bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glucocorticoids and 11β-HSD1 are major regulators of intramyocellular protein metabolism
Authors: Morgan Stuart A , Hassan-Smith Zaki K , Doig Craig L , Sherlock Mark , Stewart Paul M , Lavery Gareth G
Published: April 2016

The adverse metabolic effects of prescribed and endogenous glucocorticoid excess, ‘Cushing’s syndrome’, create a significant health burden. While skeletal muscle atrophy and resultant myopathy is a clinical feature, the molecular mechanisms underpinning these changes are not fully defined. We have characterized the impact of glucocorticoids upon key metabolic pathways and processes regulating muscle size and mass including: protein synthesis, protein degradation, and myoblast proliferation in both murine C2C12 and human primary myotube cultures. Furthermore, we have investigated the role of pre-receptor modulation of glucocorticoid availability by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) in these processes. Corticosterone (CORT) decreased myotube area, decreased protein synthesis, and increased protein degradation in murine myotubes. This was supported by decreased mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF1), decreased activating phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), decreased phosphorylation of 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), and increased mRNA expression of key atrophy markers including: atrogin-1, forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a), myostatin (MSTN), and muscle-ring finger protein-1 (MuRF1). These findings were endorsed in human primary myotubes, where cortisol also decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation. The effects of 11-dehydrocorticosterone (11DHC) (in murine myotubes) and cortisone (in human myotubes) on protein metabolism were indistinguishable from that of CORT/cortisol treatments. Selective 11β-HSD1 inhibition blocked the decrease in protein synthesis, increase in protein degradation, and reduction in myotube area induced by 11DHC/cortisone. Furthermore, CORT/cortisol, but not 11DHC/cortisone, decreased murine and human myoblast proliferative capacity. Glucocorticoids are potent regulators of skeletal muscle protein homeostasis and myoblast proliferation. Our data underscores the potential use of selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors to ameliorate muscle-wasting effects associated with glucocorticoid excess.
Evolving Ideas on the Origin and Evolution of Flowers: New Perspectives in the Genomic Era
Authors: Chanderbali Andre S , Berger Brent A , Howarth Dianella G , Soltis Pamela S , Soltis Douglas E
Published: April 2016

The origin of the flower was a key innovation in the history of complex organisms, dramatically altering Earth’s biota. Advances in phylogenetics, developmental genetics, and genomics during the past 25 years have substantially advanced our understanding of the evolution of flowers, yet crucial aspects of floral evolution remain, such as the series of genetic and morphological changes that gave rise to the first flowers; the factors enabling the origin of the pentamerous eudicot flower, which characterizes ∼70% of all extant angiosperm species; and the role of gene and genome duplications in facilitating floral innovations. A key early concept was the ABC model of floral organ specification, developed by Elliott Meyerowitz and Enrico Coen and based on two model systems, Arabidopsis thaliana and Antirrhinum majus. Yet it is now clear that these model systems are highly derived species, whose molecular genetic-developmental organization must be very different from that of ancestral, as well as early, angiosperms. In this article, we will discuss how new research approaches are illuminating the early events in floral evolution and the prospects for further progress. In particular, advancing the next generation of research in floral evolution will require the development of one or more functional model systems from among the basal angiosperms and basal eudicots. More broadly, we urge the development of “model clades” for genomic and evolutionary-developmental analyses, instead of the primary use of single “model organisms.” We predict that new evolutionary models will soon emerge as genetic/genomic models, providing unprecedented new insights into floral evolution.
Food discourses in Cape Breton: Community, economy, and ecological food practices
Authors: MacLeod Erna
Published: April 2016

This project investigates ecological food practices on Cape Breton Island as legacies of traditional lifestyles and responses to the acceleration of global capitalism. I examine the multifarious discourses that frame ecological food practices such as organic gardening and farmers’ markets in this region. People have many reasons for producing and consuming ecologically. For some, interest in local, organic food arises from health concerns; for others, involvement constitutes active resistance to environmental degradation or corporate control. These varying perspectives give rise to, and are reflected in, divergent discourses that shape people’s values and identities. I explore possibilities and constraints, including economic benefits, social connections, and healthy lifestyles; as well as time and energy demands, modest financial compensation, and environmental factors. The importance of sustainable food practices raises important questions: Who performs this labour and how is it financially compensated? How are products distributed and shared? What kinds of support would make ecological practices more feasible on a broader scale? To address these questions and contextualize my investigations, I interview farmers, consumers, restaurateurs, and policy makers, and analyze archival and policy documents. I situate my observations within broader circumstances to link local initiatives with global developments and illuminate possibilities for enacting change and collaboratively developing sustainable food practices (Starr 2014).
Growing local: Case studies on local food supply chains by Robert P. King, Michael S. Hand, and Miguel I. Gomez (Eds.)
Authors: Phillips Ryan
Published: April 2016

The local food movement in North America has grown significantly during the last decade, yet there still remains relatively little empirical research on the subject. Fortunately, however, the recent work Growing Local: Case Studies on Local Food Supply Chains edited by Robert King, Michael Hand, and Miguel Gomez helps to further develop an understanding of this increasingly popular food system. Growing Local examined five case studies in order to gain a better overall understanding of local food supply chains—apples in Syracuse, New York; blueberries in Portland, Oregon; spring mix in Sacramento, California; beef in the Twin Cities, Minnesota; and milk in Washington, DC. These region and product pairings examined mainstream, direct, and intermediated markets to address the impact of local food supply chains on social, economic, environmental, and health dynamics of the examined communities.
Planning for food sovereignty in Canada? A comparative case study of two rural communities
Authors: Lavallée-Picard Virginie
Published: April 2016

