bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Doing Away with Capital Punishment in Russia
Authors: Tuzmukhamedov Bakhtiyar
Published: January 2018

The Russian Constitution protects the right to life. At the same time, it states that “capital punishment until its complete abolition may be established by federal law as an exclusive form of punishment for particularly grave crimes against life,” but only on the condition that an accused in a capital case shall be entitled to a trial by a court comprising professional judges and a lay jury (Article 20 (2)). This chapter will describe the uneasy relationship of Russia with the death penalty, both domestically and internationally. It will speculate whether the Constitutional Court applied international law as a common denominator to interpret the Constitution, or instead turned to international sources as an auxiliary means to support its own understanding of constitutional goals.
Performance, Resistance, and the Sounding of Public Space
Authors: Dewar Andrew Raffo
Published: January 2018

Two years after the 1966 military coup in Argentina, three musicians, Norberto Chavarri, Roque de Pedro and Guillermo Gregorio, formed the intermedia performance collective Movimiento Música Más. The collective combined experimental music, visual art, poetic performance, and political action, carrying out activities in concert halls, plazas, and city buses. This chapter examines the activist art of this little-known “Other” avant-garde that existed at the periphery of 1960s internationalism, focusing on two of its performance pieces: Plaza para una siesta de domingo (1970) and Música para colectivo línea 7 (1971), composed by Norberto Chavarri. These two performances embody the group’s approach to experimentalism: a commitment to bringing art and people into public spaces during a time of rigid governmental control of those spaces and bodies, creating domestically inspired aesthetic responses to the complex problems of late 1960s and early 1970s Buenos Aires.
Ajax Reconsidered
Authors: Thomason Krista K.
Published: January 2018

Ajax sees no problem with the idea of becoming a murderer, but the shame of looking like a madman drives him to suicide. Ajax is one illustration of a common phenomenon: people either prefer being violent to feeling shame, or their feelings of shame are alleviated by acts of aggression. This chapter argues that neither the traditional view nor the naturalistic view can explain why people prefer violence to shame. A close examination of the connection between violence and shame will reveal important features of the experience of shame more generally. Two features of shame are present in the cases where shame and violence are linked: (a) people feel shame about some aspect of their identities that they do not control, and (b) that aspect of their identities makes them self-conscious about how they come across to others.
Ajax Revealed
Authors: Thomason Krista K.
Published: January 2018

This chapter presents an account of shame as an experience of tension between one’s identity and one’s self-conception. When we feel shame, we feel defined by some aspect of our identities that we do not necessarily identify with. Chapter 3 shows how this account of shame explains the phenomenology of shame as well as the more difficult cases of so-called natural shame. The account provided in this chapter can also accommodate cases of so-called moral shame. Finally, this chapter shows how thinking of shame as a tension between identity and self-conception can make sense of the dark side of shame.
Bloodied Sheets
Authors: Rosenberg Michael
Published: January 2018

Although female virginity is clearly prized in the Hebrew Bible, the reasons for this prizing are far from clear. The bloodied sheets test of Deuteronomy 22, however, suggests that the valorizing of virginity is tied up with male violence—a connection made stronger when Deuteronomy is read alongside Genesis 19. Both Deut. 22:20–21 and Gen. 19:4–11 highlight the ways in which the biblical construction of female virginity is imbricated with male sexual aggression. Whether this connection of virginity and violence reflects something about the origins of this culture’s concerns with female virginity or is simply the consequence of some other set of concerns, one should not read Deut. 22:13–21 without the implications of Gen. 19:4–11 informing one’s understanding.
“Trustworthy Women” and Other Witnesses
Authors: Rosenberg Michael
Published: January 2018

Second Temple and early Rabbinic texts modify and adapt the virginity test of Deuteronomy 22 to fit their own legal concerns as, for example, by replacing bloodied sheets with midwives’ examinations. However, all of these works maintain the fundamental assumption of Deuteronomy, namely, that a woman’s virginity can be read through the remainders of physical violence committed in the act of first-time penetrative intercourse. The measures of virginity—bloodied sheets and ruptured genitalia—thus come to define the very meaning of virginity. At the same time, uncertainty about the sufficiency of such measures to establish the chastity of the bride emerge in the recognition that nonvaginal intercourse leaves behind no measurable physical traces.
Historical Representations and Recent Changes
Authors: Schaflechner Jürgen
Published: January 2018

Chapter 3 introduces the tradition of ritual journeys and sacred geographies in South Asia, then hones in on a detailed history of the grueling and elaborate pilgrimage attached to the shrine of Hinglaj. Before the construction of the Makran Coastal Highway the journey to the Goddess’s remote abode in the desert of Balochistan frequently presented a lethally dangerous undertaking for her devotees, the hardships of which have been described by many sources in Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Sindhi, and Urdu. This chapter draws heavily from original sources, including travelogues and novels, which are supplanted with local oral histories in order to weave a historical tapestry that displays the rich array of practices and beliefs surrounding the pilgrimage and how they have changed over time. The comparative analysis demonstrates how certain motifs, such as austerity (Skt. tapasyā), remain important themes within the whole Hinglaj genre even in modern times while others have been lost in the contemporary era.
Cultures in Contact
Authors: Watson Tim
Published: January 2018

