bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and application of group-specific oligonucleotide probes for detecting and monitoring mouse Clostridia
Authors: Momose Yoshika , Park Sang-Hee , Niwa Hidekazu , Iwasaki Teruko , Maruyama Aya , Raangs Gerwin C , Harmsen Hermie J M , Welling Gjalt W , Itoh Kikuji
Published: August 2011

Clostridia dominate the rodent intestinal bacterial community and play an important role in physiological functions of the host. However, their ecology and diversity are still unclear. In our previous report, we showed that phylogenetically novel groups of Clostridia inhabit the mouse intestine and contribute to the normalization of germfree mice. In this study, five new oligonucleotide probes were designed and applied to detect these clostridial groups that are essential for the normalization of germfree mice. Faecal microbiota of conventional mouse strains and specific pathogen-free mice from different breeding colonies were analysed by fluorescence in situ hybridization using these five probes. Our results showed that the composition of Clostridia differed among mouse strains and also among mouse groups of the same inbred strain from different breeding colonies. These five new probes for mouse Clostridia were able to detect the difference in clostridial diversity in each mouse group. In addition to Clostridium, we also analysed Bacteroides and Lactobacillus using previously described probes and the number or the frequency of occurrence of Bacteroides was shown to be different among mouse groups analysed. The oligonucleotide probe set including our newly developed and previously described probes used in this study can be applied to monitoring of significant groups of mouse intestinal microbiota.
Pitt's inequality and the fractional Laplacian: Sharp error estimates
Authors: Beckner William
Published: August 2011

Sharp error estimates in terms of the fractional Laplacian
and a weighted Besov norm are obtained
for Pitt's inequality by using the spectral representation with weights for the
fractional Laplacian due to Frank, Lieb and Seiringer and the sharp
Stein–Weiss inequality. Dilation invariance, group symmetry on a non-unimodular group and a
nonlinear Stein–Weiss lemma are used to provide short proofs of the
Frank–Seiringer “Hardy inequalities” where fractional smoothness is
measured by a Besov norm.
Surface Characterization of Replicate Wood Surfaces for Cleaning Studies
Authors: Lewis Roger D. , Kennedy Jason , Andruskiewicz Mason , Brown Christopher A. , Condoor Sridhar
Published: August 2011

A need exists to develop realistic surfaces, with differing degrees of surface roughness, to standardize methods for sampling and cleaning of environmental contaminants. This study reports on development and characterization of a novel means to create reproducible wood surfaces that are approximately 7 × 10 cm2 and have differing degree of surface roughness. Three unique specimens were prepared by creating 3-dimensional digital-scans of actual wood surfaces found in three St. Louis homes. These surfaces had distinct depressions that likely arose from tool marks. A reverse image die of each specimen was made from high density plastic. Replicates of the three specimens were created by placing a die and wood veneer section into a rolling-press leaving the original topographies gathered from the homes. These specimens were used in a separate study to evaluate cleaning leaded dust using wipe or vacuuming treatments. The separate cleaning studies found no difference in cleaning due to the effects of the different surfaces. An in-depth examination of the three specimens was held to determine if differences in surface roughness of the specimens explained removal of lead from its surface. A method using optical, 3-D laser profilometry was used to determine if there were statistical differences between the surface roughness of the three specimens and within the specimens themselves. Area-scale analyses were made to calculate relative areas as a function of scale as a way of characterizing the roughness. Statistical differences were found for surface roughness between each of three surface specimens at a scale where small particles, deposited in the cleaning studies may adhere to the wood. However, within the specimens, surface roughness, at the scale where fine particles may lodge, were not consistent inside or outside tool marks. Therefore, differences in surface roughness were found within and between surfaces but they may not be large enough or different enough for detection using simple cleaning methods. Specimens with larger differences in surface roughness may be needed to simulate differences in cleaning effectiveness. This work should be continued to understand the scales for the different interactions of particle deposition, adhesion, and removal toward development of standard reference surfaces with well-characterized textures.
Evaluation of a Modified Guar OD Formulation for Spray Drift Mitigation
Authors: Halecky Alan , Roberts Johnnie , Penfield Kevin , Baker Trey
Published: August 2011

Oil dispersions (OD) of spray drift mitigation agents offer ease of incorporation of the agent into the tank mix. An oil dispersion of guar gum has been developed that not only achieves even dispersion of guar into the spray tank but also exhibits good physical stability. The influence of dispersing agents and emulsifiers on spray characteristics, rheology, and physical stability was examined.
Modeling Creep-Fatigue Behavior of Mod.9Cr-1Mo Steel
Authors: Li Meimei , Majumdar S. , Natesan K.
Published: August 2011

This paper presents three models that were developed explicitly for predicting the creep-fatiguebehavior of Mod.9Cr-1Mo steel. The Cyclic Softening Model incorporated tensile strain hardening and creep deformation, and described the cyclic stress variation as a function of cycle number under hold-time creep-fatigue loading. The Stress Relaxation Model predicted the stress relaxation curve during the hold time of cyclic loading, based on the creep properties of the material. The Interactive Damage Rate Equation predicted the hold-time creep-fatigue life using a methodology, in which the key materials parameters were determined by the creep properties and continuous fatigue data. The model predictions captured the trends of creep-fatigue interaction in Mod.9Cr-1Mo steel, and were in good agreement with experimental data in the literature.
The role of microRNA deregulation in the pathogenesis of adrenocortical carcinoma
Authors: Özata Deniz M , Caramuta Stefano , Velázquez-Fernández David , Akçakaya Pinar , Xie Hong , Höög Anders , Zedenius Jan , Bäckdahl Martin , Larsson Catharina , Lui Weng-Onn
Published: August 2011

