bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Microbial and Conventional Insecticides for Control of Larval European Corn Borer on Whorl Stage Corn, Clay Center, Ne, 1995
Authors: DeVries Terry A. , Wright Robert J.
Published: December 2017

Bacillus thuringiensis formulations and conventional insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against larval ECB in whorl stage field corn. All plots were planted without soil insecticide on 16 May. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replicates. Each plot consisted of a single row, 40 ft long with a 30-inch row spacing. Plots were artificially infested with black-head stage ECB egg masses. The egg masses were deposited on wax paper discs, precounted in the laboratory and placed in the whorl of the infested plants on 30 Jun and 9 Jul. Crop growth stage was 37 and 57 inches extended leaf height, respectively. The same 5 plants in each treatment replicate were infested with 10 egg masses per infestation date. All granular insecticides were applied on 13 Jul. Environmental conditions were: air temperature, 81°F; wind direction and speed, west (250°) at 7 mph; relative humidity, 53%; and crop growth stage, 63 inches extended leaf height. A 10-inch Almaco smooth belt cone rear mounted on a Hahn Hi-Boy was used to apply preweighed amounts of the granular insecticides over the top of the plant whorls (G). Liquid insecticides were applied on 15 Jul. Environmental conditions were: air temperature, 74°F; wind direction and speed, east (80°) at 5 mph; relative humidity, 76%; and crop growth stage, 67 inches extended leaf height. A CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer at 30 psi was used to apply a band application over the top of the whorl (total spray volume = 1050 ml/plot) of premeasured amounts of the liquid insecticides (L). All infested plants were evaluated for ECB larval feeding damage on 14-15 Aug. The stalks of the infested plants were split lengthwise and the accumulated length and number of cavities in the 5 plants per treatment replicate were used to evaluate ECB larval damage. The percent infestation at evaluation was determined by the plants with a minimum of 1 cavity per treatment replicate. Data were analyzed by ANOVA for RCB with mean separation using DMRT.
Control of Western Corn Rootworm Larvae in West Central Nebraska, 1995
Authors: Seymour R. C. , Campbell J. B. , Wright R. J.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were applied to suppress larval rootworm populations in 2 fields near North Platte, NE. Both fields were composed of Cozad silt loam soils. In Field 1 ‘DeKalb 566’ hybrid field corn was ridge-planted with a John Deere 7100 Max-emerge planter, to a non-tilled seed bed on 19 May. At the time of planting, soil moisture was adequate for germination and the soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm was about 8° C. Several insecticides were applied at planting to plots 2 rows wide, 10 m in length, with a bicycle wheel type applicator. Four replications of each treatment were arranged in a RCB design. T-band applications were made by applying a 7 inch band of insecticide to an open seed furrow. In-furrow applications were made by applying insecticide directly into the seed furrow. After the insecticides were applied, furrows were closed with a rotary hoe and insecticides were incorporated with a rake. Field 2 was ridge-planted to ‘BoJac 577’ field corn with a John Deere 7100 Max-emerge planter, in a non-tilled seed bed on 18 May. At the time of planting, soil moisture was adequate for germination and the soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm was about 13° C. With the exception of 4 field length strips, 12 rows in width, Lorsban 15G was applied at planting with insecticide boxes on the planter at a rate of 1100 g Al/ha. Granular and liquid insecticides were applied to untreated strips in Field 2 immediately prior to cultivation on 22 Jun. The corn plants were in the early whorl stage (V3 stage) of development at the time of application. The plots for the granular treatments in Field 2 were 10 m in length and 4 rows wide. The granular treatments were applied in a 7 inch band, over the whorl of the plants, with a bicycle wheel type applicator. Furadan 4F was applied to 10 X 4 m plots in Field 2, either broadcast over the top of the plants or in 7 inch bands to the base of the plants. All liquid treatments were applied in a total volume of 120 liters/ha at 30 psi. All treatments were replicated 4 times and arranged in a RCB design. Treatments in both fields were evaluated 26 Jul by rating washed roots, using the 1-6 Iowa root damage rating scale, of 4 plants from each replicate.
Evaluation of Soil Insecticide Rates on Continuous Corn in Ohio, 1995
Authors: Willson H. R. , Eisley J. B.
Published: December 2017

Planting time treatments of 3 granular soil insecticide products were evaulated on reduced tilled continuous corn at the OARDC Northwestern Branch Station near Hoytville. Each of the soil insecticides was evaluated at 2 rates. A RCBD was applied with 4 replicates. Plots were 61 m (200 ft) in length and 4 rows wide with 76.2 cm (30 inch) row spacing. Treatments were applied 8 Jun at planting time using a 4 row John Deere 7000 planter equipped with Noble granular applicators. All treatments were applied as a band prior to closure by the press wheel. Stand counts were taken 18 Jul on 30.5 m (100 ft) of row. Root systems of 5 plants per plot were rated 18 Jul using the Iowa 1-6 scale. On 19 Oct, plots were machine harvested to determine yield.
Efficacy of Soil Insecticides Against Western Corn Rootworm, 1995
Authors: Youngman R. R. , Kuhar T. P. , Laub C. A.
Published: December 2017

