bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dilatometric properties of some glycerides of confectionery fats
Authors: Landmann W. , Lovegren N. V. , Feuge R. O.
Published: May 2007

Two triglycerides, 1‐oleodisterain and 2‐palmito‐oleostearin, which are components of some confectionery fats, were synthesized and their melting behavior and dilatometric properties were determined. Expansivities and melting dilations of the various polymorphic forms were measured.

1‐Oleodisterain was found to have two melting points, 30.3 and 42.1ŶC., while 2‐palmito‐oleostearin was found to have melting points at 24, 37, and 40.5ŶC. The rate of transformation of the thermodynamically unstable polymorphs at temperatures below their melting points were much more rapid than those for the corresponding 2‐oleo isomers previously reported.

Mixtures of 2‐oleopalmitostearin with 2‐palmito‐oleostearin and 1‐oleodistearin with 2‐oleodistearin were examined dilatometrically. In each of these mixtures the components apparently do not temper at the same rate to similar polymorphic forms and thus there is some degree of incompatibility even though in each of these mixtures the components are positional isomers. The properties of the intermediate melting mixtures are dependent on the method of tempering.
Further studies on the pancreatic hydrolysis of some natural fats
Authors: Coleman M. H.
Published: May 2007

A series of animal and vegetable fats has been subjected to hydrolysis with pancreatic lipase. From the results obtained, the triglyceride compositions of the original fats have been calculated by the method previously proposed by Coleman and Fulton.

These compositions show substantial agreement with those obtained by other methods. Similarities and differences between fats are shown to be reflections of similarities and differences in glyceride composition. The middle position of the triglycerides has been shown to be largely occupied by unsaturated acids in the case of shea, illipȳ, and cocoa butters; and by palmitic acid in the case of lard. From a study of the glyceride compositions of a series of lards, of differing fatty acid content, it is suggested that the glyceride composition of a lard may be predicted from a knowledge of its fatty acid content, alone.

It is concluded that the hydrolysis procedure, and the method of interpreting the results proposed, together provide a simple and rapid method for the analysis of natural fats.
A method for determining the carbonyl value in thermally oxidized fats
Authors: Bhalerao V. R. , Endres J. G. , Kummerow F. A.
Published: May 2007

A simple method for the determination of the carbonyl value of thermally oxidized fats, using hydroxylamine hydrochloride, is described. Normal octyl alcohol containing pyridine was used as a solvent, and the reaction was allowed to proceed at room temperature for 24 hrs. The titrations were carried out with the aid of a pH meter. The method was standardized against aliphatic aldehydes and ketones. The results of analyses showed that the different pure compounds reacted to an extent of 98% or better at room temperature.

The method has been successfully applied for the determination of the carbonyl value of thermally oxidized fats. n‐Valeric acid and the fatty acids with higher molecular weight were not found to interfere in the determination of the carbonyl value by the present method.
Some proposals toward a new system of oral nomenclature for long‐chain fatty acids
Authors: Morris L. J.
Published: May 2007

Proposals toward a new system of oral nomenclature for long‐chain fatty acids and their derivatives are presented. The nomenclature suggested is, in general, merely a simplification of classical Geneva nomenelature, and it is hoped that its acceptance and utilization will result in a reduction in the use of meaningless, trivial names in oral presentation.
Wool grease from the commercial solvent degreasing of raw wool
Authors: Wood G. F.
Published: May 2007

Some differences between wool grease obtained by the solvent extraction of raw wool and wool grease recovered centrifugally from emulsion scour liquors are described. Refining problems arising from the peculiar properties of solvent wool grease are outlined, and some suitable refining methods are suggested.
The aromatization of linoleic acid with palladium catalyst
Authors: Floyd Don E. , Paschke R. F. , Wheeler D. H. , Baldwin W. S.
Published: May 2007

Hydrogen transfer catalysts are known to promote the elaidinization and conjugation of unsaturated fatty acid derivatives. More extensive reactions were indicated when palladium was tried as a polymerization catalyst. A subsequent study showed that methyl linoleate could be readily cyclized and aromatized in the presence of palladium.

Methyl linoleate was heated in an evacuated ampule for 6 hrs. at 270°C. with 5% of a 10% palladium on charcoal. The iodine value was lowered to 43.9 and the apparent linoleate content to less than 2%. The products were separated by urea segregation and distillation. They consisted of approximately 7% polymer, 18% methyl stearate, 40% monoolefins, and 30% of a methyl ester of an aromatic fatty acid (handling loss 5%). The aromatic material was readily oxidized to orthophthalic acid.