In Canada, most local-governance level food system planning research has been conducted in larger, often urban communities. However, producers in small rural communities conduct the majority of Canada’s agricultural activities. Using case-study research, this paper documents how the rural communities of Saint-Camille (Québec) and Salt Spring Island (British Columbia) engage in food system planning. By investigating the background, key achievements, barriers and good practices, the case studies inform a comparative analysis of governance planning processes and community led project development. The results suggest an overlap between the community food system planning and the food sovereignty frameworks, a space discerned as food sovereignty planning.
Editor's Note
Authors:   Editor-in-Chief
Published: April 2016

Null
An Analysis of Anglo-Saxon Kinship During the Middle Ages
Authors: Hung Joyce
Published: April 2016

This paper explores the intricate concept of kinship in Anglo-Saxon society during the Middle Ages. At a time when bloodshed was frequent and wergilds a norm, there were few law enforcing mechanisms that maintained social order. By interpreting the role of kinship in various contexts, including relational, social and legal settings, this paper identifies kinship as a significant and highly complicated approach to resolving disputes and maintaining social peace.
A Quality Assessment of a Collaborative Model of a Pediatric Antimicrobial Stewardship Program
Authors: Nguyen-Ha Phuong-Tan , Howrie Denise , Crowley Kelli , Vetterly Carol G. , McGhee William , Berry Donald , Ferguson Elizabeth , Polischuk Emily , Brooks Maria Mori , Goff Jeffrey , Stillwell Terri , Darville Toni , Thompson Ann E. , Levin James E. , Michaels Marian G. , Green Michael
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND:

Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines recommend that key antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) personnel include an infectious disease (ID) physician leader and dedicated ID-trained clinical pharmacist. Limited resources prompted development of an alternative model by using ID physicians and service-based clinical pharmacists at a pediatric hospital. The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness and impact of this alternative ASP model.

METHODS:

The collaborative ASP model incorporated key strategies of education, antimicrobial restriction, day 3 audits, and practice guidelines. High-use and/or high-cost antimicrobial agents were chosen with audits targeting vancomycin, caspofungin, and meropenem. The electronic medical record was used to identify patients requiring day 3 audits and to communicate ASP recommendations. Segmented regression analyses were used to analyze quarterly antimicrobial agent prescription data for the institution and selected services over time.

RESULTS:

Initiation of ASP and day 3 auditing was associated with blunting of a preexisting increasing trend for caspofungin drug starts and use and a significant downward trend for vancomycin drug starts (relative change –12%) and use (–25%), with the largest reduction in critical care areas. Although meropenem use was already low due to preexisting requirements for preauthorization, a decline in drug use (–31%, P = .021) and a nonsignificant decline in drug starts (–21%, P = .067) were noted. A 3-month review of acceptance of ASP recommendations found rates of 90%, 93%, and 100% for vancomycin, caspofungin, and meropenem, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:

This nontraditional ASP model significantly reduced targeted drug usage demonstrating acceptance of integration of service-based clinical pharmacists and ID consultants.
Foreskin Morbidity in Uncircumcised Males
Authors: Sneppen Ida , Thorup Jørgen
Published: April 2016

OBJECTIVE:

As a consequence of the discussion on whether the health benefits of newborn male circumcision outweigh the risks and the discrepancies in reported figures of complications, we evaluated the incidence and morbidity of foreskin surgery due to medical indications in boys from the Capital Region of Denmark in 2014.

METHODS:

Medical records from all boys operated on the foreskin due to medical reasons in the Capital Region in 2014 were reviewed. Patients with hypospadias, ritual circumcision, and redo-surgery because of complications to nontherapeutic circumcision were excluded.

RESULTS:

A total of 181 patients were included. The cumulative risk of undergoing foreskin operation before 18 years of age was 1.7%. Forty patients had histologic verified balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) corresponding to a total risk of 0.37% of developing BXO. Mean age at surgery was 10.1 years (range 1–17). Phimosis was the most frequently reported indication (95.0%). The remaining 5.0% underwent surgery because of frenulum breve causing problems during erection. Before surgery, 27.1% had foreskin-related voiding problems and 17.1% had at least 1 episode of balanitis. Circumcision was initially performed in 44 cases. The remaining 137 patients had a foreskin-preserving operation performed. Nine boys had secondary circumcision after initially having foreskin-preserving operation. Fifty patients initially had preputial histology performed. BXO was verified in 37 patients. Of the 9 patients with redo-surgery due to recurrent phimosis, a further 3 had histologically verified BXO.

CONCLUSIONS:

Childhood foreskin-related problems in a region with no tradition of newborn male circumcision should not be neglected.
ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ СТРУКТУРА НАСЕЛЕНИЯ ПАНЦИРНЫХ КЛЕЩЕЙ (КАРЬЕР «ОСНОВНОЙ», ДОНЕЦКАЯ ОБЛАСТЬ)
Authors: Zhtirts A. D.
Published: April 2016

In the successional recovery processes of quarry-spoiled systems soil-living oribatide mites, who are one of the pioneer groups inhabiting anthropogenically transformed areas, play a significant role. The aim of our study was to research composition and characteristics of oribatide mites ecological community structure of the ‘Osnovnoy’ quarry (PJSC ‘HeidelbergCement Ukraine’) in Amvrosievsky district of Donetsk region.

The material was collected in 2012. In total, 37 standard soil samples of 250 cm3 were collected, from which 1086 adult specimen, who belong to 61 species, were extracted in April. The collection of soil samples and forcing of oribatides in thermoelectors was conducted by the conventional method of E. M. Bulanovа-Zahvatkinа. To analyze the communities domination structure the gradations of dominance by the means of G. Engelmann scale was used. The analysis of the oribatides morpho-ecological types distribution was held in accordance to the work of D. A. Krivolutsky. To assess the ecological diversity of oribatides communities the indices of Shannon, Pielou, Simpson and Margalef were used.

