bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen fixation and nitrogenase (nifH) expression in tropical waters of the eastern North Atlantic
Authors: Turk Kendra A , Rees Andrew P , Zehr Jonathan P , Pereira Nicole , Swift Paul , Shelley Rachel , Lohan Maeve , Woodward E Malcolm S , Gilbert Jack
Published: January 2011

Expression of nifH in 28 surface water samples collected during fall 2007 from six stations in the vicinity of the Cape Verde Islands (north-east Atlantic) was examined using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based clone libraries and quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis of seven diazotrophic phylotypes. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) rates and nutrient concentrations were determined for these stations, which were selected based on a range in surface chlorophyll concentrations to target a gradient of primary productivity. BNF rates greater than 6 nmolN l−1 h−1 were measured at two of the near-shore stations where high concentrations of Fe and PO43− were also measured. Six hundred and five nifH transcripts were amplified by RT-PCR, of which 76% are described by six operational taxonomic units, including Trichodesmium and the uncultivated UCYN-A, and four non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs that clustered with uncultivated Proteobacteria. Although all five cyanobacterial phylotypes quantified in RT-qPCR assays were detected at different stations in this study, UCYN-A contributed most significantly to the pool of nifH transcripts in both coastal and oligotrophic waters. A comparison of results from RT-PCR clone libraries and RT-qPCR indicated that a γ-proteobacterial phylotype was preferentially amplified in clone libraries, which underscores the need to use caution interpreting clone-library-based nifH studies, especially when considering the importance of uncultivated proteobacterial diazotrophs.
Pathways for Ischemic Cytoprotection: Role of Sirtuins in Caloric Restriction, Resveratrol, and Ischemic Preconditioning
Authors: Morris Kahlilia C , Lin Hung Wen , Thompson John W , Perez-Pinzon Miguel A
Published: January 2011

Caloric restriction (CR), resveratrol, and ischemic preconditioning (IPC) have been shown to promote protection against ischemic injury in the heart and brain, as well as in other tissues. The activity of sirtuins, which are enzymes that modulate diverse biologic processes, seems to be vital in the ability of these therapeutic modalities to prevent against cellular dysfunction and death. The protective mechanisms of the yeast Sir2 and the mammalian homolog sirtuin 1 have been extensively studied, but the involvement of other sirtuins in ischemic protection is not yet clear. We examine the roles of mammalian sirtuins in modulating protective pathways against oxidative stress, energy depletion, excitotoxicity, inflammation, DNA damage, and apoptosis. Although many of these sirtuins have not been directly implicated in ischemic protection, they may have unique roles in enhancing function and preventing against stress-mediated cellular damage and death. This review will include in-depth analyses of the roles of CR, resveratrol, and IPC in activating sirtuins and in mediating protection against ischemic damage in the heart and brain.
New Specific Equation to Estimate Resting Energy Expenditure in Severely Obese Patients
Authors: Horie Lilian M. , Gonzalez M. Cristina , Torrinhas Raquel S. , Cecconello Ivan , Waitzberg Dan L.
Published: January 2011

Calculating the estimated resting energy expenditure (REE) in severely obese patients is useful, but there is controversy concerning the effectiveness of available prediction equations (PE) using body weight (BW). We evaluated the efficacy of REE equations against indirect calorimetry (IC) in severely obese subjects and aimed to develop a new equation based on body composition compartments. One hundred and twenty severely obese patients had their REE measured (MREE) by IC and compared to the most commonly used PE (Harris‐Benedict (HB), Ireton‐Jones, Owen, and Mifflin St. Jeor). In a random sample (n = 60), a new REE equation based on fat‐free mass (FFM) was developed and validated. All PE studied failed to estimate REE in severe obesity (low concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and limits of agreement of nearly 50% of the sample ±10% of MREE). The HB equation using actual BW exhibited good results for all samples when compared to IC (2,117 ± 518 kcal/day by HB vs. 2,139 ± 423 kcal/day by MREE, P > 0.01); these results were blunted when patients were separated by gender (2,771 vs. 2,586 kcal/day, P < 0.001 in males and 1,825 vs. 1,939 kcal/day, P < 0.001 in females). A new resting energy expenditure equation prediction was developed using FFM, Horie‐Waitzberg, & Gonzalez, expressed as 560.43 + (5.39 × BW) + (14.14 × FFM). The new resting energy expenditure equation prediction, which uses FFM and BW, demonstrates higher accuracy, precision, CCC, and limits of agreement than the standard PE in patients when compared to MREE (2,129 ± 45 kcal/day vs. 2,139 ± 423 kcal/day, respectively, P = 0.1).The new equation developed to estimate REE, which takes into account both FFM and BW, provides better results than currently available equations.
The Effect of Pioglitazone and Resistance Training on Body Composition in Older Men and Women Undergoing Hypocaloric Weight Loss
Authors: Shea M. Kyla , Nicklas Barbara J. , Marsh Anthony P. , Houston Denise K. , Miller Gary D. , Isom Scott , Miller Michael E. , Carr J. Jeffrey , Lyles Mary F. , Harris Tamara B. , Kritchevsky Stephen B.
Published: January 2011

