bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Canada’s Wild Salmon Policy: an assessment of conservation progress in British Columbia
Authors: Price Michael H.H. , English Karl K. , Rosenberger Andrew G. , MacDuffee Misty , Reynolds John D.
Published: July 2017

Canada’s Policy for Conservation of Wild Pacific Salmon has been heralded as a transformative approach to the management of wild salmon whereby conservation is the highest priority. Given that changes to the Policy are under consideration, it is timely that we understand whether our state of knowledge and the status of wild salmon in Canada have indeed improved after its adoption in 2005. To answer these questions, we used two indices of improvement: (i) monitoring effort and (ii) abundance of spawning adults. Our results, based on data for all species from British Columbia’s north and central coasts, show that monitoring effort has continued to erode, abundance of spawning adults has significantly declined for several species, the status of many salmon Conservation Units are in zones of concern, and 42% of the Conservation Units that we assessed as Red (threatened) would have improved in status had the Canadian fishery been reduced. We conclude with recommendations to help improve our knowledge of the status of salmon and enable a robust and successfully implemented Wild Salmon Policy for the future.
The Role of Sexual Selection in Local Adaptation and Speciation
Authors: Servedio Maria R. , Boughman Janette W.
Published: July 2017

Sexual selection plays several intricate and complex roles in the related processes of local adaptation and speciation. In some cases sexual selection can promote these processes, but in others it can be inhibitory. We present theoretical and empirical evidence supporting these dual effects of sexual selection during local adaptation, allopatric speciation, and speciation with gene flow. Much of the empirical evidence for sexual selection promoting speciation is suggestive rather than conclusive; we present what would constitute strong evidence for sexual selection driving speciation. We conclude that although there is ample evidence that sexual selection contributes to the speciation process, it is very likely to do so only in concert with natural selection.
Histone Methylation by SET Domain Proteins in Fungi
Authors: Freitag Michael
Published: July 2017

Histone-modifying enzymes are responsible for regulating transcription, recombination, DNA repair, DNA replication, chromatid cohesion, and chromosome segregation. Fungi are ideally suited for comparative chromatin biology because sequencing of numerous genomes from many clades is coupled to existing rich methodology that allows truly holistic approaches, integrating evolutionary biology with mechanistic molecular biology and ecology, promising applications in medicine or plant pathology. While genome information is rich, mechanistic studies on histone modifications are largely restricted to two yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and one filamentous fungus, Neurospora crassa—three species that arguably are not representative of this diverse kingdom. Here, histone methylation serves as a paradigm to illustrate the roles chromatin modifications may play in more complex fungal life cycles. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of histone H3 methylation at two sites associated with active transcription, lysine 4 and lysine 36 (H3K4, H3K36); a site associated with the formation of constitutive heterochromatin, lysine 9 (H3K9); and a site associated with the formation of facultative heterochromatin, lysine 27 (H3K27). Special attention is paid to differences in how methylation marks interact in different taxa.
A Consensus View of ESCRT-Mediated Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Abscission
Authors: Lippincott-Schwartz J. , Freed E.O. , van Engelenburg S.B.
Published: July 2017

The strong dependence of retroviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), on host cell factors is no more apparent than when the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery is purposely disengaged. The resulting potent inhibition of retrovirus release underscores the importance of understanding fundamental structure-function relationships at the ESCRT–HIV-1 interface. Recent studies utilizing advanced imaging technologies have helped clarify these relationships, overcoming hurdles to provide a range of potential models for ESCRT-mediated virus abscission. Here, we discuss these models in the context of prior work detailing ESCRT machinery and the HIV-1 release process. To provide a template for further refinement, we propose a new working model for ESCRT-mediated HIV-1 release that reconciles disparate and seemingly conflicting studies.
Electron Cryomicroscopy of Viruses at Near-Atomic Resolutions
Authors: Kaelber Jason T. , Hryc Corey F. , Chiu Wah
Published: July 2017

Recently, dozens of virus structures have been solved to resolutions between 2.5 and 5.0 Å by means of electron cryomicroscopy. With these structures we are now firmly within the “atomic age” of electron cryomicroscopy, as these studies can reveal atomic details of protein and nucleic acid topology and interactions between specific residues. This improvement in resolution has been the result of direct electron detectors and image processing advances. Although enforcing symmetry facilitates reaching near-atomic resolution with fewer particle images, it unfortunately obscures some biologically interesting components of a virus. New approaches on relaxing symmetry and exploring structure dynamics and heterogeneity of viral assemblies have revealed important insights into genome packaging, virion assembly, cell entry, and other stages of the viral life cycle. In the future, novel methods will be required to reveal yet-unknown structural conformations of viruses, relevant to their biological activities. Ultimately, these results hold the promise of answering many unresolved questions linking structural diversity of viruses to their biological functions.
Virtual and Actual Humanoid Robot Control with Four-Class Motor-Imagery-Based Optical Brain-Computer Interface
Authors: Batula Alyssa M. , Kim Youngmoo E. , Ayaz Hasan
Published: July 2017

