bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Helping with Housework: Exploring Teenagers' Perceptions of Family Obligations
Authors: Leonard Madeleine
Published: February 2013

This article explores children's attitudes to whether or not they should be expected to participate in household chores. The article draws on questionnaire data and classroom discussions with 446 children aged between 14–15 years residing in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Helping others and developing a sense of responsibility were key themes invoked by children to explain their attitudes to whether or not children should participate in household work. Some children drew on notions of mutual reciprocity and interdependence to characterise relationships within the household and to justify why all household members should contribute to household work.
From Peripherality and Conflict to Consensus-Based Success? Applying a Foucauldian Perspective on Power and Discourse to the Irish Model of Social Partnership
Authors: Van Dyk Silke
Published: February 2013

According to a widely held view, Ireland's economic success story in the 1990s is attributable to the social partnership process. An extensive supply side consensus between the actors is regarded as key to its success. However, in spite of its popularity, consensus has neither taken shape as an analytical concept nor has its creation been thoroughly scrutinised. In fact, the question remains unanswered as to how and under what conditions initially antagonistic actors began to consider the same (supply side) solution as the only possible route. Based on a Foucauldian perspective on power and discourse, this article examines the creation and structure of popular unanimity within the Irish social partnership model in order to reposition consensus from an explanans to an explanandum.
A Figurational Approach: Views of Communication and Awareness of Death and Dying in Ireland
Authors: Macconville Una , McQuillan Regina
Published: February 2013

Open awareness and communication in death and dying have become important aspects in caring for people who are terminally ill. This change began in the 1960s and has been driven by social and ideological factors, especially in highly individualistic societies such as the US and the UK. While this is the preferred interaction within palliative care, open awareness and communication about death and dying can be resisted in some societies where families seek to protect their relative from the truth of a terminal illness. This article considers some attitudes to open awareness and communication in Ireland from recent research and a popular radio talk programme. This suggests that while there is openness about issues of mortality in Ireland, there can be resistance when terminal illness becomes a reality within a family. Elias's figurational approach is utilised to understand these differing responses.
A Challenging Transformation: The Irish Green Party's Emergence into Power
Authors: Leonard Liam
Published: February 2013

This article will examine a significant area of interest in Irish political sociology: the emergence of a social movement into politics and eventually government. The focus of the article will be on the transitions of the Irish environmental movement and Green Party. It will examine the background to this transformative process from the establishment of Comhaontas Glas from the Ecology Party in 1986 through to the moment when this process culminated in the Green Party taking its place as a junior partner in the Coalition Government in 2007. This process will be shown to represent a success for the politically pragmatic ‘relos’ over the socially emotive ‘fundis’ of the Greens at a time when the wider environmental movement has moved in the opposite direction.

One of the key areas of analysis for the paper will be an application of Foucault's concept of political power to the processes which transformed the activist-based green movement into a viable coalition partner within a neo-liberal government. The paper will also examine the consequences of this transition in the context of Foucault's understanding of power as something fluid which emerges from the identity framing of ‘discursive formations’, rather than emanating out of the imposition of institutional hegemony. The paper concludes with an assessment of the impact of the Green Party's participation in government for its leadership and members, in the wake of contentious issues such as the two Lisbon Treaty referendums, and the coalition's bailout of the neo-liberal banking system.
A Consideration of Love Labour in Informal Caring: Family Caring in Ireland
Authors: O'Riordan Jacqui , O'Hadhmaill Féilim , Duggan Helen
Published: February 2013

This paper is drawn from research on family carers1 that was carried out in the Cork area of Ireland in 2007–08. The research itself focused on the experiences of family carers and their access to support services in the locality. Key findings indicate that individuals are often caring for family members over the long term, often with minimal access to discretionary community support services. The assumption made by the Irish State, by community services, by carers themselves and by extended family members and friends, is that the onus is and should be on close relatives, and particularly women, to take the major responsibility for caring, when this care takes place in the home (Timonen and McMenamin 2002). This also contributes to the invisibility and undervaluation of family carers (Baker et al. 2004; Lynch 2007). The development of theoretical perspectives on caring can contribute to highlighting the manner in which assumptions about family, domesticity, gender roles and household continue to disadvantage those located primarily within the private sphere.
The Restorative Justice Movement in Ireland: Building Bridges to Social Justice through Civil Society
Authors: Leonard Liam , Kenny Paula
Published: February 2013

This article examines the emergence and influence of the restorative justice movement as a bridge between communities, civil society and the state in Ireland. It focuses on the Republic of Ireland, but also examines restorative conferencing in Northern Ireland. Separate sections reflect the emergence of a movement dedicated to the promotion of restorative justice as a vehicle for a holistic form of community-based justice in Ireland. The article covers the history, scope and philosophical-political background of the restorative justice movement, providing specific examples of the interchange between this restorative justice movement and civil society in Ireland, Northern Ireland, and the United States. The wider potential of the restorative justice movement is highlighted.

