bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arion transsylvanus(Mollusca, Pulmonata, Arionidae): rediscovery of a cryptic species
Authors: Jordaens Kurt , Pinceel Jan , Van Houtte Natalie , Breugelmans Karin , Backeljau Thierry
Published: March 2010

Jordaens, K., Pinceel, J., Van Houtte, N., Breugelmans, K. & Backeljau, T. (2010).Arion transsylvanus(Mollusca, Pulmonata, Arionidae): rediscovery of a cryptic species. —Zoologica Scripta,39, 343–362.

Cryptic species are abundant among invertebrates and are often hard to recognise. Molecular markers are an extremely useful tool to delineate cryptic taxa, although they should be applied with caution because different genes and techniques may yield different outcomes. We illustrate how cross‐validation by molecular and morphological data can be applied to optimise taxonomic interpretations when cryptic species are involved. This is performed for the terrestrial slugArion subfuscusspecies complex which represents a historical ‘taxonomic garbage can’. Gonad morphology, allozymes and mtDNA data consistently showed that slugs from Romania and a location in E Poland represent a strongly differentiated taxon within this complex. These slugs are therefore formally redescribed and assigned toA. transsylvanusSimroth 1885; a forgotten nominal taxon from Transylvania. Diagnostic characters, including DNA sequences for the mitochondrial 16S rDNA are presented. Animals with the morphology ofA. brunneusLehmann 1862, a nominal taxon which has also been reported from Romania, have the gonad type, allozyme alleles and 16S rDNA haplotypes of eitherA. fuscus,A. subfuscusorA. transsylvanus. Therefore,A. brunneusis regarded as a colour morph shared by several species and hence,A. transsylvanusis probably the onlyA. subfuscus‐like species in the Romanian Carpathians.
Botulinum toxin for the lower urinary tract
Authors: Chuang Yao‐Chi , Kuo Hann‐Chorng , Chancellor Michael B.
Published: March 2010

Botulinum toxins (BoNTs) are known for their ability to potently and selectively modulate neurotransmission for successful long‐term treatment of muscle hypercontractility. Recent studies suggest that BoNT has effects on modulation of sensory processing, inflammation and glandular function. Urologists and urogynaecologists have become interested in the potential application of BoNTs in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms, including detrusor and sphincter overactivity, bladder hypersensitivity, interstitial cystitis/painful bladder symptoms and benign prostatic hyperplasia. We review the biological action of BoNT in bladder and prostate, and present the techniques and results of the clinical studies with BoNT in the lower urinary tract.
Effects of combined erythropoietin and epidermal growth factor on renal ischaemia/reperfusion injury: a randomized experimental controlled study
Authors: Hussein Abd El‐Aziz M. , Shokeir Ahmed A. , Sarhan Mohammed E. , El‐Menabawy Fayza R. , Abd‐Elmoneim Hanaa A. , El‐Nashar Eman M. , Barakat Nashwa M.
Published: March 2010

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

It is well known that erythropoietin (EPO) ameliorates the renal injury induced by ischemia or toxins such as cisplatin and radiocontrast media. Also, epidermal growth factor (EGF) exerts a prophylactic nephroprotective effect against the deleterious consequences of the ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Nevertheless, the combined effect of both drugs remains to be further investigated.

This study examined the protective effects of EPO and EGF alone and in combination against renal I/R injury and showed that EPO alone was more powerful than EGF alone and the combination of both drugs was more protective than each agent alone.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate effects of combination of erythropoietin (EPO) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) on renal ischaemia and on reactive oxygen species in a rat model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In all, 90 male Sprague‐Dawley rats were allocated into five groups of 18, designated: Sham; treated with right nephrectomy only; Control, subjected to left renal ischaemia for 45 min with no treatment; EPO‐treated, as the control but with EPO pretreatment; EGF‐treated, as the control but with EGF pretreatment; EPO + EGF‐treated, as the control but with EPO and EGF pretreatment. Renal function, histopathology and malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in kidneys were assessed at 1, 2 and 7 days after ischaemia.

RESULTS

All rats except the controls had a significant improvement in serum creatinine, creatinine clearance and fractional excretion of Na+; all three were significantly better in EPO + EGF group than in all other groups Histopathological examination showed marked structural damage in control rats. The tubular damage was least in the EPO + EGF group. The control group had a significant increase in MDA level and a significant decrease in SOD and GSH, while the EPO + EGF group had a marked significant reduction in MDA and increase in GSH and SOD.

