bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Minimally invasive recording and analysis of neural signaling
Authors: Green Leigh Ann
Published: November 2023

New technology enables real-time, closed-loop monitoring of fragile visceral nerves.
Wake characteristics of wall-mounted solid and foam-covered circular cylinders
Authors: Das S. , Abishek S. , Balachandar R. , Barron R. M.
Published: November 2023

The wake characteristics of wall-mounted finite submerged solid and foam-covered circular cylinders (height/diameter = 0.9) are explored using large-eddy simulation for a Reynolds number (based on the cylinder diameter) of 13 000, and the simulation results are validated using particle image velocimetry. The foam-covered cylinder consists of an inner cylinder wrapped with a highly porous open-cell foam and capped by circular plates at the top and bottom. Two recirculation regions are identified for both cylinders, based on time-averaged data, one downstream and another above the top surface of the cylinder. The presence of the foam induces changes in the characteristics of both recirculation regions. The foam covering also interrupts the formation of large periodic structures, the evidence of which can be seen in the temporal distribution and discrete Fourier analysis of the force coefficients and velocity fluctuations. The temporal lateral oscillations, represented by the coefficient of sway, are observed for the solid cylinder but are suppressed in the case of the foam-covered cylinder. Two dominating frequencies are consistently present for the solid cylinder, but no such frequencies can be identified for the foam-covered cylinder. Finally, spectral proper orthogonal decomposition modes are presented in order to further substantiate the findings.
Direct numerical simulation for lid-driven cavity under various Reynolds numbers in fully staggered grid
Authors: Park Sungtek
Published: November 2023

Finite difference method in a fully staggered grid is applied to solve the incompressible Navier–Stokes equation with direct numerical simulations. Without a turbulent or transient model, lid-driven cavity simulations are conducted with various Reynolds numbers from 102 to 106. The fluid property is fixed, and a lid velocity is changed to set the Reynolds number condition. Time steps are adjusted to keep the consistency of Courant number conditions. Simulation results are compared with the experimental measurements for a Reynolds number of 104 condition, in which the result shows relatively larger values of non-dimensional root mean square (RMS) compared to the other Reynolds number conditions. Vertical and horizontal velocity components show comparably higher RMS distributions around a downstream eddy region and above a bottom surface region, respectively, when the Reynolds number is 104. Time-averaged and RMS distributions show reasonable agreement with the experimental results, and a velocity spectral analysis shows the Kolmogorov spectrum of −5/3 slope for all velocity components. Taylor–Görtler-like (TGL) vortices are observed clearly in the downstream jet region. When the Reynolds number increases, the size of the TGL vortical structure in the spanwise direction decreases and numerous small-scale vortices occur.
Rheological response of ferrofluids undergoing unsteady shear flows in the presence of a magnetic field
Authors: Pereira Igor Dal Osto , Cunha Francisco Ricardo
Published: November 2023

The rheological response of two commercial ferrofluids to transient shearing flows using a parallel disk rheometer device equipped with a magnetic cell is investigated. The basic difference between the ferrofluids is their volume fraction of magnetic particles. The first transient shear flow examined is a step-strain under the influence of a magnetic field, from which the stress relaxation functions for both magnetic fluids studied are obtained in terms of the magnetic field strength and the intensity of the step strain. The main relaxation times of both fluids are determined and shown to increase with the applied magnetic field parameter after some critical value. We also observed that the shear stress relaxes to a residual stress, which is strongly dependent on both magnetic field and strain strengths. This remarkable residual stress increases as the intensity of the magnetic field rises. In terms of the strain strength, this residual stress is found to have two interesting behaviors. First, for small values of strain, the residual stress increases linearly until a maximum is reached. Further increases in the strain strength lead to a nonlinear decrease in the residual stress. We conjecture that the linear regime is associated with a predominance of elastic deformation of the fluid microstructure while the nonlinear one to its plastic deformation or even to the structure breakup. The second experimental investigation of the magnetic fluids is carried out under the condition of oscillatory shear in a linear viscoelastic regime and in the presence of an applied magnetic field. The main viscoelastic moduli of the ferrofluids as functions of the non-dimensional frequency and the magnetic field intensity are presented. In addition, it is also shown, for both ferrofluids, that viscous and elastic characteristics are severely increased when the applied magnetic field intensity is enhanced. We also determine the shear elastic modulus for both magnetic fluids in the limit of low Deborah number as a function of the magnetic parameter. Compatibility checks between the viscous modulus and the apparent shear viscosity under conditions of the same frequency and shear rate are performed, and the first normal stress difference is calculated.
Gaming self-consistent field theory: Generative block polymer phase discovery
Authors: Chen Pengyu , Dorfman Kevin D.
Published: November 2023

