bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interdependence, Internationalization and Foreign Policy Decentralization in Sweden
Authors: Sundelius Bengt
Published: March 2007

Sundelius, B. Interdependence, Internationalization and Foreign Policy Decentrali zation in Sweden. Cooperation and Conflict, XIX, 1984, 93-120.

This paper examines the implications of increasing interdependence on Swedish policy-making structures. It is suggested that such effects include the internationali zation of domestic agencies and a decentralization of foreign policy processes. The empirical test of this hypothesis is primarily based on an examination of staff and budget resources devoted to international affairs during 1950-1980. The data show that the scope and intensity of internationalization have expanded over the period but they do not indicate an increase in its weight. The data also fail to uncover any clear decentralization trend but show the continued dominance of the Foreign Ministry. This study suggests that the structural implications of interdependence may not be as clear and overwhelming as thought but are affected by conscious attempts at controlling decentralizing forces. The paper shows that it is important to distinguish between various national strategies for adjusting to interdependence and its commonly shared pressures on government structures. This case study is part of a comparative project on this theme.
Cuba: Dependent Interventionism
Authors: Dunér Bertil
Published: March 2007

Dunér, B. Cuba: Dependent Interventionism. Cooperation and Conflict, XXII, 1987, 35-47.

Cuban military internationalism has been of great concern to many a Western observer and has also been rather surprising, insofar as it contradicts the theory of International Politics which ascribes a very limited international role to countries of Cuba's size. Some find the explanation of its prolific military involvement abroad in Cuban subordination, Havanna acting at Moscow's behest. While it is evident that the Soviet connection is a key factor, Cuba's relation to the Soviet Union is quite different and far more complex. What is it? Cuba's international behaviour is usually regarded as a case of communist foreign policy. In this article the dimension of Cuba as a developing country is incorporated as well. The analysis is pursued in terms of the categories of resources and national interests, supplemented by that of ideological interests. The answer to the question is given in terms of dependence. Its exact nature and extent are not known but several conclusions can be drawn. Cuba has been dependent on the Soviet Union in the implementation of intervention (and in this respect there has even been interdependence). There may have been financial dependence, too. The most inter esting, however, is Cuban security dependence, implying material reliance on the Soviets as well as their protection underwriting. Whereas dependence on the USSR has made Cuban activism possible, one cannot rule out the possibility that by turning its back on Cuba the Soviet Union has thwarted Cuba's plans in some instances.

It is possible to analyze the efficiency of a revolutionary line by the way the enemies of the revolution react to it. Fidel Castro, Granma 28 January 1966
Operation: Break Even
Authors: Kilborn Paul C.
Published: March 2007

The last five years have produced a revolution in the traveling habits of the public that has created a crisis.... in some cases disaster.... to the thousands of small city and town hotels throughout the country. Lavish new motels, faster transportation, and in many cases lack of urban renewal (especially in parking) have all been con tributing factors of which we are well aware.

Equally responsible, however, are the hotel owners and managers who have not "kept up with the times." Maintenance of physical property has, in many cases, been sadly neglected. And sound business judgment in the cutting of costs, rear rangement of services, and proper promotion and pricing have been definitely lacking.

No doubt exists in our minds that we must exer cise extreme daily vigilance in operating the Mark Twain Hotel just to maintain "Operation: Break Even."

In the coming years many small hotels will close their doors forever.... the result of lack of astute management and, of course, the ever-changing habits of the traveling public. Certainly it is our feeling that few if any hotels in smaller com munities will ever again be profitable from the standpoint of standard business investment. Yet, as an important adjunct to community living, these hotels should be maintained if they can meet the minimum standards of economic feasibility.
Serving the Individual Traveler: "Biki" Oberoi
Authors: Dev Chekitan S. , Glanzberg Al
Published: March 2007

By focusing on the individual business traveler, "Biki" Oberoi has guided Oberoi Hotels from their base in India to management of 31 hotels in nine countries on four continents
Opening the "Taj"
Authors: Brownell Judi
Published: March 2007

In putting together his grandest venture to date, Donald Trump used the principles of corporate culture to make his version of the Taj Mahal a reality. Here's how you can apply the basics of company culture
Marketplace Lodging Needs of Mature Travelers
Authors: Ananth Mangala , DeMicco Frederick J. , Moreo Patrick J. , Howey Richard M.
Published: March 2007

Older travelers require and prefer certain amenities over those preferred by younger travelers-and this study sets forth what those are
Southeast Asia: A New Model For Hotel Development
Authors: Saunders Heather A. , Renaghan Leo M.
Published: March 2007

