bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Creating New Nonprofit Organizations as Response to Social Change: HIV/AIDS Organizations in New York City
Authors: Chambreé Susan M.
Published: June 2005

This article offers a critique of Alexis DeTocqueville's observation that Americans have a tendency to “constantly form associations” and suggests that the process is considerably more complex. Portraits of newly created New York City nonprofit organizations developed in response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic suggest that the pace of forming organizations might be particularly high during periods of cultural and social change and that the nonprofit sector responds to social change by creating new organizations.
National Mandates and Local Nonprofits: Shaping a Local Delivery System of HIV/AIDS Services
Authors: Bielefeld Wolfgang , Scotch Richard K. , Thielemann G.S.
Published: June 2005

This paper shows how federal resources and mandates concerning the HIV epidemic combined with the political economy and political culture of Dallas, Texas to create a distinctive local HIV/AIDS service system. The infusion of federal funds allowed nonprofit organizations to expand their services, especially in the areas of economic assistance and social services. In addition, funding to minority agencies and services to minority clients were expanded. While the fund administration structure imposed on the nonprofit providers necessitated greater administrative efforts on their part and enhanced the power of local government, it also greatly improved coordination.
Democratic Accountability and Governmental Innovation in the Use of Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Gates Scott , Hill Jeffrey
Published: June 2005

As nonprofit organizations perform many of the duties formerly discharged by government, the issue of democratic accountability becomes relevant. This article shows that governments are unwilling and, in some ways, unable to control such organizations completely. Moreover, we demonstrate how the innovative features of nonprofit organizations can directly serve to undercut democratic accountability.
Foundations and Health Policy: Identifying Funding Strategies in Health Programming
Authors: Knott Jack H. , Weissert Carol S.
Published: June 2005

This article analyzes the role of one important element of the nonprofit sector in public policymaking by examining the pattern of foundation giving in the health area. It examines the timing of foundation funding in six health policy areas: AIDS, Alzheimer's, cost containment, outcome‐based research, minority health care, and the uninsured. Four major foundations funding health are examined: the W.K. Kellogg Foundation, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the Kaiser Family Foundation and the Pew Charitable Trusts. We find that while some foundations can be classified into different groupings based on the timing and levels of funding, foundations differ greatly in their policy choices and some do not display consistent funding strategies across policy areas. While some foundations are early funders of policy before Congress recognizes the issue, foundation funding levels often pattern congressional interest, with funding peaking concurrent with the peak in the number of congressional hearings.
Unions and Foundations as Public Policy Actors
Authors: Magat Richard
Published: June 2005

Unlikely as it seems, labor unions and foundations have been involved in the same policy issues—as actors, affected parties, or both. Virtually no research has been done on connections between these institutions. This paper briefly reviews and illustrates their roles in public policy. Two detailed case studies are presented. In the case of recent public school reform efforts in Chicago, a few foundations supported reform elements before favorable legislation was passed in 1988. Afterward, foundation engagement expanded dramatically, including an unprecedented $1 million grant from the MacArthur Foundation to the Chicago Teachers Union. In the second case, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), some foundations backed a spectrum of opponents, while others supported research that favored passage. One major foundation withheld any NAFTA‐related grants until the issue was settled. Growing diversity in foundations and organized labor suggests they may find more common ground in the future.
Nonprofit Environmental Organizations in World Politics: Domestic Structure and Transnational Relations
Authors: Payne Rodger A.
Published: June 2005

Nonprofit environmental organizations often have global policy goals. Consequently, they pursue transnational objectives by pressuring influential governments and international institutions. The effectiveness of this strategy as applied to nation‐states varies by domestic political structure. First, transnational actors are more likely to achieve their goals in society‐dominated rather than they are in state‐dominated countries because the former are more open to external inputs to the policy process and provide a greater number of access points. Second, ironically, transnational actors are more likely to achieve success in relatively centralized states if political access is attained. Decentralization invites a cacophony of voices in what may turn into a maelstrom of domestic politics. Relatively centralized corporatist states may prove accessible without the disadvantage of domestic turbulence.
The Internal Dynamics of Environmental Organizations: Movement Interest Groups, Communal Advocacy Groups, and the Policy Process
Authors: Shaffer Martin B.
Published: June 2005

How do the diverse qualities that movement organizations bring to the policy process affect the representation of particular interests? This question is explored by analyzing environmental organizations across the national, state, and local levels of the American political system. This article suggests that two types of social movement organizations exist: movement interest groups and communal advocacy groups. While this article does not provide direct evidence of the different policy capabilities of the two types of movement organizations, existing research is drawn upon to consider how each type might fare in the policy process. One approach suggests that centralized organizations with incremental goals are better equipped to attain policy success, while the other stresses the need for active member involvement to engage in “disruptive” politics. To fully assess these divergent views, this article presents a broad review and analysis of the literature.
Church and State: Two Models
Authors: Soper J. Christopher , Monsma Stephen V.
Published: June 2005