Two experiments were conducted in Mont-gomery Co., VA, to determine the effectiveness of several granular insecticides applied in-furrow or t-band at planting and a liquid formulation applied postemergence against western corn rootworm larvae on ‘Pioneer 3140’ corn. The experiments were conducted in 2 no-till cornfields consisting of a predominant Duffield-Ernest silt loam soil. Experiment I was in a 20-acre field (‘Back’ field) and Experiment II was in an 8-acre field (‘Machine Shed’ field). The fields had been in continuous corn production since 1988 (Back field) and 1985 (Machine Shed field), and had been treated with granular insecticides at planting every year since 1989 (Back field) and 1990 (Machine Shed field). Plots of 40 X 10 ft (i.e., 4 rows wide) were arranged in a RCB design with all insecticide treatments and an untreated check replicated 4 times. An Almaco, 2-row Max-Emerge planter was used to plant the plots on 12 May at a population density of 26,100 seeds/acre. For the granular insecticide treatments, insecticide granules were applied in front of the press wheels either directly in the seed furrow or in a 5-inch wide T-barid over the furrow, depending on the treatment. The standard granular insecticide applicator was removed from each row unit and replaced with a wooden device which held a pt mason jar used to dispense the insecticide granules. Attached to the underside of the wooden holder was a plastic funnel and tube through which the insecticide granules flowed. A single opening, drilled into the lid of each jar, was calibrated in the laboratory to deliver insecticides accurately at a speed of 3 mph. The possibility of mixing one or more insecticides was avoided by using a separate jar and lid for each treatment. At the start of application, a jar containing the appropriate insecticide granules was inverted and placed into each of the wooden holders. This method helped minimize soil compaction because the tractor made only 1 pass per plot. The postemergence application of the liquid formulation of Furadan 4F was made on 9 Jun using a backpack sprayer with a boom equipped with foui stainless steel 8002VS spray tips spaced 19 inches apart. Material was applied at 20 gpa 30 psi. Root ratings (20 Jul) and stand counts (13 Jun) were made. The roots of 5 consecutive corn plants were dug from each plot and washed of excess soil before ratings were made. Corn rootworm damage ratings were based on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1 = no feeding damage; 6 = three or more root nodes completely destroyed). Stand counts consisted of counting all cornstalks along a 40 row-ft section in each plot. A 2-way ANOVA with Fisher’s protected LSD was used to analyze differences among treatments.
Chemigation Treatment of Dough-Stage Popcorn to Manage Second Generation European Corn Borer Larvae in South Dakota, 1995
Authors: Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W.
Published: December 2017

An irrigated site near Lower Brule, in central SD, was chosen for our study. Pretreatment counts indicated a severe ECB infestation (60% of ear zones containing egg masses). Treatments were applied in 10-acre wedges in a pieshaped RCBD. Each wedge contained 4 replicates, and distance from outer field perimeter was used as the blocking criterion. Insecticides were applied on 17 Aug using an Agri-Inject injector unit (calibrated to dispense 14.3 oz of fluid/h) connected to a Zimmatic central pivot irrigation system which delivered 0.32 inches of water during the application. One month after treatment (16 Sep), 15 randomly selected plants per plot were split vertically and examined for tunneling injury (cavities) to the stalk or shank and presence of ECB larvae. All data were analyzed with SAS’s General Linear Models (GLM) procedure and means were compared using DMRT.
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Boll Worms and Fall Armyworms in Southern North Carolina, 1995
Authors: Bacheler J. S. , Mott D. W.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 25 Apr in an AutryviUe loamy fine sand near Richlands, NC. Recommended agronomic practices for fertility and weed control were followed and 0.675 lb (Al)/acre Temik 15G used at planting for thrips. A RCBD was used with 4 replicates and 6-row (38 inch centers) X 45 ft plots with 10 ft alleys. Treatments were applied with a back pack, CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 8.0 gpa at 50 psi with one TX-8 hollow cone nozzle per row. Applications were made on 19 and 24 Jul and 7 Aug. One hundred squares and 100 bolls (25/plot) were examined on 2 Aug and 100 bolls on 21 Aug for damage and live BW and FAW. Plots were harvested with a 2-row John Deere mechanical harvester on 9 Oct. Insect data were subjected to ANOVA and DNMRT (P = 0.05).
Selected Insecticide/Nematicides for Control of Thrips in Virginia Cotton, 1995
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy of selected insecti-cide/nematicides was evaluated for control of thrips (primarily F. fusca) in Virginia cotton. ‘Sure-Grow 501’ cotton was planted 1 May at the Virginia Tech Tidewater Agric. Res. & Ext. Ctr., Suffolk, Va. using a 36-inch row spacing. All treatments were applied into the seed furrow (IF) at the time of planting, granules using tractor-mounted inverted jars with lid holes calibrated to deliver exact amounts via gravity; liquids (IF, spray) with a CO2 pressurized tractor-mounted sprayer calibrated to deliver 5.0 gal/acre at 24 psi through one SS8001E flat fan nozzle mounted just above planter disks and turned parallel to the row direction to deliver the spray fan into the seed furrow. Gaucho seed treatment was applied commercially. A RCB design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 30 ft. Adult and immature thrips were counted on 3 dates by cutting and placing 5 plants per plot into jars containing soapy water. Thrips were filtered and counted in the laboratory. Thrips injury to plants was determined by visually rating injury using a 0 to 5 scale, where 0 = no thrips induced plant injury, 1 = 10% injured leaves, no bud injury; 2 = 25% injured leaves, no bud injury; 3 = 75% injured leaves, and 0 to 25% buds injured; 4 = 90% injured leaves, and greater than 25% buds injured; and 5 = dead plants. Flower number was used as a measure of plant maturity as affected by thrips injury. Flowers were counted one time on 19 Jul in 6 row ft per plot. Yield was determined by harvesting the 2 center rows of each plot (60 row ft per plot) using a commercial 2-row John Deere cotton combine. Lint values were calculated as 37% of total plot weights, assuming 63% was seed and trash. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD, or Duncan’s new multiple range statistical procedures.
Different Application Schedules and Insecticide Rates for Control of Bollworm in Virginia Cotton. 1995
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: December 2017

