bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FPFTS: A joint fuzzy particle swarm optimization mobility‐aware approach to fog task scheduling algorithm for Internet of Things devices
Authors: Javanmardi Saeed , Shojafar Mohammad , Persico Valerio , Pescapè Antonio
Published: August 2020

In the Internet of Things (IoT) scenario, the integration with cloud‐based solutions is of the utmost importance to address the shortcomings resulting from resource‐constrained things that may fall short in terms of processing, storing, and networking capabilities. Fog computing represents a more recent paradigm that leverages the wide‐spread geographical distribution of the computing resources and extends the cloud computing paradigm to the edge of the network, thus mitigating the issues affecting latency‐sensitive applications and enabling a new breed of applications and services. In this context, efficient and effective resource management is critical, also considering the resource limitations of local fog nodes with respect to centralized clouds. In this article, we present FPFTS, fog task scheduler that takes advantage of particle swarm optimization and fuzzy theory, which leverages observations related to application loop delay and network utilization. We evaluate FPFTS using an IoT‐based scenario simulated within iFogSim, by varying number of moving users, fog‐device link bandwidth, and latency. Experimental results report that FPFTS compared with first‐come first‐served (respectively, delay‐priority) allows to decrease delay‐tolerant application loop delay by 85.79% (respectively, 86.36%), delay sensitive application loop delay by 87.11% (respectively, 86.61%), and network utilization by 80.37% (respectively, 82.09%), on average.
Applications of isodesmic‐type reactions for computational thermochemistry
Authors: Chan Bun , Collins Eric , Raghavachari Krishnan
Published: August 2020

In computational thermochemistry, “isodesmic‐type” reactions play a significant role for obtaining accurate thermochemical quantities using low‐cost methods that can be applied to large systems. This review touches on some of the examples. For instance, a series of relative bond dissociation energies (BDEs) have been devised to calculate absolute BDEs with near‐chemical‐accuracy (~5 kJ mol−1) using density functional theory (DFT) methods. To facilitate the applicability of isodesmic‐type reactions, the connectivity‐based hierarchy (CBH) has been developed to automate the systematic generation of isodesmic‐type reaction schemes, and applied to large organic and biomolecular systems. The related netCBH scheme yields accurate reaction energies in complex organic reactions, achieving coupled‐cluster quality results at DFT cost. Isodesmic‐type reactions have been used to obtain heats of formation for medium‐sized fullerenes, with uncertainties of ~20 kJ mol−1 up to C180. In comparison, the literature C60 heat of formation has an uncertainty of 100 kJ mol−1. Importantly, it fills the gap in which heats of formation for those larger fullerenes are not available. These studies showcase how isodesmic‐type reactions propel the accuracy of quantum chemistry computations to a level that rivals or even betters modern experimental determinations, particularly for systems that are difficult to study experimentally.

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysis

Electronic Structure Theory > Combined QM/MM Methods

Theoretical and Physical Chemistry > Thermochemistry
Regaining the History of Deer Populations and Densities in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Hanberry Brice B. , Hanberry Phillip
Published: August 2020

Despite widespread interest in white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the southeastern United States, historical deer populations and densities have not been compiled into one accessible source. We digitized maps from 1950, 1970, 1982, and 2003 and reviewed literature to quantify population sizes and densities in the Southeast, although previous estimates may not be accurate. Deer population sizes declined to a minimum of <215,000 during the early 1900s. Population sizes and mean deer densities were 304,000 and 0.22 deer/km2 by 1940, 476,000 and 0.35 deer/km2 by 1950, 2.9 million to 4.1 million and 2.2 to 3.1 deer/km2 by approximately 1970, 6.2 million and 4.6 deer/km2 by 1982, and 10.8 million to 12 million and 8 to 9 deer/km2 by about 2003. Although our estimates are likely not completely accurate in space and time, due to difficulty of counting animals, they provide the best available information and a range and trend in values, with general corroboration among sources. The current population size may be greater than during pre‐Euro‐American settlement, when based on minimum historical deer densities, or, conversely, the current population may be within the bounds of mid to high historical deer densities. Large deer densities trigger a research need to evaluate deer effects on vegetation, but threshold densities when deer are damaging to herbaceous plants may need to be reconsidered. Instead, we conjecture that deer may be considered a natural disturbance helpful in controlling increased tree densities during the past century, albeit placing a secondary stress upon declining herbaceous plants, which are losing ground to trees. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.
Between Taxes, Criminal Law and Health Care: The Fight Against Illicit Tobacco Trade in Germany
Authors: Engelhart Marc
Published: August 2020

The German chapter deals with illicit trade of tobacco goods in Germany, its regulation by law, the authorities responsible for preventive and repressive aspects of fighting illicit trade and the procedures that apply as well as the relevance of illicit trade in practice. Repressive regulations in the field can mainly be found in tax criminal law. The specific area of tobacco tax criminal law (Tabaksteuerstrafrecht) is a special matter of excise tax criminal law (Verbrauchssteuerstrafrecht). Tax criminal law follows the general criminal law rules and therefore the criminal courts are responsible, which means that their point of view can differ from that of the fiscal courts. The main offense in tax criminal law is § 370 AO (tax evasion), which is accompanied by special regulations in the Tabaksteuergesetz (Tobacco tax law—TabStG). In practice, besides the criminal justice authorities the custom authorities play a major role in investigating tobacco crimes, mainly the Customs Criminal Investigation Office (Zollkriminalamt—ZKA) and its local offices.
Two-loop superstring five-point amplitudes. Part I. Construction via chiral splitting and pure spinors
Authors: D’Hoker Eric , Mafra Carlos R. , Pioline Boris , Schlotterer Oliver
Published: August 2020

