bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Utility of Dipstick Drug Screens as a Postmortem Triage Modality
Authors: Gates Jon P. , Khan-Gates Jenna , Wagner Michael , Cina Stephen J.
Published: April 2017

Urine dipsticks are an inexpensive, rapid tool for detecting common drugs of abuse (e.g., cocaine, oxycodone, methamphetamine, opiates, and benzodiazepines) in postmortem urine samples. For urine dipsticks to be useful as a triage modality, it is important that dipsticks have high diagnostic accuracy. We tested the performance of urine dipsticks as compared with toxicological analysis of postmortem blood as the gold standard for 198 cases for at least one of five common drugs of abuse during a six-month period at the Office of the Medical Examiner of Cook County, Illinois. Toxicological screening with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and confirmation with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) were then performed on postmortem blood samples. The results were compared to calculate the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the urine dipstick screens. For cocaine (n=178), opiates (n=186), oxycodone (n=47), benzodiazepines (n=45), and methamphetamine (n=44), the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the urine dipsticks all exceeded 97%. Urine dipsticks are an accurate and reliable screening tool for drugs of abuse. This inexpensive screen may be used to triage cases to autopsy or external examination in cases where the differential includes natural disease versus drug-related death.
Assessment and Diagnosis of Trauma in the High Cervical Spine Using Dissection, Radiography, Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Snyder Vivian S. , Matshes Evan W.
Published: April 2017

Cervical spine trauma, particularly that occurring at the craniocervical junction (CCJ), is the cause of a significant number of deaths each year. Although some forms of injury within the high cervical spine will be obvious during routine external and internal examination procedures, others cannot be diagnosed without advanced methods. The anatomy of the CCJ is complex and notoriously difficult to evaluate at autopsy. While specialized autopsy techniques allow thorough evaluation of this region, they are inconsistently understood and performed. Furthermore, although radiography has long been a mainstay of forensic pathology practice, it is not routinely utilized to assess for cervical spine trauma. As advanced radiology techniques become more regularly available in a postmortem setting (computed tomography [CT] and magnetic resonance [MR] imaging), forensic pathologists are offered additional tools that facilitate accurate diagnoses in the high cervical spine. Fundamental to the appropriate use and interpretation of autopsy and radiologic techniques is an understanding of the involved anatomy. The structures within the CCJ, advanced dissection methods, and fundamentals of cervical spine radiology are reviewed in this manuscript. Where available, autopsy evaluation of the CCJ will be complemented by radiography, CT, and MR imaging. In some circumstances, dissection and/or autopsy could be supplanted by the use of postmortem CT and MR scanning.
A Simple, Effective, and Inexpensive Method for Backlighting Retinal Hemorrhages
Authors: Kemp Walter L.
Published: April 2017

Adequate photographic documentation of important autopsy findings, both positive and negative, is vital for serving as a record of the pathologist's examination, as well as for a tool in the courtroom, for consultations, or for educational endeavors. Examination of the eye, especially the retina, is an important part of the investigation of suspicious infant deaths; however, obtaining good photographs can be difficult due to many factors. The method described herein allows for the development of a cost-effective, technically simple, and mobile way to take outstanding photographs of the retina.
Rehydrating Mummified Tissues: The Search for Identifying Marks and Scars
Authors: Forcucci Jessica A. , Tormos Lee Marie
Published: April 2017

Mummification is a variant of decomposition change that occurs with hot, dry conditions and therefore varies in frequency depending upon geographic location. Mummification may compromise visual identification and fingerprint comparison of decedents. Many techniques to rehydrate mummified tissue and obtain fingerprints have been previously described in the literature with variable amounts of success.

We present a case in which skin from a partially skeletonized and mummified individual was rehydrated using 3% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) using a previously published technique used to obtain fingerprints from mummified remains. The rehydration of mummified skin revealed two previously documented tattoos, allowing confirmation of presumptive identity. It also allowed better examination of the tissues for penetrating injuries. We believe this economical and technically simple method may be used successfully by any death investigator to reveal identifying marks, scars, or tattoos from mummified tissue even when only partial remains are available for examination.
Coronary Artery Anomalies: Benign Entities or Pathologic Findings?
Authors: Batalis Nicholas I. , Wassum J. Andrew
Published: April 2017

Many cases of sudden, natural death have obvious gross or histologic pathology to which the death can be attributed fairly easily. Sometimes, though, one encounters a death in which an abnormal finding is identified, but there is some hesitancy in attributing the death to it as one may be unfamiliar with the significance of the finding or has encountered it many times before in cases where death was clearly due to something else. Coronary artery anomalies firmly fit into this category for many pathologists. Anomalous origin of the coronary arteries is an uncommon anomaly occurring in a fraction of a percent of individuals, so one may only encounter one or two deaths with this lesion in his/her career. Without past experiences to rely upon, one may be unsure about the severity of the lesion and inadvertently dismiss a significant anomaly or attribute death to a benign variant. Myocardial bridging is on the other end of the spectrum. This entity is seen so commonly that many consider it to be a normal variant and entirely benign and incidental. While this may be true in the majority of individuals, myocardial bridging may cause cardiac dysfunction in a small subset of people. This manuscript will review the anatomy and potential pathophysiology of these anomalies with the goal of aiding the pathologist in certifying deaths in which they are encountered.
An Evaluation of the Utility of Postmortem Computed Tomography in the Diagnosis of Lethal Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis and Hypertensive Heart Disease
Authors: Snyder Vivian S. , Andrews Sam W. , Curry Chelsea R. , Lathrop Sarah L. , Matshes Evan W.
Published: April 2017

