bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Defect Structure of Nonstoichiometric Perovskite
Authors: Kondou Hidenobu , Fujimoto Masayuki , Haneda Hajime , Shirasaki Shinichi
Published: March 2014

The Po2 dependance on electrical conductivity and the oxygen diffusion in non-stoichiometric BaTiO3 and (Ba, Ca) TiO3 ceramics were investigated. It is confirmed that the electrical conductivity of A-site-excess specimen at high temperature is decreasing with decrease of oxygen pressure. The mechanism is discussed with the oxygen defect structure, defect structure, barium titanate, calcium doping, Semi-conductor, nonstoichiometry, electrical conductivity, oxygen diffusivity.
Acoustic Wave Characteristics of Lead-Free (Bi1/2Na1/2)0.99Ca0.01TiO3 Piezoelectric Ceramic
Authors: Takenaka Tadashi , Sakata Koichiro , Toda Kohji
Published: March 2014

Acoustic wave characteristics of lead-free (Bi1/2Na1/2)0.99Ca0.01TiO3 (BNC-1) piezoelectric ceramic are studied from a viewpoint of a new substrate material group for a surface acoustic wave and/or a bulk acoustic wave. The BNC-1 ceramic, which has high electromechanical coupling factors, k
33(=37.6%) and k
t(=51.3%), and low free permittivities, ε
33
T/ε
0(=236) and ε
11
T/ε
0(=271), along with a high mechanical strength, is favorable to high frequency ultrasonic uses. Two interdigital transducers can excite an SH plate mode wave or a Lamb mode wave whose travelling direction is perpendicular or parallel to the poling axis, respectively. A delay line type oscillator using the SH wave is demonstrated a single mode oscillation of 8.319 MHz.
AlN Film Preparation on Glass by Sputtering System with Facing Targets
Authors: Tominaga Kikuo , Shintani Yoshihiro
Published: March 2014

AlN films were prepared by a planar magnetron sputtering system with two facing targets. Discharge characteristics of the reactive sputtering of Al in N2 gas atmosphere was examined. This system enables the sputtering at a lower gas pressure such as 5×10-4 Torr. Deposition rate and c-axis orientation of the obtained AlN films were also investigated as a function of the gas pressure. C-axis ([00·2]) oriented films were obtained constantly and the degree of c-axis orientation was fairly good. Even at a substrate temperature of T
s=50°C, the c-axis oriented films were obtained. It was demonstrated that the presented planar magnetron sputtering system with facing targets is useful to the AlN film preparation.
Ceramic Composites of Lead Germanate Glass and PZT Ceramics
Authors: Ogawa Toshio , Sano Atsushi , Senda Atsuo , Wakino Kikuo
Published: March 2014

Ceramic composites consisting of two kinds of ferroelectric phases were prepared by adding small amounts (1∼5 wt%) of lead germanate (PGO) glass powder to PZT ceramic powders. The composite modified with the PGO glass had relatively large electromechanical coupling factor in comparison with the composite modified with Pb–B–Si glass. High piezoelectricity of the ceramic composite with PGO was due to ferroelectric phase changed from the paraelectric glass phase by crystallization. From a theoretical calculation of relative dielectric constant of the composite, PGO phase segregated locally between PZT grains at high firing temperature. In contrast, at low firing temperature the phase began to cover the PZT phase. As a result, this ceramic composite had large anisotropy between counter extensional mode and thickness longitudinal mode. Furthermore, low temperature sintering of the PZT ceramic composite was achieved by addition of small amounts of PGO glass powder, the melting point of which is comparatively low.
Analysis of Retrieval Signal Deterioration Caused by Disk Surface Roughness
Authors: Honguh Yoshinori
Published: March 2014

Deterioration of the retrieval signal caused by the surface roughness of the recording medium was analyzed based on the Fraunhofer diffraction model. The simple scalar diffraction model is useful for formulating the noise power spectrum of the readout signal. The surface roughness was characterized by the autocorrelation function of the surface profile. The contribution of the interaction between pits and roughness to noise power was evaluated.
Phase Change Disk Media Having Rapid Cooling Structure
Authors: Ohta Takeo , Inoue Kazuo , Uchida Masami , Yoshioka Kazumi , Akiyama Tetsuya , Furukawa Shigeaki , Nagata Kenichi , Nakamura Suguru
Published: March 2014

It is found that a rapid cooling structure is effective to improve overwrite characteristics of phase change type optical disk media. For a rapid cooling structure, thin A1N dielectric layer, 30 nm, with high thermal conductivity is suitable. The layer is adopted between the active layer and the reflective metal layer in quadrilayer disk structure. The cooling rate of the disk is calculated to be 12°C/nsec. This disk structure shows clear amorphous marks. A thin active layer disk structure using GeTe–Sb2Te3–Sb ,alloy of 20 nm has produced two million cycle stable bit error rate characteristics.1) And the erasability of the disk having a rapid cooling structure goes up more than 30 dB and shows rather wide plateau region of power dependency.
Improvement in Signal-to-Noise Ratio of a Longitudinally Coupled Cavity Laser by Internal Facet Reflectivity Reduction
Authors: Katagiri Yoshitada , Ukita Hiroo
Published: March 2014

Improvement in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is described for 830 nm AlGaAs double heterostructure lasers longitudinally coupled to a short complex cavity formed by a laser facet and an external mirror separated from the facet by a few micrometers. The SNR degraded by external cavity length (spacing) variation is improved by reducing internal laser facet reflectivity using an anti-reflection coating. A variation ratio, newly defined to evaluate light output variation due to spacing, reaches 1.6 at a reflectivity of 6.8×10-5. The SNR degraded by laser intensity noise is improved to 56 dB by biasing the drive current at an optimum corresponding to the noise valley which appears for lower laser facet reflectivity. The SNR degraded by temperature variation is improved by linear current control, maintaining a maximum value of it from 10 to 45°C.
High Density Optical Recording by Superresolution
Authors: Yamanaka Yutaka , Hirose Yutaka , Kubota Keiichi
Published: March 2014

