bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Family Affair: The Labor Market Experience of Immigrant Spouses
Authors: Cobb‐Clark Deborah A. , Connolly Marie D.
Published: March 2003

Objective. This research examines the role of the family in the immigrant settlement process by assessing the labor supply behavior of immigrant spouses. Methods. We make use of a unique data set—the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Australia (LSIA), which provides detailed demographic, human capital, and labor market information for both principal applicants and their spouses. Results. Family circumstances such as the presence of young children, partners' hours of work, and family income are important determinants of labor supply. Similarly, human capital, particularly English language ability, is closely related to hours worked, and there is some evidence that spouses' employment is related to the visa category of their partners. Conclusions. Since immigration is not a solitary undertaking, evaluations of immigration policy and the economic status of immigrants that ignore interactions between family members may be inaccurate in their representation of the financial health and economic contributions of immigrants.
2. Relative Distribution Methods
Authors: Handcock Mark S. , Morris Martina
Published: March 2003

We present an outline of relative distribution methods, with an application to recent changes in the U.S. wage distribution. Relative distribution methods are a nonparametric statistical framework for analyzing data in a fully distributional context. The framework combines the graphical tools of exploratory data analysis with statistical summaries, decomposition, and inference. The relative distribution is similar to a density ratio. It is technically defined as the random variable obtained by transforming a variable from a comparison group by the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of that variable for a reference group. This transformation produces a set of observations, the relative data, that represent the rank of the original comparison value in terms of the reference group's CDF. The density and CDF of the relative data can therefore be used to fully represent and analyze distributional differences. Analysis can move beyond comparisons of means and variances to tap the detailed information inherent in distributions. The analytic framework is general and flexible, as the relative density is decomposable into the effect of location and shape differences, and into effects that represent both compositional changes in covariates, and changes in the covariate-outcome variable relationship.
In the Shadows of Gompers: Lucy Robins and the Politics of Amnesty, 1918–1922
Authors: Kennedy Kathleen
Published: March 2003

This essay examines Lucy Robins's contributions to the amnesty movement. A protégé of Emma Goldman, Robins undertook her amnesty campaign at Goldman's behest. Frustrated with what she defined as the left's lack of “constructive” solutions, Robins shifted her political alliances and joined the American Federation of Labor. Robins's choice to pursue amnesty within the A.F. of L., the essay argues, sheds important light on the early history of the civil liberties movement and its relationship to labor politics.
Radical Pacifism and the General Strike Against War: Jessie Wallace Hughan, the Founding of the War Resisters League, and the Socialist Origins of Secular Radical Pacifism in America
Authors: Bennett Scott H.
Published: March 2003

Founded by Jessie Wallace Hughan, a socialist pacifist, the War Resisters League (WRL) has remained the major secular, mixed‐gender, radical pacifist organization in America. This article, which explores the neglected story of the WRL's socialist roots, examines Hughan's socialism, the founding of the WRL, and the transatlantic socialist and pacifist origins of Hughan's theory of war resistance. In this context, I examine the Socialist International's pre–World War I proposal to wage a “general strike against war,” British No‐Conscription Fellowship, Independent Labour party, No More War Movement, and War Resisters' International. This article argues that the international socialist movement and European socialist pacifism shaped Hughan's war resistance; that Hughan and the WRL advocated a general strike to prevent war and advance social—and socialist—reform/revolution, a nonviolent technique borrowed from the socialist and labor movements; and that the WRL represents a socialist pacifist ideology and organization.
Relational Knowing in the Reform of Educational Cultures
Authors: Gallego Margaret A. , Hollingsworth Sandra , Whitenack David A.
Published: March 2003

Drawing on examples of collaborative projects in two urban Professional Development Schools, the authors argue against educational reform based solely on curricular standards. They advocate the resources and structures to establish critical relationships enabling educators to learn about themselves as they learn with others, thereby creating the opportunity for the understanding and development of different perspectives. Analyzing relationships characterizing contrastive PDS collaborations, they suggest that relational knowing—or knowledge of curriculum and instruction, knowledge of self and other, and knowledge of critical action—must be in place before school and university reform can occur.
The Perspective of Islamic Fundamentalists and the Limits of Rational Choice Theory
Authors: Monroe Kristen Renwick , Kreidie Lina Haddad
Published: March 2003

