bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Affective Imagery and Acceptance of Replacing Nuclear Power Plants
Authors: Keller Carmen , Visschers Vivianne , Siegrist Michael
Published: October 2011

This study examined the relationship between the content of spontaneous associations with nuclear power plants and the acceptance of using new‐generation nuclear power plants to replace old ones. The study also considered gender as a variable. A representative sample of the German‐ and French‐speaking population of Switzerland (N= 1,221) was used. Log‐linear models revealed significant two‐way interactions between the association content and acceptance, association content and gender, and gender and acceptance. Correspondence analysis revealed that participants who were opposed to nuclear power plants mainly associated nuclear power plants with risk, negative feelings, accidents, radioactivity, waste disposal, military use, and negative consequences for health and environment; whereas participants favoring nuclear power plants mainly associated them with energy, appearance descriptions of nuclear power plants, and necessity. Thus, individuals opposing nuclear power plants had both more concrete and more diverse associations with them than people who were in favor of nuclear power plants. In addition, participants who were undecided often mentioned similar associations to those participants who were in favor. Males more often expressed associations with energy, waste disposal, and negative health effects. Females more often made associations with appearance descriptions, negative feelings, and negative environmental effects. The results further suggest that acceptance of replacing nuclear power plants was higher in the German‐speaking part of the country, where all of the Swiss nuclear power plants are physically located. Practical implications for risk communication are discussed.
How Does Investor Sentiment Affect Stock Market Crises? Evidence from Panel Data
Authors: Zouaoui Mohamed , Nouyrigat Geneviève , Beer Francisca
Published: October 2011

We test the impact of investor sentiment on a panel of international stock markets. Specifically, we examine the influence of investor sentiment on the probability of stock market crises. We find that investor sentiment increases the probability of occurrence of stock market crises within a one‐year horizon. The impact of investor sentiment on stock markets is more pronounced in countries that are culturally more prone to herd‐like behavior, overreaction and low institutional involvement.
Tribological Properties of Si3N4/SiC Nano–Nano Composite Ceramics
Authors: Shin Jung‐Hoo , Kumar B. Venkata Manoj , Kim Jae‐Hee , Hong Seong‐Hyeon
Published: October 2011

Fabrication of Si2N2O phase free, fully densified Si3N4/SiC nano–nano composite ceramics was done by combining a carbothermal reduction treatment (CRT) and a spark plasma sintering (SPS) using commercially available Si3N4 and SiC nano‐powders, and their mechanical and tribological properties were investigated. CRT was conducted at 1450°C for 10 h with a phenolic resin and SPS was carried out at 1550°C for 5 min, which yielded the fully dense (>98% of theoretical density) Si3N4/SiC nano–nano ceramics with ~100 nm grain size. The elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness increased with increasing SiC content up to 20 wt%. The wear rate of Si3N4/SiC nano–nano ceramics decreased from 2.0×10−5 to 6.76×10−6 mm3/Nm with 20 wt% SiC addition, resulting from the increased hardness and fracture toughness.
Topical calcineurin inhibitors in the treatment of atopic dermatitis – an update on safety issues
Authors: Czarnecka‐Operacz Magdalena , Jenerowicz Dorota
Published: October 2011

Atopic dermatitis is a common chronic skin disorder whose management is complex. Topical corticosteroids have been the mainstay of atopic dermatitis treatment for more than 50 years but have multiple side effects. Topical calcineurin inhibitors including tacrolimus and pimecrolimus are safe and efficacious in atopic dermatitis. In 2005 the FDA issued “black box” warnings for pimecrolimus cream and tacrolimus ointment because of potential safety risks, including skin cancers and lymphomas. However, these concerns are not supported by current data. Topical calcineurin inhibitors are particularly indicated for treating patients with atopic dermatitis in whom topical corticosteroid therapy cannot be employed or may cause irreversible side effects. They can be used advantageously in problem zones. A novel regimen of proactive treatment has been shown to prevent, delay and reduce exacerbations of atopic dermatitis. Therapy with topical calcineurin inhibitors should be managed by an experienced specialist and each patient should receive proper education on how to use them and what possible unwanted effects may be expected.
Heat Transfer Characteristics of Liquid Flow With Micro-Encapsulated Phase Change Material: Numerical Study
Authors: Sabbah R. , Seyed-Yagoobi J. , Al-Hallaj S.
Published: October 2011

This numerical investigation fundamentally explores the thermal boundary layers’ characteristics of liquid flow with micro-encapsulated phase change material (MEPCM). Unlike pure liquids, the heat transfer characteristics of MEPCM slurry cannot be simply presented in terms of corresponding dimensionless controlling parameters, such as Peclet number. In the presence of phase change particles, the controlling parameters’ values change significantly along the tube length due to the phase change. The MEPCM slurry flow does not reach a fully developed condition as long as the MEPCM particles experience phase change. The presence of MEPCM in the working fluid slows the growth of the thermal boundary layer and extends the thermal entry length. The local heat transfer coefficient strongly depends on the corresponding location of the melting zone interface. The heat transfer characteristics of liquid flow with MEPCM are presented as well.
Identification of a Friction Model at the Tool-Chip-Workpiece Interface in Dry Machining of a AISI 1045 Steel With a TiN Coated Carbide Tool
Authors: Abdelali Hamdi Ben , Courbon Cedric , Rech Joël , Ben Salem Wacef , Dogui Abdelwaheb , Kapsa Philippe
Published: October 2011

