bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation on Fracture Behavior of Glass Fiber Reinforced Thermoplstic and Thermosetting Composites
Authors: Mathurosemontri Suchalinee , Okuno Kentaro , Ogura Yoichiro , Thumsorn Supaphorn , Hamada Hiroyuki
Published: February 2017

Glass fiber reinforced thermoplastics and thermosetting composites were prepared in this study. Commercial grades of 20% glass fiber filled polypropylene, polyoxymethylene, polyamide 6 and polycarbonate were injection molded to dumbbell specimens. The specimens are referred as GF/PP, GF/POM, GF/PA and GF/PC, respectively. 55% GF reinforced novolak composites were fabricated by hand lay-up, which different curing times of 20 s, 35 s and 50 s. Mechanical properties, fracture behavior and morpgology of GF composites with and without notched were investigated. GF/PA showed the highest properties of tensile properties, notched strength and fracture toughness as compared to all of GF reinforced thermoplastics in this research. On the other hand, tensile properties and fracture toughness of GF reinforced novolak increased with increasing curing times. SEM photographs indicated ductile fractured surface near the crack edge while their brittle appeared at far of the crack in GF reinforced thermoplastics. It can be noted that notched sensitivity of GF reinforced thermoplastics was lower than GF reinforced thermosetting composites.
Mechanical Properties of Composite Compounded with ABS (GF) and CF by DFFIM
Authors: Hisakura Yuuki , Kitahara Keinichi , Sugihara Makoto , Imajo Akihiko , Hamada Hiroyuki
Published: February 2017

The direct fiber feeding injection molding (DFFIM) process is the new fabrication technique. This technique is able to eliminate the compounding process. In this study, the composite consisting of glass fiber/carbon fiber/ABS (GF/CF/ABS) were fabricated. Tensile, bending and Izod impact test were conducted to compare mechanical properties between glass fiber and glass fiber/carbon fiber hybrid composites. The additional of carbon fiber improved tensile, bending and impact properties of the hybrid composites. SEM photographs indicated that carbon fiber tended to agglomerate during DFFIM process. It can be noted that the low content of carbon fiber was suitable for enhanced mechanical performances of GF/CF/ABS hybrid composites.
Mechanism and its Mathematical Expressions of Stress-Induced Light Emission of ZnS:Mn/Polyester Composite
Authors: Leelachao Sirichai , Muraishi Shinji , Nakamura Yoshio
Published: February 2017

Mechanism of mechanoluminescence of the composite of Mn-doped ZnS particles and polyester resin is developed based on the principle of Fermi-level shift, associated by piezoelectric effect. As the electron-hole recombination is responsible for light emission, it is possible to determine the number of emitted photons from the difference in number of conducting electrons between the stressed state and the thermal equilibrium condition. For the given emission color, characteristics of photomultiplier tube and deformation conditions, the emitted photons can be approximated. The model is expressed as A[exp (Bσ2) - 1] where σ is the applied stress, a pre-exponential A illustrates the efficiency of luminescent centers and the influences of dielectric and piezoelectric constants of ZnS host and temperature are displayed as the exponent factor B.
Interfacial Characteristics of Insert-Injection Molding by Using Acoustic Emission
Authors: Pinpathomrat Badin , Mathurosemontri Suchalinee , Thumsorn Supaphorn , Hamada Hiroyuki
Published: February 2017

Aim of this study focused on insert injection molding process, which is molded the melted polymer around an inserted part placed in the molded cavity of injection molding process. The interfacial adhesive strength between the inserted and an injected polymer parts were investigated by Intron universal test machine in order to investigate the effect of material in inserted and injected part. During tensile testing the acoustic emissions (AE) measurement was applied to evaluate the fracture behavior of insert injection molding. It was found that interfacial adhesive strength of insert injection molded of all specimens increased according with increasing the bonding area of adhesive interface. The fracture mode of the insert injection molded specimens was depended on the length of bonding area of the inserted part. The fracture of mode of the insert-injection molded specimens was confirmed by acoustic emission.
Application of the Tensile Test with a CCD Camera to Assess the Adhesion of Scale to Si-Containing Hot-Rolled Steels
Authors: Issaard Wannapha , Nilsonthi Thanasak
Published: February 2017

The tensile test has been developed to assess scale adhesion of hot-rolled steel. The tensile testing machine was equipped with the CCD camera to follow the failure of scale during straining. The hot-rolled steel with different silicon content was used to investigate the scale adhesion behavior. The result is shown the mechanical adhesion energy of scale formed on the hot-rolled steel with higher Si contain was 115 J.m-2, higher than the hot-rolled steel with lower Si contain which was 56 J.m-2. This might be due to the presence of oxide containing Si at interface which promoted adhesion, implying that longer time for descaling would be required.
Production of Tensioner Pulley from Nylon-Glass Fiber Composites
Authors: Tomyangkul Supitcha , Patcharaphun Somjate , Shibata Piriya , Kitisatorn Wanlop
Published: February 2017

