bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of a Pilot Training Program on Veterinary Students' Pain Knowledge, Attitude, and Assessment Skills
Authors: Mich Patrice M. , Hellyer Peter W. , Kogan Lori , Schoenfeld-Tacher Regina
Published: December 2010

The prevention and management of pain is fundamental to the practice of both human and veterinary medicine. The recognition and treatment of pain represents an important indicator of the quality of care delivered in human hospitals and veterinary hospitals. Yet, both human and veterinary health care professionals have cited inadequate knowledge as a significant barrier to effective pain management. The aims of this pilot study were twofold: (1) to gauge veterinary medical students' current attitudes regarding their training in pain management and (2) to assess the impact of training and practice on the use of a canine acute pain assessment teaching tool. Participants, third-year professional veterinary medical students, completed a 16-item survey questionnaire before a 30-minute training session on pain assessment using the teaching tool and completed it again after training and a one-week practice period. Questions related to canine pain, assessment of canine pain, pain management education in the professional veterinary curriculum, and an example case presentation (video) were included in the survey. The analysis of survey results indicated that professional veterinary medicine students find value in didactic and clinical training in canine pain assessment. Additionally, use of the canine acute pain teaching tool in conjunction with a training program improved students' knowledge and skill in assessment while pointing out the importance of further training. Differences with regard to gender and tracking were found and warrant further exploration.
An Instructional Intervention to Encourage Effective Deep Collaborative Learning in Undergraduate Veterinary Students
Authors: Khosa Deep K. , Volet Simone E. , Bolton John R.
Published: December 2010

In recent years, veterinary education has received an increased amount of attention directed at the value and application of collaborative case-based learning. The benefit of instilling deep learning practices in undergraduate veterinary students has also emerged as a powerful tool in encouraging continued professional education. However, research into the design and application of instructional strategies to encourage deep, collaborative case-based learning in veterinary undergraduates has been limited. This study focused on delivering an instructional intervention (via a 20-minute presentation and student handout) to foster productive, collaborative case-based learning in veterinary education. The aim was to instigate and encourage deep learning practices in a collaborative case-based assignment and to assess the impact of the intervention on students' group learning. Two cohorts of veterinary students were involved in the study. One cohort was exposed to an instructional intervention, and the other provided the control for the study. The instructional strategy was grounded in the collaborative learning literature and prior empirical studies with veterinary students. Results showed that the intervention cohort spent proportionally more time on understanding case content material than did the control cohort and rated their face-to-face discussions as more useful in achieving their learning outcomes than did their control counterparts. In addition, the perceived difficulty of the assignment evolved differently for the control and intervention students from start to end of the assignment. This study provides encouraging evidence that veterinary students can change and enhance the way they interact in a group setting to effectively engage in collaborative learning practices.
Pet Poultry Training for Veterinary Practitioners
Authors: Crespo Rocio , Faux Cynthia , Dhillon Singh A. , Newberry Ruth C. , Moore Dale A.
Published: December 2010

Keeping backyard poultry in urban areas is a burgeoning trend in the United States. As such, we believe urban pet poultry owners are increasingly likely to seek veterinary services from urban companion-animal practitioners. Traditionally, poultry species have been classified as production animals. Most small-animal practitioners have limited experience or knowledge of these species and hesitate to accept these animals at their practices. We developed a one-day course to train veterinarians in pet poultry (as opposed to commercial poultry) medicine. The course covers poultry examination, diseases, and treatments and provides an introduction to poultry breeds and behavior and the basics of nutrition and husbandry. We believe this type of continuing education program is important for veterinarians because they are often on the front line of human public health issues. In addition, courses of this type increase the number of veterinarians trained to spot serious avian diseases, including foreign diseases and diseases with zoonotic potential. Most important, veterinarians with this training develop the knowledge to contribute to the health and well-being of pet poultry along with their clients' other companion animals.
Assessment of First-Year Veterinary Students' Clinical Skills Using Objective Structured Clinical Examinations
Authors: Hecker Kent , Read Emma K. , Vallevand Andrea , Krebs Gord , Donszelmann Darlene , Muelling Christoph K.W. , Freeman Sarah L.
Published: December 2010

The DVM program at the University of Calgary offers a Clinical Skills course each year for the first three years. The course is designed to teach students the procedural skills required for entry-level general veterinary practice. Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs) were used to assess students' performance on these procedural skills. A series of three OSCEs were developed for the first year. Content was determined by an exam blueprint, exam scoring sheets were created, rater training was provided, a mock OSCE was performed with faculty and staff, and the criterion-referencing Ebel method was used to set cut scores for each station using two content experts. Each station and the overall exam were graded as pass or fail. Thirty first-year DVM students were assessed. Content validity was ensured by the exam blueprint and expert review. Reliability (coefficient α) of the stations from the three OSCE exams ranged from 0.0 to 0.71. The three exam reliabilities (Generalizability Theory) were, for OSCE 1, G=0.56; OSCE 2, G=0.37; and OSCE 3, G=0.32. Preliminary analysis has suggested that the OSCEs demonstrate face and content validity, and certain stations demonstrated adequate reliability. Overall exam reliability was low, which reflects issues with first-time exam delivery. Because this year was the first that this course was taught and this exam format was used, work continues in the program on the teaching of the procedural skills and the development and revision of OSCE stations and scoring checklists.
Over-the-Counter Stimulant, Depressant, and Nootropic Use by Veterinary Students
Authors: Hofmeister Erik H. , Muilenburg Jessica L. , Kogan Lori , Elrod Susan M.
Published: December 2010

