bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Hague Evidence Convention and Discovery: A Serious Misunderstanding?
Authors: Collins Lawrence
Published: November 2023

The thesis of this article is that the controversy in the United States on the question whether use of the Hague Evidence Convention for discovery inter partes was mandatory in relation to foreign parties, or merely permissive, was based on a misconception. The Hague Evidence Convention was not intended to apply, and did not apply, at all to discovery inter partes. This argument was not raised in the Supreme Court. All of its members held that the Convention was not the exclusive means for taking discovery involving parties from countries which are signatories to the Convention. Five members held that there was no rule that first resort should be made to the Convention; instead, the court in such a case should balance the factors (including the sovereign interests involved and the effectiveness of resort to Convention procedures) in deciding whether resort should be had to the Convention.
An Essay on The Objectivity of Law
Authors: Marmor Andrei
Published: November 2023

H. L. A. Hart once remarked that the sceptic is sometimes a disappointed absolutist. The underlying theme of this essay is driven by a similar feeling, though the main sceptics I have in mind are the disappointed philosophical realists. They have found that there is nothing out there in the world which can possibly correspond to our legal opinions and moral convictions, and this disappointment they express by denying the objectivity of law and morality.
The Other Utilitarians
Authors: West Robin
Published: November 2023

How do we decide whether a law is a good law or a bad law? How do we decide whether a proposed law, or a proposed legal reform, is a good idea or a not so good idea? More modestly, perhaps, how do we talk about this question; how do we debate it? How do we debate, discuss, or determine the value of particular laws, cases, constitutions, legal institutions, or legal regimes? In these comments I want to first distinguish and then critically discuss three possible sorts of answers to those questions, all of which have at various times been identified as ‘utilitarian’: the first is the answer provided by Jeremy Bentham, which I will call hedonic utilitarianism; the second is that provided by John Stuart Mill, and which I will call ideal utilitarianism, and the third is identified with Pareto, and is at the heart of a class of theories propounded by the law and economics movement, and which I will sometimes call ‘preference-based’ utilitarian theories of value.
Execution
Authors: Westberg Daniel
Published: November 2023

The final stage in the psychological process of action is execution. It follows decision, and is the actual carrying out of the decision into action. Execution includes both cognitive and appetitive components, to which Aquinas gave the terms imperium and usus. While the teaching of Thomas on this stage is consistent and clear, there has been much misunderstanding about this.
Introduction
Authors: Ulph Janet , Tugendhat Sir Michael , Glister James
Published: November 2023

Fraud is not a new phenomenon. It has always been part of society. Even in Roman times, the basic provisions of law had to be supplemented and amended to cater for problems posed by dishonest activities, such as where a deceitful statement has induced an innocent party to enter into a disadvantageous contract. As society has evolved, fraudulent activity has taken new forms. In 1720, for example, false statements made to inflate the price of company shares (share ramping) presented acute problems and led to the collapse of the South Sea Company ( ‘the South Sea Bubble ‘) in the wake of a history of bribery and corruption. But, in the last 50 years, fraud has become more complex, more international in character, and more ambitious in monetary terms.
The Law of Agency and Maritime Fraud
Authors: Ulph Janet , Tugendhat Sir Michael , Glister James
Published: November 2023

An international sale can pose serious logistical problems. The goods may need to be transported for long distances by sea and land and they may be perishable, or large and awkward to handle. Some of these problems may be resolved by packing the goods in containers but this will also serve as a disguise if worthless articles are transported rather than the contract goods.
Remedies
Authors: Ulph Janet , Tugendhat Sir Michael , Glister James
Published: November 2023

This chapter concerns the remedies that may be available to a victim of fraud. Depending on the nature of the wrong involved, different remedies may be sought. The aims of this chapter are to highlight the remedies available for breaches of particular duties, to identify and explore certain areas of difficulty, and to comment on the desirability of pursuing the various remedies.
Further Defences
Authors: Ulph Janet , Tugendhat Sir Michael , Glister James
Published: November 2023

Whatever type of fraud is perpetrated, the same policy issues are raised. The law must decide which one of two innocent parties must suffer as a consequence of the rogue”s actions. If defences are generous in scope, the original owner will be deprived in whole or part of his property. Furthermore, it encourages theft and fraud and can lead to increased insurance costs. Yet where the claimant can recover his property or compensation, the effect is hard on an innocent third party, who may well be as much a victim of the rogue as the claimant.
The Need for a Theory of Legal Theories: Assessing Pragmatic Instrumentalism
Authors: Moore Michal S
Published: November 2023

