bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examination of caries‐affected dentin and composite‐resin interface after different caries removal methods: A scanning electron microscope study
Authors: Donmez Nazmiye , Kazak Magrur , Kaynar Zeynep Buket , Sesen Uslu Yesim
Published: February 2022

To evaluate the caries‐affected dentin and composite‐resin interface with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after different caries removal methods in human molars. Twelve with extensive approximal caries lesions that did not reach the pulp and five caries‐free molars (control group [CG]) were used. Carious teeth were divided into four experimental groups: Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART), Rotary Instrument (RI), Photo‐Ablation, and Papain‐Based Enzymatic Gel (Brix 3000®, Brix, Brazil). Class II slot cavities were prepared with RI in the CG. Then all caries removed teeth and control groups were restored (All‐Bond Universal, BISCO, USA; Clearfil MajestyES‐2, Kuraray, Japan). Specimens were prepared for SEM examinations. Hybrid layer (HL) thicknesses were measured using ImageJ programme. Gap measurements were performed with micro‐CT. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and posthoc Dunnett's t‐tests (p < .05). The highest HL thickness was found in Photo‐Ablation Group, and a statistically significant difference was observed among the control and experimental groups (p < .05). The lowest HL thickness was measured in the Enzymatic Gel Group. In terms of internal gap formation, CG showed statistically significant differences compared to the other groups (p < .05). The highest internal gap was observed in RI Group, while the lowest gap was observed in CG. According to SEM, a uniform HL and resin tags were seen in the CG. Smear layer, irregular HL, and gap formation were observed in ART Group. In RI Group, nonuniform HL formation and resin tags were observed. In Photo‐Ablation Group, a uniform HL without smear layer and internal gap was observed. In the Enzymatic Gel Group, both opened dentinal tubules, and melting‐like formations were observed on the dentin surface. Especially melting‐like formations were observed in peritubular dentin. It can be concluded that all caries removal methods except rotary instrumentation were conservative methods, which preserve more healthy dental tissues.

Research highlights

Among the caries removal procedures, the photo‐ablation caries removal method stands out with the highest hybrid layer (HL) thickness and the lowest internal gap formation. Despite having the lowest HL thickness, the enzymatic gel method can be advantageous for patients requesting an alternative caries removal instead of a rotary instrument.
Impact of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Epicardial Adipose Tissue and Myocardial Microcirculation by MRI in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Huang Shan , Li Yuan , Jiang Li , Ren Yan , Wang Jin , Shi Ke , Yan Wei‐Feng , Qian Wen‐Lei , Yang Zhi‐Gang
Published: February 2022

Background

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) often occurs conjunctly with the menopausal transition in female patients. In addition, epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) has an unfavorable impact on the myocardium and coronary arteries under the influence of metabolic disorders.

Purpose

To investigate the impact of T2DM on EAT and myocardial microvascular function in postmenopausal women.

Study Type

Retrospective.

Population

One‐hundred sixty‐one postmenopausal women divided into three groups: newly diagnosed (≤5 years) T2DM (n = 56, 58.6 ± 7.7 years), long‐term (>5 years) T2DM (n = 57, 61.9 ± 7.9 years), and healthy controls (n = 48, 59.4 ± 7.4 years).

Field Strength/Sequence

3.0 T; balanced steady‐state free precession and inversion recovery prepared echo‐planar sequences.

Assessment

EAT volume was quantified by delineating the epicardial border and the visceral layer of pericardium on the short‐axis cine stacks. Perfusion parameters including upslope, maximum signal intensity (MaxSI) and time to maximum signal intensity (TTM) were derived from the first‐pass perfusion signal intensity–time curves.

Statistical Tests

One‐way analysis of variance, Pearson's and Spearman correlation, and multivariable linear regression. Two‐sided P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

EAT volume was significantly increased in diabetic postmenopausal women compared to the controls (48.4 ± 13.4 mL/m2 [newly diagnosed T2DM] vs. 58.4 ± 17.3 mL/m2 [long‐term T2DM] vs. 35.8 ± 12.3 mL/m2 [controls]). Regarding perfusion parameters, upslope and MaxSI were significantly reduced (2.6 ± 1.0 [newly diagnosed T2DM] vs. 2.1 ± 0.8 [long‐term T2DM] vs. 3.6 ± 1.3 [controls]; and 21.4 ± 6.9 [newly diagnosed T2DM] vs. 18.7 ± 6.4 [long‐term T2DM] vs. 28.4 ± 8.6 [controls]), whereas TTM was significantly increased in the T2DM groups compared to the control group (23.6 ± 8.7 [newly diagnosed T2DM] vs. 27.1 ± 9.4 [long‐term T2DM] vs. 21.4 ± 6.0 [controls]). Multivariable analysis (adjusted coefficient of determination [R2] = 0.489) showed that EAT volume (β = −0.610) and menopausal age (β = 0.433) were independently correlated with decreased perfusion upslope.

Data Conclusion

Diabetic postmenopausal women had significantly higher EAT volume and more impaired microcirculation compared to the controls. Increased EAT volume and earlier menopausal age were independently associated with microvascular dysfunction in these patients.

