bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Profiling people with Parkinson's disease at risk of cognitive decline: Insights from PPMI and ICICLE‐PD data
Authors: Pourzinal Dana , Lawson Rachael A. , Yarnall Alison J. , Williams‐Gray Caroline H. , Barker Roger A. , Yang Jihyun , McMahon Katie L. , O'Sullivan John D. , Byrne Gerard J. , Dissanayaka Nadeeka N.
Published: August 2024

Introduction

A subset of people with Parkinson's disease (PD) develop dementia faster than others. We aimed to profile PD cognitive subtypes at risk of dementia based on their rate of cognitive decline.

Method

Latent class mixed models stratified subtypes in Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) (N = 770) and ICICLE‐PD (N = 212) datasets based on their decline in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment over at least 4 years. Baseline demographic and cognitive data at diagnosis were compared between subtypes to determine their clinical profile.

Results

Four subtypes were identified: two with stable cognition, one with steady decline, and one with rapid decline. Performance on Judgement of Line Orientation, but not category fluency, was associated with a steady decline in the PPMI dataset, and deficits in category fluency, but not visuospatial function, were associated with a steady decline in the ICICLE‐PD dataset.

Discussion

People with PD susceptible to cognitive decline demonstrate unique clinical profiles at diagnosis, although this differed between cohorts.

Highlights

Four cognitive subtypes were revealed in two Parkinson's disease samples.

Unique profiles of cognitive impairment were related to cognitive decline.

Judgement of Line Orientation/category fluency predictive of steady decline.

Global deficits related to rapid cognitive decline and increased dementia risk.
Effect of combinations of 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and its esters on the oxidative stability of fish oil–containing trace water
Authors: Arunachalam Selva Sudha , Chandrasekar Vaisali , Belur Prasanna D.
Published: August 2024

The current study aims to comprehend the effect of the various combinations of 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (3,4‐DHPA) and its esters in varying molar ratios on retarding oxidation in bulk refined fish oil in the presence of 0.3% w/w water. All the esters and 3,4‐DHPA exhibited better performance than the synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene. In the presence of trace water, the parent compound was found to have a synergistic effect with hexyl ester when used at a molar ratio of 2:1, respectively, exhibiting a higher percent reduction among all the esters and their combinations. The study also showed that the presence of extraneous water can significantly accelerate the oxidation (twofold) in a bulk fish oil system. This suggests that the microenvironment of the oil is altered when water is present and that association colloids play a key role in enhancing the rate of oxidation. Thus, while designing a competent mixture of antioxidants, the specific site of oxidation involved and the surface‐active components should be taken into consideration to efficiently retard oxidation.

Practical Applications: Analyzing the impact of trace amounts of water on the efficiency of natural antioxidants, including 3,4‐DHPA and its lipophilic esters, helps to comprehend the required optimal antioxidant concentrations for such a dynamic bulk oil system. The study finds application in controlling oxidation in PUFA‐rich oils containing surface‐active minor components that can accelerate oxidation. The results of the study show that 3,4‐DHPA and its esters could be a potential replacement for the synthetic antioxidant BHT in all aspects.
Segmenting hydrogen‐induced cracking defects in steel through scanning acoustic microscopy and deep neural networks
Authors: Vu Thi Thu Ha , Vo Tan Hung , Tran Le Hai , Choi Jaeyeop , Vo Truong Tien , Ly Cao Duong , Nguyen Thanh Phuoc , Mondal Sudip , Oh Junghwan
Published: August 2024

Hydrogen‐induced cracking (HIC) presents a significant concern in industries, such as oil and gas, petrochemicals, and aerospace, where high‐strength steel is prevalently used. This phenomenon compromises the structural integrity of steel pipelines and equipment. Accurate detection and monitoring of HIC are crucial for the safety and reliability of these assets. While traditional defect detection methods are usually costly and easily affected by human physiological state, deep learning approaches offer both time and financial benefits along with high accuracy. This study focuses on employing deep learning to segment HIC in steel, utilizing the robust and state‐of‐the‐art YOLOv8‐seg architecture for defect identification and segmentation. The process involves acquiring two‐dimensional B‐scan images through a scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) system, followed by employing the YOLOv8‐seg architecture to address the segmentation task within these images. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the YOLOv8‐seg model, achieving a mean average precision (mAP) score greater than ˜0.95. Notably, this research pioneers the development of a framework for reconstructing HIC within steel based on B‐scan image segmentation results, offering researchers and professionals a comprehensive understanding of internal defects in steel blocks. This work underscores the potential of YOLOv8‐seg architecture for accurate detection and segmentation of HIC in steel, providing a valuable tool for inspection and maintenance activities.
Ionic Liquid‐Supported Single‐Sodium‐Ion‐Conducting Styrene‐Maleic Anhydride Copolymer for Energy Storage Devices
Authors: Rai Rajshree , Tiwari Rudramani , Verma Dipendra Kumar , Kumar Devendra , Yadav Shashikant , Parwati Km , Krishnamoorthi Subramanian
Published: August 2024

