bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SOIL PROPERTIES AFFECTING THE RETENTION OF PHOSPHORUS FROM EFFLUENT
Authors: JOHN MATT K.
Published: March 2010

Factors affecting removal of P from waste water effluent on 376 soils from British Columbia and six soils from New Zealand were studied. When shaken at a ratio of 1:50 soil to effluent, the soils of the dry British Columbia interior removed on an average 31% of the effluent P, whereas wet coastal soils removed 85% and the New Zealand soils removed 76%. The capacity of the soil to remove effluent P was related mostly to Al, Fe and P extracted by various extractants, pH, base saturation, organic matter and texture.
FORMS OF PHOSPHORUS IN A SEQUENCE OF SOILS DEVELOPED ON FRASER RIVER ALLUVIUM
Authors: JOHN MATT K. , GARDNER E. H.
Published: March 2010

The distribution of different forms of phosphorus was determined for soil samples and particle size fractions from a sequence of soils developed on Fraser River alluvium. The values for inorganic P when apportioned as aluminum-P, iron-P, reductant-P and calcium-P were found to be dependent on soil-forming processes. Calcium-P levels decreased and iron-P and organic-P levels increased with increasing distance from the river, and with more pronounced profile development. Changes in the relative amounts of these various forms of soil P occurred over relatively short distances and affected the amounts of P extracted in standard soil testing methods. P levels depended very little on soil texture for the majority of the soils, although there was some evidence in favor of fine particle sizes over the sand fractions as a source of P in one of the profiles.
SOILS WITH PLACIC HORIZONS ON THE WEST COAST OF VANCOUVER ISLAND, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: LAVKULICH L. M. , BHOOJEDHUR S. , ROWLES C. A.
Published: March 2010

Thin indurated horizons (placic) were found in coarse textured deposits in the humid west coastal region of Vancouver Island in British Columbia. Four soils representing the range of pan development were studied. The soils were classified as Placic Ferro-Humic, Mini Humo-Ferric, Placic Humo-Ferric, and Gleyed Placic Mini Ferro-Humic Podzols. The soils supported a rather luxuriant vegetative association, with one site exhibiting a bog type of vegetative cover. It was found that the indurated horizons were of two types, namely, those that had high amounts of Fe and those that seemed to concentrate Al. The role of organic matter in the formation of placic horizons is still obscure, although organic matter concentrations were largest in indurated horizons of high aluminum content. The kind of pan should be considered in classifying these soils, as existing criteria do not distinguish between different kinds of pans. In addition, the relatively large amounts of oxalate-extractable Fe and Al to depths up to 300 cm require further study.
FIXATION AND RELEASE OF POTASSIUM IN RELATION TO THE MINERALOGY OF THE CLAY FRACTION OF SOME SELECTED SOIL HORIZON SAMPLES
Authors: MacLEAN A. J. , BRYDON J. E.
Published: March 2010

Soil clays of 11 horizon samples of Canadian soils gave activity ratios (AReK) of 0.0003 to 0.0040, exchangeable K values of 0.18 to 1.74 meq/100 g, nonexchangeable K values of 1.54 to 6.65 meq/100 g upon leaching with 12 liters of 0.1 N BaCl2 and of 0.45 to 4.03 meq as measured by plant removal, and degrees of K-fixation of 29 to 100% of added K against extraction with 1 N NH4OAc. The amounts of exchangeable K were correlated with the activity ratios and with the amounts of non-exchangeable K removed by plants. Of the fixed K, 46 to 86% was recovered by leaching with the 0.1 N BaCl2 and 18 to 64% by cropping. Some of the clays gave a satisfactory relationship between their K behaviour and mineralogy. Two of them (Ae, Humo-Ferric Podzol), consisting of mixtures of vermiculite and montmorillonite, released native K slowly and had a high capacity to fix added K. Another corresponding sample, from the C horizon and consisting of well-ordered 2 M1 muscovite, also released native K slowly but gave the lowest degree of K-fixation. A predominantly montmorillonite clay with some mica layers (Gray Luvisol) gave a high release of native K and fixed an intermediate amount of added K. The K–mineralogy relationship in the remaining samples was less apparent, and varied with the complexity of interstratification.
ALUMINUM IN PLANT TISSUE GROWN IN SOIL
Authors: WEBBER M. D.
Published: March 2010

The effects of contamination on measurements of aluminum in vegetative plant tissues grown in soil were investigated, and attempts were made to remove contamination by washing. Aluminum from field oats and a composite greenhouse tissue increased with increasing ignition temperatures up to 1000 C, whereas aluminum from growth-cabinet oats was independent of temperature above 500 C. Washing reduced the aluminum from field oats and gave fairly good agreement between the amounts at 500 and 1000 C, and adding soil to growth-cabinet tissues gave much larger amounts at 1000 than at 500 C. Washing reduced the aluminum from oat, soybean and buckwheat tissues which were contaminated with montmorillonite clay.
SOME PROPERTIES OF INTERLAYER PHOSPHATE MATERIAL FORMED IN WYOMING BENTONITE
Authors: WEBBER M. D.
Published: March 2010

