bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Class, Political Power, and the State: Their Implications in Medicine—Parts I and II
Authors: Navarro Vicente
Published: January 2008

This three part article presents an analysis of the distribution of power and of the nature of the state in Western industrialized societies and details their implications in medicine. Part I presents a critique of contemporary theories of the Western system of power; discusses the countervailing pluralist and power elite theories, as well as those of bureaucratic and professional control; and concludes with an examination of the Marxist theories of economic determinism, structural determinism, and corporate statism. Part II presents a Marxist theory of the role, nature, and characteristics of state intervention. Part III (which will appear in the next issue of this journal) focuses on the mode of that intervention and the reasons for its growth, with an added analysis of the attributes of state intervention in the health sector, and of the dialectical relationship between its growth and the current fiscal crisis of the state. In all three parts, the focus is on Western European countries and on North America, with many examples and categories from the area of medicine.
Health Planning in the United States: An Old Idea with a New Significance
Authors: Atkisson Arthur A. , Grimes Richard M.
Published: January 2008

This paper examines major features of the National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-641), a piece of legislation that would radically restructure the health planning system of the United States. The Act combines several, previously uncoordinated, health planning and health resources development agencies into one coordinated program. The program is to consist of a statutorily restricted federal agency which will generally oversee the operation of the program, a state program directed by a consumer-dominated board and a series of locally based, generally private, nonprofit, consumerdominated corporations (“Health Systems Agencies”) which will carry the bulk of the planning functions.

The resource development portion of the act grants funds for a variety of programs. These include both grants and loans (at very favorable interest rates) for medical facilities. In addition there are funds available for innovative projects which hold the prospect of improving health services and environmental conditions within the community.

The act also provides the states and local organizations with substantial power over a large portion of the allocations made under the Public Health Act and specifies the process by which health planning must be carried out. Each local planning agency must design a long range health plan for its community and prepare a one-year plan for carrying out portions of the health system plan. These two documents then are used to create State Health plans, plans for construction, modernization or conversion of health facilities and criteria for judging the appropriateness of health services offered in the local areas and in each state.

The act seems to create a mechanism whereby the health industry could be quickly converted into a heavily regulated industry. This regulatory process could be implemented in conjunction with national health insurance or by itself.
Exploring New Ethics for Public Health: Developing a Fair Alcohol Policy
Authors: Beauchamp Dan E.
Published: January 2008

Alcoholism policy since the repeal of Prohibition has been largely based on the assumption that alcohol problems are the result of the failure of a small minority to “control” their drinking. Thus, in sharp contrast to the approach to other drug policies, the problem of alcohol abuse has been viewed as one of “bad users” rather than “bad substances.” This regard of alcoholism has helped exonerate the majority of drinkers and the alcohol industry from responsibility. However, mounting epidemiological evidence demonstrates that a primary factor in rates of diseases such as cirrhosis is the per capita use of alcohol and suggests that alcohol problems can be controlled or reduced only if all involved in the manufacture, sale or consumption of alcohol accept the burdens of restrictions over its availability and use. This acceptance will not be forthcoming, however, unless the prevailing market ethic of individual responsibility and minimal collective obligations to protect and preserve life is replaced with a new public health ethic rooted in social justice. This new ethic would assign the highest priority to life and would stress the obligations of all citizens to share the burdens of reasonable restrictions over all health hazards. In this paper a new alcohol policy is outlined based on just and reasonable limits on the availability, marketing and consumption of this substance.
Power and Change: The Case of the Swedish Commission of Inquiry on Health and Sickness Care
Authors: Twaddle Andrew C. , Hessler Richard M.
Published: January 2008

This paper reviews the work of the Swedish Commission of Inquiry formed in 1975 to propose a new law governing medical care. Based on interviews with commission members, the interests and goals of participating groups are identified. These are compared to the outcome as published in the final report in 1980. Consumer interests gained few of their objectives, while physicians gained almost all of theirs. For others, results were mixed.
Legal Aspects of Withholding Treatment from Handicapped Newborns: Substantive Issues
Authors: Robertson John A.
Published: January 2008

The controversy over nontreatment of handicapped newborns arises in a context of criminal and civil law, against which the current controversy has unfolded. This article examines the legal setting and background under traditional criminal and civil law concepts of nontreatment of handicapped newborns. It focuses on substantive principles of law, showing that nontreatment would be legally permitted when treatment could not be reasonably said to be in the interest of the patient involved, and that nontreatment could be considered criminal where treatment would serve patient interests. It then relates this analysis to procedural issues and the federal Baby Doe legislation and regulations that have recently emerged.
Civil Rights and Regulatory Wrongs: The Reagan Administration and the Medical Treatment of Handicapped Infants
Authors: Brown Lawrence D.
Published: January 2008

