bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Establishing the Concurrent Validity of a Vocabulary Checklist for Young Maltese Children
Authors: Gatt Daniela
Published: October 2007

Objective: The current literature highlights the research and clinical applications of parental report in investigating the status of language skills in young children. Since language acquisition norms for Maltese have not yet been established, this study attempts to obtain preliminary indications of developmental trends in early lexical development by adapting an established parent-completed vocabulary checklist for use with Maltese children. Patients and Methods: The concurrent validity of this bilingual adaptation was examined relative to picture naming abilities and spontaneous vocabulary use in a cross-sectional cohort of 10 children aged between 12 and 30 months who were primarily exposed to Maltese. Results: The results indicate a high and significant correlation between lexical production abilities as reported by parents completing the checklist and as measured through confrontation naming and conversational language use. Reported vocabulary measures indicate a steady increase in lexical production with age, with a sharp increment evident beyond the age of 24 months. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the preliminary version of the vocabulary checklist has potential for gauging early lexical growth and point towards the need for further research on a larger scale.
Protease-Activated Receptor-1 Contributes to Cardiac Remodeling and Hypertrophy
Authors: Pawlinski Rafal , Tencati Michael , Hampton Craig R. , Shishido Tetsuro , Bullard Tara A. , Casey Liam M. , Andrade-Gordon Patricia , Kotzsch Matthias , Spring Denise , Luther Thomas , Abe Jun-ichi , Pohlman Timothy H. , Verrier Edward D. , Blaxall Burns C. , Mackman Nigel
Published: October 2007

Background—

Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) is the high-affinity receptor for the coagulation protease thrombin. It is expressed by a variety of cell types in the heart, including cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts. We have shown that tissue factor (TF) and thrombin contribute to infarct size after cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Moreover, in vitro studies have shown that PAR-1 signaling induces hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes and proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of PAR-1 in infarction, cardiac remodeling, and hypertrophy after I/R injury. In addition, we analyzed the effect of overexpression of PAR-1 on cardiomyocytes.

Methods and Results—

We found that PAR-1 deficiency reduced dilation of the left ventricle and reduced impairment of left ventricular function 2 weeks after I/R injury. Activation of ERK1/2 was increased in injured PAR-1
−/−
mice compared with wild-type mice; however, PAR-1 deficiency did not affect infarct size. Cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of PAR-1 in mice induced eccentric hypertrophy (increased left ventricular dimension and normal left ventricular wall thickness) and dilated cardiomyopathy. Deletion of the TF gene in cardiomyocytes reduced the eccentric hypertrophy in mice overexpressing PAR-1.

Conclusions—

Our results demonstrate that PAR-1 contributes to cardiac remodeling and hypertrophy. Moreover, overexpression of PAR-1 on cardiomyocytes induced eccentric hypertrophy. Inhibition of PAR-1 after myocardial infarction may represent a novel therapy to reduce hypertrophy and heart failure in humans.
Metabolic Profiling of Arginine and Nitric Oxide Pathways Predicts Hemodynamic Abnormalities and Mortality in Patients With Cardiogenic Shock After Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Nicholls Stephen J. , Wang Zeneng , Koeth Robert , Levison Bruce , DelFraino Brian , Dzavik Vladimir , Griffith Owen W. , Hathaway David , Panza Julio A. , Nissen Steven E. , Hochman Judith S. , Hazen Stanley L.
Published: October 2007

Background—It is unclear whether abnormalities of arginine and nitric oxide metabolism are related to hemodynamic dysfunction and mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) after acute myocardial infarction.

Methods and Results—Plasma metabolites reflecting arginine bioavailability, nitric oxide metabolism, and protein oxidation were analyzed by mass spectrometry in patients with CS (n=79) and age- and gender-matched patients with coronary artery disease and normal left ventricular function (n=79). CS patients had higher levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA;P<0.0001), symmetric dimethylarginine (P<0.0001), monomethylarginine (P=0.0003), nitrotyrosine (P<0.0001), and bromotyrosine (P<0.0001) and lower levels of arginine (P<0.0001), ratio of arginine to ornithine (P=0.03), and ratio of arginine to ornithine plus citrulline) (P=0.0003). CS patients with elevated ADMA levels were 3.5-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.4 to 11.3;P=0.02) more likely to die in 30 days than patients with low ADMA levels. ADMA remained the only independent predictor of mortality on multiple logistic regression analysis. In patients with normal renal function, symmetric dimethylarginine levels inversely correlated with mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance, whereas levels of ADMA correlated with pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and both systolic and diastolic pulmonary artery pressures. Despite dramatic elevations, levels of protein oxidation products did not predict hemodynamic dysfunction or mortality in CS patients.

