bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Friedel—Crafts Alkylation of Electron‐Rich N‐Heterocycles with Nitroalkenes Catalyzed by Diphenylamine‐Tethered Bis(oxazoline) and Bis(thiazoline) Zn(II) Complexes.
Authors: Liu Han , Lu Shao‐Feng , Xu Jiaxi , Du Da‐Ming
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild, Efficient and One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Benzimidazoles by ZrOCl2×8H2O Catalyzed Ring Closure Reaction.
Authors: Reddy Ch. Sanjeeva , Nagaraj A.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Conversion of Nitrosobenzenes to Isoxazolidines: An Efficient Cascade Process Utilizing Reactive Nitrone Intermediates.
Authors: Kang Jun Yong , Bugarin Alejandro , Connell Brian T.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Some Oxazolyl‐Pyrazolyl; 1,4‐Dihydropyridinylpyrazolyl and 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydropyrimidinyl‐pyrazolyl Coumarins.
Authors: Patel Mehul A. , Brahmbhatt Dinker I.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hantzsch Synthesis of Polyhydroquinolines — A Simple, Efficient and Neat Protocol.
Authors: Arumugam Pandurangan , Perumal Paramasivan T.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Indolones and Quinolones by Reductive Cyclization of o‐Nitroaryl Acids Using Zinc Dust and Ammonium Formate.
Authors: Dinesh Bhima Reddy , Baba A. Ramesha , Sankar K. Udaya , Gowda D. Channe
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydro‐β‐carbolines and N‐Acyl‐1‐aryl Ethylamines by Rhodium‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation.
Authors: Enthaler Stephan , Erre Giulia , Junge Kathrin , Addis Daniele , Kadyrov Renat , Beller Matthias
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Synthesis of Heterocyclic Scaffold by Aryl Radical Cyclization.
Authors: Majumdar K. C. , Kundu N.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A New pseudo‐Alkaloid Taxane and a New Rearranged Taxane from the Needles of Taxus canadensis
Authors: Zhang Manli , Huo Changhong , Dong Mei , Li Ligeng , Sauriol Francoise , Shi Qingwen , Gu Yucheng , Kiyota Hiromasa , Cong Bin
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Germacrane Sesquiterpenes from Salvia chinensis.
Authors: Wang Yeling , Li Zhanlin , Zhang Hailong , Sha Yi , Pei Yuehu , Hua Huiming
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Some Novel Phenyl Substituted Oxothiazolidin‐1′′,3′′,4′′‐thiadiazolo‐[3′,4′‐b]thiazoline of 3β‐Substituted Cholestane.
Authors: Shamsuzzaman Shamsuzzaman , Siddiqui Tabassum , Alam Mohammad Gulfam
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Isoflavones and Rotenoids from the Leaves of Millettia brandisiana.
Authors: Pancharoen Orasa , Athipornchai Anan , Panthong Ampai , Taylor Walter Charles
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Expeditious One‐Step Entry to the Tetracyclic Core of Integrastatins.
Authors: Ramana C. V. , Reddy Challa Nageswara , Gonnade Rajesh G.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Templated Self‐Assembly of Wedge‐Shaped DNA Arrays.
Authors: Lubrich Daniel , Bath Jonathan , Turberfield Andrew J.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquids as Amphiphile Self‐Assembly Media
Authors: Greaves Tamar L. , Drummond Calum J.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Chiral Phosphanes
Authors: Glueck David S.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of Microwave Irradiation to Phase‐Transfer Catalyzed Reactions
Authors: Bogdal Dariusz , Loupy Andre
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Biosynthesis: in vitro Reconstitution of Polyketide and Nonribosomal Peptide Pathways
Authors: Sattely Elizabeth S. , Fischbach Michael A. , Walsh Christopher T.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthetic Potential of Pyridinium Salt Photochemistry
Authors: Zou Jiwen , Mariano Patrick S.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription as Targets for Small Organic Molecules
Authors: Berg Thorsten
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 3‐Heteroatom‐substituted Alkanoic Acids
Authors: Sartori G. , Maggi R.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐Aminoalkanoic Acids (α‐Amino Acids)
Authors: Wolkenberg S. E. , Garbaccio R. M.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Mechanism of the Ketene—Imine (Staudinger) Reaction in Its Centennial: Still an Unsolved Problem?
Authors: Cossio Fernando P. , Arrieta Ana , Sierra Miguel A.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Spectrum of cytomorphological features, including literature review, of an extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma with t(9;22)(q22;q12) (TEC/EWS) results in one case
Authors: Kumar Rajiv , Rekhi Bharat , Shirazi Nadia , Pais Anurita , Amare Pratibha , Gawde Deepali , Jambhekar Nirmala
Published: October 2008

Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (EMC) is an uncommon soft tissue sarcoma with evolving literature on its cytomorphological features and limited documentation of its molecular analysis. Herein, we present cytological features, including review, of four cases of an EMC. Smears were predominantly hypercellular, comprising tumor cells arranged in clusters, traberculae, and cords against a variable chondromyxoid background. Cells were mainly polygonal shaped with round to indented nuclei, uniform chromatin, displaying intranuclear inclusions, grooves, and eosinophilic to finely vacuolated cytoplasm. Three cases revealed presence of “rhabdoid” cells. All cases had histopathologic confirmation. One case displayed t(9;22)(q22;q12) translocation by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), on smears. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The cerebellar mutism syndrome and its relation to cerebellar cognitive function and the cerebellar cognitive affective disorder
Authors: Wells Elizabeth M. , Walsh Karin S. , Khademian Zarir P. , Keating Robert F. , Packer Roger J.
Published: October 2008

The postoperative cerebellar mutism syndrome (CMS), consisting of diminished speech output, hypotonia, ataxia, and emotional lability, occurs after surgery in up to 25% of patients with medulloblastoma and occasionally after removal of other posterior fossa tumors. Although the mutism is transient, speech rarely normalizes and the syndrome is associated with long‐term adverse neurological, cognitive, and psychological sequelae. The clinical, neuroradiographic, and neuropsychological findings associated with CMS as well as possible mechanisms of injury are reviewed. Theories about the pathophysiology of CMS have evolved along with our understanding of the cerebellum as an important structure in the distributive neurocircuitry underlying complex speech, cognition, and behavior. CMS shares many similarities with the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome, more commonly described in adults and consisting of disturbances of executive function, visuospatial skills, nonmotor language, and affect regulation. Future directions include more thorough neuropsychological characterization, functional and diffusion tensor imaging studies, and investigations into the underlying differences that may make some patients more vulnerable to CMS. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2008;14:221–228.
Developmental perspectives on optimizing educational and vocational outcomes in child and adult survivors of cancer
Authors: Rey‐Casserly Celiane , Meadows Mary Ellen
Published: October 2008

Over the last few decades, long‐term survival rates of children diagnosed with the two most common forms of childhood cancer, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and brain tumors have improved substantially. Neurodevelopmental and psychosocial sequelae resulting from these diseases and their treatment have a direct impact on the developing brain and on the quality of life of these children and their families. The focus of this article is on optimizing neuropsychological and adaptive outcomes for children who have been successfully treated for these cancers and whose prospects for long‐term survival are increasingly encouraging. We present a model for understanding systemic interactions among the multiple factors that influence the child's development over time and take into account contextual variables. Strategies for optimizing cognitive and psychosocial outcomes or ameliorating late effects need to consider treatment histories, specific stages of development, the contextual demands/developmental challenges associated with each, and the resources (internal and external to the child) available to meet these challenges. The challenges faced by survivors at the early childhood, middle childhood, adolescent, and emerging adulthood stages are discussed. We review different types of interventions and discuss how these can contribute to optimal functioning in survivors of childhood ALL and brain tumors. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2008;14:243–250.
Interventions to improve neuropsychological functioning in childhood cancer survivors
Authors: Butler Robert W. , Sahler Olle Jane Z. , Askins Martha A. , Alderfer Melissa A. , Katz Ernest R. , Phipps Sean , Noll Robert B.
Published: October 2008

A very brief historical review on the identification of neurocognitive deficits in patients treated for a pediatric malignancy that involved CNS disease, treatment, or a combination is provided. This review is particularly directed toward providing a foundation upon which the introduction of specific brain injury rehabilitation efforts and subsequent research were introduced into this population of patients. Three primary methods by which clinicians and researchers have attempted to improve neurocognitive functioning with survivors of pediatric cancer that have suffered a CNS insult are identified. From a pharmacological perspective, research is reviewed that documents the potential beneficial effects of stimulant medication. Results of two drug trials that used double‐blind crossover methodology are reviewed, and it is highly likely that medications may be of significant benefit to pediatric cancer survivors who are experiencing attentional deficits, impairment in social functioning, and also declines in academic achievement. We next describe psychologically based brain injury rehabilitation efforts, including on‐treatment schooling and reentry, within the survivor population. A phase III clinical trial of a comprehensive rehabilitation approach is discussed in detail. New directions in the area of brain injury rehabilitation for childhood cancer survivors are presented, and the need for professionals in this area to work toward a team approach is emphasized. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2008;14:251–258.
BMP4 is required in the anterior heart field and its derivatives for endocardial cushion remodeling, outflow tract septation, and semilunar valve development
Authors: McCulley David J. , Kang Ji‐One , Martin James F. , Black Brian L.
Published: October 2008

