bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crosslinkable propyleneimine pressure‐sensitive adhesive acrylates and their pot life
Authors: Czech Zbigniew
Published: August 2004

In this article a new generation of crosslinkers based on multifunctional propyleneimine derivatives involving crosslinking reactions of acrylic pressure‐sensitive adhesives (PSAs) were investigated. Their tack, peel adhesion, and shear strength after crosslinking, as well as their viscosity and pot life were also measured. Crosslinking of PSAs is an established technology used in many industrial manufacturing processes. Their novel applications and technical specifications stimulate continuous research and development into new crosslinkers with very interesting characteristics. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of polyaniline and application in the design of formulations of conductive paints
Authors: Vecino M. , González I. , Muñoz M. E. , Santamaría A. , Ochoteco E. , Pomposo J. A.
Published: August 2004

Polyaniline (PANI) is prepared by chemical polymerization of aniline in acidic medium using ammonium peroxydisulfate ((NH4)2S2O8) as oxidant. The polymer, with a conductivity of 25–30 S/cm, is used to formulate conducting paints. A stable paint with a conductivity of 10−3 S/cm is obtained. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A facile approach to surface graft vinyl acetate onto polyolefin articles
Authors: Tan Lin , Deng Jianping , Yang Wantai
Published: August 2004

A facile and environment friendly approach was developed to graft vinyl acetate (VAc) onto plastic articles in an aqueous solution using tert‐butyl alcohol (TBA) as a compatiblizer and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as an initiator. In a novel setup, excessive monomer suspended in a water phase, VAc could be conveniently grafted on the model substrate of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) film and the graft percentage (GP) could be developed up to 7.3%. Reaction temperature could increase GP significantly, while adding monomer over a critical volume did not influence GP. By adding some paradioxybenzene, i.e. 0.06–0.08% in VAc phase, homopolymer PVAc could be avoided practically, while graft polymerization proceeded favorably in aqueous solutions. It was proved by attenuated total reflection‐infrared (ATR‐IR) spectroscopy that grafted VAc was located mainly at the surface of the LDPE film and hydrophilic nature of both grafted and alcoholyzed films were improved via contact angle measurements. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of thiophosphoryl disulfide on the co‐cure of CR‐EPDM blends: effect of white fillers
Authors: Das A. , Debnath S. C. , De D. , Naskar N. , Basu D. K.
Published: August 2004

Bis(diisopropyl) thiophosphoryl disulfide (DIPDIS) being a rubber accelerator has a definite role as a coupling agent in the silica filled polychloroprene rubber with ethylene propylene diene rubber (CR‐EPDM) blends. Diethylene glycol can further improve the beneficial effect of DIPDIS in silica filled CR‐EPDM blends. Two‐stage vulcanization technique further improves the physical properties of silica filled CR‐EPDM blends. The results have been compared with non‐reinforcing calcium carbonate filled systems. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies further indicate the coherency and homogeneity in the silica filled CR‐EPDM blend vulcanizates obtained from this two‐stage process. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrically conductive sensors for liquids based on ternary immiscible polymer blends containing polyaniline
Authors: Cooper H. , Segal E. , Srebnik S. , Tchoudakov R. , Narkis M. , Siegmann A.
Published: August 2004

Electrically conductive blends, containing two immiscible polymers (ethylene vinyl acetate, EVA‐19, and copolyamide 6/6.9, CoPA) and polyaniline (PANI), were produced by melt processing. These blends showed a preferred localization of PANI in the CoPA phase, thus enhancing the formation of continuous conducting networks. Electrically conductive PANI‐containing filaments produced by a capillary rheometer process at various shear rate levels were studied as sensing materials for a homologous series of alcohols (methanol, ethanol and 1‐propanol). All filaments showed a decreasing resistance upon exposure to these solvents. Filaments exposed to methanol, liquid or vapor, exhibited the highest resistance decrease. This behavior was related to the highest polarity of methanol, compared with ethanol and 1‐propanol. The filaments' rate of production significantly affects the relative resistance change upon exposure to the various alcohols and their reproducibility. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oriented structure of octadecyl acridine orange intercalated in the monolayer and Langmuir–Blodgett film of octadecyl adenine‐thymine base pairs
Authors: Fujita Kyoko , Nakamura Fumio , Ohno Hiroyuki
Published: August 2004

The oriented structure of acridine orange (AO) in both monolayer and Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film has been studied by optical waveguide (OWG) spectroscopy using polarized incident light. Mixed monolayer and LB films, consisting of octadecyl acridine orange (C18‐AO) incorporated in stacked base pairs of octadecyl adenine (C18‐Ade) and octadecyl thymine (C18‐Thy), were prepared on a quartz waveguide. Absorption of transverse electric field (TE) polarized light was about twice that of transverse magnetic field (TM) polarized light. Both OWG spectra have λmax at 500 nm, which is characteristic of monomeric AO molecules. This result strongly suggests that C18‐AO molecules were dispersed uniformly in the mixed monolayer and were excited more effectively by the TE polarized light. Since the absorption moment of AO molecules is related to their long axis, it is proposed that C18‐AO molecules are incorporated in C18‐Ade/C18‐Thy pairs with the long axis parallel to the layer surface. The absorbance at 500 nm was proportional to the number of layers on the waveguide. The dichroic ratio of the absorbance at 500 nm for TE polarized light to that for TM polarized light was constant regardless of the number of layers. The C18‐AO molecules were uniformly incorporated in each layer with the long axis relatively parallel to the layer surface. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiation‐grafted solid polymer electrolyte membrane: thermal and mechanical properties of sulfonated fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer (FEP)‐graft‐acrylic acid membranes
Authors: Patri M. , Hande V. R. , Phadnis S. , Deb P. C.
Published: August 2004

