bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Content of Prepositions in Prepositional Collocations
Authors: Sicherl Eva
Published: June 2015

The article aims to shed some light on the problems faced by non-native speakers in the formation of so-called prepositional collocations (i.e. typical, recurrent combinations of verbal, nominal or adjectival bases with prepositional collocators). The reasons for frequent mistakes mainly lie in the meaning of the preposition used as part of collocation, which tends to be even more dispersed, abstract and difficult to define than that of the preposition used in a free combination. However, the preposition when used as a collocator seems to act, at least to some extent, as a carrier of some content; this can be proven by valency patterns: meaning-related content words (collocational bases) tend to regularly combine with identical prepositions. The fact that prepositions used in collocations also have their semantic part to contribute to the whole unit should also be considered in the classification of collocations into grammatical and lexical ones.
A Stylistic Analysis of Four Translations of J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye
Authors: Bratož Silva
Published: June 2015

The paper looks at stylistic differences between four translations of J. D. Salinger’s Catcher in the Rye – two Slovene translations, a Serbo-Croatian, and an Italian translation. Firstly, stylistic components relevant to the novel in question are identified. In this respect, the translation of teenage speech and idiom appears to be not only the most conspicuous stylistic feature of the original but also the hardest to translate. Secondly, the ways in which the different translations have rendered certain formal and lexical features of style are compared by determining and describing their function. A large number of examples have been submitted to critical scrutiny, of which only a few representative ones are listed and explained in the paper. Finally, this paper points to some particular difficulties of the four translators in their attempts to reproduce the stylistic components of the original.
The ‘Negro’ in John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men: A Comparison of Socialist and Post-Socialist Strategies for Translating Racial Elements
Authors: Trupej Janko
Published: June 2015

The present article examines the translation of racial elements in John Steinbeck’s novel and play Of Mice and Men into Slovenian. Using the basic concepts of Kitty van Leuven-Zwart’s comparative and descriptive models for the analysis of literary translations (1989, 1990), we examine strategies for translating terms referring to African Americans along with strategies for translating the discourse of the only African American character in Of Mice and Men. After the microstructural analysis, the effects of the shifts on the perception of this literary work are discussed, and its reception in Slovenia is examined. Although shifts are established in translations from both the socialist and the postsocialist period, in the first translation of the novel, from 1952, the macrostructure of the text was affected to a greater extent than in the modern translations of the novel and the play, both published in 2007. Because translation strategies differ substantially, possible reasons for the differences are also discussed, taking into consideration relevant historical and contemporary socio-political factors.
Beyond Crime and Punishment: Metaphor of Violence in Iain Banks’s Complicity
Authors: Radin Sabadoš Mirna
Published: June 2015

Trying to decide on the place of art/literature in the network of codes and its relationship to what we recognize as reality, we are offered a number of interpretations, some of which support the theory that perception of reality in a text is influenced by social circumstances and by a number of factors relating to them. Therefore, “reality” cannot be seen as a reflection of any particular “natural” state, order or organization. Literature questions the assumption that coding is natural, much in the same way that language questions the assumption that there is an intrinsic order governing the world as a natural structure. It engages different voices and ideologies in a dialogue inside the same text, achieving the effect opposite to habitualization, i.e. defamiliarization. Corresponding to the culture of excess, Iain Bank’s Complicity, pinpoints representations of postmodern “reality” within the framework of postindustrial consumption culture. It deploys defamiliarization strategies of juxtaposing violence and power, taking advantage of the conventions of generic fiction of which violence is a mandatory constituent.
Cutting Edge Culture for Novice Translators
Authors: Gadpaille Michelle
Published: June 2015

The article briefly explores the rationale for requiring certain types of activities from novice translation students. Three groups of such activities are presented: imitation, analysis and application, each followed by a brief discussion of its effectiveness when used with first-year students in the Translation Programme at the Pedagogical Faculty, University of Maribor.
Translating Recurrences in Pinter’s Plays
Authors: Onič Tomaž
Published: June 2015

Certain elements of language often repeat in all genres and at all levels of formality, whether spoken or written. This phenomenon, either premeditated or applied intuitively, always has a reason, despite the fact that the speaker (or writer) is not necessarily aware of it. A re-appearance of a certain word or word cluster is called recurrence. According to various definitions, it can be the direct repetition of a textual element which has appeared before in the text, the re-appearance of a certain word in the form of a different part of speech, or the repetition of a word cluster in which at least some elements of the original sentence repeat in the same or similar form. The term repetition is not used because only seldom is a repetition of a part of a text a real repetition, carrying exactly the same meaning potential of the repeated phrase as did its first appearance. This element of language is often disregarded in translation. It’s importance is even greater in texts where recurrences are common or, as in Pinter’s plays, they represent one of the important elements of the author’s style. Hopefully, this paper will raise awareness of how important it is to consider this element in translation.
Alice Munro: The Stories of Runaway
Authors: Barber Lester E.
Published: June 2015

