bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The need for a multi-purpose, optical–NIR space facility after HST and JWST
Authors: Jahnke Knud , Krause Oliver , Rix Hans-Walter , Courbin Frédéric , Fontana Adriano , Heymans Catherine , Martin Nicolas , Oesch Pascal , Taylor Andy , Gaudi B. Scott , Kiessling Alina , Mennesson Bertrand , Seager Sara , Stern Daniel , Warfield Keith
Published: April 2021

In the early 2030s, after the end of operations for the epochal Hubble Space Telescope and the long-anticipated James Webb Space Telescope, astrophysics will lose access to a general purpose high-spatial resolution space observatory to cover the UV–optical–NIR wavelength range with a variety of imaging bandpasses and high-multiplexing mid-resolution spectroscopy. This will greatly impact astrophysical “discovery space” at visible wavelengths, in stark contrast to progress at most other wavelengths enabled by groundbreaking new facilities between 2010 and 2030. This capability gap will foreseeably limit progress in a number of fundamental research directions anticipated to be pressing in the 2030’s and beyond such as:

What are the histories of star formation and cosmic element production in nearby galaxies?

What can we learn about the nature of dark matter from dwarf galaxies?

What is the local value of the Hubble Constant?

A multi-purpose optical–NIR imaging and multiplexed spectroscopy Workhorse Camera (HWC) onboard NASA’s 4m-class Habitable Exoplanet Observatory (HabEx) space mission would provide access to these required data. HabEx is currently under study by NASA for the US Decadal Survey on Astronomy and Astrophysics 2020, and if selected would launch around 2035. Aside from its direct imaging of Earth-like exoplanets, it will have a general-observatory complement of instrumentation. The versatile Workhorse Camera will provide imaging and R$\sim $
∼
1000 spectroscopy from 370nm to 1800nm, diffraction-limited over the whole wavelength range, with simultaneous observations of the visible and NIR. Spectroscopic multiplexing will be achieved through microshutter arrays. All necessary HWC technology is already at Technology Readiness Level 5, hence technological risks are low. HWC has a rough-order-of-magnitude (ROM) cost of 300 M€, and could be European-funded within the cost envelope of an ESA S-class mission in the Voyage 2050 program, with matching funds by national funding agencies to construct HWC by a European instrument consortium. This White Paper is intended to put a European HabEx Workhorse Camera into ESA’s considerations. If ESA shares the wide interest and if HabEx were to be selected by NASA, there would be ample time to identify interested institutes for a European instrument consortium, including MPIA, to design, finance, and build the HabEx Workhorse Camera.
Necessity, Entailment, Shared Agonism
Authors: Smith Dominic
Published: April 2021

This short paper offers a series of responses to Jochem Zwier and Timothy Barker’s comments on my extended paper ‘Taking Exception: Philosophy of Technology as a Multidimensional Problem Space.’ Part one responds to questions concerning the modality of the renewed understanding of the theme of the transcendental that was argued for in my initial paper: I argue for the deep contingency of such a move, against any sense that it is necessary. Part two takes this consideration of modality further, considering the possibilities that a renewal of the theme of the transcendental stands to offer philosophy of technology today. I argue that the contingency of our contemporary sense of the transcendental can be precisely what makes it valuable. Whereas parts one and two turn on incisive questions posed by Zwier, part three closes by reconsidering the claims for a ‘multidimensional problem space’ offered in my initial paper. In response to an acute insight from Barker, I close by arguing that philosophy of technology’s problem space should be explored in terms of a notion of ‘shared agonism’.
An Analytical Study in Multi-physics and Multi-criteria Shape Optimization
Authors: Gottschalk Hanno , Reese Marco
Published: April 2021

A simple multi-physical system for the potential flow of a fluid through a shroud, in which a mechanical component, like a turbine vane, is placed, is modeled mathematically. We then consider a multi-criteria shape optimization problem, where the shape of the component is allowed to vary under a certain set of second-order Hölder continuous differentiable transformations of a baseline shape with boundary of the same continuity class. As objective functions, we consider a simple loss model for the fluid dynamical efficiency and the probability of failure of the component due to repeated application of loads that stem from the fluid’s static pressure. For this multi-physical system, it is shown that, under certain conditions, the Pareto front is maximal in the sense that the Pareto front of the feasible set coincides with the Pareto front of its closure. We also show that the set of all optimal forms with respect to scalarization techniques deforms continuously (in the Hausdorff metric) with respect to preference parameters.
Erratum to: Radiocarbon calibration: The next generation
Authors: Staff Richard A. , Liu Ruiliang
Published: April 2021

The article Radiocarbon calibration: The next generation, written by Richard A STAFF and Ruiliang LIU, was originally published in Vol. 64 Issue 3 without open access. With the author(s)’ decision to opt for Open Choice the copyright of the article changed in April 2021 to © The Author(s) 2021 and the article is forthwith distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.