Autopsy is regarded as the gold standard for evaluation of human remains in the forensic pathology setting. Amongst the most common causes of death in any medical examiner jurisdiction are atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and/or hypertensive cardiovascular disease. Practical experience shows that noncontrast “screening” postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) does not accurately document or diagnose lethal coronary artery atherosclerosis, nor does it allow for the diagnosis of hypertensive cardiovascular disease.

One hundred adult forensic autopsies were selected from an 18-month period for this blinded, retrospective case-controlled study. The cases were composed of two age- and sex-matched groups by cause of death: 1) those due to hypertensive and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and 2) those due to other causes. Two forensic pathologists, blinded to the cause of death, reviewed pre-autopsy PMCT scans of the chest and recorded the presence or absence of clinically significant coronary artery stenosis, myocardial pathology (including left ventricular hypertrophy and myocardial infarction), cardiomegaly, and coronary artery calcium deposition. The same set of data was obtained from the corresponding autopsy reports. Results of the PMCT interpretations were compared with the results obtained from autopsy.

Assessment of PMCT scans resulted in missing all 56 cases with severe coronary artery atherosclerosis, 50 cases with myocardial pathology, and 44 cases with cardiomegaly. Although PMCT did prove sensitive and superior for the detection of coronary artery calcification, this finding is clinically insignificant and of limited to no value to the vast majority of cases.
The Negative Older Adult Autopsy: Why Do They Die?
Authors: Collins Kim A.
Published: April 2017

Individuals over the age of 65 are a significant segment of the population in the United States and other industrialized countries. This is also the group whose deaths are infrequently investigated or autopsied. However, when an autopsy is performed, the forensic pathologist may be left with final autopsy diagnoses that point to “old age” or “senescence” as the cause of death. This is an unacceptable certification on the death certificate, of no value to epidemiological studies, and of little comfort to the next of kin. Further investigation and analysis must be undertaken to adequately derive an accurate determination of the mechanism, cause, and manner of death. By closely examining and understanding the pathophysiology of three areas/systems, a proper certification can often be made. These areas are the heart, brain, and metabolic/endocrine system.
Characterization of Diphenhydramine-Related Accidental Overdose Deaths
Authors: Varghese Elvy , Abate Marie A. , Hu Lan , Kaplan James , Kraner James , Long D. Leann , Sorg Marcella , Mock Allen , Greenwald Margaret , Andrew Thomas
Published: April 2017

Characteristics of diphenhydramine (DPH)-induced accidental overdose deaths were compared to deaths without DPH present. Data from 4702 drug-induced deaths during 2005 to 2011 in four states were reviewed, with 3884 of these certified as accidental. DPH was involved in 276 cases (5.9%), with the manner of death ruled accidental in 181 (DPH group). The remaining 3703 accidental deaths constituted the control group. Age, body mass index, and the cases with benzodiazepine or opioid co-intoxicants did not differ significantly between groups. In the DPH deaths, methadone was the most frequently identified additional co-intoxicant, particularly when only one or two other co-intoxicants were present. Significantly more females (57.5% vs. 31.5%, respectively) and co-intoxicants were present (55.8% vs. 20.1% with ≥ 3 other co-intoxicants present, respectively) in the DPH compared to the control group. Alcohol was identified significantly less often in DPH decedents. Antidepressants overall and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) classes appeared significantly more often as co-intoxicants in DPH decedents compared to controls. Female DPH decedents were also significantly more likely than control females to have antidepressants (32.7% vs. 16.8%, respectively), TCAs (16.4% vs. 7.1%), or SSRIs present (21.2% vs. 11.6%). DPH concentrations in the accidental deaths were usually lower compared to the suicides although overlap was present. In conclusion, the availability of over-the-counter DPH appears to pose significant potential for drug abuse and should be identified as contributory to death with other detected co-intoxicants such as antidepressants, benzodiazepines, opioids, and other central nervous system depressant drugs.
Postmortem Diagnosis of Primary Small Bowel Volvulus in an Adult
Authors: Garavan Fintan , Hameed Hiba
Published: April 2017

Small bowel volvulus is a rare cause of intestinal obstruction. It is defined as the twisting of a segment of the bowel around the axis of its mesentery. Based on the cause, small bowel volvulus is divided into primary and secondary types. The primary type occurs in an otherwise normal abdominal cavity. The secondary type occurs in the presence of predisposing lesions, either congenital or acquired.