This essay will analyze and explicate the stories in Munro’s latest collection, Runaway, in order to present the reader with a description of her artistic interests, motifs and techniques in this work. The author finds remarkable similarities among the stories, even as they explore very different female characters and situations. The author notes the delicacy and precision with which Munro tracks the progress of her characters’ thoughts and feelings, often in a kind of interior dialogue with themselves. Love, or its absence, is the usual subject matter in the stories – most often between a woman and a man, but sometimes between parent and child – and the author shows how Munro’s characters deal with the “old confusions or obligations” engendered by this emotion. Finally, the author cites several examples in describing Munro’s style of presenting her characters, one typified by colloquial and self-deprecating dialogue, but punctuated at times by language of great poetic and emotional power.
Using Oroonoko to Teach the Corrosive Effects of Racism
Authors: Bates Robin R.
Published: June 2015

Aphra Behn’s Oroonoko offers the reader a rich set of examples illustrating the complexities of interracial relationships. Throughout the work, the imperatives of slave society clash with the human desire for friendship, resulting in a series of untenable contradictions for the characters involved. When people, even those of good will, are participants in and beneficiaries of systems that victimize others, they find their friendships complicated and compromised. The work is a powerful text for teaching the conflicting dynamics of race relations in our own times. By having students order the characters in power ranking, plot a power grid of shifting alliances, and carefully examine moral dilemmas faced by the characters, the teacher can get them to see the contortions caused by prejudice and clashing economic interests. Teaching Oroonoko in the safe confines of a literature classroom can also give students training and practice in how to have conversations about race, a skill which they can put to good use when they enter broader society.
Psyche’s Daughter of Today: Sara Jeannette Duncan and the New Woman
Authors: Gadpaille Michelle
Published: June 2015

The Canadian novelist Sara Jeannette Duncan (1861-1922) constructed a New Woman heroine in the fin-de- siecle novel; A Daughter of Today (1894). Written in the popular mode of the transatlantic novel; the work engages in debate on the appropriate construction of femininity in art and public life. The heroine; Elfrida Bell; descends from artist; to muse; to model; to painted image—a descent framed by a rival male artist and a hostile London art scene. Represented as Psyche; the heroine undergoes a quest and failure similar to the mythical one. Adaptation of the Psyche myth clarifies the position of Duncan in the spectrum of gender ideologies of the fin-de- siecle.
Understanding Racism and Sexism in Harry Potter and Stuart Hall’s Model of Three Reading Positions
Authors: Pavšič Brigita
Published: June 2015

In the Harry Potter book series there are several examples of sexist and racist stereotypes which can distort children’s understanding of reality and thus cause them to adopt prejudices and inappropriate judgments. The reason for such strong impact on the young readers can be explained with the use of Stuart Hall’s encoding/decoding model that suggests three reading positions and; as a result; three different ways of understanding one and the same text. The fact that oppositional reading; which allows the reader to asses the text critically; can only be adopted by educated and well-read readers explains why adult help is needed in directing the child reader towards a correct interpretation of such deficiencies of a text and offering a grounded explanation.
Connotation, Semantic Prosody, Syntagmatic Associative Meaning: Three Levels of Meaning?
Authors: Gabrovšek Dušan
Published: June 2015

The paper discusses associative meaning, i.e. one existing over and above the customary denotation, specifically the type arising from a text segment larger than a single word. The idea is of fairly recent origin, focuses on negative and positive semantic effects, and stems from corpus-based findings. Dictionaries are uneven in their treatment of this aspect of meaning. It is suggested that research on this complex phenomenon of associative meaning might be conducted on any of three levels: single-word items (connotation), multiword items (semantic prosody), and broader if vaguer co(n)text (syntagmatic meaning).
A Seemingly Insignificant Romanian Word and its English Equivalents
Authors: Pârlog Hortensia
Published: June 2015

The paper analyses the various semantic and syntactic roles of the word de and the way in which this seemingly insignificant Romanian word is translated into English. De lacks syntactic and semantic autonomy and has developed both connective and non-connective values, which are usually revealed by the lexico-syntactic information offered by the context in which it appears. It is used as a preposition and, by conversion, as a conjunction, and in both cases, it has acquired multiple (sometimes blurred) values, which make its translation into English difficult sometimes. As a preposition, it marks only relations of subordination within a sentence, as a conjunction, it marks mainly relations of subordination between clauses.
Discourse Intonation - Making It Work
Authors: Paunović Tatjana , Savić Milica
Published: June 2015

Discourse Intonation (DI) (Brazil 1997; Chun 2002) seems to be particularly well suited for use in the EFL classroom, much more so than the rather complex traditional models (e.g. O’Connor and Arnold 1973) or some recent phonological theories. Yet if L2 teachers are to be provided with clear guidelines on how to incorporate DI into communicative language teaching, much more empirical research is needed with L2 students of different L1 backgrounds to uncover the specific problems they face. The small-scale study presented here examines how 15 second-year students of the English Department in Niš manage intonation in a reading task. The analysis focuses on the components singled out by Chun (2002) as crucial for language learners: sentence stress (nuclear tone placement), terminal contour (direction of pitch change) and key (pitch range at transition points).
A Taste of Slovene Culinary Masterpieces with a Pinch of Contrastive Analysis
Authors: Stergar Maja
Published: June 2015

