bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Generation of Perceptual Belief
Authors: Vision Gerald
Published: November 2023

It may seem that the exposition so far has deprived perception of any of its traditional significance. In chapter 1, the focal conceptual issue (and the role of a causal component) was sharply distinguished from direct inquiries into perception’s contribution to knowledge. This places to one side a central motive epistemologists have had for the study of perception. The past few chapters have rejected a popular explanation for the close relation between perceptual episodes and belief, that is, the doctrine that perceptual experience is subsumed under belief or belief inclination. This puts yet a larger gap between the present treatment of perception and the topic of perceptual knowledge with which it had formerly been joined. Moreover, my examination of cognitivism has concluded that we cannot use the most straightforward way of showing how a single thing might serve as a content both of a perception and of a belief. Hitherto, cognitivism had been a common assumption on which doxasticism was erected. Finally, although an intimate connection between perceptual episodes and the generation of beliefs has been remarked, very little has been done to clarify that relationship. Thus far, one might complain, all the action takes place in a black box. Indeed, to this point, efforts have been bent almost exclusively toward blocking the most direct avenue for explaining how their crucial interaction comes about.
A Second Face of Death
Authors: Clark William R
Published: November 2023

The death of a myocardial cell described in the last chaptercaused by starvation, and by suffocation from lack of oxygen-was an ugly death: violent, chaotic, disorderly. That kind of death happens as a result of accident or mischance, and is called necrosis. It is the way death comes to fragile cells inside the body when the delicately balanced conditions for maintaining life veer too far off center. It is also the way cells die when they are poisoned, for example by one of the many toxins released by bacteria and other pathogenic microorganisms. Necrotic cell death is usually accompanied by wholesale destruction of the internal parts of the cell, by the gushing in of extracellular water and the ripping open of the cell membrane. The macrophages that come in to clean up the dead and dying cells trigger the deposition of scar tissue that makes it difficult for healthy cells to move into the damaged area and replace lost cellular functions. Scar tissue is a useful response to damage in many parts of the body; it promotes healing and keeps tissue from losing its shape. But it cannot help a heart beat or a brain think.
From Sex to Death: The Puzzle of Senescence
Authors: Clark William R
Published: November 2023

Senescence is the clock that marks our passage through life; if we escape all other forms of death, when this clock runs down we die. But if the death of an organism can ultimately be accounted for by the deaths of individual cells, then what does senescence mean at the cellular level? How does a cell grow old? When a cell dies as a result of senescence, how does it die? We have said that among all the cells in the body, only germ cells retain the potential for immortality; only germ cells are able to reset the senescence clock. How do they do this? These are among the most important questions in the study of aging, and are of great interest to cell and molecular biologists as well.
The Revival of Greek Scepticism in the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Popkin Richard H
Published: November 2023

Information about ancient scepticism became available to Renaissance thinkers principally through three sources: the writings of Sextus Empiricus, the sceptical works of Cicero, and the account of the ancient sceptical movements in Diogenes Laertius’ Lives of Eminent Philosophers. To fully appreciate the impact of scepticism on Renaissance thought, one would need studies of when these sources became available, where, to whom, and what reactions they produced. Charles B. Schmitt has done this with Cicero’s Academica, giving a thorough picture of its impact from the late Middle Ages to the end of the sixteenth century. Schmitt has found that the Latin term “scepticus,” which gave birth to the French “sceptique” and the English “sceptic,” appears first in the Latin translation of Diogenes of 1430 and in two unidentifiable Latin translations of Sextus from a century earlier.
Herbert of Cherbury and Jean de Silhon
Authors: Popkin Richard H
Published: November 2023

Neither Herbert of Cherbury nor Jean de Silhon appreciated sufficiently the extent to which the nouveau pyrrhonisme had undermined the foundations of human knowledge. But each saw that it had to be dealt with, and dealt with in a new way. The former proposed an elaborate method to discover truth; the latter tried to present some fundamental truths that could not be doubted. And, as the greatest of the opponents of scepticism, René Descartes, saw, each failed in a crucial way because he failed to comprehend the basic problem at issue.

Edward, Lord Herbert of Cherbury (1583–1648), was ambassador to France from 1618 until 1624, where he came in contact with both the current of sceptical ideas and the attempts being made to counteract it. It is likely that at this time, he also came to know Mersenne, who is thought to have translated Herbert’s book into French, and Gassendi, to whom he is known to have presented a copy of his work. He was also friendly with the diplomat Diodati, who was a member of the Tétrade, the society of libertins érudits. While Herbert was in Paris, he showed his manuscript to Grotius, who was familiar with the writings of Sextus Empiricus.
Some Spiritual and Religious Answers to Scepticism and Descartes
Authors: Popkin Richard H
Published: November 2023

At the same time that Descartes had been seeking complete certainty regarding basic philosophical truths, some religious contemporaries were seeking the same kind of certitude with regard to religious truths. Some of these people interacted with Descartes while he was alive and continued developing their answers to Cartesianism and scepticism later on.

