bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phenylhydrazones are active against non-replicatingMycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Bonnett Shilah A. , Dennison Devon , Bajpai Anumita , Files Megan , Parish Tanya
Published: May 2018

There is an urgent need for the development of shorter, simpler and more tolerable drugs to treat antibiotic tolerant populations ofMycobacterium tuberculosis. We previously identified a series of phenylhydrazones (PHY) active againstM. tuberculosis. We selected six representative compounds for further analysis. All compounds were active against non-replicatingM. tuberculosis, with two compounds demonstrating greater activity under hypoxic conditions than aerobic culture. Compounds had bactericidal activity with MBC/MIC of <4 and demonstrated an inoculum-dependent effect against aerobically replicating bacteria. Bacterial kill kinetics demonstrated a faster rate of kill against non-replicating bacilli generated by nutrient starvation. Compounds had limited activity against other bacterial species. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that the PHY compounds have some attractive properties in terms of their anti-tubercular activity.
CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to make conditional mutants of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Kudyba Heather M. , Cobb David W. , Florentin Anat , Krakowiak Michelle , Muralidharan Vasant
Published: May 2018

Malaria is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This disease, which primarily affects those living in tropical and subtropical regions, is caused by infection with Plasmodium parasites. The development of better drugs to combat malaria can be accelerated by improving our understanding of the biology of this complex parasite. Genetic manipulation of these parasites is key to understanding their biology, but historically, the genome of P. falciparum has been difficult to manipulate. Recently, CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing has been utilized in malaria parasites, allowing for easier protein tagging, generation of conditional protein knockdowns, and deletion of genes. CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing has proven to be a powerful tool for advancing the field of malaria research. Here, we describe a CRISPR/Cas9 method for generating glmS-based conditional knockdown mutants in P. falciparum. The method is highly adaptable to other types of genetic manipulations, including protein tagging and gene knockouts.
Retrieval and sleep both counteract the forgetting of spatial information
Authors: Antony James W. , Paller Ken A.
Published: May 2018

Repeatedly studying information is a good way to strengthen memory storage. Nevertheless, testing recall often produces superior long-term retention. Demonstrations of this testing effect, typically with verbal stimuli, have shown that repeated retrieval through testing reduces forgetting. Sleep also benefits memory storage, perhaps through repeated retrieval as well. That is, memories may generally be subject to forgetting that can be counteracted when memories become reactivated, and there are several types of reactivation: (i) via intentional restudying, (ii) via testing, (iii) without provocation during wake, or (iv) during sleep. We thus measured forgetting for spatial material subjected to repeated study or repeated testing followed by retention intervals with sleep versus wake. Four groups of subjects learned a set of visual object-location associations and either restudied the associations or recalled locations given the objects as cues. We found the advantage for restudied over retested information was greater in the PM than AM group. Additional groups tested at 5-min and 1-wk retention intervals confirmed previous findings of greater relative benefits for restudying in the short-term and for retesting in the long-term. Results overall support the conclusion that repeated reactivation through testing or sleeping stabilizes information against forgetting.
A complex mTOR response in habituation paradigms for a social signal in adult songbirds
Authors: Ahmadiantehrani Somayeh , Gores Elisa O. , London Sarah E.
Published: May 2018

Nonassociative learning is considered simple because it depends on presentation of a single stimulus, but it likely reflects complex molecular signaling. To advance understanding of the molecular mechanisms of one form of nonassociative learning, habituation, for ethologically relevant signals we examined song recognition learning in adult zebra finches. These colonial songbirds learn the unique song of individuals, which helps establish and maintain mate and other social bonds, and informs appropriate behavioral interactions with specific birds. We leveraged prior work demonstrating behavioral habituation for individual songs, and extended the molecular framework correlated with this behavior by investigating the mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) signaling cascade. We hypothesized that mTOR may contribute to habituation because it integrates a variety of upstream signals and enhances associative learning, and it crosstalks with another cascade previously associated with habituation, ERK/ZENK. To begin probing for a possible role for mTOR in song recognition learning, we used a combination of song playback paradigms and bidirectional dysregulation of mTORC1 activation. We found that mTOR demonstrates the molecular signatures of a habituation mechanism, and that its manipulation reveals the complexity of processes that may be invoked during nonassociative learning. These results thus expand the molecular targets for habituation studies and raise new questions about neural processing of complex natural signals.
Poly[diaquabis(μ-hydrogen benzene-1,2,4-tricarboxylato)copper(II)disodium]: a novel 4,5,6-connected trinodal net
Authors: Yang Annabeth P. , LaDuca Robert L.
Published: May 2018

In the title compound, [CuNa2(C9H4O6)2(H2O)4]
n
, the CuII cations are square-planar coordinated by carboxylate O-atom donors from four different hydrogen benzene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate (btcH) ligands, thereby forming [Cu(btcH)2]
n

2n− coordination polymer ribbons. These are connected by octahedrally coordinated and hydrated NaI cations within Na2(μ-H2O)2 clusters to construct the full [Na2(H2O)4Cu(btcH)2]
n
three-dimensional coordination polymer.
Designing training programs for HRD, expectations of participants explored
Authors: Stoffers Jol , Schrijver Ilse , Kleefstra Anne
Published: May 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the expectations of adult part-time participants enrolled in training programs. The purpose was to provide knowledge for the adequate design of those programs.