The characterization of frictional phenomena at the tool-chip-workpiece interface in metal cutting remains a challenge. This paper aims at identifying a friction model and a heat partition model at this interface during the dry cutting of an AISI1045 steel with TiN coated carbide tools. A new tribometer, based on a modified pin-on-ring system, has been used in order to reach relevant values of pressures, temperatures, and sliding velocities. Additionally a 3D Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian model (A.L.E.) numerical model simulating the frictional test has been developed in order to extract local parameters around the spherical pin, such as average contact pressure, average local sliding velocity, and average contact temperature, from experimental macroscopic measurements. A large range of sliding velocities [0.083–5 m/s] has been investigated. It has been shown that friction coefficient and heat partition coefficient are mainly dependant on local sliding velocity at the interface. Three friction regimes have been identified. These experimental and numerical results provide a better understanding of the tribological phenomena along the tool-chip-workpiece interfaces in dry machining of an AISI 1045 steel with a TiN coated carbide tool. Finally a new friction model and heat partition model has been developed for implementation in a numerical cutting model.
Rheological properties of polymer composites with flexible fine fibers
Authors: Yokohara Tadashi , Nobukawa Shogo , Yamaguchi Masayuki
Published: October 2011

Effect of the addition of polymeric fine fibers on the rheological properties is studied employing poly(lactic acid) PLA as a matrix. Fine fibers of poly(butylene terephthalate) PBT, whose melting point is higher than that of PLA, is prepared in a PLA matrix by melt-stretching with rapid cooling. Then, the rheological properties of the composites are evaluated at the temperature between melting points of PLA and PBT. It is found that only 1 wt. % of PBT fibers greatly enhances the elongational viscosity, although shear viscosity is hardly changed. In particular, the composite shows strain-hardening behavior, which has not been detected for polymer composites with rigid fibers. Elastic deformation of network composed of flexible PBT fibers, leading to bending of fibers and/or friction between fibers, will be responsible for the strain-hardening. The marked elasticity is also detected for a composite of silicone oil containing the PBT fine fibers.
Resilience to Blooms
Authors: Brookes Justin D. , Carey Cayelan C.
Published: October 2011

Managing nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of fresh water may decrease the risk of cyanobacterial blooms, even in the face of warming temperatures.
Diamond Window into the Lower Mantle
Authors: Harte Ben
Published: October 2011

Tiny inclusions in diamonds reveal subduction of oceanic crust to depths of at least 700 km.
LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES: qPCR Innovations and Blueprints
Authors: Tachibana Chris
Published: October 2011

Quantitative PCR users can rapidly generate large amounts of high-quality data with new instruments and products made possible by microfluidics and miniaturization technology. These platforms are the tools for developing techniques that require extremely high throughput and sensitivity such as digital PCR and single-cell analysis. Researchers are adopting these methods to ask sophisticated questions about genetics and cancer biology as well as to develop novel research and diagnostic assays. As qPCR innovators explore new frontiers and everyday users venture into more complicated workflows, international groups of industry and academic partners are keeping us on the path of best practices. Two consortia are generating guidelines on the qPCR process--from experimental design and pre-analysis sample collection, to processing data and publishing results. The guidelines are blueprints that ensure reproducibility, validity, and transparency.
Where Do Human Eggs Come From?
Authors: Vogel Gretchen
Published: October 2011

A steady supply of healthy human oocytes allowed one lab to set up a systematic study of human nuclear transfer, which has now brought scientists significantly closer to understanding why most attempts have so far failed.
Sifting Medical Records to Determine Which Therapies Work Best
Authors: Marshall Eliot
Published: October 2011

Joe Selby is preparing to launch PCORI, the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute. He met with
Science
last week to talk about PCORI's agenda, the tension in its mandate, and plans to involve patients in designing and reviewing research.
Immunogenicity of Mannheimia haemolytica Recombinant Outer Membrane Proteins Serotype 1-Specific Antigen, OmpA, OmpP2, and OmpD15
Authors: Ayalew Sahlu , Shrestha Binu , Montelongo Marie , Wilson Amanda E. , Confer Anthony W.
Published: October 2011