A little vignette has come down to us of a discussion between Descartes and the Scottish Protestant minister John Dury. They met at a tea of the Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia and the Palatine in The Hague in 1634. Descartes is presented as explaining to Dury that he, Descartes, was seeking the basis for all certainty in mathematics.
The New Sceptics
Authors: Popkin Richard H
Published: November 2023

Toward the end of the seventeenth century some new sceptical writers appeared challenging the many philosophies, old and new, with the sceptical weapons of antiquity. Simon Foucher, Pierre-Daniel Huet, and Pierre Bayle attacked the new philosophies of Descartes, Spinoza, Malebranche, Leibniz, Locke, and others. Some of their argumentation has become an important contribution to Enlightenment and post-Enlightenment thought. In this chapter I will deal with Foucher and Huet, and in the final chapter I will turn to Pierre Bayle, the master sceptic.

Foucher (1644–96) was born in Dijon, the son of a merchant. He studied there and then took a degree in theology at the Sorbonne. He was made honorary canon of the Cathedral of Dijon, a title that he used throughout his life. He became involved with the Paris Cartesians, and it is said that he was asked to give the funeral oration for René Descartes when the great philosopher’s body was transferred to Paris for burial in holy French soil.
Moeritheres, Mastodonts,and Mammoths Elephant Evolution in Action
Authors: Sukumar Raman
Published: November 2023

The evolution of elephants and related forms, collectively known as the pro boscideans, is one of the better-recorded tales of mammalian evolution. Since its origin in the late Paleocene Epoch, about 60 million years (My) ago, the order Proboscidea witnessed a spectacular radiation until the end of the Pleistocene Epoch, about 10,000 years ago. The evolutionary course of the proboscideans, marked by an overall increase in body size, also took many seemingly bizarre paths, including extreme dwarfism and morphologies (seen from the fossil record) that only the most daring paleontologist could have otherwise imagined (fig. 1.1). There are many examples of parallel and convergent evolution. During this period, the proboscideans occupied almost every continental habitat type, including swamps, tundra, boreal forests, deserts, savannas, tropical forests, river basins, and high mountains. With the exception of Australia and Antarctica, fossil proboscideans have been found in every continent. Adaptations in anatomy and physiology of the proboscideans were obviously as diverse as the spread of habitats they occupied.
Forests, Fires, and Grasslands The Impact of Elephants on Their Habitats
Authors: Sukumar Raman
Published: November 2023

It is not surprising that the largest terrestrial animals can make a tremendous impact on their habitats through their feeding activities. Imagine an elephant clan moving through a wooded savanna at an ecological density of 10 animals per square kilometer, each individual having a fresh forage requirement of up to 10% of its body weight each day. With an average individual weight of 1,800 kg, this elephant clan would consume 1,800 kg of vegetation each day from each square kilometer of habitat. Another 1,200 kg of vegetation would be wasted in the process. A 200-strong elephant clan would thus remove 60 tonnes of vegetation each day or 21,900 tonnes each year over a 20 km land scape. Even if such a high elephant density is seasonal and unlikely to be sustained over the year, an average density only a third the seasonal figure would still remove a considerable biomass of woody vegetation over large landscapes.
Biological Interests Questioning the Mental State Theory of Welfare
Authors: Varner Gary E
Published: November 2023

MANY ETHICISTS assume that having desires is not only a sufficient but also a necessary condition for having interests. This is implicit in William James’s statement that the “only possible reason there can be why any phenomenon ought to exist is that such a phenomenon actually is desired” {1948, p. 73). In saying this, James commits himself to the belief that an entity that, like a plant,1 lacks desires can never be of direct moral significance. It can never count for anything in itself but can at most be of instrumental value insofar as its existence satisfies the desires of other beings. Feinberg explicitly argues that an interest, however the concept is finally to be analyzed, presupposes at least rudimentary cognitive equipment. Interests are compounded out of desires and aims, both of which presuppose something like belief, or cognitive awareness. (1974, p. 52) So, he concludes, “mindless creatures have no interests of their own” (p. 53).
Rituals of Inclusion and Exclusion: Hierarchy and Marginalization in Medieval London
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A
Published: November 2023

Most approaches to studying marginalization in medieval society have been too rigid and have failed to fully appreciate the nuances, the rituals, and the processes that were involved in creating marginals. The dominant approach has been a legalistic one that foregrounds hierarchy as the power that excluded the undesirables and made law its tool in enforcing the exclusion. Marginals have been seen as poor, of low status, and as lawbreakers. Bronislaw Geremek added a social dimension to this argument in his study of the low life of late medieval Paris by looking at marginals as a class. They were not only people and groups who fell outside the social and economic or the legal and political mainstream, but also formed an underclass with rendezvous in taverns and other gathering places. Contemporaries described them as “of no account” or “not of good fame.” Such a definition contains a structural limitation, for it presumes that only the social outcasts will be marginalized. In this essay “marginalization” moves beyond a “lower class” and suggests, instead, processes that elevate people in rank and also temporarily or permanently exclude them from their social rank.
The Power of Word and Symbol: Conflict Resolution in Late Medieval London
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A
Published: November 2023

