bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
U-Pb geochronology of the South Mountain Batholith, Nova Scotia
Authors: Bickerton L , Kontak D J , Samson I M , Murphy J B , Kellett D
A
Published: January 2018

The South Mountain Batholith (SMB) is a composite peraluminous intrusion in southwestern Nova Scotia and the largest granitoid body in the Appalachian Orogen. The batholith comprises early stage biotite-granodiorite to biotite-monzogranite and a later stage of
leucomonzogranite to leucogranite plutons that are associated with numerous sub-economic to economic polymetallic (Sn, W, Mo, Cu, Ta, Nb, Zn) deposits, including East Kemptville, a past-producing Sn-Zn-Cu-Ag(-In) deposit.
The timing and duration of emplacement for intrusive phases that make up the SMB remain poorly constrained. The U-Pb zircon age results from Sensitive High-Resolution Ion Microprobe (SHRIMP) analyses in this study constrain the emplacement age of the early and later phases across the SMB, as well as
provide insight into mineral potential in the intrusive complex. Zircons from five plutons in the batholith were analyzed; including one early phase granodiorite, to compliment previous U-Pb zircon dates from similar phases (ca. 381-373 Ma), and four late phase leucogranitic plutons. Results
indicate the early granodiorite to be 380.9 ± 3.0 Ma and the later leucogranites to range between 376.0 ± 3.0 Ma and 372.8 ± 3.0 Ma. The ca. 15 Ma from oldest to youngest crystallization ages mark the beginning and end of SMB construction. Due to overlapping errors, more precise
dating is necessary to determine whether the late stage polymetallic-mineralized plutons intruded as a discrete magmatic event to the early stage plutons, or as part of a protracted Late Devonian magmatism in the region.
Reactivated basement faults and uranium-rich fluid pathways in the Athabasca Basin: new insights from the Patterson Lake corridor, northwestern Saskatchewan
Authors: Tschirhart V L , Potter E G , Powell J
W , Johnstone D , Rabiei M , Bethune K M , Chi G , Duffett C L
Published: January 2018

This report summarizes the 2017 field investigations and on-going research in the Patterson Lake corridor, northwestern Saskatchewan, an area hosting recently discovered, high-grade uranium deposits. 2017 activities included acquisition and release of a new
aeromagnetic survey and derivative map products, sampling and structural measurements on industry drill core. Samples will be analyzed for magnetization, petrographic, geochronologic, fluid inclusion and stable isotopes. Together these analyses will provide information on the ore genesis, alteration
and structural reactivation history of the region to inform on-going exploration and challenge existing ore deposit models.
Structural controls and relative timing of events at the orogenic Island Gold deposit, Michipicoten Greenstone Belt, Wawa, Ontario
Authors: Jellicoe K M , Lin S , Ciufo T J , Yakymchuk C , Mercier-Langevin P
Published: January 2018

The Goudreau Lake Deformation Zone (GLDZ) transects the Michipicoten greenstone belt and hosts multiple gold deposits, most notably the Island Gold deposit. This structural study aims to determine the deformation history of the deposit and surrounding area, and
to improve current exploration models. The GLDZ strikes east-northeast, subparallel to regional stratigraphy and foliation, and is centred along the contact of two metavolcanic assemblages. The Island Gold deposit is located in the southern metavolcanic assemblage, to the south of the trondhjemitic
Webb Lake Stock. The main Island Gold deposit forms a mineralized corridor comprising steeply south-dipping ore zones. The Goudreau zone occurs to the north of the main deposit and contains tightly folded sub-horizontal ore veins. Two generations of deformation and multiple vein generations have
been identified in the study area on the basis of overprinting and cross-cutting relationships. Mineralization is interpreted to have occurred during D1 sinistral north-side-up transpression.
Hydrothermal alteration and vectors at the orogenic Island Gold deposit, Michipicoten Greenstone Belt, Wawa, Ontario
Authors: Ciufo T J , Yakymchuk C , Lin S , Jellicoe K , Mercier-Langevin P
Published: January 2018

The orogenic Island Gold deposit, located in the Michipicoten greenstone belt, is part of the Goudreau-Lochalsh gold district. Preliminary results indicate that gold is hosted in multiple subparallel mineralized zones along well-defined shear zones that generally
strike east-northeast with a steep southerly dip. The alteration envelope is a combination of silicification, sericitization, carbonatization, pyritization and chloritization. Quartz "flooding" (silicification) as well as quartz veins are often present at the core of these alteration envelopes and
commonly contain visible gold. Alteration quickly decreases in intensity away from the veins and deformation corridors. Ongoing work aims at further characterizing the alteration styles and compare with other orogenic gold deposits and at constraining the source of the gold-bearing fluid and
conditions of gold mineralization. Achieving these objectives will aid in exploration efforts to expand resources and find new deposits as well as contribute to the understanding of orogenic gold deposits.
Lithologic controls on Paleoproterozoic BIF-hosted/associated gold: overview of Re-Os geochronology and Pb isotopes preliminary results
Authors: Mercier-Langevin P , Valette M , De Souza S , Creaser R
A , McNicoll V J , Grondin-LeBlanc P , St. Pierre B , Lauzon M -C , Malo M , Côté-Mantha O , Simard M
Published: January 2018