Southeast Asia is one of the major locations for hotel-company expansion in the 1990s. But hotel companies will find that the old operator-driven game plan that once worked so well in other venues around the world won't work in Southeast Asia. In its place—an owner-driven model
Quality Management: A Ten-Point Model
Authors: Heymann Kenneth
Published: March 2007

An integrated approach to quality management by focusing on ten important operational considerations
Occupancy Taxes: No Free Lunch
Authors: Hiemstra Stephen J. , Ismail Joseph A.
Published: March 2007

Many municipalities have enacted room or occupancy taxes as a means of gaining "free" revenue—money from travelers, who are not constituents. But this form of taxation without representation also has its down side, in the form of reduced occupancy
The Crime of Crime Reporting
Authors: Isaacs Norman E.
Published: March 2007

The American people have never adequately understood the extent to which crime causes a waste of time, money, and human life. The reason for this inadequate understanding is the news papers' failure to supply the people with basic information. Sensationalism, uncritical use of "handout" material, misinforma tion and suppression of information, lack of independent research —all of these constitute the "crime" of crime reporting.
The Adolescent and the Law: A Survey
Authors: Rafky David M. , Sealey Ronald W.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the responses of more than 1,000 urban high school students in "Lake City" to a questionnaire assessing contact with the law, attitudes toward the law, and knowledge of the law. It shows that "legal knowledge" is not an "all or none" phenomenon—students have knowledge of some laws and are un informed about other laws—and it demonstrates that legal knowl edge is independent of respect for the law and disruptive behavior. These findings suggest that the city's current legal education pro gram concentrates on the cognitive aspects of legal education and does not address the affective and behavioral needs of the students. The disassociation of students' legal knowledge and their personal characteristics suggests that legal knowledge is dependent on insti tutional structures rather than societal expectations.
The Computerization of Juvenile Correction
Authors: Wheeler Gerald R.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the characteristics of the computer resource, especially its application in testing the status of the indeterminate sentence, historically associated with the juve nile justice system. Two related studies of the indeterminate sentence are summarized. The first investigates a computer analysis of factors related to institutional stay in thirty states; the second focuses on Ohio's juvenile population. The most salient national findings were the following: (1) Regardless of an institution's size, parole board status, and type of diagnostic classification system, no statistical significant difference in length of institutional stay was observed. (2) Given offender characteristics such as offense and sex, no significant varia tion in stay was demonstrated; however, there was a pattern of detaining status offenders longer than youth committed on felony index crimes and confining males longer than females. (3) While 65 per cent of the states reported having in-house computer capability, only 16 per cent documented length of institutional stay by offender characteristics. In the Ohio study, the major finding was that "younger" and "least dangerous" were characteristics associated with longer stay. Finally, specific measures adopted in Ohio to protect adjudi cated deliquents against the abuses of the indeterminate sentence are outlined.
LPC - A New Perspective on Leadership
Authors: McKague Terrence R.
Published: March 2007

Fiedler's theory of leader effectiveness is described and its relationship with other approaches to leadership examined. The application of Fiedler's concepts to educational organizations is investigated through a discussion of studies carried out in western Canadian schools. Implications for educational administrators are noted. Terence R. McKague is an Associate Professor in the Department of Educational Administration, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
Some Implications of Political Systems Theory for Alternative Demand Processing Mechanisms for Public School Systems
Authors: Gaynor Alan K.
Published: March 2007

The traditional structure of American public school systems is inadequate to process the powerful diverse demands typical of modern urban societies. This paper utilizes Easton's political systems framework to analyze existing structural inadequacies and to support a number of alternative mechanisms for coping more effectively with politically energetic and ideologically divergent educational demands. The author is currently Associate Director of The University Council for Educational Administration.
An Approach to Conceptualizing Competency of Performance in Educational Administration
Authors: Gibson R. Oliver , King Richard A.
Published: March 2007

Three major areas of competence in educational administration are explored within a framework of social action. They include the ability to explain and predict changes in the objective setting, to understand human meaning and intentionality, and to act on the basis of those explanations and understandings. Specific examples of administrative problems are explored within this conceptualization to develop several hypotheses for use in the preparation of educational administrators.

