bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Complexity reduction of PTS technique to reduce PAPR of OFDM signal used in a wireless communication system
Authors: Merah Hocine , Mesri Mokhtaria , Talbi Larbi
Published: February 2019

A new partial transmit sequence (new‐PTS) scheme is illustrated in this study. The target behind it is to reduce the peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. Despite its competitive attributes, the PTS technique is considered computationally expensive due to multiple inverse fast Fourier transforms (IFFT) and the need of a thorough investigation to find the optimal phase factor. The primary concern, thus, is to eliminate the IFFT blocks. In the present study, a remarkable strategy has been followed, mainly relying on analysing the available data in the random access memory. Additionally, the least PAPR value is calculated and its corresponding address is precisely determined; such an address is the side information to be sent to recover the users' original data at the OFDM receiver. Moreover, the effectiveness of the so‐called complexity reduction of the new‐PTS method is pointed out in order to limit the number of searches that are required to acquire the best PAPR performance, which significantly reduces the computational complexity overhead. Consequently, the numerical analysis and comparative study show the overall high performance, which the proposed PTS scheme offers in respect to both the bit error rate and PAPR reduction.
RGB‐D face recognition using LBP with suitable feature dimension of depth image
Authors: Abebe Hailay Berihu , Hwang Chih‐Lyang
Published: February 2019

This study proposes a robust method for the face recognition from low‐resolution red, green, and blue‐depth (RGB‐D) cameras acquired images which have a wide range of variations in head pose, illumination, facial expression, and occlusion in some cases. The local binary pattern (LBP) of the RGB‐D images with the suitable feature dimension of Depth image is employed to extract the facial features. On the basis of error correcting output codes, they are fed to multiclass support vector machines (MSVMs) for the off‐line training and validation, and then the online classification. The proposed method is called as the LBP‐RGB‐D‐MSVM with the suitable feature dimension of the depth image. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated by the four databases: Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi (IIIT‐D) RGB‐D, visual analysis of people (VAP) RGB‐D‐T, EURECOM, and the authors. In addition, an extended database merged by the first three databases is employed to compare among the proposed method and some existing two‐dimensional (2D) and 3D face recognition algorithms. The proposed method possesses satisfactory performance (as high as 99.10 ± 0.52% for Rank 5 recognition rate in their database) with low computation (62 ms for feature extraction) which is desirable for real‐time applications.
Trade‐offs on fault estimation via proportional multiple‐integral and multiple‐resonant observers for discrete‐time systems
Authors: Sales‐Setién Ester , Peñarrocha‐Alós Ignacio
Published: February 2019

The authors develop a fault estimation strategy which is based on a novel proportional multiple‐integral (PMI) and multiple‐resonant observer. This observer is an extension of the well‐known PMI observer and it is able to estimate from low to high‐frequency fault signals. The proposed estimation strategy is applied to discrete‐time systems which are affected by faults and stochastic noises. We present a multi‐objective design strategy of the observer that fixes the trade‐offs between practical engineering parameters regarding the noise attenuation and the ability to track each kind of fault dynamics considered by the augmented observer. They study the influence of the order of the observer on the steady‐state and transient performance of the estimation of different types of faults. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed observer, design and characterisation.
Adaptive neural tracking control for a class of non‐lower triangular non‐linear systems with dead zone and unmodelled dynamics
Authors: Wang Xinjun , Wu Qinghui , Wang Hongjie , Yin Xinghui
Published: February 2019

This study presents the disturbance observer‐based adaptive neural tracking control approach for non‐linear systems in non‐strict‐feedback form. The design difficulties including unmodelled dynamics and non‐strict‐feedback form are handled by resorting to a dynamic signal and the variable separation approach, respectively. A disturbance observer is constructed to cope with the effect of time varying disturbance. Neural networks are directly utilised to cope with the completely unknown non‐linear functions and stochastic disturbances existing in systems. It is shown that the designed adaptive controller can guarantee that all the signals remain bounded and the desired signal can be tracked with a small domain of the origin. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach and an example of a real plant for one‐link manipulator is provided to show the feasibility of the newly designed controller scheme.
Impacts of ferroresonance and inrush current forces on transformer windings
Authors: Mikhak‐Beyranvand Morteza , Rezaeealam Behrooz , Faiz Jawad , Rezaei‐Zare Afshin
Published: February 2019

Deformation of the windings is one of the main causes of the power transformers failure. Here, for the first time, the electromagnetic forces exerted on the windings are computed in ferroresonance condition and compared with that of the inrush current for a typical power transformer. In both cases, the magnetic core of the transformer saturates and the leakage flux around the windings increases, which leads to large forces on the windings carrying high currents. Therefore, precise modelling of the transformer core is required to calculate the forces inside the transformer. For this purpose, the Jiles–Atherton vector hysteresis model is employed in conjunction with finite element method (FEM) to simulate the laminated grain‐oriented steel core, and then the radial and axial forces inflicted on the windings are estimated.
Family of half‐bridge LLC resonant converters with auxiliary switches for hold‐up operation
Authors: Tang Xinxi , Wu Hongfei , Zhao Jian , Xing Yan
Published: February 2019

