bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Young Adolescents' Perceptions of the Family Environment
Authors: Richardson Rhonda A. , Galambos Nancy L. , Schulenberg John E. , Petersen Anne C.
Published: March 2007

The physical, cognitive, and social changes associated with early adolescence may have implications for the nature of family relationships. However, little information is available regarding the family context of early adolescent development. The purpose of this study is to provide preliminary descriptive data on the family environment during early adolescence. A sample of 335 youngsters from middle to upper-middle class families were interviewed twice a year during the sixth, seventh, and eighth grades. Responses to selected questions were used to examine four domains of family relationships: family affect and closeness, satisfactions and dissatisfactions with the family, family time and activities, and conflict and discipline. Results indicate that overall, as perceived by young adolescents, the family environment is characterized more by harmony than by discord. Boys and girls consistently reported good to excellent relationships with their parents, with mothers emerging as particularly important sources of understanding. Boys were more likely than girls to report closeness to their fathers. Conflict between the young adolescents and their parents most often centered on issues of freedom and responsibility, although the discipline used by parents in resolving such conflicts was perceived by most of the youngsters in our sample as very fair and relatively lenient. When drawing conclusions from these data, the unique features of the sample should be kept in mind.
Adolescent Reasoning about Advertisements: Relevance of Product Claims
Authors: Linn Marcia C. , Delucchi Kevin L. , Benedictis Tina de
Published: March 2007

To foster generalization of science education from the classroom to other important problems we investigate how adolescents reason about scientific claims in advertisements. We administered interviews to 88 seventh and eighth graders to assess their criteria for brand decision making and to determine whether they use these criteria when assessing claims in advertisements. We found that adolescents change their product criteria frequently, that they lose track of their own criteria when confronted with advertisers' claims and that advertisements may encourage adolescents to add criteria to those they consider when making brand decision. Implications include the potential for impaired decision making due to an information overload and the possibility that adolescents may adopt social-psychological criteria which when not fulfilled could lead to loss of self-esteem.
Ethnic Identity Search and Commitment in Black and White Eighth Graders
Authors: Phinney Jean S. , Tarver Steve
Published: March 2007

In order to investigate the beginnings of ethnic identity formation, openended interviews on ethnic issues were carried out with 48 Black and White middle-class eighth graders from an integrated junior high school. Interviews focused on questions assumed from the literature to be indicative of ethnic identity search and commitment. Over a third of the subjects had engaged in ethnic identity search, as indicated by their having thought about and discussed the implications of their ethnic groups membership. Black females were particularly high in ethnic identity search. In discussing the issues of ethnicity, Black subjects generally focused on their own group, while Whites were more likely to address relations with other groups. Both groups recognized the existence of prejudice as a potential problem for Blacks. The findings are discussed in terms of minority versus majority status in the culture.
The Relationship between Academic Achievement and Social Self-Image During Early Adolescence
Authors: Roberts Laura R. , Petersen Anne C.
Published: March 2007

This study of 242 young adolescents examined the link between social self-image and academic achievement, as measured by grade point averages (GPAs). Subjects were categorized as academically, socially, or athletically oriented. Among socially oriented girls, those with an average GPA in mathematics had relatively large gains on social self-image, whereas among athletically oriented girls; those with a low GPA in mathematics also had relatively large gains on social self-image. Among socially oriented boys, those with low GPAs in mathematics and science had relatively large gains on social self-image. In contrast, no significant effects were linked to GPAs in non mathematics and science for young people who were oriented toward popularity or athletics. This research may help educators identify factors that turn capable adolescents away from careers in mathematics and science
Temperament and School Functioning during Early Adolescence
Authors: Guerin Diana W. , Gottfried Allen W. , Oliver Pamella H. , Thomas Craig W.
Published: March 2007

Individual differences in temperament have been shown to be important correlates of school success in young children; however, their significance during early adolescence has not been studied extensively. In this study, the relation between temperament assessed by parent report and a wide range of measures relating to school functioning was examined. Data were collected on over 100 Fullerton Longitudinal Study participants at their 10-, 11-, 12-, and 13-year assessments. Results showed that parent ratings of temperament accountedfor approximately 25% to 30% of the variance in teacher ratings of classroom behavior, 5% to 10% of the variance in academic achievement when entered after IQ, and 10% of the variance in self-concept and pupil-teacher relationships. Temperament was unrelated to academic intrinsic motivation, however It was concluded that the temperament dimension of persistence was most salient in the school environment during the transition to adolescence.
Risky Business
Authors: Maggs Jennifer L. , Almeida David M. , Galambos Nancy L.
Published: March 2007

