bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A review of some common Indo-Malayan and western Pacific species of Chthamalus barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia)
Authors: Southward A.J. , Newman W.A.
Published: August 2003

The type specimens of the common tropical intertidal barnacles Chthamalus malayensis and C. moro, were re-investigated and compared with other specimens of Chthamalus from the Indian Ocean, Indo-Malaya, northern Australia, Vietnam, China and the western Pacific, using ‘arthropodal’ as well as shell characters.  Chthamalus malayensis occurs widely in Indo-Malayan and tropical Australian waters. It ranges westwards in the Indian Ocean to East Africa and northwards in the Pacific to Vietnam, China and the Ryukyu Islands. Chthamalus malayensis has the arthropodal characters attributed to it by Pope (1965); conical spines on cirrus 1 and serrate setae with basal guards on cirrus 2.  Chthamalus moro is currently fully validated only for the Philippines, Indonesia, Taiwan, the Xisha (Paracel) Islands, the Ryukyu Islands, the Mariana Islands, the Caroline Islands, Fiji and Samoa. It is a small species of the ‘challengeri’ subgroup, lacking conical spines on cirrus 1 and bearing pectinate setae without basal guards on cirrus 2. It may be a ‘relict’ insular species.  Chthamalus challengeri also lacks conical spines on cirrus 1 and has pectinate setae without basal guards on cirrus 2. Records of C. challengeri south of Japan are probably erroneous. However, there is an undescribed species of the ‘challengeri’ subgroup in the Indian Ocean, Indo-Malaya, Vietnam and southern China and yet more may occur in the western Pacific. The subgroups ‘malayensis’ and ‘challengeri’ require genetic investigation.  Some comments are included on the arthropodal characters and geographical distributions of Chthamalus antennatus, C. dalli and C. stellatus.
Effects of barnacle encrustation on the swimming behaviour, energetics, morphometry, and
drag coefficient of the scallop Chlamys hastata
Authors: Donovan Deborah A. , Bingham Brian L. , From Milton , Fleisch Abby F. , Loomis Eli S.
Published: August 2003

Barnacle encrustation negatively influenced every aspect of swimming in the scallop Chlamys hastata measured in this study. Scallops swam significantly longer, travelled further and attained greater elevation once epibiotic barnacles had been removed. Shell morphometry of barnacle-encrusted scallops was similar to shells of unencrusted scallops. Specifically, shell length was positively allometric with shell height and shell mass was negatively allometric. However, adductor muscle mass scaled isometrically to shell height, in contrast to unencrusted scallops. In the laboratory, the drag coefficient (Cd) of barnacle-encrusted scallops decreased after barnacle removal, in contrast to sponge-encrusted scallops in which no decrease in Cd was detected when the sponge was removed from the scallop's valves. Furthermore, scallops swimming with barnacle encrustation required more energy than did unencrusted scallops. Although there was no significant difference in aerobic energy expenditure between swimming barnacle-encrusted and unencrusted scallops, differences in anaerobic energy expenditure were detected. Specifically, barnacle-encrusted scallops required more arginine phosphate than unencrusted scallops to swim to exhaustion although octopine levels were similar. Thus, barnacle encrustation dramatically decreased a scallop's ability to swim, partly by increasing the drag coefficient experienced by the scallop and the energy required for swimming.
Functional morphology of the mouthparts and proventriculus of the rock crab Nectocarcinus tuberculosus (Decapoda: Portunidae)
Authors: Salindeho Indra Raymond , Johnston Danielle Jane
Published: August 2003

Mouthpart and proventriculus structure of the brachyuran crab Nectocarcinus tuberculosus was described by scanning electron microscopy and histology and characteristics indicative of dietary preferences were identified. A qualitative stomach content analysis was conducted to verify structural interpretations with respect to diet. The mouthparts and proventriculus of N. tuberculosus have features that are typical of macrophagous crabs and are consistent with a carnivorous diet of hard items. However, the mandibular arrangement indicates that N. tuberculosus is also adapted to ingest soft plant material and fleshy items, revealing that this crab is omnivorous which is consistent with its habitat of rocky shores and sea grass beds. Carnivorous features of the feeding apparatus include large crista dentata on the third maxillipeds that grip food items during ingestion and cuspidate setae on the second maxillipeds and first maxillae. Nectocarcinus tuberculosus has a complex arrangement of proventricular ossicles, 5-denticulated accessory teeth, and a spiny cardio-pyloric valve with rough, calcified protuberances. It has a robust, strongly calcified gastric mill with a prominent anterior cusp and 11 roughly surfaced vertical ridges on each lateral tooth specialized for crushing and grinding. In contrast to true carnivorous crabs, the mandibles in this species are symmetrically arranged, with two sharp cutting edges and no teeth, an arrangement adapted to cut softer plant-like materials and flesh. Structural interpretations with respect to diet were confirmed by stomach content analysis where items identified included gastropods, bivalves and the sea grass Posidonia australis. Functionally, the filtering system in the proventriculus of N. tuberculosus is complex. The cardiac stomach has a well developed ventral filtration system or ‘cardiac filter’ which comprises coarse and fine filters. Different modifications of setation between the distal and proximal regions of the inner valve of the pyloric filter are unique to this crab species, with an intersetule width 600 nm in the distal region and 80–100 nm in the proximal region. This suggests that some differentiation in filtration occurs between regions within the pyloric filter.
The unique interstitial habitat of a new neritiliid gastropod, Neritilia littoralis
Authors: Kano Yasunori , Kase Tomoki , Kubo Hirofumi
Published: August 2003

