bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Image of FDR in the Post–World War II Polish Emigrant Press (1945–1956)
Authors: Lencznarowicz Jan
Published: August 2015

The article analyzes how the press of the post-Yalta Polish emigration portrayed President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and his foreign policy. It focuses on the period between 1945 and 1956 and draws on articles, news items, reviews, and documents published in Polish newspapers, which, alongside an organizational structure and personal contacts, played crucial role in the creation and maintenance of the network formed by emigrant communities in their countries of settlement, with the main center in London. The press and other publications helped to shape political awareness and collective identity among Poles who refused to return to their Soviet-dominated homeland as well as reflected their political and ideological attitudes. The evolution of the Roosevelt’s image in the examined press reflects Polish emigrants’ political and ideological values and opinions, as well as their expectations and disappointments over U.S. policy epitomized by Roosevelt. Polish authors pointed to his and his advisers’ ideological and political assumptions, misguided visions, intellectual limitations, and flaws in character as well as ignorance of the Soviet Union and communism, combined with futile hopes of close cooperation with the Soviet leaders in the jointly created and run postwar international order. In Polish eyes, FDR personified a general failure of the United States to rise to the occasion and carry out its mission as the leader of the democratic world threatened by the Soviet challenge.
Interview with Professor Zbigniew Stawrowski on The Clash of Civilizations or Civil War
Authors: Grondelski John M.
Published: August 2015

Western society is facing a clash of civilizations, but the fault line lies not between the West and Islam but within Western society itself, as two competing models of freedom and the principles underlying the modern state, each employing terms like “rights” and “justice” but holding totally opposite meanings, vie to prevail. The contemporary Polish philosopher Witold Stawrowski’s new book, The Clash of Civilizations or Civil War, considers this fracture at the heart of modern Western thought and offers provocative ways of reconceptualizing current debates that re-enshrine religious freedom as the first human right. In the process, he draws on the Polish tradition of religious freedom as a way of overcoming the practical approach of religious segregation that flowed from the Peace of Augsburg’s cujus regio, ejus religio (whose roots are essentially traceable to Antiquity). He discussed his book and some implications of its thought, especially in an American context, with Dr. John M. Grondelski.
An Invitation to Contribute
Authors: Damas Rebecca
Published: August 2015

I have a confession to make. In all my years of teaching middle school math and subscribing to MTMS, I have never submitted a manuscript to the journal. Or to any other journal for that matter. There were always more urgent things to be done: lessons to be planned, tests to be graded, grade books to be updated, and so on. Bus duty, anyone? Lunch duty? Morning duty? Detention duty? You name it, I've volunteered and reported for duty.
Exponentiation: A New Basic?
Authors: Davis Brent
Published: August 2015

A weeklong unit in an eighth-grade classroom shows how instruction should extend beyond the four basic operations for better understanding of the realities and needs of today's world.
Leafing through Irregular Shapes
Authors: King Alessandra
Published: August 2015

By the time middle school students start a prealgebra course, they should have explored a variety of familiar two-dimensional and three-dimensional shapes and should have been exposed to the concepts of perimeter, area, and volume. They know that they can assign numerical values to some attributes of a shape, such as length and surface area. However, my classroom experience confirms the statement that although “students may have developed an initial understanding of area…, many will need additional experiences in measuring directly to deepen their understanding of the area of two-dimensional shapes” (NCTM 2000, p. 242). In addition, the students' previous practice with area is usually with polygons, circles, or a combination of both. However, many real-life objects cannot be described or approximated with simple geometric shapes or with combinations of shapes. Therefore, this activity, which asks students to estimate the area of irregular shapes using finer and finer grids, is not only novel but also a way to apply mathematics to real life.
Picturing Acres
Authors: Metz James
Published: August 2015

Help students develop a mental picture of the size of an acre by comparing it with a football field.
TCM—Your Go-to Resource for Rich Tasks
Authors: Wilburne Jane M.
Published: August 2015

Readers share news about happenings in the field of elementary school mathematics education, views on matters pertaining to teaching and learning mathematics in the early childhood or elementary school years, and reactions to previously published opinion pieces or articles.
Transplantation of Epigenetically Modified Adult Cardiac c-Kit+ Cells Retards Remodeling and Improves Cardiac Function in Ischemic Heart Failure Model
Authors: Zakharova Liudmila , Nural-Guvener Hikmet , Feehery Lorraine , Popovic-Sljukic Snjezana , Gaballa Mohamed A.
Published: August 2015

Cardiac c-Kit+ cells have a modest cardiogenic potential that could limit their efficacy in heart disease treatment. The present study was designed to augment the cardiogenic potential of cardiac c-Kit+ cells through class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition and evaluate their therapeutic potency in the chronic heart failure (CHF) animal model. Myocardial infarction (MI) was created by coronary artery occlusion in rats. c-Kit+ cells were treated with mocetinostat (MOCE), a specific class I HDAC inhibitor. At 3 weeks after MI, CHF animals were retrogradely infused with untreated (control) or MOCE-treated c-Kit+ cells (MOCE/c-Kit+ cells) and evaluated at 3 weeks after cell infusion. We found that class I HDAC inhibition in c-Kit+ cells elevated the level of acetylated histone H3 (AcH3) and increased AcH3 levels in the promoter regions of pluripotent and cardiac-specific genes. Epigenetic changes were accompanied by increased expression of cardiac-specific markers. Transplantation of CHF rats with either control or MOCE/c-Kit+ cells resulted in an improvement in cardiac function, retardation of CHF remodeling made evident by increased vascularization and scar size, and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy reduction. Compared with CHF infused with control cells, infusion of MOCE/c-Kit+ cells resulted in a further reduction in left ventricle end-diastolic pressure and total collagen and an increase in interleukin-6 expression. The low engraftment of infused cells suggests that paracrine effects might account for the beneficial effects of c-Kit+ cells in CHF. In conclusion, selective inhibition of class I HDACs induced expression of cardiac markers in c-Kit+ cells and partially augmented the efficacy of these cells for CHF repair.

