bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Occupational conditions and the risk of the use of amphetamines by truck drivers
Authors: Oliveira Lúcio Garcia de , Souza Letícia Maria de Araújo de , Barroso Lúcia Pereira , Gouvêa Marcela Júlio César , Almeida Carlos Vinícius Dias de , Muñoz Daniel Romero , Leyton Vilma
Published: September 2015

OBJECTIVE To test whether the occupational conditions of professional truck drivers are associated with amphetamine use after demographic characteristics and ones regarding mental health and drug use are controlled for.METHODS Cross-sectional study, with a non-probabilistic sample of 684 male truck drivers, which was collected in three highways in Sao Paulo between years 2012 and 2013. Demographic and occupational information was collected, as well as data on drug use and mental health (sleep quality, emotional stress, and psychiatric disorders). A logistic regression model was developed to identify factors associated with amphetamine use. Odds ratio (OR; 95%CI) was defined as the measure for association. The significance level was established as p < 0.05.RESULTS The studied sample was found to have an average age of 36.7 (SD = 7.8) years, as well as low education (8.6 [SD = 2.3] years); 29.0% of drivers reported having used amphetamines within the twelve months prior to their interviews. After demographic and occupational variables had been controlled for, the factors which indicated amphetamine use among truck drivers were the following: being younger than 38 years (OR = 3.69), having spent less than nine years at school (OR = 1.76), being autonomous (OR = 1.65), working night shifts or irregular schedules (OR = 2.05), working over 12 hours daily (OR = 2.14), and drinking alcohol (OR = 1.74).CONCLUSIONS Occupational aspects are closely related to amphetamine use among truck drivers, which reinforces the importance of closely following the application of law (Resting Act (“Lei do Descanso”); Law 12,619/2012) which regulates the workload and hours of those professionals. Our results show the need for increased strictness on the trade and prescription of amphetamines in Brazil.
Chikungunya risk for Brazil
Authors: Azevedo Raimunda do Socorro da Silva , Oliveira Consuelo Silva , Vasconcelos Pedro Fernando da Costa
Published: September 2015

This study aimed to show, based on the literature on the subject, the potential for dispersal and establishment of the chikungunya virus in Brazil. The chikungunya virus, a Togaviridae member of the genusAlphavirus, reached the Americas in 2013 and, the following year, more than a million cases were reported. In Brazil, indigenous transmission was registered in Amapa and Bahia States, even during the period of low rainfall, exposing the whole country to the risk of virus spreading. Brazil is historically infested by Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, also dengue vectors. Chikungunya may spread, and it is important to take measures to prevent the virus from becoming endemic in the country. Adequate care for patients with chikungunya fever requires training general practitioners, rheumatologists, nurses, and experts in laboratory diagnosis. Up to November 2014, more than 1,000 cases of the virus were reported in Brazil. There is a need for experimental studies in animal models to understand the dynamics of infection and the pathogenesis as well as to identify pathophysiological mechanisms that may contribute to identifying effective drugs against the virus. Clinical trials are needed to identify the causal relationship between the virus and serious injuries observed in different organs and joints. In the absence of vaccines or effective drugs against the virus, currently the only way to prevent the disease is vector control, which will also reduce the number of cases of dengue fever.
Qualidade de frutos de tomateiro fertirrigado com potássio em solo co berto com polietileno preto.
Authors: Sampaio Regynaldo A. , Fontes Paulo Cezar R.
Published: September 2015

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os efeitos da fertirrigação potássica e da cobertura do solo com polietileno preto na composi ção e qualidade de frutos de tomate. O experimento foi realizado nos meses de setembro de 1995 a janeiro de 1996, compreendendo o final do período fiio e seco e o início do período quente e chuvoso, na Universidade Federal de Viçosa, em solo podzólico vermelho- amarelo câmbico. Os tratamentos, com cinco repetições, no delinea mento em blocos casualizados, foram: (A) aplicação manual de 40% da dose recomendada de K no sulco de transplante e 60% aplicados manualmente, em cobertura (testemunha); (B) aplicação manual de 40% da dose de K no sulco de transplante e 60% aplicados por fertirrigação; (C) aplicação manual de 40% da dose de K no sulco de transplante e 60% aplicados por fertirrigação, em solo coberto com polietileno preto; (D) aplicação de 100% da dose de K por fertirrigação e (E) aplicação de 100% da dose de K por fertirrigação, em solo coberto com polietileno preto. Cada unidade experimental foi constituída por 28 plantas no espaçamento 1,0 x 0,5 m, sendo a parcela útil formada pelas 10 plantas centrais. A percentagem de matéria seca e os teores de N-NH4+, N-N03_, N-total, P, K, S, Mg e relação K/Ca na matéria seca do fruto de tomate não foram influen ciados pela fertirrigação e pela cobertura do solo com polietileno. Com a aplicação total do K por fertirrigação, o teor de Ca no fruto foi maior com o uso da cobertura do solo com polietileno. Por outro lado, as relações K/Mg e K/(Ca+Mg) no fruto foram, em geral, me nores no tratamento com fertirrigação total e com polietileno. A per centagem de sólidos solúveis totais, a acidez total titulável, o "flavor", o pH e o teor de vitamina C no fruto de tomate não foram influenci ados pela fertirrigação e pela cobertura do solo com polietileno, en quanto os teores de licopeno e carotenóides totais, quando a fertirrigação potássica foi total, aumentaram com o uso da cobertura do solo.
Metodologia para avaliação da resistência de péletes
Authors: Silva; João B.C. da , Nakagawa João
Published: September 2015

