bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pediatric Neuroanesthesia — a Review of the Recent Literature
Authors: Szántó Dorottya , Gál Judit , Tankó Béla , Siró Péter , Jakab Zsuzsa , Luterán Péter , Fülesdi Béla , Molnár Csilla
Published: October 2022

Purpose of Review

Pediatric neuroanesthesia is a growing and still challenging subspecialty. The purpose of this review is to summarize the available knowledge and highlight the most recent findings of the literature on non-traumatic pediatric neuroanesthesia care.

Recent Findings

Several human studies have confirmed the negative effects of early life anesthetic exposure. According to non-human studies, volatile anesthetics and opioids contribute to tumor progression. Tranexamic acid effectively reduces perioperative blood loss; it is used in several different doses without standard guidelines on optimal dosing. The widespread use of neuromonitoring has necessitated the development of anesthetic methods that do not affect neuromuscular transmission.

Pediatric anesthetic neurotoxicity, management of intraoperative bleeding, and the effect of anesthesia on tumor growth are among the most debated and researched topics in pediatric neuroanesthesia. The lack of evidence and clinical guidelines underlines the need for further large prospective studies in this subspecialty.
From good intentions to unexpected results — a cross-scale analysis of a fishery improvement project within the Indonesian blue swimming crab
Authors: Käll Sofia , Crona Beatrice , Van Holt Tracy , Daw Tim M.
Published: October 2022

Private actors have become prominent players in the work to drive social and environmental sustainability transitions. In the fisheries sector, fishery improvement projects (FIPs) aim to address environmental challenges by leveraging the capacity of industry actors and using value chains to incentivize change. Despite globally rising FIP numbers, the incentive structures behind FIP establishment and the role of internal dynamics remain poorly understood. This paper uses institutional entrepreneurship as an analytical lens to examine the institutional change surrounding the management and trade of the Indonesian blue swimming crab and sheds light on how global market dynamics, local fishery dynamics, and value chain initiatives interact to affect the trajectory towards sustainability over time. We contribute to the institutional entrepreneurship framework by extending it with social-ecological dynamics, different actors’ ability to realize or resist change, and outcomes of institutional change. These additions can improve its explanatory power in relation to sustainability initiatives in fisheries governance and beyond. Our cross-scale historical analysis of the value chain shows not only the entrepreneurship behind the FIP’s establishment, and its institutional interventions, but also why these have been unsuccessful in improving the ecological sustainability of fishers’ and traders’ behavior. This provides valuable empirical grounding to a wider debate about industry leadership and private incentives for sustainability at large and helps disentangle under what conditions such initiatives are more (or less) likely to have intended effects.
A graph theoretical approach to decisions in social choice, law, A.I.
Authors: Mitsui Shunsuke , Settepanella Simona
Published: October 2022

Graph theory proved to be a quite powerful mathematical tool to model several problems in a discrete setting. In this paper the authors illustrate how a general graph framework can be used to model multi-dimensional alternatives decision processes in three different contexts: social choice, judgment aggregation and automata decisions.
Bringing Psychology Students Closer to People with Schizophrenia at Pandemic Time: A Study of a Distance Anti-stigma Intervention With In-presence Opportunistic Control Group
Authors: Magliano Lorenza
Published: October 2022

Psychology students are a target population to increase the likelihood that Persons With Schizophrenia (PWS) will receive evidence-based psycho-social interventions in the future. The willingness of future psychologists to care for PWS can be supported through anti-stigma educational interventions. During the pandemic, university education was delivered largely at-distance, which was later combined with in-presence education. This study explored whether an At-Distance Educational Intervention (ADEI), addressing stigma in schizophrenia via scientific evidence and testimony: would improve psychology students' views of PWS, at the one-month post intervention re-assessments; would be more effective of the same In-Presence Educational Intervention (IPEI). ADEI was delivered online to students of two Master’s degrees in Psychology at the University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy. IPEI was administered to a similar group of 76 students in the pre-pandemic era. Participants completed an anonymous questionnaire about their views on schizophrenia before the intervention (two three-hour sessions one week apart) and one month after its completion. Compared to their pre-intervention assessments, at post-intervention reassessments the 65 ADEI students were: more confident in the recovery and the usefulness of psychological therapies; surer of the PWS awareness and capability to report health problems to professionals; more skeptical about PWS dangerousness, social distance, and affective difficulties; more uncertain on the opportunity to discriminate PWS in hospital and psychology practices. ADEI was more effective than IPEI in five of the ten dimensions analyzed and similarly effective in the remaining others. ADEI may represent a valuable alternative to IPEI for improving future psychologists' view of PWS.
Coupling Enhancement of a Flexible BiFeO3 Film-Based Nanogenerator for Simultaneously Scavenging Light and Vibration Energies
Authors: Han Xiao , Ji Yun , Wu Li , Xia Yanlong , Bowen Chris R. , Yang Ya
Published: October 2022