This essay examines the similarities and differences in how Great Britain and the United States fund religiously affiliated schools and other nonprofit organizations. While each country has adopted a different model of church‐state relations, their actual policies tend to converge. This article contends that both nations' funding policies fall short of attaining complete government neutrality in supporting people of all faiths and those of none, and proposes an alternative policy that promotes a genuine neutrality.
Cultural Policy in the Era of Shrinking Government
Authors: Cargo Russell A.
Published: June 2005

Deep cuts in federal funding for the arts are certain and elimination of support is possible. This paper examines the causes of the crisis and concludes that our own heritage, current fiscal pressures, and the lack of a clearly articulated national cultural policy threaten funding for the arts in the United States. In response, a model cultural policy is presented that eliminates the National Endowment for the Arts and substitutes one with a more predictable base of support, including for four national cultural centers: the Smithsonian Institution, National Gallery of Art, Library of Congress, and the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. Through a clear cultural policy, sources of contentiousness can be removed, criticism of public funding for the arts eliminated, and tax reforms implemented to create more democratic participation and higher levels of funding for public and nonprofit institutions.
Nonprofit Organizations as Inter‐regional Actors: Lessons from Southern Growth
Authors: Hinnant Charles C.
Published: June 2005

Nonprofit organizations involved in improving a region's economic, political, and social situations must deal with a unique set of circumstances. The “collective good” aspect of regional economic development necessitates that nonprofit organizations such as the Southern Growth Policies Board include actors from the public, private, and nonprofit sectors. Regional actors from these three sectors occupy important positions in the Southern Growth Policies Board's organizational structure and play important roles in guiding and supporting the organization's regional development initiatives. While the actions of individual states and political actors sometime undermine the collective development of the South, the Southern Growth Policies Board serves as a nexus that facilitates a regional discourse on economic development.
Public‐Private Leadership and the Role of Nonprofit Organizations in Local Government: The Case of Social Services
Authors: Berman Evan M. , West Jonathan P.
Published: June 2005

This article examines the role of nonprofit organizations in public‐private collaboration to advocate, plan, coordinate, and deliver social services to the homeless. The research is based on a national survey of cities with populations greater than 50,000. Results show that nonprofit organizations are significant driving forces for homelessness efforts and that collective public‐private strategies, with nonprofit organizations playing important roles, are significantly related to the range and targeting of homelessness efforts toward local needs. Selected economic, social, and community conditions are identified that are associated with driving forces involving nonprofit organizations and the strategies they use.
Impact of Election Day Registration on Voter Turnout: A Quasi‐experimental Analysis
Authors: King James D. , Wambeam Rodney A.
Published: June 2005

Election day registration is among the solutions suggested for remedying low voter turnout in the United States. This analysis uses a quasi‐experimental time‐series design to test the hypothesis that states adopting election day registration increase voter turnout in comparison to states that do not reform their election procedures. The similarities in the time series of voter turnout in the experimental and control states suggest that observed changes in states adopting election day registration resulted from extraneous factors.
An Assessment of the Impact of an Increase in the Tobacco Excise Tax on the U.S. Economy
Authors: Uri Noel D. , Boyd Roy
Published: June 2005

The analysis in this study examines the effects on the U.S. economy of a proposed $1 per pack equivalent increase in the tobacco products excise tax as a means to partially finance a program of health care reform. The analytical approach used in this study consisted of a general equilibrium model composed of 14 producing sectors, 14 consuming sectors, and six household categories classified by income and a government. Data suggest that as a result of an increase in the excise fax, there will be a decrease in output by all producing sectors of 0.21 percent, a fall in the consumption of goods and services by about 0.49 percent, a decline in total utility by 0.47 percent, and a net increase in government revenue of 1.74 percent. Moreover, as a consequence of this fax increase, tobacco consumption will decline by 12.15 percent. Clearly, an increase in the federal excise tax on tobacco products is a potent policy for curtailing smoking.
Biennial Budgeting for the Federal Government: Lessons from the States
Authors: Whalen Charles J.
Published: June 2005

In recent years, Democrats and Republicans have proposed establishing a two‐year budget and appropriations cycle for the United States government. This article analyzes the potential impact of such budgeting. It examines the budget period in theory and practice; introduces federal biennial‐budgeting proposals and core arguments offered in support of this reform; and presents studies of state budgeting, including a biennial‐budgeting survey released by New Jersey in 1995, to evaluate these arguments. The article concludes that the federal budget process can be restructured to maximize the advantages of biennial budgeting in ways that outweigh its disadvantages.
Using Logistic Regression to make County‐level Estimates of the Medically Uninsured in North Carolina
Authors: Ricketts Thomas C. , Taylor Donald H. , Savitz Lucy A.
Published: June 2005

