bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
I‐Self and Me‐Self Processes Affecting Developmental Psychopathology and Mental Health
Authors: Harter Susan
Published: February 2016

This chapter focuses on selected developmental psychopathologies during three stages of childhood and three stages of adolescence that involve theself. A new framework casts the Jamesian processes of the I‐self and the me‐self on center stage, as key actors in a conspiracy that is implicated in five forms of developmental psychopathology: (1) narcissism; (2) low self‐esteem; (3) depression and suicidal behaviors; (4) eating disorders; and (5) school violent revenge committed by humiliated victims of chronic harassment and bullying. Each of these five forms will be traced through the six developmental levels. However, the positive features and functions of the Jamesian I‐self will also be emphasized in the service of mental health, which should be our ultimate goal. Clinical and research implications will be explored. The I‐self will be given a more gratifying job description other than defending and packaging a fragile me‐self so as to be acceptable to society. Alliances between the I‐self and the goals of the positive psychology movement will be highlighted.
Developmental Social Neuroscience
Authors: Decety Jean , Cowell Jason M.
Published: February 2016

In the last two decades, multiple‐levels of analysis approaches to the study of developmental psychopathology have become widespread. Central to this perspective is the importance of integrating genetic, neurobiological, hormonal, behavioral, and psychophysiological measures into the investigation of normal and abnormal development. Scholars across multiple academic domains, particularly in cognitive, affective, and social development, have begun to chart out brain circuits and mechanisms underpinning the development of social competence and social cognition. The field of developmental social neuroscience exemplifies this integration, combining knowledge of the social brain with an understanding of the context in which it is developing. This new field provides theoretical and conceptual clarity to views of psychopathology. In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive definition of social neuroscience, a discussion of the primary issues with interpretation and integration of information from multiple levels, and several examples of areas where this approach has been particularly beneficial for our insight about normative and abnormal development.
Neurodevelopmental Theories of Schizophrenia: Twenty‐First Century Perspectives
Authors: Haut Kristen M. , Schvarcz Ariel , Cannon Tyrone D. , Bearden Carrie E.
Published: February 2016

Schizophrenia is a devastating mental illness afflicting about 1 percent of the population, involving delusions and hallucinations. Although originally believed to be a disorder of neurodegeneration, multiple lines of inquiry now provide compelling evidence for its neurodevelopmental origins. As such, one of the most puzzling aspects about this disorder is its characteristic onset in late adolescence or early adulthood. In this chapter we review evidence for the involvement of both early (genetic and perinatal) and later (adolescent) neurodevelopmental influences in the etiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia. New findings regarding its genetic architecture implicate both common and rare genetic variants that converge on pathways involving disruption of synaptic plasticity, which may be related to neural endophenotypes present in both patients and their clinically unaffected relatives. Together, these findings suggest a combination of these early and later neurodevelopmental factors converge to produce the cellular, structural, and functional deficits underlying the disorder.
Explicating the “Developmental” in Preschool Psychopathology
Authors: Bufferd Sara J. , Dyson Margaret W. , Hernandez Iseli G. , Wakschlag Lauren S.
Published: February 2016

In this chapter on preschool psychopathology, we discuss common emotional and behavioral syndromes during the preschool developmental period, including attentional, oppositional, conduct, anxiety, and mood problems. Current knowledge based on the current classification system will be summarized briefly, including rates of disorders, patterns of comorbidity, and evidence of reliability and validity (e.g., stability of disorders, associations with impairment, observed behavior, and family history). The remainder and main focus of the chapter is devoted to applying a developmental psychopathology approach to examine preschool psychopathology within a dimensional, developmental domain framework. Recent measurement advances in the dimensional operationalization of behavior in preschool‐age children are discussed. We then characterize four broad developmental domains: emotion regulation, self‐control, social engagement, and internalization of rules and standards, and discuss their expression in early childhood as a framework for advancing knowledge of the spectrum of normal to abnormal behavior. Within each domain, we describe essential developmental capacities, normative variation in behavior, and clinically concerning deviation within each domain. In addition, we highlight the central features of each domain using an exemplary syndrome and highlight how the cross‐cutting domains are relevant to other common syndromes as well. We also delineate steps for translating dimensional, developmentally sensitive measurement from research to clinical application. To conclude, we offer suggestions for future directions for research geared toward advancing multilevel, developmentally oriented conceptualization of psychopathology.
Attention and Impulsivity
Authors: Nigg Joel T.
Published: February 2016

Self‐regulation and self‐control of attention and impulse (emotion and behavior) are fundamental to adaptation and closely intertwined. Accordingly, disturbances in regulation of attention and impulse are ubiquitous in developmental psychopathology, but attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) comprises a paradigmatic neurodevelopmental condition for examining typical and atypical functioning and development of these abilities at multiple levels of analysis. It is described. Then a two‐process model of regulation is used as heuristic for organizing both the functioning of attention and impulse control and the related literature on ADHD pathophysiology. For both inattention and impulsivity, type 1 (bottom‐up) and type 2 (top‐down) regulatory processes, their corresponding formal measurement, and corresponding neural instantiation are described to the extent the literature allows. Impulsivity can be linked to temporal discounting of reward, here presented as a bottom‐up process that intersects particularly, but not exclusively with emotion regulation. It can also be linked with response inhibition or response suppression, here presented primarily in its top‐down aspect. However, it can also occur in a bottom‐up fashion via emotional arousal. Therefore, integration of cognition and emotion is conceptually essential for understanding self‐control, impulsivity, and inattention. Additional processes accordingly are contained with these heuristic type 1 and type 2 manifestations and are elaborated to add nuance to the general framework proposed. In each section, typical functioning is described and findings in relation to ADHD are highlighted including behavioral, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging findings. Developmental etiology is discussed in relation to molecular genetic approaches, gene by environment interplay, and epigenetic emergence of function and dysfunction. Conclusions and future directions are proposed, highlighting the emerging tractability of revised neurobiologically based nosology for ADHD, the importance of adding contextual nosology to biological nosology, and the integrative potential of an epigenetic model.
Community Violence Exposure and Developmental Psychopathology
Authors: Tolan Patrick H.
Published: February 2016