Significance

The study has shown that selective class 1 histone deacetylase inhibition is sufficient to redirect c-Kit+ cells toward a cardiac fate. Epigenetically modified c-Kit+ cells improved contractile function and retarded remodeling of the congestive heart failure heart. This study provides new insights into the efficacy of cardiac c-Kit+ cells in the ischemic heart failure model.
Aspectos clínicos de recém-nascidos admitidos em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de hospital de referência da Região Norte do Brasil
Authors: Lima Samyra Said de , Silva Sâmela Miranda da , Avila Paulo Eduardo Santos , Nicolau Manuelle Vieira , Neves Pablo Fabiano Moura das
Published: August 2015

Introdução: O conhecimento das características de nascimento e óbitos de recém-nascidos, condições biológicas da gestação e parto, bem como dos neonatos admitidos em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (UTIN), disponibilizadas através de estudos epidemiológicos podem subsidiar ações de assistência em saúde materno-infantil, minimizando a ocorrência de agravos e planejando um atendimento mais adequado. Objetivo: Descrever os aspectos clínicos de recém-nascidos admitidos na UTIN de hospital de referência da região norte do país. Métodos: Estudo transversal, descritivo e documental com amostragem aleatória simples composta por 318 prontuários de recém-nascidos admitidos na UTIN no ano de 2013, coletados por meio de ficha estruturada durante os meses de abril a julho de 2014. Foi realizada análise descritiva simples dos dados. Resultados: A amostra constituiu-se de neonatos masculinos (53,14%), prematuros (92,14%) e de baixo peso ao nascimento (80,5%), com Apgar adequados no 1º e 5º minutos e sem utilizar surfactante pulmonar exógeno (54,72%). Suas genitoras constituíram-se de adultas jovens, com pré-natal inadequado (72,6%), partos cesarianos (56,0%), sem corticoterapia antenatal (91,19%) e provenientes do interior do estado (44,0%). Prematuridade foi a principal causa de admissão na Unidade (77,04%). Os neonatos necessitaram de suporte ventilatório, oxigenoterapia e assistência fisioterapêutica (92,14%). No total, 55% dos óbitos ocorreram precocemente, sendo o choque séptico a principal causa (40,83%). Conclusão: Estes resultados revelam as características dos recém-nascidos desta Unidade podendo contribuir no direcionamento de ações públicas voltadas à prevenção de agravos e a promoção da saúde materna e neonatal a nível regional e nacional.
An Audio-visual Approach to Teaching the Social Aspects of Sustainable Product Design
Authors: Watkins Matthew Alan
Published: August 2015

This paper considers the impact of audio-visual resources in enabling students to develop an understanding of the social aspects of sustainable product design. Building on literature con­cern­ing the learning preferences of ‘Net Generation’ learners, three audio-visual workshops were developed to introduce students to the wider social aspects of sustainability and encour­age students to reflect upon the impact of their practice. The workshops were delivered in five universities in Britain and Ireland among undergraduate and postgraduate students. They were designed to encourage students to reflect upon carefully designed audio-visual materials in a group-based environment, seeking to foster the preferences of Net Generation learners through collaborative learning and learning through discovery. It also sought to address the perceived weaknesses of this generation of learners by encouraging critical reflection. The workshops proved to be popular with students and were successful in enabling them to grasp the complexity of the social aspects of sustainable design in a short span of time, as well as in encouraging personal responses and creative problem solving through an exploration of design thinking solutions.
Ecological Literacy in Design Education - A Theoretical Introduction
Authors: Boehnert Joanna
Published: August 2015

Sustainability educators developed the concept of ecological literacy to provide a basis for understanding environmental problems and developing new capacities and critical skills to respond effectively. This paper presents a theoretical introduction to ecological literacy for design education. It starts with a philosophical overview of why ecological literacy is neces­sary, including details of some of the planet’s vital signs. The paper then describes six ecologi­cal principles (networks, nested systems, cycles, flows, development and dynamic balance) along with associated design concepts (resilience, epistemological awareness, a circular econ­omy, energy literacy, emergence and the ecological footprint). The final section explains why critical ecological literacy is necessary to make the work of transforming unsustainable condi­tions and designing sustainable ways of living possible. Cover image: Principles, Ecolabs, 2014
Impact of multichannel river network on the plume dynamics in the Pearl River estuary
Authors: Lai Zhigang , Ma Ronghua , Gao Guangyin , Chen Changsheng , Beardsley Robert C.
Published: August 2015