US veterinary students are subject to significant stress throughout their veterinary education. In this article, the authors characterize the use of over-the-counter (OTC) medications and relate their use to stress in a veterinary student population. Of the students sampled, 35% were OTC medication users; 33% of these were regular OTC medication users. Forty-three percent of students were energy drink (ED) users; 45% of these were regular ED users. OTC medication users had significantly higher stress scores than non-OTC medication users, and ED users had significantly higher anxiety scores than non-ED users. The most common reasons for use given by OTC medication users were to help with studying and to fall asleep at night. Depression scores were significantly higher for juniors and sophomores than for freshmen. Depression, stress, and anxiety scores were all lower in the Colorado State University students when compared with the University of Georgia students. OTC medication and ED veterinary student users had distinct characteristics that differed from those of nonusers. Users suffered from more stress and anxiety and had more difficulties with sleep, which may have affected their overall health and academic performance. Educating veterinary students about the consequences of using OTC medication and ED and providing counseling support may be of benefit to veterinary students' psychological well-being.
Financing Sustainable Small-Scale Forestry: Lessons from Developing National Forest Financing Strategies in Latin America
Authors: Boscolo Marco , Dijk Kees van , Savenije Herman
Published: December 2010

The problems that hamper the financing of sustainable forest management (SFM) are manifold and complex. However, forestry is also facing unprecedented opportunities. The multiple functions and values of forests are increasingly recognized as part of the solution to pressing global issues (e.g., climate change, energy scarcity, poverty, environmental degradation, biodiversity loss and raw material supply). Emerging initiatives to enhance forest carbon stocks and cut greenhouse gas emissions associated with forest clearing (known as REDD+), together with voluntary carbon markets, are offering additional funding options for SFM. Indigenous peoples, local communities and small scale farmers feature as key players in the discourse on implementing such initiatives. Based on the experience of countries developing national forest financing strategies and instruments, we suggest the following points be considered when financing such initiatives, particularly for small scale forestry: (1) Integrate financing of REDD+ and similar initiatives within broader national strategies for SFM financing; (2) Design REDD+ finance mechanisms that are ‘community ready’, i.e., tailored to local realities; (3) Consider existing livelihood strategies as the starting point; (4) Build on existing structures, but be mindful of their strengths and weaknesses; (5) Be strategic with your priority actions; and (6) Promote innovation, knowledge sharing and information exchange.
Simplifying the Scientific Writing and Review Process with SciFlow
Authors: Eichler Frederik , Reinhardt Wolfgang
Published: December 2010

Scientific writing is an essential part of a student’s and researcher’s everyday life. In this paper we investigate the particularities of scientific writing and explore the features and limitations of existing tools for scientific writing. Deriving from this analysis and an online survey of the scientific writing processes of students and researchers at the University of Paderborn, we identify key principles to simplify scientific writing and reviewing. Finally, we introduce a novel approach to support scientific writing with a tool called SciFlow that builds on these principles and state of the art technologies like cloud computing.
Binding Ligand Prediction for Proteins Using Partial Matching of Local Surface Patches
Authors: Sael Lee , Kihara Daisuke
Published: December 2010

Functional elucidation of uncharacterized protein structures is an important task in bioinformatics. We report our new approach for structure-based function prediction which captures local surface features of ligand binding pockets. Function of proteins, specifically, binding ligands of proteins, can be predicted by finding similar local surface regions of known proteins. To enable partial comparison of binding sites in proteins, a weighted bipartite matching algorithm is used to match pairs of surface patches. The surface patches are encoded with the 3D Zernike descriptors. Unlike the existing methods which compare global characteristics of the protein fold or the global pocket shape, the local surface patch method can find functional similarity between non-homologous proteins and binding pockets for flexible ligand molecules. The proposed method improves prediction results over global pocket shape-based method which was previously developed by our group.
Poly[(3-hexylthiophene)-block-(3-semifluoroalkylthiophene)] for Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Yamada Ichiko , Takagi Koji , Hayashi Yasuhiko , Soga Tetsuo , Shibata Norio , Toru Takeshi
Published: December 2010

