bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Micropropagation and Simultaneous Rooting of Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa `Hayward'
Authors: Pedroso M. Cristina , Oliveira M. Margarida , Pais M. Salomé S.
Published: February 2019

Nodal segments and shoot tips of axenic shoot cultures of `Hayward' kiwifruit were inoculated on modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with zeatin at 1 mg·liter-1 and IAA at 0.05 mg·liter-1 (H1) or on MS medium without growth regulators (H2). Inocula cultured on H2 medium all developed into normal plantlets, while those cultured on H1 medium developed into shoots, 18% of them abnormal. Rooting of H1 shoots was induced by a 24-h immersion in a solution of IRA at 20 mg·liter-1. H2 plantlets were directly transferred to soil. Statistical treatment of the results revealed no significant differences, in terms of plant development, between the two micropropagation methods used. However, the presence of a functional root system on 5-week-old H2 plantlets resulted in 100% plant survival, but only 70% of in vivo-rooted shoots from H1 survived. Nevertheless, H1 still allowed for an important reduction of costs and manipulation. Chemical names used: indole3-acetic acid (IAA).
Production of Tetraploid Somatic Hybrid Breeding Parents for Use in Lemon Cultivar Improvement
Authors: Tusa N. , Grosser J.W. , Gmitter F.G. , Louzada E.S.
Published: February 2019

Allotetraploid somatic hybrid plants of `Hamlin' sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) + `Femminello' lemon (C. limon L. Burm. f.), and Milam lemon (purported hybrid of C. jambhiri Lush) + `Femminello' lemon were regenerated via somatic embryogenesis following protoplast fusion. `Hamlin' and Milam protoplasts were isolated from undeveloped ovule-derived embryogenic callus cultures and fused using a polyethylene glycol method with seedling leaf-derived protoplasts of `Femminello' lemon. Somatic hybrids were identified on the basis of leaf morphology, root-tip cell chromosome number, and electrophoretic analyses of phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphoglucose mutase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase leaf isozymes. The somatic hybrids will be used in interploid crosses with lemon in an effort to generate seedless triploid lemon types with improved tolerance to mal secco disease.
Lycopene Concentration of Tomato Fruit can be Estimated from Chromaticity Values
Authors: D'Souza Mervyn C. , Singha Suman , Ingle Morris
Published: February 2019

Chromaticity values (L*, a*, b*) of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. `Celebrity', `Early Pick', and `Mountain Delight') were measured using a Minolta CR-200b tristimulus colorimeter. Lycopene concentrations in acetone extracts of skin disks or pericarp plugs were measured spectrophometrically at 503 nm. The L* or a* value was related to lycopene concentration in all the cultivars; however, the ratio of (a*/b*) provided the best R for all cultivars (0.75). These relationships allow the use of a portable colorimeter for rapid, nondestructive estimation of tomato fruit lycopene concentrations in laboratory or in situ studies.
HANDLING OF FLORIDA-GROWN AND IMPORTED TROPICAL FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
Authors: Campbell Craig A.
Published: February 2019

The tropical fruit and vegetable industry in South Florida is thriving, with imports of mangos, papayas, and tropical vegetables becoming a major area of expansion. An increasingly aware U.S. public has created a stronger demand for both Florida-grown and imported tropical commodities whose retail quality has increased due to improved handling and transportation practices. Systems for product temperature management, washing, grading, coating, and packaging are being modified to accommodate the conditions present in South Florida, Central and South America, and the Caribbean. The recent widespread approval of hot-water quarantine treatment of mangos has facilitated international trading and allowed U.S. fruit companies to maintain nearly uninterrupted supplies.
EFFECT OF ROOT PRUNING SOUTHERN MAGNOLIA PRIOR TO TRANSPLANTING ON RATE OF ESTABLISHMENT IN THE LANDSCAPE
Authors: Gilman Edward F.
Published: February 2019

Roots of four-year-old, field-grown southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora L.) were pruned in 1987 once during dormancy, following the first shoot growth flush or after the second growth flush, prior to transplanting in January 1988. By the end of the 1987 growing season, root pruning at all stages of growth reduced leaf number, tree height, trunk caliper, and total-tree leaf area and weight compared with unpruned controls. Total root weight was less for trees pruned during dormancy or following the first growth flush. Root pruning increased the proportion of fine roots (0 to 5mm-diameter class) to coarse roots (>5 to 10-mm diameter class). Shoot:root ratios were not affected by root pruning. During the first year after transplanting, root pruned trees grew at a slightly faster rate than unpruned trees but growth rates were similar for root pruned and unpruned trees the second and third year after transplanting. Trees required, at most, 1 year per inch of trunk caliper to become established in the landscape.
MINIMUM IRRIGATION OF LANDSCAPE GROUNDCOVERS.
Authors: Pittenger D.R. , Hodel Donald R. , Shaw David A. , Holt D.B.
Published: February 2019

A previous field study had shown that Baccharis pilularis, `Twin Peaks', Drosanthemum hispidum, Vinca major, Gazania hybrid, Potentilla tabernaemontanii and Hedera helix, `Needlepoint', express no loss in relative aesthetic appearance when irrigated for one season at 50% of reference evapotranspiration (ETo), but three species did not perform acceptably at 25% of ETo. In this study these six species were grown in the field for 16 months under treatments of 50%, 40%, 30% and 20% of real-time ETo to more closely determine their minimum irrigation needs.

