bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regenesis: Lawrence and a Re-Evaluation of the Genesis story
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , Moussaoui Roumaissa
Published: July 2018

The sterility of twentieth century society fostered nostalgia for the values of the past and a renewed interest in classical mythology. For D. H. Lawrence (1885 –1930), myth became one of the most important elements in both his fictional and non fictional works. Taking well-known examples, he reinterpreted them as an illustration of his own personal vision. This article is limited to a study of three major fictional works: The Rainbow, Women in Love and The Virgin and The Gypsy and attempts to analyse them in the light of the Genesis myth. It hinges on the hypothesis that Lawrence, by condemning orthodox religious beliefs, formulated his own creation myth: his regenesis. He attempted to expose the false ideals of conventional society, which had for centuries destroyed man’s natural intuition, by a re-examination of the Genesis myth. By using an analytical approach, this article aims to answer several provocative questions. Firstly, how far did Lawrence succeed in undermining conventional authority? Secondly, how successful was he in formulating his philosophy of regenesis? Thirdly, to what extent can this philosophy be seen as an answer to the problems of the age?
How to Deal With Reverse Causality Using Panel Data? Recommendations for Researchers Based on a Simulation Study
Authors: Leszczensky Lars , Wolbring Tobias
Published: July 2018

Does X affect Y? Answering this question is particularly difficult if reverse causality is looming. Many social scientists turn to panel data to address such questions of causal ordering. Yet even in longitudinal analyses reverse causality threatens causal inference based on conventional panel models. Whereas the methodological literature has suggested various alternative solutions, these approaches face many criticisms, chief among them to be sensitive to the correct specification of temporal lags. Applied researchers are thus left with little guidance. Seeking to provide such guidance, we compare how different panel models perform under a range of different conditions. Our Monte Carlo simulations reveal that unlike conventional panel models, a cross-lagged panel model with fixed effects not only offers protection against bias arising from reverse causality under a wide range of conditions but also helps to circumvent the problem of misspecified temporal lags.
Preferences, Constraints, and the Process of Sex Segregation in College Majors: A Choice Analysis
Authors: Ochsenfeld Fabian
Published: July 2018

The persistence of horizontal sex segregation in higher education continues to puzzle social scientists. To help resolve this puzzle, we analyze a sample of college entrants in Germany with a discrete choice design that allows for social learning from the experiences of others. We make at least two contributions to the state of research. First, we test whether essentialist gender stereotypes affect major selection mostly through internalization or rather as external constraints that high school graduates adapt their behavior to. Empirically, we find that internalized vocational interests better explain gendered major choices than conformance with friends’ and parents’ expectations does. Second, we scrutinize whether segregation results from women’s anticipation of gendered family roles or from their anticipation of sex-based discrimination, but we find no evidence for either of these hypotheses. As in most previous studies, differences in mathematics achievement fail to explain gendered patterns of selection into college majors.
Visions of Human Futures in Space and SETI
Authors: Wright Jason T. , Oman-Reagan Michael P.
Published: July 2018

We discuss how visions for the futures of humanity in space and SETI are intertwined, and are shaped by prior work in the fields and by science fiction. This appears in the language used in the fields, and in the sometimes implicit assumptions made in discussions of them. We give examples from articulations of the so-called Fermi Paradox, discussions of the settlement of the Solar System (in the near future) and the Galaxy (in the far future), and METI. We argue that science fiction, especially the campy variety, is a significant contributor to the ‘giggle factor’ that hinders serious discussion and funding for SETI and Solar System settlement projects. We argue that humanity's long-term future in space will be shaped by our short-term visions for who goes there and how. Because of the way they entered the fields, we recommend avoiding the term ‘colony’ and its cognates when discussing the settlement of space, as well as other terms with similar pedigrees. We offer examples of science fiction and other writing that broaden and challenge our visions of human futures in space and SETI. In an appendix, we use an analogy with the well-funded and relatively uncontroversial searches for the dark matter particle to argue that SETI's lack of funding in the national science portfolio is primarily a problem of perception, not inherent merit.Also on arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1708.05318Please cite this version:Wright, Jason T., and Michael P. Oman-Reagan. “Visions of Human Futures in Space and SETI.” International Journal of Astrobiology, 2017, 1–12. doi:10.1017/S1473550417000222.
When populists become popular: Comparing Facebook use by the right-wing movement Pegida and German political parties
Authors: Stier Sebastian , Posch Lisa , Bleier Arnim , Strohmaier Markus
Published: July 2018

