bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Everyday life, online: U.S. college students’ use of the Internet
Authors: Jones Steve , Johnson-Yale Camille , Millermaier Sarah , Seoane Perez Francisco
Published: May 2013

The goal of this study was to learn about how college students are using the Internet and to compare their use of it to that of college students as reported in 2002 by replicating and extending previous research. A survey of college students at 40 U.S. higher education institutions was conducted, along with observations and interviews at several Midwestern universities. For comparison to the general population a nationwide telephone survey was undertaken. The study found that Internet use had predictably increased but that college students continued to prefer using multiple methods of communication to stay in touch with friends and family. College students continue to be early adopters of new Internet tools and applications in comparison to the general U.S. Internet-using population. For U.S. college students, Internet technologies have become so ubiquitous as to seem invisible.
Getting political on social network sites: Exploring online political discourse on Facebook
Authors: Kushin Matthew J. , Kitchener Kelin
Published: May 2013

This study explores use of the social network site Facebook for online political discussion. Online political discussion has been criticized for isolating disagreeing persons from engaging in discussion and for having an atmosphere of uncivil discussion behavior. Analysis reveals the participation of disagreeing parties within the discussion with the large majority of posters (73 percent) expressing support for the stated position of the Facebook group, and a minority of posters (17 percent) expressing opposition to the position of the group. Despite the presence of uncivil discussion posting within the Facebook group, the large majority of discussion participation (75 percent) is devoid of flaming. Results of this study provide important groundwork and raise new questions for study of online political discussion as it occurs in the emergent Internet technologies of social network sites.
Open source enters the world of atoms: A statistical analysis of open design
Authors: Balka Kerstin , Raasch Christina , Herstatt Cornelius
Published: May 2013

Extensive research has been done to analyze the phenomenon of open source software development from various perspectives. By contrast little is known about open source development of tangible objects, so-called open design, so far. Until recently, limitations to the availability of successful empirical examples of this 'new innovation model' outside software may have been a key reason for this gap.

This paper contributes to the literature on the open source mode of product development by providing a quantitative study (N = 85) of open design projects. Our goal is to explore the landscape of open source development in the world of atoms, to analyze project characteristics, structures, and success, and to investigate similarities and dissimilarities to open source software development.
Three strands in a braid: Identity interaction in social software
Authors: Kurtz Cynthia
Published: May 2013

This paper brings together three strands of theory about how people interact in order to achieve common goals: aspects of identity (categorical, relational and positional); types of identity interaction (selection, mobilization and commitment); and conditions of tie formation and dissolution (boundary areas on the Cynefin sensemaking framework). The paper explains how the three strands come together to form a "braid" of interaction contexts that influence the needs of those interacting. The braid is used to consider design issues in software that helps people interact, both in a general survey of social software and in specific response to some influential papers in the area. Special attention is given to interactions surrounding the collaborative development of open source software and information.
Learning in and with an open wiki project: Wikiversity’s potential in global capacity building
Authors: Leinonen Teemu , Vadén Tere , Suoranta Juha
Published: May 2013

There is a chance that Wikiversity will become the Internet's free university just as Wikipedia is the free encyclopedia on the Internet. The building of an educational entity demands considering a number of philosophical and practical questions such as pedagogy and organization. In this paper we will address some of these, starting by introducing several earlier approaches and ideas related to wikis' potential for education. We continue by presenting three commonly used metaphors of learning: acquisition, participation and knowledge creation. Then we will present the main principles of two existing alternative educational approaches: free adult education and free school movement. To test these educational approaches and practices on Wikiversity and increase our understanding of the possibilities of this initiative, in the spring of 2008 we implemented an experimental course in Wikiversity. We conclude with several recommendations essentially advocating for Wikiversity and the use of wikis in education. However, more than just presenting our opinions, as authors we aim to make an educated - traditionally and in the wiki way - contribution to the international discussion about the future of education for all in the digital era.
Online courses and how they change the nature of class
Authors: Reid Scott
Published: May 2013

This paper presents findings related to how the nature of class changes when asynchronous online courses are used rather than classrooms. The qualitative study involved interviews with 32 university professors who have taught both in-class and online courses. The findings provide insight into how when the medium of teaching changes, there is also significant change in the composition and indeed the very nature of class. Such change occurs as the students attracted have more work experience and groups such as those living in rural areas, older students with work experience or those living outside the province are more likely to be included in the composition of class. Also, the medium itself changed the dynamics of class interactions, not only those between students and professor, but also the interaction between students themselves.
Beyond convergence: Confluence culture and the role of the advertising agency in a changing world
Authors: Sheehan Kim Bartel , Morrison Deborah K.
Published: May 2013

