bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Utilizing retinal arteriole/venule ratio to estimate intracranial pressure
Authors: Nortvig Mathias Just , Andersen Mikkel Christian Schou , Eriksen Niclas Lynge , Aunan-Diop Jan Saip , Pedersen Christian Bonde , Poulsen Frantz Rom
Published: November 2024

Purpose

Intracranial pressure (ICP) control is important to avoid secondary brain injury in patients with intracranial pathologies. Current methods for measuring ICP are invasive and carry risks of infection and hemorrhage. Previously we found correlation between ICP and the arteriole-venous ratio (A/V ratio) of retinal vessels in an outpatient setting. This study investigated the usability of fundoscopy for non-invasive ICP estimation with the addition of intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients in a neuro-intensive care unit (NICU).

Methods

This single-center prospective cohort study was conducted at the NICU of Odense University Hospital from September 2020 to May 2021. Adult patients with a Glasgow Coma Score of 8 or less, who underwent invasive pressure neuromonitoring were included. Fundoscopy videos were captured daily and analyzed using deep learning algorithms. The A/V ratio was calculated and correlated with ICP. The data was analyzed using mixed-effect linear regression models.

Results

Forty patients were enrolled. Fifteen were included in the final analysis. ICP ranged from -1 to 31 mmHg (mean: 10.9, SD: 5.7), and IOP ranged from 4 to 13 mmHg (mean: 7.4, SD: 2.1). The A/V ratio showed a significant negative correlation with ICP > 15 mmHg (regression slope: -0.0659, 95%-CI: [-0.0665;-0.0653], p < 0.001). No significant change in A/V ratio was observed for ICP ≤ 15 mmHg. A similar significant correlation was found for ICP > IOP (regression slope: -0.0055, 95%-CI: [-0.0062;-0.0048], p < 0.001). Taking the IOP into account did not improve the model. The sensitivity analysis showed a sensitivity of 80.08% and a specificity of 22.51%, with an AUC of 0.6389.

Conclusion

In line with our previous work, non-invasive fundoscopy is a potential tool for detecting elevated ICP. However, challenges such as image quality and diagnostic specificity remains. Further research with larger, multi-center studies are needed to validate the utility. Standardization may enhance the technique's clinical applicability.
Die Toxidromsonne als diagnostisches Instrument im Schockraum
Authors: Hüser Christoph , Bernhard Michael , Biermann Henning , Gröning Ingmar , Kumle Bernhard , Michael Mark , Bentele Stefanie
Published: November 2024

Während akute Intoxikationen häufige Notfallereignisse darstellen, sind Vergiftungen mit einigen spezifischen Toxinen so selten, dass regelhaft kaum klinische Erfahrung mit der Identifikation und dem Management dieser Vergiftungen vorliegt. Jedoch kann eine Therapieverzögerung lebensbedrohlich sein. Toxidrome helfen, die Vergiftungssymptome schneller einzuordnen und eine zielgerichtete Diagnostik und Therapie rascher zu initiieren. Die Toxidromsonne ermöglicht, Untersuchungsbefunde und Leitsymptome intuitiv einem Toxidrom zuzuordnen und dadurch rasch eine spezifische Therapie einzuleiten. Die Toxidromsonne dient als Instrument zur strukturierten Herangehensweise bei intoxikierten Patienten und ist insbesondere für den Einsatz bei kritisch erkrankten Patienten im Schockraum geeignet.
Divergent tunes: exploring dialects in Great Reed Warbler song pattern
Authors: Węgrzyn Ewa , Tańska Natalia , Leniowski Konrad , Czechowski Rafał
Published: November 2024

In most songbirds, there is geographic variability in their songs, and for some of these species, populations display unique vocal characteristics that can be used to identify the origin of individual birds, i.e., dialects. Although studies indicate the significant role of dialects in bird vocal behaviour, the majority of species remain largely unexplored in this regard. In this paper, we investigate whether dialects occur in the vocal behaviour of the Great Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus)—a model species in studies of birdsong and sexual selection. In this study, we analyze the vocal behaviour of ten Great Reed Warbler populations, ranging in distance from 6 to 410 km. We test the hypotheses that (i) populations of the Great Reed Warbler differ in dialects and (ii) differences in dialects between populations increase with the distance that separates their breeding grounds. The results of our research confirmed both our hypotheses. Each population had characteristic whistles or their specific combinations, allowing males to be assigned to the population they originated from based on their song. We also demonstrated that the between-population variation in syllable repertoire increases with the distance between populations. The greatest similarities in the repertoire composition occur among populations separated by less than 50 km which may result from individuals moving between closely located populations, thereby sharing vocalisations. As the distance between populations increases, the likelihood of individual migration decreases, which in turn favors the emergence of specific and distinct elements of the song for each population.
Assessing the need for coronary angiography in high-risk non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome patients using artificial intelligence and computed tomography
Authors: Cagnina Aurelien , Salihu Adil , Meier David , Luangphiphat Wongsakorn , Faltin Benjamin , Skalidis Ioannis , Zimmerli Aurelia , Rotzinger David , Dine Qanadli Salah , Muller Olivier , Abbe Emmanuel , Fournier Stephane
Published: November 2024

Purpose

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) in guiding the need for invasive coronary angiography (ICA) in high-risk non-ST-elevation (NSTE) acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients based on both standard clinical data and coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) findings.

