bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Types of Stover Layers Used for Salt Management Influence Sunflower Production in Saline Soils
Authors: Zhao Yonggan , Wang Jing , Wang Shujuan , Li Yan , Zhuo Yuqun , Xu Lizhen , Jin Cunwang , Li Erzhen
Published: August 2018

Three field experiments were conducted in Inner Mongolia, China, to evaluate the effects on soil water and salt distribution of maize (Zea mays L.) stover (MS), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) stover (WS) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) stover (SS) layers used alone (Exp. 1) and in combination with plastic film surface mulching (PM) (Exp. 2); their effects on sunflower yield were also examined (Exp. 3). All stover layer treatments retained more water at 0‐ to 40‐cm soil depths than was retained by the no‐stover controls in the first month, but a reverse trend occurred thereafter. The addition of PM helped maintain this advantage for 3 mo, but the advantage disappeared when PM was applied to the sunflower crop. However, stover layer treatments were consistently associated with lower soil salt contents throughout the experimental period, regardless of whether mulching or planting was applied. In addition, higher water storage and lower salt accumulation were observed in the stover layer treatments than those in the no‐stover controls in the 0‐ to 40‐cm soil layer. Reduced soluble salt concentrations were observed throughout all the stover layer treatments, except in the late growth period of sunflowers (Exp. 3). Generally, MS was more beneficial than WS or SS for resolving soil water‐ and salt‐related problems. As a result, MS+PM provided seed and biomass yields that were 13 and 23% higher than those in SS+PM, respectively, but were similar to those in WS+PM. These results suggest that MS is a top‐priority capillary cut material for sunflower production in the Hetao Irrigation District of China and similar ecological regions.
Identification and Gene Mapping of an Early Senescent Leaf Mutant esl11 of Rice
Authors: Wang Yantong , Wang Xiaowen , Xie Jia , Yin Wuzhong , Zhang Ting , Zhu Xiaoyan , Yu Peng , Huang Junyang , Yang Zhenglin , He Guanghua , Sang Xianchun
Published: August 2018

As an essential process in the life of a plant, natural leaf senescence is necessary for adaptation to environmental diversity, whereas early leaf senescence can reduce per‐unit yield and cause inferior harvest quality during crop production. To explore the molecular mechanism of leaf senescence in rice (Oryza sativa L.), we studied an early senescence leaf (esl11) mutant obtained by ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis. The leaves of the esl11 mutant showed normal growth and leaf coloration prior to the three‐leaf stage, but after this stage, all fully expanded leaves underwent yellowing and senescence from the edges of the leaf blade and tips, apart from the emerging leaves, which showed gradual growth. The net photosynthetic rate and photosynthetic pigment content of the tip and leaf base of the mutant esl11 were significantly lower than those of the wild type. The role of active oxygen species O2−, H2O2, and ⋅OH in the mutant increased, whereas the activities of MDA, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase decreased compared with the wild type. The results of trypan blue staining on the senescent part of the leaf tip of the mutant esl11 indicated procedural death in part of the cell, whereas the wild type showed no change. The early leaf senescence trait in the mutant was controlled by of recessive nuclear gene, which was mapped to chromosome 7, with a physical range of 143.0 kb. The results of this study provide the foundation for important progress in gene cloning and functional analysis of the esl11 gene.
Chaperone-Assisted Secretion in Bacteria: Protein and DNA Transport via Cell Membranes
Authors: Schultz Lilian Goulart , Tasic Ljubica , Fattori Juliana
Published: August 2018

Bacteria use an impressive arsenal of secretion systems (1-7) to infect their host cells by exporting
proteins, DNA and DNA-protein complexes via cell membranes. They use chaperone-usher
pathways for host colonization as well. To be targeted for transportation across one (Gram-positive) or
two membranes (Gram-negative), clients must be selected, guided and unfolded to pass through type 3
(T3SS) or type 4 (T4SS) secretion systems. For these processes, bacteria count on secretory chaperones
that guide macromolecular transport via membranes. Moreover, if we know how these processes
occur, we might be able to stop them and avoid bacterial infections. Thus, structural and functional
characterizations of secretory chaperones become interesting, as these proteins are the perfect targets
for blocking bacteria action. Therefore, this review focuses on a story of known mechanisms of chaperone-
secretion assisted transport with special attention on virulence proteins and DNA transport in
bacteria.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some Novel 2-Pyrazinoic Acidderived Esters
Authors: Khani-Meinagh Hossein , Mostafavi Hossein , Mahdavi Majid
Published: August 2018

Pyrazine, a kojic acid having hydroxypyrone, and hydroquinone are the head compounds of
different categories possessing a broad range of biological activities including anticancer and antioxidant
activities, thus are interested in evaluating the cytotoxicity on K562 human leukemia cells and
radical scavenging activities of these compounds in bonding together as ester compounds. Four hydroxypyrone
containing-2-pyrazinoic esters along with hydroquinone containing-one were synthesized
and characterized by spectral data. The cytotoxicity of these compounds on K562 human leukemia
cells and free Radical scavenging activities were evaluated. The K562 cells were treated with various
concentrations of each compound for a different time and cell viabilities were determined by MTT viability
assay. It was observed that all compounds decreased the viability of the human leukemia K562
cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Hydroquinone pyrazinoate 4a with an IC50 value of
50±8.0 µM was the most active compound against the K562 cells. The compounds 4b and 4e showed
higher cytotoxicity on K562 cells respectively after 72 h. Antioxidant activities of the compounds were
evaluated by DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Hydroquinone ester 4a showed higher activity with
an IC50 value of 0.82 mM than those of hydroxypyrone derivatives of which maltol pyrazinoate 4e
showed the highest inhibition with IC50 value of 4.7 mM. Although free hydroxyl group of kojic acid
was masked by ester group, 4b and 4e showed significant scavenging activities, as the same result was
observed in the case of hydroquinone ester.
Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
Authors: Srivastava Vivek
Published: August 2018

