bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zyklothymie und Hirnstamm
Authors: Marneros A. , Philipp M.
Published: February 2010

Seven patients with an insufficiency in the basilar arterial system showed a typical endogenous depression. We assumed that the temporal coincidence of neurological and psychical syndromes was not accidental but both were caused by a circulation disturbance in the cerebral stem structures.
Gilles de la Tourette’s Syndrome with Direct Evidence of Organicity
Authors: Bleeker H.E.
Published: February 2010

A severe manifestation of Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome (GTS) which developed about six months subsequent to angiographic complications is reported. Acute, post-angiographically derived neuropsychiatric symptoms which continually bridged the interval between central damage suffered, and the final onset of GTS strongly favored the case for underlying organicity. This case probably represents the first direct report of preceding brain lesion triggering off GTS and negates previous trends to attribute psychogenie causes to GTS. As to pathophysiologic mechanisms possibly governing hyperkinesias common in GTS, the neuronal functional rules of denervation and denervation super-sensitivity are applied to striatal dopamine-facilitated nerve cell populations.
Status within the Family and Early Life Experiences in Patients with Affective Disorders and Cycloid Psychosis
Authors: Perris Carlo , Perris Hjördis
Published: February 2010

The family constellation and early childhood experiences have been investigated in 534 in- and outpatients (211 male and 323 female). The series comprised the following diagnostic subgroups: bipolar (n = 195) and unipolar (n = 175) affective psychotic disorders, non-psychotic depressive syndromes (n = 94) and cycloid psychosis (n = 70). A 34-item questionnaire was constructed for the purpose of the present investigation relying upon information about meaningful variables in the relevant literature. Five main areas (status within the family, separation and loss, disturbing life experiences, acts of violence, and somatic factors) were covered in the study. Female patients have been found to be over-represented in regard to many variables. Few inter-group differences were found. This finding would suggest that negative, early childhood experiences are shared by most psychiatric patients and are not specific for any of the disorders which have been taken into account in the study.
Psychische Störungen bei zervikalen Bandscheibenschäden und Osteochondrosen
Authors: Baumhackl E. , Oberhummer J. , Sunder-Plassmann M. , Zapotoczky H.G. , Zaunbauer F.
Published: February 2010

The paper is concerned with the investigation of 51 patients with alterations of cervical intervertebral disks and cervical osteochondrosis who have undergone surgical intervention. The examination included a psychiatric interview as well as the application of paper pencil tests. Seventeen patients indicated symptoms of an endogenous depression. The group of depressed patients offered a significantly slow onset of cervical symptoms and, in the period after the operation, complained more often than the group without depressive symptoms. The psychological test revealed an increased tendency for inhibition and anxiety of the depressed group. Lastly, methodical problems are discussed concerning the evaluation of the lapse of psychic conditions as tension over a long period.
Can Childhood Schizophrenia Develop out of Hospitalism?
Authors: Leonhard Karl
Published: February 2010

Out of 59 childhood schizophrenics examined, 11 had fallen ill as early as within the first years of their lives. Seven of these had been confined to a hospital or a similar institution when the illness set in. Two other children were congenitally blind or deaf and, owing to this fact, were largely deprived of communication with their environment. It was possible to diagnose schizophrenia even though the patients were mentally retarded. It seems that lack of communication within the first years of life can not only produce mental retardation but also provoke childhood schizophrenia.
The Scandinavian Concept of Reactive Psychosis, Schizophreniform Psychosis and Schizophrenia
Authors: Retterstøl Nils
Published: February 2010

A diagnosis commonly used in the Scandinavian countries, reactive psychosis, is described. Systematic personal follow-up studies from Scandinavia have clearly demonstrated that the clinical and social course is more favourable in this diagnostic group than in schizophrenia, while the course in schizophreniform psychoses is in between. The Scandinavian concept of schizophreniform psychosis and of schizophrenia is presented and discussed.
Verbal Characteristics of Male and Female Transsexuals
Authors: Kenna J.C. , Hoenig J.
Published: February 2010

Slater’s Selective Vocabulary Test was given to a group of 56 male and a group of 14 female transsexuals and the results were compared with those of 15-year-old boys and girls, and a group of normal male adults. It was found that whereas normal males and females have a ratio of gender appropriate words to cross gender words of approximately 2 to 1, in both male and female transsexuals that ratio is more like 1 to 1. The way in which this abnormal vocabulary acquisition may come about is briefly discussed. The factors related to this abnormal learning are not known.
Manic-Depressive Illness in Three Generations of One Family: A Case Study
Authors: Feldberg M. , Sacirbey N. , Blackmon W.D. , McGowan J.C.
Published: February 2010

Two brothers presented for simultaneous admission for acute episodes of manic-depressive illness. Both had hospitalizations documented in the past for acute episodes. A family tree was constructed based on interviews with them as well as other family members and it was determined retrospectively that their father had a history of manic-depressive illness. Furthermore, the son of one of the brothers was also found to be affected. The findings for this family are inconsistent with the theory of X-linked inheritance of manic-depressive illness and adds to the growing criticism of that theory.
The Relationship of ‘Nuclear’ and ‘Atypical’ Psychoses:
Authors: Roth Martin , McClelland Hamish
Published: February 2010