Wide‐ranging research has been done on ionic liquid (IL)‐incorporated conducting polymers in energy storage devices. Herein, by taking the reaction advantage of styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymer with sodium hydroxide, a sodium ion having polymeric material as an electrolyte is synthesized. 1,8‐Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐enium acetate (DBU acetate) is prepared as an IL and added to the prepared polymer electrolyte to increase the matrix flexibility, semisolid nature, and ionic mobility inside the matrix. This semisolid sodium ion‐based electrolyte shows conductivity in the order of 10−5 S cm−1 and an electrochemical stability window of 2.52 volts with >97% of ionic transference. It also shows the diffusivity constant in the order of 10−4 m2 s−1 and ionic mobility in the order of 10−3 m2 v−1 s−1 at 30 °C. The hydrogel matrix shows a correlated type of hopping with a power exponent <1 at 30 °C with low‐energy requirement of ionic transport, that is, 0.709 eV. A high amount of capacitance is associated with electrolyte that has an insignificant electrode contribution. On behalf of these findings, SMA‐IL‐based semisolid polymer electrolyte confirms its potential for application in sodium ion‐based energy storage systems.
Experimental investigation of the effects of photovoltaic panels on efficiency cooling with nanofluids using both in‐pipe flow and fin
Authors: Ziyadanogullari Nese B. , Ozdemir Yunus
Published: August 2024

Temperature increases in photovoltaic (PV) panels are one of the primary issues preventing PV systems from being used extensively. When a photovoltaic module overheats, its output power performance drops by 0.4%–0.5% for every degree Celsius above its rated temperature. Lowering the operating temperature of the PV surface using a cooling medium is an efficient technique to increase electrical performance and decrease the rate of thermal degradation of a PV module. To prevent this performance loss, researchers have worked on cooling photovoltaic panels with fluids such as air, water, and nanofluids. In this study, the effects of cooling on photovoltaic panels with water and nanofluid were investigated. The experiment was carried out by fixing the pipe and fins to the back surface of the panel. Al2O3‐water and TiO2‐water nanofluids were used as working fluid due to their cost effectiveness. Nanofluids prepared in three different volumetric fractions (0.01%, 0.1%, and 1%), the current and voltage values obtained from the panels were recorded, and the panel efficiency was calculated. The experimental results showed that the cooling increased the panel voltage and decreased the current. The results indicated that using TiO2 nanofluid was more effective than Al2O3 nanofluid in terms of electrical efficiency. It was also found that the fluids prepared as 0.01% and 1% gave the most efficient results. It has been observed that it is possible to increase the panel efficiency by 8.32% by cooling the panel.
Research on coal wall failure and stability control technology of large coal seams with a soft and thick seam
Authors: Guo Weibin , Wang Gang , Li Yuhui , Chen Dengfeng
Published: August 2024

To address the issues of coal rib instability and high occurrence of roof falls in high extraction height fully mechanized coal mining of soft coal seams, this study comprehensively employs theoretical analysis, numerical calculations, and field industrial experiments. By analyzing the distribution characteristics of coal rib displacement and deformation instability zones under different mechanical parameters of soft coal seams, the instability mechanism of coal ribs in high extraction height mining of thick and soft coal seams is revealed, and corresponding stability control techniques for high extraction height coal ribs and supports are developed. The study shows that the stability of coal ribs in high extraction height mining fields of soft and thick coal seams decreases as the values of mechanical parameters decrease. In other words, the smaller the cohesion and deformation parameters of the coal body, the more prone the coal rib is to roof falls. By utilizing advanced deep‐hole static water infusion technology, the frequency of roof falls in extremely soft high extraction height working faces is reduced by 80%, the average depth of roof falls is decreased by 35%, and the average length of roof falls is reduced by 50%. The stability of the coal ribs is effectively improved.
Emerging advances in CO2 storativity and trappability within shale reservoirs
Authors: Hameli Fatima Al , Belhaj Hadi , AlDhuhoori Mohammed , Aljaberi Faisal
Published: August 2024

Geological carbon storage and utilization is widely regarded as the most realistic method of reducing carbon emissions throughout the energy transition era. In recent times, the implementation of carbon dioxide (CO2) injection has emerged as a potential method for increasing the recovery of hydrocarbon and facilitating the interaction of CO2 in shale reservoirs. This methodology enables the mitigation of total carbon emissions released into the earth's atmosphere. The concept of using CO2 geological sequestration in unconventional shale formations seems to be a prudent approach in responding to both the growing energy demand and mandating environmental requirements simultaneously. Shale reservoirs have received significant interest in the global context because to their substantial reserves and widespread distribution. This research offers a comprehensive analysis of the essential components involved in the sequestration of CO2 in shales, therefore improving the trapping and long‐term storage of CO2. In addition, it explores the extraction of hydrocarbons in this context. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental factors that contribute to the storativity and trappability of CO2 is crucial for improving the displacement of methane gas (CH4) during shale gas recovery. This is particularly relevant in depleted the reservoirs of shale gas, where the aim is to enhance the effectiveness of in situ CO2 sequestration while reducing the leakage risk.
High Pressure Extraction as a Green Alternative to the Conventional Sunflower Oil (Helianthus annuus) Production Process – Extraction with Pressurized Ethanol in an Intermittent Process and with Supercritical Fluid
Authors: Vicentini‐Polette Carolina Medeiros , Yamada Beatriz Satie , Ramos Paulo Rodolfo , da Silva Marta Gomes , Oliveira Alessandra Lopes de
Published: August 2024