New Internet technologies allow all types of online users to create content. Some of this content is content about brands: products and services purchased by online users, and traditionally promoted by advertising agencies. How have agencies reacted to the influx of branded messages online? This essay presents a concept called ‘confluence culture’ to describe the changes that the advertising industry is currently undergoing relative to the rise of digital culture. We argue that all advertisers, in order to survive and thrive, must recognize the role confluence culture plays in their work.
Broadband policy: Beyond privatization, competition and independent regulation
Authors: Press Larry
Published: May 2013

During the last 25 years, telecommunication has moved away from government-owned or regulated monopolies toward privatization with competition and oversight by independent regulatory agencies – PCR policies. We present data indicating that PCR has had little impact on the Internet during the last ten years in developed or developing nations, and discuss the reasons for this. We then describe several ways government can go beyond PCR, while balancing needs for next generation technology, decentralized infrastructure ownership, and immediate economic stimulus. We conclude that there is a need for alternatives to the expedient action of subsidizing the current Internet service providers with their demonstrated anti-competitive bent. The decisions we make today will shape telecommunication infrastructure and the industry for decades.
Comparing featured article groups and revision patterns correlations in Wikipedia
Authors: Poderi Giacomo
Published: May 2013

Collaboratively written by thousands of people, Wikipedia produces entries which are consistent with criteria agreed by Wikipedians and of high quality. This article focuses on Wikipedia’s Featured Articles and shows that not every contribution can be considered as being of equal quality. Two groups of articles are analysed by focusing on the edits distribution and the main editors’ contribution. The research shows how these aspects of the revision patterns can change dependent upon the category to which the articles belong.
Remediating cultural services in Second Life: The case of Info Island DK
Authors: Heilesen Simon B.
Published: May 2013

In 2007, Info Island DK was created as a virtual library in Second Life. This is an account of how library services of the physical library and the net library were remediated into a 3-D virtual world. The Info Island DK library was not widely adopted by any of the intended target groups, even if it was quite successful as demo-project. This paper discusses the factors conditioning the relative non-adoption of the new technology.
Storytelling in new media: The case of alternate reality games, 2001–2009
Authors: Kim Jeffrey , Lee Elan , Thomas Timothy , Dombrowski Caroline
Published: May 2013

New media allows previously passive consumers to tell and shape stories together. Yet most information is still disseminated in a top-down fashion, without taking advantage of the features enabled by new media. This paper presents five Alternate Reality Game (ARG) case studies which reveal common features and mechanisms used to attract and retain diverse players, to create task-focused communities and to solve problems collectively. Voluntary, collective problem solving is an intriguing phenomenon wherein disparate individuals work together asynchronously to solve problems together. ARGs also take advantage of the unique features of new media to craft stories that could not be told using other media.
Prospects of open access to Indian agricultural research: A case study of ICAR
Authors: Guttikonda Aneeja , Gutam Sridhar
Published: May 2013

Historically, agricultural research and education in India have been in the public domain. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) was established as an apex organization for effective research coordination among institutions and promotion of agricultural research in the country. Funds for agricultural research institutes were channeled through the ICAR from the central government. For the dissemination of research output, the research journals publishing in India have been, for long, primarily a public funded activity and done mostly by Government agencies. In case of agricultural research, the journals are being published by ICAR and by respective professional societies. Many of these societies are receiving financial assistance partly from ICAR. Each discipline of agriculture is represented by some sort of professional society and for some disciplines, and each society publishes a peer–reviewed research journal. Though many of these journals are distributed for international indexing, full–text database services are very poor. Many of them are not even in the ISI Master Journal list for impact factor or science citation index analysis. The main objective of each author is to have more impact, visibility and readership for their work. These journals publish quality articles after stringent peer review process, but the time lag from submission to publication of an article or production of issue is long. There are instances where the articles sent for review were not returned back due to various reasons. The infrastructure for publishing online is also not available for these journals. Recently, a portal (http://www.indianjournals.com) had started providing online access to some of the journals which are being published by professional societies. Under the National Agriculture Innovation Project (NAIP), ICAR is making available some subscription–based foreign international online journals along with other open access journals. Now the time has come to think about the wider availability of scientific journals without any restrictions. The availability of open source software for the transformation of traditional journals into open access journals and the establishment of open archive online repositories for archiving research will eventually make agricultural research reach to much larger audiences. This will increase the visibility of research output and eventually lead to an enhanced impact factor for many Indian agricultural research journals.
Capacity building in ecological informatics: Lessons from the DST/CSIR learnership programme in South Africa
Authors: Makhado Rudzani Albert , Van Deventer Martie J , Barwell Laurie , Adey Althea M.L. , Knight Richard , Niehaus Jansie
Published: May 2013

