bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developmental diversity in mindreading and metacognition
Authors: Kim Sunae , Shahaeian Ameneh , Proust Joëlle
Published: May 2018

A first aim of this chapter is to explain why children seem to present different patterns of development across cultures for solving false-belief tasks. Anthropological evidence is presented suggesting that the tests devised for Western children might not be adequate outside Western cultures. Alternative practices and values, such as the willingness/refusal to express one’s own mental states, the degree of autonomous agency allocated to young children, and the style of communication used in child-rearing, might partly explain the timing differences in the development of mindreading. A second aim is to identify the sociocultural factors that might also differentially impact the development of metacognitive abilities. It is proposed that the cultural practices that regulate patterns of attention, ways of learning, and communicational pragmatics should differentially influence the kinds of epistemic decisions that need to be monitored and the process of attribution of knowledge to the self in young children.
Sense of reality, metacognition, and culture in schizophrenic and drug-induced hallucinations
Authors: Fortier Martin
Published: May 2018

Hallucinations possess two main components: (i) a sensory content; (ii) a sense that the sensory content is real. Influential models of schizophrenic hallucination claim that both the sensory content and the sense of reality can be explained in terms of metacognitive dysfunction. This chapter assesses whether such a claim holds for schizophrenic and drug-induced hallucinations; it further attempts to determine the actual role of metacognition in hallucination and how this role is liable to vary across cultures. It is first argued that the notion of sense of reality is heterogeneous and should therefore be divided into distinct kinds. Next, some monitoring-based models of hallucination are presented, and it is shown that they fail to explain important aspects of hallucinations. It is subsequently suggested that the main mechanisms of serotoninergic hallucinogens are not metacognitive, whereas those of anticholinergic hallucinogens importantly tap into subpersonal metacognitive processes. Finally, after specific consideration of the use of ayahuasca across different Amazonian indigenous groups, it is proposed that the metacognitive properties of hallucinogenic experiences can be variously exploited or ignored depending on cultural expectations.
Modelism and mathematical doxology
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean
Published: May 2018

This chapter outlines a certain attitude to model theory called ‘modelism’. The modelist idea is that structure-talk, as used informally by mathematicians, is to be understood in terms of isomorphism, in the model theorist's sense. For example, modelists will want to explicate talk of ‘the natural numbers' in terms of a particular isomorphism type. As such, modelists face an important doxological question: ‘How can we pick out particular isomorphism types?’ This chapter examines various versions of this question, and in particular what it means to say that it is a doxological question. We also distinguish between objectual and conceptual versions of this question, and show how they relate to Shapiro’s and Hellman’s different versions of structuralism.
Types and Stone spaces
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean
Published: May 2018

Types are one of the cornerstones of contemporary model theory. Simply put, a type is the collection of formulas satisfied by an element of some elementary extension. The types can be organised in an algebraic structure known as a Lindenbaum algebra. But the contemporary study of types also treats them as the points of a certain kind of topological space. These spaces, called ‘Stone spaces’, illustrate the richness of moving back-and-forth between algebraic and topological perspectives. Further, one of the most central notions of contemporary model theory—namely stability—is simply a constraint on the cardinality of these spaces. We close the chapter by discussing a related algebra-topology ‘duality’ from metaphysics, concerning whether to treat propositions as sets of possible worlds or vice-versa. We show that suitable regimentations of these two rival metaphysical approaches are biinterpretable (in the sense of chapter 5), and discuss the philosophical significance of this rapprochement.
Quantifiers
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean
Published: May 2018

Typically the existential and universal quantifiers are regarded as logical expressions. But there are straightforward semantic means for defining all sorts of new quantifiers that have roughly the same syntax as the more familiar quantifiers. This raises the question: Which of these new quantifiers are relevantly similar to the existential and universal quantifiers to count as logical? After introducing generalised quantifiers, we use notions of indiscernibility to investigate how to classify quantifiers as logical or non-logical, focussing especially on the famous Tarski-Sher thesis. Roughly, this thesis states that quantifiers are logical provided they exhibit a certain kind of invariance. We argue that intuitions about non-discrimination are insufficient to establish Tarski-Sher. Then, by considering infinitary logics and closure principles, we raise some further difficulties for attempts to establish Tarski-Sher.
Classification and uncountable categoricity
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean
Published: May 2018

The topic of this chapter is classification. We start by formulating a wholly general philosophical framework for understanding classification programs within mathematics, in which calculable invariants play an important role. We then consider the most famous classification program in contemporary model theory, due to Shelah, who has suggested that classification concerns identifying which theories do not have too many models. We critically compare these two different perspectives on classification— calculable mechanisms vs. not too many models. We close the chapter by discussing Zilber's ambitious proposal for the classification of uncountably categorical theories (i.e. theories which have only one model up to isomorphism in a given uncountable cardinality). Whereas categoricity was seen as a potential philosophical salve in chapters 6-8, Zilber's program regards uncountable categoricity as a kind of extreme classification.
The Lexical Semantics of the Arabic Verb
Authors: Glanville Peter John
Published: May 2018