Block polymers are an attractive platform for uncovering the factors that give rise to self-assembly in soft matter owing to their relatively simple thermodynamic description, as captured in self-consistent field theory (SCFT). SCFT historically has found great success explaining experimental data, allowing one to construct phase diagrams from a set of candidate phases, and there is now strong interest in deploying SCFT as a screening tool to guide experimental design. However, using SCFT for phase discovery leads to a conundrum: How does one discover a new morphology if the set of candidate phases needs to be specified in advance? This long-standing challenge was surmounted by training a deep convolutional generative adversarial network (GAN) with trajectories from converged SCFT solutions, and then deploying the GAN to generate input fields for subsequent SCFT calculations. The power of this approach is demonstrated for network phase formation in neat diblock copolymer melts via SCFT. A training set of only five networks produced 349 candidate phases spanning known and previously unexplored morphologies, including a chiral network. This computational pipeline, constructed here entirely from open-source codes, should find widespread application in block polymer phase discovery and other forms of soft matter.
Past tense reference to future eventualities
Authors: Haans Harvey , de Hoop Helen
Published: November 2023

The simple past in Dutch, as in many other European languages, is not necessarily used to refer to a past eventuality. A Dutch example of a verb in simple past that does not refer to a past event, taken from the Spoken Dutch Corpus (CGN), is: Pa die ging morgen golfen ‘Dad is going to play golf tomorrow.’ Here, the past tense verb ging ‘went’ can be called a ‘fake past’, since it refers to a future eventuality, as can be seen from the adverb tomorrow. We argue that this use of the past tense is not modal, because it does not involve reference to a counterfactual, hypothetical, or unlikely eventuality. We present a Reichenbachian (1947) analysis of this use of past tense, in which we argue that while the eventuality takes place in the future, past tense is used to indicate that the point of perspective (R) is situated in the past (i.e. R-S-E).
Gain and loss induced higher-order exceptional points in a non-Hermitian electrical circuit
Authors: Shen Xizhou , Pan Keyu , Wang Xiumei , Jiang Hengxuan , Zhou Xingping
Published: November 2023

Non-Hermitian Hamiltonians effectively describing the physics of open systems have become an important tool in various physical platforms, such as photonics, mechanical systems, and electric circuits. The study of non-Hermitian states in electric circuits is developing rapidly recently and forming the field of topoelectrical circuits. Here, we report on the theoretical realization of a higher-order exceptional points (EPs) topological circuit induced by gain and loss. It is shown that, by tuning the value of the positive and negative resistors in the circuit, EPs can collide and merge leading to higher-order singularities. We observe the different energy-difference conserving dynamics near the EPs and the enhanced sensitivity at higher-order EPs. Our results show a way to get higher sensitivity in a non-Hermitian electrical circuit.
A spin field effect transistor based on a strained two dimensional layer of a Weyl semimetal
Authors: Rahman Rahnuma , Bandyopadhyay Supriyo
Published: November 2023

Spin field effect transistors (SpinFET) are an iconic class of spintronic transistor devices that exploit gate tuned spin-orbit interaction in semiconductor channels interposed between ferromagnetic source and drain contacts to elicit transistor functionality. Recently, a new and different type of SpinFET based on gate tuned strain in quantum materials (e.g. topological insulators) has been proposed and may have interesting analog applications, such as in frequency multiplication, by virtue of its unusual oscillatory transfer characteristic. Here, we propose and analyze yet another type of SpinFET in this class, which may have a different application. It is based on gate-tuned strain in a Weyl semimetal, with the strain modulating spin interference. Because the operating principle is non-classical, the channel conductance shows oscillatory dependence on the channel length at zero gate voltage. Furthermore, the transconductance can switch sign if the channel length is varied. This latter feature can be exploited to implement a complementary device like complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) by connecting two such SpinFETs of slightly different channel lengths in series. These unusual properties may have niche applications.
Perturbing finite temperature multicomponent DFT 1D Kohn–Sham systems: Peierls gap & Kohn anomaly
Authors: Scheppe Adrian D , Pak Michael V
Published: November 2023

One of the greatest challenges when designing new technologies that make use of non-trivial quantum materials is the difficulty associated with predicting material-specific properties, such as critical temperature, gap parameter, etc. There is naturally a great amount of interest in these types of condensed matter systems because of their application to quantum sensing, quantum electronics, and quantum computation; however, they are exceedingly difficult to address from first principles because of the famous many-body problem. For this reason, a full electron-nuclear quantum calculation will likely remain completely out of reach for the foreseeable future. A practical alternative is provided by finite temperature, multi component density functional theory, which is a formally exact method of computing the equilibrium state energy of a many-body quantum system. In this work, we use this construction alongside a perturbative scheme to demonstrate that the phenomena Peierls effect and Kohn anomaly are both natural features of the Kohn–Sham (KS) equations without additional structure needed. We find the temperature dependent ionic density for a simple 1D lattice which is then used to derive the ionic densities temperature dependent affect on the electronic band structure. This is accomplished by Fourier transforming the ionic density term found within this KS electronic equation. Using the Peierls effect phonon distortion gap openings in relation to the Fermi level, we then perturb the KS ionic equation with a conduction electron density, deriving the Kohn anomaly. This provides a workable predictive strategy for interesting electro-phonon related material properties which could be extended to 2D and 3D real materials while retaining the otherwise complicated temperature dependence.
First-principles study of two-dimensional half-metallic ferromagnetism in CrSiSe4 monolayer
Authors: Jia Yuanyuan , Gao Yan , Liu Yong
Published: November 2023

