bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HETEROTOPIA WORK. Correlation between the domestic built environment and home offices during COVID-19 confinement
Authors: Araya Leon Maria Jose , Abella Ainoa , Guasch Ricardo , Estévez Alberto T. , Peña Javier
Published: June 2021

The new COVID-19 context has transported work to a domestic setting. These new locations, heterotopic, do not always adequately respond to user needs.This paper explores the relationship between the domestic built environment and certain elements that shape it, the perception, emotional state and productivity of the users.A pilot case study was carried out with 11 volunteers who evaluated their home offices for seven work days using physical environment tools, two tests -fixed data and daily evaluation-. Also, environmental parameters of the territory were monitored.Among the main findings, we observed that the perception of size does not relate to actual size; a balcony is associated with happiness and calm. We have verified how biophilic elements promote well-being. Happiness and calm are related to hight and low levels of lux. There is a tendency of happiness associated with collaborative tasks, and calm with individual ones. This article opens up a path for exploratory research on resilient situations in which physical barriers force people to seek creative solutions and offers tools to empower users. Current trends in data-driven design and teleworking support research proposals like this one, with a focus on well-being, productivity.
Potentials of Underwater Cultural Heritage Towards Tourism in Galle, Sri Lanka: Perspectives of Tourism Service Providers and Maritime Archaeologists
Authors: Fernando Rishini , Rathnayake Suvimali
Published: June 2021

Travelling to visit places with Underwater Cultural Heritage is becoming a significant niche tourism type worldwide. Because of its remarkable position in the Indian Ocean, Sri Lanka has always been a hub for sea trade. This makes Sri Lanka possess an abundant of Underwater Cultural Heritage. There lies a great amount of underwater cultural artefacts beneath the sea near Galle as the city has served as a harbour for a long time. This study was conducted to identify the contribution of Underwater Cultural Heritage towards tourism in Galle. The objectives of the study were, to identify the role that Underwater Cultural Heritage plays in tourism in Galle, to identify the destination capabilities of Galle to fulfil those requirements and to understand the ways that Underwater Cultural Heritage can be benefitted from tourism. The qualitative approach was adopted in this study. Data were collected from tourism service providers around Galle, maritime archaeologists and museum officers through semi-structured interviews. The collected data were analyzed using the content analysis method. Major findings of this research include the strengths of the Galle area in terms of underwater cultural heritage, the great interest of tourists towards underwater cultural heritage and current weaknesses in the management of these values in the field of tourism. It was revealed that both tourism and underwater heritage could be mutually benefitted because of each phenomena’s presence through an integrated approach.
The IRE1α Stress Signaling Axis Is a Key Regulator of Neutrophil Antimicrobial Effector Function
Authors: Abuaita Basel H , Sule Gautam J , Schultz Tracey L , Gao Fushan , Knight Jason S , O’Riordan Mary X
Published: June 2021

Activation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor, IRE1α, is required for effective immune responses against bacterial infection and is associated with human inflammatory diseases in which neutrophils are a key immune component. However, the specific role of IRE1α in regulating neutrophil effector function has not been studied. In this study, we show that infection-induced IRE1α activation licenses neutrophil antimicrobial capacity, including IL-1β production, formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) killing. Inhibition of IRE1α diminished production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and decreased CASPASE-2 activation, which both contributed to neutrophil antimicrobial activity. Mice deficient in CASPASE-2 or neutrophil IRE1α were highly susceptible to MRSA infection and failed to effectively form NETs in the s.c. abscess. IRE1α activation enhanced calcium influx and citrullination of histone H3 independently of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, suggesting that IRE1α coordinates multiple pathways required for NET formation. Our data demonstrate that the IRE1α–CASPASE-2 axis is a major driver of neutrophil activity against MRSA infection and highlight the importance of IRE1α in neutrophil antibacterial function.
Pre-existing Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Increases Expression of T Cell Markers Associated with Activation during Early Mycobacterium tuberculosis Coinfection and Impairs TNF Responses in Granulomas
Authors: Larson Erica C , Ellis-Connell Amy , Rodgers Mark A , Balgeman Alexis J , Moriarty Ryan V , Ameel Cassaundra L , Baranowski Tonilynn M , Tomko Jaime A , Causgrove Chelsea M , Maiello Pauline , O’Connor Shelby L , Scanga Charles A
Published: June 2021

Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading infectious cause of death among people living with HIV. People living with HIV are more susceptible to contracting Mycobacterium tuberculosis and often have worsened TB disease. Understanding the immunologic defects caused by HIV and the consequences it has on M. tuberculosis coinfection is critical in combating this global health epidemic. We previously showed in a model of SIV and M. tuberculosis coinfection in Mauritian cynomolgus macaques (MCM) that SIV/M. tuberculosis–coinfected MCM had rapidly progressive TB. We hypothesized that pre-existing SIV infection impairs early T cell responses to M. tuberculosis infection. We infected MCM with SIVmac239, followed by coinfection with M. tuberculosis Erdman 6 mo later. Although similar, TB progression was observed in both SIV+ and SIV-naive animals at 6 wk post–M. tuberculosis infection; longitudinal sampling of the blood (PBMC) and airways (bronchoalveolar lavage) revealed a significant reduction in circulating CD4+ T cells and an influx of CD8+ T cells in airways of SIV+ animals. At sites of M. tuberculosis infection (i.e., granulomas), SIV/M. tuberculosis–coinfected animals had a higher proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing PD-1 and TIGIT. In addition, there were fewer TNF-producing CD4+ T cells in granulomas of SIV/M. tuberculosis–coinfected animals. Taken together, we show that concurrent SIV infection alters T cell phenotypes in granulomas during the early stages of TB disease. As it is critical to establish control of M. tuberculosis replication soon postinfection, these phenotypic changes may distinguish the immune dysfunction that arises from pre-existing SIV infection, which promotes TB progression.
Strategies to ensure efficient laboratory functioning while navigating through the COVID-19 crisis in developing countries
Authors: Somal Puneet Kaur , Sancheti Sankalp , Sali Akash Pramod , Bansal Saloni , Kalra Supreet Kaur , Thakur Anantika , Gupta Neha , Kapoor Rakesh
Published: June 2021

Background:

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) is a zoonotic viral infection that originated in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. It was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization shortly thereafter. This pandemic is going to have a lasting impact on the functioning of pathology laboratories due to the frequent handling of potentially infectious samples by the laboratory personnel. To deal with this unprecedented situation, various national and international guidelines have been put forward outlining the precautions to be taken during sample processing from a potentially infectious patient.

Purpose:

Most of these guidelines are centered around laboratories that are a part of designated COVID 19 hospitals. However, proper protocols need to be in place in all laboratories, irrespective of whether they are a part of COVID 19 hospital or not as this would greatly reduce the risk of exposure of laboratory/hospital personnel. As part of a laboratory associated with a rural cancer hospital which is not a dedicated COVID 19 hospital, we aim to present our institute's experience in handling pathology specimens during the COVID 19 era.

Conclusion:

We hope this will address the concerns of small to medium sized laboratories and help them build an effective strategy required for protecting the laboratory personnel from risk of exposure and also ensure smooth and optimum functioning of the laboratory services.
Use of a novel quantitative tool for evaluation of pseudo-acanthosis nigricans
Authors: Zaki Naglaa S. , Hilal Rana F.
Published: June 2021

Background

Pseudo-acanthosis nigricans (pseudo-AN) is a common clinical scenario, which can be challenging to treat. Evaluating the efficacy of different therapeutic conditions requires a clinical outcome measure.

Objective

To compare the novel score acanthosis nigricans area and severity index (ANASI) with a conventional severity scale.

Patients and methods

A total of 20 patients with neck pseudo-AN were enrolled in the study. Each side of the neck was randomly subjected to receiving biweekly three sessions of either glycolic acid peel 70% or saline (serving as a control). Evaluation was done at baseline and 1 week after the last session by ANASI score versus a simple categorical 0–4 severity scale. For evaluating interrater and intrarater reliability and validity, six raters were asked to evaluate each side of the neck before and after treatment by both the ANASI and severity scale.

Results

Glycolic acid caused a 43% and a 13% improvement according to the ANASI scoring system and the severity scale, respectively, with a highly statistical significance between both. ANASI score showed good reliability across and between raters and was considered valid when compared with the severity scale.