This is a case report of a primary jejunal volvulus in an 82-year-old man who died suddenly. The autopsy findings included proximal small bowel obstruction and perforation with florid peritonitis secondary to jejunal volvulus. Histology confirmed infarction of the small bowel at the level of the jejunum. We concluded that the cause of death was peritonitis due to small bowel perforation caused by small bowel obstruction secondary to volvulus. No predisposing anatomical abnormality was identified at the site of the volvulus so, by definition, this is a primary type. Jejunal location is usually associated with primary volvulus, and these correlate with a higher incidence of necrotic loops requiring intestinal resection. Primary volvulus is more common in the jejunum than other parts of the small bowel, and these cases are more likely to result in necrosis requiring resection.
Beyond the Boundaries of Forensic Toxicology - the Use of an Atypical Consultant in a Rare Case of Cerberin Poisoning
Authors: Severson Elizabeth , Jufer-Phipps Rebecca , Fowler David R. , Alexander Russell
Published: April 2017

A severely decomposed body was found partially submerged in a creek. A bag of brown fibrous seeds was found nearby. Postmortem examination revealed saponified soft tissues and assorted skeletal elements without evidence of ante- or perimortem trauma. Anthropological, dental, and investigative evidence identified the decedent as a 31-year-old man who had been reported missing approximately two months prior after a suicide note was found at his residence. Investigation indicated he had purchased Cerbera seeds from the Internet. The fruits of the Cerbera “suicide” tree contain the toxin cerberin, a cardiac glycoside, which can induce heart block and lethal arrhythmias. Extensive putrefaction of the tissues and a lack of appropriate laboratory reference standards precluded identification of cerberin on postmortem toxicology. The seeds found at the scene were sent to a research botanist who identified them as Cerbera manghas L. of the plant family Apocynaceae. Based on these findings, the cause of death was determined to be cerberin poisoning. We are not aware of previously reported cases of cerberin poisonings within the United States, even though its use for suicidal and homicidal means has been well documented in eastern Asia and the Indian Ocean regions. The relative ease of obtaining these seeds through the Internet may result in deaths anywhere in the world. This case highlights the difficulties in identifying the putative toxin in postmortem samples when unusual and exotic poisons are used. Atypical consultants, a botanist in this particular case, may allow appropriate determination of the cause and manner of death.
Homicide versus Hypothermia? An Unusual Case of Hypothermia Related to Colloid Cyst of the Third Ventricle
Authors: Schafer Eric J. , Prahlow Joseph A.
Published: April 2017

Forensic pathologists and death investigators are well aware of the fact that careful and detailed death investigation and autopsy are essential for identifying certain homicides, wherein initial scene and circumstances incorrectly suggest a probable natural or other non-homicidal manner of death. In a similar way, death investigation and autopsy can be instrumental in dispelling suspicions of homicide, where initial scene and circumstances suggest foul play. The discovery of the partially nude body of an elderly woman, hidden in the exterior entrance to a home's crawlspace, should raise concern of a possible homicide with associated sexual assault. A case occurring in this fashion is presented. Autopsy revealed evidence of hypothermia, including gastric Wishnewsky spots. Brain examination revealed a colloid cyst of the third ventricle, with associated features of increased intracranial pressure. Based on scene investigation and autopsy findings, it was theorized that the woman likely experienced confusion related to her underlying brain lesion, followed by the onset of hypothermia, with subsequent demonstration of the “hide and die” syndrome, as well as paradoxical undressing. The case reiterates the importance of careful investigation and autopsy performance in cases that are suspicious for homicide. Additionally, the case represents a unique presentation of a colloid cyst of the third ventricle, a lesion that is familiar to forensic pathologists.
The Importance of Genetic Testing in a Case of Sudden Death in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy due to Troponin I Mutation
Authors: Snyder Vivian S. , Bains Rick , Fitchev Philip S. , Crawford Susan E.
Published: April 2017

Sudden death due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is uncommon. Most cases of HCM are due to mutations in sarcomeric proteins. Mutations of the cardiac troponin I gene TNNI3 are rare. Over 15 mutations of the TNNI3 gene have been identified; the clinical, imaging and pathologic findings within the small subcategory are very diverse. While asymptomatic patients do not generally receive therapy, the entire group may be at risk of sudden death. Thus, affected individuals and their family members may require heightened surveillance. As such, accurate diagnosis at postmortem examination is important as it may have a direct impact on the health and well-being of surviving family members.

We present the case of a 36-year-old man who collapsed and died while jogging. His sister had been recently diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Consequently, the decedent had undergone transthoracic echocardiography that demonstrated only mild features suggestive of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy including non-obstructive asymmetric septal wall thickening of less than 30 mm in the absence of systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve or cardiomegaly.

