bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parasitic infection of Cobitis elongatoides Băcescu & Mayer, 1969 by zoonotic metacercariae Clinostomum complanatum (Rudolphi, 1814)
Authors: Fedorčák Jakub , Šmiga Ľubomír , Kutsokon Iuliia , Kolarčik Vladislav , Koščová Lenka , Oros Mikuláš , Koščo Ján
Published: October 2019

An infection of zoonotic Clinostomum complanatum metacercariae with potential human transmission was recorded close to fish farms in the Tisa River Basin of Slovakia and Ukraine. The prevalence varied from 19.4% to 81.3%, and the intensity of infection varied from 7 to 41. The results of a generalized linear model predicted a positive trend for the Cobitis elongatoides host and a standard length and intensity of infection, with females having a higher number of parasites. However, no significant impact was found of the intensity of infection on Clark's condition of the host. The metacercariae were primarily located in the anterior part of the host's body. Our study also showed significant evidence that water velocity affects the number of C. complanatum metacercariae, regardless of the host's (Cobitis) microhabitat.
Trends and Factors Associated with Place of Death for Individuals with Dementia in the United States
Authors: Cross Sarah H. , Kaufman Brystana G. , Taylor Donald H. , Kamal Arif H. , Warraich Haider J.
Published: October 2019

OBJECTIVES

To assess trends and factors associated with place of death among individuals with Alzheimer's disease‐related dementias (ADRD).

DESIGN

Cross‐sectional analysis.

SETTING

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide‐ranging OnLine Data for Epidemiologic Research, 2003‐2017.

PARTICIPANTS

Natural deaths occurring between 2003 and 2017 for which ADRD was determined to be the underlying cause.

MEASUREMENTS

Place of death was categorized as hospital, home, nursing facility, hospice facility, and other. Aggregate data included age, race, Hispanic ethnicity, sex, urbanization, and census division. Individual‐level predictors included age, race, Hispanic ethnicity, sex, marital status, and education.

RESULTS

From 2003 to 2017, nursing facility and hospital deaths declined from 65.7% and 12.7% to 55.0% and 8.0% while home and hospice facility deaths increased from 13.6% and .2% to 21.9% and 6.2%, respectively. Odds of hospital and hospice facility deaths declined with age while odds of nursing facility deaths increased with age. Male sex was associated with higher odds of hospital or hospice facility death and lower odds of home or nursing facility death. Nonwhite race, Hispanic ethnicity, and being married were associated with increased odds of hospital or home death and reduced odds of nursing facility death. More education was associated with higher odds of home or in a hospice facility death and reduced odds of death in a nursing facility or hospital. Significant disparities in place of death by urban‐rural status were also noted.

CONCLUSION

As ADRD deaths at home increase, the need for caregiver support and home‐based palliative care may become more critical. Further research should examine the care preferences and experiences of ADRD patients and caregivers, the financial impact of home death on families and insurers, and explore factors that may contribute to differences in actual and preferred place of death. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:250–255, 2020
Lactation Education for Resident Obstetricians: Promoting Breastfeeding Advocates for the Future
Authors: Radoff Kari , Forman Rosha
Published: October 2019

Obstetrics and gynecology residency training programs are historically lacking in breastfeeding education and advocacy. Healthy People 2020 supports interventions that promote breastfeeding as a primary care strategy with significant health benefits to the newborn and woman. Midwives are well poised to engage obstetrics and gynecology residents in lactation education. A few educational interventions have been described in the literature to increase knowledge, confidence, and behavior related to lactation among residents. This article describes a breastfeeding education curriculum developed by midwifery faculty at Boston University School of Medicine. The project included 3 lectures and a simulation center workshop covering topics including lactogenesis, prenatal, intrapartum, and postpartum interventions that promote or limit lactation, hands‐on latch assistance, hand expression, use of breast pumps and storage of human milk, and common disorders of lactation. Postintervention evaluations demonstrated improvements in knowledge and confidence. Providing breastfeeding education to resident physicians may be an intervention to promote patient breastfeeding education and support and close the gap of disparities in breastfeeding rates.
Sleep and fatigue in newly graduated nurses—Experiences and strategies for handling shiftwork
Authors: Epstein Majken , Söderström Marie , Jirwe Maria , Tucker Philip , Dahlgren Anna
Published: October 2019

Aims and objectives

To explore newly graduated nurses' strategies for, and experiences of, sleep problems and fatigue when starting shiftwork. A more comprehensive insight into nurses' strategies, sleep problems, fatigue experiences and contributing factors is needed to understand what support should be provided.

Background

For graduate nurses, the first years of practice are often stressful, with many reporting high levels of burnout symptoms. Usually, starting working as a nurse also means an introduction to shiftwork, which is related to sleep problems. Sleep problems may impair stress management and, at the same time, stress may cause sleep problems. Previously, sleep problems and fatigue have been associated with burnout, poor health and increased accident risk.

Design and Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with nurses (N = 11) from four different Swedish hospitals, and qualitative inductive content analysis was used. The study was approved by the Regional Ethical Review Board in Stockholm. The COREQ checklist was followed.

