bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diverse Pathways to Immigrant Political Incorporation
Authors: Mahler Sarah J. , Siemiatycki Myer
Published: July 2011

In both Canada and the United States, immigration is producing major demographic and sociocultural changes. Yet relatively little research has been devoted to the impact of immigration on each country’s political life. Even less attention has been paid to comparing the patterns of immigrant political participation in both countries. This has left underinvestigated a host of important questions about the body politic of Canada and the United States: Measured at national, urban, and community scales, do immigrants in the two countries become integrated into formal politics such as voting and running for elected office? Are they engaged in more informal political activities such as community and ethnic organizing? If so, then how do various immigrant communities mobilize politically, form agendas and alliances, express their voices, and expand their opportunities? As more countries and cities around the world become immigration destinations, there is much to be learned about creating inclusive political systems from the comparative experience of Canada and the United States illustrated in this volume.
The Myth of the “Fully Qualified” Bright Young Teacher
Authors: Haberman Martin
Published: July 2011

The high frequency of beginning teachers’ being young females is traced in a brief review of the history of teacher education. The argument is made that the high turnover of beginning teachers, particularly in schools serving diverse students in poverty, is too costly to the schools and too harmful to the students to be continued. Teacher recruitment practices in the schools and candidate selection into teacher preparing institutions that maintain this situation are identified. The stages of adult development according to three theoretic formulations are presented. The nature of young adulthood in these theories is contrasted with the developmental needs of young adults hired as beginning teachers. The process by which school students shape and control the behavior and practice of young teachers is analyzed. Suggestions for altering the quitter/failure rate of young beginning teachers are offered.
A Programmatic View of Portfolios for Urban Teacher Preparation
Authors: Rigoni Karen K. , Pugach Marleen C. , Longwell-Grice Hope , Ford Alison
Published: July 2011

This replication study represents an analysis of 47 exit portfolios of students enrolled in an urban teacher education program. Portfolios were analyzed to determine the degree to which students integrated concepts related to teaching in urban schools: asset/deficit perspectives, connections with families, social justice, high expectations for student learning, and contextualized teaching and learning. The portfolios fall into three groups along a continuum from “awareness” to “trying things out” to “making it their own.” With 30%, 51%, and 19% falling into each group respectively, the data are interpreted in relationship to faculty development and the challenges of scaffolding preservice teachers.
Understanding School Choice
Authors: Jacobs Nicholas
Published: July 2011

The author analyzes the revealed school preferences of parents in the Washington, D.C., and asks, “What is the main determinant of charter school choice and how does it create racial, economic, and linguistic segregation?” The author first establishes a theory of choice, which incorporates past research and adds an additional variable to our understanding of school selection—school location. Through a multivariable regression, the author tests the new proximity variable against other possible determinants and finds that parental preference for neighborhood schools significantly correlates with racial segregation. The results indicate that school-choice markets, as they currently exist, reinforce the de facto segregation patterns found in urban neighborhoods.
Effect of women’s empowerment on their utilization of health services: A case of Nepal
Authors: Pandey Shanta , Lama Gyanesh , Lee Haenim
Published: July 2011

Over half a million women die annually due to maternity complications. Studies support that utilization of health services reduces maternal mortality. Using a nationally representative sample of 7878 previously pregnant women from Nepal we examined if gender empowerment is associated with health service use. Findings showed that three of the five indicators of empowerment – women’s age at birth of their first child, their education and knowledge about sexually transmitted diseases – significantly increased utilization of health services, especially antenatal and delivery services. Women’s opinion about wife beating and their participation in intra-household financial decisions were insignificant. Implications for social work practice are discussed.
Public Health Surveillance of Dental Pain via Twitter
Authors: Heaivilin N. , Gerbert B. , Page J.E. , Gibbs J.L.
Published: July 2011

On Twitter, people answer the question, “What are you doing right now?” in no more than 140 characters. We investigated the content of Twitter posts meeting search criteria relating to dental pain. A set of 1000 tweets was randomly selected from 4859 tweets over 7 non-consecutive days. The content was coded using pre-established, non-mutually-exclusive categories, including the experience of dental pain, actions taken or contemplated in response to a toothache, impact on daily life, and advice sought from the Twitter community. After excluding ambiguous tweets, spam, and repeat users, we analyzed 772 tweets and calculated frequencies. Of the sample of 772 tweets, 83% (n = 640) were primarily categorized as a general statement of dental pain, 22% (n = 170) as an action taken or contemplated, and 15% (n = 112) as describing an impact on daily activities. Among the actions taken or contemplated, 44% (n = 74) reported seeing a dentist, 43% (n = 73) took an analgesic or antibiotic medication, and 14% (n = 24) actively sought advice from the Twitter community. Twitter users extensively share health information relating to dental pain, including actions taken to relieve pain and the impact of pain. This new medium may provide an opportunity for dental professionals to disseminate health information.
Workplace Discrimination and Americans With Psychiatric Disabilities
Authors: An Sunghee , Roessler Richard T. , McMahon Brian T.
Published: July 2011

