bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tensor hierarchy algebras and extended geometry. Part II. Gauge structure and dynamics
Authors: Cederwall Martin , Palmkvist Jakob
Published: February 2020

Abstract

The recent investigation of the gauge structure of extended geometry is generalised to situations when ancillary transformations appear in the commutator of two generalised diffeomorphisms. The relevant underlying algebraic structure turns out to be a tensor hierarchy algebra rather than a Borcherds superalgebra. This tensor hierarchy algebra is a non-contragredient superalgebra, generically infinite-dimensional, which is a double extension of the structure algebra of the extended geometry. We use it to perform a (partial) analysis of the gauge structure in terms of an L∞ algebra for extended geometries based on finite-dimensional structure groups. An invariant pseudo-action is also given in these cases. We comment on the continuation to infinite-dimensional structure groups. An accompanying paper [1] deals with the mathematical construction of the tensor hierarchy algebras.
Gesundheit und Fitness von deutschen Schulkindern
Authors: Memaran N. , Schwalba M. , Borchert-Mörlins B. , von der Born J. , Markefke S. , Bauer E. , von Wick A. , Epping J. , von Maltzahn N. , Heyn-Schmidt I. , Grams L. , Homeyer D. , Kerling A. , Stiesch M. , Tegtbur U. , Haverich A. , Melk A.
Published: February 2020

Hintergrund

Übergewicht und Bewegungsmangel stellen bei Kindern ein Risiko für kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen dar. Das Ziel der Studie war, den kardiovaskulären Gesundheitsstatus und die Fitness deutscher Grund- und Gesamtschülerinnen und -schüler sowie mögliche Einflussfaktoren zu erfassen.

Methodik

In einer prospektiven Querschnittsstudie wurden 357 Kinder (9,6 ± 1,7 Jahre) auf kardiovaskuläre Risikofaktoren untersucht. Die Pulswellengeschwindigkeit (PWV) als Maß für die arterielle Gefäßelastizität sowie die Fahrradergometrie zur Einschätzung der Fitness wurden bestimmt.

Ergebnisse

24 % der Kinder waren übergewichtig (Body-Mass-Index, BMI >90. Perzentile) oder adipös (BMI >97. Perzentile). Nahezu alle diese Kinder litten an einer viszeralen Adipositas (99 %). Bei Kindern mit Übergewicht/Adipositas war häufiger eine geringere Gefäßelastizität nachweisbar (PWV „standard deviation score“, SDS 0,8 ± 1,0 vs. 0,2 ± 0,9 bei Kindern ohne Übergewicht, p < 0,001; PWV-Werte >95. Perzentile 24 % vs. 3 %). Das Vorliegen von Übergewicht/Adipositas, Grundschulalter, höherer Blutdruck und niedrigeres „High Density Lipoprotein“(HDL)-Cholesterin waren unabhängige Prädiktoren für geringere Gefäßelastizität. Zudem zeigten Kinder mit Übergewicht/Adipositas einen höheren systolischen Blutdruck, ein nachteiligeres Fettstoffwechselprofil, höhere Harnsäure- und Glutamat-Pyruvat-Transaminase(GPT)-Werte sowie schlechtere körperliche Fitness und einen höheren Medienkonsum. Es bestand eine signifikante Assoziation von BMI und glomerulärer Filtrationsrate.

Diskussion

Das mit erhöhtem BMI und reduzierter Fitness einhergehende kardiovaskuläre Risiko wird durch weitere Risikofaktoren für die Entwicklung eines metabolischen Syndroms verstärkt. Zusätzlich finden sich Hinweise, dass bereits strukturelle Veränderungen an den Gefäßen vorliegen. Unsere Daten legen eine umfassende Beurteilung des individuellen kardiovaskulären Risikos bei Kindern mit Übergewicht nahe und unterstreichen die Notwendigkeit, Präventionsmaßnahmen früh in den Alltag von Kindern zu implementieren, um die kardiovaskuläre Morbidität im Erwachsenenalter zu verringern.
Cutting of Al/Si bilayer systems: molecular dynamics study of twinning, phase transformation, and cracking
Authors: Vardanyan Vardan Hoviki , Zhang Zhibo , Alhafez Iyad Alabd , Urbassek Herbert M.
Published: February 2020

Using the molecular dynamics simulation, we study the cutting of Al/Si bilayer systems. While the plasticity of metals is dominated by dislocation activity, the deformation behavior of Si crystals is governed by phase transformations—here to the amorphous phase. We find that twinning adds as a major deformation mechanism in the cutting of Al crystals. Cutting of Si crystals requires thrust forces that are larger than the cutting forces in order to induce amorphization; in metals, the thrust forces are relatively smaller than the cutting forces. When putting an Al top layer on a Si substrate, the thrust force is reduced; the opposite effect is observed if a Si top layer is put on an Al substrate. Covering an Al substrate with a thin Si top layer has the detrimental effect that the hard Si requires high pressures for cutting; as a consequence, twinning planes with intersecting directions are generated that ultimately lead to cracks in the ductile Al substrate. The crystallinity of the Si chip is strongly changed if an Al substrate is put under the Si top layer: With decreasing thickness of the Si top layer, the Si chip retains a higher degree of crystallinity.
Secondary Overtriage of Trauma Patients to a Central Hospital in Malawi
Authors: Maine Rebecca G. , Kajombo Chifundo , Mulima Gift , Kincaid Jennifer , Purcell Laura , Gallaher Jared R. , Reid Trista D. , Charles Anthony G.
Published: February 2020

Introduction

Secondary overtriage (OT) is the unnecessary transfer of injured patients between facilities. In low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), which shoulder the greatest burden of trauma globally, the impact of wasted resources on an overburdened system is high. This study determined the rate and associated characteristics of OT at a Malawian central hospital.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from January 2012 through July 2017 was performed at Kamuzu Central Hospital (KCH) in Lilongwe, Malawi. Patients were considered OT if they were discharged alive within 48 h without undergoing a procedure, and were not severely injured or in shock on arrival. Factors evaluated for association with OT included patient demographics, injury characteristics, and transferring facility information.