Motor-imagery tasks are a popular input method for controlling brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), partially due to their similarities to naturally produced motor signals. The use of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in BCIs is still emerging and has shown potential as a supplement or replacement for electroencephalography. However, studies often use only two or three motor-imagery tasks, limiting the number of available commands. In this work, we present the results of the first four-class motor-imagery-based online fNIRS-BCI for robot control. Thirteen participants utilized upper- and lower-limb motor-imagery tasks (left hand, right hand, left foot, and right foot) that were mapped to four high-level commands (turn left, turn right, move forward, and move backward) to control the navigation of a simulated or real robot. A significant improvement in classification accuracy was found between the virtual-robot-based BCI (control of a virtual robot) and the physical-robot BCI (control of the DARwIn-OP humanoid robot). Differences were also found in the oxygenated hemoglobin activation patterns of the four tasks between the first and second BCI. These results corroborate previous findings that motor imagery can be improved with feedback and imply that a four-class motor-imagery-based fNIRS-BCI could be feasible with sufficient subject training.
Dual Method Use among Postpartum HIV-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Malawian Women: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Kopp Dawn M. , Tang Jennifer H. , Stuart Gretchen S. , Miller William C. , O’Shea Michele S. , Hosseinipour Mina C. , Bonongwe Phylos , Mwale Mwawi , Rosenberg Nora E.
Published: July 2017

Dual method use, use of condoms plus another effective contraceptive method, is important in settings with high rates of unintended pregnancy and HIV infection. We evaluated the association of HIV status with dual method use in a cohort of postpartum women. Women completed baseline surveys in the postpartum ward and telephone surveys about contraceptive use 3, 6, and 12 months later. Nonpregnant women who completed at least one follow-up survey were eligible for this secondary analysis. Prevalence ratios were calculated using generalized estimating equations. Of the 511 sexually active women who completed a follow-up survey, condom use increased from 17.6% to 27.7% and nonbarrier contraceptive use increased from 73.8% to 87.6% from 3 to 12 months after delivery. Dual method use increased from 1.0% to 18.9% at 3 to 12 months after delivery. Dual method use was negligible and comparable between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women at 3 months but significantly higher among HIV-infected women at 6 months (APR = 3.9, 95% CI 2.2, 7.1) and 12 months (APR = 2.7, 95% CI 1.7, 4.3). Dual method use was low but largely driven by condom use among HIV-infected women at 6 and 12 months after delivery.
A Solar Heating and Cooling System in a Nearly Zero-Energy Building: A Case Study in China
Authors: Sun Zhifeng , Zhao Yaohua , Xu Wei , Zhang Xinyu , Li Huai , Wang Min , He Tao , Wang Dongxu
Published: July 2017

The building sector accounts for more than 40% of the global energy consumption. This consumption may be lowered by reducing building energy requirements and using renewable energy in building energy supply systems. Therefore, a nearly zero-energy building, incorporating a solar heating and cooling system, was designed and built in Beijing, China. The system included a 35.17 kW cooling (10-RT) absorption chiller, an evacuated tube solar collector with an aperture area of 320.6 m2, two hot-water storage tanks (with capacities of 10 m3 and 30 m3, respectively), two cold-water storage tanks (both with a capacity of 10 m3), and a 281 kW cooling tower. Heat pump systems were used as a backup. At a value of 25.2%, the obtained solar fraction associated with the cooling load was close to the design target of 30%. In addition, the daily solar collector efficiency and the chiller coefficient of performance (COP) varied from 0.327 to 0.507 and 0.49 to 0.70, respectively.
Open Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy with Distal Tubercle Osteotomy Lessens Change in Patellar Position
Authors: Park Hoon , Kim Hyun Woo , Kam Jin Hwa , Lee Dong Hoon
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the change in patellar position after open wedge high tibial osteotomy (OWHTO) with distal tubercle osteotomy (DTO), comparing outcomes of conventional OWHTO in young adults with proximal tibia varus deformity but no arthritic manifestations. Thirty-three patients (mean age, 31.8 years) subjected to OWHTO/DTO were matched with 30 patients (mean age, 33.5 years) undergoing conventional OWHTO. Patellar position, as measured in pre- and postoperative standing lateral radiographs, was compared. Patellar height was assessed via Insall-Salvati ratio, modified Insall-Salvati ratio, Blackburne-Peel (BP) index, Caton-Deschamps (CD) index, and modified Miura-Kawamura index. Computed tomography was used to measure lateral patellar tilt and shift. In the OWHTO group, all patellar height indices decreased significantly following surgery. Although mean values of BP and CD indices decreased significantly in the OWHTO/DTO group, other determinants of patellar height showed no significant postoperative differences. Significant postoperative declines in average lateral patellar tilt were also evident in both groups, but pre- and postoperative lateral patellar shift did not differ significantly. OWHTO/DTO can be performed without significant changes in patellar height. The results obtained support that OWHTO/DTO is suitable for relatively young patients with proximal tibia vara but no arthritic change.
Efficacy of Auricular Acupressure for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Yang Li-Hua , Duan Pei-Bei , Hou Qing-Mei , Du Shi-Zheng , Sun Jin-Fang , Mei Si-Juan , Wang Xiao-Qing
Published: July 2017