Abstract

The full two-loop amplitudes for five massless states in Type II and Heterotic superstrings are constructed in terms of convergent integrals over the genus-two moduli space of compact Riemann surfaces and integrals of Green functions and Abelian differentials on the surface. The construction combines elements from the BRST cohomology of the pure spinor formulation and from chiral splitting with the help of loop momenta and homology invariance. The α′ → 0 limit of the resulting superstring amplitude is shown to be in perfect agreement with the previously known amplitude computed in Type II supergravity. Investigations of the α′ expansion of the Type II amplitude and comparisons with predictions from S-duality are relegated to a first companion paper. A construction from first principles in the RNS formulation of the genus-two amplitude with five external NS states is relegated to a second companion paper.
The Tree of Good Semigroups in $${\mathbb {N}}^2$$ and a Generalization of the Wilf Conjecture
Authors: Maugeri Nicola , Zito Giuseppe
Published: August 2020

Good subsemigroups of $${\mathbb {N}}^d$$

N

d

have been introduced as the most natural generalization of numerical ones. Although their definition arises by taking into account the properties of value semigroups of analytically unramified rings (for instance the local rings of an algebraic curve), not all good semigroups can be obtained as value semigroups, implying that they can be studied as pure combinatorial objects. In this work, we are going to introduce the definition of length and genus for good semigroups in $${\mathbb {N}}^d$$

N

d

. For $$d=2$$

d
=
2

, we show how to count all the local good semigroups with a fixed genus through the introduction of the tree of local good subsemigroups of $${\mathbb {N}}^2$$

N

2

, generalizing the analogous concept introduced in the numerical case. Furthermore, we study the relationships between these elements and others previously defined in the case of good semigroups with two branches, as the type and the embedding dimension. Finally, we show that an analogue of Wilf’s conjecture fails for good semigroups in $${\mathbb {N}}^2$$

N

2

.
Maximal regularity of parabolic transmission problems
Authors: Amann Herbert
Published: August 2020

Linear reaction–diffusion equations with inhomogeneous boundary and transmission conditions are shown to possess the property of maximal$$L_\mathrm{p}$$Lp regularity. The new feature is the fact that the transmission interface is allowed to intersect the boundary of the domain transversally.
Empfehlungen zur Therapie der akuten Appendizitis
Authors: Andric M. , Kalff J. C. , Schwenk W. , Farkas S. , Hartwig W. , Türler A. , Croner R.
Published: August 2020

Der Paradigmenwechsel im Behandlungskonzept der akuten Appendizitis sorgt aktuell für intensive Diskussionen. Die Diagnosestellung und Differenzierung einer unkomplizierten von einer komplizierten Appendizitis sowie die Auswahl einer adäquaten Therapie sind herausfordernd, insbesondere seitdem konservative Therapiemodelle publiziert wurden. Die laparoskopische Appendektomie stellt weiterhin den Standard für die meisten Fälle dar. Leitlinien zur Behandlung einer akuten Appendizitis existieren in Deutschland nicht. Eine Expertengruppe hat daher nach 3 Treffen insgesamt 21 Empfehlungen zur Behandlung der akuten Appendizitis erarbeitet. Es wurden PICO(Population-Intervention-Comparison-Outcome)-Fragen definiert und die Empfehlungen im Rahmen eines Delphi-Votums finalisiert. Die Ergebnisse wurden vor dem Hintergrund der aktuellen Literatur erarbeitet. Das Ziel dieser Initiative war es, eine grundlegende Entscheidungshilfe für die klinische Routine in der Behandlung der akuten Appendizitis zu etablieren.
Identification and validation of major QTLs associated with low seed coat deficiency of natto soybean seeds (Glycine max L.)
Authors: Zhu Qian , Escamilla Diana M. , Wu Xingbo , Song Qijian , Li Song , Rosso M. Luciana , Lord Nilanka , Xie Futi , Zhang Bo
Published: August 2020

Key message

Two major QTLs associated with low seed coat deficiency of soybean seeds were identified in two biparental populations, and three SNP markers were validated to assist low-SCD natto soybean breeding selection.

Soybean seed coat deficiency (SCD), known as seed coat cracking during soaking in the natto production process, is problematic because split or broken beans clog production lines and increases production costs. Development of natto soybean cultivars with low SCD is crucial to support the growth of the natto industry. Unfortunately, information on the genetic control of SCD in soybean, which is desperately needed to facilitate breeding selection, remains sparse. In this study, two F2 populations derived from V11-0883 × V12-1626 (Pop 1) and V11-0883 × V12-1885 (Pop 2) were developed and genotyped with BARCSoySNP6K Beadchips and F2-derived lines were evaluated for SCD in three consecutive years (2016–2018) in order to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with low SCD in soybean. A total of 17 QTLs underlying SCD were identified in two populations. Among these, two major and stable QTLs, qSCD15 on chromosome 15 and qSCD20 on chromosome 20, were detected across multiple years. These QTLs explained up to 30.3% of the phenotypic variation for SCD in Pop 1 and 6.1% in Pop 2 across years. Three SNP markers associated with the qSCD20 were validated in additional four biparental populations. The average selection efficiency of low-SCD soybean was 77% based on two tightly linked markers, Gm20_34626867 and Gm20_34942502, and 64% based on the marker Gm20_35625615. The novel and stable QTLs identified in this study will facilitate elucidation of the genetic mechanism controlling SCD in soybean, and the markers will significantly accelerate breeding for low-SCD soybean through marker-assisted selection.
Artificial intelligence in cyber physical systems
Authors: Radanliev Petar , De Roure David , Van Kleek Max , Santos Omar , Ani Uchenna
Published: August 2020

