bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of slope and riparian habitat connectivity on gene flow in an endangered Panamanian frog, Atelopus varius
Authors: Richards‐Zawacki Corinne L.
Published: June 2009

Aim  Understanding how heterogeneous landscapes shape genetic structure not only sheds light on processes involved in population divergence and speciation, but can also guide management strategies to promote and maintain genetic connectivity of populations of endangered species. This study aimed to (1) identify barriers and corridors for gene flow among populations of the endangered frog, Atelopus varius and (2) assess the relative contributions of alternative landscape factors to patterns of genetic variation among these populations in a hypothesis testing framework.

Location  This study took place in western Panama and included all nine of the remaining known populations of A. varius at the time of study.

Methods  The influence of landscape variables on gene flow among populations was examined by testing for correlations between alternative landscape‐resistance scenarios and genetic distance. Fifteen alternative hypotheses about the influence of (1) riparian habitat corridors, (2) steep slopes, and (3) climatic suitability on patterns of genetic structure were tested in a causal modelling framework, using Mantel and partial‐Mantel tests, along with an analysis of molecular variation.

Results  Only the hypothesis attributing resistance to dispersal across steep slopes (genetic isolation by slope distance) was fully supported by the causal modelling approach. However, the analysis of molecular variance and the paths of least‐slope among populations suggest that riparian habitat connectivity may influence genetic structure as well.

Main conclusions  These results suggest that patterns of genetic variation among A. varius populations are affected by the slope of the landscape such that areas with steep slopes act as barriers to gene flow. In contrast, areas of low slope, such as streams and mountain ridges, appear to be important corridors for gene flow, especially among high elevation populations. These results engender important considerations for the management of this critically endangered species.
Predicting introduction, establishment and potential impacts of smallmouth bass
Authors: Sharma Sapna , Herborg Leif‐Matthias , Therriault Thomas W.
Published: June 2009

Aim  The introduction of non‐indigenous species has resulted in wide‐ranging ecological and economic impacts. Predictive modelling of the introduction and establishment of non‐indigenous species is imperative to identify areas at high risk of invasion to effectively manage non‐indigenous species and conserve native populations. Smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), a warm water fish species native to central North America has negatively impacted native fish communities, including cyprinids and salmonid populations, as a result of intentional introductions. We predicted the introduction risk; species establishment based on habitat suitability; identified lakes at high risk of invasion; and finally assessed the consequential impacts on native salmon, trout and cyprinid populations.

Location  Ontario and British Columbia, Canada.

Methods  Classification tree and logistic regression models were developed and validated to predict the introduction and establishment of smallmouth bass for thousands of lakes.

Results  Densely human populated areas and larger lake surface areas successfully identify lakes associated with the introduction of smallmouth bass (introduction model) in British Columbia. Climate, lake morphology and water chemistry variables were the driving environmental parameters to define suitable smallmouth bass habitat (establishment model). A combination of the introduction and establishment model identified 138 lakes that are currently at risk in British Columbia to the introduction and establishment of smallmouth bass. Of these 138 high‐risk lakes, 95% of them contain at least one species of salmon, trout or cyprinid, thereby increasing the potential impact of an invasion by smallmouth bass.

Main conclusions  Our framework can be applied to other terrestrial and aquatic species to obtain a better understanding of the potential risk posed by a non‐indigenous species to an ecosystem. Furthermore, our methodology can be used to focus management efforts on areas at higher risk (e.g. number of potential releases, more favourable habitats) to control future introductions of non‐indigenous species, thereby conserving native populations.
Links between estuarine condition and spatial distributions of marine invaders
Authors: Dafforn Katherine A. , Glasby Tim M. , Johnston Emma L.
Published: June 2009

Aim  Non‐indigenous species pose a significant threat to the environment and to global economies. Predictive and preventative measures are widely considered more effective in curtailing invasions than are eradication or control measures. Of key importance in the prediction of regional invasion risk are the environmental conditions that enable successful establishment.

Location  We surveyed native and non‐indigenous sessile invertebrate diversity in each of two commercial (600–1500 vessels per year) and two recreational estuaries (seven to nine marinas) in New South Wales, Australia.

Methods  A nested hierarchical design was employed to investigate variation in sessile invertebrate diversity at the scales of site (1–3 km apart) and estuary (40–180 km apart). Settlement plates (15 × 15 cm) were used to sample invertebrates and background heavy metal loads were assessed using bioaccumulation in experimentally deployed oysters. Other physico‐chemical variables were monitored monthly. Manipulative experiments were used to test the direct effects of exposure to copper and tributyltin (TBT) antifouling paints on sessile invertebrates.

Results  Native and non‐indigenous species richness differed at various spatial scales, but showed no consistent difference between commercial and recreational estuaries. Instead, individual species distributions were strongly related to metal contamination, temperature, turbidity and pH. In experimental studies, several species (mostly invaders) were more abundant on plates exposed to copper and/or TBT antifouling paints. We found higher levels of copper (and in some instances TBT) in recreational marinas than in commercial harbours.