On the territory of the «Osnovnoy» quarry, a specific complex with a unique oribatid species composition was detected (two new species were found for the fauna of Ukraine noted earlier for the steppes of Mongolia: Ghilarovus khentiicus Bayartogtokh, Smelyansky, 2007 and Hemileius humeralis Perez-Inigo, 1990).

During the analysis of the oribatide communities ecological structure low rates of average population density (7280-11410 ind./m2) were observed with high species wealth (61 species found). The maximum figure made up in spring, the minimum – in summer.

The ecological diversity indexes are quite high, thus the maximum for Shannon index in spring is 2.89, which is comparable to that of the conserved areas.

The quarry dominant species are Multioppia glabra, Protoribates capucinus, Tectocepheus velatus, Scheloribates laevigatus, and Zygoribatula frisiae. A distinctive feature of the oribatid mites’ population structure at the technogenic landscape is the presence of a large number of rare species, especially in spring, which is comparable to that in the undisturbed grassland ecosystems.

In the oribatid life forms spectrum the presence of all morpho-ecological types is noted, which is a key feature for intact landscapes. In summer and autumn period a clear predominance of secondary specialized forms, typical for anthropogenic landscapes, was observed; in spring the structure is more aligned, and the residents of small soil wells make up a significant part of the population.

Key words: oribatid mites, ecological structure, ecological community, technogenic ecosystems.
ВПЛИВ МОЗАЇЧНОГО РОЗМІЩЕННЯ СОРТІВ ОЗИМОЇ ПШЕНИЦІ НА АГРОРІЗНОМАНІТТЯ
Authors: Moskalets T. Z.
Published: April 2016

We studied the introductions of cultivars and lines of wheat soft winter wheat that are adaptive to specific physical and climatic conditions ecotopes regards forest-steppe and Polissia ecotypes by ecological and biological characteristics. We also determined their influence on formation of the diversity and productivity of agricultural ecosystems. It was established that mosaic planting pattern of winter wheat allows to get a high yield (up to 9 t/ha) and of strong and superstrong wheat (Ariivka, L 4696/96, KC-5, KC-7, KC-14, KC-22, Yuvivata 60, etc.) in comparison to monocultivar technology. Some genotypes, namely Yuvivata 60, Ariiivka KC-22, KC-7 have moderate and high resistance towards complex diseases. The mosaic planting pattern of cultivars is the important factor of increasing the diversity and strengthening the links in agricultural ecosystems.

Based on the long-term ecological research of genetic forms of winter soft wheat in different ecotopes and comparing them by major agronomic features with cultivar-standards we selected some promising cultivars and lines. We suggested the semi dwarf, medium-grown productive, and high adaptive genotypes of wheat soft winter, like Prydesnianska, Ariiivka, Nosshpa 100, КС-5, КС-7, КС-14, КС-21, КС-22, Yuvivata 60, Zoriana Nosivska, КС-16, КС-17, Л9646/96.

Key words: agrodiversity, genotype, wheat soft winter, address introduction
ВПЛИВ ІМУНОМОДУЛЯТОРІВ ПРИРОДНОГО ПОХОДЖЕННЯ НА КОНЦЕНТРАЦІЮ ПРОТЕЇНОВИХ ФРАКЦІЙ ТА РІВЕНЬ КОРТИЗОЛУ У ПЛАЗМІ КРОВІ КРОЛИКІВ ЗА УМОВ СТРЕСУ
Authors: Grabovskyi S. S. , Grabovska O. S.
Published: April 2016

The results of determination of protein fractions, cortisol content in blood of rabbits, which further added to the feed of natural origin biologically active substances are presented in the article. As an antistressors and immunomodulators in pre-slaughter period are using of spleen extract biologically active substances were obtained with ultrasound application. The purpose of research — determination of changes of protein fractions, cortisol content in rabbits blood before slaughter and their correction of natural origin biologically active substances (spleen extract).

Object and research methods. The experiment was conducted on 15 rabbits with standard diet. Three groups of rabbits five month of age (5 rabbits each) was formed for research. The spleen extract were using as an biologically active substances to the feed rabbits in pre-slaughter period (five days before slaughter). The extracts were applied to feed by aerosol method (70 °alcohol solution of spleen extract volume of 1.4 ml per rabbit) (group I). The rabbits (group II) received to the feed in the same way of 70 °alcohol solution in the same volume. The control group rabbits received the standard feed in the same volume. The feed eating by rabbits was exercised daily. The rabbits ate food completely. The rabbits slaughter was carried out in the morning. The blood plasma protein fractions separation was carried out by horizontal electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel (PAAG).

Mathematical treatment of the research results worked statistically using the software package Statistica 6.0 and Microsoft Excel for Windows XP. Probability differences was assessed by Student t-test and results considered likely at P ≤ 0.05.

Results and discussion. We measured the ratio of blood plasma protein fractions of rabbits, which in addition to the feed fed of natural origin biologically active substances. As a result of research was found that aerosol introduction of the spleen extract to the rabbits feed increases the Prealbumin concentration in rabbits blood plasma of two experimental groups twice (P ≤ 0.05) and 2.8 times (P ≤ 0.01) compared to the control.