R. Oliver Gibson is a Professor in the Department of Educational Administration at the State University of New York at Buffalo and Richard A. King is an Assistant Professor of Educational Administra tion at the University of New Mexico.
Teachers and Shared Decision Making: The Costs and Benefits of Involvement
Authors: Duke Daniel L. , Showers Beverly K. , Imber Michael
Published: March 2007

The authors conducted a study of teachers' perceptions of the potential costs and benefits of involvement in school decision making. The teachers interviewed rated the potential costs of decision making involvement as low and the potential benefits as high. Nevertheless, many were hesitant to become involved because they saw little possibility that their involvement would actually make a difference.
Contemporary Issues in Theory in Educational Administration
Authors: Willower Donald J.
Published: March 2007

Donald J. Willower is a Professor of Education in the Division of Education Policy Studies at The Pennsylvania State University. The article is based on a paper presented to a UCEA- University of Wisconsin spon sored Career Development Seminar held in memory of the late William J. Davis, former EA Q Editorial Board Member, at Madison, Wisconsin, March 1980.
Women's Representation in School Administration: Recent Trends
Authors: Stockard Jean , Kempner Ken
Published: March 2007

Earlier studies have noted sex discrimination in professional inter actions, graduate school enrollments, and hiring in school administration. The results of this study indicate some changes in these areas. There has been an increase in women's representation on the programs of a state, but not the national, meetings of administrators; an increase in women's representation in educational administration graduate programs; and an increase in women's representation in administrative jobs. However, women graduate students are more of ten in degree rather than credential programs, and women administrators are more often in low-level as opposed to high-level positions. Thus, while ideological and legal changes may have prompted some alterations in women's representation in recent years, sex segregation remains and may be very difficult to alter. But, if the changes noted in this paper result in the liberalization of hiring officials' attitudes and greater pressure from women for further change, sex segregation may lessen.
South African press coverage of a frontline African State
Authors: Mohamed Ali N.
Published: March 2007

In March 1984, an unprecedented peace treaty in southern Africa was signed by the governments of Mozambique and the Republic of South Africa. The treaty held an obvious promise for peace and economic stability in the region, particularly for the signatories.

This study was undertaken to decipher what changes the Nkomati Peace Treaty may have brought to the relationships of the signatories through the eyes of the press. The prestigious Rand Daily Mail was content analyzed. All issues that were published during the twelve-month period preceding the treaty and the twelve-month period following the treaty were included in the study.

Comparisons of the direction of coverage (favorable, neutral, un favorable, towards Mozambique), frequency of coverage, and prominence of the coverage of Mozambique in the Mail were done. The results showed a significantly less favorable treatment of Mozambique following the treaty; a considerable increase in coverage; and a significant decrease in the prominence of Mozambican stories.
Media reform in China since 1978: Background factors, problems and future trends
Authors: Junhao Hong  , Cuthbert Marlene
Published: March 2007

In 1978 China initiated economic and political reforms and implemented various new policies including policies which affected China's mass media to a degree unprece dented in China's media history.

Drawing on a variety of primary sources, including 14 years of experience of the first author in Shanghai Television Station (STV), this study examines the relationship between media reform and economic and political reforms by means of analyzing the factors generating the changes, problems caused by and facing the changes, and the trends of the changes in the 1990s.

The study concludes that media reform will continue in the 1990s, but in a more cautious way, and will be focused more on practice than on systems or policies.
The use of new communication technologies in third world countries: A comparison of perspectives
Authors: Lai Si Tsui
Published: March 2007

This essay examines the debate between the mainstream and critical scholars on new communication technologies and Third World development. It concludes that these perspectives, with contrasting epistemological, theoretical, and methodological positions, are incompatible. The writer suggests the construction of a theoretical model of new communica tion technologies and development based on the critical perspective.
Ambiguities and contradiction: Issues in China's changing political communication
Authors: Lee Chin-Chuan
Published: March 2007

The state in China has sought to bureaucratize media management even though control remains tight. Further, economic reform has unleashed a momentum sufficiently robust to loosen part of that control. Media messages in the age of new technology may be averted, compromised, and resisted to a larger extent. Given the crumbling of other Communist regimes and the increasing interaction with Hong Kong and Taiwan, the PRC's media stand at the threshold of significant change. The post-Cold War era demands new conceptual frameworks and richly contextualized ‘thick descriptions’ for journalists to understand China.
The media coverage and public awareness of environmental issues in Japan
Authors: Mikami Shunji , Takeshita Toshio , Nakada Makoto , Kawabata Miki
Published: March 2007

This paper examines how mass media in Japan influenced upon the public awareness of the global environmental issues during and prior to the Earth Summit (UNCED) in 1992. Our survey revealed substantial public concern about environmental issues in Japan. Content analysis of television news during the UNCED, however, found relatively weak relationship between the salient environmental issues of the audience and the portrayal of environmental issues in television news during the UNCED. An agenda-setting study of the newspapers during and before the UNCED showed a gradual and cumulative nature of the effects rather than the immediate effects. The amount of television viewing and the attitudes toward environmental tax showed positive association, after controlling for demographic variables, which suggested cultivation effects of the media.
The production of television ideologies
Authors: Ma Eric K.W.
Published: March 2007

