bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bandwidth Enhancement of a Backfire Microstrip Patch Antenna for Pervasive Communication
Authors: Gour Puran , Mishra Ravishankar
Published: July 2014

Backfire antenna 0.265λfor bandwidth enhancement is proposed and investigated. The proposed antenna is fed by a 50 Ω coaxial feed. The bandwidth of proposed antenna for S and C band is investigated. The performance of backfire antenna is investigated by performing numerical calculation by using various mathematical formulas to determine necessary dimensions of the antenna and simulation by using commercially available Method of Moments software. Here we design proposed geometry for 3 GHz. For this geometry we achieved 52.8% bandwidth for VSWR <2, minimum return loss −20 dB, and maximum directivity 7.2 dBi.
Middle Segment-Preserving Pancreatectomy for Recurrent Metastasis of Renal Cell Carcinoma after Pancreatoduodenectomy: A Case Report
Authors: Takeshi Aiyama , Mitsuhiro Inagaki , Hiromitsu Akabane , Naoyuki Yanagida , Taiichiro Shibaki , Hiroki Shomura , Takeaki Kudo , Tatsuya Shonaka , Futoshi Oikawa , Hiroharu Sakurai , Shiro Nakano
Published: July 2014

Many cases of surgical resection of metastatic pancreatic tumors originating from renal cell carcinoma have been reported; however, cases of reresection of recurrent pancreatic metastasis of renal cell carcinoma in the remnant pancreas are rare. We performed a second resection for recurrent pancreatic metastasis of renal cell carcinoma six years after pancreatoduodenectomy with pancreaticogastrostomy reconstruction. By performing middle segment-preserving pancreatectomy, we were able to successfully spare the exocrine and endocrine pancreatic function compared to that observed after total pancreatectomy, with no signs of recurrence for two years after the surgery.
Least-Squares Solutions of the Matrix EquationsAXB+CYD=HandAXB+CXD=Hfor Symmetric Arrowhead Matrices and Associated Approximation Problems
Authors: Yuan Yongxin
Published: July 2014

The least-squares solutions of the matrix equationsAXB+CYD=HandAXB+CXD=Hfor symmetric arrowhead matrices are discussed. By using the Kronecker product and stretching function of matrices, the explicit representations of the general solution are given. Also, it is shown that the best approximation solution is unique and an explicit expression of the solution is derived.
Long-Term Effects of the Treatment of Depressive Female Inpatients in a Naturalistic Study: Is Early Improvement a Valid Predictor of Outcome?
Authors: Zuercher-Huerlimann Elian , grosse Holtforth Martin , Hermann Ernst
Published: July 2014

Objectives.To examine the predictive value of early improvement for short- and long-term outcome in the treatment of depressive female inpatients and to explore the influence of comorbid disorders (CD).Methods.Archival data of a naturalistic sample of 277 female inpatients diagnosed with a depressive disorder was analyzed assessing the BDI at baseline, after 20 days and 30 days, posttreatment, and after 3 to 6 months at follow-up. Early improvement, defined as a decrease in the BDI score of at least 30% after 20 and after 30 days, and CD were analyzed using binary logistic regression.Results.Both early improvement definitions were predictive of remission at posttreatment. Early improvement after 30 days showed a sustained treatment effect in the follow-up phase, whereas early improvement after 20 days failed to show a persistent effect regarding remission at follow-up. CD were not significantly related neither at posttreatment nor at follow-up. At no time point CD moderated the prediction by early improvement.Conclusions.We show that early improvement is a valid predictor for short-term remission and at follow-up in an inpatient setting. CD did not predict outcome. Further studies are needed to identify patient subgroups amenable to more tailored treatments.
Black Cohosh and Liver Toxicity: Is There a Relationship?
Authors: Muqeet Adnan Mohammed , Khan Muhammad , Hashmi Syed , Hamza Muhammad , AbdulMujeeb Sufyan , Amer Syed
Published: July 2014

Herbal supplements are commonly used by patients for various problems. It is a well-known fact that most patients do not tell their physicians about the use of herbal supplements unless they are specifically asked. As a result, sometimes important information regarding drug side effects is missed in history taking. During our literature search, we found several retrospective studies and other meta-analyses that claim a lacking or weak link between black cohosh use and hepatotoxicity. We present a case of a 44-year-old female who developed subacute liver injury demonstrated on a CT scan and liver biopsy within a month of using the drug to resolve her hot flashes and discuss a possible temporal and causal association between black cohosh use and liver disease. Since the patient was not taking any other drugs, we concluded that the acute liver injury was caused by the use of black cohosh. We agree with the United States Pharmacopeia recommendations that a cautionary warning about hepatotoxicity should be labeled on the drug package.
Role of EEG as Biomarker in the Early Detection and Classification of Dementia
Authors: Al-Qazzaz Noor Kamal , Ali Sawal Hamid Bin MD. , Ahmad Siti Anom , Chellappan Kalaivani , Islam Md. Shabiul , Escudero Javier
Published: July 2014

