bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feasibility and Acceptability of Lee Silverman Voice Treatment in Progressive Ataxias
Authors: Lowit Anja , Egan Aisling , Hadjivassiliou Marios
Published: June 2020

Communication difficulties have considerable impact on people with progressive ataxia, yet there are currently no evidence-based treatments. LSVT LOUD® focuses on the production of healthy vocal loudness whilst also improving breath support, vocal quality, loudness and articulation in participating patients. This study aimed to investigate whether Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT LOUD®) can improve communication effectiveness in these patients. We performed a rater-blinded, single-arm study investigating LSVT LOUD® treatment in a population of patients with progressive ataxia including Friedreich’s ataxia (n = 18), spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (n = 1), idiopathic cerebellar ataxia (n = 1), and spastic paraplegia 7 (n = 1). Twenty-one patients were recruited to the study, with 19 completing treatment. Sessions were administered via Skype in the LSVT-X format, meaning two sessions per week over a period of 8 weeks. Assessments included two baseline and two post-treatment measures and focused on outcome measures covering aspects ranging from physiological function to impact and participation. Results indicate improvements in patient-perceived outcomes for 14 of the 19 participants, in both speech and psychosocial domains. Speech data furthermore demonstrate significant improvements in prolonged vowel duration, and voice quality measures. Intelligibility and naturalness evaluations showed no change post-treatment. Patients reported high acceptability of the treatment itself, as well as administration by Skype. This is the largest treatment study for people with progressive ataxia published to date. It provides an indication that LSVT LOUD® can have a positive impact on communication in this patient group and could form the basis for larger-scale trials.
Post-glacial hunter-gatherer subsistence patterns in Britain: dietary reconstruction using FRUITS
Authors: Pickard Catriona , Bonsall Clive
Published: June 2020

The diets of 85 individuals from 21 sites were modelled using FRUITS based on their bulk bone collagen C and N isotope ratio signatures. The sites, which occur in a range of environments, group into three distinct periods corresponding to the British ‘Late Upper Palaeolithic’, ‘Early Mesolithic’ and ‘Late Mesolithic’, respectively. The FRUITS models for three LUP sites dated to the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial suggest an emphasis on terrestrial (animal and plant) resources. The FRUITS predictions for the Early and Late Mesolithic suggest there was significant variability in diet between sites and occasionally between individuals from the same site. The Late Mesolithic coastal site of Cnoc Coig in western Scotland shows the expected emphasis on marine resources. In contrast, Early and Late Mesolithic coastal sites in South Wales show greater reliance on terrestrial food sources. In several cases, our model predictions differ from the interpretations of previous authors. A surprising outcome is the lack of evidence for the consumption of freshwater resources at sites near large rivers. We add the caveat that our model predictions are likely influenced by inadequate baseline δ13C and δ15N data for wild terrestrial plant and aquatic resources, in particular.
Passage, Transition, Transformation? Die Sozialen Passagen als Ort sozialpädagogischer Reflexion
Authors: Mierendorff Johanna
Published: June 2020

Anlässlich des zehnjährigen Jubiläums des Journals „Soziale Passagen“ setzt sich der Beitrag mit der Gründungsgeschichte und der inhaltlichen Ausrichtung der Zeitschrift auseinander. Mit der Gründung der Zeitschrift ist ein neuer Ort sozialpädagogischer Reflexion entstanden, an dem sozialpädagogisches Handeln und sozialpädagogische Problemfelder unter den Bedingungen umfassender gesellschaftlicher Transformation empirisch und theoretisch in den Blick genommen werden. Das Journal Soziale Passagen kann damit den Anspruch geltend machen, Teil des Professionalisierungsprozesses der Sozialen Arbeit zu sein.
What more than a hundred project groups reveal about teaching visualization
Authors: Burch Michael , Melby Elisabeth
Published: June 2020

The growing number of students can be a challenge for teaching visualization lectures, supervision, evaluation, and grading. Moreover, designing visualization courses by matching the different experiences and skills of the students is a major goal in order to find a common solvable task for all of them. Particularly, the given task is important to follow a common project goal, to collaborate in small project groups, but also to further experience, learn, or extend programming skills. In this article, we survey our experiences from teaching 116 student project groups of 6 bachelor courses on information visualization with varying topics. Moreover, two teaching strategies were tried: 2 courses were held without lectures and assignments but with weekly scrum sessions (further denoted by TS1) and 4 courses were guided by weekly lectures and assignments (further denoted by TS2). A total number of 687 students took part in all of these 6 courses. Managing the ever growing number of students in computer and data science is a big challenge in these days, i.e., the students typically apply a design-based active learning scenario while being supported by weekly lectures, assignments, or scrum sessions. As a major outcome, we identified a regular supervision either by lectures and assignments or by regular scrum sessions as important due to the fact that the students were relatively unexperienced bachelor students with a wide range of programming skills, but nearly no visualization background. In this article, we explain different subsequent stages to successfully handle the upcoming problems and describe how much supervision was involved in the development of the visualization project. The project task description is given in a way that it has a minimal number of requirements but can be extended in many directions while most of the decisions are up to the students like programming languages, visualization approaches, or interaction techniques. Finally, we discuss the benefits and drawbacks of both teaching strategies.

