bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
QTL for Body Composition on Chromosome 7 Detected Using a Chromosome Substitution Mouse Strain
Authors: Reed Danielle R. , McDaniel Amanda H. , Avigdor Mauricio , Bachmanov Alexander A.
Published: January 2008

Objective: Previous studies in mice have detected quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on chromosome 7 that affect body composition. As a step toward identifying the responsible genes, we compared a chromosome 7 substitution strain C57BL/6J‐Chr7129S1/SvImJ/Na (CSS‐7) to its host (C57BL/6J) strain.

Methods and Procedures: Fourteen‐week‐old mice were measured for body size (weight, length), organ weight (brain, heart, liver, kidneys, and spleen), body and bone composition (fat and lean weight; bone area, mineral content, and density), and individual adipose depot weights (gonadal, retroperitoneal, mesenteric, inguinal, and subscapular). Differences between the CSS‐7 strain and the host strain were interpreted as evidence for the presence of one or more QTLs on chromosome 7.

Results: Using this criterion, we detected QTLs for body weight, bone area, bone mineral content, brain, and heart weight, most adipose depot weights and some indices of fatness. A few strain differences were more pronounced in males (e.g., most adiposity measures) and others were more pronounced in females (e.g., bone area). QTLs for body length, lean weight, bone mineral density, and kidney, spleen, and liver weight were not detected.

Discussion: This study found several associations that suggest one or more QTLs specific to the weight of select tissues and organs exist on mouse chromosome 7. Because these loci are detectable on a fixed and uniform genetic background, they are reasonable targets for high‐resolution mapping and gene identification using a congenic approach.
BMI and Headache Among Women: Results From 11 Epidemiologic Datasets
Authors: Keith Scott W. , Wang Chenxi , Fontaine Kevin R. , Cowan Charles D. , Allison David B.
Published: January 2008

Objective: To evaluate the association between BMI (kg/m2) and headaches among women.

Methods and Procedures: Cross‐sectional analysis of 11 datasets identified after searching for all large publicly available epidemiologic cohort study datasets containing relevant variables. Datasets included National Health Interview Survey (NHIS): 1997–2003, the first National Health Examination and Nutrition Survey, Alameda County Health Study (ACHS), Tecumseh Community Health Study (TCHS), and Women's Health Initiative (WHI). The women (220,370 in total) were aged 18 years or older and had reported their headache or migraine status.

Results: Using nonlinear regression techniques and models adjusted for age, race, and smoking, we found that increased BMI was generally associated with increased likelihood of headache or severe headache among women. A BMI of ∼20 was associated with the lowest risk of headache. Relative to a BMI of 20, mild obesity (BMI of 30) was associated with roughly a 35% increase in the odds for experiencing headache whereas severe obesity (BMI of 40) was associated with roughly an 80% increase in odds. Results were essentially unchanged when models were further adjusted for socioeconomic variables, alcohol consumption, and hypertension. Being diagnosed with migraine showed no association with BMI.

Discussion: Among US women, a BMI of ∼20 (about the 5th percentile) was associated with the lowest likelihood of headache. Consistently across studies, obese women had significantly increased risk for headache. By contrast, the risk for diagnosed migraine headache per se was not obviously related to BMI. The direction of causation and mechanisms of action remain to be determined.
The Longitudinal Relationship Between Body Composition and Patella Cartilage in Healthy Adults
Authors: Teichtahl Andrew J. , Wang Yuanyuan , Wluka Anita E. , Szramka Maxine , English Dallas R. , Giles Graham G. , O'Sullivan Richard , Cicuttini Flavia M.
Published: January 2008

Background: Although obesity is a risk factor for patellofemoral osteoarthritis (OA), it is unclear whether the components of body composition, such as muscle and fat mass, are major determinants of articular cartilage properties at the patella.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether anthropometric and body composition measures, assessed over 10 years, were related to articular patella cartilage volume and defects in healthy adults with no clinical knee OA.

Methods and Procedures: Two hundred and ninety‐seven healthy, community‐based adults aged 50–79 years with no clinical history of knee OA were recruited. Anthropometric and body composition (fat‐free mass and fat mass) data were measured at baseline (1990–1994) and follow‐up (2003–2004). Patella cartilage volume and defects were assessed at follow‐up (2003–2004) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Results: After adjustment for potential confounders, increased measures of obesity (weight, BMI, waist circumference, and fat mass) at baseline and follow‐up were associated with an increased risk for the presence of patella cartilage defects at follow‐up for both men and women (all P ≤ 0.03). Increased baseline values for these variables tended to be associated with reduced patella cartilage volume at follow‐up for women (all P ≤ 0.11), but not men (all P ≤ 0.87).

Discussion: We have demonstrated that increased anthropometric measures of obesity, as well as fat mass, are associated with an increased risk for the presence of patella cartilage defects in both men and women. Women, but not men, with greater baseline body mass, particularly adipose‐derived mass, appear to have an associated reduction in their patella cartilage volume. Interventions targeting a reduction in adipose tissue may help reduce the risk for the onset and progression of patellofemoral OA, particularly in women.
Effect of a Polymorphism in the ND1 Mitochondrial Gene on Human Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Function
Authors: Jackman Matthew R. , Ravussin E. , Rowe M.J. , Pratley R. , Milner M.R. , Willis W.T.
Published: January 2008

Objective: A non‐silent polymorphism in the mitochondrial coding region of the ND1 gene, a subunit of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase is associated with resting metabolic rate (RMR) in 245 non‐diabetic Pima Indians. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of the ND1 gene polymorphism on mitochondrial function in 14 male Pima Indians.