The early detection and classification of dementia are important clinical support tasks for medical practitioners in customizing patient treatment programs to better manage the development and progression of these diseases. Efforts are being made to diagnose these neurodegenerative disorders in the early stages. Indeed, early diagnosis helps patients to obtain the maximum treatment benefit before significant mental decline occurs. The use of electroencephalogram as a tool for the detection of changes in brain activities and clinical diagnosis is becoming increasingly popular for its capabilities in quantifying changes in brain degeneration in dementia. This paper reviews the role of electroencephalogram as a biomarker based on signal processing to detect dementia in early stages and classify its severity. The review starts with a discussion of dementia types and cognitive spectrum followed by the presentation of the effective preprocessing denoising to eliminate possible artifacts. It continues with a description of feature extraction by using linear and nonlinear techniques, and it ends with a brief explanation of vast variety of separation techniques to classify EEG signals. This paper also provides an idea from the most popular studies that may help in diagnosing dementia in early stages and classifying through electroencephalogram signal processing and analysis.
Antiproliferative Mechanism of Action of the Novel Taxane Cabazitaxel as Compared with the Parent Compound Docetaxel in MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Azarenko Olga , Smiyun Gregoriy , Mah Jeffrey , Wilson Leslie , Jordan Mary Ann
Published: July 2014

Cabazitaxel, a novel chemotherapeutic taxane, is effective against docetaxel-resistant cells and tumors. It is approved for treatment of metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer in patients pretreated with docetaxel. Objective responses have been observed in many other cancers, including pretreated metastatic breast cancer. Cabazitaxel and docetaxel share a high degree of structural similarity. The basis for cabazitaxel's efficacy is unclear, and its mechanism has not been described. We compared the effects of cabazitaxel and docetaxel on MCF7 human breast cancer cells expressing fluorescent tubulin. Both drugs inhibited cell proliferation (IC50s, cabazitaxel, 0.4 ± 0.1 nmol/L, docetaxel, 2.5 ± 0.5 nmol/L) and arrested cells in metaphase by inducing mitotic spindle abnormalities. Drug concentrations required for half-maximal mitotic arrest at 24 hours were similar (1.9 nmol/L cabazitaxel and 2.2 nmol/L docetaxel). Cabazitaxel suppressed microtubule dynamic instability significantly more potently than docetaxel. In particular, cabazitaxel (2 nmol/L) suppressed the microtubule shortening rate by 59% (compared with 49% for 2 nmol/L docetaxel), the growing rate by 33% (vs. 19%), and overall dynamicity by 83% (vs. 64%). Cabazitaxel was taken up into cells significantly faster than docetaxel, attaining an intracellular concentration of 25 μmol/L within 1 hour, compared with 10 hours for docetaxel. Importantly, after washing, the intracellular cabazitaxel concentration remained high, whereas the docetaxel concentration was significantly reduced. The data indicate that the potency of cabazitaxel in docetaxel-resistant tumors is due to stronger suppression of microtubule dynamics, faster drug uptake, and better intracellular retention than occurs with docetaxel. Mol Cancer Ther; 13(8); 2092–103. ©2014 AACR.
Host-Derived Endothelial Regeneration of Corneal Transplants in a Rat Keratoplasty Model
Authors: Bredow Laura , Schwartzkopff Johannes , Reinhard Thomas
Published: July 2014

Background: It has been observed that formerly rejected opaque corneal transplants can regain clarity in the rat. We hypothesized that graft endothelium is regenerated by the host. Therefore, we used green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic rats to assess the origin of cells following keratoplasty. Methods: Allogeneic corneal transplantations were carried out between Fischer strain rats as graft donors and GFP-transgenic Lewis rats as recipients. In a second group, syngeneic transplantations were performed between GFP-negative Lewis donors and GFP-positive Lewis recipients, where endothelial-cell-free grafts after mechanical endothelial debridement were used. All grafts were followed up clinically for signs of opacity and rejection. After 6 weeks, corneal flatmounts counterstained with DAPI were analyzed by confocal microscopy. Results: Syngeneic transplantation of endothelial-cell-free grafts led to medium opacity levels without rejection and to subsequent clearing. All grafts showed a population of GFP-positive, host-derived endothelial cells on the graft after 6 weeks. In the allogeneic transplantation group, all grafts but one were rejected after a median of 17 days. While the graft that was not rejected maintained the GFP-negative transplant endothelium, all formerly rejected grafts showed GFP-positive endothelium on the transplant after 6 weeks, accompanied by clinical clearing of the graft. Conclusion: GPF positivity shows that in both a syngeneic and an allogeneic setting, the host-derived corneal endothelium can compensate for the endothelial cell loss of the graft. Following rejection, the grafts are repopulated by host-derived endothelial cells in the rat. This finding demonstrates a high regenerative capacity of the peripheral corneal endothelium in the rat, which should be considered whenever interpreting rat keratoplasty results.
MicroRNA-210 Contributes to Preeclampsia by Downregulating Potassium Channel Modulatory Factor 1
Authors: Luo Rongcan , Shao Xuan , Xu Peng , Liu Yanlei , Wang Yongqing , Zhao Yangyu , Liu Ming , Ji Lei , Li Yu-xia , Chang Cheng , Qiao Jie , Peng Chun , Wang Yan-ling
Published: July 2014