Studies using X-ray diffraction were done to obtain information about the interlayer phosphate material formed during the reaction between phosphate, aluminum and Wyoming bentonite. Interlayer phosphate material was retained in the bentonite for 1000 days during aging at 25 C, and X-ray diffraction peaks at about 11.5 and 23 A were sharp and symmetrical, indicating order and regularity of interlayering. Moreover, it formed when H3PO4 was added to suspensions of bentonite and gibbsite [crystalline Al(OH)3] and appeared to remain unaltered when the pH of suspensions was adjusted within the range 2.5 to 6.0. Discrete variscite (crystalline AlPO4∙2H2O) formed when the suspensions with large amounts of H3PO4 added were aged at 50 or 99 C.
MOISTURE BUDGETING TECHNIQUE FOR A FALLOW SOIL IN SPRING
Authors: Selirio I. S. , Brown D. M.
Published: March 2010

not available
RESPONSE OF CORN TO NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, AND POTASSIUM
Authors: BISHOP R. F. , SMELTZER G. G. , MACEACHERN C. R.
Published: March 2010

Fertilizer trials with hybrid corn (Zea mays L.) were conducted on six soil series at a total of 14 locations during a 6-year period. Treatments consisted of various rates of N, P, and K applied in all possible combinations. The effect of N on both leaf composition and yield was predominately linear and was much greater than the effect of either P or K. Applied N had an effect on leaf N at 10 locations, applied P on leaf P at five, and applied K on leaf K at six. In the case of yield, there was an effect from N at 10 locations, P at four, and K at one. The results indicate that factors other than nutrient supply also affected yield and that N, P, and K at 100–150, 30–45, and 30–40 kg/ha, respectively, were generally adequate.
PERMANGANATE OXIDATION OF HUMIC ACIDS, FULVIC ACIDS, AND HUMINS EXTRACTED FROM Ah HORIZONS OF A BLACK CHERNOZEM, A BLACK SOLOD, AND A BLACK SOLONETZ SOIL
Authors: KHAN S. U. , SCHNITZER M.
Published: March 2010

Humic acid, fulvic acid, and humin fractions extracted from a Black Chernozem, a Black Solod, and a Black Solonetz soil were methylated with diazomethane and oxidized with permanganate solution. The oxidation products were extracted into ethyl acetate, separated by preparative gas chromatography, and identified by comparing their mass and micro-IR spectra with those of authentic specimens. Total yields of oxidation products followed the order humic acids > humins > fulvic acids. The products resulting from the oxidation of humic and fulvic acids averaged 63% benzenecarboxylic, 32% phenolic, and 5% aliphatic carboxylic acids. The oxidation products from humins averaged 76% benzenecarboxylic but only 20% phenolic and 4% aliphatic carboxylic acids, indicating some differences in the chemical structure of humins from those of humic and fulvic acids. The most prominent compounds produced by the oxidation of the humic acids were hydroxy benzenepentacarboxylic and benzenetetracarboxylic acids. In general, differences in the distribution of the major oxidation products between the three major fractions were greater than those within individual humic fractions. Thus, the chemical structures of humic acids extracted from three different soils appeared to be more similar to each other than to those of fulvic acid and humin fractions from the same soil. The same was true for fulvic acids and humins extracted from the different soils. Between 79 and 95% of the oxidation products were identified. The oxidation products may have originated from (a) condensed lignin structures, (b) complex structures of microbiological origin, and/or (c) polymeric structures consisting of benzenecarboxylic and phenolic acids held together by hydrogen-bonding.
FLOW OF WATER INTO CERAMIC TUBES SIMULATING ROOT SYSTEMS
Authors: STEVENSON D. S.
Published: March 2010

In model root systems constructed of porous ceramic tubing, accumulated outflow volumes of water from four inner tubes, simulating plant roots, surrounded by 12 outer tubes was reduced when spacings narrowed below 2.0 mm in both sandy loam and silt soils. Soil water contents and, simultaneously, capillary conductivity decreased faster at close tube spacings than at wider ones in the order of the decrease at 1.0 mm > at 1.5 mm > at 2.0 mm = that at 3.0 mm = that at 6.0 mm. The ratio of outflow from 12 tubes to that from four, surrounded by the 12, is 3 and constant if all tubes receive water from discrete equal-sized cylinders of soil. At less than 2.0 mm between tubes, the ratio increased with time to maximum of about 9 and 5 for sandy loam and silt loam, respectively, indicating soil cylinder overlap for the particular suction of −0.9 bar imposed on the tubes. At 2.0 mm spacing or greater, the ratio was relatively constant and reasonably close to 3. Radial flow of water may be quickly restricted at root spacings below some limiting distance that is probably dependent upon the demand potential at the soil–root interface.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC MATTER EXTRACTED FROM A NUMBER OF Ah HORIZONS BY A NUMBER OF METHODS
Authors: DORMAAR J. F.
Published: March 2010

The organic matter of eight Ah horizons, representing four soil Orders, was extracted and purified by a number of procedures, all designed to extract humic acid or high-molecular weight complexes. Organic carbon and total nitrogen contents of the air-dried soils were determined. The humic substances extracted from the soil were analyzed for carbon, nitrogen, total and carboxyl acidity, and ash and a number of its constituents. The nitrogen content and carboxyl acidity of the humic acids as well as the soluble silicon, calcium, and phosphorous content of the ash varied with the method used to extract the humic substances. The extraction of soil organic matter from Ah horizons by chelating resins merits pursuance. Often, high carboxyl acidities, as confirmed by infrared spectra, existed notwithstanding high ash contents. Other criteria, such as nitrogen content of the humic substances, may also have to be considered in this ash–carboxyl acidity relation. The materials extracted from the Lithic Regosol had relatively high calcium contents, low nitrogen and ash contents, and high calcium content of the ash, as compared with the other seven soils, regardless of method. With two methods total acidity was also high.
SEASONAL PATTERN OF SOIL ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS
Authors: Dormaar J. F.
Published: March 2010

not available
CONTRIBUTION OF CLAY AND ORGANIC MATTER TO CATION-EXCHANGE CAPACITY OF CHERNOZEMIC SOILS
Authors: St. Arnaud R. J. , Sephton G. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
HYDROXY ALUMINUM SULFATE–MONTMORILLONITE COMPLEX
Authors: KODAMA H. , SINGH S. SHAH
Published: March 2010