Different application schedules with insecticides at different rates were evaluated for control of bollworm in VA. ‘Sure-Grow 501’ cotton was planted 1 May at the Virginia Tech Tidewater Agric. Res. & Ext. Ctr., Suffolk, VA, using a 36-inch row spacing. All treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 14.5 gpa at 50 psi through three, D2-13 disc-core hollow cone nozzles per row, one over the top of the row and one on each side. Four application schedule/insecticide rate combinations were tested: 1)3 applications at the standard rate, the 1 st at the egg threshold, the 2nd in 5d, and the 3rd in l0d; 2) 2 applications at the standard rate, the 1st at the egg threshold, the 2nd in 5d; 3) 2 applications, the 1st at the egg threshold using 1.6x the standard rate, and the 2nd in 5d using the standard rate; 4) 1 application at the egg threshold using 1.6x the standard rate. Egg threshold application was based on the presence of 10 or more bollworm eggs per 100 plant terminals, or 2 or more per 100 fruil (squares or bolls). A RCB experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 6 rows by 30 ft. Boll damage and bollworm numbers were determined by sampling 25 randomly selected bolls per plot. Samples were taken at roughly weekly intervals after the occurrence of the egg threshold. Yield was determined by harvesting the 2 center rows of each plot (60 row ft per plot) using a commercial 2-row John Deere cotton combine. Lint values were calculated as 37% of total plot weights, assuming 63% was seed and trash. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures.
Evaluation of Selected Insecticides for Control of Bollworm and Budworm, 1995
Authors: Meyers H. B. , Johnson D. R. , Klein C. D.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 17 May at the Robert Fratesi farm in Jefferson County. Plots consisted of 8 rows (40 inch centers) X 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied on 19 Jun, 2 Jul, and 15 Jul with a CO2 sprayer mounted on a John Deere 6000 hi-cycle. Total volume was 9.91 gpa at 25 psi using Teejet TXVS-6 nozzles on 20 inch spacings. Insect counts on the first 2 evaluation dates (19 Jul, 2 Aug) were made by whole plant examination of 14 row ft in the center of each plot. Insect counts on the last evaluation date (15 Aug) were made by randomly examining 50 squares and terminals throughout the plot.
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Tarnished Plant Bugs, 1995
Authors: Pankey J. H. , Leonard B. R. , Torrey K. D. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

Ten insecticide treatments were evaluated for efficacy against tarnished plant bugs in cotton at the Macon Ridge Location of the Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro, LA. Cottonseed was planted 1 May in 4 row plots (40 inch centers) X 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied on 24 Jul with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 6 gpa through TeeJet TX-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 46 psi. Treatments were evaluated 3 and 7 DAT with a standard 15 inch diam sweep net by counting both tarnished plant bug adults and nymphs in a 10 sweep sample/plot. No rainfall was recorded during the test. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, and means were separated according to DMRT.
Foliar Sprays to Control Cotton Aphids, 1995
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 17 May at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a single 25-ft row, bordered on each side by an untreated guard row, with 3 ft row spacing. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a RCB design. In order to flare the aphid population as uniformly as possible throughout the test, the entire site was sprayed with 0.05 lb(AI)/acre Asana XL on 26 Jul and 2 and 8 Aug. The treatments were applied on 15 Aug using a 3 hollow cone nozzle boom backpack sprayer delivering 60 gpa at 40 psi. Evaluation criteria consisted of counts of the total number of aphids on 5 randomly picked leaves/plot pre-treatment and at 7 and 14 DAT.
Tarnished Plant Bug Response to Provado Plus Sucrose, 1995
Authors: Teague T. G. , Bearden S. L. , Tugwell N. P.
Published: December 2017

Field studies were conducted to determine the effect of sucrose on efficacy of Provado insecticide to control TPB caged on cotton plants. Cotton was planted 15 May 1995 on the UA Cotton Branch Experiment Station in Marianna, AR, in 6 row (38 inch centers) wide plots 50 ft long separated by 2 row buffer zones. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 3 replications. Insecticides were applied 21 Jul using a 4-row CO2 charged back pack sprayer calibrated to deliver 13 gpa at 23 psi with 1 TJ-50 8002vs nozzle per row. Prior to application, TPB were collected using sweep nets in blooming mustard and placed into 15 ml plastic vials (5 insects per vial) on ice. Three organdy sleeve cages, 9 inches diam by 22 inches long, were secured to individual plants by tying the lower end of each cage around the plant ca 1 ft from the terminal with twist ties. The cages were rolled down to the tie and covered with aluminum foil leaving plant terminals exposed. Following treatment the foil was removed, the cage pulled up, and 5 TPB adults were placed into each cage. Cage tops were secured with twist ties. After 72 hr, plants were cut below the cage and taken to the laboratory where they were inspected over white background for dead and living bugs.
Evaluation of Selected Insecticide Combinations Against Boll Worm/Tobacco Budworm in Louisiana, 1995
Authors: Torrey K. D. , Leonard B. R. , Fife J. H. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