Community violence is concentrated in lower socioeconomic urban communities although it occurs in many locations. While sharing many features with child maltreatment and other family violence, it is also distinct in the relation of perpetrator(s) to victims and in how residing near where it occurs is potentially harmful. The correlation of community violence exposure to psychopathology is well documented, and some studies to articulate the pathways of impact have been conducted. Yet much of the current understanding is based on inferences from child abuse and neglect studies, and others confound types of violence exposure. Among the key challenges in advancing knowledge about community violence impact are: (1) clearer shared definitions of what constitutes community violence; (2) sophisticated comparison to effects of other stressors and other forms of violence; (3) adequate tests of interventions meant to modify exposure and impact of exposure; and (4) clarity about neurobiological processes that characterize exposure impact. Also, most studies have focused on individual differences in exposure, not adequately considering community‐level effects. A developmental‐ecological approach is suggested as most useful, particularly in light of the common co‐occurrence of exposure to other forms of violence and psychopathology risk factors.
Social Inequalities and the Road to Allostatic Load: From Vulnerability to Resilience
Authors: Juster Robert‐Paul , Seeman Teresa , McEwen Bruce S. , Picard Martin , Mahar Ian , Mechawar Naguib , Sindi Shireen , Smith Nathan Grant , Souza‐Talarico Juliana , Sarnyai Zoltan , Lanoix Dave , Plusquellec Pierrich , Ouellet‐Morin Isabelle , Lupien Sonia J.
Published: February 2016

Vulnerability and resilience are intertwined yet unraveling constructs in the allostatic load literature centered on stress‐disease pathways. In examining this paradigm shift, this chapter focuses on allostatic load indices of multisystemic physiological dysregulations among marginalized populations. Social inequalities reviewed include early adversity, socioeconomic health gradients, race/ethnicity and discrimination, Brazil's shifting economy, the struggles of North American and Australian Indigenous peoples, and finally sex/gender diversity and sexual orientation as key determinants of allostatic load. We then present innovative biochemical, neurological, and cognitive approaches for future empirical consideration, with conclusions centered on clinical and social policy implications. In espousing a developmental psychopathology approach that emphasizes causal processes, developmental mechanisms, and diverse conceptualizations of health, we highlight allostatic load studies that focus on resilient pathways and how these trajectories can be promoted to protect populations otherwise considered vulnerable.
Competence and Psychopathology in Development
Authors: Burt Keith B. , Douglas Coatsworth J. , Masten Ann S.
Published: February 2016

A core mission of developmental psychopathology is studying the interplay between normal and abnormal developmental processes. Working from this perspective, we review research on associations between competence and psychopathology as divided among three major areas: (1) functional impairment in the context of formal mental disorder classification systems as a parallel to the negative extreme of competence; (2) cascade models that test longitudinal cross‐domain links between constructs with statistical controls for continuity and potential common‐cause variables; and (3) preventive interventions aimed at promoting competent adaptation. Each of these areas shows compelling examples of the dynamic interplay between competence in age‐salient developmental tasks and either broad dimensions of psychopathology or discrete mental disorders. We begin with a historical and theoretical discussion of the nature of competence and psychopathology and conclude with an overview of this broad domain and suggestions for future work. Throughout the chapter, we emphasize the interdependence of theory and statistical methodology.
Culturally Adapted Preventive Interventions for Children and Adolescents
Authors: Gonzales Nancy A. , Lau Anna S. , Murry Velma M. , Pina Armando A. , Barrera, Manuel
Published: February 2016

As evidence to support the efficacy and long‐term benefits of interventions to prevent social, emotional, and behavioral problems of childhood and adolescence has accumulated steadily over the past three decades, scholars involved in intervention development and evaluation have tackled concerns about the relevance and fit of these interventions for distinct ethnic and racial minority groups. A critical mass of scholars have engaged the fundamental question as to whether intervention adaptation is required and, if so, how adaptations should be conducted to best reach and address the needs of diverse ethnocultural groups. In this chapter, we summarize the historical context, key conceptual challenges, and methods that have shaped the emerging field of cultural adaptation during this period. Current progress and empirical evidence regarding the effects and relative benefits of culturally adapted interventions are highlighted by presenting the most influential exemplars that have been developed and evaluated to date. Conclusions are offered about the current status of the field, future research directions, and remaining challenges for launching effective population‐based strategies that address the needs and health disparities of ethnocultural groups in the United States and internationally.
Molecular Engineering of Aluminum–Copper Interfaces for Joining by Plastic Deformation
Authors: Hoppe Christian , Ebbert Christoph , Voigt Markus , Schmidt Hans Christian , Rodman Dmytro , Homberg Werner , Maier Hans Jürgen , Grundmeier Guido
Published: February 2016