Acrylic acid was grafted onto fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer (FEP) using a simultaneous radiation technique and the resulting membranes were subsequently sulfonated. Thermal and mechanical properties of these membranes were investigated and were found to be strongly influenced by the degree of grafting. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of these membranes showed that these membranes undergo multistep degradation unlike virgin FEP which degrades in a single step. Glass transition temperature and degree of crystallinity were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Glass transition temperature increased while crystallinity decreased with increase in degree of grafting. Tensile strength and elongation at break were found to decrease on grafting and further on sulfonation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intracranial relapse in Wilms tumor patients
Authors: van den Heuvel‐Eibrink M.M. , Graf N. , Pein F. , Sandstedt B. , van Tinteren H. , van der Vaart K.E. , de Kraker J.
Published: August 2004

Background

In children with nephroblastoma, recurrence with metastases in the central nervous system is rare. Recently, previous reports (NWTSG and UKCCSG) reported brain metastases with an incidence of respectively 0.5% and 0.6% in Wilms tumor (WT) patients (respectively n = 30/5,852 and n = 7/1,249).

Procedure

We retrospectively investigated the incidence and survival of patients with central nervous system relapse in WT patients, treated according to the consecutive SIOP protocols 1, 2, 5, 6, 9, and 93‐01. All children with WT from 1971 until 2000 were enrolled in the study (3,040 eligible patients). Specimens at diagnosis and if possible at relapse were centrally reviewed. Patients with renal neoplasms other than WT were excluded.

Results

CNS relapse was documented in 14 patients (0.5%). Median time to CNS relapse was 16 months (3–69). The occurrence of relapse was not associated with specific histological subtypes. In seven patients intracranial metastases occurred at first relapse, of which two were isolated relapses. In five patients no treatment was started because of the poor condition of the patient, the other nine cases were treated with (a combination of) chemotherapy (n = 6), surgery (n = 4), and radiotherapy (n = 6).

Conclusions

CNS relapse in WNT is rare. In contrast to reports of other Wilms tumor study groups, although four patients reached (local) CR, the SIOP registry showed that eventually none of the documented WT patients survived. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional aspects of ribosomal architecture: symmetry, chirality and regulation
Authors: Zarivach Raz , Bashan Anat , Berisio Rita , Harms Joerg , Auerbach Tamar , Schluenzen Frank , Bartels Heike , Baram David , Pyetan Erez , Sittner Assa , Amit Maya , Hansen Harly A. S. , Kessler Maggie , Liebe Christa , Wolff Anja , Agmon Ilana , Yonath Ada
Published: August 2004

High‐resolution structures of both ribosomal subunits revealed that most stages of protein biosynthesis, including decoding of genetic information, are navigated and controlled by the elaborate ribosomal architectural‐design. Remote interactions govern accurate substrate alignment within a flexible active‐site pocket [peptidyl transferase center (PTC)], and spatial considerations, due mainly to a universal mobile nucleotide, U2585, ensure proper chirality by interfering with D‐amino‐acids incorporation. tRNA translocation involves two correlated motions: overall mRNA/tRNA (messenger and transfer RNA) shift, and a rotation of the tRNA single‐stranded aminoacylated‐3′ end around the bond connecting it with the tRNA helical‐regions. This bond coincides with an axis passing through a sizable symmetry‐related region, identified around the PTC in all large‐subunit crystal structures. Propelled by a bulged universal nucleotide, A2602, positioned at the two‐fold symmetry axis, and guided by a ribosomal‐RNA scaffold along an exact pattern, the rotatory motion results in stereochemistry optimal for peptide‐bond formation and in geometry ensuring nascent proteins entrance into their exit tunnel. Hence, confirming that ribosomes contribute positional rather than chemical catalysis, and that peptide bond formation is concurrent with A‐ to P‐site tRNA passage. Connecting between the PTC, the decoding center, the tRNA entrance and exit points, the symmetry‐related region can transfer intra‐ribosomal signals between remote functional locations, guaranteeing smooth processivity of amino acids polymerization. Ribosomal proteins are involved in accurate substrate placement (L16), discrimination and signal transmission (L22) and protein biosynthesis regulation (CTC). Residing on the exit tunnel walls near its entrance, and stretching to its opening, protein‐L22 can mediate ribosome response to cellular regulatory signals, since it can swing across the tunnel, causing gating and elongation arrest. Each of the protein CTC domains has a defined task. The N‐terminal domain stabilizes the intersubunit‐bridge confining the A‐site‐tRNA entrance. The middle domain protects the bridge conformation at elevated temperatures. The C‐terminal domain can undergo substantial conformational rearrangements upon substrate binding, indicating CTC participation in biosynthesis‐control under stressful conditions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TCP Hybla: a TCP enhancement for heterogeneous networks
Authors: Caini Carlo , Firrincieli Rosario
Published: August 2004