Age‐related increases in ectopic fat accumulation are associated with greater risk for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, and physical disability. Reducing skeletal muscle fat and preserving lean tissue are associated with improved physical function in older adults. PPARγ‐agonist treatment decreases abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and resistance training preserves lean tissue, but their effect on ectopic fat depots in nondiabetic overweight adults is unclear. We examined the influence of pioglitazone and resistance training on body composition in older (65–79 years) nondiabetic overweight/obese men (n = 48, BMI = 32.3 ± 3.8 kg/m2) and women (n = 40, BMI = 33.3 ± 4.9 kg/m2) during weight loss. All participants underwent a 16‐week hypocaloric weight‐loss program and were randomized to receive pioglitazone (30 mg/day) or no pioglitazone with or without resistance training, following a 2 × 2 factorial design. Regional body composition was measured at baseline and follow‐up using computed tomography (CT). Lean mass was measured using dual X‐ray absorptiometry. Men lost 6.6% and women lost 6.5% of initial body mass. The percent of fat loss varied across individual compartments. Men who were given pioglitazone lost more visceral abdominal fat than men who were not given pioglitazone (−1,160 vs. −647 cm3, P = 0.007). Women who were given pioglitazone lost less thigh subcutaneous fat (−104 vs. −298 cm3, P = 0.002). Pioglitazone did not affect any other outcomes. Resistance training diminished thigh muscle loss in men and women (resistance training vs. no resistance training men: −43 vs. −88 cm3, P = 0.005; women: −34 vs. −59 cm3, P = 0.04). In overweight/obese older men undergoing weight loss, pioglitazone increased visceral fat loss and resistance training reduced skeletal muscle loss. Additional studies are needed to clarify the observed gender differences and evaluate how these changes in body composition influence functional status.
Body Size Phenotypes and Inflammation in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study
Authors: Wildman Rachel P. , Kaplan Robert , Manson JoAnn E. , Rajkovic Aleksandar , Connelly Stephanie A. , Mackey Rachel H. , Tinker Lesley F. , Curb J. David , Eaton Charles B. , Wassertheil‐Smoller Sylvia
Published: January 2011

Individuals with “metabolically benign” obesity (obesity unaccompanied by hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes) are not at elevated 10‐year risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to normal weight individuals. It remains unclear whether these obese individuals or normal weight individuals with clustering of cardiometabolic factors display heightened immune activity. Therefore, we characterized levels of acute‐phase reactants (C‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), white blood cell (WBC) count), adhesion molecules (E‐selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1), and coagulation products (fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1)) among four body size phenotypes (normal weight with 0/1 vs. ≥2 metabolic syndrome components/diabetes and overweight/obesity with 0/1 vs. ≥2 metabolic syndrome components/diabetes) in cross‐sectional analyses of 1,889 postmenopausal women from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI‐OS) nested case–control stroke study. Higher levels of all three inflammatory marker categories were found among women with overweight/obesity or ≥2 metabolic syndrome components or diabetes. Compared to normal weight women with 0 or 1 metabolic syndrome components, normal weight women with ≥2 metabolic syndrome components or diabetes were more likely to have ≥3 inflammatory markers in the top quartile (multivariate odds ratio (OR) 2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3–3.0), as were overweight/obese women with 0 or 1 metabolic syndrome components (OR 2.3; 95% CI: 1.5–3.5). Overweight/obese women with ≥2 metabolic syndrome components or diabetes had the highest OR (OR 4.2; 95% CI: 2.9–5.9). Despite findings that metabolically benign obese individuals are not at increased 10‐year risk of CVD compared to normal weight individuals, the current results suggest that overweight/obese women without clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors still possess abnormal levels of inflammatory markers.
Projected Progression of the Prevalence of Obesity in Australia
Authors: Walls Helen L. , Magliano Dianna J. , Stevenson Christopher E. , Backholer Kathryn , Mannan Haider R. , Shaw Jonathan E. , Peeters Anna
Published: January 2011

Several country‐specific and global projections of the future obesity prevalence have been conducted. However, these projections are obtained by extrapolating past prevalence of obesity or distributions of body weight. More accurate would be to base estimates on the most recent measures of weight change. Using measures of overweight and obesity incidence from a national, longitudinal study, we estimated the future obesity prevalence in Australian adults. Participants were adults aged ≥25 years in 2000 participating in the Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle (AusDiab) study (baseline 2000, follow‐up 2005). In this population, approximately one‐fifth of those with normal weight or overweight progressed to a higher weight category within 5 years. Between 2000 and 2025, the adult prevalence of normal weight was estimated to decrease from 40.6 to 28.1% and the prevalence of obesity to increase from 20.5 to 33.9%. By the time, those people aged 25–29 in 2000 reach 60–64 years, 22.1% will be normal weight, and 42.4% will be obese. On average, normal‐weight females aged 25–29 years in 2000 will live another 56.2 years: 26.6 years with normal weight, 15.6 years with overweight, and 14.0 years with obesity. Normal‐weight males aged 25–29 years in 2000 will live another 51.5 years: 21.6 years with normal weight, 21.1 years with overweight, and 8.8 years with obesity. If the rates of weight gain observed in the first 5 years of this decade are maintained, our findings suggest that normal‐weight adults will constitute less than a third of the population by 2025, and the obesity prevalence will have increased by 65%.
An ultralow noise current amplifier based on superconducting quantum interference device for high sensitivity applications
Authors: Granata C. , Vettoliere A. , Russo M.
Published: January 2011