High density magneto-optical disk recording by superresolution technique is described. The focused spot size on the recording medium is reduced to 80% that of a conventional optical recording by setting the double rhomb prism in the collimating beam, which improves the light power loss. The readout signal degradation affected by focused beam sidelobes is suppressed by spatially extracting the main lobe region from reflected light using a slit. The linear recording density has been improved to 1.2 times as high as that for a conventional optical recording.
High-Temperature Photochemical Hole Burning
Authors: Sakoda Kazuaki , Kominami Kazuhiko , Iwamoto Masao
Published: March 2014

It is shown that photochemical hole burning above liquid nitrogen temperature is a common feature of free-base porphin derivatives with ionic substituents dispersed in polyvinylalcohol. The temperature dependence of the hole width is well represented by a power law between 4.2 K and 120 K. Spectral diffusion is suppressed in polyvinylalcohol as compared with polyimide, which suggests that the microenvironment of the ionic porphin derivatives is more rigid due to hydrogen bonds in the former than in the latter. It is also shown that the chemical modification of phenyl rings does not affect much the spectroscopic features of tetraphenylporphin in the visible energy range, which is confirmed by means of absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, and fluorescence lifetime measurement.
Thermomagnetically Induced Nucleation and Growth of Domains in GdTbFeCo
Authors: Lin C.-J.
Published: March 2014

The nucleation and growth kinetics of magnetic domains below Curie temperature during thermomagnetic recording in a typical compensation point writing material, GdTbFeCo, were investigated with a dynamic tester using both pulsed and cw laser beams. Nucleation of domain is shown to be more difficult than growth. Furthermore, both nucleation and growth of domains are rather nonuniform. The implications of these observations are discussed.
Spectral Hole Burning and Holography: Multiple Storage of Holograms
Authors: Renn Alois , Caro Cosimo De , Wild Urs P.
Published: March 2014

Spectral hole burning allows the storage of a large number of holograms within the inhomogeneously broadened absorption band of a dye in a polymer film. The storage of 25 holograms within a spectral range of 1 cm-1 has been achieved. Here it is shown how the relative phase between the holograms can be controlled and used to improve the storage density. An electric field was employed as an additional dimension to address the images.
Multi-Valued Magneto-Optical Recording in TbFe/SiO Compositionally Modulated Films
Authors: Saito Nobuo , Sato Ryuji , Kawamura Norikazu , Kajiura Masako
Published: March 2014

Multi-level signals are written and read out in TbFe/SiO compositionally modulated films, which consist of thin amorphous TbFe layers separated by dielectric SiO layers. Writing of four-level signals is performed with four-level magnetic field taking advantage of the fact that the coercive forces of three TbFe layers in the film are different from one to another. The four-level signals are read out through Faraday rotation which depends on the configurations of magnetization of the films. TbFe/SiO compositionally modulated films are potential media for magneto-optical recording with bit density several times as high as current magneto-optical recording disks.
Applications of Polarisation Switching In Twin Stripe Semiconductor Lasers
Authors: Davies D. A. O. , White I. H. , Carroll J. E.
Published: March 2014

Polarisation switching in a twin stripe laser is exploited to produce logic operations with possible applications in optical data processing and computing. Experimental results are presented showing polarisation based logical inversion, and this operation is used to enable the configuration of the laser device as an optical “clock” and optical pseudo-random pulse generator. Phase locking of the optical clock is also demonstrated.
Microscopic Image Processing and Analysis of Magneto-Optic Recording Domain
Authors: Lee Z. Y. , Zhu P. , Zhang X. T. , Zhou M. L. , Zhu Y. T.
Published: March 2014

A method for calculating characteristic parameters of magneto-optic(MO) recording domain was suggested. With the MO recording domain processing and analysis system to preprocess, binarilize and quantize original domain image, the fine structure of the recorded domain was reshowed on the monitor and its quantitative analysis results were obtained, such as domain area, diameter and ellipticity, etc. The morphology readout intensity of recorded domain can be evaluated by the values of the quantitative parameters.
Magneto-Optical Disk Structure with High Write/Erase Repeatability
Authors: Ogihara Noriyuki , Shimazaki Katsusuke , Yamada Yukinori , Yoshihiro Masafumi , Gotoh Akira , Fujiwara Hideo , Kirino Fumiyoshi , Ohta Norio
Published: March 2014

Over 107 write/erase repeatability has been achieved in magneto-optical (MO) disk by optimizing thermo-structural design through thermal conduction analyses. By combining this technology with that for anti-corrosion measures, a highly reliable and durable 5 1/4 inch MO disk has been developed. Carrier level degradation through write/erase repetition, which was observed in the cource of the development, is thought to be interpreted as a structure relaxation by annealing leading to a localized change in magnetic properties.
High Speed Accessing by Direct Accessing
Authors: Koumura Kazuhisa , Takizawa Fuminori , Tsujisawa Takahiko , Inada Hiroshi
Published: March 2014

Accessing performance for magneto-optical disk drive, especially the address seeking error with the direct accessing method, was evaluated. The seeking error, due to incorrect track counting, which is caused by the tracking error signal disturbance, can be reduced to ±10 tracks by a seeking stroke modification. The 24 msec address seeking performance without disk revolution latency by direct accessing method is presented.
Still Picture Filing/Transmitting System with Data Compression Technique
Authors: Sasano Yoshiji , Saitou Toshiharu , Tanaka Fujio
Published: March 2014

