bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unresolved Issues in the Dimensionality of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Authors: Harvey Robert J. , Murry William D. , Stamoulis Dean T.
Published: March 2007

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) has achieved widespread use in organizational settings, despite the fact that research on its dimensionality has been scarce and that some studies have questioned the validity of its four-factor scoring system. Confirmatory factor analyses of 94 MBTI items (N = 1,091) were performed, the results of which provided qualified support for the four-factor model; the qualifications arose from the fact that model-fit indexes for even the best-fitting models were considerably below their maximum desirable values. In an attempt to identify areas in which model fit could be improved, exploratory factor analyses were also conducted; these analyses strongly supported a four-factor view of the MBTI and indicated several additional factor loadings that could be freed to improve model fit.
Computing Many-One Comparisons among Independent Sample Proportions with the SAS System
Authors: LeBlanc William G. , Williams Richard H.
Published: March 2007

Levy extended Dunnett's procedure for multiple comparisons to include contrasts defined on proportions, variances, and product-moment correlations. In the present article, an SAS program that uses Levy's method for conducting many-one pairwise comparisons among proportions associated with k independent samples is described. An example from Introduction to Design and Analysis by Keppel, Saufley, and Togunaga was used to illustrate the final analysis of a computer run conducted with this program.
Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory with Eating Disorder Patients
Authors: Pulos Steven
Published: March 2007

Due to the potential overlap of symptoms in depression and eating disorders, depression inventories may yield misleading results when used with patients with eating disorders. To investigate whether the factor structure of Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was consistent with a measure of depression in patients with eating disorders, a principle factor analysis was conducted. The results suggest that a single factor was present, wit hall items being correlated with the factor. Consequently, the BDI appears to be an adequate measure of depression in patients with an eating disorder.
Factor Analytic Evidence for the Construct Validity of Scores: A Historical Overview and Some Guidelines
Authors: Thompson Bruce , Daniel Larry G.
Published: March 2007

Expectations for reporting factor analysis results as part of construct validation are explored in the context of emerging views of measurement validity. Desired practices are discussed regarding both exploratory factor analysis (e.g., principal components analysis) and confirmatory factor analysis (e.g., LISREL and EQS factor analyses). A short computer program for conducting parallel analysis is appended.
Practical Significance: A Concept Whose Time Has Come
Authors: Kirk Roger E.
Published: March 2007

Statistical significance is concerned with whether a research result is due to chance or sampling variability; practical significance is concerned with whether the result is useful in the real world. A growing awareness of the limitations of null hypothesis significance tests has led to a search for ways to supplement these procedures. A variety of supplementary measures of effect magnitude have been proposed. The use of these procedures in four APA journals is examined, and an approach to assessing the practical significance of data is described.
Identification of Nonuniform Differential Item Functioning: A Comparison of Mantel-Haenszel and Item Response Theory Analysis Procedures
Authors: Marañón Pedro Prieto , Garcia M. Isabel Barbero , Costas Concepcion San Luis
Published: March 2007

Although practical and one of the most popular methods, the Mantel-Haenszel (MH) procedure was not initially designated for detecting nonuniform differential item functioning (DIF). To improve detection rates for items showing nonuniform DIF, a modification of the standard MH procedure has been proposed by breaking the full sample at approximately the middle of the test score distribution and then rerunning the MH procedure on each subsample separately. The purpose of the present study was to compare this MH variation to a residual procedure based on item response theory analysis to test its capacity for the detection of nonuniform DIF. Different sets of examinee responses were generated to simulate both uniform and nonuniform DIF. Results from this study suggest that although the MH procedure may be effective for detecting nonuniform DIF, and although this capacity may be increased with a simple modification to the MH standard procedure, the residual analysis procedure achieves a higher detection rate with both uniform and nonuniform DIF.
Notes on the Psychological Basis of Environmental Design
Authors: Cunningham Michael R.
Published: March 2007

An experiment was conducted to determine right-left preferences in apartment floor plans. Subjects presented mirror image pairs of floor plans demonstrated a strong tendency to select those floor plans with the living room in the far right, rather than the far left, corner. A theoretical interpretation and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Eye Contact with Strangers in City, Suburb, and Small Town
Authors: Newman Joseph , McCauley Clark
Published: March 2007

Eye contact with a stranger was relatively rare in center-city Philadelphia, more common in a Philadelphia suburb, and very common in a small rural Pennsylvania town. Speaking to a stranger occurred only if eye contact occurred and was rare in city and suburb but more common in the small town. These results suggest that social interaction in the city is an adaptation to overload of interpersonal contacts, rather than an expression of social pathology.
Human Aspects of Planning Shopping Centers
Authors: Patricios N. N.
Published: March 2007