We developed a series of new hydrotalcite functionalized Ru catalytic system to synthesize
formic acid via CO2 hydrogenation reaction. Advance analytical procedures like FTIR, N2 physisorption,
ICP-OES, XPS, and TEM analysis were applied to understand the physiochemical nature of functionalized
hydrotalcite materials. This well-analyzed system was used as catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation
reaction (with and without ionic liquid medium). Ru metal containing functionalized hydrotalcite
materials were found highly active catalysts for formic acid synthesis via hydrogenation reaction. The
concern of catalyst stability was studied via catalysts leaching and recycling experiments. We recycled
the ionic liquid mediated functionalized hydrotalcite catalytic system up to 8 runs without any significant
loss of catalytic activity. Surprisingly, no sign of catalyst leaching was recorded during the catalyst
recycling experiment.
Synthesis of Novel Fused Regioisomeric Oxetane Bicycles via Paternò-Büchi Reaction of L-Ascorbic Acid and Evaluation as Antiproliferative Agents
Authors: Deshmukh Santosh R. , Thopate Shankar R.
Published: August 2018

Aim and Objective: To develop efficient method for the synthesis of unusual oxetanes bicycle and
diversely functionalized oxetane motifs bearing medicinally relevant functional group in new chemical space
and evaluation as cytotoxic agents.

Materials and Methods:

General procedure for the synthesis of 2, 3, 9 and 11: A mixture of L-ascorbic acid
derivative 1 or 8 or 10 (10 mmol) and benzophenone (12 mmol) in dry benzene (125 mL) was purged with dry
nitrogen for 5 min. The solution was then irradiated for 20-24 h with UV light (125 W, medium-pressure mercury
lamp) in an immersion-well photoreactor at ambient temperature under nitrogen. After completion of the
reaction, the solution was washed with aqueous NaHCO3 (10%), dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated under reduced
pressure to give crude product which was purified by column chromatography using ethyl acetate:
n-hexane (5-20%) as eluent to yield pure product as white solid.

Results:

3-O and 2-O methyl derivatives of 5,6-O-isopropylidene-L-ascorbic acid 8 and 10 were irradiated
with Benzophenone to give single regioisomer 9 and 11 in 78 % and 69 % yield respectively, while in case of
5,6-O-isopropylidene-2,3-di-O-methyl-L-ascorbic acid, it gave both regioisomer 2 and 3. The presence of only
oxetanes moiety improved the cytotoxic activity compared to oxetanes bicycle moiety. It was scrutinized that
all the compounds in series of 2 and 4 displayed more MCF-7 cell proliferation than their regioisomers 3 and
6.

Conclusion:

We have developed a versatile strategy to prepare diversely functionalized fused oxetane bicycles
involving alkoxy, hydroxy methyl, alkyl, and aryl substituents. A wide variety of functional groups have been
introduced on the oxetane ring, accessing new chemical space. These compounds were tested for growth inhibition
against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, compounds 2d, 4b, 4d and 6d showed comparable cytotoxic activity
with L-ascorbic acid. These oxetane motifs will provide interesting new structural elements for medicinal
chemistry programs as well as synthesis.
Paclitaxel-tyroserleutide Conjugates Self-assembly into Nanocarrier for Drug Delivery
Authors: Liu Yongjia , Shi Leilei , Zhu Bangshang , Su Yue , Li Hui , Zhu Xinyuan
Published: August 2018

Background:

The drug-drug self-assembly was considered as a simple and efficient approach
to prepare high drug loading nano-drug carriers and present new opportunities for cancer therapeutics.
The strategy of PTX amphiphiles preparation would be a possible way to solve the poor water solubility
of PTX.

Methods:

The PTX-YSL conjugate were synthesized and characterized. The PTX-YSL nanocarriers
was prepared by a simple self-assembly method. In vitro cell studies and pharmacokinetic studies were
evaluated for their in vitro anti-tumor activities and blood retention time.

Results:

The structures of PTX-YSL conjugate were confirmed by LC-MS, 1H NMR and FTIR. The
size and morphology of the PTX-YSL self-assembled nanocarriers were observed with TEM and DLS.
PTX-YSL nanocarriers could facilitate cellular uptake and had low cytotoxicity. PTX-YSL nanocarriers
have longer blood retention for enhancing accumulation in the tumor tissues via EPR effect.

Conclusion:

This drug delivery system formed by PTX-YSL conjugates constitutes a promising and
effective drug carrier in cancer therapy.
Synthesis, Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial Potential and Molecular Docking Studies of 4,5-Disubstituted-1,2,4-Triazole Thioacetate Derivatives
Authors: Arif Muhammad Nouman , Nadeem Humaira , Paracha Rehan Zafar , Khan Arif-ullah , Imran Muhammad , Ali Fawad
Published: August 2018

Background:

In the present study synthesis and biological assessment of nine new ethyl
[(4,5-disubstituted- 4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)sulfanyl]acetate derivatives 2(a-i) is performed.

