bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Individual Empowerment among Chinese Cancer Patients in Hong Kong
Authors: Mok Esther , Martinson Ida , Wong Thomas K. S.
Published: May 2004

Among the various chronic diseases, cancer is the leading cause of death in Hong Kong. This article presents the process of how cancer patients are being enabled and strengthened to overcome powerlessness based on the interviewfindings of 12 participants. Interviews were analyzed using constant comparison. The basic social process of empowerment included finding meaning in life, seeking mastery over illness, and acceptance of illness. This study’s unique findings suggest that the process of empowering cancer patients consists of more than giving patients control, choice, or resources, such as knowledge and skills. Nurses have an important role in facilitating patients to find meaning in life, as well as in the transformation of thoughts and attitudes. Nurses’ personal qualities and skills embedded in the nurse-patient relationship constitute an important source of empowerment for patients.
Quality of Life in Hospice Patients with Terminal Illness
Authors: Tang Woung-Ru , Aaronson Lauren S. , Forbes Sarah A.
Published: May 2004

To better understand quality of life (QOL) and its important correlates among patients with terminal illness, a cross-sectional correlational design was used in a study based on Stewart, Teno, Patrick, and Lynn’s conceptual model of factors affecting QOL of dying patients and their families. Sixty participants were recruited from two local hospice programs in the midwestern region of the United States. Data were collected at the participants’ homes. The participants had an above average QOL. Living with the caregiver, spirituality, pain intensity, physical performance status, and social support as a set explained 38% of the variance in their QOL. Among these five predictors, living with the caregiver, spirituality, and social support statistically were significant predictors of the QOL of these participants. Participants who did not live with their caregivers experienced less pain intensity, perceived higher spirituality, had more social support, and had a significantly better QOL. Important contributions of these findings are discussed.
Self-Efficacy Intervention Effect on Physical Activity in Older Adults
Authors: Allison Molly J. , Keller Colleen
Published: May 2004

This study determined the effectiveness of a self-efficacy intervention designed to improve selfefficacy and physical activity in older adults postcardiac event. An experimental three-group design tested the intervention, with treatment groups receiving 1 of 2 supportive telephone protocols (theory-based self-efficacy coaching or attention control). Outcome variables included selfefficacy expectations for physical activity (PA), self-reported PA, and PA performance (distance walked in 6 minutes). The self-efficacy intervention was effective in demonstrating greater PA performance when compared to the attention control intervention, and PA self-efficacy was significantly correlated with both measures of PA. There were significant main effects of time for PA self-efficacy and distance walked, and a significant interaction effect on the distance walked because of time and treatment condition. Although the self-efficacy intervention did not show a direct effect on level of PA self-efficacy as hypothesized, there was an indirect interaction effect on distance walked and physical activity confidence.
Seniors’ Life Histories and Perceptions of Illness
Authors: Montbriand Muriel J.
Published: May 2004

This life history research examined seniors’ life experiences and perceived connections to illnesses. From a randomly selected sample of 190 seniors’interviews, 107 deemed to be the most expressive life stories were selected as the focus for this analysis. All seniors lived independently in a Canadian prairie city, were 60 years of age or older, Caucasian, European decent, had a chronic illness, and told of lives touched by the Great Depression and World War II. Given the paucity of research exploring seniors’ life histories, these findings increase understanding of how life experiences shape seniors’ identities. Four main themes emerged to describe seniors’ lives: chaos, tragedy, quest, and romance. Findings reported here show that seniors with optimistic perceptions do not connect their life experiences with illnesses. Seniors with pessimistic perceptions frequently connect their life experiences with present illnesses and are most likely to remember past abuse and coping with abuse.
Memory Functions of Taiwanese American Older Adults1
Authors: Suen Lee-jen W. , Morris Diana Lynn , McDougall Graham J.
Published: May 2004

Memory complaints are common among older adults, of which ethnic minorities are the fastest growing group. Little is known about the memory function of Taiwanese American older adults.This article utilizes a cross-sectional, correlational design to examine the relationship between sleep, physical activity, depression, and memory self-efficacy and memory function and to determine the variance in memory function explained by the four independent variables and six control variables in Taiwanese American older adults. Memory self-efficacy correlated significantly with memory performance. Among the independent variables and control variables, age was the strongest predictor of memory function. Asimultaneous multiple regression analysis showed that the four independent and six control variables together accounted for 41.8% of the variance in memory function. Results of this study are consistent with that of many other studies conducted in the United States: Memory declined with age.
Feminist Approaches to Nursing History
Authors: Melchior Florence
Published: May 2004