The efficacy of selected insecticides was evaluated against BW/TBW at the Macon Ridge location of the Northeast Research Station. Cotton seed was planted 12 Jun in plots consisting of 4 rows (40 inch centers) X 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 6 gpa through Teejet TX-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 46 psi. Insecticides were applied on 8, 11, 14, 18 Aug and 11 Sep. Treatments were evaluated by examining 50 flower buds (squares) per plot on 11, 14, 22 Aug for evidence of BW/TBW and boll weevil damage. Data reported for boll weevil represent a mean across all sample dates. The plots were mechanically harvested on 16 Oct to determine seed cotton yields. The test area was irrigated by an overhead sprinkler “as needed” during the season, but not within 48 h of treatment applications. Rainfall did not influence the effects of these treatments. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, and means were separated according to DMRT.
Soybean Looper and Beet Armyworm Control on Soybean in Louisiana, 1995
Authors: Fitzpatrick B. J. , Mascarenhas R. N. , Boyd M. L. , Boethel D. J. , Burris E. , Cook D.
Published: December 2017

The efficacy of selected insecticides for control of soybean looper (SBL) and beet armyworm (BAW) was determined in 3 small plot insecticide trials conducted at the Northeast Research Station near St. Joseph, LA (Tensas Parish). Treatments were applied to ‘Deltapine 105’ soybeans in the R5 growth stage using a high clearance, compressed air sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gpa through TX12 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 45 psi. Plots were 50 ft long by 4 rows (40 inch row spacing) and were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Treatments were applied on 23, 24, and 29 Aug in Tests I, II, and III, respectively. One 25-sweep sample was taken from each plot with a standard 15 inch diameter sweep net at 2, 5, and 7 DAT in Test I; 2, 5, and 8 DAT in Test II; and 2 and 8 DAT in Test III. No rainfall occurred during Test I and II; a trace amount occurred on 4 Sep during Test III. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and treatment means separated by DMRT.
Sunflower Beetle Control with Low Dosages of Asana XI and Karate, Downer, Mn, 1994
Authors: Noetzel David M.
Published: December 2017

The trial was established in a grower’s field on 22 May and treatments applied that day. Plots were 4–30 inch rows by 25 ft in length. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Stage of plant at treatment time was about 4.9. Insecticide was applied in 20 gpa using a hand-held CO2 sprayer. Pressure was 40 psi. Yields were taken on 20 ft. of row from the center 2 rows and means compared using LSD.
Sunflower Beetle Larval Control, Nielsville, Mn, 1994
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Kasowski Mike
Published: December 2017

Plots were established in a commercial sunflower field. Plots were 4-22 inch wide rows 25 ft in length. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Insecticides were broadcast in 20 gpa using a hand held CO2 sprayer. Larval counts slightly exceeded the action level and treatments were applied on 30 Jun. Total larval counts were collected from 10 plants/plot on 2 dates. Defoliation estimates were based on whole plant evaluations. Yields were taken on 20 ft of row from the center 2 plot rows and means compared using the method of LSD.
Evaluation of Talstar, Dursban, and Experimental Formulations to Manage Black Cutworm on Creeping Bentgrass at the Valentine Turfgrass Research Center, University Park, Pennsylvania, 1995
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

Treat-ment plots were 10 X 8 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 6 8002VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on an 8 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 756 ml of water/80 ft2 or delivering 2.5 gal/1,000 ft?2. At treatment time (24 Jul), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 75°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 78°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 74°F; RH, 83%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inch; soil textural class, loamy sand; soil particle size analysis: 80.0% sand, 11.5% silt, 8.5% clay; soil moisture (oven dry weight), 31%; organic matter, 3.4%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.6; time of application, early morning; and overcast skies. The area was irrigated in with 0.1 inch of water immediately after treatment (24 Jul). Efficacy data was recorded 3 DAT and 7 DAT by counting the number of black cutworm larvae flushed to the surface within a 1.0 yd2 wood frame sampling area using a soap irritant drench of 15 ml Lemon Joy™dishwashing detergent in 2 gal of water.
Efficacy of Chemical and Biological Insecticides for Control of Overwintered Japanese Beetle and Northern Masked Chafer Larvae on a Golf Course Rough in Summit County, Ohio, 1995
Authors: Power K. T. , Shetlar D. J. , Niemczyk H. D. , Belcher M.
Published: December 2017

The study was located on a golf course rough at Valley View Golf Course in Akron, Ohio. Insecticides were applied 3 May to plots 5 X 10 ft (1.5 X 3.1 m) arranged in a RCB, replicated 3 times. Liquid treatments were applied with a CO2 sprayer and TeeJet™ XR8010VS nozzles at 30 psi (2.19 kg/cm2) pressure that delivered a volume of 3.1 gal/1000 ft2 (1262 liter/ha). The granular treatment was applied with a drop spreader. After all treatments were applied, the area was irrigated with approximately ½inch (13 mm) of water using the golf course system. Environmental conditions at the time of treatment were as follows: White grubs: approximately 15/ft2, 60% NMC 3rd instars, 40% JB 3rd instars; Turf: level, dry, 1.0-2.0 inch (2.5-5.0 cm) ht, 50% bentgrass, 30% annual bluegrass, and 20% Kentucky Bluegrass, no thatch; Soil: moist, 50°F at 1 inch (2.5 cm) and 3 inch (7.6 cm); Weather: sunny, 47°F, no wind. Efficacy data taken 30 May (28 DAT) were based on the number of live larvae in four samples 7X7 inch (17.8 X 17.8 cm) from each plot. Analysis of variance was done on plot totals transformed to log (X+l) and means separated by LSD test at P = 0.05.
Influence of a Surfactant on the Efficacy of Registered Insecticides for Control of Japanese Beetle and Northern Masked Chafer Larvae on a Golf Course Rough in Summit County, OHIO, 1995
Authors: Power K. T. , Shetlar D. J. , Niemczyk H. D. , Belcher M.
Published: December 2017