This research explores green‐technology alternatives to extract vegetable oils as alternatives to hexane, a non‐renewable solvent, focussing on sunflower oil. It compares pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with ethanol and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO2. Both processes aim to maximize oil yield, tocopherol content (α, β, γ, and δ), fatty acid profile (FA), and triacylglycerol (TAG) composition. Results show that SFE at 32 MPa achieves an 87.58% oil recovery, while PLE at 84 °C achieves 93.93%. PLE with ethanol extracts polar minority compounds along with the oil due to its higher temperature, favoring extraction. The total tocopherol content is 91.17 mg/100 g of oil in optimized SFE conditions, with α‐tocopherol extraction influenced by temperature, γ and δ‐tocopherol by pressure. PLE yields 83.16 mg/100 g of oil in tocopherols influenced less by process variables. The fatty acid (FA) profile do not vary in the oils obtained from different processes or based on the variables within each process, with linoleic and oleic acids being the most abundant. Similarly, triacylglycerols (TAGs) C54:5 and C54:6 are predominant. The optimization of SFE and PLE processes indicates a strong potential for using green solvents in the extraction of tocopherol‐rich sunflower oil.
The sexual and reproductive health knowledge of women in Australia: A scoping review
Authors: Williams Natalie , Griffin Georgia , Wall Megan , Bradfield Zoe
Published: August 2024

Issue Addressed

Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) knowledge influences health literacy and promotes positive health behaviours. This scoping review explores the SRH knowledge of women in Australia and reports on knowledge assessment, ways of learning, enablers and barriers, and interventions to improve knowledge.

Methods

Seven databases were searched for eligible articles published in English between 2012 and 2022.

Results

Eighty‐five sources were included for analysis. Data were mapped by knowledge topic and population group and charted against four review objectives. Assessment of knowledge was the primary focus in 59% of sources. Two sources used a validated knowledge assessment tool. Knowledge was assessed using self‐assessment, a measurement of correctness, or both. Women learnt about SRH through a range of sources, including healthcare providers, peers, family, internet, and school. Enablers and barriers spanned information content, delivery, timing, accessibility, interactions with those providing information, cultural and gendered norms, pre‐migration experiences, and functional health literacy. Nine sources reported on interventions to facilitate SRH knowledge.

Conclusions

This review identified topics, population groups, and gaps in assessment of SRH knowledge of women in Australia. Overall, the measurement of women's SRH knowledge is largely conducted using unvalidated tools focusing on specific topics.

So What?

It is recommended a validated tool be developed to comprehensively assess the SRH knowledge of women in Australia allowing for intersectional population analysis and exploration of knowledge conceptualisation. This would enable assessment of interventions aiming to improve SRH knowledge thereby facilitating improved health literacy and outcomes.
Retail assortment under demand shocks: Evidence from the US yogurt market
Authors: Ma Meilin , Qin Fei , Lusk Jayson L.
Published: August 2024

Despite extensive research on retailers' price responses to demand shocks, much less is known about their non‐price responses. Using heterogeneity in timing, location, and magnitude of income and wealth shocks associated with the 2008 Great Recession, we explore how US retail stores adjusted product offerings under local demand shocks. We find that stores offer fewer products and varieties besides lowering prices. Using a structural demand model, we quantify the net welfare impact of the price and assortment adjustments. On average, the consumer welfare losses from variety reduction more than offset the welfare gains from price reductions.
90‐day oral toxicity study in rats of a protein‐rich powder derived fromXanthobactersp. SoF1
Authors: Choi Bean , Glávits Róbert , Murbach Timothy S. , Endres John R. , Hirka Gábor , Szakonyiné Ilona Pasics
Published: August 2024

Xanthobactersp. SoF1 (SoF1) is an autotrophic hydrogen‐oxidizing bacteria that produces protein‐rich biomass and has potential to be an alternative protein source that is more environmentally sustainable than animal and plant derived proteins. A protein‐rich powder derived from SoF1 was the test material in a 90‐day repeated‐dose oral toxicity study to explore major toxic effects, demonstrate target organs, and provide an estimate of a no‐observed‐adverse‐effect level (NOAEL). Daily doses of 0 (vehicle only), 375, 750, and 1500 mg/kg bw/day of the test material were administered by gavage to 10 Han:WIST rats/sex/group. An additional group was administered 1290 mg/kg bw/day whey protein concentrate as positive control. No treatment‐related adverse effects were observed, and no target organs were determined after 90/91 days of consecutive administration of the test item. A NOAEL of 1500 mg/kg bw/day was determined.
Enlightening the shadow dimensions of part‐time entrepreneurship: Navigating fear of failure and enhancing social status
Authors: Santos Emili C. , Galvão Anderson R. , Marques Carla S. , Mendes Telma
Published: August 2024