Previous research has acknowledged the use of social media in political communication by right-wing populist parties and politicians. Less is known, however, about its pivotal role for right-wing social movements which rely on personalized messages to mobilize supporters and challenge the mainstream party system. This paper analyzes online political communication by the right-wing populist movement Pegida and German political parties. We investigate to which extent parties attract supporters of Pegida, to which extent they address topics similar to Pegida and whether their topic use has become more similar over a period of almost two years. The empirical analysis is based on Facebook posts by main accounts and individual representatives of these political groups. We first show that there are considerable overlaps in the audiences of Pegida and the new challenger in the party system, AfD. Then we use topic models to characterize topic use by party and surveyed crowdworkers to which extent they perceive the identified topics as populist communication. The results show that while Pegida and AfD talk about rather unique topics and smaller parties engage to varying degrees with the topics populists emphasize, the two governing parties CDU and SPD clearly deemphasize those. Overall, the findings indicate that the considerable attention devoted to populist actors and shifts in public opinion due to the refugee crisis have left only moderate marks in political communication within the mainstream party system.
The Measurement of Health Inequalities: Does status matter?
Authors: Costa-Font Joan , Cowell Frank
Published: July 2018

The measurement of health inequalities usually involves either estimating the concentration of health outcomes using an income-based measure of status or applying conventional inequality-measurement tools to a health variable that is non-continuous or, in many cases, categorical. However, these approaches are problematic as they ignore less restrictive approaches to status. The approach in this paper is based on measuring inequality conditional on an individual's position in the distribution of health outcomes: this enables us to deal consistently with categorical data. We examine several status concepts to examine self-assessed health inequality using the sample of world countries contained in the World Health Survey. We also perform correlation and regression analysis on the determinants of inequality estimates assuming an arbitrary cardinalisation. Our findings indicate major heterogeneity in health inequality estimates depending on the status approach, distributional-sensitivity parameter and measure adopted. We find evidence that pure health inequalities vary with median health status alongside measures of government quality.
Copyright Trolling, An Empirical Study, 100 Iowa Law Review 1105-1146 (2015)
Authors: Sag Matthew
Published: July 2018

This empirical and doctrinal study of copyright trolling presents new datashowing the astonishing rate of growth of multi-defendant John Doelitigation in United States district courts over the past decade. It alsopresents new evidence of the association between this form of litigationand allegations of infringement concerning pornographic films.Multi-defendant John Doe lawsuits have become the most common form ofcopyright litigation in several U.S. districts, and in districts such asthe Northern District of Illinois, copyright litigation involvingpornography accounts for more than half of new cases.This Article highlights a fundamental oversight in the literature oncopyright trolls. Paralleling discussions in patent law, scholarsaddressing the troll issue in copyright have applied status-baseddefinitions to determine who is, and is not, a troll. This Article arguesthat the definition should be conduct-based. Multi-defendant John Doelitigation should be considered copyright trolling whenever it is motivatedby a desire to turn litigation into an independent revenue stream. Suchlitigation, when initiated with the aim of turning a profit in thecourthouse as opposed to seeking compensation or deterring illegalactivity, reflects a kind of systematic opportunism that fits squarelywithin the concept of litigation trolling. This Article shows that existingstatus-based definitions of copyright trolls do not account for what is nowarguably the most prevalent form of trolling.In addition to these empirical and theoretical contributions, this Articleshows how statutory damages and permissive joinder make multi-defendantJohn Doe litigation possible and why allegations of infringement concerningpornographic films are particularly well-suited to this model.
How flexible are careers in the anticipated life courses of young people
Authors: McDonald Paula
Published: July 2018

Bridging literature which addresses the work-family interface and the changing nature of careers, this study examines, from a life course perspective, the extent to which, and why, young people anticipate careers as ‘flexible’. Drawing on 123 interviews with men and women engaged in different post-secondary education pathways in Australia, the study draws attention to the role of gender and to some extent class in shaping careers in a network of social relations. Three dimensions of flexible careers are examined: temporal, that is, through imagined possibilities in various stages of early adulthood; structural, including opportunities and constraints afforded by different industry sectors and workplaces; and relational, in terms of household-level role negotiations. The findings revealed that women continue to adapt their career goals to accommodate care, but that both men’s and women’s careers are shaped by contingencies including household income, home ownership, access to flexible work and ideological expectations of market/family work roles. These contextual dynamics directly impact on decisions in the present. The study underscores the need for an expanded research focus on work and care from a life course perspective in order to promote career flexibility in ways that align with young people’s broader aspirations for gender equality.
The Geography of a rapid rise in mortality in England and Wales, 2014-15
Authors: Green Mark Alan
Published: July 2018