The endocardial cushions play a critical role in septation of the four‐chambered mammalian heart and in the formation of the valve leaflets that control blood flow through the heart. Within the outflow tract (OFT), both cardiac neural crest and endocardial‐derived mesenchymal cells contribute to the endocardial cushions. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is required for endocardial cushion development and for normal septation of the OFT. In the present study, we show that anterior heart field (AHF)–derived myocardium is an essential source of BMP4 required for normal endocardial cushion expansion and remodeling. Loss of BMP4 from the AHF in mice results in an insufficient number of cells in the developing OFT endocardial cushions, defective cushion remodeling, ventricular septal defects, persistent truncus arteriosus, and abnormal semilunar valve formation. Developmental Dynamics 237:3200–3209, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of AP‐2δ in the developing chick retina
Authors: Li Xiaodong , Glubrecht Darryl D. , Mita Raja , Godbout Roseline
Published: October 2008

AP‐2 is a family of transcription factors that play important roles during embryonic development. Two AP‐2 genes, AP‐2α and AP‐2β, have previously been characterized in chick retina. Here, we demonstrate that a third member of the chicken AP‐2 family, AP‐2δ, is primarily expressed in the retina and brain, with highest levels at embryonic days 7 to 11. By in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analysis, we show that AP‐2δ RNA and protein are found in a subset of ganglion cells in embryonic chick retina. Co‐immunostaining with anti‐Brn3a and anti–AP‐2δ antibodies indicates that approximately one‐third of Brn3a‐positive ganglion cells express AP‐2δ. AP‐2δ RNA but not AP‐2δ protein is also found in cells located in the outer half of the inner nuclear layer. The spatial and temporal distribution of AP‐2δ protein in the retina suggests a transient role in a subset of late‐born ganglion cells likely involving axonal trafficking or pathfinding. Developmental Dynamics 237:3210–3221, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐dimensional analysis of light transmittance in many optical spheroids
Authors: Yoshida Taro , Murooka Yoshihiro , Hidaka Kunihiko , Sone Mototaka
Published: October 2008

This paper describes the optical transmittance of many optical spheroids arranged on a straight line, which have analogy with tiny bubbles existing in liquid. By using an analytical method proposed by the authors, the optical transmittance has been computed under each optical spheroid being rotated by a small angle. Here, the size of optical spheroid and the gap distance between adjacent spheroids are mainly considered. The present analytical computation brings such an optical condition as light can be effectively transmitted through many optical spheroids. The maximum transmittance of light reaching 100% is realized under the following conditions where the size of optical spheroid ($\ell_{x}, \ \ell_{y}, \ \ell_{z}$) is (1.0168, 1.02, 1.0), the normalized gap length between adjacent optical spheroids is 0.15 to 0.16 or 0.185, and the rotation angles of θ and ϕ are 0.51° and 0°, respectively. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 91(3): 53– 59, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley. com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10074
Application of the equivalent multipole moment method with polar translations to forward calculation of neuromagnetic fields
Authors: Hamada Shoji , Kitano Mitsuhiro , Kobayashi Tetsuo
Published: October 2008

This paper describes an application of the equivalent multipole moment method (EMMM) with polar translations to calculation of magnetic fields induced by a current dipole placed in a human head model. Although the EMMM is a conventional Laplacian field solver based on spherical harmonic functions, the polar translations enable it to treat eccentric and exclusive spheres in arbitrary arrangements. The head model is composed of seven spheres corresponding to skin, two eyeballs, skull, cerebral spinal fluid, gray matter, and white matter. The validity of the calculated magnetic fields and the magnetic flux linkages with a loop coil located near the model is successfully confirmed by the reciprocity theorem derived by Eaton. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 91(4): 34–44, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10079
CXCL12 is essential for migration of activated Langerhans cells from epidermis to dermis
Authors: Ouwehand Krista , Santegoets Saskia J. A. M. , Bruynzeel Derk P. , Scheper Rik J. , de Gruijl Tanja D. , Gibbs Susan
Published: October 2008

