bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimal Enteral Nutritional Support as an Adjunct to Breast Cancer Chemotherapy: Preliminary Report
Authors: Elkort Richard J. , Baker Frances L. , Vitale Joseph J. , Vavrousek‐Jakuba Eva , Cordano Angel
Published: January 2017

Malnutrition is a recognized problem in cancer patients. It remains to be determined whether nutritional support can prevent or delay the onset of nutritional deterioration which is usually associated with an increased susceptibility to infectious disease and poor response to therapy. In the present study, well‐nourished breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy have been followed for 3 to 12 months to determine the effects of nutritional support on their nutrient intake, nutritional status, immune function and disease state. For the present, eight patients have been given a nutritional supplement (S–‐Isocal or Sustacal) to be taken along with self‐selected regular foods and nine patients were maintained on self‐selected regular foods only (US). Information was obtained on a regular basis concerning dietary intakes. Records of taste and appetite changes and GI complaints were kept along with weights and estimates of protein intake. The differences between the S and the US groups have been: 1. The S group met their protein allowance according to the RDA and the US group did not; 2. The S group reported fewer taste abnormalities and the US group reported strong tastes and desires for cold, sweet, protein free drinks; 3. Immune competency improved in one S patient and deteriorated in one US patient; and 4. Mid‐arm muscle circumferences increased or remained the same in six S patients and decreased in 7 US. One might reasonably expect that this continued course of dietary pattern in the US group, deficient protein intake, would lead to nutritional deterioration.
Leukocyte Amino Acid Concentrations and Their Relationship to Changes in Plasma Amino Acids
Authors: Wells Frank E. , Smits Bernard J.
Published: January 2017

The leukocyte was selected as an accessible example of an actively metabolizing cell. Plasma and leukocyte amino acids (AA) were studied in a reference group and a group of 12 patients receiving total parenteral nutrition. Differences in the plasma AA were variable; some were higher and others lower in concentration in the infused group. Leukocyte AA concentrations were almost all higher in the infused group and the AA pattern was less altered than in plasma. An explanation of the changes is proposed which helps to clarify the relationship of plasma to cellular AA changes.
Effects of Two Energy :Nitrogen Ratios in Patients with Gastroenterological Disease and Malnutrition
Authors: Messing Bernard , Bernier Jean‐Jacques
Published: January 2017

In 10 patients with active gastroenterological disease and protein‐malnutrition (weight: 77.3 $ 2.6 (mean $ SEM) percent of ideal body weight, serum‐albumin levels: 2.59 $ 0.17 mg/100 ml) a randomized crossover study was performed to assess the effects of two energy:nitrogen ratios on body cell replenishment. After at least 3 days for equilibration, the total parenteral nutrition (TPN) study carried out with 354 $ 5 mg of casein hydrolysate‐nitrogen/kg/day, divided in two 7‐day periods during which two nonprotein calorie supplies of 47 $ 1 kcal/kg/day and 81 $ 4 kcal/kg/day were given. The same 50 $ 5% dextrose and fat emulsion energy sources were used in the two periods. Nitrogen (Kjeldahl method) and potassium retention, and weight and serum albumin concentration gains were all significantly better (Student t test) during the hypercaloric regimen than during the normocaloric regimen. In the 10 patients, the protein‐sparing effect of nonprotein calories “added” during the hypercaloric regimen was demonstrated and represented 17% of the constant infused nitrogen. The more catabolic patient was prior to TPN, the more energy‐dependent was the protein‐sparing effect observed (r = +0.638). Preliminary data obtained with 3‐methylhistidine urine determination suggests that the protein‐sparing effect of “added” calories was due to an increased protein synthesis. Finally, body cell replenishment was better with the higher 230 $ 6 energy:nitrogen ratio than with the lower 132 $ 4 energy:nitrogen ratio, which suggests that the hypercaloric TPN regimen was useful in such patients.
Urinary 3 ‐Methylhistidine: Creatinine Ratio in Patients on Long‐Term Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Milewski Peter , Holbrook Ian , Irving Miles
Published: January 2017

The urinary 3‐methylhistidine (3‐MH) and creatinine excretion were measured serially in two patients on total parenteral nutrition for 201 and 225 days, respectively. Variations in excretion were related to clinical events, such as sepsis; 3‐MH excretion and the 3‐MH: creatinine ratio were raised in association with some episodes of infection, but not all. It is concluded that, although infection is often associated with increased myofibrillar protein breakdown, this is not always the case. It is suggested that in susceptible patients a high 3‐MH:creatinine ratio may indicate occult infection not detectable by other means.
Albumin in TPN Solutions: Potential Savings from a Prospective Review
Authors: Mirtallo Jay M. , Schneider Philip J. , Ruberg Robert L.
Published: January 2017

