bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Equality Within Difference: The Story of Neve Shalom/Wahat al‐Salam
Authors: Nathan Jesse Zerger
Published: June 2007

Few modern crises draw as much attention, create such intense confusion, and fuel so many myths as does the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Permeating all these dimensions, however, is the fundamental struggle between two peoples, two distinct histories, and two colliding identities. It is this confrontation between identities that a small village in Israel has set out to address. Neve Shalom/Wahat al‐Salam, which means “Oasis of Peace” in Hebrew and Arabic, respectively, is located on a barren hilltop between Israel proper and the West Bank, almost equidistant from Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. Its sole purpose for existence is to disprove the persistent modern myth that Arabs and Jews cannot live together in harmony.
“Unsightly Huts”: Shanties and the Divestment Movement of the 1980s
Authors: Martin Bradford
Published: June 2007

This article analyzes students’ efforts to pressure American colleges and universities to divest their South African investments during the 1980s, focusing on the movement's most visible feature, the shantytowns students built to express solidarity with black South Africans and to oppose their institutions’ investment policies. I argue that the shanties were constructed in spaces chosen to achieve maximum symbolic power and often succeeded in spatially transforming campuses into public forums that heightened students’ capacity to affect the institutional decision‐making process. Not surprisingly, the shanties evoked fervent responses. Shantytown residents identified with the plight of black South Africans under apartheid, while opponents called them “eyesores,” and, as in the notorious case at Dartmouth, even forcibly destroyed them. When set against the conservative tenor of the Reagan/Bush 1980s, the varying responses to campus shantytowns, at both elite private institutions as well as large public ones, raise important questions about the cultural constructedness of “vision” and aesthetics and about the efficacy and the limits of using public space for symbolic oppositional politics.
Words of Worth: Talking Religiously about Peace and Dialogue
Authors: Illman Ruth
Published: June 2007

In this article, I address the question of what special contribution the engagement of religious communities and individuals can offer to the larger peace movement from the standpoint of comparative religion. I argue that, on the one hand, religions can offer a language in which to speak about peace in a creative way—for example, by using words as dialogue and otherness, forgiveness and reconciliation, love and responsibility. On the other hand, I further argue, religions can offer motivation for peace engagement on a personal level. My analysis leans on empirical experiences from an ecumenical Peace Appeal signed by Christian officials in Finland in 2004.
Repeated Interviews with Children Who have Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Cederborg A.‐C. , La Rooy D. , Lamb M. E.
Published: June 2007

Background  We predicted that repeated interviewing would improve the informativeness of children with intellectual disabilities who were questioned in criminal investigations.

Materials  The chronological ages of the 19 children, involved in 20 cases, ranged between 4.7 and 18 years (M = 10.3 years) at the time of the first alleged abuse.

Method  The utterances used by interviewers to elicit information in both initial and later interviews were examined. We then assessed the substantive information provided in both interviews and compared information elicited using focused questions in the initial interview with responses about the same topic elicited using open questions in the second interview.

Results  The hypothesis was supported: over 80% of the information reported in the repeated interviews was about completely new topics or was new information elaborating upon previously discussed topics. However, because the interviewing techniques were so poor in both first and second interviews, information provided in the repeated interviews may have been contaminated irrespective of the children’s capacities.

Conclusion  When children with intellectual disabilities are given a second chance to provide information about their abuse, they can further develop the information that they report and even provide entirely new information about their experiences. When interviewers are not specially trained in how to interview children with intellectual disabilities, we cannot assume that repeated interviews provide reliable and accurate information, however.
Loss of SNAP‐25 and rabphilin 3a in sensory‐motor cortex in Huntington’s disease
Authors: Smith Ruben , Klein Pontus , Koc‐Schmitz Yeliz , Waldvogel Henry J. , Faull Richard L.M. , Brundin Patrik , Plomann Markus , Li Jia‐Yi
Published: June 2007

Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG‐expansion in the gene encoding the protein huntingtin. The disease is characterized by progressive motor disturbances, cognitive defects, dementia, and weight loss. Using western blotting and immunohistochemistry we have assessed the expression levels and patterns of a number of proteins involved in neurotransmitter release in post‐mortem frontal cortex samples from 10 HD cases with different disease grades. We report a loss of the soluble N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) protein, synaptosome‐associated protein 25 (SNAP 25) in HD brains of grades I–IV. Moreover, in brains of grade III and IV we found a reduction in rabphilin 3a, a protein involved in vesicle docking and recycling. These losses appear to be specific and not due to a general loss of synapses in the HD cortex. Thus, levels of synaptobrevin II, syntaxin 1, rab3a or synaptophysin are unaltered in the same patient samples. SNAP 25 and rabphilin 3a are crucial for neurotransmitter release. Therefore, we suggest that a deficient pre‐synaptic transmitter release may underlie some of the symptoms of HD.
A role for 12/15 lipoxygenase in the amyloid β precursor protein metabolism
Authors: Succol Francesca , Praticò Domenico
Published: June 2007