A new neritiliid gastropod, Neritilialittoralis, lives in a unique, intertidal, subterranean, brackish environment on Amami-ohshima Island, Japan. It lives exclusively on rubble that is embedded deeply in coarse-grained sand whose interstices are filled with a mixture of subsoil water and seawater. Empty shells of this species were also found in tide pools at the foot of limestone terraces on Okinawa Island, where a large volume of karst-related freshwater gushes out. The species is characterized by a very small, white shell and unpigmented skin. Neritilia has previously been found in freshwater streams, rivers, estuaries, and in anchialine and phreatic waters, and the present find expands its range of known habitats and has implications for the history of the invasion of freshwater by neritiliids. The spiral protoconch suggests that the larva of N.littoralis is long-lived, planktotroph and a very effective disperser, and all the individuals collected appear to be part of a panmictic population.
Sulphur-isotopic composition of the deep-sea mussel Bathymodiolus marisindicus from currently active hydrothermal vents in the Indian Ocean
Authors: Yamanaka Toshiro , Mizota Chitoshi , Fujiwara Yoshihiro , Chiba Hitoshi , Hashimoto Jun , Gamo Toshitaka , Okudaira Takamoto
Published: August 2003

Sulphur-isotopic composition of soft tissues from Bathymodiolusmarisindicus collected from hydrothermal vents in the Indian Ocean was reported. The δ34S values of the soft tissues (+3∼+5‰ vs Cañyon Diablo troilite) were nearly identical to those from the associated hydrothermal fluid and chimney sulphides (+5 to +8‰), but were significantly different from that of the common seawater sulphate (+21‰), which suggested that the endosymbiotic bacteria used sulphide in the fluid as an energy source. Transmission electron microscopic observation of the endosymbionts also suggested that the symbiont is a thioautotroph. Bathymodiolus species, which depend on either sulphide or methane oxidation, or both, have a worldwide distribution. Bathymodiolus marisindicus from the Indian Ocean has a close relationship with congeners in the Pacific Ocean as evidenced by form of symbiosis. Biogeography and migration of the genus Bathymodiolus based on the relevant data are briefly discussed.
The response of squid and fish to changes in the angular distribution of light
Authors: Mäthger Lydia M.
Published: August 2003

This paper describes the responses of a squid (Alloteuthis subulata) and a fish (Trachurus trachurus) to changes in the angular distribution of light.  An apparatus was made that simulated the angular distribution of daylight in the sea. The apparatus enabled the direction of the brightest light to be changed and the positions of the animals in response to these changes were observed. Squid viewed head-on were observed to roll by a maximum of 20° when the incident light source was at angles between 20° and 90° (where 0° is vertically downwards). When viewed laterally, i.e. in the pitch plane, the squid were observed to position themselves more closely with respect to the angle of the light source, they swam in a near vertical plane when the incident light source was at an angle of 90°. Swimming movements in the roll and pitch plane became more horizontal with positions of the light source between 90 and 180°. Horse mackerel, in contrast, inclined their dorsal surfaces to almost perfectly match the angle of the incident light source, even swimming upside-down when light came from below. These experiments also revealed that squid display a counter-shading chromatophore pattern (‘Flexible Countershading’) in response to light coming from the sides, which involves darkening the side of the body facing the brightest light. The use of chromatophores in this way may explain why the dorsal light reflex in squid is so weak compared to that of fish.
Neurotransmitters of mantle and fin muscles in spear squid, Loligo bleekeri
Authors: Collins Toby F.T. , Tsutsui I.
Published: August 2003

The responses to topical application of neurotransmitters to the mantle and fin muscles of the spear squid, Loligo bleekeri, were examined. In the mantle, the circular fibres contract in response to L-glutamate and the radial and longitudinal fibres contract in response to acetylcholine. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) did not affect contractions of any of the mantle muscle fibres.  The structure of the fin is similar to that of the mantle, with muscles arranged in three orthogonal planes. Topically applied L-glutamate causes all three muscle types to contract. Acetylcholine does not affect them. Pre-treatment with 5-HT blocks the L-glutamate response of the transverse and dorso-ventral muscles but has no effect on the longitudinal fibres. These results suggest that a secondary innervation pathway exists in musculature responsible for producing complex movements, such as the fin, but not in those with a simpler mode of action, like the mantle.
Differences in growth rates of juvenile Solea solea and Solea senegalensis in the Tagus estuary, Portugal
Authors: Cabral Henrique
Published: August 2003