This potential is demonstrated in the restorative movement's challenge to understandings of failed punitive approaches and through its socially redemptive alternative, which emphasises collective responsibility for crime amongst all of the community. The article examines the international background to restorative justice, and its theoretical understandings, with a focus on key theorists such as Strang and Braithwaite amongst others. It examines salient issues that underpin social justice and social control in Ireland, including the potential impacts of restorative justice policy and practice for the wider community and the state.
Can Civil Society Succeed Where Elites Have Failed in the War on Sectarianism? Towards an Infinitely Demanding Politics for the North
Authors: Doran Peter
Published: February 2013

Caught between the well-armed imaginations of paramilitary organisations competing for the hearts and minds of a divided population, and state engineering of a liberal peace, civil society's impact on Northern Ireland's identity politics was limited during the thirty-year conflict. Specifically, the community and voluntary sector itself has tended to replicate as much as it challenged patterns of segregation in many of its own structures. With plans set out in the Northern Ireland Executive's Programme for Government (2008–11) to engage civil society in opening a new era of ‘good relations’ work to counter sectarianism and racism, civil society organisations will face a complex terrain, facing scepticism about their contribution to peace-making before the Good Friday Agreement, and working in a post-Agreement environment marked by continuing elite and communal antagonism demonstrated by the crisis at the turn of 2009 over devolution of justice and policing powers to the Northern Ireland Executive. A significant aspect of the resolution was a belated agreement by Sinn Fein and the DUP on a new community relation strategy, Cohesion, Sharing and Integration.

This article suggests that civil society has a significant role to play in encouraging communities to confront the contradictions and tensions that continue to haunt the political architects of the Good Friday Agreement by affirming a radical and contingent vision of democracy as democratisation at a distance from the identity-saturated politics of the state-region of Northern Ireland. It draws on the work of Simon Critchley, Emmanuel Levinas and Wendy Brown, to offer an approach to identity politics in post-conflict Northern Ireland, focusing on the future orientation of civil society.
Power and Oppression from the Perspective of the Sociology of Engagements: A Comparison with Bourdieu's and Dewey's Critical Approaches to Practical Activities
Authors: Thévenot Laurent
Published: February 2013

This paper draws a parallel between the classical works of John Dewey and Pierre Bourdieu with regard to their critical analyses of power which, in both cases, are grounded in the examination of practical activities. The comparison includes a third approach developed by the author, the sociology of engagements, which crossed the paths of the previous two and specifies the points of comparison.1 This latter approach deals with capacities, power and oppression through analysing kinds of practical engagement with the world that ensure such capacities, owing to mutually supporting dispositions of human beings and their environment.
Young People and Social Capital: Transition from Primary Schools to Lower Secondary Level in Ireland
Authors: Darmody Merike , Robson Karen , McMahon Léan
Published: February 2013

Acquisition and enhancement of social capital is a continuous process of negotiation and interaction between self and social context. While the concept of social capital has been dealt with extensively in international research, relatively few studies have explored social capital among young people, particularly in the school context. This paper considers access of first-year students (age twelve to thirteen years) to school-based social capital in secondary schools in the Republic of Ireland. Drawing on several theories dealing with social capital, the paper describes factors that are likely to have an impact on the acquisition process. It is argued in the paper that access to teacher- and peer-based social capital may provide valuable resources that ease the transition process for students as they move from primary schools to secondary level.
International Cooperation in Combating Human Trafficking in the EU: Evidence from Turkey
Authors: Oğuz Gönül
Published: February 2013

Human trafficking lies at the heart of international organised crime. It is concerned with profits in terms of the exploitation of human beings. It is an abuse of basic rights. The enormous interest and concern for trafficking and human struggling is factual evidence. In the EU, policy on irregular migration is driven by the perception that the member states risk being overwhelmed by large numbers of irregular migrants thought to constitute a threat to national security. This has implications for policy measures designed to combat trafficking and human smuggling, which may not work without international cooperation. In most cases, victims are brought to the EU member states from abroad. This creates a demand for international obligations for cooperation and related instruments for combating human smuggling and trafficking. Therefore, the member states and their law enforcement agencies cannot tackle human trafficking alone. A question arises as to whether Turkey can be a vital partner, based on the facts that it is a transit country, with a strong border and assuming that it has a role to play, through its expertise and its commitment to dealing with the effects of trafficking. Unfortunately, these facts are still overlooked, while disproportionately intensive efforts are expended on dealing with questions of national security by the member states. Combating illegal immigration and reducing and controlling migration are frequently seen through the magnifying glass of the struggle against human trafficking. This article focuses on the international factors involved and how the wider international community might be able to play an effective role in helping to tackle human trafficking. It argues that continued coordination and collaboration across the countries is vital. The article reviews the empirical evidence from Turkey, as non-EU/candidate countries' cooperation and assistance in human trafficking may have an important dimension.
‘Much Leeway Needs to Be Made up in Our Equipment’: Muintir na Tire and US Scholarships for Irish Sociology Students, 1958–59
Authors: Murray Peter
Published: February 2013

