bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Al-Masjed Al-Aqsa Islamic University in Jerusalem in the Year 1931
Authors: Jbara Taysir
Published: April 2023

The World Muslim Conference was held in Jerusalem in 1931. Many Muslim leaders attended the conference. They discussed the question of AI-Buraq AI-Sharif. Beside AI-Buraq AI-Sharif question, Muslim leaders discussed different Muslim issues. One of those was to establish AI-Aqsa Mosque University in Jerusalem; a committee was termed for this reason. Delegations went to Muslim countries to collect money for the university. Zionist leaders used their propaganda against university project. Unfortunately the university has not been founded because the money collected for the University was used for defending Palestine in its revolution on 1936 - 39.

عقد المؤتمر الإسلامي العام في القدس 1931، وقد حضر هذا المؤتمر عدد من زعماء العالم الإسلامي، جاءوا لبحث قضية البراق الشريف، وبالإضافة لهذه القضية فقد بحث المؤتمر عدة أمور إسلامية، واتخذ المؤتمر عدة قرارات منها إنشاء جامعة المسجد الأقصى الإسلامية في القدس. وقد تشكلت لجنة لهاذ المشروع، وأرسلت وفود إلى الدول الإسلامية لجمع التبرعات لجامعة المسجد الأقصى. وقد حاول الصهاينة بدعاياتهم الكثيرة تعطيل هذا المشروع. للأسف لم تنشأ الجامعة لأن الأموال التي جمعت لهذا المشروع استعملت في شراء أسلحة لدعم الإضراب والثورة الفلسطينية 1936م-1939م.
Contemporary Rhetorical Studies between Vagueness and Dullness “Kinaya as a Model”
Authors: Odeh Khalil
Published: April 2023

The present paper, on the one hand, considers the contemporary rhetorical studies, which almost entirely depend on ancient rhetorical studies, in determining the concept the rhetorical term and the practical models on this term by considering them as indisputable models which should not be exceeded or overlooked, but only in cases explanation, clarification or summarization. This led to the dullness of the rhetorical research and to putting it within repeated models memorized by the researchers and their students as a summary for the rhetorical lesson. On the other hand, the research tackles contemporary rhetorical studies, which try to benefit from new Western ideas in critical and rhetorical studies. They ended up by putting forward rhetorical publications based on incomprehensible theories for those who translated these publications or those who read them they also ended up by putting forward unclear publications in determining the rhetorical terms or comprehending them properly in the contemporary rhetorical studies. The research applies all this on Kinaya as an example of the studies based on the ancient rhetorical heritage or which try to benefit from modern rhetorical studies.
An-Najah National University Students’ Perceptions toward the Justifications and Obstacles of using CD-ROMs in the Library
Authors: Jaber Hani
Published: April 2023

The aim of this study was to identify the Justification; and obstacles in using CD- ROMs by students at An-Najah National University and impact of gender, college, and academic level variables on student's utilization of CD-ROMs. To achieve the goals of the study, a sample of 100 senior and graduate students was chosen. The subjects had used the CD-ROMs as sources between Jan. I-June 1,1998. After data collection, the researcher used SPSS to analyze them. It was found that students had a high degree of justifications for using these CD-ROMs. Percentage of response was 73.8% while degree of obstacles was 56.2%. Pertaining to the role of the three variables. in influencing justifications, it was found that there were statistically significant differences at α=0.05 level which may be attributed to college variable in favor of colleges of science. However, there were no statistically significant differences at α =0.05 level which may be attributed to gender, and academic level variables. Concerning the role of variables in CD-ROM using obstacles, it was found that there were differences between males and females. That is, obstacles facing females were more than those facing males. However, there were no statistically significant differences which may be attributed to college and academic level variables. The researcher has come up with a number of recommendations. Of these.

هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على تصورات الطلبة لمبررات ومعيقات استخدام أقراص الليزر عند طلبة جامعة النجاح الوطنية، إضافة إلى التعرف على أثر متغيرات الجنس والكلية والمستوى الدراسي على ذلك. لتحقيق ذلك أجريت الدراسة على عينة قواما 100 من طلبة السنة الرابعة وطلبة الدراسات العليا، ممن كانوا يستخدمون هذه الأقراص بطريقة مصدرية في الفترة الزمنية الواقعة بين 1/1/1998 إلى 1998. وبعد عملية جمع البيانات عولجت إحصائياً باستخدام البرنامج الإحصائي (SPSS) حيث أظهرت النتائج أن تصورات الطلبة للمبررات كانت كبيرة عند الطلبة لاستخدام أقراص الليزر حيث وصلت النسبة المئوية للاستجابة إلى (73.8%)، وكانت درجة تصورات الطلبة للمعيقات قليلة حيث وصلت النسبة المئوية للمعيقات إلى (56.2%)، وفي ما يتعلق بدور متغيرات الجنس والكلية والمستوى الدراسي على المبررات كانت هنالك فروق دالة إحصائياً عند مستوى (α= 0.05)، تبعاً لمتغير الكلية لصالح الكليات العلمية، بينما لم تكن الفروق دالة إحصائيا تبعا لمتغيري الجنس إحصائيا عند مستوى (α =0.05) بين الذكور والإناث لصالح الإناث، بمعنى أن المعيقات عند الإناث أكبر، بينما لم تكن الفروق دالة إحصائيا تبعا لمتغير الكلية والمستوى الدراسي.
The Characterizaion In Iyric-Dramatic Poem in Amal Dongol’s Poetry
Authors: Al-Haj Fawzi
Published: April 2023

This research is tackles the dramatic characterzation in the Poetry of Amal Dongol as a new technique in the lyric Poetry, which males it mor expressive. The research studies these types characterization:

تقوم هذه الدراسة بتتبع نقانة التشخيص الدرامي عند أمل دنقل كوسيلة جديدة استعانت بها القصيدة الغنائية، ما أكسبها قدرة على التعبير لم تكن موجودة قبل استغلال الوسائل الدرامية المختلفة. أما أنواع التشخيص المختلفة التي وقفت عندها الدراسة فهي:
We and the Orientalists –With an Analytic Study of the Orientalist Dozy’s Effect on the Arabic Lexicography
Authors: Al-Hamad Ali
Published: April 2023

This paper studies, briefly, the definition of the orientalism, it’s reasons, goals, methods, fields, and how it effects the study of the Arabic legacy, and the Arabic concept. In addition to that, the paper studies the Dutch orientalist Dozy, who is an example of those who interested in Arabic studies, and it also concentrates on his efforts in the Arabic lexicography, and what his great lexicon “Supplement aux Dictionnaires Arabes”, which is translated to Arabic by Dr. Mohammed Saleem Al-Noua’imy, offered to Arabic studies or words. The paper presented his sources, method, then it compared it with the three modern basis of the lexicography: the content of the lexicon, explanations and definitions, then the interior and exterior arrangement of the subjects. At the end, the paper showed the effect of Dozy’s efforts on the research method, thought, and the clarification of the western scientists in general, and the orientalists specifically; and how they think of the East, the Arabic language and it’s legacy.

