bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Koronapandemian ja sen rajoittamistoimien vaikutukset toimintarajoitteisten ihmisten elämään
Authors: Sainio Päivi , Holm Marja , Ikonen Jonna , Korhonen Marika , Nurmi-Koikkalainen Päivi , Parikka Suvi , Skogberg Natalia , Väre Anna , Koponen Päivikki , Koskinen Seppo
Published: October 2021

Systemaattisesti kerättyä tietoa siitä, miten epidemian torjunta- ja rajoitustoimet vaikuttavat toimintarajoitteisten ihmisten elämään on saatavilla niukasti. Tässä tutkimuksessa kuvaamme näitä vaikutuksia toimintarajoitteisiin ihmisiin koko väestössä, ulkomaalaistaustaisessa väestössä sekä henkilökohtaista apua saavien vammaisten ihmisten ryhmässä.
Tutkimus perustuu kolmeen tuoreeseen Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitoksen keräämään väestöä edustavaan aineistoon: FinSote 2020 -tutkimukseen, FinTerveys 2017-seurantatutkimukseen sekä ulkomaalaistaustaisen väestön osalta MigCOVID-tutkimukseen. Lisäksi käytettiin henkilökohtaista apua saavien vaikeavammaisten ihmisten tutkimusta. Tutkittavat vastasivat koronapandemian vaikutuksia koskeviin kyselyihin vuoden 2020 viimeisinä tai vuoden 2021 ensimmäisinä kuukausina. Analyyseissä verrattiin toimintarajoitteisten ihmisten tilannetta muuhun väestöön. Tulokset esitetään ikäryhmittäin mallivakioituina prevalensseina perustuen logistisiin regressioanalyyseihin.
Toimintarajoitteiset ihmiset kokivat muuta väestöä yleisemmin yksinäisyyden ja univaikeuksien lisääntyneen koronaepidemian aikana. He myös raportoivat taloudellisen tilanteensa heikentyneen useammin kuin muut. Huolet tartunnan saamisesta sekä sosiaali- ja terveyspalveluiden riittämätön saanti olivat yleisempiä toimintarajoitteisilla kuin muilla.  Monet epidemian epäsuotuisista vaikutuksista korostuivat ulkomailla syntyneillä toimintarajoitteisilla ja vaikeavammaisilla ihmisillä.
Koronaepidemia uhkaa lisätä toimintarajoitteisten ihmisten eriarvoisuutta. Epidemia on osoittanut, että toimintarajoitteisten ihmisten oikeudet ja tarpeet on otettava paremmin huomioon vastaavanlaisissa kriisitilanteissa. Luotettavaan tietoon perustuvat toimintaohjeet auttaisivat kuntia yhdenvertaisuuden edistämisessä.
Covid-19-pandemian alkuvaihe ja Husin henkilöstön psyykkinen kuormitus
Authors: Haravuori Henna , Suvisaari Jaana , Pellikka Anu , Junttila Kristiina , Haapa Toni , Laukkala Tanja
Published: October 2021

COVID-19-pandemian aikana terveydenhuollon kantokyky on noussut yhdeksi keskeisistä huolenaiheista. Pandemian alkuvaiheessa valmiutta kohotettiin ja työtehtävät muuttuivat, joka vaikutti sairaaloiden koko henkilöstön arkeen. Ensimmäiset kansainväliset tulokset terveydenhuoltohenkilöstön hyvinvoinnista COVID-19-pandemian aikana kuvasivat monimuotoista psyykkistä kuormittuneisuutta. Suomessa valtaosa COVID-19-tartunnoista on ollut HUS Helsingin yliopistollisen sairaalan alueella. Kuvaamme kesäkuussa 2020 käynnistetyn HUS-henkilöstön hyvinvointia seuraavan kohorttitutkimuksen keskeisiä alkuvaiheen tuloksia siihen osallistuneiden 4804 henkilön (19 % HUSin henkilöstöstä) vastausten perusteella suhteessa työn muutoksiin. Tavoitteena oli selvittää pandemian aiheuttamien työn muutosten yhteyksiä koettuun psyykkiseen kuormittuneisuuteen strukturoidun Mental Health Index -5 kyselylomakkeen avulla. Lisäksi sähköisessä kyselyssä kysyttiin muiden strukturoitujen lomakkeiden ja avoimien kysymysten kautta uniongelmista, masennus- ja ahdistuneisuusoireista, poikkeuksellisesta psyykkisestä pandemiaan liittyvästä kuormituksesta, sekä koettua psyykkisen tuen tarvetta ja tuen saamista organisaation kautta. Kesäkuussa 2020 suurin kuormittuneisuus vaikutti olevan yksiköissä, joissa COVID-19-potilaita hoidettiin pitkäkestoisesti tai tehtiin potilaiden diagnostiikkaa sekä työntekijöillä, joiden työ oli muuttunut melko paljon, mutta eniten ja vähiten COVID -19 potilaita hoitavissa yksiköissä itseilmoitettu psyykkinen kuormittuneisuus oli vähäisempää. Viidesosa psyykkisen tuen tarvetta kokeneista oli ollut tuen piirissä HUS organisaation tukitoimien kautta. Ahdistuneisuus-, masennus- ja uniongelmiin on tärkeä kiinnittää huomiota henkilöstön työ- ja toimintakyvyn varmistamiseksi työtehtävien nopeasti muuttuessa.
Vauvaperheiden vanhempien kokemat huolet ja muutokset sosiaalisissa suhteissa ja jaksamisessa koronaepidemian aikana
Authors: Klemetti Reija , Vuorenmaa Maaret , Ervasti Eetu , Helakorpi Satu , Lammi-Taskula Johanna
Published: October 2021