Conclusions—CS is characterized by an arginine-deficient and highly specific pro-oxidant state, with elevated levels of methylated arginine derivatives, including endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Levels of methylated arginine derivatives strongly correlate with hemodynamic dysfunction. Among all clinical and laboratory parameters monitored, ADMA levels were the strongest independent predictor of 30-day mortality.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Endothelial Function in School-Aged Nonobese Children
Authors: Gozal David , Kheirandish-Gozal Leila , Serpero Laura D. , Sans Capdevila Oscar , Dayyat Ehab
Published: October 2007

Background—

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children is associated with cardiovascular morbidity such as systemic and pulmonary hypertension. However, it remains unclear whether endothelial dysfunction occurs in pediatric OSA and whether it is reversible on effective treatment of OSA.

Methods and Results—

Consecutive nonobese children (aged 6 to 11 years) who were diagnosed with OSA after overnight polysomnography and control children matched on the basis of age, gender, ethnicity, and body mass index underwent blood draw the next morning for soluble CD40 ligand, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), and nitrotyrosine levels, as well as 2 iterations of 60-second cuff-occlusion tests for assessment of endothelial function. These tests were repeated 4 to 6 months after adenotonsillectomy. OSA children showed blunted reperfusion kinetics after release of occlusion, which completely normalized in 20 of 26 patients after adenotonsillectomy. All 6 children in whom no improvements occurred had a strong family history of cardiovascular disease (versus 2 of the remaining 20 patients;
P
<0.04). Plasma nitrotyrosine and ADMA levels were similar in OSA and control children; however, soluble CD40 ligand levels were higher in OSA children and were reduced after treatment, particularly in those with normalized hyperemic responses.

Conclusions—

Postocclusive hyperemia is consistently blunted in children with OSA, and such altered endothelial function is reversible 4 to 6 months after treatment, particularly if a family history of cardiovascular disease is not present. Although no evidence for either nitric oxide–dependent oxidative/nitrosative stress or for the increased presence of the circulating nitric oxide synthase inhibitor ADMA was found in children with OSA, soluble CD40 ligand levels were increased in OSA and reflected the changes in endothelial function after treatment.
Prevalence and Correlates of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in the African American Study of Kidney Disease Cohort Study
Authors: Peterson Gail E. , de Backer Tine , Gabriel Avril , Ilic Vladimir , Vagaonescu Tudor , Appel Lawrence J. , Contreras Gabriel , Kendrick Cindy , Rostand Stephen , Phillips Robert A.
Published: October 2007

African Americans with hypertensive renal disease represent a high-risk population for cardiovascular events. Although left ventricular hypertrophy is a strong predictor of adverse cardiac outcome, the prevalence and associated factors of left ventricular hypertrophy in this patient population are not well described. The African American Study of Kidney Disease Cohort Study is a prospective, observational study that is an extension of the African American Study of Kidney Disease randomized clinical trial that was conducted from 1994 to 2001 in African Americans with hypertension and mild-to-moderate renal dysfunction. Echocardiograms and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were performed at the baseline visit of the cohort. Of 691 patients enrolled in the cohort study, 599 patients had interpretable baseline echocardiograms and ambulatory blood pressure data. Left ventricular hypertrophy was defined using a cut point for left ventricular mass index >49.2 g/m
2.7
in men and >46.7 m/m
2.7
in women. The majority of patients had left ventricular hypertrophy (66.7% of men and 73.9% of women). In a multiple regression analysis, higher average day and nighttime systolic blood pressure, younger age, and lower predicted glomerular filtration rate were associated with left ventricular hypertrophy, but albuminuria was not. These data demonstrate a striking prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy in the African American Study of Kidney Disease Cohort and identify potential targets for prevention and therapeutic intervention in this high-risk patient population.
Chronotherapy Improves Blood Pressure Control and Reverts the Nondipper Pattern in Patients With Resistant Hypertension
Authors: Hermida Ramón C. , Ayala Diana E. , Fernández José R. , Calvo Carlos
Published: October 2007

Therapeutic strategies in resistant hypertension include adding another drug or changing drugs in search for a better synergic combination. Most patients, however, receive all of their drugs in a single morning dose. We have evaluated the impact on the circadian pattern of blood pressure on modifying the time of treatment without increasing the number of prescribed drugs. We studied 250 hypertensive patients who were receiving 3 antihypertensive drugs in a single morning dose. Patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups according to the modification in their treatment strategy: changing 1 of the drugs but keeping all 3 in the morning or the same approach but administering the new drug at bedtime. Blood pressure was measured for 48 hours before and after 12 weeks of treatment. There was no effect on ambulatory blood pressure when all of the drugs were taken on awakening. The baseline prevalence of nondipping (79%) was slightly increased after treatment (86%;
P
=0.131). The ambulatory blood pressure reduction was statistically significant (9.4/6.0 mm Hg for systolic/diastolic blood pressure;
P
<0.001) with 1 drug at bedtime. This reduction was larger in the nocturnal than in the diurnal mean of blood pressure. Thus, whereas only 16% of the patients in this group were dippers at baseline, 57% were dippers after therapy (
P
<0.001). Results indicate that, in resistant hypertension, time of treatment may be more important for blood pressure control and for the proper modeling of the circadian blood pressure pattern than just changing the drug combination.
Long-Term Circulatory Consequences of Perinatal Iron Deficiency in Male Wistar Rats
Authors: Bourque Stephane L. , Komolova Marina , Nakatsu Kanji , Adams Michael A.
Published: October 2007