Results

Of 80,915 KCH trauma patients, 15,422 (19.1%) transferred from another facility. Of these, 8703 (56.2%) were OT. OT patients were younger (median 15, IQR: 6–31 versus median 26, IQR: 11–38, p < 0.001). Patients with primary extremity injury (5308, 59.9%) were overtriaged more than those with head injury (1991, 51.8%) or torso trauma (1349, 50.8%), p < 0.001. The OT rate was lower at night (18.9% v 28.7%, p < 0.001) and similar on weekends (20.4% v 21.8%, p = 0.03). OT was highest for penetrating wounds, bites, and falls; burns were the lowest. In multivariable modeling, risk of OT was greatest for burns and soft tissue injuries.

Conclusions

The majority of trauma patients who transfer to KCH are overtriaged. Implementation of transfer criteria, trauma protocols, and interhospital communication can mitigate the strain of OT in resource‐limited settings.
Characteristics of Intestinal Volvulus and Risk of Mortality in Malawi
Authors: Purcell Laura N. , Reiss Rachel , Mabedi Charles , Gallaher Jared , Maine Rebecca , Charles Anthony
Published: February 2020

Background

Intestinal volvulus is a common cause of mechanical intestinal obstruction (MIO) in Africa. Sigmoid volvulus has been well characterized in both high‐income and low‐income countries, but there is also a predilection for small bowel volvulus in sub‐Saharan Africa.

Methods

An analysis was performed of the Kamuzu Central Hospital Acute Care Surgery Registry from 2013 to 2019 on patients presenting with intestinal volvulus. Bivariate analysis was performed for covariates based on the intestinal volvulus type. Multivariate Poisson regression models estimated the relative risk of volvulus and mortality.

Results

A total of 4352 patients were captured in the registry. Overall, 1037 patients (23.8%) were diagnosed with MIO. Intestinal volvulus accounted for 499 (48.1%) of patients with MIO. Sigmoid volvulus, midgut volvulus, ileosigmoid knotting, and cecal volvulus accounted for 57.7% (n = 288), 19.8% (n = 99), 20.8% (n = 104), and 1.6% (n = 8), respectively. Mean age was 46.8 years (SD 17.2) with a male preponderance (n = 429, 86.0%) and 14.8% (n = 74) mortality. Overall, the most common operations performed were large bowel (n = 326, 74.4%) and small bowel (n = 76, 16.7%) resections with 18.0% (n = 90) ostomy formation. Upon regression modeling, the relative risk for volvulus was 2.7 times higher in men than women after controlling for season and age. There was no statistically significant difference in the relative risk of mortality based on the type of volvulus.

Conclusion

Volvulus is a significant cause of primary bowel obstruction in sub‐Saharan Africa. Type of intestinal volvulus is not associated increased risk of mortality. Reasons for increases in the incidence of small bowel volvulus are still largely undetermined.
Concomitant chronic venous insufficiency in patients with peripheral artery disease: insights from MR angiography
Authors: Ammermann Felix , Meinel Felix G. , Beller Ebba , Busse Anke , Streckenbach Felix , Teichert Christine , Weinrich Malte , Neumann Andreas , Weber Marc-André , Heller Thomas
Published: February 2020

Objectives

The clinical presentation of peripheral artery disease (PAD) and chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) can overlap and the conditions may co-exist. The purpose of our study was to investigate the prevalence and clinical significance of concomitant CVI in patients with PAD examined with run-off MR angiography (MRA).

Methods

We analysed 180 patients (median age 69 years, range 27 to 91) with known or suspected PAD who underwent MRA at our institution between 2012 and 2018. MRA datasets were re-evaluated for manifestations of CVI. Electronic charts were reviewed to analyse whether diagnosis of CVI was documented and to determine Fontaine stage of PAD.

Results

Evidence of possible CVI on MRA was found in 38 (21%) patients. Only seven (18%) of these patients had a documented diagnosis of CVI. Patients with co-existing PAD and CVI were more likely obese (median BMI 29.7 vs. 26.3 kg/m2, p = 0.001) and diabetic (55 vs. 35%, p = 0.039) than patients without CVI. The frequency of concomitant CVI manifestations decreased from distal to proximal with the lower leg affected in all 38 patients and the thigh in 17 patients (45%). Patients with co-existing PAD and CVI were more likely to have a clinical diagnosis of stage IV PAD than patients without co-existing CVI (57% vs. 34%, relative risk 1.68, p = 0.018).