This article conducts a literature review of current and future challenges in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in cyber physical systems. The literature review is focused on identifying a conceptual framework for increasing resilience with AI through automation supporting both, a technical and human level. The methodology applied resembled a literature review and taxonomic analysis of complex internet of things (IoT) interconnected and coupled cyber physical systems. There is an increased attention on propositions on models, infrastructures and frameworks of IoT in both academic and technical papers. These reports and publications frequently represent a juxtaposition of other related systems and technologies (e.g. Industrial Internet of Things, Cyber Physical Systems, Industry 4.0 etc.). We review academic and industry papers published between 2010 and 2020. The results determine a new hierarchical cascading conceptual framework for analysing the evolution of AI decision-making in cyber physical systems. We argue that such evolution is inevitable and autonomous because of the increased integration of connected devices (IoT) in cyber physical systems. To support this argument, taxonomic methodology is adapted and applied for transparency and justifications of concepts selection decisions through building summary maps that are applied for designing the hierarchical cascading conceptual framework.
Processing of raspberries to dried fruit foam: impact on major odorants
Authors: Lang Silvia , Ozcelik Mine , Kulozik Ulrich , Steinhaus Martin
Published: August 2020

Application of an aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) to the volatiles isolated from raspberry fruits by solvent extraction and solvent-assisted flavour evaporation (SAFE) resulted in 40 odour-active compounds with flavour dilution (FD) factors between 1 and 4096. Among the most potent odorants were violet-like smelling β-ionone (FD factor 4096), fruity smelling methyl 3-methylbutanoate (1024), baked-apple-like smelling β-damascenone (1024), raspberry-like smelling raspberry ketone (128), and floral, raspberry-like smelling α-ionone (64). These five odorants were subsequently monitored during processing of raspberry fruits to freeze-dried fruit foam. Major losses occurred during separation of the pulp from the seeds and during the final freeze-drying step. It was shown that the pulp fraction directly adherent to the seeds contained higher odorant concentrations than the outer parts of the pulp, thus losses associated with the removal of the seeds can be minimised by increasing the efficiency of the separation. Losses associated with the freeze-drying process could be reduced using microwave-assisted freeze drying instead of conventional freeze drying. Higher amounts of potato protein and maltodextrin used as foaming agent and foam stabiliser, respectively, reduced the odorant recoveries in the dried foams. Only a small part of the odorants not recovered in the dried fruit foams was found in the condensate.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy alters the balance of effector to suppressor immune cells in advanced ovarian cancer
Authors: Leary Alexandra , Genestie Catherine , Blanc-Durand Félix , Gouy Sébastien , Dunant Ariane , Maulard Amandine , Drusch Françoise , Cheaib Bianca , Michels Judith , Bentivegna Enrica , LeFormal Audrey , Mesnage Soizick , Morice Philippe , Pautier Patricia , Khairallah Aya S.
Published: August 2020

Background

At diagnosis, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are prognostic in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). We recently demonstrated that neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) significantly increased stromal TILs. Here, we investigated the impact of NACT on immune subpopulations with a particular focus on the balance of immune-reactive to tolerant subpopulations.

Materials and methods

Tissue microarrays of EOC (145 pre-NACT, 139 post-NACT) were analyzed for CD3+, CD8+, FOXP3+, CD68+, and CD163+ by immunohistochemistry and CD4+ cells from deduction. Stromal TILs scored as percentage of stromal area, while intra-epithelial TILs scored as number of TILs in contact with tumor cells/HPF. Differences were evaluated by Wilcoxon or Chi square tests, Wilcoxon signed-rank for paired analyses, and cox model for PFS and OS.

Results

NACT significantly increased stromal CD3+ (p = 0.003) and CD8+ (p = 0.001) and intra-epithelial CD8+ (p = 0.022) and CD68+ (p = 0.0003) infiltration in unmatched samples and among paired samples for stromal CD3+ and CD8+. Neither CD3+, CD8+, CD4+, and CD68+ nor CD163+ expression correlated with outcome at diagnosis or post NACT. Using median value as a cut-off, high stromal CD8+/FOXP3+ ratio (HR = 0.59; p = 0.017) and high stromal CD3+/FOXP3+ ratio post NACT were associated with prolonged PFS (p = 0.0226). The more the balance shifted in favor of effector versus regulatory TILs, the better the survival. Similarly, high CD68+/CD163+ ratio post NACT improved PFS (p = 0.0445).

