bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uso do solo e caracterização morfométrica como subsídios para análise das áreas de alagamento e da qualidade da água nas microbacias do Macambira e Cascavel, Goiânia-GO
Authors: Silva Emanoelle Pereira da , Santos Rodrigo Lima , Amaral Ana Karolyna Nunes , Ramos Helci Ferreira , Santos Layara de Paula Sousa , Souza Patricia Caldeira de
Published: June 2020

A situação de uso e cobertura do solo associada às condições topográficas exibem alto grau de intervenção antrópica em bacias urbanizadas. Estas podem explicar a ocorrência de áreas com maior propensão à alagamentos e também guardar relações com a má qualidade das águas. Assim, o objetivo foi comparar as microbacias do Macambira e Cascavel quanto a morfometria, uso do solo e qualidade da água com a finalidade de verificar se as características dessas microbacias guardam relação entre si e com as áreas de alagamentos. Para tal, houve a delimitação das microbacias, levantamento de dados físicos e cálculos dos parâmetros morfométricos. Para o uso do solo foram utilizadas ortofotografias com recortes temporais de 2011 e 2016, no SIG ENVI. Para qualidade da água foram monitorados parâmetros físico-químicos. Dentre os resultados, verificou-se que as microbacias são semelhantes quanto aos parâmetros morfométricos, possuem baixa propensão a enchentes. Quanto aos usos e pontos de alagamentos verificou-se que a microbacia do Cascavel tem o dobro da área urbana em relação ao Macambira, fato que corrobora com o quantitativo de pontos de alagamento 18 e 5 respectivamente. Da qualidade de água, os parâmetro de pH e OD estiveram não conforme com o CONAMA 357/2005.
Monitoreo de la Calidad del Agua de los Lagos Artificiales y Naturales de los Parques Públicos Urbanos de la Ciudad de Goiânia - GO
Authors: Mendes Thiago Augusto , Silva Rafaela Felipe , Nunes Rafael Mendes , Silveira Ítalo Costa , Borba Lana Lima , Gitirana Júnior Gilson de Farias Neves , Rebolledo Juan Félix Rodriguez , Pereira Sávio Aparecido dos Santos
Published: June 2020

Actualmente, la ciudad de Goiânia no tiene un monitoreo sobre la calidad del agua, en especial, de los lagos existentes en los parques públicos urbanos (PPUs), lo que dificulta los planes de mantenimiento, reutilización y manejo de estos PPUs. En el presente trabajo se analizaron los resultados de la evaluación de la calidad de las aguas de los PPUs de la ciudad de Goiânia - GO, a partir de los parámetros físico-químicos (Demanda Bioquímica de Oxígeno - DBO5,20ºC Demanda Químico de Oxígeno - DQO, Oxígeno disuelto - OD , Potencial de hidrógeno - pH, temperatura del agua y ambiente, color aparente, turbidez, sólidos disueltos totales, fósforo total y nitrógeno) para en el futuro subsidiar la administración de los recursos hídricos, además de posibilitar el diagnóstico, en especial, de la calidad del agua de los lagos de los PPUs a lo largo del tiempo. Los análisis permitieron identificar la calidad del agua de los PPU's analizados presentando de forma general las siguientes franjas medias de: pH (6.4 a 9.5), turbidez (0.6 A 69.9 NTU), fósforo (0 a 0.18 mg L-1), DBO5,20ºC (0.3 a 39.9 mg L-1), DQO (0 a 1.1 mg L-1), color aparente (7.5 a 350 Pt/Co), sólidos totales (2.9 a 444 mg L-1), OD (0.8 a 35.7 mg L-1) y la temperatura (18 a 36.2 ºC), atendiendo lo establecido en las resoluciones CONAMA 357/2005 y CONAMA 430/2011, con excepciones del OD y DBO5,20ºC que en ciertos puntos de recolección obtuvieron valores que no atienden al límite legal establecido.
Capital social de pescadores e a criação da reserva extrativista de Rio Formoso – Pernambuco
Authors: Ribeiro Fabiano Pimentel , Callou Angelo Brás Fernandes
Published: June 2020

As reservas extrativistas constituem áreas de domínio público com uso concedido a populações tradicionais, geridas por um Conselho Deliberativo que deve administrar de modo sustentável o uso dos recursos naturais e implantar estruturas voltadas para a melhoria da qualidade de vida das comunidades. Os pescadores da Colônia Z-7 de Rio Formoso, Estado de Pernambuco, escolheram a estratégia de criação de uma reserva extrativista para conservar seus territórios pesqueiros. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar o capital social desses pescadores, na perspectiva do desenvolvimento local. Para isto, foi utilizada a estratégia metodológica de estudo de caso, abrangendo observações de campo e a realização de entrevistas estruturadas. A confiança, a cooperação e a formação de grupos e redes sociais entre os pescadores da Colônia Z-7 se apresentaram como aspectos importantes na análise do capital social. A análise indicou que a política ambiental de criação de reservas extrativistas, em alguma medida, promove o desenvolvimento local por meio do reconhecimento das populações tradicionais como gestores de seus territórios.
Famílias agroextrativistas amazônicas e ações de desenvolvimento rural sustentável
Authors: Carvalho João Paulo Leão , Silva Luís Mauro Santos
Published: June 2020

