bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cultural War and Reinventing the Past in Poland and Hungary: The Politics of Historical Memory in East–Central Europe
Authors:   Corvinus University of Budapest (Hungary), Ágh Attila
Published: February 2017

This paper has been based on three assumptions that have been widely discussed in the international political science: (1) there has been a decline of democracy in East–Central Europe (ECE) with the emergence of “velvet dictatorships”, (2) the velvet dictatorships rely on the soft power of media and communication rather on the hard power of state violence that has provoked “cultural wars“ and (3) the basic turning point is the transition from the former modernization narrative to the traditional narrative with “reinventing the past” and “reconceptualising modernity” through the reference to the historically given collective national identity by launching the “politics of historical memory”. The velvet dictatorships have been using and abusing the national history as an ideological drug to consolidate their power. The (social and national) populism and Euroscepticism are the basic twin terms to describe the soft power of the new (semi)authoritarian regimes. They are convertible, the two sides of the same coin, since they express the same divergence from the EU mainstream from inside and outside. Soft power means that the political contest in the new regimes has been transferred from the hard to the soft fields of politics as the fight between the confronting narratives. The victory of the traditionalist–nativist narrative carries also the message that the people are only passive “subjects” and not active citizens, so the field of politics has been extremely narrowed in the “new brave world” in ECE.
Securitization of Past: Analysis of the Katyń Issue in the Context of EU Integration
Authors:   Jilin University (China), Sebina Olga
Published: February 2017

This paper provides a theoretical explanation of what causes historical issues to impact bilateral relations between two states. The case which was chosen for analysis – popularly known as the Katyń issue – involves changes in Polish foreign policy towards the Russian Federation due to the remembrance of the Katyń Massacre. The main assumptions are based on the concept of securitization and its analytical framework, particularly the societal portion, which is proposed by the Copenhagen School of security study. The process of European integration can be seen as the main causal factor leading to a complex of vertical and horizontal competition between Poland, the EU, and Russia over the construction of their historical identities with a referent object of securitization in Poland. The main conclusion of this paper suggests that significant differences in the understanding of various nations’ roles in WW2 between the EU and Russia have led to the securitization of the Polish historical image of WW2. The Polish audience considered it important to accept the historical truth. The Katyń issue in Polish–Russian relations has become a case that reflects the process which leads to securitization of disputes between historical victims and victimizers on a state–to–state level.
Post–Yugoslav Collective Memory: Between National and Transnational Myths
Authors:   University of Łódź (Poland), Rekść Magdalena
Published: February 2017

The aim of this paper is to analyse the image of Yugoslavia in the collective memories of the post–Yugoslav societies. The author of this text, basing on an assumption that every society has a great number of collective memories, highlights the fact that among the Balkan nations one can find both supporters and opponents not only of the SFRY but also of the idea of the cooperation among the Southern Slavs. Both positive and negative opinions of Yugoslavia in the collective memories are based not on the sober assessment of the historical facts but on collective emotions and historical and political myths. The anti–Yugoslav discourse in primarily based on the national mythology. The discourse of the supporters of the Yugoslav tradition one the other hand, goes back in a large extend to the transnational myths. By discussing these two types of ideas about Yugoslavia, the author of this text tries to show their impact on the current political decisions.
Major Dilemmas and Increasing Dysfunctions of the Polish Local Government Model on the Basis of an Electoral Law and Metropolitan Act
Authors:   University of Gdańsk (Poland), Słobodzian Beata
Published: February 2017

The right for electing the representatives of authority bodies is one of the fundamentals of democracy. This right entitles citizens for active public participation through expressing their support (votes) for candidates, which will respectively represent their voters in certain institutions. Polish electoral law, which regulates the local self–government elections is very controversial. The existing legal rules were changed many times since 2011. Among the subjects being discussed one can mention electoral campaigns, candidate registration rules and organization of elections. Frequent changes in the electoral law result in misunderstandings and unwillingness to participate in elections. Their effect is low voter turnout and a large number of invalid votes. To sum up considerations over a political model of large cities, it is worth to indicate that during the last 25 years of operation of Polish local government none of political models of big cities was adopted.
The Aristotelian Criticism of the Liberal Foundations of Modern State
Authors:   Collegium Civitas in Warsaw (Poland), Gajek Marcin
Published: February 2017

The paper discusses some fundamental differences between Aristotelian and modern conceptions of the state. It focuses its attention on the early liberal thinkers, such as Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, and contrasts the theory of state developed by them with the classical republican ideal described by Aristotle. As I will demonstrate main differences come down to (1) distinct ideas concerning the state’s origins (and especially human motivations behind establishing the state), (2) divergent convictions about the role of the state and its ethical dimension; and finally (3) different beliefs concerning basic feelings and passions which sustain existence of political community. I argue that on the basis of Stagirite’s philosophy it is possible to question whether civic association described by the precursors of liberal political thought is actually the state. In conclusion, I signalize the problem of serious limitations of contemporary liberal democracies (or even their internal contradictions) resulting from their attempt to follow an ideal of an ideologically neutral state.
Ping–Pong Diplomacy and its Legacy in the American Foreign Policy
Authors:   University of Łódź (Poland), Marcin Kobierecki Michał
Published: February 2017