12/15 Lipoxygenase (12/15LO) protein levels and activity are increased in pathologically affected regions of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brains, compared with controls. Its metabolic products are elevated in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with AD and individuals with mild cognitive impairment, suggesting that this enzyme may be involved early in AD pathogenesis. Herein, we investigate the effect of pharmacologic inhibition of 12/15LO on the amyloid β precursor protein (APP) metabolism. To this end, we used CHO and N2A cells stably expressing human APP with the Swedish mutant, and two structurally distinct and selective 12/15LO inhibitors, PD146176 and CDC. Our results demonstrated that both drugs dose‐dependently reduced Aβ formation without affecting total APP levels. Interestingly, in the same cells we observed a significant reduction in secreted (s)APPβ and β‐secretase (BACE), but not sAPPα and ADAM10 protein levels. Together, these data show for the first time that this enzymatic pathway influences Aβ formation whereby modulating the BACE proteolytic cascade. We conclude that specific pharmacologic inhibition of 12/15LO could represent a novel therapeutic target for treating or preventing AD pathology in humans.
Treatment of seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp
Authors: Schwartz James R
Published: June 2007

Background  Seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff are common conditions dominated by flakes and itch symptoms. Beyond these observable conditions, the epidermis is highly perturbed and in an inflammation‐driven hyperproliferative condition.

Aims  This review covers current etiologic models and therapeutic strategies.

Conclusion  Etiology has been controversial in the past due to the search for a singular cause. There are three interrelated factors: Malassezia yeast, sebaceous lipids, and a group of host factors. The yeast and sebaceous lipids interact to yield an inflammatory initiator that leads to hyperproliferation within the epidermis; immature stratum corneum cells are dislodged as large clumps rather than a normal desquamative process. While many therapeutic strategies are theoretically possible, current technology is centered around controlling the Malassezia population. The most convenient and therefore most common format is the shampoo. A wide range of active materials are available; some are more effective than others. Even within a given active, product pharmacology can have a substantial impact on the delivered efficacy, with factors such as amount deposited on the scalp surface and bioavailability of the deposited material being relevant. Beyond choice of active and effective scalp delivery, product usage habits can substantially modulate the efficacy realized by the user.
Women in Iran: An Online Discussion
Authors: Keddie Nikki R.
Published: July 2007

This debate on the role of women in the Islamic Republic of Iran was conducted early in 2001 as part of the Gulf/2000 project at Columbia University, directed by Gary Sick. Normally these online discussions are reserved for members, but this topic is of such general interest and aroused such intense emotions that two of the participants were asked to edit the discussion for a wider audience. The final version was edited by Nikki R. Keddie, professor emerita of history at the University of California, Los Angeles, based on the selection and organization of the texts by co‐editor Azita Karimkhany, alumna of Columbia University and researcher in Middle Eastern studies. For additional information on Gulf/2000, see the project website athttp:gulf2000.columbia.edu.
Endocrinology and Dialysis Jean L. Holley, Series Editor: Osteoporosis and Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Gal‐Moscovici Anca , Sprague Stuart M.
Published: June 2007

Osteoporosis (OP), the most frequent bone disease affecting the general population, is associated with high fracture risk. Patients with impaired kidney function have bone and mineral disturbances leading to extraskeletal calcifications and complex changes in bone turnover that predispose them to increased fracture risk accompanied by increased morbidity and mortality. The combination of these two bone disorders seems to have an additive effect with regard to fracture risk and its outcome, so that appropriate diagnosis and treatment of this disorder should be of primary concern when approaching patients with kidney disease. Nevertheless, the clinical and laboratory diagnostic tools used to identify OP in the general population do not suit the requirement for detecting the complex bone and metabolic changes that occur with chronic kidney disease, leading to the lack of or the initiation of inappropriate therapy. This review will focus on the bone pathophysiologic processes involved in OP and renal osteodystrophy and address some of the problems associated with our current diagnostic tools and aspects of the therapeutic approaches.
Reconstruction of Rabbit Corneal Epithelium on Lyophilized Amniotic Membrane Using the Tilting Dynamic Culture Method
Authors: Ahn Jae‐Il , Lee Doo‐Hoon , Ryu Yang‐Hwan , Jang In‐Keun , Yoon Mun‐Young , Shin Youn Ho , Seo Young‐Kwon , Yoon Hee‐Hoon , Kim Jae‐Chan , Song Kye‐Yong , Yang Eun‐Kyung , Kim Ki‐Ho , Park Jung‐Keug
Published: June 2007