Conclusions

Signs of possible concomitant CVI can be seen in approximately one-fifth of patients with known or suspected PAD examined with run-off MRA. If present, these findings should be reported since CVI may mimic or contribute to symptoms attributed to PAD.

Key Points

• In total, 21% of patients with PAD patients examined with MR angiography show signs of possible co-existing CVI.

• Patients with co-existing CVI were 1.7-fold more likely to have a clinical diagnosis of stage IV PAD.

• Our data also showed that co-existing chronic venous insufficiency is under-diagnosed in patients with PAD.
Die Schmerzasymbolie – um 1930 von Paul F. Schilder entdeckt und heute fast vergessen?
Authors: Jahn Martin , Steinberg Holger
Published: February 2020

Paul Ferdinand Schilder (1886–1940) blieb der Nachwelt insbesondere in Erinnerung als Psychoanalytiker und Psychotherapeut. Allerdings forschte er auch auf neurowissenschaftlichem Gebiet umfassend und innovativ, so gilt er z. B. als Erstbeschreiber der nach ihm benannten Schilder-Krankheit. Im Mittelpunkt der hier vorliegenden Studie steht das ebenfalls von ihm erstbeschriebene Störungsbild der Schmerzasymbolie, das heute eher wenig bekannt ist und als selten gilt. Dabei handelt es sich um eine zentral bedingte Beeinträchtigung des Schmerzerlebens, die charakterisiert ist durch das Fehlen negativ-emotionaler Wahrnehmungen. Basis für Schilders Entdeckung und differenzialdiagnostische Abgrenzung der Schmerzasymbolie war die ausführliche Untersuchung von elf Krankengeschichten zwischen 1928 und 1930. Seine diesbezüglichen Publikationen kennzeichnen Akribie, vorwärtsgewandtes Denken und kritische Selbstreflexion. Er ordnete die Schmerzasymbolie nosologisch den Agnosien zu und integrierte sie in das Konzept des Körperschemas, das zeitlebens ein zentrales Thema seines wissenschaftlichen Wirkens war. Dieser Artikel geht auch auf die Frage ein, inwieweit Schilders Annahmen noch heute gültig sind und welche Konsequenzen sich hieraus ergeben könnten.
An evaluation of Monte Carlo-based hyper-heuristic for interaction testing of industrial embedded software applications
Authors: Ahmed Bestoun S. , Enoiu Eduard , Afzal Wasif , Zamli Kamal Z.
Published: February 2020

Hyper-heuristic is a new methodology for the adaptive hybridization of meta-heuristic algorithms to derive a general algorithm for solving optimization problems. This work focuses on the selection type of hyper-heuristic, called the exponential Monte Carlo with counter (EMCQ). Current implementations rely on the memory-less selection that can be counterproductive as the selected search operator may not (historically) be the best performing operator for the current search instance. Addressing this issue, we propose to integrate the memory into EMCQ for combinatorial t-wise test suite generation using reinforcement learning based on the Q-learning mechanism, called Q-EMCQ. The limited application of combinatorial test generation on industrial programs can impact the use of such techniques as Q-EMCQ. Thus, there is a need to evaluate this kind of approach against relevant industrial software, with a purpose to show the degree of interaction required to cover the code as well as finding faults. We applied Q-EMCQ on 37 real-world industrial programs written in Function Block Diagram (FBD) language, which is used for developing a train control management system at Bombardier Transportation Sweden AB. The results show that Q-EMCQ is an efficient technique for test case generation. Addition- ally, unlike the t-wise test suite generation, which deals with the minimization problem, we have also subjected Q-EMCQ to a maximization problem involving the general module clustering to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. The results show the Q-EMCQ is also capable of outperforming the original EMCQ as well as several recent meta/hyper-heuristic including modified choice function, Tabu high-level hyper-heuristic, teaching learning-based optimization, sine cosine algorithm, and symbiotic optimization search in clustering quality within comparable execution time.
Lifelines NEXT: a prospective birth cohort adding the next generation to the three-generation Lifelines cohort study
Authors: Warmink-Perdijk Willemijn D. B. , Peters Lilian L. , Tigchelaar Ettje F. , Dekens Jackie A. M. , Jankipersadsing Soesma A. , Zhernakova Alexandra , Bossers Willem J. R. , Sikkema Jan , de Jonge Ank , Reijneveld Sijmen A. , Verkade Henkjan J. , Koppelman Gerard H. , Wijmenga Cisca , Kuipers Folkert , Scherjon Sicco A.
Published: February 2020

Epidemiological research has shown there to be a strong relationship between preconceptional, prenatal, birth and early-life factors and lifelong health. The Lifelines NEXT is a birth cohort designed to study the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic determinants on health and disease in a four-generation design. It is embedded within the Lifelines cohort study, a prospective three-generation population-based cohort study recording the health and health-related aspects of 167,729 individuals living in Northern Netherlands. In Lifelines NEXT we aim to include 1500 pregnant Lifelines participants and intensively follow them, their partners and their children until at least 1 year after birth. Longer-term follow-up of physical and psychological health will then be embedded following Lifelines procedures. During the Lifelines NEXT study period biomaterials—including maternal and neonatal (cord) blood, placental tissue, feces, breast milk, nasal swabs and urine—will be collected from the mother and child at 10 time points. We will also collect data on medical, social, lifestyle and environmental factors via questionnaires at 14 different time points and continuous data via connected devices. The extensive collection of different (bio)materials from mother and child during pregnancy and afterwards will provide the means to relate environmental factors including maternal and neonatal microbiome composition) to (epi)genetics, health and developmental outcomes. The nesting of the study within Lifelines enables us to include preconceptional transgenerational data and can be used to identify other extended families within the cohort.
Impact of HIV and chronic kidney disease comorbidities on hepatitis C treatment choices, drug–drug interactions and hepatitis C cure
Authors: Ali Salamat , Ur-Rehman Tofeeq , Lougher Eleri , Mutimer David , Ali Mashhood , Paudyal Vibhu
Published: February 2020

Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection and chronic kidney disease add challenges to hepatitis C virus treatment. Objective To conduct a comparative study of treatment choices, drug–drug interactions and clinical outcomes in hepatitis C mono-infected patients, or those with HIV or chronic kidney disease comorbidities. Setting Hepatitis C treatment centers of West Midlands England, United Kingdom. Method An observational study was conducted analyzing datasets of all hepatitis C patients that were referred to a large tertiary liver unit in the West Midlands, UK between July 2015 and January 2018. Patients aged ≥ 18 years with diagnosis of hepatitis C alone or co-infected with HIV or comorbid with chronic kidney disease were eligible. Main outcome measures The treatment choices, relevant potential drug–drug interactions and sustained virologic response 12 weeks post end of treatment were assessed. Results Out of 313 patients, 154 (49.2%) were hepatitis C mono-infected, 124 (39.6%) hepatitis C/HIV co-infected and 35 (11.2%) were hepatitis C/chronic kidney disease comorbid. There were 151 (98.1%) of hepatitis C mono-infected, 110 (88.7%) of hepatitis C/HIV and 20 (57.1%) of hepatitis C/chronic kidney disease patients treated with 1st line regimens. Significantly more patients who had co-morbidity with either HIV or chronic kidney disease were prescribed 2nd line regimens (8.1% and 37.1% respectively), compared to patients with hepatitis C mono-infection (1.9%) (P value < 0.05). Comorbid patients (12.1% of HIV and 25.8% of chronic kidney disease) were more likely to required drug–drug interactions advice (grade 5) than hepatitis C mono-infected (1.8%). Higher cure rates were observed in hepatitis C mono-infected (95.33%), hepatitis C/HIV (96.1%) compared to hepatitis C/chronic kidney disease patients (90.3%). Conclusion This study shows that treatment pathways permitting access to individual treatment adjustments in accordance with comorbidities and with consideration of drug–drug interaction in a multi-disciplinary team, provides successful outcomes in hepatitis C patients co-morbid with HIV or chronic kidney disease.
The pollution indices of trace elements in soils and plants close to the copper and zinc smelting works in Poland’s Lower Silesia
Authors: Hołtra Anna , Zamorska-Wojdyła Dorota
Published: February 2020

The quality of soils polluted by trace elements around the facilities with the Cu and Zn smelting activities and the post-flotation tailings pond from copper industry were assessed. The level of the contamination of soils was determined on the basis of the contamination factor and the geoaccumulation index. The geoaccumulation index allows to distinguish more degrees of soil contamination and simplifies the assessment of the useable value of soil. The degrees of soil contamination and the pollution load index were shown. It has been shown that the pollution indices are a useful tool in describing the soil quality and planning corrective actions in the areas contaminated as a result of industrial activity. Histograms of pollution indices were used in order to detect the distribution of trace elements in soils. The content of metals in biomass was assessed using bioaccumulation indices. Triticum L. and Brassica napus L. show low bioaccumulation of studied metals in cereal plants. The correlations were used in order to detect the relationship among trace elements in soil as well as the relationship of metal (soil)-metal (plant) and metal bioaccumulation (plant)-metal (soil). The highest values of indices were recorded for the Oława smelter, presumably due to the long operation period before technological changes limiting the emission of pollutants were introduced. This research area was classified as very highly contaminated with all trace elements. Soils around other facilities are at least moderately contaminated.
Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Approach to Tackle Topic-Aware Influence Maximization
Authors: Tian Shan , Mo Songsong , Wang Liwei , Peng Zhiyong
Published: February 2020

Motivated by the application ofviral marketing, the topic-aware influence maximization (TIM) problem has been proposed to identify the most influential users under given topics. In particular, it aims to findkseeds (users) in social networkG, such that the seeds can maximize the influence on users under the specific query topics and diffusion model such as independent cascade (IC) or linear threshold (LT). This problem has been proved to be NP-hard, and most of the proposed techniques suffer from the efficiency issue due to the lack of generalization. Even worse, the design of these algorithms requires significant specialized knowledge which is hard to be understood and implemented. To overcome these issues, this paper aims to learn a generalized heuristic framework to solve TIM problems by meta-learning. To this end, we first propose two topic-aware social influence propagation models based on IC and LT model, respectively, which is conducive to better advertising injections. We then encode the feature of each node by a vector and introduce a model, calleddeep influence evaluation model, to evaluate the user influence under different circumstances. Based on this model, we can construct the solution according to the influence evaluations efficiently, rather than spending a high cost to compute the exact influence by considering the complex graph structure. We conducted experiments on generated graph instances and real-world social networks. The results show the superiority in performance and comparable quality of our framework.
The Missing Two-Thirds of Evolutionary Theory
Authors: Brandon Robert , McShea Daniel W.
Published: February 2020