Results

Many nurses lacked effective strategies for managing sleep and fatigue in relation to shiftwork. Various strategies were used, of which some might interfere with factors regulating and promoting sleep such as the homeostatic drive. Sleep problems were common during quick returns, often due to difficulties unwinding before sleep, and high workloads exacerbated the problems. The described consequences of fatigue in a clinical work context indicated impaired executive and nonexecutive cognitive function.

Conclusion

The findings indicate that supporting strategies and behaviours for sleep and fatigue in an intervention for newly graduated nurses starting shiftwork may be of importance to improve well‐being among nurses and increase patient safety.

Relevance to clinical practice

This study highlights the importance of addressing sleep and fatigue issues in nursing education and work introduction programmes to increase patient safety and improve well‐being among nurses.
Transition from child to adult health services: A qualitative study of the views and experiences of families of young adults with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Brown Michael , Higgins Anna , MacArthur Juliet
Published: October 2019

Aims and objectives

To explore the experiences of the families of young adults with intellectual disabilities at the point of transition from child to adult health services.

Background

The population of people with intellectual disabilities is changing rapidly, with young people with increasingly complex needs surviving into adulthood and requiring transition from child to adult health services.

Design

An interpretative qualitative design.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were held with ten family carers of young adults with intellectual disabilities and complex care needs, who were in the process of or had recently completed a transition from child to adult health services in Scotland. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. The COREQ checklist was used.

Results

Transition emerged as a highly emotional and challenging period for family carers. Their experiences were captured in five main themes: “a deep sense of loss,” “an overwhelming process,” “parents making transitions happen,” “a shock to the adult healthcare system” and “the unbearable pressure.” Nurses were often seen as instrumental to counteracting some of these challenges.

Conclusions

There is an urgent need to respond to the challenges experienced by carers at the point of transition and beyond, by ensuring early and coordinated planning, effective information sharing and communication and clear transition processes and guidelines. A person‐centred and family‐centred approach is required to minimise negative impact on the health and well‐being of the young adult with intellectual disabilities and their carers.

Relevance to clinical practice

Registered nurses have a key role in providing information and support, along with coordinating care at the time of transition from child to adult health services for young adults with complex intellectual disabilities. It is vital that their input is person‐centred and responds effectively to the expert knowledge of family carers, while at the same time ensuring their needs for information and support are also addressed.
Primary malignant melanoma of the uterine cervix or vagina which were successfully treated with nivolumab
Authors: Anko Mayuka , Nakamura Masaru , Kobayashi Yusuke , Tsuji Kosuke , Nakada Sakura , Nakamura Yoshio , Funakoshi Takeru , Banno Kouji , Aoki Daisuke
Published: October 2019

Primary malignant melanomas (MM) originating from the gynecological tract are rare. They respond poorly to immunotherapy when compared with cutaneous MM. This study reports two cases. The first is of a 54‐year‐old woman with a cervical amelanotic polypoid mass who was diagnosed as having stage IB1 cervical melanoma according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics system. At 17 months post‐surgery, a computed tomography examination revealed recurrence of a 68 mm pelvic tumor. The second case is of a 37‐year‐old woman with a 7 cm hemorrhagic mass on the vaginal wall. The patient was diagnosed as having stage IV vaginal melanoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer definition. Both patients received nivolumab therapy, programmed cell death receptor 1 monoclonal antibodies, and the tumors almost disappeared. These cases may add the possibility of using colposcopy with narrow‐band imaging and positron‐emission tomography to diagnose and evaluate primary MM.
Spatial Distance Between Parents and Adult Children in the United States
Authors: Choi HwaJung , Schoeni Robert F. , Wiemers Emily E. , Hotz V. Joseph , Seltzer Judith A.
Published: October 2019

Objective

This brief report presents contemporary national estimates of the spatial distance between residences of parents and adult children in the United States, including distance to one's nearest parent or adult child and whether one lives near all of their parents and adult children.

Background

The most recent national estimates of parent–child spatial proximity come from data for the early 1990s. Moreover, research has rarely assessed the spatial clustering of all parents and adult children.

Method

Data are from the 2013 Panel Study of Income Dynamics on residential locations of adults aged 25 years and older and each of their parents and adult children. The following two measures of spatial proximity were estimated: the share of adults who have their nearest parent or adult child at a given distance and the share of adults who have all parents and/or all adult children at a given distance. Sociodemographic and geographic differences were examined for both measures.

Results

Among the adults with at least one living parent or adult child, a significant majority (74.8%) had their nearest parent or adult child within 30 miles, and about one third (35.5%) had all parents and adult children living that close. Spatial proximity differed substantially among sociodemographic groups, with those who were disadvantaged more likely to have their parents or adult children nearby. In most cases, sociodemographic disparities were much higher when spatial proximity was measured by proximity to all parents and all adult children instead of to the nearest parent or nearest adult child.