Still picture filing/transmitting system has been developed using a ISO standardized 5.25 inches Magneto-Optical (MO) disk drive. In this system many types of information such as voice, image and document are easily recorded on the MO disk by a host computer. Still picture data, especially, can be compressed to 1/12 of the original data without degradation, using an Adaptive Vector Quantization (AVQ) technique. Users can file about 9000 still color pictures whose resolution is 512 pixels × 480 lines on one disk, and transmit these data on a telephone line.
A comparison of satellite‐ and ground‐based measurements of SO2 emissions from Tungurahua volcano, Ecuador
Authors: McCormick Brendan T. , Herzog Michael , Yang Jian , Edmonds Marie , Mather Tamsin A. , Carn Simon A. , Hidalgo Silvana , Langmann Baerbel
Published: March 2014

Satellite‐measured SO2 mass loadings and ground‐based measurements of SO2 emission rate are not directly comparable, with ∼40% differences between mean emissions reported by each technique from Tungurahua volcano, Ecuador, during late 2007. Numerical simulations of postemission processing and dispersal of Tungurahua's SO2 emissions enable more effective comparison of ground‐ and satellite‐based SO2 data sets, reducing the difference between them and constraining the impact of plume processing on satellite SO2 observations. Ground‐based measurements of SO2 emission rate are used as the model input, and simulated SO2 mass loadings are compared to those measured by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). The changing extent of SO2 processing has a significant impact on daily variation in SO2 mass loading for a fixed volcanic emission rate. However, variations in emission rate at Tungurahua are large, suggesting that overall volcanic source strength and not subsequent processing is more likely to be the dominant control on atmospheric mass loading. SO2 emission rate estimates are derived directly from the OMI observations using modeled SO2 lifetime. Good agreement is achieved between both observed and simulated mass loadings (∼21%) and satellite‐derived and ground‐measured SO2 emission rates (∼18%), with a factor of 2 improvement over the differences found by simple direct comparison. While the balance of emission source strength and postemission processing will differ between volcanoes and regions, under good observation conditions and where SO2 lifetime is ∼24 hours, satellite‐based sensors like OMI may provide daily observations of SO2 mass loading which are a good proxy for volcanic source strength.
Viscosity and rheological behavior of microbubbles in capillary tubes
Authors: Shams Mohammad Mehdi , Dong Mingzhe , Mahinpey Nader
Published: March 2014

The viscosity of microbubbles has been measured in capillary tubes. Experiments were conducted in tubes of different diameters and lengths, with a constant microbubble concentration. The effects of bubble void fraction and size distribution on the viscosity of microbubbles were also investigated. Microbubbles demonstrate shear‐thinning non‐Newtonian behavior. The viscosity of microbubbles decreases with a decrease in tube diameter and bubble void fraction, and with an increase in tube length. Although viscosity changes with tube dimensions, the flow index (n′) is only influenced by the microbubble void fraction. It is also found that bubble size distribution in the range (1–12 µm) used in this study does not affect the viscosity of microbubbles. The data were then used to develop a correlation to predict viscosity of microbubbles, which represents the experimental viscosity data with an absolute average relative deviation less than 1.3%. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 2660–2669, 2014
Lichtinduzierte Totalsynthese von 17‐Desoxyprovidencin
Authors: Toelle Nina , Weinstabl Harald , Gaich Tanja , Mulzer Johann
Published: March 2014

Eine asymmetrische Synthese des Diterpenoids 17‐Desoxyprovidencin wird beschrieben. Schlüsselschritte sind eine Aldoladdition, eine basenkatalysierte Furancyclisierung nach Wipf, eine Z‐selektive Ringschlussmetathese zum Makrocyclus, eine photochemische E/Z‐Isomerisierung zum hochgespannten, konformativ eingeschränkten Ringsystem, sowie die stereoselektive Bildung zweier Epoxide am Ring.
Twisted but Conjugated: Building Blocks for Low Bandgap Polymers
Authors: Chiu Chien‐Yang , Wang Hengbin , Brunetti Fulvio G. , Wudl Fred , Hawker Craig J.
Published: March 2014

Here we report a novel twisted monomer based on a distorted CC double bond for low bandgap conjugated copolymers. This new building block provides several unique characteristics when compared to classical planar systems such as high solubility, electron accepting ability, and isomeric tunability. The resulting copolymers exhibit broad absorption spanning both visible and near‐infrared regions leading to promising solar cell performance.
Light‐Mediated Total Synthesis of 17‐Deoxyprovidencin
Authors: Toelle Nina , Weinstabl Harald , Gaich Tanja , Mulzer Johann
Published: March 2014

An asymmetric synthesis of the diterpenoid 17‐deoxyprovidencin is described. Key steps include an aldol addition, a base‐catalyzed Wipf‐type furan formation, a Z‐selective ring‐closing metathesis for macrocyclization, a photochemical E/Z isomerization to a highly strained and conformationally restricted ring system, and the stereoselective formation of two epoxides on the ring.
Preparation and chemical reactions of rigid cross‐linked poly(vinyl chloride) foams modified by epoxy compounds
Authors: Jiang Zhiwei , Yao Kun , Du Zhonghui , Xue Jian , Tang Tao , Liu Wenbin
Published: March 2014

A novel method to prepare semi‐interpenetrating polymer network rigid cross‐linked poly(vinyl chloride) (c‐PVC) foams with improved shear toughness in the absence of anhydride components is reported. The cross‐linked network structure in the c‐PVC foams was composed of polyurea network modified by epoxy structure. The cellular morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Tensile, compressive, and shear properties of the foams were studied. The obtained c‐PVC foams showed high shear properties compared with the comparative samples with the same density and cellular morphology. Possible reactions during the preparation of c‐PVC foams were studied by means of Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements through the model experiments. The results showed that allophanate structure resulting from the reaction between isocyanate compounds and epoxy compounds formed in the molding step, which was included into the final cross‐linked network in the cross‐linking step. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40567.
High‐tensile‐strength polyvinyl alcohol films prepared from freeze/thaw cycled gels
Authors: Fukumori Taishi , Nakaoki Takahiko
Published: March 2014