After a brief outline of the macro- and micro-model approaches to shopping, a perception and spatial behavior model is selected as a framework for the research study. The study aims to identify the variables constituting the mental image of a consumer's shopping environment and which of these variables are considered important in spatial choice. Statistically significant differences in the preferences of shoppers are found based on the type of township the shopper lives in, the purpose of the shopping trip, and the shopper's income group. Patterns of variation on consumer attitudes as to the perceived importance of various attributes are also established. The implications of the findings for the planning of shopping centers include the noting of the complexity of consumers' images of their shopping environment, and the relatively small part that variables which can be manipulated by planners play in consumer spatial choice.
Home Environments and Family Lifestyles in California
Authors: Weisner Thomas S. , Weibel Joan C.
Published: March 2007

The first section of this article describes the quality of the home environment of some 200 families and identifies 4 dimensions useful in characterizing home environments. The second section relates these home environment descriptors to a series of antecedent factors likely to influence the organization and quality of the home environment. Data are presented for each set of antecedent factors separately, and combined in a series of regression analyses. Results indicate that each antecedent factor has some effect, but that values and cultural/lifestyle choices, rather than material conditions, are the strongest predictors of home environment differences.
Crowding in a National Park Campground
Authors: Womble Peter , Studebaker Stacy
Published: March 2007

There is a belief among managers of recreational areas that as the number of visitors increases, visitors will begin to feel crowded, and consequently their enjoyment will diminish. This belief was examined in a study of campground users at the Katmai National Monument in Alaska. It was learned that the relationship between crowding and density was mediated by personal factors (i.e., preference and expectation for density) and structural factors (i.e., spatial arrangement of camping parties, social behavior of campers, and the relationship between physical capacity of campground facilities and demand for their use). This means that managers have a variety of options to control whether or not visitors feel crowded, other than rationing policies (i.e., limiting density).
The Public Life of Communities
Authors: Harloff Hans Joachim , Gump Paul V. , Campbell David E.
Published: March 2007

Behavior setting theory was applied to explore the effects of one massive change in the physical environment upon the public environments of six communities in varying proximity to that change. Data taken for six communities well ahead of the establishment of a dam and lake were compared with data obtained soon after their completion. In general, the size and shape of community environments were more affected by change in school law than by the change in nearby geography. Changes in the scope of government settings were apparently created because of the dam and lake, but data did not reveal net increases in business environments.
Mobility and Perceptions of a Hazardous Environment
Authors: Kiecolt K. Jill , Nigg Joanne M.
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the first stage of the mobility decision-making process-the consideration of moving. A social-ecological model has been developed to analyze the relationship between a stated decision to move and the objective hazardousness of one's present location due to the threat of a damaging earthquake. A unique feature of this model is the inclusion of subjective earthquake-related factors in order to determine the extent to which these mediating variables improve the explanation of mobility plans.
Consensus and Contrast Components in Landscape Preference
Authors: Abello Rosa P. , Bernaldez Fernando G. , Galiano Eladio F.
Published: March 2007

Preference ranking and factor analysis of a series of forest landscape pictures (n = 120) using pairwise comparison techniques showed that average preference was satisfactorily explained by the combination of a small number of appraisal characteristics or visual features. However, factor analysis revealed that besides this consensus component there existed a number of preference patterns (contrasting landscape evaluation styles of respondents) that were not correlated with average preference ranking. Such contrast components should be taken into consideration when undertaking complete descriptions of preference structure. These patterns seemed to correspond to moderate differences in individual relative evaluations of appraisive characteristics and arose in the case of preference conflict, when two or more of these characteristics competed. Weak expression of a (normally) dominant characteristic may be challenged by strong expression of (normally) subordinate characteristics. The importance of consensus in relation to contrast may be assessed by adequate variance partition.
Dimensions Ofperson-Window Transactionsin the Hospital Environment
Authors: Verderber Stephen
Published: March 2007

An empirical investigation focused on person-window transactions in the physical medicine and rehabilitation environment. Attributes of windows, view, daylight, and spaces perceived as insufficient in these respects were studied in six hospitals. Preference, environmental documentation, and behaviorsassociated with windows and windowless rooms were the subject of a two-part interview and questionnaire. The respondent group numbered 250 persons. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (MDS) was utilized, yielding an array of 21 cognitive dimensions. From evaluations of 56 photographs that sampled a broad spectrum of spaces ranging from highly windowed to windowless, 8 visual dimensions were identified; and 13 nonvisual dimensions distilled from 89 written response items were identified that addressed degree of satisfaction and associated behaviors. Among the findings, ideal window and view conditions frequently contrasted the actual conditions in one's hospital setting; informative views of urban life and nature beyond the hospital, accessible from one's typical viewing angle and position within the room, were desired; minimally windowed rooms wereequated with architecturally windowless spaces, and window-view substitutes in windowless rooms were distinguished from similar rooms without such compensatory measures. Implications for hospital planning and design are discussed.
What Makes a House a Home?
Authors: Lawrence Roderick J.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the design, the meaning, and the use of home interiors in terms of the reciprocal relations among cultural, sociodemographic, and psychological dimensions and the organization of spaces and activities. Moreover, in order to comprehend the complex nature of these dimensions, it is suggested that they ought to be studied in terms of a dual historical perspective. This approach provides a more comprehensive framework than that presented by many recent publications.
Perceived Crowding in Recreational Settings
Authors: Westover Theresa N.
Published: March 2007