Part‐time entrepreneurs—individuals acting simultaneously as entrepreneurs and employees—are often considered to be in a transitional stage towards becoming full‐time entrepreneurs. However, they can also exit a venture or remain hybrid entrepreneurs. Based on this evidence, we explore the influence of social norms (social status and shame of failing), the desire to create a company, entrepreneurial motivation, the need for achievement, risk propensity, and indirect shame on the entrepreneurial intention of part‐time entrepreneurs. A questionnaire was administered to 304 part‐time entrepreneurs residing in Brazil. The results of partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS‐SEM) have shown that social status and entrepreneurial motivation positively influence the entrepreneurial intention of hybrid entrepreneurs, while the shame of failing has a negative effect on this dimension. We also found that the desire to create a company has a positive impact on entrepreneurial intention but negatively moderates the relationship between social status and entrepreneurial intention, that is, the direct relationship becomes weaker as the desire to create a company increases. Accordingly, this study provides evidence on the main drivers of entrepreneurial intention by focusing on the specific case of part‐time entrepreneurs. The uniqueness of this study, therefore, lies in its valuable contribution to empirical knowledge about hybrid entrepreneurship, a category often underestimated in research dedicated to the field of entrepreneurship.
Flexible support material maintains disc height and supports the formation of hydrated tissue engineered intervertebral discs in vivo
Authors: Fidai Alikhan B. , Kim Byumsu , Lintz Marianne , Kirnaz Sertac , Gadjradj Pravesh , Boadi Blake I. , Koga Maho , Hussain Ibrahim , Härtl Roger , Bonassar Lawrence J.
Published: August 2024

Background

Mechanical augmentation upon implantation is essential for the long‐term success of tissue‐engineered intervertebral discs (TE‐IVDs). Previous studies utilized stiffer materials to fabricate TE‐IVD support structures. However, these materials undergo various failure modes in the mechanically challenging IVD microenvironment. FlexiFil (FPLA) is an elastomeric 3D printing filament that is amenable to the fabrication of support structures. However, no present study has evaluated the efficacy of a flexible support material to preserve disc height and support the formation of hydrated tissues in a large animal model.

Methods

We leveraged results from our previously developed FE model of the minipig spine to design and test TE‐IVD support cages comprised of FPLA and PLA. Specifically, we performed indentation to assess implant mechanical response and scanning electron microscopy to visualize microscale damage. We then implanted FPLA and PLA support cages for 6 weeks in the minipig cervical spine and monitored disc height via weekly x‐rays. TE‐IVDs cultured in FPLA were also implanted for 6 weeks with weekly x‐rays and terminal T2 MRIs to quantify tissue hydration at study endpoint.

Results

Results demonstrated that FPLA cages withstood nearly twice the deformation of PLA without detrimental changes in mechanical performance and minimal damage. In vivo, FPLA cages and stably implanted TE‐IVDs restored native disc height and supported the formation of hydrated tissues in the minipig spine. Displaced TE‐IVDs yielded disc heights that were superior to PLA or discectomy‐treated levels.

Conclusions

FPLA holds great promise as a flexible and bioresorbable material for enhancing the long‐term success of TE‐IVD implants.
Chitosan/Silica Hybrid Nanogels by Inverse Nanoemulsion for Encapsulating Hydrophilic Substances
Authors: Elzayat Asmaa M. , Landfester Katharina , Muñoz‐Espí Rafael
Published: August 2024

A strategy for the preparation of a hybrid chitosan/silica nanohydrogel is reported, which combines the gelation of chitosan in a nanoemulsion system with a sol–gel process to produce silica. Chitosan is used as a biopolymer matrix, while silica acts as a structuring additive. Hydrogel nanocapsules are obtained through the ionic interaction of the cationic groups of chitosan with the anionic groups of sodium triphosphate (STP), which is used as a physical cross‐linker. Two alternative preparation methods are compared in this work: in the first one, STP is added to the continuous phase of an inverse emulsion of chitosan; in the second one, the fusion of droplets of two emulsions containing separate chitosan and STP takes place. The size of the obtained nanocapsules ranges from 50 to 200 nm. The efficiency of the formed hydrogel for entrapping a hydrophilic model substance (erioglaucine disodium salt) is investigated for the two systems by studying the release in a neutral aqueous medium. The results indicate that the hydrophilic cargo is efficiently encapsulated by both preparation methods, although the droplet‐fusion method yields more stable suspensions. As a general observation, the release behavior of erioglaucine is systematically retarded when silica is present in the systems.
Role of Annealing with Electric Field Toward Improvement of Ferroelectric and Electroactive Properties of PVDF Copolymer and Terpolymer Thin Films
Authors: Roy Dhrubojyoti , Chakraborty Mohua , Pattader Partho Sarathi Gooh , Islam A. K. M. Maidul , Bandyopadhyay Dipankar
Published: August 2024