The mechanism by which aromatics, mono‐olefins, and saturates are produced through cyclization and hydrogen transfer is not known, but possible routes are suggested.
Seed germination as an index of potential free fatty acid content of sesame oil
Authors: Kinman Murray L. , Ibert Edward R.
Published: May 2007

Damage to sesame seed by mechanical threshing equipment resulted in loss of seed viability immediately. FFA content of oil in damaged seed increased gradually after harvest. High correlation coefficients were obtained between viability immediately following harvest and free fatty acid content of oil in sesame seed at various dates after harvest. The results of the analyses of the data indicate that viability of the seed at harvest may be of value in estimating the free fatty acid content of oil for various storage periods.
Cold Stage for X‐ray diffractometer studies of lower‐melting polymorphs of triglycerides
Authors: Gray M. S. , Lovegren N. V. , Mitcham D.
Published: May 2007

Fabrication of an inexpensive cold stage attachment for an X‐ray diffraction unit that gives satisfactory results to −21 C is described. X‐ray diffraction data for several lower‐melting polymorphs of cocoa butter are included.
The acetolysis of glycerides. I. Preliminary investigation and approximate kinetics
Authors: Meade Edwin M. , Walder Dilys M.
Published: May 2007

Below 120ŶC., direct acidolysis of fats by acetic acid is vanishingly slow, the observed reaction being a slow hydrolytic fat splitting to partial glycerides followed by a rapid acetylation. Water is an essential reactant, and strong acid catalysis of the reaction is effective only in its presence. The reaction is unimolecular with respect to the acid catalyst, and probably also to the ester linkages, but molecularity falls below unity with respect to water, which has strong effects on acid strengths in an acetic acid medium. The reaction velocity has a temperature coefficient of 1.6 per 10ŶC. over the range 77舑118ŶC.

Using a three‐fold weight of 98% acetic acid, 1% of catalyst, and 12舑24 hours' reaction at 100舑118ŶC., fat splits of around 90% can be attained.
The acetolysis of glycerides. II. The production of fatty acids and triacetin
Authors: Meade Edwin M. , Walder Dilys M.
Published: May 2007

Triacetin can be made by the acetolysis of hardened tallow in consistent yields of 70% of theory (18% w/w on fat) accompanied by an 80% yield of good purity saturated fatty acids, and some 10% of a fraction of high diacetoglyceride content. The yields of both triacetin and fatty acids can be materially increased by recycling of the diacetoglycerides and the still bottoms. Tallow gives similar yields of triacetin and fatty acids, but the acetoxystearic acid by‐product interferes with the separation of the diacetoglyceride fraction.
Nutritive value of methyl linoleate and its thermal decomposition products
Authors: Bottino Nestor Rodolfo
Published: May 2007

Methyl linoleate was heated for 10 hrs. at 300ŶC, in the absence of air and fractionated by alembic distillation and urea adduct‐formation.

Intestinal absorptions of the urea adduct‐forming monomeric nonadduct‐forming monomeric, and dimeric fractions were determined. It was found that dimers were half as well absorbed as the monomers.

When fed to rats, dimers were better accepted and exhibited some toxicity symptoms different from the non‐adduct‐forming monomers. The dimers caused diarrhea, irritability, and loss of hair during the early period of administration. The nonadduct‐forming monomers were lethal and produced an increase in liver weight. Both fractions depressed growth.
Application of infrared spectroscopy to the analysis of primary fatty amide mixtures
Authors: Link W. E. , Buswell K. M.
Published: May 2007

The composition of fatty amide mixtures, containing mostly simple primary amides, has been studied by means of an infrared method utilizing the Amide I carbonyl absorption band. In dilute chloroform solution the amides, CH3(CH2)nCONH2, absorb consistently at about 5.95 ॖ and do not display apparent association or enolization. The concentration of unsubstituted amides has been quantitatively related to the intensity of the Amide I band throughout the range from 1 to 100%. With the scale expansion the sensitivity of the method may be extended to 0.03% without difficulty.

The influence of certain impurities on the intensity of the Amide I band is discussed. Carbonyl absorption from fatty acids, ketones, and esters constitutes an interference.N‐monosubstituted amides also contribute to the absorption observed at 5.95 ॖ, but their presence is indicated by additional absorption at about 6.60 ॖ.

The determination of small amounts of amides in amines may be accomplished by measuring the total Amide I absorption of a sample dissolved in tetrachloroethylene and relating this absorption to that of known mixtures run under identical conditions.
Rubber swell as a function of fatty acid ester chain length
Authors: Eisner A. , Koos R. E. , Bilyk A. , Parker W. E. , Maerker G.
Published: May 2007

A study was made of the relationship between the structure of some fatty acid esters of varying chain length and their swelling effect on standard nitrile rubber samples. The esters evaluated were: methyl esters of caprylic, capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic and isostearic acids;n‐butyl, isobutyl,n‐octyl, octadecyl, “tallow” and 2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐propanediol esters of lauric acid and tetradecyl acetate. Federal test methods for aircraft turbine lubricants were used for the evaluations. In the esters the swelling was higher with type L rubber than with type H. The lower the equivalent weight of the ester, the higher the swell with both types of rubber. Branching in the alcohol moiety lowered the swell. Deswelling (desorption) in air of the swelled samples was also investigated. Methyl myristate, methyl palmitate and the long chain laurate esters meet MIL‐L‐23699 military specifications for type H rubbers. In type L rubbers the swelling is too high to meet specifications.
Performance of alpha olefin sulfonates derived from ziegler olefins in light duty liquid detergents
Authors: DeWitt William J.
Published: May 2007