Objectives. To identify the efficacy of auricular acupressure on pain and disability for chronic LBP by systematic review. Methods. A search of randomized controlled trials was conducted in four English medical electronic databases and three Chinese databases. Two reviewers independently retrieved related studies, assessed the methodological quality, and extracted data with a standardized data form. Meta‐analyses were performed using all time‐points meta‐analysis. Results. A total of 7 trials met the inclusion criteria, of which 4 had the low risk of bias. The findings of this study showed that, for the immediate effect, auricular acupressure had large, significant effects in improving pain within 12 weeks. As for the follow‐up effect, the pooled estimates also showed promising effect at 4‐week follow‐up after 4‐week intervention (standardized mean difference = −1.13, 95% CI (−1.70, −0.56), P < 0.001). But, for the disability level, the therapeutic effect was not significant (mean difference = −1.99, 95% CI (−4.93, 0.95), P = 0.18). No serious adverse effects were recorded. Conclusions. The encouraging evidence of this study indicates that it is recommended to provide auricular acupressure to patients with chronic low back pain. However, a more accurate estimate of the effect will require further rigorously designed large‐scale RCTs on chronic LBP for improving pain and disability.
Serum Interleukin-10 Levels Correlate with Cerebrospinal Fluid Amyloid Beta Deposition in Alzheimer Disease Patients
Authors: D'Anna Lucio , Abu-Rumeileh Samir , Fabris Martina , Pistis Cinzia , Baldi Antonio , Sanvilli Nova , Curcio Francesco , Gigli Gian Luigi , D'Anna Sebastiano , Valente Mariarosaria
Published: July 2017

Background and Objective: In Alzheimer disease (AD) inflammation becomes evident throughout the course of the disease. However, the association between inflammation, cognitive impairment, and cerebrospinal biomarkers (Aβ42, t-tau, p-tau181, and Aβ42/p-tau181 ratio) is poorly understood. Methods: A large panel of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and vascular endothelial growth factor) was analyzed using a multiplex immunoassay in 27 patients with a diagnosis of AD dementia and in 18 control subjects. In a subgroup with available cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples, cytokines in serum were correlated with the levels of neurodegenerative CSF biomarkers (Aβ42, t-tau, p-tau181, and Aβ42/p-tau181 ratio). Results: Compared to control subjects, AD patients showed a significant upregulation of IL-10, IL-1β, and IL-17 serum levels. Several cytokines appeared intercorrelated, and IL-10 in particular presented a significant inverse correlation with CFS levels of Aβ42 and the Aβ42/p-tau ratio. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that serum levels of IL-10 may represent a possible peripheral expression of amyloid beta deposition in AD patients.
Second- to Third-Trimester Longitudinal Growth Assessment for the Prediction of Largeness for Gestational Age and Macrosomia in an Unselected Population
Authors: Caradeux Javier , Eixarch Elisenda , Mazarico Edurne , Basuki Tri Rahmat , Gratacós Eduard , Figueras Francesc
Published: July 2017

Background: Prenatal detection of excessive growth remains inaccurate. Most strategies rely on a single cross-sectional evaluation of fetal size during the third trimester. Objectives: To compare second- to third-trimester longitudinal growth assessment with cross-sectional evaluation at the third trimester in the prediction of largeness for gestational age (LGA) and macrosomia. Methods: A cohort of 2,696 unselected singleton pregnancies scanned at 21 ± 2 and 32 ± 2 weeks was created. Abdominal circumference (AC) measurements were transformed to z values according to the INTERGROWTH-21st standards. Longitudinal growth assessment was performed by calculation of z velocity and conditional growth. Both methods were compared to cross-sectional assessment at 32 ± 2 weeks. Predictive performance for LGA and macrosomia was determined by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Result: A total of 188 (7%) newborns qualified for LGA and 182 (6.8%) for macrosomia. The areas under the curve (AUCs) for 32-week AC z score, AC z velocity, and conditional AC were 0.78, 0.61, and 0.55, respectively, for the prediction of LGA, and 0.75, 0.61, and 0.55, respectively, for the prediction of macrosomia. Both AUCs of AC z velocity and conditional AC were significantly lower (p < 0.001) than the AUC of cross-sectional AC z scores. Conclusions: In the general population, second- to third-trimester longitudinal assessment of fetal growth is inferior to third-trimester cross-sectional evaluation of size in the prediction of LGA and macrosomia.
Combined 23-G Pars Plana Vitrectomy and Lensectomy in the Management of Glaucoma Associated with Nanophthalmos
Authors: Zhang Zhaotian , Zhang Shaochong , Jiang Xintong , Wei Yantao
Published: July 2017

