bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systemic overperfusion and resting blood pressure
Authors: Larson Mark R. , Langer Alan W.
Published: March 2005

During psychosocial stressors, individuals with mildly elevated resting blood pressures (BP) exhibit cardiac output (CO) that is in excess of metabolic demand (i.e., systemic overperfusion). The present study used the “additional” CO method to assess whether individuals in the high average BP range also exhibit systemic overperfusion at rest. Healthy young adult males (N= 48), divided into “high average” and “low average” groups using resting BP, participated in an active coping task. Consistent with past research, the high average group evidenced higher levels of additional CO than did the low average group during both baseline and task periods. More importantly, the high average group also exhibited significant amounts of additional CO at rest, whereas the low average group did not. These results may help to advance our understanding of the process by which systemic overperfusion may contribute to the development of elevated BP.
Inter‐species variation in yolk steroid levels and a cowbird‐host comparison
Authors: Hahn D. Caldwell , Hatfield Jeff S. , Abdelnabi Mahmoud A. , Wu Julie M. , Igl Lawrence D. , Ottinger Mary A
Published: March 2005

We examined variability in yolk hormone levels among songbird species and the role of yolk steroids as a mechanism for enhanced exploitation of hosts by the parasitic brown‐headed cowbird Molothrus ater. Within‐clutch variation in yolk steroids has been found in several avian species in single species studies, but few comparisons have been made among species. We found a large range of differences in yolk testosterone among the seven passerine species examined, with significant differences between those at the high end (song sparrow Melospiza melodia, red‐winged blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus, and house sparrow, Passer domesticus) and those at the low end (eastern phoebe Sayornis phoebe, and house finch Carpodacus mexicanus). We also found that the testosterone level in cowbird eggs was intermediate in relation to host species levels and was significantly lower than that in three common cowbird hosts (song sparrow, red‐winged blackbird, and house sparrow), but not significantly different from three others. Geographical comparisons of yolk testosterone levels in all cowbird subspecies and populations from several regions showed no significant differences, though a trend that deserves further exploration was the pattern of lowest level in the ancestral population of cowbirds in the central prairies and of highest level in the northwestern population where range invasion occurred approximately 40 years ago. The levels of 17 beta‐estradiol were similar in the seven songbird species examined, which is consistent with current hypotheses that this hormone plays a role in embryonic sexual differentiation. Further investigation is needed to determine whether the large differences observed among species in absolute level of yolk testosterone are the relevant focal point or whether target tissue sensitivity differences mediate the effects of this yolk steroid, particularly between parasitic and non‐parasitic species.
Latitudinal trends in within‐year reoccupation of nest boxes and their implications
Authors: Cooper Caren B. , Hochachka Wesley M. , Dhondt André A.
Published: March 2005

Multiple brooding can substantially increase the annual reproductive output of birds, and the propensity for multiple brooding can vary geographically. Thus, studies attempting to understand the evolution of geographic variation in nesting success need to account for variation in re‐nesting potential. However, direct assessment of rates of multiple brooding requires individually recognizable breeding adults, which are not generally available. We explore the possibility of comparing relative indices of multiple broodedness across a latitudinal gradient from studies of un‐banded birds locally restricted to nest boxes. We analyzed nest box reoccupation by a multiple‐brooding species, the eastern bluebird Sialia sialis, reported by volunteers in a citizen‐participation project (1998–2002) in which nest boxes were monitored throughout much of the breeding range of the bluebirds. We found nest boxes in the southern portion of the bluebird range (30° latitude) had, on average 17–33% higher likelihood of repeated egg‐laying, brooding, and successful fledging events than boxes in the north (48° latitude). Latitudinal variation in the reoccupation of nest boxes may indicate that either (1) the number of broods per female varies with latitude, (2) female breeding dispersal/site fidelity varies with latitude, (3) the density, distribution, and/or availability of suitable nest sites varies with latitude, or (4) observer bias varies with latitude. Various lines of evidence suggest that nest re‐occupancy is a useful index of latitudinal variation in re‐nesting. During the time‐frame of second attempts, first‐time box occupancy was as likely as second occupancy and approximately 45% more likely in the south than north, suggesting that, despite considerable breeding dispersal, observed trends in box reoccupation conservatively reflect latitudinal trends in the number of nest attempts/broods per female. Furthermore, despite a compressed nesting cycle in the north (shorter incubation and re‐nesting interval), the shorter duration of the breeding season in the north restricted the potential number of broods. Studies of banded birds are necessary to confirm the behavior underlying the latitudinal trends in box reoccupation.
Brood size and immunity costs in zebra finchesTaeniopygia guttata
Authors: Verhulst Simon , Riedstra Bernd , Wiersma Popko
Published: March 2005