As a result of the common usage of albumin in total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solutions at The Ohio State University Hospitals, a review of the use of this product was performed. Albumin therapy in 18 patients was evaluated using prospective criteria. Therapy was considered appropriate if the serum albumin level was less than or equal to 3.0 g%. Using these criteria, 12 of 18 patients (67%) received albumin in the TPN solution. Of these 12 patients, 7 received albumin unnecessarily. During the 3‐week review, a total of 168 vials of 50 ml, 25% albumin (2100 g) were administered to patients with serum albumin concentrations greater than 3.0 g/100 ml at a cost of $6,014. Over a year, this could mean over $100,000 in costs which could be eliminated. Criteria for use of albumin in malnourished patients receiving TPN are not well established. This study demonstrated that developing simple criteria for the prospective review of albumin in TPN solutions and using them to monitor albumin therapy closely, can result in very significant cost savings to patients receiving TPN.
Prospective Sensory Evaluation of Preparatory Methods of Elemental Diets
Authors: Harrah John D. , Stephens Nancy D. , Hawes Mary C.
Published: January 2017

Palatability of elemental diets has been the greatest obstacle to their successful long‐term oral administration. Two elemental diet products, A and B, were evaluated in' four preparatory methods for acceptability in a prospective double‐blind study. The elemental diets evaluated were most acceptable when prepared in the form of Jello (57% receiving acceptable scores) followed by frozen Tang (27% receiving acceptable scores) and those prepared with Flavor Packets (18% receiving acceptable scores). The Kool‐Aid method of preparation was not accepted well (6% receiving acceptable scores). Product B was more acceptable than A in palatability and overall acceptability in the methods tested. To successfully administer elemental diets when a nasogastric tube is not employed, we recommend that these diets include formulations with Jello, frozen Tang, or Flavor Packets and that they be prepared by the dietary department. It is recognized that alterations in the composition of elemental diets result from the addition of flavoring agents. The significance of these alterations should be considered for each patient.
Body Mass Index in Amputees
Authors: Tzamaloukas Antonios H. , Patron Annette , Malhotra Deepak
Published: January 2017

Whereas estimates of percent deviation of body weight from ideal (FΔweight) are corrected for amputation, those of body mass index (BMI) are not, creating discrepancies in evaluating obesity. A correction of the BMI formula for amputation is proposed. The formula for BMI was corrected for amputation mathematically. The mathematical model predicts that the uncorrected BMI formula underestimates body fat in unilateral amputees and overestimates body fat in subjects with bilateral amputations at the same length of the legs. FΔweight and corrected and uncorrected BMI estimates were computed in 15 subjects with unilateral leg amputation and in 8 subjects with multiple amputations. BMI estimates were as follows: in unilateral amputees, corrected 24.1 ± 4.1 kg/m2, uncorrected 22.2 ± 3.9 kg/m2 (p <.001); and in multiple amputees, corrected 21.6 ± 2.4 kg/m2, uncorrected 32.6 ± 11.8 kg/m2 (p =.043). Linear regressions of FΔweight obtained from standard nutrition assessment on FΔweight computed from uncorrected and corrected BMI values were as follows: in unilateral amputees, uncorrected FΔweight = ‐0.079 + 0.932 X actual FΔweight, r =.974, p <.01, and corrected FΔweight = 0.002 + 1.005 X actual FΔweight, r =.997, p <.01; in multiple amputees, uncorrected FΔweight = 0.528 + 1.930 X actual FΔweight, r =.607, p is not significant, and corrected FΔweight = ‐0.010 + 0.920 X actual FΔweight, r =.936, p <.01. Uncorrected BMI estimates erroneously classified two obese unilateral amputees as nonobese and four lean or wasted multiple amputees as obese. A correction of the BMI formula for amputation is feasible. Corrected BMI estimates, in contrast to uncorrected estimates, agree with FΔweight estimates. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 18:355–358, 1994)
Long‐term Dietary Fish Oil Supplementation Protects Against Ischemia‐Reperfusion‐Induced Myocardial Dysfunction in Isolated Rat Hearts
Authors: Helton Scott
Published: January 2017

Yang and colleagues report that 4 to 5 weeks of feeding a fish oil‐supplemented diet to rats resulted in a modest cardioprotective effect against ischemia reperfusion injury when studied in an isolated cell‐free and plasma‐free perfusion setup (Langendorff preparation). The fish oil diet was 12% by weight fish oil and contained 40% n‐3 fatty acid, 19% eicosapentanoic acid (EPA), and 13% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Fish oil‐fed rats exhibited improved force of cardiac contraction and less increase in coronary artery perfusion pressure compared with rats fed ordinary rodent food. Fish oil‐fed rats had significantly increased myocardial tissue contents of EPA and docosapentanoic acid relative to controls. The authors concluded that the fish oil protective effects seemed to occur by a prostaglandin‐mediated pathway, because the administration of Indocin (indomethacin sodium, Merck & Co, West Point, PA) completely prevented the cardioprotective effects.
Do You See What I Am?
Authors: Herman Melissa R.
Published: January 2017

Although race is one of the most salient status characteristics in American society, many observers cannot distinguish the racial ancestries of multiracial youth. This paper examines how people perceive multiracial adolescents: specifically, I investigate whether observers perceive the adolescents as multiracial and whether these racial perceptions are congruent with the multiracial adolescents’ self-identifications. Results show that 1) observers perceived close to half of multiracial targets as monoracial, 2) multiracial targets who identified themselves as black were nearly always perceived as black but not always as multiracial, and 3) the demographic and environmental characteristics of observers had no bearing on the congruence of their racial perceptions. That is, regardless of their own demographic characteristics or exposure to people of other races, observers were more congruent when examining targets who self-identified as black or white and less congruent when identifying targets from Asian, Hispanic, American Indian, or Middle Eastern backgrounds. Despite the demographic trend toward multiracialism in the United States, observers’ perceptions may maintain the status quo in race relations: a black-white dichotomy where part-blacks remain in the collective black category.
Women and the Crisis in Commonwealth Africa
Authors: Howard Rhoda E.
Published: January 2017

