bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dermatoses among snow skiers in North India
Authors: Rather Parvaiz Anwar , Rashid Khan Atif
Published: October 2022

Background: Snow skiers are directly exposed to a variety of extreme environmental conditions, which may lead to numerous physiological and pathological changes in the skin, and potentially increased chances of various specific and non-specific skin diseases. Although there are studies on skin diseases caused by exposure to cold and high altitudes, yet those on snow skiers are scarce as the study population is small. Objective: This study was undertaken to observe various dermatoses existing exclusively in snow skiers. Methods: It was a descriptive, cross-sectional, community-based study conducted at the world-famous ski resort Gulmarg Kashmir in North India. The initial questionnaire-based assessment and the subsequent examination of those exhibiting skin involvement were undertaken by visiting places of accommodation for snow skiers as well as on-spot visits to skiing slopes. Result: The most common dermatological manifestations in our study were dryness (xerosis) and its related aftereffects such as pruritus and chapping of the lips, followed by UV-related skin damage such as whole-face tanning, various types of infections and infestations, and endogenous eczema, including seborrheic and xerotic eczema. Direct cold-related injuries such as perniosis and various forms of urticaria were also common presentations. Conclusion: Snow skiers are especially susceptible to a variety of dermatoses because of exposure to cold conditions and direct contact with the snow. Proper protective measures against cold and snow and awareness about preventive strategies may decrease the chances of snow skiers developing various dermatoses, thereby reducing morbidity and work and economic loss.
Effectiveness of Educational Programme on Knowledge regarding Abuse and Age-related Changes among Elderly Population
Authors: Dkhar Embhah , Balu Venkatesan , Kamei Sonia
Published: October 2022

Introduction: Age-related changes are a universal and regular process of ageing. Normal ageing produces changes in structures and functions of organs, and abuses is widespread among the elderly population and is a highly complicated problem. Aim: Effectiveness of educational programme on knowledge regarding abuse and age-related changes among elderly population. Materials and Methods: A Quasi-experimental research study was conducted in India from 1st December 2019 to 30th December 2019 through a community-based survey in Padmashree Institute of Nursing in Kommaghatta Rural community, Bengaluru, India. This survey was conducted among 60 elderly people using a systematic random sampling technique. An educational programme was conducted as an intervention to impart knowledge to the elderly. Questionnaires were used to assess the knowledge of abuse and age-related changes. Data was analysed by Statistical Package For Social Science (SPSS) version 20.0. Results: The study findings showed that in the pretest level of knowledge, none of the subjects had adequate knowledge, whereas, post-test in the educational programme, the majority had moderately adequate knowledge (76.7%). The pretest mean score was 49.7% which showed adequate improvement in the post-test score level of 70.6%, which was statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: The study finds evidence that nurses working in the community setting needs to use educational programmes to improve knowledge regarding abuse and age-related changes among the elderly, which helps in preventing elderly abuses.
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Titanium Dioxide on Dental Plaque Colonisers: An In-vitro Study
Authors: Raju Kapil , Natrajan Shanmuganathan , Krishnamurthy Preetha
Published: October 2022

Introduction: Denture Stomatitis (DS), a common inflammatory condition of the denture bearing mucosa amongst denture wearers is strongly related to poor denture hygiene. Various materials have been incorporated into denture base acrylic resins to have an antimicrobial effect. The antimicrobial efficacy of Titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) on denture base acrylic resins has been demonstrated; however, studies are lacking in assessing the effective dose concentration of TiO2 in inhibiting microorganisms present in denture plaque. Aim: To investigate the effectiveness of TiO2 coating on denture base acrylic resin in inhibiting colonisers of denture plaque. Materials and Methods: The in-vitro study was conducted in the Department of Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge and Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India between August 2021 to September 2021. Stock solutions of various concentrations of TiO2 were prepared to evaluate the effective dose concentration. Forty specimens of heat cure acrylic denture base resin were divided into two groups: an uncoated group (n=20) and TiO2 coated group (n=20). They were further subdivided into 4 groups, namely specimens containing Streptococcus sanguinis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and specimens containing a mixture of the above organisms. After inoculating, the specimens were UV treated, incubated for 24 hrs, and then washed with phosphate buffer saline. Subcultures were obtained and microbial growth colonies were measured using automated bacterial colony counter. The obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis (SPSS software version 21) and Mann-Whitney U test to compare between the groups, p value of less than or equal to 0.05 (p≤0.05) was considered significant. Results: Colonisers of denture plaque in the uncoated acrylic group was higher (mean:12973.33, 441998.33, 9126.66, and 13.3 CFU) when compared to the TiO2 coated acrylic resin group (mean:1, 0.99, 1, and 1 CFU). The obtained results between the groups was statistically significant (p≤0.05). Conclusion: TiO2 coating on denture base acrylic resin can inhibit the growth of microorganisms associated with denture plaque.
Mycorrhizal Inoculation Effect on Water Deficit Tolerance of Cashew Seedlings (Anacardium occidentale L.) and Soil Nutrients Availability
Authors: Assih Alèdi , Nenonene Amen Yawo , Bokobana Atalaèsso
Published: October 2022

