bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Osteophytes on the zygapophyseal (facet) joints of the cervical spine (C3–C7): A skeletal study
Authors: Ezra David , Kedar Einat , Salame Khalil , Alperovitch‐Najenson Deborah , Hershkovitz Israel
Published: August 2021

Previous studies have reported that osteophytes in the cervical vertebrae may cause immobility, neck stiffness, osteoarthritis, headaches, nerve entrapment syndromes, and compression of the vertebral artery. Our objective was to explore the osteophytes' expression on zygapophyseal joints C3–C7. This is a cross‐sectional observational skeletal study. The study sample comprised 273 human skeletons of both sexes, aged 20–93, housed at the Natural History Museum, OH, USA. A grading system assessed the presence and severity of osteophytosis on the zygapophyseal joints. The chi‐square test (SPSS 25.0) examined the association between osteophytes and demographic factors. The level of significance (α) was set at .05. The highest prevalence of osteophytes was found on C5 vertebra, the lowest on C7. On vertebrae C3, C4, C6, the rate of moderate and severe osteophytes found on the superior and inferior facets were comparable. Moderate and severe degrees of osteophytes were observed more frequently on the superior facets, whereas, on vertebra C7, osteophytes were found on the inferior facet joints. Osteophytes' prevalence was significantly higher in the elderly compared to the younger population. Osteophytes in the C3–C7 zygapophyseal joints are age‐dependent. No significant sex and ethnic differences were observed. Vertebra C5 was most prone to develop osteophytes, most probably due to its location in the cervical lordotic peak, C5 in the superior ZF; C7 in the inferior ZF are significant (p = .05). The zygapophyseal joints of C7 were least frequent overall, yet, the C7 inferior facets had significantly more moderate–severe osteophytes compared to other cervical vertebrae.
Synthesis and antioxidant properties of a novel arylamine antioxidant
Authors: Chao Mianran , Fan Rong , Zhang Lulu , Wang Xiaoyu , Shu Qianhui , Gao Jifeng , Chen Lele , Gong Peiwei , Shen Duyi
Published: August 2021

A novel oil‐soluble arylamine antioxidant N1,N2‐diphenylethane‐1,2‐diamine (ND) was successfully synthesized, and the potential antioxidant behavior of which had never been reported before. The structure of ND was characterized via nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR, 13C NMR) and electron ionization mass spectrometry. The antioxidant performance of ND and its synergistic effect with 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methylphenol (BHT) in di‐2‐ethylhexyl sebacate were evaluated by pressurized differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry analysis, and hot oil oxidation test. All the results indicated that the synthesized antioxidant ND exhibited outstanding antioxidant performance and showed prominent synergistic effect with BHT in ester base oil. Furthermore, the probable synergistic anti‐oxidative effect between ND and BHT was discussed, which was mainly induced by the formation of a fresh BHT radical and the regeneration of ND antioxidant.
“We don't need a four‐year college person to come here and tell us what to do”: Community college curriculum making after articulation reform
Authors: Sowl Stephanie , Brown Michael
Published: August 2021

This article presents an instrumental case study of how community college faculty engages in academic planning in the wake of curricular policy reform, and tensions between the perspectives of faculty from 2‐ and 4‐year institutions. Implications of these dynamics are discussed with a focus on advice for those leading curricular change projects in community colleges.
Pericostal tuberculosis in a patient with systemic sclerosis:The relationship of two rare diseases
Authors: Takizawa Naoho , Mizutani Tetsushi , Fujita Yoshiro
Published: August 2021

Regardless of immunosuppressant use, physicians should be aware of pulmonary and extra‐pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with autoimmune disease including systemic sclerosis, especially if they follow unusual clinical courses.
Intra‐amniotic levothyroxine infusions in a case of fetal goiter due to novel Thyroglobulin gene variants
Authors: Pollé Olivier G. , Gheldof Alexander , Lysy Philippe A. , Bernard Pierre
Published: August 2021

Indications and administration of intra‐amniotic infusions of L‐thyroxine in the context of non‐immune fetal hypothyroidism with goiter lack of standardization. Systematic follow‐up of clinical features related to thyroid hormonal homeostasis may be useful to evaluate their efficiency and develop standardized management guidelines.
Outcomes of percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty in congenital pulmonary valve stenosis
Authors: Yin Dan , Wu Xiaoyun , Xiang Ping , Zhang Yu , Tian Jie , Lv Tiewei , Yi Qijian , Li Mi
Published: August 2021

Percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty (PBPV) is the primary treatment for pulmonary valve stenosis (PVS). The study consisted of 228 children with PVS who underwent PBPV from January 2004 to October 2019 at a single center. The risk factors for ≥moderate pulmonary regurgitation (PR), residual stenosis, and restenosis were analyzed based on the baseline patient characteristics and measured value of corresponding inspection results. Among 228 patients, follow‐up results were obtained in 193 patients. The univariate analysis demonstrated that young age, low weight, small pulmonary annulus diameter, higher initial RV‐PA PSEG, increased RV/systemic pressure ratio, and severe PVS were associated with ≥moderate PR. The multivariate analysis demonstrated that higher initial RV‐PA PSEG and low weight were independently associated with ≥moderate PR, while higher initial RV‐PA PSEG was independently associated with residual stenosis and restenosis. PBPV is a preferred tre atment in PVS children with a higher success rate. Higher initial RV‐PA PSEG was a significant factor for ≥moderate PR, residual stenosis, and restenosis.
Reduction in seizure burden in a child with a A350V IQSEC2 mutation using heat therapy with a Jacuzzi
Authors: Levy Andrew P , Levy Nina S , Heyman Eli , Schertz Mitchell , Genizi Jacob
Published: August 2021