The initial step in Langerhans cell (LC) migration from the epidermis to the lymph node involves migration of maturing LC into the dermis. Here, we investigated the migration of LC out of the epidermis after exposure of the skin to contact allergens. Ex vivo intact human skin, epidermal sheets, and LC derived from the MUTZ‐3 cell line (MUTZ‐LC) were used to determine whether dermal fibroblasts play a role in mediating LC migration towards the dermis. Exposure of epidermal sheets or MUTZ‐LC to allergens (nickel sulphate, 2,4‐dinitrochlorobenzene, and cinnamaldehyde) or a cytokine maturation cocktail resulted in LC migration towards dermal fibroblasts. This was due to upregulation of CXCR4 on maturing LC and secretion of CXCL12/stromal derived factor‐1 chemokine by fibroblasts. Neutralizing antibodies to either CXCL12 or CXCR4 completely blocked migration. Injection of CXCL12 neutralizing antibodies into intact human skin totally inhibited LC migration into the dermis. In contrast, neutralizing antibodies to CCL19/CCL21 did not inhibit migration into the dermis. We describe a novel and essential role of dermis‐derived CXCL12 in initiating migration of maturing human LC to the dermis thus permitting their further journey to the draining lymph nodes.
Defective B‐cell response to T‐dependent immunization in lupus‐prone mice
Authors: Niu Haitao , Sobel Eric S. , Morel Laurence
Published: October 2008

Lupus anti‐nuclear Ab show the characteristics of Ag‐driven T‐cell‐dependent (TD) humoral responses. If autoAg elicit the same response as exogenous Ag, lupus should enhance humoral responses to immunization. Blunted responses to various immunizations have, however, been reported in a significant portion of lupus patients. In this study, we show that lupus‐prone C57BL/6.Sle1.Sle2.Sle3 (B6.TC) mice produce significantly less Ab in response to TD immunization than congenic controls, while producing significantly more total Ig. This blunted Ab response to TD Ag could be reconstituted with B6.TC B and CD4+ T cells. Multiple defects were found in the B6.TC response to 4‐hydroxy‐3‐nitrophenylacetyl‐keyhole limpet hemocyanin (NP‐KLH) compared with total Ig, including a smaller percentage of B cells participating in the NP‐response, a reduced entry into germinal centers, and highly defective production of NP‐specific long‐lived plasma cells (PC) in the bone marrow. B6.TC PC expressed reduced levels of FcγRIIb, which suggests that reduced apoptosis in resident PC prevents the establishment of newly formed NP‐specific PC in bone marrow niches. Overall, these results show that lupus‐prone mice responded differently to auto‐ and exogenous Ag and suggest that low FcγRIIb, hypergammaglobulinemia, and high autoAb production would be predictive of a poor response to immunization in lupus patients.
Decreased IL‐10 and IL‐13 production and increased CD44hi T cell recruitment contribute to Leishmania major immunity induced by non‐persistent parasites
Authors: Kedzierski Lukasz , Curtis Joan M. , Doherty Peter C. , Handman Emanuela , Kedzierska Katherine
Published: October 2008

Leishmaniasis is currently classified as category 1 disease, i.e. emerging and uncontrolled. Since the importance of persistent infection for maintaining an effective long‐lasting protective response is controversial, the present study asks whether immunisation with non‐persistent parasites leads to protection against Leishmania infection and to the recruitment of T cells of a specific phenotype. Our study shows that vaccination of susceptible BALB/c mice with live Leishmania major phosphomannomutase‐deficient parasites, which are avirulent and non‐persistent in vivo, leads to protection against infection. Immunisation with phosphomannomutase‐deficient parasites neither leads to differences in IFN‐γ, IL‐12, IL‐4 production nor alters the expression of effector and memory markers, including CD62L, IL‐7Rα and IL‐2Rα, when compared with unvaccinated controls. Observed protection is due to the ability of vaccinated animals to suppress early IL‐10 and IL‐13 production and to recruit a higher number of antigen‐experienced CD44hiCD4+ and CD44hiCD8+ T cells into draining LN following infection. Thus, expansion of T‐cell numbers and their rapid recruitment to LN upon infection as well as the restriction of IL‐13 and IL‐10 production leading to high IFN‐γ/IL‐10 ratio play an important role in protection against Leishmania affecting the outcome of the disease in favour of the host.
Migration of antibody secreting cells towards CXCL12 depends on the isotype that forms the BCR
Authors: Achatz‐Straussberger Gertrude , Zaborsky Nadja , Königsberger Sebastian , Luger Elke O. , Lamers Marinus , Crameri Reto , Achatz Gernot
Published: October 2008