The original article has been corrected.
The transformation of provisioning systems from an integrated perspective of social metabolism and political economy: a conceptual framework
Authors: Schaffartzik Anke , Pichler Melanie , Pineault Eric , Wiedenhofer Dominik , Gross Robert , Haberl Helmut
Published: April 2021

Energy, food, or mobility can be conceptualized as provisioning systems which are decisive to sustainability transformations in how they shape resource use and because of emissions resulting from them. To curb environmental pressures and improve societal well-being, fundamental changes to existing provisioning systems are necessary. In this article, we propose that provisioning systems be conceptualized as featuring integrated socio-metabolic and political-economic dimensions. In socio-metabolic terms, material stocks—buildings, infrastructures, and machines, for example—are key components of provisioning systems and transform flows of energy and materials into goods and services. In political-economic terms, provisioning systems are formed by actors, institutions, and capital. We loosely identify and closely analyze, from socio-metabolic and political-economic perspectives, five phases along which provisioning systems are shaped and in which specific opportunities for interventions exist. Relying mainly on examples from the fossil-fueled electricity system, we argue that an integrated conceptualization of provisioning systems can advance understanding of these systems in two essential ways: by (1) facilitating a more encompassing perspective on current forms of provisioning as relying on capitalist regulation and on material stocks and flows and by (2) embedding provisioning systems within their historical context, making it possible to conceive of more sustainable and just forms of provisioning under (radically) altered conditions.
Correction to: Helicobacter pylori Infection Mass Screening for Children and Adolescents: a Systematic Review of Observational Studies
Authors: Saito Hiroaki , Nishikawa Yoshitaka , Masuzawa Yuko , Tsubokura Masaharu , Mizuno Yasuhiro
Published: April 2021

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12029-021-00630-0
Does early and aggressive management of significant extrusion of the femoral head affect the outcome of Perthes’ disease with the age of onset younger than 7 years?
Authors: Singh K. A. , Harne N. , Shah H.
Published: April 2021

Background

Little literature exists regarding aggressive treatment of the extrusion in the early stage of the disease and the outcome at skeletal maturity. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the outcome of the disease with onset younger than 7 years, treated in the early stage of the disease, with aggressive management of significant extrusion (immediate containment with fixed abduction brace in children less than 5 years and varus derotation osteotomy in older children), and reached skeletal maturity.

Methods

All children with the age of onset younger than 7 years of disease during active Perthes disease were prospectively followed. Children with early stages of the disease (modified Elizabethtown classification) and reached skeletal maturity were included (68 children). The extrusion of the femur head was calculated by Reimer’s migration index on both sides. A migration difference 12 % or above was considered as “significant extrusion”. Children without significant extrusion were treated non-operatively; children with significant extrusion were treated with varus derotation osteotomy. The final radiological outcome was assessed by the Stulberg classification and sphericity deviation score (SDS). The independent “t” test and Chi-square test were done to compare the difference between the two groups.

Results

The mean age at the onset and the final follow-up was 5.7 years and 15.3 years. The frequency of significant extrusion was 57%. At the final follow-up, an excellent clinical outcome and radiological outcomes (in 88% hips) were noted. There was no significant difference in the Stulberg groups and SDS (sphericity deviation score) in both groups.

Conclusion

The outcome of the children who had the age of onset of the disease less than 7 years was good with early and aggressive management of the extrusion. The reversal of extrusion is associated with a similar result of non-operative children in this age group.

Level of evidence

III.
A case of simultaneous abdominal wall metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma with long-term relapse-free survival after laparoscopic resection
Authors: Goto Michitoshi , Sakamoto Kazuhiro , Kawano Shingo , Munakata Shinya , Kawai Masaya , Ishiyama Shun , Sugimoto Kiichi , Takahashi Makoto , Kojima Yutaka , Tomita Natsumi , Saeki Harumi , Shiina Shuichiro
Published: April 2021

We report our experience of an extremely rare case of a simultaneous extrahepatic metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with long-term relapse-free survival, treated by laparoscopic resection of an abdominal wall tumor and subsequent radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of an intrahepatic lesion. A 76-year-old man visited a local clinic for right lower abdominal pain. He was treated with antibiotics and the symptom resolved. However, a mass was detected in the same region and he was referred to our hospital for further evaluation. Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen showed a mass 5 cm in diameter, raising suspicions of an intra-abdominal tumor. Laparoscopic surgery was performed, and the tumor was found in the abdominal wall and completely resected. Histopathological examination yielded a diagnosis of extrahepatic HCC. Post-operative positron emission tomography (PET)-CT showed increased uptake of fluorodeoxyglucose in segment 3 (S3) of the liver. On performing a liver biopsy, HCC was diagnosed. Subsequently, the S3 lesion was treated with radiofrequency ablation. The patient has remained relapse-free for 6 years without further treatments.
Anomalous wave statistics following sudden depth transitions: application of an alternative Boussinesq-type formulation
Authors: Bonar Paul A. J. , Fitzgerald Colm J. , Lin Zhiliang , van den Bremer Ton S. , Adcock Thomas A. A. , Borthwick Alistair G. L.
Published: April 2021

