bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Greenhouse gas emission from rice‐ and wheat‐growing areas in India: spatial analysis and upscaling
Authors: Bhatia Arti , Aggarwal P.K. , Jain Niveta , Pathak H.
Published: March 2012

The intensified rice and wheat cropping systems consume most of the fertilizer and irrigation water in India and are major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The InfoCrop simulation model was evaluated to calculate methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from soils under rice and wheat. Indian rice fields covering 42.21 million ha (Mha) emitted 2.07, 0.02, and 72.9 Tg of CH4‐C, N2O‐N and CO2‐C, respectively, with a global warming potential (GWP) of 88.5 Tg CO2‐C eq. Annual GHG emission from 28.08 Mha of wheat‐growing areas was 0.017 and 43.2 Tg of N2O‐N and CO2‐C, respectively, with a GWP of 44.6 Tg CO2‐C eq. Intermittent irrigation in rice reduced methane emissions by 40%. However, application of farmyard manure in rice increased the GWP by 41%. This study suggests that the InfoCrop model could be applied for simulating the impacts of crop management and soil and climatic parameters on GHG emission from agricultural areas. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Using health rights to improve programme design: a Papua New Guinea case study
Authors: Williams Carmel , Brian Garry
Published: March 2012

The non‐state sector is becoming increasingly influential in funding and implementing global health programmes. However, their disease‐specific focus and vertical interventions have led to criticism that these programmes can be unsustainable and unable to achieve long‐term goals. This paper demonstrates that health rights can inform programme design to guide the design of appropriate and sustainable aid‐funded health programmes. It draws on UN General Comment 14, which clarified the right to health duties of states and their international partners, and which determined that ‘core obligations’ in health must become progressively available, accessible, acceptable and of good quality. A rights‐based tool assessed the design of activities proposed for Papua New Guinea by a consortium of Australian non‐government organisations. The tool revealed that none of the 36 indicators was addressed in full. Five of the 12 indicators pertaining to availability were addressed partially, as were three of 10 relating to accessibility and one of six concerning human rights concepts. As shown by the case study, failure to address the indicators in this tool will result in simplistic programme designs that can win political or financial support, but will fail to respect health rights or deliver a quality health service, available, accessible and acceptable to all. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Separation of acid–water mixtures by pervaporation using nanoparticle filled mixed matrix copolymer membranes
Authors: Samanta Himadri Sekhar , Ray Samit Kumar , Das Paramita , Singha Nayan Ranjan
Published: March 2012

BACKGROUND: Low energy and less expensive membrane based separation of acetic acid‐water mixtures would be a better alternative to conventional separation processes. However, suitable acid resistant membranes are still lacking. Thus, the objective of the present study was to develop mixed matrix membrane (MMM) which would allow high flux and water selectivity over a wide range of feed concentrations of acid in water.

RESULTS: Three MMMs, namely PANBA0.5, PANBA1.5 and PANBA3 were made by emulsion copolymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) and butyl acrylate (BA) with 5.5:1 comonomer ratio and in situ incorporation of 0.5, 1.5 and 3 wt%, sodium montmorilonite (Na‐MMT) nanofillers, respectively. For a feed concentration of 99.5 wt% of acid in water the membranes show good permeation flux (2.61, 3.19, 3.97 kg m−2 h−1 µm−1, for PANBA0.5, PANBA1.5 and PANBA3 membrane, respectively) and very high separation factors for water (1473, 1370, 1292 for PANBA0.5, PANBA1.5 and PANBA3 membrane, respectively) at 30 °C. Similarly for a dilute acid–water solution, i.e. for 71.6 wt% acid the membrane showed a very high thickness normalize flux (8.67, 9.44, 11.56 kg m−2 h−1 µm−1, for PANBA0.5, PANBA1.5 and PANBA3 membrane, respectively) and good water selectivity (101.7, 95.3, 79 for PANBA0.5, PANBA1.5 and PANBA3 membrane, respectively) at the same feed temperature. The permeation ratio, permeability, diffusion coefficient and activation energy for permeation of the membranes were also estimated.

CONCLUSION: Unlike most of the reported membranes, the present MMMs allowed high flux and selectivity over a wide range of feed concentrations. These membranes may also be effective for separating other similar organic‐water mixtures. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
The weighted Stieltjes inequality and applications
Authors: Gogatishvili Amiran , Kufner Alois , Persson Lars‐Erik
Published: March 2012

Let 1 < p ≤ q < ∞. Inspired by some results concerning characterization of weighted Hardy type inequalities, where the equivalence of four scales of integral conditions was proved, we use related ideas to find some new equivalent scales of integral conditions related to the Stieltjes transform. By applying our result to weighted inequalities for the Stieltjes transform we obtain four new scales of conditions for characterization of this inequality. We also derive a new characterization for the solvability of a Riccati type equation and show via our new results that this characterization can be done in infinite many ways via our four scales of equivalent conditions.
Realizations of homogeneous Besov and Lizorkin‐Triebel spaces
Authors: Bourdaud Gérard
Published: March 2012

We discuss the existence and unicity of translation and dilation commuting realizations of the homogeneous spaces \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\dot{B}_{{p},{q}}^{s}({\mathbb R}^n\!)$\end{document} and \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\dot{F}_{{p},{q}}^{s}({\mathbb R}^n\!)$\end{document}, modulo polynomials of degree less than k, for all integer k ≥ 0.
Das probiotische Konzept
Authors: Schulze Jürgen
Published: March 2012

