bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selective Adsorption of Functionalized Nanoparticles to Patterned Polymer Brush Surfaces and Its Probing with an Optical Trap
Authors: Steinbach Annina , Paust Tobias , Pluntke Manuela , Marti Othmar , Volkmer Dirk
Published: October 2013

The site‐specific attachment of nanoparticles is of interest for biomaterials or biosensor applications. Polymer brushes can be used to regulate this adsorption, so the conditions for selective adsorption of phosphonate‐functionalized nanoparticles onto micropatterned polymer brushes with different functional groups are optimized. By choosing the strong polyelectrolytes poly(3‐sulfopropyl methacrylate), poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate), and poly[2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl trimethylammonium chloride], it is possible to direct the adsorption of nanoparticles to specific regions of the patterned substrates. A pH‐dependent adsorption can be achieved by using the polycarboxylate brush poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) as substrate coating. On PMAA brushes, the nanoparticles switch from attachment to the brush regions to attachment to the grooves of a patterned substrate on changing the pH from 3 to 7. In this manner, patterned substrates are realized that assemble nanoparticles in pattern grooves, in polymer brush areas, or substrates that resist the deposition of the nanoparticles. The nanoparticle deposition can be directed in a pH‐dependent manner on a weak polyelectrolyte, or is solely charge‐dependent on strong polyelectrolytes. These results are correlated with surface potential measurements and show that an optical trap is a versatile method to directly probe interactions between nanoparticles and polymer brushes. A model for these interactions is proposed based on the optical trap measurements.
Structural and Magnetic Properties of 3d Transition‐Metal‐Atom Adsorption on Perfect and Defective Graphene: A Density Functional Theory Study
Authors: Zhang Tingting , Zhu Liyan , Yuan Shijun , Wang Jinlan
Published: October 2013

We systematically investigate the interactions and magnetic properties of a series of 3d transition‐metal (TM; Sc–Ni) atoms adsorbed on perfect graphene (G6), and on defective graphene with a single pentagon (G5), a single heptagon (G7), or a pentagon–heptagon pair (G57) by means of spin‐polarized density functional calculations. The TM atoms tend to adsorb at hollow sites of the perfect and defective graphene, except for G6Cr, G5Cr, and G5Ni. The binding energies of TMs on defective graphene are remarkably enhanced and show a V‐shape, with GNCr and GNMn having the lowest binding energies. Furthermore, complicated element‐ and defect‐dependent magnetic behavior is observed in GNTM. Particularly, the magnetic moments of GNTM linearly increase by about 1 μB and follow a hierarchy of G7TM<G57TM<G5TM as the TM varies from Sc to Mn, and the magnetic moments begin to decrease afterward; by choosing different types of defects, the magnetic moments can be tuned over a broad range, for example, from 3 to 6 μB for GNCr. The intriguing element‐ and defect‐dependent magnetic behavior is further understood from electron‐ and back‐donation mechanisms.
Stress‐Sensor Device Based on Flexoelectric Liquid Crystalline Membranes
Authors: Rey Alejandro D. , Servio Phillip , Herrera Valencia Edtson Emilio
Published: October 2013

Membrane flexoelectricity is an electromechanical coupling process that describes membrane bending and membrane electrical polarization caused by bending under electric fields. In this paper we propose, formulate, and characterize a stress‐sensor device for mechanically loaded solids, consisting of a soft flexoelectric thin membrane attached to the loaded deformed solid. Because the curvature of the deformed solid is transferred to the attached flexoelectric membrane, the electromechanical transduction of the latter produces a charge that is proportional to the stress of the solid. The model of the stress‐sensor device is based on the integration of the thermodynamics of polarizable membranes with isotropic solid elasticity, leading to a transfer function that identifies the elastic, electromechanical, and geometrical parameters involved in electrical‐signal generation. The model is applied to representative normal bending and then to more complex off‐axis bending of elastic bars. In all cases, a common transfer function shows the generic material and its geometric contributions. The sensor sensitivity increases linearly with flexoelectricity and the membrane–solid interface, and the sensitivity decreases with increasing membrane thickness and Young′s modulus of the solid. The theoretical results contribute to ongoing experimental efforts towards the development of anisotropic soft‐matter‐based stress‐sensor devices through solid–membrane interactions and electromechanical transduction.
Equilibrium Topology and Partial Inversion of Janus Drops: A Numerical Analysis
Authors: Friberg Stig E. , Kovach Ildiko , Koetz Joachim
Published: October 2013

The equilibrium topology of an aqueous Janus emulsion of two oils, O1 and O2, with water, W, [(O1+O2)/W], is numerically evaluated with the following realistic interfacial tensions (γ): γO2/W=5 mN m−1, γO1/O2=1 mN m−1, and γO1/W varies within the range 4–5 mN m−1, which is the limiting range for stable Janus drop topology. The relative significance of the two independently pivotal factors for the topology is evaluated, that is, the local equilibrium at the line of contact between the three liquids and the volume fraction of the two dispersed liquids within the drop. The results reveal a dominant effect of the local equilibrium on the fraction of the O2 drop surface that is covered by O1. In contrast, for a constant volume of O2, the impact of the interfacial tension balance on the limit of the coverage is modest for an infinite volume of O1. Interestingly, when the O1 volume exceeds this value, an emulsion inversion occurs, and the O1 portion of the (O1+O2)/W topology becomes a continuous phase, generating a (W+O2)/O1 Janus configuration.
How do Pseudoenantiomers Structurally Differ in the Gas Phase? An IR/UV Spectroscopy Study of Jet‐Cooled Hydroquinine and Hydroquinidine
Authors: Sen Ananya , Lepere Valeria , Le Barbu‐Debus Katia , Zehnacker Anne
Published: October 2013