In this Element, we extend our earlier treatment of biology's first law. The law says that in any evolutionary system in which there is variation and heredity, there is a tendency for diversity and complexity to increase. The law plays the same role in biology that Newton's first law plays in physics, explaining what biological systems are expected to do when no forces act, in other words, what happens when nothing happens. Here we offer a deeper explanation of certain features of the law, develop a quantitative version of it, and explore its consequences for our understanding of diversity and complexity.
Expropriations of Foreign Property and Political Alliances: A Business Historical Approach
Authors: BUCHELI MARCELO , DECKER STEPHANIE
Published: February 2020

This paper proposes a classification of government expropriations of foreign property based on the types of alliances sought out by governments in their quest for support for those actions. Based on a review of historical literature and social science studies of expropriations in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America in the twentieth century, we define three types of alliances: with organized labor, with domestic business owners, or with sections of the civil service or the ruling party. We posit that each sector allying itself with the government expects rewards from the expropriation. We maintain that the type of alliance is determined by several factors, in particular, the longevity and legitimacy of the nation-state of the expropriating country, the strength of organized labor, and the political participation and strength of the domestic business sector. Our framework complements existing studies explaining when and why expropriations take place.
Behavioural responses of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) to different types of uninfested and infested feed
Authors: Đukić Nikola , Andrić Goran , Ninkovic Velemir , Pražić Golić Marijana , Kljajić Petar , Radonjić Andja
Published: February 2020

Tribolium castaneum is one of the most economically important insects that damages stored products. The effects of several infested or uninfested raw feed materials (wheat bran, coarse wheat meal, corn feed flour), feed products (compound feed for pigs and for laying hens) and flour mixed with brewer's yeast on the food-searching behaviour of T. castaneum adults were studied in a total of 48 combinations. Preference and olfactometer tests revealed that all the tested uninfested and intraspecific infested substrates were significantly more attractive to T. castaneum than the control (represented by part of an arena or olfactometer arm without substrate). We determined that all infested substrates were 2–9 times more attractive than uninfested in the preference test, while in the olfactometer test, they were 3–8 times more attractive. In comparing the attractiveness of the infested and uninfested substrates, in both tests wheat bran was found to be the most attractive substrate to T. castaneum adults and coarse wheat meal the least. The results of the present study contribute to our knowledge of how raw feed materials and products influence the behaviour of T. castaneum and their susceptibility to infestation, and indicate the possible utilization of wheat bran in monitoring processes of T. castaneum in pest management programmes.
Effect of the pressure of the dust grains in strongly coupled dusty plasma on the head-on collision between two nonlinear waves
Authors: Tao Ling-Ling , Wang Fang-Ping , Gao Dong-Ning , Zhang Heng , Duan Wen-Shan
Published: February 2020

The head-on collision between two dust-acoustic solitary waves in a non-magnetized, collisionless and strongly coupled dust plasma has been studied. The application scope of the analytical solution of the head-on collision is given in the present paper by using the particle-in-cell simulation method. It is noted that the analytical results are valid if the amplitudes of both of the solitary waves are small enough. The effects of the coupling parameters on both the head-on collision and the waveform are also studied in the present paper.
Formation of Toxic Unsaturated Multifunctional and Organosulfur Compounds From the Photosensitized Processing of Fluorene and DMSO at the Air‐Water Interface
Authors: Mekic Majda , Zeng Jiafa , Jiang Bin , Li Xue , Lazarou Yannis G. , Brigante Marcello , Herrmann Hartmut , Gligorovski Sasho
Published: February 2020

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) are ubiquitous at the sea surface. Photochemistry at the air‐sea interface is a potentially important source of volatile organic compounds, but the relevant chemical processes are currently not well known. When aqueous solutions containing a mixture of fluorene (FL) and DMSO are irradiated with actinic radiation, a large suite of unsaturated high molecular weight compounds appear in the aqueous phase; a broad variety of saturated and unsaturated oxygenated multifunctional compounds are also observed in the gas phase, most of which are more toxic than FL. A possible sequence of steps leading to some of the observed compounds in aqueous solution as well as in the gas phase is proposed. The reaction pathways initiated by excited triplet state of FL (3FL*) are supported by theoretical calculations of the reaction Gibbs energies. The formation of organosulfur compounds has been observed to occur in the gas and the aqueous phases initiated by the reaction between 3FL* and DMSO. The aforementioned photosensitized chemistry at the water surface can have an important impact on the formation of secondary organic aerosol in marine boundary layer as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and DMSO enriched at the water surface are ubiquitous.
Spatiotemporal Variations in Upper Crustal Extension Across the Different Basement Terranes of the Lake Tanganyika Rift, East Africa
Authors: Wright Lachlan J. M. , Muirhead James D. , Scholz Christopher A.
Published: February 2020

