bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and Validation of a Reversed-Phase Chiral HPLC Method to Determine the Chiral Purity of Bulk Batches of (S)-Enantiomer in Afoxolaner
Authors: Padivitage Nilusha , Kumar Satish , Rustum Abu
Published: October 2016

Afoxolaner is a new antiparasitic molecule from the isoxazoline family that acts on insect acarine g-aminobutyric acid and glutamate receptors. Afoxolaner is a racemic mixture, which has a chiral center at the isoxazoline ring. A reversed-phase chiral HPLC method has been developed to determine the chiral purity of bulk batches of (S)-enantiomer in afoxolaner for the first time. This method can also be used to verifythat afoxolaner is a racemic mixture, which was demonstrated by specific rotation. ChromSword, an artificial intelligence method development tool, was used for initial method development. The column selected for the final method was CHIRALPAK AD-RH (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm particle size), maintained at 45°C, and isocratic elution using water–isopropanol–acetonitrile (40 + 50 + 10, v/v/v) as the mobile phasewith a detection wavelength of 312 nm. The run time for the method was 11 min. The resolution and selectivity factors of the two enantiomers were 2.3 and 1.24, respectively. LOQ and LOD of the method were 1.6 and 0.8 μg/mL, respectively. This method was appropriately validated according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines for its intended use.
Chromatographic Fingerprints Combined with Chemometric Methods Reveal the Chemical Features of Authentic Radix Polygalae
Authors: Xin Zhongquan , Ren Dabing , Zhang Xiaojuan , Yi Zhibiao , Yi Lunzhao
Published: October 2016

GC-MS fingerprints of Radix Polygalae (RP) were measured for deliberately collected samples. A total of 88 volatile components were identified and quantified by subwindow factor analysis, heuristic evolving latent projection, and retention index. Next, an efficient discrimination model based on partial least-squares (PLS) discriminant analysis (DA) was developed to distinguish the superior RP samples from the inferior ones, and the reliability and predictive ability of the model was evaluated by cross-validation and permutation tests. Furthermore, four components (1-octanol, shyobunone, isobornyl acetate, and α-asarone) were screened by coefficient β of PLS-DA. They represented the important chemical features of authentic RP and could be applied to the accurate discrimination and QC of RP in the future. Our results suggest that chromatographic fingerprints coupled with chemometric methods provide an effective and convenient strategy for QC of RP and are helpful for revealing the chemical features of a complex analytical sample.
Defining species boundaries in the Merodon avidus complex (Diptera, Syrphidae) using integrative taxonomy, with the description of a new species
Authors: Ačanski Jelena , Vujić Ante , Djan Mihajla , Vidaković Dragana Obreht , Ståhls Gunilla , Radenković Snežana
Published: October 2016

Several recent studies have detected and described complexes of cryptic and sibling species in the genus Merodon (Diptera, Syrphidae). One representative of these complexes is the Merodon avidus complex that contains four sibling species, which have proven difficult to distinguish using traditional morphological characters. In the present study, we use two geometric morphometric approaches, as well as molecular characters of the 5’-end of the mtDNA COI gene, to delimit sibling taxa. Analyses based on these data were used to strengthen species boundaries within the complex, and to validate the status of a previously-recognized cryptic taxon from Lesvos Island (Greece), here described as Merodon megavidus Vujić & Radenković sp. nov. Geometric morphometric results of both wing and surstylus shape confirm the present classification for three sibling species－M. avidus (Rossi, 1790), M. moenium Wiedemann in Meigen, 1822 and M. ibericus Vujić, 2015－and, importantly, clearly discriminate the newly-described taxon Merodon megavidus sp. nov. In addition to our geometric morphometric results, supporting characters were obtained from molecular analyses of mtDNA COI sequences, which clearly differentiated M. megavidus sp. nov. from the other members of the M. avidus complex. Molecular analyses revealed that the earliest divergence of M. ibericus occurred around 800 ky BP, while the most recent separation happened between M. avidus and M. moenium around 87 ky BP.
A Justiça de Kira: representações da justiça distorcida no anime death note a partir da teoria da audiovisão
Authors:   Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Oliveira Amanda Muniz , Bastos Rodolpho Alexandre Santos Melo ,   Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
Published: October 2016

As animações japonesas, também conhecidas como animes, são populares produções audiovisuais no ocidente, especialmente no Brasil. Criadas para públicos de diferentes idades e abordando temáticas diversas, os animes tornam-se interessantes fontes de pesquisa para se compreender discursos e representações veiculadas socialmente. Neste sentido, o presente artigo propõe analisar de que forma um ideal de justiça é representado no anime Death Note (a partir do personagem Light Yagami) que possui um envolvente enredo relativo a questões como assassinatos e vingança. Assim, visto que a junção entre imagem e sons é crucial para os efeitos de impacto na audiência do anime, utilizaremos a teoria da audiovisão proposta por Michel Chion, no intuito de demonstrar como tais elementos geram significados conjuntamente, de forma a complementar sentidos e direcionar a percepção dos espectadores.
Focused Electron Beam Induced Processing Renders at Room Temperature a Bose-Einstein Condensate in Koops-GranMat
Authors: Koops Hans W.P.
Published: October 2016

