bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does Adding a Formal Leader Improve the Performance of a Team in a Business Simulation?
Authors: Remus William , Edge Alfred G.
Published: March 2007

Game administrators must decide on team size and task assignments within teams. The research reported in this article addresses one key component of that decision; namely, should a formal leader be added to each group or should the group members be allowed to perform as peers. The authors held constant the differences across sections and across the subtasks that the individual group members performed. The authors found no evidence that groups with the added leader had better financial performance than groups without a formal leader.
SAGSET/ISAGA'92: Transferring Skills
Authors: Teach Joan K.
Published: March 2007

A joint meeting of SAGSET and ISAGA was held in Scotland, August 1992. The conference focused on the development of transferable skills through simulation and gaming in education and training. This report sunmarizes the conference and highlights some of the sessions. The conference was attended by 140 participants from 23 countries, providing a global approach to simulation and gaming.
Simulation in a Changing Romania: Report on ISAGA '93
Authors: Bernstein Alexandra N. , Teach Joan K.
Published: March 2007

In July 1993 ISAGA members convened in Bucharest, Romania for the 24th Annual Conference; highlights were after-hours games and simulations, cultural excursions, papers delivered by Romanian colleagues on preparing for the new economic system, and introductions to the major academic institutions of Bucharest. Gamers from around the world presented their research, innovations, and simulations. Above all, participants were privileged to enjoy the very warm, thoughtful, and all-encompassing hospitality of the organizer, Eduard Radaceanu, and the Romanian Institute of Management (IROMA).
Two Decades of Using Simulation Games for Cross-Cultural Training
Authors: Fowler Sandra M.
Published: March 2007

Simulation games have come to play a major role in cross-cultural training during the past two decades. This article defines cross-cultural training and briefly traces its history. The power of using simulation games for cross-cultural training is described. The history of the author is intertwined with the use of simulation games for cross-cultural training. Personal history with specific games such as BAFA BAFA, BARNGA, and THE TAG GAME is traced, and trainers who have influenced the author s development as a simulation gamer are cited.
Computerized General Management Games as Strategic Management Learning Environments
Authors: Wolfe Joseph , Rogé Joseph N.
Published: March 2007

The strategic management course continues to experience the greatest use of general, top management business games, and a number of games are available to the strategic management instructor Many are classical in their design, whereas others are of more recent vintage. Because the field of strategic management has changed dramatically from its beginnings in the late 1950s, a representative sample of games was examined based on their ability to service both the field's current knowledge domain and its unique analytical tools and devices. Depending on the instructor's desired learning outcomes, some games are more capable than others in accomplishing those results. No game provided perfect coverage of the strategic management field, thereby requiring the use of compensatory activities on the instructor's part.
The Negotiation Training Model
Authors: Wilkenfeld Jonathan , Kraus Sarit , Holley Kim M.
Published: March 2007

Decision makers, particularly in crisis situations, are often overwhelmed by the amount of information they must analyze in relatively short time periods and are often unable to identify optimal outcomes. This article argues that the employment of simulation techniques based on a sophisticated decision support system facilitates the identification of utility-maximizing strategies. The negotiation training model and its negotiation support system GENIE are discussed in this article, and preliminary results based on simulation runs are reported.
A Retrospective Evaluation of Factors Influencing Successful Outcomes on an Inpatient Psychiatric Crisis Unit
Authors: Anthony Dominic J.
Published: March 2007

This retrospective chart review conducted by a Veterans Administration Medical Center social worker examined 69 records from inpatients receiving services at a short-term crisis intervention unit (CIU) between July 1985 and March 1986. The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of CIU patients successfully discharged to the community (n = 41) versus those requiring a transfer to a long-term care unit (n = 28). Treatment compliance and family support were found to be significant factors associated with successful program completion.
Recent Practice Experience of Social Work Methods Faculty
Authors: Galaway Burt , Gandy John
Published: March 2007

This study was conducted to determine the extent ofpractice experience of graduate social work faculty members teaching methods courses. A survey of 705 faculty members produced 365 us able responses. The group reported a mean of 8 years' post-MSW practice experience, but a mean of 12.3 years had elapsed since the faculty members had been involved infull-time practice experience. Sixty-eight percent reported that they were currently involved in social work practice on a regular basis. The most common methods of secunng practice experience were supervision of social work students in a field placement (55% of the respondents) or private practice (41% of respondents). There was strong agreement among the group that current social work practice experience was important for teaching (only 4% indicate it was not important), yet 65% of the respondents indicated that their school did not encourage faculty to secure current practice experience.
Development and Validation of the Needs Inventory for Caregivers of the Hospitalized Elderly
Authors: Cummings Sherry M. , Kelly Timothy B. , Holland Thomas P. , Peterson-Hazan Susan
Published: March 2007