Since at least the early 1900s almost all affluent nations in the world have continually experienced improvements in human longevity. These were driven by falling mortality rates across all age groups, but initially mostly amongst the young. Using ONS mid-year population and deaths estimates for Local Authorities for England and Wales, we show that these improvements have recently reversed. There have been especially high increases in mortality rates within the elderly, a group which we choose to focus our analyses on. In England and Wales, we estimate that there were 39,074 more deaths in the year to July 2015 as compared to the year to July 2014 (32,208 of these additional deaths were of individuals aged 80+). Exploring changes in mortality rates by 5 year age band and sex, we demonstrate that these increases have been felt everywhere geographically; in poor and affluent areas, in rural and urban areas. We explore some possible explanations for the increases and find that few individual factors on their own appear able to explain the patterns we observe. The implications of our findings are profound given what has come before them, combined with the current political climate of austerity. The size, scale and lack of spatial pattern in these changes in 2015 (particularly in comparison to previous years) suggests that something wider is occurring at the population level than simply a one-off event. Are the elderly today merely the 'canaries in a coal mine'?
The Present Progressive: A Difficult Aspect to Learn, Evidence from the Moroccan EFL Classroom
Authors: Journal Arab World English , ZHIRI Younes
Published: July 2018

The present progressive is one of the structures that create immense problems to foreign learners of English in general and Moroccan ones in particular. These learners fail to use this aspect appropriately in discourse due to a difficulty in internalising its real meaning. Our survey shows that these English as a foreign language (EFL) learners associate the present progressive with only one context of use- the one referring to actions/ events happening around NOW or at the moment of speaking. Students generally fail to go beyond this focal meaning. They tend to ignore the other contexts where the present progressive can be used. Along with this complexity/ plurality of meaning, the problem could be attributed to some deficiencies in the learning and the teaching enterprises as well. This paper draws both students’ and practitioners’ attention to a number of facts related to the learning/ teaching of this aspect. The study provides a detailed description of the different functions/ uses of the present progressive with examples. Moreover, it highlights the situations / contexts that are more problematic to students on the basis of our test’s results. Most importantly, the findings show that the conventional traditional grammar course has many limitations. Therefore, there is an urgent need for an alternative course or method of teaching that is capable of helping students become more proficient in the use of tense and aspect in general.
Privacy after the Agile Turn
Authors: Gurses Seda , van Hoboken Joris Vredy Jan
Published: July 2018

Moving beyond algorithms and big data as starting points for discussions about privacy, the authors of Privacy After the Agile Turn focus our attention on the new modes of production of information systems. Specifically, they look at three shifts that have transformed most of the software industry: software is now delivered as services, software and hardware have moved into the cloud and software’s development is ever more agile. These shifts have altered the conditions for privacy governance, and rendered the typical mental models underlying regulatory frameworks for information systems out-of-date. After 'the agile turn', modularity in production processes creates new challenges for allocating regulatory responsibility. Privacy implications of software are harder to address due to the dynamic nature of services and feature development, which undercuts extant privacy regulation that assumes a clear beginning and end of production processes. And the data-driven nature of services, beyond the prospect of monetization, has become part of software development itself. With their focus on production, the authors manage to place known challenges to privacy in a new light and create new avenues for privacy research and practice.
Effect of Bilingualism on the Development of Cognitive Processes among Children
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Alshahrani Abdulaziz
Published: July 2018

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the contentions and evidence supporting two divergent views about the existence of advantages offered by bilingualism. It also considered whether a definite conclusion was possible. A qualitative research methodology using the published evidence was adopted. The published evidence supporting or rejecting the advantages of bilingualism was collected using search terms in the Google Scholar search engine. A total number of 64 papers were collected, among which only five challenged the claimed advantages enjoyed by bilingual individuals. The papers were classified by their orientation and discussed. Based on the points derived from the evaluation of evidence, some conclusions were drawn. The overwhelming research support in favour of the existence of supposed bilingual advantage tends to suggest a conclusion in favour of that hypothesis. However, the points raised by critics, such as small sample sizes, inadequate matching of other variables, as well as defective measurements and analysis cannot be ignored as they question the very validity of the studies which support bilingual advantage. Future research needs to pay more attention to these aspects.
Machine Translation Quality of Khalil Gibran’s The Prophet
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , Almahasees Zakaryia Mustafa
Published: July 2018