Level of Evidence

3

Technical Efficacy Stage

3
Australian sub‐regional temperature responses to volcanic forcing: A critical analysis using CMIP5 models
Authors: Harvey Pamela J. , Grab Stefan W.
Published: February 2022

It is now well established that global to local climate is impacted by volcanic forcing associated with major eruptions. Much attention has been given to the way in which climate is affected by such eruptions, particularly for the Northern Hemisphere, and to a considerably lesser extent for the Southern Hemisphere. Research knowledge gaps remain on such forcing impacts at finer sub‐regional spatial scales. To this end, we explore temperature responses across eight sub‐regions of Australia following three major volcanic eruptions (i.e., Krakatau, 1883; Santa Maria, 1902; Pinatubo, 1991) as simulated by CMIP5 models. We then compare such responses with station and reanalysis datasets. Model outputs indicate strongest temperature responses over more northerly regions than southerly regions of Australia, with weakest responses over Tasmania. Eastern regions of Australia seem to have strongest seasonal cooling during austral autumn, while that for northwestern coastal regions is during austral winter. In contrast, central regions of Australia cool most substantially during austral summer and/or winter, depending on the eruption. Despite such variability, initial temperature responses occur during the warmer austral months (September to February). Uncertainties exist in the reliability of CMIP5 data. For instance, temperature responses from the later Pinatubo eruption seem in stronger agreement with reanalysis data than earlier eruptions (Krakatau and Santa Maria), and while most seasonal temperature responses are stronger than those provided through reanalysis data, they are often weaker in austral spring.
Malignant phyllodes tumor and primary breast sarcoma; distinct rare tumors of the breast
Authors: Gutnik Lily , Ren Yi , Thomas Samantha M. , Plichta Jennifer K. , Greenup Rachel A. , Fayanju Oluwadamilola M. , Hwang E. Shelley , Rosenberger Laura H.
Published: February 2022

Background

Malignant phyllodes (MP) and primary breast sarcomas (PBS) are rare neoplasms with overlapping histopathologic features. We compared overall survival (OS) and estimated the association of surgery and therapies with OS.

Methods

We utilized the National Cancer Database (2004–2016). Patients without surgery, unknown surgery, or margins, or Stage IV disease were excluded. Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate unadjusted and adjusted OS, respectively.

Results

A total of 3209 (59.5%) MP, and 2185 (40.5%) PBS were identified. Despite a larger median tumor size in MP (46 vs. 40 mm PBS, p < 0.001), lumpectomy rate was higher for MP (52.9% vs. 27.0% PBS, p < 0.001). Compared to MP, PBS patients more frequently received radiation (28.9% vs. 24%), and chemotherapy (28.1% vs. 4%), both p < 0.001. Unadjusted OS was lower for PBS (57% vs. 85% MP, log‐rank p < 0.001). PBS (vs. MP) had persistently worse survival (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.98, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.69–2.31) after adjustment. Receipt of adjuvant therapies was not associated with OS (either neoplasm); however, lumpectomy was associated with improved OS (vs. mastectomy) for both PBS (HR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.50–0.75) and MP (HR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.53–0.81). Positive margins had no association with OS for MP (HR: 1.09, 95% CI: 0.75–1.60), but was associated with worse survival for PBS (HR: 2.35, 95% CI: 1.82–3.02).

Discussion

We found significant survival differences between MP and PBS, with PBS having a consistently worse OS. Our findings support surgery as the mainstay of treatment for both tumor types and suggest that lumpectomy may be a reasonable option for select patients without compromising outcomes.
Room temperature fabrication of magnetic covalent organic frameworks for analyzing sulfonamide residues in animal‐derived foods
Authors: Gong Zhen , Wan Qianqian , Song Jiayi , Li Meng , He Wenting , Zhou Zixin , Su Ping , Zhang Chunting , Yang Yi
Published: February 2022

A magnetic solid phase extraction method based on magnetic covalent organic frameworks (TpBD@Fe3O4; 2,4,6‐triformylphloroglucinol (Tp) and benzidine (BD)) combined with high performance liquid chromatography has been developed to detect the sulfonamides including sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, and sulfamethoxazole in milk and meat. TpBD@Fe3O4 were synthesized at room temperature under mild reaction conditions with a simple and rapid operation. The TpBD@Fe3O4 exhibited higher extraction efficiency because of the π–π and electrostatic interactions between the benzene ring structure of the TpBD and the sulfonamide molecules. The extraction conditions including the dosage of adsorbents, the type and dosage of eluent, the elution time, and the pH of the sample solution were fully optimized. The detection results showed good linearity over a wide range (50–5 × 104 ng/mL) and low detection limits (3.39–5.77 ng/mL) for the sulfonamide targets. The practicability of this magnetic solidphase extraction‐high‐performance liquid chromatography method was further evaluated by analyzing milk and meat samples, with recoveries of the targets of 71.6–110.8% in milk and 71.9–109.7% in pork. The successful detection of sulfonamides residues has demonstrated the TpBD@Fe3O4 excellent practical potential for analyzing pharmaceutical residues in animal‐derived foods.
Increasing donation intentions toward endangered species: An empirical study on the mediating role of psychological and technological elements of VR
Authors: Moriuchi Emi , Murdy Samantha
Published: February 2022