Cortisol level in rabbits (which further added to the feed of spleen extract (I research group) blood plasma was reliable lower by 40 % (Р<0.05) compared to control, that may to indicate decreasing of stress before slaughter. On the rabbits feeding final stage is necessary to consider a pre-slaughter stress and to apply of natural origin biologically active substances. The results which obtained can to use in researches of stress hormones, such as cortisol, on farm animals for organism resistance increasing, correction and avoid their pre-slaughter stress and improve product quality.
Lepanthes miraculum (Orchidaceae), a new addition to the Peruvian orchid flora
Authors: Collantes Benjamín , Ochoa Julio G. , Martel Carlos , Thoerle Lisa
Published: April 2016

Lepanthes miraculum, conocido de una localidad en Bolivia, es reportado en Machu Picchu al Sur del Perú. Se incluyen ilustraciones, figuras y notas sobre los especímenes encontrados en Perú y se les compara con los conocidos de Bolivia. 
The prevalence of physical activity and its associated effects among students in the São Paulo public school network, Brazil
Authors: Silva Leonardo José , Matsudo Victor Keihan Rodrigues , Andrade Douglas Roque , Azevedo Mário , Ferrari Gerson Luis de Moraes , Oliveira Luis Carlos , Araújo Timóteo Leandro , Matsudo Sandra Marcela Mahecha
Published: April 2016

Abstract The current study evaluated physical activity (PA) level and its associated effects among students in the public network of São Paulo, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was taken using a representative sample of students in São Paulo public school system. International Physical Activity Questionnaire determined PA level. Students who reported at least 300 minutes/week of PA were considered active. The independente variables were: gender, age, body mass index, education, region, recognition of the Agita São Paulo program. The prevalence of regular PA was 71.7%. Males (PR = 1.09, 95% CIs = 1.04 -1.15) at least 17 years old (PR = 1.16, 95% CIs 1.09-1.24) in their 3rd year of high school (PR = 1.20, 95% CIs = 1.12-1.29) who resided in the Midwest region (PR = 1.27, 95% CIs 1.16-1.38) were most likely to be active. Males at least 17 years old in their 3rd year of high school who lived in the Midwest and recognized the Agita São Paulo/Agita Galera program had higher levels of PA. São Paulo students presented a high level of PA. Moreover, males older than 17 years, attending their 3rd year of high school, who lived in the Midwest region, and recognized the Agita São Paulo/Agita Galera program were the most likely to be more active.
Comparando Indicadores Psicométricos de Duas Versões Brasileiras do Social Skills Rating System : Uma Revisão da Literatura
Authors: Freita Lucas Cordeiro , Bandeira Marina , Del Prette Almir , Del Prette Zilda Aparecida Pereira
Published: April 2016

Resumo O Social Skills Rating System é uma das medidas mais frequentemente mencionadas na literatura internacional na avaliação das habilidades sociais de crianças, possuindo propriedades de validade e confiabilidade bastante satisfatórias em diversos países. A versão brasileira do instrumento, o Inventário de Habilidades Sociais, Problemas de Comportamento e Competência Acadêmica, foi submetida a processos de validação em dois momentos diferentes, por dois métodos de redução de dados: Componentes Principais (SSRS-BR, 2009) e Principal Axis Factoring (PAF), com posterior Análise Fatorial Confirmatória (SSRS-BR2, 2015). O objetivo deste artigo é comparar os indicadores psicométricos de duas versões brasileiras dessas escalas, apresentando suas diferenças e semelhanças em termos de: (a) métodos de extração e análise de dados; (b) índices psicométricos de estrutura fatorial e confiabilidade e (c) composição fatorial final e conteúdo das escalas. Possíveis refinamentos psicométricos advindos do SSRS-BR2 são discutidos, assim como suas implicações para procedimentos de avaliação de habilidades sociais em crianças.
Do Work Values Predict Preference for Organizational Values?
Authors: Sousa Juliana Moraes de , Porto Juliana Barreiros
Published: April 2016

Abstract The purpose of this research is to identify evidence that work values can predict organizational values preference, based on conceptual similarity proposed by the Theory of Values. A total of 254 Brazilian undergraduate students responded to the Organizational Values Scale and the revised Work Values Scale. Hierarchical regressions were run controlling for demographics. The results indicated significant explanation of variance for all organizational values. The most significant predictors were compatible with the hypotheses based on Schwartz's Theory of Values, revealing that work and organizational values are logically connected through an axiological structure. In conclusion, work values and preferred organizational values have adequate nominal commensurability for conducting Individual-Organization fit studies and implications for organizational socialization and vocational and career counseling.
The genus Pinnularia (Bacillariophyta, Pinnulariaceae) from Lago dos Tigres, Britânia, Goiás, Brazil
Authors: da Silva Weliton José , Ruwer Daiane , Nogueira Ina , Dunck Bárbara
Published: April 2016

Studies of the genus Pinnularia Ehrenb. are only incipient in central-western Brazil, especially in Goiás. Only 20 of the 170 taxa known from Brazil were recorded in this state until now. A taxonomic study of Pinnularia from Lago dos Tigres (Tocantins-Araguaia River Basin) recorded 20 specific and infraspecific taxa, distributed in 17 species, including P. instabilis whose lectotype is designated here. Only P. meridiana var. meridiana was previously recorded in aquatic systems of the state. Eighteen taxa are newly recorded for Goiás, and one is the first record in Brazil. The Pinnularia flora from Lago dos Tigres contains nine taxa in common with the Amazon River Basin flora, and seven other taxa that occur elsewhere in the Paraná River Basin.
Avaliação da vitalidade de cordeiros nascidos de partos eutócicos e cesarianas
Authors: Bovino Fernanda , Camargo Diogo G. de , Araújo Marcelo A. de , Costa Felipe de P. , Santos Paulo Sérgio P. dos , Mendes Luiz Claudio N. , Peiró Juliana R. , Feitosa Francisco Leydson F.
Published: April 2016