We previously identifiedMannheimia haemolyticaouter membrane proteins (OMPs) that may be important immunogens by using immunoproteomic analyses. Genes for serotype 1-specific antigen (SSA-1), OmpA, OmpP2, and OmpD15 were cloned and expressed, and recombinant proteins were purified. Objective 1 of this study was to demonstrate immunogenicity of the four recombinant OMPs in mice and cattle. Objective 2 was to determine if the addition of individual recombinant OMPs or combinations of them would modify immune responsiveness of mice to the recombinant chimeric protein SAC89, containing the main epitope fromM. haemolyticaouter membrane lipoprotein PlpE and the neutralizing epitope ofM. haemolyticaleukotoxin. Mice vaccinated with recombinant OmpA (rOmpA), rSSA-1, rOmpD15, and rOmpP2 developed significant antibody responses toM. haemolyticaouter membranes and to the homologous recombinant OMP. Cattle vaccinated with rOmpA and rSSA-1 developed significant antibodies toM. haemolyticaouter membranes by day 28, whereas cattle vaccinated with rOmpD15 and rOmpP2 developed only minimal responses. Sera from cattle vaccinated with each of the recombinant proteins stimulated complement-mediated killing of the bacterium. Concurrent vaccination with SAC89 plus any of the four rOMPs singly resulted in increased endpoint anti-SAC89 titers, and for the SAC89/rSSA-1 vaccinees, the response was increased significantly. In contrast, the SAC89/P2/SSA-1 and SAC89/OmpA/P2/D15/SSA-1 combination vaccines resulted in significant decreases in anti-SAC89 antibodies compared to SAC89 vaccination alone. In conclusion, under the conditions of these experiments, vaccination of mice and cattle with rOmpA and rSSA-1 stimulated high antibody responses and may have protective vaccine potential.
Epidemiology of Invasive Streptococcus pyogenes Infections in France in 2007
Authors: Lepoutre A. , Doloy A. , Bidet P. , Leblond A. , Perrocheau A. , Bingen E. , Trieu-Cuot P. , Bouvet A. , Poyart C. , Lévy-Bruhl D. ,   the Microbiologists of the Epibac Network
Published: October 2011

Invasive group A streptococcal (GAS) infections cause significant morbidity and mortality. A national survey was initiated to assess the burden of invasive GAS infections in France, describe their clinical characteristics, and assess the molecular characteristics of GAS strains responsible for these infections. The survey was conducted in 194 hospitals, accounting for 51% of acute care hospital admissions in France. Clinical data, predisposing factors, and demographic data were obtained, and all GAS isolates were
emm
sequence typed. We identified 664 cases of invasive GAS infections, with an annual incidence of 3.1 per 100,000 population. The case-fatality ratio was 14% and rose to 43% in the case of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Bacteremia without identified focus (22%) and skin/soft tissue infections (30%) were the most frequent clinical presentations. Necrotizing fasciitis was frequent in adults (18%) and uncommon in children (3%). The 3 predominant
emm
types
were emm
1,
emm
89, and
emm
28, accounting for 33%, 16%, and 10% of GAS isolates, respectively. The
emm
1 type was associated with fatal outcomes and was more frequent in children than in adults. Six clusters of cases were identified, with each cluster involving 2 invasive cases due to GAS strains which shared identical GAS
emm
sequence types. Four clusters of cases involved eight postpartum infections, one family cluster involved a mother and child, and one cluster involved two patients in a nursing home. Invasive GAS infection is one of the most severe bacterial diseases in France, particularly in persons aged ≥50 years or when associated with toxic shock syndrome.
Widespread Occurrence of Diverse Human Pathogenic Types of the Fungus Fusarium Detected in Plumbing Drains
Authors: Short Dylan P. G. , O'Donnell Kerry , Zhang Ning , Juba Jean H. , Geiser David M.
Published: October 2011

It has been proposed that plumbing systems might serve as a significant environmental reservoir of human-pathogenic isolates ofFusarium. We tested this hypothesis by performing the first extensive multilocus sequence typing (MLST) survey of plumbing drain-associatedFusariumisolates and comparing the diversity observed to the known diversity of clinicalFusariumisolates. We sampled 471 drains, mostly in bathroom sinks, from 131 buildings in the United States using a swabbing method. We found that 66% of sinks and 80% of buildings surveyed yielded at least oneFusariumculture. A total of 297 isolates ofFusariumcollected were subjected to MLST to identify the phylogenetic species and sequence types (STs) of these isolates. Our survey revealed that the six most common STs in sinks were identical to the six most frequently associated with human infections. We speculate that the most prevalent STs, by virtue of their ability to form and grow in biofilms, are well adapted to plumbing systems. Six majorFusariumSTs were frequently isolated from plumbing drains within a broad geographic area and were identical to STs frequently associated with human infections.
Staphylococcus haemolyticus as an Important Hospital Pathogen and Carrier of Methicillin Resistance Genes
Authors: Barros E. M. , Ceotto H. , Bastos M. C. F. , dos Santos K. R. N. , Giambiagi-deMarval M.
Published: October 2011

Phenotypic and molecular methods were used to characterize the antibiotic resistance of 64 clinical isolates of
Staphylococcus haemolyticus
. By PCR of the
mecA
gene, 87% were found to be methicillin resistant. Approximately 55% harbored staphylococcal cassette chromosome
mec
element (SCC
mec
) type V, and only one SCC
mec
type IV. Many isolates (75%) displayed multiresistance, and pulsotype analysis showed a high diversity.
Cellular Poly(C) Binding Proteins 1 and 2 Interact with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Nonstructural Protein 1β and Support Viral Replication
Authors: Beura Lalit K. , Dinh Phat X. , Osorio Fernando A. , Pattnaik Asit K.
Published: October 2011