Abstract:  Rabbit corneal epithelium was reconstructed using tilting dynamic culture with a self‐manufactured, amniotic membrane (AM) supporter and a lyophilized amniotic membrane (LAM). Rabbit corneal epithelial (RCE) cells were cultured and cryopreserved after isolation from the limbus. The second‐ and third‐passage RCE cells were plated onto the epithelial side of the LAM of Ahn's AM supporter. Two days later, the air–liquid interface culture was maintained with third‐passage RCE cells for 6 days and second‐passage corneal epithelial cells for 9 days. The average viability of thawed RCE cells, assessed using trypan blue dye exclusion, was 77.42%. The reconstructed corneal epithelium was characterized by histological (hematoxylin and eosin) and immunohistochemical staining (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) for light microscopy, and by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction, glucose assay, and transmission electron microscopy. The basal layer of the reconstructed corneal epithelium was well formed, and the epithelium was tightly constructed due to the increase in cell proliferation and differentiation caused by the tilting dynamic culture, as opposed to static culture. Tilting dynamic culture was useful for the reconstruction of the epithelium using easily damaged epithelial cells and resulted in more stratum cell layers. Moreover, cytokeratin (CK3) mRNA expression in tilting dynamic cultured third‐passage RCE cells seeded onto AM was greater than in static cultured third‐passage RCE cells. The morphology of the reconstructed corneal epithelium on LAM by tilting dynamic culture for 9 days resembled that of the skin epidermis. This was thought to be because the tilting dynamic culture not only accelerated the proliferation and differentiation of cells by physical or mechanical stimulation, but also ensured that the supply of medium was delivered to the basal cells more efficiently. Thus, the reconstruction of the corneal epithelium using LAM and tilting dynamic culture was considered to be a good in vitro model for autologous or allogeneic transplantation of corneal epithelium and skin epidermis in patients with damaged epithelia.
Hemodynamic and Metabolic Changes During Exercise in Calves With Total Artificial Hearts of Different Sizes yet Similar Output
Authors: Kamohara Keiji , Weber Stephan , Klatte Ryan S. , Luangphakdy Viviane , Flick Christine R. , Ootaki Yoshio , Akiyama Masatoshi , Cingoz Faruk , Ootaki Chiyo , Kopcak Michael W. , Liu Jenny , Chen Ji‐Feng , Navia Jose L. , Smith William A. , Fukamachi Kiyotaka
Published: June 2007

Abstract:  To evaluate the effects of downsizing of the total artificial heart (TAH), we compared the anaerobic threshold (AT) values in calves with two different types of TAH (Cleveland Clinic–Nimbus TAH and the downsized MagScrew TAH). Exercise studies were performed using a treadmill in 12 calves. During the exercise, parameters to obtain the AT were measured. To evaluate the determinants of the AT, a linear regression analysis was performed between AT and potential variables. AT values from 29 studies revealed no significant differences between the two different TAHs, with no significant differences in hemodynamic or oxygen metabolic parameters. AT values correlated well with pump flow/body weight (Q) multiplied by the hemoglobin level, regardless of the TAH used. In conclusion, downsizing of the original TAH design did not reduce AT without any significant differences in hemodynamic or oxygen metabolic parameters during exercise in calves.
Predictors of Migraine Headache Recurrence: A Pooled Analysis From the Eletriptan Database
Authors: Dodick David W. , Lipton Richard B. , Goadsby Peter J. , Tfelt‐Hansen Peer , Ferrari Michel D. , Diener Hans‐Christoph , Almas Mary , Albert Kenneth S. , Parsons Bruce
Published: June 2007

Objective.—To identify clinical variables associated with risk of headache recurrence within 22 hours of initial successful treatment of a migraine attack (2‐hour headache response), and to analyze the effect of eletriptan in reducing the incidence of recurrence.

Methods.—Data were pooled from 10 randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trials evaluating eletriptan 40 mg (E40), eletriptan 80 mg (E80), and sumatriptan 100 mg (S100) for acute migraine treatment. Patients who achieved a headache response (improvement from moderate/severe pain at baseline to mild/no pain at 2 hours postdose) were evaluable. A multivariable logistic regression analysis identified significant predictors of headache recurrence (return to moderate/severe pain intensity within 22 hours of initial headache response). Treatment response was assessed in two high‐risk subgroups, defined by the presence of significant recurrence predictors.

Results.—Of 4312 patients responding to acute treatment within 2 hours postdose, 1232 (29%) experienced recurrence. Initial headache response within 2 hours was significantly higher for E40 (62.0%), E80 (67.4%), and S100 (57.9%) compared to placebo (25.1%; allP < .0001). Three clinical variables were significant predictors of recurrence: female gender, age ≥35 years, and severe baseline headache pain. Among patients with all 3 risk factors (n = 742; 17% of total population), recurrence rates were lower with E40 (35.6%) and E80 (32.9%) than placebo (47.8%P < .01). The same result was observed in the subgroup of patients with 2 risk factors (female gender and age ≥35 years;P < .0001 vs placebo). Sustained headache and pain‐free response rates (a headache/pain‐free response at 2 hours postdose with no headache recurrence and no rescue medication use in the subsequent 22 hours) were significantly higher with E40 and E80 than placebo in both high‐risk subgroups (P < .05).

Conclusion.—Female gender, age ≥35 years, and severe baseline headache pain are significant predictors of headache recurrence during a migraine attack. Eletriptan is effective at reducing the incidence of headache recurrence in high‐risk subgroups.
Japan's Universal Long‐Term Care System Reform of 2005: Containing Costs and Realizing a Vision
Authors: Tsutsui Takako , Muramatsu Naoko
Published: June 2007