Conclusion

NACT has a significant impact on the balance of immune-reactive to immune-tolerant subpopulations and a high ratio of CD8+/FOXP3+, CD3+/FOXP3+, and CD68+/CD163+ post NACT was significantly associated with improved outcomes. Whether this could select patients for immunotherapy in the post-operative setting should be investigated.
The recovery of touch DNA from RDX-C4 evidences
Authors: Al-Snan Noora R.
Published: August 2020

RDX (Royal Demolition Explosive) is the organic compound with the formula (O2NNCH2)3. It is a white solid material without smell or taste, widely used as an explosive. It is more energetic explosive than TNT, and it was used widely in World War II. The estimated number of RDX-C4 cases in Bahrain ranged between the years 2015–2018 (May) with a total quantity of 370.72 KG in a total number of 38 cases. The effect of explosive RDX-C4 is very massive and can cause many causalities and fatalities among civilians and policemen. These cases consisted of adhesive film with tapes wrapped around RDX-C4 substance (Demolition Charge M112), black batteries, pipes, black bag contained RDX-C4, and in magnetic improvised explosive device (IED). Touch DNA recovery utilized different collection methods, such as nylon swabbing, tape lifting, and direct cutting of certain parts of the samples that were positive of RDX-C4 through DXR Raman Spectrometer. Samples were extracted and purified with magnetic beads chemistry and quantified. Low copy DNA extracts were subjected to a concentration step. DNA extracts were amplified and processed for detection to obtain reliable results using GlobalFiler Amplification PCR kit and run through ABI 3500xL Genetic Analyzer for fragment length determination. We have discovered that RDX-C4 cannot bind to the DNA nor to the solutions used in DNA typing. Thus, it does not cause DNA inhibition or degradation. From this point of view, we were successful in obtaining acceptable and fit results using advanced techniques. This study will be very useful and informative to assist the forensic community in terrorism case applications worldwide as terrorists do not respect geographical boundaries nor ethnicities of the victims, and the use of DNA profiling technology is the most suitable way to identify the terrorists and keep an end to their violence.
Definitive radiotherapy consisting of whole pelvic radiotherapy with no central shielding and CT-based intracavitary brachytherapy for cervical cancer: feasibility, toxicity, and oncologic outcomes in Japanese patients
Authors: Kusada Takeaki , Toita Takafumi , Ariga Takuro , Kudaka Wataru , Maemoto Hitoshi , Makino Wataru , Ishikawa Kazuki , Heianna Joichi , Nagai Yutaka , Aoki Yoichi , Murayama Sadayuki
Published: August 2020

Background

This prospective study investigated the feasibility, toxicity, and oncologic outcomes of definitive radiotherapy (RT) consisting of whole pelvic radiotherapy with no central shielding (noCS-WPRT) and CT-based intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBT) in Japanese patients with cervical cancer.

Methods

Patients with cervical cancer of FIGO stages IB1–IVA were eligible. The treatment protocol consisted of noCS-WPRT of 45 Gy in 25 fractions and CT-based high dose-rate ICBT of 15 or 20 Gy in 3 or 4 fractions prescribed at point A. The prescribed ICBT dose was decreased if the manual dwell time/position optimization failed to meet organs-at-risk constraints. Graphical optimization and additional interstitial needles were not applied.

Results

We enrolled 40 patients. FIGO stages were IB1: 11, IB2: 13, IIA2: 1, IIB: 11, IIIB: 3, and IVA: 1. Median (range) pretreatment tumor diameter was 47 (14–81) mm. Point A doses were decreased in 19 of 153 ICBT sessions (12%). The median follow-up duration was 33 months. The 2-year rates of pelvic control, local control (LC), and progression-free survival were 83%, 85%, and 75%, respectively. Pre-ICBT tumor diameter, high-risk clinical target volume (HR-CTV), total HR-CTV D90, and overall treatment time (OTT) significantly affected LC. Late adverse events (grade ≥ 3) were observed in 3 patients (2 in the bladder, 1 in the rectum).

Conclusions

Definitive RT consisting of noCS-WPRT and CT-based ICBT was feasible for Japanese patients with cervical cancer. To further improve LC, additional interstitial needles for patients with a large HR-CTV and shorter OTT should be considered.
Generating design knowledge for blockchain-based access control to personal health records
Authors: Meier Pascal , Beinke Jan Heinrich , Fitte Christian , Schulte to Brinke Jan , Teuteberg Frank
Published: August 2020

In the course of digitization in healthcare, personal health records (PHRs) are handled as a key solution. Despite the indisputable benefits, the adoption of PHRs is hampered by data security and data privacy concerns. Blockchain technology offers promising potential to address these issues by enabling secure transactions of sensitive data. With regards to PHRs, the blockchain can be used to manage the access to health-related data. Besides existing generic PHR architectures, we systematically identified issues for the healthcare sector that need to be considered for the development of a PHR. We subsequently derived eight meta-requirements that were consolidated into three design principles. Within a 1-year design science research project, we developed the blockchain-secured PHR prototype, OSHealthRec, and evaluated the system in four evaluation cycles. The findings of our research are twofold. On the one hand, we contribute to the design knowledge base by presenting three design principles. On the other hand, we present the development of a real, operational blockchain-secured PHR and the findings from its continuous evaluation, which may serve as useful advice for further solutions.
Genetic sensor-regulators functional in Clostridia
Authors: Han SongI , Kim Younghwan , Karanjikar Mukund , San Ka-Yiu , Bennett George N
Published: August 2020