Presencia-se na Amazônia um processo caracterizado por diversos espaços de políticas e projetos que se ocupam com o Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável. Como resultado, várias famílias agroextrativistas amazônicas estão envolvidas em ações institucionais que buscam realçar valores tradicionais, preservação e conservação do meio natural. Através de um estudo de caso na Comunidade Boa Esperança, Ilha do Marajó, buscou-se refletir sobre a relação de famílias agroextrativistas amazônicas e ações de Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável. Considera-se que essas famílias estão direcionando suas atividades para consolidação de sistemas de produção com base nas características locais. No entanto, as ações incentivadas pelas instituições de desenvolvimento, baseadas na razão técnica, orientam para a especialização da produção, principalmente, no caso dos açaizais nativos. Esse fato demonstra que a autonomia dessas famílias está em momento de conflito com sua forma diversificada e mais dependente do meio natural.
O lugar da Agroecologia no currículo dos cursos direcionados para a área rural do IFFarroupilha
Authors: Balem Tatiana Aparecida , Silva Gustavo Pinto da
Published: June 2020

A Agroecologia só se concretizará como paradigma científico e de desenvolvimento quando houver profissionais formados na mesma linha. Os Institutos Federais (IFs), criados em 2008, propõem-se a uma nova institucionalidade, capacitada para promover uma política educacional comprometida com o desenvolvimento local e regional sustentável, além de delinear novas estratégias de inclusão social. Este artigo busca, através da análise documental, revisão bibliográfica e observação, analisar se a Agroecologia se apresenta como paradigma norteador do itinerário de formação dos cursos direcionados para a área rural do IFFarroupilha. Os conteúdos do PDI e os PPCs, presentes nos currículos destes cursos, demonstram certa dissonância frente aos conteúdos que regem o marco legal que institui os IFs. Desse modo, apesar do momento de construção de identidade da nova institucionalidade, é possível evidenciar que os velhos paradigmas ainda estão influenciando nessa nova ideologia. Entretanto, a inserção de ideias, de novos elementos curriculares, bibliografias e de um curso alinhado com o discurso do desenvolvimento sustentável e da Agroecologia podem representar um movimento benéfico e construtivo na formação dos cursos direcionados à área rural no IFFarroupilha. Agroecologia, formação profissional, IFFarroupilha
A atuação das cooperativas agropecuárias na sucessão geracional na região do Corede Norte (RS)
Authors: Deggerone Zenicleia Angelita , Oliveira Carlos Alberto Oliveira de
Published: June 2020

Este trabalho se dedica a compreender de que modo as organizações cooperativas participam da sucessão geracional em propriedades rurais familiares, localizadas na região do Conselho Regional de Desenvolvimento Norte (Corede Norte), no Rio Grande do Sul. Para atender ao objetivo proposto, a pesquisa apresenta uma abordagem metodológica do tipo exploratória e descritiva, que utilizou métodos quantitativos e qualitativos para a coleta das informações em 11 cooperativas agropecuárias. Os resultados da pesquisa revelam que a saída dos jovens do campo é motivada, segundo os gestores das cooperativas, pela falta de diálogo na família, o que tem causado disputas em torno da tomada de decisão nas propriedades rurais. E, para tentar reverter essa condição, os dirigentes apontam a necessidade de desenvolver ações propositivas de empoderamento dos/as  jovens na participação das decisões junto às unidades de produção. Com base nesses resultados, o papel das organizações cooperativas seria desenvolver ações multidisciplinares que envolvam a família na discussão do gerenciamento e sucessão geracional do estabelecimento produtivo, com o propósito de estimular a permanência dos jovens no meio rural.
Profesores de enseñanza media técnica agrícola: mecanismos para la apropiación del conocimiento científico
Authors: Molano Pedro Gabriel Marcano , Santos Gabriel De Araújo
Published: June 2020

En la presente investigación se exponen elementos teóricos actualizados sobre los procesos de transferencia de ciencia, tecnología e innovación utilizados por profesores de Colegios técnicos agrícolas en el contexto latinoamericano. En la actualidad la mayoría de artículos científicos se vuelcan a la tarea de explicar el fenómeno de transferencia de tecnología desde la perspectiva empresarial existiendo un déficit de información sobre este proceso en otras esferas del desarrollo socioeconómico de los países de la región. El objetivo del presente trabajo determinar la relación existente entre el conocimiento científico, mecanismos para la de transferencia de tecnología y apropiación de conocimientos en profesores de enseñanza media técnico agrícola a partir de la metodología de revisión y análisis documental (RAD) con artículos científicos de las bases de datos Gale Cengage Learning, Academic One File y Ebscot. Entre los resultados más relevantes encontramos que los mecanismos de transferencia utilizados con mayor frecuencia por los profesores son las publicaciones científicas en formato digital, pero no en bases indexadas; destacan además los “spin-offs” académicos, licencias y patentes, se evidenció la importancia de las nuevas tecnologías de la comunicación.
Trajetória de construção da chamada pública de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural indígena
Authors: Pörsch Juliano , Grisa Catia , Kubo Rumi Regina
Published: June 2020