Beginning in 1982 the Reagan administration tried to impose federal regulations (based on the civil rights approach of Section 504) on the medical treatment of handicapped newborns in the nation's hospitals. After issuing three sets of regulations, the administration found itself rebuffed by the courts and in ill repute with providers and parts of the public, especially after its widely publicized intervention in the case of Baby Jane Doe illustrated the pitfalls of federal regulation in complex medical decisions. Congress, however, soon enacted legislation employing different means to protect handicapped newborns. The episode offers insights into the dynamics of the U.S. system of separated powers, the limitations of the “civil rights” approach, and the importance of negotiating structures for the resolution of private moral dilemmas with public implications.
Making Decisions for the Severely Handicapped Newborn
Authors: Freeman John M.
Published: January 2008

Standard ethical approaches to decision-making which are based on rights, duties, obligations, beneficence, or best interests often seem inadequate or insufficient when applied to the individual infant, as in the case of Baby Jane Doe. A process approach which takes account of moral theory, but which allows tolerance, within limits, for a possible range of decisions, would appear to offer more reasonable decisions. However, any decision must be based on good facts and accurate prognosis. Pending the availability of medical records on Baby Jane Doe, judgment of the decisions made at Stony Brook must be suspended.
Promotion of Tobacco Products: Issues and Policy Options
Authors: Warner Kenneth E. , Ernster Virginia L. , Holbrook John H. , Lewit Eugene M. , Pertschuk Michael , Steinfeld Jesse L. , Tye Joe B. , Whelan Elizabeth M.
Published: January 2008

During the past year, several prominent voluntary health organizations and professional medical associations have called for a ban on all forms of promotion of tobacco products. The proposal raises complex issues, ranging from determination of the effects of tobacco promotion to assessment of the constitutionality of banning advertising of a legal product. We identify the issues that underlie the concern of health professionals, review evidence addressing these issues, and describe and discuss frequently mentioned policy options, especially the ban proposal.
Tobacco Sampling, Public Policy, and the Law
Authors: Garner Donald W.
Published: January 2008

Cigarette and snuff sampling is a rapidly growing form of tobacco promotion. This article advocates prohibiting tobacco sampling in view of the unique public health risk provoked by sampling. Smokers begin their smoking careers as children, and children are recipients of tobacco samples. Sampling encourages tobacco experimentation, which often produces an addiction similar to morphine and cocaine; the public is generally unaware of the extreme risk of addiction. A recent Supreme Court opinion (Posadas) makes it clear that cigarette advertising can be outlawed. Furthermore, Congress, through the Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act and Smokeless Tobacco Education Act, has not preempted or removed the power of states to ban sampling.
Case Mix Reimbursement for Nursing Homes
Authors: Schlenker Robert E.
Published: January 2008

Nursing home care is growing in importance as the population ages and as Medicare's prospective payment system encourages earlier discharges from acute care settings to nursing homes. Nursing home reimbursement policy is primarily a Medicaid issue, since Medicaid pays for about half the nation's nursing home care. The research reviewed in this article suggests a strong association between case mix and cost, and a weaker but still positive association between quality and cost. The research also implies that traditional nursing home reimbursement methodologies may impede access and may lower quality for Medicaid (and Medicare) recipients. To offset these problems, several states have recently begun to incorporate case mix directly into the reimbursement process. These systems deserve careful policy consideration.
Finding the Levers, Finding the Courage: Lessons from Cost Containment in North America
Authors: Evans Robert G.
Published: January 2008

“Learning” is broader and more complex than simply the orderly acquisition of new knowledge. At least as important is the evolution of the background of assumptions and beliefs held by the community, or its principal decision makers, and implicit in its institutions and policies. These may bear only a loose relation to evidence or knowledge narrowly denned. The pressures of cost escalation over the past twenty years, and the attempts at containment in the U.S. and Canada, have added substantially to our knowledge of how the health care system works. Containment is possible, and the successful mechanisms, thus far, are quite specific. But the results of these attempts and (in the U.S.) the continued escalation have also significantly shifted the broader set of assumptions in the community about appropriate priorities and policies in health care. Attitudes towards physician supply, variations in practice patterns, capitated practice, and for-profit organization, for example, have changed radically, although the supporting evidence has not. But cost pressures have created an audience which wants to hear, whose background assumptions provide a different “fit” for the evidence.
American Medical Policy and the “Crisis” Of the Welfare State: A Comparative Perspective
Authors: Marmor Theodore R.
Published: January 2008

Health policy debates rarely include broad review of cross-national experiences with related social policies. This article addresses the connection between medical policy concerns and the development of welfare states in the advanced industrial democracies following the oil crisis of 1973–74. After examining the evidence about what actually occurred during the “crisis” years of the welfare state, the article relates the debates about the welfare state's crisis to American concerns about medical care in the 1980s. The distinctive American response to the fiscal strains of stagflation—more severe cuts in social spending than necessary based on the country's economic strength, threats of bankruptcy to produce small adjustments to large programs, and inability to address the problems of medical care as anything other than budgetary strain—is linked to American dissensus about the purposes of the welfare state.
Prospective Payment in Perspective
Authors: Sapolsky Harvey M.
Published: January 2008