Methods:

The title compounds were characterized by their analytical and spectral data. All the synthesized
compounds were screened for their in vivo anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenaninduced
rat paw oedema method and in vitro antimicrobial activity. All the compounds exhibited
good anti-inflammatory activity; especially compound 2h produced the maximum effect i.e., 62.5 %
comparable to that of standard, diclofenac. The antimicrobial screening results indicated that some
of the newly synthesized compounds showed good antibacterial activity, especially against Escherichia
coli.

Results:

All the synthesized thioacetate derivatives of triazoles were also studied for their interactions
with the enzymes COX-I and COX-II, two important targets of inflammation pathway,
through docking analysis. All the compounds showed good binding affinities with both the enzymes
with a maximum value of -8.1 for 2e kcal/mol against COX-I.

Conclusion:

Docking analysis predicted that our compounds reduce inflammation nonselectively
by inhibiting both COX-I and COX-II of inflammatory pathway just like other nonselactive
NSAIDS.
Synthetic Strategies, Chemical Reactivities and Biological Activities of 3-Thioxo-1,2,4-Triazin-5-Ones and Their Derivatives
Authors: Makki Mohammad S.T. , Abdel-Rahman Reda M. , Alharbi Abdulrahman S.
Published: August 2018

In recent years, a very interest in the synthesis of functionalized 3-thioxo-1,2,4-triazin-5-
ones and their derivatives as vital probes has been increased, due to the important, applications of the
medicinal, pharmacological, and biological field as a drug, semi drug, and bioactive systems. The present
work review outlines extensive recent advances literature survey on the synthesis of sulfurbearing
1,2,4-triazin-5-one derivatives has been reconsidered. Also, the behavior of these family towards
electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents in different media and conditions reported. The biological
evaluation of the most synthesized systems included anticancer, anti-HIV, antimicrobial as well as
their enzymatic effects (cellobiase produced by fungi) have been reported. The reactivity of these systems
depends on the polarity of solvent, temperature, molarity as well as a type of tautomeric present.
T Cells in the Female Reproductive Tract Can Both Block and Facilitate HIV Transmission
Authors: Miller Christopher J. , Veazey Ronald S.
Published: August 2018

Because HIV is sexually transmitted, there is considerable interest in defining the nature of anti-HIV immunity in the female reproductive tract (FRT) and in developing ways to elicit antiviral immunity in the FRT through vaccination. Although it is assumed that the mucosal immune system of the FRT is of central importance for protection against sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV, this arm of the immune system has only recently been studied. Here, we provide a brief review of the role of T cells in the FRT in blocking and facilitating HIV transmission.
Cheese as a Potential Food Carrier to Deliver Probiotic Microorganisms into the Human Gut: A Review
Authors: Homayouni Aziz , Ansari Fereshteh , Azizi Aslan , Pourjafar Hadi , Madadi Masuod
Published: August 2018

:

This review presents the industrial manufacture and applications of cheese for the delivery
of probiotic microorganisms into the human gut. Initially, important benefits of probiotics and advantageous
characteristics of cheese for the delivery of probiotic microorganisms into the human gut in
comparison with the other fermented milk products are discussed. Fresh and ripened cheeses are also
separately argued followed by discussing queries respecting the viability of probiotic bacteria into these
cheeses. Since fresh cheese has been demonstrated as more suitable carriers for probiotic microorganisms,
factories are recommended producing it in large quantities.
Evaluation and Management of Adnexal Masses in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Nandamuru Deepika , Collins Mary K. , Tarney Christopher M.
Published: August 2018

In the postmenopausal women, adnexal masses can have numerous etiologies. They can
range from benign to neoplastic, with origins from a variety of organ systems. The diagnostic work
up includes a thorough history, physical exam, as well as potential imaging and laboratory testing.
There should be a low threshold for consultations with oncologists when there are cancer concerns.
Specifically for gynecologic neoplasms, a referral to a gynecologic oncologist should be strongly
considered. In this paper, there is particular attention to ovarian cancer given the gravity of delayed
diagnosis.
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis Presenting with Miliary Opacities
Authors: Arar Omar , Boni Fabrizio , Meschi Tiziana , Tana Claudio
Published: August 2018

Background:

Lung lesions often appear in patients with sarcoidosis; however, miliary opacities are rare. We present the case of a 55-year-old Indian man who presented with dyspnea and low-grade fever.  Discussion: Miliary Tuberculosis (TB) was initially suspected, despite the direct microscopic examination from bronchoalveolar lavage was negative for acid-fast bacilli because imaging showed miliary opacities, and transbronchial lung biopsy revealed the presence of typical caseating granulomas. Antitubercular treatment with the classic four-drug regimen was initiated. However, the patient did not improve and cultures were negative for Mycobacterium growth. The diagnosis of sarcoidosis was made only after a negative culture and clinical and histopathological re-evaluation of the case.

Conclusion:

Although miliary sarcoidosis is rare, physicians should consider sarcoidosis in the differential diagnosis with conditions like tuberculosis, malignancy, and pneumoconiosis when patients present with miliary opacities who do not respond to the traditional treatment.
Gynaecological Cancer Diagnostics: 99mTc-Cisplatin Complex as a Future Approach for Early, Prompt and Efficient Diagnosis of Gynaecological Cancer
Authors: Sana Ayesha , Rasheed Rashid , Rafique Asma , Khaliq Tooba , Jabeen Nazish , Murtaza Ghulam
Published: August 2018

Background:

ynaecological cancers (GCCa) are common and have a significant mortality rate all over the world. Early diagnosis of cancer can play a key role in the treatment and survival of a patient. Identification, staging, treatment, and monitoring of gynaecological malignancies
is being done successfully by nuclear medicines.