Methods and Procedures: Seven subjects with an A at site 3547 of the ND1 gene (Ile at amino acid 81), and seven with a G at this site (Val) were studied. Mitochondria were isolated from 0.8 to 1.5 g of skeletal muscle obtained by needle biopsy of the lateral quadriceps muscle. In intact mitochondria, maximal (state‐3) and resting (state‐4) respiration rates were measured polarographically at 37 °C with a variety of single substrates or substrate combinations. Disrupted mitochondria were analyzed for maximal capacities through the entire electron transport chain (ETC) (NADH oxidase (NADHOX)), as well as through a segment of Complex I that is independent of the ND1 component (NADH‐ferricyanide (NADH‐FeCN) reductase).

Results: Mitochondria were well coupled and exhibited higher respiratory control ratios (RCRs) than rodent muscle. There were no differences between the two groups for any of the measured parameters.

Discussion: These results indicate that the cause of the observed association between RMR and the ND1 polymorphism is not related to in vitro mitochondrial function.
Modifying Effects of IL‐6 Polymorphisms on Body Size–Associated Breast Cancer Risk
Authors: Slattery Martha L. , Curtin Karen , Sweeney Carol , Wolff Roger K. , Baumgartner Richard N. , Baumgartner Kathy B. , Giuliano Anna R. , Byers Tim
Published: January 2008

Objective: The association between obesity and breast cancer risk is complex. We examined whether the association between body size and breast cancer risk is modified by interleukin‐6 (IL6) genotype.

Methods and Procedures: Five polymorphisms in the IL‐6 gene (rs1800797/‐596A>G, rs1800796/‐572G>C, rs1800795/‐174G>C, rs2069832/IVS2G>A, and rs2069849 exon 5 C>T) were studied. We investigated IL6 genotypes and haplotypes with indicators of body size among non‐Hispanic white (NHW) and Hispanic/American Indian (AI) breast cancer cases and controls living in the Southwestern United States.

Results: We observed lower mean levels of BMI among NHW women who carried one or two copies of the GGCAC haplotype (in order: rs1800797, rs1800796, rs1800795, rs2069832, and rs2069849; P trend 0.02). This haplotype, with an estimated frequency of 43% in NHW study controls, was considerably less common in Hispanic/AI controls (19%). We did not detect significant interactions between IL6 genotypes or haplotypes and BMI categorized as low/normal (<25), overweight (25 to <30), or obese (≥30) and breast cancer risk in either NHW or Hispanic/AI women. However, we detected consistent and significant interactions between waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) and IL6 rs1800795/‐174 G>C genotype for breast cancer risk. These associations were restricted to postmenopausal NHW women. Among women without recent hormone exposure, those with a WHR >0.9 and the rs1800795 GG genotype had a greater than threefold increased risk of breast cancer (odds ratios (ORs) 3.22, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) 1.27, 817) when compared with women with a WHR <0.8 and the rs1800795 GG genotype (P interaction 0.01).

Discussion: These data suggest that IL‐6 genotypes may influence breast cancer risk in conjunction with central adiposity.
Methylphenidate Hydrochloride Increases Energy Expenditure in Healthy Adults
Authors: Lorello Claudio , Goldfield Gary S. , Doucet Éric
Published: January 2008

Objective: To examine the effects of methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH) on resting energy expenditure (REE) and postprandial energy expenditure (PEE) and substrate partitioning.

Methods and Procedures: Seven healthy men and seven healthy women participated in this double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled, crossover study. MPH (0.5 mg/kg) or placebo was administered orally in the fasting state, 60 min before a REE measurement, and 90 min before a standardized breakfast of ∼650 kcal. REE, PEE, and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were obtained from indirect calorimetry. Body composition was measured using DEXA. Vital signs (blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR)) were assessed pre‐ and post‐administration of MPH or placebo in every session.

Results: During the, MPH condition, REE increased over values observed during the placebo session (7%, P < 0.001). No changes in fasting RER were noted. Although PEE continually decreased with time as expected, MPH treatment resulted in significantly greater PEE values at 90 min (5%, P < 0.01). No significant effects of MPH were found for vital signs (HR, systolic, and diastolic BP).

Discussion: MPH causes a significant increase in both REE and PEE without the significant changes in HR and BP that are commonly associated with psychostimulant use.
Effects of IL‐15 on Rat Brown Adipose Tissue: Uncoupling Proteins and PPARs
Authors: Almendro Vanessa , Fuster Gemma , Busquets Sílvia , Ametller Elisabet , Figueras Maite , Argilés Josep M. , López‐Soriano Francisco J.
Published: January 2008

Objectives: Interleukin‐15 (IL‐15) plays an important role in lipid metabolism as its administration to rats causes a marked depletion of white adipose tissue (WAT). This reduction in fat mass seems to be caused by and related to hipotriglyceridemia as a result of a lower hepatic lipogenesis and an increased fatty acid oxidation. We have previously observed that IL‐15 treatment induces the expression of uncoupling proteins (UCPs) in muscle. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of IL‐15 on brown adipose tissue (BAT), and in particular on genes related to lipid metabolism in this tissue.

Methods and Procedures: Male Wistar rats were treated daily with IL‐15 for 7 days. Adipose tissues were collected and the mRNA content of UCPs, peroxisome proliferator–activated receptors (PPARs) and several genes implicated in fatty acid transport and oxidation were evaluated on BAT.

