bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Step Towards Neuroplasticity: Capsule Networks with Self-Building Skip Connections
Authors: Steur Nikolai A. K. , Schwenker Friedhelm
Published: December 2024

Background: Integrating nonlinear behavior into the architecture of artificial neural networks is regarded as essential requirement to constitute their effectual learning capacity for solving complex tasks. This claim seems to be true for moderate-sized networks, i.e., with a lower double-digit number of layers. However, going deeper with neural networks regularly turns into destructive tendencies of gradual performance degeneration during training. To circumvent this degradation problem, the prominent neural architectures Residual Network and Highway Network establish skip connections with additive identity mappings between layers. Methods: In this work, we unify the mechanics of both architectures into Capsule Networks (CapsNet)s by showing their inherent ability to learn skip connections. As a necessary precondition, we introduce the concept of Adaptive Nonlinearity Gates (ANG)s which dynamically steer and limit the usage of nonlinear processing. We propose practical methods for the realization of ANGs including biased batch normalization, the Doubly-Parametric ReLU (D-PReLU) activation function, and Gated Routing (GR) dedicated to extremely deep CapsNets. Results: Our comprehensive empirical study using MNIST substantiates the effectiveness of our developed methods and delivers valuable insights for the training of very deep nets of any kind. The final experiments on Fashion-MNIST and SVHN demonstrate the potential of pure capsule-driven networks with GR.
The First Comprehensive Examination of Male Morphometrics and the Operational Sex Ratio of the Black Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas agassizii) Population in Colola, Michoacan, Mexico
Authors: Delgado-Trejo Carlos , Reyes-López Miguel Ángel , Pérez-Ishiwara David Guillermo , Lemus-Fernández Ricardo , Camacho-Sánchez Fátima Yedith , Bedolla-Ochoa Cutzi
Published: December 2024

Body size is one of the most important traits in the life history of vertebrates. In this work, we analyzed the morphometric traits of breeding males of the eastern Pacific green sea turtle population known as the black sea turtle on the coast of Michoacan, Mexico. The morphometric analysis indicates that males have the smallest body size compared to other males in other Chelonia populations. The size of male black sea turtles is even smaller (by 15.2 cm in average CCL) in carapace curve length (70.5 cm CCL) than females (85.7 CCL) of the same population. This suggests that males reach maturity at an earlier age than females and would have implications for mating success. The assessment of the operational sex ratio was conducted over a multi-year period (2004, 2009, 2017, and 2023). From a total of 336 h of observation, we identified 653 mating groups containing 1986 males and 669 females. The estimated operational sex ratio (OSR) during the study period was 2.96 males for every female. Among the mating groups, 34.3% consisted of only one male, while 65.7% included two or more males, with the number of males per female ranging from 2 to 17. The analysis revealed that there are interannual and monthly variations in OSR values, with observations showing a range from 2.3:1 (male to female) in 2023 to 4.3:1 (male to female) in 2009. The OSR variations show an evolving trend that can inform future strategies. In September, the ratio was 2.8:1, which changed to 3:1 in October and November, and then reached 3.3:1 in December (male/female). This gradual increase provides a clear opportunity to delve deeper into these dynamics and take proactive measures to address them positively.
The Influence of Sperm Activation Methods and Oocyte Collection on the Reproductive Effects of Northern Pike (Esox lucius)
Authors: Cydzik Michał , Demska-Zakęś Krystyna , Szczepkowski Mirosław , Szczepkowska Bożena , Sarosiek Beata , Blitek Michał , Kowalski Aleksy , Kowalski Radosław Kajetan
Published: December 2024

This study compared the quality of northern pike eggs collected using traditional methods (hand stripping) and pneumatic methods (air stripping). The effects of different activation solutions (0.4% NaCl, 0.8% NaCl, and hatchery water) on egg fertilization under controlled conditions were also investigated. After egg collection, the Pseudo-Gonado-Somatic Index (PGSI) was measured; the PGSI values in the samples obtained using the pneumatic method (13.8 ± 3.9%) were lower, but did not differ statistically from those obtained by hand stripping (16.5 ± 5.4%). The 0.4% NaCl solution proved to be the most effective for sperm activation, as assessed by the Computer-Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA) system, compared to the 0.8% NaCl solution. The pneumatic method achieved a higher egg collection efficiency (93.7% occlusion) than the traditional method, with significant differences observed in groups activated with water. The average hatching percentage of larvae was 89.5% in groups using the pneumatic method, compared to 71.2% in the traditional groups, highlighting the advantages of this modern approach. The application of the pneumatic method and 0.4% NaCl for the artificial fertilization of northern pike resulted in higher fertilization and hatching rates compared to other techniques, making this method a promising option for the artificial reproduction of other fish species.
The Expressions of the Immunity- and Muscle Development-Related Genes of 40-Day-Old Broilers Are Promoted in Response to the In Ovo and Dietary Supplemental Administration of Calcidiol in Conjunction with the In Ovo Administration of Marek’s Disease Vaccine
Authors: Fatemi Seyed Abolghasem , Levy April Waguespack , Peebles Edgar David
Published: December 2024

