bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sharing Tax Information in the 21st Century: Big Data Flows and Taxpayers as Data Subjects
Authors: Cockfield Arthur J.
Published: December 2019

In the last 10 years, governments have initiated several reforms to automatically exchange bulk taxpayer information with other governments (mainly via the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act, the common reporting standard, and country-by-country reporting). This enhanced sharing of tax information has been encouraged both by technological change, including digitization, big data, and data analytics; and by political trends, including governments' efforts to reduce offshore tax evasion and aggressive international tax avoidance. In some cases, however, legal protections for taxpayer privacy and other interests are insufficiently robust for this emerging international sharing framework. Conceptually, taxpayers should be seen as "data subjects" whose rights are proactively protected by data protection laws and policies, including fair information practices. An optimal regime, which would balance the interests of taxpayers against those of tax authorities, should include a multilateral taxpayer bill of rights, a cross-border withholding tax that could be imposed in lieu of information exchange, and a global financial registry that would allow governments to identify the beneficial owners of business and legal entities.
An Analytical Solution Of 1-D Pseudo Homoneneous Model For Oxidation Reaction Using Homotopy Perturbation Method
Authors: Nuryaman Aang
Published: December 2019

In this paper, we propose an analytical solution of convective-diffusion equation that derived from an oxidation reaction in a chemical reactor. Here, concentration of feed gas as dependent variable. In this study, the reaction are assumed to be a one-dimensional pseudo homogeneous model and it is evaluated at a certain reaction rate. By rescaling process, the nonlinear term of the reaction rate can be approximated by a linear term, resulting a linear convective-diffusion equation with an initial condition and a set of boundary conditions. Here, we present an analytic solution of the initial condition and the boundary conditions using the homotopy perturbation method. The results show that at the end of the reactor, the solution is in agreement with numerical solution of the initial and boundary conditions.
Using The Problem Posing Learning Model Based On Open Ended To Improve Mathematical Critical Thinking Ability
Authors: Sapta Andy , Pakpahan Sondang Purnama , Sirait Syahriani
Published: December 2019

The problem of this study is the low student mathematics learning outcomes caused by the lack of critical ability. The purpose of this study is to use the problem posing learning model based on open ended to improve mathematical critical thinking abilities. The population is the second semester of Asahan University students, amounting to 110 people. The sample is obtained using the cluster random sampling method. The study sample was two classes from 3 classes. The implementation of this research by giving use the problem posing learning model based on open ended. Data collection techniques by giving tests to students who are sampled. The research data shows that by applying the use of the problem posing learning model based on open ended to improve athematic critical thinking abilities in participating in probability courses.
Some Vector Valued Sequence Spaces Generated by Musielak- Phy Function Over 2-Normed Spaces
Authors: M Ofie
Published: December 2019

In this work, we introduced some new vector valued sequence spaces over 2-normed spaces using Musielak-Phy function Φ = (𝜑 𝑛 ) . We also studied some properties of these spaces.
Pemilihan Bahasa pada Remaja Etnis Tionghoa di Medan: Kajian Sosiolinguistik
Authors: Vivi Adryani Nasution  , Niza Ayuningtias  , Intan Erwani
Published: December 2019

Pemilihan ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan wujud pemilihan bahasa dan faktor dominan pemilihan bahasa pada remaja etnis Tionghoa di Medan dalam hubungan interetnik. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh masyarakat Tionghoa yang multietnis dan multibahasa. Teori sosiolinguistik dan konsep ranah digunakan sebagai landasan penelitian ini. Ranah penelitan difokuskan pada ranah pendidikan. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode penelitan deskriptif kualitatif. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan metode Sudaryanto. Dan perhitungan data menggunakan rumus Bungin. Responden penelitian berjumlah 70 responden. Hasil penelitian menunjukan wujud pemilihan bahasa ranah pendidikan pada remaja Tionghoa di Medan didominasi oleh bahasa Hokkian dan faktor pemilihan bahasa dominan adalah kesamaan latar belakang budaya partisipan.

 

This research aims to describe the form of language choice and the dominant factor in language choice among Chinese youth in Medan in interethnic relations. This research is motivated by a multiethnic and multilingual Chinese community. Sociolinguistic theory and the concept of the domain were used as the foundation of this research. The research domain is focused on education domain. The research method used descriptive qualitative research methods. The data collection method used the Sudaryanto method. And data calculation using the Bungin formula. Research respondents numbered 70 respondents. The results showed the form of language choice in Chinese teenagers in Medan was dominated by Hokkien language and the dominant language choice factor was the cultural background similaritiy of the participants.
Utilization of Scientific Publication Media to Improve the Quality of Scientific Work
Authors: Aini Qurotul , Handayani Indri , Lestari Fauziyyah Husna Nurdiayanah
Published: December 2019

Abstract

The publication of scientific work is an absolute thing that must be owned and produced by academics at this time. Moreover, when referring to the Minister of Administrative and Bureaucratic Reform (PAN RB) Regulation No. 17 of 2013 and the Minister of Education and Culture Regulation No. 92 of 2004 which states that the increase in the academic level of lecturers requires publication of accredited national scientific journals and journals internationally reputable in their field. In addition to being very important for the performance of lecturers, the publication of scientific papers has become a government regulation through the Director General of Higher Education, which requires S1, S2 and S3 students to make a summary of scientific work published both online and in print as one of the graduation requirements. Seeing this, Raharja College has participated in providing publication media for scientific works, especially in online forms, one of which is iLearning Journal Center (iJC). Until now iLearning Journal Center has overseen 5 (five) journals in it with different scope of research. However, the problems that occur at this time are still a lack of the general public to know especially in the Higher Education environment regarding the iLearning Journal Center (iJC) as a publication media for online scientific work. In this study will be discussed about the steps or methods taken to maximize the use of iLearning Journal Center (iJC) as an online journal publication media to improve the quality and quantity of scientific works. This study uses SWOT analysis method and system design using the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and the applications used in this study by applying the Open Journal System (OJS) which is known as management software and publishing online journals. The results of this study are a governance or management that can be done as a step to maximize the increase of publication of online scientific works for the academic community.