Often, policy analysts are asked to produce data for which there are no universally accepted methods. Policymakers and legislators are continually searching for accurate estimates of the magnitude of the problem with which to inform their debate, but often need the estimates within a short period of time—too short to allow large, population‐based sample surveys. This means that such estimates must be produced from data that may lack the specificity sought by policymakers and legislators, using techniques not perfectly suited for the analysis. The recent focus on health care financing policies has created a situation where estimates of the number of medically uninsured persons are key to decision‐making about coverage policies. This article describes the use of the 1992 Current Population Survey and logistic regression analysis to explain the determinants of women of childbearing age in North Carolina without medical insurance, and to develop county‐level estimates of their population. This is an example of using logistic regression as a fool for prediction and projection of data crucial to the policymaking process as well as adapting a method normally used in the academic environment to the policy world.
Regulation through Information: An Empirical Analysis of the Effects of State‐sponsored Right‐to‐know Programs on Industrial Toxic Pollution
Authors: Grant Don S. , Downey Liam
Published: June 2005

Title III of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act requires all states to establish a system of local emergency planning committees to gather data on the hazardous materials used by local manufacturers and make that information available to inquiring citizens. However, Title III does not specify how proactive states must be in disseminating information on industrial toxins, nor does it provide any federal funds for such programs. Consequently, there is tremendous variation in how individual states have responded to Title III. An unresolved empirical issue is whether states with programs that actively promote public access to information on toxic chemicals are more successful in reducing industrial toxic pollution than states without such programs. Using data from the Environmental Protection Agency's Toxic Release Inventory, this study conducts a preliminary analysis of the effectiveness of the right‐to‐know programs in decreasing industrial toxic releases across the 50 American states. Contrary to the expectations of some pessimists, findings suggest that right‐to‐know programs reduce industrial toxic pollution without displacing the problem to other states.
Implementing Policy Termination: Health Care Reform in Tennessee
Authors: Daniels Mark R.
Published: June 2005

The study of public policy continues to overlook the phenomenon of policy and organization termination. Termination studies typically have been single case studies, each unusual or idiosyncratic in some way, and have not adequately tested or evaluated a theory or framework of termination. This article tests the termination framework advanced by Robert D. Behn and explores the linkages between policy termination and policy implementation by examining Tennessee's efforts to terminate its Medicaid program and implement health care reform. The overall objective of this paper is to identify a theoretical framework that is useful for explaining policy termination and to encourage the testing of other termination theories.
Competition by Command
Authors: Malecki Edward S.
Published: June 2005

After the collapse of the Soviet Union and its communist satellites, Jeffrey Sachs and Janos Kornai advised the new regimes in these societies to institute economic and political competition by command. Competition by command is competition that is intentionally created by legislative mandate. Critics of Sachs and Kornai have implicitly assumed that enduring competition can be created if a gradual approach is used in the right circumstances (e.g., the case of the United States) and therefore have focused their attacks on Sachs' and Kornai's “shock therapy.” In contrast, this article uses the history of the United States to argue that the most predictable result of even piecemeal adoption of formal rules aimed at mandating political or economic competition is the emergence of informal social, economic, and political processes that undermine the very attempt to create competition by command.
Privatization: Moving Beyond Laissez Faire
Authors: Clark Cal , Heilman John G. , Johnson Gerald W.
Published: June 2005

The growing fiscal crisis confronting governments in the United States and elsewhere has generated increasing interest in the “privatization” of government functions by contracting out to private businesses. In essence, arguments contend that privatization saves money because the private sector is more efficient in minimizing costs than is the public sector due to the discipline of the market, or laissez‐faire economics. Ironically, this privatization movement is occurring at the same time that the laissez‐faire model is being challenged as overly simplistic by studies of international economic competitiveness. Here, we argue that the theory of privatization should extend beyond minimizing costs to include recent changes in corporate strategy that emphasize qualify, change from mass production to flexible production techniques, empower employees, and form long‐term strategic alliances in what has been termed “network production.” Such an approach, we believe, should be valuable in restructuring government and in creating public‐private partnerships that allow the comparative advantage of both government and business to emerge.
Windows of Opportunity: When and How Can the Policy Analyst Influence the Policymaker During the Policy Process
Authors: Snare Charles E.
Published: June 2005