Documentary investigation has particular strengths to offer the study of the historical emergence of sociological research. Here two documents relating to a Muintir na Tire initiative of the late 1950s to secure US scholarship funding for Irish students of sociology are introduced and reproduced. The reasons why the scheme did not get off the ground, even though financial support appeared to be on offer, are discussed. Here a combination of Muintir na Tire's limited support within the Catholic Church and a modest, but significant, expansion of Irish social science educational capacity brought about by the use of Archbishop McQuaid's power within University College Dublin are emphasised.
Teaching and Learning at a Regional Level: A Case Study of the Promotion of Change at the University of Debrecen
Authors: Kálmán Anikó
Published: February 2013

The year 1989 was a turning point in the history of Hungary. Many fundamental changes have since taken place in the country's teaching and learning at a regional level. This paper summarises the current problems of traditional university education in Hungary and then relates them to the roles of lifelong learning centres. After showing why these centres are needed, this paper describes their functions and means of support, either by the state or by other organisations. The position in the author's region and the role of the Lifelong Learning Centre in Debrecen are then described in more detail and the key issues that remain for the education of adults in Hungary are outlined.
Learning by Story-Telling? Narratives in the Study of Work-Based Learning
Authors: Reissner Stefanie Constanze
Published: February 2013

This paper1 describes in detail the narrative approach taken in a study of a particular facet of learning in the workplace – how people make sense of change. In unstructured in-depth interviews, employees were encouraged to tell their stories about their organisations, revealing details about the organisational culture and the ways in which this shaped the learning about change taking place within them. The paper shows that narrative analysis is a powerful tool with which to investigate work-based learning. It leads to new insights into how learning in the workplace can be conceptualised and supported in practice.

Two key propositions are presented:

a) Narratives play important roles in the workplace. They reflect the organisational culture and are therefore an ideal tool to assess whether an appropriate environment for learning – a ‘learning culture’ – exists. Such a learning culture is based on the values of trust and respect, making people feel comfortable in their workplaces. b) Narratives are also an important tool to manage change. Owing to the close relationship between change and learning, people learn about their changing roles and relationships in the workplace, and can adapt to them, through sharing stories.

In this study, the researcher took the role of an observer-reporter, listening, recording and replaying the conversations prevalent in the organisation. To ensure the veracity of the data, the interviewees were given a copy of the transcript on which they were welcome to comment and to engage in shared interpretations.
Distance Learners and Academic Achievement: The Roles of Self-Efficacy, Self-Regulation and Motivation
Authors: Semmar Yassir
Published: February 2013

Whether in traditional or virtual classrooms, non-traditional learners come equipped with an eclectic blend of characteristics and past experiences, which serve to either facilitate or hinder their academic pursuit. Adults who possess a strong sense of efficacy, employ a wide range of self-regulatory strategies and maintain high motivational levels during the course of their distance learning are likely to be successful. In contrast, those who doubt their abilities, lack metacognitive activities and exhibit low motivational levels tend not to accomplish their goals. This paper sheds some light on the importance of self-efficacy, self-regulation and motivation and on their ‘synergistic’ effect on adults' academic achievement in distance learning.
Non-Formal Training among Adults in Rural Malaysia
Authors: Ahmad Abdul Razaq , Abiddin Norhasni Zainal , Azman Norzaini , Mustapha Ramlee , Sail Rahim Md , Kasa Zakaria , Ismaill Ismi Ariff
Published: February 2013

This article discusses the goals and challenges of adult education in Malaysia. In addition, it reports on the evaluation of two programmes – Computer Literacy and Civic Development – offered by a government agency called the Community Development Department (KEMAS) to rural communities. In both programmes, the respondents scored high in cognitive and behaviouristic aspects but average in the affective domain. In terms of the teaching and facilities, the participants were less impressed by the teaching methods, resources and infrastructure of the Computer Literacy Programme. Thus, it is suggested that a comprehensive assessment should be conducted by KEMAS in order to keep up with current demands. Finally, it is recommended that government agencies, the private sector, NGOs and the wider community should work together to support adult learning, especially in rural areas.
From a ‘University Agenda’ to a ‘Collaborative Agenda’ – An Inquiry into a Tendency in Swedish Higher Education
Authors: Sandberg Håkan
Published: February 2013

The aim of this paper is to focus on the development of HE/CE in Sweden as a transition from a non-academic context to an academic context and a current trend back to a non-academic context considering the nature of the transitions, facilitating factors in these processes and consequences of the transitions.

Generally health professional higher education has been transformed from being short and work-based to become a university programme. This is supported by non-controversial Higher Education Acts and facilitated by ideological, economic/organisational and political points of view that emphasise labour market needs for women, equalities between the sexes, professional groups struggling for authorisation and professional position (status) and growing complexity in work tasks with demands for quality development. The consequences are a gradually growing self-esteem and self-awareness among professionals beneath physician status, signified by non-physicians taking managerial positions, as well as a growing awareness of the need for teamwork.

A transition in perspective concerning the usefulness of an academic approach in higher and continuing education for health professionals is ongoing. We seem to be standing on the top of an ‘academic hill’, and can see transitions towards formal learning in non-traditional learning contexts as well as an acceptance of the importance of non-formal learning in all kinds of contexts.