The growth patterns of juveniles of Solea solea and Solea senegalensis were compared, within the nursery areas of the Tagus estuary. Growth was estimated by modal progression analysis of length–frequency data, using the Bhattacharya method based on 1327 and 3255 individuals of S. solea and S. senegalensis, respectively. For the two species several cohorts of the same age-group were identified, being the number relative to S. senegalensis higher compared to S. solea. 0-group individuals of S. solea begin to occur within the nursery in May, while for S. senegalensis the recruitment is longer (from June to October). The number of individuals of the first cohort was higher relative to those belonging to the subsequent cohorts. The growth rate of S. solea juveniles varied from 0·01 mm d−1 to 1·51 mm d−1 and that of S. senegalensis was between 0·22 mm d−1 and 0·89 mm d−1. Although no significant differences were found when comparing growth rate values determined for the different cohorts, age-groups and species, it was noticed that the estimates determined for cohort I were generally higher at the beginning of the nursery colonization period. The differences in the seasonal variation of growth rate of S. solea and S. senegalensis reflected their spawning behaviour and time spent in the plankton and also their differential habitat use pattern.
Occurrence of the bentfin devil ray, Mobula thurstoni (Chondrichthyes: Mobulidae), in the western Atlantic
Authors: Gadig Otto Bismarck Fazzano , Namora Rafael Cabrera , dos Santos Motta Fábio
Published: August 2003

This paper reports the occurrence of the fifth species of Mobula in the western Atlantic, M. thurstoni, based on specimens caught by artisanal and driftnet fisheries in coastal waters off southern Brazil.
The roughtail stingray Dasyatis centroura (Pisces: Dasyatidae) and spiny butterfly ray Gymnura altavela (Pisces: Gymnuridae) from the southern Adriatic
Authors: Dulčić J. , Jardas I. , Onofri V. , Bolotin J.
Published: August 2003

A roughtail stingray, Dasyatis centroura, and a spiny buterfly ray, Gymnura altavela, were caught near Kolocčep Island (Elafiti Archipelago, southern Adriatic) and the settlement Crkvice (Pelješac Peninsula, southern Adriatic) in October 2002 and November 2000, respectively. The roughtail stingray is the largest specimen recorded. Morphometric data of spiny butterfly ray are the first for this species in the Adriatic Sea.
Observations on blue sharks, Prionace glauca (Chondrichthyes: Carcharhinidae), from the Algerian coast (southern Mediterranean)
Authors: Hemida F. , Capapé C.
Published: August 2003

Investigations conducted off the Algerian coast between 1996 and 2001 resulted in the collection of 201 blue sharks, Prionace glauca, including 144 females and 57 males. Prionace glauca is mainly captured off the central area and lesser in the eastern area from the Algerian coast. The central area is probably a mating site of the species. The sex ratio changes are calculated according to specimen sizes and seasons. The recent abundance of the species in Mediterranean areas is discussed.
The occurrence of Symphodus bailloni on the south coast of England
Authors: Dunn M.R. , Brown M.J.
Published: August 2003

A total of 89 Baillon's wrasse, Symphodus (Crenilabrus) bailloni, were collected during a trawl survey of the Solent (south coast of England) between 11 and 15 September 2002. Specimens ranged between 3 and 16 cm total length, with clear modes at 6 and 15 cm, and were found throughout the survey area. Symphodus bailloni is reported to be a Lusitanean species that is rare in the English Channel, but was the most common species of wrasse captured during this survey.
Northern extension of the range of the vadigo Campogramma glaycos (Pisces: Carangidae) from the Adriatic Sea
Authors: Dulčić Jakov , Marčeta Bojan , Žiža Valter , Pallaoro Armin , Lipej Lovrenc
Published: August 2003

One juvenile specimen of the vadigo Campogramma glaycos was caught on 5 December 2000 in Piran Bay (northern Adriatic). This represents a northernmost extension in the known range of this species in the Adriatic Sea (and Mediterranean), and first record of a juvenile specimen in the Adriatic Sea.
First documented occurrence of the starry toadfish Arothron firmamentum (Teleostei: Tetraodontidae) in the south-west Atlantic
Authors: de Astarloa J.M. Díaz , Figueroa D.E. , Reta R.
Published: August 2003

The first documented record of the Indo-west Pacific pufferfish Arothron firmamentum was reported off Mar del Plata, Argentina at a depth of ∼45 m and is the first occurrence of the starry toadfish in American Atlantic waters. Some morphological and biological characteristics are given for the two specimens caught. Different explanations of how the two pufferfish specimens arrived in south Atlantic waters are discussed.
Burrow morphology of the goby Taenioides cirratus
Authors: Itani Gyo , Uchino Takashi
Published: August 2003