Perinatal iron deficiency (PID) has been reported to induce developmental abnormalities, including cardiovascular complications in rats. These complications are believed to be “programmed” by an aberrant perinatal environment because the changes persist long after the insult is corrected (ie, despite subsequent iron replenishment). Little is known about the mechanisms by which PID affects blood pressure in the offspring, although the kidney is likely to play a central role. The objective of this study was to investigate the circulatory complications of PID and the putative role of the kidney involved therein. Before and throughout gestation, female Wistar rats were fed either a low-iron diet (3 ppm/10 ppm Fe) or an iron-enriched diet (225 ppm Fe). After giving birth, all of the dams were placed on a standard grain-based diet. At 24 hours postpartum, hematocrits and hemoglobin levels from offspring of iron-deficient mothers were 60% and 59% of control values, respectively. Adult PID animals had greater mean arterial pressures (110 versus 106 mm Hg) and systolic blood pressures (129 versus124 mm Hg) than controls, as assessed by radiotelemetry. The relationship between renal arterial pressure and renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure, assessed in anesthetized rats, was blunted by 41% in the PID group compared with controls. In addition, arterial pressure changes were significantly greater in response to altered sodium in the PID animals compared with controls. These data confirm that PID adversely affects blood pressure control, which seems to be mediated, at least in part, by altered intrarenal hemodynamic properties.
Humans, Nature and God: Exploring Images of Their Interrelationships in Victoria, Canada
Authors: de Groot Mirjam , van den Born Riyan
Published: October 2007

This study explores visions of nature among five populations in Victoria, a small city in British Columbia, Canada: Christians, Muslims, Native Americans, Buddhists, and secularists. Each group was asked to express their view of the human relationships with nature based upon four approaches: mastery over nature, stewardship in regard to the creation, a partner, or a participant in the processes of nature. The first model, in which humans wield hierarchical power and mastery over nature, was rejected by all groups. Christians and Muslims adhered to the stewardship image of the human/nature relationship, while Buddhists and Native Americans considered themselves to be participants in nature. The secularists made combinations of the approaches to exemplify their view. Twenty-seven individuals participated in extensive interviews as part of this study, which also included a small scale written survey of fifty-three persons.
The Soft Power Differential: Network Communication and Mass Communication in Public Diplomacy
Authors:   Zaharna
Published: October 2007

This study posits that advocacy NGOs are successfully creating soft power using relational, network-centric public diplomacy. The United States, on the other hand, struggles to wield its soft power and continues to apply the outdated information, media-driven approach to its public diplomacy efforts. This article suggests that a public diplomacy strategy that tailors itself to the dynamics of the international context will prove most effective in achieving its tactical goals. The first section highlights changes in the international arena since the end of the Cold War and their corresponding impact on communication dynamics. The second section delineates the critical features that define mass communication and the network communication approach. The third examines specific applications of both communication approaches, drawing on examples from the US's post-'9/11' public diplomacy in the Arab world and those from advocacy NGOs. The paper concludes with implications of the differences between wielding versus creating soft power for state actors.
Evaluating Public Diplomacy Programmes
Authors: Pahlavi Pierre
Published: October 2007

The new operational environment generated by the mass media revolution and the advent of the global information society lays the ground for a generalized re-emergence of public diplomacy (PD). After having been dismantled during the 1990s, this branch of foreign policy is undergoing a redevelopment phase within the chancelleries of many states around the globe. The growing salience of public opinion and the exponential development of the new information and communication technologies predispose this diplomacy of persuasion to play an increasing role at the forefront of twenty-first century international relations.Inspite of the increased importance that public diplomacy is acquiring, the question of its real effectiveness nevertheless remains unanswered. For the moment, governments are still unable to determine to what extent their PD initiatives are able to influence foreign audiences or contribute to the achievement of their foreign policy goals. Without a valid evaluation tool, PD will remain condemned to play a secondary role within states' foreign policy systems. This article addresses the main aspects of this issue by analysing the many technical and methodological problems that are attached to PD evaluation, exploring research avenues that could remedy these gaps, and thus helping to resolve a problem that is still underestimated yet bound to become increasingly important in the 'hyper-media' age of international relations.
The Ties that Bind: Dutch-American Relations, US Public Diplomacy and the Promotion of American Studies since the Second World War
Authors: Scott-Smith Giles
Published: October 2007