Methods

This investigation is a sub-study of a larger prospective multicentric double blinded project where high-risk NSTE-ACS patients underwent CCTA prior to ICA to compare coronary lesion by both modalities. ChatGPT analyzed clinical vignettes containing patient data, electrocardiograms, troponin levels, and CCTA results to determine the necessity of ICA. The AI’s recommendations were then compared to actual ICA findings to assess its decision-making accuracy.

Results

In total, 86 patients (age: 62 ± 13 years old, female 27%) were included. ChatGPT recommended against ICA for 19 patients, 16 of whom indeed had no significant findings. For 67 patients, ChatGPT advised proceeding with ICA, and a significant lesion was confirmed in 58 of them. Consequently, ChatGPT’s overall accuracy stood at 86%, with a sensitivity of 95% (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76–0.92) and a specificity of 64% (95% CI 0.62–0.94). The model’s negative predictive value was 84% (95% CI 0.44–0.79), and its positive predictive value was 87% 95% CI 0.86–0.97).

Conclusion

Preliminary evidence suggests that ChatGPT can effectively assist in making ICA decisions for high-risk NSTE-ACS patients, potentially reducing unnecessary procedures. However, the study underscores the importance of data accuracy and calls for larger, more diverse investigations to refine artificial intelligence’s role in clinical decision-making.
Stochastic Comparisons for Finite Mixtures from Location-scale Family of Distributions
Authors: Bhakta Raju , Kayal Suchandan , Finkelstein Maxim
Published: November 2024

In this study, we consider two finite mixture models (FMMs) with location-scale family distributed components, in which ordering results are established in various stochastic senses. For heterogeneity in one parameter, the comparisons are obtained with respect to usual stochastic order, hazard rate order, reversed hazard rate order and likelihood ratio order. Further, for heterogeneity in two parameters, we derive sufficient conditions for the stochastic comparison of FMMs with respect to usual stochastic order and hazard rate order. Various examples and counterexamples are presented to illustrate the proposed results.
The role of inflammation induced by necroptosis in the development of fibrosis and liver cancer in novel knockin mouse models fed a western diet
Authors: Selvarani Ramasamy , Nguyen HoangVan Michelle , Pazhanivel Natesan , Raman Muthusamy , Lee Sunho , Wolf Roman F. , Deepa Sathyaseelan S. , Richardson Arlan
Published: November 2024

Non-resolving, chronic inflammation (inflammaging) is believed to play an important role in aging and age-related diseases. The goal of this study was to determine if inflammation induced by necroptosis arising from the liver plays a role in chronic liver disease (CLD) and liver cancer in mice fed a western diet (WD). Necroptosis was induced in liver using two knockin (KI) mouse models that overexpress genes involved in necroptosis (Ripk3 or Mlkl) specifically in liver (i.e., hRipk3-KI and hMlkl-KI mice). These mice and control mice (not overexpressing Ripk3 or Mlkl) were fed a WD (high in fat, sucrose, and cholesterol) starting at 2 months of age for 3, 6, and 12 months. Feeding the WD induced necroptosis in the control mice, which was further elevated in the hRipk3-KI and hMlkl-KI mice and was associated with a significant increase in inflammation in the livers of the hRipk3-KI and hMlkl-KI mice compared to control mice fed the WD. Overexpressing Ripk3 or Mlkl significantly increased steatosis and fibrosis compared to control mice fed the WD. Mice fed the WD for 12 months developed liver tumors (hepatocellular adenomas): 28% of the control mice developing tumors compared to 62% of the hRipk3-KI and hMlkl-KI mice. The hRipk3-KI and hMlkl-KI mice showed significantly more and larger tumor nodules. Our study provides the first direct evidence that inflammation induced by necroptosis arising from hepatocytes can lead to the progression of hepatic steatosis to fibrosis in obese mice that eventually results in an increased incidence in hepatocellular adenomas.
Teachers’ use of questions and the science/religion encounter: Basil Bernstein and the impossibility of the unthinkable
Authors: Revell Lynn , Bowie Bob , Woolley Mary , Riordan John-Paul
Published: November 2024

This article examines the teaching of creation in a year six and a year three Religious Education (RE) class in schools in the south of England with a focus on the type and role of teacher questioning in relation to classroom discussions. The nature of knowledge, curriculum content and the relationship between RE and other subjects is currently under scrutiny and there is an ongoing debate about the negative effects of presenting science and religion as epistemically siloed. This paper presents an analysis of the way two teachers in two primary schools used questions to frame the relationship between science and religion where the aim was to minimise the polarisation of religion and science. Using Bernstein’s idea of the pedagogic device and the related notions of frame, classification and the unthinkable the analysis suggests that teachers employed both visible and invisible pedagogies that limited the diversity of ideas that were considered legitimate in discussions, and which therefore influenced the nature of pupil questions and responses. We suggest that despite attempts by both teachers to diminish the strong boundaries between different types of knowledge their use of questions serves to reinforce them.
Exploring Climate Change Adaptations for Cultural Heritage: The ADAPT Framework
Authors: Wright Jeneva P. , Hylton Morris
Published: November 2024