CONCLUSION

The protection against ischaemia/reperfusion injury might be maximal when EPO and EGF are administered concomitantly, and their protective effect might be partly due to their antioxidant effects.
Follow‐up of men with an elevated PCA3 score and a negative biopsy: does an elevated PCA3 score indeed predict the presence of prostate cancer?
Authors: Remzi Mesut , Haese Alexander , Van Poppel Hein , De La Taille Alexandre , Stenzl Arnulf , Hennenlotter Jörg , Marberger Michael
Published: March 2010

Study Type – Diagnosis (exploratory cohort) Level of Evidence 2b

OBJECTIVE

To describe the follow‐up of men with an elevated ‘Prostate CAncer gene 3’ (PCA3, a promising novel tool for prostate cancer detection) and a negative repeat biopsy (Bx‐), as a previous study in men with one or two negative Bx (Bx−) scheduled for repeat Bx showed that a higher PCA3 score corresponded with a higher probability of a positive repeat Bx (Bx+).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This study comprised an analysis of the follow‐up of men with a PCA3 score of ≥20 and a repeat Bx−, after which a follow‐up Bx was taken. The initial study data in 463 men were also analysed to compare characteristics of: (i) men with a PCA3 score of ≥20 and ≥35 and a repeat Bx+, vs those with a Bx−; and (ii) men with a repeat Bx− and a PCA3 score of ≥20 vs <20 and a PCA3 score of ≥35 vs <35.

RESULTS

A follow‐up Bx was taken in 51 selected men; the Bx+ rate was 55%. Men with a follow‐up Bx+ had a higher PCA3 score (mean 69.5, median 50.4) than those with a Bx− (mean 37.7, median 28.2; P < 0.001). They also more often had high‐grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) at the previous Bx (46% vs 17%; P= 0.029). Men with a PCA3 score of ≥35 and a repeat Bx+ had a higher PCA3 score (mean 113.9, median 75.7) than those with a Bx− (mean 87.3, median 56.9; P= 0.047). Men with a repeat Bx− and an elevated/high PCA3 score more often had HGPIN than men with a low PCA3 score.

CONCLUSIONS

An elevated/high PCA3 score can predict prostate cancer in men with one or two previous Bx−. If the repeat Bx is negative, an elevated/high PCA3 score combined with HGPIN might predict prostate cancer at the follow‐up Bx.
Bladder cancer in cystoscopically normal‐appearing mucosa: a case of mistaken identity?
Authors: Herr Harry W. , Al‐Ahmadie Hikmat , Dalbagni Guido , Reuter Victor E.
Published: March 2010

Study Type – Diagnosis (exploratory cohort) Level of Evidence 2b

OBJECTIVE

To test the frequency of malignancy in normal‐appearing urothelium in patients with high‐risk bladder cancer, as biopsy of normal‐appearing mucosa using standard white‐light cystoscopy (WLC) reportedly shows carcinoma in situ (CIS) in some patients with bladder tumours.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Cold‐cup biopsies of normal‐appearing mucosa were obtained by two experienced oncological urologists from 63 patients during transurethral resection of bladder cancers. Each biopsy labelled as ‘normal’ was interpreted by two expert uropathologists.

RESULTS

Each of the biopsies in all 63 patients was interpreted by both urological pathologists as showing normal or benign histology, except that one showed focal CIS.

CONCLUSIONS

Bladder urothelium appearing normal to expert urological oncologists using standard WLC rarely shows CIS when biopsies are evaluated by experienced uropathologists.
Contrast‐enhanced colour Doppler‐targeted prostate biopsy: correlation of a subjective blood‐flow rating scale with the histopathological outcome of the biopsy
Authors: Mitterberger Michael , Aigner Friedrich , Pinggera Germar M. , Steiner Eberhard , Rehder Peter , Ulmer Hanno , Halpern Ethan J. , Horninger Wolfgang , Frauscher Ferdinand
Published: March 2010

Study Type – Diagnosis (exploratory cohort) Level of Evidence 2b

OBJECTIVE

To correlate a subjective blood‐flow rating scale from contrast‐enhanced colour Doppler (CECD) transrectal ultrasonography‐targeted prostate biopsy with the histopathological outcome of the biopsy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In all, 760 men with a serum total prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level of ≥1.25 ng/mL and a free‐to‐total PSA ratio of <18% were included. CECD‐targeted biopsies with five cores were taken only in hypervascular areas of the peripheral zone using a second‐generation ultrasonography contrast agent, followed by a 10‐core systematic biopsy. Prostate blood flow was scored using a subjective 5‐point scale in which 1 indicated ‘benign’, 2 ‘probably benign’, 3 ‘indeterminate’, 4 ‘probably malignant’ and 5 ‘malignant’.

RESULTS

Overall 37% (283 of 760) patients had prostate cancer in the biopsy. All 100 patients with a score of 5 had cancer; 153 had a score of 4, of whom 130 (85%) had cancer and 23 had benign histology (15%); 131 had a score of 3, of whom 34 (26%) had cancer and 97 (74%) had benign histology; 284 had a score of 2, of whom 17 (6%) had cancer and 267 (94%) had benign histology; 92 had a score of 1, of whom two (2%) had cancer and 90 (98%) had benign tissue. Statistical evaluation showed that the subjective blood‐flow rating scale correlated strongly and significantly (r= 0.75, P < 0.01) with the histopathological outcome of the biopsy.