Discussion:

Currently, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) centered imaging techniques are being developed for use in patients with
GCCa as a diagnostic tool. The present work elucidates several clinical studies on the use of radiopharmaceuticals, based on their effectiveness, in the early detection and management of GCCa. It
also highlights the importance of reconsidering the biology for nuclear imaging as a future modality for early, rapid and efficient diagnosis of gynecological cancers. This comprehensive review is
a part of our study designed to detect gynaecological cancers at an early stage using radionuclide
complex, 99m Tc-Cisplatin.

Conclusion:

This article summarizes the significance of radioscintigraphy such as single-photon
emission computed tomography (SPECT) and PET for identification of GCCa in the experimental
humans and animals.
A Systematic Review of Double Low-dose CT Pulmonary Angiography in Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Aldosari Sultan , Sun Zhonghua
Published: August 2018

Background:

The aim of this study is to perform a systematic review of the feasibility
and clinical application of double low-dose CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) in the diagnosis of
patients with suspected pulmonary embolism.

Discussion:

A total of 13 studies were found to meet selection criteria reporting both low radiation
dose (70 or 80 kVp versus 100 or 120 kVp) and low contrast medium dose CTPA protocols. Lowdose
CTPA resulted in radiation dose reduction from 29.6% to 87.5% in 12 studies (range: 0.4 to
23.5 mSv), while in one study, radiation dose was increased in the dual-energy CT group when
compared to the standard 120 kVp group. CTPA with use of low contrast medium volume (range:
20 to 75 ml) was compared to standard CTPA (range: 50 to 101 ml) in 12 studies with reduction
between 25 and 67%, while in the remaining study, low iodine concentration was used with 23%
dose reduction achieved. Quantitative assessment of image quality (in terms of signal-to-noise ratio
and contrast-to-noise ratio) showed that low-dose CTPA was associated with higher, lower and no
change in image quality in 3, 3 and 6 studies, respectively when compared to the standard CTPA
protocol. The subjective assessment indicated similar image quality in 11 studies between low-dose
and standard CTPA groups, and improved image quality in 1 study with low-dose CTPA.

Conclusion:

This review shows that double low-dose CTPA is feasible in the diagnosis of pulmonary
embolism with significant reductions in both radiation and contrast medium doses, without
compromising diagnostic image quality.
Bactericidal Activity and Structural Studies of the Steviol Derivative 17- Hydroxy-16-hydroxyiminobayeran-19-oic Acid
Authors: Boreiko Sheila , Machado Agnes T.P. , Stiirmer Júlio C. , Iulek Jorge , Silva Marcio
Published: August 2018

Background:

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the routine use of antibiotics
has led to the increase of microbial resistance. Thus, the search for new compounds that present
antimicrobial activity must be constant. This study reports the bactericidal activity assay of the steviol
derivative 17-hydroxy-16-hydroxyiminobayeran-19-oic acid against various bacteria and structural studies
by quantum chemistry and molecular dynamics.

Methods:

Bactericidal activity assays of the steviol derivative 17-hydroxy-16-hydroxyiminobayeran-19-
oic acid against Salmonella typhimurium [ATCC 14028], Staphylococcus aureus [ATCC 6538], Bacillus
cereus [ATCC 11778], Helicobacter pylori [ATCC 26695], Pseudomonas aeruginosa [ATCC
27853], Escherichia coli [ATCC 25922] and Bacillus subtilis [ATCC 23857] were performed, as well as
structural studies by quantum chemistry and molecular dynamics.

Results:

The results show that the compound exhibits activity towards S. typhimurium, what makes it an
interesting compound for future studies on the development of antibiotics against this bacteria. An intramolecular
hydrogen bond does not seem to be maintained in solution, therefore, corresponding moieties
should be prone to interactions with their surroundings.

Conclusions:

The results indicate that the title compound exhibits activity towards S. typhimurium,
what sums up to similar results from other steviol derivatives and stevioside, thus reinforcing the potential
of these compounds for future studies on the development of antibiotics against this bacteria. The
potential energy surface for the selected torsion angles and molecular dynamics have revealed that an
intramolecular hydrogen bond, though slightly energetically favorable, does not seem to be maintained
in solution; therefore, corresponding moieties should be prone to interactions with their surroundings, an
important feature in further studies involving inhibitor/drug design from this compound.
A Green Liquid Chromatographic Method For The Simultaneous Determination of Chlorpheniramine Maleate, Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride and Propyphenazone
Authors: Mostafa Nadia M. , Elsayed Ghada M. , Hassan Nagiba Y. , El Mously Dina A.
Published: August 2018

Background:

The concept of green analytical chemistry prevails due to the growing environmental pollution.

Objective:

Our attempts are to develop simple and eco-friendly method which is non-harmful to the environment by producing minimal waste. In this context, a green liquid chromatographic method was applied for the simultaneous determination of chlorpheniramine maleate, pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and propyphenazone in their combined dosage form.

Methods:

Separation was carried out using X select HSS RP C18 analytical column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5μm) using methanol - 0.02 M phosphate buffer pH 3 - triethylamine (60:40: 0.1, by volume) as a mobile phase. The separated peaks were detected at 215 nm at a flow rate 1.0 mL/min.

Results:

Quantification was done over the concentration ranges of 1-25 µg/mL for chlorpheniramine maleate, 5-35 µg/mL for pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and 10-120 µg/mL for propyphenazone. The suggested method was validated with regard to linearity, accuracy and precision according to the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines with good results.

