bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hubungan Penggunaan Tas Sekolah dengan Keluhan Nyeri Punggung pada Siswa di SMP Negeri 106 Jakarta
Authors: Erna Sariana  , Ari Sudarsono
Published: March 2021

ABSTRAK

Jam pelajaran sekolah dan ekstrakurikuler siswa, mempengaruhi beban tas yang dibawa sehingga timbul keluhan nyeri punggung siswa. Batas beban tas punggung yang diperbolehkan adalah 10-15% berat badan. Hal ini membuat peneliti tertarik meneliti hubungan penggunaan tas sekolah dengan keluhan nyeri punggung pada siswa di SMP Negeri 106 Jakarta tahun 2019. Jenis penelitian deskriptif dengan desain cross sectional. Sampel sebanyak 305 orang siswa SMP Negeri 106 Jakarta, dipilih dengan proporsional random sampling. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan April – September 2019. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner, penimbangan berat badan dan berat tas. Analisis data dengan univariat, bivariat (uji Kai Kuadrat), dan multivariat (uji Regresi Logistik). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keluhan nyeri punggung derajat berat dialami oleh 48,9% siswa. Hasil uji statistik, beberapa variabel yang berhubungan secara signifikan terhadap keluhan nyeri punggung antara lain jenis kelamin, IMT, berat tas, lama membawa tas, dan cara membawa tas. Hasil analisis multivariat, faktor dominan paling tinggi mempengaruhi keluhan nyeri punggung adalah cara membawa tas (OR = 2,717). Saran penelitin ini memberikan pendidikan kesehatan terkait dengan tindakan penggunaan tas yang tepat, mengatur jadwal pembelajaran yang tepat, dan disediakan loker pribadi untuk setiap siswa.

Kata Kunci: Penggunaan Tas Sekolah, Nyeri Punggung, Remaja
BERGER CODES IN CONCURRENT ERROR-DETECTION SYSTEMS, IMPLEMENTED ON THE BASIS OF BOOLEAN COMPLEMENT METHOD
Authors:   D.V. Efanov Russian University of Transport, Efanov D.V. , Osadchii G.V. ,   G.V. Osadchii Russian University of Transport, Zueva M.V. ,   M.V. Zueva Russian University of Transport
Published: March 2021

The article deals with the previously unknown characteristics of the error detection by using classical Berger codes based on their multiplicities and types (unidirectional, symmetrical and asymmetrical), which can be applied in the concurrent error-detection (CED) systems synthesis, for example, through the use of Boolean complement method. The article shows that Berger codes do not detect a certain amount of both symmetrical, unidirectional and asymmetrical errors in code words. This differs from the previously identified characteristics of the error detection only in data vectors of Berger codes (in this case, any symmetrical errors are not detected, and any unidirectional and asymmetrical errors are detected, which is used in the synthesis of systems with fault detection). The share of undetectable er-rors from their total number for Berger codes with data vector lengths r = 4,…,7 is less than 2%, and for Berger codes with data vector lengths r = 8,…,15 it is less than 0.5%. The use of classical sum codes is effective in the CED systems synthesis, including the Boolean complement method, in which both data and check bits of code words are calculated using the diagnostic object itself
THE CURRENT STATE OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY OF RUSSIA AND CHINA
Authors:   T.N. Ganina Amur State University, Ganina T.N. , Serikov S.G. ,   S.G. Serikov Amur State University
Published: March 2021

The driving force behind the development of the economy in the era of digitalization is the digital economy, which plays an integral role in the process of industrialization of countries. Russia and China, the largest countries that develop the digital economy, therefore the introduction of modern digital technologies in various spheres of life and production is the main task for each country.
PROSPECTS FOR CREATING A RESEARCH CENTER FOR COLLECTIVE USE ON THE BASIS OF THE AMUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Authors:   I.A. Shuvaev  Amur state University, Shuvaev I.A. , Kiryanova E.A. ,   E.A. Kiryanova  Amur state University, Praskova J.A. ,   J.A. Praskova  Amur state University
Published: March 2021

The article assesses the prospects and problems of creating and developing a research center for collective use in the Amur region. The advantages of this project, its significance for the region, as well as the problems of its creation are identified
COMPETITION OF RUSSIAN AND CHINESE MANUFACTURERS IN THE FAR EAST FOOTWEAR MARKET
Authors:   A.V. Tsvetkova Amur State University, Tsvetkova A.V. , Rybakova L.V. ,   L.V. Rybakova Amur State University
Published: March 2021

The article analyzes the footwear industry in Russia, and evaluates the impact of goods supplied from China on the competitiveness of domestic footwear manufacturers
DEVELOPMENT TRENDENCY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SUGGESTIONS ON SERVING REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Authors:   ZHANG WEIYOU Heihe University, WEIYOU ZHANG , LI LINGYAN ,   LINGYAN LI Heihe University
Published: March 2021