CONCLUSION

The present study shows that a subjective CECD blood‐flow rating scale is a reliable tool to predict the pathological outcome of biopsy cores.
Benign prostate glands at the bladder neck margin in robotic vs open radical prostatectomy
Authors: Loeb Stacy , Epstein Jonathan I. , Ross Ashley E. , Schultz Luciana , Humphreys Elizabeth B. , Jarow Jonathan P.
Published: March 2010

This is a comment moderated paper. Please go to http://www.bjui.org for further details.

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4

OBJECTIVE To compare the prevalence and extent of benign glands at the bladder neck (BN) margin in a large population undergoing open retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP) and robotic‐assisted laparoscopic RP (RALP), as RALP was previously suggested to be associated with a higher rate of benign glands at the surgical margin than RRP.

PATIENTS AND METHODS From 2005 to 2008, 137 RRP and 152 RALP were performed by one surgeon. Pathology slides were re‐reviewed while unaware of origin to examine the extent of benign glands at the BN margin (minimal, moderate, or extensive). Statistical analysis was used to assess the prevalence and extent of benign glands in the two procedures.

RESULTS Benign prostatic glands were present at the margins in 89 (58.2%) RALP and 57 (41.6%) RRP specimens (P= 0.005). There were also a significantly greater extent of benign glands in RALP vs RRP (P= 0.031). After multivariate adjustment for prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level, clinical stage, and biopsy Gleason score, RALP maintained a significant association with both the presence (P= 0.019) and extent (P= 0.018) of benign glands at the BN. Two patients with organ‐confined disease (no cancerous margins) with benign glands at the BN margin had an initially high postoperative PSA level.

CONCLUSIONS Benign prostate glands were present at the BN margin in a greater proportion of RALP than RRP specimens, possibly due to differences in the surgical approach to BN dissection. Additional study is necessary to determine the long‐term biological significance, if any, of these histological differences.
Advancing anthropology in schools: The accreditation of the Anthropology A‐level (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate)
Authors: Street Brian V.
Published: March 2010

The development of an Anthropology A Level represents a major forward movement for the discipline in this country. Now that the RAI has at last succeeded in having the course accredited for teaching in schools, from this September, it is timely to try to put this achievement into a longer historical context. I here briefly review the discipline's attempts over four decades to address the role of Anthropology in educational contexts outside of the university. This process can be seen both as part of a wider public engagement (cf Eriksen, 2006) and as evidence that colleagues in this country have indeed been concerned for a long time with both anthropology in and of education (cf see Green and Bloome 1997).
‘Child sacrifice’ in Uganda? The BBC, ‘witch doctors’ and anthropologists (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate)
Authors: Caplan Pat
Published: March 2010

This article discusses both several recent BBC broadcasts on allegations of ‘child sacrifice’ in Uganda and criticisms of the programmes by a number of British anthropologists. It pursues the idea that both the broadcasts and the criticisms raise two sets of crucial questions: the first is in regard to the interpretation of alleged ritual killings in contemporary Africa and the effects of their representation on lay audiences, both non‐African and African; the second concerns media representations of Africa and public anthropology. Anthropologists (and indeed scholars from other disciplines such as history) have a lot of expertise to offer in terms of understanding the occult in many societies, including contextualising this realm in terms of historical processes and material concerns and suggesting links between apparently disparate issues. In this way, they can they can sometimes go beyond surface manifestations, offer alternative explanations and show that things are not always the way they first seem. However, in order to play an effective public role in this regard, anthropologists need to be willing to grapple pro‐actively with such matters of public concern, not least by engaging constructively with the media.
The Idea of Socialism: From 1968 to the Present‐day Crisis
Authors: Radice Hugo
Published: March 2010

Abstract: In 2008 the 40th anniversary of that iconic year, 1968, was celebrated in the media in relation to student uprisings and cultural revolts, largely neglecting the very significant movements of workers and peasants who were challenging power structures around the world at that time. This omission reflects the failures of socialism in the twentieth century, which are explored in this essay. Beginning from a more complete picture of 1968, the essay examines the history of socialism, identifying the main sources of failure in its theory and practice, in particular that of the revolutionary left. If the failure lies in the elite character of socialist politics and its focus on distribution rather than production, it is to be remedied by a firm focus on the politics of the workplace and the goal of substantive equality. The concluding section reviews the prospects for such an alternative in the current circumstances of global crisis.
Crisis, Continuity and Change: Neoliberalism, the Left and the Future of Capitalism
Authors: Castree Noel
Published: March 2010