This paper shows the feasibility of replacing the SPCC steel with glass fiber reinforced Nylon composites for the manufacturing of tensioner pulley. Three series of Nylon (Nylon 66, Nylon 46 and Nylon 46 with PTFE) reinforced with 30wt% of glass fiber were investigated. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was carried out to simulate the stress distribution and to predict the maximum stress located on the pulley component. It was found that all Nylon composites had higher tensile modulus than SPCC steel, while the SPCC steel exhibited higher tensile strength. FEA demonstrated that the maximum stress on Nylon composite pulley was lower than the SPCC steel pulley, however these stresses were higher than yield stress of materials. The addition of supporting rib can reduce the stress concentration to lower the yield stress of materials. Finally the performance of Nylon composite pulley was considered. Pulley with plain-surface bearing was meet the criteria for endurance test, however, the interfacial adhesion between bearing and Nylon composite pulley can be improved by glued and gouged surface. According to the experimental results, glass fiber reinforced Nylon composites can be the representative materials of replacing SPCC steel for tensioner pulley.
Productions and Properties of Bacterial Cellulose from Oil Palm Shoot Juices Felled Medium and Coconut Medium
Authors: Phruksaphithak Nantharat , Kaewnun Chalermkiet , O-Thong Sompong
Published: February 2017

Bacterial Cellulose (BC) was produced by Acetobacterxylinum TISTR 086 use mixing of oil palm shoot juices (OPSJ) and coconut juice (CJ) medium with or without nutrient supplemented or OPSJ was digested with α-amylase. Results showed the highest yield was obtained at OPSJ with CJ at mixing ratios of 50% (4.70±0.11 g/L) and the lowest yield was obtained at OPSJ with CJ at mixing ratios of 0% (3.54±0.11 g/L). OPSJ was digested with 1300 lU/gm at concentration enzyme 650 IU/L at 37 °C for 24 h has highest sugar concentration of 73.93±0.12 g/L. Amylase digested OPSJ mixed with coconut juice’s highest bacterial cellulose production at OPSJ with CJ at mixing ratios of 50% (4.94±0.13 g/L), respectively. Moreover, the BC obtained had molecular weight from 332,122 to 503,233 g/mol. The chemical structure of BC produced was studied using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray defections. The morphology of BC was investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Thermal property was further studied using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetic Analysis (TGA). This study obviously showed the ability of OPSJ, a suitable and cheap carbon source, to be used as a substrate in a fermentation medium for production of cellulose by Acetobacterxylinum TISTR 086.
Advanced Microstructural Investigations of AISI 441 Early Stage Oxidation in Wet Atmosphere
Authors: Wongpromrat Wichitra , Parry Valérie , Chandra-Ambhorn Walairat , Chandra-Ambhorn Somrerk , Galerie Alain , Wouters Yves
Published: February 2017

AISI 441 ferritic stainless steel is a good candidate for metallic interconnects in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The minor elements Ti and Nb are used to stabilize the ferritic matrix and also to reduce creep by a combination of solid solution strengthening and precipitation of intermetallic Laves phase particles along the grain boundaries. However their influence on the oxidation behavior is not well understood. This study focuses on the early stages oxidation (from 4 to 24 h) at 800 °C of AISI 441 under 5% H2O in O2. A relatively smooth micro-crystallized oxide scale and Ti, Nb containing nodules are observed. The internal microstructure of these objects is studied by FIB tomography which allows computing cross sectional views in any direction of interest. FIB study reveals a complex microstructure and a development strongly linked to the presence of niobium and/or titanium in the substrate.
Effects of Compatibilizers on Properties of Polypropylene/Bamboo Fiber Composites
Authors: Boonlertsamut Jitlada , Wongpajan Rutchaneekorn , Thumsorn Supaphorn , Hamada Hiroyuki
Published: February 2017

Bamboo fiber (BF) reinforced thermoplastic material composites were prepared in this study. polypropylene (PP) was compounded with bamboo fiber in a twin screw extruder at bamboo fiber contents of 0-30 wt% with polyethylene grafted maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA) as modifying agent. PP/bamboo fiber composites were to dumbbell specimens by injection molding process. The effect of bamboo fiber contents on properties of the composites was investigated. Tensile and storage modulus of the composites increased when increasing bamboo fiber contents. It can be noted that bamboo fiber promoted crystallization and enhanced crystallinity of PP in the composites, which improved the composites mechanical performance. On the contrary, tensile strength of the PP/BF composites was almost unchanged. Nevertheless, it was considering that the level of interaction between bamboo fiber and PP could be enhanced at higher contents of PE-g-MA. It can be noted that fracture toughness of the PP/BF composites was maintained at the BF contents of 10 wt%, which was attributed to the good interaction between bamboo fiber and PP matrix with the addition of PE-g-MA.
A Study of the Factors Affecting the Separation Force of Artificial Leather Laminating Process
Authors: Pimapunsri Kusol , Wuttipornpun Teeradej , Veeranant Darawan
Published: February 2017