Recent studies of water waves propagating over sloping seabeds have shown that sudden transitions from deeper to shallower depths can produce significant increases in the skewness and kurtosis of the free surface elevation and hence in the probability of rogue wave occurrence. Gramstad et al. (Phys. Fluids 25 (12): 122103, 2013) have shown that the key physics underlying these increases can be captured by a weakly dispersive and weakly nonlinear Boussinesq-type model. In the present paper, a numerical model based on an alternative Boussinesq-type formulation is used to repeat these earlier simulations. Although qualitative agreement is achieved, the present model is found to be unable to reproduce accurately the findings of the earlier study. Model parameter tests are then used to demonstrate that the present Boussinesq-type formulation is not well-suited to modelling the propagation of waves over sudden depth transitions. The present study nonetheless provides useful insight into the complexity encountered when modelling this type of problem and outlines a number of promising avenues for further research.
Urinary retention on an acute geriatric hospitalisation unit: prevalence, risk factors and the role of screening, an observational cohort study
Authors: Fagard Katleen , Hermans Kasper , Deschodt Mieke , Van de Wouwer Sofie , Vander Aa Frank , Flamaing Johan
Published: April 2021

Purpose

Urinary retention (UR) is common in older patients. The aim of this observational cohort study was to measure the prevalence of UR in patients aged ≥ 75 years on admission to an acute geriatric hospitalisation unit and to determine which at risk group would benefit from screening.

Methods

Post-void residual volumes (PVR) were measured within 3 days of admission with an ultrasound bladder scan. Uni- and multivariable analysis were used to determine risk factors associated with PVR ≥ 150 and ≥ 300 millilitres.

Results

Ninety-four patients, mean age 84.6 years, were included. The male/female ratio was 0.7. Patients with PVR ≥ 150 (29.8%) had more urological comorbidities, symptoms of overflow incontinence, voiding difficulties, subtotal voiding, faecal impaction, urinary tract infection (UTI) and were more frequently referred because of urinary symptoms. Patients with PVR ≥ 300 lived less at home, had more urological comorbidities, dysuria, voiding difficulties, subtotal voiding, constipation, faecal impaction, UTI, detrusor relaxants, and were more frequently referred because of urinary symptoms. Voiding difficulties and referral because of urinary symptoms were independently associated with PVR ≥ 150. Not living at home, reporting subtotal voiding, constipation, and referral because of urinary symptoms were independently associated with PVR ≥ 300.

Conclusion

Screening for UR on admission to an acute geriatric hospitalisation unit is most indicated in patients with urinary and defaecation problems. However, because the prevalence was high, because UR was also observed in patients without these problems, and history taking may be difficult, the threshold for PVR measurement in acutely ill geriatric patients should be low.

Trial registration

Clinicaltrials.gov NTC04715971, January 19, 2021 (retrospectively registered).
Phylogenetic Comparative Methods: A User's Guide for Paleontologists
Authors: Soul Laura C. , Wright David F.
Published: April 2021

Recent advances in statistical approaches called Phylogenetic Comparative Methods (PCMs) have provided paleontologists with a powerful set of analytical tools for investigating evolutionary tempo and mode in fossil lineages. However, attempts to integrate PCMs with fossil data often present workers with practical challenges or unfamiliar literature. This Element presents guides to the theory behind, and the application of, PCMs with fossil taxa. Based on an empirical dataset of Paleozoic crinoids, it presents example analyses to illustrate common applications of PCMs to fossil data, including investigating patterns of correlated trait evolution and macroevolutionary models of morphological change. It then emphasizes the importance of accounting for sources of uncertainty and discusses how to evaluate model fit and adequacy. Finally, this Element discusses several promising methods for modelling heterogeneous evolutionary dynamics with fossil phylogenies. Integrating phylogeny-based approaches with the fossil record provides a rigorous, quantitative perspective to understanding key patterns in the history of life.
The Economics of Water Resources
Authors: Dinar Ariel , Tsur Yacov
Published: April 2021

Population growth and rising living standards, on the one hand, and changing climate, on the other hand, have exacerbated water scarcity worldwide. To address this problem, policymakers need to take a wide view of the water economy – a complex structure involving environmental, social, economic, legal, and institutional aspects. A coherent water policy must look at the water economy as a whole and apply a comprehensive approach to policy interventions. Written by two of the world's leading scholars on economics of water, this is the first graduate-level textbook on the topic. The book discusses water resource management within a comprehensive framework that integrates the different, yet highly entwined, elements of a water economy. It follows the steps needed to develop a well-designed set of policies based on detailed analyses of intervention measures, using multi-sectoral and economy-wide examples from a variety of locations and situations around the world.
A Survey of Overlapping Surgery Policies at U.S. Hospitals
Authors: Mitchell Margaret B. , Hammack-Aviran Catherine M. , Clayton Ellen W. , Langerman Alexander
Published: April 2021

The authors surveyed hospitals across the country on their policies regarding overlapping surgery, and found large variation between hospitals in how this practice is regulated. Specifically, institutions chose to define “critical portions” in a variety of ways, ultimately affecting not only surgical efficiency but also the autonomy of surgical trainees and patient experiences at these different hospitals.
The Future of the Pharmaceutical Industry: Beyond Government-Granted Monopolies
Authors: Baker Dean
Published: April 2021

Just as tariffs lead to economic distortions and provide incentives for corruption, so do patent monopolies on prescription drugs, except the impact is often an order of magnitude larger.
A Non-Profit Approach to Address Foreign Dependence of Generic Drugs
Authors: Liljenquist Dan , Bai Ge , Sarpatwari Ameet , Anderson Gerard F.
Published: April 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the vulnerability of the US generic drug supply chain to foreign production. Many policies have been proposed to mitigate this vulnerability. In this article, we argue that nonprofit drug manufacturers have the potential to make important contributions.
Realizing Public Rights Through Government Patent Use
Authors: Kapczynski Amy
Published: April 2021