Effects of in ovo and dietary sources of calcidiol (25(OH)D3), combined with Marek’s disease vaccine (MDV), on the expression of genes involved with the antioxidant activity, muscle deposition, and immunity in the pectoralis major (P. major) muscle and spleen of 40 d of age (doa) broilers were investigated. The in ovo treatments were as follows: (1) non-injected; (2) the injection of 50 μL of commercial MDV, (3) MDV + 1.2, or (4) 2.4 μg of 25(OH)D3. All birds received either a commercial diet containing no supplemental 25(OH)D3 (control) or the same diet supplemented with an additional 69 µg of 25(OH)D3 per kg of feed (Hy-D diet). At 40 doa, the pectoralis major (P. major) muscle and spleen of 48 birds (six replicates per diet x in ovo treatment combination) were collected. When compared to un-supplemented commercial diet-fed birds, in birds that were fed the Hy-D diet, the expression of the TGF-β4 gene in the spleen and P. major muscle, and the GSH-P1, GSH-P7, SOD2, MyoG, MyoD1, and Pax3 genes in the P. major muscle were up-regulated, whereas the expression of the IL-1β, IL-8, and CYP24A1 genes in the spleen and P. major muscle were down-regulated. Nevertheless, birds that received any of the in ovo injection doses of 25(OH)D3 exhibited a higher expression of the IL-10, TGF-β4, and CYP27B1 genes in the spleen and P. major muscle. Furthermore, in comparison to the MDV-injected control group, the CAT, MyoD1, and Pax3 genes in the P. major muscle were up-regulated, and the expression of the INF-γ, IL-1β and CYP24A1 genes in the spleen and the IL-8, and IL-1β genes in the P. major muscle were down-regulated. In conclusion, a significant improvement in the expression of genes responsible for enzymatic antioxidant activity, protein synthesis, and inflammatory reactions in 40-day-old broilers occurred in response to in ovo and dietary supplemental 25(OH)D3, and supplemental 25OHD3 provided via either route was used to enhance the expression of genes linked to vitamin D activity (CYP27B1, CYP24A1).
Full Life Cycle Evaluation of Stability Pile in High Slope with Multi-Layer Weak Interlayers
Authors: Shi Guie , Zhang Jiaming , Lu Mingzhi , Liu Fei , Guo Pengzheng , Wang Chenxi
Published: December 2024

High slopes with multi-layer weak interlayers are a type of special slope that tends to fail due to the unfavorable mechanical properties of interlayers. In this study, the influence of the position, length, diameter, and ratio of on-center spacing to the pile diameter on the stability of such slopes is investigated using the three-dimensional strength reduction elastoplastic finite element method. Based on a high slope with multi-layer weak interlayers, two models were created, and three states (an initial state, a state with a safety factor of 1.35, and a limit equilibrium state) were considered. The pile can improve slope stability when the it is located at the lower to lower-middle part of a high slope. The resistance effect no longer has a strengthening property if it exceeds a critical pile length (28 m and 30 m in the two models); 30 m was found to be the optimal pile length for the high slope. As the diameter increased, the safety factor increased from 1.38 (1.37) to 1.41 (1.40) in Model 1 (or in Model 2), while the maximum compressive stress, the maximum shear stress of the pile, and the maximum displacement of the pile head decreased in the two models from 20.84 (81.24) MPa to 16.15 (18.8) MPa, 11.19 (42.02) MPa to 7.77 (10.43) MPa, and 714.1 (4585.00) mm to 396.3 (1272.00) mm, respectively. The pile diameter should be >1.4 m in such cases. When stress and displacement increased, the arching effect and the pile group effect weakened, and the safety factor decreased as the ratio of on-center spacing to diameter increased. The ratio should be <3 to ensure slope ability.
Assessment of the Presence of Microplastics in Stabilized Sewage Sludge: Analysis Methods and Environmental Impact
Authors: Worek Jagoda , Kawoń Kamil , Chwiej Joanna , Berent Katarzyna , Rego Rosa , Styszko Katarzyna
Published: December 2024

Wastewater treatment processes can fragment microplastics (MPs), which may subsequently enter fertilizers applied in agricultural settings. This study aimed to quantify the occurrence of MPs in stabilized sewage sludge intended for fertilizer production. Matrix elimination was performed using an oxidative method to isolate MPs, followed by MPs separation with a saturated salt solution of appropriate density to enhance the accuracy of identification. The resulting samples were analyzed using spectroscopic and microscopic techniques to provide the detailed characterization of MPs content. The highest concentrations of MPs were recorded during the months of June, July, and May, with average values of 2942, 2341, and 1746 fragments per 100 g of dry weight, respectively. The analysis revealed that fragments were the dominant morphological form, and low-density polyethylene was the most common polymer type detected. These findings underscore a significant risk of MPs re-emission into the environment through the agricultural application of fertilizers derived from sewage sludge. Such practices may lead to the introduction of between 6110 and 13,889 MPs per square meter of soil, depending on the application rates, thereby posing potential risks to soil health and the broader ecosystem. This study highlights the importance of monitoring MPs content in fertilizers derived from wastewater treatment by-products.
Neuro-Fuzzy Model Evaluation for Enhanced Prediction of Mechanical Properties in AM Specimens
Authors: Mantalas Emmanouil-Marinos , Sagias Vasileios D. , Zacharia Paraskevi , Stergiou Constantinos I.
Published: December 2024