Truncation of the cytoplasmic tail of membrane‐bound IgE in vivo results in lower serum IgE levels, decreased numbers of IgE‐secreting plasma cells and the abrogation of specific secondary immune responses. Here we present mouse strain KN1 that expresses a chimeric ε‐γ1 BCR, consisting of the extracellular domains of the ε gene and the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of the γ1 gene. Thus, differences in the IgE immune response of KN1 mice reflect the influence of the “γ1‐mediated signalling” of mIgE bearing B cells. KN1 mice show an increased serum IgE level, resulting from an elevated number of IgE‐secreting cells. Although the primary IgE immune response in KN1 mice is inconspicuous, the secondary response is far more robust. Most strikingly, IgE‐antibody secreting cells with “γ1‐signalling history” migrate more efficiently towards the chemokine CXCL12, which guides plasmablasts to plasma cell niches, than IgE‐antibody secreting cells with WT “ε‐signalling history”. We conclude that IgE plasmablasts have an intrinsic, lower chance to contribute to the long‐lived plasma cell pool than IgG1 plasmablasts.
IL‐4‐mediated fine tuning of IL‐12p70 production by human DC
Authors: Guenova Emmanuella , Volz Thomas , Sauer Karin , Kaesler Susanne , Müller Martin R. , Wölbing Florian , Chen KoMing , Schwärzler Christoph , Brossart Peter , Röcken Martin , Biedermann Tilo
Published: October 2008

IL‐4 is expressed at high levels in allergic diseases and dominates the early phases of multiple acquired immune responses. However, the precise role of IL‐4 during early inflammation and its impact on the differentiation of newly recruited DC precursors remains elusive. In order to characterize the impact of IL‐4 on the differentiation of human DC, we investigated the role of IL‐4 on the differentiation of monocytes into DC. Human DC were differentiated from peripheral blood precursors under either low or high concentrations of IL–4. We analyzed their cytokine profile and capacity to polarize T‐cell differentiation. Concentrations of 5 (low) and 50 (high) ng/mL IL‐4 induced two distinct types of DC. DC differentiated under low‐dose IL‐4 (5 ng/mL) produced almost no IL–12p70, and primed naïve CD4+ T cells allowing IL‐4 secretion and Th2 induction. In contrast, DC generated under high concentrations of IL‐4 (50 ng/mL) produced large amounts of IL‐12p70, low IL‐10 and primed naïve CD4+ T cells to become Th1 cells. Thus, we demonstrate that the Th2 cell cytokine IL‐4 decisively determines the phenotype of ongoing immune responses by orchestrating the functional phenotype of newly immigrating DC precursors.
Hybrid Assembly of Layered Double Hydroxide Nanocrystals with Inorganic, Polymeric and Biomaterials from Micro‐ to Nanometer Scales
Authors: Lee Jong Hyeon , Nam Hye Jin , Rhee Seog Woo , Jung Duk‐Young
Published: October 2008

Monolayer assemblies of zeolite microcrystals, polymer nanobeads and caged proteins were successfully applied to a highly ordered MgAl‐LDH monolayer by using the electrostatic attractions between the negatively charged particles and positively charged MgAl‐LDH without chemical modifications. Ultrasonication leads to the monolayer assembly of ZSM‐5 microcrystals with a maximum preferred contact over the MgAl‐LDH monolayer, where the ZSM‐5 microcrystals are oriented in the (0k0) crystallographic direction. PMMA and ferritin were also adsorbed on the monolayer LDH nanocrystal surface through self‐assembly in solution. Homogeneous PMMA colloids‐LDH composite layers on Si were successfully prepared, thanks to the improved interfacial compatibility between the immobilized LDH and polymer surface charges. Thermal treatment at 150 °C resulted in the formation of continuous polymer coatings over the LDH/Si monolayer. The mixing of colloidal solutions of LDH and PMMA led to the formation of bulk‐type polymer‐LDH composites after the melting of the polymer phase, where the polymer was homogeneously coated over the LDH crystals without the phase segregation of the LDH nanocrystals. The charged hydroxide layers of the LDH nanocrystals provided the multi‐functional interface characteristics required to assemble the functional particles, resulting in the binary hybrid structures of inorganic‐inorganic, polymer‐inorganic or bio‐inorganic composites. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Langmuir–Schäfer Films of Functional Amphiphilic Nickel(II) and Zinc(II) Schiff Base Complexes
Authors: Di Bella Santo , Consiglio Giuseppe , Sortino Salvatore , Giancane Gabriele , Valli Ludovico
Published: October 2008

The synthesis of novel functional amphiphilic dipodal NiII (1) and ZnII (2) Schiff base complexes and the preparation/characterization and optical properties of Langmuir–Schäfer (LS) multilayer films are reported. The existence of stacked 3D aggregates is observed for all films, as established by the combination of reflection spectroscopy and Brewster angle microscopy. Although aggregate formation does not involve major electronic changes, as evidenced by analysis by absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence emission is much more sensitive to the chemical environment, and complete quenching is observed in the multilayer LS aggregates. However, in the limit of negligible interchromophore interactions, achieved by means of mixed LS multilayer films the fluorescence is restored by using arachidic acid as a spacer diluent, and LS layers of 2 behave as related self‐assembled monolayers. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Generation of SmII Reductants Using High Intensity Ultrasound
Authors: Teprovich Joseph A. , Antharjanam P. K. Sudhadevi , Prasad Edamana , Pesciotta Esther N. , Flowers Robert A.
Published: October 2008