This book is an investigation of Arabic derivational morphology that focuses on the relationship between verb meaning and linguistic form. Beginning with the ground form, the book offers a comprehensive analysis of the most common verb patterns of Arabic from a lexical semantic perspective. Peter Glanville explains why verbs with seemingly unrelated meanings share the same phonological shape, and analyses sets of words that contain the same consonantal root to arrive at a common abstraction. He uses both contemporary and historical data to explore the semantics of reflexivity, symmetry, causation, and repetition, and argues that the verb patterns of Arabic that express these phenomena have come about as the result of grammaticalization and analogical processes that are common crosslinguistically. The book adopts an approach to morphology in which rule-based derivation has created word patterns and consonantal roots, with the result that in some derivations roots may be extracted from a source word and plugged in to a pattern. It illustrates the semantic relationship between a source word and its derivative, while also offering evidence to support the view of the consonantal root as a morphological object.
Vicious Circles and Multiple Equilibria: The Spiral
Authors: Capussela Andrea Lorenzo
Published: May 2018

This chapter summarizes the theoretical framework of this book, and draws from it the lens through which the roots of Italy’s current decline are then retraced in its history. It exemplifies the main argument by discussing two alternative reactions to the insufficient provision of public goods: an opportunistic one—employing tax evasion, corruption, and clientelism as means to appropriate private goods—and one based on enforcing political accountability. It argues that from the perspective of ordinary citizens and firms such social dilemmas can typically be modelled as coordination games, which have multiple equilibria. Self-interested rationality can thus lead to a spiral, in which several vicious circles run in parallel, reinforce each other, and lead society onto an inefficient equilibrium characterized by low political accountability and weak rule of law. It concludes that in transition societies ideas, freer from the grip of the spiral, can exploit endogenous shocks to reverse it.
Italy’s Social Order between Unification and Fascism
Authors: Capussela Andrea Lorenzo
Published: May 2018

This chapter reviews the evolution of Italy’s social order between the political unification of the peninsula, achieved in 1861, and the end of Fascism, in 1943. It follows the country’s convergence to Europe’s early industrializers, which accelerated near the end of the nineteenth century and was assisted by appropriate institutional reforms. In the presence of a large anti-systemic opposition the country’s social order opened up only modestly and hesitantly, however, and in the early 1920s its elites preferred Fascism to democratization. Under this regime the progress made by political institutions during the liberal period was reversed, convergence slowed down markedly, and the divergence of the South from the rest of Italy peaked. The chapter underlines the essential continuity of the country’s social order and elites between the liberal epoch and Fascism.
The Last Four Decades: The Spiral Unperturbed, Halted, Resumed
Authors: Capussela Andrea Lorenzo
Published: May 2018

This chapter reviews the 1980–2017 period, during which, having reached the peak of its convergence to the productivity frontier, Italy’s decline began and progressively accelerated. Its proximate cause was the dynamic of TFP. Its deeper roots lie in the vicious circles that set in during the previous decades, which led society onto an inefficient equilibrium. This spiral was interrupted in 1992–4, when debt-financed deficit spending exhausted its possibilities and systemic corruption was unveiled. The opportunity for an equilibrium shift opened by this shock was missed, however, and the spiral resumed its progress and further deepened. Efforts to reform Italy’s inappropriate institutions largely failed, corruption increased, and political accountability declined. The country reached the crisis of 2008 already enfeebled, and suffered the deepest and longest peace-time recession of its history. Despite the rupture of 2011–13 few signs suggest that an equilibrium shift is forthcoming.
Parentheticalism, Normative Reasons, and Error Cases
Authors: Henning Tim
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses another crucial use of parenthetical sentences in normative reasons-discourse. Due to their feature of subject-orientation, they enable us to cite known falsehoods as normative reasons without violating the factivity requirements of reasons-discourse. This is important, because it allows us to deal with error cases in a way that does not entail that putatively rational agents systematically misidentify their reasons. Ontological and linguistic objections to the idea that falsehoods can be full-blooded normative reasons for agents are discussed and rejected. A notion of quasi-factivity is introduced to characterize the requirements of reasons-discourse. Parentheticalism is shown to enable a unified account of normative reasons-discourse, avoiding divergences between veridical and error cases.
Epilogue
Authors: Henning Tim
Published: May 2018