Graphic abstract
Bruchlinien der Inklusion
Authors: Haegele Justin A. , Giese Martin , Wilson Wesley J. , Oldörp Felix
Published: June 2020

An der Schnittstelle zu den internationalen Adapted-Physical-Education(APE)-Diskursen entwirft der Beitrag eine Forschungsprogrammatik, die eine internationale Sichtbarkeit einer sportpädagogischen Inklusionsforschung garantieren soll. Ausgehend von der Kritik, dass der internationale APE-Diskurs die gemeinsame Beschulung von Schülerinnen und Schülern mit und ohne Behinderung als ein nicht zu hinterfragendes bildungspolitisches und forschungsprogrammatisches Paradigma akzeptiert, wird argumentiert, dass die grundsatzkritische Inklusionsthematisierung im deutschsprachigen Inklusionsdiskurs als eine Bereicherung für eine international sichtbare sportpädagogische Inklusionsforschung verstanden werden kann.

In diesem Sinne plädieren die Autoren dafür, den temporal-fluiden und subjektiv rekonstruierenden Charakter subjektiver Teilhabeerfahrungen in den Blick zu nehmen. Inklusion wird in diesem Zugriff nicht auf eine Reihe von äußerlich beobachtbaren Organisations- und Verlaufsmerkmalen reduziert, sondern bezieht sich auf subjektive Erfahrungen, die mit qualitativen Forschungsmethoden von innen heraus freigelegt werden müssen. Um diesem Anspruch gerecht zu werden, werden vier zentrale Forschungsbereiche zur Diskussion gestellt: Bildungsentscheidungen verstehen, inklusive Praktiken analysieren, multiperspektivisch rekonstruieren und Intersektionalität.
Desorption of chromium (VI) and lead (II) ions and regeneration of the exhausted adsorbent
Authors: Bayuo Jonas , Abukari Moses Abdullai , Pelig-Ba Kenneth Bayetimani
Published: June 2020

The desorption characteristics of previously adsorbed hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] and divalent lead [Pb(II)] ions on groundnut husk were tested by various desorption eluents such as tap water, de-ionized water, NaOH, HCl and H2SO4. Among them, HCl and H2SO4 were chosen as the best desorbing agents for Cr(VI) and Pb(II) ions, respectively, due to their high desorption efficiency. The desorption efficiency of HCl and H2SO4 for Cr(VI) and Pb(II) ions was about 76.1% and 82.1%, respectively, at a concentration of 0.1 M for both elution agents. The exhausted groundnut husk was regenerated up to five cycles, and the removal efficiency of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) ions on the recycled groundnut husk could be maintained at 53.5% and 54.6%, respectively, in the third cycle. The successive regeneration cycles resulted in the reduction of the desorption efficiency by 20.0% and 26.7% for Cr(VI) and Pb(II) ions, respectively, after the third cycle. The results show that groundnut husk could be recycled when used to remove Cr(VI) and Pb(II) ions from Cr(VI) and Pb(II)-polluted water and wastewaters.
A new approach to finding effective parameters controlling the performance of multi-stage fractured horizontal wells in low-permeability heavy-oil reservoirs using RSM technique
Authors: Shirbazo Armin , Fahimpour Jalal , Aminshahidy Babak
Published: June 2020

The application of multi-stage fractured horizontal well (MSFHW) due to its costly operation necessitates optimization of associated fracture parameters to ensure its economic success. In comparison to significant number of studies dedicated to use of MSFHWs for shale gas reservoirs, there are only few researches available for oil systems. This study explores the optimum criteria for a number of important fracture parameters in low-permeability heavy-oil systems. For this purpose, a response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to examine the simultaneous effect of four fracture parameters, including the number of fracture stages, fracture length, fracture width and fracture conductivity, on well productivity. The evaluations were conducted on two homogeneous and heterogeneous permeability systems. The optimization of fracture parameters was also performed on an economic basis by utilizing the net present value (NPV) concept. Useful charts were also generated providing practical insights into the individual and combinational effects of fracture parameters on well performance. The results from this study demonstrated that the fracture conductivity and the number of fracture stages were, respectively, the first two important parameters controlling the well productivity for rock systems with higher permeability. However, when rock texture became tighter, the number, and to a lesser extent the length, of fractures exhibited more evident role on production improvement, especially in the case of heterogeneous reservoirs. The results also underlined the significance of economic considerations, in particular, when determining the optimum fracture length and number of fracture stages.
Correction to: Characterization of oogonia stem cells in mice by Fragilis
Authors: Sheng Xiaoyan , Tian Chenglei , Liu Linlin , Wang Lingling , Ye Xiaoying , Li Jie , Zeng Ming , Liu Lin
Published: June 2020

In the original publication the labelling on Fig. 2A and B were incorrectly published as E7.5. The correct labelling of Fig. 2A and B should be read as E17.5 which is provided in this correction.
Supply–Demand Analysis of Urban Emergency Shelters Based on Spatiotemporal Population Estimation
Authors: Zhang Xiaodong , Yu Jia , Chen Yun , Wen Jiahong , Chen Jiayan , Yin Zhan’e
Published: June 2020

