bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SMALL BUSINESS IN THE MARKET ECONOMY: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPMENT IN A PANDEMIC
Authors: Baidybekova S.K.
Published: June 2021

In modern economic conditions, the topic of the article is relevant, since great importance is attached to the development of small business throughout the world. This is due to the fact that one of the main criteria for an efficient economy is a high proportion of small businesses. The article sets the goal, which was to identify and analyze the main problems of small business development in the context of a pandemic and crisis, as well as to find ways to solve them. The subject of the research is the activities of small businesses in the context of a pandemic and economic crisis. The work reveals the main features and characteristics of small business, reflects force majeure circumstances associated with the pandemic, which entailed a crisis in the world economy. In the course of the study, it was revealed that the activities of small businesses are a priority in the context of a pandemic and crisis; the main factors influencing the low efficiency of state support for small businesses are identified. The main research methods are comparative, systemic, statistical analyzes. The author pays special attention to the search and selection of new mechanisms and methods for the development of small business in the context of a pandemic and after its completion.
Multi Label Toxic Comment Classification using Machine Learning Algorithms
Authors:   Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India., Aggarwal Abhishek , Tiwari Atul ,   Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India.
Published: June 2021

Toxic comments are the comments found in the online forums that are rude, offensive, or unfair and usually cause many users to exit the conversation. The threat of bullying and abuse on the internet obstructs the free exchange of ideas by limiting people’s opposing viewpoints. Most of the Websites fail to successfully facilitate healthy conversations, leading them to either restrict or disable user comments entirely. This paper would explore the scope of online abuse and categorize them into different labels to assess the toxicity as accurately as possible using machine learning algorithms.
VITAMIN-D LEVELS: NANO SOLDIERS AGAINST nCOVID-19 MEGA BATTLES
Authors: Das Neelam
Published: June 2021

Presently the world is battling a deadly pandemic without any effective licenced drugs or biologics to vanquish SARSCoV-2. The experience of managing the past viral aetiological outbreaks has been extrapolated to nCOVID-19, yet its
effectiveness is uncertain. This connotation invokes a potential insight to focus upon those elements and etiquettes which are an integral part of
our life and expound for nCOVID-19 treatment. This further impels us to consider our food as a time-tested medicine. In a study, a decrease in
Vitamin-D levels accounted for the bovine coronavirus infection in calves. Interestingly it paves the way for exploring the role of Vitamin-D as an
accessible 'magic bullet' against nCOVID-19. Currently, its metabolism and immunomodulatory characterization are well-established. In fact,
the studies have described an inverse relationship between Vitamin-D level and respiratory infections. This further substantiates for
understanding its shielding effect against nCOVID-19. Few researchers have recommended dosage of Vitamin-D intake among adult and highrisk individuals including front-liners. However, the enforcement of this potent nutritional ergogenic calls for dose rationalisation with due
effectivity and safety based on large randomized controlled trials. This short review highlights the important scientic link between Vitamin D
levels and susceptibility to COVID-19 in patients.
A CROSS SECTIONAL SURVEY OF IODIZED SALT CONSUMPTION AND ASSESSMENT OF COMMUNITY KNOWLEDGE AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL IN TRIBAL AREA OF NORTH INDIA.
Authors: Chauhan Nidhi , Gupta Anmol , Priyanka Priyanka , Singh Resham , Rattan Saurabh
Published: June 2021

Background & Aim: Iodine deciency is prevalent but preventable cause of mental retardation, globally. In India, an
estimated 167 million people are at risk of developing IDDs. Despite of the universal salt iodization in India, only 71 % of
the households were consuming this by 2009.The present survey was conducted to estimate the uptake of adequately iodized salt in the tribal
district of Himachal Pradesh.
Material and Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted in tribal Distt. Kinaaur of H.P. A total of 10 clusters were taken for survey and 18
-20 households per cluster were chosen randomly. The unit of study taken was a household.
Results: A total of 196 households in Kinnaur were surveyed for iodized salt coverage, using MBI salt Iodine detection kit. The household
coverage of adequately iodized salt in current survey was found to be 75%..
Conclusion: The district Kinnaur had transformed its phase from iodine decient to iodine sufcient. Majority of the respondents followed faulty
storage practices and were not aware of right storage and cooking practices. More than half of respondents were unaware of importance of iodine /
iodized salt and its role in normal growth and prevention of diseases.
COMPARISON OF ENDOMETRIAL INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA & WHO CLASSIFIED ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA IN PREDICTING THE RISK OF PROGRESSION TO ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA
Authors: Kavar Bansi , Dave Neeru
Published: June 2021