The paper sets out the arguments in favour of utilising both a ‘strict’ definition corresponding to the ‘nuclear’ concept of schizophrenia and a ‘broader’ definition that also subsumes ‘atypical’ schizophreniform and related syndromes. Evidence is adduced rejecting the view that attempts to effect a complete separation between ‘nuclear’ and other forms of schizophrenic disorders based on phenomenological, hereditary, prognostic, etiological and other lines. Both the unity and the diversity of the schizophrenic family of disorders must be given explicit recognition in clinical and scientific work. The value of the ‘nuclear’ concept has been demonstrated by the IPSS study among other enquiries. The advantages of the broad definition are twofold. It makes for a flexibility and openness of approach in diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia that are indispensable at the present time. The value of the ‘broad’ definition is that it encompasses a range of phenomena that have been shown to be related to one another. They may therefore be compared and contrasted. It is argued that new knowledge about the etiology of schizophrenia may be acquired in this manner. Tentative definitions for the ‘nuclear’ and ‘broad’ groups of disorder are given.
Le “déjà vu": élaboration d’un modèle d’approche hypothétique
Authors: de Nayer A.
Published: February 2010

Although psychiatric literature abounds in allusions to the phenomenon of ‘dÉjÀ vu’, few communications were devoted to an analysis of this interesting psychological state. After a short review of the ‘dÉjÀ vu’ conditions, the author proposes a model consisting of two channels. Under normal conditions, the first deals with the reading of information already stored, and the second, the engrammic channel, will store future information. The ‘dÉjÀ vu’ condition is produced when the reading channel and the engrammic channel meet in the same area. This mechanism can explain the various etiological possibilities of ‘dÉjÀ vu’, ranging from more or less ordinary cases such as fatigue or anguish to the most important etiology which is a psychotic process.
Zur Phänomenologie und Psychopathologie von Erregungszuständen
Authors: Bochnik H.J. , Richtberg W.
Published: February 2010

States of agitation are frequent psychiatric emergency cases, which stem from very different biological, psychic and social constellations. Very often it is a question of a slipping expression of strong affects like fear, anger, pain and of excessive, reactive performances like night, defence etc., which are built on top of the affects. Inner restlessness, which rises from unrestrained and disfigured drives, and the accompanying autonomic reactions of the affects promote the beginning of these states of agitation; whereas sensible expectations and clearly aimed absorptions of the drive do reduce the disposition to becoming agitated.
Über die Freiheit bei Störung von Gemüt und Geist
Authors: Wyrsch Jakob
Published: February 2010

The much used and popular word ‘freedom’ is being examined as to its significance and in that context the peculiar expression ‘freedom of will’ is also brought into the discussion. In the course of this clarification, philosophy, jurisprudence, poetic-literary and our everyday language all had to lend a hand. In its application to psychic abnormal and sick persons one finds that in the endogenous psychoses, because of the profound change of existence, some patients experience the freedom of being for the very first time; this, however, can in the course of the illness turn into its opposite.
Activités cérébrales ‘émises’ et processus attentionnels chez un groupe de schizophrènes
Authors: Cornu L. , Luccioni H.
Published: February 2010

This is a study of the relationship between cerebral events and visual attentional processes of schizophrenic patients by means of a spectral analysis method described in this paper. With recorded data it is possible to study the EEG, standard visual evoked potential, visual evoked potention with attention and visual ‘emitted’ potentials when stimuli were expected but absent. Compared with the sommation method and unitary analysis, the spectral analysis method appears very interesting, especially for the study of ‘emitted’ potentials because it avoids the subjectivity of operators and reduces the number of stimulations. The results show the interest of this simple reliable and effective method for the detection and objectivation of evoked activities with only very few (10) stimulations.
A Comparative Study of Involutional Depressive Patients in French Canada and in Hungary
Authors: Böszörményi Z.
Published: February 2010

The data dealing with 200 involutional depressive patients who were treated in Quebec City and in Budapest are presented. A questionnaire prepared for this purpose is produced and evaluated. Half of the Canadian and 80% of the Hungarian patients were personally interviewed by the author. Those patients with organic brain syndromes were not included in the population studied. Besides many similarities between the two groups, there were also symptomatological differences observed, e.g. the agitated type of involutional melancholy occurred twice as often in Canada as in Hungary, the apathetic cases were rarer in Canada, and the illness began earlier among Canadian women. Self-blame in Canada was often linked to religious observation. Two typical syndromes in male and female patients are detailed as special disease patterns. The symptomatology of this disorder has become identical in the last few years in both countries, therefore it is improbable that a similar study in the future could point out the differences described here.
Contributions cliniques et biochimiques sur l’action de la maprotiline et de la clomipramine dans les états dépressifs
Authors: Ravizza Luigi
Published: February 2010

