bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Age of the pterosaur and web‐footed bird tracks associated with dinosaur footprints from South Korea
Authors: Kim Cheong‐Bin , Huh Min , Cheong Chang‐Sik , Lockley Martin G. , Chang Ho‐Wan
Published: May 2003

Abstract  An absolute age has been determined for the Cretaceous Uhangri Formation in which web‐footed bird tracks, pterosaur tracks and dinosaur tracks have been discovered recently. This combined track discovery is a first from Asia. There is one other similar find in the world, however, the Uhangri site is greater in abundance and frequency. Moreover, the size of the pterosaur tracks indicates that the track maker had a wingspan of 10 m or more. Well‐preserved tuffaceous rocks in the formation made it possible to measure geological age by Rb–Sr and K–Ar methods. Rb–Sr whole rock ages for the volcanic rocks are: 96.0 ± 2.5 Ma (MSWD = 0.354) for lapilli andesitic tuff, 81.0 ± 2.0 Ma (MSWD = 0.296) for felsic tuff and 77.9 ± 4.1 Ma (MSWD = 4.41) for Hwangsan welded tuff. K–Ar ages are younger, 83.2–68.8 Ma. The layer containing fossil tracks of pterosaurs and web‐footed birds are preserved in black shale sandwiched by the lapilli andesitic tuff and felsic tuff, and are thus 96–81 Ma in age. Dinosaur footprints are dated at 96–78 Ma. Thus the pterosaurs, web‐footed birds and dinosaurs coexisted in the same environment from Cenomanian to Campanian time.
Geochemistry and tectonic implications of Proterozoic amphibolites in the northeastern part of the Yeongnam massif, South Korea
Authors: Arakawa Yoji , Park Kye‐Hun , Kim Nam‐Hoon , Song Yong‐Sun , Amakawa Hiroshi
Published: May 2003

Abstract  Amphibolites in the Haenggongni area (Haenggongni amphibolite) and the Okbang area (Okbang amphibolite) in northeastern Yeongnam massif, South Korea occur as a sill‐like body or inclusions within the metasedimentary sequences of the Proterozoic Wonnam Group. Major and trace element characteristics demonstrate that both amphibolites have tholeiitic chemical affinity. They are characterized by nearly flat rare earth element (REE) patterns, and low contents of immobile incompatible elements and have low values of Zr/Y, Ti/Y, La/Nb and Ta/Yb ratios, indicating enriched (E)‐type mid‐oceanic ridge basalt (MORB) affinities for their protoliths. This suggests that amphibolite protoliths formed in an extensional rift setting leading up to ocean opening. In combination with the previous studies in Yeongnam massif, three protolith types of amphibolites are assumed (E‐type MORB, within‐plate basalt and volcanic arc basalt). They could have been originated in different tectonic settings and/or different episodes. These characteristics are clearly different from the amphibolites in the Gyeonggi massif and Okcheon belt, in which most of the amphibolites show a within‐plate basalt affinity that developed in continental rift zone.
Metasomatized harzburgite xenoliths from Avacha volcano as fragments of mantle wedge of the Kamchatka arc: Implication for the metasomatic agent
Authors: Arai Shoji , Ishimaru Satoko , Okrugin Victor M.
Published: May 2003

Abstract  Abundant peridotite xenoliths have been found in pyroclasitics of Avacha (Avachinsky) volcano, the south Kamchatka arc, Russia. They are mostly refractory harzburgite with or without clinopyroxene: the Fo of olivine and Cr/(Cr + Al) atomic ratio of spinel range from 91 to 92 and from 0.5 to 0.7, respectively. They are metasomatized to various extents, and the metasomatic orthopyroxene has been formed at the expense of olivine. The metasomatic orthopyroxene, free of deformation and exsolution, is characterized by low contents of CaO and Cr2O3. The complicated way of replacement possibly indicates low viscosity of the metasomatic agent, namely hydrous fluids released from the relatively cool slab beneath the south Kamchatka arc. This is a good contrast to the north Kamchatka arc, where the slab has been hot enough to provide slab‐derived melts. High content of total orthopyroxene, 40 vol% on average, in metasomatized harzburgite from Avacha suggests silica enrichment of the mantle wedge, and is equivalent to some subcratonic harzburgite. Some subcratonic harzburgites therefore could have been formed by transportation of subarc metasomatized peridotites to a deeper part of the upper mantle.
Silicic arc volcanism in Central Luzon, the Philippines: Characterization of its space, time and geochemical relationship
Authors: Yumul Graciano P. , Dimalanta Carla B. , Tamayo Rodolfo A. , Bellon Herve
Published: May 2003

