bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Punishment for Sin
Authors: Crenshaw James L.
Published: August 2005

Belief in individual reward and retribution was subscribed to by every segment of the population in the ancient world. Not surprisingly, it became the dominant theodicy, expressed quite simply in language familiar to one and all: “Whoever sows iniquity will reap a harvest of trouble.” Reasoning from faring ill to doing ill, all four of Job’s friends accuse him of wickedness, even though readers know that both God and the narrator have vouched for his integrity. Like Job’s attackers, the author of Psalm 37 attests the rigidity of this dogma when claiming never to have seen the righteous forsaken or impoverished, as does Israelite historiography and liturgical prayer from the period of the second temple. Jesus’ rejection of this view in John 9:7 stands alongside his acceptance of the concept of reward and punishment elsewhere.
Introduction
Authors: Kieckhefer Richard
Published: August 2005

The basic categories of analysis (spatial dynamics, centering focus, aesthetic impact, and symbolic resonance) and the traditions of church-building (classic sacramental churches, classic evangelical churches, and modern communal churches) are explained here. The first main argument of the book is that classic sacramental churches have the density of poetry and thus require interpretation, while the other traditions have the familiarity of prose and are more easily understood. The second main argument is that sacrality may be grounded not in separation (from the profane) but rather in association (with the narratives and experiences most significant to a religious tradition).
The First Factor: Spatial Dynamics
Authors: Kieckhefer Richard
Published: August 2005

The kinetic dynamism of a classic sacramental church, with its longitudinal space for processions, is exemplified by the design and the use of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome. The tendency of longitudinal space to become partitioned with screens and other barriers is discussed with reference to Saint Albans Cathedral, in England. The possibility of reconceiving and revitalizing classic sacramental space is demonstrated by the case of Saint Gregory of Nyssa, in San Francisco. The central plan is shown to be a variation on the longitudinal design. The verbal dynamism of a classic evangelical church, with auditorium seating on a ground floor and in a gallery, is exemplified by the early Congregational Chapel in Walpole, England. The tendency toward hybrid arrangements is shown in the Westerkerk at Amsterdam, which, though fundamentally Protestant, retains certain features of medieval design. The use of a modern communal church for gathering of the congregation is illustrated by the Methodist church at Northfield, Minnesota. Problems in the modern communal tradition are discussed with reference to the Church of the Autostrada outside Florence, Italy.
The Margins of Left Behind's Readership
Authors: Frykholm Amy Johnson
Published: August 2005

While the core of Left Behind’s readership is evangelical and white, the popularity of the books has seeped far beyond these boundaries. This chapter explores the response to Left Behind by non-evangelical readers or by readers who struggled to place themselves easily within contemporary evangelicalism. It argues that the series is persuasive as “truth” to those who are already convinced. It is far less convincing to those who stand outside its central doctrines. At the same time, those on the margins of Left Behind’s readership use the books in creative ways to make sense of their own lives and religious realities.
“I'm a Survivor and He's a Survivor”
Authors: Frykholm Amy Johnson
Published: August 2005

This chapter trains its attention on the role that gender plays in how readers interact with Left Behind. It begins with female readers’ denial that gender is important to their reading of the books and their resistance to single out gender for discussion. Male and female readers identified with the stronger, male characters in the books and sought to learn from them how to live in the midst of strife. The chapter continues with a look at the history of gender in dispensationalism and the complex roles that it has played. The chapter concludes that gender has a relevance when it comes to the dispensationalist narrative. It shapes and informs that narrative, but readers themselves emphasize spiritual strength and personal devotion over the policing of gender.
Fear, Desire, and the Dynamics of Left Behind
Authors: Frykholm Amy Johnson
Published: August 2005

Left Behind has been a controversial force in American culture, drawing regular criticism from secular and religious corners. This chapter examines that criticism and argues for a stronger understanding of the activity of readers. Readers are active interpreters of fictional texts, and their interaction with these texts is complex and often unpredictable. The dynamics of both fear and desire are at work in creating responses to Left Behind within complex social settings. Evangelicalism is wrongly understood as a “subculture” and instead needs to be conceived as a broad and fluid part of dominant popular culture in the United States. Rapture Culture urges its readers to consider popular fiction reading as a complex and dynamic act of faith in American Protestantism.
Employment Performance and Labor Market Institutions: The Case of Spain
Authors: Llorente Rafael Muñoz de Bustillo
Published: August 2005