The autopsy confirmed the presence of mild septal hypertrophy (maximum 23 mm thickness) in the absence of cardiomegaly. Histologic features were typical of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy including septal myofiber disarray and nuclear enlargement. Mutational analysis of frozen myocardium demonstrated an Arg162Gln substitution in the cardiac troponin I gene (TNNI3) involving exon 7. This case highlights the importance of molecular/genetic analysis in the setting of sudden natural death, from both diagnostic and public health perspectives.
Asiasana hallussa? – Opiskelijoiden tiedonhakukäyttäytyminen ja asiasanat osana sitä
Authors: Ruokolainen Hilda
Published: April 2017

The study focuses on the information seeking behaviour of graduate students and the role of subject headings in it. The aim of the study was to see if students are aware of indexing. The motivation lies in the aim to simplicity of modern student information seeking behaviour, the need to use complex databases and to find relevant information, where indexing plays a crucial role. The study was conducted with six qualitative interviews. The findings indicate that student information seeking behaviour is simple and intuitive and subject headings have only a small role in it. Students lack understanding of information seeking terminology and profound awareness of organisation of information, which could help them in information seeking.
Tieteelliset lehdet ja tutkimusdata
Authors: Lilja Johanna
Published: April 2017

This report summarises the papers and discussions presented at the Scholarly Journals and Research Data Seminar organised by the Federation of Finnish Learned Societies and the Finnish Association for Scholarly Publishing in February 2017. Stricter policies on storing research data in repositories and opening it are now being implemented. In fact, 27 per cent of research funders now require data archiving, including the Academy of Finland. The seminar brought together funders, researchers and representatives from journals and data archives to discuss how archiving and opening data should be carried out and the role played by journals. The questions asked included: Should journals require their authors to link their text to research data or should they only encourage such action? Should journals guide their authors to use central national or international data archives or should they establish their own separate data repositories, for example in connection with the Finnish national data service IDA?
Tiedonhaku aidoissa työtehtävissä: Kenttätutkimus tehtävätyypin ja monimutkaisuuden vaikutuksista
Authors: Saastamoinen Miamaria
Published: April 2017

FM Miamaria Saastamoisen informaatiotutkimuksen ja interaktiivisen median alaan kuuluva väitöskirja Information searching in authentic work tasks: A field study on the effects of task type and complexity (Tiedonhaku aidoissa työtehtävissä: Kenttätutkimus tehtävätyypin ja monimutkaisuuden vaikutuksista) tarkastettiin 14.1.2017 Tampereen yliopistossa. Vastaväittäjänä toimi professori Katriina Byström (Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Norway) ja kustoksena yliopistolehtori Jaana Kekäläinen (Tampereen yliopisto). Väitöskirja on julkaistu sarjassa Acta Universitatis Tamperensis ja se on luettavissa myös Tampereen yliopiston Tampub-julkaisuarkistossa osoitteessa http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-03-0310-5.
Humanististen tieteiden omin käsitettävissä oleva rationaliteetti: Innovaatio vai vaaliminen?
Authors: Suominen Vesa
Published: April 2017

Informaatiotutkimuksen yliopistonlehtori Vesa Suominen jäi eläkkeelle ja piti läksiäisluentonsa 1.2.2017 Oulun yliopistossa.
Implementation of a New Algorithm with Fuzzy Inference in FPGA for Synchronous Generators Wind Turbine Against Loss-of-Field Protection
Authors: Araújo  , Carlos Magno B.  , Trondoli  , Luiz Henrique P.C
Published: April 2017

The present study aims to present the contribution of a new algorithm for synchronous generators wind protection and the assessment of the effectiveness of the performance of the Loss of Field Protection Fuzzy (LOEPF), using Fuzzy inference implemented in reconfigurable computing with high level optimization of logical operations. A new model of sub and overexcitation by the wind generator capacity curve for the steady-state stability limit is introduced, serving as the basis for the development of this new algorithm and the evaluation of the effectiveness of the same. The LOEPF algorithm is implemented in FPGA with acquisition of voltage and current signals, for carrying out the tests of various conditions of simulated faults by means of a test box Doble F6150 compared with the results obtained with the use of a commercial relay. The results obtained in tests of the new algorithm showed superior performance compared to conventional protection, reducing lag time and time of trip. This feature allows for fast data throughput and processing allowing the relay handling samples high-frequency data and computational efficiency.
Study of Nanoparticle Fluid Mixtures for Heat Enhancement and Heat Storage in a Cavity
Authors: H. Acheheb  , M.Z. Saghir
Published: April 2017

Nanofluids is a class of fluid which contains a solid particle. The base fluid is usually water. The importance of such fluid is its capability of enhanced heat removal. The addition of microencapsulated particle enhances the heat storage. Results revealed an improvement in heat storage. This finding is obvious by examining the Nusselt number for different cases.
A Series Compensation Device for the LV Power Quality Improvement
Authors: F. Belloni  , R. Chiumeo  , C. Gandolfi  , A. Villa
Published: April 2017

A series compensation device employable in a Low Voltage distribution grid is presented in the paper. This compensator is connected in series with sensitive loads in a distribution system and is able to inject into the grid a controllable voltage to improve Power Quality. The series compensator is employable for compensating voltage dips, flicker and voltage variations. The compensation device can be also used for limiting the short circuit currents, in case of faults located downstream the compensator. The performances of the proposed series compensator and the associate control scheme are demonstrated through digital batch simulations and Control Hardware In the Loop (CHIL) real time simulations.
Assessing the impact of photovoltaic self-consumption support policies on energy losses
Authors: J. García-Villalobos  , P. Eguía  , E. Torres  , A. Etxegarai
Published: April 2017