Eastern Nunavut represents an excellent site to study BIF-hosted gold deposits. Many examples of this type of deposit are present in this region that is largely underlain by Neoarchean rocks that were deformed at Archean and Paleoproterozoic times. Recent
research indicates that what was previously considered to be a simple Early Proterozoic gold metallotect associated with the Trans-Hudson orogen at ca. 1.9 to 1.8 Ga rather appears to be a long, multiphase hydrothermal history associated with a number of distinct orogenic events. Preliminary Re-Os
analyses on ore-associated arsenopyrite from the Amaruq deposit suggest a major time span with the youngest model ages at ca. 2250 and the oldest at ca. 2650 Ma. Such a long ore-forming history is in agreement with results obtained in the Meliadine district where arsenopyrite Re-Os ages range from
2.3 Ga to 1.8 Ga. The oldest model ages suggest that the Archean basement and host rocks may have played an active role in forming the Paleoproterozoic gold systems.
Textural and mineralogical characterization of a Ni-Zn-rich black shale occurrence at the Akie property, Kechika Trough, northern British Columbia, and comparison with examples from Yukon
Authors: Peter J M , Bocking N , Gadd M G , Layton-Matthews D , Johnson N
Published: January 2018

Hyper-enriched black shales (HEBS) that are enriched in Ni, Zn, Mo, and other elements occur within the Devonian strata of Yukon over 100s to 1000s km2. The mineralization is typically up to several tens of centimetres thick. Recently, during exploration for
SEDEX deposits, mineralization that is potentially analogous (and time-stratigraphically equivalent) to HEBS mineralization in Yukon was discovered in the Kechika Trough of northeastern British Columbia. Here, about 3 to 20 m stratigraphically below the SEDEX mineralization of the Cardiac Creek
deposit, an approximately 2 to 20 cm thick stratiform horizon hosts sphalerite, chalcopyrite, millerite, gersdorffite, clausthalite, pentlandite and pyrite within Devonian black, carbonaceous shale. This mineralization is strikingly similar in broad stratigraphic age, metal enrichments, textures and
mineralogy to HEBS localities in Yukon. Based on these similarities, this mineralization likely was formed at a discrete time interval, over a wide area (likely 1000s km2) within the Selwyn Basin and the adjacent carbonate platform. This has implications for any genetic and exploration model(s) for
this style of mineralization.
Three-Layer Non-hydrostatic Staggered Scheme for Free Surface Flow
Authors: Bayu Ade C. , Pudjaprasetya S. R. , Magdalena I.
Published: January 2018

In this paper, a finite difference algorithm using a three-layer approximation for the vertical flow region to solve the 2D Euler equations is considered. In this algorithm, the pressure is split into hydrostatic and hydrodynamic parts, and the predictor-corrector procedure is applied. In the predictor step, the momentum hydrostatic model is formulated. In the corrector step, the hydrodynamic pressure is accommodated after solving the Laplace equation using the Successive Over Relaxation (SOR) iteration method. The resulting algorithm is first tested to simulate a standing wave over an intermediate constant depth. Dispersion relation of the scheme is derived, and it is shown to agree with the analytical dispersion relation for kd < π with 94% accuracy. The second test case is a solitary wave simulation. Our computed solitary wave propagates with constant velocity, undisturbed in shape, and confirm the analytical solitary wave. Finally, the scheme is tested to simulate the appearance of the undular bore. The result shows a good agreement with the result from the finite volume scheme for the Boussinesq-type model by Soares-Frazão and Guinot (2008).
Multi-year statistical and modelling analysis of submicrometer
aerosol number size distributions at a rain forest site in Amazonia
Authors: Rizzo Luciana Varanda , Roldin Pontus , Brito Joel , Backman John , Swietlicki Erik , Krejci Radovan , Tunved Peter , Petäjä Tukka , Kulmala Markku , Artaxo Paulo
Published: January 2018