The aim of the paper is to investigate ping–pong diplomacy between the Unites States and China, which was used by both countries as a diplomatic tool, aimed at achieving political rapprochement despite ideological dissonance and conflict over Taiwan. Both governments were seeking a way to establish closer relations but the circumstances prevented them from traditional diplomatic contacts. Sports exchange proved to be a convenient solution. In the paper the Author attempts to verify a hypothesis on a subsequent legacy of the ping–pong diplomacy in American foreign policy. The study allowed to determine reasons for the need to employ sport in order to establish closer relations between two hostile actors of international relations. It is an attempt to answer a question concerning the intentional or coincidental character of the analysed sports exchange. The paper is an empirical case study on one of the prime examples of positive sports diplomacy and was conducted with the use of decision–making.
The New Journalism: an Attempt at the Model Reconstruction
Authors:   Maria Curie–Skłodowska University in Lublin (Poland), Hofman Iwona
Published: February 2017

An attempt at reconstruction of the New Journalism model results from the observation of the crisis symptoms of journalism as a profession and mission (social responsibility). On the grounds of journalists’ and theoreticians’ statements, it is possible to establish a hierarchy of values of the serious journalism, which a social demand is growing for. The New Journalism is most frequently described as the conscious journalism, which provides spectrum of needs and views of recipients. This type of journalism is committed, independent, functioning in the public sphere, credible, realizing educational role. These attributes pertain to journalism. The paper includes standpoints, for example, of S. Michalczyk, B. Hennessy, P. Mancini, S. Russ–Mohl, S. Bratkowski, R. Kapuściński.
Debating Rapa Nui in Poland
Authors:   Warsaw School of Economics (Poland) & Victoria University in Wellington (New Zealand), Siekiera Joanna
Published: February 2017

The 8th Conference of the Australia, New Zealand and Oceania Research Association Rapa Nui – Between Two Cultures. Kraków, (3 December, 2015), The Australia, New Zealand and Oceania Research Association (ANZORA).
The Polish Perspective on Japanese Politics and Society
Authors:   Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (Poland), Gburzyńska Natalia
Published: February 2017

Book Review: Joanna Marszałek–Kawa (ed.), Japonia widziana z polskiej perspektywy. Toruń: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek 2016 (pp. 197). ISBN 978–83–8019–364–2. Price: 27.00 PLN.
Effect of soil water content on wild oat (Avena fatua) seed mortality and seedling emergence
Authors: Mickelson James A. , Grey William E.
Published: February 2017

Field experiments were established in fall 1999 and 2000 near Huntley, MT, to determine the effects of soil water content on wild oat seed mortality and seedling emergence. Four supplemental irrigation treatments were implemented from June through September to establish plots with varying soil water content. Wild oat seed mortality during the summer increased linearly as soil water content increased. For seed banks established in 1999 (1999SB), seed mortality increased, on average, from 36 to 55% in 2000, and 15 to 55% in 2001 as soil water content increased from 6 to 24%. For seed banks established in 2000 (2000SB), seed mortality increased, on average, from 38 to 88% in 2001 and 53 to 79% in 2002 as soil water content increased from 6 to 24%. Increasing soil water content likely increased the activity of microorganisms that cause mortality in wild oat seeds. The increasing seed mortality rates (due to increasing soil water content) resulted in greater annual declines of wild oat seed banks and 2-yr cumulative decline rates. Total season emergence percentage was not affected by irrigation treatment. Results show that weed seed bank decline is more rapid in moist than in dry soils and suggest that management practices that increase or conserve soil moisture will also increase the rate of wild oat seed bank decline.
Inheritance of glyphosate resistance in several populations of rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) from Australia
Authors: Wakelin Angela M. , Preston Christopher
Published: February 2017

In Australia, glyphosate resistance has been observed in rigid ryegrass in several states including New South Wales (NSW) and South Australia (SA). Several populations of glyphosate-resistant rigid ryegrass were analyzed for the inheritance of glyphosate resistance. Eight glyphosate-resistant populations were crossed to the same susceptible population to create first filial generation (F1) families. Individuals from the F1families were subsequently treated with glyphosate. The response to glyphosate of F1families from all eight crosses was more similar to the resistant parent than the susceptible parent. Within crosses, dose responses of reciprocal F1families were not significantly different from each other, indicating glyphosate resistance is encoded on the nuclear genome in all eight populations. The level of dominance observed in dose–response experiments ranged from partial to total within the herbicide doses tested. F1individuals from five of the populations were crossed with susceptible (S) individuals to create backcross (BC) populations. Most of the families from these BC populations segregated in a manner consistent with a single gene controlling glyphosate resistance. These results indicate that resistance is inherited as a single dominant allele in four out of the five glyphosate-resistant rigid ryegrass populations. Such information is vital in the development of management strategies for glyphosate resistance in Australia.
Evaluation of auxin-responsive genes in soybean for detection of off-target plant growth regulator herbicides
Authors: Kelley Kevin B. , Zhang Qin , Lambert Kris N. , Riechers Dean E.
Published: February 2017