A child with a A350V IQSEC2 missense mutation resulting in drug‐resistant epilepsy stops having seizures when he has a fever. We demonstrate that raising the body temperature of the child using a commercial Jacuzzi dramatically reduces his seizures and appears to improve his social behavioral interactions.
Clinical variability of recurrent oral HSV‐1 infection with a high level of serum IgG antibody: Three case reports
Authors: Zakiawati Dewi , Farisyi Muhammad Al , Wahyuni Indah Suasani
Published: August 2021

Recurrent HSV‐1 infection has various clinical features. This case report addresses three differences in the oral clinical manifestation of HSV‐1 with the same high level of IgG titers reaching 200 U/mL. IgG antibody level indicates the state of recurrency but does not correlate with clinical features.
Early pregnancy‐associated ischemic stroke during first trimester in a young woman: A case report
Authors: Ouerdiene Asma , Messelmani Mariem , Mansour Malek , Zaouali Jamel , Mrissa Ridha
Published: August 2021

Pregnancy‐associated ischemic stroke is rare. The degree of the risk is the highest in the third trimester, but clinicians should be also wary from the beginning of the pregnancy as the risk still exists like demonstrated by our case.
Bilateral horizontal gaze palsy in an 8‐year‐old girl: A rare case with NDUFS4 gene mutation
Authors: Vafaee‐Shahi Mohammad , Ghasemi Saeide , Beiraghi Toosi Mehran , Ashrafi Mahmoud Reza , Badv Reza Shervin , Tavasoli Ali Reza , Tahernia Leila
Published: August 2021

We report a patient with complex clinical presentation including multiple neurological symptoms and eye involvement. Upon genetic investigation, the patient was found to carry a novel homozygous mutation in the NDUFS4 gene, thus adding to the heterogeneity of Leigh syndrome clinical presentation.
A rare etiology of mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with reversible splenial lesion
Authors: Shimono Hiroki , Hoshina Yoji , Ogawa Ei , Hayashi Akihito , Araki Midori , Muguruma Hiroaki , Mine Hideki , Yamamoto Akiyoshi
Published: August 2021

Legionella is a rare cause of mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with reversible splenial lesion, which should be considered in patients with risk factors. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and legionella urinary antigen test can help the diagnosis since cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can be normal.
Diffuse calcification of a nonfunctioning kidney allograft
Authors: Ștefan Gabriel , Cinca Simona , Zugravu Adrian , Stancu Simona
Published: August 2021

Diffuse calcification of nonfunctioning kidney graft may rarely occur in clinical practice, and it is generally benign and does not require transplant removal in most cases.
A case of appendix adenocarcinoma associated with ulcerative colitis
Authors: Fukumoto Yohsuke , Kobayashi Yuh , Takemura Shizuki , Maeda Kiyosumi , Nakamura Fumiyasu , Inatomi Osamu , Andoh Akira , Ban Hiromitsu
Published: August 2021

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory disorder of the colon. Patients with UC have an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. However, appendix adenocarcinoma associated with UC is extremely rare.
Development of pressureless sintered and hot‐pressed CNT/alumina composites including mechanical characterization
Authors: Bechteler Christian , Rübling Achim , Girmscheid Ralf , Kühl Hannes
Published: August 2021

A process for the production of carbon nanotube (CNT)/alumina composites on the basis of an aqueous suspension and without any extensive pretreatment was developed. Pressureless sintering and hot‐pressing of the nanocomposites were extensively researched and optimized. The influence of varying CNT contents, different alumina powders, sintering temperature and pressure on mechanical properties were investigated. Optimal hot‐pressing conditions are specified at 1550°C, 15 min dwell time, and 80 MPa applied pressure. Dense nanocomposites up to 3 wt.% and 0.5 wt.% CNT content were achieved by hot‐pressing and pressureless sintering, respectively. Furthermore, a 20% increase in hardness for CNT contents below 1.0 wt.% was detected, which is independent from the applied force and the alumina matrix. A highly anisotropic fracture toughness at increased CNT contents was detected by an indentation‐based method. The developed process provides a possibility to produce CNT/alumina composites with improved mechanical properties under reasonable effort, which could also be used for industrial production.
Charging behaviour at the carbonate rock‐water interface in low‐salinity waterflooding: Estimation of zeta potential in high‐salinity brines
Authors: Singh Navpreet , Gopani Paras H. , Sarma Hemanta K. , Mattey Padmaja , Negi Digambar S. , Srivastava Vivek R. , Luxbacher Thomas
Published: August 2021