Abstract. The Amazon Basin is a unique region to study atmospheric aerosols, given their relevance for the regional hydrological cycle and large uncertainty of their sources. Multi-year datasets are crucial when contrasting periods of natural conditions and periods influenced by anthropogenic emissions. In the wet season, biogenic sources and processes prevail, and the Amazonian atmospheric composition resembles pre-industrial conditions. In the dry season, the Basin is influenced by widespread biomass burning emissions. This work reports multi-year observations of high time resolution submicrometer (10–600 nm) particle number size distributions at a rain forest site in Amazonia (TT34 tower, 60 km NW from Manaus city), between years 2008–2010 and 2012–2014. Median particle number concentration was 403 cm−3 in the wet season and 1254 cm−3 in the dry season. The Aitken mode (~ 30–100 nm in diameter) was prominent during the wet season, while accumulation mode (~ 100–600 nm in diameter) dominated the particle size spectra during the dry season. Cluster analysis identified groups of aerosol number size distribution influenced by convective downdrafts, nucleation events and fresh biomass burning emissions. New particle formation and subsequent growth was rarely observed during the 749 days of observations, similar to previous observations in the Amazon Basin. A stationary 1D column model (ADCHEM – Aerosol Dynamics, gas and particle phase CHEMistry and radiative transfer model) was used to assess importance of processes behind the observed diurnal particle size distribution trends. Three major particle source types are required in the model to reproduce the observations: (i) a surface source of particles in the evening, possibly related to primary biological emissions (ii) entrainment of accumulation mode aerosols in the morning, and (iii) convective downdrafts transporting Aitken mode particles into the boundary layer mostly during the afternoon. The latter process has the largest influence on the modelled particle number size distributions. However, convective downdrafts are often associated with rain and thus act both as a source of Aitken mode particles, and as a sink of accumulation mode particles, causing a net reduction in the median total particle number concentrations in the surface layer. Our study shows that the combination of the three mentioned particle sources are essential to sustain particle number concentrations in Amazonia.
Future changes in the stratosphere-to-troposphere ozone mass flux and the contribution from climate change and ozone recovery
Authors: Meul Stefanie , Langematz Ulrike , Kröger Philipp , Oberländer-Hayn Sophie , Jöckel Patrick
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Model simulations consistently project an increase in the stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) of ozone in the future. Both, a strengthened circulation and ozone recovery in the stratosphere contribute to the increased mass flux. In our study, we investigate with a state-of-the-art chemistry-climate model the drivers of future STE change as well as the change in the distribution of stratospheric ozone in the troposphere. Our focus is on the investigation of the changes on the monthly scale. The global mean influx of stratospheric ozone into the troposphere is projected to increase between the years 2000 and 2100 by 53 % under the RCP8.5 greenhouse gas scenario. We find the largest increase of STE in the NH in June due to increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations. In the SH the GHG effect is dominating in the winter months, while decreasing levels of ozone depleting substances (ODS) and increasing GHG concentrations contribute nearly equally to the increase in SH summer. A large ODS-related ozone increase in the southern hemisphere (SH) stratosphere leads to a change in the seasonal breathing term which results in a future decrease of the ozone mass flux into the troposphere in the SH in September and October. We find that the GHG effect on the STE change is due to circulation and stratospheric ozone changes, whereas the ODS effect is dominated by the increased ozone abundance in the stratosphere. The resulting distributions of stratospheric ozone in the troposphere for the GHG and ODS changes differ because of the different regions of ozone input (GHG: midlatitudes; ODS: high latitudes) and the larger increase of tropospheric ozone loss rates due to GHG increase. Thus, the model simulations indicate that stratospheric ozone is more efficiently mixed to lower levels if only ODS levels are changed. The increase of the stratospheric ozone column in the troposphere explains more than 80 % of the tropospheric ozone trend in NH spring and in the SH except for the summer months. The importance of the future stratospheric ozone contribution to tropospheric ozone burdens therefore depends on the season.
All-sky photogrammetry techniques to georeference a cloud field
Authors: Crispel Pierre , Roberts Gregory
Published: January 2018

Abstract. In this study, we present a novel method of identifying and geolocalizing cloud field elements from a portable all-sky camera stereo network based on the ground and oriented towards zenith. The methodology is mainly based on stereophotogrammetry which is a 3-D reconstruction technique based on triangulation from corresponding stereo pixels in rectified images. In cases where clouds are horizontally separated, identifying individual positions is performed with segmentation techniques based on hue filtering and contour detection algorithms. Macroscopic cloud field characteristics such as cloud layer base heights and velocity fields are also deduced. In addition, the methodology is fitted to the context of measurement campaigns which impose simplicity of implementation, auto-calibration, and portability. Camera internal geometry models are achieved a priori in the laboratory and validated to ensure a certain accuracy in the peripheral parts of the all-sky image. Then, stereophotogrammetry with dense 3-D reconstruction is applied with cameras spaced 150 m apart for two validation cases. The first validation case is carried out with cumulus clouds having a cloud base height at 1500 m a.g.l. The second validation case is carried out with two cloud layers: a cumulus fractus layer with a base height at 1000 m a.g.l. and an altocumulus stratiformis layer with a base height of 2300 m a.g.l. Velocity fields at cloud base are computed by tracking image rectangular patterns through successive shots. The height uncertainty is estimated by comparison with a Vaisala CL31 ceilometer located on the site. The uncertainty on the horizontal coordinates and on the velocity field are theoretically quantified by using the experimental uncertainties of the cloud base height and camera orientation. In the first cumulus case, segmentation of the image is performed to identify individuals clouds in the cloud field and determine the horizontal positions of the cloud centers.
Correction of CCI cloud data over the Swiss Alps using ground-based radiation measurements
Authors: Jeanneret Fanny , Martucci Giovanni , Pinnock Simon , Berne Alexis
Published: January 2018