Design/methodology/approach

The design was a combination of complementary research methodologies. A literature review exploring the topic marked the start of the investigation. On the basis of this review, questions were formulated for group interviews, using the Delphi method, a qualitative research method.

Findings

The results revealed that participants in training programs have high expectations, in terms of facilities and organization, as well as in content, instructional formats, and trainers, albeit that these expectations differ per course.

Practical implications

Insights into participants’ expectations provide educational institutes with the opportunity to respond to the target group more appropriately, and to fulfill their obligation to facilitate lifelong learning for employees.This paper also supports human resource development professionals to select and design adequate training programs for their employees.

Originality/value

This is one of the few studies using the Delphi method, a qualitative research method, to investigate the expectations of adult part-time participants enrolled in training programs.
Overcoming data blindness; or do shrimp chew with their mouths open?
Authors: Hirsch Peter Buell
Published: May 2018

Purpose

Alternative data is a term describing the data exhaust that organizations, especially asset managers, are using to develop insights about companies to give them a trading edge. As the use of this data becomes more prevalent, it is critical that business leaders understand how this kind of data can be used against their organizations. This viewpoint articulates some of the steps they will need to take to do this.

Design/methodology/approach

The methodology used in this viewpoint is a review of recent literature covering alternative data and its uses.

Findings

This paper describes the different ways in which alternative data is being used and cites surprising examples of how this can make companies vulnerable or threaten their reputation.

Research limitations/implications

As an overview of selected examples from secondary sources, this paper is not a comprehensive treatment of the subject.

Practical implications

By studying the issues raised in the paper, business leaders can arm themselves with insights into the use of alternative data and mitigate reputational fallout from its use against their companies.

Social implications

A better understanding of how alternative data is being used can help protect both individuals and social organizations from being treated inequitably and increase transparency in the use of large and hidden data sets.

Originality/value

To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first treatment of the use of alternative data from the perspective of corporate reputation.
Tensions within sustainability management: a socio-psychological framework
Authors: Kuntner Wilhelm , Weber Wolfgang G.
Published: May 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to contribute to the theoretical groundwork for socio-psychological investigations into the management of socially sustainable supply chains. It proposes an analytical framework for the study of the psychological conflict potential between the fulfillment of core labor standards and cost efficiency requirements.

Design/methodology/approach

Theoretical considerations are illustrated using an explorative qualitative-empirical case study.

Findings

An activity-theoretical approach makes it possible to combine the subjective experience of tensions between conflicting requirements on sustainability management and the practical imperatives of the capitalist-market economic system in a coherent socio-psychological analytical framework.

Research limitations/implications

The proposed analytical framework serves as a starting point for theoretical considerations on socio-psychological determinants of the sustainability performance of the management of transnational supply chains.

Originality/value

This paper addresses the novel topic of how supply chain sustainability managers give sense to difficulties concerning the fulfillment of core labor standards while being constrained by cost efficiency requirements. To this end, in a hitherto unique way, concepts from activity theory, social cognitive theory of self-regulation and the theory of communicative action are combined into an analytical framework.
Organizational resources, KM process capability and strategic flexibility: a dynamic resource-capability perspective
Authors: Bamel Umesh Kumar , Bamel Nisha
Published: May 2018

Purpose

Strategic flexibility is largely considered a source of competitive advantage, yet strategic flexibility in relation to organizational resources and knowledge management (KM) process capability is not well studied. To address this gap, this study aims to assesses the relationship of organizational resources (technical and social resources) and strategic flexibility through KM process capability.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is built on the assumptions of the resource-based view and the dynamic capability perspective of firm. Two types of organizational resources – technical and social – were identified from relevant literature. Data were collected from 23 small- and medium-sized firms (family owned firms) using a 37-item questionnaire. In addition to descriptive statistics, multiple hierarchical regressions and bootstrapping were used to test the study hypotheses.

Findings

Findings suggest that organizational resources are positively and significantly related with strategic flexibility, and KM process capability partially mediates these relationships.

Research limitations/implications

The paper adds to strategic flexibility literature by exploring and assessing the linkage of organizational resources with strategic flexibility through KM process capability.