In this chapter I investigate the paradox that the writer who most vividly embodied the exchange between literature and anthropology during this period, Michel Leiris, worked hard to maintain separate identities and spaces for his life as an anthropologist (working at the Musée de l’Homme in Paris) and as a writer and memoirist (working at home). While Leiris came of age professionally and aesthetically during the fertile interwar period in France of “ethnographic surrealism,” his anthropological writings in the period after World War II show a surprising fidelity to disciplinary protocols. The chapter argues that Leiris’s ethnography of the Francophone Caribbean, Contacts de civilisations en Martinique et en Guadeloupe, tries to subvert those protocols, turning from a social science survey into something like a novel of manners by the end. Ultimately, however, this literary turn falls prey to tropes of imperial romance that Leiris ostensibly seeks to undercut.
Achieve Equal Opportunity and Justice
Authors: Calvo Rocío , Teasley Martell , Goldbach Jeremy , McRoy Ruth , Padilla Yolanda C.
Published: January 2018

In the United States, some groups of people have long been consigned to society’s margins. Historic and current prejudice and injustice bars access to success in education and employment. Addressing racial and social injustices, deconstructing stereotypes, dismantling inequality, exposing unfair practices and accepting the super diversity of the population will advance this challenge. All of this work is critical to fostering a successful society.
Social and Literary History of Dharmaśāstra
Authors: Davis Donald R. , Brick David
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the development of the Dharmaśāstra tradition in medieval and early modern India and focuses on two genres or styles of textual production: commentaries and digests. The historical factors leading to the creation of each genre are described, along with their nature and purpose. The two genres negotiated a tension between changing sociohistorical conditions and institutions and internal commitments to preserve Hindu law in its ancient form. Commentaries stayed close to their original root-texts and sought to resolve conflicts between them, even as their interpretations also created new norms and justified customary laws. Digests radically expanded the textual scope of Dharmaśāstra by drawing on the huge corpus of Purāṇas, compendia of myth, history, and ritual, in the Hindu tradition.
Rites of Passage
Authors: Michaels Axel
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the classical Hindu life-cycle rites, the term saṃskāra and its history, and the main sources (Gṛhyasūtras and Dharma texts). It presents a history of the traditional saṃskāras and variants in local contexts, especially in Nepal. It describes prenatal, birth and childhood, initiation, marriage, old-age, death, and ancestor rituals. Finally, it analyzes the transformational process of these life-cycle rituals in the light of general theories on rites of passage. It proposes, in saṃskāras, man equates himself with the unchangeable and thus seems to counteract the uncertainty of the future, of life and death, since persons are confronted with their finite existence. For evidently every change, whether social or biological, represents a danger for the cohesion of the vulnerable community of the individual and society. These rituals then become an attempt of relegating the effects of nature or of mortality: birth, teething, sexual maturity, reproduction, and dying.
The Vedic Graduate
Authors: Lubin Timothy
Published: January 2018

This chapter reconstructs the way the concept of the Vedic graduate (snātaka) changed during the formulation of the doctrine of varṇāśramadharma in early Dharmaśāstra. With the introduction of the doctrine that Vedic study should be a necessary prerequisite to Ārya marriage and householder status of the three higher social classes (varṇas), the formerly elite status of one who has completed the rigors of the brahmacarya regimen of study becomes notionally applicable to a wider range of males, including those with only basic or even token training in Veda. This is evident in the way the snātaka rules are interwoven in the chapter on householder dharma in the Mānavadharmaśāstra. But in this newer system, the snātaka, and the elaborate rules and honors applicable to him, come to signify a specially learned and disciplined Brahmin, and not merely any householder who had duly undergone the Vedic initiation that conferred Ārya status.
Legal Procedure
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: January 2018

The Dharmaśāstras devote considerable space to discussions of law, courts of law, and the legal procedures that must be followed in court. Legal procedure is known as vyavahāra, a term used also for a lawsuit. The early Dharmasūtras present a very sketchy description limited for the most part to evidence consisting principally of live witnesses. It is Manu who introduced a full discussion of the topic divided into eighteen titles of law (vyavahārapada; see Chapter 23). In Manu, and especially in Yājñavalkya, we see a fully developed technical legal vocabulary and a theoretical consideration of the legal proceedings in a court leading up to a verdict. The sources also point to different venues where lawsuits are adjudicated, the highest being the royal court. Appeals of verdicts from lower courts to higher ones are permitted if the defeated party can demonstrate a miscarriage of justice in a lower court’s proceedings.
Body
Authors: Glucklich Ariel
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the how the literature of the Dharmaśāstra expresses both the way that social relations and worldviews articulate conceptions of the human body and the way that the body comes to be experienced by individuals. The material examined includes mythical and cosmological views of the human body, followed by consideration of the Brahmin’s body, the ascetic body, the criminal and sinning body, the impure body, the body of the penitent, the corpse, and others. The chapter argues that texts such as Manu Smṛti set up a strong correlation between cosmological conceptions, social hierarchy, and ways in which the body is dealt with as the subject of dharma. As a result, the body comes to be experienced as the locus of these broader cultural values.
Ritual
Authors: Michaels Axel
Published: January 2018