Seit Jahrtausenden werden Lebensmittel durch Fermentation in ihrer Qualität verändert, wobei deren reichlicher Verzehr das Leben verlängern soll. Metschnikoff fand als Erklärung den darin enthaltenen “Bulgarischen Bacillus”, der die fäulnisbildenden Prozesse im Darm vermindert. Davon abgeleitet wurden zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts Konzepte zur Gesunderhaltung durch Beeinflussung der Darmflora erfolgreich erprobt. Richtungsweisend waren die Entwicklung von “Acidophilus‐Milch” und die Entdeckung des “Coli‐Antagonismus”. Mit der segensreichen Einführung von Antibiotika‐Therapien erlahmte vorübergehend das Interesse an Behandlungen mit Mikroorganismen. Seit ca. 20 Jahren gibt es eine zunehmende Beachtung für das wissenschaftlich untermauerte Konzept, mit lebenden Mikroorganismen (“Probiotika”) Einfluss auf die Lebensqualität zu nehmen.
Abgrenzung zwischen Arzneimitteln und Lebensmitteln
Authors: Krüger Carsten
Published: March 2012

Zusammenfassend ist festzuhalten, dass Probiotika‐haltige Produkte sowohl als Arzneimittel als auch als Lebensmittel verkehrsfähig sein können. Die Qualitätsvorgaben der arzneimittelrechtlichen Bestimmungen sind dabei geeignet sicherzustellen, dass über die Dauer der Haltbarkeit eines Probiotika‐haltigen Arzneimittels die deklarierten Probiotika der deklarierten Art und Menge auch tatsächlich enthalten sind. Bei Probiotika‐haltigen Lebensmitteln finden sich in der Kennzeichnung zum Teil nur unvollständige Angaben zur Art und Menge der in einem Produkte enthaltenen Probiotika. Dies gilt sowohl für die Art der enthaltenen Probiotika als auch für deren Menge über den gesamten Zeitraum der deklarierten Verzehrsfähigkeit des Lebensmittels. Dem Arzt steht es im Rahmen der Therapiefreiheit frei, Probiotika‐haltige Arzneimittel oder Probiotika‐haltige Lebensmittel zu empfehlen bzw. zu verordnen. Angesichts der bestehenden Informationsdefizite bezüglich Probiotika‐haltiger Arzneimittel ist die Bewertung der Erfolgsaussichten diätetischer Maßnahmen durch den ärztlich empfohlenen bzw. verordneten Verzehr Probiotika‐haltiger Arzneimittel allerdings nur schwer abschätzbar. Bei nur unvollständiger Informationslage wird der Arzt seine Behandlungs‐ bzw. Therapieentscheidung daher regelmäßig zugunsten des Produktes bzw. der Produktkategorie treffen, für das bzw. die die erforderlichen Informationen vollständig vorliegen.
Wie sicher sind Probiotika?
Authors: Stein Jürgen , Dignaß Axel
Published: March 2012

Die Einnahme von Probiotika gilt allgemein als ungefährlich. Die FDA hatte bereits Mitte der 1990er Jahre probiotische Mikroorganismen, insbesondere Lactobacillus‐ und Bifidobacterium‐Stämme, mit dem Etikett “Generally Recognized As Safe” (GRAS) versehen, d.h. Probiotika also bezüglich ihrer Unbedenklichkeit mit der Einnahme von Vitaminen gleichgestellt.
Ein Pockenvirus gegen Tumorzellen
Authors: Linder Alissa , Marino Giorgio , Prechtel Julia , Rest Dorothee , Sabatino Floriana , Zündorf Ilse , Dingermann Theo
Published: March 2012

Bereits in den ersten Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts beobachtete man, dass einige Virusinfektionen den Verlauf bestimmter Tumorerkrankungen positiv beeinflussen konnten. In den letzten Jahren sind so genannte onkolytische Viren wieder verstärkt als Therapieoption beforscht worden.
High school teachers' perceptions of cyberbullying prevention and intervention strategies
Authors: Stauffer Sterling , Heath Melissa Allen , Coyne Sarah Marie , Ferrin Scott
Published: March 2012

Recent meta‐analyses indicate that bully prevention programs produce minimal change in student behavior. This study examined 66 high school teachers' perceptions regarding the effect of cyberbullying on students, which intervening strategies teachers would use when dealing with cyberbullying, and which prevention strategies would assist in preventing cyberbullying. Almost one fourth of teachers indicated cyberbullying does not have long‐lasting negative effects and that cyberbullying “prepares students for life.” Fewer than half of teachers favored implementing a formal cyberbully prevention program. Teachers perceived the following strategies as most helpful in addressing cyberbullying: increasing parental involvement, warning students about consequences for cyberbullying, and increasing consequences for cyberbullying. School administrators should consider teachers' perceptions before implementing prevention programs that target cyberbullying. Additionally, strategies should consider fostering greater teacher buy‐in, thus improving intervention fidelity and creating a unified effort focused on decreasing student cyberbullying. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gummiauge, sei wachsam!
Authors: Wallrabe Ulrike , Draheim Jan
Published: March 2012

Adaptive Miniaturoptiken ersetzen in zunehmendem Maße komplexe Optomechaniken. Moderne Materialien und Fertigungsverfahren ermöglichen dies. Dabei sollen sie optische Funktionen wie Fokussieren, Abblenden, Ablenken oder Reflektieren ohne aufwendige Motoren und Stellelemente beherrschen. Solche adaptiven Minioptiken sind dank ihrer geringen Baugröße in einem weiten Bereich einsetzbar. Die Herausforderungen bei ihrer Entwicklung bestehen weniger in der Miniaturisierung als im Erhalt der optischen Qualität. Silikon gewinnt als Glasersatz an Bedeutung. Es ist einerseits elastisch und anpassungsfähig, andererseits preiswert und leicht handhabbar. Allerdings reagiert es stark auf äußere Kräfte, mechanische Spannungen und Verzüge. Um dennoch den adaptiven Optiken aus Silikon eine gute Abbildungsqualität abzutrotzen, werden sie derzeit intensiv erforscht.
Die Vereinheitlichung der Naturkräfte
Authors: Wuensch Daniela
Published: March 2012