Abstract. The validation of long term cloud datasets retrieved from satellites is challenging due to their worldwide coverage going back as far as the 1980s, among others. A trustworthy reference cannot be found easily at every location and every time. Mountainous regions represent especially a problem since ground-based measurements are sparser. Moreover, as retrievals from passive satellite radiometers are difficult in winter due to the presence of snow on the ground, it is particularly important to develop new ways to evaluate and to correct satellite datasets over elevated areas. In winter for ground levels above 1000 m (a.s.l.) in Switzerland, the cloud occurrence of the newly-released cloud property datasets of the ESA Climate Change Initiative Cloud_cci project (AVHRR-PM and MODIS-Aqua series) is 132 % to 217 % that of SYNOP observations, corresponding to between 24 % and 54 % of false cloud detections. Furthermore, the overestimations increase with the altitude of the sites and are associated with particular retrieved cloud properties. In this study, a novel post-processing approach is proposed to reduce the amount of false cloud detections in the satellite datasets. A combination of ground-based downwelling longwave and shortwave radiation and temperature measurements is used to obtain a mask for the cloud cover above 41 locations in Switzerland. An agreement of 85 % is obtained when the cloud cover is compared to surface synoptic observations (90 % within ±1 okta difference). The obtained cloud mask has been co-located with the satellite observations and a decision tree is trained to automatically detect the overestimations in the satellite's cloud masks. Cross-validated results show that 62 ± 13 % of these overestimations can be identified by the model, reducing the systematic error in the satellite datasets to 4.3 ± 2.8 %, at the cost of an increase of 7 ± 2 % of missed clouds. Using this model, it is hence possible to significantly improve the cloud detection reliability in elevated areas in the Cloud_cci's AVHRR-PM and MODIS-Aqua products.
Longitudinal structure of stationary planetary waves in the middle atmosphere – extraordinary years
Authors: Lastovicka Jan , Krizan Peter , Kozubek Michal
Published: January 2018

Abstract. One important but little studied factor in the middle atmosphere meridional
circulation is its longitudinal structure. Kozubek et al. (2015) disclosed
the existence of the two-cell longitudinal structure in meridional wind at
10 hPa at higher latitudes in January. This two-cell structure is a
consequence of the stratospheric stationary wave SPW1 in geopotential
heights. Therefore here the longitudinal structure in geopotential heights
and meridional wind is analysed based on MERRA data over 1979–2013 and
limited NOGAPS-ALPHA data in order to find its persistence and altitudinal
dependence with focus on extraordinary years. The SPW1 in geopotential
heights and related two-cell structure in meridional wind covers the middle
stratosphere (lower boundary ∼ 50 hPa), upper stratosphere and most of
the mesosphere (almost up to about 0.01 hPa). The two-cell longitudinal
structure in meridional wind is a relatively persistent feature; only 9 out
of 35 winters (Januaries) display more complex structure. Morphologically the
deviation of these extraordinary Januaries consists in upward propagation of
the second (Euro-Atlantic) peak (i.e. SPW2 structure) to higher altitudes
than usually, mostly up to the mesosphere. All these Januaries occurred under
the positive phase of PNA (Pacific North American) index but there are also
other Januaries under its positive phase, which behave in an ordinary way. The
decisive role in the existence of extraordinary years (Januaries) appears to
be played by the SPW filtering by the zonal wind pattern. In all ordinary
years the mean zonal wind pattern in January allows the upward propagation of
SPW1 (Aleutian peak in geopotential heights) up to the mesosphere but it does
not allow the upward propagation of the Euro-Atlantic SPW2 peak to and above
the 10 hPa level. On the other hand, the mean zonal wind filtering pattern
in extraordinary Januaries is consistent with the observed pattern of
geopotential heights at higher altitudes. Keywords. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (middle atmosphere dynamics)
Diagnosing sea-surface dimethylsulfide (DMS) concentration from satellite data at global and regional scales
Authors: Galí Martí , Levasseur Maurice , Devred Emmanuel , Simó Rafel , Babin Marcel
Published: January 2018