This chapter first examines a number of Sanskrit terms equivalent to the word ritual. It then discusses and defines ritual based on four formal components that are also important for understanding legal procedures: (i) framing, including causal inducement and ceremonial decision (intentio solemnis, e.g., saṃkalpa); (ii) formality, with notions of repetitiveness, publicity, variation, and performativity; (iii) modality differentiation between individual implications (individualitas), social implications (societas), and transcending or elevating qualities (religio, Skt. apūrva); and (iv) transformation and confirmation of identity, role, status, or authority of the main participant(s). Focusing on paradigmatic rituals such as sacrifice (yajña, iṣṭi), life-cycle rituals (saṃskāra), and worship (pūjā), it also analyses various theories on ritual, for example, its structure and grammar, the meaning (-lessness) of rituals, or the Pūrvamīmāṃsā theory of ritual.
Embodiment of Dharma in Animals
Authors: Gutiérrez Andrea
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores animal involvement in Hindu ritual and ideology as described in Dharmaśāstra, investigating how and why descriptions and enactments of dharma require and utilize animal bodies. In accounting for animals in Hindu ritual, one observes that animals embody dharma, both literally (materially, in ritual) and figuratively. At times, animals are an extension of one’s own physical body, as property, reasserting the permeability of “animal” and “human” in Hindu ideology. Further, humans may “become animal” during penance or in a karmic rebirth. While bodies are socially constructed and enacted, animals are also the social products of Hindu ritual and thought: for example, the cow. In exploring how humans have constructed their religious world using various animal bodies, we find that these bodies articulate dharma and create and restore religious merit for humans, indicating that animals sometimes mediate human relations with the divine.
Economics and Business as Vaiśya-Dharma
Authors: Davis Donald R.
Published: January 2018

The comparatively small amount of attention paid to one of the major ideal classes of classical Indian society, the Vaiśyas, has not yet received an adequate explanation. The argument of this chapter is that the special laws, or dharmas, of Vaiśyas are to be found in the sections of Dharmaśāstra dealing with commercial law. Though these are formally classified as part of the king’s dharma, a closer inspection of the laws suggests that they apply first and foremost to the Vaiśya class as a major part of their religious life as idealized in Hindu law. The chapter surveys several titles of Hindu law and shows that social and religious considerations prevail over strictly economic ones. Economics and business, therefore, are subordinated in Dharmaśāstra to the overarching articulation of dharma as a comprehensive vision of religious, legal, and social life.
Introduction to Engineering Fluid Mechanics
Authors: Escudier Marcel
Published: January 2018

Turbojet and turbofan engines, rocket motors, road vehicles, aircraft, pumps, compressors, and turbines are examples of machines which require a knowledge of fluid mechanics for their design. The aim of this undergraduate-level textbook is to introduce the physical concepts and conservation laws which underlie the subject of fluid mechanics and show how they can be applied to practical engineering problems. The first ten chapters are concerned with fluid properties, dimensional analysis, the pressure variation in a fluid at rest (hydrostatics) and the associated forces on submerged surfaces, the relationship between pressure and velocity in the absence of viscosity, and fluid flow through straight pipes and bends. The examples used to illustrate the application of this introductory material include the calculation of rocket-motor thrust, jet-engine thrust, the reaction force required to restrain a pipe bend or junction, and the power generated by a hydraulic turbine. Compressible-gas flow is then dealt with, including flow through nozzles, normal and oblique shock waves, centred expansion fans, pipe flow with friction or wall heating, and flow through axial-flow turbomachinery blading. The fundamental Navier-Stokes equations are then derived from first principles, and examples given of their application to pipe and channel flows and to boundary layers. The final chapter is concerned with turbulent flow. Throughout the book the importance of dimensions and dimensional analysis is stressed. A historical perspective is provided by an appendix which gives brief biographical information about those engineers and scientists whose names are associated with key developments in fluid mechanics.
Fluids and fluid properties
Authors: Escudier Marcel
Published: January 2018