David Hilbert war neben Henri Poincaré der bedeutendste Mathematiker des 20. Jahrhunderts und bestimmte entscheidend die Entwicklung der Physik. Mit seiner axiomatischen Methode beabsichtigte er, die Wissenschaften in ihrer Struktur zu vereinigen. Es gelang Hilbert, alle Zweige der modernen Physik, die Relativitätstheorie, die Quantentheorie und die vereinheitlichten Theorien grundlegend zu bestimmen. In Göttingen führte er zusammen mit Felix Klein eine Blüte der Mathematik und der Physik ohnegleichen herbei. Die Machtübernahme der Nazis setzte ihr ein jähes Ende.
Elektrodynamik in der Einsiedelei
Authors: Loos Andreas
Published: March 2012

Nächtens schließt er sich in sein Zimmer ein und studiert im Schein einer Öllampe Elektrodynamik, während nebenan Mommy und Daddy zu Bett gehen. Noch mit 40 Jahren lebt er bei seinen Eltern, nur kurz unterbrochen von einigen Jahren Berufstätigkeit als Techniker für die Dansk‐Norsk‐Engelske Telegraf Selskab. “Als Figur hätte er direkt einem Dickens‐Roman entsprungen sein können”, stellt ein Biograf fest.
Nano‐Resonatoren aus Diamant
Authors: Riedrich‐Möller Janine , Kipfstuhl Laura , Becher Christoph
Published: March 2012

Optisch aktive Defekte in Diamant, sogenannte Farbzentren, sind attraktive Kandidaten für die Realisierung von Konzepten der Quanteninformation. Die kontrollierte Wechselwirkung solcher Farbzentren mit Lichtfeldern kann durch die Ankopplung an optische Resonatoren erleichtert werden. Unserer Gruppe an der Universität des Saarlandes ist es nun in einer Kooperation mit den Universitäten Augsburg, Kaiserslautern und Freiburg gelungen, optische Resonatoren im Nano‐ und Mikrometermaßstab direkt in einkristallinem Diamant herzustellen und die Kopplung von Farbzentren zu demonstrieren.
Stark korrelierte Photonen auf einem Halbleiterchip
Authors: Volz Thomas , Reinhard Andreas
Published: March 2012

Nichtlineare Wechselwirkungen zwischen einzelnen Lichtquanten, den Photonen, werden zentraler Bestandteil zukünftiger optischer Quantentechnologien sein. Unserer Arbeitsgruppe an der ETH Zürich gelang es kürzlich, ein hochgradig nichtlineares optisches System, bestehend aus einem Quantenpunkt in einem nanophotonischen Resonator, zu realisieren und daran starke Quantenkorrelationen zwischen gestreuten Photonen nachzuweisen. Ein derartiges System könnte als Einzelphotonen‐Transistor in einem optischen Computerchip zum Einsatz kommen.
Von der Unsichtbarkeit zur Unhörbarkeit
Authors: Stenger Nicolas , Wegener Martin
Published: March 2012

Die Konzepte der Transformationsoptik, die unlängst erste Unsichtbarkeitstarnkappen ermöglicht haben, können von elektromagnetischen Wellen auf andere Wellentypen übertragen werden. Kürzlich gelang so unserem Forscherteam in Karlsruhe die erste Tarnkappe für elastische Wellen in einer dünnen Platte im akustischen Frequenzbereich – eine “Unhörbarkeitstarnkappe”.
Photosynthese – die Fabrik im Blatt
Authors: Rolfs Claus
Published: March 2012

Zucker mit der Molekülstruktur C6H12O6 ist ein energiereicher Stoff. Er wird in den Blättern der Pflanzen über die Photosynthese hergestellt und zwar mit Hilfe von Lichtenergie und zwei energiearmen Stoffen, nämlich Wasser (H2O) und Kohlendioxid (CO2). Hierbei wird auch der für Mensch und Tier wertvolle Sauerstoff O2 freigesetzt. Jedes Blatt ist gewissermaßen eine kleine chemische Fabrik.
Einsatz von gebogenem Glas im Bauwesen
Authors: Schuler Christian , Sonja  , Elstner Michael , Illguth Marcus , Lorenz Alexander
Published: March 2012

Der Einsatz von gebogenen Glaselementen in der modernen Architektur nimmt stetig zu. Da sich die Herstellung, das Tragverhalten sowie das baurechtliche Genehmigungsverfahren in grundlegenden Punkten zu planem Glas unterscheiden, sind zusätzliche Hinweise und Erläuterungen beim Einsatz erforderlich. Es wird aufgezeigt, welche Besonderheiten zu beachten sind, wo die Risiken liegen können und wo sich der derzeitige Stand der Technik befindet.

Application of curved glass in architecture. The use of glass in modern architecture is growing continuously. Since curved glass differs radically from flat glass in production, load bearing behavior, as well as in the approval procedure of building law, some additional information and details need to be taken into consideration when using curved glass. It will be shown, which specialities have to be considered, where the possible risks are, and what the current State‐of‐the‐Art is.
Qualitätskontrolle von ESG und TVG – Einsatz der Spannungsoptik
Authors: Feldmann Markus , Kasper Ruth , Di Biase Pietro , Kremens Titus , Bucak Ömer , Illguth Marcus , Wahlers Ludger , Reckow Jürgen , Kubiak Rolf , Gruber Reinhard
Published: March 2012

Bei thermisch gebogenen TVG‐ und ESG‐Scheiben konnten in der Vergangenheit bei Schadensfällen und Forschungsprojekten durch Visualisierung mittels Polfilteraufnahmen Unregelmäßigkeiten hinsichtlich der Verteilung der thermischen Vorspannung festgestellt werden. Die Abweichungen von einer homogenen Vorspannungsverteilung steht in Zusammenhang mit nicht konformen Bruchbildern [1].