Analysis of seasonal plant performance ratings indicates that for Vinca, Gazania and Potentilla there is no significant increase in relative performance when irrigated at more than 30% of ETo. Baccharis, Drosanthemum and Hedera exhibited no significant improvement in performance when irrigated above 20% of ETo. A general decline in aesthetic appearance and performance was observed during the study in Gazania and Potentilla at all treatments, suggesting that their long-term minimum irrigation need may be more than 50% of ETo.
EFFECTS OF PULSED EXCIMER LASER RADIATION ON SHOOT REGENERATION AND REDUCTION OF CONTAMINATION OF PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA L. (DATE PALM)
Authors: Al-Juboory Karim H.
Published: February 2019

The seeds of two cultivars of Phoenix dactylifera L. (Medjol and Deglet-Nour) were cultured on modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 0.5 mg/l NAA and 2.0 mg/l BA. Later they were treated with 25 or 50 pulses of excimer laser radiation. The results indicate that these seeds exhibited significantly less contamination than control. The highest percentage germination for both cultivars was obtained with explants treated with 50 pulses excimer laser radiation. Compared to other treatments, the occurrence of somatic embryo-genesis and shoot regeneration was greater with the Medjol cultivar.
WATER RELATIONS OF TISSUE-CULTURED APPLE SHOOTS UNDER WATER DEFICITS.
Authors: Díaz Juan C. , Shackel Kenneth , Sutter Ellen
Published: February 2019

The contribution of in vitro-formed roots to the water status of tissue culture plants was studied by observing the stomatal responses of rooted and unrooted apple shoots. Stomatal conductance was measured on whole plants with a modified steady state porometer in a temperature-controlled room. The porometer was maintained at a steady 90% RH and conductance was measured every 30 seconds. Plants were kept in the gas exchange system for about 28 h. Steady state values of stomatal conductance for rooted and unrooted shoots were 220 (S.E= 19) and 163 (S.E=23) mmol m-2 s-1, respectively. When the plants were exposed to a light stimulus (1200 μmol m-2 s-1), rooted shoots showed an increase of about 64% in stomatal conductance. In the absence of roots, no response to light was observed. These results suggest that the presence of the roots improved, at least partially, water uptake and plant water status.
DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATED VISION TECHNIQUES FOR IMMEDIATE ANALYSIS AND CONTROL OF BETALAIN-PRODUCING CELL CULTURES
Authors: Smith M.A.L. , Dustin I. , Leathers R. , Zrÿd J-P.
Published: February 2019

Natural plant pigments (produced as secondary metabolites in cell culture) can replace controversial synthetic chemical colorants to enhance the appearance of processed foods. Intensive bioreactor-based production systems designed for betalain pigment-producing cultures of Beta vulgaris are still not economically competitive, in part due to the slow, prohibitively expensive, and incomplete conventional methods (HPLC analysis, biomass estimates, cell counts) which must be used to assess culture status. As an alternative, software was written using Semper 6 (a high level programming language for image analysis) for collection of exacting morphometric (spatial) and photometric (spectral) process information from an intense violet cell line. Uniform, crisp images of 1 ml culture samples in multiwell plates were captured macroscopically, and the pattern of pigment production was traced at 3 day intervals over the course of a 15 day growth cycle with monochromatic color filters and image grey level data. Rod-shaped cells and aggregates were automatically sorted and measured using parameters of particle size, density, and circularity. The machine vision method offers greater opportunity to fine-tune cell selection for enhanced pigment content.
GENETIC FINGERPRINTING OF SNAP BEAN CULTIVARS WITH RAPD MARKERS
Authors: Skroch Paul , Nienhuis Jim
Published: February 2019

The genetic variation in a population of one hundred Snap Bean varieties, including processing and garden types, was studied using RAPD markers. All one hundred genotypes were distinguished by unique combinations of banding patterns. These unique “fingerprints” were tested for repeatability. Certain bands were very reliable and can be used for varietal identification. The RAPD marker data was also used to estimate genetic relationships among a subset of the one hundred lines. The results of the analysis agreed with known pedigree information. These markers will allow more precise monitering and control of germplasm by those who are involved with the breeding and production of superior seed.
ANALYSIS OF ATRIUM LIGHT ENERGY AS A MEANS OF RETRIFICATION FOR OPTIMNAL PLANT HEALTH
Authors: Arnold Jamie M. , DeWitt LeeAnn , Simpson David W.
Published: February 2019

In an original design for the Texas A&M University Horticulture/Forest Sciences Building Atrium an optimal lighting plan was devised. Budget cuts caused changes in the artificial light sources which resulted in a compromise in the design. As a result, plant quality has deteriorated. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) readings have been taken utilizing a grid technique at various points in the atrium. In an analysis in one particular site 94% of the light was artifical whereas in the other sites 35% was by artificial means. This shows the great inconsistency throughout the six sites, which explains the plants' rapid deterioration. The data of the study provides the means to retrofit the atrium to coincide with the design intent and original plan. Retrofitting the artificial light sources to obtain optimal light levels will be the means of correcting the problem. The need to retain the plant species is the driving force behind the changes.
GROWTH AND FLOWERING RESPONSE OF EASTER LILY CULTIVARS ACE AND NELLIE WHITE TO HID LIGHTS, BOTTOM HEAT, AND GROWTH RETARDANT TREATMENTS
Authors: Dallon Joseph
Published: February 2019