The consequences of the contemporary crisis for women in Commonwealth Africa are that their economic opportunities in both the rural and the urban sectors are declining, and that they are increasingly scapegoated as the causes of economic disintegration. Politically, the entrenchment of corporatist one-party states and military regimes means that what little participation was opened to women at independence is being eroded. As the economic crisis deepens in the 1980s, Africans may respond by retreating into low-level subsistence agriculture, in which the bulk of the work is done by women. If corporatism develops into fascism, the scapegoating of economically independent women will intensify. The meaning of the crisis of the 1980s for women in Commonwealth Africa is less political representation and fewer economic resources, more political repression and more work.
Social Movements and Women's Participation in Brazil
Authors: Blay Eva Alterman
Published: January 2017

To understand the present situation of Brazilian women, this article sets out to examine the way it has evolved in the past 20 years. The change of regime in 1964 led to an exacerbation of the economic crisis for the ordinary people of Brazil. This was accompanied by a restriction of civil liberties. Thus deprived of formal channels of negotiation, women formed a new movement. They began to play a public role, motivated by a desire for a better life for their children, the release of imprisoned relatives, and higher wages. In this way, they began to penetrate the public realm.
Yugoslav Women in Politics
Authors: Rener Tanja
Published: January 2017

According to its normative principles, the delegate system ensures the working people's direct presence in the assemblies (communal, provincial, republican, and federal), as well as a functional linkage of short- and long-term interests of individual sections of society and of society as a whole. This lends special interest to women's participation in the delegate system. This article examines the findings of research conducted in Slovenia, particularly concerning the special social status according to women active in the delegate system, the nature of their participation, as well as their attitudes to active political participation. Now that Yugoslavia is undergoing a crisis, pressure is brought to bear on women to yield their places on the labor market to men and—although the principle of sex equality is given much prominence in the country's life—to concentrate on traditional women's roles.
Obstacles to Political Careers
Authors: Arat Yeşslim
Published: January 2017

“Routine politics” becomes central to the study of the nature and limits of women's political aspirations in a context where women have not as yet chosen to organize a women's movement. This article is based on a series of indepth interviews with a group of female Turkish politicians. The skewed structure of power relations between men and women is aptly reflected in women's perceptions of women's problems in politics. Locating the problem at this level makes it more difficult to ameliorate the situation, short of there being a radical change in the patriarchal power structure of society.
The Impact of Labor Force Attachment on Political Participation
Authors: Thomson Aisla , Eichler Margrit
Published: January 2017

Labor force attachment is currently seen as a major factor in increasing political participation of women. This article critically examines the data and methods of studies that have postulated a causal connection between lábor force attachment and political participation and argues that at present there is no conclusive evidence of such a relationship. It then proposes three sub-hypotheses: (1) Lack of labor force attachment will have a negative effect on men's political participation; (2) housewives with working class husbands will have a lower political participation than female blue-collar workers; and (3) housewives whose husbands are of the professional and managerial class will have the same low level of political participation as housewives whose husbands belong to the working class. All three sub-hypotheses are then tested with some recent Canadian data and shown to be false. It is concluded that we must identify factors other than labor force attachment to explain the level of political participation.
Strategies Feministes
Authors: Cohen Yolande
Published: January 2017

Quinze ans se sont écoulés depuis que les mouvements féministes ont fait leur apparition, surtout en Amérique du Nord et en Europe occidentale. Les événements qui ont eu lieu depuis ce moment-là nous poussent à faire l'analyse non seulement des changements dans les systèmes de représentation politique mais surtout des idées concernant le rôle social de la femme et ce que la société attend d'elle. Les mouvements féministes dans la province francophone du Québec et en France même ont beaucoup en commun quant à leurs conséquences sociales. On pourrait aussi les considérer comme typiques des mouvements de beaucoup d'autres pays sur les deux continents. Cette analyse nous mène à croire que nous assistons aujourd'hui à un processus de diversification et de morcellement des électorats, qui se traduit par une nouvelle prise en compte des intérêts des groupes qui les composent. Les “minorités” (femmes, mais aussi jeunes et groupes ethniques) ont trouvé d'autres moyens de s'affirmer qu'en s'affiliant à un parti politique. Le défi principal auquel font face les femmes au pouvoir et les partis qui les appuient est celui de proposer une vision politique globale.
Assortive Mating in Later Life: Some Initial Considerations
Authors: Dressel Paula L.
Published: January 2017