Koronaepidemia on muuttanut perheiden arkea. Epidemian alussa ei ollut tietoa viruksen tarttuvuudesta raskaana olevaan tai sen vaarallisuudesta raskaana olevalle, sikiölle ja vastasyntyneelle. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää koronaepidemiaan liittyviä huolia ja vanhempien sosiaalisissa suhteissa ja jaksamissa koettuja muutoksia.

Aineistona oli 3–6 kuukauden ikäisten vauvojen vanhemmille suunnatun FinLapset-kyselytutkimuksen syksyn 2020 otoksiin vastanneet (äidit, N= 4550; isät, N= 2955). Tuloksia tarkasteltiin vanhemman sukupuolen, koulutuksen ja iän, perheen lapsiluvun ja taloudellisen tilanteen mukaan. Logistisessa regressioanalyysissa yhden lapsen vanhempia verrattiin useamman lapsen vanhempiin vakioiden vanhemman ikä, koulutus ja perheen taloudellinen tilanne.

Äitien vastausaktiivisuus oli 50 % ja isien 36 %. Useampi äideistä, erityisesti yhden lapsen äideistä, kuin isistä kertoi koronaepidemiaan liittyvistä huolista. Yleisimmät huolet olivat synnytys ja synnytyssairaalassa olo korona-aikana. Iso osa vanhemmista ei kokenut koronaepidemian vaikuttaneen sosiaalisiin suhteisiin tai jaksamiseen. Äideillä jaksaminen polarisoitui: osa koki jaksamisen vähentyneen (25 %) ja osa lisääntyneen (16 %). Lähes puolet vanhemmista koki perheen yhteisen ajan lisääntyneen ja 13 % äideistä ja 5 % isistä vähentyneen. Vanhemmista huomattavasti useampi koki yhteydenpidon ystäviin ja isovanhempiin vähentyneen kuin lisääntyneen. Yksinäisyyden tunteen koki lisääntyneen selvästi useampi äiti (48 %) kuin isä (21 %). Jaksamisen polarisoitumisesta ja sosiaalisten suhteiden vähentymisestä raportoi isompi osa useamman kuin yhden lapsen vanhemmista ja perheen yhteisen ajan vähentymisestä isompi osa yhden kuin useamman lapsen vanhemmista.

Koronaepidemialla on kielteisiksi ja myönteisiksi koettuja vaikutuksia vauvaperheiden hyvinvointiin. Sekä isien että äitien jaksamiseen ja heille tarjottuun tukeen ja palveluihin tulee kiinnittää huomiota ja seurata pikkulapsiperheiden terveyttä ja hyvinvointia myös tulevaisuudessa.
Investment planning of innovative activity
Authors: Zotov Vladimir Mikhailovich
Published: October 2021

The purpose of the study in this case is to develop methods for modeling processes aimed at ensuring investment planning of innovative activities of the enterprise. The methodological basis of the research is the adaptation of technological networks to the methods of financial and resource planning. In parallel, the corresponding mathematical apparatus was developed. It became clear that the activities of the company's department dealing with innovation management have to base on the principles of project management. The research based on the analysis of the process aimed at creating or acquiring an innovation at an enterprise in the context of the resources necessary for the successful implementation of such a process. The result determined and described a mathematical pattern describing the dependence of the probability that a technological operation will be performed successfully on the amount of investment (resources) allocated for this operation. Adjacency matrices became the most appropriate form of representation of models of innovative processes.
An effective contract as an innovative contour for evaluating the results of a teacher's professional activity in higher school
Authors: Poddubnaya Tatyana Nikolaevna , Panina Elena Alexandrovna , Leontyeva Alexandra Vladimirovna , Alieva Margarita Fedorovna , Shalatov Vasiliy Vladimirovich
Published: October 2021

The purpose of the research is to reveal the world experience of using the effective contract system as an innovative contour for evaluating the results of the professional activity of a teacher in higher education. Results and discussion. The concept of an effective contract has been disclosed and its functions have been defined. The historical roots of the introduction of the effective contract policy abroad and in Russia have been revealed. The points of view on the evaluation of the results of professional activity of a teacher in a higher school abroad have been shown. The main attention has been paid to the comparative analysis of the foreign and domestic practice of effective contracts. The theoretical approaches underlying the development of an effective contract model have been determined, the advantages and prospects of an effective contract in modern realities have been identified.
Creative industries in russian regions: challenges of establishment and conditions for development
Authors: Glebova Irina Stanislavovna , Berman Svetlana Sergeevna , Semenоva Natalia Aleksandrovna , Galiakhmetov Ruslan R.
Published: October 2021

not considered as an object of management research; there is no system for regulating the creative sector of the economy at both federal and regional levels. The choice of methodology remains an open-ended question since there is no single approach to defining the concept and estimating creative industries. The need to fill the methodological, organizational, and managerial gaps in the sphere of the Russian creative economy proves the relevance of the chosen topic and requires its in-depth research. In the article, the researchers present the calculation of the Сomposite Сreativity Index for the regions of the Russian Federation in dynamics for a nine-year period based on the methodology developed by the authors. The purpose of the study is to test the proposed methodology and search for effective organizational and managerial tools for the creative industries development in the Russian regions to establish the programs of territories socio-economic development.
Methodology for managing the competitiveness of industrial enterprises in Russia
Authors: Tikhonov Gennady V.
Published: October 2021

