bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Stony Island Avenue
Authors: Contreras Ayana
Published: May 2022

There is a signature Black Radical imagination (as Robin D. G. Kelley terms it) that fuels cultural and economic undertakings in Black Chicago. It’s a belief in the improbable, rooted in the knowledge of what has come before through well-worn folktales. An exploration of how many of these folk tales are inextricably linked to the physical space and architecture of Black Chicago.
Found
Authors: Contreras Ayana
Published: May 2022

A rumination on what happens when beloved things are no longer consecrated. A discarded Curtis Mayfield record serves as a metaphor for a crumbling desecrated Catholic church. But can value be reinjected into abandoned buildings and things? The answer, according to artist Theaster Gates (founder of the Rebuild Foundation), is that sometimes it’s too late to try.
Dhol
Authors: Schreffler Gibb
Published: May 2022

In the early twenty-first century, the Punjab region’s traditional drummers, dholis, were experiencing “the toughest time ever.” Concurrently, their instrument, the iconic barrel-drum dhol, was experiencing unprecedented global popularity. This book uncovers why, notwithstanding the emblematic status of dhol for Punjabis, the dholis’ local communities are facing existential crisis. The pursuit of a national identity—which aids in political representation and maintaining historical consciousness during change—has led modern Punjabis to make particular economic, social, and artistic choices. A casualty of this pursuit has been the disenfranchisement of dholis, who do not find representation despite the symbolic import of dhol to that national identity. Through the example of dhol’s subtle appropriation, the book argues that the empowerment gained by bolstering Punjabi identity in the global arena works at the expense of people on Punjabi society’s margins. At its core are the hereditary-professional drummers who, while members of society’s low-status “outcaste” population, created and maintained dhol traditions over centuries. Exacerbated by a cultural nationalist discourse that downplays ethnic diversity, their subaltern ethnic identities have been rendered invisible. Recognizing their diverse ethnic affiliations, however, is only the first step towards hearing hitherto absent perspectives of individual musicians. As a work of advocacy, this book draws on two decades of ethnography of Indian, Pakistani, and diasporic Punjabi drummers to center their experiences in the story of modern Punjab.
The Short End of the Stick
Authors: Schreffler Gibb
Published: May 2022

This chapter sets the stage for thinking about dhol as representative of differing constructions of Punjabi identity. It considers spatial movement and social positioning as factors in individuals’ identity constructs. Through the example of the development of themes and production practices in 20th-century popular music, it contends that Punjabi “national” identity gains coherence as individuals move away from Punjab’s local and rural spaces. The particular composition of migrants gives this national identity its biased orientation. The discussion identifies an ideology of cultural nationalism that seeks to unify a Punjabi nation on the basis of perceived shared culture of its constituent members while privileging shared traits of migrants. In selectively deemphasizing diversity, Punjabi cultural nationalism informs an identity in which dholis’ sociocultural identities are minimized.
COMPUGIRLS
Authors: Scott Kimberly A.
Published: May 2022

A considerable amount of attention and money has been spent on programs aimed to improve the technical skills of girls of color. The impact of such efforts is not clearly understood. This book illustrates how one of the first technology programs for girls of color, COMPUGIRLS, shaped and is shaped by its adolescent participants. As a series of narratives exemplifying how intersectionality is more than a theory of multiple identities and resilience, the African American, Latina, and Native American stars of this book challenge many of the taken-for-granted ideas of girlhoods in this digital age. Navigating a program that emphasizes both technical and “power skills,” the stories reveal how culturally responsive computing practices succeed and, in some instances, fail to prepare the next generation to become the techno-social agents our society requires. To this end, the book challenges broad audiences to recognize and embrace the uniqueness of girlhoods of color theoretically and programmatically.
Compugirls’ Development
Authors: Scott Kimberly A.
Published: May 2022

This chapter historicizes COMPUGIRLS, paying homage to an earlier program constructed in another context. Lessons learned and how they shaped the later research team, curriculum, and programmatic efforts are presented. The specific levers that led to COMPUGIRLS’ development as a culturally responsive computing effort for girls of color are articulated.
COMPUGIRLS’ Emergence
Authors: Scott Kimberly A.
Published: May 2022

Along with the prior two chapters, this chapter provides details of COMPUGIRLS’ programmatic efforts. With a focus on three pillars from culturally responsive computing--reflection, asset building, and connectedness--how girls respond to the formal and hidden curricula is presented. From recruitment to removal from the program, the themes in this chapter illustrate how girls’ peer cultures manage inclusion and exclusion in complex ways.
Epilogue
Authors: Scott Kimberly A.
Published: May 2022

This final chapter provides more up-to-date examples of funding and programmatic efforts for girls of color. How COMPUGIRLS as a program fits, or not, into more current initiatives is explored. Questions appear concerning the impact of recent measures along with suggestions on what should and could be considered for girls of color, given current circumstances.
Vardis Fisher and the Beginnings of Mormon Regionalism
Authors: Austin Michael
Published: May 2022