Interface modification based on ultra‐thin mercapto‐propyl(trimethoxy)silane (MPTMS) films is shown to promote joining of copper and aluminum by plastic deformation followed by a heat treatment. The surface morphology and the surface chemistry of the metal substrates were analyzed by means of FE‐SEM, XPS, and FT‐IRRAS. The spectroscopic data show that the MPTMS film is crosslinked via Si–O–Si bonds and that stable Cu–S and Si–O–Al interfacial bonds are formed. The shear‐force tests of the joints led to force displacement curves that are characteristic for a covalently bonded interface. Complementary cross sectional SEM and EDS analysis of the joint proved that a defect‐free interface was formed without any measureable interdiffusion of metals across the interface or cracking of an oxide films.
On‐Surface Synthesis of Atomically Precise Graphene Nanoribbons
Authors: Talirz Leopold , Ruffieux Pascal , Fasel Roman
Published: February 2016

The surface‐assisted polymerization and cyclodehydrogenation of specifically designed organic precursors provides a route toward atomically precise graphene nanoribbons, which promises to combine the outstanding electronic properties of graphene with a bandgap that is sufficiently large for room‐temperature digital‐logic applications. Starting from the basic concepts behind the on‐surface synthesis approach, this report covers the progress made in understanding the different reaction steps, in synthesizing atomically precise graphene nanoribbons of various widths and edge structures, and in characterizing their properties, ending with an outlook on the challenges that still lie ahead.
Efficient Oxidative Cleavage of Tetrahydrofuran‐2‐methanols to γ‐Lactones by a 2‐Iodobenzamide Catalyst in Combination with Oxone®
Authors: Yakura Takayuki , Horiuchi Yuto , Nishimura Yushi , Yamada Akihiro , Nambu Hisanori , Fujiwara Tomoya
Published: February 2016

An environmentally friendly oxidative cleavage of tetrahydrofuran‐2‐methanols to the corresponding γ‐lactones using a catalytic amount of 2‐iodo‐N‐isopropylbenzamide has been developed. The reaction of various tetrahydrofuran‐2‐methanols with the catalyst in the presence of Oxone® (2 KHSO5⋅KHSO4⋅K2SO4) as a co‐oxidant in DMF at room temperature successfully affords the corresponding lactones in good to high yields, and recovery of the catalyst is readily accomplished using a reductive work‐up. This method is notable because it enables the transformation of tetrahydrofuran‐2‐methanols to γ‐lactones under mild conditions without the use of any toxic heavy metals.

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Copper‐Catalyzed Coupling of Indoles with Dimethylformamide as a Methylenating Reagent
Authors: Pu Fan , Li Yang , Song Yong‐Hong , Xiao Jianliang , Liu Zhong‐Wen , Wang Chao , Liu Zhao‐Tie , Chen Jian‐Gang , Lu Jian
Published: February 2016

By using N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) as a methylenating reagent, the copper‐catalyzed CH activation of indole was demonstrated as an efficient and facile protocol for synthesizing 3,3′‐diindolylmethane (DIM) and its derivatives. The results indicate that copper chloride was the best catalyst among the investigated transition metal salts, which affords an excellent regioselectivity and good yield when tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) was used as an oxidant.

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Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Indole Derivatives From Pyrimidyl‐Substituted Anilines and Diazo Compounds
Authors: Yu Ke , Liang Yujie , Li Bin , Wang Baiquan
Published: February 2016

An efficient method for the synthesis of indole derivatives from readily available pyrimidyl‐substituted anilines and diazo compounds via rhodium(III)‐catalyzed CH bond activation has been developed. This cyclization reaction displays excellent functional group compatibility and regioselectivity, which overcomes some drawbacks of the classical indole synthetic methods and provides a facile approach for the construction of multi‐substituted indole derivatives. The redox‐neutral intermolecular annulation procedure comprises tandem CH bond activation, cyclization, and condensation steps, releasing water and nitrogen as by‐products.

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Titania‐Supported Gold Nanoparticles Catalyze the Selective Oxidation of Amines into Nitroso Compounds in the Presence of Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Fountoulaki Stella , Gkizis Petros L. , Symeonidis Theodoros S. , Kaminioti Eleni , Karina Athanasia , Tamiolakis Ioannis , Armatas Gerasimos S. , Lykakis Ioannis N.
Published: February 2016

In this article, the catalytic activity of titania‐supported gold nanoparticles (Au/TiO2) was studied for the selective oxidation of amines into nitroso compounds using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Gold nanoparticles deposited on Degussa P25 polymorphs of titania (TiO2) have been found to promote the selective formation of a variety of nitroso arenes in high yields and selectivities, even in a large‐scale synthesis. In contrast, alkyl amines are oxidized to the corresponding oximes under the examined conditions. Kinetic studies indicated that aryl amines substituted with electron‐donating groups are oxidized faster than the corresponding amines bearing an electron‐withdrawing functionality. A Hammett‐type kinetic analysis of a range of para‐X‐substituted aryl amines implicates an electron transfer (ET) mechanism (ρ=−1.15) for oxidation reactions with concomitant formation of the corresponding N‐aryl hydroxylamine as possible intermediate. We also show that the oxidation protocol of aryl amines in the presence of 1,3‐cyclohexadiene leads in excellent yields to the corresponding hetero Diels–Alder adducts between the diene and the in situ formed nitrosoarenes.