يتناول البحث –بإيجاز- تعريف الاستشراق، وأسبابه، وأهدافه، ووسائله، ومجالاته، وأثره في دراسة التراث العربي، وفي الفكر العربي. ثم يتناول البحث المستشرق الهولندي "دوزي" مثالاً على المهتمين بالدراسات العربية، ويركّز على جهوده في مجال المعجمة العربية، من واقع معجمه الضخم الموسوم "تكملة المعاجم العربية" الذي نقله إلى العربية د. محمد سليم النعيمي، فبيّن البحث مصادره، ومنهجه، ثم حلّل جهده المعجمي؛ وعرضه على أسس العمل المعجمي الحديث الثلاثة، وهي: مادة المعجم، والشرح والتعريفات، والترتيب الخارجي والداخلي للمواد؛ وخلص إلى أثر هذا الجهد وأمثاله - في المنهج والفكر - في بحوث العرب المعاصرة؛ والى بيان أثر علوم الغربيين، والمستشرقين بخاصة؛ ونظرتهم إلى الشرق، واللغة العربية وتراثها.
Problems Facing Importers Related to LC’s Issued by Banks Operating In Palestine
Authors: Abu-Rub Nour
Published: April 2023

The aim of this study is to identify the problems that Palestinian importers would encounter once they acquire letters of credit. It also identifies the effect of variables, like the form of ownership, nationality of the issuing bank, and credibility of the applying firm in the perspective of Palestinian importers. To achieve these goals, the study used a written survey that was delivered to 312 importer. To be able to identify the degree of complexity of these problem. The study used Averages and percentiles; ANOVA was used to test the study's hypotheses. Statistical analysis proved that problems were of moderate effect in general. Some of these problems are depreciation in the value of imported goods because of the delays in importing these goods, fluctuations in currency exchange rates, and the increase in the cost of bank adjustments. Generally., the discrepancy in the effects of these problem that would affect Palestinian importers are due to the credibility of the importer applying for the letter of credit as one variable and the nationality of the issuing bank as another.

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف إلى المشاكل التي تواجه المستوردين الفلسطينيين في الاعتمادات المستندية الصادرة، ومعرفة اثر متغيرات كل من (شكل الملكية وجنسية البنك فاتح الاعتماد ورأس مال طالب فتح الاعتماد والمستفيد من الاعتماد والعملة التي سيتم الدفع بها) في مشاكل الاعتمادات المستندية من وجهة نظر المستوردين الفلسطينيين ولتحقيق هذا الغرض تم استخدام استبانة مؤلفة من (17) فقرة، وزعت على عينة قوامها (312) مستوردا. ولتحديد درجة المشاكل الكلية تم استخدام المتوسطات الحسابية والنسب المئوية. ولفحص فرضيات الدراسة استخدم تحليل التباين الأحادي. (ANOVA) ومن خلال التحليل الإحصائي تبين أن درجة المشاكل كانت متوسطة بشكل عاومن أهم المشاكل انخفاض قيمة البضاعة المستوردة نتيجة لتأخرها وتذبذب أسعار العملة، وارتفاع عمولات التعديل لدى البنوك. كما تبين وجود فروق في المشاكل التي تواجه المستوردين تعزى لمتغير رأس مال المستورد طالب فتح الاعتماد ولمتغير جنسية البنك فاتح الاعتماد.
Methods of Teaching Islamic Fiqh
Authors: Qadomi Marwan
Published: April 2023

This paper examined the most important methods used in the teaching of Islamic fiqh at the university level. The paper identified two types of methods: old and modern. It also prounded a criticism of both types of methods and highlighted their advantages and disadvantages. The study particularly highlighted the Islamic perception of these methods and the optimal characteristics of a fiqh instructor. The paper concluded with a number of suggestions and recommendations that may correct the course of university teaching of Islamic fiqh. The paper mainly calls for the need to diagnose the causes of students’ weaknesses in this field and to find solutions to these causes.
The Non-Muslims Economic Activity in the Islamic State (Jurisdiction) study
Authors: Kemeil Saleh Sherief
Published: April 2023

This research discusses the non-Muslim citizens of the Islamic State, those who are considered as a part of the state. And studying their economic activity in the various aspects that they can execute or conduct, the extent of the freedom granted to them on dealing with each other or with the Muslims. The research discusses that freedom according to the religious philology, with the imposed restrictions needed by the nature of transaction and the legitimate religious considerations, aiming to create the complete consistency between religious judgments and aims, and the economic activities contradicting those judgments and aims.

يتناول هذا البحث غير المسلمين التابعين للدولة الإسلامية باعتبارهم جزءا من أفرادها، من حيث نشاطهم الاقتصادي، في مختلف المجالات التي يمكنهم ممارستها، والقيام بها، ومدى الحرية الممنوحة لهم خلال تعاملهم مع بعضهم، أو مع المسلمين، ووزن تلك الحرية بالميزان الفقهي، بما يتضمنه من قيود أحيانا تقتضيها طبيعة التعامل والاعتبارات الشرعية، لتحقيق الانسجام بين أحكام الشريعة وأهدافها، وبين الأنشطة الاقتصادية التي تتعارض مع تلك الأحكام والأهداف.
The Illuminations of Jafra in the Poetry of Manasrah
Authors: Al-Tamimi Hussam
Published: April 2023