This study reports findings from an analysis of employment allegations and resolutions maintained in the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) database. Spanning the years 1992 to 2005, the data were aggregated for individuals with psychiatric disabilities and individuals with a variety of physical, sensory, and neurological disabilities. Compared to the general disabilities group, allegations from the psychiatric disabilities group were more frequently filed by people who were younger, female, and White. The psychiatric disabilities group was significantly more likely than the general disabilities group to file against Transportation and Utilities, Finance and related fields, Services, and Public Administration industries; larger employers; or employers from the Northeast and West regions. Allegations from the psychiatric disabilities group were significantly less likely to be deemed meritorious by the EEOC at the conclusion of the investigation process. Implications for psychiatric rehabilitation are discussed.
Development of UV absorbers for sun protective fabrics
Authors: Oda Hironori
Published: July 2011

The textiles for protection against harmful UV radiation have become the focus of great interest in the present time. However, not all apparel is well-protected against UV light. Therefore, the application and improvement of UV absorbers for sun protective fabrics is being sought.

In this study, various benzophenone UV absorbers containing benzotoriazolyl groups were prepared, and the Ultraviolet Protection Factors (UPF) and improving the light fastness of dyes was examined. A series of hydroxybenzophenones bearing a built-in benzotriazole moiety showed a very high UPF, and played a very important role in the improvement of light fastness of dyes. It was found that 2,2’,4,4’-tetrahydroxy-5,5’-dibenzotriazolylbenzophenonesulfonic acid or the methyl derivative shows very high UPF, and plays an important role in improving the light fastness of dyes. It was further demonstrated that the combined use of these UV absorbers and singlet oxygen quencher, NTS (Nickel p-toluenesulfonate), can be applied as effective stabilizers against the photofading of dyes.
Does the Effect of Exposure to TV Sex on Adolescent Sexual Behavior Vary by Genre?
Authors: Gottfried Jeffrey A. , Vaala Sarah E. , Bleakley Amy , Hennessy Michael , Jordan Amy
Published: July 2011

Using the Integrated Model of Behavioral Prediction, this study examines the effects of exposure to sexual content on television by genre, specifically looking at comedy, drama, cartoon, and reality programs, on adolescents’ sex-related cognitions and behaviors. Additionally, we compared the amount and explicitness of sexual content as well as the frequency of risk and responsibility messages in these four genres. Findings show that overall exposure to sexual content on television was not related to teens’ engagement in sexual intercourse the following year. When examined by genre, exposure to sexual content in comedies was positively associated while exposure to sexual content in dramas was negatively associated with attitudes regarding sex, perceived normative pressure, and ultimately engaging in sex 1 year later. Implications of adolescent exposure to various types of content and for using genre categories to examine exposure and effects are discussed.
Vehicle flow detection in real-time airborne traffic surveillance system
Authors: Xiling Luo  , Yanxiong Wu  , Yan Huang  , Jun Zhang
Published: July 2011

Compared with the ground-based traffic surveillance systems, the airborne platform takes advantage of convenience and low cost. In most of the existing aerial-based systems, the airborne platform is only responsible for data collection and the ground station is in charge of all data processing for vehicle detection. However, such architecture has a low real-time performance unless with the support of specifically constructed wireless networks. This paper proposed an airborne traffic surveillance system, which can detect vehicles in real time with only a general narrowband wireless network support. In our system, the airborne platform not only gathers video information but also carries out data pre-processing, and only the useful data is transferred to the ground via a GPRS/EDGE network. Moreover, more accurate vehicle flow detection with a false-alarm reduction module is performed on the ground station. Experimental results preliminarily show that the system can achieve real-time vehicle flow detection with a high detection rate and a low false-alarm rate.
Exploring the Determinants of the Empowered U.S. Municipality
Authors: Wood Curtis
Published: July 2011

This exploratory study of 142 U.S. municipalities identifies the factors that determine the scope of municipal discretion. The author finds total municipal discretion is positively correlated with the quality of the relationships between municipal and state officials, population, and education but negatively correlated with population growth. Municipalities located in the north and west have higher total municipal discretion scores than eastern municipalities. The author also finds that structural, functional, and fiscal discretion as well as municipal success/influence with state officials are individually or jointly associated with education level, population growth, population, form of government, region, political culture, local-state relational quality, and state fiscal peril.
Performance Budgeting in the American States
Authors: Lu Yi , Willoughby Katherine , Arnett Sarah
Published: July 2011