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific syndrome manifested by the onset of hypertension and proteinuria after the 20th week of gestation. Abnormal placenta development has been generally accepted as the initial cause of the disorder. Recently, microRNA-210 (miR-210) has been found to be upregulated in preeclamptic placentas compared with normal placentas, indicating a possible association of this small molecule with the placental pathology of preeclampsia. However, the function of miR-210 in the development of the placenta remains elusive. The aim of this study was to characterize the molecular mechanism of preeclampsia development by examining the role of miR-210. In this study, miR-210 and potassium channel modulatory factor 1 (KCMF1) expressions were compared in placentas from healthy pregnant individuals and patients with preeclampsia, and the role of miR-210 in trophoblast cell invasion via the downregulation of KCMF1 was investigated in the immortal trophoblast cell line HTR8/SVneo. The levels of KCMF1 were significantly lower in preeclamptic placenta tissues than in gestational week–matched normal placentas, which was inversely correlated with the level of miR-210. KCMF1 was validated as the direct target of miR-210 using real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and dual luciferase assay in HTR8/SVneo cells. miR-210 inhibited the invasion of trophoblast cells, and this inhibition was abrogated by the overexpression of KCMF1. The inflammatory factor tumor necrosis factor-α could upregulate miR-210 while suppressing KCMF1 expression in HTR8/SVneo cells. This is the first report on the function of KCMF1 in human placental trophoblast cells, and the data indicate that aberrant miR-210 expression may contribute to the occurrence of preeclampsia by interfering with KCMF1-mediated signaling in the human placenta.
Aspirin Use and Risk of Atrial Fibrillation in the Physicians' Health Study
Authors: Ofman Peter , Petrone Andrew B. , Peralta Adelqui , Hoffmeister Peter , Albert Christine M. , Djousse Luc , Gaziano J. Michael , Rahilly‐Tierney Catherine R.
Published: July 2014

Background

Inflammatory processes have been associated with an increased risk of atrial fibrillation (
AF)
, potentially allowing for preventive therapy by anti‐inflammatory agents such as aspirin. However, the effect of chronic aspirin on the incidence of
AF
has not been evaluated in a prospective cohort followed for an extended period.

Methods and Results

This study was comprised of a prospective cohort of 23 480 male participants of the Physicians' Health Study. Aspirin intake and covariates were estimated using self‐reported questionnaires. Incident
AF
was ascertained through yearly follow‐up questionnaires. Cox's regression, with adjustment for multiple covariates, was used to estimate relative risk of
AF
. Average age at baseline was 65.1±8.9 years. During a mean follow‐up of 10.0 years, 2820 cases of
AF
were reported. Age‐standardized incidence rates were 12.6, 11.1, 12.7, 11.3, 15.8, and 13.8/1000 person‐years for people reporting baseline aspirin intake of 0, <14 days per year, 14 to 30 days per year, 30 to 120 days per year, 121 to 180 days per year, and >180 days per year, respectively. Multivariable adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for incident
AF
were 1.00 (reference), 0.88 (0.76 to 1.02), 0.93 (0.76 to 1.14), 0.96 (0.80 to 1.14), 1.07 (0.80 to 1.14), and 1.04 (0.94 to 1.15) across consecutive categories of aspirin intake. Analysis of the data using time‐varying Cox's regression model to update aspirin intake over time showed similar results.

Conclusions

In a large cohort of males followed for a long period, we did not find any association between aspirin use and incident
AF
.
Head and Heart
Authors: Tieleman Teun
Published: July 2014

In this paper, I examine what exactly is implied by (deutero-)Pauline references to the head as well as the heart in well-known statements from the Graeco-Roman background, i.e. the brain versus heart controversy as it arose and developed among medical scientists and philosophers. Two key passages are given separate treatment: 1Cor 12:12–31a and Col 2:19.
Embodied Inner Human Being
Authors: Weissenrieder Annette , Etzelmüller Gregor
Published: July 2014

In this paper we take issue with George H. van Kooten’s recent argument that Paul’s concept of inner human being has a background in ancient philosophical treatises as a metaphor of the soul. We argue that its Greco-Roman physiological meaning was decisive in its adoption by Paul and that the split between ancient medicine and philosophy was not essential in antiquity. Ancient medical-philosophical texts did not focus on the core or center of a person but rather sought a deep understanding of his or her inner aspects. These texts sought to understand how it is that we can discover bodily information about this inner person and to what degree the relationship between the inner and outer person can be interpreted. At the same time, however, we are discussing Walter Burkert’s evolutionary understanding of Pauline’s concept of the inner and outer human being. Paul’s definition of the inner human being corresponds to recent anthropological concepts of embodiment insofar as the visible outer human being has an inside which, according to Paul, is not detached from the body, but must be grasped from a physical perspective.
Either Too Little or Too Much
Authors: Hoffmann Thomas
Published: July 2014