The mechanical properties and molecular structure of a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) film, which was obtained by eliminating water from a PVA hydrogel using repeated freeze/thaw cycles, were investigated by tensile tests, thermal analysis, and X‐ray diffraction measurements. The mechanical properties of PVA with 99.9% saponification were measured as a function of the number of freeze/thaw cycles performed. The tensile strength and Young's modulus increased and the elongation at break decreased with increasing freeze/thaw cycles. The tensile strength and Young's modulus of PVA films obtained after seven freeze/thaw cycles were as high as 255 MPa and 13.5 GPa after annealing at 130°C. Thermal analysis and X‐ray diffraction measurements revealed that this is because of a high crystallinity and a large crystallite size. A good relationship between the tensile strength and the glass transition temperature was obtained, regardless of the degree of saponification and annealing conditions. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40578.
Cationic microgel emulsion with a high solid content by a multistep addition method in inverse microemulsion polymerization
Authors: Li Guanghui , Zhang Guicai , Wang Lei , Ge Jijiang
Published: March 2014

The multistep addition of a monomer and initiator was developed to successfully synthesize cationic polyacrylamide microgels with solid contents (SCs) greater than 35% and cationic monomer concentrations of 0–40 mol % by inverse microemulsion polymerization. Two feed methods, three‐step nonuniform addition and five‐step uniform addition, were implemented to obtain microgel emulsions with 37% SC. The former addition method was designed according to the solubilization limit of the microemulsion before step polymerization, and that of the latter was a constant based on the remaining surfactant weight in the reactor. The product properties in the intermediate processes of these two methods were compared by dynamic light scattering and viscosity measurement. The results show that the products here were translucent microemulsions instead of milky ones when they were synthesized by a semicontinuous polymerization. Also, the particle sizes of these two methods were almost the same; this indicated that the oscillation phenomenon in continuous polymerization at a high SC was avoided. With the former feed method, the risk and operation cost in the synthesis process could be cut down greatly. Moreover, the viscosity of the cationic microgel emulsion conformed to the Krieger–Dougherty equation with a greater value of intrinsic viscosity than that of a hard‐sphere system because of an electroviscous effect. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40585.
Effect of thermotropic liquid crystalline poly(ether ketone)arylates on the processibility and properties of poly(ether ether ketone)s fibers
Authors: Li Ruosong , Wu Ting , Zeng Luxian , Xu Jianjun , Liu Pengqing
Published: March 2014

A series of composite fibers based on poly(ether ether ketone)s (PEEK) and a thermotropic liquid crystalline poly(ether ketone)arylates (PEKAR) have been prepared by melt spinning. The structure, compatibility, and properties of these composite fibers were investigated in detail by rheological measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, orientation degree test, and mechanical properties test. The results showed that the addition of PEKAR could reduce the apparent melt viscosity of the blends obviously, which is beneficial in improving the processibility of PEEK at a relatively low temperature. After adding 1 wt % PEKAR to PEEK, the tensile strength of the post‐treatment fiber improved by 8.8%, whereas the crystallinity of the as‐spun fiber increased from 21.76% to 31.51%, and the orientation degree also increased with the addition of PEKAR. The result of morphology research suggested that PEKAR had a good compatibility with PEEK resin. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40595.
Effect of steam explosion on degumming efficiency and physicochemical characteristics of banana fiber
Authors: Sheng Zhanwu , Gao Jinhe , Jin Zhiqiang , Dai Haofu , Zheng Lili , Wang Bizun
Published: March 2014

A steam explosion degumming method coupled with the 16 (44) orthogonal array design was used to investigate the efficient retting of fibers. Four parameters were examined to determine the residual gum and lignin content of retted fibers, and the optimum extraction conditions were determined to be the following: banana fiber moisture content of 10%, 1.2% NaOH, steam pressure of 1.75 MPa, and residence time of 90 s. Under optimized conditions, the experimental yield of residual gum (5.47 ± 0.22%) and lignin (3.78 ± 0.12%) agreed closely with the predicted yield. The chemical composition of the fibers was analyzed, and the retted fibers exhibited an increase in the cellulose content and a decrease in the lignin and hemicellulose contents. This result was further confirmed by XRD and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The scanning electron microscopy analysis of the treated fibers showed a change in their surface morphology compared with that of the raw fibers. Their thermal characterization showed an enhanced thermal stability of the retted fibers compared to the raw fibers. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40598.
Molybdate‐doped copolymer coatings for corrosion prevention of stainless steel
Authors: Li Feng , Li Guo‐xi , Zeng Jing , Gao Gui‐hong
Published: March 2014

The polypyrrole and polyaniline copolymer coating (PPy‐PAni) and PPy‐PAni doped with sodium molybdate copolymer coating (
) were synthesized on stainless steel by cyclic voltammetry. The effect of molybdate on the passivation of stainless steel was investigated by linear sweep voltammetry in 0.2 mol L−1 of oxalic acid. The corrosion prevention performances of these copolymer coatings for stainless steel were investigated by linear sweep voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in 1 mol L−1 of sulfuric acid, and potentiodynamic polarization in 0.1 mol L−1 of hydrochloric acid. Copolymer coating doped with molybdate could accelerate the formation of the passive oxide film and have better corrosion prevention efficiencies than PPy‐PAni coating on stainless steel. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40602.
Preparation and properties of UV‐curable fluorinated polyurethane acrylates
Authors: Park Jeong‐Min , Lee Young‐Hee , Park Hyun , Kim Han‐Do
Published: March 2014