Supply–demand analysis is an important part of the planning of urban emergency shelters. Using Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China as an example, this study estimated daytime and nighttime population of the study area based on fine-scale land use data, census data, statistical yearbook information, and Tencent user-density big data. An exponential function-based, probability density estimation method was used to analyze the spatial supply of and demand for shelters under an earthquake scenario. The results show that even if all potential available shelters are considered, they still cannot satisfy the demand of the existing population for evacuation and sheltering, especially in the northern region of Pudong, under both the daytime and the nighttime scenarios. The proposed method can reveal the spatiotemporal imbalance between shelter supply and demand. We also conducted a preliminary location selection analysis of shelters based on the supply–demand analysis results. The location selection results demonstrate the advantage of the proposed method. It can be applied to identify the areas where the supply of shelters is seriously inadequate, and provide effective decision support for the planning of urban emergency shelters.
Fracture mechanics and fatigue life assessment of box-shaped welded structures: FEM analysis and parametric design
Authors: Delkhosh E. , Khurshid M. , Barsoum I. , Barsoum Z.
Published: June 2020

In this study, Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) approach is used to evaluate the fatigue strength of a box-shaped welded structure. A parametric study is also undertaken to study the effect of various weld parameters on the fatigue strength, such as lack of weld metal penetration, load position, and plate thicknesses. FRANC3D software was adopted to obtain the stress intensity factor values for two types of full-length and intermediate crack sizes, located at the critical region of the weld of the box-shaped structure. It was concluded that the LEFM approach could capture the crack propagation from the weld root reasonably well under the given conditions and estimate residual fatigue life of the welded structures conservatively. Compared to fatigue life estimations by nominal stress method (1,714,564 cycles) or effective notch stress method (63,385 cycles), the LEFM approach can estimate the residual life more accurately. Especially for intermediate (4 mm) lack of penetration (LOP) of weld metal case (589,198 cycles) in comparison to the experiments (1,216,595 cycles). The parametric study showed that the fatigue life increases with increase in the thickness of flanges, lesser LOP in the weld root, and when load is applied more toward the center of the plate.
Feature-Based and Adaptive Rule Adaptation in Dynamic Environments
Authors: Tabebordbar Alireza , Beheshti Amin , Benatallah Boualem , Barukh Moshe Chai
Published: June 2020

Rule-based systems have been used increasingly to augment learning algorithms for annotating data. Rules alleviate many of the shortcomings inherent in pure algorithmic approaches, in cases algorithms are not working well or lack from enough training data. However, in dynamic curation environments where data are constantly changing, there is a need to craft and adapt rules to keep them applicable and precise. Rule adaptation has been proven to be painstakingly difficult and error-prone, as an analyst is needed for examining the precision of rules and applying different modifications to adapt the imprecise ones. In this paper, we present an autonomic and conceptual approach to adapt data annotation rules. Our approach offloads analysts from adapting rules; it boosts rules to annotate a larger number of items using a set of high-level conceptual features, e.g. topic. We utilize a Bayesian multi-armed-bandit algorithm, an online learning algorithm that adapts rules based on the feedback collects from the curation environment over time. We propose a summarization technique, which offers a set of high-level conceptual features for annotating items by identifying the semantical relationships among them. We conduct experiments on different curation domains and compare the performance of our approach with systems relying on analysts for adapting rules. The experimental results show that our approach has a comparative performance to analysts in adapting rules.
Steroidal ferrocenes as potential enzyme inhibitors of the estrogen biosynthesis
Authors: Herman Bianka Edina , Gardi János , Julesz János , Tömböly Csaba , Szánti-Pintér Eszter , Fehér Klaudia , Skoda-Földes Rita , Szécsi Mihály
Published: June 2020

The potential inhibitory effect of diverse triazolyl-ferrocene steroids on key enzymes of the estrogen biosynthesis was investigated. Test compounds were synthesized via copper-catalyzed cycloaddition of steroidal azides and ferrocenyl-alkynes using our efficient methodology published previously. Inhibition of human aromatase, steroid sulfatase (STS) and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17β-HSD1) activities was investigated with in vitro radiosubstrate incubations. Some of the test compounds were found to be potent inhibitors of the STS. A compound bearing ferrocenyl side chain on the C-2 displayed a reversible inhibition, whereas C-16 and C-17 derivatives displayed competitive irreversible binding mechanism toward the enzyme. 17α-Triazolyl-ferrocene derivatives of 17β-estradiol exerted outstanding inhibitory effect and experiments demonstrated a key role of the ferrocenyl moiety in the enhanced binding affinity. Submicromolar IC50andKiparameters enroll these compounds to the group of the most effective STS inhibitors published so far. STS inhibitory potential of the steroidal ferrocenes may lead to the development of novel compounds able to suppress in situ biosynthesis of 17β-estradiol in target tissues.
Artificial intelligence (AI) and value co-creation in B2B sales: Activities, actors and resources
Authors: Paschen Jeannette , Paschen Ulrich , Pala Erol , Kietzmann Jan
Published: June 2020