Purpose: To investigate the surgical results of 23-G pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) combined with lensectomy (PPL) in nanophthalmic patients with angle closure glaucoma. Methods: This prospective nonrandomized study included consecutive patients with nanophthalmic glaucoma recruited for 23-G PPV combined with PPL. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), the number of antiglaucoma medications, and surgery-associated complications were recorded. Surgical success rates were evaluated at each follow-up. Prognostic factors for success were also assessed using logistic regression analysis. Results: This study enrolled 21 eyes of 21 patients. The mean follow-up was 18.6 ± 7.0 months. At the final follow-up visit, the mean IOP was significantly reduced (from 47.4 ± 5.7 to 18.6 ± 3.6 mm Hg). The mean number of antiglaucoma medications dropped from 5 to 0. BCVA improved in 3 (14.3%) eyes. The complete success rate (IOP >6 and <21 mm Hg without antiglaucoma medication) was 71.4, 66.7, and 71.4% at the 6-month, 12-month, and final follow-up visit, respectively. Conclusions: Nanophthalmic glaucoma can be effectively managed with the combined surgery of 23-G PPV and PPL. IOP control was achieved with elimination of pupillary block and deepening of the anterior chamber. This surgical procedure proved to be safe in eyes with a potential risk of vision-threatening complications.
Update on the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Preeclampsia with the Aid of the sFlt-1/ PlGF Ratio in Singleton Pregnancies
Authors: Herraiz Ignacio , Llurba Elisa , Verlohren Stefan , Galindo Alberto ,   on behalf of the Spanish Group for the Study of Angiogenic Markers in Preeclampsia
Published: July 2017

Preeclampsia (PE) is involved in a group of obstetrical conditions closely related by the presence of placental dysfunction (PD), which also includes intrauterine growth restriction and placental abruption. The timely and accurate recognition and management of PE are often challenging because diagnostic criteria are still based on nonspecific signs and symptoms and because common severity criteria correlate poorly with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. The discovery of the role of angiogenesis-related factors - soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) and placental growth factor (PlGF) - in the underlying pathophysiology of PD has marked an important step for improving its early diagnosis and prognosis assessment before gestational week 34. Nowadays, an sFlt-1/PlGF ratio cutoff level of ≤38 is widely accepted for ruling out PE in patients with suspicion of the disease, and its use is cost-effective. However, the evidence is more limited regarding the management and prognosis of women with an abnormally high sFlt-1/PlGF ratio. This review summarizes the current evidence of the clinical application of the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio for the diagnosis and prognosis assessment of PE and points out the next challenges for these biomarkers, including their role as target for the development and monitoring of new therapies.
Update on the Pathophysiology and Risk Factors for the Development of Malignant Testicular Germ Cell Tumors in Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
Authors: Cools Martine , Looijenga Leendert
Published: July 2017

Prophylactic gonadectomy in young adult women with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) to avoid development of an invasive testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) is currently advised in most centers. However, women with CAIS increasingly question the need of this procedure. In order to provide optimal counseling and follow-up of these women, insight in the mechanisms underlying TGCT development in androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), data regarding the incidence of TGCT in AIS adults specifically, and an overview of existing and novel screening tools for in situ and invasive neoplastic lesions are crucial. The current knowledge regarding these topics is revised in this paper.
Gonadectomy in Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome: Why and When?
Authors: Döhnert Ulla , Wünsch Lutz , Hiort Olaf
Published: July 2017

Prophylactic gonadectomy has been recommended in complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) because of an increased risk for the development of malignant germ cell tumors in the intra-abdominal gonads. No reliable screening parameters are available to detect early (pre-)malignant changes. Because the tumor risk before puberty is very low, the timing of gonadectomy has been postponed to allow spontaneous puberty and involvement of the patients in important decisions affecting their body and health. Gonadectomy after puberty is still discussed controversially. There are difficulties in determining the absolute malignancy risk for individuals with CAIS, difficulties with hormone therapy, and lack of studies supporting different protocols. In contrast, endogenous hormone profiles show very specific features that influence bone health, psychosocial well-being, and many other aspects which still have to be investigated. For women with CAIS who wish to keep their gonads, we propose a biannual screening program which has to be evaluated in a prospective multi-center trial.
Crocin Protects Podocytes Against Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Induced by High Glucose Through Inhibition of NF-κB
Authors: Li  Sutong , Liu Xiaoxia , Lei Jie , Yang Junle , Tian Puxun , Gao Yi
Published: July 2017

Background/Aims: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a microangiopathic disease characterized by excessive urinary albumin excretion, which occurs in 30% of patients with diabetes mellitus. It is the second leading cause of end-stage renal diseases in China. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is reported to be closely correlated with the inflammation underlying diabetes-associated renal damage. Crocin, a plant-derived compound, has antioxidant properties that may inhibit NF-κB. Methods: In the present study, we used a conditionally immortalized mouse podocyte cell line to explore whether crocin could effectively block albuminuria. Cells were incubated with 15 or 25 mM D-glucose to mimic diabetic conditions. The expression of Wilms tumor 1 (WT-1) and synaptopodin was evaluated to identify differentiated podocytes, and the expression of nephrin, podocin, and CD2ap was measured as markers of slit diaphragms, the main structures within the glomerular filtration barrier. Results: The high-glucose conditions led to reduced nephrin, podocin, and CD2ap expression, which was prevented by pretreatment with crocin. The oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory response of podocytes associated with DN induced by high glucose were also reduced by crocin pretreatment. Phosphorylated IκBα (p-IκBα) expression induced by high glucose was also significantly decreased by crocin pretreatment. Moreover, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, a NF-κB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithio carbamate, augmented the protective effects of crocin. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate a protective role of crocin against damage to podocytes and slit diaphragms under high-glucose conditions via inhibition of NF-κB. This study presents a potential therapy for DN and contributes to the understanding of the mechanism underlying DN.
Blood Pressure Trajectories and the Risk of Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Cerebral Infarction
Authors: Li Weijuan , Jin Cheng , Vaidya Anand , Wu Yuntao , Rexrode Kathryn , Zheng Xiaoming , Gurol Mahmut E. , Ma Chaoran , Wu Shouling , Gao Xiang
Published: July 2017