This study addressed the functionality of genetic circuits carrying natural regulatory elements of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 in the presence of the respective inducer molecules. Specifically, promoters and their regulators involved in diverse carbon source utilization were characterized using mCherryOpt or beta-galactosidase as a reporter. Consequently, most of the genetic circuits tested in this study were functional in Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 in the presence of an inducer, leading to the expression of reporter proteins. These genetic sensor-regulators were found to be transferable to another Clostridium species, such as Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052. The gradual expression of reporter protein was observed as a function of the carbohydrates of interest. A xylose-inducible promoter allows a titratable and robust expression of a reporter protein with stringency and efficacy. This xylose-inducible circuit was seen to enable induction of the expression of reporter proteins in the presence of actual sugar mixtures incorporated in woody hydrolysate wherein glucose and xylose are present as predominant carbon sources.
Impact of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) amplification on the prognosis of breast cancer patients
Authors: Erber Ramona , Rübner Matthias , Davenport Simon , Hauke Sven , Beckmann Matthias W. , Hartmann Arndt , Häberle Lothar , Gass Paul , Press Michael F. , Fasching Peter A.
Published: August 2020

Purpose

Various aberrations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor genes FGFR1, FGFR2, and FGFR3 are found in different cancers, including breast cancer (BC). This study analyzed the impact of FGFR amplification on the BC prognosis.

Methods

The study included 894 BC patients. The amplification rates of FGFR1, FGFR2, and FGFR3 were evaluated on tissue microarrays using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Associations between these parameters and prognosis were analyzed using multivariate Cox regression analyses.

Results

FGFR1 FISH was assessable in 503 samples, FGFR2 FISH in 447, and FGFR3 FISH in 562. The FGFR1 amplification rate was 6.6% (n = 33). Increased FGFR2 copy numbers were seen in 0.9% (n = 4); only one patient had FGFR3 amplification (0.2%). Most patients with FGFR1 amplification had luminal B-like tumors (69.7%, n = 23); only 32.6% (n = 153) of patients without FGFR1 amplification had luminal B-like BC. Other patient and tumor characteristics appeared similar between these two groups. Observed outcome differences between BC patients with and without FGFR1 amplification did not achieve statistical significance; however, there was a trend toward poorer distant metastasis-free survival in BC patients with FGFR1 amplification (HR = 2.08; 95% CI 0.98 to 4.39, P = 0.05).

Conclusion

FGFR1 amplification occurs most frequently in patients with luminal B-like BC. The study showed a nonsignificant correlation with the prognosis, probably due to the small sample size. Further research is therefore needed to address the role of FGFR1 amplifications in early BC patients. FGFR2 and FGFR3 amplifications are rare in patients with primary BC.
Disproportionate mitral regurgitation: another myth? A critical appraisal of echocardiographic assessment of functional mitral regurgitation
Authors: Hagendorff Andreas , Knebel Fabian , Helfen Andreas , Stöbe Stephan , Doenst Torsten , Falk Volkmar
Published: August 2020

The contradictory findings of recent prospective randomized controlled trials assessing the impact of percutaneous edge-to-edge repair in patients with functional or secondary mitral regurgitation have triggered a lively discussion about an “integrated” echocardiographic approach for grading severity of mitral regurgitation. In the MITRA-FR trial, the COAPT trial and the REDUCE-FMR trial echocardiographic assessment of the severity of mitral regurgitation was consistent with principles set forth by the current echocardiographic guidelines and analysed in its best settings by expert international leaders in the field of echocardiography. However, serious inconsistencies appeared in the presented echocardiographic assessments regarding cardiac output and regurgitant fraction. A new term “disproportionate functional mitral regurgitation” was introduced describing a situation where the increase of effective regurgitant orifice area exceeds the enlargement of the left ventricular end-diastolic volumes. Further discussion resulted in the idea of a “new conceptional framework” for distinguishing “proportionate” and “disproportionate” functional mitral regurgitation. The aim of this viewpoint is to dispute conclusions based on the term “disproportionate” mitral regurgitation. A “disproportionate” FMR is highly questionable because disproportionateness of flow in communication vessels cannot exist. In addition, a proposal of echocardiographic assessment based on a conventional comprehensive transthoracic echocardiography is given to avoid obvious hemodynamic contradictions.
Case report: Unilateral optic nerve aplasia and developmental hemi-chiasmal dysplasia with VEP misrouting
Authors: Handley Sian E. , Marmoy Oliver R. , Gore Sri K. , Mankad Kshitij , Thompson Dorothy A.
Published: August 2020

Purpose

To describe the trans-occipital asymmetries of pattern and flash visual evoked potentials (VEPs), in an infant with MRI findings of unilateral optic nerve aplasia and hemi-chiasm dysplasia.

Methods

A child with suspected left cystic microphthalmia, left microcornea, left unilateral optic nerve aplasia, and hemi-chiasm underwent a multi-channel VEP assessment with pattern reversal, pattern onset, and flash stimulation at the age of 16 weeks.

Results

There was no VEP evidence of any post-retinal visual pathway activation from left eye with optic nerve aplasia. The VEP trans-occipital distribution from the functional right eye was skewed markedly across the midline, in keeping with significant misrouting of optic nerve fibres at the chiasm. This was supported by the anatomical trajectory of the optic chiasm and tracts seen on MRI.