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection of swine results in substantial economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Identification of cellular factors involved in PRRSV life cycle not only will enable a better understanding of virus biology but also has the potential for the development of antiviral therapeutics. The PRRSV nonstructural protein 1 (nsp1) has been shown to be involved in at least two important functions in the infected hosts: (i) mediation of viral subgenomic (sg) mRNA transcription and (ii) suppression of the host's innate immune response mechanisms. To further our understanding of the role of the viral nsp1 in these processes, using nsp1β, a proteolytically processed functional product of nsp1 as bait, we have identified the cellular poly(C)-binding proteins 1 and 2 (PCBP1 and PCBP2) as two of its interaction partners. The interactions of PCBP1 and PCBP2 with nsp1β were confirmed both by coimmunoprecipitation in infected cells and/or in plasmid-transfected cells and also by
in vitro
binding assays. During PRRSV infection of MARC-145 cells, the cytoplasmic PCBP1 and PCBP2 partially colocalize to the viral replication-transcription complexes. Furthermore, recombinant purified PCBP1 and PCBP2 were found to bind the viral 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR). Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of PCBP1 and PCBP2 in cells resulted in significantly reduced PRRSV genome replication and transcription without adverse effect on initial polyprotein synthesis. Overall, the results presented here point toward an important role for PCBP1 and PCBP2 in regulating PRRSV RNA synthesis.
The C-Terminal Region of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Nucleoprotein Contains Distinct and Segregable Functional Domains Involved in NP-Z Interaction and Counteraction of the Type I Interferon Response
Authors: Ortiz-Riaño Emilio , Cheng Benson Yee Hin , de la Torre Juan Carlos , Martínez-Sobrido Luis
Published: October 2011

Several arenaviruses cause hemorrhagic fever (HF) disease in humans that is associated with high morbidity and significant mortality. Arenavirus nucleoprotein (NP), the most abundant viral protein in infected cells and virions, encapsidates the viral genome RNA, and this NP-RNA complex, together with the viral L polymerase, forms the viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) that directs viral RNA replication and gene transcription. Formation of infectious arenavirus progeny requires packaging of vRNPs into budding particles, a process in which arenavirus matrix-like protein (Z) plays a central role. In the present study, we have characterized the NP-Z interaction for the prototypic arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). The LCMV NP domain that interacted with Z overlapped with a previously documented C-terminal domain that counteracts the host type I interferon (IFN) response. However, we found that single amino acid mutations that affect the anti-IFN function of LCMV NP did not disrupt the NP-Z interaction, suggesting that within the C-terminal region of NP different amino acid residues critically contribute to these two distinct and segregable NP functions. A similar NP-Z interaction was confirmed for the HF arenavirus Lassa virus (LASV). Notably, LCMV NP interacted similarly with both LCMV Z and LASV Z, while LASV NP interacted only with LASV Z. Our results also suggest the presence of a conserved protein domain within NP but with specific amino acid residues playing key roles in determining the specificity of NP-Z interaction that may influence the viability of reassortant arenaviruses. In addition, this NP-Z interaction represents a potential target for the development of antiviral drugs to combat human-pathogenic arenaviruses.
Microvesicles and Viral Infection
Authors: Meckes David G. , Raab-Traub Nancy
Published: October 2011

Cells secrete various membrane-enclosed microvesicles from their cell surface (shedding microvesicles) and from internal, endosome-derived membranes (exosomes). Intriguingly, these vesicles have many characteristics in common with enveloped viruses, including biophysical properties, biogenesis, and uptake by cells. Recent discoveries describing the microvesicle-mediated intercellular transfer of functional cellular proteins, RNAs, and mRNAs have revealed additional similarities between viruses and cellular microvesicles. Apparent differences include the complexity of viral entry, temporally regulated viral expression, and self-replication proceeding to infection of new cells. Interestingly, many virally infected cells secrete microvesicles that differ in content from their virion counterparts but may contain various viral proteins and RNAs. For the most part, these particles have not been analyzed for their content or functions during viral infection. However, early studies of microvesicles (L-particles) secreted from herpes simplex virus-infected cells provided the first evidence of microvesicle-mediated intercellular communication. In the case of Epstein-Barr virus, recent evidence suggests that this tumorigenic herpesvirus also utilizes exosomes as a mechanism of cell-to-cell communication through the transfer of signaling competent proteins and functional microRNAs to uninfected cells. This review focuses on aspects of the biology of microvesicles with an emphasis on their potential contributions to viral infection and pathogenesis.
Spring-Loaded Model Revisited: Paramyxovirus Fusion Requires Engagement of a Receptor Binding Protein beyond Initial Triggering of the Fusion Protein
Authors: Porotto Matteo , DeVito Ilaria , Palmer Samantha G. , Jurgens Eric M. , Yee Jia L. , Yokoyama Christine C. , Pessi Antonello , Moscona Anne
Published: October 2011

During paramyxovirus entry into a host cell, receptor engagement by a specialized binding protein triggers conformational changes in the adjacent fusion protein (F), leading to fusion between the viral and cell membranes. According to the existing paradigm of paramyxovirus membrane fusion, the initial activation of F by the receptor binding protein sets off a spring-loaded mechanism whereby the F protein progresses independently through the subsequent steps in the fusion process, ending in membrane merger. For human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3), the receptor binding protein (hemagglutinin-neuraminidase [HN]) has three functions: receptor binding, receptor cleaving, and activating F. We report that continuous receptor engagement by HN activates F to advance through the series of structural rearrangements required for fusion. In contrast to the prevailing model, the role of HN-receptor engagement in the fusion process is required beyond an initiating step, i.e., it is still required even after the insertion of the fusion peptide into the target cell membrane, enabling F to mediate membrane merger. We also report that for Nipah virus, whose receptor binding protein has no receptor-cleaving activity, the continuous stimulation of the F protein by a receptor-engaged binding protein is key for fusion. We suggest a general model for paramyxovirus fusion activation in which receptor engagement plays an active role in F activation, and the continued engagement of the receptor binding protein is essential to F protein function until the onset of membrane merger. This model has broad implications for the mechanism of paramyxovirus fusion and for strategies to prevent viral entry.
Phylogenetic Analysis of H6 Influenza Viruses Isolated from Rosy-Billed Pochards (Netta peposaca) in Argentina Reveals the Presence of Different HA Gene Clusters
Authors: Rimondi Agustina , Xu Kemin , Craig Maria Isabel , Shao Hongxia , Ferreyra Hebe , Rago Maria Virginia , Romano Marcelo , Uhart Marcela , Sutton Troy , Ferrero Andrea , Perez Daniel R. , Pereda Ariel
Published: October 2011