Resumo: O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a vitalidade de cordeiros nascidos de parto normal e de cesariana, ao longo das primeiras 48 horas de vida, por meio da pontuação no escore Apgar, do seu comportamento e da aferição dos parâmetros vitais. Os animais foram divididos em três grupos, sendo o primeiro constituído por cordeiros nascidos de parto normal (NORMAL) e os outros dois de cesarianas, porém com dois protocolos anestésicos diferentes, ou seja, por meio de anestesias inalatória (INAL) e total intravenosa (ATI). Os animais do grupo NORMAL obtiveram pontuação maior no escore Apgar. Ao nascimento e aos 15 minutos, 93,75% dos cordeiros do grupo NORMAL obtiveram pontuação máxima (7-8), enquanto que nenhum dos animais nascidos de cesarianas atingiu essa pontuação, ao nascimento. Aos 15 minutos, 25,00% dos animais do grupo INAL recebeu a mesma soma de pontos. A frequência cardíaca permaneceu praticamente inalterada para ambos os grupos, com tendência à diminuição dos valores, às 24 horas, para animais do grupo ATI. A frequência respiratória (FR) ao nascimento foi significativamente menor nos animais nascidos de cesarianas (26±25mpm, INAL; 5±5mpm, ATI), encontrando-se, porém, próxima aos valores dos animais do grupo NORMAL, aos 60 minutos. Constatou-se tendência à diminuição nos valores de temperatura até os 15 minutos de vida em todos os grupos, prolongando-se, até os 60 minutos, nos animais pertencentes ao grupo ATI. Os animais nascidos de cesarianas possuem vitalidade inferior aos nascidos de partos normais.
Histologia do fígado de tilápia do Nilo ( Oreochromis niloticus ) alimentados com dietas contendo silagem biológica de pescado
Authors: Honorato Claucia A. , Cruz Claudinei da , Carneiro Dalton J. , Machado Márcia R.F. , Nascimento Camila A. , Saturnino Klaus C.
Published: April 2016

Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as possíveis alterações histopatológicas hepática de tilápias do Nilo alimentadas com dietas contendo silagem biológica de pescado com diferentes concentrações protéicas. Foram utilizados 180 juvenis alimentados com dietas contendo três níveis de proteína (20, 24 and 28% PB), e duas proporções de silagem biológica (¼ e ½) durante 75 dias. Os fragementos de fígado foram fixados em Bouin e inclusos em Histosec®. Posteriorente foram cortados em microtomo com espessura de 2 a 5μm. O método utilizado para coloração foi hematoxilina/eosina e PAS. Os cortes histológicos foram analisados em microscopio de luz. O desarranjo na morfologia do fígado dos peixes alimentados com silagem biológica foi influenciado pelos altos níveis protéicos, e pelo aumento ½ de proporções de proteínas de origem animal das dietas. Foi observado que a variação dos hepatócitos está diretamente ligada com o tipo da dieta fornecida para os peixes. Nos peixes alimentados com as dietas contendo 28% PB, o fígado apresentou desarranjo da estrutura cordonal dos hepatócitos, pontos de necrose e deslocamento do núcleo para periferia. Níveis elevados de silagem biológica de pescado provoca alterações deletérias no fígado. O nível de proteína adequado para manter o desenvolvimento associado à saúde do peixe é de 24%PB.
Advances in infection control
Authors: Marra Alexandre Rodrigues
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT Several initiatives took place in recent years in relation to nosocomial infection control in order to increase patient safety. Some of these initiatives will be commented in this brief review.
Die Eerste Wereldoorlog as faktor in die Suid-Afrikaanse toetrede tot die internasionale gemeenskap
Authors: Scholtz L , Scholtz I
Published: April 2016

Toen Zuid-Afrika op 4 augustus 1914 betrokken raakte bij de Eerste Wereldoorlog, was het als onvrij deel van het Britse Rijk. Vijfjaar later tekenden de generaals Louis Botha en Jan Smuts de Vrede van Versailles namens een land dat in alles behalve naam onafhankelijk was - al werd die onafhankelijkheid pas in 1926 en 1931 ook in de praktijk erkend. Dit was dankzij Zuid-Afrika's militaire deelname aan de oorlog, en Smuts' enorme rol als internationaal staatsman in Londen en Parijs in 1917-1919. Smuts' bijdrage aan Brittanje's oorlogspoging was uniek, en hij kreeg het bij de Rijksconferentie van 1917 voor elkaar dat de voormalige Britse kolonies in de praktijk als gelijken van Brittanje erkend werden. Ook speelde hij een doorslaggevende rol bij de stichting van de Volkenbond. In 1919 verzette hij zich tegen de vernedering van Duitsland met het argument dat dit in de toekomst opnieuw een oorlog kon uitlokken - hetgeen inderdaad gebeurde. Hier moest Smuts echter het onderspit delven. Nietemin was het hoofdzakelijk aan hem te danke dat Zuid-Afrika tegen 1919 een volwaardig deel van de internationale gemeenschap was.
Studente se leerbetrokkenheid aan 'n privaat hoër-onderwysinstelling
Authors: Theron E , Bitzer E
Published: April 2016

Voorgraadse residensiële studente in Suid-Afrika se studie- en leerbehoeftes verskil beduidend van dié van vorige geslagte. Dit blyk duidelik uit die onlangse studente-onrus oor aangeleenthede soos studie-bekostigbaarheid, studente-toegang tot hoër onderwys en die leermodusse in hoër onderwys. Nuwe leerbehoeftes hou ook verband met aspekte soos tegnologiese geletterdheid, onmiddellike behoeftebevrediging, die beskikbaarheid van kennisbronne, studente se sosiale aspirasies en -verbintenisse, hul self-gesentreerdheid asook die mate van studentebetrokkenheid by onderrig- en leersituasies. Hierdie navorsingsprojek se eerste doel was om te bepaal wat die leerbehoeftes van 'n groep studente aan 'n gekose privaat hoëronderwysinstelling is; tweedens is gepoog om vas te stel hoe betrokke hierdie groep studente, volgens hul eie waarneming en dié van hul dosente, by leersituasies is en derdens, wat gedoen kan word om leerbetrokkenheid te bevorder en derhalwe studente se potensiaal tot leersukses te verhoog. Deur 'n gemengde-metode navorsingsontwerp en deelname van die studente en dosente, maak die ondersoek drie hoofbevindings: Eerstens dat veranderende leerbehoetes van huidige studente in privaat hoëronderwys deeglik besef en erken word. Tweedens dat sodanige studente hul betrokkenheid by leer deurgaans as belangrik beskou, maar dat voldoende leergeleenthede enersyds moontlik nie optimaal deur die instelling geskep word nie, of andersyds, waar dit wel geskep word, dit nie optimaal benut word nie. Derdens blyk dit dat studente in privaat hoëronderwys bepaalde leerbehoeftes het wat, indien dit bevredig word, kan bydra tot groter leerbetrokkenheid. Die bevindinge dui ook op implikasies vir dosente aan hierdie tipe instellings om beter vir 'n nuwe generasie studente se leerbehoeftes voorsiening te maak.
Op soek na nuwe perspektiewe op die Mis en die Nagmaal
Authors: van der Walt B
Published: April 2016