The expression of a candidate auxin-responsive gene was evaluated for use in a diagnostic assay for plant growth regulator (PGR) herbicide injury in soybean leaves. Expression ofGH3, a primary auxin-responsive gene, was evaluated in response to dicamba and clopyralid at the RNA and protein levels, and proteomic analysis evaluated global expression of proteins in response to dicamba. Expression ofGH3was also analyzed in response to heat, drought, salt stress, and infection by soybean mosaic virus (SMV) and bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) to determine the specificity ofGH3expression as a diagnostic marker for PGR herbicide injury. At the RNA level,GH3was strongly induced by dicamba and clopyralid within 8 h after application. Expression peaked 1 to 3 d after treatment (DAT) in response to 10% and 1% of a labeled dose of dicamba and clopyralid, with higher expression levels detected at higher herbicide rates. At the protein level, GH3 expression was also strongly induced at 1, 2, and 3 DAT by 10% vs. 1% of a labeled dose of dicamba and clopyralid. Heat, drought, and salt stress and infection with SMV or BPMV had no effect onGH3expression at either the RNA or protein level. Proteomic analysis identified three proteins that were up-regulated in response to dicamba. Two were induced for less than 7 DAT, and a third was identified as a stress-response enzyme (superoxide dismutase) that is likely not specific to PGR herbicide injury. Expression ofGH3was highly induced by PGR herbicides at the RNA and protein level and was not affected by environmental stresses or viral infection, indicating thatGH3expression has excellent potential for use in a diagnostic assay for PGR herbicide injury.
Germination and proteome analyses reveal intraspecific variation in seed dormancy regulation in common waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus)
Authors: Leon Ramon G. , Bassham Diane C. , Owen Micheal D. K.
Published: February 2017

Common waterhemp is an obligate outcrosser that has high genetic variability. However, under selection pressure, this weed shows population differentiation for adaptive traits. Intraspecific variation for herbicide resistance has been studied, but no studies have been conducted to determine the existence of variation for other adaptive traits that could influence weed management. The objective of this study was to examine the existence of different seed dormancy regulatory mechanisms in common waterhemp. Seed dormancy regulation, in response to different temperature and moisture regimes, was studied through germination experiments and proteome analysis using two common waterhemp biotypes (Ames and Everly) collected from agricultural fields in Iowa, and one biotype (Ohio) collected from a pristine area in Ohio. Without stratification, germination percentage among the different biotypes was 9, 29 and 88% for Ames, Everly, and Ohio respectively. The germination rate of seeds from Ames was dramatically increased after incubation at either 4 or 25 C under wet conditions, whereas germination of seeds from Everly was only increased at 25 C under wet conditions. The Ohio biotype showed no change in germination response to any of the incubation treatments. Germination studies indicated that the rate of seed dormancy alleviation differed between biotypes. Seed protein profiles obtained from the three biotypes differed in protein abundance, number, and type. A putative small heat-shock protein (sHSP) of 17.6 kDa and isoelectric point (pI) 6.1 increased whereas a putative glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) of 30.9 kDa and pI 6.4 decreased in abundance in the Ames biotype as seed dormancy was reduced in response to incubation at 4 C and wet conditions. These two proteins did not change in the Everly and Ohio biotypes, suggesting that these proteins changed their abundance in response to seed dormancy alleviation. The results of this study suggest that differences in seed dormancy levels between the biotypes were due to different physiological regulatory mechanisms.
Differentiation of turfgrass and common weed species using hyperspectral radiometry
Authors: Hutto Kendall C. , Shaw David R. , Byrd John D. , King Roger L.
Published: February 2017

Hand-held hyperspectral reflectance data were collected in the summers of 2002, 2003, and 2004 to differentiate unique spectral characteristics of common turfgrass and weed species. Turfgrass species evaluated were: bermudagrass, ‘Tifway 419’; zoysiagrass, ‘Meyer’; St. Augustinegrass, ‘Raleigh’; common centipedegrass; and creeping bentgrass, ‘Crenshaw’. Weed species evaluated were: dallisgrass, southern crabgrass, eclipta, and Virginia buttonweed. Reflectance data were collected from greenhouse and field locations. An overall classification accuracy of 85% was achieved for all species in the field. A total of 21 spectral bands between 378 and 1,000 nm that were consistent over the three data collection periods were used for analysis. Only centipedegrass, zoysiagrass, and dallisgrass were correctly classified less than 80% of the time. An overall classification accuracy of 69% was achieved for the greenhouse species. Spectral bands used in this analysis ranged from 353 to 799 nm. Creeping bentgrass and Virginia buttonweed were classified correctly at 96 and 92%, respectively.
Metabolism of the peptide deformylase inhibitor actinonin in tobacco
Authors: Hou Cai-Xia , Dirk Lynnette M. A. , Goodman Jack P. , Williams Mark A.
Published: February 2017