Results: IL‐15 treatment in rats causes a decrease in the mass of both WAT and BAT (35 and 24%, respectively). In BAT, an important upregulation of the mRNA content of thermogenic proteins (UCP1 and UCP3), lipid‐related transcription factors (PPARδ and PPARα) and other proteins implicated in membrane transport (fatty acid translocase (FAT) and fatty acid transport protein (FATP)), mitochondrial transport (carnitine palmitoyl transferase‐I (CPT‐I) and CPT‐II) and consumption (acyl‐CoA synthetase 4 (ACS4)) of fatty acids was observed as a consequence of the treatment.

Discussion: The changes observed in BAT suggest that IL‐15 could be implicated in lipid consumption in this tissue by regulating lipid oxidation and probably thermogenesis, processes mediated by UCPs and PPARs.
Effect of Group Racial Composition on Weight Loss in African Americans
Authors: Ard Jamy D. , Kumanyika Shiriki , Stevens Victor J. , Vollmer William M. , Samuel‐Hodge Carmen , Kennedy Betty , Gayles Debra , Appel Lawrence J. , Brantley Phillip J. , Champagne Catherine , Charleston Jeanne , Svetkey Laura P.
Published: January 2008

Objective: We do not know how racial composition of a group influences behavior change for African Americans (AAs) in group‐based weight loss programs. We tested the hypothesis that AA who participate in all AA weight loss intervention groups will lose more weight than AA who participate in mixed race groups.

Methods and Procedures: This observational study was ancillary to Phase 1 of the Weight Loss Maintenance Study, a multi‐center trial of strategies to maintain weight loss after a 20‐week behavior modification program. Three of four centers recruited several all‐AA intervention groups. Remaining groups were combinations of AA and non‐AA participants. All participants received the same weight loss intervention. Change in weight was the primary outcome, comparing participants of all‐AA groups with AA participants of mixed race groups conducted by the same AA interventionists. Secondary outcomes included measures of intervention adherence and behavior change.

Results: Participants of all‐AA groups (n = 271) were comparable to other AA participants (n = 106). The mean proportion of AA in mixed race groups was 56%. All‐AA group participants had similar weight loss as those in mixed groups (−4.2 vs. −4.2 kg, P = 0.97). There were no differences between the groups in mean number of sessions attended or changes in dietary intake.

Discussion: Significant weight loss was observed in both groups, with no effect of group composition on adherence or weight loss outcomes. Special logistics to accommodate all‐AA groups may not be necessary. Despite varying instructional environments, AA appeared to respond positively to intervention messages with significant changes in dietary intake, physical activity (PA), and weight.
Plasma Visfatin Concentration as a Surrogate Marker for Visceral Fat Accumulation in Obese Children
Authors: Araki Shunsuke , Dobashi Kazushige , Kubo Kazuyasu , Kawagoe Rinko , Yamamoto Yukiyo , Kawada Yasusada , Asayama Kohtaro , Shirahata Akira
Published: January 2008

Objective: This study was designed to elucidate whether the plasma visfatin level reflects visceral or subcutaneous fat accumulation and metabolic derangement in obese children.

Methods and Procedures: Fifty‐six obese Japanese children, including 37 boys and 19 girls were enrolled in the study. The age of the subjects ranged from 5 to 15 (10.2 ± 0.3; mean ± s.e.m.) years. The age‐matched control group for measuring visfatin consisted of 20 non‐obese children. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) areas were measured by computed tomography. The plasma concentrations for visfatin and leptin were assayed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay kits.

Results: The plasma visfatin level was higher in the obese (14.7 ± 0.9 ng/ml) than in the control children (8.6 ± 0.6 ng/ml). In a univariate analysis, the visfatin correlated significantly with age, height, body weight, waist circumference, VAT and SAT area, triglyceride (TG), insulin, and the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA‐R). After being adjusted for age and sex, only the VAT area retained significant partial correlation with visfatin, and in contrast the body weight, BMI–s.d., and SAT area with leptin. The plasma visfatin concentration was not correlated with leptin. The plasma visfatin levels in the control, non‐metabolic syndrome (MS) (n = 49), and MS groups (n = 7) were significantly different from each other.

Discussion: These results suggest that plasma visfatin level is a specific marker for visceral fat accumulation in obese children. As a good surrogate marker, plasma visfatin level can predict the VAT area in obese children.
Predictive Equations for Body Fat and Abdominal Fat With DXA and MRI as Reference in Asian Indians
Authors: Goel Kashish , Gupta Nidhi , Misra Anoop , Poddar Pawan , Pandey Ravindra M. , Vikram Naval K. , Wasir Jasjeet S.
Published: January 2008

Objective: To develop accurate and reliable equations from simple anthropometric parameters that would predict percentage of total body fat (%BF), total abdominal fat (TAF), subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SCAT), and intra‐abdominal adipose tissue (IAAT) with a fair degree of accuracy.

Methods and Procedures: Anthropometry, %BF by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 171 healthy subjects (95 men and 76 women) and TAF, IAAT, and SCAT by single slice magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at L3–4 intervertebral level in 100 healthy subjects were measured. Mean age and BMI were 32.2 years and 22.9 kg/m2, respectively. Multiple regression analysis was used on the training data set (70%) to develop equations, by taking anthropometric and demographic variables as potential predictors. Predicted equations were applied on validation data set (30%).