Abstract:  This essay's point of departure is the coincident economic and environmental “crises” of our time. I locate both in the dynamics of capital accumulation on a world‐scale, drawing on the ideas of Marx, Karl Polanyi and James O’Connor. I ask whether the recent profusion of “crisis talk” in the public domain presents an opportunity for progressive new ideas to take hold now that “neoliberalism” has seemingly been de‐legitimated. My answer is that a “post‐neoliberal” future is probably a long way off. I make my case in two stages and at two geographical scales. First, I examine the British social formation as currently constituted and explain why even a leading neoliberal state is failing to reform its ways. Second, I then scale‐up from the domestic level to international affairs. I examine cross‐border emissions trading—arguably the policy tool for mitigating the very real prospects of significant climate change this century. The overall conclusion is this: even though the “first” and “second” contradictions of capital have manifested themselves together and at a global level, there are currently few prospects for systemic reform (never mind revolution) led by a new, twenty‐first century “red‐green” Left.
Money Games: Currencies and Power in the Contemporary World Economy
Authors: Agnew John
Published: March 2010

Abstract:  A well‐known cliché has it that “money makes the world go round” Certainly, monetary arrangements, specifically exchange‐rate mechanisms, can serve to show the degree to which markets and states intersect to direct the workings of the world economy. It is common to assume that the singular model over recent decades has been a neoliberal one based on independent floating exchange rates. I challenge this assumption by showing that a number of different combinations of money and power have operated in the recent past, creating a number of distinctive “money games”. Only one of these, the globalist/transnational, is facing a particularly severe crisis. The others, what I term the classic/territorial, integrative/shared, and imperialist/substitute provide available alternatives. The recent history, geographical features, and future prospects of the various money games are the main concerns of the essay. The analysis welcomes the recent financial crisis as providing an opportunity to further pluralize political‐economic visions beyond the perceived dominant one‐size‐fits‐all neoliberal ideology of the globalist regime.
An Economic Ethics for the Anthropocene
Authors: Graham J. K. Gibson , Roelvink Gerda
Published: March 2010

Abstract:  Over Antipode's 40 years our role as academics has dramatically changed. We have been pushed to adopt the stance of experimental researchers open to what can be learned from current events and to recognize our role in bringing new realities into being. Faced with the daunting prospect of global warming and the apparent stalemate in the formal political sphere, this essay explores how human beings are transformed by, and transformative of, the world in which we find ourselves. We place the hybrid research collective at the center of transformative change. Drawing on the sociology of science we frame research as a process of learning involving a collective of human and more‐than‐human actants—a process of co‐transformation that re/constitutes the world. From this vision of how things change, the essay begins to develop an “economic ethics for the Anthropocene”, documenting ethical practices of economy that involve the being‐in‐common of humans and the more‐than‐human world. We hope to stimulate academic interest in expanding and multiplying hybrid research collectives that participate in changing worlds.
Not Doing What You Are Told: Early Perseverative Errors in Updating Mental Representations via Language
Authors: Ganea Patricia A. , Harris Paul L.
Published: March 2010

This research examined the ability of young (N = 96) children to learn about a change in the location of a hidden object, either via an adult’s verbal testimony or from direct observation. Thirty‐month‐olds searched with equal accuracy whether they were told about the change or directly observed it. By contrast, when 23‐month‐olds were told about the change of location, they often returned to the container where they had last observed the object—even when that container was visibly empty. When interference from prior observational encoding was minimized, 23‐month‐olds, and even 19‐month‐olds, successfully updated their knowledge of the object’s location on the basis of language. The processing demands of updating experience‐based representations from new verbal information are discussed.
Categorization in 3‐ and 4‐Month‐Old Infants: An Advantage of Words Over Tones
Authors: Ferry Alissa L. , Hespos Susan J. , Waxman Sandra R.
Published: March 2010

Neonates prefer human speech to other nonlinguistic auditory stimuli. However, it remains an open question whether there are any conceptual consequences of words on object categorization in infants younger than 6 months. The current study examined the influence of words and tones on object categorization in forty‐six 3‐ to 4‐month‐old infants. Infants were familiarized to different exemplars of a category accompanied by either a labeling phrase or a tone sequence. In test, infants viewed novel category and new within‐category exemplars. Infants who heard labeling phrases provided evidence of categorization at test while infants who heard tone sequences did not, suggesting that infants as young as 3 months of age treat words and tones differently vis‐à‐vis object categorization.
Coercive and Prosocial Fathering, Antisocial Personality, and Growth in Children’s Postdivorce Noncompliance
Authors: DeGarmo David Scott
Published: March 2010

To better understand quantity and quality of divorced father contact, a weighted county sample of 230 divorced fathers with a child aged 4–11 years was employed to test whether fathers’ antisocial personality (ASP) moderated effects of monthly contact with children in predicting children’s observed noncompliance. Eighteen‐month latent growth models obtained significant individual differences in levels of noncompliance and growth rates. ASP significantly moderated beneficial impact of fathers’ monthly contact. Fathers’ observed parenting practices significantly predicted noncompliance levels but not growth. Parenting did not account for the effect of Contact × ASP, suggesting both environmental and potentially genetic influences on child adjustment. Findings were robust across boys and girls and age levels. Implications for preventive intervention are discussed.
The Complex Relation Between Bullying, Victimization, Acceptance, and Rejection: Giving Special Attention to Status, Affection, and Sex Differences
Authors: Veenstra René , Lindenberg Siegwart , Munniksma Anke , Dijkstra Jan Kornelis
Published: March 2010