This paper examines what can be done in the field of food-related terminology (from ingredients to culture-specific dishes) by using contrastive functional analysis as the research methodology. Each language offers different semantic contents to refer to the same referents. The background for the lexico-semantic analysis is investigated and meanings are brought together by studying examples in detail and establishing their functional equivalence.
No Can Do Modal Verbs
Authors: Ilc Gašper
Published: June 2015

The paper presents the systems of modal verbs in Slovene and English, and it focuses on comprehension and usage problems that advanced students of English may have when dealing with modal verb constructions. The paper identifies the key factors that give rise to various problems, such as in-vacuo vs. in-context treatment of modal verbs and absolute vs. relative temporal relations. It is argued that most students fail to fully understand contextualised modal verb constructions mostly due to the polysemy of modal verbs as well as their relative tense value. This is particularly the case when a (narrative) text containing modal verb constructions has a past time reference, and combines different narrative techniques.
On the merits and shortcomings of semantic primes and natural semantic metalanguage in cross-cultural translation
Authors: Trobevšek Drobnak Frančiška
Published: June 2015

The purpose of this paper is to review some basic postulates of the theory of semantic primitives (semantic primes) and to evaluate the applicability of the natural semantic metalanguage in cross-cultural translation. The theory of semantic primes, formulated by Anna Wierzbicka and her colleagues, posits a universal set of cognitive primitives, lexicalized in all natural languages, which, combined into canonical sentences of basic syntactic patterns, constitute a natural semantic metalanguage (NSM). NSM is put forward as an alternative to traditional lexicographic definitions of words, to componential and prototypical semantic analysis, and, as tertium comparationis, presented as a more effective tool in translating culture-specific words and ethnosyntactic features.
Mortality and Music
Authors: Partridge Christopher
Published: June 2015