A series of UV‐curable polyurethane acrylates (PUA0, FPUA3, FPUA6, FPUA 9 FPUA12, FPUA15, where the numbers indicate the wt % of perfluoroalkyl acrylate), were prepared from a reactive oligomer [4,4 ́‐dicyclohexymethanediisocyanate(H12MDI)/ poly(tetramethylene glycol)(PTMG)/2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA): 2/1/2 molar ratio, prepolymer:40 wt %] and diluents [methyl methacrylate (MMA, 20 wt %)/ isobornyl acrylate (IBOA, 40–25 wt %)/heptadecafluorodecyl methacrylate (PFA, 0–15 wt), total diluents: 60 wt %]. This study examined the effect of PFA/IBOA weight ratio on the properties of the UV‐curable polyurethane acrylates for antifouling coating materials. The as‐prepared UV‐curable coating material containing a 15 wt % PFA content in diluents (MMA/IBOA/PFA) form a heterogeneous mixture, indicating that a PFA content of approximately 15 wt % was beyond the limit of the dilution capacity of diluents for the oligomer. In the wavelength range of 400–800 nm, the UV‐cured PUA0 film sample was quite transparent (transmittance%: near 100%). On the other hand, the transmittance% of the FPUA film sample decreased markedly with increasing PFA content. XPS showed that the film‐air surface of the UV‐cured polyurethane acrylate film had a higher fluorine content than the film‐glass dish interface. As the PFA content increased from 0 to 12 wt %, the surface tension of the UV‐cured urethane acrylates decreased from 26.8 to 15.6 mN/m, whereas the water/methylene iodide contact angles of the film–air surface increased from 90.1/63.6° to 120.9/87.1°. These results suggest that the UV‐curable polyurethane acrylates containing a PFA content up to 12 wt % have strong potential as fouling‐release coating materials. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40603.
Perspectives on Systems Change Among Local Change Agents: A Comparative Study
Authors: Collura Jessica J. , Christens Brian D.
Published: March 2014

Community organizers and activists draw on multiple traditions of community building and collective action in attempts to galvanize change. The diversity of perspectives on social change processes indicates corresponding differences in perspectives on systems and what is required to change them. Twenty‐two in‐depth interviews with community organizers and activists in the Midwestern USA were conducted to identify differences in perspectives on systems change efforts. Four models used by organizers were identified: action/issue‐centric, identity‐centric, relationship‐centric, and organizing‐development. Strategies for recruitment, issue selection, leadership determination, and action were compared across models. Analyses revealed that some models might be better suited to action on certain issues (e.g. identity‐centric models when organizing around homelessness), whereas others may have advantages for use in certain settings (e.g. relationship‐centric models in congregations). These findings suggest that practitioners and scholars should pay close attention to contextual factors and focal issues when determining strategies for creating systems change. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How atypical can Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome be?
Authors: Sajan Thomas , Vinay Srinivasa , Sonu Nigam , Alan Parnham
Published: March 2014

Key Clinical Message

A 24‐year‐old man with diarrhea found to have acute renal failure with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA). A diagnosis of hemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) was made. He was initiated on plasma exchange and hemodialysis. On day 6, he was started on eculizumab. His renal functions progressively improved. His main complication during eculizumab therapy was hypertension‐related posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome.
Dynamic Properties of Molecular Tweezers with a Bis(2‐hydroxyphenyl)pyrimidine Backbone
Authors: Tsuchido Yoshitaka , Suzaki Yuji , Ide Tomohito , Osakada Kohtaro
Published: March 2014

4,6‐Bis(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐2‐alkylpyrimidines with two anthryl or 9‐ethylnylanthryl substituents at the positions para to the OH groups prefer a U‐shaped conformation supported by two intramolecular OH⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen bonds in the solid state and in CDCl3 solution. The compound with a hexyl substituent on the pyrimidine group and two 9‐ethynylanthryl arms at the hydroxyphenyl groups forms a 1:1 complex with 2,4,7‐trinitrofluorenone. Its association constant Ka was estimated to be 2100 M−1 at 298 K, which is larger than those of other molecular tweezers (Ka<1000 M−1). DFT calculations suggested that the complex adopts a stable conformation supported by intramolecular hydrogen bonds among the OH groups and the pyrimidine ring as well as by intermolecular π–π interaction between the anthryl groups and 2,4,7‐trinitrofluorenone. Addition of nBu4NF to a solution of the molecular tweezers or their complexes causes the cleavage of one or two OH⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen bonds, formation of new O⋅⋅⋅HF hydrogen bonds, and changes in the molecular conformation. The resulting structure of the molecular tweezers contains nonparallel anthryl groups, which do not bind the guest molecule. Photochemical measurements on 4,6‐bis(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐2‐methylpyrimidine with two anthryl substituents showed negligible luminescence (quantum yield ϕ<0.01), owing to photoinduced electron transfer of the molecule with a U‐shaped structure. However, the O‐hexylated compound exhibits emission from the anthryl groups with ϕ=0.39.
Cyclodimerization versus Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate Induced byN‐Heterocyclic Carbenes: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Nzahou Ottou Winnie , Bourichon Damien , Vignolle Joan , Wirotius Anne‐Laure , Robert Fredéric , Landais Yannick , Sotiropoulos Jean‐Marc , Miqueu Karinne , Taton Daniel
Published: March 2014