Birds rearing experimentally enlarged broods have lower antibody responses to a novel antigen, and we tested three hypotheses that could explain this result. We used zebra finchesTaeniopygia guttatainoculated with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) as a study system, for which this trade‐off was previously demonstrated. 1. Compensatory cellular immunity: The humoral immune response is slow, and removal of SRBC through up‐regulated cellular immunity could pre‐empt an antibody response. However, cellular immune response to PHA decreased with increasing brood size, allowing rejection of this hypothesis. 2. Costs of antibody‐production: Chicks in large broods grow less well, and birds with large broods may allocate resources to chicks instead of antibodies when these are costly. Compared to saline controls, SRBC suppressed metabolic rate in the hours following immunisation, but there was no effect in the following night, or at any time 4 and 8 days later. Fitness costs were measured by repeatedly immunising parents with SRBC while rearing young. Chick growth, parental condition, and subsequent reproduction of the parents were not affected by SRBC. We conclude that the costs of antibody formation cannot explain the trade‐off between brood size and antibody responsiveness. 3. Costs of immune system maintenance: Maintaining a system enabling antibody‐formation may be very costly, and birds rearing large broods may have down‐regulated this system. Based on this hypothesis we predicted that antibody formation would still be reduced in parents rearing large broods when immunised after rearing the chicks. Our results confirmed this prediction, and we suggest that birds rearing large broods have lower antibody responses because they economised on the maintenance costs of the immune system.
Egg size, offspring sex and hatching asynchrony in zebra finches Taeniopygia guttata
Authors: Rutkowska Joanna , Cichon Mariusz
Published: March 2005

Experimental synchronization of onset of incubation was employed in laboratory held zebra finches Taeniopygia guttata to study whether differential resource allocation and possible bias of offspring sex in subsequent eggs in the laying order could mitigate the effects of hatching asynchrony. We found that egg mass increased with laying order, but offspring sex was not related to laying order. Among synchronized clutches, eggs hatched more synchronously than eggs from control nests. Survival probability was related to egg mass, and as expected, this effect differed between experimental groups: it was positive among synchronized broods and not significantly related among asynchronous broods. This suggests that increase in egg mass with the laying order might reduce disparities between early and late hatching chicks. Female nestlings survived better than male nestlings. However their growth was impaired in synchronized broods, whilst growth of males was not affected by hatching synchronization.
Anti‐Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan antibodies in inflammatory bowel disease: comparison of different assays and correlation with clinical features
Authors: Annese V. , Piepoli A. , Perri F. , Lombardi G. , Latiano A. , Napolitano G. , Corritore G. , Vandewalle P. , Poulain D. , Colombel J. F. , Andriulli A.
Published: March 2005

Background : Anti‐Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan antibodies have been proposed as a new serological marker associated with Crohn's disease. However, their clinical value is still unclear; furthermore, a standardization of anti‐S. cerevisiae mannan measurements is lacking.

Aim : In this study, we aimed to assess the correlation between anti‐S. cerevisiae mannan detection and specific clinical features in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Moreover, we tested the concordance of four different anti‐S. cerevisiae mannan assays.

Materials and methods : Serum samples from 196 patients with Crohn's disease, 197 patients with ulcerative colitis and 100 unrelated healthy controls were tested for anti‐S. cerevisiae mannan with a standard enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method (Lille) by one of the authors (VP). Subsequently, 60 randomly selected serum samples (27 Crohn's disease, 28 ulcerative colitis and five healthy controls) were tested for anti‐S. cerevisiae mannan with three different commercial kits.

Results : With the Lille assay, anti‐S. cerevisiae mannan were detected in 100 of 196 patients with Crohn's disease (51%; P < 0.0001 vs. controls), 32 of 197 patients with ulcerative colitis (16%; P < 0.02 vs. controls), and six of 100 controls (6%). No correlation between presence of anti‐S. cerevisiae mannan and specific clinical features was found in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease patients. The percentages of anti‐S. cerevisiae mannan detected with four different assays ranged from 28 (Bouty) up to 43% (Inova), but these differences did not reach statistical significance. The concordance rate of anti‐S. cerevisiae mannan detection in the four assays was very low (11 concordant results of 60 samples, 18.3%) (k = 0.15). No improvement of the concordance rate wasobtained by modifying the suggested cut‐off values (k = 0.20).

Conclusion : In this study, we confirm that anti‐S. cerevisiae mannan are significantly more frequent in Crohn's disease patients compared with ulcerative colitis patients (P < 0.0001) and controls. However, no correlation with clinical features was found in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The low prevalence of anti‐S. cerevisiae mannan, at least in our population, and the low concordance rate between different assays, makes the clinical role of this marker questionable.
Runoff and soil loss from bench terraces. 1. An event‐based model of rainfall infiltration and surface runoff
Authors: Van Dijk A. I. J. M. , Bruijnzeel L. A.
Published: March 2005

Overland flow resulting from an excess of rain over infiltration is an essential component of many models of runoff and erosion from fields or catchments. The spatially variable infiltration (SVI) model and a set of associated equations relating depth of runoff and maximum rate of ‘effective’ runoff (as used in the GUEST erosion model) to storm depth, depth‐averaged intensity of rainfall, average maximum infiltration capacity and an additional amount of initial infiltration were validated and tested on back‐sloping bench terraces in volcanic upland West Java, Indonesia. Data used were runoff rate and depth from 31 small (1.0–8.2 m2) bounded plots representing sections of terrace beds or risers and from six larger (53–231 m2) terrace units with hydrologically defined boundaries. Modelled runoff rates using rainfall intensity data corresponded well with observed patterns and the storm‐based equations were used successfully to model runoff depths and maximum effective runoff rates for individual events. Resulting values for maximum average infiltration rate (Im) varied between 18 and 443 mm hour−1 and reflected effects of vegetation or mulch cover and soil compaction. We conclude that the SVI model and the derived equations provide a robust and accurate method for predicting runoff at the investigated scale.
Microsatellite marker analysis of the genetic variability in Hanoverian Hounds
Authors: Lüpke L. , Distl O.
Published: March 2005