Results: Multiple regression analysis revealed the best equation for predicting %BF to be: %BF = 42.42 + 0.003 × age (years) + 7.04 × gender (M = 1, F = 2) + 0.42 × triceps skinfold (mm) + 0.29 × waist circumference (cm) − 0.22 × weight (kg) − 0.42 × height (cm) (R 2 = 86.4%). The most precise predictive equation for estimating IAAT was: IAAT (mm2) = −238.7 + 16.9 × age (years) + 934.18 × gender (M = 1, F = 2) + 578.09 × BMI (kg/m2) − 441.06 × hip circumference (cm) + 434.2 × waist circumference (cm) (R 2 = 52.1%). SCAT was best predicted by: SCAT (mm2) = −49,376.4 − 17.15 × age (years) + 1,016.5 × gender (M = 1, F = 2) +783.3 × BMI (kg/m2) + 466 × hip circumference (cm) (R 2 = 67.1).

Discussion: We present predictive equations to quantify body fat and abdominal adipose tissue sub‐compartments in healthy Asian Indians. These equations could be used for clinical and research purposes.
Metabolic Syndrome Is not a Risk Factor for Kidney Dysfunction in Obese Non‐diabetic Subjects
Authors: Gatti Alessandra , Morini Eleonora , De Cosmo Salvatore , Maiani Francesca , Mandosi Elisabetta , Fallarino Mara , Morano Susanna , Trischitta Vincenzo
Published: January 2008

Objective: To investigate whether insulin resistance (IR) and the metabolic syndrome (MS) are associated with kidney dysfunction in obese non‐diabetic (OND) subjects.

Methods and Procedures: Three‐hundred and eighty (113M/267F; age = 41 ± 14 years) OND subjects (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2; range = 43 ± 8 kg/m2) were studied. Anthropometric measures, blood pressure, fasting glucose, insulin, lipid profile, and serum creatinine were evaluated. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated (e‐GFR) with the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was defined as e‐GFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2.

Results: e‐GFR was associated with gender (being lower in women) (P = 0.001) and age (P < 0.0001). CKD was present in 32 subjects (8.4%), who were older (P < 0.0001) and more frequently affected by hypertension (P = 0.04) as compared to subjects without CKD. MS was present in 212 (55.8%) subjects. They were older (P< 0.001), had lower e‐GFR (P = 0.02) and were more frequently affected by CKD (odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.3, 1.1–5.1) than those without MS. However, differences in e‐GFR values and in the risk of CKD were no longer statistically significant after adjusting for age (P = 0.99 for e‐GFR and OR, 95% CI = 1.2, 0.5–2.8 for the risk of CKD, respectively). Homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMAIR) index was neither higher in subject with CKD (P = 0.1) nor inversely correlated with e‐GFR (r = 0.1, P = 0.1).

Discussion: In OND individuals the risk of CKD is independent of the MS and related abnormalities. This suggests that these individuals are not susceptible to a further deleterious role on kidney function on the top of that played by obesity itself.
Contribution of the Functional 5‐HTTLPR Variant of the SLC6A4 Gene to Obesity Risk in Male Adults
Authors: Sookoian Silvia , Gianotti Tomas F. , Gemma Carolina , Burgueño Adriana , Pirola Carlos J.
Published: January 2008

Background: A polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter (5‐HTTLPR) gene SLC6A4 shows functionally important 44‐bp insertion/deletion alleles: long (L) and short (S). We have previously found that the S allele is a genetic risk factor for obesity in adolescents.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the S/L variant of the SLC6A4 gene is associated with BMI as a continuous trait and also with obesity in a large sample of adult men of European ancestry included in a cross‐sectional, population‐based study.

Methods and Procedures: The study group was composed of individuals who were randomly recruited from a factory in the Buenos Aires metropolitan area and who underwent an annual health examination.

Results: We observed that among 1,329 unrelated subjects, aged 34.6 ± 0.3 years, age‐adjusted BMI values (expressed as mean ± s.e.) for each genotype showed statistically significant differences across genotypic groups (LL: 25.4 ± 0.2, LS: 26.0 ± 0.1 and SS: 26.7 ± 0.2, P < 0.0002). In addition, association tests showed that the 5‐HTTLPR‐genotype distribution was significantly different between 692 lean (BMI ≤ 25 kg/m2) and 637 obese (BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2) individuals. We found a 1.36 odds ratio (OR) (95% CI 1.01–1.85) for obesity in SS carriers in comparison with LL carriers, P = 0.026.

Discussion: In conclusion, our findings indicate that 5‐HTTLPR polymorphism may be linked with BMI and also with obesity and/or overweight in adult male population, reinforcing the role of the serotonin transporter as a risk factor for the obesity phenotype and suggesting potential new avenues for its pharmacological treatment.
Effects of TCF7L2 Polymorphisms on Obesity in European Populations
Authors: Cauchi Stéphane , Choquet Hélène , Gutiérrez‐Aguilar Ruth , Capel Frédéric , Grau Katrine , Proença Christine , Dina Christian , Duval Alex , Balkau Beverley , Marre Michel , Potoczna Natascha , Langin Dominique , Horber Fritz , Sørensen Thorkild I.A. , Charpentier Guillaume , Meyre David , Froguel Philippe
Published: January 2008

The transcription factor 7‐like 2 (TCF7L2) rs7903146 T allele was previously associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and decreased BMI whereas haplotypes carrying the rs7903146 C and rs10885406 A alleles (HapA) were associated with increased BMI. The functional relevance of TCF7L2 polymorphisms and their effects on T2D and obesity remained to be further investigated.