In opvolging van ’n historiese bydrae in hierdie tydskrif (Van der Walt 2015) van verskillende beskouinge oor die nagmaal gedurende die sestiende eeu, waarin op Bybels onverantwoordbare filosofiese invloede gewys is, wil hierdie artikel op ’n meer sistematiese wyse vanuit ’n Christelik-filosofiese benadering in die lig van die Skrif na nuwe perspektiewe op hierdie sakrament soek. Eers word sekere van die vroeëre beskouinge - wat vandag in baie opsigte na 500 jaar nog voortduur - verder filosofies geanaliseer, om daarteenoor die nodige korreksies vanuit ’n nuwe visie te kan stel. In ’n vergelyking tussen die Roomse verstaan van die mis en die Gereformeerde kyk op die nagmaal word die aandag op ooreenkomste sowel as verskille gevestig. Dit blyk dat die Katolieke visie vanuit ’n synsfilosofie uitgaan, terwyl Gereformeerdes ’n antropologiese bewussynsfilosofie as vertrekpunt hanteer en dat beide vanuit ’n Bybels-georiënteerde, Reformatoriese filosofie bevraagteken kan word. Hierdie ondersoek loop dus uit op ’n herbesinning in die lig van wat Christus self by die instelling van hierdie sakrament gedoen en gesê het. Die nagmaal is, van menslike kant beskou, nie ’n ontiese of antropologies-verspiritualiseerde gebeure nie, maar van diep en omvattende religieuse aard. Soos wat ’n moeder nie net vir haar kind sê dat sy hom/haar liefhet nie, maar dit ook met ’n soen bevestig, getuig God van sy kant nie net in sy Woord van sy grenselose liefde nie, maar bevestig Hy dit ook met sy liefdeskus by die nagmaal.
Die rol van die US se Departement Afrikaans en Nederlands in die ontwikkeling van die Afrikaanse leksikografie: Die Nederlands-Afrikaans-stryd gedurende die aanvangsjare
Authors: Odendaal G
Published: April 2016

Die studie stel ondersoek in na die rol van die Universiteit Stellenbosch se Departement Afrikaans en Nederlands in die ontwikkeling van die Afrikaanse leksikografie te midde van 'n fel Nederlands-Afrikaans-stryd in die wordingsjare van die Afrikaanse leksikografie. Daar word eerstens gefokus op die aanvang van die Afrikaanse leksikografie aan die Universiteit Stellenbosch deur die publikasie van Mansvelt se Idioticon. Vervolgens word 'n oorsig gegee oor die spellingstryd tussen die voorstanders van Nederlands, met W.J. Viljoen aan die stuur, en die voorstanders van Afrikaans, onder leiding van J.J. Smith, beide dosente aan die Universiteit Stellenbosch, wat geheers het in die tydperk waarin hierdie universiteit hom as 'n Afrikaanse universiteit onderskei het. Ten slotte word gedui op die voortgesette Nederlands-Afrikaans-stryd soos wat dit in die daaropvolgende jare in die woordeboek vir spesiale doeleindes, die Afrikaanse woordelys en spelreëls, tot uitdrukking gebring is en die blywende invloed wat die stryd op die Afrikaanse spelling gehad het.
Willens en wetens: Perspektiewe op die Afrikaanse werkwoord wil
Authors: Conradie C
Published: April 2016

Die Afrikaanse modale werkwoord wil (en sy imperfekvorm wou), wat meestal as hulpwerkwoord gebruik word, kan verskillende betekenisskakerings aanneem, onder meer "begeer", "onderneem", "wens", "bereid wees", "neig", "dreig" en "op die punt wees"; dit maak ook deel uit van taalhandelinge, byvoorbeeld om wense uit te druk en is die enigste modale werkwoord wat reduplikasie kan ondergaan (wil-wil, wou-wou). Die meeste van hierdie betekenisse en gebruike word ondervang deur aan te neem dat wil in wese 'n handelingswerkwoord is wat op "voorbereidende aksie" dui en waarop die spreker 'n interne of eksterne perspektief kan hê. Die interne perspektief (wat ons wil1 kan noem) gaan uit van taalgebruikers se vermeende vertroudheid met wil as psigiese of mentale handeling, wat egter op nie-menslike lewensvorme en selfs nie-lewende entiteite geprojekteer kan word. 'n Tipiese gebruik is byvoorbeeld Ek wil wen, waar die uitspreek van 'n begeerte om te wen (die wilsaksie) deur 'n persoon geïnisieer word, met My kar wil nie vat nie as moontlike projeksie. Die eksterne perspektief (wil2) berus op die waarneming van byvoorbeeld natuurkragte, waar die aksie weens die taalgebruiker se onvermoë om die onderliggende kragte regstreeks waar te neem slegs gekonstateer kan word as dit op die punt is om te gebeur, byvoorbeeld Dit wil reën, as dit "dreig" om te reën. Omdat reduplikasie in Afrikaans onder meer kan dui op herhaalde - maar ongeslaagde - pogings om 'n doel te bereik, kan dit in Dit wil-wil reën aangewend word om die onmiddellike moontlikheid van 'n reënbui te beklemtoon. Sodoende kan die modale hulpwerkwoord wil(-wil) vanuit die eksterne perspektief deur 'n verdere proses van grammatikalisasie die aspektuele funksie van anterioriteit aanneem, wat dan selfs op menslike gemoedsaandoeninge van toepassing gemaak kan word. Omdat die interpretasie van 'n uiting deur 'n perspektiefwisseling verstel kan word van interne wilsaksie na anterioriteit en omgekeerd, kan aangeneem word dat daar 'n kontinuum tussen die twee perspektiefpole bestaan. Grammatikale kenmerke wat met die twee perspektiewe korreleer, is dat die interne wilsaksie ontken kan word (behalwe in taalhandelinge) en reduplikasie uitgesluit is, terwyl die ekstern waargenome aksie vanweë sy onmiddellike konstatering nie ontken kan word nie, maar dan juis deur reduplikasie beklemtoon kan word.
Veranderinge in adverbiale tydsverwysing in Afrikaans van 1911 tot 2010
Authors: Kirsten J
Published: April 2016

