bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Décrire, analyser, interpréter  : un difficile équilibre
Authors: Valla François
Published: April 2018

Depuis plusieurs années, en Préhistoire récente du Proche-Orient, les chercheurs mettent en avant les phénomènes sociaux qui seraient derrière les innovations techniques à l’origine de la néolithisation. Cependant, ces phénomènes ne transparaissent dans les découvertes archéologiques que de façon encore plus ambiguë que les faits techniques qu’ils sont censés expliquer. L’article voudrait insister sur la nécessité de fournir la description détaillée de toutes les observations disponibles et de ne négliger aucune méthode d’analyse afin de cadrer le champ des hypothèses interprétatives.
Firestones in the near Eastern Neolithic
Authors: Mortensen Peder
Published: April 2018

Les pierres à feu en silex montrent une usure caractéristique : une série de coups aiguisés, irréguliers et des marques sur des surfaces restreintes de la tranche. On les connaît bien depuis l’âge de la Pierre et l’âge du Bronze en Europe du Nord. Au Proche-Orient, des pierres à feu ont été identifiées sur plusieurs sites néolithiques (Çatal Höyük, Aşıklı Höyük, Labweh et Beidha). On suggère que, au Néolithique, la méthode qui consiste à frapper un morceau de silex ou de soufre contre un autre morceau de silex pour obtenir du feu était généralement utilisée en Anatolie et au Levant. Mais l’absence apparente de pierres à feu – et de pointes de flèche à pédoncule également – dans les assemblages de pierres taillées du Zagros et de Hassuna/Samarra pourrait suggérer qu’au Néolithique nous avons affaire à deux traditions lithiques différentes, régionalement déterminées : une tradition occidentale, prévalant en Anatolie et en Méditerranée orientale, et une tradition orientale couvrant la Mésopotamie du Nord et le Zagros.
« Ce lin, qui me le peignera ? » Enquête sur la fonction des peignes en os du Néolithique précéramique levantin
Authors: Breniquet Catherine
Published: April 2018

On examine ici la fonction du peigne « à carder » découvert dans les niveaux précéramiques de Ramad. L’objet est comparé aux autres objets dentés contemporains en os. La forme générale, les traces d’usure, de même qu’une réflexion générale sur le traitement des premières fibres textiles, suggèrent que le geste technique associé n’était peut-être pas lié à la laine. Le peigne de Ramad a ainsi pu servir au peignage du lin, comme à l’égrenage des céréales.
Autour des ivoires de Beersheba
Authors: Perrot Jean
Published: April 2018

La «  culture de Beersheba » est datée aujourd’hui entre 4200 et 3900 av. J.-C. Elle témoigne sur cet horizon du développement matériel et culturel du Proche-Orient dans les marges occidentales du grand désert syro-arabe. Parmi les figurines en ivoire qui caractérisent cette culture, la représentation d’hommes nus portant un étui phallique constitue un trait de caractère africain suggérant des contacts avec les cultures taso-badariennes de la moyenne vallée du Nil.
Édifices ruraux à tour de Palestine hellénistique : parallèles à Qumrân
Authors: Peron-d’Harcourt Ambre
Published: April 2018

Afin de retracer la genèse du site de Qumrân, caractérisé par une puissante tour d’angle, il s’agit d’une part de déterminer la fonction de ce type d’édifices et celle de leurs tours, d’autre part l’origine du modèle. Local ou exogène, il est en effet largement répandu dans le monde hellénistique et romain. Malgré le faible nombre de sites pour lesquels on dispose d’informations complètes, trois groupes ont pu être distingués : fermes modestes à tours simples ; grosses fermes dotées d’une tour à quatre pièces ; vastes et luxueuses demeures d’agrément dont la tour présente une organisation complexe. Selon le groupe, la fonction principale de la tour est différenciée, respectivement : surveillance du domaine agricole, habitation, et lieu d’agrément. L’avant-mur qui caractérise souvent la tour dans les deux derniers groupes peut, en plus d’assurer une fonction de stabilisation et de sécurisation, avoir été un marqueur de prestige ; ce sont peut-être ces édifices que désignait le terme « bâris ». Seules les belles demeures du troisième groupe présentent clairement des éléments d’inspiration gréco-romaine ; elles apparaissent au tournant de notre ère, quand les édifices du second groupe semblent se raréfier.
Equids as Luxury Gifts at the Centre of Interregional Economic Dynamics in the Archaic Urban Cultures of the Ancient Near East
Authors: Dolce Rita
Published: April 2018

The 3rd millennium bc texts from some major sites in Syria (Ebla, Nagar, Nabada) indicate the importance of equids in the trade between the region’s greatest kingdoms and especially of one species, long considered a hybrid on philological grounds. Recent archaeozoological studies of the equids from the Umm el-Marra necropolis have clarified the hybrid nature of the buried animals; these may be specimens of the most valuable species, the kunga, recurrent in the documents from the Royal Archive of Classic Early Syrian Ebla. This article considers further data from Ebla texts on the rich equipment of chariots and equids for the royal court and its notables, men and women, and for allied kingdoms, and presents archaeological and figurative evidence from various sites, especially Nagar and Urkesh, for the high economic and symbolic value of kunga, identified on royal seals. These equids were a status symbol for their owners, even after death, as shown by the necropolis of Marra-Tuba and the burials of chariots among the funerary equipment of the Eblaite elites recorded in the texts. Finally, kunga may have circulated in Early Dynastic Mesopotamia and may be present among the animal remains of the Y necropolis at Kish and in the equid lying on the rein-ring from a tomb in the Royal Cemetery at Ur.
Notes d’archéologie Levantine - VIII. Stratigraphie du chantier B de Tell Sianu (plaine de Jablé)
Authors: al-Maqdissi Michel
Published: April 2018