Two-dimensional (2D) ferromagnetic (FM) half-metallic materials have attracted intensive attention due to their unique electronic and magnetic properties and potential applications in spintronic devices. In this study, we predicted a stable 2D half-metallic material monolayer CrSiSe4 using first-principles density functional theory. The structure, electronic and magnetic properties were systematically studied. The calculations show that the monolayer CrSiSe4 is a dynamically stable FM half-metallic material. The spin-dependent transport properties and the Curie temperature up to 239 K are demonstrated. The spin band gap of monolayer CrSiSe4 was about 0.83 eV by the the Heyd–Scuseria–Ernzerhof function calculation. The magnetic anisotropy energy of each Cr atom in the monolayer of CrSiSe4 is

−
552.3
μ

eV. When the applied biaxial tensile strain is greater than 2%, monolayer CrSiSe4 spin-up conduction band and valence band will show a band gap at the Fermi level, and the electronic properties change from a half-metal to a semiconductor. Thus, the monolayer CrSiSe4 can provide an ideal candidate material for exploring 2D magnetic and spintronics experiments.
Axial super-resolution optical coherence tomography via complex-valued network
Authors: Wang Lingyun , Chen Si , Liu Linbo , Yin Xue , Shi Guohua , Mo Jianhua
Published: November 2023

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a fast and non-invasive optical interferometric imaging technique that can provide high-resolution cross-sectional images of biological tissues. OCT’s key strength is its depth resolving capability which remains invariant along the imaging depth and is determined by the axial resolution. The axial resolution is inversely proportional to the bandwidth of the OCT light source. Thus, the use of broadband light sources can effectively improve the axial resolution and however leads to an increased cost. In recent years, real-valued deep learning technique has been introduced to obtain super-resolution optical imaging. In this study, we proposed a complex-valued super-resolution network (CVSR-Net) to achieve an axial super-resolution for OCT by fully utilizing the amplitude and phase of OCT signal. The method was evaluated on three OCT datasets. The results show that the CVSR-Net outperforms its real-valued counterpart with a better depth resolving capability. Furthermore, comparisons were made between our network, six prevailing real-valued networks and their complex-valued counterparts. The results demonstrate that the complex-valued network exhibited a better super-resolution performance than its real-valued counterpart and our proposed CVSR-Net achieved the best performance. In addition, the CVSR-Net was tested on out-of-distribution domain datasets and its super-resolution performance was well maintained as compared to that on source domain datasets, indicating a good generalization capability.
A comparison study on the acetone sensing performance of preeminent nanostructures of SnO2 for diabetes diagnosis
Authors: Priya M J , Subha P P , Antony Aldrin , Jayaraj M K , Rajeev Kumar K
Published: November 2023

Metal oxide semiconductor-based acetone sensors are of great need owing to their cost-effective easy production for real-time applications. Experiments on different morphologies of metal oxide nanostructures are gaining momentum for enhancing acetone sensing properties. 1D nanofibers and dangling bonds-rich facet exposed materials are eminent nanostructures in this field. In this article, we compare the acetone-sensing abilities of these nanostructures, including nanofibers and facet-exposed nanostructures. Acetone sensing qualities of the fabricated sensors were tested at different temperatures varying from 100 to 350 °C. Due to a significant number of dangling bonds on the surface, the octahedral nanoparticle sensor produced a higher response than the other sensors. At their respective operating temperatures, each of the manufactured sensors was capable of detecting a very low concentration of acetone (1 ppm). All of the samples had acceptable response and recovery times. The octahedral nanoparticle sensor’s excellent repeatability, reproducibility, and long-term stability made it a good choice for real-time detection of acetone in the exhaled breath of individuals with diabetes. In patients with diabetes, the exhaled breath exhibits an acetone concentration exceeding 1.8 ppm, whereas in healthy persons, this concentration typically falls between the ranges of 0.3–0.9 ppm.
Determining the bandgap and energetic disorder of photoactive layer via modeling the photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells
Authors: Qin Dashan , Li Longdi
Published: November 2023

The bandgap and energetic disorder of photoactive layer are of great importance to analyzing the energy losses of organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the accurate determinations of these two parameters have yet to be realized so far. Here, an improved analytic model based on Shockley equation is provided to simulate the photovoltaic performance of nonfullerene OSCs with efficiencies of ∼19%, whereby the bandgap and energetic disorder as fitting parameters are deduced. The modeling indicates that the radiative voltage loss is major, relative to the nonradiative one. The accurate quantification of the bandgap and energetic disorder relies on the accurate experimental measurement of charge carrier mobilities of photoactive layer. The simulations show that the state-of-art nonfullerene photoactive layers have bandgaps of ∼1.35 to 1.37 eV and energetic disorders of ∼0.11 eV. In order to improve the efficiencies of OSCs to over 20%, it is proposed to decrease the energetic disorders and/or increase the charge-carrier mobilities of photoactive layers.
The effect of plasma toroidal rotation on n = 1 resonant magnetic perturbation field penetration under low neutral beam injection torque in EAST
Authors: Ye Cheng , Sun You-Wen , Wang Hui-Hui , Liu Yue-Qiang , Shi Tong-Hui , Li Ying-Ying , Zang Qing , Lu Di-An , Jia Tian-Qi , Ma Qun , Gu Shuai , Chu Nan , He Kai-Yang , Jia Man-Ni , Wu Xue-Min , Xie Peng-Cheng , Sheng Hui , Yang Hua , Huang Lian-Sheng , Shen Biao , Wan Bao-Nian ,   the EAST Team
Published: November 2023