Conclusion

Disparities in having all parents and/or adult children nearby may be a result of family solidarity and also may affect family solidarity. This report sets the stage for new investigations of the spatial dimension of family cohesion.
‘Burnout contagion’ among teachers: A social network approach
Authors: Meredith Chloé , Schaufeli Wilmar , Struyve Charlotte , Vandecandelaere Machteld , Gielen Sarah , Kyndt Eva
Published: October 2019

Previous studies have found that burnout is to some extent contagious and have argued it is a socially induced phenomenon. However, until now, actual social interactions and the long‐term effect of this contagion have remained largely unexplored. This study aimed to expand earlier findings on burnout contagion through the application of a social network approach. This approach assumes that some relationships provide more information on the feelings and attitudes of others. This study therefore not only identified interaction partners, but also examined how characteristics (multiplexity, frequency, and embeddedness) of the relationship with those partners relate to burnout contagion. Using (temporal) network autocorrelation models, burnout contagion was empirically investigated in the context of secondary school teams. Cross‐sectional analyses were performed on data obtained from 931 teachers working in 14 schools. Long‐term effects of burnout contagion were assessed among 578 teachers working in 12 schools. The results showed that interpersonal interactions act as conduits for burnout contagion, especially when relations are strong in terms of frequency, embeddedness, and multiplexity. The results also showed that features of relationships play a differential role in the contagion of different components of burnout. Moreover, long‐term effects were found for emotional exhaustion. This study thus provided evidence for the importance of interpersonal relationships in burnout contagion.

Practitioner points

Negative feelings are transmitted through personal interaction: As such, the importance of positive (social) experiences within the school team is stressed.

Co‐rumination should be avoided as it may impact negatively on employees’ well‐being in both the short term and the long term.

Given the contagious nature of burnout, interventions for preventing and reducing burnout should not be solely focused on increasing social support within the school team. External support might be necessary to disrupt a potential negative cycle within this team.
Cytokines secreted by arecoline activate fibroblasts that affect the balance of TH17 and Treg
Authors: Wang Liping , Gu Liqun , Tang Zhangui
Published: October 2019

Background

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic progressive oral disease with cancerous tendency. Arecoline plays an important role in the pathogenesis of OSF. Fibroblasts (FBs) are the primary cells involved in the pathogenesis of OSF. There is a change in CD4+IL‐17+ helper T cells (Th17) and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) in OSF patients, but the molecular mechanisms of are not clearly understood. In this work, we studied the molecular mechanisms.

Methods

Enzyme digestion was used to extract primary FBs, and immunofluorescence was used to identify FBs. Cytotoxic experiment was then performed to determine the effect of arecoline on FB activity. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect changes in the amount of cytokines. In addition, we treated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with the above cytokines and detected their changes. Flow cytometry was used to detect the changes of Th17 and Treg, and quantitative‐polymerase chain reaction (Q‐PCR) was used to detect the changes of RORγt and Foxp3.

Results

We have found that the stimulation of arecoline on FBs increased interleukin‐2, interleukin‐6, and interleukin‐21 (IL‐2, IL‐6, and IL‐21) while decreased transforming growth cytokine‐β (TGF‐β). After the cytokine‐containing supernatant was co‐cultured with PBMC, the cytometry results showed that Th17 was increased, while Treg was significantly decreased and Q‐PCR results showed that RORγt expression was increased and Foxp3 expression was decreased.

Conclusion

The arecoline can affect inflammatory cytokines produced by FBs, which then act on immune cells Th17 and Treg, and make them change.
Retrieval of Glass Fiber Post Using Er:YAG Laser and Conventional Endodontic Ultrasonic Method: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Deeb Janina Golob , Grzech‐Leśniak Kinga , Weaver Colby , Matys Jacek , Bencharit Sompop
Published: October 2019

Purpose

To compare the times and temperatures used to remove a glass fiber post from an endodontically treated tooth using erbium‐doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) compared to conventional endodontic ultrasonic method.

Materials and Methods

Thirty‐four single‐root human extracted teeth were endodontically treated ex vivo. The post space was prepared to 7 mm in depth and a 11.4 mm glass fiber post was cemented using composite resin cement. Specimens were kept in 100% humidity for 24 hours and then randomly assigned to Er:YAG laser or ultrasonic methods for post removal. The removal time was recorded. Specimens with a fractured post during the removal process were excluded. The temperature on the external surface of the root was measured at the coronal, middle, and apical third portions during the laser or ultrasonic applications from 1 to 10 minutes. Data were analyzed using one‐tailed t‐test and paired t‐test (ɑ = 0.01) for the post removal time and temperature difference, respectively. The specimen surfaces were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Results

Fifteen specimens were tested in each group. Four specimens were fractured, 2 in the laser and 1 in ultrasonic group. One post was excluded because of laser tip damage. The average removal time were 98 ± 46.1 seconds for Er:YAG laser and 538 ± 215.6 seconds or ultrasonic groups with significant difference between the groups (p < 0.001). The temperature (°C) ranges measured from 1 to 10 minutes were [24.2°, 27.3°] for laser and [33.0°, 38.0°] for ultrasonic in the cervical area, [22.1°,24.6°] for laser and [31.0°, 34.6°] for ultrasonic in the middle area, and [24.4°, 27.7°] for laser and [30.3°, 34.1°] for ultrasonic in the apical area. There were significant differences between temperatures for each treatment (p < 0.001). SEM examination showed no visible damage caused by treatment with Er:YAG laser.