Main conclusions  Our results demonstrate the importance of metal pollution and physico‐chemical variables in the establishment of invaders in new regions. We have identified several native Australian species that have been exported overseas and suggested mechanisms contributing to their transport and establishment. Combining physico‐chemical information about donor and recipient regions with species tolerances could go some way to predicting where future invasions may occur.
Global conservation strategies for two clades of snakes: combining taxon‐specific goals with general prioritization schemes
Authors: Terribile Levi Carina , De Oliveira Guilherme , Albuquerque Fábio , Rodríguez Miguel Ángel , Diniz‐Filho José Alexandre Felizola
Published: June 2009

Aim We present the first attempt of mapping global conservation priorities for two snake clades, Viperidae and Elapidae. We compared the global conservation priorities of each clade with the nine global conservation schemes defined by Brookset al.to evaluate how effective these schemes are in ensuring the preservation of viperid and elapid biodiversity.

Location Global.

Methods Based on range maps of 228 species of Viperidae and 224 species of Elapidae, we used systematic conservation planning methods of complementarity and irreplaceability to generate a set of conservation networks under two cost scenarios: (1) minimizing conservation‐human development conflicts and (2) maximizing environmental suitability for high snake richness. Analysis of variance was used to investigate whether the mean irreplaceability of cells matching the areas covered by each of the nine global prioritization schemes in Brookset al.was higher than the mean irreplaceability of cells located outside these areas.

Results Overall, few areas showed irreplaceability higher than 0.5 based on a goal of representing 25% of the species’ ranges. The conservation networks generated in expectation of low conflicts between human development and conservation were quite different from the networks of high environmental suitability. Areas with higher irreplaceability coincided with the regions covered by global schemes of Endemic Bird Areas (for Viperidae and Elapidae) and High‐Biodiversity Wilderness (for Elapidae).

Main conclusions Our findings indicated the existence of viable conservation opportunities for these two snake groups. This study can be viewed as a way to overcome, at least in part, the recent criticism concerning the independent development of several global conservation priorities by evaluating which groups of organisms are better represented in each of them. More than simply determining priorities for snakes’ conservation, our analyses showed that the development of parallel priority‐setting initiatives can be reconciled with those strategies for which financial resources are already being designed.
From Circle of Poison to Circle of Virtue: Pesticides, Export Standards and Kenya’s Green Bean Farmers
Authors: Okello Julius J. , Swinton Scott M.
Published: June 2009

In response to growing consumer concerns, developed‐country governments have reduced permissible pesticide residue levels in food. Many food retailers have developed even more stringent private food safety protocols relating to pesticide use, storage and disposal and passed them on to their suppliers. Exporters in developing countries enforce these developed‐country pesticide standards (DC‐PS) by subjecting farmers to close monitoring. This study explores the effects of enforcing compliance with DC‐PS on smallholder farmers’ pesticide‐related health costs. Results suggest that enforcing DC‐PS encourages farmers to use protection that lowers pesticide‐induced morbidity, hence reducing farmers’ health costs from pesticide exposure. The study concludes that there are health benefits to family farmers from complying with DC‐PS beyond the acknowledged income generation from selling fresh produce in premium export markets.
Effective Bilirubin Reduction by Single‐Pass Albumin Dialysis in Liver Failure
Authors: Boonsrirat Ussanee , Tiranathanagul Khajohn , Srisawat Nattachai , Susantitaphong Paweena , Komolmit Piyawat , Praditpornsilpa Kearkiat , Tungsanga Kriang , Eiam‐Ong Somchai
Published: June 2009

Albumin dialysis is widely accepted as a liver‐support technique for patients with liver failure. The Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System, the widely accepted albumin dialysis technique, has limited use in developing countries because of its technical difficulties and high cost. Therefore, we assessed the efficacy of the more practical modality, the single‐pass albumin dialysis (SPAD), in terms of bilirubin reduction, as a marker of albumin‐bound toxins removal, as well as the patient outcomes. Twelve acute or acute‐on‐chronic patients with liver failure who had hyperbilirubinemia (total bilirubin > 20 mg/dL) were treated with SPAD by using 2% human serum albumin dialysate for 6 h. SPAD treatment significantly improved the levels of total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, urea, and creatinine (P < 0.001 for all parameters). The reduction ratios of these four parameters were 22.9 ± 3.8%, 20.9 ± 5%, 19.0 ± 4.1%, and 27.7 ±  3.2%, respectively. No significant difference was observed between serum ammonia before and after treatment. No significant changes in mean arterial pressures were noted during the maneuver, representing cardiovascular tolerability. No treatment‐related complications were found. The 15‐day in‐hospital survival was 16.7%. However, a subgroup of the patients who had moderate severity showed 100% 15‐day‐survival rate (2 of 2 patients). In conclusion, SPAD is salutarily effective in reducing bilirubin in patients with liver failure. The procedure is safe and simply set up.
Reduction of Early Postoperative Morbidity in Cardiac Surgery Patients Treated With Continuous Veno–Venous Hemofiltration During Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Luciani Remo , Goracci Massimo , Simon Caterina , Principe Francesco , Fazzari Loredana , Punzo Giorgio , Menè Paolo
Published: June 2009

Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with a systemic inflammatory response syndrome. The major clinical features of this include a reduction of pulmonary compliance and increased extracellular fluids, with increased pulmonary shunt fraction similar to acute respiratory distress syndrome, thus resulting in prolonged mechanical ventilation time (VAM) and intensive care unit length of stay (ICU STAY). We evaluated the feasibility of an intraoperatory cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuit connected with a monitor for continuous veno–venous hemofiltration (CVVH) to ameliorate pulmonary function after open heart surgery reducing VAM and ICU STAY. Forty patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting were randomized at the time of surgery into a control group (20 patients who received standard cardiopulmonary bypass) and a study group (20 patients who received CVVH during cardiopulmonary bypass). The analysis of postoperative variables showed a significative reduction of VAM in treated group (CVVH group mean 3.55 h ± 0.85, control group 5.8 h ±  0.94, P < 0.001) and ICU STAY (CVVH group mean 29.5 h ± 6.7, control group 40.5 h ± 6.67, P < 0.001). In our experience, the use of intraoperatory CVVH during cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with lower early postoperative morbidity.
Complexity Analysis Based on Image‐Processing Method and Pixelized Recognition of Chinese Characters Using Simulated Prosthetic Vision
Authors: Yang Kun , Zhou Chuanqing , Ren Qiushi , Fan Jin , Zhang Leilei , Chai Xinyu
Published: June 2009

The influence of complexity and minimum resolution necessary for recognition of pixelized Chinese characters (CCs) was investigated by using simulated prosthetic vision. An image‐processing method was used to evaluate the complexity of CCs, which is defined as the frequency of black pixels and analyzed by black pixel statistic complexity algorithm. A total of 631 most commonly used CCs that can deliver 80% of the information in Chinese daily reading were chosen as the testing database in order to avoid the negative effect due to illegibility and incognizance. CCs in Hei font style were captured as images and pixelized as 6 × 6, 8 × 8, 10 × 10, and 12 × 12 pixel arrays with square dots. Recognition accuracy of CCs with different complexity and different numbers of pixel arrays was tested by using simulated prosthetic vision. The results indicate that both pixel array number and complexity have significant impact on pixelized reading of CCs. Recognition accuracy of pixelized CCs drops with the increase of complexity and the decrease of pixel number. More than 80% of CCs with any complexity can be recognized correctly; 10 × 10 pixel array can sufficiently provide pixelized reading of CCs for visual prosthesis. Pixelized reading of CCs with low resolution is possible only for characters with low complexity (complexity less than 0.16 for a 6 × 6 pixel array and less than 0.24 for an 8 × 8 pixel array).
Design of a Protective Cage for an Intravascular Axial Flow Blood Pump to Mechanically Assist the Failing Fontan
Authors: Throckmorton Amy L. , Kishore Ravi A.
Published: June 2009

Currently, no long‐term mechanical bridge‐to‐transplant or bridge‐to‐recovery therapeutic alternative exists for failing single ventricles. A blood pump that would augment pressure in the cavopulmonary circulation is needed, and would lead to a reduction in elevated systemic venous pressure, and improve cardiac output. Thus, we are developing a collapsible, percutaneously inserted, axial flow blood pump to support the cavopulmonary circulation in adult patients with a failing single ventricle physiology. This collapsible axial flow pump is designed for percutaneous positioning. The outer protective cage will be designed with radially arranged filaments as touchdown surfaces to protect the vessel wall from the rotating components. This study examined the geometric characteristics of the protective cage of filaments and the impeller through the development and numerical analysis of 13 models. A blood damage analysis was also performed on selected geometric models to assess the probability of blood trauma. All models demonstrated an acceptable hydraulic performance by delivering 2–6 L/min at a rotational speed of 6000–10 000 rpm and generating pressure rise of 5–20 mm Hg. Expected trends in the hydraulic performance of the pump models were found. This study represents the initial first design phase of the impeller and protective cage of filaments. Validation of these flow and performance predictions will be completed in the next round of experimental testing with blood bag evaluation.
Preservation of Muscular and Elastic Artery Distensibility After an Intercontinental Cryoconserved Exchange: Theoretical Advances in Arterial Homograft Generation and Utilization
Authors: Bia Daniel , Atienza José M. , Salvucci Fernando , Zócalo Yanina , Rojo Francisco J. , García‐Herrera Claudio , Claes Els , Pérez Héctor , Craiem Damián , Lluberas Sebastián , Fernández Daniel , Laza Sebastián , Guinea Gustavo V. , Armentano Ricardo L.
Published: June 2009