Genetic variability of the dog breed Hanoverian Hound was analysed using a set of 16 microsatellites. The sample of 92 dogs was representative for the total current population [n = 334, inbreeding coefficient 9.2%, relationship coefficient 11.2%] with respect to the level and distribution of the inbreeding and relationship coefficients. All microsatellites used were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. The average number of alleles was 6.4. The average observed heterozygosity (HO) was slightly higher than the expected heterozygosity (HE). Dinucleotide microsatellites exhibited lower polymorphism information content (PIC) than tetranucleotide microsatellites (0.52 versus 0.66). The average PIC was 0.61. The individual inbreeding coefficient was negatively related to the average HO of all microsatellites, whereas the proportion of genes from introducing of Hanoverian Hounds from abroad showed no relationships to HO. We found that the genetic variability in the Hanoverian Hounds analysed here was unexpectedly higher than that previously published for dog breeds of similar population size. Even in dog breeds of larger population size heterogyzosity was seldom higher than that observed here. The rather high genetic variability as quantified by polymorphic microsatellites in Hanoverian Hounds may be due to a large genetic variation in the founder animals of this breed and to the fact that this genetic diversity could be maintained despite genetic bottlenecks experienced by this breed in the 1920s and 1950s and despite the presence of high inbreeding and relationship coefficients for more than 50 years.
Genetic diversity of Miyamasukashi‐yuri (Lilium maculatum Thunb. var. bukosanense), an endemic and endangered species at Mount Buko, Saitama, Japan
Authors: ARZATE‐FERNÁNDEZ AMAURY‐M , MIWA MAKOTO , SHIMADA TOMOHIDE , YONEKURA TETSUSHI , OGAWA KAZUO
Published: March 2005

Lilium maculatum var. bukosanense, Miyamasukashi‐yuri in Japanese, grows endemically in Saitama Prefecture, Japan, and is listed in the Saitama Prefecture Red Data Book as a critically endangered plant. Articles about its genetic diversity and population genetic structure have not been reported. Before it is lost, population genetic studies can provide information for efficient in situ conservation as well as for possible future use in breeding programs. Therefore, we carried out a population genetic study of natural L. maculatum var. bukosanense using chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and inter‐simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. In this study, fresh leaves of 46 L. maculatum var. bukosanense individuals were collected from two populations in Mount Buko. By polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of cpDNA, we estimated the maternal origin of individuals sampled. Sixteen cpDNA primer pairs were tested, and only four of them produced clear bands. Twenty‐four combinations from these PCR fragments combined with six restriction enzymes were assayed; however, only 18 of them could be digested, producing two to four fragments. All individuals of L. maculatum var bukosanense analyzed were virtually identical for all primer–enzyme combinations. These findings suggest that the maternal origin of the 46 individuals analyzed is close. In addition, we analyzed ISSR markers to provide mainly biparental inheritance. PCR products of five anchored simple sequence repeat primers showed polymorphism, indicating that the individuals sampled were not clones, and thus it appears that they could have been reproduced from seeds. The primers yielded a total of 30 polymorphic bands (i.e. an average of six polymorphic bands per primer). The mean genetic distance and genetic identity values between the populations were 0.032 and 0.97, respectively. These findings suggest that all individuals from both populations are genetically similar. The individuals growing at 1000 m have greater genetic variation than those individuals from 650 m and this could possibly be attributed to altitude. A significant correlation between gene diversity and population size is also reported. From the results presented here some strategies for its in situ and ex situ conservation might be considered.
Intrauterine therapy for fetal supraventricular tachycardia in a twin pregnancy
Authors: Tanawattanacharoen Somchai , Uerpairojkit Boonchai , Prechawat Somchai , Manotaya Saknan , Charoenvidhya Dhiraphongs
Published: March 2005

A case of a twin pregnancy in which one fetus developed hydrops secondary to supraventricular tachycardia was detected at 21 weeks’ gestation. Transplacental digoxin therapy successfully converted the supraventricular tachycardia to a normal sinus rhythm without evidence of maternal or fetal side‐effects. The pregnancy proceeded to term and elective cesarean section was carried out at 37 weeks’ gestation.
The Causes of Racial and Ethnic Differences in Influenza Vaccination Rates among Elderly Medicare Beneficiaries
Authors: Hebert Paul L. , Frick Kevin D. , Kane Robert L. , McBean A. Marshall
Published: March 2005

Objective. To explore three potential causes of racial/ethnic differences in influenza vaccination rates in the elderly: (1) resistant attitudes and beliefs regarding vaccination by African‐American and Hispanic Medicare beneficiaries, (2) poor access to care during influenza vaccination weeks, and (3) discriminatory behavior by providers.