Continuous advances in information technologies, such as Artificial intelligence (AI), are opening up new and exciting opportunities for value co-creation between economic actors. However, little is known about the mechanisms and the process of value co-creation enabled by AI. While scholars agree that AI technology significantly changes human activities and human resources, currently we do not have an adequate understanding of how humans and AI technology interact in value co-creation. This is the central phenomenon investigated in this article. Specifically, using Service-Dominant Logic (S-DL) as a lens, this study investigates the activities, roles and resources that are exchanged in Al-enabled value co-creation, using the creation of competitive intelligence as a research context. The analysis suggests that Al-enabled value co-creation processes are complex interactions between human and non-human actors who perform any of six different roles either jointly or independently. This article contributes to SD-L and provides a deeper understanding of the activities (the ‘how’), the actors (the ‘who’), and the resources (the ‘what’) in Al-enabled value co-creation, thus helping to close an identified gap in the literature.
Long-term outcomes of innovator versus generic melphalan formulation in autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation for multiple myeloma
Authors: Lad Deepesh P. , Malhotra Pankaj , Patil Amol N. , Nampoothiri Ram V. , Kasudhan Kripa Shanker , Khadwal Alka , Prakash Gaurav , Jain Arihant , Malhotra Samir , Varma Neelam , Attri Savita Verma , Varma Subhash
Published: June 2020

Background:

Most data on autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (auto-HCT) in myeloma are based on the use of innovator formulation of melphalan. Comparative bioequivalence and efficacy studies of generic melphalan are lacking.

Methods:

In this retrospective study, we report long-term outcomes of auto-HCT in myeloma using innovator (Alkeran, Aspen Pharma; n = 41) and generic melphalan (Alkacel, Celon Labs, India; n = 55) formulations. All consecutive patients at a single center from the period 2011–2018 were included.

Results:

The median follow-up in the innovator and generic groups was 61.7 and 32.5 months, respectively. Both groups were matched for age, sex, stage, and myeloma response. There were significantly more patients in the innovator melphalan group who were administered mel- phalan at a reduced dose at physician discretion (26.8% vs. 3.6%, p = .001). There were significantly more patients with grade 3 or higher mucositis (68.3% vs. 38.1%, p < .0001) and grade 3 or higher diarrhea (85.4% vs. 50.1%, p < .0001) in the innovator group. The median duration of hospital stay was significantly longer in the innovator group (19 days vs. 15.5 days, p < .0001). There were significantly more patients in the generic group who received standard maintenance (94.5% vs. 34.1%, p < .0001). Despite the differences in the melphalan dose and post-transplant strategies, the 4-year progression-free survival and overall survival were not significantly different in the two groups (58% vs. 63%, p = .7, 71% vs. 72%, p = .4, respectively).

Conclusion:

Long-term efficacy comparison is helpful in the absence of postmarketing bioequivalence studies of generic melphalan.
Colonial Education and Women’s Political Behavior in Ghana and Senegal
Authors: Hern Erin A.
Published: June 2020

During Africa’s anti-colonial movements, women in French colonies were less politically active than women in British colonies. Hern examines how differences in British and French education policies in the Gold Coast and Senegal between the 1920s and the 1950s shaped women’s opportunities for participating in nationalist activity and becoming involved in early-independence politics. Compared to girls’ education in Senegal, girls’ education in the Gold Coast was more widespread, came from a variety of providers, and was less focused on domesticity. Women in the Gold Coast were thus more likely to be mobilized as political agents during the nationalist movement and integrated into Ghana’s new independent government.
COVID-19 and Psychological Disaster Preparedness – An Unmet Need
Authors: Agarwal Vishwesh , Sharma Supriya , Gupta Latika , Misra Durga Prasanna , Davalbhakta Samira , Agarwal Vikas , Goel Ashish , Aggarwal Shelley
Published: June 2020

Objective:

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is a disaster of unprecedented proportions with global repercussions. Psychological preparedness, the primed cognitive awareness and anticipation of dealing with emotional responses in an adverse situation, has assumed a compelling relevance during a health disaster of this magnitude.

Methods:

An anonymized eSurvey was conducted in India to assess psychological preparedness toward the ongoing pandemic with a focus on knowledge, management of own and others’ emotional response, and anticipatory coping mechanisms among the survey population. An adapted version of the qualitative Psychological Preparedness for Natural Disaster Scale validated by the World Health Organization was widely circulated over the Internet and various social media platforms for assessment. Results are expressed as median ± standard deviation. Descriptive statistics were used and figures downloaded from surveymonkey.com.

Results:

Of the 1120 respondents (M:F 1.7:1, age 35 years ±14.1), most expressed a high level of perceived knowledge and confidence of managing COVID-19, such as awareness of the symptoms of the illness (95.1%), actions needed (94.4%), hospital to report to (88.9%), and emergency contact number (89.1%). A majority (95%) monitored regularly the news bulletins and scientific journals regarding COVID-19. However, nearly one-third (29.2%) could not assess their likelihood of developing COVID-19, and 17.5% were unaware of the difference between a mild and severe infection. Twenty-three percent (23.3%) were unfamiliar with the materials needed in an acute illness situation.