The study was located on a golf course rough at Valley View Golf Course in Akron, Ohio. Applications were made 23 Aug to plots 8 X 10 ft (2.4 X 3.1 m) arranged in a RCB, replicated 4 times. The formulations were tank mixed with various concentrations of an organosilicone surfactant (OSS). Tank mixes were applied with a CO2 sprayer and TeeJet™ 8015 nozzles at 60 psi (4.22 kg/cm2) pressure that delivered a volume of 3 gal/1000 ft2 (1222 liter/ha). After all treatments were applied the area was irrigated with approximately 3/8 inch (1 cm) of water using the golf course system. Environmental conditions at the time of treatment were as follows: White grubs: approximately 25/ft2, 60% NMC 3rd instars, 40% JB 2nd and 3rd instars; Turf: level, dew, 2 inch (5 cm) ht, 30% bentgrass, 30% crabgrass, 20% annual bluegrass, and 20% Kentucky Bluegrass, 1/8 inch thatch; Soil: moist, 78°F at 1 inch (2.5 cm) and 80°F at 3 inch (7.6 cm); Weather: clear, 76°F, 0 -3 mph wind. Efficacy data taken 27 Sep (35 DAT) were based on the number of live larvae in six samples 7X7 inch (17.8 X 17.8 cm) in from each plot. Analysis of variance was done on plot total transformed to log (X+l) and means separated by LSD test at P = 0.05.
Control of Black Cutworm With Bifenthrin, 1995
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan
Published: December 2017

Eight treatments were applied 16 Aug to a bentgrass nursery at the Hanover Country Club for control of BCW. Cutworms were predominantly instar stage 3 and 4. Plots were 7 X 7 ft, replicated 4 times, in an RCB design. Sprays were applied with a CO2 boom sprayer, 8004 nozzles, at 40 PSI, in 2 gal water per 10002. Plots were rated 2 DAT by flushing larvae with a soap solution. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature, 84.4°F; wind, calm; sky, cloudy, soil temperature, 84°F; thatch depth, 1.0 inch; soil pH, 7.6; soil texture, sandy loam, sand 58%, silt 39%, clay 3%; soil organic matter, 5%; soil moisture 22.8%; post treatment precipitation, daily irrigation; mowing height 0.125 inch.
Black Cutworm Control on a Golf Course Green, Wv, 1995
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. , Farren James C.
Published: December 2017

Treatment plots were 8 X 8 ft, arranged in a RCBD, replicated 4 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a sprinkling can in 1 liter of water per plot and irrigated with the golf course system with about 1/4 inch of water about 80 min after last treatment applied. Water pH was 8.02. Environmental conditions at start (1:35 pm) and finish (2:45 pm) of treatment applications were, respectively: air temperature, 36°C and 36°C; RH, 52.5% and 42.5%; sky clear; soil temperatures, (surface) 37°C and 37°C, (1 inch) 36°C and 37.5°C; soil moist from regular irrigation. Efficacy was evaluated at 7 DAT by treating the entire green with Tempo 2 at the rate of 0.04 lb (AI)/acre, syringing the green for about 8 min, then counting the no. of larvae flushed to the surface of each plot after about 30 min. Cutworm larvae at evaluation time ranged in size from 3-25 mm in length with 88.5% being in the range of 5-11 mm long.
Annual Bluegrass Weevil Management on a Golf Course Fairway With Formulations of Rh0345, Imi-Dacloprid, and Chlorpyrifos in Bedford County, Pennsylvania, 1995
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (70%) and Kentucky bluegrass (30%). Applications were made when flowering dogwood was in full bloom. Treatment plots were 8 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with four 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 908 ml of water/48 ft2 or delivering 5 gal water/1,000 ft2. At treatment time (16 May), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: application time, late morning; air temperature, 70°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 74°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 68°F; RH, 48%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.50 inches; soil textural class, clay loam; soil particle size analysis: 21.2% sand, 45.1% silt, 33.7% clay; soil moisture (oven dry weight), 50.1%; organic matter, 7.0%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.8; application time, mid-morning; and skies were clear. Immediately after treatment, each replicate was irrigated with 0.0588 inch of water/48 square feet. Posttreatment counts were made 37 d later (22 Jun). Annual bluegrass weevil control was evaluated by removing four 4 inch cupcutter sod samples from each replicate, and recording the total number of annual bluegrass weevil life stages (larva, pupa, adult) per cupcutter sample. Totals were then converted to a ft2 count.
Chinch Bug Control With Pyrethroids, Nh, 1994
Authors: Swier Stanley R.
Published: December 2017

Small plot efficacy trials were conducted on a lawn at Londonderry High School, Londonderry, NH. Plots were 5 X 5 ft replicated 4 times in an RCB design. Sprays were applied on 24 Aug to a mixed population of adults and nymphs. Treatments were applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer in 4 gal water/1000 ft2. There was no post treatment irrigation. Plots were rated 7 DAT using three 0.23 ft2 cylinders per plot. The number of live chinch bugs which floated to the surface after several minutes was recorded. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature, 81°F; wind, 1 mph; sky, clear; soil surface temperature, 83°F; thatch depth, 0.25 inch; soil pH, 6.0; slope, 0%; soil texture, loam; soil organic matter, 4.2%; soil moisture, 18.53%; post treatment precipitation, 0.2 inch 2 days after treatment; mowing height 2.0 inch.
Efficacy of Several Turf Insecticides Against Annual Bluegrass Weevils, Golf Course Fairway, 1995
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: December 2017