The morphology of burrows constructed by the eel goby Taenioides cirratus was studied using resin castings of burrows in situ as well as aquarium observations. Burrows had several openings, one of which was associated with a crateriform mound. The structure of the burrows consisted of the mound, gently sloping interconnected tunnels, and many short cul-de-sac side branches. The presence of the mound suggests that the fish actively process sediment.
Otolith microchemistry of Nezumia aequalis (Pisces: Macrouridae) from widely different habitats in the Atlantic and Mediterranean
Authors: Swan Sarah C. , Gordon John D.M. , Morales-Nin Beatriz , Shimmield Tracy , Sawyer Terrie , Geffen Audrey J.
Published: August 2003

Otoliths were obtained from Nezumia aequalis, a small macrourid that is widely distributed throughout the Atlantic and Mediterranean—two very different physical environments. Microchemical analysis of the otoliths was carried out using solution-based inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry of whole otoliths. Significant differences between fish populations were found for concentrations of the elements Li and Sr. Only 54% of the samples were correctly classified by area using discriminant analysis. Otolith samples from the Reykjanes Ridge were most easily distinguished. The results are discussed in relation to trace element concentrations in the waters of the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.
On the occurrence of the Arnoux's beaked whale (Berardius arnuxii) in Brazil
Authors: Siciliano Salvatore , de Oliveira Santos Marcos César
Published: August 2003

A specimen of Arnoux's beaked whale was recorded from the coast of Brazil on 4 August 1993. The specimen was identified from the skeleton in 1994. Arnoux's beaked whales (Berardius arnuxii) are known to have a circumpolar distribution in the Southern Hemisphere, from the Antarctic continent and ice edge (78°S) north to about 35°S in the southern Pacific, southern Atlantic, and Indian Ocean. Few sighting and stranding records are known. Its distribution in deep and cold waters, mainly far from the coast and in higher latitudes, is probably the main reason preventing the collection of more information on the biology of this species. It is still considered as ‘insufficiently known’ by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Sighting records are more common in Antarctic waters, where some individuals sometimes become trapped in ice holes, and in the South Pacific. Strandings are relatively rare. About 30 strandings were reported around New Zealand, and single ones occurred in southern Australia, in South Africa, Argentina and the Falkland Islands. The majority of records occurred south of the latitude 40°S (Ross, 1984).
Influences of underwater bottom topography and geomorphology on minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) distribution in the Mingan Islands (Canada)
Authors: Naud Marie-José , Long Bernard , Brêthes Jean-Claude , Sears Richard
Published: August 2003

Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) distribution was derived from a 12 year observation programme in the Mingan Islands (Canada) and related to three geological features of the sea-floor: maximum depth, topography and geomorphology. Minke whale distribution was not uniform nor random in relation to maximum depth and topography, however, no evident trend was found. The most prominent factor was the presence of underwater sand dunes, where significantly more minke whales were observed than on any other bottom types. Because sand dunes are the favoured habitat of the minke whale major prey in the study area, an indirect link between minke whale distribution, geomorphology and substrate type is suggested.
BACK TO THE FUTURE: THE IMPERATIVE OF PRIORITIZING FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN AFRICA
Authors: Odinkalu Chidi Anselm
Published: August 2003

The quite complex problems of human and group survival in Africa do not easily lend themselves to diagnosis or solutions within the human rights frame of analysis. There are several reasons for this. Some arise from the recent and not–so–recent history of the continent, others are associated with the foundations and formulation of the human rights framework itself, and the rest with the orientation of those governments, individuals, and organizations involved in or entrusted with translating the promises of human rights into human reality. The invidious dichotomies within human rights discourse between civil, political, economic, social, cultural, and collective (solidarity) rights or the so–called “categories” or “generations” of human rights, with the attendant and implicit hierarchy among these categories of rights, fails to resonate with most people around the continent for whom contact with the state is a frightening prospect that defies such convenient intellectual categories.
A PATH LEAST TAKEN: ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RIGHTS AND THE PROSPECTS OF CONFLICT PREVENTION AND PEACEBUILDING IN AFRICA
Authors: Agbakwa Shedrack C.
Published: August 2003

In the immediate aftermath of World War II, the initiators of the UN system and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) were convinced that respect for human rights and the dignity of the individual was essential to peace and conflict prevention. Perhaps, this was a realistic assessment of events informed by the experience of the failure of interwar agreements to protect especially minorities from genocidal butchery and dehumanization. Human rights was therefore seen as a primary means of conflict prevention and of promoting peaceful coexistence. Having evolved into a formidable global moral and political language of our time, human rights has since become the battle cry of many oppressed persons or groups.
RETHINKING (RELUCTANT) CAPTURE: SOUTH AFRICAN TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND THE IMPACT OF REGULATION
Authors: Cohen Tracy
Published: August 2003

The South African telecommunications sector has recently been the subject of renewed interest as it commences its second phase of liberalization and opens up its fixed line market to competition. With democracy in place since 1994, the challenge of economic and social development created by the ravages of apartheid required detailed government policy in every sector. Telecommunications was no exception. Since the promulgation of the 1996 Telecommunications Act, developmental objectives, particularly universal service, the advancement of small and medium enterprises (SMMEs) and the economic empowerment of historically disadvantaged individuals have rivalled more pedestrian sectoral reform goals often given priority in other countries, such as the promotion of innovation and competition.
THE PROOF OF THE PUDDING: THE PRESENTATION AND PROOF OF EXPERT EVIDENCE IN SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Meintjes–Van Der Walt Lirieka
Published: August 2003