While the situation of tissue donation and transplantation differs between Latin American and European countries, a common problem is tissue deficiency. Hence, at present, there is a pressing need to generate alternatives so as to increase the possibilities of obtaining the requested materials. Consequently, it would be of significant interest to establish an intercontinental network for tissue exchange, to improve international cooperation, and to help patients that need tissue transplantation, and to evaluate the feasibility of using an intercontinental network for the exchange of cryopreserved arteries (cryografts), preserving the arterial distensibility and ensuring a reduced native artery–cryograft biomechanical mismatch. Distensibility was studied in ovine arteries divided into three groups: intact (in vivo tests, conscious animals), fresh control (in vitro tests immediately after the artery excision, Uruguay), and cryografts (in vitro tests of cryopreserved‐transported‐defrosted arteries, Spain). Histological studies were performed so as to analyze changes in the endothelial layer and elastic components. The comparison between fresh control and cryografts showed that neither the cryopreservation nor the exchange network impaired the distensibility, despite the expected histological changes found in the cryografts. The comparison between intact and cryografts showed that the cryografts would be capable of ensuring a reduced biomechanical mismatch. The cryopreservation and the intercontinental network designed for artery exchange preserved the arterial distensibility. It could be possible to transfer cryografts between Latin America and Europe to be used in cardiovascular surgeries and/or for tissue banking reprocessing, with basic biomechanical properties similar to those of the fresh and/or native arteries.
Simulation of Thrombus Formation in Shear Flows Using Lattice Boltzmann Method
Authors: Tamagawa Masaaki , Kaneda Hiroaki , Hiramoto Miki , Nagahama Sho
Published: June 2009

This article describes the prediction of index of thrombus formation in shear blood flow by computational fluid dynamics with the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM), applying to backward‐facing step flow, which is a simple model of shear flow in the rotary blood pumps and complicated geometry of medical fluid devices. Assuming that the blood flow is a multiphase flow composed of blood plasma and activated fibrinogen, the effects of surface tension and adhesion force to the wall were added to the LBM computational model. It was found that the thrombus formation in the backward‐facing step flow occurred just after the reattachment point and behind the step. These results corresponded to our observation results of thrombus formation. For the thrombus formation in every case of blood flow to be predicted, effects of threshold level of physical parameters such as shear rate and adhesion force (effective distance from the wall) were estimated. Moreover, it was also found that the predicted adhesion point on the wall agrees with the visualization of thrombus formation by predicting proper thresholds.
Development of a Closed Air Loop Electropneumatic Actuator for Driving a Pneumatic Blood Pump
Authors: Jeong Gi Seok , Hwang Chang Mo , Nam Kyoung Won , Ahn Chi Bum , Kim Ho Chul , Lee Jung Joo , Choi Jaesoon , Son Ho Sung , Fang Yong Hu , Son Kuk Hui , Lim Choon Hak , Sun Kyung
Published: June 2009

In this study, we developed a small pneumatic actuator that can be used as an extracorporeal biventricular assist device. It incorporated a bellows‐transforming mechanism to generate blood‐pumping pressure. The cylindrical unit is 88 ± 0.1 mm high, has a diameter of 150 ±  0.1 mm, and weighs 2.4 ± 0.01 kg. In vitro, maximal outflow at the highest pumping rate (PR) exceeded 8 L/min when two 55 mL blood sacs were used under an afterload pressure of 100 mm Hg. At a pumping rate of 100 beats per minute (bpm), maximal hydraulic efficiency was 9.34% when the unit supported a single ventricle and 13.8% when it supported both ventricles. Moreover, pneumatic efficiencies of the actuator were 17.3% and 33.1% for LVAD and BVAD applications, respectively. The energy equivalent pressure was 62.78∼208.10 mm Hg at a PR of 60∼100 bpm, and the maximal value of dP/dt during systole was 1269 mm Hg/s at a PR of 60 bpm and 979 mm Hg/s at a PR of 100 bpm. When the unit was applied to 15 calves, it stably pumped 3∼4 L/min of blood at 60 bpm, and no mechanical malfunction was experienced over 125 days of operation. We conclude that the presently developed pneumatic actuator can be utilized as an extracorporeal biventricular assist device.
Beneficial Effect of Preventative Intra‐Aortic Balloon Pumping in High‐Risk Patients Undergoing First‐Time Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting—A Single Center Experience
Authors: Gong Qingcheng , Xing Jialin , Miao Na , Zhao Yanyan , Jia Zaishen , Li Jiawei , Chen Yu , Gao Quanxin , Liu Anxin , Sun Zhiquan , Liu Xiaojun , Ji Bingyang
Published: June 2009