The nature of the complex that had been formed by precipitating aluminum hydroxide between interlayer spaces of montmorillonite in the presence of anions Cl and SO4 was examined by chemical, X-ray, thermal, and infrared absorption methods. Results indicated that the complex was a hydroxy aluminum sulfate–montmorillonite with the structural formula: Al0.02(H2O)3[Al(OH)2.53(SO4)0.18] + silicate layer of montmorillonite [O10(OH)2 basis]. The atomic ratio, Al:OH:SO4, of the interlayer material was 1:2.53:0.18, which was similar to the ratio 1:2.5:0.25 of "basaluminite." X-ray data showed that the complex had spacings of 19.7, 21.9, and 24.4 A, under an extremely dry condition, moist condition, and on solvation with glycerol, respectively. During the heat treatments between 100 and 200 C, the d001 spacing was sharply reduced to 16 A and the newly developed phase persisted over a wide range of temperature from 200 to 600 C. This phase was considered as an interstratified structure consisting of a 14.3-A unit (chloritelike structure) and a 17.7-A unit (dehydrated basaluminite + silicate layer of montmorillonite). Although the d001 spacing observed for the unheated material was larger than that expected for the amount of aluminum precipitated in the montmorillonite, it was interpreted in terms of voluminous Al13O40 polyhedra that were described previously as basic structural units of a basic aluminum sulfate.
A SOIL DERIVED FROM SHALLOW GLACIAL DRIFT OVER LIMESTONE, TEXADA ISLAND, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: LAVKULICH L. M. , LEWIS T.
Published: March 2010

A shallow soil (10–25 cm) over limestone on Texada Island in British Columbia has been described and characterized. An attempt was made to classify the soil. Although morphologically the soil resembles a Folisol supporting a Douglas fir–Western red cedar forest, it was found to be a mineral soil developed on a glacial drift, overlying rock. The surface mineral horizon is of a mull humus form with abundant earthworms and earthworm casts. The soil sampled was near neutral and of high base status. Concretions and sufficient oxalate-extractable iron and aluminum were present to consider the soil a podzol. The soil cannot be classified unequivocably because of having properties common to both a Lithic Melanic Brunisol and a Lithic Sombric Ferro-Humic Podzol. It is suggested that intergrades between orders be introduced into the Canadian Classification System to accommodate such soils.
SOIL SULFATE II. AS AN INDEX OF THE SULFUR AVAILABLE TO LEGUMES
Authors: WALKER D. R. , DOORNENBAL G.
Published: March 2010

Deficiencies in available soil sulfur for legume growth were predicted with 86% accuracy by measuring extractable sulfate in the 0–30-cm layer of soils. To attain this accuracy, soils should be sampled before active plant growth commences and air-dried before analyzing.
INFLUENCE OF FLUCTUATING TEMPERATURES AND CONSTANT SOIL MOISTURES ON NITROGEN CHANGES IN AMENDED AND UNAMENDED LOAM
Authors: CAMPBELL C. A. , BIEDERBECK V. O.
Published: March 2010

Wood Mountain loam was wetted with water, (NH4)2SO4, and peptone solutions to provide 22, 14, and 10% moisture while adding 0 and 50 ppm N. These treatments were incubated for 14 days at T13/2 (i.e., 13 C day, and 2 C night), T18/7, T24/13, and T27/16 to simulate soil conditions in the top 15 cm in May, June, July, and August. Progressive seasonal temperature change was simulated by transferring other replicates from T13/2 to T18/7; from T18/7 to T24/13; from T24/13 to T27/16; and from T27/16 to T18/7 for another 14 days. Field measurements were used to test the validity of the simulation. In the unamended soil there was no nitrification at T13/2, but there was where peptone or (NH4)2SO4 was added. Generally, nitrification and mineralization were directly proportional to temperature and to moisture content. In the first 14 days nitrification (ppm) = 6 + 1.4 temperature (C); the Q10 coefficient was 1.7. Mineralization at T18/7 following T27/16 (September) was much greater than at T18/7 following T13/2 (May). Addition of (NH4)2SO4 caused priming of indigenous organic-N. The simulation study indicated that fallow soil at 22, 14, and 10% moisture would produce 90, 60, and 50 ppm nitrate-N between the beginning of May and mid-September. Field sites with average moisture contents of 24.5 and 15.5% were found to produce at least 104 and 41 ppm during the same period.
REACTIONS AND MOVEMENT OF EDTA AND ZN EDTA IN SOILS
Authors: CHENG S. M. , THOMAS R. L. , ELRICK D. E.
Published: March 2010

A miscible displacement technique was used to study the movement of EDTA and Zn EDTA in soils. EDTA moved quite readily through the soil. The EDTA from a Zn EDTA complex also moved readily through the soil cores; however, the Zn was replaced to a large extent. If the Zn EDTA complex remained intact, then it moved through the soil with the liquid phase. These data have implications on the use of chelated metals for plant nutrition. If the desired element remains in the chelate complex, it could move with water and thus can be leached out of a soil. If the complex breaks down in the soil, the metal can react with the soil. In either case, the desirable element may not remain available to plants.
CADMIUM ADSORPTION MAXIMA OF SOILS AS MEASURED BY THE LANGMUIR ISOTHERM
Authors: JOHN MATT K.
Published: March 2010