Concurrent and longitudinal relations among Canadian adolescents' problem behavior (PB), self-image, and peer relations were examined. The relationship of adolescents' perceptions of fun and risk with their PB also were explored. A total of 96 young adolescents (mean age at Time 1 = 11.6 years) completed questionnaires on four occasions spanning 3 1/2 years. Measures were PB (disobeying parents, school misconduct, substance use, antisocial behavior), self-image, peer relations (involvement, acceptance), and beliefs about the fin and risk of PBs. Mean-level analyses showed increases with age in disobedience, school misconduct, substance use, and peer involvement. Longitudinal increases in PB were associated with decreases in positive self-image and increases in peer acceptance and involvement. Beliefs about fun and risk predicted up to 56% of the variance in PB, with fun more consistently the significant predictor. Discussion focuses on the paradox that PB may have constructive and destructive functions.
Curricular Offerings in the Nonprofit and Service Areas in Marketing Departments
Authors: Delene Linda
Published: March 2007

The past ten years have witnessed a broadening of the definition and concept of marketing. After much debate, it has generally been agreed that the marketing pro cedures and techniques developed for profit organizations are applicable to non profit and service organizations as well. This article discusses the results and im plications of a two-part study conducted to determine the extent of formal course offerings in the areas of nonprofit or service marketing nationwide.
Preparing the Exporting Entrepreneur
Authors: Graham John L. , Meloan Taylor W.
Published: March 2007

Rather than the current multinational firm orientation in international marketing courses, our thesis is that course content should shift to export and/or import opportunities for entrepreneurs, managers, and/or owners of smaller businesses. About 20,000 US. firms could market successfully in foreign markets, but currently are not. A redefined emphasis in international marketing courses could educate a new generation of exporting entrepreneurs.
Expanding Publication Opportunities in Marketing Education Research
Authors: Summey John H. , Anderson Carol H.
Published: March 2007

Marketing education research articles over 13 years were analyzed to discover future publication opportunities. A framework is presented within three marketing domains: program inputs, design/delivery, and outputs. Previous research shows a production orientation (program design/delivery). A marketing concept approach (program inputs and outputs) is recommended for future efforts.
Becoming a Marketing Academician: A Strategic Career Planning Seminar for Doctoral Students
Authors: Berry Leonard L.
Published: March 2007

Marketing Ph.D. students need to know more than the literature and research methods of the discipline; they also need to know how the discipline works. This article discusses a doctoral course that facilitates the transition from doctoral student to assistant professor.
Marketing Madness, or How Marketing Departments Think they're in Two Places at Once when they're Not Anywhere at all (According to Some)
Authors: Chonko Lawrence B. , Caballero Marjorie J.
Published: March 2007

Marketing educators must examine the culture in their departments if they are to provide a high quality education in a changing environment. This article addresses the objectives of marketing education and evaluates the current culture of many marketing departments as it applies to those educational objectives.
Judgments of Marketing Students about Ethical Issues in Marketing Research: A Comparison to Marketing Practitioners
Authors: Whipple Thomas W. , Wolf David D.
Published: March 2007

The authors found that students showed greater sensitivity than practitioners to social responsibility issues. However, three business ethics issues were identified for which marketing educators need to raise the ethical standards of students to be more consistent with those of marketing professionals. Educators should focus on the male students, who were less critical than the females of questionable business practices.
Developing Critical Thinking and Interpersonal Skills in a Services Marketing Course Employing Total Quality Management Concepts and Techniques
Authors: Ronchetto John R. , Buckles Tom A.
Published: March 2007

This article posits that total quality management (TQM) techniques can assist educators in developing critical thinking and interpersonal skills in a services marketing course. Literature addressing pedagogical deficiencies in U.S. business schools is reviewed, and key points regarding services marketing are highlighted. TQM techniques are then linked to teaching exercises conducted in a services marketing class.
Learning Hierarchies and the Marketing Curriculum: A Proposal for a Second Course in Marketing
Authors: Stearns James M. , Crespy Charles T.
Published: March 2007

