bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Third Gender Recognition: Identity And Social Interaction Issues Of Khawaja Saras In Pakistani Society
Authors: Khattak Mamoon Khan , Haq Ehtisham Ul
Published: June 2020

The core purpose of this study was to bring forth the gender identity and social interaction issues of Khawaja Saras in Pakistani society. For this purpose a number of 15 khwaja saras were interviewed within their social environment to understand phenomena contextually, as spirit of qualitative nature of study. An interview guide was prepared to assist primary data collection process. The research found that khawaja saras do face gender identity and social interaction issues in Pakistani society. They perceived that society do give them lesser respect and social acceptance, therefore they feel socially isolated to a significant extent. It is recommended that society shall be made aware and motivated at large to accept khawaja saras as respectable third gender. There is a greater need of inculcating confidence and motivation among khawaja saras to live within mainstream society while making their social conditions favourable and by creating a respectable space for themselves through refined habits, improved human conduct and developed personality.
A Comparative Study of Marital, Social And Economic Barriers Faced By The Married Couples With And Without Disabilities
Authors: Majid Shaista , Choudhary Samia
Published: June 2020

This research study was carried out to compare the marital, social and economic barriers faced by the married couples with and without disabilities. Women and men with disabilities have different life experiences due to biological, psychological, economic, social, political and cultural attributes. These gender differences are reflected in the life experiences of men and women with disabilities. Causal comparative method was used to explore and compare the marital problems of persons with and without disabilities. All the special need and normal parents of special students in special education centres in six districts in Gujranwala Division were the population for this study. Stratified sampling technique was used to select a sample of 252 persons, who were placed equally (126 persons) in two groups; persons with disabilities and persons without disabilities. A questionnaire containing 31 items into three sections (i) Marital Problem Questionnaire (MPQ), (ii) Social Problem Questionnaire (SPQ) & (iii) Economic Problem Questionnaire (EPQ) was developed to collect the data. The questionnaire yielded a reliability value of .80. T-test, ANOVA and regression were applied to draw the results. The comparative analysis showed significant difference between social problems of disable and non-disable males but there is no distinction of ability and disability in social problems of women. The study concludes that couples with and without disabilities have great difference in their life style and disability creates hurdles in their way to live a better life. Social and economic barriers increase the problems of marital life of couples with special needs.
Formative Assessment Enriches Learning: Perspectives Of Female University Teachers In Karachi (Pakistan)
Authors: Mohammad Noor , Masum Rubina , Farhan Sheeba
Published: June 2020

This article is drawn from PhD dissertation and the prime purpose of this research is to study the perspective of female university teachers regarding impact of formative assessment on learning at university level in Karachi (Pakistan) and to suggest the appropriate practices of formative assessment to enhance the learning. The scope of the study is limited to female faculty members of education in the universities in Karachi. The survey design, research strategy, was adopted for the study. The target population, for the study, was 136 female faculty members of education in the universities (public and private) in Karachi (Pakistan). Simple Random Sampling (SRS) design was adopted to select the universities as a unit of sampling and female faculty members of the same universities were the sample size. In this process 66 Female faculty members were selected as sample size from different eight (8) universities. The questionnaire was adopted as research instrument. Data was analyzed and it was found that the formative assessment enriches learning. In the light of findings concrete recommendations were made.
The Impact of Modernization on the Traditional Social Status of Senior Citizens in Pakhtun Culture
Authors: Alam Hamid , Saeed Muhammad
Published: June 2020

This paper reflects the impacts of modernization on the social status of senior citizens in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The Pakhtun culture dominated by patriarchal traditional values embedded in the Pakhtunwali is under the influence of modernization. To know the impact of modernization on the social status of senior citizens in Pakhtun culture, data was collected through in-depth interviews/ interview guide in Hayatabad district Peshawar of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa .The respondents were identified through purposive sampling technique. The traditional status of elders is rapidly changing owing to the changing trends in attitudes, familial relations, individualism, women empowerment and migration as attributes of modernity and technological advancement. This change of the traditional structure puts immense pressure on the economic status of senior citizens. Thus due to the weakening of traditional authority, mutual support system and lack of pension schemes, senior citizens are now on one hand confronted with poverty and lower economic positions while on the other hand they are unable to catch up with the changing circumstances. Further, low economic position of the senior citizens is intertwined with other problems such as non-involvement in the decision making processes at home, abuse and torment, ageism, inappropriate medication and care, substandard diet and accommodation.
Changing Dynamics Of Gendered Livelihoods Practices In Post Crises Of Swat Northwest Pakistan
Authors: Elahi Noor
Published: June 2020