On a theoretical level, the article investigates sexually orientated discourses as a means to censure and demonise other religious communities than one’s own whilst staging one’s own religious community as the most “natural” and “liberal” example. With reference to the works of Michel Foucault and Edward Said it is thus argued that seemingly liberal and lenient attitudes towards sexuality can be exploited in an intolerant and hegemonic fashion. On an empirical level, this paradoxical dynamic is investigated in relation to Islam, Judaism and the so-called Western world. In terms of historical periods, late antiquity and (late) modernity are adduced. It is demonstrated that early and classical Islam styled itself as sexually liberal and easy-going over and against an alleged puritanical and rigid Judaism. In late modernity, in a Muslim European diaspora setting, it is demonstrated that Islam has fallen prey to the very same sexual “liberal” tactics as was perpetrated in late antiquity; that is, being castigated for being puritanical and rigid. However, contemporary Muslims are caught in a double bind since the charges against their alleged puritanism and bigotry runs parallel with charges against an alleged excessive and transgressive patriarchal sexuality.
Two new species of Kudinopasternakia Guţu, 1980 (Crustacea: Tanaidacea: Sphyrapodidae) with remarks on setology nomenclature
Authors: DOS SANTOS KÁTIA CHRISTOL
Published: July 2014

Two new species of sphyrapodid tanaidaceans, Kudinopasternakia falconae n.sp. and Kudinopasternakia serejae n.sp., are described and illustrated from benthic samples taken at 680–790m depth in the Campos Basin, off the coast of south-eastern Brazil. The main characters used for the separation of the species are the number of maxillule palp distal setae, the number and length of spiniform setae on the ventral surface of the carpus and propodus of pereopod 1, the ornamentation of the ventral margin of the unguis of pereopods 4 to 6, and the pleonal epimera. Exopods were also observed on pereopods 4 and 5 of the manca of both new species. Some nomenclatural terms related to setae are discussed. A key to the genus Kudinopasternakia is presented.
Tribological behaviour of Al-Si-coated ultra-high-strength steel during interaction with tool steel at elevated temperatures: Influence of tool steel surface topography parameters on galling
Authors: Pelcastre Leonardo , Hardell Jens , Courbon Cédric , Prakash Braham
Published: July 2014

Galling is a severe form of adhesive wear encountered in metal forming operations. In hot stamping, an Al-Si coating is normally applied onto the ultra-high-strength steels to prevent decarburisation and to improve the corrosion resistance of the steel. Material transfer occurring from the coated ultra-high-strength steel to the tool surface has been identified as major issue in hot stamping. This transferred material impairs the quality of the produced parts and at the same time, it increases the costs of maintenance of the tools. This work focuses on the understanding of surface topography parameters and their effect on galling. Surface roughness level and orientation of the surface lay on tool surface have been studied. The results showed that a single parameter of the surface topography is not enough to describe the resistance to galling. Parameters such as Rv, Rp and Rsk are also important to consider in order to rank the galling resistance of the surface. The sliding direction with respect to the surface lay also had a significant influence on galling; sliding in the direction parallel to it resulted in substantially reduced material transfer.
Assisted dying – the debate: Videtur… sed contra
Authors: Graham Philip , Hughes Julian C.
Published: July 2014

Should the law be changed to allow health professionals to assist mentally competent, terminally ill people to end their own lives? In this article Philip Graham (P.G.) puts the arguments in favour of such a change in the law and Julian Hughes (J.H.) opposes these arguments. J.H. then sets out why he believes such a law should not be passed and P.G., in turn, sets out counterarguments. Before concluding comments, both P.G. and J.H. independently make brief closing statements supporting their own positions.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Understand the differences between various types of ‘assisted dying’.

Appreciate some of the ethical arguments in favour of and against changes in the law on assisted dying in the UK.

Understand some of the empirical data involved in arguments about assisted dying.
A comparison of DSM and ICD classifications of mental disorder
Authors: Tyrer Peter
Published: July 2014

Most disorders in medicine are classified using the ICD (initiated in Paris in 1900). Mental and behavioural disorders are classified using the DSM (DSM-I was published in the USA in 1952), but it was not until DSM-III in 1980 that it became a major player. Its success was largely influenced by Robert Spitzer, who welded its disparate elements, and Melvyn Shabsin, who facilitated its acceptance. Spitzer pointed out that most diagnostic conditions in psychiatry were poorly defined, showed poor reliability in test-retest situations, and were temporally unstable. The consequence was that the beliefs of the psychiatrist seemed to matter much more than the characteristics of the patient when it came to classification. Since DSM-III there has been a split between those who adhere to DSM because it is a better research classification and those who adhere to ICD because it allows more clinical discretion in making diagnoses. This article discusses the pros and cons of both systems, and the major criticisms that have been levelled against them.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Understand the principles and reasoning behind classification in medicine and psychiatry.

Be able to describe the recent history of psychiatric classification.

Be able to compare DSM and ICD classifications of mental disorder.
Cognitive analytic therapy at 30
Authors: Ryle Anthony , Kellett Stephen , Hepple Jason , Calvert Rachel
Published: July 2014

Cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) was formalised in 1984 by Anthony Ryle. It facilitated the clinical integration of psychodynamic therapy and personal construct/cognitive psychology. It is a brief, user-friendly relational therapy, applicable to the wide range of psychological problems typically seen in public mental health settings. It has recently been included in national guidelines for the treatment of personality disorder in the National Health Service. CAT provides a coherent model of development and psychopathology, which centrally views the self as both socially formed and embedded. Owing to its core relational grounding, CAT is being increasingly applied to team contexts/systems, enabling a ‘common language’ for team formulation/practice. It is also being successfully delivered as a group therapy. This article describes the development and unique features of the CAT model, analyses the current evidence base and identifies potential future directions for the model.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Be able to describe the core principles of the CAT approach.