Keywords: iLearning Journal Center (iJC), Scientific Work Publication, Journal Online, Open Journal System (OJS)
THE ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF THE HEAT POWER INDUSTRY OF UKRAINE AND THEIR SOLUTION
Authors: Makarov A.S. , Kosygina I.M.
Published: December 2019

The actual problems of the heat power industry of Ukraine have been analyzed. The technological scheme for the preparation of suspension fuel based on coal and liquid organic waste, with the addition of plasticizers and stabilizers has been proposed. The additives top up in suspensions to reduce viscosity and resistance ones, as well as to provide aggregative and sedimentation stability at high concentrations of solids in the systems. This technology makes possibility not only to utilize waste products containing organic substances, but also to reduce the amount of harmful substances generated during the combustion of various fuel types. Ref. 12, Fig. 1, Tab. 2.
Efecto de reprocesos de fundición e inyección en la microestructura y las propiedades mecánicas de aleaciones Zamak
Authors: Isaza Merino César , Querubín Mejía Edwin , Gómez Zapata Adrián
Published: December 2019

En este trabajo se estudió el efecto que tiene el proceso de fundición e inyección en la microestructura y las propiedades mecánicas de una aleación metálica no ferrosa base zinc–aluminio (Zn-Al) conocida como Zamak. Los análisis se realizaron sobre muestras obtenidas de un lingote en estado de entrega, es decir, tal como llega de los proveedores al proceso productivo de fundición e inyección de piezas de bisutería; y sobre muestras extraídas de un lingote fabricado con una mezcla de material nuevo (70% de la muestra inicial) y material reciclado (30%) proveniente de los rebordes y excedentes de los procesos de fundición e inyección de las mismas piezas de bisutería. Mediante ensayos de metalografía se comprobó que, tanto las muestras iniciales como las secundarias, contienen microestructuras formadas por una fase de solución sólida y una fase eutéctica en diferentes proporciones. Además, se observó que el crecimiento de precipitados en la muestra secundaria, indica que hubo un refinamiento o redistribución de la estructura conformada por granos de fase sólida, los cuales se tornaron en formas más redondeadas y abundantes en la muestra. Por medio de difracción de rayos X, no se evidenció la formación de nuevas fases en la muestra secundaria. Para la cuantificación de las propiedades mecánicas se recurrió a ensayos de nanoindentación, macrodureza y ensayos de tensión, cuyos resultados mostraron un ligero cambio en las propiedades mecánicas, que para el proceso productivo de fundición y conformado volumétrico por inyección, no representan una contribución muy significativa en piezas con las mismas especificaciones fabricadas con ambos tipos de materiales. Por tal razón, el reprocesado de material en el proceso productivo de muestras para bisutería es una alternativa importante para el aumento de la productividad y la reducción de costos en la manufactura por fundición e inyección de este tipo de piezas.
Una alternativa para la producción de superficies de doble curvatura en láminas de fibrocemento a través de mecanizado de tres ejes
Authors: Isaza Escobar Ramiro Antonio , Paramo Velasquez Camilo Andres , Oviedo Sierra Felipe , Ripoll de la Barrera Hugo Fernando
Published: December 2019

El presente trabajo describe el proceso y resultados del mecanizado de un material compuesto de matriz de cemento reforzado con Sílice y fibras naturales, comercialmente conocido como fibrocemento. El mecanizado se realizó en una lámina comercial de 10 mm de espesor, a partir de una superficie de doble curvatura en un centro de mecanizado ROLAND - MDX 40A, por medio de un proceso de desbaste y posterior acabado en 3 ejes, con el uso de herramientas de corte comerciales de carburo de tungsteno. Para la obtención de la geometría, se utilizó Rhinoceros 5 con el complemento Grasshopper para la parametrización del modelo y RhinoCAM para la generación de los códigos G que permitieron ejecutar los procesos de mecanizado. La geometría parametrizada en la lámina partió de un módulo de un paraboloide Hiperbólico, el cual tomaba sus dimensiones, según las medidas de la placa en su largo, ancho y profundidad y el número de veces que el usuario deseaba replicar en un patrón rectangular este módulo. El proceso de mecanizado se realizó sin refrigeración y con herramientas de corte estándar, por lo que la velocidad de avance, profundidad de corte y avance de la herramienta se ajustaron a parámetros mínimos que permitieron conservar la vida útil de la herramienta y el cuidado del equipo durante los procesos de mecanizado y así obtener un acabado superficial aceptable, esto tuvo como consecuencia, un tiempo lento los procesos, los cuales podrían ser optimizados utilizando sistemas de refrigeración o herramientas especializadas en el mecanizado de materiales cerámicos. La técnica de manufactura empleada en este material y desarrollada en este trabajo, puede ser aplicada en la fabricación de piezas con volúmenes bajos de producción o elementos especializados, en sectores tales como la Ingeniería y manufactura, el sector Eléctrico, la industria de la construcción y arquitectura, el arte y diseño y la fabricación de Mobiliario.
Sistema SENNOVA: Investigación, Innovación y Desarrollo Tecnológico al servicio de Colombia
Authors: Areiza Rico Yuliana Andrea
Published: December 2019

Más allá de los programas de formación, de iniciativas como Fondo Emprender, y los cursos a la medida de las necesidades de los usuarios, el SENA está apostando por soportar el trabajo colaborativo y articulado con los diferentes actores del ecosistema de ciencia, tecnología e innovación (CTeI), como escenario de competitividad y productividad local, regional y nacional, a partir del cierre de brechas de talento humano, dotación de infraestructura y gestión de recursos desde los centros a través de su Sistema de innovación, desarrollo e innovación SENNOVA
Intellectual Property and Medical Innovation Research Utilization at the Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University
Authors: Theplawan Suwitcha , Kitiyakara Chagriya
Published: December 2019

Background:  In order to increase the potential use of intellectual property innovations of the Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, it is necessary to know the intellectual property information and utilization. In the past, there has been no systematic study to be used as a guide to leverage intellectual property for social and commercial purposes. Currently, there is no clear information to improve operations and support.