In recent years, self-consumption concept has been gaining more and more importance within the energy model of developed countries. Specifically, the number of photovoltaic (PV) self-consumption installations has grown strongly due to cost reductions. In this context, different regulatory frameworks are being developed in order to regulate the deployment of this type of installations. The regulatory framework will also have an important impact on energy losses. In this paper, an analysis on how energy losses are affected by two different regulatory framework approaches (“instantaneous or real time self-consumption scheme” and “net-metering scheme”) is presented. A significant region of Spain (Murcia) and real data of load demand have been used. Simulation results show a decrease of energy losses at low self-consumption adoption levels with both regulatory frameworks. However, energy losses increase at medium and high adoption levels when net-metering scheme is used.
A Relevant Fuzzy Logic Algorithm to Better Optimize Electricity Consumption in Individual Housing
Authors: S. Bissey  , S. Jacques  , J.-C. Le Bunetel
Published: April 2017

In this article, a Fuzzy Logic algorithm (MATLAB environment) is descripted to better predict and manage electricity consumption in individual housing. Several measurements were performed in 3 houses to have an idea of typical electrical energy consumptions. Without any prediction model, the simulation results of the management system exhibit that it is not possible to smooth all peak demands. In particular, this smoothing is in chronological sequence. Using the prediction and management modeling, the highest peak demands can be forecasted. As a consequence, if the house is composed of a storage system, all stored electricity can be reinjected during the highest peak periods. Finally, the system proposed here provides safety guarantees, and particularly during AC-line disconnection.
Genetic programming to extract features from the whole-sky camera for cloud type classification
Authors: J. Huertas  , J. Rodríguez-Benítez  , D. Pozo  , R. Aler  , Inés M. Galván
Published: April 2017

In the automatic cloud classification problem it is very important to extract relevant features from the cloud images that can be used as inputs to the classifiers. Typically, sets of hand-designed features, based on the red, green, and blue channels, are used. For instance, spectral and textural, among other characteristics, are commonly extracted from cloud images. Genetic Programming is a powerful tool that has been used to automatically generate functions in a variety of problems. In this work, it is proposed to use Genetic Programming to automatically construct image features for cloud classification. Specifically, the constructed function aims to transform an image, pixel by pixel, and then computing the mean and the standard deviation of the transformed image. The performance of this method is measured against a set of expert defined features. Experiments have been carried out on a database of whole-sky cloud images. Results show that the proposed method is able to achieve a similar accuracy as the 4 most important features from the expert feature-set.
Harmonic Resonance Mode Analysis in dq Domain
Authors: Abel A. Taffese  , Elisabetta Tedeschi
Published: April 2017

Harmonic Resonance Mode Analysis (HRMA) is a technique developed to study harmonic resonance in a power system. Compared to conventional resonance analysis techniques, HRMA is a powerful method that can indicate the origin and the locations most affected by a given mode of resonance. The method has been shown to be effective for large scale resonance studies. However, very simplified models are used for representing power converters. With the proliferation of power converter interfaced energy sources in the future power system, there is a need to correctly model power converters in such studies. The main challenge is to correctly represent the control loops. The controllers are mostly designed in dq domain while the study is performed in phase domain. To address this problem, this paper proposes extension of HRMA to dq domain. Formulation of the problem in dq domain is presented in detail followed by verification using simple test cases. A detailed model of a voltage source converter for the aforementioned analysis is also developed and analysed using the test cases.
The influence of the self-excited induction machine into the electrical grid under instability situation - Real case measurement
Authors: R. Bosch  , P. Casals  , A. Serrano
Published: April 2017

The three phase induction machine is used in the mainly part of the industry and it requires reactive power from the grid to start and function. The reactive power consumption is economically fined so the industries install capacitors in parallel with the motors and loads. The bank capacitor, gives this reactive power to the machine in order to improve the cos φ factor in the installation. When a fault appears in the grid, this machine gives the active power to the fault, but when the overcurrent relay sets the fault, the induction machine is already with inertia with electromagnetic and mechanic specific parameters that originate a non-controlled islanding mode and it provides the power to the loads on this feeder. Even though several works are published within the islanding detection, the islanding operation about the induction machine as a generator in power wind energy applications, nevertheless in the following we show the motor perspective. The stability of the system in the time period between the relay opening and the fast reconnection is out of control, so a complete study a about the electric magnitudes, voltage and reactive power , active power and frequency and the angle stability is needed. In this paper we show a real case that appears in a distribution Medium Voltage (MV) radial network in Spain in a 25 kV feeder and we summarize the voltage /current wave form and the frequency oscillation.
Evaluation of electrical losses in MVAC collector systems in offshore wind farms
Authors: I. Arrambide  , P.M. García  , J.J. Ugartemendia  , I. Zubia
Published: April 2017

This work presents an evaluation methodology of electrical losses in the collector systems for different topologies considered nowadays in large offshore wind parks. Taking into account the current situation of the offshore collector systems, a summary about schemes employed in commissioned wind farms is presented. Electrical layout plays a key role in order to cut down Levelized Cost of Energy (LCoE). Based on the calculus of electrical losses, the authors select the optimum design of the array of the wind farm combined with the most adequate rated power offshore turbines. Power losses evaluation is verified with real cable data sheets and the methodology is applied to a real wind farm in construction.
Economic and operational risks in wind energy projects in Latvia
Authors: D. Bezrukovs  , A. Sauhatas
Published: April 2017