In heterogeneous networks, TCP connections that incorporate a terrestrial or satellite radio link are greatly disadvantaged with respect to entirely wired connections, because of their longer round trip times (RTTs). To cope with this problem, a new TCP proposal, the TCP Hybla, is presented and discussed in the paper. It stems from an analytical evaluation of the congestion window dynamics in the TCP standard versions (Tahoe, Reno, NewReno), which suggests the necessary modifications to remove the performance dependence on RTT. TCP Hybla performance is firstly evaluated in the case of an ideal channel, with good correlation between analytical and simulation data. Then, more realistic situations, which require the adoption of a benchmark network topology and a careful ns‐2 simulation set‐up, are examined. In particular, TCP Hybla performance is compared with that achievable by TCP standard in the presence of congestion and link losses, either separately or jointly considered. In all the examined cases, the superiority of TCP Hybla is evident, as it greatly reduces the severe penalization suffered by wireless, and especially satellite, TCP connections. Finally, it is worth noting that TCP Hybla does not infringe the end to end semantics of TCP and is compatible with other promising enhancements. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Workaholism among Norwegian journalists: antecedents and consequences
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , Matthiesen Stig
Published: August 2004

This study examined correlates of workaholism among 211 Norwegian journalists. Three workaholism types were considered (work enthusiasts, work addicts, enthusiastic addicts) using measures developed by Spence and Robbins (1992). Correlates included a number of personal demographic and work situation characteristics, measures of positive and negative affect, burnout components and absenteeism. Although the three workaholism types were similar on personal and work situation characteristics, work enthusiasts indicated significantly more positive affect and significantly less negative affect, exhaustion and cynicism than one or both of the other workaholism types. The workaholism types did not differ on professional efficacy or absenteeism however. The three workaholism types worked similar hours per week ruling this out as a possible explanation of the findings. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RbAu(SeO4)2: First Structure Determination of a Ternary Gold Selenate
Authors: Büchner Oliver , Wickleder Mathias S.
Published: August 2004

Yellow single crystals of RbAu(SeO4)2 were obtained upon evaporation of a solution prepared from the reaction of elemental gold and Rb2CO3 with conc. selenic acid. In the crystal structure (monoclinic, C2/m, Z = 2, a = 1078.7(4), b = 522.7(1), c = 739.3(2) pm, β = 116.45(2)°) Au3+ is in square planar coordination of oxygen atoms which belong to four SeO42‐ ions. According to [Au(SeO4)4/2]‐ anionic chains are formed which are connected by the Rb+ ions. The latter are surrounded by two chelating and six monodentate selenate groups leading to a CN of 10.
Der strukturdirigierende Einfluß von α, ω‐Alkandiammoniumionen auf die Bildung von Cyanocupraten(I)
Authors: Pretsch Thorsten , Hartl Hans
Published: August 2004

Die Alkan‐1, n‐diammonium‐hexacyanotetracuprate(I) (n = 2 bis 4) [NH3(CH2)2NH3][Cu4(CN)6]·2H2O (1), [NH3(CH2)3NH3][Cu4(CN)6]·H2O (2) und [NH3(CH2)4NH3][Cu4(CN)6]·2H2O (3) sowie das Pentan‐1, 5‐diammonium‐tetradecacyanooctacuprat(I) [NH3(CH2)5NH3]3[Cu8(CN)14]·3H2O (4) wurden hydrothermal durch Umsetzungen von Ethan‐1, 2‐diamin, Propan‐1, 3‐diamin, Butan‐1, 4‐diamin und Pentan‐1, 5‐diamin mit CuCN und NaCN in Gegenwart von Ameisensäure erhalten.

In den Kristallstrukturen der Verbindungen 1 bis 3 werden anionische Schichten vernetzter (CuCN)6‐Ringe unterschiedlicher Konformation durch starre, all‐anti α, ω‐Alkandiammoniumionen als Gegenkationen und Abstandshalter übereinander gestapelt. Wassermoleküle verbinden die Dikationen über Wasserstoffbrücken‐Bindungen zu Ketten, die Anionenschichten nadelförmig durchbohren. Die leichter deformierbaren Dikationen [NH3(CH2)5NH3]2+ in 4 sind dagegen in Hohlräume eines dreidimensional vernetzten Cyanocuprat(I)‐Gerüstes eingelagert. Kristalldaten s. Abstract.
Ein Netzwerk aus Iodid‐Ionen und Iod‐Molekülen in der Kristallstruktur von [Pr(Benzo‐15‐Krone‐5)2]I21
Authors: Pantenburg Ingo , Müller Ingrid
Published: August 2004

Bei der Reaktion von Praseodym(III)‐iodid mit Benzo‐15‐Krone‐5 und I2 in Ethanol / Dichlormethan gelang die Darstellung von [Pr(Benzo‐15‐Krone‐5)2]I21 in Form tiefschwarzer Polyeder. Einkristallstrukturuntersuchungen ergaben eine orthorhombische Elementarzelle (P21cn, a = 1201.1(1), b = 2168.3(1), c = 2571.1(1) pm, Z = 4). Das Komplexsalz setzt sich aus sandwichartigen Praseodym‐bis(Benzo‐15‐Krone‐5)‐Kationen und Polyiodid‐Anionen I213‐ zusammen. Das in dieser Form bisher einzigartige Polyiodid‐Anion zeigt ein komplexes Verknüpfungsschema, in dem Iodid‐Ionen und Iod‐Moleküle über einen ausgedehnten Bindungslängenbereich zu einem komplizierten Netzwerk verbunden werden.
Crystal Structure of the Bis[zinc(II)‐hydroxide‐(μ‐perchlorate)‐triaqua] Complex
Authors: Li Yong‐Hua , Ye Qiong , Tang Yun‐Zhi , Xiong Ren‐Gen
Published: August 2004

