bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Algebra Teacher's Instructional Decision-Making Process with GeoGebra
Authors: Felger Jacob , Shafer Kathryn G.
Published: April 2016

This chapter shares results of a classroom-based action research study on instructional decision-making when teaching a unit on linear functions with GeoGebra, a dynamic algebra environment. The TPACK / Student Knowledge Matrix developed by provided a structure for unit planning and lesson development. The matrix combines the three categories of teacher knowledge – technological, pedagogical, and content – with four levels of student knowledge – declarative, procedural, schematic, and strategic. While implementing the four-week unit, the algebra teacher used multiple data sources to document day-to-day decision-making. Data analysis revealed decisions were guided by the need to improve clarity, to increase interactivity, to highlight connections between representations, and to use GeoGebra as a tool to increase understanding. Throughout the unit, GeoGebra became a tool for computation, transformation, data collection and analysis, and error checking.
Innovative Strategies, Feedbacks, Leaning, and Change
Authors: Suarez Diana Valeria
Published: April 2016

Innovation literature sustains that the environment impacts firms' behaviors and this leads to changes in the firms' innovative strategies. Innovative strategies, in turn, impact on firms' performance, which feedbacks the set of decisions (and possibilities) about the innovative strategy. Although there is a vast empirical literature that support this theory, scarce attention has been paid to the changes in the innovative behavior, resulting from these feedbacks between past and present decisions. This chapter aims to contribute to that gap in the literature by providing a dynamic perspective to the firms' innovative decisions. Results show that looking at continuities and changes in the firm's innovative strategy helps to understand how innovation impacts performance. This way, results show that the sources of path creation are a key element behind innovation and more research from that perspective could shed light on the subject.
Low Carbon Energy Innovations Systems in Natural Resource Rich Developing Countries
Authors: Furtado André Tosi
Published: April 2016

The transition to low carbon economy requires deep changes in the energy systems of the great majority of developing countries. However, only a small group of these countries is engaging significant efforts to develop renewable energies. The success in the diffusion of renewable energy technologies requires dynamic systems of innovation. In this chapter we analyze the recent evolution Brazilian sugarcane innovation system that was pioneering in the development and diffusion of bioethanol. This system is increasingly challenged by the acceleration of the technological regime, which is provoked by the energy crisis and the transition to the low carbon economy. The Brazilian innovation system has different capacities to cope with this challenge. In this chapter we differentiate the agriculture subsystem, which function in a STI (Science, Technology, and Innovation) mode from the industrial subsystem, which operates in a DIU (Doing, Using, and Interacting) mode. The agricultural subsystem has demonstrated a better ability to cope with the technological challenges of the new biotech research methodologies while the capital goods industry has much less propensity to deal with the second generation technologies for bioethanol. We describe also the present ethanol supply crises and its probable causes.
Challenges for Innovation Due to Firm Size
Authors: Zucoloto Graziela Ferrero , Nogueira Mauro Oddo
Published: April 2016

This chapter analyses the innovative capacity of small firms compared to medium and large firms in Brazilian industry. It presents the Schumpterian debate regarding the role of small and large firms as inductors of innovation, including a brief discussion about the barriers and opportunities for innovation faced by small businesses, particularly in developing countries. The empirical analysis is based on the Brazilian Innovation Survey, which is used to compare the innovative efforts undertaken by small, medium and large enterprises. Its main findings are that in Brazil, large companies predominate in the creation of new products and processes, while smaller perform more effort than those in innovations associated with processes modernization. However, from the observation of the industry sectorial structure, it identifies that in high-tech sectors, Brazilian small companies outperform large in efforts in R&D.
Higher Education, Technological Change, and Local Development
Authors: Jover Jorge Núñez , Alfonso Galia Figueroa , Quiñones Ariamnis Alcázar , Marrero Isvieysys Armas
Published: April 2016

In the 90s, Cuban universities directed their efforts toward innovation. This “innovation turn” intended to increase the role of Higher Education (HE) in the economic recovery of the country and the solution of significant social problems. At the beginning of last decade universities began to project over the subject of local development (we have called this process “territorial turn”). In the document is explored the capacity of HE to unfold nets that allow the flow of knowledge and technologies for local development. Its role as key actor on the promotion of innovation in municipalities is also analyzed. Through case studies methodologies, it is discussed a group of practices related with alternative energy production, food production based in agroecological methods and the echo-materials production for housing. Each one of those socio-techniques trajectories, emerged in Cuban HE institutions, pay attention to social inclusion, cohesion and social integration goals.
Why Manage Human Resources from a Social Responsibility Perspective?
Authors: Ferreira-Cotón Xiana , Carballo-Penela Adolfo
Published: April 2016

This study aims to provide knowledge about the importance given by employees and prospect employees to different Human Resource Management (HRM) practices and, in particular, to Socially Responsible Human Resource Management (SRHRM) practices. This research also analyses 1) the differences between the importance given to conventional HRM practices and SRHRM by employees and job seekers and 2) the differences between women's and men's perceptions of every practice. The results confirm that respondents consider that SRHRM practices are more important than conventional HRM practices. The results also show the existence of differences between men's and women's perceptions. In particular, the importance given by women to SRHRM practices is higher than the importance given by men. Additionally, the results show that men are not still as concerned as women with some questions with regard to equity between men and women.
The Social Role of Human Resources Teachers
Authors: Garcia Agustin Galan , Villarino Roberto Fernandez
Published: April 2016