Conclusion:

Psychological disaster preparedness is reasonable, although lacking in specific domains. Timely but focused interventions can be a cost-efficient administrative exercise, which federal agencies may prioritize working on.
Efficient idler broadening via oppositely dual-chirped difference frequency generation
Authors: Zhong Haizhe , Hu Bin , Hu Saisai , Dai Shengying , Li Ying , Fan Dianyuan
Published: June 2020

Dual-chirped difference frequency generation (DFG) is an advantageous technique for generating the broadband mid-infrared (IR) idler wave, which is inaccessible by a population-inversion-based laser system. In principle, the generated idler wave may even suffer a spectrum broadening compared with the driving pulsed lasers if the pump and signal waves are oppositely chirped. However, broadband phase-matching is always the determining factor for the resulting efficiency and the bandwidth of the generated idler wave. In this study, specific to an oppositely dual-chirped DFG scheme, we derive the precondition to realize broadband frequency conversion, wherein a negative

$(1/\unicode[STIX]{x1D710}_{p}-1/\unicode[STIX]{x1D710}_{i})/(1/\unicode[STIX]{x1D710}_{s}-1/\unicode[STIX]{x1D710}_{i})$

, in terms of the correlation coefficient of the group velocity (

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}$

), is necessary. However, most birefringence bulk crystals can only provide the required material dispersions in limited spectral regions. We show that the periodically poled lithium niobate crystal that satisfies an inactive Type-II (eo-o) quasi-phase-matching condition has a stable negative

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}$

and exerts the expected broadband gain characteristic across an ultra-broad idler spectral region

$(1.7{-}4.0~\unicode[STIX]{x03BC}\text{m})$

. Finally, we propose and numerically verify a promising DFG configuration to construct a tunable mid-IR spectrum broader based on the broadband phase-matched oppositely dual-chirped DFG scheme.
The impact of methodological decisions on climate reconstructions using WA-PLS
Authors: Turner Mark G. , Wei Dongyang , Prentice Iain Colin , Harrison Sandy P.
Published: June 2020

Most techniques for pollen-based quantitative climate reconstruction use modern assemblages as a reference data set. We examine the implication of methodological choices in the selection and treatment of the reference data set for climate reconstructions using Weighted Averaging Partial Least Squares (WA-PLS) regression and records of the last glacial period from Europe. We show that the training data set used is important because it determines the climate space sampled. The range and continuity of sampling along the climate gradient is more important than sampling density. Reconstruction uncertainties are generally reduced when more taxa are included, but combining related taxa that are poorly sampled in the data set to a higher taxonomic level provides more stable reconstructions. Excluding taxa that are climatically insensitive, or systematically overrepresented in fossil pollen assemblages because of known biases in pollen production or transport, makes no significant difference to the reconstructions. However, the exclusion of taxa overrepresented because of preservation issues does produce an improvement. These findings are relevant not only for WA-PLS reconstructions but also for similar approaches using modern assemblage reference data. There is no universal solution to these issues, but we propose a number of checks to evaluate the robustness of pollen-based reconstructions.
THE MEDIEVAL SACRISTY OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY
Authors: Payne Matthew , Foster Richard
Published: June 2020

This paper draws upon documentary, visual and archaeological evidence to chart the development of the sacristy of Westminster Abbey from its construction as one of the earliest parts of the abbey’s thirteenth-century rebuilding to its demolition in the mid-eighteenth century − a story that reflects wider changes of religious and political history.
Interaction of irritability and anxiety on emotional responding and emotion regulation: a functional MRI study
Authors: Crum Kathleen I. , Hwang Soonjo , Blair Karina S. , Aloi Joseph M. , Meffert Harma , White Stuart F. , Tyler Patrick M. , Leibenluft Ellen , Pope Kayla , Blair R. J. R.
Published: June 2020

Background

Irritability and anxiety frequently co-occur in pediatric populations. Studies separately looking at the neural correlates of these symptoms have identified engagement of similar neural systems – particularly those implicated in emotional processing. Both irritability and anxiety can be considered negative valence emotional states that might relate to emotion dysregulation. However, previous work has not examined the neural responding during the performance of an emotion regulation task as a function of interaction between irritability and anxiety simultaneously.

Methods

This fMRI study involved 155 participants (90 with significant psychopathologies and 92 male) who performed the Affective Stroop Task, designed to engage emotion regulation as a function of task demands. The Affective Reactivity Index (ARI) was used to index irritability and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) was used to index anxiety.

Results

Levels of irritability, but not anxiety, was positively correlated with responses to visual images within the right rostro-medial prefrontal cortex and left anterior cingulate cortex during view trials. The second region of ventral anterior cingulate cortex showed a condition-by-emotion-by-ARI score-by-SCARED score interaction. Specifically, anxiety level was significantly correlated with a decreased differential BOLD response to negative relative to neutral view trials but only in the presence of relatively high irritability.