The gas‐phase structures of the cinchona alkaloids, hydroquinine and its pseudoenantiomer hydroquinidine, are studied in a supersonic expansion by means of laser‐induced fluorescence and IR/UV double‐resonance spectroscopy. Vibrational spectroscopy combined with density functional calculations show that the conformational properties of the two pseudoenantiomers are identical. In both cases, they exist in two isoenergetic forms, with similar IR spectra. Both conformers are similar to the most stable cis‐γ‐open form of quinine; they differ from each other by the position of the ethyl substituent attached to the quinuclidine ring. Further differences between the two conformers are observed in the laser‐induced fluorescence spectrum. The first electronic transition is characterized by time‐dependent density functional theory and RI‐cc2 calculations, and is of ππ* nature. The results described here emphasize the role of the ethyl substituent in the structural differences between pseudoenantiomers of cinchona alkaloids.
Global Reaction Pathways in the Photodissociation of I3− Ions in Solution at 267 and 400 nm Studied by Picosecond X‐ray Liquidography
Authors: Kim Kyung Hwan , Ki Hosung , Oang Key Young , Nozawa Shunsuke , Sato Tokushi , Kim Joonghan , Kim Tae Kyu , Kim Jeongho , Adachi Shin‐ichi , Ihee Hyotcherl
Published: October 2013

The mechanism of a photochemical reaction involves the formation and dissociation of various short‐lived species on ultrafast timescales and therefore its characterization requires detailed structural information on the transient species. By making use of a structurally sensitive X‐ray probe, time‐resolved X‐ray liquidography (TRXL) can directly elucidate the structures of reacting molecules in the solution phase and thus determine the comprehensive reaction mechanism with high accuracy. In this work, by performing TRXL measurements at two different wavelengths (400 and 267 nm), the reaction mechanism of I3− photolysis, which changes subtly depending on the excitation wavelength, is elucidated. Upon 400 nm photoexcitation, the I3− ion dissociates into I2− and I. By contrast, upon 267 nm photoexcitation, the I3− ion undergoes both two‐body dissociation (I2−+I) and three‐body dissociation (I−+2I) with 7:3 molar ratio. At both excitation wavelengths, all the transient species ultimately disappear in 80 ns by recombining to form the I3− ion nongeminately. In addition to the reaction dynamics of solute species, the results reveal the transient structure of the solute/solvent cage and the changes in solvent density and temperature as a function of time.
Video Game Therapy for Emotional Regulation and Impulsivity Control in a Series of Treated Cases with Bulimia Nervosa
Authors: Fagundo Ana B. , Santamaría Juan J. , Forcano Laura , Giner‐Bartolomé Cristina , Jiménez‐Murcia Susana , Sánchez Isabel , Granero Roser , Ben‐Moussa Maher , Magnenat‐Thalmann Nadia , Konstantas Dimitri , Lam Tony , Lucas Mikkel , Nielsen Jeppe , Bults Richard G. A. , Tarrega Salomé , Menchón José M. , de la Torre Rafael , Cardi Valentina , Treasure Janet , Fernández‐Aranda Fernando
Published: October 2013

Although standard psychological treatments have been successful in treating several core features in eating disorders (ED), other characteristics such as emotional regulation or impulsivity appear to be more resistant to change. There is a growing body of evidence to support the efficacy of cognitive remediation for cognitive and emotional difficulties in ED. Playmancer/ Islands is a video game (VG) designed to specifically treat mental disorders, characterized by problems in impulse control. The objective of the game is to increase self‐control over emotions, decision making and behaviours. The aim of this study is to describe the results from a consecutive series of nine bulimia nervosa patients who were treated with the VG in addition to cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT). The outcomes included clinical and psychopathological questionnaires, and physiological measures were obtained during the VG. Emotional regulation improved, heart rate variability increased, and respiratory rate and impulsivity measures reduced after the treatment. These findings suggest that VG training may enhance treatment for ED. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Polysaccharide Biomaterials
Authors: Muntimadugu Eameema , Ickowicz Diana E. , Domb Abraham J. , Khan Wahid
Published: October 2013

An entire new genus of “polymer therapeutics” has emerged with wide applicability, including as mechanical supports, mechanical barriers, artificial tissue/organs, and pro‐drug preparations with pharmacological effects. Polysaccharides are a class of biopolymers formed from many monosaccharide units joined together by glycosidic linkages. The physical properties of carbohydrates, such as solubility, gelation, and surface properties, are dictated by the monosaccharide composition, chain shapes, and molecular weight. These macromolecules exhibit good hemocompatibility, are non‐toxic, and show unique biological functions, ranging from cell signaling to immune recognition. With few exceptions, they are more economical in comparison with others biopolymers. Polysaccharide‐based polymers have been widely proposed as scaffold materials in tissue engineering applications as well as carriers for drug delivery.
Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Diastereoselective Domino Reactions of 2‐(1‐Alkynyl)alk‐2‐en‐1‐one Oxime Ethers with α,β‐Unsaturated Imines Consisting of 1,2‐Alkyl Migration
Authors: Zhang Mei , Zhang Junliang
Published: October 2013