Conclusions

Er:YAG laser can remove posts up to 5 times faster than ultrasonic removal method. The laser causes lower temperature increase at the root surface compared to the ultrasonic removal. Er:YAG may be considered as a viable alternative to sonication for post removal.
Lived experiences of international operating room nurses in organ procurement surgery: A phenomenological study
Authors: Gao Weili , Plummer Virginia , McKenna Lisa
Published: October 2019

International operating room nurses come from different regions of the world with diverse social and cultural backgrounds, religions, personal beliefs, and education. They are likely to form unique attitudes toward multi‐organ procurement that potentially might affect their opinions and clinical practices. The aim of this phenomenological study was to explore the lived experiences of international operating room nurses participating in deceased organ procurement procedures in Australia. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 18 international operating room nurses. van Manen's phenomenological data analysis method was adopted to uncover and interpret meanings from these nurses' descriptions. Four essential themes emerged and evolved to signify the meanings of participants' experiences in organ procurement procedures: the surreality of death, personal and professional challenges, becoming stronger, and personal beliefs and wishes. The present study highlights the importance of cultural awareness in dealing with death, organ procurement, and interprofessional collaboration in the multi‐cultural perioperative context. It is essential to provide clinical education and support around culture and practice transition for international operating room nurses to increase and maintain their professional confidence, career satisfaction, health, and well‐being during organ procurement surgery.
Low phosphate represses histone deacetylase complex1 to regulate root system architecture remodeling in Arabidopsis
Authors: Xu Jia Meng , Wang Zhan Qi , Wang Jia Yi , Li Peng Fei , Jin Jian Feng , Chen Wei Wei , Fan Wei , Kochian Leon V. , Zheng Shao Jian , Yang Jian Li
Published: October 2019

The mechanisms involved in the regulation of gene expression in response to phosphate (Pi) deficiency have been extensively studied, but their chromatin‐level regulation remains poorly understood.

We examined the role of histone acetylation in response to Pi deficiency by using the histone deacetylase complex1 (hdc1) mutant. Genes involved in root system architecture (RSA) remodeling were analyzed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and chromatin immunoprecipitation qPCR.

We demonstrate that histone H3 acetylation increased under Pi deficiency, and the hdc1 mutant was hypersensitive to Pi deficiency, with primary root growth inhibition and increases in root hair number. Concomitantly, Pi deficiency repressed HDC1 protein abundances. Under Pi deficiency, hdc1 accumulated higher concentrations of Fe3+ in the root tips and had higher expression of genes involved in RSA remodeling, such as ALUMINUM‐ACTIVATED MALATE TRANSPORTER1 (ALMT1), LOW PHOSPHATE ROOT1 (LPR1), and LPR2 compared with wild‐type plants. Furthermore, Pi deficiency enriched the histone H3 acetylation of ALMT1 and LPR1. Finally, genetic evidence showed that LPR1/2 was epistatic to HDC1 in regulating RSA remodeling.

Our results suggest a chromatin‐level control of Pi starvation responses in which HDC1‐mediated histone H3 deacetylation represses the transcriptional activation of genes involved in RSA remodeling in Arabidopsis.
Sampling effects drive the species–area relationship in lake zooplankton
Authors: Gooriah Leana D. , Chase Jonathan M.
Published: October 2019

The island species–area relationship (ISAR) describes how the numbers of species increases with increasing size of an island (or island‐like habitat, such as lakes), and is one of the oldest laws in ecology. Despite its conceptual importance, there remains a great deal of ambiguity regarding the ISAR and its underlying processes. We compiled data from sampled zooplankton assemblages from several hundred lakes in North America and Europe to examine the influence of the three main hypothesized mechanisms leading to ISARs – passive sampling, disproportionate effects and habitat heterogeneity. We compiled data on lake zooplankton assemblages that reported sample‐level and lake level species richness estimates, as well as relative abundance data. In both North American and European lakes, we found a consistent and strong increase in total species richness with increasing lake area. However, when we compared the number of species standardized by number of individuals, there was no relationship between lake area and sample‐level species richness or an estimate of species relative abundances, calculated as the probability of interspecific encounter (PIE; a measure of evenness). This was true even when multiple samples were taken across lakes and combined, reducing the likelihood that habitat heterogeneity was driving the results. Overall, our results suggest that the ISAR of zooplankton in these lakes was most likely determined by sampling effects rather than disproportionate effects or habitat heterogeneity leading to more species in larger lakes. Understanding the mechanisms driving ISAR results such as ours can also help us develop predictions for biodiversity change when the area of these habitats changes.
Streptococcal peptides that signal Enterococcus faecalis cells carrying the pheromone‐responsive conjugative plasmid pAM373
Authors: Vickerman M. Margaret , Mansfield Jillian M.
Published: October 2019