Merit, Oftanol, Tempo, Turcam, and Triumph were tested for efficacy against annual bluegrass weevil larvae on a golf course fairway in Scarborough, New York. The fairway consisted of 60% creeping bentgrass, 30% annual bluegrass, 10% perennial ryegrass, and was mowed at ca. 0.8 inches. Treatment plots were 7 ft by 7 ft, replicated 5 times, arranged in a RCB. All applications were made between 9:15 and 10:45 AM on 17 Apr 95. Liquid formulations were applied by hand with a watering can, 3 liters per plot. Conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temp. 55° F, sunny, calm; soil temp. (2 inch), 48° F; forsythia at peak blossom; soil type, silty loam; soil pH 6.5; water pH, 7.4; thatch 0.6 inch thick with moderate density. The trial was irrigated with 0.1 inch water 90 min after application. Product efficacy was evaluated on 30 May (43 DAT) by inspecting 12 cores (2.1 inch diam) from near the center of each plot, and recording the number of small (1st, 2nd, or 3rd instar), medium (4th instar), and large (5th instar) larvae, pupae, and adults. At the time of sampling, the population was: 60% small larvae, 25% medium larvae, 15% large larvae. Each observation consisted of 3 cores, and there were 4 observations per plot.
Control of Hairy Chinch Bug with Pyrethroids, 1995
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan
Published: December 2017

Ten treatments were applied to an athletic field in Londonderry, NH. Plots were 7 X 7 ft, replicated 4 times, in an RCB design. Treatments were applied 13 Jul and rated 7 days later. Granular treatments were applied with a salt shaker. Broadcast treatments were applied with a CO2 boom sprayer, 8004 nozzles, at 40 PSI, in 4 gal water per 1000 ft2. After sprays dried, all plots were lightly watered. Plots were rated by floating bugs in 3 (0.23 ft2) cylinders per plot. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature, 89.7°F; wind, calm; sky, clear, soil temperature, 88.0°F; thatch depth, 0.5 inch slope, 0%; soil pH, 5.2; slope, 0%; soil texture, sandy loam, sand 53%, silt 30%, clay 17%; soil organic matter, 6.3%; soil moisture, 21.9%; post treatment precipitation, none.
Persistence of Foliar-Applied Insecticides for Elm Leaf Beetle Control, Trial Two, 1995
Authors: Sclar D. Casey , Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: December 2017

The mortality of elm leaf beetle larvae to foliar-applied insecticides sprayed on different dates was assessed. Three different insecticides were examined for differences in performance. Siberian elm foliage was treated with foliar-applied insecticides on each of 4 different dates. Treatments were applied with a pump-mister sprayer to the point of run-off. All foliage was collected and bagged on 24 Jul. In the laboratory, 10 larvae were placed in a petri dish and treated foliage was introduced for consumption. Mortality was assessed at 48 and 96 h after exposure by counting the number of dead, live, moribund and pupated larvae present in a petri dish at a given time interval. A few larvae in the petri dishes became infected with the fungus Beauvaria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and subsequently died during the course of the experiment. For this reason, only dead, uninfected larvae were used to calculate percent mortality estimates. The experiment was analyzed as a CRD with 8 replications per treatment.
Hawthorn Insect Control, Trial One, Ft. Collins, Colorado, 1995
Authors: Sclar D. Casey , Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: December 2017

Plots were established at the WD. Holley Plant Environmental Research Center located on the campus of Colorado State University. Two trees, approximately 8-20 ft (4 inch dbh) and established at the site for approximately 10 years were utilized in the experiment. Individual branches were sprayed with different compounds to run-off. Each branch was treated as a single experimental unit, with a complete replication being a group of branches with similar orientation on the tree. Plot design was a RCB with 5 replications. Treatments were applied on 5 May by spraying terminal branch segments with a pump-mister sprayer to the point of run-off. Although weather was clear at the time of application, soil moisture was high at the site due to prior rainfall and VS inch of rain fell at the site within 24 h of application. Treatments were evaluated on 7 Jun by counting the number of mealybugs present on 19.5 inches of terminal branch segment. Aphid ratings were taken on the same date by assessing the damage and curling caused by an infestation of a woolly aphid. An eleven point rating system was used to rate leaf curling damage by the aphids per 19.5 inches of terminal branch segment. The rating scale was as follows: 0 = No leaves curled, 1 = 1-5 leaves with light curling, 2 = 6-10 leaves with light curling, 3 = 10+ leaves with light curling, 4 = 1-5 leaves with moderate curling, 5 = 1-5 leaves with moderate curling, 6 = 6-10 leaves with moderate curling, 7 = 10+ leaves with moderate curling, 8 = 1-5 leaves with severe curling, 9 = 6-10 leaves with severe curling, 10 = 10+ leaves with severe curling.
Control of Cynipid Galls on Pin Oak Trees With Insecticides, 1995
Authors: Johnson Monte , Sloughfy S.
Published: December 2017

Four treatments were applied to pin oak trees (16 replicates for each treatment) on the following dates: Merit 75WP at 0.75 g Al/inch DBH (21 Mar), Merit 75 WP at 1.0 g AI/DBH (21 Mar, 24 May, 9 Jun), NTN 33893 5% RTU (22 Mar), and Sevin 4F (11 May). The Merit 75 WP 0.75 and 1.0 g AI/DBH treatments were applied by using standard soil injection techniques. NTN 33893 5% RTU was applied to the bottom 5 ft of the trunk to runoff. The Sevin 4L treatment was a foliar spray. Rainfall, which can affect the soil injected application of Merit, was recorded in inches for each of the following months: 20-31 Mar-0.55, Apr-3.39, May-9.75, Jun^l.75, Jul-3.32, Aug^4.61, Sept-2.68, Oct-3.06. Gall diameters in mm were measured each month for 8 months during the growing season. Pretreatment samples were obtained the day before or on the same day of the first treatment, with the exception of the Sevin foliar spray in which the first samples were taken 4 days after the first application.
Long-Term Lufenuron Residual Study, 1994-1995
Authors: Kaakeh Walid , Bennett Gary W.
Published: December 2017