For applications with hold‐up time requirement, the magnetising inductance of the conventional LLC converter must be designed small enough to provide required peak voltage gain. However, the efficiency in normal operation will be decreased when considering the gain requirement. Here, a family of half‐bridge (HB) LLC resonant converters is proposed for low‐voltage and high‐current applications. In order to provide the required voltage gain, auxiliary switches are introduced into parts of the secondary‐side rectifiers. In the normal state, the auxiliary switches keep off and high efficiency can be achieved since the proposed converter always operates around the resonant frequency. Without considering the voltage gain requirement, soft‐switching is the only consideration for the design of the magnetising inductance. Therefore, circulating current and conduction losses induced by the magnetising inductance can be reduced significantly. During the hold‐up time, the auxiliary switches operate with pulse‐width modulation (PWM) control to provide sufficient voltage gain. Furthermore, matrix transformers are engaged to simplify the winding structure and increase the output current capability. Operation principles, characteristics, and design considerations of the proposed LLC resonant converter are analysed in detail. Experimental results are given to verify the effectiveness and the advantages of the proposed converter.
DSM for all‐day voltage profile improvement in a microgrid
Authors: Swain Kamakshi Prashadini , De Mala
Published: February 2019

The role of demand side management (DSM) has changed the scenario of control and management in a microgrid. DSM works on real time without utilising any additional equipment in the network. The study proposes an all‐day voltage control methodology using DSM. The contribution of this study is threefold. Firstly, a novel method for the day ahead voltage profile improvement is proposed by shifting flexible loads using demand and generation forecast information. Secondly, the proposed method uses only two parameters, the impedance of the network and amount of power injected to the flexible loads, in order to influence the voltage level and to improve overall voltage profile of the system. Thirdly, factor matrix is introduced; it decides which flexible loads to be shifted to regulate voltage within tolerance limits. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed voltage control method, it is tested on an low voltage (LV) distribution system considered as a microgrid. The result indicates that when the flexible loads are shifted with proper margin, the voltage of the system is contained within a limit and results in better load distribution throughout the day.
Risk‐constrained energy management of PV integrated smart energy hub in the presence of demand response program and compressed air energy storage
Authors: Jadidbonab Mohammad , Dolatabadi Amirhossein , Mohammadi‐Ivatloo Behnam , Abapour Mehdi , Asadi Somayeh
Published: February 2019

Multi‐carrier energy systems create new challenges as well as opportunities in future energy systems. One of these challenges is the interaction among different energy hubs’ facilities and various operational parameters on the scheduling of the energy hub systems. This paper deals with the problem of optimal scheduling of smart residential energy hub (SREH) considering the different uncertain parameters. The effect of the market prices, demands and solar radiation uncertainties on the SREH scheduling problem is characterised through a risk‐constrained two‐stage stochastic programming model. The objective of the proposed scheduling problem is to determine the least‐cost 24 h operation of the facilities that would cover the cooling, thermal and electrical demands. The Monte Carlo simulation method is applied to model the inaccuracies of solar radiation, energy demands, and electricity market prices. Additionally, a proper scenario‐reduction algorithm is employed to reduce the number of scenarios and simulation burden. The proposed approach evaluates the impacts of different values of risk aversion parameter and the utility of the demand response program on the optimal solution of the proposed PV integrated SREH scheduling. Finally, an illustrative example is provided to confirm the efficiency and the applicability of the proposed approach.
Discharge voltage prediction of UHV AC transmission line–tower air gaps by a machine learning model
Authors: Qiu Zhibin , Ruan Jiangjun , Jin Qi , Wang Xuezong , Shu Shengwen
Published: February 2019

Full‐scale discharge tests of transmission line–tower air gaps are costly and time‐consuming, and they cannot exhaustively simulate all the gap configurations in practical engineering. In this paper, a machine learning model established by support vector machine is introduced to predict the switching impulse discharge voltages of the ultra‐high‐voltage (UHV) AC transmission line–tower air gaps. The three‐dimensional finite element models of a UHV cup‐type tower and a UHV compact transmission line were established for electric field calculation, and some features were extracted from the hypothetic discharge channel and the shortest path between the bundled conductor and the tower. These features under a given voltage were normalised and input to the SVM model, while the output is two binary values, respectively, representing gap withstanding or breakdown. Trained by experimental data of one type of the UHV transmission line–tower gaps, the SVM model is able to predict the discharge voltages of another gap type. The mean absolute percentage errors of the two engineering gap types, under different gap distances, are 8.31 and 4.86%, respectively, which are acceptable for engineering applications. The results provide a possible way to obtain the discharge voltages of complicated engineering gaps by mathematical calculations.
Multi‐Arm lower‐limb rehabilitation robot for motor coordination training after stroke
Authors: Wang Chunbao , Xia Jinfeng , Wei Jianjun , Sun Zhengdi , Duan Lihong , Liu Quanquan , Shen Yaijing , Shang Wanfeng , Lin Zhuohua , Long Jianjun , Wang Yulong
Published: February 2019