Colorless single crystals of the title compound were accidentally obtained by a reaction of p‐sulfophenylalanine with zinc perchlorate. The crystal structure (monoclinic, P21/c, Z = 4, a = 5.9031(7), b = 13.5404(16), c = 9.7932(8) Å, β = 126.438(5)°, V = 629.74(12) Å3, R1[I>2σ(I)] = 0.0276, wR2(all) = 0.0844) reveals a discrete dinuclear [Zn(OH)(μ‐ClO4)(H2O)3]2 in which each perchlorate anion acts as a bidentate bridging linker to bind two Zn atoms whereas the hydroxy group is a terminal group. Thus, the local surrounding around the zinc atom can be best described as a slightly distorted octahedron.
Synthesen und Kristallstrukturen neuer selenidoverbrückter Ruthenium‐Clusterverbindungen
Authors: Wunder Markus , Rauchfuss Thomas B. , Fenske Dieter
Published: August 2004

Durch die Reaktion von Se(SiMe3)2 mit[RuCl2(PPh3)3], bzw. einer Mischung aus [RuCl2(PPh3)3] und Alkylphosphinen können selenidoverbrückte Rutheniumclusterverbindungen dargestellt werden. In dieser Arbeit werden die Verbindungen [Ru6Se8(PPh3)6] (1), [Ru6Se8(PEt3)6] (2) und[Ru6Se8(PnPr3)6] (3) beschrieben. Bei einer formalen Ladungstrennung liegen in 1‐3 Ru616+‐Clusterkerne vor. Dementsprechend handelt es sich um gemischtvalente Verbindungen, die Ru2+ und Ru3+ enthalten. Die Strukturen dieser Verbindungen wurden mittels Einkristall‐Röntgenstrukturanalyse aufgeklärt.
Y[PS4]: An Unusual ABX4 Compound with a PtS‐Related Crystal Structure
Authors: Komm Theresa , Schleid Thomas
Published: August 2004

Pale yellow single crystals of Y[PS4] (tetragonal, I41/acd; a = 1065.72(5), c = 1899.23(9) pm, Z = 16) can easily be obtained by the reaction of the elements without using a flux to avoid the entrapment of alkali metals. The structure consists of isolated [PS4]3‐ tetrahedra (d(P‐S) = 203 pm, 4×) each surrounded by four Y3+ cations resulting in a S4N4‐analogous arrangement of the metal cations and sulfur atoms about the phosphorus in the center of this polyhedron. Both crystallographically different Y3+ cations are eightfold coordinated by sulfur in the shape of trigonal dodecahedra (d(Y‐S) = 280 ‐ 300 pm, CN = 8) which in turn belong to four exclusively edge‐attached [PS4]3‐ tetrahedra. These build up a distorted cubic closest packing where the Y3+ cations are situated in one half of the tetrahedral holes the same way as S2‐ in the Pt2+ arrangement of the PtS‐type structure.
The Structure of the High Temperature Modification of Lithium Triflate (γ‐LiSO3CF3)
Authors: Dinnebier Robert , Sofina Natalia , Jansen Martin
Published: August 2004

The high temperature modification of lithium triflate (γ‐LiSO3CF3) crystallises in the orthorhombic space group Cmca with the lattice parameters a = 6.3022(4), b = 8.6989(5), and c = 20.1262(14) Å (synchrotron powder diffraction data, T = 456 K). The crystal structure of γ‐LiSO3CF3 is disordered, in the cationic as well as the anionic partial structure, and exhibits double layers of triflate anions with the lipophilic CF3‐groups facing each other. The lithium ions could not be located by the diffraction experiment due to their high mobility. The staggered triflate anion is twofold disorderd leading to two different positions on top of each other which are tilted to one another.
New Copper(II) and Cobalt(II) Complexes with the N,N′‐Bis(antipyryl‐4‐methyl)‐piperazine (BAMP) Ligand: Co2(BAMP)Cl4 and [Cu(BAMP)(H2O)](ClO4)2
Authors: Costişor Otilia , Pantenburg Ingo , Tudose Ramona , Meyer Gerd
Published: August 2004

The syntheses and the crystal structures of the complexes Co2(BAMP)Cl4 (1) and [Cu(BAMP)(H2O)](ClO4)2 (2) are reported. 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with the unit cell dimensions a = 3129.7(4), b = 772.9(1), c = 1503.4(2) pm, β = 112.47(1)° and Z = 4. Cobalt(II) is surrounded in the fashion of a distorted tetrahedron built from the NO donor atoms of the BAMP ligand and two chloride anions. The copper compound 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group I2/a with unit cell dimensions of a = 2539.0(3), b = 1448.1(1), c = 1887.0(2) pm, β = 93.40(1)° and Z = 8. Copper(II) coordination can be described as a square‐based pyramid with the N2O2 donor atoms of the BAMP molecule forming the basal plane completed by a water molecule in the apical position. Spectroscopic (IR and UV‐Vis) and conductivity data of the new complex compounds are presented.
Combined therapy with low-potency neuroleptic levomepromazine as an adjunct to haloperidol for agitated patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia
Authors: Higashima Masato , Takeda Tsutomu , Nagasawa Tatsuya , Hirao Naohisa , Oka Takashi , Nakamura Mitsuhiko , Kitamura Maki , Koshino Yoshifumi
Published: August 2004

As a practical strategy for reducing agitation in schizophrenia, low-potency neuroleptics have been commonly used as an adjunct in combination with high-potency neuroleptics that seem superior in reducing positive symptoms. There is no evidence, however, that giving more than one antipsychotics at a time enhances therapeutic effects. Antipsychotic polypharmacy has been rather considered an unproven and potentially harmful practice [4].