Until recently, influenza A viruses from wild waterfowl in South America were rarely isolated and/or characterized. To explore the ecology of influenza A viruses in this region, a long-term surveillance program was established in 2006 for resident and migratory water birds in Argentina. We report the characterization of 5 avian influenza viruses of the H6 hemagglutinin (HA) subtype isolated from rosy-billed pochards (
Netta peposaca
). Three of these viruses were paired to an N2 NA subtype, while the other two were of the N8 subtype. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses of the internal gene segments revealed a close relationship with influenza viruses from South America, forming a unique clade and supporting the notion of independent evolution from influenza A viruses in other latitudes. The presence of NS alleles A and B was also identified. The HA and NA genes formed unique clades separate from North American and Eurasian viruses, with the exception of the HA gene of one isolate, which was more closely related to the North American lineage, suggesting possible interactions between viruses of North American and South American lineages. Animal studies suggested that these Argentine H6 viruses could replicate and transmit inefficiently in chickens, indicating limited adaptation to poultry. Our results highlight the importance of continued influenza virus surveillance in wild birds of South America, especially considering the unique evolution of these viruses.
A Murine Genital-Challenge Model Is a Sensitive Measure of Protective Antibodies against Human Papillomavirus Infection
Authors: Longet Stéphanie , Schiller John T. , Bobst Martine , Jichlinski Patrice , Nardelli-Haefliger Denise
Published: October 2011

The available virus-like particle (VLP)-based prophylactic vaccines against specific human papillomavirus (HPV) types afford close to 100% protection against the type-associated lesions and disease. Based on papillomavirus animal models, it is likely that protection against genital lesions in humans is mediated by HPV type-restricted neutralizing antibodies that transudate or exudate at the sites of genital infection. However, a correlate of protection was not established in the clinical trials because few disease cases occurred, and true incident infection could not be reliably distinguished from the emergence or reactivation of prevalent infection. In addition, the current assays for measuring vaccine-induced antibodies, even the gold standard HPV pseudovirion (PsV)
in vitro
neutralization assay, may not be sensitive enough to measure the minimum level of antibodies needed for protection. Here, we characterize the recently developed model of genital challenge with HPV PsV and determine the minimal amounts of VLP-induced neutralizing antibodies that can afford protection from genital infection
in vivo
after transfer into recipient mice. Our data show that serum antibody levels >100-fold lower than those detectable by
in vitro
PsV neutralization assays are sufficient to confer protection against an HPV PsV genital infection in this model. The results clearly demonstrate that, remarkably, the
in vivo
assay is substantially more sensitive than
in vitro
PsV neutralization and thus may be better suited for studies to establish correlates of protection.
SAGNAC EFFECT OF EXCITON POLARITONS AND ITS APPLICATION TO SEMICONDUCTOR GaAs
Authors: HUANG HAI
Published: October 2011

The Sagnac effect of exciton polaritons is discussed and the rotational phase shift is calculated. This phase shift shows a crossover between the optical and matter-wave behaviors in a small region around the energy level of the exciton. For typical semiconductor GaAs , we point out that a large rotational sensitivity and a moderate optical component in the polariton can be obtained simultaneously. The potential exciton polariton interferometer is also suggested.
Kinetics of muscle deoxygenation and microvascular Po2 during contractions in rat: comparison of optical spectroscopy and phosphorescence-quenching techniques
Authors: Koga Shunsaku , Kano Yutaka , Barstow Thomas J. , Ferreira Leonardo F. , Ohmae Etsuko , Sudo Mizuki , Poole David C.
Published: October 2011