This paper explores the integration of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) with additive manufacturing (AM) to enhance the prediction of mechanical properties in 3D-printed components. Despite AM’s versatility in producing complex geometries, achieving consistent mechanical performance remains challenging due to various process parameters and the anisotropic behavior of printed parts. The proposed approach combines the learning capabilities of neural networks with the decision-making strengths of fuzzy logic, enabling the ANFIS to refine printing parameters to improve part quality. Experimental data collected from AM processes are used to train the ANFIS model, allowing it to predict outputs such as stress, strain, and Young’s modulus under various printing parameters values. The predictive performance of the model was assessed with the root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) as evaluation metrics. The study initially examined the impact of key parameters on model performance and subsequently compared two fuzzy partitioning techniques—grid partitioning and subtractive clustering—to identify the most effective configuration. The experimental results and analysis demonstrated that ANFIS could dynamically adjust key printing parameters, leading to significant improvements in the prediction accuracy of stress, strain, and Young’s modulus, showcasing its potential to address the inherent complexities of additive manufacturing processes.
Research on Orbital Angular Momentum Mode Detection in an Atmospheric Environment with Fusion Transfer Learning
Authors: Ke Chenghu , Chen Youmei , Ke Xizheng
Published: December 2024

The vortex beam carrying Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) has infinite orthogonal characteristic states, which theoretically can infinitely increase the communication transmission capacity, thus attracting much attention in the field of optical communication. Due to the large amount of data required for training each OAM mode, the increase in channel capacity leads to an exponential growth in the required data volume. At the same time, the phase wavefront distortion caused by atmospheric turbulence (AT) further increases the difficulty of OAM pattern recognition. This article introduces transfer learning into the field of OAM modal detection and establishes an OAM modal classifier for detecting the topological charge of distorted vortex beams. The influence of different data volumes, turbulence intensities, and propagation distances on the accuracy of OAM modal detection during the transmission of Laguerre Gaussian beams in atmospheric turbulent channels is studied, and the generalization ability of the model is analyzed. The results show that compared with traditional convolutional neural networks, the modal classifier proposed in this paper reduces the dataset size to 1/10 of the original and successfully improves the OAM detection accuracy by 15.84%. It also exhibits good generalization under unknown atmospheric turbulence strengths, providing a new approach for identifying OAM modes.
Error Modeling of Fiber Optic Gyroscope Universal Time Measurement
Authors: Wang Zishuai , Yi Yingmin , Su Chunyi , Zhang Jinsheng , Yuan Yiwei , Zhao Yuchen
Published: December 2024

Since the fiber optic gyroscope (FOG) is rigidly strapped down to the earth’s crust, there are various errors that affect the universal time (UT1) measurements. In this paper, the errors caused by various physical factors and mechanisms are analyzed in detail, with precession and nutation errors being taken into account, and modeling of the observation equations based on precession and nutation error correction is proposed. The mapping relationship with UT1 is established based on this observation equation; after the corresponding error correction and VLBI calibration, the high-accuracy solution of UT1 is finally completed. Through 14-day measurement experiments under a room temperature environment without any vibration isolation and magnetic shielding devices, the error variation of UT1 solution compared with the earth orientation parameter (EOP) 14 C04 data is calculated at less than 3.57 ms, with UT1 solution accuracy improved by 56% compared with the traditional method. These results indicate that this work facilitates the study of giant FOG error modeling and correction, advancing our understanding of errors in giant FOG measurements and improving the accuracy of UT1 solution.
Smart Deployable Scissor Lift Brace to Mitigate Earthquake Risks of Soft-Story Buildings
Authors: Rangrej Vijayalaxmi , Chan Ricky W. K.
Published: December 2024

This article introduces a novel smart deployable scissor lift brace system designed to mitigate earthquake risks in buildings prone to the soft-story effect. The system addresses the limitations of traditional retrofitting methods, providing an efficient solution for enhancing the structural integrity of buildings while preserving the functionality of open lower floors, commonly used for car parking or retail spaces. The soft-story effect, characterized by a sudden reduction in lateral stiffness in one or more levels of a building, often leads to catastrophic collapses during large earthquakes, resulting in significant structural damage and loss of life. The proposed system is triggered by signals from the Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) system, advanced technologies capable of detecting and broadcasting earthquake alerts within seconds which are currently implemented in countries and regions such as Japan, parts of the USA, and parts of Europe. The smart deployable system functions by instantly activating upon receiving EEW signals. Unlike traditional retrofitting approaches, such as adding braces or infill walls, which compromise the open layout of lower floors, this innovative device deploys dynamically during seismic events to enhance the building’s stiffness and lateral stability. The article demonstrates the system’s functionality through a conceptual framework supported by proof-of-concept experiments. Historical earthquake time histories are simulated to test its effectiveness. The results reveal that the system significantly improves the stiffness of the structure, reducing displacement responses during events of seismic activity. If properly proportioned and optimized, this system has the potential for widespread commercialization as a seismic risk mitigation solution for buildings vulnerable to the soft-story effect.
Critical Role of Area Weighting on Estimated Long-Term Global Warming and Heat Wave Trends
Authors: Ju Seon-Dae , Choi Won-Jun , Song Hwan-Jin
Published: December 2024