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive tumor showing frequent metastatic spread and poor survival. Although recent genome-wide studies of ACC have contributed to our understanding of the disease, major challenges remain for both diagnostic and prognostic assessments. The aim of this study was to identify specific microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with malignancy and survival of ACC patients. miRNA expression profiles were determined in a series of ACC, adenoma, and normal cortices using microarray. A subset of miRNAs showed distinct expression patterns in the ACC compared with adrenal cortices and adenomas. Among others, miR-483-3p, miR-483-5p, miR-210, and miR-21 were found overexpressed, while miR-195, miR-497, and miR-1974 were underexpressed in ACC. Inhibition of miR-483-3p or miR-483-5p and overexpression of miR-195 or miR-497 reduced cell proliferation in human NCI-H295R ACC cells. In addition, downregulation of miR-483-3p, but not miR-483-5p, and increased expression of miR-195 or miR-497 led to significant induction of cell death. Protein expression of p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), a potential target of miR-483-3p, was significantly decreased in ACC, and inversely correlated with miR-483-3p expression. In addition, high expression of miR-503, miR-1202, and miR-1275 were found significantly associated with shorter overall survival among patients with ACC (P values: 0.006, 0.005, and 0.042 respectively). In summary, we identified additional miRNAs associated with ACC, elucidated the functional role of four miRNAs in the pathogenesis of ACC cells, demonstrated the potential involvement of the pro-apoptotic factor PUMA (a miR-483-3p target) in adrenocortical tumors, and found novel miRNAs associated with survival in ACC.
Knockdown of survivin (BIRC5) causes apoptosis in neuroblastoma via mitotic catastrophe
Authors: Lamers Fieke , van der Ploeg Ida , Schild Linda , Ebus Marli E , Koster Jan , Hansen Bo R , Koch Troels , Versteeg Rogier , Caron Huib N , Molenaar Jan J
Published: August 2011

BIRC5 (survivin) is one of the genes located on chromosome arm 17q in the region that is often gained in neuroblastoma. BIRC5 is a protein in the intrinsic apoptotic pathway that interacts with XIAP and DIABLO leading to caspase-3 and caspase-9 inactivation. BIRC5 is also involved in stabilizing the microtubule–kinetochore dynamics. Based on the Affymetrix mRNA expression data, we here show that BIRC5 expression is strongly upregulated in neuroblastoma compared with normal tissues, adult malignancies, and non-malignant fetal adrenal neuroblasts. The over-expression of BIRC5 correlates with an unfavorable prognosis independent of the presence of 17q gain. Silencing of BIRC5 in neuroblastoma cell lines by various antisense molecules resulted in massive apoptosis as measured by PARP cleavage and FACS analysis. As both the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and the chromosomal passenger complex can be therapeutically targeted, we investigated in which of them BIRC5 exerted its essential anti-apoptotic role. Immunofluorescence analysis of neuroblastoma cells after BIRC5 silencing showed formation of multinucleated cells indicating mitotic catastrophe, which leads to apoptosis via P53 and CASP2. We show that BIRC5 silencing indeed resulted in activation of P53 and we could rescue apoptosis by CASP2 inhibition. We conclude that BIRC5 stabilizes the microtubules in the chromosomal passenger complex in neuroblastoma and that the apoptotic response results from mitotic catastrophe, which makes BIRC5 an interesting target for therapy.
Steroid sulfatase inhibitors for estrogen- and androgen-dependent cancers
Authors: Purohit Atul , Foster Paul A
Published: August 2011

Estrogens and androgens are instrumental in the maturation of many hormone-dependent cancers. Consequently, the enzymes involved in their synthesis are cancer therapy targets. One such enzyme, steroid sulfatase (STS), hydrolyses estrone sulfate, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to estrone and dehydroepiandrosterone respectively. These are the precursors to the formation of biologically active estradiol and androstenediol. This review focuses on three aspects of STS inhibitors: 1) chemical development, 2) biological activity, and 3) clinical trials. The aim is to discuss the importance of estrogens and androgens in many cancers, the developmental history of STS inhibitor synthesis, the potency of these compounds in vitro and in vivo and where we currently stand in regards to clinical trials for these drugs. STS inhibitors are likely to play an important future role in the treatment of hormone-dependent cancers. Novel in vivo models have been developed that allow pre-clinical testing of inhibitors and the identification of lead clinical candidates. Phase I/II clinical trials in postmenopausal women with breast cancer have been completed and other trials in patients with hormone-dependent prostate and endometrial cancer are currently active. Potent STS inhibitors should become therapeutically valuable in hormone-dependent cancers and other non-oncological conditions.
Surgical Strategy for Biventricular Assist Device Implantation after Previous Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Authors: Michel Sebastian , Schmitz Christoph , Ueberfuhr Peter , Bigdeli Amir K. , Wolf Manuel , Bruegger Christina , Schmauss Daniel , Weis Marion , Reichart Bruno , Sodian Ralf
Published: August 2011

In an aging population, numerous patients who underwent previous coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are presenting with end-stage ischemic cardiomyopathy. Although redo CABG and cardiological interventions are possible treatment options, orthotopic heart transplantation remains an ultimate option for these patients. However, there is high morbidity and mortality on the waiting list, and mechanical circulatory support is a life-saving concept [Hetzer 2006; Taylor 2009].