Conclusions

Atypical maintenance of emotional stimuli within the rostro-medial prefrontal cortex may exacerbate the difficulties faced by adolescents with irritability. Moreover, increased anxiety combined with significant irritability may disrupt an automatic emotional conflict-based form of emotion regulation that is particularly associated with the ventral anterior cingulate cortex.
Special issue on studies in Late Modern English historical phonology using the Eighteenth-Century English Phonology Database (ECEP): introduction
Authors: BEAL JOAN C. , SEN RANJAN , YÁÑEZ-BOUZA NURIA , WALLIS CHRISTINE
Published: June 2020

Since Charles Jones referred to the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as the ‘Cinderellas of English historical linguistic study’ (1989: 279), there has been a great deal of progress in research on this period, but, as Beal (2012: 22) points out, much of this has been in the fields of syntax, morphology, lexis, pragmatics, sociolinguistics and the normative tradition. Beal argues that the availability of corpora of Late Modern English texts has greatly facilitated research in these areas, but, since creating phonological corpora for periods antedating the invention of sound recording is a challenging proposition, the historical phonology of Late Modern English has benefited much less from the corpus revolution. To redress this imbalance, the editors of this issue, with technical support from the Humanities Research Institute, University of Sheffield, created the Eighteenth-Century English Phonology Database (ECEP), which is freely available at www.dhi.ac.uk/projects/ecep/
Comparison of Orientation Mapping in SEM and TEM
Authors: Sugar Joshua D. , McKeown Joseph T. , Banga Dhego , Michael Joseph R.
Published: June 2020

Multiple experimental configurations for performing nanoscale orientation mapping are compared to determine their fidelity to the true microstructure of a sample. Transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD) experiments in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and nanobeam diffraction (NBD) experiments in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) were performed on thin electrodeposited hard Au films with two different microstructures. The Au samples either had a grain size that is >50 or <20 nm. The same regions of the samples were measured with TKD apparatuses at 30 kV in an SEM with detectors in the horizontal and vertical configurations and in the TEM at 300 kV. Under the proper conditions, we demonstrate that all three configurations can produce data of equivalent quality. Each method has strengths and challenges associated with its application and representation of the true microstructure. The conditions needed to obtain high-quality data for each acquisition method and the challenges associated with each are discussed.
The Relevance of Theory for Contemporary Research in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate
Authors: Emanuel Kerry
Published: June 2020

Dealing with large data sets and complex computational codes demands increasing time and effort by researchers in atmospheres, oceans, and climate. The author argues for a more balanced approach to using models, observations, and theory to advance basic understanding.
Direct Evidence for Fluid Pressure, Dilatancy, and Compaction Affecting Slip in Isolated Faults
Authors: Proctor B. , Lockner D. A. , Kilgore B. D. , Mitchell T. M. , Beeler N. M.
Published: June 2020

Earthquake instability occurs as a result of strength loss during sliding on a fault. It has been known for over 50 years that fault compaction or dilatancy may cause significant weakening or strengthening by dramatically changing the fluid pressure trapped in faults. Despite this fundamental importance, we have no real understanding of the exact conditions that lead to compaction or dilation during nucleation or rupture. To date, no direct measurements of pore pressure changes during slip in hydraulically isolated faults have been reported. We show direct examples of fluid pressure variations during nucleation and rupture using a miniature pressure transducer embedded in an experimental fault. We demonstrate that fluids not only are significant in controlling fault behavior but can provide the dominant mechanism controlling fault stability. The effect of fluid pressure changes can exceed frictional variations predicted by rate‐ and state‐dependent friction laws, exerting fundamental controls on earthquake rupture initiation.
Increased Mixing and Turbulence in the Wake of Offshore Wind Farm Foundations
Authors: Schultze L. K. P. , Merckelbach L. M. , Horstmann J. , Raasch S. , Carpenter J. R.
Published: June 2020

The addition of offshore wind farms (OWFs) to stratified regions of shelf seas poses an anthropogenic source of turbulence, in which the foundation structures remove power from the oceanic flow that is fed into turbulent mixing in the wake downstream. The loss of stratification within the wake of a single OWF structure is observed for the first time by means of field observations, which enable a qualitative characterization of the disturbed flow downstream. These results are complemented with high‐resolution large eddy simulations of four different stratification strengths that allow for a quantification of turbulence and mixing quantities in the wake of a foundation structure. The turbulent wake of a structure is narrow and highly energetic within the first 100 m, with the dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy well above background levels downstream of the structure. A single monopile is responsible for 7–10% additional mixing to that of the bottom mixed layer, whereby ∼10% of the turbulent kinetic energy generated by the structure is used in mixing. Although the effect of a single turbine on stratification is relatively low, large‐scale OWFs could significantly affect the vertical structure of a weakly stratified water column. Further, rough estimates show that the rate of formation of stratification in the study area is of the same order of magnitude as the additional mixing promoted by the structures, thus OWFs could modify the stratification regime and water column dynamics on a seasonal scale, depending on local conditions and farm geometries.
Evaluation of Different Roof Materials for the Mitigation of Urban Warming in a Subtropical Monsoon Climate
Authors: Chen Xing , Jeong Sujong , Zheng Yi , Park Hoonyoung , Park Chang‐Eui , Joo Jaewon , Choi Woosuk , Chen Xuan , Zheng Chunmiao
Published: June 2020