In this chapter it is shown that the differences between solids, liquids, and gases have to be explained at the level of the molecular structure. The continuum hypothesis makes it possible to characterise any fluid and ultimately analyse its response to pressure difference Δp and shear stress τ through macroscopic physical properties, dependent only upon absolute temperature T and pressure p, which can be defined at any point in a fluid. The most important of these physical properties are density ρ and viscosity μ, while some problems are also influenced by compressibility, vapour pressure p V, and surface tension σ. It is also shown that the bulk modulus of elasticity K s is a measure of fluid compressibility which determines the speed at which sound propagates through a fluid. The perfect-gas law is introduced and an equation derived for the soundspeed c.
Hydrostatic force exerted on a submerged surface
Authors: Escudier Marcel
Published: January 2018

In this chapter it is shown how to calculate the force which arises due to the hydrostatic pressure distributed over a submerged surface or object. The vertical component of force is shown to be equal in magnitude to the weight of fluid which would occupy the volume directly above the surface and to act vertically downwards through the centroid of this volume. For a curved surface, the magnitude of the horizontal component of the hydrostatic force is shown to equal the hydrostatic force on the projection of the surface onto a vertical plane. This force is equal to the product of the area of the surface and the pressure at its centroid. The buoyancy force exerted on a submerged or floating object is shown to equal the weight of the fluid displaced by the object (Archimedes’ principle) and to act vertically upwards through the centroid of the displaced fluid. Stability of floating objects is discussed and the concept of metacentric height introduced.
Compressible fluid flow
Authors: Escudier Marcel
Published: January 2018

Compressible-gas flow through convergent and convergent-divergent nozzles is analysed in this chapter based upon the conservation laws for mass, momentum, and energy, together with considerations of thermodynamics. It is shown that in both cases the key parameter in describing the flow is the Mach number, which is used to distinguish between subsonic and supersonic flow. So that significant results can be achieved, the flowing fluid is treated as a perfect gas, and the flow as one dimensional. Flow through a convergent nozzle and the choking limitation is discussed. Flow through a normal shockwave, which is an important feature of supersonic flow, is also analysed. No account is taken of surface friction or heat transfer, and the flow upstream and downstream of a shockwave is treated as isentropic. In addition, the conditions are discussed under which a shockwave arises in compressible flow through a convergent-divergent nozzle.
Basic equations of viscous-fluid flow
Authors: Escudier Marcel
Published: January 2018

In this chapter it is shown that application of the momentum-conservation equation (Newton’s second law of motion) to an infinitesimal cube of fluid leads to Cauchy’s partial differential equations, which govern the flow of any fluid satisfying the continuum hypothesis. Any fluid flow must also satisfy the continuity equation, another partial differential equation, which is derived from the mass-conservation equation. It is shown that distortion of a flowing fluid can be split into elongational distortion and angular distortion or shear strain. For a Newtonian fluid, the normal and shear stresses in Cauchy’s equations are related to the elongational and shear-strain rates through Stokes’ constitutive equations. Substitution of these constitutive equations into Cauchy’s equations leads to the Navier-Stokes equations, which govern steady or unsteady flow of a fluid. A minor modification of the constitutive equations for a Newtonian fluid allows consideration of generalised Newtonian fluids, for which the viscosity depends upon the shear-strain rates. The boundary conditions for the tangential and normal velocity components are discussed briefly.
Internal laminar flow
Authors: Escudier Marcel
Published: January 2018

In this chapter it is shown that solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations can be derived for steady, fully developed flow of a constant-viscosity Newtonian fluid through a cylindrical duct. Such a flow is known as a Poiseuille flow. For a pipe of circular cross section, the term Hagen-Poiseuille flow is used. Solutions are also derived for shear-driven flow within the annular space between two concentric cylinders or in the space between two parallel plates when there is relative tangential movement between the wetted surfaces, termed Couette flows. The concepts of wetted perimeter and hydraulic diameter are introduced. It is shown how the viscometer equations result from the concentric-cylinder solutions. The pressure-driven flow of generalised Newtonian fluids is also discussed.
Turbulent flow
Authors: Escudier Marcel
Published: January 2018

In this chapter the principal characteristics of a turbulent flow are outlined and the way that Reynolds’ time-averaging procedure, applied to the Navier-Stokes equations, leads to a set of equations (RANS) similar to those governing laminar flow but including additional terms which arise from correlations between fluctuating velocity components and velocity-pressure correlations. The complex nature of turbulent motion has led to an empirical methodology based upon the RANS and turbulence-transport equations in which the correlations are modelled. An important aspect of turbulent flows is the wide range of scales involved. It is also shown that treating near-wall turbulent shear flow as a Couette flow leads to the Law of the Wall and the log law. The effect of surface roughness on both the velocity distribution and surface shear stress is discussed. It is shown that the distribution of mean velocity within a turbulent boundary layer can be represented by a linear combination of the near-wall log law and an outer-layer Law of the Wake.
Home at Last
Authors: Havrelock Rachel
Published: January 2018