This chapter sets Fisher’s early work in the context of the regional literature movement in American literature—a movement that also included such writers as William Faulkner, John Steinbeck, and Thomas Wolfe, Fisher’s regional fiction—including his autobiographical tetralogy—is set in the Antelope region of Southern Idaho. The Antelope books include Fisher’s autobiographical tetralogy and other works modeled on members of his family, but they also incorporate an entire fictional storyworld much like Faulkner’s Yoknapatawpha. The chapter argues that Fisher’s Antelope fiction constitutes the first significant example of regionalism in the area that Donald W. Meinig identified as the “Mormon Culture Region.”
Children of God and the Golden Age of Mormon Literature
Authors: Austin Michael
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on Children of God, Fisher’s 1939 epic novel of the Mormon migration that won the Harper Prize and reached #2 on the New York Times best seller list behind John Steinback’s Grapes of Wrath. Children of God used both Joseph Smith and Brigham Young as characters in a novel that neither sensationalized nor sanitized the Mormon story. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was very upset about the book’s publication, but they chose to ignore it publicly while working behind the scenes to make sure that it did not influence the script of the 1940 20th Century Fox movie, Brigham Young. The chapter argues that Children of God had a profound influence on Americans’ understanding of Mormonism and created an important market space for other works of Mormon-themed literature.
The Press and Lynching
Authors: Brundage W. Fitzhugh
Published: May 2022

This chapter documents the complex relationship between lynching and newspapers, which has received inadequate attention. As the author writes, “any understanding of the phenomenon of lynching in the United States must begin with news accounts of lynchings.” Between 1890 and 1920, newspapers in America carried news and discussions about lynching on an almost daily basis. White papers legitimized and at times even incited lynching through the use of sensationalism, melodrama, and racist stereotypes of white female victimhood and “Black brutes.” The Black press, including Ida B. Wells and John L. Mitchell, fought back, documenting lynchings, exposing the racist lies used to justify them, and organizing public protest and support for federal anti-lynching bills.
Populist Insurgency, Alabama
Authors: Bedingfield Sid
Published: May 2022

This chapter shows how the “Big Mules” – the new industrialists who were reshaping northern Alabama – used the press to help turn back a populist insurgency that threatened to empower Black voters and bring convict leasing to an end in that state. Desperate to save his failing newspaper, Montgomery Daily Advertiser publisher and editor William Wallace Screws sought help from the L&N railroad and its brash leader, Milton H. Smith. In return for his paper’s financial subsidy, the Advertiser spread disinformation, dismissed voter fraud, and published opposition research provided by the railroad against populist candidate Reuben F. Kolb during three contentious gubernatorial elections between 1890 and 1894. Kolb’s allies in the “reform press” fought back valiantly.
Epilogue
Authors: Forde Kathy Roberts , Bedingfield Sid
Published: May 2022

The epilogue looks to the recent past, the present, and the future, tracing the outcomes of the events documented across the book and considering, also, the reality of Jim Crow in the North. How does the history of Journalism and Jim Crow shape our present and with what consequences—and possibilities—for journalism, democracy, and racial justice? Where can we go from here?
Peace Be Still
Authors: Marovich Robert M.
Published: May 2022

One evening in September 1963, the Angelic Choir of the First Baptist Church of Nutley, New Jersey, assembled in nearby Newark to record their third live album with gospel music’s rising star, James Cleveland. Nobody that evening could have predicted the album’s overwhelming popularity. For two years, Peace Be Still and its haunting title track held top positions on gospel radio and record sales charts. The album is reported to have sold as many as 300,000 copies by 1966 and 800,000 copies by the early 1970s—figures normally achieved by pop artists. Nearly sixty years later, the album still sells. Of the thousands of gospel records released in the early 1960s, why did Peace Be Still become the most successful and longest lasting? To answer this question, the book details the careers of the album’s musical architects, the Reverends Lawrence Roberts and James Cleveland. It provides a history of the First Baptist Church and the Angelic Choir, explores the vibrant gospel music community of Newark and the roots of live recordings of gospel, and, most important, assesses the sociopolitical environment in which the album was created. By exploring the album’s sonic and lyrical themes and contextualizing them with comments by participants in the recording session, the book challenges long-held assumptions about the album and offers new interpretations in keeping with the singers’ original intent.
Introduction
Authors: Marovich Robert M.
Published: May 2022

Why has Peace Be Still become one of the most influential gospel albums of all time? What does it express, sonically and lyrically, about the circumstances in which the artists lived? Have interpretations of its message by a predominantly African American listening public changed during the six tumultuous decades since its release? The introduction presents these and other questions the book will address. The introduction also summarizes the book’s main argument: that the album, and particularly its title track, does not necessarily contain elements of explicit protest as much as it codes messages of resistance and resilience that have nurtured and sustained African Americans over centuries of discrimination.
The Reverend Lawrence C. Roberts and the First Baptist Church of Nutley
Authors: Marovich Robert M.
Published: May 2022