Présentation sommaire de la documentation stratigraphique fouillée par une mission syrienne dans le chantier B de Tell Sianu avec bâtiment administratif du Bronze ancien IV A.
Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 Play Contrasting Roles in Listeria-Stimulated Immunity
Authors: Theisen Erin , McDougal Courtney E. , Nakanishi Masako , Stevenson David M. , Amador-Noguez Daniel , Rosenberg Daniel W. , Knoll Laura J. , Sauer John-Demian
Published: April 2018

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) activity and are commonly used for pain relief and fever reduction. NSAIDs are used following childhood vaccinations and cancer immunotherapies; however, how NSAIDs influence the development of immunity following these therapies is unknown. We hypothesized that NSAIDs would modulate the development of an immune response to Listeria monocytogenes–based immunotherapy. Treatment of mice with the nonspecific COX inhibitor indomethacin impaired the generation of cell-mediated immunity. This phenotype was due to inhibition of the inducible COX-2 enzyme, as treatment with the COX-2–selective inhibitor celecoxib similarly inhibited the development of immunity. In contrast, loss of COX-1 activity improved immunity to L. monocytogenes. Impairments in immunity were independent of bacterial burden, dendritic cell costimulation, or innate immune cell infiltrate. Instead, we observed that PGE2 production following L. monocytogenes is critical for the formation of an Ag-specific CD8+ T cell response. Use of the alternative analgesic acetaminophen did not impair immunity. Taken together, our results suggest that COX-2 is necessary for optimal CD8+ T cell responses to L. monocytogenes, whereas COX-1 is detrimental. Use of pharmacotherapies that spare COX-2 activity and the production of PGE2 like acetaminophen will be critical for the generation of optimal antitumor responses using L. monocytogenes.
Hu Antigen R Regulates Antiviral Innate Immune Responses through the Stabilization of mRNA for Polo-like Kinase 2
Authors: Sueyoshi Takuya , Kawasaki Takumi , Kitai Yuichi , Ori Daisuke , Akira Shizuo , Kawai Taro
Published: April 2018

Retinoic acid–inducible gene I (RIG-I)–like receptors (RLRs), RIG-I, and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) play a critical role in inducing antiviral innate immune responses by activating IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and NF-κB, which regulates the transcription of type I IFN and inflammatory cytokines. Antiviral innate immune responses are also regulated by posttranscriptional and translational mechanisms. In this study, we identified an RNA-binding protein HuR as a regulator for RLR signaling. Overexpression of HuR, but not of other Hu members, increased IFN-β promoter activity. HuR-deficient macrophage cells exhibited decreased Ifnb1 expression after RLR stimulation, whereas they showed normal induction after stimulation with bacterial LPS or immunostimulatory DNA. Moreover, HuR-deficient cells displayed impaired nuclear translocation of IRF3 after RLR stimulation. In HuR-deficient cells, the mRNA expression of Polo-like kinase (PLK) 2 was markedly reduced. We found that HuR bound to the 3′ untranslated region of Plk2 mRNA and increased its stabilization. PLK2-deficient cells also showed reduced IRF3 nuclear translocation and Ifnb mRNA expression during RLR signaling. Together, these findings suggest that HuR bolsters RLR-mediated IRF3 nuclear translocation by controlling the stability of Plk2 mRNA.
Mapping Interaction Sites on Human Chemokine Receptors by Deep Mutational Scanning
Authors: Heredia Jeremiah D. , Park Jihye , Brubaker Riley J. , Szymanski Steven K. , Gill Kevin S. , Procko Erik
Published: April 2018

Chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR5 regulate WBC trafficking and are engaged by the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 during infection. We combine a selection of human CXCR4 and CCR5 libraries comprising nearly all of ∼7000 single amino acid substitutions with deep sequencing to define sequence-activity landscapes for surface expression and ligand interactions. After consideration of sequence constraints for surface expression, known interaction sites with HIV-1–blocking Abs were appropriately identified as conserved residues following library sorting for Ab binding, validating the use of deep mutational scanning to map functional interaction sites in G protein–coupled receptors. Chemokine CXCL12 was found to interact with residues extending asymmetrically into the CXCR4 ligand-binding cavity, similar to the binding surface of CXCR4 recognized by an antagonistic viral chemokine previously observed crystallographically. CXCR4 mutations distal from the chemokine binding site were identified that enhance chemokine recognition. This included disruptive mutations in the G protein–coupling site that diminished calcium mobilization, as well as conservative mutations to a membrane-exposed site (CXCR4 residues H792.45 and W1614.50) that increased ligand binding without loss of signaling. Compared with CXCR4–CXCL12 interactions, CCR5 residues conserved for gp120 (HIV-1 BaL strain) interactions map to a more expansive surface, mimicking how the cognate chemokine CCL5 makes contacts across the entire CCR5 binding cavity. Acidic substitutions in the CCR5 N terminus and extracellular loops enhanced gp120 binding. This study demonstrates how comprehensive mutational scanning can define functional interaction sites on receptors, and novel mutations that enhance receptor activities can be found simultaneously.
Early hearing detection and intervention: Reflections from the South African context
Authors: Kanji Amisha
Published: April 2018