We developed a simplified and safe technique for implantation of a biventricular assist device as a redo in complex patients after previous CABG and end-stage heart failure.
Unique Case of Primary Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of the Right Ventricle with Moderator Band Involvement
Authors: Dorobantu Lucian Florin , Stiru Ovidiu , Prodea Anca , Cioranu Rodica , Georgescu Alina , Filipescu Daniela , Iliescu Vlad Anton
Published: August 2011

Malignant primary tumors of the heart are very rare and in most cases are located in the left side of the heart, but involvement of the moderator band of the right heart has not yet been described in the literature. We report the case of a 22-year-old woman who presented after an episode of transient sudden loss of consciousness. The transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and transesophageal echocardiography evaluations showed an echogenic mass that originated in the right ventricle and protruded into the tricuspid valve during systole. While operating on the patient, we found a sessile tumor that originated exclusively from the moderator band of the right ventricle. The tumor was completely resected through the tricuspid valve. An immunohistochemistry examination of the tumor confirmed the diagnosis of a malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) (undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma). To our knowledge, this case is the first of moderator band involvement among the 50 cases of primary MFH of the heart that have been reported in the literature. After a year and a half, TTE, computed tomography (CT), and positron emission tomography CT (PET-CT) showed the absence of cardiac tumor, a normal tricuspid function, and no metastasis. The completeness of the surgical resection and the absence of local recurrence >1 year after surgery are encouraging signs for the patient's outcome.
The Impact of Non-Dialysis-Dependent Renal Dysfunction on Outcome Following Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Çaynak Barış , Bayramoğlu Zehra , Onan Burak , Onan Ismihan Selen , Sağbaş Ertan , Sanisoğlu Ilhan , Akpınar Belhhan
Published: August 2011

Background: We evaluated the results of different types of cardiovascular surgery in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) (serum creatinine ?2 mg/dL) who were not dialysis-dependent.

Methods: Eighty-two patients who presented with non-dialysis-dependent CRF were retrospectively evaluated. Patients in Group 1 (n = 12) underwent valvular surgery, those in Group 2 (n = 58) underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), and those in Group 3 (n = 12) underwent combined CABG and valvular surgery.

Results: The demographics were similar among the groups. Cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross-clamping times were shorter (P < .01), the use of blood and blood products was less, and the mechanical ventilation time and hospital stay were shorter in Group 2 in comparison to the other groups (P < .01). There were 4 (6.9%) early mortalities in Group 2. Late mortalities occurred in 4 (33.3%), 16 (27.6%), and 6 (50%) patients from Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Cox regression analysis revealed that age, the presence of a preoperative cerebrovascular accident, the presence of a left main coronary lesion, preoperative blood urea nitrogen level, and the use of blood and blood products were independent risk factors for early mortality. High Euroscore, cerebrovascular accident, the use of platelet suspension, longer ventilation support times, and combined CABG and valvular surgery were independent risk factors for late mortality.

Conclusions: Morbidity and survival seemed to be more dependent on preoperative patient characteristics than the type of surgery in this group of patients. Combined CABG and valvular surgery was a risk factor for late mortality.
Effects of High-Dose Mucosolvin on Lung Functions in Infant Patients with Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Zhao Kun , Wang Wen , Zhang Jinzhou , Zhao Rong , Chen Tao , Su Jie , Ma Chao , Cui Qin
Published: August 2011

Background: Cardiopulmonary bypass may cause serious impairment of lung function. It has been reported that administration of mucosolvin can prevent acute respiratory insufficiency through the improvement of pulmonary surfactant.

Objectives: This study aimed to explore the effects of high-dose mucosolvin on infant lungs following cardiopulmonary bypass.

Methods: One hundred infants were randomly divided into 2 groups. In Group 1, patients did not receive any respiratory drug perioperatively and underwent conventional mechanical ventilation postoperatively. In Group 2, patients were administered mucosolvin (15 mg/kg per day) perioperatively, and doxofylline (15 mg/kg per day) and ipratropium bromide solution (200 ?g) were administrated postoperatively. Mechanical ventilation parameters, pulmonary surfactant-related protein (SP-B), and cytokines were evaluated after induction of anesthesia and 30 minutes, 24 hours, and 48 hours after CPB.

Results: At the end of CPB, all PaO2/FiO2 values in Group 2 were higher than those in Group 1. Postoperative SP-B levels in Group 1 decreased significantly compared to the baseline value (P < .05). There was no significant difference in hospitalization time between both groups, but both mechanical ventilation time and intensive care unit time of infants in Group 2 were significantly shorter than those in group 1 (P < .05).