The low-potency neuroleptic levomepromazine has been in common use for agitated patients with schizophrenia in Europe and Japan [2,3], because of its markedly sedative property. In order to clarify whether levomepromazine as an adjunct to high-potency neuroleptics are beneficial or harmful, therefore, we compared the efficacy of the combined therapy with levomepromazine and high-potency neuroleptic haloperidol with the monotherapy with haloperidol for patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia.
Association of the Src homology 2 domain‐containing leukocyte phosphoprotein of 76 kD (SLP‐76) with the p85 subunit of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase
Authors: Shim Eun Kyung , Moon Chang Suk , Lee Gi Yeon , Ha Yun Jung , Chae Suhn-Kee , Lee Jong Ran
Published: August 2004

To investigate additional functions of the T cell adaptor, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain‐containing leukocyte protein of 76 kD (SLP‐76), we performed a yeast two‐hybrid assay using the N‐terminal region of SLP‐76 fused with the kinase domain of Syk. By screening a human leukemia cDNA library, we identified the p85 subunit of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) as one of the interacting molecules. Unlike the SH2 domain of Vav or Nck, tyrosine phosphorylation of SLP‐76 at position 113 or 128 was sufficient for it to associate with the N‐terminal SH2 of p85. Collectively, these data suggest that SLP‐76 may play a role in PI3K signaling pathways.
Preparation of artificial 2‐, 3‐, 4‐ and 8‐domain myoglobins and comparison of their autoxidation rates
Authors: Kawano Kazufumi , Uda Kouji , Otsuki Ryuji , Suzuki Tomohiko
Published: August 2004

Although most hemoglobins and myoglobins consist of 15‐kDa single‐domain subunits, structurally unusual hemoglobins, such as Artemia 9‐domain and Barbatia 2‐domain hemoglobins, occur naturally in several invertebrates. These hemoglobins appear to be the result of gene duplication and fusion. Using cDNA coding for the open reading frame of Aplysia kurodai myoglobin, artificial cDNA inserts corresponding to contiguous dimer, trimer, tetramer and octamer myoglobins (2‐, 3‐, 4‐ and 8‐domain myoglobins) were prepared and cloned into pMAL or pQE plasmids. These artificial myoglobins and wild‐type single‐domain myoglobins were successfully expressed in Escherichia coli in the heme‐attached, oxygenated form. Myoglobin was purified partially by ammonium sulfate fractionation and gel filtration, and autoxidation rates were examined. The autoxidation rates of recombinant wild‐type myoglobins with MBP or hexameric His tag were comparable to those of native myoglobin, suggesting that the recombinant proteins appear to be properly folded and that the N‐terminal MBP or His tag does not have an affect on the rate. On the other hand, the rates were significantly decreased in the 2‐ and 3‐domain myoglobins (50% and 30% of the single‐domain myoglobins, respectively). The rates for 4‐ and 8‐domain myoglobins were similar to those for 3‐domain myoglobin. These results indicate that the artificial poly‐domain structure of myoglobin is more stable than the usual single‐domain myoglobin from the viewpoint of storage of bound dioxygen.
Distribution of IRAG and cGKI‐isoforms in murine tissues
Authors: Geiselhöringer A. , Gaisa M. , Hofmann F. , Schlossmann J.
Published: August 2004

cGMP kinase I (cGKI) signaling modulates multiple physiological processes including smooth muscle relaxation. The expression of cGKI and its substrate IRAG (nositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate eceptor ssociated cMP kinase substrate) was studied. IRAG and cGKI were colocalized in the smooth muscle of aorta and colon. IRAG was present in the thalamus and in most of the myenteric plexus in the absence of cGKI. Coexpression of IRAG and cGKIβ or cGKIα in COS‐7 cells revealed that IRAG recruits cGKIβ but not cGKIα to the endoplasmic reticulum. These results suggest that IRAG may be involved in cGKI‐dependent and ‐independent pathways.
Involvement of IL‐1 family proteins in p38 linked cellular senescence of mouse embryonic fibroblasts
Authors: Uekawa Natsuko , Nishikimi Akihiko , Isobe Ken-ichi , Iwakura Yoichiro , Maruyama Mitsuo
Published: August 2004

Senescence of mammalian cultured cells is essentially organized by a machinery of cell division and cellular stresses induced by various extracellular stimuli. Here, we show that in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) culture in vitro, expression of an inflammatory cytokine, interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and its antagonist, IL‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1Ra) are induced by senescence. The kinetics of IL‐1β‐expression was similar to that of p38 activation during MEFs culture. We also found a distinguishable accelerated senescence in cell growth in IL‐1Ra deficient MEFs culture. Our results suggest that IL‐1β signaling pathway is involved in activation of p38 linked cellular senescence.
CT Angiography in Complex Upper Extremity Reconstruction
Authors: BOGDAN M. A. , KLEIN M. B. , RUBIN G. D. , MCADAMS T. R. , CHANG J.
Published: August 2004

Computed tomography angiography is a new technique that provides high-resolution, three dimensional vascular imaging as well as excellent bone and soft tissue spatial relationships. The purpose of this study was to examine the use of computed tomography angiography in planning upper extremity reconstruction. Seventeen computed tomography angiograms were obtained in 14 patients over a 20-monthperiod. All studies were obtained on an outpatient basis with contrast administered through a peripheral vein. All the studies demonstrated the pertinent anatomy and the intraoperative findings were as demonstrated in all cases. Information from two studies significantly altered pre-operative planning. The average charge for computed tomography angiography was $1,140, compared to $3,900 for traditional angiography.
The Role of Supinator in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Lateral Elbow Pain: A Biomechanical Study
Authors: ERAK S. , DAY R. , WANG A.
Published: August 2004

The relative contributions of the forearm extensors to the tensile force at the lateral epicondyle were examined by implanting a force transducer in the common extensor tendon of four soft fixed cadaver elbows and sequentially stretching each muscle arising from the lateral epicondye. Extensor carpi radialis brevis and extensor digitorum communis produced the largest increases while the superficial head of supinator produced a moderate increase in tensile force in the common extensor tendon. Extensor carpi radialis longus and extensor carpi ulnaris had no significant effect.