According to the central thesis of Robert Summers’s lnstrumentalism and American Legal Theory,  1 the collection of ideas Summers labels ‘pragmatic instrumentalism’ forms America’s only indigenous legal theory. Summers’s further thesis is that pragmatic instrumentalism qualifies as a legal theory comparable to three more established competitors: natural law theory, analytical positivism, and historical jurisprudence.
Agriculture in the EC Treaty
Authors: Usher J A
Published: November 2023

‘It is inconceivable that any common market should be established in Europe which did not include agriculture’: this book is concerned with the legal consequences of that approach to European integration. On the other hand, agriculture is an area where the trade of developed countries appears to be conducted on a highly artificial basis reflecting the system of support used in their internal markets.
Agricultural support: financial mechanisms
Authors: Usher J A
Published: November 2023

The EC Treaty expressly provides that in order to enable the common organizations to attain their objectives, one or more agricultural guidance and guarantee funds may be set up. In fact the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund was established by Council Regulation 25 of 4 April 1962, the same date as that of Council Regulation 19 on the gradual establishment of the common organization of the markets in cereals, the first regulation dealing with common organizations of the market. Regulation 25 provided that the fund should form part of the Community budget and that, as single market organizations were established, the revenue from import levies should accrue to the Community budget and the fund should finance export refunds and intervention purchases.
Administration of the common agricultural policy
Authors: Usher J A
Published: November 2023

Although art 37 of the EC Treaty conferred specific powers on the Commission to make proposals during the early stages of the original transitional period, power to issue agricultural legislation was conferred only on the Council. The exercise of this power is subject to consultation with the European Parliament. In Case 138/79 Roquette Frères SA v Council the Court of Justice held that it was a breach of that requirement not to wait for the Parliament’s opinion after a proposal had been sent to that body, even if the Council was not ultimately obliged to follow the Parliament’s opinion. However, the Parliament is subject to a duty of loyal cooperation, and may not delay giving an opinion on proposals which it knows to be a matter of urgency.
Definitions and Outline
Authors: Takahashi Koji
Published: November 2023

In this book, the expression ‘claim for contribution’ is used to refer to a claim by someone (the contribution claimant) to recover from another all or part of the amount which he himself has become liable to pay to a third person (the original claimant).2 While a partial recovery would be sought typically between co-debtors and co-wrongdoers, the recovery of the whole amount would be sought, for example, by a surety, who has paid the creditor, from the principal debtor. Where the recovery of the whole amount is sought, a ‘claim for contribution’ can be specifically called a ‘claim for indemnity’.
Issues on the Choice of Governing Law of Claims for Contribution
Authors: Takahashi Koji
Published: November 2023

This chapter will consider issues involved in the choice of the governing law of contribution claims made on various legal bases.

The governing law often has a real impact on the outcome of a contribution claim. Thus where a surety who guaranteed and paid the debt without a prior request or subsequent ratification by the principal debtor will not be entitled to claim indemnity from the principal debtor under English law. The very opposite result will arise from Article 2028 of the French Civil Code, which provides that the right to claim indemnity from the principal debtor exists irrespective of whether the guarantee is given with the knowledge of the principal debtor.
The issues which may be determined inconsistently if the contribution claim is tried independently of the original claim and the ways in which inconsistent determinations arise
Authors: Takahashi Koji
Published: November 2023

The issues which may be determined inconsistently if the contribution claim is tried independently of the original claim are those which must be established in both claims. Some of them may, if determined inconsistently, obstruct recovery on the contribution claim. They will be examined below.
Grounds of Jurisdiction over Third Party Proceedings
Authors: Takahashi Koji
Published: November 2023

It will be recalled that we have been considering to what extent the English court can consolidate in one action the trial of a contribution claim with the trial of the original claim by way of third party procedure in a case involving international elements. Chapter 6 has analysed the procedural requirements for bringing third party proceedings in England. For third party procedure to be available in an international context, not only must those procedural requirements be satisfied but also jurisdiction must exist over the third party proceedings as well as over the original proceedings. Jurisdiction over the two sets of proceedings does not have to be founded upon the same jurisdictional rule.
Obstruction to third party procedure caused by an arbitration agreement or a foreign jurisdiction agreement
Authors: Takahashi Koji
Published: November 2023

It will be recalled that we have been considering to what extent the English court can consolidate in one action the trial of a contribution claim with that of the original claim by way of third party procedure in a case involving international elements. The procedural and jurisdictional requirements that must be satisfied in order to bring third party proceedings were examined in Chapters 6 and 7 respectively. Chapter 8 addressed obstruction to third party procedure caused by foreign proceedings corresponding to the original or third party proceedings and considered whether such obstructions can be prevented.
Situations where expectations of back-to-back reimbursement in a chain transaction may be defeated by the application of different laws to the reimbursement claim and to the original claim
Authors: Takahashi Koji
Published: November 2023