How can we best understand Islamic fundamentalism? As fundamentalism has become an increasingly significant political force, many different interpretations have been offered, with fundamentalism explained as both a rational reaction against modernity and as a pathological retreat from reality. We argue here that part of the scholarly failure to understand and deal with the growth of religious fundamentalism results from a failure to recognize the importance of cognitive differences in worldviews held by fundamentalists. By providing an empirical analysis of how fundamentalists see the world—what we identify as a fundamentalist perspective—we hope to supply an important missing piece in the literature on fundamentalism. To do so, we utilized a narrative and survey interview technique to contrast the worldviews of fundamentalists with those of comparable Muslims who are not fundamentalists. Our analysis suggests Islamic fundamentalism attracts because it provides a basic identity, an identity which in turn provides the foundation for daily living. The fundamentalist perspective itself is best understood through reference to a worldview which makes no distinction between public and private, in which truth is revealed by revelation, and reason is subservient to religious doctrine. Religious dictates dominate on all basic issues, and only within the confines of the fundamentalist identity are choices decided by a cost/benefit calculus.
Optimism and Revolt of the Oppressed: A Comparison of Two Polish Jewish Ghettos of World War II
Authors: Tiedens Larissa Z.
Published: March 2003

One World War II Jewish ghetto that revolted, the Warsaw Ghetto, is compared to one that did not, the Lodz Ghetto, in order to examine the causes of violent resistance. This structured focused comparative method (George, 1979) illuminates problems with previous explanations for revolt and nonrevolt in Jewish ghettos and suggest psychological variables that might have led to or precluded organized violence. Specifically, it appears that these two ghettos differed in their perceptions about their future. The residents of the Warsaw Ghetto believed they had no hope of survival while residents of the Lodz Ghetto remained optimistic. These differing perceptions seem to have led to the different outcomes. Possible causes of these percetpions are also discussed.
Beyond Altruism: Identity‐Construction as Moral Motive in Political Explanation
Authors: Teske Nathan
Published: March 2003

This article explores conceptual issues pertaining to the role of moral motivation in political explanation. Employing data drawn from long interview with political activists from across the spectrum of American politics, I criticize both rational actor models and so‐called “dual” motivational theories, that focus on altruism as the primary moral motive in politics, in contrast to the narrow focus on a certain conception of self‐interest. Against both of these approaches, I offer an identity‐construction approach to moral motives in politics. This model focuses on the complex interweaving of self and moral motives, and in particular focuses on the concerns political activists have for what kind of person they are and what kind of life they are living. These types of concerns are both moral and self‐regarding, and therefore defy the dichotomy between self‐ and other‐regarding at the heart of both rational actor and “dual” motivation accounts of moral motives.
Introduction: The Elusive Concept of Culture and the Vivid Reality of Personality
Authors: Pye Lucian W.
Published: March 2003

As the articles in this special issue demonstrate, a central challenge for political psychology as a field of study is the question of how to go from our rich knowledge of individual psychology to the analysis of collective behavior, ranging from that of groups to whole nations. The powerful but also elusive concept of culture provides a promising bridge. However, the intellectual history of political culture has been one of wide swings in its popularity. After initially building on what turned out to be the over‐sold promises of cultural anthropology, there was a sharp drop in the status of political culture studies, but this special issue shows that there is now a revival of interest in the approach, brought about by more disciplined uses of the concept.
Not All Blarney Is Cast in Stone: International Cultural Conflict in Northern Ireland
Authors: Grove Andrea K. , Carter Neal A.
Published: March 2003

A core characteristic of world politics is the presence of communal conflict over ideas of national identity, inextricably bound to ideas of cultural identity. Increasingly, foreign policy decision‐makers realize the importance of considering cultural factors in their calculations of how peoples will define the “self” that seeks “determination.” Although a collective's culture changes over time (through interaction with others and in response to external events), scholars and policy analysts sometimes treat identities as static, monolithic, and derived from cultures that rarely change. This leads policymakers to underestimate the extent to which culture influences and can be influenced by foreign policy. This paper integrates work in political science and psychology into a content analysis–based method for examining three major ways in which culture impinges on communal conflict. The utility of the approach is demonstrated with a case study of the Northern Ireland conflict from 1984 to 1986, which shows how the rhetoric of the competing nationalist/Catholic leaders (John Hume and Gerry Adams) was the site of debate over group culture, how differences in the rhetoric reflected different cultures of the conflict, and how the conflict has been affected by the foreign policy decisions of other actors.
Do Strength‐Related Attitude Properties Determine Susceptibility to Response Effects? New Evidence From Response Latency, Attitude Extremity, and Aggregate Indices
Authors: Bassili John N. , Krosnick Jon A.
Published: March 2003