This research attempts to focus on the changing dynamics of livelihoods practices among gender, and how conflict and flood crises (2005-2010) effected the various needs of livelihoods of the social classes in Swat valley of northwest Pakistan. Qualitative methods; formal/informal interviews, focus groups discussion, key informant interviews and participant observation, were used to explore the dynamics of changes in occupations, household dependency and those factors which influenced the changes accessing livelihood resources. The paper revealed that those households depending agriculture, small business and labour in market have been highly affected during conflict and flood crises in comparison to those households who were depending on remittances, public and private jobs and skilled works. The study found that the livelihood dependency of the households in all villages was based on agricultural and natural resources, which has changed to market and jobs based oriented resources. The factors like economic development, migration, conflict and displacement, and post conflict development have created diverse opportunities of livelihood resources for men and women, which brought social and cultural changes in the livelihood practices between genders at household level. The research emphasizes on the long-term livelihoods strategies and gendered equal opportunity policies by government and NGOs after the crises, which may improve the social statuses of the men and women.
PROBLEMS OF LEARNING SPEAKING SKILLS ENCOUNTERED BY ENGLISH MAJOR STUDENTS AT BA RIA-VUNG TAU UNIVERSITY, VIETNAM
Authors: Anh Tram Huynh Thi
Published: June 2020

Speaking skills is one of the four major language skills that most language learners desire to master in order to communicate effectively in different contexts. It is important to determine main factors hindering learners to speak English fluently. In order to achieve the aim of discovering and analyzing the problems in learning speaking skills faced by English major students at Ba Ria-Vung Tau University (BVU), 65 students participated in this study by completing the questionnaire made by the researcher. The result reveals that the dominant problems these students often encounter are associated with linguistic problems and non-linguistic problems. Although students have striven to deal with their learning speaking problems, but their attempts seem to be unsuccessful. Therefore, some recommendations in the light of findings are also presented in this paper.
Performativiteit in wetenschap en accountancy
Authors: Vosselman Ed , De Loo Ivo
Published: June 2020

Deze column plaats wetenschap en accountacy in een relationeel verband
Appraisal of the drivers of smart city development in South Africa
Authors: Oke Ayodeji Emmanuel , O. Aghimien Douglas , O. Aigbavboa Clinton , I. Akinradewo Opeoluwa
Published: June 2020

The quest for smart cities and development has been on the increase among infrastructural development stakeholders, including clients, government agencies responsible for the management of infrastructures, construction professionals, sponsors, and financiers of these projects. However, studies around the world have shown that less attention is being paid by these stakeholders to various indices and measures of smart cities. These measures and indices, known as drivers, are smart environment, smart economy, smart people, smart governance, smart mobility, and smart living. Using these drivers and their indicators, a multiple-choice questionnaire was designed in line with existing and relevant literature materials in the subject area. These questionnaires were administered on construction professionals with relevant and adequate knowledge of smart construction. Smart environment was found to be a major driver of a smart city while smart people, smart governance and smart living are also key to the achievement of the goals and objectives of the concept. The developed key smart city drivers are a workable, adaptable and efficient city design mechanism and it will be useful for city planners, statutory agencies as well other stakeholders in the development of smart cities.
Perspectives of smart cities in South Africa through applied systems analysis approach: a case of Bloemfontein
Authors: Das Dillip Kumar
Published: June 2020

There is a changed perspective regarding the development of cities and increasingly many countries in the West and some developing countries, as in South Africa, are making concerted attempts to transform their cities to smart cities. Using the context of the city of Bloemfontein, South Africa and drawing on the perceptions of stakeholders, the objective of the paper is to offer a perspective on such a transformation. The study first assessed the performance of various factors and attributes that influence three important aspects of a smart city: economy, mobility and governance system. It then recorded the viewpoints of stakeholders about how these aspects can contribute to the development of a smart city. Further, Applied Systems Analysis (ASA) linked System Dynamics (SD) conceptual models based on the interlinkage and causal feedback relationships among various factors under each aspect were developed, which could assist in offering perspectives that would enable eliciting of policy interventions to develop smart cities. Findings indicate that there are potentials and positive indicators in all three aspects. It is emerged that reinforcement of the inter-relationship among entrepreneurship, innovation, productivity, economic image and international embeddedness will foster a smart economy. Efficient public transportation and advancement of Information Communication Technology (ICT) system will strengthen local accessibility and ensure an innovative, sustainable and safe transportation system that will result in smart mobility. Effective participation of stakeholders in the decision-making process alongside the elected city council and transparency will aid smart governance. The combined effect of these attributes should enable the transformation of the city to a smart city.
Exploring the drivers of the elevated ozone production in Beijing in summertime during 2005–2016
Authors: Wang Wenjie , Parrish David D. Parrish , Li Xin , Shao Min , Liu Ying , Lu Sihua , Hu Min , Wu Yusheng , Zeng Limin , Zhang Yuanhang
Published: June 2020