Data Sources. Medicare beneficiaries who responded to both the 1995 and 1996 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS) (n=6,746).

Study Design. We combined survey information from the MCBS with Medicare claims. We measured resistance to vaccination by self‐reported reasons for not receiving vaccination, access to care by claims submitted during vaccination weeks, and discrimination by racial differences in vaccinations among beneficiaries who visited the same providers during vaccination weeks.

Principal Findings. White beneficiaries (66.6 percent) were more likely to self‐report having received vaccination than were African Americans (43.3 percent) or Hispanics (52.5 percent). Resistance to vaccination plays a role in low vaccination rates of African‐American (−11.8 percentage points), but not Hispanic beneficiaries. Unequal access accounts for <2 percent of the disparity. Minority beneficiaries remained unvaccinated despite having medical encounters with their usual providers on days when those same providers were administering vaccinations to white beneficiaries. This disparity is attributable not to provider discrimination but to a 1.6−5 × higher likelihood of white beneficiaries initiating encounters for the purpose of receiving vaccination.

Conclusion. Disparities in access to care and provider discrimination play little role in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in influenza vaccination. Eliminating missed opportunities for vaccination in 1995 would have raised vaccination rates in three racial/ethnic groups to the Healthy People 2000 goal of 60 percent vaccination.
Health Benefits Offer Rates: Is There a Nonresponse Bias?
Authors: Pickreign Jeremy D. , Gabel Jon R.
Published: March 2005

Objective. To determine whether a nonresponse bias exists in the offer rate for health benefits in firms with fewer than 50 workers and to present a simple adjustment to correct for observed bias.

Data Sources. The 2003 Employer Health Benefits Survey (EHBS) conducted by the Kaiser Family Foundation and Health Research and Educational Trust, and a follow‐up survey of nonrespondents to the 2003 EHBS.

Study Design. We conducted a follow‐up survey to the 2003 EHBS to collect health benefits offering data from firms with fewer than 50 workers. We used McNemar's test to verify that the follow‐up survey provided results comparable to the EHBS, and t‐tests were used to determine nonresponse bias. We applied a simple weighting adjustment to the EHBS.

Data Collection. The data for both the EHBS and the follow‐up survey were collected by the same survey research firm. The EHBS interviews the person most knowledgeable about the firm's health benefits, while the follow‐up survey interviews the first person who answers the telephone whether they are the most knowledgeable or not.

Principal Findings. Firms with 3–9 workers were more likely to exhibit a bias than were firms with 10–24 workers and 25–49 workers. Although the calculated bias for each size category was not significant, there is sufficient evidence to warrant caution when reporting offer rates.

Conclusions. Survey nonresponse in the EHBS produces an upward bias on estimates for the offer rates of small firms. Although not significant, this upward bias is because of nonresponse by small firms that do not offer health benefits. Our research is limited in that we only control for differences in the size of the firm.
SOMA (carisoprodol) toxicity in a dog
Authors: Lane Stephen G. , Mazzaferro Elisa
Published: March 2005

Objective: To describe a case of SOMA intoxication in a dog.

Case summary: A 13‐year‐old, 25 kg, female spayed Australian shepherd presented to the emergency service after ingestion of ten to fifteen 350 mg tablets of SOMA (carisoprodol), a muscle relaxant used for back pain in humans. Toxic effects of the drug in this dog included mild sinus tachycardia, respiratory depression, seizures, and ataxia. The dog's mentation progressively deteriorated from depressed to comatose within 1 hour after admission. Treatment on initial presentation consisted of induction of emesis while the dog still had a gag reflex, administration of activated charcoal, oxygen therapy, and supportive care. The dog was discharged to the owner prior to full recovery (4 days later).

New or unique information provided: This is the first known report of carisoprodol intoxication in the dog.
Perioperative hypothermia
Authors: Armstrong Stacy R. , Roberts Brian K. , Aronsohn Michael
Published: March 2005

Objective: To review the pathophysiology and management of perioperative hypothermia in dogs and cats.

Data sources: Current veterinary and human literature regarding hypothermia was reviewed for this paper. Sources included but were not limited to the following: review articles, clinical trials, and experimental studies.

Summary: Perioperative hypothermia is a common, treatable complication of general anesthesia. Homeostatic derangements in thermoregulation from anesthesia and abnormal vasoconstriction can produce alterations in hepatic function, coagulation, cardiac function, renal function, humoral and cellular immunity, and wound healing.