Virtual reality (VR) as a communication tool is increasingly gaining attention in various contexts, including the promotion of fundraising and donation‐based activities. Recent academic literature tends to focus on VR as a valuable tool for human‐human donation, with little consideration of the human‐animal donation context. Furthermore, the use of key flagship species can encourage donations for the specific animal and provide broader conservation and economic benefits, including encouraging tourism and visitor spending. However, work needs to explore VR as a tool for flagship species donation versus other forms of communication tools and the impact this could have on broader conservation goals. Two studies were conducted to investigate VR in a human‐animal donation context using two modalities (VR and static advertisement). Study 1 investigates the mediating role of psychological elements: empathy and enjoyment, while Study 2 examines the mediating role of technological elements of VR: usability and telepresence. We found that VR increases enjoyment and engagement with the flagship species, increasing the likelihood of donating. VR also increases telepresence, and the usability of the VR tool positively affects donors' likelihood to donate. Our findings inform a future research agenda to consider VR in a donation context further.
A novel unbalanced translocation between chromosomes 5p and 18q leading to dysmorphology and global developmental delay
Authors: Verdi Giavanna , Li Dong , Elsea Sarah H. , Nelson Beverly , Bhoj Elizabeth J. , Hakonarson Hakon , Yearwood Katherine R. , Upadhya Sharmila , Gluschitz Sarah , Smith Janice L. , Sobering Andrew K.
Published: February 2022

Background

Individuals with various sized terminal duplications of chromosome 5p or terminal deletions of chromosome 18q have been described. These aberrations may cause congenital malformations and intellectual disability of varying severity.

Methods

Via an international collaborative effort, we obtained a cytogenetic diagnosis for a 5‐year‐old boy of Afro‐Caribbean ancestry who has global developmental delay, dysmorphology, hypotonia, feeding difficulties, bilateral club feet, and intellectual disability.

Results

Conventional G‐banded karyotyping showed additional chromatin of unknown origin on the long arm of chromosome 18. SNP microarray confirmed the loss of ~6.4 Mb from chromosome 18q: arr[hg19] 18q22.3‐q23(71,518,518‐77,943,115)x1. The source of the additional chromatin was determined from the microarray to be ~32 Mb from the short arm of chromosome 5 (arr[hg19] 5p13.3‐p15.33(51,045‐32,062,984)x3). The unbalanced translocation was verified by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Both parents are healthy and have normal karyotypes suggesting that this abnormality arose de novo in the proband, although gonadal mosaicism in a parent cannot be excluded.

Conclusion

The combination of clinical features in this individual is most likely due to the partial deletion of 18q and partial duplication of 5p, which to our knowledge has not been previously described.
California proposal goes bold to rescue behavioral workforce
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: February 2022

California's behavioral health workforce crisis has become so dire that it will require comprehensive solutions combining immediate‐ and longer‐term measures, concludes the drafters of ambitious new state legislation. The bill, introduced in the state Senate earlier this month, would establish a fund to offset raids on the ranks of behavioral health professionals from other health care disciplines.
Speed determinacy of the traveling waves for a three species time‐periodic Lotka–Volterra competition system
Authors: Wu Qiong , Pan Chaohong , Wang Hongyong
Published: February 2022

Some physical environmental conditions changing in time create a great difficulty in studying time‐periodic traveling wave solutions. In this paper, we investigate speed selection of time‐periodic traveling waves for a three species time‐periodic Lotka–Volterra competition system. By transforming the competitive system into a cooperative system, the existence of the traveling wave solutions and speed determinacy of the spread speed are studied via the upper–lower solution method as well as the comparison principle. Through constructing specific types of upper and lower solutions to the system, some sets of sufficient conditions composed of the parameters in the system are established to justify the linear and nonlinear selection of the spread speed. As the positive periodic functions in system reduces to the constant coefficients, parts of our results could cover the previous works, and the other results are novel.
Lifestyle modification and inflammation in people with axial spondyloarthropathy—A scoping review
Authors: Roberts Matthew J. , Leonard Amber N. , Bishop Nicolette C. , Moorthy Arumugam
Published: February 2022

Introduction

People with axial spondyloarthritis (AS) have an inflammatory profile, increasing the risk of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and dyslipidaemia. Consequently, AS is linked with co‐morbidities such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). Physical inactivity, diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, and obesity influence inflammation, but knowledge of the interaction between these with inflammation, disease activity, and CVD risk in AS is dominated by cross‐sectional research.

Methods

A review of the literature was conducted between July 2020 and December 2021. The focus of the scoping review is to summarise longitudinal and randomised control trials in humans to investigate how tracking or modifying lifestyle influences inflammation and disease burden in patients with AS.

Key messages

(1) Lifestyle modifications, especially increased physical activity (PA), exercise, and smoking cessation, are critical in managing AS. (2) Smoking is negatively associated with patient reported outcome measures with AS, plus pharmaceutical treatment adherence, but links with structural radiographic progression are inconclusive. (3) Paucity of data warrant structured studies measuring inflammatory cytokine responses to lifestyle modification in AS.