The association between long-term blood pressure (BP) patterns in community-dwelling adults and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage and cerebral infarction is not well characterized. This prospective study included 79 385 participants, free of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cancer in or before 2010 (baseline). Systolic BP trajectories were identified using latent mixture modeling with data from 2006, 2008, and 2010. Incident cases of intracerebral hemorrhage and cerebral infarction occurred during 2010 to 2014, confirmed by review of medical records, by 3 physicians. We identified 5 distinct systolic BP trajectories during 2006 to 2010. Each of the trajectories was labeled according to their BP range and pattern over time: normotensive-stable (n=26 740), prehypertension-stable (n=35 674), stage 1 hypertension-increasing (n=8215), stage 1 hypertension-decreasing (n=6422), and stage 2 hypertension-stable (n=2334). We documented 1034 incident cases of cerebral infarction and 187 cases of intracerebral hemorrhage. Although the prehypertension-stable trajectory exhibited systolic BP range within the normal range (120–140 mm Hg) during 2006 to 2010, this group had higher stroke risk relative to the normotensive-stable group (<120 mm Hg) (adjusted hazard ratio was 3.11 for intracerebral hemorrhage and 1.99 for cerebral infarction;
P
<0.001 for both), after adjusting for possible confounders. Individuals in the stage 2 hypertension-stable systolic BP trajectory (175–179 mm Hg) had the highest risk of intracerebral hemorrhage (adjusted hazard ratio was 12.4) and cerebral infarction (adjusted hazard ratio was 5.07), relative to the normotensive-stable group (
P
<0.001 for both). BP trajectories were associated with the risk of stroke and increasing BP trajectories within the currently designated normal range may still increase the risk for stroke.
Blood Pressure Lowering and Safety Improvements With Liver Angiotensinogen Inhibition in Models of Hypertension and Kidney Injury
Authors: Mullick Adam E. , Yeh Steve T. , Graham Mark J. , Engelhardt Jeffery A. , Prakash Thazha P. , Crooke Rosanne M.
Published: July 2017

Uncontrolled hypertension is an important contributor to cardiovascular disease. Despite the armamentarium of antihypertensive treatments, there remains a need for novel agents effective in individuals who cannot reach acceptable blood pressure levels. Inhibitors targeting the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) are widely used but may not optimally inhibit RAAS and demonstrate an acceptable safety profile. Experiments were conducted to characterize a series of AGT (angiotensinogen) antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and compare their efficacy and tolerability to traditional RAAS blockade. AGT ASOs which target multiple systemic sites of AGT versus an N-acetylgalactosamine-conjugated AGT ASO that targets the liver were compared with captopril and losartan. Spontaneously hypertensive rats fed an 8% NaCl diet, a model of malignant hypertension resistant to standard RAAS inhibitors, demonstrated robust and durable blood pressure reductions with AGT ASO treatments, which was not observed with standard RAAS blockade. Studies in rat models of acute kidney injury produced by salt deprivation revealed kidney injury with ASO treatment that reduced kidney-expressed AGT, but not in animals treated with the N-acetylgalactosamine AGT ASO despite comparable plasma AGT reductions. Administration of either captopril or losartan also produced acute kidney injury during salt deprivation. Thus, intrarenal RAAS derived from kidney AGT, and inhibited by the standard of care, contributes to the maintenance of renal function during severe RAAS challenge. Such improvements in efficacy and tolerability by a liver-selective AGT inhibitor could be desirable in individuals not at their blood pressure goal with existing RAAS blockade.
Clinoconidium onumae, comb. nov. (Cryptobasidiaceae) producing galls on shoot buds of Cinnamomum tenuifolium in Japan
Authors: KAKISHIMA MAKOTO , NAGAO HIDEYUKI , JI JING-XIN , SUN YUE , DENCHEV CVETOMIR M.
Published: July 2017

A new combination, Clinoconidium onumae, is proposed to accommodate Ustilago onumae (syn. Melanopsichium onumae) from Japan, producing galls on shoot buds of Cinnamomum tenuifolium (Lauraceae). This taxonomic treatment is based on observations of gastroid sporulation in peripheral lacunae of the host galls and basidiospore morphology. This species is morphologically and phylogenetically similar to Cl. cinnamomi producing galls on fruits of Ci. burmannii, reported from Taiwan, but differs by having larger basidiospores and different morphology of the gall structures, and by affecting different plant organs.
Dendrophorbium chopinii (Compositae: Senecioneae), a new species from Amazonas Region, Peru
Authors: MONTESINOS-TUBÉE DANIEL B.
Published: July 2017