Background: Endometrial hyperplasia is the precursor lesion of most endometrial cancers of endometrioid type. The
most commonly used classication system for endometrial hyperplasia is WHO 1994 classication system in which
architecture disruption and cytological atypia are used to identify four types of endometrial hyperplasia including simple or complex hyperplasia
with or without atypia. Newer EIN diagnosis by cytological atypia is of great consideration for the progression to endometrial cancer.
Material And Methods: The study consists of 100 cases of WHO classied endometrial hyperplasia for period of 4 yrs from 2015 to 2019. Type
of sampling procedures- dilation & curettage, endometrial biopsy and fractional curettage.
Objective:
1. To discuss revised criteria for recognition of endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN).
2. To nd out the sensitivity of endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN) classication in predicting the risk of malignancy.
Results: This study consists of 100 cases of endometrial hyperplasia. Patients were mostly postmenopausal & presented with abnormal vaginal
bleeding. From WHO classied endometrial lesions, 2 out of 35 cases of simple typical hyperplasia, 10 out of 14 cases of complex typical
hyperplasia,12 out of 20 cases of simple atypical hyperplasia and 20 out of 21 cases of complex atypical hyperplasia were reclassied as EI N.
Conclusion: To estimate the risk of progression to carcinoma and guide clinical management, the histo-pathologic diagnosis of endometrial
hyperplastic lesion is very important, specially the diagnosis of EIN lesions. EIN carries a much greater risk of progression to endometrial
cancer than other WHO classied endometrial hyperplasia.
ENDOSCOPIC THIRD VENTRICULOSTOMY (ETV) IS A BETTER ALTERNATIVE FOR VP SHUNT FAILURE IN NON-COMMUNICATING HYDROCEPHALUS
Authors: Tanger Ramesh , Barolia Dinesh Kumar , Chatterjee Arka , Singh Parihar Punit , Gupta Arun
Published: June 2021

CONTEXT: VP Shunt is most commonly used procedure for hydrocephalus but shunt failure is also the common
complication in many patients. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is an accepted procedure for the treatment of
obstructive hydrocephalus. The aim of our study is to evaluate the success rate AIM AND OBJECTIVE - of ETV in patients of obstructive
hydrocephalus formerly treated by ventriculo-peritoneal (VP shunt) shunt. The failure VP shunt was removed before ETV. MATERIALS AND
METHOD: This study was conducted between June 2015 and December 2019 in single unit of our department. Twenty one (n=21) patients were
enrolled for this study. All patients were admitted with failure of VP shunt. They were known case of non-communicating hydrocephalus
previously operated for VP shunt. Six patients were excluded for ETV because CT/MRI show grossly distorted anatomy of ventricles.
Endoscopic third ventriculostomy was attempted in 15 patients, but ventriculostomy was done successfully in 10 patients, rests were treated with
revision of VP shunt. All patients in this study were radiologically diagnosed RESULTS: case of hydrocephalus due to aqueduct stenosis. They
were experienced VP shunt insertion but there were failure of shunt due to any reason. ETV procedures were done successfully in 10 patients. Out
of 10 patients one patient needed shunt insertion due ineffective ETV. Shunt revision was done in 11 patients. There was no serious complication
during and after ETV procedures. The follow-up period of patients with successful ETV was 6–60 months. This follow-up was uneventful and
peaceful for their parents. ETV can be considered as an alternative treatment for the patients w CONCLUSION: ith VP shunt failure with an
acceptable success rate of 80%, although long-term follow-up is needed for these patients.
Robust Tensor Decomposition based Background/Foreground Separation in Noisy Videos and Its Applications in Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Shen Bo , Kamath Rakesh R , choo hahn , Kong Zhenyu
Published: June 2021

Background/foreground separation is one of the
most fundamental tasks in computer vision, especially for video
data. Robust PCA (RPCA) and its tensor extension, namely, Robust Tensor PCA (RTPCA), provide an effective framework for
background/foreground separation by decomposing the data into
low-rank and sparse components, which contain the background
and the foreground (moving objects), respectively. However, in
real-world applications, the video data is contaminated with
noise. For example, in metal additive manufacturing (AM), the
processed X-ray video to study melt pool dynamics is very noisy.
RPCA and RTPCA are not able to separate the background,
foreground, and noise simultaneously. As a result, the noise
will contaminate the background or the foreground or both.
There is a need to remove the noise from the background
and foreground. To achieve the three terms decomposition, a
smooth sparse Robust Tensor Decomposition (SS-RTD) model
is proposed to decompose the data into static background,
smooth foreground, and noise, respectively. Specifically, the static
background is modeled by the low-rank tucker decomposition,
the smooth foreground (moving objects) is modeled by the spatiotemporal continuity, which is enforced by the total variation
regularization, and the noise is modeled by the sparsity, which
is enforced by the L1 norm. An efficient algorithm based on
alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is implemented to solve the proposed model. Extensive experiments on
both simulated and real data demonstrate that the proposed
method significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches
for background/foreground separation in noisy cases.
A Study on Various Mesh Generation Techniques used for Engineering Applications
Authors: T. V. Smitha , S Madhura , R Sindhu , R Brundha
Published: June 2021