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Copper‐Catalyzed Divergent Trifluoromethylation/Cyclization of Unactivated Alkenes
Authors: Zheng Jing , Deng Ziyang , Zhang Yan , Cui Sunliang
Published: February 2016

Most of the precedent copper‐catalyzed trifluoromethylation reactions of unactivated alkenes concern terminal alkenes, and these processes are terminated in elimination, or nucleophilic addition, or semipinacol rearrangement, or CH bond functionalization steps. In this study, we develop a trifluoromethylation method for both unactivated terminal and internal alkenes to enable divergent late‐stage radical cyclization and achieve high molecular complexity. These cyclizations are well consistent with Baldwin’s rule. Furthermore, a kinetic isotope effect (KIE) study and control reactions were conducted, and a plausible mechanism is proposed.

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Copper‐Catalyzed Trifluoromethylation of Acrylamides Coupled with Indole Dearomatization: Access to Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted Spiro[indole‐3,3′‐pyrrolidine] Derivatives
Authors: Han Guifang , Wang Qiang , Chen Linwei , Liu Yuxiu , Wang Qingmin
Published: February 2016

A copper‐catalyzed cascade reaction involving trifluoromethylation of acrylamides coupled with ring closure and indole dearomatization is reported. This facile transformation was highly regioselective and proceeded under mild conditions, allowing efficient access to trifluoromethyl‐substituted spiro[indole‐3,3′‐pyrrolidine] derivatives, which are of increasing interest to the pharmaceutical industry.

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Easy Access to 1‐Amino and 1‐Carbon Substituted Isoquinolines via Cobalt‐Catalyzed CH/NO Bond Activation
Authors: Muralirajan Krishnamoorthy , Kuppusamy Ramajayam , Prakash Sekar , Cheng Chien‐Hong
Published: February 2016

A green atom‐economical method for the synthesis of highly functionalized 1‐amino and 1‐carbon substituted isoquinolines from the reaction of N′‐hydroxybenzimidamides and aryl ketoximes, respectively, with alkynes via pentamethylcyclopentadienylcobalt(III)‐catalyzed CH/NO bond activation is described. The external oxidant‐free annulation reaction uses the =NOH moiety in N′‐hydroxybenzimidamides or N‐aromatic ketone oximes as the directing group and internal oxidant. This first row transition metal‐catalyzed annulation serves as an efficient alternative for the synthesis of isoquinolines, as water is the only by‐product and expensive noble metals such as rhodium(III), iridium(III), palladium(II), and ruthenium(II) are not required. The reaction proceeds via CH activation, alkyne insertion, reductive elimination, and NO activation.

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Synthesis of Bisphthalamic Acids for the Preparation of Glass‐Reinforced Composites of Multifunctional Epoxy Resin of Bisphenol‐C and Their Physicochemical Properties
Authors: Patel Jignesh P. , Parsania Parsotam H.
Published: February 2016

Bisphthalamic acids of tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (THPA), tetrachlorophthalic anhydride (TCPA), tetrabromophthalic anhydride (TBPA), and 4,4′‐diamino diphenylsulfone (DDS), 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylether (DDE), and 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) were synthesized and used as hardeners for multifunctional epoxy resin of bisphenol‐C(EBCF). Glass‐reinforced composites (G‐EBCF‐THPA, G‐EBCF‐TCPA, G‐EBCF‐TBPA, G‐EBCF‐THPADDS, G‐EBCF‐TCPADDS, G‐EBCF‐TCPADDE, and G‐EBCF‐TCPADDM) were fabricated by hand layup followed by compression molding technique at 140/170°C under 2 bar pressure for 6/15 h. Glass composites possess good tensile strength (99–168 MPa), flexural strength (131—270 MPa), flexural modulus (5419–7987 MPa), impact strength (19–36 kg m−2), Barcol hardness (31–44), electric strength (7.2–8.9 kV mm−1), volume resistivity (1 × 1012 to 1.9 × 1012 ohm cm), and 13–15.8% water absorption indicated their usefulness for low load bearing housing, electrical, and marine applications.
POSS Grafting on Polyethylene and Maleic Anhydride‐Grafted Polyethylene by One‐Step Reactive Melt Mixing
Authors: Morici Elisabetta , Di Bartolo Alberto , Arrigo Rossella , Dintcheva Nadka Tzankova
Published: February 2016

This study reports the one‐step reactive melt mixing preparation of organic–inorganic hybrid based on maleic anhydride‐grafted polyethylene and 3‐(2‐aminoethyl)aminopropyl‐heptaisobutyl substituted polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane, (NPOSS), as well as on low‐density polyethylene and allyl‐heptaisobutyl‐POSS (1POSS) in dicumyl peroxide presence, which is believed to activate the unsaturation of the reactive functional group of POSS itself. The successful grafting of POSS molecules onto polymeric backbones was probed through rheological and spectroscopic analysis. Grafting of POSS molecules enhances their dispersion in the polymeric matrix as shown by morphological analysis. Moreover, the rheological analysis of the organic–inorganic hybrids reveals a solid‐like behavior, due to the formation of a network related to the interactions between grafted POSS molecules. The homogeneous dispersion of POSS molecules along with the strong interaction between polymeric segments and the nanoparticles influences the calorimetric and mechanical properties of the obtained hybrids.
Synthesis, Characterization, Catalytic Reduction, and Splinting Activity of Poly(ε‐caprolactone–co–morpholine)/Ag Nanocomposite
Authors: Meenarathi B. , Siva P. , Jeyapriya M. , Baskaran R. , Anbarasan R.
Published: February 2016