This article proposes changes in the content and sequencing of the marketing curriculum, based on research findings in educational psychology. The marketing curriculum would benefit from a redesign based on the structures found in learning hierarchies. The authors propose a second course in marketing that bridges the gap in most marketing curricula between basic knowledge acquisition (marketing principles) and complex problem solving (upper-level and strategy courses). The proposed course provides a more ordered and logical learning sequence for marketing students that is based on a validated learning theory.
Introductory Public Administrations Texts: A Criterion for Selection JAMES S. BOWMAN with the assistance of Donald Saylor University of Wyoming The Bureaucratic Experience, by Ralph P. Hummel. New York, St. Martin's Press, 1977. Cloth, $15.95, paper $6.95. Public Administration: A Synthesis, by Howard E. McCurdy. Menlo Park, California, Cummings Publishing Co., 1977. Cloth, $12.95. Managing the Public Sector, by Grover Starling. Homewood, Illinois, Dorsey Press, 1977. Cloth, $14.50. The Management of Business and Public Organizations, by Robert B. Buchele. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1977. Cloth, $13.95. Administration in the Public Sector, by Harold F. Gortner. New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1977. Cloth. Dynamics of Public Bureaucracy: An Introduction to Public Administration, by Fred A. Kramer. Cambridge, Mass., Winthrop Publishing Co., 1977, Cloth, $10.00. Public Bureaucracy: Values and Perspectives, by James Medeiros and David E. Schmitt. North Scituate, Mass., Duxbury Press, 1977. Paper, $4.95. Public Administration: Values, Policy, and Change, by Robert H. Simmons and Eugene P. Dvorin. New York, Alfred Publishing Co., 1977. Cloth, $13.50
Authors: Miewald Robert D.
Published: March 2007

The following contribution by Professor James Bowman will be of interest to those of us who teach public administration as well as to a large number of hapless students who never had the occasion to associate the word "readability" with works in public administration. The article should be read in conjunction with Bowman's earlier review of fifteen textbooks published between 1973 and 1977 (James S. Bowman, "The Readability of Introductory Textbooks in Public Administration," 22 Administrative Science Quarterly (June, 1977), pp. 373-376).
Adaptive Control of Mechanical Manipulators
Authors: Craig John J. , Hsu Ping , Sastry S. Shankar
Published: March 2007

When an accurate dynamic model of a mechanical manipu lator is available, it may be used in a nonlinear, model-based scheme to control the manipulator. Such a control formula tion yields a controller that suppresses disturbances and tracks desired trajectories uniformly in all configurations of the manipulator. Use of a poor dynamic model with this kind of model-based decoupling and linearizing scheme, however, may result in performance that is inferior to a much simpler, fixed-gain scheme.

In this paper, we develop a parameter-adaptive control scheme in a set of adaptive laws that can be added to the nonlinear, model-based controller. The scheme is unique be cause it is designed specifically for the nonlinear, model- based controller and has been proven stable in a full, nonlin ear setting. After adaptation, the error dynamics of the joints are decoupled with uniform disturbance rejection in all ma nipulator configurations. The issues of sufficient excitation and the effect of disturbances are also discussed.

The theory is demonstrated with simulation results and also with data from an implementation for an industrial robot, the Adept One.
Manipulation Planning for Redundant Robots: A Practical Approach
Authors: Ahuactzin Juan Manuel , Gupta Kamal , Mazer Emmanuel
Published: March 2007

An emerging paradigm in solving the classical motion- planning problem (among static obstacles) is to capture the connectivity of the configuration space using a finite (but pos sibly large) set of landmarks (or nodes) in it. In this paper, we extend this paradigm to manipulation-planning problem, where the goal is to plan the motion of a robot so that it can move a given object from an initial configuration to a final configuration while avoiding collisions with the static obstacles and other movable objects in the environment. Our specific approach adapts Adriadne's clew algorithm, which has been shown effective for classical motion-planning prob lems (Mazer et al. 1994; Ahuactzin 1994). In our approach, landmarks are placed in lower dimensional submanifolds of the composite configuration space. These landmarks repre sent stable grasps that are reachable from the initial con figuration. From each new landmark, the planner attempts to reach the goal configuration by executing a local plan ner, again in a lower (but different) dimensional submani fold of the composite configuration space. The approach is probabilistically resolution complete, does not assume that a closed-form inverse-kinematics solution for the manipulator is available, and is particularly suitable for redundant manip ulators. We also demonstrate that our approach is practical for realistic problems in three-dimensional environments with manipulator arms having fairly large numbers of degrees of freedom. We have experimented with this approach for a 7- DOF manipulator in 3-D environments with one movable ob ject, and computation times range between a few minutes and a few tens of minutes-in our experiments, between 3 min to 15 min, depending on the task difficulty.
A Pheromone-Guided Mobile Robot that Behaves like a Silkworm Moth with Living Antennae as Pheromone Sensors
Authors: Kuwana Yoshihiko , Shimoyama Isao
Published: March 2007

In this paper, the pheromone-oriented behavior of moths will be demonstrated by synthesis with biosensors and a small mobile robot that is controlled by recurrent neural networks. Since antennae on a silkworm moth are very sensitive as compared to conventional arti ficial gas sensors, they can be used as living gas sensors that detect pheromone molecules. A simple recurrent artificial neural network was used to control pheromone-tracing behavior in the manner of a living male silkworm moth. This neural network generates mothlike behavior while interacting with the environment. The turning behav ior, in particular, is a suitable tactic for small intelligence when a robot misses pheromone molecules. Our neural network is so simple that it can be very easily used as the controlling devices for micro- robots, which have a small amount of space for intelligence. Our robot is a hybrid system that combines living organisms and artificial machines, and is therefore a new type of robot.