A substantial portion of biomedical R&D is publicly funded. But resulting medicines are typically covered by patents held by private firms, and priced without regard to the public’s investment. The Bayh-Dole Act provides a possible remedy, but its scope is limited.
A Market Shaping Approach for the Biopharmaceutical Industry: Governing Innovation Towards the Public Interest
Authors: Mazzucato Mariana , Li Henry Lishi
Published: April 2021

Enhancing research and development and ensuring equitable pricing and access to cutting-edge treatments are both vital to a biopharmaceutical innovation system that works in the public interest. However, despite delivering numerous therapeutic advances, the existing system suffers from major problems: a lack of directionality to meet key needs, inefficient collaboration, high prices that fail to reflect the public contribution, and an overly-financialized business model.
LIBERALISATION AND THE LEGAL PROFESSION IN ENGLAND AND WALES
Authors: Dunne Niamh
Published: April 2021

This article explores the process and impact of liberalisation on the legal profession in England and Wales. Liberalisation brings a tendency to consider the profession in market-focused terms, with the professional–client relationship reconfigured in overtly economic fashion as constituting the interaction of supply and demand. The article examines the past and present structure of the profession, arguments for liberalisation and manifestations of liberalisation efforts. Having identified the distinctive dynamics of supply and demand within legal services markets, the article considers the potential implications, both immediate and in broader societal terms, of reconceptualising the legal profession in this manner.
THE DIPYLONOINOCHOĒAND ANCIENT GREEK DANCE AESTHETICS
Authors: Cullhed Eric
Published: April 2021

This article asks what the graffito incised on the Dipylon oinochoē (IG I2919, eighth centuryb.c.e.) reveals about the nature of the dance competition that it commemorates. Through a systematic analysis of the evaluative and descriptive meaning of the adjective ἀταλός and its cognates in early Greek epic, it is argued that a narrower definition compared to previous suggestions can be established. The word refers to the carefreeness that is specific to a child or young animal, and its uses typically imply a positive evaluation which is connected not only to the well-being that this carefreeness entails but also to the positive emotion of tenderness and the sentiment of care that it engenders in a perceiver. It is concluded that, when used to specify the criterion by which a dance contest will be adjudicated, the term refers to an aesthetic property that is repeatedly praised in archaic Greek texts in other words: that of dancing with the adorable but short-lived carefree abandon of a child.
Functional traits shape small mammal-helminth network: patterns and processes in species interactions
Authors: Cardoso Thiago dos Santos , Andreazzi Cecilia Siliansky de , Maldonado Junior Arnaldo , Gentile Rosana
Published: April 2021

Understanding the role of species traits in mediating ecological interactions and shaping community structure is a key question in ecology. In this sense, parasite population parameters allow us to estimate the functional importance of traits in shaping the strength of interactions among hosts and parasites in a network. The aim of this study was to survey and analyse the small mammal-helminth network in a forest reserve of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest in order to understand (i) how functional traits (type of parasite life cycle, site of infection in their host, host and parasite body length, host diet, host locomotor habit and host activity period) and abundance influence host–parasite interactions, (ii) whether these traits explain species roles, and (iii) if this relationship is consistent across different parasite population parameters (presence and absence, mean abundance and prevalence). Networks were modular and their structural patterns did not vary among the population parameters. Functional traits and abundance shaped the interactions observed between parasites and hosts. Host species abundance, host diet and locomotor habit affected their centrality and/or vulnerability to parasites. For helminths, infection niche was the main trait determining their central roles in the networks.
Genetic contributions to bipolar disorder: current status and future directions
Authors: O'Connell Kevin S. , Coombes Brandon J.
Published: April 2021

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a highly heritable mental disorder and is estimated to affect about 50 million people worldwide. Our understanding of the genetic etiology of BD has greatly increased in recent years with advances in technology and methodology as well as the adoption of international consortiums and large population-based biobanks. It is clear that BD is also highly heterogeneous and polygenic and shows substantial genetic overlap with other psychiatric disorders. Genetic studies of BD suggest that the number of associated loci is expected to substantially increase in larger future studies and with it, improved genetic prediction of the disorder. Still, a number of challenges remain to fully characterize the genetic architecture of BD. First among these is the need to incorporate ancestrally-diverse samples to move research away from a Eurocentric bias that has the potential to exacerbate health disparities already seen in BD. Furthermore, incorporation of population biobanks, registry data, and electronic health records will be required to increase the sample size necessary for continued genetic discovery, while increased deep phenotyping is necessary to elucidate subtypes within BD. Lastly, the role of rare variation in BD remains to be determined. Meeting these challenges will enable improved identification of causal variants for the disorder and also allow for equitable future clinical applications of both genetic risk prediction and therapeutic interventions.
Identification and validation of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR studies in alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides)
Authors: Yin Junliang , Hou Lu , Jiang Xinchen , Yang Jie , He Yang , Zhou Xiaokang , Zhu Xiongmeng , Gong Andong , Zhu Yongxing , Chen Zhongyi
Published: April 2021