Conclusion

Increased PA, exercise, and smoking cessation should be supported at every given opportunity to improve health outcomes in patients with AS. The link between smoking and radiographic progression needs further investigation. Studies investigating the longitudinal effect of body weight, alcohol, and psychosocial factors on disease activity and physical function in patients with AS are needed. Given the link between inflammation and AS, future studies should also incorporate markers of chronic inflammation beyond the standard C‐reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate measurements.
Pitch‐black surface stemming from self‐standing ZnFe2O4 nanowalls
Authors: Dong Shuxin , Ohta Riichiro , Kosaka Satoru , Iseki Takashi
Published: February 2022

Combinations of surface nanostructures with the intrinsic photo‐interactivity of constituent materials could enhance photoabsorption properties. Although the intrinsic photoabsorption properties of ZnFe2O4 in a broad wavelength range have been reported, the photoabsorption properties of ZnFe2O4 with surface nanostructures have not been investigated yet. In this study, a pitch‐black surface, which is covered with a ZnFe2O4 nanowall array, is generated via a facile synthesis method, that is, heating a pre‐electrodeposited surface layer comprising Zn and Fe in air. The key factors for generating the nanowall array are the Zn content in the pre‐electrodeposited ZnFe layer and the heating temperature. The generation mechanism of the nanowall array is proposed based on the thermodynamics of oxides and the dynamics of crystal growth. The black surface absorbs greater than 94% and 97% of the incident light over wavelength ranges of 200–2500 nm and 200–1100 nm, respectively. Surfaces with the ZnFe2O4 nanowall array are promising for various optical, environmental and energy applications owing to their unique nanostructure and the intrinsic functional properties of ZnFe2O4.
Paths and flows for centrality measures in networks
Authors: Bubboloni Daniela , Gori Michele
Published: February 2022

We consider the number of paths that must pass through a subset X of vertices of a capacitated network N in a maximum sequence of arc‐disjoint paths connecting two vertices y and z. We consider then the difference between the maximum flow value from y to z in N and the maximum flow value from y to z in the network obtained from N by setting to zero the capacities of arcs incident to X. When X is a singleton, those quantities are involved in defining and computing the flow betweenness centrality and are commonly identified without any rigorous proof justifying the identification. On the basis of a deep analysis of the interplay between paths and flows, we prove that, when X is a singleton, those quantities coincide. Moreover they are both equal to the global flow that must pass through X in any maximum flow from y to z. On the other hand, we prove that, when X has at least two elements, those quantities and the global flow that must pass through X in any maximum flow from y to z may be different from each other. We next show that, by means of the considered quantities, two conceptually different group centrality measures, based on paths and flows respectively, can be naturally defined. Such group centrality measures both extend the flow betweenness centrality to groups of vertices and are proved to satisfy a desirable form of monotonicity.
Spectral analysis of the finite element matrices approximating 2D linearly elastic structures and multigrid proposals
Authors: Nguyen Quoc Khanh , Serra‐Capizzano Stefano , Tablino‐Possio Cristina , Wadbro Eddie
Published: February 2022

Topology optimization aims to find the best material layout subject to given constraints. The so‐called material distribution methods cast the governing equation as an extended or fictitious domain problem, in which a coefficient field represents the design. When solving the governing equation using the finite element method, a large number of elements are used to discretize the design domain, and an element‐wise constant function approximates the coefficient field in the considered design domain. This article presents a spectral analysis of the (large) coefficient matrices associated with the linear systems stemming from the finite element discretization of a linearly elastic problem for an arbitrary coefficient field. Based on the spectral information, we design a multigrid method which turns out to be optimal, in the sense that the (arithmetic) cost for solving the related linear systems, up to a fixed desired accuracy, is proportional to the matrix‐vector cost, which is linear in the corresponding matrix size. The method is tested, and the numerical results are very satisfactory in terms of linear cost and number of iterations, which is bounded by a constant independent of the matrix size.
School‐based child abuse prevention: The role of school climate in intervention outcomes for teachers
Authors: Dudley Melissa J. , Nickerson Amanda B. , Kim Sunha , Livingston Jennifer A.
Published: February 2022

School climate is an important potential mechanism by which school‐based prevention and intervention efforts exert their effects, although this is rarely examined in the context of child abuse prevention programs. The current study evaluated the effectiveness of a school‐based child abuse prevention curriculum; the Second Step Child Protection Unit (CPU), on improving teachers' knowledge and attitudes toward reporting suspected child abuse and the potential role school climate has on teachers' reporting behaviors. The sample included 162 school teachers participating in a randomized controlled trial who completed assessment measures at three time‐points (pretest, posttest, and 6‐month follow‐up). Results from the current study revealed that the Second Step CPU significantly improved teachers' knowledge and attitudes toward reporting suspected child abuse and there was a partial mediation effect of school climate on teacher outcomes at 6‐month follow‐up. These findings add to the literature on child abuse prevention by indicating that a comprehensive child safety intervention is not only effective for improving targeted outcomes, but also for improving the overall school climate. Therefore, understanding school climate as a mechanism of change may promote the successful implementation of school‐based child abuse prevention programs.
Au‐Free Ohmic Contact for GaN High‐Electron‐Mobility Transistors
Authors: Yazdani Hossein , Chevtchenko Serguei , Brunner Frank , Tränkle Günther , Würfl Joachim
Published: February 2022