We report the synthesis of poly[(3-hexylthiophene)-block-(3-(4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-nonafluoroheptyl)thiophene)], P(3HT-b-3SFT), carried out by the Grignard Metathesis Method (GRIM). The copolymers composition was determined by 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopies, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The thin films of P(3HT‑b‑3SFT) were investigated by ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). We also fabricated bulk-hetero junction (BHJ) solar cells based on blends of P(3HT-b-3SFT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Although the composition ratio of P3SFT in P(3HT-b-3SFT) was low, the influence of P3SFT on the morphology and properties of solar cells was significant. The annealing process for the BHJ solar cells induced the formation of large domains and led to poor solar cell performance. The BHJ solar cells, based on PCBM and P(3HT-b-3SFT), prepared by the non-annealing process, had a maximum power conversion efficiency of 0.84% under 100 mW/cm2 (AM 1.5 solar illumination) in air.
Thermotropic and Thermochromic Polymer Based Materials for Adaptive Solar Control
Authors: Seeboth Arno , Ruhmann Ralf , Mühling Olaf
Published: December 2010

The aim of this review is to present the actual status of development in adaptive solar control by use of thermotropic and organic thermochromic materials. Such materials are suitable for application in smart windows. In detail polymer blends, hydrogels, resins, and thermoplastic films with a reversible temperature-dependent switching behavior are described. A comparative evaluation of the concepts for these energy efficient materials is given as well. Furthermore, the change of strategy from ordinary shadow systems to intrinsic solar energy reflection materials based on phase transition components and a first remark about their realization is reported. Own current results concerning extruded films and high thermally stable casting resins with thermotropic properties make a significant contribution to this field.
Antioxidant Phenolic Compounds of Dracaena Cambodiana
Authors: Luo Ying , Wang Hui , Xu Xuerong , Mei Wenli , Dai Haofu
Published: December 2010

The antioxidant activities of the petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-BuOH and water extract fractions from Dracaena cambodiana Pierre ex Gagnep were evaluated in this study. The ethyl acetate fraction contained the highest amount of total phenolics and total flavonoids, and showed the greatest DPPH˙, ABTS+ and Superoxide anion radical-scavenging capacities. The DPPH˙, ABTS+ and Superoxide anion radical-scavenging capacities of nine compounds isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction were also evaluated. The results indicated that these compounds contributed to the antioxidant activity of D. cambodiana. Therefore, D. cambodiana and these compounds might be used as natural antioxidants.
Glucan Particle Encapsulated Rifampicin for Targeted Delivery to Macrophages
Authors: Soto Ernesto , Kim Yun Seong , Lee Jinhee , Kornfeld Hardy , Ostroff Gary
Published: December 2010

Glucan particles (GPs) are 2–4 mm spherical, hollow, porous shells extracted from Baker’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisae. The surface of the GPs is composed primarily of 1,3-b-glucan and the particles are efficiently phagocytosed via receptor-mediated cell uptake by macrophages, phagocytic cells expressing glucan receptors. The hollow cavity of the GPs allows for efficient absorption and encapsulation of payload molecules. Rifampicin (Rif), a drug used in tuberculosis treatment, was encapsulated by precipitation in GPs and trapped using a calcium alginate or chitosan hydrogel to seal the pores of GPs and slow Rif release. Unplugged GP formulations immediately released Rif following particle resuspension in aqueous buffer. Alginate and chitosan sealing of GPs loaded with Rif was able to extend drug release for 24–72 h. GP-Rif formulations containing 10% w/w Rif/GP plugged with a calcium alginate hydrogel were effective at reducing colony forming units of M. tuberculosis strain mc26020 in infected bone marrow macrophages ~80–90% at 24 and 72 hours. The amount of Rif delivered in the GP formulations was below the free Rif minimal inhibitory concentration demonstrating that GP targeted Rif delivery to macrophages enhances Rif antimicrobial effects.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Sensor on an Optical Fiber Probe Fabricated with a Femtosecond Laser
Authors: Ma Xiaodong , Huo Haibin , Wang Wenhui , Tian Ye , Wu Nan , Guthy Charles , Shen Mengyan , Wang Xingwei
Published: December 2010

A novel fabrication method for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensors that used a fast femtosecond (fs) laser scanning process to etch uniform patterns and structures on the endface of a fused silica optical fiber, which is then coated with a thin layer of silver through thermal evaporation is presented. A high quality SERS signal was detected on the patterned surface using a Rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) solution. The uniform SERS sensor built on the tip of the optical fiber tip was small, light weight, and could be especially useful in remote sensing applications.
The Effectiveness of Silica Sand in Semi-Aerobic Stabilized Landfill Leachate Treatment
Authors: Othman Ezlina , Yusoff Mohd Suffian , Aziz Hamidi Abdul , Adlan Mohd Nordin , Bashir Mohammed J. K. , Hung Yung-Tse
Published: December 2010

This study examines the suitability of natural silica sand as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of ammoniacal nitrogen and heavy metals, particularly iron and zinc, from semi-aerobic stabilized landfill leachate. Leachate samples were collected from the Pulau Burung landfill site (PBLS) in Penang, Malaysia. The above-mentioned contaminants are highlighted in this study because of their unsafe concentrations at PBLS. The effects of shaking time, settling time, and silica sand dosage on the study parameter removal efficiencies were investigated to predict the performance of the process. The adsorptions of ammoniacal nitrogen, iron, and zinc were judiciously described by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The optimum removal efficiencies of ammoniacal nitrogen, iron, and zinc obtained were 51%, 44.4%, and 39.2%, respectively, with a shaking time of 90 min, a settling time of 60 min, and with a dosage of 60 g (0.5 kg/L) of silica sand. Based on the coefficient of determination (R2) values obtained from Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, ammoniacal nitrogen, iron, and zinc adsorption were better fitted to the Freundlich model.
Explorer et écrire avec l’image
Authors: Fiéloux Michèle , Lombard Jacques
Published: December 2010