Prospective payment promises improvement for a health care system plagued by inefficiency and rising costs, but is likely to disappoint. Serious efforts to control costs threaten the system's access and quality objectives and will be resisted. Moreover, serious cost containment, whether the result of all-payer regulation or competition, requires a stronger civil service than America seems capable of providing. A comparison with the experience in defense demonstrates the important limitations in applying incentive-based models in policy areas with conflicting goals. The search for panaceas will go on, but there are none.
The Resistible Rise of Preventive Medicine
Authors: Stone Deborah A.
Published: January 2008

The politics of preventive health care have changed dramatically in the last fifteen years. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, prevention was the motherhood issue of health care reform. With only the slightest glimmer of controversy, vaccination, promotion of lifestyle changes, mass screening, and safety regulation all became widely accepted strategies for improving health and reducing medical expenditures. By the mid-1980s, the dark side of each strategy became visible. Vaccinations can cause serious and permanent injuries; lifestyle factors are being used to raise insurance premiums, to deny eligibility for disability insurance benefits, and to deny employment. Screening is similarly used to deny employment, and new technologies for prenatal screening have raised fears of stigma and selective abortion among racial, handicapped, and antiabortion groups. Occupational safety regulation is increasingly focused on excluding the “high-risk” individual from jobs. In the absence of social protections from these economic and social harms, citizens have used tort and civil rights litigation to resist preventive health measures.
The Geriatric Long-Stay Hospital Patient: A Canadian Case Study
Authors: Shapiro Evelyn , Roos Noralou P.
Published: January 2008

This article examines the use of acute beds by the elderly in Manitoba over the five-year period, 1972-1976. The analysis reveals that transfers of long-stay (greater than 90 day) elderly to long-term care facilities took longer in 1976 than in 1972 despite major provincial initiatives which included construction of additional long-term treatment beds, expansion of home care resources, and extension of universal insurance coverage to long-term institutional and home care.

Analyses of means to reduce long hospital stays prior to transfer suggests that building more long-term beds may be the least desirable policy alternative.
Issues in Graduate Medical Education Financing
Authors: Fruen Mary A. , Korper Samuel P.
Published: January 2008

An estimated $ 1.4 billion was spent for stipends and fringe benefits for residents and fellows in 1978-79. No data are available on costs for supervision by teaching faculty and residency support, so it is impossible to realistically estimate total graduate medical education costs. Currently, the major source of support is reimbursement for medical services. This article reviews alternative approaches to graduate medical education financing and finds no compelling reason to shift from the present system.
The Second Public Health Revolution: A Critical Appraisal
Authors: Neubauer Deane , Pratt Richard
Published: January 2008

This paper presents a critical reaction to the Surgeon General's recent report and recommendations on American health. Entitled Healthy People, the report has been described as providing impetus for a “second public health revolution.” Our analysis leaves us less than enthusiastic. We first summarize the Report, noting its heavy emphasis on lifestyle. We then compare its tenets with those of the nineteenth century public health revolution. The Report recognizes social and economic conditions as significant factors in determining health but fails to incorporate this recognition in its policy recommendations. Instead, it places the burden of its recommendations on the reform of individual behavior. We explain this focus in terms of the continued centrality of the ideology of individualism and its collective counterpart, social and political pluralism. We then examine the ways in which these ideologies act on the Report and we suggest why the proposals they shape are unlikely to be successful.
Occupational Regulation in the States: A Causal Model
Authors: Begun James W. , Crowe Edward W. , Feldman Roger
Published: January 2008

Occupational regulation in the United States is mainly carried out by state licensing boards whose regulatory actions frequently are described as “anticompetitive.” Despite the social, political, and economic importance of these board policies, little empirical research has been conducted on the process by which regulations are developed by occupational associations and state legislatures.

This issue is addressed through analysis of data on state regulation of optometry. The regulatory power of optometry in each state is explained by characteristics of interest groups, the political system, and the socioeconomic setting. Independent variables in the analysis include the urbanization and per capita income of each state, interparty competition, legislative turnover, and innovativeness in policymaking. In addition, three measures of occupational interest group strength are employed: the percent of optometrists belonging to their state occupational associations, the ratio of optometrists to ophthalmologists and opticians, and whether or not the state optometric association employed a legislative lobbyist. The dependent variable, degree of regulation of optometry, is an index composed of four practice standard regulations which govern price advertising, branch offices, commercial practice, and continuing education.

The independent variables explain about one-third of the variance in regulatory policy across states. We find that relative interest group strength enhances optometry's ability to achieve regulation, while interparty competition and state policy innovativeness are inversely related to the level of that profession's control.