A formal gold(I)‐catalyzed diastereoselective [4+3] cycloaddition of oxime ethers with imines, consisting of 1,2‐alkyl migration under mild reaction conditions, has been developed; this provides facile access to a series of highly substituted trans‐pyrrolo[3,4‐c]azepines. This reaction is easily scaled up to the gram scale.
AldehydeAmine Chemistry Enables Tissue Adhesive Materials to Respond to Physiologic Variation and Pathologic States
Authors: Artzi Natalie , Edelman Elazer R.
Published: October 2013

Biomaterials science represents the next frontier in medical therapeutics. Innovations in materials design and formulation have helped create previously unimaginable interventions and composite devices with materials whose structure and function evolve with time. Yet, materials development has outstripped our ability to explain why, when, and how these materials work. Current characterization means are limited, especially for dynamic erodible materials that are specifically designed to fade away. This complexity and dynamism of emerging materials and the impact they have on tissue make it challenging to understand and predict material interactions with local tissues. Because tissuebiomaterials interactions are determined not only by the innate properties of the materials, but also by the local microenvironment at the implantation site, we must now examine the impact of target tissue site, state, and incidence of a disease on material performance, efficacy, and biocompatibility. This issue becomes increasingly important when considering surface interacting materials, whose intimate interactions with tissues are dictated by local mechanical forces, tissue target site, and the modulation of tissue surface properties manifested by specific disease types and states. The mechanisms involved and the extent to which these parameters affect the in vivo performance of materials are mostly unknown. These open questions motivated us to explore the determinant factors that affect the efficacy of materials, using adhesive materials whose surface interactions with tissues make them an ideal material class for the assessment of tissuematerial interactions. As an example of this paradigm, we determined how tissue amines served as a natural binding site for material aldehydes, enabling tissue‐specific binding that varied with natural changes in amine density from tissue to tissue and the physiologic environment, as well as with disease. The introduction of amines within the material also provides greater control over binding and material cohesion. This general mode will provide new tissue adhesives that can sense local tissue states and provide mechanical interactions titrated to context and need to enhance the desired effect and minimize local toxicity.
3D Printing for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Richards Dylan Jack , Tan Yu , Jia Jia , Yao Hai , Mei Ying
Published: October 2013

Tissue engineering aims to fabricate functional tissue for applications in regenerative medicine and drug testing. More recently, 3D printing has shown great promise in tissue fabrication with a structural control from the micro‐ to the macroscale by using a layer‐by‐layer approach. Whether through scaffold‐based or scaffold‐free approaches, the standard for 3D‐printed tissue engineering constructs is to provide a biomimetic structural environment that facilitates tissue formation and promotes host tissue integration (e.g., cellular infiltration, vascularization, and active remodeling). This review will cover several approaches that have advanced the field of 3D printing through novel fabrication methods of tissue engineering constructs. It will also discuss the applications of synthetic and natural materials for 3D printingfacilitated tissue fabrication.
Two‐dimensional direct imaging of structuring of polar cap patches
Authors: Hosokawa K. , Taguchi S. , Ogawa Y. , Sakai J.
Published: October 2013

A highly sensitive all‐sky electron multiplier charge‐coupled device airglow imager has been operative in Longyearbyen, Norway (78.1°N, 15.5°E), since October 2011. The imager obtains the 630.0 nm all‐sky images with an exposure time of 4 s, which is about 10 times shorter than the conventional cooled CCD airglow imagers. This new equipment allows us to image the ongoing structuring of polar cap patches in 2‐D fashion. Here we report a case in which faint undulations appeared along the trailing edge of patches propagating in the central polar cap. The separation between the fingers in the undulations was about 50–100 km and the e‐folding time of their growth was ∼5 min. We suggest that the gradient‐drift instability (GDI) is one of the possible generation mechanisms of the undulating structures. The reasons for this interpretation are (1) the asymmetry in the preference of structuring between the leading and trailing edges is qualitatively consistent with the GDI mechanism and (2) the linear growth rate of GDI calculated by using electron density estimates from simultaneous European Incoherent Scatter Svalbard radar observations is roughly consistent with the observed growth time of the fingers. Such “unstable polar cap patches” could be important sources of seed irregularities, which would eventually be broken down to smaller‐scale density perturbations affecting the transionospheric satellite communications in the central polar cap.
Longitudinal characteristics of spread F backscatter plumes observed with the EAR and Sanya VHF radar in Southeast Asia
Authors: Li Guozhu , Ning Baiqi , Abdu M. A. , Otsuka Yuchi , Yokoyama T. , Yamamoto M. , Liu Libo
Published: October 2013