Imagine, as one may well imagine at this time of the day, a chocolate mousse, dark and delectable, or a tempting tiramasu or a perfect pavlova. How are you going to decide which is best? Yes, indeed the actual presentation of the puddings may influence your choice, but to be able to make an informed choice, you would need to taste them. Do you have to make the choice according to your own taste, or do you have to decide which should go best with your menu for your dinner party? If you have to decide which is best, you would have to be able to rank them in relation to other mousses, tiramasus or pavlovas. You need to know the ingredients, and for a professional decision you would need some knowledge of the art of cooking. Proof in the art of cooking, science, and also in law depends on the quantum and quality of evidence or data sufficient to support a conclusion. Loevinger concludes that “[p]roof ultimately depends on the ability of the human mind to make appropriate and useful distinctions and connections among data or items of evidence”.
LEGAL AID IN NIGERIA: USING NATIONAL YOUTH SERVICE CORPS PUBLIC DEFENDERS TO EXPAND THE SERVICES OF THE LEGAL AID COUNCIL
Authors: McQuoid–Mason David
Published: August 2003

At the National Consultative Forum on Transforming the Administration of Justice System in Nigeria, convened by the Federal Minister of Justice and the Federal Attorney-General in November 2001, it was decided to draft a National Action Plan on Justice Sector Reform in Nigeria and to produce a Justice Vision document. The Ministry of Justice and the Attorney-General's office identified the need to examine ways of (a) upholding the Constitution and the rule of law; (b) promoting justice, fairness and human dignity; and (c) incorporating and expanding community participation in the administration of justice. The Legal Aid Council of Nigeria could contribute to this process by establishing a public defender network using law graduates in the National Youth Service Corps (NYSC). It may be possible to use the NYSC scheme to expand dramatically the current level of legal aid in Nigeria by employing the services of NYSC law graduates more extensively as public defenders. In order to consider the feasibility of such a programme the following factors will be considered: (i) the availability of lawyers and law graduates; (ii) the duties imposed by the Nigerian Constitution; (iii) the function of the Legal Aid Council; (iv) the operation of the Legal Aid Council; (v) the provision of legal aid services by the Legal Aid Council; and (vi) the cost of establishing a structured NYSC public defender programme.
CASE NOTES
Authors: Magaisa Alex Tawanda
Published: August 2003

Clearly, one of the greatest challenges that faces sub–Saharan Africa is the AIDS pandemic. The Human Immuno–Deficiency Virus (HIV), which causes AIDS, continues to spread at an alarming rate. In South Africa the statistics relating to the AIDS disease are staggering. With the greatest impact on the young and economically active population, it is estimated that without firm action, it will be an epidemic of catastrophic proportions, which will break up the foundations of socio–economic life. Against this background, the need for combative measures and strategies to deal with the problem is not in doubt. Civil society groups have taken an active interest in this issue and some, like Treatment Action Campaign (TAC), have conducted campaigns for access to quality health services. Recently, the Constitutional Court of South Africa was faced with an important case involving AIDS, pitting civil society groups on one side and the government of South Africa on the other. At the centre of the dispute was the South African government's response and policy towards combating the spread of the disease through mother–to–child transmission at birth.
CASE NOTES
Authors: Bekker Gina
Published: August 2003

In 1996 a communication was brought to the African Commission on behalf of the Ogoni people, by the Social and Economic Rights Action Center (SERAC), a Nigerian–based NGO, and the Economic and Social Rights Action Center, a New York-based NGO. This communication averred the Nigerian government's involvement in the environmental degradation and resultant health problems amongst the Ogoni, as well as the destruction of their housing and food sources, through uncontrolled and irresponsible oil production by the State oil company (a majority shareholder in a consortium of oil companies), as well as the ruthless actions of the Nigerian military in support thereof.
STATUTE NOTE
Authors: Lovett Jon C.
Published: August 2003

During the 1980s and 1990s there were two major changes to forest management objectives in Tanzania. Firstly, it was recognized that some of the forests, notably those on mountains in the east of the country and the coastal plain, are exceptionally rich in species of restricted distribution. Recent analysis has even placed these forests amongst the most important biodiversity hotspots world-wide. Secondly, there was a recognition that communities needed to be much more involved in forest management. The Forest Act, 2002, which replaces the 1957 Forest Ordinance, tackles both of these objectives and introduces some new concepts of forest ownership. Moreover it makes arrangements for establishing a fund that promotes protection of biodiversity and sustainable development of forest resources. This note first briefly reviews the history of forest law in Tanzania and then discusses innovations introduced by the 2002 Act.
What's so special about the Mediterranean? Thirty years of research on household and family in Italy
Authors: VIAZZO PIER PAOLO
Published: August 2003