An integrated ultrahigh sensitive current amplifier based on a niobium dc superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) has been developed. The sensor design is based on a multiturn signal coil coupled to a suitable SQUID magnetometer. The signal coil consists of 60 square niobium turns tightly coupled to a superconducting flux transformer of a SQUID magnetometer. The primary coil (pick-up coil) of the flux transformer has been suitably designed in order to accommodate the multiturn input coil. It has a side length of 10 mm and a width of 2.4 mm. In such a way we have obtained a signal current to magnetic flux transfer coefficient (current sensitivity) as low as 62 nA/Φ0. The sensor has been characterized in liquid helium by using a direct coupling low noise readout electronic and a standard modulated electronic in flux locked loop configuration for the noise measurements. Beside the circuit complexity, the sensor has exhibited a smooth and free resonance voltage-flux characteristic guaranteeing a reliable and a stable working operation. Considering a SQUID magnetic flux noise of SΦ1/2 = 1.8 μΦ0/Hz1/2 at T = 4.2 K, a current noise as low as 110 fA/Hz1/2 is obtained. Such a value is about a factor two less than the noise of other SQUIDs of the same category. As an application, Nyquist noise measurements of integrated test resistors using the current sensing noise thermometer technique are reported. Due to its high performance such a sensor can be employed in all applications requiring an extremely current sensitivity like the readout of the gravitational wave detectors and the current sensing noise thermometry.
SH···N and SH···P blue-shifting H-bonds and N···P interactions in complexes pairing HSN with amines and phosphines
Authors: Solimannejad Mohammad , Gharabaghi Masumeh , Scheiner Steve
Published: January 2011

Quantum calculations at the MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ level examine complexes pairing HSN with aliphatic amines and phosphines. Complexes are cyclic and contain two attractive interactions. The first is a SH···N/P H-bond in which the S–H covalent bond contracts and shifts its stretching frequency to the blue, more so for amines than for phosphines. The second interaction is different for the amines and phosphines. The amines engage in a NH···N H-bond comparable in strength to the aforementioned SH···N interaction. In contrast, the second interaction in the phosphine complexes is a direct N···P attraction without an intervening H. This interaction is due in part to opposite partial charges on the N and P atoms, as well as covalent forces generated by charge transfer effects.
Electronically excited rubidium atom in helium clusters and films. II. Second excited state and absorption spectrum
Authors: Leino Markku , Viel Alexandra , Zillich Robert E.
Published: January 2011

Following our work on the study of helium droplets and film doped with one electronically excited rubidium atom Rb* (2P) [M. Leino, A. Viel, and R. E. Zillich, J. Chem. Phys. 129, 184308 (2008)], we focus in this paper on the second excited state. We present theoretical studies of such droplets and films using quantum Monte Carlo approaches. Diffusion and path integral Monte Carlo algorithms combined with a diatomics-in-molecule scheme to model the nonpair additive potential energy surface are used to investigate the energetics and the structure of Rb*He\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$_n$\end{document}n clusters. Helium films as a model for the limit of large clusters are also considered. As in our work on the first electronic excited state, our present calculations find stable Rb*He\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$_n$\end{document}n clusters. The structures obtained are however different with a He–Rb*–He exciplex core to which more helium atoms are weakly attached, preferentially on one end of the core exciplex. The electronic absorption spectrum is also presented for increasing cluster sizes as well as for the film.
Simulation of Schottky and Ohmic contacts on CdTe
Authors: Ruzin A.
Published: January 2011

This study focuses on finite element method simulations of various contacts on high resistivity, “semi-insulating,” semiconductors in general, and detector grade CdTe, in particular. The results of this study confirm that the simplified approach assuming depletion approximation is not suitable for analyses of semi-insulating semiconductors. Furthermore, the space charge in such devices is usually dominated by the free charge carriers. The forward current in Schottky diodes may be much higher than expected from the bulk majority carrier concentration. It is shown that the minority current is often much higher than the majority current. These results indicate that a full computer simulation is vital in order to describe the microscopic conditions inside the device, as well as the macroscopic behavior of the device.
Aging effects on the nucleation of Pb nanoparticles in silica
Authors: Luce F. P. , Kremer F. , Reboh S. , Fabrim Z. E. , Sanchez D. F. , Zawislak F. C. , Fichtner P. F. P.
Published: January 2011

The ion beam synthesis of Pb nanoparticles (NPs) in silica is studied in terms of a two step thermal annealing process consisting of a low temperature long time aging treatment followed by a high temperature short time one. The samples are investigated by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy. The results obtained show that highly stable Pb trapping structures are formed during the aging treatment. These structures only dissociate at high temperatures, inhibiting the nucleation of NPs in the metallic phase and causing an atomic redistribution that renders the exclusive formation of a two dimensional, uniform and dense array of Pb NPs at the silica–silicon interface. The results are discussed on the basis of classic thermodynamic concepts.
Influence of cathode material on generation of energetic hydrogen atoms in a glow discharge
Authors: Cvetanović N. , Obradović B. M. , Kuraica M. M.
Published: January 2011