Originality/value

Findings of this research may help organizations and practitioners in enhancing strategic flexibility of firm.
Dimensions of job advertisement as signals for achieving job seeker’s application intention
Authors: Ganesan Muruganantham , Antony Suresh Paul , George Esther Princess
Published: May 2018

Purpose

Grounded in the concept of signaling theory and instrumental-symbolic framework, the purpose of this paper is to develop a model to examine the impact of print job advertisement (ad) dimensions (message contents) and organizational familiarity on job seeker’s perception of attitude, organizational attractiveness, and application intention.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is a theoretical exploration based on existing literature.

Findings

The presence of instrumental and symbolic attributes in print job advertisement such as job and work characteristics, aesthetics, employee testimonial/picture, corporate image enhancing statements, organizational culture-enhancing statements, and human resource offerings are more likely to play influential roles in creating favorable attitude, organizational attractiveness, and application intention in a job seeker. Apart from this, organizational familiarity plays a moderating role on job seeker’s attitude formation and in gaining organizational attractiveness.

Practical implications

The study offers a clear guideline to recruiting organizations, HR managers, recruitment agencies, or consultants on how to design a recruitment advertisement to pool a large number of potential applicants. The study also throws light on testing the effectiveness of a recruitment advertisement, similar to commercial ads. Moreover, the outcome of testing would help the recruiters understand the pulse of the job seeker toward the ad, job, and organization.

Originality/value

This study theoretically clarifies the role of instrumental and symbolic attributes or dimensions of job ads and the role of organizational familiarity in inducing positive attitude formation and organizational attractiveness, in the process that cultivates application intention in a potential job seeker.
When a leader is seen as too humble
Authors: Yuan Ling , Zhang Leilei , Tu Yanhong
Published: May 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how leader humility affects the engagement of employees in creative processes, using perceived organizational support (POS) as a mediator and leader competence as a moderator.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected from a two-wave sampling of 113 dyads of leaders and subordinates in China.

Findings

A curvilinear relationship was found between leader humility and employee engagement in creative processes. Further, POS partially mediates this relationship, and leader competence positively moderates the relationship between leader humility and POS.

Practical implications

First, organizations should select and train leaders who show humility as a character trait and foster a supportive organizational climate. Second, managers should study the benefits of moderate and harms of superfluous humility, especially in the Chinese cultural context. Third, competent leaders are more effective as humble leaders.

Originality/value

Few studies have concentrated on leader humility in the eastern cultural context. The results challenge traditional views of the impact of leader humility and shed light on its mechanism and the conditions under which it promotes employee engagement in creation. This study also clarifies the nonlinear influence of leader humility, building a fine-grained theoretical framework integrating the motivation-opportunities-abilities model and Chinese Zhong-Yong theory.
Multilayer thick-film ceramic for multichip modules with laser microvias
Authors: Löffler Sebastian , Mauermann Christopher , Rebs Angela , Reppe Günter
Published: May 2018

Purpose

The purpose of the paper is to show up the current possibilities by combination of classic thick-film technology with advanced processing. Thick-film hybrid ceramic substrates have been a base for highly reliable devices for space, aerospace, medical and industrial applications since many years. The combination of classic thick-film printing with advanced technologies for fine line structuring provides substrates best suited for packaging solutions with challenging requirements, such as temperature stability and extended product lifetime. Combined with state of the art assembly technologies, thick-film substrates are used in highly demanding industries.

Design/methodology/approach

In recent years, several technologies for fine line structuring have been introduced, e.g. fine line printing, photo imaging, etching, laser structuring for local chip fan-out or fine line structuring on single layers. For further miniaturization of thick-film multilayers circuits, after solving the fine line resolution, the reduction of electrical connection of conductive layers through printed insulation/dielectric layer (via) diameters to connect the layers should be addressed.

Findings

The focus of this paper is to show the results of combining fine line structuring with laser microvias and to compare laser drilling in thick-films with different established via forming technologies.

Originality/value

The reduction of via size to 60 µm – smaller than 50% compared to using state-of-the-art printing technologies enables a solution for significant relaxation of current design possibilities.
Low temperature co-fired ceramics technology for active eddy current turbocharger speed sensors
Authors: Ihle Martin , Ziesche Steffen , Gierth Paul , Tuor Andreas , Tigelaar Jonathan , Hirsch Oliver
Published: May 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyze a presentation of eddy current sensing coils for the turbo charger speed measurement, which were manufactured with the low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) technology. The goal is to be able to manufacture small robust coils with complex geometries and improved signal output.

Design/methodology/approach

A crucial element for its performance is the quality factor of the embedded coil. Thanks to the use of the developed LTCC manufacturing processes, the lateral wounding distance of the printed coils can be reduced to 30 µm, and simultaneously, the aspect ratio should be enlarged compared to standard LTCC technologies. By the use of a novel printed double-D coil design, the overall sensor characteristics will be improved.

Findings

The metallization thickness can be simultaneously enhanced that results in the internal resistance being reduced. Thus, the inductivity and the ohmic resistance achieve an obvious optimization that results in significant improvement of the quality factor of the novel coils when compared to standard technologies. Embedded micro coils have a sintered metallization aspect ratio of more than one and thus an optimal performance differing clearly from prior art. Their reliability was proven through temperature cycle tests of over more than 1,300 h.