The study of zeta potential using electro‐kinetic analyzers that measure streaming potential has limitations of measurements to relatively low ionic strength solutions (<0.1 mol/L) due to the threshold limit of streaming potential signal above a certain limit of ionic strength. The objective of this study is to indirectly estimate the zeta potential for higher salinity brine using the zeta potential measurements for low salinity brine, develop an understanding of electrostatic shielding as predicted by the electric double layer (EDL) model, and overcome the limitation of the apparatus. Zeta potential become less negative as ionic strength increases, as per the Gouy–Chapman–Stern theory. It explains the suppression of electro‐kinetic phenomena due to the gradual compression of the diffuse layer. Our calculations show that the zeta potential and the Debye length become nearly constant at higher ionic strength. The ability to estimate zeta potential by the Gouy‐Chapman‐Stern theory at increasing ionic strength is limited. This theory predicts that the concentration of counter‐ions in the Stern layer increases with increasing ionic strength of the brine until the surface charge becomes neutralized and the diffuse layer collapses. However, it ignores the spatial extension of ions. It considers them as a point charge and may not accurately predict the zeta potential at higher ionic strength. The extent of diffuse layer compression is thus limited to the size of the hydrated counter‐ion. It is very unlikely that the measured zeta potential will become zero at higher ionic strength of brines and our calculations show the same.
Tunable System for Electrochemical Reduction of Ketones and Phthalimides
Authors: Wang Yaxin , Zhao Jianyou , Qiao Tianjiao , Zhang Jian , Chen Gong
Published: August 2021

Main observation and conclusion

Herein, we report an efficient, tunable system for electrochemical reduction of ketones and phthalimides at room temperature without the need for stoichiometric external reductants. By utilizing NaN3 as the electrolyte and graphite felt as both the cathode and the anode, we were able to selectively reduce the carbonyl groups of the substrates to alcohols, pinacols, or methylene groups by judiciously choosing the solvent and an acidic additive. The reaction conditions were compatible with a diverse array of functional groups, and phthalimides could undergo one‐pot reductive cyclization to afford products with indolizidine scaffolds. Mechanistic studies showed that the reactions involved electron, proton, and hydrogen atom transfers. Importantly, an N3/HN3 cycle operated as a hydrogen atom shuttle, which was critical for reduction of the carbonyl groups to methylene groups.
Multiphysics coupling numerical simulation of flow‐diverting stents in the treatment of patients with pulsatile tinnitus
Authors: Mu Zhenxia , Liu Li , Sun Yufeng , Gao Bin , Lv Han , Zhao Pengfei , Liu Youjun , Wang Zhenchang
Published: August 2021

Patients with pulsatile tinnitus (PT) have unstable treatment effects after resurfacing surgery. Flow‐diverting stents (FDS) are proposed as a potential method for the treatment of PT, but the therapeutic effect is not clear. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of FDS in the treatment of patients with PT induced by sigmoid sinus diverticulum (SSD) and sigmoid sinus wall dehiscence (SSWD). In addition, we aimed to explore the treatment mechanism of PT. Transient‐state multiphysics coupling numerical simulation method based on computed tomography angiography of five patients was used to clarify the biomechanical and acoustic states before and after FDS placement. FDS was placed to prevent the blood flow from impacting the vessel wall in the SSD and SSWD areas. Low blood flow velocity (<0.0391 m/s), high relative residence time (>10 Pa−1), and low wall shear stress of SSD might lead to thrombosis after FDS placement. The average pressure on the SSWD area of each patient decreased by 13.77%, 18.82%, 29.23%, 19.03%, and 11.20%. The average displacement of the vessel wall on the SSWD area showed acute pulsation and decreased by 15.29%, 14.64%, 30.22%, 41.03%, and 21.28%. The average sound pressure level at the tympanum decreased by 14.01%, 9.33%, 17.66%, 18.88%, and 25.18%, respectively. In brief, FDS was placed to avoid blood flow impacting vessels and reduce the vibration of vessels in the short term, thereby attenuating the degree of PT. The long‐term prognosis was that the SSWD area was blocked after SSD thrombosis. Therefore, FDS might be an effective method for the treatment of PT induced by SSD and SSWD. This study would provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of PT and an exploration of FDS design in the treatment of PT.
An investigation into the fastness and mechanical properties of p‐aramid fabric dyed with disperse dye
Authors: Iqbal Kashif , Rehman Abdur , Siddiqui Muhammad Owais Raza , Safdar Faiza , Basit Abdul , Maqsood Hafiz Shahzad , Azam Farooq
Published: August 2021

The p‐aramid fiber is mostly used in high tech applications such as protective clothing, cut resistant gloves, heat resistant suits, etc. due to its extraordinary mechanical and thermal properties. On the other hand, it loses its strength upon exposure to UV (ultraviolet) light. The main purpose of this work is to optimize p‐aramid fabrics dyeing with disperse dyes and study the impact of dye on its properties such as shade depth (K/S), fastness, and UV degradation. The batch process is used to dye the fabric with disperse dyes that give high K/S value. The ANOVA (analysis of variance) is performed for the result investigation, depicting the input and output variables relation. The mechanical loss of p‐aramid on exposure to UV was confirmed by bursting strength showing 28% strength loss in comparison to the dyed p‐aramid fabric having 15% loss in strength. This was further endorsed by scanning electron microscope and X‐ray diffraction by investigating the changes in surface morphology and crystallinity on exposure to UV simultaneously to confirm the hypothesis that dyeing reduces the degradation upon exposure to UV light.
A Model‐Based Workflow to Benchmark the Clinical Cholestasis Risk of Drugs
Authors: Baier Vanessa , Clayton Olivia , Nudischer Ramona , Cordes Henrik , Schneider Annika R. P. , Thiel Christoph , Wittenberger Timo , Moritz Wolfgang , Blank Lars M. , Neumann Ulf P. , Trautwein Christian , Kelm Jens , Schrooders Yannick , Caiment Florian , Gmuender Hans , Roth Adrian , Castell José V. , Kleinjans Jos , Kuepfer Lars
Published: August 2021