This research aims to evaluate the effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) in improving the resilience of cashew seedlings to water deficit and soil nutritional status. The split-plot experimental design was used. The treatments consist of two factors, the two-level water regime (30% useful water reserve and 70% useful water reserve) in main plots and the three-level inoculation (no inoculation, Glomus mosseae and Glomus aggregatum) in subplots. Each treatment is replicated nine times. The study was conducted at Agronomic Experimentation Station of the University of Lomé between June to November 2020. Induction of deficit hydric started three months after the setting up of the trial and lasted two months. At the end of the water shortage cycle, growth parameters were measured and leaf and soil samples were taken for laboratory analysis. Parameters assessed include mycorrhization rate, relative water content, leaf proline content, malondialdehyde content, mycorrhizal dependency, plant biomass and mineral content of the soil. The results show good mycorrhization rate, 70.86% for Glomus aggregatum and 54.92% for Glomus mosseae with mycorrhiza dependency of 12.87% and 11.74% respectively. Mycorrhizal inoculation reduced water stress symptoms in addition to the plant's intrinsic protective mechanisms. This was reflected in lower leaf proline and malondialdehyde content and improved relative water content of stressed but inoculated plants compared to uninoculated plants.                           The AMF also improved the availability of mineral nutrients in the soil, which resulted in better growth of inoculated plants under both water stress and normal watering conditions. The overall assessment of the research suggested that AMF can be used to improve cashew seedlings resistance against drought and to improve their growth through improvement of soil nutrient availability.
A Comparison of Efficacy of Two Brands of Enoxaparin in COVID-19 Patients: A Pilot Study
Authors: Dave Dhvani , Suthar Jalpa , Patel Jhanvi
Published: October 2022

Introduction: Enoxaparin is a complex and biologically derived low-molecular-weight Heparin which is approved for a variety of clinical indications associated with thromboembolic events such as Deep Vein Thrombosis and Venous Thromboembolism. During COVID-19 it was frequently used as prophylaxis in the treatment of thromboembolic events. Nowadays, many brands have come up in the market for the same.

Objective: In Tricolour Hospital located in Vadodara, Gujarat, the ongoing brand of Enoxaparin 0.6 i.e., Clexane (Sanofi) falls short as well as in the pharmaceutical market. Hence, the management decided to procure another brand of Enoxaparin until Clexane is available to the vendors. Therefore, the present study was planned to study efficacy of two brands of Enoxaparin –one is Coguparine, (Venus Pharmaceuticals) and another LMWX- (Abbott) in COVID-19 patients in an isolation ward of hospital. The aim of present study was to compare the efficacy of two brands of Enoxaparin (Coguparine vs LMWX) for prophylactic treatment of thromboembolism observed in COVID-19 patients.

Methodology: Patients were randomly divided into 2 groups- A and B. Patients in group A received Coguparine while patients in group B received LMWX. Statistical analysis was carried out using paired t-test.

Results: The laboratory reports of patients in Group-A presented few abnormal improvements in the Complete blood count but there was no concrete evidence about the same. On the other hand, patients in Group-B receiving LMWX showed improvement in CBC profile. Also, there was significant difference observed in C-Reactive Protein and D-Dimer profiles in both the brands.

Conclusion: This showed that for the cost-effective treatment and procurement of Enoxaparin there is no harm in using generic formulation of Enoxaparin as and when required. But LMWX was proved to be of standard quality in terms of efficacy.
Perturbation of Sex Hormones by Potassium Bromate and Preventive Effect of African Locust Bean (Parkia biglobosa) Seed
Authors: Iwuoha C. E. , Ezirim E. O. , Onyeaghala C. A. , Orji S. F. , Ugwu C. N. , Igwenyi C. , Uche C. L. , Abali I. O. , Onyekachi O. I. N. , Nwobodo M. U. , Agu F. U. , Chika-Igwenyi N. M. , Airaodion A. I.
Published: October 2022

Background: African locust bean is used for medicinal purposes in African countries for the treatment of various diseases. However, no study has reported its ameliorative effect on sex hormones perturbations. This study, therefore, sought to investigate its preventive effect against potassium bromate-induced perturbation of sex hormones.

Methodology: African locust bean was extracted with soxhlet extractor with ethanol as the solvent. Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats were acclimatized under laboratory conditions and were randomly grouped into A, B, C and D. Group A was given distilled water orally. Animals in groups B, C and D were administered 100 mg/kg body weight of potassium bromate, but groups C and D were also treated with 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight of African locust bean respectively. Both potassium bromate and African locust bean were freshly prepared on daily basis and administered to rats by oral gavage. After 28 days of treatment, the animals were sacrificed under mild diethyl ether anaesthetization 24 hours after cessation of last treatment and blood was collected through cardiac puncture.

Results: Analyses showed that KBrO3 significantly reduced the levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone but elevated the levels of prolactin and estradiol when compared with those in the control group. However, groups treated with 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight of African locust bean in conjunction with KBrO3 resisted these perturbations.