Conclusion

ANASI is an easy-to-apply and reproducible scoring system that lessens the bias in subjective evaluation; thus, it offers accurate quantification of pseudo-AN. ANASI score is a reliable and valid measure for AN skin lesions.
Unsettled Issues on HD Mapping Technology for Autonomous Driving and ADAS
Authors:   Porsche Digital Inc, Bock Thomas
Published: June 2021

Current advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) and automated driving systems (ADS) rely on high-definition (HD) maps to enable a range of features and functions. These maps can be viewed as an additional sensor from an ADAS or ADS perspective as they impact overall system confidence, reduce system computational resource needs, help improve comfort and convenience, and ultimately contribute to system safety. However, HD mapping technology presents multiple challenges to the automotive industry. Unsettled Issues on HD Mapping Technology for Autonomous Driving and ADAS identifies the current unsettled issues that need to be addressed to reach the full potential of HD maps for ADAS and ADS technology and suggests some possible solutions for initial map creation, map change detection and updates, and map safety levels.
An Attempt at the Etymological Analysis of Music
Authors: Barsova Ina
Published: June 2021

The theory of the “inner form”, developed by the Russian scientist A. Potebnja from the theory of W. Humboldts, includes a procedure that is useful for etymological analysis. The musicologically relevant aspects of this teachings are: 1. the search for the deeper “linguistic sense” present in a work of art; 2. an analogy between the work of art and the world – both of which include the “total sense”; 3. the threesubstances of words and artworks – (spiritual) content (Gehalt), inner form (innere Form) and outer form (äussere Form) – as opposed to two: form and content. “Inner form” can emerge through different “etyma”, such as the scale, the rhetorical figure, the motive and performed pitch, the quotation, the genre and ritual. In comparison to a holistic or structural analysis, or to other kinds of music analysis, the etymological analysis of music can create a sense of the historical dynamic of a musical language.
Refleksija ob pojmu romantika v glasbi
Authors: Bogunović Hočevar Katarina
Published: June 2021

Zdi se, da je raba pojma romantična glasba ali glasbena romantika v vsakodnevni govorici že tako močno zakoreninjena in samoumevna, da se ponovno preverjanje pomena na videz kaže kot nepotrebno. Pretres nekaterih razprav sodobnega muzikološkega diskurza pa kaže povsem drugačno podobo: opredelitve pojma in pristopi pri tem so si tako zelo različni, da se zdi kakršna koli dokončna definicija pojma nemogoča. Toda iskanja bistva in legitimnih vzrokov za nastanek romantike v glasbi ne smemo omejiti zgolj na muzikološka dognanja, temveč zahteva poznavanje duhovnozgodovinske antropologije novoveškega človeka.
Włoski medyk Johannes Baptista Montanus (1489–1551) – jego działalność w Padwie, metody diagnostyczne i terapeutyczne oraz spuścizna naukowa
Authors: Odrzywolska Anna
Published: June 2021

Italian Physician Johannes Baptista Montanus (1489–1551) – His Activity in Padua, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Methods, and Scientific Legacy Using the sources written by Johannes Baptista Montanus (1489–1551), by his students, and the existing historiography, the article aims to determine what role this Italian physician played in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, to what extent he is rightly considered the creator of clinical medicine, who were his mentors, and what were the methods of diagnosis and treatment he employed. Montanus was a professor at the University of Padua, and he has earned an ineffaceable place in the history of this university, where medicine was taught at a high level. At the same time, he worked as the head of St. Francis hospital. He was known for combining theoretical and practical knowledge in teaching at university. This method has become a permanent element of the teaching of medicine in Europe. He discussed the patient’s symptoms, then made a diagnosis, and recommended appropriate therapy directly at the patient’s bed, where the so-called consilia were held. This scheme of diagnostic and therapeutic procedure was named after him the ‘Collegium Montani’ and found many supporters among students who made notes while standing by the patient’s bed. The Consilia were later printed, and thus the treatments recommended and used by Montanus can be analyzed. Walenty Sierpiński of Lublin (also known as Valentinus Lublinus, b. 2nd half of the 16th century– d. before 1600) was among a large group of Montanus’s students. His merits include collecting, organizing and then publishing his master’s lectures. Considered to be Montanus’s most important work, Consultationum medicinalium Centuria prima, was published by Walenty of Lublin in Venice in 1554 (ex officina Erasmiana), and it contains one hundred pieces of medical advice given to one hundred patients. A few years later, a continuation of this work (Consultationum medicinalium Centuria secunda, ed. by Johannes Crato, Venice 1559) was published, containing further one hundred recommendations. Montanus was a promoter of physical examination as a method of obtaining knowledge about the patients’ health. He was regarded as a follower of Galen, Rhazes, and Avicenna and published critical studies on their treatment methods.
Czy w dzisiejszych czasach proste obserwacje mogą jeszcze znacząco zmieniać postrzeganie podstawowych zjawisk? Przypadek cieczy eutektycznych
Authors: Raj Danuta
Published: June 2021

Can Simple Observations Today Still Significantly Change the Perception of Basic Phenomena? The Case of Eutectic Solvents