We have long known that in medieval Europe adjudication in court was but one alternative for resolving disputes, for arriving at a determination of guilt or innocence, or for assessing the extent of damages or culpability. We have known that participants in disputes initiated compromises and that officials sometimes preferred to mediate or arbitrate rather than to try cases. What has been elusive are the mechanisms for those alternative means of conflict resolution and the extent to which they were a part of the normal practice of social relations. Usually the records laconically state that there has been a love day or that the parties have paid a fine to have a concord. In contrast, the records of medieval London, both municipal and guild, permit a full analysis of the alternatives to adjudication and the role that compromise or atonement played in resolving conflict when fines and capital or corporal punishment were either inadequate or inappropriate to the offense. While London had a complete legal apparatus including coroners, sheriffs, ward moots, and a variety of mayor’s courts, informal arbitration and mediation existed alongside these formal means of dispute resolution. This study begins to explore some of the compelling reasons for the popularity of out-of-court settlements; the types of cases that could most effectively be resolved by these means; and the necessity, in a society that still expected and honored oral traditions, of public symbols and words that indicated an end to the dispute.
Fur-Collar Crime: The Pattern of Crime among the Fourteenth-Century English Nobility
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A
Published: November 2023

The criminal behavior of the upper classes in society has occasioned social comment for centuries. Robber barons is a term that has been applied as readily to the medieval nobles who used their castles to extort money from the countryside as to the railroad magnates of the nineteenth century. Illegal activities among the upper classes have provoked discussion because they are distinct from the crimes of other classes. Usually upper-class criminals commit crimes that are related to their control of wealth and power and that often go unpunished or are inadequately punished because their prominence in politics and the economy makes it difficult for governments to prosecute. The nature of contemporary upper-class crime was sociologically analyzed by Edwin H. Sutherland in his study, White Collar Crime. As Sutherland defined it, white-collar crime was “crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation.” In Sutherland’s study the crimes that fell within this group were violations of federal trade laws and fair employment practices and mismanagement of corporation finances. Such areas of criminal activity are obviously not applicable to the upper classes of the Middle Ages but, if allowances are made for differences in occupation between a modern executive and a medieval noble, the concept of white-collar crime may prove useful in forming a more general understanding of the pattern of crime among the elite power groups.
Harvesting of Nontimber Products
Authors: Southgate Douglas
Published: November 2023

Collecting fruit, nuts, latex, and other nontimber products occupies at least some of the time of large numbers of people in the Amazon Basin and in other forested regions of Latin America. In northern Guatemala, for example, there are more than 7,000 chicle (Manilkara zapota) collectors, whose work generates $4 million in annual exports (Nations, 1989, cited in Salafsky, Dugelby, and Terborgh, 1992). At the time of the 1980 census, 68,000 households engaged in the collection of wild rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) in the Brazilian Amazon (FIBGE, 1982, cited in Allegretti, 1990). According to local newspaper reports, the harvesting, processing, and marketing of a9af and palm hearts currently employ nearly 30,000 people and generate an annual cash flow of up to $300 million in the Amazon estuary (Pollak, Mattos, and Uhl, 1995). In the whole river basin, 500,000 to 1,500,000 rural people derive a significant portion of their income from the extraction of Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa), fruits like aguaje (Mauritia flexuosa), and other commodities (Gradwohl and Greenberg, 1988; Schwartzman, 1989).
2
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

No sooner had the sun, on that day, risen from its dusky bed while birds and flowers leapt to meet it, bearing the homage of their love and gratitude, than a peasant, carrying his implements and his food for the day, drove his pair of oxen across the square. A goad and a yoke with its leather straps would serve for his work; and the traditional brightly woven pouch or chuspa, holding coca leaves and balls of llipta, would provide his breakfast. As he passed the portal of the church, he reverently removed his fringed hat and mumbled something like a prayer; then he went on his way, turning around from time to time to cast a mournful glance at the hut he was leaving behind.
4
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

Luda was no ordinary sort of woman. She had received quite a good education, and her keen intelligence was able to reach the light of truth by observing the world around her and making comparisons. She was tall and of that darkish complexion that in Peru we call “pearl color.” Her lovely eyes looked out from under thick lashes and soft eyebrows; and she possessed that special womanly charm, heavy long hair that, when loosened, cascaded over her back like a cloak of wavy and shining tortoise-shell. She had yet to reach the age of twenty, but marriage had stamped her features with that mark of the great lady so becoming to the young woman who knows how to couple an amiable character with a serious manner. Since coming to Killac with her husband a year earlier, she had lived in “the white house,” which also served as the headquarters for the silver mining operations in the adjoining province. Don Fernando Marin was the chief shareholder in this enterprise and its current manager. For the miner and the inland merchant, Killac has the advantage of being centrally located for commerce with the capital cities of the departments into which Peru is divided; and its good roads lighten the task of the laborers carrying hampers of ore and of the llamas used for slow transport.
6
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