In this paper influence of cathode material on formation of fast hydrogen atoms in an abnormal glow discharge is investigated using Balmer alpha emission spectroscopy. Energetic H atoms are generated in charge exchange reactions of hydrogen ions that are accelerated in the electric field, and also formed in the backscattering process at the cathode surface. Copper and graphite cathodes were used. Investigation was performed in two orthogonal directions of observation in pure hydrogen and argon-hydrogen mixture. The shapes of the profiles are examined together with the space intensity distribution of Balmer alpha line. Reduced atom reflection from graphite was manifested in the spectroscopic result, in accordance to the field acceleration model. The effect was evident only at high ion energies. This is explained by energy dependence of reflection coefficient for H atoms.
Defect production in strained p-type Si1−xGex by Er implantation
Authors: Mamor M. , Pipeleers B. , Auret F. D. , Vantomme A.
Published: January 2011

Strained p-Si1−xGex (x=5.3%, 10.2%, and 15.4%) was irradiated at room temperature with 160 keV E166r2+ ions to a fluence of 1×1010 or 3×1013 Er/cm2. The defects induced by ion implantation were investigated experimentally using high-resolution x-ray diffraction, Rutherford backscattering and channeling spectroscopy, and deep level transient spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction indicates that the damage induced by Er implantation produces a slight perpendicular expansion of the SiGe lattice. For all compositions, channeling measurements reveal that Er implantation in p-Si1−xGex to a fluence of 3×1013 Er/cm2 induces an amorphous region below the Si1−xGex surface. Annealing at 850 °C for 30 s, results in a reduction in damage density, a relaxation of the implantation-induced perpendicular expansion of the SiGe lattice in the implanted region, while a more pronounced relaxation of the compressive strain SiGe is observed for higher Ge content (x=0.10 and 0.15). On the other hand, for the annealed SiGe samples that were implanted with Er at the fluence of 1010 Er/cm2, the compressive strain in the SiGe layer is nearly completely retained. Deep level transient spectroscopy studies indicate that two prominent defects with discrete energy levels above the valence band are introduced during Er implantation. Their activation energy was found to decrease with increasing Ge content. However, the relatively large local strain induced by high fluence Er implantation reduces the activation energy by 40 meV with respect to the low fluence Er implanted p-Si1−xGex. This shift (40 meV) in the activation energy remains constant regardless of the Ge content, suggesting that the Si1−xGex layers remained fully strained after Er implantation. The observed defects are further compared to those introduced by alpha particle irradiation and electron beam metal deposition. The results indicate that defects introduced by Er implantation have similar electronic properties as those of defects detected after electron beam deposition and alpha particle irradiation. Therefore, it is concluded that these defects are due to the Er implantation-induced damage and not to the Er species specifically.
Photonic crystal slot waveguide absorption spectrometer for on-chip near-infrared spectroscopy of xylene in water
Authors: Lai Wei-Cheng , Chakravarty Swapnajit , Wang Xiaolong , Lin Cheyun , Chen Ray T.
Published: January 2011

We experimentally demonstrate a 300 μm long silicon photonic crystal slot waveguide near-infrared absorption spectrometer. Based on Beer–Lambert absorption law, our on-chip absorption spectrometer combines slow light in a photonic crystal waveguide with a high electric field intensity in a low-index 75 nm wide slot, which effectively increases the optical absorption path length of the analyte. We demonstrate near-infrared absorption spectroscopy of xylene in water, with a polydimethyl siloxane sensing phase for xylene extraction from water. Xylene concentrations up to 100 ppb (parts per billion) (86 μg/l) in water were measured.
Topology optimized low-contrast all-dielectric optical cloak
Authors: Andkjær Jacob , Sigmund Ole
Published: January 2011

A systematic methodology for designing low-contrast all-dielectric cloaks operating in the optical range is presented. Topology optimization is used to find the layout of standard dielectric material that minimizes the norm of the scattered field in the surroundings of the cloak. Rotational symmetries are exploited to optimize for multiple angles based on the solution for a single angle of incidence. For a few discrete angles of incidences (1–4) the cloaking is shown to be nearly perfect in a limited frequency range, and even for a rotational symmetric design, cloak and object appear smaller than the noncloaked object.
Characteristics of dotlike green satellite emission in GaInN light emitting diodes
Authors: Mao An , Cho Jaehee , Dai Qi , Schubert E. Fred , Son Joong Kon , Park Yongjo
Published: January 2011

An unwanted green satellite emission in blue GaInN light emitting diodes (LEDs) has been investigated under various electrical bias conditions and temperatures. The dot-shaped green satellite emission appears only under electrically biased conditions of the LED (but not under photoluminescence excitation) and contributes directly to a high subthreshold leakage current of the LED. A weak temperature dependency of the green satellite emission intensity is observed indicating that tunneling-assisted radiative recombination involving Mg acceptors is the origin of the green emission.
Coherent Modulation of Stimulus Colour Can Affect Visually Induced Self-Motion Perception
Authors: Nakamura Shinji , Seno Takeharu , Ito Hiroyuki , Sunaga Shoji
Published: January 2011