Pheromone‐mediated conjugative transfer of enterococcal plasmids can contribute to the dissemination of genes involved in antibiotic resistance, fitness, and virulence among co‐residents of mixed microbial communities. We have previously shown that intergeneric signaling by the Streptococcus gordonii strain Challis heptapeptide s.g.cAM373 (SVFILAA) induces an aggregation substance‐mediated mating response and facilitates plasmid transfer from Enterococcus faecalis cells carrying the pheromone‐responsive plasmid pAM373 to both pheromone‐producing and non‐pheromone‐producing oral streptococcal recipients. To further investigate the streptococcal pheromone‐like peptides, s.g.cAM373‐like sequences were identified in the signal sequences of streptococcal CamG lipoproteins and their abilities to induce a mating response in E. faecalis/pAM373 cells were examined. Synthetic heptamers with the consensus sequence (A/S)‐(I/V)‐F‐I‐L‐(A/V/T)‐(S/A) induced AS‐mediated clumping. The conserved pheromone ABC transporter encoded by S. gordonii genome loci SGO_RS02660 and SGO_RS02665 was identified and confirmed to be required for s.g.cAM373 activity. Functional assays of culture supernatants from representative oral and blood isolates of S. gordonii showed that in addition to strains encoding s.g.cAM373, strain SK120, encoding the newly identified pheromone s.g.cAM373‐V (SVFILVA), was able to induce enterococcal clumping, whereas strains SK6, SK8, SK9, and SK86 which encoded s.g.cAM373‐T (SVFILTA) did not elicit a detectable mating response. Absence of pheromone activity in supernatants of heterologous hosts encoding its CamG precursor suggested that s.g.cAM373‐T was not effectively processed and/or transported. Overall, these studies demonstrated the distribution of active pheromone peptides among strains of S. gordonii, and support a potential role for enterococcal–streptococcal communication in contributing to genetic plasticity in the oral metagenome.
Domains of Chronic Low Back Pain and Assessing Treatment Effectiveness: A Clinical Perspective
Authors: Tagliaferri Scott D. , Miller Clint T. , Owen Patrick J. , Mitchell Ulrike H. , Brisby Helena , Fitzgibbon Bernadette , Masse‐Alarie Hugo , Van Oosterwijck Jessica , Belavy Daniel L.
Published: October 2019

Nonspecific chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a common clinical condition that has impacts at both the individual and societal level. Pain intensity is a primary outcome used in clinical practice to quantify the severity of CLBP and the efficacy of its treatment; however, pain is a subjective experience that is impacted by a multitude of factors. Moreover, differences in effect sizes for pain intensity are not observed between common conservative treatments, such as spinal manipulative therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, acupuncture, and exercise training. As pain science evolves, the biopsychosocial model is gaining interest in its application for CLBP management. The aim of this article is to discuss our current scientific understanding of pain and present why additional factors should be considered in conservative CLBP management. In addition to pain intensity, we recommend that clinicians should consider assessing the multidimensional nature of CLBP by including physical (disability, muscular strength and endurance, performance in activities of daily living, and body composition), psychological (kinesiophobia, fear‐avoidance, pain catastrophizing, pain self‐efficacy, depression, anxiety, and sleep quality), social (social functioning and work absenteeism), and health‐related quality‐of‐life measures, depending on what is deemed relevant for each individual. This review also provides practical recommendations to clinicians for the assessment of outcomes beyond pain intensity, including information on how large a change must be for it to be considered “real” in an individual patient. This information can guide treatment selection when working with an individual with CLBP.
A Leishmania donovani dominant‐negative mutant for eIF2α kinase LdeK1 elicits host‐protective immune response
Authors: Jha Mukesh Kumar , Rao Shilpa J. , Sarode Aditya Y. , Saha Bhaskar , Kar Anita , Pal Jayanta K.
Published: October 2019

Dominant‐negative mutation of LdeK1 gene, an eIF2α kinase from Leishmania donovani, revealed its role in translation regulation in response to nutrient starvation earlier. However, whether the kinase influences the infectivity of the parasites which naturally encounters nutrient deprivation during its life cycle was interesting to investigate. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments resulted in decrease of the parasite burden in peritoneal macrophages and in splenic/ hepatic load, respectively. An insight into the immune response of mice infected with mutant parasite showed enhanced pro‐inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide levels but reduced TH2 and Treg population. The significantly reduced loss of infectivity of the parasites lacking a functional LdeK1 by modulating the immune response towards host protection makes it a potential vaccine candidate against Leishmaniasis.
Switching Sides: Exploring Violent Extremist Intergroup Migration Across Hostile Ideologies
Authors: Koehler Daniel
Published: October 2019

Violent extremists and terrorists often abandon their associates to join like‐minded groups (i.e., with the same ideology or cause) or leave violent activism altogether (i.e., disengage or deradicalize). Sometimes, however, militants might switch between groups with mutually exclusive and hostile ideologies (e.g., from left‐wing to right‐wing extremism or from right‐wing extremism to Salafi‐jihadism). To explain intergroup migration, social identity theory (SIT) stipulates individual mobility as a strategy for status enhancement. However, SIT's applicability to this highly specific scenario of intergroup migration across hostile ideologies has not previously been explored. Several theoretical caveats could limit SIT's explanatory value here, such as potential group impermeability, lack of realistic status enhancement, and high social identity salience with the original ingroup. To assess SIT's applicability, this article uses four well‐documented individual case studies of violent extremist intergroup migration across hostile ideologies in Germany. The article shows that SIT's individual mobility strategy largely applies to this scenario, at least in the presented case studies.
Product life‐cycle, knowledge capital, and comparative advantage
Authors: Chen Xiaoping , Shao Yuchen
Published: October 2019