There is an urgent need for climate change–informed decision-making and adaptation actions for cultural heritage. Challenges arise in incorporating and balancing multiple considerations, including robust understandings of climate change vulnerability, the objectives of current management paradigms, the need for meaningful engagement, the risk of maladaptation, and constrained resources to implement. We offer a conceptual framework and guide to integrate climate science and cultural heritage management to produce a range of adaptation actions for cultural heritage, categorized as Acclimate, Dislocate, Abandon, Protect, and Tell the Story (ADAPT) approaches. The ADAPT framework is intended to aid archaeologists and other cultural heritage managers in developing and evaluating possible adaptation actions that directly respond to findings from climate change vulnerability assessments, critically integrating management postures and constraints, and coproducing climate change adaptations with Indigenous rightsholders and community stakeholders.
Unmasking the role of remote sensors in comfort, energy, and demand response
Authors: Mulayim Ozan Baris , Severnini Edson , Bergés Mario
Published: November 2024

In single-zone multi-node systems (SZMNSs), temperature controls rely on a single probe near the thermostat, resulting in temperature discrepancies that cause thermal discomfort and energy waste. Augmenting smart thermostats (STs) with per-room sensors has gained acceptance by major ST manufacturers. This paper leverages additional sensory information to empirically characterize the services provided by buildings, including thermal comfort, energy efficiency, and demand response (DR). Utilizing room-level time-series data from 1000 houses, metadata from 110,000 houses across the United States, and data from two real-world testbeds, we examine the limitations of SZMNSs and explore the potential of remote sensors. We discover that comfortable DR durations (CDRDs) for rooms are typically 70% longer or 40% shorter than for the room with the thermostat. When averaging, rooms at the control temperature’s bounds are typically deviated around −3 °F to 2.5 °F from the average. Moreover, in 95% of houses, we identified rooms experiencing notably higher solar gains compared to the rest of the rooms, while 85% and 70% of houses demonstrated lower heat input and poor insulation, respectively. Lastly, it became evident that the consumption of cooling energy escalates with the increase in the number of sensors, whereas heating usage experiences fluctuations ranging from −19% to +25%. This study serves as a benchmark for assessing the thermal comfort and DR services in the existing housing stock, while also highlighting the energy efficiency impacts of sensing technologies. Our approach sets the stage for more granular, precise control strategies of SZMNSs.
Autonomy, Violence, and Consent in the Obstetric Field
Authors: Restrepo-Sánchez Andrés
Published: November 2024

Obstetric violence is a structural form of gender, medical, and sexual violence perpetrated by health providers and institutions during pregnancy, birth, and postpartum. It can produce physical, psychological, and symbolic harm to pregnant/birthing people and their families. Obstetric violence results from structural conditions in the technocratic model of birth and the acceptance of biomedicine as the authoritative knowledge in health care. This phenomenon produces patients’ loss of autonomy and capacity to provide informed consent, which increases their vulnerability to unjustified medical procedures, resulting in negative birth experiences. In this paper, I argue that individual autonomy is necessary but not sufficient for legitimately consenting to obstetric care and preventing violence. The liberal framework of individual autonomy often ignores that childbirth is a social event where multiple individuals and cultural factors influence the consent process. Consequently, I discuss the role of relational autonomy in obstetric decision-making and describe some structural barriers that negatively intervene in this process. Finally, I propose that doulas and midwives can help nurture autonomy and caregiving skills in obstetric patients and health providers. This strategy protects the informed consent process, prevents obstetric violence, and can be effective in recentering childbirth in pregnant people and their families.
Homotopy classification of 4-manifolds with finite abelian 2-generator fundamental groups
Authors: KASPROWSKI DANIEL , POWELL MARK , RUPPIK BENJAMIN
Published: November 2024

We show that for an oriented 4-dimensional Poincaré complex X with finite fundamental group, whose 2-Sylow subgroup is abelian with at most 2 generators, the homotopy type of X is determined by its quadratic 2-type.
Graded extensions of Verma modules
Authors: KO HANKYUNG , MAZORCHUK VOLODYMYR
Published: November 2024

In this paper, we investigate extensions between graded Verma modules in the Bernstein–Gelfand–Gelfand category
$\mathcal{O}$
. In particular, we determine exactly which information about extensions between graded Verma modules is given by the coefficients of the R-polynomials. We also give some upper bounds for the dimensions of graded extensions between Verma modules in terms of Kazhdan–Lusztig combinatorics. We completely determine all extensions between Verma module in the regular block of category
$\mathcal{O}$
for
$\mathfrak{sl}_4$
and construct various “unexpected” higher extensions between Verma modules.
Global stability for McKean–Vlasov equations on large networks
Authors: Kuehn Christian , Wöhrer Tobias
Published: November 2024

We investigate the mean-field dynamics of stochastic McKean differential equations with heterogeneous particle interactions described by large network structures. To express a wide range of graphs, from dense to sparse structures, we incorporate the recently developed graph limit theory of graphops into the limiting McKean–Vlasov equations. Global stability of the splay steady state is proven via a generalised entropy method, leading to explicit graph structure-dependent decay rates. We highlight the robustness of the entropy approach by extending the results to the closely related Sakaguchi–Kuramoto model with intrinsic frequency distributions. We also present central examples of random graphs, such as power law graphs and the spherical graphop, and analyse the limitations of the applied methodology.
American Attitudes Toward Climate Migrants: Findings from a Conjoint Experiment
Authors: Adman Per , Lajevardi Nazita , Seligsohn Deborah
Published: November 2024