Conclusions:These findings indicate that high-dose mucosolvin has certain protective effects on respiratory functions in infants undergoing heart operations with CPB and that it that has no adverse effects.
Environmental Pollution as a Cause of Papillary Fibroelastoma: Hints for a New Etiological Hypothesis?
Authors: De Feo Marisa , Dialetto Giovanni , D'Oria Veronica , Pepino Paolo , Giordano Salvatore , Cotrufo Maurizio , De Santo Luca Salvatore
Published: August 2011

Background: Environmental pollution has adverse human health effects, mostly on the respiratory tract but also on the cardiovascular system. Papillary fibroelastomas are exceedingly rare primary cardiac tumors; their pathologic origin remains still elusive.

Case Report: This is a brief report on 3 patients referred for surgical treatment of papillary fibroelastomas in the last 6 months. All patients were born, lived, and worked in a narrow region in Campania that is under active monitoring because of high rates of environmental pollution.

Conclusions: Known mechanisms of cardiovascular damage generated by environmental pollution are cross linked with described papillary fibroelastomas' etiological cascade. Evidence is suggested for a common origin. These results provide intriguing but inconclusive insights into pathophysiological pathways that may link exposure to environmental pollution and development of papillary fibroelastomas.
Letter to the Editor: Concomitant Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting and Thymectomy
Authors: Shih Yu-Jen , Lin Yi-Chang , Tsai Yi-Ting , Lin Chih-Yuan , Lee Chung-Yi , Yang Hsiang-Yu , Tsai Cheng-Ken , Tsai Chien-Sung
Published: August 2011

Thymoma in patients with coronary disease is rare.  Although simultaneously performing a cardiac procedure  and thymectomy for patients with combined thymoma and  cardiac disease has been reported, a clear consensus regard- ing the optimal surgical treatment is lacking. Moreover, in  all of the previously reported cases, the surgical intervention  and standard cardiopulmonary bypass were performed simul- taneously. We present the case of a patient who underwent  combined off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)  and thymectomy. We show that this combined procedure is  the treatment of choice for patients with a severely ischemic  myocardium and a malignant thymoma.
The First Case Report of a Metastatic Myxoid Liposarcoma Invading the Left Atrial Cavity and Pulmonary Vein
Authors: Dogan Umuttan , Zamani Adil , Gormus Niyazi , Paksoy Yahya , Avunduk Mustafa Cihat , Demirbas Soner
Published: August 2011

Myxoid liposarcoma (MLS) is the most commonly encountered liposarcoma subgroup, accounting for about 50% of all cases. Metastatic MLS of the heart is extremely rare. Herein we describe for the first time metastasis of MLS to the left atrium and left upper pulmonary vein in a 54-year-old woman who was admitted with shortness of breath and cough persisting for 2 weeks. The patient reported that a total surgical excision of MLS of the left thigh followed by radiotherapy was performed 4 years ago. An emergency operation was performed due to rapidly progressive worsening of clinical condition and echocardiographic determination of left atrial mass protruding into the left ventricle and obstructing the mitral inflow throughout the diastole. The mass could not be totally excised because it was tightly adhered to the surrounding tissue. Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a 5 � 3 cm residual tumor deforming the posterior wall of the left atrium entirely and extending into the left upper pulmonary vein. Histopathological examination was consistent with MLS. In conclusion, considering probable cardiac metastasis in patients presenting with respiratory symptoms with medical history of soft tissue sarcomas would be life saving. The case is discussed, and a review of the literature in relation to the metastatic involvement of the heart by MLS is presented.
Written-Language Disorder Among Children With and Without ADHD in a Population-Based Birth Cohort
Authors: Yoshimasu Kouichi , Barbaresi William J. , Colligan Robert C. , Killian Jill M. , Voigt Robert G. , Weaver Amy L. , Katusic Slavica K.
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE:

We determined the incidence of written-language disorder (WLD) among children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a population-based birth cohort.

METHODS:

Subjects included a birth cohort of all children born in 1976–1982 who remained in Rochester, Minnesota, after 5 years of age (N = 5718). Information from medical, school, and private tutorial records was abstracted. Cumulative incidences of WLD with or without reading disability (RD), identified with any of 3 formulas, among children with and without ADHD and hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated.

RESULTS:

For both genders, the cumulative incidence of WLD by 19 years of age was significantly higher for children with ADHD than for children without ADHD (boys: 64.5% vs 16.5%; girls: 57.0% vs 9.4%). The magnitude of association between ADHD and WLD with RD was significantly higher for girls than for boys (adjusted HR: girls: 9.8; boys: 4.2; P < .001). However, this was not true for WLD without RD (adjusted HR: girls: 7.4; boys: 6.6; P = .64).

CONCLUSIONS:

ADHD is strongly associated with an increased risk of WLD (with or without RD) for both boys and girls. Girls with ADHD are at higher risk of having WLD with RD compared with boys with ADHD, whereas boys and girls are at the same risk of having WLD without RD.
Quality of Reporting of Neonatal and Infant Trials in High-Impact Journals
Authors: DeMauro Sara B. , Giaccone Annie , Kirpalani Haresh , Schmidt Barbara
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVES:

To perform a systematic review of the quality of reporting for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with infants and neonates that were published in high-impact journals and to identify RCT characteristics associated with quality of reporting.