This study has been conducted on 17 patients suffering from neurotic and psychotic depressions, who had not received a pharmacological antidepressive therapy since at least 1 month. 6 patients suffering from psychotic depression were treated with 100 mg clomipramine i.v. daily for 20 days; 11 patients, 7 of whom suffered from psychotic depression and 4 from neurotic depression, were treated with 150 mg maprotiline i.v. daily for 20 days. In both groups the therapy has been continued orally. In 17 patients a remarkable improvement and even in some cases complete recovery has been obtained. The two psycho-tropic antidepressive drugs are, furthermore, both active in the same symptoms. The determination of serotonin in human platelets confirms the strong inhibition of its re-uptake by clomipramine and the absence of re-uptake of 5-HT with maprotiline. A constant and progressive increase of 5-HIAA was noted in patients treated with clomipramine. This increase may be considered as a consequence of the increased metabolism of the larger quantity of 5-HT used by the central synapses. The interpretation of the increased levels of 5-HIAA in patients treated with maprotiline is more difficult. Further trials, for instance on the plasmatic tryptophan level, will perhaps solve the problem.
Wortfeld- und Satzfeldstörung als differentialdiagnostisches Kriterium zwischen endogenen und exogenen paranoid-halluzinatorischen Syndromen
Authors: Marneros A. , Krebs W.
Published: February 2010

Through the ‘classical’ psychopathological symptoms only, one sometimes cannot clearly differentiate between an endogenous and an exogenous psychosis. But through the identification of word field disturbances and sentence field disturbances, which are characteristic schizophrenic symptoms, one can put the diagnosis of schizophrenia in such cases. This diagnosis can be stated through the course of the illness and its therapy.
Sinn und Ableitbarkeit von Wortfeld- und Satzfeldstörungen bei der Schizophrenic
Authors: Krebs W. , Marneros A.
Published: February 2010

We investigated the occurrence of word field disturbances and sentence field disturbances in the text of schizophrenic patients. Through the connection of these disturbances with relevant biographical data of the patient and through a psychological interpretation we found that the occurrence of these disturbances is not accidental, but has a relevant psychological meaning for the patient.
Sulpiride and Headache Syndromes
Authors: De Maio D. , Valzelli L. , Scieghi G.
Published: February 2010

Numerous studies have indicated that sulpiride exerts a positive effect upon several psychosomatic symptoms. This effect is generally believed to depend on the thymoanaleptic activity of the molecule. Since headache can often represent the warning symptom of a masked depression, in the present study sulpiride has been administered to patients suffering from nonorganic headache syndromes. The results obtained confirm the efficacy of sulpiride in relieving headache and other psychosomatic discomforts.
Variations in Self-Assessment of Personality Characteristics in Depressed Patients, with Special Reference to Aspects of Aggression
Authors: Perris Carlo , Eisemann Martin , Eriksson Ulla , Jacobsson Lars , von Knorring Lars , Peris Hjördis
Published: February 2010

30 in-patients, 14 male and 16 female, aged 24–69 years (mean age 47.1 ± 2.7) suffering from a moderately severe or severe depressive syndrome completed a new personality inventory, the KSP, on two separate occasions. The first-when they were depressed and had just been admitted to the hospital, the second when they were at home and in their customary situation. On the same test occasions the severity of their psycho-pathology was rated by means of the CPRS. A significant improvement in CPRS rating was ascertained on the second test occasion. In contrast only small changes occurred in the subscales of the KSP. The score referring to ‘psychic anxiety’ and to ‘somatic anxiety’ decreased slightly but significantly (p < 0.05). The scores referring to ‘social desirability’ also showed a significant (p < 0.01) slight decrease. Of particular note is that no significant differences were found in the 6 KSP subscales concerned with aspects of aggression, or in the factors which can be obtained from these subscales. Our findings amongst this population of non-psychotic depressed patients do not support the assumption that changes in the direction of agression occur during depression.
Therapeutische Stereotypien bei psychiatrischen Erkrankungen
Authors: Bender W. , Siepmann K.
Published: February 2010

Using mathematical models described by Overall, the authors investigated in a sample of 301 psychiatric inpatients the therapeutic stereotypes in medicating psychotropic drugs and its dependence on symptom, syndrome and diagnostic level. The psycho-tropic drugs were described in a dimensional representation of psychopathology (‘symptomatic space’). Besides dependency from patient’s characteristics as age and clinician’s characteristics as special orientation, the therapeutic stereotype is mostly influenced by the symptom level. Only lithium therapy and electroconvulsive therapy are keyed to diagnosis. Getting more familiar with a psychotropic drug increases indications and contraindications on symptom level, the therapeutic stereotype gets more differentiated. The comparison between the therapeutic stereotypes of German and French psychiatrists shows a satisfactory congruence relating to dimensionality and relationships among the drugs.
Genetic Identification of a Subgroup of Depressed Patients
Authors: Perris C. , Strandman E.
Published: February 2010

HLA antigens, blood groups and red cell enzyme polymorphisms were studied in patients with different types of affective disorders and in patients suffering from cycloid psychoses. Several statistically significant results were found. In particular, a subgroup of depressed patients characterized by a very extreme distribution of haptoglobin groups was identified. The implications of this last finding for the definition of a particular subgroup of depressed patients is discussed.
Schablonen: Entlastung Beschränkung
Authors: Bochnik H.J. , Richtberg W.
Published: February 2010