The development of equatorial plasma irregularity plumes can be well recorded by steerable backscatter radars operated at and off the magnetic equator due to the fact that the vertically extended plume structures are tracers of magnetically north‐south aligned larger scale structures. From observations during March 2012, using two low latitude steerable backscatter radars in Southeast Asia, the Equatorial Atmosphere Radar (EAR) (0.2°S, 100.3°E; dip lat 10.4°S) and the Sanya VHF radar (18.4°N, 109.6°E; dip lat 12.8°N), the characteristics of backscatter plumes over the two sites separated in longitude by ~1000 km were simultaneously investigated. The beam steering measurements reveal frequent occurrences of multiple plumes over both radar sites, of which two cases are analyzed here. The observations on 30 March 2012 show plume structures initiated within the radar scanned area, followed by others drifting from the west of the radar beam over both stations. A tracing analysis on the onset locations of plasma plumes reveals spatially well‐separated backscatter plumes, with a maximum east‐west wavelength of about 1000 km, periodically generated in longitudes between 85°E and 110°E. The postsunset backscatter plumes seen by the Sanya VHF radar are found to be due to the passage of sunset plumes initiated around the longitude of EAR. Most interestingly, the EAR measurements on the night of 21 March 2012 show multiple plume structures that developed successively in the radar scanned area with east‐west separation of ~50 km, with however no sunset plasma plume over Sanya. Colocated ionogram measurements show that spread F irregularities occurred mainly in the bottomside F region at Sanya, whereas satellite traces in ionograms that are indications of large‐scale wave structures were observed on that night at both stations. Possible causes for the longitudinal difference in the characteristics of radar backscatter plumes are discussed.
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and partial least squares discriminant analysis applied to the quality control of olive oil
Authors: Alves Junia O. , Botelho Bruno G. , Sena Marcelo M. , Augusti Rodinei
Published: October 2013

Direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in the positive ion mode [ESI(+)‐MS] is used to obtain fingerprints of aqueous–methanolic extracts of two types of olive oils, extra virgin (EV) and ordinary (OR), as well as of samples of EV olive oil adulterated by the addition of OR olive oil and other edible oils: corn (CO), sunflower (SF), soybean (SO) and canola (CA). The MS data is treated by the partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) protocol aiming at discriminating the above‐mentioned classes formed by the genuine olive oils, EV (1) and OR (2), as well as the EV adulterated samples,i.e. EV/SO (3), EV/CO (4), EV/SF (5), EV/CA (6) and EV/OR (7). The PLS‐DA model employed is built with 190 and 70 samples for the training and test sets, respectively. For all classes (1–7), EV and OR olive oils as well as the adulterated samples (in a proportion varying from 0.5 to 20.0% w/w) are properly classified. The developed methodology required no ions identification and demonstrated to be fast, as each measurement lasted about 3 min including the extraction step and MS analysis, and reliable, because high sensitivities (rate of true positives) and specificities (rate of true negatives) were achieved. Finally, it can be envisaged that this approach has potential to be applied in quality control of EV olive oils. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physicochemical vs. Vibrational Descriptors for Prediction of Odor Receptor Responses
Authors: Gabler Stephan , Soelter Jan , Hussain Taufia , Sachse Silke , Schmuker Michael
Published: October 2013

Responses of olfactory receptors (ORs) can be predicted by applying machine learning methods on a multivariate encoding of an odorant’s chemical structure. Physicochemical descriptors that encode features of the molecular graph are a popular choice for such an encoding. Here, we explore the EVA descriptor set, which encodes features derived from the vibrational spectrum of a molecule. We assessed the performance of Support Vector Regression (SVR) and Random Forest Regression (RFR) to predict the gradual response of Drosophila ORs. We compared a 27‐dimensional variant of the EVA descriptor against a set of 1467 descriptors provided by the eDragon software package, and against a 32‐dimensional subset thereof that has been proposed as the basis for an odor metric consisting of 32 descriptors (HADDAD). The best prediction performance was reproducibly achieved using SVR on the highest‐dimensional feature set. The low‐dimensional EVA and HADDAD feature sets predicted odor‐OR interactions with similar accuracy. Adding charge and polarizability information to the EVA descriptor did not improve the results but rather decreased predictive power. Post‐hoc in vivo measurements confirmed these results. Our findings indicate that EVA provides a meaningful low‐dimensional representation of odor space, although EVA hardly outperformed “classical” descriptor sets.
A permutation test to identify important attributes for linking crimes of serial offenders
Authors: Hering Amanda S. , Kazor Karen
Published: October 2013

The modus operandi (MO) of a crime describes the unique characteristics that an offender imparts to it. Although in some instances, a serial offender's behavior is circumstantial, some MO behaviors may be consistent from one crime to the next. By investigating these behaviors, similar crimes can be linked to the same individual, but some attributes describing a crime may be more important for linking than others. Two strategies have historically been used to link crimes. One relies on expert criminal judgment, which may require manually sifting through thousands of crime records. In the second, similar attributes are grouped, and logistic regression is applied to coarse frequency summaries of those groupings. In this work, we introduce an intuitive statistical permutation test for assessing the importance of individual attributes in linking crimes, and we show how the results can be used to weight each one's importance to link crimes. By using the serial offenses of four sets of residential burglaries and six sets of robberies identified in Tempe, Arizona, the test is illustrated, and differences among attribute importance of these two types of crimes are highlighted. We demonstrate greater success in linking crimes when the test results are incorporated into a linking analysis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Handelbare Flächenzertifikate – vom akademischen Diskurs über einen Modellversuch in die Planungspraxis?
Authors: Bovet Jana , Bizer Kilian , Henger Ralph , Ostertag Katrin , Siedentop Stefan
Published: October 2013