Objectives: To study the number of intellectual property and their utilization in the Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University.

Methods: This retrospective study was conducted between the academic year 2007 to 2018 by using secondary data of intellectual property for data collection and analysis. The numbers of intellectual property were categorized by year, type of intellectual property and type of utilization. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results: There were 146 intellectual properties including 52 petty patents (35.62%), 1 invention (0.69%), 9 product designs (6.16%) and 84 copyrights (57.53%), whereas 25 pending process of patents. The utilization of intellectual property was 51.72% for use for social purposes, 36.55% for academic use, and only 11.73% for commercial use.

Conclusions: The utilization of intellectual property at the Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University was mainly for academic and community uses. Use for commercial purposes was relatively low but there is potential for application provided that inventors receive suitable encouragement and have intellectual property knowledge to develop innovations that lead to concrete use.
Proliferative Myositis: A Comprehensive Review of 33 Case Reports
Authors: Trerattanavong Pannawat , Suriyonplengsaeng Chinnawut , Waisayarat Jariya
Published: December 2019

Proliferative myositis, a rare reactive intramuscular myofibroblastic proliferation, is not well recognized in clinical practice. It overgrows within a few weeks and expands the space between the muscle causing infiltrative-like border mimicking sarcoma. Knowledge of the natural history and pathology of proliferative myositis is essential in order to prevent misdiagnosis and unnecessary surgical resection. Thirty-three reported cases of proliferative myositis in PubMed and Web of Science databases from 2000 to 2018 had been reviewed with the main emphasis in clinical presentation, radiological and pathological findings, treatment, and prognosis. Both males (19 cases) and females (14 cases), predominantly the middle-aged and senior adults, were affected. Upper extremity and shoulder girdle were commonly involved. The chief complaint varied from either painful or painless mass. The traumatic injury was reported as a significant predisposing factor. The lesion typically proliferated and separated muscle bundle. Ultrasonography of the lesion revealed a characteristic “checkerboard pattern” on transverse view. The definite diagnosis was based on the demonstration of spindle-shaped fibroblast/myofibroblast admixed with giant ganglion-like cells in the biopsy. Immunohistochemistry may be useful diagnostic tool when the histopathology was inconclusive. Misdiagnosis of sarcoma occurred due to its rapid growth and infiltrative-like border. Watchful management without surgery was sufficient because of the potential for spontaneous regression. Thoroughly clinical examination and appropriate investigations, including imaging and histopathology, are crucial.
D. H. Lawrence's Expressionist Approach to Tragedy: An Analysis of Touch and Go
Authors: VURMAY M. Ayça
Published: December 2019

D. H. Lawrence trajedi kavramına olumlu olarak yaklaşır ve yıkıcı ve olumsuz bakışı eleştirir. Lawrence trajedinin maddeci bir varoluş içinde insan ruhunun yeniden doğuşunu sağlamak için çabalayan dirençli, yaratıcı irade yoluyla üstesinden gelinebileceğini düşünür. Lawrence modernizmin trajedisini, emekle sermayenin, eskiyle yeninin, cinsiyetlerin çatışması ile aşk, sanayileşme ve savaşın trajedileri gibi içiçe girmiş birçok çatışma türünü irdeleyerek dramatize eder. Ancak, her bir çatışma türünde onun modernliğin trajedisine olumlu bakışı gözlemlenebilir. Lawrence'ın toplumda ütopyacı bir reformasyon isteğini modernist trajediye bir çare olarak sunduğu öne sürülebilir. Touch and Go oyunu Lawrence'ın trajediye tepkisini/direncini yaratıcı ve dışavurumcu bir biçimde açıklar. Bu makale Touch and Go oyununun Lawrence'ın modernizmin ve sanayileşmenin “meçhul” durumuna dışavurumcu direniş yoluyla meydan okuma düşüncesini açıkladığını ileri sürer. Oyun, Lawrence'ın “karmaşa” ve “sanat” olarak adlandırdığı, olumsuz ve olumlu trajedi kavramlarını ifade eden, trajik olana zıt bakışların tartışmasını ve çatışmasını barındırır. Maden işçileriyle sahiplerinin çatışması oyunda ele alınan başlıca trajedi kaynağı olmakla birlikte, dışavurumcu direnişle üstesinden gelinebileceği metinde önerilir. İnsanlıktan yoksun ve kısıtlayıcı bir toplumda yeni bir benlik ya da düzen arayışı oyunun merkezinde yer alır. İnsanlıktan çıkma kavramı dışavurumcu bir biçimde, grotesk unsurların kullanılması, alegorik kişiler ve basmakalıp bir dil kullanımı aracılığıyla sanayi çatışmasının bir karmaşa olduğu düşüncesini pekiştirir. Oyunda, ayrıca, sanatsal eylem ve unsurlar dışavurumcu niteliğe sahip olarak, trajedinin panzehiri işlevine sahiptir.
Buddhist Eser Cātaka'daki Anlatıların Hint Kültürüne Etkisi ve Alegorik Yolla Görsel Yansımaları
Authors: KÖKDEMİR Esra
Published: December 2019