This study examines the content of performance budgeting legislation and its relationship to the quality of implemented performance budgeting systems. Recent research indicates that states with well-functioning performance budgeting systems are more likely to have enacted pertinent laws than states with weak or no performance budgeting system. The authors find that performance budgeting legislation containing detailed instructions on the development, reporting, and use of performance data contributes to stronger use of performance budgeting systems in state governments.
A Capital Law for Baghdad: A Governance Framework for Iraq’s Ancient Capital
Authors: Lamberson Anna
Published: July 2011

The 2005 Constitution of Iraq declares Baghdad to be the national capital and directs that it be regulated by a capital law. No capital law has been introduced and Baghdad continues to function as the capital. The failure to draft a capital law is due in part to a conflict between the Constitution and the powers granted to provinces in Law 21 of 2008 . This article reviews capital law proposals from the Baghdad Amanat, the unique territorial and jurisdictional old city, and the more recently empowered Baghdad province. The authority of the province over the Amanat with 20% of the national population and the national capital is at the heart of the power struggle that is clearly reveled in the proposals. While discussions for drafting a capital law continue, basic infrastructure and service delivery remain inadequate. Public demonstrations in Baghdad like elsewhere in the region expresses a desire for change and dissatisfaction with poor service delivery. The article concludes that history, culture, and extraordinary authority over service delivery with little oversight from the elected provincial officials favor the status quo, and other matters appear more urgent to the national government. The result may not be good government for Amanat residents but may have to be good enough for now.
District of Columbia’s Elected Advisory Neighborhood Commissions
Authors: Garrison David F.
Published: July 2011

The District of Columbia is a quarter of a century into an experiment with neighborhood-based elected governance. Thirty-seven Advisory Neighborhood Commissions blanket the 10-mile-square city, conducting all manner of review, critique, and advocacy functions on a wide range of city services and policies. The author, an elected Commissioner himself for five years, describes the history and shares his views about the scheme.
Retirement and Wealth Relationships
Authors: Topa Gabriela , Moriano Juan A. , Depolo Marco , Alcover Carlos-María , Moreno Ana
Published: July 2011

Meta-analytic procedures were used to examine relationships between objective income (OI), perceived adequacy of income, and retirement and their consequences. The authors’ review of the literature generated 90 independent samples obtained from 71 primary studies with 115,129 participants, which provided 136 independent effect sizes (ESs). A high effect size ( r = .37) was found for the subjective income–retirement planning relation and a medium ES ( r = .29) for the OI–retirement planning relation. Regarding retirement consequences, both objective and subjective incomes were positively related to retirement adjustment indicators, with low ES for OI–life satisfaction, OI–retirement income satisfaction, and retirement satisfaction. Structural equation analysis using the pooled correlation matrix allowed testing a more complex model. Potential moderator variables were examined, and it was found that they explained only a small percentage of variability of primary studies. Results and theoretical and empirical implications are discussed.
Nanomaterials in Humans
Authors: Song Yuguo , Li Xue , Wang Liying , Rojanasakul Yon , Castranova Vincent , Li Huiling , Ma Jing
Published: July 2011

Nanomaterials are increasingly being used for commercial purposes. However, concerns about the potential risks of exposure to humans have been raised. We previously reported unusual pulmonary disease and death in a group of patients with occupational exposure to spray paint. However, the nanoparticle and chemical composition of the exposure was not fully described. The present study aimed to isolate and identify the nanoparticles observed in the patients’ biopsies and report the potential deleterious effects to human lungs using electron microscopy. Using electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray analysis, silica nanoparticles were identified and characterized mainly in macrophages, pulmonary microvessels, vascular endothelial cells, microlymphatic vessels, pleural effusions, and a few in alveolar epithelial cells and pulmonary interstitial tissue (with no microscale particles present). Notably, damage to alveolar epithelial cells, macrophages, vascular endothelial cells, and the blood–gas barrier was observed. Given the well-documented toxicity of microscale silica, it is possible that these silica nanoparticles may have contributed in part to the illness reported in these workers. Such a possibility supports the adoption of controls and prevention strategies to minimize inhalation of nanoparticles by workers, and it highlights the urgent need and the importance of the nanosafety study in humans.
Immunohistochemical Characterization of Macrophages and Myofibroblasts in α-Naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)–Induced Bile Duct Injury and Subsequent Fibrogenesis in Rats
Authors: Golbar Hossain M. , Izawa Takeshi , Yano Ryo , Ichikawa Chisa , Sawamoto Osamu , Kuwamura Mitsuru , LaMarre Jonathan , Yamate Jyoji
Published: July 2011