Regular longitude-latitude grids are commonly used in reanalysis and climate prediction model datasets. However, this approach can disproportionately represent high-latitude regions if simple averaging is applied, leading to overestimation of their contribution. To explore the impact of Earth’s curvature on global warming and heat wave frequency, this study analyzed 450 years of surface temperature data (1850–2300) from a climate prediction model. When area weighting was applied, the global average temperature for the 1850–2300 period was found to be 8.2 °C warmer than in the unweighted case, due to the reduced influence of colder temperatures in high latitudes. Conversely, the global warming trend for the weighted case was 0.276 °C per decade, compared to 0.330 °C per decade for the unweighted case, reflecting a moderation of the polar amplification trend. While unweighted models projected a 317% increase in the frequency of global heat waves above 35 °C by 2300 compared to 1850, the weighted models suggested this frequency might be overestimated by up to 5.4%, particularly due to reduced weighting for subtropical deserts relative to tropical regions. These findings underscore the importance of accounting for Earth’s curvature in climate models to enhance the accuracy of climate change projections.
Synergy Between Microbial Inoculants and Mineral Fertilization to Enhance the Yield and Nutritional Quality of Maize on the Peruvian Coast
Authors: López-Montañez Ruth , Calero-Rios Emilee , Quispe Kenyi , Huasasquiche Lucero , Lastra Sphyros , La Torre Braulio , Solórzano Richard
Published: December 2024

Hard yellow maize is a crucial crop in Peruvian agriculture that plays a significant role in food security and livestock production. However, intensive fertilization practices in agronomic management have negatively impacted soil health. To explore more sustainable agricultural technologies, researchers investigated solutions using microorganisms to enhance plant growth. This study assessed the synergistic effects of microbial inoculants and mineral fertilization on INIA 619 and Dekal B-7088 maize varieties’ yield and nutritional quality. A split-plot design was employed, incorporating four inoculation treatments—no inoculant, Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma viride, and Pseudomonas putida—combined with fertilization levels of 0%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The findings revealed that Bacillus subtilis boosted yields by 13.1% in INIA 619 and 55.5% in Dekal B-7088. Additionally, combined with 100% fertilization, microbial inoculation increased protein content by 47% and carbohydrates by 6% in INIA 619 while maintaining nutritional quality with 75% fertilization. Similarly, in Dekal B-7088, inoculation with total fertilization enhanced protein content by 54% and fiber by 27%. These results demonstrated that microbial inoculation could reduce mineral fertilization by up to 25% while sustaining high yields and improving the nutritional quality of maize.
Study on the Impact of Green Finance and Environmental Regulations on Haze Pollution in China
Authors: Zhou Yunkai , Zhou Jingkun
Published: December 2024

With the rapid economic growth in China, the years from 2012 to 2017 witnessed a severe outbreak of haze pollution. In response, numerous enterprises were shut down or forced to reduce production, leading to significant negative impacts on the economy and society. Consequently, the scientific management of haze pollution has become a focal point of China’s environmental research. This paper explores the influence of green finance and environmental regulations on haze pollution, employing spatial autoregressive and spatial Durbin models to conduct an empirical analysis based on panel data from 30 Chinese provinces spanning 2000 to 2017. The following conclusions were thus drawn: from 2010 to 2017, the green finance index of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region and Liaoning Province, which suffered severe haze pollution, showed an overall downward trend; efforts to strengthen environmental regulations played an important role in reducing air pollution, especially the PM2.5 level; the improvement in the green finance level can help reduce haze pollution; and green finance has an obvious spatial spillover effect. A number of policy recommendations were proposed on this basis, including strengthening inter-regional cooperation and exchanges in green finance, promoting the scientific application of environmental regulations in areas with serious haze pollution, strengthening the implementation of green finance strategies in areas with serious haze pollution, and establishing regional green finance demonstration zones. The purpose of this study is to provide meaningful support for China’s scientific management of haze pollution through an analysis of the impact of green finance and policy optimization. The innovative aspects of this research lie in its pioneering use of spatial econometric models to investigate the role of green finance and environmental regulations in controlling haze pollution. The findings reveal that advancements in green finance can significantly alleviate haze pollution.
Integrating Social Relationships and Personality into MAS-Based Group Recommendations
Authors: Monteserin Ariel , Madsen Daiana Elin , Godoy Daniela , Schiaffino Silvia
Published: December 2024