The causal analysis of state regulatory policy supports the argument that regulation is actively sought by professionalizing occupations. These groups enter the political arena to secure their regulatory objectives, and their success in obtaining these goals depends on organizational resources and the political environment in the states. The findings help to explain why state regulatory policies often appear to benefit the regulated occupations.
The Hospital Power Equilibrium: An Alternative View of the Cost Containment Dilemma
Authors: Saltman Richard B. , Young David W.
Published: January 2008

In-patient hospital costs have grown at an annual rate of 15 percent for the last fifteen years, and the cumulative impact of these increases has created tremendous political pressures to contain this growth. Yet despite numerous attempts to pinpoint the causes of this inflation–and nearly as many recommended policy approaches–the outlines of an effective cost containment program still elude us.

Previous approaches to cost containment have tended to emphasize the mechanics of how hospital costs are incurred rather than seeking to explain the underlying causal factors that generate these costs. This analytic focus appears to reflect the lack of a political theory of the hospital which can comprehend the unique character of the hospital's internal decision-making process.

One suitable basis for such a theory is Crozier's model of a “conflictive equilibrium.” In this model, the hospital's decision-making authority is lodged in a complex power relationship which reflects the respective intra- and extra-institutional resources of its occupational groups, and particularly of physicians and administrators. This analysis of hospital behavior can both explain the hospital's reaction to present cost containment programs as well as predict its response to other likely policy approaches. It also may enable us to begin to design more effective programs through which to control the financial consequences of hospital decisions.
Nurse Practitioner Reimbursement
Authors: Wriston Sara
Published: January 2008

This article addresses problems related to nurse practitioner reimbursement and the Rural Health Clinic Services Act of 1977. An overview of payor policies prior to the passage of P.L. 95-210 is presented, followed by a discussion of some of the difficulties in implementing the statute.
Kidneys, Ethics, and Politics: Policy Lessons of the ESRD Experience
Authors: Caplan Arthur L.
Published: January 2008

This article examines the policy lessons to be learned from the American experience with the End-Stage Renal Disease program. This program was instituted in 1972 as an amendment to the Social Security Act to provide reimbursement for the costs of therapy to those persons suffering from renal failure. The article tries to debunk certain common myths that have arisen concerning the ESRD program, by examining the history and evolution of renal dialysis technology as well as the social policies concerning dialysis pursued in England and Sweden. It argues that while the ESRD program is not a genuine instance of a ‘mini’ national health insurance program, there are important moral, social, and policy lessons to be learned from this unique effort to provide renal therapies to those Americans in need.
Social, Economic, and Health Aspects of Mandatory Retirement
Authors: Somers Anne R.
Published: January 2008

The issue of mandatory retirement could grow into one of the major domestic conflicts of the next few decades. It cannot be divorced from the availability and adequacy of pensions. Major arguments advanced in favor of mandatory retirement include: easier personnel management, advantages to younger and minority workers, economy for employers, greater productivity, and, in certain industries, greater public safety. Major arguments against include: adverse effect on physical and mental health of many employees, inordinate cost to society–both in terms of pensions and loss of productive labor–and the general positive value of individual performance evaluation.

In the effort to resolve the conflict, three principles are suggested as a basis for future policy. (1) the individual benefits more from activity–physical and mental–than inactivity; (2) society benefits from the maximum feasible productive employment of the adult population; (3) management requires adequate flexibility in the deployment of personnel, and a balance between youth and maturity and the values associated with each age group. Based on these principles, eight specific recommendations are suggested.
A Pyramid Model of Health Manpower in the 1980s
Authors: McTernan Edmund J. , Leiken Alan M.
Published: January 2008

In little more than a decade, the problems and issues relating to the supply of, and demand for, skilled health manpower in the United States have shifted dramatically. Where the key words in the late 1960s were “shortage,” “crisis,” and “expansion of training capacity,” the major concerns on the threshold of the 1980s are “oversupply,” “overtraining,” and “costs.” Federal policy relating to health manpower is rapidly changing from attempts to increase manpower supply to efforts to contain expansion.

This article presents a graphic representation of this change, along with projections for the future. Three stages of supply/demand are graphically depicted: Stage I represents the supply-deficit situation of the past; Stage II symbolizes a state of supply/demand balance; and Stage HI represents the oversupply situation which seems imminent in many health manpower categories. Some suggestions for possible actions to prevent unlimited “might makes right” solutions to oversupply problems, and assessments of the results which might be expected, are presented.
A Simple Ethylene Glycol Reduction Route to the Fabrication of Metallic Nickel Nanoplatelets with Hexagonal and Triangular Shapes
Authors: Li Dongguo , Ni Xiaomin , Zheng Huagui , Qi Banghua
Published: January 2008