Single carbon number olefins derived from Ziegler technology were sulfonated in a continuous fallingfilm SO3 reactor. The resulting alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS) was evaluated in a dishwashing test at several water hardnesses. Statistical analysis of the data led to the selection of compositions suitable for hand dishwash applications. AOS, prepared by sulfonating a blend of C14 and C16 olefins, was evaluated for hand dishwashing efficiency in a ternary mixture consisting of AOS, an alcohol ether sulfate and monoethanolamide. Regression equations calculated from the data permit the prediction of performance levels for all practical combinations of the three ingredients. The effect of unreacted olefin on AOS dishwash performance was also determined. With a binary blend of AOS and monoethanolamide it was shown that up to 5% free oil (based on AOS active) could be tolerated without significant deleterious effect.
Acetylenic compounds. I. The dehydrohalogenation reactions by sodamide in liquid ammonia and preparation of some mono‐acetylenic substances and their derivatives
Authors: Khan N. A.
Published: May 2007

The advantages of dehydrohalogenation by sodamide in liquid ammonia over the alcoholic potassium hydroxide method are noted. The sodamine reaction is found to be a mild and quite suitable reaction for the preparation of mono‐acetylenic acids (especially those having long and balanced alkyl groups on either side of the triple bond) by dehydrobromination of the dibromides obtained from the corresponding olefinic compounds. Dehydrobromination of tetrabromostearic acid was unsuccessful. A large laboratory scale preparation of stearolic acid has been accomplished. Stearolic acid and 9,10‐diketo‐stearic were prepared from the crude olive oil acids. A procedure for detecting oleic acid and stearolic acid in mixtures has been outlined. The sodamide dehydrohalogenation method has been successfully applied to the preparation of 6‐octadecynoic acid (for the first time from a natural source, petroselinic acid), phenyl acetylene and 10‐undecynoic acid from their parent olefinic compounds. An explanation for the low yields of the last two substances has been offered.
Flavor reversion in soybean oil. VII. The autoxidation of isolinoleic acid
Authors: Harrison J. B. , Daubert B. F.
Published: May 2007

Methyl isolinoleate has been prepared by the partial catalytic hydrogenation of a highly purified methyl linolenate obtained from linolenic acid which has been purified by bromination‐debromination procedures.

After concentration by a low temperature fractional crystallization procedure from methanol, the crude material was molecularly distilled to give a product which analyzed 94.8% methyl isolinoleate and contained less than 0.5% methyl linolenate and 1.5% methyl linoleate.

The reversion of methyl isolinoleate has been shown to yield a mixture of off‐flavor products which has a strong odor similar to that of reverted soybean oil.

From the autoxidation products there were isolated the 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazone derivatives of six compounds. The chemical and physical properties of four of these derivatives were in close agreement with those of the corresponding dinitrophenylhydrazones of 2‐hexenal, 2,6‐decadienal, propionaldehyde, and acetone. One of the remaining compounds was believed to be the dinitrophenylhydrazone of an α,β‐unsaturated ketone.

The isolation of derivatives of saturated and unsaturated carbonyls from the autoxidation products of methyl isolinoleate together with the relatively large yield of off‐flavor materials compared to those obtained from partially hydrogenated and unhydrogenated soybean oil indicates that isolinoleic acid may be one of the precursors of reversion compounds.
Surface active N‐acylglutamate: II. Physicochemical properties of long chain N‐acylglutamic acids and their sodium salts
Authors: Takehara Masahiro , Moriyuki Hirofumi , Yoshimura Ippei , Yoshida Ryonosuke
Published: May 2007

The physicochemical properties of long chain N‐acylglutamic acids (AGA) and their sodium salts (AGSn) are described. The solubility, Krafft point, pH value, critical micelle concentration, surface tension and foaming power were measured. The properties of the optically active AGA or AGSndiffered from those of the corresponding racemates, especially in solubility. The monosodium salts generally had high Krafft points, but monosodium N‐oleoylglutamate had a low Krafft point. The monosodium salts hydrolyzed in the diluted aqueous solution to liberate the AGA. The aqueous solutions of the monosodium salts had low surface tensions and good foaming properties. The disodium salts were highly soluble in water, while surface tensions and foaming properties were inferior to those of the corresponding monosodium salts.
Monogalactosyl diglyceride and digalactosyl diglyceride from commercial rapessed “lecithin”
Authors: Appelqvist Lars‐Åke
Published: May 2007

By silicic acid column separation small quantities of glycolipid‐rich fractions have been isolated from commercial Swedish rapeseed “lecithin.” Major components in these fractions are monogalactosyl diglyceride and digalactosyl diglyceride which have been identified by Rf on thin layer chromatography specific color reactions and IR spectrometry. The fatty acid patterns of the galactolipids are different from those of the major phospholipids of the same product, with less of palmitic and oleic and considerably more of linolenic acid.
Determination of the solid contents of fats by wide‐line nuclear magnetic resonance: The signal of liquid oils
Authors: Haighton A. J. , Van Putte K. , Vermaas L. F.
Published: May 2007