Nursing history, similar to women’s history, has followed the progression of feminist movements, garnering approach and direction from emerging feminist thought. In this article, in a chronological format, women’s and nursing history are juxtaposed with feminist movements. Brief representations of scholarship in women’s history are used to set the context for nursing history, which forms the bulk of the analysis. Although the purpose of this article is to delineate the evolution/direction of Canadian nursing history, past and current historiography is framed within important international scholarship; hence, discussion of works by Celia Davies, Barbara Melosh, and Susan Reverby, for example, is included. New directions in Canadian nursing history should include attention to everyday work experiences from which nurses and nursing students construct their identity. In addition, comparisons to other workers will be helpful.
Restorative Activities of Community-Dwelling Elders
Authors: Jansen Debra A. , von Sadovszky Victoria
Published: May 2004

This study was conducted to identify the restorative activities of community-dwelling elders. Exposure to restorative activities, such as observing nature, is associated with improved concentration, more effective cognitive functioning, and feelings of greater mental energy, peacefulness, and refreshment. Little literature exists regarding the types and benefits of restorative activities engaged in by elders, a group in need of means to promote optimal daily functioning. A qualitative descriptive design was used. Thirty (28 women, 2 men) community-dwelling elders (ages 65 to 92 years) were interviewed using open-ended questions to ascertain their perceptions of restorative activities. A content analysis of themes produced 12 categories of restorative activities: creative outlets, altruism, nature, social connections, cognitive challenges, physical activity, reading, family connections, spirituality and reflection, cultural activities, travel, and other activities. Additional studies with larger, culturally diverse samples and more men are warranted before implementing restorative interventions with elders in the hopes of promoting optimal functioning and well-being.
Testing the Barriers to Healthy Eating Scale
Authors: Fowles Eileen R. , Feucht Jeanette
Published: May 2004

Clarifying barriers to dietary intake may identify factors that place pregnant women at risk for complications. This methodological study assessed the psychometric properties of the Barriers to Healthy Eating Scale. Item generation was based on constructs in Pender’s health promotion model. The instrument was tested in two separate samples of pregnant women. Content validity was assessed, and construct validity testing resulted in an expected negative relationship between scores on the Barriers to Healthy Eating Scale and the Nutrition subscale of the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II. Factor analysis resulted in a 5-factor scale that explained 73% of the variance. Alpha coefficients for the total scale ranged from .73 to .77, and subscales ranged from .48 to .99. Test-retest reliability for the total scale was .79. The Barriers to Healthy Eating Scale appears to be a reliable and valid instrument to assess barriers that may impede healthy eating in pregnant women.
Pro-Market, Non-Market: The Dual Nature of Organizational Change in Social Services Delivery
Authors: Baines Donna
Published: May 2004

New Public Management (NPM) has been adopted in a number of Canadian provinces. NPM is not merely a set of neutral and technical public management strategies, rather it is part of the creation of a minimalist, residual welfare state criss-crossed by pro-market, non-market practices. Drawing on themes emerging from original data gathered as part of a study of social service restructuring, this article elaborates some of the pro-market, non-market processes that dominate state-run and non-profit sections of the Canadian social services sector. Special attention is paid to two processes that have had unexpected but major impacts on the deskilling, disciplining and narrowing of social services work, namely the mandatory licensure and specialization of some workers.
Closer to Home: A Critique of British Government Policy towards Accommodating Learning Disabled People in Their Own Homes
Authors: Stevens Andy
Published: May 2004

This review of British government policy on accommodation for people with learning disability compares two White Papers: Better Services for the Mentally Handicapped(DHSS, 1971) and Valuing People(DOH, 2002). NHS employment issues muted the influence of Better Services. Statistics show a slow transfer from the NHS to other providers, but little development of independent living alternatives since 1971, despite a policy emphasis on social inclusion themes in recent policy. Promotion of housing choice, where residential care provision dominates, inhibits inclusive housing. Valuing Peopledoes not address the potentially conflicting choices of disabled people and their families and is critical of local authorities for not supporting large-scale residential care. Supported living alternatives cannot receive sufficient support where residential care agencies’ interests predominate. Better incentives are needed for local authorities to provide support for people with learning disabilities to safely live in a home of their own rather than in residential care.
‘It’s Only a Tradition’: Making Sense of Eradication Interventions and the Persistence of Female ‘Circumcision’ within a Swedish Context
Authors: Ahlberg Beth Maina , Krantz Ingela , Lindmark Gunilla , Warsame Marian
Published: May 2004