The number of stroke patients is rapidly increasing in the elderly society, which leads to growing demand for lower limb rehabilitation training. Currently, one patient needs two or more therapists for assistance during gait training. It results in the shortage of therapists' population, furthermore, heavy works load on the therapist. The emerging robotic technologies provide a solution to assist the therapist, and a number of corresponding researches have been reported. However, most of the existing rehabilitation robots adopt single‐arm or double‐arm structure, which pays less attention on motor coordination training for the stroke patients. Here, a four‐arm rehabilitation robot (FARR) is proposed to assist the hemiplegic patient for motor coordination training. First, the rehabilitation demand is analysed and the corresponding robot mechanism is designed. Then, the kinematics of the robot based on the D‐H expression is constructed, and the workspace is obtained. Thirdly, the speed control strategy and the cooperative control for gait training are constructed. The experiment of speed response verifies the superior tracking performance of the robotic joints, and the experiment of using the robot for gait training by a simulated subject is performed. These results prove the feasibility of the designed robot.
Mixed path planning for multi‐robots in structured hospital environment
Authors: Huang Xianqun , Cao Qixin , Zhu Xiaoxiao
Published: February 2019

Multi‐robots are used in hospital for the delivery service. To increase the delivery efficiency, an appropriate multi‐robots path planning algorithm is required. This study explains a mixed path planning algorithm for multi‐robots in structured hospital environment which combines the ‘corridor path planning’ and ‘room path planning’, ‘corridor path planning’ uses graph search algorithm to plan the path in corridor for multiple hospital robots, and it uses the strongly connected digraph to describe corridor environment, so it could simplify the multi‐robots path planning problem. While the ‘room path planning’ uses the artificial potential field method to plan the path in room for multiple hospital robots, it makes the hospital robot move flexibly in the room, so the robot could avoid the obstacle and other robots more flexibly. The algorithm is tested by simulation, and the result shows that mixed path planning algorithm makes the robot move fast in the corridor environment and move flexibly in the room environment.
Influence of Different Methods of Intrapartum Analgesia on the Progress of Labour and on Perinatal Outcome
Authors: Ortiz Javier , Hammerl Thomas , Wasmaier Maria , Wienerroither Valerie , Haller Bernhard , Hamann Moritz , Kuschel Bettina , Lobmaier Silvia
Published: February 2019

Background Various methods of intrapartum analgesia are available these days. Pethidine, meptazinol and epidural analgesia are among the most commonly used techniques. A relatively new one is patient-controlled intravenous analgesia with remifentanil, although the experiences published so far in Germany are limited. Our goal was to study the influence of these analgesic techniques (opioids vs. patient-controlled intravenous analgesia with remifentanil vs. epidural analgesia) on the second stage of labour and on perinatal outcome.

Material and Methods We conducted a retrospective study with 254 parturients. The women were divided into 4 groups based on the analgesic technique and matched for parity, maternal age and gestational age (opioids n = 64, patient-controlled intravenous analgesia with remifentanil n = 60, epidural analgesia n = 64, controls without the medicinal products mentioned n = 66). Maternal, fetal and neonatal data were analysed.

Results The expulsive stage was prolonged among both primiparas and multiparas with patient-controlled intravenous analgesia with remifentanil (79 [74] vs. 44 [55] min, p = 0.016, and 28 [68] vs. 10 [11] min, p < 0.001, respectively) and epidural analgesia (90 [92] vs. 44 [55] min, p = 0.004, and 22.5 [73] vs. 10 [11] min, p = 0.003, respectively) compared with the controls. The length of the pushing stage was similar among primiparas in all groups but prolonged compared with the controls in multiparas with patient-controlled intravenous analgesia with remifentanil (15 [17] vs. 5 [7] min, p = 0.001) and epidural analgesia (10 [15] vs. 5 [7] min, p = 0.006). The Apgar, umbilical arterial pH and base excess values were similar between the groups, as were the rates of acidosis and neonatal intensive care unit admission.

Conclusion Parturients with patient-controlled intravenous analgesia with remifentanil and epidural analgesia showed a prolonged expulsive stage compared with the opioid group and controls. The short-term neonatal outcome was not influenced by the three methods examined.
Aortic Arch Thrombosis Associated with Fetal Cytomegalovirus Viremia
Authors: Yapar Eyi Elif , Altuğ Nahide
Published: February 2019

Cytomegalovirus(CMV) associated thrombosis has been reported sporadically in the medical literature; however, its antenatal scenario has not been documented. We herein present the antenatal, Doppler's ultrasound and magnetic resonance angiographic features of thrombosis in the aortic arch showing extension toward the medial lumen of the brachiocephalic trunk with critical occlusion of the left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery in a term fetus to raise obstetricians'/ neonatologists'/pediatric cardiologists' awareness for the association between CMV viremia and intrauterine thrombosis that caused cerebral injury, neurodevelopmental impairment, and permanent sequela.
Image-Guided Ablation of Neuroendocrine Tumor Liver Metastases
Authors: Hinshaw J. , Moore Kelli , Rastogi Monika
Published: February 2019

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms that require a multidisciplinary process to determine the most appropriate approach for patient management and therapy. Over time, the treatment algorithms have continuously evolved as the options have improved and changed. This manuscript reviews the current and potential role of image-guided ablation in the treatment of patients with metastatic NET to the liver. While some attention will be devoted to the basics of ablation, the focus will be on the role of image-guided ablation in these patients and issues specific to the treatment of NET's liver metastases with ablation.
Multilevel Spinal Combined Subdural/Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Resulting in Paraplegia: An Unusual Complication of Kyphoplasty
Authors: von der Brelie C. , Fiss I. , Rohde V.
Published: February 2019

Background Paraplegia due to spinal combined subdural/subarachnoid hemorrhage is an extremely rare complication following percutaneous spinal augmentation procedures.