Abstract. The marine biogenic gas dimethylsulfide (DMS) can modulate regional and global climate by enhancing aerosol light scattering and seeding cloud formation. However, the lack of time- and space-resolved estimates of DMS concentration and emission hampers the assessment of its climatic effects. Here we present DMSSAT, a new remote sensing algorithm that relies on the nonlinear relationship between DMS, its phytoplanktonic precursor dimethylsulfoniopropioante (DMSPt) and plankton light exposure. The DMSSAT algorithm is computationally light and can be easily optimized for global and regional scales. At the global scale, it reproduces the main climatological features of DMS seasonality across contrasting biomes with remarkable skill compared to previous algorithms. Shortcomings of the global-scale optimized algorithm are the propagation of regional biases in remotely sensed chlorophyll (causing underestimation of DMS in the Southern Ocean) and the inability to reproduce high DMS/DMSPt ratios in late summer and fall in specific regions (which suggests the need to account for additional DMS drivers). Our work also highlights the shortcomings of interpolated DMS climatologies, caused by sparse and biased in situ sampling. Time series of DMSSAT between 2003–2016 in northern subpolar regions show wide interannual variability in the magnitude and timing of the annual DMS peak(s), demonstrating the need to move beyond the climatological view in studies of ocean-atmosphere interactions. By providing time- and space-resolved estimates of DMS emission, DMSSAT can leverage atmospheric chemistry and climate models and advance our understanding of plankton-aerosol-cloud interactions in the context of global change.
Carbon Dioxide and Methane Emissions from Red Sea Mangrove
Sediments
Authors: Sea Mallory A. , Garcias-Bonet Neus , Saderne Vincent , Duarte Carlos M.
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Mangrove forests are highly productive tropical and subtropical coastal systems that provide a variety of ecosystem services, including the sequestration of carbon. While mangroves are reported to be the most intense carbon sinks among all forests, their sediments can also support large emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), to the atmosphere. However, data derived from arid mangrove systems like the Red Sea are lacking. Here, we report emission rates of CO2 and CH4 from mangrove sediments along the Saudi Arabian coast of the Red Sea, and assess the relative role of these two gases in supporting total GHG emissions. Diel CO2 and CH4 emission rates in Red Sea mangrove sediments ranged from −3452 to 7500 µmol CO2 m−2 d−1 and from 0.9 to 13.3 µmol CH4 m−2 d−1, respectively. The rates reported here fall within previously reported ranges for both CO2 and CH4, but maximum CO2 and CH4 flux rates in the Red Sea are 10 to 100-fold below those previously reported for mangroves elsewhere. Based on the isotopic composition of the CO2 and CH4 produced by mangrove sediments, we identified the origin of the organic matter that supports GHG emissions. In most of the mangrove stands, GHG emissions were supported by organic matter from mixed sources while only in one mangrove stand the GHG emissions were supported by organic matter derived from mangrove tissues. Moreover, the organic matter derived from mangrove tissues reduced CO2 fluxes and enhanced CH4 production, pointing out the importance of the origin of the organic matter in GHG emissions. Methane was the main source of CO2-equivalents, despite the comparatively low emission rates, in most of the sampled mangroves, and therefore deserves careful monitoring in this region. Despite the mean net emission of CO2 and CH4 by Red Sea mangroves reported here, these forests become net organic carbon sinks when taking into account the existing carbon burial rates for the Red Sea mangroves. By further resolving GHG fluxes in arid mangroves, we will better ascertain the role of these forests in global carbon budgets.
Effects of variability in probable maximum precipitation patterns on flood losses
Authors: Zischg Andreas Paul , Felder Guido , Weingartner Rolf , Quinn Niall , Coxon Gemma , Neal Jeffrey , Freer Jim , Bates Paul
Published: January 2018

Abstract. The assessment of the impacts of extreme floods is important for dealing with residual risk, particularly for critical infrastructure management and for insurance purposes. Thus, modelling of the probable maximum flood (PMF) from probable maximum precipitation (PMP) by coupling hydrologic and hydraulic models has gained interest in recent years. Herein, we examine whether variability in precipitation patterns exceeds or is below other uncertainties in flood loss estimation and if the flood losses within a river basin are related to the probable maximum discharge at the basin outlet. We developed a model experiment with an ensemble of probable maximum precipitation scenarios created by Monte-Carlo simulations. For each rainfall pattern, we computed the flood losses with a model chain and benchmarked the effects of variability in rainfall distribution with other model uncertainties. The results show that flood losses vary considerably within the river basin and depend on the timing and superimposition of the flood peaks from the basin's sub-catchments. In addition to the flood hazard component, the other components of flood risk, exposure and vulnerability, contribute remarkably to the overall variability. This leads to the conclusion that the estimation of the probable maximum expectable flood losses in a river basin should not be based exclusively on the PMF. Consequently, the basin-specific sensitivities to different precipitation patterns and the spatial organisation of the settlements within the river basin need to be considered in the analyses of probable maximum flood losses.
Deduction of reservoir operating rules for application in global hydrological models
Authors: Coerver Hubertus M. , Rutten Martine M. , van de Giesen Nick C.
Published: January 2018

Abstract. A big challenge in constructing global
hydrological models is the
inclusion of anthropogenic impacts on the water cycle, such as
caused by dams. Dam operators make decisions based on experience and
often uncertain information. In this study information generally
available to dam operators, like inflow into the reservoir and
storage levels, was used to derive fuzzy rules describing the way a
reservoir is operated. Using an artificial neural network capable of
mimicking fuzzy logic, called the ANFIS adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference
system, fuzzy rules linking inflow and storage with reservoir
release were determined for 11 reservoirs in central Asia, the
US and Vietnam. By varying the input variables of the neural
network, different configurations of fuzzy rules were created and
tested. It was found that the release from relatively large
reservoirs was significantly dependent on information concerning
recent storage levels, while release from smaller reservoirs was
more dependent on reservoir inflows. Subsequently, the derived rules
were used to simulate reservoir release with an average
Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient of 0.81.
The Quick Assessment Model of Casualties for Asia based on the Vulnerability of Earthquake
Authors: Zhang Yue , Lin Qigen , Liu Yanyi , Wang Ying
Published: January 2018