This article examines the linkages between diplomacy and public diplomacy activities by tracing the promotion of American Studies in the Netherlands against the backdrop of US-Dutch diplomatic relations. The development of American Studies within the university systems of other nations has been a central part of US public diplomacy strategy since the Second World War. The belief has always been that this will contribute towards foreign publics being well-informed about the United States, its people and policies. By providing opportunities for research and teaching in the United States, and ultimately by establishing permanent positions, an academic community could be nurtured whose members would function as interpreters of all things American within their national environment. In this way a cross-border cultural affinity can be cultivated to provide a positive context for the practice of diplomatic relations. The case of the Netherlands demonstrates the interlinkage of short-term and long-term interests in pursuing this approach.
Geo-Social Mapping of the International Communications Environment or Why Abdul Isn't Listening
Authors: Fulton Barry
Published: October 2007

The paper suggests a radical redefinition of public diplomacy, asserting its primary role should be to stimulate the imagination of those who make a difference within their own cultures — to give them the means and motivation to address the global requirements of the 21st century, therein enhancing security for the sponsoring nations. Public diplomats also have an ancillary role in supporting other elements of international engagement, including promoting foreign investment, new energy resources, developmental assistance, education, medicine, and law.A three-point agenda for reforming the conduct of public diplomacy is proposed: reach beyond short-term parochial interests by providing knowledge to the curious, the innovative, and the restless. Hold public diplomats responsible for enabling connectivity and serving as cultural interpreters. Recruit and train artists, scholars, and scientists as public diplomats to engage actively in indigenous social networks.The article concludes by citing famed American journalist and former distinguished director of USIA, Edward R. Murrow: "There is a great and perhaps decisive battle to be fought against ignorance, intolerance and indifference." To join this battle, public diplomacy can best honor its past by rethinking its future.
National Equality and Local Decision-making: Values in Conflict in the Development of the Norwegian Welfare State
Authors: Kuhnle Stein
Published: October 2007

The values of national equality and local decision-making are discussed on the basis of two official Norwegian reports on the organization of social services. It is shown that the reports include a number of inconsistent goal formulations. Both values are. and always will be, in conflict, but it is argued that these goal conflicts may be made more explicit, and that a discussion of kinds and scope of acceptable inequalities should be started. The possibility of creating a cyclical process in which one or the other of the values has priority over the other in different time periods is suggested, though no practical solutions to the dilemmas are offered.1
Division of Labour, Class Stratification, and Cognitive Development
Authors: Dahlstrom Edmund
Published: October 2007

The significance of higher education and research (HER-system) as re gards class structure is explored. Class has its basis in the production system with its hierarchy based on control of means of production (owner ship) and division of labour. The distribution of knowledge and qualifica tion structure is also important to division of labour, and is dependent on the educational system, especially the HER-system. The control of knowledge is to a large extent collective through organizations and profes sions. Reduction of the vertical division of labour presupposes both a change of ownership through self-management and of the HER-system strengthening knowledge development in the periphery. This is especially pertinent to knowledge of society and social relations. The establishment of professions has implied suppression of peripheral knowledge, e.g. the male culture of professions has suppressed the female culture of repro duction.
Global
Authors: Cullen Thomas Patrick
Published: October 2007

As international hospitality firms proliferate, so do the problems faced by the expatriate managers they employ. Adjusting to a foreign environment can entail problems knottier than simply learning a foreign language.
Gamesmanship: Copes with Cultural Differences
Authors: Cullen Thomas Patrick
Published: October 2007

The sheer number of roles that some managers are asked to assume- businessperson, diplomat, cultural ambassador, interpreter, mediator—makes their jobs infinitely more complex than those of their counterparts in domestic organizations
Cash-Register Technology: What's New for Restaurants
Authors: Hayman Stanley
Published: October 2007

Servers in most restaurants spend too little time selling food and too much time keeping track of it. In response to this problem, some restaurants have implemented a computerized system developed specifically to provide two-way communication between the kitchen and dining areas. With this system, servers need enter the kitchen only once—to retrieve an order
Reclaiming the Moral in the Dispositions Debate
Authors: Burant Terry J. , Chubbuck Sharon M. , Whipp Joan L.
Published: October 2007

This article addresses the current debates about the definition and assessment of dispositions in teacher education. Competing perspectives on the definitions and assessment of dispositions in teacher education are examined and critiqued, and a renewed commitment to foregrounding the moral nature of teaching is suggested. Recommendations for understanding and assessing the moral in teacher education, including the development of a code of ethics for the profession, are provided.
Disposition: A Superfluous Construct in Teacher Education
Authors: Murray Frank B.
Published: October 2007

Unlike the literature on some dispositions, like field dependence—independence, in psychology, the dispositions cited in the teacher education literature (e.g., INTASC) have almost no explanatory value and very little meaning at the present time. This conclusion stems from an analysis of the cited teacher dispositions in terms of Underwood's levels of meaning in the behavioral sciences and shows that these dispositional constructs are little more than labels for particular behaviors. Although the construct, disposition, in teacher education may be superfluous at the present time, it is not entirely useless as it may provide a guiding hypothesis for further investigations.
Looking Back and Moving Forward
Authors: Diez Mary E.
Published: October 2007