This article proposes an approach to improving methods of managing competitiveness in market conditions. Currently, in connection with the processes of modernization in the economy and changes in market conditions, there is a need to improve the approaches and methods of production management. Russian enterprises are faced with the emerging conditions of competition. The relevance of the article is due to the fact that today the issues of managing the competitiveness of an enterprise have not been sufficiently considered and requires an improved approach to the formation of new mechanisms for managing the competitiveness of enterprises, contributing to its increase and the acquisition of a stable position by the enterprise in the market, based on the development of new scientific methods and principles. The novelty of the article is in the concepts of developing an approach to managing the competitiveness of industrial enterprises, contributing to an increase in their level on the basis of a proposal for a management model based on diagnostics and forecasting of the state of the enterprise and its ability to compete.
Transformation of entrepreneurial structures management based on application of integrated marketing approach
Authors: Novikov Sergey V. , Rojas-Bahamón Magda Julissa
Published: October 2021

The analysis of various studies and scientific publications of Russian and foreign experts in the field of application of the marketing approach for organizing the process of managing the transformation of entrepreneurial structures, showing that there is already a fairly solid fundamental scientific basis, but the issues of the applied and methodological nature of this process have not been sufficiently worked out, which determined the choice of the topic of this research. The subject of it is the analysis of social, economic, organizational and managerial relations that arise in the process of using the marketing approach to organize the process of transformation of entrepreneurial structures. The structural and logical algorithm for the implementation of the marketing mechanism for managing the transformation of entrepreneurial structures is presented. The authors have developed an approach based on digital technologies to use the marketing approach to manage the transformation of entrepreneurial structures.
The concept and content of the constitutional principle of justice
Authors: Shelever Nataliya
Published: October 2021

The purpose of the article is to study the concept and content of the constitutional principle of justice, its impact on constitutional relations, identifying problems that arose during the implementation of this principle during quarantine restrictions due to the pandemic of COVID-19.

This goal was achieved through the use of such methods as analysis of comparative law and formal law method.

The study found that the principle of justice, although not enshrined in the Basic Law of Ukraine, but it goes through the Constitution of Ukraine and procedural codes. The problematic issue is that there is no legislative definition of «justice». The practice of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on the application of the principle of justice in its decisions is analyzed. It is substantiated that justice is a concept much broader than law and is a criterion for the legitimation of state power.

The problems of realization of the constitutional principle of justice are investigated. It was found that the principles of law, which are enshrined in the Constitution of Ukraine and current legislation of Ukraine, are not properly implemented in our country. The reason for this is the mentality of Ukrainians, which is characterized by low legal and political culture, violation of the law, distrust to the authorities, devaluation of moral and spiritual values. On the part of officials, it is a misuse of office positions.

It is justified that justice requires equal application of the law for all. However, everyone has his/her own understanding and vision of justice. This led to problems during the coronavirus pandemic. Violations such as the violation of the constitutional right to education have been identified, namely distance learning leads to a violation of the principles of justice and equality. Restrictions on small and medium-sized businesses during the COVID-19 pandemic discriminated against entrepreneurs compared to large businesses.    

As a result of the study, it was concluded that justice is a legal value and a fundamental principle of law, which permeates both the Constitution of Ukraine and current legislation. The realization of justice can be done only by observing the law. In Ukraine, it is quite difficult to implement this principle, because the laws are often unfair. During the quarantine restrictions, violations of constitutional human rights were revealed. Overcoming corruption and raising the legal culture and legal awareness of Ukrainians should be a necessary step for the effective implementation of the principle of justice.
Constitutional court procedure and constitutional control in the field of lustration
Authors: Shcherbanyuk Oksana
Published: October 2021

The article considers the constitutional court procedure and constitutional control in the field of lustration.  These issues are considered through the prism of the rule of law, its understanding by the Constitutional Court of Ukraine in its practice.  It is emphasized that the application of the principle of publicity and the requirements of increased publicity is due to the importance of cases heard by constitutional courts, as well as the results of judicial activity. Along with this, the issue of long-term consideration by the Constitutional Court of Ukraine of the law determining lustration is analyzed in detail. The study is updated by the fact that the European Court of Human Rights on the complaints of citizens of Ukraine found a violation of the right of the lustrated to a fair trial due to excessive time of national trials for their release.  It is concluded that the Law on Lustration should serve its most important function in establishing the rule of law in the country.

In legal science there is a situation when the views of scholars on the essence of judicial procedure are contradictory, which gives rise to different understandings of this legal phenomenon by representatives of different scientific schools.  For a long time, the problem of judicial procedure was inextricably linked with the consideration of the category of the process, the essential idea of which significantly influenced the understanding of the limits of the procedure in law.