In February 2019, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued "China's education modernization 2035".The document puts forward the overall objectives of promoting the modernization of education, and focuses on the deployment of ten strategic tasks facing the modernization of education.Higher education should open wider to the outside world, face the future and embrace science and technology.Colleges and universities play an important role in the development of regional economy.Taking Heihe University as an example, this paper puts forward the suggestion that higher education should serve the development of regional economy.
Multifocal atherosclerosis: surgical treatment of combined atherosclerotic lesion of the carotid and main arteries of the lower extremities
Authors:   Republican Research Center «Cardiology», Yanushko V.A. , Klimchuk I.P. ,   The 4th City Clinical Hospital named after N.E. Savchenko, Kordzakhia G.E. ,   The 4th City Clinical Hospital named after N.E. Savchenko, Popel G.A. ,   Republican Research Center «Cardiology»
Published: March 2021

Сердечно-сосудистые заболевания (ССЗ) на протяжении многих лет остаются основной причиной смертности во всем мире. В Европейском Союзе, несмотря на недавнее снижение уровня смертности во многих странах, на ССЗ все еще приходится около половины (46%) всех смертей, большинство из которых обусловлены атеросклерозом. Атеросклероз – это хроническое прогрессирующее заболевание, которое может поражать любой сосудистый бассейн (коронарные, сонные, висцеральные и периферические артерии нижних конечностей) как изолированно, так и несколько артериальных зон одновременно. Наличие атеросклеротического поражения одного сосудистого бассейна свидетельствует о повышенном риске вовлечения другого. Распространенность мультифокального атеросклеротического поражения в популяции варьирует от 6% до 71%, в зависимости от возрастной группы населения, в котором проводилось исследование, а также дизайна исследования. Пациенты с мультифокальным атеросклерозом имеют высокий профиль риска и худший прогноз течения заболевания, чем пациенты с поражением одного сосудистого бассейна.
Chemical method for disposal of pharmaceutical waste of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor group
Authors:   Belarusian State Medical University, Avseiko M.V. , Yarantseva N.D. ,   Belarusian State Medical University
Published: March 2021

Цель исследования – разработка способа химического обезвреживания фармацевтических отходов, а также оценка его эффективности и экологической безопасности. Материал и методы. В качестве образцов для апробации предлагаемого способа утилизации были использованы субстанции каптоприла, лизиноприла, эналаприла, периндоприла и рамиприла. Проведена химическая инактивация фармакофоров лекарственных средств. Экспериментально установлена структура полученных в ходе разрушения продуктов, а также доказана эффективность обезвреживания отходов методом спектроскопии гигантского комбинационного рассеяния. Токсичность исходных соединений, а также структур, полученных в ходе разрушения, определялась на основании расчета полулетальной дозы (LD 50 ) для крыс при пероральном применении с использованием пакета программ для компьютерного моделирования GUSAR Rat acute toxity. Расчет коэффициента распределения в системе октанол-вода (logP ow ) для анализируемых веществ был осуществлён с использованием программы Molinspiration. Результаты. После проведения реакций деструкции анализируемых субстанций на спектрах отсутствовали пики на частотах, характерных для функциональных групп, влияющих на фармакологическую активность, что подтверждает эффективность химического способа утилизации лекарственных средств. Экотоксикологические характеристики, такие как значение полулетальной дозы и коэффициент распределения в системе октанол-вода, продуктов деградации также имеют более благоприятные значения в сравнении с исходными веществами. Заключение. Доказана возможность применения химического способа для утилизации фармацевтических отходов группы лекарственных средств, ингибирующих ангиотензинпревращающий фермент.
BIOREMEDIASI LOGAM BERAT OLEH FUNGI LAUT
Authors: Lubis Syafrina Sari
Published: March 2021

Heavy metals are compounds that have high toxicity and can cause serious health problems for humans and pose a serious threat to the sustainability of the ecosystem. Prokaryota microorganisms and eukaryotes have the ability to process bioremediation of heavy metals in the environment. Marine fungi as eukaryotic microbes that have high species diversity. The ability to live in marine fungi is influenced by environmental factors that differ from the terrestrial environment such as temperature, pressure, and salinity. Marine fungi have a characteristic structure of metabolites and their ability to bioremediate heavy metals in various processes, namely bioaccumulation, biomineralization, biosorption, and biotransformation. Bioremediation of heavy metals by marine fungi is related to the composition of cell wall structures that have many crosslinking polysaccharides (chitin, chitosan, glucans), glucuronic acid, galactosamine, a small amount of glycoprotein, together with melanin and phenolic polymers containing phenolic units, peptides, fatty acids, which provides quite a lot of oxygen-containing groups such as carboxyl, carbonyl, amino, hydroxyl, phosphate, methoxy and mercapto which are potentially metal binding sites.
ANALISIS KADAR SERAT PADA BAKSO BEKATUL DENGAN METODE GRAVIMETRI
Authors: Hardiyanti  , Nisah Khairun
Published: March 2021

The goal of this study is to determine the level of fibre contained in bakso made from rice shiftings. The analysis employed gravimetric method with fibretherm apparatus. Firstly, the sample was defatted through n-hexanic soxhletation. After that,the gravimetric treatment was carried out in the apparatus to obtain the weight of the fibre. The data were then converted to percentage value. This step resulted the content of the fibre as following as 0.41; 0.23; 0.34; and 0.36% repectively for four samples. It shows that the level of those are below the standard of SNI 01-4439-1998.
Penentuan Nilai Hambatan dan Hambatan Jenis pada Arang Batok Kelapa dan Arang Kulit Pisang dengan Metode Eksperimen
Authors: Nurhayati Nurhayati
Published: March 2021