Easter lily cultivars Ace and Nellie White were treated with three concentrations of a-cyclopropyl-a-(p-methoxyphenyl-5-pyrimidinemethanol) [Ancymidol] and grown in a standard potting mix under normal greenhouse conditions and established cultural procedures with and without bottom heat and HID lights. A significantly greater number of flowers were produced in Cv. Ace when exposed to HID lights alone, and when given bottom heat in the absence of light. However, significantly fewer flowers were produced in this Cv. when exposed to combined treatments of light and heat. Bottom heat treatment resulted in significantly taller plants in Cv. Ace. Neither bud count, height, nor number of days to flower were affected in Cv. Nellie White as a result of exposure to supplemental light or bottom heat treatments. Neither concentration of Ancymidol resulted in increased flower production. However, it caused a reduction in flower production in Cv. Ace both in the presence and absence of HID lights, and in the heat plus light treatment. Ancymidol was most effective in height control when light was given and heat withheld. At concentrations of 125 and 250 ppm it was effective without regard for heat or light treatment combinations.
LOCATION AND REMOVAL OF NATURAL-OCCURRING GERMINATION INHIBITORS FOUND IN PARSLEY SEED
Authors: Hassell Richard L. , Kretchman D.W.
Published: February 2019

Germination inhibitors found in parsley (Pertroselium hortense) seed have serious effects on field establishment. Studies have been conducted on chemical and physical attributes in relation to cultivar, age of seed and location of the seed on the seed stalk. Results indicate that the inhibitor is highly soluble in H2O and can be removed with as little as a half-hour aqueous wash. Soaking 30 g (∼500 seeds/g) of seed in an aerated graduated cylinder containing 100 ml distilled H2O for 24 hours then applied to radish, lettuce, and parsley seeds revealed complete germination inhibition of these seeds. Decreasing the soaking time did not reduce the inhibitory effects of the solution. Location of the inhibitor within the seed was found to be specific to the seed coat. The amount of inhibitor present varied with the cultivar and seed lot within that cultivar. Size and age of the seed had little effect on the amount and strength of the inhibitor. Location of the developing seed on the seed stalk effected the amount of inhibitor present. Primary umbels contained the least amount of inhibitor when compared to the secondary and tertiary umbels.
EDAPHATIC FACTORS AFFECTING SEEDLING PERMANENT EMERGENCE
Authors: Hoyle Burton J.
Published: February 2019

Soil particle size was found to affect expansion and contraction of soil mass as moisture changed; thus all other seedling emergence stresses changed. Cohesion between soil particles is changed by soil type, content, and particle size, which in turn changes seed energy requirements for survival and emergence. The rates of germinating/emerging; seed/seedlings accelerated or stopped depending on moisture fluctuations and water degradation of aggregates. The same moisture content may be damaging in one soil and not in another. Many seedlings with developed radicals and hypocotyls did not emerge and were found in pockets of fine soil below 0.5mm; or as if their energy had been used up. Stands after emergence frequently varied greatly in vigor and survival by many units. Vigorized seed produced variable results depending on soil stress limitations during emergence. That is, laboratory differences did not always reflect in the field. The least critical stress period was between planting and the emergence of the radical--about 1/3 of the emergence time. Ideal seed beds often produced poor stands when water management and temperature were stressful. Packing density was found a good measure of seed-bed soil quality.
USING EXPRESSIVE WRITING TO IMPROVE HORTICULTURAL EDUCATION
Authors: Foulk Doug S. , Hoover Emily E.
Published: February 2019

Horticulture students in an entry-level course (Plant Propagation) and an upper-level course (Small Fruit Crop Production) were assigned brief writing tasks at the end of each class period based upon that day's lecture. Student writing was intended to be expressive in nature, i.e., for the author's use only. For the first five minutes of each class period, students divided into small groups to discuss possible responses to the previous day's task and to generate questions related to the task topic. The class then reconvened as a whole for a question-and-answer session before lecture was resumed. Students collected their writings in a workbook which they turned in for experimental evaluation only at the end of the quarter. When compared to previous and concurrent sections of the same courses, students engaging in the writing tasks asked more numerous and thoughtful questions in class and demonstrated increased ability to perform well on complex exam questions requiring integration and synthesis of information.
ESTIMATION OF ACTUAL AND POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF MANGO IN BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR, MEXICO
Authors: Troyo-Diéguez Enrique , León José Luis
Published: February 2019

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) has been grown since the beginning of the century in Baja California Sur, one of the most arid states of México. Since water is a very scarce resource in this area, the estimation of water consumption by popular crops becomes a relevant aspect of hydrological research. Actual (ETa) and potential (ETp) evapotranspiration of mango c.v. Kent were estimated in the Experimental Station of CIB, located 17 Km west La Paz city. Trees under study were three years old; irrigation frequency was 14 days and depth of applied water was 0.15 m, a common amount in the region. Estimates for ETp were carried out through two indirect methods (Blaney-Criddle and Penman equations), and ETa by a direct method (a diffusive porometer). Data were fitted according to the total leaf area (TLA). Estimates from the indirect methods were 31 and 25% respectively greater than those given by the porometer. Main results (ETa = 0.5 cm day-1, or 0.07 m H20/14 days) suggest that a 40 to 50% reduction in the applied water depth is feasible in the region.
EXPRESSION OF ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAY mRNAs DURING CARNATION FLOWER SENESCENCE
Authors: Woodson William R. , Park Ky Young , Larsen Paul , Wang Hong
Published: February 2019