Alligatorweed [Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.] is an invasive semiaquatic weed that poses a serious threat to agricultural production and ecological balance worldwide. However, information about genetic factors associated with the adaptation and invasion mechanisms of this species is limited. Screening for appropriate reference genes is important for gene expression and functional analysis research in A. philoxeroides. In this study, 30 candidate genes that showed stable expression in different A. philoxeroides tissues under various treatments in RNA-seq data were chosen to design quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) primers. After the amplification specificity validation, 25 candidates were selected and further evaluated in a diverse set of A. philoxeroides samples, including leaf, stem, and root tissues under drought, salinity, heat, chilling, five herbicides, and corresponding untreated controls using qRT-PCR. The delta-CT method, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder algorithms were used to identify stable reference genes from A. philoxeroides samples. Overall, CoA, RFI2, Tubby, SRP19, and V-ATPase were the top five ideal reference genes in all organs and conditions. Tubby and CoA were the most stable reference genes in the leaf/stem; and RFI2, ERprr, and SPR19 were suitable reference genes for the roots. This work provided a foundation for exploring gene expression profiling of A. philoxeroides, especially those adaptation- and invasion-related genes, which may help in management of this invasive weed.
Global CO2Consumption by Silicate Rock Chemical Weathering: Its Past and Future
Authors: Zhang Sirui , Bai Xiaoyong , Zhao Cuiwei , Tan Qiu , Luo Guangjie , Wang Jinfeng , Li Qin , Wu Luhua , Chen Fei , Li Chaojun , Deng Yuanhong , Yang Yujie , Xi Huipeng
Published: April 2021

Silicate rock weathering maintains a stable and long‐term absorption of CO2. However, the magnitude, spatial pattern, and evolution characteristics of global silicate rock weathering carbon sink (SCS) remain unclear. To solve this problem, based on high‐precision hydrometeorological data (1996–2017) and CMIP5 data (2041–2060), using the Celine model, we calculated the global silicate rock weathering carbon sink flux (SCSF) magnitude and spatio‐temporal distribution for 1996–2017. We also predicted the SCSF under two future greenhouse gas emission scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5). Then, we produced a spatial data set (0.5 × 0.5) of global SCSF from 1996 to 2017 and found that the global average annual SCSF was 1.67 t/km2/yr, and the SCS was 127.11 Tg/yr. In particular, Brazil's silicate rock contribution accounts for nearly a quarter of the global SCS (24.41%). Although the GEM‐CO2model is now widely used, the SCSF, without considering the temperature, may be overestimated by 5.4%, and the maximum contribution of temperature to it can reach 240 kg/km2/yr. Moreover, the global SCS is now showing a downward trend, but the global emission of greenhouse gases in the future (2041–2060) will continue to increase the carbon sink capacity (23.8%) due to temperature changes. In summary, we have produced a set of high‐resolution spatiotemporal data of the past and the future. The above results fill up the large‐scale data gap of SCSF and provide a scientific basis for quantitatively assessing the impact of climate change on SCS.
Spatial Changes in Late Quaternary Slip Rates Along the Gyaring Co Fault: Implications for Strain Partitioning and Deformation Modes in Central Tibet
Authors: Wang Duo , Chang Hong , Yin Gongming , Han Fei , Mao Zebin , Du Jinhua , Zheng Wenjun , Wang Xulong
Published: April 2021

Studying the slip rate along major strike‐slip faults is critical to understanding the deformation and kinematics in continental collision zones. The Gyaring Co fault was previously regarded as a segment of the southern boundary of eastward extrusion in central Tibet, and its eastern segment was linked to the Xainza rift. However, the spatial distribution of its slip rates is poorly constrained, which limits our knowledge about how deformation is partitioned between strike‐slip and normal faults in central Tibet. Here, we used optically stimulated luminescence dating to determine the ages of displaced landforms (alluvial fans, lake shorelines, and river terraces) along the Gyaring Co fault. The results demonstrate a southeastward decrease in the late Quaternary slip rate from 2–3 mm/yr to 0.5–1.0 mm/yr over a distance of ∼130 km. Although the slip rate of the middle‐west segment of the Gyaring Co fault seems to have decreased slightly (20%) at ∼10 ka, it remained relatively stable during the late Quaternary. Regional analysis suggested that the Gyaring Co fault is kinematically compatible with the Xainza rift and probably has accelerated rift extension in its northern part since the middle Miocene. This northward‐increasing extension rate may accommodate more than half of the observed strain‐rate gradient along the Gyaring Co fault. The difference observed in strain rate requires a strain of ∼1 × 10−8per year, comparable with the average present‐day strain rate of the Tibetan Plateau. The Gyaring Co fault separates the crustal blocks that are also deforming internally, suggesting distributed deformation in central Tibet.
Comparisons Between CMIP5 and CMIP6 Models: Simulations of Climate Indices Influencing Food Security, Infrastructure Resilience, and Human Health in Canada
Authors: Bourdeau‐Goulet Sarah‐Claude , Hassanzadeh Elmira
Published: April 2021