A great deal of research has shown that small changes in question wording, format, orordering can sometimes substantially alter people's reports of their attitudes. Althoughmany scholars have presumed that these so‐called response effects are likely to be morepronounced when the attitudes being measured are weak, a number of studies have disconfirmedthis notion. This paper presents several new tests of this hypothesis using a variety of measuresand analytic techniques. The findings largely replicated previously documented effects andnon‐effects but also uncovered new effects not previously tested. No single strength‐relatedattitude attribute emerged as a consistent moderator of all response effects. Rather, differentindividual attributes moderated different effects, and a conglomeration of strength‐relateddimensions did not emerge as a reliable moderator. Taken together, these results support theconclusions that different response effects occur as the result of different cognitive processes,and that various strength‐related attitude attributes reflect distinct latent constructs rather than asingle one.
The Use and Evolution of Stories as a Mode of Problem Representation: Soviet and French Military Officers Face the Loss of Empire
Authors: Charlick‐Paley Tanya , Sylvan Donald A.
Published: March 2003

Experimental work on modes of problem representation (Sylvan, Diascro, & Haddad, 1996) has found that the story model of Pennington and Hastie (1986, 1988) is a helpful construct in understanding how people reach decisions when dealing with questions of foreign policy. Here, a modified version of the story model is applied to statements by military officers in the Soviet Union and in France, representing the situations they face before and after the loss of Eastern Europe and Indochina, respectively (Charlick‐Paley, 1997). Both baseline stories and those after the losses of empire are examined to test the hypothesis that when a military experiences the loss of its state's empire, officers will formulate a new story that justifies the change in its status, and that this new story will motivate new patterns of civil‐military relations in the post‐imperial era. The hypothesis finds general support, and stories are found to be a useful vehicle in understanding differences between groups of military officers. An analysis of how officers' stories change over time yields intriguing results as to how mutable stories are and which elements of a story are most likely to change first. In particular, expansion of the level of a goal is found to be a representational response to the political stimulus of loss of empire.
Can Voters Predict Changes in Theor Own Attitudes?
Authors: Lowenthal Diane , Loewenstein George
Published: March 2003

Although scholars have established that voters have unstable preferences (e.g., Converse, 1964; Zaller, 1992) and that they are not accurate when recalling past preferences (e.g., Markus, 1986; Niemi, Katz, & Newman, 1980; Smith, 1984), existing research has not systematically explored whether voters can accurately predict the changing nature of their own opinions. The question of whether whether people recognize the instability of their political preferences was explored in a random sample of Pennsylvania registered voters who were surveyed in August and October 1996, during the presidential election campaign. The first survey elicited respondents' positions on two political issues (welfare reform and the environment) and on the two major candidates, and also asked them to estimate the likelihood that each of these positions would change during the next 2 months. The second survey elicited positions at that time and also asked voters to recall their prior positions. Measured both by expectations and recall, respondents tended to underestimate the degree to which their own positions would change or had changed over time. This research has implications for the use of public opinion polling and more broadly for the practice of democratic politics.
Analysis of the Mediating Effect of Personal‐Psychological Variables on the Relationship Between Socioeconomic Status and Political Participation: A Structural Equations Framework
Authors: Cohen Aaron , Vigoda Eran , Samorly Aliza
Published: March 2003

The goal of this research was to test whether the relationship between socioeconomic status and political participation is direct or mediated by personal variables such as self‐esteem, locus of control, and political efficacy, and to detect how such a mediating process might operate if it exists. Two forms of participation, namely active political participation and the more passive psychological involvement of citizens in the democratic process, were treated as separate but related facets of participation. Four competing models were advanced and tested. The data were collected from 434 citizens in the north of Israel who were interviewed by questionnaire. The analysis was performed by structural equations modeling with LISREL VIII. The findings show that the relationship between socioeconomic status and political participation can be better understood as being mediated by personal variables rather than direct. This is demonstrated by the many nonsignificant paths in the direct model. The findings also reveal that active political participation and psychological involvement are distinct but related constructs, where involvement leads to active participation. In addition, all research variables were related more strongly to psychological involvement than to active political participation. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for future research on political participation.
Stability and Inoculation of Risk Comparisons' Effects Under Conflict: Replicating and Extending the “Asbestos Jury” Study by Slovic et al.
Authors: Johnson Branden B.
Published: March 2003

Promotion or criticism of risk comparisons in risk communication has far exceeded empirical tests of their effects. Slovic et al. (1990) experimented with a hypothetical jury trial in which an asbestos‐installing firm was accused of subjecting school occupants to unreasonable risk. A risk comparison sharply reduced subjects' estimates of risk and judgments that the firm was guilty, but a critique of the risk comparison had risk estimates and guilt judgments rebounding to the original (without risk comparison) level. Slovic et al. concluded that risk comparisons' effects were highly unstable, at least in conflict‐ridden situations such as a jury trial. The present study replicates and extends this important study, using the same stimuli and questions. The respective effects of the risk comparison and the critique recurred, although much less sharply than in Slovic et al. Moreover, judgments of guilt, risk, and other aspects of the case seemed shaped more by demographics and beliefs about risk generically (e.g., about the likelihood of cancer after exposure to a carcinogen) than by either risk comparison or critique. A variant design, in which the defense's expert witness dismissed potential criticisms of the risk comparison, appeared to “inoculate” people against shifting their views after seeing the critique. Overall, these results show that risk comparisons might change some beliefs about risks in conflict and that “inoculation” can reduce vulnerability to criticism. However, the results also show strong limits on effects of both comparisons and their critiques: they shifted only a minority of judgments and had small effects relative to people's social locations and prior risk beliefs.
Risk Management across the Globe: Insights from a Comparative Look at Sweden, Japan, and the United States
Authors: Löfstedt Ragnar E. , Ikeda Saburo , Thompson Kimberly M.
Published: March 2003