A rigidez da camada de peletização depende da proporção de cimentante na sua constituição. Os péletes devem ser suficientemente rígidos para manterem a sua integridade física durante a classifica ção, no transporte, no manuseio ou na semeadura mecanizada. En tretanto, deve-se utilizar o mínimo de cimentante (adesivo), pois estes são geralmente produtos visguentos e a viscosidade da solução retida nos poros da camada de peletização, após a irrigação, afeta a drenagem da água e consequentemente a troca gasosa entre a se mente e o ambiente externo ao pélete. Para avaliar a resistência físi ca dos péletes, adaptou-se uma prensa confeccionando-se um anel- de-prova com superfície interna de 10 cm2 e êmbolo de 8,7 cm2. Determinou-se a força necessária para reduzir cada milímetro da camada de pélete colocada no anel e, tomando-se o segmento retilíneo da curva originada das determinações, observou-se que a faixa de 5 a 20% de redução percentual do volume de péletes apresentou prati camente os mesmos valores de resistência para amostras de 20, 30, 40 ou 50 ml de péletes. Estabelecendo-se como índice de resistên cia, a força necessária para reduzir 10% do volume da amostra, par tindo de uma amostra de 20 ml e utilizando-se anel-de-prova de 10 cm2, mediu-se a resistência de quatorze tipos de péletes. Os péletes confeccionados com areia mais bentonita apresentaram os menores índices de resistência. Quando os péletes haviam recebido o acaba mento com calcário mais cola à base de acetato de polivinila (PVA), apresentaram resistência intermediária e aqueles confeccionados com cola PVA como único cimentante, apresentaram os maiores índices.
Supplemental LED lighting increases pansy growth
Authors: Koksal Nezihe , Incesu Meral , Teke Ahmet
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT: Pansy (Viola cornuta) is a facultative long-day plant that flowers from October until March in Turkey. During the winter months, low light levels can limit plant growth and development. Light emitting diodes (LEDs) can provide supplemental lighting in greenhouses which produce same light intensity with less energy than conventional incandescent lighting. Light emitting diode technologies have enabled affordable and efficient light systems to be installed in greenhouses and plastic tunnels in the field. In this experiment we evaluated the effects of supplemental red-orange LED lightening on the growth and development of pansy cv. Blue Blotch grown in plastic tunnels. The energy, which LEDs are to consume, was provided through a solar panel system with the aim of drawing attention to the cleanliness of solar energy source. Five hours of supplement LED lighting was applied after dusk starting from November to February. Pansy growth and development parameters were compared with non-light supplied control plants. Supplemental LED lighting significantly increased plant biomass weight, flower number and leaves number at the rate of 52%, 72%, and 47%, respectively. Moreover, LED lighting increased plant growth rate (0.109 and 0.306 g of fresh weight), compared with the no light control. LED lighting, however, had no effect on length of stems, number of branches and the diameter of flowers. Thus, this study indicated that pansies are light limited during the winter months and supplemental LED lighting can significantly increase pansy growth and development.
Hiroshima: a catástrofe atômica e suas testemunhas
Authors: Nakagawa Cristiane Izumi
Published: September 2015

Ao longo das duas Guerras Mundiais, observou-se o rompimento da humanidade com as normas de conduta inauguradas pelo Iluminismo, legitimando a violência como algo intrínseco à sociedade moderna. Essa mudança de valores foi acompanhada pelo crescente investimento científico e tecnológico, que atingiu um elevado desenvolvimento durante o século XX e trouxe, como um de seus resultados, os maiores genocídios realizados pelos Estados autoritários em nome de seus interesses políticos e econômicos. A barbárie nos leva a considerar um elemento para a reflexão: as testemunhas. Essas corporificam a necessidade de um resgate da humanização, da retomada dos valores morais perdidos com a banalização da violência. Assim, o testemunho confronta a história e demonstra que o desenvolvimento tecnológico não é sinônimo de desenvolvimento humano. Pelo contrário, permite questionar a verdadeira intenção das nações que, em busca de hegemonia, destroem maciçamente populações inteiras. Nesse contexto, emergem as seguintes questões: o que é o testemunho e qual a sua importância para a sociedade moderna? O que levou, historicamente, ao surgimento das testemunhas? Qual o contexto histórico que proporcionou o desenvolvimento da bomba atômica? Por que houve a necessidade, por parte das nações em guerra, de exterminarem milhares de pessoas, principalmente civis? Qual a consequência do rompimento das normas de civilidade pelas duas Guerras Mundiais? Para responder a essas perguntas, investigou-se o Museu Memorial da Paz de Hiroshima no que diz respeito à sua exposição permanente, seus objetivos no que se refere à luta contra o esquecimento da catástrofe atômica e à coleta de testemunhos. Após esse primeiro momento da pesquisa, procedeu-se ao estudo do contexto histórico que culminou nas atrocidades cometidas ao longo das duas Grandes Guerras, os resultados dos extermínios em massa para a sociedade moderna e, finalmente, o estudo sobre o trauma e o testemunho em relação aos sobreviventes do bombardeio atômico de Hiroshima.
Diferenciando as abordagens tradicional e ágil de gerenciamento de projetos
Authors: Eder Samuel , Conforto Edivandro Carlos , Amaral Daniel Capaldo , Silva Sergio Luis da
Published: September 2015