We consider it urgent to reflect on the need to build a new Corporate Social Responsibility that will in turn have a direct impact on a comprehensive human resources executive on a personal level. This professional will be competent in social skills, proactive, a specialist in avoiding conflict and a true part of the company's social aspect. Training is the essential tool to achieve this. This training must focus on thinking about values, must delve into the two-way humanist ideal that education gives, must value it and transform it afterwards. Also, it must take into account the student's interests, motifs and willingness so they may be able to establish the necessary interrelations that will allow for the connection between the individual's personal life and society.
Internal Market Orientation and Strategy Implementation
Authors: Ruizalba Jose , Soares Anabela
Published: April 2016

Managing People within organisations is a complex and intricate challenge much insight can be gained from complementing the mainstream trends with other research fields. This Chapter shall focus on the role Internal Marketing Orientation (IMO) as a key element that contribute to link the strategy design and its implementation. IMO is an emerging paradigm that enables organisations to focus on the needs and wants of their employees by defining them as primary internal clients. To have the right people in the right job is crucial. Hence the importance of strategic design and implementation. Consequently, in order to be successful, any decided strategic direction must rely first and foremost on the alignment of its employees with mission and overall corporate objectives: ultimately with its business model. This focus on internal clients, is what mainly makes possible the delivering of the promise of value offered by organizations and influences the management of human capital. It has been empirically analyzed how IMO contributes to improve job satisfaction and employees' commitment.
Strategic Antecedents of Emotional Involvement in Europe
Authors: Lucia-Casademunt Ana María , Ariza-Montes Antonio , Montero-Romero Teresa
Published: April 2016

The globalization of tourism is one of the most competitive industries in the world. The present chapter deals with a new paradigm in the management of human resources in organizations in the sector, focused on development and deep involvement in their practices. In particular it explores the construct of job involvement in its emotional dimension – emotional involvement in a sample of 1,628 European employees who work in the hotel and restaurant sector. Using a model of binary logistical regression, the result identifies the profile of the European employee involved emotionally with the activity that he/she carries out and reveals the main variables that the managers of human resources in this type of organization should act upon if they wish to increase the level of emotional involvement of their employees compared to other competitors in such a globalized sector.
The Key of Franchising Chains and Human Resource Management
Authors: Carvalho Ana Branca , Nogueira Fernanda
Published: April 2016

This chapter aims to contribute to the literature and aid in developing a theoretical and practical framework in the area of organization and human resource. With contributions and research from different perspectives, this paper is an essential source for students, researchers and managers in the franchising chains. There has been an increased interest in human resources problems and in new forms of organizations. The concept of Trust can be combined to satisfy the needs of people seeking better quality-of-life. This analyzes the problems of human resources management features of franchising chain business management. The franchising chains involve two aspects: the relation based in trust and a group that develops an innovation idea. It contributes to economic growth, as a pillar to support other complementary activities with a low cost. This system contributes to employment growth and regional wealth, contributes to new ideas helps create new services with high value, promotes establishment of international cooperation networks, and yields a number of additional benefits.
The Development and Implementation of U-Msg for College Students' English Learning
Authors: Cheng Yuh-Ming , Kuo Sheng-Huang , Lou Shi-Jer , Shih Ru-Chu
Published: April 2016

With the advance of mobile technology, mobile devices have become more portable and powerful with numerous useful tools in daily life. Thus, mobile learning has been widely involved in e-learning studies. Many studies point out that it is important to integrate both pedagogical and technical strengths of mobile technology into learning settings. Thus, the purpose of this study aims to investigate the effects of implementing a ubiquitous multimedia message transmitting platform (U-Msg) for college students' English learning. 19 college students participated in a four-week experiment and each student used client-side application platform U-Msg platform for English learning through an Android-based mobile phone. After the experiment, a survey questionnaire with 22 questions was administered. The findings of this study show that those participants hold significantly positive attitude of U-Msg platform, including platform quality, learning content, platform support, platform usefulness, user satisfaction, and platform use. That is, this U-Msg platform for English learning can be effective and suitable for college students' English learning.
Evaluating Usefulness of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid induced Fluorescence to guide Biopsy of Oral Cancers and Premalignant Lesions
Authors: Merchant Shuaib , Ramachandra Manaswini , Mohiyuddin SM Azeem , Suresh TN , Sagayaraj A
Published: April 2016

Background

Oral carcinoma prevalence is high in Kolar owing to tobacco chewing habit. The patients may have premalignant lesions all over oral cavity (field cancerization) making it difficult to select ideal biopsy site. 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) induced fluorescence helps to demarcate lesions beyond visible margin and helps to choose biopsy site.

Objectives

To perform separate biopsies from the visible and fluorescent margins of malignant/premalignant lesions of oral cavity following staining with 5- ALA and determine if microscopic tumor extends beyond visible margin.