The constitutional Court as the only organ of the constitutional-judicial control may be seen as a special (organized on a state basis), the carrier of the intellectual potential of theories of constitutional law.
THE GOTHIC ELEMENTS IN TIM BURTON�S (1999) SLEEPY HOLLOW THE HEADLESS HORSEMAN: A LITERARY AND CINEMATIC ASPECT ANALYSIS
Authors: Adhyanggono Gerardus Majella Adhyanggono , Marcelina Fransiska Linda
Published: October 2021

Sleepy Hollow is a film directed by Tim Burton. The story tells about a young policeman Ichabod Crane, who is sent to a village called Sleepy Hollow to investigate a murder case there. At first, he was a person who never believed in supernatural things especially ghost, but after facing the reality of the ghost itself, he becomes very scared, but all he has to do is to find the villain behind the ghost of Headless Horseman. This thesis analyzes the gothic elements that are shown in this film. The theories that are used in this thesis are from film studies, literary and cinematic aspect. In this paper, the pictures from the scenes are also shown to show the evidence of the gothic elements. The theories that are used will also show how they can advocate the gothicness of this film.
19th CENTURY WOMEN AND HOMOSEXUALITY: THE CASE OF VIRGINIA WOOLF'S MRS. DALWWAY
Authors: Riyandari Angelika
Published: October 2021

Woolf's Mrs Dalloway portrays the experience of a 19th century woman in dealing with homosexuality. The incapability to show affection to the same sex, the denial of the feeling and the strunggle to keep the love leads the woman to an emotional suicide. The woman's choice to marry a man, have a child, and play her role as a sophisticated housewife are the ways to compromise with the norms and conventions if that age where home was the centre of woman's life
Derecho a la educación como parte integrante del derecho a la ciudad: análisis de las Políticas Públicas en materia educativa durante los años 2015-2019 en la Argentina
Authors: Martínez Irazoqui Lucia Soledad
Published: October 2021

Bajo el entendimiento de considerar al Derecho a la Ciudad como un Derecho Humano fundamental y al Derecho a la Educación como un derecho base para el goce y disfrute del resto de los Derechos, el presente artículo pretende realizar un análisis crítico de las políticas públicas en materia de educación llevadas a cabo en la Argentina durante el período 2015-2019. De esta forma, se realizará un estudio crítico de las decisiones tomadas, el presupuesto asignado y las políticas públicas implementadas, a los fines de indagar su potencial para garantizar u obstaculizar el debido acceso al goce y disfrute del Derecho a la Educación y por ende a la Ciudad. A tal fin se utilizará como herramienta de análisis los estudios realizados por el Centro Argentino de Estudios (CADE), el Centro de Implementación de Políticas Públicas para la Equidad y el Crecimiento (CIPPEC) y diversas fuentes periodísticas. Concluyendo que durante la era en análisis existió una mercantilización del Derecho a la Educación.
La inserción de la Metodología de Investigación en la carrera de abogacía y su relación con el perfil de las/os egresadas/os. Un análisis comparado
Authors: Delas Samanta , Manelli Matías
Published: October 2021

El presente trabajo realiza un abordaje exploratorio de los alcances de los planes de estudio correspondientes a la carrera de abogacía, en lo que respecta a la inserción curricular de contenidos vinculados con la investigación en la formación de profesionales jurídicos. A tal efecto, se tomaron tres casos de análisis: I) la Universidad de Buenos Aires, en adelante UBA (II) la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, en adelante UNLP y (III) la Universidad Nacional de Avellaneda, en adelante UNDAV.  El análisis curricular comparativo permite identificar propuestas institucionales con improntas específicas, que dan cuenta de un escenario heterogéneo con independencia de la progresiva incorporación de contenidos vinculados a la investigación, la cual se evidencia - en términos generales- en la formación jurídica.
Uteliaisuus antiikin ja keskiajan teologiassa – hyve vai pahe?
Authors: Palmén Ritva
Published: October 2021

Tässä artikkelissa analysoin uteliaisuuden käsitettä erityisesti antiikin ja keskiajan läntisessä intellektuaalisessa historiassa. Aineistona on käytetty valikoimaa antiikin ja keskiajan filosofista ja teologista kirjallisuutta. Analyysissäni hyödynnän historiallisia ja filosofisia metodeja. Tutkimuksessani osoitan, miten antiikin ja keskiajan uteliaisuuden perusmerkitykset ja käyttötavat poikkeavat monin tavoin nykyisistä käsityksistä. Toisin kuin nykyään, sekä antiikissa että keskiajalla uteliaisuus luettiin paheisiin ja sitä käsiteltiin osana hyveteoreettista kysymyksenasettelua. Tutkimukseni tavoitteena on tuoda esiin uteliaisuuden linkittyminen oman aikansa filosofisiin ja teologisiin teemoihin sekä osoittaa, miten moni-ilmeisesti ja joustavasti uteliaisuuden toiminnan syyt ja seuraukset osana ihmisen ajattelua ja toimintaa ymmärrettiin. Samalla myös haastan lukijoita arvioimaan ja analysoimaan sitä, miten nykyaikana käsitetään uteliaisuuden merkitys ja tehtävät yksilön ja yhteisön toiminnassa
Pioneering political ecology: perceptions of nature, Indigenous practices and power relations during Alexander von Humboldt's travels in Latin America
Authors: Eibach Joachim , Haller Tobias
Published: October 2021