This study deals with Jafra in the poetry of Izz-Eddeen Al-Manasrah. Its important
topics are:
1. Manasrah and heritage.
2. Jafra between language and heritage.
3. Jafra in the poetry of Manasrah.
4. Signs of Jafra in the poetry of Manasreh.
5. The influence of Jafra in the construction of the Jafra poem.
Additionally, the conclusion which the researcher has come up with shows the most important results of the study as well as some of the well-known Jafra popular songs in Palestine. These songs are not written in any source concerned with the study of the Palestinian popular songs.
Child Employment in Palestine: An Empirical Field Study
Authors: Al-Shami Mufeed , Abu Aita Khitam
Published: April 2023

The study investigated child Employment in Palestine. The study attempted to answer three key research questions: What were the driving forces for child Employment? What were the consequences of child Employment on children and society? And what measurements should be taken to prevent children from being employed? A review of related literature revealed the different dimensions of child Employment, and helped to develop the Hypotheses of the study. An examination of hypothesized relationship between demographics and child Employment revealed the existence of significant relationship among the variables. The study managed to identify the main characteristics of child Employment and the measurements to be taken in order to reduce the level of child Employment. Finally, the study concluded that child Employment is rooted in the political and socio-economic conditions, and it has its negative consequences upon children and community development as a whole. The attempts to establish and execute human resources developmental plans are likely to be hindered by present situation of child Employment. Therefore, policy makers should deal with this issue as a national priority.

هدفت الدراسة الى التعرف على ظاهرة عمالة الأطفال في فلسطين، من خلال الإجابة على أسئلة البحث المتعلقة باسباب عمالة الأطفال، والاثار المترتبة على عمالة الأطفال، وسبل معالجة هذه الظاهرة للإسهام في الإبقاء على حق الطفل بالتمتع بطفولته وحقه في تنمية جسده وفكرة وروحة دون معوقات للوصول الى شخصية قادرة على تحمل أعباء الحياة و متطلبات التنمية. تم مراجعة الأدبيات ذات العلاقة للتعرف على الأبعاد الحقيقية لعمالة الأطفال وللمساعدة على تطوير أداة جمع البيانات للدراسة. استطاعت الدراسة ومن خلال تحليل البيانات التعرف على أهم الخصائص الرئيسة لظاهرة عمالة الأطفال: من حيث المسببات التي دفعت بالأطفال لسوق العمل، والخصائص الديمغرافية للأطفال العاملين وأسرهم، وظروف عملهم. كذلك تم فحص العلاقات بين متغيرات فرضيات الدراسة المتمثلة في المتغيرات الديمغرافية من جهة وعمالة الأطفال من جهة أخرى، ليتبين مدى العلاقة القوية- من خلال التحليل الإحصائي لعوامل الارتباط والانحدار- لإثبات العلاقة المفترضة بين متغيرات الدراسة. وأخيرا خرجت الدراسة باستنتاج مفاده ان عمالة الأطفال في فلسطين لها ابعادها السياسية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية، وتحدث اثارا خطرة على المجتمع والتنمية كونها تضعف إمكانيات وقدرات جيل المستقبل، وتؤثر على تنمية الموارد البشرية وقدراتها التنموية. وبالتالي يجب الحد من عمالة الأطفال من خلال توصيات الدراسة المبنية على النتائج التي توصلت إليها الدراسة.
Samaritan Conditions in Nablus as Presented in Tamimi and Bahjat’s Book, Welayet Beirut a Systematic: Historical Study
Authors: Melhem Adnan
Published: April 2023

Welayet Beirut by Mohammad R. Tamimi (1885-1956) and Mohammad Bahjat (1890-?) is considered one of the major books of contemporary trips which surveys Samaritan Conditions in Nablus before World War I. The information presented in the book is of great significance as it offers detailed descriptions of Samaritan Conditions in this period - such information cannot be found in different Arabic resources. This research, therefore, presents the social, political and cultural background of the authors, Tamimi and Bahjat, the impact of such biographical background on the content of the book and on the Samaritan Community in particular. The study also analyses the information presented by the authors in their book - Samaritan dwelling, their Synagogue, religion, beliefs, social, intellectual and spiritual conditions, their language, literature and crafts as well. Through a comparative study with some contemporary and modern studies, the researcher systematically touches upon their references, opinions as well as styles.
Teaching of Arabic Grammer Between Lecturing and Discussion Methods Department of Arabic Students in the Colleges Art and Education of the Islamic University in Gaza
Authors: Al-Shakhsheer Mahmoud , Zaqoot Mohammad
Published: April 2023

This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of lecturing and discussion methods in the teaching of Arabic syntax to Arabic majors in the faculties of Arts and Education at the Islamic University in Gaza. The reseachers used, for this purpose, a multiple choice achievement test. The sample of the study comprised 80 women and men students. they were divided into two groups, each consisting of 40 students. They were tuaght by lecturing and discussion methods. The study had three null hypotheses. After testing the hypotheses, it was found out that there were no statistically significant differences at (? = 0.05) between the averages of the lecturing method group and the discussion method group. However, it was found out that there were statistically significant differences between the student’s grade average in the achievement test in the following sections: memorization 7.6, comprehension 6.97, application 6.19 at (? = 0.05). There was interaction between the lecturing and discussion styles and the three levels of knowledge in the teaching syntax.The hypotheses were tested by using the analysis of variance and Tukey method.

هدفت الدراسة إلى التحقق من فعالية طريقتي المحاضرة والمناقشة في تدريس النحو العربي لدى طلبة اللغة العربية بكليتي الآداب والتربية في الجامعة الإسلامية بغزة، واستخدم الباحثان لهذا الغرض اختباراً تحصيلياً من نمط الاختيار من متعدد. وتكونت عينة الدراسة من (80) طالباً وطالبة مقسمة إلى مجموعتين كل مجموعة منهما مكونة من (40) طالباً وطالبة، لتدريسهم بطريقة المحاضرة أو المناقشة، وشملت الدراسة ثلاث فرضيات صفرية وكانت النتائج كما يلي: عدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية على المستوى (?= 0.05) بين متوسطات مجموعة المحاضرة ومجموعة المناقشة، ووجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين متوسط علامات الطلبة على الاختبار التحصيلي في مستويات: التذكر (7.6) وفي الاستيعاب (6.96) وفي التطبيق (6.19) عند مستوى الدلالة (?= 0.05)، ووجود تفاعل بين طريقتي المحاضرة والمناقشة وبين مستويات المعرفة الثلاث المذكورة في تدريس النحو. وتم اختبار الفرضيات باستخدام المعالجة الإحصائية في إجراء تحليل التباين وطريقة توكي للمقارنة بين متوسطات درجات الطلبة.
Attitudes of U.N.R.W.A. School Pprincipals Towards Physical Education Program
Authors: Abu Nimreh Mohd. Khamis
Published: April 2023