When Marcela, her heart filled with hope, returned to her hut, she found her daughters awake, and the younger one crying disconsolately at the absence of her mother. A few maternal caresses and a handful of mote sufficed to calm that innocent victim of fate who, though born amid the rags of a hut, wept the same clear and bitter tears as do the children of kings. Eagerly Marcela took hold of the poles supporting the portable loom that with her older daughter’s help she set up in the middle of the room, preparing the woof and the threads of the ground to continue weaving a pretty poncho striped with all the colors the Indians produce from the combination of brazilwood, cochineal, anatta, and the flowers of the quico. Never had she taken up her daily work more cheerfully, and never had the poor woman spun more dreams about how to share her good news with Juan.
11
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

Doña Petronila Hinojosa, Don Sebastian Pancorbo’s wife according to the law and sacrament of the Church, was approaching the age of forty and had come into possession of a robust and well-proportioned body, heavy without reaching the point of obesity. Her face clearly revealed a good heart that in the course of life and in a better place than the one in which she had been fated to be born might have distinguished itself for its nobility and high aspirations. Her dress is the finest you will find in Killac and the surrounding region. Her fingers are encrusted with inexpensive rings; enormous gold hoops with circles of choice diamonds frame her face; her beige wool skirt has five rows of delicately gathered flounces; and her cashmere shawl with its large scarlet and black checks is fastened on the right with a silver brooch in the form of an eagle.
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Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

Don Fernando’s return to his house was a joyous event. He came in triumph with Juan and Rosalia; he would now receive his wife’s expressions of gratitude; he would savor the satisfaction of having done good, breathe the heavenly aroma that perfumes the hours after we have consoled a misfortune or dried a tear. Lucia was weeping with pleasure. Her tears were the beneficent rain that brings peace and happiness to noble hearts. Juan fell to his knees before her and ordered Rosalia to kiss her res cuers’ hands. Don Fernando gazed tenderly for a few seconds on the scene before him, then sat down on the sofa, leaning back into the corner and saying “Her mother says she’s fourteen, but her height, her beauty, the fire in her black eyes, everything about her be speaks a woman in the first stages of puberty ”.
14
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

As soon as Marcela had left the rectory and he had finished his prayers, the priest called his pongo and said, “Run over to Don Se bastian’s and tell him he has to come see me urgently, right away, and to bring along our friends.” “Yes, tata curay.” ‘‘And then go over to Don Estefano’s and tell him to come, and then set the tea kettle on the hearth and the chocolate pot on the embers and tell Manuela and Bernarda to stir up the fire.” “Yes, tata curay,” the pongo replied, and dashed off like an express couner. Don Sebastian just happened to be leaving his house, wrapped in his eternal cape, when the priest’s envoy reached him; and after listening at tentively to Father Pascual’s message, he told the pongo, “You can go back from here; I’ll inform our friends,” and he headed for Estefano’s house. The pongo, however, in order to follow his master’s instructions to the letter, also went to Estefano’s; and with his light step he was back at the rectory in no time and went directly to the kitchen, there to carry out the second part of his orders.
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Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

There was someone whose interest in the fate of the Marins was as strong as Manuel’s. That was Father Pascual, who performed marvels of ingenuity to avoid discussing events with Dona Melitona, which was the name of the woman who had gone to keep him company on that sinister night. As soon as the bells were silent and the gunshots had stopped, he said to himself, “By now things are settled one way or the other.” And turning to Melitona, he added artfully, “It seems all the up roar’s over with, wouldn’t you say?” “Yes, curay, I think it’s over. Lord, how scared I was!” Melitona an swered, gesturing wildly, to which the priest replied, “And so was I, ever since I heard the first shot, thinking they were attacking the church, even though you kept insisting... “ Dona Melitona, thinking that she knew enough, retraced her steps to go inform the priest, who was impatiently awaiting the return of his “little woman” before going to say mass.
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Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

Don Sebastian was slouched in an easy chair, wrapped in a shaggy poncho, a crimson silk handkerchief tied over his head with its corners knotted at the forehead. He was clearly uneasy. “Good morning, sir,” Manuel said as he entered. “Good morning. Where’ve you been keeping yourself, Manuel? Frankly, I haven’t seen you more than three times since you got here,” Don Sebastian answered, concealing his anxiety. “Frankly, all these friends, and my official duties-my time’s no longer my own; you’re right, Manuelito,” the governor said; and as though looking for a way to justify his behavior, he added, “As for the other night, frankly, son, I was in a lot of danger, but I couldn’t stem the disorder.
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Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

The Marfns spared neither expense nor diligent care to save their patient; but unfortunately her condition gradually worsened, and her life drew to its end. Just then Lucia was with Don Fernando, chat ting with him in tender intimacy, and said, “What mysteries are these, Fernando? Marcela came to our quiet happy home seeking help, and for love of our neighbor we helped her and found delight in doing good; yet these virtuous, noble, and pious deeds have produced misfortune for all!” “Remember, my love, that life is struggle, and that in the struggle between Good and Evil it’s ignorance that digs the grave of Good. Victory consists of not letting ourselves be buried in it.” At this point Margarita came dashing to the door like a meteor, crying, “Godmother, Godmother, my mother’s calling you!” “I’m on my way,” Lucia answered; and telling her husband, with a pat on the shoulder, “So long, sweetheart,” she set off for Marcela’s room.
4
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