This approach has the advantage of a real-world experiment with biosensors instead of computer simulation. The difference between the real world and the simulation conditions yields a discrepancy in results. An additional discrepancy is generated by the sensor model. Therefore, real-world experiments with living antennae may provide a fascinating interface between computer simulation and neuroethology.
Recognition of Visually Presented Musical Intervals
Authors: Gillman Elizabeth , Underwood Geoffrey , Morehen John
Published: March 2007

The recognition of intervals is likely to underlie skilled sight-reading, since auditory coding and fingering selection are normally dependent on the relative pitches of notes in the score. Therefore, the purpose of this experiment is to investigate the processing of visually presented intervals. Participants were required to perform a matching task, indicating whether two consecutively presented intervals were the "same" or "different". These pairs of intervals were visually similar, visually dissimilar or spatially dissimilar. Sight-readers were most accurate at judging "same" intervals when pairs were visually similar and least accurate at judging "same" intervals when pairs were spatially dissimilar. Conversely, sight-readers were most accurate at judging "different" intervals when pairs were spatially dissimilar and least accurate at judging "different" intervals when pairs were visually similar. This interaction between actual similarity and visual similarity was greater for poor sight-readers compared with good sight-readers.
An Investigation of Children's Musical Collaborations: The Effect of Friendship and Age
Authors: Macdonald Raymond A. R. , Miell Dorothy , Mitchell Laura
Published: March 2007

This paper presents an investigation of age and friendship effects on the processes and outcomes of children's musical collaborations. Previous research in this area (Miell and MacDonald, 2000) has highlighted that when children work together with a friend they produce compositions that are rated as being better quality than compositions produced by children who do not work with a friend. In addition, children working with a friend have been shown to communicate (both verbally and musically) in a style that is more conducive to good quality collaboration. In the present study, girls worked together on a keyboard composition, and pairs of different ages were compared since the effect that age might have on children's compositions is currently a topical issue (Barrett, 1998). All verbal and musical communication was coded in line with criteria developed and validated previously. The younger girls who worked with a friend produced compositions that were rated as being of a better quality than the compositions produced by those of the same age who did not work with a friend. In addition, the musical and verbal interactions of these friendship pairs were seen as being more characteristic of good quality collaboration. This effect was not found for the older pairs, and possible reasons for this pattern of findings are discussed.
Some Antecedents of Music Appreciation
Authors: Stone Michael
Published: March 2007

It is suggested that attention is a necessaiy part of appreciation. A classification is made of the different occasions on which attention to music is less than might be desired. The antecedents are identified that might operate on these occasions with some frequency and that might be susceptible to influence by music teachers. The use of the analysis is demonstrated by applying it to the question: should pop music be employed to help enhance the appreciation of muLsic other than pop?
Musical Talent and Visual-Spatial Ability: Onset of Puberty
Authors: Hassler Marianne , Birbaumer N. , Feil A.
Published: March 2007

Results of the third and fourth stage of a longitudinal study with boys and girls in the early teens indicated a relationship between musical talent and visual-spatial ability. The onset of puberty influenced the outcome. Musical talent decreased in those children who attained extremely high test scores on the Wing tests and were able to compose/improvise. The decline was more marked in girls than in boys. The onset of puberty was also related to an increase of spatial ability. The improvement was more marked in girls. The influence of puberty on the relationship between musical talent and visual-spatial ability was reflected in changing pattern of connections between two musical capacities and three spatial factors.
Voxels in the Brain
Authors: Beaulieu Anne
Published: March 2007

In the 1990s, the `Decade of the Brain', a number of digital and electronic resources have been created to enable the rationalization and integration of the various sub-fields of neuroscience. This approach has been described as `neuroinformatics'. An important subset of tools (atlases of the brain) developed in the Human Brain Project is examined in detail in order to understand how the use of these tools changes the practice of science. In the course of the development of atlases, what constitutes `objective' neuroscientific knowledge is redefined in important ways, according to both technological possibilities built into these tools and to the constraints of standardization inherent in projects that involve multiple measurements. The constitution of objectivity is examined across a number of levels (ontological, epistemic, pragmatic) and the concept of `digital objectivity' is suggested as a label for a particular configuration of ideals, techniques and objects of knowledge in cyberscience.
How Authors Select Journals: A Test of the Reward Maximization Model of Submission Behaviour
Authors: Gordon Michael D.
Published: March 2007