Preexisting crustal heterogeneities are shown to influence rift process at a variety of scales. However, our understanding of how crustal inheritance influences rift‐scale spatiotemporal kinematics of faulting in magma‐poor rift environments is still very limited. Studies of active continental rifts can provide high‐fidelity assessments of extensional processes and structures that are not possible through examination of ancient rifts that have undergone subsequent deformation events or are buried deeply beneath passive margins. We examine the influence of crustal inheritance on active rifting through balancing and restoring a series of regional cross sections across the Lake Tanganyika Rift in the Western Branch of the East African Rift System. The cross sections are produced using legacy seismic reflection data, reprocessed through prestack depth migration. This type example of a young, magma‐poor continental rift transects several different basement terranes, including an Archean/Paleoproterozoic craton, and Proterozoic mobile belts. The Lake Tanganyika Rift exhibits two classic bell‐shaped profiles of extension along strike, reaching a maximum of 7.15 km. A spatiotemporal integration of the extension data, and comparison with the various basement terranes the rift transects, reveals that extension in cratonic blocks is more widely distributed compared to mobile belt terranes, where strain rapidly localizes onto border faults by later rift stages. These results reveal how crustal inheritance exerts a fundamental control on the evolution of extension localization, ultimately impacting the geometry and structural architecture of rift basins.
Water Management Practices: Use Patterns, Related Factors, and Correlations With Irrigated Acres
Authors: Nian Yefan , Huang Qiuqiong , Kovacs Kent F. , Henry Christopher , Krutz Jason
Published: February 2020

This study describes the water management practice (WMP) use patterns by producers in Arkansas, USA, identifies the factors related to producers' choices among WMP groups, and examines the correlations between WMP uses and irrigated acreage. Using data from the 2016 Arkansas Irrigation Survey, WMPs are divided into four groups: field management, water flow control, water recovery/storage, and advanced irrigation scheduling practices. We find that about 77% of producers in the study area use two or more groups of WMPs to manage multiple aspects of irrigation, but that the factors that are associated with choices of WMPs vary by WMP group. Regression results show that the use of water flow meters, providing producers with education on the looming groundwater shortage problems and awareness of financial assistance available for conservation efforts, such as the state tax credits program, and use of WMPs by family members, friends, and neighbors are associated with increased use of WMPs. However, we find that producers that are older, have smaller farms, and rely more on groundwater are less likely to use some of the WMPs. Regression results also show that using water flow meters positively correlates with total irrigated acres, irrigated acres in rice, and irrigated acres in soybeans, and that for soybeans using more groups of WMPs is associated with a reduced extent of irrigated acreage. This study contributes to the small economics literature on WMPs and provides a more comprehensive picture of how producers use different WMPs to manage irrigation.
A Global Perspective on Wildfires
Authors: Kahn Ralph
Published: February 2020

Satellites provide global-scale data that are invaluable in efforts to understand, monitor, and respond to wildfires and emissions, which are increasingly affecting climate and putting humans at risk.
Introducing the New Editor in Chief of JGR: Solid Earth
Authors: Manighetti Isabelle
Published: February 2020

Find out about the person taking the helm of Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth and her vision for the coming years.
King, Pearson, and Zhang Receive 2019 Joanne Simpson Medals for Mid-Career Scientists
Authors:   AGU
Published: February 2020

Penelope L. King, Ann Pearson, and Fuqing Zhang were awarded the 2019 Joanne Simpson Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 11 December 2019 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for “significant contributions to Earth and space science by an outstanding mid-career scientist.”
Remote Landslide Puts Fraser River Salmon on Shaky Ground
Authors: Evans Ogden Lesley
Published: February 2020

An alliance of First Nations, provincial, and federal leaders worked with scientists, engineers, and emergency responders to rescue critical salmon stocks in western Canada.
Edward J. Smith (1927–2019)
Authors: Tsurutani Bruce , Neugebauer Marcia
Published: February 2020

Pioneer in space plasma research and AGU Fellow (1992)
Some Plans to Reverse Climate Change Could Double Water Use
Authors: Kathan Jesse
Published: February 2020

Researchers say full-scale deployment of negative emissions technologies would lead to major changes in global usage of water, land, and energy.
Five Spitzer Discoveries About Solar Systems Near and Far
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: February 2020

The powerful infrared space telescope is powering down after 16 years. It has revolutionized our understanding of solar systems, including hidden surprises in our own.
Helping Alaskan Communities Facing Climate Risks
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: February 2020

Scientists examine how best to use science to help communities respond to rapid climate change in the Arctic.
Starting (and Stopping) a Fire to Study It
Authors: Allen Michael
Published: February 2020

Fire experiments on peatlands in Southeast Asia have identified previously unknown emissions patterns and could point to ways to detect these smoldering fires before they become too big to fight.
Southern California Climate Change over 100,000 Years
Authors: Wheeling Kate
Published: February 2020

Researchers used a sediment core from a lake in California’s San Bernardino Mountains to track the effect of climate on vegetation, fire, and erosion between about 120,000 and 15,000 years ago.
Wine Grape Diversity Buffers Climate Change–Induced Losses
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: February 2020

By mixing up which wine grape varieties are planted where, the wine industry can better ride out the effects of a warming climate, new research reveals.
The Threat at Thwaites
Authors: Goss Heather
Published: February 2020

This Antarctic glacier is rapidly losing mass. An international team is digging into the ice to figure out just how bad it is.
Santa Ana Winds and Wildfires Influence Air Pollution
Authors: Shultz David
Published: February 2020

Inhaling particulate matter is hard on human health. New research shows that Southern California’s Santa Ana winds can clear or exacerbate fine-particulate pollution depending on wildfire conditions.
Tracking the Grand Canyon’s Mysterious Springs
Authors: Morton Mary
Published: February 2020