Research limitations/implications

The developed LTCC coil technology will be introduced in the JAQUET sensor portfolio of TE Connectivity for the measurement of turbocharger speed on both passenger cars and trucks. The measurement and control of turbochargers speed enables the optimal regulation of airflow into the engine thereby improving the fuel economy and leading to a reduction of engine emissions.

Originality/value

This paper shows fabrication and performance of the original manufactured LTCC coil for turbocharger speed sensors and its optimized signal output by the novel design.
What drives crowdfunding participation? The influence of personal and social traits
Authors: Rodriguez-Ricardo Yusimi , Sicilia María , López Manuela
Published: May 2018

Purpose

Crowdfunding has become a popular and achievable means of funding projects worldwide. The purpose of this study is to determine which personal and social traits can increase individuals’ intention to participate in crowdfunding.

Design/methodology/approach

This study examines innovativeness, attitudes toward helping others and interpersonal connectivity as determinants of consumers’ intention to participate in crowdfunding. Social identification with the crowdfunding community is proposed as a mediator in the model.

Findings

The results show that both social identification with the crowdfunding community and innovativeness have a positive effect on intention to participate. In addition, attitudes toward helping others and interpersonal connectivity indirectly affect intention to participate in crowdfunding through social identification with the crowdfunding community.

Research limitations/implications

This study analyzes a general audience of potential crowdfunders; therefore, the results identify just the indications for potential intentions to participate in crowdfunding activities.

Practical implications

Companies or fund-seekers currently using or expecting to use crowdfunding have to develop strategies focused on promoting social identification with the crowdfunding community. More effort should be devoted for developing consumers’ social relationships and ties within the crowdfunding community.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the literature by clarifying the characteristics that potential crowdfunders should have to be more prone to participate in these types of projects.
Falcons using orchard nest boxes reduce fruit‐eating bird abundances and provide economic benefits for a fruit‐growing region
Authors: Shave Megan E. , Shwiff Stephanie A. , Elser Julie L. , Lindell Catherine A.
Published: May 2018

Suppression of pest species via a native predator is a regulating ecosystem service that has the potential to limit crop damage and produce economic benefits. American kestrels Falco sparverius are widespread, highly mobile, generalist predators that hunt in human‐dominated habitats and have the potential to provide previously undocumented ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes.

We hypothesized that kestrel activity associated with nest boxes and artificial perches acts to increase perceived predation risk that, in combination with direct predation, can reduce fruit‐eating bird abundances in orchards. We used counts and observations of fruit‐eating birds from fixed‐width transect surveys to investigate variation in bird abundances and to estimate sweet cherry loss in cherry orchards with and without active kestrel boxes. We also conducted a benefit–cost analysis of nest box installation and used regional economic modelling to estimate macroeconomic impacts of increased sweet cherry production in Michigan, an important US fruit production region.

Fruit‐eating bird counts were significantly lower at orchards with active kestrel boxes. Although kestrels used the perches in young orchard blocks and may benefit from them, the presence of perches did not have a significant effect on bird counts.

Benefit–cost ratios for kestrel nest boxes indicated that for every dollar spent on nest boxes, $84 to $357 of sweet cherries would be saved from fruit‐eating birds. Regional economic modelling predicted that increased sweet cherry production from reduced bird damage would result in 46–50 jobs created and $2.2 million to $2.4 million in increased income for the state of Michigan over a 5‐year period.

Synthesis and applications. Kestrel nest boxes in sweet cherry orchards provide a highly cost‐effective ecosystem service with potential reverberating benefits for a regional economy. Box occupancy rates will undoubtedly vary across landscapes and regions. However, costs to install and maintain boxes are small and, even if box occupancy rates are low, boxes can direct kestrel activity to particular places in agricultural landscapes where they can deter pest birds. Thus, the potential benefits for fruit crops greatly outweigh the costs of this pest management strategy.
Applying ecological knowledge to the innovative design of sustainable agroecosystems
Authors: Berthet Elsa T. , Bretagnolle Vincent , Lavorel Sandra , Sabatier Rodolphe , Tichit Muriel , Segrestin Blanche
Published: May 2018

The design of sustainable agroecosystems is crucial to meet contemporary environmental challenges such as biodiversity loss and global change. Ecological knowledge, although expected to be an important component of such an endeavour, is to date mainly used under a problem‐solving paradigm.

Applying recent design theories, which highlight the differences between innovative design and problem solving, we assess the potential of using ecological knowledge in agroecosystem design in three contrasted French case studies representative of agricultural intensification world‐wide.

In all cases, a design approach generated unexplored agroecosystem configurations and management alternatives. This analysis highlights that ecological science is critical for designing sustainable social‐ecological systems, because it orients the design process by identifying key ecological properties to maintain, while opening the range of management options stakeholders can explore.