Herein, the fabrication of Au‐free ohmic contacts for mm‐wave GaN heterojunction field‐effect transistors is investigated. To find an optimum metal stack and annealing recipe, different metallization and rapid thermal annealing temperature/duration combinations are tested. They are compared with the well‐known Ti/Al/Ni/Au ohmic contact scheme optimized for AlGaN/GaN epitaxial structures. Herein, a Ta/Al/Ta metal stack is initially fabricated and analyzed. Subsequently, further developments for improving the contact resistance and surface roughness of Ta‐based ohmic contacts are carried out. The best achieved Au‐free contact resistance is ≈0.28 ± 0.18 Ω mm for Ta/Al/W metallization after annealing at 600 °C. The root mean square (RMS) surface roughness and edge definition in this contact are improved significantly to 7.5 nm RMS and about 30 nm edge accuracy compared with 16 nm RMS and 160 nm in Au‐based contacts.
Simulation of the Impact of Point Defects and Edge Dislocations on X‐Ray Diffraction in Hexagonal (Ni,Co)1+2xTi1−xO3 Thin Films
Authors: Frantti Johannes , Fujioka Yukari , Rouleau Christopher , Puretzky Alexander
Published: February 2022

A computer code for simulating high‐resolution X‐ray diffraction (XRD) data from disordered crystals with arbitrary spatial composition and local lattice parameters is developed. Simulated patterns are compared with the experimental data collected on a single phase, highly crystalline (Ni0.42Co0.58)2.22Ti0.39O3 solid‐solution thin film exhibiting a large number of subsidiary minima. As a case study, the edge dislocations in hexagonal (Ni,Co)3O3 thin films with Burgers vector parallel and perpendicular to the a‐axis and c‐axis, respectively, are modeled. No peak profiles are assumed and thus issues related to profile fitting are avoided. Both macroscopic features, such as film thickness, and atomic‐scale structure, such as dislocations, are simultaneously modeled. Simulations are run on a desktop machine. Commonly applied database‐based phase identification routines can result in wrong phase identification, unless intensities are properly modeled. Modeling tools of diffractometer manufacturers are compared with the present approach. An example of how simulated reciprocal lattice patterns can be used to choose relevant measurement geometries in defected thin films is given.
Novel Findings on the Optical Properties of Mn4+‐Doped (Rb,K)2Ge4O9 Phosphors
Authors: Oka Ryohei , Nishi Daiki , Hayakawa Tomokatsu
Published: February 2022

Herein, Mn4+‐doped alkaline‐germanate phosphors are synthesized by using starting chemicals of alkaline (K, Rb) carbonates, GeO2 and MnO2. The compounds exhibit bright red photoluminescence (PL) under ultraviolet and blue excitation. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman investigation show the formation of solid solutions of trigonal KxRb2−xGe4O9. The potassium content dependence of the red PL shows the intensity maximized at x = 0.5 and 1.5. This behavior is well matched with the absorption of Mn4+ ions. PL quantum efficiencies (QEs) are also estimated and compared with a previous result for germanates synthesized with Mn carbonates as a starting material. The radiative and nonradiative transition probabilities are also estimated to understand the reason for the observed PL properties, revealing the higher nonradiative transition probability resulting from concentration quenching due to the starting chemical of MnO2. Ab initio calculations are also performed on the electronic structure of the host crystals of the end members of the obtained compounds, K2Ge4O9 and Rb2Ge4O9. The optical bandgap calculated varies between K and Rb, while the observed ones are not sensitive to the K content x. Nevertheless, they are high enough for the optimal red emission of Mn4+ ions via an excitation of 4A2g–4T1g or 4T2g.
The Structure, Magnetic and Magnetotransport Properties of Sr1−xYxCoO3−δ Layered Cobaltites
Authors: Lanovsky Roman , Tereshko Nina , Mantytskaya Olga , Fedotova Vera , Kozlenko Denis , Ritter Clemens , Bushinsky Maxim
Published: February 2022

The properties of Sr1−xYxCoO3−δ layered cobaltites are determined by synchrotron X‐ray and neutron powder diffraction studies, by measurements of magnetic and magnetotransport properties. It is shown that the crystal structure changes from tetragonal P4/mmm (ap × ap × 2ap) to monoclinic A2/m (4√2ap × 2√2ap×4ap up to the magnetic ordering temperature and 2√2ap ×2√2ap × 4ap above) through the intermediate tetragonal I4/mmm (2ap × 2ap × 4ap) with alternating layers of CoO6 and CoO4+δ. The basic magnetic structure is G‐type antiferromagnetic with Co3+ ions in a high spin/low spin (HS/LS) state mixture in both structural layers. The Co3+ magnetic moments in the CoO6 and CoO4+δ layers are 1.5 μB/Co and 2 μB/Co for x = 0.1 and 1.8 μB/Co and 2.7 μB/Co for x = 0.2, respectively. The antiferromagnetic–“ferromagnetic” transition in compounds with x > 0.2 is associated with the structural and orbital disorder. Magnetic transitions are accompanied by structural phase transitions. The presence of the ferromagnetic component is associated with the monoclinic distortions and canting of magnetic moments in anion‐deficient layers due to orbital ordering. A sharp drop of the magnetization for x > 0.2 is caused by the LS Co3+ stabilization and orbital disordering. No spontaneous magnetization is found for compounds with x > 27%.
Application of predicted fragmentation pathways and fragment ion structures for detecting steroids and selective androgen receptor modulators in dietary supplements using liquid chromatography–quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Kim Nam Sook , Lim Na Young , Choi Hwan Seong , Kim Hyungil , Baek Sun Young
Published: February 2022

Rationale

Dietary supplements advertised to strengthen muscles have earned fame among athletes. However, several products containing unauthorized compounds are often detected, which can cause a public health risk. Particularly, steroids and selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) can cause serious side effects as hormone modulators. In this study, we analyzed 15 steroids and 20 SARMs using liquid chromatography–quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC/QTOFMS) to provide fundamental information about fragmentation pathways and fragment ion structures.