An experiment was conducted to study the mode penetration of

n
=
1

resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) in EAST under low neutral beam injection torque in the co-current direction (Co-NBI). The experimental results indicate that the threshold current

I

RMP,th

for field penetration decreases with higher input torque

T

NBI

. Furthermore, it is observed that the plasma mode frequency

|

f

MHD

|

at counter-current direction is greatly reduced when the plasma toroidal rotation frequency

f
ϕ

increases. The theoretical scaling of mode frequency

(

I

RMP,th

∝

|

f

MHD

|

0.70

)

predicted by the field penetration theory is in good agreement with the experimental observation (

I

RMP,th

∝

|

f

MHD

|

0.53

). The role of

|

f

MHD

|

and

f
ϕ

on the mode onset threshold was separately investigated using the full toroidal geometry initial value code MARS-Q (Liu et al 2013 Phys. Plasmas
20 042503). The numerical scaling based on the experimental mode frequency is consistent with the experimental and theoretical ones. Numerical results suggest that evaluating the total mode frequency

|

f

MHD

|

is crucial in field penetration analysis, in contrast to toroidal rotation frequency

f
ϕ

. With the increase of

T

NBI

, the decreasing

|

f

MHD

|

leads to a reduction in the field penetration threshold. This suggests that more attention should be paid to error field tolerance in low Co-NBI torque scenarios, where the electron diamagnetic frequency may be canceled out by NBI-driven toroidal plasma rotation.
Photoelectric Characteristics of n-ZnO/p-Si Heterojunction Photodetector
Authors: Zhang Caizhen , Dai Mingjiao , Yan Shengrong
Published: November 2023

To solve the problems of the high experimental cost and single experimental result, the n-ZnO/p-Si heterojunction photodetector was simulated by TCAD software. Based on the established model, the photoelectric characteristics of n-ZnO/p-Si heterojunction photodetector were simulated and analyzed in terms of ZnO carrier concentration and thickness. The results show that the dark current is about 10−14 A, the photocurrent is about 10−8 A, and the photocurrent is at least three orders of magnitude larger than the dark current. The fast response time is 10−10 s. The maximum response of the device is 0.25 A/W in the ultraviolet band and the maximum response is 0.35 A/W in the visible light region. This simulated result establishes a theoretical foundation for further experimental research.
Thermal Crosstalk Analysis of Phase Change Memory Considering Thermoelectric Effect and Thermal Boundary Resistance
Authors: Tang Pu , Xiao Jing , Tao Ming
Published: November 2023

Phase change memory (PCM) has emerged as a promising memory for next-generation applications due to its high-speed read and write capabilities as well as non-volatility. However, as PCM scales down to smaller feature sizes, it faces the challenge of thermal crosstalk. During the reset operation, a large amount of heat is generated and dissipated in the PCM array, potentially affecting adjacent memory cells, compromising device stability, and limiting high-density integration. To accurately investigate the thermal crosstalk in the PCM array, the conventional finite element model of the PCM array is improved by incorporating the thermoelectric effect and thermal boundary resistance. Under the 65, 45, 32, and 22-nm process nodes, the improved model reveals the occurrence of thermal crosstalk within the PCM array, whereas the conventional model is unable to detect this phenomenon at the 65-nm node. The improved model proposed in this paper incorporates more comprehensive considerations, providing a more precise analysis of the thermal crosstalk phenomenon in the PCM array, and thereby offering theoretical reference for high-density integration of the PCM.
Discreteness of postcritically finite maps in 𝑝-adic moduli space
Authors: Benedetto Robert , Ih Su-Ion
Published: November 2023

Let

p
≥
2

p \geq 2

be a prime number and let

C

p

\mathbb {C}_p

be the completion of an algebraic closure of the

p
p

-adic rational field

Q

p

\mathbb {Q}_p

. Let

f
c

(
z
)

f_c(z)

be a one-parameter family of rational functions of degree

d
≥
2

d\geq 2

, where the coefficients are meromorphic functions defined at all parameters

c
c

in some open disk

D
⊆

C

p

D\subseteq \mathbb {C}_p

. Assuming an appropriate stability condition, we prove that the parameters

c
c

for which

f
c

f_c

is postcritically finite (PCF) are isolated from one another in the

p
p

-adic disk

D
D

except in certain trivial cases. In particular, all PCF parameters of the family

f
c

(
z
)
=

z
d

+
c

f_c(z)=z^d+c

are

p
p

-adically isolated.
The roles of community health workers in understanding COVID-19-related inequities among Black pregnant women
Authors: Donley Gwendolyn
Published: November 2023

Background

US Black pregnant women have worse birth and maternal outcomes than their White counterparts, and these disparities were exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. We sought to examine community health workers’ roles in shaping low-income Black pregnant women’s experiences and perspectives on public health guidance during COVID-19.