Focused Electron Beam Induced Processing allows to generate nanocrystalline materials with metallic conductivity and also nanogranular materials with metal crystals embedded in a fullerene matrix, which shows at room temperature 1000 times better conductivity than superconductors at 40 K due to a Bose Einstein Condensate. Resistors and field emitters carry > 50 MA/cm² current density and deliver up to 1 mA current by field emission, when having an enlarged foot point contact to normal metal like Gold. An explanation for the different characteristics is given. The reason for the generation of the Bose Einstein Condensate is explained, and applications are described.
Formate-Free Metal-Organic Decomposition Inks of Copper Particles and Self-Reductive Copper Complex for the Fabrication of Conductive Copper Films
Authors: Yuki Kawaguchi Yuki Kawaguchi , Ryuichi Ryuichi , Kawasaki Hideya
Published: October 2016

Metal-organic decomposition (MOD) inks have been developed for printed electronics applications. Cu-based MOD inks prevent the oxidation of the metal during storage, as the Cu is already present in an oxidized form (i.e. a salt). However, usually hazardous formates such as Cu (II) formate have to be used as the copper salt in order to ensure thermal decomposition and self-reduction of the metal salt at moderate temperatures (less than 150°C). In this study, a formate-free hybrid ink containing copper particles and a Cu/1-amino-2-propanol (AmIP)/acetate complex was developed for the fabrication of conductive copper films on flexible polymer substrates at low sintering temperatures. A hybrid ink with a weight ratio of 3:1copper particles to MOD ink produced a conductive copper film with close-packed copper particles and a low resistance of 7.3—10-5Ω cm after sintering at a temperature of 180°C for 60 min under a N2 gas flow. Good oxidation resistance of the copper films was observed after exposure to air at 23 Â°C for two months.
Una travesía kantiana a través del Escila constructivista y el Caribdis realista. Apuntes para un abordaje kantiano-constitutivista de las fuentes de la normatividad
Authors: González Martín Fleitas
Published: October 2016

El artículo aborda el problema de las fuentes de la normatividad en el contexto de las contemporáneas disputas neokantianas. Señalando las limitaciones que muestran los enfoques constructivistas y realistas para reconstruir una lectura fiel y solvente de la ética kantiana, el trabajo sugiere una línea alternativa denominada constitutivista. Este enfoque propone una lectura performativa de los textos de Kant para defender la tesis de que las fuentes kantianas de la normatividad yacen en construcciones reflexivas de mandatos que implican, al mismo tiempo, la asunción realista del valor de la idea de libertad. La moral consistiría entonces, en autoconstituirse como agente.
Claudia Jáuregi, Fernando Moledo, Hernán Pringe y Marcos Thisted (eds.): Crítica y Metafísica. Homenaje a Mario Caimi. Studien und Materialen zur Geschichten der Philosophie. Hildesheim, Olms, 2015, 460 pp. ISBN: 978-3-487-15237-0.
Authors: Jiménez Rodríguez Alba
Published: October 2016

Reseña
III Congreso SEKLE: “Los rostros de la razón”. Ciudad de México, 5- 8 de septiembre de 2016.
Authors: Martìnez Luciana
Published: October 2016

Se presenta una reseña de lo ocurrido en el III congreso organziado por la SEKLE.
El pensamiento filosófico de Ernesto Mayz Vallenilla
Authors: Sarmiento Gustavo
Published: October 2016

Se trata de una semblanza de la obra de Ernesto Maryz Vallenilla (1925 - 2015)
¿“El yo propiamente tal” (I. Kant) o “el originario ser-sí-mismo” (D. Henrich)? Algunas características del concepto kantiano de autoconciencia
Authors: Klemme Heiner F.
Published: October 2016

En este trabajo estudio la concpeción kantiana de la autoconciencia y evalúo la intepretación de Henrich sobre ella
Natural antioxidants isolated from Schinus areira leaves by ultrasound-assisted extraction
Authors: S. Celaya Liliana , I. Viturro Carmen , R. Silva Luıs , Moreno Silvia
Published: October 2016

The aim of this study was to optimize the extraction of antioxidant compounds from Schinus areira leaves using ultrasound assisted extraction and response surface methodology. The effect of sonication time and plant material:solvent ratio were used to optimize the recovery. Results showed that a high recovery of antioxidant compounds from leaves of three different S. areira specimens was achieved under optimized conditions. The leaf extracts obtained displayed a DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity analogous to the well-known antioxidant trolox (EC50 = 23-46 vs 36.1 µg/mL, respectively). In addition, these extracts showed a good potency to eliminate superoxide and nitric oxide-radicals as well as a moderate antimicrobial activity against gram positive Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis and yeast. HPLC chromatography analysis of the three S. areira leaf extracts showed different high contents of kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-galactoside and 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid. The results showed that the S. areira leaf extracts contained a high amount of antioxidant phenolic compounds, which might be a valuable source to be used as additives in plant-based foods.
Image Segmentation and Machine Learning for Detection of Abdominal Free Fluid in Focused Assessment With Sonography for Trauma Examinations
Authors: Sjogren Anna R. , Leo Megan M. , Feldman James , Gwin Joseph T.
Published: October 2016

The objective of this pilot study was to test the feasibility of automating the detection of abdominal free fluid in focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) examinations. Perihepatic views from 10 FAST examinations with positive results and 10 FAST examinations with negative results were used. The sensitivity and specificity compared to manual classification by trained physicians was evaluated. The sensitivity and specificity (95% confidence interval) were 100% (69.2%–100%) and 90.0% (55.5%–99.8%), respectively. These findings suggest that computerized detection of free fluid on abdominal ultrasound images may be sensitive and specific enough to aid clinicians in their interpretation of a FAST examination.
Basic Abdominal Point‐of‐Care Ultrasound Training in the Undergraduate
Authors: Garcia-Casasola Gonzalo , Sánchez Francisco Javier García , Luordo Davide , Zapata Deborah Forrester , Frías María Carnevali , Garrido Victoria Villena , Martínez Javier Villanueva , de la Sotilla Alberto Forero , Rojo José Manuel Casas , Macho Juan Torres
Published: October 2016

Objectives

To analyze the ability of medical students to be integrated in the teaching of basic abdominal ultrasound using a peer‐mentoring design.