The following article concerns the ‘maintenance’ of drive and affects in normal and psychopathological cases. It will be demonstrated how the ‘maintenance’ of single mental thought contents modifies the flux of consciousness and thus has a bearing on several cognitive functions. Another aspect of our study is pointed towards the use of patterns of behavior, which, on the one hand, can facilitate personal decisions and thus cause a widening of the individual’s personal scope of freedom or, on the other hand, especially if strongly emotion-bound, can reduce the mental manoeuverability upto the point where the individual has lost his autonomy to these patterns as described above.
Die genetische Markierung atypisch-phasischer Psychosen
Authors: Lange Volkmar
Published: February 2010

The 93 patients of the present study resemble each other in their psychosis by phasic course and complete recovery. Frequently the attacks showed an anxious and paranoid syndrome in monopolar repetition or in bipolar change with ecstatic symptoms. Rarely an incoherent state of agitation or stupor could be observed. Considering the distribution of simple inherited serum groups, there is a significant increase of Gc 1-1 and Hp 2-2 in the patient collective. Evidently these serum groups are risk components in a multifactorial hereditary system possessing with Gc 1-1 a marker of the schizophrenic disposition and with Hp 2-2 a determinating trait for affective psychoses. A selective interaction is discussed for both serum groups regarding the vitamin D transport of the Gc fraction with their relation to neuronal function and the possible role of Hp 2-2 in a transport or regulatory system.
Statistische Analysen physiologischen Datenmaterials von Patientinnen mit endomorph-depressiven Phasenverläufen
Authors: Presslich O. , Gabriel E. , Opgenoorth E. , Schuster P. , Wytek R.
Published: February 2010

Range-corrected (according to Lykken) physiological data from the parameters of heart rate (HF), respiratory rate (AF), skin potential (skin potential level; SPL; skin potential response, SPR) and skin resistance (skin resistance level, SRL; skin resistance response, SRR) were obtained under an acoustic activation paradigm in the course of a longitudinal investigation on 7 women with endomorph depression treated with thymoleptic medication. These data form the matrix for two- and threefold analyses of variance as well as for concordance analyses according to Kendall. During six measurements (three each taken in the morning and evening) one finds differing levels of activation: relatively low ones at the beginning and at the end, high ones during the ‘labilization phase’ of the treatment. The varying ‘reactivity’ to the diverse examination sequences of an acoustic activation program is little affected by the degree of these changes; patient-specific ‘characteristics’ of the course of the activation are just as recognizable throughout the course of the investigation as are ‘stimulus-specific’ reactions. Each of the parameters is appropriate for the estimation of different physiological variables; SPR seems rather to be a situation-specific variable, HF and AF are probably suitable for establishing the level of activation, while changes in SPL seem to represent patient-specific characteristics.
Zur Psycho(patho)dynamik suizidalen Verhaltens in Kindheit beginnender Pubertät
Authors: Lange Ehrig , Ficker Friedemann
Published: February 2010

The oversimplifying and scientifically untenable separation of suicide (successful) and attempted suicide (unsuccessful) was overcome by Stengel’s, fundamental findings that only very few attempted suicides are failed suicides, and that the majority of attempted suicides are acts of a qualitatively distinct character. Psycho(patho)dynamic analyses of suicidal acts disclosed that in a portion of the suicide attempts there is no or at least no determined suicidal intent. The definition of ‘suicidal attempt’ which has come into general use is therefore imprecise, because in many cases suicide is not “attempted” but the technique of suicidal behaviour is only used for a primary non-suicidal purpose. A differential typology of the entire content of the concept of ‘suicide attempt’ which includes vague non-homogeneous matters has become unavoidable and is being discussed here. In the suicidal behaviour of children the problems become even clearer. The ‘suicide attempt’ in children does not meet Stengel’s criteria. The great majority of cases are not ‘attempted’ suicides, do not show a final determination, do not come about in a calculated manner, and are not based on an ambivalence about life and death, but are rather a potentially fatal substitution by suicidal behaviour for a demonstrative appeal for help, for a resigned escape signal or for an impulsive cry. Neither can one recognize the development of the pre-suicidal syndrome described by Ringel.
Realistische und unrealistische Zielsetzungen in der Psychiatrie
Authors: Bleuler M.
Published: February 2010