The present study elucidates the role of annealing with electric field on lamellar crystalline structure and molecular orientation of polymer chains in ferroelectric copolymer (P(VDF‐TrFE)) and ferroelectric terpolymer (P(VDF‐TrFE‐CFE)) spin‐coated thin films. The ferroelectric polymer thin films annealed under an electric field support the growth of nanostructure with an “edge‐on” lamellar crystalline structure having in‐plane molecular chain orientation. The poled P(VDF‐TrFE) thin films have higher remnant polarization (Pr) ≈6.2 µC cm−2 and saturation polarization (Ps) ≈8.2 µC cm−2 at an applied electric field of 250 MV/m compared to unpoled thin films having Pr ≈4.7 and Ps ≈6.2 µC cm−2. Also, poled P(VDF‐TrFE) thin films show lower coercive field (Ec) ≈94 MV/m compared to an unpoled thin film having Ec ≈105 MV/m. Similarly, poled PVDF‐TrFE‐CFE thin film shows better ferroelectric properties having Pr ≈0.4 and Ps ≈5.7 µC cm−2 at an applied electric field of 200 MV m−1 compared to unpoled thin films having Pr ≈0.4 and Ps ≈4.1 µC cm−2. The storage energy efficiency of unpoled and poled P(VDF‐TrFE‐CFE) thin films is measured to be ≈75% and 80%. Annealing of ferroelectric P(VDF‐TrFE) polymer thin films under an electric field demonstrates improved ferroelectric and electroactive properties.
Ultra‐Tough Graphene Oxide/DNA 2D Hydrogel with Intrinsic Sensing and Actuation Functions
Authors: Chen Siyu , Lee Chang Jie Mick , Tan Gladys Shi Xuan , Ng Pei Rou , Zhang Pengxiang , Zhao Jinpei , Novoselov Kostya S. , Andreeva Daria V.
Published: August 2024

Hydrogel devices with mechanical toughness and tunable functionalities are highly desirable for practical long‐term applications such as sensing and actuation elements for soft robotics. However, existing hydrogels have poor mechanical properties, slow rates of response, and low functionality. In this work, two‐dimensional hydrogel actuators are proposed and formed on the self‐assembly of graphene oxide (GO) and deoxynucleic acid (DNA). The self‐assembly process is driven by the GO‐induced transition of double stranded DNA (dsDNA) into single stranded DNA (ssDNA). Thus, the hydrogel's structural unit consists of two layers of GO covered by ssDNA and a layer of dsDNA in between. Such heterogeneous architectures stabilized by multiple hydrogen bondings have Young's modulus of up to 10 GPa and rapid swelling rates of 4.0 × 10−3 to 1.1 × 10−2 s−1, which surpasses most types of conventional hydrogels. It is demonstrated that the GO/DNA hydrogel actuators leverage the unique properties of these two materials, making them excellent candidates for various applications requiring sensing and actuation functions, such as artificial skin, wearable electronics, bioelectronics, and drug delivery systems.
Development and validation of a clinical prediction rule for walking independence in hospitalized older adults with a vertebral compression fracture
Authors: Kaizu Yoichi , Tamura Shuntaro , Iwamura Taiki , Saito Shota , Kobayashi Sota , Takeda Ren , Iwamoto Hiroki , Miyata Kazuhiro
Published: August 2024

Objective

No reports on factors or Clinical prediction rules (CPRs) associated with walking independence among patients with vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) are available. Evidence regarding epidemiological walking independence rates is also sparse. Here, we sought to (i) obtain epidemiological data on the probability of inpatients with VCFs achieving walking independence, and (ii) develop and validate a CPR to determine walking independence in hospitalized patients with VCFs.

Patients and Methods

We conducted a retrospective cross‐sectional observational study of patients aged ≥60 years who were hospitalized for VCF at four hospitals in Japan in 2019–2022. The outcome was walking independence at discharge. We performed a binomial logistic regression analysis to assess predictors of walking independence. Five independent variables were entered: age, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status, cognitive function, Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and 10‐m walking test. Among the independent variables that were significant, we converted the continuous variables to binary data by calculating cut‐off values and then created the CPR. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated as the measure of the CPR's diagnostic accuracy, and internal validation was conducted by bootstrapping.

Results

Of the 240 patients, 188 (78.3%) achieved walking independence. Cognitive function and the BBS score (with a cut‐off of 45 points) were identified as significant predictors. We created a CPR using these two items (0–2 points). The CPR's AUC was 0.92 (0.874–0.967), and internal validation by bootstrapping yielded a mean AUC of 0.919 with a slope of 0.965.

Conclusion

The walking independence rate of patients with a VCF during hospitalization was 78.3%, with cognitive function and BBS being predictors. The developed CPR performed well enough to retrospectively predict walking independence in VCF patients. The BBS cut‐off value and the CPR may serve as useful indicators for clinicians to predict VCF patients' walking independence.
Self‐Assembly of MnS Shell on CdTe Nanoparticles Induced by Thermohydrolysis: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Cuevas Raul Fernando , Prado Silvio Jose , Solano Reynoso Victor Ciro , Pradela Filho Lauro Antonio , Menezes Pablo Henrique , Balanta Miguel Angel Gonzalez
Published: August 2024

Herein, CdTe/MnS core/shell nanoparticles dispersed in an aqueous solution have been synthesized. The formation of MnS semiconductor shell occurs by spontaneous self‐assembly. This process is activated by thermal hydrolysis that removes the excess of thiol and releases S2− ions. In this process, Mn2+ ions on the surface of the CdTe nanoparticles bind to S2− ions to produce a fine semiconducting layer of MnS. Measurements of Raman spectroscopy, optical absorption, and electrochemical measurements are performed. The Raman spectrum shows CdTe characteristic bands at 141 and 163 cm−1. Bands at 221 and 444 cm−1 are associated with the MnS structure. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry are used to estimate the electrochemical gap at ≈2.47 eV. Absorption optical measurements show tree absorption bands. A broad band between 460 and 520 nm is associated with the first transition in CdTe nanoparticle. The absorption spectrum reveals an optical gap in the range of 2.41–2.33 eV for all the refluxed samples. These values are consistent with those obtained with the electrochemical measurements. The results evidence the formation of a core–shell semiconducting nanostructure made of CdTe nanoparticles coated with a spontaneously self‐assembled thin layer of MnS nanoparticles.
Glucosinolate derivatives as antifungals: A review
Authors: Patil Shivani , Gavandi Tanjila , Karuppayil Sankunny Mohan , Jadhav Ashwini
Published: August 2024