This brief chapter summarizes central findings regarding the role of parenthetical sentences in practical discourse. But it also provides historical context. It suggests that a precursor of parentheticalism may be found in Kant, especially in Kant’s views about the “I think,” especially as they are expressed in the B-Version of the “Transcendental Deduction” and the B-Version of the chapter on Paralogisms in the Critique of Pure Reason.
Visions of Kinship in Medieval Europe
Authors: Hummer Hans
Published: May 2018

What meaning did human kinship possess in a world regulated by biblical time, committed to the primacy of spiritual relationships, and bound by the sinews of divine love? In the process of exploring that question, this book offers a searching re-examination of kinship in Europe between late Roman times and the high Middle Ages, the period bridging Europe’s primitive past and its modern present. It critiques the modernist and Western bio-genealogical and functionalist assumptions that have shaped kinship studies since their inception in the nineteenth century, when biblical time collapsed and kinship became a signifier of the essential secularity of history and a method for conceptualizing a deeper prehistory guided by autogenous human impulses. It argues that this understanding of kinship is fundamentally antagonistic to medieval sentiments and is responsible for the frustrations researchers have encountered as they have tried to identify the famously elusive kin groups of medieval Europe. It delineates an alternative ethnographic approach inspired by recent anthropological work that privileges indigenous expressions of kinship and the interpretive potential of native ontologies. The book reveals that kinship in the Middle Ages was not biological, primitive, or a regulator of social mechanisms; nor is it traceable by bio-genealogical connections. In the Middle Ages kinship signified a sociality that flowed from convictions about the divine source of all things and wove together families, institutions, and divinities into an expansive eschatological vision animated by “the most righteous principle of love.”
Fallibilism: Evidence and Knowledge
Authors: Brown Jessica
Published: May 2018

This book examines the prospects for infallibilism about knowledge, according to which one can know that p only if one has evidence which guarantees or entails that p. In particular, it focuses on the possibility of a non-sceptical infallibilism which rejects any kind of shifty view of knowledge, whether contextualist, relativist, or subject-sensitive invariantist. The availability of a non-shifty non-sceptical infallibilism seems to depend on whether such a view can defend a generous enough conception of evidence to allow us to have the knowledge we ordinarily take ourselves to have. In particular, such an infallibilist needs to allow that our evidence extends well beyond how things seem to us in our experience and includes claims about the external world. Thus, the infallibilism which is the focus of this book is committed to a generous conception of evidence. More precisely, I argue that infallibilism is committed to the following claims about evidence and evidential support: if p is evidence, then p is true; and if one knows that p, then p is part of one’s evidence, and p is evidence for p. However, I argue that these claims about evidence and evidential support are problematic. Furthermore, I argue that fallibilism can overcome the most serious objections levelled at it, which concern closure, concessive knowledge attributions, practical reasoning, and the threshold problem. So, I conclude that epistemologists who aim to avoid both scepticism and a shifty view of knowledge should be fallibilists.
The Knowledge View of Justification and Excuse
Authors: Brown Jessica
Published: May 2018

This chapter criticizes the conception of evidence to which the infallibilist is committed—a factive conception of evidence on which knowledge is sufficient for evidence. As is well known, this view has the counterintuitive result that certain pairs of subjects who are intuitively equally justified, e.g. a person and a BIV, are not equally justified. Defenders of this view of evidence have attempted to reply to this objection by distinguishing whether a belief is justified from whether the subject is blameless or excused for holding it. They endorse the knowledge view of justification according to which a belief is justified if and only if it meets the fundamental norm of belief which they take to be knowledge. This chapter argues against the knowledge view of justification that it has difficulty explaining the propositional and graded senses of justification. It also argues that the knowledge view of justification fails to provide an adequate account of blameless belief.
Undermining Defeat
Authors: Brown Jessica
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the challenge posed to undermining defeat by ‘level-splitting’ views according to which it is sometimes rational for one to be in in epistemically akratic combination of states, say, maintaining the belief that p while also holding that one’s evidence does not support that p. This chapter argues against such level-splitting views by developing arguments already in the literature that such views lead to problematic practical and theoretical reasoning. It then turns to examine and reject arguments for level-splitting views based on 1) the possibility of justified false beliefs about one’s epistemic standing; and 2) the possibility of evidence being misleading about itself. Together with chapter 5, this chapter completes the defence of the phenomenon of defeat, and thus of the conclusion that closure fails because of defeat quite independently of the debate between infallibilism and fallibilism.
Conclusion
Authors: Brown Jessica
Published: May 2018