This chapter will illustrate the situations where the party to adjacent contracts in a chain transaction may have an expectation of back-to-back reimbursement but the correspondence of liability and the right of reimbursement may be upset by the application of different governing laws. The expectation may be to obtain full indemnity or may merely be to obtain partial recovery but under requirements no stricter than those under which he becomes liable. The chain transactions taken as examples for illustration are insurance/reinsurance contracts, a bill of exchange transaction, a credit transfer, a letter of credit transaction, multimodal transport contracted to subcarriers, and a performance bond/counter guarantee. It is possible that in other chain transactions, too, such as a string sale transaction, an expectation of back-to-back reimbursement may arise and be defeated by the application of different laws.
Substantive law measures to prevent imbalance of liability and the right of reimbursement arising out of the application of different governing laws
Authors: Takahashi Koji
Published: November 2023

If the legislators of nations find it reasonable that the party to adjacent contracts in certain chain transactions should expect back-to-back reimbursement, they may be able to prevent imbalance of liability and the right of reimbursement arising out of the application of different governing laws in respect of such transactions generally by unifying the rules of their law applicable to such transactions. If the legislators of individual nations find it reasonable for the party to adjacent contracts in certain chain transactions to expect back-to-back reimbursement, they could facilitate reimbursement in such transactions generally by avoiding setting strict requirements for reimbursement in their law.
The Inheritance: Mandatory Sentences, 1997-9
Authors: Windlesham Lord
Published: November 2023

The peculiarity of British constitutional arrangements, pending any further instalments of Lords reform, permits some of the most senior members of the judiciary to play an active part in the legislative process. The Lords of Appeal in Ordinary are at the pinnacle of the judicial system. For more than a century they have constituted the final court of appeal on points of law of general public importance. Up to ten Lords of Appeal in Ordinary are usually appointed from the ranks of the Lords Justices of Appeal who sit in the Court of Appeal or, very occasionally, direct from the High Court bench. In addition, two senior Scottish judges, and more recently one from Northern Ireland, may be appointed, bringing the total up to a statutory maxi mum of twelve. Besides the Lord Chancellor, former Lords of Appeal in Ordinary, former Lord Chancellors, and the holders of certain other high judicial offices who are peers are also entitled to sit as Law Lords.
Public Defenders: American Style
Authors: Windlesham Lord
Published: November 2023

The fact that publicly funded legal defence costs should outweigh those of the prosecution is a feature of the British system that legislators, judges, and criminal justice practitioners in the United States find incomprehensible. In America, ever since a historic ruling of the Supreme Court in 1963, all defendants charged with a felony offence are entitled to representation by counsel at a fair trial, irrespective of wealth or poverty. The issues are no longer the recognition of a right rooted in the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution,3 but lie in difficulties of finding the money and resources for it to be honoured effectively.
Modernising Criminal Justice, 1997-2000
Authors: Windlesham Lord
Published: November 2023

Loss of benefit and the presumption of imprisonment for breach of community orders, both moderated by amendments in the Lords, were shoots off the same stock. Such policies were rooted in a calculated attempt to demonstrate the responsiveness of Government to perceived public opinion, as well as its firmness and grasp. The degree of personal commitment on the part of the Prime Minister to policy issues on crime was displayed in a revealing memorandum sent to his policy advisers during a stay at Chequers over Easter 2000. It was, one can surmise, a few days’ respite for Blair, allowing time for reflection on the standing of the Government and the issues confronting it. These were identified in the memorandum as ‘touchstone issues’. Each needed to be analysed and the correct policy response drawn up, ‘but with a message which ties it all together’. Three of the five issues listed fell within the responsibilities of the Home Office. The first raised the possibility of a review of the law on self-defence as a result of the con viction of a farmer for murder after he had shot and killed a sixteen year-old intruder at his home. The second was the pressing problem of how to handle the large numbers of asylum seekers, with an emphasis on their removal.
Expanding The Boundaries Of Intellectual Property
Authors: Dreyfuss Rochelle Cooper , Zimmerman Diane Leenheer , First Harry
Published: November 2023

This book focuses on the question of how much control innovators should be given over their works. The first parts examine the trend to increase control: first, by expanding the scope of intellectual property rights to add new subject matter; secondly, through increasing transactional autonomy. The former issue represents the key concerns of the intellectual property community; the latter issue is currently before both state and national legislatures. The question that these groups are debating is the subject of the next part: whether strong intellectual property rights, coupled with a high degree of transactional autonomy, promote innovation or chill interchange. One view is that the current legal regime should not be altered because it represents the right balance between the needs of information producers and the requirements of users. The contrary view is that stronger rights would allow potential collaborators to find one another, bargain for beneficial exchanges, and reallocate rights. The final sections explore the bases in constitutions, laws, and treaties for protecting the public domain. Four judges from the US federal courts and the UK high court then debate the practicalities of the frameworks proposed.
Introduction
Authors: Austen-Peters A O
Published: November 2023