Although intra‐aortic balloon pumping (IABP) has been used widely as a routine cardiac assist device for perioperative support in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), the optimal timing for high‐risk patients undergoing first‐time CABG using IABP is unknown. The purpose of this investigation is to compare preoperative and preventative IABP insertion with intraoperative or postoperative obligatory IABP insertion in high‐risk patients undergoing first‐time CABG. We reviewed our IABP patients' database from 2002 to 2007; there were 311 CABG patients who received IABP treatment perioperatively. Of 311 cases, 41 high‐risk patients who had first‐time on‐pump or off‐pump CABG (presenting with three or more of the following criteria: left ventricular ejection fraction less than 0.45, unstable angina, CABG combined with aneurysmectomy, or left main stenosis greater than 70%) entered the study. We compared perioperatively the clinical results of 20 patients who underwent preoperative IABP placement (Group 1) with 21 patients who had obligatory IABP placement intraoperatively or postoperatively during CABG (Group 2). There were no differences in preoperative risk factors, except left ventricular aneurysm resection, between the two groups. There were no differences in indications for high‐risk patients between the two groups. The mean number of grafts was similar. There were no significant differences in the need for inotropes, or in cerebrovascular, gastrointestinal, renal, and infective complications postoperatively. There were no IABP‐related complications in either group. Major adverse cardiac event (severe hypotension and/or shock, myocardial infarction, and severe hemodynamic instability) was higher in Group 2 (14 [66.4%] vs. 1 [5%], P < 0.0001) during surgery. The time of IABP pumping in Group 1 was shorter than in Group 2 (72.5 ± 28.9 h vs. 97.5 ± 47.7 h, P < 0.05). The duration of ventilation and intensive care unit stay in Group 1 was significantly shorter than in Group 2, respectively (22.0 ± 1.6 h vs. 39.6 ± 2.1 h, P < 0.01 and 58.0 ± 1.5 h vs. 98.5 ± 1.9 h, P < 0.005). There were no differences in mortality between the two groups (n = 1 in Group 1 and n = 3 in Group 2). Preoperative and preventative insertion of IABP can be performed safely in selected high‐risk patients undergoing CABG, with results comparable to those in patients who received obligatory IABP intraoperatively and postoperatively. Therefore, earlier IABP support as part of surgical strategy may help to improve the outcome in high‐risk first‐time CABG patients.
Treatment of Acute Renal Failure in the Intensive Care Unit: Lower Costs by Intermittent Dialysis Than Continuous Venovenous Hemodiafiltration
Authors: Farese Stefan , Jakob Stephan M. , Kalicki Robert , Frey Felix J. , Uehlinger Dominik E.
Published: June 2009

Intermittent and continuous renal replacement therapies (RRTs) are available for the treatment of acute renal failure (ARF) in the intensive care unit (ICU). Although at present there are no adequately powered survival studies, available data suggest that both methods are equal with respect to patient outcome. Therefore, cost comparison between techniques is important for selecting the modality. Expenditures were prospectively assessed as a secondary end point during a controlled, randomized trial comparing intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) with continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF). The outcome of the primary end points of this trial, that is, ICU and in‐hospital mortality, has been previously published. One hundred twenty‐five patients from a Swiss university hospital ICU were randomized either to CVVHDF or IHD. Out of these, 42 (CVVHDF) and 34 (IHD) were available for cost analysis. Patients' characteristics, delivered dialysis dose, duration of stay in the ICU or hospital, mortality rates, and recovery of renal function were not different between the two groups. Detailed 24‐h time and material consumption protocols were available for 369 (CVVHDF) and 195 (IHD) treatment days. The mean daily duration of CVVHDF was 19.5 ± 3.2 h/day, resulting in total expenditures of €436 ± 21 (21% for human resources and 79% for technical devices). For IHD (mean 3.0 ±  0.4 h/treatment), the costs were lower (€268 ± 26), with a larger proportion for human resources (45%). Nursing time spent for CVVHDF was 113 ± 50 min, and 198 ± 63 min per IHD treatment. Total costs for RRT in ICU patients with ARF were lower when treated with IHD than with CVVHDF, and have to be taken into account for the selection of the method of RRT in ARF on the ICU.
Recharging the Battery of Implantable Biomedical Devices by Light
Authors: Algora Carlos , Peña Rafael
Published: June 2009

This article describes a new powering system for implantable medical devices that could significantly increase their lifetime. The idea is based on the substitution of the usual implantable device battery for an electric accumulator (rechargeable battery), which is fed by the electric power generated by a photovoltaic converter inside the implantable device. Light impinges on the photovoltaic device through an optical fiber going from the photovoltaic device to just beneath the patient's epidermis. Light can enter the optical fiber by passing through the skin. A complete power‐by‐light system has been developed and tested with a real implantable pulse generator for spinal cord stimulation. The feasibility of the proposed system has been evaluated theoretically. For example, after 13 h/week of laser exposure, the lifetime of the implantable device would increase by 50%. Other combinations resulting in lifetime increases of more than 100% are also possible. So, the proposed system is now ready to take a further step forward: in vivo animal testing.
“I vote, therefore I am:” Rituals of Democracy and the Turkish Chief Rabbi
Authors: Brink‐Danan Marcy
Published: June 2009

This article describes how the election and investiture of a chief rabbi in 2002 created a unique space for Turkish Jews to debate the meaning of democracy. I document current Turkish Jewish discourses about democracy by combining ethnographic observations of the election season with an analysis of the production and reception of local narratives (speeches, news articles, and interviews) about the process. I then analyze the election and inauguration as a “politics of presence” in which democracy is seen not only as a practice through which to debate ideas but a discursive move to represent collective difference in the public sphere. As such, this article contributes to discussions about the performative nature of minority politics and how these alternative discursive spheres relate to the broader contexts in which they occur.
States of Insecurity: Everyday Emergencies, Public Secrets, and Drug Trafficker Power in a Brazilian Favela
Authors: Penglase Ben
Published: June 2009