In order to ascertain the sources of error in the determination of the solid fat content by wide‐line nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) an investigation has been made of the factors governing the amplitude of NMR signals of liquid oils measured with a Newport Quantity Analyzer. The varying saturation properties of the oils concerned were found to be of major importance. The spin‐lattice relaxation times (T1) of 16 oils were measured on a pulse spectrometer at 20, 40 and 60 C, and quantitatively related to the saturation phenomenon. The observed deviation from the theoretical linearity of the NMR signal with the inverse of temperature is explained by the strong dependence of T1 on temperature and viscosity, and new relationships are derived for these parameters. Since the improvement of the signal to noise ratio of the NMR signal, obtained by increasing the RF level (H1), increases the saturation as (H1)2, a compromise must be chosen between these two factors to obtain optimal measurement. The results are used to establish criteria for selecting two reference oils to be used in solid fat content determinations.
Detergent building action of uncharged polymers in relation to their molecular weights
Authors: Tokiwa Fumikatsu , Imamura Tetsuya
Published: May 2007

The detergency building action of water soluble uncharged polymers has been studied in relation to their molecular weights. Standard soiled cloths were used to evaluate detergency and results were obtained for detergent formulations without polyphosphate. The polymers examined were polyethylene glycols, polyvinyl alcohols and polyvinyl pyrrolidones. The building action is highly dependent on the molecular weight of the polymers, and only a small difference has been found between the chemical structures of the polymers examined. As the molecular weight decreases, the building action generally increases. For polyethylene glycol and polyvinyl alcohol, an optimum range of molecular weight was observed for maximum effectiveness. The building action of these polymers seems to be closely related to their ability to disperse soil particles in detergent solution. Data on suspension stabilities of titanium oxide, ferric oxide and kaolinite particles in the presence of polyethylene glycols are also included.
Inactivation of an alkaline bacillopeptidase by pentasodium triphosphate
Authors: Schreiber W.
Published: May 2007

The inactivation of an alkaline microbial protease by pentasodium triphosphate (TPP) follows first order kinetics, the apparent activation energy being the same from pH 7–10 with and without added TPP. Almost exclusively low molecular peptides were observed as reaction products.
Improved techniques for testing fats and oils by the oxygen bomb method
Authors: Stuckey B. N. , Sherwin E. R. , Hannah F. D.
Published: May 2007

The use of a dispersing agent to expand the surface area, thus providing an increase in reactivity of fats and oils under the conditions of the test, has been investigated. This dispersion technique permits the testing of a wider range of products, decreases the test time, and results in sharper end‐points. These improvements should serve to increase the applicability of the Oxygen Bomb Method as a tool for oxidation studies and quality control in the food industry. A general comparison of the Oxygen Bomb Method with the AOM and Schaal Oven Method has been presented to illustrate the relationship between results obtained by these various methods. The dispersion technique has been combined with previously established bomb techniques, and procedures for testing a wide variety of fats, oils and food products by the Oxygen Bomb Method are suggested.
The role of free fatty acids on antioxidant effectiveness in unsaturated oils
Authors: Olcott Harold S.
Published: May 2007

Conclusions

In purified, unsaturated esters and triglycerides NDGA is a superior antioxidant to EMQ at all levels of unsaturation.

In long‐chain unsaturated fatty acids EMQ is a superior antioxidant to NDGA.

The addition of free fatty acids to triglycerides, even in amounts as small as 0.05%, modifies the comparative effectiveness of antioxidants. The effect on the antioxidant activity of NDGA is more marked than is that on the activity of EMQ.

The effect of free fatty acid on relative antioxidant activity is demonstrable with long‐ and shortchain, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

Comparisons are given of the effect of the addition of free fatty acids on various antioxidants in various substrates.

The effectiveness of tocopherols in triglycerides is decreased by the addition of free fatty acid. Similarly the induction period of several vegetable oils is reduced when free fatty acids are added.
Determination of tocopherol in oxidized fats. Interference from heat‐formed reducing substances in highly oxidized fats
Authors: Frankel E. N. , Cooney Patricia M. , Evans C. D. , Cowan J. C.
Published: May 2007

Summary and Conclusions

By application of a heating method to determine tocopherol in oxidized fats it was shown that polymeric reducing substances were produced when fats have a peroxide value exceeding 100. By comparison with a chromatographic method to remove peroxides it was shown that the interference in determining tocopherol from these heat‐produced reducing substances was negligible at peroxide levels lower than 100. It is concluded that the heating method is satisfactory within the peroxide range (0–100) most important in oxidative and flavor‐stability studies of edible oils. The chromatographic method for removing peroxides can be relied upon for determining tocopherol in more highly oxidized fats as well as in methyl esters of fatty acids which are distillable under conditions of the heating method.

The appearance of reducing substances in heated oxidized fats is related to the peroxides present in the fats prior to heating. It is accompanied with an increase in browning, viscosity, acid, and carbonyl values of the fats and with a decrease in iodine values. The polymeric material from heated‐oxidized methyl esters of unsaturated fatty acids has been separated by vacuum distillation and chromatography on silicic acid. It is believed to be principally dimeric in nature.
Phosphate builders for detergents
Authors: Netherton L. E. , McCollough Fred , Urfer Allen
Published: May 2007

In summary, the chemistry of the preparation of sodium and potassium polyphosphates, and the properties of importance to their use as detergent builders, such as hydrolysis, hydration rates and solubilities have been discussed. The properties of granular Na5P3O10, such as density, particle size, frangibility and absorptivity, were discussed in connection with their use in the dry blending and tabelting of detergent products.
Evaluation and formulation of detergent tablets
Authors: Jungermann Eric , Herrick A. B. , Story J. R.
Published: May 2007

Tests were developed to evaluate the following tableting characteristics of detergent tablets: compressive strength, impact strength, and break‐up rate. The reproducibility of these tests was determined. Criteria and requirements for satisfactory commercial tablets were established.