Materials and methods

Our study included 50 patients with oral carcinoma/ premalignant lesions. Biopsies were taken from visible and fluorescence margins following incubation period of 3 hours post rinsing with 5-ALA solution. Specimens subjected to histopathological examination for detection of malignant cells. Usefulness of 5-ALA was documented by evaluating sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and diagnostic accuracy.

Results

Fifty patients with age ranging from 33 to 78 years showed female predominance—4:1. Forty-seven patients noted fluorescence beyond visible margin. Tongue malignancies showed maximum extension. Diagnostic sensitivity with 5-ALA was 95.74% and specificity was 100%. Positive and negative predictive values were 100 and 60% respectively. 5-ALA's diagnostic accuracy was determined to be 96%.

Conclusion

Majority patients showed microscopic tumor extension beyond visible margin. 5-ALA staining helps in determining the true extent of lesion as Protoporphyrin IX accumulation in malignant cells shows fluorescence. This helps in guiding biopsies in field cancerization and adequate surgical tumor clearance thereby improving locoregional control.

How to cite this article

Ramachandra M, Mohiyuddin SMA, Suresh TN, Sagayaraj A, Merchant S. Evaluating Usefulness of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid induced Fluorescence to guide Biopsy of Oral Cancers and Premalignant Lesions. Int J Head Neck Surg 2015;6(2):64-68.
Effectiveness of Supraomohyoid Neck Dissection in Oral Cancers with N1 Neck
Authors: Merchant Shuaib , Mohiyuddin SM Azeem , Suresh TN , Sagayaraj A , Harshita TR
Published: April 2016

Aim

Lymph node metastasis in squamous carcinoma of oral cavity carries poor prognosis. Majority of patients in our country present with locally advanced malignancy which has high incidence of micrometastasis. A comprehensive neck dissection in patients with N0 and N1 neck is overkill with resultant morbidity. Lymph node metastasis from oral cavity has predictable pattern. Supraomohyoid neck dissection (SOND) is a one stage treatment and staging procedure in patients with locally advanced oral cancer with N0 and N1 neck.

Materials and methods

We are presenting a series of 117 patients with malignancy of oral cavity with N1 neck who underwent SOND, majority involved buccal mucosa. Among the 117 patients who were clinical N1 cases, 53 (45.3%) were found to have positive nodes on histopathology and 64 (54.7%) were false. Level I lymph node metastasis (77.3%) was seen in majority of the oral cancers. After mean follow-up of 30 months, 71 patients are alive and disease-free, twelve patients had local and six (5.1%) had nodal recurrences.

Conclusion

Supraomohyoid neck dissection in locally advanced oral malignancies with N1 neck, carries low morbidity and complications and is effective substitute for modified radical neck dissection in suitable cases. Postoperative radiotherapy improves the outcome.

How to cite this article

Harshita TR, Mohiyuddin SMA, Sagayaraj A, Suresh TN, Merchant S. Effectiveness of Supraomohyoid Neck Dissection in Oral Cancers with N1 Neck. Int J Head Neck Surg 2015;6(2):73-75.
The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6
Authors: O'Neill Brian C. , Tebaldi Claudia , van Vuuren Detlef , Eyring Veronika , Friedlingstein Pierre , Hurtt George , Knutti Reto , Kriegler Elmar , Lamarque Jean-Francois , Lowe Jason , Meehl Jerry , Moss Richard , Riahi Keywan , Sanderson Benjamin M.
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Projections of future climate change play a fundamental role in improving understanding of the climate system as well as characterizing societal risks and response options. The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) is the primary activity within Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Projection (CMIP6) that that will provide multi-model climate projections based on alternative scenarios of future emissions and land-use changes produced with integrated assessment models. In this paper, we describe ScenarioMIP’s objectives, experimental design, and its relation to other activities within CMIP6. The ScenarioMIP design is one component of a larger scenario process that aims to facilitate a wide range of integrated studies across the climate science, integrated assessment modelling, and impacts, adaptation and vulnerability communities, and will form an important part of the evidence base in the next IPCC assessment. At the same time, it will provide the basis for investigating a number of targeted scientific questions that are especially relevant to scenario-based analysis, including the role of specific forcings such as land use and aerosols, the effect of a peak and decline in forcing, the relative contributions to uncertainty from scenarios, climate models, and internal variability, and long-term climate system outcomes beyond the 21st century. To serve this wide range of scientific communities and address these questions, a design has been identified consisting of eight alternative 21st century scenarios plus one large initial condition ensemble and a set of long-term extensions, divided into two tiers defined by relative priority. Some of these scenarios will also provide a basis for variants planned to be run in other CMIP6-endorsed MIPs to investigate questions related to specific forcings. Harmonized, spatially explicit emissions and land-use scenarios generated with integrated assessment models will be provided to participating climate modeling groups by late 2016, with climate model projections expected to be available within the 2018–2020 time frame.
George Henry Lewes, the Real Man of Science Behind George Eliot's Fictional Pedants
Authors: Rilett Beverley Park
Published: April 2016