It would be unrealistic to try to turn psychiatry in all its aspects into an exact science. It is realistic to accept that it also deals with non-measurable phenomena; this we should always remember, so as to remain doctors and to preserve what is personal, warm and humane in our work. It is unrealistic to believe that the neurosciences are beginning today to explain all levels of psychic life. While fully recognizing the magnificent achievements of the neurosciences in explaining some basic elements of psychic life, we should keep ourselves aware that the psychic spheres of man remain inaccessible to the purely somatic explanations and are outside their influence. It is unrealistic to claim that our best and most effective treatment of schizophrenic psychoses is ‘merely’ symptomatic. It is realistic to accept the probability that it is appropriate to the nature of many schizophrenias and that it is radical. It is unrealistic to believe that our only task is to cure illnesses. Often it falls to us simply and in all modesty to accompany patients through their lives along a path chosen entirely by themselves and to be allowed now and then to give a little help to them. It is unrealistic to believe that psychiatry provides a key to improve the world. It is realistic if we concern ourselves in the main with helping the sick, if we critically reflect on the effect our work may have beyond our patient, on society, and if we keep pointing out again and again the good which is in every human being and that we may sometimes bring out this goodness in him.
Psychopathologische Aspekte der Verlaufsforschung an idiopathischen Psychosen
Authors: Janzarik W.
Published: February 2010

This contribution to a symposium on our ability to affect the course of psychiatric illnesses deals with psychopathology and uses a syndrome-oriented approach. The core of the idiopathic syndromes consists of the bipolar affective psychoses, including the predominantly affective-psychotic psychoses of the schizoaffective borderland. The underlying dynamic constellation is determined by restriction and expansion, whereas schizophrenic phenomena arise when the dynamic becomes unstable. One can differentiate between the central affect-psychotic type, the purely depressive dysphorias, and the schizophrenic syndromes which are complicated by a dynamic insufficiency and a structural change and which are normally no longer completely reversible. The real psychotic core of the idiopathic syndromes on which the thymotropic drugs act, lies in the derailments of the psychic dynamic of the three types: restriction, expansion and instability. Within the structural-dynamic framework the psychotic derailments and personality with its biographical and situational background are closely linked. The cope and limitations of the treatment of the idiopathic syndromes are discussed from a structural-dynamic viewpoint.
Veränderungen der psychopathologischen Symptomatik während 20tägiger antidepressiver oder neuroleptischer Behandlung
Authors: Woggon Brigitte
Published: February 2010

A retrospective study of 266 patients treated with neuroleptics and 130 patients treated with antidepressants divided the patients according to a global assessment after termination of therapy into responders and non-responders. The two groups were compared in respect to their psychopathological symptoms as assessed by the AMP system on days 0, 5, 10 and 20. Keeping the initial findings, comparable responders and non-responders showed statistically significant differences in the target syndrome from the 5th day onwards. The same applied to the findings on the 20th day (end result of treatment). The improvements found at the several points of testing, expressed as a percentage of the overall improvement after 20 days, show that the major part of the total improvement has taken place already after the first 10 days. The statistically significant changes were examined as to their practical relevance by giving their declared variance as a proportion of the total variance.
Die Beeinflussung des Langzeitverlaufs schizophrener Krankheiten durch somatotherapeutische Massnahmen
Authors: Gross G. , Huber G. , Schüttler R.
Published: February 2010

Controlled studies have revealed that neuroleptic treatment alone has a significant effect in schizophrenic patients and that with parenteral treatment with depot neuroleptics the relapse rate after 1 and 2 years is significantly lower than with oral neuroleptic medication. About 20% of schizophrenic patients do not have relapses even without treatment. The effectiveness of neuroleptic long-term medication with regard to the prevention of relapses was proved by discontinuation trials for a period of up to 3 years. Up to now, however, there is no proof that drug therapy influences the long-term prognosis beyond the 3 years. The results of the Bonn schizophrenia study show the extraordinary variability of the courses and outcomes. Although some anamnestic and clinical prognostically favourable or unfavourable factors could be found, a reliable individual prognosis at the onset of the disease is not possible. Initially phasic courses with complete remission of the early psychotic features can later nevertheless lead to residual syndromes; on the other hand, chronic persistent psychoses can show a permanent remission leaving only slightly, non-specific residual states even as late at the 2nd to the 4th decade of the disease independent of the therapy. Some findings of the Bonn study, indicating a favourable influence of psychical treatments on the long-term course are described. They include the so-called catastrophic schizophrenia which at a rate of 4% occurs less frequently than in the past, the significantly poorer long-term prognosis of those patients who had not been treated in the beginning of the disease (taking into account subgroups with peracute, acute and subacute onsets on the initial psychotic manifestations), the significantly less favourable long-term prognosis of patients whose disease began prior to the era of psychopharmacological drugs, and the significantly more frequent occurrence of complete remissions of patients of the subgroups with peracute and acute onsets of the psychosis who had started treatment within 1 year after the onset of the disease (including the prodromal stage). Early diagnosis and treatment of the prodromal symptoms can probably improve the chance of a complete remission. The finding of a higher rate of patients with mixed residual states at the expense of the typical schizophrenic defect psychoses within the partial subgroup of the specific residual states with long-term neurolepsy could suggest that long-term medication is responsible for the ‘partially pharmacogenic change in symptomatology’ of schizophrenia in as far as it causes or favours a shift from the typical syndromes to the mixed residual states mainly brought about by a potential reduction in symptoms.
Die Veränderung psychotischer Langzeitverläufe nach Psychotherapie
Authors: Schindler R.
Published: February 2010