Abstract. In the past decade, average PM2.5 concentrations decreased rapidly under the strong pollution control measures in major cities in China; however, ozone (O3) pollution emerged as a significant problem. Here we examine a unique (for China) 12-year data set of ground-level O3 and precursor concentrations collected at an urban site in Beijing (PKUERS), where the maximum daily 8 h average (MDA8) O3 concentration and daytime Ox (O3 + NO2) concentration in August increased by 2.3 ± 1.2 ppbv (+3.3 ± 1.8 %) yr−1 and 1.4 ± 0.6 (+1.9 ± 0.8 %) yr−1 respectively from 2006 to 2016. In contrast, daytime concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and the OH reactivity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) both decreased significantly. Over this same time, the decrease of particulate matter, and thus the aerosol optical depth, led to enhanced solar radiation and photolysis frequencies, with near-surface j(NO2) increasing at a rate of 3.6 ± 0.8 % yr−1. We use an observation based box model to analyze the combined effect of solar radiation and ozone precursor changes on ozone production rate, P(O3). The results indicate that the ratio of the rates of decrease of VOCs and NOx (about 1.1) is inefficient in reducing ozone production in Beijing. P(O3) increased during the decade due to more rapid atmospheric oxidation caused to a large extent by the decrease of particulate matter. This elevated ozone production was driven primarily by increased actinic flux due to PM2.5 decrease and to a lesser extent by reduced heterogeneous uptake of HO2. Therefore, the influence of PM2.5 on actinic flux and thus on the rate of oxidation of VOCs and NOx to ozone and to secondary aerosol (i.e., the major contributor to PM2.5) is important for determining the atmospheric effects of controlling the emissions of the common precursors of PM2.5 and ozone when attempting to control these two important air pollutants.
Low-altitude frequency-banded equatorial emissions observed below the electron cyclotron frequency
Authors: Boudjada Mohammed Y. , Galopeau Patrick H. M. , Sawas Sami , Denisenko Valery , Schwingenschuh Konrad , Lammer Helmut , Eichelberger Hans U. , Magnes Werner , Besser Bruno
Published: June 2020

Abstract. The ICE (Instrument Champ Électrique) experiment on board the DEMETER (Detection of Electro-Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions) satellite recorded frequency-banded wave emissions below the electron cyclotron frequency, with band spacing ≳ frequency low-hybrid resonance, in the vicinity of the magnetic equatorial plane. Those radiations were observed in the beginning of the year 2010 on the night side of Earth and rarely on the day side. We distinguish two components: one appears as frequency bands continuous in time between a few kilohertz and up to 50 kHz, and the other one is from 50 to 800 kHz. The first component exhibits positive and negative frequency drift rates in the Southern Hemisphere and Northern Hemisphere, at latitudes between 40 and 20∘. The second one displays multiple spaced frequency bands. Such bands mainly occur near the magnetic equatorial plane with a particular enhancement of the power level when the satellite latitude is close to the magnetic equatorial plane. We show in this study the similarities and the discrepancies between the non-free-space DEMETER frequency-banded emissions and the well-known free-space terrestrial kilometric radiation. The hollow cones of the DEMETER frequency-banded wave emissions are oriented towards Earth's ionosphere. We suggest that the source region is localized in regions poleward of the plasmapause where the ratio of the plasma frequency to gyro-frequency is smaller than one.
Decoupling of a Douglas fir canopy: a look into the subcanopy with continuous vertical temperature profiles
Authors: Schilperoort Bart , Coenders-Gerrits Miriam , Jiménez Rodríguez César , van der Tol Christiaan , van de Wiel Bas , Savenije Hubert
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Complex ecosystems such as forests make accurately measuring atmospheric energy and matter fluxes difficult. One of the issues that can arise is that parts of the canopy and overlying atmosphere can be turbulently decoupled from each other, meaning that the vertical exchange of energy and matter is reduced or hampered. This complicates flux measurements performed above the canopy. Wind above the canopy will induce vertical exchange. However, stable thermal stratification, when lower parts of the canopy are colder, will hamper vertical exchange. To study the effect of thermal stratification on decoupling, we analyze high resolution (0.3 m) vertical temperature profiles measured in a Douglas fir stand in the Netherlands using Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS). The forest has an open understory (0–20 m) and a dense overstory (20–34 m). The understory was often colder than the atmosphere above (80 % of the time during the night, > 99 % during the day), and was regularly decoupled from the atmosphere (50 % of the time at night). The relationship between the temperature gradients and the friction velocity (u*) showed a clear threshold between coupling regimes. In particular, decoupling occurred when u*
Description and validation of the ice-sheet model Yelmo (version 1.0)
Authors: Robinson Alexander , Alvarez-Solas Jorge , Montoya Marisa , Goelzer Heiko , Greve Ralf , Ritz Catherine
Published: June 2020