As críticas recentes à teoria tradicional de gerenciamento de projetos resultaram em uma nova abordagem, denominada Gerenciamento Ágil (GAP). A dificuldade em investiga-la é que não há instrumentos de pesquisa capazes de distinguir sua aplicação em organização ou projeto, o que impede correlação com desempenho. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar diferenças críticas capazes de caracterizar o uso do GAP. Iniciou-se com uma revisão bibliográfica sistemática para identificar práticas recomendadas em cada abordagem, decompostas em ações, técnicas e ferramentas. Elas foram comparadas entre si e com ações observadas in loco em dois estudos de caso, incorporados, de empresas com excelência reconhecida no uso de cada abordagem: ágil e tradicional. O resultado foi a identificação de seis características críticas que diferenciam o uso de uma ou outra abordagem. Elas podem ser utilizadas para a elaboração de instrumentos de pesquisa, aumentando a precisão da identificação das abordagens em campo: uma contribuição para que o desempenho do GAP possa ser cientificamente verificado.
Análise de Modos e Efeitos de Falha na avaliação dos impactos ambientais provenientes do abate animal
Authors: Rabelo Mariane Helena Sances , Silva Eric Keven , Peres Alexandre de Paula
Published: September 2015

A Análise de Modos e Efeitos de Falha (AMEF) é um método de análise de produto ou processo para detectar e eliminar problemas potenciais de forma sistemática e completa. Os abatedouros levam a significativos impactos sobre o meio ambiente, sendo que o maior problema nesses processos é a falta de equipamentos modernos para promover a remoção de gases fétidos e efluentes tóxicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar os formulários de aplicação do FMEA em um frigorífico de médio porte da região de Poços de Caldas (MG), o qual realiza abates de bovinos e suínos, cujo intuito foi diagnosticar os potenciais riscos gerados pelo frigorífico, e aos controles ambientais exercidos em relação à linha de abate e graxaria. Observou-se que a indústria frigorífica representa um grande potencial poluidor sobre os efluentes naturais, pois o sangue resultante do abate é um agente de grande impacto sobre o ecossistema hídrico.
Streptococcus pneumoniae-associated pneumonia complicated by purulent pericarditis: case series
Authors: Cillóniz Catia , Rangel Ernesto , Barlascini Cornelius , Piroddi Ines Maria Grazia , Torres Antoni , Nicolini Antonello
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjective: In the antibiotic era, purulent pericarditis is a rare entity. However, there are still reports of cases of the disease, which is associated with high mortality, and most such cases are attributed to delayed diagnosis. Approximately 40-50% of all cases of purulent pericarditis are caused by Gram-positive bacteria, Streptococcus pneumoniae in particular.Methods: We report four cases of pneumococcal pneumonia complicated by pericarditis, with different clinical features and levels of severity.Results: In three of the four cases, the main complication was cardiac tamponade. Microbiological screening (urinary antigen testing and pleural fluid culture) confirmed the diagnosis of severe pneumococcal pneumonia complicated by purulent pericarditis.Conclusions: In cases of pneumococcal pneumonia complicated by pericarditis, early diagnosis is of paramount importance to avoid severe hemodynamic compromise. The complications of acute pericarditis appear early in the clinical course of the infection. The most serious complications are cardiac tamponade and its consequences. Antibiotic therapy combined with pericardiocentesis drastically reduces the mortality associated with purulent pericarditis.
Functional improvement in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis undergoing single lung transplantation
Authors: Rubin Adalberto Sperb , Nascimento Douglas Zaione , Sanchez Letícia , Watte Guilherme , Holand Arthur Rodrigo Ronconi , Fassbind Derrick Alexandre , Camargo José Jesus
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the changes in lung function in the first year after single lung transplantation in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).Methods: We retrospectively evaluated patients with IPF who underwent single lung transplantation between January of 2006 and December of 2012, reviewing the changes in the lung function occurring during the first year after the procedure.Results: Of the 218 patients undergoing lung transplantation during the study period, 79 (36.2%) had IPF. Of those 79 patients, 24 (30%) died, and 11 (14%) did not undergo spirometry at the end of the first year. Of the 44 patients included in the study, 29 (66%) were men. The mean age of the patients was 57 years. Before transplantation, mean FVC, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC ratio were 1.78 L (50% of predicted), 1.48 L (52% of predicted), and 83%, respectively. In the first month after transplantation, there was a mean increase of 12% in FVC (400 mL) and FEV1 (350 mL). In the third month after transplantation, there were additional increases, of 5% (170 mL) in FVC and 1% (50 mL) in FEV1. At the end of the first year, the functional improvement persisted, with a mean gain of 19% (620 mL) in FVC and 16% (430 mL) in FEV1.Conclusions: Single lung transplantation in IPF patients who survive for at least one year provides significant and progressive benefits in lung function during the first year. This procedure is an important therapeutic alternative in the management of IPF.
Identifying activating mutations in the EGFR gene: prognostic and therapeutic implications in non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Lopes Gabriel Lima , Vattimo Edoardo Filippo de Queiroz , Castro Junior Gilberto de
Published: September 2015