In white European populations, we found that the rs7903146 T allele was more associated with T2D in 3,547 non‐obese individuals (odds ratio (OR) = 1.88 (1.69–2.10)) than in 1,110 class III obese subjects (OR = 1.24 (1.03–1.50)). No direct effect of the rs7903146 C allele and HapA was found on any form of obesity in 3,507 normal glucose tolerant (NGT) individuals, 1,106 pedigrees with familial obesity and 5,512 individuals from the French general population. However, in T2D subjects, the rs7903146 C allele was less prevalent in the 1,111 non‐obese individuals (55.2%) compared to 659 class III obese subjects (67.5% OR = 1.69 (1.46–1.95)). Functional studies showed that the rs7903146 T allele is less prone to be bound by protein factors than the C allele in 3T3‐L1, HepG2 and β‐TC3 cell lines and that TCF7L2 expression decreases in subcutaneous adipose tissue from NGT obese T/T carriers under calorie restriction.

In conclusion, TCF7L2 is not a risk factor for obesity in European populations, but its effect on T2D risk is modulated by obesity. Furthermore, our data suggest that the rs7903146 T allele may be possibly functional and associated with a nominal decrease in TCF7L2 expression in adipose tissue of individuals under calorie restriction.
DXA: Can It Be Used as a Criterion Reference for Body Fat Measurements in Children?
Authors: Shypailo Roman J. , Butte Nancy F. , Ellis Kenneth J.
Published: January 2008

Objective: Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) is often cited as a criterion method for body composition measurements. We have previously shown that a new DXA software version (Hologic Discovery V12.1) will affect whole‐body bone mineral results for subjects weighing <40 kg. We wished to reanalyze pediatric whole‐body scans in order to assess the impact of the new software on pediatric soft‐tissue body composition estimates.

Methods and Procedures: We reanalyzed 1,384 pediatric scans (for ages 1.7–17.2 years) using Hologic software V12.1, previously analyzed using V11.2. Regression analysis and ANCOVA were used to compare body fat (total body fat (TBF), percentage fat (%BF)), and non‐bone lean body mass (LBM) for the two versions, adjusting for gender, age and weight.

Results: Software V12.1 yielded values that were higher for TBF, lower for LBM, and unchanged for DXA‐derived weight in subjects weighing <40 kg. Body composition values for younger, smaller subjects were most affected, and girls were more affected than boys. Using the new software, 14% of the girls and 10% of the boys were reclassified from the “normal” %BF range to “at risk of obesity,” while 7 and 5%, respectively, were reclassified as obese.

Discussion: Hologic's newest DXA software has a significant effect on soft‐tissue results for children weighing <40 kg. The effect is greater for girls than boys. Comparison of TBF estimates with previous studies that use older DXA instruments and software should be done with caution. DXA has not yet achieved sufficient reliability to be considered a “gold standard” for body composition assessment in pediatric studies.
Effects of Gastric Bypass and Gastric Banding on Glucose Kinetics and Gut Hormone Release
Authors: Rodieux Frédérique , Giusti Vittorio , D'Alessio David A. , Suter Michel , Tappy Luc
Published: January 2008

Background: Bariatric surgery markedly improves glucose homeostasis in patients with type 2 diabetes even before any significant weight loss is achieved. Procedures that involve bypassing the proximal small bowel, such as Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGBP), are more efficient than gastric restriction procedures such as gastric banding (GB).

Objective: To evaluate the effects of RYGBP and GB on postprandial glucose kinetics and gastro‐intestinal hormone secretion after an oral glucose load.

Methods and Procedures: This study was a cross‐sectional comparison among non‐diabetic, weight‐stable women who had undergone RYGBP (n = 8) between 9 and 48 months earlier or GB (n = 6) from 25 to 85 months earlier, and weight‐ and age‐matched control subjects (n = 8). The women were studied over 4 h following ingestion of an oral glucose load. Total glucose and meal glucose kinetics were assessed using glucose tracers and plasma insulin, and gut hormone concentrations were simultaneously monitored.

Results: Patients who had undergone RYGBP showed a a more rapid appearance of exogenous glucose in the systemic circulation and a shorter duration of postprandial hyperglycemia than patients who had undergone GB and C. The response in RYGBP patients was characterized by early and accentuated insulin response, enhanced postprandial levels of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) and polypeptide YY (PYY), and greater postprandial suppression of ghrelin.

Discussion: These findings indicate that RYGBP is associated with alterations in glucose kinetics and glucoregulatory hormone secretion. These alterations are probably secondary to the anatomic rearrangement of the foregut, given the fact that they are not observed after GB. Increased PYY and GLP‐1 concentrations and enhanced ghrelin suppression are compatible with reduced food intake after RYGBP.
Safety and Efficacy of Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding in the Elderly
Authors: Busetto Luca , Angrisani Luigi , Basso Nicola , Favretti Franco , Furbetta Francesco , Lorenzo Michele ,   Italian Group for Lap‐Band
Published: January 2008

Objective: Bariatric surgery is not usually recommended in the elderly. The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) in older patients registered in the database of the Italian Group for Lap‐Band Gruppo Italiano Lap‐Band (GILB).

Methods and Procedures: GILB is a centralized database which collects operative and follow‐up data from 26 Italian surgical centers who utilize the Lap‐Band System as a restrictive procedure. Patients ≥60 years were selected from the database of the GILB and analyzed according to co‐morbidities, conversion, peri‐operative complications, and weight loss.