The evidence of death and dying has been removed from the everyday lives of most Westerners. Yet we constantly live with the awareness of our vulnerability as mortals. Drawing on a range of genres, bands and artists, Mortality and Music examines the ways in which popular music has responded to our awareness of the inevitability of death and the anxiety it can evoke. Exploring bereavement, depression, suicide, violence, gore, and fans’ responses to the deaths of musicians, it argues for the social and cultural significance of popular music’s treatment of mortality and the apparent absurdity of existence.
In-flight control and communication architecture of the GLORIA imaging limb sounder on atmospheric research aircraft
Authors: Kretschmer E. , Bachner M. , Blank J. , Dapp R. , Ebersoldt A. , Friedl-Vallon F. , Guggenmoser T. , Gulde T. , Hartmann V. , Lutz R. , Maucher G. , Neubert T. , Oelhaf H. , Preusse P. , Schardt G. , Schmitt C. , Schönfeld A. , Tan V.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere (GLORIA), a Fourier-transform-spectrometer-based limb spectral imager, operates on high-altitude research aircraft to study the transit region between the troposphere and the stratosphere. It is one of the most sophisticated systems to be flown on research aircraft in Europe, requiring constant monitoring and human intervention in addition to an automation system. To ensure proper functionality and interoperability on multiple platforms, a flexible control and communication system was laid out. The architectures of the communication system as well as the protocols used are reviewed. The integration of this architecture in the automation process as well as the scientific campaign flight application context are discussed.
An objective prior error quantification for regional atmospheric inverse applications
Authors: Kountouris P. , Gerbig C. , Totsche K.-U. , Dolman A.-J. , Meesters A.-G.-C.-A. , Broquet G. , Maignan F. , Gioli B. , Montagnani L. , Helfter C.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Assigning proper prior uncertainties for inverse modeling of CO2 is of high importance, both to regularize the otherwise ill-constrained inverse problem, and to quantitatively characterize the magnitude and structure of the error between prior and "true" flux. We use surface fluxes derived from three biosphere models VPRM, ORCHIDEE, and 5PM, and compare them against daily averaged fluxes from 53 Eddy Covariance sites across Europe for the year 2007, and against repeated aircraft flux measurements encompassing spatial transects. In addition we create synthetic observations to substitute observed by modeled fluxes to explore the potential to infer prior uncertainties from model-model residuals. To ensure the realism of the synthetic data analysis, a random measurement noise was added to the tower fluxes which were used as reference. The temporal autocorrelation time for tower model-data residuals was found to be around 35 days for both VPRM and ORCHIDEE, but significantly different for the 5PM model with 76 days. This difference is caused by a few sites with large model-data bias. The spatial correlation of the model-data residuals for all models was found to be very short, up to few tens of km. Long spatial correlation lengths up to several hundreds of km were determined when synthetic data were used. Results from repeated aircraft transects in south-western France, are consistent with those obtained from the tower sites in terms of spatial autocorrelation (35 km on average) while temporal autocorrelation is markedly lower (13 days). Our findings suggest that the different prior models have a common temporal error structure. Separating the analysis of the statistics for the model data residuals by seasons did not result in any significant differences of the spatial correlation lengths.
Spatial and temporal oxygen isotope variability in northern Greenland – implications for a new climate record over the past millennium
Authors: Weißbach S. , Wegner A. , Opel T. , Oerter H. , Vinther B. M. , Kipfstuhl S.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. We present for the first time all 12 δ18O records obtained from ice cores drilled in the framework of the North Greenland Traverse (NGT) between 1993 and 1995 in northern Greenland between 74 to 80° N, 36 to 49° W and 2000 to 3200 m a.s.l. The cores cover an area of 680 km × 317 km, ~200 000 km2 or 10 % of the area of Greenland. Depending on core length (100–175 m) and accumulation rate (90–200 kg m−2 a−1) the records reflect an isotope-temperature history over the last 500–1100 years. The δ18O signal in northern Greenland is influenced by temperature, accumulation and the topography of the North Greenland ice sheet between 72 and 80° N. About 12 % of the variability can be attributed to the position of the single drill sites in relation to the ice sheet topography. Lowest δ18O mean values occur north of summit and east of the main divide. In general, ice cores drilled on the main ice divide show different results than those drilled east of the main ice divide that might be influenced by secondary regional moisture sources. A stack of all 12 NGT records and the NGRIP record is presented with improved signal-to-noise ratio. This stack represents the mean δ18O signal for northern Greenland that is interpreted as proxy for temperature. Our northern Greenland δ18O stack indicates isotopically enriched periods compared to their average during medieval times, about 1420 ± 20 AD and from 1870 AD onwards. The period between 1420 AD and 1850 AD was isotopically depleted compared to the average for the entire millennium and represents the Little Ice Age. The 20th century has isotopic values higher than the 1000 years mean and is comparable to the medieval period but lower than about 1420 AD.
Objective mapping of Argo data in the Weddell Gyre: a gridded dataset of upper ocean water properties
Authors: Reeve K. A. , Boebel O. , Kanzow T. , Strass V. , Rohardt G. , Fahrbach E.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The Weddell Gyre plays a crucial role in the modification of climate by advecting heat poleward to the Antarctic ice shelves and by regulating the density of water masses that feed the lowest limb of the global ocean overturning circulation. However, our understanding of Weddell Gyre water mass properties is limited to regions of data availability, primarily along the Prime Meridian. The aim of this paper is to provide a dataset of the upper water column properties of the entire Weddell Gyre. Objective mapping was applied to Argo float data in order to produce spatially gridded, time composite maps of temperature and salinity for fixed pressure levels ranging from 50 to 2000 dbar, as well as temperature, salinity and pressure at the level of the sub-surface temperature maximum. While the data are currently too limited to incorporate time into the gridded structure, the data are extensive enough to produce maps of the entire region across three time composite periods (2002–2005, 2006–2009 and 2010–2013), which can be used to determine how representative conclusions drawn from data collected along general RV transect lines are on a gyre scale perspective. The work presented here represents the technical prerequisite in addressing climatological research questions in forthcoming studies. These data sets are available in netCDF format at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.842876.
Reaching the lower stratosphere: validating an extended vertical grid for COSMO
Authors: Eckstein J. , Schmitz S. , Ruhnke R.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. This study presents an extended vertical grid for the regional atmospheric model COSMO (COnsortium for Small-scale MOdeling) reaching up to 33 km. The extended setup has been used to stably simulate 11 months in a domain covering central and northern Europe. Temperature and relative humidity have been validated using radiosonde data in polar and temperate latitudes, focussing on the polar and mid-latitude stratosphere over Europe. Temperature values are reproduced very well by the model. Relative humidity could only be met in the mean over the whole time period after excluding data from Russian stations, which showed significantly higher values. A sensitivity study shows the stability of the model against different forcing intervals and damping layer heights.
Development and application of the WRFPLUS-Chem online chemistry adjoint and WRFDA-Chem assimilation system