The overarching presumption with near-infrared spectroscopy measurement of muscle deoxygenation is that the signal reflects predominantly the intramuscular microcirculatory compartment rather than intramyocyte myoglobin (Mb). To test this hypothesis, we compared the kinetics profile of muscle deoxygenation using visible light spectroscopy (suitable for the superficial fiber layers) with that for microvascular O2 partial pressure (i.e., PmvO2, phosphorescence quenching) within the same muscle region (0.5∼1 mm depth) during transitions from rest to electrically stimulated contractions in the gastrocnemius of male Wistar rats ( n = 14). Both responses could be modeled by a time delay (TD), followed by a close-to-exponential change to the new steady level. However, the TD for the muscle deoxygenation profile was significantly longer compared with that for the phosphorescence-quenching PmvO2 [8.6 ± 1.4 and 2.7 ± 0.6 s (means ± SE) for the deoxygenation and PmvO2, respectively; P < 0.05]. The time constants (τ) of the responses were not different (8.8 ± 4.7 and 11.2 ± 1.8 s for the deoxygenation and PmvO2, respectively). These disparate (TD) responses suggest that the deoxygenation characteristics of Mb extend the TD, thereby increasing the duration (number of contractions) before the onset of muscle deoxygenation. However, this effect was insufficient to increase the mean response time. Somewhat differently, the muscle deoxygenation response measured using near-infrared spectroscopy in the deeper regions (∼5 mm depth) (∼50% type I Mb-rich, highly oxidative fibers) was slower (τ = 42.3 ± 6.6 s; P < 0.05) than the corresponding value for superficial muscle measured using visible light spectroscopy or PmvO2 and can be explained on the basis of known fiber-type differences in PmvO2 kinetics. These data suggest that, within the superficial and also deeper muscle regions, the τ of the deoxygenation signal may represent a useful index of local O2 extraction kinetics during exercise transients.
Features of hand-foot crawling behavior in human adults
Authors: MacLellan M. J. , Ivanenko Y. P. , Cappellini G. , Sylos Labini F. , Lacquaniti F.
Published: October 2011

Interlimb coordination of crawling kinematics in humans shares features with other primates and nonprimate quadrupeds, and it has been suggested that this is due to a similar organization of the locomotor pattern generators (CPGs). To extend the previous findings and to further explore the neural control of bipedal vs. quadrupedal locomotion, we used a crawling paradigm in which healthy adults crawled on their hands and feet at different speeds and at different surface inclinations (13°, 27°, and 35°). Ground reaction forces, limb kinematics, and electromyographic (EMG) activity from 26 upper and lower limb muscles on the right side of the body were collected. The EMG activity was mapped onto the spinal cord in approximate rostrocaudal locations of the motoneuron pools to characterize the general features of cervical and lumbosacral spinal cord activation. The spatiotemporal pattern of spinal cord activity significantly differed between quadrupedal and bipedal gaits. In addition, participants exhibited a large range of kinematic coordination styles (diagonal vs. lateral patterns), which is in contrast to the stereotypical kinematics of upright bipedal walking, suggesting flexible coupling of cervical and lumbosacral pattern generators. Results showed strikingly dissimilar directional horizontal forces for the arms and legs, considerably retracted average leg orientation, and substantially smaller sacral vs. lumbar motoneuron activity compared with quadrupedal gait in animals. A gradual transition to a more vertical body orientation (increasing the inclination of the treadmill) led to the appearance of more prominent sacral activity (related to activation of ankle plantar flexors), typical of bipedal walking. The findings highlight the reorganization and adaptation of CPG networks involved in the control of quadrupedal human locomotion and a high specialization of the musculoskeletal apparatus to specific gaits.
Long-term Safety of Radiotherapy and Breast Cancer Laterality in Older Survivors
Authors: Haque Reina , Yood Marianne Ulcickas , Geiger Ann M. , Kamineni Aruna , Avila Chantal C. , Shi Jiaxiao , Silliman Rebecca A. , Quinn Virginia P.
Published: October 2011

Background: Although adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) following surgery for breast cancer improves overall survival, controversy exists about its long-term adverse impact on cardiovascular health in older survivors.

Aim: To determine whether incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) is associated with RT and whether tumor laterality modifies this association.

Methods: Women aged 65+ years diagnosed with stage I and II breast cancer between 1990 and 1994 were identified from three health plans. Women were followed through CVD outcomes, health plan disenrollment, death, or study end (December 31, 2004). The main independent variable was RT use. Adjusted HRs and 95% CIs were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models with time-dependent tamoxifen and RT use status. We adjusted for age, race, stage, estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor, hypertension, and diabetes.

Results: In the full cohort (N = 806), RT was not associated with greater risk of CVD (maximum follow-up was 14 years). However, within the RT-exposed group (N = 340), women treated for left-side breast cancer had a significant increased risk of CVD outcomes (HR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.06–2.21) compared with women with right-sided tumors.

Conclusion: Laterality is critical to understanding the effect of RT on CVD. Studies of more contemporary cohorts of women treated with RT should incorporate this variable to determine whether the risk persists with refinements in the dosing and delivery of RT.

Impact: As some irradiation to the heart is unavoidable even with refined modern RT techniques, continued effort is required to minimize such exposures, especially in older women with left-sided tumors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(10); 2120–6. ©2011 AACR.
Cancer Fatalism and Poor Self-Rated Health Mediate the Association between Socioeconomic Status and Uptake of Colorectal Cancer Screening in England
Authors: Miles Anne , Rainbow Sandra , von Wagner Christian
Published: October 2011

Background: Little is known about the psychological predictors of colorectal screening uptake in England and mediators of associations between uptake and socioeconomic status (SES). This study tested the hypotheses that although higher threat and efficacy beliefs, lower cancer fatalism, lower depression, and better self-rated health would predict higher screening uptake, only efficacy beliefs, fatalism, depression, and self-rated health would mediate associations between uptake and SES.

Methods: Data from 529 adults aged 60 to 69 who had completed a postal survey in 2005–2006 were linked with data on fecal occult blood test (FOBt) uptake recorded at the screening “hub” following its introduction in 2007, resulting in a prospective study.