We present a generic workflow combining physiology‐based computational modeling and in vitro data to assess the clinical cholestatic risk of different drugs systematically. Changes in expression levels of genes involved in the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids were obtained from an in vitro assay mimicking 14 days of repeated drug administration for 10 marketed drugs. These changes in gene expression over time were contextualized in a physiology‐based bile acid model of glycochenodeoxycholic acid. The simulated drug‐induced response in bile acid concentrations was then scaled with the applied drug doses to calculate the cholestatic potential for each compound. A ranking of the cholestatic potential correlated very well with the clinical cholestasis risk obtained from medical literature. The proposed workflow allows benchmarking the cholestatic risk of novel drug candidates. We expect the application of our workflow to significantly contribute to the stratification of the cholestatic potential of new drugs and to support animal‐free testing in future drug development.
How mediators use reformulation practices to de‐escalate risky moments
Authors: Maxwell Madeline M. , Ingram Matthew Bruce
Published: August 2021

This paper examines mediator reformulations when mediations seem close to falling apart. Our embodied approach to interaction analysis uses video‐recorded cases and shows how reformulations (summaries, paraphrases, reframings) are negotiated rather than offered as finished products. When mediators reformulate disputants' talk, their professional vision shapes how mediations progress, and disputants' uptake (or the lack of it) guides the directions they take. Whether it is bracketing off a touchy subject or disrupting a troublesome behavior loop, mediators' reformulation practices tell us about these mediators' professional vision through the story of observable practices.
What drives companies to do good? A “universal” ordering of corporate social responsibility motivations
Authors: Lim Alwyn , Pope Shawn
Published: August 2021

The classic question of why companies do corporate social responsibility (CSR) is central to much theoretical, regression‐based, and experimental research. Guiding research into this question is a tripartite schema of normative, instrumental, and political CSR motivations that has become increasingly established in the CSR literature. This paper challenges the schema's status as a typology of equally plausible alternatives through an integration and analysis of a worldwide literature of 120 existing academic surveys on CSR motivation. Rather, the paper reformulates the schema into a surveyed ordering of CSR motivations that might be called “universal” in having remarkable stability across time periods, industries, company sizes, geographic regions, question formats, types of survey respondents, and types of survey producers. The paper challenges the schema also by documenting robust internal heterogeneity that it conceals, particularly where instrumental motivations are concerned, which are among the most and least self‐selected CSR motivations in our results.
Aminonaphthalimide‐Based Molecular Cathode Interlayers for As‐Cast Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Zhao Yong , Liu Yang , Liu Xiaojie , Kang Xiao , Yu Liangmin , Dai Shuixing , Sun Mingliang
Published: August 2021

A series of imide‐based small molecules, namely NA, NAA, and NEA with simple structures, were designed and synthesized by introducing different amine side‐chains into the benzene unit of imide, which were used as cathode interfacial materials in organic solar cells (OSCs). The amine side‐chain substitution positions were systematically investigated with these small‐molecule imides. Compared with NA without amide chains‐NAA, and NEA, with 3‐dimethylaminopropylamine and ethylenediamine chains, respectively‐show bathochromic shifts in absorption, decreased band gaps, and higher highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels. A power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.04 % was obtained with the NEA‐based as‐cast OSCs with a high open‐circuit voltage and fill factor for PM6 : Y6 blend and the maximum PCE of 15.80 % was reached for as‐cast PM6 : Y6 : IT‐M ternary OSCs. NEA exhibits better conductivity, higher electron mobility, and stronger the capability of lower work function of cathode among three molecules, affording OSCs with better photovoltaic performance. Additionally, these three molecules show excellent thermal stability both in solution and in films at 150 °C. The results indicate that imide‐based small molecules are promising cathode interfacial materials for commercial OSCs.
Effect of the controlled‐atmosphere helium plasma jet on chemical modification of glycated enzymatic protein
Authors: Rezaeinezhad Alireza , Mirmiranpour Hossein , Ghomi Hamid
Published: August 2021