This article is an attempt to discuss the image of Alexander von Humboldt as a pure natural scientist with a humanist ethos, and to highlight that he was in fact one of the first thinkers who anticipated positions known today as political ecology. We outline that his universal knowledge obviously has contradictory perspectives, and was interpreted in several directions. On the one hand, there is the position taken by post-colonial critics that Humboldt showed Eurocentric and imperialist thinking during his travels to the Americas, as Pratt has advocated. On the other hand, and in explicit contrast to the post-colonial critique, Humboldt has been regarded by Sachs as a founding figure of American environmentalism and as "perhaps, the first ecological thinker." Furthermore, Wulf's biography titled The Invention of Nature tries to show that Humboldt wanted to bridge the gap between the emerging natural sciences and Romanticist aesthetics. However, based on his writings, we argue that his perception of nature has been misread and that his position was shaped by a view akin to open and critical political ecology, as opposed to pure nature constructivism without including local humans. We show this by focusing on his research methods that were open to local Indigenous ecological knowledge, his appraisal of Indigenous socio-cultural systems, his perception of nature as Indigenous cultural landscapes degraded by colonial and early capitalist market forces, his openness towards Indigenous ontologies of what we call nature, and finally his focus on local institutions for the sustainable governance of resources.
Dispensing with Truthfulness: truth and liberty in Rorty’s thought
Authors: Colen J. A.
Published: October 2021

Rorty saw the course of philosophy in the twentieth century as an effort to part from two major philosophical trends, namely historicism and naturalism, only to inevitably return at the end of a tortuous path to these very same tendencies. If we can concede without major objections (although perhaps with many objections of detail) Rorty’s diagnosis of the trends in contemporary continental and analytical philosophy, which seem to reveal the exhaustion of modern philosophy, based as it has been on epistemology, we must, on the other hand, examine carefully the three main questions that this diagnosis leaves open: (1) How does Rorty reconcile continental idealist subjectivism with materialistic behaviorism? (2) Is it really inevitable that philosophy (and philosophers) blinded by Geist are unable to question prevalent beliefs? (3) Finally, is the acceptance of a liberalism that is not able to give reasons for itself the most effective and pragmatic liberalism? In answering these questions, it may not be possible to avoid a non-dogmatic, but pragmatic, metaphysics: a vocabulary of vocabularies that allows Rorty (and us) to speak of the problems of justice in Plato and Rawls, of the soul in Aristotle and Descartes, of the dystopias in Moro and Orwell. On pragmatic terms, perhaps a modest version of a metaphysic’s “vocabulary” turns out to be as legitimate and practical as any other vocabulary.
Correction: Structural Racism and Supporting Black Lives – A Pharmacist’s Vow amid COVID-19
Authors: Avant Nicole D.
Published: October 2021

An earlier version of this article (https://doi.org/10.24926/iip.v12i2.3411) included a layout error that misnumbered the references, resulting in errors for references 16-36.
An Overview of COVID-19 Vaccine Safety and Post-marketing Surveillance Systems
Authors: Younus Manal Mohammed , Al-Jumaili Ali Azeez
Published: October 2021

The need for the safety monitoring of the COVID-19 vaccine is unprecedented. It is an ongoing process starting from different phases of clinical trials and continued to post-marketing to tackle the emergency used authorized COVID-19 vaccines across the world. Rapid detection, exchange, prioritization, and assessment of safety signals based on available real-world data, surveillance of Adverse events following immunization (AEFI), and adverse event of special interest (AESI) by studying the observed/expected cases. Enhanced collaboration, and availability of resources, tools, and methods will add to the lessons learned from previous experiences.
Subsistence and Development
Authors: Umari N.
Published: October 2021

The paper takes the theory of social organization of the fourteenth century historian Ibn Khaldun as the reference point for discussion of premodern economy. It is argued that the subsistence sector in W.A. Lewis’s theory of development deviates in critical respects from premodern forms. The subsistence sector has undergone an unspecified transformation that enables it to meet the requirements of growth in the capitalist sector. The nation-state provides the background institutions to bind the subsistence and modern sectors into a single economy.
The Mark-up Rates in Turkish Private Manufacturing Industry During Trade Liberalization
Authors: Onaran Ozlem , Yenturk Nurhan
Published: October 2021

The aim of this study is to shed light on the movements of the mark-up rate for the case of Turkey following trade liberalization. For this purpose, first the relationship between labor and non-labor costs that lies behind the movements of the mark-up rates is analyzed, and second, the effect of trade liberalization on mark-up rates is tested. The trade-off between labor and non-labor costs is analyzed based on a model, which assumes that prices are set by a mark-up over average variable costs. The paper also tests the effect of international trade on the mark-up rate and the effect of the exchange rate via its effect on competitiveness and input costs using the panel data for the sub-sectors of private manufacturing industry. The most striking result of this analysis is the absence of any strong link between foreign trade and mark-up rates.
Estimating Faculty Salary Distributions: An Application of Order Statistics
Authors: Pocock Mark L. , McDonald James B. , Pope Clayne L.
Published: October 2021