Conclusion: Management of perioperative hypothermia includes passive and active surface rewarming along with active core rewarming. Measures to correct hypothermia will diminish the complications of altered mentation, immunity, cardiac function, and wound healing. Simple measures such as monitoring intraoperative temperature continuously, using circulating warm water blankets, forced air warming devices, and warm isotonic lavage fluids will aid in the correction of the hypothermic patient.
Hemocyanin in the exoskeleton of crustaceans: enzymatic properties and immunolocalization
Authors: Adachi Kohsuke , Endo Hirotoshi , Watanabe Toshiki , Nishioka Takaaki , Hirata Takashi
Published: March 2005

We investigated the enzymatic properties and immunohistochemical localization of cuticular hemocyanin, a known oxygen transporter in the prawn Penaeus japonicus. The molecular weight of hemocyanin purified from the cuticle was estimated to be 67–77 k using SDS‐PAGE, and the purified protein was effectively converted into a phenoloxidase‐like enzyme by an SDS‐treatment. The activated enzyme catalyzed the o‐hydroxylation of monophenols and the oxidation of o‐diphenols and was inhibited by typical inhibitors of phenoloxidase. These characteristics were nearly identical to the enzymatic properties of hemolymph hemocyanin. Immunological detection showed a diffuse distribution of hemocyanin over the exocuticle and endocuticle, and a higher signal level was observed in the latter. Based on these results, roles of hemocyanin in various physiological processes such as immune response and sclerotization of the cuticle were discussed.
Secrets to a healthy Sox life: lessons for melanocytes
Authors: Wegner Michael
Published: March 2005

Sox proteins are transcriptional regulators with a high‐mobility‐group domain as sequence‐specific DNA‐binding domain. For function, they generally require other transcription factors as partner proteins. Sox proteins furthermore affect DNA topology and may shape the conformation of enhancer‐bound multiprotein complexes as architectural proteins. Recent studies suggest that Sox proteins are tightly regulated in their expression by many signalling pathways, and that their transcriptional activity is subject to post‐translational modification and sequestration mechanisms. Sox proteins are thus ideally suited to perform their many different functions as transcriptional regulators throughout mammalian development. Their unique properties also cause Sox proteins to escape detection in many standard transcription assays. In melanocytes, studies have so far focused on the Sox10 protein which functions both during melanocyte specification and at later times in the melanocyte lineage. During specification, Sox10 activates the Mitf gene as the key regulator of melanocyte development. At later stages, it ensures cell‐type specific expression of melanocyte genes such as Dopachrome tautomerase. Both activities require cooperation with transcriptional partner proteins such as Pax‐3, CREB and eventually Mitf. If predictions can be made from other cell lineages, further functions of Sox proteins in melanocytes may still lie ahead.
Path models for the abscission of reproductive structures in three contrasting cultivars of faba bean (Vicia faba)
Authors: Chbouki Samira , Shipley Bill , Bamouh Ahmed
Published: March 2005

We hypothesized that the differences in the amount of abscission of reproductive structures in three physiological types of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) were due to different physiological responses to an internal competition for resources in the plant. Vicia faba 'Aguadulce' has an indeterminate growth habit and a dichotomous system of vascularization in its inflorescences. Vicia faba 'D83146-123' has a determinate growth habit and a dichotomous system of vascularization in its inflorescences. Vicia faba 'B 87.151' has an indeterminate growth habit and an independent vascular system in its inflorescences. Flower and pod abscission were related to growth and developmental attributes using multiple regressions as well as path analysis. The path models showed that abscission in the determinate growth cultivar was positively related to plant height and branch number, suggesting that competition for vegetative growth is still responsible for abscission in this cultivar. Future breeding should focus on reducing branch number in this cultivar. Results suggest that competition between reproductive structures has been attenuated in the independent vascular system cultivar even if flowers and pods continue to abscind. Further selection should be concentrated on a reduction of height and an independent vascular system within the stem to reduce competition between inflorescences. Key words: faba bean, flower abscission, pod abscission, path analysis, Vicia faba.
U/Pb geochronological constraints on Neoarchean tectonism: multiple compressional events in the northwestern Hearne Domain, Western Churchill Province, Canada
Authors: MacLachlan Kate , Davis William J , Relf Carolyn
Published: March 2005

In the Yathkyed Lake area the Tyrrell shear zone (TSZ) marks the boundary between the northwestern and central Hearne subdomains of the Western Churchill Province. The TSZ is dominated by Proterozoic dextral strain, but in areas of low dextral strain, older shear fabrics are consistent with an earlier thrusting event. Four syntectonic granite sheets from within low-dextral-strain zones in the TSZ and contiguous shear zones at the base of the Yathkyed belt have ages of 26362629, 2652 ± 8, 26652639, and 2644 ± 3 Ma. The Yathkyed belt occurs in the hanging wall of these shear zones and comprises a greenschist- to amphibolite-grade, overturned panel that is overlain by an upper amphibolite-grade polydeformed panel. The geometry is consistent with a thrust-imbricated stack. Two episodes of deformation in the hanging wall are bracket between ca. 2660 and 2616 +64 Ma and between 2616 +64 Ma and ca. 2.60 Ga. The Yathkyed belt is interpreted to have initially been emplaced as a thick-skinned, thrust nappe along the TSZ, during 2.662.62 Ga tectonism, and reactivated at ca. 2.622.60 Ga, causing further crustal thickening. In the Upper Panel, protracted upper amphibolite-grade metamorphism and associated anatectic melting are recorded by zircon, titanite, and monazite ages ranging from ca. 2561 to 2492 Ma. This thermal event is in part attributed to burial in response to ca. 2.622.60 Ga thrust reactivation. The timing and means of emplacement of the Upper Panel on top of the Lower Panel is uncertain; however, ca. 2.50 Ga thrusting elsewhere in the northwestern Hearne subdomain provides one possible mechanism.
Middle Eocene sedimentary and volcanic infilling of an evolving supradetachment basin: White Lake Basin, south-central British Columbia
Authors: McClaughry Jason D , Gaylord David R
Published: March 2005