Abstract  The silicic volcanic rocks in Central Luzon show a temporal and spatial relationship with its geochemistry. Volcanic centers dated to approximately 5 Ma are silicic in geochemical composition whereas those between <5–1 Ma expose basaltic to andesitic rocks. Volcanic centers dated <1 Ma are characterized by a wide range of geochemistry encompassing basaltic through andesitic to dacitic signatures. Aside from changes in geochemistry through time, the areas (i.e. fore‐arc to back‐arc region) where the volcanic centers are formed also vary. The shift in the location of the volcanic centers in Central Luzon is attributed to changes in the dip of subduction of the South China Sea crust along the Manila Trench. Flat subduction resulted from the subduction of the Scarborough Seamount Chain, an oceanic bathymetric high along the Manila Trench west of northern Luzon. However, collision of Luzon with Taiwan in the north and Palawan in the south resulted in steepening of the subduction angle. The silicic volcanic centers in the forearc (Ce/Yb = 20–140) and back‐arc (Ce/Yb = 20–60) regions are generally characterized by higher Ce/Yb compared to the basaltic‐andesitic volcanic rocks in the main volcanic arc (Ce/Yb = 20) and back‐arc (Ce/Yb = 20–30) regions. This across‐arc geochemical variation highlights the contributions from the slab, mantle and crust coupled with the effects of geochemical processes that include partial melting, fractionation, magma mixing and mantle–melt interaction.
Measured and predicted total body water in children with myelomeningocele
Authors: Littlewood RA , Trocki O , Cleghorn G
Published: May 2003

Objective:  Children with myelomeningocele (MMC) have an altered body composition and an atypical distribution of total body water (TBW). The aim of the present study was to determine the accuracy of current predictive equations, based on bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), in determining TBW when compared with measured TBW using deuterium dilution.

Methods:  Fourteen children with MMC were measured for whole body BIA and TBW (using deuterium dilution and the Plateau method). Total body water was predicted using equations based on the resistance and characteristic frequency from BIA measurements and heights of subjects.

Results:  The mean measured TBW was 15.46 ± 8.28 L and the mean predictions for TBW using equations based on the  resistance and characteristic frequency from BIA measurements and heights of subjects were 18.29 ± 8.41 L, 17.72 ± 11.42 L and 12.51 ± 7.59 L, respectively. The best correlation was found using characteristic frequency. The limits of agreement between measured and predicted TBW values using Bland−Altman analysis were large.

Conclusions:  The present study suggests that the prediction of TBW in children with MMC can be made accurately using the equation of Cornish et al. based on BIA measurements of characteristic frequency.
Hermeneutic research in nursing: developing a Gadamerian‐based research method
Authors: Fleming Valerie , Gaidys Uta , Robb Yvonne
Published: May 2003

Hermeneutic research in nursing: developing a Gadamerian‐based research method

This paper takes the stance that although there are many different approaches to phenomenological and hermeneutic research, some of these have become blurred due to multiple interpretations of translated materials. Working from original texts by the German philosophers, this paper reconsiders the relevance of phenomenology and hermeneutics to nursing research. We trace the development of Gadamer's philosophy in order to propose a research method based in this tradition. Five steps have been identified as a guide for nurse researchers. These are deciding upon a question, identification of preunderstandings, gaining understanding through dialogue with participants, gaining understanding through dialogue with text and establishing trustworthiness.
The paradox of the Aged Care Act 1997: the marginalisation of nursing discourse*
Authors: Angus Jocelyn , Nay Rhonda
Published: May 2003

The paradox of the Aged Care Act 1997: the marginalisation of nursing discourse

This paper examines the marginalisation of nursing discourse, which followed the enactment of the Aged Care Act 1997. This neo‐reform period in aged care, dominated by theories of economic rationalism, enshrined legislation based upon market principles and by implication, the provision of care at the cheapest possible price. This paper exposes some of the gaps in the neo‐reform period and challenges the assertion that the amalgamation of nursing homes and hostels in such an environment can provide better quality of care and life for residents. It argues that this amalgamation entails a transformation towards a social model of care and fails to address the professional healthcare needs of the acutely sick and complex extreme old person and makes evident new gaps in the provision of aged care services. The paper proceeds to present strategies where the future for nursing practice in aged care necessarily involves a judicious balancing of individual cases alongside economic prescriptions of care and ever‐changing public policy initiatives. It concludes that this can be achieved through a more interactive public, professional and advocacy discourse. The methodology involves extensive analysis of public documents including media, academic journals, government reports and interviews with recognised leaders in the field of aged care. The study utilises a critical interpretative framework consistent with the logic of Michel Foucault.
Narrative inquiry in a nursing practicum
Authors: Lindsay Gail M. , Smith Faith
Published: May 2003

Narrative inquiry in a nursing practicum

One approach to creating research‐based nursing education is to think and write narratively about the daily life of a BScN program student and her teacher in diverse settings and over time. Gail, as a nurse‐teacher, and Faith, as a nursing student and now Public Health Nurse, reconstruct their teaching–learning experiences in an integrated practicum in maternal–child health services as a narrative inquiry. After presenting this reconstruction of experience at a conference on maternal scholarship, further inquiry into their experiences shows how narrative inquiry matters to construction of nursing praxis and to life‐long learning as a nurse. Teaching–learning relationships are seen as a template for a student's connections to people experiencing nursing care and to other clinicians. Construction of stories to live by that take into account becoming a nurse, constructing knowledge and enacting caring–healing nursing practices is illuminated through narrative inquiry.
Snap‐shots of live theatre: the use of photography to research governance in operating room nursing
Authors: Riley Robin , Manias Elizabeth
Published: May 2003