Radial tunnel pressure was measured using a balloon catheter in a separate study of five cadaver elbows. Radial tunnel pressure increased on moving the wrist from neutral to a flexion–pronation position. This positional rise in pressure was reduced by supinator musculotendinous lengthening (77%) while lengthening of the extensor carpi radialis brevis and extensor digitorum communis had no effect.

This study demonstrates a biomechanical basis for the superficial head of supinator in the aetiology of both lateral epicondylitis and radial tunnel syndrome.
The Patient Outcomes of Surgery-Hand/Arm (Pos-Hand/Arm): A New Patient-Based Outcome Measure
Authors: CANO S. J. , BROWNE J. P. , LAMPING D. L. , ROBERTS A. H. N. , MCGROUTHER D. A. , BLACK N. A.
Published: August 2004

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a new patient-based outcome measure for hand/arm disorders for use in audit, clinical trials and effectiveness studies. There were three stages. First, we carried out interviews with 40 patients with hand/arm disorders to develop and pilot questionnaire content. Second, in a postal survey with 165 pre- and 181 post-surgery patients, we reduced the number of items and identified scales. Third, in a postal survey with 132 pre- and 204 post-surgery patients we evaluated the psychometric properties of the measure.

Findings confirmed the acceptability, reliability, validity and responsiveness to clinical change of the questionnaire. The Patient Outcomes of Surgery-Hand/Arm (POS-Hand/Arm) is a new surgical outcome measure that can be used before and after surgery (29 and 33 items, respectively) to evaluate and compare new techniques, surgical teams and units.
An Objective Method to Evaluate the Risk of Recurrence and Extension of Dupuytren’s Disease
Authors: ABE Y. , ROKKAKU T. , OFUCHI S. , TOKUNAGA S. , TAKAHASHI K. , MORIYA H.
Published: August 2004

This study was undertaken to assess the influence of the factors related to Dupuytren’s diathesis on the rates of recurrence and extension of Dupuytren’s disease after surgery. The records of 65 patients who underwent surgery for Dupuytren’s disease were retrospectively studied and the presence of factors related to diathesis were recorded. The sensitivity and specificity of each factor for predicting recurrence and extension were calculated. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were also calculated and a discriminant analysis was performed to explore correlations between recurrence and extension and the significant variables.

Our results confirmed the prognostic value of diathesis. The results have been used to develop a new scoring system for evaluating the risk of recurrence and extension.
Dupuytren’s Disease Risk Factors
Authors: GEOGHEGAN J.M. , FORBES J. , CLARK D.I. , SMITH C. , HUBBARD R.
Published: August 2004

Dupuytren’s is a common problem, but little is known about its a etiology. We have undertaken a large case-control study to assess and quantify the relative contributions of diabetes and epilepsy as risk factors for Dupuytren’s in the community. Cases were patients with a diagnosis of Dupuytren’s disease and, for each, two controls were individually matched by age, sex, and general practice. Our dataset included 821 cases and 1,642 controls. Five hundred and eighty-eight (72%) of the cases were men. The mean age at diagnosis was 62 (range 24–97) years. Diabetes was a significant risk factor for Dupuytren’s disease (OR = 1.75) and there was an increased risk for medicinally treated diabetes (metformin – R = 3.56; sulphonylureas – OR = 1.75) and particularly insulin controlled (OR = 4.39) rather than diet-controlled diabetes. Epilepsy (OR = 1.12) and antiepileptic medications were not associated with Dupuytren’s disease. Ascertainment bias in previous studies may explain the reported association with epilepsy.
Isolated Ischemic Contracture of the Mobile Wad: A Report of Two Cases
Authors: BAEK G.H. , KIM J.S. , CHUNG M.S.
Published: August 2004

Two children with isolated ischaemic contractures of the mobile wad (extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis and brachioradialis), which developed after treatment of a supracondylar fracture, are presented. Z-lengthening of the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis tendons improved wrist flexion.
Estimating the amplitude scintillation index from sparsely sampled phase screen data
Authors: Beach T. L. , Pedersen T. R. , Starks M. J. , Su S.‐Y.
Published: August 2004

Phase screen techniques are commonly used to model scintillation of radio signals passing through a disturbed ionosphere, but observational phase or in situ density from both archival and real‐time sources is often sampled at rates well below the resolution desired for input to such models. Previous phase screen resolution criteria do not address the computation of the amplitude scintillation index (S4), which is widely used in scintillation monitoring systems, for practical applications that rely on coarsely sampled phase data. We investigate the accuracy of S4 estimates from sparsely populated one‐dimensional phase screen models through systematic removal of samples from high‐resolution discrete phase screen models in novel numerical experiments. We also provide analytic approximations for the weak‐scatter case and study the effects of antialias filtering. This “subsampling” analysis shows that 2–5 samples per Fresnel radius (rF) are usually sufficient to compute S4 to within 90% of its true value, depending on the form of the phase spectral density function (SDF) and the strength of scattering. We make initial application of the subsampling techniques to data‐based phase screens for studying equatorial ionospheric scintillation with generally satisfactory results. Finally, we outline the use of the techniques developed in this paper to other practical problems, including SDF determination and computing irradiance patterns.
MF radar measurements of sub‐scale mesospheric momentum flux
Authors: Reid Iain M.
Published: August 2004