The paper addresses the problem of economic and operational uncertainty in wind energy projects associated with the volatility of wind speed, concurrent electricity market prices and technical characteristics of wind turbines. The study proposes a comprehensive approach towards the feasibility evaluation of wind energy projects in the conditions of limited wind speed data availability at high altitudes and deregulated electricity market in Latvia. The study performs a sensitivity analysis of wind generator efficiency and revenue generation potential across the range of technical and economic factors. The study uses Stochastic Differential Equation (SDE) models for the out-of-sample forecasting of wind speed and electricity prices in combination with Monte Carlo simulation technique in order to come-up with the distribution of revenue projections and efficiency estimates for a hypothetical wind park. A broad range of project development scenarios involving several wind generator types and multiple mast height options is considered. The study is based on proprietary high frequency wind measurements data gathered in the north-western coastal part of Latvia at the range of altitudes of up to 50m and daily electricity market prices from the Latvian segment of Nord Pool power market. The results of the study provide quantitative basis for optimal decision-making process at the planning stage of wind energy projects and highlight the importance of the initial choice of wind generator models.
Electrocatalytic performance comparison of Pt/V and Pd/V electrocatalysts for ethanol oxidation reaction
Authors: E. L. da Silva  , A. Cuña  , S. Khan  , M. Cadorin  , S. Pianaro  , R. B. Otto  , C. F. Malfatti
Published: April 2017

Direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs) operate at low temperature, which makes the oxidation and reduction reactions slower, requiring electrocatalysts able to accelerate these reactions. In the present work, commercial Vulcan carbon (V) supported Pt and Pd catalysts were compared as electrocatalysts for ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) in acidic and alkaline medium, respectively. Cyclic voltammetries obtained in presence of ethanol showing a better catalytic performance for the Pd/V electroctalyst compared to the Pt/V electrocatalyst. The maximum current density related with the EOR in a 1.0 mol L-1 ethanol + 1.0 mol L-1 NaOH solution was 236.9 A g Pd-1 for Pd/V. The better performance of the Pd/V electrocatalyst can be associated with a lower Pd nanoparticles sizes and higher particles dispersion onto the Vulcan carbon surface in the Pd/V electrocatalyst. The onset potential for the EOR was 0.2 V vs. SCE for the Pt/V sample and -0.6 V vs. Hg/HgO for the Pd/V sample.
Regulatory harmonization in the illumination of sport facilities: a challenge for energy savings and users well-being
Authors: R. Amorim  , V. Molina  , A. Peña-García
Published: April 2017

This study is a comparative analysis of the main differences in the lighting requirements of sports facilities in different regulato ry frameworks. The target is to identify regulatory differences and common points in potential impact on financial profitability, visual comfort, people safety and environmental impact. It is also pretended to identify critical parameters that may help to avoid serious problems such as violence among spectators. The integral management of these facilities requires important con siderations on new technologies to provide good lighting for users (athletes and spectators), savings in the very high energy consumption and control the impact of lighting on some psycho logical and physiological aspects of users directly related to violence. In the European standard for sports lighting EN 12193:2007, for example, we see a great concern about the sustainability of installations. The update of the Brazilian stand ard NBR 8837 is also expected to give an important role to sustainability and quality of artificial lighting to provide services in the sports areas. However, remarkable differences among both regulatory frameworks still remain. Thus regulatory harmoniza tion in the lighting of sports facilities can be beneficial for both, sustainable management and profitable use of these installations.
Production under feed-in tariffs in Portugal
Authors: P. Lourenço  , C. Almeida
Published: April 2017

In Portugal, over the last two and a half decades, high focus on the promotion of renewable energies has been set, particularly through power plants with feed-in tariffs, which has increased the use of internal energy resources and has stimulated the reduction of the country’s energy dependence. During this process, the development of related legislation and the dynamism of the sector, with the introduction of incentives which prompted the investment and promoted the maturation of new technologies, has been essential. Gradually, in conjunction with the acquired experience and knowledge, a sustained growth of renewables energies has been possible. Moreover, it put forward scientific research in this area and established attractive revenues in this market, which allowed the reinforcement of the existing energy cluster in Portugal. As a result of this energy policy, the purchase of energy feed-in tariffs producers has reached quite significant values. At the end of 2015, the installed capacity was about 7 900 MVA, which corresponds to the acquisition of 20TWh.
NONVOLATILE SOLID ACCUMULATION BY COMMODITY FISH
Authors: Shumak Viktor Viktorovich
Published: April 2017