AbstractLung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Promising new therapies have recently emerged from the development of molecular targeted drugs; particularly promising are those blocking the signal transduction machinery of cancer cells. One of the most widely studied cell signaling pathways is that of EGFR, which leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation, increased cell angiogenesis, and greater cell invasiveness. Activating mutations in the EGFR gene (deletions in exon 19 and mutation L858R in exon 21), first described in 2004, have been detected in approximately 10% of all non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients in Western countries and are the most important predictors of a response to EGFR tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs). Studies of the EGFR-TKIs gefitinib, erlotinib, and afatinib, in comparison with platinum-based regimens, as first-line treatments in chemotherapy-naïve patients have shown that the EGFR-TKIs produce gains in progression-free survival and overall response rates, although only in patients whose tumors harbor activating mutations in the EGFR gene. Clinical trials have also shown EGFR-TKIs to be effective as second- and third-line therapies in advanced NSCLC. Here, we review the main aspects of EGFR pathway activation in NSCLC, underscore the importance of correctly identifying activating mutations in the EGFR gene, and discuss the main outcomes of EGFR-TKI treatment in NSCLC.
A new composite flooring solution for the Leadenhall Building, UK
Authors: Stehle John , Cork Steve , Butler Andy , Banfi Mike , Livesey Rob , Bregulla Julie
Published: September 2015

The construction of the Leadenhall Building in London, UK has presented many challenges to the project team due to its distinct geometry and constrained city centre site. Conventional construction techniques would have resulted in a slow build programme, and caused major disruption to the local environment. Hence contractor Laing O’Rourke developed a new composite flooring solution for the project in collaboration with Arup and BRE, consisting of lightweight precast concrete elements that were dowelled and grouted together integrally with the supporting steelwork. This paper presents the new patented solution that was developed and the research and development that was undertaken to demonstrate its technical viability. Small-scale shear and bond tests, and large-scale load and dynamic testing were undertaken to demonstrate the system’s performance against the technical requirements defined for the project by the clients, British Land and Oxford Properties. Lessons learnt from manufacturing, installation and on-site dynamics testing are discussed.
Associations between Deceased-Donor Urine Injury Biomarkers and Kidney Transplant Outcomes
Authors: Reese Peter P. , Hall Isaac E. , Weng Francis L. , Schröppel Bernd , Doshi Mona D. , Hasz Rick D. , Thiessen-Philbrook Heather , Ficek Joseph , Rao Veena , Murray Patrick , Lin Haiqun , Parikh Chirag R.
Published: September 2015

Assessment of deceased-donor organ quality is integral to transplant allocation practices, but tools to more precisely measure donor kidney injury and better predict outcomes are needed. In this study, we assessed associations between injury biomarkers in deceased-donor urine and the following outcomes: donor AKI (stage 2 or greater), recipient delayed graft function (defined as dialysis in first week post-transplant), and recipient 6-month eGFR. We measured urinary concentrations of microalbumin, neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), IL-18, and liver-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) from 1304 deceased donors at organ procurement, among whom 112 (9%) had AKI. Each biomarker strongly associated with AKI in adjusted analyses. Among 2441 kidney transplant recipients, 31% experienced delayed graft function, and mean±SD 6-month eGFR was 55.7±23.5 ml/min per 1.73 m2. In analyses adjusted for donor and recipient characteristics, higher donor urinary NGAL concentrations associated with recipient delayed graft function (highest versus lowest NGAL tertile relative risk, 1.21; 95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.43). Linear regression analyses of 6-month recipient renal function demonstrated that higher urinary NGAL and L-FABP concentrations associated with slightly lower 6-month eGFR only among recipients without delayed graft function. In summary, donor urine injury biomarkers strongly associate with donor AKI but provide limited value in predicting delayed graft function or early allograft function after transplant.
Социальные реформы в современной Германии: проблема неравенства в системе образования
Authors: Shpilev Dmitry , Iudin Aleksandr
Published: September 2015

На основе анализа публикаций немецких социологов, посвященных проблемам развития образования в условиях современной трансформирующейся Германии, рассматривается положение трех проблемных социальных групп: иммигрантов и детей из их семей; представителей социально уязвимых слоев (лиц с ограниченными возможностями, а также заключенных и тех, кто освободился из мест заключения); различных категорий женщин. Гендерная проблематика в системе образования касается вопросов профессионального обучения и повышения квалификации одиноких матерей, равных возможностей в построении научной карьеры. Основной вывод, сделанный немецкими социологами: система образования объединенной Германии перестала выполнять свою основную функцию — создавать предпосылки для того, чтобы социальный успех человека определялся его способностями, настойчивостью и энергией. Вместо этого уже на этапе общеобразовательной школы действуют механизмы скорее нисходящей, чем восходящей социальной мобильности.
Изменения в социально-педагогическом портрете выпускника петербургской школы
Authors: Vershlovskiy Semyon , Matyushkina Marina
Published: September 2015

Рассматривается динамика показателей, характеризующих способность выпускников петербургских школ адаптироваться к требованиям социокультурной среды (функциональная грамотность), отвечать вызовам рынка и его запросам (компетентность), решать проблемы, касающиеся выбора жизненного пути, целей и смысла деятельности (духовность), в течение последнего пятилетия. Выявляется влияние школьных факторов на эти показатели.
Undocumented Undergraduates on College Campuses: Understanding Their Challenges and Assets and What It Takes to Make an Undocufriendly Campus
Authors: Suárez-Orozco Carola , Katsiaficas Dalal , Birchall Olivia , Alcantar Cynthia M. , Hernandez Edwin , Garcia Yuliana , Michikyan Minas , Cerda Janet , Teranishi Robert T.
Published: September 2015