The separation force is one of the most important properties of artificial leather industries. This paper aims to determine an optimal setting of artificial leather laminating process in order to obtain the desired separation force. There are three potential factors directly influence the separation force for both machine direction (MD) and transverse direction (TD). These factors are take-off temperature, heating temperature, and embossing pressure. To study the effect of these factors on the separation force, a 23 factorial design with six replicates is then conducted, and the result is analyzed at a significant level of 0.05. The result shows that all main factors have significant effects to MD and TD. The optimal setting of the laminating process for artificial leather to obtain the desired MD and TD is that using take-off temperature, heating temperature and embossing pressure at 175°C, 150°C and 40 Bar respectively.
Investigation of Microstructure and Hardness Properties of Hardfacing Surface on SCM 440 Alloy Steel by Using Metal Active Gas and Flux Cored Arc Welding Processes
Authors: Sitthipong Siva , Towatana Prawit , Sitticharoenchai Amnuay
Published: February 2017

This research aimed to investigate the microstructure and hardness properties of hardfacing surface on SCM440 alloy steel by using metal active gas and flux cored arc welding processes. Due to the difficulty of welding the high strength steel, the changes in base metals’ microstructures were found after welding. Preheating the specimens at 350°C and post weld heat treatment the specimens at 550°C were performed for 1 hour, to reduce the residual stresses and avoid the undesired formation of microstructures. The weld metals’ microstructures that were found from both welding processes are acicular ferrite, polygonal ferrite and side plate ferrite. The hardness value of weld metal resulted from flux cored arc welding process is higher than that of the metal active gas welding process. Each welding process produced different quantities of weld metals’ microstructures, causing the difference in hardness values. The data will be used for investigating and improving parameters of shaft repairing, in order to use it more effectively.
Degree of Vulcanization of Rubber Latex by Capillary Viscometer
Authors: Kittipoomwong Prakorn , Pongprayoon Thirawudh
Published: February 2017

The degree of vulcanization of latex compound was determined by capillary viscometer with controlled temperature to study effect of time and temperature on vulcanization process. The standard equilibrium swelling test was also conducted to assess the degree of vulcanization. A latex compound for medical glove was investigated. The latex viscosity was observed to increase over time at above room temperature condition. On the other hand, the viscosity fluctuated around mean value at room temperature. This is partly consistent with the swell ratio measurement which complete vulcanization was observed at curing temperature of 60 °C.
Three Dimensional Finite Element Program for Determination of Cure Level in Thick Rubber Part
Authors: Pornpeerakeat Sacharuck , Chantrasmi Tonkid , Chaikittiratana Arisara , Limrungruengrat Sitthichai
Published: February 2017

The vulcanization or curing process begins in a heated mould to convert viscous uncured rubber materials into functional elastic ones. As the mechanical properties and service performances of the final products are greatly affected by the state of cure or cure level of rubbers, thus it is very crucial to use suitable time, pressure and temperature for the curing process to ensure that the desired quality of the final products are obtained. A computer program “RACE-CURE” written in standard FORTRAN code has been developed by our research team for the analysis of curing process of large rubber parts. The program is developed based on the incremental finite element formulation for three dimensional nonlinear transient heat transfer analysis coupled with cure kinetics. The RACE-CURE is tested for a test problem of curing of a large rubber block and results are compared to another two programs: ANSYS Polyflow v.14 and CFEM, a MATLAB© FEM program with capability to add curing kinetics, independently developed at our research group.
Effect of Cu-Doped ZnO Sorbents for Desulfurization
Authors: Nitthaisong Amphon , Charojrochkul Sumittra , Kuharuangrong Sutin
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this work is to synthesize undoped and Cu-doped ZnO sorbents by citrate-gel method and compare desulfurization efficiency, particularly H2S, at 150°C and 300°C. The undoped ZnO result shows a single phase of hexagonal zincite while the CuO monoclinic phase appeared with ZnO hexagonal phase in Cu-doped compositions (denoted by ZCx where x = mol% of Cu). The microstructure and surface area have been investigated by SEM and BET, respectively. The surface area decreases with the amount of Cu and all of them have a porous structure with small grains. The desulfurization performance of all specimens have been investigated by fixed-bed reactor. The results from breakthrough time indicate ZC20 sorbent has highest sulfur sorption capacity at 300°C. The XRD results show ZnO and CuO in ZC20 can absorb sulfur and completely transform to ZnS, cubic CuS and hexagonal CuS at 300°C.
Moisture Content and Physical Properties of High-Moisture Agricultural Material Dried by Impinging Stream Dryer
Authors: Nimmol Chatchai , Kaewkamrop Thawatchai
Published: February 2017

The objective of this research was to study the drying of high-moisture agricultural material using an impinging stream dryer with multi-stage drying concept. Okara was used in this study as the test agricultural material. Experiments were performed in one-stage and two-stage drying. The final moisture content of the okara at several drying conditions was examined. The physical properties of dried okara were analyzed in terms of color and rehydration ability. It was found from the experiment that with the use of multi-stage drying concept the moisture content of okara could be significantly reduced within a very short period of time. In terms of physical properties, it was observed that the dried okara was darker, redder and more yellow than the fresh okara. Drying at higher temperatures led to higher color changes values of the dried okara. The effect of okara feed rate on the redness and yellowness was not significant, except for the lightness; drying at lower okara feed rates led to a darker dried okara. An increase in the drying temperature and a decrease in the okara feed rate led to a higher rehydration ability of the okara.
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Evaluation of the Pull-Off Adhesion between Epoxy Resin and Concrete Substrate
Authors: Szymanowski Jacek , Sadowski Łukasz
Published: February 2017