Conclusion:

It could be used as a safer alternative for routine analysis of the mentioned drugs in quality control laboratories.
Potential Role of Carbon Nanoparticles in Guiding Central Neck Dissection and Protecting Parathyroid Glands in Patients with Papillary Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Xu Zhiliang , Li Zhiyu , Wu Qi , Zhang Yimin , Zhu Shan , Sun Shengrong
Published: August 2018

Background:

Carbon nanoparticle (CN) suspensions have been widely used as lymph
node tracers in cancers. Here, CN suspension was successfully applied to lymph node dissection.

Objective:

This study aimed to evaluate the role of CN suspension in identifying lymph nodes and
preserving the parathyroid in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC).

Method:

A total of 96 PTC patients were divided into a CN group (n = 46) and a control group (n =
50). All patients underwent total thyroidectomy with central lymph node dissection from 2014 to
2015.

Results:

The number of lymph nodes removed in the CN group and the control group was 9.6±2.4
and 7.8±2.2, respectively, and the number of dissected lymph nodes identified as <5 mm in both
groups was 4.4±1.3 and 2.4±1.4, respectively. These results were significantly different between the
two groups (P < 0.05). However, the number of metastatic lymph nodes was similar in the two
groups. In addition, the results further revealed that the level of serum parathyroid hormone (PTH)
was significantly lower in the control group than in the CN group on postoperative day 1 and week 1
(P < 0.05), but similar outcomes were observed at postoperative month 1.

Conclusion:

CN suspension plays an important role in accurately identifying lymph nodes and protecting
parathyroid glands. The clinical utilization of CN suspension could increase the accuracy of
surgery programs and protect parathyroid function.
Characterization of Nostoc muscorum NCCU-442 Derived Poly-3- hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Blends
Authors: Ansari Sabbir , Fatma Tasneem
Published: August 2018

Background:

Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) has attracted much consideration as
biodegradable biocompatible polymer. This thermoplastic polymer has comparable material
properties to polypropylene. Materials with more valuable properties may result from blending, a
common practice in polymer science.

Objective:

In this paper, blends of PHB (extracted from cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum NCCU-
442 with polyethylene glycol (PEG) were investigated for their thermal, tensile, hydrophilic and
biodegradation properties.

Methods:

Blends were prepared in different proportions of PHB/PEG viz. 100/0, 98/2, 95/5, 90/10,
80/20, and 70/30 (wt %) using solvent casting technique. Morphological properties were
investigated by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Differential scanning calorimetry and
thermogravimetric analysis were done for thermal properties determination whereas the mechanical
and hydrophilic properties of the blends were studied by means of an automated material testing
system and contact angle analyser respectively. Biodegradability potential of the blended films was
tested as percent weight loss by mixed microbial culture within 60 days.

Results:

The blends showed good misciblity between PEG and PHB, however increasing
concentrations of plasticizer caused morphological alteration as evidenced by SEM micrographs.
PEG addition (10 % and above) showed significant alternations in the thermal properties of the
blends. Increase in the PEG content increased the elongation at break ratio i.e enhanced the required
plasticity of PHB. Rate of microbial facilitated degradation of the blends was greater with increasing
PEG concentrations.

Conclusion:

Blending with PEG increased the crucial polymeric properties of cyanobacterial PHB.
Natural Compounds Promoting Weight Loss: Mechanistic Insights from the Point of View of the Medicinal Chemist
Authors: Ribaudo Giovanni , Ongaro Alberto , Zagotto Giuseppe
Published: August 2018

Background:

The adipose tissue acts as a buffer storing and releasing energy according to the needs of the body. In a non-physiological context, the development of obesity is related to an unbalance in the homeostasis between calories intake and energy consumption.

Objectives:

This review focuses on the natural compounds and the herbal extracts used in dietary supplements that are claimed to suppress appetite and promote weight loss. Such compounds or mixture of compounds act through different molecular mechanisms that will be discussed from the point of view of the Medicinal Chemist. The reader will be also briefly updated on the recurring adulteration cases that affect the market of dietary supplements.

Methods:

The bibliographic research was performed using online scientific databases (PubMed, Reaxys, Scopus) exploiting different keywords and logical operators to lay the bases for an accurate, quality criteria-based literature update.

Results:

Over 70 papers were selected for the preparation of this review, preferring the reports that are supported by pre-clinical and clinical data.

Conclusion:

Activity on adrenergic receptors, modulation of adenosine receptors, interference with glucose and lipid metabolism, regulation of adipocyte cell cycle and inhibition of phosphodiesterases are the main molecular mechanisms by which different natural compounds act in promoting weight loss.
Two Variants of Secure Routing Algorithms in Mobile Ad Hoc Network
Authors: Mitra Sulata , Dhar Priyodarshini
Published: August 2018

Background and Objective:

Two different variants of secure routing algorithms are proposed
in the present work. In both the variants a stable route is established between source and destination.

Methods:

The selected route is associated with the nodes having sufficient energy to establish the route
and to transmit the data packets, minimum velocity to reduce the frequency of link failure, maximum
distance from the source node to reduce the number of hops in the selected route, minimum number of
neighbors to reduce the routing overhead. Each variant has two phases. In the first phase it is assumed
that the selected route has no attackers. The first phase is made more realistic in the second phase by
considering the presence of attacker in the selected route. In the first variant a node associated with the
selected route overhears the transmission of the next forwarder node to detect an attacker node in the
routing path. But a node may fail to overhear its next hop in presence of hidden node, due to limited
overhear range etc. Such problem is eliminated in the second variant. In the second variant each node
associated with the selected route searches its data packet buffer for the reception of the next data
packet from its predecessor node associated with the same route and suspects the predecessor node as
an attacker in case the next data packet is not found in the buffer. The performance of both the variants
is compared on the basis of packet delivery ratio, throughput and average end-to-end delay.