The ring‐opening polymerization of ɛ‐caprolactone and morpholine mixture was carried out at 160°C for 24 h under nitrogen atmosphere at two different experimental conditions, mercaptoaceticacid (MAA) and Ag‐MAA initiator variation. The resultants were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, gel permeation chromatography, and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy techniques. The tensile strength of the copolymer nanocomposites was tested. The catalytic reduction behavior (reduction of nitrophenol into amino phenol), splinting activity, and drug delivery activity of the copolymer nanocomposite were tested. The obtained results were analyzed and critically compared.
Fibrous Epoxy Substrate with High Thermal Conductivity and Low Dielectric Property for Flexible Electronics
Authors: Zeng Xiaoliang , Ye Lei , Guo Kun , Sun Rong , Xu Jianbin , Wong Ching‐Ping
Published: February 2016

Flexible substrates that host electronic components are an essential part of flexible electronics. The continuing miniaturization of these electronics requires flexible substrates with excellent flexibility, high thermal conductivity, and low dielectric constant. However, to combine these intended properties remains a daunting challenge. Here, a flexible fibrous epoxy substrate fabricated by an electrospinning technique is reported, which exhibits excellent flexibility, high thermal conductivity, and low dielectric constant. The thermal conductivity can be tuned by varying the diameter of fibers and can reach values as high as 0.8 W m−1K−1, which is about three times higher than that of casted epoxy substrate fabricated by spin‐coating. This excellent performance is attributed to polymer molecular chain alignment and fibrous structure that are formed during electrospinning. Demonstrative applications suggests its broad potential uses in future flexible electronics.
A comprehensive meta‐analysis of ZNF804A SNPs in the risk of schizophrenia among Asian populations
Authors: Huang Liang , Ohi Kazutaka , Chang Hong , Yu Hao , Wu Lichuan , Yue Weihua , Zhang Dai , Gao Lei , Li Ming
Published: February 2016

Common variants in ZNF804A increased the risk of schizophrenia (and bipolar disorder), with low effect sizes in Europeans, which is in line with the polygenic nature of the illnesses, and implies that genetic analyses in small samples may not be sufficient to detect stable results. This notion is supported by the inconsistent replications of ZNF804A variations among individual small Asian samples, indicating the absence of definitive conclusions in this population. We collected psychiatric phenotypic and genetic data from Asian genome‐wide association (GWA) and individual replication studies, which include up to 13,452 cases, 17,826 healthy controls, and 680 families, that is, the largest‐scale study on ZNF804A in Asian populations to date. The European GWAS risk single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1344706 was nominally associated with schizophrenia in these Asian samples (one‐tailed P = 4.26 × 10−2, odds ratio [OR] = 1.048), and the association was further strengthened when bipolar disorder data was also included (one‐tailed P = 1.85 × 10−2, OR = 1.057). Besides, a non‐synonymous SNP rs1366842 in the exon 4 of ZNF804A was also associated with schizophrenia (P = 9.96 × 10−3, OR = 1.095). We additionally analyzed other 163 SNPs covering ZNF804A region, but none of them showed any evidence of association. Though the two SNPs did not remain significant if we applied multiple corrections, our analysis should be interpreted as a primary replication study with in prior hypothesis, and rs1344706 and rs1366842 might confer a small but detectable risk of schizophrenia (and bipolar disorder) in Asians. Moreover, the current data suggest the necessity of replication analyses in a large enough scale samples. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The ethics of complexity. Genetics and autism, a literature review
Authors: Hens Kristien , Peeters Hilde , Dierickx Kris
Published: February 2016

It is commonly believed that the etiology of autism is at least partly explained through genetics. Given the complexity of autism and the variability of the autistic phenotype, genetic research and counseling in this field are also complex and associated with specific ethical questions. Although the ethics of autism genetics, especially with regard to reproductive choices, has been widely discussed on the public fora, an in depth philosophical or bioethical reflection on all aspects of the theme seems to be missing. With this literature review we wanted to map the basic questions and answers that exist in the bioethical literature on autism genetics, research, counseling and reproduction, and provide suggestions as to how the discussion can proceed. We found 19 papers that fitted the description of “bioethics literature focusing on autism genetics,” and analyzed their content to distill arguments and themes. We concluded that because of the complexity of autism, and the uncertainty with regard to its status, more ethical reflection is needed before definite conclusions and recommendations can be drawn. Moreover, there is a dearth of bioethical empirical studies querying the opinions of all parties, including people with autism themselves. Such empirical bioethical studies should be urgently done before bioethical conclusions regarding the aims and desirability of research into autism genes can be done. Also, fundamental philosophical reflection on concepts of disease should accompany research into the etiology of autism. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Risikofaktoren für Krebs und MS in Kuhmilch und Rindfleisch?
Authors: zur Hausen Harald , de Villiers Ethel‐Michele
Published: February 2016