Impacts of the multichannel river network on plume dynamics in the Pearl River estuary were examined using a high‐resolution 3‐D circulation model. The results showed that during the dry season the plume was a distinct feature along the western coast of the estuary. The plume was defined as three water masses: (a) riverine water (<5 psu), (b) estuarine water (12–20 psu), and (c) diluted water (>22 psu), respectively. A significant amount of low‐salinity water from Hengmen and Hongqimen was transported through a narrow channel between the QiAo Island and the mainland of the Pearl River delta during the ebb tide and formed a local salinity‐gradient feature (hereafter referred to as a discharge plume). This discharge plume was a typical small‐scale river plume with a Kelvin number K = 0.24 and a strong frontal boundary on its offshore side. With evidence of a significant impact on the distribution and variability of the salinity and flow over the West Shoal, this plume was thought to be a major feature of the Pearl River plume during the dry season. The upstream multichannel river network not only were the freshwater discharge sources but also played a role in establishing an estuarine‐scale subtidal pressure gradient. This pressure gradient was one of the key dynamical processes controlling the water exchange between discharge and river plumes in the Pearl River estuary. This study clearly showed the role of the river network and estuary interaction on river plume dynamics.
On scientific inference in geophysics and the use of numerical simulations for scientific investigations
Authors: Mannucci A. J. , Tsurutani B. T. , Verkhoglyadova O. P. , Meng X.
Published: August 2015

Scientific knowledge is acquired in geophysics generally without the benefit of controlled experiments. In this paper, we discuss how scientific inference based on observations occurs in geophysical contexts. We develop a specific approach that uses approximate simultaneity of proposed cause and effect phenomena to infer causality. The approach applies equally well to effect phenomena that follow the cause with a known time delay. We find that, in general, establishing a causal relationship between two phenomena based on simultaneity requires knowledge of how often simultaneity of these phenomena occurs in the absence of causality. We then extend the discussion to using numerical simulations in the scientific inference process. Numerical simulations of physical processes, because they can simulate the values of observations, are often used to infer what physical processes are occurring in nature. We discuss agreement between model output and observations as a basis for inferring the physical processes underlying the observations. We find that an important factor to consider, which we here call the “confusion factor,” is how often it may occur that insufficient model representations of the physical processes nevertheless lead to agreement between model computations and observations. We suggest that models of intermediate or low complexity may have a significant role to play when using geophysical simulations to reach scientific conclusions.
Propagation of back‐arc extension into the arc lithosphere in the southern New Hebrides volcanic arc
Authors: Patriat M. , Collot J. , Danyushevsky L. , Fabre M. , Meffre S. , Falloon T. , Rouillard P. , Pelletier B. , Roach M. , Fournier M.
Published: August 2015

New geophysical data acquired during three expeditions of the R/V Southern Surveyor in the southern part of the North Fiji Basin allow us to characterize the deformation of the upper plate at the southern termination of the New Hebrides subduction zone, where it bends eastward along the Hunter Ridge. Unlike the northern end of the Tonga subduction zone, on the other side of the North Fiji Basin, the 90° bend does not correspond to the transition from a subduction zone to a transform fault, but it is due to the progressive retreat of the New Hebrides trench. The subduction trench retreat is accommodated in the upper plate by the migration toward the southwest of the New Hebrides arc and toward the south of the Hunter Ridge, so that the direction of convergence remains everywhere orthogonal to the trench. In the back‐arc domain, the active deformation is characterized by propagation of the back‐arc spreading ridge into the Hunter volcanic arc. The N‐S spreading axis propagates southward and penetrates in the arc, where it connects to a sinistral strike‐slip zone via an oblique rift. The collision of the Loyalty Ridge with the New Hebrides arc, less than two million years ago, likely initiated this deformation pattern and the fragmentation of the upper plate. In this particular geodynamic setting, with an oceanic lithosphere subducting beneath a highly sheared volcanic arc, a wide range of primitive subduction‐related magmas has been produced including adakites, island arc tholeiites, back‐arc basin basalts, and medium‐K subduction‐related lavas.
Factors affecting the rare earth element compositions in massive sulfides from deep‐sea hydrothermal systems
Authors: Zeng Zhigang , Ma Yao , Yin Xuebo , Selby David , Kong Fancui , Chen Shuai
Published: August 2015

To reconstruct the evolution of ore‐forming fluids and determine the physicochemical conditions of deposition associated with seafloor massive sulfides, we must better understand the sources of rare earth elements (REEs), the factors that affect the REE abundance in the sulfides, and the REE flux from hydrothermal fluids to the sulfides. Here we examine the REE profiles of 46 massive sulfide samples collected from seven seafloor hydrothermal systems. These profiles feature variable total REE concentrations (37.2–4092 ppb) and REE distribution patterns (LaCN/LuCN ratios = 2.00–73.8; (Eu/Eu*)CN ratios = 0.34–7.60). The majority of the REE distribution patterns in the sulfides are similar to those of vent fluids, with the sulfides also exhibiting light REE enrichment. We demonstrate that the variable REE concentrations, Eu anomalies, and fractionation between light REEs and heavy REEs in the sulfides exhibit a relationship with the REE properties of the sulfide‐forming fluids and the massive sulfide chemistry. Based on the sulfide REE data, we estimate that modern seafloor sulfide deposits contain approximately 280 t of REEs. According to the flux of hydrothermal fluids at mid‐ocean ridges (MORs) and an average REE concentration of 3 ng/g in these fluids, hydrothermal vents at MORs alone transport more REEs (>360 t) to the oceans over the course of just 2 years than the total quantity of REEs in seafloor sulfides. The excess REEs (i.e., the quantity not captured by massive sulfides) may be transported away from the systems and become bound in sulfate deposits and metalliferous sediments.
Hydrogeological responses to incoming materials at the erosional subduction margin, offshore Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica
Authors: Kameda Jun , Harris Robert N. , Shimizu Mayuko , Ujiie Kohtaro , Tsutsumi Akito , Ikehara Minoru , Uno Masaoki , Yamaguchi Asuka , Hamada Yohei , Namiki Yuka , Kimura Gaku
Published: August 2015