Buddhizm'in merkezinde yer alan Buddha, yaşamı boyunca Hindistan'da bulunmuş, bu toprakları gezmiş ve öğretisini de yine ilk olarak bu kıtanın topraklarında aktarmıştır. Buddha'nın anlatmak ve öğretmek istediği bu felsefe, bu çalışmanın ana konusu olan Cātaka metni içinde geçen öykülerde yer almaktadır. Buddha, aydınlanmaya erişmeden önce bir Bodhisatta olarak yaşadığı olaylar bu eserde işlenmiştir. 547 anlatıdan oluşan bu eserde Bodhisatta'nın çeşitli formlarda bedenlendiği görülmektedir. Bu anlatılar içinde işlenen en önemli unsur ise, mesleği, kastı, dini ne olursa olsun Bodhisatta'nın her zaman yön gösterici, ahlâki değerlere önem veren ve doğruyu bilen biri olarak gösterilmesidir. Buddha hangi formda bedenlenmiş olursa olsun, öyküler Buddhist öğretiyi yaymayı amaçlamıştır. Bu nedenle Buddhizm'i yaymak bir amaç, öyküler ise bir araç niteliğindedir. Eserde anlatılan öykülerin Buddha'nın yaşamından izler taşıdığı düşünüldüğü için, Buddha'nın hayatı ele alınarak Cātaka anlatıları ile benzerlikleri tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra, bu çalışmada bu anlatıların Hint kültürüne hem edebi açıdan hem de alegorik yolla görsel yansımaları araştırılmıştır.
Üç Tema Üzerinden Niyazi Berkes Sosyolojisi: Toplumsal Yapı, Çağdaşlaşma ve Aydınlar
Authors: SÜMER Mustafa Doğacan
Published: December 2019

Bu çalışmanın amacı Türk düşünce dünyasının en üretken isimlerinden biri olan Niyazi Berkes'in sosyolojisini tarihsel bir bağlam içerisinde ele almaktır. Türk sosyolojisinin kurumsallaşması ve gelişimi açısından önemli akademik müdahalelerde bulunan Niyazi Berkes'in sosyoloji alanındaki üretimlerini üç tema altında sınıflandırmak mümkündür: toplumsal yapı, çağdaşlaşma ve aydınlar. Bu çalışmada üç temaya yönelik çözümlemeleri yorumlanacak ve çözümlemelerinin Türkiye'deki sosyal bilim pratiğindeki yeri anlaşılmaya çalışılacaktır.
Göç Araştırmaları Alanında Kavramsal Sorunlar ve Etik/Politik Sorumluluk
Authors: ERBAŞ Hayriye , ALİOĞLU TÜRKER Özlem
Published: December 2019

Giderek değişen türleri ile göç, günümüzde tüm dünyayı etkileyen bir olgu halini almıştır. Özellikle uluslararası göçün yaygınlığı ve kitleselliği artık ülkelerin en önemli gündem maddesi olmaya başlamış ve ülkeler arasındaki ilişkileri etkileyen politik bir alana dönüşmüştür. Önceki dönemlerden farklı olarak yalnızca azgelişmiş ülkelerden gelişmiş ülkelere değil; kitleselleşen ve çeşitlenen hali ile azgelişmiş ülkeden azgelişmiş ülkeye yöneliş boyutu da sürece eklenmiştir. Bu dönüşümde insanların planlayarak göç etmesi değil “kaçarak” ya da “kaçmak durumunda kalarak” yaşadığı yeri terk etmek durumunda bırakılması ile birlikte gelişmiş Kuzey ülkelerinin sınırlarını yükseltmesi de etkili olmuştur. Böylesine önemli bir konuda hem evrensel bilim anlayışı ile uluslararası bilim camiasını izleme ve alana katkıda bulunma hem de göç alan bir ülkede yaşıyor olmanın verdiği sorumluluğu taşıyarak alanda araştırma yapma ve katkı sunma araştırmacılara son derece önemli etik/politik sorumluluklar yüklemektedir. Bu sorumluluğun yükünü omuzlarında taşımanın verdiği duyarlılık ile alana bakıldığında ilk dikkat çeken konu alandaki kavramsal sorunlarıdır. Bu sorun özellikle politik, bürokratik ve bazı bakımlardan akademik olarak kitlesel göçe hazırlıksız yakalanan Türkiye için daha da belirgindir. Bu durumda uluslararası göç ve göçmenlik konusu daha da hassaslaşmakta ve kavram seçiminin kendi başına bir çaba gerektirdiği ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu çaba bilim insanı sorumluluğu ile yanlı kavramlar yerine “tarafsız” kavramların kullanılması ve yoksa “üretilmesi” anlamını taşımaktadır. Bu yazıda böylesine bir sorumluluk bilinci taşıyarak alandaki kavramsal karmaşayı örnekleme adına belli kavramlar üzerinden sorun ele alınmaya çalışılacaktır. Seçilmiş kavramlar üzerinden kavramsal sorunların nedenlerini ve kavramsal tartışmaları içeren bu çalışmada amaçlanan, göç alanında kullanılan kavramların hassaslığını göstererek farkındalık yaratabilmek ve göç konusundaki diğer kavramlar için de kullanılabilecek bir çerçeve sunabilmektir.
Assessment of the insecticidal property of the pepper Capsicum annuum extracts on the larval stages of the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).
Authors: B Merabti , I Lebbouz , I Nouioui , H Aissaoui , ML Ouakid
Published: December 2019

The aqueous fruit extracts of the pepper Capsicum annuum L. (Solanales: Solanceae) were tested against the four larval stages of the tomato leafminer (TLM) Tuta absoluta Povolny (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Random samplings were made from two greenhouses of Biskra, in the Southeast of Algeria. About 750 to 800 plants of the Sahara variety of tomatoes were planted in both greenhouses. In the laboratory, conditions with temperature, relative humidity (RH) and the photoperiod were 25° to 30°C, from 50% to 60% and 16L: 8D, respectively. A breeding of our species in the laboratory was made during six months of the study. For the toxicological assessments, three concentrations were chosen; 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L and 200 mg/L of the extracts. The results revealed that the extracts of C. annuum were very effective against the larvae of T. absoluta. After 24 h post-treatment, the mortality was less than 25% compared to that after 48h and 72h post-treatment which exceeded 50%. There was a non-significant difference in mortality rates between the four larval stages (F3, 140 = 1.12; P = 0.344). In contrast, highly significant differences existed between the time of exposure (F2, 141 = 26.2; P = 0.001) and the concentrations under study (F3, 140 = 59.6; P = 0.001).