Synthesis and applications. Participatory design approaches of agroecosystems based on ecological knowledge might be key for planning and change: they allow a diversity of stakeholders to contribute to building solutions, thereby strengthening their sense of ownership and responsibility. Infrastructures in support of participatory design processes, set up in close relation to ecological research centres, have the potential to become new cornerstones of innovation for sustainable social‐ecological systems.
Identification and ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with high‐resolution mass spectrometry characterization of biosurfactants, including a new surfactin, isolated from oil‐contaminated environments
Authors: Moro Glaci V. , Almeida Rafaela T.R. , Napp Amanda P. , Porto Carla , Pilau Eduardo J. , Lüdtke Diogo S. , Moro Angélica V. , Vainstein Marilene H.
Published: May 2018

Biosurfactant‐producing bacteria were isolated from samples collected in areas contaminated with crude oil. The isolates were screened for biosurfactant production using qualitative drop‐collapse test, oil‐spreading and emulsification assays, and measurement of their tensoactive properties. Five isolates tested positive for in the screening experiments and displayed decrease in the surface tension below 30 mN m−1. The biosurfactants produced by these isolates were further investigated and their molecular identification revealed that they are bacteria related to the Bacillus genus. Additionally, the biosurfactants produced were chemically characterized via UHPLC‐HRMS experiments, indicating the production of surfactin homologues, including a new class of these molecules.
Timing of onset of gastrointestinal bleeding in the ICU: Protocol for a preplanned observational study
Authors: Granholm A. , Lange T. , Anthon C. T. , Marker S. , Krag M. , Meyhoff T. S. , Wise M. P. , Borthwick M. , Bendel S. , Keus F. , Guttormsen A. B. , Schefold J. C. , Wetterslev J. , Perner A. , Møller M. H.
Published: May 2018

Background

Critically ill patients are at risk of gastrointestinal bleeding, but clinically important gastrointestinal bleeding is rare. The majority of intensive care unit (ICU) patients receive stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP), despite uncertainty concerning the balance between benefit and harm. For approximately half of ICU patients with gastrointestinal bleeding, onset is early, ie within the first two days of the ICU stay. The aetiology of gastrointestinal bleeding and consequently the balance between benefit and harm of SUP may differ between patients with early vs late gastrointestinal bleeding.

Methods

This is a protocol and statistical analysis plan for a preplanned exploratory substudy of the Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis in the Intensive Care Unit (SUP‐ICU) randomized clinical trial, comparing intravenous pantoprazole (40 mg once daily) with placebo in 3350 acutely ill adult ICU patients. We will describe baseline characteristics and assess the time to onset of the first clinically important episode of GI bleeding accounting for survival status and allocation to SUP or placebo. In addition, we will describe differences in therapeutic and diagnostic procedures used in patients with clinically important gastrointestinal bleeding according to early vs late bleeding and 90‐day vital status.

Conclusions

The study outlined in this protocol will provide detailed information on patient characteristics and the timing of onset of gastrointestinal bleeding in the patients enrolled in the SUP‐ICU trial. This may provide additional knowledge and incentives for future studies on which patients benefit from SUP.
Glucocorticoid receptor gene variants and lower expression of NR3C1 are associated with cocaine use
Authors: Schote Andrea B. , Jäger Kristina , Kroll Sara L. , Vonmoos Matthias , Hulka Lea M. , Preller Katrin H. , Meyer Jobst , Grünblatt Edna , Quednow Boris B.
Published: May 2018

Animal and cross‐sectional human studies suggest that chronic cocaine use is associated with altered responsivity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis to stress. Moreover, increased susceptibility to stress has been proposed as an important factor for development, maintenance and relapse of cocaine addiction. As the glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) mediates genomic effects of the stress hormone cortisol, we investigated NR3C1 expression and the association of NR3C1 genotypes with cocaine use, addiction and comorbid psychiatric symptoms in 126 chronic cocaine users and 98 stimulant‐naïve healthy controls. A comprehensive psychiatric assessment was performed including severity of depressive symptoms and current psychological distress. Whole blood NR3C1 mRNA levels were determined and six NR3C1 polymorphisms (rs10482605, rs41423247, rs10052957, rs6189, rs56149945 and rs6198) were genotyped. Compared to controls, cocaine users showed significantly lower NR3C1 expression (P < 0.001), which was not affected by NR3C1 genotypes. In controls, rs41423247 [P < 0.01, false discovery rate (FDR)‐corrected], haplotype 2 and haplotype 3 (both P < 0.05, FDR‐corrected) were associated with altered NR3C1 gene expression. Haplotype 3 (including minor alleles of rs10052957 and rs41423247) was associated with an increased risk for cocaine addiction (odds ratio = 2.74, P < 0.05, uncorrected). Moreover, addicted cocaine users carrying haplotype 3 showed higher depression scores (P < 0.01, FDR‐corrected) than noncarriers. Considering possible confounding effects of alcohol and/or depression, we conclude that chronic cocaine use is associated with lower NR3C1 gene expression suggesting possible direct effects of the drug on the biological adaptation of stress‐related genes. Finally, we postulate that haplotype 3 of NR3C1 might serve as a potential risk factor for stimulant addiction and associated psychiatric symptoms.
Effects of episodic bamboo mast seeding on top predators in the southern Andes
Authors: Ojeda Valeria , Chazarreta Laura
Published: May 2018