In this article, Carola Suárez-Orozco and colleagues investigate how to improve undocumented undergraduate student experiences across a variety of US campuses. The authors draw on a national survey of diverse undocumented undergraduates attending two- and four-year public and private institutions of higher education. Using an ecological framework that accounts for risk and resilience, Suárez-Orozco and colleagues provide insights into the challenges undocumented undergraduates face and the assets they bring as they navigate their educational contexts. The authors also consider the role of campuses in shaping these experiences and make recommendations, based on quantitative data and the perspectives of students, for creating undocufriendly campuses.
UC Berkeley's Undocumented Student Program: Holistic Strategies for Undocumented Student Equitable Success Across Higher Education
Authors: Sanchez Ruben Elias Canedo , So Meng L.
Published: September 2015

In this essay, Ruben Elias Canedo Sanchez and Meng L. So share the history and development of the Undocumented Student Program at the University of California, Berkeley. In describing the creation of the program, the authors offer reflections on the strategies employed to holistically support undocumented students' success on campus. By drawing on their experiences as both students and program leaders, they highlight key lessons on how universities can garner institutional resources, build staff capacity, and develop nontraditional allies for undocumented students.
Talvez
Authors: Muniz Lígia Augusta
Published: September 2015

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Eu, a propósito de um "Cuba-Libre"
Authors: Lopes Eduardo
Published: September 2015

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Final de jogo
Authors: Branco Lúcia Castello
Published: September 2015

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O engenheiro
Authors: Resende Sílvia Rubião
Published: September 2015

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Composição
Authors: Alves Luiz Carlos
Published: September 2015

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Roteiro lírico sentimental num quarto de pensão
Authors: Claver Ronald
Published: September 2015

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Arrul
Authors: Lopes Filho Arthur
Published: September 2015

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Hóspedes da chuva
Authors: Lyon Sandra
Published: September 2015

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O guardião
Authors: Carneiro Plínio
Published: September 2015

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Da sacralização do leitor ao sacrilégio do real
Authors: Amaral Léa Selma do
Published: September 2015

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Os papagaios de Ru
Authors: Paula Gerson Murilo Ávila de
Published: September 2015

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Dívida
Authors: Queiroz Sônia Maria De Melo
Published: September 2015

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Labor
Authors: Fraga Álvaro Eustáquio Rocha
Published: September 2015

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O caçador
Authors: Cançado Ângela
Published: September 2015

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Esse sangue
Authors: Lopes Carlos Herculano
Published: September 2015

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Clôvis, o coxo
Authors: Gomes Duílio
Published: September 2015

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As veredas do sertão Rosiano
Authors: Rocha Luiz Otávio Savassi
Published: September 2015

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Manhã em Diamantina
Authors: Cruz Avanilton Murilo De Aguilar
Published: September 2015

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O corvo
Authors: Gontijo Maria Consuelo Porto
Published: September 2015

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Poema de entrega e compreensão
Authors: Barreto Antônio
Published: September 2015

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Homem
Authors: Claver Ronald
Published: September 2015

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O espelho embaçado
Authors: Aguiar Melânia Silva de
Published: September 2015

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Os filhos
Authors: Sales José Wilson Barbosa de
Published: September 2015

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Private shipments of goods from the Faeroe Islands 1805-1855
Authors: Guttesen Rolf
Published: September 2015

The content of the preserved lists of Sendingsgods or private shipments of goods from the Faeroe Islands for the period 1805-55 is analyzed. This is a period when different steps towards the abolishment of the Royal Monopoly Trade were taken. The mentioned shipments consisted of commodities that legally were sent with the Royal Monopoly Trade’s ships by private individuals. It is made clear which person groups were involved in this activity as senders, and which persons or firms in Denmark were receivers. Furthermore it is analysed how the range of commodities varied over time and what the reasons for this variation have been. It can be said that the activity with this kind of private shipment of goods has had an upbringing effect as a preparation to a civil society with freedom of trade and commerce. Persons who after the abolishment of the monopoly trade achieved a trade-license were often persons who in their previous work had been accustomed to handling and transporting goods, to write invoices and to keep accounts. The paper is seen as a contribution to the understanding of the transformation of the society from a medieval, feudal to a capitalistic one on the Faeroe Islands.
Potato growing in the Faroe Islands in 19th century
Authors: Isholm Erling
Published: September 2015

The potato became an important crop in the Faroe Islands early in the 19th century and subsequently vital in the 1820s and 1830s, when crofters started to enclose and cultivate small plots of land. These plots of land were crucial in ensuring population growth and in extending cultivated land. Local officials followed these events closely. During the 1830s problems emerged concerning the quality of seed potatoes and the limited supply, problems which only intensified as time passed. Concern was raised by one sheriff that difficulties in finding new seeds would prevent the expanding cultivation, whilst others worried that the deterioration in seed quality would result in a decline in growth, thus jeopardizing the livelihood of crofters. In this article the story of seed potatoes purchased by governor Pløyen in Orkney in 1839 is followed. The point being made is that by acquiring these seed potatoes the authorities ensured that the progress of the previous 20 years continued. Furthermore, the purchasing of a shipment of seed potatoes is linked to other modernization plans for Faroese society, which governor Pløyen and others worked on at the time. For these plans to succeed, it was vital to ensure the living conditions of the crofter families as change would not emerge from the old peasant society.
Akrinatjørn, Mølbursvatn and Mølheyggjarnir – three place-names by Sandur on Sandoy
Authors: Weyhe Eivind
Published: September 2015