Due to an application of coconut shell and cassava peel-based charcoal as an alternative material in carbon film resistors, the purpose of this study is to determine the value of both resistance and specific resistance of those materials. The fresh coconut shell and cassava peel were dried under sunlight prior to charcoal production through pyrolysis. The resulted charcoals were then grounded into powder and filtered. After that, the fine materials were inserted into a straw with a wide area of 6,07 x 10-7 m2and 1,2 x 10-4 m2 and the length of 0,03 m and 0,04 m. The results obtained that the resistance values of the coconut shell and cassava skin charcoal were 5  104 Ω to 11  104 Ω and 3  104Ω  to 5  104 Ω, respectively. While the specific resistance values of those charcoals were 1,133 Ωm to 2,34 × 102 Ωm and  0,758 Ωm to 1,28 102 Ωm, respectively. In conclusion, both resistance and specific resistance values of coconut shell charcoal seem to be relatively higher than the coconut shell charcoal.
Balancing Forces: Medical Students’ Reflections on Professionalism Challenges and Professional Identity Formation
Authors: Maitra Amrapali , Lin Steven , Rydel Tracy A. , Schillinger Erika
Published: March 2021

Background and Objectives: Professionalism is essential in medical education, yet how it is embodied through medical students’ lived experiences remains elusive. Little research exists on how students perceive professionalism and the barriers they encounter. This study examines attitudes toward professionalism through students’ written reflections.
Methods: Family medicine clerkship students at Stanford University School of Medicine answered the following prompt: “Log a patient encounter in which you experienced a professionalism challenge or improvement opportunity.” We collected and analyzed free-text responses for content and themes using a grounded theory approach.
Results: One hundred responses from 106 students generated a total of 168 codes; 13 themes emerged across four domains: challenging patients, interpersonal interactions, self-awareness, and health care team dynamics. The three most frequently occurring themes were interacting with emotional patients, managing expectations in the encounter, and navigating the trainee role.
Conclusions: Medical students view professionalism as a balance of forces. While many students conceived of professionalism in relation to patient encounters, they also described how professionalism manifests in inner qualities as well as in health systems. Interpersonal challenges related to communication and agenda-setting are predominant. Systems challenges include not being seen as the “real doctor” and being shaped by team behaviors through the hidden curriculum. Our findings highlight salient professionalism challenges and identity conflicts for medical students and suggest potential educational strategies such as intentional coaching and role-modeling by faculty. Overall, students’ reflections broaden our understanding of professional identity formation in medical training.
Perceptions and Experiences of Family Physicians Regarding Firearm Safety Counseling
Authors: Thai Julie N. , Saghir Hussein A. , Pokhrel Prabhat , Post Robert E.
Published: March 2021

Background and Objectives: Despite the growing rate of deaths caused by firearms, it is not clear what role physicians should play in counseling patients about firearm safety. This study aims to delineate the perceptions and experiences of family physicians regarding firearm safety counseling.
Methods: Data were gathered as part of the 2020 Council of Academic Family Medicine’s (CAFM) Educational Research Alliance (CERA) survey of family medicine practicing physicians. Participants were practicing physicians and members of one of four major academic family medicine organizations comprising CERA. The survey was delivered to a sample of 3,665 family physicians between January 15, 2020, and March 2, 2020. This was a mixed-methods epidemiological study that analyzed quantitative and qualitative survey data. We calculated a χ2 test of independence to examine interactions between demographic characteristics and beliefs and perceptions about firearm safety counseling.
Results: The overall response rate for the survey was 32.52%, with 92.7% answering questions in the firearm safety set; 93.7% of study participants viewed firearm safety as a public health issue and 95.3% felt family physicians should have the right to counsel patients on firearm safety. Family physicians who had received formal training on firearm safety counseling were significantly more likely to indicate a higher level of comfort with asking their patients about firearms (P<.0001).
Conclusions: Firearm safety is an important public health issue and family physicians would benefit from receiving formal training on firearm safety counseling early in their training. More education is needed around physician-initiated firearm safety counseling.
Evaluation of postoperative complications associated with tobacco use in thoracic surgery patients
Authors: Degirmenci Mehmet , KUŞ CELAL
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Tobacco products can make thoracic diseases more
complicated by affecting their respiratory functions in a short or long
time and can increase mortality and morbidity related to these diseases.
While smoking causes many diseases that require surgical treatment,
especially thoracic surgery, on the other hand, it affects surgical
results. This study aims to determine the relationship between tobacco
use and postoperative complications in thoracic surgery patients and
contribute to public health by supporting tobacco cessation programs.

Method: Patient characteristics and tobacco use habits of the
patients, and the types of tobacco they used were determined.
Postoperative complications, admission to the intensive therapy unit,
reintubation, death, and length of stay in hospital were defined as
surgical outcomes. These results were compared and analyzed with tobacco
use.