Methods

Thirty medical students previously trained in basic abdominal ultrasound (mentors) had to teach all fourth‐year students (n = 136) from a single academic year the same training they had received. There were 3 stages to the ultrasound teaching: theoretical (online course); basic training (3 practical sessions in which students were guaranteed to have had a minimum of 15 hours of practical experience with ultrasound and performed at least 20 basic abdominal ultrasound studies); and evaluation (objective structured clinical examination in which students had to obtain the basic abdominal views and to identify 17 structures).

Results

The mean grade ± SD obtained was 8.71 ± 1.53 of a possible 10 points. Only 2 students (1.56%) obtained a grade lower than 5, and 14 students (10.86%) obtained a grade lower than 7. A total of 33 students (25.5%) achieved the maximum grade. The structures most easily identified were the liver, the right kidney, and the urinary bladder, with 97.7% of correct answers. Students obtained the poorest results when trying to identify the left and right cardiac cavities (subxiphoid view), with only 53.5% and 55.8% of correct answers, respectively.

Conclusions

Teaching based on peer mentoring achieved an adequate level of training in basic abdominal ultrasound. The students acquired these skills in a relatively short training period. These results suggest that peer mentoring can facilitate the large‐scale implementation of ultrasound teaching in undergraduate students.
Ultrasound Findings of Delayed‐Onset Muscle Soreness
Authors: Longo Victor , Jacobson Jon A. , Fessell David P. , Mautner Kenneth
Published: October 2016

The purpose of this series was to retrospectively characterize the ultrasound findings of delayed‐onset muscle soreness (DOMS). The Institutional Review Board approved our study, and informed consent was waived. A retrospective search of radiology reports using the key phrase “delayed‐onset muscle soreness” and key word “DOMS” from 2001 to 2015 and teaching files was completed to identify cases. The sonograms were reviewed by 3 fellowship‐trained musculoskeletal radiologists by consensus. Sonograms were retrospectively characterized with respect to echogenicity (hypoechoic, isoechoic, or hyperechoic), distribution of muscle involvement, and intramuscular pattern (focal versus diffuse and well defined versus poorly defined). Images were also reviewed for muscle enlargement, fluid collection, muscle fiber disruption, and increased flow on color or power Doppler imaging. There were a total of 6 patients identified (5 male and 1 female). The average age was 22 years (range, 7–44 years). Of the 6 patients, there were a total of 11 affected muscles in 7 extremities (1 bilateral case). The involved muscles were in the upper extremity: triceps brachii in 27% (3 of 11), biceps brachii in 18% (2 of 11), brachialis in 18% (2 of 11), brachioradialis in 18% (2 of 11), infraspinatus in 9% (1 of 11), and deltoid in 9% (1 of 11). On ultrasound imaging, the abnormal muscle was hyperechoic in 100% (11 of 11), well defined in 73% (8 of 11), poorly defined in 27% (3 of 11), diffuse in 73% (8 of 11), and focal in 27% (3 of 11). Increased muscle size was found in 82% (9 of 11) and minimal hyperemia in 87.5% (7 of 8). The ultrasound findings of DOMS include hyperechoic involvement of an upper extremity muscle, most commonly appearing well defined and diffuse with increased muscle size and minimal hyperemia.
Sonography of the Achilles Tendon After Complete Rupture Repair
Authors: Gitto Salvatore , Draghi Anna Guja , Bortolotto Chandra , Draghi Ferdinando
Published: October 2016

This review aims to provide the radiologist with simple and systematic guidelines for evaluation of the Achilles tendon after complete rupture repair. Currently, there is a plethora of nonsurgical and surgical treatments, but sonographic examination has shown no significant differences between them. A systematic analysis of several parameters (morphologic characteristics, structure, color Doppler vascularization, and mobility) should be undertaken. Morphologically, the repaired tendon is larger, wider, or both. The loss of the fibrillary structure, inhomogeneity, and the surgical material in the context of the tendon are “normal” aspects after a repaired rupture. The presence of fluid collections when affecting greater than 50% of the surface of the tendon and extensive calcifications should be considered pathologic aspects. In the immediate postoperative period, there is the absence of vascularization detectable by color Doppler imaging. During the first 3 months, there is an increase in intratendinous vascularization with hypervascularization. From 3 to 6 months, stabilization and regression of the vascularization occur. Beyond the first 6 months, the hypervascularization is pathologic. The pattern of motion is, generally, reduced considerably more often in surgically treated tendons than in non–surgically treated ones. Elastography generally shows a hard appearance, with only a relatively heterogeneous pattern. In conclusion, a treated tendon will never regain a normal sonographic appearance, and the operator must distinguish between normal posttreatment changes and real pathologic characteristics.
Fetal Heart Size
Authors: DeVore Greggory R. , Tabsh Kareem , Polanco Bardo , Satou Gary , Sklansky Mark
Published: October 2016

Objectives

To evaluate whether the global area and circumference of the heart varies between two measurement techniques: the point‐to‐point trace and the electronic ellipse methods.