Methods

The optimal conditions of LC/QTOFMS were explored to obtain fragmentation patterns for each compound. The optimal conditions were established by comparing the area and height of the precursor ion peak at 125 or 175 V as a fragmentor energy. Furthermore, the optimized spectra were acquired by applying collision energy ranging from 1 to 50 eV. The energy value was selected under the condition that the mass error of precursor ions was less than 10 ppm.

Results

The 35 compounds were classified on the basis of their chemical core structures: arylpropionamide (3 compounds), quinolinone (2), pyrrolidinylbenzonitrile (1), indole (2), tropanol (2), phenylaxadaizole (1), hydantoin (2), phenylthiazole (1), nitrothiophene (1) and steroidal derivative (20). Fragmentation pathways and the chemical structure of each product ion were predicted and identified. Furthermore, the obtained structural information was applied to screen seized samples. As a result, 10 seized samples were confirmed to contain one or more SARMs by comparing each precursor ion and fragmentation pattern.

Conclusions

The application to real samples for accurate screening indicated that the same fragmentation patterns and product ions as one or more SARM standards were detected and identified in the seized samples advertised as muscle building. Therefore, this study can contribute to ensuring the safety of public health through providing fundamental information about the risk of illegal adulteration.
Comparison of robot‐assisted and conventional laparoscopy for colorectal surgery for endometriosis: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Ferrier Clément , Le Gac Marjolaine , Kolanska Kamila , Boudy Anne‐Sophie , Dabi Yohan , Touboul Cyril , Bendifallah Sofiane , Daraï Emile
Published: February 2022

Background

Our objective was to evaluate surgical outcomes of robotic compared to conventional laparoscopy for colorectal surgery for endometriosis.

Methods

We conducted a prospective cohort study comparing robotic to conventional laparoscopy for colorectal endometriosis during an 18‐month period. We included 61 patients in the robotic group and 61 patients in the conventional laparoscopy group.

Results

Regardless of the colorectal procedure, no differences were found between the groups for complications, blood loss, re‐hospitalisation, surgical revision. Robotic surgery was associated with a higher operating time (208 ± 90 min vs. 169 ± 81 min, p = 0.01) and a higher rate of healthy margins (91% vs. 76%; p = 0.01). For the patients undergoing discoid or segmental resections, robotic surgery was associated with a lower intraoperative complication rate (2% vs. 14%; p = 0.04) without difference in operating time or in postoperative complication rates, including voiding dysfunction.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that the robotic route confer advantages for discoid and segmental resections.
Using research to inform practice through research‐practice partnerships: A systematic literature review
Authors: Sjölund Simon , Lindvall Jannika , Larsson Maria , Ryve Andreas
Published: February 2022

Research‐practice partnerships (RPPs) have drawn a great deal of attention as promising structures for bringing educational research and practice closer together. However, promising as RPPs may be, challenges still exist and there have been calls for studies investigating how research can be used within RPPs, and how to include practitioners more in the generation of research evidence. We address these calls by conducting a systematic review of the research literature on RPPs. Our review of 57 articles shows that research is used in various ways to inform both the methods and content for facilitating school improvement in RPPs. For instance, research on effective PD can be directly applied to a Professional Development (PD) programme to inform the methods of the intervention, or research findings can be used as the content of an intervention to facilitate teacher learning. Moreover, the results suggest that the type of research used to inform RPPs affects the kinds of opportunities for research use that are presented to practitioners; ranging from applying research directly to practice (instrumental use), to using research to extend understanding (conceptual use), or using research methods and methodologies in order to increase practitioners’ capacity for improving education (process use). Based on the results, we argue that the presented opportunities for research use in interventions strongly affect teachers’ opportunities to participate in the generation of research evidence and thereby achieve a more democratised evidence system.
Cover crops and carbon sequestration: Lessons from U.S. studies
Authors: Blanco‐Canqui Humberto
Published: February 2022

Sequestering soil organic carbon (SOC) with cover crops (CCs) to mitigate climate change and enhance other soil ecosystem services is generating much enthusiasm. However, the potential of CCs to sequester large amounts of SOC appears to be debatable, which warrants further discussion on regional and national scales. This paper discusses both CC effects on SOC based on studies in the United States up to 30 May 2021 and practices that could enhance CC ability to sequester SOC. Cover crops accumulated SOC only in 22 (29%) of 77 comparison (CC vs. no CC) counts. Cover crops accumulated 0.2–0.92 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 (0.41 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 average) across the 22 comparisons where CCs increased SOC and 0–0.92 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 (0.12 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 average) across the 77 comparisons in the upper 30‐cm soil depth. Cover crops increased SOC most in low‐C soils (<1% C) and after 5 yr but not when CCs produced <2 Mg biomass ha−1. Because SOC accumulation was primarily correlated (r = .38; p = .006) with CC biomass and years under CCs (r = .37; p = .009), current CC management practices need modification to enhance SOC accumulation. Planting after crop harvest in summer and terminating late to increase CC biomass production along with long‐term (>5 yr) use can be potential strategies. Overall, CCs can accumulate SOC only in one‐third of cases based on U.S. studies, which urges the modification of current CC management practices to boost SOC sequestration.
Aggregate stability in rainfall‐induced soil physical crusts on the Loess Plateau, Northwest China
Authors: Chen Lin , Xu Feifei , Li Jiande , Yang Chang , Wang Jian
Published: February 2022