Conclusion

This infant has chiasmal misrouting in association with unilateral optic nerve aplasia and unilateral microphthalmos. Chiasmal misrouting has not been found in patients with microphthalmos or anophthalmos, but has been reported after early eye loss in animal models. Our findings contribute to our understanding of the discrepancy between the visual pathway physiology of human unilateral microphthalmia and animal models.
Reaction of clubroot-resistant genotypes of Brassica rapa, Brassica napus and Brassica oleracea to Polish Plasmodiophora brassicae pathotypes in laboratory tests
Authors: Czajka Agnieszka , Markiewicz Monika , Kowalska Beata , Smolińska Urszula
Published: August 2020

The Brassica genotypes selected for the experiments were previously found to be resistant to various Plasmodiophora brassicae pathotypes (Pb). Their interaction with pathotypes Pb2, Pb3 and Pb9 isolated in Poland was studied, using macroscopic observation for the presence of root galls, microscopic observations of P. brassicae plasmodia in the root hairs and quantitative PCR for determination of the pathogen’s quantity in plant roots and growing media. Of the Brassica genotypes studied, only B. rapa var. capitata line AABBcc was fully resistant to all the Polish pathotypes of P. brassicae. Some of the other “clubroot-resistant” genotypes tested were resistant to selected pathotypes, e.g. Brassica napus var. rapifera ‘Wilhelmsburger’ to Pb 2 and Pb3, Brassica oleracea var. capitata ‘Kilaton F1’ to Pb2 and Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis ‘Bilko F1’ to Pb3, but were susceptible to others. B. oleracea var. capitata ‘Bindsachsener’, B. oleracea var. acephala subvar. lacinata ‘Verheul’ and B. napus var. napus ‘Mendel F1’ were moderately to highly susceptible to all Polish P. brassicae pathotypes. These results show that the classification of virulence of P. brassicae pathotypes selected in various areas differs significantly toward the same Brasssica genotypes and puts in question the practical value of pathotype classification determined with differential sets for farmers and plant breeders. Our results showed that B. rapa var. capitata AABBcc line, B. napus var. rapifera ‘Wilhelmsburger’, B. oleracea var. capitata ‘Kilaton F1’, B. rapa subsp. pekinensis ‘Bilko F1’ could be considered in Brassica breeding programmes as a source of resistance to Polish P. brassicae isolates.
Cognitive sophistication and deliberation times
Authors: Alós-Ferrer Carlos , Buckenmaier Johannes
Published: August 2020

Differences in cognitive sophistication and effort are at the root of behavioral heterogeneity in economics. To explain this heterogeneity, behavioral models assume that certain choices indicate higher cognitive effort. A fundamental problem with this approach is that observing a choice does not reveal how the choice is made, and hence choice data is insufficient to establish the link between cognitive effort and behavior. We show that deliberation times provide an individually-measurable correlate of cognitive effort. We test a model of heterogeneous cognitive depth, incorporating stylized facts from the psychophysical literature, which makes predictions on the relation between choices, cognitive effort, incentives, and deliberation times. We confirm the predicted relations experimentally in different kinds of games.
Brief Report: Parent Perspectives on Sensory-Based Interventions for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Peña Moira , Ng Yvonne , Ripat Jacquie , Anagnostou Evdokia
Published: August 2020

Sensory-Based Interventions (SBIs) are often recommended to enable function/participation in children with ASD. Still, there are limited studies to evaluate their effectiveness. Acceptability studies are an important step towards establishing effective interventions. We examined parents' perceptions of the uptake and acceptability of such interventions. An online survey was sent to 399 families; response rate was 39%. The most frequently therapist-recommended interventions were trampoline (54.6%), massage (47.8%), and oral-motor tools (43.8%). Highest use was reported for massage (96.3%), trampoline (89.2%) and joint compressions and brushing (89.2%). The majority of parents viewed these interventions to be very important /important, (74.8%) but barriers to their use were identified. High acceptability of SBIs was reported by parents of children with ASD.
Convex Quadratic Equation
Authors: Lin Li-Gang , Liang Yew-Wen , Hsieh Wen-Yuan
Published: August 2020

Two main results (A) and (B) are presented in algebraic closed forms. (A) Regarding the convex quadratic equation, an analytical equivalent solvability condition and parameterization of all solutions are formulated, for the first time in the literature and in a unified framework. The philosophy is based on the matrix algebra, while facilitated by a novel equivalence/coordinate transformation (with respect to the much more challenging case of rank-deficient Hessian matrix). In addition, the parameter-solution bijection is verified. From the perspective via (A), a major application is re-examined that accounts for the other main result (B), which deals with both the infinite and finite-time horizon nonlinear optimal control. By virtue of (A), the underlying convex quadratic equations associated with the Hamilton–Jacobi equation, Hamilton–Jacobi inequality, and Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation are explicitly solved, respectively. Therefore, the long quest for the constituent of the optimal controller, gradient of the associated value function, can be captured in each solution set. Moving forward, a preliminary to exactly locate the optimality using the state-dependent (resp., differential) Riccati equation scheme is prepared for the remaining symmetry condition.
Advanced exact synthesis of Clifford+T circuits
Authors: Niemann Philipp , Wille Robert , Drechsler Rolf
Published: August 2020