J. bio-sci. 26: 25-30, 2018
Optimization of polyphenols extraction from cocoa bean shell using factorial design.
Authors: Avilés MFQ , Barragán A , Hernández J , Chóez-Guaranda I , Viteri R , Aguaguiña K , Manzano P
Published: December 2019

This investigation aims to establish the optimum parameters to extract polyphenols from cocoa bean shell (CBS). Time, solvent and method of extraction were considered as factors and Total Content of Polyphenols (TCP) expressed as Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE) was selected as the response. Results showed that using factorial design the optimum conditions were water in reflux during 5 minutes (262.76 ± 20.66 mg GAE/ 100 g). This revealed that CBS represent a high potential of use in food industry, principally in the field of functional food development.

J. bio-sci. 26: 49-54, 2018
US policy of economic sanctions against Cuba in 1990s years
Authors: Sedliar Yulia
Published: December 2019

The US economic embargo against Cuba has been in place for fifty years. During that period, its rationale and goals have not changed. As it is stressed in the article, principal purpose of the US sanctions strategy is either to modify the international behavior of Cuba, which Washington regarded as a threat to US strategic interests in the Latin America region, or to eliminate the Cuban political regime entirely. Measured
against these goals, the sanctions clearly have failed. Author examines key factors having restricted sanctions’ ability to achieve American proclaimed goals regarding to Cuba. In this context, it is underscored that controversial maintenance of the US embargo against Cuba among US allies directly affected the results of
sanctions strategy against Cuba.
It is stressed that since the early 1960s, when the United States imposed a trade embargo on Cuba, the centerpiece of U.S. policy toward Cuba has consisted of economic sanctions aimed at isolating the government. The United States embargo against Cuba is a commercial, economic, and financial embargo imposed by the United States on Cuba. An embargo was first imposed by the United States on sale of arms to Cuba on the 14th of March 1958, during the Fulgencio Batista regime.
On October 19, 1960 the U.S. placed an embargo on exports to Cuba except for food and medicine after Cuba nationalized American-owned Cuban oil refineries without compensation. On February 7, 1962 the embargo was extended to include almost all imports.
Currently, the Cuban embargo is enforced mainly through six statutes: the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917, the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, the Cuban Assets Control Regulations of 1963, the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992, the Helms–Burton Act 1996, and the Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000.
The stated purpose of the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 is to maintain sanctions on Cuba so long as the Cuban government refuses to move toward democratization and greater respect for human rights.
The article emphasizes that The Helms–Burton Act further restricted United States citizens from doing business in or with Cuba, and mandated restrictions on giving public or private assistance to any successor government in Havana unless and until certain claims against the Cuban government were met.
Complexities and prospects euro-atlantic policy L. D. Kuchma
Authors: Vitrak Maxim
Published: December 2019

The article examines the Euro-Atlantic direction of Ukraine's foreign policy during Leonid Kuchma's tenure as President of Ukraine (1994-2004) and the peculiarities of the foreign policy "multi-vector". The historiography and the source base of the article are analyzed.
The author of the article examines the evolution of foreign policy of L.D. Kuchma on the Euro-Atlantic direction. A brief analysis of the priorities of Leonid Kuchma's foreign policy is made. The author emphasizes on those cautious steps in foreign policy that Leonid Kuchma took to preserve Ukraine's sovereignty while maneuvering between such centers of geopolitical gravity as Russia, the EU and the United States of America. The influence of international factors on the process of Ukrainian state-building was noted, the main problems and peculiarities of Ukraine's becoming a subject of international relations were analyzed. In the article the author expresses his own belief that the personality of Leonid Kuchma played a significant role both in the achievements of Ukrainian diplomacy on the path of Euro-Atlantic integration and in failures along the way. Analyzing Leonid Kuchma's Euro-Atlantic strategy, the author concludes that even profile experts, especially those who criticize Kuchma's actions, do not fully understand the position of international partners, in particular, the economic and political pressure exerted by the governments of the United States of America., The European Union and the Russian Federation for the activities of the second President of Ukraine, and the existence of political arrangements, which have been reported recently in open sources,
are not always taken into account. These factors were taken into account by the author of the article. It is argued that multi-vector politics have become a landmark in Ukrainian history. Studying this aspect of Ukraine's foreign policy will be useful and interesting for a wide range of specialists, a source for understanding the root causes of many contemporary problems in Ukraine.
The 2019 NATO Summit on NATO Leaders and Expectations for Ukraine
Authors: Turianitsia Inna
Published: December 2019