Building on a variety of conceptualizations about the policymaker, the policy analyst, and the policy process, this essay seeks to understand how these three aspects mesh together. Consequently, this paper attempts to examine four questions that are germane to the analysis of policy: What roles can the policy analyst play? What are the personality types of policymakers? What is the role of the policymaker's personality in the policy process? What are the windows of opportunity for the policy analyst in one's attempt to influence the policymaker during the policy process? This paper argues that the policy analyst has the opportunity to influence policymakers at various stages of the policy process. However, the influence strategies that are effective are different depending upon the type of policymaker. This understanding is vital if a policy analyst desires to have an impact. Furthermore, the role the analyst performs has a significant impact on the how and the extent to which the analyst may have leverage.
Limits on Economic Development Policy: State‐supported Gambling in Iowa
Authors: Parvin Randy D. , Koven Steven G.
Published: June 2005

Like other states, Iowa has recently looked to gambling as source of economic development. The turmoil surrounding Prairie Meadows racetrack in Iowa suggests that all gambling ventures are not risk free and that taxpayers may have to assume additional burdens derived from unsuccessful public sector ventures that are initiated in the name of economic development. Principles of participatory governance as well as fiscal prudence seem to have been violated in the rush to construct the first track for horse racing in the state of Iowa.
MINOR LEAGUE BASEBALL: RISKS AND POTENTIAL BENEFITS FOR COMMUNITIES LARGE AND SMALL
Authors: JOHNSON T.
Published: June 2005

Communities of all sizes are investing in minor league stadiums to attract or retain a minor league baseball team. The promise of economic development benefits is often put forward to justify these multimillion dollar investments. Local officials should be aware of the risks that accompany hosting professional sports teams and understand that minor league teams will not be economic growth engines. The decision to invest in a minor league stadium is a public policy decision and can be “worth it” if accompanied by a development logic. This article identifies three approaches that have been successful in making stadiums a community asset.
NAFTA, NEW INDUSTRIAL NETWORKS AND “INFORMALITY:”
Authors: Alonso Jose A.
Published: June 2005

In the world system, a primary interest of the U.S. has been to extend its dominance in Latin America. This article's objective is to center attention on the most recent phase of the relationship between the core and the capitalistic periphery from the viewpoint of Mexico since 1982. We emphasize the preoccupation of the American elites toward the Latin American informal sector, and, more concretely, on the unexpected theoretical foundation of such interest.
DEVELOPMENT AND DEMOCRATIZATION IN MEXICO:
Authors: Lawson Chappell
Published: June 2005

This article presents a cross‐sectional analysis of the relationship between democracy and development in thirty‐two Mexican provinces (thirty‐one states plus the Federal District). The analysis suggests that socioeconomic modernization – whether measured by income, indices of material well‐being, education, industrialization, urbanization, or some combination – exerts a powerful, positive influence on democratization across states. However, the political effects of modernization vary across regions of Mexico. Areas ‐whose economies have traditionally been based on commerce and industry (including Mexico's northern belt) appear to follow a familiar pattern, democratizing as they develop economically. By contrast, development has less politically powerful consequences on states with a long history oflabor‐ suppressive agriculture and mineral extraction (including most of Mexico's south). In short, different regions of Mexico appear to be following separate political trajectories.
REALIST REVOLUTIONS: FREE TRADE, OPEN ECONOMIES, PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY AND THEIR IMPACT ON LATIN AMERICAN POLITICS
Authors: Brown Timothy
Published: June 2005

In the industrialized democracies, free elections, the lowering of trade barriers and the opening of national economies to foreign competition are natural progressions within open systems. But in the Latin American context, where rule by oligarchy and inbred political‐social‐economic systems have been the norm, participatory democracy, one‐man‐one‐vote elections, the opening of economies, and free trade are revolutionary processes subversive of the established order. To join the ranks of the industrialized democracies fundamental changes to Latin American social structures are necessary.
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LEGAL INTEGRATION IN LATIN AMERICA
Authors: Buscaglia Edgardo , Long Clarisa
Published: June 2005

This article presents a legal and economic analysis of Latin American integration and concludes that legal integration can be explained by the degree of overlap found in the economic structures of the countries in a trade agreement. More specifically, it argues that larger proportions of bilateral intrasectoral trade stimulate the private sector's demand to harmonize trade‐related laws. It also demonstrates that countries with emerging high‐growth sectors will tend to harmonize their laws with those of countries experiencing the same changes in their economic structure, whereas traditional agrarian economies do not have an incentive to enter harmonization agreements that benefit high‐growth sectors. In this respect, countries with similar complexity in their legal systems will seek to harmonize their laws.
PROPOSITION 187:
Authors: Lennon Tara M.
Published: June 2005