Bis dato fehlte jedoch eine Interpretationsgrundlage für die Bewertung der Polfilterbilder, da der Zusammenhang zwischen der visualisierten Farbgebung und dem Spannungszustand im Glas unbekannt war. Das Forschungsprojekt “ZIM – Gebogenes Glas“ nahm dies zum Anlass, die Möglichkeiten einer Online‐Qualitätskontrolle mit Visualisierung der Vorspannungsverteilung zur Verbesserung der Produktqualität von gebogenem Glas zu untersuchen und zerstörungsfrei Aussagen über das Bruchbild zu treffen.

Quality control of heat strengthened and fully tempered glass panels – Use of photoelasticity. In the past irregularities concerning the distribution of prestress in bent heat strengthened and fully tempered glass have been visualized by using polarizing filters. Especially in cases of damages, discrepancies of homogeneous distributions have been detected in polarizing filter images and a correlation between non‐conforming fracture pattern has been made. Until now a basis for the interpretation of these irregularities could not be found. Therefore, within the research project “ZIM – bended glass” the product quality of bent glass by using the visualization of the distribution of stress was investigated. The results shall also serve for a future online quality monitoring system. The distribution of stress combined with the visualized colors gives a deeper insight in the resulting fracture patterns of glass.
EN 1090 – Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung unter Berücksichtigung der technologischen Möglichkeiten und Verfahrensgrenzen
Authors: Ummenhofer Thomas , Ruff Daniel C. , Steidl Frank , Knödel Peter
Published: March 2012

Mit der Umstellung auf die Bemessung von Metalltragwerken nach dem Eurocode wird auch deren Herstellung in der EN 1090 geregelt. Im Vergleich zur DIN 18800 Teil 7 entsteht dem Hersteller ein erhöhter Aufwand an zerstörungsfreien Prüfungen (ZfP). Da im Rahmen der DIN 18800 nur in verhältnismäßig geringem Umfang zerstörungsfreie Prüfungen gefordert werden, bestehen jetzt Unsicherheiten bezüglich der Anforderungen der EN 1090 sowie bei der Auswahl geeigneter Prüfmethoden.

Die Anforderungen der EN 1090 werden nachfolgend ausführlich erläutert.

EN 1090 – non‐destructive testing taking into account the technological capabilities and process limits. With conversion to the design of metal structures according to the Eurocode also their production is regulated according to EN 1090. Compared to DIN 18800 part 7, the producer is confronted with an increased expenditure of non‐destructive tests (NDT). Since non‐destructive tests are only required to a very limited extent within the scope of DIN 18800, uncertainties now exist with regard to the requirements of EN 1090 as well as to the selection of suitable testing methods. The requirements of EN 1090 are discussed in detail as follows.
A multiscale model for dislocations: From mesoscopic elasticity to macroscopic plasticity
Authors: Van Goethem N.
Published: March 2012

A multiscale model for dislocations in single crystals is proposed. The aim of this paper is to provide homogenization of dislocations from the meso‐ to the macro‐scale. In particular we prove a new formula relating macroscopic strain incompatibility and dislocation density. Moreover, it is shown that plasticity is recovered from homogenization of purely elastic mesoscopic crystals with dislocations, where the appropriate functional space of Special functions of Bounded Deformation appears as a natural choice. Nonstandard defect and deformation internal variables and their evolution in time appear while novel differential relations are sketched in the non‐Riemannian crystal with a thermodynamical model as based on those results,
Retroperitoneal Adrenal‐Sparing Surgery for the Treatment of Cushing’s Syndrome Caused by Adrenocortical Adenoma: 8‐Year Experience With 87 Patients
Authors: He Hong‐chao , Dai Jun , Shen Zhou‐jun , Zhu Yu , Sun Fu‐kang , Shao Yuan , Zhang Rong‐ming , Wang Hao‐fei , Rui Wen‐bin , Zhong Shan
Published: March 2012

Background

The objective of this study was to present our 8‐year experience with partial adrenalectomy via the retroperitoneal approach for the treatment of Cushing’s adenoma.

Methods

A total of 93 patients who underwent adrenal surgery for Cushing’s adenoma from March 2003 to December 2010 were enrolled in this study. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables were reviewed from the database. Student’s t test was used to analyze the continuous data, and the χ2 test was used to analyze the categoric data. A value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Adrenal‐sparing surgery was performed in 87 cases (31 by open surgery, 56 by retroperitoneal laparoscopy). Six patients underwent open/laparoscopic total adrenalectomy because of recurrent disease or a large size. The cure rate in our series was 97.8%. Hypertension resolved in 34 of 64 patients (53.1%), diabetes in 7 of 27 patients (25.9%) and obesity in 28 of 48 patients (58.3%). One patient died during the postoperative period. The intraoperative complication rate for the open surgery group was significantly higher than that for the retroperitoneal laparoscopy group (9.1 vs. 1.7%).