Machine translation (MT) systems are widely used throughout the world freely or at low cost. The spread of MT entails a thorough analysis of translation produced by such translation systems. The present study evaluates the capacity of two MT systems-Google Translate and Microsoft Bing translator- in translation from Arabic into English of Khalil Gibran’s literary masterpiece - The Prophet (2000). The question that arises in the study is could we trust MT in the translation of literary masterpieces across languages and particularly from Arabic to English? How close does MT output to human translation? To conduct that, the study is adopted Bilingual Evaluation Understudy (BLEU) of Papineni (2000). MT output analysis showed that MT is not accurate, intelligible and natural in translating literary texts due to the difficulty of literary texts, as they are full of metaphors and cultural specifications. Besides, there are some linguistic errors: lexical, syntactic and misinformation. The study also found that both systems provided similar translation for the same input due to either the use of similar MT approach or learning from previous translated texts. Moreover, both systems in some instances, achieve good results at the word level, but bad results at collocation units. The study also showed that automatic translation is insufficient for providing a full analysis of MT output because all automatic metrics are misleading due to dependence on text similarity to a reference human translation. For future research, the study recommended conducting a correlative study that combines manual and automatic evaluation methods to ensure best analysis of MT output. Machine Translation (MT) is still far from reaching fully automatic translation of a quality obtained by human translators.
Towards a Zero Tolerance on Gender Bias in the Moroccan EFL Textbooks: Innovation or Deterioration?
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Karima Mechouat
Published: July 2018

Gender discriminatory discourses and practices have been a worldwide concern. The present paper addresses a major feature of gender depiction in the Moroccan English as a Foreign Language (EFL) textbooks officially approved by the Ministry of Education and compulsory for high school students. Adopting a feminist theoretical approach, the study has quantitatively and qualitatively processed the gendered dialogues along with the related illustrations embedded in four EFL Moroccan textbooks, in addition to the gender roles assumed throughout different contexts (occupational/family roles, interests, activities). The textbooks were selected on the basis of their common themes and the different publication dates, starting from 1990 to 2005. The main aim is to see whether the English textbook designers adopt a gender-based approach as a preliminary initiative for pedagogical innovation, or they implicitly and explicitly use them to disseminate discriminatory discourses. The study reveals that women’s positive representation is persistently deteriorated in the Moroccan EFL textbooks. This stands against all steps towards pedagogical innovation and reinforces the traditional gender ideology. It suggests the urgent need for more pedagogical improvement at the level of gender representation in the Moroccan EFL textbooks. More importantly, is the need for all teacher training centres to prepare new teacher generations ready to use sexist texts constructively. The results’ implication is instrumental to the learning materials’ revision. It is also useful for all English language practitioners, textbook designers, and pedagogical experts addressing the challenge of adopting a gender-based approach as a way to open all avenues for pedagogical innovation.
Second Language Learning and the Clash of Civilizations
Authors: Journal Arab World English , harthi Salwa Al
Published: July 2018

This researchinvestigates the relationship amongsecond language learning, identity, culture, and motivation in Saudi Arabia (SA). SA’s education system concentrates on teaching, while identity and social aspects have only been given little attention. The researcher seeks to redress this balance by exploring the impact of pupils’ negative views toward the linguistic communities and of themselves as Muslim pupils. It aims to investigate how negative views toward the English language speaking communities could affect or demotivate Arab Muslim female learners to learn the language. The researcher supports the arguments using a qualitative approach and data drawn from pupils’ focus group interviews and one-to-one teachers’ interviews. The current study involves 132 second-year pupils from a secondary public school in Taif city, in SA and three Saudi English language teachers.The findings indicate the impact of various social factors relevant to the Saudi identity and culture on pupils’ English as a second language (ESL) learning in the Saudi context. Participants’ beliefs and practices of ESL appear to be influenced by certain negative views towardthe English- speaking communities.Finally, the study recommends extending the setting of the sample for future study to include more than one city in order to compare cultural and social attributes that impact ESL, ascultures and identities vary from one area to another in SA.
'It's Reducing a Human Being to a Percentage'; Perceptions of Justice in Algorithmic Decisions
Authors: Binns Reuben , Van Kleek Max , Veale Michael , Lyngs Ulrik , Zhao Jun , Shadbolt Nigel
Published: July 2018

Cite as:Reuben Binns, Max Van Kleek, Michael Veale, Ulrik Lyngs, Jun Zhao and Nigel Shadbolt (2018) 'It's Reducing a Human Being to a Percentage'; Perceptions of Justice in Algorithmic Decisions. ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'18), April 21–26, Montreal, Canada. doi: 10.1145/3173574.3173951Data-driven decision-making consequential to individuals raises important questions of accountability and justice. Indeed, European law provides individuals limited rights to 'meaningful information about the logic' behind significant, autonomous decisions such as loan approvals, insurance quotes, and CV filtering. We undertake three experimental studies examining people's perceptions of justice in algorithmic decision-making under different scenarios and explanation styles. Dimensions of justice previously observed in response to human decision-making appear similarly engaged in response to algorithmic decisions. Qualitative analysis identified several concerns and heuristics involved in justice perceptions including arbitrariness, generalisation, and (in)dignity. Quantitative analysis indicates that explanation styles primarily matter to justice perceptions only when subjects are exposed to multiple different styles---under repeated exposure of one style, scenario effects obscure any explanation effects. Our results suggests there may be no 'best' approach to explaining algorithmic decisions, and that reflection on their automated nature both implicates and mitigates justice dimensions.
Synergizing Geoweb and Digital Humanitarian Research
Authors: Burns Ryan
Published: July 2018