Methods

The epicardial border of the 4‐chamber view was measured in 200 fetuses between 20 and 40 weeks' gestation, from which the area and circumference using the point‐to‐point trace and electronic ellipse were measured. Analysis of variance, correlation, and regression analysis using fractional polynomials and 7 independent variables (head circumference, biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference, femur length, estimated fetal weight, mean ultrasound gestational age, and last menstrual period gestational age) were performed.

Results

The correlation between the mean ultrasound gestational age and last menstrual period gestational age was 0.9880 (5% confidence limit, 0.9716; 95% confidence limit, 0.9880), with an R2 of 0.9762. The R2 value for the 7 independent variables regressed against the area and circumference using the point‐to‐point trace and electronic ellipse methods ranged between 0.885 and 0.965. Comparison of Z scores between this study and previous publications demonstrated that there were differences and similarities, depending on whether the area or circumference was measured.

Conclusions

This study shows high R2 values when comparing measurements of the area and circumference against 7 independent variables, irrespective of whether the point‐to‐point trace or the electronic ellipse method was used to obtain the measurements. A calculator to evaluate the area and circumference is provided, using 7 independent variables from which Z scores and percentiles for individual measurements can be computed.
An assessment of the radiative effects of ice supersaturation based on in situ observations
Authors: Tan Xiaoxiao , Huang Yi , Diao Minghui , Bansemer Aaron , Zondlo Mark A. , DiGangi Joshua P. , Volkamer Rainer , Hu Yongyun
Published: October 2016

We use aircraft observations combined with the reanalysis data to investigate the radiative effects of ice supersaturation (ISS). Our results show that although the excess water vapor over ice saturation itself has relatively small radiative effects, mistaking it as ice crystals in climate models would lead to considerable impacts: on average, +2.49 W/m2 change in the top of the atmosphere (TOA) radiation, −2.7 W/m2 change in surface radiation, and 1.47 K/d change in heating rates. The radiative effects of ISS generally increase with the magnitudes of supersaturation. However, there is a strong dependence on the preexisting ice water path, which can even change the sign of the TOA radiative effect. It is therefore important to consider coexistence between ISS and ice clouds and to validate their relationship in the parameterizations of ISS in climate models.
Can reducing the incoming energy flux over the Southern Ocean in a CGCM improve its simulation of tropical climate?
Authors: Mechoso Carlos R. , Losada Teresa , Koseki Shunya , Mohino‐Harris Elsa , Keenlyside Noel , Castaño‐Tierno Antonio , Myers Timothy A. , Rodriguez‐Fonseca Belen , Toniazzo Thomas
Published: October 2016

Atmosphere‐ocean general circulation models (CGCMs) show important systematic errors. Simulated precipitation in the tropics is generally overestimated over the oceans south of the equator, and stratocumulus (SCu) clouds are underestimated above too warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs). In the extratropics, SSTs are also too warm over the Southern Ocean. We argue that ameliorating these extratropical errors in a CGCM can result in an improved model's performance in the tropics depending upon the success in simulating the sensitivity of SCu to underlying SST. Our arguments are supported by the very different response obtained with two CGCMs to an idealized reduction of solar radiation flux incident at the top of the atmosphere over the Southern Ocean. It is shown that local perturbation impacts are very similar in the two models but that SST reductions in the SCu regions of the southern subtropics are stronger in the model with the stronger SCu‐SST feedbacks.
Evolution of major sedimentary mounds on Mars: Buildup via anticompensational stacking modulated by climate change
Authors: Kite Edwin S. , Sneed Jonathan , Mayer David P. , Lewis Kevin W. , Michaels Timothy I. , Hore Alicia , Rafkin Scot C. R.
Published: October 2016

We present a new database of >300 layer orientations from sedimentary mounds on Mars (Mount Sharp/Aeolis Mons, plus Nia, Juventae, Ophir, Ceti, Melas, Coprates, and Ganges Mensae). Together, these mounds make up ~ ½ of the total volume of canyon/crater‐hosted sedimentary mounds on Mars. The layer orientations, together with draped landslides, and draping of rocks over differentially eroded paleodomes, indicate that for the stratigraphically uppermost ~1 km, the mounds formed by the accretion of draping strata in a mound shape. The layer‐orientation data further suggest that layers lower down in the stratigraphy also formed by the accretion of draping strata in a mound shape. The data are consistent with terrain‐influenced wind erosion but inconsistent with tilting by flexure, differential compaction over basement, or viscoelastic rebound. We use a simple model of landscape evolution to show how the erosion and deposition of mound strata can be modulated by shifts in obliquity. The model is driven by multi‐Gyr calculations of Mars' chaotic obliquity and a parameterization of terrain‐influenced wind erosion that is derived from mesoscale modeling. The model predicts that Mars mound stratigraphy emerges from a drape‐and‐scrape cycle. Our results suggest that mound‐spanning unconformities with kilometers of relief emerge as the result of chaotic obliquity shifts. Our results support the interpretation that Mars' rocks record intermittent liquid‐water runoff during a ≫ 108 yr interval of sedimentary rock emplacement.
Misrepresentations and Flawed Logic About the Prevalence of False Memories
Authors: Nash Robert A. , Wade Kimberley A. , Garry Maryanne , Loftus Elizabeth F. , Ost James
Published: October 2016