We investigate the effect of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) on the native and glycated glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) as the key antioxidant enzyme. We evaluate the role of reactive species, that is, reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, in the chemical modifications of proteins through controlling the surrounding gas of the helium plasma jet. The results show CAP has a great effect on both the structure and function of glycated GPx such that after a 600 s plasma treatment at 20 mm distance, enzymatic activity increases up about 51, 30, 25, and 2% for oxygen, air, argon, and nitrogen surrounding gas, respectively. Circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopies have been used for monitoring the structural and conformational alteration, and enzymatic activity measurement has also been performed as function analysis. The Maillard‐related fluorescence of glycated protein is quenched after the CAP treatment, and CD spectra of secondary structure are shifted toward the native GPx. The findings of the present study represent a significant first step in the modification of glycated proteins by plasma for biomedical applications in diabetes treatment.
Gudgeon fish with and without genetically determined countershading coexist in heterogeneous littoral environments of an ancient lake
Authors: Kokita Tomoyuki , Ueno Kohtaro , Yamasaki Yo Y. , Matsuda Masanari , Tabata Ryoichi , Nagano Atsushi J. , Mishina Tappei , Watanabe Katsutoshi
Published: August 2021

Countershading, characterized by a darker dorsal surface and lighter ventral surface, is common among many animals. This dorsoventral pigment polarity is often thought to be adaptive coloration for camouflage. By contrast, noncountershaded (melanistic) morphs often occur within a species due to genetic color polymorphism in terrestrial animals. However, the polymorphism with either countershaded or melanistic morphs is poorly known in wild aquatic animals. This study explored the genetic nature of diverged color morphs of a lineage of gudgeon fish (genus Sarcocheilichthys) in the ancient Lake Biwa and propose this system as a novel model for testing hypotheses of functional aspects of countershading and its loss in aquatic environments. This system harbors two color morphs that have been treated taxonomically as separate species; Sarcocheilichthys variegatus microoculus which occurs throughout the littoral zone and Sarcocheilichthys biwaensis which occurs in and around rocky areas. First, we confirmed that the divergence of dorsoventral color patterns between the two morphs is under strict genetic control at the levels of chromatophore distribution and melanin‐related gene expression under common garden rearing. The former morph displayed sharp countershading coloration, whereas the latter morph exhibited a strong tendency toward its loss. The crossing results indicated that this divergence was likely controlled by a single locus in a two‐allele Mendelian inheritance pattern. Furthermore, our population genomic and genome‐wide association study analyses detected no genome‐wide divergence between the two morphs, except for one region near a locus that may be associated with the color divergence. Thus, these morphs are either in a state of intraspecific color polymorphism or two incipient species. Evolutionary forces underlying this polymorphism appear to be associated with heterogeneous littoral environments in this lake. Future ecological genomic research will provide insight into adaptive functions of this widespread coloration, including the eco‐evolutionary drivers of its loss, in the aquatic world.
Hydrologic and geomorphic effects on riparian plant species occurrence and encroachment: Remote sensing of 360 km of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon
Authors: Durning Laura E. , Sankey Joel B. , Yackulic Charles B. , Grams Paul E. , Butterfield Bradley J. , Sankey Temuulen T.
Published: August 2021

A common impact on riparian ecosystem function following river regulation is the expansion and encroachment of riparian plant species in the active river channels and floodplain, which reduces flow of water and suspended sediment between the river, riparian area and upland ecosystems. We characterised riparian plant species occurrence and quantified encroachment within the dam‐regulated Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA. We mapped 10 riparian species with high‐resolution multispectral imagery and examined effects of river hydrology and geomorphology on the spatial distribution of plant species and open sand. Analysis spanned an image time series from 2002 to 2009 to 2013, a period when plant species and sand were spatially dynamic and operations of Glen Canyon Dam included daily hydro‐peaking and small episodic controlled flood releases. Plant species occurrence and encroachment rates varied with hydrology, geomorphology and local species pool. Encroachment was greatest on surfaces frequently inundated by hydro‐peaking. Seep willow (Baccharis spp.), tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) and arrowweed (Pluchea sericea) were the primary encroaching woody species. Common reed (Phragmites australis) and horsetail (Equisetum xferrissii) were the primary encroaching herbaceous species. Encroachment composition from 2002 to 2009 was similar to the entire riparian landscape, whereas encroachment from 2009 to 2013 primarily consisted of seep willow and early colonising herbaceous species. Emergence of seep willow and arrowweed after burial by sand deposited by controlled floods indicated that those species were resilient to this form of disturbance. Describing patterns of species encroachment is an important step towards designing flow regimes that favour riparian species and ecosystem functions valued by stakeholders.
Adjustable photothermal device induced by magnetic field for efficient solar‐driven desalination
Authors: Wang Yuchao , Tang Bo , Han Peng , Qi Guicun , Gao Dali , Pu Shengyan , Tao Shengyang
Published: August 2021

In recent years, broad interest has arisen for solar‐driven evaporation, a promising technology for next‐generation desalination and sewage treatment. Efficient photothermal materials are the keys in solar‐driven evaporation systems, but they are usually involved in tedious preparation and easy damage. Herein, a magnet‐dominated photothermal device (MPD) with spiny surface has been developed by the direct assembly of magnetic nanoparticles in action of magnetic field. Such one‐step fabrication of photothermal layer avoids the use of harmful reagent and the consumption of pure water. The adjustable spiny morphology not only benefits to the light absorption via multiple reflection, but can facilely recover from damage. Water evaporation under solar irradiation can be accelerated by MPD to over 1.70 kg m−2 h−1, and keeps stable in a long‐term desalination. Without complex fabrication and high price, MPD could be considered as a rewarding attempt for the development of novel photothermal materials in water purification.