Methods A 63-year-old male patient presented with severe neurologic decline (paraplegia with sensory and autonomic dysfunction) resulting from a multilevel spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage shortly after bilateral kyphoplasty.

Results Reduction of intrathecal pressure via multiple dural and arachnoidal incisions and removal of the hematoma resulted in a good neurologic recovery with surgical decompression even though evacuation was performed with a significant delay after the onset of neurologic worsening.

Conclusion Spinal augmentation procedures should only be performed in a setting where management of complications can also be diagnosed and performed. Robot-assisted or navigation-assisted pedicle perforation should be considered because complications can be reduced significantly.
Medium-Term Results after Surgical Treatment of High-Energy Tibial Plateau Fractures
Authors: Evangelopoulos Dimitrios , Chalikias Stavros , Michalos Mihail , Vasilakos Dimitrios , Pappa Eleni , Zisis Konstantinos , Koundis George , Kokoroghiannis Constantine
Published: February 2019

The aim of the article is to present the medium-term results of surgical treatment of Schatzker's IV, V, and VI tibial plateau fractures, in a retrospective study of 22 patients at a level-1 trauma center. Twenty-two of 34 patients with Schatzker's IV–VI fractures completed follow-up at a mean of 56 months (range: 7–103 months). Patients' mean age was 47.6 years (range: 18–76 years). Open reduction and internal fixation were performed in 16 patients, while external fixators were used in the remaining six patents. Patients were assessed radiologically for the presence of arthritis using the Kellgren–Lawrence scale. Functional outcomes were measured using the Lysholm's knee score, knee injury, and osteoarthritis outcome score (KOOS). Quality of life was also assessed postoperatively using the EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D) form and EQ-VAS (visual analogue scale) score. There were no postoperative infections and no fracture went on to nonunion. Absence of arthritic change was noted in only 6.3% of cases. The average KOOS score was 80 and the average Lysholm's score was 84.91. Regarding the postoperative quality of life, mobility was impaired in 45.5%, self-care in 27.3%, and usual activities in 36.3% of patients. Pain or discomfort was reported in 77.2% and anxiety or depression in 40.9% of cases. The mean VAS score was 77.8. Eighty percent of patients had returned to their previous activities at the time of last follow-up. Although complex tibial plateau fractures are associated with a high rate of complications and can have a severe impact on the injured knee, most patients had quite satisfactory results during their medium-term clinical evaluation, in our study. It is a Level IV case series study.
Cementless 3D Printed Highly Porous Titanium-Coated Baseplate Total Knee Arthroplasty: Survivorship and Outcomes at 2-Year Minimum Follow-Up
Authors: Sultan Assem A. , Mahmood Bilal , Samuel Linsen T. , Stearns Kim L. , Molloy Robert M. , Moskal Joseph T. , Krebs Viktor E. , Harwin Steven F. , Mont Michael A.
Published: February 2019

Newer generation cementless total knee arthroplasty (TKA) implants continue to develop with demonstrated clinical success in multiple recent reports. The purpose of this study was to investigate (1) survivorship, (2) complications, and (3) clinical outcomes of a newer generation cementless and highly porous titanium-coated base plate manufactured using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. We reviewed a single-surgeon, longitudinally maintained database of patients who underwent primary TKA using cementless, highly porous titanium-coated base plate implants from July 1, 2013 to December 31, 2016. A total of 523 patients were identified. Of this cohort, 496 patients had a minimum of 2-year follow-up and were included in our final analysis. Among these patients, 72 had bilateral TKA yielding a total of 568 TKAs. There were 133 men and 363 women who had a mean body mass index of 33 kg/m2 (range, 20–61 kg/m2). The mean age was 66 years (range, 33–88 years). Average follow-up was 36 months (range, 24–48 months). Indications for TKA included osteoarthritis in 432 patients (87%), rheumatoid arthritis in 40 patients (8%), and knee osteonecrosis in 24 (5%) patients. Implant survivorship was defined as any revision leading to explantation of the base plate for any reason. Kaplan–Meier analysis was performed to determine all-cause implant survivorship at final follow-up for every patient. Complications were assessed using the Knee Society standardized list of TKA complications. Clinical outcomes were determined using the Knee Society pain and function scores. Range-of-motion values were also collected. There were a total of four failures, all were due to aseptic loosening with a survivorship rate of 99% at mean follow-up of 3 years (95% confidence interval = 0.984–0.999). In addition, there were a total of 12 surgical and 10 medical complications. Surgical complications did not affect the base plate or result in any additional implant revisions. A total of nine patients had thromboembolic disease complications; all received medical treatment and recovered adequately. Radiological evaluation did not show any signs of loosening or failures in other patients at final follow-up. Knee Society Scores for pain and function improved from 55 and 56 points preoperatively to 92 and 84 points at 2 years postoperatively. Our results are in concordance with the excellent clinical outcomes and survivorship demonstrated for the newer generation cementless TKA implants. In our experience, 3D printed titanium base plates demonstrated clinical success and excellent survivorship at minimum follow-up of 2 years.
Modifiable and Nonmodifiable Predictive Factors Associated with the Outcomes of Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Bonasia Davide E. , Palazzolo Anna , Cottino Umberto , Saccia Francesco , Mazzola Claudio , Rosso Federica , Rossi Roberto
Published: February 2019