The purpose of the study was to determine the attitudes of U.N.R.W.A school principals towards the physical education program. The sample of the study comprised (90) male and female school principals. The researcher used (33) items questionnaire to determine the principals attitudes after testing its validity and reliability. The questionnaire contains (4) domains: Financial support and activities, Planning, Leadership, and Evaluation. The results of the study were as follows: 1. U.N.R.W.A. school principals showed positive attitudes towards the physical education program. 2. There were no significant differences between male and female school principals attitudes in all domains and total score of the questionnaire. 3. There were significant differences due to the year of experience in financial support and activities sub-scale and in Planning sub-scale of the questionnaire. 4. No significant differences existed due to academic qualifications in all sub-scales of the questionnaire. The researcher recommended the following: 1. Reinforcement of the positive attitudes of school principals toward P.E. program. 2. Organizing and conducting seminars on the supervision of P.E. program in general to school principals to improve their skills in this area. 3. Conducting research studies dealing with the students attitudes towards physical education – program.
Dimensions of Psychological Tension and Stress on An-Najah and Birzuit Faculty Members through the Al-Aqsa Intifada
Authors: Assaf Abed
Published: April 2023

The purpose of this study was first, to find out the psychological tension and stress of the Israeli aggression on the faculty members through Al-Aqsa Intifada. Second, to findout the effect of demographic variables of: (sex, number of children, place of living, being humilated or beaten, living close or far from Israeli hot points, college, sallary, experience, social status, and professional rank) on faculty members psychological stress and tension. The study was conducted on (225) faculty members which represents a random sample of (61.8%) of the target population. A scale of psychological stress was constructed and validated by the researcher and applied to the sample. The results indicate that: 1. The psychological stress and tension on faculty members due to Israeli aggression over all mean was (58.7%) which considerd, in terms of psychological effect, high. 2. There were significant mean defferences among the three subscales of tension and stress. The highest score was on the social domain subscale with (60.4%), the second score of the academic domain subscale was (59%), and the third score of the psycholgocal domain was (3.2%). This could mean that the university faculty members were concerned with their students, and what is happeing on their society more than themselves. 3. There were significant mean differences (0.05) between level of tension and stress among faculty members with respect to demographic variables of: (place of living, being humilated or beaten by Israeli soldiers or not, college, and sallary). 4. There were no significant mean differences (0.05) between level of tension and stress among faculty members according to demographic variables of: (sex, number of children, living close or far from Israeli hot points, experience, social status, and professional rank.
Body Mass Index and Resting Metabolic Rate of the Men Volleyball Players
Authors: Qaddomi Abed Nasir
Published: April 2023

The purpose of this study was to determine Body Mass Index (BMI), Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR), proposed equation for predicting (RMR), and constructing Norms for )BMI( and (RMR). Of 20th Arab Volleyball for men championship in Jordan. The study sample consisted of (186) volleyball players, data collected of (age, weight, height) based on the formal scripts of championship, for measuring (BMI) the following equation was used: BMI (kg/m²)= weight kg/(height in meters)² and De Lorenzo et.al (1999) equation was used for measuring (RMR) as follow: RMR (kcal/d)= -857+9(wt in kg) +11.7(Ht in cm) Obtained data was computerized, then analyzed using means, standard deviation, R², and percentile Ranks. The results indicated a good level both (BMI) and (RMR), where the mean were respectively (23.38)kg/m², and (2067.60)kcal/d, and the best level of (BMI) was (20.76)kg/m², and (2500)kcal/d for (RMR). The proposed equation to predicting (RMR) based on height of players as follow: RMR (kcal/d)= (-1704.67) + ((2007.513) (Ht meter)).

هدفت هذه الدراسة التعرف إلى مؤشر كتلة الجسم (BMI)، والتمثيل الغذائي خلال الراحة (RMR)، وتطوير معادلة لقياس (RMR) وبناء معايير إلى (BMI) و (RMR) للاعبي الفرق المشاركة في البطولة العربية العشرين للكرة الطائرة للرجال في الأردن، لتحقيق ذلك أجريت الدراسة على عينة قوامها 186 لاعبا وتم اعتماد البيانات الرسمية الواردة في كشوف البطولة من حيث (العمر، والطول، والوزن) وبعد إدخال البيانات تم حساب مؤشر كتلة الجسم كما يلي: (BMI) كغم/م2 = الوزن كغم/ (الطول بالمتر)2. ولحساب (RMR) تم استخدام معادلة (De Lorenzo et.al, 1999) الخاصة بالرياضيين وذلك على النحو التالي: (RMR) سعر/ يوميا = (-857)+[(9) × (الوزن كغم)] +[(11.7)(الطول سم)] بعد ذلك عولجت البيانات إحصائيا باستخدام الرزمة الإحصائية للعلوم الاجتماعية (SPSS) باستخدام المتوسطات الحسابية، والانحرافات المعيارية، ومعامل الانحدار (R2)، والرتب المئينيه، وتوصلت الدراسة إلى أن مستوى (BMI) كان جيدا حيث وصل المتوسط إلى 23.38كغم/م2، كذلك كان المستوى جيدا بالنسبة (RMR) حيث وصل المتوسط إلى 2067.60سعر/يوميا. إضافة إلى ذلك كان أفضل معيار إلى (BMI) 20.76كغم/م2، وإلى (RMR) 2500 سعر/ يوميا. كذلك تم تطوير معادلة لقياس (RMR) بدلالة طول القامة للاعب على اعتبار أن الطول عنصر أساسي للنجاح في اللعبة ولا يتأثر في البرامج التدريبية، ووصل معامل الانحدار للمعادلة إلى (0.71) وصدقها بدلالة المحك إلى (0.93) وكانت كما يلي: (RMR) سعر/ يوميا = (-1704.67)+(2007.513)(الطول بالمتر)
The Mamluk Jan Bardi El-Ghazali and the Ottoman Empire: A New Historical Out Look
Authors: Abu Nahl Osama
Published: April 2023