Snap‐shots of live theatre: the use of photography to research governance in operating room nursing

The use of photography is an underreported method of research in the nursing literature. This paper explores its use in an ethnographic research project, the fieldwork of which was undertaken by the first author. The aim was to examine the governance of operating room nursing in the clinical setting and the theoretical orientation was the work of Michel Foucault. The focus of this paper is on how photography was used as a means of data generation. To establish some context we begin by drawing on writers from sociology and anthropology to provide an overview of the status of vision and visual research methods in contemporary social research. We then move to a brief discussion of the uses of photography in social research and the limitations imposed by ethical considerations of its use in clinical nursing settings. As well, the process and approach involved in this research project, and issues of analysis are discussed. Three ‘snap‐shots’ of operating room nursing, taken by participants, are presented. Each is analysed in terms of its contributions to the research process as well as its substantive contribution to the theoretical framework and the research aims.
Creating what sort of professional? Master's level nurse education as a professionalising strategy
Authors: Gerrish Kate , McManus Mike , Ashworth Peter
Published: May 2003

Creating what sort of professional? Master's level nurse education as a professionalising strategy

This paper reports on a detailed analysis of selected findings from a larger study of master's level nurse education. It locates some features of such education within the contemporary situation of nursing as a profession and interprets the role of master's level nurse education as a professionalising strategy. In‐depth interviews were undertaken with a purposive sample of 18 nurse lecturers drawn from eight universities in the United Kingdom. The interview agenda explored participants’ perspectives of the characteristics of master's level performance in practice. Interview transcripts were interpreted by drawing upon hermeneutic methodology.

The following themes emerged. (a) The credibility of the master's level nurse was of central importance. In terms of the literature of professionalisation, this may be interpreted as a factor in enhancing the legitimacy of nursing as an occupation. (b) The clinical capability attributed to the nurse is interpreted as leading to an increase in the authority commanded by the expert professional. Thus, the individual capability of the master's level nurse enhances the attribution of autonomous skill to the occupation as a whole. (c) The master's level nurse is seen to exercise influence and leadership and this strengthens the power and status of nursing.

Nursing does not have the appearance of a ‘traditional’ profession, neither has it a clear stance as a ‘new profession’. Rather it appears to be especially responsive to the tide of public opinion manifest through government edicts. While nursing is employing rhetoric that espouses both positions, the direction of master's level education is anomalous.
Implementing a postcolonial feminist perspective in nursing research related to non‐Western populations
Authors: Racine Louise
Published: May 2003

Implementing a postcolonial feminist perspective in nursing research related to non‐Western populations

In this article, I argue that implementing a postcolonial feminist perspective in nursing research transcends the limitations of modern cultural theories in exploring the health problems of non‐Western populations. Providing nursing care in pluralist countries like Canada remains a challenge for nurses. First, nurses must reflect on their ethnic background and stereotypes that may impinge on the understanding of cultural differences. Second, dominant health ideologies that underpin nurses’ everyday practice and the structural barriers that may constrain the utilization of public healthcare services by non‐Western populations must be further examined. Postcolonial feminism is aimed at addressing health inequities stemming from social discriminative practices. I will draw on extant literature and data of an ongoing ethnography exploring the Haitian caregivers’ ways of caring for ageing relatives at home to unveil how the larger social and cultural world has an impact on caregivers’ everyday lives. Marginalized locations represent privileged sites from which health problems, intersecting with power, race, gender, and social classes, can be addressed. Postcolonial feminism provides the analytic lens to look at the impact of these factors in shaping health experiences. It also suggests redirecting nursing cultural research and practice to achieve social justice in the healthcare system.
A strategic plan for disaster medicine in Australasia
Authors: A Bradt David , Abraham Ken , Franks Rodney
Published: May 2003

Disaster epidemiology reveals epidemic increases in incidence of disasters. Rare disasters with catastrophic consequences also threaten modern populations. This paper profiles natural disasters, transportation incidents, emerging infectious diseases, complex disasters and terrorism for their historical and future potential impact on Australasia. Emergency physicians are in a position to assume leadership roles within the disaster management community in Australasia. The Australasian College for Emergency Medicine is in a position to lead medical specialty advances in disaster medicine in Australasia. To optimize its impact in disaster medicine, the specialty and its College have opportunities for advances in key areas of College administration, intra and interinstitutional representation, disaster preparedness and planning, disaster relief operations, education and training programs, applied clinical research, and faculty development.
The adversarial court system and the expert medical witness: ‘The truth the whole truth and nothing but the truth?’
Authors: Ryan Matthew
Published: May 2003