BASED on initial concerns expressed in this article over lack of information on assortive mating in later life, a theoretical model of structural and attitudinal variables is developed for utilization in the comparative study of endogamy and homogamy. Exploratory data are presented to compare mating parameters between the young and the old and between older men and older women. From this effort, it is concluded that information about young adults' courtship contexts and mate selection cannot necessarily be generalized to courtship and marriage in later life and that additional, more refined, investigation into the latter area would be fruitful conceptually and pragmatically.
Conflict Resolution in Marriage: Toward a Theory of Spousal Strategies and Marital Dissolution Rates
Authors: Chafetz Janet Saltzman
Published: January 2017

THERE are four strategies spouses may attempt to employ in cases of political conflict to elicit a desired outcome: authority, control, influence, and manipulation. These strategies differ in three ways: the costs involved in their use, their reward potentials, and the amount of support provided by institutional sources external to the marital relationship. Employing conflict and exchange perspectives, it is hypothesized that the four strategies are identically rank ordered (as presented above) on each of these; the higher the reward potential, the lower the cost and the greater the external support. Class and culture influence the strategies available for use by husbands compared to their wives. Also, long-term socioeconomic changes have affected the relative abilities of each spouse to employ the different strategies. Rates of marital dissolution are a function of the relative equality between spouses in terms of the types of conflict-resolution strategies they are able to employ; the more equal they are, the higher the rate of marital dissolution.
Female Retirement: Effects on Spousal Roles and Marital Adjustment
Authors: Szinovacz Maximiliane E.
Published: January 2017

PAST research on retirement has nearly exclusively centered on the adjustment problems of male retirees. This trend is particularly obvious in studies on the effects of retirement on the marital relationship. Data from a pilot study of 25 female retirees and their husbands indicate that female retirement can, indeed, influence a couple's marital satisfaction and task allocation patterns. The retirement of the wife does not always lead to a redistribution of household tasks, nor do all female retirees experience a full-time household role after retirement is entirely positive ways. Effects of the wife's retirement on the marital relationship are often described as positive: Many couples feel relieved from the stresses associated with their dual work and family obligations and enjoy their new togetherness and joint leisure time activities. Negative effects on the marital relationship can occur, however, if the wife experiences serious retirement adjustment problems or if the spouses feel irritated by each other's continuous presence at home.
From Separation to Stepfamily: A Subsystem Analysis
Authors: Keshet Jamie Kelem
Published: January 2017

AS stepfamilies have become more common, due primarily to high divorce and remarriage rates, interest has focused on the role of the stepparent. This article explores the subsystems that comprise the stepfamily. These are the new couple system, the ex-spouse subsystem(s), and the parent-child subsystem(s)—either custodial or visiting parent. Each subsystem is analyzed in terms of its history and the threats and benefits it receives from its inclusion in the stepfamily. As subsystems continue to exist within the stepfamily structure and compete for limited resources, conflicts arise between subsystems and within subsystems between persons with membership in different subunits. Stepfamilies can become more unified through recognition of prior loyalties, negotiations to resolve conflicts, and techniques to redefine the boundaries between the subsystems.
The Concept of Relativity and Economic Theorizing*
Authors: Hsiung Bingyuang
Published: January 2017

The discipline of economics can be viewed as a pyramid, with the subject matter as its base and the analytical approach its upper part. It is argued that the pinnacle of the pyramid is the concept of relativity. The concept provides a unifying theme for various economic inquiries, and thus can be seen the starting point for economic theorizing in general.
Hope and Hate Groups in Relation to the Policy Process
Authors: Wallis Joe
Published: January 2017

The core beliefs, type of emotional energy and action tendencies of “hope groups” that engage in the policy process to advance their shared goals and “hate groups” that seek to expose the conspiratorial tendencies of a policy elite are compared and contrasted. The patterns of rhetoric and interaction rituals that characterize interaction within these groups are then considered. The contribution this type of analysis can make to a Hirschmanian quest for a more relevant economics than can join with other disciplines such as politics and psychology in seeking to comprehend behaviors that can weaken the deliberative capacity of democracies is then assessed.
Atrophied Embeddedness: Towards Extending Explanation of Japan’s Growth Slowdown
Authors: de Bruin Anne , de Bruin Jan
Published: January 2017

The economic sociology concept of embeddedness represents a valuable conceptualisation for the incorporation of social network interaction into economic theory. This paper utilises embeddedness as the theoretical underpinning to provide a complementary and supplementary explanation to standard economic explanations for the slowdown in economic growth in Japan in the 1990s. It puts forward a new variant of embeddedness—‘atrophied embeddedness’, to argue that embedded ties can become too entrenched, hindering competitiveness and compromising economic growth. This notion of embeddedness is demonstrated in relation to Japan. The paper examines the operation of embedded ties in four key areas of the Japanese economy: inter-firm interaction with an emphasis on the autoindustry; embedded relationships within the financial sector; networks in the internationalisation of firms and embeddedness between government and business, including a case study of the construction industry. It argues that while embedded ties have several advantageous facets, they also have the potential to be an impediment to growth, flexibility and adaptability to change. Network ties can expand and become so rigidly structured, as to become obstacles particularly in the face of changing economic circumstances.
Prisoner’s Dilemma Game and Cooperative Expectation
Authors: RouJiang Xia
Published: January 2017