This chapter concludes that those of us who want to reject scepticism within a traditional non-shifty view of knowledge should embrace fallibilism. Fallibilism starts out as the more intuitive option since, for many kinds of knowledge, what is intuitively one’s evidence does not entail what’s known. Further, to avoid scepticism, a non-shifty infallibilist is committed to problematic claims about evidence and evidential support (chapters 2–4). By contrast, objections to fallibilism that are often thought devastating can be answered (chapters 5–7). Given the pre-theoretical attractiveness of fallibilism, non-sceptics who want to avoid a shifty view of knowledge should be fallibilists.
A Display Theory of Attitude Attribution
Authors: Sainsbury Mark
Published: May 2018

This is the central chapter in the book. It describes and defends display theory, a theory of attitude attribution according to which the words in the complement put concepts on display rather than using them in the normal attributive way. Attributions are true if the displayed concepts match the concepts subjects exercise in their intentional states. Display theory explains various features of intensionality. For example, there is no reason why a displayed concept in a true attribution need be true of some real entity: all that matters is whether the subject exercised it, not what, if anything, it refers to. A use of superscripts is developed which enables us to state with precision different ways in which attitude attributions can be true. The theory is extended to apply to non-conceptual intentional states.
Foundations for Morality
Authors: Cullity Garrett
Published: May 2018

Equipped with an account of the form of morality’s foundational elements, we next need a description of their content. This chapter identifies three main clusters of norms as foundational to morality. The first cluster governs the forms of concern that are called for as responses to others’ welfare; the second governs the range of respect-responses that are properly directed towards others’ self-expression; and the third governs those cooperation-responses whose proper object is worthwhile collective action. A fourth such cluster is also described, relating to reverence for what is precious. There is a broader way of understanding ‘morality’, on which it includes this fourth source; and also a narrower way, on which it does not.
Context-Undermining
Authors: Cullity Garrett
Published: May 2018

Even when there is nothing wrong with the content of my welfare or self-expression, there may still be contextual facts that deprive you of a reason to respond to me with the concern or respect that would otherwise make sense. This chapter explains three ways in which such ‘context-undermining’ can arise: ‘agency-based’, ‘domain-based’, and ‘meaning-based’ ways. The main emphasis is on showing why we should say that these give rise to contexts in which you lack a reason you would otherwise have had, rather than contexts in which a persisting reason should be excluded from deliberation.
Moral Virtues
Authors: Cullity Garrett
Published: May 2018

When we use virtue-terms to make moral evaluations of persons, attitudes, and actions, we are evaluating the quality of their responsiveness to the reasons morality gives us. A convincing vindication of that claim needs to provide a detailed account of which virtues respond to which reasons. To that end, this chapter supplies a taxonomy of moral virtues that draws on the previous chapters’ explanations of the routes by which different reasons derive from the foundations of morality. It also gives an account of the relationship between the different uses of aretaic terms: those that are virtue-attributing and those that are not.
Paternalism
Authors: Cullity Garrett
Published: May 2018

Someone who treats you paternalistically restricts your self-expression in order to promote your welfare. The simplest kind of pluralist theory treats this as a case in which competing reasons of respect and concern must be balanced. This chapter presents a more nuanced view. We have a right to self-determination, but this right is not basic: its derivational sources include reasons of concern and respect; and it is by reference to those more fundamental reasons that we can explain what that right does and does not protect. Moreover, the right to self-determination has a context-undermining function. Although there can be reasons for infringing it, the welfare of the right-bearer is not a reason for doing so.
Consumption
Authors: Cullity Garrett
Published: May 2018

What are our moral responsibilities as consumers? The morally relevant reasons you have not to buy something may be participatory reasons, which you possess as an actual or potential member of some group, or individual reasons, which are not possessed in that way. Individual reasons are generated through the direct application of concern- and respect-derived norms to your actions as an individual consumer; participatory reasons, from norms of cooperation. Various distinguishable reasons of these two broad types can be derived in different ways from the foundations of morality. The importance of these distinctions is illustrated by applying them to three important kinds of consumption activity: retail purchases, share ownership, and the actions through which we contribute to climate change.
Introduction: Welfare Democracies and Party Politics—Explaining Electoral Dynamics in Times of Changing Welfare Capitalism
Authors: Manow Philip , Palier Bruno , Schwander Hanna
Published: May 2018