The activation behavior of twoN‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), namely, 1,3‐bis(isopropyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene(NHCiPr) and 1,3‐bis(tert‐butyl) imidazol‐2‐ylidene (NHCtBu), as organic nucleophiles in the reaction with methyl methacrylate (MMA) is described. NHCtBu allows the polymerization of MMA in DMF at room temperature and in toluene at 50 °C, whereas NHCiPr reacts with two molecules of MMA, forming an unprecedented imidazolium–enolate cyclodimer (NHCiPr/MMA=1:2). It is proposed that the reaction mechanism occurs by initial 1,4‐nucleophilic addition of NHCiPr to MMA, generating a zwitterionic enolate2, followed by addition of2to a second MMA molecule, forming a linear imidazolium–enolate3(NHCiPr/MMA=1:2). Proton transfer, generating intermediate5, followed by cyclization and release of methanol yielded the aforementioned zwitterionic cyclodimer 1:2 adduct7, the molecular structure of which has been established by NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and mass spectrometry. This unexpected difference between NHCtBu and NHCiPr in the reaction with MMA (polymerization and cyclodimerization, respectively) can be rationalized by using DFT calculations. In particular, the nature of the NHC strongly influences the cyclodimerization pathway, the cyclization of5and the release of methanol are the discriminating step and limiting step, respectively. In the case of NHCtBu, both steps are strongly disfavoured compared with that of NHCiPr (energetic difference of around 14 and 9 kcal mol−1, respectively), preventing the cyclization mechanism from a kinetic viewpoint. Moreover, addition of a third molecule of MMA in the polymerization pathway results in a lower activation barrier than that of the limiting step in the cyclodimerization pathway (difference of around 14 kcal mol−1), in agreement with the formation of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) by using NHCtBu as nucleophile.
ChemInform Abstract: Unexpected Stable Stoichiometries of Sodium Chlorides.
Authors: Zhang Weiwei , Oganov Artem R. , Goncharov Alexander F. , Zhu Qiang , Boulfelfel Salah Eddine , Lyakhov Andriy O. , Stavrou Elissaios , Somayazulu Maddury , Prakapenka Vitali B. , Konopkova Zuzana
Published: March 2014

Cubic and orthorhombic NaCl3 and two‐dimensional metallic tetragonal Na3Cl are prepared in a laser‐heated diamond anvil cell at 10 to 80 GPa in the Na—Cl system in the presence of excess chlorine and sodium.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of a 1D Chain‐Like Cu6 Substituted Sandwich‐Type Phosphotungstate with Pendant Dinuclear Cu‐Azido Complexes.
Authors: Li Yan‐Ying , Zhao Jun‐Wei , Wei Qi , Yang Bai‐Feng , Yang Guo‐Yu
Published: March 2014

Dark green block crystals of the new compound [Cu(en)2]{ [Cu2(en)2(N3)2(H2O)] 2 [Cu6(en)2(H2O)2 (PW9O34)2]}·6H2O are hydrothermally synthesized by the self‐assembly reaction of Na8[A‐β‐HPW9O34], Cu(NO3)2, en, NaN3, and H2O (autoclave, 120 °C, 5 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydrogenation of β‐Acylamino Nitroolefins: A New Approach to Chiral β‐Amino Nitroalkanes.
Authors: Zhou Ming , Dong Dejun , Zhu Baolin , Geng Huiling , Wang Yan , Zhang Xumu
Published: March 2014

By using TangPhos as chiral ligand a series of β‐amino nitroalkanes are obtained in high yields and with good enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Peptide‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Enantioselective Reduction of α,β,γ,δ‐Unsaturated Aldehydes.
Authors: Akagawa Kengo , Sen Jun , Kudo Kazuaki
Published: March 2014

A new resin‐supported peptide is applied as catalyst for the enantioselective reduction of α,β,γ,δ‐unsaturated aldehydes of type (I) with Hantzsch dihydropyridine.
ChemInform Abstract: Dehydroascorbic Acid (DHAA) Capped Magnetite Nanoparticles as an Efficient Magnetic Organocatalyst for the One‐Pot Synthesis of α‐Aminonitriles and α‐Aminophosphonates.
Authors: Saberi Dariush , Cheraghi Samaneh , Mahdudi Samaneh , Akbari Jafar , Heydari Akbar
Published: March 2014

The title catalyst is successfully employed for the Strecker reaction and the Kabachnik—Fields reaction to give α‐aminonitriles and phosphonates.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Allylation of Stabilized Phosphonium Ylides with Primary Allylic Amines.
Authors: Ma Xian‐Tao , Wang Yong , Dai Rui‐Han , Liu Cong‐Rong , Tian Shi‐Kai
Published: March 2014

The allylation of phosphonium ylides with allylic amines in the presence of Pd(PPh3)4 and B(OH)3 as a catalytic system followed by an one‐pot Wittig olefination with formaldehyde leads to desired (E)‐ketodienes.
ChemInform Abstract: Isocyanide‐Based Multicomponent Reactions: Synthesis of 2‐(1‐(Alkylcarbamoyl)‐2,2‐dicyanoethyl)‐N‐alkylbenzamide and 1,7‐Diazaspiro[4,4]nonane‐2,4‐dione Derivatives.
Authors: Soleimani Ebrahim , Zainali Mohsen , Ghasemi Neda , Notash Behrouz
Published: March 2014

The four‐component reaction between 2‐formylbenzoic acid, malononitrile, isocyanides, and primary alkyl amines is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structure of N‐Alkoxyhydrazines and N‐Alkoxy‐N′,N′,N′‐trialkylhydrazinium Salts.
Authors: Shtamburg Vasiliy G. , Shishkin Oleg V. , Zubatyuk Roman I. , Shtamburg Victor V. , Tsygankov Alexander V. , Mazepa Alexander V. , Kadorkina Gulnara K. , Kostyanovsky Remir G.
Published: March 2014

Some title compounds are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Effective Tandem Hydroformylation—Acetalization of Olefins Using a Long‐Life Broensted Acid—Rh Bifunctional Catalyst in Ionic Liquid—Alcohol Systems.
Authors: Jin Xin , Zhao Kun , Cui Feifei , Kong Fangfang , Liu Qiangqiang
Published: March 2014

The application of a zwitterionic phosphine ligand bearing an amino acid moiety is tested in the tandem hydroformylation—acetalization of alkenes (I), however, the reaction leads to a mixture of isomers (IV) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation of Thioamides.
Authors: Rong Bin , Ding Lei , Yu Hailei , Yang Qin , Liu Xuliang , Xu Dongfang , Li Guisheng , Zhao Baoguo
Published: March 2014