This paper questions why female circumcision (FC) persists despite eradication interventions and the migration of people to non-practising countries and discusses the reasoning of Somali immigrants on female circumcision. It is based on interviews with diverse groups and individuals in the Somali community, mostly refugees in Sweden. Paradoxes implying denial and avoidance emerged. Female circumcision was described, as just ‘a tradition’ that has little to do with Islam. The fear of bringing up an uncircumcised daughter in the liberal sexual morality of Sweden was mentioned as a dilemma. Circumcised women said the health care they received during pregnancy and childbirth was poor while the law failed to take account of the experiences of the Somali people. We conclude that rather than eradication, interventions seem to have silenced and stigmatized the practice due to their failure to take account of its meanings, organization and contexts, including the diasporic dynamics within which immigrants negotiate identities.
The Governance of Homelessness in Greece: Discourse and Power in the Study of Philanthropic Networks
Authors: Arapoglou Vassilis P.
Published: May 2004

This article argues that the study of homelessness in the European South can be advanced by employing concepts and methods of critical discourse analysis, which integrate different conceptualizations of homelessness into wider changes in the direction of the ‘pluralistic’ and ‘decentralized’ treatment of poverty and social exclusion. To illustrate the dialectical relationship between power, discourse, and practice in the treatment of homelessness in Greece the analysis of documents and interviews amongst key stakeholders is contrasted with information from my participation in local projects. Findings suggest that powerful actors resort to a mix of philanthropic and managerial discourses to promote their own charitable work and to select deserving from undeserving clients.
The Global Challenge
Authors: Mulford Bill
Published: May 2004

This article is a lightly edited version of the tenth William Walker Oration. In it, the author argues for greater balance in education and its administration; greater balance between continuity and constant change, dependence and independence, individualism and community, and homogeneity and heterogeneity. More specifically the article puts the case for greater emphasis on continuity, independence, community and heterogeneity to balance what is seen as the current overemphasis on constant change, dependence, individualism, and homogeneity. It concludes by offering a key, the key of a research-based approach to development or learning, to open the way to achieving greater balance in the increasing global challenge that is the future of educational administration.
Educational Leadership and Economic Realities
Authors: Bottery Michael
Published: May 2004

This article argues that educational institutions and the world beyond them are increasingly characterized by greater control and, paradoxically, by greater fragmentation. It suggests that such trends are generated by a confluence of forces that may be summarized under four headings, the dominant motif of which is economic. The first is concerned with the globalization of capitalism, state-mediated responses to this phenomenon, and the educational consequences of such responses. The second is concerned with the nature of the emerging dominant form of capitalism, in particular the movement from the accumulation and control of property to the accumulation and control of information and knowledge. The third stems from the cultural consequences of capitalist practices, and in particular the repackaging of cultural and value experiences as items of consumption. The fourth and final change stems from the personal and social consequences of increased job flexibility and from the fragmentation of careers and life projects which result. This paper proposes that those who develop educational policies and who lead educational organizations need to understand and develop responses to these influences and their effects. It is argued that educational leaders need to foster a vision and transform their organizations by focusing on three key qualities. It is also argued that their ability to foster these qualities depends in part on their attitude to their role, and to the kinds of ‘training’ they receive to enhance their proficiency. Against this backdrop, questions are raised about the efficacy of current ‘training’ methods in dealing with these issues.
Rethinking Teacher Evaluation in the Third World:
Authors: Wanzare Zachariah O.
Published: May 2004

In a Third World country such as Kenya, the need to provide quality education has been emphasized by several writers. A major factor associated with education quality relates to teacher quality. The quality of teachers is important in three main ways: it is key to the development of the principal attitudes towards learning and self-image of the learners; it determines the foundation on which subsequent learning will be built; and it is central to the improvement of the quality of schooling. In this article, the writer considers the evaluation of teachers’ performance. It has the following three main objectives: (a) to review the meaning, functions and processes of evaluation; (b) to examine current practices in Kenya, for evaluation of novice and veteran teachers; and (c) to present an alternative framework for the improvement of Kenya’s teacher evaluation system.
Reflexivity
Authors: Adkins Lisa
Published: May 2004

In this article the increasing significance of Bourdieu’s social theory is mapped in recent sociological accounts of gender in late-modern societies. What is highlighted in particular is the influence of Bourdieu’s social theory, and especially his arguments regarding critical reflexivity and social transformation, on a specific thesis which is common to a number of contemporary feminist accounts of gender transformations in late modernity. Here it is suggested that in late modernity there is a lack of fit between habitus and field in certain public spheres of action via an increasing transposition or movement of the feminine habitus from private to public spheres, which is linked to a heightened critical reflexivity vis-à-vis gender and to detraditionalization. In this article, however, a number of limits regarding this line of argument are highlighted, especially those flowing from the unproblematic coupling of reflexivity with detraditionalization. This exploration in turn leads to a critical discussion of Bourdieu’s ideas regarding social transformation. In particular it is asked why, when thinking about social transformation, does Bourdieu abandon his own principles regarding practice?
From Reproduction to Transformation
Authors: Crossley Nick
Published: May 2004