Woody bamboos that undergo masting on a cyclic basis constitute large‐scale endogenous disturbances in forests of America, Africa and Asia, driving long‐ and short‐term effects on community structure and dynamics. Among the transient effects of these nonequilibrial phenomena are rodent outbreaks whose potential bottom‐up consequences on top predators have never been explored. We investigated the effects of unpredictable rodent outbreaks on the assemblage of nocturnal raptors of the southern Andes after a large‐scale (>140 000 ha), spatially heterogeneous, Chusquea culeou masting event in north Argentine Patagonia. We compared owl numbers and behaviours between pre‐masting (2009) and post‐masting (2011) at subsidized (outbreaking rodents) and unsubsidized (normal rodents) contiguous sites. Both generalist (opportunistic forest resident) and rodent‐specialist (forest‐facultative) owls were monitored, with emphasis on the resident territorial rufous‐legged owl (Strix rufipes). The resident owls behaved as predicted, perceiving the rodent increases soon and gathering at subsidized sites, while apparently relaxing territoriality. Contrary to our predictions, later at the rodent outbreak phase, resident territorial owls turned inconspicuous, coinciding – causally or not – with an irruption of forest‐facultative barn owls (Tyto alba tuidara), and influx of some open country short‐eared owls (Asio flammeus suinda, some of which took a chance to breed in the woods). Considering the whole rodent outbreak period, besides significant changes in owls’ numbers, we recorded a notable adjustment in owls’ foraging modes in response to food surplus (consuming prey heads only), and null interference behaviours among all observed species. This study provides a first quantitative assessment of the effects of bamboo episodic masting on top carnivores globally, and contributes novel data on the indirect effects of these events in forests of South America.
Mechanical thinning to restore oak savanna promoted predator assemblages of gypsy moth pupae in Michigan
Authors: Larsen Angela L. , Jacquot Joseph J. , Keenlance Paul W. , Keough Heather L.
Published: May 2018

The United States Forest Service conducted an oak savanna restoration using thinning and prescribed burning in the Manistee National Forest in Michigan to provide additional habitat for species dependent on this rare community type, including the Karner blue butterfly(Lycaeides melissa samuelis). Because the Karner blue butterfly is a federally endangered species, managers cannot spray Bt‐k (Bacillus thurigiensisvarkurstaki) in areas undergoing restoration to control exotic invasive defoliators, such as European gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar).

Although gypsy moths are invasive in North America, several native predators, such as white‐footed mice(Peromyscus leucopus), other small mammals and invertebrates, help keep gypsy moth populations at nondestructive levels.

The present study investigated whether the small mammal community and gypsy moth predation rates were affected by the type of mechanical forest thinning method (bulldozer, masticator, shear cutter) used during an oak savanna restoration at two sites in Michigan within the suppression zone in 2010 and 2011.

Predation rates on gypsy moth pupae were higher in bulldozer and shear cutter thinned compared with control plots at both sites in 2010. White‐footed mice relative abundance was significantly higher in thinned compared with control plots at one site in 2010 and 2011.

Thinning maintained or promoted white‐footed mice abundance, which will maintain or enhance predation on gypsy moth pupae during oak savanna restoration.
Trophic preference of southern African dung beetles (Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeinae and Aphodiinae) and its influence on bioindicator surveys
Authors: Tocco Claudia , Balmer Jonathan P. , Villet Martin H.
Published: May 2018

Environmental assessments using bioindicators gain value if the interpretability of the indicator used is high, and it is clear how survey methods affect survey comparisons. Because dung beetles are favoured as bioindicators, we studied the trophic preference of a southern African beetle community and its potential effects on surveys of beetle diversity using manual sampling of droppings and pitfall traps baited with carnivore, ruminant or nonruminant dung. Manual sampling showed no significant differences between dung types in either dung beetles abundance or species richness. Generalised linear mixed models of total and endocoprid abundances, species richness and Real Shannon index of trap samples showed higher dung beetle diversity associated with ruminant than with nonruminant dung, which in turn was significantly preferred over carnivore dung. Hide beetles (248 Troginae specimens) were attracted almost exclusively to carnivore dung. Paracoprid abundance was comparable between ruminant and nonruminant dung. IndVal analysis showed that, of a total of 47 species, six preferred ruminant dung and only one preferred nonruminant dung. These results imply that different dung beetle species may be used as ecological indicators, depending on their natural history, and that the survey method and the dung type used to survey will influence such assessment results.
Factors influencing reoperation following breast‐conserving surgery
Authors: Philpott Andrew , Wong Joshua , Elder Kenneth , Gorelik Alexandra , Mann G. Bruce , Skandarajah Anita
Published: May 2018

Background

Reoperation rates after breast‐conserving surgery are highly variable and the best techniques for optimizing margin clearance are being evaluated. The aim was to identify the reoperation rate at our centre and identify influential factors, including a change in guidelines on margin recommendations and the introduction of in‐theatre specimen X‐ray.