The middle Eocene White Lake and Skaha formations in the White Lake Basin, British Columbia record the sedimentary and volcanic infilling of a supradetachment basin that developed during the latter stages of Shuswap metamorphic core complex exhumation. The 1.1-km-thick White Lake Formation is characterized by volcanogenic sediment gravity flow, fluvial, and sheetflood facies interbedded with volcanic deposits. Facies relations suggest White Lake strata accumulated on coalesced, west-sloping alluvial fans that drained an active volcanic center. The overlying 0.3-km-thick Skaha Formation records increased tectonism and mass-wasting. Pervasively shattered Skaha avalanche, slide, and sheetflood deposits accumulated on alluvial fans, shed from hanging-wall and footwall sources exposed along the Okanagan Valley fault. Clast compositions of the White Lake and Skaha formations record alluvial and tectonic stripping that locally eliminated hanging-wall blocks. Mylonite clasts in upper Skaha beds imply significant Okanagan Valley fault footwall uplift during the middle Eocene and syntectonic erosion of the Shuswap metamorphic core complex. The syntectonic sedimentary record preserved within the White Lake Basin elucidates the relations and timing between core complex exhumation and extensional tectonism in this region. The White Lake and Skaha formations are the apparent age equivalent of the Klondike Mountain Formation of northern Washington (USA.). White Lake Basin strata, however, are more complexly interstratified, post-depositionally disrupted, and contain a more complete record of core complex unroofing. Variations in the spatial distributions and textural and compositional character of middle Eocene strata in this area underscore the need to exercise care when developing regional-scale sedimentarytectonicvolcanic models.
Impact of the foliar pathogen Swiss needle cast on wood quality of Douglas-fir
Authors: Johnson G R , Grotta Amy T , Gartner Barbara L , Downes Geoff
Published: March 2005

Many stands of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) near coastal areas of Oregon and Washington are heavily infected with the foliar pathogen causing Swiss needle cast (SNC) disease, and yet there is very little research on the resulting wood quality. Modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), microfibril angle (MFA), wood density, latewood proportion, and sapwood moisture content were examined in 20- to 28-year-old trees from 15 stands that were infected with varying intensities of SNC. SNC severity was quantified by measuring needle retention, the number of needle cohorts retained at three crown levels. Correlations between disease severity and wood properties were examined at both the stand and within-stand levels. Trees from heavily infected stands (needle retention <2 years) had higher MOE, wood density, and latewood proportion and lower sapwood moisture content than trees from healthier stands. Breast-height age (BHage) was also correlated with these properties, but age alone did not explain all of the increases. MFA was not associated with SNC severity. Within stands, needle retention was not associated with MOE or MOR. The increase in latewood proportion in diseased stands appears to be the driving factor behind their increase in stiffness (MOE). Ring width decreased with decreased needle retention, and the examined wood properties generally showed stronger correlations with ring width than with needle retention.
A Cross Cultural Perspective on Perceived Leadership Effectiveness
Authors: Yan Jun , Hunt James G. Jerry
Published: March 2005

We propose a theoretical model to explain how societal/cultural settings may influence the leadership perception processes of followers and the ways perceived leadership effectiveness can be achieved. We adopt five cultural dimensions - collectivism/individualism (CI), masculinity/femininity (MASC), power distance (PD), uncertainty avoidance (UA) and fatalism (FT), and relate them to two types of leadership perception modes - recognition-based and inference-based processes, and perceived leadership effectiveness. Propositions are developed concerning how these cultural dimensions would be expected to influence leadership perception processes. We also discuss our propositions from a multidimensional perspective. We propose that in some cultural settings, fitting leadership behaviors and traits to leadership prototypes will be more likely to lead to perceived leadership effectiveness. In other cultural settings, more positive group or organizational performance outcomes will be more likely to lead to perceived leadership effectiveness. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these propositions as they are embedded within an organizational context.
Genetic Variation in the Decay Resistance of Siberian Larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) Wood
Authors: VenälÄinen M. , Harju A.M. , Nikkanen T. , Paajanen L. , Velling P. , Viitanen H.
Published: March 2005

The aim of the study was to estimate the degree of genetic determination in the decay resistance of Siberian
larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) wood and its correlation to other wood traits. The wood samples were
taken from 25-year-old grafted seed orchard clones with an increment core borer, dried, weighed, and
subjected to a laboratory decay test using a modified method based on the standardised EN 113 method.
One brown rot fungus, Coniophora puteana (Schum. ex Fr.) Karst., was used as the decaying organism.
The advantages of the method were the savings in time, the possibility to study standing trees, and the
potential for screening large numbers of samples at reasonable costs. The clonal repeatability was used
to estimate the degree of genetic determination. The genetic determination appeared to be stronger for
decay resistance than for growth characteristics or heartwood formation, but weaker than for wood density
or latewood formation. Decay resistance and the growth characteristics did not correlate.
On the Constraint-Based Failure Assessment of Surface Cracked Plates under Biaxial Loading
Authors: Wang X , Yu X
Published: March 2005

