Co3+ doping, structural stability is enhanced, and the asymmetric vibration of Lu3+ at surface/interface/boundary is suppressed, resulting in the disappearance of vibration peak at 1.61 THz. The conductivity of LFO:Co 5% is lower than that of LFO, mainly because the lattice vibration at 1.61 THz and oxygen vacancy defects introduced by doping jointly increase the degree of carrier back-scattering, which decreases carrier movement, while the enhancement of conductivity by electronegativity at 5% Co3+ doping is very limited. The significantly higher conductivity of LFO:Co 15% compared to LFO is due to the obvious increase in overall electronegativity and suppression of lattice vibration by 15% Co3+ doping, thereby improving carrier mobility. The insights of this investigation provide important experimental data and theoretical basis for design and production of high-conductivity and stable solid oxide fuel cells cathode.
Disordered gold nanoislands-dielectric-metal plasmon reflector for polarization-sensitive color display, humidity sensor and optical memory
Authors: Li Shulei , Zhang Yatao , Deng Fu , Chen Jianguo , Zhang Huiling , Zhou Xuan , Lu Jiali , Chen Jinxu , Deng Quantong , Luo Jinshan , Lan Sheng
Published: January 2025

The interaction between ultrafast, tightly focused lasers and materials has garnered significant interest owing to its distinctive properties. In this study, we present a versatile methodology for the fabrication of tunable plasmonic nanostructures by employing a disordered gold nanoisland-dielectric-metal configuration, achieved through femtosecond laser printing. By reshaping the gold nanoislands and reconfiguring them into nanograting-like structures, the orientation of these nanostructures is influenced by the polarization of the femtosecond laser light, leading to controllable plasmon resonance and polarization-sensitive color display. Furthermore, the system demonstrates a significant sensitivity to environmental humidity, as indicated by water adsorption, which leads to marked color changes. The hotspots generated through plasmonic coupling among disordered gold nanoislands significantly enhance polarization-multiplexed optical data storage, characterized by its high quality and low energy consumption. This experimental demonstration promotes the advancement of sophisticated optical devices for plasmonic color printing with tailored characteristics, thereby offering economical solutions for applications in optoelectronics and sensing.
Design of the cooled free-form diffractive lens for infrared waveband
Authors: Lou Yichen , Zhen Zheng , Liang Zonglin , Hu Zhiming , Zhang Xian , Wang Haoran , Zou Huitian , Tong Yingran , Zhang Bo , Piao Mingxu
Published: January 2025

Cooled infrared optical systems are suitable for long-distance and high-sensitivity detection. In order to achieve 100% cold stop efficiency, traditionally cooled infrared optical systems result in a large number of lenses and complex structures. In addition, the imaging quality is also affected by the Narcissus. To simplify the optical path structure of cooled infrared optical systems, the design of a cooled free-form diffractive lens (CFDL) is investigated to achieve single-element imaging with the cooled infrared detector. Based on the scalar diffraction theory, the diffraction formulas for the off-axis fields of view of the CFDL and the corresponding weighted focusing efficiency across the entire waveband are derived. The CFDL is designed for a mid-infrared range of 3.7 to 4.8µm, an F number of 2, a microstructure size of 7.6µm × 7.6µm and a half field of view angle of 9°. The average focusing efficiency of the entire waveband and entire fields of view is 70% and all the modulation transfer function (MTF) is larger than 0.277 at the spatial frequency of 33lp/mm. Compared to current cooled infrared optical systems, the CFDL provides a new idea for the design of miniaturization.
Improving the light extraction efficiency of white-light perovskite light-emitting diodes based on quantum dot nanowires
Authors: Deng Zihao , Qiu Jiayong , Li Jiasheng , Li Zongtao , Ding Xinrui
Published: January 2025

This study introduces an innovative strategy to enhance the light extraction efficiency (LEE) of white-light perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) by incorporating quantum dot nanowires (QD-NWs) that are prepared by a porous anodic aluminum (PAA) substrate. The QD-NWs were synthesized through a combination of inkjet printing and vacuum deposition based on the PAA substrate which features a unique waveguiding structure that redirects post-color conversion fluorescence along its axis, effectively minimizing energy losses such as reabsorption loss and total internal reflection (TIR) loss. Empirical evidence indicates a significant luminance enhancement of 43.79%, accompanied by an enhancement in current efficiency, for PeLEDs incorporating the QD-NWs. By fine-tuning the structural attributes of the PAA substrate to regulate the size of QD-NWs, this research has successfully developed white-light PeLEDs based on quasi-2D blue perovskite, offering a universal strategy for boosting LEE and propelling the evolution of white-light PeLED technology.
Near-field and polarization control at terahertz with a 2D MXene/VO2 phase change metasurface
Authors: Ullah Zaka , Junaid Muhammad , Nawi Illani
Published: January 2025

Near-field direction control of terahertz metasurface provides a new paradigm in photonic devices for terahertz (THz) communications. The control of near-field patterns and polarization states is the major challenge for THz metasurface devices. In this work, the hybrid MXene (Ti3C2Tx)/ vanadium dioxide (VO2) metasurface structure is explored for the tuning of transmission amplitude modulation, polarization control, and near-field pattern switching. The hybrid metasurface device is comprised of Ti3C2Tx/VO2 hexagon resonators arranged in a periodic array having silicon (Si) as a substrate with a thin silicon dioxide (SiO2) layer. The response of Ti3C2Tx/VO2 hybrid structure has been investigated under the influence of gate biasing and different optical pump intensities. The enhanced bandwidth tuning has been realized under the polarization and phase control. The rise of MXene conductivity with increasing gate bias is also investigated for transmission tuning. The transition of VO2 from an insulator to a conductor is specifically induced by an increase in optical pump intensity, with 95% of the transmission achieved at the 1-4 THz range. Furthermore, π/2 rotation of near-field is realized with a change in near-field pattern symmetry at various planes. VO2 phase shifting, switch the near-field dipolar pattern from the z-axis to the x-axis into a twisted Gaussian pattern, when TMyx (p-polarized) incidence source is used. The low-cost MXene material can serve as a promising material for terahertz devices.
High-Resolution Arrayed Waveguide Grating-Assisted Passive Optical Phased Array for 2D Beam Steering
Authors: Liu Yuan , Zhang Chongxin , DeSantis Daniel , Hu Diya , Meissner Thomas , Notaros Jelena , Klamkin Jonathan
Published: January 2025

Optical phased arrays (OPAs) with arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs) enable two-dimensional (2D) beam steering through wavelength tuning. Achieving a high vertical resolution for practical applications remains
challenging due to the waveguide phase errors associated with the large AWG required. Here, we present a high-resolution 65-channel AWG-assisted OPA with 5 inputs. Ultra-low loss silicon nitride waveguide technology and transverse magnetic mode operation are employed for waveguide phase error mitigation. A vertical resolution of 0.3° using a single input is attained with a beam width of 0.55°× 0.07° and an alias-free horizontal field of view (FOV) of 30°. By utilizing all 5 inputs, the vertical resolution can be enhanced to 0.06°. Real-time 2D beam steering over a 25°× 5° FOV is demonstrated. To our knowledge, this work demonstrates the highest vertical resolution reported for an AWG-based OPA.