Theoretical, ideological and economic arguments influence the transitions as well as the students' aspirations and attempts to seek meaning. Which context or mix of contexts is most productive for the learning processes necessary for health professionals? Today high-quality collaborative efforts such as action research and clinical teaching are stressed. In Sweden this clearly appears as a transition from a ‘university agenda’ to a ‘collaborative’ agenda in which the labour-market has a growing influence upon HE/CE and research. The result of this study is also discussed in terms of a ‘collaborative view’ and a ‘competitive view’.
Realizing a Social Practices Approach in Literacy Learning: Engaging with the Everyday Lives of Adults with Learning Difficulties
Authors: Wilson Alastair , Hunter Katie
Published: February 2013

This paper presents findings from an action research project funded by the Scottish Government through Learning Connections (March 2006 to April 2007) to develop and explore the potential for enhancing literacies learning for adults with learning difficulties by engaging with their systems of care and/or support. The paper explores the ways in which carers and support workers were enabled to work effectively with adult literacy tutors to establish learning opportunities in the everyday lives of people with learning difficulties. The paper argues that a greater understanding of the value of literacy, in particular as a means to achieving independence and well-being is needed. While the project involved intensive work between tutors and carers, the paper asserts that closer collaborative working between providers of literacy programs and those providing care and support is a worthwhile objective and one that could be realized by a moderate amount of awareness raising, training, and collaboration.
Childish Pleasures and Adult Fears: Reflections on Becoming Literate in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries
Authors: Jackson Cath
Published: February 2013

With the Skills for Life strategy came new professional qualifications for teachers of literacy to adults. Having learned to be literate themselves in the mid-to-late twentieth century, how ready are these teachers to take on the challenges of preparing their learners for the literacies of the new millennium? This paper comes out of doctoral research into adult literacy teachers' ‘stories of identity and experience.’ It draws on stories of literacy learning completed by one group of 21 teachers at the start of a subject specialist Level 5 Diploma course for Teachers of Literacy to Adults. Using teachers' personal narratives it explores how encouraging practitioners to reflect on their own experiences of becoming literate might in turn inform their practices as teachers of literacy to adults. A preliminary thematic analysis reveals rich opportunities for research, exploration, and reflection. Themes emerging include pleasure in being read to and in reading with others, activities which arguably do not feature prominently in approaches to teaching literacy to adults. Fears associated with the processes of becoming literate include shame and anxiety associated with exposure to or criticism by others for perceived literacy deficits. Concerns about the impact of new technology feature strongly in the stories, including a sense of loss for ‘traditional’ literacy skills such as handwriting, and fears associated with ‘keeping up’ with new technology. Finally, the paper recommends how highlighting opportunities for developing reflective practices in teacher education programs in adult literacy might go some way to resolving conflict between reflexivity and the relentless pace of change in the Skills for Life arena.
Learning Cultures in Small to Medium-Size Enterprises and Their Role in Supporting the Learning Region
Authors: Fitzpatrick Maeve , O'Connell Janice , Murphy Eamonn
Published: February 2013

The role of work-based learning is a pivotal part of developing the learning region. With rates of employment at their highest for many years across Europe, the need for up-skilling the workforce in many areas will be essential to retain competitiveness and employability. This paper will focus on quality management up-skilling in small to medium-size enterprises (SMEs) in five European countries.

Recent statistics indicate that the role of quality management has become critical to the SME if they are to survive in the current economic climate. Results have shown time and again that a result of successful application of quality tools in any company is an increase in productivity, profitability, and customer satisfaction. Key to the successful delivery of these quality management systems are the skills and aptitudes of the person responsible for their deployment, the quality manager. However it remains to be determined what makes up the key behaviors and characteristics that indicate an individual is at the level of ‘expert’ practitioner and, if there are differences in opinion, to what extent. Also investigated are attitudes to requisite levels of education attainment for expert denomination and finally, whether the importance of expertise in other domains of practice is comparable between countries participating in the study (Ireland, Spain, Greece, Poland, and Sweden). The method of research chosen was qualitative interviews with senior management in SMEs in 20 companies across five countries. The rationale for the research design, method, and dissemination are discussed and an inventory of the characteristics deemed to qualify the practitioner as expert was then taken from the results. This was then compared across the participating countries. The paper concludes with recommendations for how educational institutions can facilitate full-time employees in achieving and maintaining the status of ‘domain expert’ and also recommends a strategy for future research into the effects of culture on attribution of key behaviors and characteristics on the novice-to-expert trajectory deemed critical to fluid mobility of highly skilled employees, a critical component in support of the learning region.
Higher Education and Regional Transformation in the UK: Social and Cultural Perspectives
Authors: Parker Lynn , Williams Ruth
Published: February 2013

This paper draws on an Economic and Social Research Council-funded project that explored the role of UK universities in regional processes of social and cultural transformation. The Higher Education and Regional Transformation (HEART) project explored the effects that universities have on the social and cultural lives of their local and regional communities using four case study universities. In particular it focused on socially disadvantaged and excluded groups, typically those segments of the population living in the most deprived areas and those belonging to lower socio-economic groups. It builds on previous research – specifically Brennan et al (2006) and Duke et al (2006). The paper first sets the context against which the project was developed. It discusses the project's method and operational concepts, one of which – embeddedness – is illustrated using one of the case study universities, Teesside University. It then concludes with some of the findings that have emerged from the analysis of the four case studies that formed the basis of the research.
Blueprinting a Freirean Pedagogy of Imagination: Hope, Untested Feasibility, and the Dialogic Person
Authors: Dubin Elizabeth , Prins Esther
Published: February 2013