Manuel’s visit to Don Fernando’s house was decisive for one important aspect of his life, as we shall see later. Don Fernando Marin informed Manuel in detail of what had happened in court and concluded, ‘‘And doesn’t all of this show you our authorities in the worst possible light, Don Manuel?” “Don Fernando, I’m wounded to the quick by it all; and every time I hear something like this I feel the wound anew. Ah, if only I could tear my mother away from here!” the young man said with feeling, setting down a piece from Margarita’s game that he had been handling absent mindedly. “That’s why we’ve decided to have the girls brought up somewhere else,” said Lucia, entering into the conversation. ‘‘And where have you decided to do that?” Manuel asked eagerly. “In Lima, of course,” Don Fernando answered. “Oh, yes, Lima!” Lucia said. “There they form the heart and train the mind, and then in a couple of years I expect Margarita to find a good husband.
10
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

Once the sexton Isidro Champi had been locked up in jail, the doors to his freedom remained shut. Let us see what happened to his wife that afternoon when she went to the house of her friend Escobedo in search of aid and counsel. “So my good friend’s in jail?” Escobedo said after the reciprocal greetings and once the Indian had told him the news. “Yes, wiracocha. So what should we do? You help us!” the woman replied, downcast, upon which Escobedo gently patted her on the shoulder, saying, “Aha, but that’s no way to come asking for a favor, with empty hands, when you’ve got all that cattle, eh, my friend?” “You’re right, friend wiracocha; but I dashed from my house as though the witches were after me, and later on, tomorrow... I won’t be ungrateful, like a dried-out field.
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Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

Now we shall go for a moment in search of Colonel Paredes, whom we left as he was sitting down at table in Teodora’s house. Dinner was abundant and animated; and as soon as it was concluded, when night had already fallen, all headed for the parlor to continue their revels with the zapateo and the handkerchief dance. Don Gaspar called his daughter aside and told her peremptorily, “Fol low me, Teoco.” And the two of them went to a nearby fence where an Indian waited with three horses, one of them bearing a sidesaddle and everything else needed for a woman to ride.
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Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

In spite of the weighty tasks that Manuel had before him and that might have served him as distraction, sadness marked his face and silence sealed his once talkative lips, which now uttered nothing but sighs of deep sorrow. Waves of blood such as he had never known surged in his heart, waves in which a woman’s heart would have seen an omen of misfortune. Manuel was beginning to lose confidence in the future. He questioned the possibility of seeing Margarita again, but he adhered to his plan of settling the cases of Don Sebastian and Isidro and then leaving at any cost. His meetings with the judge, with the new subprefect, and with Guzman finally bore fruit, along with the efforts made by the families of Estefano, Verdejo, and Escobedo. One day he came home and told Dona Petronila, “Mother, I’ve succeeded in getting Don Sebastian released under my recognizance, and he’ll be home today.”
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Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

They entered a spacious room papered in deep red with gold trim; gold pilasters marked the corners; curtains, white as ermine, screened the doors and windows, beneath a valance of scarlet silk bordered in gold and secured with silken cords. The floor, covered with fine Belgian carpets, made a pleasant contrast with the Louis XV furniture, upholstered in dark blue napped silk and reflected in two enormous mirrors that occupied almost the entire right-hand wall. “This is the parlor. Is it to madame’s liking?” said Monsieur Petit, making an exaggerated bow. “Yes; blue is my favorite color. I’ll be happy here,” Lucia replied to the hotel-keeper, which is who Monsieur Petit was. “This must be a bedroom,” said Don Fernando, pointing to a door. “Precisely, sir. We offer every comfort and excellent service to the travelers who are kind enough to honor the Hotel Imperial with their presence,” answered Monsieur Petit, with all the courtliness of a French man recommending his establishment.
The Avian Brood Parasites
Authors: Johnsgard Paul A
Published: November 2023

The evolutionary, ecological and behavioral questions posed by obligate brood parasites are among the most intriguing of all contemporary ornithological topics. Avian brood parasites lay their eggs in the nests of other birds and may be a major contributing factor driving several species of songbirds to near extinction. As one of the first books to present a comprehensive overview of this fascinating phenomenon, this work discusses the comparative biology and co-evolutionary adaptations exhibited by the five families of birds that engage in such behavior. Several chapters dealing with the comparative biology of both intraspecific and interspecific brood parasites, are followed by individual accounts of all known species—nearly 100 altogether, primarily cowbirds and cuckoos. Some of the more remarkable behavioral and structural adaptations of these birds include egg mimicry, juvenile mimicry, elimination by starvation or actual attack of other nestlings or host eggs, and even the learning and partial mimicry of host song traits. An extended glossary, a list of Latin names, 400 literature citations and range maps of all parasitic species discussed are also included. Detailed line drawings by the author enhance this synthesis of biological and ecological information.
An Overview of Brood Parasitism
Authors: Johnsgard Paul A
Published: November 2023