The opening chapter situates Peace Be Still in its geographic and cultural context of Essex County, New Jersey, a destination for African Americans departing the South during the Great Migration. It offers brief biographies on two of the book’s principal characters: Lawrence Roberts, who organized the Angelic Choir, and Dolores Pigford Roberts, his wife and an Angelic Choir member. Readers learn what it was like to grow up African American in a religious household in the Newark metropolitan area. It offers a history of the First Baptist Church of Nutley, where Lawrence became pastor and for which he formed the Angelic Choir, which recorded Peace Be Still in 1963.
Gospel Music in Newark
Authors: Marovich Robert M.
Published: May 2022

Chapter 2 explores the evolution of the African American gospel music community in Newark, and how Lawrence and Bootsy Roberts, as well as prominent Angelic Choir members such as Connie Pitts and Freeman Johnson, fit within that community. Readers are introduced to Newark gospel groups with national followings, such as the Coleman Brothers, the Drinkard Singers, and the Gospel Clefs. Since many Newark gospel artists, including the Angelic Choir, signed recording contracts with Savoy Records, the chapter includes a biography of Savoy founder Herman Lubinsky and a history of the company from its inception in 1942 to the late 1950s. Roberts’s formation of his first gospel group, the Gospel Chordettes / Lawrence Roberts Singers, and his joining Savoy’s gospel division, close the chapter.
Tasting Freedom
Authors: Carter Christopher
Published: May 2022

This chapter seeks to answer the question that was the impetus for writing the entire book, “What should soul food look like today?” Three theologically informed eating that are socially and politically liberative are suggested as the framework for an anti-oppressive soul food and as a response to food injustice. The first practice, soulfull eating, is defined as practicing an agent-specific and context-specific black veganism. Black veganism is to eat in a way that de-centers whiteness, challenges capitalism and colonialism, and reclaims the Black culinary and ecological heritage. The second practice is seeking justice for food workers, which discusses the ramifications of justice for agricultural workers, as well as arguments for how we should purchase and grow our own food and move toward creating food sovereign spaces. The third practice is caring for the earth, and argues that earth care as it relates to food justice is a distinct and vital part of Christian practice.
How to Use This Book—A Quick Review
Authors: Hahn Tomie
Published: May 2022

Most of the exercises, or “recipes,” in Arousing Sense follow a consistent compositional form. This section presents a single page overview of the recipe format.
Cordial Closure
Authors: Hahn Tomie
Published: May 2022

The “Cordial Closture” provides a summary for the book.
Politics as Sound
Authors: Maskell Shayna L.
Published: May 2022

This book aims to delineate, describe, explore, and examine hardcore in Washington, DC, during its zenith of both impact and innovation, 1978-83. During these indispensably creative and influential years in DC music, hardcore was not simply born—a mutated sonic stepchild of rock ’n’ roll, British and American punk—but also evolved into an uncompromising and resounding paradigm of and for a specific segment of DC youth. Through the revelatory music of DC hardcore, a new formulation of sound, and a new articulation of youth, arose: one that was angry, loud, fast, and minimalistic. With a total of only ten albums among all five bands this book covers—Bad Brains, Minor Threat and Teen Idles (considered jointly), State of Alert, Government Issue, and Faith—over a five-year period, DC hardcore cemented a small yet significant subculture and scene. More specifically, this book considers two major components inherent in any genre of popular music: (1) aesthetics and (2) the social politics that stem from those aesthetics. Throughout these chapters, we consider the way music communicates, its structure—facets like timbre, melody, rhythm, pitch, volume, dissonance—and simultaneously dissects how these features communicate messages of social and cultural politics, expressly representations of race, class, and gender.
The Racial Aesthetics of DC Hardcore
Authors: Maskell Shayna L.
Published: May 2022

Chapter 2 focuses on Bad Brains, their seminal 1982 release of the same name, and how that pivotal album creates and simultaneously deconstructs conventional representations of a black identity, including the parallels between jazz and blues. The chapter also probes the contradictions and complications of black identity through the electric guitar as a sonic threat and an affirmation of white technical virtuosity, using the binary of blackness and whiteness to understand how race is constructed. This chapter also includes a discussion of the whiteness of DC hardcore, particularly through the contrast of Bad Brains and Minor Threat.
Ecology and Human Habitation of Andean Forests
Authors: Young Kenneth R.
Published: May 2022

People have altered the naturally forested areas of the tropical Andes for natural resources and as places for settlements. The forests collectively represent a global biodiversity hotspot, with many unique species. Environmental gradients are abrupt, with dramatic changes in temperature regimes with altitude, but also with switches in humidity from dry to pluvial. Along the >3000 m altitudinal gradient, there are zones where cooling air can form persistent fogs, leading to cloud forests that have moisture-dependent species and low stature trees, which nevertheless provide important ecosystem services. The relatively cool temperatures and steep slopes at higher elevations often discourage human colonization today, but some sites include archaeological sites, suggesting that current land use may not be prescriptive of the past. Nonexclusive factors may include past climate change, enclaves with drier microenvironments, transhumance, and use of multiple ecological zones. Given a long history of Andean landscapes with people, it is important to put conservation and sustainability goals into a larger context, including data on the timing and locations of settlements, and conceptual models of human influences on Andean forests.
The Mayo-Chinchipe-Marañón Complex
Authors: Valdez Francisco
Published: May 2022