This study deals with the life of an important Mamluk around to whom there have been a number of accounts that label him as a traitor and a Collaborator with the Ottoman Empire, that is Jan Bardi El-Ghazali. The study is entitled” the Mamluk Jan Bardi El-Ghazali and the Ottoman Empire: A New Historical outlook”. The significance of this study arises from the deliberate failure of some researchers to reveal the truth, and their giving full credence to what old historians prejudiced account of this figures. Such prejudice is not manifested in their levelling the dreadful charge of treason at him. Researchers simly narrated the accounts on El-Ghazali given historians without even trying to verify the authenticity of such accounts never realizing that they date back to the same source, so that such accounts have been assumed as facts. In this modest effort of mine, try to hold an objective and disinterested stance in my endeavor to disclose the true personality of El-Ghazali, investigating the factors motivating scholars to accuse him of treason. In this way, the study is a new historical view of a historical issue that has traditionally been assumed unquestionable.

تتناول هذه الدراسة شخصية مملوكية مهمة نسجت حولها العديد من الروايات التاريخية التي تلصق بها تهمة الخيانة والتواطؤ لحساب الدولة العثمانية وقد أسميت هذه الدراسة:"جان بردي الغزالي المملوكي والدولة العثمانية: رؤية تاريخية جديدة". وأهمية هذه الدراسة تنبع من قصور بعض الباحثين في إظهار الحقيقة، وتسليمهم المطلق بما أورده المؤرخون القدامى دون تتبع لأهواءهم الشخصية، وإلقاء تلك التهمة الصعبة على شخص الأمير جان بردي الغزالي يدخل ضمن نطاق هذا القصور، فالباحثون نقلوا عن هؤلاء المؤرخين دون التحقق من أصل الروايات التي يتناقلونها، حتى غدت حقيقة واقعة مسلم بها ودون إدراك أن أصلها واحد. وقد حاولت بهذا العمل أن أكون موضوعياً لكشف اللثام عن شخصية جان بردي الغزالي، متقصّياً الدوافع التي دعت المؤرخين لإلصاق تهمة الخيانة والتواطؤ به، لذلك فهذه الدراسة تعتبر رؤية تاريخية جديدة لقضية اعتاد الباحثون على جعلها أمراً مسلماً به غير قابلة للتغيير والدراسة.
Cost Structure, Economies and Returns to Scale of the Palestinian Industries: Econometric Investigation
Authors: Makhool Basem
Published: April 2023

This study made an analysis of components of production costs of Palestinian industries. Also, a Second Order Translog Cost Function was estimated by using the ordinary least squares. Results of the study revealed that the raw materials had the biggest share in production cost (72%) followed by labor cost (21%). It was also found that large firms had benefited from economies of scale more than small firms. Generally, the Palestinian industries enjoyed economies of scale as well as increasing returns to scales. However, it was found that some industrial sectors had reached a stage of diseconomies of scales. This is an indication that some Palestinian firms did not work effectively, and failed to reach the optimal plant size. Based on these findings, we can say that improving productivity is the basic source to improve Palestinian industries’ competitiveness. Therefore, there is a need to provide incentives for projects enjoying economies of scale to expand internally or by merger. Further, there is a need for setting up of government programs to explain the importance of merger among small firms and promote it. Finally, there is a need for reconsidering the policy of industrial firm licensing applied now because it doesn’t give enough attention to the degree of scale economies and returns to scale upon granting licensing.

تم في هذه الدراسة تحليل مكونات تكاليف الإنتاج الكلية في الصناعات الفلسطينية، كما تم تقدير دالة تكاليف لوغاريتمية محولة من الدرجة الثانية باستخدام طريقة المربعات الصغرى. وقد أظهرت النتائج المقدرة أن حصة المواد الخام تشكل الجزء الأكبر من تكلفة الإنتاج (72%) يليها حصة تكلفة العمل (21%). كما تبين ان المشاريع الكبيرة تستفيد من وفورات الحجم اكثر من المشاريع الصغيرة. وبشكل عام تبين ان الصناعات الفلسطينية تتمتع بوفورات الحجم وتزايد عوائده، إلا أن هنالك بعض الفروع الصناعية التي وصلت الى مرحلة تبذيرات الحجم. وهذا مؤشر على ان بعض المنشآت الفلسطينية لا تعمل بكفاءة إنتاجية، ولم تصل الى الحجم الأمثل، أو أن بعضها قد تجاوزه. وبناء على نتائج الدراسة يمكن القول: أن تحسين الإنتاجية هو المصدر الأساسي لتحسين القدرة التنافسية للصناعات الفلسطينية، ولا بد من حفز المشاريع التي تتمتع بوفورات حجم على التوسع الذاتي او الاندماج. كما لا بد من وضع برامج حكومية تبين أهمية الاندماج بين المشاريع الصغيرة وتشجعه، ولا بد من إعادة النظر في سياسة ترخيص المنشآت الصناعية المطبقة حاليا والتي لا تعطي الاهتمام الكافي بدرجة اقتصاديات الحجم وعوائده عند منح الترخيص.
The Ownership of Sultan Abdul-Hamid II in Palestine (1876-1937)
Authors: Abu Bakr Ameen
Published: April 2023

This subject deals with the land ownership of Sultan Abdul-Hamid II in Palestine during the period from 1876 to 1937. These lands have been known by various titles including the lands of Jeftlek, the Sultanate, and the Hamidian. The areas of these lands which equal about 2.5 million dunums broke the record of all the ownership that Palestine has witnessed in the modern age. The subject has been approached in three main axes. The first dealt with the factors that influenced the ownership formation specifically the enforcement system that was put in effect due to the economical, social and political conditions of Palestine. The other factor was the development policy adopted by the Ottoman Empire during the age of organization and the resistance of the foreign interpenetration movement. The second axis dealt with the size of ownership and the extent of its spread in the three Palestinian districts: Acre, Nablus, and Jerusalem. It focused in Al-Hawla basin, the sources of the Jordan River, the plain of Bisan valley, al-Fara’ valley, the plain of Jericho, the hill of Irad, the side of Zerqa River, Rafah, and other locations. The third axis was dedicated to deal with the radical changes that overwhelmed the Jeftlek lands. It also concentrated on the process of solving the question of ownership and returning them to the state treasury. In addition it dealt with the attempts of the foreign interpenetration movement specifically the Zionist corporations after the expulsion of the Sultan by the Union and Development Society in 1909 until it was settled during the British Mandate in 1937.