Ultrasound (20 kHz) was used to prepare samarium(II) diiodide (SmI2), samarium(II) dibromide (SmBr2), and samarium(II) triflate (SmOTf)2. The method described herein provides a straightforward and rapid approach to the synthesis of SmII compounds not accessible by other means. Of particular importance is the fact that this approach can be used to produce SmII‐based reductants in a wide range of solvents including alcohols. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
C‐(4‐Methoxybenzyloxymethyl)‐N‐methylnitrone Cycloaddition to Highly Functionalized Pyrrolinone: A Regio‐ and Stereoselective Approach to New Omuralide–Salinosporamide A Hybrids
Authors: Langlois Nicole , Legeay Jean‐Christophe , Retailleau Pascal
Published: October 2008

An advanced intermediate in the synthesis of new omuralide–salinosporamide A hybrids as potential proteasome 20S inhibitors was prepared in a few steps from methyl pyroglutamate. For this purpose, an O‐protected hydroxyethyl chain has been successfully introduced to a highly functionalized pyrrolinone by a regio‐ and stereoselective C‐(4‐methoxybenzyloxymethyl)‐N‐methylnitrone 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Heteroarylation of 1‐Azulenyl Methyl Sulfide: Two‐Step Synthetic Strategy for 1‐Methylthio‐3‐(heteroaryl)azulenes Using the Triflate of N‐Containing Heterocycles
Authors: Higashi Junya , Shoji Taku , Ito Shunji , Toyota Kozo , Yasunami Masafumi , Morita Noboru
Published: October 2008

1‐Azulenyl methyl sulfide reacts with highly electrophilic trifluoromethanesulfonates of N‐heterocycles, that is, pyridine, isoquinoline, 1,10‐phenanthroline, benzothiazole, quinoline, and acridine, to give 1‐methylthio‐3‐(dihydroheteroaryl)azulenes in good yields. In the case of the reaction with the trifluoromethanesulfonate of pyridine, 1‐methylthio‐3‐pyridylazulene was obtained directly under certain reaction conditions. Treatment of the 1‐methylthio‐3‐(dihydroheteroaryl)azulenes with KOH or tBuOK afforded the corresponding 1‐methylthio‐3‐(heteroaryl)azulenes in good yields. The redox behavior of these 1‐methylthio‐3‐(heteroaryl)azulenes was examined by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Boronate affinity saccharide electrophoresis: A novel carbohydrate analysis tool
Authors: Jackson Thomas R. , Springall Jeremy S. , Rogalle Damien , Masumoto Naoko , Ching Li Hung , D'Hooge François , Perera Semali P. , Jenkins Toby A. , James Tony D. , Fossey John S. , van den Elsen Jean M. H.
Published: October 2008

The incorporation of specialised carbohydrate affinity ligand methacrylamido phenylboronic acid in polyacrylamide gels for fluorophore‐assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis greatly improved the effective separation of saccharides that show similar mobilities in standard electrophoresis. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using methacrylamido phenylboronic acid in low loading (typically 0.5–1% dry weight) was unequivocally shown to alter retention of labelled saccharides depending on their boronate affinity. While conventional fluorophore‐assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis of 2‐aminoacridone labelled glucose oligomers showed an inverted parabolic migration, an undesired trait of small oligosaccharides labelled with this neutral fluorophore, boron affinity saccharide electrophoresis separation of these carbohydrates completely restored their predicted running order, based on their charge/mass ratio, and resulted in improved separation of the analyte saccharides. These results exemplify boron affinity saccharide electrophoresis as an important new technique for analysing carbohydrates and sugar‐containing molecules.
Collapse of a nonductile concrete frame: Evaluation of analytical models
Authors: Yavari Soheil , Elwood Kenneth J. , Wu Chiun‐lin
Published: October 2008