Ukraine's accession to NATO has been and remains one of the priorities of our country's foreign policy, its strategic goal. Since independence, Ukraine has been moving towards joining NATO, but this movement has been slow and sometimes declarative compared to other neighboring countries. At present, the transformation of NATO's views in Ukrainian society is rapidly turning into a positive side, and membership in this organization is regarded as a pledge to realize the national interests of the country. The great positive is that on February 7, the Verkhovna Rada adopted a law on the constitution of Ukraine's strategic course for membership in the European Union and NATO. The recent visit of the North Atlantic Council to Ukraine, as well as the 2019 London Summit, have been of particular interest, primarily because of the prospect of NATO enlargement in the coming years. There is every reason to believe that the transition to enhanced
partnership programs will take place in the near future. And, of course, we should take the most serious steps to improve Ukraine's political system, de-oligarchization, fight against corruption and other urgent tasks of building a civil society and a full-fledged democratic order that will fulfill the political criteria of membership in the Alliance. And, ultimately, it will create the right conditions for security in the face of the challenges of the modern world. The next Alliance Summit will be held on December 3-4, 2019 in London to commemorate NATO's 70th anniversary. For Ukraine, an event such as the NATO Summit should theoretically be an opportunity to declare its Euro-Atlantic aspirations, with the likelihood of making any statements and making demarches in this regard. At the moment, it is important for Ukraine, prior to the start of the dialogue on the submission of the NATO Membership Action Plan, to demonstrate to NATO member
countries progress in meeting the criteria for NATO membership and to understand the prospects of NATO enlargement in the coming years.
Concepts and idea of "nation" in the ukrainian social and political movement at the end of the XIX - early of the XX century
Authors: Cherniavska Catherine
Published: December 2019

The article discusses the key aspects of the concept of "nation" and "nationalism" that have emerged in Ukrainian socio-political thought of the modern era. The ideas of Ukrainian statehood were quite actively developed in the environment of the Ukrainian intelligentsia at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries and subsequently reflected in the programs of Ukrainian political parties in different directions.
The political works of M. Mikhnovsky and S. Hrushevsky, as the founders of the Ukrainian political doctrine, are analyzed, their views on the establishment of statehood on the Ukrainian lands are compared and the main differences of their vision of the future destiny of the Ukrainian people are revealed.
Along with the federalist vision of the future of the Ukrainian state, there is another direction - independent. In the early twentieth century. a new ideological doctrine - nationalism - is beginning to emerge.
The experience of Ukrainian nationalism is in many respects unique, since this ideological doctrine will appear on the territory of our country quite late, in comparison with other European countries, actively combined with various forms of Marxism, and in the end, did not ensure the formation of a nation-state.
The relevance of this topic is that the problem of the formation of state-building ideas in Ukrainian sociopolitical thought of the late XIX - early XX centuries. was important for outlining the national and political orientations of the Ukrainian people, which greatly influenced the course and results of the revolution and civil war of 1917 - 1921 in Ukraine.
The purpose of the article is to analyze and contrast two alternative models of Ukrainian statehood that belonged to the leading political figures - M. Hrushevsky and M. Mikhnovsky and to determine the role and meaning of the ideas of "nation" and "nationalism" in their concepts.
Antrenman Yükü
Authors: Akyıldız Zeki
Published: December 2019

Antrenman yükünün takibi takım
sporcularında ve bireysel sporcularda antrenmanın dozunu ayarlayabilmek,
oyuncuların sakatlık riskini azaltabilmek ve performanslarını artırabilmek
içindir. Antrenmanlarda ve müsabakalarda elde edilen antrenman yükü verileri
çeşitli yazılım, donanım ve formüllerle hesaplanarak oyuncuların
antrenmanlarına yön verilmesini kolaylaştırmaktadır. Günümüz spor dünyasındaki
oyun temposunun yüksekliği nedeniyle oyuncuların bu tempoya ayak uydurmalarının
sağlanabilmesi için antrenman şiddetlerinin oyun temposuna yakın olması
sağlanmaktadır. Takım sporlarında ligin durumu düşünüldüğünde her hafta sonu
müsabaka yapılması, oyuncuların yeterli toparlanamaması, hafta içerisindeki
antrenmanlarda hafta sonu yapılacak olan müsabakaya hazır olma isteği sonucu
ani antrenman yükünün yükseltilmesi oyuncuların sakatlık risklerini
artırmaktadır. Antrenman yükünün takibi de oyuncuların performanslarını optimum
seviyeye getirebilmek için, minimum maliyetten maksimum maliyete kadar çeşitli
yelpazede kullanabilen yöntemleri içermektedir. Günümüz spor dünyasında
oyuncuların sakatlıkla yüzleşmeden önce atletik performans parametrelerini
optimum seviyeye getirmesi gereklidir. Spor bilimciler, kuvvet kondisyon
koçları ve atletik performans antrenörleri sakatlık öncesi performansı optimum
düzeye getirmeye çalışırken sakatlığı da önleyebilmek için antrenman yüklerini
takip etmektedir. Çünkü oyuncuların sakatlık durumlarında oyuncu psikolojik
olarak negatif etkilenirken, kulüplerde ekonomik olarak negatif
etkilenmektedir. Bu derleme spor bilimciler, kondisyon koçları ve performans
antrenörlerinin takımlar ve bireysel oyuncularda sakatlıktan uzak optimum
performans seviyelerini sağlayabilmek için antrenman yükü ile ilgili teorik ve
pratik bilgiler vermek amacıyla hazırlanmıştır.
Doğa Sporları Yapanların Temel Psikolojik İhtiyaçlarının Zihinsel Dayanıklılığa Etkisi
Authors: Kılınç Zühal , Gürer Burak
Published: December 2019