Em 2013, o governo brasileiro inovou na política de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (ATER). Pela primeira vez foi realizada uma chamada pública de ATER destinada especificamente a povos indígenas, sendo que a mesma abrangeu, no Rio Grande do Sul, as terras indígenas do Guarita, Ligeiro e Cacique Doble, além do acampamento de Passo Grande do Forquilha. Este artigo visa analisar os elementos que confluíram para a emergência desta ação, reconstituindo os fatores (ou fluxos) que permearam a trajetória de construção da chamada pública de ATER Indígena. Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas a mediadores em nível local/regional, estadual e nacional, além de pesquisas bibliográfica e documental. Partindo das contribuições do modelo dos múltiplos fluxos, de John Kingdon, observou-se nesse processo a importância do Território da Cidadania Noroeste Colonial, da dependência de trajetória, de mediadores sociais, do “clima político” nacional e do protagonismo indígena na definição desta agenda e na luta indígena por reconhecimento.
Colocações sobre o debate oitentista de José de Souza Martins
Authors: Fonseca Bruno Costa da
Published: June 2020

Este trabalho tem por intento apresentar parte da discussão teórica de um dos autores mais reverenciados dentro da sociologia rural brasileira: José de Souza Martins. Sua produção teórica abarca uma diversidade muita ampla de temas, contudo, neste artigo, procurou-se evidenciar temas inerentes a questão agrária nos idos da década de 80. Através da revisão de literatura de suas principais obras, percebe-se um embate travado contra a esquerda leninista da época e, com efeito, contra a forma de se pensar a reforma agrária a partir das cidades. O papel da mediação social foi tema recorrente nas publicações de Martins, mas pensado na perspectiva da ação política da Igreja que deveria “dar voz aos excluídos” do campo e não apenas falar por eles. Martins, que tinha na ideia de “terra de trabalho” seu principal referencial argumentativo para a reforma agrária, chega ao final da década, na Nova República, desesperançoso com os pactos políticos ainda mantidos da época da Ditadura Militar.
Quanto vale a produção para o autoconsumo no meio rural? um estudo de caso no município de Coronel Freitas no Oeste Catarinense
Authors: Tonezer Cristiane , Pinheiro Elisângela , Pagnussat Loriane
Published: June 2020

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a produção para o autoconsumo na Comunidade de Roncador, localizada no município de Coronel Freitas (SC). Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa com caráter exploratório e descritivo. Para a aquisição dos dados, foi realizada uma entrevista semiestruturada. A seleção foi aleatória e a amostra foi por saturação (método bola de neve), ou seja, no momento em que as informações começaram a se repetirem a coleta foi finalizada. A análise foi de conteúdo temático. Como resultado, observou-se que todos os entrevistados produzem para o autoconsumo, tendo uma grande diversidade de alimentos produzidos na horta, pomar, produção de origem animal, grãos e produtos beneficiados. Observou-se, também, que os entrevistados atribuem múltiplas funções à produção para o autoconsumo, dentre estas, destacam-se o acesso a um alimento mais saudável, a economia, quando observam que não há necessidade de comprar o que produzem, a preservação dos costumes, a possibilidade de continuarem ativos produzindo seus alimentos e a integração social, possível através da reciprocidade que se dá na troca destes produtos entre vizinhos e amigos.
Association of vaspin rs2236242 gene polymorphism with serum vaspin level, insulin resistance and diabetes in an Iranian diabetic/pre-diabetic population
Authors: Hosseini Maria , Nezhadali Masoumeh , Hedayati Mehdi
Published: June 2020

Background: In recent years, the role of vaspin as an insulin-sensitizer has been studied widely. This is the investigation that examined the association of vaspin polymorphism rs2236242 on the vaspin level and the risk of type 2 diabetes and insulin-resistant Iranian pre-diabetic/diabetic population. Methods: A case-control study was conducted on 160 participants includes 80 participants holding (FBG) fasting blood glucose 3.88-5.55 (mmol/L) in the normal group, and 80 participants holding FBG≥5.55 (mmol/L) in a diabetic/pre-diabetic group. The serum vaspin and insulin were determined with ELISA (enzyme-linked assay) and biochemical variables by standard method. Tetra arms amplification system for the vaspin gene was performed. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software version 20. Results: The means of age, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), FBG, and vaspin were significantly different between normal and type 2 diabetic/impaired fasting blood group (P-value<0.05). rs2236242 showed association with Hip circumference (P-value<0.05). A significant association between allele A of rs2236242 with type 2 diabetes was seen (P-value<0.001). The vaspin levels showed a negative correlation with FBG (r =-0.296, P=0.001). Conclusions: Allele A of rs2236242 is a protective risk for type 2 diabetes, but no association of rs2236242 with insulin resistance was seen. The lower level of vaspin is a predictor for the progression of type 2 diabetes.
Un répertoire de l’Ancien-Ontario : le chansonnier manuscrit de Félix Drouillard (1897-1903)
Authors: Bénéteau Marcel
Published: June 2020