Results:

The throughput and packet delivery ratio are higher in the second variant than the first variant
whereas the average end-to-end delay is less in the second variant than the first variant.

Conclusion:

Moreover both the variants outperform the existing schemes in terms of packet delivery
ratio, throughput and average end-to-end delay.
Optimization of the Ratio of Sampling Rate to Quantization Level for the Reconstruction of Audio Signal
Authors: Raza Md. Salim , Hasan Nahid , Ahamed Sayed Tonmoy , Mostafa Kazi Ghulam , Alam Mohammad Rabiul
Published: August 2018

Background and Objective:

In this research work, the basic digital communication system
with frequency shift keying modulation technique has been implemented in MATLAB.

Methods:

The same sinusoidal signal in audio frequency range has been transmitted and reconstructed
with the different number of quantization level and sampling rate, where sampling frequency has been
taken according to the Nyquist theorem. It has been seen that reconstructed signal at low data rate has
appeared with better resolution compared with the reconstructed signal at the high data rate.

Results and Conclusion:

In this regard, it is evident that the resolution of a reconstructed signal not
only depends on data rate but it also depends on the ratio of sampling rate to quantization level. So it
is required to optimize the ratio of sampling rate to quantization level before transmitting audio signal.
Multiple Quantum Barrier Nano-avalanche Photodiodes - Part II: Excess Noise Characteristics
Authors: Ghosh Somrita , Acharyya Aritra
Published: August 2018

Background:

Excess noise characteristics of Multiple Quantum Barrier (MQB) nanoscale
avalanche photodiodes (APDs) based on Si~3C-SiC heterostructures have been studied in
this part of the paper. The multiplication gain and Excess Noise Factor (ENF) of the MQB APDs
have been calculated by varying the number of Quantum Barriers (QBs).

Methods:

The numerically calculated ENF values of MQB APDs have been compared with the
ENF of Si flat conventional APDs of similar dimensions and it is observed that the use of QBs leads
to significant reduction in ENF of the APDs under similar biasing and illumination conditions.
Results: The enhanced ratio of hole to electron ionization rates in MQB structures as compared to
the bulk Si APD structure has been found to be the primary cause of improvement in the noise performance
of the MQB nano-APDs.

Conclusion:

Finally, the numerically calculated ENF of Si flat APD has been compared with the experimentally
measured ENF of a commercially available Si APD and those are found to be in good agreement;
this comparison validates the simulation methodology adopted by the authors in this paper.
An Analytical Modeling and Performance Analysis of Graded Work Function Gate Recessed Channel SOI-MOSFET
Authors: Mishra Sikha , Bhanja Urmila , Mishra Guru Prasad
Published: August 2018

Introduction:

A new analytical model is designed for Workfunction Modulated Rectangular
Recessed Channel-Silicon On Insulator (WMRRC-SOI) MOSFET that considers the concept of groove
gate and implements an idea of workfunction engineering.

Methods:

The impact of Negative Junction Depth (NJD) and oxide thickness (tox) are analyzed on device
performances such as Sub-threshold Slope (SS), Drain Induced Barrier Lowering (DIBL) and
threshold voltage.

Results:

The results of the proposed work are evaluated with the Rectangular Recessed Channel-Silicon
On Insulator (RRC-SOI) MOSFET keeping the metal workfunction constant throughout the gate region.
Furthermore, an analytical model is developed using 2D Poisson’s equation and threshold voltage
is estimated in terms of minimum surface potential.

Conclusion:

In this work, the impact of Negative Junction Depth (NJD) on minimum surface potential
and the drain current are also evaluated. It is observed from the analysis that the analog switching performance
of WMRRC-SOI MOSFET surpasses RRC-SOI MOSFET in terms of better driving capability,
high Ion/Ioff ratio, minimized Short Channel Effects (SCEs) and hot carrier immunity. Results are
simulated using 2D Sentaurus TCAD simulator for validation of the proposed structure.
Modeling and Statistical Optimization of Culture Conditions for Improvement of Antifungal Compounds Production by Streptomyces albidoflavus S19 Strain of Wastewater Origin
Authors: Souagui S. , Djoudi W. , Boudries H. , Béchet M. , Leclére V. , Kecha M.
Published: August 2018

Background:

The actinomycetes strains isolated from unexplored ecosystems are a promising
alternative for the biosynthesis of novel antimicrobial compounds. Depending on the interesting antifungal
activity of the studied strain S19, the statistical method seems to be an effective tool for optimizing
the production of anticandidal molecules.

Introduction:

This study was conducted in order to optimize the culture parameters (medium nutrients
concentrations and initial pH value) affecting the production of antifungal metabolites from S.
albidoflavus strain S19 (obtained from wastewater collected in Bejaia region, Algeria) using Response
Surface Methodology (RSM). The best conditions for anti-Candida albicans compounds biosynthesis
were determined.

Methods and Results:

The antimicrobial producer strain S. albidoflavus S19 was identified on the basis
of morphological, chemicals characters and physiological characteristics along with 16S rRNA gene sequencing
analysis.

Response Surface Methodology by Central Composite Design (CCD) was employed to improve the anti-
C. albicans agents production through the optimization of medium parameters. The highest antifungal
activity was obtained by using a mixture of 2g l-1 starch, 4g l-1 yeast extract, 2g l-1 peptone at pH 11.