The senescence of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flower petals is associated with increased synthesis of the phytohormone ethylene. This ethylene serves to initiate and regulate the processes of programmed cell death. We are using molecular approaches to study the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis in various floral organs during development and senescence of flowers. We have isolated and cloned mRNAs which encode the ethylene biosynthetic pathway enzymes s-adenosylmethionine (SAM) synthetase, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase and the ethylene forming enzyme (EFE) from carnation flower petals. These cDNAs have been used as molecular probes to determine the steady-state mRNA levels of these transcripts in senescing flowers. The increase in ethylene associated with petal senescence is accompanied by a dramatic increase in the abundance of transcripts for both ACC synthase and EFE. In striking contrast, the level of SAM synthetase mRNA decreases significantly with the onset of petal senescence. Genomic DNA Southern blots reveal both ACC synthase and EFE are encoded by multigene families. We have recently isolated several genomic clones from carnation which represent different ACC synthase genes. The structure and organization of these gene will be presented.
THE ISOLATION OF FLAVONOL MUTANTS IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA.
Authors: Sheahan John J. , Rechnitz Garry A.
Published: February 2019

Depietion of the ozone layer is increasing the amount of UV-B radiation reaching the earths surface. The enhanced aging and mutation associated with UV-B damage suggests that crop yields may be threatened. However, plants are protected by flavonols which absorb UV-B. Although a great deal of research has been done on the flavonols, progress has been hampered by their lack of color. To overcome this problem, a staining procedure that provided sensitive and specific fluorescence identification of flavonols in Arabidopsis thaliana was developed. Three T-DNA insertional mutants, which lacked flavonols were identified, and the heritability of each has been confirmed by its multiple occurance in the parental line. The Mutants are being outcrossed, and analysis of the F2 will test if any of the mutations are tagged by a T-DNA insert. If so, the tagged gene will then be cloned.
NITROGEN LEACHING LOSSES FROM CONTAINER-GROWN ROSES.
Authors: Cabrera Raul I. , Evans Richard Y. , Paul J. L.
Published: February 2019

Nitrogen leaching losses of 21, 40 and 49% were measured from container-grown `Royalty' roses irrigated for one year with nutrient solutions containing 77, 154 and 231 mg N/l. There were no significant differences in number of flowers per plant or dry matter per plant. The N present in the harvested flowers accounted for 43, 27 and 17% of the N applied for the 77, 154 and 231 mg N/l treatments, respectively.

Plants receiving 154 mg N/l at leaching fractions of 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 had corresponding N leaching losses of 22, 38 and 56%. In this experiment, however, the 0.5 leaching fraction produced yields significantly higher than those of the 0.1 and 0.25 treatments. The N recovered in the harvested flowers accounted for 28, 25 and 19% of that applied to the 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 treatments, respectively.

The results of these studies suggest that modifications in current irrigation and fertilization practices of greenhouse roses would result in a considerable reduction of N leaching losses and enhance N fertilizer use efficiency, without loss of cut flower yield and quality.
EVALUATION OF GERMPLASM FOR RESISTANCE TO BACTERIAL WILT OF TOMATO
Authors: Chellemi Dan O. , Olson Stephen M. , Scott John W.
Published: February 2019

Five strains of Pseudomonas solanacearum, collected from northwest Florida tomato fields, were inoculated onto 23 tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) genotypes and one tomatillo (Physalis ixocarpa) genotype using a stem puncture technique. The strains represented a diverse group based upon pathogenic aggressiveness and profiles of their fatty acid content. Resistance was evaluated by comparing the response of each genotype to susceptible controls consisting of L. esculentum cv Bonny Best and Sunny. A differential response by the genotypes to the individual strains was observed. Germplasm from Hawaii (H7997 and H7998) exhibited some resistance to one of the strains while germplasm from Taiwan (CL 5915-93-1-0-C-1) was moderately resistant to another strain. However, no genotype was resistant to all five strains tested.
SHOOT REGENERATION FROM LEAF TISSUES OF AMERICAN ELM AND SIBERIAN ELM.
Authors: Cheng Z. M. , Shi N. O. , Tokach L. , Gaschk B. K.
Published: February 2019

Shoot regeneration was obtained from leaf tissues of American (Ulmus americana) and Siberian elm (U. pumila) seedlings germinated in vitro and in greenhouse. Murashige and Skoog (MS, 1962) media supplemented with 4 levels of BA (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 μM) and 3 levels of IBA (0, 2.5, 5.0 μM) were tested in a factorial design to find an optimal hormonal combination for shoot regeneration. Shoot regeneration was obtained from both species within 3-4 weeks in a wide range of media. The highest regeneration rate (50%) of American elm was in the medium containing 10 μM BA and 2.5 μM IBA. Incubation under the light was essential for a higher rate of regeneration. Gelrite was found as a better solidifying agent than agar. The progress is under way to achieve transgenic elms by combining this regeneration system with Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.
DRAINAGE WATER MANAGEMENT OF DIRECT-SEEDED PROCESSING TOMATOES.
Authors: Valencia Jesús , May Donald M.
Published: February 2019