Die tempussisteem van Afrikaans is heelwat vereenvoudig in vergelyking met dié van Nederlands, waaruit dit ontwikkel het, en daarom maak sprekers en skrywers van Afrikaans ook staat op verskeie ander maniere om gebeurtenisse of situasies in tyd deikties te anker, soos adverbia van tyd (byvoorbeeld "toe", "gister", "oormôre") en setselgroepe (byvoorbeeld "in die aand"). Terwyl die tempusstelsel van Afrikaans min opsigtelike verandering toon sedert die standaardisering van Afrikaans, staan sake anders wat die adverbiale elemente se rol in temporele verwysing betref. Die frekwente woorde "nou", "toe" en "dan" verrig verskeie funksies, waarvan temporele verwysing 'n belangrike deel uitmaak. Hierdie artikel ondersoek eerstens die gebruike van die adverbiale gebruike van "nou", "toe" en "dan" in diachroniese korpusse van Afrikaans wat vier periodes (1911-1920, 1941-1950, 1971-1980, 2001-2010) dek, met ongeveer 261 000 woorde per periode. Die gebruike van hierdie woorde toon sterk tekens van verandering, en spesifiek "nou" en "dan" toon 'n radikale vermindering van gebruike. In die tweede plek word moontlike verklarings vir die veranderinge rondom hierdie woorde in die korpus gesoek. 'n Toename in die gebruik van 'n aantal meer spesifieke temporele adverbia (byvoorbeeld "terwyl", "wanneer") dui aan dat adverbiale temporele verwysing se funksionele lading versprei het. Dit sluit ook aan by die groter sosio-kulturele konteks van Afrikaans, wat aanleiding gegee het tot toenemende standaardisering en verformalisering van Afrikaans deur die loop van die twintigste eeu.
Die deelwoord as 'n ánder vorm van die werkwoord
Authors: Butler A
Published: April 2016

Uit 'n literatuuroorsig het dit duidelik geblyk dat daar min ooreenstemming is oor hoe die deelwoord in Afrikaanse bronne beskryf word (vergelyk ook Breed 2016). Hierdie teenstrydighede kan saamgevat word in drie basiese kwessies: onjuiste terminologiegebruik en formulerings; die onderskeid tussen fleksie en afleiding, in die besonder of die vorming van deelwoorde gesien word as fleksie of afleiding; en die erkenning of nie van die deelwoord as 'n vorm van die werkwoord. Hierdie drie punte staan natuurlik nie los van mekaar nie, inteendeel, hulle is variasies van dieselfde basiese kwessie: die onderskeid tussen fleksie en afleiding. In 'n poging om die verskillende beskrywings van die deelwoord op te los, word daar in die artikel voorgestel om die deelwoordvorm van die werkwoord te onderskei van die perifrastiesekonstruksievorme (PK-vorme) in die verledetyd- en passiefkonstruksies. Deur die fleksie-afleiding-onderskeid as 'n konseptuele glyskaal eerder as 'n absolute binêre onderskeid te sien, is volledig versoenbaar met die voorstel om die deelwoord as 'n ánder vorm van die werkwoord te beskryf. Die fyner onderskeid tussen kontekstuele en inherente fleksie is konsekwent met die onderskeid tussen die verskillende vorme van die werkwoord. Die PK-vorme van die werkwoord stem in alle opsigte ooreen met kontekstuele fleksie en die deelwoordvorm volkome met inherente fleksie. Die voorgestelde onderskeid tussen die deelwoordvorm en die PK-vorme van die werkwoord word ten slotte gemotiveer met uitgebreide beskrywings van die verskillende vorme vanuit n kognitiewe beskrywingsraamwerk. Die verskillende karakteriserings van die verskillende werkwoordvorme word duidelik geïllustreer op sowel die fonologiese as die semantiese pole.
Neoliberalisme, "Imperium" en globale geweld
Authors: Olivier B
Published: April 2016

Die huidige tyd is een van eindelose, ofskoon sporadiese, gewapende globale geweld, soos duidelik uit internasionale nuusberigte in die media blyk. Sodanige geweld, hetsy as deel van die "oorlog teen terreur", of tussen regeringsmagte en rebellemagte in verskeie wêrelddele, vind onder die huidige hegemoniese orde van neoliberale kapitalisme plaas, waar ekonomiese en politieke mag saamsmelt tot wat Hardt en Negri die "kapitalistiese orde" van "Imperium" noem. Binne laasgenoemde orde word militêre handeling toenemend volgens hierdie denkers as "polisiëring" verstaan, ofskoon dit gewoonlik met gewelddadige konflik gepaardgaan. Ter beantwoording van die vraag, of "oorlog" vandag nog dieselfde betekenis dra as in vroeër tye, onderneem die artikel 'n vergelykende historiese ondersoek van hierdie toedrag van sake, en poog vervolgens om die vraag te beantwoord, naamlik, hoe sodanige globale geweld aan die hand van die psigoanalities-teoretiese begrip van "aggressiwiteit" as moontlikheidsvoorwaarde van aggressie of geweld verstaan kan word. Lacan se teorie van die subjek, asook sy diskoersteorie, word saam met Derrida se interpretasie van die gebeurtenis van 9/11 benut om die voorgestelde interpretasie uit te voer.
Historia de la enseñanza en Colombia: entre saberes y disciplinas escolares
Authors: Beltrán Rafaél Ríos
Published: April 2016