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a valuable treatment option for advanced osteoarthritis in patients unresponsive to conservative treatments. Despite overall satisfactory results, the rate of unsatisfied patients after TKA remains high, ranging from 5 to 40%. Different modifiable and nonmodifiable prognostic factors associated with TKA outcomes have been described. The correction, whenever possible, of modifiable factors is fundamental in preoperative patients' optimization protocols. Nonmodifiable factors can help in predicting the outcomes and creating the right expectations in the patients undergoing TKA. The goal of this review is to summarize the modifiable and nonmodifiable prognostic factors associated with TKA outcomes.
2 Photocatalysis: The Principles
Authors: Gaida F. , Griesbeck A. G. , Vollmer M.
Published: February 2019

Understanding photocatalysis requires knowledge of the primary and secondary photophysical and photochemical processes: light absorption and emission, radiationless decay, energy and electron transfer, and hydrogen and group transfer. Photocatalysis is largely dictated by energy and spin restrictions that allow fast transfer of energy, electrons, or atoms. The kinetics of photoredox-initiated catalysis can be estimated from the redox properties of the electronic ground states as well as the excitation energies and spin properties of the excited states involved. These principles are demonstrated using three model processes: photochemical decarboxylation, fluorination/fluoroalkylation, and (molecular) oxygen-transfer processes.
3 Practical Aspects of Photocatalysis
Authors: Speckmeier E. , Zeitler K.
Published: February 2019

Visible-light photocatalysis has emerged as a versatile, important tool for organic synthesis, often allowing for complementary approaches to more traditional transformations. This chapter summarizes general practical aspects for the conduction of (visible light) photochemical and photocatalytic reactions, focussing on irradiation sources and experimental setups both for batch and flow reactions, including special equipment for NMR and EPR spectrometers, autoclaves, or ball mills. A short overview of typical experiments and approaches to elucidate basic mechanistic information is additionally provided.
5 Decarboxylative Coupling Reactions
Authors: Zhou Q.-Q. , Wei Y. , Lu L.-Q. , Matsui J. K. , Xiao W.-J.
Published: February 2019

The radical decarboxylative functionalization of carboxylic acids and their derivatives using visible-light photoredox catalysis has been established as an efficient method for carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bond formation. The generation of carbon-centered radicals through the single-electron oxidation or reduction process under mild reaction conditions, together with the further reaction with a variety of organic reagents, allows diverse transformations of readily available carboxylic acids and their derivatives. In this chapter, the most recent advances in the field of visible-light-photocatalytic decarboxylative coupling reactions are highlighted.
6 Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer
Authors: Thullen S. M. , Ashley M. A. , Rovis T.
Published: February 2019

Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) enables the functionalization of prevalent organic moieties that are commonly regarded as energetically inaccessible. This chapter focuses on reductive and oxidative PCET in organic systems and the variety of catalyst systems that allow for the formation of ketyl and amidyl radicals for C–C and C–N bond-forming reactions.
11 Nickel in Photocatalysis
Authors: Kelly C. B. , Lu L.-Q. , Matsui J. K. , Phelan J. P. , Gutiérrez Bonet Á. , Lang S. B. , Molander G. A.
Published: February 2019

Robust methods to forge C–C bonds selectively are treasured by the chemical community because of the inherent value of such processes in the convergent construction of complex molecules and the notorious challenges associated with creating such linkages. The advent of cross-coupling technologies (e.g., Suzuki, Negishi, and Heck processes) has revolutionized how synthetic chemists establish C(sp2)–C(sp2) bonds. However, the mechanistic features that make these transition-metal-catalyzed processes ideal for this type of transformation are the same ones that limit their abilities to involve C(sp3)-hybridized species. In this chapter, a recently developed solution to the underlying challenge of engaging C(sp3)-hybridized nucleophiles in cross coupling is outlined: nickel/photoredox dual catalysis. By proceeding through radical intermediates, the enthalpic penalty for two-electron transmetalation can be side-stepped, and cross coupling can proceed under mild, functional-group-tolerant conditions. Several variants of this dual catalytic process are presented which, taken together, demonstrate the breadth and scope of this new cross-coupling paradigm.
14 Organic Dyes in Photocatalytic Reductive C—H Arylations
Authors: Ghosh I.
Published: February 2019