The dramatic impacts of climate change presage an inevitable surge in mass migration; however, advanced democracies are ill-equipped for this impending crisis. Moreover, we know very little about how publics evaluate this group of prospective migrants, who are estimated to increase from 100 million to 200 million worldwide within decades. This study investigates American attitudes toward climate-related migrants in a conjoint experiment of more than 1,000 US adults, in which respondents evaluated fictional refugee profiles that varied across multiple attributes. Findings reveal that Americans (1) prefer political refugees over climate-related refugees; and (2) prefer climate-related and economic migrants to a similar extent, and that these preferences are not driven by concerns over climate-related refugees’ integration into American society. Subgroup analyses indicate that younger individuals, those with high climate-change anxiety, and those who previously engaged in climate-related political activities discriminated less against climate-related migrants. Analyses of open-ended responses reveal that climate anxiety is a driver of positive evaluations of climate-related migrants.
Production and Preschoolers: Is There a Benefit and Do They Know?
Authors: Lipowski Stacy , Canda Angela , Tameling Hannah , Pyc Mary
Published: November 2024

Abstract: Although the production effect is well-established in undergraduates, limited research has examined this effect in children. The primary goal of the current study was to replicate the production effect in preschoolers. In Experiment 1, one group studied all items silently or aloud (pure lists) and another group studied half of the items silently and said half aloud (mixed lists). At recall, the production effect was present in mixed lists but not in pure lists. The results suggest that the effect in mixed lists was due to both a benefit for produced items and a cost to silent items. Experiments 2 and 3 examined whether preschoolers were aware of the benefits of production. The results were mixed and indicate that task difficulty may impact whether production benefits memory. When the metacognitive task was easier (Experiment 3), the production effect replicated. Preschoolers’ judgments indicated they believe that production leads to better memory, but they were overconfident. The current results demonstrate that (1) young children can use production to improve memory when instructed, even before they spontaneously use it, (2) they believe production can benefit memory, and (3) task difficulty may account for discrepancies in prior work examining the production effect in children.
The Erosion Pattern and Hidden Momentum in Debris‐Flow Surges Revealed by Simple Hydraulic Jump Equations
Authors: Chen Qian , Song Dongri , Chen Xiaoqing , Feng Lei , Li Xiaoyu , Zhao Wei , Zhang Yaonan
Published: November 2024

The erosion‐deposition propagation of granular avalanches is prevalent and may increase their destructiveness. However, this process has rarely been reported for debris flows on gentle slopes, and the contribution of momentum hidden under the surge front to debris‐flow destructiveness is ambiguous. Therefore, the momentum carried by the apparent surge front is often used to indicate debris‐flow destructiveness. In this study, the erosion‐deposition propagation is confirmed by surge‐depth hydrographs measured at the Jiangjia Ravine (Yunnan Province, China). Based on simple hydraulic jump equations, the eroded deposition depth of surge flow is quantified, and the erosion pattern can be divided into two patterns (shallow and deep erosion). For surge flows with erosion‐deposition propagation, significant downward erosion potential is confirmed, and debris‐flow surge erosion is considered the deep erosion. The total momentum carried by surge flow is further quantified by two Froude numbers (surge‐front and rearward Froude numbers) and verified through the field observation of surge flows. The total momentum of surge flow not only originates from the apparent surge front, but also includes the momentum within the eroded deposition layer. This study provides a theoretical approach for quantifying the upper limit of erosion depth and revealing the destructiveness of debris‐flow surges. A perspective on the importance of substrate deposition for debris‐flow erosion on gentle slopes is emphasized, as this approach can improve the reliability of debris‐flow risk assessment.
Cities Are Concentrators of Complex, MultiSectoral Interactions Within the Human‐Earth System
Authors: Brelsford Christa , Jones Andrew , Pandey Bhartendu , Vahmani Pouya , Allen‐Dumas Melissa , Rastogi Deeksha , Sparks Kevin , Bukovsky Melissa , Dronova Iryna , Hong Tianzhen , Iwaniec David M. , Newcomer Michelle E. , Reid Sean C. , Zheng Zhonghua
Published: November 2024

Cities are concentrators of complex, multi‐sectoral interactions. As keystones in the interconnected human‐Earth system, cities have an outsized impact on the Earth system. We describe a multi‐lens framework for organizing our understanding of the complexity of urban systems and scientific research on urban systems, which may be useful for natural system scientists exploring the ways their work can be made more actionable. We then describe four critical dimensions along which improvements are needed to advance the urban research that addresses urgent climate challenges: (a) solutions‐oriented research, (b) equity‐centered assessments which rely on fine‐scale human and ecological data, (c) co‐production of knowledge, and (d) better integration of human and natural systems occurring through theory, observation, and modeling.
From Symmetric Rifting to Asymmetric Spreading—Insights Into Back‐Arc Formation in the Central Mariana Trough
Authors: Hilbert H.‐S. , Dannowski A. , Grevemeyer I. , Berndt C. , Kodaira S. , Fujie G. , Takahashi N.
Published: November 2024