Paulo Freire, a radical Brazilian educator, developed a libratory pedagogy that contributes to an important discussion on the imagination, though this aspect of his work is not emphasized in critical pedagogy and adult education literature. Theorizing a Freirean imagination as a productive educational faculty connects with the work of philosophers such Maxine Greene, Elizabeth Ellsworth and Elliot Eisner who have written on imagination in education. Through critically examining Freire's writing, this article explores what Freirean thought contributes to our understanding of the role the imagination plays in formal and non-formal education. The article also theorizes imaginal literacy and how one might develop imaginal literacy in educational settings.
An Overview of Building Learning Cities as a Strategy for Promoting Lifelong Learning
Authors: Yang Jin
Published: February 2013

This article reviews the rationales underpinning learning cities, examines the related conceptual development that arises from the literature, reviews progress made in building learning cities in international communities and synthesises the major strategies adopted. The article also points out the challenges and barriers, and it concludes with some considerations that the developing countries and UNESCO use the ideology of learning cities as a strategy for promoting lifelong learning.
From Welfare to Higher Education: A Study of Lone Parent Students at Queen Margaret University College, Edinburgh
Authors: Horne Marjory , Hardie Cheryl
Published: February 2013

Promoting access to education and reducing the number of people claiming state benefits have been key government priorities in recent years. In 1999 the present Government, recognising the existence of the benefit trap, introduced the ‘New Deal’ programme to encourage benefit claimants into work. Under the scheme participants may receive financial support for courses of up to one year. The scheme, therefore, does not apply to courses in higher education.

For lone parents on state benefits, given high childcare costs, work is only a viable option if it is well paid. For those lacking qualifications the only way that this can be achieved is through higher education.

In analysing the experiences of seven lone parent students at Queen Margaret University College in Edinburgh, this article provides an insight into factors that contribute to the under-representation of this group in higher education. The financial position of the lone parent on benefits is compared with that of the lone parent student. What it reveals are anomalies in the funding system and contradictions in the Government's policy of assisting benefit claimants into work.
On-the-Job Training in Scotland: Its Contribution to Social Exclusion
Authors: Small Gillian , Raab Gillian M
Published: February 2013

Recent results from the Scottish Household Survey show that at any one time over 18 per cent of Scottish employees are engaged in some form of on-the-job training. The majority of this training is unaccredited and is not recorded in any official education statistics. Overall rates for men and women are similar. After initially high rates of training for the youngest employees, rates for men decline steadily whereas those for women remain stable into middle age, perhaps as a result of retraining for returners. The employees who receive most on-the-job training are full-time, in managerial or professional occupations and already have some formal qualification. The self-employed, the part-time, the unskilled and the unqualified miss out. Training on-the-job could have a role in promoting social inclusion for the least-advantaged employees. But more research is needed to learn what training is being delivered and what policy levers could be pulled to influence who receives it.
The Adequacy of the Study Skills of a Cohort of First-Year Nursing Students: An Investigation of Attitudes
Authors: Sutherland Peter
Published: February 2013

The focus of this investigation was the study methods of nursing students during their first year. The sample was 113 first-years. Quantitative data were gathered from all who completed Section C of the revised version of Entwistle and Tait's (1995) Approaches to Learning and Studying. Analysis showed that the majority did not consult their tutors; however peers provided a strong source of learning support. The skills of reading, writing essays, listening to lectures and contributing to seminars were generally satisfactory. However, there was some concern about some of the other basic academic skills of this cohort: in particular their ability to read textbooks.
Global Trends and Local Bends: Australian Vet Developments
Authors: Wheelahan Leesa
Published: February 2013

This article explores how Australian governments have responded to global trends for reform of vocational education and training and the pressures for change. Australian VET policy is changing as a consequence of three interrelated factors: the need for VET to develop a sectoral identity in relation to the school and higher education sectors; the interplay of state and federal government relations; and, challenges to the current ‘industry-driven’ paradigm for the sector. There is pressure for VET to move beyond the current framework where VET is regarded principally as an instrument of micro-economic reform, to a broader and more inclusive role. The extent to which change is possible is limited however, by the mandated requirement that all VET qualifications remain within the framework of competency-based, industry-derived national training packages, which are similar to the National Vocational Qualifications in the UK.
The Orderliness Hypothesis
Authors: Levinson David
Published: February 2013

This extension of the railway system by means of feeder lines means that in many ways the early development of the system can be viewed, not in terms of booms and slumps, but in rational steps. By the end of 1833, three of the five English provincial towns with a population of more than 100,000 had railway links with London under construction; by the end of 1836 only Portsmouth remained among English towns of over 50,000 population without a line authorized; and by the end of 1837 most towns of more than 20,000 inhabitants were on or close to the route of an authorized railway.1
Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Polycondensation and Polyaddition
Authors: Heitz Walter
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Polycondensation Reactions