The three tests were applied to evaluate the following variables: manufacturing conditions, formulations, and tablet shapes. The tests were sufficiently sensitive to determine the effects of these variables quantitatively. Details on the test methods and examples of their use in determing the effects of some of these variables are given.
Cholesterol vehicle in experimental atherosclerosis. III. Effects of absence or presence of fatty vehicle
Authors: Kritchevsky David , Langan John , Markowitz Jack , Berry James F. , Turner David A.
Published: May 2007

Three separate experiments show that cholesterol administered to rabbits in the absence of added fat is more atherogenic than cholesterol fed together with corn oil. When cholesterol is dissolved in the corn oil (by heating) prior to mixing with the diet, it is more atherogenic than when it is suspended in the oil. In every case the lowest serum and liver cholesterol levels were observed in the group not receiving corn oil.

Gas chromatography of the fatty acids of the serum cholesterol esters of pooled sera suggest that there are smaller amounts of unsaturated C18 fatty acids in the cholesterol‐no fat group. Deficiency in these unsaturated acids may be the cause of the high atherogenicity of the cholesterol‐no fat diet. There is also a lower proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the triglycerides of this group.

Heating of corn oil 10 min, at 160–200(°C.) causes an increase of titratable fatty acid in the oil (0.005 m‐equiv./g. to 0.088 m‐equiv./g. or 0.14% FFA to 2.5% FFA). The relatively large amounts of free unsaturated fatty acids in the heated oil may be the cause of the greater atherogenicity of the solution, as compared to the suspension, of cholesterol in corn oil.
The complex nature of castor sensitivity
Authors: Layton Laurence L. , Moss Lloyd K. , DeEds Floyd
Published: May 2007

The castor seed antigen CB‐1A, prepared by the basic lead acetate method of Spieset al., has been subjected to column chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose. Antigenic differences between fractions were found by the, Schultz‐Dale technique, which indicated the possible existence of six antigenic or allergenic components.

Cross‐reactions between castor pollen, castor blossoms, and castor seed meal were indicated by the Schultz‐Dale method.

It would appear that allergy to castor pomace may actually be sensitivity to any one or more of the antigenic components of the pomace, including both pollen and female blossoms.
The effect of storage temperature and antioxidant treatment on the chemical and nutritive characteristics of herring meal
Authors: March B. E. , Biely J. , Goudie C. , Claggett F. , Tarr H. L. A.
Published: May 2007

The effects of storage temperature and antioxidant treatment on the chemical and nutritive properties of herring meal were studied. The following observations were made:

Low‐temperature (−20°C.) storage promoted more rapid decrease in ether extractability and in iodine value of the ether extract than did storage at 25.5°C.

Antioxidant treatment prevented the decrease both in ether extractability and iodine value of the extract.

Binding of the lipid into a complex from which the lipid was extractable with acetone only after HC1 treatment occurred early in the storage period. After six weeks the amount of lipid in this fraction decreased, presumably as a result of further oxidation and polymerization into more refractory compounds.

Pepsin digestibility tests showed that BHT‐treated meal contained the lowest amounts of undigestible nitrogen. Meals subjected to −20°C. contained the most undigestible nitrogen.

All meals were similar in nutritive value as protein or vitamin‐B supplements in chick diets, composed of natural ingredients, even after storage for nine months. As the sole source of protein in a purified diet, the meal kept at −20°C. from time of processing promoted slower growth than the other meals.
Glyceride structure of vegetable oils by countercurrent distribution. V. Comparison of natural, interesterified, and synthetic cocoa butter
Authors: Dutton H. J. , Scholfield C. R. , Mounts T. L.
Published: May 2007

The glyceride structure of cocoa butter is of considerable practical importance and of particular theoretical interest Countereurrent distribution, gas chromatography, and isotopic dilution methods are employed in its study. The observed fractionation of glycerides is acounted for by assuming that palmitie and stearic acids are randomly esterified on the 1 and 3 positions of glycerol and that oleic is on the 2 position, as demonstrated by other workers. Complete randomization of the specifie structure of cocoa butter through the application of interesterification eatalysts greatly alters its physical A glyceride synthesized according to the “1,3 random palmitostearo‐2‐olein” concept has properties similar to natural cocoa butter.
Bleaching of off‐colored cottonseed oils
Authors: Pons Walter A. , Kuck James C. , Frampton Vernon L.
Published: May 2007

The adsorption of fixed red pigments from refined off‐colored cottonseed oil by several adsorbents is described by the empirical Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Numerical values for the coefficient and the exponent in the Freundlich equation were determined for several oils and several adsorbeuts. Activated alumina was found to be a superior adsorbent for removing the red color bodies. It was observed that the variations from oil to oil in the numerical values of the coefficient and the exponent of the Freundlich equation were smaller for the several aluminas than they were for the other adsorbents studied. The particle size and moisture contents of the alumina, and the temperature of activated adsorption were of importance in determining the effectiveness with which the red color bodies were removed from the oils. The conditions required for optimum bleaching with alumina had no detectably adverse effect on oil quality.
The determination of the true iodine numbers of oils containing conjugated double‐bond systems
Authors: Klee Leo , Harvey Benham G.
Published: May 2007