The article presents a case study in which a simple, practical observation significantly changed the perception of basic phenomena regarding the mechanism of cell functioning, and thus was able to change the existing theory. This observation drew attention to the fact that the extract obtained from the dry plant substance with the use of pure alcohol, after distilling off the solvent, does not give a dry concentrated extract, and the viscous residue cannot be dried by distillation. This is a phenomenon that practically every phytochemist has encountered since the inception of this field of knowledge. It turned out that the explanation for the described phenomenon is the presence of eutectic solvents. Eutectic solvents are formed by mixing specific solid components, which liquefy without the addition of solvents, thanks to a significant lowering of the melting point of the mixture compared to the melting points of the starting materials. Although more than a hundred years have passed since the description of the above phenomenon, in the field of natural sciences, eutectic solvents have been treated as a curiosity for a long time, while in medical sciences – and more specifically in pharmacy – they were considered an inconvenience causing pharmaceutical incompatibilities. In fact, they are essential for the functioning of cells, enabling plants to develop frost resistance, being responsible for the ability to cryopreserve animal tissues, or allowing the dissolution of substances which are otherwise insoluble inside the cell in either the lipid layer or the aqueous part of the cell juice. The described discovery, made in 2011, allowed for a leap improvement in the understanding of the functioning of living cells.
Nazewnictwo narzędzi medycznych w czwartej księdze Onomastikonu Polydeukesa
Authors: Szula Karolina
Published: June 2021

Nomenclature of Medical Tools in Book Four of Onomasticon by Julius Pollux

This article aims to discuss the nomenclature of medical tools in Book Four of Onomasticon by Julius Pollux and to assess the usefulness of this work as a source of knowledge in research on the history of medicine. The article contains an original translation that allows for a detailed analysis of the given passage. Onomasticon is an ancient lexicon and the only surviving work by Pollux who lived in the 2nd century CE and represented the Second Sophistic. In Onomasticon, he compiled ancient Greek vocabulary on various topics, including terminology relating to medical tools. The layout of the chapter is not accidental. The author divides the terms into several groups: cutting and mechanical tools, dressings, bloodletting devices and physician’s office equipment. Sometimes he indicates the authors – mainly comedy playwrights – from whom he resourced the chosen vocabulary. The terminology was also drawn from lexicons. The vast majority of phrases mentioned by Pollux was used in a medical context in other literary sources and medical treatises, for example by Hippocrates and Galen. Words that appear in a medical context only in Onomasticon may result from the author’s error or can be new evidence for the studies on ancient medicine.
The methanogenic archaea characteristics and efficacy of aerobic waste sludge in the start-up of anaerobic hybrid reactors treating cassava wastewater
Authors: Kullavanijaya Pratin , Thongduang Pattama , Boonapatcharoen Nimaradee , Veesommai Sillberg Chalisa
Published: June 2021

Inoculum is a crucial factor influencing the success of an anaerobic digester start-up. This study evaluated the efficacy of aerobic waste activated sludge (WAS) to start-up anaerobic hybrid reactors (AHR) treating cassava wastewater. The start-up performance and stability of five 6.2 L AHRs inoculated differently by WAS (AHR1) and WAS co-inoculated with pig manure (AHR2), cow dung (AHR3), chicken manure (AHR4), and anaerobic pond sludge (AHR5) were investigated. The results depicted the potential of WAS as starter seed for AHR's start-up. This sludge contained methanogenic populations, mainly Methanomicrobials, Methanosarcinales, and Thermoplasmatales, for 1.5 × 107 MPN/g VS compared to 4.0 × 103-6.0 × 107 MPN/g VS in manures and anaerobic sludge. Co-inoculation of WAS with cow dung (AHR3) and anaerobic sludge (AHR5) promoted a rapid start-up, achieved 4.0 kg COD/m3.d within 1.5-1.7 months, while about 2.5-3.3 months needed for the others. A satisfying performance, stability, microbial development and activity, depicted as high COD removal (CODrem) efficiency and methane productivity, were achieved in all digesters. About 0.32 and 0.21 m3/kg CODrem for biogas and methane yielded in AHR1, whereas 0.41-0.49 m3-biogas/kg CODrem and 0.25-0.32 m3-CH4/kg CODrem obtained in other reactors. This finding confirmed that inoculum's quality is critical for productive gas productivity and system stability maintenance.
Are Pregnant Women in Rural Areas Aware of Birth Preparedness? Evidence from a Rural Maternity Hospital in South Karnataka
Authors: Johnson Avita Rose , Ajay Shweta , H. N. Swathi
Published: June 2021