This paper empirically investigates the effect of product life‐cycle on trade patterns. We measure the product life‐cycle length with patent citation data at the industry level. Using bilateral trade data from 2002 to 2006, we find that countries with more knowledge capital endowment export more in industries with shorter product life‐cycles. We show that this pattern is largely driven by the risk of imitation. The pattern is reversed when imitation is limited by stronger intellectual property rights.
Multi‐breather and high‐order rogue waves for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation on the elliptic function background
Authors: Feng Bao‐Feng , Ling Liming , Takahashi Daisuke A.
Published: October 2019

We construct the multi‐breather solutions of the focusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) on the background of elliptic functions by the Darboux transformation, and express them in terms of the determinant of theta functions. The dynamics of the breathers in the presence of various kinds of backgrounds such as dn, cn, and nontrivial phase‐modulating elliptic solutions are presented, and their behaviors dependent on the effect of backgrounds are elucidated. We also determine the asymptotic behaviors for the multibreather solutions with different velocities in the limit , where the solution in the neighborhood of each breather tends to the simple one‐breather solution. Furthermore, we exactly solve the linearized NLSE using the squared eigenfunction and determine the unstable spectra for elliptic function background. By using them, the Akhmediev breathers arising from these modulational instabilities are plotted and their dynamics are revealed. Finally, we provide the rogue wave and higher order rogue wave solutions by taking the special limit of the breather solutions at branch points and the generalized Darboux transformation. The resulting dynamics of the rogue waves involves rich phenomena, depending on the choice of the background and possessing different velocities relative to the background. We also provide an example of the multi‐ and higher order rogue wave solution.
How to Foster Male Engagement in Traditionally Female Communal Roles and Occupations: Insights from Research on Gender Norms and Precarious Manhood
Authors: Meeussen Loes , Van Laar Colette , Van Grootel Sanne
Published: October 2019

While women are increasingly entering traditionally masculine, agentic occupations and roles, there has been less of a shift in the opposite direction: men moving into traditionally feminine, communal occupations and roles. This paper outlines the negative consequences of men's low communal engagement, and how this inhibits various benefits for men themselves, for the women and children around them, and for society as a whole. We review how sociopsychological processes driven by gender norms and precarious manhood keep men from engaging in communal roles and behaviors. Moreover, we outline how insights into these contextual barriers to men's communal engagement may also be used to facilitate change such that men are freed to pursue both agentic and communal roles. We discuss (the effectiveness of) different interventions at the societal, organizational, social, and relational level that may enable men to pursue communal interests.
Cultural Lock‐in and Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The Case of Dairy/Beef Farmers in Norway
Authors: Burton Rob J.F. , Farstad Maja
Published: October 2019

Meeting targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture will require the implementation of effective mitigation measures. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has recently recognised that to succeed we need to understand more about the conditions within which mitigation measures are applied, and for this, they note, we need insights from social science disciplines including sociology. We addressed this knowledge gap by using the concept of path‐dependency and lock‐in to explore barriers to change in dairy/beef systems in Norway. A qualitative survey of 29 farms found that changing parenting, recreational and spousal role expectations are driving farmers towards intensification (and thus higher emissions) in order to purchase milking robots, which, in turn, provide increased time for the expected role changes. Structural change is thus predominantly directed towards farm continuity which is making it increasingly difficult to meet mitigation targets in the future. The study illustrates how mitigation measures might be made more effective by understanding and addressing the broader cultural/structural environment within which farmers and their families operate.
Coseismic Coulomb stress changes imparted by the 1996 Minahasa Mw7.9 earthquake on the 2018 Palu Mw7.5 earthquake and expected seismicity rate changes
Authors: Lei Dongning , Wu Jianchao , Yang Gang
Published: October 2019

The Mw7.5 Palu earthquake that occurred on September 28, 2018, in Indonesia caused much damage to the city of Palu. Preliminary investigations indicated that the Palu‐Koro Fault (PKF) hosted this damaging event. We calculated the seismicity before and after the 1996 Minahasa Mw7.9 earthquake and found that the seismicity on the PKF was enhanced after this earthquake. The earlier earthquake added Coulomb stress changes (∆CFS) to the seismogenic fault plane. We calculated the ∆CFS produced by the Palu earthquake on a specified received nodal plane; the results suggest that many aftershocks occurred in the region of increased ∆CFS. This region was consistent with the region of increased seismicity. The ∆CFS on neighbouring faults increased, and up to 55.282 bar of stress was observed on the PKF. Furthermore, we calculated the expected seismicity rate and found that it will require ~50 years to recover to its original level.
Hepatitis C‐positive donor liver transplantation for hepatitis C seronegative recipients
Authors: Ting Peng‐sheng , Hamilton James Peter , Gurakar Ahmet , Urrunaga Nathalie H. , Ma Michelle , Glorioso Jaime , King Elizabeth , Toman Lindsey P. , Wesson Russell , Garonzik‐Wang Jacqueline , Ottmann Shane , Philosophe Benjamin , Sulkowski Mark , Cameron Andrew M. , Durand Christine M. , Chen Po‐Hung
Published: October 2019