Many accounts of how scientists select journals for their papers suggest that the dominant consideration is the maximization of professional rewards: scientists are assumed to try to publish in the most prestigious possible journals, and, if rejected, to work their way down the prestige hierarchy of journals, until acceptance is secured. In this study, biochemists were surveyed to determine the relative influence of various factors upon their selection of journals for the submission and resubmission of their papers. Citation data were then used to test hypotheses derived from the reward maximization model of submission behaviour. It was found that journals were primarily selected on the basis of the audiences they reach, rather than the rewards they confer, and the reward-seeking model of selection behaviour found little or no support.
Waiting for Joe-1: Decisions Leading to the Detection of Russia's First Atomic Bomb Test
Authors: Ziegler Charles
Published: March 2007

Events that led to the successful identification by the US of the 1949 test of a Russian atomic bomb are analyzed in terms of three decisions that involved, respectively, the management, development and deployment of the monitoring system that detected the Russian test. Analysis of these decisions focuses on the way public and `insider' beliefs about atomic bombs influenced the decision-making process, and on how technical and organizational factors modulated the pace of system development and deployment.
A Co-Word Study of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Courtial Jean-Pierre , Law John
Published: March 2007

This Note briefly describes the method of `co-word analysis', and presents some results of its application to the scientific literature in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI). A sample of AI literature, published in 1984 and 1985, was drawn from the CNRS/INIST database in Paris. The co-word analysis of this sample suggests that AI is a field characterized by relative intellectual coherence in a specifiable `core'. In this, AI seems to differ from scientific studies of the acidification of the environment: a co-word analysis of the latter field reveals no evidence of the likely emergence of a unifying general theory. The policy implications of such co-word studies are discussed.
The Feminine Method as Myth and Accounting Resource: A Challenge to Gender Studies and Social Studies of Science
Authors: Richards Evelleen , Schuster John
Published: March 2007

Some recent feminist analyses of science have focused on the method of science, claiming that it displays stereotypically masculine gender traits, and counterposing it to a putatively alternative method, embodying so-called feminine gender traits. The latter is advocated either as a replacement for the masculine method, or as a step towards the ultimate achievement of a gender-free method and science. This paper argues that recent work in the history of science and sociology of scientific knowledge casts considerable doubt upon any attempt to grasp some supposed methodological essence — masculine, feminine, de-gendered or whatever. It is shown that although methodological discourses are incapable of grasping the content and dynamics of the sciences, individually or severally, such discourses can serve as flexible rhetorical resources in the social processes of knowledge construction and negotiation of scientific knowledge claims. We illustrate this context-dependence and flexibility of method discourses by contrasting Evelyn Fox Keller's account of the work of Barbara McClintock with a variety of accounts of the work of Rosalind Franklin. It is shown that these method-centred accounts merely continue the politics of alternative accountings practised by scientists, and that they therefore are objects of social constructivist and contextualist analyses of science, rather than contributions to them. We conclude that neither feminist historiography of science nor feminist political intervention in the social institution of science is likely to be facilitated by taking such method discourses at a literal level.
Metrology: The Creation of Universality by the Circulation of Particulars
Authors: O'Connell Joseph
Published: March 2007

This paper explores the recent suggestion that the universality of technoscience -its ability to bring facets of the world into the lab, and to move results achieved in the lab out into the world - is accomplished by expensive and labour-intensive metrological practices that have hitherto been overlooked in social studies of science. In three examples, this paper seeks to show how the appearance of universality is achieved, what resists this achievement, how such resistance is overcome, and how authority is established for the particular material representatives that stand for universal abstract scientific entities in local settings. Three examples of metrology are considered: the development of machines to measure body composition; the international standardization of electrical units in the late nineteenth century; and the influence of the US Department of Defence on metrological activity in the United States.
Prisoners and Their Wives: Marital and Domestic Effects of Telephone Contacts and Home Visits
Authors: Fishman Laura T. , Fishman Laura T.
Published: March 2007

This article examines how wives' continuing relationships with their incarcerated husbands are shaped by prison policies concerning telephone calls and home furloughs. A combination of data sources were used to construct an ethnographic account of the experiences of thirty women married to men incarcerated in two prisons. Findings show that within the constraints of telephone calls and home furloughs, relationships can be strengthened or undermined as prisoners and their wives attempt to resume remnants of their pre-prison marital patterns. Analysis reveals that prison policies believed functional for the prison treatment programs can have dysfunctional consequences for prisonerwife interaction.
Relationship between Job Burnout and Perceived Inmate Exploitation of Juvenile Correctional Workers
Authors: Farmer James A.
Published: March 2007