Laying eggs in the nest of another individual, and allowing or tricking the nest owner to rear such “parasitic” young rather than, or in addition to, its own, is one of the rarest forms of reproduction known. Except for the social insects, in which intraspecific brood parasitism is sometimes well developed (Wilson, 1971), such social parasitism is almost unknown in animal groups other than birds. Brood parasitism occurring within members of the same species (intraspecific or conspecific brood parasitism) has been reported for fewer than 100 species of birds (Yorn Tov, 1980), and possibly occurs among other vertebrates only in a few fish. Likewise, fewer than 100 species of birds are known to be obligatory brood parasites (Payne, 1977b). Sporadically interspecific egg dumping, or “facultative” brood parasitism, occurs among even fewer species, based on the available evidence. The rarity of brood parasitism as a reproductive strategy is rather surprising, considering that exploiting the energy of another species through true external or internal parasitism is extremely common among animals. Indeed, some phyla of animals are predominantly or even exclusively parasitic and, at least in terms of actual numbers of individuals, there are probably far more parasitic than free-living animals alive in the world.
African Parasitic Finches
Authors: Johnsgard Paul A
Published: November 2023

The only obligate parasites among the finches and sparrows of the world are found in Africa, where the approximately 16 species of indigobirds and whydahs of the genus Vidua (“viduine finches”) all occur as well as the single species of parasitic weaver or so-called cuckoo finch. The geographic breeding ranges of the viduine finches encompass all of sub-Saharan Africa (fig. 40), but the most species-rich regions (supporting seven to nine species per 5° latilong quadrants) consist of subequatorial habitats extending from Nigeria east to the upper Nile Valley and Rift Valley. Another species-rich region occurs in southeastern Africa, where seven species often occur in the general area of Botswana, Zimbabwe, and northern South Africa. Friedmann (1960) reviewed the probable phyletic relationships of the viduine finches and weaver finch at length. He concluded that the parasitic weaver is perhaps related to such rather typical plocied genera as the bishops and widowbirds (Euplectes spp.), although the structure of its sternum is somewhat aberrant with regard to this group, and one of its sternal features suggests possible affinities with the buffalo weavers (Bubalornis and Dinemellia). More recently, Sibley and Monroe (1990) placed the parasitic weaver in linear sequence between the bishop-widowbird group and the grosbeak weaver (Amblyospiza), all within the subfamily Ploceinae (family Passeridae).
Apprenticed Prodigy1820–1821
Authors: Todd R Larry
Published: November 2023

Between the ages of eleven and fourteen, in an explosion of precocity, Felix produced well over a hundred compositions, a quantity no less astonishing than its variety—keyboard and chamber works, symphonies, concerti, Lieder, sacred choruses, and operas. When the first collected edition of Felix’s music appeared during the 1870s, most of these efforts, judged stylistically jejune, were excluded. But the launching of a second edition a century later refocused interest on Felix’s apprenticeship, and several early works, including concerti, the twelve string symphonies, and the Singspiel Die beiden Pädagogen, appeared during the 1960s and 1970s, opening new windows into Felix’s formative years. Still, much of this music awaits publication. To the biographer, it reveals a musical diary of a prodigy comparable to precious few European composers.
From Apprentice to Journeyman (1823—1824)
Authors: Todd R Larry
Published: November 2023

“He is growing beneath my eyes” —so Zelter described Felix’s unbridled development as a composer in 1823, when he created a spate of string sym- phonies, two concerti, another piano quartet, string quartet, violin sonata, Kyrie, Lieder, piano and organ works, and completed his fourth opera, Die beiden Neffen. Capping this startling productivity was the publication late that year of the C-minor Piano Quartet, Felix’s professional debut. Released by A. M. Schlesinger, the work was actually engraved in Paris by Schlesinger’s son Maurice, himself a music publisher, who also brought out in 1823 a more weighty composition in C minor—Beethoven’s transcendent final piano sonata, Op. 111. Felix’s Op. 1 was thus an international event. The Parisian virtuoso J. P. Pixis,”thrilled by the splendid genius which expresses itself in this music,” read the quartet, and a Leipzig reviewer lauded the work of a young genius following the footsteps of Mozart. But a Berlin critic was more tempered—the quartet lacked Mozart’s “in- vigorating freshness.” The scherzo was original, the finale worthy of praise, but Felix still needed to produce something to advance the art significantly. The mantle worn by the second Mozart was heavy indeed.
The Prodigy’s Voice1825–1826
Authors: Todd R Larry
Published: November 2023