Coupled nanogenerators have been a research hotspot due to their ability to harvest a variety of forms of energy such as light, mechanical and thermal energy and achieve a stable direct current output. Ferroelectric films are frequently investigated for photovoltaic applications due to their unique photovoltaic properties and bandgap-independent photovoltage, while the flexoelectric effect is an electromechanical property commonly found in solid dielectrics. Here, we effectively construct a new form of coupled nanogenerator based on a flexible BiFeO3 ferroelectric film that combines both flexoelectric and photovoltaic effects to successfully harvest both light and vibration energies. This device converts an alternating current into a direct current and achieves a 6.2% charge enhancement and a 19.3% energy enhancement to achieve a multi-dimensional "1 + 1 > 2" coupling enhancement in terms of current, charge and energy. This work proposes a new approach to the coupling of multiple energy harvesting mechanisms in ferroelectric nanogenerators and provides a new strategy to enhance the transduction efficiency of flexible functional devices.
Animal- and Human-Inspired Nanostructures as Supercapacitor Electrode Materials: A Review
Authors: Hussain Iftikhar , Lamiel Charmaine , Sahoo Sumanta , Javed Muhammad Sufyan , Ahmad Muhammad , Chen Xi , Gu Shuai , Qin Ning , Assiri Mohammed A. , Zhang Kaili
Published: October 2022

Human civilization has been relentlessly inspired by the nurturing lessons; nature is teaching us. From birds to airplanes and bullet trains, nature gave us a lot of perspective in aiding the progress and development of countless industries, inventions, transportation, and many more. Not only that nature inspired us in such technological advances but also, nature stimulated the advancement of micro- and nanostructures. Nature-inspired nanoarchitectures have been considered a favorable structure in electrode materials for a wide range of applications. It offers various positive attributes, especially in energy storage applications, such as the formation of hierarchical two-dimensional and three-dimensional interconnected networked structures that benefit the electrodes in terms of high surface area, high porosity and rich surface textural features, and eventually, delivering high capacity and outstanding overall material stability. In this review, we comprehensively assessed and compiled the recent advances in various nature-inspired based on animal- and human-inspired nanostructures used for supercapacitors. This comprehensive review will help researchers to accommodate nature-inspired nanostructures in industrializing energy storage and many other applications.
Lead Electrorefining Process from Exhausted Lead Acid Batteries by Using Acidic and Alkaline Electrolytes
Authors: Mondal A. , Ciro E. , Lupi C. , Pilone D.
Published: October 2022

The recycling of lead acid batteries (LABs) comprises relevant concerns on the suitable methodologies to recover lead. In this investigation, two electrorefining processes, by using acidic and alkaline electrolytes, have been compared to determine the most significant results of both methodologies. Acidic electrolytes used 200 g/L HBF4, 1.2 g/L H3PO4, 10 g/L H3BO3, and 100 g/L PbO, while the alkaline ones employed 120 g/L NaOH, 75 g/L PbO, 50–92 g/L glycerol, and 2 g/L gelatin. All the solutions were studied by varying temperature and current density (CD) to determine remarkable changes on current efficiency (CE), cell voltage (CV), specific energy consumption (SEC), and on the deposit quality. The results highlighted that by using the acidic electrolyte containing dextrin it is possible to obtain a compact deposit even using high CDs. Acidic solution without dextrin addition allows to obtain good quality deposits by working at 40 °C and 100 A/m2 CD. After testing the behavior of different alkaline electrolytes, it is possible to observe that the solution containing the highest glycerol concentration allows to obtain, for intermediate valued of CD, CE higher than 97% with a SEC of about 0.37 kWh/kg. By comparing the results it is evident that the acidic electrolyte is the one that allows to reach higher productivity with lower SEC. In the selected conditions, lead deposits appear pure and compact.

Graphical Abstract
Effect of Dimension Variables on the Behaviour of Slopes Stabilised by an Integrated Method Combining Gabion-Faced Geogrid-Reinforced Retaining Wall with Embedded Piles
Authors: Wang Yujia , Nazem Majidreza , Smith John V.
Published: October 2022

Severe slope instability exists in the area of South Gippsland in Victoria state located in south-east Australia. An integrated slope-stabilisation method, which includes a pile-retaining structure installed at toe of the gabion-faced geogrid-reinforced retaining wall, has widely been used in this district. A continuous steel rail wall embedded in the concrete pile then provides lateral support to the retaining wall. The effectiveness of the integrated method is first illustrated by comparing the slope stability evaluated by strength reduction method and behaviours of the slope obtained by elastoplastic analysis. A series of parametric studies are then performed to investigate effects of facing inclinations, embedded geogrid length, and vertical spacing of geogrid layers on the stability and behaviour of the slope and the behaviour of the pile under various uniform surcharge load conditions. The numerical results indicate that additional contribution from piles can increase the stability of the slope up to $$42.9\%$$

42.9
%

. The dimensional variables of gabion-faced geogrid-reinforced retaining wall also impose significant impact on the behaviour of slopes and piles, and the effect of each variable has also been quantitatively evaluated and qualitatively described. The effect of the geogrid amount on behaviours of slopes and piles has also been investigated through the comparison between two slope configurations with maximum and minimum geogrid amount. The results from the parametric studies can then be used as a design reference for the future applications of this integrated slope-stabilisation method.
Conceptualization of NEXUS elements in the marine environment (Marine NEXUS)
Authors: Papadopoulou Maria P. , Vlachou Aristea
Published: October 2022