"Digital humanitarianism" is a new socio-technical development which incorporates social media, crowdsourcing, and Big Data into humanitarianism and emergency management. Digital humanitarianism melds together these new technologies with new institutional practices and relationships, drawing on the labor and knowledge of laypeople from across the world. This reconfiguration of data, labor, and technology raises pressing new questions for scholars interested in social and political implications of spatial technologies. Although digital humanitarianism explicitly uses spatial technologies to bridge disparate geographies, to date, very little work has clarified the theoretical frameworks from which geographers can draw to position it in relation to GIScience and the geoweb. In this chapter I argue that geographers are uniquely well-positioned to contribute theoretical insights into digital humanitarianism. I identify three theoretical frameworks that geographers can engage in order to draw resonances and linkages between digital humanitarianism and broader debates in GIScience and the geoweb. Specifically, first I show that particular attention should be paid to the spatialities of digital humanitarianism - who produces what kinds of data in what kinds of places? Second, I argue that the use of Big Data in digital humanitarianism reconfigures relations between humanitarianism and the private, for-profit sector. This goes hand-in-hand with the reconceptualization of data as aid in crisis zones. Third, I suggest insights from spatial technology research can illuminate the new struggles over knowledge collection and representation in digital humanitarian systems. These three areas all have strong linkages with extant GIScience and geoweb research, and can expand our understanding of digital humanitarianism as a social and technical phenomenon.
Patterns of information – clustering books and readers in open access libraries
Authors: Snijder Ronald
Published: July 2018

Open access libraries operate in a continuum between two distinct organisation models: online retailers versus ‘traditional’ libraries. Online retailers such as Amazon.com are successful in recom-mending additional items that match the specific needs of their customers. The success rate of the recommendation depends on knowledge of the individual customer: more knowledge about persons leads to better suggestions. Thus, to optimally profit from the retailers’ offerings, the client must be prepared to share personal information, leading to the question of privacy.In contrast, protection of privacy is a core value for libraries. The question is how open access librar-ies can offer comparable services while retaining the readers’ privacy. A possible solution can be found in analysing the preferences of groups of like-minded people: communities. According to Lynch (2002), digital libraries are bad at identifying or predicting the communities that will use their collections. It is however our intention to explore the possibility to uncover sets of documents with a meaningful connection for groups of readers – the communities. The solution depends on examining patterns of usage, instead of storing information about individual readers. This paper will investigate the possibility to uncover the preferences of user groups within an open access digital library using social networking analysis techniques.
Birds of a Feather Succeed Together? Racial Residential Segregation and Educational Attainment
Authors: Sternberg Keara
Published: July 2018

Is racial residential segregation or integration a stronger predictor of educational attainment? Does the racialized direction of this relationship matter? Drawing from Wilson’s (1987) social isolation theory and Massey and Denton’s (1993) theory of racial segregation and poor neighborhood formation, I propose that 1) greater residential racial homogeneity and 2) greater white residential segregation will increase average educational attainment at the county level. I analyze data from the 2016 County Health Rankings and Roadmaps along with the 5-year 2011-2015 American Community Survey, both of which yield a total population size of 3,141 counties. The study reveals that the impact of residential segregation on academic achievement is indeed racialized: white residential segregation most strongly affects county percent high school graduation. General residential segregation, however, is positively and significantly related to high school and graduate/PhD degree level completion. Nevertheless, median household income and county rurality are consistently the strongest predictors of high school and graduate/PhD completion across four regression models. While these results confirm both hypotheses, they highlight the strength of alternative explanations for educational gaps in the United States—gaps that may be more directly tied to social capital and rurality. The findings suggest that policies intending to alleviate disparities in educational attainment cannot center segregation alone, they must also offer a broader solution to social isolation and resource deprivation patterns by targeting counties with lower median household incomes and greater rurality.
Landfills as anthropogenic landforms in urban environment from Neamţ county
Authors: MIHAI Florin Constantin
Published: July 2018