The effects of dynamic colour modulation on vection were investigated to examine whether perceived variation of illumination affects self-motion perception. Participants observed expanding optic flow which simulated their forward self-motion. Onset latency, accumulated duration, and estimated magnitude of the self-motion were measured as indices of vection strength. Colour of the dots in the visual stimulus was modulated between white and red (experiment 1), white and grey (experiment 2), and grey and red (experiment 3). The results indicated that coherent colour oscillation in the visual stimulus significantly suppressed the strength of vection, whereas incoherent or static colour modulation did not affect vection. There was no effect of the types of the colour modulation; both achromatic and chromatic modulations turned out to be effective in inhibiting self-motion perception. Moreover, in a situation where the simulated direction of a spotlight was manipulated dynamically, vection strength was also suppressed (experiment 4). These results suggest that observer's perception of illumination is critical for self-motion perception, and rapid variation of perceived illumination would impair the reliabilities of visual information in determining self-motion.
Alleviation of waterlogging stress in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) by exogenous application of potassium in soil and as a foliar spray
Authors: Ashraf Muhammad Arslan , Ahmad Muhammad Sajid Aqeel , Ashraf Muhammad , Al-Qurainy Fahad , Ashraf Muhammad Yasin
Published: January 2011

The effectiveness of exogenous application of K in ameliorating the adverse effects of waterlogging on cotton plants was assessed under greenhouse conditions. Forty-day-old plants were subjected to continuous flooding for 1 week and then K (60 kg ha–1) was applied either as soil application, foliar spray, or in combination. The waterlogging treatment significantly reduced plant height and fresh and dry biomass, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange parameters and nutrient accumulation (N, K+, Ca2+) in stem, root and leaves of cotton plants, Although Mg2+ content in roots increased significantly due to waterlogging, it was not affected in stem or leaves. In contrast, Mn2+ and Fe2+ contents generally increased under waterlogged conditions. All water relation parameters were also significantly influenced by waterlogging stress. Waterlogged plants supplemented with K showed a significant improvement in growth, photosynthetic pigments and photosynthetic capacity. Potassium supplementation also improved nutrient uptake of waterlogged plants and resulted in significantly higher accumulation of K+, Ca2+, N, Mn2+ and Fe2+ than those plants not supplied with K. Although all modes of K application were effective in mitigating the inhibitory effects of waterlogging, the combined application through soil + foliar spray yielded the best results and the foliar application (alone) being the least effective.
Wheat grain yield response to and translocation of foliar-applied phosphorus
Authors: McBeath T. M. , McLaughlin M. J. , Noack S. R.
Published: January 2011

It is important to apply phosphorus (P) to the soil at the beginning of the crop growth cycle to provide essential P for early growth and to replace P exported in previous crops. With low rates of P added at sowing there may be sufficient P supply to grow crops to tillering, but in seasons of increased yield potential a top-up application of P may be required. Foliar P can be applied directly to the plant when required and in some cases have been shown to provide benefits for increasing P-use efficiency and the P concentration in grain. Wheat (Triticuum aestivum cv. Frame) was grown in two soils of marginal P status with soil moisture maintained at 80% of field capacity. Seven foliar P treatments labelled with 33P as a tracer were applied at Zadoks growth stage 39, at 1.65 kg P/ha with 120 L water/ha equivalent. Grain, chaff and shoots were harvested to measure yield and then digested to measure P concentrations and 33P activities. There was no crop response to top-up soil or foliar P on one soil, but on the other soil, foliar phosphoric acid plus adjuvant gave a 25% wheat grain yield response. The use of the tracing technique enabled measurement of the portioning of foliar P fertiliser between stem, chaff and grain. The most responsive treatment had the greatest amount of grain P uptake and the greatest partitioning of the foliar P fertiliser to grain.
Application of physiological understanding in soybean improvement. II. Broadening phenological adaptation across regions and sowing dates
Authors: James A. T. , Lawn R. J.
Published: January 2011

This paper describes the implementation of a strategy to develop high-yielding soybean cultivars with wider adaptation across latitudes and sowing dates using the ‘long juvenile’ (LJ) trait to ‘convert’ elite temperate cultivars to subtropical and tropical adaptation. In an initial proof-of-concept evaluation, temperate semi-dwarf cultivars from Ohio in the Mid-West of the USA (40°N) were converted into genotypes adapted to the subtropics of southern Queensland (25–28°S), of which cv. Melrose was the first to be released for commercial production. The effect of the LJ trait was to delay flowering of the new genotypes by 10–14 days depending on temperature, while retaining the high yield potential and lodging resistance of the temperate varieties. The temperate cultivars were insensitive to photoperiod in the subtropics, and this attribute was largely retained in cv. Melrose. The LJ trait was also used to convert temperate culinary soybean varieties from eastern Asia to subtropical–tropical adaptation, although susceptibility to disease required the simultaneous introgression of resistance genes from additional sources. Several elite LJ oilseed and culinary varieties with broad adaptation in eastern Australia have since been developed. Like Melrose, these varieties are earlier maturing (110–125 days duration) than traditional, full-season cultivars (120–140 days depending on sowing date), less sensitive to photoperiod, and require higher plant populations than full-season varieties for maximum yield. However, they can be grown over a wider range of latitudes and sowing dates than full-season varieties. Similarly, the LJ trait was used to delay flowering of very early flowering, photoperiod-insensitive soybean varieties used in Asian farming systems, increasing yield potential without changing photoperiod insensitivity. The broadening of varietal adaptation over latitudes and sowing dates has allowed public soybean breeding resources to be rationalised, with one national Australian program replacing four previous, regionally focused programs. The research provides a tangible example of how physiological understanding of genotype × environment interaction contributed to soybean improvement in eastern Australia.
Scaling rules for diffusive drug delivery in tumor and normal tissues
Authors: Baish James W. , Stylianopoulos Triantafyllos , Lanning Ryan M. , Kamoun Walid S. , Fukumura Dai , Munn Lance L. , Jain Rakesh K.
Published: January 2011