In this paper our aim is to provide a survey of mesh generation techniques for some Engineering applications. Mesh generation is a very important requirement to solve any problem by very popular numerical method known as Finite element method (FEM). It has several applications in various fields. One such technique is Automated generation of finite element meshes for aircraft conceptual design. It’s an approach for automated generation of fully connected finite element meshes for all internal structural components, given wing body, geometry model, controlled by a few conceptual level structural layout parameters. Another application where it is used is in the study of biomolecules to generate volumetric mesh of a biomolecule of any size and shape based on its atomic structure. These methods are proved to be a faster method due to the usage of computing techniques. Mesh generator is also used for creating finite element surface and volumetric mesh from 3D binary and gray scale medical images. Some of the applications include volumetric images, surface mesh extraction, surface mesh repairing and many more. It is of great importance in understanding the human brain which is a complex subject. Though 3D visualization is a useful tool available, yet it is inadequate due to its challenging computational problem. This paper also includes the survey on latest tools used for these applications which overcomes many problems associated with the conventional approaches.
OCCUPATIONAL MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY AMONG COAL WORKERS AND MINING COMMUNITIES PROXIMATE TO COAL MINING AREAS- A CASE STUDY OF JAINTIA HILLS DISTRICT IN MEGHALAYA
Authors: Wistful In Excelsis Nongrem  , Vanlalchhawna
Published: June 2021

The coal sector of Meghalaya provides the rural people and migrants the means of livelihood. It is an artisanal and small-scale mining which obtain minerals illegally. The present study examines the working conditions and conditions of work of coal workers at the mines which endangers the lives of miners daily. The researcher conducted a household survey with a total sample size of 180 households. Data were collected at the household and individual level surveyed from different coal bearing villages. The problems of environmental degradation are a growing concern to the mined and unmined areas yet on the other side the more complex effects are that unscientific mining is also inextricably associated to different health hazards. The result shows that most mining households with 53% performed work at very deep underground pits of a depth higher than 121 feet below the ground level and 46% of the households reveals to have work in narrow rat holes which are dug horizontally and the distance of its ranging from 1000-1500 metres. Meanwhile the illegal activity pushes to continue extraction into the remote pristine forests which are far from government hospitals, schools, have no transportation service and complete absence of work safety conduct.
KEYWORDS: Informal mining, coal workers, rat-hole mines, mortality, morbidity, health conditions, Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya.
Ritual vespertino
Authors: Velarde González Alfredo
Published: June 2021

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The concept of corporate governance
Authors: Garzón Castrillón Manuel Alfonso
Published: June 2021

This article aimed to identify the different concepts of corporate governance, in this sense, the first section presents a review of the literature based on the Methodi Ordinatio in relation to the concept of corporate governance (CG), followed by the revision of the theories from which it is studied: Theory of the agency; the shareholder or stockholder theory; the resource dependency theory; Stakeholder theory; the theory of Stewardship or Management Theory, the approach based on knowledge and corporate governance and the performance of the company, finally, the conclusion of the study in which it stands out that the objective of CG theories is not to study how managers govern - that would lead us to confuse the term governance with administration - but rather how it is.
Kesejarahan Teks pada Naskah Syair Kupu-Kupu
Authors: Novitasari Delima , Wirajaya Asep Yudha
Published: June 2021

Manuscript Syair Kupu-Kupu (hereinafter referred to as SKK) is one of the manuscripts that fall into the category of symbolic poetry. This manuscript stored at Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin with the Schoemann V 40 manuscript code. SKK has three version of texts. This manuscript does not have a colophon containing information about the manuscript. SKK manuscripts is included in the category of symbolic poetry because the contents of the SKK text are assumed to represent past events written using animal and plant symbols as character names. This characteristic of symbolic poetry described by GL Koster in his dissertation research. The research on the SKK manuscrips was carried out to determine the history of the emergence of symbolic poetry through the information contained in the text. The theories used in this research are codicology and textology theories. Codicological theory is used to describe the text. Textological theory is used to analyze the history of the SKK text and the reasons for the emergence of symbolic verses. The result of the research on the SKK manuscript was that the SKK manuscript was written at the request of a manuscript collector from Germany named Carl Schoemann while in the Dutch East Indies. In addition, the emergence of symbolic poetry in the Malay region is due to the concept in the Malay community to hide things that are considered taboo to be told. This is in accordance with the agreement of the first Malay king with his people in Malay History.
METHODS OF FIRE INVESTIGATION
Authors: Ovsepyan G. M. , Korenyugin V. V.
Published: June 2021

In the context of socio-economic transformations taking place in the Russian state, characterized by a difficult financial and economic situation, a serious problem is the fight against fires that cause significant harm to people’s lives and health, and huge economic and environmental damage.
Modern advances in science and technology have made it possible to create numerous means of preventing fires, but these days, fires are not uncommon. The main reason for the low effectiveness of the disclosure and investigation of fire-related offenses is the ingrained and widespread practice of omissions when working at the fire site, when it is still objectively possible to collect all the necessary information about the fire. Therefore the special sharpness is got by a problem of improvement of professional skill of the persons investigating the fires. The lack of training of investigators in this regard leads to the fact that the investigation of fire cases does not give the desired results. This circumstance increases the importance of applying special knowledge in the field of natural and technical Sciences, allowing in a difficult situation to establish cause-and-effect relationships between elements of the mechanism of a criminal event, including both human actions and manifestations of objective laws of nature.
The Impact of Terrorism on Capital Markets
Authors: Couto Gualter , Pimentel Pedro , Roias Carina , Castanho Rui Alexandre
Published: June 2021