Conclusion: In this study potassium bromate increased the levels of estradiol which has been known to inhibit sex hormones. This effect of estradiol on sex hormones; LH, FSH and testosterone is further evidenced by the results of this study. The potential benefit of the African locust bean in the amelioration of perturbation of sex hormones is brought to the fore by the findings of this research.
Effect of Tray Drying Conditions on the Bioactive Compound of the Papaya Leave
Authors: Parmar M. R.
Published: October 2022

Papaya is most popular annual plant. Immediately after its harvesting, the highly perishable raw material, i.e. leaves, have to be preserved against deterioration and spoilage.  More often, during peak period, most of the crop is lost/wasted due to lack of proper post-harvest processing techniques. Drying is by far the most widely used treatment, which needs to be performed very carefully and preciously so as to preserve the bioactive compound of the leaves. Drying treatment and experimental tray drying method was carried out at the temperatures of 50°C, 60°C and 70°C to find and suggest the optimum drying condition for acquiring quality dried papaya leaves powder and bioactive compound like phenol, flavanoid and antioxidant activity of papaya leaves. Results have revealed that ‘total drying time’ is considerably reduced with the increase in drying air temperatures from 50°C to 70°C.  It could be recommended that the best drying temperature is 50°C of papaya leaves to retain the various bioactive compounds. Tray dryer at 50 0C for unblanched sample ensures the best results in quality and bioactive compound of papaya leaves Powder.
Cannabidiol, the Journey of Cannabis from a Social Stigma to a Miracle Drug in Dentistry
Authors: Mishra Abeer , Sedani Shweta , Nikhade Pradnya , Patel Aditya , Adyalkar Nidhi , Umre Utkarsh
Published: October 2022

In recent years, there has been a surge in the awareness regarding the phyto cannabinoid; cannabidiol. Between the time period from 1963 to 2000, only 460 publications can be found in a PubMed search while using cannabidiol as the keyword. The former pales in comparison to the record of 2769 publications found from 2008 to the present time. However, a limited amount of literature is available that discusses the therapeutic potential of cannabidiol, pertaining to the field of dentistry. In 1940, cannabidiol was isolated from cannabis for the first time, its structure being reported much later in 1963. Further research on Cannabis resulted in the declaration that “THC” is the active compound. Subsequent studies were then directed essentially based on the virtual exclusion of cannabidiol and other cannabinoids from cannabis. This was primarily due to the belief that the activity of cannabis was merely psychological activity.

In retrospect, this seems unfortunate as many of the beneficial properties of cannabidiol which might have had a therapeutic benefit were overlooked. In the present review, attention will be focused on the therapeutic potential of Cannabidiol and the impact this may have on dentistry with the supplemental vision of encouraging further studies to reveal any other beneficial properties that may be present.
A Study on Bio-efficacy of Dinotefuran 20% SG against Brown Plant Hopper Nilaparvatha lugens (Stall) on Paddy Oryza sativa L
Authors: Kirankumar R. , Reddy Vijayachandra
Published: October 2022

In rice cultivation, the Brown plant hopper causes damage to growth of plants by sucking cell sap and it causes in drying of plants and crop fields this effects on plant growth and turns into yellow color later brown. In order to overcome this kind of damage particularly in rice cultivation, a field trial was conducted during kharif 2017 at Agricul Research Station Gangavathi to the assess the bio-efficacy of Dinotefuran 20% SG against brown plant hopper Nilaparvatha lugens (Stall) on paddy. The results revealed that, the new insecticide Dinotefuran 20% SG 40 g a.i./ha showed lowest population of 0.86 and 0.73, 0.67 and 0.57 BPH/hill at 3, 7,10 and 15 days after spray (DAS) respectively and this treatment was significantly superior over rest of the treatments. Further, it was on par with lower dose of Dinotefuran 20% SG @ 30 g a.i./ha which is recorded 1.63, 1.60, 1.49 and 1.42 BPH/hill at 3, 7, 10 days and 15 DAS respectively, followed by standard check buprofezin @187.5g a.i./ha recorded 1.63, 1.90, 2.05and 2.15 and BPH/hill at 3, 7,10 and 15 DAS respectively. Another insecticide imidacloprid @ 22.5g a.i./ ha was found inferior to all other treatments by harbouring4.43,4.53, 4.76 and 4.87 BPH/hill, where as the untreated control recorded highest BPH population of 21.70 to 25.64 BPH/hill through out the observational period from one day before to 15 DAS respectively. The maximum additional yield was 22.37% was recorded over control (64.28 q/ha) was found in case of Treatment 4 (T4) with an incremental benefit cost ratio of 3.72.
Maize (Zea mays) Yield Response to Application of Calcium, Magnesium and Boron on Acid Soil
Authors: Rani S. Sheela , Sudhir K. , Nalina C. N. , Prakash H. C. , Chandrakala M. , Veeranagappa . , Shankara M. H.
Published: October 2022

The study was carried out at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Gandhi Krishi Vigyan Kendra, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru with maize as the test crop. GKVK is located in the Eastern Dry Zone of Karnataka situated at 12° 58’ north latitude and 77° 35’ east longitude at an altitude of 930 m above mean sea level, the mean annual rain fall is 950 mm. Field experiment was established using three levels of Ca (0, 200 & 400 kg ha_1), two levels of Mg (0 & 60 kg ha_1) and foliar spray of boron at two levels (0 & 0.5 %) combined to give 12 treatments. Results showed that the soil pH, exch.Ca, Mg and base saturation increased with levels of application of calcium and magnesium. While exch. Aluminium content decreased in the soil due to the combined application of Ca and Mg. The uptake of all the nutrients was increased by increasing the levels of application of the three nutrient elements. There was synergistic effect among them when either only two of them were applied together or when all the three of them were applied together. The different combinations of Ca-Mg-B significantly influenced the yield and yield components of maize. The highest were recorded from Ca, Mg and B at 400 kg, 60 kg and 550 g ha-1 respectively. The lowest was recorded in control plot (Ca0-Mg0-B0).
Effect of Different Doses of Iron Chelate on Plant Growth and in Preventing Iron Deficiency Chlorosis in Soybean
Authors: Sharma Sachin , Singh Surendra , Rai Ashish , Yadav Bharti , Singh Sreejan
Published: October 2022