Different roof materials are deployed for mitigating the urban heat, which significantly affects our life. However, the answer to the question of which roof material has the best cooling performance in urban areas remains uncertain. We need to compare different roof materials together under a certain climate condition to find geographically appropriate mitigation strategies. This study performs field experiments using four different roof materials (gray, white, and grass surfaces, and rooftop solar panel) to evaluate their effectiveness on temperature reductions in a subtropical monsoon climate region from December 2017 to July 2018. The results show that the white surface reduced the average daily surface temperature by 3.37 °C. This cooling effect increased with the increase in surface albedo and incoming solar radiation. On the other hand, the average cooling effect of the grass surface was much lower (0.43 °C). This is attributable to the low soil moisture, which was influenced by the monsoon, thereby indicating that the adoption of grass roofs requires consideration of the availability of water resources even in humid regions. The solar panel reduced the daily surface temperature by 0.59 °C but exerted strong warming effect (7.36 °C) during midday and cooling effect (4.03 °C) during midnight because of its low albedo, low emissivity, and low heat capacity. Our results suggest that the grass roof with a native plant species is still not comparable with the white roof for mitigating urban heat in a subtropical monsoon climate under the present climatic conditions and especially for drier climates predicted for the future, and rooftop solar panels may heat the urban atmosphere by their warm surface during daytime.
Arctic Observations Identify Phytoplankton Community Composition as Driver of Carbon Flux Attenuation
Authors: Wiedmann I. , Ceballos‐Romero E. , Villa‐Alfageme M. , Renner A. H. H. , Dybwad C. , van der Jagt H. , Svensen C. , Assmy P. , Wiktor J. M. , Tatarek A. , Różańska‐Pluta M. , Iversen M. H.
Published: June 2020

The attenuation coefficient b is one of the most common ways to describe how strong the carbon flux is attenuated throughout the water column. Therefore, b is an essential input variable in many carbon flux and climate models. Marsay et al. (2015, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1415311112) proposed that the median surface water temperature (0–500 m) may be a predictor of b, but our observations from Arctic waters challenge this hypothesis. We found a highly variable attenuation coefficient (b = 0.43–1.84) in cold Arctic waters (<4.1 °C). Accordingly, we suggest that water temperature is not a globally valid predictor of the attenuation coefficient. We advocate instead that the phytoplankton composition and especially the relative abundance of diatoms can be used to parametrize the carbon flux attenuation in local and global carbon flux models.
Heterogeneous Fracture Slip and Aseismic‐Seismic Transition in a Triaxial Injection Test
Authors: Ye Zhi , Ghassemi Ahmad
Published: June 2020

Fault/fracture slip and seismicity caused by fluid injection are of major interest to subsurface science and engineering. However, some fundamental aspects of the temporal and spatial evolutions of induced seismicity remain unresolved. In this paper, we present the results of a laboratory injection‐induced shear test conducted on a rough granite fracture with concurrent acoustic emission (AE) monitoring. The results demonstrate a sequence of aseismic‐seismic‐aseismic fracture motion during fluid injection. It is observed that the temporal evolution of AE/microseismic activities was accompanied by the changes of slip velocity, stress drop, and friction coefficient. The seismic slip phase consists of three subphases, namely, a first quasi‐static slip, a dynamic slip, and a second quasi‐static slip. The dynamic slip occurred with an AE mainshock, simulating earthquake instability triggered by injection in deep crystalline rocks. In addition, slip heterogeneity controlled by the fracture surface roughness is directly evidenced by the spatially heterogeneous distribution of AE hypocenters and fracture surface topography.
Atmospheric History of H2 Over the Past Century Reconstructed From South Pole Firn Air
Authors: Patterson J. D. , Aydin M. , Crotwell A. M. , Petron G. , Severinghaus J. P. , Saltzman E. S.
Published: June 2020

Molecular hydrogen (H2) is an abundant and reactive constituent of Earth's atmosphere, with links to climate and air quality. Anthropogenic emissions of H2 are expected to rise as the use of H2 as an energy source increases. Documenting past variations in atmospheric H2 will help to validate current understanding of the global H2 budget. The modern instrumental record begins in the 1980s; there is little information about atmospheric H2 prior to that time. Here, we use firn air measurements from a 2001 South Pole campaign to reconstruct atmospheric H2 levels over the 20th century. Inversion of the measurements indicates that H2 over South Pole has increased from 350–540 ppb from 1910–2000. A biogeochemical box model indicates that the atmospheric burden of H2 increased by 37% over that time. The rise in H2 is consistent with increasing H2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and increasing atmospheric production from methane oxidation.
Novel Quantification of Shallow Sediment Compaction by GPS Interferometric Reflectometry and Implications for Flood Susceptibility
Authors: Karegar Makan A. , Larson Kristine M. , Kusche Jürgen , Dixon Timothy H.
Published: June 2020

Estimates of flood susceptibility and land loss in the world's coastal regions depend on our knowledge of sea level rise (SLR) from increases in ocean mass and volume, as well as knowledge of vertical land motion. Conventional approaches to the latter include tide‐gauge and Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements relative to well‐anchored monuments few meters below the surface. However, in regions of rapid Holocene sedimentation, compaction of this material can add a significant component to the surface lowering. Unfortunately, this process has been difficult to quantify, especially for the shallowest material above the monument. Here we use a new technique, GPS interferometric reflectometry, to estimate the rate of this process in the Mississippi Delta and the eastern margin of the North Sea. We show that the rate of shallow compaction is comparable to or larger than the rate of global SLR, adding 35% and 65%, respectively, to the rate of relative SLR by 2100.
A small-molecule ARTS mimetic promotes apoptosis through degradation of both XIAP and Bcl-2
Authors: Mamriev Dana , Abbas Ruqaia , Klingler Franca-Maria , Kagan Juliana , Kfir Nir , Donald Alastair , Weidenfeld Keren , Sheppard David W. , Barkan Dalit , Larisch Sarit
Published: June 2020