This work aims to analyze the impact of terrorism on the countries' capital markets and in the transport industry. To this end, eight recent terrorist attacks in the European Union have been studied and compared to two older similar attacks in the same region. The stock indices used in this study relate to the country's main index where the attack occurred and the FTSE Euro 100, S&P 500, and Dow Jones Singapore indices, representing the European, American, and Asian markets respectively. The results of this work are relatively discrepant since it was not possible to identify concretely the pattern of a terrorist attack on the capital markets. However, when we look at both time horizons studied, the results point to a greater capacity for market recover over time on terrorism.
Groundwater Laws and Regulations: A Preliminary Survey of Thirteen U.S. States (Second Edition)
Authors: Bennett Alexander , Gay Contessa , Graves Ashley , Long Thomas , Milliken Erin , Reed Margaret , Smith Laura , Thomas Lauren
Published: June 2021

This report presents results of a study investigating the groundwater laws and regulations of thirteen U.S. states. The report is actually the second edition of the study following amendments made to the first edition in response to extensive feedback and reviews solicited from practitioners, academics, and other professionals working in the field of water law from across the country. The purpose of the project is to compile and present the groundwater laws and regulations of every state in the United States that could then be used in a series of comparisons of groundwater governance principles, strategies, issues, and challenges. Professor Gabriel Eckstein at Texas A&M University School of Law and Professor Amy Hardberger at Saint Mary’s University Law School developed a matrix to ascertain chief components and characteristics of the groundwater legal regime of each state. Student researchers then used the matrix to respond to a standardized set of questions about the groundwater laws and regulations of a selection of states. In the near future, additional volumes with surveys of other U.S. states will be issued.
Správní mechanismy přesunu knižních fondů v letech 1918–1954: odrazový můstek k výzkumu knižní provenience
Authors: Sulženko Marcela , Kokeš Luboš
Published: June 2021

The history of Czechoslovak private libraries reflected great historical events, specifically in the change of ownership between 1918 and 1945/1954. The biggest change came after the Second World War, when the highest state officials decided to punish war criminals. In general, all Germans were labelled as enemies of the republic and were to bear collective guilt for starting the war. Their punishment included, among other things, the loss of property, which also concerned their libraries. This study focuses on the state administration dealing with such property.
Jezuitské fondy Národní knihovny ČR ve světle provenienčního průzkumu
Authors: Císařová Smítková Alena , Paličková Tereza , Vackářová Jana
Published: June 2021

The paper provides an overview of the provenances of the Jesuit books placed in the historical collection of the National Library of the Czech Republic. As expected, early printed books from former Jesuit libraries form one of the largest provenance groups in the NL collections. So far, 6,398 titles from the abolished Jesuit libraries in Bohemia have been identified. The identification of individual volumes is possible thanks to the relatively consistent ownership notes written on the title pages of the books; other clues are provided by specific bookbinding or donor inscriptions. In addition to the library of the Clementinum College, it has been possible to find fragments of the libraries of the Jesuit college in Český Krumlov, Chomutov, Jindřichův Hradec, Jičín, Kutná Hora, St Ignatius College in Prague, the colleges in Cheb, Hradec Králové, Litoměřice, Březnice, and the Professed House in the Lesser Town of Prague. Groups of books from the Jesuit residences in Bohosudov, Doupov, Golčův Jeníkov, Košumberk, Liběšice, Opařany, Ostředek, Stará Boleslav, Svatá Hora near Příbram, Tuchoměřice and Žampach have been documented as well. Of course, this overview of the preserved and identified fragments of Jesuit libraries is not complete. In addition, the libraries contained manuscripts and incunabula, but this research focuses on the collection of early printed books, especially its core, Bibliotheca nationalis.
Provenienční průzkum zámecké knihovny Jílové
Authors: Polívková Hana
Published: June 2021

The paper examines provenances in the Jílové Castle Library, which is a fragment of the Thun-Hohenstein family library (Děčín branch). Apart from the Thun ownership marks, the library contains remnants of significant book acquisitions of the 19th and 20th centuries. The research has also proved that some books from the library of the Cathedral Chapter in Hradec Králové were accidentally included into this collection after its transfer under the administration of the National Museum Library. Even some particular book owners have been identified.
Praha třicátých let 20. století očima šestnáctileté Francouzky
Authors: Kašparová Jaroslava
Published: June 2021

An interesting item of Bohemian provenance has been preserved in the archives of the Institut dʼétudes slaves (IES) in Paris, namely in the André Mazon collection, which comprises, among other things, the correspondence of the Mazon family. It is a set of 12 letters sent by a young student, Jacqueline Mazon, daughter of the famous French Slavist André Mazon, to her mother, Jeanne Roche-Mazon, from Paris and Prague. They concern her stay in Prague from the end of August until the middle of October 1934, when the girl lived in the family of the Prague businessman Otakar Podhajský in Hostivař in the company of his daughters of approximately the same age. The correspondence provides insight not only into the personal experiences and feelings of a French teenager living in a culturally different environment and absorbing its language and culture or into the lives of the French intellectual family of the Mazons and the Czech business family of the Podhajskýs, but especially into the lives of the Prague city burghers in the middle of the 1930s. It presents an interesting image of Prague and its inhabitants, artistic monuments as well as cultural and economic situation at that time, an image captured through the eyes of a foreigner, the future Bohemist, which Jacqueline Mazon remained until the end of her life. The article is thus one of the contributions to the history of French-Czech cultural relations of the first half of the 20th century.
Legal principles of activity of the civil service of Ukraine on medicines and drug control
Authors: Prystinska Kateryna
Published: June 2021