On November 8, 1994, California voters approved Proposition 187 through a statewide initiative. The proposition denied certain public benefits and services to illegal aliens and required that all agencies related to these services report anyone suspected to be illegal to state agencies and the Immigration and Naturalization Service. This initiative provides a case study that crosses the disciplinary boundaries of race theory, nationalism, American politics, and liberal democratic theory. The nationalism found in the Prop. 187 context is one which tries to neutralize racial identification in favor of a national identification. In reality, it fails to be racially neutral. The initiative process of Prop. 187 appeals to a “populist” brand of nationalism because it embodies a liberal democratic ideal of political participation and so gains a sense of legitimacy.
TABASCO AND NAFTA EXPANSION IN CENTRAL AMERICA
Authors: López‐Villicañá Román
Published: June 2005

The processes of globalization and integration have contributed to Mexican integration in NAFTA. It is well known that a free trade agreement with Central America has limited possibilities in the American Congress. However, through Mexico, Central America has a good chance to begin with the first step: formalization. In this process, the Mexican State of Tabasco will be important because of its natural resources, especially oil and wood. Tabasco has unique opportunities to the American and Canadian markets.
POLITICS BENDS THE LAW IN LATIN AMERICA:
Authors: Ratliff William
Published: June 2005

Most Latin American governments acknowledge the need for substantial judicial reform. This article focuses on three problems in the implementation of justice during the 1990s. The three case studies touch on four countries – Ecuador, Nicaragua, Mexico and the United States, although the same or similar problems can be found throughout the hemisphere.
BANANA POLICY‐MAKING IN THE ERA OF DEMOCRATIZATION
Authors: Rich Paul , Reyes Guillermo De Los
Published: June 2005

With the end of the Cold War, the focus of policy studies about Latin America have begun to change. Latin American banana politics are a good example. The history of the banana trade supports the general observations of policy mavens developed over the years about the internationalization of monopolies, the manipulation of markets, and the restriction of competition.
INTERORGANIZATIONAL COOPERATION AND THE IMPLEMENTATION OF WELFARE REFORM:
Authors: Jennings Edward T. , Krane Dale
Published: June 2005

This analysis of the Community Work Experience (CWEP) component of the Job Opportunities and Basic Skills program under the Family Support Act of 1988 examines the service delivery framework and management challenges of welfare policy reform. We focus on the interagency relationships that must be built and maintained to provide work experience to welfare recipients. In particular, we examine three questions: Why do agencies that provide placement sites participate? What problems are encountered and how are they resolved? How does the management of the program affect the experience of the placement site agency? Answers to these questions are vital to the success of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996 that transformed the American welfare system by establishing time limits on welfare benefits and creating work requirements for recipients. The analysis is based on a set of interviews with state and local JOBS managers and managers of CWEP placement sites in eight states.
THE DEATH OF AN AGENCY:
Authors: Btmber Bruce
Published: June 2005

The pluralistic logic of American government facilitates the creation of new agencies while posing obstacles to their elimination, making the outright closure of an agency an unusual event. The Republican majority elected to Congress in 1994 announced a priority of attempting that feat. This article examines the first of its few successes, the termination of the Office of Technology Assessment, and it considers whether this case is an exception to the rule of agency resiliency. I show that Congress targeted this agency because of its tiny budget, low political visibility, and absent constituency. This event was an exercise in budget symbolism, and is consistent with what one would predict of a legislature seeking to position itself as fiscally responsible yet restrained from making serious changes to the bureaucracy by powerful constituency interests.
POLICY FEASIBILITY AND IMMIGRANT ABSORBTION IN A MASS IMMIGRATION CONTEXT:
Authors: Geva‐May Iris
Published: June 2005

The issue of‐whether, and to what extent, immigrants should be assisted in the integration process by government‐initiated programs has been a long‐standing policy concern in countries exposed to waves of immigration. In Israel, where the raison d'tre of the state is to be a homeland for any person of the Jewish tradition who wishes to join Israeli society, issues of assistance to immigrants are ascribed particular importance. This study evaluated the re‐training policy of the Israeli government for Soviet immigrant scientists as an immediately available employment and integration solution. The policy was initiated following the mass immigration from the former USSR during 1989–1991. The scientists were re‐trained to teach science in high‐schools. The investigation focuses on the impact of this policy as an immediate absorption solution, the impact of retraining offered by universities on employment and professional performance, and the benefit to the host educational system. Technical feasibility and its role in decision making will be discussed.