Brewin and Andrews (2016) propose that just 15% of people, or even fewer, are susceptible to false childhood memories. If this figure were true, then false memories would still be a serious problem. But the figure is higher than 15%. False memories occur even after a few short and low‐pressure interviews, and with each successive interview, they become richer, more compelling, and more likely to occur. It is therefore dangerously misleading to claim that the scientific data provide an “upper bound” on susceptibility to memory errors. We also raise concerns about the peer review process. © 2016 The Authors Applied Cognitive Psychology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Impromptu Decisions to Deceive
Authors: Walczyk Jeffrey J. , Tcholakian Talar , Newman Danielle N. , Duck Terri
Published: October 2016

This research furthers understanding of the factors that induce individuals to choose deception. Its goals were to expand and test a recent account of the cognition of deception, Activation–Decision–Construction–Action Theory (ADCAT), in a mock job interview inviting impromptu deception. Decisions to lie are hypothesized to depend on the truth and other information activated from long‐term memory by the social context. Activated information then guides evaluation of the likely costs of truth telling and benefits of deception; 166 college students participated in the job interview, who learned about the position and then adopted the role of job applicants. Afterward, participants shared their thoughts when responding to five questions from the interview. The most important findings are that the negative expectations of sharing truths and the positive expectations of sharing deceptions each account for unique variance in deciding to lie. Implications for lie reduction and detection are considered. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
False Memories and Free Speech: Is Scientific Debate Being Suppressed?
Authors: Andrews Bernice , Brewin Chris R.
Published: October 2016

Commentators have raised important points, including the relative contribution of false beliefs versus false memories and the issue of how findings in the laboratory can be generalized to the real world, which we have addressed here. However, some of the commentaries misrepresent what we said, make criticisms that are unfounded, or imply that our article should not have been published in Applied Cognitive Psychology. We relate these responses to a more general literature on the suppression of unwanted scientific findings and suggest that the study of false memory would be better served by more openness to alternative perspectives. Copyright © 2016 The Authors Applied Cognitive Psychology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Optical Probe Ion and Carrier Dynamics at the CH3NH3PbI3 Interface with Electron and Hole Transport Materials
Authors: Wen Xiaoming , Huang Shujuan , Chen Sheng , Deng Xiaofan , Huang Fuzhi , Cheng Yi‐Bing , Green Martin , Ho‐Baillie Anita
Published: October 2016

Ion migration and accumulation in perovskite and interface have recently attracted considerable research interest because it is closely related to carrier extraction and hence to the performance of perovskite solar cells. Here using specific optical probe techniques and perovskite, the authors investigate the effect of light illumination (soaking) at the CH3NH3PbI3/spiro‐OMeTAD and CH3NH3PbI3/Phenyl‐C61‐butyric‐acid‐methyl ester interfaces, focusing on the dynamics of mobile ions and photoexcited carriers. Time dependent photoluminescence (PL) intensity, electron–hole recombination and optical microscopy images are used to monitor the illumination effects at the interface as a function of light illumination time and intensity. Under continuous illumination, the PL intensity exhibits dynamic quenching in the timescale of seconds to minutes. The authors attribute this PL quenching to the accumulation of mobile ions at the interface during light soaking. Only negative ions cause such PL quenching and the rate at which PL intensity decreases depends on the illumination intensity. The authors found that the accumulated ions also impede the extraction of photogenerated holes from the perovskite layer into spiro‐OMeTAD, which increases electron–hole recombination. This investigation provides novel insight into the ion migration mechanism by light soaking and therefore its impact on the operation of a perovskite solar cell.
Stability of Organic Solar Cells: The Influence of Nanostructured Carbon Materials
Authors: Fraga Domínguez Isabel , Distler Andreas , Lüer Larry
Published: October 2016

Organic solar cells (OSCs) are lightweight, have adaptable colors, and can be produced in low‐cost procedures on transparent and flexible surfaces. This makes them attractive for markets in which other technologies cannot compete, for example in architectural and consumer product integration. However, both efficiencies and long term operational stability of OSCs do not yet meet the standards set by their inorganic counterparts. This review compiles the growing knowledge about how nanostructured carbon materials, such as fullerenes and carbon nanotubes, decisively influence the operational stability of organic photovoltaics. Firstly, important degradation pathways are introduced and a differential detection scheme is set up to find the dominant loss channel by means of state‐of‐the‐art characterization methods. Then, fullerenes ability to both stabilize and destabilize the donor polymer against photooxidation via different mechanisms (e.g., inner filter effect or radical scavenging) is examined in detail. The “burn‐in” problem, an initial rapid efficiency loss in PC60BM‐based OSCs, is shown to derive from light‐induced PC60BM dimerization, an effect that can also be positively exploited to reduce thermal degradation. Finally, thermal stabilization via additional approaches involving the fullerene derivative, such as crosslinking or incorporation into block copolymers, is presented.
Multifunctional Manganese Ions Trapping and Hydrofluoric Acid Scavenging Separator for Lithium Ion Batteries Based on Poly(ethylene‐alternate‐maleic acid) Dilithium Salt
Authors: Banerjee Anjan , Ziv Baruch , Shilina Yuliya , Luski Shalom , Halalay Ion C. , Aurbach Doron
Published: October 2016