The article examines the activities of the State Medical Service of Ukraine in terms of consideration of their management, jurisdictional and control and supervisory component. The State Medical Service is a state body that exercises rights and responsibilities in the field of administrative and legal regulation of the use of drugs and drug trafficking. This body has the right to make decisions that are binding on certain executive bodies, local governments, officials, businesses, citizens. In order to solve complex problems related to human health and counteract the spread of illicit drug trafficking, in 2014 the State Service of Ukraine for Medicines and Drug Control was established by reorganizing the State Service for Medicines. funds and the State Drug Control Service. The main task of this structure was the implementation of state policy, which was previously carried out by the State Service for Medicines and the State Service for Drug Control. Calculations of quantitative indicators of the Regulations on this service have been carried out. Significant uneven distribution of material and shortcomings of legal technique are shown. The tasks of the State Medical Service are analyzed, which are systematized in the following areas: practice of application of legislation; state control; issuance of instructions and licenses; issuance of permits. It has been proved that the State Medical Service is responsible for implementing a set of measures to combat drug trafficking. Its structure, territorial subdivisions and state enterprises are considered. It is shown that in 2019 the State Medical Service found 2 453 violations of the law, which resulted in the termination of licenses and a ban on business activities. This structure interacts with law enforcement agencies, citizens, public and international organizations in the field of combating drug trafficking. It is noted that the State Medical Service conducts extensive international cooperation in the field of combating drug trafficking with the European Commissions and International Committees, to which information related to drug trafficking is sent on a regular basis.

Key words: administrative activity, executive bodies, narcotic substances, medicines, state policy, illicit trafficking.
DEVELOPING WEB-BASED MEDIA TO PROMOTE STUDENTS 'INITIAL CRAFTS
Authors: Amalia Tina , Hanavi Ivan , Sastrawijaya Yuliatri , Jarudin Jarudin
Published: June 2021

Training entrepreneurs is very important to equip students' skills in community life. The students' products in this aspect of handicrafts have been promoted by displaying them in glass cabinets.. Some works are sold directly by students to friends who are interested in buying handicraft products produced. Works that have long been displayed in glass cabinets are usually discarded and replaced by students' work the following year. This is unfortunate because there is no media promotion of students' handicrafts, the purpose of this research is to develop web-based promotional media to promote students' pre-work handicrafts. The method used in this research is by kuantitativ research and development approach. The instrument used kuesioane with a scale of five options liker. Involving 60 participants in product trials divided into two groups, three expert teams for product validation and 57 participants for product trials. The results of the study based on the validation team that the media is feasible to be used as a means of promotion of student handicraft products, while the results of the trial that web-based media is effective to promote the results of student pre-work handicrafts. Kesimpulnya that the products produced can be used as a means of conveying information to the wider community both nationally and globally indefinitely. The implication of this study is to facilitate marketing regardless of the level of the economy in all directions.
Strength of the Termination Shock Inferred from the Globally Distributed Energetic Neutral Atom Flux from IBEX
Authors: Shrestha Bishwas L. , Zirnstein Eric J. , Heerikhuisen Jacob , Zank Gary P.
Published: June 2021

In this study, we estimate the heliospheric termination shock (HTS) compression ratio at multiple directions in the sky from a quantitative comparison of the observed and simulated inner heliosheath (IHS) energetic neutral atom (ENA) fluxes. We use a 3D steady-state simulation of the heliosphere to simulate the ENA fluxes by postprocessing the MHD plasma using a multi-Maxwellian distribution for protons in the IHS. The simulated ENA fluxes are compared with time exposure–averaged IBEX-Hi data for the first 3 yr of the mission. The quantitative comparison is performed by calculating the fractional difference in the spectral slope between the observed and simulated ENA fluxes for a range of compression ratios, where the simulated ENA spectrum is varied as a function of downstream pickup ion temperature as a function of compression ratio. The estimated compression ratio in a particular direction is determined by the minimum value of the fractional difference in spectral slope. Our study shows that the compression ratio estimated by this method is in close agreement with the large-scale compression ratio observed by Voyager 2 in its travel direction. Also, the compression ratio in other directions near the ecliptic plane is similar to the compression ratio at the Voyager 2 direction. The weakest shock compression is found to be on the port side of the heliosphere at direction (27°, 15°). This is the first study to estimate the HTS compression ratio at multiple directions in the sky from IBEX data.
Kepler K2 Measurement of the Rotational Period of the Intermediate Polar 1RXS J180431.1-273932
Authors: Sanne Sierra , O’Brien Bradley , Littlefield Colin , Garnavich Peter , Szkody Paula
Published: June 2021