For researchers and clinicians in developing contexts like South Africa, the establishment of universal newborn hearing screening (UNHS) programmes is something which we have strived to achieve. However, we need to ask the question as to whether we have attempted to view our ultimate goal of achieving mandated UNHS programmes from the perspective of the South African healthcare system as a whole. The current manuscript is aimed at providing an overview of audiological services within a broader context, with reflections from a South African perspective, and a suggestion to consider alternatives to UNHS, particularly in the South African public health care sector.
Heavy metal contamination of some vegetables from pesticides and the potential health risk in Bauchi, northern Nigeria
Authors: Barau B.W. , Abdulhameed A , Ezra A.G. , Muhammad M , Kyari E.M. , Bawa U
Published: April 2018

Vegetable farming in developing countries is characterized by the indiscriminate application of pesticides and the resultant pollution of agricultural soil with heavy metals that form constituents of these pesticides. These heavy metals have long term toxicity to human and other biota in the ecosystem. This problem is exacerbated by lack of monitoring to regulate  the excessive use of pesticides. The objective of this study was to determine the presence and concentration of some heavy metals in pepper, tomato and onion grown in pesticide contaminated farm and the human health risk associated with their consumption. Pepper (Capsicum annuum), Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and Onion (Allium cepa) and their corresponding soils were collected from three vegetable farms. The concentrations of Pb, As, Cd, Cr and Zn in the plants and soil were determined. The potential health risk from the consumption of these vegetables was assessed using the methods developed by World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). Results obtained showed presence of heavy metals (Pb, As, Cd, Cr and Zn) Sin different parts of the plants and at different concentrations, with some above the WHO/FAO permissible limits. The edible part of these vegetables (fruits) had the least mean contents of all heavy metals while roots recorded the highest mean concentration. All vegetables were found to be hyper accumulators of Cd and Cr. The Hazard Index (HI) of heavy metal contamination in these vegetables suggested a potential human health risk. The need by government for monitoring and regulation of pesticides application needs urgent attention.Keywords: Vegetables, pesticides, heavy metals, health risk, toxicity
Making attributes from the Linked Open Data (LOD) cloud a part of Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIS) for thematic mapping
Authors: Owusu-Banahene Wiafe
Published: April 2018

The creation of the linked open data (LOD) cloud has enhanced the availability of interlinked open statistical data associated with geographic regions (attributes) through the Web. Spatial data infrastructures (SDIs) are widely used to share, discover, visualise and retrieve geospatial data. Geoportals are the visible parts of SDIs focused on interoperability through implementing standards such OGC web services for discovery and use of geographic data and services. In the current form OGC services cannot be directly connected to the LOD cloud. This research aimed at finding novel ways of visualising linked data in the form of thematic maps over the Internet. This paper provided answers to the question of how an OGC Web Map Service (WMS) can create thematic maps by combining attributes from the LOD cloud with geometry stored in a spatial database server (SDS). This research contributed to bridging the gap between linked data, SDI and web thematic maps and further showed how existing web mapping and OGC technologies can benefit from the Semantic Web. First, the design of a geospatial web service (representing the visible part of an SDI) that accesses attribute data from the LOD cloud referred to in this paper as SDI-LOD is presented. SDI-LOD produces web thematic maps by programmatically combining attributes from the LOD cloud with geometry in an SDS. Next, the author presented implementation results of SDI-LOD and concluded with a discussion of the implementation. This paper has motivated future work on SDI-LOD to integrating data from internet of things.Keywords: thematic map; LOD cloud; geospatial data; linked open data; geospatial web service; SDI
Towards effective implementation of interactive web-based extranet system in Nigerian tertiary institutions
Authors: Ikpotokin F.O. , Imiefoh Pedro
Published: April 2018

The effectiveness of electronic transactions all over the world is highly contingent upon an information and communication technology infrastructure to meet the challenges of the 21st century. Hence, the current effort of Nigerian Tertiary Institutions aimed at becoming efficient in managing students’ academic records. The infrastructure that allows such transactions to thrive and grow is an interactive web-based extranet system and not just a site for transactions. The infrastructure must be carefully planned and developed from the outset of Extranet modeling, particularly in a university environment. Tertiary institutions in Nigeria are faced with one form of problem or the other as a result of the manual method of keeping students’ academic records. This system is associated with slow processing of students’ results, transcripts generation and problem of storage space. This paper adopted an interactive web-based extranet system for effective implementation of students’ academic records in Nigerian Tertiary Institutions and to close the implementation gaps and improve students’ academic records access and computation online, rather than physical contacts.
Apuntes sobre el Palais des Machines de París de 1889: espacio, estructura y ornamento
Authors: Linares de la Torre Oscar
Published: April 2018