Actinonin is a naturally occurring hydroxamic acid and a potent inhibitor of the essential cotranslational protein processing enzyme peptide deformylase. Actinonin has both pre- and post-emergence herbicidal activity, but it is rapidly metabolized by plants, thus limiting herbicidal efficacy. Studies designed to elucidate the metabolic fate of actinonin revealed that after absorption actinonin was metabolized by tobacco plants with only about 17% of the parent compound remaining 48 h after application. Subcellular fractionation revealed that a microsomal fraction was capable of metabolizing actinonin in vitro. Two actinonin metabolites were isolated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and identified by mass spectrometric analyses. The major metabolite was derived from the hydrolysis of the hydroxamate group to its corresponding acid, and a relatively minor metabolite through reduction of the hydroxamate group to the corresponding amide. Both metabolites were functionally inactive as inhibitors of peptide deformylase. These results provide rationale for the low efficacy of actinonin as a broad-spectrum herbicide, and identify functional groups in actinonin targeted by plants during detoxification. This information may facilitate the design and synthesis of actinonin analogues with increased herbicidal efficacy.
Introduction-Another Way in the World
Authors: Gikandi Simon
Published: February 2017

For Abiola Irele, friend, mentor,maître.

Language for me is the soul of the text. I love the Arabic language, and I adore writing in it. It is the linguistic mold that I want to fill my personal stories and culture in, distinguished from that of Arabs.

—Stella Gaitano

I Will Start with Two Stories About This Thing Called Literature and the world it claims to name and possess.

The first takes place in Shillong, in the northeast corner of India, a place far removed from the Indian heartland, closer to Bangladesh, Burma, and China than to New Delhi. The setting is the Shillong campus of the English and Foreign Languages University, where I have come to teach a seminar to junior academics and graduate students on decolonization as a theoretical problem. My students and I will embark on a two-week systematic rereading of the philosophical claims made for decolonization in the writings of canonical postcolonial writers, from Mahatma Gandhi's writing on nonviolence to Aimé Césaire's and Léopold Sédar Senghor's on negritude to Frantz Fanon's on the pitfalls of national consciousness to Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's and Trinh T. Minh-Ha's on the figure of woman in difference. Although my students are attentive, their relation to these texts is ambivalent: they recognize the importance of these texts to understanding the making of the modern world, yet colonialism, as a world-historical event, occurred too long ago to be part of their lived experience. Their ambivalence is compounded by the fact that the urgency with which the authors of decolonization write, the sense that they are operating at the end of time—the time of Europe—belongs to a moment that no longer resonates with people struggling to survive in a more complex, globalized world. It is hard for my students to make the connection between Senghor's negritude and his incarceration in a Nazi prison camp in Poitiers during World War II or to see that event, the imprisonment of an African fighting for France, as connected to a paradigmatic break in the discourse of empire.
ThePícaroat War: Vernacular Language and Violent Conflict in Grimmelshausen and Saro-Wiwa
Authors: Joseph Philip
Published: February 2017

This essay compares Grimmelshausen'sSimplicissimus(1669) and Saro-Wiwa'sSozaboy(1985), approaching them as picaresque war novels that tell the story of a vernacular language becoming literary through brutal war. Despite differences of language, nation, and time, the novels of Grimmelshausen and Saro-Wiwa share a structural similarity traceable to their respective postwar contexts. These novels rewrite the expected relation between war and language. Instead of privileging the damage done to speech, they authorize a spoken language through the medium of a highly mobile rogue protagonist. Grimmelshausen and Saro-Wiwa contend with the question of whether a language, lacking the official status guaranteed by a sovereign state, is strong enough to constitute and represent a territory divided by civil war. In their works, war tears apart a territory and lays the foundation for its autonomous postwar culture all at once.
Writing World Literature: Approaches from the Maghreb
Authors: Hiddleston Jane
Published: February 2017

World Literatureis a Notoriously Ambiguous Term. Since Goethe Began Referring to a UniversalWeltliteraturIN 1827, the meaning ofworld literaturehas passed through many mutations, and, with the resurgence of interest in the term that followed David Damrosch's publication in 2003 of his provocativeWhat Is World Literature?, it has generated a good deal of controversy. Although it appears to describe a type of literature or group of texts,world literatureis more often used to designate a critical perspective. World literature is not so much a canon of works conceived to be globally or universally significant as an approach to literary criticism. What this critical approach entails, however, is often unclear and frequently freighted with cultural and sociopolitical assumptions that challenge the supposed openness of world literature. Most theorists agree that the notion of world literature invites exploration of the ways in which texts exceed national borders, but the relative status of national and international sociocultural frameworks remains highly contentious, as do critics' understandings of a text's “worldliness” and mode of circulation. As Franco Moretti famously asserts, world literature is “not an object, it's aproblem”; it requires ongoing debate.
Surprise Me If You Can
Authors: Tanoukhi Nirvana
Published: February 2017

Hey! Whatcha readin' for?