The warming climate can considerably affect socioeconomic activities and environmental health conditions in Canada. Climate models play a key role in evaluating the impact of climate change and developing adaption and mitigation strategies corresponding to Canadian regions. This study compares the behavior of climate models participating in the Climate Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) with their CMIP5 predecessors in representing a set of climate indices relevant to Canada’s agricultural productivity, infrastructure resilience, and environmental health. Our results show that although CMIP5 and CMIP6 multi‐model ensemble mean values for the considered indices are almost similar, the behavior of individual CMIP5 and CMIP6 models or even the model pairs of the same modeling center can be different across Canada. Moreover, the CMIP6 models do not necessarily outperform CMIP5 in comparison to NOAA and NCEP reanalysis datasets in simulating the annual mean and coefficient of variation values for the indices during the historical period. The comparisons between models’ simulations also reveal that the envelope of estimated values based on individual CMIP6 models does not cover or overlap with their CMIP5 counterparts or even with other CMIP6 models. Therefore, the CMIP6 models with higher number of simulations do not necessarily provide a larger range of projections over Canadian regions. The divergence between CMIP5 and CMIP6 models’ behavior is more obvious under the 8.5 W/m2 forcing in the long‐term horizon. Overall, the estimated sign, magnitude, and spatial pattern of changes in the climate indices depend on the considered climate model and forcing scenario.
Podcast: What’s It Like Pretending to Live on Mars?
Authors: Fritts Rachel
Published: April 2021

We spoke with science writer Kate Greene about her experiences on a 4-month-long Mars analog mission.
Pick‐Up Ion Cyclotron Waves Around Mercury
Authors: Schmid D. , Narita Y. , Plaschke F. , Volwerk M. , Nakamura R. , Baumjohann W.
Published: April 2021

Mercury is host to a rich and highly dynamic plasma environment, resulting from the interaction of the solar wind with Mercury's intrinsic magnetic field and tenuous exosphere. Ion cyclotron waves generated by the pick‐up of freshly photoionized neutrals are a common physical phenomenon in the exosphere of weakly and/or unmagnetized bodies. Here we study the properties of cyclotron waves generated by proton pick‐up, the so‐called proton cyclotron waves (PCWs), at Mercury. We surveyed 4 years of MESSENGER magnetometer data and identified 5455 PCW events observed over a wide spatial range, where ∼73% of the observed PCWs are located in the solar wind and ∼27% in the magnetosheath. By associating the wave properties with their spatial distribution, we evaluate the characteristics and differences of the PCWs in the two regions.
Constraints on the Latitudinal Profile of Jupiter's Deep Jets
Authors: Galanti Eli , Kaspi Yohai , Duer Keren , Fletcher Leigh , Ingersoll Andrew P. , Li Cheng , Orton Glenn S. , Guillot Tristan , Levin Steven M. , Bolton Scott J.
Published: April 2021

The observed zonal winds at Jupiter's cloud tops have been shown to be closely linked to the asymmetric part of the planet's measured gravity field. Here, we examine to what extent, and at which latitudes, must the flows at depth resemble those at the cloud level to match the gravity signal. We show, using both the symmetric and asymmetric parts of the measured gravity field, that the observed cloud‐level wind profile between 25°S and 25°N must extend unaltered to depths of thousands of kilometers. Poleward, the midlatitude deep jets also contribute to the gravity signal, but might differ somewhat from the cloud‐level winds. We analyze the likelihood of this difference and give bounds to its strength. We also find that to match the gravity measurements, the winds must project inward in the direction parallel to Jupiter's spin axis, and decay inward in the radial direction.
Mouse prefrontal cortex represents learned rules for categorization
Authors: Reinert Sandra , Hübener Mark , Bonhoeffer Tobias , Goltstein Pieter M.
Published: April 2021

The ability to categorize sensory stimuli is crucial for an animal’s survival in a complex environment. Memorizing categories instead of individual exemplars enables greater behavioural flexibility and is computationally advantageous. Neurons that show category selectivity have been found in several areas of the mammalian neocortex1–4, but the prefrontal cortex seems to have a prominent role4,5 in this context. Specifically, in primates that are extensively trained on a categorization task, neurons in the prefrontal cortex rapidly and flexibly represent learned categories6,7. However, how these representations first emerge in naive animals remains unexplored, leaving it unclear whether flexible representations are gradually built up as part of semantic memory or assigned more or less instantly during task execution8,9. Here we investigate the formation of a neuronal category representation throughout the entire learning process by repeatedly imaging individual cells in the mouse medial prefrontal cortex. We show that mice readily learn rule-based categorization and generalize to novel stimuli. Over the course of learning, neurons in the prefrontal cortex display distinct dynamics in acquiring category selectivity and are differentially engaged during a later switch in rules. A subset of neurons selectively and uniquely respond to categories and reflect generalization behaviour. Thus, a category representation in the mouse prefrontal cortex is gradually acquired during learning rather than recruited ad hoc. This gradual process suggests that neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex are part of a specific semantic memory for visual categories.
The potential impact of systemic anti-inflammatory therapies in psoriasis on major adverse cardiovascular events: a Korean nationwide cohort study
Authors: Hong Joo Ran , Jeong Hojin , Kim Hyeongsu , Yang Hyun Suk , Hong Ji Youn , Kim Sung Min , Cho Young Ah , Lee Yang Won , Choe Yong Beom , Ahn Kyu Joong
Published: April 2021