The present study supports the conclusion that there is a positive relationship between perceived inmate exploitation and juvenile correctional worker burnout. The research examined 41 juvenile correctional workers using the Maslach Burnout Inventory and a Juvenile Worker Interaction instrument. In addition, comparisons were made between respondent and non-respondent groups. Findings showed no significant difference between respondent and non-respondent groups. Measured by the six scales of Maslach 's Burnout Inventory, stress levels of the respondents fell within the moderate range. Staff anger accountedfor a large percentage of burnout.
Correlation between Knee Laxity and Graft Appearance on Magnetic Resonance Imaging after Double-Bundle Hamstring Graft Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Sonoda Masaki , Morikawa Tsuguo , Tsuchiya Kan , Moriya Hideshige
Published: February 2007

Background

In recent years, double-bundle (anteromedial bundle [AMB], posterolateral bundle [PLB]) anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction has developed into an accepted practical surgical procedure; therefore, its efficacy needs to be established.

Hypothesis

Multiple-sliced 2-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging allows evaluation of each bundle separately. Both bundles are important for knee stability, and each bundle has a role in the prevention of knee instability. Knee laxity testing will correlate with the magnetic resonance imaging appearance of the individual graft bundles.

Study Design

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods

A total of 97 double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions were evaluated 1 year after surgery, including side-to-side difference of KT-2000 arthrometer and pivot shift test. T2-weighted 2-dimensional magnetic resonance images were captured in the middle plane of each bundle to express magnetic resonance signals of each bundle. The magnetic resonance signals were divided into 3 grades: grade I, low-intensity signal; grade II, high-intensity signal within 50%; and grade III, high-intensity signal greater than 50%.

Results

Anterior laxity in AMB grade II (PLB I, 3.5 ± 1.7 mm; PLB II, 4.5 ± 1.9 mm) was significantly larger than in AMB grade I (PLB I, 1.9 ± 1.7 mm; PLB II, 2.1 ± 1.7 mm) with statistical difference (P = .025 in PLB I; P = .002 in PLB II). A positive rate in pivot shift test in PLB II (48%) was significantly larger than in PLB I (21%) with statistical difference (P = .031).

Conclusions

Varying magnetic resonance signals according to the bundle indicate role differences of each bundle in knee stability. These results imply that the AMB has a major role in preventing anterior translation of the tibia and the PLB has a major role in preventing anterolateral rotatory instability.
The Self-Expansion of Capital on a World Scale
Authors: Cohen Robert B.
Published: March 2007

This Marxian critique of the multinational corporation (MNC) is one of the first articles by this well-known European economist to appear in English. It argues that the emergence of the MNC merely expresses more funda mental changes: the international spread of capital, the new international mode of accumulation and the heightened nature of class struggle. Palloix examines these changes by using the circuits of capital set forth by Marx. He finds that in recent years the circuits of money capital and productive capital have become much more internationalized, particularly since the late 1960's when there was a shift of international investment in productive facilities to less developed nations. This went hand-in-hand with the more extensive penetration of some developed nations, like France, by foreign capital. Palloix concludes that this new international mode of accumulation linked most nations more closely to the international division of labor, making it more difficult for them to follow inde pendent economic policies. Thus, the nation-state's role in assuring that certain critical industries can adjust to international conditions becomes even more important for capital. But the resulting situation also involves heightened contra dictions in capitalism and greater class struggle. In a methodological appendix, Palloix utilizes Marx's circuits of the self-expansion of individual and social capital to analyze the internationalization of capital.
Perestroika and the Third World
Authors: Hossein-zadeh Esmail
Published: March 2007

The official Soviet view of the world economic order has in recent years undergone a tremendous shift, a shift from that of two mutually exclusive world markets - one "socialist," the other capitalist - to that of world economic integration and interdependence. Accordingly, its view of Third World development, the so-called non-capitalist path of development, has likewise changed drastically: a change from that of extensive nationalizations, import-substitution, regional cooperation and exclusive ties with the Soviet Bloc countries to that of tripartite (East-West-South) industrial cooperation and comparative advantages of international division of labor. This study is an attempt to critically explore the relationship between these two global turnabouts: the signal change of the official Soviet view of the world economic order and of the East-West relations, on the one hand, and its view of the development path of the developing countries, on the other.
NAFTA and the Location of North American Investment: A Critique of Mainstream Analysis
Authors: Koechlin Tim
Published: March 2007

Mainstream studies of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) conclude that this agreement will benefit the typical resident of Canada, Mexico and the U.S. This paper argues that these optimistic conclusions depend critically upon dubious assumptions about NAFTA's effects on international investment flows - assumptions that ensure the conclusion that U.S. workers will not be hurt by a relocation of productive capital. NAFTA is in fact likely to have a considerable impact on direct foreign investment flows, and so the failure to specify the investment process adequately leads to a serious misassessment of NAFTA's effects.
Control and Leadership in Group Psychotherapy
Authors: Horne Alan
Published: March 2007