The modified Rosenmund‐Kuhnhenn procedure, as described by Benham and Klee, has been applied to conjugated systems. The only difference is that the 1‐minute reaction time is extended to 30–120 minutes depending upon sample weight and excess reagent. Such a procedure gives true iodine numbers and has been investigated for various tung oils, oiticica oil, isomerized fatty acids, and dehydrated castor oil.
Physical properties of fatty acids. I. Some dilatometric and thermal properties of stearic acid in two polymorphic forms
Authors: Singleton W. S. , Ward T. L. , Dollear F. G.
Published: May 2007

Purified stearic acid (freezing point 69.20°C., melting point 69.5°C.) when slowly crystallized from benzene at room temperature, yielded transparent monoclinic crystals exhibiting an X‐ray diffraction pattern (long spacing) corresponding to the B‐form of the acid. Crystallization of stearic acid from hot glacial acetic acid resulted in a product exhibiting an X‐ray diffraction pattern (shorter spacing) corresponding to the C‐form of the acid.

Rapid chilling of a melted sample of stearic acid likewise yielded a product exhibiting the diffraction pattern characteristic of the C‐forms of the acid.

The specific volume, expansion in both solid and liquid states, and melting dilation of stearic acid in both B‐and C‐forms were calculated from dilatometric data.

The irreversible transition of stearic acid from the B‐ to the C‐form was rapid and visible at 52.9°C. but also occurred at 35.2°C. when sufficient time was allowed for the transition to occur.

The form of stearic acid which was obtained was found to be dependent upon the temperature at which crystallization occurred. When crystallization was carried out at temperatures below the transition point of the acid, the B‐form was obtained, and above the transition point only C‐form of the acid was obtained, irrespective of the solvent used for crystallization.

The specific heat of stearic acid was determined, and equations developed for expressing the specific heat of the acid in both solid and liquid states. From the calorimetric data, the heat of fusion, and the entropy of stearic acid were calculated.
Effect of randomization on the oxidation of corn oil
Authors: Lau F. Y. , Hammond E. G. , Ross P. F.
Published: May 2007

Randomized corn oil and corn oil methyl esters both oxidized three to four times faster than natural corn oil. The difference in rate could not be attributed to pro‐ or antioxidants. Thin layer chromatography of the oxidized oils and methyl esters after reduction with hydrogen iodide revealed two bands moving slower than the original esters. One was shown to be a mixture of scission products; the other was monohydroxy‐triglyceride. There was three times more scission products from randomized than natural corn oil. Glyceride structure seems not to affect the rate of oxidation of triglycerides by altering substrate availability. The difference in yield of scission products suggests that glyceride structure may affect the rate of initiation.
Catalysis of linoleate oxidation by copper‐proteins
Authors: Tappel A. L.
Published: May 2007

Copper‐proteins formed by the binding of copper ions to conalbumin, serum albumin, or caseinate are more effective catalysts for linoleate oxidation than is copper alone. The main product is conjugated diene linoleate hydroperoxide. Hemocyanin shows similar catalytic activity.

The increase in linoleate oxidation catalysis of copper‐proteins compared to ionic copper is ascribed to increased ease of formation and increased stability of the intermediate complex of linoleate peroxide‐copper‐protein.
Fractionation and structure of soybean glycerides
Authors: Dutton Herbert J. , Lancaster Catherine R. , Brekke Ordean L.
Published: May 2007

The glyceride composition of soybean oil has been calculated according to even and random distribution patterns and has been compared with experimental fractionations obtained by adsorption analysis, liquid‐liquid extraction, and crystallization. Evidence is presented which indicates that soybean oil does not follow the elementary conception of even distribution. Fractions have been isolated by these three methods with iodine values lower than that permitted under the rule of even distribution. Further data indicate the occurrence of di‐saturates and dilinolenin, neither of which is permitted under the rule of even distribution.

The ultimate proof of the distribution pattern existing in soybean oil, whether random or partial random, must await the development and application of more efficient methods of fractionation. At the present time separation of soybean triglycerides appears limited by the efficiency of fractionation procedures rather than by the pattern of fat acid distribution.
Principles of performance testing of laundry detergents
Authors: Vaughn Thomas H. , Suter H. F.
Published: May 2007

Laboratory performance tests for laundry detergents can fill important needs in laboratory development programs and in control testing, in which cases full scale practical testing is inapplicable. It has been found to be unnecessary and undesirable to attempt close simulation of practice conditions. In order to be most useful to the experimental investigator or the manufacturer of detergents the soil removal and whiteness retention properties should be measured by separate tests.

A soil removal test has been devised in which the soil, which consists essentially of carbon black, is applied to the test fabric from aqueous medium. Soiling from aqueous medium has advantages with respect to reproducibility in tenacity and in variation and susceptibility to removal by detergents having different degrees of effectiveness. The quantity of soil removed is measured directly by means of light transmission measurements on the soiled detergent solution. This eliminates uncertainties and limitations inherent in the reflectance method and permits the use of high soil loads in the test cloth, which minimizes redeposition effects. Multiple wash tests are not required.