The point of departure for this article is the observation that, despite his own personal involvement as an engaged intellectual, Pierre Bourdieu offers a very thin account of social movement activism, and one pre-empted by the rather limited concept of ‘crisis’. The aim of the article, however, is to argue that the central concepts of Bourdieu’s theory of practice can be used to provide an effective and interesting basis for the analysis of social movements, protest and contention. To this end the article demonstrates how the concepts of habitus, capital and field, in particular, resonate with important findings from the social movement literature. The focus of the article is limited to an engagement with Bourdieu. It connects with other work by the author, however, in which he has argued that Bourdieu’s framework can be used to address very serious problems in social movement theory.
Pierre Bourdieu’s Political Turn?
Authors: Schinkel Willem
Published: May 2004

This contribution has two main goals. First, Pierre Bourdieu’s later work is critically reviewed. The question is posed whether or not his recent critical work has to be interpreted as the result of what might be called a ‘political turn’. Second, in reviewing the critical content of this recent work, a clarification of the critical potential present in Bourdieu’s general methodological and theoretical presuppositions is given. It can thus be seen that Bourdieu’s analyses have always been critical, because of their anti-essentialist relational logic, and that there is a definite continuity between his ‘older’ work and his more recent work. However, his analyses have become more harsh in tone. To conclude, then, the foundations of Bourdieu’s critique are critically examined. First, it is noted that his recent change in tone reveals a theoretical inconsistency between his earlier work and his recent writings. Second, a critique is given of the theoretical basis of all of Bourdieu’s work: relational logic. It is argued that his anti-essentialism is founded on – in Putnam’s words – a ‘God’s eye point of view’, which seems to be incompatible (if it were ever obtainable) with precisely this anti-essentialist analysis.
Thinking the Feminine
Authors: Pollock Griselda
Published: May 2004

Bracha Ettinger (formerly known as Bracha Lichtenberg Ettinger) is an Israeli-born Paris-based artist, analyst and feminist theorist who has produced over the last decade a major theoretical intervention through a tripartite practice. This article offers an expository introduction and overview of core aspects of her theoretical contribution while relating it to major trends in feminist and general cultural theory of subjectivity, hysteria, memory, trauma and the aesthetic. Organized in several parts, each section addresses the developing vocabulary, terminology and significance of her work. With core concepts are Matrix, metramorphosis, trans-subjectivity, co-poïesis, co-emergence and co-affection, Ettinger’s theory opens out beyond the blind spots of advanced feminist thought. From its independent and original theorization of subjectivity-as-encounter and an-other sexual difference, Bracha Ettinger challenges our attempts to think about femininity associated with the work of Julia Kristeva and Luce Irigaray. Linked to, but distinct from, the philosophical speculations of Deleuze and Levinas, this work creates a transferential theoretical space for Jewish and feminine difference, sexuality, subjectivity and the traumatic residues of modern catastrophe that has major repercussions for cultural, aesthetic, ethical, political and psychoanalytic theory.
Weaving a Woman Artist with-in the Matrixial Encounter-Event
Authors: Ettinger Bracha L.
Published: May 2004

Criticizing Lacan and Levinas, and starting from Freud and Lacan’s denial of the womb and from the Genius-Male-Hero (as theorized by Rank), who is self-creating and holds the power of creation and thus depends on the elimination of the birth-giving begetting mother, I continue my research to formulate a feminine difference that is neither dependency/disguise (Riviere, Butler) nor revolt and struggle in the phallic texture (Kristeva). Unlike other ideas concerning the difference of the feminine, the originary difference that I call matrixial supplies a measure of difference that functions between a woman and a woman, and not only between a man and a woman. With the concepts of the Matrixial, metramorphosis, border-swerving, borderlinking, I outline how both male and female subjects have access to the matrixial sphere and might, as artists, become a ‘woman-artist’; how the Matrixial dissolves the concept of the unitary, separate phallic subject; and how female bodily specificity allows the conceptualization of a field of co-affectivity, shareability and transmissibility. I develop the aesthetic and psychic value of the matrixial voice and its resonance as trans-subjective, based upon a psychic Encounter-Event (rather than just unqualified Thing). Even though the matrixial difference refers both primarily and on the levels of the Imaginary and the Symbolic to the female body – womb, fetus, gestation, pregnancy provide its corpo-real basis – the Matrixial is formulated in terms of a transgressive stratum of subjectivation, where unconscious trans-subjectivity occurs due to particular links and transmission between partial-subjects and partial-objects in co-emergence and co-fading.
Matrixial Refrains
Authors: Bertelsen Lone
Published: May 2004