Pour sa troisième contribution à nos Cahiers, Marcel Bénéteau approfondit son exploration du répertoire chanté de la région du Détroit. Si des chercheurs ont identifié certains des airs de la vieille France que chantaient les canotiers voyageant dans les Pays d’en haut avant le xxe siècle et que des ethnologues ont effectué d’importantes collectes dans le nord de l’Ontario auprès des Canadiens français qui ont migré à partir des années 1880, on connaît mal le répertoire des premiers colons français établis en terre ontarienne dès le xviiie siècle. Pour combler cette lacune, notre confrère ajoute une source remarquable : le cahier de chansons d’un jeune fils de cultivateur né à Rivière-aux-Canards en 1878. Ce manuscrit, rédigé par Félix Drouillard entre 1897 et 1903, s’avère le plus ancien répertoire attesté sur le territoire ontarien. Il réunit les paroles de 276 chansons que le scripteur a notées dans son milieu. Fait exceptionnel, en plus de livrer une mine de nouvelles chansons et de premières attestations, tant pour le Canada que pour la France, ce folkloriste avant la lettre inscrit le nom de cinquante et un de ses « informateurs ». Dans son analyse, Marcel Bénéteau pose un premier regard sur cette découverte : il la situe dans le contexte des recherches sur la chanson de tradition orale en Ontario français puis en expose la valeur historique et le rôle des chansonniers manuscrits dans la transmission de ce patrimoine ; il s’intéresse au rédacteur et à son réseau d’informateurs, précise les nouvelles connaissances qu’apporte le manuscrit Drouillard, ce qu’il illustre par une série de pièces choisies pour leur exemplarité.
Chronique
Authors: Pichette Jean-Pierre
Published: June 2020

En annexe, la « Chronique » compile les principales activités de recherche des membres de la Société Charlevoix depuis la parution du dernier volume et s’achève, comme nous en avons pris l’habitude, sur le rapport de leurs collègues de la Société des Dix, que la co-secrétaire Jocelyne Mathieu a bien voulu rédiger à notre intention.
The concept, features and types of brokerage services on the stock market in the law of the EAEU member-states: doctrines, legislation and legal regulation
Authors: Kanatov Renat Kanatovich
Published: June 2020

This article is aimed at formation of the concept of “brokerage services on the stock market” and systematization of brokerage services on the stock market for the purpose of improvement of legal regulation of the relations on rendering brokerage services in the EAEU member-states. The author examines the following aspects: 1) features of brokerage services on the stock market from the perspective of the doctrines; 2) peculiarities of brokerage services on the stock market stipulated by legislation of the states of Eurasian Economic Union; 3) classification and types of brokerage services on the stock market from the perspective of the doctrines; 4) classification of brokerage services on the stock market by the services of classical broker and discount broker; 5) types of brokerage services on the stock market established in legislation of the EAEU member-states.  The scientific novelty consists in comprehensive analysis of the selected circle of questions based on the material of EAEU member-states. The main results include: 1) the formulated definition to the concept of “brokerage services on the stock market; 2) conducted systematization of brokerage services on the stock market in the EAEU member-states; 3) developed concept of implementation in the EAEU of the institution of discount brokers of stocks and financial derivatives.
Participation of EU in international financial institutions
Authors: Lifshits Ilya
Published: June 2020

The Member States of the European Union have transferred to it the substantial scope of the domestic competence in financial sphere. So, the EU exclusive competence covers the monetary policy of the Member States whose currency is the euro. Besides that, the legal regulation of the activities in the banking, insurance and stock markets are largely performed from the EU level. The European Union is not a member of many international financial institutions that determine global financial legal order in the modern world. Moreover, until now there is no established procedure for EU Member States coordination in such institutions. Based on systemic and comparative legal methods, the article explores peculiarities of realization of the EU external competence. The author concludes that development of financial integration in the European Union will inevitably lead to development of the legislation that would clearly regulate the procedure of EU Member States coordination in the international financial institutions. It would further limit legal capacity of the Member States and would result in so called “Europeanization” of the international financial legal order. Brexit would enhance this process.
Representation of reality in filmmaking: philosophical and culturological aspects
Authors: Klimov Yaroslav
Published: June 2020

This article explores the issues pertaining to perception of reality through cinematography, including modern film editing. Analysis is conducted on modern surrealistic portraying of the world in movies, highlighting the importance of created reality in movies and its perception by the viewers. The article presents brief analysis of the works of such renowned philosophers as André Bazin, Henri Bergson, Jean Baudrillard, Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Walter Benjamin. Modern cinematography in form of “movie universes” and “movie franchises” is used as an example. This research covers modern films, which reflect popular demand for maximal realism as an opportunity to identify and reach maximal immersion into story on the screen. Cinematography began be showing real events as chronicles, later undergoing changes, and with development of technology becomes more distant from portrayal of specific reality and people. In the 1980s the conceptual idea changes, and cinematography becomes more realistic. However, in the early XXI century, while chasing realism modern movies became hyper-realistic, causing gradual degradation of sense of reality of the picture.
Combined deletion of Glut1 and Glut3 impairs lung adenocarcinoma growth
Authors: Contat Caroline , Ancey Pierre-Benoit , Zangger Nadine , Sabatino Silvia , Pascual Justine , Escrig Stéphane , Jensen Louise , Goepfert Christine , Lanz Bernard , Lepore Mario , Gruetter Rolf , Rossier Anouk , Berezowska Sabina , Neppl Christina , Zlobec Inti , Clerc-Rosset Stéphanie , Knott Graham William , Rathmell Jeffrey C , Abel E Dale , Meibom Anders , Meylan Etienne
Published: June 2020