The research on commodity carp Cyprinus carpio L. cultivation from breeding material was held at the selective breeding fish farm "Izobelino" (Minsk Oblast, Belarus Republic) in 2012. There was used the technique of calculating the growth of nonvolatile solid, protein, lipids and mineral substances in a fish body during vegetation period. The article gives biochemical characteristics of seeding and commodity fish, commercial fishery data and data of efficient use of feeding stuff in the process of cultivating commodity fish with the help of technique mentioned. The research results give different assessment of productive activity and serve as the basis for developing new technologies and mastering traditional technologies of fish cultivation, such as carp and other valuable fish species.
FINDING FACTORS OF SURVIVAL THE YOUNG OF MARINE HERRING MIGRATING IN THE NORTHERN PART OF THE CASPIAN SEA
Authors: Zubkova Tatiana Stanislavovna
Published: April 2017

The objects of research are three species of Caspian migrating herrings (Dolginsk herring ( Alosa brashnikowi ), big-eyed shad ( Alosa saposchnikowii ), Caspian shad ( Alosa caspia caspia )). The work considers two biological aspects of herring reproduction: dependence of number of underyearlings on the number of females in the end of feeding; assessment of survival rate of herring juveniles from the stage of fish egg to the stage of underyearlings. Besides fecundity of individual species, scientists take into account sex ratio in spawning populations, population fecundity, loss of reproductive capacity due to the resorption in unscreened roe. The materials obtained within 2009-2015 show that the dependence of herring underyearling number on the number of females arriving at spawning ground is extremely low. Despite a great number of females on the spawning grounds, the reasons of decreasing number of the first generation can be different: unfavorable hydrological and hydrochemical environment in foraging area, insufficient nutritive base, rescheduling of the spawning etc. The varying number of underyearlings from year to year is more pronounced with predatory fishes: the Dolginsk herring - 2.1 times, big-eyed shad - 1.7 times. The underyearling number of zoo-plankton feeder - Caspian shad is consistently high with minimal yearly variations. The young of Caspian shad have the highest survival ratio (0.0122); the young of predatory herring species the ratio is lower: Dolginsk herring is 4 times less (0.0031), big-eyed shad - 5 times less (0.0024). The data on herring survival from stage of a fish egg to an underyearling stage will become a starting point in the investigation of the environmental influence on to the new herring generations.
SELECTED MORPHOMETRIC AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF IDE LEUCISCUS IDUS (LINNAEUS, 1758) IN THE LOWER IRTYSH
Authors: Liberman Elizaveta L'vovna , Chemagin Andrey Aleksandrovich
Published: April 2017

Ide Leuciscus idus (Linnaeus, 1758) belongs to Cyprinidae family and is used in commercial and recreational fishing. Ide is an intermediate host of Opisthorchis felineus . In the control catches (summer 2015, the Lower Irtysh, Uvatsky, Tobolsky and Vagaysky regions of Tyumenskaya Oblast’) there were observed species with lengths 11.9-38.1 cm, with a total weight 45-1085 g. Some species aged 9 years old and even older. The maximum rate of linear growth was registered in ide species younger than 3 years old, at this age annual growth made 5 cm. The annual growth of four-year-old females made 5.4 cm, males - 2.8 cm. Females aged 3+ exceeded males in body weight and length. Species at the age 1+…2+ years old added 204.6% in their mass; at the age 2+…3+ years old - 65.3%, at 3+…4+ years old - 29.4%. Gender and gonad maturity were determined in species older than 2+, but not in all species. Among females aged 2+…4+ there were found species with I and II stage of gonad maturity. Females aged 5+ were spawned-out species having VI-II stage of gonad maturity (48%); female species aged 6+ having IV stage of gonad maturity made 33.4%. Among males in the age groups of 2+ and 3+ there were registered species with I stage (38.5 and 20%, respectively) and II stage (61.5 and 80%, respectively) of maturation only. Fatness degree of studied species ranged from 0 to 5. Species aged 2+ had I stage (24% species); in the aged groups the proportion of such species decreased (5+ years old - 7.8%; 6+ years old - 12.1%; 8+ years old - 5.9%); species aged 2-7 had II stage of fatness; proportion of older species also decreased. Species with III and IV stage of fatness were found more often (III stage was observed in 100% of the fish species at the age of 1+). Proportion of species with V stage was minor, it increased with age. According to the analysis of the study results, nutritive base in the basin is found satisfactory for ide growth and development.
CURRENT STATE FOR FOOD SUPPLY OF BENTHOPHAGIC FISH IN THE URAL RIVER DELTA AND THE NORTH PART OF THE CASPIAN SEA
Authors: Seydalieva Leila Kamidullaevna
Published: April 2017