The objective of this research work is to solve the problem due to iron deficiency in soybean crop. Iron deficiency chlorosis is a widespread agricultural problem in soybean crop, especially in alkaline and calcareous soils resulting in complete crop failure. To eradicate this problem, the methodology adopted in this work was conducted with a factorial experimental design of different doses (0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 mgkg-1) of FeDTPA in 15 different types of soil categorized into low (L1-L5), medium (M1-M5) and high (H1-H5) iron content with soybean crop during Kharif season 2020 at Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. The experiment ended after 60 days of seed sowing. Plant height and total chlorophyll content of soybean crop were determined at 30 and 60 days after sowing. The highest plant height and total chlorophyll content were observed in 7.5 mgkg-1 dose of Fe in low iron content soil (L1-L5) is 102.36cm and 45.63 SPAD value respectively. Increasing the application of iron doses from 0 to 7.5 mgkg-1 increases the plant height and total chlorophyll content in low iron content soil while in high iron content soil (H1-H5) it decreases the plant height and total chlorophyll content. In conclusion, the use of FeDTPA in iron-deficient soils of the Indo-Gangetic plain will be beneficial for the growth of soybean crops as well as for the eradication of iron deficiency chlorosis.
Rising Dementia Cases in Bhutan Needs Non-Pharmacological Interventions
Authors: Islam Qazi Shafayetul , Adhikari Bebak
Published: October 2022

The “Type of Article” of this paper is “Letter to the Editor”. This paper discuses about: “Rising Dementia Cases in Bhutan Needs Non-Pharmacological Interventions ”. No formal abstract is available. Readers are requested to read the full article.
Overview of Smart Grid Technology as a Renewable Energy Source
Authors: Owunna Tochi Andrew , Obeagu Emmanuel Ifeanyi
Published: October 2022

A smart grid is an electricity system that uses digital communications technology to detect, respond to, and take appropriate action in response to changes in demand and a variety of other problems. The secret to effective utilization of distributed energy resources is smart grid technology. Opportunities for renewable energy systems to address electricity generation appear to be growing, especially in light of the importance of climate change, the rising cost of petroleum products, and the falling cost of renewable energy power systems. However, an effective energy management strategy of system must be addressed in order to achieve commercialization and widespread use. Electric power networks have recently benefited from the effective application of the smart grid idea. This research work examines the overview of smart grid technology as a renewable energy source. The concept of a smart grid as well as the advantages and disadvantages of a smart grid renewable energy. The success of promoting renewable energy is significantly influenced by pricing. As a result, it is crucial to evaluate the distinctive qualities connected with alternative sources of renewable energy in order to get insight into the pricing of renewable energy. A survey of recent work in renewable smart grid systems shows the exciting future potential of such research traits. Both policymakers and those who create and use renewable energy systems would benefit from this.
Temperature Dependence on Transient Hydrodynamic Gravity Driven Flow Down an Inclined Plane
Authors: Ghosh S. K.
Published: October 2022

Transient hydrodynamic gravity driven flow of a viscous incompressible fluid down an inclined plane occupying a semi-infinite region of space bounded by an infinite hot plate is studied. The effect of modified Froude number plays an important role in determining the flow situation. Exact solution is obtained by employing Laplace transform method. This problem is concerned with a car – following theory subjected to traffic flow with a decisive importance to a variation of depth with a slope leading to a flood wave. A reducible influence of a frictional drag has an active influence to the flow reversal characteristics with time variation satisfying the separation due to the existance of a modified Froude number. The stabitity of a roll wave is determined by the critical Froude number in a time varying flow. Numerical results of velocity distributions and frictional shear stress are depicted graphically for different values of flow parameters. Numerical results of a critical Froude number are presented in tables. Temperature analysis has been presented analytically with a view to point out the expression of Nusselt number at the plate.
Quality of life of mothers of children with cancer: an integrative review / Qualidade de vida das mães de criança com câncer: revisão integrativa
Authors: Fidelis Coelho Vieira Rosana , do Espirito Santo Fatima Helena , Da Silva Santos Rosangela , Alves Ribeiro Wanderson , Da Silva Varejão Cristiane , Moreira da Silva Neto Arthur
Published: October 2022

Objetivo: analisar as evidências científicas da literatura sobre qualidade de vida das mães de criança com câncer. Método: revisão Integrativa da literatura, realizada nas bases de dados LILACS, Medical Subject Headings e CINAHL, nos idiomas inglês, português e espanhol, com utilização dos descritores controlados em português: “qualidade de vida”, “câncer”, “família” e “enfermagem” e suas versões em inglês e espanhol no recorte temporal de 2010 a 2020, Resultados: foram selecionados 12 estudos completos para análise interpretativa que permitiu a identificação de cinco: categorias: domínios afetados; dados sócios demográficos e qualidade de vida; espiritualidade e pensamento positivo; readaptando o modo de viver; papel da equipe de saúde. Conclusão: os estudos com a temática qualidade de vida das mães de crianças com câncer tiveram a preocupação em mostrar que ter um filho com diagnóstico de câncer altera significativamente a qualidade de vidas das mães, em diferentes aspectos: cognitivo, emocional, afetivo e social.
Implications of long hospitalization for the caregivers of chronically sick children: social service performance / Implicações da longa hospitalização às cuidadoras de crianças adoecidas cronicamente: atuação do serviço social
Authors: Santos Ludmila Brandão dos , Pereira da Silva Ramos Milene , Gomes Nildete Pereira
Published: October 2022