يعالج هذا الموضوع ملكية السلطان العثماني عبد الحميد الثاني (1876-1909) للأراضي التي كانت ولا تزال تعرف بعدة مسميات، ومن أهمها الجفتلك، والسلطانية، والحميدية وكانت قد تجاوزت بمساحتها البالغة نحو (2.5) مليون دونم كل مقاييس المقارنة مع الملكيات التي شهدتها فلسطين في العصر الحديث. وقد تم عرض هذا الموضوع في ثلاثة محاور أساسية، حيث أُفرد المحور الأول لمعالجة العوامل الفاعلة في تشكيل الملكية، وعلى وجه التحديد نظام الإلجاء الذي حتمته أوضاع فلسطين الاقتصادية، والاجتماعية، والسياسية، وسياسة الإعمار التي انتهجتها الدولة العثمانية إبان عهد التنظيمات، ومقاومة حركة التغلغل الأجنبي. في حين أُفرد المحور الثاني لدراسة حجم الملكية ودرجة انتشارها في المقاطعات الفلسطينية الثلاث: عكا، ونابلس، والقدس، وتركزت في كل من حوض الحولة، ومنابع نهر الأردن، وسهل غور بيسان، وغور الفارعة، وسهل أريحا، وتل عراد، وزور وادي نهر الزرقاء، ورفح وغيرها من المواقع. أما المحور الثالث، فقد خصص لمعالجة التحولات الجذرية التي خيمت على أراضي الجفتلك، وركز في ذلك على حل الملكية وإعادتها إلى خزينة الدولة العثمانية، ومحاولات حركة التغلغل الأجنبي النفاذ، إليها وعلى وجه التحديد الشركات الصهيونية، وذلك بعد تنحية السلطان عن سدة الحكم من قبل جمعية الاتحاد والترقي 1909م إلى أن حسم أمرها خلال عهد الانتداب البريطاني 1937م.
Determinants of Labor Supply and Labor Force Participation in the West Bank and Gaza Strip
Authors: Makhool Basim
Published: April 2023

This study estimated labor supply and labor force participation rate functions in the West Bank and Gaza Strip by using regression analysis. It was found that the discouraged workers’ effect dominated the added workers’ effect in both the West Bank and Gaza labor force. Also, it was found that the effect of real wages policies was significant on labor supply in the West Bank owing to the high uncompensated wage elasticity of labor supply. However, wage policies did not affect labor supply in Gaza. Further, labor supply elasticity, with respect to labor demand, was relatively high which indicates that policies aimed at reducing unemployment should focus on job creation, but not on policies affecting labor supply. Finally, the results showed that current labor supply was positively related to labor supply in the previous period.
The academic problems that facing faculty members at An- Najah National University
Authors: Al-Hilew Gassan
Published: April 2023

The study was aimed at investigating the feeling level of academic problems that facing faculty members in An-Najah national university, in a ddition to determine the effect of gender, years of experience, academic degree, and college kind on these variables. To achieve that, the study was conducted on a sample of (144) faculty members which represents a percentage of (45%) of the total population. The research results showed that the most severe problems were found on the academic problems that related to students and scientific research domains, where as, the least was found on promotion system domain. The results also indicates significant differences at (? = 0.05) level in most academic problems domains, as follows:-There was a significant difference between males and females on promotion system domain in favor of male faculty members. -There was a significant difference between the academic degrees levels in all academic problems domains, except the domain of scientific research, in favor of the higher academic degree holders.-There was a significant difference between the members of less than (5) years of experience, and the members of more than (10) years of experience on promation system domain in favor of the faculty members of more than (10) years of experience.-There was a significant difference between scientific and humanistic colleges on the domains that related to faculty member, university administration, and scientific research in favor of the humanistic colleges. Recommendations for further research, training, and reconsideration of hiring the faculty members in the centers and colleges, and the university administration, specially for those who have experiences and higher academic degrees.

هدفت الدراسة إلى تعرف مستوى الشعور بالمشكلات الأكاديمية لدى أعضاء هيئة التدريس في جامعة النجاح الوطنية، إضافة إلى تحديد أثر متغيرات الجنس، وسنوات الخبرة، والرتبة الأكاديمية، ونوع الكلية على هذه المشكلات. ولتحقيق ذلك أجريت الدراسة على عينة قوامها (144) عضواً، وهي عينة تعادل ما نسبته (45%) من مجتمع الدراسة. وقد بينت نتائج الدراسة أن أكثر المشكلات حدة كانت في مجالي المشكلات المتعلقة بالطلبة، والمشكلات المتعلقة في البحث العلمي وعلى التوالي، في حين كانت أقلها حدة في مجال المشكلات المتعلقة بنظام الترقية. كذلك أظهرت النتائج وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين الذكور والإناث في مجال المشكلات المتعلقة بنظام الترقية ولصالح الذكور، وبين أصحاب الرتب الأكاديمية المختلفة وفي كل المجالات فيما عدا مجال المشكلات المتعلقة في البحث العلمي، ولصالح أصحاب الرتبة الأكاديمية الأعلى، وسنوات الخبرة في مجال المشكلات المتعلقة بنظام الترقية، ولصالح أصحاب الخبرة لأكثر من عشر سنوات، ونوع الكلية في مجالات المشكلات المتعلقة بعضو هيئة التدريس، وبإدارة الجامعة، وبالبحث العلمي ولصالح الكليات الإنسانية. وقد تضمنت الدراسة عددا من الاستنتاجات والتوصيات أهمها: القيام بدراسة تحليليلة لمقارنة المشكلات الأكاديمية بين الجامعات الفلسطينية، وتدريب وتعيين الأعضاء من هيئة التدريس ممن يحملون الدرجات الأعلى للاستفادة من خبراتهم في حل المشكلات الأكاديمية التي تعترض الجامعة.
Thur-Rummah Baaiyyah between Old and Recent Scholars
Authors: Dawabsheh Mohammed
Published: April 2023