Bu çalışmada, doğa
sporları ile uğraşan yapan sporcuların temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlarının zihinsel
dayanıklılığına olan etkisinin ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada,
Sheard, Golby ve Van Wersch (2009) tarafından geliştirilmiş olan ve Türkçe'ye
uyarlaması Altıntaş ve Bayar Koruç (2016) tarafından yapılan sporda “Zihinsel
Dayanıklılık Ölçeği” ve doğa sporcularının temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlarını
belirlenmek amacıyla Deci ve Ryan (2000) tarafından geliştirilen ve Kesici,
Üre, Bozgeyikli ve Sünbül (2003) tarafından Türkçe’ye uyarlanan “Temel
Psikolojik İhtiyaçlar” ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Verilerin incelenmesinde
Independent samples t testi ve Tek yönlü (One way) Anova testi kullanılmıştır.
Sonuçta cinsiyet, yaş ve yapılan doğa sporu türüne göre anlamlı farklara
ulaşılmıştır. İstatistiksel olarak deneyimin bir etkisi olmadığı sonucu
görülmüştür. Temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlar ile zihinsel dayanıklılık arasında
pozitif yönde orta düzeyde bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Buna göre, çok güçlü
olmasa da temel psikolojik ihtiyaçların karşılaması zihinsel dayanıklılığı
olumlu yönde etkilediği söylenebilir. Zihinsel becerileri arttırıcı etkinlikler
yaparak psikolojik olarak ihtiyaçların karşılanacağı bir ortamlarda zaman
geçirilmesi önerilmektedir.
Взаємозв’язки між народовладдям, парламентаризмом та верховенством права: європейські стандарти і сучасні українські реалії
Authors: КОЗЮБРА МИКОЛА
Published: December 2019

На основі аналізу сучасної вітчизняної конституційної та законодавчої практики й зарубіжного досвіду розкриті нерозривні взаємозв’язки між народовладдям, народним суверенітетом і такими спорідненими з ними поняттями, як державна влада, парламентаризм та верховенство права. У цьому контексті піддані критичній оцінці законопроєкти нової української влади щодо внесення змін до Конституції України. Спираючись на європейські й міжнародні стандарти та практику конституційного регулювання взаємозв’язків народовладдя і парламентаризму в зарубіжних країнах, автор обґрунтовує невідповідність (неузгодженість) низки запро понованих новою владою змін до Основного Закону України принципу верховенства права, зокрема таким його фундаментальним складовим, як вимоги збалансованості безпосередньої і представницької демократії та юридичної визначеності.
Відстоюється думка про те, що народ як носій суверенітету і єдине джерело влади в Україні підпорядкований принципу верховенства права і будь-яке його рішення має прийматися у суворій відповідності з його вимогами, зокрема принципами і нормами Конституції України.
У зв’язку з цим спеціальна увага приділяється необхідності професійно-зваженого і відповідального ставлення до внесення змін до Основного Закону України. Не заперечуючи певних вад його тексту та можливості (доцільності) їх усунення, водночас акцентується увага на тому, що Конституція України акумулює всі основні цінності конституціоналізму, нагромаджені за багатовіковий період його розвитку. Тому намагання кожної нової влади підлаштувати її текст під власне бачення є нічим іншим як проявами, з одного боку, конституційного ідеалізму, тобто схильності до приписування конституційним нововведенням здатності радикально змінювати ситуацію в країні безвідносно до готовності суспільства загалом та особливо політичних еліт до таких змін, а з другого – традиційного, на жаль, для них конституційного нігілізму – неповажного ставлення до права, закону й Конституції України.
Незважаючи на, здавалося б, їх різновекторну спрямованість, – це сторони “однієї медалі” – дефіциту політичної і правової культури, деформованої правосвідомості і непрофесіоналізму, який часом межує з дилетантством.
Доктрина верховенства права Європейського Союзу: національний аспект (позиція конституційних судів окремих держав – членів ЄС)
Authors: ДОВГАНЬ ГАЛИНА
Published: December 2019

Сприйняття доктрини верховенства права Європейського Союзу (ЄС) у державах-членах не є однаковим. Співіснування правової системи ЄС і національної правової системи на практиці зумовлює виникнення численних правових колізій. Серед іншого, це стосується співвідношення різних правових актів ЄС та національного законодавства.
Тоді як Європейський Суд Справедливості послідовно розвиває доктрину верховенства права ЄС, конституційні та верховні суди багатьох держав – членів ЄС відстоюють верховенство конституції у національному правопорядку. Це зумовлює потенційний конфлікт між Європейським Судом Справедливості та конституційними судами.
Метою статті є аналіз позицій окремих конституційних судів держав – членів ЄС щодо сприйняття на національному рівні доктрини верховенства права ЄС. Основні положення рішень деяких конституційних судів наведено в авторському перекладі з англійської та польської мов.
Європейський Суд Справедливості дотримується моністичної концепції співвідношення права ЄС та права держав – членів ЄС. Його позиція є однозначною: абсолютний пріоритет права ЄС над усіма без винятку національними нормами для забезпечення єдності та ефективності права ЄС. Такий підхід зумовив навіть необхідність внесення змін до деяких конституцій держав – членів ЄС.
Прагнучи забезпечити верховенство конституції у національному правопорядку, все більше конституційних судів встановлюють межі дії права ЄС. У такий спосіб вони демонструють те, що у національному аспекті доктрина верховенства права ЄС має обмежений характер: право ЄС не має пріоритету щодо всіх джерел національного права. До меж дії права ЄС у національному правопорядку більшість конституційних судів відносять: права людини, компетенцію ЄС (ultra vires review) і конституційну ідентичність держави.
Групу національних судів, які послідовно дотримуються позиції про обмежений обсяг верховенства права ЄС, очолює Федеральний Конституційний Суд Федеративної Республіки Німеччина, який є найбільшим опонентом Європейського Суду Справедливості щодо тлумачення доктрини верховенства права ЄС.
Більшість конституційних судів, на відміну від Європейського Суду Справедливості, основу для доктрини верховенства права ЄС вбачають у положеннях національних конституцій, які дозволяють передачу частини компетенції органів державної влади на наднаціональний рівень, а не у положеннях установчих договорів ЄС.
Концепт мультикультуралізму крізь призму проблеми забезпечення прав національних меншин
Authors: ПАНКЕВИЧ ОЛЕГ
Published: December 2019