Results: Retrospectively, 754 patients consisting of 536
(71.1%) males and 218 (28.9%) females were evaluated.  Tobacco use was
more common in men (X2=223.216, p<0.001) and younger ages
(X2=45.342, p<0.001). Complications occurred in 96 patients,
76 (79.2%) of whom used tobacco. Tobacco use (p<0.001,
OR=3.547), ASA score (p=0.029, OR=2.004), major surgeries
(p<0.001, OR=4.458), and minimally invasive surgeries
(p=0.027, OR=2.323) are associated with complications. Length of
hospital stay is related to the amount of tobacco (p <0.001,
OR = 3.706), size of surgery (p <0.001, OR = 14.797), over 65
years (p <0.001, OR = 2.635), and infectious diseases (p =
0.039, OR: 1.939)

Conclusion: Tobacco use is related to poor outcomes in thoracic
surgery patients, and it is a severe health problem, especially at young
ages. Tobacco control programs should be supported to prevent the
effects of tobacco use on thoracic diseases and postoperative
complications.

Keywords: tobacco use, postoperative complications, thoracic
surgery, tobacco products, pulmonary diseases, smoking.
Potential of nanoparticles and nanopolymers in treatment of age-associated diseases
Authors: Saadatpour Fatemeh , Mohammadipanah Fatemeh , Zohourian Nazanin , Hodjat Mahshid
Published: March 2021

Aging is an inevitable process caused by the accumulation of
degenerative destructions, which ultimately leads to organism death. As
the aging process occurs at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels,
understanding the whole details is the prerequisite for the development
of anti-aging therapy. More than 300 compounds of different sources have
been reported with the anti-aging activity that slow aging and extend
lifespan through regulating single or multiple signaling pathways.
Recent innovations in nanotechniques could lead to the development of
nanomaterials having anti-aging effects or acting as nanocarrier systems
and distributers of anti-aging drugs. In this review, we summarized the
molecular mechanisms of longevity and the prospect of developing
anti-aging nanomaterials targeting aging pathways.
The Townsend Journal: Accounting for the Maritime Trade in 1840s Boston Based on B. F. Foster's Approach
Authors: Holley Brandi L. , Flesher Dale L.
Published: March 2021

The 19th century brought on much economic growth and advancement in accounting in the United States. The teaching of accounting began to veer away from rules and instead sought the logical underpinnings of the system. It was a time when accounting evolved into accountancy through the development of theory, such as the proprietary theory and the theory of two-account series. The Townsend Journal (1840–1841), which chronicles the joint venture between two young men in the Boston maritime trade, is a case study of this progression in commerce and accounting during this pivotal time. B. F. Foster's contemporaneous Boston publications on bookkeeping provide the framework to understand this evolution in accountancy, as well as the recordings in the Townsend Journal. Through the examination of the Townsend Journal alongside B. F. Foster's texts, this paper preserves and illustrates a historical link in the evolution of the field.
Effect of Supplementation of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) Leaf and Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Powder as Feed Additive on Daily Weight Gain, Comparative Economics and Mortality Percent of Broiler Chicks
Authors:   Dept. of Animal Nutrition, CVAS, Navania, Vallabhnagar, Udaipur, Rajasthan University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan (313 601), India, Shende K. A. , Dhuria R. K. ,   Dept. of Animal Nutrition, CVAS, Bikaner, Rajasthan University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan ( 334 001),  India, Goklaney D. ,   Dept. of Veterinary Medicine, CVAS, Bikaner, Rajasthan University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan ( 334 001),  India, Barolia Y. K. ,   Dept. of Animal Husbandry, CVAS, Navania, Vallabhnagar, Udaipur, Rajasthan University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan (313 601), India
Published: March 2021

A study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of tulsi and ginger as feed additives on comparative economics of broiler chicks. Two hundred and ten day-old chicks divided into 7 groups and each group having 30 chicks. Control group was fed on basal diet and T1 and T2 group were supplemented with 0.5% and 1% of tulsi leaf powder in the ration, respectively. Likewise, G1 and G2 group were supplemented with 0.5% and 1% of ginger powder in the ration, respectively. T1G1 and T2G2 treatment groups were supplemented with 0.5% and 1% of both herbs in combination, respectively. The statistical analysis of data revealed highly significant (p<0.01) effect of tulsi leaf and ginger powder on average daily body weight gain. Highest average daily body weight gain during starter phase was recorded in T2G2 group fed with tulsi leaf and ginger powder @ 0.5% each, which was comparable with G2 group. During finisher phase of trial statistical analysis revealed highest (p<0.01) average daily body weight gain in T2G2 group. Lowest average daily body weight gain was observed in control group during starter and finisher period. Statistical analysis of data revealed highly significant (p<0.01) effect on comparative economics of broilers due to supplementation of tulsi leaf and ginger powder. Highest net profit per kg of live weight was observed in T2G2 group supplemented with 0.5% tulsi leaf and ginger powder each and lowest net profit per kg of live weight was observed in T2 group which was comparable with control group. The overall mortality per cent of chicks under different treatment groups was observed to be 16.17% in control group and 6.66% in T1 and T2, and in G1, G2, T1G1, T2G2 groups observed no mortality. It may be concluded that supplementation tulsi leaf and ginger powder as feed additives improves daily weight gain, comparative economics and reduced mortality of broiler chicks.
Various Rotor Topologies of Line-Start Synchronous Motor for Efficiency Improvement
Authors: Sarac Vasilija Jovan , Stefanov Goce
Published: March 2021

