bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AUTOGSCAN: Powerful Tools for Automated Genome-Wide Linkage and Linkage Disequilibrium Analysis
Authors: Hiekkalinna Tero , Terwilliger Joseph D. , Sammalisto Sampo , Peltonen Leena , Perola Markus
Published: May 2007

Genome-wide linkage analysis using multiple traits and statistical software packages is a tedious process which requires a significant amount of manual file manipulation. Different linkage analysis programs require different input file formats, making the task of analyzing data with multiple methods even more time-consuming. We have developed a software tool, AUTOGSCAN, that automates file formatting, the running of statistical analyses, and the summarizing of resulting statistics for whole genome scans with a push of a button, using several independent, and often idiosyncratic, statistical software packages such as MERLIN, SOLAR and GENEHUNTER. We also describe a program, ANALYZE, designed to run qualitative linkage analysis with several different statistical strategies and programs to efficiently screen for linkage and linkage disequilibrium for a given discrete trait. The ANALYZE program can also be used by AUTOGSCAN in a genome-wide sense.
Genetic and Environmental Influences on the Frequency of Orgasm in Women
Authors: Dawood Khytam , Kirk Katherine M. , Bailey J. Michael , Andrews Paul W. , Martin Nicholas G.
Published: May 2007

This study reports on genetic and environmental influences on the frequency of orgasm in women during sexual intercourse, during other sexual contact with a partner, and during masturbation. Participants were drawn from the Australian Twin Registry, and recruited from a large, partly longitudinal twin-family study. Three thousand and eighty women responded to the anonymous self-report questionnaire, including 667 complete monozygotic (MZ) pairs and 377 complete dizygotic (DZ) same-sex pairs, 366 women from complete DZ opposite-sex pairs, and 626 women whose co-twins did not participate. Significant twin correlations were found for both MZ and DZ twin pairs for all three items of interest. Age effects were statistically significant for some items. Models incorporating additive genetic, shared and nonshared environmental influences provided the best fit for Items 1 and 3, while a model with additive and nonadditive genetic influences along with nonshared envir-onment fitted the data from Item 2. While an independent pathway model fits the data most par-simoniously, a common pathway model incorporating additive genetic (A), shared environment (C), and unique environment (E) effects cannot be ruled out. Overall, genetic influences account for approximately 31% of the variance of frequency of orgasm during sexual intercourse, 37% of the variance of frequency of orgasm during sexual contact other than during intercourse, and 51% of the variance of frequency of orgasm during masturbation. Following Baker (1996), we speculate that this additive genetic variance might arise from frequency-dependent selection for a variety of female sexual strategies.
Genetic Markers Data in Survival Studies of Twins: The Results of a Simulation Study
Authors: Begun Alexander Z. , Yashin Anatoli I.
Published: May 2007

Previous longevity studies of related individuals such as twins or siblings based on the major gene model have shown that the frequency and the relative risk of mortality of a beneficial allele in the population could be estimated. If, in addition to survival data for related individuals, the genetic markers data are available, one could try to locate the longevity allele in the genome. In the case where the phenotypic trait is life span or age at onset of disease, a two-step procedure can be used. First, the parameters of bivariate survival functions must be estimated from bivariate survival data for twins without markers. The second step is focused on determining the position of longevity genes between respective markers. To calculate the joint distribution of inheritance vector and genetic markers, the hidden Markov chain technique is used. This approach is illustrated with a simulation example for one longevity gene.
Epistatic and Environmental Control of Genome-Wide Gene Expression
Authors: York Timothy P. , Miles Michael F. , Kendler Kenneth S. , Jackson-Cook Colleen , Bowman Melissa L. , Eaves Lindon J.
Published: May 2007

All etiological studies of complex human traits focus on analyzing the causes of variation. Given this complexity, there is a premium on studying those processes that mediate between gene products and cellular or organismal phenotypes. Studies of levels of gene expression could offer insight into these processes and are likely to be especially useful to the extent that the major sources of their variation are known in normal tissues. The classical study of monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins was employed to partition the genetic and environmental influences in gene expression for over 6500 human genes measured using microarrays from lymphoblastoid cell lines. Our results indicate that mean expression levels are correlated about .3 in monozygotic (MZ) and .0 in dizygotic (DZ) twins suggesting an overall epistatic regulation of gene expression. Furthermore, the functions of several of the genes whose expression was most affected by environmental effects, after correction for measurement error, were consistent with their known role in mediating sensitivity to environmental influences.
The Heritability of CHD Mortality in Danish Twins After Controlling for Smoking and BMI
Authors: Wienke Andreas , Herskind Anne M. , Christensen Kaare , Skytthe Axel , Yashin Anatoli I.
Published: May 2007