Si l’on pose que l’anthropologie visuelle n’est pas une simple paraphrase de l’écriture anthropologique classique mais qu’elle s’appuie, au contraire, sur une écriture propre, de quelle écriture

s’agit-il alors et en quoi peut-elle représenter un apport scientifique comme modalité spécifique de construction du réel face à l’acquis des connaissances dans notre discipline et aux différents courants qui la traversent et le constituent? Peut-on dire que l’anthropologie visuelle, dans le mouvement même de sa logique d’expression, induit des problématiques et des méthodologies particulières ou bien devons-nous les constituer comme telles, et comment? Quelle place ces problématiques peuvent-elles/ pourraient-elles occuper dans les fondements de la discipline et, en conséquence, quels rôles peuvent-elles/ pourraientelles jouer dans son développement le plus actuel?
De l’usage des images en sciences sociales
Authors: Péquignot Bruno
Published: December 2010

La question de l’image en sciences sociales est récurrente, elle se pose à différents niveaux, allant de la production à la diffusion, et jusqu’à l’évaluation scientifique de sa pertinence. Il n’y a pas d’image signifiante sans un texte qui en donne les clés d’intelligibilité et donc d’interprétation. Ce n’est pas vrai seulement de l’image, mais de tout «fait» rapporté, voire de toute «donnée» brute, recueillie.
« Les possibilités d’une sémiologie de l’image optique »
Authors: Burnier Michel
Published: December 2010

Malgré leur puissant déferlement, les mass media sont loin d’être analysés. Mais en 1966 des théoriciens réunis au CECMAS, notamment Pierre Naville, Georges Friedmann, Christian Metz, Edgar Morin et Roland Barthes, ont introduit à une sémiologie de l’image optique. Quarante ans après, l’image résiste à l’analyse. Diverses théories portent sur l’interprétation des contenus, ou même sur leur réception subjective. Pourtant, la complexité énigmatique du signe iconique nécessite l’élucidation du langage spécifique des images. Autonome et signifiante par elle-même, l’image optique est en lien direct avec l’inconscient.
« Creuser l’intime »
Authors: Faguer Jean-Pierre
Published: December 2010

Contrairement à l’écrit, filmer «lie» dans une même image ou une même séquence la connaissance de l’objet et les traces de la relation entre le chercheur et l’enquêté (condescendance, «distance», ou complicité), l’apport «scientifique» et la méthodologie. Plus encore, filmer «fixe» l’intérêt des interviewés dans la mesure où ils peuvent se voir «en situation d’entretien» et travailler après coup la relation. Autrement dit, le «relationnel» fait partie de l’objet filmé. L’article illustre cette thèse à partir d’un exemple: la diffusion à la télévision de la série Que deviendront-ils? qui s’est attachée à montrer entre 1983 et 1993 les principaux moments de la vie scolaire, familiale et personnelle d’un groupe d’adolescents scolarisés dans un lycée parisien de la sixième jusqu’à la terminale. On s’est interrogé sur les effets sociaux qu’avait pu produire sur les principaux personnages de la série sa diffusion au grand public. L’article s’appuie sur l’interview des trois protagonistes qui ont contribué à la réussite de ce projet: le réalisateur, la productrice, responsable en 1983, sur la Deux, du service «Documentaires», enfin la journaliste qui a réalisé la plus grande partie des entretiens.
Le documentaire d’auteur et les sciences sociales
Authors: Berdot Françoise
Published: December 2010

Quels sont les liens entre le documentaire d’auteur et la recherche en sciences sociales? L’analyse de Récolte sanglante (Bob Connoly et Robin Anderson, 1991), qui aborde in situ et in vivo

le changement de culture vécu par un peuple récemment colonisé, permet de comprendre le surplus de vérité négocié par l’écriture cinématographique du réel, à travers le regard de deux cinéastes qui ont produit là une oeuvre exceptionnelle.
« Voir dans l’objet » : documentaire, fiction, anthropologie
Authors: Latour Éliane de
Published: December 2010

La mise en fiction est une manière de dévoiler et de rester proche, un détour souvent nécessaire pour révéler petits bricolages et grands desseins. Un plan des frères Lumière à Paris est intéressant à regarder, mais cela ne dit que cet instant-là de la rue et rien sur la passante aux beaux atours, ni sur le cocher qui fouette ses chevaux. Avec ses premiers films burlesques, Chaplin a sans doute touché l’essentiel en jouant sur les discriminations extrêmes de cette époque.
Journal d’un artisan producteur d’images
Authors: Krief Jean-Pierre
Published: December 2010