Conclusions

The retroperitoneal approach is reliable and safe for treating Cushing’s syndrome. The laparoscopic technique can decrease the prevalence of intraoperative complications. Retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial adrenalectomy can be performed with extremely low morbidity and achieves an excellent outcome, although death may occur during the postoperative period in high‐risk patients. Postoperative management plays an important role in the surgical treatment of Cushing’s syndrome.
Management of Esophageal Foreign Bodies: Experience in a Developing Country
Authors: Orji Foster Tochukwu , Akpeh James O. , Okolugbo Nekwu E.
Published: March 2012

Background

The outcome of esophagoscopy for removal of suspected esophageal foreign bodies (EFBs) is dependent on the FB characteristics and the surgeon’s experience. This study was conducted to review our experience and highlight challenges in the management of EFBs in a developing country. The value of radiologic signs in FB detection was also evaluated.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective chart review of 131 patients: 58.8% males and 41.9% females aged 8 months to 64 years, treated for suspected EFBs in our institution over a 13‐year period. Statistics were derived by univariate analysis

Results

Foreign bodies were found and retrieved in 118 cases. Coins were the predominant FB in children (35%), and bones (25%) and dentures (17%) were predominant in adults. Plain radiography was highly useful in detecting FBs in children (coins/metals 100%) but less so in adults (bones 25%, dentures 11%). Repeated esophagoscopy attempts were encountered more in patients with impacted sharp objects (85%) and were recorded significantly among trainee surgeons (p = 0.004). Open esophagotomy was carried out in 13 (10%) difficult cases. Major complications including two iatrogenic esophageal perforations and one death occurred following esophagoscopy by trainee surgeons.

Conclusions

Rigid esophagoscopy is relatively safe and useful procedure in trained hands for removal of EFBs. Management of long‐standing EFBs, dentures, and other sharp objects requires the skills of the most experienced members of the surgical team for a successful outcome. Open surgical treatment is unavoidable in cases of irretrievable esophageal FBs or in the presence of esophageal perforation.
Options in Breast Cancer Local Therapy: Who Gets What?
Authors: Jatoi Ismail
Published: March 2012

Today, women with primary breast cancer may consider three surgical options: breast‐conserving surgery (BCS), mastectomy (MT), and mastectomy with contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (MT + CPM). In each case, the ipsilateral axilla is generally managed with a sentinel node biopsy and possibly an axillary lymph node dissection. BCS generally requires breast radiotherapy, except in older women having tumors with a favorable prognosis who will receive endocrine therapy. In contrast, women treated with MT generally do not require radiotherapy, except for those with large tumors or metastases to the axillary nodes. Moreover, MT and MT + CPM are usually undertaken with breast reconstruction. Yet, most patients today are suitable candidates for BCS, with a few relative contraindications. Thus, early pregnancy, previous radiotherapy to the breasts, active collagen vascular disease, multicentric breast cancer, large tumors (although neoadjuvant systemic therapy can often reduce tumor size), and the presence of the BRCA mutation are all relative contraindications to BCS. BRCA mutation carriers should consider MT + CPM because their risk of contralateral breast cancer is greatly increased. In the U.S., the use of MT for the treatment of primary breast cancer has declined in recent years, while MT + CPM rates have increased, and BCS rates have remained relatively stable. The underlying reasons for these trends are not fully understood. Local therapy options should be discussed with each patient in considerable detail, and more studies are needed to better elucidate which factors influence a woman’s choice of local therapy following a breast cancer diagnosis.
Direct numerical simulation of stationary homogeneous stratified sheared turbulence
Authors: Chung D. , Matheou G.
Published: March 2012

Using direct numerical simulation, we investigate stationary and homogeneous shear-driven turbulence in various stratifications, ranging from neutral to very stable. To attain and maintain a stationary flow, we throttle the mean shear so that the net production stays constant for all times. This results in a flow that is characterized solely by its mean shear and its mean buoyancy gradient, independent of initial conditions. The method of throttling is validated by comparison with experimental spectra in the case of neutral stratification. With increasing stratification comes the emergence of vertically sheared large-scale horizontal motions that preclude a straightforward interpretation of flow statistics. However, once these motions are excluded, simply by subtracting the horizontal average, the underlying flow appears amenable to the standard methods of turbulence analysis. It is shown that a direct acknowledgement of the confining influence of the periodic simulation box can lead to a meaningful physical interpretation of the large scales. Once an appropriate confinement scale is identified, many features, including horizontal spectra, flux–gradient relationships and length scales, of stratified sheared turbulence can be readily understood, both qualitatively and quantitatively, in terms of Monin–Obukhov similarity theory. Finally, the similarity-theory framework is used to interpret the scaling of the vertical diapycnal diffusivity in stratified turbulence.
Is the storm time response of the inner magnetospheric hot ions universally similar or driver dependent?
Authors: Liemohn Michael W. , Katus Roxanne
Published: March 2012

The Hot Electron and Ion Drift Integrator (HEIDI) model was used to simulate all of the intense storms (Dstmin < −100 nT) from solar cycle 23 (1996–2005). These storms were classified according to their heliospheric driving structure, namely, either an interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) or a corotating interaction region and its trailing high‐speed stream (CIR/HSS). Five different HEIDI input combinations were used to create a large collection of numerical results, varying the plasma outer boundary condition and electric field description in the model. Statistical data‐model analyses were conducted on the total energy content, yielding error estimates on the correlation coefficients and root‐mean‐square error values for each run set. The accuracy of each run set depends on the method of comparison and classification of the driver. For the correlation coefficients, the simulations using a local‐time‐dependent outer boundary condition were consistently better than those using a local‐time‐averaged (but high‐time‐resolution) nightside boundary condition, with the simplistic electric field being better than the self‐consistent field description. For the root‐mean‐square error, the results are less conclusive. For the CIR/HSS‐driven storms, those with the high‐time‐resolution boundary condition were systematically better than those with the local‐time‐dependent (but lower‐time‐resolution) boundary condition. For the ICME‐driven storms, those run sets employing the self‐consistent electric field calculation were systematically better than those using the simplistic electric field. The implication, therefore, is that the inner magnetospheric physical response to strong driving is, at least to some degree, fundamentally different depending on the heliospheric structure impacting geospace. Specifically, for an accurate SYMH* comparison, it is found that CIR/HSS events respond strongly to transient spikes in the plasma outer boundary condition, while ICME passages exhibit a more highly structured electric field.
ULF wave derived radiation belt radial diffusion coefficients
Authors: Ozeke Louis G. , Mann Ian R. , Murphy Kyle R. , Rae I. Jonathan , Milling David K. , Elkington Scot R. , Chan Anthony A. , Singer Howard J.
Published: March 2012