A new species of Dendrophorbium from northern Peru is described and illustrated. The species is, so far, only known from the type locality in southern Leimebamba Province (Amazonas Region, Peru). Morphological characters are provided in order to distinguish it from the closest relatives. A table with the morphological comparison with other species of Dendrophorbium is provided.
A new infrageneric classification for Amorimia (Malpighiaceae) based on morphological, phytochemical and molecular evidence
Authors: DE ALMEIDA RAFAEL FELIPE , AMORIM ANDRÉ MÁRCIO , CORRÊA ANGELA MARIA DA SILVA , VAN DEN BERG CÁSSIO
Published: July 2017

Phylogenetic relationships for 14 of the 15 species of Amorimia (Malpighiaceae) were inferred based on ndhF plastid DNA and ETS nuclear ribosomal DNA using both parsimony and Bayesian methods. Our results show that: (1) the monophyly of the genus is corroborated with the new circumscription of the A. rigida complex; (2) several morphological and phytochemical characters support Amorimia and its two main clades; and (3) these clades can be proposed as new subgenera in Amorimia.
Redetermination of host plants reveals that the rust fungi Aecidium annonae, Aecidium chrysophaeum and Cerotelium xylopiae occur on Diospyros species (Ebenaceae) instead of Annonaceae
Authors: BEENKEN LUDWIG
Published: July 2017

The correct determination of host plants is essential for identifying species of rust fungi (Pucciniales). During studies of rust fungi on Annonaceae, it has been shown that the host plants of Aecidium annonae, Aecidium annonaceicola, Aecidium chrysophaeum and Cerotelium xylopiae have been wrongly labeled as species of Annonaceae. The hosts of these species were newly determined to belong to the genus Diospyros (family Ebenaceae) using anatomy and micromorphology. Aecidium annonae and A. annonaceicola are conspecific, as also confirmed by their common host Diospyros hispida. The real host of A. chrysophaeum is Diospyros artanthifolia. The new species name Cerotelium diospyri, referring to its host plant Diospyros sericea, is proposed to replace the misleading name Cerotelium xylopiae, an invalidly published name.
4. The Troubadours and Fin’amor: Love, Choice, and the Individual
Authors: Bryson Michael , Movsesian Arpi
Published: July 2017

This chapter begins by arguing for a sharp contrast between the idea of 'courtly love' and the idea of fin’amor found in troubadour and trobairitz poetry. It grounds that discussion both in an examination of Chrétien de Troyes le Chevalier de la Charrette, and Gaston Paris’ analysis thereof, and the various treatments of the 'courtly' concept in criticism and in such primary texts as De Amore by Andreas Capellanus. The chapter then moves on to an analysis of apparent roots of troubadour poetry in Spanish Arabic/Muslim poetry of the 10th/11th centuries, before doing a close reading of the extant Occitan poetry, including extensive analysis of individual poems along with original translations from the Occitan. Along the way, the chapter continually engages with 19th-21st century scholarship on troubadour poetry and culture. The argument of the chapter is that in these poems, love represents a willful one-to-one choice of each lover by the other, both at the level of physical passion and emotional/intellectual attachment. The love here is specifically not the 'courtly love' so often (too often) spoken of by scholars ever since the unfortunate introduction of the term by Gaston Paris in 1881. 'Courtly love' is a pious fraud that only one of the ink-stained figures from Yeat’s poem 'The Scholars' could find convincing. It is tame and cooperative, and in no way antithetical to the interests of those in power. Fin’amor is an entirely different matter. This love is absolutely antithetical to the interests of property/power, and is an attempt to carve out (however unsuccessfully) a sphere of operation for individual choice in a world of arranged marriages, prescribed faith, and feudal fealty.
Relative Contributions of Atmospheric Energy Transport and Sea Ice Loss to the Recent Warm Arctic Winter
Authors: Kim Hye-Mi , Kim Baek-Min
Published: July 2017

The relative contributions of atmospheric energy transport (via heat and moisture advection) and sea ice decline to recent Arctic warming were investigated using high-resolution reanalysis data up to 2017. During the Arctic winter, a variation of downward longwave radiation (DLR) is fundamental in modulating Arctic surface temperature. In the warm Arctic winter, DLR and precipitable water (PW) are increasing over the entire Arctic; however, the major drivers for such increases differ regionally. In areas such as the northern Greenland Sea, increasing DLR and PW are caused mainly by convergence of atmospheric energy transport from lower latitudes. In regions of maximum sea ice retreat (e.g., northern Barents–Kara Seas), continued sea ice melting from previous seasons drive the DLR and PW increases, consistent with the positive ice–insulation feedback. Distinct local feedbacks between open water and ice-retreat regions were further compared. In open water regions, a reduced ocean–atmosphere temperature gradient caused by atmospheric warming suppresses surface turbulent heat flux (THF) release from the ocean to the atmosphere; thus, surface warming cannot accelerate. Conversely, in ice-retreat regions, sea ice reduction allows the relatively warm ocean to interact with the colder atmosphere via surface THF release. This increases temperature and humidity in the lower troposphere consistent with the positive ice–insulation feedback. The implication of this study is that Arctic warming will slow as the open water fraction increases. Therefore, given sustained greenhouse warming, the roles of atmospheric heat and moisture transport from lower latitudes are likely to become increasingly critical in the future Arctic climate.
Assimilating Copernicus SST Data into a Pan-Arctic Ice–Ocean Coupled Model with a Local SEIK Filter
Authors: Liang Xi , Yang Qinghua , Nerger Lars , Losa Svetlana N. , Zhao Biao , Zheng Fei , Zhang Lin , Wu Lixin
Published: July 2017