METHODS:

RCTs that enrolled infants younger than 12 months and were published in 2005–2009 in 6 pediatric or general medical journals were reviewed. Eligible RCTs were evaluated for the presence of 11 quality criteria selected from the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials guidelines. The relationships between quality of reporting and key study characteristics were tested with nonparametric statistics.

RESULTS:

Two reviewers had very good agreement regarding the eligibility of studies (κ = 0.85) and the presence of quality criteria (κ = 0.82). Among 179 eligible RCTs, reporting of the individual quality criteria varied widely. Only 50% included a flow diagram, but 99% reported the number of study participants. Higher quality of reporting was associated with greater numbers of study participants, publication in a general medical journal, and greater numbers of centers (P < .0001 for each comparison). Geographic region and positive study outcomes were not associated with reporting quality.

CONCLUSIONS:

The quality of reporting of infant and neonatal RCTs is inconsistent, particularly in pediatric journals. Therefore, readers cannot assess accurately the validity of many RCT results. Strict adherence to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials guidelines should lead to improved reporting.
Outcomes of Research Biopsies in Phase I Clinical Trials: The MD Anderson Cancer Center Experience
Authors: El-Osta Hazem , Hong David , Wheler Jennifer , Fu Siqing , Naing Aung , Falchook Gerald , Hicks Marshall , Wen Sijin , Tsimberidou Apostolia M. , Kurzrock Razelle
Published: August 2011

Background.

Research biopsies are crucial for exploring the impact of novel agents on putative targets. The current study assesses the safety and success rate associated with performing such biopsies.

Methods.

We reviewed the medical records of 155 consecutive patients who had one or more research biopsies as part of a phase I trial from September 2004 to October 2009.

Results.

Of 281 research biopsies performed, 118 were paired before and after treatment biopsies (total = 236 biopsies). The most common sites of biopsy were superficial lymph node (19.9%), followed by liver (16.4%), and then soft tissue (15.7%). Ultrasound-guided biopsies were the most frequent type (53.7%). Among 142 patients who consented for mandatory biopsy, 86.6% had the biopsy performed, compared with 4.4% of 911 patients offered a biopsy on an optional basis (p < .0001). Biopsy was obtained most frequently on industry-sponsored trials; lack of funding on nonindustry trials was the most common reason that biopsies were not obtained. Of 281 single biopsies, only 4 (1.4%) had complications: pneumothorax requiring chest tube placement (n = 2), infection requiring admission (n = 1), and arrhythmia with hypotension (n = 1). All but one biopsy was successful in obtaining tissue. No deaths were attributable to biopsy.

Conclusions.

Our experience demonstrates that research biopsies in early phase clinical trials are safe (1.4% risk of serious complications), and a higher percentage of patients underwent mandatory biopsies (86.6%) compared with that of the patients with optional biopsies (4.4%).
Number of Teeth Is Related to Atherosclerotic Plaque in the Carotid Arteries in an Elderly Population
Authors: Holmlund Anders , Lind Lars
Published: August 2011

Background: Periodontal disease has been associated with cardiovascular disorders with an atherosclerotic background, and number of teeth (NT) has been suggested as a possible risk indicator for cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study is to investigate whether NT was related to the intima‐media thickness (IMT) and to atherosclerotic plaque in carotid arteries in an elderly population.

Methods: In a population‐based study including 1,016 participants aged 70 years, the NT was self‐reported by 947 of the participants. Carotid artery IMT was evaluated by ultrasound. The occurrence of plaque was also measured. Logistic regression was used to analyze the associations between NT and the number of carotid arteries with plaque.

Results: A significant inverse relationship was found between the NT and the number of carotid arteries with plaque after adjustment for age, sex, smoking, body mass index, waist/hip ratio, blood glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, C‐reactive protein, leukocyte count, blood pressure, and Framingham risk score, with odds ratio of 0.89, 95% confidence interval of 0.82 to 0.98, and P = 0.016. The relationship was fairly linear, suggesting a dose–response relationship. When NT was divided into quintiles using the first one as referent, the relationship persisted for all quintiles except for the second one. However, no relationship to IMT was seen.

Conclusion: The present study further emphasizes that tooth loss could be an easily obtained risk indicator for atherosclerosis.
Association Between Volatile Sulfur Compounds and Periodontal Disease Progression in Elderly Non‐Smokers
Authors: Makino Yuka , Yamaga Takayuki , Yoshihara Akihiro , Nohno Kaname , Miyazaki Hideo
Published: August 2011

Background: Periodontal pathogenic microorganisms produce volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), such as hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide. VSCs are toxic to periodontal tissue. Therefore, there is a relationship between periodontitis and the VSC level of mouth air. However, the association between VSC and periodontal disease progression has not been investigated in a longitudinal study. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the association between VSCs in mouth air and periodontal disease progression among elderly dentulous non‐smokers.

Methods: Two hundred forty‐one dentulous non‐smokers (103 males and 138 females; all 70 years old) had their VSC levels examined with a portable sulfide monitor, and their periodontal status was assessed. Periodontal examinations were performed at baseline and once a year for 3 years to investigate the clinical attachment levels of all teeth. Participants were classified by membership in tertile groups (lowest, middle, and highest) according to the value of baseline VSC measurements.