The conflict activities observed in the marine environment, such as renewable energy production, aquaculture and tourism, highlight the need for more coherent management at the cross-sectoral level so that human activities in the ocean can be carried out in an efficient, safe and sustainable way. Along these lines, this paper focuses on identifying the interlinkages between the main natural resources in the marine environment, namely water, energy, marine land use, food and climate, by considering them to be nexus elements (Marine NEXUS). In addition, it tries to determine the interactions among them in order to identify the pressures on marine natural resources and their potential for use in the development of coastal communities. An analysis of the estimated interlinkages and complex pathways is performed, based on their impacts on every aspect of the marine environment in Greece. One of the main conclusions drawn from this analysis is that seawater has a very strong impact on food (i.e. the fisheries and aquaculture, in comparison with energy production in the sea). The choice of activities that may be implemented in the oceans (land use element) has a great impact on the food (e.g. fish quantities) and water (e.g. marine pollution) elements of the Marine NEXUS. The influences and the dependences of these five elements are quantified in order to show that the efficient management of natural resources requires a holistic approach that considers the cumulative impacts of the complex interactions among them.
Correction of Interferometric High-Order Nonlinearity Error in Metrological Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Dai Gaoliang , Hu Xiukun
Published: October 2022

Metrological atomic force microscopes (Met. AFMs) with built-in interferometers are one of the main workhorses for versatile dimensional nanometrology. The interferometric nonlinearity error, particularly the high-order (i.e., 3rd- and 4th-order) nonlinearity errors, is a dominant error source for further improving their metrology performance, which cannot be corrected using the conventional Heydemann correction method. To solve this problem, two new methods were developed. One uses a capacitive sensor embedded in the Met. AFM, and the other applies an external physical artifact with a flat surface. Both methods can be applied very conveniently and can effectively reduce the nonlinearity error. In this paper, the propagation of the (residual) nonlinearity error in step height calibrations is examined. Finally, the performance of the improved tool is verified in the calibration of a highly demanding industrial sample. For the measurements performed at 25 different positions and repeated six times, the standard deviation of the total 150 measured values is 0.08 nm, which includes the contributions from the reproducibility of the metrology tool and sample inhomogeneity. This research has significantly improved our dimensional nanometrology service. For instance, the extended measurement uncertainty (k = 2) is reduced from 1.0 to 0.3 nm for the step height or etching depth calibrations.
Universale Normen fallen nicht vom Himmel
Authors: Glasman Joël
Published: October 2022

In der humanitären Hilfe fungiert das „Lokale“ zunehmend als asymmetrischer Gegenbegriff des „Universalen“: Es bezeichnet den Einzelfall, das Althergebrachte, alles, was nicht als wirklich international und allgemein anwendbar gilt Doch auch universale Werte entstehen in zeitlich und lokal spezifischen Kontexten. Die Geschichte internationaler Institutionen macht deutlich, dass hinter Normen identifizierbare Orte und Personen stehen, die nicht zuletzt ihre eigenen Interessen verfolgen. Der Universalisierung einer Norm gehen stets Machtkämpfe voraus. Dieser Beitrag zeigt anhand von drei Beispielen – Flüchtlingskonvention, Menschenrechten, Grundsatz der Unparteilichkeit – wie Machtkämpfe in der internationalen Hilfe ausgetragen werden. Wer universelle Normen verteidigen will, ist gut beraten, sich über deren Geschichtlichkeit bewusst zu sein.
Electromagnetic Interference from Heated Gloves May Compromise Avalanche Transceiver Function
Authors: Troeger Willi , Isser Markus , Lengerer Thomas , Wiedermann Franz J. , Lederer Wolfgang
Published: October 2022

Introduction

Rapid location of avalanche victims by companions using avalanche transceivers is of utmost importance to prevent asphyxiation. The objective was to determine whether electromagnetic interference from heating elements in gloves worn by rescuers or victims can impair the receiving or transmitting function of avalanche beacons.

Methods

Commercially available heated gloves from 3 different manufacturers were examined during a simulated search with 3 common brands of avalanche transceivers. Distance to target beacon at first signal detection and accuracy of direction to target, as indicated by the arrow from the direction indicator, were evaluated.

Results

Preliminary tests showed that transmitting and receiving signals are degraded by electromagnetic interference caused by rectangular pulses emitted by activated heating elements. Field tests revealed significantly reduced distances of first signal detection when heated gloves were turned on near receiving avalanche transceivers ( P<0.001; Wilcoxon signed-rank test). Decreased distance to target beacon ranged between 1.9 m (5%) and 41.5 m (94%) at first detection, depending on the avalanche transceiver used.