To investigate pathogenesis of post–bile duct (BD) injury fibrosis, interlobular BD epithelial injury was induced in male F344 rats by a single IP injection of α-naphthylisothiocyanate (75 mg/kg body weight) and rats were observed for 12 days. On days 1 to 2, cholangiocytes were injured and desquamated. On days 3 to 5, the affected BD began to regenerate, showing positive staining for CK19 and vimentin. On days 5 to 9, fibrotic areas gradually developed around regenerating BD in Glisson’s sheath. These consisted of cells positive for vimentin, desmin, and α-SMA; vimentin- and desmin-positive cells were increased in early stage (days 1–3), whereas α-SMA-positive cells appeared in mid (days 4–7) and late stages (days 8–12), although there were cells coexpressing these cytoskeletons. On day 12, BD regeneration almost completed, with reduced fibrosis. Macrophages positive for ED2 (CD163) increased transiently in early stage, whereas those reacting to ED1 (CD68), OX6 (MHC II), and SRA-E5 (CD204) showed a consistent increase throughout the experiment. Interestingly, OX6-positive cells were limited to Glisson’s sheath, whereas SRA-E5-positive cells were seen exclusively along sinusoids of hepatic lobules. MCP-1 mRNA increased significantly in early stage. This study shows that macrophages exhibiting different immunophenotypes and distributions participate in post-BD injury fibrosis associated with myofibroblasts expressing various mesenchymal cytoskeletons.
Exploring small manufacturing firms’ process of accessing external expertise
Authors: Viljamaa Anmari
Published: July 2011

The ability to access external expertise is crucial to small firms’ development, yet research examining the purchasing process of expert services by small firms is scarce. External expertise is defined here as knowledge or competence, that is relatively rare to the client firm, provided by an external party. Hence, external expertise includes professional business services as well as business advice. The paper reports on a qualitative study of small manufacturing firms’ behaviour in accessing external expertise. Five distinct patterns by which small firms come to use external expertise are described, demonstrating how small firms’ actions differ from the expert service purchasing process. The firms are found to acquire expert resources opportunistically and reactively as well as by calculated or routine purchasing, and by utilising informal sources of expertise.
Strategic capability configurations for the internationalization of SMEs: A study in equifinality
Authors: Raymond Louis , St-Pierre Josée
Published: July 2011

With the advent of globalization and the knowledge economy, an important issue lies in the strategic capabilities that enable the internationalization of SMEs. Using a configurational approach grounded in strategic management and contingency theory, we argue that strategic capabilities can be leveraged for purposes of small business internationalization to the extent that they are coaligned and thus constitute capability configurations. This gives rise to a first research question: What are the different organizational configurations that characterize SMEs with regard to their strategic capabilities for internationalization? And aiming to analyze the configuration-internationalization performance relationship under the assumption of equifinality, a property of open systems, we pose a second research question: Do the different capability configurations that characterize SMEs lead to equally successful outcomes in terms of internationalization? In answer to these questions, this article presents the results of a study of 292 manufacturing firms located in Canada and France.
Increased prefrontal cortical D1 receptors in drug naïve patients with schizophrenia: a PET study with [11C]NNC112
Authors: Abi-Dargham Anissa , Xu Xiaoyan , Thompson Judy L , Gil Roberto , Kegeles Lawrence S , Urban Nina , Narendran Raj , Hwang Dah-Ren , Laruelle Marc , Slifstein Mark
Published: July 2011

D1 receptors are the main mediators of dopamine transmission in the cortex and subserve cognitive functions that are affected in patients with schizophrenia. Prior imaging studies have suggested abnormalities in the expression of these receptors in schizophrenia, but no conclusive picture has emerged yet. One source of discrepancy may have been prior antipsychotic exposure. We used positron emission tomography (PET) and a D1 radiotracer, [11C]NNC112, in drug naïve (DN, n = 12) and drug free (DF, n = 13) patients with schizophrenia and 40 healthy control subjects (HC, n = 40 total, n = 24 per comparison group) matched for age, gender, ethnicity, parental socioeconomic status and cigarette smoking. We measured the binding potential BPP, corrected for partial volume effects. The outcome measure was obtained in cortical and striatal subregions outlined on coregistered individual MRIs. Partial volume effect corrected BPP measures were significantly higher in DN vs controls in cortical regions. No such increases were found in the DF versus controls comparison. Furthermore, in the DF group, DF interval correlated positively with cortical BPP. We conclude that upregulation of D1 receptors in schizophrenia is related to the illness itself and may be corrected and normalized by chronic antipsychotic treatment.
Neuropathology and Craniofacial Lesions of Osteopetrotic Red Angus Calves
Authors: O’Toole D. , Swist S. , Steadman L. , Johnson G. C.
Published: July 2011