Model Reactions and Mechanistic Considerations

Removing
HX

Removing
XY

Removing
X
2

Polyaddition Reactions

Si
H
Addition to Carbon Double Bonds

Ar
H
Addition to Carbon Double Bonds

Cycloaddition Reactions
Emulsion Polymerization
Authors: Aerdts Annemieke M. , van Herk Alex M. , Klumperman Bert , Kurja Jenci , German Anton L.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Polymerization Techniques

Emulsion Polymerization

Mini‐ and Micro‐Emulsion Polymerization

Basic Principles of Emulsion Polymerization

Particle Nucleation

Particle Growth

Molar Mass and Molar Mass Distribution

Particle Size Distribution

Ingredients in Recipes

Monomers

Initiators

Surfactants

Others

Emulsion Copolymerization

Penultimate Unit Effect in Copolymerization

Monomer Partitioning in Emulsion Polymerization

Composition Drift in Emulsion Co‐ and Terpolymerization

Ternary Emulsion Copolymerization

Chemical Composition Distribution and Molar Mass Chemical Composition Distribution

Process Strategies in Emulsion Copolymerization

Constant Addition Strategy

Controlled Composition Reactors

Optimal Addition Profile

Batch, Semi‐Batch, and Continuous Emulsion Polymerization

Particle Morphologies

Introduction to Particle Morphologies

Core–Shell Morphologies

Organic Cores

Encapsulation of Inorganic Particles

Hollow Particles

Special Chemistry in Conventional Emulsion Polymerization

Reactive Latices

Crosslinking of Polymers by Low Molar Mass Crosslink Agents

Crosslinking Between Polymers with Complementary Reactive Groups

Reactive Surfactants

Unconventional Emulsion Polymerization

Unconventinal Free‐Radical Emulsion Polymerization

Ionic Emulsion Polymerization

Transition Metal Catalyzed Emulsion Polymerization

Enzyme‐Catalyzed Emulsion Polymerization

Concluding Remarks

Applications

Paints

Paper Coatings

Adhesives

Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications

Impact Modifiers

AppendixI

AppendixII
Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Polymers
Authors: Rehahn Matthias
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Scope and Structure

Polymers with only Main Group Elements in Their Backbone

Polysilanes

Polygermanes and Polystannanes

Polysiloxanes

Polycarbosilanes

Polyphosphazenes

Polysilazanes

Further Main Group Hybrid Polymers

Polymers that have Transition Metals as Integral Parts of Their Main Chains

Poly(1,1′‐metallocenylenes)

Poly(1,1′‐metallocenylene arylenes)

Further Poly(1,1′‐metallocenylene) Derivatives with π‐Conjugated Bridging Units

Poly(1,1′‐metallocenylene ethylenes)

Phosphorus‐, Sulfur‐, and Selenium‐Bridged Poly(1, 1′‐metallocenylene) Derivatives

Further Poly(1,1′‐metallocenylene) Derivatives with Nonmetallic Bridging Units

Poly(1,1′‐ferrocenylene silanes) and Poly(1,1′‐ferrocenylene germanes)

Poly(metallaines)

Polymers from Octahedrally Coordinated Polyimine‐Transition Metal Complexes

Polymers from Tetrahedrally Coordinated Polyimine‐Transition Metal Complexes

Schiff‐Base Coordination Polymers

Further Transition Metal Coordination Polymers

Poly(phthalocyaninato)‐siloxanes and Related Polymers

Conclusions

Acknowledgements
Diels‐Alder Ladder Polymers: Synthesis and Aromatization
Authors: Schlüter A. Dieter
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Synthesis

Classical Routes–A Critical Perspective

Diels‐Alder Route

Characterization

Molecular Structure

Shape: Three‐Dimensional Versus Two‐Dimensional Coils

Molecular Weights

Aromatization

Monodisperse Ladders in the Nanometer Range

Summary and Outlook

Acknowledgements
Synthesis of Polyrotaxanes
Authors: Harada Akira
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Rotaxanes and Catenanes

Rotaxanes

Preparation of Rotaxanes

Rotaxanes Containing Cyclodextrin

Catenanes

Preparation of Catenanes

Catenanes Containing Metal Complexes

Catenanes Containing Cyclodextrin

Other Catenanes

Main Chain Polyrotaxanes

Crown Ethers

Polyesters

Polyurethanes

Polyaramides

Bipyridinium Polymers

Polystyrenes and Polyacrylonitriles

Cyclodextrins

Poly(ethylene glycol)

Poly(propylene glycol)

Poly(methyl vinyl ether)

Poly(oxytrimethylene)

Poly(tetrahydrofuran)

Oligoethylene

Polyisobutylene

Polyesters

Molecular Necklace

Inclusion Polymerization

Cyclophanes

Side Chain Polyrotaxanes

Preparation of Tubular Polymers from Polyrotaxanes
Polymerization in Organized Media
Authors: Stupp Samuel I. , Osenar Paul
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Topochemical Systems