Glucose utilization increases in tumors, a metabolic process that is observed clinically by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG-PET). However, is increased glucose uptake important for tumor cells, and which transporters are implicated in vivo? In a genetically-engineered mouse model of lung adenocarcinoma, we show that the deletion of only one highly expressed glucose transporter, Glut1 or Glut3, in cancer cells does not impair tumor growth, whereas their combined loss diminishes tumor development. 18F-FDG-PET analyses of tumors demonstrate that Glut1 and Glut3 loss decreases glucose uptake, which is mainly dependent on Glut1. Using 13C-glucose tracing with correlated nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) and electron microscopy, we also report the presence of lamellar body-like organelles in tumor cells accumulating glucose-derived biomass, depending partially on Glut1. Our results demonstrate the requirement for two glucose transporters in lung adenocarcinoma, the dual blockade of which could reach therapeutic responses not achieved by individual targeting.
The E2 Marie Kondo and the CTLH E3 ligase clear deposited RNA binding proteins during the maternal-to-zygotic transition
Authors: Zavortink Michael , Rutt Lauren N , Dzitoyeva Svetlana , Henriksen Jesslyn C , Barrington Chloe , Bilodeau Danielle Y , Wang Miranda , Chen Xiao Xiao Lily , Rissland Olivia S
Published: June 2020

The maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT) is a conserved step in animal development, where control is passed from the maternal to the zygotic genome. Although the MZT is typically considered from its impact on the transcriptome, we previously found that three maternally depositedDrosophilaRNA-binding proteins (ME31B, Trailer Hitch [TRAL], and Cup) are also cleared during the MZT by unknown mechanisms. Here, we show that these proteins are degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Marie Kondo, an E2 conjugating enzyme, and the E3 CTLH ligase are required for the destruction of ME31B, TRAL, and Cup. Structure modeling of theDrosophilaCTLH complex suggests that substrate recognition is different than orthologous complexes. Despite occurring hours earlier, egg activation mediates clearance of these proteins through the Pan Gu kinase, which stimulates translation ofKdomRNA. Clearance of the maternal protein dowry thus appears to be a coordinated, but as-yet underappreciated, aspect of the MZT.
Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and their potential for therapeutic passive immunization
Authors: Klasse PJ , Moore John P
Published: June 2020

We review aspects of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. The topics we cover are relevant to immunotherapy with plasma from recovered patients, monoclonal antibodies against the viral S-protein, and soluble forms of the receptor for the virus, angiotensin converting enzyme 2. The development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, an essential public health tool, will also be informed by an understanding of the antibody response in infected patients. Although virus-neutralizing antibodies are likely to protect, antibodies could potentially trigger immunopathogenic events in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients or enhance infection. An awareness of these possibilities may benefit clinicians and the developers of antibody-based therapies and vaccines.
Reformers in the Land of the Holy Cross
Authors: Noorlander D. L.
Published: June 2020

This chapter is about the company’s most prized possession in America—Brazil—and the Dutch effort to reform it and make it a Protestant New Holland. Brazil deserves its own chapter because it was the center of Dutch attentions. As the only lasting conquest, it is the only measure of Dutch rhetoric; it serves as a model of sorts for how they may have proceeded in other Catholic lands if they hadn’t overextended themselves. Where the WIC was strong, they replaced Catholic worship, appropriated property that supported the Catholic priesthood, and banished priests. Clergy even monitored marriages and other relationships and banished women who did not meet their standards. Despite Governor Johan Maurits’s attempts to appease the Portuguese, Calvinist reforms exacerbated religious tensions and provoked the Portuguese revolt of 1645.
Learning to predict pain: differences in people with persistent neck pain and pain-free controls
Authors: Harvie Daniel S. , Weermeijer Jeroen D. , Olthof Nick A. , Meulders Ann
Published: June 2020

Background

Learning to predict threatening events enables an organism to engage in protective behavior and prevent harm. Failure to differentiate between cues that truly predict danger and those that do not, however, may lead to indiscriminate fear and avoidance behaviors, which in turn may contribute to disability in people with persistent pain. We aimed to test whether people with persistent neck pain exhibit contingency learning deficits in predicting pain relative to pain-free, gender-and age-matched controls.

Method

We developed a differential predictive learning task with a neck pain-relevant scenario. During the acquisition phase, images displaying two distinct neck positions were presented and participants were asked to predict whether these neck positions would lead to pain in a fictive patient with persistent neck pain (see fictive patient scenario details in Appendix A). After participants gave their pain-expectancy judgment in the hypothetical scenario, the verbal outcome (PAIN or NO PAIN) was shown on the screen. One image (CS+) was followed by the outcome “PAIN”, while another image (CS−) was followed by the outcome “NO PAIN”. During the generalization phase, novel but related images depicting neck positions along a continuum between the CS+ and CS− images (generalization stimuli; GSs) were introduced to assess the generalization of acquired predictive learning to the novel images; the GSs were always followed by the verbal outcome “NOTES UNREADABLE” to prevent extinction learning. Finally, an extinction phase was included in which all images were followed by “NO PAIN” assessing the persistence of pain-expectancy judgments following disconfirming information.

Results

Differential pain-expectancy learning was reduced in people with neck pain relative to controls, resulting from patients giving significantly lower pain-expectancy judgments for the CS+, and significantly higher pain-expectancy judgments for the CS−. People with neck pain also demonstrated flatter generalization gradients relative to controls. No differences in extinction were noted.

Discussion

The results support the hypothesis that people with persistent neck pain exhibit reduced differential pain-expectancy learning and flatter generalization gradients, reflecting deficits in predictive learning. Contrary to our hypothesis, no differences in extinction were found. These findings may be relevant to understanding behavioral aspects of chronic pain.
Closteroviridae
Authors: Candresse Thierry , Fuchs Marc
Published: June 2020

In memoriam:
This chapter is dedicated to the memory of our friend and colleague Professor Giovanni Paolo Martelli, former chair of the Closteroviridae Study Group and life member of the ICTV, who passed away in January 2020.