The author compares his own schizophrenic patients treated by him and his co-workers at the Vienna Psychiatric University Clinic between the years 1949 and 1959 by ‘bifocal family therapy’, a method developed by him with a control group. In his own patients he has carried out a 20-year follow-up study assessing the subsequent course of their lives. The control group consisted of schizophrenic patients treated in 1970 at the Vienna Psychiatric Hospital along routine lines by pharmacotherapy. The psychotherapy group (n = 116) assessed by social criteria such as work record, partner relationships, children, or social isolation, invalidism at home or in hospital is clearly superior and approaches normality. Yet even they show ongoing signs of dynamic disturbance in the sense described by Janzarik expansive derailment, instability, emptiness) which have statistical relationships with the types of breakdowns in their life history and the kinds of later partner relationships. The author interprets this socially successful psychotherapy as a help in achieving emancipation in relation to a certain situation which arose in its development, but sees in the continued affinity to the basic dynamic disturbance and its influence on partner choice a risk factor of the newly formed family and the issuing children.
Soziogenese und Sozialtherapie
Authors: Strotzka H.
Published: February 2010

Sociogenesis is divided into primary sociogenesis (direct connection between social conditions and mental disorders), secondary sociogenesis (indirect connection), and tertiary sociogenesis (social consequences of a disorder according to the degree of acceptance). It has to be interpreted in a system network with organo- and psychogenesis. Social therapy is, according to that, an integration of social work, psychotherapy and pedagogics. Its main instrument is the therapeutic community.
Psychiatrisches Krankenhaus in Bewegung
Authors: Gabriel E.
Published: February 2010

Papers in respect to the topic “On the possibility of influencing the course of psychiatric illness” which were presented at the 5th Steinhof Symposium, October 1979 in Vienna, are summarized with the aim to focus on and to support necessary efforts for an improvement of psychiatric care. Investigations in inpatient populations (Strömgren, E.: Past and future changes in inpatient population; Gabriel, E.: Modifications in inpatient populations of big psychiatric hospitals) showed the importance of institutional differentiation and the similarity of problems in different countries, e.g. Denmark and Austria is mentioned. The papers of Ciompi (Prognosis in rehabilitation of chronic psychiatric patients) and Pfolz et al. (Factors preventing discharge of long-term inpatients from hospital) summarize concepts of inpatient care. In the papers of Schöny et al. (Ward group therapy – its importance for the opening of psychiatric wards) and Ly on (Supervision of community –auxiliary lay workers) modern concepts of a pragmatic psychiatry are described. Trends in psychiatric inpatient care are becoming apparent which raise the hope that psychiatric hospitals will provide – through the aforementioned differentiation – more, adequate care for the individual patient.
Genetische Markierungsbefunde bei Wahnkrankheiten der Lebensmitte
Authors: Lange Volkmar
Published: February 2010

In the distribution of their serum groups the totality of 48 patients with paranoid psychoses of late onset is characterized by failure of the well-known markers of manic-depressive or schizophrenic illness. However, when differentiated psychopathologically, the haptoglobin (Hp) type 2–2 as a risk factor of cyclothymic psychoses is found to be significantly overrepresented in the patient group with a cyclic axis syndrome. On the other hand, an excess of Hp 1–1 can be observed and statistically confirmed in comparison with the population level among the patients offering a schizophrenic axis syndrome or resting unclassified. Possibly, the Hp serum groups play a role in the bioregulation of emotionality. The ‘noncyclic’ group does not show the marker traits of process psychoses, but in this sampüng there is, in contrast to the ‘cyclics,’ a higher concentration of the immunoglobulin G serum level on the statistical border line, which perhaps is caused by destructive factors. The results correspond with the special state of the examined psychoses basing on biological determinants of different origin.
Urinary Free Cortisol Excretion in Endogenously Depressed and Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Diebold K. , Kick H. , Schmidt G.
Published: February 2010

In 8 endogenously depressed and 9 schizophrenic patients, the excretion of urinary free cortisol was measured. The endogenous depressives exhibited a significantly (p < 0.01) higher excretion of free cortisol (X = 122 µg/24 h or X = 68 µg/24 h) when compared to schizophrenics. This finding, earlier reported by others, suggests a hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical activation in endogenously depressed patients.
HLA, Schizophrenien und Arthropathien
Authors: Gattaz Wagner F. , Kasper Siegfried , Ewald Rolf , Beckmann Helmut
Published: February 2010

Significantly more individuals with human leucocyte antigens (HLA) A9 and B27 have been identified in the group of chronic paranoid schizophrenics with early onset of the disease. It is known that individuals with HLA B27 have a markedly increased risk to fall ill from arthropathies (i.e. Bechterew’s disease). Generally, it seems extremely rare that arthropathies and schizophrenia occur together in the same person. In 16 chronic paranoid schizophrenics with HLA B27 no form of arthropathy and in 288 arthropathic patients no case of schizophrenia could be detected (evidenced in a psychiatric case register). Furthermore in 131 arthropathic patients with HLA B27 no psychiatric disease (except one feebleminded and one with alcohol problems) could be identified. On the other hand, in the group of arthropathic patients without HLA B27 the incidence of psychiatric diseases was 5 times higher than in the group with HLA B27 and so comparable to the morbidity of the normal population. It is conceivable that HLA B27 is a ‘genetic marker’ for arthropathy as well as for a defined subgroup of schizophrenia. These data agree with the hypothesis that schizophrenia and arthropathies are mutually exclusive in one individual.
Psychiatrische Hospitalisierung bei Geschiedenen
Authors: Olbrich D. , Bojanovsky J.
Published: February 2010