For more than 15 years now, researchers and policy makers have been discussing the transfer of trading programs from the regulation of emissions to the regulation of land development. However, the debate remained limited to researchers for a long time, until the German government initiated preparation of a nationwide “pilot project” in 2009. This paper reports on the results of the preliminary project funded by the Federal Environment Agency. An interdisciplinary team developed an outline proposal for the “pilot project”. After a summary of the consequences, benefits and cost of tradable planning permits in general, the paper presents and discusses how the project should be organized in detail. The proposal suggests a controlled field experiment in combination with extensive municipal case studies. The paper concludes with a perspective of the expected outcome of the “pilot project” which has started in 2012.
Activation of the yeast cell wall integrity MAPK pathway by zymolyase depends on protease and glucanase activities and requires the mucin‐like protein Hkr1 but not Msb2
Authors: Rodríguez-Peña José M. , Díez-Muñiz Sonia , Bermejo Clara , Nombela César , Arroyo Javier
Published: October 2013

Yeast adaptation to conditions in which cell wall integrity is compromised mainly relies on the cell wall integrity (CWI) mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Zymolyase, a mixture of cell wall‐digesting enzymes, triggers a peculiar signaling mechanism in which activation of the CWI pathway is dependent on the high‐osmolarity glycerol MAPK pathway. We have identified inhibitors of the principal enzyme activities present in zymolyase and tested their effect on the activation of the MAPK of the CWI pathway, Slt2/Mpk1. Eventually, only β‐1,3‐glucanase and protease activities were essential to elicit Slt2 activation and confer lytic power to zymolyase. Moreover, we show that the osmosensor Hkr1 is required for signaling, being the most upstream element identified to date.
NMR localization of the O‐mycoloylation on PorH, a channel forming peptide from Corynebacterium glutamicum
Authors: Rath Parthasarathi , Saurel Olivier , Tropis Maryelle , Daffé Mamadou , Demange Pascal , Milon Alain
Published: October 2013

PorH and PorA are two small peptides that, in complex, form a voltage‐dependent ion channel in the outer membrane of Corynebacterium glutamicum. Specific post‐translational modifications on PorA and PorH are required for the formation of a functional ion channel. The assignment of PorH proton NMR chemical shifts in DMSO, allowed identifying unambiguously the exact position of the PorH O‐mycoloylation on Ser 56 side chain. This was further confirmed by site directed mutagenesis and mass spectrometry. Together with the previously published localization of PorA mycoloylation, this provides the complete primary structure characterization of this outer membrane porin.
Lineage Specifiers: New Players in the Induction of Pluripotency
Authors: Shu Jian , Deng Hongkui
Published: October 2013

Pluripotency-associated factors and their rivals, lineage specifiers, have long been considered the determining factors for the identity of pluripotent and differentiated cells, respectively. Therefore, factors that are employed for cellular reprogramming in order to induce pluripotency have been identified mainly from embryonic stem cell (ESC)-enriched and pluripotency-associated factors. Recently, lineage specifiers have been identified to play important roles in orchestrating the process of restoring pluripotency. In this review, we summarize the latest discoveries regarding cell fate conversion using pluripotency-associated factors and lineage specifiers. We highlight the value of the “seesaw” model in defining cellular identity, opening up a novel scenario to consider pluripotency and lineage specification.
Scores in der Allgemeinen Inneren Medizin
Authors: Huber Ursula , Rösli Andreas , Ballmer Peter E. , Rippin Sarah Jane
Published: October 2013

Scores sind eine Zusammenfassung von verschiedenen Informationen in einen numerischen Wert. Es gibt in der Inneren Medizin Scores zur Diagnose- und Prognosestellung, zur Therapieplanung und -beurteilung und zur Information und Beratung von Patienten. Wir beleuchten sechs Scores, welche in der Inneren Medizin, sowohl im Spital als auch in der Praxis von Nutzen sind. Das Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 dient zur frühen Erfassung unterernährungsgefährdeter Patienten im Spital. Ziel ist die Ernährungssituation zu optimieren. Der CURB-65 erlaubt, basierend auf fünf einfach zu erhaltenden Faktoren (Verwirrung, Harnstoff, Atemfrequenz, Bludruck und Alter) die 30-Tage-Mortalität bei Patienten mit einer ambulant erworbenen Pneumonie abzuschätzen. Bei niedrigem Risiko kann eine ambulante Therapie erwogen werden, bei höherem Risiko wird eine Hospitalisation bzw. Verlegung auf eine Intensivstation empfohlen. Der Risiko-Score der Arbeitsgruppe Lipide und Atherosklerose Schweiz dient zur Abschätzung des 10-Jahres-Risikos eines kardiovaskulären Ereignisses in der Schweiz. Davon ausgehend werden Vorschläge zur Risiko-Optimierung und Prävention kardiovaskulärer Ereignisse gemacht. Der Body Mass Index, errechnet anhand von Gewicht in Kilogramm dividiert durch das Quadrat der Körpergröße in Meter, ist ein einfaches Hilfsmittel zur Einteilung in Unter-, Normalgewicht und Übergewicht. Welche Prognosen sich daraus ableiten ist umstritten. Der Mini Mental Status ermöglicht wichtige kognitive Funktionen auf einfache, standardisierte Weise zu prüfen und in einem Zahlenwert zu erfassen. Die Glasgow Coma Scale ist ein Instrument zur Klassifizierung komatöser Zustände bei Patienten mit Schädel-Hirn-Trauma. Der Schweregrad gibt Hinweise zur Triage und Prognose.
Scores und Stadien für die Praxis – Angiologie
Authors: Amann-Vesti Beatrice
Published: October 2013