Line-start synchronous permanent magnet motor (LSSPMM) is being considered as a replacement or alternative to asynchronous squirrel-cage motor (AM) in constant speed applications. This is due to the better efficiency and power factor than the asynchronous motor. There are various rotor topologies of LSSPMM concerning the magnets placement and their dimensions. The paper analyses six different rotor topologies in terms of achieving the best efficiency and power factor for the same output power of the motor with minimal consumption of permanent magnet material. All other motor design parameters remain unchanged, i.e. all motor topologies are analysed for the same stator laminations and the same motor windings. The numerical finite element method (FEM) models and dynamic models for obtaining transient characteristics of speed, torque and current verify the proposed design of various motor models. The results from all motor models are compared and adequate conclusions are derived regarding the optimal rotor topology in terms of obtaining the best efficiency and power factor with minimal consumption of permanent magnet material, for the same output power of the motor.
The 2020 Census in Russia: Institutional and financial considerations
Authors: FETISOV Vladimir D. , FETISOVA Tat'yana V.
Published: March 2021

Subject. The article discusses the finance of the census as a budgetary project, and respective issues. We focus on the specifics of expenditures for the 2020 census in Russia. Objectives. The study unveils and analyzes institutional expenditures for the 2020 census in Russia, identifies direct and indirect spending on the census. We substantiate approaches and suggestions concerning the improvement of the Russian census management and finance. Methods. The article is based on evidential, statistical and digital materials from Russia and other countries. We applied empirical, systems, analytical, economic, historical and other methods of epistemology. The practice is viewed as a measure of the truth of theoretical provisions. Results. The study unveils institutional sources and mechanisms for the finance of the Russian census, identifies specific features of the 2020 census expenditures in Russia. We suggest how the census should be improved in terms of the process management and finance. As a conclusion, we make our suggestions on the improvement of the financial management and balance of the census. The article proves it is possible to considerably cut the census spending during the digitalization of the public and municipal management. Conclusions and Relevance. The growing budget deficit makes the State analyze and reduce its expenditures. We suggest amending the census rules and considerably cut its costs. So, institutions should refuse to charge millions of local fees and hire census takers, but rather choose to use national data registers. The findings can be used to formulate and implement budgetary investment policy of governmental bodies, and by higher educational institutions.
Digital transformation of Russia's banking system as improving the competitiveness of banks
Authors: GUO Chenchen
Published: March 2021

Subject. The article discusses the need for digital transformation of banking services in the context of ensuring the appropriate level of competitiveness of banking institutions in the Russian financial market.
Objectives. The article aims to identify prospects and trends of the digital transformation of the Russian Federation's banking system in the context of improving the banks' competitive advantages and competitiveness at the current stage of development.
Methods. For the study, I used the theoretical and methodological, and systems approaches.
Results. The article identifies leaders in the digital transformation of banking processes and services, enabling them to provide a certain level of competitive advantages through improving the quality, accessibility and rate of services providing, as well as minimizing costs.
Conclusions. The rapid development of the digital transformation of banking activities in the global financial market system necessitates the use of this experience by commercial banks of the Russian Federation.
MENINGKATKAN KREATIVITAS DAN PEMAHAMAN KONSEP VOLUM DAN LUAS SISI BANGUN RUANG DENGAN PENDEKATAN KONTEKSTUAL
Authors: Sulaiman Sulaiman
Published: March 2021

Penelitian ini adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah ada peningkatan kreativitas dan pemahaman siswa terhadap konsep volum dan luas sisi bangun ruang dengan pendekatan pembelajaran kontekstual. Peneltian ini dilaksanakan di SMP Negeri 2 Pasongsongan dengan subyek penelitian siswa kelas 3 pada semester I tahun pelajaran 2012/2013. Pada penelitian tindakan kelas ini direncanakan tindakan sebanyak 2 siklus, dimana setiap siklus terdiri dari rangkaian kegiatan : (1) perencanaan; (2) pelaksanaan; (3) observasi; (4) analisis data; (5) refleksi. Hasil penelitian ini memberikan data bahwa kerativitas siswa meningkat pada siklus II 26(67,7%) siswa baik, 9(24,1%) siswa cukup dan hanya 3(8,2%) siswa kreativitasnya masih kurang. Sebanyak 34 (89,5%) siswa merasakan, bahwa pembelajaran dengan pendekatan kontekstual menyenangkan dan hanya 4 (10,5%) siswa menyatakan bahwa pembelajaran dengan pendekatan kontekstual membosankan. Hal ini dapat dipahami karena hampir 33 (86,8%) menyatakan bahwa pembelajaran volum dan luas bangun ruang dengan pendekatan kontekstual bermanfaat dalam kehidupannya dan hanya 5 (13,2%) menyatakan tidak bermanfaat. Setelah mengalami pembelajaran volum dan luas bangun ruang dengan pendekatan kontekstual pemahaman konsep siswa terhadap volum balok, volum kubus dan volum prisma lebih baik. Hal ini ditunjukkan dari 38 siswa, 93% mampu menjawab soal dengan benar dan hanya 7% siswa mengalami kesulitan.
Variability in Cooking Time, Iron and Zinc Content in Common Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) Genotypes
Authors: Mughi Irene , Ochwo-Ssemakula M. , Edema R. , Mukankusi C.
Published: March 2021