As the population continues to age, more and more families are faced with caring for aging family members and the concurrent increase in stress and needs brought about by hospitalization of the aging family member. The social service staff at Wesley Woods Genatnc Hospital wished to evaluate their services and explore the impact of a family conference conducted by a social worker/registered nurse team on the needs experienced by the family members of patients in psychiatry and neuropsychiatry units. A search of the current literature, however, revealed a lack of reliable and valid instruments designed to measure the perceived needs of caregivers of hospitalized geriatric patients. Therefore, the development of an instrument that could measure the perceived psychoeducational needs of such caregivers was undertaken. The Needs Inventory for Caregivers of Hospitalized Elders (NICHE) was field-tested and supportfor the instrument 's validity and reliability was found.
Psychopharmacological Treatment of Panic Disorder
Authors: Sundel Martin , Sundel Sandra S.
Published: March 2007

Social workers can use pharmacological knowledge in collaboration with physicians to treat individuals who suffer from panic disorder and panic disorder with agoraphobia. An overview of research and clinical findings is provided on the pharmacological treatment of panic disorder, including information about types of appropriate medication and their dosages, efficacy, side effects, and assessment of medication effects. Recent developments in the treatment of panic disorder are presented that favor the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) over other medications because of their efficacy and less adverse side effects. Further controlled research is required to determine the long-term effects of SSRIs and to confirm their superiority over benzodiazepines (BZDs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and monoamine oxidase inhibi tors (MAOIs) The use of alternative treatments, including cognitive behavior therapy, alone or m conjunction with psychotropic medications in treating panic disorder, is also discussed.
Mothers' Suffering: Sons who Died of AIDS
Authors: Gregory David , Longman Alice
Published: March 2007

The discourse on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is dominated by the rational-technical language of science and biomedicine. Lost in the rigid authoritarianism of science are the voices of those who suffer with HIV and AIDS. Mothers whose sons die of AIDS are caught in this web of suffering. This article privileges the voices of these women. Three narratives of suffering are explored in detail. Narrative analysis reveals that macro- and microforces are intimately interwoven in the suffering experience. The narratives provided by these women and this study of them advance the theoretical understanding of human suffering, a concept largely ignored within the discipline of nursing. Finally, the study demonstrates that nurse-researchers and the discipline of nursing must attend to human suffering by becoming engaged in the life-worlds of patients.
Apportioning Illness Management Authority: How Diabetic Individuals Evaluate and Respond to Spousal Help
Authors: Bailey Brenda Jean , Kahn Arlene
Published: March 2007

This study explores spousal helping behavior related to diabetes management as seen from the perspective of the person with diabetes. Individuals with diabetes described spousal behaviors considered helpful in one context that were considered intrusive or unhelpful in other situations. When the helpful and unhelpful situations were compared, two factors emerged that were fundamental influences in subjects' acceptance or rejection of help and the manner in which it was accepted or refused. These factors were perceived need for help and subjects' perception of spousal motivation for action. Combinations of these factors gave rise to four distinct response patterns: grudging acceptance of help, grateful acceptance of help, respectful rejection of help, and punitive rejection of help. The impact of these response patterns on diabetes management is discussed.
Surveys and Focus Groups in Health Research with Older Hispanic Women
Authors: Saint-Germain Michelle A. , Bassford Tamsen L. , Montano Gail
Published: March 2007

This article contrasts the findings from two studies undertaken on the barriers to health care use in general and to breast cancer screening in particular that are faced by older Hispanic women. One study conducted a randomly selected population survey; the other used focus group interviews. These two techniques are compared regarding their interaction with Hispanic culture in terms of methodology, data produced, and results. Focus group interviews are considered a culturally appropriate methodology for research with older Hispanic women because they draw on oral traditions, norms of helping, and existing social networks. While the two approaches tended to produce similar findings, the focus group interviews revealed some important differences. The article concludes that the survey interview is more suited to documenting individual levels of knowledge and practice, whereas the focus group interview is more suited to reproducing community attitudes and patterns of practice and explaining the reasons behind the survey findings.
The Assumption of Caregiving: Grandmothers Raising the Children of the Crack Cocaine Epidemic
Authors: Roe Kathleen M. , Minkler Meredith , Barnwell Rama-Selassie
Published: March 2007