The results from the research on the prisoner’s dilemma game showed that cooperative expectation played an important role in the realization of cooperation and also in the improvement of efficiency. Cooperation is the premise of the continuity and expansion of the market. The institutions and ethics may influence the general level of confidence and cooperative expectation, and these two factors are related to each other.
Book Review: Economic Change, Government and Natural Resource Wealth: The Political Economy of Change in Southern Africa
Authors: Tewari Professor D.D.
Published: January 2017

Economic Change, Government and Natural Resource Wealth: The Political Economy of Change in Southern Africa, London: Earthscan Publications, 2001, 168 pp.
Conceptualisation in economics: How it has come to shape the main progress measures
Authors: Natoli Riccardo
Published: January 2017

The acceptance of a particular theory impacts the type and directions of linkages between factors. Consequently, the importance of choosing a theory becomes crucial as it literally serves to shape the way one analyses the world. How then, does one go about choosing an appropriate theory to explain a given phenomenon? While most epistemic privilege is commonplace and uncontroversial, claims of epistemic privilege over contested topics such as the definition and measurement of progress are clearly not. In this sense, knowledge is recognised as being both partial and subjective. This raises another important issue. If different standpoints and assumptions allow a measure to see only certain things, then conversely these same standpoints and assumptions must hide other things. Thus, anyone undertaking a review of progress measurement should not only consider what the measure analyses, but more importantly, what it fails to analyse. This is what this paper intends to do since progress indicators act as a crucial guide for national policy decision-making.
Economic Aid: an Obsession with Efficiency
Authors: Malek Mohammed H.
Published: January 2017

The issue of aid efficiency has been the main preoccupation of the policy makers, politicians and researchers in the donor countries during the 1980s. This paper argues that a unique and neutral concept of ‘aid efficiency’ is a rare genus. There are fundamental conceptual and methodological difficulties involved and the so called ‘neutral’ criteria are ultimately dependent on the subjective judgements of the evaluators. This would suggest that ‘economic efficiency’ as a criterion for donation or curtailment of aid is neither necessary nor sufficient. Moral, social, altruistic or purely egoistic motives are more honest and at least as good as any ‘economic’ measure which claims to be value-free.
Buses, Monopoly, and Development
Authors: Vincent John. A.
Published: January 2017

The paper seeks to make an inter-disciplinary exploration of the development of bus passenger transport systems. Three perspectives drawn from the field of development studies are used to suggest possible theoretical frameworks. The historical patterns of the development of such systems in Britain, Uganda, and India are considered. The major features which pattern the development of the road passenger transport industry seem to be the creation of various degrees of monopoly which in turn is related to the kind of state in which the network is located.
Hungarian Social Policy and the Position of Women
Authors: Page Robert
Published: January 2017

We publish below two replies to Fiona Williams' ‘Recent developments in policies for women in Hungary’, published in Critical Social Policy no 16, Summer 1986. In addition, Fiona Williams, replies to these in a third contribution to the debate.
Relation between the Structure of Molecules of Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic Compounds and Their Adsorption on Graphitized Carbon Black
Authors: Bobyleva M. S. , Kiselev A. V. , Kulikov N. S. , Polotnyuk E. B. , Shcherbakova K. D.
Published: January 2017

The retention volumes for small (zero) sample size (Henry constants) of hydrogen-treated graphitized thermal carbon black (HTGTCB) in five- or six-membered mono- and bicyclic nitrogen-containing compounds have been determined. Comparison of Henry constants K1 and initial heats of adsorption q̄1 of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds with those of hydrocarbons of a similar structure has shown that adsorption of the studied heterocyclic compounds on HTGTCB depends on the number and position of nitrogen atoms in their molecules. An increase in the number of nitrogen atoms in flat molecules of azoles (pyrrole, pyrazole, 1,2,4-triazole) brings about the growth of K1 and q̄1. In six-membered cycles the growth of K1 and q̄1 is observed only during the transition from pyridine to 1,2-diazine (pyridazine), whereas in transition to 1,3- and 1,4-diazines (pyrimidine and pyrazine), and further on to s-triazine, the retention greatly reduces. In azanaphthalenes (quinoline, cinnoline, quinoxaline) and benzazoles (indole, indazole) the growing number of nitrogen atoms also results in weaker retention.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography as Physico-Chemical Method for Study of Adsorption from Solutions
Authors: Eltekova N.A. , Eltekov Yu.A.
Published: January 2017

High-Performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of anisole and benzaldehyde on macroporous silica (Silochrom C80) with a hydroxylated surface and a surface covered with polyoxyethylene (POE) monolayer have been studied. On the basis of data obtained from liquid adsorption chromatography the adsorption isotherms of aromatic compounds from solutions were calculated. It has been found that adsorption isotherms obtained by HPLC and static adsorption methods coincide for anisole adsorbed either on hydroxylated or modified surfaces. In the case of benzaldehyde adsorption on hydroxylated silica surface the adsorption values obtained by the chromatographic method are smaller than those obtained by static adsorption method due to specific features of adsorption kinetics. Henry's constants, KΓ distribution factors, f, and adsorption solution activity coefficient, γa,i, for anisole and benzaldehyde adsorbed on hydroxylated and POE modified silica have been calculated. The values of KΓ and f obtained by both the static adsorption and HPLC methods have been compared. The enthalpies and entropies of adsorption of aromatic compounds have been compared with the polarity parameters.
Activated Carbon as an Adsorbent for the Separation of Low-Molecular Alkyl Halides from Ground Water in the Production of Drinking-Water
Authors: Roebers A. , Roncken Th. , Hopman R. , de Ligny CL , Dekker B.G. , van der Laan J. , Kruithof J.C.
Published: January 2017