The Mariana Trough is the youngest back‐arc basin in a series of basins and arcs that developed behind the Mariana subduction zone in the western Pacific. Active seafloor spreading is ongoing at a spreading axis close to the Mariana Arc, resulting in a pronounced asymmetric configuration (double rate to the west 2:1) at 17°N. The formation of back‐arc basins is controlled by the subducting slab, which regulates the temporal development of mantle flow, entrainment of fluids, and hydrous melts together with the magma generation. To better understand the formation process of back‐arc basin asymmetry in the central Mariana Trough, we combined 2‐D P‐wave traveltime tomography results with high‐resolution bathymetric data. Here, we show that the crust in the central Mariana Trough is 6.5–9.5 km thick, which is unusually thick for oceanic crust. While the lower crust exhibits average seismic velocities of 6.5–7.2 km/s, high‐velocity anomalies occur at the margins of the Mariana Trough, indicating that magmatic accretion was affected by hydrous melting during rifting. While the Mariana Trough developed from a rather symmetric rifting (0.89:1) to a strongly asymmetric seafloor spreading stage (5.33:1), the contribution of hydrous melts declined and the opening direction changed at ∼5 Ma. Asymmetric basin opening is potentially driven by the far‐field stress effect of the subduction zones on the western boundary of the Philippine Sea Plate.
Shallow Moonquake Mechanisms Illuminated by Rheologic Characteristics of Basaltic Gouges
Authors: Zhang Fengshou , Zhao Wenzhi , An Mengke , Shen Xianda , Tang Jizhou , Zhao Luanxiao , Liu Hai , Elsworth Derek , Zhu Hehua , He Manchao
Published: November 2024

The projected evolutionary history of the Moon and observed occurrence of moonquakes suggest that brittle faulting is present in the shallow lunar crust. The main component of the lunar crust, plagioclase, shows velocity‐strengthening behavior in the range of crustal temperatures. Chang'e 5 samples of lunar regolith show a mineral composition almost identical to basaltic bedrock. We measured the friction‐stability characteristics of dry synthetic gouges representative of basaltic faults assumed to be present in the lunar crust. Frictional strengths are ∼0.7 and exhibit an overall velocity‐strengthening response but transition to velocity‐weakening at intermediate temperatures (∼200–300°C) and stresses (∼25–100 MPa). Bounding temperature profiles representative of the lunar crust suggest that moonquakes are feasible in the lunar crust. The rheological heterogeneity of mineral fragments in basalt is a potential cause of unstable sliding on faults with the related steady‐state stress drop close to the minimum of the estimated dynamic stress drop. This suggests that some events with small stress drops are associated with the instability of mature basalt faults. However, observations of shallow moonquakes with high stress drop but merely moderate magnitude suggest that high degrees of healing on immature faults, small seismic nucleation lengths, or the failure of intact crust are present. We emphasize that moonquakes may arise from stress transfer and accumulation due to processes such as cooling contraction.
A case of CDKL5 deficiency disorder with a novel intragenic multi-exonic duplication
Authors: Akiba Takato , Shimada Shino , Imai Katsumi , Takahashi Satoru
Published: November 2024

We present a case of suspected CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD) in which a novel intragenic multi-exonic duplication in the CDKL5 gene was identified using next-generation sequencing and multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification. This duplication was assumed to result in a shift of the reading frame and the introduction of a premature stop codon. This case highlights the importance of careful phenotyping and comprehensive genetic testing to detect rare structural variants in CDD patients.
Preservation of freshly-cut lemon slices using alginate-based coating functionalized with antioxidant enzymatically hydrolyzed rice straw-hemicellulose
Authors: Ismail Shaymaa A. , Abozed Safaa S. , Taie Hanan A. A. , Hassan Amira A.
Published: November 2024

Food coatings are efficient preservative measures, a crucially needed approach to meet hunger growth as well as food management. In the current study, the construction of an efficient coating using alginate polymer fortified with antioxidant rice straw-hemicellulose hydrolysate was examined. Rice straw hemicellulose fraction was extracted under thermal alkaline conditions with a recovery percentage of 15.8%. The extracted hemicellulose fraction was enzymatically hydrolyzed with microbial xylanase with hydrolysis percentage of 53.8%. Characterization of the produced hydrolysate was performed with the aid of thin layer chromatographic analysis (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis (HPLC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The reported data showed that xylobiose (240.68 mg/g) in addition to coumaric (383.33 µg/g) and ferulic acid (298.77 µg/g) as the main constituents of the carbohydrate and the polyphenolic contents, respectively. The hydrolysate possessed antioxidant capacity that significantly increased in a direct correlation with the concentration of the hydrolysate. Finally, the prepared coating solution effectiveness in the preservation of lemon slices against fungal growth was monitored up to 20 days with a significant concentration dependent decrease in weight loss and an increase in its antioxidant activity. The combination of xylooligosaccharide-rich rice straw hydrolysate with alginate-based coating not only improved the storage shelf-life of fresh fruits and vegetables but also provided microbial safety and potential benefits for human health.
Mitochondrial complex I inhibition enhances astrocyte responsiveness to pro-inflammatory stimuli
Authors: Wischhof Lena , Mathew Amal John , Bonaguro Lorenzo , Beyer Marc , Ehninger Dan , Nicotera Pierluigi , Bano Daniele
Published: November 2024