Thirty surface soils were equilibrated with four cadmium chloride solutions in a study of cadmium adsorption by soils. The data fitted the Langmuir isotherm. Where the amount adsorbed by the soil is x/m and the solution concentration at equilibrium is C, simple correlation coefficients, relating four pairs of [Formula: see text] and C for each soil, averaged 0.993. Adsorption maxima for all soils were similar in magnitude and correlated with aluminum and zinc soluble in 0.01 M CaCl2. The coefficients related to the bonding energy generally decreased in the order: organic > heavy clay > sandy and silt loam > sandy soils, and were correlated with total aluminum and iron. From a set of 13 soil properties, linear regression equations to predict the Langmuir parameters included only those variables that contributed significantly.
EXTRACTION OF HUMIC ACID BY ALKALI AND CHELATING RESIN
Authors: SERRA MARIA ORTIZ DE , SCHNITZER M.
Published: March 2010

Humic acid was extracted from the A1 horizon of a Dark Chestnut soil (pH = 6.9) with 0.5 N NaOH after decalcification and with Na-Dowex A-1 resin without decalcification. The two humic acids were characterized by chemical and spectroscopic methods and by permanganate oxidation after methylation. Whereas ultimate, functional group, and infrared analyses showed the two humic acids to be very similar, permanganate oxidation indicated a number of differences between the two preparations. The yield of oxidation products from the resin-extracted humic acid was twice as high as that from the alkali-extracted material. In addition, the resin-extracted humic acid produced appreciably larger amounts of high-molecular weight phenolic and benzenecarboxylic acids than did the alkali-extracted humic acid. These findings, in conjunction with E4/E6 ratios, indicated that the chelating resin-extracted humic acid was more condensed or less degraded than that removed by alkali. Permanganate oxidation of methylated humic substances appears to be a more sensitive technique for uncovering structural changes in such materials than are functional group analysis and spectroscopic methods.
THERMAL DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS OF CLAY–ORGANIC MATTER COMPLEXES AND ORGANIC MATTER SEPARATED FROM A BLACK CHERNOZEMIC SOIL
Authors: LUTWICK L. E.
Published: March 2010

Clay–organic matter complexes (< 2 μ) were separated in four serial extracts through ultrasonic dispersion from a Black Chernozemic soil developed on calcareous till. Derivative thermograms (DTG) of the complexes were similar to those of organic matter extracted from the same soil with alkali. The thermograms of the easily extracted materials (first two extracts) did not have a high temperature peak unless the materials were treated with acid. The thermograms of the difficult to extract materials and of the coarser residual materials (silts and roots) did have a high temperature peak.
DESORPTION OF SOME HERBICIDES FROM MONTMORILLONITE AND PEAT
Authors: MOYER J. R. , McKERCHER R. B. , HANCE R. J.
Published: March 2010

Desorption of monuron, atrazine, and prometryne from montmorillonite was tested immediately (i.e., after a 24-hr adsorption period) and following drying. Monuron and atrazine were reversibly adsorbed in both cases. Immediately after desorption, less prometryne was desorbed than predicted, but after drying, more was desorbed than predicted. With a peat preparation, monuron and atrazine were reversibly adsorbed if desorption was carried out immediately after adsorption, but, after drying to constant weight at 62% RH, desorption was not completely reversible. Sorption of prometryne and linuron by the peat was not completely reversible whether desorption was attempted immediately after adsorption or after drying. Desorption was reduced by the drying step with linuron, but not with prometryne. It is considered that degradation of the herbicides could not account for the irreversibility.
INFLUENCE OF SURFACE SOIL CONDITIONS ON DRYING IN EARLY SPRING
Authors: IQBAL M. M. , WARKENTIN B. P.
Published: March 2010

Changes in water content of adjacent plowed and unplowed surface soils were measured in early spring in the field. The plowed plots on sand and clay soils lost more water than unplowed plots. The major decrease in water content of the clay soil was in the 0–7-cm layer, whereas the sand lost as much water from the 7–15-cm layer as from the 0–7-cm layer. The medium-grained soil showed greater drying from the unplowed than from the plowed surface. The higher bulk density of this soil may account for this observation. Differences in net radiation measured above plowed and unplowed surfaces were too small to account for the measured differences in water loss. There was evidence that the drier surface was due to lower hydraulic conductivity of the plowed surface, but increased turbulent transfer from the rougher surface could also be involved.
USE OF THE LIQUID LIMIT IN CHARACTERIZING CLAY SOILS
Authors: WARKENTIN B. P.
Published: March 2010

An index property for clay soils is sought to give the information that grain size gives about coarse-grained soils. The liquid limit is suggested as such an index property. The liquid limit is closely related to surface area for clay soils containing tabular clay minerals. This relation exists also for soils containing allophane or amorphous material. In addition to estimating surface area, liquid limit also gives information about the nature of the surface. In this respect it is a more useful measurement than clay content.
SEASONAL INCIDENCE OF ANHYDROUS URIC ACID GRANULES IN THE COLLISION ZONE OF TWO FAIRY RINGS
Authors: MILES N. , MATHUR S. P.
Published: March 2010

not available
MEASUREMENT OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF PEATS
Authors: DAI T. S. , SPARLING J. H.
Published: March 2010