An irrigation water study was conducted in the West side of Fresno County to evaluate the impact of recycled drainage water nitrogen and salinity content in the growth of direct seeded processing tomatoes to reduce nitrate-ground water pollution. Four canal water treatments (0.4 dS/m) received 0, 67.5, 101.2, and 168.7 kg of nitrogen per hectare and four saline water treatments (7.01 dS/m) received 0, 33.7, 67.5 and 135.0 kg nitrogen per hectare. All treatments were established with fresh canal water, and at first flower half of treatments were switched to saline water. The nitrogen content of water had an average of 283 ppm N-NO3 for the canal water and the drainage water contained 4489 ppm N-NO3. There was no significant yield differences between the irrigation methods and the two N-fertilizer sources applied to the tomatoes. However, drainage water produced a significant increase in fruit soluble solids (5.05 Av.) in comparison to canal water and synthetic fertilizer (4.3 Av.). The overall fruit quality and maturity was better in the drainage water treatments than it was in the fresh canal water with synthetic N-applied treatments.
THE USE OF CORN GLUTEN MEAL AS A NATURAL “WEED AND FEED” MATERIAL FOR TURF
Authors: Christians Nick E. , Liu Dianna L.
Published: February 2019

Field and greenhouse studies on the use of a byproduct of the corn (Zea mays L.) wet-milling process, corn gluten meal, have shown that this high-protein fraction of corn grain contains an organic compound that inhibits root formation of a variety of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species. Seeds that germinate in a soil media to which corn gluten meal has been added form normal shoots, but no roots. The seedling quickly dies as the media drys. This inhibition of root formation can be timed to prevent the establishment of weeds in turf areas and other plant systems. Corn gluten meal also contains approximately 10% nitrogen and can be used as a natural fertilizer material. Repeated field trials have shown no detrimental effect of the corn gluten meal on mature grass plants. This combination of a natural fertilizer with a natural weed inhibiting compound may result in a `weed and feed' product for those who do not wish to use synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. A patent on the use of corn gluten meal as a weed control was issued in 1991.
EXPORTING GRAPEFRUIT TO JAPAN: THE FLORIDA EXPERIENCE
Authors: Hunt Gordon E.
Published: February 2019

Florida has been exporting grapefruit to Japan since that market opened up in the 1970's. Since that time, Japan has become the largest single export market in the world for Florida grapefruit. Taking primarily white grapefruit, Japan has been the savior of the white grapefruit industry in Florida. Florida's success in Japan is the result of a number of factors, including an aggressive generic marketing program, extensive market research, close cooperation with local importers, marked increases in product quality, Fruit Fly protocols with the Japanese government, development of cold-treatment shipping technologies, and strong US government financial and administrative support. The Florida success story is a case study of how a major market can be developed for the export of citrus products.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN A GLOBAL MARKET
Authors: Jondle Robert J.
Published: February 2019

Intellectual property rights issues relating to horticultural species will be addressed. Some current industry concerns include: 1) importing cut flowers of protected plants which compete directly with the plant patent holder; 2) obtaining adequate protection for newly developed varieties; and 3) providing an incentive for private research to develop new varieties. Different forms of plant protection will be reviewed, including the Plant Patent Act, utility patents, breeder's rights, the Plant Variety Protection Act, contracts, licensing and trade secrets. The role that universities can play in assisting the horticultural industry will also be discussed.
THE NEED FOR STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT IN FLORICULTURE
Authors: Carlson William H.
Published: February 2019

There are over 11,000 greenhouse growers in the United States. Of this number, 8,000 produce less than $500,000 per year in total sales. Less than 1% of the 11,000 have a strategic business plan. Many may have a yearly budget, but they have not developed a formal written analysis of their business in relation to internal and external factors. A sample of 10 growers indicated that their profitability increased significantly when they understood a formal strategic business plan. The information developed from this sample indicates the entire greenhouse industry could benefit greatly from increased use of strategic planning. The marketing component of the business plan and how university personnel can facilitate this effort will be discussed.
COMPARISON OF GIRDLING TECHNIQUES FOR EARLY SEASON FRESH-SHIPPING NECTARINES
Authors: Day Kevin R. , DeJong Ted M.
Published: February 2019

Girdling has been shown to increase fruit size and soluble solids concentration and advance fruit maturity. Performed improperly, girdling can also have a debilitating effect on trees. To minimize this, growers often use alternatives to the standard complete girdle. However, the efficacy of these alternative techniques has not been evaluated. Three methods of girdling: 1) complete girdle of all scaffolds, 2) complete girdle of all but one “nurse” scaffold, and 3) spiral (overlapping) girdle of all scaffolds, were compared to ungirdled trees to determine their effect on fruit and tree performance. All of the girdling treatments increased fruit size and marketable yield, and advanced maturity over ungirdled trees. Fruit on ungirdled nurse limbs were similar in size to fruit on ungirdled trees, while the fruit on the remaining girdled limbs were slightly larger than fruit on the trees which had all scaffolds girdled. Overall fruit size and yield of trees with a nurse limb were similar to the other girdle treatments.
EARLY THINNING OF PROCESSING PEACHES COSTS MORE BUT IS PROFITABLE
Authors: DeJong T.M. , Day K.R. , Beede R. , Johnson R.S.
Published: February 2019