A knowledge of the distribution of income in different professions has a variety of policy implications and uses. Important applications include being able to make competitive salary offers for potential employees as well as helping to retain values employees through appropriate financial incentives. In some professions, salary data are readily available, and in others, data are limited. In academics the amount of salary data available is very diverse. In one study, Oklahoma State University publishes the highest, lowest and mean salaries by rank and discipline for different Carnegie Research Classifications. This paper outlines and approach, using order statistics and a Burr distribution, to utilize the information available from the Oklahoma State Survey to estimate underlying probability density functions for salary distributions. Given the estimated distribution, deciles can be estimated which facilitate an analysis of salary structure. The methodology is applied to estimate the salary distribution of statistics professors.
Pay across EU Regions: Contributory Effects of Labor Markets and Regional Heterogeneity
Authors: Webber Don J.
Published: October 2021

This paper presents an investigation into the effects of regional labour market characteristics on the evolution of average pay across regions of the European Union. Using pooled time-series-cross-section regression analysis and data that corresponds to thirty-two regions between 1986-1994, regionally adjusted unemployment benefits and employment rates are identified as being statistically significant determinants of relative average regional pay over time. Unobservable regional heterogeneity is also identified as being an important contributory factor behind this evolution.
Limited-Rivalry Consumer Goods and Income Distribution – An Exploration
Authors: Anderson Fredrik
Published: October 2021

Consequences of market provision of consumer goods that are less than fully rival are explored. The feedbacks introduced by limited rivalry are shown to interact with income distribution in ways absent from standard theory. Specifically, it is shown that there may be scope for Pareto improving redistributions, but that the direction of welfare effects of redistributions depend on the number of consumers buying the limitedly rival good. The results are argued to throw light on notions such as innovation and Keynesian underemployment.
Why Measuring Inequality by the Variance Makes Sense from a Theoretical Point of View
Authors: Chakravarty Satya R.
Published: October 2021

The variance, which has many advantages as a measure of inequality, is a quadratic form in incomes. In this paper we develop a characterization of the variance by showing that among all quadratic forms in incomes, it is the only one that satisfies absolute inequality invariance, symmetry, the principle of transfers and the principle of population. A numerical illustration of several inequality indices, including the variance, is also presented in the paper.
Asset Ownership Along Gender Lines: Evidence from Thailand
Authors: Antonopoulos Rania , Floro Maria S.
Published: October 2021

This paper investigates gender differences in asset ownership. Specifically, the present case study explores whether a gender-specific composition in asset ownership between heads of households and spouses can be detected among low-income, urban households in Bangkok, Thailand. To examine this issue empirically we use a sample of 134 couples from a 2002 survey. Data collected were at the level of the individual respondent on accumulated physical and financial assets and both husband and wife were interviewed separately. The findings suggest that asset composition varies by gender, indicating that further investigation is warranted on this topic. Tobit and Probit tests are used to examine the factors that may affect this gendered pattern.
Revealed Social Preferences for Equality and Growth
Authors: Kiefer David , Khan Shahrukh Rafi
Published: October 2021

Using the Kuznets inverted-U-shaped association as a structural
constraint, we model the social tradeoff between changing inequality
and changing income. If observed outcomes for recent decades
are taken as constrained political-economic optima, this model identifies
the parameters of a social welfare function. Our cross-country
regression results tentatively suggest that the world is becoming an
anti-egalitarian place.
Credit Constraints and Job Mobility
Authors: Hagstrom Paul A. , Owen Ann L.
Published: October 2021

We estimate the probability of voluntary job change using data
from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and imputed values
for several different measures of financial stress from the Survey
of Consumer Finances (SCF). Our main finding is that single men are
more likely to respond to credit constraints by voluntarily switching
jobs. For married men, the effect depends on the type of financial
stress experienced. Our results suggest that the higher rate of job mobility
among single men can be attributed to both higher incidence of
credit constraints among this group as well as a differential response
to these constraints.
Lorenz Curve Interpolation and the Gini Coefficient
Authors: Rohde Nicholas Charles
Published: October 2021

This article presents a simple non-polynomial spline that may be used to construct Lorenz curves from grouped data. The spline is naturally convex and works by determining a series of piecewise segments that may be joined to give a smooth and continuous Lorenz curve. The method is illustrated with an empirical example using income decile data from the Philippines from 1991-2003 where the proposed technique is used alongside other parametric and non-parametric methods. We also use the spline to approximate some known Lorenz curves and assess the technique by comparing the estimated Gini coefficient to the known Gini. Our findings suggest that the method is an attractive addition to the body of techniques used for developing Lorenz curves from grouped data.
The Interaction between Income Inequality and Imports of Manufactured Goods: A Case for Developing Countries
Authors: Fawaz Fadi , Rahnamamoghadam Masha
Published: October 2021