Adhesion assessment between epoxy resin and concrete substrate is described in the article. Two-layered cylindrical elements were obtained from the borehole in the object created for the purpose of the test. Adhesion analysis has been performed for two groups of elements of different composition. The ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) method with two-sided access was used to assess the adhesion. Pull-off adhesion fb compared with the ultrasonic wave velocity V has been determined. Relationships between the ultrasonic wave velocity V and pull-off adhesion fb, obtained with the semi-destructive pull-off method, were determined for both groups of elements. It was proved that together with an increase on the elements of the ultrasonic velocity wave V, the pull-off adhesion value fb between the epoxy resin and the concrete substrate also increases.
Effect of Mixing Patterns for Bio-Cement
Authors: Piriyakul Keeratikan , Iamchaturapatr Janjit
Published: February 2017

This research studied the effect of mixing patterns for the bio-cement in the pilot test. The bio-cementation process initiated the crystal forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) to bind soil particles. Formation of CaCO3 was useful for the stabilization of earth structures. Soil samples were mixed with the solution containing 250mM of CO(NH2)2, 250mM of Ca2+ (by CaCl2), and urease concentrations of 20 % (v/v). For clay, there were three types of mixing blades; the rectangle, the spiral and the comb blades. The research found that firstly the sample mixed by the comb blade showed the highest value of shear wave velocity of 210.5 m/s. Secondly, the sample mixed by the rectangle blade showed the shear wave velocity of 167.3 m/s. Lastly, the sample mixed by the spiral blade showed the lowest value of the shear wave velocity of 150.6 m/s. For sand, there were 4 injection methods; (a) pour all the solution at one time (b) continuous drop (c) period drop and (d) period injection. The research found that the method (a) was a disadvantage method since it improved the ground only at the bottom area. In the same way, the method (b) was also a disadvantaged method because it improved the ground only at the top area. The most recommended methods were the methods (c) and (d) which improved the ground strength continuously along the depth.
The Effect of Eggshells Ash on the Compressive Strength of Concrete
Authors: Ujin Fazeera , Ali Kamran Shavarebi , Hanur Harith Zarina Yasmin
Published: February 2017

This paper presents the main results of the research carried out to analyse the mechanical properties of concrete incorporating with eggshells waste. The use of eggshells ash in concrete formulations was investigated as an alternative to landfill disposal. The objective of this study is to find the suitability of eggshells ash as cement replacement in concrete. The cement has been replaced by waste eggshells ash accordingly in the range of1% and 2.5%. The eggshell ash passing the 90μm sieve was used in the investigation. By using 1% and 2.5% amount of the waste eggshells ash, water cement ratio were designed which is 0.47, 0.55 and 0.70 and compared in terms of slump and strength with the conventional concrete. The concrete specimens were tested in the series of compression test to determine the strength of concrete for 3, 7 and 28 days. As a result, the additional of eggshells ash to the concrete mix increase the strength of the concrete. In short, the higher percentage of eggshells ash in the mix means a higher compressive strength for the concrete. Hence, it is suggested that eggshells ash can be used as partially cement replacement in concrete.
Influence of Process Parameters on Electric Upsetting Process by Using Finite Element Modeling
Authors: Nuasri Pattarapong , Aue-u-Lan Yingyot
Published: February 2017

Electric Upsetting Process (EUP) is a process combining the forming process with the electric heating system. It is commonly used to manufacture a preform of a bar with high upsetting ratio, such as an axial shaft. The reliable forming process requires the understanding the effect of process and electrical parameters. Currently, the designer develops this process by trail-and-error. To successfully develop this process, the relationship between the electric heating and the forming parameters needs to be clearly understood. In this study, three parameters are investigated; namely anvil speed, upsetting load and heating voltage. Finite Element Modeling (FEM) is used as a tool for evaluating these parameters. The FEM results indicate that those parameters play significant roles on the material flow as well as the heating characteristics (i.e. temperature distributions and heat flow).
Analytical Boundary Method for Obtaining Feed Scallop of Toroidal Cutter in Multi-Axis Milling
Authors: Hendriko Hendriko
Published: February 2017

This paper presents a new method to calculate the feed scallop height for a toroidal cutter during a free-form surface machining in multi-axis milling. The proposed method is an extended analytical boundary method to define the cut geometry during a free-form surface milling. The algorithm was developed by taken into account the existence of inclination angle. The proposed method was successfully implemented to calculate the scallop for two model parts with different surface profiles. The accuracy was verified by comparing the scallop height calculated using the proposed method with those measured using Siemens-NX. The results proved that the proposed method was accurate
Overlay Welding on Titanium and 304 Stainless Steel Using ERNiCu-7 Filler Metal by GTAW Process
Authors: Thonondaeng Thanaporn , Laungsopapun Ghit , Fakpan Kittichai , Eidhed Krittee
Published: February 2017