Bulk mineral assemblages of sediments and igneous basement rocks on the incoming Cocos Plate at the Costa Rica subduction zone are examined by X‐ray diffraction analyses on core samples. These samples are from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 334 reference Site U1381, ∼ 5 km seaward of the trench. Drilling recovered approximately 100 m of sediment and 70 m of igneous oceanic basement. The sediment includes two lithologic units: hemipelagic clayey mud and siliceous to calcareous pelagic ooze. The hemipelagic unit is composed of clay minerals (∼50 wt.%), quartz (∼5 wt.%), plagioclase (∼5 wt.%), calcite (∼15 wt.%) and ∼30 wt.% of amorphous materials, while the pelagic unit is mostly made up of biogenic amorphous silica (∼50 wt.%) and calcite (∼50 wt.%). The igneous basement rock consists of plagioclase (∼50–60 wt.%), clinopyroxene (∼>25 wt.%), and saponite (∼15–40 wt.%). Saponite is more abundant in pillow basalt than in the massive section, reflecting the variable intensity of alteration. We estimate the total water influx of the sedimentary package is 6.9 m3/yr per m of trench length. Fluid expulsion models indicate that sediment compaction during shallow subduction causes the release of pore water while peak mineral dehydration occurs at temperatures of approximately ∼100°C, 40–30 km landward of the trench. This region is landward of the observed updip extent of seismicity. We posit that in this region the presence of subducting bathymetric relief capped by velocity weakening nannofossil chalk is more important in influencing the updip extent of seismicity than the thermal regime.
Late Pleistocene ages for the most recent volcanism and glacial‐pluvial deposits at Big Pine volcanic field, California, USA, from cosmogenic 36Cl dating
Authors: Vazquez J. A. , Woolford J. M.
Published: August 2015

The Big Pine volcanic field is one of several Quaternary volcanic fields that poses a potential volcanic hazard along the tectonically active Owens Valley of east‐central California, and whose lavas are interbedded with deposits from Pleistocene glaciations in the Sierra Nevada Range. Previous geochronology indicates an ∼1.2 Ma history of volcanism, but the eruption ages and distribution of volcanic products associated with the most‐recent eruptions have been poorly resolved. To delimit the timing and products of the youngest volcanism, we combine field mapping and cosmogenic 36Cl dating of basaltic lava flows in the area where lavas with youthful morphology and well‐preserved flow structures are concentrated. Field mapping and petrology reveal approximately 15 vents and 6 principal flow units with variable geochemical composition and mineralogy. Cosmogenic 36Cl exposure ages for lava flow units from the top, middle, and bottom of the volcanic stratigraphy indicate eruptions at ∼17, 27, and 40 ka, revealing several different and previously unrecognized episodes of late Pleistocene volcanism. Olivine to plagioclase‐pyroxene phyric basalt erupted from several vents during the most recent episode of volcanism at ∼17 ka, and produced a lava flow field covering ∼35 km2. The late Pleistocene 36Cl exposure ages indicate that moraine and pluvial shoreline deposits that overlie or modify the youngest Big Pine lavas reflect Tioga stage glaciation in the Sierra Nevada and the shore of paleo‐Owens Lake during the last glacial cycle.
Multiple mantle upwellings in the transition zone beneath the northern East‐African Rift system from relative P‐wave travel‐time tomography
Authors: Civiero Chiara , Hammond James O. S. , Goes Saskia , Fishwick Stewart , Ahmed Abdulhakim , Ayele Atalay , Doubre Cecile , Goitom Berhe , Keir Derek , Kendall J.‐Michael , Leroy Sylvie , Ogubazghi Ghebrebrhan , Rümpker Georg , Stuart Graham W.
Published: August 2015

Mantle plumes and consequent plate extension have been invoked as the likely cause of East African Rift volcanism. However, the nature of mantle upwelling is debated, with proposed configurations ranging from a single broad plume connected to the large low‐shear‐velocity province beneath Southern Africa, the so‐called African Superplume, to multiple lower‐mantle sources along the rift. We present a new P‐wave travel‐time tomography model below the northern East‐African, Red Sea, and Gulf of Aden rifts and surrounding areas. Data are from stations that span an area from Madagascar to Saudi Arabia. The aperture of the integrated data set allows us to image structures of ∼100 km length‐scale down to depths of 700–800 km beneath the study region. Our images provide evidence of two clusters of low‐velocity structures consisting of features with diameter of 100–200 km that extend through the transition zone, the first beneath Afar and a second just west of the Main Ethiopian Rift, a region with off‐rift volcanism. Considering seismic sensitivity to temperature, we interpret these features as upwellings with excess temperatures of 100 ± 50 K. The scale of the upwellings is smaller than expected for lower mantle plume sources. This, together with the change in pattern of the low‐velocity anomalies across the base of the transition zone, suggests that ponding or flow of deep‐plume material below the transition zone may be spawning these upper mantle upwellings.
Contrasting human versus climatic impacts on erosion
Authors: Cook Timothy L. , Yellen Brian C. , Woodruff Jonathan D. , Miller Daniel
Published: August 2015