Bridging insights from comparative political economy, the study of welfare states, party politics, and electoral studies, the aim of this introductory chapter is to provide an analytical framework that locates Europe’s contemporary challenges within the longer economic and political trajectories of its “welfare democracies,” that is, by the way economies, labor markets, welfare states, and politics interact. The chapter argues that the reactions of countries to common challenges and changes are shaped by its model of welfare democracy. The chapter identifies four distinct welfare democracies and examines the systematic variation in the way political competition and voter–party links cluster across the four types. The chapter identifies the electoral dilemmas of center-left and center-right parties in a multidimensional space with volatile voter–party links, and how the strategic configuration and the rise of new challenger parties shape their responses to challenges and crises.
Social Class and the Changing Welfare State Agenda of Radical Right Parties in Europe
Authors: Afonso Alexandre , Rennwald Line
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the importance of the welfare state as a political issue for radical right parties. It considers the role of the class setup of parties, party competition, and issue salience as possible determinants of welfare state positions. Based on an analysis of voter profiles and the economic agendas of right-wing populist parties in recent years, it finds that while the welfare state tends to gain in importance for a number of right-wing populist parties, there is no mechanistic relationship between voter profiles and the welfare position of parties. Where the welfare state is an important issue for radical right parties, they tend to defend the welfare state and take a pro-redistribution position.
Pragmatic Self-Deception
Authors: Zimmerman Aaron Z.
Published: May 2018

To conclude the discussion, the author turns to James’s defense of the will to believe. Philosophers have tended to focus on the normative question of whether it is ever OK to adopt beliefs for pragmatic reasons. The “evidentialists” are prepared to criticize those who would resort to this sort of thing, and the intellectualists go further to argue that pragmatists are self-deceived. The author argues against these epistemic scolds. The social science of “positive illusions” confirms the coherence of James’s doctrine and provides an evidential basis for Bain’s theory of belief. Sometimes, we can ignore the evidence and believe what we want to believe knowing full well that this is what we are doing. The will to believe is real. Within limits, it can even be a good thing.
Analysis
Authors: Henderson Andrea
Published: May 2018

This chapter argues that British photography of the 1850s and 60s wedded realism—understood as a commitment to descriptive truthfulness—with formalism, or a belief in the defining power of structural relationships. Photographers at mid-century understood the realistic character of photography to be grounded in more than fidelity to detail; the technical properties of the medium accorded perfectly with the claims of contemporary physicists that reality itself was constituted by spatial arrangements and polar forces rather than essential categorical distinctions. The photographs of Clementina, Lady Hawarden exemplify this formalist realism, dramatizing the power of the formal logic of photography not only to represent the real but to reveal its fundamentally formal nature.
Biblical Readings and Literary Writings in Early Modern England, 1558-1625
Authors: Brownlee Victoria
Published: May 2018

This book provides an account of the how the Bible was read and applied in early modern England, and maps the connection between these readings and various forms of writing. The Bible had a profound impact on early modern culture, and Bible-reading shaped the period’s drama, poetry, and life writings, as well as sermons and biblical commentaries. This book argues that literary writings bear the hallmarks of the period’s dominant exegetical practices, and do interpretative work. Tracing the impact of biblical reading across a range of genres and writers, the discussion demonstrates that literary reimaginings of, and allusions to, the Bible were common, varied, and ideologically evocative. The book explores how a series of popularly interpreted biblical narratives were recapitulated in the work of a diverse selection of writers, some of whom remain relatively unknown. In early modern England, the figures of Solomon, Job, and Christ’s mother, Mary, and the books of Song of Songs and Revelation, are enmeshed in different ways with contemporary concerns, and their usage illustrates how the Bible’s narratives could be turned to a fascinating array of debates. Showing the multifarious contexts in which biblical narratives were deployed, this book argues that Protestant interpretative practices both contribute to, and problematize, literary constructions of a range of theological, political, and social debates.
A Tale of Two Jobs
Authors: Brownlee Victoria
Published: May 2018

Chapter 3 addresses the Old Testament figure of Job. It considers the resonance of his biblical narrative amid a climate of religious persecution in Europe. Job’s narrative was typically understood to mark bodily suffering as a test of faith and, for many readers, affirmed that their suffering, like Job’s, was divinely authorized for a finite period of time. A wave of theological and literary writings affirm the remarkable impact of the Joban trajectory of suffering in early modern culture. Shakespeare’s King Lear is no exception. Yet, instead of upholding the Joban paradigm of eventual restoration—a feature of the anonymous source play, King Leir—Shakespeare’s play is notable for its deliberate disruption of the typological process of promise and fulfilment. In fact, this play offers a shocking inversion of established exegetical traditions of suffering more generally.
‘By moste sweete and comfortable allegories’
Authors: Brownlee Victoria
Published: May 2018

The Song of Songs, as a poetic dialogue between two lovers, presented literally minded biblical commentators with a thorny exegetical dilemma: either accept the presence of a purely erotic text in scripture, or make the case for a literal reading that was figurative. Like early modern exegesis of the Song, poetic recapitulations of this biblical book, such as those by William Baldwin, Francis Quarles, and Robert Aylett, rely on complex figural reading practices to substantiate a spiritual meaning not directly implied by the biblical text. But this dependence on human words to secure the relationship between sign and spiritually signified exposes reformed anxieties about the inherently fallen nature of the human mind, and the broader inadequacy of language to articulate spiritual truth.
Introduction
Authors: Lecourt Sebastian
Published: May 2018