This discussion aims to provide the occasional medical expert witness with background knowledge of the adversarial court system and the role of the medical expert witness within it. The parallel evolution of the adversarial and inquisitorial legal systems has been more out of tradition rather than any systematic review of the effectiveness of one system or the other. Both legal systems have their merits and limitations. Witnesses within the adversarial system are required to present evidence in a structured and highly stylized format consisting of ‘evidence in chief’ followed by ‘cross‐examination’. This format is an attempt to exclude unreliable evidence. The medical witness is an ‘expert’ by means of specialized knowledge not possessed by the general public. This distinction allows the expert medical witness to offer his or her opinion as evidence. There remain several limitations to the expert's evidence and these relate to common knowledge, field of expertise and the ‘ultimate issue’. The current practice of selection of expert medical witnesses is seriously flawed with several pressures operating to maximise bias and inaccurate testimony. Doctors should not only anticipate change in this area they should lead reform in this area.
North Staffordshire Headache Survey: Development, Reliability and Validity of A Questionnaire for Use in A General Population Survey
Authors: Boardman HF , Thomas E , Millson DS , MacGregor EA , Laughey WF , Croft PR
Published: May 2003

The North Staffordshire Headache Survey aims to measure the effect and impact of headaches, medicine use and healthcare utilization in a general population sample. A self-reporting questionnaire was piloted in a general population sample, with reliability being tested in a sample of pilot responders after one month and validity by comparing pilot responders with primary and secondary care headache consulters. One hundred and twenty-two (61%) responded to the pilot survey, with 56% of items having completion rates of 90% or more, and tests showed good internal consistency (>90%). One-month test-retest data showed good agreement, though questions relating to specific time periods (with partial or no overlap between survey periods) showed expected lower agreement. The headache consulters reported greater frequency, duration and severity of headaches than the population sample suggesting good construct validity. Results from these studies indicate that the questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument to collect data about headaches in the general population.
The role of the information specialist in the systematic review process: a health information case study
Authors: Beverley C. A. , Booth A. , Bath P. A.
Published: May 2003

There is an increasing body of literature on the information specialist's role in supporting evidence‐based health care. In particular, the information component in systematic reviews has received considerable attention in recent years. Information professionals have evolved from simply acting as ‘evidence locators’ and ‘resource providers’ to being quality literature filterers, critical appraisers, educators, disseminators, and even change managers. This paper describes ten possible roles for information professionals in the systematic review process, using a case study of a review of the health information needs of visually impaired people carried out by the Centre for Health Information Management Research (CHIMR) at the University of Sheffield. This health information review was undertaken entirely by a team of information professionals. The ten roles identified are: project leader, project manager, literature searcher, reference manager, document supplier, critical appraiser, data extractor, data synthesiser, report writer and disseminator. This review has also identified an eleventh possible role for information professionals; that of primary researcher. Finally, the implications for evidence‐based health care and evidence‐based health informatics are discussed.
Embedding knowledge management in the NHS south‐west: pragmatic first steps for a practical concept
Authors: Plaice Caroline , Kitch Pam
Published: May 2003

Knowledge management, like clinical governance, is a practical science. Clinical governance, with its emphasis on creating an environment where clinical quality is monitored and acted upon, is one of the foundation stones of the new National Health Service (NHS). Both knowledge management and clinical governance need to share the same criteria in order to operate. Using these two pragmatic concepts and the premise of a practical approach, this article seeks to identify the drivers for knowledge management in the NHS, highlight national initiatives and focus on the steps libraries in the south‐west of England have taken to make knowledge management a reality. In so doing, the central role of the library and information service has been reinforced and embedded and librarians have been recognized for their real worth to their organizations.
Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellites in diploid strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.) for mapping, diversity studies and clone identification
Authors: James C. M. , Wilson F. , Hadonou A. M. , Tobutt K. R.
Published: May 2003

This study reports the development and characterization of 10 polymorphic microsatellite primer pairs in wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca). The primers were designed from a genomic library enriched for di‐, tri‐ and tetranucleotide repeats from F. vesca‘Reugen’. They showed single locus polymorphism in a set of nine F. vesca accessions; two to six alleles were detected per locus. The level of polymorphism in F. vesca was surprisingly low, although three pairs of primers were sufficient to distinguish between most accessions.
Microsatellite DNA loci from the Diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin)
Authors: Hauswaldt J. Susanne , Glenn Travis C.
Published: May 2003

We describe polymerase chain recation (PCR) primers and conditions to amplify one dinucleotide and five tetranucleotide microsatellite DNA loci isolated from the Diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin). The PCR primers were tested on 21 terrapins from Cape Romain, SC, USA. The microsatellite primers developed yielded a high number of alleles (8–14) and high observed heterozygosities (0.57–1.0).
Microsatellite markers for Ceiba pentandra (Bombacaceae), an endangered tree species of the Amazon forest
Authors: Brondani R. P. V. , Gaiotto F. A. , Missiaggia A. A. , Kirst M. , Gribel R. , Grattapaglia D.
Published: May 2003

From a genomic library enriched for AG/TC repeats, eight polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed for Ceiba pentandra, a pan‐tropical forest tree. Polymorphism was evaluated using a panel of 74 adult trees. Using automated fluorescence detection, a total of 112 alleles was detected with an average of 14 alleles per locus. All microsatellite loci showed very high levels of genetic information content, with expected heterozygosity ranging from 0.814 to 0.895. These microsatellite markers represent a powerful tool to investigate refined questions of mating systems, gene flow, family structure and population dynamics in natural populations of C. pentandra.
Isolation and cross‐species amplification of microsatellite loci from the fucoid seaweedsFucus vesiculosus,F. serratusandAscophyllum nodosum(Heterokontophyta, Fucaceae)
Authors: Engel C. R. , Brawley S. H. , Edwards K. J. , Serrão E.
Published: May 2003