Results: Screening uptake was 56% and was higher among people with higher SES, better self-rated health, higher self-efficacy beliefs, and lower cancer fatalism in univariate analyses. Path analysis on participants with complete data (n = 515) showed that both better self-rated health and lower cancer fatalism were directly associated with higher uptake of FOBt screening and significantly mediated pathways from SES to uptake. Lower depression only had an indirect effect on uptake through better self-rated health. Efficacy beliefs did not mediate the relationship between SES and uptake.

Conclusion: SES differences in uptake of FOBt in England are partially explained by differences in cancer fatalism, self-rated health, and depression.

Impact: This is one of only a few studies to examine mediators of the relationship between SES and screening uptake, and future research could test the effectiveness of interventions to reduce fatalistic beliefs to increase equality of uptake. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(10); 2132–40. ©2011 AACR.
Stage at Diagnosis and Comorbidity Influence Breast Cancer Survival in First Nations Women in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Sheppard Amanda J. , Chiarelli Anna M. , Marrett Loraine D. , Nishri E. Diane , Trudeau Maureen E.
Published: October 2011

Background: Indigenous populations in Canada and abroad have poorer survival after a breast cancer diagnosis compared with their geographic counterparts; however, the influence of many demographic, personal, tumor, and treatment factors has not been examined to describe this disparity according to stage at diagnosis.

Methods: A case–case design was employed to compare First Nations (FN) women (n = 287) to a frequency-matched random sample of non-FN women (n = 671) diagnosed with breast cancer within the Ontario Cancer Registry. Women were matched on period of diagnosis (1995–1999 and 2000–2004), age at diagnosis (<50 vs. ≥50), and Regional Cancer Centre (RCC). Stage and other factors were collected from medical charts at the RCCs. Survival was compared using an adjusted Cox proportional hazards model and stratified by stage at diagnosis (I, II, and III–IV). Determinants of survival in FN women stratified by stage at diagnosis were also modeled.

Results: Survival was more than three times poorer for FN women diagnosed at stage I than for non-FN women (HR = 3.10, 95% CI = 1.39–6.88). The risk of death after a stage I breast cancer diagnosis was about five times higher among FN women with a comorbidity other than diabetes (HR = 4.65, 95% CI = 1.39–15.53) and was more than five times greater for women with diabetes (HR = 5.49, 95% CI = 1.69–17.90) than for those without a comorbidity.

Conclusions: Having a preexisting comorbidity was the most important factor in explaining the observed survival disparity among FN women.

Impact: Improving the general health status of FN women could increase their survival after an early-stage breast cancer diagnosis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(10); 2160–7. ©2011 AACR.
Vitamin, Mineral, and Specialty Supplements and Risk of Hematologic Malignancies in the Prospective VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) Study
Authors: Walter Roland B. , Brasky Theodore M. , Milano Filippo , White Emily
Published: October 2011

Background: Increasing evidence suggests that nutrients from fruits and vegetables have chemoprotective effects on various cancers including hematologic malignancies, but the effects of nutritional supplements are poorly examined.

Methods: Herein, we prospectively evaluated the association of vitamin, mineral, and specialty supplements with incident hematologic malignancies in 66,227 men and women aged 50 to 76 years from Washington State recruited from year 2000 to 2002 to the VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) cohort study. Hematologic malignancies cases (n = 588) were identified through December 2008 by linkage to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cancer registry. HRs and 95% CIs associated with supplement use were estimated with Cox proportional hazards models.

Results: After adjustment, high use of garlic supplements [≥4 days per week for ≥3 years; HR = 0.55 (95% CI = 0.34–0.87); Ptrend = 0.028] and ever use of grape seed supplements [HR = 0.57 (95% CI = 0.37–0.88)] were inversely associated with hematologic malignancies in our models. In addition, high use (8–10 pill-years) of multivitamins was suggestive of an inverse association [HR = 0.80 (95% CI = 0.64–1.01)]. In contrast, no associations were observed for the remaining supplements.

Conclusions: These data indicate that the use of garlic and grape seed may be associated with reduced risk of hematologic malignancies.

Impact: This is the first cohort study to suggest a possible role of these supplements in the chemoprevention of hematologic malignancies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(10); 2298–308. ©2011 AACR.
Genetic Polymorphisms in 15q25 and 19q13 Loci, Cotinine Levels, and Risk of Lung Cancer in EPIC
Authors: Timofeeva Maria N. , McKay James D. , Davey Smith George , Johansson Mattias , Byrnes Graham B. , Chabrier Amélie , Relton Caroline , Ueland Per Magne , Vollset Stein Emil , Midttun Øivind , Nygård Ottar , Slimani Nadia , Romieu Isabelle , Clavel-Chapelon Françoise , Boutron-Ruault Marie-Christine , Fagherazzi Guy , Kaaks Rudolf , Teucher Birgit , Boeing Heiner , Weikert Cornelia , Bueno-de-Mesquita H. Bas , van Gils Carla , Peeters Petra H.M. , Agudo Antonio , Barricarte Aurelio , Huerta Jose-Maria , Rodríguez Laudina , Sánchez Maria-José , Larrañaga Nerea , Khaw Kay-Tee , Wareham Nick , Allen Naomi E. , Travis Ruth C. , Gallo Valentina , Norat Teresa , Krogh Vittorio , Masala Giovanna , Panico Salvatore , Sacerdote Carlotta , Tumino Rosario , Trichopoulou Antonia , Lagiou Pagona , Trichopoulos Dimitrios , Rasmuson Torgny , Hallmans Göran , Riboli Elio , Vineis Paolo , Brennan Paul
Published: October 2011

Backgrounds: Multiple polymorphisms affecting smoking behavior have been identified through genome-wide association studies. Circulating levels of the nicotine metabolite cotinine is a marker of recent smoking exposure. Hence, genetic variants influencing smoking behavior are expected to be associated with cotinine levels.