Conclusions

Avalanche transceivers are susceptible to electromagnetic interference from gloves with electric heating elements. We do not recommend using heated gloves when performing a transceiver search for avalanche victims because it can lead to a delay in rescue.
Diversity and Inclusion in Young Adult Publishing, 1960–1980
Authors: Sands-O'Connor Karen
Published: October 2022

This Element examines the early years of British Young Adult (YA) publishing at three strategic publishing houses: Penguin, Heinemann and Macmillan. Specifically, it discusses their YA imprints (Penguin Peacocks, Heinemann New Windmills and Macmillan Topliners), all created at a time when the population of Britain was changing and becoming more diverse. Migration of colonial and former colonial subjects from the Caribbean, India, and Africa contributed to a change in the ethnic makeup of Britain, especially in major urban centres such as London, Birmingham and Manchester. While publishing has typically been seen as slow to respond to societal changes in children's literature, all three of these Young Adult imprints attempted to address and include Black British and British Asian readers and characters in their books; ultimately, however, their focus remained on white readers' concerns.
Facilitating future implementation and translation to clinical practice: The Implementation Planning Assessment Tool for clinical trials
Authors: Kowalski Christine P. , Kawentel Linda M. , Kyriakides Tassos C. , Davis Lori , Bowersox Nicholas W. , Kilbourne Amy M. , Huang Grant D. , Nevedal Andrea L.
Published: October 2022

Implementation assessment plans are crucial for clinical trials to achieve their full potential. Without a proactive plan to implement trial results, it can take decades for one-fifth of effective interventions to be adopted into routine care settings. The Veterans Health Administration Office of Research and Development is undergoing a systematic transformation to embed implementation planning in research protocols through the Cooperative Studies Program, its flagship clinical research program. This manuscript has two objectives: 1) to introduce an Implementation Planning Assessment (IPA) Tool that any clinical trialist may use to facilitate post-trial implementation of interventions found to be effective and 2) to provide a case study demonstrating the IPA Tool’s use. The IPA Tool encourages study designers to initially consider rigorous data collection to maximize acceptability of the intervention by end-users. It also helps identify and prepare potential interested parties at local and national leadership levels to ensure, upon trial completion, interventions can be integrated into programs, technologies, and policies in a sustainable way. The IPA Tool can alleviate some of the overwhelming nature of implementation science by providing a practical guide based on implementation science principles for researchers desiring to scale up and spread effective, clinical trial-tested interventions to benefit patients.
A community-partnered approach for diversity in COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials
Authors: Castellon-Lopez Yelba , Landovitz Raphael , Ntekume Ejiro , Porter Courtney , Bross Rachelle , Hilder Robin , Lucas-Wright Aziza , Daar Eric S. , Chavez Pedro , Blades Christopher , Carson Savanna , Morris D’Ann , Vassar Stefanie , Casillas Alejandra , Brown Arleen
Published: October 2022

Introduction:

Communities of color have faced disproportionate morbidity and mortality from COVID-19, coupled with historical underrepresentation in US clinical trials, creating challenges for equitable participation in developing and testing a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine.

Methods:

To increase diversity, including racial and ethnic representation, in local Los Angeles County NIH-sponsored Phase 3 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine clinical trials, we used deliberative community engagement approaches to form a Community Consultant Panel (CCP) that partnered with trial research teams. Thirteen members were recruited, including expertise from essential workers, community-based and faith-based organizations, or leaders from racial and ethnic minority communities.

Results:

Working closely with local investigators for the vaccine studies, the CCP provided critical insight on best practices for community trust building, clinical trial participation, and reliable information dissemination regarding COVID-19 vaccines. Modifying recruitment, outreach, and trial protocols led to majority–minority participants (55%–78%) in each of the three vaccine clinical trials. CCP’s input led to cultural tailoring of recruitment materials, changes in recruitment messaging, and supportive services to improve trial accessibility and acceptability (transportation, protocols for cultural competency, and support linkages to care in case of an adverse event). Barriers to clinical trial participation unable to be resolved included childcare, requests for after-hours appointment availability, and mobile locations for trial visits.

Conclusion:

Using deliberative community engagement can provide critical and timely insight into the community-centered barriers to COVID-19 vaccine trial participation, including addressing social determinants of health, trust, clinical trial literacy, structural barriers, and identifying trusted messenger and reliable sources of information.
The evolution of shame and its display
Authors: Landers Mitchell , Sznycer Daniel
Published: October 2022

The shame system appears to be natural selection's solution to the adaptive problem of information-triggered reputational damage. Over evolutionary time, this problem would have led to a coordinated set of adaptations – the shame system – designed to minimise the spread of negative information about the self and the likelihood and costs of being socially devalued by others. Thisinformation threat theory of shamecan account for much of what we know about shame and generate precise predictions. Here, we analyse the behavioural configuration that people adopt stereotypically when ashamed – slumped posture, downward head tilt, gaze avoidance, inhibition of speech – in light of shame's hypothesised function. This behavioural configuration may have differentially favoured its own replication by (a) hampering the transfer of information (e.g. diminishing audiences’ tendency to attend to or encode identifying information – shamecamouflage) and/or (b) evoking less severe devaluative responses from audiences (shamedisplay). The shame display hypothesis has received considerable attention and empirical support, whereas the shame camouflage hypothesis has to our knowledge not been advanced or tested. We elaborate on this hypothesis and suggest directions for future research on the shame pose.
Fingering instability in adhesion fronts
Authors: L'Estimé M. , Duchemin L. , Reyssat É. , Bico J.
Published: October 2022