—Bill Hicks, comedian,Sane Man(1989)

Miller Reads So the Chinese (and Young, Western Computer Gamers) Don't Have To

In August 2010, I Attended a Lecture that J. Hillis Miller Gave at the Shanghai jiao Tong University on the Challenge of Reading world literature. The lecture argued that in a globalizing world, traveling literature grows distant from its linguistic milieu, local readership, and aesthetic context, making it our challenge to find a reading method that could safeguard these endangered aspects of the text's specificity. To do this, he proposed to imagine himself as a Chinese anthologist who, wishing to include a translation of William Butler Yeats's poem “The Cold Heaven” in a Chinese anthology of world literature, must ask himself, “Just what would I need to tell Chinese readers to make them the best possible readers of this poem?” Miller concluded that, as that anthologist, he would need to give them the facts about Yeats's life and works, an account of the generic rules of the poem's verse form, a note on the broad recurrence of “sudden” and “suddenly” in Yeats's oeuvre, information about “[w]hat sort of bird the rook is and why they are delighted by cold weather,” a clarification of the differing connotations of “heaven” and “skies” for Christian readers familiar with “The Lord's Prayer,” an explanation of what the oxymoron “burning ice” has meant in the Western poetic tradition, a pointer to the allusion in the word “crossed” to Shakespeare'sRomeo and Juliet, and some sense of the embedded subtext of Yeats's failure to woo Maud Gonne (256). For, according to Miller (citing David Damrosch), when culturally distant readers are not made aware of the “vast substratum beneath” a poem, they are “likely to impose domestic literary values on the foreign work” (254). In short, a respectful reading method must ensure that such readers are guided through the text, in the light of its original context.
Translational Literature and the Pleasures of Exile
Authors: Hassan Waïl S.
Published: February 2017

The Fundamental Concern in Translation Theory, from Saint Jerome to the Present, has Been the Relation Between a Text and its version in another language. This relation is often conceived in the Platonic terms of original and copy: the original is viewed as sacrosanct (especially when it is a sacred text but also when it is not), while the translation is seen, at best, as imperfect and deficient and, at worst, as an adulteration, a profanation, and a betrayal that is captured in the Italian phrase traduttore traditore. Conversely, that relation has on occasion also been inverted in claims that the translation can be superior to the original—for example, Jorge Luis Borges's famous declaration that “the original is unfaithful to the translation” (239) or, less radically, Gabriel García Márquez's reported remark that Gregory Rabassa's translation of One Hundred Years of Solitude is better than the Spanish original (Rabassa 43). At other times, the relation between original and translation is seen as antagonistic, the one trying to displace the other, or as its heir and only chance of survival. In this view, the original is condemned to death and oblivion because it is written in a dead language, a rival language, or a geopolitically weak language. Think of the phenomenon that Abdelfattah Kilito cites of some classical Arabic texts—such as al-Harīrī‘s Maqāmāt (“Assemblies”), written at the height of Arab civilization's power in the twelfth century—which seem to have been composed in such a way as to render their translation impossible (17-18). By contrast, notes Kilito, some contemporary Arab novelists seem to write with their translators in mind, avoiding difficult language and obscure cultural expressions that may reduce their works’ chances of being translated into English or French, the gateway to international success (19n7).
Thoughts on Writing Literary History: The Case of the Sri Lankan Malays
Authors: Ricci Ronit
Published: February 2017

Literary Histories Have All Too Often Been Written with the Borders of Nation-States in Mind, Projecting Back in Time a political unity and standard use of language that only gradually, and sometimes recently, emerged. This approach has been criticized and increasingly replaced by an acknowledgment that literary histories must consider many variables that do not neatly map onto the story of single, powerful, and supposedly unified political entities and that these histories' artificial boundaries of inquiry must expand to encompass the movement of people, ideas, and texts. Although potentially more representative of the plurality of particular societies or cultures, a literary history that does not depend on the illusion of a stable state structure and the state's prioritized language is challenging to write, especially when basic questions regarding the location, religious affiliation, and linguistic preferences of the community producing a literature loom large. I present some thoughts and questions on one such challenging example—writing a literary history of the Sri Lankan Malays—in the hope that these reflections will resonate with those exploring other places, languages, and periods as we critically engage with old and new ways of understanding the diverse nature and roles of literature.
African Literature in the World: A Teacher's Report
Authors: Adesokan Akin
Published: February 2017

IN Concluding the Editor's Foreword to the 1950 Edition of D. O. Fagunwa's First Novel, the Classic Ogboju Ode Ninu Igbo Irunmale, L. Murby spoke generally of the three novels the Yoruba author had published by then:

[I]n their treatment of character and story, in their use of myth and legend and allegory, and in their proverbial and epigrammatic language [the novels] bear definite resemblances to the Odyssey and Beowulf and the early medieval romances on the one hand, and on the other hand to that great cornerstone of the English novel, Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress.
The Tragic Critic after 9/11
Authors: Wallace Jennifer
Published: February 2017