Face-centered cubic (fcc) nickel nanoplatelets with hexagonal and triangular shapes were created by a simple one-step ethylene glycol reduction method under alkali medium without any surfactants. A series of contrast experiments revealed that the alkali concentration played a key role for the formation of the anisotropic nickel nanocrystals with defined shapes. Thus-prepared nickel nanoplatelets exhibited a ferromagnetic characteristic with a coercivity of 224.2 Oe.
A Novel Biomass-based Polymer Prepared from Lignin-derived Stable Metabolic Intermediate by Copper(I)-catalyzed Azide–Alkyne Click Reaction
Authors: Michinobu Tsuyoshi , Inazawa Yasunori , Hiraki Kenta , Katayama Yoshihiro , Masai Eiji , Nakamura Masaya , Ohara Seiji , Shigehara Kiyotaka
Published: January 2008

The CuI-catalyzed, but ligand-free azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction was applied to the polymerization of the newly synthesized diethynyl-functionalized 2-pyrone monomer originally isolated from lignin via metabolic pathway. The polymerization was monitored by GPC and IR spectra and the resulting high molecular weight polymer was unambiguously characterized by 1H NMR, thermal analysis, and optical absorption and emission spectra.
A Viscohyperelastic Constitutive Model for Rubber Used in Vibration Isolation
Authors: Wang Rui , Li Shiqi , Song Shaoyun
Published: January 2008

A viscohyperelastic constitutive model is proposed to describe the mechanical behaviour of vibration isolation rubber under broad-band vibration. This constitutive model comprises two parts: a component with three parameters to characterise the hyperelastic static properties of rubber materials, and the other component incorporates two relaxation time parameters, corresponding to high and low strain rates respectively, to describe the, dynamic response under vibration and impact loadings. Based on this proposed constitutive model, a series of experiments were performed on two types of rubber materials over a wide strain rate range. The results predicted from this model are in good agreement with the experimental data.
Quantification of Airframe Noise Using Microphone Arrays in Open and Closed wind Tunnels
Authors: Oerlemans Stefan , Broersma Liekele , Sijtsma Pieter
Published: January 2008

The reliability of the phased array technique for quantifying airframe noise was assessed in the DNW-LLF open and closed wind tunnel sections. Acoustic measurements were performed on wing noise from a 1:10.6 scaled Airbus A340 model, using a 4-m diameter out-of-flow microphone array in the open jet and a 1-m diameter wall array in the closed test section. Apart from the differences in array resolution, the source characteristics are generally similar for both test sections. The open jet results show that, although the absolute integrated array level can be too low due to e.g. coherence loss, the relative sound levels determined with the array (i.e. differences between configurations) are accurate within 0.5 dB. The difference between the absolute array levels in the closed test section and the farfield levels in the open jet is smaller than 3 dB for all frequencies. The relative array levels in the closed test section agree with the open jet within 1 dB, provided that the flow conditions - and therefore the noise source characteristics -are similar.
CLEAN Based on Spatial Source Coherence
Authors: Sijtsma Pieter
Published: January 2008

To obtain higher resolution acoustic source plots from microphone array measurements, deconvolution techniques are becoming increasingly popular. Deconvolution algorithms aim at identifying Point Spread Functions (PSF)in source plots, and may therefore fall short when actual beam patterns of measured noise sources are not similar to synthetically obtained PSF's. To overcome this, a new version of the classical deconvolution method CLEAN is proposed here: CLEAN-SC. By this new method, which is based on spatial source coherence, side lobes can be removed of actually measured beam patterns. Essentially, CLEAN-SC iteratively removes the part of the source plot which is spatially coherent with the peak source. A feature of CLEAN-SC is its ability to extract absolute sound power levels from the source plots. The merits of CLEAN-SC were demonstrated using array measurements of airframe noise on a scale model of the Airbus A340 in the 8 ×6 m2 closed test section of DNW-LLF.
Does Fast Defensive Line Speed Influence Tackling Proficiency in Collision Sport Athletes?
Authors: Gabbett Tim , Kelly Jason
Published: January 2008

This study investigated the influence of increased line speed on tackling proficiency in collision-sport athletes. Eleven collision-sport athletes (mean ± SD age, 25.5 ± 4.7 yr) underwent a one-on-one tackling drill in a 10 m grid Video footage was taken from the rear, side and front of the defending player. In random order, players underwent a self-paced tackling assessment (i.e., slow-moderate speed) and a tackling assessment with enforced line-speed (i.e., fast speed). Tackling proficiency was assessed using standardised technical criteria. Movement speed into the contact zone was significantly faster (p < 0.05, effect size, ES = 2.00) in the enforced line-speed (3.8 ± 0.3 m/s) condition than the self-paced (3.2 ± 0.3 m/s) line-speed condition. Fast line-speed significantly reduced (p < 0.05, ES = 1.00) the tackling proficiency of players, with tackling players having a reduced ability to maintain a square/aligned body position (p < 0.05, ES = 1.18), make initial contact with the shoulder (p < 0.05, ES = 0.77), and watch the target onto the shoulder (p < 0.05, ES = 0.61). Moderate effect size differences (p > 0.05, ES = 0.51) were detected between the self-paced and enforced line-speed conditions for the ability of players to contact the target in the centre of gravity. The results of this study demonstrate that fast line-speed reduces tackling proficiency in collision-sport athletes. Coaches employing defensive strategies that rely on fast line-speed should also ensure to practice effective tackling technique under these conditions.
Involving Immigrants in Youth Sport Coaching: Part 1. A Literature Review and Quantitative Profile
Authors: Erickson Karl , Wilson Brian , Horton Sean , Young Bradley , Côté Jean
Published: January 2008