This paper provides the lessons learned from an attempt by the South African Department of Science and Technology (DST) and the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) to develop a National Information Society Learnership in Ecological Informatics (NISL: EI). Ten unemployed graduates were selected in 2004 to be part of two years NISL: EI learnership programme. The results show that the programme had succeeded in making candidates employable, with 90 percent of the learners working in different science and technology sectors, and two Honours degrees having been awarded. Challenges for higher level learnership development and implementation are identified and possible solutions are discussed.
Revisiting the Age of Enlightenment from a collective decision making systems perspective
Authors: Rodriguez Marko A. , Watkins Jennifer H.
Published: May 2013

The ideals of the eighteenth century's Age of Enlightenment are the foundation of modern democracies. The era was characterized by thinkers who promoted progressive social reforms that opposed the long-established aristocracies and monarchies of the time. Prominent examples of such reforms include the establishment of inalienable human rights, self-governing republics, and market capitalism. Twenty-first century democratic nations can benefit from revisiting the systems developed during the Enlightenment and reframing them within the techno-social context of the Information Age. This article explores the application of social algorithms that make use of Thomas Paine's (English: 1737-1809) representatives, Adam Smith's (Scottish: 1723-1790) self-interested actors, and Marquis de Condorcet's (French: 1743-1794) optimal decision making groups. It is posited that technology-enabled social algorithms can better realize the ideals articulated during the Enlightenment.
The relationship between public libraries and Google: Too much information
Authors: Waller Vivienne
Published: May 2013

This article explores the implications of a shift from public to private provision of information through focusing on the relationship between Google and public libraries. This relationship has sparked controversy, with concerns expressed about the integrity of search results, the Google Book project, and Google the company. In this paper, these concerns are treated as symptoms of a deeper divide, the fundamentally different conceptions of information that underpin the stated aim of Google and libraries to provide access to information. The paper concludes with some principles necessary for the survival of public libraries and their contribution to a robust democracy in a rapidly expanding Googleverse.
Presidential Web sites and the Georgian-Russian War, 8-16 August 2008
Authors: Vaagan Robert W.
Published: May 2013

During the war between Georgia and Russia, 8-16 August 2008, the Web sites of Presidents Mikheil Saakashvili and Dmitry Medvedev were used actively to promote their countries´ conflicting views on the war. This article considers the structure of the two Web sites, their use during the war and their place in the media systems of Georgia and Russia.
The voice from the base(ment): Stridency, referential structure, and partisan conformity in the political blogosphere
Authors: Roodhouse Elizabeth Anne
Published: May 2013

The Internet has become a critical medium for American politics: in 2008, almost half of American adults looked for political information online, and 30 percent of Internet uses contributed to online political discussions. Using the candidacy of Sarah Palin as a case study of a provocative political event, this paper examines the tone, partisan leanings, and referential structure of six elite blogs. First by randomly sampling overall trends of Palin coverage and then by performing a quantitative content analysis of a sub-sample of posts, this paper finds that the valence and stridency of blog posts vary by partisan identification, and that stridency dramatically affects the referential structure of posts. Although the referential structure of blog posts varies significantly by blog, it does not vary along partisan lines. Nonetheless, the relationship between stridency and partisan conformity exposed by this paper illustrates a trend amongst conservative blogs to repeat the allegations of “liberal media bias” often voiced by traditional conservative media outlets, contributing to an “echo chamber” effect in the blogosphere.
Detecting spam in a Twitter network
Authors: Yardi Sarita , Romero Daniel , Schoenebeck Grant , Boyd Danah
Published: May 2013

Spam becomes a problem as soon as an online communication medium becomes popular. Twitter’s behavioral and structural properties make it a fertile breeding ground for spammers to proliferate. In this article we examine spam around a one-time Twitter meme—“robotpickuplines”. We show the existence of structural network differences between spam accounts and legitimate users. We conclude by highlighting challenges in disambiguating spammers from legitimate users.
Speedism, boxism and markism: Three ideologies of the Internet
Authors: Nolin Jan Michael
Published: May 2013

The Internet is one of man’s greatest inventions. As all transformative technologies, it leaves a stamp on society, social action and values. This is actually a case of the Internet and society mutually constructing each other. Therefore, as the Internet is in constant transformation, social values rebound and impact on further development. This paper is concerned with systems of values grouped around core ideas, here described as ideologies, which continuously renegotiates the development of the Internet. Three basic ideas are identified as underpinning the development of the packet switching system during the 1960s. It is argued that the historical development of the ARPANET, the Internet and the World Wide Web, as well as current developments, are all variations of these three ideas: the distributed network, the envelope and the identifier. It is maintained that these are translated into value systems, ideologies, held by different social groups. These three ideologies are conceptualised as speedism, boxism and markism. These are discussed in relation to various trends in past and current development of the Internet. This paper is also concerned with concepts articulated by Jonathan Zittrain in his book The future of the Internet and how to stop it (2008), in particular the generative Internet and tethered appliances.
A software agent and Web service based system for digital preservation
Authors: Jin Xiaolong , Jiang Jianmin , Min Geyong
Published: May 2013