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Effects of two contrasting dietary polysaccharides and tannic acid on the digestive and physicochemical properties of wheat starch
Authors: He Juncheng , Zeng Lirong , Gong Junan , He Yalun , Liu Xiong , Zhang Ling , Xu Na , Wang Qiong
Published: August 2021

In this study, konjac glucomannan, κ‐carrageenan, and tannic acid were selected to study the effects of different combinations on the in vitro digestibility and physicochemical properties of wheat starch. Results showed that the addition of konjac glucomannan, κ‐carrageenan, and tannic acid could decrease the digestion of starch and increase the content of resistant starch. Besides, the two polysaccharides weakened the extent of tannic acid on starch digestion. Moreover, although the two polysaccharides had different effects on the in vitro digestion of starch, they had no significant increase in the content of resistant starch. DSC and XRD results demonstrated that the polysaccharides and tannic acid showed synergistic effects on the rebuilding of starch microstructure. FTIR results further manifested that κ‐carrageenan and konjac glucomannan could significantly increase the strength of hydrogen bonds in starch. At the same time, the addition of tannic acid would weaken the molecular interaction between polysaccharides and starch. SEM and CLSM results showed that tannic acid added to the polysaccharide–starch mixture not only interacted with starch but also influenced the structure of polysaccharide gel.
A novel and efficient method to induce allospecific CD8+ memory T lymphocytes
Authors: Yang Lei , Huang Qingyun , Fu Jianping , Lin Zhimin , Mao Qiqi , Zhao Lili , Gao Xingxin , Chen Songlin , Hua Guangzong , Li Sheng
Published: August 2021

The aim of the current study was to establish a simple method for effectively inducing memory T lymphocytes by the intraperitoneal injection of spleen lymphocytes into mice. In total, 75 mice were divided into the following groups: an injection group administered three doses of spleen lymphocytes (1 × 106, 5 × 106, and 1 × 107 cells), a transplantation group in which a 0.25‐cm2 skin section from C57BL/6 mice was transplanted onto the back of the recipient, and a control group in which an equal volume of phosphate‐buffered saline was injected. At 1, 2, or 3 months following transplantation, the following parameters were evaluated: quantity of T lymphocytes, percentage of cluster of differentiation 8+ (CD8+) memory T cells, and proliferation index of purified CD8+ memory T cells. No significant differences among groups were detected at 1 month (p > .05). However, the injection group administered 1 × 106 cells exhibited the highest proportion of CD8+ memory T cells among all groups at 2 months, and the proportions of CD8+ T cells were higher in the three injection groups than in the skin transplantation and control groups at 3 months. The proportions of memory T cells were higher in the injection groups administered 5 × 106 or 1 × 107 cells than in the skin transplantation and control groups at 3 months. The newly established method effectively induces memory T lymphocytes via the intraperitoneal injection of spleen lymphocytes in vivo and has potential applications in the field of immunotherapy.
A quantitative analysis of accuracy, reliability and bias in judgements of functional analyses
Authors: Rader Allie E. , Young Michael E. , Leaf Justin B.
Published: August 2021

Functional analysis can be considered a diagnostic assessment that behavior analysts use to determine behavioral function. Such a diagnosis ultimately requires a yes or no decision (i.e., a variable maintains a behavior, or it does not) that is determined by both subjective (clinical judgement) and objective (data) variables. Accurate and reliable identification of function is essential for successful treatment, yet behavior analysts' interpretation of data relies on their ability to detect visual differences in graphed data. Some research indicates that behavior analysts have questionable reliability in their visual analysis. To further examine the reliability, accuracy, and bias in visual analysis of functional analysis graphs, we simulated functional analysis results and surveyed 121 BCBA‐Ds experienced in visual analysis. We then examined reliability of responses and used a signal detection theory approach to analyze accuracy and bias. Findings suggest that reliability and accuracy of judgements are questionable, and exploration of decision aids is warranted.
Isolation, optimized extraction, and ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array method for quantitative analysis of chiratol in Swertia paniculata
Authors: Ahluwalia Vivek , Pandey Nishant , Mishra Bhuwan B. , Kumar Jitendra
Published: August 2021

The global natural product‐based industry is growing fast with the introduction of new phytochemicals and herbal extract products from different geographical regions. Swertia paniculata is a well‐known plant with medicinal properties; however, the quality control for its major phytochemical constituents from the Himalayan geographical region is nevertheless reported. Therefore, the first objective of this investigation was to characterize and optimize the extraction process while the second objective was to validate a quantitative analytical method for chiratol from S. paniculata herbal extract. The chiratol was characterized with spectral analysis. The optimum extraction condition for the highest yield of metabolite was realized in chloroform as a solvent system under ultrasonication. The ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection method for analytical quantification was validated for specificity, linearity, limits of detection, limits of quantification, precision, repeatability, recovery, and robustness using Eclipse Plus C18 column (100 mm × 4.6 mm × 3.5 μm id). The gradient elution of water/acetonitrile as mobile phase was used at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. The recovery percentage was very satisfactory with values within specification. The robustness parameters showed no substantial influence of evaluated parameters by the Youden test. The developed method was ascertained to be appropriate for the proposed purpose.
Publons as a source of high volume, poorly targeted reviewer requests: The need for better standards of practice by publishers
Authors: Jorm Anthony F.
Published: August 2021

Key points

It has become increasingly difficult for journal editors to find reviewers, while researchers are receiving increasing requests to be reviewers.