Sea surface temperature (SST) data from the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service are assimilated into a pan-Arctic ice–ocean coupled model using the ensemble-based local singular evolutive interpolated Kalman (LSEIK) filter. This study found that the SST deviation between model hindcasts and independent SST observations is reduced by the assimilation. Compared with model results without data assimilation, the deviation between the model hindcasts and independent SST observations has decreased by up to 0.2°C at the end of summer. The strongest SST improvements are located in the Greenland Sea, the Beaufort Sea, and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. The SST assimilation also changes the sea ice concentration (SIC). Improvements of the ice concentrations are found in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, the Beaufort Sea, and the central Arctic basin, while negative effects occur in the west area of the eastern Siberian Sea and the Laptev Sea. Also, sea ice thickness (SIT) benefits from ensemble SST assimilation. A comparison with upward-looking sonar observations reveals that hindcasts of SIT are improved in the Beaufort Sea by assimilating reliable SST observations into light ice areas. This study illustrates the advantages of assimilating SST observations into an ice–ocean coupled model system and suggests that SST assimilation can improve SIT hindcasts regionally during the melting season.
Monastic Communities in Today's Europe and Their Future
Authors: Conacher Giles
Published: July 2017

A meeting at Chantilly from 15–17 December 1990 on the theme ‘Monastic Community and European Community’ brought together just under a hundred monastic Cellarers of the Cistercian and Benedictine monasteries of France, together with some invited from Belgium and Luxembourg. Their principal concerns were economic, but as disciples of St. Benedict, they also considered the wider spectrum.

Cardinal Jean Marie Lustiger opened the conference with a talk on the challenge that tomorrow's Europe throws down to monasticism. The text translated below appeared in the ‘Lettre de Maredsous’.
Teaching without Talking
Authors: Hansen Jacqueline
Published: July 2017

Teachers need to be aware of more than just the words they speak to children. They also need to monitor the nonverbal messages that they're sending to students through proximity, eye contact, gestures, and touching.
Go East, Young Teacher!
Authors: Lucenta Lindsey
Published: July 2017

If job prospects in the U. S. don't seem great or if you're adventurous, consider working overseas for a year — or more!
Rubrics in Education: Old Term, New Meanings
Authors: Cooper Bruce S. , Gargan Anne
Published: July 2017

Using rubrics helps ensure that all students meet certain criteria in their work.
Becoming the Star of Your District
Authors: Becker Daniel , Becker Katherine
Published: July 2017

Want to stand out? Check out these strategies for managing your classroom, showcasing student work, dressing for success, and more.
How to Handle Fights in Your Classroom & Other Things They Didn't Teach You in College
Authors: Jacobson Linda
Published: July 2017

Find out how these teachers handled unexpected situations — ranging from fights in the classroom to angry parents — that weren't covered in their teacher education programs.
Personal Faith and Professional Practice
Authors: Lederhouse Jillian N.
Published: July 2017

Although public school teachers can't practice their faith in the classroom, it's still part of who they are. How can you balance your religious beliefs with your job?
Choosing a Graduate School
Authors: Gregory Dennis E.
Published: July 2017

Is this the right time for graduate school? What do you want to study? Where would you like to go? And what else should you think about when taking this next step on your career path?
My Students Don't Speak English
Authors: Williamson Amy M.
Published: July 2017

Students in your class today speak many languages. Follow these simple steps to make sure that you're teaching them as effectively as you can.
Substitute Your Way to a Real Job
Authors: Stephens Cathy
Published: July 2017

Follow these tips from principals, teachers, and human resource directors to make the most of your substitute teaching experience and use it to get your first job.
Child Abuse and Mandated Reporting
Authors: Woika Shirley , Bowersox Carissa
Published: July 2017

Teachers and teachers-in-training are mandated reporters; that is, they are legally required to report any suspected child abuse or neglect. Find out what you need to know about your legal responsibilities.
Writing Grants for the Stem Classroom
Authors: Jackson-Scott Marian
Published: July 2017

Are you looking for additional resources to bring your lessons to life and engage your students? Writing a grant might be the answer.
Teacher Voices: Leading from the Classroom
Authors: Borders Kareen , Hull Toni
Published: July 2017

Do you feel like you don't have a voice in education policy discussions? Find out how you can join in and share your opinions with policymakers. It's easier than you think.
Pop Quiz: Student and Family Engagement
Authors: Clement Mary C.
Published: July 2017

Teachers of all grade levels often say, “My students simply are not motivated to learn.” How can you engage students in the classroom? How can you get parents involved? Will technology help? Take the quiz to see what you know.
Catching the Bug: How Virtual Coaching Improves Teaching
Authors: Allen Megan
Published: July 2017

Virtual coaches can drop in frequently and offer on-the-spot feedback. See how bug-in-ear coaching can improve teachers' performance and foster collaboration.
Quantity of Remaining Double Bonds of Diacetyl-containing Resins
Authors: Peutzfeldt A.
Published: July 2017