The Fucaceae is a family of brown seaweeds that dominate and frequently co‐occur on North Atlantic rocky shores. We developed nine polymorphic microsatellite markers for the fucoid seaweedsFucus vesiculosus,F. serratusandAscophyllum nodosumusing a combined, enriched library. Six of these loci were polymorphic in at least two species, showing from two to eight alleles with heterozygosities ranging from 0.41 to 0.85. Loci were also tested onF. spiralis, revealing five polymorphic microsatellite loci in this species.
Characterization of eight polymorphic microsatellite loci from the Bengalese finch (Lonchura striata var. domestica)
Authors: Yodogawa Y. , Nishiumi I. , Saito D. , Okanoya K.
Published: May 2003

Eight polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized from the Bengalese finch (Lonchura striata var. domestica). In analyses of 25 individuals, the number of alleles ranged from two to four, and observed heterozygosity ranged between 0.05 and 0.73. At four loci, the observed heterozygosity of the Bengalese finches was significantly different from the expected heterozygosity. Primer sets were also tested in Javan munia (Lonchura leucogastroides), and the same eight loci were successfully amplified. In analyses of 20 unrelated individuals, the number of alleles ranged from one to seven, and the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0 to 0.56. In Javan munia, the observed heterozygosity differed significantly from the expected heterozygosity in only one locus.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellites in European alpine marmots (Marmota marmota)
Authors: Da Silva A. , Luikart G. , Allainé D. , Gautier P. , Taberlet P. , Pompanon F.
Published: May 2003

For future investigations of the mating system of a highly social mammal (Marmota marmota), we identified 16 new microsatellites using an enrichment protocol. Five loci were revealed to be polymorphic. The polymorphism was rather low (two to six alleles among 24 individuals). However, these markers, added to the other six published microsatellites for M. marmota and Spermophilus citellus, will help to assess dispersal patterns and test for genetic monogamy in alpine marmots from the European Alps.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Tsagkarakou A. , Roditakis N.
Published: May 2003

Microsatellite‐enriched genomic libraries were obtained from the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) using a magnetic/biotin capture of repetitive sequences. Ten dinucleotide markers were successfully isolated and characterized from these libraries. Variability was assessed in six populations of B. tabaci collected from different localities of the island of Crete, Greece. The number of alleles per locus in approximately 105 individuals screened across populations ranged from two to 13. Averaged observed heterozygosity over the six populations ranged from 0.001 to 0.58.
Di‐ and tetranucleotide microsatellite markers for the Alpine newt (Triturus alpestris): characterization and cross‐priming in five congeners
Authors: Garner Trenton W. J. , Schmidt Benedikt R. , Hoeck Paquita , Van Buskirk Josh
Published: May 2003

We developed a set of di‐ and tetranucleotide microsatellite markers for the Alpine newt, Triturus alpestris. Polymorphism as detected in 39 individuals ranged from 3 to 32 alleles at a locus. Cross‐priming with samples of five other Triturus species showed extremely poor levels of cross‐species utility. Still, these markers are suitable for studies of inter‐ and intrapopulation genetic diversity in the focal species.
Isolation of microsatellite loci in the freshwater fish, the bitterling Rhodeus sericeus (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)
Authors: Dawson Deborah A. , Burland Tamsin M. , Douglas Alex , Le Comber Steve C. , Bradshaw Matthew
Published: May 2003

We isolated 30 microsatellites from the freshwater fish, the bitterling Rhodeus sericeus. Twenty‐three microsatellite sequences possessed sufficient flanking DNA from which to design primers. Twelve loci were characterized and all were found to be polymorphic. These loci were isolated and characterized as part of a project to investigate the consequences of male alternative mating tactics and sperm competition using the bitterling as a model species.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from the Japanese conger eel Conger myriaster
Authors: Kimura Y. , Ishikawa S. , Nishida M. , Tsukamoto K.
Published: May 2003

Five polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed in the Japanese conger eel (Conger myriaster) to understand the recruitment mechanisms and population structure of this species, the spawning sites and migration routes of which are unknown. Three of the loci were highly polymorphic and will serve as powerful tools for detailed population studies of the Japanese conger eel. One of the other two loci showed significant departure from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and the other showed low allelic diversity.
An inexpensive and high‐throughput procedure to extract and purify total genomic DNA for population studies
Authors: Elphinstone M. S. , Hinten G. N. , Anderson M. J. , Nock C. J.
Published: May 2003