Усталене розуміння поняття “народовладдя” як належності всієї повно ти влади в межах території держави народові нині вже вимагає, як видається, врахування викликів глобалізації та масової міграції. Глобалізація, яка сприяє розмиванню етнокультурної ідентичності, загалом не знищує етнічного чинника, не спричиняє повної уніфікації соціокультурної сфери. Одним із перспективних варіантів забезпечення міжкультурного діалогу, вирішення правових протиріч та досягнення взаєморозуміння в умовах подекуди вимушеного співіснування носіїв різноманітних етнокультурних ментальностей, є ідея та політико-правова концепція мультикультуралізму.
Метою статті є філософсько-правовий і загальнотеоретичний аналіз природи та різновидів мультикультуралізму крізь призму проблеми забезпечення прав національних меншин.
Важливим практичним моментом є загальна спрямованість комунітаризму на захист прав етнічних, конфесійних та інших меншин, що до певної міри зближує комунітаризм із мультикультуралізмом. Водночас еволюція позиції частини лібералів від неприйняття до схвалення правової політики мультикультуралізму є результатом впливу комунітарної парадигми та наочним доказом синтезу й конвергенції обох філософських напрямів і появи нового концептуально модифікованого політико-правового “гібриду” – ліберального комунітаризму.
Наголошено на тому, що за аналогією із “сімейством лібералізмів” можна вести мову про “сімейство мультикультуралізмів”, маючи на увазі неможливість (а ймовірно, й недоцільність) створення єдиної для всього глобального соціуму концепції мультикультуралізму. Як діахронно, так і географічно соціальні відмінності можуть бути дуже суттєвими. Мультикультуралізм як політико-правова концепція і як правова політика може бути ефективним лише щодо конкретної держави в конкретно-історичних умовах. У зв’язку з цим надзвичайно важливим є питання щодо вибору тієї чи іншої моделі, або ж навіть унікального локального варіанта мультикультуралізму.
Поняття мультикультуралізму не може використовуватися для опису емпіричної соціальної реальності відокремлено від нормативного підходу. Розрізнення дескриптивного/нормативного у мультикультуралізмі є вираженням класичної дихотомії сущого/належного, яка є однією з базових категоріальних пар для філософії права та моралі. Схематично аналізовану категорію можна означити 1) як ідею (належ не, повинне) і 2) як втілення цієї ідеї (суще). Отже, є ідея “мультикультуралізму” і, відповідно, є соціальна реальність, яка до певної міри є втіленням цієї ідеї в життя. Під таким кутом зору про дескриптивний підхід варто говорити лише у контексті втілення нормативного підходу, але жодним чином не окремо чи навіть у сукупності з останнім. Зі свого боку необхідність уваги до нормативних аспектів мультикультуралізму, до “правового мультикультуралізму” викликає потребу спеціальних досліджень у межах правничих дисциплін, насамперед – філософії права.
Hyman Minsky’nin Analizinde Açık Sistem Ontolojisi
Authors: SOYLU Fatma Esra , ARDA ÖZALP Leyla Firuze , ÖZALP Hüseyin
Published: December 2019

Bu çalışmanın amacı, “açık sistem” ontolojisinin iktisat bilimi için gerekliliği savından hareketle, Hyman Minsky’ninfinansal istikrarsızlıklara dair fikirlerinin “açık sistem” ontolojisi ile tutarlı olduğunu savunmaktır. Minsky, kapitalist ekonomilerin yaşadıkları krizleri, “beklenmedik bir şok” veya “dışsal unsurlara dayalı bir dengesizlik” şeklinde ele alan ana akımdan sıyrılan ve ayrıca krizleri ortaya çıkaran temel mekanizmayı da sistemin içsel işleyişinde arayan bir iktisatçıdır. Minsky çalışmalarının çoğunda, geçen yüzyılda yaşanan büyük kriz ve buhran sonrasında uygulamaya konan denetimlerin, kâr motifi ile hareket eden finansal kurumların gerçekleştirdiği finansal yeniliklerce ihlal edilmesi üzerine yazmıştır ve benzer bir krizin tekrar yaşanacağına işaret etmiştir. 2008 yılında yaşanan ABD kaynaklı krizden sonra tekrar gündeme gelen Minsky’nin finansal istikrarsızlık hipotezi, John Maynard Keynes ve Joseph Alois Schumpeter gibi iki önemli iktisatçının güçlü vizyonlarının bir sentezidir denebilir. Günümüz “finansallaşma” dönemini evrimci bir perspektiften ele alan Minsky’nin inceleneceği bu çalışmayı diğerlerindenayıran unsur ise günümüz kapitalist sisteminin aldığı biçimi ve yaşadığı istikrarsızlıkları anlama yolunda “açık sistem” ontolojisinin zaruri bir vizyon olduğu ve Minsky’nin bu vizyona sahip olduğudur
Difficulties in The Acquisition and Use of English Articles among Adult Pashto Learners
Authors: Ahmad Khalil , Khan Addul Qadir
Published: December 2019

The acquisition of the English articles is one of the most difficult areas for the second language learners particularly when there are no articles in the first language of the learners. The purpose of this study is to investigate the difficulties in acquisition and use of the English articles. The study aims at identifying the errors the EFL learners make in using the English articles. Two theoretical approaches regarding noun classification for articles choice were adopted in this study. The data were collected in the form of a gap-fill task from seventy five (75) adult Pashto learners of English. The results showed the students used the definite article ‘the’ and the indefinite article ‘a/an’ more often than the zero article Ø. In noun types, a few subjects made errors in using articles before count nouns. In the noun phrase environments, the lowest error rate was in referential indefinite while the highest error rate was in generics. The reasons for difficulties in acquiring and using the English articles were found to be mainly the identification of noun types, NPs environments, and language transfer.