The Palais des Machines of the Paris Universal Exposition of 1889, designed by the architect Charles Louis Ferdinand Dutert (1845-1906) and the engineer Victor Contamin (1840-1893), is undoubtedly an icon of the 19th century architecture: its powerful spatiality, its portentous structure and its straightforward tectonics have rightly received high praise by critics and architects from the second half of the 20th century. However, critical tradition and historiography from the end of the last century have frequently offered a biased interpretation of this work, aimed at underlining certain architectonic values for then presenting them as a direct product of the author’s will. The aim of this article is to explain, altogether and with maximum transparency, how the conjunction between certain circumstantial issues and the will/ability of both authors made possible the construction of one of the most important works of the nineteenth-century architecture. To achieve this, the three most celebrated architectural aspects of the building are analysed: the huge scale of the central space, the particular structural system chosen and the uneven usage of ornament.
Paradigma, ensayo y conclusión: La Casa de Bernard Rudofsky en tres actos
Authors: García-Diego Villarías Héctor , Villanueva Fernández María
Published: April 2018

La Casa –or in English, the house– that Bernard Rudofsky built on the Spanish Mediterranean coast in 1971 is a valuable case study on the operational possibilities of popular architecture in the practice of this contemporary discipline. It is a repository of theoretical references typical of the vernacular world; its author, known for the exhibition Architecture without Architects, is emblematic of this type of architecture to which he dedicated much of his efforts as a theorist and polemicist throughout the course of his life. Additionally, La Casa is a unique architectural feat as it involves the practical materialization of its implicated theoretical position. It is possible that a concrete conclusion can be drawn from this case, which may shed light on the possible operability of a type of architecture that presents more than a few difficulties for the current context of the discipline, despite being habitually admired and praised. Additionally, the text presented here brings to light unpublished information found in the personal diaries of the architect that allows for the recreation of the circumstances surrounding the ideation and construction of this piece of architecture.
In the Shadow of a Willow Tree: A Community Garden Experiment in Decolonising, Multispecies Research
Authors: Wright Kate
Published: April 2018

In 2014 I commenced a postdoctoral project that involved collaboratively planting and maintaining a community garden on a block of land that was once part of the East Armidale Aboriginal Reserve in the so-called New England Tableland region of New South Wales, Australia. At the edge of this block of land is an introduced, invasive willow tree. In this article I write with and alongside the willow tree to interrogate the potential and limitations of anticolonial projects undertaken from colonial subject positions predicated on relations of social and environmental privilege.

Anticolonial scholarly activism demands a critique of individual and institutional complicity with ongoing colonial power structures. The following analysis offers a personal narrative of what it has been like to be involved in an anticolonial multispecies research project while working within the confines of the neoliberal university. Exploring the intersection of academic, social and environmental ecologies, I position the community garden as an alternative pedagogical and public environmental humanities research site that interrupts the reproduction of settler colonial power relations by cultivating tactics of collective resistance in alliance with the nonhuman world.
Rethinking Neo/liberalism and the Australian Citizenship Test: A History of Regulating Difference
Authors: Sarian Emma
Published: April 2018

While the rise of neoliberal discourse in Australia during the term of the Howard government (1996–2007) has long been recognised, its relationship to changing understandings of citizenship is rarely theorised except in terms of economic ideology. However, neoliberalism can also be conceived as a political rationality whose logics are ultimately concerned with the regulation of human conduct. This article contends that the Australian Citizenship Test can be understood as part of such a process of regulation, and that analysing it in terms of neoliberal and liberal (neo/liberal) political rationalities demonstrates the extent to which the Howard government’s multicultural policy was actually enabled by its predecessor, thereby providing a more nuanced understanding of how the test came to be a meaningful solution to the ‘problem’ of difference.
Queer Vibrations
Authors: Le Masurier Megan
Published: April 2018

A review of Lynn Comella, 'Vibrator Nation: How Feminist Sex-toy Stores Changed the Business of Pleasure', Duke University Press, Durham and London, 2017.
Animate Intimacies
Authors: Neimanis Astrida
Published: April 2018

A review of Kath Weston. 'Animate Planet', Duke University Press, Durham, 2017. ISBN 9780822362326 RRP US$24.95 (pb).
Meaghan Morris: A Student’s Perspective
Authors: Bandali Alifa
Published: April 2018

We have been asked to contribute to a special section of Cultural Studies Review in honour of Meaghan Morris and her significant influence to cultural studies. Before sharing my contribution to the Meaghan Morris Festival, it is important to note that my role in this intellectual celebration was minor, but Meaghan’s influence on me is rather large and meaningful.
Politics Now, Now
Authors: Muecke Stephen
Published: April 2018