In this article, selected findings are presented from a study of the experiences of 71 African American women who have become the sole caregivers for at least one grandchild or great-grandchild as a result of the involvement of the parent in use of crack cocaine. Despite the unique circumstances of each situation, three patterns of the assumption of caregiving emerged from analysis of the intensive interviews and participant observation: sudden assumption, negotiated assumption, and inevitable assumption of the permanent caregiver role. Each pattern is described along six dimensions: forewarning, initiation, the trigger event, the caregiver's goal, her assumed trajectory of the caregiving period, and her perceived influence on her own destiny. These accounts provide important information for those who work with women, children, and families, as well as unique insight into the consequences of the crack cocaine epidemic.
Grounded Theory: Evolving Methods
Authors: Robrecht Linda C.
Published: March 2007

Methodological issues raised by recent attempts to refine the process of generating grounded theory are examined in this article. First, the historical context of grounded theory method is reviewed, then several issues of importance to grounded theory methodologists are discussed. Finally, dimensional analysis, described by Schatzman in 1991 as a method for the generation of grounded theory, is proposed.
Claiming Power in the Medical Encounter: The Whirlpool Discourse
Authors: Ainsworth-Vaughn Nancy
Published: March 2007

In this article ethnographic discourse analysis was used to identify some major ways a cancer patient and her oncologist claim power in a medical encounter. The primary discourse strategies participants used to claim power were interruptions, questions, topic control, and symbolic ways of constituting social identity. Both participants used these discourse strategies; the patient mitigated her claims to power, constructing deference. The author suggests that deference does not necessarily imply passivity. These discourse strategies are placed within the context of a complex theory of power that looks beyond the boundaries of discourse structure, to power over one's own actions and over treatment. Thus an overview is provided of multiple ways power can be constructed in the medical encounter, both through discourse strategies and through actions uncapturable in tens of discourse structure.
Hidden Dimensions Revealed: Progressive Grounded Theory Study of Quality Care in the Hospital
Authors: Irurita Vera F.
Published: March 2007

The delivery of quality care, although acknowledged as being vital to health care systems, is a complex, poorly understood phenomenon. This article describes an attempt to respond to the challenge of studying the meaning of quality nursing care in an acute-care hospital setting. Grounded theory method was used to progressively develop theory incorporating both patients' and nurses' perspectives. Separate studies were undertaken concurrently in the same setting, and the ongoing development of theory is continuing. The patient's perspective is presented as the central focus, with findings and data from the nurse study being used for further comparative analysis. The different levels of analysis and progressive stages of theory development are highlighted.
Enabling Systems Thinking in the “Mesonic Millennium”: The Need for Systemic Methodologies for Conceptual Learning in Undergraduate Management Education
Authors: Thurston Elizabeth K.
Published: March 2007

Successful managerial performance in the 21st century demands systems thinking. Given the challenges to effective systems thinking in practice, conceptual learning in undergraduate management education presents a significant opportunity to facilitate the development of mental models that enable such thinking. Using a cognitive approach that underscores the influence of selective attention on the development of mental models, this article explores this opportunity by highlighting the impact of attentional strategies on novice students' conceptual understanding of complex organizations. To overcome the limitations of previous educational efforts, a hypermedia methodology for teaching theory is presented as a tool that engenders the robust conceptual knowledge needed for systems thinking in the “mesonic millennium“ -a millennium of change accelerated to 1/1000 of a nanosecond.
The Organizational Behavior Future Search
Authors: O’Connor Dennis
Published: March 2007

The Organizational Behavior (OB) Future Search is a set of interactive activities meant to heighten student awareness about emerging global realities and the individual and organizational adaptations necessary to thrive. Many OB topics (organizational history and design, career management, etc.) are covered in a new context, and most others (motivation, leadership, teams, diversity, etc.) are framed and foreshadowed by the search results. Open systems thinking is modeled throughout. The positive momentum created by this search and the changes in individuals’ orientation to the course help to establish a new, more active learning culture.
The Ten Commandments of Job Interviews
Authors: Weil Jeff
Published: March 2007

This article outlines ten guidelines for effective self-presentation in a job interview setting. The guidelines were developed as part of an interviewing workshop and are particularly helpful for students seeking an entry-level position.
Family Business Management
Authors: Drexler John A. , Frishkoff Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

Many college students are eventually involved in family-owned businesses. Their roles include: owners, family-member and non-family-member employees or managers, and professionals who provide services to such businesses. This article describes a course the authors developed that explores the unique properties of family-owned businesses and the authors' experience in teaching it.
The Jigsaw Technique: A Way to Establish Individual Accountability in Group Work
Authors: Mesch Debra J.
Published: March 2007