When an investor holds his investments through another party, he will be concerned by the risk that he may be denied profit and/or return of his capital for reasons other than market forces. Since investments are increasingly held by custodians, this work addresses one of the principal concerns of investors by analysing some of the legal aspects of custody business.
Single-Tier Custody
Authors: Austen-Peters A O
Published: November 2023

Typically, custody business involves a number of parties, which may include: the investor who transfers assets into custody or acquires assets via a custodian; a fund manager who may be entitled to issue investment orders directly to the custodian in relation to the asset; the custodian or its nominees, into whose name or to whose order the assets are transferred; sub-custodians; and central depositories in whose name the assets may be registered.
Identification Of Custody Assets
Authors: Austen-Peters A O
Published: November 2023

The analysis in Chapter 2 suggests that the practice of custody is often generally compatible with the establishment of a bailment or trust. In this way, investors may retain a direct legal or equitable interest in relation to custody assets so that in the event of the insolvency of the custodian the assets would not be available to his general creditors and could be retrieved by investors as their own. However, the transitive nature of such legal structures requires that they relate to something. This chapter seeks to determine whether the types of investments under consideration and modern custodial practices permit sufficient identification to accommodate a bailment or trust.
The Nature of the Investor’s Interest
Authors: Austen-Peters A O
Published: November 2023

The law governing the offer and operation of custodial services in England is an amalgam of the common law of contract, trusts and agency, as supplemented or supplanted by regulatory law. In the USA, the authors of the 1994 version of article 8 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) sought to avoid leaving the determination of the interest of entitlement holders of a securities intermediary to ‘common law property concepts ‘ on the basis that those ‘concepts do not work for the indirect holding system ‘. The analysis in the preceding chapters suggests that reliance on those same concepts in England, even if not wholly unworkable, can often be complex.
Custody Assets As Security For Lenders
Authors: Austen-Peters A O
Published: November 2023

In the capital and money markets, the availability and/or pricing of loans may 6.01 depend on the borrower ‘s ability to offer some form of security1 to the lender, especially security that will be effective in the insolvency of the borrower. For many participants in such markets, a large part of their assets are made up of shares, bonds and other securities which may be held by their custodian. Forcreditors to be willing to accept custody assets as security for the debtor ‘s obligations, at least two conditions need to be met. The custody assets must be of a type satisfactory to the secured lender; and the asset offered must be susceptible to the intended or comparable form of security so that, in the case of real security, the creditor can assert a proprietary right to the assets offered as security and thereby protect itself from the consequences of the debtor ‘s insolvency.
Regulation Of Custody Business
Authors: Austen-Peters A O
Published: November 2023

By the Financial Services Act 1986 (Extension of Scope of Act) Order 1996 ( ‘the Order ‘)1 the custody of investments, as defined in the Financial Services Act 1986 ( ‘the Act ‘),2 has been brought within the regulatory scope of the Act. The Order was made by HM Treasury and laid before Parliament on 25 November 1996 and came fully into force on 1 June 1997.
The Policy of Recoupment
Authors: Lewis Richard
Published: November 2023

This policy seeks to reimburse the collateral source. Although the payments made to the claimant may help to meet his immediate needs after the accident, they must be refunded by the tortfeasor. On the surface, this seems the most attractive of the solutions to the problems posed by the overlap of systems of compensation with tort: it neither over-compensates the claimant nor subsidises the defendant. It thus avoids the main criticisms of the policies of cumulation and reduction.
The Relationship between Intellectual Property Rights and Competition Law under the Treaty
Authors: Anderman Steven D
Published: November 2023

Under EC law, the way the balance is struck between competition law and intellectual property rights (IPRs) has been shaped by the structure of the EC Treaty and the interpretation it has been given by the Community Courts and the European Commission. Article 2 of the Treaty provides that: ‘The Community shall have as its task, by establishing a Common market . . . and by implementing the Common policies or activities referred to in Articles 3 and 3a, to promote throughout the Community a harmonious and balanced development of economic activities.’ Article 3(g) of the Treaty requires the institution of a system to ensure that competition in the internal market is not distorted. Articles 85 and 86 are then set out as the two main means of achieving this goal.
The Structure of Article 85 and Licensing Agreements
Authors: Anderman Steven D
Published: November 2023

Article 85 contains a two part structure, each part contributing to the determination whether any form of collaboration between two or more undertakings is pro- or anticompetitive. Article 85(1) provides the jurisdictional test to determine whether an agreement or concerted practice comes within the scope of the Article as a whole. It applies to ‘all agreements, decisions and concerted practices between undertakings’ which have the object or effect of preventing, restricting or distorting competition. In principle it is capable of applying to a wide range of acts of collaboration between two or more undertakings.
Conclusions
Authors: Anderman Steven D
Published: November 2023