Inherited osteopetrosis was identified in cattle herds in Wyoming, Nebraska, and Missouri in 2008 to 2010. Ten affected Red Angus calves were examined to characterize lesions in brain, teeth, and skull. Six affected aborted or stillborn calves were homozygous for the recently characterized deletion mutation in SLC4A2. Four affected calves were heterozygous for the SLC4A2 mutation and survived 1 to 7 days after birth. Gross lesions were similar in all 10 calves. Brains were rectangular and dorsoventrally compressed, with concave depressions in the parietal cortex owing to thickened parietal bone. Cerebellar hemispheres were compressed with herniation of the cerebellar vermis into the foramen magnum. Moderate bilateral chromatolysis affected multiple cranial nerve nuclei and, in some calves, the red nucleus. There was loss of retinal ganglion cells with severe atrophy of optic nerves. Periventricular corpora amylacea were in the thalamus, caudate nucleus, and midbrain. Vessels and neuropil in the dorsomedial aspect of the thalamus were mineralized. Dysplastic change in premolar and molar teeth comprised intra-alveolar intermingling of dentin, enamel, cementum, and bone, contributing to dental ankylosis. Changes in the heads of osteopetrotic calves are similar to those in children with malignant forms of homozygous recessive osteopetrosis.
Intraepidermal Glandular Carcinoma of the Nipple (Mammary Paget-like Disease) in 2 Dogs
Authors: Ramírez G. A. , Suárez-Bonnet A. , Altimira J. , Espinosa-de-los-Monteros A. , García-González B. , Vilafranca M.
Published: July 2011

Mammary Paget disease, characterized by diffuse infiltration of the nipple and areolar epidermis by carcinoma cells, develops in 1% to 3% of human mammary carcinomas. The purpose of this article is to present 2 cases of intraepidermal adenocarcinoma that resembled human mammary Paget disease, histologically and immunohistochemically, in dogs with underlying mammary carcinoma.
Echoes of the New Geography? History and philosophy of geography I
Authors: Powell Richard C.
Published: July 2011

Taking as its cue the debates in 2009 at the Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) about the relative role of the institution in geographical exploration, science and pedagogy, this essay reviews recent work in the history and philosophy of geography. It argues that there is a long tradition of debates between educators and explorers within the RGS, and shows how these have been revisited in current work on Halford Mackinder and Charles Darwin. It concludes that attention to the processes of remembering and forgetting should be particularly acute at this moment in the history of geographical practices.
Vestibular sensitivity in vestibular migraine: VEMPs and motion sickness susceptibility
Authors: Boldingh Marion Ingeborg , Ljøstad Unn , Mygland Åse , Monstad Per
Published: July 2011

Background: Vestibular migraine (VM) has gained recognition as a distinct clinical entity in recent years. The pathophysiology is unclear. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) is a validated method to test the vestibulocollic reflex and peripheral vestibular hypersensitivity to noise. The aim of our study was to evaluate the vestibular function and sensitivity in a series of VM patients in comparison to ordinary migraine (M) patient and healthy controls.

Methods: Thirty-seven patients diagnosed with VM according to the Neuhauser criteria, 32 migraineurs, and 30 healthy persons underwent VEMP testing (response and sound intensity threshold) and a motion sickness susceptibility questionnaire.

Results: We found absence of unilateral or bilateral VEMP response at 90  dB normal hearing level (nHL) in 44% of the VM patients, in 25% of the migraineurs, as compared to in 3% of the healthy controls ( p  =  0.001). The sound intensity threshold and latencies were similar in all the groups. Migraineurs (VM > M) reported more motion sickness than healthy controls ( p  =   0.006).

Conclusion: The results indicate more pathology in the VEMP circuitry in migraineurs than in healthy controls. We did not find support for peripheral vestibular hypersensitivity in terms of lower VEMP threshold among VM patients, but they are more sensitive for motion triggers than other migraineurs.
A new type of headache, headache associated with airplane travel: Preliminary diagnostic criteria and possible mechanisms of aetiopathogenesis
Authors: Berilgen M Said , Müngen Bulent
Published: July 2011

Background: In recent years, there has been an increase in the reports indicating a form of headache that occurs during commercial aircraft travel. This headache, called airplane headache by some authors, is believed to be a new type of headache. The headache has very specific characteristics and all of the cases exhibited very stereotypical symptoms.

Methods: The headache starts suddenly during the ascent and/or descent of the commercial aircraft. It has a mean duration of 20 minutes, which is usually unilateral and commonly localized to periorbital region. The headache is described to be severe, and has a stabbing or jabbing nature, and generally subsides in a short time. In some cases, an organic cause can be identified whereas in others no organic pathology could be found.

Results and conclusion: We described the clinical features of 22 cases who suffered from a headache that occurred during airplane travel. We examined other cases with similar features reported in the literature and proposed preliminary diagnostic criteria for this new form of headache. We also discussed the possible patholophysiological mechanisms that may cause this headache.
A probable cluster headache case from a textbook of 1726: Francisco Suárez de Rivera’s description
Authors: Palma J-A , Palma F
Published: July 2011

Background: Few descriptions of cluster and cluster-like headache made before the 19th century have been reported.