Authors: Guerrette J. J. , Henze D. K.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Here we present the online meteorology and chemistry adjoint and tangent linear model, WRFPLUS-Chem (Weather Research and Forecasting plus chemistry), which incorporates modules to treat boundary layer mixing, emission, aging, dry deposition, and advection of black carbon aerosol. We also develop land surface and surface layer adjoints to account for coupling between radiation and vertical mixing. Model performance is verified against finite difference derivative approximations. A second-order checkpointing scheme is created to reduce computational costs and enable simulations longer than 6 h. The adjoint is coupled to WRFDA-Chem, in order to conduct a sensitivity study of anthropogenic and biomass burning sources throughout California during the 2008 Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) field campaign. A cost-function weighting scheme was devised to reduce the impact of statistically insignificant residual errors in future inverse modeling studies. Results of the sensitivity study show that, for this domain and time period, anthropogenic emissions are overpredicted, while wildfire emission error signs vary spatially. We consider the diurnal variation in emission sensitivities to determine at what time sources should be scaled up or down. Also, adjoint sensitivities for two choices of land surface model (LSM) indicate that emission inversion results would be sensitive to forward model configuration. The tools described here are the first step in conducting four-dimensional variational data assimilation in a coupled meteorology–chemistry model, which will potentially provide new constraints on aerosol precursor emissions and their distributions. Such analyses will be invaluable to assessments of particulate matter health and climate impacts.
Development of a chlorine chemistry module for the Master Chemical Mechanism
Authors: Xue L. K. , Saunders S. M. , Wang T. , Gao R. , Wang X. F. , Zhang Q. Z. , Wang W. X.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The chlorine atom (Cl·) has a high potential to perturb atmospheric photochemistry by oxidizing volatile organic compounds (VOCs), but the exact role it plays in the polluted troposphere remains unclear. The Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) is a near explicit mechanism that has been widely applied in the atmospheric chemistry research. While it addresses comprehensively the chemistry initiated by the OH, O3 and NO3 radicals, its representation of the Cl· chemistry is incomplete as it only considers the reactions for alkanes. In this paper, we develop a more comprehensive Cl· chemistry module that can be directly incorporated within the MCM framework. A suite of 199 chemical reactions describes the Cl·-initiated degradation of alkenes, aromatics, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, and some organic acids and nitrates, along with the inorganic chemistry involving Cl· and its precursors. To demonstrate the potential influence of the new chemistry module, it was incorporated into a MCM box model to evaluate the impacts of nitryl chloride (ClNO2), a product of nocturnal halogen activation by nitrogen oxides (NOx), on the following-day's atmospheric photochemistry. With constraints of recent observations collected at a coastal site in Hong Kong, southern China, the modeling analyses suggest that the Cl· produced from ClNO2 photolysis may substantially enhance the atmospheric oxidative capacity, VOC oxidation, and O3 formation, particularly in the early morning period. The results demonstrate the critical need for photochemical models to include more fully chlorine chemistry in order to better understand the atmospheric photochemistry in polluted environments subject to intense emissions of NOx, VOCs and chlorine-containing constituents.
Assessing changes on urban flood vulnerability through mapping land use from historical information
Authors: Boudou M. , Danière B. , Lang M.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. This paper presents a diachronic appraisal of flood vulnerability of two French cities, respectively Besançon and Moissac, which have been largely impacted by two ancient floods in January 1910 and March 1930. Both flood events figured among the most significant events recorded in France during the XXth century. An analysis of historical sources allows the mapping of land use and occupation within the flood extent of the two historical floods, both in past and present contexts. It gives an insight of the complexity of flood risk evolution, at a local scale.
Size of wildfires in the Euro-Mediterranean region: observations and theoretical analysis
Authors: Hernandez C. , Drobinski P. , Turquety S. , Dupuy J.-L.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) satellite observations of fire size and ERA-Interim meteorological reanalysis are used to derive a relationship between burnt area and wind speed over the Mediterranean region and Eastern Europe. The largest wildfire size does not show a strong response with respect to wind speed in Eastern Europe. In the Mediterranean, as intuitively expected, the burnt area associated with the largest wildfires is an increasing function of wind speed for moderate temperature anomalies. In situations of severe heatwaves, the relationship between burnt area and wind speed displays a bimodal shape. Burnt areas are large for low 10 m wind speed (lower than 2 m s−1), decrease for moderate wind speed values (lower than 5 m s−1 and larger than 2 m s−1) and increase again for high wind speed (higher than 5 m s−1). To explain such behavior we use a stochastic model of fire propagation, known as a probabilistic cellular automata. This model uses a probabilistic local rule to derive the total burnt area. The observed relationship between burnt area and wind speed can be interpreted in terms of percolation threshold above which the propagation in the model is infinite, which mainly depends on local terrain slope and vegetation state (type, density, fuel moisture). In Eastern Europe, the percolation threshold is never exceeded for observed wind speeds. In the Mediterranean Basin we see two behaviors. During moderately hot weather, the percolation threshold is passed when the wind grows strong. On the other hand, in situations of severe Mediterranean heatwaves, moderate wind speed values impair the propagation of the wildfire against the wind and do not sufficiently accelerate the forward propagation to allow a growth of wildfire size.
Soil biochemical properties after six years in amended brown and gray mine soils in West Virginia
Authors: Thomas C. , Sexstone A. , Skousen J.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Surface coal mining in the eastern USA disturbs hundreds of hectares of land every year and removes valuable and ecologically diverse eastern deciduous forests. Reclamation involves restoring the landscape to approximate original contour, replacing the topsoil, and revegetating the site with trees and herbaceous species to a designated post-mining land use. Re-establishing an ecosystem of ecological and economic value as well as restoring soil quality on disturbed sites are the goals of land reclamation, and microbial properties of mine soils can be indicators of restoration success. Reforestation plots were constructed in 2007 using weathered brown sandstone or unweathered gray sandstone as topsoil substitutes to evaluate tree growth and soil properties at Arch Coal's Birch River Mine in West Virginia, USA. All plots were planted with 12 hardwood tree species and subplots were hydroseeded with an herbaceous seed mix and fertilizer. After six years, average tree volume index was nearly ten times greater for trees grown in brown (3853 cm3) compared to gray mine soils (407 cm3). Average pH of brown mine soils increased from 4.7 to 5.0, while gray mine soils declined from 7.9 to 7.0. Hydroseeding doubled tree volume index and ground cover on both mine soils. Hydroseeding doubled microbial biomass carbon (MBC) on brown mine soils (8.7 vs. 17.5 mg kg−1), but showed no effect on gray (13.3 vs. 12.8 mg kg−1). Hydroseeding also increased the ratio of MBC to soil organic C in both soils and more than tripled the ratio for potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN) to total N. Brown mine soils were a better growth medium than gray mine soils and hydroseeding was an important component of reclamation due to improved biochemical properties and microbial activity in mine soils.
The announcement effects of regional tourism industrial policy
Authors: Yamori Nobuyoshi , Sun Jianjun , Zhang Su
Published: June 2015