Single pass overlay welding of the ERNiCu-7 filler metal on the commercial pure titanium grade 2 and the 304 stainless steel using the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process was studied. The ERNiCu-7 filler metal was overlay welded on the base metals with varying welding currents; it was 30A, 40A and 50A for the CP-Ti base metal and 50A, 60A and 70A for the 304SS base metal. The experimental results showed that the overlay CP-Ti welded-specimen, increasing of welding current increased bead width and decreased depth of penetration of weldment. While for the 304SS welded-specimen, increasing of welding current increased both bead width and depth of penetration. Suitable heat inputs to achieve good geometry of weldment for overlay welding were 348J/mm for CP-Ti welded-specimen and 558J/mm for 304SS welded-specimen.
Investigation of a Geometrical Base Parameter Affecting on Bending Quality in a Thin Sheet Metal
Authors: Blattler Aran , Kamonrattanapisud Maitri , Intarakumthornchai Thanasan , Aue-u-Lan Yingyot
Published: February 2017

A geometrical base parameter is investigated to determine the effect on a bending quality of a thin sheet metal for a roll forming process. This parameter is usually used as a criterion for the quality control of incoming materials for the bending process. This study was conducted by using a FEM simulation. The determination of the geometrical base parameter is considered as an appropriate and unique characteristic for each type of materials. To find this geometrical base parameter the dimensions of the workpiece must be measured while loading. The sensitivity of the bend allowance of a sheet metal is dependent on this geometrical base parameter. The high geometrical base parameter is led to indicate the elongation and the strength of the material. The principles of the geometrical base parameter are dependent on several factors, such as the bending angle, bending radius, material thickness, bend allowance, bending types and mechanical properties of materials. The outcomes of this study could provide the information used to enhance the bend quality of the sheet metal.
A Machinability Study of Hard-Facing Weld Metal on JIS-S50C Carbon Steel
Authors: Poonayom Pramote , Wattanajitsiri Voraya , Kimapong Kittipong
Published: February 2017

The feasibility study of the face-milling performance of hard-facing weld metal on JIS-S50C carbon steel was investigated on microstructure, chip characteristics, wear properties, and surface roughness. Discontinuous chips were found in all machining conditions. No buffering weld metal (No buffering layer, NBL) produces longer and thicker chips than that of the buffering weld metal (Buffering layer, BL). The flank wear of the cutting tool edge increases with the cutting length of the test specimen. The maximum wear of 850 mm was found in a wet condition of the NBL weld metal which is about 4 times higher than that of the base metal. High hardness value of the NBL weld metal produces a higher flank wear of the cutting tool edge than that of the BL weld metal. After comparing the wear of the cutting tool edge in wet and dry conditions, it was found that the dry condition exhibits a smaller flank wear than that of the wet condition. In the wet condition, more amount of coolant oil droplets cannot penetrate into the chip-tool interface and then provides an insufficient amount of lubricant in order to decrease the cutting temperature. Therefore wet condition produces severe wear of the cutting.
Effect of Cu and Ni Addition on Microstructure and Wettability of Sn-Zn Solders
Authors: Canyook Rungsinee , Fakpan Kittichai
Published: February 2017

In present study, Sn–9Zn, Sn–9Zn–xCu and Sn–9Zn–xNi solders (x = 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 wt%) were prepared via melting process. Effects of Cu and Ni addition on microstructure, thermal behavior, wettability and corrosion resistance of Sn–9Zn solders were investigated. The experimental result showed that microstructure of the Sn–9Zn was composed of β–Sn and Zn–rich phases. Addition of Cu to the Sn–9Zn solders, Cu6Sn5 and Cu5Zn8 IMCs were observed. While addition of Ni to the Sn–9Zn solders, Ni3Sn4 and Ni5Zn21 IMCs were observed. It was also found that, amount of those IMCs obviously increased with increasing of Cu and Ni contents. The results obtained from thermal analysis showed that melting temperature of the Sn–9Zn solder was 199.6°C. While melting temperatures of the Sn–9Zn–1.0Cu and Sn–9Zn–1.0Ni solders were 199.9°C and 204.2°C, respectively. The Cu and Ni contents had little effect on both spread rate and wetting angle of the Sn–9Zn–xCu and Sn–9Zn–xNi solders. However, increasing of Cu and Ni contents significantly increased the corrosion potentials of the Sn–9Zn–xCu and Sn–9Zn–xNi solders.
Microstructure Characterization of Pure Tungsten Electrodes Used in Gas Tungsten Arc Welding of Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Sojiphan Kittichai
Published: February 2017

Autogenous gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) using different non-consumable pure tungsten electrodes (EWP) from eight different manufacturers was performed on aluminum alloy 5083 samples. Due to the limited literatures of how tungsten microstructure may affect the weld quality, this paper attempts to investigate the change in microstructure of tungsten electrode after welding compared to the original microstructure in as-received condition. The scanning electron micrograph results reveal different grain shapes and sizes and also different grain growth rate during welding. It was found that the ability to control the grain growth or limit grain size within the balled end of pure tungsten electrode during aluminum welding plays a very important role in determining the quality of the electrode and how long the electrode would last.
Study of Blanking Process with V-Ring Using Experiment and Finite Element Method
Authors: Tongsrinak Pavinee , Panichnok Venus , Dechjarern Surangsee
Published: February 2017