Little, if any, previous research has investigated the involvement of immigrants in sport coaching. This is the first of a series of two articles that focus on this issue. In this article, following a general literature review, structured retrospective interviews (n = 29) are used to construct a profile of immigrant youth sport coaches. Two distinct profiles were identified: (a) leisure-oriented coaches, who had not coached prior to immigration; and (b) career-oriented coaches, who had coached prior to immigration Statistically significant differences (p < .05) were found between groups relating to athletic experience, sport-related education, time between immigration and initiation of coaching, and coaching of their own children Separate pathways to coaching involvement after immigration were identified for both profiles.
The Coach-Athlete Relationship in Successful Hungarian Individual Sports
Authors: Trzaskoma-Bicsérdy Gabriella , Bognár József , Révész László , Géczi Gábor
Published: January 2008

The purpose of this qualitative study of coach-athlete relationships was to utilise perspectives and experiences of four well-known male coaches and one male Olympic medalist from each of the following successful individual sports in Hungary: kayaking, swimming and wrestling. Using relationship constructs of Closeness, Co-orientation and Complementarity, it seems that in coach-athlete relationships are based more on the characteristics and needs of the individual athlete than the characteristics of the given sport discipline.
On the Problem of Participation in Strategy: A Critical Discursive Perspective
Authors: Mantere Saku , Vaara Eero
Published: January 2008

We still know little of why strategy processes often involve participation problems. In this paper, we argue that this crucial issue is linked to fundamental assumptions about the nature of strategy work. Hence, we need to examine how strategy processes are typically made sense of and what roles are assigned to specific organizational members. For this purpose, we adopt a critical discursive perspective that allows us to discover how specific conceptions of strategy work are reproduced and legitimized in organizational strategizing. Our empirical analysis is based on an extensive research project on strategy work in 12 organizations. As a result of our analysis, we identify three central discourses that seem to be systematically associated with nonparticipatory approaches to strategy work: “mystification,” “disciplining,” and “technologization.” However, we also distinguish three strategy discourses that promote participation: “self-actualization,” “dialogization,” and “concretization.” Our analysis shows that strategy as practice involves alternative and even competing discourses that have fundamentally different kinds of implications for participation in strategy work. We argue from a critical perspective that it is important to be aware of the inherent problems associated with dominant discourses as well as to actively advance the use of alternative ones.
Cellular Expression Patterns of Genes Upregulated in Murine and Human Colonic Neoplasms
Authors: Chen Xiaodi , Ehrhardt William M. , Halberg Richard B. , Aronow Bruce J. , Dove William F.
Published: January 2008

Markers overexpressed in colonic tumors of the multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min) mouse have been recently identified by cDNA subtractive hybridization and by microarray analysis. The significance of such a marker depends on its expression in tumor vs stromal lineages and on its expression pattern in normal tissue. From 34 differentially expressed markers, 14 were found to be expressed from supporting lineages. The markers expressed in the tumor lineage were grouped into three classes on the basis of ISH in mouse models and IHC in human adenomas. The first class includes markers expressed both in neoplastic cells and in the proliferating cells residing at the bottom of normal colonic crypts. The second class of markers shows elevated expression in neoplastic cells and also in the postmitotic Paneth cells of the small intestine. Finally, the third class of marker shows detectable intestinal expression only within tumors but not in the normal intestinal epithelium. Is such a tumor-associated marker uniquely essential for tumor growth? Deficiency for the tumor-associated glycoprotein clusterin does not affect the multiplicity or growth rate of intestinal tumors in Min mice. Thus, clusterin is a candidate secreted colon cancer marker but not a single target for chemoprevention or therapy.
Association Between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Cannabinoid Receptor Gene (CNR1) and Impulsivity in Southwest California Indians
Authors: Ehlers Cindy L. , Slutske Wendy S. , Lind Penelope A. , Wilhelmsen K. C.
Published: January 2008