Fungal infections are becoming a severe threat to the security of global public health due to the extensive use of antibiotic medications and the rise in immune‐deficient patients globally. Additionally, there is an increase in the development of fungus resistance to available antifungal medications. It is necessary to focus on the development of new antifungal medications in order to address these problems. The wide range of chemical structures, low cost, high availability, high antimicrobial action, and lack of adverse effects are the characteristics of plant secondary metabolites. In order to find and develop new antifungal medications, plant secondary metabolites like glucosinolate (GSL) derivatives are crucial sources of information. These natural compounds are enzymatically transformed into isothiocyanates (ITCs), nitriles, epithionitriles, oxazolidin‐2‐thion, and thiocyanate when they get mechanically damaged. The current review offers a thorough understanding of how isothiocyanates affect fungi with detailed mechanism. Along with this antifungal activity of nitriles, epithionitriles, oxazolidin‐2‐thion, and thiocyanate are mentioned. The review summarizes our present understanding of the following subjects: role of isothiocyanate by inhibiting aflatoxin biosynthesis, effect of isothiocyanate on transcriptomes, isothiocyanate targets cell membrane, role of isothiocyanate in efflux, and the role of isothiocyanate in synergistic activity. Antifungal activity of nitrile, epithionitrile, oxazolidine‐2‐thion, and thiocyanate is mentioned. Cytotoxicity study and clinical trials data were also added. More extensive studies will be needed in this field to assess safety concerns and clinical efficacies of GSL derivatives.
Immature reticulocyte fraction: A novel biomarker of hemodynamic severity in pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Brownstein Adam J. , Wilkinson Jared D. , Liang Lloyd L. , Channick Richard N. , Saggar Rajan , Kim Airie
Published: August 2024

Various erythropoietic abnormalities are highly prevalent among patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and associated with worse disease severity. Given the poorly understood yet important roles of dysregulated erythropoiesis and iron metabolism in PAH, we sought to further characterize the hematologic and iron profiles in PAH and their relationship to PAH severity. We recruited 67 patients with PAH and 13 healthy controls. Hemodynamics attained within 1 year of blood sample collection were available for 36 patients. Multiple hematologic, iron, and inflammatory parameters were evaluated for their association with hemodynamics. The subset with hemodynamic data consisted of 29 females (81%). The most common etiologies were idiopathic PAH (47%) and connective tissue disease‐related PAH (33%). 19 (53%) had functional class 3 or 4 symptomatology, and 12 (33%) were on triple pulmonary vasodilator therapy. Immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF) had significant positive correlations with mean pulmonary artery (PA) pressure (mPAP) (0.59, p < 0.001), pulmonary vascular resistance (0.52, p = 0.001), and right atrial pressure (0.46, p = 0.005), and significant negative correlations with cardiac index (−0.43, p = 0.009), PA compliance (PAC) (−0.60, p < 0.001), stroke volume index (SVI) (−0.57, p < 0.001), and mixed venous oxygen saturation (−0.51, p = 0.003). IRF correlated with markers of iron deficiency (ID) and erythropoiesis. On multivariable linear regression, IRF was associated with elevated mPAP and reduced SVI and PAC independent of EPO levels, transferrin saturation, and soluble transferrin receptor levels. We identified IRF as a novel and potent biomarker of PAH hemodynamic severity, possibly related to its associations with erythropoiesis, ID, and tissue hypoxia.
The Spatiotemporal Doubled‐Density Operator: A Unified Framework for Analyzing Spatial and Temporal Quantum Processes
Authors: Jia Zhian , Kaszlikowski Dagomir
Published: August 2024

The measurement statistics for spatial and temporal quantum processes are produced through distinct mechanisms. Measurements that are space‐like separated exhibit non‐signaling behavior. However, time‐like separated measurements can only result in one‐way non‐signaling, as the past is independent of the future, but the opposite is not true. This work presents the doubled‐density operator as a comprehensive framework for studying quantum processes in space‐time. It effectively captures all the physical information of the process, with the measurement and Born rule showing uniformity for both spatial and temporal cases. It is demonstrated that the equal‐time density operator can be derived by performing a partial trace operation on the doubled‐density operator. Furthermore, the temporality of the quantum process can be detected by conducting a partial trace operation on either the left or right half of the doubled‐density operator.
Constructing Metal–Organic Framework Films with Adjustable Electronic Properties on Hematite Photoanode for Boosting Photogenerated Carrier Transport
Authors: Xing Xiu‐Shuang , Zeng Xuyang , Wu Shaolong , Song Peilin , Song Xin , Guo Yao , Li Zehao , Li He , Zhou Zhongyuan , Du Jimin
Published: August 2024