Methods: We conducted an analysis in a lung cancer case–control study nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. We investigated the effects of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) previously associated with smoking behavior on (i) circulating cotinine and (ii) lung cancer risk. A total of 894 cases and 1,805 controls were analyzed for cotinine and genotyped for 10 polymorphisms on 7p14, 8p11, 10q23, 15q25, and 19q13.

Results: Two variants in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit genes CHRNA5 and CHRNA3 on 15q25, rs16969968 and rs578776, were associated with cotinine (P = 0.001 and 0.03, respectively) in current smokers and with lung cancer risk (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively). Two 19q13 variants, rs7937 and rs4105144, were associated with increased cotinine (P = 0.003 and P < 0.001, respectively) but decreased lung cancer risk (P = 0.01 for both, after adjusting for cotinine). Variants in 7p14, 8p11, and 10q23 were not associated with cotinine or lung cancer risk.

Conclusions: 15q25 and 19q13 SNPs were associated with circulating cotinine. The directions of association for 15q25 variants with cotinine were in accordance with that expected of lung cancer risk, whereas SNPs on 19q13 displayed contrasting associations of cotinine and lung cancer that require further investigation.

Impact: This study is the largest to date investigating the effects of polymorphisms affecting smoking behavior on lung cancer risk using circulating cotinine measures as proxies for recent smoking behavior. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(10); 2250–61. ©2011 AACR.
Analysis of cagA in Helicobacter pylori Strains from Colombian Populations with Contrasting Gastric Cancer Risk Reveals a Biomarker for Disease Severity
Authors: Loh John T. , Shaffer Carrie L. , Piazuelo M. Blanca , Bravo Luis E. , McClain Mark S. , Correa Pelayo , Cover Timothy L.
Published: October 2011

Background: Helicobacter pylori infection is a risk factor for the development of gastric cancer, and the bacterial oncoprotein CagA contributes to gastric carcinogenesis.

Methods: We analyzed H. pylori isolates from persons in Colombia and observed that there was marked variation among strains in levels of CagA expression. To elucidate the basis for this variation, we analyzed sequences upstream from the CagA translational initiation site in each strain.

Results: A DNA motif (AATAAGATA) upstream of the translational initiation site of CagA was associated with high levels of CagA expression. Experimental studies showed that this motif was necessary but not sufficient for high-level CagA expression. H. pylori strains from a region of Colombia with high gastric cancer rates expressed higher levels of CagA than did strains from a region with lower gastric cancer rates, and Colombian strains of European phylogeographic origin expressed higher levels of CagA than did strains of African origin. Histopathologic analysis of gastric biopsy specimens revealed that strains expressing high levels of CagA or containing the AATAAGATA motif were associated with more advanced precancerous lesions than those found in persons infected with strains expressing low levels of CagA or lacking the AATAAGATA motif.

Conclusions: CagA expression varies greatly among H. pylori strains. The DNA motif identified in this study is associated with high levels of CagA expression, and may be a useful biomarker to predict gastric cancer risk.

Impact: These findings help to explain why some persons infected with cagA-positive H. pylori develop gastric cancer and others do not. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(10); 2237–49. ©2011 AACR.
Predictors of Breast Density Change After Hormone Therapy Cessation: Results from a Randomized Trial
Authors: Lowry Sarah J. , Aiello Bowles Erin J. , Anderson Melissa L. , Buist Diana S.M.
Published: October 2011

Background: Postmenopausal hormone therapy cessation is associated with a decrease in mammographic density (MD), but it is unknown whether this effect is modified by woman-level characteristics. We investigated whether we could identify characteristics of women who were most likely to experience a decrease in MD due to hormone therapy cessation.

Methods: Postmenopausal hormone therapy users with a prior screening mammogram (n = 1,168) were randomized to continue hormone therapy or to suspend hormone therapy for 1 month or 2 months before their next screening mammogram. We estimated relative risks (RR) and attributable risks with 95% CIs of a ≥7.5% decrease in percentage MD (%MD) versus no change associated with hormone therapy cessation, stratified by age, body mass index (BMI), parity, and other factors.

Results: Hormone therapy cessation increased a woman's likelihood of experiencing a ≥7.5% decrease in %MD by 30% (95% CI = 1.03–1.7), but we found little evidence of effect modification by age, race, BMI, change in BMI, baseline %MD, parity, family history of breast cancer, hormone therapy type, or duration of hormone therapy use.

Conclusions: Woman-level factors do not appear to explain why some women experience a decrease in %MD following hormone therapy cessation and others do not.

Impact: We were unable to identify subgroups of women who are more likely to experience a decrease in MD due to hormone therapy cessation; other factors, such as genetic factors, may be important determinants of hormone therapy–related changes in MD. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(10); 2309–12. ©2011 AACR.