This paper demonstrates that George Eliot drew on George Henry Lewes's actual experience as an emerging scientist in her depiction of two fictional scholars, Edward Casaubon of Middlemarch and Proteus Merman, a lesser-known character from the chapter entitled “How We Encourage Research” in her final work, Impressions of Theophrastus Such. After Thomas Huxley published a devastating review of Lewes's first book of science, Comte's Philosophy of the Sciences, the evidence suggests that Lewes became highly focused on disproving his critics and earning lasting recognition as a scientist, a feat he expected to achieve with his five-volume series, Problems of Life and Mind. The paper concludes with a discussion of what purpose Eliot may have intended when she modeled these characters after George Henry Lewes, her consistently defended partner.
“Her soul cried out for some explanation”: Knowledge and Acknowledgment in George Eliot's Romola
Authors: Hoffman Meechal
Published: April 2016

This article argues that in Romola, George Eliot uses the real, historical case of Savonarola, whose motivations remain unknowable in the novel and historical record alike, to investigate the epistemological difficulties inherent in knowing an other, and posits a form of sympathy that forgoes such knowledge altogether. Despite Eliot's years of archival research, and despite efforts on behalf of the eponymous heroine and the reader, knowledge-based sympathy of the kind promoted in her previous novels is neither available nor desirable. In Romola, Eliot develops an alternative sympathy based not on knowledge but, instead, on acknowledgment. Whereas knowledge suggests certainty (I know you're in pain), acknowledgment entails a response even in the absence of certainty (I acknowledge that you're in pain even if I can't know it). This emphasis on ethical action in spite of knowledge mobilizes feeling and reason in a new orientation, overcoming a radical skeptical impasse.
Bases para el establecimiento de las Ciencias Aeronáuticas en la Facultad de Ciencias Espaciales de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras
Authors: Amaya Omri
Published: April 2016

Esta publicación refleja lo esencial del trabajo de investigación desarrollado por un Equipo Interinstitucional integrado por representantes de la Dirección de Aeronáutica Civil (DGAC) y la Asociación para el Desarrollo Aeronáutico y Educativo de Honduras (ADAEH) junto con profesionales de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras (UNAH).El panorama general de la investigación sitúa el desarrollo de la aeronáutica civil en Honduras en el contexto del desarrollo internacional del rubro, enfatizando en su estatus científico, los contenidos con los cuales se forma a los profesionales del campo, su evolución histórica, las características propias de la aeronáutica en Honduras y, la oferta y la demanda existente de profesionales aeronáuticos a nivel mundial.Los resultados de esta investigación han orientado el posterior desarrollo del Departamento de Ciencias Aeronáuticas en la Facultad de Ciencias Espaciales, influyendo sobre la definición de los recursos necesarios para el funcionamiento del Departamento, la elaboración del diagnóstico para la Carrera de una Licenciatura en Ciencias Aeronáuticas y la composición del su Plan de Estudios y Plan de Sostenibilidad; así como en el montaje del Primer Diplomado en Gestión de Sistemas Aeroportuarios.Revista Ciencias Espaciales, Vol.6(1) 2013, 126-148
The Culture of Taste and Appreciation and Its Relation to Aesthetic Sensation among the Students of Al-Hussein Bin Talal University
Authors: Abo Al-Rub Mohammad Khalel
Published: April 2016

The study aims at investigating the culture of taste and appreciation the students of Al-Hussein Bin Talal University have and its relation to their aesthetic sensation. To achieve the goals of the study, the researcher designed a special tool which included two domains, the domain of appreciation and the domain of aesthetic sensation. The tool consisted of 40 items for both domains. It was evaluated by ten experienced referees who approved it with more than 90%. The sample of the study consisted of 490 male and female students, chosen randomly from Al- Hussein Bin Talal University. To achieve the goals of the study, five questions were also answered through statistical analysis. The study found the following results: the culture of taste and appreciation was so high among students of Al-Hussein Bin Talal University when comparing the means of scores on the items. It was found to be ranging between 3.42-4.52, bearing in mind that the highest mean value is 5 and the least value is 1. The values of standard deviations showed that there was a kind of contingency and agreement among the respondents to the tool. The values ranged between 0.808-1.314. There are statistically significant differences in the level of the culture of taste and appreciation among the students of Al-Hussein Bin Talal University with regard to the gender and faculty. The difference was in favor of females over males, and in favor of humanitarian faculties over that of scientific faculties. The study showed that the aesthetic sensation among females is higher than that among males. The study also showed that there is a correlation between the level of taste and appreciation and the level of aesthetic sensation among the students of Al-Hussein Bin Talal University.
The interactions between lipase and pyridinium ligands investigated by electrochemical and spectrophotometric methods
Authors: Patriche Simona , Lupu Elena Georgiana , Cârâc Andreea , Dinică Rodica Mihaela , Cârâc Geta
Published: April 2016