Inhibition of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system can lead to metabolic disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. In primary mitochondrial disorders, reactive astrocytes often accompany neuronal degeneration and may contribute to neurotoxic inflammatory cascades that elicit brain lesions. The influence of mitochondria to astrocyte reactivity as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here we report that mitochondrial Complex I dysfunction promotes neural progenitor cell differentiation into astrocytes that are more responsive to neuroinflammatory stimuli. We show that the SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable (SWI/SNF/BAF) chromatin remodeling complex takes part in the epigenetic regulation of astrocyte responsiveness, since its pharmacological inhibition abrogates the expression of inflammatory genes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Complex I deficient human iPSC-derived astrocytes negatively influence neuronal physiology upon cytokine stimulation. Together, our data describe the SWI/SNF/BAF complex as a sensor of altered mitochondrial OXPHOS and a downstream epigenetic regulator of astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation.
Solvatomorphic phase transitions and tunable luminescence emission in lanthanide metal–organic frameworks
Authors: Vasileva Alena A. , Demakov Pavel A. , Guselnikova Tatiana Y. , Ryadun Alexey A. , Fedin Vladimir P. , Dybtsev Danil N.
Published: November 2024

A series of polymorphic/solvatomorphic samarium(iii) MOFs exhibit solvent-driven structural transitions and solvent- and excitation-dependent luminescence. Near-daylight white emission was achieved by Tb doping into the Sm-based coordination matrix.
Theoretical study of p-block metal–nitrogen–carbon single-atom catalysts for heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction
Authors: Zhou Chen , Tan Haobin , Wang Shengbo , Liu Qiang , Xu Zhenhui , Zhang Peng , Hu Chun
Published: November 2024

A volcano relationship was found between the catalytic activity of H2O2 decomposition and the adsorption energies of reaction intermediates and the p-band center of p-block main-group metal/nitrogen/carbon (PM/N/C) catalysts.
Porous carbon-nanostructured electrocatalysts for zinc–air batteries: from materials design to applications
Authors: Gao Sanshuang , Li Maolin , Li Nianpeng , Zhang Lei , Liu Qian , Wang Xinzhong , Hu Guangzhi
Published: November 2024

This review has summarized recent porous carbon applications for Zn–air batteries, and the interactions between catalytic sites and carbon nanostructures are summarized to explore the potential innovative approaches for ZAB performance enhancement.
Simple aliovalent cation substitution to induce strong optical anisotropy enhancement in a rare thioantimonate(v) family
Authors: Ren Qixian , Che Wangfei , Chen Mengmeng , Cui Chen , Wu Yabo , Su Zhi
Published: November 2024

This work demonstrates that aliovalent cation substitution is an effective strategy for discovering new thioantimonate(v) families and suggests that cation size effects from substitution can lead to performance improvements.
Influence of the turbulent magnetic pressure on isothermal jet emitting disks
Authors: Zimniak N. , Ferreira J. , Jacquemin-Ide J.
Published: November 2024

Context. The theory of jet emitting disks (JEDs) provides a mathematical framework for a self-consistent treatment of steady-state accretion and ejection. A large-scale vertical magnetic field threads the accretion disk where magnetic turbulence occurs in a strongly magnetized plasma. A fraction of mass leaves the disk and feeds the two laminar super-Alfvénic jets. In previous treatments of JEDs, the disk turbulence has been considered to provide only anomalous transport coefficients, namely magnetic diffusivities and viscosity. However, 3D numerical experiments show that turbulent magnetic pressure also sets in.

Aims. We analyze how this turbulent magnetic pressure modifies the classical picture of JEDs and their parameter space.

Methods. We included this additional pressure term using a prescription that is consistent with the latest 3D global (and local) simulations. We then solved the complete system of self-similar magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations, accounting for all dynamical terms. The magnetic surfaces are assumed to be isothermal, limiting the validity of our results to cold outflows. We explored the effects of the disk thickness and the level of magnetic diffusivities on the JED response to turbulent magnetic pressure.

Results. The disk becomes puffier and less electrically conductive, causing radial and toroidal electric currents to flow at the disk surface. Field lines within the disk become straighter, with their bending and shearing occurring mainly at the surface. Accretion remains supersonic, but becomes faster at the disk surface. Large values of both turbulent pressure and magnetic diffusivities allow powerful jets to be driven, and their combined effects have a constructive influence. Nevertheless, cold outflows do not seem to be able to reproduce mass-loss rates as large as those observed in numerical simulations.

Conclusions. Our results are a major upgrade of the JED theory, allowing a direct comparison with full 3D global numerical simulations. We argue that JEDs provide a state-of-the-art mathematical description of the disk configurations observed in numerical simulations, commonly referred to as magnetically arrested disks (MADs). However, further efforts from both theoretical and numerical perspectives are needed to firmly establish this point.
Analytical study of the merging rate of low-mass intermediate-mass black holes in preparation for the future Einstein Telescope
Authors: Davari N. , Tosta e Melo I. , Rozza D. , Dell’Aquila D. , D’Urso D. , Anzuinelli S. , Pesenti L. , Sipala V.
Published: November 2024

Context. The detection of gravitational wave (GW) signals by Advanced LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA interferometers opened a new chapter in our understanding of the formation of compact objects. In particular, the detection of GW190521 is observational confirmation of the existence of intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs); yet more direct observations are needed to better understand the mechanisms behind their formation.

Aims. In this study, we explore the potential of the next-generation ground-based detector, the Einstein Telescope (ET), to advance our understanding of astrophysics through the detection of GWs emitted by IMBHs. To achieve this, the ET is designed to have improved sensitivity in the low-frequency range of approximately 2–10 Hz, enabling the detection of GWs originating from binary systems containing IMBHs with masses in the range of approximately 102–105 M⊙.