A facile and mild method for the selective α‐monoallylation of thioamides is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Stereocontrolled and Regiocontrolled Syntheses of Polyoxygenated [2.2.2]Oxabicyclic Synthons.
Authors: Slack Rachel D. , Siegler Maxime A. , Posner Gary H.
Published: March 2014

Starting from commercially available electron poor 2‐pyrones the synthesis of polyoxygenated cyclohexanes is reported via an inverse‐electron demand Diels—Alder cycloaddition with tert‐butyldimethylsilyl vinyl ether as key step.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antibacterial/Antitubercular Activity Evaluation of Symmetrical trans‐Cyclohexane‐1,4‐diamine Derivatives.
Authors: Kumar Nitin , Kapoor Ekta , Singh Ramandeep , Kidwai Saqib , Kumbukgolla Widurana , Bhagat Sunita , Rawat Diwan S.
Published: March 2014

A library of symmetrical trans‐cyclohexanediamine derivatives (IV) (27 examples) are synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Helical Oxidovanadium(IV) Salen‐Type Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Behavior.
Authors: Barman Sanmitra , Patil Smita , Desper John , Aikens Christine M. , Levy Christopher J.
Published: March 2014

Four oxidovanadium complexes, e.g. DCAP and BNBA, are prepared and tested as chiral catalysts for the oxidation of thioanisole (I) to sulfoxide (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Recyclization of Benzofuropyridines by the Action of Activated Alkynes in the Synthesis of Spiro[benzofuropyridines], Representatives of a New Class of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors.
Authors: Voskressensky L. G. , et al. et al.
Published: March 2014

Benzofuropyridine (VI) and spiro[benzofuropyridines] [(IX) and (XI)] are evaluated for their AChE (acetylcholinesterase) inhibition activities compared to galantamine as reference standard.
ChemInform Abstract: Regio‐ and Stereoselective Synthesis of Spirooxindole 1′‐Nitro Pyrrolizidines with Five Concurrent Stereocenters under Aqueous Medium and Their Bioprospection Using the Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryo Model.
Authors: Puerto Galvis Carlos E. , Kouznetsov Vladimir V.
Published: March 2014

Title compounds (IV) (20 examples) are readily prepared by a catalyst‐free three‐component reaction of isatins (I) with prolines (II) and β‐nitrostyrenes (III).
ChemInform Abstract: “On Water”, Phosphine‐Free Palladium‐Catalyzed Room Temperature C—H Arylation of Indoles.
Authors: Islam Saidul , Larrosa Igor
Published: March 2014

The use of silver cyclohexanoate as base is crucial for the success of the title arylation reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of 7‐Phenyl‐7H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐d][1,2,3]triazin‐4‐ol with Thionyl Chloride.
Authors: Khutova B. M. , Klyuchko S. V. , Gurenko A. O. , Vasilenko A. N. , Rusanov E. B. , Brovarets V. S.
Published: March 2014

Depending on reaction conditions, different pyrazole derivatives are synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: An Expedient One‐Pot Synthesis of Highly Substituted Imidazoles Using Supported Ionic Liquid‐Like Phase (SLLP) as a Green and Efficient Catalyst and Evaluation of Their anti‐Microbial Activity.
Authors: Jourshari Maryam Saffari , Mamaghani Manouchehr , Shirini Farhad , Tabatabaeian Khalil , Rassa Mehdi , Langari Hadiss
Published: March 2014

An efficient one‐pot multicomponent route for the synthesis of trisubstituted imidazole derivatives (III) (9 examples) and (V) (5 examples) under ultrasonic irradiation or classical thermal conditions is developed using a supported ionic liquid‐like phase as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Strategy for the Construction of Substituted Benzoxazoles via a Tandem Oxidative Process.
Authors: Gu Lijun , Jin Cheng , Guo Junming , Zhang Lizhu , Wang Wei
Published: March 2014

A simple method is elaborated for the preparation of benzoxazoles (III) and (V) by iron‐catalyzed oxidative cyclization of 2‐aminophenols with methylarenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Characterization and Molecular Docking Studies of Some New 1,3,4‐Oxadiazolines Bearing 6‐Methylpyridine Moiety for Antimicrobial Property.
Authors: Shyma P. C. , Kalluraya Balakrishna , Peethambar S. K. , Telkar Sandeep , Arulmoli T.
Published: March 2014

Title compounds are obtained by a two‐step reaction giving hydrazones (III) and (VII), respectively which are next cyclized.
ChemInform Abstract: Ni‐Catalyzed [8 + 3] Cycloaddition of Tropones with 1,1‐Cyclopropanediesters.
Authors: Tejero Ruben , Ponce Alberto , Adrio Javier , Carretero Juan C.
Published: March 2014

A variety of cycloheptapyran derivatives are synthesized via the title cycloaddition reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Aminotetrahydrothiopyrano[4,3‐b]pyran‐3‐carbonitrile Derivatives Using Mesoporous NH2‐MCM‐41.
Authors: Mirza‐Aghayan Maryam , Saravani Farhad , Tarlani Ali Akbar , Abaee Mohammad Saeed , Boukherroub Rabah
Published: March 2014

11 Title compounds are prepared in the presence of mesoporous NH2‐MCM‐41.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Polysubstituted Isochromanes by Addition of ortho‐Lithiated Aryloxiranes to Enaminones.
Authors: Salomone Antonio , Perna Filippo Maria , Sassone Francesca Claudia , Falcicchio Aurelia , Bezensek Jure , Svete Jurij , Stanovnik Branko , Florio Saverio , Capriati Vito
Published: March 2014