This review chronicles the origins of the use of the term “dispositions” in teacher education and highlights problems in its current definitions and applications, suggesting questions that need to be addressed in dealing with those problems and outlining necessary changes in teacher education programs to address development and assessment of the whole teacher.
Dispositions in Teacher Education
Authors: Villegas Ana María
Published: October 2007

The use of a dispositional framework in the preparation of teachers, especially one that attends to issues of social justice, has generated considerable debate of late. In this article, the author argues that assessing teacher candidates' dispositions related to social justice is both reasonable and defensible. She explains why social justice matters in teacher education, provides a definition of the term dispositions and discusses why programs of teacher education must attend to them, and gives examples of practices used at one institution to assess teacher candidates' dispositions related to social justice to illustrate that such assessment can be done in a fair and principled manner. The author concludes that underlying the dispositions debate is an all-out war to define the goals of public education, the role of teachers, the nature of knowledge, and conceptions of learning, teaching, and learning to teach.
Dispositions and Teacher Assessment
Authors: Damon William
Published: October 2007

This article discusses the use of dispositions as a basis for evaluating candidates for teaching credentials. It begins with the assumption that any evaluation process must rely on clearly defined constructs that cannot be interpreted in open-ended ways to suit the subjective biases of the evaluator. It then argues that present uses of the disposition construct in teacher education risk this kind of biased application. It makes the point that fairness in assessment procedures requires rigorous and unambiguous definitions of assessment standards by criteria drawn from science and other systematic areas of scholarship. A definition of disposition drawn from the behavioral sciences is offered, and principles for using dispositions as a standard in teacher assessment are offered.
Bursting and Grab Tests for Knit Fabrics Compared
Authors: Foster B.H.
Published: October 2007

Publication of important textile research work previously unpublished is one of the functions of this magazine. The accompanying paper was presented by the author before Committee D-13 of the American Society for Testing Materials, February, 1925, but only excerpts therefrom have been published heretofore.

In 1925 Committee D-13 of the A. S. T. M. adopted tentatively the 1 × 1 × 1" Grab Test,2 and at that time the Burcau of Standards recommended,3 and the Associated Knit Underwear Manufacturers of America generally adopted this test method. In 1928, however, the A. S. T. M. revised the tentative specifications in favor of a bursting test.5
X-Ray Analysis of Fibers
Authors: Sisson Wayne A.
Published: October 2007

The March number of TEXTILE RESEARCH carried Mr. Sisson's literature surve y and references up to the year 1929 and it is here concluded.

Following publication of the first instalment of the survey, The Textile Foundation decided to make available complete mimeographed copies of Mr. Sisson's literature survey. Those desiring copies should address E. T. Pickard, Secretary, The Textlie Foundation, Commerce Building, Washington, D. C.
A Photomicrographic Method for Determination of Warp Size Distribution on Viscose Rayon
Authors: Yelland William E.
Published: October 2007

The effects of size on yarn properties, briaking strength, elongation at the break, stiffness and cohesion of the filaments to one another, have been studied in some detail and reported in the literature, but little has been published concerning the distribution of the size on the yarn. Considerable has been said about sizing for "penetration" or for "coating" without definite knowledge as to which result was being achieved. An examination of yarn, or cross-sections of the yarn, under the microscope tells nothing about the size distribution unless the material has been treated so that the size is differentiated from the yarn. This article deals with a method for differentiating the size on viscose yarn and presents the details of a technique for embedding, sectioning, and photographing sized and unsized viscose rayon. Results obtained by application of this method will be presented in subsequent articles.
Effect of Heater Temperature and Contact Time on the Tensile Properties of Friction-Twisted Texturized Yarns
Authors: De Dipak , Mukhopadhya S.K. , Majumdar A.
Published: October 2007

Tensile properties of the friction-twisted Nylon 6 texturized yarns were studied. Four different contact times were chosen and for each contact time six heater temperatures were selected. It was found that for each contact time, with increase in heater temperature, the breaking stress of the yarn had decreased, while the breaking strain of the yarn had increased. The breaking stress of the yarn was found to be a function, not only of the strength of the constituent filaments, but also of the degree of dispersion in the differential crimp, develoled among the filaments. The breaking strain of the yarn was observed to he more influenced by the magnitude of the decrimping extension than by that of the post-crimped extension.
A Technique for Measuring the Specific Volume of a Yarn, with Particular Reference to Wool Carpet Yarns
Authors: Carnaby G.A.
Published: October 2007

A new technique for measuring the diameter and the specific volume of a yarn using simple laboratory apparatus is described. The results obtained with this technique on metal rods are compared with micrometer measurements. Some typical measurements on a range of wool carpet yarns are given. The technique appears to have advantages over existing methods, particularly on compressible yarns of noncircular cross section, where objective values are required. It is also suitable for testing twist lively yarns.
A Device for Measuring Stress-Strain Behavior of Low-Modulus Textiles Under Uniform Radial Straining1
Authors: Hassenboehler Charles B. , Nelson Mary L. , Weiss Louis C. , Taggart Thomas J.
Published: October 2007