Japan implemented a mandatory social long‐term care insurance (LTCI) system in 2000, making long‐term care services a universal entitlement for every senior. Although this system has grown rapidly, reflecting its popularity among seniors and their families, it faces several challenges, including skyrocketing costs. This article describes the recent reform initiated by the Japanese government to simultaneously contain costs and realize a long‐term vision of creating a community‐based, prevention‐oriented long‐term care system. The reform involves introduction of two major elements: “hotel” and meal charges for nursing home residents and new preventive benefits. They were intended to reduce economic incentives for institutionalization, dampen provider‐induced demand, and prevent seniors from being dependent by intervening while their need levels are still low. The ongoing LTCI reform should be critically evaluated against the government's policy intentions as well as its effect on seniors, their families, and society. The story of this reform is instructive for other countries striving to develop coherent, politically acceptable long‐term care policies.
Barriers to and Facilitators of Clinical Practice Guideline Use in Nursing Homes
Authors: Colón‐Emeric Cathleen S. , Lekan Deborah , Utley‐Smith Queen , Ammarell Natalie , Bailey Donald , Corazzini Kirsten , Piven Mary L. , Anderson Ruth A.
Published: June 2007

OBJECTIVES: To identify barriers to and facilitators of the diffusion of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) and clinical protocols in nursing homes (NHs).

DESIGN: Qualitative analysis.

SETTING: Four randomly selected community nursing homes.

PARTICIPANTS: NH staff, including physicians, nurse practitioners, administrative staff, nurses, and certified nursing assistants (CNAs).

MEASUREMENTS: Interviews (n=35) probed the use of CPGs and clinical protocols. Qualitative analysis using Rogers' Diffusion of Innovation stages‐of‐change model was conducted to produce a conceptual and thematic description.

RESULTS: None of the NHs systematically adopted CPGs, and only three of 35 providers were familiar with CPGs. Confusion with other documents and regulations was common. The most frequently cited barriers were provider concerns that CPGs were “checklists” to replace clinical judgment, perceived conflict with resident and family goals, limited facility resources, lack of communication between providers and across shifts, facility policies that overwhelm or conflict with CPGs, and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act regulations interpreted to limit CNA access to clinical information. Facilitators included incorporating CPG recommendations into training materials, standing orders, customizable data collection forms, and regulatory reporting activities.

CONCLUSION: Clinicians and researchers wishing to increase CPG use in NHs should consider these barriers and facilitators in their quality improvement and intervention development processes.
Guiding Catheter Aspiration to Prevent Embolic Events During Saphenous Vein Graft Intervention
Authors: MORALES PHILIP A. , HEUSER RICHARD R.
Published: July 2007

Percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) in saphenous vein graft (SVG) stenosis carries 10%‐20% risk of major adverse clinical events (MACE) or reduced antigrade flow (No‐reflow Phenomena). The PercuSurge device is not available at all United States hospitals and sometimes anatomically cannot be placed (distal stenosis). We developed a simple technique for use in patients who could not have the PercuSurge device placed during PCI of SVG. Methods: The basic concept of this technique is the use of guiding catheter aspiration during PCI. Over a two‐year period, seven patients underwent PCI in SVG, using this technique for symptomatic stenosis. They were all males, average SVG age was 14 ± 6 years, 43% were degenerated SVG's, four (57%) had new stents placed, and three (43%) had percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) or cutting balloon therapy. All patients were pretreated with aspirin and clopidogrel and had baseline preprocedure serum creatine kinase (CK) and ECG. Following the procedure, patients had repeat serum CK and ECG eights hours post‐procedure. No patients received glycoprotein platelets inhibitors. Results: Twenty to 60 mL of blood with gross macroscopic material was recovered during aspiration. None of the patients experienced no‐reflow phenomena or had major elevated CKs during the procedure as defined as 5 × normal baseline. Thirty‐day MACE in all patients was zero. Conclusion: The pilot study suggests that guiding catheter aspiration may be effective in reducing MACE in some patients undergoing PCA in SVG.
A Latent‐Class Mixture Model for Incomplete Longitudinal Gaussian Data
Authors: Beunckens Caroline , Molenberghs Geert , Verbeke Geert , Mallinckrodt Craig
Published: June 2007

SummaryIn the analyses of incomplete longitudinal clinical trial data, there has been a shift, away from simple methods that are valid only if the data are missing completely at random, to more principled ignorable analyses, which are valid under the less restrictive missing at random assumption. The availability of the necessary standard statistical software nowadays allows for such analyses in practice. While the possibility of data missing not at random (MNAR) cannot be ruled out, it is argued that analyses valid under MNAR are not well suited for the primary analysis in clinical trials. Rather than either forgetting about or blindly shifting to an MNAR framework, the optimal place for MNAR analyses is within a sensitivity‐analysis context. One such route for sensitivity analysis is to consider, next to selection models, pattern‐mixture models or shared‐parameter models. The latter can also be extended to a latent‐class mixture model, the approach taken in this article. The performance of the so‐obtained flexible model is assessed through simulations and the model is applied to data from a depression trial.
Weighted Rank Regression for Clustered Data Analysis
Authors: Wang You‐Gan , Zhao Yudong
Published: June 2007

Summary We consider ranked‐based regression models for clustered data analysis. A weighted Wilcoxon rank method is proposed to take account of within‐cluster correlations and varying cluster sizes. The asymptotic normality of the resulting estimators is established. A method to estimate covariance of the estimators is also given, which can bypass estimation of the density function. Simulation studies are carried out to compare different estimators for a number of scenarios on the correlation structure, presence/absence of outliers and different correlation values. The proposed methods appear to perform well, in particular, the one incorporating the correlation in the weighting achieves the highest efficiency and robustness against misspecification of correlation structure and outliers. A real example is provided for illustration.
Genome Scanning Tests for Comparing Amino Acid Sequences Between Groups
Authors: Gilbert Peter B. , Wu Chunyuan , Jobes David V.
Published: June 2007