Publons is used by some editors to identify potential reviewers, but may be a source of a high volume of sometimes poorly targeted requests.

By systematically turning on and off his availability to be a reviewer in Publons, the author was able to show that it is a major source of the large number and sometimes inappropriate requests he received.

Automatically generated reviewer suggestions need to be intelligently vetted by editors to avoid overwhelming potential reviewers.

The academic publishing industry could usefully develop professional standards of good practice for reviewer selection.
ThePreparation of Electrospun PVDF/TBAC Multimorphology Nanofiber Membrane and Its Application in Direct Contact Membrane Distillation
Authors: Liu Feng , Zhou Yuqi , Shen Ying , Wang Lanlan , Li Dawei , Liu Qingsheng , Deng Bingyao
Published: August 2021

Microporous membrane with a hydrophobic surface, high porosity, and narrow pore size distribution is the ideal membrane distillation (MD) membrane. The electrospun membranes for MD are a new type and effective way to seawater desalination. Herein, a novel polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC) electrospun nanofiber membrane (ENMs) fabricated apply to for direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). Combine with the spinning condition, the characteristic and content of TBAC significant effect on the multimorphology structure of nanofiber. Therefore, the porous structure and morphology of PVDF/TBAC ENMs can be well‐designed by optimizing relative humidity and TBAC concentration in spinning process, three different structure nanofiber membranes are obtained. Lab‐scale setup is used to test membrane separation performance. The result indicates that the ultrafine ENMs with 0.025 mol L−1 TBAC presented a steady water flux of about 20.6 L m−2 h−1 and a high‐efficiency salt rejection rate of over 99%. PVDF/TBAC ENMs are expected to provide a solution for development of efficient water treatment membrane.
Some weighted Ostrowski‐type inequalities for differentiable preinvex functions
Authors: Meftah Badreddine , Souahi Abdourazek
Published: August 2021

In this study, we establish a new weighted integral identity and used it to establish some new weighted Ostrowski‐type inequalities for functions whose modulus of the first derivatives are preinvex, which the obtained results represent generalizations as well as refinements for some known results. Finally, we explain our results by giving some applications dealing with the random variables and the special means.
A dual‐band Wilkinson power divider based on open‐end slotline
Authors: Chen Zehui , Zhao Yongjiu , Liu Chao , Qi Wenjun , Chen Du , Ji Qinmeng
Published: August 2021

A dual‐band Wilkinson power divider (WPD) based on open‐end slotline is presented. Compared with conventional dual‐band power dividers, only two transmission lines and a longitudinal slot with an isolation resistor are employed, which greatly decrease the complexity and profile of the device. The open‐end slotline physically separate even‐ and odd‐mode, as the microstrip on the top layer transmits even‐mode signal and the slotline on the bottom layer transmits the other. Then, even‐ and odd‐mode analyses are conducted with an equivalent circuit model to illustrate the physical insight of the proposed design. A WPD prototype operating at 2.4 and 5.8 GHz is designed and fabricated. The fractional bandwidth of two operating band are 66.7% and 20.7% with the reference to −15 dB S11.
MULTI‐parametric MR imaging with fLEXible design (MULTIPLEX)
Authors: Ye Yongquan , Lyu Jingyuan , Hu Yichen , Zhang Zhongqi , Xu Jian , Zhang Weiguo
Published: August 2021

Purpose

To introduce a gradient echo (GRE) ‐based method, namely MULTIPLEX, for single‐scan 3D multi‐parametric MRI with high resolution, signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), accuracy, efficiency, and acquisition flexibility.

Theory

With a comprehensive design with dual‐repetition time (TR), dual flip angle (FA), multi‐echo, and optional flow modulation features, the MULTIPLEX signals contain information on radiofrequency (RF) B1t fields, proton density, T1, susceptibility and blood flows, facilitating multiple qualitative images and parametric maps.

Methods

MULTIPLEX was evaluated on system phantom and human brains, via visual inspection for image contrasts and quality or quantitative evaluation via simulation, phantom scans and literature comparison. Region‐of‐interest (ROI) analysis was performed on parametric maps of the system phantom and brain scans, extracting the mean and SD of the T1, , proton density (PD), and/or quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) values for comparison with reference values or literature.

Results

One MULTIPLEX scan offers multiple sets of images, including but not limited to: composited PDW/T1W/W, aT1W, SWI, MRA (optional), B1t map, T1 map, / maps, PD map, and QSM. The quantitative error of phantom T1, and PD mapping were <5%, and those in brain scans were in good agreement with literature. MULTIPLEX scan times for high resolution (0.68 × 0.68 × 2 mm3) whole brain coverage were about 7.5 min, while processing times were <1 min. With flow modulation, additional MRA images can be obtained without affecting the quality or accuracy of other images.