Abstract. We describe the physics and features of the ice-sheet model Yelmo, an open-source project intended for collaborative development. Yelmo is a thermomechanical model, solving for the coupled velocity and temperature solutions of an ice sheet simultaneously. The ice dynamics are currently treated via a “hybrid” approach combining the shallow-ice and shallow-shelf/shelfy-stream approximations, which makes Yelmo an apt choice for studying a wide variety of problems. Yelmo's main innovations lie in its flexible and user-friendly infrastructure, which promotes portability and facilitates long-term development. In particular, all physics subroutines have been designed to be self-contained, so that they can be easily ported from Yelmo to other models, or easily replaced by improved or alternate methods in the future. Furthermore, hard-coded model choices are eschewed, replaced instead with convenient parameter options that allow the model to be adapted easily to different contexts. We show results for different ice-sheet benchmark tests, and we illustrate Yelmo's performance for the Antarctic ice sheet.
Spin-up Characteristics with Three Types of Initial Fields and the Restart Effects on the Forecast Accuracy in GRAPES Global Forecast System
Authors: Ma Zhanshan , Zhao Chuanfeng , Gong Jiandong , Zhang Jin , Li Zhe , Sun Jian , Liu Yongzhu , Chen Jiong , Jiang Qingu
Published: June 2020

Abstract. The spin-up refers to the dynamic and thermal adjustments at the initial stage of numerical integration to reach a statistical equilibrium state. The analyses on the characteristics and effects of spin-ups are of great significance for optimizing the initial field of the model and improving its forecast skills. In this paper, three different initial fields are used in the experiments: the analysis field of four-dimensional variational (4D-VAR) assimilation, the 3-hour prediction field in the operational forecasting system, and the Final (FNL) Operational Global Analysis data provided by National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). Then, the characteristics of spin-ups in the GRAPES (Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System) global forecast system (GRAPES_GFS) under different initial fields are compared and analyzed. In addition, the influence of the lost cloud-field information on the spin-up and forecast results of the GRAPES model in the current operation is discussed as well. The results are as follows. With any initial field, the spin-up of GRAPES_GFS has to go through two stages – the dramatic adjustment in the first half hour of integration and the slow dynamic and thermal adjustments afterwards. The spin-up in GRAPES_GFS lasts for at least 6 hours, and the adjustment is gradually completed from lower to upper layers in the model. Therefore, in the evaluation of the GRAPES_GFS, the forecast results in the first 6 hours should be avoided. And the GRAPES_GFS with its own analysis field performs better than the one using FNL reanalysis data for the cold start in the spin-up, because the variation amplitudes of the temperature and humidity tendency are smaller and the spin-up time is slightly shorter. Based on the 4D-VAR assimilation analysis field, the forecast in the operational model is artificially interrupted and restarted after 3 hours of integration. In this process, as the cloud-field information is not retained, the spin-up should repeat in the model. The characteristics of spin-up are mostly consistent with those using the 4D-VAR assimilation analysis field as the initial field. However, as the cloud-field information is not retained in the current operation, the hydrometeor content in the atmosphere at the early stage of the forecast is underestimated, affecting the calculation accuracy of the radiation and causing a systematic positive bias of temperature and geopotential height fields at 500 hPa. Besides, the precipitation is also underestimated at the early stage of the simulation, affecting the forecast of typhoon tracks.
Fluxes from Soil Moisture Measurements (FluSM v1.0). A Data-driven Water Balance Framework for Permeable Pavements
Authors: Schaffitel Axel , Schuetz Tobias , Weiler Markus
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Water fluxes at the soil-atmosphere interface are a key information for studying the terrestrial water cycle. However, measuring and modelling water fluxes in the vadose zone poses great challenges. While direct measurements require costly lysimeters, common soil hydrologic models rely on a correct parametrization, a correct representation of the involved processes and on the selection of correct initial and boundary conditions. In contrast to lysimeter measurements, soil moisture measurements are relatively cheap and easy to perform. Using such measurements, data-driven approaches offer the possibility to derive water fluxes directly. Here we present FluSM (Fluxes from Soil Moisture measurements), which is a simple, parsimonious and robust data-driven water balancing framework. FluSM requires only one single input parameter (the infiltration capacity) and is especially valuable for cases where the application of Richards based models is critical. Since Permeable Pavements (PPs) present such a case, we apply FluSM on a recently published soil moisture dataset to obtain the water balance of 15 different PPs over a period of two years. Consistent with findings from previous studies, our results show that vertical drainage dominates the water balance of PPs, while surface runoff plays only a minor role. An additional uncertainty analysis demonstrates the ability of the FluSM-approach for water balance studies, since input and parameter uncertainties have only small effects on the characteristics of the derived water balances. Due to the lack of data on the hydrologic behavior of PPs under field conditions, our results are of special interest for urban hydrology.
Porosity and Permeability Prediction through Forward Stratigraphic
Simulations Using GPMTM and PetrelTM: Application in Shallow
Marine Depositional Settings
Authors: Otoo Daniel , Hodgetts David
Published: June 2020