This paper describes a strain tester that stretches a knitted fabric or other low-modulus material such that the strain at any point in the specimen is uniform in any planar direction. Radial strain is produced by expanding the perimeter of a circular sample radially. Uniform radial strain is of interest in testing the effects of chemical or other treatments on knitted materials which undergo minimal yarn-loop sliding during use. The apparatus is attachable to a standard tensile tester which records the cumulative stress-strain curve. Force-deformation curves and unrecovered-strain data are given for three patterned jersey knits.
Modification of Cotton and Cotton-Polyester Blends with Epoxides
Authors: Soignet D.M. , Berxi R.J. , Bexerito R.R. , Pilkington M.W.
Published: October 2007

Cotton polyester blend fabrics were treated with a variety of mono-and díepoxides with Zn(BF 4)2 as catalyst. Effect s of pad bath composition with respect to epoxide and catalyst concentrations, solvent, and curing conditions on fahric properties of various cotton polyester blends were evaluated. A 50 '50 blend fabric treated with either Araldite RD-2 or Eponite 100 attained wet and dry wrinkle recoveries of approximately 300 (W + F)° white retaining 80% of the original breaking strength and possessing better resistance to flex abrasion than a 100% cotton fabric of similar construction. Either watrr or methanol was an acceptable solvent for the padding solution.
The Performance of Open-End, Twistless, and Ring Yarns in Weft Knitted Fabrics
Authors: Lord P.R. , Mohamed M.H. , Ajgaonkar D.B.
Published: October 2007

Open-end, twistless, and ring yarns made from cotton and spun to different twists were knitted into single-jersey fabrics to assess their performance. Further tests at a given twist level for a range of polyester/cotton yarns were also included. A variety of yarn and fabric relaxations were used, and it was evident that unrelieved torque is a prime cause of loop distortion, spirality, and fabric shrinkage. It became apparent that autoclaving the yarns was the best way of reducing twist liveliness and the associated difficulties in manufacturing the fabric; it also improves the properties of the fabric. Properly relaxed, open-end yarn makes a fabric with good appeal, reasonable shrinkage, and acceptable strength and abrasion resistance. Twistless yarns gave good fabric hand, high luster, zero spirality, and little shrinkage, but there was some loss in strength for the fabric tested.
The Distribution of Dye and Inorganic Ions Between Solid Polymers and Solutions Part II. Conventional Descriptions of Ion-Binding
Authors: Mcgregor R. , Guion T.H.
Published: October 2007

The basic equations of a simple theoretical model for the sorption equilibria in ionic dyeing systems have been extended to include the "binding" of cations other than hydrogen ion to the acidic groups in the fiber. Computations based on the resultant equations are compared with existing ideas on "site-adsorption mechanisms" of cationic dyeing.
Felting and Flocculation of Natural Wool in Water and in Mixed Solvents
Authors: Stigter D. , Menefee E. , Landwehr R.C.
Published: October 2007

Shrinkage-time curves have been determined for untreated wool fabric in various water/dimethylformamide (DMF) and water/ethanol mixtures, using a Cubex machine. Felting shrinkage decreases drastically above 90% DMF and around 85% ethanol. In a qualitative way the shrinkage results correlate well with the decreased attraction between the wool fibers in the mixed solvents, as measured in flocculation tests of the chopped wool fibers.

Root-to-tip variation of interfiber attraction for natural wool in water has been examined by the flocculation of parts of wool fibers cut from a single lock of oriented natural wool. The results indicate a decrease in hydrophobicity from fiber root to fiber tip, as expected, from increased oxidation in weathering.
The Uniformity of Distribution of Moisture in Drying Beds of Loose Fibers
Authors: Young M.D. , Nossar M.S. , Chaikin M.
Published: October 2007

A model is developed describing the variation in regain along the direction of air flow in drying fibrous beds. The model is used to predict the moisture distribution in beds of wool and terylene fibers after drying for a given period of time. It is shown that empirical correction factors must be introduced for these predictions to be accurate. The reasons for this are examined and explanations are offered in terms of bed inhomogeneity and its effects on air flow. This work enables useful estimates of drying efficiency to be made, and prospects for further development of this line of investigation are discussed.
Acid Hydrolysis of Mercerized Yarns
Authors: Handu J.L. , Mythili K. , Gupta R.C.
Published: October 2007

The behavior of slack mercerized and stretched cotton towards hydrolytic degradation is reported, together with data on the acid hydrolysis studies of these mercerized yarns.
Production Time Estimates for Spooled Fabrics
Authors: Abranovic Wynn A.
Published: October 2007

Regression analysis is used to estimate the time to spool strips (or bands) of fabric. Factors such as the fabric type, the material quality, and the amount of material ordered have previously created estimation difficulties. Improved estimation resulted from this analysis. In addition, this method contributed to the following: lower production costs, more accurate production time standards, and fewer late deliveries.
An Effect of a Pretreatment of Fabric upon the Development of Durable-Press Properties in Cotton Fabrics by the Wet-Fixation Process
Authors: Bertoniere Noelie R. , Blouin Florine A. , Martin Lawrence F. , Rowland Stanley P.
Published: October 2007

A critical factor in the development of durable-press performance in cotton fabrics by the wet-fixation process is the presence of trace amounts of residual base in the cotton. In relatively large quantities the base neutralizes the acid catalyst employed for fixation and decreases the extent of reaction of the hexamethylolmelamines. In lesser amounts the base has little or no effect upon the development of add-on and resilience but deters the development of breaking strength and abrasion resistance in the fixed and cured fabrics.