The adhesion of two surfaces relies on the propagation of an adhesion front. What is the dynamics of the front when both surfaces are coated with a thin layer of viscous liquid? Standard criteria from fingering instabilities would predict a stable front since viscous fluid pushes away air of low viscosity. Surprisingly, the front propagation may be unstable and generally leads to growing fingers. We demonstrate with model experiments where the two adhering surfaces are slightly tilted by an angle

$\alpha$

that the origin of this interfacial instability relies on feeding the front from the surrounding thin film. We show experimentally that the typical wavelength of the instability is mainly dictated by the thickness of the oil layers

$h$

. In this wedge geometry, the propagation dynamics is found to follow a

$t^{1/2}$

dependence and to saturate for an extension length of the order of

$h/\alpha$

.
Extracurricular activities and bullying perpetration and victimisation in early and middle adolescence
Authors: Hong Jun Sung , Song Eun-Jee , Tan Kevin , Peguero Anthony A. , Sohn Yejin , Espelage Dorothy L.
Published: October 2022

The present study examined the association between adolescents’ extracurricular activities and bullying perpetration and victimisation. The sample was drawn from the 2016 National Survey of Children’s Health dataset. Analyses included descriptive statistics and logistic regression for the early adolescent and middle adolescent groups. Among early adolescents, sports were negatively associated with victimisation. Participation in clubs/organisations, organised activities or lessons, and community services were negatively associated, while employment was positively related to bullying perpetration. Among middle adolescents, all extracurricular activities were negatively related to victimisation. As for bullying perpetration, organised activities or lessons and community services were negatively associated with bullying. The study highlights the potential for sport and extracurricular involvement as ways to possibly deter bullying perpetration and victimisation. Future research should consider these associations longitudinally.
Management of narcolepsy at school: Implications for school psychologists
Authors: Burns John R. , Blundell Kate A.
Published: October 2022

Narcolepsy is not a common disorder, with best estimates finding it affects only about .025–.05% of the population. Nonetheless, it is a vital disorder for school psychologists to be familiar with on the basis that its symptoms frequently first occur during childhood and adolescence. If undiagnosed, this disorder causes significant distress and disadvantage to the student as well as frustration and difficulty for school staff. It is surprising that narcolepsy has received almost no attention in the school psychology literature. This article provides school psychologists with an overview of the central features, causes, diagnosis and treatment of narcolepsy in young people. It then outlines school management of the disorder, with specific consideration of the role of the school psychologist.
India and China: Distinct Paths to Global Businesses
Authors: Meyer Klaus E.
Published: October 2022

The ‘rivalry’ between India and China on the global stage is much ado about nothing. India and China both have huge potential to play a bigger role in global business than they do today. Both countries have experienced major growth domestically, which is not yet matched by their role in global business. MNEs from the two countries have been internationalizing along very different pathways, with few overlaps. Their ability to realize their potential depends on policies and institutions as well as entrepreneurial business leadership in their own country. Their future internationalization depends only to a small degree on the other of the two countries
Graph deep learning locates magnesium ions in RNA
Authors: Zhou Yuanzhe , Chen Shi-Jie
Published: October 2022

Magnesium ions (Mg2+) are vital for RNA structure and cellular functions. Present efforts in RNA structure determination and understanding of RNA functions are hampered by the inability to accurately locate Mg2+ions in an RNA. Here we present a machine-learning method, originally developed for computer visual recognition, to predict Mg2+binding sites in RNA molecules. By incorporating geometrical and electrostatic features of RNA, we capture the key ingredients of Mg2+-RNA interactions, and from deep learning, predict the Mg2+density distribution. Five-fold cross-validation on a dataset of 177 selected Mg2+-containing structures and comparisons with different methods validate the approach. This new approach predicts Mg2+binding sites with notably higher accuracy and efficiency. More importantly, saliency analysis for eight different Mg2+binding motifs indicates that the model can reveal critical coordinating atoms for Mg2+ions and ion-RNA inner/outer-sphere coordination. Furthermore, implementation of the model uncovers new Mg2+binding motifs. This new approach may be combined with X-ray crystallography structure determination to pinpoint the metal ion binding sites.
Large-scale genetic investigation of nematode diversity and their phylogenetic patterns in New Zealand's marine animals
Authors: Bennett Jerusha , Poulin Robert , Presswell Bronwen
Published: October 2022