Both human activity and climate change can influence erosion rates and initiate rapid landscape change. Understanding the relative impact of these factors is critical to managing the risks of extreme erosion related to flooding and landslide occurrence. Here we present a 2100 year record of sediment mass accumulation and inferred erosion based on lacustrine sediment cores from Amherst Lake, Vermont, USA. Using deposition from August 2011 Tropical Storm Irene as a modern analogue, we identified distinct event deposits indicative of destructive erosion events. These deposits record a prolonged (multidecadal) interval of enhanced erosion following the initial storm‐induced landscape disturbance. The direct impact of human land cover alteration is minimal in comparison to the more recent twentieth century increase in the occurrence of catastrophic erosion linked to overall wetter conditions that favor high erosion rates and more easily trigger landslides during periods of extreme precipitation.
Revisiting the recent California drought as an extreme value
Authors: Robeson Scott M.
Published: August 2015

Spatially weighted averages of Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) over central and southern California show that the 1 year 2014 drought was not as severe as previously reported, but it still is the most severe in the 1895–2014 instrumental record. Using the typical adjustment procedure that matches the mean and standard deviation of tree ring PDSI values to those of instrumental data shows over 10 droughts from 800 to 2006 that were more severe than the 1 year 2014 drought, with the 2014 drought having a return period of 140–180 years. Quantile mapping allows for a closer correspondence between instrumental and tree ring PDSI probability distributions and produces return periods of 700–900 years for the 1 year 2014 drought. Associated cumulative 3 and 4 year droughts, however, are estimated to be much more severe. The 2012–2014 drought is nearly a 10,000 year event, while the 2012–2015 drought has an almost incalculable return period and is completely without precedent.
Linking magma transport structures at Kīlauea volcano
Authors: Wech Aaron G. , Thelen Weston A.
Published: August 2015

Identifying magma pathways is important for understanding and interpreting volcanic signals. At Kīlauea volcano, seismicity illuminates subsurface plumbing, but the broad spectrum of seismic phenomena hampers event identification. Discrete, long‐period (LP) events dominate the shallow (5–10 km) plumbing, and deep (40+ km) tremor has been observed offshore. However, our inability to routinely identify these events limits their utility in tracking ascending magma. Using envelope cross‐correlation, we systematically catalog non‐earthquake seismicity between 2008 and 2014. We find that the LPs and deep tremor are spatially distinct, separated by the 15–25 km deep, horizontal mantle fault zone (MFZ). Our search corroborates previous observations, but we find broader band (0.5–20 Hz) tremor comprising collocated earthquakes and reinterpret the deep tremor as earthquake swarms in a volume surrounding and responding to magma intruding from the mantle plume beneath the MFZ. We propose that the overlying MFZ promotes lateral magma transport, linking this deep intrusion with Kīlauea's shallow magma plumbing.
A 15 year slow‐slip event on the Sunda megathrust offshore Sumatra
Authors: Tsang Louisa L. H. , Meltzner Aron J. , Philibosian Belle , Hill Emma M. , Freymueller Jeffrey T. , Sieh Kerry
Published: August 2015

In the Banyak Islands of Sumatra, coral microatoll records reveal a 15 year‐long reversal of interseismic vertical displacement from subsidence to uplift between 1966 and 1981. To explain these coral observations, we test four hypotheses, including regional sea level changes and various tectonic mechanisms. Our results show that the coral observations likely reflect a 15 year‐long slow‐slip event (SSE) on the Sunda megathrust. This long‐duration SSE exceeds the duration of previously reported SSEs and demonstrates the importance of multidecade geodetic records in illuminating the full spectrum of megathrust slip behavior at subduction zones.
More tropical cyclones in a cooler climate?
Authors: Sugi Masato , Yoshida Kohei , Murakami Hiroyuki
Published: August 2015

Recent review papers reported that many high‐resolution global climate models consistently projected a reduction of global tropical cyclone (TC) frequency in a future warmer climate, although the mechanism of the reduction is not yet fully understood. Here we present a result of 4K‐cooler climate experiment. The global TC frequency significantly increases in the 4K‐cooler climate compared to the present climate. This is consistent with a significant decrease in TC frequency in the 4K‐warmer climate. For the mechanism of TC frequency reduction in a warmer climate, upward mass flux hypothesis and saturation deficit hypothesis have been proposed. The result of the 4K‐cooler climate experiment is consistent with these two hypotheses. One very interesting point is that the experiment has clearly shown that TC genesis is possible at sea surface temperature (SST) well below 26°C which has been considered as the lowest SST limit for TC genesis.
Insights into high peak current in‐cloud lightning events during thunderstorms
Authors: Lyu Fanchao , Cummer Steven A. , McTague Lindsay
Published: August 2015