Abstract. In order to make a scientific emergency strategic decision after an earthquake, casualties need to be estimated rapidly. Asia is the most earthquake-prone continent in the world. In this paper, by spatial statistic and regressive analysis of historical Asian earthquake data from 1990 to 2012, vulnerability curves portraying the empirical relationship between the magnitude of an earthquake event and the casualty rate caused by it were created for countries of six-groups and the Quick Assessment Model of Earthquake Casualties for Asia (QAMECA) was developed. The casualty rate was defined as the ratio of the sum of injuries and deaths in an earthquake to the number of people living in the earthquake-affected region. Thirty-one earthquake events from 2013 to 2016 were used to validate this model, and the validation results were good with actual casualties of twenty-one were within the range estimated by the model and the biases of eight out of ten were less than one hundred percent. The two input parameters of QAMECA were magnitude and location of epicenter of an earthquake and earthquake casualties can be estimated immediately after earthquake has occurred. As a consequence, QAMECA can be used to estimate earthquake casualties for Asian countries and aid decision making in international emergency relief in the future.
Circulation of the Turkish Straits System between 2008–2013 under complete atmospheric forcings
Authors: Aydoğdu Ali , Pinardi Nadia , Özsoy Emin , Danabasoglu Gokhan , Gürses Özgür , Karspeck Alicia
Published: January 2018

Abstract. A simulation of the Turkish Straits System (TSS) using a high-resolution, three-dimensional, unstructured mesh ocean circulation model with realistic atmospheric forcing for the 2008–2013 period is presented. The depth of the interface layer between the upper and lower layers remains stationary after six years of integration, indicating that despite the limitations of the modelling system, the simulation maintains its realism. The solutions capture important responses to high frequency atmospheric events such as the reversal of the upper layer flow in the Bosphorus due to southerly severe storms, i.e., blocking events, to the extent that such storms are present in the forcing dataset. The annual average circulations show two distinct patterns in the Marmara Sea. When the wind stress maximum is localised in the central basin, the Bosphorus jet flows to the south and turns west after reaching the Bozburun Peninsula. In contrast, when the wind stress maximum increases and expands in the north-south direction, the jet deviates to the west before reaching the southern coast and forms a cyclonic gyre in the central basin. In certain years the mean kinetic energy in the northern Marmara Sea is found to be comparable to that of the Bosphorus inflow.
Influencias y confluencias de la Psicología clásica en el Trabajo Social
Authors: Puente Ferreras Aníbal , Garrido Carmen Gloria , Marín Mª Isabel
Published: January 2018

El artículo analiza las influencias psicológicas en el Trabajos Social. Al examinar los enfoques clásicos se observa que algunos influyen de una manera más significativa que otros: a) el evolucionismo produce un efecto muy negativo sobre la equidad entre las personas; b) el psicoanálisis impronta en la familia como entidad social; c) el conductismo diseña modelos de cambio de conducta social; d) el humanismo, existencialismo y Gestalt usan la empatía como medio para mejorar la comunicación. Estos modelos teóricos y métodos psicológicos intervienen con eficiencia social en las tareas y desempeños profesionales de los trabajadores sociales en diversos ámbitos.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Earth Science Research, Vol. 7, No. 1
Authors: Luo Lesley
Published: January 2018

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Earth Science Research, Vol. 7, No. 1
El área metropolitana de Valencia en el sistema global de ciudades: los efectos de la crisis económica en la red de relaciones financieras de las empresas multinacionales
Authors: Salom Júlia , Fajardo Félix
Published: January 2018

El artículo analiza el impacto que la crisis económica ha tenido sobre las redes de relaciones de propiedad-filiación de las empresas multinacionales, consideradas en la literatura científica como uno de los factores más importantes en la integración de las ciudades en la globalización. El caso de estudio es el área metropolitana de Valencia, un centro de segundo nivel en las redes económicas mundiales que ha sido duramente golpeado por los efectos de la crisis desde 2008. A partir del análisis de bases de datos de empresas multinacionales en dos fechas de referencia, 2010 y 2013, se constata que la crisis económica ha provocado un retroceso en la inserción del área metropolitana en dichas redes, un aumento de las relaciones de dependencia, y una tendencia a la reestructuración geográfica de la red en la medida en que las empresas se han reorientado hacia nuevos ámbitos de relación, especialmente Iberoamérica, como estrategia de supervivencia.
Análisis de las inversiones en turismo rural desde los programas con enfoque territorial en Castilla-La Mancha (1991-2013)
Authors: Tirado-Ballesteros Juan-Gabriel , Hernández-Hernández María
Published: January 2018

El tejido socioeconómico por el que se caracteriza Castilla-La Mancha implica que sea una región especialmente castigada por los problemas estructurales que se derivan de las crisis en los mercados agrarios. En este contexto, el turismo se ha presentado como un pilar estratégico en el que se sustentan las políticas orientadas a la diversificación económica de las zonas rurales.El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la eficiencia de las inversiones realizadas en el ámbito turístico a través de las iniciativas y programas con enfoque LEADER desde los años noventa hasta la actualidad en Castilla-La Mancha. Para ello ha sido necesario categorizar más de 2.500 proyectos turísticos en tres grandes bloques: a) oferta complementaria, b) creación de producto turístico y c) planificación. Este análisis temporal, además de revelar el grado de aplicación del enfoque LEADER, permitirá hacer balance sobre la orientación de la oferta turística creada en los ámbitos rurales de Castilla-La Mancha.
Pérez Moreda, Vicente; Reher, David-Sven y Sanz Gimeno, Alberto (2015). La conquista de la salud. Mortalidad y modernización en la España contemporánea
Authors: Gonzalvo-Cirac Margarita
Published: January 2018