Recent studies in the ceja region of the Upper Amazon show that early social complexity was present in the lower flanks of the Andean Cordillera with intricate manifestations of Formative period technologies and practices, such as pottery, polished stone artifacts or long-distance trade networks.
This chapter presents the data of the material culture and the ideology of an early complex society called the Mayo-Chinchipe-Marañón, situated on the frontier region between Ecuador and Peru. Archaeological evidence, dating around 5500/3500 BP, from Santa Ana–La Florida (Palanda, Ecuador) shows the existence of a precocious ceremonial center that rallied the neighbouring areas. The complicated stone spiral architecture and the importance of the funerary paraphernalia found on the site suggest a strong ideological structure that led and managed the population on a regional scale. Similar findings have been studied in the Jaén / Bagua region of the lower Chinchipe basin in Peru.
Connections between the Chavín Heartland and the Ceja de Selva in the Late Initial Period
Authors: Nesbitt Jason , Johnson Rachel , Asencios Bebel Ibarra
Published: May 2022

This chapter presents the results of recent archaeological research at the late Initial Period (ca. 1100–800 B.C.) site of Canchas Uckro. Located along the Puccha Valley, Canchas Uckro is positioned in a strategic locality to access the upper Marañon River, an important route to the ceja de selva. Analysis of the pottery assemblage from Canchas Uckro suggest strong parallels with the pottery assemblages of the north-central highlands. However, a considerable proportion of the decorated pottery also exhibits formal and decorative attributes, such as zone-hatching, which are characteristic of the Waira-jirca style of the ceja de selva of the upper Huallaga River. Pottery from this region suggest that the inhabitants of Canchas Uckro were involved in a widespread interaction sphere with cultural groups in different parts of the Upper Amazon. The findings from Canchas Uckro have implications for reconsidering long-standing debates about the role of the ceja de selva during the formative stages of Chavín de Huántar and surrounding regions.
Continuity and Interaction along the Eastern Edge of the Andes during the Central Andean Early Intermediate Period
Authors: Clasby Ryan
Published: May 2022

The centuries following the decline of the Chavín and Chorrera cultures are thought to represent a period of balkanization and (eventual) regionalization throughout much of the Central and Northern Andean coastal and highland valleys as previously established interregional exchange networks were discarded in favor of localized self-sufficiency. However, recent archaeological data from the site of Huayurco in the Jaén region of the northeastern Peruvian Andes suggests that certain areas of the ceja de selva avoided this cultural disruption, experiencing only gradual changes in material culture while continuing to engage in long-distance interaction with the coast and highlands throughout the Central Andean Early Intermediate Period (EIP). Through a diachronic comparison of the Huayurco data to artifact assemblages from the ceja de selva and Ecuadorian highlands, this chapter examines the nature of EIP cultural developments in the ceja de selva and their relationship to contemporary processes in the Transitional Zone between Peru and Ecuador.
Contested Territory
Authors: Raymond J. Scott
Published: May 2022

Situated between the departments of Ayacucho and Cuzco the tropical lowlands of the Lower Apurimac Valley are easily accessible to communities in the neighbouring highlands. Displacing the Arawak-speaking natives of the region, Highlanders have flooded into the valley during the past five decades. The transformation of the region culturally is reminiscent of its pre-Hispanic past. Archaeological evidence attests to a multicultural presence in the valley and interethnic contact. By the ninth century AD, perhaps earlier, the Wari Empire colonized part of the valley, displacing some of the residents and possibly engaging in commerce with Lowlanders from further down river. Two large settlements with stone-walled buildings are representative of a Wari presence. Similarities with a recently excavated site at Espiritu Pampa bolster the cultural attribution.
The Cápac Ñan from Chachapoyas to the Tierra Adentro
Authors: Schjellerup Inge
Published: May 2022

This chapter will show how it was possible to relocate the Cápac Ñan from Chachapoyas to Moyobamba during fieldwork in 2014. This northern part of the Cápac Ñan was used for centuries before being replaced by a new road “The Marginal” for automobile traffic from Chachapoyas via Rioja to Moyobamba. This important route, which crossed over the cordilleras into the ceja de selva, gave both highlanders and lowlanders access to coveted exotic resources. The road became especially important during the Late Horizon and early colonial period as it was utilized by the Inca in their conquest of Moyobamba and later by the Spanish as a starting point for their campaigns in the search for El Dorado. Historical documents from various archives showed the existence of hitherto unknown tribes that lived along the stone paved roads and the river systems up to the end of the seventeenth century.
The Guaraní Expansion in Southeastern Bolivia
Authors: Alconini Sonia
Published: May 2022