The interaction between pyridinium ligands derived from 4,4’-bipyridine (N,N’-bis(p-bromophenacyl)-4,4’-bipyridinium dibromide – Lr) and (N,N’-bis(p-bromophenacyl)-1,2-bis (4-pyridyl) ethane dibromide – Lm) with lipase enzyme was evaluated. The stability of the pyridinium ligands, having an essential role in biological systems, in 0.1 M KNO3 as supporting electrolyte is influenced by the lipase concentration added. The pH and conductometry measurements in aqueous solution suggest a rapid ionic exchange process. The behavior of pyridinium ligands in the presence of lipase is investigated by cyclic voltammetry and UV/Vis spectroscopy, which indicated bindings and changes from the interaction between them. The voltammograms recorded on the glassy carbon electrode showed a more intense electronic transfer for the Lr interaction with lipase compared to Lm, which is due to the absence of mobile ethylene groups from Lr structure.
The Validation of the MicroSnap Total for Enumeration of Total Viable Count in a Variety of Foods
Authors: Meighan Paul , Smith Mat , Datta Shreya , Katz Brandon , Nason Fred
Published: April 2016

Hygiena's MicroSnap™ Total enables rapid enumeration of total viable count (TVC) within an 8 h working shift. The method measures the biomarker adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which develops a light signal proportional to the concentration of biomarker discovered. The two-step assay determines ATP concentration and hence the concentration of bacteria in the sample at the onset of the growth phase. In the first phase, the sample is enriched in a broth containing ATP-depleting enzymes that reduce background ATP from sample matrixes. After the 7 h enrichment phase, an aliquot is taken from the Enrichment Device using a built-in pipet and transferred into a secondary Detection Device. The Detection Device is then activated and measured as relative light units in a Hygiena luminometer for quantitative results in just 15 s. This study measures and compares the natural TVC from five sample matrixes: raw ground beef, raw milk, lettuce, raw chicken, and freshly produced cream cake. MicroSnap Total successfully enumerates TVC from all samples over an average range of log 2.00–6.50; equivalence is demonstrated by an overall r2 value of 0.9184.
Factors associated with initiation of antiretroviral therapy in the advanced stages of HIV infection in six Ethiopian HIV clinics, 2012 to 2013
Authors: Nash Denis , Tymejczyk Olga , Gadisa Tsigereda , Kulkarni Sarah Gorrell , Hoffman Susie , Yigzaw Muluneh , Elul Batya , Remien Robert H , Lahuerta Maria , Daba Shalo , El Sadr Wafaa , Melaku Zenebe
Published: April 2016

Introduction

Most HIV‐positive persons in sub‐Saharan Africa initiate antiretroviral therapy (ART) with advanced infection (late ART initiation). Intervening on the drivers of late ART initiation is a critical step towards achieving the full potential of HIV treatment scale‐up. This study aimed to identify modifiable factors associated with late ART initiation in Ethiopia.

Methods

From 2012 to 2013, Ethiopian adults (n=1180) were interviewed within two weeks of ART initiation. Interview data were merged with HIV care histories to assess correlates of late ART initiation (CD4+ count <150 cells/µL or World Health Organization Stage IV).

Results

The median CD4 count at enrolment in HIV care was 263 cells/µL (interquartile range (IQR): 140 to 390) and 212 cells/µL (IQR: 119 to 288) at ART initiation. Overall, 31.2% of participants initiated ART late, of whom 85.1% already had advanced HIV disease at enrolment. Factors associated with higher odds of late ART initiation included male sex (vs. non‐pregnant females; adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 2.02; 95% CI: 1.50 to 2.73), high levels of psychological distress (vs. low/none, aOR: 1.96; 95% CI: 1.34 to 2.87), perceived communication barriers with providers (aOR: 2.42, 95% CI: 1.24 to 4.75), diagnosis via provider initiated testing (vs. voluntary counselling and testing, aOR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.07 to 2.04), tuberculosis (TB) treatment prior to ART initiation (aOR: 2.16, 95% CI: 1.43 to 3.25) and a gap in care of six months or more prior to ART initiation (aOR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.10 to 3.72). Testing because of partner illness/death (aOR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.42 to 0.95) was associated with lower odds of late ART initiation.

Conclusions

Programmatic initiatives promoting earlier diagnosis, engagement in pre‐ART care, and integration of TB and HIV treatments may facilitate earlier ART initiation. Men and those experiencing psychological distress may also benefit from targeted support prior to ART initiation.
N-type conduction in SnS by anion substitution with Cl
Authors: Yanagi Hiroshi , Iguchi Yuki , Sugiyama Taiki , Kamiya Toshio , Hosono Hideo
Published: April 2016

Relatively nontoxic, earth-abundant Cl was incorporated into n-type SnS as a dopant. The existence of impurity phases was carefully identified in Sn(S1−

x

−

y
Cl
x
)-dense ceramics. The highest electron mobility (8.3 cm2 V−1 s−1) in n-type conduction was achieved in samples with x ≥ 0.005. Cl concentration is critical for conduction-type conversion, whereas carrier density and electron mobility are determined by sulfur-site deficiency. Carrier transport is explained by grain boundary potential barrier scattering in undoped p-type samples and by ionized impurity scattering in Cl-doped n-type samples.
Characterization of the green band in photoluminescence spectra of heavily doped AlxGa1−
xN:Si with the Al content x > 0.5
Authors: Osinnykh Igor V. , Malin Timur V. , Plyusnin Viktor F. , Suranov Andrei S. , Gilinsky Alexander M. , Zhuravlev Konstantin S.
Published: April 2016