From a stunning 23.9% in 1994, Spain’s unemployment rate fell to 13% in 2001. In this chapter, Bustillo challenges the conventional views that the main culprits of Spain’s high unemployment were overly generous and protective labor market institutions, and that the recent dramatic improvement can be explained by free market oriented institutional reforms. Benefit levels were not nearly as generous as many observers believe—about 30% of the average wage, one of the lowest in the European Union. Spain has been characterized by wage moderation, relatively low labor costs, and relatively high earnings inequality. Nor are employment protection laws particularly onerous: by the mid-1980s dismissal rates were comparable to other leading OECD countries. The author contends that the sources of much of the unemployment problem can be found elsewhere: in the rapid transformation from a highly agricultural to a service economy in a period of political upheaval in which employer-union relations were highly charged; a rapidly growing labor force; low R&D investment; an ineffective system of job training and placement; and limited geographic mobility, due largely to high housing prices which made it risky for workers to relocate.
Investment Policy and Asset Allocation for Defined Contribution Plans
Authors: Baker August , Logue Dennis E. , Rader Jack S.
Published: August 2005

This chapter begins by discussing the trend towards defined contribution (DC) plans over the last 25 to 30 years. This trend has placed more and more sponsors in a situation where the employees are responsible for choosing the asset allocation that will determine their retirement pension income. Employer responsibilities in this setting are discussed. The second section discusses investment policy for DC plans, which includes the choice of investment alternatives and the approach to employee financial education. The third section discusses asset allocation for DC plans. It includes an analytical framework that demonstrates the effect of the asset allocation decision on expected risk and return.
Hybrid Plans
Authors: Baker August , Logue Dennis E. , Rader Jack S.
Published: August 2005

In addition to DB and DC plans, many companies are establishing “hybrid” plans — plans that have features of both DB and DC plans. The first section of this chapter describes several types of hybrid plans, including combined plans, cash balance plans, pension equity plans, and target benefit plans. The second section discusses the controversies surrounding these plans. Sponsors who are considering a cash balance plan should consider both the facts about these plans and the public perception of them.
Living the Questions of Learning and Faith
Authors: Jacobsen Douglas , Jacobsen Rhonda Hustedt
Published: August 2005

The task of Christian scholarship involves the exploration of the scholar’s own soul as well as the philosophical analysis of the linkages between faith and learning. The ideas of Ernest Boyer and Nancey Murphy illustrate this complex terrain where faith and scholarship overlap and blend together in the scholar’s life. This approach to Christian scholarship requires that ethics and aesthetics be taken into account alongside logic and that “living the questions” of learning and faith take center stage over the merely theoretical discussion of issues.
A Modest (Though Not Particularly Humble) Claim for Scholarship in the Anabaptist Tradition
Authors: Weaver-Zercher David L.
Published: August 2005

This essay discusses cultural narratives that shape both American society and Anabaptist scholarship. A key cultural narrative for most Americans is that their nation is at or near the center of God’s purposes. Anabaptist scholars often display a counter-cultural stance toward the American narrative because their own Anabaptist cultural values emphasize nonviolence and commitment to the poor.
Scholarship Defined and Embodied
Authors: Jacobsen Douglas , Jacobsen Rhonda Hustedt
Published: August 2005

This chapter proposes a threefold definition of scholarship that includes analytic, strategic, and empathic modes of reflection. It also underscores the place of ethics, academic etiquette, personal motivation, and vocation in the life of any scholar. These multiple dimensions of scholarship need to be understood before one attempts to map the even more complex terrain of Christian scholarship.
Virtues and the Scientific Revolution
Authors: Sargent Rose‐Mary
Published: August 2005

Experimental philosophers of 17th-century England recognized a complex relationship between scientific values and civic virtues. Francis Bacon, motivated by his desire to promote the common good by producing useful knowledge, noted that the advancement of learning required a cooperative research effort guided by civility, charity, toleration, and intellectual modesty. This essay examines how the founders of the Royal Society of London, including Robert Boyle, put his advice into action by their efforts to establish an expanded and inclusive society of investigators that would strengthen the habits of discourse in a civil society, while furthering the economic, political, and social benefits of scientific inquiry.
The New Mass Media
Authors: Nord David Paul
Published: August 2005

This chapter describes the growth of the great national, non-profit religious publishing societies during the second and third decades of the 19th century. It focuses on the American Bible Society, the American Tract Society, and the American Sunday School Union. These societies were innovators in modern printing technologies and distribution strategies, but remained true to the overriding goal of charity publishing.
Conclusion
Authors: Bendroth Margaret Lamberts
Published: August 2005

Billy Graham’s New England crusade was an important watershed in the history of Boston’s evangelical Protestants. It marked not only a culmination of several decades of revivalistic efforts, but signaled a new level of social visibility and acceptance for the city’s fundamentalists, increasingly self-identified as more socially engaged “new evangelicals”. Graham’s Boston crusade, with its broadly international agenda for revival, also illustrates the gradual detachment of conservative evangelicals from their urban setting. Local attachments to Boston were clearly secondary to a larger symbolic program for national salvation, in which England served as a colorful mythical backdrop to a campaign for spiritual rather than political salvation.
Karlsruhe: 1919–1920
Authors: Scott William Taussig , Moleski Martin X.
Published: August 2005