Conclusion:

The strain S19 isolated from wastewater showed a significant anti-C. albicans activity and
this study revealed the effectiveness of RSM and CCD for increasing bioactive compounds production,
rising the diameter of inhibition zones from 13 to 34 mm.
Production of Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. for reforestation in southern Benin
Authors: Aoudji Augustin K. N. , Séhouéto Caroline , Adégbidi Anselme , Kaki Rodrigue S. , Ganglo Jean C.
Published: August 2018

The viability of Acacia auriculiformis production system in southern Benin was studied from an analytical perspective combining the production techniques and the financial profitability. The driving research question was as follows: "Will the nurseries be able to supply the seedlings suited to successful reforestation programmes?" A survey was carried out among nursery holders in the Atlantique Department. The snowball sampling method enabled to survey 55 nursery holders, based on semi-structured interviews. Respondents provided data on the organisation of production, production techniques, production costs, and sales revenues. There were two types of nurseries: individual nurseries and collective nurseries. The stages of acacia seedlings production were as follows: seed collection, dormancy breaking, sowing, and cares for young seedlings. Overall, the production techniques used by nursery holders were effective. The net revenue for 1000 seedlings ranged between XOF 9000 and 26000. Collective nurseries had lower production costs, hence higher revenues, compared to individual nurseries. It is essential to support nursery holders through capacity strengthening training and the availability of good quality seeds.
The effect of half-sib lines on morphological attributes of one-year old Fraxinus angustifolia seedlings
Authors: Kerkez Ivona , Nonić Marina , Devetaković Jovana , Šijačić-Nikolić Mirjana , Ivetić Vladan
Published: August 2018

Aiming to produce forest reproductive material at the family level, we tested quality of twenty Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl half-sib lines in the nursery experiment. We measured height (HT) and root collar diameter (DIA) of one-year old seedlings, and we monitored germination rate and mortality during the first growing season. Seeds of 20 half-sib lines originating from Sombor area (north Serbia) were sown in seedbed on autumn 2016. The seed dormancy was not broken in all seeds equally, resulting with un-uniform germination over a two months period. All measured attributes shows a statistically significant differences, indicating a strong effect of genetic control. The highest average and DIA were measured in half-sib line 7 (22.62 cm; 5.79 mm, respectively). The lowest average DIA was measured in half-sib lines 18 (2.85 mm) and 19 (2.94 mm), which can be result of growing density effect (104 seedlings m-2 for line 18 and 126 seedlings m-2 for line 19, compared to 40 seedlings m-2 for line 7). The correlation between DIA and HT is strong and positive (R=0.90). Due to its morphological superiority, half-sib line 7 could be recommended for mass production of Fraxinus angustifolia seedlings at the family level.

Keywords: Height; Root Collar Diameter; Seedlings Quality; Narrow leaved ash
Fertilizer trials for bareroot nurseries in North America
Authors: South David B.
Published: August 2018

In North America, most tree nursery nutrition publications during the past two decades involved either container-grown stock or stock grown in greenhouses. In contrast, most bareroot nursery fertility trials in North America were published during the last century.  As a result, some bareroot fertilization recommendations have remained the same since 1980 and some practices continue to be based on myths and assumptions. The bareroot nursery industry in the USA might benefit if the next generation of graduate students will consider testing old and new theories about nursery fertilization.  Hopefully, they will discover new facts so that future fertilization regimes will be based on science. This paper provides various fertilizer trials that should be established in bareroot nurseries.
ORGANIZAÇÃO LEGISLATIVA NO CONGRESSO NACIONAL: UMA COMPARAÇÃO ENTRE SENADO FEDERAL E CÂMARA DOS DEPUTADOS
Authors: Araújo Paulo Magalhães
Published: August 2018

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise comparada detalhada das organizações legislativas do Senado e da Câmara dos Deputados, com base nos regimentos internos de cada Casa e na Constituição Federal de 1988. O objetivo é avaliar o grau de similaridade ou divergência entre as duas casas, no tocante à distribuição de poder legisferante entre parlamentares individuais, comissões permanentes e partidos políticos. Com base em uma literatura pertinente ao tema - o novo institucionalismo de escolha racional - a análise comparada procurará revelar quais órgãos ou atores individuais ou coletivos conduzem o processo legislativo em cada Casa e que consequências isso pode ter para o padrão da representação política exercida em cada Casa. Em convergência com a literatura, observou-se que as casas são similares em muitos pontos importantes, como, por exemplo, na influência geral dos partidos e coalizões partidárias na condução dos trabalhos na Câmara e no Senado. No entanto, ressalvadas as diferenças, com base no que as teorias dizem sobre delegação, verificaram-se distinções importantes entre Senado e Câmara no peso dos partidos e das comissões (mesas) diretoras no trabalho parlamentar: maior força dos partidos na Câmara; maior força da Mesa no Senado - particularmente concentrada no presidente da Casa.
A MEDIAÇÃO EM UM CAMPO DE ANÁLISE INTERDISCIPLINAR: O APORTE DA TEORIA DO MULTIJURIDISMO DE ÉTIENNE LE ROY
Authors: Villas Bôas Filho Orlando
Published: August 2018