For the group-analytic conductor the question of control is ever-present. In its simplest guise it is how to tread the line between over-control of the group on the one hand, and outright abdication on the other. But it is clear that the conductor's conscious intention is not the only, or even the most significant, force controlling the group: forces within subgroups, the group as a whole, or pressure from other individual members may be much stronger. The conductor may even become aware that his or her own position and actions are not relatively independent and objective, but are a function of larger unconscious forces in the group. In this paper I take a clinical example in which control issues become explicit, and then examine four approaches to group theory—M.A. Lieberman's description of effective styles of leadership; A.P. Beck's system theory; S.H. Foulkes's group analysis, and W.R. Bion's psychoanalytic approach—in an attempt to clarify the nature of `appropriate control'. This suggests some approaches to the problems of over-control versus abdication, the need to deal with other sources of power in the group, and the pressure on the conductor to act out the group's unconscious conflicts.
Creativity: Aspects of Common Ground between Artist and Facilitator
Authors: Recordon Gillian
Published: March 2007

From her own experience as an artist and as a facilitator in groups, the author draws parallels between the creative function of artists and group facilitators. An exploration of similarities in their aims and in their respective techniques and skills leads to a consideration of the creative process itself; why and what may happen if it ceases and how it can be set free in each of us.
Multiple Family Group Therapy: A Group-Analytic Perspective
Authors: Behr Harold
Published: March 2007

This paper describes Multiple Family Group Therapy in a Child and Family Psychiatric Unit. The approach involves treatment of up to six families in a large-group setting with additional separate group sessions for parents and children. The approach lends itself particularly to socially isolated families with long-standing dysfunction.
`Welfare Dependence': The Power of a Concept
Authors: Smiley Marion
Published: March 2007

While the concept of welfare dependence as now formulated is logically muddled, it is very powerful in shaping our view of both the welfare state in general and the requirements of welfare reform in particular, as well as in reinforcing a variety of norms, beliefs, and interests that are harmful to both welfare recipients and the community at large. But we are not generally aware of these aspects of our concept of dependence as so formulated. Hence, we continue to use the concept as so formulated in practice and, in doing so, bring about a series of negative - and in many cases unintended - consequences, including the maintenance of a set of artificial class distinctions between dependents, i.e. welfare recipients, and the rest of us, the shutting down of serious debate about welfare reform, and the reinforcement of anti-statist values that themselves preclude the development of a democratic mode of collective protection. I set out below to bring these consequences to our attention and to show how they follow from our prevailing concept of welfare dependence. I do so by exploring the concept of welfare dependence as now formulated in depth with respect to both form and content.
Insuring Risk: Systems of Global Finance
Authors: Capling Ann , Crozier Michael
Published: March 2007

Critical analyses of international financial markets tend to explain changes over recent decades in terms of a resurgent liberalism. This paper employs a systems theoretical approach to argue that there has been a far more fundamental transformation in the operations of these financial markets than simply a shift towards more liberalized regimes of regulation. The use of risk as resource and the systematic randomness of these new operational trends have perverse implications not only for the integrity of political systems but also for the neoliberal promoters and players inside the new complex system of global finance.
Male and Female Industrial Workers
Authors: MANNHEIM BILHA
Published: March 2007

Ninety-one male and seventy-nine female Israeli industrial workers in similar technological settings were compared in terms of their job satisfaction and work role centrality. Female workers did not differ from men in their job satisfaction, when personal and technological factors were controlled. They had lower work role centrality, and this difference occurred predominantly for younger, unmarried, and Middle Eastern women. Both men and women tended to react similarly in their work role centrality to differences in the technological setting, but men did so more strongly. For both men and women, job satisfaction and work role centrality were correlated. For both genders, work role centrality was more responsive to personal characteristics and to technological conditions than was job satisfaction. The least satisfied and least work-centered women had no work place preference, and in this response differed from men. The findings for women concerning WRC are explained by means of a “socialization to industrial work” thesis, while findings regarding job satisfaction are situationally explained.
“Can't Get No (Dis) Satisfaction”
Authors: WERTZ DOROTHY C. , SORENSON JAMES R. , HEEREN TIMOTHY C.
Published: March 2007

Satisfaction with professional-client encounters was ascertained from 173 genetic counselors for each of 1,044 counseling sessions. Counselors were satisfied with 69% of the sessions and very satisfied with 25%. Counselors were dissatisfied with 5% and very dissatisfied almost never. Professional satisfaction was not associated with client learning of medical information or with discussion of items of greatest concern to clients. The major correlates of professionals' satisfaction were perceptions that they were communicating knowledge successfully. Additional correlates of being “very” satisfied included having better-educated clients, opportunity to use special expertise, and applicability of technology.
Professional Horse Race Gambling
Authors: ROSECRANCE JOHN
Published: March 2007