This article analyzes how drug traffickers and police in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, co‐participate in the creation of a state of (in)security in the city's poor neighborhoods. I draw on ethnographic research to argue that drug traffickers dominate Rio's favelas (squatter neighborhoods) by producing everyday emergencies (or “ordered disorder”) and by deliberately manipulating secrecy.
Territorial Democracy: Caste, Dominance and Electoral Practice in Postcolonial India
Authors: Witsoe Jeffrey
Published: June 2009

This article examines the relationship between caste identities and electoral democracy in India. Drawing from fieldwork in Bihar, I suggest that at the center of what is popularly referred to as “caste politics” is the influence of local relations of dominance and subordination on electoral practice, resulting in what I refer to as “territorial democracy.” The article examines how a politics of caste empowerment has challenged a long history of upper caste hegemony, contributing to a breakdown of state institutions as newly elected lower‐caste politicians have clashed with an overwhelmingly upper‐caste bureaucracy. The article seeks to demonstrate the radical potentiality of democracy and argues that an ethnographic mapping of the ways in which electoral practice is embedded within local power configurations is necessary in order to understand the dynamics and implications of democracy in the postcolonial world.
Gluing Globalization: NGOs as Intermediaries in Haiti
Authors: Schuller Mark
Published: June 2009

Drawing from two ethnographic case studies, both from Haiti, this article argues that nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), as intermediaries, “glue” globalization in four ways. First, in their “gap filler” roles NGOs provide legitimacy to globalization, representing alternatives to states fragmented by neoliberalism. Second, NGOs, in the contemporary neoliberal aid regime, can undermine the governance capacity of states in the Global South, eroding the Keynesian social welfare state ethos and social contract that states are (or should be) responsible for service provision. Third, NGOs provide high‐paying jobs to an educated middle class, reproducing inequalities inherent to and required by the contemporary neoliberal world system. Fourth, NGOs, as an ideologically dependent transnational middle class, constitute buffers between elites and impoverished masses and can present institutional barriers against local participation and priority setting. Drawing on recent anthropological scholarship that moves away from reifying NGOs and their professed ideologies, this article focuses on NGO practice.
Determination of Trace Elemental Concentrations in Document Papers for Forensic Comparison Using Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry
Authors: McGaw Elizabeth A. , Szymanski David W. , Smith Ruth Waddell
Published: June 2009

Abstract: With improvements in manufacturing procedures, comparing physical characteristics of paper samples may not offer sufficient discrimination among different vendors. In this work, the potential to differentiate paper samples based on trace element concentrations was investigated. Paper samples from two different vendors were microwave‐digested and trace element concentrations (Mg, Al, Mn, Fe, Sr, Y, Ba, Ce, and Nd) were determined using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. Differences in concentration were assessed statistically using two‐way ANOVA and Tukey’s honestly significant differences test. Elemental concentrations were shown to be consistent across a single sheet as well as within a single ream of paper for each vendor. Reams from vendor A were differentiated based on Al and Ba concentration while reams from vendor B were differentiated based on Mg, Mn, and Sr concentrations. Paper was differentiated according to vendor based on significant differences in Ba, Sr, Ce, and Nd concentrations.
Fatalities Caused by Spherical Bullets Fired from Blank Cartridge Guns in Istanbul, Turkey
Authors: Üzün İbrahim , Büyük Yalçın , Erkol Zerrin , Ağrıtmış Hasan , Kır Ziya
Published: June 2009

Abstract:  Blank cartridge guns are generally regarded as being harmless and are not considered to be firearms in the legal sense in most countries. To show the danger of these guns upon simple modifications, we report 59 fatalities resulting from these simply modified blank cartridge guns in Istanbul, Turkey. The great majority of the victims were males and the age of those ranged from 11 to 61 years. In 55.9% of these cases, homicide was the origin followed by suicide (39%). The right temporal region was detected to be the preferred region in suicidal shots by blank cartridge guns with a frequency of 56.5%. In trial shots, all these guns were detected to discharge steel or lead spherical objects, generally 4 or 5 mm in diameter, successfully. Our findings strongly suggest that these guns should also be considered as handguns in the legal sense.
Mating status, immune defence, and multi‐parasite burden in the damselfly Coenagrion armatum
Authors: Honkavaara J. , Rantala M. J. , Suhonen J.
Published: June 2009

Immunity and reproductive effort are both physiologically costly and often a trade‐off between these functions has been shown. In studies with damselflies, parasite load has been associated with fitness costs, such as reductions in mating success, male condition, and survival. Although each individual may be simultaneously infected by various parasite species, most studies have concentrated on the effects of a single parasite taxon. We examined natural ecto‐ and endoparasite infection levels in male Coenagrion armatum (Charpentier) (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) damselflies in relation to their mating status, fat reserves, and ability to further mount an immune response, measured as encapsulation of an experimentally introduced foreign object. Encapsulation response was lower for mated (paired) males than for single males and declined with increasing water mite abundance. Mated males had fewer water mites than single males. Male weight or fat reserves did not explain variation in encapsulation response. The number of gregarine gut parasites was not related to the level of encapsulation response and did not differ between mated and single males. However, there was a negative correlation between mite abundance and gregarine load. Our data suggest that current mite infection may compromise a male’s resistance against further infections by pathogens and parasites, and there may be a trade‐off between reproductive effort and encapsulation response in male C. armatum.
Spatial overlap enhances geographic range size conservatism
Authors: Mouillot David , Gaston Kevin
Published: June 2009