Die globale epidemiologische Analyse des Auftretens von Brust‐ und Dickdarmkrebs gibt Anlass zu der Vermutung, dass der Konsum von Fleisch‐ und Milchprodukten unserer Milchrinder zum Risiko dieser Erkrankungen beiträgt. Von unserer Gruppe wurde eine Reihe neuer Einzelstrang‐DNAs aus Serum und Milch von europäischen Milchkühen isoliert. Es handelt sich um zirkuläre Moleküle (∼1000 bis 3000 Basen) vermutlich viraler Herkunft, deren Erbgut offensichtlich nicht in die Chromosomen der Tiere eingebaut wird, sondern nicht integriert (episomal) vorliegt. Nach Übertragung in menschliche Zellen ist diese DNA genetisch aktiv. In zwei Läsionen von Patienten mit Multipler Sklerose konnten verwandte Isolate nachgewiesen werden. Konzepte für eine mögliche ätiologische Rolle dieser Agenzien bei Erkrankungen des Menschen wurden entwickelt. Die Rolle solcher Sequenzen bei Krebs und neurologischen Erkrankungen wird zurzeit intensiv untersucht.
Zika‐Virus: Bedrohung durch invasive Tigermücken?
Authors: Tetsch Larissa
Published: February 2016

Stechmücken der Gattung Aedes sind dafür bekannt, virale Erreger von Fiebererkrankungen wie Chikungunya, Dengue, Zika und Gelbfieber zu übertragen. Von invasiven Arten, die begünstigt durch die globale Erwärmung in Europa einwandern, geht deshalb auch eine gesundheitliche Bedrohung aus. Die aktuell in Südamerika grassierende Zika‐Epidemie zeigt, dass auch Tropenkrankheiten mit sonst mildem Verlauf schwere Komplikationen wie neurologische Erkrankungen und embryonale Fehlbildungen verursachen können.
Warum Säugetiere und Pflanzen ähnlich “ticken”
Authors: Staiger Dorothee
Published: February 2016

Die innere Uhr im Vegetationskegel (Apex) von Arabidopsis‐Pflanzen fungiert als Zentraluhr. Die Uhren in seinen Zellen sind eng miteinander gekoppelt und beeinflussen die Uhren in den Wurzeln. Diese interzelluläre Kommunikation innerhalb des Sprossapex und die Beeinflussung von Uhren in entfernten Organen weisen verblüffende Parallelen zur Zentraluhr im Nucleus suprachiasmaticus von Säugern auf.
Wer loslässt, verliert: Der Klammerreflex der Erdkröten‐Männchen
Authors: Petrischak Hannes
Published: February 2016

In milden, feuchten Nächten am Ende des Winters setzen die Amphibienwanderungen ein. Wo sich die Wanderrouten der Erdkröten (Bufo bufo) vom Wald zum Laichgewässer hin bündeln, raschelt es nach Einbruch der Dunkelheit überall am Boden. Jedes Männchen verfolgt konsequent das Ziel, ein Weibchen zu umklammern und damit den eigenen Fortpflanzungserfolg zu sichern – manchmal mit kuriosem Ergebnis.
Parathyroid gland angiography with indocyanine green fluorescence to predict parathyroid function after thyroid surgery
Authors: Vidal Fortuny J , Belfontali V , Sadowski S M , Karenovics W , Guigard S , Triponez F
Published: February 2016

Background

Postoperative hypoparathyroidism remains the most common complication following thyroidectomy. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the use of intraoperative parathyroid gland angiography in predicting normal parathyroid gland function after thyroid surgery.

Methods

Angiography with the fluorescent dye indocyanine green (ICG) was performed in patients undergoing total thyroidectomy, to visualize vascularization of identified parathyroid glands.

Results

Some 36 patients underwent ICG angiography during thyroidectomy. All patients received standard calcium and vitamin D supplementation. At least one well vascularized parathyroid gland was demonstrated by ICG angiography in 30 patients. All 30 patients had parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in the normal range on postoperative day (POD) 1 and 10, and only one patient exhibited asymptomatic hypocalcaemia on POD 1. Mean(s.d.) PTH and calcium levels in these patients were 3·3(1·4) pmol/l and 2·27(0·10) mmol/l respectively on POD 1, and 4·0(1.6) pmol/l and 2·32(0·08) mmol/l on POD 10. Two of the six patients in whom no well vascularized parathyroid gland could be demonstrated developed transient hypoparathyroidism. None of the 36 patients presented symptomatic hypocalcaemia, and none received treatment for hypoparathyroidism.

Conclusion

PTH levels on POD 1 were normal in all patients who had at least one well vascularized parathyroid gland demonstrated during surgery by ICG angiography, and none required treatment for hypoparathyroidism.
Investigation and modeling of the effects of light spectrum and incident angle on the growth of Chlorella vulgaris in photobioreactors
Authors: Souliès Antoine , Legrand Jack , Marec Hélène , Pruvost Jérémy , Castelain Cathy , Burghelea Teodor , Cornet Jean‐François
Published: February 2016