As mentioned the introduction of a new, unifying regulation for technology licensing, alongside the regulatory regimes for specialization agreements, research and development agreements, franchise agreements, co-operative joint ventures, and mergers, offered the Commission an opportunity to make a substantial adjustment to traditional competition policy object-ives in the light of the pressing policy need of increasing the technological competitiveness of the EC in world trade.
The Concept of Abuse and Intellectual Property Rights
Authors: Anderman Steven D
Published: November 2023

Once an undertaking owning an intellectual property right (IPR) achieves a position of dominance it has a special responsibility ‘not to allow its conduct to impair genuine undistorted competition on the common market’. The Court has used its definition of abuse under Article 86 to place curbs on the exploitation of IPRs. A dominant IPR owner, particularly one in an enhanced dominant position, can be restrained from acquiring other firms with competing technology. It may be required to supply or license the protected products or processes to competitors in secondary markets. Its pricing and product bundling decisions may be found to be unlawful because of their effect on existing competitors in secondary markets.
Refusals to Supply and Intellectual Property Rights
Authors: Anderman Steven D
Published: November 2023

From an early stage, the Court of Justice was prepared to give strong support to the Commission’s policy of treating a refusal by a dominant firm to supply existing, dependent customers as an abuse of a dominant position. In Commercial Solvents, a manufacturer of a raw material for ethambutol, a pharmaceutical product useful in treating tuberculosis, decided to vertically integrate into the downstream, etham. butol market. In consequence, it stopped supplying its long-standing customer, Zoya, who was dependent upon it for commercial survival as a producer of the drug.
Provisional Conclusions
Authors: Rammeloo Stephan
Published: November 2023

The preceding inquiry into the mobility of legal persons in Europe justifies no other conclusion than that, despite high expectations, the outcome for the time being is poor. Until now neither EC law nor private international law has shown itself capable of elaborating the versatile legal instruments needed to tackle the problem of deficient cross-border company mobility.

Long before the EC law era, private international law was already divided on what has been described as everlasting warfare between the ‘incorporation’ theory and the ‘real seat’ theory. According to the ‘incorporation’ theory, a company is governed by the law according to which it is (duly) established, whereas the latter theory prescribes that the law of the country where the company has its real seat (i.e. its management and control centre) is applicable to company relationships.
Studying social representations in children: just old wine in new bottles?
Authors: Emler Nicholas , Ohana Jocelyne
Published: November 2023

The problem that struck us at the outset, however, was how our work was going to differ at all from the legions of already-published inquiries into children’s socio-cognitive development. Others had interviewed children and discovered stages in the construction of cognitive structures. What method were we going to use now to discover something completely different, children’s social representations? Would we ask children different questions, or ask the questions in a different kind of way? Would we do something completely different to bring forth data from the mouths of infants? Or would the novelty occur at the data-analysis stage? Was there a, ‘social representations analyser’ that one could wave over the data and make the social representations spring forth? The first author knew that people in France, working with Moscovici, had been studying social representations for some time.
Pharmacology of voltage-dependent calcium channels
Authors: Bean B P , Mintz I M , Boland L M , Sah, D W Y , Morrill J A
Published: November 2023

Voltage-dependent calcium channels are present in the cell membranes of many cells and serve a variety of functions. In a few cell types, calcium channels play an important role in electrical activity. In many cells, though, the most important role of calcium channels is to transduce the electrical signal of an action potential into the intracellular chemical signal of an increase in calcium (Hille 1992).
Chloride channel pharmacology
Authors: Valverde M A , Hardy, S P , Monaghan A S
Published: November 2023

It has become clear that chloride channels play a role in a number of different cellular functions. Until recently the γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA) and glycine-activated - receptor anion - selective channels were the only well-characterized anion channels but, following the introduction of the patch-clamp technique, it became possible to identify Cl - channels underlying anionic conductances and their different cellular functions in a wide variety of cells.
Basic properties of calcium release channels in neural cells
Authors: Kostyuk P , Verkhratsky A
Published: November 2023

The resting cytoplasmic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+ ]i) is maintained in all eukaryotic cells at a level not exceeding 0.1 µM (about four orders of magnitude lower than in the extracellular solution), but cellular excitation induces transient rise of [Ca2+ ]i up to several µM, or to even higher levels in tiny cellular compartments.
The Cingulate Gyrus in Schizophrenia: Imaging Altered Structure and Functions
Authors: Preda Adrian , Rilling Laurie M , Chin Ronald B , A.Tamminga Carol
Published: November 2023