In recent years, considerable attention has been given to issues of human crowding. While some general models have been proposed, this article presents a model of crowding specifically addressing recreation settings and integrating past research on recreational crowding with developing perspectives on park image and social definition. Perceived crowding is demonstrated to be the result of a dynamic process influenced by site image, subjective interpretation of objective reality, and constant reassessment of site conditions' salience to individual goals. This perspective extends past research and demonstrates the utility of an environment-behavior approach in addressing both the theoretical and practical issues of crowding in recreation settings. The model is applicable to a wide range of public settings; implications for future research and application are discussed.
Psychosocial Climate in Correctional Institutions
Authors: Ajdukovic Dean
Published: March 2007

This article presents an attempt to find out whether supplementing the original nine subdimensions of the widely used Correctional Institutions Environment Scale (CIES) with a few additional ones provides any significant new information about institutional climate. Three new subscales containing 39 items were developed. They were named Judiciary System, Socio-spatial Conditions, and Physical Environment Conditions. The instrument was administered to all 398 male residents in both a maximum and a minimum security correctional facility. The factor analysis showed that the new subscales were related to the same general factor as the original ones. The linear stepwise regression indicated that the Physical Environment Conditions and Socio-spatial Conditions subscales were superior to the six original ones in discriminating between the two very different penal institutions. The proposed nine subdimensions of the CIES seem to be neither the only nor the most distinctive attributes of the correctional social climate.
Factors Influencing Household Recycling Behavior
Authors: Oskamp Stuart , Harrington Maura J. , Edwards Todd C. , Sherwood Deborah L. , Okuda Shawn M. , Swanson Deborah C.
Published: March 2007

To investigate factors encouraging or deterring recycling, telephone interviews were used to study recycling behavior, attitudes, and knowledge of 221 randomly selected adults in a suburban city that had begun a citywide curbside recycling program within the past year. Approximately 40% reported participation in the curbside recycling program, and nearly 20% more claimed that their household had been recycling in other ways. Most demographic variables did not predict participation in the curbside recycling program, nor did general environmental attitudes and behaviors, though simple conservation knowledge did. The main significant predictors of curbside recycling were a few demographic variables, attitudes, and behavioral variables that pertained specifically to recycling. As predicted, factor analyses showed that there was no general factor underlying (a) various environmental attitudes and (b) various environmental behaviors, all of which might seem on an a priori basis to be related. Implications of the findings for understanding and promoting curbside recycling are discussed.
The Changing Face of the Environmental Coalition
Authors: Howell Susan E. , Laska Shirley B.
Published: March 2007

This research examines changes in the environmental coalition over the 1980s. During these years, concern over environmental problems has increased. How has the coalition favoring greater environmental protection changed? We use logistic regression to examine changing determinants of support for increased environmental spending. In brief, ideology, party identification, and age become less important as determinants, and education and urban residence become more important. The implications are discussed.
Exploring Teenage Shoplifting Behavior
Authors: Lo Lucia
Published: March 2007

This article examines the geography of teenage shoplifting within a choice and constraint framework. Potential offenders indicated spatial and temporal preferences in committing this crime. They tended to shoplift for small amounts from large stores in the neither too busy nor too quiet hours of the day. Although the tendency to shoplift was not found to be related to socioeconomic or moral values, socialization emphasizing the enjoyment and pursuit of fun and thrill likely affected one's tendency to shoplift. Like shopping preferences, the key in shoplifting behavior was accessibility to opportunity.
Life in an Isolated and Confined Environment
Authors: Carrere Sybil , Evans Gary W.
Published: March 2007

The present study examines design elements that influence the habitability of an isolated and confined environment (ICE) of a research station in Antarctica during an austral winter season. Self-report measures and video records are used to examine the patterns of use of the ICE, the modifications to the habitat by the winter crew, the residents' perceptions of the ICE, and their feedback about design elements that are critical to long-term stays in ICEs. Four basic trends in the data emerged. First, people chose to spend considerable time alone. The ability to regulate the level of social interaction engaged in was a highly valued design element. Second, the physical setting of an ICE must be flexible enough to accommodate a range of work and leisure activities. Rooms at the station that were flexible were preferred by station residents. Third, personalization of the station to reflect both individual's as well as the collective team's identity was prevalent. Finally, evaluation of the station's environmental qualifies remained neutral over the course of the winter.
Developmental and Environmental Psychology
Authors: Yamamoto Takiji , Ishii Shinji
Published: March 2007