100 records of divorced inpatients were compared with 100 records of married inpatients after having been matched according to sex, age and social background. Almost 50% of the divorced patients were hospitalized within the first year after their divorce, i.e. this is the period which should be concentrated on when taking preventive measures. The most frequent duration of the marriage was between 5 to 10 years whereas in the population it was only between 3 and 5 years. This suggests that divorces after only a few years of marriage do not have such traumatic effects. The diagnoses of psychopathic personality, alcohol and drug dependence, attempted suicide and neurotic and reactive depressions were more frequently made with divorced that with married patients. Affective psychosis and cerebral-organic illnesses, however, were not so often found. The divorced patients being hospitalized within the first year after their divorce could be divided into two subgroups. The first subgroup comprised patients with frequent diagnosis of personality disorders and attempted suicide who were hospitalized for the first time after their divorce and needed only a short-term stay in hospital. In the second subgroup were patients who had already been hospitalized before their divorce – frequently with the diagnosis of schizophrenia -; that means they became recidivous after their divorce and needed a long-term stay in hospital. Social problems were especially relevant with divorced patients.
Zur Phänomenologie und Psychodynamik von Patienten mit sogenannten «harten» und «weichen» Suizidmethoden
Authors: Reimer Ch. , Götze P. , Dahme B.
Published: February 2010

88 patients with ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ methods of suicide attempts are compared and described. The results show several differences between both groups of patients: (1) In the choice of a ‘soft’ method painlessness played a superior role. Patients who had chosen a ‘hard’ method were far less sensitive to pain, or the experience of pain had extensively faded. (2) Men with ‘hard’methods seemed to be more needy than men with ‘soft’ methods. (3) Men and women of the ‘hard’ group (preponderantly wrist cutters) showed a stronger and earlier beginning of conflict denial than patients of the ‘soft’ group. Therefore, immediate crisis intervention seems to be especially indicated. (4) Attention should be drawn to the countertransference reactions of helpers in contact with patients who had employed different methods of suicide attempts.
Course and Relationship of Lithium Side Effects to Plasma Lithium Levels
Authors: Peselow Eric D. , Dunner David L. , Fieve Ronald R. , Rubinstein Morton E.
Published: February 2010

49 patients with primary affective disorders maintained on lithium were evaluated over a 6-month course and the pattern of 10 well-known innocuous side effects of lithium therapy was closely evaluated. The patients had significantly more side effects in the 1 st month as opposed to the 4th through 6th months. The difference was statistically significant (with p less than 0.05). There was no difference in plasma lithium levels among individuals having no side effects, 1–2 side effects or 3 or more side effects at any point during the 6-month period.
The Principle of Separate Responsibility in Clinical Psychiatric Practice
Authors: Bleeker J.A.C. , Frohn-de Winter M.L.
Published: February 2010

An experiment lasting 6 years with an organizational principle called ‘separate responsibility’ is described. Its aim was to promote open two-way communication in an acute psychiatric admission clinic, by dividing power, i.e. responsibility for individual patients and patients as a group, over two multidisciplinary treatment teams. Multidisciplinarity, however, turned out to be impossible to maintain for different reasons. Instead, a splitting occurred of medical and nursing disciplines through identification of the former with individual treatment and of the latter with the patient groups. An unproductive loss of common treatment goals was the result leading to a near closing down of the clinic. Putting medical and nursing personnel into one team, responsible for the entire treatment of the unit, restored productivity and improved treatment and the working climate.
Psychogenic Retention of Urine
Authors: Abramovici Iancu , Assael Marcel
Published: February 2010

Psychogenic retention of urine (PRU) may manifest itself in different clinical forms which mimic a genuine organic disturbance. Three clinical examples are presented in which PRU appears as: (1) malingering; (2) an upper motor lesion inducing spastic closure of the bladder neck, and (3) an alteration of the sensory input, closely resembling sensory neuron damage. The urologist becomes involved in the treatment of these patients by the natural expression of the symptoms. The underlying psychogenic factor does not become evident until urodynamic investigations and often specific therapeutic steps have been undertaken. The urologic treatment sometimes appears helpful because the patients do not realise or refuse to accept the idea of a psychogenic cause and expect relief from the urologist. The latter should withdraw his involvement as soon as an organic cause has been excluded.
The Course of Depression for Different Types of Schizophrenia
Authors: Strian F. , Heger R. , Klicpera C.
Published: February 2010