We investigated National Lightning Detection Network reports and lightning radio waveforms in a 44 day observation period to analyze the in‐cloud (IC) events producing currents above 200 kA. The results show that there are two distinct classes of IC lightning events with very high peak currents: the well‐known narrow bipolar events, and a previously unreported type that we call energetic in‐cloud pulses (EIPs). Their temporal and spatial context shows that EIPs are generated from existing negative polarity leaders that are propagating usually upward but sometimes downward. The nearly identical characteristics of EIPs and some previously reported terrestrial gamma ray flashes (TGFs) indicate a likely connection between the two, which further suggests the possibility of downward directed TGFs. These very high peak current IC events also suggest the association of EIPs with ionospheric perturbations and optical emissions known as elves.
A new solar signal: Average maximum sunspot magnetic fields independent of activity cycle
Authors: Livingston William , Watson Fraser
Published: August 2015

Over the past 5 years, 2010 to April 2015, we observed 4176 sunspot umbrae in the infrared (IR) to measure maximum magnetic field strengths from the Zeeman splitting of Fe 15,648.5 Å. Herein we distinguish “field strengths” from “field flux.” Field strengths range from 1500 G in pores to 3500+ in large spots. We made one observation per spot per observing day, ignoring spot size. We show that in the IR no activity cycle dependence on average maximum field strength (2070 ± 20 G) has been found. A similar analysis of 17,450 spots observed in space by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager reveals a similar cycle independence (2050 ± 0.18 G). We conclude that the average maximum umbral fields are constant with time and independent of the activity cycle within our time coverage.
Characteristics of equatorial plasma bubble zonal drift velocity and tilt based on Hong Kong GPS CORS network: From 2001 to 2012
Authors: Ji Shengyue , Chen Wu , Weng Duojie , Wang Zhenjie
Published: August 2015

Hong Kong (22.3°N, 114.2°E, dip: 30.5°N; geomagnetic 15.7°N, 173.4°W, declination: 2.7°W) is a low‐latitude area, and the Hong Kong Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) network has been developed and maintained by Lands Department of Hong Kong government since 2001. Based on the collected GPS observations of a whole solar cycle from 2001 to 2012, a method is proposed to estimate the zonal drift velocity as well as the tilt of the observed plasma bubbles, and the estimated results are statistically analyzed. It is found that although the plasma bubbles are basically vertical within the equatorial plane, the tilt can be as big as more than 60° eastward or westward sometimes. And, the tilt and the zonal drift velocity are correlated. When the velocity is large, the tilt is also large generally. Another finding is that large velocity and tilt generally occur in spring and autumn and in solar active years.
Satellite estimates of precipitation susceptibility in low‐level marine stratiform clouds
Authors: Terai C. R. , Wood R. , Kubar T. L.
Published: August 2015

Quantifying the sensitivity of warm rain to aerosols is important for constraining climate model estimates of aerosol indirect effects. In this study, the precipitation sensitivity to cloud droplet number concentration (Nd) in satellite retrievals is quantified by applying the precipitation susceptibility metric to a combined CloudSat/Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data set of stratus and stratocumulus clouds that cover the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. Consistent with previous observational studies of marine stratocumulus, precipitation susceptibility decreases with increasing liquid water path (LWP), and the susceptibility of the mean precipitation rate R is nearly equal to the sum of the susceptibilities of precipitation intensity and of probability of precipitation. Consistent with previous modeling studies, the satellite retrievals reveal that precipitation susceptibility varies not only with LWP but also with Nd. Puzzlingly, negative values of precipitation susceptibility are found at low LWP and high Nd. There is marked regional variation in precipitation susceptibility values that cannot simply be explained by regional variations in LWP and Nd. This suggests other controls on precipitation apart from LWP and Nd and that precipitation susceptibility will need to be quantified and understood at the regional scale when relating to its role in controlling possible aerosol‐induced cloud lifetime effects.
Real‐time measurements of ambient aerosols in a polluted Indian city: Sources, characteristics, and processing of organic aerosols during foggy and nonfoggy periods
Authors: Chakraborty Abhishek , Bhattu Deepika , Gupta Tarun , Tripathi Sachchida N. , Canagaratna Manjula R.
Published: August 2015

A detailed time‐resolved chemical characterization of ambient nonrefractory submicron aerosols (NR‐PM1) was conducted for the first time in India. The measurements were performed during the winter (November 2011 to January 2012) in a heavily polluted city of Kanpur, which is situated in the Indo‐Gangetic Plain. Real‐time measurements provided new insights into the sources and evolution of organic aerosols (OA) that could not be obtained using previously deployed filter‐based measurements at this site. The average NR‐PM1 loading was very high (>100 µg/m3) throughout the study, with OA contributing approximately 70% of the total aerosol mass. Source apportionment of the OA using positive matrix factorization revealed large contributions from fresh and aged biomass burning OA throughout the entire study period. A back trajectory analysis showed that the polluted air masses were affected by local sources and distant source regions where the burning of paddy residues occurs annually during winter. Several fog episodes were encountered during the study, and the OA composition varied between foggy and nonfoggy periods, with higher oxygen to carbon (O/C) ratios during the foggy periods. The evolution of OA and their elemental ratios (O:C and H:C) were investigated for the possible effects of fog processing.
Prediction of annual joint rain fade on EHF networks by weighted rain field selection
Authors: Paulson K. S. , Chinda I. D.
Published: August 2015