Toward exemplifying some relationships between developmental and environmental psychology, the problem of transition and adaptation to junior high school is examined microgenetically. Adaptation to a large junior high school is assessed by use of (a) a psychological distance map (PDM) for People (representing people important to the subject) and (b) a rating scale assessing adaptation prior to and following transition of two groups of students, one from a small and the other from a large elementary school. There was a significant correlation between the number of persons from the new environment mentioned on the PDM and those mentioned on the ratio scale. Although the number of students mentioned on the PDM and those mentioned from the new environment increased, those from the old environment decreased. Further, whereas the number of persons entered on the PDM increased immediately for the students from the large elementary school, the increment was slower for students from the small elementary school. The findings are discussed in terms of a microgenetic developmental viewpoint and the general relationship between developmental and environmental psychology.
Environmental Contamination, Public Hygiene, and Human Health Concerns in the Third World
Authors: Adeola Francis O.
Published: March 2007

Environmental contamination is directly related to high morbidity and mortality rates in the Third World. This paper addresses environmental contamination exacerbated by environmental imperialism and international dumping of hazardous wastes in the Third World, specifically in Nigeria. Environmental hygiene, human health problems, and establishment of the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) and its policy frameworks hitherto are presented. Furthermore, theoretical perspectives and implications for positive environmental change in the Third World are discussed. Using the Health of the Planet Survey (HOPS) that was recently administered to a random sample of Nigerian citizens, and 23 other nations, evidence shows that nonwestern people have environmental values, exhibit environmental concem, and participate in grass roots environmental organizations similar to their westem counterparts. Questions pertaining to the traditional or cultural basis of environmental worldview of nonwestem societes are raised. The policy implication of empirical findings and future research imperatives are suggested.
The Environmental Satisfaction Scale
Authors: Pelletier Luc G. , Legault Louise R. , Tuson Kim M.
Published: March 2007

Satisfaction with environmental conditions and government policies are hypothesized to play an important role in the genesis of proenvironmental behaviors. Given the absence of a scale measuring these constructs, two studies were conducted for the purpose of constructing and vaidating the Environmental Satisfaction Scale (ESS). The ESS consists of two subscales measuring individuals' satisfaction with local environmental conditions and with government policies. In the first study, a prototype of the ESS was constructed, and Its psychometric properties were evaluated. Results supported the factorial structure of the scale and showed satisfactory levels of internal consistency. In the second study, subjects completed the revised ESS, the Motivation Towards the Environment Scale, and various measures of environmental attitudes and behaviors. Results supported the by dimensional factorial structure and construct validity of the scale. Implications for the use of the ESS in future research on the environment are discussed.
Systems of Beliefs and Environmental Conservation Behavior in a Mexican Community
Authors: Obregón-Saudo Francisco J. , Corral-Verdugo Victor
Published: March 2007

Three categories of beliefs related to consumption-refuse practices were studied in a Mexican community. One hundred randomly selected housewives responded to a questionnaire investigating conservation beliefs, materialistic beliefs, and austerity beliefs, as well as self-reports of reuse and recycling practices. In addition, observations of reused/recycled items were conducted throughout the households studied. Structural equation models of the three categories of beliefs predicting self-reported and observed reuse and recycling were specified and tested. Results revealed that self-reports of conservation (reuse/recycling) behavior were best predicted by beliefs, although significant correlations between observations of reuse/recycling and beliefs were also obtained. Austerity beliefs were better predictors of self-reports of reuse, and conservation beliefs were significantly related to observations of this practice. The reported recycling was more related to materialistic and conservation beliefs, whereas the observed recycling was only predicted by materialistic beliefs.
Understanding Constraints and Residential Satisfaction Among Low-Income Single-Parent Families
Authors: Bruin Marilyn J. , Cook Christine C.
Published: March 2007

Housing adjustment models theorize that demographic and personality characteristics of families combine to explain residentfal satisfaction. This article reports the operationalization of several personality characteristics. The Leford Test of Tenant Locus of Control, measures of household planning styles, an index measuring willingness to work to improve residential conditions, an index measuring participation in community activities, measures of expected and of experienced discrimination, and selected demographic characteristics are hypothesized to predict residential satisfaction. Two components of residential satisfaction, housing and neighborhood, are tested in separate regression models. The results suggest that personality characteristics are powerful predictors of housing satisfaction, whereas residental characterstics, feeling safe, and having friends in the neighborhood are powerful predictors of neighborhood satisfaction.
Neighbors, Households, and Front Porches
Authors: Brown Barbara B. , Burton John R. , Sweaney Anne L.
Published: March 2007