Hainan Island has a rich diversity of tourism resources. China’s central government recognized this and announced a national policy to promote Hainan Island as a first-rate international tourist destination on December 31, 2009. The authors explore the effects of the announcement using an event studies approach. The results with and without considering the clustering issue show that, first, the averages of cumulative abnormal returns are not different from 0 prior to the announcement and, second, the cumulative abnormal returns of the Hainan board continuously rose over trading days after the announcement of a regional tourism industrial policy. These findings indicate that regional tourism industrial policy is valuable not only to the tourism industry in the destination region but also to other industries in that region.
10 jaar nieuw erfrecht en de positie van het kind
Authors: ter Haar J.H.M.
Published: June 2015

10 jaar erfrecht en de positie van het kind

Het kind heeft in het nieuwe erfrecht aanzienlijk moeten inschikken ten behoeve van de positie van de langstlevende echtgenoot en de testeervrijheid van ouders. Anders dan onder het oude erfrecht worden kinderen geacht zelf tijdig voor hun rechten op te komen. Men denke hierbij aan het vaststellen van hun vordering in de zin van artikel 4:13 lid 3 BW en het inroepen van de legitieme portie en de som ineens van artikel 4:35 BW. Door gebrekkig kantonrechtelijk toezicht op het bewind van de wettelijke vertegenwoordiger zijn de rechten van minderjarigen in het erfrecht slecht gewaarborgd. De jurisprudentie met betrekking tot artikel 4:35 BW biedt het kind dat de leeftijd van 21 nog niet heeft bereikt hoop. De bescherming die de langstlevende op grond van artikel 4:82 BW geniet is te ver doorgeschoten. Het biologische kind zonder afstammingsband met zijn verwekker heeft zijn situatie het laatste decennium aanzienlijk zien verbeteren. Hij krijgt met terugwerkende kracht dezelfde positie als andere kinderen in de nalatenschap van zijn verwekker.
10 jaar nieuw erfrecht en de executeur-afwikkelingsbewindvoerder
Authors: Maasland J.L.D.J.
Published: June 2015

10 jaar nieuw erfrecht en de executeur-afwikkelingsbewindvoerder

In deze bijdrage bespreekt de auteur de executeur-afwikkelingsbewindvoerder. Met name aan de orde komt de vraag of erflater de afwikkelingsbewindvoerder de bevoegdheid kan verlenen om zelfstandig over goederen van de nalatenschap te beschikken en een verdeling daarvan tot stand te brengen. Daarbij gaat de auteur ook in op de vorm en wijze van een verdeling door de afwikkelingsbewindvoerder. Ten slotte behandelt de auteur de quasiwettelijke verdeling, de testamentvorm met de executeur-afwikkelingsbewindvoerder als basis.
10 jaar nieuw erfrecht en de wettelijke vereffening
Authors: Kolkman W.D.
Published: June 2015

10 jaar erfrecht en de wettelijke vereffening

De afgelopen tien jaren hebben zich talrijke ontwikkelingen voorgedaan op het gebied van de wettelijke vereffeningsprocedure. Deze bijdrage geeft een kort overzicht.
Patologiczne zmiany budowy morfologicznej pędu oraz anatomiczno-histologiczne u; łodydze fasoli (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) spowodowane brakiem boru w pożywce [Morphopathological and anatomohistalogical changes in bean shoots due to boron deficiency in the nutrient medium]
Authors: Załęska Z. H.
Published: June 2015

Boron deficiency did not change neitJher the size (on cross-section) of the epidermis, cortex parenchyma, sclerenchymatous fiber and xylem fiber eels nor of the phloem conducting elements. Important changes due to boron deficiency occurred in the cells of the endodermis, phloem parenchyma, cambium and xylem. The endodermis was particularly sensitive and was the first to react to boron deficit. The effect of boron deficit on cell division consisted of inhibition of growth of the stem growth apex, frequently, though not always, cessation of cambium cell division, enhanced division of phloem parenchyma and endodermis cells.
Wpływ wilgotności gleby na plon cebul tulipanów [Influence of soil moisture on the yield of tulip bulbs]
Authors: Dąbrowski J.
Published: June 2015

The experiments were conducted in Wagner's pots on light loamy sand. The largest yields were obtained when moisture content was of 50 and 60 per cent capillary water capacity during the whole growing period. The smallest yields were obtained when the drought of the soil (20 per cent capillary water capacity) was used during the whole growing period or when it was used at the growing time of young bulbs, viz. after flowering time.
Wpływ kilku retardantów wzrostu roślin na plon oraz zawartość azotanów i aktywność peroksydazy i oksydazy polifenolowej w owocach trzech odmian pomidorów [The influence of some growth retardants on yield and contents nitrates and activity of peroxidase and polyphenyloxidase by fruit of three tomato varieties]
Authors: Zalewska W. , Borkowski J. , Ostrzycka J.
Published: June 2015