Laboratory tests determined the contact activity and residual persistence of the chitin inhibiting benzoylphenyl urea, lufenuron, applied to tempered Masonite, oily-frass masonite (1 g cockroach frass per 100 cm2 of Masonite treated with 1 g of vegetable oil), and unpainted plywood panels. Applications were made at 0.5 and 1.25 ml/103 cm2 panels (10 and 25 mg/m2) using a mechanized spray tower apparatus equipped with a stainless steel nozzle tip, Spraying Systems TeeJet 800IE, at a constant pressure of 25 psi. Treated panels were stored in vertical racks in the laboratory (constant temperatures and dark conditions) or a greenhouse (high temperatures and exposed to sunlight) for residual aging. Aging periods evaluated were 0, 1,2, 3, 6, and 12 months. Test insects were reared in 7- by 5- by 3.5-inch plastic boxes that had sides lightly greased with a mixture of petrolatum and mineral oil and that were equiped with ventilated, friction fitted lids to prevent escape. A treated panel was placed on the bottom at one end of the box with a water vial placed on the top of the treated panel; the food (Wayne™ rodent blox) was positioned beneath a 20-inch2 cardboard tent harborage, placed at the other end of the box, to perclude possible direct ingestion of lufenuron if food was placed directly on the treated panel. This design offered the test insects a choice of harborage areas, but assured exposure to lufenuron residues during their trips to the water vial. At each aging period, 15 early fifth (final) stage nymphs were released into the confined area with the appropriate panel type. The insects were maintained in confinement until all had reached adulthood or died. Insects that survived the adult molt were observed for an additional 7-10 d to record sublethal effects. Four response variables evaluated in this study were: 1) % molt inhibition (insects dying during a molt event); 2) % affected adults (insects surviving the molt to adulthood but affected by exposure to the chitin inhibitor); 3) overall % mortality (combined mortality from molt inhibition and those adults dying within 1 wk of eclosion); and 4) mean effects rating (score derived from a qualitative scale of 1 to 5 that expresses the overall lufenuron activity). Each surface type, environment, rate, and aging period combination was replicated 4 times, for a total of 60 insects/treatment combination. For each aging period, the experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design. Analyses of the four response variables were accomplished through the use of factorial analysis-of-variance models followed by LSD test (P = 0.05).
Effect of Registered and Experimental Aphicides on Aphis Pomi, 1995
Authors: Beers E. H.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted in a first leaf commercial ‘Scartlet’ orchard on M.7 rootstock near Malaga, WA. Plots consisted of single trees, with buffer trees between trees. Two shoots per tree were tagged, and all counts were taken from tagged shoots. The aphid population on the shoot was assessed by counting individual aphids on the most infested leaf on the shoot. Pre-treatment counts were used as a blocking factor for randomization. Treatments were applied with a handgun to the point of drip on 25 Jul. Post-treatment counts were taken ca. weekly until late Aug.
Apple, Comparison of Insecticides Against Oblr, 1995
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham D. H. , Smith C.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted airblast sprayer to 0.25 acre plots of apple trees in two orchards: (1) ‘Idared’, ‘Cortland’ and ‘Empire’ trees (VanFleet orchard), which were ca. 4 years old, 5 ft high, and planted 8 by 12 ft apart; (2) ‘Idared’ (Nesbitt orchard), which were ca. 8.0 ft high and planted 15 by 18 ft apart. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design and replicated twice in each orchard. Complete seasonal schedules of Asana, Dipel, Lorsban, and Confirm were compared in which the first spray was applied at the estimated first OBLR egg hatch (21-23 June), followed by 2 more protective sprays at 14-d intervals. Early schedules of Asana and Confirm were compared in which only 1 spray was applied at the estimated first egg hatch (21-23 June). Also, a 2-spray schedule of Asana was tested in which the first spray was applied at the estimated first egg hatch (21-23 June) followed by one more spray 14 d later. Application volume was 100 gpa. Summer populations of larvae were compared by examining 20-50 growing terminals from each of 5 randomly selected trees/plot for live larvae on 11-12 Jul and on 25-26 Jul. Fruit damage from the first summer generation of larvae was estimated on 6-7 Aug and on 21-22 Aug by sampling 100-150 apples from each of 5 randomly selected trees/plot. Similar fruit samples were collected at harvest in each plot and classified in USDA grades of Fancy, #1, and culls.
Tart Cherry, Control of American Plum Borer and Sesiid Borers with Chemical Insecticides and an Entomopathogenic Nematode, 1995
Authors: Kain D. P. , Agnello A. M.
Published: December 2017

Control was tested in an 18-year-old commercial block of tart cherries that was severely damaged by APB. Bark was split open and widely separated from wood, which is especially conducive to APB infestation. Five single-tree replicates of each treatment were selected based on likelihood of borer infestation. Checks were selected last from the remaining trees and tended to be less severely damaged. All materials were applied as a coarse spray with a handgun sprayer at 400 psi. The spray stream was directed into openings in the bark, as well as covering the entire trunk, from ground level up to, but not including, the first scaffold limbs. Spray dates for Lorsban were 6 Jun (petal fall) or 6 Jun + 12 Jul (APB 2nd flight start). Spray dates for Asana were 6 Jun, or 6 Jun + 12 Jul + 15 Aug (postharvest). The nematode tested was Steinernema carpocapsae (Scanmask). Spray dates for Scanmask were 28 Jun (1st generation larvae present) or 28 Jun + 15 Aug (2nd generation larvae present). Trunks were sampled in the fall (19-27 Sep) by peeling back bark with a hammer and long screwdriver to slightly beyond the edge of the living cambium and counting all living larvae. A number of trees died during the course of the study due to borer damage and drought. APB pressure was high, but sesiids were practically absent, and are not reported. Only the 6 Jun + 12 Jul Lorsban treatment gave acceptable control.
Apple, Obliquebanded Leafroller Control with Azadirachtin, Bacillus Thuringiensis and Chlorpyrifos in Spring, 1995
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. , Smith L. O.
Published: December 2017