Hematite (α‐Fe2O3) has become a research hotspot in the field of photoelectrochemical water splitting (PEC‐WS), but the low photogenerated carrier separation efficiency limits further application. The electronic structure regulation, such as element doping and organic functional groups with different electrical properties, is applied to alleviate the problems of poor electrical conductivity, interface defects, and band mismatch. Herein, α‐Fe2O3 photoanodes are modified to regulate their electric structures and improve photogenerated carrier transport by the bimetallic metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), which are constructed with Fe/Ni and terephthalate (BDC) with 2‐substitution of different organic functional groups (─H, ─Br, ─NO2 and ─NH2). The α‐Fe2O3 photoanode loaded with FeNi‐NH2BDC MOF catalyst exhibits the optimal photocurrent density (2 mA cm−2) at 1.23 VRHE, which is 2.33 times that of the pure α‐Fe2O3 photoanode. The detailed PEC analyses demonstrate that the bimetallic synergistic effect between Fe and Ni can improve the conductivity and inhibit the photogenerated carrier recombination of α‐Fe2O3 photoanodes. The ─NH2 group as an electron‐donor group can effectively regulate the electron distribution and band structure of α‐Fe2O3 photoanodes to prolong the lifetime of photogenerated holes, which facilitates photogenerated carrier transport and further enhances the PEC‐WS performance of α‐Fe2O3 photoanode.
In Situ Polymerization of Ultra‐Thin and Defect‐Free Polyamide Layer for Effectively Impeding the Polysulfides Shuttle
Authors: Zheng Aqian , Shen Chunli , Yan Kaijian , Gong Minjian , Dong Chenxu , Yu Yongkun , Zhou Cheng , Pi Yuqiang , Xu Xu
Published: August 2024

Lithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries present significant potential for next‐generation high‐energy‐density devices. Nevertheless, obstacles such as the polysulfide shuttle and Li‐dendrite growth severely impede their commercial production. It is still hard to eliminate gaps between individual particles on separators that serve as potential conduits for polysulfide shuttling. Herein, the synthesis of a nanoscale thickness and defect‐free cross‐linked polyamide (PA) layer on a polypropylene (PP) separator is presented through in situ polymerization. The PA modification layer can effectively impede the diffusion of polysulfides with a thickness of only 1.5 nm, as evidenced by the results of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and time‐of‐flight (TOF) testing. Therefore, the Li/Li symmetric battery assembled with the functional separator exhibits an overpotential of merely 12 mV after 1000 h of cycling under test conditions of 1 mA cm−2‐1 mAh cm−2. Furthermore, the capacity degradation rate of the Li‐S battery is only 0.06% per cycle over 450 cycles at 1 C, while the Li‐S pouch cell retains 87.63% of its capacity after 50 cycles. This work will significantly advance the preparation and application of molecules in Li‐S batteries, and it will also stimulate further research on defect‐free modification of separators.
Investigation of Basicity on Compressive Strength and Oxidation Induration Mechanism of Vanadium–Titanium Magnetite Pellets
Authors: Zhang Song , Zong Yanbing , Huang Yun , Gui Xiangyou , Lei Dian , Zhang Jianliang , Gan Xian , Wang Zhenyang , Zhang Shushi , Lu Peiyuan
Published: August 2024

Currently, the typical charge structure for blast furnace smelting of vanadium–titanium magnetite (VTM) is the addition of acidic pellets, high‐basicity sinters, and lumps. To increase the percentage of pellets entering the blast furnace, it is necessary to transfer the basicity burden to the pellets. In this study, the effect of basicity on the phase transition and oxidation hardening mechanism of VTM pellets is investigated. In the results, it is indicated that when the preheating temperature is 950 °C, the preheating time is 15 min, the roasting temperature is 1260 °C, and the roasting time is 15 min, with the basicity (CaO/SiO2) increasing from 0.08 to 1.3, the compressive strength of pellets shows a trend of “increasing first and then decreasing,” with the highest value reaching 3159 N pellet−1 at basicity of 0.5. As the basicity increases, calcium ferrate can be generated by CaO in the liquid phase with Fe2O3 in addition to silicate with SiO2, which will increase the amount of the liquid phase. With the increase of basicity, the oxide‐bonded induration is gradually weakened, and the slag‐bonded induration is gradually enhanced. A moderate amount of liquid phase can play the role of bonding and filling, thereby improving compressive strength.
Assessing social connection for long‐term care home residents: Systematic review using COnsensus‐based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments guidelines
Authors: Dewan Neha , Sommerlad Andrew , Chapman Hannah , Banerjee Sube , Corazzini Kirsten , Edvardsson David , Liougas Madalena P. , Livingston Gill , McGilton Katherine S. , O'Rourke Hannah M. , Bethell Jennifer
Published: August 2024