Objetivo: descrever as implicações do longo período de hospitalização às dimensões psicológica e social das cuidadoras de crianças com condições crônicas complexas de saúde. Método: trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa realizada com cuidadoras de crianças adoecidas cronicamente em longa hospitalização em um hospital pediátrico na Bahia. A coleta de dados foi realizada no período entre 23 de fevereiro e 09 de março de 2021, remotamente, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada. Para sistematizar os dados utilizou-se análise de conteúdo. Resultados: participaram do estudo seis cuidadoras. E emergiram quatro categorias de análise: Afastamento da rede de suporte sociofamiliar; Dores psicossociais que permeiam a internação hospitalar; (Des) Humanização do Cuidado; e Importância da atuação do profissional de Serviço Social. Conclusão: identificou-se a necessidade de uma atuação profissional que atenda a família de forma integral, condizente com o enfrentamento qualificado à redução dos danos causados pela longa hospitalização infantil, no intuito de valorizar a humanização do cuidado.
Bundle appearance validation for peripherally inserted central catheter handling in neonates / Validação de aparência do bundle para manuseio do cateter central de inserção periférica em neonatos
Authors: Machado Camila Santos , Silva Maria Paula Custódio Silva , Luzeiro Brenda Alves , Texeira Cinthia Lorena Silva Barbosa , Rocha Jesislei Bonolo do Amaral , Contim Divanice
Published: October 2022

Objetivo: validar a aparência do bundle para manuseio do cateter central de inserção periférica em neonatos pela equipe de enfermagem. Método: estudo metodológico, desenvolvido durante os meses de novembro de 2020 e fevereiro de 2021, em unidades neonatais de um hospital de ensino. A amostra foi composta por 43 membros da equipe de enfermagem e os dados analisados pelo índice de validade de conteúdo acima de 80%. Aplicou-se um instrumento contendo dados de identificação, o bundle e a relevância para prática clínica no Google Formulários.  Resultados: todos os itens do bundle apresentaram índice de validade de conteúdo acima de 80% e foram considerados relevantes para prática clínica. Conclusão: este estudo permitiu validar a aparência do bundle junto a equipe de enfermagem e incluiu cuidados relacionados a manutenção do cateter central de inserção periférica em neonatos.
Transfer‐Free Quasi‐Suspended Graphene Grown on a Si Wafer
Authors: Ci Haina , Chen Jingtao , Ma Hao , Sun Xiaoli , Jiang Xingyu , Liu Kaicong , Shan Jingyuan , Lian Xueyu , Jiang Bei , Liu Ruojuan , Liu Bingzhi , Yang Guiqi , Yin Wanjian , Zhao Wen , Huang Lizhen , Gao Teng , Sun Jingyu , Liu Zhongfan
Published: October 2022

The direct growth of graphene affording wafer‐scale uniformity on insulators is paramount to electronic and optoelectronic applications; however, it remains a challenge to date, because it entails an entirely different growth mode than that over metals. Herein, the metal‐catalyst‐free growth of quasi‐suspended graphene on a Si wafer is demonstrated using an interface‐decoupling chemical vapor deposition strategy. The employment of lower‐than‐conventional H2 dosage and concurrent introduction of methanol during growth can effectively weaken the interaction between the synthesized graphene and the underlying substrate. The growth mode can be thus fine‐tuned, producing a predominantly monolayer graphene film with wafer‐level homogeneity. Graphene thus grown on a 4 inch Si wafer enables the transfer‐free fabrication of high‐performance graphene‐based field‐effect transistor arrays that exhibit almost no shift in the charge neutral point, indicating a quasi‐suspended feature of the graphene. Moreover, a carrier mobility up to 15 000 cm2 V‐1 s‐1 can be attained. This study is anticipated to offer meaningful insights into the synthesis of wafer‐scale high‐quality graphene on dielectrics for practical graphene devices.
Single‐Transistor Neuron with Excitatory–Inhibitory Spatiotemporal Dynamics Applied for Neuronal Oscillations
Authors: Li Hanxi , Hu Jiayang , Chen Anzhe , Wang Chenhao , Chen Li , Tian Feng , Zhou Jiachao , Zhao Yuda , Chen Jinrui , Tong Yi , Loh Kian Ping , Xu Yang , Zhang Yishu , Hasan Tawfique , Yu Bin
Published: October 2022

Brain‐inspired neuromorphic computing systems with the potential to drive the next wave of artificial intelligence demand a spectrum of critical components beyond simple characteristics. An emerging research trend is to achieve advanced functions with ultracompact neuromorphic devices. In this work, a single‐transistor neuron is demonstrated that implements excitatory–inhibitory (E–I) spatiotemporal integration and a series of essential neuron behaviors. Neuronal oscillations, the fundamental mode of neuronal communication, that construct high‐dimensional population code to achieve efficient computing in the brain, can also be demonstrated by the neuron transistors. The highly scalable E–I neuron can be the basic building block for implementing core neuronal circuit motifs and large‐scale architectural plans to replicate energy‐efficient neural computations, forming the foundation of future integrated neuromorphic systems.
Diamond Surfaces with Clickable Antifouling Polymer Coating for Microarray‐Based Biosensing
Authors: Kumar Ravi , Yang Bingquan , Barton Jan , Stejfova Miroslava , Schäfer Andreas , Koenig Meike , Knittel Peter , Cigler Petr , Hirtz Michael
Published: October 2022