Pérez Moreda, Vicente; Reher, David-Sven y Sanz Gimeno, Alberto (2015)La conquista de la salud. Mortalidad y modernización en la España contemporáneaMadrid: Marcial Pons, 476 p.ISBN 9788415963578
Chant, Sylvia i McIlwaine, Cathy (2016). Cities, slums and gender in the Global South. Towards a feminised urban future
Authors: Ortiz Guitart Anna
Published: January 2018

Chant, Sylvia i McIlwaine, Cathy (2016)Cities, slums and gender in the Global South. Towards a feminised urban futureOxon: Routledge, 299 p. ISBN 978-0-415-72164-6
Diffuse ocular and orbital inflammation after zoledronate infusion—case report and review of the literature
Authors: Umunakwe Obi C. , Herren David , Kim Stephen J. , Kohanim Sahar
Published: January 2018

Bisphosphonates have become a commonly used class of medications to treat osteoporosis and other bone diseases. Zoledronate (zoledronic acid) can be dosed annually via intravenous infusion, making it an appealing option for patients and physicians. We report the case of a 68-year-old woman who developed severe, unilateral, ocular inflammation, including corneal endotheliitis, anterior uveitis with hyphema, scleritis, and orbital inflammation beginning 12 hours after receiving her first zoledronate infusion. Symptoms escalated but ultimately resolved with topical steroids and high-dose systemic corticosteroids. To our knowledge, this is the first report of unilateral diffuse inflammation of the eye and orbit, including corneal inflammation developing within 12 hours of a first zoledronate infusion.
Nurturing Mathematical Thinking
Authors: Manouchehri Azita , Zhang Pingping , Tague Jenna
Published: January 2018

With the publication of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics' Curriculum Standards document in 1989, nurturing students' mathematical thinking secure a prominent place in the discourse surrounding school curriculum and instructional redesign. Although the standards document did not provide a definition for mathematical thinking, the authors highlighted processes that could support its development, including problem solving, communicating ideas, building and justifying arguments, and reasoning formally and informally about potential mathematical relationships. Less articulated were ways that mathematical thinking may be supported toward the development of proving and prooflike reasoning among students (Maher and Martino 1996).
Quadrilaterals and Bretschneider's Formula
Authors: Garza-Hume C. E. , Jorge Maria C. , Olvera A.
Published: January 2018

We all learn at a young age how to calculate areas of squares or rectangles, but areas of irregular quadrilaterals are seldom mentioned. However, irregular quadrilaterals often appear in the real world. For instance, in a house, computing the area of walls, floors, or ceilings might be necessary to determine the amount of material needed for painting, tiling, and so on. Knowing the areas of backyards or fields is necessary for planting and computing yields. City personnel must determine areas of properties to compute prices and taxes. In our own research, computing areas of irregular quadrilaterals was needed for the interpretation of an ancient Aztec document that discussed surveying (see Jorge y Jorge et al. 2011). In this article, we talk about a formula deduced by Bretschneider in the mid-nineteenth century that not only allows the computation of areas of planar quadrilaterals, regular and irregular, but also provides a more thorough understanding of the geometry of such figures.
Exploring Student Strategies
Authors: Lloyd Gwendolyn
Published: January 2018

Students' novel strategies are a valuable resource for mathematical sense making in the classroom. Deliberate exploration of different strategies can support and extend students' mathematical understandings. Postscript items are designed as rich grab-and-go resources that any teacher can quickly incorporate into his or her classroom repertoire with little effort and maximum impact.
The Focus of Supervisor Written Feedback to Thesis/Dissertation Students
Authors: Bitchener John , Basturkmen Helen , East Martin
Published: January 2018

Written feedback on drafts of a thesis or dissertation is arguably the most important source of input on what is required or expected of thesis-writing students by the academic community. Despite its importance, relatively little is known about what type of information supervisors focus on when giving feedback. This article presents the findings of an exploratory, descriptive study that investigated what supervisors said they focused on when giving feedback. A total of 35 supervisors across three disciplines (Humanities, Sciences/ Mathematics, Commerce) at six New Zealand universities participated in the study. Data were sought from self –report data (written questionnaires and interviews) and samples of feedback given on thesis drafts. The study found that a wide range of beliefs concerning feedback are held by supervisors, that there is little difference in the type of feedback provided by supervisors in the different disciplines and that similar feedback tends to be given to both L1 and L2 students.
A statistical approach to term extraction
Authors: Nazar Rogelio
Published: January 2018

This paper argues in favor of a statistical approach to terminology extraction, general to all languages but with language specific parameters. In contrast to many application-oriented terminology studies, which are focused on a particular language and domain, this paper adopts some general principles of the statistical properties of terms and a method to obtain the corresponding language specific parameters. This method is used for the automatic identification of terminology and is quantitatively evaluated in an empirical study of English medical terms. The proposal is theoretically and computationally simple and disregards resources such as linguistic or ontological knowledge. The algorithm learns to identify terms during a training phase where it is shown examples of both terminological and non-terminological units. With these examples, the algorithm creates a model of the terminology that accounts for the frequency of lexical, morphological and syntactic elements of the terms in relation to the non-terminological vocabulary. The model is then used for the later identification of new terminology in previously unseen text. The comparative evaluation shows that performance is significantly higher than other well-known systems.
Data collection for seed system network analysis
Authors: Buddenhagen Christopher E , Andersen Kelsey F , Fulton James C , Garrett Karen A
Published: January 2018