The Tupiguaraní expanded over a sizable area of South America, reaching an almost subcontinental scale. At the geographic center of this Tupiguaraní expansion were the Bolivian southern Beni-Chiquitano savannas and drier Chaco regions. This chapter offers an overview of the Guaraníes in southeastern Bolivia. It also explores the ways in which Guaraní tribes and Inca imperial representatives coalesced in the Inca fortification of Cuzcotuyo. This site was a neuralgic Inca frontier outpost of the Eastern Cordillera de Chiriguanos. After being ransacked by intruding Guaraní tribes, Cuzcotuyo was later reconstructed as the southeastern Inca borders became more militarized. The archaeological and ethnohistoric evidence portrays complex forms of frontier interaction between representatives of the Inca empire and the eastern Guaraní tribes. Despite sustained conflictive relations with Guaraní populations, selected Guaraní tribes became valued Inca imperial frontier allies.
Conclusion
Authors: Deboer Warren R.
Published: May 2022

This chapter provides a conclusion to the volume by discussing the archaeological evidence presented in the previous chapters in relation to new advances in the fields of linguistics, epigenetics, paleodemography, and paleoclimatology. Through an interdisciplinary approach that bridges archaeology with other sciences, scholars can better reconstruct the history of the peoples of the Upper Amazon.
The Larry Way
Authors: Hightower Jim
Published: May 2022

Nationally syndicated columnist Jim Hightower reflects on his lifelong friendship with Goodwyn, and Goodwyn’s role as an original thinker, progressive strategist, rebellious scholar, and inspirational teacher.
Calm Up
Authors: Baird Donnel
Published: May 2022

Donnel Baird reflects on his twenty-year conversation with Goodwyn, as he moves from Duke student to community organizer to entrepreneur of a Silicon Valley startup.
Why Is Your Voice So Small?
Authors: Goldwasser Elise
Published: May 2022

Scholar Elise Goldwasser reflects back on the year she spent following college, where she worked with Goodwyn as a researcher. Here she carefully examines the complexity of a mentorship inevitably damaged by sexism: a mix of miscommunication, understanding, paternalism, and the lopsided power dynamic that can exist between a female student and her male mentor. The unflinching examination not only reflects her own approach to teaching and learning in her current role today but also might inform a new generation of professors on the ways informal and formal educational experiences shape younger scholars’ pathways.
To Break the Hold of the Money Class
Authors: Lester Connie L.
Published: May 2022

Economic historian Connie Lester traces one of the most important innovations Larry Goodwyn contributed to history: recovering the Populists’ “sub-treasury plan” from the dustbin of history. She puts the plan in the context of its own time, as well as brings it forward to explain whether it is useful for those people looking to make money and loans more democratic today.
Unfulfilled Thirst
Authors: Greider William
Published: May 2022

Political journalist William Greider recalls his relationship with Larry Goodwyn, who taught him that democracy is possible, not more than that, and only if people learn how to organize themselves and demand it from the powerful forces that dominate their lives. Faith in the democratic idea requires the long view of history, Goodwyn shared. Even in adversity, it is an accomplishment to keep the idea alive for the next generation.
Introduction
Authors: Gillespie Deanna M.
Published: May 2022

The introduction outlines the central argument of the book, situating the Citizenship Education Program (CEP) within a rich historiography of black women’s local activism, local studies of the civil rights movement, segregated education in the Jim Crow South, and the War on Poverty. The case study approach is explained, highlighting the book’s examination of civil rights action in less-studied places like the South Carolina Sea Islands and southeastern Georgia as well as the book’s re-examination of action in places that have drawn more scholarly attention, such as the Mississippi Delta and Alabama’s Black Belt.
“We’re Going to Learn Together”
Authors: Gillespie Deanna M.
Published: May 2022

In the late 1940s, Esau Jenkins operated a bus driving black workers from Johns Island into Charleston. Before arriving in the city, Jenkins pulled over in a vacant lot, distributed sheets of paper, and helped his passengers prepare for the literacy test required for voter registration. The citizenship school idea was born. Chapter one locates the entangled roots of the Sea Islands citizenship schools in Jenkins’s groundwork and leadership, Charleston school teacher Septima Clark’s expertise and connections to social networks, and the Highlander Folk School’s financial and technical support which served as a model for organizing across the South. Clark’s cousin Bernice Robinson taught at the first school and together, they crafted materials and a structure that could be transferred from one community to the next.
“Bring This Community Leadership Program to Your Town and County”
Authors: Gillespie Deanna M.
Published: May 2022