Closteroviridae is a family of plant viruses with filamentous, helically constructed particles showing distinct cross‐banding and varying in length from 650 nm (species with fragmented genome) to over 2000 nm (species with monopartite genome). The genome is a single‐stranded, positive‐sense ribonucleic acid, with size varying from 13 000 to nearly 19 000 nucleotides, thus being among the largest known for plant viruses. The family comprises four genera,
Closterovirus
,
Ampelovirus
,
Crinivirus
and
Velarivirus
, which differ in genome type (monopartite, bipartite or tripartite) and size, and in epidemiological behaviour. Closteroviruses are transmitted by aphids; ampeloviruses by pseudococcid mealybugs and soft scale insects and criniviruses by whiteflies, all with a semipersistent modality. No vectors are known for velariviruses. These viruses are mostly phloem‐restricted and are pathogenic to a wide range of herbaceous and woody crops, to which they may cause extensive damage. Control is based on preventive measures such as sanitary selection, sanitation and development of resistant cultivars, primarily through conventional breeding.

Key Concepts

Closteroviridae is a growing family of plant viruses with currently four genera.

All members of the family have filamentous virions with open particle structures and distinct cross‐banding.

Closteroviral genomes are among the largest for plant viruses and are highly diversified also within each genus.

The family represents a monophyletic lineage that has evolved in a modular way.

A characterising trait of three genera (
Closterovirus, Ampelovirus
and
Crinivirus
) is the type of vectors that mediate transmission from host to host.

Virus particles are primarily restricted to the phloem from where they are acquired by the vectors.

Virus dissemination over long distances is mediated by infected propagative material, rather than vectors.

Most members of the family have a restricted natural host range.

Disease control relies on preventive measures aimed at reducing vector populations and sources of inoculum.

Sanitary selection and sanitation are efficient means for producing certified stocks.
Escherichia Coliand the Development of Bacterial Genetics
Authors: Cupples Claire G
Published: June 2020

Genetic analysis of bacteriophage and bacteria, particularlyEscherichia coli, was a key to identifying DNA as the genetic material in the middle of the twentieth century, laying the foundations for the modern science of molecular biology in the process. Key experiments have become textbook classics, and most of those who performed them won Nobel Prizes for their work. The techniques that they developed, particularly conjugation and transduction, are still used in bacterial strain construction and for mapping of mutant genes. The advantages of large population size and rapid growth, combined with modern techniques of genome sequencing, the use of green fluorescent protein to measure gene expression and protein localisation, and one‐step strain construction will ensure thatEscherichia coliremains central to answering the big biological questions of the twenty‐first century.

Key Concepts

Escherichia coliand bacteriophage genetics enabled the identification of DNA as the genetic material in the mid‐twentieth century.

Key experiments conducted by Luria and Delbrück; Hershey and Chase; Avery, MacLeod and McCarty are textbook classics.

The first step towards understanding how gene expression is controlled came from Jacob and Monod's genetic studies of theEscherichia coli lacoperon.

The genetic techniques of sexual conjugation and bacteriophage‐mediated transduction, pioneered by Joshua and Esther Lederberg, were the primary tools for chromosomal gene mapping and strain construction inEscherichia coliuntil recently.

Well‐characterised genetics combined with large population numbers and rapid growth ensure thatEscherichia coliwill remain a favourite model organism for scientists tackling the big biological questions of the twenty‐first century.
Individual differences in echocardiography: Visual object recognition ability predicts cue utilization
Authors: Carrigan Ann J. , Stoodley Paul , Fernandez Fernando , Sunday Mackenzie A. , Wiggins Mark W.
Published: June 2020

Echocardiographers are highly specialised, skilled practitioners who play a critical role in medical imaging diagnostics. Yet, little is known about the cognitive and perceptual attributes of experts within this domain. This study was designed to examine the role of individual differences in expertise. Specifically, the contribution of a domain general visual expertise and pattern recognition, or cue utilization. Data were collected from 42 echocardiographers and 43 naïve participants. All of the participants competed the Novel Object Memory Test (NOMT). When compared, the echocardiographers were more accurate than the naïve participants. The echocardiographers also completed an echocardiography edition of the Expert Intensive Skills Evaluation 2.0, to establish behavioral indicators of context‐related cue utilization. Those with relatively higher cue utilization performed more accurately on the NOMT, controlling for exposure. These results suggest that a general perceptual ability contributes to echocardiography potential and a sensitivity to cue‐based learning may contribute to expertise.
Bio‐Inspired Stretchable, Adhesive, and Conductive Structural Color Film for Visually Flexible Electronics
Authors: Wang Yu , Yu Yunru , Guo Jiahui , Zhang Zhuohao , Zhang Xiaoxuan , Zhao Yuanjin
Published: June 2020