Comprehensive insights into the aggregate stability of physical crusts enhance the understanding of erosional processes and transport mechanisms. This study evaluated the erosion resistance and aggregate stability in structural and sedimentary crusts of a Lou soil induced by simulated rainfall. A runoff plot (200 cm long × 100 cm wide × 50 cm high) with a slope of 5° was set up to simulate contour tillage (20 cm in ridges, 30 cm in furrows). A single rainfall intensity (60 mm h−1) was applied over six durations (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 min) to obtain structural and sedimentary crusts. With an increase in rainfall duration, bulk density of structural and sedimentary crusts increased from 1.26 g cm−3 (soil before rainfall) to 1.56 and 1.58 g cm−3, respectively. Macroaggregate contents in structural crust changed slightly (from 7.5 to 7.4%); however, a marked increase (from 9.0 to 18.6%) was observed in sedimentary crust with increased rainfall duration. The mean weight diameter and geometric mean diameter (i.e., the inverse of erodibility factor) in structural crusts were lower than sedimentary crusts developed from all rainfall conditions. The aggregate stability index of structural and sedimentary crusts initially increased from 2.12 and 2.07 with the increase in rainfall duration, respectively, and then leveled off at 2.42 and 2.48. Soil aggregate stability of sedimentary crust, which conferred greater resistance against external erosive forces, was stronger than that of structural crust.
Mainstream Optimization Strategies for Cathode Materials of Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Xu Huan , Yan Qi , Yao Wenjiao , Lee Chun-Sing , Tang Yongbing
Published: February 2022

Sodium‐ion batteries are promising candidates for grid‐scale energy storage due to its abundance and similarities to lithium‐ion batteries, whereas the lack of ideal cathode materials limits their practical development. Apart from exploring novel materials, applying optimization strategies on existing potential cathode materials is demonstrated to be effective and efficient in improving their electrochemical properties toward their theoretical best capabilities. Reported strategies include element doping, surface coating, morphology and structure design, defect engineering, etc. Herein, focusing on oxide and polyanionic cathode materials, a comprehensive and systematic review on emerging optimization strategies is provided by discussing representative studies of each. Corresponding fundamental principles, their applicable ranges, and common influences on properties are analyzed. Finally, the perspectives on the current impediments and future directions in the field are presented.
Design of Bifunctional Amino Tf‐Amide Organocatalysts and Application in Various Asymmetric Transformations
Authors: Lee Hyo‐Jun , Maruoka Keiji
Published: February 2022

In this personal account, we describe our recent developments on the four types of amino Tf‐amide catalysts in asymmetric transformations. Firstly, axially chiral biaryl‐based secondary‐amino Tf‐amide catalyzed various stereoselective reactions via enamine intermediates. Secondly, pyrrolidine‐based secondary‐amino aliphatic Tf‐amide catalyzed asymmetric direct Mannich reaction. Thirdly, chiral primary‐amino aliphatic Tf‐amide catalyzed asymmetric direct aldol reaction and conjugate addition. Finally, modified chiral amino aromatic Tf‐amide catalyzed asymmetric transformations. These four different strategies are illustrated by using various organocatalyzed asymmetric transformations.
“It is what it is”: Using Storied‐Identity and intersectionality lenses to understand the trajectory of a young Black woman's science and math identities
Authors: Ibourk Amal , Hughes Roxanne , Mathis Clausell
Published: February 2022

Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) identity has become a popular lens in science education research. However, few studies have looked at how using the interpersonal, structural, cultural, and disciplinary domains of power sheds light on how women of color differently navigate the various cultures of formal and informal schooling as well as college science and math departments. This paper uses narrative inquiry methodology to examine how a young Black woman constructs science and math identities through stories about her previous experiences becoming a science and math person. By also framing it within intersectionality and employing a storied‐identity lens, this study provides insight into how stories that shape identities inform her science and math identities. Specifically, this study looked at how she navigated the emotions and social experiences that fostered an interwoven storied science, math, and racial identity across different times, spaces, and settings. It highlights how a strong sense of belonging in her science and math trajectories was positively influenced through various sources and moments of recognition from community influences (e.g., family, peers, and faculty) and structural disruptions (e.g., the HBCU she attended and STEM camp). Despite negative emotions of self‐doubt and frustration were present when her science, math, racial, and smart student identities came into conflict, she leveraged the positive emotions of joy and pride in her interwoven science and math storylines, which strengthened not only her science and math identities but also her racial identity. The study underscores the importance of leveraging counter‐narratives of resilience as a resilience strategy but also practicing acceptance and self‐compassion when navigating tensions between racial, science, math, and smart‐student identities for women of color in STEM. The study's conclusions add to the call for structural changes within K‐12 and higher education that are crucial for equity goals within STEM education.
Einleitung
Authors: Fuchs Florian
Published: February 2022