Background

The opioid crisis has led to an increase in hepatitis C virus‐positive donors in the past decade. Whereas historically hepatitis C seropositive organs were routinely discarded, the advent of direct‐acting antiviral agents has notably expanded the utilization of organs from donors with hepatitis C. There has been growing experience with liver transplantation (LT) from hepatitis C seropositive donors to hepatitis C seropositive recipients. However, data remain limited on LT from hepatitis C seropositive or hepatitis C ribonucleic acid positive donors to hepatitis C seronegative recipients.

Methods

We performed a retrospective study of 26 hepatitis C seronegative recipients who received hepatitis C seropositive donor livers followed by preemptive antiviral therapy with direct‐acting antiviral treatment at the Johns Hopkins Hospital Comprehensive Transplant Center from January 1, 2017, to August 31, 2019.

Results

Twenty‐five of the 26 recipients are alive with proper graft function; 20 of them received livers from hepatitis C nucleic acid testing positive donors. All 12 recipients who completed their direct‐acting antiviral courses and have reached sufficient follow‐up for sustained virologic response have achieved sustained virologic response. Nine of our recipients have either completed direct‐acting antiviral treatment without sufficient follow‐up time for sustained virologic response or are undergoing direct‐acting antiviral treatment. One patient is awaiting antiviral treatment initiation pending insurance approval. Of note, 11 of 12 patients with sustained virologic response received a hepatitis C nucleic acid testing positive donor liver.

Conclusion

Hepatitis C seronegative patients who receive a hepatitis C seropositive or hepatitis C nucleic acid testing positive liver allograft can enjoy good short‐term outcomes with hepatitis C cure following direct‐acting antiviral treatment.
Global sourcing, productivity and export intensity
Authors: Bandick Roger
Published: October 2019

This paper investigates the effect of global sourcing on firm performances by using data on Danish manufacturing firms during the period 1995–2006. The results show that firms with better ex‐ante characteristics are more inclined to source intermediate inputs from abroad. The results also show that firms that source from different locations possess different ex‐ante characteristics; the most productive source inputs from high‐wage countries while capital stock and being an exporter are more important factors when sourcing from low‐wage countries. Moreover, controlling for the endogeneity of both the sourcing decision and location by using instrument variable and DiD matching approach, the results seem also to suggest that firms that source inputs from high‐wage countries benefited from doing so in terms of higher growth of productivity and export intensity. Firms that source inputs from low‐wage countries, on the other hand, seem not to have experienced any significant impact on neither productivity nor export, not even three years after they started to source inputs from these countries.
The emergence of regional business cycle in Africa—a reality or myth? A Bayesian dynamic factor model analysis
Authors: Omoshoro‐Jones Oyeyinka S. , Bonga‐Bonga Lumengo
Published: October 2019

This paper examines the evolution and the underlying forces of the business cycle co‐movements among seven African (A‐7) countries over the period 1970–2016. These countries accounted for over 60% of regional GDP, have abundant natural resources, access to the global capital market and widely viewed as potential drivers of regional (or “African”) business cycle. We model the national business cycle using real output, consumption and investment. We employ a dynamic factor model to decompose fluctuations in these macro‐variables into a regional, country‐specific and idiosyncratic components using Bayesian methods. We also analyse the relative importance of some notable drivers of business cycle fluctuations found in the literature. We find that the idiosyncratic component is dominating cyclical fluctuations in the A‐7 countries, while country‐specific and regional factors play a negligible role suggesting the inexistence of a common regional cycle despite deepening intra‐African trade. Among the driving variables, the terms‐of‐trade shocks exert greater influence on the A‐7 business cycle, while exchange rate movements and changes in money supply explain sizeable fluctuations in consumption and investment in most of the A‐7 countries. Shocks associated with changes in relative domestic oil prices, monetary and fiscal policies cause large output fluctuations.
Near‐infrared imaging and optical coherence tomography for intraoperative visualization of tumors
Authors: Holt David , Singhal Sunil , Selmic Laura E.
Published: October 2019

Surgical excision is the foundation of treatment for early‐stage solid tumors in man and companion animals. Complete excision with appropriate margins of surrounding tumor‐free tissue is crucial to survival. Intraoperative imaging allows real‐time visualization of tumors, assessment of surgical margins, and, potentially, lymph nodes and satellite metastatic lesions, allowing surgeons to perform complete tumor resections while sparing surrounding vital anatomic structures. This Review will focus on the use of near‐infrared imaging and optical coherence tomography for intraoperative tumor visualization.
HIV-1 Matrix Trimerization-Impaired Mutants Are Rescued by Matrix Substitutions That Enhance Envelope Glycoprotein Incorporation
Authors: Tedbury Philip R. , Novikova Mariia , Alfadhli Ayna , Hikichi Yuta , Kagiampakis Ioannis , KewalRamani Vineet N. , Barklis Eric , Freed Eric O.
Published: October 2019