1RXS J180431.1-273932 is an intermediate polar: a cataclysmic variable star with a rapidly rotating, magnetized white dwarf. We analyze the system’s Kepler K2 short-cadence light curve and identify a strong, highly coherent pulse with a period of 0.0057171 ± 0.0000002 days, which matches the proposed white dwarf rotational period identified in previous X-ray studies. We establish an ephemeris for the optical spin pulse.
An Updated Review of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Cho Hee Jeong , Sohn Sang Kyun
Published: June 2021

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), characterized by monoclonal B-cell accumulation and highly variable clinical manifestations that range from an indolent to an aggressive course, is rare in Korea. Asymptomatic patients with early stage CLL can be followed up without treatment; however, those with active or advanced disease require treatment immediately after diagnosis, for symptom alleviation and prolonging survival. Previously, chemotherapy using cytotoxic agents was the only therapeutic option available for patients with CLL. Research has provided a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease, and novel agents such as monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors that target specific sites on leukemic cells have been introduced. The advent of these new drugs has led to improved clinical outcomes in patients with CLL. Currently, Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitors or B-cell lymphoma-2 inhibitors are recommended as frontline therapy, prior to the administration of cytotoxic agents or combination therapy with monoclonal antibodies. In this article, we review the diagnosis and prognosis of CLL, in addition to the clinical implications of the various therapeutic options.
La réception de l'interprétation française des théories du droit naturel dans le monde anglo-saxon
Authors: Demelemestre Gaëlle
Published: June 2021

Les travaux des exégètes français sur la tradition du droit naturel ont été largement ignorés par les scientifiques anglo-saxons jusqu’à une date très récente. Cependant, depuis une vingtaine d’années, la tendance accrue à la juridicisation des droits de la personne a conduit les juristes anglophones à s’interroger sur leur statut, leur réalité et leur signification, questions jusqu’alors assez peu pertinentes dans la tradition de la common law . Il n’est donc pas surprenant d’avoir vu émerger outre-mer des recherches approfondies sur certains concepts-clé des grands interprètes français des idées juridiques, concernant en particulier la théorie thomasienne du droit classique et la thèse selon laquelle le nominalisme occamien est à l’origine de la notion de droit subjectif. Le présent article entend montrer comment la marque française s’est imprimée dans ces nouveaux travaux, à la fois en ouvrant des perspectives qui n’auraient jamais été explorées sans elle, et en nourrissant de ce fait une critique informée et stimulante de ses thèses majeures.
Le chien, animal domestique, animal de compagnie, animal dangereux
Authors: Rude-Antoine Edwige
Published: June 2021

L’auteur présente le statut juridique de l’animal, les normes juridiques visant la protection de l’animal domestique, l’animal de compagnie et plus particulièrement les décisions de justice concernant le chien « dangereux ».
Les risques concernant l’utilisation des algorithmes dits prédictifs dans le domaine sensible de la justice
Authors: Filiol Éric
Published: June 2021

L’utilisation de techniques prédictives dans le processus de la justice, avec le développement des techniques de fouille et d’analyse des données, est considérée non seulement comme une évolution nécessaire mais encore plus comme une révolution de nature à optimiser et à rationaliser la gestion du justiciable. Cet article se propose d’exposer en quoi cette évolution est porteuse de risques, quels sont les enjeux, certains importants et surtout pourquoi il est illusoire d’espérer quelque chose de positif pour les procédures judiciaires.
Pantoufler, une affaire d'hommes ?
Authors: Kolopp Sarah
Published: June 2021

Résumé Cet article contribue à éclairer la faible féminisation des états-majors bancaires français en analysant une de leurs filières de recrutement, la filière « État », du point de vue du genre. Il s’appuie sur une enquête menée sur la direction du Trésor (en charge de la politique financière de l’État) qui, en organisant un système up or out de gestion des carrières de ses cadres, s’est imposée comme un lieu-clé du pantouflage des énarques vers les milieux bancaires à partir des années 1960. À partir d’un travail prosopographique et par entretiens avec les énarques hommes et femmes de la direction, il montre que pantoufler dans la banque constitue un privilège masculin. Il rend compte de l’inégal accès des hommes et femmes énarques à cette filière prisée de pantouflage par leurs trajectoires différentes (et hiérarchisées) d’accès à la haute fonction publique, et par les biais de genre nichés dans les dispositifs de gestion des carrières au Trésor. Cet article contribue ainsi à documenter les ressorts des inégalités de carrières entre hommes et femmes dans la très haute fonction publique. En analysant le pantouflage à travers le prisme du genre, il met, surtout, en lumière les processus de hiérarchisation, d’élimination et de consécration qui travaillent les sommets de l’État.
La Guerra de la Independencia de México como guerra religiosa: la mirada antiinsurgente y contrarrevolucionaria ante los sucesos de 1810 y 1821
Authors: Escrig Rosa Josep
Published: June 2021

El artículo analiza las dimensiones religiosas de la Guerra de la Independencia de México a partir de las reacciones de los eclesiásticos que adoptaron posiciones conservadoras. La caracterización de la contienda como una cruzada, en el sentido flexible de guerra religiosa, en contra o a favor de la ruptura con la Monarquía española, muestra la capacidad de los discursos religiosos para ser adaptados a las circunstancias, legitimar empresas distintas y difundir ideología entre la sociedad. Se pretende contribuir a una interpretación más rica de las relaciones entre religión, política y cultura de la guerra.
Auge y caída de José Ballivián en Bolivia (1841-1847). Construcción y derribo de la batalla de Ingavi como base legitimadora
Authors: Colàs Pol
Published: June 2021