Methods

Between December 2020 and September 2021, we conducted two to four semi-structured interviews and feedback sessions with each participant: community health workers or pregnant/postpartum women who self-identified as Black (thirty-five total interviews and twelve feedback sessions). Using a Longitudinal Qualitative Research approach, we looked at themes over time in perceptions of COVID-19 public health guidance, specifically related to vaccination, throughout pregnancy and the postpartum period.

Results

Community health workers were essential sources of information about the COVID-19 vaccine, risk and safety, and other related challenges. However, there was extensive distrust of science and of health providers. This was traced to historical and modern cases of medical and scientific abuse of Black Americans. Community health workers experienced much of the same distrust of public health guidance related to the pandemic as their clients.

Conclusions

Community health workers represent an important group for influencing perspectives of COVID-19 health and vaccine guidance among Black pregnant and postpartum women. Both groups’ views on public health guidance during the pandemic were shaped by complex historical, economic and cultural systems. To support trust- and rapport-building, healthcare providers should take an educated, empathetic approach to working with community health workers and understanding their patients’ histories and experiences.
Real-World Persistence of Successive Biologics in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Findings From ROTARY
Authors: Krugliak Cleveland Noa , Ghosh Sabyasachi , Chastek Benjamin , Bancroft Tim , Candela Ninfa , Fan Tao , Umashankar Kandavadivu , Rubin David T
Published: November 2023

Background

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may receive multiple successive biologic treatments in clinical practice; however, data are limited on the comparative effectiveness of biologics and the impact of treatment sequence on outcomes.

Methods

The ROTARY (Real wOrld ouTcomes Across tReatment sequences in inflammatorY bowel disease patients) study was a retrospective, observational cohort study conducted using data from the Optum Clinical Database between January 1, 2012, and February 29, 2020. Adult patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) who received 2 biologics successively were included. Biologic treatment sequences were analyzed descriptively. Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for baseline demographics and clinical characteristics, were used to estimate the hazard ratio of switching or discontinuation for each first- and second-line biologic compared with first- and second-line adalimumab, respectively.

Results

In total, 4648 patients with IBD (CD, n = 3008; UC, n = 1640) were identified. Most patients received tumor necrosis factor α antagonist (anti-TNFα) treatment followed by another anti-TNFα treatment or vedolizumab. Vedolizumab and infliximab had 39.4% and 34.6% lower rates of switching or discontinuation than adalimumab, respectively, as first-line biologics in patients with CD and 30.8% and 34.3% lower rates as first-line biologics in patients with UC, respectively. Vedolizumab, infliximab, and ustekinumab had 47.2%, 40.0%, and 43.5% lower rates of switching or discontinuation than adalimumab, respectively, as second-line biologics in CD and 56.5%, 43.0%, and 45.6% lower rates as second-line biologics in patients with UC, respectively.

Conclusions

Although anti-TNFα treatments were most commonly prescribed, the adjusted rates of discontinuation for adalimumab as both a first- and second-line biologic were higher than for vedolizumab, infliximab, or ustekinumab.
Machine learning for zombie hunting: predicting distress from firms’ accounts and missing values
Authors: Bargagli-Stoffi Falco J , Incerti Fabio , Riccaboni Massimo , Rungi Armando
Published: November 2023

In this contribution, we propose machine learning techniques to predict zombie firms. First, we derive the risk of failure by training and testing our algorithms on disclosed financial information and nonrandom missing values of 304,906 firms active in Italy from 2008 to 2017. We then identify the highest financial distress conditional on predictions that lie above a threshold for which a combination of the false positive rate (false prediction of firm failure) and the false negative rate (false prediction of active firms) is minimized. Therefore, we identify zombies as firms that remain in financial distress, i.e., whose forecasts fall into the risk category above the threshold for at least three consecutive years. To this end, we implement a gradient boosting algorithm (XGBoost) that exploits information about missing values. The inclusion of missing values in our prediction model is crucial because patterns of undisclosed accounts are correlated with firm failure. Finally, we show that our preferred machine learning algorithm outperforms (i) proxy models such as Z-scores and the distance-to-default, (ii) traditional econometric methods, and (iii) other widely used machine learning techniques. We provide evidence that zombies are less productive and smaller on average and that they tend to increase in times of crisis. Finally, we argue that our application can help financial institutions and public authorities design evidence-based policies—e.g., optimal bankruptcy laws and information disclosure policies.
Anosov groups that are indiscrete in rank one
Authors: Douba Sami , Tsouvalas Konstantinos
Published: November 2023