Digital objects have extensively existed in daily work and life. Some of them often need to be kept accessible and usable for a relatively long period of time. Therefore, digital preservation has emerged as a pressing demand for the communities of archives, libraries, and publishers, and even for ordinary computer users. However, compared to traditional papery and magnetic preservation, digital preservation poses novel challenges to these communities. In this paper, we briefly introduce how the challenges are addressed in the PROTAGE system developed by integrating the widely adopted software agent and Web service technologies.
Unlimited potential, unlimited power? Microsoft's corporate citizenship in the battle over new social relations of production
Authors: Stevenson Siobhan
Published: May 2013

This paper explores the increasingly important role a new corporate social responsibility movement is playing in international development. Using a critical policy approach, the overarching question posed is: what ideological work does Microsoft Corporation’s world–wide philanthropic programs, and specifically its Unlimited Potential (UP) program, perform within the context of contemporary class struggles over the new means and relations of production? At the heart of this question is the ongoing battle between the free and open source software movement or FOSS and the proprietary software lobby as represented by Microsoft.
Between social awareness and productivity: Results of a survey about real-time microblogging
Authors: Joly Adrien , Maret Pierre , Daigremont Johann
Published: May 2013

In April 2010, we conducted a survey towards 256 users of real-time microblogging platforms, mostly Twitter users, in order to analyze the usage of those platforms and evaluate the induced cognitive impact. In this article, after reporting and discussing the results of this survey, we identify opportunities for improvement towards reducing information overload and frequent disruptions. Then, we propose a novel approach for filtering status updates from real-time microblogging platforms, based on contextual relevance between their authors.
Motivations of cybervolunteers in an applied distributed computing environment: MalariaControl.net as an example
Authors: Krebs Viola
Published: May 2013

Research laboratories and scientific modeling projects often lack computing power to run complex simulation models solely with in-house computing resources. One form of volunteer computing uses an interface called the BOINC software platform that allows hundreds of thousands of volunteers worldwide to participate in projects such as SETI@home and MalariaControl.net, searching for extraterrestrial intelligence or contributing to research linked to malaria control. These volunteers are effectively acting as cybervolunteers, meaning volunteers who use in part or entirely a computer or the Internet for their volunteer activity.

We conducted a study on the motivations of MalariaControl.net and BOINC cybervolunteers. Are volunteers only donating CPU power or are they making other contributions? Why do they participate in projects such as MalariaControl.net? The aim of this paper is to present results obtained, formulate useful conclusions from them and identify patters in the motivations of volunteers that may be useful to other distributed computing projects, in particular, and the understanding of cybervolunteerism, in general.

Volunteers living in 67 countries participated in our enquiry. We found that a majority of them indicated either solidarity and/or a cause as their main deciding factor for getting involved. This trend was stronger for MalariaControl.net than for general BOINC volunteers. Volunteers remained involved if they felt useful. The study clearly suggests that the recognition of cybervolunteers is important: volunteers invest their time in a project without financial compensation, but not for free. The paper also summarizes technical and communication suggestions made by volunteers with regards to MalariaControl.net and BOINC.
Electronic portfolio use in Thailand
Authors: Prammanee Noppadol , Moussa Mahmoud
Published: May 2013

Although the use of the Internet in Thailand has a short history, it continues to develop at a rapid rate. The adoption of the Internet helps the Thai government to apply e-learning into national educational system. This paper presents a brief introduction on how the Thai government is using the Internet and e-learning in education. Beginning with Internet and e–learning issues, this paper discusses different occurrences of electronic portfolio use found in Thailand. Finally, it will examine the potential for electronic portfolio use in the future in Thailand.
Singapore teens' perceived ownership of online sources and credibility
Authors: Duffy Andrew Michael , Liying Tan , Ong Larissa
Published: May 2013