Results: Of 5,290 patients, 216 (4.1%; 184F/32M) were ≥60 years old at surgery (mean age 64.1 ± 4.0 years; range 60–83). Baseline BMI was similar in both sets of patients i.e., ≥60 and <60 years of age (44.2 ± 7.6 kg/m2 vs. 44.9 ± 7.4 kg/m2). Patients ≥60 years of age were more frequently affected by co‐morbidities than patients <60 years of age. Two cases of operative mortality were observed in patients <60 years old (0.04%) and one in patients ≥60 years old (0.46%). The proportion of patients requiring revision surgery was comparable as well. Weight loss was significantly lower in elderly patients. Despite their lower weight loss, patients ≥60 years of age experienced a significant improvement of obesity‐related co‐morbidities (they showed improvement 1 year after surgery in 100% of cases of diabetes or sleep apnoea, 67.1% of cases of hypertension, and 34.9% of cases of osteoarthritis).

Discussion: LAGB may be performed safely in patients ≥60 years old. Weight loss in older patients seems unsatisfactory if compared to younger subjects. However, the majority of elderly patients show an improvement in obesity‐related co‐morbidities.
Effect of a Weight Management Program on the Determinants and Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: La Londe Michelle A. , Graffagnino Cheryl L. , Falko James M. , Snow Richard J. , Spencer Kathy , Caulin‐Glaser Teresa
Published: January 2008

Objective: As prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome (met synd) rises, establishing effective, community‐based treatments is imperative. Our investigation sought to evaluate and report the effect of a weight management program on the prevalence and determinants of met synd, and the effect of participation level.

Methods and Procedures: Between 10 July 2001 and 17 November 2005, 339 of 574 individuals enrolled in and completed our 6‐month weight management program at the McConnell Heart Health Center in Columbus, Ohio. One hundred and sixty completers met our inclusion criteria for our retrospective analysis: (i) non diabetic, (ii) complete outcomes, (iii) no program participation in the previous 6 months. Met synd status was determined using AHA/NHLBI criteria. Blood pressure criterion was modified to a history of hypertension or current antihypertension medication use. Participation level was dichotomized as high participators (HP) and low participators (LP) using the number of center visits.

Results: The entire cohort showed significant reductions in BMI, waist circumference and met synd prevalence (51–39%). The met synd group had significant improvements in high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides, and glucose. Compared with LP, HP had a significant reduction in the prevalence of met synd and significantly greater improvement in the anthropometric, HDL and triglyceride determinants of met synd.

Discussion: This weight management program had a positive effect on determinants and prevalence of met synd. High participation levels were associated with significantly greater improvements in the anthropometric variables, HDL, triglycerides, met synd determinants, and reduction of met synd prevalence.
The Flow‐mediated Dilation Response to Acute Exercise in Overweight Active and Inactive Men
Authors: Harris Ryan A. , Padilla Jaume , Hanlon Kevin P. , Rink Lawrence D. , Wallace Janet P.
Published: January 2008

Objective: Inflammation has been found to play a role in the etiology of cardiovascular disease as well as provoke endothelial dysfunction. Inflammatory cytokines associated with endothelial function are interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α). IL‐6 is exercise intensity dependent and has been shown to inhibit TNF‐α expression directly. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction of IL‐6 and TNF‐α on endothelial function in response to acute exercise in overweight men exhibiting different physical activity profiles.

Methods and Procedures: Using a randomized mixed factorial design, 16 overweight men (8 active, maximal exercise capacity (VO2peak) = 34.2 ± 1.7, BMI = 27.4 ± 0.7 and 8 inactive, VO2peak = 30.9 ± 1.2, BMI = 29.3 ± 1.0) performed three different intensity acute exercise treatments. Brachial artery flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) and subsequent blood samples were taken pre‐exercise and 1 h following the cessation of exercise.

Results: Independent of exercise intensity, the active group displayed a 24% increase (P = 0.034) in FMD following acute exercise compared to a 32% decrease (P = 0.010) in the inactive group. Elevated (P < 0.001) concentrations of IL‐6 following moderate (50% VO2) and high (75% VO2) intensity acute exercise were observed in both groups; however, concentrations of TNF‐α were unchanged in response to acute exercise (P = 0.584).

Discussion: The FMD response to acute exercise is enhanced in active men who are overweight, whereas inactive men who are overweight exhibit an attenuated response. The interaction of IL‐6 and TNF‐α did not provide insight into the physiological mechanisms associated with the disparity of FMD observed between groups.
Impaired Resting Muscle Energetics Studied by 31P‐NMR in Diet‐induced Obese Rats
Authors: Chanseaume Emilie , Bielicki Guy , Tardy Anne‐Laure , Renou Jean‐Pierre , Freyssenet Damien , Boirie Yves , Morio Béatrice
Published: January 2008

Objective: Mitochondrial activity is altered in skeletal muscle of obese, insulin‐resistant or type 2 diabetic patients. We hypothesized that this situation was associated with profound adaptations in resting muscle energetics. For that purpose, we used in vivo 31P‐nuclear magnetic resonance (31P‐NMR) in male sedentary Wistar rats fed with obesogenic diets known to induce alterations in muscle mitochondrial activity.

Methods and Procedures: Two experimental diets (high sucrose and high fat) were provided for 6 weeks at two levels of energy (standard, N and high, H) and compared to control diet. The rates of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) exchange between phosphocreatine (PCr) and γ‐ATP (ka) and β‐adenosine diphosphate (β‐ADP) to β‐ATP (kb) were evaluated using 31P‐NMR in resting gastrocnemius muscle. Muscle contents in phosphorylated compounds as well as creatine, were assessed using 31P‐NMR and biochemical assays, respectively.