Quantum systems provide a new way of conducting computations based on the so-called qubits. Due to the potential for significant speed-ups, this field received significant research attention in recent years. The Clifford+T library is a very promising and popular gate library for these kinds of computations. Unlike other libraries considered so far, it consists of only a small number of gates for all of which robust, fault-tolerant realizations are known for many technologies that seem to be promising for large-scale quantum computing. As a consequence, (logic) synthesis of Clifford+T quantum circuits became an important research problem. However, previous work in this area has several drawbacks: Corresponding approaches are either only applicable to very small quantum systems or lead to circuits that are far from being optimal. The latter is mainly caused by the fact that current synthesis realizes the desired circuit by a local, i.e., column-wise, consideration of the underlying unitary transformation matrix to be synthesized. In this paper, we analyze the conceptual drawbacks of this approach and propose to overcome them by taking a global view of the matrices and perform a separation of concerns regarding individual synthesis steps. We precisely describe a corresponding algorithm as well as its efficient implementation on top of decision diagrams. Experimental results confirm the resulting benefits and show improvements of up to several orders of magnitudes in costs compared to previous work.
Profile of patients diagnosed with acute venous thromboembolism in routine practice according to age and renal function: RE-COVERY DVT/PE study
Authors: Ageno Walter , Casella Ivan B. , Chee Kok Han , Schellong Sebastian , Schulman Sam , Singer Daniel E. , Desch Marc , Tang Wenbo , Voccia Isabelle , Zint Kristina , Goldhaber Samuel Z.
Published: August 2020

In randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) for acute venous thromboembolism (VTE), ~ 12–13% of patients were elderly and ~ 26% had mild-to-moderate renal impairment. Observational studies are not restricted by the selection and treatment criteria of RCTs. In this ancillary analysis of the RE-COVERY DVT/PE global observational study, we aimed to describe patient characteristics, comorbidities, and anticoagulant therapy for subgroups of age (< or ≥ 75 years) and renal impairment (creatinine clearance [CrCl; estimated with Cockcroft–Gault formula] < 30 [severe], 30 to < 50 [moderate], 50 to < 80 [mild], ≥ 80 [normal] mL/min). Of 6095 eligible patients, 25.3% were aged ≥ 75 years; 38.2% (1605/4203 with CrCl values) had mild-to-moderate renal impairment. Comorbidities were more common in older patients (73.9% aged ≥ 75 vs. 58.1% < 75 years) and in those with mild or moderate versus no renal impairment (75.9%, 80.9%, and 59.3%, respectively). At hospital discharge or 14 days after diagnosis (whichever was later), most patients (53.7% and 55.1%, respectively) in both age groups received NOACs; 20.8% and 23.4%, respectively, received vitamin K antagonists, 19.0% and 21.8% parenteral therapy, 2.3% and 3.8% other anticoagulant treatments. Use of NOACs decreased with worsening renal impairment (none 58.5%, moderate 49.6%, severe 25.7%) and, in younger versus older patients with moderate renal impairment (33.1% vs. 56.1%). In routine practice, there are more elderly and renally impaired patients with VTE than represented in RCTs. Decreasing renal function, but not older age, was associated with less NOAC use. Clinical Trial Registration: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02596230.

Graphic abstract

Decreasing renal function, particularly in the subgroup with CrCl < 30 mL/min, but not older age, was associated with less use of nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs). Nevertheless, more than half of the older patients with moderate renal impairment received a NOAC as their oral anticoagulant.
The preparation of calcium phosphate adsorbent from natural calcium resource and its application for copper ion removal
Authors: Kalbarczyk Marta , Szcześ Aleksandra , Sternik Dariusz
Published: August 2020

Using the hen eggshells (biowaste) as a source of calcium and an environmentally friendly approach, the nanopowder composed of 74% of hydroxyapatite (HA) and 26% of β–tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) was obtained. Due to the maximum reduction of the stages associated with the use of chemicals and energy, this method can be considered as economically and environmentally friendly. A well-developed surface area and the negative zeta potential at pH above 3.5 indicate good adsorption properties of this material. The obtained material shows high adsorption capacity towards Cu2+ions, i.e. 105.4 mg/g at pH 5. Good fit of the Langmuir adsorption model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model may indicate chemical adsorption probably due to the electrostatic interactions between the Cu2+cations and the negatively charged phosphate and hydroxyl groups on the material surface.
Psychische Gesundheit bei Referendaren
Authors: Darius Sabine , Bunzel Kathleen , Ehms-Ciechanowicz Ewa , Böckelmann Irina
Published: August 2020

Hintergrund

Lehrkräfte sind in ihrem Beruf verschiedenen Belastungen ausgesetzt, aufgrund derer es zu Fehlbeanspruchungen kommen kann. Weniger bekannt ist dagegen die gesundheitliche Situation bei Referendaren.

Ziel der Studie

Es war zu klären, ob und inwieweit die psychische Gesundheit in Abhängigkeit der Referendariatsphase bei Referendaren beeinträchtigt ist, um den Bedarf an Präventionsmaßnahmen einschätzen zu können.

Methodik

Für die Studie wurden 131 Referendare im Alter von 28,1 ± 3,7 Jahren aus Magdeburg und Umgebung befragt. 72 von ihnen befanden sich in der Einstiegsphase des Referendariats, 51 in der Qualifizierungsphase und 8 in der Prüfungsphase. Die psychische Gesundheit wurde mit der Kurzversion des „General Health Questionnaire 12“ (GHQ-12), die Anstrengungsbereitschaft mit einem Teil des Effort-reward-imbalance(ERI)-Fragebogens und das Burnout-Risiko mit dem Maslach-Burnout-Inventar (MBI) erhoben. Zusätzlich wurden arbeitsbezogene Verhaltens- und Erlebensmuster (AVEM) erfasst.

Ergebnisse

Bei 41 (31,3 %) Referendaren war die psychische Gesundheit bereits beeinträchtigt, sie wiesen auch einige Burnout-Symptome auf. In der Qualifizierungsphase war die emotionale Erschöpfung stärker als in der Einstiegsphase. Mehrheitlich waren gesundheitsförderliche Muster G und S vertreten, bei etwa einem Drittel der Referendare überwogen die gesundheitsgefährdenden Verhaltensmuster A und B.