Case description: We present a previously unreported early description of a probable cluster headache case made by Francisco Suárez de Rivera (1686− c.1751), one of the main physicians of the Spanish Age of Enlightenment, writer of almost 40 textbooks about medicine, surgery, pharmacology, and therapeutics.

Discussion: The depiction here reported of a woman with probable cluster headache is possibly one of the earliest known and, to our knowledge, the first in Hispanic literature. We also review other descriptions of cluster and cluster-like headache from the same time period.
Increased internal noise cannot account for motion coherence processing deficits in migraine
Authors: Webster Kathryn E , Edwin Dickinson J , Battista Josephine , McKendrick Allison M , Badcock David R
Published: July 2011

Aim: This study aimed to revisit previous findings of superior processing of motion direction in migraineurs with a more stringent direction discrimination task and to investigate whether increased internal noise can account for motion processing deficits in migraineurs.

Methods: Groups of 13 migraineurs (4 with aura, 9 without aura) and 15 headache-free controls completed three psychophysical tasks: one detecting coherence in a motion stimulus, one discriminating the spiral angle in a glass pattern and another discriminating the spiral angle in a global-motion task. Internal noise estimates were obtained for all tasks using an N-pass method.

Results: Consistent with previous research, migraineurs had higher motion coherence thresholds than controls. However, there were no significant performance differences on the spiral global-motion and global-form tasks. There was no significant group difference in internal noise estimates associated with any of the tasks.

Conclusions: The results from this study suggest that variation in internal noise levels is not the mechanism driving motion coherence threshold differences in migraine. Rather, we argue that motion processing deficits may result from cortical changes leading to less efficient extraction of global-motion signals from noise.
Head tremor related to CACNA1A mutations
Authors: Geerlings Rianne PJ , Koehler Peter J , Haane Danielle YP , Stam Anine H , de Vries Boukje , Boon Elles MJ , Haan Joost
Published: July 2011

Introduction: Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is characterized by the familial occurrence of migraine attacks with fully reversible transient hemiplegia. Mutations in three different genes have been identified; CACNA1A (FHM1), ATP1A2 (FHM2) and SCN1A (FHM3). Besides hemiplegia, several other symptoms have been described in FHM 1–3 mutation carriers, including epilepsy and cerebellar symptoms.

Case report: We describe two patients in whom hemiplegic attacks were not the presenting symptom, but in whom an otherwise unexplained head tremor led us to search for FHM mutations. Both patients carried a mutation in the CACNA1A gene.

Discussion: CACNA1A mutations can give significant symptoms other than (hemiplegic) migraine as reason for presentation.
Evidence-Based Professional Development Considerations Along the School-to-Prison Pipeline
Authors: Houchins David E. , Shippen Margaret E. , Murphy Kristin M.
Published: July 2011

This article addresses professional development (PD) issues for those who provide services to students in the school-to-prison pipeline (STPP). Emphasis is on implementing evidence-based practices. The authors use a modified version of Desimone’s PD framework for the structure of this article involving (a) collective participation and common content foci, (b) coherence and continuums, and (c) duration and data-driven durability. Their hope is that this information will advance STPP PD practice and research. They offer considerations for future PD needs to those working to dismantle the STPP.
How Are We Doing? A Multiple Constituency Approach to Civic Association Effectiveness
Authors: Jun Kyu-Nahm , Shiau Ellen
Published: July 2011

Increased citizen participation in policy processes through voluntary civic associations warrants an analysis of their effectiveness, which this article undertakes using a multiple constituency framework. We find a gap in the literature on nonprofit effectiveness where theoretical and empirical studies have mainly focused on organizations that directly provide tangible goods and services. We propose a multiple constituency approach to evaluate and understand the implications for assessing the organizational effectiveness of community-based advisory civic associations. We empirically analyze the evaluation of Los Angeles neighborhood councils by three different constituency groups—citizen participants, street-level bureaucrats, and city council staffs. We find that the effectiveness ratings of the constituency groups are dissimilar on different dimensions of effectiveness. These findings suggest that the multiple constituency framework holds theoretical and practical value for understanding the organizational effectiveness of voluntary associations, where the different goals of various stakeholders lead to different views on effectiveness.
The adoption and use of diagnostic and prognostic technology within UK-based manufacturers
Authors: Grubic T , Redding L , Baines T , Julien D
Published: July 2011

Manufacturers are seeking increasingly innovative ways to achieve competitive advantage. An emerging trend is to exploit diagnostic and prognostic technology to support service-led competitive strategies where the emphasis is put on the ‘sale of use’ rather than the ‘sale of product’. However, little is known about the extent to which this technology is being exploited, the drivers and inhibitors, and the sectors where adoption is most prolific. This paper introduces the results of a survey conducted across the UK manufacturing sector to explore the extent, motivations, benefits, and challenges of deploying diagnostic and prognostic technology as an element of competitive strategy.
Productivity rate of machine tools depending on the change of machining modes
Authors: Usubamatov R , Zain Z M , Ahmed A M
Published: July 2011