Current recommendations for fruit thinning of processing clingstone peaches in California suggest that growers delay thinning until an assessment of fruit size is made at reference date (10 days after first indications of pit hardening) and then adjust the crop load according to the fruit size attained. Recent research on modelling peach fruit growth indicates that delaying thinning until reference date (usually mid-May) can substantially limit final fruit size potential and crop yield when initial fruit set is heavy. In 1991 we initialed a field study to lest these model predictions and evaluate the yield response and economic feasibility of fruit thinning within 50 days of bloom to a specific crop load. The experiment was conducted in commercial orchards of the extra-early maturing cling peach cultivars Loadel and Carson. Three thinning treatments involved thinning different sets of trees on April 10, April 30, (∼30 and 50 dafb) and May 23 (reference date). Although costs of thinning at the earlier dates were 140-290% of thinning at reference date the increase in yield resulting from early thinning more than compensated for the higher thinning costs. There were no major effects of thinning treatment on the occurrence of split pits or other quality characteristics. This research has stimulated a re-evaluation of commercial fruit thinning practices used for clingstone peaches in California.
CO2 AND TEMPERATURE INTERACTION ON GROWTH OF THREE POTATO CULTIVARS
Authors: Tibbitts T.W. , Cao W.
Published: February 2019

Plants of three potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars, Denali, Norland, Russet Burbank, were grown under CO2 concentrations of 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 ppm at each of 16 and 20C temperature levels. In all three cultivars, total plant dry weight on day 35 after transplanting was greater under 1000, 1500, and 2000 ppm CO2 than under 500 ppm CO2 at both 16 and 20C, and greater at 20C than at 16C under each of the CO2 concentrations. At 20C total dry weight was highest under 2000 ppm CO2 for all cultivars whereas at 16C total dry weight was highest under 1000 ppm CO2 for Denali and Norland, but highest under 1500 ppm CO2 for Russet Burbank. The similar pattern was seen with tuber dry weight except that in Russet Burbank the weight was greater at 16C than at 20C under 500, 1000, and 1500 ppm CO2. Also, for all cultivars specific leaf weight (SLW) under 1000, 1500, and 2000 ppm CO2 was much higher than under 500 ppm CO2 at 16C, but only slightly higher than under 500 ppm CO2 at 20C. The SLW was higher at 16C than at 20C under all CO2 concentrations. This study demonstrates that growth responses of potatoes to CO2 concentrations differ with temperature.
CHANGES IN PLASTID ULTRASTRUCTURE AND PROTEINS DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF SQUASH FRUITS
Authors: Lim Haktae
Published: February 2019

We first investigated the ultrastructural changes of plastids of two fruit pigment genotypes of squash with isogenic backgrounds (YY and BB). In YY ovaries at anthesis chloroplasts contained granular osmiophilic bodies and a few thylakoids, having two features of chromoplasts and chloroplasts in the same organs. After anthesis grana structure gradually disappeared and the typical membranous chromoplasts formed at fruit maturity. On the other hand, proplastids observed in BB ovaries transformed directly into chromoplasts as fruits matured. The same fruits at different developmental stages were also used for protein analysis to provide the relationship between changes in ultrastructure and in protein profiles during plastid differentiation. SDS-PAGE showed that qualitatively similar total plasstid polypeptides for two lines at all stages of growth even though there were quantitative decreases or increases in the contents of a few polypeptides. Soluble and membrane associated proteins were extracted from total tissue of subepidermis of squash and showed remarkable differences regarding the relative amounts of many protein species from ovaries and mature fruits. Reduced amounts of the large and small subunits of RuBPCO were obvious especially in immature fruits compared with LS and SS of RuBPCO of squash leaves.
THE EFFECT OF TRANSPIRATION ON THE ACCUMULATION OF CARBOHYDRATES IN TOMATO FRUIT.
Authors: Kawabata Saneyuki , Sakiyama Ryozo
Published: February 2019

Previous studies suggest that transpiration from fruit surface drives the inflow of phloem sap into fruits. In those studies, the increment of the size of fruits was restricted mechanically to avoid the effects of changes in fruit size on the import of water. In this experiment, the influence of transpiration on the accumulation of carbohydrates was investigated in intact tomato fruits. Tomato fruits. 7 days after flowering, as attached to the plants were enclosed in the chamber of low humidity (LH) or high humidity (HH) and they were sampled 38 days after flowering. The enlargement of LH fruits was smaller than that of HH fruits. The accumulation of dry matter and total sugars on a fruit basis was lower in LH fruits than in HH fruits. There was no difference in the content of dry matter between LH and HH fruits. The concentration of total sugars of LH fruits was slightly lower than that of HH fruits. Lower accumulation of carbohydrates in LH fruits shows that transpiration flow of phloem sap is not the predominant factor that controls the inflow of photosynthetic assimilates in intact tomato fruit.
BLOOM THINNING OF FUJI, ROYAL GALA, AND BRAEBURN APPLE WITH MONOCARBAMIDE DIHYDROGENSULFATE
Authors: Myers Stephen C. , McArtney Steven , Tustin Stuart , Cashmore Wendy , Mangin Richard
Published: February 2019

Foliar applications of monocarbamide dihydrogensulfate (D-88, Unocal Chemicals Division) at rates of 0, 2.5 ml/1, 3.75 ml/1 or 5.0 ml/1 were made to mature apple trees of “Fuji”, “Royal Gala” or “Braeburn” on MM106 root-stock. Treatments were applied dilute when spurs were at 95% full bloom. D-88 was applied at 5.0 ml/1 to “Fuji” at three different times during the day (0730, 1400 or 1810) with and without surfactant in an attempt to evaluate the effect of different atmospheric and drying conditions. Fruit set (number of fruit per 100 flower clusters) was determined after natural fruit drop.

D-88 had no effect on fruit set of “Royal Gala” or “Braeburn”. There was a linear effect between D-88 rate and fruit set on “Fuji”, with the 5.0 ml/1 rate reducing set by 30%. D-88 affected the number of fruit at individual fruiting sites, most significantly the percentage of flower clusters setting 3 fruits decreasing with increasing rate. Timing and surfactant had no effect.