The introductory chapter sketches the emergence of the anthropology of religion over the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Reading this history through the lens of recent scholarship on secularization, it explores how different anthropological constructions of religion came to underpin competing understandings of modernity itself. It then traces how specifically liberal views of religion in Britain diverged during the 1860s around what one might call the split between political and aesthetic liberalisms: the liberalism of abstract individualism and the liberalism of intellectual free play and diverse experiences. The Victorian period saw these two liberalisms first part ways over the normative nature of religion and what kind of subjectivity it defined.
Overture
Authors: Pietroski Paul M.
Published: May 2018

The main goal of this chapter is to explain the book’s proposal about what meanings are. Meanings are initially characterized as the “interpretations,” whatever they are, that certain child-acquirable languages connect with pronunciations. If these languages turn out to be generative procedures, meanings can be described more substantively in terms of these procedures. In reviewing some reasons for not identifying meanings with concepts, there is a discussion of polysemy and the broader point that meanings are conceptually equivocal, before reviewing some reasons for not identifying meanings with extensions, not even if we posit many possible worlds. This leads into a discussion of natural kinds, words like ‘water’, and the idea that meanings at least determine extensions. After arguing against this idea, the proposed alternative is sketched.
Early Quaker Women and the Testimony of the Family, 1652–1767
Authors: Angell Stephen W.
Published: May 2018

This chapter traces the evolution of the Quaker testimony of the family from a primarily Puritan one, in which the Christian equality sought is spiritual, but not necessarily temporal, to one more closely resembling Anabaptist theory, in which spiritual and temporal equality are understood as going hand in hand. It focuses on women and men in small, but wealthy, Quaker communities in Barbados and South Carolina, in which slavery flourished during this time period. Servants, and initially slaves, were regarded as part of the Quaker family, but it explores reasons relating to nonviolence, sectarian endogamy, and childrearing through which slavery increasingly came to be seen as incompatible with the Quaker family. Since Quakers began to disregard biblical passages relating to family that countenanced slavery, this chapter posits that revelation from Christ’s Light became an increasingly important support for evolving Quaker understandings of family.
‘She Suffered for My Sake’
Authors: Pullin Naomi
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the relationship between female suffering and active participation within the early decades of Quakerism. Using personal correspondence and spiritual testimonies penned by Quaker women and their male relatives, it shows how women’s lives were shaped and disrupted by their conversion to the movement. The chapter is organized around two arenas that provided British and colonial female Quakers with opportunities to play a direct role within the developing movement: the home and the Women’s Meetings. These are two aspects of Quaker women’s identities that have often been marginalized in early Quaker history in favour of their more prophetic and radical gestures. Through adopting this dual focus and focusing on the more ‘everyday’ aspects of these women’s experiences, it aims to show how widespread suffering and persecution shaped women’s experiences and identities in interesting and powerful ways.
In the Light and on the Road
Authors: Crabtree Sarah
Published: May 2018

Patience Brayton (1734–94), a Quaker itinerant minister from Rhode Island, completed two extended journeys: one year-long trip covering the American seaboard and a four-year trek through Ireland and Britain. These journeys required her to leave her husband and young children, navigate hazardous travel conditions, endure incapacitating illnesses (often alone), and contend with those hostile to women’s ministry. This chapter contrasts these feats with post-Revolutionary ideas about the weakness of women’s bodies and minds, arguing Brayton’s narrative resolved this conflict by reiterating her own discomfort with these anomalous experiences and by attributing her strength and success to God. Thus, although her journal documented myriad examples of female autonomy and authority, descriptions of her travels, absences, illnesses, and silences conformed to gendered expectations. While ‘in the light’ Quaker women may have stretched gender norms in early America, they could not escape the gendered boundaries of cultural expectations while ‘on the road’.
Arguments for the Importance of Conceptual Engineering and Implications for Philosophical Methodology
Authors: Cappelen Herman
Published: May 2018

This chapter turns to some arguments for the importance of conceptual engineering, before considering the relation between it and some views in philosophical methodology. The first argument, the prudential argument, holds that, assuming the ubiquitousness of defective concepts as a premise, conceptual engineering is pressing. This is because it’s prudentially very important if our representational devices fail: we use them to navigate the world, and if they are defective we will fail to successfully navigate the world. It then considers a couple more ‘ontological’ arguments for conceptual engineering, which argue that conceptual engineering involves changing the world. The first argument relies on the idea that social reality is constituted by our concepts, and the second relies on the more radical ‘worldly’ construal of conceptual engineering which is argued for in Chapter 12. The chapter closes by situating conceptual engineering within debates about philosophical methodology.
Reply to Strawson 1
Authors: Cappelen Herman
Published: May 2018