This article discusses the ‘Mediterranean model’ of household formation proposed by Laslett and others in the early 1980s and argues that the notion of a Mediterranean culture area has been used in significantly different ways by family historians and social anthropologists. Drawing its materials mainly from research conducted on Italy, it examines the changing relationships through time between nuptiality and household composition, the extent and structural characteristics of servanthood, and the functions of the family as a welfare agency. It is suggested that some concepts that recent generations of Mediterraneanist anthropologists have tended to question or utterly reject (including female honour) might still prove useful to shed light on a number of perplexing features of family life in Italy and the rest of southern Europe.
Households and kinship networks: the costs and benefits of contextualization
Authors: PLAKANS ANDREJS , WETHERELL CHARLES
Published: August 2003

In Household and Family in Past Time (1972) Peter Laslett explicitly differentiated the study of kin relations within the domestic group from the study of those beyond it. Yet in subsequent decades the latter project – the conceptualization of the domestic group within the larger kin group – has not proceeded very far, even though it can easily be pictured as the ‘next step’ in micro-structural research. In part this is due to the inherent difficulties of recreating the larger kinship context precisely on the basis of available evidence. However, it is also because of changing conceptualizations of kinship and because demographic change demonstrably reduced the number of identifiable kin. If this project is to be pursued, its costs and benefits have to be weighed. On the one hand, the larger kin group may not have been important even if it can be identified as a group; also, migration might have dispersed kin groups so that only a few personal kin remained beyond the domestic group. On the other hand, the significance of kin groups is an empirical question which needs to be tested against historical evidence. Individuals also certainly had personal kin communities that were not corporate groups but still could have influenced the behaviors of persons within the domestic group. It is best to assume about the past that the domestic domain and the kinship domain interacted, creating the starting point for an interactive theory consisting of five propositions and their corollaries, outlined in the article.
Multigenerational families in nineteenth-century America
Authors: RUGGLES STEVEN
Published: August 2003

Revisionist historians maintain that the aged in nineteenth-century America and north-western Europe usually preferred to reside alone or with only their spouse. According to this interpretation, the aged ordinarily resided with their adult children only out of necessity, especially in cases of poverty or infirmity. This article challenges that position, arguing that in mid-nineteenth-century America coresidence of the aged with their children was almost universal, and that the poor and sick aged were the group most likely to live alone. The article suggests that the decline of the multigenerational family in the twentieth century is connected to the rise of wage labour and the diminishing importance of agricultural and occupational inheritance.
The Nahua calli of ancient Mexico: household, family, and gender
Authors: McCAA ROBERT
Published: August 2003

The Nahua (Aztecs) of ancient Mexico lived in large, extended family households (calli). A fundamental tenet of family history is that in the past high mortality was a major obstacle to household complexity. This was not the case for the Nahua, whose life expectancy was probably worse than any seen in Europe since the Black Death. Nahua populations were characterized by patriarchy, child marriage and greater proportions of complex and more diverse households than in regions of Europe which historians have identified as containing many complex households. Among the Nahua, although relationships within the household could be either uxorilocal or virilocal (relationship through the wife or the husband), subordination of women to male patriarchs was extensive. Most girls were married (cohabiting) well before the age of puberty. Thus, childless couples were common, but males without children rarely attained headship. While neither polygamy nor abandonment was widespread, their significance for gender oppression should not be denied. Widowhood offered new opportunities for companionship, but only for widowers. For widows, remarriage was infrequent and subordination to a male relative was inevitable. In modern Mexico, few remnants of this pre-conquest household system remain. According to the 1990 census, fewer than 10 per cent of Mexicans live as extended kin or as non-relatives in a household, even in rural Morelos where four centuries ago the compound family was the norm. The few modern examples of multiple family households tend to be Hispanic-like virilocal, patrilineal extended families.
Introduction: Household and family in past time further explored
Authors: SCHÜRER K.
Published: August 2003

The articles in this special issue of Continuity and Change arose from a workshop held in Palma de Mallorca, Spain, between 9 and 11 September 1999, hosted by the Universitat de les Illes Balears. The workshop was called to celebrate the thirtieth anniversary of another conference, that held in Cambridge at the Faculty of History and at Trinity College in September 1969. It was this conference in 1969 that resulted in the publication of Household and family in past time: comparative studies in the size and structure of the domestic group over the last three centuries in England, France, Serbia, Japan and colonial North America, with further material from Western Europe, which itself has just celebrated its thirtieth anniversary. Household and family in past time (hereafter abbreviated to HFPT), in part largely due to the ‘analytic introduction on the history of the family’ contributed by Peter Laslett, subsequently became a seminal work in the field. It not only mapped out the methodological groundwork for the quantitative study of the historical co-resident domestic group, but perhaps unwittingly helped define a research agenda into comparative familial and social structural history that was followed for many years by Laslett, his colleagues at the Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure, and researchers from around the world. It became in a sense a manifesto, and one with which Peter Laslett personally was inexorably linked. Thus, with the sad death of Peter on 8 November 2001, this special issue of Continuity and Change took on a new double purpose: not only to mark the path-breaking 1969 conference and the subsequent publication of HFPT, but also to pay tribute to the remarkable life and work of Peter Laslett.
Nordic family patterns and the north-west European household system
Authors: MORING BEATRICE
Published: August 2003