Results: ATP content increased by 6.7–8.5% in standard‐energy high‐sucrose (NSU), high‐energy high‐fat (HF) and high‐energy high‐sucrose (HSU) groups compared to control (P < 0.05), whereas PCr content decreased by 4.2–6.4% (P < 0.01). Consequently, PCr to ATP ratio decreased in NSU, HF, and HSU groups, compared to control (P < 0.01). Furthermore in high‐energy groups (HF and HSU) compared to control, creatine contents were decreased by 14–19% (P < 0.001), whereas ka and kb fluxes were increased by 89–133% (P < 0.001) and 243–277% (P < 0.01), respectively.

Discussion: Our in vivo data showed adaptations of resting skeletal muscle energetics in response to high‐energy diets. Increased activity of enzymes catalyzing ATP production may reflect a compensatory mechanism to face impaired mitochondrial ATP synthesis in order to preserve intracellular energy homeostasis.
Loss of Control Is Central to Psychological Disturbance Associated With Binge Eating Disorder
Authors: Colles Susan L. , Dixon John B. , O'Brien Paul E.
Published: January 2008

Objective: Binge eating disorder (BED) is positively associated with obesity and psychological distress, yet the behavioral features of BED that drive these associations are largely unexplored. The primary aim of this study was to investigate which core behavioral features of binge eating are most strongly related to psychological disturbance.

Methods and Procedures: A cross‐sectional study involved 180 bariatric surgery candidates, 93 members of a non‐surgical weight loss support group, and 158 general community respondents (81 men/350 women, mean age 45.8 ± 13.3, mean BMI 34.8 ± 10.8, BMI range 17.7–66.7). Validated questionnaires assessed BED and binge eating, symptoms of depression, appearance dissatisfaction (AD), quality of life (QoL) and eating‐related behaviors. Features of binge eating were confirmed by interview. BMI was determined by clinical assessment and self‐report.

Results: The loss of control (LOC) over eating, that is, being unable to stop eating or control what or how much was consumed was most closely related to psychological markers of distress common in BED. In particular, those who experienced severe emotional disturbance due to feelings of LOC reported higher symptoms of depression (P < 0.001), AD (P = 0.009), and poorer mental health–related QoL (P = 0.027).

Discussion: Persons who report subjective binge episodes or do not meet BED frequency criteria for objective binge episodes may still be at elevated risk of psychological disturbance and benefit from clinical intervention. Feelings of LOC could drive binge eaters to seek bariatric surgery in an attempt to gain control over body weight and psychologically disturbing eating behavior.
Knowledge governance in a dynamic global context: the center for strategic management and globalization at the Copenhagen Business School
Authors: Foss Nicolai J.
Published: January 2008

This paper tells the story of the emergence of distinct research around the theory of the firm at Copenhagen Business School (CBS) within the last two decades, focussing on elements of continuity in the thinking of key CBS persons in the period. It discusses the current research agenda of the Center for Strategic Management and Globalization, a research agenda that may be described as multi‐level research in international strategy, based on the economic theory of the firm and strategic management theory, and with a strong emphasis on micro‐foundations and knowledge governance. The paper relates the narrative to organizational learning theory.
An agent‐based model of exaptive processes
Authors: Villani Marco , Bonacini Stefano , Ferrari Davide , Serra Roberto , Lane David
Published: January 2008

A key problem in research on innovations is that of understanding their origins. In this paper, we propose that radical innovations are created by a process of ‘exaptation’, and we introduce a dynamical model that describes how it may happen. In particular, our model is focussed on the interplay between artefact innovation and attributions of functionality. We propose that the explicit representation of artefacts and categories eases the understanding of the exaptation phenomenon, seen in this context as a shift in terms of ‘leading attributions’ and allows the identification of the elements favouring the emergence of innovations.
Discovery in natural selection and knowledge processes: a commentary on ‘an agent‐based model of exaptive processes’
Authors: Grandori Anna
Published: January 2008

Campbell drew a parallelism between traditional processes of adaptation and cognitive processes of “trial and error” and indicate in the blind variation, selection and retention model ‘the’ general template of creative processes. This comment positions the article on exaptation by drawing a parallelism between natural processes of exaptation and the cognitive processes of discovery. It is indicated that the multifunctionality and multi‐purposedness of resources, actions and artifacts permit processes that are simultaneously more creative and less error prone than those traditionally envisaged, and therefore better able to model and sustain innovation in unstructured problems.
In praise of ambiguity: a commentary on exaptation
Authors: Beunza Daniel
Published: January 2008

When changes in the context of a technology prompt users to alter the way they employ it, the potential for novelty opens up. This phenomenon, known as ‘exaptation,’ is explored in a simulation by Villani et al. The authors show that exaptation, or innovation through reuse, is more likely to take place when a number of contextual characteristics are present: ambiguity, noise and room for misinterpretation. The results provide strong support to the sociological literature on ambiguity and multivocality. The article also incorporates material artifacts in the methodology of economics.
Correlation between primary and secondary Johari–Goldstein relaxations in supercooled liquids: Invariance to changes in thermodynamic conditions
Authors: Mierzwa M. , Pawlus S. , Paluch M. , Kaminska E. , Ngai K. L.
Published: February 2008

The primary α and the secondary Johari–Goldstein (JG) β relaxations of supercooled glass-forming neat epoxy resin and 2-picoline in mixture with tristyrene are monitored by broadband dielectric relaxation spectroscopy at ambient pressure and elevated pressures. For different combinations of pressure and temperature that maintain the α-relaxation time constant, the frequency dispersion of the α relaxation is unchanged, as previously found in other glass-formers, but remarkably the JG β-relaxation time remains constant. This is more clear evidence of a strong connection between the α- and JG β-relaxation times, a fact that should be taken into account in the construction of a viable theory of glass transition.
Structure and magnetic properties of bulk nanocrystalline SmCo7−xHfx sintered magnets
Authors: Zhang Dongtao , Yue Ming , Pan Lijun , Li Yangchao , Xu Gang , Liu Weiqiang , Zhang Jiuxing , Liu Xubo , Altounian Zaven
Published: January 2008