Recommender systems aim to predict the preferences of users and suggest items of interest to them in various domains. While traditional recommendation techniques consider users as individuals, some approaches aim to satisfy the needs of a group of people. Multi-agent systems can be used to develop such recommendations, where multiple intelligent agents interact with each other to achieve a common goal, i.e., deciding which item to recommend. Particularly, negotiation techniques can be used to find a decision that aims at maximizing the satisfaction of all group members. The proposed approach introduces a multi-agent recommender system for a group of users by considering their personality traits, relationships and social interactions during the negotiation process that leads to the generation of recommendations. While traditional recommendation techniques do not take into account the effects of personality traits and relationships between individuals, our approach demonstrates that personality traits, especially personality types in the context of conflict management, and social relationships can significantly impact on the group recommendation. The results indicate that the opinion of an individual can be influenced when she is part of a group that cooperates towards a shared goal. Overall, the proposed approach shows that recommender systems can benefit from considering that factors. This work contributes to understanding the impact of personality traits and social relationships on group recommendations and suggests potential directions for future research.
Cardiovascular Risk Biomarkers in Women with and Without Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Nandakumar Manjula , Das Priya , Sathyapalan Thozhukat , Butler Alexandra E. , Atkin Stephen L.
Published: December 2024

Objective: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent metabolic disorder with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) that is enhanced by obesity. This study sought to determine whether a panel of cardiovascular risk proteins (CVRPs) would be dysregulated in overweight/obese PCOS patients, highlighting potential biomarkers for CVD in PCOS. Methods: In this exploratory cross-sectional study, plasma levels of 54 CVRPs were analyzed in women with PCOS (n = 147) and controls (n = 97). CVRPs were measured using the SOMAscan proteomic platform (version 3.1), with significant proteins identified through linear models, regression analysis, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Analysis on BMI-matched subsets of the cohort were undertaken. Functional enrichment and protein–protein interaction analyses elucidated the pathways involved. Results: Eleven CVRPs were dysregulated in PCOS (whole set, without matching for body mass index (BMI) or insulin resistance (IR)): leptin, Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (IL-1Ra), polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (PIGR), interleukin-18 receptor (IL-18Ra), C-C motif chemokine 3 (MIP-1a), and angiopoietin-1 (ANGPT1) were upregulated whilst advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor, soluble (sRAGE), bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6); growth/differentiation factor 2 (GDF2), superoxide dismutase [Mn] mitochondrial (MnSOD), and SLAM family member 5 (SLAF5) were downregulated versus the controls. In BMI-matched (overweight/obese, BMI ≥ 26 kg/m2) subset analysis, six CVRPs were common to the whole set: ANGPT1 and IL-1Ra were upregulated; and sRAGE, BMP6, GDF2, and Mn-SOD were downregulated. In addition, lymphotactin (XCL1) was upregulated and placenta growth factor (PIGF), alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA), angiopoietin-1 receptor, and soluble (sTie-2) and macrophage metalloelastase (MMP12) were downregulated. A subset analysis of BMI-matched plus insulin resistance (IR)-matched women revealed only upregulation of tissue factor (TF) and renin in PCOS, potentially serving as biomarkers for cardiovascular risk in overweight/obese women with PCOS. Conclusions: A combination of upregulated obesity-related CVRPs (ANGPT1/IL/1Ra/XCL1) and downregulated cardioprotective proteins (sRAGE/BMP6/Mn-SOD/GDF2) in overweight/obese PCOS women may contribute to the increased risk for CVD. TF and renin upregulation observed in the BMI- and IR-matched limited sample PCOS subgroup indicates their potential risk of CVD.
Effect of Satureja montana Essential Oil on Model Lipid Membranes
Authors: Sennato Simona , Trabalzini Silvia , Fabiano Maria Gioia , Truzzolillo Domenico , Chauveau Edouard , Bombelli Cecilia , Rinaldi Federica , Carafa Maria
Published: December 2024

Satureja montana essential oil is a natural substance able to inhibit the growth of several pathogens. This antimicrobial effect is often attributed to its ability to penetrate cellular structures and disrupt them. Although these properties are recognized as playing a key role in the mechanism of action of this substance, many unresolved issues still exist, and fundamental studies focused on such aspects are scarce. In this framework, we investigated the interaction of SEO with lipid monolayers, which represent simplified models of cell membranes, using the Langmuir monolayer technique, complemented by fluorescence anisotropy and differential scanning calorimetry on lipid bilayers. By focusing on packing conditions that approximate those of biological membranes and using lipids with different polar heads and structures, such as the ones occurring in bacterial membranes, we aim to clarify the effect of this essential oil on the lipid membrane. Our results show that Satureja montana essential oil consistently manages to insert into the membrane and interfere with the lipid–lipid interactions, thereby altering the lipid packing and significantly increasing the membrane fluidity, depending on the oil concentration and the nature of the lipid.
Parametric Design and Mechanical Characterization of a Selective Laser Sintering Additively Manufactured Biomimetic Ribbed Dome Inspired by the Chorion of Lepidopteran Eggs
Authors: Efstathiadis Alexandros , Symeonidou Ioanna , Tzimtzimis Emmanouil K. , Avtzis Dimitrios , Tsongas Konstantinos , Tzetzis Dimitrios
Published: December 2024