Nematodes constitute one of the most speciose metazoan groups on earth, and a significant proportion of them have parasitic life styles. Zooparasitic nematodes have zoonotic, commercial and ecological significance within natural systems. Due to their generally small size and hidden nature within their hosts, and the fact that species discrimination using traditional morphological characteristics is often challenging, their biodiversity is not well known, especially within marine ecosystems. For instance, the majority of New Zealand's marine animals have never been the subject of nematode studies, and many currently known nematodes in New Zealand await confirmation of their species identity with modern taxonomic techniques. In this study, we present the results of an extensive biodiversity survey and phylogenetic analyses of parasitic nematodes infecting New Zealand's marine animals. We used genetic data to differentiate nematodes to the lowest taxonomic level possible and present phylogenies of the dominant clades to illustrate their genetic diversity in New Zealand. Our findings reveal a high diversity of parasitic nematodes (23 taxa) infecting New Zealand's marine animals (62 of 94 free-living animal species investigated). The novel data collected here provide a solid baseline for future assessments of change in diversity and distribution of parasitic nematodes.
A novel inverse kinematics for solving repetitive motion planning of 7-DOF SRS manipulator
Authors: Zhao Jingdong , Xu Zichun , Zhao Liangliang , Li Yuntao , Ma Liyan , Liu Hong
Published: October 2022

The repetitive motion planning movements of the redundant manipulator will cause oscillations and unintended swings of joints, which increase the risk of collisions between the manipulator and its surroundings. Motivated by this phenomenon, this paper presents an inverse kinematics algorithm for the spherical-revolute-spherical manipulator to solve the paradox raised by joint-drift and control the pose with no swing of the elbow. This algorithm takes the joint Cartesian positions set as the intermediary and divides the inverse solution process into two mapping processes within joint limits. Simulations are executed to evaluate this algorithm, and the results show this algorithm is applicable to repetitive motion planning and is capable of producing superior configurations based on its real-time ability and stable solve rate. Experiments using the 7-degree-of-freedom spherical-revolute-spherical manipulator demonstrate the effectiveness of this algorithm to remedy the joint-drift and elbow swing compared to Kinematics and Dynamics Library and TRAC-IK.
The role of parental genotype in the intergenerational transmission of externalizing behavior: Evidence for genetic nurturance
Authors: Kuo Sally I-Chun , Poore Holly E. , Barr Peter B. , Chirico Isabella S. , Aliev Fazil , Bucholz Kathleen K. , Chan Grace , Kamarajan Chella , Kramer John R. , McCutcheon Vivia V. , Plawecki Martin H. , Dick Danielle M.
Published: October 2022

The purpose of this study was to examine possible pathways by which genetic risk associated with externalizing is transmitted in families. We used molecular data to disentangle the genetic and environmental pathways contributing to adolescent externalizing behavior in a sample of 1,111 adolescents (50% female; 719 European and 392 African ancestry) and their parents from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism. We found evidence for genetic nurture such that parental externalizing polygenic scores were associated with adolescent externalizing behavior, over and above the effect of adolescents’ own externalizing polygenic scores. Mediation analysis indicated that parental externalizing psychopathology partly explained the effect of parental genotype on children’s externalizing behavior. We also found evidence for evocative gene-environment correlation, whereby adolescent externalizing polygenic scores were associated with lower parent–child communication, less parent–child closeness, and lower parental knowledge, controlling for parental genotype. These effects were observed among participants of European ancestry but not African ancestry, likely due to the limited predictive power of polygenic scores across ancestral background. These results demonstrate that in addition to genetic transmission, genes influence offspring behavior through the influence of parental genotypes on their children’s environmental experiences, and the role of children’s genotypes in shaping parent–child relationships.
Flash Drought: Review of Concept, Prediction and the Potential for Machine Learning, Deep Learning Methods
Authors: Tyagi Shoobhangi , Zhang Xiang , Saraswat Dharmendra , Sahany Sandeep , Mishra Saroj Kanta , Niyogi Dev
Published: October 2022

This paper reviews the Flash Drought concept, the uncertainties associated with FD prediction, and the potential of Machine Learning (ML) and Deep learning (DL) for future applications. For this, 121 relevant articles covering different aspects of FD ‐ definitions, key indicators, distinguishing characteristics, and the current methods for FD assessment (i.e., ‐ monitoring, prediction, and impact assessment) are examined. FD is typically a short‐term drought event ‐ characterized by the rapid progression of heat waves and precipitation deficits, causing cascading impacts on the land and surface hydrology. FD prediction is constrained by the lack of consistent FD definitions, key indicators, the limited predictability of FD at the subseasonal‐ to‐seasonal (S2S) timescale, and uncertainties associated with the current prediction methods. Some of the uncertainties in the current methods are associated with a lack of our understanding of the physical processes. They are also related to the error in the input datasets (imperfect representation of indicators), parameter uncertainty (parameterization scheme adopted by the prediction model), multicollinearity, nonlinear, and non‐stationary interactions among different indicators. Combining traditional methods and multisource fusion data with ML and DL methods shows promise to better understand FD evolution and improves prediction.
Geothermal Heat Flow and Thermal Structure of the Antarctic Lithosphere
Authors: Haeger C. , Petrunin A. G. , Kaban M. K.
Published: October 2022