The rapid progress in flexible electronic devices has attracted immense interest in many applications, such as health monitoring devices, sensory skins, and implantable apparatus. Here, inspired by the adhesion features of mussels and the color shift mechanism of chameleons, a novel stretchable, adhesive, and conductive structural color film is presented for visually flexible electronics. The film is generated by adding a conductive carbon nanotubes polydopamine (PDA) filler into an elastic polyurethane (PU) inverse opal scaffold. Owing to the brilliant flexibility and inverse opal structure of the PU layer, the film shows stable stretchability and brilliant structural color. Besides, the catechol groups on PDA impart the film with high tissue adhesiveness and self‐healing capability. Notably, because of its responsiveness, the resultant film is endowed with color‐changing ability that responds to motions, which can function as dual‐signal soft human‐motion sensors for real‐time color‐sensing and electrical signal monitoring. These features make the bio‐inspired hydrogel‐based electronics highly potential in the flexible electronics field.
Nitrogen Doping Improves the Immobilization and Catalytic Effects of Co9S8 in Li‐S Batteries
Authors: Liu Yuping , Ma Shuangying , Liu Lifeng , Koch Julian , Rosebrock Marina , Li Taoran , Bettels Frederik , He Tao , Pfnür Herbert , Bigall Nadja C. , Feldhoff Armin , Ding Fei , Zhang Lin
Published: June 2020

Several critical issues, such as the shuttling effect and the sluggish reaction kinetics, exist in the design of high‐performance lithium–sulfur (Li‐S) batteries. Here, it is reported that nitrogen doping can simultaneously and significantly improve both the immobilization and catalyzation effects of Co9S8 nanoparticles in Li‐S batteries. Combining the theoretical calculations with experimental investigations, it is revealed that nitrogen atoms can increase the binding energies between LiPSs and Co9S8, and as well as alleviate the sluggish kinetics of Li‐S chemistry in the Li2S6 cathode. The same effects are also observed when adding N‐Co9S8 nanoparticles into the commercial Li2S cathode (which has various intrinsic advantages, but unfortunately a high overpotential). A remarkable improvement in the battery performances in both cases is observed. The work brings heteroatom‐doped Co9S8 to the attention of designing high‐performance Li‐S batteries. A fundamental understanding of the inhibition of LiPSs shuttle and the catalytic effect of Li2S in the newly developed system may encourage more effort along this interesting direction.
Identifying the Origin of Ti3+ Activity toward Enhanced Electrocatalytic N2 Reduction over TiO2 Nanoparticles Modulated by Mixed‐Valent Copper
Authors: Wu Tongwei , Zhao Haitao , Zhu Xiaojuan , Xing Zhe , Liu Qian , Liu Tong , Gao Shuyan , Lu Siyu , Chen Guang , Asiri Abdullah M. , Zhang Yanning , Sun Xuping
Published: June 2020

The ambient electrocatalytic N2 reduction reaction (NRR) enabled by TiO2 has attracted extensive recent attention. Previous studies suggest the formation of Ti3+ in TiO2 can significantly improve the NRR activity, but it still remains unclear what kinds of Ti3+ are effective. Herein, it is demonstrated that mixed‐valent Cu acts as an effective dopant to modulate the oxygen vacancy (VO) concentration and Ti3+ formation, which markedly improves the electrocatalytic NRR performance. In 0.5 m LiClO4, this electrocatalyst attains a high Faradic efficiency of 21.99% and a large NH3 yield of 21.31 µg h−1 mgcat.−1 at –0.55 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode, which even surpasses most reported Ti‐based NRR electrocatalysts. Using density function theory calculations, it is evidenced that mixed‐valent Cu ions modulate the TiO2 (101) surface with multiple oxygen vacancies, which is beneficial for generating different Ti3+ 3d1 defect states localized below the Fermi energy. N2 activation and adsorption are effectively strengthened when Ti3+ 3d1 defect states present the splitting of eg and t2g orbitals, which can be modulated by its coordination structure. The synergistic roles of the three ion pairs formed by the VO defect, including Cu1+–Ti4+, Ti3+–Ti4+ and Ti3+–Ti3+, are together responsible for the enhanced NRR performance.
Vanishing Cantilever Calibration Error with Magic Ratio Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Sheridan Richard J. , Collinson David W. , Brinson L. Catherine
Published: June 2020

An analysis is presented of the error propagation through a simplified contact model for atomic force microscopy (AFM) static force spectroscopy, one that is meant to be intuitive and pedagogically informative rather than maximally realistic. It is shown that an important dimensionless ratio appears in several critical locations in the closed form error equation, and that under common calibration methods there exists a ``magic'' ratio where an important class of systematic calibration errors cancel out completely. This argument is extended to more complex contact models and the presence of a magic ratio is demonstrated using real data. A method is shown to identify and operate at optimal conditions in commercial AFMs. Targeting this magic ratio provides a simple, comprehensive guideline for cantilever selection, system calibration, and imaging parameter selection.
Lithium Difluorophosphate‐Based Dual‐Salt Low Concentration Electrolytes for Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Zheng Hao , Xiang Hongfa , Jiang Fuyang , Liu Yongchao , Sun Yi , Liang Xin , Feng Yuezhan , Yu Yan
Published: June 2020