We present a computationally efficient method to predict joint rain fade on arbitrary networks of microwave links. Methods based on synthetic rain fields composed of a superposition of rain cells have been shown to produce useful predictions of joint fade, with low computational overhead. Other methods using rain fields derived from radar systems have much higher computational overhead but provide better predictions. The proposed method combines the best features of both methods by using a small number of measured rain fields to produce annual fade predictions. Rain fields are grouped into heavy rain and light rain groups by maximum rain rate. A small selection of rain fields from each group are downscaled and fade predictions generated by pseudointegration of specific attenuation. This paper presents a method to optimize the weights used to combine the heavy rain and light rain fade predictions to yield an estimate of the average annual distribution. The algorithm presented yields estimates of average annual fade distributions with an error small compared to year‐to‐year variation, using only 0.2% of the annual data set of rain fields.
Social organization and space use of a wild mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) group
Authors: Brockmeyer Timo , Kappeler Peter M. , Willaume Eric , Benoit Laure , Mboumba Sylvère , Charpentier Marie J.E.
Published: August 2015

Mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) are enigmatic Old World primates whose social organization and ecology remain poorly known. Previous studies indicated, for example, that groups are composed of only adult females and their young or that several units composed of one adult male and several females make up larger permanent social units. Here, we present the first data on group composition and male ranging patterns from the only habituated wild mandrill group and examine how home range size and daily path length varied with environmental and demographic factors over a 15‐month period. Our study site is located in southern Gabon where we followed the group on a daily basis, collecting data on presence, ranging, behavior, and parasite load of its individual members. Throughout the study, the group was made up of about 120 individuals, including several non‐natal and natal adult and sub‐adult males. One‐male units were never observed. The mandrills traveled an estimated 0.44–6.50 km/day in a home range area of 866.7 ha. Exploratory analyses revealed that precipitation, the number of adult males present, and the richness of protozoan parasites were all positively correlated with daily path length. These results clarify the social system of mandrills and provide first insights into the factors that shape their ranging patterns. Am. J. Primatol. 77:1036–1048, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of a partner preference test that differentiates between established pair bonds and other relationships in socially monogamous titi monkeys (Callicebus cupreus)
Authors: Carp Sarah B. , Rothwell Emily S. , Bourdon Alexis , Freeman Sara M. , Ferrer Emilio , Bales Karen L.
Published: August 2015

Partner preference, or the selective social preference for a pair mate, is a key behavioral indicator of social monogamy. Standardized partner preference testing has been used extensively in rodents but a single test has not been standardized for primates. The goal of this study was to develop a partner preference test with socially monogamous titi monkeys (Callicebus cupreus) adapted from the widely used rodent test. In Experiment 1, we evaluated the test with pairs of titi monkeys (N = 12) in a three‐chambered apparatus for 3 hr. The subject was placed in the middle chamber, with grated windows separating it from its partner on one side and an opposite sex stranger on the other side. Subjects spent a greater proportion of time in proximity to their partners' windows than the strangers', indicating a consistent preference for the partner over the stranger. Touching either window did not differ between partners and strangers, suggesting it was not a reliable measure of partner preference. Subjects chose their partner more than the stranger during catch and release sessions at the end of the test. In Experiment 2, we compared responses of females with current partners (N = 12) in the preference test with other relationship types representing former attachment bonds (N = 13) and no attachment bond (N = 8). Only females from established pair bonds spent significantly more time near their partner's window compared to the stranger's indicating that this measure of preference was unique to current partners. Other measures of preference did not differentiate behavior toward a current partner and other relationship types. This test reproduces behavioral patterns found in previous studies in titi monkeys highlighting the accuracy of this new partner preference test. This test can be used as a standardized measure of partner preference in titi monkeys to quantitatively study pair bonding and evaluate factors influencing partner preference. Am. J. Primatol. 78:326–339, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Systemic Fluorescence Imaging of Zebrafish Glycans with Bioorthogonal Chemistry
Authors: Agarwal Paresh , Beahm Brendan J. , Shieh Peyton , Bertozzi Carolyn R.
Published: August 2015

Vertebrate glycans constitute a large, important, and dynamic set of post‐translational modifications that are notoriously difficult to manipulate and image. Although the chemical reporter strategy has been used in conjunction with bioorthogonal chemistry to image the external glycosylation state of live zebrafish and detect tumor‐associated glycans in mice, the ability to image glycans systemically within a live organism has remained elusive. Here, we report a method that combines the metabolic incorporation of a cyclooctyne‐functionalized sialic acid derivative with a ligation reaction of a fluorogenic tetrazine, allowing for the imaging of sialylated glycoconjugates within live zebrafish embryos.
Design of Highly Photofunctional Porous Polymer Films with Controlled Thickness and Prominent Microporosity
Authors: Gu Cheng , Huang Ning , Wu Yang , Xu Hong , Jiang Donglin
Published: August 2015