Using a comparative framework advocated by Hughes, I describe and analyze the work activities of professional horse race gamblers. Drawing upon qualitative data, I show that this unresearched occupational grouping is involved in a difficult nondeviant task for which commitment, discipline, and the ability to deal with ambiguity are prerequisites. The bane and sustenance of the occupation is its independent character, as players work with neither an organizational safety net nor bureaucratic regulations. The common dimensions that the professional gamblers share with certain other workers provide insight into occupations that survive outside bureaucratic organizations and suggest refinement of existing occupational categories.
Just a Temp
Authors: ROGERS JACKIE KRASAS
Published: March 2007

Temporary employment has grown at three times the rate of overall employment in the United States since 1982. The temporary-help industry and many management consultants praise temporary employment as a way to improve an ailing economy and to meet workers' increased demands for flexibility. However, there are costs to temporary employment. This study starts by asking the question, “What are the costs of temporary employment, and who must bear those costs?” Using intensive interviews, this research finds that temporary workers, who are disproportionately women and African Americans, are the ones who bear many of the costs in the form of alienation from work, alienation from others, and alienation from self.
Modeling of Unidirectional Preformed Composites
Authors: Chang Fu-Kuo , Chang Kuo-Yen , Engdahl Roger
Published: March 2007

An analytical and experimental work was performed to study the mechanical properties of unidirectional preformed composites, which are made of fiber tows kmtted together with polyester thread in matrix. In addition, the effects of material parameters, such as knit space, tow size, fiber and matrix properties, and volume fractions of fiber and matrix, on the moduli and strengths of the preformed composites were also considered. During the period of investigation, an analytical model, based on micro-mechanics theories, was de veloped for predicting the moduli and strengths of the materials. In order to verify the analysis, experiments were also conducted during the investigation. All the tests were per formed according to the standard ASTM procedures. Overall, more than 200 specimens were tested in tension, shear, and compression. The test data were compared with the nu merical simulations calculated from the model. An excellent agreement was found be tween the data and the calculations.
Hygrothermal Effects on Chopped Fibre/Woven Fabric Reinforced Epoxy Composites. Part A: Moisture Absorption Characteristics
Authors: Shanker Singh K. , Singh P.N. , Rao R.M.V.G.K.
Published: March 2007

Diffusion of water in epoxy composites with different sequential arrange ments of woven roving (WR) and chopped strand mat (CSM) reinforcements was studied on immersion in water at 298 K and 323 K. Laminates with CSM as skin layers showed higher diffusivity and equilibrium moisture content than WR as skin layers. The diffusion parameters obtained from the experiment conducted up to saturation limits of 323 K showed good correlation with the data computed using a moisture absorption programme written on lines suggested by G. S. Springer. Hence data at lower temperatures are also generated by using the above programme, thus shortening the time to reach saturation levels.
Delaminations in Composite Plates under Transverse Static Loads — Experimental Results
Authors: Finn Scott R. , He Yi-Fei , Springer George S.
Published: March 2007

Tests were performed measuring the damage initiation loads and the loca tions, shapes, and sizes of delaminations in Fiberite T300/976 graphite/epoxy, Fiberite IM7/977-2 graphite-toughened epoxy, and ICI APC-2 graphite-PEEK plates subjected to transverse static loads. The data were compared to the results of the Finn-Springer model, and good agreements were found between the measured and calculated delamination lengths and widths.
A Model for Predicting Slip Velocity during Extrusion with Fluoropolymer Processing Additives
Authors: Stewart C.W. , McMinn R.S. , Stika K.M.
Published: March 2007

A molecular model, based on the concept of the activation rate theory, is developed for slip of a polymer as it flows through a die. The model correctly predicts the dependence of the apparent slip velocity of high molecular weight, linear polyethylene resins on wall shear stress, up to the onset of gross melt fracture. It also predicts the increased slip which occurs when die surfaces are coated with a fluoropolymer processing aid having a low surface tension.
Digital Simulation of Bulk and Suspension Polymerization of Styrene, Using Non-linear Regression for Curve Fitting the Kinetic Parameters
Authors: Vivaldo-Lima E. , Saldivar-Guerra E.
Published: March 2007

The original Chiu-Carrat-Soong (CCS) model for diffusion-controlled propagation and termination in free-radical polymerization is used to model conversion and average molecular weights histories in bulk or suspension styrene homopolymerization. Using the Marquardt method for non-linear regression, the key model parameters are fitted to literature available experimental data and the effect of important variables is simulated, obtaining agreement with the reported data and statistically significant models The numeri cal strategy for data fitting and problems encountered when doing so are explained.