This chapter employs spatial theory in order to think about female power in representations of the land and state of ancient Israel. By distinguishing among imperial, national, and local scales of space, it shows how the participation of women in public life differs according to scale. Biblical texts repeatedly preserve evidence of female leadership at the local, or tribal, level. For this reason, as well as because it represents a more egalitarian mode of managing and distributing resources, the chapter engages in a project of recuperating tribalism. Particular focus falls on the households that constitute a tribe and appear to have been run by women. Because the household served as the site of production, it also seems to have commanded some power in the face of the tax and tribute needy institutions of state and empire. Thus traces of female political influence becomes perceptible at these scales as well.
Judges 3 and the Queer Hermeneutics of Carnophallogocentrism
Authors: Stone Ken
Published: January 2018

In ‘Eating Well’, Jacques Derrida uses the terms ‘carnivorous virility’ and ‘carnophallogocentrism’ to refer to a ‘schema’ that excludes women and animals from Western subjectivity and ethics. But a reference to homosexuality in ‘Eating Well’ also allows us to locate gay men in this configuration, which provides a framework for a ‘queer hermeneutics of carnophallogocentrism’. Here this hermeneutics shapes a reading of the story of Eglon, the Moabite king in Judges 3 whose name means ‘calf’ or ‘young bull’ and who is killed under dehumanizing circumstances. Eglon’s story can be read in the context of other sets of biblical stories, including other stories in Judges where men are killed in ways that symbolically ‘unman’ or feminize them; other stories that dehumanize the Moabites as the ethnic constitutive other to the Israelites; and other stories in Judges where women are killed in ways that animalize them.
Queen Vashti’s ‘No’ and What It Can Tell Us About Gender Tools In Biblical Narrative
Authors: Sawyer Deborah F.
Published: January 2018

The account of Vashti in the Book of Esther can be understood as one of two clear types of female resistance in the face of male absolute power. The first, performed by Vashti, is direct confrontation, and the second, performed by Esther, her successor, is pragmatic. Vashti’s non-appearance at the king’s banquet is explicitly interpreted in the text as a political act that could undermine national stability. Biblical narrative frequently testifies to the success of female strategy amidst mortal male moral frailty. Powerful men in worldly terms have character defects, usually lasciviousness and/or drunkenness that undermines their political and military potency. However the path of female ascendency is readily diverted towards divine omnipotence, and the biblical authors ensure that the power and the glory remain where they belong. Any celebration of nascent feminism has to be tempered by the reality of this unwavering theological agenda.
Corporal Ignorance
Authors: Glancy Jennifer A.
Published: January 2018

Focusing on an incident in which a follower of Jesus severs the ear of the high priest’s slave, I argue that Christian communities formed around embodied memories of the wounded Jesus found—and find—it difficult to account for their role in perpetrating violence. In the formation of corporate identity, collective memory is mediated by bodies. Communities are formed through shared experiences of embodiment. The process of collective memory allowing a community and its members to form a corporate identity tends to exclude other kinds of corporal knowing. Such corporal ignorance is of concern from a feminist perspective. Collective memories of Christian communities have often trivialized or disavowed embodied experiences of sexual violence and other gendered traumas. Also, construction of a corporate identity founded in shared experience of gendered violence has the potential to minimize damages wittingly or unwittingly imposed on the bodies of others.
The Reproductive Rite
Authors: Sarfo Janice Ewurama De-Whyte
Published: January 2018

The diversity of beliefs and perspectives concerning reproduction make it a complex experience with economic, social, religious, and cultural layers. This essay presents childlessness in the context of a matrilineal culture; the Ashanti culture of Ghana, West Africa. The other culture under comparative consideration is ancient Hebrew culture, as depicted within the Hebrew Bible. This essay proposes that in ancient contexts, and even in current traditional non-Western cultures, reproduction is primarily the rite of passage for women, and that the notion of women’s reproductive rights is chiefly a construct of modern-day Western culture(s). For many ancient and contemporary cultures reproduction is conceived as the rite of passage and not in terms of reproductive rights. I propose an original term that verbally and visually underscores the centrality of the womb to a woman’s identity in the aforementioned cultures; ‘wom(b)an’.
Sneaky Snakes
Authors: Bal Mieke
Published: January 2018

Stories are very effective means of seduction, and stories allegedly about seduction even more so than others. I will look at three sets of artworks that use allusion to bring in biblical stories and, in the process, change these. Paradoxically, the frequent presence of biblical stories in culture at large also makes them handy tools to subvert their own baggage of misinterpretation. My analysis of three visual artworks is based on what I call a ‘politics of allusion’. An allusion is not a metaphor; instead of replacing one thing with another, an allusion enfolds the alluded into what we see. Allusions operate not on an ‘either/or’ structure but on a ‘both … and’ or ‘as well as’ inclusive model. I will argue that the traditional interpretations of biblical stories can be subverted by the search for allusions.
Scripturalizing and the Second Amendment
Authors: Rodman Rosamond C.
Published: January 2018