The current research aims to analyze the shape and structural features of the eggs of the lepidoptera species Melitaea sp. (Lepidoptera, Nympalidae) and develop design solutions through the implementation of a novel strategy of biomimetic design. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the chorion reveals a medial zone that forms an arachnoid grid resembling a ribbed dome with convex longitudinal ribs and concave transverse ring members. A parametric design algorithm was created with the aid of computer-aided design (CAD) software Rhinoceros 3D and Grasshopper3D in order to abstract and emulate the biological model. A series of physical models were manufactured with variations in geometric parameters like the number of ribs and rings, their thickness, and curvature. Selective laser sintering (SLS) technology and Polyamide12 (nylon) material were utilized for the prototyping process. Quasi-static compression testing was carried out in conjunction with finite element analysis (FEA) to investigate the deformation patterns and stress dispersion of the models. The biomimetic ribbed dome appears to significantly dampen the snap-through behavior that is observed in typical solid and lattice domes, decreasing dynamic stresses developed during the response and preventing catastrophic failure of the structure. Increasing the curvature of the ring segments further reduces the snap-through phenomenon and improves the overall strength. However, excessive curvature has a negative effect on the maximum sustained load. Increasing the number and thickness of the transverse rings and the number of the longitudinal ribs also increases the strength of the dome. However, excessive increase in the rib radius leads to more acute snap-through behavior and an earlier failure. The above results were validated using respective finite element analyses.
Recent Advances in Biosensors Using Enzyme-Stabilized Gold Nanoclusters
Authors: Lee Myeong-Jun , Shin Jeong-Hyeop , Jung Seung-Hun , Oh Byung-Keun
Published: December 2024

Recently, gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) have been widely used in biological applications due to their ultrasmall size, ranging within a few nanometers; large specific surface area; easy functionalization; unique fluorescence properties; and excellent conductivity. However, because they are unstable in solution, AuNCs require stabilization by using ligands such as dendrimers, peptides, DNA, and proteins. As a result, the properties of AuNCs and their formation are determined by the ligand, so the selection of the ligand is important. Of the many ligands implemented, enzyme-stabilized gold nanoclusters (enzyme–AuNCs) have attracted increasing attention for biosensor applications because of the excellent optical/electrochemical properties of AuNCs and the highly target-specific reactions of enzymes. In this review, we explore how enzyme–AuNCs are prepared, their properties, and the various types of enzyme–AuNC-based biosensors that use optical and electrochemical detection techniques. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and prospects of enzyme–AuNCs in biosensing applications. We expect this review to provide interdisciplinary knowledge about the application of enzyme–AuNC-based materials within the biomedical and environmental fields.
Dynamic Stability for Seismic-Excited Earth Retaining Structures Following a Nonlinear Criterion
Authors: Xu Jingshu , Deng Jiahui , Wang Zemian , Qi Linghao , Wang Yundi
Published: December 2024

Based on the upper bound limit analysis, the multi-log spiral failure mechanism for earth retaining structures under horizontal seismic loads was constructed, which could introduce the nonlinear strength criterion into stability analysis without any linearization technique. By calculating various external work rates and the internal energy dissipation, the energy balance equation was established, and the active earth pressure formula required for the retaining structure to be in a critical stable state was derived. With the application of a genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization, the optimal upper bound solutions of active earth pressure coefficients were obtained. The validity of the research results was verified through comparative analysis. This paper provided diagrams of the active earth pressure coefficients required for earth retaining structures to maintain a critical stability state under different parameters. The influences of seismic load, slope inclination angle, soil strength tension cutoff (TC), and the δ/ϕ ratio were investigated. By investigating the design charts, the active earth pressures applicable to practical engineering can be obtained, which provide a theoretical basis for the preliminary design of retaining structures in earthquake-prone areas.
Study on the Influence of Water Content on the Shear Behavior of the Soil–Structure Interface Under a Temperature Field
Authors: Chen Jian , Jiang Hao , Liu Yongde , Wu Yanting , Zhang Xuan , Pan Weidong
Published: December 2024

Energy piles are highly favored for their excellent, low energy consumption in providing heating for public residences. The temperature field changes the activity of the diffuse double electric layer (DEL) on the particle surface, thereby altering the distribution of the stress field in the soil and ultimately affecting the mechanical properties of the interface between the energy pile and the soil. Therefore, studying the influence of water content on the mechanical behavior of the soil–structure interface in the temperature field is crucial for energy pile safety. This study used a modified temperature-controlled direct shear apparatus to obtain the influence of water content and temperature on the shear behavior of the soil–structure interface. Then, the test results were analyzed and discussed. Finally, three results were obtained: (1) The water content of bentonite (wbent) had a significant impact on the shear stress–shear displacement curve of the soil–structure interface; when the wbent was less than the wp of the bentonite, the τ-l curve exhibited a softening response, then displayed a hardening response. (2) The shear strength of the soil–structure interface gradually decreased with the increase of wbent. (3) The shear strength of the soil–structure interface increased with increasing temperature under various wbent and vertical loads.
Grid-Based Characterization and Sustainable Planning for Fractured Urban Textures: A Case Study of Nanhao Village in Baotou
Authors: Tian Haoyu , Wang Weidong , Hao Ting
Published: December 2024