Appreciate the evidence base for CAT.

Understand CAT's place today among talking therapies.
Hangover Square by Patrick Hamilton
Authors: Russ Tom C.
Published: July 2014

Patrick Hamilton's (1904–1962) books are filled with gin and jealousy and depict obsessive desire in oppressive circumstances. His early financial success funded his heavy drinking, but also allowed him to write some of the best fiction of the 20th century. Following a depressive illness towards the end of his short life he never wrote again, leaving his final series of novels unfinished, the villain forever escaping justice. Hangover Square, set on the eve of the Second World War, tells the tense story of a man whose ambivalence for the woman he is pursuing (who has no interest in him) is manifested in two psychological states, between which he flips without warning. In one state he yearns for her, yet in the other has only one purpose – to kill her. Hamilton precisely describes a number of mental symptoms while not convincing readers of the implied diagnosis of schizophrenia. However, the similarities with a late-19th century French fuguer are clear and perhaps this condition provides a better frame for the main character's experiences.
Prescription of antipsychotics in people with dementia
Authors: Ballard Clive , Corbett Anne , Howard Robert
Published: July 2014

Gerhard et al clarify our understanding of mortality associated with antipsychotic use in people with dementia, by demonstrating a clear dose relationship and highlighting key questions regarding the relative mortality risk of different atypical antipsychotics. The study also suggests that antipsychotics may confer risks of increased mortality in older people without dementia.
Surgery Alone Versus Chemoradiotherapy Followed by Surgery for Stage I and II Esophageal Cancer: Final Analysis of Randomized Controlled Phase III Trial FFCD 9901
Authors: Mariette Christophe , Dahan Laetitia , Mornex Françoise , Maillard Emilie , Thomas Pascal-Alexandre , Meunier Bernard , Boige Valérie , Pezet Denis , Robb William B. , Le Brun-Ly Valérie , Bosset Jean-François , Mabrut Jean-Yves , Triboulet Jean-Pierre , Bedenne Laurent , Seitz Jean-François
Published: July 2014

Purpose

Although often investigated in locally advanced esophageal cancer (EC), the impact of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT) in early stages is unknown. The aim of this multicenter randomized phase III trial was to assess whether NCRT improves outcomes for patients with stage I or II EC.

Methods

The primary end point was overall survival. Secondary end points were disease-free survival, postoperative morbidity, in-hospital mortality, R0 resection rate, and prognostic factor identification. From June 2000 to June 2009, 195 patients in 30 centers were randomly assigned to surgery alone (group S; n = 97) or NCRT followed by surgery (group CRT; n = 98). CRT protocol was 45 Gy in 25 fractions over 5 weeks with two courses of concomitant chemotherapy composed of fluorouracil 800 mg/m2 and cisplatin 75 mg/m2. We report the long-term results of the final analysis, after a median follow-up of 93.6 months.

Results

Pretreatment disease was stage I in 19.0%, IIA in 53.3%, and IIB in 27.7% of patients. For group CRT compared with group S, R0 resection rate was 93.8% versus 92.1% (P = .749), with 3-year overall survival rate of 47.5% versus 53.0% (hazard ratio [HR], 0.99; 95% CI, 0.69 to 1.40; P = .94) and postoperative mortality rate of 11.1% versus 3.4% (P = .049), respectively. Because interim analysis of the primary end point revealed an improbability of demonstrating the superiority of either treatment arm (HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.75 to 1.59; P = .66), the trial was stopped for anticipated futility.

Conclusion

Compared with surgery alone, NCRT with cisplatin plus fluorouracil does not improve R0 resection rate or survival but enhances postoperative mortality in patients with stage I or II EC.
JSim, an open-source modeling system for data analysis
Authors: Butterworth Erik , Jardine Bartholomew E. , Raymond Gary M. , Neal Maxwell L. , Bassingthwaighte James B.
Published: July 2014

JSim is a simulation system for developing models, designing experiments, and evaluating hypotheses on physiological and pharmacological systems through the testing of model solutions against data. It is designed for interactive, iterative manipulation of the model code, handling of multiple data sets and parameter sets, and for making comparisons among different models running simultaneously or separately. Interactive use is supported by a large collection of graphical user interfaces for model writing and compilation diagnostics, defining input functions, model runs, selection of algorithms solving ordinary and partial differential equations, run-time multidimensional graphics, parameter optimization (8 methods), sensitivity analysis, and Monte Carlo simulation for defining confidence ranges. JSim uses Mathematical Modeling Language (MML) a declarative syntax specifying algebraic and differential equations. Imperative constructs written in other languages (MATLAB, FORTRAN, C++, etc.) are accessed through procedure calls. MML syntax is simple, basically defining the parameters and variables, then writing the equations in a straightforward, easily read and understood mathematical form. This makes JSim good for teaching modeling as well as for model analysis for research.   For high throughput applications, JSim can be run as a batch job.  JSim can automatically translate models from the repositories for Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) and CellML models. Stochastic modeling is supported. MML supports assigning physical units to constants and variables and automates checking dimensional balance as the first step in verification testing. Automatic unit scaling follows, e.g. seconds to minutes, if needed. The JSim Project File sets a standard for reproducible modeling analysis: it includes in one file everything for analyzing a set of experiments: the data, the models, the data fitting, and evaluation of parameter confidence ranges. JSim is open source; it and about 400 human readable open source physiological/biophysical models are available athttp://www.physiome.org/jsim/.
Optimal Control of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles with Market Impact and Risk Attitude
Authors: Wei Lai , Guan Yongpei
Published: July 2014