This research aims at studying the famous poem of Thur- Rummah in the umayyad period. It also aims at acknowledging the new approaches for the criticism methods, particularly the mythical methods, and understanding the old literaring texts, through contracting the different opinions of old and recent critics. In this poem the researcher discovered the requirements of the critic, old and recent towards the text and its relationship with the poet’s psychological condition based on the different mentioned opinions in this respect.
Investigate the impact of the Indirect Foreign Investment upon the Palestinian Public Shareholding Companies listed at PSE and it is Profitability
Authors: Al-Haj Tareq
Published: April 2023

The main concern of this study is to investigate the impact of the indirect foreign investment upon the Palestinian public shareholding companies listed at PSE and it is profitability. To do so, 7 questionaires were distributed to the General Managers of brokarage companies, and 24 questionaires for all the listed companies at PSE. Data were processed statically through some statistical indicators, averages, percentages, and T- test for two independent samples. Data were collected depending on what is available at PSE and brokerage companies, and processed by using the Multiple -Regression Model. The research indicates that there is no impact for the foreign investment upon the palestinians companies listed at PSE, it is profitability, type and management style, it is services, marketing wise، and amounts of gross sales.
The Settlement Patterns during the Early Bronze Age in Palestine
Authors: Al-Houdalieh Salah
Published: April 2023

The analysis of the distribution of resident areas and therefore identifying its roles based on archaeological field works in the sites which go back to the Bronze Age in the land of Canaanite leads to the recognition of the economic, social and political characteristics of the civilization of that era which extends from 3400 - 2000 BC. Most of the settlements were established during the first stage of that Age, which can be described as farm villages, in fertile areas. Their villages were relatively small communities and without any significant political system. By the end of that stage and the beginning of the next one (EBII), the plains of residential centers were expanded and the population increased. This led to establishment of fortified city-states which constituted unstable political centers during the second and third stages. That was because of civil war which broke out among their military forces. Upon the termination of any political system, the victorious would redivide the sovereignty areas. Despite the state of enemity among the states governors and city mayors, the land of Canaan reached a high stage of prosperity. However, the Land of Canaan suffered at the end of EBIII from hardships which resulted in the destruction of the cities along with their political system. As a result, the number of inhabited areas decreased and a new life style of pastoral economy and modest architecture prevailed.
The Rights of the Handicapped in the Islamic Law
Authors: Qadomi Marwan
Published: April 2023

This research deals with an important issue relating to disability and unsociability. Our Islamic religion scholars in former times discussed this to pic in accordance with the chief Islamic legislation sources and the supplements that followed. This research tries to specifty the problem and illustrate what scholars said this respect. Also, it defined the disability and the wisdom behnd it, the principle of joint responsibility within the small community and the social solidarity as well and the different between them. Moreover, I pointed out to the Islamic law principles that implant the spirit of joint responsibility, its resources, bases and illustrated low Islamic regulated it. I refereed also to the public services Islam extended in this respect in the ages of its prosperity. Thus we can identify the right of the handicapped person from an Islamic point of view and low the can be guided and rehabilitated, in the hope that the can mingle with society members within the limits of he power and abilities, so that he can enjoy tranquility and peace. After discussing the topics this research 0 come to its very important results.
The Matter of Alkohl in Alkafiya- By: Mohammad Bin Ibrahim Al- Niksari
Authors: Alnajjar Shareef
Published: April 2023

This research presents a letter in grammatical heritage for a Roman language and origin scientist, Mohammad Bin Ibrahim Al-Niksari. He talks about what is called the matter of Alkohl in Arabic grammar, and it concerns with the cause of nominative comparative for apparent nouns as their saying "I've never seen a man better in his eyes Alkohl than in Zaid's eye". The origin in comparative was not in nominative case. When it was nominated, issue needed reasoning. In this matter, Al-Niksari handled Ibn Al-Hajib's text which concerns with the matter of Alkohl form his book Alkafiya. He explained all what concerns this text, and he commented on several sides belong to this matter. Then, he handled the function of comparative and its likeness to the verb, the cause of its function, and its conditions. After that, he handled the relationship between preferential and its counterpart and he explained the poetic evidence in Ibn Al-Hajib's text.

يعرضُ هذا البحثُ رِسالَةً في التُّراثِ النّحويّ لعالِمٍ روميّ الأصلِ واللّغةِ، هو محمّدُ بنُ إِبْراهيم النّكْساري يَتَحدّثُ فيها عن ما يُسَمّى في النَحوِ العربيّ بـ (مَسْألةُ الكُحْلِ)، وهي تَتَعَلّقُ بعِلّةِ رَفْعِ أَفْعَل التّفْضيلِ للاسْمِ الظّاهِرِ في نَحْوِ قَولِهِم: (ما رَأيْتُ رَجُلاً أَحْسَـنَ في عَيْنِه الكُحْلُ منْه في عَيْنِ زَيدٍ)، وقد كانَ الأصْـلُ في اسمِ التّفضيـلِ أنْ لا يَرفَعَ فاعِلاً إلاّ بِشُروطٍ، فلمّا رُفِـعَ الاسمُ الظّاهِـرُ بَعْـده احْتاجَ الأَمْـرُ إلى تَعْليلٍ. تَنـاوَلَ النّـكساري في هذه المسألة نصّ ابنِ الحاجِـبِ المُتَعَـلّقَ بِمَسألـةِ الكُحلِ مـن كتابِـه (الكافيـة)، فقَامَ بِتَوضيحِ كـلِّ ما يَتَعَـلّقُ بِهذا النّصّ، وعَـلّقَ على جَوانِـبَ مُتَعَدّدةٍ تَخُصُّ هذه المسألـةَ، فَتَـناوَلَ أَمْـرَ عمـلِ اسمِ التّفـضيلِ ومُشـابَهَتِـه الفِعـلَ وعلّـةِ عملِه وشروطـه، ثُمّ تَنـاوَلَ العَلاقـةَ ما بينَ المُفَضَّلِ والمُفَـضَّلِ عليه في المسألةِ، كما قـامَ بتـوضيحِ الشّاهدِ النّحويِّ الشّعريّ الموجودِ في نَصّ ابنِ الحاجب.
The Translatability of Utterances Containing Implicatures from Arabic into English
Authors: Shehab Ekrema
Published: April 2023