Prolonged cooking time leads to structural changes at the grain cellular level, resulting in loss of nutrients such as iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) which are among the main nutrients important in addressing micronutrient malnutrition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diversity of cooking time, Fe and Zn content in a total of 152 common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes from around Eastern Africa, in order to identify short cooking genotypes with high Fe and Zn content. Field trials were conducted at CIAT-Uganda research station over two seasons in 2016. Cooking time was estimated using an automated Mattson cooker at CIAT-Uganda while Fe and Zn content was determined using XRF analysis at Rwanda Agricultural Board (RAB) in Rubona. A wide variability was evident from the test genotypes both for cooking time and mineral concentration. Cooking time exhibited a continuous distribution ranging from 35-100 minutes for the first season and 43–122 minutes for the second season. Seventy-three percent of the test genotypes had Fe levels higher than the low Fe check, CAL 96 (55mg/kg) which is popularly known as ‘Nambale’ and a popular commercial variety in Uganda. A total of 15 genotypes (Amahunja, Awash melka, Bihogo, CAB 2, ECAPAN021, G858, Icaquimbaya, KK20, NABE12C, NABE4, NABE6, ROBA-1, RWR1873, RWV3006) were consistent in short cooking time for the two seasons and had a Fe content above the low Fe check (CAL96 – 55mg/kg). A high correlation (r = 0.71) was observed between Fe and Zn whereas a low correlation between cooking time and Fe (r = -0.04) and Zn (r = 0.04) was observed. Great variability was evident for both traits indicating possible improvement by breeding and thus the possibility of having short cooking common bean genotypes with high Fe and Zn content.
Comunidad, conmensuración y conflicto. Transformaciones rurales en el altiplano desde una perspectiva de ecología-mundo
Authors: Cottyn Hanne
Published: March 2021

Este artículo aplica una perspectiva de “ecología-mundo” (MOORE 2015) a la dialéctica entre expansión capitalista y reproducción comunitaria en los andes. La “sobrevivencia” de las comunidades campesinas indígenas y sus sistemas de tierras comunales en el siglo XXI se revela como producto del cambio social. A través de ciclos históricos y globalizadores de extracción de recursos y luchas indígenas por la tierra, los territorios comunales están siendo despojados, imaginados y (re)construidos como reservas “baratas” para la acumulación. Basado en investigaciones de archivo y trabajo de campo en Bolivia y Perú, elabora un estudio de caso de comunidades aymaras atrapadas en el avance de las fronteras extractivas a fines del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX y relaciona las estrategias de resistencia comunal y las reconfiguraciones sociales con los cambios a largo plazo en la expansión del estado y del mercado. El artículo argumenta que es en el contexto de tales conflictos socio-ambientales que lo que podemos identificar como “comunidad” se erosiona, forma, transforma y, a menudo, se reinventa como un “contra-espacio” en un análisis de Lefebvre.
"Comunidade negada". O reconhecimento estatal como constitutivo da comunidade indígena-camponesa. Análise de casos de não reconhecimento na Serra Central do Peru
Authors: Diez Hurtado Alejandro
Published: March 2021

Las comunidades indígenas fueron “reconocidas” por el Estado peruano en las constituciones de 1920 y 1933. Por el reconocimiento, el Estado concede a las comunidades un status legal, una personería jurídica y sobre todo el amparo estatal a la propiedad colectiva de la tierra, protegiéndola de la expropiación por terceros. Miles de colectivos indígenas detentores de tierras en costa y sierra emprendieron procesos de reconocimiento, ajustándose a la ley y adquiriendo el status de comunidad de indígenas. Estos procesos, no han sido suficientemente analizados para las definiciones existentes sobre “comunidad”. Mostraremos que el proceso de reconocimiento es constitutivo de la institución comunal. Para ello utilizamos un argumento contra-fáctico explorando casos que conducen a la negación de dicho status en cinco solicitudes de reconocimiento de la región central del Perú. Postulamos que el proceso desarrollado administrativamente por el Estado es tan necesario para la definición de comunidad como sus elementos descriptivos y constitutivos. No hay comunidad sin Estado. Estatus jurídico y reconocimiento obtenidos por el cumplimiento de una serie de requisitos explícitos e implícitos, permiten a las comunidades existir y asegurar su continuidad en el tiempo.
Apresentação
Authors: Cañón Voirin Julio Lisandro , Díaz-Geada Alba
Published: March 2021

Apresentação do Volume 8, Número 15, janeiro/junho de 2021De comunidades y campesinos.Cambio social y movilización colectiva en las sociedades rurales
Half-Auxeticity and Anisotropic Transport in Pd Decorated Two-Dimensional Boron Sheets
Authors: Ma Fengxian , Jiao Yalong , Wu Weikang , Liu Ying , Yang Shengyuan A. , Heine Thomas
Published: March 2021

If one strains a material, most materials shrink normal to the direction of applied strain. Similarly, if a material is compressed, it will expand in the direction orthogonal to the pressure. Few materials, those of negative Poisson ratio, show the opposite behavior. Here, we show an unprecedented feature, a material that expands normal to the direction of stress, regardless if it is strained or compressed. Such behavior, namely, half-auxeticity, is demonstrated for a borophene sheet stabilized by decorating Pd atoms. We explore Pd-decorated borophene, identify three stable phases of which one has this peculiar property of half auxeticity. After carefully analyzing stability, mechanical and electronic properties we explore the origin of this very uncommon behavior and identify it as a structural feature that may also be employed to design further 2D nanomaterials.
Effect of thymectomy on the female reproductive cycle in prepubertal and pubertal female guinea pigs
Authors: Murali Punniakotti  , Sundarapandian Subramanian  , Pratheepa sivasankari
Published: March 2021