The measurement of hydraulic conductivity of peats in a northeastern Ontario peatland is described. Several sizes of piezometer were tested and revealed little effect on the hydraulic conductivity. Various lengths of piezometer chamber were used to measure both vertical and horizontal components of hydraulic conductivity at a number of sites. Open bog sites had a higher vertical component of hydraulic conductivity than the poor fen site. The poor fen site exhibited a greater dependence of the hydraulic conductivity on piezometer chamber length than the open bog site, indicating a greater horizontal component of the hydraulic conductivity. A significant correlation between the differential heads and hydraulic conductivity is demonstrated. This indicates a deviation of Darcian flow in the peatland. The ratios of differential heads in piezometer are constant, however, and therefore the proportionality of Darcy's Law is exhibited by the piezometer method.
STANDARD ISOTOPE VERSUS NITROGEN BALANCE CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING THE EFFICIENCY OF NITROGEN SOURCES FOR BARLEY
Authors: RENNIE R. J. , RENNIE D. A.
Published: March 2010

Nitrogen balance (fertilizer N accounted for in the soil–plant system) and standard isotope (obtained on above-ground plant parts) criteria were used to evaluate the efficiency of nitrogen sources for barley grown on a Chernozemic and a Solonetzic soil under greenhouse conditions. The isotope criteria, percent total N in the plant tissue derived from fertilizer (% N d.f.f.), "A" values, and uptake of fertilizer N by the crop, clearly indicated the superiority, in terms of plant availability, of the NO3−-N source, followed by NH4+-N, with urea the least effective. In contrast, loss of nitrogen from the soil–plant system was greatest for the NO3−-N and least for the urea (i.e., 67 vs. 26% on the Solonetzic soil). Such conflicting results can be explained on the basis of slow hydrolysis of the urea and rapid plant uptake of N from the NO3−-N form. It is concluded that, although isotope-derived criteria such as % N d.f.f., A values, and uptake by the crop of fertilizer N provide precise measurements of the performance of N sources, serious errors in causative factors may be made unless "nitrogen balance" data are available. The significance of primary and corrected (rate of fertilizer N application corrected for fertilizer N loss) A values are discussed.
FUNGAL FLORA AND RATE OF DECOMPOSITION OF LEAF LITTER AT LOW TEMPERATURES
Authors: IVARSON K. C.
Published: March 2010

The succession of mycoflora and the rate of decomposition of a mixture of coniferous–deciduous leaves were followed in the laboratory over a 45-mo period at 10, 4, and 1 C. For a leaf litter fall of 3,000 kg/ha and decomposition period of 6 mo it was estimated that these temperatures would give a loss in leaf litter of 660, 420, and 270 kg/ha per yr, respectively. For each 1 degree C drop in temperature, the rate of decomposition decreased approximately 1.8%. The washed leaf particles that were incubated on agar plates at temperatures corresponding to those of the incubating litter showed that 50% of all isolates belonged to the genus Chrysosporium. The next most abundant genera were Mucor 22%, and Penicillium, 15%. These three genera were present at every sampling date and the frequency of Chrysosporium consistently increased as temperature decreased, whereas Mucor showed the opposite trend. Penicillium was more common at 4 than at 1 and 10 C. The remaining 9 genera were isolated with a frequency of less than 4% and in general were associated with particular stages of litter breakdown. Phialocephala, Cephalosporium, Gliocladium, Rhizoctonia, and sterile mycelia were at a higher frequency during the first 283 days of decomposition, whereas the frequency of Aureobasidium, Trichoderma, and Monocillium was greater after 283 days.
EFFECTS OF SOIL TEMPERATURE ON EARLY GROWTH OF SIX SINGLE-CROSS CORN HYBRIDS
Authors: MacLEAN A. J. , DONOVAN L. S.
Published: March 2010

not available
YIELD RESPONSE OF CONQUEST BARLEY AS AFFECTED BY NITROGEN FERTILIZER AND SOIL TESTS FOR AMMONIUM- AND NITRATE-NITROGEN
Authors: NUTTALL W. F.
Published: March 2010

Yield response of Conquest barley to nitrogen fertilizer applied at 22, 45, 67, and 134 kg/ha with and without 20 kg P/ha were significantly related by regression analyses to ammonium- and to nitrate-nitrogen in soils of northeastern Saskatchewan. Both linear and quadratic equations obtained from the regression analyses were used to develop tables estimating yield response of barley related to nitrogen fertilizer rates and soil tests for ammonium- and nitrate-nitrogen. The results indicated that a greater response to nitrogen fertilizer occurred with a given amount of ammonium- plus nitrate-nitrogen than with the same amount of nitrate-nitrogen alone. Phosphate fertilizer also significantly increased yield response to nitrogen fertilizers. Confidence intervals showed that wide variation could be expected in yield response to nitrogen fertilizers. Variation is attributed to differences in soil type, soil moisture, and climatic factors among experimental sites.
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, POTASSIUM, AND MANURE FACTORIALLY APPLIED TO POTATOES IN A LONG-TERM STUDY
Authors: BLACK W. N. , WHITE R. P.
Published: March 2010

The effects of N, P, K, and manure factorially applied to potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) yields, starch content, and soil and tissue nutrient levels were evaluated on continuous plots over 12 yr in a 4-yr potato, grain, hay, hay rotation. Although yield responses were observed with N, P, and K applications, manure application substantially increased yields above yield levels due to applied N, P, and K. Increasing rates of KCl strongly depressed tuber starch contents. Soil test P and K levels increased with repeated fertility applications, and leaf tissue levels were increased with N, P, and K treatments.
IN SITU MEASUREMENT OF DISSOLVED MATERIALS AS AN INDICATOR OF ORGANIC TERRAIN TYPE
Authors: WALMSLEY M. E. , LAVKULICH L. M.
Published: March 2010