Waves in the ultra‐low‐frequency (ULF) band have frequencies which can be drift resonant with electrons in the outer radiation belt, suggesting the potential for strong interactions and enhanced radial diffusion. Previous radial diffusion coefficient models such as those presented by Brautigam and Albert (2000) have typically used semiempirical representations for both the ULF wave's electric and magnetic field power spectral densities (PSD) in space in the magnetic equatorial plane. In contrast, here we use ground‐ and space‐based observations of ULF wave power to characterize the electric and magnetic diffusion coefficients. Expressions for the electric field power spectral densities are derived from ground‐based magnetometer measurements of the magnetic field PSD, and in situ AMPTE and GOES spacecraft measurements are used to derive expressions for the compressional magnetic field PSD as functions of Kp, solar wind speed, and L‐shell. Magnetic PSD results measured on the ground are mapped along the field line to give the electric field PSD in the equatorial plane assuming a guided Alfvén wave solution and a thin sheet ionosphere. The ULF wave PSDs are then used to derive a set of new ULF‐wave driven diffusion coefficients. These new diffusion coefficients are compared to estimates of the electric and magnetic field diffusion coefficients made by Brautigam and Albert (2000) and Brautigam et al. (2005). Significantly, our results, derived explicitly from ULF wave observations, indicate that electric field diffusion is much more important than magnetic field diffusion in the transport and energization of the radiation belt electrons.
Persistent termini of 2004‐ and 2005‐like ruptures of the Sunda megathrust
Authors: Meltzner Aron J. , Sieh Kerry , Chiang Hong‐Wei , Shen Chuan‐Chou , Suwargadi Bambang W. , Natawidjaja Danny H. , Philibosian Belle , Briggs Richard W.
Published: March 2012

To gain insight into the longevity of subduction zone segmentation, we use coral microatolls to examine an 1100‐year record of large earthquakes across the boundary of the great 2004 and 2005 Sunda megathrust ruptures. Simeulue, a 100‐km‐long island off the west coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia, straddles this boundary: northern Simeulue was uplifted in the 2004 earthquake, whereas southern Simeulue rose in 2005. Northern Simeulue corals reveal that predecessors of the 2004 earthquake occurred in the 10th century AD, in AD 1394 ± 2, and in AD 1450 ± 3. Corals from southern Simeulue indicate that none of the major uplifts inferred on northern Simeulue in the past 1100 years extended to southern Simeulue. The two largest uplifts recognized at a south‐central Simeulue site—around AD 1422 and in 2005—involved little or no uplift of northern Simeulue. The distribution of uplift and strong shaking during a historical earthquake in 1861 suggests the 1861 rupture area was also restricted to south of central Simeulue, as in 2005. The strikingly different histories of the two adjacent patches demonstrate that this boundary has persisted as an impediment to rupture through at least seven earthquakes in the past 1100 years. This implies that the rupture lengths, and hence sizes, of at least some future great earthquakes and tsunamis can be forecast. These microatolls also provide insight into megathrust behavior between earthquakes, revealing sudden and substantial changes in interseismic strain accumulation rates.
Nazca–South America interactions and the late Eocene–late Oligocene flat‐slab episode in the central Andes
Authors: O'Driscoll Leland J. , Richards Mark A. , Humphreys Eugene D.
Published: March 2012

The most prominent features of the Andean range are the Altiplano and Puna plateaus, which were constructed by crustal shortening and uplift over the past ∼45 Myr. The early construction of these plateaus may have controlled subsequent growth of the orogen. Proposed models have suggested that an abrupt acceleration in relative motion between the Nazca plate and the South American plate at ∼30 Ma may have led to compression of the continent. However, the major plate motion change occurred at 25–23 Ma, and paleomagnetic rotations and crustal shortening of the Andean forearc require that the Arica Bend formed prior to about 25 Ma. Inferred history of flat‐slab subduction along the Altiplano section of the Andean margin and the structure of the adjacent South American cratonic shield combine to suggest an alternate scenario, based partly upon geodynamic models of oceanic‐continental plate interactions in subduction zones. We propose that central Andean tectonism may have been controlled by two distinct regimes of subduction: (1) oblique subduction along the central Andean margin during the late Eocene and Oligocene accompanied by downdip alignment with the center of the Amazonian Shield (flat‐slab activity in this phase of orogenesis may have been caused by a combination of cratonic root enhanced tectonics and oceanic plateau subduction) and (2) an abrupt transition to trench‐normal subduction after ∼25 Ma toward the more distal São Francisco Craton was accompanied by a return to normal angle subduction. Similar interactions are hypothesized to have occurred during the Laramide Orogeny in western North America.
Merlin: a tumour suppressor with functions at the cell cortex and in the nucleus
Authors: Li Wei , Cooper Jonathan , Karajannis Matthias A , Giancotti Filippo G
Published: March 2012