Die in der Angiologie am häufigsten verwendete Klassifikation ist sicherlich die Stadieneinteilung der chronischen peripheren arteriellen Verschlusskrankheit (PAVK). In der Schweiz wird meistens die Stadieneinteilung nach Fontaine verwendet. Die Rutherford-Klassifikation wird sich in Zukunft vielleicht auch bei uns durchsetzen, da sie in wissenschaftlichen Publikationen und im angelsächsischen Raum fast ausschließlich verwendet wird. Sie muss aber klar unterschieden werden von der Klassifizierung der akuten Ischämie nach Rutherford, die hilfreich für die Einschätzung der Prognose der Extremität ist. Die Klassifizierung diabetischer Fußulzerationen nach Wagner wird von Wundfachleuten oft verwendet. Die Kombination mit den Armstrong-Stadien hat Vorteile, da diese das Vorliegen einer Ischämie und/oder eines Infektes mitberücksichtigen. Sowohl für die chronisch venöse Insuffizienz wie auch für das postthrombotische Syndrom gibt es bisher nicht wirklich gute und einheitlich verwendete Einteilungen. Am häufigsten wird die klinische Stadieneinteilung nach Widmer angegeben, die aber nur eine sehr grobe Einteilung zulässt. Das CEAP-System ist aufwendig, weshalb man heute oft nur das „C“ angibt. Die Vortest-Wahrscheinlichkeit für das Vorliegen einer tiefen Beinvenenthrombose kann mit dem Wells-Score, den es auch für die Lungenembolie gibt, abgeschätzt werden.
Stadien und Klassifikationen in der Nephrologie
Authors: Arampatzis Spyridon , Huynh-Do Uyen
Published: October 2013

Im vorliegenden Artikel werden die wichtigsten Akronyme, Scores und Klassifikationen auf dem Gebiet der Nephrologie und Urologie dargestellt. Nebst den neueren Definitionen der akuten Niereninsuffizienz und der Stadieneinteilung der chronischen Niereninsuffizienz werden die histologische Lupus-Nephritis Klassifikation, die Nierenzystenmorphologie-Einteilung nach Bosniak sowie die Vesico-uretero-renale Reflux-Gradierung zusammengefasst und kritisch erläutert.
Gleason-Score bis Ann Arbor-Klassifizierung – eine Auswahl bedeutender Scores und Stadien in der Onkologie
Authors: Greuter Stefan
Published: October 2013

In der Onkologie existieren hunderte Scores und dutzende Stadieneinteilungen. Diese geben zum Beispiel Auskunft über die Ausdehnung und Prognose einer Tumorerkrankung oder werden bei Therapieentscheidungen mitberücksichtigt. Da bei der vorhandenen Vielfalt eine Beschreibung sämtlicher onkologischer Codes den Umfang dieser Arbeit bei weitem übersteigen würde, fokussiert der folgende Artikel im ersten Teil auf einige beispielhafte und weniger bekannte Scores und im zweiten Teil auf bedeutende Stadieneinteilungen in der Onkologie. Internet-Seiten wie Wikipedia oder Onkopedia bieten Antworten auf viele weitere Fragen rund um onkologische Scores und Stadien. Als Beispiel einer Tumorgraduierung wird der Gleason-Score beim Prostatakarzinom beschrieben. Dieser gibt nicht nur Auskunft über die Prognose der Erkrankung, sondern beeinflusst auch die Primärtherapie. Im Falle einer Metastasierung ist bei der Frage, ob eine (weitere) Systemtherapie durchgeführt werden soll, der Allgemeinzustand des Patienten entscheidend. Dieser wird mit dem Karnofsky-Index und noch häufiger dem ECOG- oder WHO-Performancestatus klassifiziert. Während einer Therapie wird bei soliden Tumoren das Ansprechen nach den RECIST-Kriterien beurteilt und mittels Kürzel in der onkologischen Diagnoseliste festgehalten. Die Ausbreitung solider Malignome wird nach der TNM-Klassifikation dokumentiert. Diese Klassifikation wird regelmäßig nach neusten prognostischen und therapeutischen Ergebnissen aktualisiert. Im Gegensatz dazu hat sich die Stadieneinteilung der Lymphome nach den klassischen Ann Arbor-Kriterien seit der Erstbeschreibung praktisch nicht verändert.
Infant cortex responds to other humans from shortly after birth
Authors: Farroni Teresa , Chiarelli Antonio M. , Lloyd-Fox Sarah , Massaccesi Stefano , Merla Arcangelo , Di Gangi Valentina , Mattarello Tania , Faraguna Dino , Johnson Mark H.
Published: October 2013