Methods

A retrospective review of medical records was undertaken to identify 562 patients who underwent breast conservation at The Royal Melbourne Hospital and Royal Women's Hospital between 2013 and 2015. All cases that underwent subsequent re‐excision or total mastectomy were captured and factors influencing margin excision recorded.

Results

Reoperation was undertaken in 19.5% of patients (110; 86 re‐excisions and 24 total mastectomies). There was a reduction in reoperation rate from 25% to 17% (P = 0.01) with adoption of the margin guidelines in 2014, but no significant reduction with the introduction of in‐theatre specimen X‐ray in 2015 (21% versus 16%, P = 0.14). On multivariate analysis, factors that significantly influenced reoperation rates were the presence of multifocality on mammogram (odds ratio (OR): 5.3, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.6–16.7, P < 0.01); lesion size on mammogram (OR: 2.2 per 10 mm, 95% CI: 1.4–3.6, P < 0.01); smaller excision specimen weight (OR: 0.5 per 25 g of resection, 95% CI: 0.3–0.8, P < 0.01); and pure ductal carcinoma in situ on final pathology (OR: 5.9, 95% CI: 1.9–16.7, P < 0.01).

Conclusion

Optimizing reoperation rates following breast‐conserving surgery remains a surgical challenge, particularly in patients with in situ or multifocal disease. Adoption of international margin guidelines reduced reoperation rates at our centre; however, introduction of intraoperative specimen X‐ray had no influence.
Euthanasia and surgeons: an overview of the Victorian Voluntary Assisted Dying Act 2017 and its relevance to surgical practice in Australia
Authors: Beardsley Christian , Brown Kilian , Sandroussi Charbel
Published: May 2018

Surgeons play a significant role in the treatment of patients with many types of cancer, including the management of advanced and recurrent disease after long periods of apparent remission. The recently introduced Victorian Voluntary Assisted Dying (VAD) Act represents a shift in paradigm in Australian medical practice. To be eligible for VAD, the new legislation requires patient assessment by a physician with at least 5 years post‐fellowship experience and relevant expertise in the patient's condition. Given many specialist surgeons’ experience in managing advanced and often incurable malignancy, it is likely that many will receive referrals for assessment for VAD. It is foreseeable that other states and territories in Australia will follow suit with similar legislation. It is imperative that surgeons receiving referrals to assess patients seeking access to VAD are familiar with the legislation and assessment process. This article summarizes the current regulation of VAD in Australia, including the patient application and assessment process, briefly reviews world‐wide assisted dying practices and discusses the relevance to surgeons practicing in Australia.
Psychophysical Evaluation of a Tactile Display Based on Coin Motors
Authors: Stronks H. Christiaan , Parker Daniel J. , Stacey Ashley , Barnes Nick
Published: May 2018

Tactile vision substitution devices present visual images as tactile representations on the skin. In this study we have tested the performance of a prototype 96‐tactor vibrotactile using a subset of 64 tactors. We have determined the tactile spatial acuity and intensity discrimination in 14 naïve subjects. Spatial acuity was determined using a grating acuity task. Subjects could successfully identify the orientation of horizontal and vertical gratings with an average psychophysical threshold of 120 mm. When diagonal gratings were included in the analysis, the median performance dropped below psychophysical threshold, but was still significantly above chance at gratings of 142 mm wide. Intensity discrimination yielded an average Weber fraction of 0.44, corresponding to 13 discernable “gray levels” in the available dynamic range. Interleaved stimulation of the motors did not significantly affect spatial acuity or intensity discrimination.
Physical activity and parents of very young children: The role of beliefs and social‐cognitive factors
Authors: Cowie Eloise , White Katherine , Hamilton Kyra
Published: May 2018

Objectives

Despite the unequivocal benefits of regular physical activity, many parents engage in lower levels of physical activity (PA) following the birth of a child. Drawing on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and health action process approach (HAPA), an integrative model was developed to examine variables predicting PA in parents of very young children. In addition, key beliefs related to PA intentions and behaviour among parents of very young children were investigated.

Design

A prospective‐correlational design with two waves of data collection, spaced one week apart, was adopted.