In preparation for a scientific career in Germany, Polanyi chose Australian citizenship and was baptized as a Roman Catholic. During his doctoral studies at Karlsruhe, Polanyi completed his thesis on adsorption and began to work on reaction kinetics. He became engaged to Magda Kemeny, who was also working on a doctorate at the University.
At the Wheel of the World: 1961–1971
Authors: Scott William Taussig , Moleski Martin X.
Published: August 2005

Because Polanyi found a great deal of support for his work through philosophers and theologians in the United States, he traveled there frequently and gave dozens of lectures that helped him to distill his understanding of the tacit dimensions of thought. By dwelling in interpretative frameworks, we make new discoveries that allow us to break out of the old worldview, casting all of the data in an entirely new light. Polanyi also found a deep harmony between the epistemology of personal knowledge and existentialism, because knowing is a free act for which the knower must take personal responsibility.
When Prophecy Never Fails
Authors: Tumminia Diana G.
Published: August 2005

This ethnography details the UFO religion, Unarius Academy of Science, and their belief system, which includes visions, channeling, dreams, myths, healing, past-life therapy, and recovered memories. From the theoretical perspective of the social construction of reality, it analyzes the way members create their own social world of contact with extraterrestrials. Based on lengthy field research, the everyday life and history of one of America’s oldest contactee groups is described. The text explicates the lives of the founders, Ernest and Ruth Norman, who claimed to be Space Brothers from higher realms of knowledge that offer a celestial science to Earth. Max Weber’s theory of charisma is used to analyze Ruth Norman, who led the group as Uriel the Archangel, Goddess of Love. Since Unarius had a failed millennial prophecy of spaceships landing in 2001, the author compares them to the group Leon Festinger studied in the 1950s. In looking at the interpretive methods Unarius used to explain success rather than failure, the text discusses the reasons why prophecies rarely fail in the eyes of believers.
The Second Meditation and Objections to Cartesian Dualism
Authors: Ayers Michael
Published: August 2005

In 1978, two books were published that became standard commentaries on Descartes's Meditations. One was Bernard Williams's Descartes: The Project of Pure Enquiry, the other Margaret Wilson's Descartes. This chapter starts from an issue of interpretation to which both books give some prominence, and which concerns the structure of Descartes' argument for his distinction between mind and body. It suggests that what are presented and can appear as two stages of Descartes's argument in the Second and Sixth Meditations are distinct arguments, although both build on the skeptical argument of the First Meditation and Descartes sees them as related by a certain informal movement of thought. The conclusion of the first plays no formal role in the second, and it is argued that despite some features of the Second Meditation persuasively discussed by Wilson, Descartes does not conflate them. It is shown how these different, but connected, arguments relate to a significant difference among certain classic reactions to Cartesian dualism — a difference that continues to resonate in present-day philosophy. The chapter ends by offering some considerations in favor of the most radical line of criticism considered.
Animal Minds
Authors: Yarri Donna
Published: August 2005

The question of animal minds is a central one in the debate on the ethical treatment of animals in general, and on the issue of animal experimentation in particular. This chapter argues that animals possess at least rudimentary levels of cognition, including rationality, language, intelligence, consciousness, beliefs and desires, autonomy, and personhood. The existence of marginal humans, who lack to some degree the cognition of normal adult humans, challenges the notion of speciesism, in which automatic favor is granted to or denied to one simply by virtue of species membership. Thus, the conclusion is reached that the differences between humans and animals are differences of degree rather than differences of kind.
Christian Theology
Authors: Yarri Donna
Published: August 2005

Historically, the Christian tradition has not been generally favorable toward animals, and in fact has often been used to demonstrate the dominion of humans over animals. However, there are doctrines within Christian theology that can be interpreted more positively with regard to the treatment of experimental animals. These include creation, sin, Christology (focusing on both the earthly Jesus and the risen Christ), and eschatology (including the idea of animal souls). Thus, the Christian view of God and life can include a view toward experimental animals in which they are valued as having intrinsic value rather than simply instrumental value.
Conclusion
Authors: Yarri Donna
Published: August 2005

The ultimate goal in animal experimentation is not necessarily to eliminate all experiments, but rather to establish a benign ethic for its practice. An interim ethic is described, which includes changes in current animal legislation, specifically with regard to the Animal Welfare Act. Paying attention to animal husbandry conditions and utilizing preference tests can go a long way in establishing a more humane practice of animal experimentation. Finally, the idea of pet keeping is offered as a model for treating experimental animals much as we would pets. The result would be a movement away from simply an instrumental and often harmful use of animals, to one which is based on the intrinsic value of animals.
Empires Ancient and Modern
Authors: Bryan Christopher
Published: August 2005