New Urbanists believe that front porches, along with narrow streets, back-alley garages, shallow setbacks, and street trees, may promote small town neighborliness of the 1920s. Critics dismiss such design ideas as simply nostalgic yeamings. Social uses of 1920s era and more modem porches were studied to add data to the debate. Although reported porch use has declined over time, porches still provide a leisurely setting for conversing with one's neighbors or simply watching the neighborhood. However, the New Urbanists have underestimated the other positive functions reported by front porch users. Residents enjoy the setting as a place to be alone, with multiple members of the household, or with neighbors. A variety of fond memories are attached to the front porch, even in the modern era with the multiple competitors for free time.
Evaluating the Influence of Fear of Crime as an Environmental Mobility Restrictor on Women's Routine Activities
Authors: Keane Carl
Published: March 2007

Although fear of crime is a topic that has received considerable research interest, less attention has been paid to the behavioral consequences of fear. Conducting secondary data analysis on a national survey of Canadian women, this article examines whether women would frequent certain environments more often, that they currently perceive as unsafe, if they felt safer. The article concludes that fear may be limiting women's movement around their environment, and by reducing fear, lifestyle options should increase.
Psychological Changes in Hundred-Day Remote Antarctic Field Groups
Authors: Wood Joanna , Lugg Desmond J. , Hysong Sylvia J. , Harm Deborah L.
Published: March 2007

Psychological adaptation to extreme environments has been examined from several perspectives. In this study, two Australian teams, each consisting of six male crew members, completed computer-administered questionnaires twice weekly during 100-day traverses around the Lambert Glacier Basin, Antarctica. Only small trends were noted when data were aggregated at the group level, which is consistent with the findings of others. Data were then analyzed using pooled time-series regression. These analyses incorporated personality characteristics, environmental factors, and interpersonal factors as predictors of Group Tensions, Personal Morale, Emotional State, Cognitive Readiness, and the Team’s Work Life. Most of the psychological discomfort and problems that occurred appeared to be within the individual or between individuals. They did not affect all members of the group equally.
The Appeal of Qualitative Methods to Traditional Agenda-Setting Research
Authors: Kwansah-Aidoo Kwamena
Published: March 2007

Agenda-setting research is vigorously pursued within the general field of communication research. Despite this, the agenda-setting model continues to be criticized on methodological grounds. Some of the criticisms arise out of the field's heavy reliance on quantitative methods. This article argues that qualitative methods can be used to counter some of these criticisms. This is done using research on media coverage of the environment in the West African country of Ghana. Environmental issues have featured prominently in research aimed at proving that the media do indeed influence the public agenda. However, even within this subarea of agenda-setting research, there is no agreement on the agenda-setting effects of the media. This study adopted qualitative methods and found that the media indeed influenced the environmental agenda of the public. The qualitative approach helped to avoid some of the criticisms levelled against traditional agenda-setting methodology.
Development Communication for Developing Societies
Authors: Moemeka Andrew A.
Published: March 2007

Helping a people to understand and accept the rationale for changing existing conditions that are considered no longer conducive to their well-being requires the full and active involvement of the people in the planning and execution of the advocated change. Otherwise, the change agent will not understand the people's worldviews, and the people will not have the opportunity to learn. Research and practical field experiences have shown that the neglect of this basic fact has led to the failure of many a well-intentioned development or social change project. The neglect of such a vital aspect of the development process should, in the 21st century, be seen and treated as a thing of the past. This article is an attempt to provide some simple but basic facts about the importance of target group participation and its many advantages in the development process.
Saving Stories
Authors: Fuller Linda K.
Published: March 2007

Beginning with background definitions and descriptions of storytelling, including its history, literature review and functions, this article then discusses the role of storytelling in the work and philosophy of George Gerbner and its extended application(s) for the Cultural Environment Movement (CEM).
Living in the Number 1 Society
Authors: Schiller Herbert I.
Published: March 2007

Attention in recent decades has been paid to the presence and impact of US cultural domination on most of the world. Less observed are the effects of this powerful culture on the people of the USA itself. When examined, the most striking effect is the narrowed and impoverished cultural life of the domestic population.
Myths and Realities in Internet Discourse
Authors: Kole Ellen S.
Published: March 2007

The prevailing Internet discourse generally reveals a simplistic, optimistic view. It presents electronic network technology as an instrument of empowerment, solving many problems of developing countries. This case study demonstrates that women from NGOs in the Netherlands and the South, who used the technology for the 1995 UN World Conference on Women, indeed achieved benefits. However, both the electronic data collection process and the research findings show another side as well. Structural relations and contextual aspects in electronic networking hampered and limited the possibilities to use the technology for empowerment goals - particularly for women from the South. Further, the women did not employ all technological options, nor were necessary organizational changes made. In accordance with social reality, Internet discourse should focus on the use, organization and context of the medium, instead of on the technological possibilities.
The Charge to the White Male Brigade
Authors: Chesler Mark A.
Published: March 2007