An in‐depth investigation of how various illumination conditions influence microalgal growth in photobioreactors (PBR) has been presented. Effects of both the light emission spectrum (white and red) and the light incident angle (0° and 60°) on the PBR surface were investigated. The experiments were conducted in two fully controlled lab‐scale PBRs, a torus PBR and a thin flat‐panel PBR for high cell density culture. The results obtained in the torus PBR were used to build the kinetic growth model of Chlorella vulgaris taken as a model species. The PBR model was then applied to the thin flat‐panel PBR, which was run with various illumination conditions. Its detailed representation of local rate of photon absorption under various conditions (spectral calculation of light attenuation, incident angle influence) enabled the model to take into account all the tested conditions with no further adjustment. This allowed a detailed investigation of the coupling between radiation field and photosynthetic growth. Effects of all the radiation conditions together with pigment acclimation, which was found to be relevant, were investigated in depth. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:247–261, 2016
Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation of Vitis Cv. Monastrell suspension‐cultured cells: Determination of critical parameters
Authors: Chu Mingyu , Quiñonero Carmen , Akdemir Hülya , Alburquerque Nuria , Pedreño María Ángeles , Burgos Lorenzo
Published: February 2016

Although some works have explored the transformation of differentiated, embryogenic suspension‐cultured cells (SCC) to produce transgenic grapevine plants, to our knowledge this is one of the first reports on the efficient transformation of dedifferentiated Vitis vinifera cv Monastrell SCC. This protocol has been developed using the sonication‐assisted Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation (SAAT) method. A construct harboring the selectable nptII and the eyfp/IV2 marker genes was used in the study and transformation efficiencies reached over 50 independent transformed SCC per gram of infected cells. Best results were obtained when cells were infected at the exponential phase. A high density plating (500 mg/dish) gave significantly better results. As selective agent, kanamycin was inefficient for the selection of Monastrell transformed SCC since wild type cells were almost insensitive to this antibiotic whereas application of paromomycin resulted in very effective selection. Selected eyfp‐expressing microcalli were grown until enough tissue was available to scale up a new transgenic SCC. These transgenic SCC lines were evaluated molecularly and phenotypically demonstrating the presence and integration of both transgenes, the absence of Agrobacterium contamination and the ability of the transformed SCC to grow in highly selective liquid medium. The methodology described here opens the possibility of improving the production of valuable metabolites. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:725–734, 2016
Concurrent hyperbaric oxygen therapy and intratympanic steroid application as salvage therapy after severe sudden sensorineural hearing loss
Authors: Lamm Hans , Müller‐Kortkamp Claus , Warnecke Athanasia , Pohl Friederike , Paasche Gerrit , Lenarz Thomas , Stolle Stefan R. O.
Published: February 2016

Key Clinical Message

Concurrent hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) and intratympanic steroid application (ITS) are beneficial as salvage therapy for therapy‐refractory sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL). The findings encourage further research on the treatment of noise‐induced and idiopathic SSNHL with concurrent use of HBOT and ITS respecting also patients with long‐term or therapy‐refractory SSNHL.
Microstructure Simulation as Part of Fibrous Filter Media Development Processes – From Real to Virtual Media
Authors: Lehmann Martin J. , Weber Johannes , Kilian Alexander , Heim Michael
Published: February 2016

For developing innovative filter media, simulation of filtration performance on virtual 3D fibrous microstructures is a key enabling technology. Typical steps on the way to a virtual clone of a real filter medium are briefly described, but the focus is on image processing. Due to the limitations imposed by available computational power and time, a small simulation domain is desirable. Therefore, a numerical study is carried out to determine the minimal representative domain size for a given air filter medium. It turns out that the percolation path, i.e., the path of the largest penetrating particle, correlates quite well with dust holding capacity and might be a better measure than pressure drop for a representative domain size. As an outlook and an example, it is demonstrated that the performance achieved by a virtual clone agrees well with the one of the original real media based on which the clone was modeled.
Effect of Stretching Parameters on Structure and Properties of Polytetrafluoroethylene Hollow‐Fiber Membranes
Authors: Jia Jingxuan , Kang Guodong , Cao Yiming
Published: February 2016

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) porous hollow‐fiber membranes were prepared by a method involving billet preform, paste extrusion, stretching, and sintering. The influence of stretching parameters including stretching ratio, temperature, and speed was systematically investigated. The structure and properties of these membranes were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, filtration performance, and mechanical strength test. The results indicate that the stretching ratio is the most significant influencing factor for the formation of various regions in the stress‐strain curve. With increasing stretching ratio, the porosity, maximum pore size, and ethanol flux increase remarkably while bovine serum albumin rejection is reduced. These findings have the potential to facilitate PTFE membrane fabrication with finely tuned microporous structure for various application processes.
A Re‐evaluation of Electron‐Transfer Mechanisms in Microbial Electrochemistry: Shewanella Releases Iron that Mediates Extracellular Electron Transfer
Authors: Oram Joseph , Jeuken Lars J. C.
Published: February 2016

Exoelectrogenic bacteria can couple their metabolism to extracellular electron acceptors, including macroscopic electrodes, and this has applications in energy production, bioremediation and biosensing. Optimisation of these technologies relies on a detailed molecular understanding of extracellular electron‐transfer (EET) mechanisms, and Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1 (MR‐1) has become a model organism for such fundamental studies. Here, cyclic voltammetry was used to determine the relationship between the surface chemistry of electrodes (modified gold, ITO and carbon electrodes) and the EET mechanism. On ultra‐smooth gold electrodes modified with self‐assembled monolayers containing carboxylic‐acid‐terminated thiols, an EET pathway dominates with an oxidative catalytic onset at 0.1 V versus SHE. Addition of iron(II)chloride enhances the catalytic current, whereas the siderophore deferoxamine abolishes this signal, leading us to conclude that this pathway proceeds via an iron mediated electron transfer mechanism. The same EET pathway is observed at other electrodes, but the onset potential is dependent on the electrolyte composition and electrode surface chemistry. EET pathways with onset potentials above −0.1 V versus SHE have previously been ascribed to direct electron‐transfer (DET) mechanisms through the surface exposed decaheme cytochromes (MtrC/OmcA) of MR‐1. In light of the results reported here, we propose that the previously identified DET mechanism of MR‐1 needs to be re‐evaluated.
Supramolecular Organization of Dye Molecules in Zeolite L Channels: Synthesis, Properties, and Composite Materials
Authors: Cao Pengpeng , Khorev Oleg , Devaux André , Sägesser Lucie , Kunzmann Andreas , Ecker Achim , Häner Robert , Brühwiler Dominik , Calzaferri Gion , Belser Peter
Published: February 2016