The degree of feasibility of this policy and the re‐training models identified in this study may point to a valid policy approach in countries where major social changes, such as immigration or recession, occur. Thus the study and its findings are important to other immigration contexts in that it allows for policy transfer, borrowing and adaptation based on proof of policy feasibility.
Ideology in Policy Debates: Congress and the S&Ls in the 1980s
Authors: Musolf Lloyd
Published: June 2005

Is a national value such as free enterprise relevant to congressional debates of important economic policy bills? This question was examined using debates of three reform bills that dealt with savings and loan industry problems in the 1980s. To employ free enterprise concepts in justifying policy stands challenged legislators because industry problems contrasted sharply in the early 1980s (overregulation) and later (excesses under deregulation). Research demonstrated, however, that free enterprise concepts dominated the earlier discussions and, intriguingly, were at the center of the 1989 debate about bailing out the industry and reforming it. The conclusion elaborates free enterprise's role and speculates about the influence of another national value on the S & L discussions.

Enactment of the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery Enforcement Act of 19891 capped a decade of congressional struggle with the question of how to treat the problems of federal savings and loan institutions. Popularly known as “thrifts” or “S & Ls,” their status became a matter of increasing concern to Congress as the 1980s unfolded and public indignation over a prospective government bailout of unprecedented proportions mounted.

This article focuses on an aspect of this struggle that has a larger significance, namely, the place of national values2 in the genesis of important economic policy statutes. Given the predilections of American society, the value that tends to loom largest in major economic policy debates is popularly know as “free enterprise” or “the market economy.” One may reasonably object that U.S. capitalism operates under a “mixed economy” whose features include enterprises owned or sponsored by the federal government as well as government subsidies and regulation of private businesses. The short answer to this objection is that the term free enterprise is used here in a mythic sense and “myths are an essential starting place for insights into how values shape policy…” (de Neufville and Barton, 1987).

In essence, this article examines the following questions: (1) Did congressional debates on proposed statutes relate provisions of the 1980, 1982, and 1989 bills to free enterprise concepts? (2) If so, what adjustments were made in these concepts for the sharply contrasting circumstances encountered by S & Ls in the course of the decade? and (3) How was the peculiar relationship of government deposit insurance of S & L accounts to free enterprise treated in the bills? Two background sections introduce the discussion.
MANAGING IN NETWORK SETTINGS
Authors: Agranoff Robert , McGuire Michael
Published: June 2005

The focus of this article is on managing networks. A network knowledge base is developed from the authors' studies of city government involvement in economic development, management within rural enterprises and the evaluation of a rural strategic planning project. Other public management network analyses are also incorporated. Management in network settings is not based on central authority and cannot be guided by a single organizational goal as is the case in the classical management approach. Management involves managing flexible structures toward collective efficiency. The ability to manage is related to the internal condition of the manager's primary organization. It involves technical, legal, political and cost dimensions. It requires different capacities, skills and knowledge from that of single organization management. The next steps in the research would include the development of the skills needed, an analysis of the role of organizational power and the operational variables of networks, the issue of network cohesion, and the question of loss of control or difficulty in assessing network accountability.
COMMUNITY COLLABORATIONS:
Authors: Mandell Myrna P.
Published: June 2005

Many communities are now involved in collaborations in order to solve problems which no one group or organization can deal with by themselves. They find they must organize in a unique way that allows them to try to solve these problems on equal terms with the public, non‐profit and private sectors. These unique collaborations are referred to in this article as network structures. Network structures require the use of different management styles and policy instruments than are used in more typical bureaucratic efforts. This article is based on a study of four community groups in the Los Angeles area which organized in such a way to try to improve conditions of families and children. Each of these collaborations highlights the impact of network structures on the ability to sustain effective collaborative efforts. In addition they point to new roles and changing relationships among government at all levels and those participants outside the government. They also highlight what participants, both inside and outside the public sector, will need to understand about how to organize and mange in these unique settings.
NETWORKING TO ACHIEVE ALTERNATIVE REGULATION:
Authors: Khutor Renu
Published: June 2005

Two national estuary programs in Florida, the Sarasota Bay Estuary Program (SBNEP) and the Tampa Bay National Estuary Program (TBNEP) are used to study the intricacies of implementation networks. Both programs are forms of alternative regulation and share similar attributes: an absence of a regulatory authority, exchange relationships based on equitable partnerships and an expected net aggregate benefit. Yet they arrive at two very different solutions. The results raise questions regarding the nature, scope and functioning of implementation networks. They also indicate that building networks is shaped by members' expectations and perceptions, and the degree of congruency they share with each other and the role of champions.
PRE‐CONDITIONS FOR THE EMERGENCE OF MULTICOMMUNITY COLLABORATIVE ORGANIZATIONS1
Authors: Cigler Beverly A.
Published: June 2005