Manganese dissolution from positive electrodes seriously reduces the life of Li‐ion batteries, due to its detrimental impact on the passivation of negative electrodes. A novel multifunctional separator incorporating inexpensive mass‐produced polymeric materials may dramatically increases the durability of Li‐ion batteries. The separator is made by embedding the poly(ethylene‐alternate‐maleic acid) dilithium salt polymer into a poly(vinylidene fluoride‐hexafluoropropylene) copolymer matrix. LiMn2O4‐graphite cells comprising a 1 m LiPF6 solution in ethylene carbonate plus dimethyl carbonate (1:1 v/v) and the functional separator retain 31% and 100% more capacity than baseline cells with plain commercial separators after 100 cycles at C/5 rate, respectively, at 30 and 55 °C. Analyses of cycled cells indicate greatly reduced Mn contamination of the graphite negative electrodes and almost no irreversible structural change in the LiMn2O4 positive electrodes from cells containing the functional separator. The Mn amount in the graphite electrodes from cycled cells with functional separators is ≈80% lower than in the graphite electrodes from cycled baseline cells. Mn ions are found in the functional separators but not in baseline (plain) separators from cycled cells. Finally, it is shown that the reported performance improvements stem from the ability of the novel separator to chelate Mn ions and to scavenge trace HF.
Oncogenic events rather than antigen selection pressure may be the main driving forces for relapse in diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas
Authors: Rizzo David , Viailly Pierre‐Julien , Mareschal Sylvain , Bohers Elodie , Picquenot Jean‐Michel , Penther Dominique , Dubois Sydney , Marchand Vinciane , Bertrand Philippe , Maingonnat Catherine , Etancelin Pascaline , Feuillard Jean , Bastard Christian , Tilly Hervé , Jardin Fabrice , Ruminy Philippe
Published: October 2016

Little is known on the phylogenetic relationship between diagnostic and relapse clones of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We applied high throughput sequencing (HTS) of the VDJ locus of Immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGHV) on 14 DLBCL patients with serial samples, including tumor biopsies and/or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Phylogenetic data were consolidated with targeted sequencing and cytogenetics. Phylogeny clearly showed that DLBCL relapse could occur according either an early or a late divergent mode. These two modes of divergence were independent from the elapsed time between diagnosis and relapse. We found no significant features for antigen selection pressure in complementary determining region both at diagnosis and relapse for 9/12 pairs and a conserved negative selection pressure for the three remaining cases. Targeted HTS and conventional cytogenetics revealed a branched vs. linear evolution for 5/5 IGHV early divergent cases, but unexpected such “oncogenetic” branched evolution could be found in at least 2/7 IGHV late divergent cases. Thus, if BCR signaling is mandatory for DLBCL emergence, oncogenetic events under chemotherapy selection pressure may be the main driving forces at relapse. Finally, circulating subclones with divergent IGHV somatic hypermutations patterns from initial biopsy could be detected in PBMC at diagnosis for 4/6 patients and, for two of them, at least one was similar to the ones found at relapse. This study highlights that oncogenetic intraclonal diversity of DLBCL should be evaluated beyond the scope a single biopsy and represents a rationale for future investigations using peripheral blood for lymphoid malignancies genotyping. Am. J. Hematol. 92:68–76, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome in a female: A case report and an unsolved issue
Authors: Vaisfeld Alessandro , Pomponi Maria Grazia , Pietrobono Roberta , Tabolacci Elisabetta , Neri Giovanni
Published: October 2016

Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome is an X‐linked recessive overgrowth condition caused by alterations in GPC3 gene, encoding for the cell surface receptor glypican 3, whose clinical manifestations in affected males are well known. Conversely, there is little information regarding affected females, with very few reported cases, and a clinical definition of this phenotype is still lacking. In the present report we describe an additional case, the first to receive a primary molecular diagnosis based on strong clinical suspicion. Possible explanations for full clinical expression of X‐linked recessive conditions in females include several mechanisms, such as skewed X inactivation or homozygosity/compound heterozygosity of the causal mutation. Both of these were excluded in our case. Given that the possibility of full expression of SGBS in females is now firmly established, we recommend that GPC3 analysis be performed in all suggestive female cases. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tandem Photocatalysis: An Efficient Synthesis of Multisubstituted Benzimidazoles by Visible‐Light‐Induced Intramolecular Cyclization and Deprotection
Authors: Hu Bei , Dong Wuheng , Feng Zhigang , Gao Xiaoshuang , Gao Huang , Xie Xiaomin , Zhang Zhaoguo
Published: October 2016

An unprecedented tandem photocatalysis protocol consists of two distinct photocatalytic cycles. This method allows for rapid and efficient construction of multisubstituted benzimidazole derivatives through an intramolecular cyclization and deprotection sequence from diamines under very mild conditions.
Direct Synthesis of Telechelic Polyethylene by Selective Insertion Polymerization
Authors: Jian Zhongbao , Falivene Laura , Boffa Giusi , Sánchez Sheila Ortega , Caporaso Lucia , Grassi Alfonso , Mecking Stefan
Published: October 2016

A single‐step route to telechelic polyethylene (PE) is enabled by selective insertion polymerization. PdII‐catalyzed copolymerization of ethylene and 2‐vinylfuran (VF) generates α,ω‐di‐furan telechelic polyethylene. Orthogonally reactive exclusively in‐chain anhydride groups are formed by terpolymerization with carbic anhydride. Combined experimental and theoretical DFT studies reveal the key for this direct approach to telechelics to be a match of the comonomers’ different electronics and bulk. Identified essential features of the comonomer are that it is an electron‐rich olefin that forms an insertion product stabilized by an additional interaction, namely a π–η3 interaction for the case of VF.
Defect Models of As‐Made High‐Silica Zeolites: Clusters of Hydrogen‐Bonds and Their Interaction with the Organic Structure‐Directing Agents Determined from 1H Double and Triple Quantum NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Brunklaus Gunther , Koller Hubert , Zones Stacey I.
Published: October 2016