Portable equipment has been used to measure selected environmental parameters in situ. A battery-operated potentiometer used in conjunction with several specific ion electrodes, a platinum redox electrode, and a combination pH electrode were used to obtain ion activity, pH, and Eh measurements of natural systems. In addition, dissolved oxygen concentration was measured using an oxygen electrode and battery-operated meter. Results from the analysis of several streams are presented to illustrate the application of the technique to field measurements of streams as an indicator of environmental disturbance. Information collected also allowed for the differentiation of different types of organic terrain based on the dissolved load of the saturated organic materials. The terrain type referred to as fen had a higher activity of Na, Cl, and Ca, a higher pH value, and a lower concentration of oxygen than the bog terrain type. These results are explained with reference to organic terrain morphology and the distribution of permafrost in the study area.
PREDICTION OF SOIL PROPERTIES FROM STEREORTHOPHOTO MEASUREMENTS OF LANDFORM PROPERTIES
Authors: CROSSON L. S. , PROTZ R.
Published: March 2010

Most soils have not been adequately sampled to provide sufficient data for putting statistical limits on soil properties that are continuous. The main problem is that it is not possible to do the amount of laboratory analyses that is required because of limited technical staff. It is proposed that large amounts of data can be generated by establishing regression equations that describe the relationships between soil properties and landform measurements. This study confirms that the proposed method is practical for certain soil properties of the Brantford and Beverly soil series in southern Ontario. There were no statistically significant differences at the 95% probability level between observed values for Munsell value, pH, organic matter, and clay in the Ap horizon and estimated values from regression equations.
BORON NUTRITION OF BROCCOLI, BRUSSELS SPROUTS, AND CAULIFLOWER GROWN ON PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND SOILS
Authors: GUPTA UMESH C. , CUTCLIFFE J. A.
Published: March 2010

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. ssp. italica Plenck., cult Waltham 29), Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea L. ssp. gemmifera, cult Jade Cross), and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. ssp. botrytis, cult Snowball Y) were grown at four locations on Prince Edward Island with five levels of applied B at each location. The levels of applied B were: 0, 0.56, 1.12, 2.24, and 4.48 kg B/ha. No B deficiency symptoms, with the exception of hollow stem in cauliflower and broccoli, were noted. The incidence of hollow stem in these crops was not affected by applied B. The B concentration of tissues of all three crops was generally lower late in the growing season than earlier. Boron levels in the first tissue samplings were 13–70, 13–101, and 8–97 ppm in broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and cauliflower, respectively, and were found to be in the sufficiency range. A hot-water-soluble B content of 0.34–0.49 ppm in soil was sufficient for optimum growth of the crops. No B toxicity was observed even when the rate of applied B was 4.48 kg/ha.
MOVEMENT OF PICLORAM IN SOIL COLUMNS
Authors: GROVER R.
Published: March 2010

The movement of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) was studied in various Canadian Prairie soils, using soil columns. Picloram was readily leached in all soil types. The movement was greatest in the soil with the lowest organic matter and clay contents, and lowest in black soils that are high in soil organic matter content. It was related, in general, to the adsorptive and water-holding capacities of these soils. The extent of leaching of picloram was also related to the total amount of water applied; the greater the amount o¡ water the greater the downward movement. Increasing the intensity of water increments from 0.25 to 2.5 cm enhanced the movement of picloram in the clay soil but had no effect in the sandy loam. There was little or no difference in the movement of picloram when the herbicide was applied at 2.0 or 0.2 kg/ha, Picloram leached to a greater depth when the sandy loam soil was initially dry than wet and the converse was true for the clay soil. Picloram moved readily upwards when the soil columns were subirrigated.
THE ALBERTA SOIL SAMPLER MODIFIED FOR SAMPLE COLLECTION
Authors: HENNIG A. M. F. , SCHAFFTER W.
Published: March 2010

not available
EQUILIBRIUM AND KINETIC STUDIES OF THE ADSORPTION OF 2,4-D AND PICLORAM ON HUMIC ACID
Authors: KHAN S. U.
Published: March 2010

Equilibrium and kinetic studies of the adsorption of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) and picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) on a humic acid have been made. The equilibrium data followed the Freundlich-type isotherm. Rate constants, activation energies, heats of activation, and entropies of activation were calculated for the adsorption of the two herbicides on humic acid. The rate data indicated a physical type of adsorption. In the overall adsorption process the rate-limiting step for the initial period was shown to be the diffusion of the herbicide molecules to the surface of humic acid. However, the rate-limiting process at longer time intervals was interpreted to be intraparticle diffusion of the herbicide molecules into the interior of the humic acid particles.
EFFECTS OF VARIOUS SOIL PROPERTIES AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON INFRARED SCAN AND PANCHROMATIC IMAGERY FROM PORTAGE LA PRAIRIE, MANITOBA
Authors: MICHALYNA W. , EILERS R. G.
Published: March 2010

Data and imagery are presented to show the effects of various soil factors, surface conditions, and soil management practices on the response on IR scan imagery. Generally, sandy soils could be differentiated from medium- and fine-textured soils; medium-textured soils could not be differentiated from the fine-textured ones. Drainage features could readily be differentiated but produced varying response depending on amount of surface moisture and surface structure. Soil structure and aggregation appear to affect response more than the size of the separates (i.e., the texture) in medium- to fine-textured soils. Salinity, silt wash, plant residue, and grass canopy resulted in lower response on IR imagery than cultivated soils without these conditions. Salt efflorescence, silt wash, and residue resulted in a higher response on panchromatic imagery.
PERSISTENCE AND MOVEMENT OF α- AND γ-CHLORDANE IN SOILS FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH HIGH-PURITY CHLORDANE (VELSICOL HCS-3260)
Authors: WILSON D. M. , OLOFFS P. C.
Published: March 2010