Fruit finish, mean fruit weight, seed number and soluble solids concentration were measured at harvest.
AN EVALUATION OF BENZYLADENINE AS A POSSIBLE CHEMICAL THINNER OF “EMPIRE”
Authors: Emongor V.E. , Murr D.P. , Proctor J.T.A , Lougheed E.C.
Published: February 2019

Field trials at Cambridge Research Station, Ontario, Canada, studied the thinning effect of benzyladenine (BA) on eighteen-year-old “Empire” apple trees. At 16 days after full bloom (fruit diameter 12.87 mm) whole trees were hand sprayed to drip point with BA (0, 100, or 200 mg.1-1). Untreated control trees were compared with treated and hand thinned trees. BA significantly reduced crop load on “Empire”. The thinning response to BA was linear, with recommended thinning occurring at 200 mg.1-1. At harvest, fruit weight, size (diameter and length), flesh firmness and soluble solids concentration, chlorophyll and anthocyanin contents, and seed number were increased by BA treatments. BA had no effect on fruit L:D ratio, internal ethylene concentration, maturity, and the onset of the respiratory climacteric, but significantly reduced respiration at harvest. BA also reduced ethylene production and ACC content at harvest, though the reduction was not significant. Although firmness of BA-treated fruit was significantly higher at harvest, upon storage for 1 month at 0-0.5°C and 90-95% RH the firmness advantage was lost BA shows potential as a thinner of “Empire” apple and has advantage of increasing fruit weight and size, since “Empire” is a relatively small apple compared to other commercial cultivars.
FOUR NON-CIRCULATING, HYDROPONIC METHODS FOR GROWING GREENHOUSE TOMATOES
Authors: Kratky B.A.
Published: February 2019

Total salable yields of `Vendor' greenhouse tomatoes produced with 4 non-circulating, hydroponic methods were not significantly different from yields produced with conventional soil bed culture (5.69 kg/plant).

Three methods employed a capillary, sub-irrigated system wherein the plant container rested in a shallow, covered, polyethylene-lined tank containing 5 cm of nutrient solution. Plant containers consisted of 7 and 25 liter plastic pots containing a 1 hapuu:2 cinder medium plus 1 and 2 plants, respectively, and rockwool blocks (7.5 × 7.5 × 6.5 cm) resting on larger rockwool blocks (15 × 15 × 7.5 cm).

The fourth method consisted of rockwool blocks (7.5 × 7.5 × 6.5 cm) resting on a screen placed in a covered, 20 cm deep, polyethylene-lined tank filled with nutrient solution.
INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF COOL TEMPERATURES AND RIPENING ON SCALD RESISTANCE IN APPLES
Authors: Barden Cynthia L. , Bramlage William J.
Published: February 2019

Apples generally become less susceptible to scald as the season progresses and the fruit ripen. However, ripening effects may be confounded with effects of low temperature. Over 3 seasons we tested interactive effects of hrs < 10°C and ripening on scald susceptibility on Cortland apples. Ripening was induced by 500 ppm ethephon. In 1989, ethephon advanced ripening, increased endogenous antioxidant concns, and reduced scald incidence by 30% when 62 hrs <10°C had occurred before harvest. In 1990 no hrs <10°C had accumulated at harvest. Ethephon increased endogenous antioxidants and advanced ripening, but had little effect on scald development (>90% incidence). Low temps during ripening may be needed for ripening to induce scald resistance. In 1991, ethephon was applied once to apples at 6 different stages of development. Fruit were harvested a week later, after 14-156 hrs <10°C. Ethephon advanced ripening at the first 4 applications, but at the first 3 insufficient cool temperatures had occurred to expect scald reduction unless ripening had an independent effect. Results will be presented and discussed.
CHANGES IN NON-ETHYLENE VOLATILE SYNTHESIS DURING PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF `BISBEE DELICIOUS' APPLES.
Authors: Mattheis J.P. , Fellman J.K. , Chen P.M. , Patterson M.E
Published: February 2019

Synthesis of non-ethylene volatiles (NEV) undergoes significant alterations during the transition from vegetative growth to senescence in apple fruit. This change results in a substantial increase in the production of esters characteristic of ripe apples. The relationship between changes in NEV synthesis and other indicators of physiological and horticultural maturity were investigated using `Bisbee Delicious' apples. Analysis of NEV was conducted using headspace sampling and GC-MS. Aldehydes and alcohols were the largest NEV components from pre-climacteric fruit although several esters were detected. The concentration of all NEV components declined to a minimum prior to the onset of the climacteric rise in ethylene synthesis. Initial detection of 2-methyl butylacetate, the major ester in ripening `Bisbee Delicious' fruit, occurred several weeks prior to the onset of the climacteric. The increase in ester synthesis accelerated during the post-climacteric period and the amount of total aldehydes also increased.
HIGH NIGHTTIME TEMPERATURES DECREASE FRUITSET AND YIELD OF GREENHOUSE TOMATOES
Authors: Peet Mary M. , Willits Daniel H.
Published: February 2019