This article examines the impact of landholding and differences in local economies on age at marriage, on frequency of service and on household size and structure in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Particular stress is placed on the role of economic rather than cultural factors as determinants of regional variations in marriage age and household structures. Households were more complex whenever land, the accumulation of capital and multiple occupations were required for economic activity. Conversely, wage work – whether in fishing or agriculture and regardless of geographical location (for example in eastern as well as western Finland) – favoured the formation of small nuclear households. Some aspects of the family system (servanthood and a late age at marriage) fit the characteristics of the north-west European household system as delineated by John Hajnal and Peter Laslett better than others (frequency of complex households). It is concluded that there is no inevitable correlation between geographic location and the characteristics of a society's family system and that the model of the north-west European household system does not accommodate those societies where people were in a position to build strategies based on the continuous possession of land.
J's rhymes: a longitudinal case study of language play
Authors: INKELAS SHARON
Published: August 2003

A longitudinal study of one child aged 2;5 documents an invented language game consisting of suffixal reduplication and onset replacement. Initially, reduplication is partial: the reduplicant enlarges in discrete increments over the five stages of the game until by the last stage reduplication is total. Reduplication is accompanied by a process of onset replacement, in which the reduplicant always begins with /b/. Early in the game, this replacive onset ‘dissimilates’ to /p/ whenever the reduplicant would independently have begun with /b/. In subsequent stages, other voiced obstruents trigger dissimilation as well. Though similar in many ways to adult language reduplication, it is argued that J's game may more closely resemble adult rhyme (both poetic and word rhyme). Regardless, the structure of the game clearly reveals the child's awareness, in the third year of life, of stress and metrical feet, segmental natural classes, and segments themselves (phonemic awareness).
Constraint conflict in cluster reduction
Authors: PATER JOE , BARLOW JESSICA A.
Published: August 2003

When children reduce onset clusters to singletons, a common pattern is for the least sonorous member of the adult cluster to be produced. Within OPTIMALITY THEORY (Prince & Smolensky, 1993), this pattern has been accounted for in terms of a fixed ranking of onset constraints that evaluate a segment's degree of sonority, whereby onset glides violate the highest ranked constraint, and onset stops the lowest. Not all children follow the sonority pattern, however. In this paper, we apply two fundamental principles of optimality theory to yield predictions about other children's cluster reduction patterns. The first principle is that of FACTORIAL TYPOLOGY, according to which all rankings of constraints should yield possible languages. To produce the sonority pattern, all conflicting constraints must rank beneath the onset sonority constraints. If they rank above the onset sonority constraints, these other constraints will force deviations from the sonority pattern. In this paper, we show how divergences from the sonority pattern are caused by three well-motivated conflicting constraints: *FRICATIVE, *DORSAL, and MAX-LABIAL. This is documented in the speech of two normally developing children (about 1;6–2;3) and a child with a phonological delay (3;8). The second principle we appeal to is that of EMERGENT CONSTRAINT ACTIVITY, according to which the effects of violated constraints can be observed when higher ranked conflicting constraints are not at issue. We show that even when the onset sonority constraints are outranked by the conflicting constraints, under the right circumstances the sonority pattern does emerge in the forms produced by these children.
The acquisition of nuclei: a longitudinal analysis of phonological vowel length in three German-speaking children
Authors: KEHOE MARGARET M. , LLEÓ CONXITA
Published: August 2003

Studies of vowel length acquisition indicate an initial stage in which phonological vowel length is random followed by a stage in which either long vowels (without codas) or short vowels and codas are produced. To determine whether this sequence of acquisition applies to a group of German-speaking children (three children aged 1;3–2;6), monosyllabic and disyllabic words were transcribed and acoustically analysed. The results did not support a stage in which vowel length was totally random. At the first time period (onset of word production to 1;7), one child's monosyllabic productions were governed by a bipositional constraint such that either long vowels, or short vowels and codas were produced. At the second (1;10 to 2;0) and third time periods (2;3 to 2;6), all three children produced target long vowels significantly longer than target short vowels. Transcription results indicated that children experienced more difficulty producing target long than short vowels. In the discussion, the findings are interpreted in terms of the representation of vowel length in children's grammars.
Private speech in preschool children: developmental stability and change, across-task consistency, and relations with classroom behaviour
Authors: WINSLER ADAM , DE LEÓN JESUS RENÉ , WALLACE BEVERLY A. , CARLTON MARTHA P. , WILLSON-QUAYLE ANGELA
Published: August 2003