In the Autumn of 2002, I Gave a Lecture on Mourning the Dead to Final-Year Undergraduates at the University of Cambridge studying the compulsory course on tragedy. The lecture covered the care devoted to the dead body in Sophocles'sAntigoneand Hamlet's reflections, over Ophelia's grave, on the “fine revolution” of the material corpse (5.1.82-83). But it also extended its range to include the then very recent excavation, for eight and a half months, at Ground Zero in search of the remains of the dead victims of the attack on the World Trade Center, and the simultaneous daily publication in theNew York Timesof “Portraits of Grief.” These portraits, I maintained, fulfilled a similar function to tragic drama by refocusing attention on the individual life and by finding a narrative arc to each victim's story, like Aristotle's tragic plots, which must have “a beginning, a middle, and an end” (26). While the firefighters' digging equipment at Ground Zero searched in vain for the missing remains of about 1800 people and eventually hit bedrock, the newspaper reinvested each lost person with significance, finding a value and a pattern in the person's life.
Teaching the Armenian Genocide in Turkey: Curriculum, Methods, and Sources
Authors: Adak Hülya
Published: February 2017

Since 2001, I Have Been Teaching Courses in Cultural Studies, European and Turkish Literature, Modern Drama, and Gender and sexuality studies at Sabancı University in Istanbul. During my fifteen years of teaching undergraduate and graduate students, the Armenian genocide was a particularly challenging theme to bring into the classroom. Even at Sabancı University, one of the rare liberal universities in Turkey to offer courses that challenge Turkish national myths, most students, including those who graduated from “liberal” high schools, had received a nationalist education and came to college either not knowing anything about the Armenian genocide or denying it altogether. Denial of the Armenian genocide is still pervasive in Turkey; 1915 is identified in history textbooks as the year of the Battle of Gallipoli, the most important Ottoman victory against the British and French naval forces during World War I. For most of the twentieth century and up until 2005, when the seminal Ottoman Armenians Conference opened a public discussion of the topic, silence regarding the deportation and genocide of the Ottoman Armenians prevailed. If denialist myths in Turkey acknowledge the deaths of the Ottoman Armenians, they justify such deaths as “retaliation” for the deaths of Turkish Muslims during the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913 or equate the massacres of Armenians with Turkish casualties of war from the same period. For instance, Talat Paşa, the mastermind behind the deportations and massacres of roughly one million Armenians in 1915-16, argues in his memoirs that an equal number of Turks were killed by Armenians during World War I and in its aftermath (51-56).
English in Hong Kong
Authors: Jayawickrama Sharanya
Published: February 2017

As 2016 Draws to a Close, the Most Hotly Debated Topic in Hong Kong is the Controversial Behavior of Two Newly elected legislators of a localist political party during their oath taking at the Legislative Council earlier this year. The proindependence advocates roused anger among mainland Chinese and local Hong Kong officials and citizens alike when they declared allegiance to the “Hong Kong nation” and pronounced “China” in a way that painfully echoed for many the derogatory pronunciation used by the Japanese forces that occupied Hong Kong in World War II. Ironically, in their attempts to lobby for the Hong Kong people's interests and right to self-determination, the legislators were accused of ignoring Hong Kong's history and disrespecting those who had perished during or survived those dark days. Subsequently, China's National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) issued an interpretation of Hong Kong's Basic Law that disqualified the pair from government service and preempted any ruling by a local Hong Kong court. This decision prompted thirteen thousand Hong Kong people to take to the streets in protest against what is widely perceived as the mainland's tightening of control over its special administrative region.
Literature in the World: A View from Cape Town
Authors: Samuelson Meg
Published: February 2017

Returning Recently to Teach at My Alma Mater, The University of Cape Town, I Was Amazed to Find That the Undergraduate curriculum to which I had been exposed at the dawn of the post-apartheid era remained substantially unaltered. With the exception of an experimentally convened introductory year that reverses chronology with interesting effects, the English major continues to plot a literary history across four inherited periods: Shakespeare and Co., Romance to Realism, Modernism, and Contemporary Literature, which collapses a previous bifurcation of the capstone course into Postmodernism or Postcolonialism.
Validación de contenido de una versión culturalmente adaptada al contexto venezolano de la Escala de Perfeccionismo Infantil de Oros
Authors: Aguilar-Durán Leonardo Andrés , Castellanos-López Marilyn Yisneida
Published: February 2017