In the southern U.S. and other mild winter areas, the length of the harvest season for greenhouse tomatoes is limited by high night temperatures. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of this limitation by installing mechanical refrigeration to provide nighttime cooling in two of four computer-controlled greenhouses. For three crops of greenhouse tomatoes, nighttime temperatures in cooled houses were not allowed to rise above 20°C. Sixteen-week old transplants were placed in greenhouse treatments starting Mid-April ('91), mid-July ('90) and mid-August ('89). Fruit weights were significantly increased by nighttime cooling on all three planting dates, with weights increasing 11%, 28% and 53%, respectively. For the mid-July and mid-August plantings, fruitset, fruit size and % uncracked fruit were also increased significantly by nighttime cooling. Data collected in '90 showed that plants in the cooled houses required only an additional 2.4 days to mature and were only 10-15% taller, suggesting there were no significant plant-related disadvantages to nighttime cooling. Lack of stored heat and nighttime heat load in the greenhouses resulted in low cooling costs and refrigeration requirements, so nighttime cooling may also be commercially feasible.
DEPLOYMENT OF ARCELIN GENES FOR BRUCHID RESISTANCE IN COMMON BEANS
Authors: Bliss F.A. , Rosas J.C. , Pereira. P.A.A.
Published: February 2019

The discovery of bruchid resistance in wild beans and the demonstration that theArcelin protein is responsible for the resistance, provide an opportunity to develop resistant cultivars of common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. Arcelin expression is controlled by multiple alleles, which impart different levels of insect resistance. In field tests in Honduras and Brazil, backcross-derived lines with the Arl-1 allele were most resistant, especially to Mexican bean weevil. Seed mixtures of 0.80 Arl-1:0.20 susceptible and equal amounts of Arl-1,Arl-2, and Arl-3, and Arl-4 containing seeds showed resistanc elevels and seed yields similar to lines homogeneous for Arl-1. Breeding lines uniform for appearance and agronomic performance, but heterogenous for resistance genes are being tested as potential new dry bean cultivars having stable insect resistance.
FIELD INOCULATION TESTS TO QUANTIFY RESISTANCE IN SPINACH TO RACES 3 AND 4 OF DOWNY MILDEW
Authors: Brandenberger L.P. , Correll J.C. , Morelock T.E. , McNew R.W.
Published: February 2019

Resistance to race 3 and 4 of downy mildew (Peronospora farinosa f.sp. spinaciae) was examined in separate field inoculation tests. Three Arkansas cultivars and three other commercial spinach cultivars were compared by periodically scoring individual leaves for disease severity 7 to 28 days after inoculation. Leaves were scored on a 0 to 6 scale with 0 = 0% of the leaf surface being covered with sporulation and 6 = 90-100%. Resistance was evaluated by comparing disease ratings on a given day as well as the area under the disease progress curve. Arkansas spinach cultivars exhibited significantly lower disease severity ratings in field inoculation tests for all sample dates for both races 3 and 4 when compared to known susceptible cultivars.
TEMPERATURE CONDITIONING, INTERMITTENT WARMING, VAPOR HEAT, AND FILM WRAPPING AFFECT GRAPEFRUIT WAX
Authors: Nordby Harold E. , McDonald Roy E.
Published: February 2019

It has been reported that temperature conditioning (TC), intermittent warming (IW), and film wrapping (FW) reduce chilling injury (CI) on grapefruit. Our objective was to determine if IW, FW, and vapor heat (VH) affected the composition of the epicuticular wax of grapefruit similar to the effects we previously reported with TC. Waxes were analyzed by gas chromatography. C25 to C34 aldehydes and alkanes decreased in all treatments in 5C storage for 21 days. Squalene increased in both the TC (7 days at 21C) and VH (43.5C for 4 hr) treatments. Terpenoids increased in both the TC and IW (4 cycles of 5 days at 5C and 2 days at 21C) treatments, and the greatest increase in C24 aldehyde occurred in the TC treatment. A VH-TC sequential treatment kept C27 to C34 aldehydes at fresh fruit levels following 5C storage. FW did not cause any wax increase. It is possible that these wax changes may have a role in reducing CI.
PACLOBUTRAZOL DAMINOZIDE, AND NUTRICAL EFFECTS ON SHELF-LIFE AND FRUIT QUALITY OF RABBITEYE BLUEBERRY
Authors: Basiouny Fouad M. , Woods Floyde M.
Published: February 2019

Applications of paclobutrazol (PP333), Daminozide (DZ), and Nutri-cal to rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashi Reade) was studied. The application of these chemicals at different concentrations was made in the fall and throughout the growing season. PP333, DZ and Nutri-cal induced variable effects on yield, inte rnal and external fruit qualities. Shelf-life of hand-harvested fruits responded favorably to each of these chemicals.
IN-ROW SPACING AFFECTS GRAPEVINE PRODUCTIVITY AND TRELLIS FILL FOLLOWING A SEVERE WINTER
Authors: Kaps Martin L. , Odneal Marilyn B.
Published: February 2019

`Seyval blanc' and `Vidal blanc' grapevines were planted in 1983 at in-row spacings of 1.8, 2.4, 3.0, 3.6 and 4.8 m. Vineyard location is in the southcentral Missouri Ozark region, an area characterized by shallow soil and fluctuating winter temperature. A temperature of -28°C in January 1985 severely damaged the vines, which required retraining from the roots. Less time was needed to retrain close spaced vines to a single curtain cordon. Close spaced vines also yielded more in their first production year (1987). Wide spaced vines had increasingly higher pruning weight, yield, and cluster number per vine in later years. Juice soluble solids, pH and titratable acidity showed few differences among the spacing treatments. Close spaced vines were the most productive on a per meter of cordon basis. Competition between these vines has not yet reduced their productivity.