Diamond enables the construction of various (bio)sensors, including those with quantum‐based detection. However, bare diamond interfaces are susceptible to unspecific adhesion of proteins and other macromolecules from biological media or complex samples. This impairs selectivity in biosensing, leads to low signal‐to‐noise ratio in fluorescence‐based applications, and introduces the need for blocking steps in incubation protocols. Here, a stable, protein‐repellent, and clickable reactive polymer coating is introduced, abolishing unspecific protein adhesion while concurrently enabling covalent immobilization of functional compounds as recognition elements. The polymer coating has two segments, an antifouling poly(N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide) and an alkyne‐terminated poly(propargyl methacrylamide) providing the click functionality. The antifouling properties and click‐reactivity of the polymers are demonstrated by selective protein binding assays on micropatterns written by microchannel cantilever spotting (µCS). The assays demonstrated the successful functionalization of both diamond and glass surfaces and the excellent antifouling properties of the polymer coating. The coating procedure is compatible with oxidized diamond surfaces thus well‐suitable for diamond‐based quantum technology. The results can directly impact applications of diamond materials in optically detected quantum sensing or fluorescence sensing in general. The polymer functionalization can also be used for any case where highly specific interaction with low fouling is desired.
Efficient Wet Adhesion through Mussel‐Inspired Proto‐Coacervates
Authors: Huynh Tan‐Phat , Chen Yaqing , Bach‐Gansmo Fiona L. , Dehli Jeppe , Ibsen Vicki N. , Foss Morten , Tvilum Anne S. , Zelikin Alexander N. , Birkedal Henrik
Published: October 2022

Adhesion underwater is a major challenge. Mussel‐inspired complex coacervates functionalized with L‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐DOPA) are proposed for underwater adhesives through versatile chemistry of DOPA, however, simple, efficient, controllable, and nontoxic procedures to harness them are still under investigation. In this study, inspired from the mussel byssus formation process, coacervate adhesives are formed underwater by simple injection of an acidic proto‐coacervate of DOPA functionalized polyelectrolytes on underwater surfaces. The proto‐coacervate is initially an acidic liquid, it increased in pH due to water diffusion, resulting in coacervation driven by electrostatic interaction, without the requirement for pH adjustment or organic solvents. Additionally, the pH of liquid–liquid phase separation is tuned by substituting polyelectrolytes with different pKa, which satisfied different pH requirement in real life. The coacervate‐based adhesives on glass substrates exhibit strengths comparable to commercial glues when dry and to mussel glue when wet, showing high biocompatibility in human epidermis in vitro.
Structure Formation of C60 on Insulating CaF2 Substrates: Matching Experiments with Simulations
Authors: Janke William , Höltkemeier Lukas , Kühnle Angelika , Speck Thomas
Published: October 2022

The epitaxial growth of metallic thin films has been studied intensively, leading to computational models that can predict diverse morphologies depending on thermodynamic and kinetic growth parameters. Much less is known about thin films of organic molecules. Here kinetic Monte Carlo simulations to study buckyball C60 molecules on dielectric CaF2(111) substrates is employed. This system undergoes a transition from mostly one‐layered growth to two‐layered growth of triangular cluster morphologies as the temperature is raised. Even though simplified, these simulations still require a large set of parametrized rates for the elementary transitions, the determination of which has been challenging. Here recent results for these parameters to measure cluster densities and second layer occupations are employed. Simulation snapshots of cluster morphologies are compared in a wide range of temperatures to test to which extent rate models can match the experimental observations. While adjustments to free diffusion parameters are necessary to reproduce the experimentally observed cluster densities and sizes, the cluster morphologies are excellently reproduced without further adjustments.
Multifunctional 2D MoS2 Optoelectronic Artificial Synapse with Integrated Arithmetic and Reconfigurable Logic Operations for In‐Memory Neuromorphic Computing Applications
Authors: Sahu Mousam Charan , Sahoo Sandhyarani , Mallik Sameer Kumar , Jena Anjan Kumar , Sahoo Satyaprakash
Published: October 2022

The hardware implementation of advanced artificial intelligence (AI) technology based on complex deep learning and machine learning algorithms is constricted by the limitation of conventional Von–Neuman architecture. Emerging neuromorphic computing architecture based on the human brain with in‐memory computing capability could instigate unprecedented breakthroughs in AI technology. In this pursuit, 2D MoS2 optoelectronic artificial synapse imitating complex biological neuromorphic behavior such as short/long‐term memory, paired‐pulse facilitation, and long‐term depression‐potentiation is proposed and demonstrated. Furthermore, the broadband sensitivity of the device can be utilized to emulate Pavlov's classical conditioning for associative learning of the biological brain. More importantly, reconfigurable Boolean AND and OR logic gate operation is demonstrated within the same device by synergistically modulating the device conductance via the persistent photoconductivity and electrical gate stress. The linear response of the photocurrent to the optical stimulus can perform arithmetic operations such as counting, addition, and subtraction within a single device. This novel integration of memory, synaptic behavior, and processing within a single monolayer MoS2 device is believed to put forth a new horizon for the Non‐Von–Neuman type in‐memory computing architecture for highly advanced AI applications based on 2D materials.
Electrocatalytic Synthesis of Substituted Pyrazoles via Hypervalent Iodine Mediated Intramolecular C−N Coupling
Authors: Paveliev Stanislav A. , Segida Oleg O. , Bityukov Oleg V. , Tang Hai‐Tao , Pan Ying‐Ming , Nikishin Gennady I. , Terent'ev Alexander O.
Published: October 2022

The electrochemical intramolecular cross‐dehydrogenative C(sp2)−H/N−H coupling of α,β‐unsaturated hydrazones resulting in substituted pyrazoles has been discovered. The process is catalyzed by hypervalent iodine species generated in situ through anodic oxidation of aryl iodide in fluorinated alcohol media. The formation of hypervalent iodine compound and its key role in the construction of a new C−N bond was confirmed with CV and NMR experiments. A wide range of substituted pyrazoles were obtained in yields ranging from 46% to 88%.