In recent years, visible-light photoredox catalysis has gained enormous attention as an energy-efficient and versatile method for chemical synthesis. This chapter presents synthetically important C–H arylation reactions using inexpensive organic dyes (e.g., eosin Y, rhodamine 6G, perylene bisimides, etc.) under visible-light photoredox catalytic reaction conditions. Single-electron transfer to arenediazonium salts or aryl halides leads to the formation of aryl radicals, which, under the reaction conditions, react with (het)arenes to yield the respective C–H arylated products.
15 Silicates in Photocatalysis
Authors: Corcé V. , Lévêque C. , Ollivier C. , Fensterbank L.
Published: February 2019

Bis(catecholato)silicates have emerged as robust alkyl radical sources under photocatalysis. This chapter describes the preparation of various silicates and their utilization under photocatalytic conditions for the formation of C–C and C–O bonds. The last section focuses on the use of silicates in photoredox/nickel dual catalysis.
Rheological behavior of bimodal distribution emulsions on flow adoptability
Authors: Park Jae Yong , Choi Se Bin , Lee Joon Sang
Published: February 2019

This paper analyzed colloidal characteristics of a bimodal distribution emulsion system using bulk rheological and numerical approaches. The experiment measured simple shear to confirm emulsion shear thinning and viscosity tendencies. Numerical models employed the multi-component lattice Boltzmann method to express interfacial tension, surfactant movement, and viscosity of liquid phases. Numerical models were helpful to implement interactions between two or more varied-sized liquid droplets, since they express droplet deformation and interaction forces and can also provide rheological analysis, whereas shear flow experiments cannot. In monodisperse systems (i.e., uniform droplet size), larger droplets decrease emulsion relative viscosity. However, mixture viscosity for bimodal systems (small droplets mixed with large droplets) was lower than that for the monodisperse system. The reduced viscosity was related to increased droplet deformability and decreased shear stress at the droplet surface.
Hydroponic grown tobacco plants respond to zinc oxide nanoparticles and bulk exposures by morphological, physiological and anatomical adjustments
Authors: Mazaheri Tirani Maryam , Madadkar Haghjou Maryam , Ismaili Ahmad
Published: February 2019

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are the third highest in terms of global production among the various inorganic nanoparticles, and there are concerns because of their worldwide availability and accumulation in the environment. In contrast, zinc is an essential element in plant growth and metabolism, and ZnO NPs (nano-ZnO) may have unknown interactions with plants due to their small sizes as well as their particular chemical and physical characteristics. The present study examined the effect of nano-ZnO (25nm) and bulk or natural form (<1000nm, bulk-ZnO), compared with zinc in the ionic form (ZnSO4) on Nicotiana tabacum seedlings in a nutrient solution supplemented with either nano-ZnO, bulk-ZnO (0.2, 1, 5 and 25µM) or ZnSO4 (control) for 21 days. Results showed that nano-ZnO at most of the levels and 1µM bulk-ZnO positively affected growth (root and shoot length/dry weight), leaf surface area and its metabolites (auxin, phenolic compounds, flavonoids), leaf enzymatic activities (CAT, APX, SOD, POX, GPX, PPO and PAL) and anatomical properties (root, stem, cortex and central cylinder diameters), while bulk-ZnO caused decreases at other levels. The activities of enzymes were induced to a greater extent by intermediate nano-ZnO levels than by extreme concentrations, and were higher in nano-ZnO treated than in bulk treated tobacco. As the ZnO level increased, the vascular expansion and cell wall thickening of the collenchyma/parenchyma cells occurred, which was more pronounced when treated by NPs than by its counterpart. The Zn content of root and leaf increased in most of ZnO treatments, whereas the Fe content of leaves decreased. Our findings indicate that tobacco responded positively to 1µM bulk-ZnO and to nearly all nano-ZnO levels (with the best levels being at 0.2µM and 1µM) by morphological, physiological and anatomical adjustments.
Suppressiveness or conduciveness to Fusarium wilt of bananas differs between key Australian soils
Authors: Bowen Alison , Orr Ryan , McBeath Anna V. , Pattison Anthony , Nelson Paul N.
Published: February 2019

Soils are known to differ in suppressiveness to soil-borne diseases, but the suppressiveness or otherwise to Fusarium wilt of Australian soils used to grow bananas is unknown. In this work we tested the relative suppressiveness of six key soil types. Banana (Musa (AAB group) ‘Pome’, cultivar ‘Lady Finger’) was grown in pots of the soils inoculated or not with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc) ‘Race 1’. Sixteen weeks after inoculation the plants were harvested and disease severity was assessed by measuring discoloration within the rhizome. In the inoculated pots, disease severity was greatest in the alluvial Liverpool and Virgil soils and least in the basaltic origin Tolga soil. No disease was detected in the non-inoculated pots. Soils with the lowest disease severity had the highest root mass, irrespective of inoculation, and the largest (negative) effect of inoculation on root dry mass. Disease severity in inoculated pots was negatively correlated with soil clay content and β-glucosidase activity. The results indicate that the risk of Fusarium wilt negatively impacting banana growth differs between soils of the main Australian banana-growing region.
Consecutive feedback-driven constitutional dynamic networks
Authors: Yue Liang , Wang Shan , Wulf Verena , Lilienthal Sivan , Remacle Françoise , Levine R. D. , Willner Itamar
Published: February 2019