Expanding beyond the text of the Bible, this chapter explores instead a piece of political scripture, namely the Second Amendment of the US Constitution. Over the last half-decade, the Second Amendment has come to enjoy the status of a kind of scripture-within-scripture. Vaulted to a much more prominent status than it had held in the first 150 years or so of its existence, and having undergone a remarkable shift in what most Americans think it means, the Second Amendment provides an opportunity to examine the linguistic, racial, and gendered modes by which these changes were effected, paying particular attention to the ways in which white children and white women were conscripted into the role of the masculine, frontier-defending US citizen.
The Impossibility of Queering the Mother: New Sightings of the Virgin Mother in the ‘Secular’ State
Authors: Sherwood Yvonne
Published: January 2018

In this part autobiographical essay, I explore the social consequences of the rise of the so-called ‘tender years’ doctrine coinciding with the rise in divorce. I argue that this has led to increased gender apartheid around the figures of M-for-Mother and F-for-Father, and a new sanctification of the figure of the holy mother-and-child. I look at the inverse and complementary relations between M-for-Male and F-for Female and M-for-Mother and F-for-Father, and I argue (counterintuitively) that origins, mothers, and fathers are queerer in ancient myths and the Bible than they are in contemporary semantics and law. I use strange old biblical texts (Solomon’s judgment; the trial of Abraham) to create unheimlich echoes for the so-called secular state and its strange constructions of the family; and I show how the Ten Commandments continue to influence family law.
Affiliations, aggressions and an adoption: Male–male relationships in wild bonobos
Authors: Surbeck Martin , Hohmann Gottfried
Published: January 2018

The nature of the relationships between males is a characteristic trait of many multi-male group living species with implications for the individuals. In our study population of bonobos, certain male dyads exhibit clear preferences for ranging in the same party and sitting in proximity. These preferences are not reflected in the frequency of aggression towards each other and only to some extent in their affiliative and socio-sexual behaviours. While bonobo males at LuiKotale clearly do not benefit from close relationships in the way chimpanzee males do (cooperative hunting, territorial patrol, mate competition), some relationships might result from close associations between their mothers. In some particular situations, these male relationships can be very important as in the case of an orphan adopted by his older maternal brother. La nature des relations entre mâles est un trait caractéristique de plusieurs groupes qui ont plusieurs mâles, avec des implications au niveau d’individus. Dans notre étude des populations de bonobos, certains dyades mâles montrent une préférence à aller dans le même groupe et s’asseoir proche l’un de l’autre. Cette préférence n’est pas reflétée dans la fréquence d’agression entre eux et est seulement lié, à degrés, à leur comportements socio-sexuels et d’appartenance. Tandis que les mâles bonobos à LuiKotale ne profitent pas de leur fortes relations comme les chimpanzés mâles (chasse coopérative, patrouille territoriale, compétition pour compagnon), ils peuvent aider leur partenaires à supporter le stress de la vie en groupe et peuvent en conséquence contribuer au bien-être des individus. Quelques proches associations entre les mâles peuvent provenir d’associations entre leurs mères. Dans quelques situations particulières, ces relations mâles prouvent leur importance comme dans le cas d’un orphelin adopté par son grand frère maternel.
Introduction
Authors: Cullen Christopher
Published: January 2018

The narrative I construct in this book lays emphasis on technical practice in observation, instrumentation and calculation, and the steady accumulation of data over many years—but it centres on the activity of the individual human beings who observed the heavens, recorded what they saw, and made calculations to analyse and eventually make predictions about the motions of the celestial bodies. Some of these people had official posts that gave them responsibility for work of this kind; others held official rank without such responsibilities, but still played a major role in technical discussions about celestial phenomena. A few others held no official rank at all, but showed themselves well capable of talking and writing about the heavens at an expert level. It is these individuals, their observations, their calculations and the words they left to us that provide the narrative thread that runs through this work....
Li in everyday life: dates and calendars
Authors: Cullen Christopher
Published: January 2018

In the preceding chapter we noted the importance of the role of specialists in astronomical systems, li曆‎, as part of the machinery of the Chinese imperial state, and sketched the kind of mathematical and astronomical structures that they used in their work, as well as reviewing the historical sources through which modern historians can study that work. In this chapter we examine more closely the structures and forms of li as they were presented to the subjects of the empire, and at the ways in which the mass of the population made use of the data that li put before them.
Restoration and re-creation in the Eastern Han
Authors: Cullen Christopher
Published: January 2018