In 1969 year the influence of five retardants (CCC, B995 RW78, RW82, RW85 on tomato varieties ('Maria', 'Fireball' and 'Earliest of All') was tested. It was found that CCC and B985 greatly retarded the growth of these three varieties. The retardant B995 delayed and CCC promoted flowering of tomato plants. In the 'Maria' variety CCC increased and B995 decreased early yield. All five agents had no significant influence of the total yield. All the chemicals had a significant influence on the activity of peroxidase and polyphenyloxidase and the content of nitrates in the tomato fruits, but response of the particular varieties differed.
The dynamics of acid-soluble phosphorus compounds in the course of winter and spring wheat germination under various thermic conditions. Part I. Fractionation of wheat germs extracts
Authors: Barbaro A.
Published: June 2015

Results of investigations are reported on the role of acid-soluble phosphorus compounds in the process of winter wheat vernalization. Fractionation of germ extracts by the precipitation method revealed the dynamics of phosphorylated glycolysis metabolites during germination. The variability curves for spring wheat germinated at 1.5° and 22° and for winter wheat at 1.5° had a similar course, only that for winter wheat germinated at 22° showed differences. It is concluded that glycolysis is essential in the process of vernalization.
The dynamics of acid-soluble phosphorus compounds in the course of winter and spring wheat germination under various thermic conditions. Part II. Labile phosphorus after hydrolysis of the acid-soluble fraction
Authors: Barbaro A.
Published: June 2015

The changes in labile phosphorus compounds content during germination of wheat were investigated. These compounds were determined in acid-soluble germ extracts separated into fractions according to the solubility of their barium salts. Low germination temperature was found to raise the labile phosphorus content in the fraction of insoluble barium salts. If we assume that labile P of this fraction consisted mainly of adenosinedi- and triphosphates, it would seem that the rise, in the ATP and ADP level under the influence of low temperature may be essential for initiating flowering in winter varieties.
Reakcje 2-letnich sadzonek sosny pospolitej na niektóre herbicydy przy bezpośrednim i trwałym ich działaniu na młodą część pędu [Reaction of 2-year-old pine (Pinus silvestris) seedlings to some herbicides when applied directly and durably on young parts of shoots]
Authors: Polakowska M.
Published: June 2015

The experiments showed that the agents A-1462 in all concentrations applied, Gramoxone, Afalon, A-1509, Napon, 2,4,5-T in the highest doses, Napon + 2,4,5-T in the highest and medium doses and A-1462 + 2,4,5-T in medium doses are highly toxic, causing death of the seedlings or loss of the main stem, Gesaprim, Eptapur and the mixture Gesaprim + 2,4,5-T have no unfafourable effect on the seedlings in any of the concentrations used.
Opracowanie optymnlnych dawek i form makro- i mikro elementów pożywki hydroponicznej w metodzie wrocławskiej przy równoczesnym działaniu humianoów [Elaboration of optimal doses and forms of macro- and microelements and hiLrnatcs in the nutrient used in hydroponic culture "Wrocław"]
Authors: Gumiński Z. , Gracz-Nalepka M.
Published: June 2015

The effectiveness of macro- and microelements of modified solution of Hampe was investigated. In general, the original doses and forms of ions were optimal. Nevertheless, a pronounced dependence on external factors was found. In aulumn, changes of magnesium doses were of no importance. A double calcium dose was optimal at that time. During summer copper, boron and molybdenum gave better effects if applied in tenfold doses. Applying of humate in non-optimal conditions was distinctly adventageous.
Zakres żywicieli grzyba Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor. [The host range of the fungus Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor.]
Authors: Nowicki B.
Published: June 2015

On the basis of clubs present on roots and resting-spores present in root cells it was shown that 132 plant species and varietes from the family Cruciferae out of 174 tested were susceptible to infection with Plasmodiophora brassicae. The susceptible plants included all the species cultivated in Poland and all the common weeds with the exception of Barbarea vulgaris.
Przydatność węgla brunatnego z kopalń Turów i Konin jako ściółki w uprawie hydroponicznej [Utility of brown coal from Turów and Konin mines as the seedbed in hydroponic cultures]
Authors: Gumińska Z. , Gracz-Nalepka M. , Łukasiewicz B. , Leszner M. , Sławka M.
Published: June 2015

In experiments with 5 vegetables and 5 decorative species – coal from both mines proved to be appropriate as the seedbed. Both types of coal stimulated root growth and maintained iron in soluble form. In general, better and earlier crops were obtained in hydroponic cultures than in pots filled either with soil or with coal watered with nutrient solution.
Effect of gravity on the distribution of growth inhibitors in apple tree
Authors: Borkowska B.
Published: June 2015