Abstract. The forward stratigraphic simulation approach is used in this work to predict porosity and permeability attributes in the Volve field, Norway. This was achieved by using spatial data from the forward stratigraphic model to control the distribution of porosity and permeability. Building a subsurface property model that fits data at different locations in a hydrocarbon reservoir is a task associated with high levels of uncertainty. An appropriate means to minimise property representation uncertainties is to use geologically realistic sediment distribution and or stratigraphic patterns to predict lithofacies units as well as petrophysical properties. The workflow used are in three parts; first, the geological process modeling (GPMTM) software developed by Schlumberger was used to simulate scenarios of sediment deposition in the model area. Secondly, an estimation of lithofacies proportions in the stratigraphic model was done using the property calculator tool in the PetrelTM software. Finally, porosity and permeability values are assigned to corresponding lithofacies-associations in the forward model to produce a forward stratigraphic-based petrophysical model. Results show a lithofacies distribution that is strongly controlled by sediment diffusion rate, sea level variation, flow rate, wave processes, and tectonic events. This observation is consistent with real-world events were sea level changes, volume of sediment input, and accommodation space control the kind of stratigraphic sequence formed. Validation wells prefixed VP1 and VP2 in the original Volve field petrophysical model and the forward stratigraphic-based models show a good match in porosity and permeability attributes at 5 m vertical sample intervals. By reducing the level of property uncertainty between wells through forward stratigraphic modeling, an improved porosity and permeability can be achieved for an efficient field development strategy.
Application of Lévy Processes in Modelling (Geodetic) Time Series With Mixed Spectra
Authors: Montillet Jean-Philippe , He Xiaoxing , Yu Kegen , Xiong Changliang
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Recently, various models have been developed, including the fractional Brownian motion (fBm), to analyse the stochastic properties of geodetic time series, together with the estimated geophysical signals. The noise spectrum of these time series is generally modelled as a mixed spectrum, with a sum of white and coloured noise. Here, we are interested in modelling the residual time series, after deterministically subtracting geophysical signals from the observations. This residual time series is then assumed to be a sum of three stochastic processes, including the family of Lévy processes. The introduction of a third stochastic term models the remaining residual signals and other correlated processes. Via simulations and real time series,we identify three classes of Lévy processes: Gaussian, fractional and stable. In the first case, residuals are predominantly constituted of short-memory processes. Fractional Lévy process can be an alternative model to the fBm in the presence of long-term correlations and self-similarity property. Stable process is here restrained to the special case of infinite variance, which can be only satisfied in the case of heavy-tailed distributions in the application to geodetic time series. Therefore, it implies potential anxiety in the functional model selection where missing geophysical information can generate such residual time series.
Mapping undercover: integrated geoscientific interpretation and 3D modelling of a Proterozoic basin
Authors: Lindsay Mark D. , Occhipinti Sandra , Laflamme Crystal , Aitken Alan , Ramos Lara
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Gravity and 3D modelling combined with geochemical
analysis examine the subsurface within and below the poorly exposed
Palaeoproterozoic Yerrida Basin in central Western Australia. Understanding
the structure of a region is important as key features indicating past
geodynamic processes and tectonic activity can be revealed. However, in
stable, post-depositional tectonic settings only the younger sedimentary
units tend to be widely exposed, rendering direct observation of basement and
intrusive rocks impossible. Geophysical imaging and modelling can reveal the
structure of a region undercover. High-magnitude density anomalies around
the basin cannot be reconciled with current geological knowledge in the case
presented here. The gravity anomalies infer an abundance of buried and
high-density material not indicated by the surface geology. A hypothetical
causative source for the high-magnitude gravity anomalies is mafic rocks
that were intruded and extruded during basin rifting. The simplest and
plausible stratigraphic attribution of these interpreted mafic rocks is to
the Killara Formation within the Mooloogool Group. However, geochemistry
reveals that the Killara Formation is not the only host to mafic rocks
within the region. The mafic rocks present in the Juderina Formation are
largely ignored in descriptions of Yerrida Basin magmatism, and results
indicate that they may be far more substantial than once thought. Sulfur
isotopic data indicate no Archean signature to these mafic rocks, a
somewhat surprising result given the basement to the basin is the Archean
Yilgarn Craton. We propose the source of mafic rocks is vents located to
the north along the Goodin Fault or under the Bryah sub-basin and Padbury
Basin. The conclusion is that the formation of the Yerrida Basin involves a
geodynamic history more complex than previously thought. This result
highlights the value in geophysics and geochemistry in revealing the complexity of
the earlier geodynamic evolution of the basin that may be indiscernible from
surface geology but may have high importance for the tectonic development
of the region and its mineral resources.
Satellite-retrieved sea ice concentration uncertainty and its effect on modelling wave evolution in marginal ice zones
Authors: Nose Takehiko , Waseda Takuji , Kodaira Tsubasa , Inoue Jun
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Ocean surface waves are known to decay when they interact with sea ice. Wave–ice models implemented in a spectral wave model, e.g. WAVEWATCH III® (WW3), derive the attenuation coefficient based on several different model ice types, i.e. how the model treats sea ice. In the marginal ice zone (MIZ) with sea ice concentration (SIC) < 1, the wave attenuation is moderated by SIC: we show that subgrid-scale processes relating to the SIC and sea ice type heterogeneity in the wave–ice models are missing and the accuracy of SIC plays an important role in the predictability. Satellite-retrieved SIC data (or a sea ice model that assimilates them) are often used to force wave–ice models, but these data are known to have uncertainty.
To study the effect of SIC uncertainty ΔSIC on modelling MIZ waves during the 2018 R/V Mirai observational campaign in the refreezing Chukchi Sea, a WW3 hindcast experiment was conducted using six satellite-retrieved SIC products based on four algorithms applied to SSMIS and AMSR2 data. The results show that ΔSIC can cause considerable wave prediction discrepancies in ice cover. There is evidence that bivariate uncertainty data (model significant wave heights and SIC forcing) are correlated, although off-ice wave growth is more complicated due to the cumulative effect of ΔSIC along an MIZ fetch. The analysis revealed that the effect of ΔSIC can overwhelm the uncertainty arising from the choice of model ice types, i.e. wave–ice interaction parameterisations. Despite the missing subgrid-scale physics relating to the SIC and sea ice type heterogeneity in WW3 wave–ice models – which causes significant modelling uncertainty – this study found that
the accuracy of satellite-retrieved SIC used as model forcing is the dominant error source of modelling MIZ waves in the refreezing ocean.
Physical properties of shallow ice cores from Antarctic and sub-Antarctic islands
Authors: Thomas Elizabeth Ruth , Gacitúa Guisella , Pedro Joel B. , King Amy Constance Faith , Markle Bradley , Potocki Mariusz , Moser Dorothea Elizabeth
Published: June 2020