Inhibition of proliferation by cell‐to‐cell contact is essential for tissue organization, and its disruption contributes to tumorigenesis. The FERM domain protein Merlin, encoded by the NF2 tumour suppressor gene, is an important mediator of contact inhibition. Merlin was thought to inhibit mitogenic signalling and activate the Hippo pathway by interacting with diverse target‐effectors at or near the plasma membrane. However, recent studies highlight that Merlin pleiotropically affects signalling by migrating into the nucleus and inducing a growth‐suppressive programme of gene expression through its direct inhibition of the CRL4DCAF1 E3 ubiquitin ligase. In addition, Merlin promotes the establishment of epithelial adhesion and polarity by recruiting Par3 and aPKC to E‐cadherin‐dependent junctions, and by ensuring the assembly of tight junctions. These recent advances suggest that Merlin acts at the cell cortex and in the nucleus in a similar, albeit antithetic, manner to the oncogene β‐catenin.
Metagenomic analysis of a stable trichloroethene-degrading microbial community
Authors: Brisson Vanessa L , West Kimberlee A , Lee Patrick K H , Tringe Susannah G , Brodie Eoin L , Alvarez-Cohen Lisa
Published: March 2012

Dehalococcoides bacteria are the only organisms known to completely reduce chlorinated ethenes to the harmless product ethene. However, Dehalococcoides dechlorinate these chemicals more effectively and grow more robustly in mixed microbial communities than in isolation. In this study, the phylogenetic composition and gene content of a functionally stable trichloroethene-degrading microbial community was examined using metagenomic sequencing and analysis. For phylogenetic classification, contiguous sequences (contigs) longer than 2500 bp were grouped into classes according to tetranucleotide frequencies and assigned to taxa based on rRNA genes and other phylogenetic marker genes. Classes were identified for Clostridiaceae, Dehalococcoides, Desulfovibrio, Methanobacterium, Methanospirillum, as well as a Spirochete, a Synergistete, and an unknown Deltaproteobacterium. Dehalococcoides contigs were also identified based on sequence similarity to previously sequenced genomes, allowing the identification of 170 kb on contigs shorter than 2500 bp. Examination of metagenome sequences affiliated with Dehalococcoides revealed 406 genes not found in previously sequenced Dehalococcoides genomes, including 9 cobalamin biosynthesis genes related to corrin ring synthesis. This is the first time that a Dehalococcoides strain has been found to possess genes for synthesizing this cofactor critical to reductive dechlorination. Besides Dehalococcoides, several other members of this community appear to have genes for complete or near-complete cobalamin biosynthesis pathways. In all, 17 genes for putative reductive dehalogenases were identified, including 11 novel ones, all associated with Dehalococcoides. Genes for hydrogenase components (271 in total) were widespread, highlighting the importance of hydrogen metabolism in this community. PhyloChip analysis confirmed the stability of this microbial community.
Microbial diversity in arctic freshwaters is structured by inoculation of microbes from soils
Authors: Crump Byron C , Amaral-Zettler Linda A , Kling George W
Published: March 2012

Microbes are transported in hydrological networks through many environments, but the nature and dynamics of underlying microbial metacommunities and the impact of downslope inoculation on patterns of microbial diversity across landscapes are unknown. Pyrosequencing of small subunit ribosomal RNA gene hypervariable regions to characterize microbial communities along a hydrological continuum in arctic tundra showed a pattern of decreasing diversity downslope, with highest species richness in soil waters and headwater streams, and lowest richness in lake water. In a downstream lake, 58% and 43% of the bacterial and archaeal taxa, respectively, were also detected in diverse upslope communities, including most of the numerically dominant lake taxa. In contrast, only 18% of microbial eukaryotic taxa in the lake were detected upslope. We suggest that patterns of diversity in surface waters are structured by initial inoculation from microbial reservoirs in soils followed by a species-sorting process during downslope dispersal of both common and rare microbial taxa. Our results suggest that, unlike for metazoans, a substantial portion of bacterial and archaeal diversity in surface freshwaters may originate in complex soil environments.
Spin-lattice dynamics model for magnon-phonon-electron heat transfer on a million atom scale
Authors: Ma Pui-Wai , Dudarev S. L. , Woo C. H.
Published: March 2012

We develop an atomistic spin-lattice dynamics model for simulating energy relaxation in magnetic materials. The model explicitly solves equations of motion for atoms and spins, and includes interaction with electron excitations. We apply the model to simulate the dynamics of propagation and attenuation of a compressive elastic wave in iron. We find that interaction between the lattice, spin and electron degrees of freedom does not have an appreciable effect on the velocity of the wave. At the same time, dissipative spin-lattice-electron interactions dominate the dynamics of attenuation of the wave in the material.
Micromagnet structures for magnetic positioning and alignment
Authors: Zanini L. F. , Osman O. , Frenea-Robin M. , Haddour N. , Dempsey N. M. , Reyne G. , Dumas-Bouchiat F.
Published: March 2012

High performance hard magnetic films (NdFeB, SmCo) have been patterned at the micron scale using thermo-magnetic patterning. Both out-of-plane and in-plane magnetized structures have been prepared. These micromagnet arrays have been used for the precise positioning and alignment of superparamagnetic nano- and microparticles. The specific spatial arrangement achieved is shown to depend on both the particle size and the size and orientation of the micromagnets. These micromagnet arrays were used to trap cells magnetically functionalized by endocytosis of 100 nm superparamagnetic particles. These simple, compact, and autonomous structures, which need neither an external magnetic field source nor a power supply, have much potential for use in a wide range of biological applications.
Structures and magnetic properties of Sm5Fe17 melt-spun ribbon
Authors: Saito Tetsuji , Miyoshi Hiroya , Nishio-Hamane Daisuke
Published: March 2012