To understand the complex nature of bullies’ acceptance and rejection, this article considered goal‐framing effects of status and affection as they relate to the gender of the bully (male vs. female bullies), the target (male vs. female victims), and the evaluator (acceptance and rejection from male vs. female classmates). The hypotheses were tested with data from a social network questionnaire conducted in 26 elementary school classes (N = 481 children; Mage = 10.5 years). The findings revealed that bullies were only rejected by those for whom they were a potential threat and that bullies generally chose their victims so as to minimize loss of affection by choosing victims who were not likely to be defended by significant others.
“My Way or Mom’s Way?” The Bilingual and Bicultural Self in Hong Kong Chinese Children and Adolescents
Authors: Wang Qi , Shao Yi , Li Yexin Jessica
Published: March 2010

This study examined the relation of language to the development of a cultural self. Bilingual children ages 8–14 from Hong Kong (N = 125) were interviewed in either English or Chinese. They recalled autobiographical events and described themselves, and indicated their agreement with Chinese interdependent versus Western independent values. Children interviewed in English provided more elaborate and self‐focused self‐descriptions and memory accounts and endorsed more strongly Western values, compared with children interviewed in Chinese. Furthermore, the endorsement of a cultural belief system mediated the effect of language on self‐concept, which, in turn, mediated the effect of language on autobiographical memory. These findings offer new insight into the dynamic relations between language, culture, and the self.
Lying and Truth‐Telling in Children: From Concept to Action
Authors: Xu Fen , Bao Xuehua , Fu Genyue , Talwar Victoria , Lee Kang
Published: March 2010

Although there has been extensive research on children’s moral knowledge about lying and truth‐telling and their actual lie‐ or truth‐telling behaviors, research to examine the relation between these two is extremely rare. This study examined one hundred and twenty 7‐, 9‐, and 11‐year‐olds’ moral understanding of lies and their actual lying behaviors in a politeness situation. Results revealed that as age increased, children increasingly evaluated others’ lying in politeness situations less negatively and were more inclined to tell lies in such situations themselves. Contrary to previous findings, children’s sociomoral knowledge about lying was significantly related to their actual behaviors, particularly when children’s rationales underlying their moral judgments were consistent with their motives for actual lie‐ or truth‐telling in the politeness situation.
Public Management Policymaking in France: Legislating the Organic Law on Laws of Finance (LOLF), 1998–2001
Authors: CORBETT ANNE
Published: March 2010

A watershed in the politics of public management in France was crossed in 2001, when the French president and prime minister signed off a law initiated by the French Parliament to reform the planning and control of public expenditure. This legislation, the Organic Law on Laws of Finance of August 1, 2001 (generally known as the LOLF), requires public authorities to adopt performance‐oriented ideas and public management approaches, and seeks to rebalance executive and parliamentary powers over the public purse. This article uses the LOLF as a case study to gain insight into the politics of public management policymaking in France as developed in recent decades. The article starts with an original historiographic account of the policymaking around the law, follows with a research argument explaining the policy choice, and concludes with some field‐level research questions on the politics of public management reform in France.
The Comparative City: Knowledge, Learning, Urbanism
Authors: MCFARLANE COLIN
Published: March 2010

What might be the implications for urban studies if we take ‘comparison’ not just as a method, but as a mode of thought that informs how urban theory is constituted? Comparative research is experiencing resurgence in urban studies, yet there has been little effort to critically debate how comparison might take place, particularly in reference to comparison across the global ‘North–South divide’. Existing epistemologies of comparative research have focused on the domains of practicalities, methodologies and typologies. Notwithstanding the value of these debates, this article offers an alternative framing of comparison that focuses attention on theory cultures, learning and ethico‐politics, drawing on postcolonial debates. This approach works with an expansive conception of comparison that positions comparison as a strategy. The article concludes by outlining three implications for urban research.

Qu’en serait‐il des études urbaines si la ‘comparaison’était considérée non pas seulement comme une méthode, mais comme un mode de réflexion qui éclaire la manière dont la théorie urbaine est établie? Les recherches comparatives connaissent une renaissance en études urbaines, mais rares sont les tentatives de débat critique sur les modalités d’une comparaison, notamment au‐delà de la division Nord‐Sud. Les épistémologies existantes de la recherche comparative se sont attachées à trois domaines: pratique, méthodologique et typologique. Sans nier la valeur de ces analyses, un cadre de comparaison alternatif est proposé ici, inspiré des débats postcoloniaux et axé sur les cultures de la théorie, l’apprentissage et l’éthico‐politique. Cette approche obéit à une conception élargie de la comparaison, laquelle est positionnée en tant que stratégie. La conclusion dépeint trois implications pour la recherche urbaine.
Attitudes to People with Intellectual Disabilities Moving into Ordinary Houses: What the Neighbours Say1
Authors: Hudson‐Allez Glyn , Barrett John
Published: March 2010