The current paper presents nonlinear dynamic analyses that simulate shaking table tests performed on a four‐column reinforced concrete frame described in a companion paper. The frame consists of two ductile and two nonductile columns interconnected by a stiff beam. In order to validate existing analytical models for nonductile concrete columns, a blind comparison of the test data and results of the analysis is performed. The analysis adequately captures the drift response and correctly detects collapse of the structure; however, strength degradation due to cover spalling is exaggerated in the analytical model. Refinement of the analysis by changing the concrete cover model results in an excellent agreement between the test data and analysis results at the initiation of shear failure and collapse of the frame. The experimental data are further compared with lumped‐plasticity nonlinear models used in engineering practice. The results suggest that the sudden strength degradation used in ASCE/SEI 41‐06 results in an exaggerated estimate of the displacement demands. It is also observed that ignoring the strength degradation, using an elastic‐perfectly‐plastic model, provides a good estimate of the displacement demands when strength degradation is not severe. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The nonconserved N‐terminus of protein phosphatase 2B confers its properties to protein phosphatase 1
Authors: Xie Xiu‐Jie , Huang Wei , Xue Cheng‐Zhe , Wei Qun
Published: October 2008

The protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit (PP1c) and the protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B or calcineurin) catalytic subunit (CNA) contain nonconserved N‐terminal regions followed by conserved phosphatase cores. To examine the role of the N‐termini of these two phosphatases, we substituted the residues 1–8 of PP1c with residues 1–42 of CNA, which is designated CNA(1‐42)‐PP1(9‐330). The activities of CNA(1‐42)‐PP1(9‐330) were similar to those of PP2B and different from those of PP1. The chimera was at least fourfold less sensitive to inhibition by okadaic acid, but was stimulated by nickel ions and chlorogenic acid, characteristics of PP2B not of PP1. These observations suggest that the N‐terminus of CNA shifts the properties of PP1 toward those of PP2B. Our findings provide evidence that the nonconserved N‐terminus of PP2B not only functions as important regulatory domain but also confers itself particular characteristics. This region may be targeted for regulation of PP2B activities in vivo. © 2008 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 61(2): 178–183, 2009
Genome‐scale modeling of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and prediction of pathway insertion
Authors: Fu Pengcheng
Published: October 2008

BACKGROUND: Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 has been used widely as a model system for the study of photosynthetic organisms and higher plants. The aim of this work was to integrate the genomic information, biochemistry and physiological information available for Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 to reconstruct a metabolic network for system biology investigations.

RESULTS: A genome‐scale Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 metabolic network, including 633 genes, 704 metabolites and 831 metabolic reactions, was reconstructed for the study of optimal Synechocystis growth, network capacity and functions. Heterotrophic, photoautotrophic and mixotrophic growth conditions were simulated. The Synechocystis model was used for in silico predictions for the insertion of ethanol fermentation pathway, which is a novel approach for bioenergy and biofuels production developed in the authors' laboratory. Simulations of Synechocystis cell growth and ethanol production were compared with actual metabolic measurements which showed a satisfactory agreement.

CONCLUSION: The Synechocystis metabolic network developed in this study is the first genome‐scale mathematical model for photosynthetic organisms. The model may be used not only in global understanding of cellular metabolism and photosynthesis, but also in designing metabolic engineering strategies for desirable bio‐products. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Human umbilical cord blood cells directly suppress ischemic oligodendrocyte cell death
Authors: Hall A.A. , Guyer A.G. , Leonardo C.C. , Ajmo C.T. , Collier L.A. , Willing A.E. , Pennypacker K.R.
Published: October 2008

Previous reports have shown that human umbilical cord blood cells (HUCBCs) administered intravenously 48 hr following middle cerebral artery occlusion reduce infarct area and behavioral deficits of rodents. This cellular therapy is potently neuroprotective and antiinflammatory. This study investigates the effect of HUCBC treatment on white matter injury and oligodendrocyte survival in a rat model of ischemia. Intravenous infusion of 106 HUCBCs 48 hr poststroke reduced the amount of white matter damage in vivo as seen by quantification of myelin basic protein staining in tissue sections. To determine whether HUCBC treatment was protective via direct effects on oligodendrocytes, cultured oligodendrocytes were studied in an in vitro model of oxygen glucose deprivation. Active caspase 3 immunohistochemistry and the lactate dehydrogenase assay for cytotoxicity were used to determine that HUCBCs provide protection to oligodendrocytes in vitro. Based on these results, it is likely that HUCBC administration directly protects oligodendrocytes and white matter. This effect is likely to contribute to the increased behavioral recovery observed with HUCBC therapy. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Linear peak capacity of a comprehensive multi‐dimensional separation
Authors: Blumberg Leonid M.
Published: October 2008