Delivery of blood-borne molecules and nanoparticles from the vasculature to cells in the tissue differs dramatically between tumor and normal tissues due to differences in their vascular architectures. Here we show that two simple measures of vascular geometry—
δ
max
and λ—readily obtained from vascular images, capture these differences and link vascular structure to delivery in both tissue types. The longest time needed to bring materials to their destination scales with the square of
δ
max
, the maximum distance in the tissue from the nearest blood vessel, whereas λ, a measure of the shape of the spaces between vessels, determines the rate of delivery for shorter times. Our results are useful for evaluating how new therapeutic agents that inhibit or stimulate vascular growth alter the functional efficiency of the vasculature and more broadly for analysis of diffusion in irregularly shaped domains.
List restructuring in Arabic–English translation
Authors: Dickins James
Published: January 2011

This paper deals with the translation from Arabic to English of lists, i.e. phrases consisting of at least two, and typically three or more, noun phrases, adjective phrases, etc. which belong to a relatively coherent semantic field. Section 1 considers four standard techniques for translating Arabic semantic repetition into English: maintenance of repetition, merging, grammatical transposition, and semantic distancing. Section 2 defines listing as an extension of semantic repetition, and identifies basic listing structures in English and Arabic. Sections 3–3.5 look at techniques for translating Arabic lists into English on the basis of the first three translation techniques for semantic repetition discussed in Section 2. Section 3.1 looks at list retention (cf. maintenance of repetition), considering where this is and is not acceptable. Section 3.2 looks at list reduction/merging (cf. semantic merging). Sections 3.3–3.5 look at techniques which parallel grammatical transposition as a technique for translation semantic repetition: embedded coordination, as a form of subordination (Section 3.3), standard subordination (Section 3.4), and the combination of embedded coordination with standard subordination (Section 3.5). Section 3.6 considers summary definition, as a translation technique which goes beyond merging. Section 4 considers the significance of listing patterns in Arabic and English in the context of the more general preference in Arabic for coordination and in English for subordination. Section 5 raises the possibility that the preference for coordination in Arabic may correlate with a larger textual preference for ostensive presentation, while the preference for subordination in English may correlate with a larger textual preference for analytical summary. I suggest that, if true, this may give rise to translation issues which are effectively intractable.
A translator on the target stage
Authors: Xiaofei Ren , Qinghua Feng , Nan Wang
Published: January 2011

Ying Ruocheng, an admirable artist in China and abroad, was responsible for the translation and production of many foreign plays in China and Chinese plays abroad, with which Ying played an important role in transforming China’s cultural life, encouraging international exchange and promoting modern drama. Based on his experience in drama and film acting and directing as well as translating, he argues that the major concern of theatre translation is its performability and speakability, which can be achieved through the recreation of the orality and gestic text with each role’s unique discourse and individuality. The paper is focused on researches on Ying’s text choice and his dramatic dialogue translation to explore the characteristics of his theatre translation and influence. The study selected his two well known translations and productions in the target theatre Death of a Salesman (English to Chinese) and The Family (Chinese to English) as case studies. Text processing software Concordance 3.0 and TextPreProcessing were used to collect appropriate data. Through the careful data analysis from the aspects of word frequency, sentence length, discourse markers and deixis, Ying Ruocheng’s idea of performability in theatrical translation were proved to be true, which demonstrates his discriminating taste of dramaturgical art and his great influence on Chinese modern drama.
Explaining how learners extract ‘formulae’ from L2 input
Authors: Carroll Susanne Elizabeth
Published: January 2011

Studies of L2 production have shown that both children and adult learners make use of ‘formulae’, putatively ‘unanalysed’ sequences of words. In this paper I discuss how formulae may arise in L2 acquisition by processes of segmentation. Carroll and MacDonald (Ms. 2009), Carroll et al. (2009) show that even ab initio learners can rapidly segment sound forms from continuous strings. The data are consistent with two approaches to the segmentation of words: words are segmented by tracking co-occurrence statistics over adjacent syllables (transitional probabilities or TPs); the left edges of words are placed just before a strong syllable (a Metrical Segmentation Strategy). In my contribution to this special issue, I address the question of how strings of syllables can be re-analysed as morpho-syntactic categories, their phrasal projections and dependencies. I do this in terms of the Autonomous Induction Theory (Carroll 2001) discussing formulae in particular in terms of correspondences across autonomous and modular representational systems: prosodic, morpho-syntactic, and conceptual.
Du cheval, du cerf et de l’homme
Authors: Amatuzzi Antonella
Published: January 2011