Impulsivity is a personality trait characterized by acting suddenly in an unplanned manner in order to satisfy a desire without consideration for the consequences of such behavior. There are several psychiatric disorders that include the term impulsivity as a criterion and, therefore, it has been suggested that impulsivity may be an important phenotype that may link a number of different behavioral disorders, including substance abuse. This study's aims were to determine if a significant association could be detected between the (AAT)n triplet repeat polymorphism as well as 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in or near theCNR1receptor gene and impulsivity in Southwest California ‘Mission’ Indians (SWC). Impulsivity was assessed using a scale derived from the Maudsley personality inventory, and blood samples were collected for DNA analyses from 251 individuals recruited from local Indian reservations. The estimated heritability (h2) for the impulsivity phenotype was 0.20 + 0.12 (p< .004). Impulsivity was significantly associated with the 6-repeat allele of the triplet repeat polymorphism (AATn/A6;p< .0001), as well as four SNPs in or near theCNR1receptor gene: rs1535255 (p= .001), rs2023239 (p= .004), rs1049353 (p< .001) and rs806368 (p< .0006). These studies provide data to suggest that theCNR1receptor gene may be significantly associated with impulsivity in SWC Indians.
Heritability of Oral Microbial Species in Caries-Active and Caries-Free Twins
Authors: Corby Patricia M. , Bretz Walter A. , Hart Thomas C. , Schork Nicholas J. , Wessel J , Lyons-Weiler James , Paster Bruce J.
Published: January 2008

Oral microbes that colonize in the mouths of humans contribute to disease susceptibility, but it is unclear if host genetic factors mediate colonization. We therefore tested the hypothesis that the levels at which oral microbes colonize in the mouth are heritable. Dental plaque biofilms were sampled from intact tooth surfaces of 118 caries-free twins. An additional 86 caries-active twins were sampled for plaque from carious lesions and intact tooth surfaces. Using a reverse capture checkerboard assay the relative abundance of 82 bacterial species was determined. An integrative computational predictive model determined microbial abundance patterns of microbial species in caries-free twins as compared to caries-active twins. Heritability estimates were calculated for the relative microbial abundance levels of the microbial species in both groups. The levels of 10 species were significantly different in healthy individuals than in caries-active individuals, including,A. defectiva, S. parasanguinis, S. mitis/oralis, S. sanguinis, S. cristatus, S. salivarius, Streptococcussp. clone CH016,G. morbillorumandG. haemolysans.Moderate to high heritability estimates were found for these species (h2= 56%–80%,p< .0001). Similarity of the overall oral microbial flora was also evident in caries-free twins from multivariate distance matrix regression analysis. It appears that genetic and/or familial factors significantly contribute to the colonization of oral beneficial species in twins.
Selection of Genes and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms for Fine Mapping Starting From a Broad Linkage Region
Authors: Windelinckx An , Vlietinck Robert , Aerssens Jeroen , Beunen Gaston , Thomis Martine A. I.
Published: January 2008

Fine mapping of linkage peaks is one of the great challenges facing researchers who try to identify genes and genetic variants responsible for the variation in a certain trait or complex disease. Once the trait is linked to a certain chromosomal region, most studies use a candidate gene approach followed by a selection of polymorphisms within these genes, either based on their possibility to be functional, or based on the linkage disequilibrium between adjacent markers. For both candidate gene selection and SNP selection, several approaches have been described, and different software tools are available. However, mastering all these information sources and choosing between the different approaches can be difficult and time-consuming. Therefore, this article lists several of these in silico procedures, and the authors describe an empirical two-step fine mapping approach, in which candidate genes are prioritized using a bioinformatics approach (ENDEAVOUR), and the top genes are chosen for further SNP selection with a linkage disequilibrium based method (Tagger). The authors present the different actions that were applied within this approach on two previously identified linkage regions for muscle strength. This resulted in the selection of 331 polymorphisms located in 112 different candidate genes out of an initial set of 23,300 SNPs.
‘Are You Asking Me If We Had Sex To Conceive?’ To Whom Do Parents Of Twins Disclose Mode Of Conception and What Do They Feel About Being Asked?
Authors: Raj Supriya , Morley Ruth
Published: January 2008

There are no data on whether parents of twins will disclose mode of conception to researchers or to their children, who will be informants in adulthood. We sent 1600 questionnaires about this via the Victorian branch of the Australian Multiple Birth Association, to be returned anonymously. Parents were asked how their twins were conceived and whether those who used assisted conception would disclose this to researchers studying assisted conception, twin pregnancy or twin children, or to their children. Comments were invited. Altogether 975 (61%) questionnaires were returned and 389 (40%) indicated use of some form of assisted conception: 75 (19%) ovarian stimulation alone, 165 (42%) In Vitro Fertilisation, 132 (34%) Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection, and 17 (4%) Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer, with 20 reporting use of donor eggs and thirteen donor sperm. Of those using assisted conception, the proportion reporting that they would not, or may not, tell researchers was 5% for assisted conception studies, 6% for twin pregnancy studies, and 7% for studies of twin children, while 7% reported that they would not, or may not, tell their children. From the comments (from 374/975; 38%) it was clear that questions about mode of conception can be offensive to some parents of twins, unless there is a need to know. Further, the question ‘are your twins natural?’ should be avoided. We believe the question ‘Did you need medical help to conceive your twins’, followed up with specific questions, is more acceptable.
Group Decision–Making in a Multiple Criteria Environment—A Case Using the AHPGR Model to Assess Digital Video Recorder Systems
Authors: Chang Che-Wei , Wu Cheng-Ru , Lin Hung-Lung
Published: January 2008