Three place-names near the village of Sandur are discussed, and suggestions made as to their interpretation. The first element of Akrinatjørn ‘Akrinatarn’ is explained as the plant-name akurull (Eriophorum angustifolium). The Mølbur- of Mølbursvatn ‘Mølburswater’ is seen as a reflex of *Melberði, compounded of ON melr m. ‘gravel-bank’ and *berði n., a derivative of barð n. ‘edge, rim’; the original name of this lake was thus probably *Melberðisvatn. It is further suggested that the first element of the name Mølheyggjarnir ‘the Møl heights’ also comes from an original melr rather than møl f. The confusion of e and ø in Mølbursvatn and Mølheyggjarnir is to be seen in the light of the delabialisation that characterises the dialect of this area.
Could Communication change the face of Education for Rural Youth?
Authors: Singh Shweta
Published: September 2015

The paper is a part of a study conducted by the researcher on the possibility of utilizing communication as the central resource to improve the abilities of rural middle school students by making them more alert, aware and receptive. This paper is based on the observations made during preliminary field visits to middle schools in five different districts of Eastern Uttar Pradesh. The observations shed light on the actual functioning of rural middle schools, the available resources, teachers and status of students. Drawing conclusions from the visits, the paper identifies those aspects of rural education which could be improved with effective communication interventions.
Media Ethics: Ethical Values in Journalism
Authors: Roy Debjani
Published: September 2015

Ethics are rules of conduct or principles of morality that points us towards the right or best way to act in a situation. These ethical principles are based on western thought. These principles provide a framework for analysing what is proper for examining choices and for justifying our actions. Moreover, principles are frequently formulated in rather vague and ambiguous terms. Now confronting a dilemma, professional journalism is face-to-face with ethical journalism. The ethical journalism initiative acknowledges that freedom of the media, free flow of information without the interference of public authorities is fundamental to the development of free society. The ethical journalism reaffirms adherence to the principles of freedom of expression. The ethical journalism initiative recognises the vital concept of free media in this respect. Nowadays with globalization the definition of media ethics is changing with the changing time. To get public support media has to work free of bias and independent in its approach for healthy working of the system. It should be transparent with ethical behaviour.
A Qualitative Inquiry About Pruno, an Illicit Alcoholic Beverage Linked to Botulism Outbreaks in United States Prisons
Authors: Walters Maroya Spalding , Sreenivasan Nandini , Person Bobbie , Shew Mark , Wheeler Daniel , Hall Julia , Bogdanow Linda , Leniek Karyn , Rao Agam
Published: September 2015

Objectives. Since 2011, 3 outbreaks of botulism in US prisons have been attributed to pruno, which is an alcoholic beverage made by inmates. Following 1 outbreak, we conducted a qualitative inquiry to understand pruno brewing and its social context to inform outbreak prevention measures.

Methods. We interviewed staff, inmates, and parolees from 1 prison about pruno production methods, the social aspects of pruno, and strategies for communicating the association between botulism and pruno.

Results. Twenty-seven inmates and parolees and 13 staff completed interviews. Pruno is fermented from water, fruit, sugar, and miscellaneous ingredients. Knowledge of pruno making was widespread among inmates; staff were familiar with only the most common ingredients and supplies inmates described. Staff and inmates described inconsistent consequences for pruno possession and suggested using graphic health messages from organizations external to the prison to communicate the risk of botulism from pruno.

Conclusions. Pruno making was frequent in this prison. Improved staff recognition of pruno ingredients and supplies might improve detection of brewing activities in this and other prisons. Consistent consequences and clear messages about the association between pruno and botulism might prevent outbreaks.
Physico-chemical Analysis, Microbial Isolation, Sensitivity Test of the Isolates and Solar Disinfection of Water Running in Community Taps and River Kandutura in Nakuru North Sub-county, Kenya
Authors: Waithaka Paul N , Maingi John Muthini , Nyamache Anthony Kebira
Published: September 2015

Nakuru North sub-county is a peri-urban area which has both dry and wet seasons. Its residents rely mostly on untreated water sources for daily water needs due to unreliable water supply from the urban council. However, this water has not been evaluated on its quality despite residents solely depending on it. This study was aimed at determining the physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of water drawn from River Kandutura and water taps in Nakuru North sub-county. In addition, the study was aimed at carrying out sensitivity test of the isolates to antibiotics and determining effectiveness of solar disinfection in water treatment. A total of 510 water samples; river (255) and taps (255) were collected and analyzed between January and December 2013. Antimicrobial sensitivity test was carried out using Kirby Bauer disk diffusion test. Out of five hundred and ten (510) samples examined for microorganisms, 36.86 % (188/510) were positive for E. coli, Shigella and Salmonella. Water used by Nakuru North sub-county residents is highly contaminated thus posing public health risk. Solar disinfection experiment indicated a possibility of effective decontamination of water up on exposure to sun light for 3-5 h. E. coli showed the highest resistance (26.3 %) followed by Salmonella (17.4 %) while Shigella showed the least (17.1 %). However, there was no significant deference (p=0.98) in resistance among total coliforms, Total heterotrophic and Salmonella at 0.05 level of significant. There is a need to enforce laws and policies on proper waste disposal as part of water pollution control.
Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Production in Uropathogens Isolated from Hospitalized Patients with Chronic Pyelonephritis
Authors: Chub Olga I , Bilchenko Aleksandr V , Khalin Igor
Published: September 2015

Background :

Increased multidrug resistance of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) compromises the efficacy of treatment of urinary tract infections.