During urban development, significant contrasts between urban villages and their surrounding areas lead to the emergence of fragmented urban spaces, dysfunctionalities, cultural barriers, and, ultimately, to the formation of fractured urban textures centered on urban villages (FUT-UVs). The fractured urban textures of an FUT-UV create a disconnect from the surrounding urban area, isolating it from the city. This separation significantly impacts the daily lives and interactions of its residents. To address this and support more sustainable urban development, a thorough and multi-dimensional understanding of FUT-UVs is of crucial importance. This study examines Nanhao Village in Baotou City, conducting a quantitative analysis of key indicators related to buildings, roads, and functional facilities. Using overlay analysis, it explores the characteristics of the FUT-UV, the interactions between these indicators, and opportunities for improvement. From these findings, strategies for reconnecting an FUT-UV with its surroundings are proposed. The results indicate that: (1) FUT-UVs are mainly characterized by low-rise, high-density developments with limited open space. Their road networks are narrow and congested, while accessibility remains low. Low-end businesses are concentrated in a single area within the village, showing minimal functional diversity; (2) FUT-UVs can increase construction intensity by raising the number of floors in buildings, and have higher building densities in the most accessible areas. This increase in density can effectively enhance functional diversity; and (3) improving road accessibility in FUT-UVs will allow for a smoother influx of external activity, enhancing functional diversity. Additionally, increasing the number of building floors intensifies construction, raises the density of functional facilities, and boosts urban vitality. Based on these characteristics of fragmentation and interactive mechanisms, this study suggests stitching strategies related to transportation, architecture, and functionality. This study introduces a new framework for analyzing urban texture, offering a detailed multi-faceted analysis of FUT-UV fragmentation and clarifying the interaction between FUT-UVs and surrounding urban forms. This study reinforces the coherence of the spatial form and the development of the functional economy of urban villages within the modern urban environment. It supports the sustainable development of urban areas and promotes balanced growth between urban villages and their surrounding regions.
Recurrent Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Current Insights and Treatment Advances
Authors: Kravitz Meryl B. , Annadata Vivek , Ilyaev Benjamin , Tong Charles C. L. , Fastenburg Judd H. , Chaskes Mark B.
Published: December 2024

Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignancy affecting the sinonasal tract. Local recurrence is the main pattern of treatment failure, affecting nearly half of patients treated for primary sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC). Due to disease rarity and heterogeneity of practices, there are limited guidelines for how to diagnose and care for these patients. This paper reviews current evidence regarding etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, prognostic factors, and treatment modalities of recurrent SNSCC (rSNSCC). Currently, salvage surgery offers the only durable approach for eligible patients. These resections often require robust reconstructive options due to prior surgery or radiation. Chemoradiation is offered as an adjuvant or palliative approach when surgery is not a feasible option. Emerging options such as immunotherapy and particle therapy remain an area of ongoing investigation.
A Narrative Review of the Assessment and Treatment of Physical Impairments Commonly Seen in Sarcoma Cancer Survivors Using a Rehabilitative Approach
Authors: Cristian Adrian , Keole Nandita , Orada Romer , Seo Jayhyun , Guerrina Austin , Maharaj Arun
Published: December 2024

Background: Sarcomas are a rare, complex group of malignancies characterized by numerous clinical and pathological features. Sarcomas originate from various tissues such as fat, muscle, bone, nerves, blood vessels and connective tissues. Typically, the treatment of sarcomas consists of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. The location, type, stage, and treatment of sarcomas contribute to the development of physical impairments affecting joint and limb function, peripheral nerves, strength, and mobility, diminishing physical function and quality of life. Traditionally, rehabilitative therapy has been implemented after cancer treatment to help improve physical impairments imparted from cancer therapy. Recent work in rehabilitative medicine has explored the implementation of rehabilitative therapy prior to beginning cancer treatment (pre-habilitation) to help mitigate the detrimental physical consequences seen in sarcoma patients. Objective: The objective of this narrative review is to examine the physical impairments affecting sarcoma patients after cancer therapy and the impact of rehabilitative medicine on physical function and quality of life when implemented before and after cancer treatment.
Differential Mitochondrial Redox Responses to the Inhibition of NAD+ Salvage Pathway of Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Kollmar Jack , Xu Junmei , Gonzalves Diego , Baur Joseph A. , Li Lin Z. , Tchou Julia , Xu He N.
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Cancer cells rely on metabolic reprogramming that is supported by altered mitochondrial redox status and an increased demand for NAD+. Over expression of Nampt, the rate-limiting enzyme of the NAD+ biosynthesis salvage pathway, is common in breast cancer cells, and more so in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. Targeting the salvage pathway has been pursued for cancer therapy. However, TNBC cells have heterogeneous responses to Nampt inhibition, which contributes to the diverse outcomes. There is a lack of imaging biomarkers to differentiate among TNBC cells under metabolic stress and identify which are responsive. We aimed to characterize and differentiate among a panel of TNBC cell lines under NAD-deficient stress and identify which subtypes are more dependent on the NAD salvage pathway. Methods: Optical redox imaging (ORI), a label-free live cell imaging microscopy technique was utilized to acquire intrinsic fluorescence intensities of NADH and FAD-containing flavoproteins (Fp) thus the mitochondrial redox ratio Fp/(NADH + Fp) in a panel of TNBC cell lines. Various fluorescence probes were then added to the cultures to image the mitochondrial ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial mass, and cell number. Results: Various TNBC subtypes are sensitive to Nampt inhibition in a dose- and time-dependent manner, they have differential mitochondrial redox responses; furthermore, the mitochondrial redox indices linearly correlated with mitochondrial ROS induced by various doses of a Nampt inhibitor. Moreover, the changes in the redox indices correlated with growth inhibition. Additionally, the redox state was found fully recovered after removing the Nampt inhibitor. Conclusions: This study supports the utility of ORI in rapid metabolic phenotyping of TNBC cells under NAD-deficient stress to identify responsive cells and biomarkers of treatment response, facilitating combination therapy strategies.
New Emerging Therapies Targeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR/PTEN Pathway in Hormonal Receptor-Positive and HER2-Negative Breast Cancer—Current State and Molecular Pathology Perspective
Authors: Liu Liu , Graff Stephanie L. , Wang Yihong
Published: December 2024