Surface cracked plates under biaxial loading represent an excellent model of cracked welded structures experiencing complex loadings. For example, girth and seam welds in pressure vessels are subject to biaxial stress fields. In this paper, the constraint-based failure assessment of surface cracked plates under biaxial tension loading is presented. As a comparison, the assessment of surface cracked plates under uniaxial tension loading is also presented. The elastic T-stress is used as the constraint parameter. The calculation of the stress intensity factors, T-stresses and limit loads for surface cracks under biaxial/uniaxial loadings are discussed. Failure assessments for typical points along the crack front for surface cracks are conducted. The failure assessment results are compared with available experimental observations.
Environmentally Influenced Fatigue in High Strength Steels
Authors: Lee EU , Vasudevan AK
Published: March 2005

A study was conducted to identify the environmental influence on fatigue crack growth behavior of three high strength steels: AerMet 100, 300M, and 4340. These steels were subjected to fatigue tests under constant amplitude loading of frequency 10 Hz and stress ratios R = 0.1 and 0.9, in vacuum, air, and 3.5 % NaCl solution. The fatigue crack growth was characterized with two driving force parameters, stress intensity range, ΔK, and maximum stress intensity, Kmax. Especially, the variation of fatigue crack growth per time, da/dt, with Kmax in 3.5 % NaCl solution was evaluated with respect to R, environment, and threshold stress intensity for environmentally assisted cracking (EAC), KIEAC. In addition, the environmental influence on fatigue crack growth was examined with the fractographic features and trajectory path, drawn with the limiting values of ΔK and Kmax, ΔK* and Kmax*.
A Method for Calculation of Fastener Torque Specifications Which Includes Statistical Tolerancing
Authors: Reiff JD
Published: March 2005

The Monte Carlo simulation method is applied to quantify the probability of exceeding the maximum desired bolt exploitation for fasteners tightened to a torque specification. The simulation results are utilized to develop a method for the calculation of torque specifications such that the probability that a bolt will exceed the maximum desired bolt exploitation is thirty-two parts per million (ppm).
Rotrode Filter Spectroscopy: A Recently Improved Method to Detect and Analyze Large Wear and Contaminant Particles in Fluids
Authors: Lukas M , Yurko RJ , Anderson DP
Published: March 2005

Routine spectrochemical analysis of used oil samples with rotating disc electrode (RDE) or inductively coupled plasma (ICP) emission spectrometers has become standard practice in machine condition monitoring programs to determine elemental content. Unfortunately, both of these techniques become less responsive to particles as they increase in size. To overcome this limitation, several complementary methods and analytical techniques to detect large particles in used oil have been applied, including acid digestion, ferrography, and X-ray analysis. Unfortunately, these techniques are not practical or economical to implement in a high sample throughput machine condition-monitoring program. One technique that has demonstrated success as a complementary method for detecting large particles is rotrode filter spectroscopy (RFS). RFS extends the capability of rotating disc electrode (RDE) spectrometers to detect particles greater than 10 μm in size.
Plasmalemmal Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-Bisphosphate Level Regulates the Releasable Vesicle Pool Size in Chromaffin Cells
Authors: Milosevic Ira , Sørensen Jakob B. , Lang Thorsten , Krauss Michael , Nagy Gábor , Haucke Volker , Jahn Reinhard , Neher Erwin
Published: March 2005

During exocytosis, certain phospholipids may act as regulators of secretion. Here, we used several independent approaches to perturb the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] level in bovine chromaffin cells to investigate how changes of plasmalemmal PI(4,5)P2affect secretion. Membrane levels of PI(4,5)P2were estimated by analyzing images of lawns of plasma membranes labeled with fluorescent probes specific for PI(4,5)P2. The specific PI(4,5)P2signal was enriched in submicrometer-sized clusters. In parallel patch-clamp experiments on intact cells, we measured the secretion of catecholamines. Overexpression of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate-5-kinase Iγ, or infusion of PI(4,5)P2through the patch pipette, increased the PI(4,5)P2level in the plasma membrane and potentiated secretion. Expression of a membrane-targeted inositol 5-phosphatase domain of synaptojanin 1 eliminated PI(4,5)P2from the membrane and abolished secretion. An inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase, 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one, led to a transient increase in the PI(4,5)P2level that was associated with a potentiation of secretion. After prolonged incubation, the level of PI(4,5)P2decreased and secretion was inhibited. Kinetic analysis showed that changes in PI(4,5)P2levels led to correlated changes in the size of two releasable vesicle pools, whereas their fusion kinetics remained unaffected. We conclude that during both short- and long-term manipulations of PI(4,5)P2level secretion scales with plasma membrane PI(4,5)P2content and that PI(4,5)P2has an early effect on secretion by regulating the number of vesicles ready for release.
"The Italian Turn Of Thought"
Authors: BERTHOLD DENNIS
Published: March 2005