Huit heures du matin: mon bureau est désert. L’immeuble est désert. La cour est déserte. Madame Souad, qui chante souvent de tristes mélopées kabyles dans sa loge du rez-de-chaussée, est absente. Vacances en Algérie. Aujourd’hui, pas de ménage. Sur ma table gît un tas de papiers que je n’ai pas classé depuis des semaines...
Du film à l’Ovni en passant par le travail
Authors: Baratta René
Published: December 2010

Bilan de différentes pratiques audiovisuelles expérimentées en une quinzaine d’années sur la manière de filmer le travail, depuis des films jusqu’à des objets vidéo restituant des interventions en entreprise. Leur forme et leurs dispositifs filmiques renvoient à des rapports différents entre la parole et les images. Les statuts du réalisateur, des salariés et des chercheurs ne sont pas les mêmes. Leurs finalités aussi sont différentes: s’agit-il de filmer le travail pour mieux le comprendre, pour en dénoncer les conditions ou pour essayer de le transformer?
Le corps de l’automate
Authors: Scardigli Victor
Published: December 2010

Technological progress partly relies on a magical and religious way of thinking about modernity. Genetics is urged to create a faultless human body. In aircraft automation, the flight systems behave as the metaphorical body of its designers. Like a divinity, any new device demands the symbolic corporal sacrifice of test pilots. Then, like a shaman, it travels across time and space, bringing inside each cockpit the engineers’ representation for what the operator’s body must be, as well as their benevolent knowledge in case of a danger.
Le pilotage des avions automatisés
Authors: Moricot Caroline
Published: December 2010

This paper proposes a socio-anthropological reflection of the interaction of human bodies with technical devices containing advanced automation. The specific field of research is airplane piloting. Exemples from civil and military aviation demonstrate that, despite their high level of automation, these machines remain sensitive to very delicate levels of corporeal engagement. Although automation appears to evict the human being, in fact it renders the human body necessary. Feeling a sensation, and then recognizing it, leads the human to give sense to his actions. This social process is largely corporeal.
Utilité du partage des corpus pour l'analyse des interactions en ligne en situation d'apprentissage : un exemple d'approche méthodologique autour d'une base de corpus d'apprentissage
Authors: Chanier Thierry , Ciekanski Maud
Published: December 2010

La recherche sur les interactions en ligne en situation d'apprentissage offre encore trop peu souvent la possibilité d'accéder aux données à partir desquelles les chercheurs ont élaboré les analyses présentées dans les publications. Cela restreint, d'une part, la compréhension des phénomènes étudiés et, d'autre part, empêche toute réplication dans le but de comparaisons, d'analyses cumulatives ou contrastives. Dans le projet Mulce, nous défendons le point de vue méthodologique suivant : pour permettre une analyse des interactions situées, il convient de relier les différentes données issues de formations en ligne pour construire un objet d'analyse exploitable par différentes équipes et disciplines. Le constat actuel est que les données sont souvent décontextualisées, parcellaires ou simplement inaccessibles à la communauté des chercheurs. Nous proposons donc de structurer les données en corpus d'apprentissage (Letec) de façon à rendre possible leur échange et la capitalisation des analyses. Le protocole de recherche, le scénario pédagogique, les interactions, productions et traces, les licences et les analyses capitalisables en sont les constituants. Cet article présente, dans un premier temps, les questionnements, à la fois théoriques, techniques et méthodologiques soulevés par la conception d'un tel projet. Dans un deuxième temps, nous illustrerons notre démarche à partir d'exemples issus des formations Simuligne et Copéas, en indiquant les processus simples de transformation du format Mulce aux formats requis par deux logiciels d'aide à l'analyse (l'un sur les forums, l'autre sur l'alignement entre vidéo et transcription). Nous insistons plus particulièrement sur l'intérêt de ces outils pour l'analyse des phénomènes de polyfocalisation et d'écriture multimodale dans l'analyse des interactions multimodales, caractéristiques des environnements d'apprentissage en ligne. Nous conclurons notre propos sur les modes de valorisation scientifique du travail du chercheur confronté à la collecte et à la structuration de corpus d'apprentissage.
Validation of three Setswana measures for psychological wellbeing
Authors: Wissing Marié Philipina , Thekiso Sammy M. , Stapelberg Ronel , Van Quickelberge Leanda , Choabi Pinky , Moroeng Christine , Nienaber Alida , Temane Q. Michael , Vorster Hester H.
Published: December 2010