We look first at the situation in the early years of the restored Han dynasty. Liu Xin’s system continued in use for more than half a century. Then, in 85 CE, Liu Xin’s system was replaced. We have records of the practical and theoretical grounds on which the old system was rejected, and of the creation and implementation of a new system. Next we follow the story of how c. 92 CE Jia Kui advocated a fundamental innovation in both theory and practice: he insisted on the ecliptic as being central to astronomical observation and calculation. The richness of records from this period makes it easy to tell a detailed story of technical innovation in its fullest context, leading up to the work of Zhang Heng (78–139 CE), for whom astronomical calculation was just one of several fields in which he gained a reputation for exceptional originality.
Union and the Ironies of Displacement in Scottish Literature
Authors: Kidd Colin
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the Anglo-Scottish Union in Scottish literature, and will set out the central objective of the volume, which is to effect a rapprochement between a new British-oriented Scottish historiography and an essentialist–nationalist tradition of Scottish literary criticism. The Union has rarely surfaced directly in Scottish literature, a consequence of the inarticulate ‘banal unionism’ which has until recently reigned in Scottish political culture. Nevertheless, the chapter examines the few cases where the Union has surfaced in imaginative literature, most obviously in Burns, in Scott and in MacDiarmid. It also assesses other phenomena—religious as well political—which have pushed the matter of Union into the literary background. James Hogg’s Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner, a novel set around the Union of 1707, but where the grand themes of Calvinism push the Union itself off-stage, is a classic example.
Bagpipes no Musick
Authors: Holmes Richard
Published: January 2018

Allan Ramsay (1684–1758) is known chiefly as the promoter of a revival in Scots poetry. This has been seen as a form of nationalist, even Jacobite resistance to post-Union anglicization and Whiggism. Ramsay’s efforts were criticized by some for ‘barbarity’; ‘Bagpipes no Musick’ was the title of a typical attack. One of his defenders was James Arbuckle (1700-42), a Glasgow/Irish poet, a unionist Whig, whose Scottish poems included Glotta (Latin for Clyde), an extended meditation on post-Union Scotland. Arbuckle’s poems were in standard English and acknowledged the influence of Pope, Addison, and Dryden. Nevertheless Ramsay and Arbuckle exchanged friendly poetic epistles, which recognized a joint enterprise of Scottish literary improvement. This chapter considers Ramsay through his relationship with Arbuckle, exploring themes in post-Union Scots culture including the poetic use of Scots, attitudes to union, Augustanism, Horatianism, and the literary patronage of the Scottish Whigs.
Between Nationhood and Nonconformity
Authors: Wallace Valerie , Kidd Colin
Published: January 2018

It tends to be assumed that the Anglo-Scottish relationship has defined modern Scottish literature. This chapter contends that religion rather than nationhood has been the dominant feature of Scottish literature within the Union, and that for most Scots, certainly from the mid-eighteenth-century Secessions, by way of the Disruption (1843), to the reunion of the Church of Scotland with the United Free Church in 1929, denominational allegiances within Scottish Protestantism, often within Presbyterianism itself, were the principal vehicles of identity. Scotland had a rich periodical press during the nineteenth century, but one splintered along denominational lines. Every denomination had its magazine, and Scottish reviewing, and literature more generally, bore marked denominational inflections. Moreover, the vivid characterization, claustrophobic Calvinism, and ingenious plotting of the Whig-Presbyterian novel have continued in no small measure—in works by Robin Jenkins and, more recently, James Robertson—to provide a narrative template for secularized, postmodern Scottish literature.
England’s Scotland
Authors: Crawford Robert
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the three most significant depictions of Scotland by English creative writers. In Macbeth Shakespeare presents Scotland as politically riven, chaotic, and horrifying, its only hope lying in English-backed political intervention; Samuel Johnson structures his Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland so as to minimize the glories of the Scottish Enlightenment in Glasgow and Edinburgh, presenting instead ruined St Andrews, and Scotland as an often primitive ‘other’ in need of Anglicization; in To the Lighthouse, though Virginia Woolf does show some interest in distinctively Scottish aspects of her setting, principally Scotland is a stand-in for the south-west of England she associated with her childhood. Revealingly, unlike several major Scottish writers, English creative writers failed to articulate a distinctive ideology of Britishness. In English literature it is Englishness, not Britishness, that matters. This has obvious political consequences.
‘A Hare in every Nettle’
Authors: Engell James
Published: January 2018

Coleridge’s prose represents the trace and track of his mind in action. It records the intricate processes, the inner workshop of thinking and feeling: fertile, at times rapid, at times digressing, working not so much by direct lines as by sideways and encompassing motions, though always towards a goal, yet willing to put aside that goal, at least temporarily, for a richer one discovered on the way. In notebooks, letters, essays, criticism, journalism, religious and spiritual writing, in arguments against slavery and child labour—always displaying a wealth and love of words in their richness and distinctions (and coining many of his own that have entered the language)—his prose registers no formulated catechism of thought. He writes in multiple styles. His compositions embody a flexible method subsuming all his powers. Coleridge’s prose is an acquired taste but one worth acquiring.
Emerson and the Impossibilities of Style
Authors: Phillips Adam
Published: January 2018