In light of the present day risk controversies such as global warming and hormones in beef, partially caused by a more globalized world, national differences and similarities in how to manage risks become increasingly important. In this brief ‘perspective’ we focus on how risks are managed in three nations, namely Japan, Sweden, and the United States, specifically focusing on the roles of deliberation, risk analysis, and the importance of cultural factors.
Public Perceptions of Health Risks from Polluted Coastal Bathing Waters: A Mixed Methodological Analysis Using Cultural Theory
Authors: Langford Ian H. , Georgiou Stavros , Bateman Ian J. , Day Rosemary J. , Turner R. Kerry
Published: March 2003

This article explores public perceptions of, and attitudes toward, possible health risks from polluted coastal bathing waters in the United Kingdom. Cultural theory is applied in the present analysis, using a mixed methodology of quantitative analysis from interviews and qualitative interpretation of focus group discussions to provide insights into how different cultural solidarities view a number of issues. These include risks to health; attitudes toward regulation; public consultation and information provision; and trust, blame, and accountability applied to different stakeholders in the bathing‐water‐quality debate. The results show that individuals' standpoints can be represented on a number of dimensions, consistent with cultural theory, including perceptions of power and authority, beliefs in the efficacy of collective action, and acceptance or rejection of incremental change as opposed to radical solutions. The discussion focuses both on methodological and substantive issues related to the use of cultural theory as a research tool, and on policy recommendations arising from this research.
The Ultimate Uncertainty — Intergenerational Planning
Authors: Starr Chauncey
Published: March 2003

The philosophic and practical aspects of intergenerational planning for a 50 – 100‐year time frame are reviewed, with recognition of its speculative quality. Society's near term choice of future physical pathways based on comparative quantitative benefit/cost/risk analyses of alternatives is usually modified by the intervention of a variety of time‐dependent, nontechnical value systems. Further, the continuous competition among society's disparate technical systems, capital investment choices, and planning objectives all contribute to the uncertainty of the intergenerational outcome of any plan. Nevertheless, the quantitative planning process provides an essential base. Benefit/cost/risk projections are discussed for both the case with a historical database and the case without such a historical base. The end‐objectives and continuous nature of such benefit/cost/risk analyses are described.
Ecological Risk Assessment Framework for Low‐Altitude Aircraft Overflights: II. Estimating Effects on Wildlife
Authors: Efroymson Rebecca A. , Suter II Glenn W.
Published: March 2003

An ecological risk assessment framework for aircraft overflights has been developed, with special emphasis on military applications. This article presents the analysis of effects and risk characterization phases; the problem formulation and exposure analysis phases are presented in a companion article. The framework addresses the effects of sound, visual stressors, and collision on the abundance and production of wildlife populations. Profiles of effects, including thresholds, are highlighted for two groups of endpoint species: ungulates (hoofed mammals) and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, walruses). Several factors complicate the analysis of effects for aircraft overflights. Studies of the effects of aircraft overflights previously have not been associated with a quantitative assessment framework; therefore no consistent relations between exposure and population‐level response have been developed. Information on behavioral effects of overflights by military aircraft (or component stressors) on most wildlife species is sparse. Moreover, models that relate behavioral changes to abundance or reproduction, and those that relate behavioral or hearing effects thresholds from one population to another are generally not available. The aggregation of sound frequencies, durations, and the view of the aircraft into the single exposure metric of slant distance is not always the best predictor of effects, but effects associated with more specific exposure metrics (e.g., narrow sound spectra) may not be easily determined or added. The weight of evidence and uncertainty analyses of the risk characterization for overflights are also discussed in this article.
People's Preferences for Safety Control: Why Does Baseline Risk Matter?
Authors: Covey Judith A.
Published: March 2003