Orientation: From the perspective of positive psychology, it is important to evaluate people’s strengths. There is, however, a lack of validated measures for these purposes in many of the South African official languages. As language is a medium for cultural meanings, measures of mental health should be validated in the mother tongue of the people involved.Research purpose: The aim of this study was therefore to explore the psychometric properties of Setswana versions of three measures of psychological wellbeing, namely the Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC) (the 29-item version) (Antonovsky, 1987), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) (Diener, Emmons, Larson & Griffen, 1985) and Affectometer 2 (AFM) (Kammann & Flett, 1983).Research design, approach and method: A cross-sectional survey design was implemented for this study. Questionnaires were translated, back-translated and evaluated in a research-committee approach. A stratified sample of 738 Setswana-speaking participants completed the questionnaires in randomly selected sites of the North West province of South Africa as part of the multi-disciplinary Transition and Health during Urbanisation of South Africans project. Reliability indices, means, standard deviations, ranges of scores, patterns of correlations and factor structures were established for all the scales.Main findings: The present Setswana SWLS and AFM are reliable and valid for use in this group, as is, to some extent, the SOC. The factor structures of the three scales were also consistent with the latent factor structures of the original scales.Practical implications: These validated measures are instruments for use in the clinical, community and work contexts of Setswana-speaking people.
Kimura′s disease: An uncommon cause of lymphadenopathy
Authors: Kumar Veerendra , Haridas Savida ,   Salini
Published: December 2010

Lymph node enlargement of neck and axilla is one of the common presenting complaints in pediatrics. We are presenting here a very rare cause of axillary lymphadenopathy detected in a toddler.
Disease recurrence in a transplant kidney in a patient with extramedullary plasmacytoma
Authors: Binnani Pooja , Bahadur M M , Kedia Nikhil , Sharbidre Prakash
Published: December 2010

Renal transplantation in patients with malignancy is controversial. Renal transplantation is generally not considered for patients with multiple myeloma (MM) because of their extremely poor prognosis. There are few reports of MM recurrence among kidney transplant recipients. We present a case of disease relapse of plasmacytoma in a transplanted kidney. We present a patient with extramedullary plasmacytoma, who responded well to chemotherapy and underwent allogenic renal transplantation. He relapsed after 4 years with progression to extramedullary plasmacytoma. Despite minimal clinical symptoms, the patient had developed myeloma cast nephropathy and acute renal failure. His renal failure settled after excision of tumor. Extramedullary plasmacytoma as a mode of relapse is highly unusual. Experience of renal transplantation in MM is limited. In the literature, the recurrence of MM is mentioned as a severe complication with a poor graft prognosis. Extramedullary plasmacytoma as a mode of relapse is highly unusual. It should not be considered as a contraindication for transplantation. Renal transplantation for patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) due to MM is possible. But large prospective studies are needed to develop a strategy for preventing multiple myeloma recurrence.
Platelet Gene Expression as a Biomarker Risk Stratification Tool in Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Pilot Investigation
Authors: Calverley David C. , Casserly Ivan P. , Choudhury Qamrul G. , Phang Tzu L. , Gao Bifeng , Messenger John C. , Geraci Mark W.
Published: December 2010

Platelets play a major role in the pathophysiology of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Recent evidence reveals megakaryocyte-derived platelet pre-mRNA is spliced to mRNA and then translated into functional proteins in response to external stimulation. An exon microarray analyzes pre-mRNA alternative splicing and is thus applicable for studying gene expression in the anucleate platelet. We hypothesized a subset of megakaryocyte/platelet genes exists that are significantly over or underexpressed in AMI compared with stable coronary artery disease (CAD), yielding a gene expression profile for further study. Microarray analysis employing platelet mRNA was used to generate gene expression data in the above two patient groups. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering has revealed an expression profile that includes 95 over- or under-expressed genes depicted in a heat map where separation of both sets takes place. This preliminary study reveals a platelet-based gene expression signature that differentiates between AMI and stable CAD, and further study may yield a prognostic tool for a future AMI event in atherosclerosis risk factor-based subsets of CAD patients.
The future of sports management: A social responsibility, philanthropy and entrepreneurship perspective
Authors: Ratten Vanessa
Published: December 2010

Sport management as an area of business management has gained ascendancy in the past decade with more people becoming interested in how sport incorporates social benefits in a society. Sport integrates social initiatives by enhancing an organization's competitiveness by improving its public image. Social responsibility and philanthropy in sport has become a mainstream business issue and the entrepreneurial ways that sport-related organizations do this is becoming more important. This paper interviews a well-known international sport academic and practitioner on the future directions sport management will take. As social responsibility, philanthropy and entrepreneurship in the sport sector are becoming more integrated, it is important to consider how sport management will change in the future. This paper focuses on sport management as an inspiring field of business management that has an accessible audience towards social responsibility. Sport management also offers a rationale for promoting social responsibility and philanthropy to organizations and business leaders that have an opportunity to model socially responsible practices in the sport context.
The role and relevance of corporate social responsibility in sport: A view from the top
Authors: Babiak Kathy
Published: December 2010

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) represents behaviors that have increasingly strategic importance to many companies. CSR has been defined as a company's commitment to minimizing or eliminating any harmful effects on society and maximizing its long-term beneficial impact (Mohr, Webb, & Harris, 2001). The purpose of this paper is (a) to improve our understanding of how North American professional sport league executives view CSR and (b) to consider how CSR activities contribute to these leagues. Interviews with four senior league executives provide perspective as to the role and relevance of social responsibility in North American professional sport. The paper discusses the impact of leadership on CSR and relates the topics covered from institutional, strategic, and stakeholder perspectives.
Corporate social responsibility in sport: Stakeholder management in the UK football industry
Authors: Walters Geoff , Tacon Richard
Published: December 2010