Internal defect SiOH and SiO− groups evolve during the structure formation of high‐Si zeolites in the presence of a cationic organic structure‐directing agent (SDA). These negatively charged defects do not completely disappear upon calcination. Herein we investigate the clustering of defect groups and their location within the pore walls of four zeolites. ZSM‐12, ZSM‐5, and SSZ‐74 have three clustered SiOH groups which are hydrogen‐bonded to SiO−, whereas SSZ‐24 has only two. These defects interact with the structure‐directing quaternary ammonium ions preferably close to the charge center, unless steric shielding is present. The framework topologies of ZSM‐12, ZSM‐5, and SSZ‐24 have connected six‐rings where the organics interact with the defects. It is suggested that these six‐ring patterns form connectivity defects. SSZ‐74 is unique, it does not contain an extended six‐ring motif, so vacancy defects form instead.
Strong Evidence of a Phosphanoxyl Complex: Formation, Bonding, and Reactivity of Ligated Phosphorus Analogues of Nitroxides
Authors: Heurich Tobias , Nesterov Vitaly , Schnakenburg Gregor , Qu Zheng‐Wang , Grimme Stefan , Hazin Khatera , Gates Derek P. , Engeser Marianne , Streubel Rainer
Published: October 2016

Facile access to [W(CO)5(Ph2P‐OTEMP)] is used to initiate a study on the generation, properties, and reactions of transient phosphanoxyl complexes [MLn(R2PO)], the first example of which could be trapped via heterocoupling with the trityl radical. It is also demonstrated that the phosphorus nitroxyl complex acts as radical initiator in the polymerization of styrene. The quest for P−O versus O−N bond homolysis, as well as the initial steps of the polymerization were studied by DFT methods.
Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(acrylonitrile) blend fibrous membranes by centrifugal spinning for high‐performance lithium ion battery separators
Authors: Lv Ruihua , Zhu Yun , Liu Hesheng , Na Bing , Huang Yanghui , Xie Xiuli
Published: October 2016

Fibrous membranes are promising as high‐performance lithium ion battery separators because of high porosity and superior electrolyte uptake. Electrospinning is a popular approach to produce fibrous membranes, but its production rate is very low. As a comparison, mass production of fibrous membranes can be achieved by centrifugal spinning. This study reports fibrous membranes based on poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(acrylonitrile) blends by centrifugal spinning and their application as lithium ion battery separators. The blend fibrous membranes have high electrolyte uptake of about 300%, excellent dimensional stability at 180 °C and good mechanical strength over 18 MPa. The coin cells with the blend fibrous membranes as separators show high discharge capacity of 147.7 mAh/g at 0.2 C and superior C‐rate performance. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44515.
Preparation of hydrophilic dimethyl 5‐sodium sulfoisophthalate/poly(ethylene terephthalate) nanofiber composite membranes for improving antifouling properties
Authors: Chegoonian Parisa , Ravandi Seyed Abdolkarim Hosseini , Feiz Mahmoud , Mallakpour Shadpour
Published: October 2016

In this study, the effect of dimethyl 5‐sodium sulfoisophthalate (SSI) nanoparticles (NPs) on the antifouling properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) electrospun nanofiber membranes (ENMs) was investigated through the ultrafiltration of C. I. Basic Blue 3. 3 dye. To reveal the tortuous effect of this additive on the antifouling properties, scanning electron microscopy was used for the characterization of the ENM structure and the optimization of the SSI NP content. Then, some selected physical and structural properties of the membrane, such as the porosity, moisture regain, contact angle, hydraulic permeability (Lp), and mechanical properties, in the optimized range of SSI NP contents were investigated. Finally, the influence of this additive on the rejection and flux recovery ratio of the prepared membranes was considered. Consequently, the antifouling properties were assessed with consideration of all of the aforementioned parameters. The SSI/PET2 membrane (that with 0.02% w/w SSI NPs with respect to the total amount of PET polymer and SSI NPs), with an average nanofiber diameter of 450 nm, a porosity of 78.44%, a moisture regain of 9.34%, a contact angle of 86.48°, an Lp of 42,167 L h−1 m−2 bar−1, a tensile strength of 4.66 ± 0.04 MPa, a flux recovery ratio of 15.3%, and a final rejection of 95%, showed a significant enhancement in the antifouling properties compared with pristine PET ENMs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44522.
Presence of Sex Steroid‐Metabolizing Enzymes in the Olfactory Mucosa of Rats
Authors: Horie Sawa , Yamaki Akiko , Takami Shigeru
Published: October 2016