Introducción: a pesar de su importancia, el reporte formal y pormenorizado de la validez de contenido de los instrumentos psicométricos ha sido frecuentemente descuidado. En un trabajo previo, la Escala de Perfeccionismo Infantil de Oros (2003), de origen argentino, fue adaptada lingüística y culturalmente al contexto venezolano. Objetivo: el propósito del presente estudio fue estimar la validez relacionada con el contenido de la versión venezolana de la escala antedicha a través del criterio de jueces. Metodología: un grupo de expertos en el tema del perfeccionismo juzgó si existe correspondencia entre lo que parece que mide cada reactivo del instrumento y la dimensión a la que pertenece; para cuantificar el acuerdo interjueces se usó el denominado Índice de Validez Factorial (fvi). Resultados: la escala total ylas llamadas “Autodemandas”, que se refieren a pensamientos perfeccionistas, obtuvieron índices satisfactorios (fvi > 0,80). Hubo menos acuerdo con los ítems de la dimensión “Reacciones ante el fracaso”, en parte atribuible a factores de diferenciación cultural que influyen en la expresión emocional. Conclusiones: ahora puede proseguirse con el resto de la validación psicométrica de la prueba. Otros estudios que persigan un objetivo similar al de este trabajo podrían emular el procedimiento aquí expuesto.
Registro de información en pacientes con trastornos por uso de alcohol en Mar del Plata, Argentina
Authors: Conde Karina , Remaggi Milena Laura , Peltzer Raquel Inés , Lichtenberguer Aldana , Cremonte María
Published: February 2017

Introducción: los datos que se registran sobre el consumo de alcohol son importantes para el diagnóstico y pronóstico de trastornos por uso de alcohol. Objetivo: este estudio descriptivo tuvo como objetivo caracterizar las referencias sobre consumo de alcohol y otras variables relacionadas en los registros hospitalarios de pacientes atendidos en una unidad especializada en alcoholismo de un hospital público de la ciudad de Mar del Plata, Argentina. Metodología: se examinaron los registros de 60 admisiones entre febrero y noviembre del 2011, y se categorizaron extrayendo datos referidos al consumo de alcohol, fuente de la derivación, diagnóstico, tratamiento, internaciones y otras enfermedades, así como aspectos del entorno familiar y socioeconómico. Posteriormente, se realizaron análisis descriptivos teniendo en cuenta el porcentaje de registros en los que se mencionaban estos aspectos. Resultados: si bien el registro de datos referentes al consumo de alcohol fue alto, por lo general fue incompleto. La información registrada denotó que las condiciones biopsicosociales en las que se encuentran estos pacientes son poco favorables para un tratamiento exitoso. Conclusiones: se discute la necesidad de sistematizar la información, por ejemplo, a través de historias clínicas unificadas, junto con formas de prevenir la progresión de trastornos por uso de alcohol.
Intervención con jóvenes mexicanos en conflicto ante la ley desde la psicología de la comunidad
Authors: Corchado-Vargas Ángel
Published: February 2017

Propósito: describir las actividades que se han realizado en el contexto de la aplicación del modelo de la psicología de la comunidad con jóvenes mexicanos (llamados “menores infractores”) que, por diversas circunstancias, han sido remitidos a las denominadas preceptorías juveniles, ubicadas en el estado de México, en el área metropolitana de la República Mexicana. Tema: el conocimiento de las actividades que se han generado con menores infractores permitirá, prospectivamente, diseñar estrategias de intervención cada vez más pertinentes con la población mencionada desde la psicología social comunitaria. Desarrollo: se enuncian algunas consideraciones sobre la manera como se forma a los estudiantes de la carrera de Psicología de la Facultad de Estudios Superiores (FES) Iztacala, UNAM, en el ámbito de la investigación, a fin de enunciar la manera como se puede realizar una intervención eficaz con menores infractores mexiquenses. Se enumeran las distintas intervenciones que se han realizado en las preceptorías juveniles, así como la metodología empleada, poniendo de manifiesto los avances de dicha intervención y las propuestas de mejora en el trabajo que llevan a cabo los alumnos de la carrera de Psicología de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, FES Iztacala. Conclusiones: se espera que este modelo sirva para la formación de estudiantes en escenarios similares en Latinoamérica, considerando la pertinencia ética y el compromiso social que se tiene dentro del ámbito social, así como la dinámica deductiva e inductiva que conlleva el proceso de investigación-intervención.
An evaluation of second language acquisition in postmodern era
Authors: Koyuncu Selma
Published: February 2017

On looking back the history of second language learning (SLA), one can clearly see the shift beginning from structural approaches to cognitive, naturalist, socio-cultural, communicative approaches, then contextualized and much later ecological ones. Although each approach comes out by criticizing the previous one/ones in different fields, they are just like a complement of each other in terms of SLA. To illustrate, cognitivists criticizes structuralism in that structural linguists see the language as only a linear, systematic system in which teaching takes place in forming habits through pre-selected, pre-sequenced linguistic forms. What cognitive linguists believe that learning a language cannot be limited to what is taught as linguistic forms since learners can create infinite number of sentences using finite rules of grammar and they add there should be something which helps learners to use the second language (L2) cognitively. It is sure that language cannot be regarded without linguistic forms and may need explicit explanation with a continual and conscious attention until it becomes automatic as structural linguists have suggested. In addition, being able to understand mental procedure happening during language learning provides learners to become more aware of their own learning process and benefit from whenever it is needed as cognitivists have mentioned. Just like in this example, the new perspective meets the deficit of the previous one. By the time SLA reaches its postmodern era, each forthcoming approach, technique, method, or procedure brings a new look to language itself, to language learning, and to second language learning via complementing a part which has not been considered before. In this case, it is certain that we can expect the newest approach is the most complex and the most inclusive of all. Despite the fact that postmodernism brings a broader viewpoint to SLA, there are some assumptions which are still fresh to debate. This paper aims to explain the significance of individual variability in L2 as a central construct and whether the experiences in physical and social world support language learning or not.
Emerged challenges for English education in Japan
Authors: Suzuki Sakae
Published: February 2017