A significant feature of the adult human brain is its ability to selectively process information about conspecifics. Much debate has centred on whether this specialization is primarily a result of phylogenetic adaptation, or whether the brain acquires expertise in processing social stimuli as a result of its being born into an intensely social environment. Here we study the haemodynamic response in cortical areas of newborns (1–5 days old) while they passively viewed dynamic human or mechanical action videos. We observed activation selective to a dynamic face stimulus over bilateral posterior temporal cortex, but no activation in response to a moving human arm. This selective activation to the social stimulus correlated with age in hours over the first few days post partum. Thus, even very limited experience of face-to-face interaction with other humans may be sufficient to elicit social stimulus activation of relevant cortical regions.
Numerical modeling of the wind flow over a transverse dune
Authors: Araújo Ascânio D. , Parteli Eric J. R. , Pöschel Thorsten , Andrade José S. , Herrmann Hans J.
Published: October 2013

Transverse dunes, which form under unidirectional winds and have fixed profile in the direction perpendicular to the wind, occur on all celestial objects of our solar system where dunes have been detected. Here we perform a numerical study of the average turbulent wind flow over a transverse dune by means of computational fluid dynamics simulations. We find that the length of the zone of recirculating flow at the dune lee — theseparation bubble— displays a surprisingly strong dependence on the wind shear velocity,u*: it is nearly independent ofu*for shear velocities within the range between 0.2 m/s and 0.8 m/s but increases linearly withu*for larger shear velocities. Our calculations show that transport in the direction opposite to dune migration within the separation bubble can be sustained ifu*is larger than approximately 0.39 m/s, whereas a larger value ofu*(about 0.49 m/s) is required to initiate this reverse transport.
Functional characterization of the trypanosome translational repressor SCD6
Authors: Cristodero Marina , Schimanski Bernd , Heller Manfred , Roditi Isabel
Published: October 2013

The storage of translationally inactive mRNAs in cytosolic granules enables cells to react flexibly to environmental changes. In eukaryotes, Scd6 (suppressor of clathrin deficiency 6)/Rap55 (RNA-associated protein 55), a member of the LSm14 (like-Sm14) family, is an important factor in the formation and activity of P-bodies, where mRNA decay factors accumulate, in stress granules that store mRNAs under adverse conditions and in granules that store developmentally regulated mRNAs. SCD6 from Trypanosoma brucei (TbSCD6) shares the same domain architecture as orthologous proteins in other organisms and is also present in cytosolic granules (equivalent to P-bodies). We show that TbSCD6 is a general repressor of translation and that its depletion by RNAi results in a global increase in protein synthesis. With few exceptions, the steady-state levels of proteins are unchanged. TbSCD6 is not required for the formation of starvation-induced granules in trypanosomes, and unlike Scd6 from yeast, Plasmodium and all multicellular organisms analysed to date, it does not form a complex with the helicase Dhh1 (DExD/H-box helicase 1). In common with Xenopus laevis RAP55, TbSCD6 co-purifies with two arginine methyltransferases; moreover, TbSCD6 itself is methylated on three arginine residues. Finally, a detailed analysis identified roles for the Lsm and N-rich domains in both protein localization and translational repression.
Dynamics of edge dislocations in a sheared lamellar mesophase
Authors: Kumaran V.
Published: October 2013

The dynamics and interactions of edge dislocations in a nearly aligned sheared lamellar mesophase is analysed to provide insights into the relationship between disorder and rheology. First, the mesoscale permeation and momentum equations for the displacement field in the presence of external forces are derived from the model H equations for the concentration and momentum field. The secondary flow generated due to the mean shear around an isolated defect is calculated, and the excess viscosity due to the presence of the defect is determined from the excess energy dissipation due to the secondary flow. The excess viscosity for an isolated defect is found to increase with system size in the cross-stream direction as L3/2 for an isolated defect, though this divergence is cut-off due to interactions in a defect suspension. As the defects are sheared past each other due to the mean flow, the Peach-Koehler force due to elastic interaction between pairs of defects is found to cause no net displacement relative to each other as they approach from large separation to the distance of closest approach. The equivalent force due to viscous interactions is found to increase the separation for defects of opposite sign, and decrease the separation for defects of same sign. During defect interactions, we find that there is no buckling instability due to dilation of layers for systems of realistic size. However, there is another mechanism, which is the velocity difference generated across a slightly deformed bilayer due to the mean shear, which could result in the creation of new defects.
The aeroacoustics of a steam kettle
Authors: Henrywood R. H. , Agarwal A.
Published: October 2013

The whistle in a steam kettle provides a near-perfect example of a hole tone system, in which two orifice plates are held a short distance apart in a cylindrical duct. This setup leads to distinct audible tones for a large range of flow rates. The main objective of the current paper is to understand the physical mechanism behind the generation of hole tones (whistling of steam kettles). A variety of experiments were undertaken, primarily focusing on how the acoustics of the hole tone system varied depending on the flow rate, whistle geometry, and upstream duct length. These were supplemented by flow visualisation experiments using water. The results show that the whistle's behaviour is divided into two regions of operation. The first, occurring at Reynolds numbers (based on orifice diameter and jet velocity) below Reδ ≈ 2000, exhibits a near-constant frequency behaviour. A mathematical model based on a Helmholtz resonator has been developed for this part of the mechanism. The second, for Reynolds numbers greater than Reδ ≈ 2000, the whistle exhibits a constant Strouhal number behaviour. A physical model has been developed to describe this part of the mechanism where the resonant modes of the upstream duct are coupled with the vortex shedding at the jet exit.
Solution of the Dirac Coulomb equation for helium-like ions in the Poet-Temkin model
Authors: Tang Li-Yan , Tang Yong-Bo , Shi Ting-Yun , Mitroy J.
Published: October 2013