Objective :

The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of ESBL-producing uropathogens from hospitalized patients with chronic pyelonephritis and to identify the presence of genes involved in the resistance.

Methods :

A cross-sectional study of 105 patients with chronic pyelonephritis, treated in Kharkiv City Clinical Emergency Hospital, Ukraine was carried. Bacterial isolates were collected, antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates was determined by the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method and screening for the presence of blaSHV, blaTEM, blaCTX-M ESBL genes was performed by polymerase chain reaction.

Results :

84 (80%) patients had positive urine cultures.Eschеrichia coliwаs the most common microorganism isolated. Among them, 29 (25.2%) were found to be ESBL producers. Out of 53E. coliisolates, 10 (18.9%), 4 (7.5%) and 6 (11.3%) were identified to carry bla(TEM), bla(SHV) and bla(CTX-M) beta-lactamase genes, respectively. The highest resistance was observed against ampicillin (75.9%), ciprofloxacin (48.3%), levofloxacin (41.4%) and gentamicin (41.4%). Beside this, only meropenem (96.6% susceptibility), nitroxolinum (86.2%) and fosfomycin (72.4%) exhibited a good enough activity against ESBLs-producing urinary strains.

Conclusion :

Isоlation and detеction of ESBL-prоducing strаins are еssential fоr the sеlection оf the mоst effеctive antibiоtic for the empiric trеatment.
Ten-Year Results of Primary and Revision Condylar-Constrained Total Knee Arthroplasty in Patients with Severe Coronal Plane Instability
Authors: Camera Andrea , Biggi Stefano , Cattaneo Gabriele , Brusaferri Giovanni
Published: September 2015

Objective :

To retrospectively review the results at minimum ten years after surgery of a consecutive series of total knee arthroplasties (TKAs) performed using a constrained condylar implant in patients with severe coronal plane instability.

Materials and Methods :

The series comprised of 44 patients (45 knees) who received primary (19 knees) or revision (26 knees) TKA with a constrained condylar implant between 2001 and 2003 at a single institution.

Results :

There were no revisions or any other surgery related complications at a mean implantation time of 11.0 years. In 38 patients (15 knees in the primary group and 24 knees in the revision group) who were available for clinico-radiographic follow-up at a minimum of ten years, there was no sign of radiographic loosening. Two patients showed cortical hypertrophy at the extension stem tip but none complained of pain around the stem tip.

According to the TLKSS score grading, 73% of the patients in the primary group had results categorized as good or excellent, while 54% of the patients in the revision group had fair results. Four patients (one (7%) in the primary group and three (13%) in the revision group) had poor results. The median WOMAC Index was 80.2% (interquartile range: 74.0% - 81.2%) and 74.0% (interquartile range: 72.1% - 75.8%) in the primary and in the revision groups, respectively (p=0.010).

Conclusion :

This study showed satisfactory clinical outcomes with no re-operations at minimum ten years after implantation in patients who had undergone primary or revision TKA with a condylar constrained implant.
Concepts and Potential Future Developments for Treatment of Periprosthetic Proximal Femoral Fractures
Authors: Brand Stephan , Ettinger Max , Omar Mohamed , Hawi Nael , Krettek Christian , Petri Maximilian
Published: September 2015

Periprosthetic proximal femoral fractures are a major challenge for the orthopaedic surgeon, with a continuously increasing incidence due to aging populations and concordantly increasing numbers of total hip replacements. Surgical decision-making mainly depends on the stability of the arthroplasty, and the quality of bone stock. As patients final outcomes mainly depend on early mobilization, a high primary stability of the construct is of particular relevance. Osteosynthetic procedures are usually applied for fractures with a stable arthroplasty, while fractures with a loosened endoprosthesis commonly require revision arthroplasty. Osteoporotic bone with insufficient anchoring substance for screws poses one major concern for cases with well-fixed arthroplasties. Complication rates and perioperative mortality have remained unacceptably high, emphasizing the need for new innovations in the treatment of periprosthetic fractures. Transprosthetic drilling of screws through the hip stem as the most solid and reliable part in the patient might represent a promising future approach, with auspicious results in recent biomechanical studies.
Increased Mortality Amongst Patients Sustaining Neck of Femur Fractures as In-Patients in a Trauma Centre
Authors: Mohamed Mohamed , Patel Dhawal , Zhao Sizheng , Ballal Moeez S , Scott Simon
Published: September 2015

Purpose:

Neck of Femur (NOF) fracture is a common injury with high mortality that all orthopaedic departments must contend with [1]. The aim of this study was to report incidence and mortality of NOF fractures occurring while patients were being admitted to hospital for other conditions.