The structure and magnetic properties of the bulk nanocrystalline SmCo7−xHfx (x=0,0.1,0.2) magnets prepared using the spark plasma sintering technology were studied. SmCo7−xHfx magnet exhibits a single phase with the TbCu7-type structure. The Rietveld structure refinement results show that Hf prefers to occupy the 1a site, which in turn leads to an enhancement of the anisotropy field of the SmCo7 compounds. Microstructure analysis indicates that the average grains size is about 35nm. With increasing Hf contents from x=0 to 0.2, the coercivity increases from 0.89to2.08T. The coercivity of SmCo6.8Hf0.2 magnet decreases almost linearly from 2.08to0.4T with increasing temperatures from 300to773K.
Multiscale analysis of highly heterogeneous nonlinear media
Authors: Bottauscio O. , Manzin A. , Chiampi M.
Published: January 2008

This paper presents a mathematical homogenization approach, based on the multiple scale expansion theory, for modeling the electromagnetic behavior of nonlinear ferromagnetic heterogeneous media under magnetic flux driven supply. Local electromagnetic phenomena are evaluated in presence of high magnetic saturation, considering different model problems.
Linear magnetic field response spin valve with perpendicular anisotropy ferromagnet layer
Authors: Qin Q. H. , Wei H. X. , Han X. F.
Published: January 2008

In this letter, we present a novel concept for a linear magnetoresistance sensor using a spin valve with the free and reference ferromagnetic layers having out of plane and in plane magnetic anisotropies, respectively. The giant magnetoresistance of such a device is measured with the electrical current perpendicular to the film plane resulting in a linear magnetoresistance of up to 2% with an applied field of 1000Oe. This design is highly advantageous, in terms of sensor cost, space usage, and for the fabrication of a three dimensional magnetic field sensor.
Colorizing metals with femtosecond laser pulses
Authors: Vorobyev A. Y. , Guo Chunlei
Published: January 2008

For centuries, it had been the dream of alchemists to turn inexpensive metals into gold. Certainly, it is not enough from an alchemist’s point of view to transfer only the appearance of a metal to gold. However, the possibility of rendering a certain metal to a completely different color without coating can be very interesting in its own right. In this work, we demonstrate a femtosecond laser processing technique that allows us to create a variety of colors on a metal that ultimately leads us to control its optical properties from UV to terahertz.
Specific heat anomalies and possible Griffiths-like phase in La0.4Ca0.6MnO3 nanoparticles
Authors: Lu C. L. , Wang K. F. , Dong S. , Wan J. G. , Liu J.-M. , Ren Z. F.
Published: January 2008

The specific heat of La0.4Ca0.6MnO3 in bulk and nanoparticle (∼60nm in grain size) forms was investigated. It is found that the charge-ordered state highly stabilized in the bulk samples can be significantly suppressed in the nanoparticle. The low temperature specific heat data reveal a Schottky-like anomaly at ∼5K for the bulk sample, while a large electronic linear term (γ=17.8mJ∕moleK2) was identified for the nanoparticle samples. The magnetic measurements unveil the small magnetic entropy as low as ∼0.255J∕kgK and the possible existence of a Griffiths-like phase in the nanoparticle samples. We argue that the physics underlying the size effect is associated with the dimension-dependent interactions based on which the ferromagnetic/charge-ordering transition occurs.
Head-on collision of shock wave induced vortices with solid and perforated walls
Authors: Kontis K. , An R. , Zare-Behtash H. , Kounadis D.
Published: February 2008

An experimental study has been conducted to examine the interaction of shock wave induced vortices with a flat plate and a perforated plate. The experiments were carried out using a 30mm internal diameter shock-tube at Mach numbers 1.31, 1.49, and 1.61 under critical driver conditions. Air was used both in the driver and driven sections. High-speed schlieren photography was employed to study the flow development and the resulting interactions with the plates. Wall pressure measurements on both plates were also carried out in order to study the flow interactions quantitatively. The experimental results indicated that a region of strong flow development is generated near the wall surface, due to the flow interactions of reflected waves and oncoming induced vortices. This flow behavior causes the generation of multiple pressure fluctuations on the wall. In the case of the perforated plate, a weaker initial reflected wave is produced, which is followed by compression waves, due to the internal reflections within the plate. The transmitted wave is reduced in strength, compared to the initial incident shock wave.
Interference enhancement of Raman signal of graphene
Authors: Wang Y. Y. , Ni Z. H. , Shen Z. X. , Wang H. M. , Wu Y. H.
Published: January 2008

Raman spectroscopic studies of graphene have attracted much interest. The G-band Raman intensity of a single layer graphene on Si substrate with 300nm SiO2 capping layer is surprisingly strong and is comparable to that of bulk graphite. To explain this Raman intensity anomaly, we show that in addition to the interference due to multiple reflection of the incident laser, the multiple reflection of the Raman signal inside the graphene layer must be also accounted for. Further studies of the role of SiO2 layer in the enhancement Raman signal of graphene are carried out and an enhancement factor of ∼30 is achievable, which is very significant for the Raman studies. Finally, we discuss the potential application of this enhancement effect on other ultrathin films and nanoflakes and a general selection criterion of capping layer and substrate is given.