Porous organic polymers allow the integration of various π‐units into robust porous π‐networks, but they are usually synthesized as unprocessable solids with poor light‐emitting performance as a result of aggregation‐related excitation dissipation. Herein, we report a general strategy for the synthesis of highly emissive photofunctional porous polymer films on the basis of a complementary scheme for the structural design of aggregation‐induced‐emissive π‐systems. We developed a high‐throughput and facile method for the direct synthesis of large‐area porous thin films at the liquid–electrode interface. The approach enables the preparation of microporous films within only a few seconds or minutes and allows precise control over their thickness with sub‐nanometer precision. By virtue of rapid photoinduced electron transfer, the thin films can detect explosives with enhanced sensitivity to low parts‐per‐million levels in a selective manner.
Carbon Dioxide Fixation and Sulfate Sequestration by a Supramolecular Trigonal Bipyramid
Authors: Browne Colm , Ramsay William J. , Ronson Tanya K. , Medley‐Hallam John , Nitschke Jonathan R.
Published: August 2015

The subcomponent self‐assembly of a bent dialdehyde ligand and different cationic and anionic templates led to the formation of two new metallosupramolecular architectures: a FeII4L6 molecular rectangle was isolated following reaction of the ligand with iron(II) tetrafluoroborate, and a M5L6 trigonal bipyramidal structure was constructed from either zinc(II) tetrafluoroborate or cadmium(II) trifluoromethanesulfonate. The spatially constrained arrangement of the three equatorial metal ions in the M5L6 structures was found to induce small‐molecule transformations. Atmospheric carbon dioxide was fixed as carbonate and bound to the equatorial metal centers in both the Zn5L6 and Cd5L6 assemblies, and sulfur dioxide was hydrated and bound as the sulfite dianion in the Zn5L6 structure. Subsequent in situ oxidation of the sulfite dianion resulted in a sulfate dianion bound within the supramolecular pocket.
μ‐PbSe: ein schweres CO‐Homolog als ungewöhnlicher Ligand
Authors: Thiele Günther , Franzke Yannick , Weigend Florian , Dehnen Stefanie
Published: August 2015

Aus Reaktionen von [K(18‐Krone‐6)]2[Pb2Se3] oder [K([2.2.2]crypt)]2[Pb2Se3] mit [Rh(PPh3)3Cl] in en (Ethan‐1,2‐diamin) gingen ionische Verbindungen mit den Anionen [Rh3(PPh3)6(μ3‐Se)2]− bzw. [Rh3(CN)2(PPh3)4(μ3‐Se)2(μ‐PbSe)]3− hervor. Letzteres enthält einen PbSe‐Liganden, ein sehr ungewöhnliches Homolog von CO, das als μ‐Brückenligand zwischen zwei Rh‐Atomen fungiert. Quantenchemische Rechnungen zeigen eine deutlich größere Bindungsenergie für PbSe als für CO, was auf die besser passende Größe der Ligandenorbitale, die recht starren Rh‐Se‐Rh‐Winkel und den daraus resultierenden Rh⋅⋅⋅Rh‐Abstand zurückgeführt wird. Um die abgewinkelte Koordination des Liganden nachzuvollziehen, wurden Orbitale mit signifikanten Liganden‐Beiträgen und deren Abhängigkeit vom Bindungswinkel einer genauen Studie unterzogen.
A Divergent Enantioselective Strategy for the Synthesis of Griseusins
Authors: Zhang Yinan , Ye Qing , Wang Xiachang , She Qing‐Bai , Thorson Jon S.
Published: August 2015

The first enantioselective total synthesis of griseusin A, griseusin C, 4′‐deacetyl‐griseusin A, and two non‐native counterparts in 11–14 steps is reported. This strategy highlights a key hydroxy‐directed CH olefination of 1‐methylene isochroman with an α,β‐unsaturated ketone followed by subsequent stereoselective epoxidation and regioselective cyclization to afford the signature tetrahydro‐spiropyran ring. Colorectal cancer cell cytotoxicities of the final products highlight the impact of the griseusin tetrahydro‐spiropyran ring on bioactivity. As the first divergent enantioselective synthesis, the strategy put forth sets the stage for further griseusin mechanism‐of‐action and SAR studies.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed O‐ to S‐Alkyl Migration: A Pseudoreversible Barton–McCombie Pathway
Authors: Mahy William , Plucinski Pawel , Jover Jesús , Frost Christopher G.
Published: August 2015

A practical ruthenium‐catalyzed O‐ to S‐alkyl migration affords structurally diverse thiooxazolidinones in excellent yields. Our studies suggest this catalytic transformation proceeds through a pseudoreversible radical pathway drawing mechanistic parallels to the classic Barton–McCombie reaction.
Ultrathin Co3S4 Nanosheets that Synergistically Engineer Spin States and Exposed Polyhedra that Promote Water Oxidation under Neutral Conditions
Authors: Liu Youwen , Xiao Chong , Lyu Mengjie , Lin Yue , Cai Weizheng , Huang Pengcheng , Tong Wei , Zou Youming , Xie Yi
Published: August 2015

Development of efficient and affordable electrocatalysts in neutral solutions is paramount importance for the renewable energy. Herein, we report that the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance of Co3S4 under neutral conditions can be enhanced by exposed octahedral planes and self‐adapted spin states in atomically thin nanosheets. A HAADF image clearly confirmed that the active octahedra with Jahn–Teller distortions were exposed exclusively. Most importantly, in the atomically thin nanosheets, the spin states of Co3+ in the octahedral self‐adapt from low‐spin to high‐spin states. As a result, the synergistic effect endow the Co3S4 nanosheets with superior OER performance, with exceptional low onset overpotentials of circa 0.31 V in neutral solutions, which is state‐of‐the‐art among inorganic non‐noble metal compounds.