Although several lines of evidence have suggested that sex steroids influence olfaction, little is known about the cellular basis of steroid‐metabolizing enzymes in the olfactory system. Thus, we aimed to examine gene expression and immunolocalization of four sex steroid‐metabolizing enzymes in the olfactory mucosa (OM) of albino rats; steroid side chain‐cleaving enzyme (P450scc), 17β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17β‐HSD‐1), 17β‐HSD type 2 (17β‐HSD‐2), and aromatase. P450scc is known to catalyze conversion from cholesterol to pregnenolone. 17β‐HSD‐1 catalyzes conversion from estrone to estradiol, and 17β‐HSD‐2 does the reverse. Aromatase catalyzes the conversion from testosterone to estradiol‐17β. Messenger (m) RNAs of all four enzymes mentioned above were detected in the OM. Western blot analysis demonstrated that P450scc, 17β‐HSD‐1, and 17β‐HSD‐2 were detected in the OM. Immunoreactivity for these three enzymes was observed in sustentacular cells of the olfactory epithelium and acinar cells of Bowman's glands. Immunoelectron microscopy analysis demonstrated immunoreactivity for P450scc in mitochondria, and for 17β‐HSD‐1 and 17β‐HSD‐2 in the well‐developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum and myeloid bodies of the sustentacular cells. The present study suggests that sustentacular cells and acinar cells of the Bowman's glands in the rat OM express at least three of the steroid‐metabolizing enzymes, that is, P450scc 17β‐HSD‐1, and 17β‐HSD‐2, and de novo synthesis of estradiol takes place in the OM. Anat Rec, 300:402–414, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Anatomy of Caprine Female Urethra and Characteristics of Muscle and Bone Marrow Derived Caprine Cells for Autologous Cell Therapy Testing
Authors: Burdzinska Anna , Dybowski Bartosz , Zarychta‐Wisniewska Weronika , Kulesza Agnieszka , Zagozdzon Radoslaw , Gajewski Zdzislaw , Paczek Leszek
Published: October 2016

Cell therapy is emerging as an alternative treatment of stress urinary incontinence. However, many aspects of the procedure require further optimization. A large animal model is needed to reliably test cell delivery methods. In this study, we aim to determine suitability of the goat as an experimental animal for testing intraurethral autologous cell transplantation in terms of urethral anatomy and cell culture parameters. The experiments were performed in 12 mature/aged female goats. Isolated caprine muscle derived cells (MDC) were myogenic in vitro and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) population was able to differentiate into adipo‐, osteo‐ and chondrogenic lineages. The median yield of cells after 3 weeks of culture amounted 47 × 10(6) for MDC and 37 × 10(6) for MSC. Urethral pressure profile measurements revealed the mean functional urethral length of 3.75 ± 0.7 cm. The mean maximal urethral closure pressure amounted 63.5 ± 5.9 cmH2O and the mean functional area was 123.3 ± 19.4 cm*cmH2O. The omega‐ shaped striated urethral sphincter was well developed in the middle and distal third of the urethra and its mean thickness on cross section was 2.3 mm. In the proximal part of the urethra only loosely arranged smooth muscle fibers were identified. To conclude, presented data demonstrate that caprine MDC and MSC can be expanded in vitro in a repeatable manner even when mature or aged animals are cell donors. Results suggest that female caprine urethra has similar parameters to those reported in human and therefore the goat can be an appropriate experimental animal for testing intraurethral cell transplantation. Anat Rec, 00:000–000, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 300:577–588, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Staging Table of Post‐Ovipositional Development for the South American Collared Lizard Tropidurus torquatus (Squamata: Tropiduridae)
Authors: Rapp Py‐Daniel tainã , Kennedy Soares De‐Lima Anderson , Campos Lima Fabiano , Pic‐Taylor Aline , Rodrigues Pires Junior Osmindo , Sebben Antonio
Published: October 2016

The mouse, chicken, African clawed frog, and zebrafish are considered ¨model organisms¨ due to their extensive embryological and genetic characterization. However, they are far from representative of known diversity, impairing phylogenetic analyses of developmental patterns. Since squamates have historically received limited attention in developmental studies, we here describe the developmental sequence for Tropidurus torquatus, and provide the first post‐ovipositional developmental series for the lizard family Tropiduridae. Fifteen developmental stages are described based on morphological traits such as the eye and accessory visual structures, pharyngeal arches, fusion of facial primordia, limb development, pigmentation, and scales. Organogenesis is already in progression at oviposition (Stage 28), with embryos continuing to develop at the incubation temperature of 30°C ± 1°C, and hatching after 75 ± 5 days, at Stage 42. Comparisons with other lizards show a conserved embryonic sequence, however developmental timing differences were found in features such as the pharyngeal arches, endolymphatic sacs, pigmentation and scales. The development of the phallic and cranial lip of the cloaca anlages are compared with that of other lizards. The order of T. torquatus fore‐ and hindlimb formation differs from that most commonly observed in lizards. The abundance and close association of this species with urban environments, as well as the ease of capturing and managing females, makes T. torquatus an attractive source of developmental data for future experimental and ontogenetic studies. Anat Rec, 300:277–290, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Colonisation of Remote Oceania: New dates for the Bapot‐1 site in the Mariana Islands
Authors: PETCHEY FIONA , CLARK GEOFFREY , WINTER OLAF , O'DAY PATRICK , LITSTER MIRANI
Published: October 2016

The colonisation of the Mariana Islands in Western Micronesia is likely to represent a long‐distance ocean dispersal of more than 2000 km, and establishing the date of human arrival in the archipelago is important for modelling Neolithic expansion in Island South‐East Asia and the Pacific. In 2010, Clark et al. published a paper discussing a number of radiocarbon dates from the Bapot‐1 site on Saipan Island, but a disparity between charcoal and marine shell (Anadara sp.) results prevented the calculation of a definitive age for the site and left open the possibility that Bapot‐1 was first settled as early as 3500 calBP. Here, we present new research using a combination of stable isotope (δ13C and δ18O) and 14C information to demonstrate that A. antiquata from the lowest layers of Bapot‐1 is affected by hardwaters. These new results indicate human arrival at Bapot‐1 occurred around 3200–3080 calBP (1250–1130 BC). We recommend a similar isotopic evaluation for other sites in the Marianas that are dated by marine shell.