Landfills are the most common and easiest methods to dispose the municipalwaste in Romania and still prevails in current waste management options.This type of critical infrastructure was designed to dispose urban wastegenerated over years or even decades and ultimately led to creating newlandforms in the urban landscape. On the other hand, these sites are majorsources of complex pollution unfulfilling EU regulations, being scheduledto be closed. This paper aims to analyze landfills as anthropogeniclandforms by applying GIS techniques emphasizing them in a geographicalcontext and not only in situ. The location of these sites usually onalluvial plains of rivers leading to positive landforms that may changehydrogeomorphology dynamics or to be exposed to the floods. The other side,their location in hilly or mountainous regions increase vulnerability toother geomorphological process (gully erosion, landslide). Also, theextension of human settlements and land use is influenced by the presenceof such a site either it is closed. The implications of these landforms arevaried and must belinked to geographical realities from around. Thus, the mapping of theseanthropogenic landforms contribute to a better understanding of thesystemic interactions from the local environment. This approach may be animportant tool for EIA studies, in the process of rehabilitation,post-monitoring andreintegration of these landfills.
How Our Neighborhoods Lost Food, and How They Can Get It Back
Authors: Boeing Geoff
Published: July 2018

Does food matter in neighborhood planning and design? Should it matter? The answer is yes, but decades of planning policy and practice seem to suggest otherwise. There are many proven benefits of healthy, accessible, affordable and sustainable food. Proper nourishment has been linked to better classroom performance. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention argue that walkable access to healthy food can reduce America’s growing obesity and diabetes epidemics. Locally-sourced food reinforces better dietary habits as consumers connect with the value chain and perceive eating as a more natural process.
Proclus' Doctrine of Participation in Maximus the Confessor's Centuries of Theology I.48–50
Authors: Greig Jonathan
Published: July 2018

In the Centuries of Theology 1.48–50, Maximus the Confessor states that there are two kinds of works that belong to God: one which corresponds to beings having a temporal, finite beginning, and one which corresponds to perfections of beings which have no beginning and are therefore eternal. Maximus labels the latter as participated beings (ὄντα μεθεκτά) and the former as participating beings (ὄντα μετέχοντα), with God transcending both as their cause. The structure of God-as-cause, participated beings, and participating beings matches Proclus’ three-fold structure of participation with the ontological cate- gories of unparticipated, participated, and participating. While Maximus borrows the basic language and structure from Proclus, he makes certain minor but significant differences, particularly in how the participated beings both relate to their source in God and in their status of existence. This article thus sets out to analyze 1.48–50 in the general context of the Centuries of Theology, considering how Maximus conceives of the ontological distinctions between God and God’s works. A comparison with Proclus’ understanding of participation follows, particularly from Proclus’ Elements of Theology, Prop. 23, which succinctly states the three-term distinction of participation. The resulting comparison shows that Proclus’ framework of participation is flattened for Maximus, where the participated works represent multiple properties distinct in kind from the unparticipated, while God fits analogously in the status of the unparticipated. The underlying ontology supports Maximus’ implicit denial that such participated entities represent distinct divinities, as they do for Proclus, while Maximus’ assertion of God’s transcendence is still secured with the ontological distinction between the participated works and their unparticipated cause.[This is a revised draft of an earlier version of the paper which was recently accepted for publication. In this version I have some stylistic cleanups, but substantially the content is the same. Comments/feedback are welcome.]
A Geography of Participation in IT-Mediated Crowds
Authors: Prpić John
Published: July 2018

In this work we seek to understand how differences in location affect participation outcomes in IT-mediated crowds. To do so, we operationalize Crowd Capital Theory with data from a popular international creative crowdsourcing site, to determine whether regional differences exist in crowdsourcing participation outcomes. We present the early results of our investigation from data encompassing 1,858,202 observations from 28,214 crowd members on 94 different projects in 2012. Using probit regressions to isolate geographic effects by continental region, we find significant variation across regions in crowdsourcing participation. In doing so, we contribute to the literature by illustrating that geography matters in respect to crowd participation. Further, our work illustrates an initial validation of Crowd Capital Theory as a useful theoretical model to guide empirical inquiry in the fast growing domain of IT-mediated crowds.Prpić, J., Shukla, P., Roth, Y., & Lemoine, J.F. (2015). A Geography of Participation in IT-Mediated Crowds. Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences #48. January 2015, Kauai, Hawaii, USA. IEEE Computer Society Press.
Estimating the Impact of the Hajj: Religion and Tolerance in Islam's Global Gathering
Authors: Clingingsmith David , Khwaja Asim Ijaz , Kremer Michael
Published: July 2018