Many human cancers over-express B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) or X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins to evade cell death. The pro-apoptotic ARTS (Sept4_i2) protein binds directly to both Bcl-2 and XIAP and promotes apoptosis by stimulating their degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Here we describe a small molecule, A4, that mimics the function of ARTS. Microscale thermophoresis assays showed that A4 binds XIAP, but not cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 (cIAP1). A4 binds to a distinct ARTS binding pocket in the XIAP-BIR3 (baculoviral IAP repeat 3) domain. Like ARTS, A4 stimulated poly-ubiquitylation and UPS-mediated degradation of XIAP and Bcl-2, but not cIAP1, resulting in caspase-9 and -3 activation and apoptosis. In addition, over-expression of XIAP rescued HeLa cells from A4-induced apoptosis, consistent with the idea that A4 kills by antagonizing XIAP. On the other hand, treatment with the SMAC-mimetic Birinapant induced secretion of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and killed ~50% of SKOV-3 cells, and addition of A4 to Birinapant-treated cells significantly reduced secretion of TNFα and blocked Birinapant-induced apoptosis. This suggests that A4 acts by specifically targeting XIAP. The effect of A4 was selective as peripheral blood mononuclear cells and normal human breast epithelial cells were unaffected. Furthermore, proteome analysis revealed that cancer cell lines with high levels of XIAP were particularly sensitive to the killing effect of A4. These results provide proof of concept that the ARTS binding site in XIAP is “druggable”. A4 represents a novel class of dual-targeting compounds stimulating apoptosis by UPS-mediated degradation of important anti-apoptotic oncogenes.
Correction: TRPC6-dependent Ca2+ signaling mediates airway inflammation in response to oxidative stress via ERK pathway
Authors: Chen Qingzi , Zhou Yubo , Zhou Lifen , Fu Zhaodi , Yang Chuntao , Zhao Lei , Li Shuni , Chen Yan , Wu Yousen , Ling Zhenwei , Wang Yufeng , Huang Jianrong , Li Jianhua
Published: June 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Rapidly photocurable silk fibroin sealant for clinical applications
Authors: Kim Soon Hee , Lee Young Jin , Chao Janet Ren , Kim Do Yeon , Sultan Md. Tipu , Lee Ho Jun , Lee Jung Min , Lee Ji Seung , Lee Ok Joo , Hong Heesun , Lee Hanna , Ajiteru Olatunji , Suh Ye Ji , Choi Hak Soo , Cho Yong-Jun , Park Chan Hum
Published: June 2020

Sealants are useful as agents that can prevent the leakage of gas or nonclotting fluids from damaged tissues and of blood from the vascular system following injury or repair. Various formulations for sealants have been developed and applied clinically, but problems still remain in terms of biocompatibility issues, long crosslinking times and low adhesive properties. Herein, to address these issues, we report a methacrylated silk fibroin sealant (Sil-MAS) with rapidly crosslinkable, highly adhesive and biocompatible properties and demonstrate its versatility as a medical glue. The excellent physical properties of Sil-MAS are revealed via in vitro mechanical tests and ex vivo aorta pressure tests. In addition, in in vivo biological tests on the skin, liver, and blood vessels of rats, Sil-MAS showed a superb hemostatic and adhesive ability, with high biocompatibility. Specifically, Sil-MAS strongly contributed to faster wound healing than commercially available materials. Furthermore, we showed a successful proof of concept that Sil-MAS could serve as an ideal photocuring laparoscopic medical glue in a laceration rabbit model of liver and stomach serosa using a homemade endoscopic device. These findings on the applicability of rapidly photocurable silk fibroin indicate that Sil-MAS is a suitable material to supplant existing sealants, adhesives, or hemostatic agents.
Rapid glacier retreat and downwasting throughout the European Alps in the early 21st century
Authors: Sommer Christian , Malz Philipp , Seehaus Thorsten C. , Lippl Stefan , Zemp Michael , Braun Matthias H.
Published: June 2020

Mountain glaciers are known to be strongly affected by global climate change. Here we compute temporally consistent changes in glacier area, surface elevation and ice mass over the entire European Alps between 2000 and 2014. We apply remote sensing techniques on an extensive database of optical and radar imagery covering 93% of the total Alpine glacier volume. Our results reveal rapid glacier retreat across the Alps (−39 km² a−1) with regionally variable ice thickness changes (−0.5 to −0.9 m a−1). The strongest downwasting is observed in the Swiss Glarus and Lepontine Alps with specific mass change rates up to −1.03 m.w.e. a−1. For the entire Alps a mass loss of 1.3 ± 0.2 Gt a−1 (2000–2014) is estimated. Compared to previous studies, our estimated mass changes are similar for the central Alps, but less negative for the lower mountain ranges. These observations provide important information for future research on various socio-economic impacts like water resource management, risk assessments and tourism.