Improved modeling will help protect a crucial drinking water source for both rims of Grand Canyon National Park.
Validation of the IPSET score for thrombosis in patients with prefibrotic myelofibrosis
Authors: Guglielmelli Paola , Carobbio Alessandra , Rumi Elisa , De Stefano Valerio , Mannelli Lara , Mannelli Francesco , Rotunno Giada , Coltro Giacomo , Betti Silvia , Cavalloni Chiara , Finazzi Maria Chiara , Thiele Juergen , Cazzola Mario , Vannucchi Alessandro Maria , Barbui Tiziano
Published: February 2020

Pre-fibrotic myelofibrosis (pre-PMF) and essential thrombocythemia (ET) are characterized by similarly increased rate of thrombotic events, but no study specifically analyzed risk factors for thrombosis in pre-PMF. In a multicenter cohort of 382 pre-PMF patients collected in this study, the rate of arterial and venous thrombosis after diagnosis was 1.0 and 0.95% patients/year. Factors significantly associated with arterial thrombosis were age, leukocytosis, generic cardiovascular risk factors, JAK2V617F and high molecular risk mutations, while only history of previous thrombosis, particularly prior venous thrombosis, was predictive of venous events. The risk of total thromboses was accurately predicted by the the international prognostic score for thrombosis in essential thrombocythemia (IPSET) score, originally developed for ET, and corresponded to 0.67, 2.05, and 2.95% patients/year in the low-, intermediate-, and high-risk categories. IPSET was superior to both the conventional 2-tiered score and the revised IPSET in this cohort of pre-PMF patients. We conclude that IPSET score can be conveniently used for thrombosis risk stratification in patients with pre-PMF and might represent the basis for individualized management aimed at reducing the increased risk of major cardiovascular events. Further refinement of the IPSET score in pre-PMF might be pursued by additional, prospective studies evaluating the inclusion of leukocytosis and/or adverse mutational profile as novel variables.
Impact of panel design and cut-off on tumour mutational burden assessment in metastatic solid tumour samples
Authors:   CPCT Consortium, Mankor Joanne M. , Paats Marthe S. , Groenendijk Floris H. , Roepman Paul , Dinjens Winand N. M. , Dubbink Hendrikus J. , Sleijfer Stefan , Cuppen Edwin , Lolkema Martijn P. J. K.
Published: February 2020

Tumour mutational burden (TMB) has emerged as a promising biomarker to predict immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) response in advanced solid cancers. However, harmonisation of TMB reporting by targeted gene panels is lacking, especially in metastatic tumour samples. To address this issue, we used data of 2841 whole-genome sequenced metastatic cancer biopsies to perform an in silico analysis of TMB determined by seven gene panels (FD1CDx, MSK-IMPACT™, Caris Molecular Intelligence, Tempus xT, Oncomine Tumour Mutation Load, NeoTYPE Discovery Profile and CANCERPLEX) compared to exome-based TMB as a golden standard. Misclassification rates declined from up to 30% to <1% when the cut-point for high TMB was increased. Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that, for correct classification, the cut-point for each gene panel may vary more than 20%. In conclusion, we here demonstrate that a major limitation for the use of gene panels is inter-assay variation and the need for dynamic thresholds to compare TMB outcomes.
Publisher Correction: Room-level occupant counts and environmental quality from heterogeneous sensing modalities in a smart building
Authors: Schwee Jens Hjort , Johansen Aslak , Jørgensen Bo Nørregaard , Kjærgaard Mikkel Baun , Mattera Claudio Giovanni , Sangogboye Fisayo Caleb , Veje Christian
Published: February 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Memristive synapses connect brain and silicon spiking neurons
Authors: Serb Alexantrou , Corna Andrea , George Richard , Khiat Ali , Rocchi Federico , Reato Marco , Maschietto Marta , Mayr Christian , Indiveri Giacomo , Vassanelli Stefano , Prodromakis Themistoklis
Published: February 2020

Brain function relies on circuits of spiking neurons with synapses playing the key role of merging transmission with memory storage and processing. Electronics has made important advances to emulate neurons and synapses and brain-computer interfacing concepts that interlink brain and brain-inspired devices are beginning to materialise. We report on memristive links between brain and silicon spiking neurons that emulate transmission and plasticity properties of real synapses. A memristor paired with a metal-thin film titanium oxide microelectrode connects a silicon neuron to a neuron of the rat hippocampus. Memristive plasticity accounts for modulation of connection strength, while transmission is mediated by weighted stimuli through the thin film oxide leading to responses that resemble excitatory postsynaptic potentials. The reverse brain-to-silicon link is established through a microelectrode-memristor pair. On these bases, we demonstrate a three-neuron brain-silicon network where memristive synapses undergo long-term potentiation or depression driven by neuronal firing rates.
Tracking Gold Nanorods’ Interaction with Large 3D Pancreatic-Stromal Tumor Spheroids by Multimodal Imaging: Fluorescence, Photoacoustic, and Photothermal Microscopies
Authors: Darrigues Emilie , Nima Zeid A. , Nedosekin Dmitry A. , Watanabe Fumiya , Alghazali Karrer M. , Zharov Vladimir P. , Biris Alexandru S.
Published: February 2020