Methods

Parents (N = 297) completed an online‐ or paper‐based questionnaire assessing TPB global constructs and belief‐based items as well as family social support and planning from the HAPA. One week later, parents self‐reported their PA behaviour. Data were analysed using latent variable structural equation modelling.

Results

Findings revealed the model was a good fit to the data, accounting for 62% and 27% of the variance in PA intentions and behaviour, respectively. Attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control predicted intentions. Family social support failed to predict both planning and intentions. Physical activity was predicted by planning only, with an indirect effect occurring from intentions to behaviour through planning. A number of key beliefs on intentions and behaviour were also identified.

Conclusions

This formative research provides further understanding of the factors that influence the PA behaviour of parents of very young children. Results provide targets for future interventions to increase PA for parents in a transition phase where PA levels decline.

Statement of Contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Despite physical activity benefits, many parents are inactive following the birth of a child

Social‐cognitive models have demonstrated efficacy in predicting physical activity

Weaknesses are inherent in the use of single theories to explain behaviour

What does this study add?

Use of integrative models allows for meaningful prediction of parental physical activity

A range of key beliefs were found to be related to parental physical activity

Results can inform future physical activity interventions for parents of very young children
Improvisers, Incrementalists and Strategists: How and Why Organizations Adopt ADR Innovations
Authors: Roche William (Bill) , Teague Paul , Gormley Tom , Currie Denise
Published: May 2018

This article identifies three ways in which alternative dispute resolution (ADR) innovations are adopted by organizations in Ireland: improvisation, incrementalism and strategy, and examines how external and internal influences shape different patterns of ADR innovation. The article contributes to the literature in three ways. First, it highlights the limitations of typologies of innovation based on simple dichotomies, such as reactive/proactive and of prevailing understandings of how ADR may interact with strategy. Second, the article develops an integrated framework for the analysis of influences on patterns of innovation that distinguishes between the features of markets and commercial strategies, organizations, stakeholders and champions and institutions, laws and public policies. Third, the article questions the central premise underlying the literature that a strategic approach to ADR equates with the adoption of conflict management systems.
Adaptation of the adult Functional Mobility Assessment (FMA) into a FMA‐Family Centred (FMA‐FC) paediatric version
Authors: Beavers D. B. , Holm M. B. , Rogers J. C. , Plummer T. , Schmeler M.
Published: May 2018

Aim

The aims of this study were to adapt an adult wheeled mobility outcome measure, the Functional Mobility Assessment, for use with children (FMA‐Family Centred) and establish the new measure's content validity, test–retest reliability, and internal consistency.

Background

Although several tools exist to measure a child's ability to operate and move a wheeled mobility device, none focus on the ability of the wheeled mobility device to support children and their families as they perform daily activities.

Methods

After adapting the FMA items with examples relevant to children aged 3–21, parent/caregiver and therapist stakeholder groups recommended adaptations relevant for families with children who cannot respond for themselves.

Results

Six of the initial FMA items were retained with child‐appropriate examples, and 4 new items were developed.

Conclusion

The content validity of the FMA‐Family Centred was strongly supported, and internal consistency and test–retest reliability met accepted psychometric standards.
“Fat is really a four‐letter word”: Exploring weight‐related communication best practices in children with and without disabilities and their caregivers
Authors: McPherson A. C. , Knibbe T. J. , Oake M. , Swift J. A. , Browne N. , Ball G. D. C. , Hamilton J.
Published: May 2018

Background

Health care professionals play a critical role in preventing and managing childhood obesity, but the American Academy of Pediatrics recently stressed the importance of using sensitive and nonstigmatizing language when discussing weight with children and families. Although barriers to weight‐related discussions are well known, there are few evidence‐based recommendations around communication best practices. Disability populations in particular have previously been excluded from work in this area. The objectives were to present the findings of a recent scoping review to children with and without disabilities and their caregivers for their reactions; and to explore the experiences and perceptions of the children and their caregivers regarding weight‐related communication best practices.

Methods

Focus group and individual interviews were conducted with 7–18‐year olds with and without disabilities and their caregivers. The interview guide was created using findings from a recent scoping review of weight‐related communication best practices. Inductive thematic analysis was employed.

Results

Eighteen children (9 boys; 7 children with disabilities) and 21 caregivers (17 mothers, 1 step‐father, 3 other caregivers) participated in 8 focus group and 7 individual interviews. Preferred communication strategies were similar across those with and without disabilities, although caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder endorsed more concrete approaches. Discussions emphasizing growth and health were preferred over weight and size. Strengths‐based, solution‐focused approaches for weight conversations were endorsed, although had not been widely experienced.

Conclusion

Perceptions of weight‐related communication were similar across stakeholder groups, regardless of children's disability or weight status. Participants generally agreed with the scoping review recommendations, suggesting that they apply broadly across different settings and populations; however, tailoring them to specific circumstances is critical. Empirical evaluations are still required to examine the influence of weight‐related communication on clinically important outcomes, including behaviour change and family engagement in care.