We estimate the impact on pilgrims of performing the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. Our method compares successful and unsuccessful applicants in a lottery used by Pakistan to allocate Hajj visas. Pilgrim accounts stress that the Hajj leads to a feeling of unity with fellow Muslims, but outsiders have sometimes feared that this could be accompanied by antipathy toward non-Muslims. We find that participation in the Hajj increases observance of global Islamic practices, such as prayer and fasting, while decreasing participation in localized practices and beliefs, such as the use of amulets and dowry. It increases belief in equality and harmony among ethnic groups and Islamic sects and leads to more favorable attitudes toward women, including greater acceptance of female education and employment. Increased unity within the Islamic world is not accompanied by antipathy toward non-Muslims. Instead, Hajjis show increased belief in peace, and in equality and harmony among adherents of different religions. The evidence suggests that these changes are likely due to exposure and interaction with Hajjis from around the world, rather than a changed social role of pilgrims upon return.
The Idea Innovation Network and Research Arenas: The Brazilian Case of the INCT INDI-Saúde
Authors: Bonfim Leandro R. C. , Gonçalves Sandro A. , Segatto Andréa Paula
Published: July 2018

The aim of this article was to study how a successful innovative network on molecular diagnosis for public health in Brazil, emerged as an idea innovation network with six functional research arenas. We adopted a qualitative case study with in-depth interviews and documentary data. We found that the idea innovation network model was predictive of innovation and technological development, presenting connectedness within and between arenas. We extended the model by finding that the structure of relationship within arenas are not the same as of between arenas, with the former being composed of stronger ties and closer networks, while the latter was formed by sparser networks of relationships, connected through structural holes. We also contributed by showing that the functional research arenas of an idea innovation network may not be equally developed, as we found three stages of development of the research areas: consolidated, advanced development stage, and preliminary development stage.
Covering the Campaign: Computational Tools for Measuring Differences in Candidate and Party News Coverage with Application to an Emerging Democracy
Authors: Erlich Aaron , Jung Danielle F. , Long James D.
Published: July 2018

How does media coverage of electoral campaigns distinguish parties and candidates in emerging democracies? To answer, we present a multi-step procedure that we apply in South Africa. First, we develop a theoretically-informed classification of election coverage as either ''narrow'' or ''broad'' from within the entire corpus of news coverage during an electoral campaign. Second, to deploy our classification scheme, we use a supervised machine learning approach to classify news as "broad," "narrow," or "not election related." Finally, we combine our supervised classification with a topic-modeling algorithm (BERTTopic) that is based on Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), in addition to other statistical and machine learning methods. The combination of our classification scheme, BERTTopic, and associated methods allows us to identify the main election-related themes among broad and narrow election-related coverage, and how different candidates and parties are associated with these themes. We provide an in-depth discussion of our method for interested users in the social sciences. We then apply our proposed techniques on text from nearly 100,000 news articles during South Africa's 2014 campaign and test our empirical predictions about candidate and party coverage of corruption, the economy, health, public infrastructure, and security. The application of our method highlights a nuanced campaign environment in South Africa; candidates and parties frequently receive distinct and substantive coverage on key campaign themes
Patent Holdup and Royalty Stacking
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

We study several interconnected problems that arise under the current U.S.patent system when a patent covers one component or feature of a complexproduct, This situation is common in the information technology sector ofthe economy. First, we show using bargaining theory that the threat toobtain a permanent injunction greatly enhances the patent holder'snegotiating power, leading to royalty rates that exceed a natural benchmarklevel based on the value of the patented technology and the strength of thepatent. Such royalty overcharges are especially great for weak patentscovering a minor feature of a product with a sizable price/cost margin.These royalty overcharges do not disappear even if the allegedly infringingfirm is fully aware of the patent when it initially designs its product.However, the holdup problems caused by the threat of injunctions arereduced if courts regularly grant stays to permanent injunctions to givedefendants time to redesign their products to avoid infringement when thisis possible. Second, we show how holdup problems are magnified in thepresence of royalty stacking, i.e., when multiple patents read on a singleproduct. Third, using third-generation cellular telephones and Wi-Fi asleading examples, we illustrate that royalty stacking has become a veryserious problem, especially in the standard-setting context where hundredsor even thousands of patents can read on a single product standard. Fourth,we discuss the use of reasonable royalties to award damages in patentinfringement cases. We report empirical results regarding the measurementof reasonable royalties by the courts and identify various practicalproblems that tend to lead courts to over-estimate reasonable royalties inthe presence of royalty stacking. Finally, we make suggestions for patentreform based on our theoretical and empirical findings.
Copying in Patent Law
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