Summary Consider a placebo‐controlled preventive HIV vaccine efficacy trial. An HIV amino acid sequence is measured from each volunteer who acquires HIV, and these sequences are aligned together with the reference HIV sequence represented in the vaccine. We develop genome scanning methods to identify positions at which the amino acids in infected vaccine recipient sequences either (A) are more divergent from the reference amino acid than the amino acids in infected placebo recipient sequences or (B) have a different frequency distribution than the placebo sequences, irrespective of a reference amino acid. We consider t‐test‐type statistics for problem A and Euclidean, Mahalanobis, and Kullback–Leibler‐type statistics for problem B. The test statistics incorporate weights to reflect biological information contained in different amino acid positions and mismatches. Position‐specific p‐values are obtained by approximating the null distribution of the statistics either by a permutation procedure or by a nonparametric estimation. A permutation method is used to estimate a cut‐off p‐value to control the per comparison error rate at a prespecified level. The methods are examined in simulations and are applied to two HIV examples. The methods for problem B address the general problem of comparing discrete frequency distributions between groups in a high‐dimensional data setting.
Groundhog Day: Teach it Again…and Again…
Authors: Robinson Robert J.
Published: July 2007

The problem of teaching the same negotiation class again and again, yet remaining fresh and spontaneous, is a dilemma familiar to academics. The situation is akin to that of character in the movie, “Groundhog Day,” living the same 24 hours over and over, trying to get things “just right”, This article reflects on this problem, and offer some advice.
Between Vengeance and Forgiveness: South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission
Authors: Minow Martha
Published: July 2007

Citizens of South Africa are confronting a painful past through the new nation's Truth and Reconciliation Commission, or TRC, which thus far has heard thousands of reports (many televised) about murders, torture, and other human rights abuses that took place during the apartheid era. South Africa's TRC is grounded in a constitutional commitment to the African concept of “ubuntu,” or humaneness. Amnesty is available on a conditional basis to alleged perpetrators. The author assesses the potential restorative power of truth‐telling; the significance of sympathetic witnesses; and the tasks of both perpetrators and bystanders in the TRC process. Aspirations for justice are considered along with restoring dignity to victims, offering a basis for individual healing, and promoting reconciliation of a divided society.
When Settlement and Resolution Are in Conflict: Searching for a Mideast Peace Dividend
Authors: Mazen Abdelmagid M.
Published: July 2007

Using a contemporary case involving Palestinians and Israelis working on business ventures following the 1993 Oslo Peace Accords, the author focuses on the differences between conflict resolution and conflict settlement. In situations of deep‐rooted conflict, settlement and resolution are often the same thing; attitude change among individuals is required to attain either goal. The Petty and Cacioppo Model (1986) specifies that attitude change results from central routes or peripheral routes. The authors reflects on the model's predictive elements in the business venture case and its useful implications for other conflicts.
Getting to Wye
Authors: Watkins Michael
Published: July 2007

Using the recent Wye Memorandum negotiations between Israelis and Palestinians as a case example, the author applies a framework for analyzing momentum‐building processes previously presented in the July 1998 issue of the journal. Focusing on the impact of action‐forcing events, be examines the factors that led the parties to come to the table at Wye and to make the bard choices necessary to reach agreement. The Wye example illustrates that action‐forcing events can both help to build momentum and erect additional barriers to agreement.
Lessons from Analogical Reasoning in the Teaching of Negotiation
Authors: Gillespie James J. , Thompson Leigh L. , Loewenstein Jeffrey , Gentner Dedre
Published: July 2007

After two decades of spectacular growth in negotiation research, teaching, and application, it is appropriate to pause and consider how negotiators learn, a strikingly fundamental but infrequently examined issue. In this report, we present some initial and on‐going research and thinking on learning about negotiation skills, providing one view of the relationship between negotiation pedagogy and negotiation practice.
Troubled Talk and Talking Cures: From “Smart Talk” to Wise Conversations
Authors: Kramer Roderick M.
Published: July 2007

Interpersonal communications is widely viewed as both a source of conflict in many social relationships and a cure‐all for resolving such conflict. Some theorists assert that we simply do not interact, or talk, enough in modern society; others point out that our communication styles seem increasingly argumentative, exclude important potential contributors, or are strategically facile but shallow. The author discusses the various forms of dysfunctional “talk” in which people engage, then reviews four recent books, all of which focus (at least in part) on how we might talk (and negotiate) with one another more constructively: Bargaining for Advantage, by G. Richard Shell; Winning ‘Em Over, by Jay C. Conger; Difficult Conversations, by Douglas Stone, Bruce Patton and Sheila Heen; and The Magic of Dialogue by Daniel Yankelovich.
Mediation as Parallel Seminars: Lessons from the Student Takeover of Columbia University's Hamilton Hall
Authors: Liebman Carol B.
Published: July 2007