We report time-resolved and temperature-dependent photoluminescence investigations of green photoluminescence in heavily doped Al
x
Ga1−

x
N:Si films grown by molecular beam epitaxy on sapphire substrates. The green band dominates in the photoluminescence spectra of Al
x
Ga1−

x
N:Si films with the Al content higher than 0.5. This band is attributed to donor–acceptor and free electron–acceptor transitions involving the same acceptor. Donor and acceptor binding energies of about 50 and 930 meV, respectively, were obtained. The donor was assigned to the Si atom on the Ga/Al site; the acceptor might be the C atom on the N site or a complex comprising a Ga/Al vacancy and a shallow donor.
Effects of GaN barrier thickness on built-in electric field and internal quantum efficiency of blue InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells LED structures
Authors: Romanov Ivan S. , Prudaev Ilya A. , Kopyev Viktor V.
Published: April 2016

The built-in electric field in an InGaN quantum well and emission wavelength are numerically evaluated at various GaN barrier thicknesses in blue InGaN/GaN/Al2O3 LED structures. The effect of GaN barrier thickness on the internal quantum efficiency of these structures was studied experimentally by temperature- and excitation-power-dependent photoluminescence measurements. In LED structures with 3-nm-thick GaN barriers in the active region the internal quantum efficiency at high excitation levels higher than that in LED structures with thicker GaN barriers. The results of measurements indicate that in structures with 3-nm-thick GaN barriers, the Auger recombination rate is reduced.
Tsunami earthquake can occur elsewhere along the Japan Trench—Historical and geological evidence for the 1677 earthquake and tsunami
Authors: Yanagisawa H. , Goto K. , Sugawara D. , Kanamaru K. , Iwamoto N. , Takamori Y.
Published: April 2016

Since the 11 March 2011 Tohoku earthquake, the mechanisms of large earthquakes along the Japan Trench have been intensely investigated. However, characteristics of tsunami earthquakes, which trigger unusually large tsunami, remain unknown. The earthquake of 4 November 1677 was a tsunami earthquake striking the southern part of the Japan Trench. Its source mechanism remains unclear. This study elucidates the fault slip and moment magnitude of the 1677 earthquake and tsunami based on integrated analyses of historical documents, tsunami deposits, and numerical simulation. Geological survey results, the analytical results of thickness and grain size distributions and diatoms, revealed that tsunami deposits in a small pond at 11 m elevation were probably formed by the 1677 event. This finding and historical descriptions are useful as important constraint conditions to estimate unusually large fault slips and moment magnitude of the 1677 earthquake. Numerical simulation results reveal that 8.34–8.63 moment magnitude with the large 11–16 m slip area is necessary to satisfy the constraint conditions. This fault slip and magnitude are equivalent to those of the 1896 Sanriku earthquake: a well‐known tsunami earthquake in the northern part of the Japan Trench. We therefore conclude that a tsunami earthquake of moment magnitude 8.3–8.6 with unusually large slip can occur elsewhere along the Japan Trench. This point should be considered for future tsunami risk assessment along the Japan Trench and along any trench having similar tectonic settings to those of the Japan Trench.
Static Coulomb stress load on a three‐dimensional rate‐and‐state fault: Possible explanation of the anomalous delay of the 2004 Parkfield earthquake
Authors: Kostka Filip , Gallovič František
Published: April 2016

We perform quasi‐dynamic modeling of earthquake cycle using laboratory derived rate‐and‐state laws of friction on a homogeneous three‐dimensional fault model. We study effects of the static Coulomb stress loading on clock advance and clock delay of the subsequent event. We carefully investigate dependences of the clock advance on the onset time of the stress load, its amplitude, areal extent, and place of application of the load. We find that these dependences are complex, being controlled by the actual ongoing slip velocity on the fault, especially at the domain of the stress load. In particular, the stress (un)load can initiate the occurrence of quasiperiodic creep‐like episodes, which could be associated with episodic increases of microseismicity on real faults, such as observed on the locked Parkfield segment of the San Andreas Fault. Depending on the load parameters including its timing within the earthquake cycle, one of such creep‐like events may trigger the next (clock advanced) system‐size earthquake. In some cases, the nucleation of the main shock can fail, and the fault experiences one or several seismic events of smaller magnitudes instead. In such a case the next main shock becomes significantly delayed. We speculate that such mechanism could have contributed to the extreme delay of the M6 2004 Parkfield earthquake. Indeed, the Parkfield segment was subject to Coulomb stress unload due to the 1983 Coalinga‐Nuñez earthquakes and then experienced M4.9 events in 1993–1994, when the system‐size event was expected. Instead, these failed main shock nucleations delayed the Parkfield earthquake by another ~10 years.
Differential Monte Carlo method for computing seismogram envelopes and their partial derivatives
Authors: Takeuchi Nozomu
Published: April 2016

We present an efficient method that is applicable to waveform inversions of seismogram envelopes for structural parameters describing scattering properties in the Earth. We developed a differential Monte Carlo method that can simultaneously compute synthetic envelopes and their partial derivatives with respect to structural parameters, which greatly reduces the required CPU time. Our method has no theoretical limitations to apply to the problems with anisotropic scattering in a heterogeneous background medium. The effects of S wave polarity directions and phase differences between SH and SV components are taken into account. Several numerical examples are presented to show that the intrinsic and scattering attenuation at the depth range of the asthenosphere have different impacts on the observed seismogram envelopes, thus suggesting that our method can potentially be applied to inversions for scattering properties in the deep Earth.
The influence of environmental parameters on active and maturing oceanic whitecaps
Authors: Scanlon B. , Ward B.
Published: April 2016