A fine blanking process produces smoother surfaces finish than a blanking process because of a higher tri-axial compressive stress caused by v-ring and smaller punch-die clearance. This work aims to study the effect of the added v-ring design parameters on the blanking process of the SPCC sheet. Three dimension and two dimension finite element models of blanking process were used for studying the effect of v-ring design parameters on the cutting force and the quality of the surface edge respectively. The FE model of the blanking process of an isotropic elastic-plastic with ductile fracture criteria material was validated with the SPCC blanking experimental tests and the results agreed well. The influence of size and shape of v-ring on cutting forces and surfaces edge were examined using Taguchi method. Four v-ring design parameters, namely the height, the radius, the angle and the distance between die and v-ring were investigated. The Taguchi main effect analysis and ANOVA results show that the distance between die edge and V-ring is the most important factor for cutting forces. The radius of v-ring edge is the most significant factor for the length of smooth-surface and the angle of V-ring is the most important factor for burr heights.
Effect of Temperature on the Material Properties and the Results of Thermal Stress Analysis
Authors: Kim Tae  Kyung , Oh Dong Kwon , Lee Kwang Ju
Published: February 2017

Use of correct values of material properties is important in structural analysis. When incorrect values are used in the analysis, engineers may end up with misleading conclusions. The magnitudes of elastic modulus and strength are usually measured from experiments at room temperature. When these values are used in the thermal stress analysis of structures, the results may not be reliable because the magnitudes of elastic modulus and strength depend on temperature. The temperature distribution of HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) system was analyzed. The material properties were measured using MTS810 material test system and MTS 651 environmental chamber at different levels of temperature. They were used in the thermal stress analysis of HVAC system. It was found that the results of thermal stress analysis were significantly different from the results using material properties which were measured from experiments at room temperature.
Investigation on Variation of Bow Defect in Roll Forming Process
Authors: Jung Dong Won
Published: February 2017

Roll forming is a kind of plastic forming process in which a steel strip is bent by several sets of rolls gradually into the desired shape. The products are cold roll forming steels with various sections. Roll forming is one of the most widely used processes in the world for forming metal. Roll forming is a complex deformation process, which involves large displacement, finite strain and the problems of contact and friction between strip and rolls. This process exhibits obvious geometry, physical and boundary nonliterary. The complex processes contain many aspects such as geometry, kinematics and dynamics, etc. The forming process involves not only transverse bending, but also other additional deformations. In this paper, a group of simulations have been established with ABAQUS software to studying about the spring back and bow defect in the roll forming process. At last, experiments have been accomplished to verify the simulation results. The simulations based on the ABAQUS software calculate the spring back angles and bow displacements. The bow displacement of the roll forming process is considered relate to many factors include inner distance between stands, gaps of the rolls, channel width, the material of the sheet, sheet thickness and so on.To verify the bow displacement in roll forming process, 9 groups of simulations were set up use Taguchi method to figure out the influence on bow displacement of every factor. The longitudinal strain also has been learned in the present study.
Effect of Spot-Weld Line Orientation on Formability for Patchwork Blank
Authors: Ye Kwang Young , Kim Jae Hong , Kim Byung Min
Published: February 2017

In recent years, in order to achieve weight reduction and crashworthiness, automotive part was manufactured using patchwork blanks. The smaller patches were welded on a main sheet to achieve a local reinforcement, which is called the patchwork. In this study, the effect of the spot-weld line orientation on the formability of patchwork blanks for high-strength low alloy (HSLA) steel was investigated in uni-axial tension mode by limiting dome height (LDH) test. A FE-analysis and experiment was performed to gain a better understanding of the formability for limiting dome height and strain distribution. As a result of the LDH test and FE-analysis, differences in the dome heights and forming limits were observed patchwork blanks with spot-weld line orientation of 0°, 45°, and 90°, respectively. For the 0° and 45° patchwork blanks, the dome heights was lower than those of 90° patchwork blanks because of the stress concentration in the pole side.
Exopolysaccharide from Bacillus subtilis Induces Anti-Inflammatory M2 Macrophages That Prevent T Cell–Mediated Disease
Authors: Paynich Mallory L. , Jones-Burrage Sara E. , Knight Katherine L.
Published: February 2017

Commensal bacteria contribute to immune homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract; however, the underlying mechanisms for this are not well understood. A single dose of exopolysaccharide (EPS) from the probiotic spore-forming bacterium Bacillus subtilis protects mice from acute colitis induced by the enteric pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. Adoptive transfer of macrophage-rich peritoneal cells from EPS-treated mice confers protection from disease to recipient mice. In vivo, EPS induces development of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages in a TLR4-dependent manner, and these cells inhibit T cell activation in vitro and in C. rodentium–infected mice. In vitro, M2 macrophages inhibit CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The inhibition of CD4+ T cells is dependent on TGF-β, whereas inhibition of CD8+ T cells is dependent on TGF-β and PD-L1. We suggest that administration of B. subtilis EPS can be used to broadly inhibit T cell activation and, thus, control T cell–mediated immune responses in numerous inflammatory diseases.
North circumpolar region
Authors:   Natural Resources Canada
Published: February 2017