High‐quality maps of Geothermal heat flow (GHF) are crucial when modeling ice dynamics, shape, and mass loss of the Antarctic Ice Sheet, which is one of the largest potential contributors to sea level rise. The determination of GHF remains challenging, as in situ data are sparse and geophysical models exhibit large discrepancies in amplitude and resolution, especially on regional scales. Using a novel approach implementing a joint inversion of gravity and seismic tomography data with various geophysical and mineral physics information, we estimate the 3D thermal lithospheric structure and present a new GHF map. The resulting surface heat flow correlates with the location of subglacial volcanism and can represent a boundary condition for accurate ice dynamics models that can explain observed acceleration in the ongoing ice mass loss. Absolute values are within the range of other seismology‐based methods and are much lower than those obtained using for example, magnetic data. High uncertainties remain in the parametrization of the upper crustal structure and thermal parameters.
The Impact of Representations of Realistic Topography on Parameterized Oceanic Lee Wave Energy Flux
Authors: Baker L. E. , Mashayek A.
Published: October 2022

Oceanic lee waves are generated when quasi‐steady flows interact with rough topography at the bottom of the ocean, providing an important sink of energy and momentum from the mean flow and a source of turbulent kinetic energy. Linear theory with a spectral representation of topography is typically used to inform parameterizations of lee wave generation. Here, we use a realistic wave resolving simulation of the Drake Passage, a hot‐spot of lee wave generation, to investigate the utility of such parameterizations for areas of complex large scale topography. The flow is often blocked and split by large amplitude topographic features, creating an “effective topography,” and calling into question the spectral representation of small scale topography for lee wave generation. By comparing the resolved modeled wavefield to parameterizations employing various representations of topography, we show that spectral methods may not be appropriate in areas of rough topography. We develop a simple topographic representation consisting of an ensemble of topographic peaks, which allows physical treatment of flow blocking at finite amplitude topography. This method effectively predicts bottom vertical velocities and lee wave energy flux, whereas spectral methods overestimate the energy flux by approximately 4 times. Our results also imply that the nature of lee waves in such regions can be misrepresented by a spectral approach to topographic representation. This leads to both an overestimate of wave energy flux and an underestimate of wave nonlinearity, with implications for the mechanisms by which lee waves break and mix in the abyssal ocean.
CO2 Ocean Bistability on Terrestrial Exoplanets
Authors: Graham R. J. , Lichtenberg Tim , Pierrehumbert Raymond T.
Published: October 2022

Cycling of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and interior of rocky planets can stabilize global climate and enable planetary surface temperatures above freezing over geologic time. However, variations in global carbon budget and unstable feedback cycles between planetary sub‐systems may destabilize the climate of rocky exoplanets toward regimes unknown in the Solar System. Here, we perform clear‐sky atmospheric radiative transfer and surface weathering simulations to probe the stability of climate equilibria for rocky, ocean‐bearing exoplanets at instellations relevant for planetary systems in the outer regions of the circumstellar habitable zone. Our simulations suggest that planets orbiting G‐ and F‐type stars (but not M‐type stars) may display bistability between an Earth‐like climate state with efficient carbon sequestration and an alternative stable climate equilibrium where CO2 condenses at the surface and forms a blanket of either clathrate hydrate or liquid CO2. At increasing instellation and with ineffective weathering, the latter state oscillates between cool, surface CO2‐condensing and hot, non‐condensing climates. CO2 bistable climates may emerge early in planetary history and remain stable for billions of years. The carbon dioxide‐condensing climates follow an opposite trend in pCO2 versus instellation compared to the weathering‐stabilized planet population, suggesting the possibility of observational discrimination between these distinct climate categories.
Hydraulic Sensitivity and Stomatal Regulation of Two Desert Riparian Species
Authors: Bai Yan , Liu Yanlan , Kueppers Lara M. , Li Engui , Zhang Cicheng , Yu Kailiang , Yang Xiaofan , Li Xiaoyan
Published: October 2022

Characterizing plant response to water stresses is among the keys to understanding ecosystem functions. Despite increasing recognition of plant hydraulic and stomatal dynamics not captured by isohydricity, defined as the sensitivity of leaf water potential Ψl to soil water potential, it remains unclear which plant traits are critical to improved representation of plant hydraulic and stomatal dynamics beyond isohydricity, especially in dryland ecosystems. Here, we examine eco‐physiological responses of two typical desert riparian species, Populus euphratica and Tamarix ramosissima, to hydro‐meteorological variations. Based on measured hydraulic traits, variations of Ψl, leaf gas exchange, groundwater table, and soil moisture across vertical profiles, we investigated how subsurface hydraulic conditions control plant hydraulic sensitivity and stomatal regulation. We found both species exhibited anisohydric behaviors, which, however, were attributed to drying soil at different depths because of root distributions. The similar anisohydric behaviors also led to distinct stomatal regulation, due to the impact of atmospheric dryness decoupled from soil moisture and different sensitivities of stomatal conductance (gs) to Ψl. The latter was found to be dynamic throughout the growing season, which dominated the seasonal variation of gs and thus should not be neglected. The results suggest similar anisohydric behaviors could imply diverging hydraulic behaviors as the evaporate demand and flow regime change. Root morphological trait and stomatal sensitivity to Ψl are identified as keys to characterize responses to water stresses in desert riparian ecosystems. Our findings highlight that improved measurements and representations of these traits could contribute to better assessments of dryland ecosystem functions.
Leaf Traits Predict Water‐Use Efficiency in U.S. Pacific Northwest Grasslands Under Rain Exclusion Treatment
Authors: Dawson Hilary Rose , Maxwell Toby M. , Reed Paul B. , Bridgham Scott D. , Silva Lucas C. R.
Published: October 2022