We describe here a procedure for the purification of high molecular weight genomic DNA that combines the economies of ‘do‐it‐yourself’, single‐tube protocols with the sample throughput and DNA quality of microplate‐based DNA extraction and purification kits from commercial suppliers. The procedure allows the preparation of genomic DNA of a quality suitable for polymerase chain reaction‐based studies of large populations at around one‐tenth of the cost of commercially available kits. Furthermore, 96 samples can be purified from crude tissue digests in around 30 min and are produced in microtitre plate format to allow efficient downstream processing of samples.
Isolation of new microsatellite markers and application in four species of mouse lemurs (Microcebus sp.)
Authors: Hapke A. , Eberle M. , Zischler H.
Published: May 2003

We report the development of 13 new microsatellite markers for mouse lemurs (Microcebus sp.). Two markers were isolated from the fat tailed dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus medius) and 11 from the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). A total of 561 individuals from four different species of mouse lemurs was genotyped with the newly developed markers. All markers showed Mendelian inheritance in 21 families of mouse lemurs. All markers show polymorphism in several species of mouse lemurs and seven amplified in C. medius. Among these new markers are the first 10 published for M. berthae and the first 11 for M. griseorufus.
Isolation and characterization of dinucleotide microsatellite loci in communally breeding Guira cuckoos (Aves: Cuculidae)
Authors: Muniz L. S. B. , Macedo R. H. F. , Graves J.
Published: May 2003

Guira cuckoos (Guira guira) are communal nesting birds endemic to South America that show high levels of conflict between members of the group over the contribution to the clutch. Adults eject eggs and even nestlings from the communal nest, sometimes leading to the loss of the entire brood. We developed seven polymorphic microsatellites for Guira cuckoos using an enrichment protocol. The number of alleles ranged from 5 to 14 (mean 9.86) and the heterozygosity ranged from 0.41 to 0.89 for the eight to 88 individuals screened. These loci will allow parentage assignments and population analysis in this species.
Polymorphic microsatellite loci in the endangered Indian rhinoceros, Rhinoceros unicornis
Authors: Zschokke S. , Gautschi B. , Baur B.
Published: May 2003

Eleven novel polymorphic microsatellite loci are presented for the highly endangered Indian (or greater one horned) rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis (Mammalia: Rhinocerotidae). These will be used to analyse the genetic variability within and between the two remaining large populations of the Indian rhinoceros and to manage captive breeding.
A set of microsatellite primers for the striped possum, Dactylopsila trivirgata (Petauridae: Marsupialia)
Authors: Hansen B. D. , French J. , Handasyde K. A. , Kendal T. A. , Taylor A. C.
Published: May 2003

The New Guinean endemic dactylopsilines are members of the Petauridae possum family, represented in Australia only by the striped possum Dactylopsila trivirgata. The shy nature and low density of this species have hampered studies of its ecology to date, so we developed nine highly variable polymorphic microsatellite markers to enable molecular genetic analysis of population structure and mating system parameters. This will add substantially to our understanding of the behavioural ecology of this species. The low degree of cross‐amplification of the primers in other petaurid species lends weight to other evidence suggesting that this family underwent a relatively early radiation.
Isolation and characterization of 23 microsatellite loci in the hen flea Ceratophyllus gallinae
Authors: Binz Thomas , Bonfils Danielle , Balloux François , Richner Heinz
Published: May 2003

Nineteen dinucleotide, two trinucleotide and two tetranucleotide microsatellite loci developed for the hen flea Ceratophyllus gallinae are presented. Twenty fleas were screened at each locus. Loci were polymorphic (three to nine alleles per locus). These markers will provide a system to study population segregation and diversity, gene flow, dispersal and inbreeding.
Polymorphic microsatellites identified in an endangered dasyurid marsupial, the dibbler (Parantechinus apicalis)
Authors: Mills H. R. , Spencer P. B. S.
Published: May 2003

Dibblers are carnivorous marsupials that were considered extinct for over 60 years. They now persist in small, highly fragmented populations. In this work we describe the characterization of seven polymorphic microsatellite loci that are being used to investigate population parameters. For 22 individuals, from the mainland population, these markers had allelic diversities from three to 11 (alleles per locus) and expected heterozygosities ranging from 0.53 to 0.89. Primers were also tested on a number of closely related dasyurids and in other marsupials, suggesting that their usefulness in population studies may go beyond investigations of the dibbler.
Polymorphic microsatellites for the study of fragmented populations of Pitcairnia geyskesii L. B. Smith (Bromeliaceae), a specific saxicolous species of inselbergs in French Guiana
Authors: Sarthou C. , Boisselier‐Dubayle M. C. , Lambourdière J. , Samadi S.
Published: May 2003

Pitcairnia geyskesii is a saxicolous bromeliad endemic to the granitic inselbergs of French Guiana and Surinam. Seven polymorphic microsatellite markers were characterized to investigate the polymorphism among individuals sampled on five inselbergs in French Guiana. The total number of alleles per locus varied from four to 14. Mean observed heterozygosities at each microsatellite locus ranged from 0.114 to 0.629. This set of microsatellites offers an efficient tool for more detailed investigations on the genetic structure of fragmented populations living on such a singular and insular habitat within tropical rainforest.
Isolation and characterization of 18 microsatellites in the Peking duck (Anas platyrhynchos) and their application in other waterfowl species
Authors: Maak S. , Wimmers K. , Weigend S. , Neumann K.
Published: May 2003