Previous tests of how people's valuations of safety vary with the level of baseline risk have left policymakers with a rather mixed message. Some data support the conventional hypothesis derived from economic theory that marginal valuations of risk changes increase with the baseline level, but other data reject it. With these indeterminate findings in mind, the present study adopted an in‐depth quantitative – qualitative methodology to explore the preferences of a general population sample (N= 147) for safety programs targeted at hazards with different age groups at risk and numbers of deaths per year. The data clearly showed that self‐ or household interest mattered to people (e.g., programs in which the respondent or their household members were in the at‐risk age group were evaluated more positively). The number of deaths also mattered, although not always for reasons strictly consistent with the conventional hypothesis. Rather, the qualitative findings suggested that evaluations may be driven by auxiliary assumptions about aspects of the programs induced by this information (e.g., people believe that a higher number of deaths is an indicator that more people are likely to be exposed to that hazard). These findings bring into question the extent to which quantitative responses from stated preference surveys can be taken at face value to form a reliable basis for public policy.
Stochastic Estimates of Exposure and Cancer Risk from Carbon Tetrachloride Released to the Air from the Rocky Flats Plant
Authors: Rood Arthur S. , McGavran Patricia D. , Aanenson Jill W. , Till John E.
Published: March 2003

Carbon tetrachloride is a degreasing agent that was used at the Rocky Flats Plant (RFP) in Colorado to clean product components and equipment. The chemical is considered a volatile organic compound and a probable human carcinogen. During the time the plant operated (1953 – 1989), most of the carbon tetrachloride was released to the atmosphere through building exhaust ducts. A smaller amount was released to the air via evaporation from open‐air burn pits and ground‐surface discharge points. Airborne releases from the plant were conservatively estimated to be equivalent to the amount of carbon tetrachloride consumed annually by the plant, which was estimated to be between 3.6 and 180 Mg per year. This assumption was supported by calculations that showed that most of the carbon tetrachloride discharged to the ground surface would subsequently be released to the atmosphere. Atmospheric transport of carbon tetrachloride from the plant to the surrounding community was estimated using a Gaussian Puff dispersion model (RATCHET). Time‐integrated concentrations were estimated for nine hypothetical but realistic exposure scenarios that considered variation in lifestyle, location, age, and gender. Uncertainty distributions were developed for cancer slope factors and atmospheric dispersion factors. These uncertainties were propagated through to the final risk estimate using Monte Carlo techniques. The geometric mean risk estimates varied from 5.2 × 10−6 for a hypothetical rancher or laborer working near the RFP to 3.4 × 10−9 for an infant scenario. The distribution of incremental lifetime cancer incidence risk for the hypothetical rancher was between 1.3 × 10−6 (5% value) and 2.1 × 10−5 (95% value). These estimates are similar to or exceed estimated cancer risks posed by releases of radionuclides from the site.
Comparison of Chemical Screening and Ranking Approaches: The Waste Minimization Prioritization Tool versus Toxic Equivalency Potentials
Authors: Pennington David W. , Bare Jane C.
Published: March 2003

Chemical screening in the United States is often conducted using scoring and ranking methodologies. Linked models accounting for chemical fate, exposure, and toxicological effects are generally preferred in Europe and in product Life Cycle Assessment. For the first time, a comparison is presented in this article of two of the prominent, but structurally different methodologies adopted to help screen and rank chemicals and chemical emissions data. Results for 250 chemicals are presented, with a focus on 12 chemicals of interest in the United Nations Environment Programme’s Persistent Organic Pollutants global treaty negotiations. These results help to illustrate the significance of described structural differences and to assess the correlation between the methodologies. The scope of the comparison was restricted here to human health, although the insights would be equally useful in the context of the health of ecosystems. Illustrating the current types of chemical screening and emissions comparison approaches, the relative significance of the scenario and structural differences of the Waste Minimization Prioritization Tool (WMPT) and the Toxic Equivalency Potential (TEP) methodologies are analyzed. The WMPT facilitates comparison in terms of key physical – chemical properties. Measures for Persistence, Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity (PBT) are calculated. Each PBT measure is scored and then these scores are added to provide a single measure of relative concern. TEPs account for chemical fate, multipathway exposure, and toxicity using a model‐based approach. This model structure is sometimes considered to provide a less subjective representation of environmental mechanisms, and, hence, an improved basis for screening. Nevertheless, a strong relationship exists between the two approaches and both have their limitations.
A Probabilistic Transmission Model of Salmonella in the Primary Broiler Production Chain
Authors: Ranta Jukka , Maijala Riitta
Published: March 2003