Cause-specific mortality data on Danish monozygotic and dizygotic twins are used to analyze heritability estimates of susceptibility to coronary heart disease (CHD) after controlling for smoking and Body Mass Index (BMI). The sample includes 1209 like-sexed twin pairs born between 1890 and 1920, where both individuals were still alive in 1966. The participants completed a questionnaire in 1966 which included questions on smoking, height and weight. The analysis was conducted with both sexes pooled due to the relatively small number of twin pairs. Follow-up was conducted from January 1, 1966 to December 31, 1993. The correlated gammafrailty model with observed covariates was used for the genetic analysis of frailty to account for censoring and truncation in the lifetime data. During the follow-up, 1437 deaths occurred, including 435 deaths due to CHD. Proportions of variance of frailty attributable to genetic and environmental factors were analyzed using the structural equation model approach. Different standard biometric models are fitted to the data to evaluate the magnitude and nature of genetic and environmental factors on mortality. Using the best-fitting model without covariates, heritability of frailty to CHD was found to be 0.45 (0.11). This result changes only slightly to 0.55 (0.13) in a DE model after controlling for smoking and BMI. This analysis underlines the existence of a substantial genetic influence on individual frailty associated with mortality caused by CHD.
The Differential Heritability of Regular Tobacco Use Based on Method of Administration
Authors: Schmitt J. Eric , Prescott Carol A. , Gardner Charles O. , Neale Michael C. , Kendler Kenneth S.
Published: May 2007

Several large studies have demonstrated that the liability to smoke cigarettes is strongly genetically influenced. However, the role of genetic and environmental risk factors in the use of other common forms of tobacco use has yet to be studied. Data on the regular use of cigarettes, cigars, pipes, dip (moist snuff), and chewing tobacco from 2634 male twins were analyzed with ACE structural equation models. Twin similarity for regular cigarette and dip use was largely genetic in origin. However, twin resemblance for chewing tobacco was just about equally the result of genes and shared environment, and twin similarity for use of pipes and cigars was entirely the result of shared environmental factors. Thus, the genetic influences on the liability for regular tobacco use appear to vary based on tobacco type. The causes for the use of different forms of tobacco are complex and worthy of further study.
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Stuttering and Tics in Japanese Twin Children
Authors: Ooki Syuichi
Published: May 2007

The purpose of this study was to clarify the genetic contribution to stuttering and tics in childhood using the largest databases of Japanese twins. The subjects were 1896 pairs of twin children consisting of 1849 males and 1943 females with a mean age of 11.6 years (3 years to 15 years). All data were gathered by questionnaire. The prevalence of stuttering was 6.7% in males and 3.6% in females (p < .0001). The prevalence of tics was 6.8% in males and 4.1% in females (p = .0021). Concordance rates and polychoric correlations were all higher in monozygotic pairs than in dizygotic pairs irrespective of sex combination. Structural equation modeling showed that the proportion of total phenotypic variance attributable to genetic influences was 80% in males and 85% in females for stuttering, and 28% in males and 29% in females for tics. Moreover, co-occurrence between stuttering and tics was observed in 0.8% of males (tetrachoric correlation: r = .18) and 0.5% of females (r = .31), which was attributed partly (nearly 10% of total genetic variance of each trait) to the common genetic factors, with genetic correlation of r = .32.
The Value of Four Mental Health Self-Report Scales in Predicting Interview-Based Mood and Anxiety Disorder Diagnoses in Sibling Pairs
Authors: Williamson Richard J. , Neale Benjamin M. , Sterne Abram , Prince Martin , Sham Pak
Published: May 2007

Questionnaire-based dimensional measures are often employed in epidemiological studies to predict the presence of psychiatric disorders. The present study sought to determine how accurately 4 dimensional mental health measures, the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), Neuroticism (EPQ-N), the high positive affect and anxious arousal scales from the Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire (MASQ-HPA and MASQ-AA) and a composite of all 4, predicted psychiatric caseness as diagnosed by the University of Michigan Composite International Diagnostic Interview (UM-CIDI). Community subjects were recruited through general practitioners; those who agreed to participate were sent a questionnaire containing the above measures. Subsequently, the UM-CIDI was administered by telephone to 469 subjects consisting of sibling pairs who scored most discordantly or concordantly on a composite index of the 4 measures. Logistic Regression and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were carried out to assess the predictive accuracy of the dimensional measures on UM-CIDI diagnosis. A total of 179 subjects, 62 men and 117 women with an average age of 42 years, were diagnosed with at least one of the following psychiatric disorders: depression, dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social phobia, agoraphobia and panic attack. The six disorders showed high comorbidity. EPQ-N and the Composite Index were found to be very strong and accurate predictors of psychiatric caseness; they were however unable to differentiate between specific disorders. The results from the present study therefore validated the four mental health measures as being predictive of psychiatric caseness.
Where Did I Leave My Keys? A Twin Study of Self-Reported Memory Ratings Using the Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire
Authors: Singer Jamie J. , MacGregor Alex J. , Cherkas Lynn F. , Spector Tim D.
Published: May 2007

Behavior genetics has convincingly shown the importance of genetic factors in objective tests of memory function. However, self-report memory tests have received little attention. This study used items from the Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire (MMQ) to estimate the heritability of self-reported memory contentment and ability in 909 monozygotic (MZ) and 1034 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs aged between 20 and 84 years from the St Thomas' Adult UK Twin Register. Heritability estimates ranged between 37% and 64% for contentment (e.g., reporting to worry about one's memory) and approximately 45% for ability (e.g., reporting a tendency to forget keys). Shared family environmental influences (between 32% and 33%) were found for some abilities (e.g., learning to use a new gadget). Given their clinical significance and ease of administration, these tests could prove to be useful in examining memory functioning in large-scale population studies.
Genetic Factors in Seizures: A Population-Based Study of 47,626 US, Norwegian and Danish Twin Pairs
Authors: Kjeldsen Marianne J. , Corey Linda A. , Solaas Marit H. , Friis Mogens L. , Harris Jennifer R. , Kyvik Kirsten O. , Christensen Kaare , Pellock John M.
Published: May 2007