This article discusses the relations between the artistic, theoretical and psychoanalytic work of Bracha Lichtenberg Ettinger. It is particularly concerned with the claims her work makes on behalf of the feminine. After considering her conceptualization of feminine subjectivity and a feminine symbolic space, an extensive discussion of her art is given. Drawing on the work of Deleuze and Guattari, her art’s creative encounter with this feminine symbolic space is viewed in terms of a matrixial refrain. This refrain is seen as producing a variety of feminine times which provide the basis for what could be called existential ethic in the feminine.
Sounds Like City
Authors: Arkette Sophie
Published: May 2004

Our cultural climate is increasingly dependent upon visual space. Media and communication for the most part are exemplified through television and the Internet. Aural space has, for the moment, become an ambient presence. The aim of this article is to develop a phenomenological approach to interpreting our sonic environment by drawing upon a range of sound-scape theorists. I will, in some cases, provide a counter-argument to established theses, and in doing so endeavour to open up fresh debate for future sonic enterprises.
Multi-Ethnicity and the Idea of Europe
Authors: Amin Ash
Published: May 2004

This article explores the meaning and relevance of the ‘Idea of Europe’ in the context of a multicultural and multi-ethnic continent that increasingly draws on the presence and practices of people from non-European backgrounds. The Idea of Europe, even in its contemporary use, remains an ideal based on a Christian-Enlightenment-Romantic heritage, mobilized by supporters of European integration as the bridge between diverse European national cultures. In a Europe of extraordinary cultural interchange and immigration from all corners of the world, the classical Idea of Europe is strikingly exclusionary and backward looking – a poor motif for the future. The article tries to develop an alternative Idea of Europe, one based on a particular politics of the public domain and a particular ethos of belonging in Europe seen as a migrant space, rather than one based on the enduring cultural values of a body of people called Europeans. It outlines a commons, protected by appropriate EU-level rights, that can both support and bind cultural pluralism and difference, and it proposes democratic vitalism as Europe’s core political project, an idea of becoming European, read as the process of never-settled cultural invention resulting from the vibrant clashes of an equal and empowered multiple public. No myth of origin, no myth of destination, only the commitment to a plural demos.
The Concept of Shinyuu in Japan: A Replication of and Comparison to Cole and Bradac’s Study on U.S. Friendship
Authors: Maeda Eriko , Ritchie L. David
Published: May 2004

Using data collected from a total of 513 Japanese college students, this study explored relational satisfaction with shinyuu(best/close friends) in Japan and provided a crosscultural comparison to the series of studies conducted by Cole and Bradac (1996). Study 1 identified 39 words and phrases related to satisfaction with shinyuu.In Study 2, participants sorted these 39 words and phrases into groups. A multidimensional scaling analysis was used to identify three underlying dimensions: (1) light-hearted–solidarity versus serious–rational,(2) acceptance–reliability versus independent–positive,and (3) frank–supportive versus modest– selfcontrolled.These dimensions appear to align themselves on a continuum with interpersonal quality on one end and social quality on the other. Study 3 supported our interpretation of the first two dimensions and moderately supported the last dimension. Finally, Study 4 demonstrated that two of the dimensions are similar to dimensions identified in Cole and Bradac’s (1996) study. The third dimension, frank–supportive versus modest–self-controlled,was not found in Cole and Bradac’s study, whereas the first dimension of their study, spontaneous–active versus stable–passive,was not found in the Japanese data. These differences are discussed in terms of cultural differences in individualism–collectivism and uncertainty avoidance between the U.S. and Japan.
Relationship Satisfaction and Responsiveness to Nonmates’ Flirtation: Testing an Evolutionary Explanation
Authors: O’Farrell Kimberly J. , Rosenthal Eve N. , O’Neal Edgar C.
Published: May 2004

A laboratory study and a questionnaire study examined, from an evolutionary standpoint, how relationship satisfaction and status relate to people’s responsiveness to flirtation from a nonmate. Singles perceived more flirtation (Studies 1 and 2), desired to date the nonmate (Study 1), and claimed to flirt back (Study 2) more than mates. Partial support was provided for other hypotheses. Compared to females, males regarded nonmates as more attractive and flirtatious (Study 1), but it is possible that mated females flirt back more (Study 2). People with low satisfaction claim to flirt back more (Study 2), but people with high satisfaction may actually perceive more flirtation (Study 1). Reasons for flirting back also were examined and discussed.
Assessing Children’s Representations of their Peer Group Using a Multidimensional Scaling Technique
Authors: Lease A. Michele , McFall Richard M. , Treat Teresa A. , Viken Richard J.
Published: May 2004