This nationwide population-based cohort study aimed to investigate the impact of systemic anti-inflammatory treatment on the major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) risk in patients with psoriasis from January 2006 to December 2018, using a database provided by the Korean National Health Insurance Service. Patients were grouped based on the following treatment modalities: biologics, phototherapy, methotrexate, cyclosporine, and mixed conventional systemic agents. Patients who had not received any systemic treatment were assigned to the control cohort. The incidence of MACE per 1000 person-year was 3.5, 9.3, 12.1, 28.4, 39.5, and 14.5 in the biologic, phototherapy, methotrexate, cyclosporine, mixed conventional systemic agents, and control cohorts, respectively. During the 36-month follow-up, the cumulative incidence of MACE in the phototherapy and biologic cohorts remained lower than that of other treatment modalities. Cyclosporine (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.64–2.71) and mixed conventional systemic agents (HR = 2.57, 95% CI = 2.05–3.22) treatments were associated with increased MACE risk. Methotrexate treatment was not associated with MACE. Our finding demonstrates that treatment modalities may affect cardiovascular comorbidities in patients with psoriasis. Thus, an appropriate combination of anti-psoriatic therapies should be considered to manage patients with high cardiovascular risk.

IRB approval status: Waiver decision was obtained by the institutional review board, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea (KUH1120107).
Controlled biodegradation of magnesium alloy in physiological environment by metal organic framework nanocomposite coatings
Authors: Khalili Mohammad Amin , Tamjid Elnaz
Published: April 2021

Magnesium-based implants (MBIs) have recently attracted great attention in bone regeneration due to elastic modulus similar to bone. Nevertheless, the degradation rate and hydrogen release of MBIs in the body have to be tackled for practical applications. In the present study, we present a metal–organic framework (MOF) nanoplates to reduce the degradation rate of AZ91 magnesium alloy. Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-8) with a specific surface area of 1789 m2 g−1 were prepared by solvothermal methods, and after dispersion in a chitosan solution (10% w/w), the suspension was electrospun on the surface of AZ91 alloy. Studying the degradation rate in simulated body fluid (SBF) by electrochemical analysis including potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveals that the degradation rate of the surface-modified implants decreases by ~ 80% as compared with the unmodified specimens. The reduced alkalization of the physiological environment and hydrogen release due to the implant degradation are shown. In vitro studies by fibroblasts and MG63 osteosarcoma cells exhibit improved cell adhesion and viability. The mechanisms behind the improved degradation resistance and enhanced bioactivity are presented and discussed. Surface modification of MBIs by MOF-chitosan coatings is a promising strategy to control the biodegradation of magnesium implants for bone regeneration.
Influence of the artificial turf certification on physical performance and muscle damage in football players (QUALTURF PROJECT)
Authors: Sanchez-Sanchez Javier , Felipe Jose Luis , Hernandez-Martin Antonio , Viejo-Romero David , Clemente-Suarez Vicente Javier , Gallardo Leonor , Garcia-Unanue Jorge
Published: April 2021

This study aimed to analyse the influence of the FIFA Quality PRO certification of artificial turf pitches on the physical, physiological performance and muscle damage in soccer players. Fifteen healthy male players (21.2 ± 1.4 years; 178.2 ± 4.3 cm; 79.1 ± 8.3 kg) from a university football team were selected to participate in the research. Mechanical properties related to surface–player interaction were assessed on the two surfaces selected for this study. A randomized design was used and the players performed the Ball-sport Endurance and Sprint Test (BEAST90) on the different artificial turf fields. Average time of the 20 m sprints was longer on the FIFA Quality Pro surface than on the non-certified pitch (+ 0.13 s; p < 0.05; CI 95% − 0.01 to 0.27; ES: 0.305). The players’ perceived effort was higher in the first (+ 2.64; p < 0.05; CI 95% 0.92 to 4.35; ES: 1.421) and the second half (+ 1.35; p < 0.05; CI 95% − 0.02 to 2.72; ES: 0.637) of the test on the FIFA Quality Pro field. Comparative analysis between surfaces showed no significant differences in the time spent in each of the heart rate zones and higher concentrations of CK (+ 196.58; p > 0.05; CI 95% 66.54 to 326.61; ES: 1.645) were evidenced in the non-certified pitch surface. In response to a simulated match protocol, markers of post-exercise muscle damage may be reduced on accredited artificial turf fields. These insights can provide the opportunity to maximize the efficiency of training sessions and reduce the risk of injury during the season.
Author Correction: Hair growth promotion by Necrostatin-1s
Authors: Zheng Mei , Choi Nahyun , Jang YaeJi , Kwak Da Eun , Kim YoungSoo , Kim Won-Serk , Oh Sang Ho , Sung Jong-Hyuk
Published: April 2021

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
New insight into naturally formed nanosilver particles: role of plant root exudates
Authors: Guo Huiyuan , Han Feng , Shang Heping , Xiong Sicheng , Huynh My , Thistle Lauren , Meng Liting , He Lili , Xing Baoshan
Published: April 2021

In plant root exudates, Cl− and biomolecules play critical parts in inducing the transformation of Ag+ to nAg.
A compact fiber-integrated optofluidic platform for highly specific microRNA Förster resonance energy transfer detection
Authors: Feng Hongtao , Liu Lin , Chen Yi , Shu Weiliang , Huang Yuqing , Zhang Baoyue , Wu Tianzhun , Jin Zongwen , Chen Yan
Published: April 2021