The essay I want to discuss here was published in the ‘pre-global’ era. I find it telling that Meaghan’s ‘Politics Now: Anxieties of a Petit-Bourgeois Intellectual’, dated 14 July 1985 in its appearance in The Pirate’s Fiancée in 1988, was first published in Intervention in Sydney and shortly afterwards as lead essay in Framework in London: that way people in London would actually be able to read it as well.1 In his introduction, the Framework editor Paul Willemen linked the essay to one of Judith Williamson’s in New Socialist in September 1986, where she had occasion to protest ‘against the prevailing tendency on the British cultural “left” to proclaim the virtues of ideological regimes exemplified by Dallas and Dynasty’.2 These were connections that had to be forged by hand, as it were, rather than simply by clicking a ‘follow’ button on Academia.edu.
Tilt
Authors: Lilley Kate
Published: April 2018

Poetry by Kate Lilley, Department of English, University of Sydney, Australia.
We Don’t Need Another Hero: A Personal Celebration of Meaghan Morris
Authors: Turner Graeme
Published: April 2018

It was a great pleasure and an honour to be asked to contribute to the Meaghan Morris Festival at the University of Sydney in 2016, to acknowledge and celebrate Meaghan Morris’s foundational contribution to cultural studies in Australia, and internationally. What follows is, more or less, what I said at the time.For many years now, Meaghan has been my most valued colleague in cultural studies; she has been the firmest of friends, and a doughty comrade-in-arms for a critical, politically engaged and explicitly located cultural studies. I have to admit, though, that our relationship didn’t begin all that well. I first met Meaghan Morris when we were both speaking at the now legendary Cultural Studies Now and In The Future conference that Larry Grossberg hosted at the University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, in 1990. Meaghan was already an international star by then, and her presence at this event is evident to anyone who reads the book which came from that conference.
Meaghan’s Voice
Authors: Jayamanne Laleen
Published: April 2018

Meaghan's Voice by Laleen Jayamanne, 2018.
Unbearable Significance, or: As Australians Put It …
Authors: Martin Adrian
Published: April 2018

I am writing from another country, far away; I no longer live in Australia. Meaghan Morris is partly responsible for this. Let me explain.
At the end of 2011, I found myself reading the transcript of a long interview with Meaghan conducted by a Melbourne-based researcher, Lauren Bliss. In this discussion, Meaghan comments on the move, in the course of her professional life, to Hong Kong:
What I really wanted to do was what lots of students from Asia had been doing for decades, which is go and just live an everyday life in another country, have a job, and not go and study the society there as an academic specialty. Just go and know what it’s like to live as a foreigner working in a Chinese society.1
For many reasons, my life at that time had reached a kind of dead end; I felt that Australia had nothing more to offer me. Yet the thought of relocating elsewhere had never really occurred to me, or perhaps I had merely been successful in keeping that thought at bay.
Meaghan
Authors: Healy Chris , Schlunke Katrina , Black Prudence , Muecke Stephen , Driscoll Catherine
Published: April 2018

Editorial by Chris Healy, Katrina Schlunke, Prudence Black, Stephen Muecke, and Catherine Driscoll.
Using the Fire Weather Index (FWI) to improve the estimation of fire emissions from fire radiative power (FRP) observations
Authors: Di Giuseppe Francesca , Rémy Samuel , Pappenberger Florian , Wetterhall Fredrik
Published: April 2018

Abstract. The atmospheric composition analysis and forecast for the European Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Services (CAMS) relies on biomass-burning fire emission estimates from the Global Fire Assimilation System (GFAS). The GFAS is a global system and converts fire radiative power (FRP) observations from MODIS satellites into smoke constituents. Missing observations are filled in using persistence, whereby observed FRP values from the previous day are progressed in time until a new observation is recorded. One of the consequences of this assumption is an increase of fire duration, which in turn translates into an increase of emissions estimated from fires compared to what is available from observations. In this study persistence is replaced by modelled predictions using the Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI), which describes how atmospheric conditions affect the vegetation moisture content and ultimately fire duration. The skill in predicting emissions from biomass burning is improved with the new technique, which indicates that using an FWI-based model to infer emissions from FRP is better than persistence when observations are not available.
Climatology and long-term evolution of ozone and carbon monoxide in the upper troposphere–lower stratosphere (UTLS) at northern midlatitudes, as seen by IAGOS from 1995 to 2013
Authors: Cohen Yann , Petetin Hervé , Thouret Valérie , Marécal Virginie , Josse Béatrice , Clark Hannah , Sauvage Bastien , Fontaine Alain , Athier Gilles , Blot Romain , Boulanger Damien , Cousin Jean-Marc , Nédélec Philippe
Published: April 2018