The author and a colleague served as co‐mediators of the 1996 student takeover of a Columbia University building. The building takeover was the culmination of a year‐long debate at Columbia over the inclusion of Ethnic Studies in the curriculum. The student protestors and university administration agreed to a settlement folllowing four days of mediation. Among the lessons learned in this case, the author cites: mediation is a process that generally involves a series of “parallel seminars” involving the parties and their constituents that takes place throughout the process; trust building is a task of singular importance for the mediator, a mediator sometimes may have a personal stake in the outcome that pushes the process toward settlement; it is crucial to consider the role of the media, particularly in high‐profile cases; and food (or the lack of it) often affects the performance of the mediation participants.
Whoever Said that Markets Were Fair?
Authors: Blount Sally
Published: July 2007

The popular notion that markets are “fair” is wrong. Working from theory and behavioral research, the author examines the foundations of markets and their relationship to negotiations. In the process, she demonstrates that there is nothing inherently fair about supply and demand curves or market clearing prices. Although market price information may provide a reasonable standard for resolving a price negotiation, it too has little to do with intrinsic fairness. Markets are efficient and incredibly powerful at organizing people and allocating resources, but the idea that they have anything to do with fairness (or unfairness) is a socially‐constructed illusion.
Spontaneous progression of ligature induced peri‐implantitis at implants with different surface roughness: an experimental study in dogs
Authors: Berglundh T. , Gotfredsen K. , Zitzmann N. U. , Lang N. P. , Lindhe J.
Published: June 2007

Background: Peri‐implantitis is associated with the presence of submarginal plaque, soft‐tissue inflammation and advanced breakdown of the supporting bone. The progression of peri‐implantitis following varying periods of continuing plaque accumulation has been studied in animal models.

Objective: The aim of the current experiment was to study the progression of peri‐implantitis around implants with different surface roughness.

Material and methods: In five beagle dogs, three implants with either a sandblasted acid‐etched surface (SLA) or a polished surface (P) were installed bilaterally in the edentulous premolar regions. After 3 months on a plaque control regimen, experimental peri‐implantitis was induced by ligature placement and plaque accumulation was allowed to progress until about 40% of the height of the supporting bone had been lost. After this 4‐month period, ligatures were removed and plaque accumulation was continued for an additional 5 months. Radiographs of all implant sites were obtained before and after ‘active’ experimental peri‐implantitis as well as at the end of the experiment. Biopsies were harvested and the tissue samples were prepared for light microscopy. The sections were used for histometric and morphometric examinations.

Results: The radiographic examinations indicated that similar amounts of bone loss occurred at SLA and P sites during the active breakdown period, while the progression of bone loss was larger at SLA than at polished sites following ligature removal. The histological examination revealed that both bone loss and the size of the inflammatory lesion in the connective tissue were larger in SLA than in polished implant sites. The area of plaque was also larger at implants with an SLA surface than at implants with a polished surface.

Conclusion: It is suggested that the progression of peri‐implantitis, if left untreated, is more pronounced at implants with a moderately rough surface than at implants with a polished surface.
Biomechanical and histomorphometric comparison between zirconia implants with varying surface textures and a titanium implant in the maxilla of miniature pigs
Authors: Gahlert M. , Gudehus T. , Eichhorn S. , Steinhauser E. , Kniha H. , Erhardt W.
Published: June 2007

Background: Mechanical properties and biocompatibility make zirconia ceramics suitable implant material. The characteristics of tooth‐color like, the ability to be machined and the low plaque affinity make zirconia especially suitable as a dental implant material. The influence of surface modification on the osseointegration of this material has not been extensively investigated.

Purpose: Long‐term investigations with titanium implants have shown superior biomechanical results with the sandblasted acid‐etched (SLA) surface, demonstrating a high bone–implant interaction. The objective of this study was to compare two different zirconia surface topographies biomechanically and histologically with the well‐documented titanium SLA surface.

Material and methods: Zirconia implants with either a machined (ZrO2m) or a sandblasted (rough, ZrO2r) surface were manufactured with the exact same cylindrical shape with a standard ITI thread configuration as the SLA titanium implants. The incisors 2 and 3 were removed from both sides of the maxillae of 13 adult miniature pigs and the tissues left to heal for 6 months. After this time period the animals received a total of 78 implants using a randomized scheme, with the titanium SLA implant used as an only individual reference. After healing periods of 4, 8, and 12 weeks 20, 24, and 25 implants, respectively, were subjected to removal torque tests (RTQ) as the main biomechanical analysis of the of the study. A fewer number was resected on bloc, embedded in methylmethacrylat and analyzed for their direct bone apposition under a light microscope.

Results: Surface analysis revealed the highest surface roughness for the SLA‐implant, followed by ZrO2r and ZrO2m. The turned ZrO2m implants showed statistically significant lower RTQ values than the other two implants types after 8 and 12 weeks, while the SLA implant showed significantly higher RTQs values than ZrO2r surface after 8 weeks. Differences in the bone apposition were observed in the histomorphometric analysis using light microscopy for all surfaces at any time point.