This bilingual map shows the geography of the northern circumpolar region, north of approximately 55 degrees, at a scale of 1:9 000 000. The map uses the azimuthal equidistant projection. It includes all international boundaries, as well as the Canadian
provincial and territorial boundaries and Canada's 200 nautical mile offshore exclusive economic zone. National capital cities are shown, as are other cities, towns, villages and hamlets. Some seasonally populated places are also included. The map displays a number of significant northern features,
including the median sea ice extent for September 1981 to 2010, the tree line, undersea relief, land relief, the Magnetic North Pole, glaciers, ice fields and coastal ice shelves. Many of the physiographic and hydrographic features are labelled.
Caractéristiques des tremblements de terre de la Vallée du Saint-Laurent entre Montréal et Québec et examen de liens possibles avec les travaux de fracturation hydraulique pour les gaz de shale effectués entre 2006 et 2010
Authors: Lamontagne M
Published: February 2017

Entre novembre 2006 et juillet 2010, des travaux de fracturation hydraulique pour évaluer le potentiel de production économique de gaz naturel du Shale d'Utica ont été faits dans 18 puits dans la vallée du Saint-Laurent (VSL) entre
Québec et Montréal. À la lumière des séismes induits par la fracturation hydraulique ailleurs dans le monde et en particulier dans l'Ouest canadien, on examine si ces travaux ont pu mener au déclenchement de séismes induits détectables dans la VSL.
L'analyse disposait des données de la plupart des puits pétroliers et gaziers qui ont été sujet à de la fracturation hydraulique. De plus, on disposait des épicentres et temps d'origine des tremblements de terre détectés par les stations séismographiques
régionales du Réseau Séismographique National Canadien. Historiquement, la VSL est sujette à une activité séismique sporadique (de 5 à 34 séismes par année entre 1980 et 2015) entrecoupée de quelques séismes ressentis par la population (rarement
plus d'un par année). Le plus grand séisme enregistré pendant la période 2005-2012 a été le tremblement de terre de Laurier-Station (magnitudes : mN 4.1; Mw 3.5) en juillet 2010.
Une analyse des séismes naturels (tectoniques) de la VSL a révélé que la grande majorité (95%) se produisent entre 5 et 25 km de profondeur. Contrairement à la sismicité tectonique naturelle, l'activité sismique provoquée par la fracturation
hydraulique devrait être à faible profondeur (5 km ou moins). De plus, on s'attend à une certaine proximité spatiale des lieux d'injection.
On a comparé les positions des épicentres des séismes survenus après la fracturation hydraulique avec la position des puits où de tels travaux avaient été faits. Seuls trois séismes ayant une source à moins de 5 km de profondeur étaient dans un rayon
de 15 km autour d'un puits. Lorsqu'on examine la période de temps entre la fracturation hydraulique et ces trois séismes, on obtient des intervalles de temps variant entre 298 et 1348 jours, ce qui rend très peu probable un lien de cause à effet entre les deux. De plus, les
faibles volumes d'eau injectée, rend peu probable un lien de cause à effet entre les deux.
Battery Terminology
Authors:   Battery Terminology Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE Information Report contains definitions for energy storage system and battery terminology. It is intended that this document be a resource for those writing other battery, HEV and EV documents, specifications, standards, or recommended practices.
Hose Assemblies, Rubber, Hydraulic, Steel Wire Reinforced - Part 1: Procurement Document
Authors:   Hydraulic Hose and Hose Fittings Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE Standard covers steel wire reinforced rubber hose assemblies using connectors specified in SAE J516 for use in hydraulic systems using petroleum based hydraulic fluids with maximum working pressures of 1.7 to 42 MPa. See Part 2, Table 7 for hose operating temperature ranges and identification codes.

NOTE: Working pressure is defined as maximum system pressure.
Agricultural and Forestry Off-Road Machinery Control and Communication Network
Authors:   Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Published: February 2017

SAE J1939-02 Agricultural and Forestry Off-Road Machinery Network specifies the requirements for application of SAE J1939 in agricultural and forestry equipment. This document specifies the series of documents within the set of SAE J1939 documents that are applicable to agricultural and forestry equipment and provides further requirements for this industry.