Calculation of the productivity rate and optimization of the machining modes for machine tools today is complex, and in many cases an unresolved problem. Known equations for calculating the real productivity rate of machine tools and machining cost with changes in the machining modes consider only the change in the machining time and time losses owing to metal-cutting tool life change. These equations do not reflect the changes in productivity rate due to change of reliability of machine tool mechanisms with changes in the machining mode. This case study presents a new analytical dependency of the productivity rate for machine tools that includes changes in the reliability of the main mechanisms and components of the machine tools with changes in machining modes. A practical application of a new equation for the productivity rate for a machine tool with changes in the machining mode is presented.
Analysis of model-based sensor fault diagnosis with application to a motor-driven power steering system
Authors: Lee Hyeongcheol
Published: July 2011

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of model-based fault detection and isolation (FDI) and its application to a motor-driven power steering (MDPS) system. In particular, this paper proposes a systematic approach to determining fault detectability and isolability of a linear time-invariant system based on a parity equation. The proposed approach is applied to the MDPS system in order to examine the fault detectability and isolability of the MDPS depending on the number and type of sensors and disturbances. Fault detection and isolation of the phase current sensors and the angular velocity sensor are conducted using a parity equation derived from the mathematical model of the permanent magnet alternating current (PMAC) motor. The fault of the steering torque sensor is detected and isolated by cross-checking with two different torque estimates. An adaptive threshold is proposed to improve the performance and robustness of the proposed FDI method against time-varying model uncertainties. Simulation and vehicle test results show the validity and performance of the proposed FDI method for the MDPS system.
Simulation-based optimal calibration of spark ignition engines with multiple objectives: fuel economy and combustion variability
Authors: Lee T-K , Kramer D , Ohl G , Filipi Z S
Published: July 2011

Optimal engine calibration methodology at part-load operating conditions using a multi-scale simulation approach is proposed and demonstrated on a spark ignition engine with dual-independent variable valve timing and a charge motion control valve. Fuel economy is typically selected as a calibration objective at part-load operating conditions. However, to secure vehicle driveability and smooth engine operation with low vibration and harshness, the combustion variability is considered by introducing the coefficient of variation in the indicated mean effective pressure characterized through a statistical analysis of experimental data. Other engine responses are fully predicted through a co-simulation approach by implementing the quasi-dimensional combustion simulation into the one-dimensional gas exchange simulation, and subsequently captured by an artificial neural network for fast computation. The best actuator set points are determined by solving the constrained multiple-objective optimization problem with fuel economy and combustion variability objectives under partload conditions. The calibration eliminates a high combustion variability at low loads and low speeds, maintaining most of the fuel economy benefit achievable with variable valve timing, and it can be used for an implementable feedforward control strategy.
Thermal modelling of modern diesel engines: proposal of a new heat transfer coefficient correlation
Authors: Finol C A , Robinson K
Published: July 2011

Existing methods for predicting heat fluxes and temperatures in internal combustion engines, which take the form of correlations to estimate the heat transfer coefficient on the gas-side of the combustion chamber, are based on methodology developed over the past 50 years, often updated in view of more recent experimental data. The application of these methods to modern diesels engines is questionable because key technologies found in current engines did not exist or were not widely used when those methods were developed. Examples of such technologies include: high-pressure common rail and variable fuel injection strategies including retarded injection for nitrogen oxides emission control; exhaust gas re-circulation; high levels of intake boost pressure provided by a single- or double-stage turbocharger and inter-cooling; multiple valves per cylinder and lower swirl; and advanced engine management systems. This suggests a need for improved predicting tools of thermal conditions, specifically temperature and heat flux profiles in the engine block and cylinder head. In this paper a modified correlation to predict the gas-side heat transfer coefficient in diesel engines is presented. The equation proposed is a simple relationship between Nu and Re calibrated to predict the instantaneous spatially averaged heat transfer coefficient at several operating conditions using air as gas in the model. It was derived from the analysis of experimental data obtained in a modern diesel engine and is supported by a research methodology comprising the application of thermodynamic principles and fundamental equations of heat transfer. The results showed that the new correlation adequately predicted the instantaneous coefficient throughout the operating cycle of a high-speed diesel engine. It also estimated the corresponding cycle-averaged heat transfer coefficient within 10 per cent of the experimental value for the operating conditions considered in the analysis.
Matching strategy of electric power steering assistant characters based on the vehicle inherent road feel
Authors: Liu Y H , Ji X W
Published: July 2011