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become increasingly significant for a wide range of organisations and for the managers that work within them. This is particularly true in the sport industry, where CSR is now an important area of focus for sport organisations, sport events and individual athletes. This article demonstrates how CSR can inform both theoretical debates and management practice within sport organisations. It does so by focusing on stakeholder theory, which overlaps considerably with CSR. In this article, stakeholder theory is used to examine three major CSR issues: stakeholder definition and salience, firm actions and responses, and stakeholder actions and responses. These three issues are considered in the context of the UK football industry. The article draws on 15 semi-structured qualitative interviews with senior representatives from a number of different organisations. These include the director of a large professional football club; a chief executive of a medium-sized professional football club in addition to the supporter-elected director; and the vice-chairman of a small professional football club. Additional interviews were undertaken with five representatives from national supporter organisations, two board members at two large supporter associations, two representatives from the Football League, one representative from the Independent Football Commission, and a prominent sports journalist. The analysis of the interview data illustrates ways in which CSR can be implemented by sport organisations through stakeholder management strategies. The article concludes that stakeholder theory has both conceptual and empirical value and can be used to illuminate key issues in sport management.
SO2 and BrO observation in the plume of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano 2010: CARIBIC and GOME-2 retrievals
Authors: Heue K.-P. , Brenninkmeijer C. A. M. , Baker A. K. , Rauthe-Schöch A. , Walter D. , Wagner T. , Hörmann C. , Sihler H. , Dix B. , Frieß U. , Platt U. , Martinsson B. G. , van Velthoven P. F. J. , Hermann M. , Zahn A. , Ebinghaus R.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. The ash cloud of the Eyjafjallajökull1 volcano on Iceland caused closure of large parts of European airspace in April and May 2010. For the validation and improvement of the European volcanic ash forecast models several research flights were performed. Also the CARIBIC (Civil Aircraft for the Regular Investigation of the atmosphere Based on an Instrument Container) flying laboratory, which routinely measures at cruise altitude (≈11 km) performed three dedicated measurements flights through sections of the ash plume. Although the focus of these flights was on the detection and quantification of the volcanic ash, we report here on sulphur dioxide (SO2) and bromine monoxide (BrO) measurements with the CARIBIC DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) instrument during the second of these special flights on 16 May 2010. As the BrO and the SO2 observations coincide, we assume the BrO to have been formed inside the volcanic plume. Both SO2 and BrO observations agree well with simultaneous satellite (GOME-2) observations. SO2 column densities retrieved from satellite observations are often used as an indicator for volcanic ash. For SO2 some additional information on the local distribution can be derived from a~comparison of forward and back scan GOME-2 data. More details on the local plume size and position are retrieved by combining CARIBIC and GOME-2 data. 1Also referred to as: Eyjafjalla (e.g. Schumann et al., 2010), Eyjafjöll or Eyjafjoll (e.g. Ansmann et al., 2010).
Fast-response high-resolution temperature sonde aimed at contamination-free profile observations
Authors: Shimizu K. , Hasebe F.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. An innovative temperature sonde, equipped with an ultra thin tungsten wire (10 μm in diameter), has been developed to meet the scientific requirements suitable for climate change research. The response time, shorter than 40 ms achieved at the altitude of 30 km, enables the temperature observations with the radiation correction of less than 0.5 K in the whole observation range. Test flights during the development stage reveal significant artificial perturbations in the observed temperature profiles. They are identified as the thermal contamination arising primarily from radiosonde package box with some additional effect from the launching balloon. The modification of the sensor mount successfully removed the contribution from the former effect. On the other hand, some filtering procedure need to be applied to remove the latter, although the use of a long suspension line will be effective. There remain unavoidable small fluctuations (less than 0.4 K) that are brought about by the solid angle modulation of the illumination against the sensor body in the daytime. While conventional radiation correction may unintentionally have taken a part of such contaminations into account, they may not be properly corrected in existing radiosonde data, as the origin of errors has not been identified. Our tungsten sonde that scarcely relies on the ambiguous correction procedures will be ideal for serving as a kind of an international reference.
Exploring the sensitivity of soil carbon dynamics to climate change, fire disturbance and permafrost thaw in a black spruce ecosystem
Authors: O'Donnell J. A. , Harden J. W. , McGuire A. D. , Romanovsky V. E.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. In the boreal region, soil organic carbon (OC) dynamics are strongly governed by the interaction between wildfire and permafrost. Using a combination of field measurements, numerical modeling of soil thermal dynamics, and process-based modeling of OC dynamics, we tested the sensitivity of soil OC storage to a suite of individual climate factors (air temperature, soil moisture, and snow depth) and fire severity. We also conducted sensitivity analyses to explore the combined effects of fire-moisture interactions and snow seasonality on OC storage. OC losses were calculated as the difference in OC stocks after three fire cycles (~450 years) following a prescribed step-change in climate and/or fire. Across single-factor scenarios, our findings indicate that warmer air temperatures resulted in the largest soil OC losses (5.3 kg C m−2), whereas dry soil conditions alone (in the absence of wildfire) resulted in the smallest carbon losses (0.1 kg C m−2). Increased fire severity resulted in carbon loss of 3.3 kg C m−2, whereas changes in snow depth resulted in smaller OC losses (2.1–2.2 kg C m−2). Across multiple climate factors, we observed larger OC losses than for single-factor scenarios. For instance, high fire severity regime associated with warmer and drier conditions resulted in OC losses of 6.1 kg C m−2, whereas a low fire severity regime associated with warmer and wetter conditions resulted in OC losses of 5.6 kg C m−2. A longer snow-free season associated with future warming resulted in OC losses of 5.4 kg C m−2. Soil climate was the dominant control on soil OC loss, governing the sensitivity of microbial decomposers to fluctuations in temperature and soil moisture; this control, in turn, is governed by interannual changes in active layer depth. Transitional responses of the active layer depth to fire regimes also contributed to OC losses, primarily by determining the proportion of OC into frozen and unfrozen soil layers. Carbon cycle feedbacks from the boreal region to the climate system will clearly depend upon these interactions among climate drivers, fire regime characteristics, and permafrost dynamics.
CO2-driven compromises to marine life along the Chilean coast
Authors: Mayol E. , Ruiz-Halpern S. , Duarte C. M. , Castilla J. C. , Pelegrí J. L.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. CO2-driven compromises to marine life were examined along the Chilean sector of the Humboldt Current System, a particularly vulnerable hypoxic and upwelling area, applying the Respiration index (RI = log10 pO20.7) declining by half between 42° S and 28° S. The intermediate waters hardly reached those stations closer to the equator so that the increased pCO2 lowered pH and the saturation of aragonite. A significant fraction of the water column along the Chilean sector of the Humboldt Current System suffers from CO2–driven compromises to biota, including waters corrosive to calcifying organisms, stress to aerobic organisms or both. The habitat free of CO2-driven stresses was restricted to the upper mixed layer and to small water parcels at about 1000 m depth. pCO2 acts as a hinge connecting respiratory and calcification challenges expected to increase in the future, resulting in a spread of the challenges to aerobic organisms.
Impact of a new condensed toluene mechanism on air quality model predictions in the US
Authors: Sarwar G. , Appel K. W. , Carlton A. G. , Mathur R. , Schere K. , Zhang R. , Majeed M. A.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. A new condensed toluene mechanism is incorporated into the Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling system. Model simulations are performed using the CB05 chemical mechanism containing the existing (base) and the new toluene mechanism for the western and eastern US for a summer month. With current estimates of tropospheric emission burden, the new toluene mechanism increases monthly mean daily maximum 8-h ozone by 1.0–3.0 ppbv in Los Angeles, Portland, Seattle, Chicago, Cleveland, northeastern US, and Detroit compared to that with the base toluene chemistry. It reduces model mean bias for ozone at elevated observed ozone mixing ratios. While the new mechanism increases predicted ozone, it does not enhance ozone production efficiency. Sensitivity study suggests that it can further enhance ozone if elevated toluene emissions are present. While changes in total fine particulate mass are small, predictions of in-cloud SOA increase substantially.
A Universal, Label‐Free, and Sensitive Optical Enzyme‐Sensing System for Nuclease and Methyltransferase Activity Based on Light Scattering of Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Zhao Chao , Qu Konggang , Song Yujun , Ren Jinsong , Qu Xiaogang
Published: December 2010