The lithiation of 2‐bromophenyloxiranes (I) followed by a reaction with enaminones (II) leads to diastereomeric isochromanes (III) and (IV), which are readily separable by column chromatography.
ChemInform Abstract: Inverse Electron Demand hetero‐Diels—Alder Reaction in Preparing 1,4‐Benzodioxin from o‐Quinone and Enamine.
Authors: Zhang Jinsong , Taylor Chris , Bowman Erich , Savage‐Low Leo , Lodewyk Michael W. , Hanne Larry , Wu Guang
Published: March 2014

o‐Quinones, generated by IBX oxidation of substituted phenols, undergo cycloaddition with enamines.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Studies of Novel Quinazoline Derivatives of Sydnone.
Authors: Akbari Vikunjana K. , Kahar Ramprasad G. , Patel Keshav C.
Published: March 2014

Some of the sydnone derivatives (II) (9 examples), especially derivatives (IId) and (IIg), show excellent antibacterial activities.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3,7‐Triazapyrene: The First Case of Hetarylation of Benzene and Its Analogues.
Authors: Borovlev I. V. , Demidov O. P. , Borovlev I. I. , Saigakova N. A.
Published: March 2014

The title compounds (II) undergo hetarylation by 1,3,7‐triazapyrene (I) via dihydrotriazapyrenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Mannich Bases of 7‐Piperazinylquinolones and Kojic Acid Derivatives: Synthesis, in vitro Antibacterial Activity and in silico Study.
Authors: Emami Saeed , Ghafouri Ebrahim , Faramarzi Mohammad Ali , Samadi Nasrin , Irannejad Hamid , Foroumadi Alireza
Published: March 2014

Eight title compounds of type (IV) are prepared and tested as antibacterials.
ChemInform Abstract: Superacid Synthesized Tertiary Benzenesulfonamides and Benzofuzed Sultams Act as Selective hCA IX Inhibitors: Toward Understanding a New Mode of Inhibition by Tertiary Sulfonamides.
Authors: Metayer Benoit , Martin‐Mingot Agnes , Vullo Daniella , Supuran Claudiu T. , Thibaudeau Sebastien
Published: March 2014

A series of tertiary, fluorinated benzenesulfamides (II) is synthesized in superacid HSbF6.
ChemInform Abstract: An Expedient Approach to Substituted Triazolo[1,5‐a][1,4]benzodiazepines via Cu‐Catalyzed Tandem Ullmann C—N Coupling/Azide‐Alkyne Cycloaddition.
Authors: Majumdar K. C. , Ganai Sintu
Published: March 2014

A ligand‐free protocol consisting of alkylation of propargylamines (II) with benzyl bromides of type (I) and subsequent intramolecular CuI‐catalyzed azide alkyne 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition offers a simple approach to triazolo‐fused benzodiazepines (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Pyrrolo[1,2‐a][1,6]benzodiazonines from Pyrrolo[1,2‐a][1,4]benzodiazepines and Alkynes Containing Electron‐Acceptor Substituents.
Authors: Voskressensky L. G. , Borisova T. N. , Babakhanova M. I. , Chervyakova T. M. , Titov A. A. , Butin A. V. , Nevolina T. A. , Khrustalev V. N. , Varlamov A. V.
Published: March 2014

Reaction of pyrrolobenzodiazepines (I) with activated alkynes gives pyrrolo[1,2‐a][1,6]benzodiazonines as products of a diazepine ring expansion.
ChemInform Abstract: Spontaneous Dehydrogenation of 2‐Hydrazinoethyl‐ and 4‐Hydrazinobut‐2‐enylphosphonium Salts.
Authors: Ovakimyan M. Zh. , Gasparyan G. Ts. , Movsisyan M. L. , Grigoryan M. R.
Published: March 2014

The reaction of phosphonium salt (III) under various reaction conditions is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Lingzhiols (I), Unprecedented Rotary Door‐Shaped Meroterpenoids as Potent and Selective Inhibitors of p‐Smad3 from Ganoderma lucidum.
Authors: Hou Fan‐Fan , et al. et al.
Published: March 2014

Compound (I) along with its enantiomer are isolated from the title mushroom.
ChemInform Abstract: Modern Microwave Methods in Solid‐State Inorganic Materials Chemistry: From Fundamentals to Manufacturing
Authors: Kitchen Helen J. , Vallance Simon R. , Kennedy Jennifer L. , Tapia‐Ruiz Nuria , Carassiti Lucia , Harrison Andrew , Whittaker A. Gavin , Drysdale Timothy D. , Kingman Samuel W. , Gregory Duncan H.
Published: March 2014

Review: 260 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal Chalcogenides: A Rich Source of Nonlinear Optical Materials
Authors: Chung In , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: March 2014

Review: 111 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Illuminating Silicon Surface Hydrosilylation: An Unexpected Plurality of Mechanisms
Authors: Buriak Jillian M.
Published: March 2014

Review: 54 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Artificial Manganese Center Models for Photosynthetic Oxygen Evolution in Photosystem II
Authors: Hirahara Masanari , Shoji Akinori , Yagi Masayuki
Published: March 2014

Review: 94 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of Pulse Radiolysis to Mechanistic Investigations of Water Oxidation Catalysis
Authors: Polyansky Dmitry E. , Hurst James K. , Lymar Sergei V.
Published: March 2014

Review: <50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Methods of Synthesis of 6‐Substituted Uracil Derivatives — The Structural Base of Antiviral Agents
Authors: Novikov M. S. , Geisman A. N.
Published: March 2014

Review: 85 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Some Mechanistic Aspects on Fmoc Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Pires Diego Arantes Teixeira , Bemquerer Marcelo Porto , do Nascimento Claudia Jorge
Published: March 2014

Review: 71 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: On the Stabilization and Methods for Modification of Nanosize Particles Used for the Preparation of Polymer‐Inorganic Nanocomposites
Authors: Novakov I. A. , Dang N. K. , Vaniev M. A. , Sidorenko N. V.
Published: March 2014

Review: 86 refs.