This study investigates teenage attitudes towards unofficial versus mainstream media as a source of information. It starts from three unproven premises. First, that young people place more trust in unofficial online news than in mainstream media, because they feel a greater ownership of the cyberworld. Second, due to a perception of authoritarian control over Singapore's mainstream media, truth and accuracy in unofficial sources are of secondary importance to a feeling of ownership. Third, teenagers' need for accuracy is secondary to their need for ownership and differentiation; and, unofficial information sources are a badge of identity worn by the young. The study found that perceived ownership of a medium is secondary to its utilitarian function. Content is more important than platform. Off-line media were preferred for current affairs and sports, where reliability and convenience were important. This went in tandem with greater interest in current affairs among academic high fliers, and a greater interest in entertainment among others. Online media were preferred for entertainment and leisure information, where accuracy and reliability were secondary to attitude.
Computer game mods, modders, modding, and the mod scene
Authors: Scacchi Walt
Published: May 2013

Computer games have increasingly been the focus of user-led innovations in the form of game mods. This paper examines how different kinds of socio-technical affordances serve to organize the actions of the people who develop and share their game mods. The affordances examined include customization and tailoring mechanisms, software and content copyright licenses, game software infrastructure and development tools, career contingencies and organizational practices of mod teams, and social worlds intersecting the mod scene. Numerous examples will be used to ground this review and highlight how such affordances can organize, facilitate or constrain what can be done. Overall, this study helps to provide a deeper understanding of how a web of associated affordances collectively serve to govern what mods get made, how modding practices emerge and flourish, and how modders and the game industry serve each others' interests, though not always in equivocal terms.
Who owns the mods?
Authors: Kow Yong Ming , Nardi Bonnie
Published: May 2013

Modding, the development of end user software extensions to commercial products, is popular among video gamers. Modders form communities to help each other. Mods can shape software products by weaving in contributions from users themselves based on their own experience of a product. The purpose of this paper is to investigate a conflict between a modding community and a gaming company which reveals contested issues of ownership and governance. We studied an online game, World of Warcraft, a large multiplayer game produced by Blizzard Entertainment. From content analysis of forum posts and interviews with modders, we explore the connected but divergent ethical systems of modders and Blizzard. The question -- Who owns the mods? -- arises through different perspectives of mods ownership rooted within contradictory ethics and practices in the two communities.
(Digital) experiences
Authors: Day Ronald E. , Ekbia Hamid R.
Published: May 2013

What is digital experience? This question is of interest to different discourse traditions, each of which would answer it differently. The literature in Human-Computer Interaction, Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC), virtual worlds, and Artificial Intelligence, for instance, each present distinctive understandings of the concept of 'experience' and, consequently, of 'digital experience.' However, if we start with the concept of experience as an event, the common historical lineage of these distinct understandings reveals itself. We are interested in this historical lineage, and would like to explain 'digital experience' as a historically developing category. For this, we begin by returning to discussions on two modern concepts of experience (Erlebnis and Erfahrung) in the mid-twentieth century works of Martin Heidegger and Walter Benjamin. Then, we discuss three forms of 'digital experience' -- simulated, embedded, and artificial -- and we suggest that these experiences constitute a modern understanding of experience, namely, as a tension between experience as an embedded or 'situated' event and 'experience' as one that is had. By focusing on this tension, we hope to shed light on some of the shared underlying assumptions among disparate discourse traditions.
Remediation of practices: How new media change the ways we see and do things in practical domains
Authors: Lanzara Giovan Francesco
Published: May 2013

Based on two ethnographic studies of technology-driven innovation in music education and judicial practice, in this paper I investigate the nature and meaning of mediation as a primary aspect of our way of experiencing and understanding reality. I explore what happens in an established domain of practice when the introduction of new technologies, such as the computer and video recording, requires practitioners to work with a new medium for carrying out their practices. In spite of the apparent distance of the two practical domains, music and the judicial, the two cases point to surprisingly similar phenomena affecting the nature of objects, the relationship between objects and their representations, and the perceptual and practical skills of the practitioners. The paper shows to what extent a practice is embedded in the medium and discusses the coping strategies that musicians and judges enact in order to make sense of and master the new media, and to reweave the ripped fabric of their practice.
Seller activity in a virtual marketplace
Authors: Huffaker David A. , Simmons Matthew , Bakshy Eytan , Adamic Lada A.
Published: May 2013

As virtual goods continue to proliferate in online worlds, understanding their production, consumption and distribution remains exciting for scholars, technology companies and policy makers alike. We present a descriptive study of the activities of successful sellers in Second Life, a 3D virtual world that allows users to create their content and even to make money by selling it to other users. We combine user log analysis, network analysis and content analysis to examine cycles in trading volume, market segmentation and specialization, geographic concentration and the impact of social capital on economic success, revealing important insights regarding virtual markets, as well as differences between the very top sellers and those making a more modest income.
Transparency as a catalyst for interaction and participation in open learning environments
Authors: Mackey Thomas P.
Published: May 2013