The crystallization behavior of amorphous Sm5Fe17 melt-spun ribbon was studied. The crystallized phases in annealed specimens were deeply dependent on both the annealing temperature and the heating rate. The optimally annealed Sm5Fe17 melt-spun ribbon consisted of Sm5Fe17 grains of around 50–100 nm in diameter and exhibited a remanence of 50 emu/g with a high coercivity of 40 kOe.
High field (14 T) magneto transport of Sm/PrFeAsO
Authors: Meena R. S. , Singh Shiva Kumar , Pal Anand , Kumar Anuj , Jha R. , Rao K. V. R. , Du Y. , Wang X. L. , Awana V. P. S
Published: March 2012

We report high field magneto transport of Sm/PrFeAsO. Below spin density wave transition (TSDW), the magneto-resistance (MR) of Sm/PrFeAsO is positive and increasing with decreasing temperature. The MR of SmFeAsO is found to be 16%, whereas it is 21.5% in the case of PrFeAsO, at 2.5 K under applied magnetic field of 14 Tesla (T). In the case of SmFeAsO, the variation of isothermal MR with field below 20 K is nonlinear at lower magnetic fields (<2 T) and it is linear at moderately higher magnetic fields (H ≥ 3.5 T). On the other hand, PrFeAsO shows almost linear MR at all temperatures below 20 K. The anomalous behavior of MR being exhibited in PrFeAsO is originated from Dirac cone states. The stronger interplay of Fe and Pr ordered moments is responsible for this distinct behavior. PrFeAsO also shows a hump in resistivity (R-T) with a possible conduction band (FeAs) mediated ordering of Pr moments at around 12 K. However, the same is absent in SmFeAsO even down to 2 K. Our results of high field magneto-transport of up to 14 T brings about clear distinction between ground states of SmFeAsO and PrFeAsO.
Optimal transient disturbances behind a circular cylinder in a quasi-two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic duct flow
Authors: Hussam Wisam K. , Thompson Mark C. , Sheard Gregory J.
Published: March 2012

The transient response of optimal linear perturbations of liquid metal flow under a strong axial magnetic field in an electrically insulated rectangular duct is considered. The focus is on the subcritical regime, below the onset of von Kármán vortex shedding, to determine the role of optimal disturbances in developing wake instabilities. In this configuration, the flow is quasi-two-dimensional and can be solved over a two-dimensional domain. Parameter ranges considered include Reynolds numbers \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$50 \le \mbox{\textit {Re}}\lesssim 2100$\end{document}50≤Re≲2100, modified Hartmann numbers \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$50 \le {\mbox{\textit {Ha}}^\star }\lesssim 500$\end{document}50≤Ha★≲500, and blockage ratios 0.1 ⩽ β ⩽ 0.4. In some instances, the optimal disturbances are found to generate energy growth of greater than four orders of magnitude. Variation in the wake recirculation length in the steady flow regime is determined as a function of Reynolds number, Hartman number, and blockage ratio, and a universal expression is proposed. For all β, the energy amplification of the disturbances is found to decrease significantly with increasing Hartmann number and the peak growth shifts towards smaller times. The optimal initial disturbances are consistently located in the vicinity of the boundary layer separation from the cylinder, and the structure of these disturbances is consistent for all Hartmann numbers and blockage ratios considered in this study. The time evolution of the optimal perturbations is presented, and is shown to correspond to sinuous oscillations of the shear layer downstream of the wake recirculation. The critical Reynolds number for the onset of growth at different Hartmann numbers and blockage ratios is determined. It is found that it increases rapidly with increasing Hartmann number and blockage ratio. For all β, the peak energy amplification grows exponentially with \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mbox{\textit {Re}}$\end{document}Re at low and high Hartmann numbers. Direct numerical simulation in which the inflow is perturbed by a random white noise confirms the predictions arising from the transient growth analysis: that is, the perturbation excites and feeds energy into the global mode.
In-situ conductivity and Seebeck measurements of highly efficient n-dopants in fullerene C60
Authors: Menke Torben , Ray Debdutta , Meiss Jan , Leo Karl , Riede Moritz
Published: March 2012

We present two organic dimetal complexes Cr2(hpp)4 and W2(hpp)4 as n-dopants investigated in the model system of fullerene C60 for the application in organic electronic devices. Conductivity and Seebeck measurements on doped layers are carried out in vacuum at different doping concentrations and various substrate temperatures to compare the two dopants. Very high conductivities of up to 4 S/cm are achieved for both organic dopants. The thermal activation energy of the conductivity as well as the measured Seebeck coefficient are found to decrease with increasing doping concentration, indicating a shift of the Fermi level towards the electron transport level of the n-doped C60.
Experimental observation of leaky modes and plasmons in a hybrid resonance element
Authors: Magnusson R. , Svavarsson H. G. , Yoon J. , Shokooh-Saremi M. , Song S. H.
Published: March 2012

We provide experimental evidence of a hybrid photonic device supporting simultaneously surface-plasmon polaritons and resonant leaky modes. A fabricated metallo-dielectric structure exhibits a pronounced plasmonic resonance at 799 nm wavelength and a modal resonance at 669 nm in transverse magnetic polarization. In transverse electric polarization, a weak modal resonance appears at 725 nm wavelength. We identify the corresponding modes by computing the attendant internal field distributions. Numerically computed spectra are in good agreement with our measurements. Since traditional modal and plasmonic devices find many uses, their hybrid versions may enable the extension of their applicability.