El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar la construcción discursiva alrededor de la victoria en la batalla de Ingavi (1841), ensalzando su importancia como segunda independencia de Bolivia ante el invasor peruano y «monstruo político» Agustín Gamarra, y José Ballivián, héroe unificador de las facciones irreconciliables del país, para legitimar su administración. A su vez, se pretende analizar el discurso contrario, formado por los opositores a la presidencia de Ballivián en el momento de su caída para deslegitimar su causa y justificar nuevos liderazgos en el país.
La villa de Rufio (Giano dell’Umbria, PG-Italia): fases constructivas y desarrollo de un modelo productivo esclavista
Authors: Molina Vidal Jaime , López Medina María Juana
Published: June 2021

Se presenta la villa romana de Gaius Iulius Rufio, situada en la via Flaminia (Regio VI, Italia) y su evolución cronológica. El análisis de las fases del conjunto arquitectónico se basa en el estudio de los mosaicos y las curvas cronológicas realizadas a partir de la cuantificación cerámica. La villa fue construida en el último cuarto del siglo I a. C. como villa esclavista, presentando un ergastulum en la pars rustica (Fase 1). En la segunda mitad del siglo I d. C. se observa una fuerte remodelación del conjunto (Fase 2) con la amortización del ergastulum y la extensión de estructuras productivas en la pars urbana. Esta fase marcaría un límite máximo de extensión de los sistemas esclavistas en esta región que podría servir de referencia para el conjunto villas esclavistas romanas en Italia. A finales del siglo I d. C. o principios del siglo II d. C. el conjunto presenta potentes fases de destrucción y abandono.
Reconstruire l’ordre institutionnel international
Authors: Besson Samantha
Published: June 2021

Les États n’agissent plus seuls sur la scène internationale. Interviennent désormais à leurs côtés, voire parfois à leur place, d’autres institutions comme les organisations internationales, les entreprises multinationales, les organisations non gouvernementales, les régions, ou encore les villes globalisées. Or, on ne dispose d’aucune indication claire, et encore moins d’un « droit international des institutions », permettant de répondre aux trois questions essentielles de l’organisation sociale et politique que sont la représentation, la règlementation et la responsabilité. Quelles institutions peuvent agir pour qui sur le plan international ? À quelles conditions leurs décisions peuvent-elles prétendre lier juridiquement, et avoir la légitimité de le faire ? Et, quelles institutions doivent répondre envers qui, et comment, de la violation du droit international ? Le temps est venu de reconstruire l’ordre institutionnel international.
Surface Proteins of SARS-CoV-2 Drive Airway Epithelial Cells to Induce IFN-Dependent Inflammation
Authors: Anand Gautam , Perry Alexandra M. , Cummings Celeste L. , St. Raymond Emma , Clemens Regina A. , Steed Ashley L.
Published: June 2021

SARS-CoV-2, the virus that has caused the COVID-19 pandemic, robustly activates the host immune system in critically ill patients. Understanding how the virus engages the immune system will facilitate the development of needed therapeutic strategies. In this study, we demonstrate both in vitro and in vivo that the SARS-CoV-2 surface proteins spike (S) and envelope (E) activate the key immune signaling IFN pathway in both human and mouse immune and epithelial cells independent of viral infection and replication. These proteins induce reactive oxidative species generation and increases in human- and murine-specific, IFN-responsive cytokines and chemokines, similar to their upregulation in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Induction of IFN signaling is dependent on canonical but discrepant inflammatory signaling mediators, as the activation induced by S is dependent on IRF3, TBK1, and MyD88, whereas that of E is largely MyD88 independent. Furthermore, these viral surface proteins, specifically E, induced peribronchial inflammation and pulmonary vasculitis in a mouse model. Finally, we show that the organized inflammatory infiltrates are dependent on type I IFN signaling, specifically in lung epithelial cells. These findings underscore the role of SARS-CoV-2 surface proteins, particularly the understudied E protein, in driving cell specific inflammation and their potential for therapeutic intervention.
Pythium keratitis: Clinical profile, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, and histopathology features post-treatment at a tertiary eye care center in Eastern India
Authors: Vishwakarma Pratima , Mohanty Amrita , Kaur Amanjot , Das Sujata , Priyadarshini Smruti Rekha , Mitra Sanchita , Mittal Ruchi , Sahu Srikant K
Published: June 2021

Purpose:

The aim of this work was to study demography, clinical profile, laboratory diagnosis, and management of Pythium keratitis at a tertiary eye care center in Eastern India.

Methods:

Eighteen patients with culture-positive Pythium keratitis managed at our center between January 2016 and December 2018 were included in this retrospective study. Clinical features, laboratory investigations, treatment, and outcomes were analysed.