We have isolated and characterized 18 microsatellite loci in the Peking duck (Anas platyrhynchos). The average number of alleles per locus was 3.5, ranging from one to six in domestic Peking ducks (n = 40). All of the markers were polymorphic in a sample of five mallards (A. platyrhynchos; two to eight alleles). Seventeen of the 18 markers amplified in Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) with 11 being polymorphic in our sample (n = 14). Amplification of the markers in different species comprising the subfamilies Anatinae and Anserinae indicates their potential value for population genetic applications in a wide range of waterfowl species.
Characterization of 79 microsatellite DNA markers in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas
Authors: Li Gang , Hubert Sophie , Bucklin Katherine , Ribes Vanessa , Hedgecock Dennis
Published: May 2003

We characterized 79 microsatellite DNA markers, which were obtained from genomic libraries enriched for CA, GA, ATG and TAGA motif repeats, in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. For eight F1 grandparents or great‐grandparents of mapping families, the average heterozygosity, 0.705, and average number of alleles per locus, 5.7, did not vary among motif‐repeat or motif‐complexity categories. Non‐amplifying polymerase chain reaction null alleles, which were confirmed by segregation in the mapping families, were detected at 41 (51.9%) of the 79 loci. Cross‐species amplifications from C. angulata, C. sikamea, C. ariakensis and C. virginica showed a precipitous decline with distance from the focal species C. gigas.
mlgsim: a program for detecting clones using a simulation approach
Authors: Stenberg P. , Lundmark M. , Saura A.
Published: May 2003

Sexual and asexual forms of plants and animals often coexist in the same population. In such cases, the assessment of genotypic identity among individuals is vital for valid biological interpretation of population and evolutionary processes. Several methods are used for identifying clones based on genetical marker data. The only method that detects which multilocus genotypes are likely to be clones has limitations in statistical power. We present a program (mlgsim) that, using a simulation approach, calculates significance values for the likelihood that a multilocus genotype observed more than once in a population is the result of sexual reproduction.
Identification and characterization of 14 polymorphic microsatellite loci for a member of the Herpestidae (Mungos mungo)
Authors: Waldick R. C. , Johnson P. , Pemberton J.
Published: May 2003

In most cooperative breeders, reproductive skew is high. However, in the banded mongoose, Mungos mungo, multiple females reproduce concurrently within a social group, indicating that skew is relatively low in this species. In order to evaluate the degree of reproductive skew in the banded mongoose, we identified 14 polymorphic microsatellite loci for parentage analysis. Markers were found to have low levels of variability in this cooperative breeder, and several loci were found to be polymorphic in another member of the Herpestidae, the slender‐tailed meerkat (Suricata suricatta). For the banded mongoose, this suite of polymorphic loci provides a paternity exclusion of over 90%.
Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellites in European chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.)
Authors: Buck E. J. , Hadonou M. , James C. J. , Blakesley D. , Russell K.
Published: May 2003

Thirteen polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated from Castanea sativa (Mill.). Six contained dinucleotide repeats, six contained trinucleotide repeats, and one contained a compound microsatellite of a trinucleotide and a tetranucleotide repeat. The loci were characterized using C. sativa trees from three populations in the UK and the parents and six seedlings from a Turkish mapping population. The number of alleles revealed varied from two to 14 (mean = 5.15) per loci. Eight loci were found to be useful in the mapping family.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from Asparagus acutifolius (Liliaceae)
Authors: Aceto S. , Sica M. , Gamba G. , Montieri S. , Farina A. , Gaudio L.
Published: May 2003

The isolation of molecular markers in Asparagus acutifolius, a wild edible plant species, is important to characterize local ecotypes that could be cultivated and preserved. We isolated and characterized polymorphic microsatellite loci from A. acutifolius by constructing and screening an enriched DNA library. Primer pairs were designed for 12 loci. Seven primer pairs worked well during amplification reactions and were tested on a wild population from Pontecagnano (SA), Italy. These loci showed a high level of genetic variability, with the numbers of alleles identified ranging from two to five and observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.20 to 0.73.
Characterization of tetranucleotide microsatellite loci in the African Savannah Elephant (Loxodonta africana africana)
Authors: Archie E. A. , Moss C. J. , Alberts S. C.
Published: May 2003

Most African elephant (Loxodonta africana africana) populations are isolated and thus threatened by a loss of genetic diversity. As a consequence, genetic analysis of African elephant populations will play an increasing role in their conservation, and microsatellite loci will be an important tool in these analyses. Previously published sets of polymorphic microsatellites developed for African elephants are all dinucleotide repeats, which are prone to typing error. Here, we characterize 11 tetranucleotide microsatellite loci in the African elephant. All loci were polymorphic in 32 faecal samples and two tissue samples from 33 individual African savannah elephants.
Microsatellites from the world's heaviest bony fish, the giant Mola mola
Authors: Todd Streelman J. , Puchulutegui C. , Bass A. L. , Thys T. , Dewar H. , Karl S. A.
Published: May 2003