Neemix, Dipel 2X, and Lorsban 4E were evaluated for their ability to control OBLR larvae of the overwintering generation. The test was conducted in apple orchards at Milton-Freewater, OR and Mattawa, WA. Trees were 3-yr-old Fuji on dwarfing roots at Milton-Freewater and 3-yr-old Delicious on dwarfing roots at Mattawa. Treatments were applied to 3-tree plots replicated 5 times at Milton-Freewater and 12-tree plots replicated 5 times at Mattawa in a RCB design. All treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gpa. Application dates at Milton-Freewater were 5 Apr (pink) and 25 Apr (petal fall), and at Mattawa they were 5 Apr (pink) and 9 May (petal fall). The approximate application timings with regard to plant development stage are shown in the table. The post-treatment evaluation was made on 8 May in Milton-Freewater and the total number of live OBLR larvae found in a 2-min timed sample recorded. The post-treatment evaluation was made on 24 May in Mattawa and total number of live OBLR larvae on all trees of a treatment replication counted and collected to observe sublethal effects. Surviving larvae were reared on artificial leafroller diet in 3.25 oz portion cups until death or adult emergence. Any deformities possibly resulting from exposure to an insect growth regulator were recorded. A significant rainfall occurred less than 2 h after the pink application at Milton-Freewater. Weather was good during and after the other applications; however, spring weather in general was cooler and wetter than normal.
Efficacy of Experimental Insecticides to Citrus Thrips on Arizona Lemons, 1995
Authors: Kerns D. L.
Published: December 2017

Seven yr old lemon trees owned by Glen Curtis Inc. in Yuma, AZ were treated with experimental insecticides for control of citrus thrips. The test was a RCB design consisting of four replicates. Each plot (30 ft by 90 ft) consisted of three trees in a row spaced 30 ft apart. Applications were made using a backpack air-blast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa. Applications were initiated approximately seven d after petal fall. All treatment applications except Agri-Mek included Kinetic spreader-sticker at 0.1% v/v. Agri-Mek was applied with NR-415 petroleum spray oil at 1.0% v/v. Treatments were applied on Mar 27, Apr 29 and May 15. Evaluations were made on Mar 29, Apr 3, Apr 10, Apr 17, Apr 24, May 1, May 5, May 12, May 17 and May 22. Percent infested fruit were estimated by sampling ten fruit per tree for the presence or absence of immature CT. On May 22, TSM densities were estimated by counting the number of TSM infesting 10 fruit per tree. Fruit damage was estimated on Jul 22 by rating the degree of scarring on the rind. Scarring was rated as 1 = no scarring, 2 = slight scarring around the calyx, 3 = significant scarring around the calyx, 4 = slight scarring on the side of the fruit and 5 = major scarring on the side of the fruit. Percentage fruit infested with immature CT were transformed using a square-root transformation for analysis, percentage values are presented in the tables. Differences among treatments were separated using ANOVA and an F protected LSD.
California Red Scale Pesticide Efficacy Trials, 1994
Authors: Grafton-Cardwell E. E. , Reagan C. A.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy of two insect growth regulators (IGR) for the control of California red scale (CRS) were compared to an organophosphate insecticide. Additionally, the effects of the treatments on parasitism by Aphytis melinus and Comperiella bifasciata were evaluated. Insecticides were applied to CRS infested 11 yr old ‘Washington navel’ orange trees at the Lindcove Research and Extension Center, Exeter, California. Seven treatments included a water control, Supracide 2E applied once, CGA 59205 (an IGR) applied once at 20.0 gm(ai), and applied twice at 30.0 gm(ai), S-71639 (an IGR) applied twice both alone and in combination with 0.5% Volck Supreme Spray oil, and 0.5% Volck Supreme Spray oil applied twice. Treatments were assigned based on laboratory evaluation of population densities of live 1st and second instar males and females as well as third instar and gravid females on five randomly selected twig samples (2nd year growth) per tree. Treatments were applied to single trees and replicated 10 times. All treatment applications were timed for emergence of 1st generation CRS crawlers; four of the treatments were reapplied when the 2nd generation of crawlers emerged. Insecticides were applied on 12-13 May and 19 Jul with a Bean hand-sprayer at 450 psi and approximately 1000 gpa (11-12 gal/tree). After treatment, twig samples were evaluated in the same manner as the pretreatment samples. Additionally, we evaluated scale densities on five randomly selected fruit per tree. Sample collections were completed at approximately 30 d intervals after the first treatment. Pretreatment sampling was conducted on 13 Apr. Post treatment counts were conducted on twigs on 13 Jun and 12 Jul and both twigs and fruit on 17 Aug, and 27 Sep. We evaluated the percentage of fruit infested with >10 CRS per fruit in each of the treatments at harvest on 6-7 Dec. Concurrently we determined the percentage of parasitism by A. melinus and C. bifasciata of scale on fruit by evaluating live CRS for the presence of the parasitoids or evidence of host feeding by A. melinus.