Results: In negative binomial regression analysis, the number of teeth with periodontal disease progression for participants in the highest tertile of VSC measurement was greater (incidence rate ratio of 1.33, P = 0.011) than for the reference group (lowest tertile of VSC measurement) after simultaneously adjusting for sex, number of remaining teeth, and maximum clinical attachment level.

Conclusions: VSC measurements were significantly associated with periodontal disease progression in a non‐smoking dentulous elderly population. This suggests that VSC measurements are useful for the diagnosis of periodontal disease progression.
Retraction Notice: Tocotrienols and its Role in Cardiovascular Health- a Lead for Drug Design
Authors: R Vasanthi Hannah , P. Parameswari R. , K. Das Dipak
Published: August 2011

The worldwide cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden has resulted in an intense interest in pharmaceutical approaches to combat this multifactorial disease. Vitamins are high-flying among natural or endogenous compounds, considered to be beneficial to human health and have become attractive targets for research. Of all the vitamins, tocopherols and tocotrienols, parent congeners in the vitamin E family, are found to be effective in decreasing mortality due to CVD. As understanding of the antioxidant effect of this vitamin evolved, tocotrienols gained eminence in recent years and researchers begun to further study the biological effects of it. Tocotrienols have several cardioprotective effects; including antagonizing the oxidation of low density lipoproteins, anti atherosclerotic, inhibiting platelet aggregation and monocyte adhesion, preventing smooth muscle proliferation and various other cardiovascular disorders. Recent studies have also revealed the molecular targets of the tocotrienols and their roles in cancer, bone resorption, diabetes and neurological diseases at both preclinical and clinical levels. The multitargeted role of tocotrienols in most degenerative diseases proves it to be an ideal candidate as a nutraceutical/pharmaceutical agent for useful exploitation.
Histology and Histopathology of the Spleen
Authors: Vaiphei Kim
Published: August 2011

Specimen of a spleen is most frequently encountered in centers that deal with autopsy cases. Spleen is
not a frequent surgically resected specimen thereby indicating its uncommon presentation with a primary
disorder. Most pathologists tend to have a casual approach or consider spleen to be an organ with a difficult or a
non-specific morphology. Understanding and interpreting splenic pathology remain a challenge for a pathologist.
There are only few diseases which primarily involve the spleen and represent involvement by diseases originating
elsewhere. The contribution of a histopathologist in such situation is in confirmation of the clinical diagnosis or
exclusion of a suspected pathology. Splenic pathology is of a combined interest to a surgeon, hematologist,
histopathologist and an oncologist. There are certain prerequisites for a proper interpretation of splenic pathology
like availability of an adequate clinical history, lab investigation, systematic gross examination and studying of
sections from a properly fixed specimen. A freshly removed specimen of spleen needs to be thoroughly examined
after removal of the attached fat, lymph nodes; splenicule if any and other undesired adherent tissue on the
capsule and the hilum. Vessels at hilum are left with adequate length for examination and detail study if need be.
After cleaning, the spleen is weighed and measured. The specimen is cut with a sharp knife at an interval of 5 mm
thickness along the length exposing the hilum. Any excess blood is shocked with a clean towel and smears can be
made. Alternatively, excess blood can be cleaned by washing gently under running tap water. The cut slices are
put into fixative and left overnight for fixation. The smears can either be fixed immediately with absolute alcohol
or left to dry in the air. Representative sampling can be done immediately in the fresh state or after overnight
fixation. Number of blocks to be sampled will depend on the size and gross feature of the specimen. Minimum of
two blocks is usually sampled from different area of the spleen including the hilum and capsule.
Surgical Anatomy of the Spleen
Authors: Petroianu Andy
Published: August 2011

[1-4]: Although known for more than 3,000 years, the spleen continues to be one of the most
misunderstood human organs, even from a morphological point of view. Its disregard among the majority of
doctors and researchers is responsible for the sparse and discontinued anatomical studies regarding the spleen.

The major consequence resulting from the indifference of the scientific and medical worlds towards this organ
has occurred in surgery, considering that spleen operations have progressed during the last twenty years more
than throughout the history of Medicine. It is not fair to realize that the dogma that still predominates amongst
doctors is that spleen surgery results simply in “through out the spleen!”.

This demonstration of medical ignorance and the lack of professional sensibility trend to be modified by the
scientific works of recent decades. Discoveries regarding the functioning of the spleen have aided a number of
anatomy specialists in improving their efforts regarding the morphology of the spleen. The foundations of these
scientific advances have affected new surgical proposals for this organ and its vascular pedicle. The benefits of
new surgical proposals have increased the survival rate among many patients as well as reduced the complications
that the “spleen removers” once imposed upon their victims.
The Spleen in Patients with Portal Hypertension
Authors: Helmy Ahmed
Published: August 2011