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Emulsion‐Induced Polymersomes Taming Tetrodotoxin for Prolonged Duration Local Anesthesia
Authors: Li Xiaosi , Li Qi , Song Shenghan , Stevens Amy O. , Broemmel Zach , He Yi , Wesselmann Ursula , Yaksh Tony , Zhao Chao
Published: October 2022

Injectable local anesthetics that can provide a continuous nerve block approximating the duration of a pain state would be a life‐changing solution for patients experiencing post‐operative pain or chronic pain. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a site 1 sodium channel blocker that is extremely potent compared to clinically used local anesthetics. Challengingly, TTX doses are limited by its associated systemic toxicity, thus shortening the achievable duration of nerve blocks. Here, emulsion‐induced polymersomes (EIP) are explored as a drug delivery system to safely use TTX for local anesthesia. By emulsifying hyperbranched polyglycerol‐poly (propylene glycol)‐hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG‐PPG‐HPG) in TTX aqueous solution, HPG‐PPG‐HPG self‐assembles into micrometer‐sized polymersomes within seconds. The formed polymersomes have microscopically visible internal aqueous pockets that encapsulate TTX with an encapsulation efficiency of up to 94%. Moreover, the polymersomes are structurally stable, enabling sustained TTX release. In vivo, the freshly prepared EIP/TTX formulation can be directly injected and increase the tolerated dose of TTX in Sprague–Dawley rats to 11.5 µg without causing any TTX‐related systemic toxicity. In the presence of the chemical penetration enhancer sodium octyl sulfate (SOS), a single perineural injection of EIP/TTX/SOS formulation produces a reliable sciatic nerve block for 22 days with minimal local toxicity.
Semantic Interpretation for Convolutional Neural Networks: What Makes a Cat a Cat?
Authors: Xu Hao , Chen Yuntian , Zhang Dongxiao
Published: October 2022

The interpretability of deep neural networks has attracted increasing attention in recent years, and several methods have been created to interpret the “black box” model. Fundamental limitations remain, however, that impede the pace of understanding the networks, especially the extraction of understandable semantic space. In this work, the framework of semantic explainable artificial intelligence (S‐XAI) is introduced, which utilizes a sample compression method based on the distinctive row‐centered principal component analysis (PCA) that is different from the conventional column‐centered PCA to obtain common traits of samples from the convolutional neural network (CNN), and extracts understandable semantic spaces on the basis of discovered semantically sensitive neurons and visualization techniques. Statistical interpretation of the semantic space is also provided, and the concept of semantic probability is proposed. The experimental results demonstrate that S‐XAI is effective in providing a semantic interpretation for the CNN, and offers broad usage, including trustworthiness assessment and semantic sample searching.
An Efficient Training Methodology of Hardware Neural Network Based on Wafer‐Scale MoS2 Synaptic Array
Authors: Cao Yuanyuan , Meng Jialin , Li Qingxuan , Wang Tianyu , Zhu Hao , Sun Qingqing , Zhang David Wei , Chen Lin
Published: October 2022

Neuromorphic computing has attracted broad attention in recent years, owing to its break in the bottleneck of traditional von Neumann architecture with its advantages of high efficiency and low power consumption. However, many reported works only focused on the improvement of the performance of a single device, or assumed that each neuron in the artificial neural network (ANN) is ideal and equivalent, which cannot realize the application of device in hardware neural network (HNN). Herein, a top‐gate structured floating‐gate synapse (FG‐Synapse) array is fabricated. Wafer‐level molybdenum sulfide (MoS2 ) channel and hafnium oxide (HfO2 ) dielectric layer are grown by atomic layer deposition.  Besides, long‐term potential/depression (LTP/LTD) performance of each device are explored, which showed high consistency. Finally, a three‐layer ANN and proposed as an efficient approximation method to realize the recognition of digital pictures. It is the first time that a 2D device array based on a floating gate structure applied to ANNs. The recognition rate of a single device reaches 92.2%, and the recognition rate of the device array reaches 91.3%. This work is of great significance to provide the possibility for the application of larger‐scale arrays in neuromorphic computing in the future.
Disentangling the relationship of subjective cognitive decline and depressive symptoms in the development of cognitive decline and dementia
Authors: Kleineidam Luca , Wagner Michael , Guski Jannis , Wolfsgruber Steffen , Miebach Lisa , Bickel Horst , König Hans‐Helmut , Weyerer Siegfried , Lühmann Dagmar , Kaduszkiewicz Hanna , Luppa Melanie , Röhr Susanne , Pentzek Michael , Wiese Birgitt , Maier Wolfgang , Scherer Martin , Kornhuber Johannes , Peters Oliver , Frölich Lutz , Wiltfang Jens , Lewczuk Piotr , Hüll Michael , Ramirez Alfredo , Jessen Frank , Riedel‐Heller Steffi G. , Heser Kathrin
Published: October 2022

Introduction

Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and depressive symptoms (DS) frequently co‐occur prior to dementia. However, the temporal sequence of their emergence and their combined prognostic value for cognitive decline and dementia is unclear.