The aim of this work was to find, if there is an asymmetrical distribution of growth inhibitors in apple trees being kept in horizontal position for a short period of time. Two inhibitors were found in the extract of bark and young shoots of investigated trees. These inhibitors are identical with phloridzin and abscisic acid. The content of phloridzin was higher in the samples taken from the upper side than from the lower ones. The results showed lack of asymmetry in ABA distribution.
Wpływ kwasu 2-chloroetanofosfonoiuego (Ethrel) na ukorzenianie się zdrewniałych sadzonek czarnych porzeczek [Effect of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel) on the rooting of the blackcurrant hardwood cuttings]
Authors: Lipecki Janusz , Selwa Jan
Published: June 2015

The effect of Ethrel on root formation in the blackcurrant (cv. Blacksmith) hardwood cuttings was investigated in five different periods of the year. Low concentrations of Ethrel (up to 250 ppm) stimulated rooting, whereas higher concentrations (above 250 ppm) had a harmful effect on root formation. It is suggested that ethylene can act as a rooting promoter (when low concentrations of Ethrel were used) or as rooting inhibitor (when Ethrel was used in high concentrations). Complete cessation of the inflorescence development was observed in cuttings treated with Ethrel at 100 ppm and higher concentrations.
Investigations on structure of flowers and inflorescences of the Anthurium andreanum hort., non Linden
Authors: Szender A. J. , Weryszko E.
Published: June 2015

The aim of the present study was to determine the structure of the flowers and inflorescences of Anthurium andreanum hort. because of some controversial statements which have been made on this subject. It was stated that the spadix is an inflorescence made of fleshy and hermaphroditic flowers which are situated on the rachis forming a spiral. The flowers are two-sided symmetrical. Close morphological analysis confirmed by the enclosed photos showed fourfold structure of the protogynic flower: the perianth consisting of four fleshy sepals situated conjugately, four stamens and one upper and fleshy pistil.
Changes in direction of growth as induced by unilateral auxin application to apple shoots
Authors: Jankiewicz L. S.
Published: June 2015

Lanolin paste containing indoleacetic acid, applied unilaterally to the elongating internodes of apple shoot, caused a marked change in its direction of growth. Measurements taken during autumn have shown that the treated internodes were not longer than those of control shoots. There was a short zone a few cm above the treated area with inhibited internodes and small leaves. Possibilities for practical application of the described method exist.
The effect of rutin and pyrogallol upon rooting of softwood cuttings of magnolias and of Seringa meyeri Schneid.
Authors: Jankiewicz L. S. , Bojarczuk T. , Piątkowski M. G.
Published: June 2015

Rutin and pyrogallol applied, using the quick-dip method, in concentrations 500- 1500 mg/liter promoted rooting markedly, provided auxin was given simultaneously. The fungicide Captan used as an admixture to auxin promoted rooting only occasionally. SADH used separately was inactive.
Rytmika przebiegu mikrosporogenezy u dzikiego gatunku ziemniaka Solanum phureja Juz. et Buk. [The rhythm in course of microsporogenesis in the wild species of potato – Solanum phureja Juz. et Buk.]
Authors: Hausbrandt L. , Galinowski W.
Published: June 2015

The changes observed in tissues of the anther have been referred to the increasing sizes of the buds and the anthers. The enclosed table present the synchronization of several stages of development of such anther tissues as wall layers, tapetum and pollen mother cells.
A comparison of anatomical features of different mheat and rye verieties
Authors: Rovenska Blanka
Published: June 2015

The anatomical features of wheat and rye (Triticum aestivum var. erythrospermum 'Niva' and Secale cereale var. vulgare 'České') were investigated. In the present paper the anatomical characters of stems and caryopses of wheat 'Niva' and of rye 'České' are presented.
Agresywność i patogeniczność Phomopsis leptostromiformis (Kühn) Bubak i Rozwój procesu chorobowego powodowanego przez ten grzyb[Aggressiveness and pathogenicity of Phomopsis leptostromijormis (Kühn) Bubak and the development of the pathologic process caused by this fungus]
Authors: Kochman Józef , Kubicka Halina
Published: June 2015

Numerous experiments were performed with infection of plants in glasshouse conditions. Various concentrations of inoculum were applied and it was found that the fungus Phomopsis leptostromiformis has a very strong aggressiveness and pathogenicity towards Lupinus luteus, L. albus, L. angustifolius and L. polyphyllus. It was established that the infection phase for the fungus lasts 36 h. the incubation phase 60 h and disease appears 96 h after inoculation.
Wpływ nawożenia azotowego na niektóre właściwości fizjologiczne i morfologiczno-anatomiczne Lolium multiflorum Lam. (formy tetraploidalnej) [Effect of nitrogen nutrition on some physiological, morphological, and anatomical properties of tetraploidal form of Lolium multiflorum Lam.]
Authors: Gej B. , Baranowska H. , Mazurowa J. , Rogozińska B.
Published: June 2015

In pot experiments the high doses of nitrogen (3.50 g of NH4NO4 per one pot with 9.5 kg of sand) cause the increase of tillering intensity, leaf assimilatory area, water as well as chlorophyll (a+b) content, total and nitrate nitrogen content, and biomass increment of Italian ryegrass (tetraploid) plants. However, these doses do not effect: the nucleic acids content, number of stomata (per surface area unit of leaf blades), number of vascular bundles in leaves, and the intensity of 14CO2 uptake by these leaves.