El artículo desarrolla algunas ideas y resultados del proyecto de investigación “Saberes y disciplinas escolares en Colombia”, que se trazó como objetivo: analizar históricamente desde la relación pedagogía-ciencias-saberes, el proceso de configuración del campo de las disciplinas y saberes escolares en Colombia, con el objeto de hacer visibles las formas de apropiación de las ciencias y los saberes en los diversos niveles de la enseñanza en Colombia. En sus apartados despliega las orientaciones conceptuales y teóricas del proyecto de investigación, a través de las reflexiones que surgieron en torno a las nociones de saber escolar y disciplina escolar. Continúa con el desarrollo y la descripción de las herramientas metodológicas utilizadas en la investigación, para cerrar con algunas reflexiones que buscan mostrar los desafíos que implica hacer historia de la enseñanza desde la perspectiva de los saberes y las disciplinas escolares.
Effect of iodinated contrast media on thyroid: a brief review
Authors: Kuşkonmaz Şerife Mehlika , Yıldız Sema
Published: April 2016

In parallel to the increased use of computed tomography, iodinated contrast agents are increasingly becoming a source of excess iodide. Iodinated contrast agents may induce thyroid dysfunction in exposed patients, especially in the presence of an underlying thyroid disease. Thus, an ordinary dose of the contrast used for the imaging, can induce hyper or hypothyroidism in a patient with subtle thyroid disease. This review will briefly discuss the physiology of iodine and the clinical evaluation of iodine induced thyroid dysfunction.
GIPP: Geophysical Instrument Pool Potsdam
Authors: Haberland Christian , Ritter Oliver
Published: April 2016

The Geophysical Instrument Pool Potsdam (GIPP) consists of field instruments, sensors and equipment for temporary seismological studies (both controlled source and earthquake seismology) as well as for magnetotelluric (electromagnetic) experiments. These instruments are mainly mobile digital recorders, broadband seis­mometers and short period sensors, and they are used to reveal the subsurface structure and to investigate earth­quakes. Sensors for magnetotellurics include induction coil and fluxgate magnetometers and non-polarizing silver / silver-chloride electrodes. It is operated by the Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. The instru­ment facility is open to all academic applicants, both national and international. Instrument applications are evalu­ated and ranked by an external steering board. Currently, for seismological applications >850 geophysical recorders, >170 broadband seis­mo­meters and >1300 short period geophones are available (among others). Available for magnetotelluric experiments are > 50 real-time data-loggers, >150 induction coils, and >500 electrodes. User guidelines and data policy are in force and data archives are provided (standard exchange formats).
Autonomía, competencias y recursos de las entidades territoriales en la Constitución colombiana. Historia del acto legislativo No.1 de julio 30 de 2001
Authors: Piedrahíta Plata Francisco
Published: April 2016

La gran innovación de la Constitución Colombiana de 1991 en el campo de la Organización Territorial fue la introducción del concepto de autonomía para las Entidades Territoriales. Y no lo hizo de cualquier manera: el artículo primero definió a Colombia como "...República unitaria, descentralizada, con autonomíade sus entidades territoriales...". Además, el art. 287 aclaró el significado de esa autonomía: "Las entidades territoriales gozan de autonomía para la gestión de sus intereses y dentro de los límites de la Constitución y la Ley. En tal virtud tendrán los iguientes derechos: 1. Gobernarse por autoridades propias. 2. Ejercer las competencias que les correspondan. 3. Administrar los recursos y establecer los tributos necesarios para el cumplimiento de sus funciones. 4. Participar en las rentas nacionales". Varios artículos del Título XI, sobre Organización Territorial, inician el desarrollo de los tres primeros de estos derechos. En el Título XII, sobre el régimen económico y de la hacienda pública, el art. 338 consagra el derecho de Asambleas y Concejos para imponer tributos; y los arts. 356, 357, 358, 360 y 361 dan cuerpo al cuarto derecho, el de participar en las rentasnacionales.
Induction and harnessing of polygenic variability in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)
Authors: Solanki* I.S. , Rana Aman
Published: April 2016

Three mutagenised populations each of gamma rays, sodium azide (SA) and ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) showed increased amount of variability over control for different polygenic traits in both macrosperma (LH90-54) and microsperma (LH89-48) lentil cultivars in M2 generation. Among the mutagens tested, EMS induced maximum variability for all the traits, followed by gamma rays and SA in both the cultivars. The highest frequencies of mutated [M2 progenies with higher coefficient of variation (CV) than the corresponding highest CV in control for any of the traits] and promising progenies [M2 mutated progenies where mean shifted in the desired direction] were induced by different mutagens in the order: EMS greater than gamma rays greater than SA in both the cultivars (LH90-54 greater than LH89-48). In LH 90-54, promising progenies with multiple traits were induced with the highest frequency by SA, followed by EMS and gamma rays, whereas in LH89-48, they were induced with the highest frequency by SA, followed by gamma rays and EMS. Invariably, the medium dose of mutagens (0.08% SA, 0.40% EMS and 10 kR gamma rays) induced maximum variability (CV, %), resulting in the highest number of promising progenies for all the polygenic traits.