Abstract. In situ measurements in the upper troposphere–lower stratosphere (UTLS) have been performed in the framework of the European research infrastructure IAGOS (In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System) for ozone since 1994 and for carbon monoxide (CO) since 2002. The flight tracks cover a wide range of longitudes in the northern extratropics, extending from the North American western coast (125° W) to the eastern Asian coast (135° E) and more recently over the northern Pacific Ocean. Several tropical regions are also sampled frequently, such as the Brazilian coast, central and southern Africa, southeastern Asia, and the western half of the Maritime Continent. As a result, a new set of climatologies for O3 (August 1994–December 2013) and CO (December 2001–December 2013) in the upper troposphere (UT), tropopause layer, and lower stratosphere (LS) are made available, including gridded horizontal distributions on a semi-global scale and seasonal cycles over eight well-sampled regions of interest in the northern extratropics. The seasonal cycles generally show a summertime maximum in O3 and a springtime maximum in CO in the UT, in contrast to the systematic springtime maximum in O3 and the quasi-absence of a seasonal cycle of CO in the LS. This study highlights some regional variabilities in the UT, notably (i) a west–east difference of O3 in boreal summer with up to 15 ppb more O3 over central Russia compared with northeast America, (ii) a systematic west–east gradient of CO from 60 to 140° E, especially noticeable in spring and summer with about 5 ppb by 10 degrees longitude, (iii) a broad spring/summer maximum of CO over northeast Asia, and (iv) a spring maximum of O3 over western North America. Thanks to almost 20 years of O3 and 12 years of CO measurements, the IAGOS database is a unique data set to derive trends in the UTLS at northern midlatitudes. Trends in O3 in the UT are positive and statistically significant in most regions, ranging from +0.25 to +0.45 ppb yr−1, characterized by the significant increase in the lowest values of the distribution. No significant trends of O3 are detected in the LS. Trends of CO in the UT, tropopause, and LS are almost all negative and statistically significant. The estimated slopes range from −1.37 to −0.59 ppb yr−1, with a nearly homogeneous decrease in the lowest values of the monthly distribution (5th percentile) contrasting with the high interregional variability in the decrease in the highest values (95th percentile).
Improved real-time bio-aerosol classification using Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Leśkiewicz Maciej , Kaliszewski Miron , Włodarski Maksymilian , Młyńczak Jarosław , Mierczyk Zygmunt , Kopczyński Krzysztof
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Air contamination has had stronger and stronger impact on everyday life of humans. An increasing number of people are aware of the health problems that may result from inhaling air containing dust, bacteria, pollens or fungi. Society is awaiting anxiously for a system that could inform them in real-time about a real danger that is suspended in the air. The devices, currently available on the market, are able to detect some particles in the air, but cannot classify them by the health threats. Fortunately, a new type of technology is emerging as a really promising solution. Laser based bio-detectors are opening a new era in aerosol research. They are capable of characterizing a great number of individual particles in seconds by analyzing optical scattering and fluorescence characteristics. In this study we demonstrate application of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to real-time analysis of single particle fluorescence fingerprints. We gathered a total of 114 779 spectra of 48 aerosols. We discuss an entirely new approach to data analysis using decision tree comprising 22 independent neural networks. Applying confusion matrices and ROC analysis the best sets of ANN’s for each group of similar aerosols has been determined. As a result we achieved very high performance of aerosol classification in real-time. We found that for some substances that have characteristic spectra almost each particle can be properly classified. The aerosols with similar spectral characteristics can be classified as a specific cloud with high probability.
Does predictability of fluxes vary between FLUXNET sites?
Authors: Haughton Ned , Abramowitz Gab , De Kauwe Martin G. , Pitman Andy J.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. The FLUXNET dataset contains eddy covariance measurements from across the globe, and represents an invaluable estimate of the fluxes of energy, water and carbon between the land surface and the atmosphere. While there is an expectation that the broad range of site characteristics in FLUXNET result in a diversity of flux behaviour, there has been little exploration of how predictable site behaviour is across the network. Aside from intrinsic interest in this fundamental question, understanding site predictability would be useful for land surface model (LSM) evaluation in setting a priori expectations of model performance. It would also provide a clear rationale for selecting particular FLUXNET sites for model development, evaluation and benchmarking. Here, 155 datasets with 30 minute temporal resolution from the Tier 1 of FLUXNET2015 were analysed in a first attempt to assess individual site predictability. Predictability was defined using the disparity between the ability to simulate fluxes at a site given specific knowledge of the site, and the ability to simulate fluxes given general land surface specifications. We then examined predictability using performance metrics including RMSE, correlation, and probability density overlap, and defined site uniqueness as the disparity between multiple empirical models trained globally and locally for each site. A number of hypotheses potentially explaining site predictability were then tested, including climatology, data quality and site characteristics. We found very few clear predictors of uniqueness across different sites including little evidence that flux behaviour is well discretised by vegetation types. While this result might relate to our definition of uniqueness, we argue that our approach is sound and provides a useful basis for site selection in LSM evaluation.
The impact of spatiotemporal variability in atmospheric CO2 concentration on global terrestrial carbon fluxes
Authors: Lee Eunjee , Zeng Fan-Wei , Koster Randal D. , Weir Brad , Ott Lesley E. , Poulter Benjamin
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Land carbon fluxes, e.g., gross primary production (GPP) and net biome production (NBP), are controlled in part by the responses of terrestrial ecosystems to atmospheric conditions near the Earth's surface. The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) has recently proposed increased spatial and temporal resolutions for the surface CO2 concentrations used to calculate GPP, and yet a comprehensive evaluation of the consequences of this increased resolution for carbon cycle dynamics is missing. Here, using global offline simulations with a terrestrial biosphere model, the sensitivity of terrestrial carbon cycle fluxes to multiple facets of the spatiotemporal variability of atmospheric CO2 is quantified. Globally, the spatial variability of CO2 is found to increase the mean global GPP by 0.2 PgC year−1, as more vegetated land areas benefit from higher CO2 concentrations induced by the inter-hemisphere gradient. The temporal variability of CO2, however, compensates for this increase, acting to reduce overall global GPP; in particular, consideration of the diurnal variability of atmospheric CO2 reduces multi-year mean global annual GPP by 0.5 PgC year−1 and net land carbon uptake by 0.1 PgC year−1. The relative contribution of the different facets of CO2 variability to GPP are found to vary regionally and seasonally, with the seasonal variation in atmospheric CO2, for example, having a notable impact on GPP in boreal regions during fall. Overall, in terms of estimating global GPP, the magnitudes of the sensitivities found here are minor, indicating that the common practice of applying spatially-uniform and annually increasing CO2 (without higher frequency temporal variability) in offline studies is a reasonable approach – the small errors induced by ignoring CO2 variability are undoubtedly swamped by other uncertainties in the offline calculations. Still, for certain regional- and seasonal-scale GPP estimations, the proper treatment of spatiotemporal CO2 variability appears important.
Using CALIOP to estimate cloud-field base height and its uncertainty: the Cloud Base Altitude Spatial Extrapolator (CBASE) algorithm and dataset
Authors: Mülmenstädt Johannes , Sourdeval Odran , Henderson David S. , L'Ecuyer Tristan S. , Unglaub Claudia , Jungandreas Leonore , Böhm Christoph , Russell Lynn M. , Quaas Johannes
Published: April 2018