Results:

Pythium keratitis commonly affects middle-aged males with low socioeconomic profile and history of trauma. Samples stained with Gomori methenamine silver showed 93.8% positivity and Iodine-potassium iodide-sulfuric acid showed 100% positivity. Periodic acid-Schiff’s showed negative staining in 62.5% and weak in 37.5%. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method showed zone of inhibition as 30.25 ± 4.61 mm for Linezolid and 23.56 ± 6.86 mm for Azithromycin. Medical management included topical/oral linezolid and azithromycin. Therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty (TPK) was done in 15 eyes (83.3%), repeat TPK in 4 eyes, and evisceration in 3 eyes (16.7%). One patient required only medical treatment. Globe salvation was obtained in 15 (83.3%) eyes, and good visual outcome in 7 eyes (38. 9%). There was graft failure in six eyes (40%) and two (11.1%) eyes went into phthisis. Patients were divided into early and late presenters. Late presenters had more complications and worse final visual outcome.

Conclusion:

Pythium keratitis can be differentiated from fungal keratitis by its characteristic appearance on slit-lamp examination, smear, culture, and histopathology. Early presentation, detection, and treatment with antibacterial drugs like linezolid and azithromycin results in a better prognosis. Early full-thickness corneal transplant should be considered for Pythium keratitis not responding to treatment.
A population-based study on the prevalence and causes of childhood blindness and visual impairment in North India
Authors: Wadhwani Meenakshi , Vashist Praveen , Senjam Suraj Singh , Gupta Vivek , Saxena Rohit , Tandon Radhika
Published: June 2021

Purpose:

This was a population-based study to determine the prevalence and causes of visual impairment in children less than 16 years in Urban North India.

Methods:

This cross-sectional study was conducted in 40 clusters of urban Delhi. 20,955 children aged less than 16 years underwent visual acuity screening using age-appropriate visual acuity charts. Unaided visual acuity of enumerated children aged over 2 years was assessed by using Lea symbols chart in 3-5 years age group and logMAR tumbling E charts for the 6-15 years age group. For children aged 0-2 years, fixation and following to torch light was assessed. All the children with unaided visual acuity of <6/12 in any eye in age group 3–15 years and inability to follow the light in age <3 years were referred for detailed ophthalmic examination.

Results:

Amongst 20,955 children examined for visual acuity a total of 789 children were referred to the central clinic for detailed ophthalmic examination. Of these referred children, a total of 124 had presenting visual acuity <6/18 in the better eye. The prevalence of visual impairment (VI) was 5.92 per thousand (95% CI: 4.96-7.05). The prevalence of moderate to severe visual impairment was maximum in the age group of 11 to 15 years. The main cause of avoidable VI in these children was a refractive error (75.7%). The prevalence of blindness was 0.42 per thousand.

Conclusion:

Optic nerve abnormalities were the most important cause of blindness in children. Refractive error is the most important cause of visual impairment amongst children and needs to be addressed.
Cataract surgical reach: Falling short to catch white cataracts!
Authors: Rewri Parveen , Lohan Aprajita , Aggarwal Sagarika , Chodhary Priyanka , Singhal Aparna
Published: June 2021

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to know proportion of white cataracts from among patients coming for cataract surgery, and to find causes delaying uptake of cataract surgery.

Methods:

A hospital-based, prospective study enrolled patients of senile cataract between April 2018 and March 2019. The proportion of white cataract was calculated and underlying causes delaying uptake of cataract surgery studied.

Results:

White cataracts constituted 13.5% of total 3634 senile cataract patients, with gender disparity disfavoring women. Bilateral white cataract was presentation in 39 (8%) patients and lens-related glaucoma in 24 (5%) patients. Pseudophakia in the other eye was single most common cause of delay.

Conclusion:

A large proportion of white cataracts suggest that penetration of cataract surgical services in not reaching to the most eligible individual.
Changes in vergence and accommodation parameters after smartphone use in healthy adults
Authors: Padavettan Chitra , Nishanth Shruti , S Vidhyalakshmi , Madhivanan Nishanth , Madhivanan Nivean
Published: June 2021

Purpose:

To assess pre and post vergence and accommodation parameters after monitored reading on a smartphone device.

Methods:

This prospective comparative study was performed in a tertiary eye care center for a duration of 6 months (December 2017 – May 2018). A total of 47 healthy emmetropic subjects of age group ranging from 18-30 years were recruited for the study. Participants underwent an initial visual screening protocol, followed by accommodation and vergence parameters assessment. The subjects were given reading text of optotype N6 at 40cm working distance for 30 minutes in a smart phone device. Pre and post measurements were documented.

Results:

Among 47 subjects there were 17 male and 30 females with mean age group of 21.2+2.06 years. There was a statistically significant worsening of accommodative components (negative & positive relative accommodation, lag of accommodation). In vergence parameters, a statistically significant deterioration of negative (12.8 + 1.65 to 12.38 + 1.93 PD) and positive fusional vergence (15.48 + 1.53 to 16.08 +1.61 PD) was observed. The mean vergence facility also showed a statistically significant change in pre and post task measurements (13.51 + 1.64 to 10.71 + 1.91 cpm (cycles per minute)).

Conclusion:

The current study investigated that perusing text with a smart phone for 30 minutes shows significant effect on accommodative and vergence components for near task, with greater impact on vergence parameters. Drawn out exposure to digital screens at near, may bring about visual quality dysfunction.