Phylogenetic conservatism or heritability of the geographic range sizes of species has been predicted to occur because of the phylogenetic conservatism of niche traits. However, evidence for range size conservatism is mixed, and even when statistically significant is often rather weak and of questionable biological importance. Here, we test the prediction that such conservatism will be more strongly expressed when the amount of spatial overlap between sister species increases. We used the global distributions of 1136 avian species (>10% of extant members of this Class), and tested the conservatism of geographic range sizes using the coefficients of correlation between values for pairs of sister species. We used a null model to test whether the range sizes of sister species were more similar to one another than expected by chance. We found that sister species showed a significant positive relationship between their geographic range sizes whatever the degree of spatial overlap. However, as predicted, the level of conservatism increases with the level of range overlap between sister species. More precisely, the strong increase in the coefficient of correlation between sister species’ range sizes when we add species with some range overlap to the pool of pairs without any such overlap indicates an important threshold effect. These results suggest that niche conservatism is more likely to lead to marked heritability of the range sizes of species when similar niche traits are expressed under more similar environmental conditions. These results have significant implications because they suggest 1) that previous analyses of conservatism of range sizes have been confounded by the level of spatial overlap, and 2) that closely related species experiencing similar conditions may tend to expand or restrict their geographic ranges in parallel when faced with climate change.
What shapes Eurasian lynx distribution in human dominated landscapes: selecting prey or avoiding people?
Authors: Basille Mathieu , Herfindal Ivar , Santin‐Janin Hugues , Linnell John D. C. , Odden John , Andersen Reidar , Arild Høgda Kjell , Gaillard Jean‐Michel
Published: June 2009

In the multi‐use landscape of southern Norway, the distribution of lynx is likely to be determined both by the abundance of their favoured prey – the roe deer – and the risk associated with the presence of humans because most lynx mortalities are caused by humans (recreational harvest, poaching, vehicle collisions). We described the distribution of the reproductive portion of the lynx population based on snow‐track observations of females with dependent kittens collected over 10 yr (1997–2006) in southern Norway. We used the ecological‐niche factor analysis to examine how lynx distribution was influenced by roe deer, human activity, habitat type, environmental productivity and elevation. Our first prediction that lynx should be found in areas of relatively high roe deer abundance was supported. However, our second prediction that lynx should avoid human activity was rejected, and lynx instead occupied areas more disturbed in average than those available (with the exception of the most densely occupied areas). Lynx, however, avoided the most disturbed areas and our third prediction of a trade‐off between abundance of prey and avoidance of human activity was supported. On the one hand, roe deer in the most disturbed areas benefit to a large extent from current human land use practices, potentially allowing them to escape predation from lynx. On the other hand, the situation is not so favourable for the predators who are restricted in competition refuges with medium to low prey densities. The consequence is that lynx conservation will have to be achieved in a human modifed environment where the potential for a range of conflicts and high human‐caused mortality will remain a constant threat.
Species richness of crustacean zooplankton and trophic structure of brackish lagoons in contrasting climate zones: north temperate Denmark and Mediterranean Catalonia (Spain)
Authors: Brucet Sandra , Boix Dani , Gascón Stéphanie , Sala Jordi , Quintana Xavier D. , Badosa Anna , Søndergaard Martin , Lauridsen Torben L. , Jeppesen Erik
Published: June 2009

We sought to identify environmental factors influencing crustacean zooplankton species richness in brackish lagoons and to elucidate whether crustacean zooplankton species richness and trophic structure of brackish lagoons differ among two regions with contrasting temperatures. We sampled 35 and 42 brackish lagoons (salinity ranging from 0.3 to 55‰) in Mediterranean Catalonia (NE Spain) and northern‐temperate Denmark, respectively. No significant differences were found in total crustacean zooplankton species richness or cladoceran richness between the climatic regions. Calanoid richness was higher in Denmark than in Catalonia, while cyclopoid richness was higher in Catalonia. Salinity was the most important variable associated with zooplankton species richness in both regions, richness of total zooplankton species, cladocerans and cyclopoids being negatively related with salinity. In both regions, a shift occurred from dominance of large filter feeding cladoceran species at low salinities to copepods and small cladoceran species at higher salinities. Cladoceran richness increased with increasing total phosphorus, but was not influenced by total nitrogen or chlorophyll‐a. Trophic structure in Mediterranean brackish lagoons showed a more pronounced seasonal variation than in north temperate brackish lagoons. Our results imply that the indirect effects of climate warming, such as changes in salinity and hydrology, will have a larger impact on brackish lagoon ecosystems than the increase in temperature per se.
Actual Proliferating Index and p53 protein expression as prognostic marker in odontogenic cysts
Authors: Gadbail AR , Chaudhary M , Patil S , Gawande M
Published: June 2009

Background:  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biological aggressiveness of odontogenic keratocyst/keratocystic odontogenic tumour (KCOT), radicular cyst (RC) and dentigerous cyst (DC) by observing the actual proliferative activity of epithelium, and p53 protein expression.