The use of student groups has long been a prevalent feature of business education. Therefore, it is critical that instructors design and implement these groups in a way that will facilitate learning for all students. One of the essential factors in ensuring the effective use of groups is establishing individual accountability during group work. The jigsaw procedure is one such technique that ensures that equal participation will occur among all members. This article describes the jigsaw technique—both the outcomes and pitfalls—and provides one illustration of how this technique may be incorporated into an organizational behavior class.
Changing more than the Plumbing: Integrating Women and Gender Differences into Management and Organizational Behavior Courses
Authors: Sullivan Sherry E. , Buttner E. Holly
Published: March 2007

Although women will compose almost half of the U.S. work force by the year 2000, universities have made few changes in management and organizational behavior (OB) courses to reflect this increasing influence of female work force participants. This article addresses the integration of women and gender differences into management and OB courses in two ways: modification of course content and adaptation of the classroom process. Unconscious instructor behaviors that may result in differences in treatment of male and female students are explained. Strategies for assuring equality in the classroom and for enhancing student awareness of gender issues in the workplace are discussed.
Understanding Resistance to Change: The Jefferson Company Exercise
Authors: Reilly Anne H.
Published: March 2007

To successfully implement an organizational change effort, the counterforces to the change must be managed effectively. This four-character role-play exercise, which is based on a real-life situation, is designed to show how both employee and management resistance to change can hinder the implementation of a change effort. The Jefferson Company is an old-line printing company with new partners that needs to change its technology, its equipment, and its operating procedures. The company is also confronting a challenging competitive situation, a precarious debt position, and an existing union contract. This role-play exercise can also be used to illustrate group dynamics and power issues.
The Company File Project
Authors: Kirby Susan L. , Kirby Eric G.
Published: March 2007

The Company File Project is a group-oriented, semester-long research exercise in which students are expected to gather and analyze data pertaining to a U.S.-based, publicly traded corporation and to tie this information to the managerial topics covered in the textbook and lecture. Students who participate in the company research project express overwhelming support for the continued use of the company file. They find that the project increases their understanding of managerial concepts and allows them the benefits of meeting and working with many different people.
The Ice Cream Experiment: An Exercise in Understanding Customer Perceptions of Quality
Authors: Bacon Donald R. , Stewart Kim A. , Giclas Henry
Published: March 2007

An experiential exercise involving an ice cream taste test is described. The experiment includes data collection, data analysis, and the presentation of results. The authors describe how all this can be completed in class, right before the students' eyes, using a preprogrammed Excel spreadsheet and a portable computer. The exercise motivates a discussion of the complex nature of customer perceptions of quality.
Creation of a Learning Organization Laboratory in the Classroom: Expected and Unexpected Lessons
Authors: Doherty Elizabeth M.
Published: March 2007

As a way to assist undergraduate students to acquire knowledge and skills necessary for meeting the challenges of a changing workplace, an experiential classroom design that adapted the learning organization laboratory concept to the classroom and introduced organization development and change as the subject matter was tried. The expected and unexpected lessons learned through creating an organization's mission, designing and developing an organization, managing change and problems, and recognizing a-id achieving personal growth and development suggest the usefulness of this approach for preparing future leaders to develop and change organizations.
A Medication Discharge Planning Program
Authors: Schneider Joanne Kraenzle , Hornberger Susan , Booker Jane , Davis Alyce , Kralicek Randy
Published: March 2007

Repeated hospitalizations result in high costs and may occur as a result of patient errors in their medication regimen. To reduce rehospitalizations (hospitalizations within 31 days of the previous discharge), health care professionals have turned to the discharge planning process. Using Orem's theory of self-care, a medication discharge planning program was developed to provide instruction on the requisites necessary for medication self-care. The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the effects of this program on readmissions within 31 days. Five nurses implemented the program for 54 patients with an admitting diagnosis of congestive heart failure. These patients were alternately assigned to a control or an experimental group. The experimental group received the medication discharge planning program. The control group received the usual informal discharge planning provided on the nursing unit. Eight (28.6%) of the 28 patients in the control group were readmitted within 31 days of the previous discharge. Two (7.7%) of the 26 patients in the experimental group were readmitted within 31 days. These results showed a statistically significant difference using Fisher's Exact Test (p = .05). Those receiving the medication discharge planning program were less likely to be readmitted, suggesting the importance of a medication discharge planning program.
Fruitlax
Authors: Day Rene A. , Monsma Margery
Published: March 2007