There are differences as well as parallels between Roman and post-enlightenment imperial experiences. Romans had many shared assumptions in common with those they colonized. Later strife between Christianity and Rome was not because Christians were or were perceived as political rebels. It was about religion. Romans accused Christians of superstitio and meant it. Pax Romana depended upon pax deorum. Rome’s part was pietas — honoring the gods. Christians (atheoi), by refusing to honor the gods, endangered the empire. Roman imperium was often violent and exploitative, though not more so than other polities of its time; it also had positive elements, notably a measure of peace and security. Men like Pliny, Virgil, and P. Petronius regarded defense of Roman peace as a matter of honor. We must beware of colonizing the past. Jesus, Josephus, Romans, and Jews should be listened to for their own sake before we attempt to apply what they say to ourselves.
Meaning, Truth, and Evidence
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: August 2005

Quine revolutionized the understanding of verbal communications by taking seriously the fact that there can be no more to meaning than an adequately equipped person can learn and observe. Thus, the interpreter’s point of view is the revealing one to bring to the subject. By espousing a distal rather than a proximal theory of meaning, he recognized and fully exploited the active role of the interpreter; a role that requires the interpreter to correlate his own responses and those of the speaker by reference to the mutually salient causes in the world of which they speak.
James Joyce and Humpty Dumpty
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: August 2005

This essay explores the tension between the idea that what the speaker intends by his words determines what he means, and the idea that what a speaker means depends on what he can expect the listener to understand. It is argued that this is a false choice. Meaning is a function of what the speaker intends, but this intention includes what the speaker expects his listener to understand. Thus, Humpty Dumpty’s theory of meaning, “When I use a word it means just what I choose it to mean”, omits the crucial interpersonal element. As Joyce himself thought, his daring use of words put him in a sense beyond his own language, society, and self.
Laws and Cause
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: August 2005

Davidson believes that the argument for anomalous monism partly rests on the claim that every true singular causal statement relating two events is backed by a law that covers those events when those events are properly described. This essay seeks to clarify and defend this claim by discussing conceptual relations between event, law, and object. It argues that singular causal statements entail the existence of strict laws even at the quantum level, but these laws will not meet the standards of Hume, Kant or Einstein.
Gadamer and Plato's Philebus
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: August 2005

This essay focuses on the Gadamer’s discussions on Plato’s Philebus and the nature of understanding, truth, and language. Both Davidson and Gadamer agree that conversation is the route to share understanding, that conversation presumes a shared world, and that language has its true being only in conversation. However, against Gadamer, Davidson insists that conversation does not presuppose a common language.
Spinoza's Causal Theory of the Affects
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: August 2005

This essay explores the difficulty of reconciling Spinoza’s ontological monism; his thesis that mind and body, extension and thought, are two different and mutually irreducible way of describing the universe; his insistence on the reality of the mental; and his denial of mind-body interaction. According to Spinoza, while a particular event described in one vocabulary may cause a particular event described in the other, a fully adequate explanation of a mental event cannot be given in physical terms and vice versa. This thesis is what Spinoza had in mind in denying mind-body interaction.
Basil of Caesarea and the Development of Pro‐Nicene Theology
Authors: Ayres Lewis
Published: August 2005

Focuses on Basil of Caesarea as both a key figure in the developments of these years and as a key example of wider theological shifts. Shows how Basil slowly developed towards his mature theological position, distinguishing between God’s unity at the level of ousia and the distinctions between the persons at the level of idiomata. Also considers developing the use of hypostasis, his pneumatological reserve and the continuing presence of older terminologies in his thought. Also argues that Basil is not guilty of the subordinationism that has frequently been seen in his formulations.
‘The First and Brightest Light’
Authors: Ayres Lewis
Published: August 2005

Focuses on some shared pro-Nicene Christological and cosmological principles. In the first place, pro-Nicenes see Christ as the agent of salvation and understand the nature of unity in the body of Christ through meditation on the mysterious presence of one who is the Word and Image of the Father and as such distinct from the world. Across different idioms, accounts of salvation and Christian existence are thus shaped by pro-Nicene concerns. These common themes begin to shape a common perception of Christian identity as mysterious and of the language of faith as inherently paradoxical. In the second half of the chapter, the author argues that this picture is reinforced when we see how pro-Nicenes shape common accounts of the semiotic structure of reality existing in the world. Through these accounts we begin to see a common aesthetics of faith emerging. This aesthetics forms the context for pro-Nicene Trinitarian theology.
The Grammar Of Augustine's Trinitarian Theology
Authors: Ayres Lewis
Published: August 2005