This case study seeks to identify and explain the ideological diversity of two Hong Kong TV dramas produced by public and commercial television respectively. Textual analyses show that the commercial drama can be classified as "choric drama" which resonates with mainstream ideology, while the public drama can be called "lyric drama" which negotiates with the establishment. In the production context of commercial TV, the organizational schema of commercialism, working together with popular aesthetics and feedback system of mass rating, create an unobtrusive reference framework which favors creative options in the choric mode. In public TV, the organizational schema of non-commercialism, working together with elitist aesthetics and feedback system of critical review, creates an reference framework which favors creative options in the lyric mode.
When tribal wars are mass mediated: Re-evaluating the policy of "non-interference."
Authors: Olorunnisola Anthony A.
Published: March 2007

This paper explores the current and potential role of existent and emerging electronic media in the peacemaking process in Africa, where media ownership is paternalistic, politics tribalistic, and internal conflicts are driven by inter-tribal animosity. Against the background of an international political culture of "non-interference," the author attempts to answer the ques tion, "when has interference occurred?" A proposed typology, which weighs the dimensions of third party involvement in prototypical conflicts along host nation's anxiety-cooperation continuum, provides the basis for the suggestion of another political culture of preventive diplomacy. The need for another political culture is offered as a rationale for the proactive deployment of electronic media at the onset of conflicts and well before genocidal blood- bath.
Access to and participation in television in Spain
Authors: Corominas Maria , López Bernat
Published: March 2007

The aim of this paper is to describe the terms by which access practices are currently being carried out in Spain as a primary form of interaction between viewers and stations, and to determine the maximum level of audience participation in the management, programme production and/or programme planning of television stations. Because of the dictatorship in which it originated and developed, Spain constitutes a singular case in Western Europe as far as the regulation and practices of access to television are concerned. Analysis of the Spanish model on the one hand illustrates the role of local communication media as vehicles for civic access and participation, and in particular, an especially charismatic medium such as local television in the context of political democratic transition. On the other hand it shows that in a situation of "democratic normalcy", access to and participation in television increasingly has become more a legally-recognized right than an active and direct practice on the part of the citizens. The fierce competition within Spanish television has without a doubt prompted public television stations to place quantitative aims in the foreground, offering few concessions to those "public service" responsibilities such as access and participation on the part of the citizens that might mean a drop in ratings.
Integration, the Indian state and STAR TV: Policy and theory issues
Authors: Shields Peter , Muppidi Sundeep
Published: March 2007

Since the advent of STAR TV, television programming in India has transformed significantly. Television is no longer under strict government control. What are the implications for the government's national integration project? Will it strengthen or weaken the govern ment's capacity for social control? Will it undermine the government's elaboration of a national identity? The paper addresses these questions. We begin by identifying the social forces that have shaped the turbulent career of the national integration project. The role of the changing television environment is then examined in relation to these forces. The analysis suggests that it is the growing unrest within civil society which poses the real danger to this integration project - not transborder satellite channels. It is argued that democracy can be furthered only by welding together disparate groups in civil society into a bloc that can force concessions from governing elites. Media scholars need to ask how media can play a role in this task.
An enduring schema: the image of the Chinese in American prime time television dramas
Authors: Wu Haoming Denis
Published: March 2007

This study implements an in-depth investigation about the image of the Chinese presented in American prime time television dramas. Content analysis was utilized to record the portrayal of the Chinese in terms of characteristics, demographic attributes, and fiction al interactions with European-Americans. To compare different representations, comparable European-American television characters selected from data banks of the Cultural Indicators project were used. Findings derived from three kinds of statistical analyses lead to a consistent conclusion. This study provides an empirical evidence that the Chinese image is comparatively distorted.
Inequalities in receipt of injury prevention in primary care
Authors: Kendrick Denise
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to assess the receipt of a variety of injury- prevention interventions by socio-demographic characteristics. The families of children aged 3-12 months registered with 18 general practices across Nottingham comprised the intervention groups for the trial ( n = 1100). The package of interventions included: standardised safety advice at child-health surveillance consultations (CHS) at 6-9, 12-15 and 18-24 months; provision of low-cost stair-gates, fireguards, smoke alarms and cupboard locks to families in receipt of means-tested benefits; standardised home-safety checks and free first-aid training. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey of socio-demographic characteristics was followed by assessment of whether interventions had been received during a two-year period. Seventy-eight per cent ( n = 857) of families received at least one intervention. Safety advice at CHS was less likely to be received by families without access to a car and those belonging to an ethnic group other than white. Home safety checks were less likely to be received by families in receipt of benefits and families whose children had suffered an injury, First-aid training was less likely to be received by families living in rented accommodation. Low-cost safety equipment was more likely to be received by families living in rented accommodation and those receiving benefits. Injury prevention interventions are not accessed equally by all socio- demographic groups, and the provision of low-cost safety equipment may help to reduce this inequality, Inequality in receipt of safety advice at child health surveillance by ethnic group has been demonstrated and further work is required to address the reasons for this. Targeting injury prevention towards this group may be required.
The relative effects of residential and school environments on the dental caries experience of 5- and 12-year-old children in the north west of England
Authors: Tickle Martin , Craven Rebecca J , Milsom Keith M , Kay Elizabeth J
Published: March 2007

Objective To identify the relative influence of home and school environments on children's caries experience in both the primary and secondary dentitions.