Seven children, with a variety of disabilities, who had experienced chronic constipation, participated in a study of the use of Fruitlax a natural laxative. Using an AB single-subject design, data were collected for each child for a baseline period. A (2 weeks) and for an intervention period B (minimum of 3 weeks), which included the addition of Fuitlax to the subjects' diets. Whereas each child experienced some change in bowel pattern (consistency, effort required to have a bowel movement, color, amount frequency, and number of bowel movements per day), the particular change was different for each child. Fruitlax does appear to be a useful natural laxative for some children; however, additional research with a larger sample is required. The Glenrose Stool Consistency Tool was developed for use in this study. Further work is needed in the use of the tool by clients, their families, and health care workers.
Cardiac Response of Elderly Adults to Normal Activities and Aerobic Walking
Authors: Roberts Beverly L. , Palmer Robert
Published: March 2007

To assess the cardiac response of elderly adults, three sedentary men and six women (M = 68 years) with no known cardiovascular disease had their cardiac responses to activities done in a laboratory setting (walking, climbing stairs, carrying bags, shuffleboard); normal daily activities and aerobic walking (pace at 60% of the age-adjusted heart rate) were assessed by a 24-hour holter monitor. Supraventricular and ventricular ectopies were common during the 24 hours of monitoring, but none occurred during any of the activities. Bradycardia occurred at night, along with some supraventricular and ventricular ectopy, none clinically significant. Heart rate increased as the intensity of the activity increased (e.g., 68/minute for carrying 5 pounds of groceries to 90/minute during aerobic walking). When prescribing exercise or activity limitations, the chronotropic effects of usual daily activities must be considered in counseling sedentary, apparently healthy older adults.
Dinner Music for Demented Patients
Authors: Ragneskog Hans , Kihlgren Mona , Karlsson Ingvar , Norberg Astrid
Published: March 2007

At a nursing home ward for demented patients, selections of dinner music were played during three periods of 2 weeks. At the end of the study was a control period. The reactions of five patients to three different types of music were registered by video observations. This study showed that the patients were affected by music, particularly soothing music. For example, it was found that when music was played one of the study's restless patients became unusually calm whereas another fed herself more than usual. The patients spent more time with dinner when music was played. Dinner music made the patients eat more calmly. Music as a nursing tool is an intervention that is simple to realize and worth trying. A tentative conclusion of this study is that music can beneficially affect restless and agitated demented patients.
Psychophysiologic Predictors of Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation in Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema
Authors: Moody Linda E. , Lowry Lois , Yarandi Hossein , Voss Audrey
Published: March 2007

Tis study identified psychophysiologic variables related to successful weaning in 27 ventilator-dependent patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema (CBE) from two long-term care pulmonary-specialty hospitals in South Central Florida Subjects were studied from admission until weaning occurred (successful weaning without mechanical ventilation) or until they were transferred without being weaned or died (unsuccessful weaning). The study subjects, 15 males and 12 females, ranged in age from 56 to 89. Baseline data on the variables (age, mastery, hope, social support, dyspnea, and rapid shallow breathing index [RSBI]) were not statistically significant by gender. he logistic regression model identified mastery and RSBI to be the best predictors of successful weaning (model X2 = 16.33, df = 2, and p value = .0003; prediction rate 82%).
Perceptions of Caring
Authors: Schultz Alyce A. , Bridgham Cynthia , Smith Mary E. , Higgins Dianne
Published: March 2007

An exploratory, comparative survey design was used to describe and compare similarities and differences in perception of caring behaviors between hospitalized antepartum and short-stay postpartum patients. Forty-two patients completed the 63-item Caring Behavior Assessment instrument (CBA). The scale, based on Watson's theory of caring, contains seven categories. There were no statistically significant differences in age, education, gravida, or para between the two groups. Significantly more women in the postpartum group were married. There were no statistically significant differences or correlations in the total CBA scores and the demographic variables. No statistically significant differences in total CBA scores were found between antepartum participants and postpartum participants. These findings corroborate the results of "caring" studies in other patient populations, that satisfying basic needs—that is, evidence of technical knowledge and skills—is more important to patients than meeting higher order needs.
Postpartum Sleep in the Hospital
Authors: Evans Marilyn L. , Dick Margaret J. , Shields Deborah R. , Shook Deborah M. , Smith Mary Beth
Published: March 2007