The purpose of the study was to describe a large sample of twins reporting a history of seizures, to characterize seizures in the three subpopulations, and to estimate the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors in seizure occurrence. Seizure history was determined by questionnaires completed by twins in population-based twin registries in the United States, Norway and Denmark. Concordance rates were calculated for all seizure categories within and across twin populations. Of 47,626 twin pairs evaluated, 6234 reported a history of seizures in one or both twins. Concordance rates were significantly higher for monozygotic (MZ) versus dizygotic (DZ) pairs for all seizure categories within and across populations. The results of this study involving the largest unselected, population-based sample of twins with seizures assembled to date confirm the importance of genetic factors in determining risk for epilepsy, febrile seizures, other seizures and staring spells. This sample is likely to provide an important resource for studying the genetics of epilepsy subtypes and febrile seizures.
The Convergence of the Regional Twinning Rates in Sweden, 1751–1960
Authors: Fellman Johan , Eriksson Aldur W.
Published: May 2007

Sweden has, as a whole nation, the oldest continuous population register of births, including twin and higher multiple maternities, starting in the 17th century. Until the 1920s, the rates of multiple maternities in Sweden were among the highest known among Europeans. Strong secular and regional fluctuations were noted. Some of the eastern counties showed especially marked decreasing trends. The twinning rate had no clear associations with the anthropometric and serological data. In this paper we study the temporal and regional variations of the twinning rate in the 25 counties of Sweden from 1751 to 1960. Different statistical methods were applied in order to test the hypothesis that, irrespective of the initial levels, the twinning rates for the counties converge towards a common low level. We present and interpret a geometrical model for the trends of the regional twinning rates. We also analyze the regional heterogeneity using the ranges and the coefficients of variation of the regional twinning rates. All the methods gave consistent results, supporting our convergence hypothesis that the regional differences in the twinning rate are gradually disappearing. In addition, this study supports our earlier findings that the regional heterogeneity cannot be explained by differences in the distribution of maternal age and parity. We suggest that the convergence may be caused by increased urbanization and industrialization and by the increased interregional migration of citizens as a consequence of better communications, which lead to the breaking up of isolates and decreased endogamy.
Chimeric Dizygotic Twins; Twin Study Summaries; News At Home and Abroad
Authors: Segal Nancy L.
Published: May 2007

Chimeras, individuals whose genetically distinct cell lines originated from different zygotes, are attracting attention among twin researchers. This is because chimerism may occur more frequently than previously suspected, having been observed among 8% of dizygotic (DZ) twins and 21% of DZ triplets. The presence of separate cell lines in these twins may hold clues to disease susceptibility, developmental complications and histocompatibility features. Next, new twin research on physical development is offering fresh insights on height and hormones, height and education, and pelvic development. Finally, twins having twins, twins deserting the military and twins composing music raise new thoughts about reproduction, behavior and talent.
Genome-Wide Linkage Disequilibrium from 100,000 SNPs in the East Finland Founder Population
Authors: Uimari Pekka , Kontkanen Outi , Visscher Peter M. , Pirskanen Mia , Fuentes Ricardo , Salonen Jukka T.
Published: May 2007

Information about linkage disequilibrium (LD) is important in understanding the genome structure and has its applications in association studies. Here we present the first genome-wide LD study based on a founder population (East Finland). The LD data consist of 118 unrelated individuals and around 480,000 SNP pairs genotyped with the Affymetrix 100K genotyping assay. Using the minor allele frequency (MAF) limit of .05, the squared correlation coefficient between two loci (r2) was .48, .37, .28, and .20 for distances of 5, 10, 20, and 40 kb respectively. MAF had a significant effect on the mean r2 so that the extent of useful LD (r2 > .3) varied from 17 kb to 80 kb depending on the limit set for the MAF. For D' the effect of MAF was smaller but reflected the possible age of the mutation: SNPs with high MAF had lower D' than those with low MAF. The X chromosome showed higher D' values than autosomes and the extent of useful LD (r2 > .3) was twice as long on the X chromosome than on the autosomes. Based on the results, LD varies across the genome and is correlated to local recombination rate between and within chromosomes. However, the recombination rate does not explain all the variation found in LD. We also report a number of long chromosomal regions where exceptionally high or low LD were detected.
Quantifying and Addressing Parameter Indeterminacy in the Classical Twin Design
Authors: Keller Matthew C. , Coventry William L.
Published: May 2007

Theclassical twin design(CTD) is the most common method used to infer genetic and environmental causes of phenotypic variation. As has long been acknowledged, different combinations of the common environment/assortative mating, and additive, dominant, and epistatic genetic effects can lead to the same observed covariation between twin pairs, meaning that there is an inherent indeterminacy in parameter estimates arising from the CTD. The CTD circumvents this indeterminacy by assuming that higher-order epistasis is negligible and that the effects of either dominant genetic variation or the common environment are nonexistent. These assumptions, however, lead to consistent biases in parameter estimation. The current paper quantifies these biases and discusses alternative strategies for dealing with parameter indeterminacy in twin designs. One strategy is to model the similarity among other relatives in addition to twins (extended twin-family designs), which reduces but does not eliminate indeterminacy in parameter estimates. A more general strategy, applicable to all twin designs, is to present the parameter indeterminacy explicitly, as in a graph. Presenting the space of mathematically equally likely parameter values is important, not only because it aids the proper interpretation of twin design findings, but also because it keeps behavioral geneticists themselves mindful of methodological assumptions that can easily go unexamined.
Twin and Genetic Effects on Life Events
Authors: Middeldorp Christel M. , Cath Danielle C. , Vink Jacqueline M. , Boomsma Dorret I.
Published: May 2007