A label‐free, enzyme‐responsive nanosystem that uses a DNA/single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) assembly as the substrate is demonstrated for the sensitive, universal detection of restriction and nonrestriction endonucleases as well as methyltransferases in a homogeneous solution on the basis of light scattering (LS) of carbon nanotubes. This protocol is based on the different binding affinities of SWNTs to single‐ and double‐stranded DNA. This difference can lead to different LS signals that can be used for the detection of nuclease cleavage activity. The assay only requires a label‐free oligonucleotide probe, significantly reducing the typical cost. The LS technique and the use of a nuclease‐specific oligonucleotide probe impart extraordinarily high sensitivity and selectivity. This light scattering assay is universal and label‐free with a detection limit of 5 × 10−6 U μL−1 for S1 nuclease, 1 × 10−4 U μL−1 for EcoRI endonuclease, and 1 × 10−2 U μL−1 for EcoRI methylase. In principle, this assay can be used to detect any kind of nuclease by simply changing the DNA sequences of the specific probe.
Applications of Bio‐Inspired Special Wettable Surfaces
Authors: Yao Xi , Song Yanlin , Jiang Lei
Published: December 2010

In this review we focus on recent developments in applications of bio‐inspired special wettable surfaces. We highlight surface materials that in recent years have shown to be the most promising in their respective fields for use in future applications. The selected topics are divided into three groups, applications of superhydrophobic surfaces, surfaces of patterned wettability and integrated multifunctional surfaces and devices. We will present how the bio‐inspired wettability has been integrated into traditional materials or devices to improve their performances and to extend their practical applications by developing new functionalities.