Studies of Herman Melville's epic poem Clarel (1876) have understandably emphasized the work's theological content. When studied in its immediate historical context, however, the poem's multiple references to Rome and Catholicism take on speci�c political meanings, particularly those centered in the Risorgimento, Italy's century-long quest for independence and unity. In 1870, when Melville began to write the poem, the Risorgimento achieved its �nal goal, making Rome Italy's capital and stripping the Pope of his temporal power. Melville, like many Americans, supported Italy's moderate, anti-papal, nationalistic ideals, and in Clarel he embodied them in the Roman orphan Celio. Celio represents skepticism, present experience, and historical circumstance in opposition both to the intolerant religious politics of orthodox Catholicism (represented in the poem by Brother Salvaterra and the Dominican priest) and the violent extremism of secular revolutionists (represented by Mortmain and Ungar). Through Celio, Melville offers a trans-national perspective on issues of nationhood by engaging speci�c current events and critiquing those who substitute failed ideologies for the uncertainties of experience.
Perspective New Religions and Alternative Religions
Authors: Robbins Thomas
Published: March 2005

A degree of incoherence has marked discourse about "new religions." This is partly related to the tendency to equate "new religions" with "alternative religions," as if they were identical phenomena. Intrinsic conceptions of "new religious movements" emphasize internal properties such as first generation membership. Extrinsic, relational conceptions shift the focus to the group's lack of alignment with dominant sociocultural patterns. But some "misaligned" groups may not be chronologically "new," while some "new" groups may actually be well aligned. Lack of alignment should be treated as the hallmark of "alternative religions," which may or may not be (intrinsically defined) "new religions." However, in the relatively tolerant United States, persisting religions tend to become aligned quickly, such that it is mainly organizationally new religions which lack alignment.
Symbolic Resistance to the Waco Tragedy on the Internet
Authors: MacWilliams Mark
Published: March 2005

For marginalized religious and political groups, the Internet is a powerful tool for informational and organizational purposes. Important examples of this are Branch Davidian and Waco-related websites. A survey of these sites shows that the controversy over what happened in 1993 that led to the Waco tragedy still rages on the Internet. Despite the fact that Branch Davidian survivors, Libertarians, Second Amendment rightists, and the militia movement have very different political, ideological, and in some cases, theological positions, they employ a common set of symbols to make their case—that what happened at the Branch Davidians' Mount Carmel was wrong. In particular, their websites use shared symbols to protest, effectively offering a powerful counter-vision in contrast to what they perceive as the promulgation of pernicious stereotypes and untruths about David Koresh, the Branch Davidians, and the Waco tragedy by the government and the mass media.
Hominid Mandibular Remains from Sangiran: 1952–1986 Collection
Authors: Kaifu Yousuke , Aziz Fachroel , Baba Hisao
Published: March 2005

Eight hominid mandibular and associated dental remains discovered between 1952–1986 from the Early Pleistocene deposits of Sangiran, Central Java, are described. Although the specimens are surface finds, their original stratigraphic positions can be reasonably inferred on the basis of coincidental sources of information. These specimens significantly increase the dento‐gnathic sample available for intensive morphological investigation of the earliest Javanese hominids [Kaifu et al., 2005]. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measurement of the electrochemical response time and electron paramagnetic resonance behavior of poly(o‐phenetidine)–poly(styrene sulfonic acid) and poly(2‐ethylaniline)–poly(styrene sulfonic acid) complexes
Authors: Lin Der‐Shyu
Published: March 2005

Two studies were mainly focused on the measurement of electrochemical response time and the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) of the substituted polyaniline (PANI) complexes poly(o‐phenetidine) (POP)–poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PSSA) and poly(2‐ethylaniline) (P2E)–PSSA, which were prepared by the electrochemical polymerization of the monomer (o‐phenetidine or 2‐ethylaniline) with PSSA, with indium tin oxide (ITO) as a working electrode in a 1M HCl solution. Ultraviolet–visible spectra measurements showed evidence for the doped substituted PANI system to have a highly electrochemical response time recorded at a temperature of 298 K, and the results were further analyzed on the basis of the color–discolor model, which is typical of protonation systems. At the reaction time (3 s) and monomer concentration (0.6M) with PSSA (0.15 μ), the best electrochemical color/discolor time of the POP–PSSA complexes was 125/125 ms (thickness = 3.00 μm), which was faster than that of the P2E–PSSA complexes. At the same thickness (10 μm), the best electrochemical color/discolor time of the POP–PSSA complexes was 500/250 ms, which was faster than the P2E–PSSA complexes (750/500 ms). With regard to film growth rate, the POP–PSSA complexes (1.0 μm/s) were faster than the P2E–PSSA complexes (0.79 μm/s); this was attributed to the substituted PANI having a steric effect and to good reactivity by the ethoxy group (OC2H5) in the molecules. The EPR spectra of the two samples were recorded both at 298 and 77 K and were further analyzed on the basis of the polaron–bipolaron model. The narrower line width of the substituted PANI complexes arose due to polarons; that is, we propose that charge transport took place through both polarons and bipolarons. Compared to their salts, this could be attributed to the lower degree of structural disorder, the oxygen absorption on the molecules, and the steric effect by the side chain group. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1211–1221, 2005