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most complex types of cancers to detect, diagnose, and treat. However, the field of nanomedicine has strong potential to address such challenges. When evaluating the diffusion and penetration of theranostic nanoparticles, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is of crucial importance because it acts as a barrier to the tumor microenvironment. In the present study, the penetration of functionalized, fluorescent gold nanorods into large (>500 μm) multicellular 3D tissue spheroids was studied using a multimodal imaging approach. The spheroids were generated by co-culturing pancreatic cancer cells and pancreatic stellate cells in multiple ratios to mimic variable tumor-stromal compositions and to investigate nanoparticle penetration. Fluorescence live imaging, photothermal, and photoacoustic analysis were utilized to examine nanoparticle behavior in the spheroids. Uniquely, the nanorods are intrinsically photoacoustic and photothermal, enabling multi-imaging detection even when fluorescence tracking is not possible or ideal.
Mandibular Advancement Devices Prevent the Adverse Cardiac Effects of Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome (OSAHS)
Authors: Liu Chunyan , Kang Wenjing , Zhang Shilong , Qiao Xing , Yang Xiuchun , Zhou Zheng , Lu Haiyan
Published: February 2020

Although considerable research highlights the interactions between obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and cardiovascular diseases, the effect of mandibular advancement device (MAD) treatment on cardiovascular complications in OSAHS patients remains unclear. We evaluated the effect of OSAHS treatment with MADs on the myocardium. All methods in this study were in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations of the medical ethics committee in Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University approved the work. Thirty New Zealand rabbits were randomized into three groups: the control group, Group OSAHS, and Group MAD. Hydrophilic polyacrylamide gel was injected into the soft palate of the rabbits to induce OSAHS. In Group MAD, a MAD was positioned after OSAHS induction. All animals were induced to sleep in a supine position for 4–6 h/day for 8 weeks. Echocardiography was used to determine the structure and function of the heart. The histological changes were detected by optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The levels of ET-1(endothelin-1) and Ang II (Angiotensin II) in the plasma were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of ET-1 mRNA in heart tissue was detected by RT-PCR. Histological abnormalities, left ventricular hypertrophy, and left ventricular dysfunctions were demonstrated in Group OSAHS, and the abnormities were rescued with MAD treatment. Higher levels of plasma ET-1 and Ang II and elevated expression of ET-1 mRNA in cardiac tissue were detected in Group OSAHS compared with Group MAD and the control group. The blood oxygen saturation was negatively correlated with the levels of ET-1 and Ang II. OSAHS-induced elevated levels of ET-1 and Ang II may be attributed to myocardial structural abnormalities and dysfunction. Early treatment of MADs may play an important role in preventing myocardial damage in OSAHS rabbit model.
Integrated transcriptomic correlation network analysis identifies COPD molecular determinants
Authors: Paci Paola , Fiscon Giulia , Conte Federica , Licursi Valerio , Morrow Jarrett , Hersh Craig , Cho Michael , Castaldi Peter , Glass Kimberly , Silverman Edwin K. , Farina Lorenzo
Published: February 2020

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex and heterogeneous syndrome. Network-based analysis implemented by SWIM software can be exploited to identify key molecular switches - called “switch genes” - for the disease. Genes contributing to common biological processes or defining given cell types are usually co-regulated and co-expressed, forming expression network modules. Consistently, we found that the COPD correlation network built by SWIM consists of three well-characterized modules: one populated by switch genes, all up-regulated in COPD cases and related to the regulation of immune response, inflammatory response, and hypoxia (like TIMP1, HIF1A, SYK, LY96, BLNK and PRDX4); one populated by well-recognized immune signature genes, all up-regulated in COPD cases; one where the GWAS genes AGER and CAVIN1 are the most representative module genes, both down-regulated in COPD cases. Interestingly, 70% of AGER negative interactors are switch genes including PRDX4, whose activation strongly correlates with the activation of known COPD GWAS interactors SERPINE2, CD79A, and POUF2AF1. These results suggest that SWIM analysis can identify key network modules related to complex diseases like COPD.
Multiple Facets of Value-Based Decision Making in Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Mukherjee Dahlia , Lee Sangil , Kazinka Rebecca , D. Satterthwaite Theodore , Kable Joseph W.
Published: February 2020

Depression is clinically characterized by obvious changes in decision making that cause distress and impairment. Though several studies suggest impairments in depressed individuals in single tasks, there has been no systematic investigation of decision making in depression across tasks. We compare participants diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) (n = 64) to healthy controls (n = 64) using a comprehensive battery of nine value-based decision-making tasks which yield ten distinct measures. MDD participants performed worse on punishment (d = −0.54) and reward learning tasks (d = 0.38), expressed more pessimistic predictions regarding winning money in the study (d = −0.47) and were less willing to wait in a persistence task (d = −0.39). Performance on learning, expectation, and persistence tasks each loaded on unique dimensions in a factor analysis and punishment learning and future expectations each accounted for unique variance in predicting depressed status. Decision-making performance alone could predict depressed status out-of-sample with 72% accuracy. The findings are limited to MDD patients ranging between moderate to severe depression and the effects of medication could not be accounted for due to the cross sectional nature of the study design. These results confirm hints from single task studies that depression has the strongest effects on reinforcement learning and expectations about the future. Our results highlight the decision processes that are impacted in major depression, and whose further study could lead to a more detailed computational understanding of distinct facets of this heterogeneous disorder.