Thermotropic Systems

Lyotropic Systems

Vesicles and Bilayers

Langmuir–Blodgett Films

Intercalated Systems

Thermodynamics/Kinetics

Two‐Dimensional Products from Ordered Media

Two‐Dimensional Confinement of Monomer

Two‐Dimensional Polymers from Self‐Assembling Monomers

Nanostructures Via the Polymerization of Supramolecular Units
Biocatalytical Routes to Polymers
Authors: Kobayashi Shiro , Uyama Hiroshi
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Biosynthetic Pathways to Polymers

Polypeptides

Polyesters

Chemical Synthetic Pathways to Polymers using Isolated Enzymes

Polysaccharides

Polypeptides

Polyesters, Polycarbonates, and Polyamides

Polyaromatics
Synthesis of Cyclic Macromolecules
Authors: Ederle Yannick , Naraghi Kaynoush S. , Lutz Pierre J.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Synthesis of Cyclic Structures

Ring‐Chain Equilibria and Cyclization

Ring‐Chain Equilibria in Siloxane Heterocycles

Ring‐Chain Equilibria in other Heterocycles

Cyclization Reactions in Polyesters or Polyamides

End‐to‐End Cyclization Reactions

End‐to‐End Cyclization Based on Bimolecular Processes

End‐to‐End Cyclization based on Unimolecular Processes

Properties of Cyclic Polymers

Dilute Solution Properties

Size Exclusion Behavior

Limiting Viscosity Numbers

Thermodynamic and Hydrodynamic Properties

Solid State Properties

Structures Derived from Cyclic Polymers

Eight‐Shaped Polymers

Catenanes and Rotaxanes

Conclusions
Deep Centers in Semiconductors
Authors: Feichtinger Helmut
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Shallow and Deep Impurities: Technological and Physical Relevance

The Identification Problem and the Localization‐Delocalization Puzzle

Deep Centers: Electronic Transitions and Concepts

Ionization at Thermal Equilibrium

Franck‐Condon Transitions and Relaxation

Phenomenological Models and Electronic Structure

The Point‐Ion Crystal Field Model

The Defect Molecule Picture

Example: Nitrogen in Gallium Phosphide

Transition Metals

Transition Metals: Results of Quantitative Calculations

Gap Levels and High Spin–Low Spin Ordering

Coulomb Induced Nonlinear Screening and Self‐Regulating Response

Ionization Energies and Trends

Transition Metals in Silicon

Compound Semiconductors and Bulk References

Excited States

Internal Transitions

Rydberg‐Like States

Properties of Selected Systems

Chalcogens in Silicon

Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium in Silicon

Oxygen and Nitrogen in Silicon

DXCenters in AlxGa1−xAs

Large Lattice Relaxation and Metastability

Microscopic Models forDXCenters

Deep Transition Metal Donor–Shallow Acceptor Pairs in Silicon

Electronic Structure and Trends

Charge State Controlled Metastability

Thermal Donors in Silicon

Hydrogen Passivation

Appendix: Ionization Energies and Level Positions of Isolated Transition Metal Impurities in Silicon
Compound Semiconductor Processing
Authors: Mullin J. Brian
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Historical Background

Purification

General Purification Procedures

Zone Refinig and Related Techniques

Problems with Specific Compounds

InSbandGaSb

InAsandGaAs

InPandGaP

II–VICompounds

Technical Constraints to Melt Growth Techniques

Chemical Reactivity

Melting Point

Vapor Pressure

Crystal Growth

Horizontal Growth

Vertical Growth

Crystal Pulling

Liquid Encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) Pulling

The low PressureLECTechnique

The High PressureLECTechnique

Crystal Growth of Specific Compounds

InSb

InAsandGaAs

InP

II–VICompounds: General

BulkHg1−xCdxTe

CdTeandCd1−xZnxTe

ZnSe

ZnSandCdS

Fundamental Aspects of Crystal Growth

Structure

Temperature Distribution, Crystal Shape and Diameter Control

Solute Distribution

Constitutional Supercooling

Facet Effect, Anisotropic Segregation and Twinning

Dislocations and Grain Boundaries

Wafering and Slice Preparation
Photolithography
Authors: Leuschner Rainer , Pawlowski Georg
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Exposure Tools

Image Formation and Resolution

Contact and Proximity Printing

Optical Mask Aligner

X‐Ray Stepper

Projection Printing

NearUVProjection Systems

DeepUVProjection Systems

NonconventionalUVLithography

Post‐Optical Lithography

Photoresist Processing

Quality Control and Resist Deposition

Purity and Storage Stability

Resist Coating

Resist Exposure and Development

Characteristic Curve and Standing Wave Effects

Process Latitudes

Dissolution Rate and Development Methods

Pattern Inspection and Resist Profile Simulation

Etching, Resist Stripping and Planarization

Photoresists

Principles of Photoresist Chemistry

Negative‐Tone Resists

Photocrossslinking Via Azides

Free‐Radical‐Initiated Polymerization

Acid‐Catalyzed Crosslinking

Positive‐Tone Resists

Dissolution Inhibition/Dissolution Promotion

Acid‐Catalyzed Deblocking

Polymer Degradation

Solvents for Photoresists and Main Resist Suppliers

Special Photoresist Techniques

Nonconventional Diazo Resist Processes

Resist Profile Modification and Image Reversal

Bilayer Systems for Contrast Enhancement

Suppression of Reflections and Standing Wave Effects

Dyed Resists

Antireflective Layers

Silicon‐Containing Multilayer Resists

Negative‐Tone Silicon Bilayer Resists

Positive‐Tone Silicon Bilayer Resists

Top Surface Imaging

Gas Phase Silylation Systems

Liquid Phase Silylation Systems

Trends in Photolithography
Silicon Device Processing
Authors: Kwong Dim‐Lee
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Gettering