An accurate method has been developed for the determination of the adsorption isotherm of trichloroethene on activated carbon over the concentration range 1 – 100 μg/1. This method has been applied to 18 samples of activated carbon of different types, both virgin and regenerated. All samples of activated carbon were characterized by determining the apparent density of the granular and the powdered carbon, and the Fe, Mn, Ca and Mg contents were determined for eight samples. The best way to describe the results mathematically has been investigated, and an improvement to the well-known Freundlich equation established.
Adsorption of Ethoxylated Sulfonates on Limestone
Authors: Celik M.S. , Shakeel A. , Al-Yousef H.Y. , Al-Hashim H.S.
Published: January 2017

Stastic adsorption experiments have been conducted to investigate the adsorption and precipitation behavior of various ethoxylated sulfonates from Saudi Arabian limestone samples under high-salinity (20%) and high temperature conditions (90°C). The effect of parameters such as salinity, pH, temperature, ethoxylation number, oil and alcohol addition has been investigated. Mechanisms governing surfactant adsorption on limestone are elucidated. A surfactant formulation has been designed to achieve minimum surfactant loss for Saudi Arabian limestone reservoirs.
Correlations between Adsorption and Desorption of Ionic Collectors on Celestite Surface and its Flotability
Authors: Chibowski E. , Bilinski B. , Wojcik W. , Cabrerizo M.A. , Gonzalez-Caballero F.
Published: January 2017

The adsorption and desorption of dodecylammonium chloride (DDAC1) and sodium dodecylsulfonate (DDSO3Na) has been investigated under the dynamic conditions existing during the flotation of celestite. It is shown that the flotability of the mineral may be correlated with the surface coverage of both collectors. The results obtained have been compared with static measurements of collector adsorption on a celestite surface. The surface coverage of celestite necessary for effective flotation has been found to be 2–3 statistical monolayers for DDAC1 and 1.5–2 statistical monolayers for DDSO3Na. The DDSO3Na collector appears to be more effective in celestite flotation.
The Mo-Co-Al2O3 System. II) Model of Adsorption of Molybdenum on Al2O3 and on Co-Al2O3
Authors: Morales M.I. , Blanco M.N. , Thomas H.J.
Published: January 2017

A model which interprets the equilibrium adsorption of molybdenum on Al2O3 and on Co-Al2O3 is presented. This model assumes the adsorption of monomelic and polymeric species of molybdenum on two different adsorption sites of the support. It is proposed a) that the adsorption mechanism can be represented by two independent adsorption reactions; b) that each species is adsorbed only on one type of site, and c) that the adsorption isotherms can be represented by the sum of a Langmuir type expression for the monomer and a sigmoidal one for the polymer. By applying this model to the experimental isotherms obtained for the two systems under study (Mo/Al2O3 and Mo/Co-Al2O3), the equilibrium constants for adsorption on site 1 (K,) and on site 2 (K2) and the numbers of adsorption sites S1 and S2 have been estimated. This adsorption model was confirmed by experimental results data and by spectroscopic studies.
Analysis of the Structural Heterogeneity Functions of Microporous Adsorbents
Authors: Wojsz Roman , Rozwadowski Michal
Published: January 2017

An analysis of the function characterizing the structural heterogeneity of microporous adsorbents is presented. Normalization of the function influences considerably the value of the parameter W0 which determines the micropore volume. As a result not only Gaussian but also Rayleigh and exponential distributions are acceptable. The assumption of a definite range for the variance of the structural parameter has a considerable influence on the shape of the distribution function for structural heterogeneity.
Comparison of Nitrogen Adsorption and Mercury Penetration Results: II. Pore size Distributions Calculated from Type IV Isotherm Data
Authors: Adkins Bruce D. , Davis Burtron H.
Published: January 2017

The pore distributions calculated from nitrogen desorption and from mercury penetration data are similar for the four materials utilized in this study. While there are small differences in the distributions calculated using different models (Cohan. Foster or Broekhoff-deBoer) with nitrogen adsorption or desorption isotherm data, all three show reasonable agreement with distributions calculated from mercury penetration data. Frequently practical catalysts have such a broad pore size distribution that neither method alone is adequate to measure the total pore size range. The present results suggest a direct comparison, without recourse to a scaling factor, is appropriate when comparing results from the two methods even though the pore size distribution maximum may vary by at least 50% depending upon the model chosen for the calculation. Better agreement may be obtained between the two experimental techniques by adjusting either the nitrogen adsorption data using a packed sphere model or the mercury penetration data by an earlier reported correction ratio. The difference between the two methods becomes less than 20% when a correction procedure is used; however, further studies are needed to define the range of material shaped that these procedures are applicable to.
Monte Carlo Calculations: Thermodynamic Functions in Zeolites II. Adsorption of Benzene on Silicalite
Authors: Grauert B. , Fiedler K.
Published: January 2017