Twin studies that examine the effect of specific environmental risk factors on psychiatric disorders assume that there are no differences in prevalences of these risk factors between twins and singletons. Violation of this assumption signifies that the results from twin studies might not generalize to singletons. Another assumption, not only often underlying twin studies but also epidemiological research, is that life- events are not influenced by familial factors. We tested differences in prevalences of experienced life events in a Dutch sample of 2086 monozygotic (MZ) twins, 2090 dizygotic (DZ) twins and 1307 of their siblings. Self-reported data on life events (illness of self, illness of a significant other, spouse/romantic relationship, divorce/break-up of a relationship, death of a significant other, traffic accident, robbery, violent assault, sexual assault) were available from a survey- study. We further investigated whether familial resemblance was present for the exposure to these life events and, if so, whether this resemblance was due to genetic or common environmental factors. No differences were found in the prevalences of life events between MZ twins, DZ twins and their siblings. There was evidence for familial aggregation of all life events, except for traffic accidents in women. Results indicated genetic control on the presence of a spouse or involvement in a relationship. Familial resemblance of illness and death of a significant other was mainly due to common environment. For the other life events, it was not possible to distinguish between genetic and common environmental effects.
Co-Twin Dependence Modifies Heritability of Abstinence and Alcohol Use: A Population-Based Study of Finnish Twins
Authors: Penninkilampi-Kerola Varpu , Kaprio Jaakko , Moilanen Irma , Rose Richard J.
Published: May 2007

The role of co-twin dependence (twins' closeness or reliance on the co-twin) was examined as a moderator of genetic and environmental influences on alcohol use in adolescence and early adulthood in a large longitudinal population-based study of Finnish twins (FinnTwin16). The associations between co-twin dependence and alcohol use were studied first at an individual level in adolescence (n= 3362) and early adulthood (n= 2912). Then, maximum likelihood models were fit to the two waves of data from same-sex twin pairs to assess the differences and changes in genetic and environmental influences on alcohol use (abstinence, drinking frequency, intoxication frequency);N= 1342 pairs in adolescence, andN= 1078 pairs in early adulthood. Overall, no significant associations were found between co-twin dependence and individual alcohol use. However, co-twin dependence importantly modulated genetic effects on drinking habits, especially in adolescence, but also in early adulthood. Co-twin–dependent twins reported greater similarity in their alcohol-related behavior across all alcohol-use measures at both time points, and the role of genes and environments varied according to co-twin dependence. Shared environmental factors explained most of the variation in drinking among co- twin–dependent twins in adolescence and contributed to drinking to intoxication during early adulthood. In contrast, among co-twin–independent twin pairs, genetic variance contributed significantly to all alcohol-use measures at both time-points. An interdependent sibling relationship is an important modifier of drinking habits, and it appears to reduce the impact of inherited liabilities on alcohol-related behavior especially in adolescence.
Genetic Component of Noise Sensitivity
Authors: Heinonen-Guzejev Marja , Vuorinen Heikki S. , Mussalo-Rauhamaa Helena , Heikkilä Kauko , Koskenvuo Markku , Kaprio Jaakko
Published: May 2007

We investigated the genetic component of noise sensitivity using a twin-study design. The study sample consisted of 573 same-sexed twin pairs from the Finnish Twin Cohort. The 131 monozygotic (MZ) and 442 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs with an age range of 31 to 88 years replied to a questionnaire on noise and health-related items in 1988. The noise sensitivity of respondents was defined as high, quite high, quite low or low. MZ pairs were more similar with regards noise sensitivity than DZ pairs, and quantitative genetic modeling indicated significant familiality. The best z-fitting genetic model provided an estimate of heritability of 36% (95% CI = .20–.50) and when hearing impaired subjects were excluded this rose to 40% (95% CI = .24–.54). In conclusion, noise sensitivity does aggregate in families and probably has a genetic component.
Short- and Long-Term Effects of Child Care on Problem Behaviors in a Dutch Sample of Twins
Authors: Van Beijsterveldt Toos C.E.M. , Hudziak James J. , Boomsma Dorret I.
Published: May 2007

This study examined the association between early child care on the development of behavior problems. At the age of 5 years, child care information was collected from parents on a large group of twins who were born between 1985 and 1997. Mothers and fathers rated the behavior of the child at ages 3, 7, and 10 years using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and teachers reported on the same children's behaviors using the Teacher's Report Form (TRF) at ages 7 and 10. At the age of 3 years, children with nonparental child care experiences had more externalizing problems than children with only parental child care. The long-term effects of quantity of child care were mixed and were only significant for mother ratings and for children from families with a low socioeconomic status. Overall, the effect sizes of child care were very small (effect sizes were between .12 and .23). Children with a larger amount of child care did not show more behavior problems, therefore it was questioned whether the increased levels of behavior problems could be attributed to quantity of child care.
A Retrospective Study of the Accuracy of Sonographic Chorionicity Determination in Twin Pregnancies
Authors: Menon Dev K.
Published: May 2007