Turns to Augustine of Hippo, arguing that the fundamental grammar of his Trinitarian theology also reflects common pro-Nicene dynamics. Focuses on Augustine’s use of divine simplicity both to articulate the logic of relations in the Triune Godhead and to emphasise that this logic remains beyond human epistemological grasp. When Augustine is read in the pro-Nicene context we see that he does not favour the unity of God over the diversity of persons: in fact, we see that in the late fourth century Latin, Greek, and, Syriac theology share common fundamental Trinitarian dynamics.
Predetermined Variables
Authors: Arellano Manuel
Published: August 2005

This chapter analyses models in which the time-varying error are uncorrelated with current and lagged values of certain conditioning variables but not with their future values, so that these are predetermined with respect to the time varying errors. It emphasises an incomplete model that specifies orthogonality conditions between a structural error and predetermined instruments. Predeterminedness is defined relative to a specific structural error.
The Growth in Non-standard Employment Relations
Authors: Rebick Marcus
Published: August 2005

Focuses on the growing use of atypical labour in non-standard forms of employment, especially part-time employment in Japan. Examines a number of different possible explanations for this ongoing trend and concludes that the major factors are cost-cutting by employers, demands for greater flexibility in working hours, and the decline of the family enterprise and self-employment.
Putting Logic in its Place
Authors: Christensen David
Published: August 2005

Are rational beliefs constrained by formal logic? This book argues that if beliefs are seen in a binary way (either one believes a proposition or one doesn't), then the standard constraints of ’deductive cogency’ (i.e. deductive consistency and deductive closure) are incompatible with epistemic rationality. If, however, beliefs are seen as graded, or coming in degrees, a probabilistic constraint (based on standard logic) is imposed by ideal rationality. This constraint, probabilistic coherence, explains both the appeal of the standard deductive constraints and the power of deductive arguments. Moreover, it can be defended without taking degrees of belief (as many decision-theoretic philosophers have) to be somehow defined or constituted by preferences. Although probabilistic coherence is humanly unattainable, this does not undermine its normative status as a constraint in a suitably idealized understanding of epistemic rationality.
Logic and Idealization
Authors: Christensen David
Published: August 2005

Addresses the issue of idealization in epistemology. Some have argued that probabilistic coherence, in particular, imposes an unacceptably high level of idealization; others would even reject deductive cogency as imposing excessive idealization. Examines several reasons that have been offered for rejecting formal models of rational belief on the basis of excessive idealization. Defends the interest of idealized formal models in thinking about rationality, arguing that the human unattainability of logical perfection (which would include ’logical omniscience’) does not undermine the normative force of logical ideals.
The Economics of Child Labour
Authors: Cigno Alessandro , Rosati Furio Camillo
Published: August 2005

Why is there child labour? Are there arguments for abolishing or curtailing all forms of child labour, or just morally and physically dangerous ones like soldiering and prostitution? Given that at least some forms of child labour ought to be abolished or curtailed, which is the most effective way of doing it? The book tries to answer these questions both theoretically and empirically. Child labour can be inefficiently high or inefficiently low, but more likely the former. Market and government failure can lead to children being effectively sold into slavery. Even the most common and least objectionable forms of child work, helping parents on the family farm or with domestic chores, have harmful effects. The mechanisms that produce excessive child labour are the same that produce excessive fertility and infant mortality. There is no single remedy for child labour. A ban is unlikely to be effective on its own. The list of effective instruments includes not only obvious candidates like schools, credit, and cover against certain risks, but also less obvious ones like sanitation and preventive medicine. Even humdrum policies such as bringing electricity and piped water into people’s homes can significantly reduce child labour.
Child Labour, Education, and Saving
Authors: Cigno Alessandro , Rosati Furio Camillo
Published: August 2005

Parental decisions regarding the allocation between school and work of the time of school-age children, and about the accumulation of human capital and conventional assets, are crucially affected by asset and credit market conditions, and by the marginal return to education. Child bonding, and the apparent paradox of school-age children who neither work nor attend school are explained within the same theoretical framework. The analysis is essentially positive, but provides the elements for a normative judgement.
Private Sector Involvement and International Financial Crises
Authors: Chui Michael , Gai Prasanna
Published: August 2005

This book offers an analytical perspective on the policy debate on the design and reform of the international financial architecture. It stresses the role played by coordination problems in the origin and management of crises by relating the insights of the new literature on global games to earlier work on currency crises, bank runs, and sovereign debt default. It draws on recent research and policy work to examine the debate on the design of sovereign bankruptcy procedures, the role of the IMF in influencing the actions of creditors and debtors, and the role of private sector involvement in the management of financial crises.
Spotting Financial Crises
Authors: Chui Michael , Gai Prasanna
Published: August 2005

Presents a critical overview of the literature on early warning systems and leading indicators of crisis. Examines the signalling method, the discrete choice approach, and structural models. Concludes with a critical evaluation of the econometric methodology used in this literature and an assessment of the empirical literature on contagion.
The ‘Original Sin’ Problem
Authors: Chui Michael , Gai Prasanna
Published: August 2005