In this paper, we develop optimal electricity storage control policies to manage charging and discharging activities for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles for the benefit of an energy market participant. We first develop models for both risk-neutral and risk-averse aggregators to participate only in a real-time market. The proposed models capture the impact of the charging and discharging activities on real-time electricity prices. Next, we extend our study to the case in which aggregators participate in both the real-time and day-ahead markets. For each developed model, we analyze the properties of the optimal objective value function, prove the existence and uniqueness of the optimal policy, and explore the corresponding optimal policy structure. Moreover, through numerical studies, we explore insights into how electricity prices are influenced by charging and discharging activities. In particular, we observe that aggregated charging/discharging activities with market-impact consideration could reduce the variance of the real-time electricity prices more efficiently, as compared to individual activities. In addition, considering market impact, an aggregator tends to use less electricity storage. Finally, it is beneficial to let an aggregator control the electricity storage and participate in both the real-time and day-ahead markets, instead of participating only in the real-time market.
Notes on Predatory Behavi our in Rhinacloa forticornis (Hemiptera: Miridae )
Authors: Culliney T.W.
Published: July 2014

Predatory behaviour in the phyline mirid, Rhinacloa forticornis Reuter, was observed in the laboratory. Jasmine flowers and bean pods infested with larval and adult thrips were exposed in petri dishes to nymphs and adults of the bug. Only thrips larvae were successfully attacked. The manner in which R. forticornis handled prey, particularly the mirid’s use of its fore tarsi to position and manipulate prey and its probing in different body regions, and the feeding process, involving the ingestion and egestion of fluids, and thus a potential role for extra-oral digestion of prey tissues, were suggestive of similar behaviours in predaceous Heteroptera. However, observations of apparently preferential feeding on vegetable matter in the presence of available prey suggested that phytophagy is an important, perhaps predominant, feeding mode in this plant bug, with predation occurring in nature in the absence of acceptable plant food.
Economic Assessment of R ural Women Participation in Processing and Marketing of Soybean in Tarka LGA of Benue State Nigeria
Authors: Ezihe Jacqueline , Agbugba Ikechi , Iornum Wuese
Published: July 2014

The study was carried out in four markets namely: Wanune, Asukunya, Tiortyu and Gwarche markets from which 109 women processors and marketers were sampled. Structured questionnaires were used to elicit relevant information from the women. The first objective described the socio-economic characteristics of processors and marketers of soybean in the study area; the second identified the different forms of soybean product in the study area; the third determined the level of rural women participation in the processing and marketing of soybean product in the study area; and the fourth determined the profitability of processing and marketing of soybean products. The gross margin analysis for marketing of soybean gave a positive sign (₦1,583), an indication that soybean marketing is a profitable as well as lucrative business in the study area. The role of the women can be improved upon with better education through promotion o farmers/women cooperative and government strategies involving women. This study however recommends that government should facilitate he availability o credit facilities, inputs and infrastructural facilities and also revitalize and encourage ago-based industries so as to improve the efficiency in processing and marketing of soybean.
Comparative Effect of Or ganics and Biofertilizers on Growth and Yield of Maize (Zea mays. L)
Authors: Umesha S , Divya M , Prasanna K , Lakshmipathi R , Sreeramulu K
Published: July 2014

A field experiment to study the “Comparative efficiency of organics and biofertilizers on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.)” was conducted during Kharif 2011 at farmer field in Beluguli village, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk (Tumkur district). The maize cultivar Nithyashree (NAH 2049) was used in the study. The field experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with fourteen treatments and three replications. Results of the treatment (T13) having recommended dose of NPK + Azotobacter chroococcum + Bacillus megaterium + Pseudomonas fluorescence + enriched compost has showed highest plant height at 30, 60, 90 days after sowing and at harvest (120 days) (31.70, 180.93, 186.07 and 188.13 cm respectively). The highest total dry matter production at harvest (375.80 g) and yield parameters like Weight of cob (207.63 g), Grain yield per plant (158.93 g), Grain yield per ha (54.53 q) and Test weight of seeds (33.10 g) was also found highest in this treatment and available nutrient content in soil after crop harvest i.e., nitrogen (185.40 Kg ha-1), phosphorous (38.83 Kg ha-1) and potassium (181.47 Kg ha-1) was also found highest in the same treatment combination.
Growth and Dry Matter Produc tion of Soybean as Influenced by Beneficial Microorganisms Under Field Conditions
Authors: Basavaraja  , Srikantaiah M , Umesha S , Prasanna K , Lakshmipathi R
Published: July 2014