Although Japanese students study English for 6 years as one of mandatory subjects in secondary school, they often demonstrate little success with it when they enter higher education. Many students come to university with emotional baggage, or negative thoughts on learning English. These negative functions may be associated with the beliefs that students develop before they come to university. These learner beliefs serve to determine the future behavior of students and hinder or enhance the learning process, thus, it may be effective to investigate the beliefs that limit student motivation and the characteristics of those negative beliefs. While many researchers still depend on the Beliefs about Language Learning Inventory (BALLI) (Horwitz, 1987) questionnaire to determine explicit beliefs, alternative approaches, particularly those designed to reveal implicit beliefs and emotions, can be helpful for understanding when and how it is appropriate for teachers to intervene in the promotion of learning. A new trend in belief studies uses visual outcomes such as drawings and photographs. Such visual accounts have rarely been used as research tolls in the study of language learning and teaching in Japan. In this note, the method of eliciting learners’ unconscious beliefs via drawings and interpretation of the drawings is discussed.
The (Unintended?) Consequences of the Largest Liquidity Injection Ever
Authors: Crosignani Matteo , Faria-e-Castro Miguel , Fonseca Luis
Published: February 2017

We study the design of lender of last resort interventions and show that the provision of long-term liquidity incentivizes purchases of high-yield short-term securities by banks. Using a unique security-level data set, we find that the European Central Bank’s three-year Long-Term Refinancing Operation incentivized Portuguese banks to purchase short-term domestic government bonds that could be pledged to obtain central bank liquidity. This "collateral trade" effect is large, as banks purchased short-term bonds equivalent to 8.4% of amount outstanding. The resumption of public debt issuance is consistent with a strategic reaction of the debt agency to the observed yield curve steepening.
REFLEXIONES TEÓRICAS SOBRE EL ANÁLISIS DE LA RESPONSABILIDAD SOCIAL EN EL SECTOR TURÍSTICO
Authors: Flores Ruiz David , Barroso González María de la O , Castro Vadillo Nelly Julia
Published: February 2017

Las investigaciones sobre la responsabilidad social en el sector turístico son aún escasas, entre otras causas, por el carácter relativamente reciente de la aplicación de este concepto a la actividad turística, así como por la complejidad y dificultad que encierra su análisis aplicado al sector turístico de una forma global. En este sentido, el presente artículo, a partir del análisis bibliográfico de la Economía del Turismo desde el enfoque de demanda y del de oferta, pretende proponer un marco teórico que facilite la aplicación y el fomento de este concepto en un sector tan heterogéneo como es el turismo. ABSTRACTResearch on social responsibility in the tourism sector are scarce due to the relatively recent nature of the application of this concept to tourism, as well as the complexity and difficulty of this analysis applied to the tourism sector of a integrated form. In this sense, this article, with a literature review about the Tourism Economy from the perspective of demand and supply, proposes a theoretical framework from the supply approach, to facilitate the implementation and promotion of this concept in such a heterogeneous sector is tourism.
EL PAPEL DE LA INFORMACIÓN FINANCIERA EN LA EVOLUCIÓN RECIENTE DEL SECTOR BANCARIO ESPAÑOL
Authors: Ruiz Rodríguez Mª del Consuelo , Castilla Polo Francisca
Published: February 2017

En este trabajo nos dedicamos a analizar el importante número de medidas adoptadas sobre el Sistema Financiero Español ante la crisis económica de los últimos años, así como a estudiar su repercusión en las estrategias contables de las entidades financieras, en un intento de adaptarse a tales cambios. Analizaremos las principales medidas financieras planteadas en los últimos años distinguiendo entre las encaminadas a aumentar la liquidez y las centradas en aumentar la solvencia de la entidad, todo ello con el propósito de conseguir ofrecer una visión agregada de los efectos de tales medidas en la información financiera que elaboran estas entidades, que nos permita deducir la oportunidad y conveniencia logradas por tal proceso de reforma.ABSTRACTThis paper is dedicated to analyze the large number of measures taken on the Spanish financial system before the economic crisis of recent years and to study their impact on financial strategies of financial institutions, in an attempt to adapt to such changes. Analyze key financial measures referred to our financial system since the early beginnings of the crisis, distinguishing between measures to increase liquidity and regain the confidence of investors and measures focused on increasing the solvency and transparency of the entity and its accounting impact on the balance sheets of financial institutions, all with the proposal to achieving offer an aggregate view of the effects of such measures on bank accounting that allows us to deduce the opportunity and convenience achieved.