Matching the assistant characters of an electric power steering (EPS) system so that the vehicle achieves a high performance is one of the key technologies in EPS design. A study on the matching strategy of EPS assistant characters is conducive to obtaining a good ‘vehicle performance’ earlier in the design process. This paper describes a method for designing the assistant characters of an EPS system based on the vehicle’s inherent ‘road feel’ denoted here as the steering torque gradient at a 0 g or 0.1 g lateral acceleration under the condition that the steering system is not a power-assisted system. With the aim of obtaining the vehicle’s inherent road feel, the relations between the steering resistant torque and the vehicle’s travel states are analysed on the basis of a two-wheel vehicle model with a uniform normal tyre force distribution in steady state circle cornering. It is found that the vehicle’s inherent road feel decreases with increasing speed especially in the low-speed regions. The matching strategy of EPS assistant characters based on the vehicle’s inherent road feel is presented and illustrated by designing the assistant characters of a sample EPS system utilized in a passenger car. It is found that the EPS system designed by this strategy can supply a good steering feel to the driver.
Cycle-resolved measurements of in-cylinder constituents during diesel engine transients and insight into their impact on emissions
Authors: Hagena J R , Assanis D N , Filipi Z S
Published: July 2011

Diesel engine transients, in particular the rapid increase of load from idle, lead to significant excursions of operating parameters from normal, steady-state operation. A typical transient event is initiated by a sudden increase of fuelling followed by a turbo lag period. The trajectories of key parameters, such as boost pressure, air/fuel ratio, and amount of residual in the cylinder, depend on the complex interplay between the control system behaviour, actuator response, and time scales of physical processes. The end result is a significant deviation of the combustion event and emission formation. For example, it has been shown that transient spikes of soot may be responsible for up to half of total particulate emissions during a city driving cycle.

The present paper introduces an experimental technique to quantify cycle-resolved pre-combustion in-cylinder constituents during transient engine operation and uses measurements to generate insight into mechanisms that cause increased emissions during a diesel engine transient event. A 6.0-litre V-8 diesel engine is instrumented for fuel injector needle lift and injection pressure measurements, cylinder pressure, simultaneous fast measurements of CO2 concentrations in the exhaust and in the cylinder, and fast measurements of NO and particulate spectrum. Analytical techniques are introduced to process measurements and determine cycle-resolved mass of fuel, air, and stoichiometric combustion products, thus providing insight into reasons for significant variations of emission during the transient. The technique is utilized to study engine behaviour over an FTP-72 driving cycle.
Realizing sustainable process improvement through an understanding of machine–material interaction: part 2 – an industrial case study
Authors: Hicks B J , Matthews J
Published: July 2011

In striving to become world-class, manufacturing organizations employ an array of tools and methods to support improvement programmes to increase quality, efficiency, flexibility, and ultimately reduce unit cost and increase capability. However, many of these programmes are destined to fail at the outset, either in part or in full, due to a lack of holistic and fundamental understanding of the production system, its constituent processes, raw materials, and the product. In addition to this deficiency in understanding, there is further frustration caused by a lack of tools and methods that support the generation of such understanding. To address this critical gap, a methodology has been created to support the practitioner in investigating a processing system and what are referred to as machine–material interactions (MMIs). These interactions ultimately relate to the function of the processing system, and it is the complete and fundamental understanding of these interactions that is necessary to successfully apply improvement tools and approaches to deliver targeted and sustainable benefits. This article is the second of two parts which together present the development of the MMI methodology, its practical application to a complex industrial case and its relationship to the range of manufacturing improvement tools and methods available, such as total quality management, reliability-centred maintenance, Lean, and Six Sigma. This article presents a practical application of the methodology and describes the various stages of auditing, investigating, and improving MMIs in detail. In addition to presenting the targeted improvements realized in an industrial case study the wider benefits of the methodology and relationship to common improvement programmes are discussed. This article also considers the barriers and challenges for successful application of the MMI methodology.
Current train control optimization methods with a view for application in heavy haul railways
Authors: McClanachan M , Cole C
Published: July 2011

Railway operators are continually increasing the length and weight of heavy haul trains to achieve reduced operating costs and increase network capacity. With longer and heavier trains, it becomes increasingly difficult for human operators to control the train optimally. The three main objectives of train control are minimizing journey time, minimizing energy usage, and minimizing in-train dynamics. This article reviews published train control optimization methods used in passenger, freight, and long heavy haul trains with a view of determining which methods would be best applied to the optimization of heavy haul train control.
A mathematical model to study railway track dynamics for the prediction of vibration levels generated by rail vehicles
Authors: Otero J , Martínez J , de los Santos M A , Cardona S
Published: July 2011

This article presents a mathematical model aimed at predicting wheel–rail contact vibration force arising from wheel profile irregularities. Prediction of vibrations caused by a passing train is a basic factor in environmental impact studies related to planning new railway lines. The prediction model is useful during the development of a project as it facilitates selection of the most suitable track for reducing vibration levels. This article presents the model, analyses the influence of the track base on the vibration-generating mechanisms, and compares the dynamic behaviour of the most widely used urban railway tracks.