Several convergent lines of evidence suggest the involvement of the cingulate cortex in the manifestations of schizophrenia: (1) the cingulate mediates specific aspects of cognition that are abnormal in the illness (predominantly, attention and executive function; Gold & Weinberger, 1995; Green et al., 1992; Posner & Petersen, 1990), as well as evidences (2) postmortem histological and neurochemical abnormalities (Benes & Bird, 1987; Benes et al., 1987; Benes, 1993; Benes & Tamminga, 2002), and (3) in vivoimaging changes in the illness (Tamminga et al., 2000a; Carter et al., 1998; Gold & Weinberger, 1995; Green et al., 1992; Posner & Petersen, 1990).Early in vivoimaging data gathered using whole-brain, unbiased sampling approaches, raised the possibility of ACC involvement in schizophrenia, especially when volunteers were drug-free, at rest, and floridly psychotic (Tamminga et al., 1992). Indeed, in the drug-free condition, correlations could be detected between neuronal activity in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the level of psychotic symptoms (Tamminga et al., 1992), correlations that were not present during antipsychotic drug treatment. More detailed analyses have followed, also showing ACC dysfunction during the performance of tasks shown to be mediated by ACC (Carter et al., 1997). Even in test conditions where performance
Cingulate Neuropathology in Anterior and Posterior Cortical Atrophies in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Vogt Brent A , Vogt Leslie J , Perl Daniel P , Hof Patrick R
Published: November 2023

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder that presents a heterogeneous array of cognitive and behavioral symptoms and it almost always involves the cingulate cortex. A common or typical form of AD presents early memory and visuospatial symptoms and often but not always begins in transentorhinal cortex. Early involvement of cingulate cortex in typical AD is well established in neuropathological studies showing that amyloid peptides and neurofibrillary degeneration involve subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sACC) and retrosplenial cortex (RSC; Braak and Braak, 1991, 1993) and neurodegeneration occurs in posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) relatively early in the disease (Brun and Englund, 1981; Mountjoy et al., 1983; Vogt et al., 1990). Moreover, very early glucose hypometabolism in PCC has been demonstrated in patients with early memory impairment in a prodromal form and typical AD (Minoshima et al., 1997). This suggests that amnestic symptoms need not be initially attributed to medial temporal lobe structures, although they may be (Greicius et al., 2004), but involve the cingulate gyrus itself. Thus, early cingulate damage is a prominent part of the primary etiology of the disease rather than the result of secondary, deafferentation lesions in the temporal lobe.
Population Genetics In Papua New Guinea: A Perspective On Human Evolution
Authors: Serjeantson Susan W , Board Philip G , Bhatia Kuldeep K
Published: November 2023

The development of human genetic studies in Papua New Guinea follows closely the history of genetic and physical anthropological studies elsewhere. But there have been important differences. In Papua New Guinea, evolutionary theories based on mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, and migration have been tested in human populations. Practical application of theories in Papua New Guinea is not new. For instance, while nineteenth century Europe was still fascinated by possible anatomical differences between black and white men, Mikloucho-Maclay, the Russian student of morphological variation, was in 1871 deploring the lack of a suitably sized container for storing the brain of his Samoan assistant, Boy, following Boy’s death near the present site of Madang (Mikloucho-Maclay 1975; see also Webster 1984). At an analytical level, evolutionary theories based on the dynamics of partially subdivided populations were well in place by the 1940s, following the work of R.A. Fisher in Britain (e.g. Fisher 1930) and of Sewall Wright in USA (e.g. Wright 1943), but the mathematical formulae remained largely untested in human populations until they could be explored in traditional groups, such as those in Papua New Guinea.
Chronic Lung Disease And Asthma In Papua New Guinea
Authors: Anderson H Ross , Woolcock Ann J
Published: November 2023

Studies of normal respiratory function, chronic lung disease (CLO), and asthma in Papua New Guinea (PNG) have contributed much to the understanding of factors which determine normal respiratory function in different racial groups and have challenged traditional concepts of the nature and causes of chronic respiratory diseases. Between 1964 and 1974, epidemiological studies of respiratory function and of chronic respiratory diseases were undertaken independently by both of us in highland and coastal populations. Both studies showed that coastal populations have similar respiratory function to other non-European populations but that highlanders have larger lungs and higher diffusing capacities than coastal dwellers.
Shock Tubes with Area Changes
Authors: Glass Irvine I , Sislian J P
Published: November 2023

The earlier chapters dealt with simple shock tubes with a single diaphragm and a constant cross-sectional area, operated with both the driver and driven gases initially at room temperature. In Chapter 4, it was shown that the capability of such a shock tube to produce strong shock waves is limited. In this chapter it will be shown that to make the most economical use of the initial pressure ratio across the diaphragm it is advantageous to use a shock tube with an area reduction, in the diaphragm region, from the driver to the driven section. Such a shock tube is said to have a positive chambrage. In the case of an area enlargement, it is said to have a negative chambrage. This area transition between the driver and driven sections may be abrupt or gradual (monotonic). Such convergent shock-tube flows have been considered by Lukasiewicz [1], Resler et al. [2], and others [3–5].
Boundary-Layer Effects
Authors: Glass Irvine I , Sislian J P
Published: November 2023