Significance

Inspired by nature, where dynamic networks lead to adaptive compositions and emerging functions of the systems, we introduce nucleic-acid–based constitutional dynamic assemblies mimicking natural networks. We demonstrate that auxiliary triggers guide the adaptive reconfiguration of the compositions of the constitutional dynamic networks and their emerging functions. Specifically, we introduce the assembly of constitutional dynamic networks revealing negative/positive- and positive/positive-feedback–driven operation mechanisms. These processes mimic signal propagation phenomena in biological environments. The feedback-driven mechanisms provide the principles to develop dynamic amplified sensing platforms and to design cascaded logic gate circuits.
MAP kinase and autophagy pathways cooperate to maintain RAS mutant cancer cell survival
Authors: Lee Chih-Shia , Lee Liam C. , Yuan Tina L. , Chakka Sirisha , Fellmann Christof , Lowe Scott W. , Caplen Natasha J. , McCormick Frank , Luo Ji
Published: February 2019

Significance

Currently, there is no effective targeted therapy for oncogenic
KRAS
-driven cancer. We set out to identify RAS effector and stress response genes that critically support
KRAS
addiction, and therefore could serve as potential targets for
KRAS
mutant cancer. Using a combinatorial siRNA platform, we systematically interrogated the patterns of oncoeffector dependency in
KRAS
mutant and WT colorectal and pancreatic cancer cell lines and in normal cell lines. We found that RAF kinases are the major KRAS oncoeffectors and that cotargeting BRAF and CRAF kinases together with the autophagy E1 ligase ATG7 could efficiently eliminate
KRAS
mutant cells while minimizing toxicity in normal cells. Our work thus establishes a framework for the rational selection of target combinations for cancer treatment.
Mutational analysis of a catalytically important loop containing active site and substrate-binding site in Escherichia coli phytase AppA
Authors: Wada Manami , Hayashi Yuuki , Arai Munehito
Published: February 2019

A phytase from Escherichia coli, AppA, has been the target of protein engineering to reduce the amount of undigested phosphates from livestock manure by making phosphorous from phytic acid available as a nutrient. To understand the contribution of each amino acid in the active site loop to the AppA activity, alanine and glycine scanning mutagenesis was undertaken. The results of phytase activity assay demonstrated loss of activity by mutations at charged residues within the conserved motif, supporting their importance in catalytic activity. In contrast, both conserved, non-polar residues and non-conserved residues tended to be tolerant to Ala and/or Gly mutations. Correlation analyses of chemical/structural characteristics of each mutation site against mutant activity revealed that the loop residues located closer to the substrate have greater contribution to the activity of AppA. These results may be useful in efficiently engineering AppA to improve its catalytic activity.

Abbreviations: AppA: pH 2.5 acid phosphatase; CSU: contacts of structural units; HAPs: histidine acid phosphatases; SASA: solvent accessible surface area; SDS-PAGE: sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; SSM: site-saturation mutagenesis; WT: wild type
Oxidative protein folding in the plant endoplasmic reticulum
Authors: Urade Reiko
Published: February 2019

For most of the proteins synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), disulfide bond formation accompanies protein folding in a process called oxidative folding. Oxidative folding is catalyzed by a number of enzymes, including the family of protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs), as well as other proteins that supply oxidizing equivalents to PDI family proteins, like ER oxidoreductin 1 (Ero1). Oxidative protein folding in the ER is a basic vital function, and understanding its molecular mechanism is critical for the application of plants as protein production tools. Here, I review the recent research and progress related to the enzymes involved in oxidative folding in the plant ER. Firstly, nine groups of plant PDI family proteins are introduced. Next, the enzymatic properties of plant Ero1 are described. Finally, the cooperative folding by multiple PDI family proteins and Ero1 is described.
Can Farm Households Improve Food and Nutrition Security through Adoption of Climate‐smart Practices? Empirical Evidence from Northern Ghana
Authors: Issahaku Gazali , Abdulai Awudu
Published: February 2019

We examine the factors that influence farmers’ decisions to adopt climate‐smart practices and how adoption affects food and nutrition security in Ghana, using an endogenous switching regression approach to account for selectivity bias. The results show that adoption positively and significantly impacts food and nutrition security. The impacts of adoption are greater in the lower quantiles of the distributions of food and nutrition security, an indication of the potential role of adoption in reducing poverty among poor households. Policy efforts that seek to improve farmers’ access to machinery and extension services may enhance the adoption of climate‐smart practices.
Predation on Non-Spider Arthropod Eggs and Colony Bionomics of the Ant Proceratium itoi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Masuko Keiichi
Published: February 2019