During 197 courses of treatment for schizophrenia, depressive mood was evaluated every other day with a self-rating mood scale. The different patterns of depression identified in an earlier study could be correlated with the diagnostic subgroups of schizophrenia in which the patients were classified. Hebephrenic affect disturbance appeared as temporal discontinuity of depressive mood during the courses of treatment. Patients with a paranoid type of schizophrenia were the least depressed and had the fewest fluctuations of mood. Although patients with a schizoaffective type of schizophrenia exhibited characteristic changes between manic and depressive mood, their mood within a manic or depressive period was more stable than that of any other subgroup. The differences in depressive course are discussed in terms of their symptomatological and diagnostic significance.
Depressive Patienten in stationärer Behandlung
Authors: Wolfersdorf M. , Straub R. , Helber I. , Kopittke W. , Metzger R. , Hole G. , Faust V.
Published: February 2010

Between the end of 1976 and the beginning of 1980 more than 700 patients were admitted to the Weissenau Depression Ward. The most important data were obtained by way of special questionnaires, and part of it will be presented in abridged form in the following paper. In respect of the distribution of sex and age, marital status, manner and background of admission, psychiatric case history, duration of hospitalization, nosological allocation, above all for the nature of depression, age, phenomenological and nosological distribution, course of illness, time of hospitalisation, and therapeutical success interesting information is gained.
Delusional Misidentification Syndromes and Cerebral ‘Dysrhythmia’
Authors: Christodoulou G.N. , Malliara-Loulakaki S.
Published: February 2010

Electroencephalographic investigation of 21 patients with delusional misidentification syndromes (11 with the syndrome of Capgras, 7 with the syndrome of Frégoli, 2 with the syndrome of intermetamorphosis and 1 with the syndrome of subjective doubles) revealed a high abundance and severity of abnormalities. The findings are discussed within the framework of a possible organic (and more specifically dysrhythmic) contribution to the pathogenesis of these syndromes.
Unter welchen Bedingungen lassen weitere Verlaufsforschungen noch neue Erkenntnisse über die endogenen Psychosen erwarten?
Authors: Berner Peter
Published: February 2010

Exhaustive follow-up studies of schizophrenia from Zürich, Bonn and Lausanne have produced strikingly similar results, despite considerable methodological differences. These ‘classical’ modes of differentiating the endogenous psychoses are critically analyzed. In contrast, the application of the operational research criteria recently developed by American authors results in a narrowing of the concept of schizophrenia and a proportional broadening of the cyclothymic disorders. Use of the Viennese research criteria, the definition of an ‘axial syndrome’ of schizophrenia, has the identical nosological effect. While the American diagnosis is phenomenological and essentially ‘atheoretical’, the Viennese view is based on the hypothesis of a core disorder. Further comparative polydiagnostic studies are called for in order to determine the relative value of these various research instruments.
Age of Onset of Affective Illness
Authors: Peselow Eric D. , Dunner David L. , Fieve Ronald R. , Deutsch Stephen I. , Rubinstein Morton E.
Published: February 2010

The age of onset of affective illness as measured by the initial psychiatric consultation for four affective subtypes was evaluated. Bipolar I (mean age = 28.00) and cyclothymics (mean age = 27.58) sought psychiatric consultation for their affective symptoms significantly earlier than unipolar patients (mean age = 34.69). Bipolar II patients (mean age = 31.54) sought psychiatric consultation at an age intermediate between bipolar I and unipolar patients. Male bipolar II patients sought psychiatric treatment significantly later than female bipolar II patients and there was a nonsignificant trend toward male cyclothymics initially seeking treatment later than female cyclothymics. In all, the range of age of onset for the four affective subtypes was quite wide suggesting that a patient was at risk for developing an affective disorder at any time from adolescence to the geriatric age range.
Neuroendocrinological Aspects of Depression and Symptomatological Picture
Authors: Tosca P. , Fenoglio L. , Zerbi F. , Romani A. , Bezzi G. , Ferrari E. , Canepari C.
Published: February 2010

Cortisol and prolactin circadian rhythms were determined in a group of depressed hospitalized women who were submitted the next day to the dexamethasone suppression test. The depressed were classified as endogenous and non-endogenous according to symptomatological criteria. Some significant differences were found between the two groups when compared to control subjects in cortisol as well as prolactin bio-rhythms, and the cortisol suppression percentages were significantly lower in the endogenous than in the non-endogenous. This difference is abolished by benzodiazepine treatment.
Zur Frage einer durch Diät ausgelösten Depression sowie deren Behandlung: ein verhaltensorientiertes Gruppentherapiekonzept
Authors: Sachs G. , Nutzinger D. , Zapotoczky H.G.
Published: February 2010

Preliminary results of a behavior-oriented therapeutic concept for adipose females, who can be called a risk group because of their psychic instability, are presented. 6 adipose females, who at the beginning of the therapy showed a partial endomorphic cyclothymic axial syndrome according to Berner, participated in group therapy. Half of the patients were additionally supported with antidepressants. The results show that those patients with additional medicamental treatment did profit far more from the therapeutic supply than did the others in all examined parameters: they were better motivated to stay with the group, became socially more competent, and lost more weight.