The portal system includes all veins that carry blood from the abdominal part of the gut, pancreas, gall
bladder, and spleen. Portal vein (5-8 cm long) is formed in front of the head of pancreas by the union of superior
mesentric and splenic veins, and enters the liver at the porta hepatis in two main branches that have segmental
intrahepatic distribution accompanying the hepatic artery and biliary ducts. Portal pressure, like any pressure, is
determined by flow rate and resistance. The normal portal pressure and flow are 5 to 7 mm Hg (7-10 cm H2O) and
1000 to 1200 ml/min respectively. Both the increased resistance to portal blood flow (backward component) and the
increased splanchnic blood flow (forward component) play major causative roles in the development of portal
hypertension (PHT). Portal blood flow can be obstructed before (prehepatic), inside (intrahepatic), or after
(posthepatic) the liver. Clinically most important are esophageal varices which are the major causes of morbidity and
mortality due bleeding. Many of the mechanisms leading to an enlarged spleen may overlap or coexist in the same
condition and in the same patient (infection with congestion with hyperfunction). Splenomegaly is the most
important sign of PHT. Thrombosis of the splenic vein increases the venous pressure distal to the obstruction, which
leads to left-sided PHT and development of collateral vessels to shunt blood around the occluded splenic vein.
Collateral circulation may develop along three pathways. A finding of isolated gastric varices on upper
gastrointestinal endoscopy should lead to an evaluation for PHT. Most often is the treatment of the primary disease.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Follicular Lymphoma and the Spleen
Authors: Marcio Murad Andre , Petroianu Andy
Published: August 2011

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a clonal malignancy that results from expansion of the mature
lymphocyte compartment and is the most common leukemia in adults. The survival period from the time of
diagnosis of CLL varies between 2 and more than 10 years. At the time of diagnosis, most patients with chronic
lymphocytic leukemia does not need to be treated with chemotherapy until the patient is symptomatic.
Chlorambucil and cyclophosphamide were the main therapy in CLL. Cyclophosphamide is usually combined
with other agents, such as vincristine and prednisone, and incorporated into combination regimens. High response
rates were also seen with anthracycline regimens. Purine analogues are currently used in CLL. Because of the
difficulty in eradicating CLL cells from bone marrow peripheral blood, autologous transplantation is widely used.
Rituximab, an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, has recently provoked interest for the treatment of CLL. Perhaps
the most potent regimen for CLL is the combination of the most effective single chemotherapeutic agent with the
most effective monoclonal antibody. Splenectomy is helpful in the management of selected patients with CLL,
who do not present adequate response to clinical therapy in an attempt to reduce the resistance to drugs and to
alleviate the symptoms provoked by the huge size of the spleen. Besides the advantages of splenectomy, it must
be stressed that in most cases this procedure is accompanied by a greater morbidity and mortality. Thus a
conservative procedure that reduces the spleen size may have a similar effect to that of total spleen ablation for
treatment of CLL, without losing the important functions of this organ. Subtotal splnectomy or splenic
autotransplants after total splenectomy are worth to be considered as surgical options in presence of a
symptomatic giant spleen or a refractory patient to chemotherapy.
Primary and Metastatic Cancer of the Spleen
Authors: Sauer Jorg
Published: August 2011

Malignant diseases of the spleen occur rather frequently. However, most of these cases are malignant
diseases of the lymphatic and haematopoietic systems, but not local malignant neoplasms of the spleen. Most
frequently, such diseases come with an enlargement of both the entire spleen and the lymph nodes of the splenic
hilum. A systematic treatment of the underlying disease should be given priority over a splenectomy, which may be
applied in particular cases only. It should be noted, that in order to diagnose properly or stage the systemic disease a
splenectomy including the removal of the splenic hilum may become inevitable. Notwithstanding, in most of today’s
cases, imagining diagnostics is an appropriate means to identify an affection of the spleen. Malignant neoplasms in
the spleen are very rare. Most tumours can be identified and categorised through the use of anamnesis, imaging,
chemical and laboratory examinations. If malignant neoplasms have isolatedly affected the spleen, splenectomy can
be applied to cure the organ. Generally, the splenectomy can be conducted in a laparoscopic way. The use of
splenectomy is not reasonable in patients with more organs affected; such cases require a systemic therapy.
Pre- and Postoperative Care for Surgical Procedures on the Spleen
Authors: Dan Venter Mircea
Published: August 2011

Due to associated diseases, the function of the spleen may be modified, in turn causing certain
complications, such as anaemia, altered coagulation, malnutrition and organ failure. Preoperative
management of patients must take these two possibilities into account. In non-traumatic splenectomies, blood
samples are necessary to screen for thrombophilia: antithrombin III deficiency, protein C deficiency, protein
S deficiency and dysplasminogenemia. Complete blood count, AST, ALT, serum amylase, C-reactive
protein, thrombin-AT-III complex and D-dimer also become necessary perioperatively. The preoperative
management of anaemia must evaluate the risk and benefits of blood transfusion. Malnutrition increases the
risk of postoperative complications. Antibiotics are recommended for patients who are immunosuppressed
and in trauma. In the classical form of spleen surgery, pain is a frequent symptom, with variable intensity,
mostly due to the pressure applied to the ribs. If the pain is not well managed by specific pills, it is better to
make an anaesthetic block of the thoracic nerves. Thrombosis extending into the portal vein is rare; with an
overall risk of 3.3%. Infection is the most common postoperative complication. Fever commonly appears
between the fourth and seventh day after surgery. The risk of thromboembolic events and pulmonary arterial
hypertension varies greatly, depending on the underlying condition for which the splenectomy is performed
and its association with intravascular haemolysis. The most serious septic complication after splenectomy is
the (OPSI), which brings about a prohibitory mortality rate of 50% to 90%. Prevention of postsplenectomy
sepsis has occurred through the use of greater efforts to avoid splenectomies.
Entropy Based Genetic Association Tests and Gene-Gene Interaction Tests
Authors: de Andrade Mariza , Wang Xin
Published: August 2011