Abstract. The sub-Antarctic is one of the most data sparse regions on earth. A number of glaciated Antarctic and sub-Antarctic islands have the potential to provide unique ice core records of past climate, atmospheric circulation and sea ice. However, very little is known about the glaciology of these remote islands or their vulnerability to warming atmospheric temperatures. Here we present ground penetrating radar (GPR), melt histories and density profiles from shallow ice cores (14 to 24 m) drilled on three sub-Antarctic islands and two Antarctic coastal domes. This includes the first ever ice cores from Bouvet Island (54°26’0 S, 3°25’0 E) in the South Atlantic, from Peter 1st Island (68°50’0 S, 90°35’0 W) in the Bellingshausen Sea and from Young Island (66°17′ S, 162°25′ E) in the Ross Sea sector’s Balleny Islands chain. Despite their sub-Antarctic location, surface melt is low at most sites (melt layers account for ∼10 % of total core), with undisturbed ice layers in the upper ∼40 m, suggesting minimal impact of melt water percolation. The exception is Young Island, where melt layers account for 47 % of the ice core. Surface snow densities range from 0.47 to 0.52 kg m3, with close-off depths ranging from 21 to 51 m. Based on the measured density, we estimate that the bottom ages of a 100 m ice core drilled on Peter 1st Island would reach ~1836 AD and ~1743 AD at Young Island.
Using avalanche problems to examine the effect of large-scale atmosphere-ocean oscillations on avalanche hazard in western Canada
Authors: Haegeli Pascal , Shandro Bret , Mair Patrick
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Numerous large-scale atmosphere-ocean oscillations including the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), the Pacific North American Teleconnection Pattern (PNA) and the Artic Oscillation (AO) are known to substantially affect winter weather patterns in western Canada. Several studies have examined the effect of these oscillations on avalanche hazard using long-term avalanche activity records from highway avalanche safety programs. While these studies offer valuable insights, they do not offer a comprehensive perspective on the influence of these oscillations because the underlying data only represent the conditions at a few point locations in western Canada where avalanches are tightly managed. We present a new approach for gaining insight into the relationship between atmosphere-ocean oscillations and avalanche hazard in western Canada that uses avalanche problem information published in public avalanche bulletins during the winters of 2010 to 2019. For each avalanche problem type, we calculate seasonal prevalence values for each forecast area, elevation band and season, which are then included in a series of beta mixed-effects regression models to explore both the overall and regional effects of the Pacific-centered oscillations (PO; including ENSO, PDO, PNA) and AO on the nature of avalanche hazard in the study area. Even though our study period is short, we find significant negative effects of PO on the prevalence of Storm slab avalanche problems, Wind slab avalanche problems, and Dry loose avalanche problems, which agree reasonably well with the known impacts of PO on winter weather in western Canada. The analysis also reveals a positive relationship between AO and the prevalence of Deep persistent slab avalanche problems particularly in the Rocky Mountains. In addition, we also find several smaller-scale patterns that highlight that the avalanche hazard response to these oscillations varies regionally. Our study shows that the forecaster judgment included in the avalanche problem assessments adds considerable value for these types of climate analyses. Since the predictability of the most important atmosphere-ocean oscillations is continuously improving, a better understanding of their effect on avalanche hazard can contribute to the development of informative seasonal avalanche forecasts and a better understanding of the effect of climate change on avalanche hazard.
Concepción, etapas y modelo del ciclo de vida de la información audiovisual
Authors: Paz Enrique Luis Ernesto , Hernández Alfonso Eduardo Alejandro , Leiva Mederos Amed Abel
Published: June 2020