This article looks at collaborative actions in small, rural communities. Collaborative actions involve strong linkages among a stable membership in specific and often complex purposes and usually are long term. They involve formal processes and structural patterns of collaboration. They emerge from disaster occurrences which trigger fiscal stress or perceived stress to form collaborative action. Since there is often no push by public opinion to maintain them, there is a need for public incentives to support capacity building. These incentives are instrumental in the formation and maintenance of these collaborative actions. Organizational formation is also tied to an identifiable policy entrepreneur or several entrepreneurs. Their maintenance relies on an early focus on visible, effective strategies and an emphasis on collaborative skills building.
HONG KONG: A NETWORKING PERSPECTIVE ON CHINA'S NEWSAR
Authors: Gage Robert W.
Published: June 2005

This article looks at the impact of the changes that occurred on new and existing networks when Hong Kong was returned to China. The article discusses the utility of the networking perspective for understanding the changes, particularly as they relate to regionalism and the dynamics of regional networks. Some changes created a foundation for new networks and signaled the presence of new network members. Other changes occurred in older relationships among network actors such as those in the Senior Civil Service. The central role of Beijing has become an effective means of assimilation and is also influential regarding the reassertion of Chinese values. It has had a major impact on the cohesiveness and alignments of networks. These changes have also begun to reduce the strong international regional position of Hong Kong.
STATE‐CIVIL SOCIETY NETWORKS FOR POLICY IMPLEMENTATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES1
Authors: Brinkerhoff Derick W.
Published: June 2005

The emphasis in this article is on the trends which speak of governance rather than government. Governance refers to the role of citizens in the policy process and how groups within a society organize to make and implement decisions on matters of great concern. The focus is on democratic governance as taking place through networks in developing countries. These networks are referred to as state‐civil society networks and are defined as cross‐sectoral collaborations in which the view is not of individuals, per se, but rather of individual actors who are seen as a connected and interdependent whole. Three case studies of such state‐civil society networks provide some preliminary lessons which suggest four situational variables for the emergence and success of these networks. These include: regime type, level of trust, legal framework and regulations, and the nature of the policy to be implemented. They also suggest some effective mechanisms and processes based on ad hoc vs formalizedmechanisms, initiation of the network and coordinating linkages.
BETWEEN POSITIVISM AND POSTMODERNISM:
Authors: Hammer Dean , Lileiman Jessica , Park Kenneth
Published: June 2005

A growing body of scholarship has pointed to the problems of positivist assumptions that underlie policy analysis. Scholars have noted that neither the ends nor the methods by which judgments are derived are unambiguous or value‐free. In the place of a positivist epistemology, some scholars have argued for a view of policy analysis as a rhetorical activity. In this view, the analyst becomes a participant in strategies of persuasion in‐which the reasons for decisions are rhetorically constructed. Neither view, though, provides an adequate basis upon which the analyst is to form judgments that can claim public validity. In this essay, we draw on the work of Hannah Arendt whochallenges the distinction between “subjectivity” and “objectivity” upon which much of the contemporary debate hinges. Arendt argues for a notion of “impartiality” that arises from the imagining of other perspectives. In this way, the validity of judgments depends on a broadened perspective gained through a grasping of particulars. It is within this context that we can understand the importance of narratives in policy evaluation and judgment.
STRATEGIES AND LESSONS OF CHINA'S POST‐MAO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Liou Kuotsai Tom
Published: June 2005

This article examines major strategies and lessons of China's post‐Mao economic development. The article first reviews the process and achievement of China's economic development. It then analyzes major strategies emphasized in the development years, including: the contract responsibility system, the dual price system, the special economic zones, and administrative reform. The article further discusses important lessons that are associated with the Chinese development experience, which consist of a reform‐oriented development; an incremental and practical approach; a two‐way development; a government‐guided development; an uneven development strategy; a kindred development model; and a peace and stable environment. The implications of the Chinese development experience are also discussed.
THE POLICY TERMINATION PROCESS
Authors: Kirkpatrick Susan E. , Lester James P. , Peterson Mark R.
Published: June 2005

The purposes of this article are twofold. First, from a review of the extant literature on termination of policies, programs, and organizations, we identify the “crucial variables” that are believed to affect termination. In doing so, we develop a descriptive model of program termination. Then, we utilize this model as a hueristic device to examine the termination of federal revenue‐sharing programs in 1986. After reviewing the available literature on this topic and analyzing the case of revenue‐sharing, the article concludes that program termination is affected by three categories of variables: 1) inherent characteristics of the program in question; 2) the political environment within which termination takes place; and 3)
ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: CONCEPTS, ISSUES, AND THE NATIONAL EXPERIENCE
Authors: Liou Kuotsai Tom
Published: June 2005