Annual data from the Finnish National Salmonella Control Programme were used to build up a probabilistic transmission model of salmonella in the primary broiler production chain. The data set consisted of information on grandparent, parent, and broiler flock populations. A probabilistic model was developed to describe the unknown true prevalences, vertical and horizontal transmissions, as well as the dynamical model of infections. By combining these with the observed data, the posterior probability distributions of the unknown parameters and variables could be derived. Predictive distributions were derived for the true number of infected broiler flocks under the adopted intervention scheme and these were compared with the predictions under no intervention. With the model, the effect of the intervention used in the programme, i.e., eliminating salmonella positive breeding flocks, could be quantitatively assessed. The 95% probability interval of the posterior predictive distribution for (broiler) flock prevalence under current (1999) situation was [1.3%–17.4%] (no intervention), and [0.9%–5.8%] (with intervention). In the scenario of one infected grandparent flock, these were [2.8%–43.1%] and [1.0%–5.9%], respectively. Computations were performed using WinBUGS and Matlab softwares.
A Procedural Evaluation of an Analytic‐Deliberative Process: The Columbia River Comprehensive Impact Assessment
Authors: Kinney Aimee Guglielmo , Leschine Thomas M.
Published: March 2003

The U.S. Department of Energy's Columbia River Comprehensive Impact Assessment (CRCIA) was an ambitious attempt to direct its cleanup of the Hanford Nuclear Reservation toward the most significant risks to the Columbia River resulting from past plutonium production. DOE's approach was uncommonly open, including tribal, regulatory agency, and other Hanford interest group representatives on the board that was to develop the assessment approach. The CRCIA process had attributes of the “analytic‐deliberative” process for risk assessment recommended by the National Research Council. Nevertheless, differences between the DOE and other participants over what was meant by the term “comprehensive” in the group's charge, coupled with differing perceptions of the likely effectiveness of remediation efforts in reducing risks, were never resolved. The CRCIA effort became increasingly fragmented and the role its products were to play in influencing future clean‐up decisions increasingly ambiguous. A procedural evaluation of the CRCIA process, based on Thomas Webler's procedural normative model of public participation, reveals numerous instances in which theoretical‐normative discourse disconnects occurred. These had negative implications for both the basic procedural dimensions of Webler's model—fairness and competence. Tribal and other interest group representatives lacked the technical resources necessary to make or challenge what philosopher Jurgens Habermas terms cognitive validity claims, while DOE and its contractors did not challenge normative claims made by tribal representatives. The results are cautionary for implementation of the analytic‐deliberative process. They highlight the importance of bringing rigor to the evaluation of the quality of the deliberation component of risk characterization via the analytic‐deliberative process, as well as to the analytic component.
How Quickly Do Corporations Respond to Changes in Tax Law? Evidence fromthe California Manufacturer's Investment Credit
Authors: Prohofsky Allen
Published: March 2003

An understanding of the timing of firm response to changes in corporate tax law is vital for accurately estimating the revenue impact of pending corporate tax legislation. Unfortunately, the literature does not contain any standard references describing the actual responses of firms to tax law changes. The recent adoption of California's Manufacturer's Investment Credit provides a unique opportunity to study how corporations adjust their tax payments in response to changes in tax law. For background, it is shown that even in the absence of law changes many corporations overpay on their estimated taxes, perhaps because of transactions costs or agency problems. Analysis of corporate tax payments indicates that taxpayers did adjust their estimated tax payments in response to the introduction of California's MIC, but that their response fell short of the response predicted by the zero transactions cost, perfect information model of the firm. Furthermore, firms whose MIC credit was large relative to their pre‐MIC tax liability were less adept at adjusting to the law change than were firms for whom the MIC was relatively less important. As a result, the revenue loss to the State of California for 1995 tax year MIC credits is estimated to be spread out over four fiscal years.
The Fatal Defect in the Federal Accounting System
Authors: Anthony Robert N.
Published: March 2003

For many years, the federal accounting system has focused on obligations. Beginning in 1949, several blue‐ribbon committees recommended changing the focus to expenses. Focusing on expenses provides more useful information than focusing on obligations for both planning and control purposes. Unfortunately, the House Appropriations Committee continues to make appropriations on an obligation basis. The Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board (FASAB) has developed a system that focuses on both expenses and obligations that was supposed to be operational in 1997 but in fact will not be operational until 2003 at the earliest. Even then, users will not pay much attention to the expense focus if funds continue to be appropriated on an obligation basis.
Beggars of God: The Christian Ideal of Mendicancy
Authors: Munzer Stephen R.
Published: March 2003

In contemporary Western societies, public begging is associated with economic failure and social opprobrium—the lot of street people. So Christians may be puzzled by the fact that an interpretation of the imitation of Christ in the late Middle Ages elevated religious mendicancy into an ideal form of life. Although voluntary religious begging cannot easily be resurrected as a Christian ideal today, the author argues that a radical attitude and practice of trust, self‐abandonment, and acknowledgment of dependence on God can be a Christian ideal in any time and place. To follow this way of life, which the author calls mendicancy in attitude, is to become a beggar of God.
Religious Ethics, History, and the Rise of Modern Moral Philosophy: Focus Introduction
Authors: Herdt Jennifer A.
Published: March 2003