We exhibit Anosov subgroups of $\mathsf{SL}_{d}(\mathbb{R})$ that do not embed discretely in any rank-$1$ simple Lie group of noncompact type, or indeed, in any finite product of such Lie groups. These subgroups are isomorphic to free products $\Gamma * \Delta $, where $\Gamma $ is a uniform lattice in $\textsf{F}_{4}^{(-20)}$ and $\Delta $ is a uniform lattice in $\textsf{Sp}(m,1)$, $m \geq 51$.
Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and pharmacodynamics of nicotine
Authors: Benowitz Neal L , Porchet Herve , Jacob Peyton
Published: November 2023

This chapter will review current knowledge about the pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and pharmacodynamics of nicotine, primarily in humans, and discuss the implications of these processes in determining dependence on nicotine and disease in humans.
Effects of nicotine on synaptic transmission in the brain
Authors: Fuxe Kjell , Andersson Kurt , Härfstrand Anders , Eneroth Peter , de la Mora Miguel Perez , Agnati Luigi F
Published: November 2023

In humans and in animals nicotine is known to produce an EEG and behavioural arousal, which may partly underly its reinforcing properties (see Jaffe and Jarvik 1978). In addition, nicotine, and exposure to cigarette smoke, have been found to markedly affect the endocrine system via actions within the hypothalamus (see Fuxe et al. 1977, 1987). The central effects of nicotine and exposure to cigarette smoke appear to be mediated via central nicotinic- cholinergic receptors, belonging to cholinergic neurons and participating in synaptic transmission in the brain (see Fuxe et al. 1977, 1987; Giorguieff- Chesselet et al. 1979; Larsson and Nordberg 1985; Larsson 1985; Morley et al. 1983; Schwartz et al. 1982; Schwartz and Kellar 1983; Westfall 1974). The powerful effects of nicotine on the brain are in part due to the ability of these receptors to control monoaminergic neurons, especially in the cerebral cortex, the basal ganglia, the hypothalamus, the preoptic area, the substantia nigra, and ventral tegmental area. The drug nicotine is highly efficient in performing a modulation of monoamine transmission, since nicotinic-cholinergic receptors probably are located inter alia on the nerve cell membrane of catecholamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) axon terminals (Balfour 1982; de Belleroche and Bradford 1978; Clarke and Pert 1985; Harfstrand et al. 1987; Rowell and Winkler 1984; Schwartz et al. 1984).
Nicotinic cholinergic receptors in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Kellar Kenneth J , Wonnacott Susan
Published: November 2023

Differences in several neurotransmitter systems have been found in brains from Alzheimer’s disease victims compared with brains from controls. But it is not known whether these differences are primary changes in Alzheimer’s disease or sequelae of the disease process; nor is it known with certainty that these aberrations in neurotransmitter systems are specific to the disease or that they are responsible for any of the important symptoms, most notably the impaired cognition typical of Alzheimer’s disease. Despite this uncertainty about the specific roles of neurotransmitter system deficits in Alzheimer’s disease, it is a reasonable first assumption that severe deficits in neurotransmission contribute to the disease symptoms, if not the process. Thus these neurotransmission systems provide objectives for further study, and perhaps first targets for rational therapeutic approaches to Alzheimer’s disease and to a better understanding of the disease process.
Public health, preventive medicine, and professionalization: Britain and the United States in the nineteenth century
Authors: Fee Elizabeth , Porter Dorothy
Published: November 2023

Public health in both Britain and the United States began as a response to the social and health problems of rapid industrialization. In both countries the public health movement had initially been created by social reformers and included, but was not led by, the medical profession. As public health became professionalized, physicians came to play a more dominant role. Medicine began to dominate public health in Britain from the mid-Victorian period. In the United States, public health would retain a considerable independence from medicine; as the medical profession remained wedded to fee-for-service practice and displayed little interest in salaried public health positions, public health evolved as a somewhat separate professional specialty, staffed by biologists, statisticians, engineers, and others with specialized training. In both Britian and the United States, however, the professionalization of public health involved a certain distancing from the original social reform impulses which had given it birth. Scientific methods tempered, when they did not replace, the initial commitment to improving the lives and living standards of the poor.
The public’s health: philosophy and practice in Britain in the twentieth century
Authors: Lewis Jane
Published: November 2023

Public health in twentieth-century Britain has assumed a number of different guises. In the early part of the century its role as ‘preventive medicine’ was stressed, while in the 1940s and again in the 1970s, attempts were made radically to change its whole orientation, first through the practice of’social medicine’ and later through ‘community medicine’. In contrast to the United States, public health in Britain has always been seen as a medical specialty and this has been reflected in the various new labels that have been attached to it during this century.
Socioeconomic differentials
Authors: Smith George Davey
Published: November 2023