This article argues that transparency promotes interactivity and participation in collaborative Web 2.0 learning environments. Teaching with transparency requires a learner-centered pedagogy for research, writing, and the production of new knowledge in open communities. Transparency is a catalyst for interaction and participation that supports open learning in multiple disciplines and institutional contexts. Transparent design influences the development of wikis, Open Educational Resources (OERs), and mobile applications. The wiki is a flexible, social, and easy to use technology for collaborative authorship and for sharing information. OERs are transparent educational materials for teaching and learning and mobile technologies expand the scope of when and how transparent learning takes place.
Retrofitting accessibility: The legal inequality of after-the-fact online access for persons with disabilities in the United States
Authors: Wentz Brian , Jaeger Paul T , Lazar Jonathan
Published: May 2013

Despite the significant advantages that access to information and communication technology has made to many of our lives, the related benefits, opportunities and even equalizing effect of this technology are often not accessible or only partially accessible to a growing portion of the global population. Current disability rights laws which are supposed to exist for the protection and well–being of individuals with disabilities are often too close to the heart of the problem, as they can actually promote a separate but unequal online environment. If current U.S. laws were revised to encourage born–accessible technology and there was consistent enforcement of such laws, the online experience of millions of individuals with disabilities could be drastically improved. This article examines the aspects of the current laws that perpetuate a separate but unequal online environment, discussing past and current examples of such inequity. It also contrasts the structure of current U.S. disability rights laws with other civil rights legislation and offers a set of policy recommendations that could have a positive impact on accessibility.
Why parents help their children lie to Facebook about age: Unintended consequences of the ‘Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act’
Authors: Boyd Danah , Hargittai Eszter , Schultz Jason , Palfrey John
Published: May 2013

Facebook, like many communication services and social media sites, uses its Terms of Service (ToS) to forbid children under the age of 13 from creating an account. Such prohibitions are not uncommon in response to the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), which seeks to empower parents by requiring commercial Web site operators to obtain parental consent before collecting data from children under 13. Given economic costs, social concerns, and technical issues, most general–purpose sites opt to restrict underage access through their ToS. Yet in spite of such restrictions, research suggests that millions of underage users circumvent this rule and sign up for accounts on Facebook. Given strong evidence of parental concern about children’s online activity, this raises questions of whether or not parents understand ToS restrictions for children, how they view children’s practices of circumventing age restrictions, and how they feel about children’s access being regulated. In this paper, we provide survey data that show that many parents know that their underage children are on Facebook in violation of the site’s restrictions and that they are often complicit in helping their children join the site. Our data suggest that, by creating a context in which companies choose to restrict access to children, COPPA inadvertently undermines parents’ ability to make choices and protect their children’s data. Our data have significant implications for policy–makers, particularly in light of ongoing discussions surrounding COPPA and other age–based privacy laws.
Cascades and the political blogosphere
Authors: Swift Jeffrey
Published: May 2013

Despite the fact that political blogs seem to be just as dominated by elites as traditional journalism, networks of individuals play an essential role in spreading arguments in the political blogosphere. The hyperlinking economy of political blogs is powered by competition, elevation, and access. This economy values networks of individuals just as much as — if not more than — it values elite top–tier bloggers.
Open data: Empowering the empowered or effective data use for everyone?
Authors: Gurstein Michael B.
Published: May 2013

This paper takes a supportive but critical look at “open data” from the perspective of its possible impact on the poor and marginalized and concludes that there may be cause for concern in the absence of specific measures being taken to ensure that there are supports for ensuring a wide basis of opportunity for “effective data use”. The paper concludes by providing a seven element model for how effective data use can be achieved.
Evaluating WikiTrust: A trust support tool for Wikipedia
Authors: Lucassen Teun , Schraagen Jan Maarten
Published: May 2013

Because of the open character of Wikipedia readers should always be aware of the possibility of false information. WikiTrust aims at helping readers to judge the trustworthiness of articles by coloring the background of less trustworthy words in a shade of orange. In this study we look into the effects of such coloring on reading behavior and trust evaluation by means of an eye–tracking experiment. The results show that readers had more difficulties reading the articles with coloring than without coloring. Trust in heavily colored articles was lower. The main concern is that the participants in our experiment rated usefulness of WikiTrust low.
Banding together for bandwidth: An analysis of survey results from wireless community network participants
Authors: Shaffer Gwen
Published: May 2013

Using a resource mobilization framework, this study attempts to better understand the factors motivating people to join wireless community networks that enable members to share bandwidth. In addition, the research illuminates ties between this kind of peer-to-peer networking and civic engagement at a broader level. An in depth survey completed by 43 respondents from throughout Europe and North America found that participants in this movement felt a stronger sense of community, as well as were more likely to help elect local politicians and to work on local issue campaigns, after joining WiFi sharing initiatives. The study concludes with proposed policy recommendations—geared toward regulators, legislators and Internet service providers in the United States.
The accidental criminal: Using policy to curb illegal downloading
Authors: Doloswala Kalika Navin , Dadich Ann
Published: May 2013