Conclusion

The proposed MUTLIPLEX method possesses great potential for multi‐parametric MR imaging.
Relaxivity‐iron calibration in hepatic iron overload: Reproducibility and extension of a Monte Carlo model
Authors: Wang Changqing , Reeder Scott B. , Hernando Diego
Published: August 2021

The aim of this study was to reproduce relaxivity‐iron calibration in hepatic iron overload using a Monte Carlo model, and further extend the model with multiple spin echo (MSE) imaging. As previously reported, relationships between relaxation rates (
and single spin echo R2) and liver iron concentration (LIC) can be characterized by a Monte Carlo model incorporating realistic liver structure, iron distribution, and proton mobility. In this study, relaxivity‐iron calibration curves at 1.5 and 3.0 T were simulated using the Monte Carlo model. Furthermore, the model was extended with MSE imaging, and iron calibrations were evaluated using two different fitting models: mononexponential with a constant offset and nonmonoexponential. Results consistent with previous empirical calibrations and Monte Carlo predictions were accurately reproduced for relaxivity‐iron calibration. The predicted
and single spin echo R2 increased by a factor of 2.00 and 1.51, respectively, at 1.5 versus 3.0 T. MSE signals and their corresponding R2 depended strongly on LIC, interecho time, and field strength. Preliminary results showed that a nonmonoexponential model accurately characterizes the simulated MSE signals, and that strong correlations were found between predicted relaxation parameters and LIC. In conclusion, relaxivity‐iron calibration is reproducible using the proposed Monte Carlo model. Furthermore, this model can be readily extended to other important applications, including predicting signal behavior for MSE imaging.
Appetite loss, death anxiety and medical coping modes in COVID‐19 patients: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Zeng Qiuxuan , Cao Huangliang , Ma Qing , Chen Jieya , Shi Haixia , Li Jiaying
Published: August 2021

Aim

This study aims to explore the current level and associated factors of appetite and death anxiety amongst COVID‐19 patients and also to identify correlation between the two variables.

Design

A cross‐sectional study.

Methods

Demographic and characteristic questionnaires, templer death anxiety scale, council on nutrition of appetite questionnaire and medical coping modes questionnaire were utilized.

Results

The average scores of appetite and death anxiety were 19.46 (4.09) and 6.58, (3.21) respectively. 76 patients (100%) suffered from appetite loss, whilst 27 (35.50%) patients suffered from severe death anxiety. Marital status, COVID‐19 disease condition ranks, educational level and death anxiety were explained 55.20% of the total variance in the appetite regression model (F = 31.83, p < .001), whilst the gender, avoidance coping strategy and appetite level were explained 49.80% of the total variance in death anxiety model (F = 17.80, p < .001). A moderate negative correlation between appetite and death anxiety was also confirmed (r=−.55, p < .001).
How phosphorylation of peptides affects their interaction with 14‐3‐3η domains
Authors: Künzel Nicolas , Helms Volkhard
Published: August 2021

Members of the 14‐3‐3 domain family have important functions as adapter domains. Via an amphipathic groove on their protein surface they typically bind to disordered C‐terminals of other proteins. Importantly, binding partners of 14‐3‐3 domains usually contain a phosphorylated serine or threonine residue at their binding interface and possess one of three different sequence motifs. Binding of the respective unphosphorylated versions of the peptides is typically strongly disfavored. There is a wealth of structural and thermodynamic data available for the phosphorylated forms but not for the unphosphorylated forms as the binding affinities seem to be too weak to be measurable experimentally. Here, we characterized the mechanistic details that govern the preference for the binding of phosphorylated peptides to 14‐3‐3η domains by means of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We found that the phosphate group is ideally coordinated in the binding pocket whereas the respective unphosphorylated side‐chain counterpart is not. Thus, the binding preference results from the tight coordination of the phosphorylated residue at the center of the binding interface. Furthermore, MD simulations of 14‐3‐3η dimers showed a preference for the simultaneous binding of two phosphorylated peptides in agreement with their experimentally observed cooperativity.
Ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban: A comprehensive review
Authors: Biswas Dew , Mandal Sujata , Chatterjee Saha Suchismita , Tudu Champa Keeya , Nandy Samapika , Batiha Gaber El‐Saber , Shekhawat Mahipal S. , Pandey Devendra Kumar , Dey Abhijit
Published: August 2021

The well‐known medicinal plant Centella asiatica (L.) Urban is an Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine used in the treatment of different health problems and as an edible vegetable in a regular diet. Ease of availability in the wide range of environmental conditions plus low‐cost cultivation process has made the plant popular in ethno‐medicinal healthcare systems. In the present review, phytochemical analysis of plant‐extract and pharmacological activities of bioactive‐compounds are discussed based upon the available reports to understand their therapeutic potentialities along with the mechanisms behind. The results exhibited that C. asiatica and its triterpenoids demonstrated an array of pharmacological effects and health benefits, some of which were confirmed in many preclinical and clinical studies. Those reports also provided considerable evidences in support of the principles of folk treatment in different countries. Increase and maintenance of the prospective plant secondary metabolites would provide an enriched resource of drug molecules. Development of suitable derivatives of the therapeutic compounds can give an assurance for getting more effective drug candidates with reduced side effects. The review also enumerates the application of advanced nanotechnology, toxicology, and clinical‐trial reports on the plant with notes on the shortcomings in the present research and future perspectives of using this medicinal plant.