„Überblickt man die Wissenschaftsgeschichte der Betriebswirtschaftslehre in den letzten 100 Jahren, so gewinnt man den Eindruck, dass sie ihr Verhältnis zur Ethik und konkret zur Wirtschaftsethik nie hinreichend aufgearbeitet und geklärt hat.“
Compactified AdS black holes, Chamblin-Reall background, and their dual non-conformal relativistic fluids
Authors: Wu Chao , Wang Yanqi
Published: February 2022

Abstract

The Chamblin-Reall background is a static solution of Einstein gravity coupled with a background scalar field and a dynamical domain wall, with the potential of the scalar field being of Liouville type. It can be got by dimensionally reducing a higher dimensional background with a constant potential. Compactified AdS black holes are black hole backgrounds constructed by wrapping one or more spatial directions of a higher dimensional AdS black hole on a torus and then integrating them out. The compactified AdS black hole background is asymptotically flat, non-conformal, and of Chamblin-Reall type. In this work, we derive all the 7 dynamical second-order transport coefficients for the relativistic fluids dual to compactified AdS black holes of various dimensions via fluid/gravity correspondence. Through this work, we achieve three main goals: (1) We prove that all the gravitational backgrounds that can be used to extract analytical results for second-order transport coefficients hitherto are all Chamblin-Reall type backgrounds. (2) We generalize the results in previous studies on the second-order transport coefficients of the relativistic fluids dual to 5-dimensional Chamblin-Reall model into general dimensions. (3) We offer a thorough study on the Kanitscheider-Skenderis proposal and find its physical accounts.
A Compactification of the Universal Moduli Space of Principal G-Bundles
Authors: Castañeda Ángel Luis Muñoz
Published: February 2022

Let G be a semisimple linear algebraic group, $$\rho :G\hookrightarrow \text {SL}(V)$$

ρ
:
G
↪
SL
(
V
)

a finite-dimensional faithful representation, $$g\ge 2$$

g
≥
2

a natural number, and $$\delta $$
δ
a positive rational number. We prove the existence of a compactification of the universal moduli space of semistable principal G-bundles over $$\overline{\text {M}}_{g}$$

M
¯

g

, provided that $$\delta $$
δ
is sufficiently large, having the following property: the fibers over singular curves are the moduli spaces of $$\delta $$
δ
-semistable singular principal G-bundles.
Peripersonal Space from a multisensory perspective: the distinct effect of the visual and tactile components of Visuo-Tactile stimuli
Authors: Beccherle Maddalena , Facchetti Stefania , Villani Francesca , Zanini Marzia , Scandola Michele
Published: February 2022

Peripersonal Space (PPS) is defined as the space close to the body where all interactions between the individual and the environment take place. Behavioural experiments on PPS exploit multisensory integration, using Multisensory Visuo-Tactile stimuli (MVT), whose visual and tactile components target the same body part (i.e. the face, the hand, the foot). However, the effects of visual and tactile stimuli targeting different body parts on PPS representation are unknown, and the relationship with the RTs for Tactile-Only stimuli is unclear. In this study, we addressed two research questions: (1) if the MVT-RTs are independent of Tactile-Only-RTs and if the latter is influenced by time-dependency effects, and (2) if PPS estimations derived from MVT-RTs depend on the location of the Visual or Tactile component of MVTs. We studied 40 right-handed participants, manipulating the body location (right hand, cheek or foot) and the distance of administration. Visual and Tactile components targeted different or the same body parts and were delivered respectively at five distances. RTs to Tactile-Only trials showed a non-monotonic trend, depending on the delay of stimulus administration. Moreover, RTs to Multisensory Visuo-Tactile trials were found to be dependent on the Distance and location of the Visual component of the stimulus. In conclusion, our results show that Tactile-Only RTs should be removed from Visuo-Tactile RTs and that the Visual and Tactile components of Visuo-Tactile stimuli do not necessarily have to target the same body part. These results have a relevant impact on the study of PPS representations, providing new important methodological information.
VEXAS-Syndrom
Authors: Zeeck M. , Kötter I. , Krusche M.
Published: February 2022

Das VEXAS-Syndrom ist eine neu identifizierte autoinflammatorische Systemerkrankung. Das Akronym VEXAS steht hier für Vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X-linked, Autoinflammatory, Somatic. Die Erkrankung beruht auf einer erworbenen somatischen Mutation des UBA1-Gens. Dieses kodiert für das E1-Enzym, welches wiederum für die Ubiquitinierung von Proteinen verantwortlich ist. Aufgrund der Lage des Gens auf dem X‑Chromosom betrifft die Erkrankung überwiegend Männer (in der zweiten Lebenshälfte). Die Patienten weisen eine Plethora an inflammatorischen klinischen Symptomen – oft mit Überlappung von hämatologischen, dermatologischen und rheumatologischen Krankheitsbildern – auf. Insbesondere das Vorliegen von zytoplasmatischen Vakuolen im Knochenmark ist charakteristisch. In dieser Arbeit berichten wir über den klinischen Fall eines VEXAS-Patienten und geben einen Überblick über die Pathophysiologie, Klinik und Diagnostik des Erkrankungsbildes.