Illegal downloading is a multifaceted social issue. In addition to the loss of intellectual property and revenue for copyright-holders, it can implicate perpetrators into the criminal justice system. Despite legislative attempts to curb illegal downloading, lessons to date suggest these do little to reduce the activity. Drawing on psychological literature, this paper offers an innovative approach to address illegal downloading. Attribution theory argues that the activity might be moderated by increasing opportunities for engagement between the owners and users of intellectual property. Rather than using policy and legislation to restrain access to intellectual property, this theory suggests that policy that closes proximal distances and creates psychological contracts might curb these practices. Examples from the music industry are discussed as evidence that this approach can be successful in changing downloader behaviour. To date, social policy informed by attribution theory has not been tested as a way to prevent illegal downloading. The paper argues the need to examine and critically evaluate non-punitive approaches to curbing illegal downloading from a policy perspective.
P-MART: Towards a classification of online prediction markets
Authors: Geifman Dorit , Raban Daphne Ruth , Sheizaf Rafaeli
Published: May 2013

Prediction Markets are a family of Internet–based social computing applications, which use market price to aggregate and reveal information and opinion from dispersed audiences. The considerable complexity of these markets inhibited the full realization of the promise so far. This paper offers the P–MART classification as a tool for organizing the current state of knowledge, aiding the construction of tailored markets, identifying ingredients for Prediction Markets’ success and encouraging research. P–MART is a dual–facet classification of implementations of Prediction Markets describing traders and markets. The proposed classification framework was calibrated by examining a variety of real–world online implementations. A publicly accessible wiki resource accompanies this paper in order to stimulate further research and future expansion of the classification.
Trust issues in Web service mash-ups
Authors: Lee Kevin , Kaufmann Nicolas , Buss Georg
Published: May 2013

With the emergence of Web service mash-ups (Web applications that integrate different data sources), online data integration and aggregation is increasingly becoming the online norm for both commercial and non-commercial users. With such widespread adoption of data integration from discrete sources, the question emerges as to whether the resultant mash-up can be considered as trustworthy. This paper explores the concepts behind Web service mash-ups to determine the factors influencing their trustworthiness. The focus is on examining data quality and data assurance issues for both the data providers and the mash-up consumers.
Focused on the prize: Characteristics of experts in massive multiplayer online games
Authors: Wang Jing , Huffaker David A. , Treem Jeffrey W. , Fullerton Lindsay , Ahmad Muhammad A. , Williams Dmitri , Poole Marshall Scott , Contractor Noshir
Published: May 2013

This study is the first large–scale multi–method attempt to empirically examine the characteristics leading to development of expertise in EverQuest II, a popular massively multi–player online role–playing game (MMOs). Benefiting from the unprecedented opportunity of obtaining game log data matched with survey data, the project investigated the relationship between player motivations and in–game behavior, personality characteristics, and demographic attributes with game performance and achievement, which we refer to as game “expertise.” Players who were high on achievement motivation or social motivation had higher game expertise, while those high on immersion motivation had lower expertise. Game experts were also characterized by focusing their game time on completing tasks. Younger players showed a slim advantage over older players. Male and female players exhibited similar expertise levels in this MMO.
The impact of industry structure on e-commerce initiatives in the developing world: Two case studies from Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: Vuylsteke Alexander , Fraser Simon
Published: May 2013

E-commerce promises benefits for businesses in developed and developing countries, such as the ability to reach new international markets. However, merely adopting e-commerce will not produce these benefits. Industry structure plays a powerful role in determining success or failure of e-commerce efforts. This paper investigates the impact of industry structure on two small companies in Trinidad and Tobago, a twin island republic in the southern Caribbean.
Adventures with Poe and Hawthorne
Authors: Kopley Richard
Published: May 2013

Scholarship can be exciting, and so can the story behind the scholarship. This essay—in its earlier incarnation, a talk—recounts my explorations involving Poe's Dupin stories (1987–91; 2004–8) and Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter (1992–2003), work that led to The Threads of “The Scarlet Letter” (2003) and Edgar Allan Poe and the Dupin Mysteries (2008, 2011). My scholarly peregrinations took me from Nantucket to Colindale, England (for Poe), and from Salem to San Marino, California (for Hawthorne). My adventures involved identifying and following a trail of evidence, assisted by librarians and curators and sometimes-surprising serendipity. These adventures led to interpretive consequences concerning the genesis, form, and significance of a work. This essay conveys firsthand the pleasures of scholarly pursuit.
Lovely Apparitions and Spiritualized Corpses Consumption, Medical Discourse, and Edgar Allan Poe's Female Vampire
Authors: Stephanou Aspasia
Published: May 2013