El audiovisual como documento tiene características que lo diferencian del resto de las fuentes. Las actividades correspondientes al tratamiento de la información audiovisual se corresponden con una serie de etapas que pueden ser descritas a partir de un ciclo de vida. La ceración de un ciclo constituye un modelo de trabajo en centros donde se produzcan o custodien colecciones audiovisuales. Se planteó como objetivo del estudio: establecer el Ciclo de vida de la información audiovisual. El presente estudio clasifica como descriptivo con aporte teórico y práctico. Para la obtención de resultados se emplearon los métodos analítico-sintético, histórico-lógico, inductivo-deductivo, sistémico-estructural y el análisis documental clásico. Se establece el Ciclo de vida de la información audiovisual a partir del establecimiento de seis etapas: 1) origen, 2) selección, 3) creación, 4) difusión, 5) procesamiento y 6) almacenamiento. El ciclo Integra las acciones relativas a los procesos documentales y las relativas a la concepción y realización del audiovisual.
Methylene blue in the management of severe distributive shock in calcium channel blocker overdose
Authors: Bester Annica , A Roeck Margareta
Published: June 2020

Introduction: Deliberate polypharmacy overdose is associated with an increasing proportion of admissions to the intensive care unit. Overdose on hemodynamic active substances such as calcium channel blockers can be fatal as it is associated with severe distributive shock. Methylene blue has drawn attention in critical care medicine for its use in the management of distributive shock, particularly in cases of anaphylaxis, septic shock, and shock following cardiac bypass surgery. We describe the use of methylene blue in the management of refractory shock due to calcium channel blocker (CCB) overdose. Case Report: We present a case of benzothiazepine type CCB overdose which leads to admission to the intensive care unit for the management of severe distributive shock. Conventional treatments including vasopressors and high dose insulin therapy were instituted, but despite these treatments the patient remained hypotensive. The decision was made to administer methylene blue following which the patient achieved hemodynamic stability and was successfully weaned off all vasopressors. Conclusion: This case report specifically focuses on the use of methylene blue in distributive shock secondary to CCB overdose. Currently there are no randomized control trials to support its use, and evidence is limited to observational studies including single case reports. In this case report we describe the mechanism of action of methylene blue and why we believe it makes for the perfect adjunct therapy in calcium channel blocker overdose.
Silicate and Oxide Mineral Chemistry and Textures of the Norilsk-Talnakh Ni-Cu-Platinum Group Element Ore-Bearing Intrusions
Authors: Schoneveld Louise , Barnes Stephen J. , Williams Morgan , Vaillant Margaux Le , Paterson David
Published: June 2020

A large proportion of the disseminated sulfide ores of the Norilsk-Talnakh camp are hosted within olivine-rich, ultramafic cumulate layers called picro-gabbrodolerite units. In this study we quantitatively analyze the chemistry and textures of the silicate and oxide minerals within olivine-bearing cumulates of the Kharaelakh, Norilsk 1, and Talnakh intrusions to determine how these intrusions compare to each other and to establish the liquidus phase assemblage and crystallization sequence and how the liquid component evolved during solidification.

Crystal size distributions indicate that much of the olivine and clinopyroxene oikocrysts grew together in situ as the first of the cumulus phases at contrasting growth rates. These large clinopyroxene oikocrysts record a significant drop in Cr in the system by a significant decrease in Cr content of the outer rims compared to the cores. The chadacrysts of olivine and spinel within the clinopyroxene record the chemistry of the first stages of crystallization, while the minerals in the framework of the cumulate show a relative reduction in Cr and enrichment in incompatible elements such as Ti, Zn, Y, and the rare earth elements, indicative of the enrichment through reactions with the trapped liquid during postcumulate growth.

Due to the entrapment of the olivine and spinel in rapidly growing clinopyroxene, these minerals record a history of the changing chemistry during cumulate and postcumulate growth, giving us an insight into the changing conditions during the solidification of intrusions.
Oxide-Sulfide-Melt-Bubble Interactions in Spinel-Rich Taxitic Rocks of the Norilsk-Talnakh Intrusions, Polar Siberia
Authors: Schoneveld Louise , Barnes Stephen J. , Godel Belinda , Vaillant Margaux Le , Yudovskaya Marina A. , Kamenetsky Vadim , Sluzhenikin Sergey F.
Published: June 2020

Oxide-rimmed, spherical structures interpreted as former gas bubbles have been discovered within a chromitiferous taxitic lithology of the Norilsk-Talnakh intrusions. These rocks are represented by variable grain size, presence of reworked country-rock xenoliths and millimeter- to centimeter-scale irregular spinel-rich aggregates, patches, or disrupted seams and stringers. They contain spherical and subspherical agglomerations that we interpret as amygdules, partially or completely filled with low-temperature hydrothermal minerals and locally with magmatic phases including sulfide globules. In places these amygdules form clusters that are interpreted as former bubble foams.