Methods:

A retrospective review was performed of all NOF fracture admissions between 1st of Jan 2010 to 31st of Dec 2012 at a University Hospital trauma centre. Fractures were divided according to the location where the fracture occurred, either in the community (acute NOF) or in-hospital (in-hospital NOF).

Results:

In-hospital mortality, 30-day, 90-day and 1 year mortality were recorded. There were 1086 patients in the acute NOF fracture group (93.9%) and 70 patients in the in-hospital group (6.1%) over three years. The odds of inpatient death was 2.25 times higher for inpatient NOFs (p=0.012). 86% of all in-hospital NOF fractures occurred on medical and rehabilitation wards. NOF fractures result in increased mortality and morbidity.

Conclusion:

All patients in hospital should be assessed to identify those at high risk of falls and implemented measures should be taken to reduce this.
High Rates of Postoperative Wound Infection Following Elective Implant Removal
Authors: Backes M , Schep N.W.L , Luitse J.S.K , Goslings J.C , Schepers T
Published: September 2015

Introduction :

Metal implants placed during fracture surgery are often removed for various reasons (i.e. pain, prominent material, patients request). The removal of implants is considered a ‘clean’ procedure and as low risk surgery. The incidence of wound infections following implant removal has received little attention in the literature. The aim of the current study was to assess the incidence and risk factors of postoperative wound infections (POWIs) following implant removal.

Material and Methods :

All consecutive adult patients in a Level 1 and Level 2 Trauma Center who had their implants removed during a 6.5 years period were included. Exclusion criteria were removal of implants because of an ongoing infection or fistula and removal followed by placement of new implants. Primary outcome measure was a POWI as defined by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Patient characteristics and peri-operative characteristics were collected from the medical charts.

Results :

A total of 452 patients were included (512 procedures). The overall POWI rate was 11.6% (10% superficial, 1.6% deep). A total of 403 procedures (78.7%) comprised of implant removal below the knee joint with a 12.2% POWI rate. A POWI following initial fracture treatment was associated with a higher rate of POWI following implant removal (p=0.012). A POWI occurred more often in younger patients (median age 36versus43 years; p=0.004).

Conclusion :

The overall incidence of postoperative wound infection was 11.6% with 10% superficial and 1.6% of deep infections in patients with elective implant removal. A risk factor for POWI following implant removal was a previous wound infection.
Importance of Restricting Sportive Activity and Time from Injury to Surgery in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Ercin Ersin , Gokhan Bilgili M , Atbasi Zafer , Tanriverdi Bulent , Hakan Basaran S , Kural Cemal
Published: September 2015

Objectives :

It is unclear that how long reconstruction may be delayed before additional intraarticular injuries occur. Our aim was to determine the relationship of time period from injury to surgery with the incidence of meniscal and chondral injuries recorded at the time of surgical treatment for ACL tears. The effect of sportive activity restriction, grade of chondral lesions and their locations were also evaluated

Patients and Methods :

213 patients who underwent arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction were evaluated retrospectively. Data were analyzed for association between time period before surgery and patients sportive activity restriction with rates of meniscal and chondral injuries. According to time from initial trauma to surgery less than 12 months grouped as group I (101 patients) and 12 months and longer defined as group II (81 patients). Patients who had surgery before 12 months were divided into groups of smaller time scales (0 to 3 months, 4 to 6 months, 7 to 9 months, 10 to 12 months) to examine the relationships more closely. For sportive activity restriction a functional scale was used that described restricted activities including military training.

Results :

One hundred eighty-two patients were included to the study. 81 patients restricted sportive activity before surgery. 18 (% 22.2) of these patients had chondral injury [6 (% 33.3) operated before 12 months and 12 (% 66.7) operated after 12 months]. The difference was statistically significant (p=0,005). 81 patients (group II) were operated after 12 months. There were 44 (% 54.3) patients with chondral injury in this group [32 (% 72.7) patients were who continued their sportive activity and 12 (% 27.3) patients who restricted their sportive activity]. The difference was statistically significant (p=0,026). Correlation analysis showed that with increasing time from initial trauma to surgery chondral lesion incidence and grade of these lesions increases (p<0,001, p=0,001).

Conclusion :

The results indicate that the prolonged time from injury to surgery and continuing sportive activity before surgery increases the incidence of the chondral lesions. Also, time limit of 12 month is important to prevent chondral injury in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
Description of the family Padaungiellidae and morphological variability of Padaungiella lageniformis (Amoebozoides: Arcellinida) from the Vlasina Lake area, Serbia
Authors: Luketa Stefan
Published: September 2015

Based on theoretical conclusions, a new family of testate amoebae,
Padaungiellidae, is described. It includes three genera: Alocodera, Apodera
and Padaungiella. The most striking characteristic of the members of this
family is an elongated neck, and absence of sets of teeth and septa along the
oral-aboral axis on the inner side of the neck. The most common species of
this family is Padaungiella lageniformis. Morphometrically, this species is
not analyzed yet, so the qualitative and quantitative characters of a
sphagnicolous population of P. lageniformis from the Vlasina Lake area
(Serbia) are reported here. Quantitative characters were analyzed by
univariate statistical methods. Coefficients of variation were moderately low
for all the measured characters (range from 4.37 to 10.71%). Frequency
distribution of only seven of sixteen variables showed approximately zero
level of kurtosis, which indicated that specimens with average measurements
were not predominant in the studied population. This paper provides evidence
of the presence of an aberrant form of P. lageniformis.