This descriptive, correlational study examined the relationship of sleep in the hospital to the new mother's progression through Rubin's phases of taking-in and taking-hold in 120 women who had delivered vaginally. The Martell and Mitchell Postpartum Questionnaire, which measured taking-in and taking-hold, was completed the evening of delivery and the following two mornings. The Verran and Snyder-Halpern Visual Analog Sleep Scale was completed each morning. Both taking-in and taking-hold were present on the evening of delivery. There were small decreases in taking-in and small increases in taking-hold between the evening of delivery and the first morning. Sleep disturbance was high, and sleep effectiveness was low, on the first evening. Neither sleep measure was a predictor of change in taking-in or taking-hold. Findings indicate that taking-in and taking-hold are both present on the day of delivery and that increases in taking-hold take place despite high levels of sleep disturbance.
Strategic Issues as Tensions
Authors: Nutt Paul C. , Backoff Robert W.
Published: March 2007

A framework that helps managers identify, interpret, and describe a strategic issue and form an issue agenda is presented. In the framework, issues are treated as tensions in which opposing forces push or pull the organization in several ways at the same time. Strategic managers that deal with just one of the poles in a tension are apt to miss opportunities and fail to deal with threats. Treating an issue as tension between opposing forces broadens the search for strategic responses and increases the prospects of taking appropriate action. Six types of issue tensions are defined to help strategic managers test the completeness of their issue agenda. Illustrations of each type of tension and how it can arise are provided. Both applications and research questions posed by the issue-tension framework are discussed.
On the Anelastic Flow with Damage
Authors: Saanouni K. , Forster CH , Hatira F. Ben
Published: March 2007

Within the thermodynamics of irreversible processes and the concept of in ternal state variables, a general phenomenological theory of coupled damage-elasto- (visco)plasticity at small strains is given. The state variables (external and internal) are considered to evolve phenomenologically according to competing processes between ther mal and elastic properties, strain hardening (isotropic and kinematic) and continuous iso tropic damage. Using the classical isotropic Continuum Damage Mechanics (CDM), a new energy based coupling model is used to introduce the effect of the damage on elastic and anelastic (hardening) behaviors. Both time independent (plasticity) and time depen dent (viscoplasticity) cases are discussed in details.
Damaged Anelastic Behavior of FCC Polycrystalline Metals with Micromechanical Approach
Authors: Abdul-Latif A. , Saanouni K.
Published: March 2007

A theoretical micromechanical model is proposed to describe the damaged behavior of polycrystalline metals. Based on the slip theory, a local micro-damage variable representing the transgranular damage is introduced and fully coupled with micro-macro anelastic constitutive equations for FCC polycrystals proposed by Cailletaud (1987, 1992). The micro-damage is supposed to be initiated and then evolved on the activated crystallo graphic slip systems to define isotropic damage at the macroscopic level (i.e., in the Repre sentative Volume Element RVE). The coupling between damage and the behavior at both microscopic and macroscopic levels is carefully discussed. The obtained model is applied and discussed in the case of uniaxial monotonic and cyclic loading, neglecting the quasi- unilateral effect as well as the localization of the fatigue micro-cracks on the surface of the loaded medium.
Confrontation
Authors: Egan Gerard
Published: March 2007

Confrontation is described as a core interpersonal skill. The "state of the art" is outlined and practical ways of developing this skill are presented. Since con frontation is "strong medicine" in interpersonal dialogue, many fear both being confronted (they have witnessed the destructiveness of irresponsible con frontation) and confronting (the MUM effect). Confrontation is seen basically as an invitation to explore both attitudes and behavior in community (in a dyad or a larger group). Berenson and Mitchell's five types of confrontation (didactic, expe riential, strength, weakness, and encouragement to action) are explained and illus trated. A facilitative, nonpunitive approach to confrontation is proposed, together with practical suggestions for making confrontation less threatening to others. It is suggested that group members must earn the right to confront another through such behaviors as relationship-building, support, and willingness to deal with self. De fensive response to confrontation is illustrated through cognitive dissonance the ory. Finally, criteria for responding creatively to confrontation are elaborated.
Open Questions Limiting the Practice of Interorganizational Development
Authors: Schermerhorn John R.
Published: March 2007

Interorganizational development is defined as "the application of social science knowledge to the creation of planned, systematic, and mutually beneficial cooperative relationships among otherwise autonomous organi zations." The practice of interorganizational development is becoming of increasing importance as consultants and administrators seek to help both private and public-sector organizations take advantage of interorganizational cooperation as a means of dealing with today's complex and demanding environmental pressures. This paper summarizes the open questions that must be answered by researchers if practitioners of interorganizational development are to have adequate planning-and-action guidelines. The open questions should also help the practitioners become more sensitive to potential action considerations that may require special thought and attention until a firmer knowledge base becomes established in the areas of inter organizational development.
A Profile of the OD Practitioner
Authors: Daniel Kegan
Published: March 2007