Este artigo pretende analisar os aportes da teoria do multijuridismo de Étienne Le Roy para a compreensão da mediação.  Assim, considerando que esse autor associa a mediação ao que ele designa de “juridicidade”, será realizada, em primeiro lugar, uma breve alusão à distinção entre “direito” e “juridicidade” por ele proposta. Em seguida, será focalizado o delineamento conceitual dado à mediação por Étienne Le Roy, com especial ênfase na progressiva aquisição de centralidade que esta recebe em seu pensamento. A partir daí, tendo por horizonte a noção de juridicidade, será enfocada a tese do autor acerca da mediação como um “conceito-pivô e dialogal da regulação global das sociedades”. Finalmente, em termos conclusivos, procurar-se-á sublinhar o quanto uma consideração mais apurada dos aportes antropológicos pode contribuir para a compreensão da complexidade assumida pela regulação jurídica contemporânea e, em particular, da mediação.
CRISE ECONÔMICA E DIREITOS SOCIAIS: UMA ANÁLISE SOBRE A CONSTITUCIONALIDADE DE RESTRIÇÕES A DIREITOS PRESTACIONAIS
Authors: Pereira Anna Carolina Migueis
Published: August 2018

O escopo do presente trabalho reside em verificar se, em momentos de grave crise econômica, as medidas de austeridade que restrinjam direitos fundamentais, especialmente os de cunho social, podem ser consideradas constitucionalmente válidas, à luz do pragmatismo jurídico e da realidade fática e econômica em que são editadas. Para tanto, investigaremos se princípios como isonomia e vedação ao retrocesso podem ser considerados impeditivos a essas restrições, bem como buscaremos oferecer parâmetros para a análise da validade jurídica de tais medidas. A partir dessa moldura, pretendemos demonstrar que, embora haja margem para a conformação do direito pela realidade, as ações de enfrentamento a crises econômicas não podem ser consideradas espaços ajurídicos, devendo ser permeadas por valores caros ao ordenamento, sobretudo a dignidade da pessoa humana e a democracia participativa. Por fim, pretendemos trazer balizas para contextos em que, diante da gravidade do cenário de crise, o mínimo existencial não possa ser resguardado, visando a seu restabelecimento ou, ao menos, ao não agravamento da situação de escassez.
DIREITO CONTRATUAL COMPARADO E DESENVOLVIMENTO: RUMOS E OBSTÁCULOS
Authors: Pargendler Mariana
Published: August 2018

Por muito tempo, o direito contratual foi a área de estudo favorita entre pesquisadores de direito comparado. Economistas têm assumido que instituições contratuais desempenham um papel central no desenvolvimento econômico. Ainda assim, em um afiado contraste com o estado-da-arte de outros campos (tais como direito empresarial e direito falimentar), o papel que leis contratuais podem exercer na modulação de resultados econômicos permanece amplamente negligenciado. Este ensaio explora as principais razões que podem explicar esse status quo. Elas são: (i) a falta de variação significativa nas leis contratuais ao redor do mundo; (ii) a trivialidade do direito contratual; (iii) a larga disponibilidade de escolha do direito; (iv) o viés centrado nos Estados Unidos da literatura da análise econômica do Direito; (v) a falta de dados públicos acerca de práticas contratuais, (vi) os limites do direito contratual. Conclui-se que, apesar de importantes, esses fatores são, em última análise, insuficientes para justificar a escassez de trabalhos sobre as consequências econômicas do direito contratual, o que poderia ser uma proveitosa área para pesquisas futuras.
COTAS DA RESERVA AMBIENTAL: UMA INTERPRETAÇÃO DA ANÁLISE ECONÔMICA DO DIREITO
Authors: Porto Antonio Maristrello , Dos Santos Laura Meneghel
Published: August 2018

No Novo Código Florestal (Lei nº 12.651/2012), a obrigação dos proprietários rurais de manter uma área de vegetação nativa (ou Área de Reserva Legal – ARL) foi flexibilizada pela introdução das Cotas de Reserva Ambiental (CRA). Por meio da organização de um Mercado de compensação, as CRA permitem que proprietários rurais com déficit de ARL regularizem sua situação por meio da compra de CRA daqueles com superávit de ARL (limitado ao mesmo bioma). Através de revisão bibliográfica e pesquisa jurídica, analisamos as especificidades dos arranjos institucionais estabelecidos para funcionamento desse instrumento. Utilizando o referencial analítico da AED, foi possível notar que o referido instrumento econômico de gestão ambiental, ao tentar estabelecer um sistema econômico mais eficiente e sustentável via internalização de externalidade, engendra uma alocação especifica de direitos de propriedade tácitos relativos ao meio ambiente. Mas, para que tal instrumento seja exitoso na promoção de preservação florestal, é preciso garantir direitos de propriedade seguros e um monitoramento efetivo da norma.
ANÁLISE ECONÔMICA DA CONSTITUIÇÃO ECONÔMICA E INTERPRETAÇÃO INSTITUCIONAL
Authors: Cyrino Andre
Published: August 2018

O argumento central deste artigo é o de que Constituição econômica é norma jurídica cujo sentido passa por um exercício hermenêutico que vai além das técnicas tradicionais de interpretação. O trabalho tem como estratégia metodológica a descrição do atual panorama constitucional econômico e de técnicas interpretativas, em vistas a fazer uma proposta para a integração de uma teoria hermenêutica adequada. Para isso, está dividido em duas partes. A primeira é uma análise crítica do estado da arte da teoria da Constituição econômica. Em seguida, o artigo busca desenvolver dois aspectos que devem passar a integrar o debate constitucional econômico. Primeiro, a incorporação do raciocínio econômico à dogmática do direito (Análise Econômica do Direito). Em segundo lugar, sustenta-se que seja respeitada a dimensão institucional e os reflexos sistêmicos de uma dada decisão de controle judicial da regulação econômica.