Schlussfolgerung

Da sich die psychische Gesundheit bereits im Referendariat bei etwa einem Drittel der Referendare beeinträchtigt gezeigt hat, müssen präventive Maßnahmen als Pflichtveranstaltung in das Studium integriert werden, um die Gesundheit der Referendare zu erhalten.
Single Anastomosis Duodeno-ileostomy (SADI-S) Versus One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass (OAGB-MGB) as Revisional Procedures for Patients with Weight Recidivism After Sleeve Gastrectomy: a Comparative Analysis of Efficacy and Outcomes
Authors: Bashah Moataz , Aleter Ammar , Baazaoui Jawher , El-Menyar Ayman , Torres Antonio , Salama Asaad
Published: August 2020

Purpose

Many revisional procedures are available for unsuccessful laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) in patients with complications or weight recidivism. Single anastomosis duodeno-ileal bypass (SADI-S) and one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB-MGB) are two revisional procedures to address the problem of weight recidivism. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and outcomes of the 2 revisional approaches (SADI-S vs. OAGB-MGB).

Materials and Methods

A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected database of patients who underwent SADI-S or OAGB-MGB as a revisional procedure for weight recidivism after primary LSG with a minimum 1-year follow-up. Weight loss, comorbidities, nutritional deficiencies, complications, and outcomes were compared in the 2 procedures.

Results

Ninety-one patients were included in the study (42 SADI-S and 49 OAGB-MGB). There was a significant weight loss (total weight loss percentage, TWL%) at 1-year follow-up observed for SADI-S when compared to OAGB-MGB (23.7 ± 5.7 vs. 18.7 ± 8.5, p = 0.02). However, this difference was not statistically significant at 18 months (26.4 ± 7.3 vs. 21.2 ± 11.0, p = 0.25). Remission of comorbidities (diabetes mellitus and hypertension) was comparable. Although OAGB-MGB had higher complication rate than SADI-S, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.39). No mortality was reported in the study groups.

Conclusion

Both SADI-S and OAGB-MGB are effective and safe revisional procedures for weight regain after LSG. The short-term outcomes are comparable; however, SADI-S is associated with less upper gastrointestinal complications and could be a better option for patients suffering from GERD post-LSG. Moreover, the underlying bile reflux may get worse with OAGB-MGB. However, further prospective larger studies are needed.
Gastritis: An Update in 2020
Authors: Rugge Massimo , Sugano Kentaro , Sacchi Diana , Sbaraglia Marta , Malfertheiner Peter
Published: August 2020

Purpose of review

The gastritis constellation includes heterogeneous clinicopathological entities, among which long-standing, non-self-limiting gastritis, mainly due to Helicobacter pylori infection, has been epidemiologically, biologically, and clinically linked to gastric cancer development (i.e. “inflammation-associated cancer”). This review illustrates the updated criteria applied in the taxonomy of gastritis (Kyoto classification), elucidates the biological rationale for endoscopy biopsy sampling (heterogeneity of gastric mucosa), and finally reports the results of long-term follow-up studies supporting the reliability of biopsy-based gastritis staging as predictor of gastritis-associated cancer risk.

Recent findings

By assuming gastric atrophy as the “cancerization field” where (non-syndromic) gastric cancer mostly develops, recent long-term follow-up studies consistently demonstrate the prognostic impact of the gastritis OLGA staging system.

Helicobacter pylori eradication is the leading strategy in the primary prevention of gastric cancer. In a multidisciplinary dimension of secondary cancer prevention, the OLGA staging system reliably ranks the patient-specific cancer risk, thus providing the clinical rationale for a tailored follow-up strategy.
The 2020 national diagnostic reference levels for nuclear medicine in Japan
Authors: Abe Koichiro , Hosono Makoto , Igarashi Takayuki , Iimori Takashi , Ishiguro Masanobu , Ito Teruo , Nagahata Tomomasa , Tsushima Hiroyuki , Watanabe Hiroshi
Published: August 2020

The diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) are one of several effective tools for optimizing nuclear medicine examinations and reducing patient exposure. With the advances in imaging technology and alterations of examination protocols, the DRLs must be reviewed periodically. The first DRLs in Japan were established in 2015, and since 5 years have passed, it is time to review and revise the DRLs. We conducted a survey to investigate the administered activities of radiopharmaceuticals and the radiation doses of computed tomography (CT) in hybrid CT accompanied by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT and positron emission tomography (PET)/CT. We distributed a Web-based survey to 915 nuclear medicine facilities throughout Japan and survey responses were provided by 256 nuclear medicine facilities (response rate 28%). We asked for the facility's median actual administered activity and median radiation dose of hybrid CT when SPECT/CT or PET/CT was performed for patients with standard habitus in the standard protocol of the facility for each nuclear medicine examination. We determined the new DRLs based on the 75th percentile referring to the 2015 DRLs, drug package inserts, and updated guidelines. The 2020 DRLs are almost the same as the 2015 DRLs, but for the relatively long-lived radionuclides, the DRLs are set low due to the changes in the Japanese delivery system. There are no items set higher than the previous values. Although the DRLs determined this time are roughly equivalent to the DRLs used in the US, overall they tend to be higher than the European DRLs. The DRLs of the radiation dose of CT in hybrid CT vary widely depending on each imaging site and the purpose of the examination.