This chapter presents one strategy for responding to Strawson’s challenge that appeals to the idea that sameness of extension does not track samesaying. If a sentence p contains a context-sensitive term like ‘smart’, then if I say p in one context, and you say p in a different context, and relative to these two contexts ‘smart’ has a (slightly) different extension, it can still be true to say that both you and I said the same thing. If you accept this, then you should also accept that extension doesn’t track sameness of topic. This means that—contra the Strawsonian challenge—it can be true both that the extension is changed, and the topic has remained the same. The chapter shows how this line can be used against various versions of the Strawsonian challenge, compares the author’s view with some alternatives, and considers whether there are any limits to revision.
Introduction
Authors: Watson Francis , Parkhouse Sarah
Published: May 2018

Canonical and non-canonical gospels are typically studied in relative isolation from each other. The book shows why this need not be the case. Early Christian authors produced a mass of gospel literature to meet the demands of a growing Christian reading public for ever more material relating to Jesus and his earthly existence, and out of that proliferating body of work a consensus formed around a fourfold gospel whose originally anonymous components were ascribed to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. Yet a significant number of marginalized non-canonical texts have survived, in whole or in part, and the canonical boundary should not inhibit exploration of their relationship to their historically more successful counterparts. Thus the purpose of this book is to trace some of the many thematic similarities and differences within the field of early gospel literature, and to develop an interpretative practice that respects the integrity of that field.
The Protevangelium of James and the Creative Rewriting of Matthew and Luke
Authors: Goodacre Mark
Published: May 2018

The so-called Protevangelium of James is perhaps the most historically significant of all the non-canonical gospels. In prefacing its account of the birth of Jesus with an account of the birth and childhood of Mary, it has directly or indirectly shaped beliefs about the ‘holy family’ throughout Christian history. It is beyond doubt that the author is familiar with Matthew and Luke’s birth narratives and that he uses them extensively. Yet his use of source texts is seldom predictable, often creative, and almost always in the service of forging a compelling narrative that serves his idiosyncratic take on the tradition. The Protevangelium is a masterpiece of creative synthesis that reveres its source materials while being unafraid to plough its own furrow. This chapter investigates how the Protevangelium interprets and rewrites synoptic narratives, paying special attention to the author’s rewriting of the stories of the annunciation and the birth of Jesus.
Jesus and Judaism
Authors: Nicklas Tobias
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the relationship between Jesus and Judaism as described in gospel texts of the late first and second centuries. It addresses two questions: (1) To what extent is Jesus presented as a ‘Jewish’ character, or as related to characters depicted as representatives of ‘Judaism’? (2) To what extent is Jesus described as following, disobeying, or violating Jewish practices? Material is provided by the Gospel of John and the ‘unknown Gospel’ of Papyrus Egerton 2. The two evangelists describe Jesus’ relation to Judaism in different ways: while both remain in a frame shaped by Jewish tradition, John creates a boundary between his community and ‘the Jews’ with ‘their synagogue’, a boundary absent from the Egerton fragments in spite of their polemical tone. These divergent representations of Jesus’ relationship to Jewish characters/practices shed light on the relationship of the Christ-followers behind our texts to what we would call ‘Judaism.’
Introduction
Authors: Garipzanov Ildar
Published: May 2018

The first section discusses definitions of the graphic sign and its typologies, and provides an overview of relevant academic literature. The second section highlights major historiographic trends in the study of graphic signs in the humanities from the early twentieth century to the present day. The next section outlines the relation of graphic signs to a wider corpus of graphic non-figurative data in the late antique Mediterranean and early medieval Europe with reference to the overarching methodological framework of visual thinking and graphic visualization and the related concept of early graphicacy, focusing particularly on the latter’s general cognitive aspects and intrinsic connection to the late antique and early medieval cultural system of visual representation. The concluding section defines the book’s subject, namely graphic signs of authority, outlines their functional usage in early medieval political culture, and summarizes the content of the following chapters.
Christograms as Signs of Authority in the Late Roman Empire
Authors: Garipzanov Ildar
Published: May 2018

The first section tests the main interpretations of Lactantius’ passage on Constantine’s victorious sign in 312 against existing graphic evidence from the 310s and early 320s, and consequently supports the interpretation of Lactantius’ description as a rhetorical device invented or modified by the Christian narrator. The next two sections support the argument that the perception of the chi-rho as Constantine’s triumphant sign became entrenched in courtly culture and public mentalities from the mid-320s onwards, and trace the diachronic change of the chi-rho from its paramount importance as an imperial sign of authority under the Constantinian dynasty to its hierarchic usage alongside the tau-rho and cross in the Theodosian period. The final section presents a contextualized discussion of the encolpion of Empress Maria and mosaics from several early baptisteries, illustrating the paradigmatic importance the chi-rho and tau-rho for early Christian graphicacy around the turn of the fifth century.
The Sign of the Cross in Late Antiquity
Authors: Garipzanov Ildar
Published: May 2018