L’histoire de la fable ne s’est pas faite uniquement dans les recueils et plusieurs apologues se sont répandus par d’autres chemins, de manière isolée ou intégrés dans des ouvrages appartenant aux typologies textuelles les plus disparates. Le motif ésopique Du cheval, du cerf et de l’homme, présent dans plusieurs fabliers français de la Renaissance et du XVIIe siècle, a également eu droit de cité dans des ouvrages emblématiques et satiriques du XVIe siècle et il représente un des rares exemples d’apologue traité par les poètes de la Pléiade. L’analyse de ces textes, qui se situent en marge ou à la frontière du genre fabuliste, témoigne de la plasticité et de la polyvalence de la matière ésopique qui franchit les limites un peu strictes des fabliers pour répondre à des exigences précises: pour les emblématistes l’apologue représente un moyen efficace pour susciter des réflexions philosophiques; les poètes de la Pléiade mettent en valeur le pouvoir esthétique de la fable, qui devient un outil pour agrémenter leur discours poétique; dans des ouvrages satiriques elle est utilisée à des fins politiques.
Mnemonic verses in medieval bestiaries
Authors: Dines Ilya
Published: January 2011

Mnemonic verses were one of the most popular tools for medieval teaching. These verses are attested in all genres of medieval literature, but strangely enough they are rare in medieval bestiaries, which are primarily a didactic genre. My paper will discuss a previously neglected case of one Second Family late thirteenth-century bestiary of English origin, namely Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Bodley 533. Surprisingly, in this manuscript there are eleven sets of verses, mostly quatrains of so-called Leonine hexameters, which represent sui generic summaries for the chapters on various bestiary creatures. The present article discusses for the first time these previously unpublished verses and analyzes their function in the manuscript.
In search of the lost French ‘Ur-Renart’
Authors: Knapp Fritz Peter
Published: January 2011

More than a century was to pass from the composition of the oldest branches of the Roman de Renart down to the oldest surviving manuscripts. In that century the life of these branches - just as the life of lyric texts and short chansons de geste - was primarily oral. Therefore we find important and extensive variants in the manuscripts which would not be expected within exclusively written tradition and, what is more, reflections of oral variants which have not been handed down in the French collections of the Roman de Renart, but in the German and Dutch versions, Reinhart Fuchs and Van den vos Reynaerde. This study presents some relevant examples und puts them up for discussion. In the area of oral transmission convincing proofs can scarcely be provided. But some of the arguments supplied here would be hard to ignore.
La cerva bianca e la fata
Authors: Maulu Marco
Published: January 2011

Il contributo analizza la vicenda resa celebre nel Lai de Guigemar di Marie de France in rapporto alla rielaborazione inedita della stessa condotta nella Legenda e storia di messere Prodesagio, un romanzo fiorentino in prosa risalente alla fine del XIV secolo. In particolare, l’a. indaga i rapporti fra le due opere, con l’obiettivo di individuare le modalità di composizione del testo italiano e le caratteristiche salienti del modello utilizzato nella riscrittura tarda del pattern narrativo comune al Lai: si ricava l’impressione di un “testo” composito nel quale, oltre a tracce dell’opera di Marie, si riscontrano alcune varianti del plot alternative a quelle ricostruibili sulla base del solo Lai, in particolare nel rapporto fra la cerva, la fata e l’eroe.
Genette et janette
Authors: Mézan-Muxart Virginie
Published: January 2011

Cet article se propose d’étudier la genette et la janette comme devises de Jeanne de France (1430–1482), sœur de Louis XI et épouse de Jean II de Bourbon ainsi que celles de sa nièce Jeanne (?–1519), fille de Louis XI et épouse de Louis Bâtard de Bourbon. La genette et les fleurs de janette (lychnis dioïque) associées apparaissent dans deux manuscrits appartenant à Jeanne, sœur de Louis XI et sur un dessin de son sceau de 1474. Ces devises sont aussi représentées sur un vitrail de la chapelle neuve de Souvigny, nécropole familiale des Bourbons dans l’Allier. Comme sa tante, la fille naturelle de Louis XI semble avoir choisi la genette – à laquelle elle a ajouté des ailes – entourée de janettes comme l’atteste la tapisserie aux armes de Louis, grand Bâtard de Bourbon. Ces devises arborées répondent à un double jeu de mots: Jeannette (le surnom de Jeanne) = genette (écrit souvent “janette” dans les inventaires de ménageries) = janette (la fleur). Cette association pourrait peut–être se répéter pour d’autres princesses de cette famille ou pour d’autres femmes prénommées Jeanne.
Le Tigre dans la tradition latine du Moyen Age
Authors: Wille Clara
Published: January 2011

‘Tigris’, en latin, désigne un animal rare et farouche, c’est le plus grand et le plus puissant des félins. Dans l’Antiquité, en Orient, c’était un présent qu’on offrait aux rois et aux princes. Les Romains l’ont introduit en Europe pour servir aux jeux de cirque, mais aussi pour en faire un animal domestique. Il est décrit par Pline et Solin, par exemple, mais ne fait pas partie du catalogue classique des animaux du Physiologus. Après la chute de l’Empire Romain, cet animal reste presque inconnu en Europe jusqu’au XVe siècle, mais entre–temps il s’est fait une réputation fabuleuse de bête sauvage et dangereuse. Dans la littérature, le terme ‘tigris’ devient sémantiquement vague et peut désigner divers animaux par allusion à leur couleur. De plus, issue de la tradition grecque et latine, l’histoire du nom de ce fauve est double. Il en résulte que nous trouvons, dans les bestiaires médiévaux, deux animaux au caractère féroce plus ou moins légendaires et exotiques. Enfin, au Moyen Age, dans l’iconographie, sa robe varie et est tantôt tachetée tantôt unie. Cet article se propose de suivre l’évolution des diverses représentations du tigre dans les textes et l’iconographie de la tradition latine.
Cognates as lexical choices in translation
Authors: Tercedor Maribel
Published: January 2011