In the current societal context, new meanings of personal/group identity and social justice are being constructed, and patterns of race and gender interaction are being renegotiated. The struggle for organizational change often surfaces racial and gender tensions and conflicts that challenge prior definitions of ourselves, the nature of our social status and locations, and our accustomed ranks in the allocation of social privileges and oppression. In poetic format, the author examines some of these tensions and challenges, as well as responses to them, that arose in a particular situation but that appear to have general relevance. He pays special attention to the ways in which men, especially white men, may experience and respond to the challenge for change.
The Stress-Strain Behavior of Concentric Composite Cylinders
Authors: Ebert L.J. , Hecker S.S. , Hamilton C.H.
Published: March 2007

An analytical model was developed for the elastic-ideally plastic behavior of concentric cylindrical composites under uniaxial tension. The model predicted the creation of transverse stresses in the composite during axial loading. The existence of these stresses was experimentally verified in a 4140 steel core-18% Ni maraging steel case composite system by examining the effects of the trans verse stresses on the composite axial stress-strain curve and the composite tangential surface strain ratio curve.
Mechanical Property Tests for Cylindrically Orthotropic Materials
Authors: Herrmann Leonard R. , Chan S.T.K.
Published: March 2007

Experiments for the determination of the elastic properties of cylindrically orthotropic materials are suggested. Analyses, which neglect end effects, are presented for the tests, consideration is given to the importance of this approximation. Because of the cylindrical orthotropy two of the tests even in the absence of end effects result in very complicated strain states; a special procedure is presented for the interpretation of the results of these tests. Lastly, for a particular cylin drically orthotropic material an example of the application of the interpretation procedure is presented.
Photoelastic Study of Crack Propagation In Composite Models
Authors: Daniel I.M.
Published: March 2007

A two-dimensional dynamic photoelastic investigation was con ducted of crack growth in glass-plastic composite models. The models used were idealized fiber-reinforced composites and consisted of al ternating layers of glass and polyester resin. A crack configuration was introduced in the central glass reinforcing bar to insure crack initiation at that point. A falling weight system producing dynamic tension in the direction of the reinforcing bars was used. This dynamic loading was coordinated with the triggering of a high-speed Cranz-Schardin multiple-spark camera. Transient isochromatic fringe patterns during crack propagation were recorded with this camera operating at a rate of 200,000 frames per second. Some characteristic phenomena were observed. Precursor traces appeared before the crack. These traces did not indicate any evidence of cracking in tests where the crack was arrested and subsequent crack extension followed these traces faithfully. The arrested crack in the matrix phase had a peculiar horseshoe shape. Its propagation velocity was much lower than ex pected. Upon reaching the interface with the glass element the crack showed appreciable hackle dividing into many branches.
Interlaminar Shear in Laminated Composites Under Generalized Plane Stress
Authors: Puppo A.H. , Evensen H.A.
Published: March 2007

An analysis of interlaminar shear stresses is performed for a lami nate under generalized plane stresses. The laminate is modeled as a set of anisotropic layers separated by isotropic adhesive layers. The corresponding equilibrium differential equations are developed and solved for laminates of infinite and finite width. In the first case, it is shown that the interlaminar shear stress is zero everywhere, while in the latter case, this stress attains finite maximum values at the edges of the strip. These results are important when interpreting strength data obtained from uniaxial tests.
On the Propagation of Flexural Waves in an Orthotropic Laminated Plate and Its Response to an Impulsive Load
Authors: Chow T.S.
Published: March 2007

The dynamic equations of orthotropic laminated plates are derived from the concepts of Timoshenko's beam theory to include the effects of transverse shear and rotatory inertia. The propagation of flexural waves is discussed. The transient response of a rectangular plate to a normal impact is investigated. We also consider briefly the influence of internal friction related to the damping on the response of the plate.
Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Fiber Composite Materials and Structures
Authors: Williams James H. , Lee Samson S.
Published: March 2007

A review of the current acoustic emission literature relating to fiber reinforced composite materials is presented. Summary tables which assist m the prompt delineation of the achievements in this research area are developed. Because of the qualitative character of much of the current literature, suggestions to develop quantitative AE standards are strongly recommended
Scale Effect in Fatigue Of Composite Materials*
Authors: Pei Chi Chou  , Croman Robert
Published: March 2007