Residues from high-purity chlordane (Velsicol HCS-3260) were determined in British Columbia soils for 16 mo following applications in June 1971 at two rates of 5.6 and 11.2 kg active ingredients (a.i.)/ha. Residues from a cool, moist location declined rapidly during the 1st mo following application, with greater percentage loss from the lower application rate. From the 2nd mo until 16 mo after application, decay rates were linear with time. Although 225 cm rain fell during this period, less than 2% of the total residues reached the 15–23-cm horizon. Calculated half-lives were 4 and 11 mo, respectively. Residues from a semiarid location were more persistent and did not decline rapidly within the 1st mo after application. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed. Leaching experiments with five different soil types in the laboratory confirmed the limited movement of chlordane observed in field soil.
INITIATION OF MOVEMENT OF SOIL AGGREGATES
Authors: BISAL FREDERICK
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF SOIL pH AND NPK FERTILIZATION ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF TWO BARLEY CULTIVARS
Authors: CALDER F. W. , MACLEOD L. B.
Published: March 2010

Two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars, Charlottetown 80 and Herta, were grown on plots of Tormentine sandy loam soil which had been limed to a range of pH levels (4.8, 5.1, 5.8, 6.6 and 7.1) for 10 years previous to this experiment. The pH areas were subdivided for a factorial arrangement of N fertilizer at 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg/ha with P-K fertilizer at 10–19, 30–56, 59–112 and 88–168 kg/ha. Yield of each cultivar increased when the soil pH was increased from 4.8 to 5.8. The Charlottetown cultivar exceeded Herta in yield at the low pH levels. The greatest response from N fertilizer was at the 60 and 90 kg rate in combination with P-K at 59–112 and 88–168 kg per ha, for the mean of the two cultivars. Percent N in barley tissue varied with pH and decreased with increasing rate of P-K fertilization. Percent total N and protein nitrogen in barley grain increased as pH increased. Percent P and K in tissue also increased as the pH increased. In vitro digestibility of barley grain was not affected by P-K, but decreased slightly as N fertility increased.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FOUR TILLS IN WEST-CENTRAL ALBERTA
Authors: TWARDY A. G. , PAWLUK S. , LINDSAY J. D.
Published: March 2010

Twenty-two samples of till representing Ck horizons of soils with very similar morphologies were investigated in west-central Alberta in order to determine the validity for their separation into four separate soil series on the basis of parent material characteristics. Physical, chemical and mineralogical analyses were conducted in order to characterize the tills and determine differences in their lithology, texture and geochemistry. The data were statistically evaluated using Duncan's new multiple range test. The data indicate that the four tills investigated are statistically separable on the basis of their analytical differences. The Lobley till is characterized by a higher limestone content and higher calcium carbonate equivalent than the other three tills. Amphibole minerals and high grade metamorphic and igneous pebbles were absent in the Lobley till. A greater quantity of total sand, coarse sand and amphiboles permits the separation of the Cooking Lake till from the other three tills. The Hubalta and Breton tills were found to be somewhat similar in many of their characteristics. However, the Breton till is coarser in texture and contains a greater montmorillonitic component in the clay fraction.
ATOMIC ABSORPTION MEASUREMENTS OF Al IN PLANT DIGESTS AND NEUTRAL SALT EXTRACTS OF SOILS
Authors: WEBBER M. D.
Published: March 2010

Atomic absorption spectrophotometric measurements of Al in plant digests and neutral salt extracts of soils were studied. Using a new lamp (Westinghouse design) and 5 × scale expansion, 1.0 ± 0.08 ppm Al was measured. Lanthanum (2000 ppm) suppressed enhancements from Na, K, Sr, Fe and a mixture of a large number of constituents. The measurements in plant digests were independent of dilution, gave complete recovery of added Al and showed excellent agreement with the 8-quinolinolate colorimetric values. Similarly, there was complete recovery from soil extracts, but the measurements by atomic absorption were larger than by 8-quinolinolate or Aluminon. It was concluded that the new lamp provides adequate sensitivity, stability and freedom from interferences so that atomic absorption can be used for routine measurements of Al in plant digests and neutral salt extracts of soils.
NITROGEN ENHANCEMENT OF SURFACE APPLIED FERTILIZER PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE BY FORAGE SPECIES
Authors: SHEARD R. W.
Published: March 2010