Socioeconomic differentials in mortality from many causes of death are seen in adulthood. There has been a long tradition of considering early life influences which contribute to this, but more recently the specific contribution of adverse socioeconomic conditions in infancy and childhood on cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality in adulthood has been investigated. Risk appears to accumulate over the life course, and independent contributions of childhood and adulthood socioeconomic circumstances to coronary heart disease incidence in adulthood are seen. Since exposures acting across the life course, together with the interactions between socially patterned exposures acting at different stages of life, contribute to disease risk, studies which have data concerning only one period of the life course are inadequate for further advancing our understanding of both disease aetiology and the production of socioeconomic differentials in health.
Anthropological Perspectives On Music And Emotion
Authors: Becker Judith
Published: November 2023

The study of anthropology is the study of the modes of being human, while the study of ethnomusicology is the study of the modes of music making as a means of cultural expression and as sources of meaning. Both are concerned with human behaviour and the cultural ideologies that inform behaviour; both tend to rely upon ethnographic research and techniques of participant observation, with the results later written and published as a monograph.Within each discipline there are ‘universalists’ who tend to look for commonalities of behaviour and beliefs, and ‘particularists’ who are more interested in how we differ one from another, one group from another group. Whatever the difference of perspective, nearly all anthropologists and ethnomusicologists subscribe to the dictum that one must attempt to understand behaviours and belief systems from within, that is, the necessity for making the effort to understand other musics and other styles of emotional expression from the perspective of their owners. This is related to, but not the same thing as, what is called ‘cultural relativism,’ which is taken to mean a refusal to make value judgments about beliefs and practices of peoples outside one’s own group. A commitment to trying to comprehend the motivations and underlying paradigms of another’s actions certainly delays or impedes a ‘rush to judgment’.
Elasticity And Stability
Authors: Born Max , Huang Kun
Published: November 2023

In this case, as we shall presently see, the energy density can be expressed as a Taylor expansion and the terms of the second order determine completely the elastic properties.We shall assume that the lattice particles interact with central forces (the general case will be considered in Part II).
The Expeditions of Caesar
Authors: Salway Peter
Published: November 2023

By the middle of the first century Bc the old Republican system of governing the Roman state was in an advanced state of decay. Theoretically, the Republic was still governed by annual magistrates, elected by the citizen body and advised by the senate. The latter was a body whose legal powers were limited but which had exercised enormous authority by virtue of its composition, since it was made up of men who had held major public office and led by those (‘consulars’) who had occupied one of the two annual consulships, the supreme office of state. Most of those elected to office came from families that had produced previous office-holders, and it was this ‘senatorial’ class that had come to dominate the state for generation after generation.
Civil War and its Aftermath
Authors: Salway Peter
Published: November 2023

The name of the governor who succeeded Pertinax in Britain is unknown, but by the end of 192 the province was under the command of Decimus Clodius Albinus, another aristocratic Roman provincial, this time from North Africa. He was in post when the murder of Commodus set off a train of events that were to alter the life of the Roman world irrevocably, mostly, it must be said, for the worse. The first consequence, however, was a false dawn of reform, for Pertinax attempted too much too quickly at Rome. He treated the senatorial order with scrupulous courtesy, and restrained both the imperial freedmen and the praetorian guard. Unfortunately, he had already proved incapable of winning the support of the legions in Britain for the discipline he imposed there, and the praetorians, accustomed to even greater privileges, liked his approach no better. The same praetorian prefect as had arranged the murder of Commodus induced his men to assassinate the new emperor. In perhaps the most cynical act in their history, the praetorians put up the throne for auction, whereupon it was purchased by the immensely wealthy senator Didius Julianus. However, the chain reaction of mutiny could not now be stopped. The legions in Pannonia proclaimed their commander, Septimius Severus, as emperor, also of North African origin. At almost the same moment Pescennius Niger was proclaimed in Syria and Clodius Albinus in Britain. All the ingredients for prolonged civil war were now present.
Stalin’s Last Years
Authors: Keep John L H
Published: November 2023

When cannon fired salutes across the land to celebrate VE-Day in May 1945, Soviet citizens had every ground for pride in their achievement and relief that the epic four-year struggle was at an end. Their armies had driven back the Nazi invaders and gone on to liberate most of eastern and central Europe. Internationally the USSR was at the zenith of its power and prestige.
Introduction
Authors: Nettle Daniel
Published: November 2023

‘We hold these truths to be self-evident, ‘ wrote Thomas Jefferson in the American Declaration of Independence in 1776, ‘that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness ‘. Of these three, it is the third that seems most able to imbue our lives with purpose. Without its guiding light, there would be no way of knowing what to do with life and liberty, or so it would seem.
Panaceas and placebos
Authors: Nettle Daniel
Published: November 2023

It might be tempting to conclude, from the material surveyed thus far, that there is nothing much to be done about happiness. Of course, you can boost it for a few hours by going to a party, eating chocolate, or having sex, but these pleasures will fade and you will be back where you started. Larger life changes, however apparently desirable, are subject to adaptation in a few weeks or months. Personality factors, which are rather set for life, are strong determinants of basic happiness.
The universal language
Authors: Evans Dylan
Published: November 2023