Static strength and fatigue life under compression load are measured for specimens of graphite/epoxy composite materials. The specimens are either a basic element (one drilled hole), or three elements in series (three drilled holes). It is shown that the statistical in-series model (weakest link theory) can be applied to the present strength and fatigue data, and the scale effect in fatigue can be accounted for by statistical scatter of the data.
Assessment of a Simple Analytical Structure-Property Relationship for Composites by a Numerical Method
Authors: Charrier J.M. , Gupta R. , Li Y.K. , Varadi T.
Published: March 2007

The application of a finite difference-type method to the numerical investigation of Structure-Property relationships for a simple general structure referred to as the Generalized Parallelepipedic Particle in a Parallelepipedic Array (GPPPA) is described. Numerical results are compared to the predictions of a simple, semi-empirical analytical relation ship referred to as the Generalized Rayleigh-Maxwell Relationship for Parallelepipedic Particles (GRMPP) and the agreement is found to be good for a wide range of values of Structure and Property parameters.
Complex Moduli of Chopped Fiber and Continuous Fiber Composites: Comparison of Measurements with Estimated Bounds
Authors: Gibson Ronald F. , Yau Anna
Published: March 2007

Measured complex moduli of two E-glass/polyester chopped fiber com posites (PPG SMC-R25 and PPG SMC-R65), of an E-glass/polyester hybrid chopped/continuous fiber composite (PPG XMC-3) and of an E-glass/ epoxy continuous fiber composite (3M Scotchply) are compared with esti mated bounds on the moduli. The measured storage moduli of the chopped fiber composites and of the hybrid composites and the storage and loss moduli of the continuous fiber composite generally fall within the bounds. However, the measured loss moduli of the chopped fiber composites and of the hybrid composites are greater than the estimated upper bounds, even when a liberal estimate of glass fiber damping is assumed in the calculation of the bounds. These results indicate that the chopped fiber composites may have other damping mechanisms in addition to those present in the resin matrix and glass fiber materials.
Vibration of Eccentrically Stiffened Laminates
Authors: Chao C.C. , Lee J.C.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents the dynamic analysis and also serves as a design guide for the eccentncally stiffened laminates. Natural frequencies are ob tained in the course of simultaneous solution of equations of motion of the plate segments and stiffeners, and the related displacement compatibilities.

Three typical cases are investigated for the frequency behavior as re lated to the stiffener depth or eccentricity and spacing. Results are con sistent with classical lamination theory when unstiffened. As a result of this investigation, vibration response of rectangular laminated panels can be eliminated or reduced by proper stiffener design.
Reliability Calculations for Strength of a Fibrous Composite Under Multiaxial Loading
Authors: Wetherhold Robert C.
Published: March 2007

There are several interactive failure criteria which give strength predic tions for a composite material subjected to multiaxial loadings. However, if only the average directional strengths are used in the failure criterion, the results give no useful statistical information. A closed form expansion method is introduced which offers a systematic way to calculate statistical in formation for a function of several strength variables. The developed expan sion method is applied to the Maximum Distortional Energy (MDE) criterion using an orthotropic composite material. The results show the expansion technique gives equivalent results to a simulation method for the off-axis ten sile test, but with far less computation. In addition, the expansion technique should prove adaptable to higher order theories such as the Tsai-Wu failure criterion.
Transient Response of Laminated, Bimodular-Material, Composite Rectangular Plates
Authors: Reddy J.N.
Published: March 2007

The paper presents a finite-element analysis of the transient behavior of fiber-reinforced, single-layer and two-layer cross-ply rectangular plates of bimodular materials (i.e., materials whose linear elastic properties are dif ferent depending on whether the fiber-direction strains are tensile or com pressive). To validate the finite element results, a closed-form solution is also presented for a rectangular plate with all edges simply-supported without in- plane restraint (along the edge) and tangential rotation and subjected to sud denly applied sinusoidally distributed normal pressure. The time behavior of the transverse loading is arbitrary (e.g., step loading, impulse loading, etc.). Numerical results for transverse deflection and locations of the 'neutral sur face' as functions of time are presented for two bimodular materials. The finite element solutions agree very closely with the closed-form solutions.
Fatigue Damage and Degradation in Random Short-Fiber SMC Composite
Authors: Wang S.S. , Chim E.S.-M.
Published: March 2007