Explores the reasons why emerging market economies have been unable to borrow internationally in their own currency, the so-called ‘original sin’ problem. It focuses on the role played by central bank reputation and credibility in influencing the choice of currency composition and applies insights from the new literature on the theory of reputation to shed light on the question.
OPTION PRICING IN A SINGLE-PERIOD MODEL
Authors: Poon Ser-Huang , Stapleton Richard
Published: August 2005

‘Option Pricing in a Single-Period Model’ uses the one-period complete markets model to derive forward prices of European-style options relates them to the forward price of the underlying asset. The authors show that the value of the option depends upon the shape of the pricing kernel, and, in particular, on the shape of the asset-specific pricing kernel, ψ(xj). The analysis starts at a general level and then concentrates on an important special case, where the underlying cash flow is lognormal. They establish in this case that a risk-neutral valuation relationship (RNVR) exists between the option price and the price of the underlying asset if the asset-specific pricing kernel, ψ(xj), has the property of constant elasticity. This establishes the well known Black–Scholes equation for the value of an option.
BOND PRICING, INTEREST-RATE PROCESSES, AND THE LIBOR MARKET MODEL
Authors: Poon Ser-Huang , Stapleton Richard
Published: August 2005

‘Bond Pricing, Interest-rate Processes, and the LIBOR Market Model’ uses the complete market, pricing kernel approach to value bonds, given stochastic interest rates. To value interest-rate derivatives, one important and practical problem is to model bond prices and interest rates with the correct drifts. The authors derive here the drift of the bond prices and interest rates under the period-by-period risk-neutral measure. As a special case, they derive the drift of the forward London Interbank Offer Rate (LIBOR) in what is generally known as the LIBOR Market Model.
Europe and the world
Authors: Sapir André , Aghion Philippe , Bertola Giuseppe , Hellwig Martin , Pisani-Ferry Jean , Rosati Dariusz , Viñals José , Wallace Helen , Buti Marco , Nava Mario , Smith Peter M.
Published: August 2005

The enlargement of the European Union into 25 countries will have a major impact on its neighbours in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin, as well as change its relationship with the rest of the world. The EU must promote the economic development of its neighbours to ensure economic and political stability in the Euro-Mediterranean region. The creation of a Euro-Mediterranean trading bloc could reinforce two other trading blocs: the Free Trade Area of the Americas and the Asian trading bloc. The EU must also play a role in ensuring the success of the globalisation process.
God and Enchantment of Place
Authors: Brown David
Published: August 2005

This book seeks to recover the importance of religious experience through the arts and wider culture that were once central to the understanding of religion but which have tended in recent centuries to become marginalised. Within the Church and among its theologians God is treated as though he were concerned with only a small segment of the totality of human experience, with deleterious consequences both for our understanding of how revelation works and for dialogue between religion and the wider society. It also means that philosophy of religion focuses on an artificially narrow area of discussion that fails to take seriously the extent of implicit religion still present in society as a whole. The sociologist Max Weber spoke of disenchantment of the world as the inevitable consequence of the modern tendency to view everything in terms of its value solely as an instrument towards some further goal (instrumental rationality). Enchantment can, however, return, Brown suggests, if God being mediated through all of creation (human and divine) is once again valued in its own right. To illustrate, Brown examines how this might occur with respect to place in all its various forms: nature, landscape painting, architecture, town planning, maps, pilgrimage, gardens, and sports venues. While the focus is mainly on Christianity, examples are also drawn from Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam and the classical world. Due note is taken of the wide variety of such experience of God – transcendent, immanent, ordered, mystical, to ground a sacramental view of the world.
The Place of Encounter
Authors: Brown David
Published: August 2005

One major tension in understanding how God is experienced through the material, is whether it is seen as a matter of God drawing us into another reality (transcendence) or himself invading ours (immanence). Because Renaissance immanence is now so commonly attacked as most superficially religious, an extended defence is offered. By contrast, the transcendence of icons is often accepted uncritically in the West, and so here an extended critique is given. In addition the influence of Platonism on both Orthodoxy and the Renaissance is explored in some detail, to illustrate how the same system can pull in quite different directions. The conclusion is that, where only one aspect is asserted, there tend to be compensatory pulls elsewhere (e.g. through accompanying architecture or ritual).
Competing Styles
Authors: Brown David
Published: August 2005