In hormone receptor-positive and HER2-negative breast cancers, a growing number of revolutionary personalized therapies are in clinical use or trials, such as CDK4/6 inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and PIK3CA inhibitors. Those treatment options are largely driven by the presence or absence of genomic alterations in the tumor. Therefore, molecular profiling is often performed during disease progression. The most encountered genomic alterations are in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/PTEN pathway. This review discusses the genetic alterations associated with the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/PTEN pathway to help clinicians understand drug selection, resistance, or interaction from a molecular pathologist’s perspective.
MXene/SrTiO3 Heterostructure for FAME Synthesis from the Non-Edible Feedstock Oil Silybum marianum
Authors: Khoso Sadaf , Saeed Muhammad , Saleem Muhammad , Ahmad Mushtaq , Alhodaib Aiyeshah , Waseem Amir
Published: December 2024

This study presents the production of FAMEs from non-edible Silybum marianum oil using a catalyst consisting of an MXene/SrTiO3 composite. The primary aim of this study was to reduce our reliance on petroleum-based fuels by harnessing non-edible oil sources. The catalyst, once prepared, achieved an impressive conversion rate of 98.8%. The optimal parameters for this catalytic conversion included a 7 wt% catalyst concentration, a 1:12 molar ratio of oil to methanol, a 100 min reaction time, and a reaction temperature of 60 °C. These parameters ensured the successful completion of the FAME conversion process. The physicochemical properties of Silybum marianum oil confirmed its suitability as a biodiesel source on an industrial scale. The verification of the synthesized MXene/SrTiO3 catalyst was conducted via XRD, SEM, EDX, and BET, and synthesized biodiesel was confirmed via 1H and 13C-NMR, FTIR, and GC-MS. These results indicate that the catalyst described in this study exhibits significant potential for cost-effective biodiesel production under the appropriate reaction conditions.
py.Aroma: An Intuitive Graphical User Interface for Diverse Aromaticity Analyses
Authors: Wang Zhe
Published: December 2024

The nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) criterion plays a significant role in evaluating (anti-)aromaticity. While being readily accessible even for non-computational chemists, adding ghost atoms for multi-points NICS evaluations poses a significant challenge. In this article, I introduce py.Aroma 4, a freely available and open-source Python package designed specifically for analyzing (anti-)aromaticity. Through its user-friendly graphical interface, py.Aroma simplifies and enhances aromaticity analyses by offering key features such as HOMA/HOMER index computation, Gaussian-type input file generation for diverse NICS calculations and corresponding output processing, NMR spectra plotting, and computational supporting information (SI) generation for scientific manuscripts. Additionally, NICS⊥ is suggested for evaluating (anti-)aromaticity for non-planar or tilted rings. Pre-compiled executables for macOS and Windows are freely available online. Facilitate accessibility for users lacking programming experience or time constraints.
Construction of an Integration Vector with a Chimeric Signal Peptide for the Expression of Monoclonal Antibodies in Mammalian Cells
Authors: Nesmeyanova Valentina S. , Shanshin Daniil V. , Murashkin Denis E. , Shcherbakov Dmitriy N.
Published: December 2024

Antibodies are complex protein structures, and producing them using eukaryotic expression systems presents significant challenges. One frequently overlooked aspect of expression vectors is the nucleotide sequence encoding the signal peptide, which plays a pivotal role in facilitating the secretion of recombinant proteins. This study presents the development of an integrative vector, pVEAL3, for expressing full-length recombinant monoclonal antibodies in mammalian cells. The vector features a distinctive nucleotide sequence that encodes an artificial chimeric signal peptide with the following amino acid sequence: MMRTLILAVLLVYFCATVHC. Additionally, the vector incorporates several regulatory elements to enhance antibody expression, including the Gaussia luciferase signal sequence, internal ribosome entry site (IRES), P2A peptide, and a furin cleavage site. These elements coordinate to regulate the synthesis levels of the antibody chains. The analysis of clones obtained via transfection with the developed vector showed that over 95% of them secreted antibodies at levels significantly higher than those of the control. The immunochemical analysis of the chimeric antibody produced by the CHO-K1-10H10ch cell line confirmed the preservation of its functional activity.