So far we have considered in some detail the wave system that might be produced in a simple shock tube for a perfect inviscid gas. The present chapter will endeavour to compare the real-flow situations encountered in simple shock tubes with the ideal-flow configurations derived in previous chapters. It will be found that viscosity and heat-transfer effects in the wall boundary layer of a shock tube modify the idealized wave system and the flow variables in the uniform states. The magnitude of these effects depends mainly on the strength of the incident shock wave, the initial conditions, the type of boundary layer, and the area and length of the shock-tube channel.
Real-Gas Effects on Shock-Tube Flows
Authors: Glass Irvine I , Sislian J P
Published: November 2023

One of the most important attributes of a shock tube is the capability to generate strong shocks with resulting uniform-high-temperature-gas flows behind the shock. At these high temperatures monatomic gases will ionize, whereas diatomic gases will dissociate, ionize, and form chemical compounds. These conditions are commonly referred to as the real-gas effects. A considerable amount of energy is distributed over other degrees of freedom than the translational and rotational degrees. Therefore, the specific heat cannot be considered constant.
Closing Comments
Authors: Glass Irvine I , Sislian J P
Published: November 2023

Although the first description of a shock tube was given by P. Vieille in 1889, the systematic study of shock-wave phenomena began in the late 1940s, thanks to the research efforts of several laboratories which developed and used various shock-tube designs. In its several forms, the shock tube has proved to be an excellent and versatile tool for the investigation of shock-wave-related problems both in fundamental science and in applied technology. The role of shock tubes as a controlled laboratory means of generating shock waves has helped to shape the progress of research. The topics of research have expanded to shock waves in complex media, in condensed matter, dusty gases and multiphased media, shock initiation of reactions and waves, shock–turbulence interactions, large-scale-blast simulation by multiple shock tubes, medical applications of underwater shock focusing to fracture kidney and gall stones, new shock-tube facilities, extreme shock strengths as in supernovae and laser-produced shock waves, novel laser-based techniques and nonlinear-optics methods for diagnostics, and interactive use of computational fluid dynamics with experiments. At the present time the shock tube has become a standard research tool in many universities and research laboratories. The above comments cover only a small part of the current applications of shock-tube research.
Classification of Reluctance Synchronous Machines and Drives
Authors: Boldea I
Published: November 2023

As demonstrated in chapter 1, reluctance synchronous motors are very attractive both for line-start and for variable speed (inverter-fed) applications provided their torque density, efficiency, and power factor are competitive, that is, if L  d/ L  qis sufficiently high.
Cage-Rotor Rsms: Theory and Performance
Authors: Boldea I
Published: November 2023

Cage RSMs are to be applied either as line-start (constant frequency and voltage) motors or as generators, in general as three-phase devices but ocasionally as splitphase capacitor devices.
Theory of Dc Linear Motors
Authors: Basak Amitava
Published: November 2023

The principle of operation of dc. linear motors is similar to that of conventional dc. rotary motors. In the case of wound field motors, the flux is obtained by winding insulated copper wire on laminated cores, whereas in the case of permanent-magnet motors, permanent-magnet blocks provide the field flux.
Supports and Guidance
Authors: Basak Amitava
Published: November 2023

The rotary equivalents of linear motors are much easier to support and guide. As the travelling distance of the linear motor increases, the problem of aligning the armature is accentuated since the travelling distance determines the length of the stationary unit. So a considerable air gap must be provided in order to avoid any unwanted contacts due to any imbalance in the system.
Diffraction gratings
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

A ‘conventional’ spectrometer receives light through an entrance slit, separates out (disperses) the frequencies in the light by some means, and focuses each frequency to its own place at the output. When the light contains discrete frequencies, a set of bright lines is seen at the output, each of which is an image of the entrance slit. The present chapter is concerned with spectroscopic instruments that incorporate a diffraction grating as the dispersing element. The optical system of a spectrometer forms an image of the entrance slit, with diffraction affecting the formation of that image. The diffraction, therefore, takes place under the Fraunhofer condition, according to the formulation in §3.14.
Biological clocks
Authors: Whitrow G J
Published: November 2023