This chapter explores how architecture has been used to aid experience of the divine in church buildings up to the end of the nineteenth-century. It opens by considering the intentions behind the Temple at Jerusalem, and notes how Romanesque can be seen to continue some aspects of Temple theology. As such, it is to be contrasted with the Gothic transcendence that follows, while a more sympathetic hearing is attempted for ‘Renaissance Rationalism’ and ‘Baroque Exuberance.’ In pursuing the theories behind such architecture, it is argued that insufficient attention has been given to the notion that each church (in whatever style) should be seen as a Gesamstkunstwerk, an organic whole that includes architecture, individual works of art, music and liturgy, with the transcendence of one element often acting as a counterpoise to the immanence of another.
VALUE AS CAUSE
Authors: ODDIE GRAHAM
Published: August 2005

This chapter argues for the causal networking of value. In making it plausible, it has become apparent how such causation would mesh smoothly with the natural fabric of the world. The argument from explanatory idleness, the argument from causal exclusion, mental causation, causation by values, causation and convexity, and causation and properties are discussed.
3 The Origins of the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community
Authors: Rittberger Berthold
Published: August 2005

The first of four empirical chapters sheds light on the decision of the six founding member states of the ECSC to create the Common Assembly of the ECSC, the forerunner of the European Parliament. This chapter will also address the question why the founding states decided to bestow the newly created assembly with the right to censure the supranational High Authority, but deny it budgetary or legislative powers.
4 Budgetary Powers and the Treaty of Luxembourg
Authors: Rittberger Berthold
Published: August 2005

Looks at the adoption of the Treaty of Luxembourg in 1970 which laid the foundation for the creation of a system of ‘own resources’ for the Community. In this context, the European Parliament was endowed with budgetary powers. Still void of any legislative powers, the chapter thus answers the question why the member states decided to endow the European Parliament with budgetary powers in this particular period.
5 Legislative Powers and the Single European Act
Authors: Rittberger Berthold
Published: August 2005

Focuses on the third landmark decision in the history of the empowerment of the European Parliament, the decision by the member state governments to delegate legislative powers to the European Parliament that became effective with the adoption of the Single European Act (SEA). In this context, the chapters also sheds light on the question why the European Parliament had to wait until the mid-1980s to be bestowed with legislative decision-making power.
Introduction
Authors: Pugmire David
Published: August 2005

The valuational attitudes in emotions are compelling. Yet there are ways in which these themselves invite evaluation. Emotions can have or lack soundness in ways that go beyond just being appropriate or inappropriate. And the strengths and weaknesses of which the emotional life is capable may be a function of the ambient culture. Emotion is not just down to the individual.
Narcissism in Emotion
Authors: Pugmire David
Published: August 2005

Is emotion a form of concern with things as they affect my well-being (and thus instrumental in this sense)? Many philosophers think it is, and emotion does have ways of becoming markedly self-centered. This happens when a person’s emotion comes itself to matter to him because it is his and the rest of the world because of how it impinges on his emotions. With this narcissistic focus, one’s emotions then attract further, second-order emotions. But narcissistic emotion is disordered: only some emotions are properly emotions of self-care, and for others to be given this form is isolating and inimical to emotional depth.
Freedom, Character, and Punishment
Authors: Small Robin
Published: August 2005

The same psychological model used for the moral sense appears again when Rée explains the ‘sense of justice’ that demands retribution for wrongdoing as arising from the practice of punishment, which presents the misleading appearance of an immediate relation between the act and the offender’s liability to punishment. The denial of free will and, in consequence, of moral accountability is common to Nietzsche and Rée. The notion of unchangeable character, derived from Schopenhauer, was also shared, until Nietzsche began to subject the philosophical notion of personality to a critique that undermines such assumptions.
The Aftermath
Authors: Small Robin
Published: August 2005

After their break, the personal and philosophical paths of the former friends diverged. Giving up his unsuccessful aspirations towards an academic career, Paul Rée studied medicine and spent his remaining years as a country physician in West Prussia. His failure to progress in philosophical theorizing is evident in several later works, as well as in his posthumously published Philosophie, whose content is discussed. Nietzsche, in contrast, emerged from the lowest point in his emotional life to enter the period of his most original and radical thinking, which is outlined here and explored in detail in the following chapters.
The Later Interpretations
Authors: Small Robin
Published: August 2005

Presentations of the relationship between Nietzsche and Rée have varied, for reasons that often reflect the interpreter’s own concerns. Lou Salomé’s 1894 book on Nietzsche and Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche’s biographies gives the perspectives of interested parties engaged in rivalry over Nietzsche’s legacy. For various reasons, later commentators underestimated the importance of this period in Nietzsche’s thinking, as well as showing little interest in the themes of ‘Réealism’. A more comprehensive view of Nietzsche’s thought will include a balanced assessment of his philosophical partnership with Paul Rée.
Constitutional Environmental Rights
Authors: Hayward Tim
Published: August 2005