The adsorption of benzene on silicalite has been investigated through the use of the Monte Carlo method. Calculations have been performed using an empirical atom-atom potential. The resulting concept of preferred adsorption sites has been applied to a combinatorial model of the pore-filling process. Differential heat of adsorption curves have been calculated from this combinatorial model as well as by Monte Carlo runs. Good agreement is demonstrated with measured adsorption heat curves over a wide range.
Evaluation of Adsorption Equilibrium Models by Means of Data Obtained for Oxygen and Nitrogen on Zeolite 5A
Authors: Yu Xuanqiang , Deng Shuguang , Wu Pingdong
Published: January 2017

Both fugacity and the Lewis–Randall fugacity rule have been incorporated in the vacancy solution and ideal adsorbed solution theories, and in a simplified statistical thermodynamic model, to allow these various approaches to predict adsorption equilibria at elevated pressures. Adsorption equilibrium data for oxygen and nitrogen determined at 273.15, 293.15 and 313.15 K at pressures up to 60 atm have been compared with the values calculated from these models using regression parameters obtained from adsorption isotherms for the pure components. Of these various models, the vacancy solution theory with the Wilson equation and the ideal adsorbed solution theory provided the closest prediction to the experimental data.
Comparative Adsorption of Phenol, P-Nitrophenol and P-Hydroxybenzoic Acid on Activated Carbon
Authors: Costa Enrique , Calleja Guillermo , Marijuán Luis
Published: January 2017

Adsorption isotherms of phenol, p-nitrophenol and p-hydroxybenzoic acid at three temperatures in the range 1–40° C on activated carbon have been obtained experimentally. Curve fitting to several theoretical equations shows that the Prausnitz equation gives the lowest deviations (1–3%). An inversion of the adsorption capacity of phenol with temperature has been observed, probably as a consequence of the high microporosity of the carbon and the restricted accessibility of phenol to the smaller pores. Adsorption at 40°C is also accompanied by the degradation of phenol by aerobic micro-organisms (ficomicetus-type fungi). Approximate values of the isosteric heats of adsorption of p-nitrophenol have been calculated, being in the range 5.8–6.5 kcal/mol. Differences in the behaviour of the three adsorbates are commented upon in terms of their physicochemical properties.
The Origin of Porosity in Hydrous Zirconia Gels. III. Sodium Hydroxide as a Precipitant
Authors: Gimblett F.G.R. , Hussain A.
Published: January 2017

When used as precipitants for the preparation of hydrous zirconia gels, aqueous NaOH solutions generate materials whose porosities are strongly dependent on their outgassing temperatures. Microporous solids exhibiting high apparent BET-nitrogen surface areas, and possessing considerable proportions of primary (narrow) micropores, are obtained at lower outgassing temperatures (<250°C). Thermal treatment above this temperature leads to the generation of mesoporous materials exhibiting little or no micropore volume.

It is suggested that the ready removal of loosely-bound or absorbed water from the gel at lowertemperatures, to generate an essentially microporous structure, is catalysed by the presence of NH3 ligands. Decreasing ammonia concentration (as in the sequence NH4HCO3, NaHCO3, NaOH). coupled with increasing precipitant basicity leads to a higher proportion of strongly bound water (hydroxo ligands) in the gel. This can only be removed by outgassing at higher temperatures to yield a material which is almost exclusively mesoporous.
Adsorption Activity of NO on Iron Oxide-Dispersed Porous Materials
Authors: Kaneko Katsumi , Inouye Katsuya
Published: January 2017

Iron oxide-dispersed activated carbon fibers (ACF), granular activated carbons, zeolites, and silica gels have been prepared in order to develop good adsorbents for NO. The adsorption isotherms of NO on these samples have been measured at 303 K over an NO pressure range up to 80 kPa. The iron oxide-dispersed ACF samples (α- and β-ACF), obtained under the synthetic conditions employed for the preparation of α-FeOOH and β-FeOOH respectively, show very high adsorption activity for NO; their adsorption rates and capacities are much greater than those for untreated activated carbons, zeolites and silica gels. Furthermore, α- and β-ACF are effective in adsorbing NO from a 5 ppm NO/N2 gas mixture, reducing the concentration from 5 ppm to less than 1 ppm at 303 K after just one circulation with a flow velocity of 200 ml/min.
Characterization of Metal-Impregnated Charcoal: Nitrogen Adsorption
Authors: Qadeer Riaz , Hanif Javed , Majeed Abdul
Published: January 2017

Nitrogen adsorption on metal (Ni, Cu, Zn) impregnated charcoal has been carried out at 77 K by the continuous flow method using a Quantasorb sorption system. It was observed that such metal impregnation did not contribute any extra surface area to the charcoal. The values of the surface area, micropore and total pore volumes determined from nitrogen adsorption follow the sequence Ni–charcoal < Cu–charcoal < Zn–charcoal < charcoal. Their behaviour is discussed in terms of the ionic radii of the metal ions concerned. The pore size distribution curves demonstrate the microporous nature of the charcoal, with the micropores contributing significantly to the total pore volume.
Activated Clay as an Adsorbent for Cationic Dyestuffs
Authors: El-Geundi M.S. , Ismail H.M. , Attyia K.M.E.
Published: January 2017