The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of sonographic chorionicity determination in the largest sample of twin pregnancies to date. We retrospectively analyzed 463 twin pregnancies delivered over a 6-year period to determine in each case what the antenatal sonographic prediction of chorionicity was, and then what the subsequent post partum pathological diagnosis of chorionicity was. Out of 436 twin pregnancies, 428 were correctly diagnosed for chorionicity as confirmed by pathology reports. Sonography as a screening tool for monochorionic twin pregnancies has a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 97.9% and a predictive value positive of 88.2%. Transvaginal scanning in the first trimester determined twin chorionicity with a sensitivity and a specificity of 100%. This study has confirmed in the largest sample to date that sono- graphic chorionicity determination is best done in the first trimester using vaginal scans, where it has 100% accuracy.
The Case of Monochorionic Twin Gestation Complicated by Intrauterine Demise of One Fetus in the First Trimester
Authors: Malinowski Witold , Koktysz Robert , Stawerski Pawel
Published: May 2007

The study investigated the clinical and pathomorpho- logical characteristics of monochorionic diamniotic twin gestations complicated by the spontaneous loss of one fetus during the first trimester. Nine monochorionic diamniotic twin gestations were analyzed in which the demise of one fetus occurred during the first trimester. During the course of the study, 178 twin gestations were sonographically identified during the first trimester. Forty-three (24.2%) were complicated by the intrauterine demise of one fetus before the end of the 12th week of pregnancy. Nine cases were monochorionic diamniotic. The gestational age of the demised fetuses ranged between 5 and 11 weeks (mean 7.4 weeks). The prognoses for the surviving fetuses were rather poor with the surviving co-twin dying 1 to 3 weeks after the first twin, with abortion of both fetuses. In only one case was gestation concluded on the 40th week with delivery of a live neonate. No blood coagulation changes were observed in the affected pregnant women, and the one live newborn did not reveal any haematological or neurological abnormalities. A postnatal study provided evidence for the history of monochorionic diamniotic placentation in all of the cases. In two cases, probable causes of fetal death were established (congenital malformation, the presence of anastomoses between blood vessels). The obtained results suggest an extremely high risk of mortality for the surviving twin fetus following the co-twin's death in cases of monochorial placentation. The morphological evaluation of placentas and fetal membranes enables the establishment of the type of placenta and, in certain cases, the probable cause of the intrauterine demise of one twin fetus during the first trimester of monochorionic diamniotic twin gestation.
The North American Industry Classification System and Its Implications for Accounting Research*
Authors: Krishnan Jayanthi , Press Eric
Published: May 2007

Industry classification is an important component of the methodological infrastructure of accounting research. Researchers have generally used the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system for assigning firms to industries. In 1999, the major statistical agencies of Canada, Mexico, and the United States began implementing the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). The new scheme changes industry classification by introducing production as the basis for grouping firms, creating 358 new industries, extensively rearranging SIC categories, and establishing uniformity across all NAFTA nations.

We examine the implications of the change for accounting research. We first assess NAICS's effectiveness in forming industry groups. Following Guenther and Rosman 1994, we use financial ratio variances to measure intra‐industry homogeneity and find that NAICS offers some improvement over the SIC system in defining manufacturing, transportation, and service industries.

We also evaluate whether NAICS might have an impact on empirical research by reproducing part of Lang and Lundholm's 1996 study of information‐transfer and industry effects. Using SIC delineations, they focus on whether industry conditions or the level of competition is the main source of uncertainty resolved by earnings announcements. Across all levels of aggregation, we find inferences are similar using either SIC or NAICS. How‐ever, we also observe that the regression coefficients in Lang and Lundholm's model show smaller intra‐industry dispersion for NAICS, relative to SIC, definitions.

Overall, the results suggest that NAICS definitions lead to more cohesive industries. Because of this, researchers may encounter some differences in using NAICS‐industry definitions, rather than SIC, but these will depend on research design and industry composition of the sample.
Qualidade da certificação médica da causa de morte em São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Fonseca Luiz Augusto Marcondes , Laurenti Ruy
Published: May 2007

Foi feita análise dos atestados de óbito, do preenchimento dos seus itens e da declaração da causa básica da morte. Foi estudada uma amostra de óbitos ocorridos em hospitais e pronto socorros no período de 1.º de março de 1971 a 29 de fevereiro de 1972. Foram colhidas informações adicionais, para cada caso, a partir dos prontuários médicos, o que permitiu conhecer a verdadeira causa básica da morte e comparar com o que foi declarado no atestado. Verificou-se que somente 4,0% dos atestados apresentaram informações sobre o intervalo de tempo entre o início da doença e a morte e sobre o exame complementar que confirmou o diagnóstico, sendo que 65,5% não apresentaram ambas as informações. O item mais negligenciado foi o referente ao intervalo de tempo, pois em 93,5% dos atestados este item não se encontrava preenchido; 68,0% dos atestados não tinha preenchido o item sobre exame complementar que confirmou o diagnóstico. Quanto a declaração da verdadeira causa básica foi verificado que 31,4% dos atestados não a apresentavam registrada e 6,5%, ainda que a tivessem registrada, não era selecionada como a causa primária da morte para finalidades de estatística de mortalidade. Conclui-se que não é boa a qualidade dos atestados de óbitos na cidade de São Paulo, e comparando os resultados com os de estudo semelhante feito em 1962/1963, verifica-se que não houve melhora na certificação médica da causa de morte nos últimos 10 anos.
Aspectos epidemiológicos da cárie dental em escolares brancos e não brancos de ambos os sexos internos em sete orfanatos da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, em 1972
Authors: Castellanos Roberto Augusto
Published: May 2007