Social connection is important for long‐term care (LTC) residents' quality of life and care. However, there is a lack of consensus on how to measure it and this limits ability to find what improves and impairs social connection in LTC homes. We therefore aimed to systematically review and evaluate the measurement properties of existing measures of social connection for LTC residents, to identify which, if any, measures can be recommended. We searched eight electronic databases from inception to April 2022 for studies which reported on psychometric properties of a measure of any aspect(s) of social connection (including social networks, interaction, engagement, support, isolation, connectedness, and loneliness) for LTC residents. We used COnsensus‐based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) guidelines to evaluate the measurement properties reported for each identified measure and make recommendations. We identified 62 studies reporting on 38 measures; 21 measured quality of life, well‐being or life satisfaction and included a social connection subscale or standalone items and 17 measures specifically targeted social connection. We found there was little high‐quality evidence on psychometric properties such as sufficient content validity (n = 0), structural validity (n = 3), internal consistency (n = 3), reliability (n = 1), measurement error (n = 0), construct validity (n = 4), criterion validity (n = 0) and responsiveness (n = 0). No measures demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties on all these aspects, so none could be recommended for use. Thirty‐four measures have the potential to be recommended but require further research to assess their quality and the remaining four are not recommended for use. Our review therefore found that no existing measures have sufficient evidence to be recommended for assessment of social connection in residents of LTC homes. Further validation and reliability studies of existing instruments or the development of new measures are needed to enable accurate measurement of social connection in LTC residents for future observational and interventional studies.

Highlights

Social connection is fundamental to person‐centered care in long‐term care homes.

There is insufficient evidence for the reliability and validity of existing measures.

No current measures can be recommended for use based on existing evidence.

A reliable and valid measure of social connection is needed for future research.
Numerical Simulations of Friction Stir Spot Welding Process Using Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian Approach
Authors: Do Tuan Anh , Nguyen Minh Chien , Wu Yang-Jiu , Lin Pai-Chen , Van Tran Xuan
Published: August 2024

The friction stir spot welding process involves many complex problems with thermal–mechanical coupling, boundary contact, and large deformation. Among these problems, large deformation is the most difficult to deal with conventional finite element method. In this study, 3D thermal–mechanical coupling finite element analysis based on the Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian (CEL) method is employed to simulate the friction stir spot welding process of two aluminum sheets. The computational temperature histories at different locations and the weld thermal heat-affected zones are compared with those measured from experiments. The computational results are in relatively good agreement with the experiments. The CEL approach shows no mesh distortion and can be applied for extreme deformation problems; temperature diffusion, material flows, and mixture zone results can be obtained to evaluate the quality of the joint; CEL approach is computation cost where the mesh need to be refined.
Numerical Simulation and Experimental Validation of Electromagnetic-Impacted Micro-forming Processes of Aluminum Alloy Thin Sheet
Authors: Liu Wei , Cheng Tao , Meng Zhenghua , Li Jiaqi , Huang Shangyu
Published: August 2024

Electromagnetic forming is a kind of high-speed forming technology for improving the formability of aluminum alloy sheets; however, the inherent non-uniform electromagnetic forces always restrict its application into the micro-forming field. Electromagnetic-impacted micro-forming processes were adopted by using flexible mediums for force transmission. The processes of electromagnetic-impacted rubber micro-forming, electromagnetic-impacted micro-hydroforming, and electromagnetic-impacted pneumatic micro-forming were compared to inspect the influences of flexible mediums. The effects of discharge voltages on the electromagnetic-impacted micro-forming processes of an AA5052-O aluminum alloy thin sheet were investigated by the numerical simulation of electromagnetic and mechanical coupled fields. The numerical simulations were validated via comparisons with the experimental results; these showed that the forming accuracy and thickness uniformity of micro-channels were the greatest by the electromagnetic-impacted micro-hydroforming process.
Growth Recurring in a Preindustrial Economy
Authors: Prados de la Escosura Leandro
Published: August 2024

On the basis of new yearly estimates of output and population, Spain’s economic performance from the late thirteenth century to mid-nineteenth century can be shown to be a succession of growing and shrinking phases without long-term net gains in average income. The simultaneous behaviour of per capita income and population is consistent with the existence of a frontier economy in which natural resources are abundant and population scarce, and precludes a Malthusian interpretation. A long phase of sustained growth and lower inequality ended in the 1570s and gave way to another period of sluggish growth and higher inequality. Growth and decline and long-term stagnation are explained by individual and collective economic decisions under institutional constraints.
The Loss of the American Empire
Authors: Prados de la Escosura Leandro
Published: August 2024

The loss of the Americas empire has been deemed one of the main causes of Spain’s economic backwardness in the nineteenth century. This chapter assesses its economic effects. The emancipation of the mainland American colonies impacted negatively on Spain’s economy, especially in the short run, with a contraction of international trade, domestic investment and the Monarchy’s revenues. However, the aggregate effects on the economy were narrower and less deep than conventionally assumed by historians and, in the long run, may have had contributed to the demise of the Ancien Régime that paved the way to the liberal society.
The Terms of Trade Between Spain and Britain and the Industrial Revolution
Authors: Prados de la Escosura Leandro
Published: August 2024

In this chapter, the Prebisch thesis of a long-run deterioration of primary producers’ terms of trade vis-a-vis industrial nations and its consequences on the former’s welfare is tested for Spain and Britain in the age of the Industrial Revolution. At odds with the Prebisch doctrine, the evolution of the terms of trade between Spain and Britain had a positive effect on Spain’s welfare, as productive factors embodied in exportables improved in absolute and relative terms, supporting the view that Spain’s relative decline in the nineteenth century cannot be blamed on specialization along lines of comparative advantage.