Digital video recorder software is increasingly common given the burgeoning popularity of the surveillance market. The proposed model includes the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine the weights of evaluation. Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) is then performed to rank the digital video recorder software. The AHP and GRA-based decision-making method can provide decision makers or buyers with a valuable reference for evaluating software quality. A case study demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Importantly, the proposed scheme can assist decision makers in assessing the feasibility of digital video recorder software, making it highly applicable for academic and commercial purposes.
Experimental Research As Practical Action: Stooge Detection And Bias*
Authors: Neff James Alan
Published: January 2008

A discussion of experimental research as practical action applies the ethnomethodological critique to research in experimental social psychology. While research on demand characteristics may meet some of the ethnomethodological criticisms, it may not provide a set of exemplars around which the practical activity of experimentation can be organized. “Stooge detection” is a practical problem often faced by experimenters. My data suggest that stooge detection may, in certain circumstances, be a member's strategy for dealing with a problematic experimental setting. This view has implications for notions of experimental “bias”.
Directions For An Interactionist Study Of Gender Development
Authors: Cahill Spencer E.
Published: January 2008

Harold Garfinkel and Erving Goffman have demonstrated the utility of the interactionist approach for the study of sex and gender. This paper proposes some hypotheses and research strategies for complementary interactionist studies of the gender development process. A review of previous research and clinical data concerning feminized boys that patterns of caregiver‐infant interaction and caregivers' use of sex‐designating verbal labels provide the basis for gender identity formation. The child then actively seeks to confirm this identity through social interaction and, thereby, learns to express gender. Some prominent theories of gender development and some important aspects of the child's learning of gender expression are briefly reviewed. A hypothesized sequence of gender development and suggestions for its empirical investigation are offered in conclusion.
Societal Reaction And The Physically Disabled: Bringing The Impariment Back In*
Authors: Higgins Paul C.
Published: January 2008

According to the societal reaction perspective, the reactions of the nondisabled are the key to understanding the physically disabled. Consequently, stigmatization has been emphasized in explaining the often awkward and inhibited encounters between the disabled and the nondisabled. Stigmatization, though, cannot fully explain interaction between the disabled and the nondisabled. Through a qualitative analysis of encounters between the deaf and the hearing, 1 demonstrate that disabilities are also disruptive when they cause the assumptions and routine practices which usually successfully maintain interaction to become problematic. Coping strategies are attempts to compensate for those assumptions and practices which have failed. The reactions of the nondisabled are important in understanding the physically disabled, but in more complex ways than the societal reaction perspective has so far suggested.
Qualitative Analysis In Evaluation Research: Problems And Promises Of An Interactionist Approach*
Authors: Broadhead Robert S.
Published: January 2008

Since the relatively recent advent of evaluation research, researchers have overwhelmingly advocated the use of experimental designs over other methodological approaches. However, implementing such designs produces an interaction effect which greatly alters the nature of programs being evaluated. As an alternative to experimental designs, an interactionist approach to evaluation research is introduced and developed, both conceptually and procedurally. The advantages of a phenomenological skepticism, which is epistemologically integral to an interactionist approach, over an experimentalist's naive or common sense skepticism, is discussed. Stages and methodological problems of carrying out an interactionist approach are explicated.

It is argued that the implementation of an interactionist approach would be “nonreactive” with either the structure or functioning of a program under analysis. And it would simultaneously bring into relief much of the anxiety and distrust between researchers and those being evaluated that characteristically accompanies the application of experimental designs.
Couples Who Live Apart: Time/Place Disjunctions And Their Consequences*
Authors: Gross Harriet Engel
Published: January 2008

Couples who live apart present a unique opportunity to study the consequences of tampering with our culture's marital co‐residence norm. Interviews with 37 spouses, representing members of 21 couples who are legally married and who live apart in service to career demands of both, suggest that time and place discontinuities result from two residence living. Two residences mean that spouses are not able to mesh and coordinate time schedules, nor do they share the common base of their co‐resident counterparts. The time/place disjunctions that result threaten these marriages' ability to “make sense” to the partners of such unions. This paper examines the sense‐jeopardizing consequence of living apart and suggest that this marital form's inherent strains make it a difficult lifestyle.