Does drought stress in temperate grasslands alter the relationship between plant structure and function? Here we report data from an experiment focusing on growth form and species traits that affect the critical functions of water‐ and nutrient‐use efficiency in prairie and pasture plant communities. A total of 139 individuals of 12 species (11 genera and four families) were sampled in replicated plots maintained for three years across a 520 km latitudinal gradient in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Rain exclusion did not alter the interspecific relationship between foliar traits and stoichiometry or intrinsic water‐use efficiency (iWUE). Rain exclusion reduced iWUE in grasses, an effect was primarily species‐specific, although leaf morphology, life history strategy, and phylogenetic distance predicted iWUE for all 12 species when analyzed together. Variation in specific leaf area explained most of the variation in iWUE between different functional groups, with annual forbs and annual grasses at opposite ends of the resource‐use spectrum. Our findings are consistent with expected trait‐driven tradeoffs between productivity and resource‐use efficiency, and provide insight into strategies for the sustainable use and conservation of temperate grasslands.
Global Barotropic Tide Modeling Using Inline Self‐Attraction and Loading in MPAS‐Ocean
Authors: Barton Kristin N. , Pal Nairita , Brus Steven R. , Petersen Mark R. , Arbic Brian K. , Engwirda Darren , Roberts Andrew F. , Westerink Joannes J. , Wirasaet Damrongsak , Schindelegger Michael
Published: October 2022

We examine ocean tides in the barotropic version of the Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS‐Ocean), the ocean component of the Department of Energy Earth system model. We focus on four factors that affect tidal accuracy: self‐attraction and loading (SAL), model resolution, details of the underlying bathymetry, and parameterized topographic wave drag. The SAL term accounts for the tidal loading of Earth's crust and the self‐gravitation of the ocean and the load‐deformed Earth. A common method for calculating SAL is to decompose mass anomalies into their spherical harmonic constituents. Here, we compare a scalar SAL approximation versus an inline SAL using a fast spherical harmonic transform package. Wave drag accounts for energy lost by breaking internal tides that are produced by barotropic tidal flow over topographic features. We compare a series of successively finer quasi‐uniform resolution meshes (62.9, 31.5, 15.7, and 7.87 km) to a variable resolution (45 to 5 km) configuration. We ran MPAS‐Ocean in a single‐layer barotropic mode forced by five tidal constituents. The 45 to 5 km variable resolution mesh obtained the best total root‐mean‐square error (5.4 cm) for the deep ocean (1,000 m) tide compared to TPXO8 and ran twice as fast as the quasi‐uniform 8 km mesh, which had an error of 5.8 cm. This error is comparable to those found in other forward (non‐assimilative) ocean tide models. In future work, we plan to use MPAS‐Ocean to study tidal interactions with other Earth system components, and the tidal response to climate change.
Clinical Considerations for Behavioral Pain Management in Co-Occurring Acute and Chronic Pain Presentations
Authors: Connolly Megan E. , Hardy Steven J.
Published: October 2022

Objective:

Behavioral pain management treatments are typically provided after a multidisciplinary assessment determining whether the nature of pain is expected to be short-term (i.e., acute) or whether the pain is persistent (i.e., chronic). However, many of the standard ways clinicians approach pain management are challenged by the presentation of co-occurring acute and chronic pain experiences, such as can be the case in sickle cell disease (SCD), headache management (migraines and daily persisting headaches), chronic musculoskeletal pain with reinjury, and juvenile idiopathic arthritis, among others. Such overlapping pain presentations can involve conflicting treatment approaches for pain management. Currently, there is burgeoning, yet still limited, understanding of the complexity of co-occurring acute and chronic pain presentations.

Methods:

Given the unique pain presentation common in SCD, among other conditions, we review how behavioral pain management strategies can utilize complementary approaches to address the experience of co-occurring acute and chronic pain.

Results:

This commentary provides a brief historical review of the evolution of our understanding of pain perception and psychological treatments for pain. We propose an innovative clinical framework for behavioral pain management of co-occurring acute and chronic pain.

Conclusions:

We hope to enhance the current dialogue around pain perception and pain burden to address the unique needs of co-occurring acute and chronic pain presentations. Ongoing areas for research and clinical considerations are also discussed.

Implications for Impact Statement

There is increasing awareness of the heterogeneity of pain conditions involving both acute and chronic pain. This commentary proposes a new care model for behavioral pain management for individuals experiencing co-occurring acute and chronic pain. Behavioral pain management strategies should consider complementary and flexible approaches that address the cumulative experience of both acute and chronic pain.