In total, 107 colonies of the cryptic ant Proceratium itoi (Forel) were collected from an evergreen broad-leaved forest in central Japan. Their nests were excavated directly from the soil at depths of 10–15 cm. Most colonies were monogynous and colony sizes were small; the median and maximum numbers of workers per colony were 35 and 253, respectively. The ant nests collected during May–September frequently contained many arthropod eggs; thus, the ants are likely to be specialized for predation on these eggs. Hatchlings from the eggs were identified as species belonging to Chilopoda, Hemiptera, and Opiliones. Other species of Proceratium have long been presumed, without evidence, to prey on spider eggs; however, no spider eggs were found among approximately 1,800 prey eggs present in P. itoi nests.
The SHIELD Orange County Project: Multidrug-resistant Organism Prevalence in 21 Nursing Homes and Long-term Acute Care Facilities in Southern California
Authors: McKinnell James A , Singh Raveena D , Miller Loren G , Kleinman Ken , Gussin Gabrielle , He Jiayi , Saavedra Raheeb , Dutciuc Tabitha D , Estevez Marlene , Chang Justin , Heim Lauren , Yamaguchi Stacey , Custodio Harold , Gohil Shruti K , Park Steven , Tam Steven , Robinson Philip A , Tjoa Thomas , Nguyen Jenny , Evans Kaye D , Bittencourt Cassiana E , Lee Bruce Y , Mueller Leslie E , Bartsch Sarah M , Jernigan John A , Slayton Rachel B , Stone Nimalie D , Zahn Matthew , Mor Vincent , McConeghy Kevin , Baier Rosa R , Janssen Lynn , O’Donnell Kathleen , Weinstein Robert A , Hayden Mary K , Coady Micaela H , Bhattarai Megha , Peterson Ellena M , Huang Susan S
Published: February 2019

Background

Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) spread between hospitals, nursing homes (NHs), and long-term acute care facilities (LTACs) via patient transfers. The Shared Healthcare Intervention to Eliminate Life-threatening Dissemination of MDROs in Orange County is a regional public health collaborative involving decolonization at 38 healthcare facilities selected based on their high degree of patient sharing. We report baseline MDRO prevalence in 21 NHs/LTACs.

Methods

A random sample of 50 adults for 21 NHs/LTACs (18 NHs, 3 LTACs) were screened for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. (VRE), extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing organisms (ESBL), and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) using nares, skin (axilla/groin), and peri-rectal swabs. Facility and resident characteristics associated with MDRO carriage were assessed using multivariable models clustering by person and facility.

Results

Prevalence of MDROs was 65% in NHs and 80% in LTACs. The most common MDROs in NHs were MRSA (42%) and ESBL (34%); in LTACs they were VRE (55%) and ESBL (38%). CRE prevalence was higher in facilities that manage ventilated LTAC patients and NH residents (8% vs <1%, P < .001). MDRO status was known for 18% of NH residents and 49% of LTAC patients. MDRO-colonized adults commonly harbored additional MDROs (54% MDRO+ NH residents and 62% MDRO+ LTACs patients). History of MRSA (odds ratio [OR] = 1.7; confidence interval [CI]: 1.2, 2.4; P = .004), VRE (OR = 2.1; CI: 1.2, 3.8; P = .01), ESBL (OR = 1.6; CI: 1.1, 2.3; P = .03), and diabetes (OR = 1.3; CI: 1.0, 1.7; P = .03) were associated with any MDRO carriage.

Conclusions

The majority of NH residents and LTAC patients harbor MDROs. MDRO status is frequently unknown to the facility. The high MDRO prevalence highlights the need for prevention efforts in NHs/LTACs as part of regional efforts to control MDRO spread.
Pathological complete response after neoadjuvant/induction treatment: where is its place in the lung cancer staging system?†
Authors: Melek Hüseyin , Çetinkaya Gamze , Özer Erhan , Yentürk Eylem , Sevinç Tolga Evrim , Bayram Ahmet Sami , Gebitekin Cengiz
Published: February 2019

OBJECTIVES

Prognosis for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who, after neoadjuvant/induction and surgery, have a pathological complete response (pCR) is expected to be improved. However, the place of the pCR patients in the context of the tumour, lymph node and metastasis (TNM) staging system is still not defined. The aim of this study is to investigate the long-term survival of NSCLC patients with pCR and to find their appropriate staging category within the TNM staging system.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed the prospectively recorded data of 1076 patients undergoing surgery (segmentectomy or more) for NSCLC between 1996 and 2016. Patients were divided into 2 groups. Group 1: clinical early-stage patients who underwent direct surgical resection (n = 660); group 2: patients who received neoadjuvant/induction treatment before surgical resection for locally advanced NSCLC (n = 416). Morbidity, mortality, survival rates and prognostic factors were analysed and compared.

RESULTS

Postoperative histopathological evaluation revealed pCR in 72 (17%) patients in group 2. Overall 5-year survival was 58.7% (group 1 = 62.3%, group 2 = 52.8%, P = 0.001). Of note, 5-year survival was 72.2% for pCRs. In addition, 5-year survival for stage 1a disease was 82.6% in group 1 and 63.2% in group 2 (P = 0.008); 70.3% in group 1 and 60.5% in group 2 for stage 1b (P = 0.08). Patients with stage II had a 5-year survival of 53.9% in group 1 and 51.1% in group 2 (P = 0.36).

CONCLUSIONS

This study shows that patients with locally advanced NSCLC developing a pCR after neoadjuvant/induction treatment have the best long-term survival and survival similar that of to stage Ib patients.