The paper presents the results of the research held in spring-autumn, 2014. In the course of the research there were used complex field observations. There was determined qualitative composition of zoobenthos of the lower reaches and the delta of the Ural (13 taxons) and the North part of the Caspian Sea (33 taxons, main groups: crustaceans, molluscas and worms), quantity and biomass of main species and groups of zoobenthos. In the lower reaches of the Ural Oligochaeta worms made the largest group, Chironomidae larvae made a smoller group. In August average biomass of zoobenthos in the delta of the Ural made 16.66 g/m2. In the North part of the Caspian Sea maximum domination index belonged to Oligochaeta - 12.5; Hypanis vitrea vitrea had 7.1; Chironomidae larvae - 6.4. Corophiidae were numerous , with domination index 6.3; Balanus improvisus had 6.2; Hediste diversicolor - 4.7. Domination index of other bottom organisms didn’t exceed 3.8. Average biomass of bottom organizms in the North Part of the Caspian Sea made: in June - July 20.48 g/m2, in September 9.212 g/m2. Stern zoobenthos took (without taking into account large molluscas and barnacles) 8.14 and 3.8 g/m2, respectively. The data obtained can be used for determining methods of saving and stable use of fish resources in the Ural-Caspian Sea basin.
VARIABILITY OF THE BODY LENGTH AND WAIGHT AND FISH CAPACITY OF 4-YEAR-OLD AND 5-YEAR-OLD RUSSIAN STURGEON CULTIVATED IN THE POND FISH FARM IN THE REPUBLICK OF KAZAKHSTAN
Authors: Badryzlova Nina Sergeevna , Isbekov Kuanysh Baibulatovich , Fedorov Evgeniy Victorovich
Published: April 2017

The paper presents the analysis results of the body weight and length variability (body mass, zoological length, length up to the end of middle fin rays, fatness, mass-accumulation coefficient, growth), fish-productivity and gross-production in 4-year-old and 5-year-old Russian sturgeons ( Acipenser gueldenstaedtii , Brandt) cultivated in adapted ponds together with herbivorous fishes (grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ), silver carp ( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix ). The analysis helped to reveal some regularities about variability of 4-year-old and 5-year-old Russian sturgeons ( Acipenser gueldenstaedtii , Brandt) cultivated in artificial ponds adapted for carp breeding. The paper gives average values of body mass and length, variability characteristics, according to biological statistic parameters; analysis of absolute growth in different age groups of the Russian sturgeon cultivated at the pond carp farms. Gross-production values for 4-year-old and 5-year-old sturgeons are recommended to be taken as 337 and 450 kg/ga, correspondingly. It should be noted that 450 kg/ga is not considered as an ultimate gross-production value for the Russian sturgeon cultivated in the fish farms adapted for carp breeding.
DEVELOPMENT CHARACTERISTICS IN JUVENILE OF SHEMAYA (CHALCALBURNUS CHALCOIDES) AT ARTIFICIAL CULTIVATION
Authors: Fedorova Nadezhda Nickolaevna , Bondarenko Olga Vyacheslavovna , Belyakov Anatoliy Aleksandrovich , Grushko Maria Pavlovna , Kanieva Nuria Abdrakhimovna
Published: April 2017

The analysis of forming internal organs of shemaya ( Chalcalburnus chalcoides ) juvenile grown up in Temryuk fish breeding farm (Krasnodar region) showed that juveniles have got rather differentiated vital organs. Olfactory lobe looked like a small pair of growths on a forebrain; the third ventricle grew round; a formed epiphysis adjoined its upper part; an epithelial hypothesis adjoined its lower part. In the midbrain one could see visual lobe. The cerebellum contained considerable number of nerve cells; the medulla was shorter than a cerebellum; fossa rhomboidea was rather wide. The medulla narrowed into the spinal cord. Olfactory lobe was very wide, with open cavity, its epithelium gathered into rough longitudinal folds creating a socket. An eyeball had all well-differentiated scleras. All parts of a digestive tract had all three coats: mucous, muscular and connective; their thickness was different. The massive liver had well pronounced trabecular architectonics. Pancreas was actively producing enzymes. Shemaya juveniles have got completely formed gills that consist of filaments and lamellas. The heart of a shemaya juvenile has four well developed cameras: very wide auricle with thin walls; a ventricle; a small sinus venosus and an arterial cone. There are found species characteristics: gills have filaments of I and II orders, an arterial cone has a row of the pocket-style valves. Pathological changes are revealed in liver (fatty dystrophy) and gills (growths of a multilayered non-keratinized epithelium in the intervals between lamellas). This can be connected with violation of shemaya artificial cultivation technologies.
TRENDS IN THE STEEL MARKET IN 2015-2016
Authors: Petrenko Aleksey Sergeevish , Dubova Yuliya Igorevna
Published: April 2017

The analysis of the rolled metal market shows that major market players can predict further pricing changes stipulated by challenging political and economic situation in the world. This article focuses on the main factors that influenced the cost of metal at the end of 2014, 2015 and early 2016 and contributed to further price fluctuation. In the new economic environment the world metal market faces dramatic changes. There arise new pricing reforms aiming diversion from a speculative component to a real market price. On the results of 2014, deflation of prices on metal made, by different sources, 12-15% compared to prices at the beginning of the year. Thus, the outlining tendencies force major Russian steel traders (e. g. EVRAZ, MMC, MIC etc.) to redirect their sales from the territory of the Russian Federation to abroad (Europe, Asia, America). According to steel output, in the first quarter of 2015 Russia remained the fifth country in the world. In the nearest future forecasts about steel production in the leading countries-producers don’t estimate any significant growth. The only exception, according to the experts, is a steel market in India, which is actively developing. Domestic product consumption in this sector defines growth rates of metallurgic industry in the mid-term perspective, according to the facts presented by the Ministry of Economic Development.