Foi realizado um levantamento epidemiológico de cárie dental em 860 escolares de ambos os sexos, de 7 a 12 anos, de cor branca e não branca, internos em sete orfanatos da cidade de São Paulo, com o objetivo de verificar se em crianças brancas e não-brancas, vivendo nas mesmas condições ambientais, era possível detectar diferenças na experiência da cárie. Neste estudo, foram controladas variáveis de grande importância em relação à cárie dental, tais como dieta e freqüência da ingestão de substâncias açucaradas durante, ou entre as refeições. Foram estudadas relações entre idade, sexo e cor das crianças com os valores do índice CPO, com o número de dentes permanentes irrompidos e com os valores médios de dentes permanentes atacados por cárie por 100 dentes irrompidos. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os brancos não apresentam prevalência de cárie dental estatisticamente maior do que os não brancos, na dentição permanente.
Estudo sobre a condição nutritiva de uma população infantil da cidade de Londrina, PA (Brasil)
Authors: Guitti José Carlos dos Santos
Published: May 2007

Com a finalidade de se implantar um programa de assistência e educação alimentares na cidade de Londrina, Paraná (Brasil), estudaram-se a incidência e o grau de desnutrição em uma população infantil pertencente a camadas sociais de baixo poder aquisitivo. Foram observadas 2.710 crianças entre zero e doze anos de idade, de ambos os sexos. A maior porcentagem de desnutridos foi encontrada nos escolares, enquanto que a maior gravidade do processo, sob o ponto de vista da intensidade, foi verificada nas crianças moradoras em favelas. Comprovou-se a existência de relação direta entre a desnutrição e má escolaridade.
O consumo de vitamina A em Ribeira, São Paulo (Brasil)
Authors: Bon Avany Maria Xavier , Miguel Maryland
Published: May 2007

Foi evidenciado o problema da baixa adequação de vitamina A, em localidade considerada grande produtora de alimento rico nesse nutriente, a cidade de Ribeira (S. Paulo, Brasil ), produtora de mamão (Carica Papaya L.). A análise dos dados evidencia que esse alimento, que poderia contribuir para cobrir as necessidades recomendadas de vitamina A, foi consumido em quantidades ínfimas. Atribuiu-se esse fato, à falta de conhecimento por parte da população local, do valor nutritivo dos alimentos ricos em vitamina A. Recomenda-se o desenvolvimento de campanhas de educação alimentar.
Avaliação de serviço anti-tuberculose na rotina de saúde pública
Authors: Arantes Gilberto Ribeiro
Published: May 2007

A avaliação do serviço anti-tuberculose prestado a uma população pode ser realizada em função do efeito alcançado medindo-se periodicamente a prevalência de infecção em grupo etário escolhido para esse fim. A avaliação parcial das atividades quanto a eficiência (cobertura, concentração e rendimento) ou mesmo quanto à eficácia, pode ser rotineiramente efetuada em relação à descoberta e tratamento de casos, vacinação, quimio-profilaxia e controle de focos. A exequibilidade do processo dependerá da existência de um tipo de relatório de atividades que contenha as informações necessárias.
Considerações sobre o sistema de informação no setor saúde
Authors: Silveira Maria Helena
Published: May 2007

Partindo da noção do que seja cibernética e de sua evolução histórica, considerados elementos básicos para o entendimento da informática, foi apresentada visão panorâmica dos sistemas de informação e em especial daqueles relativos à saúde. Demonstrou-se que sua aplicação a esse campo se constitui num amparo científico para a administração, pois reúne um conjunto de métodos que utiliza procedimentos matemáticos para auxiliar a organização e a tomada de decisões. Evidenciou-se que, sendo o objetivo máximo de programas de saúde a elevação dos níveis de saúde de uma comunidade, a implantação de um sistema de informação nesse setor permitirá que essa meta seja mais facilmente atingida.
O curso de planejamento da Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo: ensaio de avaliação
Authors: Ramos Reinaldo , Witt Aracy
Published: May 2007

Após descreverem sucintamente a organização e conteúdo do curso de especialização em planejamento do setor saúde, da Faculdade de Saúde Pública da USP, foram relatados os resultados de uma pesquisa levada a efeito junto a profissionais preparados no referido curso, no período de 1968 a 1972. A despeito de algumas falhas apontadas, os entrevistados, em sua maioria, manifestaram a opinião de que os conhecimentos e técnicas ministrados asseguram capacitação suficiente para o desempenho da função planejadora. As maiores dificuldades por eles sentidas dizem respeito a deficiências da máquina administrativa dos serviços de saúde, à escassez de pessoal e de verbas e à falta de apoio central, regional e local. Algumas medidas são sugeridas, objetivando a eliminação ou atenuação dessas dificuldades.
Encontro do Plasmodium (S) tropiduri no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Silva Eduardo Olavo da Rocha e , Rodrigues Décio de Camargo
Published: May 2007