The proper function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis is essential for maintaining proper female reproductive function. In female mammals, the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis regulates reproductive changes that take place in the estrus cycle and are necessary for successful reproduction. This study aimed to investigate the influence of thymus gland on the female reproductive function in different stages of life. This present study was conducted to investigate the effect of thymectomy on the estrus cycle in prepubertal (5th week) and pubertal (7th week) thymectomized guinea pigs. In this study, 24 female guinea pigs, six thymectomized and six sham-operated in each group were studied. Gonadotropin and 17β-estradiol levels were assessed at regular intervals (days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15) of the estrus cycle, and the length of the oestrous cycle in the thymectomized and sham-operated guinea pigs was determined. The results showed no significant difference in gonadotropin and 17β-estradiol were detected in thymectomized versus sham-operated guinea pigs at any intervals of the oestrous cycle. Thymectomy did not affect the length of the oestrous cycle of females. In conclusion, the present study results suggested that the presence of thymus during prepubertal and pubertal life was not necessary to regulate the oestrous cycle of female guinea pigs.
Reliability of Panoramic Radiographs for Early Prediction of Impacted Maxillary Canine
Authors: Pankaj Akhare  , Renuka kutemate  , Harish Atram  , Pratik Jaltare  , Kshitij Sabaley  , Akansha Kumar
Published: March 2021

The word "early" is sometimes regarded as occurring before the usual or physiological period in the biological sense. The average age at which an upper canine must erupt is 13 years in boys, 12 years in girls and three months. Thus, the ability to detect tooth malposition as early as in the early mixed dentition (8 years approximately) and anticipate canine impaction in the same time will be highly helpful to the clinician for a positive outcome of the procedure. To predict the impaction of canine using panoramic radiographs and re-confirmed using cone-beam computed tomography. Fifty cases out of which ten had bilaterally impacted maxillary canines, and 40 had unilaterally impacted maxillary canines with an average age of 10-11years ±5 months. Firstly, tracings were performed on orthopantomogram, and sector location classification as given by Steven Lindauer was applied. Findings from orthopantomogram were compared to Cone Beam Computed Tomography findings. In the labial group, 55% canine cusp tips were in sectors I, 40% in sector II and 5% in sector III. Whereas in the palatal group, 10% were in sector II, 60% in sector III and 30% in sector IV. This research demonstrates that the sector location of impacted canine as presented by Steven Lindauer that root apices may be used to forecast maxillary canine impactions early and to determine their labiopalatal location on panoramic radiographs.
Central Bank Policy in Times of Turbulence on Financial Markets
Authors: Zharikov M.
Published: March 2021

This article is devoted to a central bank’s response to a financial crisis based on a case study of the US Federal Reserve’s handling of the financial crisis in 2008–2010. This article will also be focusing on the intense phase of the financial crisis. It is focusing primarily on the lender of last resort function of a central bank. The article concludes with the most significant issues about the aftermath and the recovery, as well as lessons to deal with financial failure during the coronavirus and its aftermath.
Improving Student’s Motivation and Learning Outcomes Through Genetics E-Module
Authors: Fidiastuti Hasminar Rachman , Lathifah Anis Samrotul , Amin Mohamad , Utomo Yudhi , Aldya Riantina Fitra
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this study was to know the impact of the Genetics E-module to improve students’ motivation and learning outcomes during the learning process. The method applied was Research and Development, limited until the implementation stage, using the quasi-experiment method with one group pretest-posttest. The motivation instruments were modified questionnaire by Keller with ARCS model, consist of 4 aspects including attention, relevance, confidence, and satisfaction. The population were all of the students from class of 2017 in Biology Education department, Tribhuwana Tunggadewi State University. The pretest was held to know students’ motivation and learning outcomes when using a handout from the lecturer, while the posttest was to know students’ motivation and learning outcomes when using Genetics E-module. Data were collected from the motivation questionnaire and test. After using E-module, there were 27 students with high (71,91 ≤ x < 86), 18 students with medium (57,82 ≤ x < 71,91) and 5 students with low criterion (43,74 ≥ x) of motivation, and there were  58% students who passing the grade in Genetics test. Based on the data analysis, E-module was feasible to be used to improve students’ motivation and also learning outcomes in the Biology Education department.
Institutional Mechanisms of Land Development Management
Authors: Sharyi Hryhorii , Nesterenko Svitlana
Published: March 2021

A new institutional and neo-institutional theory theoretical apparatus in the field of land economy are revised and the necessity for further land development institutionalization in Ukraine is determined. Social economic relations are analyzed. It is revealed that land relations have an essential structure: in the form of an institutional complex, based on the traditional, customary and religious norms of individuals behavior, as well as social, political, economic, legal and other institutions, as stable socio-economic, organizational and legal structures, institutions and organizations. The main principles of new institutional and neo-institutional economy in the land sphere are determined, namely institute-centrism, limited rationality, historicism, economic opportunism, land good. The relationship nature of land relations institutionalization means with peculiarities of state financial and economic space formation in the author's interpretation is considered at the development level in Ukraine of land circulation institutional infrastructure, The State Land Bank and the National Land Fund formation as state institutions. It has been found that evolutionary institutional changes are inherent in social land development when partial peripheral gradual changes in rules and regulations cause gradual changes and land development. It is proved that state, having administrative advantages, acting by economic methods and methods of legal influence, should change and adapt the institutional environment, as a set of rules, norms that form the basis of production, exchange and redistribution in the land sphere, because the main link in the bundle of land rights, belongs to the people of Ukraine.
Assessment of the Competitiveness of the Tourist Enterprise in the Modern Conditions
Authors: Shapoval Valentyna , Herasymenko Tetiana , Yurchyshyna Lyudmyla
Published: March 2021