On March 9, 1824, the matriarch of the Itzig family, Bella Salomon, died. Examining the will, the bereaved Lea and Abraham made a discovery: Bella’s fortune—the residence at Neue Promenade No. 7, the old Meierei, and other assets, valued at more than 150,000 thalers—was bequeathed equally to her son Jacob Bartholdy, the children of her granddaughters Josephine Benedicks and Marianne Mendelssohn (wife of Joseph Men- delssohn’s son Alexander), and Lea’s unborn grandchildren. Unlike Jacob, cursed by Bella upon his baptism in 1805 but reconciled by Fanny’s intervention years later, the daughter and son-in-law were thus “com- pletely disinherited” (völlig enterbt).2
Leipzig vs. Berlin1840–1841
Authors: Todd R Larry
Published: November 2023

The new decade began un propitiously for Felix: debilitated by a severe cold, he arrived on a Portechaise at the Gewandhaus to direct the New Year’s Day concert. The winter season, among the most memorable of his tenure, was soon in full swing. For the next concert (January 9), he made a virtue of necessity when the featured violinist, Carl Stör from Weimar, disappeared after his first solo, leaving a gap in the second half. On the program were Beethoven’s first two Leonore Overtures; Felix now added the third and Fidelio Overtures—both unrehearsed, according to the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung —so that for the first time Leipzigers heard all four together. Felix’s choice of repertoire again underscored his effort to promote new music, including symphonies by Friedrich Schneider of Dessau, J. F. Kittl of Prague, and J. W. Kalliwoda of Donaue- schingen, and a new overture by Julius Rietz. But an attempt to encore the Schubert “Great” Symphony on March 12 failed when a false fire alarm emptied the hall; Felix reprogrammed the symphony on the final concert of the season two weeks later.
Portrait of a Prussian Musician1843–1844
Authors: Todd R Larry
Published: November 2023

Felix had grieved before. Upon the death seven years earlier of his “instructor in art and life,” the bachelor composer had fulfilled Abraham’s ardent wish by completing St. Paul. Now, in 1843, Felix mourned with his family, drew windmills for his children, and alleviated headaches by reading Dickens’s Pickwick Papers. New creative work was difficult; in- stead, he reorchestrated Die erste Walpurgisnacht and rewrote the con- cert aria Infelice. But on January 19, he drafted a new Lied ohne Worte in E minor, assimilated the next year into the fifth volume as Op. 62 No. 3. Though untitled, the Lied eventually became known as the Trauermarsch (Funeral March); its dirgelike fanfares and somber processional effects made musically palpable his grief (ex. 14.1).
Coming to Terms with the Past
Authors: Burgees John P
Published: November 2023

Because the East German Wende had spiritual-moral concerns at its heart, it is not surprising that questions of loyalty and integrity, both personal and corporate, came to the fore as East Germans tried to make sense of the past. Vergangenheitsbewiiltigung (literally, mastery of the past) proved to be one of the most urgent yet difficult tasks of democratization. The battle to shape the future of eastern Germany became a sometimes nasty, politicized fight about its past, that is, about how to interpret the forty years of Marxist-Leninist rule.
Meeting Some Archaea
Authors: Howland John L
Published: November 2023

Our characters are microorganisms belonging to the domain Archaea, and they are well worth meeting. Many are spectacularly eccentric in their lifestyle, living in scalding spring water, in the digestive systems of animals, or within the very cells of host organisms. A large number of them are fiendishly inventive in their ability to do exotic chemistry, carrying out reactions quite unknown in other organisms. Moreover, some are bizarre, to say the least, in their physical appearance, consisting of intricate networks, amorphous blobs, triangles, or postagestamp-like squares. Although all of them are microscopic, their collective role in the world ecosystem is pervasive. And they all have a great deal to tell us about very early evolution and even, it appears, about our own evolutionary origins.
Their Discovery
Authors: Howland John L
Published: November 2023

Discovering microorganisms is not what it used to be. When van Leeuwenhoek, in the seventh century, first described bacteria, he drew what he had observed through a microscope of his own manufacture: his landmark discovery of the bacteria was pure visual description. By the nineteenth century, chemistry had entered the discovery process. Pasteur, Lister, and, later, Beijerinck and Winogradsky described and classified new microorganisms on the basis of their nutrition and their metabolic capabilities. But, in the twentieth century, for reasons we will be considering, such structural and chemical criteria for identifying new microbes, or groups of microbes, diminished in their usefulness, and scientists increasingly turned to the newly developed methods of molecular biology. This transition has been difficult for biologists who lean toward natural history of the descriptive sort, but it has also been enormously productive. The discovery of the Archaea was perhaps the first great product of the new, molecular-biological approach to describing organisms and an account of the discovery is also an account of the transition to that new methodology.
Where They Live (and How They Manage)
Authors: Howland John L
Published: November 2023

Where do Archaea live? The short answer is “everywhere.” It has become clear from rRNA analysis that representatives of the Archaea occur widely throughout the biosphere. But there are certain locations where they are especially likely to be encountered. These places tend to be somewhat remote from the ecological mainstream: relatively obscure nooks and crannies in which rigorous environmental conditions have sheltered the Archaea, apparently for very long periods of geological history. These locations have historically provided inocula from which microbiologists have isolated pure archaeal cultures. And they are also locations that raise an obvious question: how do thermophilic, acidophilic, or halophilic Archaea manage to live in such uncompromising environments? In other words, what physiological adaptations have evolved to make such “extrem- ophile” life possible?
Setting the Stage
Authors: Evans Howard Ensign
Published: November 2023