Relata-se o encontro, pela primeira vez no Estado de São Paulo - Brasil, de lagartos do gênero Tropidurus, parasitados pelo Plasmodium (S) tropiduri, mencionando alguns dos achados anteriores do parasito em outras áreas do país e na Venezuela. São salientadas as baixas parasitemias encontradas e a semelhança morfológica das formas estudadas com a descrição do parasita feita por Aragão e Neiva. São mostradas ainda as dificuldades no achado das formas exoeritrocíticas encontradas no trombócitos. Assinala-se o encontro em baixa densidade, do A. (N) evansae e A. (N.) argyritarsis, numa das áreas estudadas.
Levantamento de características epidemiológicas do sarampo em São José do Rio Prêto (Brasil) - 1973
Authors: Boskovitz Eduardo Paulo , Benetti Cristina Helena , Toledo Rackel Ivannie Moreira de
Published: May 2007

Considerando-se o sarampo como infecção com grande importância médico-sanitária atual, estudou-se sua incidência numa cohorte de 5 anos (entre 2 -½7 anos atuais) em região urbana de São José do Rio Prêto (Brasil) evidenciando-se a elevação da incidência progressivamente em idades mais jovens. Utilizando-se de método de investigação acessível em noso meio - entrevistas - determinou-se a ação profilática da vacina específica (96%) e a demanda hospitalar devido ao sarampo (758 leitos/dia) na área estudada nos últimos 5 anos.
Avaliação qualitativa dos serviços de pré-natal: auditoria de fichas clínicas
Authors: Ciari Jr. Cyro , Arnoni Alfredo , Siqueira Arnaldo A. F. de , Almeida Pedro A. M. de , Giron Sueli Gandolfi
Published: May 2007

Propõe-se um método para auditoria de fichas clínicas de serviços de pré-natal, baseado no preenchimento de duas fichas modelos I e II. A primeira refere-se ao grau de preenchimento dos itens da ficha e a segunda à coerência entre os itens assinalados e o diagnóstico e conduta. Tendo como base o modelo de ficha usado pelo serviço em auditoria, são elaboradas duas listas de itens que depois são aplicadas para obtenção de dados que irão constar nas fichas I e II. O método foi usado em algumas unidades Sanitárias (CS I e III) da Secretaria de Saúde de S. Paulo (Brasil) revelando ser de simples aplicação e fácil análise dos resultados, porém necessitando de pessoal qualificado, como enfermeira e médico com experiência na área da Saúde Materna.
Estudo sorológico de infecções ocasionadas por citomegalovírus
Authors: Candeias J. A. N. , Stewien Klaus E. , Barbosa Victório
Published: May 2007

Estudou-se a distribuição etária e por sexo de anticorpos fixadores do complemento para citomegalovírus em 1294 soros de indivíduos do município de São Paulo. A uma porcentagem de positividade de 33%, nos primeiros quinze anos de vida, seguiu-se, após uma queda inicial no nível de anticorpos, um aumento progressivo até níveis de ordem de 70%. Não se observaram diferenças de positividade significativas em relação ao sexo. A comparação dos resultados obtidos com a reação de fixação do complemento e a reação de neutralização, numa amostra de 236 soros de indivíduos adultos, usando-se a cepa de citomegalovírus AD 169, evidenciou uma boa correlação.
Aspectos ecológicos da Tripanossomíase americana: VI - Persistência do Triatoma sordida apósalteração ambiental e suas possíveis relações com a dispersão da espécie
Authors: Forattini Oswaldo Paulo , Ferreira Octávio Alves , Rocha e Silva Eduardo Olavo da , Rabello Ernesto Xavier
Published: May 2007

São relatadas as observações sobre a persistência do Triatoma sordida em área onde foi procedida alteração temporária da cobertura vegetal. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a capacidade de resistência do triatomíneo a esse fator. Procurou-se relacionar esse aspecto à distribuição da espécie no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Existe certa semelhança entre os dados disponíveis a esse respeito e a evolução da atividade agrícola na região. Finalmente são considerados também os aspectos climáticos que podem influir na dispersão da espécie.
Aspectos demográficos da realidade brasileira e problemas de assistência médica no Brasil
Authors: Gonçalves Ernesto Lima
Published: May 2007

São apresentados dados demográficos básicos, que certamente interferem, com os níveis de saúde da população brasileira. Enquanto 28% da população moram em municípios com menos de 20.000 habitantes, 34% habitam cidades de população superior a 100.000; trata-se de extremos além dos quais há dificuldades para atendimento sanitário satisfatório da população. Foi observado que 35% da população brasileira permanece a descoberto dos esquemas previdenciários, o que significa, na prática, extrema dificuldade de atendimento médico, juntando-se a esse número a população rural, muito deficientemente atendida, chegou-se a um resultado de cerca de 63% da população brasileira total, com assistência que pode ser definida como precária.
Anemia ferropriva em parturientes e recém-nascidos
Authors: Szarfarc Sophia Cornbluth
Published: May 2007

O objetivo proposto foi verificar a prevalência de deficiência de ferro, num estrato de parturientes e recém-nascidos do município de São Paulo, de características sócio-econômicas bem definidas. O levantamento bioquímico constituiu-se de dosagens de concentração de hemoglobina, hematócrito, ferro sérico e capacidade de ligação de ferro. Os resultados desse levantamento mostraram uma prevalência de 52,3% de anemia em parturientes e de 21% de anemia em recém-nascidos. Concluiu-se que a ministração de sais de ferro, em serviços especializados de atendimento às gestantes pertencentes a classe sócio-econômica semelhante à essa estudada, seria uma medida profilática que poderia diminuir essas porcentagens de anemia.
Inquérito sorológico para a rubéola em professoras do município de São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Candeias J. A. N. , Rosenburg Cornélio P.
Published: May 2007