This article approaches the issue of lexical choices in translation that result from the presence of cognates. It analyzes methodological issues regarding cognate production in translation tasks carried out in technical contexts. Specifically, we studied the presence of cognates as a lexical manifestation of interference (Toury 1995), concentrating on cognates as part of phraseological and terminological units. We report on empirical data on cognate production by advanced students of translation working from English into Spanish in reduced-segments and space-constrained contexts. Additionally, we studied advanced learners of Spanish’s production in an experimental task.
Indeterminacy, multivalence and disjointed translation
Authors: Xiaohua Jiang
Published: January 2011

One of the most prominent linguistic features of classical Chinese poetry is syntactic indeterminacy, which brings about multivalence, i.e. multiplicity of connotation, and poses a great problem as well as daunting challenge to Chinese-English translators, for English is basically a language with syntactic determinacy. This paper examines two aspects of indeterminacy involved in classical Chinese poetry, arguing that ‘disjointed translation’ is probably the most inspiring way to cope with Chinese syntactic indeterminacy.
The plasma–sheath transition in low temperature plasmas: on the existence of a collisionally modified Bohm criterion
Authors: Brinkmann R P
Published: January 2011

The plasma–sheath transition in stationary low temperature plasmas is investigated for arbitrary levels of collisionality. The model under study contains the equations of continuity and motion for a single ion species, Boltzmann's equilibrium for the electrons and Poisson's equation for the field. Assuming that the electron Debye length λD is small compared with the ion gradient length l = n
i/(∂n
i/∂x), a first order differential equation is established for the ion density n
i as a function of the transformed spatial coordinate q = ∫n
i dx. A characteristic feature of this novel sheath equation is an internal singularity of the saddle point type which separates the depletion-field dominated sheath part of the solution from the ambipolar diffusion-controlled plasma. The properties of this singularity allow us to define, in a nonarbitrary way, a collisionally modified Bohm criterion which recovers Bohm's original expression in the collisionless limit but also remains meaningful when collisions are included.

A comparison is made with the collisionally modified Bohm criteria proposed by Godyak (1982 Phys. Lett. A 89 80), Valentini (1996 Phys. Plasmas
3 1459) and Chen (1997 Phys. Plasmas
5 804) as well as with the approaches of Riemann (1991 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.
24 493) and Franklin (2003 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.
36 2821), who argued that the definition of a collisionally defined Bohm criterion is not possible.
Influence of hydrogen bonds on glass transition and dielectric relaxations of cellulose
Authors: Roig Frédéric , Dantras Eric , Dandurand Jany , Lacabanne Colette
Published: January 2011

The molecular dynamics in hydrated cellulose has been investigated by a combination of thermal analyses and dielectric spectroscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry shows the dependence upon hydration of the glass transition temperature T
g. A physical ageing phenomenon has been observed. At the molecular scale, bound water is hydrogen bonded to polar sites of cellulose macromolecules. At the macroscopic scale, water molecules play the role of a plasticizer for cellulose lowering its T
g. Dynamic dielectric spectroscopy combined with thermostimulated currents have allowed us to follow more localized molecular mobility. The β relaxation mode is characterized by activation entropies that vanish for higher water contents indicating molecular mobility localization. It is plasticized by water like the glass transition. This analogy is explained by a common origin of both mechanisms: the mobility of the cellulose backbone. The evolution of the γ mode upon hydration follows an anti-compensation law. Water acts as an anti-plasticizer in a hydrogen bonded network.
Keyhole behaviour during laser welding of zinc-coated steel
Authors: Pan Y , Richardson I M
Published: January 2011

The production of consistent, high-quality laser welds on zinc-coated steels for the automotive industry remains a challenge. A simple overlap joint geometry is desirable in these applications but has been shown to be extremely detrimental to laser welding because the zinc vapour formed at the interface between the two sheets expands into the keyhole and disrupts fluid flow in the melt pool, which often leads to metal ejection. In this work, laser welding on sheets with various coating thicknesses has been performed and it is observed that the sheets with thick coatings (∼20 µm) show surprisingly good weldability. High speed video camera visualizations of the keyhole provide insight into the keyhole dynamics during the process. It appears that the dynamic pressure of zinc vapour can effectively elongate the keyhole and the process can reach a stable state when an elongated keyhole is continuously present. A simple analytical model has been developed to describe the influence of zinc vapour on keyhole elongation.
On geodesics of Finsler metrics via navigation problem
Authors: Huang Libing , Mo Xiaohuan
Published: January 2011

This paper is devoted to a study of geodesics of Finsler metrics via Zermelo navigation. We give a geometric description of the geodesics of the Finsler metric produced fromanyFinsler metric andanyhomothetic field in terms of navigation representation, generalizing a result previously only known in the case of Randers metrics with constantSS-curvature. As its application, we present explicitly the geodesics of the Funk metric on a strongly convex domain.