Setting The north west of England.

Method Data were used from surveys of 5- and 12-year-old children in the north west of England. Super Profiles was used to categorise children into four groups based on the areas in which their home address and school were located. Differences in dental caries experience were examined using t-tests with Bonferroni modification to the p-value.

Results Five-year-old children living in deprived areas and attending schools in deprived areas, and those living in a deprived area but attending a school in an affluent area had significantly (p<0.05) more disease than children from affluent areas who attended schools in deprived areas and those from affluent areas who attended schools in affluent areas. The situation in 12-year-olds differed, those living in deprived areas and attending schools in deprived areas having significantly (p<0.05) more disease than children from the other three groups.

Conclusions The results suggest that the main influence on dental disease experience in both 5- and 12-year-olds is the home environment. The results have implications for the planning of health promotion interventions.
A qualitative study of older people's perceptions of skin cancer
Authors: Wright Lindsay , Bramwell Ros
Published: March 2007

Objective The aim of the current study was to explore the health beliefs of older people in relation to skin cancer.

Design This was a qualitative study, based on semi-structured interviews. Setting Interviews were carried out at a social centre, run by Age Concern, for people aged over 55.

Methods Ten males and ten females, aged between 58 and 87, were interviewed using a semi-structured interview schedule.

Results A qualitative content analysis of the interviews revealed a certain degree of confusion regarding the causes and appearance of skin cancer, and whilst early detection was perceived as 'a good thing' there was evidence of a lack of motivation, salience, knowledge of how to carry out skin self-examination, and a low sense of personal susceptibility.

Conclusions It is suggested that health education for skin cancer needs to be targeted specifically at older people, in a way which encourages them to relate to it, in contrast to current health education which emphasises primary prevention and thus focuses on, and is designed to attract the attention of younger people.
Attitudes of young people toward driving after smoking cannabis or after drinking alcohol
Authors: Danton Kathy , Misselke Louise , Bacon Rob , Done John
Published: March 2007

Objective Currently there is a public welfare debate about the acute effects of cannabis and risk of motor vehicle accidents. This study sought to disclose young people's attitudes, values, and willingness to drive after smoking cannabis, and their awareness of the potential risks.

Design Focus group interviews which contrasted attitudes and beliefs about drinking and driving with those about smoking cannabis and driving.

Setting At the college or workplace where young people were either studying or working.

Method Five focus groups comprising peers from the same work/study environment, each addressing the same set of key issues.

Results Young people appear to be knowledgeable about the risks of drinking and driving, and hold a culture wide value that such behaviour is antisocial. This is in stark contrast to their willingness to smoke

cannabis and drive coupled with poorly developed values and knowledge about the risks involved.

Conclusion Young people appear to be risk averse when it comes to drink- driving, but willing to take risks with smoking cannabis and driving. The difference probably arises from the well developed public health campaigns and education aimed to discourage drink-driving. It is therefore reasonable to be optimistic that health education could change attitudes and willingness to drive after smoking cannabis.
A reflection on the proposed Educational provision for the 'practitioner level'public health/health improvement workforce in Scotland: A discussion paper on the benefits of work-based learning
Authors: Smart Helen , Ritchie Deborah
Published: March 2007

In this paper, the authors present an overview of proposals to revise educational provision for the public health/health improvement workforce in Scotland. Debates and tensions engendered by these proposals are outlined. The authors suggest that work-based approaches to learning are ideally suited to equipping practitioners to work within the complex arena of public health. They conclude that this approach is congruent with a value base that incorporates empowerment, participation and partnership. In order to translate the new proposals into action however a 'change of hearts ands minds' of practitioners and academics must be effected. Employers must also demonstrate a greater commitment to providing quality placements and learning experiences.
Explaining lesbians' practice of breast self-examination: Results from a UK survey of lesbian health
Authors: Fish Julie , Wilkinson Sue
Published: March 2007

Objective To explore the reasons for lesbians' practice of breast self-examination (BSE). Previous research in the USA has suggested that lesbians are less likely than heterosexual women to practise BSE on a

Design A combined quantitative and qualitative research instrument was designed to map patterns of breast health behaviour and to elicit qualitative explanations for those behaviours.