The goal of this research was to examine whether multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) is a potentially reliable and valid method for assessing children’s perceptions of their peer group. A total of 162 fourth- and fifth-grade students participated in two studies. MDS-derived depictions of the peer group were generated based on children’s unconstrained (i.e., implicit) similarity judgments of same-sex dyads in their peer group. Overall, fit indices indicated that two-dimensional MDS solutions accounted for most of the variability in group members’ similarity ratings, demonstrating considerable agreement between group members’ implicit representations of their peer group. Furthermore, classroom teachers’ perceptions of peer group organization were highly similar to their students’ perceptions. Finally, the social network pattern in the peer group was related consistently to the organization of peer group members in the MDS similarity space; additional variance in the MDS space was accounted for by behavioral and nonbehavioral characteristics, most notably prosocial behavior. The results of this two-part study show the promise of using MDS methods to assess, and thus investigate, children’s perceptions of their peer group’s organizational structure. It was argued that implicit approaches to understanding children’s perceptions of their peer group would be a useful addition to findings derived from the explicit methods typically employed in peer relations research.
‘Feeling Caught’ in Stepfamilies: Managing Boundary Turbulence through Appropriate Communication Privacy Rules
Authors: Afifi Tamara D.
Published: May 2004

This study used a Communication Privacy Management perspective to examine the communication patterns that foster and ameliorate triangulation in stepfamilies. The qualitative analysis of 90 in-depth interviews with stepchildren, stepparents, and parents from 30 stepfamilies revealed that enmeshed communication boundaries contributed to children feeling caught between their custodial and noncustodial parents and parents and/or stepparents feeling caught between the children in the stepfamily. The dialectical tensions of loyalty–disloyalty and revealment–concealment that comprised stepfamily members’ feelings of being caught produced turbulence in their previously established communication rules. The stepfamilies responded to these tensions with boundary coordination or boundary separation. The ways the boundaries became enmeshed and the management attempts used to coordinate new boundary rules are outlined.
Correlates of Depression and Marital Dissatisfaction: Perceptions of Marital Communication Style
Authors: Uebelacker Lisa A. , Courtnage Emily S. , Whisman Mark A.
Published: May 2004

It has been suggested that variables that predict marital dissatisfaction may also serve to predict depression symptoms, especially in women. The current study explored, in a community sample of married individuals, the associations among marital dissatisfaction, depression symptoms, and perceptions of marital communication styles (i.e., self-silencing and the demand–withdraw communication pattern). Analyses were conducted separately by sex in order to test for expected sex differences. For men and women, depression symptoms were correlated with self-silencing and wife-demand and husband-withdraw communication; furthermore, for women, self-silencing mediated the association between marital dissatisfaction and depression symptoms. As expected, depression symptoms were more highly associated with being in the demanding role for women than for men. Results suggest that perceptions of interactions with one’s spouse, as well as gender-related expectations of how both husband and wife should interact, may be important phenomena to address when considering depression and marital dissatisfaction in both men and women.
Longitudinal Predictions of Religious Change in Adolescence: Contributions from the Interaction of Attachment and Relationship Status
Authors: Granqvist Pehr , Hagekull Berit
Published: May 2004

The purpose of the study was to test our (Granqvist, 2002a) emotional compensation and two-level correspondence hypotheses by examining longitudinal associations of attachment and change in romantic relationship status in relation to religious change. Questionnaires were filled out by 196 adolescents in Stockholm (mean age = 16 years); 72% completed the 15-month follow-up. Virtually no main effects on religious change as a function of either attachment or relationship status were obtained. However, in line with the interaction predictions, an insecure attachment history and insecure adult attachment in romantic relationships predicted increased religiousness for those who had experienced a separation and decreased religiousness for those who had formed a new romantic relationship. The pattern of relations for a secure attachment history and romantic attachment was in the opposite direction. The findings imply that attachment predicts religious change primarily in the context of changes in romantic relationships. These findings may explain why previous studies in the separate domains of attachment and relationship status in relation to religiousness have yielded weak or inconsistent results, and suggest that the two fields need to be integrated. Implications for romantic attachment theory and research in general are discussed.
Spouse Social Control Efforts: Relations to Health Behavior and Well-Being among Men with Prostate Cancer
Authors: Helgeson Vicki S. , Novak Sarah A. , Lepore Stephen J. , Eton David T.
Published: May 2004

We measured perceptions of wives’ attempts to encourage appropriate health behavior among men with prostate cancer, a phenomenon known as ‘social control.’ We examined social control for health-enhancing behaviors (e.g., exercise), health-restorative behaviors (e.g., sleep), and health-compromising behaviors (e.g., smoking). We interviewed 80 married men with prostate cancer shortly after treatment, 2 months later, and 8 months later. Social control was distinct from social support and social conflict. There was no evidence that spouse social control was effective in producing positive changes in health behavior. In fact, health-restorative and health-compromising social control were associated with poorhealth behavior. There were no relations between social control and changes in health behavior over time. Spouse social control was associated with greater psychological distress, especially health-restorative and health-compromising social control. There was some evidence that social control undermined personal control beliefs over time. Future research should consider examining differences in the way that social control is conveyed, so that we may better understand its relations to health behavior and well-being.
The Factor Structure of the Romantic Beliefs Scale for African Americans and European Americans
Authors: Weaver Shannon E. , Ganong Lawrence H.
Published: May 2004