Conclusion: The findings suggest that ZrO2r implants can achieve a higher stability in bone than ZrO2m implants. Roughening the turned zirconia implants enhances bone apposition and has a beneficial effect on the interfacial shear strength.
Trichophytic Majocchi granuloma mimicking Kaposi sarcoma
Authors: Brod Corinna , Benedix Frauke , Röcken Martin , Schaller Martin
Published: June 2007

A 68‐year‐old man presented with a one month history of painful blue‐red papules and nodules on an erythematous base on the top of his feet, as well as dystrophic toenails. He had undergone renal transplantation six months previously for membranous glomerulonephritis, and was immunosuppressed with tacrolimus 3 g, mycophenolate mofetil 1500 mg and prednisolone 5 mg daily. His tacrolimus level was 29.8 ng/ml (expected level 6–8 ng/ml). Even though the cutaneous lesions strongly suggested Kaposi sarcoma, the histological examination revealed a dermal abscess in which hyphae and spores were seen with PAS staining. ELISA‐PCR of the biopsy identified Trichophyton rubrum, which was also grown on culture of the biopsy tissue. The diagnosis of Majocchi granuloma secondary to excessive immunosuppression was made. Systemic treatment with terbinafine 250 mg per day and topical ciclopirox olamine completely cured the granulomatous skin lesions, and later the nails.
Treatment goals in psoriasis
Authors: Reich Kristian , Mrowietz Ulrich
Published: June 2007

The introduction of biologics has not only broadened the therapeutic armamentarium for psoriasis but also stimulated discussion about the treatment of this common skin condition. The recently presented German S3 psoriasis guideline contains detailed information on the efficacy of the different products and describes important safety and practical aspects of psoriasis treatments. Patient surveys and recent studies in Germany indicate a relatively high mean severity of skin symptoms and low quality of life among affected patients. One possible explanation is that the conventional traditional and new treatment options are not being used consistently. In this paper, minimum treatment goals for psoriasis that should be achieved by an individually selected treatment regimen are presented. If, after a defined period of time, an at least 50 % reduction of the baseline Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) and a Dermatology Life Quality Index of ≤ 5 is not reached, patients should be switched to another therapy, after a balanced discussion. Whenever necessary, a continuous maintenance therapy should be instituted with special attention to these goals. Patients should carefully be monitored for the presence of psoriatic arthritis and comorbidities because these may need to be integrated in the planning of treatment goals on an interdisciplinary basis.
Cutaneous lymphomas
Authors: Dummer Reinhard , Stadler Rudolf , Sterry Wolfram
Published: June 2007

Cutaneous lymphomas are rare skin diseases. They must be differentiated from secondary skin infiltrates by primary nodal lymphomas. Primary cutaneous lymphomas can be classified into B‐ and T‐cell lymphomas and hematodermic neoplasms; they usually possess a favorable prognosis and run a chronic course. Treatment is dependent on stage. As complete cure is not possible, it is essential to control the disease and alleviate symptoms. In recent years numerous new drugs have been developed to treat these diseases.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF SUBARTICULAR BONE MARROW LESIONS IN DOGS WITH STIFLE LAMENESS
Authors: WINEGARDNER KEVIN R. , SCRIVANI PETER V. , KROTSCHECK URSULA , TODHUNTER RORY J.
Published: June 2007

A bone bruise is a magnetic resonance (MR) imaging sign thought to signify acute traumatic microfracture of trabecular bone with hemorrhage and edema in the marrow that may occur without grossly visible disruption of the adjacent cortices or overlying cartilage. In approximately 75% of people with acute anterior‐cruciate ligament tears, bone bruises are detected in characteristic locations within the femur and tibia and are best seen as high‐signal lesions using fat‐suppression sequences. We questioned whether this is a component of naturally acquired stifle lameness in dogs and obtained short‐tau inversion recovery (STIR) images of six dogs with stifle lameness. High‐signal STIR lesions were detected in five of six (83%) dogs and eight of 12 (67%) limbs. We observed these lesions deep to the intercondylar fossa of the femur and intercondylar eminence of the tibia, which are atypical locations in people. High‐signal STIR lesions were detected in dogs with only synovitis, partial tear of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) and complete tear of the CCL. One of these lesions was seen in the lateral tibial condyle, a typical location in humans with acute anterior cruciate ligament tear. As the MR imaging appearance of stress fractures and bone bruises are similar, and the high‐signal STIR lesions are at attachment sites of the CCL, this finding may be due to stress disease or other unknown causes, rather than bone bruising. High‐signal STIR lesions may be a common sign in naturally acquired canine stifle disease, but the pathogenesis, prognostic and diagnostic values need further investigation.
VIRTUAL ENDOSCOPY OF DOGS USING MULTI‐DETECTOR ROW CT
Authors: YAMADA KAZUTAKA , MORIMOTO MANABU , KISHIMOTO MIORI , WISNER ERIK R.
Published: June 2007