The SAE and ISO groups have cooperated to define agricultural and forestry networks in a manner to allow compatibility of ECUs and messaging protocols between the A&F and the T&B networks.
Disposable Hydraulic Filter Elements - 21 MPa Collapse Pressure, Filtration Ratio = 75 at 10 μm, 75 to 175 L/Min
Authors:   Ship Fluid Systems Committee
Published: February 2017

This specification sheet establishes requirements for high collapse pressure configuration filter elements of several configurations with a minimum filtration ratio of 75 for particles larger than 10 µm when designed and tested in accordance with SAE J2321 and this specification sheet.
Recommended Practices for Fluid Conductor Carbon, Alloy and High Strength Low Alloy Steel Tubing Applications-Part 2: General Specifications and Performance Requirements
Authors:   Metallic Tubing Committee
Published: February 2017

These recommended practices provide recommendations for general specifications and performance requirements of carbon, alloy and high strength low alloy steel tube assemblies for fluid power applications utilizing commonly available manufacturing methods and general guidelines for tube selection and application.
Recommended Practices for Fluid Conductor Carbon, Alloy and High Strength Low Alloy Steel Tubing Applications - Part 3: Procurement
Authors:   Metallic Tubing Committee
Published: February 2017

SAE J2551-3 recommended practice provides recommendations for a procurement process for carbon, alloy and high strength low alloy steel tube assemblies for fluid power applications utilizing commonly available manufacturing methods and general guidelines for tube selection and application.
Use Cases for Wireless Charging Communication for Plug-in Electric Vehicles
Authors:   Hybrid - EV Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE Information Report SAE J2836/6™ establishes use cases for communication between plug-in electric vehicles and the EVSE, for wireless energy transfer as specified in SAE J2954. It addresses the requirements for communications between the on-board charging system and the Wireless EV Supply Equipment (WEVSE) in support of detection of the WEVSE, the charging process, and monitoring of the charging process.

Since the communication to the charging infrastructure and the power grid for smart charging will also be communicated by the WEVSE to the EV over the wireless interface, these requirements are also covered. However, the processes and procedures are expected to be identical to those specified for V2G communications specified in SAE J2836/1.

Where relevant, the specification notes interactions that may be required between the vehicle and vehicle operator, but does not formally specify them. Similarly communications between the on-board charging sub-system and the on-board vehicle electronics is not formally specified in this document.

This is the 1st version of this document and completes step 1 effort that captures the initial objectives of the SAE task force. The intent of step 1 was to record as much information on “what we think works” and publish. The effort continues however, to step 2 that allows public review for additional comments and viewpoints, while the task force also continues additional testing and early implementation. Results of step 2 effort will then be incorporated into updates of this document and lead to a republished version.
Full Adaptive Forward Lighting Systems
Authors:   Road Illumination Devices Standards Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE standard provides test procedures, performance requirements, design guidelines and installation guidelines for full adaptive forward lighting systems (AFS).
Communication for Smart Charging of Plug-in Electric Vehicles using Smart Energy Profile 2.0
Authors:   Hybrid - EV Committee
Published: February 2017

This document describes the details of the Smart Energy Profile 2.0 (SEP2.0) communication used to implement the functionality described in the SAE J2836/1™ use cases. Each use case subsection includes a description of the function provided, client device requirements, and sequence diagrams with description of the steps. Implementers are encouraged to consult the SEP2.0 Schema and Application Specification for further details. Where relevant, this document notes, but does formally specify, interactions between the vehicle and vehicle operator.
Ready Mixed Concrete Truck Recommended Practice
Authors:   Ready-Mix Concrete Truck Safety Committee
Published: February 2017

This recommended practice is applicable to the construction, reconstruction, and modification, of ready-mixed concrete trucks. This RP is not mandatory but is a consensus of industry best practices. It is not intended to override or replace OEM vehicle specifications, existing government regulations and other sources that are related to this RP.
Highly Accelerated Failure Test (HAFT) for Automotive Lamps with LED Assembly
Authors:   Test Methods and Equipment Stds Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE Recommended Practice provides test procedures, requirements, and equipment recommendations for the methods of the measurement that characterizes potential design failures by utilizing a step stress approach to subject a device under test to thermal, vibration, and electrical stresses of types and levels beyond what it may see in actual use, but which will rapidly induce failure modes, allowing them to be detected and corrected.
SPECIFICATION FOR TESTING AUTOMOTIVE LED MODULES
Authors:   USCAR
Published: February 2017

This specification is a general level subsystem light source specification that establishes test requirements of Light Emitting Diode (LED) components and modules for use in automotive lighting systems.

The completed test data to this test specification is intended to be provided to the OEM by the Tier I lamp set maker as part of the lamp assembly PPAP. Re-testing shall be required if any portion of the approved LED modules experiences a design, manufacturing or component change.

This document shall be applied to systems that meet the requirements for design, performance and validation established by government standards.

The LED module is defined as the LED devices and any electronics required to properly energize the LEDs using vehicle electrical power system along with any associated electrical wiring, connectors and thermal management system. Samples shall be tested as a subsystem and considered one test sample for the entire test sequence. A failure of any component in the test sample shall constitute a failure of the entire sample. If other manufactures components are intended to be approved for use in the LED modules, then those possible combinations of components shall be considered a new LED module and shall also be tested.

Additional testing may be required by individual OEM’s to meet specific EMC, quality, reliability and durability objectives.

The following tests are to be performed under the following conditions:

New sample

Design or process change made to an existing module

Completion of one calendar year as noted in the “ANNUAL TESTS” Table shown in the Appendix. (Note: Production process control data, collected at a shorter interval per an approved control plan, may be substituted if approved by customer’s responsible engineer and purchasing representative.)