Setting The study used a multiple sampling frame in order to achieve a socially and geographically diverse sample of participants living throughout the UK from Cornwall to the Outer Hebrides. Results Thirteen per cent ( n=137) of lesbians in the sample report monthly practice of BSE. Their stated reasons for regular BSE fall into five main categories: (i) 'Experiences of problems'; (ii) Awareness of particular risks'; (iii) 'Established routine'; (iv) 'Knowledge about BSE'; (v) 'Other'.

Conclusion Lesbians' explanations for their regular practice of BSE may offer valuable insights into their decision making and help to inform the decisions of others to practise monthly BSE. The paper concludes by suggesting ways in which lesbians' explanations may be used to develop lesbian-specific health education and promotion.
Evidence: the holy grail of integrated health promotion and health education
Authors: Baric L.
Published: March 2007

There is no doubt that health promotion and health education (HP/HE) in the UK are in a crisis, in view of the limited amount of financial resources available, the reduction in services and the lack of available new specialist jobs. The Government seems to have made a political decision about the reduction (if not abolition) of HP/HE services, with the danger of throwing the baby out with the bathwater' by neglecting the support for research into methodologies that are still needed for preventing disease and improving health. The idea of creating 'health promoting settings', sponsored by WHO, is gradually losing its supporters. The other alternative, that of integrating HP/HE into the core activity of a setting, is resulting in HP/HE losing its identity and being absorbed into that core activity. This could be considered by some as an advantage, since all the members of a setting become involved in the activity. There are, however, disadvantages in that this integrated form of HP/HE cannot be separately evaluated since it is a part of the core activity. Thus it remains fossilised at the stage of its integration, and does not produce any specific institutions with structured research and development facilities, or create new approaches based on new scientific discoveries, such as the new insights into the contribution of genetics to the prevention and treatment of disease.

In this article, it is argued that there is a way of saving HP/HE as a method for the improvement of people's health, based on the differentiation of activities, the 'value-added' aspect and differential diagnosis, given the problems of the settings and integrative approaches drawing on new evidential methods.
Atypical Facial Pain: A Survey of Treatment in the Manchester Area (UK)
Authors: Elrasheed A.A. , Worthington H.V. , Ariyaratnam S. , Duxbury A.J.
Published: March 2007

Introduction A review of the scientific literature found no unified opinion on the approach to the diagnosis and treatment of atypical facial pain (AFP). Aim To investigate the approaches to AFP, among the units of oral and maxillofacial surgery, oral medicine, anaesthetics, Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT), psychiatry and neurology in the Greater Manchester area (UK). Method Analysis of the clinical notes of 250 patients from a three-year period using a data collection sheet.

Statistical analysis Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests.

Results AFP cases had a female preponderance and a long history of a persistent pain affecting no dominant location. Pain was of moderate to severe intensity, throbbing in quality and could disrupt sleep. Over half the cases had signs and symptoms related to other recognised types of facial pain. Effective treatments involved antidepressants and acupuncture. There was no unified pattern of referral between units. The short and long- term outcomes were influenced by treatment rather than the approach to diagnosis. Anaesthetic and neurology units had better outcomes than the oral and maxillofacial surgery and oral medicine units ( p<0.001).

Conclusions Different specialities receive referrals diagnosed as AFP but there is no uniform approach to treatment and this results in different outcomes. A more uniform approach to care is required.
The development and implementation of a peer-led intervention to prevent smoking among secondary school students using their established social networks
Authors: Audrey Suzanne , Cordall Kathleen , Moore Laurence , Cohen David , Campbell Rona
Published: March 2007

Objective To design, implement and evaluate a peer-led intervention to reduce smoking amongst secondary school students. Design A health promotion intervention combining peer education with diffusion of innovation theory, to be rigorously evaluated by means of a

cluster randomised controlled trial with concurrent process and economic evaluations.

Setting Year 8 students (12/13 year olds) in 30 secondary schools in south-west England and south Wales.

Method Approximately 15 per cent of students, identified by their peers as being influential within the school, were trained to intervene in everyday situations and encourage their fellow students not to smoke. These 'peer supporters' received two days of intensive training from a team of trainers led by professional health educators at training venues and four follow-up sessions back at school. The training aimed to equip the peer supporters with the knowledge, skills and confidence to encourage their peers not to smoke.

Results The intervention proved feasible and acceptable to schools. 10,731 Year 8 students were recruited to the trial at baseline. Retention of peer supporters throughout the ten-week intervention period was high. Eighty- two per cent (687 of 835) of students who consented to act as peer supporters completed the programme and fulfilled the role. The average cost per school of delivering the intervention was £4,702.