The factor structure of Sprecher and Metts’ (1989) Romantic Beliefs Scale (ROMBEL) was investigated with a sample of 254 African-American and 234 European-American college students (342 females and 146 males). Confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses were used to evaluate the generalizability of the model. Differences in the factor structures between African-American and European-American respondents were found. The factor structure did not replicate for African-American respondents. Because the measure was developed using a predominately white sample, implications for its use in research on more diverse populations are discussed.
Attachment Style and Willingness to Compromise When Choosing a Mate
Authors: Tolmacz Rami
Published: May 2004

This research examined the association between attachment styles and the willingness to compromise, when choosing a mate, among 111 single male students. As expected, results indicated that anxious–ambivalent participants exhibited less willingness to compromise than secure and avoidant individuals, who exhibited a similar, higher level of willingness to compromise. The results are discussed in terms of the different mental self representations and decision-making strategies characteristic of each attachment style.
A Comparison of Offline and Online Friendship Qualities at Different Stages of Relationship Development
Authors: Chan Darius K.-S. , Cheng Grand H.-L.
Published: May 2004

The present study was designed to compare offline and online friendship qualities at different stages of relationship development. The sample consisted of 162 Hong Kong Internet users. They were asked to think of two friends, one they knew through face-to-face interactions and one they knew through the Internet, and then describe the qualities of their offline and online friendships. Results revealed that offline friendships involved more interdependence, breadth, depth, code change, understanding, commitment, and network convergence than online friendships. However, although the qualities of both online and offline friendships improved as the duration of the relationship increased, the differences between the two types of friendships diminished over time. Furthermore, contrary to the evidence typically found for offline friendships, the qualities of cross-sex online friendships were higher than that of same-sex online friendship. These results suggest that the influence of the structural and normative constraints typically found in face-to-face interaction may be different in the online setting.
Russia as a Space of Hope: Nineteenth-Century French Challenges to the Liberal Image of Russia
Authors: Adamovsky Ezequiel
Published: May 2004

This article analyses the clash of representations of Russia in nineteenth-century France, as part of the more general political struggle for the meaning of ‘Europe’. Against the liberal idea of Europe — according to which Russia was a land of barbarism and tyranny — different groups of romantics, socialists, mystics, anarchists, conservatives and authoritarian thinkers presented Russia as a model for Europe to follow, although for different reasons. Thus, for some conservatives, Russian Christianity offered the promise of religious regeneration, while for others the tsarist hierarchy could well be the model or order that Europe needed. On the other hand, the Russian peasant commune offered romantic intellectuals and socialist and anarchist thinkers the promise of social regeneration or an anti-capitalist model of society. Among others, the article deals with the ideas of Bonald, Maistre, Balzac, Comte, Le Play, Considérant, Cœurderoy, Lèbre, Reclus, de Staël, Herzen, Mickiewicz, Haxthausen, Herder and Cyprien Robert.
Victims, Perpetrators and Bystanders in a German Town: The Jews of Osnabrück before, During and after the Third Reich
Authors: Panayi Panikos
Published: May 2004

Using the approach of Alltagsgeschichte, this article traces the history of the Jews of Osnabrück from the end of the Weimar Republic to the immediate postwar period. Using a variety of primary sources, contextualized within the historiography of the Nazi persecution of the Jews, it traces the rise of anti-Semitism during the 1920s and early 1930s, early Nazi policies and the eradication of the Jewish community during the Second World War, concluding with details about the situation in 1945. The majority of the article deals with the experience of the victims, most of whom actually emigrated. It concludes with an examination of the perpetrators and bystanders, concurring with recent research suggesting that while large sections of the German population may have had strong prejudices, the eradication of the Osnabrück Jews occurred due to the actions of a few bureaucrats, while most of the population did little.
Wehrmacht Security Regiments in the Soviet Partisan War, 1943
Authors: Shepherd Ben
Published: May 2004

It is generally agreed upon by historians that the German Wehrmacht identified strongly with National Socialism and embroiled itself in the Third Reich’s criminality. Less certain is how far down this identification ran. For the German Army of the East, engaged in the ideologically coloured eastern campaign the scale of complicity makes investigation at lower-levels especially pertinent.
Studying Inter-War Fascism in Epochal and Diachronic Terms: Ideological Production, Political Experience and the Quest for ‘Consensus’
Authors: Kallis Aristotle A.
Published: May 2004