This paper basically aims at investigating some major problems encountered in the translation of Arabic utterances containing implicatures (henceforth Arabic implicatures) into English, where what is meant goes well beyond what is said. The data of the study consists of 9 Arabic implicatures identified by the researcher as comprising difficulties to translators. These implicatures have been drawn from Mahfouz’s (1947) novel Ziqaq Al-Midaq. Fifteen M.A. students of translation at An-Najah National University served as the subjects in this study. They were asked to provide their own translations of these Arabic implicatures in the light of their original contexts. The study also uses Trevor Le Gassick’s renditions in his (1975) translation of Mahfouz’s novel. For the purpose of this study, the researcher devised a framework of analysis based on Grice’s (1975) theory of conversational implicature. The framework features Tautology, Irony, and Metaphor as strategies giving rise to conversational implicature. The present paper argues that, when translating Arabic implicatures into English, emphasis should be placed on conveying the pragmatic import by the employment of various strategies ranging from those capturing the form and/or function to those capturing the communicative sense independently.

يهدف هذه البحث إلى دراسة بعض المشاكل الرئيسة التي قد تعترض المترجم عند قيامه بترجمة عبارات التعريض من العربية إلى الإنجليزية، وهي التي لا يوحي ظاهرها بمعناها الخفي. تتكون مادة البحث من تسع عبارات تعريض يرى الباحث أن فيها ما يشكل صعوبات للمترجم. وقد اختارها الباحث من رواية "زقاق المدق" (1947) لنجيب محفوظ. وتألفت عينة الدراسة من خمسة عشر طالباًَ من طلبة ماجستير الترجمة في جامعة النجاح الوطنية، إذ طلب منهم ترجمة الإستبانة المؤلفة من عبارات التعريض وفقاً لمقتضى سياقاتها الأصلية. وقد ضمّن الباحث الدراسة ما يناظر ذلك من ترجمة ليجاسك (1975) لرواية نجيب محفوظ. وقد أجرى الباحث دراسته في إطار تحليلي يستند إلى نظرية غرايس (1975) في التعريض الخطابي. ويتناول هذا الإطار أساليب التكرار والسخرية والاستعارة بوصفها أدوات للتعريض الخطابي. وقد بينت نتائج البحث أنه عند ترجمة عبارات التعريض من العربية إلى الإنجليزية، فإنه يجب على المترجم التركيز على نقل المعنى البراجماتي مستعيناً بوسائل شتى من نقل الشكل أو المعنى أو كليهما معاً إلى نقل المعنى بشكل مستقل.
The Principles Based on Overusage According to Al-Farra` in the Light of his Book (Ma’ni Al-Kor’aan)
Authors: Al-Jabali Hamdi
Published: April 2023

The intent of this research was to examine the concept of overusage according to AL-Farra` through picking up the linguistic phenomena that he subjected to the domination of usage and / or over usage and surveyed them interpretably so that he might support his doctrine and construct his principle. The research also brought into view that AL-Farra` was a precursor in admitting that language is subjected to the effect and interference of usage on directing what was on everybody`s lips or what was frequently used or repeated for the more a thing is overused or is plain in meaning, the mild it will be in speaking and it will become much more permissible than any others.
The Legal Status of Al-Aqsa Uprising
Authors: Abu Eid Abdullah
Published: April 2023

This research aims at showing the legal rules which govern the legal status of the Occupied Territories: the West Bank, Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem. It also deals with the legal status of the civilian Palestinian Population and,. consequently, the legal status of their “intifada” of September 28, 2000. Furthermore, it deals with the right of these populations to self-defense by their uprising. It describes the legal rules and constrains on such struggle. Finally, it shows the legal effect of the Oslo Agreement of September 13, 1993 on the said legal status.

يعالج هذا البحث القواعد القانونية التي تحكم الوضع القانوني للضفة الغربية وقطاع غزة والقدس الشرقية، وللسكان الفلسطينيين في هذه المناطق، كما يبين بالتالي الوضع القانوني للانتفاضة المسماة انتفاضة الأقصى التي اندلعت في 28 ايلول 2000. كما يناقش البحث حق المواطنين الفلسطينيين الخاضعين للاحتلال الإسرائيلي في الدفاع عن أنفسهم وأموالهم من خلال انتفاضة الأقصى، ويبين الضوابط القانونية لأي كفاح ضد المحتلين وحدود هذا الحق، ويبين أيضا الفارق بين الإرهاب وحركات التحرر الوطني. وفي الختام يبين البحث آثار اتفاقية اوسلو المعقودة في واشنطن في 13/9/1993، وملاحقها وتوابعها على الأوضاع القانونية المشار إليها أعلاه.
A Bride’s Package in the Light of Islamic Law and the Personal Status Law
Authors: Qadomi Marwan
Published: April 2023

This research aims at introducing a study of one side of the rights of wives in the personal status law. We have introduced this study with the lawfulness of the dowry in Islam and the rights of women in getting a dowry and a dwelling suitable for matrimonial life. The study also highlights the obstacles that encounter marriage and ways of dealing with them according to Islamic faith. It also undertakes the issue of a bride’s package, its problems, disputes and its traditional norms in same areas; it also deals with the law governing on bride’s package (dota) for nonmuslims. The research concludes with a call for revoking the dominant traditions which do not agree with the Islamic law, and with the major results that the research arrives at.

يهدف هذا البحث إلى تقديم دراسة عن جانب من جوانب حقوق الزوجة في مسائل الأحوال الشخصية. وقد مهدت لهذه الدراسة ببيان مبدأ مشروعية المهر في الإسلام وحق المرأة فيه وفي تهيئة المسكن الملائم للحياة الزوجية. وتناول البحث إظهار عقبات الزواج وطرق معالجتها في ضوء الإسلام وقد حاولت خلال الدراسة التعرض لقضايا الجهاز ومسائله والمنازعات التي تقع فيه، والعرف الجاري في بعض المناطق بشأنه، وحكم (الدوطة) عند غير المسلمين. وخلص البحث إلى الدعوة للقضاء على الأعراف الفاسدة والتقاليد السائدة التي لا توافق أحكام الشرعية، وتم رصد أهم النتائج التي توصل البحث إليها.