Intrinsic Gettering

Gettering by Hydrogen Annealing

Device Isolation

LOCOS‐Based Isolation

Advanced Isolation Techniques

Silicon‐on‐Insulator

Gate Dielectrics

Preoxidation Cleaning

Process Dependence of Gate Oxide Quality

Chemically Modified Gate Oxides

CVDand Stacked Oxides

Shallow Junction Formation

Ion Implantation

Advanced Techniques forp+‐nJunction Formation

Diffusion from Doped Deposited Layers

Gas Immersion Laser Doping

Gas Phase Diffusion

Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation

Metallization

Gate Electrodes

Contacts

Interconnections

Planarization for Multilevel Interconnections

Cluster Tool Technology

Advantages

Rapid Thermal Processing

In Situ Dry Cleaning

Interface Engineering

Gate Stack of Oxide and Oxynitride

Deposition ofDRAMStorage Dielectrics

Selective Deposition Processes

Ultra‐Shallow Junction Formation

IntegratedCMOSProcessing Based onRTP

GexSi1−x/SiHeteroepitaxy byRT‐CVD

Single‐Wafer Integrated Processing
Compound Semiconductor Device Processing
Authors: Parsey John M.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Doping Processes

Ion Implantation

Diffusion Methods

Epitaxial Methods

Isolation Methods

Mesa Etching

Ion Implantation Isolation

Sidegating and Backgating

Diffusion

Etching Techniques

Wet Etching

Dry Etching

Ohmic Contacts

Schottky Barriers and Gates

Annealing

Dielectrics and Interlayer Isolation

Resistors

Metallization and Liftoff Processes

Metallization

Liftoff Processes

Backside Processing and Die Separation

Backside Processing

Die Separation
Homogeneous Second‐Phase Precipitation
Authors: Wagner Richard , Kampmann Reinhard , Voorhees Peter W.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

General Considerations

General Course of an Isothermal Precipitation Reaction

Thermodynamic Considerations–Metastability and Instability

Decomposition Mechanisms: Nucleation and Growth versus Spinodal Decomposition

Thermodynamic Driving Forces for Phase Separation

Experimental Techniques for Studying Decomposition Kinetics

Microanalytical Tools

Direct Imaging Techniques

Scattering Techniques

Experimental Problems

Influence of Quenching Rate on Kinetics

Distinction of the Mode of Decomposition

Precipitate Morphologies

Experimental Results

Factors Controlling the Shapes and Morphologies of Precipitates

Early Stage Decomposition Kinetics

Cluster‐Kinetics Approach

Classical Nucleation–Sharp Interface Model

Time‐Dependent Nucleation Rate

Experimental Assessment of Classical Nucleation Theory

Non‐Classical Nucleation–Diffuse Interface Model

Distinction Between Classical and Non‐Classical Nucleation

Diffusion‐Controlled Growth of Nuclei from the Supersaturated Matrix

The Cluster‐Dynamics Approach to Generalized Nucleation Theory

Spinodal Theories

The Philosophy of Defining a ‘Spinodal Alloy' —Morphologies of ‘Spinodal Alloys'

Monte Carlo Studies

Coarsening of Precipitates

General Remarks

TheLSWTheory of Coarsening

Extensions of the Coarsening Theory to Finite Precipitate Volume Fractions

Other Approaches Towards Coarsening

Influence of Coherency Strains on the Mechanism and Kinetics of Coarsening–Particle Splitting

Numerical Approaches Treating Nucleation, Growth and Coarsening as Concomitant Processes

General Remarks on the Interpretation of Experimental Kinetic Data of Early Decomposition Stages

The Langer andSchwartz Theory (LSModel) and its Modification byKampmann andWagner (MLSModel)

The Numerical Model (NModel) ofKampmann andWagner (KW)

Decomposition of a Homogeneous Solid Solution

General Course of Decomposition

Comparison Between theMLSModel and theNModel

The Appearance and Experimental Identification of the Growth and Coarsening Stages

Extraction of the Interfacial Energy and the Diffusion Constant from Experimental Data

Decomposition Kinetics in Alloys Pre‐Decomposed During Quenching

Influence of the Loss of Particle Coherency on the Precipitation Kinetics

Combined Cluster‐Dynamic and Deterministic Description of Decomposition Kinetics

Self‐Similarity, Dynamical Scaling and Power‐Law Approximations

Dynamical Scaling

Power‐Law Approximations

Non‐Isothermal Precipitation Reactions

Acknowledgements