The adsorption of cationic dyestuffs (Basic Blue 69 and Basic Red 22) from aqueous solution by natural and activated clays has been investigated. The maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of BB 69 and BR 22 on to natural clay was 390 mg/g and 365 mg/g, respectively. The natural clay was treated with H2O2 and HCl to enhance its adsorption capacity for dyestuffs. The efficiency of activation with H2O2 was greater by a factor of 23% and 13% in the case of BB 69 and BR 22, respectively, when compared with natural clay. The efficiency of activation with HCl was superior by 30% and 16% in the case of BB 69 and BR 22, respectively, relative to natural clay. The adsorption capacity has been correlated with the pore structure and the surface charge. The results obtained show that the adsorption capacity is independent of the SBET values but depends on the surface charge.
A Study on the Removal of Chromium(VI) from Waste Solutions by Adsorption on to Sawdust in Stirred Vessels
Authors: Zarraa Mahmoud A.
Published: January 2017

The ability of sawdust to adsorb chromium(VI) from waste solutions has been studied in a batch reactor under forced convection conditions. Variables investigated were the rotational speed of the impeller, the initial concentration of chromium(VI) in solution and the weight and particle diameter of the sawdust. Increasing both the rotational speed of the impeller and the initial concentration of chromium(VI) in solution led to an increase in the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (k) according to the relationships k ∝ ω)0.71 and k ∝ C0.26, where ω is the rotational speed of the impeller (rev./min) and C0 is the initial concentration of chromium(VI) in solution (mg/dm3). On the other hand, the volumetric mass transfer coefficient was found to decrease with increasing particle diameter of sawdust (dp) according to the relationship k ∝ dp−0.87. The removal of chromium(VI) was also found to be significantly dependent on the weight of sawdust. Analysis of the equilibrium isotherm data has been undertaken using the Freundlich and Langmuir equations. The maximum adsorption capacity of sawdust for chromium(VI) was found to be 4.44 mg/g.
Thermodynamics of the Adsorption of Cobalt on Lead Dioxide from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Ahmad H. , Afzal M. , Saleem M. , Hasany S.M.
Published: January 2017

The adsorption of cobalt on lead dioxide from aqueous solutions has been optimized with respect to the shaking time, the amount of adsorbent, the pH and the concentration of adsorbate at 293 K. Under such optimum conditions, the adsorption of cobalt on lead dioxide has been studied at different temperatures and the process found to be endothermic with the distribution coefficient (KD) increasing with increasing temperature. The data fitted very well to the Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–adushkevich isotherms, allowing the corresponding constants to be calculated. Values of ΔH0 and ΔS0 were calculated from the slope and intercept of the plots of In KD versus 1/T. The value of ΔG0, which decreased with increasing temperature, showed that the adsorption is more favourable at higher temperatures.
Benzene Hydrogenation Activities of Supported Nickel Catalysts in Relation to Their Chemisorption Properties
Authors: El-Nabarawy Th. , Attia A.A. , Hamada M.A. , Youssef A.M.
Published: January 2017

Samples of nickel on alumina (1.1–10.4 wt.% Ni) were prepared by impregnating alumina in hydrated nickel nitrate. The textural properties of the calcined catalysts have been determined from nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. Calcined catalysts were reduced prior to determination of the chemisorbed benzene at 308 K or chemisorbed hydrogen at 383 K. Hydrogenation of benzene was also determined at 473 K using the flow technique.

The surface area of NiO/Al2O3 catalysts decrease and their mean pore radii increase with an increase in NiO content. These changes are more pronounced for catalysts containing more than 5% metal. Chemisorption of benzene proceeds via the formation of π-bonds with nickel. The chemisorption of hydrogen indicated that the percentage dispersion decreases and the crystallite size increases with an increase in metal loading. Dispersion, crystallite size and metal surface are important factors in determining the activity of supported nickel catalysts for benzene hydrogenation.
Surface and Catalytic Properties of Al2O3, CuO/Al2O3 and ZnO/Al2O3 Systems
Authors: El-Nabarawy Th. , Attia A.A. , Hassan N.A. , Youssef A.M.
Published: January 2017

Pure alumina, CuO/Al2O3 and ZnO/Al2O3 have been calcined in the temperature range 500–1000°C and the phase changes involved followed using DTA and XRD techniques. The surface properties of all the calcination products were determined from the adsorption of nitrogen at 77 K and the chemisorption of pyridine at 423 K. The catalytic conversion of isopropanol on all the thermal products was also investigated.

The surface areas of CuO/Al2O3 and ZnO/Al2O3 decreased while the pore radii increased with increasing calcination temperature from 500°C to 1000°C. CuAl2O4 forms above 800°C while ZnAl2O4 crystallizes at 600°C The acidity of the surface decreased when the calcination temperature was increased above 500°C. The conversion of isopropanol proceeds via dehydration of the alumina catalysts. CuO/Al2O3 and ZnO/Al2O3 surfaces catalyze both the dehydration and dehydrogenation of this alcohol.