The theoretical and methodological basis of the study are scientific developments of domestic and foreign scientists related to competitiveness as a priority economic factor of sustainable development and functioning of the tourist enterprise in a changing environment, materials of specialized scientific conferences and symposia. The article considers and highlights the problems of competitiveness of the tourist enterprise as a separate subject of research. It is revealed that the recent strategic changes, which are the key to creating future competitive advantages, are the result of ensuring the long-term development of the tourist enterprise in the relevant competitive economic conditions.      It is shown that the most acute problem of assessing the level of competitiveness of a tourist enterprise is the lack of information about competitors, which leads to incomplete analysis, the use of subjective scores, high financial and time costs to conduct a study of competitiveness. The main competitive strategies of the enterprise which allow to win in struggle against competitors are analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the need to develop stages of systematic study of the competitiveness of tourism enterprises, which will allow to characterize the level of their competitiveness, even in conditions of information lack. The obtained results of the research are the basis for the scientific substantiation of the process of managing the competitiveness of tourist services (goods), which is one of the sub-goals of managing the competitiveness of the enterprise and should be subordinated to it. The results of the study are the basis for effective strategic management of tourism enterprises of Ukraine, capable of enhancing the competitiveness of the industry.
Business Planning and Assessment of Its Impact on the Enterprise Financial Stability
Authors: Shtepenko Kateryna , Svystun Lyudmyla , Krekoten Iryna
Published: March 2021

At the present stage of the company development as an open social and economic system the question of how existing methods of financial analysis meet the needs of users considering the dynamism and complexity of business processes remains relevant. The purpose of the article is study relationships between static and dynamic indicators of financial condition, to reflect its characteristics such as business activity and financial stability. The article defines the functional relationship between dynamic business activity indicators and static indicators of financial stability, grounds technique of factor analysis of financial stability. The economic content ratio of the assets turnover and equity is defined. The nature of its relationships with the dynamics of assets is considered. Both theoretically and practically it is determined that if the correlation of ratio of asset turnover and equity is bigger than the ratio of financial independence at the beginning of the period under study, the positive dynamics of the property will affect the company’s final financial stability and vice versa, if the ratio is less than the rate of financial independence at the beginning of the period under study, the impact of positive dynamics of property on the final financial stability will be positive. It is proposed to consider this dependence both for factor retrospective analysis and for financial stability forecasting.
Replacement of the Viaduct of Marly Le Roi
Authors: Bellot Rémi , Fabry Nicolas
Published: March 2021

The viaduct of Marly Le Roi was built in 1884 between the railway stations of Saint-Cloud and Saint-Nom-la- Bretèche. During that time, the French engineer Gustave Eiffel (later known for its tower) had largely encountered successes with the design and construction of riveted puddled iron structures. Belonging to these types of structures, the viaduct of Marly Le Roi is carrying more than 16.000 travelers every day.

Lately, the demand in transportation lead the client (SNCF) to increase the capacity of their suburban trains. The bridge could not be retrofitted for these new loads. In addition, the expansion of the city under the structure was raising issues such as noise reduction that could not be answered by the client due to the structure type. Therefore, it has been chosen to replace this historical monument by a composite twin-girder bridge.

The new structure was designed by Baudin Châteauneuf. The design and operations to move the two structures and dismantle the existing bridge were carried out by Freyssinet.
Improving Corrosion Performance of Thermal Sprayed Coatings with a Zn-Mg-Al Alloy
Authors: Schulz Christiane , Goodwin Frank
Published: March 2021

Thermal sprayed zinc and aluminum alloy coatings provide corrosion protection to steel structures. A new thermal sprayed coating with 1-2% of each Al and Mg shows up to 3 times the corrosion resistance of the conventional Zn and ZnAl alloy coatings. Arc sprayed Zn-Mg-Al alloy wire and three reference materials, Zn, Zn-15%Al and Al-5%Mg, gave coatings 100 - 150 µm thick, using either compressed air or nitrogen as an atomizing gas. Formation of splats in the arc wire spray process is dependent on wire chemistry, temperature and size of the particle prior to impact on the substrate. Splat appearance can be correlations with deposition efficiency of the different materials. Corrosion testing was carried out using electrochemical polarization in artificial sea water and by long-term exposure for two years on Heligoland Island in the North Sea. Of the investigated Zn-based materials, ZnMgAl forms the most stable corrosion product layer which delays the anodic corrosion reaction. At the same time ZnMgAl provides sacrificial protection of damaged, uncoated areas of up to 5 mm. Although Al-based coatings, like AlMg5, provide cathodic protection to steel, they suffer from pitting corrosion which can lead - when undiscovered - to sudden catastrophic failure of the structure.