A study was conducted to measure the attitudes of immediate neighbours to people with intellectual disabilities who move from hospitals into ordinary houses. Some neighbours in the area under study had demonstrated overt hostility towards the newcomers. 83 neighbours of 17 established homes were interviewed once, and 67 neighbours of 9 planned homes were interviewed three times: before the newcomers arrived, within a month of their arrival, and one year later. It was found that the majority of the neighbours' attitudes over all time scales, as measured by a constructed attitude instrument, were positive. It was also found that attitudes became significantly more positive over time (p < 0.0000). Neighbours' opinions on community care and their general expectations about the newcomers were also surveyed. The implications for attitude research are discussed. It is suggested that the neighbour's protests and hostility came from a vociferous, yet sometimes effective, minority.
Informal Care Networks of Older Adults with an Intellectual Disability
Authors: Prosser Helen , Moss Steve
Published: March 2010

This report describes a study of people with intellectual disability over the age of 40 years who were still living with relatives in the family home. Previous studies have revealed that there exist different types of social networks and that identifying network type and available informal support is important for planning effective service delivery. The main focus of this investigation was on the structure and characteristics of informal support networks and the pattern of support that occurred.

The sample consisted of 32 individuals with an intellectual disability, mean age 46.7 years. Overall, the study found that carers received little support from other family members and the wider community in performing personal and household care tasks. The informal networks of older adults with learning disability operated on a hierarchical basis with primary family members, particularly parents and siblings, providing the bulk of informal support. Other relatives and friends and neighbours played a less significant role in informal care networks. The study also draws attention to the increasing number of elderly carers who, often single‐handedly, provide the primary sources of care for older adults with learning disability. Contrary to what might be expected, it was found that the size of an individual's network, in terms of numbers of localised kin members, was not related to the amount of support the main carer received from others.
Time and the Person: The Impact of Support Services on the Lives of Parents of Adults with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Todd Stuart , Sheam Julia
Published: March 2010

The last decade has witnessed a notable growth in instrumental family support services. While there exists a considerable literature on levels of consumer satisfaction with support services, their impact upon parents' commitment to the parental role has been less well addressed. Employing data derived from a qualitative, indepth study of the experiences of parents of 33 co‐resident adult offspring with intellectual disabilities, this article examines some features of parents' lives which shape parents' needs for support and their assessment of the adequacy of support received. Support services were positively received in the way they interrupted, what would otherwise be, a continuous cycle of care. However, for some parents the nature of provision was such that support services heightened rather than moderated their sense of living a restricted lifestyle. Support services were insensitive to the life course dimension of parents' lives, operating upon a notion that parents required only respite. The findings suggest that support services need to adopt a more rounded view of parents if effective help is to be provided to them. This would include an understanding that parents wish to be creative with the time liberated by support services. The development of support services is discussed in terms of two phases. The first phase, and that which currently predominates, involves supporting parents through sharing the parental workload. The second, and less advanced phase involves supporting the person and his/her range of personal aspirations and interests. The implications which this latter phase may have for other forms of service provision are briefly discussed.
Adaptive Behaviour Gains in Ordinary Housing for People with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Felce David , Perry Jonathan
Published: March 2010

Fifty‐one residents of 14 staffed houses for people with intellectual disabilities were assessed using the Adaptive Behavior Scale (ABS) at the beginning, middle and end of a two year period. Changes in ABS score were calculated to ascertain whether residents experienced continued development once the immediate period following resettlement from institutional services was past. Although some individuals changed little and some lost skills, ABS scores were found to increase significantly over time, particularly among the least able residents. This latter finding prompted further investigations. Conversion to percentile ranks was undertaken to provide a better basis for comparison between individuals as the raw scores cannot be interpreted as an equal interval scale. Unreliability of measurement provided a further reason for caution. Changes in percentile rank scores were relatively modest when compared to the level of unreliability. Moreover, the consistency of change found for individuals across both years of the study period was unconvincing, with the number of times change was in the same direction being only similar to that which would be predicted by chance. Overall, the study demonstrates the difficulties encountered in trying to establish whether improvements in personal competence are ongoing in community residential services for people with intellectual disabilities.
Persistence and Change in Challenging and Problem Behaviours of Young Adults with Intellectual Disability Living in the Family Home
Authors: Kieman Chris , Alborz Alison
Published: March 2010

Persistence and change in the challenging and problem behaviours of a group of 34 young adults with learning disability who were living in their family homes are described. Parents were interviewed in 1988 and again in 1993. The data suggest that challenging and problem behaviours were highly persistent: 83% of people who were injuring parents in 1988 were still injuring in 1993. Corresponding persistence levels for other behaviours were: destructive behaviour, 70%; self‐injury, 75%; night disturbance, 96%; problems with supervision, 73%. The data show a significant decline in the occurrence and frequency of self‐injury. Levels of challenging and problem behaviour were related to mobility, self‐help skills, and receptive and expressive language, suggesting that level and persistence were higher in people with poorer skills. Eighty‐eight percent of parents said that they had received no professional advice on the management of their son's or daughter's challenging or problem behaviour in the five‐year period.
Evaluation of a Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Service for Adults with Intellectual Disabilities: Rationale, Design and Preliminary Outcome Data
Authors: Beail Nigel , Warden Sharon
Published: March 2010