Evidence obtained in this study shows that in the wet-fixation type of process high levels of resilience are developed readily and are a function of reactions occurring in the early stages of fixation but subsequently modified by curing. On the other hand, high levels of breaking strength and abrasion resistance are developed only after extensive penetration of reagents into the fiber structure; these properties are a function of reactions occurring in the later stages of fixation. These strength properties are enhanced by use of reagent systems (i.e., hexamethylolmelamines) whose moderate reactivities allow good penetration.
Fiber Migration as a Semi-Markov Process
Authors: Abhiraman A.S. , George Waller
Published: October 2007

A stochastic analysis of fiber migration is presented. The possibility of coupling the results from such a treatment with those available from a mechanical analysis is discussed by means of an example.
Studies in Wear Life of Normal- and Special-Finished Woven Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Sarma G.V. , Handu J.L. , Verma B.C. , Singh A.P.
Published: October 2007

In a service wear trial of shirts made from chemically modified cotton fabrics, the edge wear at the collar was found to bear good correlation with flex abrasion tests in warp and filling directions performed on BFT and Stoll testers as well as with fillingwise tearing strength. By contrast, these laboratory tests showed poor correlation with edge wear at the cuffs. The Stoll flat abrasion test, however, gave best correlation with cuff edge wear.

Changes in the mechanical properties of chemically modified fabrics were examined in relation to more basic changes in the fibers.
Frictional Effects in Fibrous Assemblies
Authors: Skelton John
Published: October 2007

It is shown that the initial load-deformation behavior of a wide range of fibrous assemblies, in which the forces are transmitted via a large number of frictional interactions, can be described by a simple power law relationship. The relationship was explored in detail for a polyester felt deformed in shear, and was used to make estimates of the number of fiber-to-fiber contacts and the interfiber contact forces in the assembly. The calculated values of these parameters were in reasonable agreement with direct measurements made by independent techniques.
Further Studies on Sulfated Wool
Authors: Kirkpatrick A. , Maclaren J.A.
Published: October 2007

The sulfation of wool by concentrated sulfuric acid under controlled conditions has been studied. Treatments are described for undyed wool yarn, which confer acid dye resist effects, and for dyed wool fabric, which confer flameproofing properties.
Friction and Lubrication of Synthetic Fibers
Authors: Schick M.J.
Published: October 2007

The effects of fiber luster, guide material, surface charge, and critical surface tension of fibers on friction are presented. In the boundary region friction increased with increasing fiber luster, whereas in the hydrodynamic region the reverse effect was observed. The latter effect is minimized when using guides with rough surfaces. It is concluded that boundary friction of clean fibers against other clean solid surfaces is independent of the guide material when using guides of equal diameter and surface roughness, provided their shear strength is equal to or greater than that of the fiber. Friction and charge generated on guides by passing lubricated yarns are closely related parameters. Dynamic wetting data of fibers conform with the principle of critical surface tension. The absence of intrinsic adhesion by fibers with low energy surfaces has been confirmed by their low, friction, absence of stick-slip, and independence of friction from guide surface roughness. The effect of pre-tension on the magnitude and migration of stick-slip is described.
Modifying the Characteristics of Ring and Open-End Yarns
Authors: Lord P.R. , Nichols L.D.
Published: October 2007

Various ways of treating or manipulating yarns to modify their characteristics are discussed. A method of partially untwisting, drawing, and retwisting was seen to give minor improvements in fiber extent and migration, but the resulting improvements in yarn strength were small. The gains in tenacity were more than offset by losses in breaking elongation, and the work of rupture was nearly always reduced. The treatment tended to reduce hairiness. Simple drawing was also shown to give modest improvements in tenacity providing a specific stress of 2 gf/tex or so was not exceeded.

The use of wet spinning was shown to give some advantage with cotton because of the activation of natural adhesives and possibly because the wet fibers mutually conformed to a greater extent. The yarns were very smooth, but increases in strength were once again offset by losses in elongation. Wet spinning of man-made fibers showed few or none of these advantages.
Heat Transfer in False-Twist Texturing
Authors: Ecambaram T. , Afify E.W. , El-Shiekh Aly
Published: October 2007

A mathematical model for the heating of yarn in the false-twist texturizing process was formed, and an equation for the surface temperature of the yarn for contact-type heaters was derived. An expression for the temperature distribution in the cross section of the yarn in the heater zone was derived mathematically.