Measurements of Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere (MLT) wind velocities and spectral widths made using the Buckland Park MF (1.98 MHz) Doppler radar, located near Adelaide, Australia (35°S, 138°E), have been analyzed to obtain the density normalized upward flux of zonal momentum for scales smaller than the radar pulse volume. The results indicate the presence of significant fluxes, with height profiles similar in magnitude and direction to those obtained for the same data for scales larger than the pulse volume.
Indian Ocean subtropical dipole simulated using a coupled general circulation model
Authors: Suzuki Rieko , Behera Swadhin K. , Iizuka Satoshi , Yamagata Toshio
Published: August 2004

The interannual Indian Ocean subtropical dipole (IOSD) event in the southern Indian Ocean is discussed using a coupled general circulation model to derive a scenario describing its complete life cycle for the first time. The positive (negative) IOSD is characterized by an anomalous warm (cool) sea surface temperature (SST) in the southwestern region of the Indian Ocean and by an anomalous cool (warm) SST in the southeastern region. The positive event brings about enhanced precipitation in the southeastern Africa during the peak phase. Composite pictures for the positive and negative IOSD clarify that an anomalous latent heat flux is the dominant factor in its formation. This flux anomaly is caused by an anomaly in the climatological wind field, which is associated with a pressure anomaly in the central region of the southern Indian Ocean. Since the flux anomaly starts during austral fall in the year previous to the event peak and develops for the next 9 months, air‐sea interaction must play an active role in the formation of the IOSD. The reason the peak of the IOSD is locked to the austral summer is that the latent heat flux influences the sea surface temperature most efficiently in the austral summer when the depth of the surface mixed layer is shallowest.
Documenting drainage evolution in Bir Kiseiba, southern Egypt: Constraints from ground‐penetrating radar and implications for Mars
Authors: Grant John A. , Maxwell Ted A. , Johnston Andrew K. , Kilani Ali , Williams Kevin K.
Published: August 2004

Ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) helps to constrain the origin of relict and largely buried fluvial channels in the Bir Kiseiba region of southern Egypt. Our results indicate that the trunk channel to a tributary system identified in Shuttle Imaging Radar data is incised 10–12 m into bedrock, was southwest draining in its final configuration and laterally migrating toward the northwest, and accentuated relief along the nearby Kiseiba escarpment. Alluvium partially filling the main channel likely reflects effects of increasing aridity and bed load combined with less frequent, flashier precipitation. In contrast to defining channel margins, radar data do not indicate subtle stratigraphic changes in bedding related to fluvial aggradation, but do highlight local reflections likely corresponding to relict alluvial bedforms. Our results support the contention that an impulse GPR system, currently under development, could be deployed on a future Mars rover and assist in defining the regional evolution of the landscape and specific targets for sampling.
Satellite remote sounding of atmospheric boundary layer temperature inversions over the subtropical eastern Pacific
Authors: Fetzer Eric J. , Teixeira Joao , Olsen Edward T. , Fishbein Evan F.
Published: August 2004

We describe atmospheric temperature inversions and height‐resolved water vapor fields over the wintertime subtropical northeastern Pacific Ocean in observations by the satellite‐borne Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) experiment. A comparison with model analyses shows good agreement in temperature. Water vapor comparisons with operational radiosondes at four sites in California and Hawaii during December 2002–January 2003 have low biases in the 1000–700 and 700–500 hPa layers. Maps of inversion frequency, and, water vapor at 1000–700 and 700–500 hPa over the subtropical northeast Pacific during 1–16 January 2003–when high pressure and clear conditions prevail–show inversions occurring at a local minimum in water vapor at 1000–700 hPa. Water vapor at 700–500 hPa has a broad minimum extending from Baja California to Hawaii, with inversions found on its eastern half. These observations illustrate the potential of the AIRS data for describing a climatology of temperature and water vapor in subtropical oceanic regions.
Formation of bands and ridges on Europa by cyclic deformation: Insights from analogue wax experiments
Authors: Manga Michael , Sinton Antoine
Published: August 2004

We perform a set of analogue wax experiments aimed at understanding the processes and conditions that lead to lineament formation on Europa. We heat a layer of wax from below and cool it from above so that a solid layer of wax forms above a molten layer, simulating either the liquid ocean or the actively convecting part of the ice shell. The solid layer of wax is then deformed periodically, simulating the cyclic strain caused by tides or by the satellite's nonsynchronous rotation. We find that the formation and morphology of lineaments that develop in the solid wax layer are governed by two main dimensionless parameters: Ψ, the ratio of the cooling timescale for the solid layer to the deformation timescale, and the dilation quotient γ, which is defined as the magnitude of net extension during one cycle of deformation divided by the amplitude of the periodic deformation. For Ψ ∼ 1, features form that qualitatively resemble bands and ridge complexes on Europa. We conclude that diurnal tides may be responsible for the formation of bands on Europa if the conducting layer of ice is a few hundred meters thick and is underlain by a convecting layer of ice. Features resembling double ridges can form if the ice shell has a thickness of a few kilometers and periodic strains are caused by Europa's nonsynchronous rotation.
Controlled test for predictive power of Lyapunov exponents: Their inability to predict epileptic seizures
Authors: Lai Ying-Cheng , Harrison Mary Ann F. , Frei Mark G. , Osorio Ivan
Published: August 2004