A compact optofluidic platform was developed to perform a rapid, simple, quantitative and high-specificity miRNA assay using a novel three-way junction FRET probe.
A color turn-on fluorescent probe for real-time detection of hydrogen sulfide and identification of food spoilage
Authors: Xiao Peng , Liu Jianjun , Wang Zehui , Tao Fengbo , Yang Liheng , Yuan Guangyu , Sun Wen , Zhang Xinfu
Published: April 2021

The probe-deposited test paper is prepared, which has been successfully used for food spoilage identification via the detection of hydrogen sulfide.
Noncovalent bond between tetrel π-hole and hydride
Authors: Liu Na , Liu Jiaxing , Li Qingzhong , Scheiner Steve
Published: April 2021

A π-hole tetrel-hydride interaction is characterized in the complex between TH(CH3)3(T = Si, Ge, Sn) and X2T′Y (T′ = Si, Ge, Sn; X = F, Cl; Y = O, S).
Quantum mechanical tunnelling: the missing term to achieve sub-kJ mol−1 barrier heights
Authors: Kozuch Sebastian , Schleif Tim , Karton Amir
Published: April 2021

Quantum tunnelling can lower the effective barrier height, creating a discrepancy between experiment and theory.
La induced Si3 trimer bilayer on the Si(111) surface
Authors: Chai Jun-Shuai , Yang Guang , Xu Jing , Wang Wen-Wu , Xu Li-Fang , Wang Jian-Tao
Published: April 2021

Top view and side view (left) of La/Si(111)- reconstruction and the electronic band structure (right).
Hydrogenation of CO2to methanol catalyzed by a manganese pincer complex: insights into the mechanism and solvent effect
Authors: Zhang Lin , Pu Min , Lei Ming
Published: April 2021

The DFT calculations indicated that the manganese complex [Mn(Ph2PCH2SiMe2)2N(CO)2] could catalyze the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to methanol in solvents, and the minimum energy span of the reaction in THF was 20.4 kcal mol−1.
Decoration of CdS nanoparticles on dense and multi-edge sodium titanate nanorods to form a highly efficient and stable photoanode with great enhancement in PEC performance
Authors: Kolaei Morteza , Tayebi Meysam , Masoumi Zohreh , Tayyebi Ahmad , Lee Byeong-Kyu
Published: April 2021

This study provided the preparation and application of a highly efficient photoanode having dense and efficient sodium titanate (NTO) nanorods decorated with CdS nanoparticles.
Influence of spark discharge on Al(i) and AlO spectra in femtosecond laser-induced aluminum plasmas
Authors: Wang Qiuyun , Chen Anmin , Zeng Xiangyu , Chen Yutong , Li Suyu , Jiang Yuanfei , Gao Xun , Jin Mingxing
Published: April 2021

The influence of spark discharge on Al(i) and AlO emission intensities in femtosecond laser-induced aluminum plasmas is investigated; the Al(i) emission is sensitive to the discharge voltage, but not the AlO emission.
The synthesis and structure of an amazing and stable carbonized material Cu-PC@OFM and its catalytic applications in water with mechanism explorations
Authors: Tian An-Qi , Luo Xiang-Hao , Ren Zhi-Lin , Zhao Jun , Wang Long
Published: April 2021

An amazing and stable carbonized octahedral frame material Cu-PC@OFM was synthesized and characterized through HRTEM, SEM, XRD, XPS, and Raman spectroscopy and nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis.
Effect of electron-withdrawing groups on molecular properties of naphthyl and anthryl bithiophenes as potential n-type semiconductors
Authors: Feriancová Lucia , Cigáň Marek , Gmucová Katarína , Kožíšek Jozef , Nádaždy Vojtech , Putala Martin
Published: April 2021

This comparative study on a series of 2-naphthyl and 2-anthrylbithiophene derivatives identified nitro and dicyanovinyl as the most effective acceptor groups. While the former group leads to high fluorescence, the latter causes high solubility.
Correction: Topology of transition metal dichalcogenides: the case of the core–shell architecture
Authors: DiStefano Jennifer G. , Murthy Akshay A. , Hao Shiqiang , dos Reis Roberto , Wolverton Chris , Dravid Vinayak P.
Published: April 2021

Correction for ‘Topology of transition metal dichalcogenides: the case of the core–shell architecture’ by Jennifer G. DiStefano et al., Nanoscale, 2020, 12, 23897–23919, DOI: 10.1039/D0NR06660E.
Matsuda–Heck arylation of itaconates: a versatile approach to heterocycles from a renewable resource
Authors: Krause Andreas , Sperlich Eric , Schmidt Bernd
Published: April 2021

Itaconic acid esters and hemiesters undergo Pd-catalyzed coupling reactions with arene diazonium salts in high to excellent yields.
Transition-metal-free oxidative cyclization reaction of enynals to access pyrane-2-one derivatives
Authors: Ansari Farzaneh , Khosravi Hormoz , Abbasi Kejani Alireza , Armaghan Mahsa , Frank Walter , Balalaie Saeed , Jafarpour Farnaz
Published: April 2021

K2S2O8 is introduced as an oxygen source and C–H functionalization agent in a novel selective metal-free oxidative cyclization of enynals to synthesize α-pyrone derivatives with a relatively broad substrate scope via the formation of two C–O bonds.