Estudou-se a distribuição etária de anticorpos inibidores da hemaglutinação para o vírus da rubéola em 415 soros de professoras de 27 parques infantis e 75 escolas municipais, da rede municipal de ensino de São Paulo. Deste total, 67,9% dos soros apresentavam títulos iguais ou superiores a 8, considerados como indicativos da presença de imunidade. Não se observaram diferenças significativas entre os diversos grupos etários estudados, relativamente à distribuição dos porcentuais de positividade. A distribuição porcentual dos títulos de anticorpos inibidores da hemaglutinação foi de 32,1% para títulos menores do que 8, 29,3% para título 8, 18,1% para título 16, 12,1% para título 32 e 8,4% para títulos iguais ou superiores a 64. De 35 soros com títulos iguais ou superiores a 64, após tratamento com 2-mercapto-etanol, 4 sofreram uma redução significativa do título. São feitas algumas considerações sobre os riscos de infecção a que estão sujeitas as professoras e sugere-se, entre os requisitos exigidos para a admissão das mesmas nas redes oficiais e particulares de ensino, o diagnóstico sorológico da rubéola, bem como o estabelecimento de um serviço de vacinação, devidamente controlado.
Estudo de um antígeno intradérmico para o diagnóstico da cisticercose: nota prévia
Authors: Marlet José M.
Published: May 2007

Propõe-se um antígeno intradérmico para o diagnóstico da cisticercose, mostrando a maneira de aplicá-lo e prepará-lo. A leitura é feita após 30 minutos de aplicada a injeção, medindo-se o diâmetro da pápula. O antígeno já foi testado em 31 pacientes de cisticercose cerebral e em 64 pessoas não parasitadas; os cisticercóticos apresentaram pápulas medindo em média 14,6 mm, com um desvio padrão de 7,3 mm, enquanto que nos "normais" a pápula mediu 4,9 ± 1,8 mm. Entre os cisticercóticos não houve reações negativas e entre os "normais" 26,5% não reagiram ao antígeno. Não foram narradas complicações posteriores. Encontram-se em fase inicial os testes em portadores de cestóides intestinais. O antígeno parece ter boa sensibilidade e possuir os requisitos necessários para ter valor epidemiológico: economia, fácil obtenção, aplicação e leitura simples, inocuidade, sensibilidade.
Nota sobre a diferenciação de ovos de Rhodnius neglectus e R. prolixus
Authors: Forattini Oswaldo Paulo , Barata José Maria Soares
Published: May 2007

Descreve-se característica morfológica diferencial que permite distinguir os ovos de Rhodnius neglectus e R. prolixus. Trata-se de formação saliente ao redor da região pré-opercular disposta à maneira de "colarinho", existente na primeira e ausente na segunda dessas espécies.
Investigação de foco, uma das atividades das campanhas de controle dos transmissores da tripanossomíase americana
Authors: Rocha e Silva Eduardo Olavo da , Andrade José Carlos Rehder de , Rodrigues Vera Lúcia C. C.
Published: May 2007

A entrega à Superintendência de Controle de Endemias por um morador do Município do Espírito Santo do Pinhal, Estado de São Paulo (Brasil), de um inseto suspeito de "barbeiro", encontrado na casa (quarto), sua correta identificação e exame, P. megistus infectado por Trypanosoma tipo cruzi, desencadeou uma operação de "investigação de foco", realizada através de operações de campo e laboratório. Esses trabalhos evidenciaram a presença da enzootia chagásica naquela localidade, bem como, a possibilidade do T. cruzi chegar aos seus moradores. Tal não ocorrendo, entre outros fatores, em decorrência das atividades de controle em andamento. Foi destacado o valor da "denúncia" (notificação) feita pelo morador e relatadas atividades ligadas à investigação de foco.
Incidência de fraturas, exceto de crânio, no município de Ribeirão Preto, SP (Brasil) nos anos de 1969 - 1970: I - Distribuição segundo a causa externa, tempo e lugar de ocorrência
Authors: Xavier Camilo André Mércio , Carvalheiro José da Rocha
Published: May 2007

Descreve-se a incidência de fraturas, exceto de crânio, na população residente no município de Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil, nos anos 1969 e 1970. Observaram-se, nesses anos, 2.635 e 2.709 fraturas, respectivamente, correspondendo a coeficientes de 13,50 e 12,72 por 1.000 habitantes. As quedas representaram a causa externa mais freqüente, com 41,6% em 1969 e 51,0% em 1970. O ambiente familiar (residência e peri-domicílio) é o local de ocorrência da maioria das fraturas. O período vespertino é aquele em que se dá a maioria dos acidentes que, embora tenham uma leve tendência de concentrar-se ao redor do domingo, não parecem exibir um padrão uniforme em função da época do ano.
Reação de inibição da hemaglutinação para o vírus da rubéola: técnica simplificada
Authors: Candeias J. A. N. , Neira Lucía , Rácz M. L. , Candeias Nelly M. F.
Published: May 2007

A comparação dos resultados obtidos com uma técnica simplificada de inibição da hemaglutinação para o vírus da rubéola e a técnica padronizada pelo "Center for Disease Control", permitiu determinar índices de sensibilidade e especificidade da técnica simplificada em relação à técnica padrão de, respectivamente, 99,4% e 90,0%. Esta técnica pode facilitar a execução de levantamentos sorológicos para a rubéola em larga escala.