High‐resolution images of the ocean surface are examined using digital processing, achieving quantifications of actively breaking (WA), maturing (WB), and total (WT = WA + WB) whitecaps. The images are selected from two data sets of the North Atlantic and Southern Ocean to sample a maximal range of environmental conditions. A total of 125,860 images were processed and averaged to establish 622 10 min periods. Parameterizing WA, WB, and WT with wind speed achieved modest correlations while also displaying large variabilities. Parameterizing WT with wind speed and specific Reynolds numbers achieved correlation coefficients ranging from 0.76 to 0.79. The filtering of WT into its active stage of evolution WA and subsequent fittings with wind speed and specific Reynolds numbers achieved reduced correlation coefficients ranging from 0.62 to 0.66. We suggest that the contribution of WB serves to conceal and thus underestimate the variability of actively breaking waves.
Interannual modulation of eddy kinetic energy in the northeastern South China Sea as revealed by an eddy‐resolving OGCM
Authors: Sun Zhongbin , Zhang Zhiwei , Zhao Wei , Tian Jiwei
Published: April 2016

Interannual modulation of eddy kinetic energy (EKE) in the northeastern South China Sea (NE‐SCS) is investigated based on outputs of an eddy‐resolving oceanic general circulation model between 1980 and 2014. The EKE displays distinct interannual modulations with periods between 1.5 and 7 years. The maximum peak‐to‐trough amplitude of the interannual modulation occurred during period 2004–2005, which was about 1.5‐fold the time‐mean EKE level. Further analysis suggested that interannual variability of EKE in the NE‐SCS is primarily modulated by the Luzon Strait transport (LST). During high‐EKE years, the LST increases corresponding to a strengthened Kuroshio intrusion. The strengthened Kuroshio intrusion enhances the baroclinic instability of current in the NE‐SCS and thus leads to a strong EKE. The reverse is true during low‐EKE years when LST is smaller. Influences of ENSO and Pacific mesoscale eddies on the interannual modulation of LST are also discussed in this study.
Implications of L1 observations for slow solar wind formation by solar reconnection
Authors: Kepko L. , Viall N. M. , Antiochos S. K. , Lepri S. T. , Kasper J. C. , Weberg M.
Published: April 2016

While the source of the fast solar wind is known to be coronal holes, the source of the slow solar wind has remained a mystery. Long time scale trends in the composition and charge states show strong correlations between solar wind velocity and plasma parameters, yet these correlations have proved ineffective in determining the slow wind source. We take advantage of new high time resolution (12 min) measurements of solar wind composition and charge state abundances at L1 and previously identified 90 min quasiperiodic structures to probe the fundamental timescales of slow wind variability. The combination of new high temporal resolution composition measurements and the clearly identified boundaries of the periodic structures allows us to utilize these distinct solar wind parcels as tracers of slow wind origin and acceleration. We find that each 90 min (2000 Mm) parcel of slow wind has near‐constant speed yet exhibits repeatable, systematic charge state and composition variations that span the entire range of statistically determined slow solar wind values. The classic composition‐velocity correlations do not hold on short, approximately hourlong, time scales. Furthermore, the data demonstrate that these structures were created by magnetic reconnection. Our results impose severe new constraints on slow solar wind origin and provide new, compelling evidence that the slow wind results from the sporadic release of closed field plasma via magnetic reconnection at the boundary between open and closed flux in the Sun's atmosphere.
On the detection of precipitation dependence on temperature
Authors: Zhou Yu , Luo Ming , Leung Yee
Published: April 2016

Employing their newly proposed interannual difference method (IADM), Liu et al. (2009) and Shiu et al. (2012) reported a shocking increase of around 100% K−1 in heavy precipitation with warming global temperature in 1979–2007. Such increase is alarming and prompts us to probe into the IADM. In this study, both analytical derivations and numerical analyses demonstrate that IADM provides no additional information to that of the conventional linear regression, and also, it may give a false indication of dependence. For clarity and simplicity, we therefore recommend linear regression analysis over the IADM for the detection of dependence. We also find that heavy precipitation decreased during the global warming hiatus, and the precipitation dependence on temperature drops by almost 50% when the study period is extended to 1979–2014 and it may keep dropping in the near future. The risk of having heavy precipitation under warming global temperature may have been overestimated.
Vertical heat flux in the ocean: Estimates from observations and from a coupled general circulation model
Authors: Cummins Patrick F. , Masson Diane , Saenko Oleg A.
Published: April 2016