Lyapunov exponents are a set of fundamental dynamical invariants characterizing a system’s sensitive dependence on initial conditions. For more than a decade, it has been claimed that the exponents computed from electroencephalogram (EEG) or electrocorticogram (ECoG) signals can be used for prediction of epileptic seizures minutes or even tens of minutes in advance. The purpose of this paper is to examine the predictive power of Lyapunov exponents. Three approaches are employed. (1) We present qualitative arguments suggesting that the Lyapunov exponents generally are not useful for seizure prediction. (2) We construct a two-dimensional, nonstationary chaotic map with a parameter slowly varying in a range containing a crisis, and test whether this critical event can be predicted by monitoring the evolution of finite-time Lyapunov exponents. This can thus be regarded as a “control test” for the claimed predictive power of the exponents for seizure. We find that two major obstacles arise in this application: statistical fluctuations of the Lyapunov exponents due to finite time computation and noise from the time series. We show that increasing the amount of data in a moving window will not improve the exponents’ detective power for characteristic system changes, and that the presence of small noise can ruin completely the predictive power of the exponents. (3) We report negative results obtained from ECoG signals recorded from patients with epilepsy. All these indicate firmly that, the use of Lyapunov exponents for seizure prediction is practically impossible as the brain dynamical system generating the ECoG signals is more complicated than low-dimensional chaotic systems, and is noisy.
Complex dynamics of blackouts in power transmission systems
Authors: Carreras B. A. , Lynch V. E. , Dobson I. , Newman D. E.
Published: August 2004

In order to study the complex global dynamics of a series of blackouts in power transmission systems a dynamical model of such a system has been developed. This model includes a simple representation of the dynamical evolution by incorporating the growth of power demand, the engineering response to system failures, and the upgrade of generator capacity. Two types of blackouts have been identified, each having different dynamical properties. One type of blackout involves the loss of load due to transmission lines reaching their load limits but no line outages. The second type of blackout is associated with multiple line outages. The dominance of one type of blackout over the other depends on operational conditions and the proximity of the system to one of its two critical points. The model displays characteristics such as a probability distribution of blackout sizes with power tails similar to that observed in real blackout data from North America.
Establishing the relationship of ascospore loads with blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) severity on canola (Brassica napus)
Authors: Wherrett A. D. , Sivasithamparam K. , Barbetti M. J.
Published: August 2004

A study was carried out to determine the relationship of blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) to ascospore loads from infested canola residue, and also to determine whether effects of chemicals on L. maculans development and ascospore discharge from residues would be reflected in subsequent disease on a freshly sown crop. Residues were dipped in a water-only control or solutions of flutriafol or glufosinate-ammonium and placed in the field prior to early winter rains where they remained through the growing season. Canola (Brassica napus cv. Dunkeld) was seeded adjacent to residues. Early seedling lesion and adult plant crown canker development were monitored. A significant exponential relationship between numbers of ascospores discharged from residues and seedling percentage disease index (SPDI; range 0–100%) and adult plant percentage disease index (APDI; range 0–100%) was evident. In particular, large variations in SPDI and APDI were evident in relation to changes in level of inoculum where less than 25 × 105 ascospores/stem (approx.) were discharged. A reduction in ascospore numbers discharged from 25 × 105 ascospores/stem to 5 × 105 ascospores/stem resulted in a significant reduction of SPDI and APDI. Above this ascospore/stem threshold, responses to inoculum increases were minimal, with relatively little further increase in SPDI or APDI. Our study established, for the first time, a clear response of disease severity to numbers of ascospores discharged. SPDI was lower in plots containing flutriafol- or glufosinate-ammonium-treated residues compared with water-only control plots. Nearly all seedlings remained symptom-free in flutriafol-treated plots compared with only 20% in the water-only control plots. Crown canker measurement on adult plants indicated significantly lower APDI in plots containing flutriafol- or glufosinate-ammonium-treated residues compared with the untreated control plots. SPDI was highly correlated to APDI.
O
2
activation by binuclear Cu sites: Noncoupled versus exchange coupled reaction mechanisms
Authors: Chen Peng , Solomon Edward I.
Published: August 2004

Binuclear Cu proteins play vital roles in O
2
binding and activation in biology and can be classified into coupled and noncoupled binuclear sites based on the magnetic interaction between the two Cu centers. Coupled binuclear Cu proteins include hemocyanin, tyrosinase, and catechol oxidase. These proteins have two Cu centers strongly magnetically coupled through direct bridging ligands that provide a mechanism for the 2-electron reduction of O
2
to a μ-η
2
:η
2
side-on peroxide bridged

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\begin{equation*}{\mathrm{Cu}}^{{\mathrm{II}}}_{2}({\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{2-})\end{equation*}\end{document}

species. This side-on bridged peroxo-Cu
II
2
species is activated for electrophilic attack on the phenolic ring of substrates. Noncoupled binuclear Cu proteins include peptidylglycine α-hydroxylating monooxygenase and dopamine β-monooxygenase. These proteins have binuclear Cu active sites that are distant, that exhibit no exchange interaction, and that activate O
2
at a single Cu center to generate a reactive Cu
II
/O
2
species for H-atom abstraction from the C–H bond of substrates. O
2
intermediates in the coupled binuclear Cu enzymes can be trapped and studied spectroscopically. Possible intermediates in noncoupled binuclear Cu proteins can be defined through correlation to mononuclear Cu
II
/O
2
model complexes. The different intermediates in these two classes of binuclear Cu proteins exhibit different reactivities that correlate with their different electronic structures and exchange coupling interactions between the binuclear Cu centers. These studies provide insight into the role of exchange coupling between the Cu centers in their reaction mechanisms.