Methods:  The actual proliferative activity was measured by Ki‐67 Labelling Index and argyrophilic nucleolar organizing regions (AgNOR) count per nucleus. The p53 protein expression was also evaluated.

Results:  Ki‐67 positive cells were observed higher in suprabasal cell layers of KCOT with uniform distribution, a few of them were predominantly observed in basal cell layer in RC and DC. The AgNOR count was significantly higher in suprabasal cell layers of KCOT. The actual proliferative activity was noted to be higher in suprabasal cell layers of KCOT. The p53 immunolabelling was dense and scattered in basal and suprabasal cell layers in KCOT. The weakly stained p53 positive cells were observed diffusely distributed in KCOT, whereas they were mainly seen in basal cell layer of RC and DC.

Conclusion:  The quantitative and qualitative differences of the proliferative activity and the p53 protein expression in sporadic KCOT may be associated with intrinsic growth potential that could play a role in its development and explain locally aggressive biological behaviour. AgNOR count and p53 protein detection in odontogenic lesions can be of great consequence to predict the biological behaviour and prognosis.
Schizophrenia: genetics, prevention and rehabilitation
Authors: Olgiati Paolo , Mandelli Laura , Lorenzi Cristina , Marino Elena , Adele Pirovano , Ferrari Barbara , De Ronchi Diana , Serretti Alessandro
Published: June 2009

Objective:

Genetic factors are largely implicated in predisposing to schizophrenia. Environmental factors contribute to the onset of the disorder in individuals at increased genetic risk. Cognitive deficits have emerged as endophenotypes and potential therapeutic targets for schizophrenia because of their association with functional outcome. The aims of this review were to analyse the joint effect of genetic and environmental (G×E) factors on liability to schizophrenia and to investigate relationships between genes and cognitive endophenotypes focusing on practical applications for prevention and rehabilitation.

Methods:

Medline search of relevant studies published between 1990 and 2008.

Results:

In schizophrenia, examples of G×E interaction include the catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) (Val158Met) polymorphism, which was found to moderate the onset of psychotic manifestations in response to stress and to increase the risk for psychosis related to cannabis use, and neurodevelopmental genes such as AKT1 (serine-threonine kinase), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), DTNBP1 (dysbindin) and GRM3 (metabotropic glutamate receptor 3), which were associated with development of schizophrenia in adulthood after exposure to perinatal obstetric complications. Neurocognitive deficits are recognised as core features of schizophrenia that facilitate the onset of the disorder and have a great impact on functional outcome. Neurocognitive deficits are also endophenotypes that have been linked to a variety of genes [COMT, neuregulin (NRG1), BDNF, Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) and dysbindin] conferring susceptibility to schizophrenia. Recently, it has emerged that cognitive improvement during rehabilitation therapy was under control of COMT (Val158Met) polymorphism.

Conclusion:

This review could indicate a pivotal role of psychiatric genetics in prevention and rehabilitation of schizophrenic psychoses.
Safety, tolerability and efficacy of a rapid dose escalation of quetiapine in bipolar I mania: the FATIMA study
Authors: Constant Eric , Seghers Arlette , Ranalli Enio , Ryckmans Vincent , Snauwaert Phillippe , Parent Marcel , Vandenhoven Guy
Published: June 2009

Objective:

The FATIMA study (FAst TItration of quetiapine fumarate in bipolar I MAnia) evaluated the safety, tolerability and efficacy of a rapid dose escalation of quetiapine in acutely ill bipolar I patients experiencing a manic episode.

Methods:

In an open-label, phase II pilot study, 29 patients aged 18 years or older, hospitalised with a bipolar I manic episode, received quetiapine twice daily for 21 days. Quetiapine was administered at 200, 400, 600, then 800 mg/day on the first 4 days, with flexible dosing (400–800 mg/day) subsequently. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patient dropouts because of adverse drug reactions during the first 7 days. Secondary safety assessments included incidences of adverse drug reactions and significant changes in vital signs. Efficacy assessments included Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and Clinical Global Impressions Severity of Illness (CGI-S) score changes from day 1 to day 21.

Results:

Twenty patients (69%) completed the study. No patients withdrew as a result of drug-related adverse events (AEs) during the first 7 days. Twenty-three patients reported 58 adverse events, and most of the adverse events were mild or moderate. No clinically relevant abnormalities in vital signs were reported. Mean YMRS and CGI-S scores decreased significantly from baseline to day 21 (p < 0.001). Response and remission rates were 78 and 70%, respectively, at the end of the study.

Conclusion:

Rapid dose escalation of quetiapine to 800 mg/day over 4 days was well tolerated and effective in reducing symptoms within 5 days in acutely ill bipolar I patients with a manic episode.