In the spring of 1960, Bernice Robinson persuaded Savannah NAACP president W. W. Law that citizenship schools could be a critical voter registration component in the branch’s direct action campaign. Under Hosea Williams, who was coordinating voter registration activities through the Chatham County Crusade for Voters, citizenship schools opened in Savannah. The schools served as a focal point for voter registration efforts and mobilized black women’s community networks. The schools also served as an opening wedge into rural counties outside of Savannah. This chapter examines program expansion in southeastern Georgia as Myles Horton finalized plans to move the program from the Highlander Folk School to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
“Say It Is for Citizenship”
Authors: Gillespie Deanna M.
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines program expansion and decline in southeastern Georgia. Beginning in 1961, Hosea Williams organized a network of county-level voter registration groups. Citizenship schools drew in black women by providing a clearly defined gendered role as teachers. Grant funding from the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and the Voter Education Project gave Williams a separate base of support and widened a rift with Savannah’s NAACP chapter. By the fall of 1962, Williams broke with the NAACP and her Southeastern Georgia Crusade for Voters (SGCV) became an independent regional grassroots network. At the same time, Citizenship Education Program (CEP) teacher training workshops moved to the Dorchester Center on the Georgia coast. Septima Clark joined staff members Andrew Young and Dorothy Cotton at SCLC’s Atlanta office. The shift to the SCLC connected the CEP to familiar religious rituals and structure.
Freedom Days
Authors: Gillespie Deanna M.
Published: May 2022

This chapter traces the Citizenship Education Program (CEP)’s evolution in the Mississippi Delta and follows program expansion into Hattiesburg where Victoria Jackson Gray supervised a network of local classes. From opposite ends of the state, local teachers used CEP classes as mobilizing centers for the 1963 Freedom Vote. The 1963 campaign set the stage for 1964’s Freedom Summer. Freedom Summer swept across the Delta like a wave and diverted CEP teachers into a variety of new activities. CEP teachers and students threw support behind the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party with some students and teachers serving as delegates to the 1964 Democratic Convention in Atlantic City. At the end of the summer, Annell Ponder returned to Atlanta and Gray assumed statewide supervisory responsibilities.
“So Much Taking Place … So Rapidly”
Authors: Gillespie Deanna M.
Published: May 2022

In 1965, Victoria Gray struggled to sustain the Citizenship Education Program during the ongoing Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) Congressional challenge. At the same time, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference took a prominent role in a campaign centered in Selma, Alabama, aimed at prompting federal action to end discriminatory voter registration laws and practices. As marchers filed out of Selma on the way to Montgomery, Septima Clark organized local women with handwriting lessons in preparation for voter registration. Following passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, Clark, Gray, and local teachers adapted the CEP to prioritize voter education and organization and local anti-poverty initiatives.
The Citizenship Education Program’s “Second Phase,” 1966–1969
Authors: Gillespie Deanna M.
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines the CEP after passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The end of the literacy test opened voter registration for African Americans but did not address persistent poverty and illiteracy. As Martin Luther King Jr. issued calls for a Poor People’s Campaign, CEP staff and local teachers steered the program into a “second phase.” New CEP director Dorothy Cotton and Septima Clark returned to Alabama’s Black Belt to lend support for a comprehensive anti-poverty initiative in Wilcox County, while Bernice Robinson and Victoria Gray worked to refashion the CEP into a crash political education course. In local communities across the South, CEP veterans leveraged program experience and applied lessons to organize local initiatives, most notably newly-created Head Start programs.
Epilogue
Authors: Gillespie Deanna M.
Published: May 2022

The epilogue traces the final years of the Citizenship Education Program as funding ended and staff members migrated out of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Local CEP veterans sustained the work through anti-poverty programs, locally-organized credit unions and community improvement projects, and self-help initiatives.
Negotiating Heritage through Education and Archaeology
Authors: Ebbitt McGill Alicia
Published: May 2022

This book contributes to global conversations about the nature and practice of public history and heritage studies, as well as heritage scholarship in Latin America and the Caribbean. Drawing from the context of Belize and two rural African-descendant Kriol communities, this book demonstrates the many means by which people construct values, meanings, and practices related to heritage. These meanings have wide-ranging influences on peoples’ cultural identity, daily practices, and engagements with tangible and intangible culture. The author demonstrates that since the late nineteenth century, Belizean colonial and national institutions have constructed and used heritage places and ideologies to manage difference, govern citizens, and reinforce economic and social development agendas, particularly through archaeology and formal education. Institutional heritage practices have resulted in marginalized pasts and enduring racial and ethnic inequalities, especially in regards to Kriol cultural heritage. However, this book also details how Belizean teachers and children resisted and responded to persistent colonial and state legacies through vernacular heritage practices. The book’s methodology is innovative as it combines British imperial archival sources with years of ethnographic observations and interviews with government officials, teachers, and young people. A major contribution of the book is historicizing heritage by identifying connections between colonial and state cultural politics and global heritage trends over time. Another significant contribution is demonstrating how education and archaeology are interconnected social institutions through which official and vernacular heritage forms and practices are constructed, controlled, negotiated, and contested.
Negotiating Heritage
Authors: Ebbitt McGill Alicia
Published: May 2022