In order to resolve (quantifiably and identifiably separate) the same number of peaks in the analysis of the same mixture yielding statistically uniform peak distribution, a comprehensive 2‐D separation needs a two times larger peak capacity than a 1‐D separation does. Each additional dimension further reduces the utilization of the peak capacity of comprehensive multi‐dimensional (MD) separation by a factor of two per dimension. As a result, the same peak capacity means different things for separations with different dimensionalities. This complicates the use of the peak capacity for comparison of the potential separation performance of the separations with different dimensionalities. To facilitate the comparison, a concept of a linear peak capacity has been proposed. The linear peak capacity of an MD separation is the peak capacity of a 1‐D separation that, in the analysis of the same mixture, is statistically expected to resolve the same number of peaks as the MD separation is. There are other factors that differently affect the performance of the separations that have different dimensionalities. Peak capacity of a 2‐D separation with a rectangular separation space is 27% larger than the product of the peak capacities of its first and second dimension. This advantage of a 2‐D separation is essentially nullified by the fact that the peak capacity of the first dimension of an optimized 2‐D separation cannot be higher than 80% of the peak capacity of its first dimension standing alone. All in all, the incremental peak capacity gained from addition of a second dimension will not exceed 50% of the peak capacity of the added second dimension. All results are valid for arbitrarily shaped (not necessarily Gaussian) peaks.
Learning respect: Showing and earning esteem is crucial for leaders
Authors: Glover Sarah L. , Hannum Kelly M.
Published: October 2008

Although little research has been done on respect as an aspect of leadership, it's clear that being respected and respectful is increasingly important for leaders in today's global environment. What is far less clear is the meaning of respect and which behaviors people from various cultures see as respectful. Understanding the three ways in which respect is given or received can help leaders successfully gain and demonstrate respect across cultures.
Ring‐Opening Polymerization of DD‐Lactide Catalyzed by Novozyme 435
Authors: Hans Marc , Keul Helmut , Moeller Martin
Published: October 2008

In contrast to LLA, DLA is converted in toluene solution under mild reaction conditions (50–70 °C) using Novozyme 435 (immobilized CALB) to form the corresponding polymer. The influence of several parameters, such as enzyme concentration, temperature and monomer concentration, on the polymerization rate and the monomer conversion was studied. In contrast to the Novozyme 435 catalyzed polymerization of ε‐caprolactone, enzyme deactivation occurs. It is attributed to the deprivation of water from the enzyme. This work points out that by careful selection of the reaction conditions, it is possible to obtain poly(D‐lactide) in reasonable molecular weights and in high yields using Novozyme 435 catalysis.

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Innovation and the opportunity cost of monopoly
Authors: Reksulak Michael , Shughart William F. , Tollison Robert D.
Published: October 2008

Innovation enables monopolists to lower their costs, expand their outputs, and reduce their prices. It is conventional to conclude that social welfare unambiguously increases as a result. Assuming linear demand and marginal cost, this paper shows, however, that innovation raises the opportunity cost of monopoly: as a firm enjoying market power becomes more efficient, greater amounts of surplus are sacrificed by consumers because of the progressive monopolist's failure to produce the new, larger competitive output. Innovation, in other words, increases the social value of competition by raising the deadweight cost of monopoly. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of a cocoa‐enriched diet on specific immune response in ovalbumin‐sensitized rats
Authors: Pérez‐Berezo Teresa , Ramiro‐Puig Emma , Pérez‐Cano Francisco J. , Castellote Cristina , Permanyer Joan , Franch Àngels , Castell Margarida
Published: October 2008

Previous studies in young rats have reported the impact of 3 weeks of high cocoa intake on healthy immune status. The present article describes the effects of a longer‐term cocoa‐enriched diet (9 weeks) on the specific immune response to ovalbumin (OVA) in adult Wistar rats. At 4 weeks after immunization, control rats produced anti‐OVA antibodies, which, according their amount and isotype, were arranged as follows: IgG1 > IgG2a > IgM > IgG2b > IgG2c. Both cocoa diets studied (4% and 10%) down‐modulated OVA‐specific antibody levels of IgG1 (main subclass associated with the Th2 immune response in rats), IgG2a, IgG2c and IgM isotypes. Conversely, cocoa‐fed rats presented equal or higher levels of anti‐OVA IgG2b antibodies (subclass linked to the Th1 response). Spleen and lymph node cells from OVA‐immunized control and cocoa‐fed animals proliferated similarly under OVA stimulation. However, spleen cells from cocoa‐fed animals showed decreased interleukin‐4 secretion (main Th2 cytokine), and lymph node cells from the same rats displayed higher interferon‐γ secretion (main Th1 cytokine). These changes were accompanied by a reduction in the number of anti‐OVA IgG‐secreting cells in spleen. In conclusion, cocoa diets induced attenuation of antibody synthesis that may be attributable to specific down‐regulation of the Th2 immune response.