Abstract. A technique is presented that uses attenuated backscatter profiles from the CALIOP satellite lidar to estimate cloud base heights of lower-troposphere liquid clouds (cloud base height below approximately 3 km). Even when clouds are thick enough to attenuate the lidar beam (optical thickness τ ≳ 5), the technique provides cloud base heights by treating the cloud base height of nearby thinner clouds as representative of the surrounding cloud field. Using ground-based ceilometer data, uncertainty estimates for the cloud base height product at retrieval resolution are derived as a function of various properties of the CALIOP lidar profiles. Evaluation of the predicted cloud base heights and their predicted uncertainty using a second, statistically independent, ceilometer dataset shows that cloud base heights and uncertainties are biased by less than 10 %. Geographic distributions of cloud base height and its uncertainty are presented. In some regions, the uncertainty is found to be substantially smaller than the 480 m uncertainty assumed in the A-Train surface downwelling longwave estimate, potentially permitting the most uncertain of the radiative fluxes in the climate system to be better constrained. The cloud base dataset is available at https://doi.org/10.1594/WDCC/CBASE.
Subglacial drainage patterns of Devon Island, Canada: detailed comparison of rivers and subglacial meltwater channels
Authors: Grau Galofre Anna , Jellinek A. Mark , Osinski Gordon R. , Zanetti Michael , Kukko Antero
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Subglacial meltwater channels (N-channels) are attributed to
erosion by meltwater in subglacial conduits. They exert a major control on
meltwater accumulation at the base of ice sheets, serving as drainage
pathways and modifying ice flow rates. The study of exposed relict subglacial
channels offers a unique opportunity to characterize the geomorphologic
fingerprint of subglacial erosion as well as study the structure and
characteristics of ice sheet drainage systems. In this study we present
detailed field and remote sensing observations of exposed subglacial
meltwater channels in excellent preservation state on Devon Island (Canadian
Arctic Archipelago). We characterize channel cross section, longitudinal
profiles, and network morphologies and establish the spatial extent and
distinctive characteristics of subglacial drainage systems. We use
field-based GPS measurements of subglacial channel longitudinal profiles,
along with stereo imagery-derived digital surface models (DSMs), and novel
kinematic portable lidar data to establish a detailed characterization of
subglacial channels in our field study area, including their distinction from
rivers and other meltwater drainage systems. Subglacial channels typically
cluster in groups of ∼10 channels and are oriented perpendicular to
active or former ice margins. Although their overall direction generally
follows topographic gradients, channels can be oblique to topographic
gradients and have undulating longitudinal profiles. We also observe that the
width of first-order tributaries is 1 to 2 orders of magnitude larger
than in Devon Island river systems and approximately constant. Furthermore,
our findings are consistent with theoretical expectations drawn from analyses
of flow driven by gradients in effective water pressure related to variations
in ice thickness. Our field and remote sensing observations represent the
first high-resolution study of the subglacial geomorphology of the high
Arctic, and provide quantitative and qualitative descriptions of subglacial
channels that revisit well-established field identification guidelines.
Distinguishing subglacial channels in topographic data is critical for
understanding the emergence, geometry, and extent of channelized meltwater
systems and their role in ice sheet drainage. The final aim of this study is
to facilitate the identification of subglacial channel networks throughout
the globe by using remote sensing techniques, which will improve the
detection of these systems and help to build understanding of the underlying
mechanics of subglacial channelized drainage.
Dual-satellite (Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8) remote sensing of supraglacial lakes in Greenland
Authors: Williamson Andrew G. , Banwell Alison F. , Willis Ian C. , Arnold Neil S.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Although remote sensing is commonly used to monitor supraglacial lakes on the Greenland Ice Sheet, most satellite records must trade-off high spatial resolution for high temporal resolution (e.g. MODIS) or vice versa (e.g. Landsat). Here, we overcome this issue by developing and applying a dual-sensor method that can monitor changes to lake areas and volumes at high spatial resolution (10–30 m) with a frequent revisit time (~ 3 days). We achieve this by mosaicking imagery from the Landsat 8 OLI with imagery from the recently launched Sentinel-2 MSI for a ~ 12 000 km2 area of West Greenland in summer 2016. First, we validate a physically based method for calculating lake depths with Sentinel-2 by comparing measurements against those derived from the available contemporaneous Landsat 8 imagery; we find close correspondence between the two sets of values (R2 = 0.841; RMSE = 0.555 m). This provides us with the methodological basis for automatically calculating lake areas, depths and volumes from all available Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 images. These automatic methods are incorporated into an algorithm for Fully Automated Supraglacial lake Tracking at Enhanced Resolution (FASTER). The FASTER algorithm produces time series showing lake evolution during the 2016 melt season, including automated rapid (≤ 4 day) lake-drainage identification. With the dual Sentinel-2-Landsat 8 record, we identify 184 rapidly draining lakes, many more than identified with either imagery collection alone (93 with Sentinel-2; 66 with Landsat 8), due to their inferior temporal resolution, or would be possible with MODIS, due to its omission of small lakes
Developing a Common Evaluation Tool for Camps
Authors: Lewis Kendra M. , Bird Marianne , Wilkins Tamekia , Borba John , Nathaniel Keith , Schoenfelder Emily
Published: April 2018