After the first rehearsal, we sat around planning our careers in the music business. It was then that Tim told me how happy he was that I had joined the band. I can still remember vividly the intense reaction that comment produced in me. A warm wave spread outwards and upwards from my stomach, rapidly enveloping the whole of my upper chest. It was a kind of joy, but unlike any moment of joy I had felt before. It was a feeling of acceptance, of belonging, of being valued by a group of people whom I was proud to call my friends.
Making Meaning and Making Believe: Their Role in the Clinical Process
Authors: Slade Arietta
Published: November 2023

This chapter is about playing and the clinical process. I began to think about the ideas presented here many years ago, while still in my training and working for the first time with young children in psychoanalytic psychotherapy. These ideas developed in the moments of my sitting with young patients whose play-or lack of it utterly stymied me. These children did not play in the ways I had expected, and I found myself struggling to make sense of what they were doing. Sometimes their play was highly disorganized, vague, and primitive; at other times, they couldn’t make-believe at all. Instead, they immersed themselves in barren, repetitive play that made any attempt at discussion or interpretation impossible. This was hardly how I’d imagined the work of child therapy. Even when there was a point of therapeutic entry, verbal interpretations often fell flat, were disorganizing, or were plainly and simply rejected (“Shut up, Dr. Slade!”). In many instances, I found myself left with no choice but to simply play1 with the child and-for the time being-to abandon my own need to deduce the meaning of the play and somehow communicate it to my little patient. Often this left me with the uneasy feeling that I somehow wasn’t acting like a therapist, nor was what I was doing really therapy.
Symbolic Development in Children with Down Syndrome and in Children with Autism: An Organizational, Developmental Psychopathology Perspective
Authors: Cicchetti Dante , Beeghly Marjorie , Weiss-Perry Bedonna
Published: November 2023

Goals of the Chapter

In this chapter, we argue that the study of atypical populations can enhance our understanding of the ontogenesis of normal symbolic processes. Specifically, we demonstrate that if a basic social-communicative system is in place, even if it is developing more slowly and somewhat aberrantly (as in Down syndrome), then it will yield a very coherent pattern of symbolic development in both linguistic and nonlinguistic domains. If this social-communicative system is disordered (as in autism), a very different picture emerges.
Learned Helplessness and Depression
Authors: Peterson Christopher , Maier Steven F , Seligman Martin E P
Published: November 2023

The first reach outward for learned helplessness was toward depression, and to this day it remains the theory’s most thoroughly researched application. This chapter’s discussion of depression is divided into four parts. First, we describe it: what kinds there are and how to recognize them. Second, we take a look at the reformulated learned helplessness theory as it applies to depression. Third, we discuss the new evidence suggesting that modernity has brought an epidemic of depression in its wake. How does helpless­ ness theory illuminate this evidence? Finally, we describe several issues of controversy surrounding the application of learned helplessness to depression.
Neural Mechanisms Of Event-Related Potentials: Evidence From Human Lesion Studies
Authors: Knight Robert T
Published: November 2023

Study of humans with neurochemical deficits, implanted intracranial electrodes, and focal brain lesions has contributed data on the neural systems involved in generation of certain scalp-recorded, event-related potentials (ERPs). Evidence from each of these endeavors will be reviewed in turn.
On The Relations Between Event-Related Potentials And Autonomic Responses: Conceptualization Within A Feedback Loop Framework
Authors: Rockstroh Brigitte , Elbert Thomas
Published: November 2023

Human anatomy, from the perspective of the researcher interested in event-related potentials (ERPs), seems to consist of a huge brain surrounded by more or less negligible organs. The eyes and the skin are considered unwanted sources of artifact.
Age-Related Changes In Mental Processing Revealed By Analyses Of Event-Related Brain Potentials
Authors: Bashore Theodore R
Published: November 2023

The nature and cause of declines in both mental and physical functions that accompany advancing age have been of concern to philosophers and scientists since antiquity. Witness Cicero’s comments in his essay On Old Agewritten in 44 B.C.:
Theory And Parameterization Of Solar Radiative Transfer
Authors: Liou K N
Published: November 2023

Electromagnetic radiation emitted from the sun’s photosphere, having an equivalent blackbody temperature of about 6000 K, has its peak energy located at about 0.47 μm, according to Wien’s displacement law, which has been discussed at the beginning of Chapter 2. The total solar flux that is available to a planet is commonly represented by the solar constant. The solar constant for the earth has been discussed in Section 1.1. The distribution of solar fluxes averaged over a certain period of time (e.g., one solar day) is referred to as solar insolation. Solar insolation is a function of latitude and the characteristics of the earth’s orbit around the sun (see Section 6.1).
Functions of the Sympathetic Innervation of the Skin
Authors: Janig W
Published: November 2023

The skin is the interface between the body and the external environment, acting as a medium for the exchange of information and energy between the two, protecting the body against physical and chemical damage, and assisting in the retention of body fluids. The functions of the skin are of utmost importance for the constancy of the internal milieu and for its adaptation during perturbations in the environment. The central nervous system contains the neuronal mechanisms that regulate these functions.