Over the past three years I was involved, along with some close colleagues, 1 in trying to identify trends and issues for OD in the 1980s. An important starting pointfor such prediction is a sound understanding of the present state of the field. Daniel Kegan provides some relevant data from a sample survey of Organization Develop ment Network members. Dr. Kegan has extensive OD consulting experience, having worked with business, educational, human service, and R&D organizations. He has published OD research studies and has taught at the university level. Dr. Kegan holds a B.S. in electrical engineering and a Ph.D. in organizational behavior from Northwestern University. He is a licensed psychologist in California and a regis tered psychologist in Massachusetts and is a senior partner with Elan Associates.
Determinants of Leader-Subordinate Exchange Relationships
Authors: Kim Ken I. , Organ Dennis W.
Published: March 2007

This study assessed the value of the concept "noncontractual social exchange" (NSE) as a dimension describing leader behavior. Results of an experiment using an in-basket memo device showed that subordinate competence best pre dicted the intentions of such behavior by a sample of working adults: Subjects were more likely to initiate NSE with highly competent subordinates. This discrimination was more pronounced when the situation contained stress in the form of pressure for effective task outcomes. Results also showed that low-LPC (task-oriented) leaders showed greater variation in NSE as a function of subor dinate competence and task stress, as well as a generally lower level of NSE, than high-LPC (relationship-ariented) leaders. Implications are noted for selecting, training, and organizational support of leaders.
Managerial Value Systems for Working in Saudi Arabia: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Ali Abbas , Al-Shakis Mohamed
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to investigate managerial value systems in Saudi Arabia. The results provide support for the proposition that Arabian managers are not homogeneous in their value systems. Although culture does influence managerial behavior and attitude, one should use caution in attributing complete validity to the theoretical and personal observations regarding the similarity of Arab values. '
Managerial Learning: First Notes from an Unstudied Frontier
Authors: Kelleher David , Finestone Peter , Lowy Alex
Published: March 2007

Although there has been considerable work investigating the dy namics of management training, no attention has been paid to the learning that managers do as a day-to-day task. This article examines the learning of 43 managers and analyzes the effect of context, job, and person variables. Four key factors are identified as contributors to managerial learning: demands of managing staff, demands of change, influence, and personal style. Analysis of the dynamic of thesefactors leads to a model of the managerial learning process.
A Reply to Glassman and Lundberg's Fable
Authors: Pasmore William A. , O'Neil Charles Emerson
Published: March 2007

This reply to Glassman and Lundberg concentrates on the objectives of socio technical designs and the values that support the achievement of those objectives. It is argued that value congruence must outweigh desired results in reaching a decision to undertake a major sociotechnical system change effort.
Situational Leadership Theory
Authors: Goodson Jane R. , McGee Gail W. , Cashman James F.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to test the prescriptions for effective leadership as specified in Hersey and Blanchard's (1969, 1982, 1988) Situational Leadership Theory (SLT). The interac tion between leader behavior (initiating structure and consideration) and follower readiness hypothesized by the SLT was not supported. In addition, no support was found for Hersey and Blanchard's (1988) most recent predictions regarding the Best, Second Best, Third Best, and Worst leadership styles for given readiness levels. In fact, the findings were more consistent with results obtained in traditional leadership research. Implications for use in management training are discussed.
Organization Structure and Productivity
Authors: Carillo Phoebe M. , Kopelman Richard E.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the relationship between three structural variables (size, vertical complexity, and administrative intensity) and the operating efficiency of all 234 metropolitan branches of a financial services company. As hypothesized, negative relationships were found between (a) size and productivity and (b) vertical complexity and productivity; however, the predicted negative relationship between (c) administrative intensity and productivity was not found — instead a curvilinear relationship emerged. On average, the smallest branches were approximately 31% more efficient than the largest ones; those with the least vertical complexity (one hierarchical level) were roughly 44% more productive than those with the greatest complexity (five levels).
Individual, Familial, and Organizational Determinants of Career Plateau
Authors: Tremblay Michel , Roger Alain
Published: March 2007

This article examines the effects of various individual and organizational variables on two measures of career plateau, an objective measure of job stability and a subjective evaluation of having reached a dead end. The study is based on a sample of 2,183 managers from all organizational ranks, representing 41 business establishments and three Canadian economic sectors. The results show wide differences between the variables explaining the fact of having reached a career plateau and the feeling of being in a dead end. The best predictors of objective plateau are objective factors such as past success, age, and education. For the subjective plateau, personal variables such as desire for advancement and personality (locus of control) play the most important role. In both cases, individual factors come out as better predictors of career plateau than familial and organizational factors.
Disputant Reactions to Managerial Conflict Resolution Tactics
Authors: Cropanzano Russell , Aguinis Herman , Schminke Marshall , Denham Dina L.
Published: March 2007