The immature Gag lattice is a critical structural feature of assembling HIV-1 particles, which is primarily important for virion formation and release. While Gag forms a hexameric lattice, driven primarily by the capsid domain, the MA domain additionally trimerizes where three Gag hexamers meet. MA mutants that are defective for trimerization are deficient for Env incorporation and replication, suggesting a requirement for trimerization of the MA domain of Gag in Env incorporation. This study used a gain-of-function, forced viral evolution approach to rescue HIV-1 mutants that are defective for MA trimerization. Compensatory mutations that rescue virus replication do so by restoring Env incorporation and MA trimer formation. This study supports the importance of MA domain trimerization in HIV-1 replication and the potential of the trimer interface as a therapeutic target.
Bacterial Longevity Requires Protein Synthesis and a Stringent Response
Authors: Yin Liang , Ma Hongyu , Nakayasu Ernesto S. , Payne Samuel H. , Morris David R. , Harwood Caroline S.
Published: October 2019

We are surrounded by bacteria, but they do not completely dominate our planet despite the ability of many to grow extremely rapidly in the laboratory. This has been interpreted to mean that bacteria in nature are often in a dormant state. We investigated life in growth arrest of
Rhodopseudomonas palustris
, a proteobacterium that stays alive for months when it is not growing. We found that cells were metabolically active, and they continued to synthesize proteins and mounted a stringent response, both of which were required for their longevity. Our results suggest that long-lived bacteria are not necessarily inactive but have an active metabolism that is well adjusted to life without growth.
Clonal Confinement of a Highly Mobile Resistance Element Driven by Combination Therapy in Rhodococcus equi
Authors: Álvarez-Narváez Sonsiray , Giguère Steeve , Anastasi Elisa , Hearn Jack , Scortti Mariela , Vázquez-Boland José A.
Published: October 2019

MDR clades arise upon acquisition of resistance traits, but the determinants of their clonal expansion remain largely undefined. Taking advantage of the unique features of
Rhodococcus equi
infection control in equine farms, involving the same dual antibiotic treatment since the 1980s (a macrolide and rifampin), this study sheds light into the determinants of multiresistance clonality and the importance of combination therapy in limiting the dissemination of mobile resistance elements. Clinically effective therapeutic alternatives against
R. equi
foal pneumonia are currently lacking, and the identified macrolide-rifampin MDR clone 2287 has serious implications. Still at early stages of evolution and local spread,
R. equi
2287 may disseminate globally, posing a significant threat to the equine industry and, also, public health due to the risk of zoonotic transmission. The characterization of the 2287 clone and its resistance determinants will enable targeted surveillance and control interventions to tackle the emergence of MDR
R. equi
.
Remasking of Candida albicans β-Glucan in Response to Environmental pH Is Regulated by Quorum Sensing
Authors: Cottier Fabien , Sherrington Sarah , Cockerill Sarah , del Olmo Toledo Valentina , Kissane Stephen , Tournu Helene , Orsini Luisa , Palmer Glen E. , Pérez J. Christian , Hall Rebecca A.
Published: October 2019

Candida albicans
is part of the microbiota of the skin and gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts of humans and has coevolved with us for millennia. During that period,
C. albicans
has developed strategies to modulate the host’s innate immune responses, by regulating the exposure of key epitopes on the fungal cell surface. Here, we report that exposing
C. albicans
to an acidic environment, similar to the one of the stomach or vagina, increases the detection of the yeast by macrophages. However, this effect is transitory, as
C. albicans
is able to remask these epitopes (glucan and chitin). We found that glucan remasking is controlled by the production of farnesol, a molecule secreted by
C. albicans
in response to high cell densities. However, chitin-remasking mechanisms remain to be identified. By understanding the relationship between environmental sensing and modulation of the host-pathogen interaction, new opportunities for the development of innovative antifungal strategies are possible.
Genomewide Analysis of Mode of Action of the
S
-Adenosylmethionine Analogue Sinefungin in Leishmania infantum
Authors: Bhattacharya Arijit , Sharma Mansi , Packianathan Charles , Rosen Barry P. , Leprohon Philippe , Ouellette Marc
Published: October 2019

The two main cellular metabolic one-carbon donors are reduced folates and
S
-adenosylmethionine, whose biosynthetic pathways have proven highly effective in chemotherapeutic interventions in various cell types. Sinefungin, a nucleoside analogue of
S
-adenosylmethionine, was shown to have potent activity against the protozoan parasite
Leishmania
. Here, we studied resistance to sinefungin using whole-genome approaches as a way to further our understanding of the role of
S
-adenosylmethionine in this parasite and to reveal novel potential drug targets. These approaches allowed the characterization of novel features related to
S
-adenosylmethionine function in
Leishmania
which could further help in the development of sinefungin-like compounds against this pathogenic parasite.