The safety hazards and low Coulombic efficiency originating from the growth of lithium dendrites and decomposition of the electrolyte restrict the practical application of Li metal batteries (LMBs). Inspired by the low cost of low concentration electrolytes (LCEs) in industrial applications, dual‐salt LCEs employing 0.1 m Li difluorophosphate (LiDFP) and 0.4 m LiBOB/LiFSI/LiTFSI are proposed to construct a robust and conductive interphase on a Li metal anode. Compared with the conventional electrolyte using 1 m LiPF6, the ionic conductivity of LCEs is reduced but the conductivity decrement of the separator immersed in LCEs is moderate, especially for the LiDFP–LiFSI and LiDFP–LiTFSI electrolytes. The accurate Coulombic efficiency (CE) of the Li||Cu cells increases from 83.3% (electrolyte using 1 m LiPF6) to 97.6%, 94.5%, and 93.6% for LiDFP–LiBOB, LiDFP–LiFSI, and LiDFP–LiTFSI electrolytes, respectively. The capacity retention of Li||LiFePO4 cells using the LiDFP–LiBOB electrolyte reaches 95.4% along with a CE over 99.8% after 300 cycles at a current density of 2.0 mA cm−2 and the capacity reaches 103.7 mAh g−1 at a current density of up to 16.0 mA cm−2. This work provides a dual‐salt LCE for practical LMBs and presents a new perspective for the design of electrolytes for LMBs.
Role of surgery in multidisciplinary treatment strategies for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Saeki Hiroshi , Sohda Makoto , Sakai Makoto , Sano Akihiko , Shirabe Ken
Published: June 2020

We reviewed the current status and future perspectives regarding the role of surgery in multidisciplinary treatment strategies for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The treatment and management of ESCC have been improved by dramatic advances in diagnostic techniques and the development of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. The current standard treatment for locally advanced ESCC is preoperative chemotherapy followed by surgery in Japan, whereas preoperative chemoradiotherapy is a globally recommended approach. Differences of recognition regarding the role for surgery between Japan and many Western countries may have created peculiar preferences for preoperative therapy. The clinical significance of conversion strategy and salvage surgery for patients with ESCC should be further evaluated in terms of curability and safety. Although strategies to identify patients who would benefit from preoperative therapy are strongly required to avoid performing unnecessary treatment, it remains difficult to predict the efficacy of preoperative therapy prior to treatment. Prospective clinical trials and basic research to identify predictive biomarkers for response to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy are needed to promote the development of multidisciplinary treatment strategies for patients with ESCC.
Does exposure to workplace hazards cluster by occupational or sociodemographic characteristics? An analysis of foreign‐born workers in Australia
Authors: Gosselin Anne , Daly Alison , El Zaemey Sonia , Fritschi Lin , Glass Deborah , Perez Elena Ronda , Reid Alison
Published: June 2020

Background

Disparities in exposure to occupational hazards may be linked to social position as well as the type of job a person holds. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of exposure to workplace hazards among three migrant worker groups and to assess whether social disparities in exposure for these groups remain after adjusting for occupational characteristics.

Methods

Data were collected in 2017/2018 from 1630 Australian workers born in New Zealand, India, and the Philippines. Weighted estimated prevalence of exposure to 10 carcinogens and four psychosocial hazards (discrimination, job strain, vulnerability, and insecurity) was calculated for sociodemographics and occupation. Regression estimated the likelihood of exposure by sociodemographics after adjustment for occupational characteristics.

Results

Exposure to workplace hazards ranged from 11.7% (discrimination) to 61.2% (exposed to at least one carcinogen). Compared with workers born in India, New Zealand born workers were over twice as likely to be exposed to diesel engine exhaust (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.60) and 60% more likely to be exposed to at least one carcinogen (aOR = 1.60) but less likely to be exposed to any psychosocial hazard. Social disparities by country of birth, sex, age, education, and number of years in Australia, as well as company size, employment type, and hours, worked remained associated with greater likelihood of reporting one or more workplace hazards after adjusting for occupational characteristics.

Conclusion

Examining sociodemographic as well as occupational characteristics helps to clarify groups most likely to be exposed to workplace hazards who can be hidden when examining occupational characteristics alone.
Treatment of post‐viral olfactory dysfunction: an evidence‐based review with recommendations
Authors: Hura Nanki , Xie Deborah X. , Choby Garret W. , Schlosser Rodney J. , Orlov Cinthia P. , Seal Stella M. , Rowan Nicholas R.
Published: June 2020

Background

Post‐viral olfactory dysfunction (PVOD) is one of the most common causes of olfactory loss. Despite its prevalence, optimal treatment strategies remain unclear. This article provides a comprehensive review of PVOD treatment options and provides evidence‐based recommendations for their use.

Methods

A systematic review of the Medline, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases was completed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies with defined olfactory outcomes of patients treated for PVOD following medical, surgical, acupuncture, or olfactory training interventions were included. The Clinical Practice Guideline Development Manual and Conference on Guideline Standardization (COGS) instrument recommendations were followed in accordance with a previously described, rigorous, iterative process to create an evidence‐based review with recommendations.

Results

From 552 initial candidate articles, 36 studies with data for 2183 patients with PVOD were ultimately included. The most common method to assess olfactory outcomes was Sniffin’ Sticks. Broad treatment categories included: olfactory training, systemic steroids, topical therapies, a variety of heterogeneous non‐steroidal oral medications, and acupuncture.

Conclusion

Based on the available evidence, olfactory training is a recommendation for the treatment of PVOD. The use of short‐term systemic and/or topical steroids is an option in select patients after careful consideration of potential risks of oral steroids. Though some pharmacological investigations offer promising preliminary results for systemic and topical medications alike, a paucity of high‐quality studies limits the ability to make meaningful evidence‐based recommendations for the use of these therapies for the treatment of PVOD.