The Dirac-Coulomb equation for the helium atom is studied under the restrictions of the Poet-Temkin model which replaces the 1/r12 interaction by the simplified 1/r> form. The effective reduction in the dimensionality made it possible to obtain binding energies for the singlet and triplet states in this model problem with a relative precision from 10−8 to 10−10. The energies for the singlet state were consistent with a previous configuration interaction calculation [H. Tatewaki and Y. Watanabe, Chem. Phys. 389, 58 (2011)]. Manifestations of Brown-Ravenhall disease were noted at higher values of nuclear charge and ultimately limited the accuracy of the Poet-Temkin model energy. The energies from a no-pair configuration interaction (CI) calculation (the negative-energy states for the appropriate hydrogen-like ion were excluded from the CI expansion) were found to be different from the unrestricted B-spline calculation.
Symmetry analysis in linear hydrodynamic stability theory: Classical and new modes in linear shear
Authors: Nold Andreas , Oberlack Martin
Published: October 2013

We present a symmetry classification of the linearised Navier-Stokes equations for a two-dimensional unbounded linear shear flow of an incompressible fluid. The full set of symmetries is employed to systematically derive invariant ansatz functions. The symmetry analysis grasps three approaches. Two of them are existing ones, representing the classical normal modes and the Kelvin modes, while the third is a novel approach and leads to a new closed-form solution of traveling modes, showing qualitatively different behaviour in energetics, shape, and kinematics when compared to the classical approaches. The last modes are energy conserving in the inviscid case. They are localized in the cross-stream direction and periodic in the streamwise direction. As for the kinematics, they travel at constant velocity in the cross-stream direction, while in the streamwise direction they are accelerated by the base flow. In the viscous case, the modes break down due to damping of high wavenumber contributions.
Accurate determination of the Freédericksz transition threshold using a method based upon precise fluctuation measurements
Authors: Caussarieu A. , Petrosyan A. , Ciliberto S.
Published: October 2013

In this paper, we describe an accurate method for determining the critical threshold of the Fréedericksz transition driven by an electric field. It is based on the measurement of the amplitude of the molecule fluctuations as a function of the voltage difference applied to a planar nematic cell. The precise measurement of the director fluctuations of the liquid crystal is made possible by the use of a very precise and sensitive polarization interferometer. The great advantage of the method is that it does not depend on complex fits as it is usually done in literature.
Size and boundary effects on the diffusive behavior of elongated colloidal particles in a strongly confined dense dispersion
Authors: Naderi Saber , van der Schoot Paul
Published: October 2013

In very recent experimental work, diffusive motion of individual particles in a dense columnar phase of colloidal suspension of filamentous virus particles probed by means of fluorescence video microscopy [S. Naderi, E. Pouget, P. Ballesta, P. van der Schoot, M. P. Lettinga, and E. Grelet, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 037801 (2013)]. Rare events were observed in which the minority fluorescently labeled particles engage in sudden, jump-like motion along the director. The jump length distribution turned out to be biased towards a half and a full particle length. We suggest these events may be indicative of two types of particle motion, one in which particles overtake other particles in the same column and the other where a column re-equilibrates after a particle leaves a column either to enter into another column or into a void defect on the lattice. Our Brownian dynamics simulations of a quasi one-dimensional system of semi-flexible particles, subject to a Gaussian confinement potentials mimicking the effects of the self-consistent molecular field in the columnar phase, support this idea. We find that the frequency of overtaking depends on the linear fraction of particles and the steepness of the confining potential. The re-equilibration time of a column after a particle is removed from it is much shorter than the self-diffusion timescale. For the case of large system sizes and periodic boundary conditions, overtaking events do not present themselves as full-length jumps. Only if the boundary conditions are reflecting and the system is sufficiently small, full length jumps are observed in particle trajectories. The reason is that only then the amplitude of the background fluctuations is smaller than a particle length. Increasing the bending flexibility of the particles on the one hand enhances the ability of particles to overtake each other but on the other it enhances fluctuations that wash out full jumps in particle trajectories.
Numerical evidences for a free energy barrier in starlike polymer brushes
Authors: Cui Wei , Su Chan-Fei , Wu Chen-Xu , Merlitz Holger , Sommer Jens-Uwe
Published: October 2013

The existence of a free energy barrier, which prohibits the upward motion of retracted molecules into the surface region of starlike polymer brushes, is analyzed through molecular dynamics simulations in good solvent. This barrier emerges at moderate and high grafting densities, as a result of a density-discontinuity at the branching points of the highly stretched starlike molecules. The vertical force profiles of brushes of varying densities are taken with the help of a probe-particle that is gradually moved into the brush, and the results are compared with the density profiles and their negative gradients which generate the local osmotic pressures. Chain expulsion simulations, supported by scaling theory, are conducted to understand the dynamics of individual molecules inside the brushes. We prove that the flip-rates between retracted and extended states, being of relevance for the generation of efficiently switchable, environment-responsive brush layers, are determined by the elastic tension of the stretched molecules.