A field experiment was conducted to know the Growth and dry matter as influenced beneficial microorganisms on Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) under field conditions in farmer field at Gouribidanurduring kharif 2012. The experiment was laid out randomized completely block design with twelve treatments and three replication. The results of this treatment having application of 100 % NPK + Bradyrhizobium + Aspergillusniger + VAM (T11) recorded highest growth parameter like branches at 30, 60 days after sowing and at harvest (4.84, 7.79 and 9.76 cm respectively), leaf area at 30, 60 days after sowing and at harvest (537.41, 999.57 and 1211.94 cm2respectively), Leaf area duration at 30, 60 days after sowing and at harvest (26.99, 73.13 and 30.60 days respectively) and total dry matter at 30, 60 days after sowing and at harvest (3.36, 27.23 and 32.73 g plant-1 respectively)compare to treatment having control. The finding of this study was combined application of biofertlizersgives higher growth parameter and total dry matter of soybean under field condition.
Oral nutritional support in hip fracture patients
Authors: Barne Meg
Published: July 2014

Hip fracture care has changed significantly over the past 7 years, but poor nutritional intake remains common in this patient group, both before and after their hospital admission. This article explores the importance of improving nutritional status as part of the multidisciplinary team's efforts to enhance recovery and improve outcomes after surgery, with a specific focus on the role and evidence for using oral nutritional supplements. Strategies to optimise nutritional status and dietary intake should start in the preoperative stage and continue post-operatively in the community.
Post-traumatic stress disorder following obstetric/gynaecological procedures
Authors: Menage Janet
Published: July 2014

This article describes a study on the psychological stress associated with vaginal examinations. The findings challenge current medical and midwifery working practices in the area of obstetrics and gynaecology.
Post-traumatic stress disorder and childbirth
Authors: Crompton Judy
Published: July 2014

Childbirth can be a primary trigger for post-traumatic stress disorder or retraumatize survivors of previous stress. This article aims to increase midwives' understanding of this disorder, particularly in relation to the perinatal period, so that they can respond appropriately when caring for these women.
The effectiveness of primary care on a neonatal unit
Authors: Lindsay Sadie , Clark Jenny
Published: July 2014

In this second of two articles the authors present an overview of evaluation research and describe its use in assessing the effectiveness of primary nursing on a neonatal unit. Special reference is made to three key players: the baby, the parents and the staff.
Contraception advice: a job for midwives?
Authors: Hawkey Mary
Published: July 2014

The ideal contraceptive should be 100% reliable, reversible, and should pose no risk to the health of the user. It should protect against infection, malignancy and menstrual disturbance, yet not require medical supervision. It should not be intrusive or inhibit sexual spontaneity. It should be inexpensive and easy to use, and there should be no objections to its use on either religious or cultural grounds.
Change and the need for experienced midwifery managers
Authors: Henderson Christine
Published: July 2014

It seems that almost every week we read or hear about the withdrawal of schemes found to be successful in providing a midwife-led, women-focussed service where choice, continuity and control are key features. To do this requires a workforce that is flexible and empowered, who work in an organization that is flexible, valuing the strengths and limitations of its employees, within an environment that is supportive. There are issues to do with how to provide an equitable service across a trust within the resources available and how to motivate the remaining midwifery staff in changing their way of working (if necessary). Midwives are responsible for the quality of care and therefore are vital to the whole process of change. But successful change also depends upon those in positions to lead and manage the change. The reduction in numbers of experienced midwifery managers is having detrimental effects in some trusts. There is concern that a midwifery view on issues is becoming a rarity and that it is not in the best interests of providing a quality maternity service. In moving towards a primary-led maternity NHS it is important that there are midwifery managers who are in positions where they can influence and participate in decisions about reshaping services with professionals, women and commissioning authorities.
Suturing of perineal trauma: how well are we doing — an audit
Authors: Odibo Linda
Published: July 2014

The traditional role of the midwife is fast changing as has been recognized by the Department of Health (Changing Childbirth — 1993). Historically, perineal suturing was considered an obstetrician's role, but it is now an integral part of the role of the midwife and incorporated in basic midwifery education programs (UKCC, 1992). The comfort of the client can be difficult to assess and did not form part of this study. This is being critically appraised by most hospital trusts and the time between delivery and suturing appears to be an important factor. In this respect the Heatherwood and Wexham Park Trust (1994) recommended that the majority of perineal repairs should be performed within 30minutes of delivery.
The nappy exposed: What the midwife should know
Authors: Jones Anita
Published: July 2014

In this ‘disposable’ age where the majority of items are thrown away we find there is a ‘nappy war’ on our hands. Disposable nappies now account for 70–80% of the nappy market. There is great demand from parents for convenient, easy nappy care. This article considers the environmental costs and examines how good nappies are for babies.
Motives for litigation
Authors: Symon Andrew
Published: July 2014