Methods. We consider black holes (BHs) in the pair-instability form via the hierarchical merger model in galaxies, and approximate the number of events that could be observed by the ET.

Results. Our findings indicate that ET could detect a binary black hole (BBH) merger rate of around 2 × 105 Gpc−3 yr−1 for BH masses ranging from 10 to 200 M⊙, with around 100 Gpc−3 yr−1 of this rate specifically attributed to BHs in the 100–200 M⊙ mass range, which we classify as low-mass IMBHs in this study. This suggests that ET could detect several dozen events similar to GW190521. The exact locations of these BBH mergers are not specified and we count our BH mergers across the entire universe up to a redshift of z ≈ 2.

Conclusions. Observations made with the ET are expected to significantly enhance our comprehension of galactic BH growth, and the existence and characteristics of low-mass IMBHs.
Surface Preparation and Characterization of Gamma-Phase Stainless Steel for Nitrogen Ion Implantation: A Comparative Study with Alpha-Phase Stainless Steel
Authors: Satyanarayana Kosaraju , Prakash Sunil , Kataria Ansh , Sharma Gazal , Mittal Sachin , Bhardwaj Sweta
Published: November 2024

The objective of this work is to examine the process of preparing and characterizing gamma-phase stainless steel for nitrogen ion implantation, therefore comparing its characteristics with those of alpha-phase stainless steel. Proper pre-cleaning of the surface was critical in an effort to reduce residual stress and enhance the effectiveness of ion implantation. Each of these materials was ion sputter etched to remove partially damaged surface layers due to mechanical reasons. Several characterization tools are followed for characterization which include x-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and confocal microscopy. Minimal values indicate up to a sixty times reduction in microstrain, and the gamma-phase stainless steel exhibited the best result in terms of surface morphology improvement. In another approach, the surface properties of the material for complex biological applications are significantly enhanced.
Optimizing Biodiesel Production from Hazelnut kernel oil and waste cooking oil with CaO catalyst Using RSM Approach
Authors: Selvaraj Balaji , Venkatesh J. , Babu J. Ramesh , Murugan V. Senthil , Subbu LSP. , Bisht Yashwant Singh , Singh Anoop Kumar
Published: November 2024

This study focused on optimizing biodiesel (BD) production from the hazelnut kernel oil and waste cooking oil using Box Behnken Design in Response Surface Methodology (RSM- BBD). The process was improved by employing CaO as a catalyst, with four variables including reaction temperature (50 to 70 °C), CaO catalyst concentration (2 to 6 wt%), stirring speed (300 to 500 rpm), and methanol-to-oil molar ratio (5:1 to 15:1). Through RSM-BBD, the optimal conditions for achieving maximum biodiesel yield were found to be a temperature of 50 °C, catalyst of 2 wt%, stirring speed of 500 rpm, and a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 10:1. These conditions caused in a biodiesel yield of 94.85%. The findings established that biodiesel derived from hazelnut kernel oil and the waste cooking oil not only presented a sustainable alternative to conventional fuels but also chances ASTM and EN biodiesel standards, making it suitable for industrial production.
Investigation of Cu Doping Concentration on the Structural and Antimicrobial Properties of TiO₂ Thin Films
Authors: Srinivas Tummala , Singha Soumya Sucharita , Joshi Abhishek , Mishra Saket , Sehgal Archana , Malhotra Abhiraj , Sharma Gazal
Published: November 2024

This study aims to examine the microorganism-fighting properties of the thin layers of TiO2. These TiO2 film as synthesized through a chemical process, in which different concentrations of copper have been added. The ability of films to inhibit the growth of different types of bacteria and fungi was examined using the disk diffusion technique. TiO2 films without additives exhibited mild antibacterial action, with inhibition areas varying according to the dose and type of microorganism. In contrast, the films that received a dose of copper showed significant increases in their ability to inhibit bacterial growth. More prominent detention areas were observed when a dose of 60 µg/mL and a doping concentration of 0.1% were used. According to X-ray diffraction tests, it was revealed that the thin films of TiO2 exhibit a cubic crystalline configuration, indicating their high crystallinity and the variation in the position of the peaks due to the inclusion of copper in their composition. The effectiveness in combating bacteria increased when the size of the crystals was raised from 6.72 nm (undoped) to 8.39 nm in presence of 0.1% copper. Significant changes occurred in the external appearance, as seen in the photographs taken using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The modifications higher concentration of Cu doping, a transformation from smooth surfaces of pure ZnS to rough and porous layers in the films doped with Cu is observed. Specifically, the study reveals that by adding copper to thin films of zinc sulfide, their effectiveness can be enhanced, paving the way for the advancement of materials with antimicrobial properties.
Enhanced Gas Sensing Performance of Heterostructure Sensors Based on H-NCD, MoS₂, and Functionalized Graphene Oxide for Ethanol, NH₃, and NO₂ Detection
Authors: Nemova Darya Viktorovna , Prakash Akula , Saida Angothu , Pandey Alok Kumar , Singh Takveer , Jagga Megha , Kumar Rohit
Published: November 2024