The Louisiana Purchase Of R 803 Approximately Doubled The size of the United States, adding 800,000 square miles of ignorance—land that had never been well explored or adequately mapped. Even the northern and southern boundaries, with British Canada and Spanish Mexico, had not been explored. To the west, Louisiana ended in ranges of mountains of unknown dimensions. That such mountains were there had been shown by Father Silvestre Velez de Escalante, who in 1776 had crossed from Santa Fe to what is now northeastern Utah, seeking in vain for a convenient route to California, and by Alexander Mackenzie, who had crossed the Canadian Rockies to the Pacific in 1793. Fur trappers and traders—most of them French or Spanish and often illiterate—had also penetrated parts of the mountains, bringing back tales of white bears and wild Indians.
Exploring the Front Range
Authors: Evans Howard Ensign
Published: November 2023

THE EXPEDITION REMAINED CAMPED AT THE mouth of the canyon of the South Platte for two days. Seymour took occasion to make a watercolor painting, View of the Chasm Through which the Platte Issues from the Rocky Mountains. It was reproduced, in black and white, in the final report of the expedition. The mouth of the canyon is today included in Waterton Canyon Recreation Area, a mecca for picnickers, hikers, and fishermen. Although the area is much transformed, it is possible to look up the canyon and enjoy a view very much like that shown in Seymour’s painting. The cottonwoods noted by Bell still provide abundant shade, and some of the trees and bushes noted by James are still much in evidence: box elders, oaks, junipers, and poison ivy.
Institutionalizing Performance
Authors: Sutton R Anderson
Published: November 2023

It was less than twenty-four hours after I first arrived in South Sulawesi in 1993 that I found myself sitting at a music and dance rehearsal in a large studio at Ujung Pandang’s Teachers College (lnstitut Keguruan Ilmu Pendidikan, acronym IKIP). Only gradually, as the weeks went by, and as I returned to South Sulawesi nearly every year for the next six, did I realize how this rehearsal encapsulated much that was current and in some ways contradictory about the institutionalization of performance in South Sulawesi in the 1990s and how it helped shape a major line of inquiry in my research. I had gone to IKIP in search of Halilintar Lathief. The person who greeted me as I entered was his Javanese wife, Niniek Sumiani, who was leading the rehearsal, in which a group of ten dancers and five musicians were polishing or reviewing a series of short South Sulawesian dances whose movements and musical styles varied significantly from one another. My first encounter with performing arts in South Sulawesi found a Javanese, albeit a very talented one, in charge.
Conclusion
Authors: Sutton R Anderson
Published: November 2023

The preceding pages have attempted to trace multiple paths into, ifnot through, the complex world of music and dance in South Sulawesi. It has not been a single journey, but multiple departures, in hopes of avoiding the tendency for scholarship to contribute to a false essentializing—of “culture,” “genre,” and “identity”—and to an overarching grand narrative claiming to explain all. At times I have focused on individuals and genres identifiable as Makassarese (or Bugis, or Torajan), and often I have considered practices, events, and groups whose identity is mixed, multiple, or ambiguous. From the opening look at the Culture Week festival, the fit between ethnicity and genre has been shown to be highly problematic. Two of the prominent figures appearing throughout the book, Bu Nani Sapada and Halilintar, have Bugis ancestry but have figured centrally in activities involving Makassarese performance and in representing South Sulawesi to itself and to others.
Manage Time Well: Day-Tight Compartments
Authors: Bryan Charles S
Published: November 2023

Is William Osler a useful role model? Our first response is no. He was simply too good, too talented, too productive for most of us to emulate. Master clinician, prolific writer, promoter of science, inspiring motivator, and since his death in I 919, a durable icon of professionalism, Osler seemingly had it all. The historian Fielding H. Garrison called him “one of nature’s chosen” and added, “Good looks, distinction, blithe, benignant manners, a sunbright personality, radiant with kind feeling and good will toward his fellow men, an Apollonian poise, swiftness and surety of thought and speech, every gift of the gods was his.” Striving to be like Osler would seem a sure formula for failure, frustration, and dam­ aged self-esteem.
Care Carefully: The Least Sentimental and the Most Helpful
Authors: Bryan Charles S
Published: November 2023

Two images of Osler seem paradoxical. On the one hand he was the consummate caring and compassionate physician, “family doctor to the world,” a model of humanism, the embodiment of the Hippocratic ideal that “where there is love of man, there is also love of the art.” Indeed, he quoted that ideal in his last major address, extolling the physician’s love of humanity associated with the love of his craft!-philanthropia and philotechnia-the joy of working joined in each one to a true love of his brother. Memorable sentence indeed! in which for the first time was coined the magic word philanthropy, and conveying the subtle suggestion that perhaps in this combination the longings of humanity may find their solution, and Wisdom-philosophia-at last be justified of her children.