The whiteness retention property is determined by agitating unsoiled swatches in the detergent solution containing carbon black dispersion and measuring the reflectance change of the swatches.

The results of both tests are expressed in relative terms, reference detergents being used as controls.

The precision of the soil removal tests is approximately ±3.4% in terms of mean deviation and that of the whiteness retention test approximately ±5.1%. Both tests have been used over a period of several years for research and control purposes and have been successfully correlated with actual results in commercial laundries.
Compatibility of derivatives of 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acid and 9,10‐dihydroxyoctadecanol with some commercial polymers
Authors: Knight H. B. , Koos R. E. , Jordan E. F. , Swern Daniel
Published: May 2007

A study of compatibility with some commercial polymers is reported for some alkyl and alkenyl esters of low‐melting 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acid, 9,10 (10,9)‐alkoxyhydroxyoctadecanols, esters of 9,10(10,9)‐alkoxyhydroxystearic acids, and two series of previously unreported compounds, namely, esters of the isomeric 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acids with ether‐alcohols and polymeric plasticizers prepared by the reaction of selected members of this group of new esters with phthalic anhydride.

The most promising materials are methyl 9,10‐(10,9)‐methoxyhydroxystearate, esters of 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acid with ethylene glycol monobutyl ether and ethylene glycol monobenzyl ether, and the polymeric plasticizers. The last‐named group is compatible with polymers which differ widely in chemical structure.
A rapid procedure for the determination of chlorophyll in rapeseed by reflectance spectroscopy
Authors: Daun J. K.
Published: May 2007

In a new, rapid procedure, the chlorophyll content in rapeseed was estimated by reflectance spectroscopy. The seed was ground in a specially designed grinder. The reflectance of the ground seed was read at 630, 670, and 710 nm. Corrected absorbance at 670 nm was used to determine the chlorophyll content of the seed by using a calibration curve. The accuracy of the procedure was±1.2 ppm when compared to another published procedure.
Studies on brain sterols in normal and pathological conditions
Authors: Paoletti R. , Fumagalli R. , Grossi E. , Paoletti P.
Published: May 2007

Desmosterol (24‐dehydrocholesterol), a normal constituent of developing brain, rapidly disappears during the prenatal and postnatal development, according to the degree of maturation, in all species considered (chicken, mouse, rat, guinea pig, man).

During brain maturation, desmosterol concentrations are sensitive to treatments with drugs interfering with sterol synthesis (Triparanol) or with nervous tissue differentiation (thyroxine and propylthiouracil).

Desmosterol has been also detected in some experimental and human glial tumors, and the concentra. in the tumor may be specifically increased in the tumoral tissue by the administration of Triparanol.
Determination of ricinoleic acid by differentiating titrations
Authors: Barona Narses , Prengle H. W.
Published: May 2007

A technique based on a method of differentiating titrations was developed for the resolution of mixtures of ricinoleic, sulfuric and ethylsulfuric acids. The total and partial acid values were determined by potentiometric titration with a glass‐calomel electrode using aqueous sodium hydroxide as titrant. For the determination of the total acid value the mixture was diluted with ten times its volume of ethanol and completely neutralized with the titrant. For the partial acid value the solvent used was methyl ethyl ketone; sulfuric and ethylsulfuric acids were completely neutralized.

When rapid determinations are needed, thymol blue and bromophenol blue can be used as indicators.
Effect of processing on crystal structure
Authors: Hoerr C. W.
Published: May 2007

The performance of fats in many of their uses in food products is directly dependent on their crystal structure. Fats exist in several crystal modifications, each of which exhibits physical properties that influence the behavior of the fat differently in various applications. The crystal forms in which fats exist and their rates of transformation from one modification to another are dependent upon their molecular composition and configuration. Processing procedures such as blending, hydrogenation, interesterification, fractionation, etc., markedly alter the molecular composition and configuration. Other processing, such as votating and tempering practices, directly affect the crystal structure of the products. Thus, through judicious choice of processing procedures, the crystal characteristics of products can be governed to obtain the desired performance in specific applications.
Twenty years of research in oils at Northern Regional Research Laboratory
Authors: Cowan J. C.
Published: May 2007

Research conducted at the Northern Laboratory on vegetable oils during the past two decades includes polymerization, isomerization, flavor stability, and structure. Some early accomplishments—dimeric fatty acids and their derivatives, conjugated oils and their aftertack as well as the use of citric acid to inactivate iron in soybean oil—and more recent accomplishments—aldehyde oils, cyclic fatty acids, and tests for hidden oxidation and hydrazine reduction—are among the subjects reviewed.
The effect of relative concentrations on the efficiency of separation of polar and nonpolar lipids by alumina column chromatography
Authors: Sims R. P. A. , Mes J. C.
Published: May 2007

Columns were packed with aluminas from various sources and of low and high adsorptive power. Polar and nonpolar lipids were eluted from them with strong and weak solvents, and the fractions were tested for phosphorus, nitrogen, sterols, and triglycerides. The conditions used by the 1956 Technical Committee of the N.S.P.A. for the chromatography of linseed oil gave the most complete separation of polar from nonpolar lipids when the former were present in low concentration. When the lipid phosphorus load approached 0.4 mg./gm. alumina however, none of the alumina systems tried was satisfactory although silicic acid columns resolved the mixtures completely.