The debate concerning the provision of psychotherapy services for people with intellectual disabilities has moved on from issues of ‘relevance’ through ‘equity’ to the current issue of ‘effectiveness’. The latter is hard to prove from the available research and clinical literature. In this paper we report preliminary results from an evaluation of a psychodynamic psychotherapy service for adults with intellectual disabilities. We present the rationale and design, including details of process and outcome measures, and preliminary results. Issues concerning operationalisation of such a study in normal clinical practice are discussed. Preliminary results suggest good outcome and so we seek to enable other service‐providers to take account of our plans in designing similar studies.
The Future Care Plans of Older Adults with Intellectual Disabilities Living at Home with Family Carers
Authors: Prosser Helen
Published: March 2010

The topic of future care provision for adults with intellectual disability living in the family home is becoming of increasing interest to researchers since epidemiological evidence indicates that this group of people will make increasing demands for residential provision in the future. Deriving information from a previously reported study on the structure and characteristics of the informal support networks, this paper describes the future residential and financial provision planned for a group of people with intellectual disability over the age of 40 years living with relatives in the family home and investigates the factors which influence carers' decisions to plan for the future.

A semi‐structured interview enabled both quantitative and qualitative data to be collected. Results indicated that plans for the future residential care were minimal. Only 28% of carers had made any concrete plans for future residential care of their relative. In the majority of cases, carers were committed to maintaining long‐term home care for their relative with intellectual disability for as long as possible. Attention is drawn to the significant number of elderly parental carers (82% of this sample) who have not made concrete future residential arrangements. Carers were more likely to establish financial plans than residential plans for their family member. No clear differences were found between carers to indicate factors influencing whether they had made preparations for the future. Explanations for the reluctance of carers to plan for the future were, therefore, explored. The overall conclusion to be drawn from the research is that ‘crisis’ resettlement due to ill health or death of the main carer is highly likely. The potential role of service‐providers is briefly discussed.
An Investigation of Stress Experienced by Managers of Community Homes for People with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Elliott Julie L. , Rose John
Published: March 2010

A postal survey examined the nature and cause of stress in managers of community homes for people with intellectual disabilities. Forty‐four respondents provided data relating to perceived levels of pressure and support from a variety of sources. The administered form was derived from Powell's (1992) questionnaire of sources of stress. Correlational analyses indicated that some of Powell's subscales were associated with managers' self‐ratings of Job Pressure and Job Dissatisfaction. Further exploration of these sources of stress suggested staff represented more of a supervisory burden than a source of support. These findings are discussed in relation to Rose's (1995) social support buffer.
Dementia Questionnaire for Persons with Mental Retardation (DMR): Modified Criteria for Adults with Down's Syndrome
Authors: Prasher V. P.
Published: March 2010

Independent assessment of the validity of the Dementia Questionnaire for Persons with Mental Retardation (DMR questionnaire) in screening for dementia in 100 adults with Down's syndrome is reported. Changes to criteria are required for use in the general Down's syndrome population. For single assessments (absolute scores) the new recommended criteria are: mild intellectual disability (ID) sum of cognitive scores (SCS) ≥ 7 and sum of social scores (SOS) ≥ 10, moderate ID SCS ≥ 25 and SOS ≥ 15, severe ID SCS ≥ 34 and SOS ≥ 15. Using the new criteria both sensitivity and specificity of new criteria were 82%. The sensitivity of longitudinal score‐changes was found to be relatively low (60%), suggesting a limited role in the screening for dementia. It is concluded that the DMR questionnaire, using the modified criteria, can aid screening for dementia in the general Down's syndrome population.
Estimating IQ from Adaptive Behaviour Information in People with Moderate or Severe Intellectual Disability
Authors: Moss Steve , Hogg James
Published: March 2010

It is often useful in studies of intellectual disability to be able to stratify the sample in terms of intellectual level. However, this information is sometimes difficult to obtain, and can involve a great deal of time if full IQ assessments are performed. This study explores the accuracy with which IQ scores can be projected by multiple regression from adaptive behaviour scores provided by informants. Fifty‐one people with moderate, severe or profound intellectual disability received IQ assessments using the Kaufman Assessment Battery, and adaptive behaviour assessments using the Adaptive Behavior Scales (ABS). Ninety percent of projected estimates differed by less than 30% from that estimated by the K‐ABC. Mean percentage divergence between actual and predicted estimates of IQ for the 51 cases for which all data were available was 15.0%. Limitations of the technique are discussed. The actual coefficients for calculating IQ are given in tabular form.
Men with Intellectual Disabilities Who Sexually Abuse: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Thompson David , Brown Hilary
Published: March 2010