In this introduction to a cluster of three articles on eighteenth‐century ethics written by Mark Larrimore, John Bowlin, and Mark Cladis, the author maintains that although the broad narrative tracing the emergence of a religiously neutral or naturalistic moral language in the eighteenth century is a familiar one, many central questions concerning this development remain unanswered and require further historical study. Against those who contend that historical study is antecedent to, but not part of, the proper substance of religious ethics, the author argues that historical and normative studies are interdependent, each helping to define the questions central to the other. The introduction concludes with an overview of the three articles and suggests ways in which religious ethicists can, in the future, make a distinctive contribution to the history of ethics.
The Myth of Man the Hunter, Man the Killer and the Evolution of Human Morality
Authors: Sussman Robert W.
Published: March 2003

Since the discovery of the first man‐ape, many have assumed that the earliest humans were hunters and that this was associated with a “killer instinct.” The myth of “man the hunter” was repeated in the 1960s in anthropology texts and popular literature. In the 1970s it was adopted by sociobiologists to explain human nature. “Man the hunter” is used to explain not only human biology but also human morality. The morals described, however, often reflect ancient beliefs and appear to be new ways of justifying old morality codes. The newest version of this myth is presented in a recent book, Demonic Males. I will discuss various accounts of this myth and the evidence used to justify them, and will specifically critique the arguments presented in Demonic Males.
The Objects of Sociology: A Response to Breslau's “Sociology after Humanism”
Authors: Pickering Andrew
Published: March 2003

Daniel Breslau's essay opens up a valuable space in seeking to align the sociologically impure objects explored in science studies with the practice of a pure sociology. I challenge Breslau's conclusion that the latter can swallow the former and proceed with business as usual. Contrary to Breslau, I argue that confronting head-on the impure objects of science studies can indeed represent a new beginning in sociology as a discipline. I also correct Breslau's misreading of my work as “symmetrical humanism.”
Deviant Cases in Tests of the Status Integration Theory
Authors: Gibbs Jack P.
Published: March 2003

Within each of seven age groups of black females, black males, white females, and white males, the correlations among marital statuses between 1990 integration measures and 1989 to 1991 suicide rates are predominantly negative and substantial. That finding is consistent with previous reports, but those reports did not examine deviant cases, meaning populations that appear to be extreme exceptions to the status integration theory. Such populations—particular age groups or particular marital statuses—are identified here, and they are especially likely when a marital status has few occupants. The interpretation: a small population size tends to result in unstable suicide rates, and that instability tends to reduce the correlation of the rates with status integration. There is no conventional methodology for analyzing deviant cases, and this paper does not offer one. Nonetheless, the findings are relevant for any theory pertaining to variation in rates.
Network‐Wide Optimal Scheduling of Transit Systems Using Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Chakroborty Partha , Deb Kalyanmoy , Srinivas B.
Published: March 2003

The primary objective of any transit system is to provide a better level of service to its passengers. One of the good measures of level of service is the waiting time of passengers during their journey. The waiting time consists of an initial waiting time (the time a passenger waits to board a vehicle at his or her point of origin) and a transfer time (the time a passenger waits at a transfer station while transferring from one vehicle to another). An efficient schedule minimizes the overall transfer time (TT) of passengers transferring between different routes as well as the initial waiting time (IWT) of the passengers waiting to board the vehicle at their point of origin. This paper uses genetic algorithm (GA)—a search and optimization procedure—to find optimal/near‐optimal schedules of vehicles in a transit network. The main advantage of using GA is that the transit network scheduling problem can be reformulated in a manner that is computationally more efficient than the original problem. Further, the coding aspect of GA inherently takes care of most of the constraints associated with the scheduling problem. Results from a number of test problems show that GAs are able to find optimal/near‐optimal schedules with minimal computational resources.
Optimal Control of Adaptive/Smart Multistory Building Structures
Authors: Saleh A. , Adeli H.
Published: March 2003

This research advances creation of a new generation of adaptive/smart structures with self‐modification capability by designing a predetermined number of members as actively controlled members. The computational model and high‐performance parallel algorithms for optimal control of large structures recently developed by the authors are applied to multistory buildings. Four different schemes for placement of controllers are investigated. Three types of dynamic loadings are considered: earthquake ground motion, periodic impulsive horizontal wind loading on the exterior joints of the structure, and asymmetric periodic impulsive wind loading on the exterior of the structure modeling a twister. Results are presented for three multistory building structures with curved beams and setback representing both space moment‐resisting and braced frames. It is demonstrated that through a proper selection of the weighting factor, the response of a multistory building structure can be reduced substantially to a fraction of the response of the uncontrolled structure at a practically feasible maximum required actuator force. Recommendations are made on the placement of the controllers for various types of structural configurations.
A Genetic Algorithm–Based System for the Optimal Design of Laminates
Authors: Savic Dragan A. , Evans Ken E. , Silberhorn Thorsten
Published: March 2003