This symposium examines issues related to the links between administrative reform policy and economic development policy. The symposium introduction paper consists of two parts. First, it offers an overview of the background of theoretical and conceptual issues that are important to the connection between administrative reform and economic development. The issues reviewed include the role of government in economic development, the importance of public policy and management to economic development, the contribution of development administration, and the need of administrative reform to remove bureaucratic problems and promote efficiency. Next, the introduction paper provides a brief summary of the research arguments and findings addressed in the following six articles. They include an evaluation of administrative reform in Arab world economic growth, an examination of administrative reform and economic development in Latin America and the Caribbean, a political economy analysis of policy reform in Korea, a study of the implementation of privatization strategies in India's public sector reform, a discussion of the concerns between efficiency and ethics in China's economic development, and the study of administrative and economic development in Mongolia. The implications of the research findings and the need for further study of the linkage between administrative reform and economic development are emphasized in the conclusion.
MODELING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT DECISION‐MAKING: THE CASE OF TAX ABATEMENTS
Authors: Reese Laura A.
Published: June 2005

This research note examines two models of economic development policymaking. The literature on economic development and urban politics provides one image of reality regarding the factors associated with economic development policy in cities. When tested empirically, however, this model is found wanting. An alternative model is presented, identifying the complex set of factors associated with a single governmental policy, in this case, tax abatements.
INTERNATIONAL HEALTH CARE REFORM: THE NEED FOR COMPREHENSIVE MICRO‐COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Authors: Parsons Robert J. , Woller Gary M. , Neubauer Günther , Rothaermel Frank T. , Zelle Barbara
Published: June 2005

Microcomparison, or single‐component analysis, of health care systems offers a potentially better basis for reform than traditional macrocomparison analysis of aggregate elements. Using macroanalysis, available evidence shows that Germany provides cheaper but more effective hospital care than the United States. To find the causes for this outcome, we developed a microanalytic model of hospital administrators’ perceptions, financial ratios, medical outcomes, and pharmaceutical costs. However, only data on pharmaceutical costs were available and similar in both countries. Our significant outcome was development of a microcomparative model that gives world medical care providers new criteria for analyzing and improving cost to care rafios.
THE EFFECT OF THE CHILD‐CARE CREDIT ON LOW‐AND MIDDLE‐INCOME TAXPAYERS’ PURCHASES OF CHILD CARE
Authors: Maloy Theo Edwin
Published: June 2005

The child‐ and dependent‐care credit in the Internal Revenue Code is intended to encourage the consumption of commercial day‐care services. This research finds, through econometric analysis of tax returns from 1983 and 1987, that reducing child care's after‐tax price increases child‐care consumption by low‐ and middle‐income taxpayers who purchase commercial child‐care services.
STRATEGIC PLANNING AND ENTERPRISE ZONES
Authors: Snow Douglas R
Published: June 2005

State policy makers are concerned about costs of past policies whose benefits are often difficult to determine. Some have recommended a strategic approach to state economic policy making in order to eliminate ad hoc incentives. Lessons derived from the literature on state enterprise zones are used to assess the 1993 Federal Empowerment Zone and Enterprise Community initiative. States can expand policy alternatives by fostering the growth of a marketplace of economic development ideas at the local level. Strategic plans should focus on development of competing, bottom‐up solutions, rather than packages of specific incentives.
AN EVALUATION OF STATE ENTERPRISE ZONE POLICIES
Authors: Greenbaum Robert , Engberg John
Published: June 2005

Our analysis looks at the impact of state enterprise zones in six states (California, Florida, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia) on housing values, occupancy rates, and economic well‐being of zone residents. Zones did not lead to increased housing prices or occupancy rates, nor did they positively impact income and employment.
A PARTNERSHIP FOR REGIONAL COLLABORATION
Authors: John DeWitt , Christopher Gail
Published: June 2005

Urban policy is out of alignment with domestic problems arising from the global economy, sprawling metropolitan regions, and distressed neighborhoods. A new urban policy, grandly conceived and dramatically announced and implemented, is needed. Our article maps out a new urban policy framework, with new roles and responsibilities for agencies and institutions, using innovative tools and improved management, with alternative adaptation strategies. Such a policy must be agile and diverse—characteristics not common in federal policy generally.
STATE URBAN POLICY: “New” Federalism In Virginia, New Jersey and Florida
Authors: Kelly Janet , Ransom Bruce
Published: June 2005

The recent rediscovery of federalism has left the nation's governors with expanded responsibility and limited federal support. In return, they were promised greater fiscal flexibility, a real partnership in program design, and protection from unfunded mandates. However, states seem unwilling to offer the same guarantees to their cities that they sought from the federal government, even as they expand city responsibilities and limit state aid. This paper explores the extent to which Virginia, New Jersey and Florida have provided the fiscal flexibility and partnership, except in the area of economic development, but the diminished fiscal capacity of some distressed communities relative to their suburban counterparts render them unable to benefit from such efforts.