Questions surrounding income inequality have received much
attention in recent economic literature. The effects of the imports of manufactured goods on income inequality in developing countries are found to be inconclusive in the existing literature. This study proposes a “threshold effect” to address this issue. We argue that when imports benefit a large portion of population, a decrease in income inequality is more likely to occur within the country. We use a dynamic specification to estimate the impact of trade on within-country income inequality in a sample for low- and high-income, developing countries (LIDC and HIDC) over the period 1970-2009. We find that if the trade of manufactured goods is above (below) the threshold, income inequality will decrease (increase).
Functional Distribution, Capital Accumulation and Growth in a
Non-Linear Macrodynamic Model
Authors: Lima Gilberto Tadeu
Published: October 2021

The article develops a macrodynamic model of income distribution,
capital accumulation, and growth in which investment is nonlinear
in distribution: at intermediate and high (low) levels of wage
share, the impact of a higher profit share on investment plans is positive
(negative). This specification conforms with some of the empirical
evidence for the rise and fall of the Golden Age in several advanced
economies. As it turns out, whether the economy follows a wage-led
growth regime or a profit-led one depends on the prevailing distribution.
Indeed, a similar dependence applies, alongside the relative bargaining
power of capitalists and workers and the cyclical behavior of
mark-ups, to the dynamic stability properties of the economy.
Intercity Income Inequality Growth and Convergence in China
Authors: Anderson Gordon , Ge Ying
Published: October 2021

In the late 1970s China embarked upon a period of wide-ranging
reforms, amongst which the Economic Reforms and the Open Door
Policy can be counted. This article is to investigate ensuing patterns
and trends in the interCity per-capita income distribution in China in
the 1990s, after the reforms had been in place for a decade. The following
methodologies are used: inequality and polarization indices,
to illustrate basic trends, stochastic dominance techniques, to provide
unambiguous economic welfare and poverty comparisons across regions
and over time, and transition probability techniques and polarization/
convergence tests, to study the long-run evolution of income
distributions for Cities. The results suggest a significant welfare improvement
and concomitant reduction in the poor status of Cities for
all regions, with strict welfare dominance of the Eastern Coastal Area
over the interior. They also indicate a significant convergence trend
in the center (especially in the Eastern Coastal Area) together with a
divergence trend in both lower and upper tails of interCity income distributions.
Economic reform and globalization effects in the coastal
area have driven convergence in the central mass; divergence in both
tails of the distribution stems from the growing coastal-inland gap due
to the unbalanced pace of the economic reform and globalization.
A Continuous-Time Model of Income Dynamics
Authors: Trede Mark Matthias , Heimann Thorsten
Published: October 2021

Most models of income dynamics are set in a discrete-time framework with an arbitrarily chosen accounting period. This article introduces a continuous-time stochastic model of income flows, without the need to define an accounting period. Our model can be estimated using unbalanced panel data with arbitrarily spaced observations. Although our model describes the stochastic properties of income flows, estimation is based on observed incomes accruing during time intervals of possibly varying length. Our model of income dynamics is close in spirit to the discrete-time two-stage models prevalent in the literature. We impose a parsimoniously parameterized continuous-time stochastic process (possibly containing a unit root) to model the deviation from a traditional earnings function. We illustrate our approach by estimating a simplified model using microeconomic data from the German social security agency from 1975 to 1995.
Effects of Rural Non-Farm Employment on Poverty and Income Distribution: Evidence for Macedonia and Slovenia
Authors: Moellers Judith
Published: October 2021

Most of the poor in Eastern Europe belong to families with at least one working member, meaning that work per se does not protect families from poverty. As farm families in particular are characterized by an elevated poverty risk, rural non-farm employment (RNFE) could, however, curtail increases in economic vulnerability and inequality. This article analyzes the effect of RNFE on poverty reduction and inter-household income distribution in rural Macedonia and Slovenia. The research is based on an empirical household survey. Results show a high dependency on non-farm incomes; smaller farms particularly benefit from RNFE. The analysis of decomposed Gini coefficients reveals a smoothing effect of non-farm employment on income distribution.
Determinants of Poverty Among Farming Households in Kogi State of Nigeria
Authors: Omonona Bolarin T. , Okunmadewa Foluso Y.
Published: October 2021

The dearth of studies on quantitative determinants of poverty in Nigeria is a major weak point in the country’s poverty reduction policy and strategy formulation. A recent study in Kogi State of Nigeria revealed that poverty is higher among households that have male heads, are polygamous, have farming as the only occupation, have no formal education, and have no access to extension services and improved farming inputs. Poverty rises with the increase in household size and dependency ratio. On the other hand, poverty is inversely related to the extent of output commercialization, farm size, and credit. The study indicates that in Kogi State, Nigeria there is the need to reduce birth rate, provide training and education, and improve farming inputs, credit to deserving households, and marketing infrastructures, as major elements of an effective poverty reduction strategy.
Decision Risks and Individual Development Accounts: An Alternative View
Authors: Khashadourian Edmund
Published: October 2021