Virtual endoscopy uses CT data to display hollow viscera such as the stomach, duodenum and colon as if by real endoscopic observation. The results are independent of the operator skill because virtual endoscopy does not require direct manipulation of endoscopic equipment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of virtual endoscopy in small animals. Ten beagles were examined by conventional endoscopy and virtual endoscopy using multidetector CT. Virtual images were image‐processed at a workstation designed for depicting virtual endoscopy using CT data. Virtual images were visually comparable with conventional endoscopic images, especially in the area of the angular incisure and pylorus. The advantages of virtual endoscopy are observation from any viewing angle, a reduced learning curve for diagnostic interpretation, quantification of lesion size in three dimensions and a potential for reducing anesthesia time. The disadvantages of virtual endoscopy are a lack of color recognition information, an inability to retrieve biopsy samples, limited visualization of the duodenum, artifacts from respiration/peristalsis motion and an inability to observe function. Based on our results, we suggest that conventional endoscopy is still superior to virtual endoscopy in dogs. However, as technology improves, virtual endoscopy may emerge as a suitable alternative or adjunctive diagnostic tool for certain digestive disorders in small animals.
INTRACRANIAL SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE FOLLOWING LUMBAR MYELOGRAPHY IN TWO DOGS
Authors: PACKER REBECCA A. , BERGMAN ROBERT L. , COATES JOAN R. , ESSMAN STEPHANIE C. , WEIS KEVIN , O'BRIEN DENNIS P. , JOHNSON GAYLE C.
Published: June 2007

Intracranial subarachnoid hemorrhage is a rare but serious complication of lumbar puncture in humans. Possible sequelae include increased intracranial pressure, cerebral vasospasm, or mass effect, which can result in dysfunction or brain herniation. We describe two dogs that developed intracranial subarachnoid hemorrhage following lumbar myelography. In both dogs, myelography was performed by lumbar injection of iohexol (Omnipaque™). Both the dogs underwent uneventful ventral decompressive surgery for disk herniation; however, the dogs failed to recover consciousness or spontaneous respiration following anesthesia. Neurologic assessment in both dogs postoperatively suggested loss of brain stem function, and the dogs were euthanized. There was diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage and leptomeningeal hemorrhage throughout the entire length of the spinal cord, brain stem, and ventrum of brain. No evidence of infectious or inflammatory etiology was identified. The diagnosis for cause of brain death was acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. Our findings suggest that fatal subarachnoid hemorrhage is a potential complication of lumbar myelography in dogs. The cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage is not known, but may be due to traumatic lumbar tap or idiosyncratic response to contrast medium. Subsequent brain death may be a result of mass effect and increased intracranial pressure, cerebral vasospasm, or interaction between subarachnoid hemorrhage and contrast medium.
DYNAMIC COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF THE PANCREAS IN NORMAL DOGS AND IN A DOG WITH PANCREATIC INSULINOMA
Authors: ISERI TOSHIE , YAMADA KAZUTAKA , CHIJIWA KOUSAKU , NISHIMURA RYOHEI , MATSUNAGA SATORU , FUJIWARA REINA , SASAKI NOBUO
Published: June 2007

To establish optimal imaging conditions for enhanced computed tomography (CT) for canine pancreatic tumors, 10 healthy beagles were subjected to dynamic CT. This technique was then applied to a dog with suspected insulinoma. The changes in mean peak enhancement and the delay time of the aorta and pancreas were determined. In normal beagles, maximal arterial and pancreatic CT enhancement was observed at 15±2 s (795±52 Housfield unit [HU]) and 28±9 s (118±16 HU) after contrast medium injection, respectively. Multiphase enhanced CT was performed in a pug with suspected insulinoma using the CT protocol defined for the normal beagles with some parameters modified; the images were acquired at the arterial (14 s after contrast medium injection), pancreatic (after 28 s), and equilibrium (after 90 s) phases; scanning was followed by exploratory laparotomy. CT images were characterized by an enhanced mass in the left pancreatic lobe at the arterial phase, during which the difference between the CT values of the mass and normal pancreas was the highest. Histopathologic diagnosis of the pancreatic mass was insulinoma. Thus, it appears that enhanced CT imaging can be used to delineate the pancreas from a pancreatic mass, and it may be helpful in deciding the need for surgery.
THREE‐DIMENSIONAL ULTRASONOGRAPHIC IN VITRO IMAGING OF LESIONS OF THE MENISCUS AND FEMORAL TROCHLEA IN THE EQUINE STIFLE
Authors: KONEBERG DAGMAR G. , EDINGER JOHANNES
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the value of three‐dimensional (3D) ultrasonography for the diagnosis of equine meniscal and trochlear ridge lesions under in vitro conditions. Lesions were created in the isolated meniscus and femoral trochlea of 25 cadaver stifle joints. Cylindric, conic, and cuboid lesions were created on the trochlear ridge. Five different meniscal tear configurations were created. A total of 107 lesions of the trochlear ridge and 103 lesions of the meniscus were created. 3D ultrasonography was performed in a waterbath, using a 7.5 MHz 3D scanner. Trochlear ridge lesions were seen as either hypoechoic or anechoic breaks in continuity or as irregular notches. One‐hundred and one out of the 107 trochlear lesions were visible using 2D ultrasonography whereas 104 out of the 107 lesions could be seen using the 3D Cine mode. Three lesions could not be detected by either technique. Eighty‐five out of the 103 meniscal lesions were seen with 2D ultrasonography and 90 with 3D Cine mode. Radial tears and horizontal tears were the least commonly visualized 3D. The 3D Cine mode led to a small improvement in lesion detection. 3D ultrasound could be considered as an extension and refinement of the ultrasound techniques already in use and can increase the diagnostic capabilities. However, technical improvements have to be achieved before 3D ultrasound can be used in the daily practice for diagnosis of equine stifle joint disorders.