In the past few years, several entropy-based tests have been proposed for testing either single SNP association or gene-gene interaction. These tests are mainly based on Shannon entropy and have higher statistical power when compared to standard χ2 tests. In this paper, we extend some of these tests using a more generalized entropy definition, Rényi entropy, where Shannon entropy is a special case of order 1. The order λ (>0) of Rényi entropy weights the events (genotype/haplotype) according to their probabilities (frequencies). Higher λ places more emphasis on higher probability events while smaller λ (close to 0) tends to assign weights more equally. Thus, by properly choosing the λ, one can potentially increase the power of the tests or the p-value level of significance. We conducted simulation as well as real data analyses to assess the impact of the order λ and the performance of these generalized tests. The results showed that for dominant model the order 2 test was more powerful and for multiplicative model the order 1 or 2 had similar power. The analyses indicate that the choice of λ depends on the underlying genetic model and Shannon entropy is not necessarily the most powerful entropy measure for constructing genetic association or interaction tests.
Numerical study of the conjugate heat transfer in a horizontal pipe heated by Joulean effect
Authors: Touahri Sofiane , Boufendi Toufik
Published: August 2011

The three dimensional mixed convection heat transfer in a electrically heated
horizontal pipe conjugated to a thermal conduction through the entire solid
thickness is investigated by taking into account the thermal dependence of
the physical properties of the fluid and the outer heat losses. The model
equations of continuity, momentum and energy are numerically solved by the
finite volume method. The pipe thickness, the Prandtl and the Reynolds
numbers are fixed while the Grashof number is varied from 104to107. The
results obtained show that the dynamic and thermal fields for mixed
convection are qualitatively and quantitatively different from those of
forced convection, and the local Nusselt number at the interface solid-fluid
is not uniform: it has considerable axial and azimuthally variations. The
effect of physical variables of the fluid depending on temperature is
significant, which justifies its inclusion. The heat transfer is quantified
by the local and average Nusselt numbers. We found that the average Nusselt
number of solid-fluid interface of the duct increases with the increase of
Grashof number. We have equally found out that the heat transfer is improved
thanks to the consideration of the thermo dependence of the physical
properties. We have tried modelling the average Nusselt number as a function
of Richardson number. With the parameters used, the heat transfer is
quantified by the correlation: NuA=12.0753 Ri0.156
CFD analysis of helical nozzles effects on the energy separation in a vortex tube
Authors: Pourmahmoud Nader , Zadeh Hassan , Moutaby Omid , Bramo Abdolreza
Published: August 2011

In this article computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of a
three-dimensional steady state compressible and turbulent flow has been
carried out through a vortex tube. The numerical models use the k-?
turbulence model to simulate an axisymmetric computational domain along with
periodic boundary conditions. The present research has focused on the energy
separation and flow field behavior of a vortex tube by utilizing both
straight and helical nozzles. Three kinds of nozzles set include of 3 and 6
straight and 3 helical nozzles have been investigated and their principal
effects as cold temperature difference was compared. The studied vortex tubes
dimensions are kept the same for all models. The numerical values of hot and
cold outlet temperature differences indicate the considerable operating role
of helical nozzles, even a few numbers of that in comparing with straight
nozzles. The results showed that this type of nozzles causes to form higher
swirl velocity in the vortex chamber than the straight one. To be presented
numerical results in this paper are validated by both available experimental
data and flow characteristics such as stagnation point situation and the
location of maximum wall temperature as two important facts. These
comparisons showed reasonable agreement.
Flow structure from a horizontal cylinder coincident with a free surface in shallow water flow
Authors: Kahraman Ali , Özgören Muammer , Şahin Beşir
Published: August 2011

Vortex formation from a horizontal cylinder coincident with a free surface of
a shallow water flow having a depth of 25.4 [mm] was experimentally
investigated using the PIV technique. Instantaneous and time-averaged flow
patterns in the wake region of the cylinder were examined for three different
cylinder diameter values under the fully developed turbulent boundary layer
condition. Reynolds numbers were in the range of 1124? Re? 3374 and Froude
numbers were in the range of 0.41 ? Fr ? 0.71 based on the cylinder diameter.
It was found that a jet-like flow giving rise to increasing the flow
entrainment between the core and wake regions depending on the cylinder
diameter was formed between the lower surface of the cylinder and bottom
surface of the channel. Vorticity intensity, Reynolds stress correlations and
the primary recirculating bubble lengths were grown to higher values with
increasing the cylinder diameter. On the other hand, in the case of the
lowest level of the jet-like flow emanating from the beneath of the smallest
cylinder, the variation of flow characteristics were attenuated significantly
in a shorter distance. The variation of the reattachment location of the
separated flow to the free-surface is a strong function of the cylinder
diameter and the Froude number.