We report the isolation and characterization of CAn microsatellite loci from the Mola mola genome using a variation of the hybrid capture method. Five loci exhibit high levels of heterozygocity and two show significant sequence similarity to genes from the closely related Fugu rubripes. These microsatellite markers should be useful in multidisciplinary efforts to understand population characteristics of the giant ocean sunfish.
Ten polymorphic autosomal microsatellite loci for the Eider duck Somateria mollissima and their cross‐species applicability among waterfowl species (Anatidae)
Authors: Paulus K. B. , Tiedemann R.
Published: May 2003

We describe the isolation and characterization of the first microsatellite loci specifically developed for the Common Eider duck, Somateria mollissima. Our 10 loci show Mendelian inheritance and no linkage disequilibrium between any pair of loci. In the Eider duck, we observed between two and 16 alleles per locus, an expected heterozygosity between 0.31 and 0.97, and an observed heterozygosity between 0.14 and 1.00. Most primers also yield reproducible results in several other anatid species. These loci comprise a set of autosomal molecular markers for various applications, from moderately polymorphic loci suitable for population studies to highly polymorphic loci for pedigree analysis in waterfowl.
New microsatellite markers for the endemic Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica
Authors: Alberto F. , Correia L. , Arnaud‐Haond S. , Billot C. , Duarte C. M. , Serrão E.
Published: May 2003

The seagrass Posidonia oceanica is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, where it plays an important role in coastal ecosystem dynamics. Because of this important role and concerns about the observed regression of some meadows, population genetic studies of this species have been promoted. However, the markers used until now were not polymorphic enough to efficiently assess the level and spatial pattern of genetic variability. Hypervariable molecular markers were obtained by screening a genomic library enriched for microsatellite dinucleotide repeats. Among 25 primer pairs defined, eight amplified polymorphic microsatellites with an encouraging level of variability at the two geographical scales sampled.
Novel tetranucleotide microsatellite DNA markers for the wood frog, Rana sylvatica
Authors: Julian Shannon E. , King Tim L.
Published: May 2003

Fifteen tetranucleotide microsatellite loci were identified and characterized for wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) collected from three vernal pools in the southeastern US. These markers revealed a high degree of genetic diversity (nine to 34 alleles per locus), heterozygosity (30.6–92.3%) and allelic heterogeneity (69% of comparisons were statistically significant). Considerable differentiation among populations was observed as genetic distances (chord) ranged between 0.40 and 0.55 and all FST values (0.02–0.05) were statistically significant. Genotypic assignment tests correctly classified 103 of 113 individuals to their respective collection. These markers should prove useful for investigating fine‐scale population structure and metapopulation dynamics.
Laboratory temperature variation is a previously unrecognized source of genotyping error during capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Davison Angus , Chiba Satoshi
Published: May 2003

Capillary electrophoresis is being used increasingly for microsatellite genotyping. Here, we report that laboratory temperature greatly affects the estimated allele size, with 5 °C changing the estimated allele size by up to 0.7 bp. With accurate room temperature control, this variation would be relatively unimportant but unfortunately, a questionnaire shows that daily and seasonal laboratory temperature differences are often substantial. One solution is to use a set of reference genotypes, which also greatly assists comparisons between different platforms.
Identification and characterization of microsatellite loci in Betula maximowicziana Regel
Authors: Ogyu K. , Tsuda Y. , Sugaya T. , Yoshimaru H. , Ide Y.
Published: May 2003

The sequences of eight primer pairs of microsatellite loci screened from a genomic library of Betula maximowicziana are reported in this paper. Seven loci showed polymorphism in 44 individuals of the Mitomi population in the central area of Japan and the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.045 to 0.659 (mean = 0.412) and from 0.044 to 0.642 (mean = 0.397), respectively. Although the one remaining locus is not polymorphic there, it showed variation in other populations. Thus, these eight microsatellite markers might be useful tools for studying the population and ecological genetics of B. maximowicziana.
Microsatellite primers for the Western Pebble‐mound Mouse (Pseudomys chapmani) that show cross amplification for other species of Australian rodent
Authors: Moro D. , P. B. S. Spencer
Published: May 2003

We describe 12 dinucleotide and one tetranucleotide microsatellite loci for the Western Pebble‐mound Mouse (Pseudomys chapmani) that can be amplified with the polymerase chain reaction. All primers produced clear and highly polymorphic amplification patterns containing between seven and 14 alleles and with high expected heterozygosities. The amplification of these primers across seven related conspecifics makes them useful for population genetic studies and conservation work in several of these species.
Characterization of six microsatellite loci in Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae)
Authors: Korbecka G. , Vrieling K. , Squirrell J. , Hale M. L. , Wolff K.
Published: May 2003

Echium vulgare is a tetraploid plant with a very low selfing rate in the field. We suspect that cryptic self incompatibility plays a role in this species. In order to show lower success of self pollen/selfed embryos, after pollination with a mixture of self and outcross pollen, a paternity analysis has to be done. For the purpose of such analysis we developed microsatellites in E. vulgare. In this study, we report on six microsatellite loci which are easy to score, polymorphic, with a number of alleles per locus ranging from two to eight and, therefore, suitable for paternity analysis.