Trailing behind the recent acknowledgement of the high incidence of sexual abuse amongst people with intellectual disabilities is a recognition of men with intellectual disabilities as perpetrators of sexual abuse. This paper reviews the North American, Australian and British literature published in this area. It demonstrates that both theoretical understandings and clinical interventions with men with intellectual disabilities are often discordant with wider perspectives of work with sexual abusers. The effect of this is shown to be common discriminatory practice received by men with intellectual disabilities which at times shows poor regard for their rights.
Community Staff Causal Attributions about Challenging Behaviours in People with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Hastings Richard P. , Reed Tracy S. , Watts Mike J.
Published: March 2010

Recent theoretically‐driven models have suggested that care staff causal attributions about challenging behaviours may influence staff intervention behaviour. Previous research on staff attributions has been concerned mainly with institution staff. The present study focused on community staff attributions as compared with those of inexperienced healthcare workers (student nurses). A total sample of 94 participants were asked to rate the likely causes of one of three topographies of challenging behaviour (self‐injury, aggression or stereotypy) using 25 attributional items presented in a questionnaire. Results showed that experienced care staff and inexperienced students differed in their views on likely causes of challenging behaviours, although this was not restricted to a single type of causal factor. The experienced staff as a group rated social and emotional variables as likely causes of challenging behaviours. Finally, both experienced and inexperienced participants distinguished between behavioural topographies in terms of their causes. Stereotypy was viewed as a self‐stimulatory activity, whilst aggression and self‐injury were rated as more likely to be caused by social and emotional factors. The implications of research in this area for staff training and behavioural intervention are outlined. In addition, suggestions for future research are discussed.
Residential Provision for People with Intellectual Disabilities in England, Wales and Scotland
Authors: Emerson Eric , Hatton Chris
Published: March 2010

The nature and extent of residential provision for people with intellectual disabilities in 1991 in England, Scotland and Wales is described. In summary, the data from the OPCS Census suggest that: (1) there existed substantial regional and national variation in the extent of residential provision for people with intellectual disabilities in England, Scotland and Wales; (2) overall, the level of provision was significantly lower than Department of Health targets for 1991 of 1.55 places per 1000 of the adult population; (3) the majority of people with intellectual disabilities were living in relatively large‐scale congregate care settings; (4) the majority of residents were younger and middle‐aged adults, although a significant minority were either late adolescents or very elderly; (5) young black men were significantly more likely to be placed in residential provision than their peers from other ethnic groups; (6) young Asian men, young Chinese/Other men and young Asian women were significantly less likely to be placed in residential provision than their peers from other ethnic groups; (7) rates of employment and marriage among residents were markedly lower than for the general population. The results are discussed in relation to national policy aims and existing and future demand for residential provision.
Strategic Service Change: Development of Core Services in Wales, 1983–19951
Authors: Perry Jonathan , Beyer Stephen , Felce David , Todd Stuart
Published: March 2010

National strategies for the development of services for specific client groups are rare in Britain, particularly strategies to which governments pledge significant long term financial investment. This paper attempts to guage the impact of one such strategy, the All Wales Strategy for the Development of Services for Mentally Handicapped People (AWS) (Welsh Office, 1983) by comparing the goals of the AWS with changes in the nature and coverage of services which have followed its inception. Data on the provision of residential, day, education and family support services in Wales were collected in 1995 from county annual plans, Welsh Office statistical returns and questionnaires to county officers. These sources were cross referenced and the data compared with those reported in a companion paper (Beyer et al., 1991) for 1983 (the first year of the AWS) and 1988. Between 1983 and 1995, deinstitutionalisation accelerated, residential services were reprovided by combined statutory and independent sector action, size of residential settings reduced considerably, the range of day activities diversified, mainstream education was available to more children with learning disabilities, respite care became largely community based and the availability of domiciliary support increased significantly. Although the pace of change quickened between 1988 and 1995 compared to that in the first five years of the AWS, a wholesale reorientation of traditional services is far from complete. Changes in service provision in Wales during the course of the AWS are compared where possible to development elsewhere in Britain.
Paradigms in Intellectual Disability: Compare, Contrast, Combine
Authors: Burton Mark , Sanderson Helen
Published: March 2010

Four relatively distinct traditions in work with people with intellectual disability are identified: ordinary living/normalisation, functional, behavioural and developmental. These approaches are analysed as paradigms which could be incompatible or compatible. The paradigms are explored in relation to a profoundly disabled man, whose case illustrates the complementarity of these approaches. It is suggested that the ordinary living paradigm is best seen as a basic guide to direction with the other paradigms feeding into it to help chiefly with implementation. However, the possibility is raised that rather than the co‐existence of different paradigms, what is really being sought here is a new and super‐ordinate paradigm that still awaits its full development.