Patent law is virtually alone in intellectual property (IP) in punishingindependent development. To infringe a copyright or trade secret,defendants must copy the protected IP from the plaintiff, directly orindirectly. But patent infringement requires only that the defendant'sproduct falls within the scope of the patent claims. Not only doesn't thedefendant need to intend to infringe, but the defendant may be entirelyunaware of the patent or the patentee and still face liability.Nonetheless, copying does play a role in some subsidiary patent doctrines.For example, the question of whether patent damages should be set in orderto deter infringement depends critically on whether infringers are in factaware they are infringing, or at least that they are using the plaintiff'stechnology. Copying - or at least intent to infringe - is also an elementof claims for indirect infringement. The definition of "willfulinfringement" also turns on the question of culpability, at least in thepopular understanding of that term. More significantly, the rhetoric ofpatent law (and of IP law more generally) often seems to presuppose thatdefendants in patent cases are in fact engaged in copying. Similarly, theoutcome of public policy debates over patent reform may well turn on theperception of patent infringers as either bad actors or as innocentbusinesspeople who accidentally ran afoul of a patent.Unfortunately, no one seems to know whether patent infringement defendantsare in fact unscrupulous copyists or independent developers. In this paper,we seek to answer that question. Because copying is not an element of anypatent cause of action, courts do not normally make explicit findings as towhether defendants have copied. Instead, we turn to a variety of proxies totry to identify the subset of cases in which copying is alleged or proven.We look both at the allegations made in a random sample of complaints andat the treatment of copying in recent reported decisions. We find that asurprisingly small percentage of patent cases involve even allegations ofcopying, much less proof of copying. Copying in patent law seems to be theexception, not the rule.
Spectrum Reform: Too Much is Not Enough
Authors: Horvitz Robert
Published: July 2018

Abstract:Presented at Spectrum Reform in the UK: Has all the thinking now beendone? A workshop at the London School of Economics, organised by theWarwick School of Business' Centre for Management under Regulation (6July 2007). Describes issues in radio spectrum management policy whichneed further thought, and comments on the significance of Ofcom'sLicence Exempt Framework Review.
Bad for Party Discipline: Why Unions Attacked the Single Transferable Vote in Cincinnati
Authors: Santucci Jack
Published: July 2018

This paper documents conditions leading to the repeal of proportional representation in Cincinnati, which used the open-endorsement single transferable vote from 1925-57. I find that national AFL-CIO officials convened local Steelworkers to support the referendum. They did this because labor lost its privileged place in council decision-making, which it had gained in the late 1930s. The proximate cause was an independent Republican's refusal to vote with the rest of her caucus on labor legislation. By reconstructing coalitions in the Cincinnati council, 1925-57, I can organize otherwise dissonant facts -- such as the participation of racially liberal CIO leaders in an overtly racist campaign to change the voting system.
Do Patents Have Gender?
Authors: Burk Dan
Published: July 2018

Patent law offers a set of exclusive rights to innovators, awarding such rights for inventions that meet certain statutory criteria. The statutory requirements for invention incorporate purportedly objective criteria against which new technologies are measured for patent eligibility. For example, inventions are assessed from the perspective of the fictional “person having ordinary skill in the art” (PHOSITA) for compliance with the statutory requirements of obviousness, enablement, and written description.Feminist scholarship has previously questioned representations of objectivity, as purportedly neutral criteria may be oriented toward a rational, masculine default that is in fact anything but neutral. Previous scholarship has disclosed such bias in fields including both the legal and scientific standards that intersect in the patent statute. These analytical tools may yield similar insights when applied to patents. In particular, feminist insights regarding situated knowledge may prove to be helpful in understanding the inherent assumptions of the patent system, as well as the effects of such assumptions.
Escribiendo tus Recuerdos en el Pizarrón Un análisis respecto a la caracterización de profesores y asignaturas durante la etapa escolar en Chile
Authors: Pozo Génesis
Published: July 2018

ResumenEn la presente investigación se busca conocer los recuerdos, opiniones y vivencias de diferentespersonas durante su etapa escolar. La metodología utilizada fue una encuesta online realizada pormedio de Google Formularios, la cual fue difundida principalmente por redes sociales. Los principaleselementos que constituyen el análisis son las asignaturas nombradas, la caracterización de una claseideal, las características positivas y negativas que se le atribuyen a los profesores y profesoras, elrecuento de recuerdos positivos y negativos de la etapa escolar y finalmente, los problemas que sepresentan en el contexto escolar.Palabras clave: características, profesores, asignaturas, colegio, clase ideal.AbstractThe present research seeks to know the memories, opinions and experiences of different people duringtheir school stage. The methodology used was an online survey conducted through Google Forms, whichwas disseminated mainly by social networks. The main elements that constitute the analysis are thenamed subjects, the characterization of an ideal class, the positive and negative characteristicsattributed to the teachers, the recounting of positive and negative memories of the school stage and,finally, the problems that are presented in the school context.Key words: characteristics, teachers, subjects, school, ideal class.