Conclusion The costs of implementing this programme were sizeable but, if effective, it could yield substantial long-term health gains and contribute to a reduction in health inequalities.
What's a research protocol?
Authors: Holloway Philip J , Mooney Jeanette A
Published: March 2007

A clinical trial needs a carefully structured, written plan in order not only to ensure its smooth running and successful conclusion but also to gain the compulsory agreement of an ethical committee. Such a plan is called a protocol. It consists of several stages. These are:

1 An introduction;

2 A statement of aims, objectives, hypotheses and the calculation of sample size;

3 A detailed account of the methodology, which itself is divided into a number of sections including the methods used in the statistical analysis of the data;

4 A study schedule and costing;

5 Any necessary appendices; and

6 A supporting bibliography.

This article describes these stages in detail in the hope that a beginner can better understand the planning of a study involving members of the public.
Norms, attitudes and smoking behaviour amongst Manchester students
Authors: Baric L. , MacArthur C. , Fisher C.
Published: March 2007

THE MAIN assumption underlying this study is that people in a society behave in an orderly way and that once we know the essence of that order, much of people's behaviour is predictable. This predictability is based on the expecta tions that are built into social interaction as norms, which reflect the institution alized values of that society. If we know more mechanism of transmission and acquisition of norms, we may be able to intervene and influence this process.

• THIS paper reports on the findings of a study on smoking habits, attitudes, knowledge and norms amongst students at the University of Manchester. It represents a part of a wider study into the problem area of cigarette smoking and the process of socialization, financed by the Health Education Council. The study represents an attempt to explore the possibilities of measuring norms and attitudes, finding out about their trans mission and acquisition and their ultimate effect on smoking.
The role of the Philosopher in health education
Authors: Prvulovich Z.R.
Published: March 2007

THIS somewhat unusual problem can be considered under several headings. First of all, the nature of Health Education itself needs careful examination and clarification. What is meant by 'Health Education' ? Is Health Education synonymous with 'Sex Education', as some people seem to think ? Or is Health Education no more than knowledge of 'hygiene'?
An evaluation of a programme of school health education on smoking
Authors: Dale James J.
Published: March 2007

THIS paper describes an evaluation of an on-going health education programme regarding cigarette smoking undertaken in certain middle schools in Leeds. Attention was given to the three aspects of knowledge, attitude and behaviour. These were ex amined by means of a pre and post questionnaire technique. The results indicated a marked improvement in knowledge, a slight improve ment in attitude and equivocal changes in behaviour.
A strategy for counselling pregnant smokers
Authors: King Jennifer , Eiser J. Richard
Published: March 2007

THIS paper describes the counsel ling strategy employed in part of a longer trial involving 300 women who were still smoking at the time of their first antenatal visit. The strategy appears to have had an effect in reducing smoking among those mothers who had not given up at the time of their first visit.
Impact of health education in reducing drug overdosage
Authors: Tohani Vinod K.
Published: March 2007

A FOUR year retrospective study into the possible effect of a substantial health education programme prom oting the home safety of drugs showed a significant change in admissions of drug overdosage to the hospital.

Though the programme was based on the prevention of accidental poisoning in children and the elderly, it also showed a significant drop in other age groups.
Health education in general practice
Authors: Fowler Godfrey
Published: March 2007

IN the second of his definitive series on health education in general practice, Godfrey Fowler considers the complex factors involved in giving advice which will stick and the potential which the practice has for stimulating changes in patient behaviour.
Teenage girls' knowledge of antenatal care, and its implications for school-based preventive strategies
Authors: Prout Alan
Published: March 2007

IT is suggested that an underlying purpose of dealing with antenatal care in school health and parenthood education is the encouragement of its use in later life. An assumption of this approach is that teenage girls are not aware of the claimed benefits of antenatal care. This is examined through interview material with a sample of teenage girls. It is shown that the ignorance assumption is not warranted, and that preventive strategies would be advised to operate with a more sophisticated view of teenagers' knowledge.
Effective ways of reducing saturated fat intake
Authors: Wise A. , Lockie Gillian M. , Liddell Judith A.
Published: March 2007

THIS paper investigates the extent to which different current nutrition education messages would reduce saturated fatty acid intakes of staff and students in a Scottish institute of higher education. The most effective messages were found to be the substitution of skimmed for full fat milk, and the use of low fat spread in place of butter and other spreads. There were differences in the extent to which sub-groups, especially nutrition students, had already adopted these changes. Lesser potential reductions could be made by the use of low fat cheese, abstention from fried foods, especially chips, use of polyunsaturated margarine in all recipes, and cutting off fat from meat.
Coronary awareness — evaluation of a week's campaign
Authors: Watson D. , Moreton Wendy , Jessop E.G.
Published: March 2007