Gamma alumina had greater resolving power thanalpha alumina monohydrate. Brockmann Grade I alumina with a strong solvent system gave better speration than weaker aluminas with weaker solvent systems.
The comparative value of heated ground unextracted soybeans and heated dehulled soybean flakes as a source of soybean oil and energy for the chick
Authors: Carew L. B. , Hill F. W. , Nesheim M. C.
Published: May 2007

Experiments were conducted to evaluate heated unextracted soybean fractions as sources of soybean oil and protein for the growing chick. Heated dehulled unextracted soybean flakes produced growth rate and feed efficiency equal to that obtained with the combination of soybean oil meal and degummed soybean oil while heated ground unextracted soybeans were less satisfactory in this respect. The poorer results obtained with ground unextracted soybeans were shown to be related to a poorer absorbability of the oil in them. Flaking the soybeans markedly improved the absorbability of the oil by the chick, probably by causing a greater disruption of cellular structure than was obtained by the grinding of the soybeans. The metabolizable energy of ground unextracted soybeans was substantially less than that of unextracted soybean flakes. Most of the differences in metabolizable energy were accounted for by differences in absorbability of the oil.

Soybean hulls at a level equivalent to that contained in soybeans were found to have no effect on growth rate and only a slight effect on feed efficiency. Autoclaving soybean oil did not lower its value for the chick. The relationship between the poorer growth obtained with ground unextracted soybeans and the low absorbability of the oil in them was discussed.

To obtain maximum efficiency in the use of unextracted soybean products in chick rations, some such means as flaking must first be employed to increase the availability of the oil.
Solvent‐blown rigid urethane foams from castor‐based polyols
Authors: Lyon C. K. , Garrett Vilma H. , Goldblatt Leo A.
Published: May 2007

The preparation of trichlorofluoromethane‐blown rigid urethane foams using toluenediisocyanate and castor oil‐derived polyols was investigated. The castor‐based polyols included castor oil, hydroxylated castor oil, technical glycerol‐, penta‐erythritol‐, and sorbitol monoricinoleates, and N,N‐bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) ricinoleamide.

The last of these yielded the best foams when used as the sole polyol component added to the prepolymer. However better foams were obtained by using, as the polyol component, a mixture of a castor oil‐derived polyol and a lower‐molecular‐weight polyol with a higher hydroxyl content. These polyol mixtures yielded more highly cross‐linked polymers and hence foams with higher compressive strengths and less tendency to shrink after foaming.

The effect of catalyst, silicone surfactant, and trichlorofluoromethane content was also investigated. An empirical relationship between density and compressive strength in a given foam system was derived.
Polyesteramides from linseed and soybean oils for protective coatings: Diisocyanate‐modified polymers
Authors: Gast L. E. , Schneider Wilma J. , McManis G. E. , Cowan J. C.
Published: May 2007

New polymeric coating materials have been prepared by a triethylenediamine‐catalyzed reaction of hydroxyl‐terminated polyesteramides (HTPA) from soybean or linseed oils with diisocyanates. Eight dibasic acids or anhydrides were reacted with excess N,N‐bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) fatty amide to yield HTPA; those containing 10 mole per cent excess gave isocyanate‐modified polymers with best overall film properties. Reactivity of four diisocyanates with a linseed‐HTPA was measured by disappearance of the isocyanate band in the infrared. Depending on chemical composition, structure and curing conditions, films prepared from these polymers have a wide range of drying characteristics, hardness and chemical resistance. Drying times of linseed HTPA‐urethane polymer films varied from 0.3 to 48 hr, hardness values (Sward) were from 4 to 70, alkali resistance ranged from 2 to 126 min and the hydrochloric acid and xylene resistances were good to excellent. Impact resistance exceeded 160 in.‐lb for all films except two. The soybean‐derived polymer films likewise exhibited a wide range of properties; they chiefly differed from linseed‐derived films in having greater flexibility and improved alkali resistance.
Ultraviolet spectroscopic analysis for following the biodegradation of hydrotropes
Authors: Setzkorn E. A. , Huddleston R. L.
Published: May 2007

The standard methylene blue colorimetric method for the analysis of ppm concentrations of anionic detergents is sensitive to the chain length of the hydrophobic portion of the molecule. The response to this method is not quantitative among alkylbenzene sulfonates when the alkyl chain is shorter than about eight carbon atoms, and becomes essentially zero with the sulfonates of benzene, toluene and xylene.

Although these low molecular weight aromatic sulfonates have few detergency properties, their function and substantial commercial use as solubilizers in detergent formulations lend some importance to a study of their biodegradability.

Ultraviolet spectroscopic analysis was successfully applied to the study of the biodegradation of these compounds both in a synthetic medium‐sewageinoculated system and in the well‐known river die‐away procedure.

Sensitivity to below 1 ppm was obtained from absorption bands between about 220 and 230 mƁ. Bands were also utilized near 260舑270 mƁ for those compounds having significant absorption in this region. Information concerning changes in functional group substitution and aromatic degradation was obtained from monitoring these two band systems during the biodegradation period.