The present study determined the effect of diacetyl addition on the quantity of remaining double bonds of dental resins. Diacetyl was added to monomer mixtures, which were then made light-curing. The monomer mixtures were varied with respect to monomer composition and content of diacetyl. The quantity of remaining double bonds was determined by means of transmission infrared spectra of the resins recorded before and after wet or dry storage for one wk. Addition of diacetyl resulted in a decrease in the quantity of remaining double bonds by as much as 78% as compared with the mixtures without diacetyl. Negative correlations of statistical significance were found between content of diacetyl and quantity of remaining double bonds in BISGMA :TEGDMAbased as well as in UEDMA:HEMA-based resins for both modes of storage. Significant negative correlations were found between quantity of remaining double bonds and the previously determined mechanical properties.
The Relationship Between Cure Depth and Transmission Coefficient of Visible-light-activated Resin Composites
Authors: Kawaguchi M. , Fukushima T. , Miyazaki K.
Published: July 2017

The relationships between the transmission coefficient and the cure depth were evaluated on eight commercially available light-activated resin composites. The determination of transmission coefficient was carried out by the use of a radiometer for various shades of the resin composites. The transmission coefficient, ranging from 0.042 to 0.263, was dependent upon the shade of the resin. There was a good correlation between the transmission coefficient and the cure depth for different shades for each resin composite, except for one hybrid resin composite (P-50). The microfilled resin composite showed transmission coefficient and cure depth loser than those of the hybrid and small-particle-filled resin composites.
Early Tensile Bond Strengths of Several Enamel and Dentin Bonding Systems
Authors: Burrow M.F. , Tagami J. , Negishi T. , Nikaido T. , Hosoda H.
Published: July 2017

Tensile bond strength tests are commonly used for the evaluation of adhesive dental materials. The majority of these tests are carried out after 24 h of storage in water. However, determination of the early tensile bond strength could be more important, especially in relation to gap formation between the cavity surface and the restorative material. This study investigated the tensile bond strengths of five enamel/ dentin bonding systems and two experimental dentin bonding systems. Tensile bond strengths were obtained at one min, ten min, and 24 h after the resin composite was cured. Bond strengths at the early stages were always somewhat less than the 24-hour test results. For the enamel/dentin bonding systems, a significant difference was found between the enamel and dentin bond strengths at all time periods, except with Superbond D-liner and Liner Bond. The experimental group with glyceryl methacrylate as the primer produced a good 24-hour result (14.3 MPa), but the early bond strengths were no different from those in the non-primer-treated groups. It was concluded that this material may actually retard the polymerization of the bonding resin.

Previous workers have suggested that a tensile bond strength in the order of 20 MPa is necessary for gap-free restorations to be obtained. Should this be the case, then all of the materials tested, from the aspect of early bond strength, lack the strength for prevention of gap formation, although Superbond D-liner and Liner Bond approached this hypothetical figure. These systems, Superbond D-liner and Liner Bond, also exhibit small differences between the enamel and dentin tensile bond strengths.
Cognitive Correlates of Dental Anxiety
Authors: De Jongh A. , Muris P. , ter Horst G. , Van Zuuren F.J. , De Wit C.A.
Published: July 2017

This study examined cognitive correlates of dental anxiety among 24 highly anxious patients and 17 low-anxious patients. In both groups, anxiety expectations, dental trait anxiety, and state anxiety (in the waiting room and in the dental chair) were rated. Negative cognitions and cognitive control were also assessed. It was found that dentally high-anxious patientsclaimed toexperience more negative thoughts than those with low anxiety (p < 0.001). None of the highly anxious patients reported relatively few negative cognitions, and none of the patients in the low-anxiety group reported relatively numerous negative cognitions. While patients from both groups reported that cognitive control declined with the imminence of treatment, highly anxious patients were found to have less control over their negative thoughts (p < 0.001). A series of stepwise regression analyses revealed that both the number of negative cognitions and perceived cognitive control accounted for 75% of the variance in dental trait anxiety. The results of the present study suggest that cognitive activities, such as negative thinking (catastrophizing) and cognitive control, are important moderators of dental anxiety.
Antecedents of Burning Mouth Syndrome (Glossodynia)-Recent Life Events vs. Psychopathologic Aspects
Authors: Eli I. , Kleinhauz M. , Baht R. , Littner M.
Published: July 2017

Burning mouth syndrome-BMS (also known as glossodynia, glossalgia, glossopyrosis, or oral dysesthesia)-primarily affects middle-aged women. Many possible etiologies have been proposed to account for the syndrome; most are still unsubstantiated. One possible suggested etiology involves the presence of psychological components. In this study, 45 BMS patients and 45 age-, sex-, ethnic origin-, socio-economic status-, and education-matched control subjects were evaluated for their psychopathologic profile and existence of recent life events. All subjects were requested to complete the SCL-90 questionnaire and a Recent Life Changes questionnaire. The BMS patients scored significantly higher on all SCL-90 scales except one. A MANOVA test to evaluate the overall group effect was significant at the 0.0001 level. No differences between groups were found for recent life events. The data suggest that although BMS patients are subjected to elevated psychological stress, initiation of BMS symptoms is not necessarily correlated with stressful life events.