This article examines fascism’s dual nature, as both period-specific (epochal) experience and diachronic intellectual/political phenomenon, thus reflecting an ongoing, often acrimonious historiographical debate on this subject. It analyses inter-war fascism as a specific articulation of a borrowed utopia from radical nationalism that was not confined to the 1918-45 period. However, it also underlines how the ‘power of precedent’ — that is, the experience generated from the practice of specific fascist regimes — resulted in the elaboration of the doctrine and in its adoption/adaptation by a series of kindred political regimes across inter-war Europe. In this respect, while fascism as intellectual phenomenon has a clear diachronic dimension, the particular experience of inter-war fascism was indeed specific to its context and thus retains much of its specificity and individuality in analytical terms. In this sense, the article argues for a linguistic reconceptualization of the two ‘fascisms’ (one historical, the other ideal-typical) in order to avoid the current conceptual confusion without disinheriting either of the two. Although the article supports a qualified epochal perception of fascism, it also stresses the complementary nature of the two approaches in the direction of generating a genuine, viable consensus in fascist studies.
Republicanizing the City: Radical Republicans in Toulouse, 1880–90
Authors: Simpson Martin
Published: May 2004

Using research on Toulouse, this article explores the limits of ‘statuomania’ in a major French city that was dominated by a strongly republican municipality, keen to testify to its principles. It looks at the alternative strategies that were adopted alongside efforts to achieve republican statues, and at the distinction between republican spectacles and republican monuments, suggesting that street names offered an ideal, cheap and effective mechanism for the ‘republicanization’ of public space. Nonetheless, there were problems. Street names also serve to underline the importance of the local dimension: republican homogeneity in terms of provincial street names has been overstated. There are European History Quarterly Copyright © 2004 SAGE Publications, London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi (www.sagepublications.com), Vol. 34(2), 265– also questions to be raised about the issue of government aid for statue-building projects. Was the opportunist leadership unwilling to back a municipal council committed to a radical version of the Republic as well as being the declared enemy of the Toulousain Minister of the Interior, Ernest Constans?
ISO 9001:2000
Authors: Bendell Tony , Boulter Louise
Published: May 2004

The ISO 9000 standard has been revised as of December 2000 with the new version compulsorily replacing the old by December 2003. It has been thought that the implications of addressing the changes may be particularly acute for small businesses, for which the impact of requirements and relative commercial costs of compliance can be greatest. The research reported in this article explores the differing implications that the revision to ISO 9000 is likely to have upon small and medium-sized, as well as larger, businesses. Issues covered include assessing the appropriateness of the revised standard to firms of these sizes, the likelihood of continued registration, difficulties that such firms are likely to experience with the changes, type of support needed and the identification of support packages that will be most appropriate and effective. This article reports on the study and some relevant findings.
All Change - Repositioning Information Professionals and End-Users: ICC’s Response to the Business Information Resources Survey 2003
Authors: Slater Rachel
Published: May 2004

Offers a number of comments and observations on the Business Information Resources Survey 2003 from the viewpoint of the work and experience of ICC. It is argued that the Survey’s conclusion, that there are growing initiatives to improve the information literacy of end-users, should be seen as being good news for both information professionals and end-users. The results of the survey and feedback from the market indicate that fears of a disenfranchisement of the knowledge professional, as users by-pass formal information systems, leading to a decline in enquiries, may be overdone. The general picture suggests that rather than declining, requests are in fact merely changing and that information professionals are as much in demand as ever before. It is concluded that the growing initiatives to improve the information literacy of end-users will fact have a very positive impact on both the end-users and on librarians/information professionals. The changes will allow end-users to contribute to and share in the knowledge of their organisations, while information workers will benefit by adding value to their organisations and help shape their own roles and careers.
The Changing Face of Business Information - Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: OneSource’s Response to the Business Information Resources Survey 2003
Authors: Small Stuart
Published: May 2004

Offers a number of comments and observations on the Business Information Resources Survey 2003 from the viewpoint of the work and experience of OneSource. A comparison is made between this Survey and selected results taken from the OneSource Information Services 2002 customer survey. Although the BIR Survey respondents indicated a decline in use of OneSource for financial information (from 19% to 7%), this finding is not supported by OneSource’s own statistics, where company financials data was found to remain the most popular type of content, client retention rates remain very high and overall usage rose considerably. OneSource saw a 23% increase in the number of active users during 2002, whilst during the same period the total number of client sites grew by 6%, suggesting a greater intensity of both users and usage within subscribing organisations and demonstrating more widespread usage of business information. Both surveys point to the fact that the roles of information professionals and the business information sector are evolving, with evidence of a more strategic approach to knowledge sharing, a commitment to the sector and a growing level of in- depth usage. Nevertheless, there are still areas of concern, particularly the lack of a true partnership and relationship between buyer and seller that is exacerbated by current economic conditions. While it is not possible to predict what 2003 will bring for the economy and the industry at large, how information professionals choose to address their future is very much in their own hands.