This study investigates the gas-sensing capabilities of heterostructure sensors based on hydrogen-terminated nanocrystalline diamond (H-NCD), molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂), and functionalized graphene oxide (SH-GO, GO) for detecting ethanol, ammonia (NH₃), and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) gases at 100 ppm concentrations. Sensors were tested at two distinct temperatures: 125°C and room temperature (22°C). Among the tested sensors, the SH-GO/H-NCD exhibited the highest sensitivity to ethanol, with a response of 634% at 22°C and 554% at 125°C. The Au NPs/H-NCD sensor showed the second-best ethanol response of 587% at 125°C. For NH₃, SH-GO/H-NCD demonstrated the best response at 125°C with a value of 76%, while at room temperature, it showed 41%. NO₂ sensing showed negative responses, with the SH-GO/H-NCD sensor exhibiting the least degradation at -47% at 125°C and -19% at 22°C. The results highlight those combining materials into heterostructures significantly enhances gas detection performance, even at room temperature, showing comparable responses to commercial sensors.
Nanoparticles as Potent Inhibitors of Angiogenesis: A Decade of In Vitro and In Vivo Investigations
Authors: Kapoor Prakriti , Garg Mohan , Sharma Nidhi , Chhabra Soosan , Deorari Rajesh , Raju B.Ch. Nooka , Kumar Arun , Alhadrawi Dilshad A.H.
Published: November 2024

This study analyses in vitro and in vivo research over the last decade to determine nanoparticles’ antiangiogenic effects. In vitro research has shown that gold, silver, liposomal, and polymeric nanoparticles suppress endothelial cell growth and tube formation dose-dependently. Gold nanoparticles (10 µg/mL) suppressed endothelial cell development by 45%, whereas silver (5 µg/mL), liposomal (15 µg/mL), and polymeric (20 µg/mL) reduced growth by 30%, 50%, and 60%, respectively. Assays demonstrated biocompatibility, with gold nanoparticles (5 µg/mL) achieving 80% cell viability, silver (75%), polymeric (15 µg/mL) 90%, and liposomal 85%. Animal models showed significant decrease in vascular density after nanoparticle treatment. Gold nanoparticles (5 mg/kg) lowered vascular density by 13.8%, whereas silver (2.5 mg/kg), liposomal (7.5 mg/kg), and polymeric (10 mg/kg) decreased it by 20.6%, 14.3%, and 26.1%. Although gold, silver, polymeric, and liposomal nanoparticles reduced body weight by 8%, 6.67%, 5.45%, and 6.9%, respectively whereas their systemic effects were well-tolerated. Thus nanoparticles have robust, dose- dependent antiangiogenic action in vitro and in vivo and good biocompatibility at low doses. These results suggest they may be useful targeted antiangiogenic treatments that need additional study and optimization for clinical use.
Functionalized graphene MOFs in drug delivery application
Authors: Chopra Lalita , Arul Prishya A.S. , Manikanika  , Bose Diotima , Chauhan Ashish Singh , Alhadrawi Merwa , Singh Karanpal , Sharma Rahul
Published: November 2024

The research of the MOFs for biological activities have garnered a lot of interest in current history. Because of their exceptionally wide surfaces, and permeability, Metal-organic framework are thought to be an exciting type of nanocarriers for the dlivery of pharmaceuticals. The unique characteristics of MOFs and their advantages as Nanomaterials for drug administration in therapeutic systemshave been reviewed in the first half of this paper. The most current techniques included hydrophilic group, pore encapsulated, covatent linkin, and using basic components of useful molecules. Strong bonds are used to join inorganic and organic units to create according to the utilization of metal-organic frameworks versality of the elements, structure, dimension, and usefulness, more that twenty thousdand different MOFs have been reported and investigated in the last ten years. An overview, different types of ligands, and numerous techniques for MOF synthesis are given at the beginning of the chapter. In many applications where MOFs are potential options, the special property of MOFs has been a significant problem. The latest scientific applications of MOFs for aptamer- specific intracellular drug, protein, and nucleic acid delivery were discussed. Finally, issues and opportunities were thoroughly covered to set the stage for the evolution of MOFs into an effective drug delivery system in the future.
Numerical study on inclusion collision, coalescence and removal in an extra-thick slab continuous casting mold with M-EMS
Authors: Zhen Xingang , Zhang Jiongming , Yin Yanbin
Published: November 2024

Surface flaw detection is one of the main problems of extra-thick slab. In practice, it is considered that the application of mold electromagnetic stirring (M-EMS) is an effective means to reduce the inclusions located at the subsurface of thick slab. The present study conducted numerical studies on the inclusion transports in an extra-thick slab continuous casting mold with the effects of M-EMS. The influences of M-EMS on the inclusion collision, coalescence and removal were revealed. The predicted results indicate that the majority of inclusions entering the mold are smaller than 20 µm. The application of M-EMS promotes the collision, aggregation, and flotation of these inclusions. When the inclusions entering the mold are larger than 30 µm, the flotation removal of inclusions significantly increases, and the collision and aggregation among inclusions decreases accordingly. Furthermore, the predicted results show that inclusions larger than 200 µm in size are unlikely to follow the downward flow into the lower region of the mold, with the primary removal location concentrated near the nozzle. Large-size inclusions have been quantitatively extracted from samples with and without M-EMS using galvanostatic electrolysis method. The results indicate that the inclusions of various sizes in the slab surface layer are reduced when M-EMS is employed. Notably, inclusions sized 50–150 µm show the most significant reduction, with their mass density decreasing from 38.17 mg/10 kg to 15.11 mg/10 kg. This demonstrates a substantial reduction in large-size inclusions on the slab surface layer following the introduction of M-EMS in the mold.