Evaluation has become a standard for youth programming, to provide both evidence for improvement recommendations and an assessment of program outcomes. Having a common evaluation tool across programs (in this case, camps) is beneficial in aggregating measurements and understanding similarities and differences between programs. The purpose of this paper is to describe the process of working with the California 4-H Camping Advisory Committee to develop a common evaluation tool for all California 4-H camps, and to share initial findings from the instrument. We present results from two years of data collection, and the multiple uses of the findings.
Summer Camp as a Force for 21st Century Learning: Exploring Divergent Thinking and Activity Selection in a Residential Camp Setting
Authors: Lynch Myles L. , Hegarty C. Boyd , Trauntvein Nate , Plucker Jonathan A.
Published: April 2018

This study investigated change in divergent thinking (DT), an indicator of creative potential, at two gender-specific residential summer camps. Additionally, this study examined whether the change in DT varied by gender and by the type of activities campers self-select. Quantitative methods, using a quasi-experimental design was used in order to understand differences in camper scores. A total of 189 youth, 100 girls, 89 boys, between the ages of 9 and 14 years participated in the current study. Participants were administered a modified version of Guilford's (1967) alternate uses task, a measure of DT, in which respondents were asked questions such as name all of the uses for a brick or name all of the uses for a plate before the camp session started, and then again at the end of the two-week session. Results indicate overall mean significant increases in DT across all scoring methods of fluency, flexibility, and originality. Participants who self-selected one or more artistic activities (e.g., drama, arts and crafts, dance) had significant increases on the tasks as opposed to participants who did not select any artistic activities (e.g., basketball, baseball, archery). Finally, girls significantly increased across all scoring methods, whereas boys slightly increased in fluency and flexibility but not in originality. These results indicate residential summer camp may provide a creativity "benefit" for youth in attendance, especially those who participate in certain activities. Practitioners should use this study to understand their own programming in terms of creativity, activity offerings, and camp culture.
Teen Staff Perceptions of Their Development in Camp: Insights for Theory and Practice
Authors: Bird Marianne , Subramaniam Aarti
Published: April 2018

For 15 years, the California 4-H Camping Advisory Committee has studied the experience of campers and teen staff at 4-H camps across the state. The 4-H Youth Development Program has a strong commitment to youth empowerment and embraces a model of youth-adult partnership across all programs. As such, teenagers, with adult support, plan camp programs and serve as staff for younger youth at California 4‑H camps. Although program evaluations point to positive experiences for all youth, the high school students who plan and deliver these programs consistently report stronger relationships, greater engagement, and more robust outcomes than campers. In this paper, we review archived qualitative data from two previous California 4-H camp studies to examine, from the perspective of teen camp staff members, the components of the program that may lead to such positive experiences for young teenagers serving in leadership roles. Our findings align with prior research about the benefits of teen leadership at camp, and reinforce that research-based concepts, such as youth-adult partnership and opportunities for meaningful contribution, create an environment that fosters positive development in adolescents.
Learning Landscapes: The Education Spectrum from Camps to Classrooms
Authors: Ozier Lance
Published: April 2018

Summer camps and school classrooms are intersecting institutions, both complementing the learning lives of young people. Each summer at camp children enjoy recreational, artistic, nature, and adventure programs that can help them acquire important skills that are not always or explicitly taught in the classroom. Campers practice sportsmanship, positive peer relations, social skills, and a sense of belonging. These activities develop the mindsets and noncognitive factors necessary to reduce summer learning loss and increase academic achievement when campers once again return to school as students in the fall. Including summer camps as a landscape on the education spectrum is essential to shaping more appropriate versions of teaching and learning—versions open to embracing and valuing all settings and the links that exist between these spaces.