A new software tool, GACOMP, for the optimal design of general and symmetric/balanced laminates (or sandwich panels) with specified mechanical properties has been developed. The approach taken relies on the analysis of a given laminate, of known materials and stacking sequence, and on an efficient genetic algorithm–based optimization procedure to come up with the best design with respect to single or multiple objectives and constraints. Required engineering constants or their ratios, weight, strength, anisotropy, isotropy, or twist, considered individually or in any combination, can be used as optimization objectives. Several improvements to the genetic algorithms were introduced to provide faster convergence and the ability to identify multiple optima in a single run. Two practical examples are presented to show the effective performance of GACOMP. The first tackles the design of a composite laminate with specified in‐plane and flexural engineering constants, while the second deals with the design of a laminate with specified stiffness ratios, minimum twisting under the load considered, and maximum strength.
Steady‐State Analysis of Water Distribution Networks Including Pressure‐Reducing Valves
Authors: Khezzar L. , Harous S. , Benayoune M.
Published: March 2003

Hydraulic networks that contain controlling elements such as pressure‐reducing valves (PRVs) are difficult to simulate. Limited literature exists on the explicit modeling of PRVs in a general solution procedure for steady‐state analysis of water distribution systems. It is also known that inclusion of PRVs may lead to numerical difficulties. The objective of this article is to develop and present in sufficient detail the modeling of PRVs in combination with the linear theory method for steady‐state analysis of water distribution networks. The presentation is explicit enough and leads to a robust algorithm that can be directly implemented in a computer program. The general methodology for simulating water distribution networks that embodies graph theoretic concepts, hydraulic theory, and numerical algorithms is reviewed.
A Massively Parallel Time‐Dependent Least‐Time‐Path Algorithm for Intelligent Transportation Systems Applications
Authors: Ziliaskopoulos Athanasios , Kotzinos Dimitrios
Published: March 2003

This article is concerned with the problem of computing in parallel time‐dependent least‐time paths that can be used in real‐time intelligent transportation systems applications. A message‐passing scheme is presented, and its correctness is proved. The algorithm's computational complexity is shown to be O(|T|2|V|2), an improvement by |V| over the best‐known sequential algorithm. The algorithm is implemented, coded, and computationally tested on actual and random networks with promising results. The algorithm is implemented on a CRAY‐T3D supercomputer using a Parallel Virtual Machine environment that allows portability to lower‐end multiprocessor machines.
The Effects of Detector Spacing on Traffic Forecasting Performance Using Neural Networks
Authors: Chen Haibo , Dougherty Mark S. , Kirby Howard R.
Published: March 2003

An investigation was made as to how short‐term traffic forecasting on motorways and other trunk roads is related to the density of detectors. Forecasting performances with respect to different detector spaces have been investigated with both simulated data and real data. Pruning techniques to the input variables used for neural networks were applied to the simulated data. The real data were collected from the M25 motorway and included flow, speed, and occupancy. With the data used in our study, the forecasting performances decrease with the increase of detector spaces. However, by taking the assumed costs of detector infrastructure into account, it may be concluded from this study that increasing coverage to a spacing of 500 m gives little extra benefit and may actually be counter productive in certain circumstances. It was concluded that, on the basis of current evidence, a detector spacing of between 1 and 1.5 km might be optimal.
The Role of Computer Models in Full‐Scale Bridge Laboratory Tests
Authors: Linzell D. G.
Published: March 2003

The role of computer modeling in an extensive series of curved steel bridge laboratory tests recently completed at the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA) Turner‐Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC) is discussed. Computer models were involved extensively throughout the process, from design of the testing frame to analysis of data that were produced. Predicted results from a series of finite‐element models are compared with data recorded from nine tests that occurred during construction. Results from the tests and from finite‐element analyses are also compared against those produced using the V‐load method, a simplified curved bridge analysis tool. The use of computer‐generated Monte Carlo simulations to help reduce and analyze data generated during the construction tests is also discussed.
Partial‐Equilibrium Welfare Analysis
Authors: Blackorby Charles
Published: March 2003

The use of partial equilibrium models is common, and, typically, efficiency is characterized by maximizing consumer plus producer surplus (or, sometimes, gross consumer surplus). The analysis appeals—implicitly or explicitly—to the concept of efficiency derived from general equilibrium models. Using the tax‐reform methodology, it is shown in a simple general equilibrium model that, if the second‐best outcome is not the first‐best one, the sum of consumer plus producer surplus cannot lead an economy to its true second‐best optimum.