The surface temperatures of nylon and polyester yarns of different deniers were measured and compared with predicted values. For measuring the surface temperature, a Fiber-temp® non-contact-type temperature measuring instrument was used. The yarns were heated using controlled short heaters 12 in. and 8 in. long.

The temperature distribution in the cross section of the yarns was calculated from the equation for various yarn speeds and heater temperatures. The temperature difference between the surface and the center of the yarn was found to be small for the normal yarns used in texturizing, even at very high speeds.

Polyester yarns were found to heat up faster than nylon yarns due to the lower heat capacity of polyester. The heavy denier yarns were heated more slowly than the lower denier yarns because of the lower A/M (surface area/mass) ratio of the high denier ones.
An Alternative Approach to the Objective Measurement of Fabrics
Authors: Ning Pan  , Haig Zeronian S. , Ryu Hyo-Seon
Published: October 2007

Objective measurements of fabric mechanical properties have great potential for quality control of clothing materials. However, access to the requisite instruments still remains a problem for many potential users due to their high cost. Therefore, a scheme for measuring all the relevant property parameters on an Instron is proposed in this article. Also, in view of the lengthy measurement process typically required by the Kawabata KES-FB system, this work provides a theoretical approach for selecting the pertinent parameters from those of the KES-FB system, so that measurement time and complexity of further data analysis can be reduced. As to the overall evaluation of fabric performance or utilization of acquired results, a graphical technique using circular diagrams is proposed to "fingerprint" or characterize fabrics. Data obtained on selected fabrics of different fiber types, weave construction, and fabric thickness are presented to illustrate this method and its applications.
Unilamellar Lipid Bilayers Including Cholesterol in Wool Chlorination: Stability of Chlorine Liposomes and Application on Wool
Authors: De La Maza A. , Parra J.L.
Published: October 2007

We studied the application of unilamellar liposomes of a defined size (200 nm) containing cholesterol as vehicles for oxidative reagents in wool chlorination. To this end, we first studied the interaction between liposomes and chlorine in order to determine the physicochemical stability of these systems in the presence of this oxidative agent. We assessed physical stability by measuring both the mean vesicle size distribution of the vesicle suspensions and the changes in the absorbance of these systems, which are directly related to the aggregation or solubilization of liposomes. Our study of chemical stability was based on the lipid peroxidation index of liposomes at different chlorine concentrations at pH value 6.5. As regards the oxidative effects caused by the chlorine treatments of wool applied directly or by means of liposomes at pH 1.5, we investigated the extent of cysteic acid formation groups in wool fibers. Increasing amounts of cholesterol in the lipid bilayers of liposomes enhance both the physicochemical stability of these systems and the inhibitory ability of cysteic acid formation when samples have been treated with chlorine-liposome systems.
Cross-Cultural Partner Relationships in the Travel Trade: A Sino-Australian Study
Authors: Pan Grace W. , Sparks Beverley , Fulop Liz
Published: October 2007

This article reports on a cross-cultural study that has drawn on business-to-business (B2B) marketing and management theories to explore the nature of the partner relationships in the Sino-Australian travel trade. Drawing on in-depth interviews with Chinese-authorized travel agents and Australian-nominated inbound tour operators, the article investigates salient aspects of the process of developing such B2B relationships. A three-phase process model is developed to explain these relationships. The relationship starts with a measuring-up phase and then a testing phase characterized by word-of-mouth, negotiation, and the need for face-to-face meetings, followed by a commitment phase, which is best explained by using the Chinese terms of mo he , mo qi , and mo shi . The article presents new findings that are identified as critical to long-term stable partner relationships in this cross-cultural context.
Underground Atlanta: The Untimely Passing of a Major Tourist Attraction
Authors: Kent William E.
Published: October 2007

This article traces the rise and fall of Underground Atlanta, a tourist attraction which once attracted millions of visitors annually and which now lies abandoned. The reasons behind its failure, the lessons that its demise might provide other public and private interests, and the hopes for its resurrection are outlined.
Identification of Functional Tourism in North America
Authors: Smith Stephen L.J.
Published: October 2007

This article reviews the concept of regionalization in tourism research and presents the results of a project defining tourism regions in the United States and Canada.
How One Normally Constructs Good Measures
Authors: Borgatta Edgar F. , Bohrnstedt George W.
Published: October 2007

This article describes how following good measurement construction procedures result in normal variables, for which the use of nonparametric statistics would simply be inappropriate.
Statistical Usage In Sociology
Authors: Labovitz Sanford
Published: October 2007

Some common applications of statistics in sociological inquiry are critically analyzed under two "sacred cows": (1) the treatment of assumptions as inviolate, and (2) the use of statistics as ends in themselves. The first includes the usage of assumptions, measurement scales, and dichotomies; the second includes significance tests, complex techniques, fads, continuous data analysis, and intercorrelating all variables. It is argued that sociologists should be more willing to quantify and experiment with higher-order measurement. Finally, several tentative guidelines are given for more helpful statistical usage.