As a writer Emerson privileges originality and idiosyncrasy over imitation and repetition. This puts him in a paradoxical position when he writes about style. Writers only write because of earlier writers; and they only learn to write, initially, through imitating those they emulate. And to develop a discernible style inevitably involves a certain amount of repetition—of vocabulary, of syntax, of rhythm, and of subject matter. If tradition makes originality possible, as Emerson can’t help but acknowledge, how does the writer sufficiently distinguish himself? And if style is only identifiable through its repetitions, how does a writer sustain his capacity to surprise? By wanting a style that can be consistently new and unprecedented Emerson exposes the impossibilities of style. It is the impossibility of style that at once inspires and encourages Emerson’s writing.
Walter Pater’s Dream Rhythms
Authors: Leighton Angela
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers how Walter Pater, singing master of the aesthetes, constantly pushes language beyond the purely grammatical and expositional, in order to think through an idea which may not be simply recoverable as a ‘statement’. Many critics have pointed to Pater’s stylistic tricks of delay and postponement—terms which by their very nature suggest ‘something’ to be delayed or postponed. What is interesting, however, is the way that postponement might be in the very nature of Pater’s thinking, connected to his philosophical sense of life as a non-heuristic, passenger experience. In particular, the chapter looks at his oddly fussy punctuation, especially his dashes, both as a means to notate the rhythms of his writing, but also as a way to signal pauses which radically derail the logic of thought.
Oscar Wilde
Authors: Haughton Hugh
Published: January 2018

Unlike his mentor Pater, Wilde never wrote an essay on ‘Style’, but this chapter argues that Wilde’s career as essayist, playwright, poet, and intellectual provocateur hinges on his advocacy of style as both instrument and end in itself. A self-conscious stylist in all things, Wilde’s work creates a dizzying hall of mirrors which undermines mirror theories of art and language. By putting the critical notion of style at the centre of his dialectical prose, this study argues that Wilde transforms contemporary debates about both aestheticism and philosophy, as when he asserts in his dialogue ‘The Decay of Lying’ that ‘Truth is entirely and absolutely a matter of style’. On his principle that ‘our one duty to history is to re-write it’, Wilde’s unmelancholy essays playfully rewrite aesthetic, philosophical, and cultural history by reviewing them through the lens of his own style, making him the representative critic of his age.
Social Aspects of Forgetting
Authors: Hirst William , Yamashiro Jeremy
Published: January 2018

Forgetting is as open to social influence as remembering. Indeed, if human memory evolved in part to promote social bonding, a tendency to forget collectively may be as adaptive as remembering. This chapter discusses socially sensitive cognitive mechanisms of forgetting, and underscores how they are more likely to promote collective forgetting within, but not between groups. First are culture-specific schemata, which help determine what is meaningful within a particular community, and thus what is memorable or easily forgotten. Second are effects of communicative remembering. Selective retelling of the past can induce forgetting in both speakers and listeners. This forgetting may propagate through groups and is most likely to occur when such forgetting serves social needs.
Contextualizing Autobiographical Remembering: An Expanded View of Memory
Authors: Brown Steven D. , Reavey Paula
Published: January 2018

Contemporary reformulations of the nature of “the psychological” call out for different approaches to autobiographical memory. If epistemic and methodological differences are set aside, debate can be focused on four key themes—function, accessibility, accuracy, and life story. What persons do with memory needs to be indexed to the interactional contexts where the past is invoked, where the accessibility of autobiographical memories is a collaborative accomplishment. While the accuracy of memory is nearly always at issue, the criterion and procedures through which it is established vary across practices, as do capacities to produce biographical coherency. An “expanded” or “modern” view of memory should seek to analyze brains, voices, objects, and settings together.
Collaborative Memory Knowledge: A Distributed Reliabilist Perspective
Authors: Michaelian Kourken , Arango-Muñoz Santiago
Published: January 2018

Collaborative remembering, in which two or more individuals cooperate to remember together, is an ordinary occurrence. Ordinary though it may be, it challenges traditional understandings of memory knowledge in terms of justified memory beliefs held within the minds of single subjects. Collaborative memory has come to be a major area of research in psychology, but it has so far not been investigated in epistemology. This chapter conducts an initial exploration of the epistemological implications of collaborative memory research, arguing that the findings of this research support a novel theory of knowledge: distributed reliabilism. The chapter also argues for broadening the concept of collaborative memory to include not only direct interactions among subjects but also more indirect, technology-supported, and -mediated interactions.
Digital Media and the Precarity of Memory
Authors: Hoskins Andrew
Published: January 2018

sMemory, tired of its metaphors of media that gave it substance, strength, and vitality in the world, has embraced the new radical uncertainty of this era. Digital media have unmoored memory, messing with its traditional constraints (brains, groups, archives) to send it off in trajectories with unpredictable finitude and effects. As our attention is held by screens and smartphones, it is lost to memory. But what are the prospects of ever arresting the new gray media’s rendering of remembering beyond human focus? This chapter takes digital media as memory’s most radical collaborator and argues that recognition is needed of the emergent risks from the digital underlayer to twenty-first century living that is pushing remembering out of focus and out of human control.