AN intensive Healthy Heart week was organised in Halstead, Essex. Financed by a district health auth ority grant, the week involved intensive preparation by a multi-displinary working party, and a number of events, as well as a mass mailing. Although evalua tion found some positive results, the overall con clusion was that the results did not justify the effort. However, support from the local community was felt to be valuable, and likely to be the most important lasting effect.
Do resuscitation schemes save lives?
Authors: Hughes Rhys J. V. , Aldridge B.J.
Published: March 2007

1986 saw the introduction of a training programme, called Save a life or Heartsaver aimed at teaching members of the public basic first aid. From American experience, it was claimed that this campaign could help save many lives by teaching people resuscita tion and other life-saving skills. The extent to which these campaigns can and do achieve their objectives is examined, potential weaknesses in this training scheme identified, and suggestions made to bring the training received into line with international practice.
Hiccups in alcohol education
Authors: Roberts Ron
Published: March 2007

SOME of the problems concerning the effectiveness of alcohol education are reviewed. Consideration is given to the little-discussed area of ambiguities in current health education literature. It is suggested there is a wish to reduce cognitive dissonance arising from health educators' own use of alcohol, as well as historically-rooted desire to avoid being considered allies of a temperance or prohibitionist movement.
Adolescents' perceptions of Aids
Authors: White David G. , Phillips Keith C. , Pitts Marion , Clifford Brian R. , Elliott Joseph R. , Davies Maire M.
Published: March 2007

TWO hundred 14- and 15-year-old school children completed a questionnaire about Aids. Their answers revealed that the large majority have learnt that at present Aids is incurable, that condom use during intercourse offers some protection against HIV infection, and that limiting the number of sexual partners reduces the risk of infection. However, a significant minority had failed to absorb even these simple messages. Levels of knowledge about other preventive measures was slight. When asked what other forms of information they would like to have available, very few mentioned details of transmis sion of HIV or preventive messages, but instead requested details of symptoms, cures and further statistics. These youngsters saw themelves as more knowledgeable than they really were about preven tive measures. This belief will block the uptake of information from health education prgrammes. Such programmes need to be structured carefully to allow youngsters to perceive their relevance.
'Eat more food, get more health' — attitudes and food habits of a group of Vietnamese refugees
Authors: Todd Rebecca , Gelbier Stanley
Published: March 2007

TWO hundred Vietnamese refugees living in three London boroughs were interviewed concerning their food habits and attitudes towards diet. They recalled dietary patterns in Vietnam and limitations due to food shortages. Changes in diet in this country and their attitudes towards food in relation to health are described.
Knowledge and attitudes about alcohol in 17- and 18-year-olds
Authors: Black David , Weare Katherine
Published: March 2007

THREE hundred and fifteen young people responded to a survey of their knowledge and attitudes about alcohol. They showed high levels of knowledge of the health risks of alcohol, but overestimated the amount that can be drunk without harm, especially beer. Most thought we do not hear enough about the dangers of alcohol compared with other risks to health. The majority also wanted tougher measures on drinking and driving. Just under half thought advertising of alcohol encouraged young people to drink more. Those who thought this were more likely to want such advertising banned, although this was not a majority view. Most thought alcohol too easily available to under 18s, but did not want its sale ban ned in supermarkets, or its price raised. Most said they would not drink more if they had more money, but this was not the case for heavier drinkers, who were also more likely to believe they knew enough about the health risks of alcohol.
The feasibility of using school-based micro-computers to collect information on the health-related behaviour of children
Authors: Hackett A.F. , Jarvis S.N. , Flanaghan G.J.
Published: March 2007

THE behaviour of children (for example diet, exer cise, smoking and substance abuse) influences their health as adults. Indeed, a substantial amount of health promotion is already aimed at reducing such risks amongst children. Almost nothing, however, is known about the results of these efforts. We are developing, computer programs to enable the preva lence of many aspects of the health-related behaviour of children to be assessed routinely. This report is of a pilot study of one program to monitor some key dietary habits of children. The program was an acceptable and efficient means of collecting data and of carrying out initial analyses which may facilitate feedback to the schools. There was evi dence that the children were more honest in their replies to the computer than to a paper questionnaire which asked similar questions. The need for careful sampling of the study population may be particu larly important when using computers.
Cigarette advertising and the youth market
Authors: Young Doris , Swan Anthony V. , Melia Jane
Published: March 2007

YOUNG people are influenced by cigarette advertis ing and promotion, although the tobacco industry denies this. The evidence is reviewed, and gaps in research are identified. Without such research, adequate controls and health promotion activities cannot be designed effectively.