Sequential insertion of different dyes into the 1D channels of zeolite L (ZL) leads to supramolecular sandwich structures and allows the formation of sophisticated antenna composites for light harvesting, transport, and trapping. The synthesis and properties of dye molecules, host materials, composites, and composites embedded in polymer matrices, including two‐ and three‐color antenna systems, are described. Perylene diimide (PDI) dyes are an important class of chromophores and are of great interest for the synthesis of artificial antenna systems. They are especially well suited to advancing our understanding of the structure–transport relationship in ZL because their core fits tightly through the 12‐ring channel opening. The substituents at both ends of the PDIs can be varied to a large extent without influencing their electronic absorption and fluorescence spectra. The intercalation/insertion of 17 PDIs, 2 terrylenes, and 1 quaterrylene into ZL are compared and their interactions with the inner surface of the ZL nanochannels discussed. ZL crystals of about 500 nm in size have been used because they meet the criteria that must be respected for the preparation of antenna composites for light harvesting, transport, and trapping. The photostability of dyes is considerably improved by inserting them into the ZL channels because the guests are protected by being confined. Plugging the channel entrances, so that the guests cannot escape into the environment is a prerequisite for achieving long‐term stability of composites embedded in an organic matrix. Successful methods to achieve this goal are described. Finally, the embedding of dye–ZL composites in polymer matrices, while maintaining optical transparency, is reported. These results facilitate the rational design of advanced dye–zeolite composite materials and provide powerful tools for further developing and understanding artificial antenna systems, which are among the most fascinating subjects of current photochemistry and photophysics.
Thermodynamics for the Formation of Double‐Stranded DNA–Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Hybrids
Authors: Shiraki Tomohiro , Tsuzuki Akiko , Toshimitsu Fumiyuki , Nakashima Naotoshi
Published: February 2016

For the first time, the thermodynamics are described for the formation of double‐stranded DNA (ds‐DNA)–single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) hybrids. This treatment is applied to the exchange reaction of sodium cholate (SC) molecules on SWNTs and the ds‐DNAs d(A)20–d(T)20 and nuclear factor (NF)‐κB decoy. UV/Vis/near‐IR spectroscopy with temperature variations was used for analyzing the exchange reaction on the SWNTs with four different chiralities: (n,m)=(8,3), (6,5), (7,5), and (8,6). Single‐stranded DNAs (ss‐DNAs), including d(A)20 and d(T)20, are also used for comparison. The d(A)20–d(T)20 shows a drastic change in its thermodynamic parameters around the melting temperature (Tm) of the DNA oligomer. No such Tm dependency was measured, owing to high Tm in the NF‐κB decoy DNA and no Tm in the ss‐DNA.
Conformational Fixation of a Rectangular Antiaromatic [28]Hexaphyrin Using Rationally Installed Peripheral Straps
Authors: Yoneda Tomoki , Kim Taeyeon , Soya Takanori , Neya Saburo , Oh Juwon , Kim Dongho , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: February 2016

A rectangular [28]hexaphyrin bearing outer straps at the long side has been synthesized by SNAr reaction of [26]hexaphyrin with allyl alcohol, intramolecular olefin metathesis by using Hoveyda–Grubbs second‐generation catalyst, and reduction with NaBH4. The peripheral straps enforce a rectangular conformation for the [28]hexaphyrin, which shows Hückel antiaromatic character, as confirmed by its planar X‐ray structure, a strong paratropic ring current, characteristic UV/Vis/NIR absorption features, small electrochemical HOMO–LUMO gap, and very fast S1 decay.
A Thermo‐ and Mechanoresponsive Cyano‐Substituted Oligo(p‐phenylene vinylene) Derivative with Five Emissive States
Authors: Sagara Yoshimitsu , Lavrenova Anna , Crochet Aurélien , Simon Yoan C. , Fromm Katharina M. , Weder Christoph
Published: February 2016

Multiresponsive materials that display predefined photoluminescence color changes upon exposure to different stimuli are attractive candidates for advanced sensing schemes. Herein, we report a cyano‐substituted oligo(p‐phenylene vinylene) (cyano‐OPV) derivative that forms five different solvent‐free solid‐state molecular assemblies, luminescence properties of which change upon thermal and mechanical stimulation. Single‐crystal X‐ray structural analysis suggested that tolyl groups introduced at the termini of solubilizing side‐chains of the cyano‐OPV play a pivotal role in its solid‐state arrangement. Viewed more broadly, this report shows that the introduction of competing intermolecular interactions into excimer‐forming chromophores is a promising design strategy for multicolored thermo‐ and mechanoresponsive luminescent materials.