The wetting relationships visible between vapor bubbles, silicate melt, sulfide liquid, and oxide were investigated in detail using 3-D μX-ray tomography and detailed 2-D X-ray fluorescence maps. They also reveal short-range spatial variability in silicate and oxide minerals, reflecting small-scale advanced fractionation of silicate melt.

Three possible mechanisms are considered for the formation of these bubble-spinel foams: (1) the abundant spinel allows for the in situ nucleation of vapor bubbles, (2) the vapor bubbles ascend through the magma and collect spinel, or (3) the vapor bubbles cause rapid nucleation of chromite within these layers. Although none of these mechanisms can be exclusively ruled out, the texture and chemistry of the Norilsk-Talnakh chromitiferous taxitic lithology is most indicative of in situ nucleation of vapor bubbles on spinel surfaces (i.e., mechanism 1).
Online Learning and Teaching Experiences During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of Bangladeshi Students Receiving China’s Higher Education
Authors: Dong Juan
Published: June 2020

While facing the COVID-19 pandemic attack worldwide, international students are forced to turn to online instruction for academic study. Based on a longitudinal ethnography with a cohort of Bangladeshi students who study in English-medium degree program at software engineering, this study reveals a series of challenges confronting both Chinese teachers and Bangladeshi students for their online interactions. Data were collected through online classroom observation, semi-structured interviews, audio-recording and online interactions. From the perspective of Chinese teachers, they lacked of control on their students’ class participation given the poor network infrastructure in Bangladesh and the time gap between China and Bangladesh; in terms of Bangladeshi students, they felt frustrated in access to Chinese-mediated online teaching applications due to their insufficient Chinese proficiency; their inaccessibility to operate their subject learning also made the online learning tedious. Based on the findings, the study offers several suggestions to respond to teachers and students’ difficulties and challenges in online lessons and sheds some lights on improving online education.
Outside-in, Inside-out, and Blended Marketing Strategy Approach: A Longitudinal Case Study
Authors: Frau Moreno , Moi Ludovica , Cabiddu Francesca
Published: June 2020

Outside-in, inside-out, and blended marketing strategy perspectives represent an unbroken line of inquiry. Nonetheless, still few studies have empirically explored the distinctive characteristics of these three marketing strategy approaches. This study performs an in-depth retrospective longitudinal case study to explore how outside-in, inside-out, and blended marketing strategy approaches evolved. With this article, we enrich the marketing strategy debate by elucidating the in-depth features of the three approaches. This work also provides practitioners with a useful managerial diagnostic tool through which to identify firms’ marketing strategy approach, and potential mismatches with the environment.
Institutions and Geography: A “Two Sides of the Same Coin” Story of Primary Energy Use in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Lawson Late Ayao , Nguyen-Van Phu
Published: June 2020

Do institutional and geographical characteristics matter for energy consumption similar to the case of economic development? Why do coastal Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries appear to be more energy-consuming than inland ones? To answer these questions, surprisingly rarely addressed in the existing literature, we empirically assess the determinants of primary energy use across SSA, exploiting spatial analysis methods. Our results highlight the existence of positive geographical spillovers in primary energy use. We also derive factors (income, exports, population dynamics and urbanization) explaining the reasons coastal countries are more energy-intensive. Furthermore, good political institutions and geographical location enhance primary energy use, connoting a “two sides of the same coin” role played by both factors. Our results impel SSA countries to develop alternative energy strategies and deploy energy resources management policies since adverse environmental consequences associated with increasing fossil energies use are to expect in the near future.
Why Has China Overinvested in Coal Power?
Authors: Ren Mengjia , Branstetter Lee G. , Kovak Brian K. , Armanios Daniel Erian , Yuan Jiahai
Published: June 2020

In spite of ambitious investments by the Chinese government in renewable energy sources, the country’s investment in coal power accelerated in recent years, raising concerns of massive overcapacity and undermining the central policy goal of promoting cleaner energy. In this paper, we ask why this happened, focusing on policies that incentivized excessive entry in the coal power sector and using a simple economic model to illustrate the policies’ effects. Using coal-power project approval records from 2013 to 2016, we find the approval rate of coal power was about 3 times higher after approval authority was decentralized, with larger effects in regions producing more coal. We estimate that local coal production accounts for an additional 54GW of approved coal power in 2015 (other things equal), which is about 1/4 of total approved capacity in that year.
Groepsbelediging en vrijheid van meningsuiting
Authors: Nieuwenhuis A.J. (Aernout)
Published: June 2020

Groepsbelediging en vrijheid van meningsuiting

In deze bijdrage staat groepsbelediging centraal. De auteur onderzoekt op welke wijze de rechter bij de uitleg van artikel 137c van het Wetboek van Strafrecht rekening dient te houden met de betekenis van de vrijheid van meningsuiting. De auteur bespreekt daartoe onder meer EHRM-jurisprudentie en de toepassing van het ‘drietrapsmodel’ van artikel 137c Sr in de Nederlandse rechtspraak.