Despite the many unsolved problems concerning our conscious awareness of time, there is increasing evidence that our bodies contain various biological clocks. For example, some illnesses reveal diurnal, or twenty-four-hour, rhythms which normally cannot be detected. Dr C. P. Richter of Baltimore has cited the case of a bedridden patient, unable to speak clearly, who every day for nine years underwent a sudden change of personality between 9 p.m. and midnight, during which time she could walk about, look after herself and talk clearly. He has suggested that there are a number of clocks in the body which normally are not correlated but which under certain abnormal conditions are brought into phase so as to produce well-deﬁned physical or mental cycles.
Time, gravitation and the universe
Authors: Whitrow G J
Published: November 2023

Although the relational theory of time is now generally accepted, as recently as 1901 Bertrand Russell argued against the relational deﬁnition of a moment as a particular state of the universe. He claimed that it was not logically absurd to imagine the separate occurrence of two identical states of the universe. In fact, as we have seen, this possibility was widely regarded as true before the rise of modern science. Russell argued that if we deﬁne a moment as a particular state of the universe we should be faced with the logical absurdity that two moments could be both diﬀerent and identical.
Rethinking the Renaissance in the aftermath of Italy’s crisis
Authors: Brown Alison
Published: November 2023

No one familiar with the histories and chronicles of Italy in the years from 1494 to 1530 can be unaware of the sense of crisis that pervades these writings. According to Francesco Guicciardini, the arrival of the French army in 1494 introduced ‘a flame and a plague into Italy’ which ‘not only overthrew the states but changed their forms of government and the methods of warfare’, turning everything ‘upside down’ and causing the ruin of Italy. Even his more reflective History of Italy, written in the late 1530s, described the invasions as ‘the calamity of Italy’ in introducing years of appalling disasters and fear, which were all the worse because they followed a period of unparalleled prosperity.1 The 1494 invasion was followed by other French invasions in 1499 and 1515. In 1502 the Spanish invasion of southern Italy
The aristocracy
Authors: Gasparri Stefano
Published: November 2023

The Roman senatorial order was the principal model to which the medieval aristocracies of western Europe looked, because it had been founded on the ownership of land, embodied the concept of nobility, and linked prestige to the exercise of political power and ancient lineage without excluding the promotion of homines novi. But it was especially in Italy (and this was only an apparent paradox) that the early medieval aristocracy rose from the end of the old senatorial order.

By 500 AD the Italian aristocracy had a much more conservative profile than its western European counterparts, where senatorial families had by that time cohabited for generations with the military elites of the barbaric tribes that had settled in the former Roman provinces.
The Meaning of History
Authors: Ward Keith
Published: November 2023

One central paradox of Christianity is that it is a faith which recommends humility and compassion, but which has for most of its history been closely associated with the expansion and disintegration of proud and aggressive military empires. The Byzantine Empire collapsed into a set of insecure Orthodox national states. The Holy Roman Empire was finally dissolved by Napoleon, leaving Western Europe divided into Protestant and Catholic states. The European powers founded new empires in the Americas, Africa, India, and Australasia, which in turn split into many states of various Protestant and Catholic affiliations (India remaining, like most of Asia, largely resistant to Christian missionary efforts). Meanwhile Europe demonstrated that religion is not the only cause of war by a series of continuing national conflicts that culminated in two world wars of such savage ferocity that belief in a providential God was shaken to its roots.
An introduction to Constitutional Law
Authors: Barendt Eric
Published: November 2023

An Introduction to Constitutional Law discusses the general principles of the United Kingdom constitution from a critical, comparative perspective. It emphasizes the principal characteristics of this uncodified constitution, contrasting it with the documentary constitutions of the United States, France, and Germany. There are fewer checks on the power of government in this country than there are under those constitutions, where courts may review the constitutionality of legislation. This book also discusses the `federal' constitution of the European Union, as well as examining its impact on UK constitutional law. Its publication is particularly timely, in view of the programme of constitutional reform on which the Labour government has embarked. That makes it imperative to examine critically the principles of the constitution and explore whether anything may be learnt from the experience of other countries. The book offers a succinct and up to date account of British constitutional law and will be the ideal introduction for all students studying the subject whether as part of a law of politics degree.
The United Kingdom Constitution
Authors: Barendt Eric
Published: November 2023

THERE is no document in the United Kingdom equivalent, say, to the United States Constitution of 1787 or to the Constitution of the Fifth Republic in France approved in September 1958. Nor, for that matter, is there a set of statutes clearly indicated by their titles as ‘Constitutional’ or ‘Basic laws’. Yet judges, politicians, and commentators in the United Kingdom often refer in general tenns to its constitution, and they describe various rules and principles as ‘constitutional’. It is said, for example, that United Kingdom membership of the European Union has had a major impact on the constitution and that participation in the arrangements for a common European currency (Economic and Monetary Union) would have further implications for it. Moreover, Law Lords and other judges sometimes state that cases raise issues of ‘constitutional importance’; in one case Lords Diplock and Scannan specifically claimed that the constitution is based on the separation of powers.