Damage accumulation and cyclic degradation in a random short-fiber SMC com posite subjected to tensile fatigue loading are studied. Fatigue damage in various forms of microcracking is examined. The transient nature of the nonlinear, monotonic stress- strain curve is investigated first, and subsequent property degradation and hysteresis loop changes are examined. Contrary to the behavior of certain metals and polymers, a cyclic stable state is never reached in general; cyclic softening is always observed in this class of materials. Owing to the random microstructure of the SMC material, the fatigue damage is viewed as being macroscopically homogeneous and uniform, and the damage growth is treated in a continuous sense. A parameter is then introduced to define the degree of the homogeneous damage. A power-law relationship among the rate of damage evolution, loading variables, and cyclic history is established. The homogeneous fatigue damage decreases rapidly with the loading cycle due to combined effects of rapid depletion of microcrack initiation sites and presence of various crack arrest mechanisms.
A Study of Acoustic Emissions from Stressed Polypropylene—Glass Fibre Composites
Authors: Belchamber R.M. , Betteridge D. , Chow Y.T. , Hawkes A.G. , Cudby M.E.A. , Wood D.G.M.
Published: March 2007

Acoustic emissions from some stressed polypropylene—glass fibre composites have been studied. Pattern recognition has enabled several classes of signal to be identified. These classes and the distribution of the signals in them varies from material to material. By the use of an averaging technique a characteristic acoustic emission signal can be obtained for a particular type of material. Event timing used in conjunction with the data obtained by the analysis of individual signals has led to some speculation on the fracture processes involved.
Axisymmetric Postbuckling of Orthotropic Thin Tapered Annular Plates
Authors: Dumir P.C. , Khatri K.N.
Published: March 2007

This paper explores the geometrically nonlinear postbuckling response of cylin drically orthotropic thin tapered annular plates subjected to inplane radial compressive load at the outer edge. Clamped and simply supported plates with a free hole and a plugged hole have been analysed for the case of linear variation of thickness. The orthogonal point collocation method with zeros of a Legendre polynomial as colloca tion points has been employed to solve nonlinear governing differential equations ex pressed in terms of transverse displacement w and stress function ψ. Results have been presented for three values of annular ratio, five values of taper ratio and four values of orthotropic parameter and their effect on the buckling and postbuckling loads has been investigated.
Stress Field in a Coated Continuous Fiber Composite Subjected to Thermo-Mechanical Loadings
Authors: Mikata Yozo , Taya Minoru
Published: March 2007

The stress field in a coated continuous fiber composite subjected to thermo- mechanical loadings is calculated by use of four concentric circular cylinders model. The target material is Ni- or SiC- coated graphite fiber/6061 Aluminum composite. Ni coating is found to be advantageous over SiC-coating from the crack resistance view point.
Geometrically Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Imperfect Laminated Shells
Authors: Saigal Sunil , Kapania Rakesh K. , Yang T.Y.
Published: March 2007

Formulations and computational procedures are presented for the finite element analysis of laminated anisotropic composite thin shells including imperfections. The derivations of the nonlinear geometric element stiffness matrices were based on the total Lagrangian description. A 48 degree-of-freedom (d.o.f.) general curved shell element with arbitrary distribution of curvatures was used to model the shell middle- surface. Numerical results include the large deflection behavior of a variety of perfect plate and shell examples; buckling of a spherical shell with an axially symmetric im perfection ; and buckling of a cylindrical panel using measured initial transverse im perfections. A good comparison with existing results is obtained.
Nondestructive Evaluation of Strength and Separation Modes in Adhesively Bonded Automotive Glass Fiber Composite Single Lap Joints
Authors: Williams James H. , Lee Samson S. , Wang Tony K.
Published: March 2007

Ultrasonic and acoustic emission (AE) nondestructive evaluation (NDE) characteriza tions of flawed (undercure of adhesive and excessive mold release on the adherends prior to bonding) and unflawed (proper cure of adhesive) adhesively bonded fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) specimens are conducted. Single lap-joint specimens are considered. The specimens consist of sheet molding compound (SMC) composite adherends bonded together with a urethane adhesive.
Tensile Properties of Highly Filled Magnetic Polymeric Composites
Authors: Saini D.R. , Nadkarni V.M. , Nigam K.D.P. , Grover P.D.
Published: March 2007

The mechanical properties of ferrite filled thermoplastics at high filler loadings of 75-85% by weight are reported. Barium ferrite was used as the filler in the magnetic polymeric composites. Three types of thermoplastic elastomers, namely, styrenic, polyester-ether, and polyurethane were investigated as matrix materials. Low density polyethylene was also studied as a non-elastomeric reference matrix. The dependence of the strength at break, elongation and modulus on the matrix type, filler amount and strain rate is presented. The experimental results are compared with a few theoretical model pre dictions to explore the validity of the models at high filler loadings.
Coupling Between Symmetric and Antisymmetric Modes in Shells of Revolution
Authors: Sheinman Izhak , Weissman Shmuel
Published: March 2007

An analytical-numerical procedure is applied for composite laminated shells of revolu tion in investigating the coupling effect between symmetric and antisymmetric modes and its overall influence. The numerical solution is based on separating the variables in Fourier series in the circumferential direction and conical finite elements in the meridional direc tion. The contribution of the coupling effect is examined by means of parametric analysis.