This book shows why a fundamental right to an adequate environment ought to be provided in the constitution of any modern democratic state. Explains why the right to an environment adequate for one’s health and well-being is a genuine human right and why it ought to be constitutionalised. Elaborates this case and defends it in closely argued responses to critical challenges. Shows why there is no insurmountable obstacle to the effective implementation of this constitutional right, and why constitutionalising this right is not democratically illegitimate. With particular reference to European Union member states, it explains what this right adds to the states’ existing human rights and environmental commitments Concludes by showing how constitutional environmental rights can serve to promote the cause of environmental justice in a global context.
Introduction
Authors: Hayward Tim
Published: August 2005

Sets out the general background and rationale for the central claim of this book, namely, that a right of every individual to an environment adequate for their health and well-being should receive express provision in the constitution of any modern democratic state. Introduces the six general lines of criticism in the order in which they will be addressed in the remaining chapters.
Constitutionalizing the Right to an Adequate Environment: Challenges of Principle
Authors: Hayward Tim
Published: August 2005

Argues that any state that is constitutionally committed to the recognition of human rights ought to constitutionalise a right to an adequate environment. Rebuts

the claim that constitutional provisions relating to the human right to an adequate environment should be made only in the form of a policy statement and not as a fundamental right. Rebuts the further claim that the right to an adequate environment should be placed with those rights of a second order – the ‘social rights’ – rather than among the fundamental rights of a constitution. Problematises the distinction between fundamental and social rights, but also shows why the right to an adequate environment does not resemble a social right.
Environmental Rights and Environmental Justice: A Global Perspective
Authors: Hayward Tim
Published: August 2005

The main question of this chapter is whether the constitutional enhancement of citizens’ environmental rights in affluent states might exacerbate the environmental problems of poorer nations. It is pointed out in response that the environmental interests of the rich are already better protected than those of the poor because the latter have less power to resist the imposition of threats to them. This is largely a result of market forces operating under a regime of rights that is in principle opposed by the right to an adequate environment. The interests of poorer countries do not oppose the development of constitutional environmental rights in richer countries. Rather, their interest is to bring about conditions that it would make it possible to secure those same rights for themselves. Indeed, some of the most important precedents in the field of constitutional environmental rights have been set in poorer states. The conclusion is that constitutionalising environmental rights contributes to rather than detracts from the process of building environmental justice, both domestically and globally.
Pragmatism, Doubt, and the Role of Incoherence
Authors: Olsson Erik J.
Published: August 2005

The issue is raised whether there is a satisfactory answer to radical skepticism that does not depend on a problematic positive use of coherence. Two kinds of pragmatism are examined form this point of view. A dilemma is raised for the Jamesian variety. Peirce’s response to skepticism is taken to be more compelling. It involves a distinction between real and paper doubt whereby real doubt is typically caused by some sort of incoherence. No such incoherence ensues from contemplating skeptical scenarios. The discussion sheds unexpected light on the role of coherence in epistemology: coherence may not suffice to justify our beliefs, but incoherence is what forces us to give them up.
Auctions I: Independent Values
Authors: Bergin James
Published: August 2005

Auctions with independent values are described. Detailed calculations of equilibrium strategies are given for the standard auctions (first price, second price, and so on.) The fundamental revenue equivalence theorem is illustrated by computing expected revenue for five different types of auction. Optimal auctions are described. The impact of risk aversion is considered in the first price auction.
Screening
Authors: Bergin James
Published: August 2005

Considers the traditional screening model and covers the basic features of screening models, including pooling and separating equilibria.
Cooperative Outcomes
Authors: Bergin James
Published: August 2005

Cooperative games are considered. The Core is introduced and the key idea behind non-emptiness (balancedness) is explained through the dual programme. Following this, vonNeumann–Morgenstern solutions are discussed, and vonNeumann–Morgenstern stability is defined. Concludes with a description of the Shapley value.
Agriculture, Labour, and the Standard of Living in Eighteenth-Century India
Authors: Prasannan Parthasarathi
Published: August 2005

The high standard of living of weavers as well as other labouring groups in the Indian subcontinent was rooted in the traditions and practices of the labour market, which gave labouring groups enormous bargaining power in their relations with merchants, ‘employers’, and even political authorities. Perhaps, the most critical of these traditions was the freedom that weavers, peasants, and other producers possessed to pick up and move. As the use of coercion to limit this mobility was not a legitimate exercise of state power, rulers were forced to undertake agricultural improvements in order to compete for peasants and agricultural labour. This meant that there was a high rate of investment in agriculture: high quality lands were cleared, water control systems were erected, and the cultivation of more valuable crops supported. This investment, in turn, supported high standards of living.
What Happened to the Standard of Living Before the Industrial Revolution? New Evidence from the Western Part of the Netherlands
Authors: van Zanden Jan Luiten
Published: August 2005

Presents improved estimates of the cost of living and the real wages of labourers in the western part of the Netherlands. The results show that even in this relatively dynamic economy there was a decline in real wages during the Early Modern Period.