The net heat uptake by the ocean in a changing climate involves small imbalances between the advective and diffusive processes that transport heat vertically. Generally, it is necessary to rely on global climate models to study these processes in detail. In the present study, it is shown that a key component of the vertical heat flux, namely that associated with the large‐scale mean vertical circulation, can be diagnosed over extra‐tropical regions from global observational data sets. This component is estimated based on the vertical velocity obtained from the geostrophic vorticity balance, combined with estimates of absolute geostrophic flow. Results are compared with the output of a non‐eddy resolving, coupled atmosphere‐ocean general circulation model. Reasonable agreement is found in the latitudinal distribution of the vertical heat flux, as well as in the area‐integrated flux below about 250 m depth. The correspondence with the coupled model deteriorates sharply at depths shallower than 250 m due to the omission of equatorial regions from the calculation. The vertical heat flux due to the mean circulation is found to be dominated globally by the downward contribution from the Southern Hemisphere, in particular the Southern Ocean. This is driven by the Ekman vertical velocity which induces an upward transport of seawater that is cold relative to the horizontal average at a given depth. The results indicate that the dominant characteristics of the vertical transport of heat due to the mean circulation can be inferred from simple linear vorticity dynamics over much of the ocean.
Generation of ELF waves during HF heating of the ionosphere at midlatitudes
Authors: Sharma A. S. , Eliasson B. , Shao X. , Papadopoulos K.
Published: April 2016

Modulated high‐frequency radio frequency heating of the ionospheric F region produces a local modulation of the electron temperature, and the resulting pressure gradient gives rise to a diamagnetic current. The oscillations of the diamagnetic current excite hydromagnetic waves in the ELF range that propagate away from the heated region. The generation of the waves in the 2–10 Hz range by a modulated heating in the midlatitude ionosphere is studied using numerical simulations of a collisional Hall‐magnetohydrodynamic model. To model the plasma processes in the midlatitude ionosphere the Earth's dipole magnetic field and typical ionospheric plasma parameters are used. As the hydromagnetic waves propagate away from the heated region in the F region, the varying plasma conditions lead to changes in their characteristics. Magnetosonic waves generated in the heating region and propagating down to the E region, where the Hall conductivity is dominant, excite oscillating Hall currents that produce shear Alfvén waves propagating along the field lines into the magnetosphere, where they propagate as the electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) and whistler waves. The EMIC waves propagate to the ion cyclotron resonance layer in the magnetosphere, where they are absorbed.
Is there a future for biologics in the management of chronic rhinosinusitis?
Authors: Lam Kent , Kern Robert C. , Luong Amber
Published: April 2016

Background

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous inflammatory condition of the sinonasal mucosa consisting of poorly defined subtypes and characterized by variable clinical manifestations, responses to therapy, and underlying pathophysiologies. In the related disorder of asthma, progress has been made in defining disease subtypes on both clinical and pathophysiologic levels, facilitating the development of targeted biologic pharmacotherapy. The potential role of these drugs for the management of CRS will be reviewed. The objective of this work is to highlight the emerging therapeutic targets in CRS in light of evolving treatment options for asthma and enhanced understandings of the clinical manifestations and pathophysiology of CRS.

Methods

This article is a review of recent studies regarding current and future advances in biomarker‐directed therapies in the medical treatment of CRS.

Results

Various biologic therapies used in the management of asthma have demonstrated clinical promise for CRS, particularly within the CRS with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) phenotype. Several randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled studies increasingly support the targeting of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and interleukin (IL)‐5 pathways to improve outcome measures in CRSwNP patients. The IL‐4/IL‐13 pathway and other type 2 inflammatory pathways have also shown potential as targets for CRSwNP, but all pathways require further investigation.

Conclusion

Recalcitrant CRS in the United States and Europe is most commonly associated with nasal polyposis and a type 2 cytokine skewing in the tissue, resulting in tissue infiltration of eosinophils, mast cells, and basophils. Targeting biomarkers of the associated type 2 pathways may be a practical treatment option for recalcitrant CRSwNP in the future.
3D‐Anordnung anorganischer kolloidaler Nanokristalle zu Gelen und Aerogelen
Authors: Sayevich Vladimir , Cai Bin , Benad Albrecht , Haubold Danny , Sonntag Luisa , Gaponik Nikolai , Lesnyak Vladimir , Eychmüller Alexander
Published: April 2016

Wir stellen in dieser Arbeit eine effiziente Anordnungsstrategie verschiedener elektrostatisch stabilisierter Halbleiternanokristalle (NK) vor, welche sich über geeignete Ionen zu einem mehrfach verzweigten Gelnetzwerk verbinden. Diese rein anorganischen, ungeordneten 3D‐Strukturen profitieren von starken interpartikulären Wechselwirkungen, was in einem verbesserten Ladungstransport zwischen verschiedenen NK, mit unterschiedlichen Morphologien, Zusammensetzungen, Größen sowie funktionalisierten Liganden resultiert. Darüber hinaus weisen die erhaltenen getrockneten Gelmonolithe (Aerogelen) eine hochporöse Netzwerkstruktur auf, ohne dass dabei die Quantenbeschränkung der Baueinheiten beeinträchtigt wird. Insbesondere anorganische Halbleiteraerogele, wie hier aus kolloidalen, 4.5 nm großen CdSe‐NK aufgebaut, die anschließend mit Iodidliganden modifiziert und über Cd2+‐Ionen verbrückt wurden, zeigen eine große spezifische Oberfläche von 146 m2 g−1.