Methods

Temporal relationships of SCD, DS and memory decline were examined by latent difference score modeling in a high‐aged, population‐based cohort (N = 3217) and validated using Cox‐regression of dementia‐conversion. In 334 cognitively unimpaired SCD‐patients from memory‐clinics, we examined the association of DS with cognitive decline and with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers.

Results

In the population‐based cohort, SCD preceded DS. High DS were associated with increased risk of dementia conversion in individuals with SCD. In SCD‐patients from memory‐clinics, high DS were associated with greater cognitive decline. CSF Aß42 predicted increasing DS.

Discussion

SCD typically precedes DS in the evolution to dementia. SCD‐patients from memory‐clinics with DS may constitute a high‐risk group for cognitive decline.

Highlights

Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) precedes depressive symptoms (DS) as memory declines.

Emerging or persistent DS after SCD reports predict dementia.

In SCD patients, more amyloid pathology relates to increasing DS.

SCD patients with DS are at high risk for symptomatic progression.
From a Metal–Organic Square to a Robust and Regenerable Supramolecular Self‐assembly for Methane Purification
Authors: Cao Zhong‐Min , Li Guo‐Ling , Di Zheng‐Yi , Chen Cheng , Meng Ling‐Yi , Wu Mingyan , Wang Wei , Zhuo Zhu , Kong Xiang‐Jian , Hong Maochun , Huang You‐Gui
Published: October 2022

Porous supramolecular assemblies constructed by noncovalent interactions are promising for adsorptive purification of methane because of their easy regeneration. However, the poor stability arising from the weak noncovalent interactions has obstructed their practical applications. Here, we report a robust and easily regenerated polyhedron‐based cationic framework assembled from a metal–organic square. This material exhibits a very low affinity for CH4 and N2, but captures other competing gases (e.g. C2H6, C3H8, and CO2) with a moderate affinity. These results underpin highly selective separation of a range of gas mixtures that are relevant to natural gas and industrial off‐gas. Dynamic breakthrough studies demonstrate its practical separation for C2H6/CH4, C3H8/CH4, CO2/N2, and CO2/CH4. Particularly, the separation time is ≈11 min g−1 for the C2H6/CH4 (15/85 v/v) mixture and ≈49 min g−1 for the C3H8/CH4 (15/85 v/v) mixture (under a flow of 2.0 mL min−1), respectively, enabling its capability for CH4 purification from light alkanes.
Confinement of the Triplet States in π‐Conjugated BODIPY Dimers Linked with Ethynylene or Butadiynylene Bridges: A Different View on the Effect of Symmetry
Authors: Zhang Xue , Ivanov Mikhail , Wang Zhijia , Bousquet Manon H. E. , Liu Xi , Wan Yan , Zhao Jianzhang , Barbon Antonio , Escudero Daniel , Jacquemin Denis , Fedin Matvey
Published: October 2022

Understanding the impact of the excited state wavefunction confinement is crucial for the engineering of the photophysical properties and applications of organic chromophores. In the present contribution, the localization of the triplet state wavefunctions of some symmetric ethyne/butadiyne bridged BODIPY dimers and asymmetric BODIPY derivatives presenting extended π‐conjugation frameworks is studied with time‐resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and time‐dependent density functional theory computations. Based on the Zero Field Splitting D parameters, we conclude that the triplet state wavefunctions are highly localized on one BODIPY unit in the symmetric dimers, which is consistent with the ab initio modelling that finds delocalized triplet state destabilized by 12–14 kcal mol−1 as compared to its localized counterpart. The result provides a new insight into the study of triplet excited state confinement and the design of molecular wires or photosensitizers for photovoltaics and photocatalysis.
Deciphering Ligand Controlled Structural Evolution of Prussian Blue Analogues and Their Electrochemical Activation during Alkaline Water Oxidation
Authors: Singh Baghendra , Mannu Pandian , Huang Yu‐Cheng , Prakash Ravi , Shen Shaohua , Dong Chung‐Li , Indra Arindam
Published: October 2022

Herein, we have demonstrated the control over the structure of precatalysts to tune the properties of the active catalysts and their water oxidation activity. The reaction of K3[Fe(CN)6] and Na2[Fe(CN)5(NO)] with Co(OH)2@CC produced precatalysts PC‐1 and PC‐2, respectively, with distinct structural and electronic features. The replacement of the −CN group with strong π‐acceptor −NO modulates the electronic and atomic structure of PC‐2. As a result, a facile electrochemical transformation of PC‐2 into active catalyst Fe−Co(OH)2‐Co(O)OH (AC‐2) has been attained only in 15 CV cycles while 600 CV cycles are required for the electrochemical activation of PC‐1 into AC‐1. The X‐ray absorption studies reveal the contraction of the Co−O and Fe−O bond in AC‐2 because of the presence of a higher amount of Co3+ and Fe3+ than in AC‐1. The high valent Co3+ and Fe3+ modulates the electronic properties of AC‐2 and assists in the O−O bond formation, leading to the improved water oxidation activity.