This study examined (a) developmental stability and change in children's private speech during the preschool years, (b) across-task consistency in children's self-speech, and (c) across-setting relations between children's private speech in the laboratory and their behaviour at home and in the preschool classroom. A group of 32 normally developing three- and four-year-old children was observed twice (six month inter-observation interval) while engaging in the same individual problem-solving tasks. Measures of private speech were collected from transcribed videotapes. Naturalistic observations of children's behaviour in the preschool classroom were conducted, and teachers and parents reported on children's behaviour at home and school. Individual differences in preschool children's private speech use were generally stable across tasks and time and related to children's observed and reported behaviour at school and home. Children whose private speech was more partially internalized had fewer externalizing behaviour problems and better social skills as reported by parents and teachers. Children whose private speech was largely task-irrelevant engaged in less goal-directed behaviour in the classroom, expressed more negative affect in the classroom, and rated as having poorer social skills and more behaviour problems. Developmental change occurred during the preschool years in children's use and internalization of private speech during problem-solving in the form of a reduction over time in the total number of social speech utterances, a decrease in the average number of words per utterance, and an increase in the proportion of private speech that was partially internalized.
Relative clause comprehension revisited: commentary on Eisenberg (2002)
Authors: KIDD EVAN
Published: August 2003

Eisenberg (2002) presents data from an experiment investigating three- and four-year-old children's comprehension of restrictive relative clauses (RC). From the results she argues, contrary to Hamburger & Crain (1982), that children do not have discourse knowledge of the felicity conditions of RCs before acquiring the syntax of relativization. This note evaluates this conclusion on the basis of the methodology used, and proposes that an account of syntactic development needs to be sensitive to the real-time processing requirements acquisition places on the learner.
Determinants of acquisition order in wh-questions: re-evaluating the role of caregiver speech
Authors: ROWLAND CAROLINE F. , PINE JULIAN M. , LIEVEN ELENA V. M. , THEAKSTON ANNA L.
Published: August 2003

Accounts that specify semantic and/or syntactic complexity as the primary determinant of the order in which children acquire particular words or grammatical constructions have been highly influential in the literature on question acquisition. One explanation of wh-question acquisition in particular suggests that the order in which English speaking children acquire wh-questions is determined by two interlocking linguistic factors; the syntactic function of the wh-word that heads the question and the semantic generality (or ‘lightness’) of the main verb (Bloom, Merkin & Wootten, 1982; Bloom, 1991). Another more recent view, however, is that acquisition is influenced by the relative frequency with which children hear particular wh-words and verbs in their input (e.g. Rowland & Pine, 2000). In the present study over 300 hours of naturalistic data from twelve two- to three-year-old children and their mothers were analysed in order to assess the relative contribution of complexity and input frequency to wh-question acquisition. The analyses revealed, first, that the acquisition order of wh-questions could be predicted successfully from the frequency with which particular wh-words and verbs occurred in the children's input and, second, that syntactic and semantic complexity did not reliably predict acquisition once input frequency was taken into account. These results suggest that the relationship between acquisition and complexity may be a by-product of the high correlation between complexity and the frequency with which mothers use particular wh-words and verbs. We interpret the results in terms of a constructivist view of language acquisition.
Adult reformulations of child errors as negative evidence
Authors: CHOUINARD MICHELLE M. , CLARK EVE V.
Published: August 2003

Parents frequently check up on what their children mean. They often do this by reformulating with a side sequence or an embedded correction what they think their children said. These reformulations effectively provide children with the conventional form for that meaning. Since the child's utterance and the adult reformulation differ while the intended meanings are the same, children infer that adults are offering a correction. In this way, reformulations identify the locus of any error, and hence the error itself. Analyses of longitudinal data from five children between 2;0 and 4;0 (three acquiring English and two acquiring French) show that (a) adults reformulate their children's erroneous utterances and do so significantly more often than they replay or repeat error-free utterances; (b) their rates of reformulation are similar across error-types (phonological, morphological, lexical, and syntactic) in both languages; (c) they reformulate significantly more often to younger children, who make more errors. Evidence that children attend to reformulations comes from four measures: (a) their explicit repeats of corrected elements in their next turn; (b) their acknowledgements (yeah or uh-huh) as a preface to their next turn; (c) repeats of any new information included in the reformulation; and (d) their explicit rejections of reformulations where the adult has misunderstood. Adult reformulations, then, offer children an important source of information about how to correct errors in the course of acquisition.
The ability to learn new word meanings from context by school-age children with and without language comprehension difficulties
Authors: CAIN KATE , OAKHILL JANE V. , ELBRO CARSTEN
Published: August 2003

This study investigated young children's ability to use narrative contexts to infer the meanings of novel vocabulary items. Two groups of 15 seven- to eight-year olds participated: children with normally developing reading comprehension skill and children with weak reading comprehension skill. The children read short stories containing a novel word and were required to produce a meaning for the novel word, both before and after its useful defining context. The proximity of the novel word to this context was manipulated. The results supported the hypothesis that children with weak reading comprehension skills are impaired in their ability to integrate information within a text, particularly when that information is non-adjacent and the processing demands are, therefore, high. Analysis of the error data revealed a similar pattern of types of errors for both groups: children with poor reading comprehension were not more likely to produce a thematically inappropriate response than their skilled peers.