Possible explanations for why some patients become litigants have been aired in the literature, but there remains a need to research this further. It is clear that motives vary, although a lengthy delay in bringing a claim is difficult to understand. While some pursue litigation tenaciously, there is little evidence from this research of the existence of ‘serial litigants’.
Patterns of postnatal visiting: the views of women and midwives
Authors: Hamilton Mary
Published: July 2014

Selective postnatal visiting has become an accepted part of current midwifery care. Its Introduction and operation seems to be related to the Increase in workload caused by the move to more community-based care. It would appear that midwives believe that selective visiting imploves the service to women and gives them control in making choices regarding their care. Women are not as positive in equating selective visiting with improved care and they do not always have the information or opportunity to choose the number and timing of the visits.
Societal influences upon initiation and continuation of breastfeeding
Authors: Dykes Fiona , Griffiths Helen
Published: July 2014

Decision relating to infant feeding are highly Influenced by social and cultural factors within any given community. This article presents an analysis of some of the societal Influence upon attitudes to breasts and breastfeeding in the United Kingdom. Particular reference is made to the fifth national Infant feeding survey.
Special care or segregation?
Authors: Macrory Faye
Published: July 2014

This paper will focus on the identified need for a specialised maternity service for drug-using women in the inner-city area of Manchester and argue that a collaborative initiative was vital if a comprehensive specialist service was to be provided for the increasing number of pregnant drug-using women. The importance of an ongoing harm-reduction education programme for service providers is also emphasised.
Aspects of midwifery care 3: the organization of midwifery care
Authors: Pope Rosemary , Cooney Margaret , Graham Lesley , Holliday Mary , Patel Swatee
Published: July 2014

This is the third in a series of six papers presenting key findings from a national study that was undertaken to investigate the role and responsibilities of midwives and to identify continuing educational need. The background to the study and the titles of the other papers in the series have been outlined in the first paper. Issues related to the way midwifery care is organized nationally are discussed in this paper. Midwives and supervisors indicated a strong commitment to providing woman-centred care in a caring and sensitive manner, often in the face of enormous structural and organizational change. This paper addresses key issues that arose for midwives and supervisors when planning and providing an optimum quality service.
Our healthier nation: a role for midwives?
Authors: Hunt Sheila C
Published: July 2014

The Government has now published the White Paper ‘The New NHS: Modern Dependable’ and the Public Health Green Paper ‘Our Healthier Nation.’ These document will shape health policy into the next millennium and are an important first step in developing a coherent strategy to tackle the state of the nation's health. Both documents recognize that inequalities exist in our society and that inequalities are associated with wide variations in health.
The midwife's role in community based medical education
Authors: Oswald Nigel , Silverston Jane
Published: July 2014

The opportunities for a community midwife to be involved in the education of clinical medical students is explored in an innovative community-based medical attachment. The intention of the obstetric experience is to offer students and pregnant women continuity through their antenatal, intrapartum and postnatal care. This has been achieved. The community midwife is the chief provider and planner of the medical education. The innovation has been appreciated by students and is acceptable to most women. The opportunity to explore psycho-social as well as medical issues associated with pregnancy is valuable. The innovative nature of the course means that there are threats as well as opportunities associated with the initiative. There is a larger role for midwives in medical education which remains to be explored.
Causation: a medicolegal problem
Authors: Symon Andrew
Published: July 2014

Causation is a requirement if damages are to be claimed successfully. The debate in many legal cases centres on the question of whether the practitioner's conduct caused the condition which is the subject of the litigation. A causal link between event and outcome ought not to be assumed automatically.
Maternal-fetal attachment in surrogate mothers
Authors: Smith Megan
Published: July 2014

The increasingly prevalent practice of surrogacy provides debate on a multitude of issues, none so important as those pertaining to the emotional well being of the surrogate herself. The relatively recent development of maternal-fetal attachment theory has shown that attachment by a mother to her unborn child increases following a planned pregnancy, ultrasound, quickening and increased gestation. The surrogate mother experiences these factors, but evidence shows also that when surrogates are in control of the arrangements they more readily adapt to the situation. Media coverage on surrogacy has shown mixed emotions from surrogate mothers, some of whom delight in bringing new life to infertile couples, and others who bitterly regret their decision. A review of surrogacy in the light of such available evidence explores whether maternal-fetal attachment can be wilfully negated by surrogate mothers, or whether feelings are simply suppressed. As surrogacy arrangements become more prevalent, midwives will once again have to confront their feelings on yet another moral dilemma, and prepare for the unpredictable reactions of these special group of mothers.
An investigation into antenatal screening for syphilis
Authors: Lee Pamela
Published: July 2014

Many women are routinely screened for syphilis at antenaal clinics without being aware of It, or what effects a positive result could have. Given that the incidence of syphilis among the ‘low risk’ population of childbearing women has fallen to very low levels, is routine screening an effective use of limited resources? Would it be better if women were allowed choice in the matter, having been fully informed first? This article traces the history of screening for syphilis and questions whether it's right to routinely screen all pregnant women when they may not consent to it. Other more prevalent and equally damaging STDs such as chlamydia are not routinely screened for — should this change? Midwives need to think carefully about the information they give to women regarding blood tests In pregnancy and allow women choice in the screening tests they undergo.