The first section provides a synopsis of early Christian discourse on the symbolism of the cross, and emphasizes the importance of the emergence and the dissemination of the cult of the Holy Cross for the increasing public profile of the cross sign in late Roman culture from the mid-fourth century onwards. The second section overviews the appropriation of this sign by Theodosian empresses and emperors as a major imperial symbol of authority, and its rise to paramount importance for imperial culture in the course of the fifth and sixth centuries. The final section underscores beliefs in the apotropaic power of the sign of the cross as an important factor contributing to its growing popularity in late antiquity. It also points out that in this function the sign of the cross was similar to other apotropaic devices, alongside which this sign was often employed in textual amulets and ritual practices.
The Fact and Function of Meta-Ethical Pluralism
Authors: Wright Jennifer Cole
Published: May 2018

This chapter has two objectives. The first is to argue for the fact of meta-ethical pluralism. In other words, the chapter argues that the recent empirical scholarship suggesting that people are both realists and anti-realists cannot be simply dismissed on the basis of being philosophically inadequate because even when we increase the level of clarity and rigor, the pluralism remains. The second is to argue for the function of meta-ethical pluralism. In other words, the chapter argues against the view that this pluralism in people’s meta-ethical commitments is incoherent or a sign of confusion and puts forth the view that, instead, it serves a pragmatic function—namely, that it promotes civility and aids in the individual and collective navigation of normative space within a morally imperfect world.
Personal Identity and Persisting as Many
Authors: Weaver Sara , Turri John
Published: May 2018

Many philosophers hypothesize that our concept of personal identity is partly constituted by the one-person-one-place rule, which states that a person can only be in one place at a time. This hypothesis has been assumed by the most influential contemporary work on personal identity. This chapter reports a series of studies testing whether the hypothesis is true. In these studies, people consistently judged that the same person existed in two different places at the same time. This result undermines some widely held philosophical assumptions, supports others, and fits well with recent discoveries on identity judgments about inanimate objects and non-human animals.
Renegotiating Public Value with Co-Production
Authors: Cordella Antonio , Paletti Andrea , Shaikh Maha
Published: May 2018

In the context of public sector organizations, the governance model for co-production could help to deliver better public services that fulfill the expectations of citizens, via crowdsourcing. This chapter considers how and why co-production is a valuable solution for producing public services, but also highlights the challenges that public sector organizations face when co-production is adopted without being customized for public sector service delivery. In the context of the public sector, co-production needs to be focused on public value creation and not on public service production processes. This subtle shift in focus allows us to discuss how and why adopting co-production models that are successful in the private sector cannot be applied directly to public sector organizations; instead they need to be tailored in the light of a better understanding of the requirements of public value creation.
A Typology of International Judicial Practices
Authors: Dunoff Jeffrey L , Pollack Mark A
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the inner working of ICs, such as the drafting of judicial opinions; practices concerning separate opinions; the role of language and translation; and the roles of third parties. It also presents a preliminary effort to identify and examine the everyday practices of international judges. In undertaking this task, the authors draw selectively upon a large literature on ‘practice theory’ that has only rarely been applied to international law in general or to international courts in particular. A typology and synoptic overview of practices is presented.
Dissecting Backlash
Authors: Caron David , Shirlow Esme
Published: May 2018

David Caron and Esme Shirlow discuss the widespread criticism against investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS). They argue that these critiques must be disentangled in terms of the actors and substantive concerns. A main conclusion is that the misgivings may not be directed towards the dispute settlement mechanism itself, but rather concern broader worries about globalization.
Non-Participation in Compulsory Procedures of Dispute Settlement
Authors: Franckx Erik , Benatar Marco
Published: May 2018

Erik Franckx and Marco Benatar consider the peculiar backlash in the form of states rejecting the jurisdiction of international courts and tribunals (ICs). They discuss how the People’s Republic of China (PRC) rejected jurisdiction in the Philippines v PRC arbitration. The authors draw comparisons with how the Russian Federation rejected the jurisdiction of an arbitration panel in the Arctic Sunrise case. But both states participated in the peculiar form of forwarding ‘position papers’. This allows states new modes of influencing the bench without formally participating in the proceedings, argues Franckx and Benatar. This may tempt other states to apply a similar approach. For example, Croatia has presented its views to an arbitration panel in a dispute with Slovenia, despite its non-participation after irregularities by one of the arbitrators. The PRC and the Russian Federation have also issued a joint declaration encouraging non-participation in international legal proceedings.