Nitrogen, supplied as NH4NO3 to timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and bromegrass (Bromus inermis L.) or as N derived from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) growing in association with timothy, enhanced the utilization of surface applications of pelleted, 32P-labelled calcium phosphate. The proportion of the P in timothy derived from a single application of 60 kg P/ha increased from a range of 16% to 21% without N to a range of 38% to 43% with an application of 60 kg N/ha before spring growth and repeated after the first and second harvests. At the first two harvests, growing timothy in association with alfalfa further increased the proportion. The increase was greater at the second harvest and at the lower rates of N, amounting to an increase of one-third at applications of 15 and 30 kg N/ha. The proportion of P in the first harvest of bromegrass which was derived from a surface application was increased 17% to 26% as the rate of P was increased from 40 to 120 kg P/ha; however, N fertilizer as NH4NO3 increased fertilizer P utilization from 17% to 32% as the rate of N was increased from zero to 120 kg N/ha at the 40 kg P/ha rate, and from 26% to 57% with increasing N at the 120 kg P/ha rate. Similar data were obtained when the rates of N application were repeated for the second and third harvests. A relationship, developed between the N concentration in the grass species and the percent utilization of fertilizer P, would suggest that enhancement in utilization of P was, in part, the result of an increase in the assimilated N in the plant. The experiments illustrate that it is imperative to provide adequate N for efficient utilization of surface-applied P by perennial forage grasses.
INFLUENCE OF PEAT MOSS ON SOIL WATER RETENTION FOR PLANTS
Authors: STEVENSON D. S.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF A HEAVY RAINFALL ON REDOX POTENTIAL AND ACIDITY OF A WATERLOGGED PEAT
Authors: HAAVISTO V. F.
Published: March 2010

The oxidation-reduction potentials of the upper 50 cm of a waterlogged, floating, Sphagnum peat mat were reduced an average of 47 mv by heavy rainfall, while expected small but insignificant changes occurred in acidity. Changes of this magnitude in redox potential will significantly alter valence states of some ions and may produce concentrations of the reduced forms that will detrimentally affect normal plant development.
MARKOV CHAIN MODEL FOR SEQUENCES OF FIELD WORKDAYS
Authors: HAYHOE HENRY , BAIER WOLFGANG
Published: March 2010

A computer program was written to estimate from sequential data the parameters for a Markov chain probability model. The program was applied to the analysis of field workday probabilities at 10 selected locations across Canada. The suitability of the first-order Markov chain model was tested and the locations across Canada were compared as to the probability and conditional probabilities of workdays. These probabilities estimated by the program also provide data which should be of interest in farm machinery selection.
PROPERTIES OF TWO FRAGIPAN SOILS IN NOVA SCOTIA INCLUDING SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS
Authors: WANG CHANG , NOWLAND J. L. , KODAMA H.
Published: March 2010

About 250,000 acres of soil with fragipan have been mapped in Nova Scotia. The fragipan horizons of two soils (Tormentine and Debert) reported in this paper are typical for the province. They have high bulk densities and low saturated hydraulic conductivity. They are also low in organic carbon and free oxides. They are high in fine sand and silt but low in clay, and the fragments of fragipan are readily slaked in water. Mica, chlorite, vermiculite, and kaolinite were found in the clay fractions of both soils throughout the two profiles. A moderate amount of smectite was found in the clay fractions of the Ae horizon of Debert but not in the Tormentine profile. A significant amount of clay increase in both fine and total clay fraction was found in the Bf horizon of the Tormentine soil and the Bmgj and Btx horizons of the Debert soil, and results from translocation or lessivage. The brittleness and other associated properties of the fragipans were attributed to clay bridges linking coarser particles, which were shown in the scanning electron microscope pictures.
BROWN HEART IN RUTABAGAS GROWN ON SOUTHERN ONTARIO SOILS
Authors: BEAUCHAMP E. G. , HUSSAIN I.
Published: March 2010

Brown heart sometimes occurs in rutabagas (Brassica napobrassica Mill.) grown on some southern Ontario soils even though a recommended quantity of B fertilizer has been applied. Fourteen field experiments were conducted on growers' fields over a 4-yr period to determine the cause of this phenomenon. Brown heart occurred when the hot-water-soluble B content of the soil decreased below approximately 1.3 ppm although there were a few exceptions. An application of 4.5 kg B/ha as borax did not completely overcome the brown-heart condition in a majority of the experiments. The B concentration in the third or fourth leaf from the centre of the whorl was not related to brown-heart incidence. However, it was found that a B concentration of less than 18 ppm in the roots was generally associated with brown-heart incidence. Although there was no clear relationship between the Ca/B ratio in the leaf blades and brown-heart incidence, there was an increase in brown-heart incidence as the Ca/B ratio in the roots increased above 170. In three experiments, an application of 224 kg Na/ha as NaCl significantly increased brown-heart incidence, whereas in a fourth experiment there was a significant decrease. There was some evidence that the Na may slightly decrease the B concentration. Also the Ca concentration increased as the Na concentration increased in rutabaga tissues thereby affecting the Ca/B ratio and possibly brown-heart incidence. There was also evidence that, in the root tissues, the Ca/B ratio was inversely related to the K concentration. It was concluded that the effectiveness of B in decreasing brown-heart incidence was related to the Ca concentration in rutabaga plants.
USE OF A SOIL DATA FILE FOR PEDOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Authors: KLOOSTERMAN B. , LAVKULICH L. M. , JOHN M. K.
Published: March 2010

The potential application of a computer soil data file to the study of soil concepts is discussed. This method aids the pedologist to analyze, summarize and correlate large quantities of data. For applied objectives the data file allows the prediction of soil properties for interpretive purposes. The computerized soil data file was used to explore its usefulness in studying the concept of the modal profile, confirmation of definitions of the Podzolic and Gleysolic Great Groups, derivation of equations for estimating soil drainage and cation-exchange capacity, and studying some interrelationships among soil properties. Soil parameters used to define soils at the Order and Great Group levels did trend toward normal distributions for Gleysolic but less for Podzolic soils. The prediction equations for cation-exchange capacity accounted for a higher percentage of the variation than did equations for soil drainage. Many soil property interrelationships were confirmed. The study illustrates some of the weaknesses of using routine soil survey data collected over a 10-yr period.