Chapter 1 outlines the research background and historical and ethnographic methodologies utilized in the book. Chapter 1 also provides a summary of historical and anthropological theories and scholarship related to heritage, public history, public archaeology, economic and social development, cultural education, race and ethnicity, colonialism, nationalism, and globalization that inform this work. Additionally, the chapter situates the book’s research in local, Belizean, Latin American, and Afro-Caribbean contexts. The chapter reveals that given the extent of Ancient Maya cultural resources and legacy of archaeology, Belize’s diverse cultural history, a wide-reaching colonial race concept, and British colonial interests in the socialization of productive subject-citizens, education and archaeology have long been official heritage forces in Belize used by those in power to define and manage culture and historical narratives. However, the author notes that education and archaeology are also spaces for agency and cultural production, and that resistance and vernacular heritage within rural Kriol communities are another primary focus of this book.
Archaeology as an Official Heritage Practice and Community Negotiations since Colonialism
Authors: Ebbitt McGill Alicia
Published: May 2022

Drawing from the writings and actions of colonial officials, archaeological explorers and professionals, and state heritage actors in travelogues and archaeological reports and policies, this chapter outlines official archaeological heritage discourses during the Colonial and Independence Periods. During these periods, archaeology focused almost exclusively on tangible forms of Ancient Maya culture and history and legitimized archaeological expertise and colonial and state power to manage archaeological heritage. However, even with the earliest archaeological expeditions in Belize, descendant and local communities responded to and resisted archaeological engagements with Maya heritage while maintaining cultural connections with ancient cities and objects. Independence Period foreign archaeologists and state actors promoted the institutionalization of archaeology to ensure national control and reinforce expert authority and emphasized the political and economic potential of Ancient Maya heritage. Though Belizean involvement in heritage management increased, state interests continued to privilege scientific foci on Ancient Maya cities and objects over community interests and needs.
Official Archaeological Heritage Management and Community Negotiations in the Globalization Period
Authors: Ebbitt McGill Alicia
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on the Globalization Period of Belizean archaeology with analyses of heritage institutions, policies, and curricula, and ethnographic interviews and observations. During this time, archaeological practice continues to be controlled by the state and heritage officials and politicians promote specific forms of heritage. Although some national programming focuses on history and culture beyond tangible Ancient Maya heritage and archaeologists increasingly engage in public archaeology, Kriol culture and history continue to be marginalized. Drawing from long-term research in two rural Kriol communities, the author demonstrates that archaeology, tourism, and education influence the ways local residents conceptualize, interact with, and utilize archaeological heritage. Kriol adults reinforce official archaeological heritage discourses but also advocate for community resources and resist official archaeological practices. In addition, youth identify connections between themselves and Ancient Maya people they learn about in creative ways.
Rewriting Joyce's Europe
Authors: Mecsnóber Tekla
Published: May 2022

Rewriting Joyce’s Europe sheds light on how the text and physical design of James Joyce’s two most challenging works, Ulysses and Finnegans Wake, reflect changes that transformed Europe between World Wars I and II. Looking beyond the commonly studied Irish historical context of these works, Tekla Mecsnóber calls for more attention to their place among broader cultural and political processes of the interwar era. Published in 1922 and 1939, Ulysses and Finnegans Wake display Joyce’s keen interest in naming, language choice, and visual aspects of writing. Mecsnóber shows the connections between these literary explorations and the real-world remapping of national borders that was often accompanied by the imposition of new place-names, languages, and alphabets. In addition to drawing on extensive research in newspaper archives as well as genetic criticism, Mecsnóber provides the first comprehensive analysis of meanings suggested by the typographic design of early editions of Joyce’s texts. Mecsnóber argues that Joyce’s fascination with the visual nature of writing not only shows up as a motif in his books but also can be seen in the writer’s active role within European and North American print culture as he influenced the design of his published works. This illuminating study highlights the enduring—and often surprising—political stakes in choices regarding the use and visual representation of languages.
Introduction
Authors: Mecsnóber Tekla
Published: May 2022

Taking the visual-verbal symbolism of postage stamps of the post-World War I era as a starting point, Mecsnóber highlights a key interest that Joyce, like many modernist authors, shared with politicians and officials of the time: an interest in the exploitation of the full symbolic potential of language, including its written forms. Arguing for a greater recognition of the role of the politics of language and writing in literary history and in modernist studies, the introduction sketches the significance of the book’s central trope: rewriting. Seeking to contribute to a reshaping of the critical understanding of the circumstances in which many modernist works were produced, Mecsnóber zooms in on two fundamental sets of (re)writing. Firstly and primarily, the author focuses on Joyce’s own acts of rewriting, which include, crucially, the writer’s creative inscription of a radically changing Europe in his texts but also his textual revisions and his repeated intervention in the visual design of his books. The second set of rewritings provides the historical context for Joyce’s own rewritings: this is how the map of Europe itself was radically revised politically and culturally during and after the war through changes of borders, language policies, and typographic preferences.
The Politics of Language Choice in Finnegans Wake
Authors: Mecsnóber Tekla
Published: May 2022