This article analyzes the impact of risk on decisions made by the poor within the context of the Individual Development Account (IDA) program. IDA is a matched savings program designed to help low-income households invest in appreciating assets. For these households, the risk involved with participation in IDA relates to the sacrifice they make by reducing current consumption - sometimes in a significant way - in order to be able to save. The program does not offer a match on savings per se; rather, it offers the match only when savings are invested in certain assets. Since there is no guarantee that IDA savings will be converted into assets qualified for the IDA match at the time of enrollment, participation in the program is characterized as an inherently risky decision, which is governed by different sets of behavioral factors, including the risk-taking preferences of low-income households. Consideration of risk provides an alternative explanation for issues related to program take-up, inactivity, and attrition rates. It also offers new and simple ideas on how to improve results. In addressing these problems, the article recommends using an IDA model that includes a flexible match component, to insure against the risk of unmatched savings and complement the existing IDA match structure. Simple modifications to current policy will maintain the total cost of IDA match at the existing levels. Introduction of a flexible match may mitigate the risk of decision to participate in IDA for the most vulnerable group of participants. It can also potentially reduce the percentage of inactive accounts while improving the overall retention rates in the program. Moreover, the recommended changes would not alter the nature of the IDA program, as the flexible match would only amount to a fraction of the total asset investment match.
Are we really Mama’s boys? How incomes affect Italians’
leaving-home decisions
Authors: Belloc Filippo
Published: October 2021

The aim of this article is to identify the main determinants of Italians’
leaving-home decisions. We use data from the Survey of Household
Income and Wealth (SHIW) by the Bank of Italy. The empirical
study is performed by cross-section probit and panel-probit estimation.
Contrary to the predominant literature’s claim, our findings unveil the
positive and statistically significant effects of both children’s and parents’
income on the departure probability. We interpret this positive
parents’ income effect as a signal for inter-household transfers. Finally,
we distinguish by gender and find that while the young men’s
leaving home is strongly dependent on such transfers, the same does
not hold for young women.
Keywords: leaving home, intergenerational
How important were social and labour market policies in reducing
poverty across different families in Argentina? A dynamic approach
Authors: Maurizio Roxana , Perrot Barbara , Villafañe Soledad
Published: October 2021

The article analyzes the factors associated with the reduction of
poverty between 2003 and 2006 in Argentina. In particular, it examines
the role of the labour market, monetary transfers, and demographic
factors in poverty exits, taking into account the family composition
of households. The data used comes from the Encuestas Permanentes
de Hogares (EPH) [Permanent Household Survey]. Results
indicate that labour market events are the most important factors associated
with these transitions because they are more frequent and also
because they have a more significant impact on family incomes. In
addition, the results show that households with children and female
household heads face greater difficulties to exit poverty than the rest of
the households.
Equal opportunities for all children in Vietnam? Assessing the
distribution of child poverty from a monetary and multidimensional
perspective
Authors: Roelen Keetie , Gassmann Franziska
Published: October 2021

Despite two decades of rapid economic growth in Vietnam, child
poverty remains a sizeable problem. This article investigates the distribution
of child poverty and the existence of horizontal inequalities over
a variety of groups in Vietnam using a multitude of poverty measures.
Findings suggest that the burden of child poverty is unequally shared
by demographic and socio-economic groups. Conclusions about the
degree of inequality and the groups that are disproportionately affected
depend on the poverty indicator used for analysis. The set of poverty
indicators provides complementary information to gain an in-depth understanding
of the distribution of child poverty in Vietnam.
Sources of Income Persistence: Evidence from Rural El Salvador
Authors: Sosa-Escudero Walter , Marchionni Mariana , Arias Omar
Published: October 2021

This article uses a unique panel data set of rural El Salvador to investigate the main sources of persistence and variability in incomes. Our econometric framework validly reduces a general panel model to a dynamic linear model with a covariance structure that can be estimated efficiently with short panels. We find that life-cycle incomes are largely explained by the productive characteristics of families, such as education and access to public goods, and unobserved heterogeneity. Pure state dependence, arising from income shocks persistency, is of second order. In El Salvador, frequent transitory shocks are a more important source of income variation than in developed countries.
Globalization and the Concept of Subsistence Wages
Authors: Block Walter , Dauterive Jerry , Levendis John
Published: October 2021

According to Malthus, there is an “Iron Law” for wages: they cannot stay above
subsistence levels. When they do, increased population soon enough pushes them
down to the previous level of immiseration. One might think that modern economics
has long ago confined such views to the dustbin of history, however, belief in the “Iron
Law” has made a comeback in this era of globalization. We argue that all versions of
the Iron Law, new and old, are vulnerable to a knock-out critique. We argue that the
Iron Law of Wages, and slavery for production and profit, are logically incompatible:
if one ever existed, the other cannot.
The Dynamics of Low Income and Persistent Poverty Among U.S.
Families
Authors: Hisnanick John J.
Published: October 2021

Are those in poverty likely to remain there or can they move out of this situation
without help from other sources? Our understanding of those in or near poverty is
primarily based upon the analysis of either annual income or the income distribution
from cross-sectional survey data. It has been argued in the literature that this type of
data can be misleading when faced with questions pertaining to transitions in and out
of poverty. Studies of the persistence of poverty should focus on individuals and their
families, in conjunction with labor market situations, in order to provide an insight
into why the situation continues.

Using the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) 1996 panel, it was
possible to investigate low-income dynamics and to model family incomes for the
years 1996-1999. This article provides a descriptive analysis that evaluates the lowincome
dynamics of families and their exit and re-entry rates into low income. It
also investigates family income and poverty experiences based upon a componentsof-
variance model that identifies permanent and transitory factors and provides insight
into low-income dynamics.