We present survey questions useful for describing agricultural seed systems. The questions are designed so that they can be used for standardized comparisons among seed systems, addressing both networks for seed movement and networks for the communication of information related to variety selection and integrated pest management. This approach provides information that can be used in multilayer network analyses of how information influences seed system success. Also provided are example data sheets with field descriptors that should provide for straightforward statistical analysis after data collection.
Weighing
Authors: Balsiger Franz , Fritsch Klaus , Mottl Rafael , Müller‐Schöll Christian
Published: January 2018

The article contains sections titled:

1.
Introduction

2.
Technology

2.1.
Classification of Weighing Instruments

2.2.
Physical Weighing Principles

2.3.
Mass Comparison Principles

2.3.1.
Equal‐Arm Beam Balance

2.3.2.
Substitution Balance

2.4.
Force Compensation Principles

2.4.1.
Elastic Deformation

2.4.2.
Electromagnetic Force Compensation

2.5.
Specification of a Weighing Instrument

2.6.
Influences of the Environment

2.7.
Adjustment of a Weighing Instrument

2.8.
Metrological Traceability

2.9.
Definition of the Kilogram

3.
Calibration and Performance Verification

3.1.
Calibration, Adjustment, and Verification: Definitions

3.2.
Calibration and Measurement Uncertainty

3.3.
Minimum Weight and Safe Weighing Range

3.4.
Performance Verification

3.4.1.
General Testing Strategy

3.4.2.
Test Frequencies

3.4.3.
User Routine Tests

4.
Regulatory and Normative Requirements

4.1.
ISO 9001 Quality Management System

4.2.
Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)

4.3.
Specific Weighing Requirements, Guidelines, and Recommendations

4.3.1.
Calibration Guidelines

4.3.2.
Weighing Requirements in Pharmacopeias

4.3.3.
Legal Metrology: OIML R76‐1 and NIST Handbook 44
Turbidity Current Dynamics: 1. Model Formulation and Identification of Flow Equilibrium Conditions Resulting From Flow Stripping and Overspill
Authors: Traer M. M. , Fildani A. , Fringer O. , McHargue T. , Hilley G. E.
Published: January 2018

This study expands the widely used one‐dimensional, four‐equation model for turbidity currents to account for mass, momentum, and energy sinks associated with flow stripping and overspill processes acting upon the turbidity current suspension cloud. The suspension cloud is defined as any portion of the flow extending above the channel levees. The expanded model allows steady turbidity currents to evolve to a uniform, or equilibrium, state where mass, momentum, and energy gained through sediment and clear‐water entrainment processes are balanced by the mass, momentum, and energy lost to flow stripping and overspill. We perform a sensitivity analysis of the expanded model to assess how changes in channel (e.g., slope, channel height, width, bed friction, and radius of curvature) and flow (e.g., sediment grain size, suspension cloud concentration, and turbulence) properties affect the equilibrium flow conditions. By varying the model inputs from half to double their base case values, we find that the equilibrium values can change by up to a factor of 2. We find that the equilibrium conditions, including the flow Richardson number, were generally most sensitive to changes in slope, channel height, grain size, and suspension cloud concentration. Additionally, we identify model parameter space where Richardson subcritical equilibrium flow is possible. The fact that turbidity currents can attain equilibrium, and particularly subcritical equilibrium, might help elucidate the long turbidity current runout distances on low slopes inferred from extensive submarine channel levee systems.
Turbidity Current Dynamics: 2. Simulating Flow Evolution Toward Equilibrium in Idealized Channels
Authors: Traer M. M. , Fildani A. , Fringer O. , McHargue T. , Hilley G. E.
Published: January 2018

This study simulates turbidity currents through a number of idealized channels using a steady, one‐dimensional, depth‐averaged model to determine if modeled flows starting from a wide range of initial conditions might reach an equilibrium state where clear‐water entrainment balances fluid mass lost to flow stripping or overspill processes. To accomplish this, we calculated flow dynamics based on 1,000 sets of randomized initial conditions, identified flows that successfully traversed the system, and then extracted the flow height, velocity, and sediment flux at the channel terminus. We then systematically changed channel and flow properties using a wide range of values and calculated the length required for the simulated currents to reach the new equilibrium conditions. We found that modeled turbidity currents may evolve to a single equilibrium state consistent with the physical channel and flow properties regardless of the initial flow conditions. Additionally, we found that simulated turbidity currents generally required 1–40 km of downflow distance to adjust to new equilibrium conditions resulting from changes in the channel slope, channel height, channel width, coefficient of bed friction, and meander radius of curvature. Changes in sediment grain size and suspension cloud concentration resulted in adjustment lengths exceeding 100 km. Shorter adjustment lengths resulting from flow stripping suggest that this process might play an important role in flow filtering. The fact that modeled flows adjust to new equilibria over tens of kilometers suggests that they are less sensitive to upstream flow conditions in longer channels.