This essay examines the associations of consumption with the disease of tuberculosis and vampirism, as well as the ways nineteenth-century medical discourse and vampire narratives facilitated the creation of a pathologized female body. Early nineteenth-century medical discourse and literature on consumption exalted the materiality of the consuming female body by transforming suffering into something beautiful, pure and spiritual, or even sexual. Poe's consuming brides, however, embodied the horrifying reality of the decomposing body that remains alive. In particular, Poe's “Ligeia” (1838) is an eloquent example of this tension between idealism and materiality. By reading Poe's vampire tales through the context of antebellum metaphysics and discourses on consumption, I argue that his unique treatment of female vampires simultaneously responds to, and deviates from, these topics. Influenced by Schelling's philosophy, Poe's vampire tales are shuddering examples of woman's materialized spirit. Following his own thread of gothic materialism, and moving away from American Transcendentalists, Poe offers ghastly visions of an absolutism that is at once distinctly feminine and horrific.
Importance of Espresso Coffee Machine Parameters on the Extraction of Chlorogenic Acids in a Certified Italian Espresso by Using SPE-HPLC-DAD
Authors: Caprioli Giovanni , Cortese Manuela , Odello Luigi , Ricciutelli Massimo , Sagratini Gianni , Tomassoni Giacomo , Torregiani Elisabetta , Vittori Sauro
Published: May 2013

Chlorogenic acids (CGA) are a group of phenolic acid derivatives, which are commonly found in coffee at concentrations reaching 0.1-0.2%. A method based on high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) is proposed for the simultaneous determination of three chlorogenic acids, i.e. 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3-CQA), 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) and 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3,5-diCQA), in time portions of espresso coffee. Two different espresso coffee machines working with different pressure and temperature curves, and two different blends (i.e. Arabica and Robusta) were used. The method presents good linearities (correlation coefficient greater than 0.99) and recoveries (in the range 67-99%) for the 3 chlorogenic acids. The concentration of total CGAs in a cup of Certified Italian Espresso ranged from 1522.5 to 2223.4 mg kg-1 and CGA isomer contents were, in decreasing order, 5-CQA > 3-CQA > 3,5-diCQA.

The concentration of total chlorogenic acids was higher in Espresso coffee (EC) prepared with Aurelia machine rather than with Leva; Arabica blend possessed higher level ot total chlorogenic acids than Robusta samples.
A espiritualidade como fonte sistêmica na Bioética
Authors: Souza Waldir
Published: May 2013

O conceito de espiritualidade e o de bioética, tomados isoladamente, carregam sentidos densos, complexos e fascinantes. Porém, quando entrelaçados, ganham um colorido provocante e envolvente. Por detrás do afã do conhecer está a busca pela verdade que desempenha um papel fundamental no campo da ciência. Perguntar pelo existir, pelo sofrer e pelo morrer são questões que têm a ver com o sentido e o não sentido da vida, com a liberdade e a escravidão das pessoas, com a justiça e a opressão dos povos, com a guerra e a paz na história e no presente, com a doença, o sofrimento e a saúde das pessoas. São questões que purificam a experiência da fé e torna uma espiritualidade madura. A espiritualidade na bioética pode ser uma fonte sistêmica. Pensar sistemicamente uma questão é pensá-la a partir do conjunto de elementos em interação mútua que configuram a realidade na qual emerge o desafio ético.
Igreja católica e ciências: por uma cultura do diálogo e da vida
Authors: Agostini Nilo
Published: May 2013

A Igreja Católica, no seu interesse em conhecer, servir e evangelizar, acompanha a sociedade de nossos dias em sua contínua transformação. A partir do Concílio Vaticano II, assume o diálogo como o caminho para estar em contato com o mundo em que vive. Tem consciência de que a reflexão deve ser desenvolvida num âmbito interdisciplinar, atenta ao evoluir das situações. Realiza isso a partir da experiência de fé, captando o sentido teologal presente nas diversas realidades e acontecimentos. Acompanha o avanço das ciências, hoje em especial a Bioética, num interesse embasado na Ética e numa escuta atenta das interpelações de Deus nos sinais dos nossos tempos. Fé e ciência passam a travar um diálogo necessário, numa relação de apreço e entendimento, uma podendo oferecer à outra uma contribuição enriquecedora e complementar. Existem conquistas das ciências que são irrenunciáveis e dotadas de grande valor. A Igreja Católica oferece uma visão integral do ser humano, superando todo reducionismo, calcada no valor da vida humana e de todas as formas de vida em nosso planeta.