This study examined disputants’preferences for supervisory conflict resolution tactics. We identified three research needs. Previous work has (a) been mostly from the manager’s (and not the subordinate’s) perspective, (b) examined only a limited set of possible intervention tactics, and (c) tended to be confined to North American samples. In this role-playing study, we addressed these three needs by examining disputant reactions to five different conflict resolution tactics. In addition, we included participants from Argentina, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, and the United States. The results provide evidence pertaining to the efficacy of some tactics and the problems of others. In particular, managers seem to engender the most positive responses when they act either as impartial facilitators or as inquisitorial judges.
Scaling Up Sensorimotor Systems: Constraints from Human Infancy
Authors: Rutkowska Julie C.
Published: March 2007

Work in human infancy and behavior-based robotics that grounds intelligent abilities in sensorimotor exchanges between a system and its environment shares recurrent problems of when, whether, and how scaling up from basic to supposedly higher abilities is possible. An action-based model of the infant is introduced that converges with features of independently motivated animat models exploiting emergent functionality and challenges alternatives that invoke conceptual representations. Adaptive change routinely exhibited in infants' everyday activities outstrips the scaling-up potential of current robotic systems and clarifies effective principles obeyed by naturally intelligent systems. A general form is outlined to subject-environment interaction that "engineers" restructuring of early abilities in the direction of greater anticipation (considered an upper boundary for the competence of concept-free human and animat systems); and an action-based account of the phenomena is provided. This emphasizes the relationship between representation and situated inference and the role of reciprocal constraints between cognitive and physical-motor mechanisms. Finally, this article questions how far typical self organizing connectionist networks take us toward understanding a system that is capable of mapping recurrent viable patterns of activity into more permanent adaptive changes.
Analyzing Requirements—Evolution in Engineering Design Using the Method of Problem-Reduction
Authors: Eodice Michael T. , Leifer Larry J. , Fruchter Renate
Published: March 2007

Traditional requirements definition activities begin with the engineer or design team performing a needs-analysis to identify user requirements [5]. While recent studies have focused on Conceptual Design activities, research into the requirements-definition pro cess has for the most part been lacking. Needs-analysis is generally subjective, and varies according to the composition and experience of the design team. Systematic procedures for defining and ranking requirements could consolidate the foundation on which the design process is predicated and enhance its outcome by providing the designer with a consistent, reliable approach to product development [1]. Before such systematic procedures could be developed, it would be necessary to establish an understanding of the existing process by which requirements evolve, and to create a model for evaluating this process. Therefore, a pilot study was conducted at Stanford Uni versity using empirical data from an actual spaceflight experiment, sponsored by NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), and flown aboard the Space Shuttle. A large body of empirical evidence was examined, and on the basis of this evidence, the method of problem-reduc tion using AND/OR graphs proved to be an effective framework for analyzing requirements-evolution.
Categorisation of Geometry Users
Authors: Fuxin Freddy , Edlund Stefan
Published: March 2007

Many companies today use 3D geometry-based product models in engineering design. 3D-models are used from early devel opment stages and stored in CAD databases. They should be regarded as a resource for elimination of rework in downstream activities of the extended enterprise. In order to increase the usage of this already acquired information, complements to existing business pro cesses must take place. The result will contribute to increased integration of the development process and therefore more concurrent en gineering. The paper addresses the way in which requirements on Geometry Based Product Information (GBPI) should be decomposed. The decomposition makes it possible to separate and categorise geometry users. The presented methodology is a complement to exist ing business processes. It makes it possible to map corporate requirements on GBPI, and thus to address these categories in the prod uct development process's different stages. The proposed method is based on key principals of Quality Functions Deployment. The data for the work has been collected from a survey conducted at the Volvo Truck Corporation in Sweden.
Integrating DFM with CAD through Design Critiquing
Authors: Gupta Satyandra K. , Regli William C. , Nau Dana S.
Published: March 2007

The increasing focus on design for manufacturability (DFM) in research in concurrent engineering and engineering design is expanding the scope of traditional design activities in order to identify and eliminate manufacturing problems during the design stage. Manufacturing a product generally involves many different kinds of manufacturing activities, each having different characteristics. A design that is good for one kind of activity may not be good for another; for example, a design that is easy to assemble may not be easy to machine. One obstacle to DFM is the difficulty involved in building a single system that can handle the various manufacturing domains relevant to a design.