In chapter 2, Mecsnóber situates Joyce’s subversion of normative monolingual language use in the context of the changing linguistic landscapes and policies of the wider European scene. In particular, Mecsnóber investigates the specific tension encoded in Finnegans Wake between the divergent linguistic politics of the two rival brothers, the postman Shaun and the writer Shem: the tension between idioms perfected, promoted, and prescribed as official national languages, on the one hand, and on the other, international auxiliary languages, often of mixed origins, that are not marked by a single political bias and are thus seen as neutral (such as Esperanto). Having sketched the symbolic role of the postal services as one of the first areas where the linguistic policies of the nation states of the new post-war Europe could be demonstrated, Mecsnóber reviews efforts to enforce a monolingual paradigm and efforts to promote the cause of international languages in a linguistically diverse environment. Mecsnóber argues that through its increasing commitment to linguistic diversity and multilingualism, the Wake echoes a disenchantment with the monolingual paradigm spreading in Europe in the 1920s and 1930s, and challenges the linguistic inequality between fully empowered native speakers and disenfranchised others.
transition and the Politics of Typography
Authors: Mecsnóber Tekla
Published: May 2022

This chapter combines the historically contextualized visual analysis introduced in the previous two chapters with the political perspective of the first three. Focusing on a crucial turn toward New Typography in the development of the design of transition—the magazine that served as the primary venue for publishing Joyce’s “Work in Progress,” the future Finnegans Wake—the chapter locates a likely political-ideological basis in editor Eugene Jolas’s commitment to experimentation and internationalism in artistic expression. The chapter argues that this commitment, which lead to a championing of Joyce’s “Work in Progress” as an example of the search for a new internationally based artistic language, found a logical expression in the adoption of the New Typography-inspired design in 1932, dominated by sans serif typefaces like Futura. This congruence also manifested itself in the fact that the New Typography and Joyce soon shared the negative distinction of being seen as culturally “Bolshevist,” politically suspect, and subject to relegation to the ranks of “Degenerate Art” by the German Nazi regime in the 1930s.
Conclusion
Authors: Mecsnóber Tekla
Published: May 2022

In addition to reviewing the most important results of the analyses presented in the previous chapters, in the conclusion Mecsnóber offers three more general points about historicist interpretations of Joyce. Firstly, Mecsnóber sketches some concrete difficulties of using authorial intention as a touchstone and asserts the value of readings that try to identify what Stephen Dedalus calls “chiming” in Ulysses and what Stephen Greenblatt calls resonance—that is, significant intersections between linguistic and visual features of Joyce’s texts and their historical contexts. Secondly, Mecsnóber warns that mapping modernism digitally is far from being a simple and straightforward affair: given the prevalence of dislocation in the age, digital analyses and visualizations which cannot handle multiple national allegiances or project modernist literary production on twenty-first-century maps of Europe run the risk of endangering the validity of their arguments. Finally, Mecsnóber reasserts that “loitering in the past” with Joyce prompts the recognition not only of the radical alterity of the past but also of current political stakes involved in the issues that Joyce flagged in his works—issues related to the propensity of both artistic and political communication to explore and exploit all available resources of language, verbal and visual alike.
“Per vers o per chanso”
Authors: Levitsky Anne Adele
Published: May 2022

This chapter analyzes the relationship between grammatical gender and social constructs of gender in Aimeric de Peguilhan’s Mangtas vetz sui enqueritz. It argues that Aimeric both employs Occitan grammar to challenge a socially constructed gender-binary system, and demonstrates one way in which the formation of normative gender roles was contested in medieval culture, through a consideration of the following: 1) Occitan grammatical treatises and the ways in which they describe the use of gender in the language, and 2) live performance of troubadour lyric poetry, and how performance of the lyric produces a vocalic excess that provides an important space for exploring the gendered identities of both Occitan grammar and the referents it describes. In part, Aimeric’s work is significant in that he demonstrates that grammatical gender of the noun used to label the genre of a song does not necessarily correspond with gendered sonic characteristics of that song, contrary to popular belief. Further, he locates the song’s tornadas as meaningful sites for the personification of song, and as places where vocalic excess is realized.
When Courtly Song Invades History
Authors: Quinlan Meghan
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines a thirteenth-century political song (serventois) by Hue de la Ferté that adopts the verbal and melodic voice of a trouvère love song, through contrafacture, to defame Blanche de Castille (1188-1252), the mother of King Louis IX and regent of France. The love song, by the Chastelain de Couci, addresses a courtly lady of deceptive appearances and uncompromising power, and this conventional image is cannily re-literalized in Hue’s representation of Blanche. Through musical, textual, and historical analysis, the chapter considers the courtly melody as a site of gendered associations which are exploited by the contrafact maker to normalize the misogyny of the contrafact text, but which also seem to belie an anxiety over a foreign woman in power.