Background: Birth-preparedness and complication readiness (BPCR) is an evidence based strategy to reduce maternal and perinatal mortality. This study aims to assess awareness of BPCR and its determinants among pregnant women in a rural area of Ramanagara district, Karnataka, South India.
Materials and Methods : A cross-sectional hospital-based study among pregnant women availing antenatal care, using the interview schedule from Johns Hopkins Program for International Education in Gynaecology and Obstetrics BPCR Tools and Indicators for Maternal and Newborn Health, with 41 items of BPCR awareness scored one for each correct response. Statistical analysis was performed using independent t-test, One-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation, and multi-logistic regression.
Results The 331 pregnant women had low mean BPCR awareness score of 9.46 ± 3.61. Commonly mentioned obstetric danger signs were vaginal bleeding, severe weakness, and headache. BPCR awareness was significantly higher among multi-gravidae (P < 0.001), those with previous bad obstetric history (P = 0.002) or complications in the previous pregnancy (P = 0.031), those who registered their pregnancy early (P = 0.018) and those with four or more antenatal check-ups (P = 0.006). Multi-gravid mothers were twice more likely to have higher BPCR awareness than primigravidae. (Odds ratio = 2.41 [1.49–3.34], P < 0.001).
Conclusions: Awareness of birth preparedness and obstetric danger signs among women in our study was found to be low. None of the women were aware regarding identifying a blood donor in advance in spite of vaginal bleeding being the most commonly cited danger sign. This study reveals an urgent need to address the lack of awareness of BPCR among rural women during routine antenatal visits or by community-level workers during home visits.
Association of Oral Microbial Community Dysbiosis and Dental Disorders Among pregnant woman Attending Gatenga Health Center, Kigali, Rwanda
Authors: Yadufashije Callixte , Ingabire Mireille , Sibomana Madjidi , Munyeshyaka Emmanuel , Mucumbitsi Joseph , Niyonzima Francois , Onyango Mala Albert , Sangano Georges Bahati , Mwanzia Lydia , Habyarimana Thierry
Published: June 2021

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the association with the oral microbial community derangement and dental disorders during pregnant.
Materials and Methods : A total of 60 pregnant women were selected, of the 60 women, 30 pregnant women had dental disorders, and the remaining 30 did not have dental disorders (control group). The oral swab samples were collected from the women during a routine clinic visit. Samples were transported to INES Ruhengeri Clinical Microbiology Laboratory for microbial identification analysis. Chi-square test (x2) was used to test association with oral microbial community imbalance and dental disorders. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 22.
Results Yeast was the most isolated microorganism among both groups of women and stood at 100% and 80%, respectively. The oral microbial community derangement was statistically significant (x2 =52.93, P < 0.00001) to contribute to dental disorders among pregnant women. For single microorganism derangement, Staphylococcus aureus (x2 = 5, P = 0.025347), Enterobacter spp. (x2 =7.4, P = 0.006522), and Staphylococcus spp. (x2 = 30, P < 0.00001) were statistically significant to contribute to dental disorders.
Conclusions: Pregnancy leads to oral microbiota dysbiosis which is a risk factor for dental disorders among pregnant women. Women should seek dental consultation during pregnancy for early detection and management of dental disorders.
Different Surgical Approaches for Pilonidal Sinus – Our Experience in a Peripherally Located Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Basavaraju Sachin Murukanahalli , K Sachin , Vaggara Hanumantha Basappa
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Pilonidal disease in sacrococcygeal or intergluteal region is an acquired chronic inflammatory disorder with superimposed infection. It is commonly seen in young hairy individuals and usually presents as an abscess or a painful sinus tract in the natal deft with sero/purulent discharge.
Aims and Objectives : The objectives of the study were to assess and compare different surgical techniques in the management of pilonidal sinus disease.
Materials and Methods This retrospective study was conducted in the Department of General Surgery, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, B. G. Nagara, Mandya (D), from August 2018 to January 2020.
Results During the study period, 30 patients were enrolled, 22 patients were male and 8 were female, with a mean age of 24.3 years. The mean operative time for primary closure was 61 min and flap reconstructions were 70 min with mean hospital stay of 8 and 6 days, respectively. The mean time to walk without pain is 30 and 12 days, respectively. Wound dehiscence was noted in a patient with primary closure. No recurrence was noted for a mean follow-up period of 6 months in any patients.
Conclusions: Flap reconstructions were superior to primary closure after excision of pilonidal sinus and that modified Limberg flap was superior with regard to wound infection and recurrence for pilonidal disease.
Important Fungal Diseases in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Their Control
Authors: AVAN Meltem
Published: June 2021

Aromatic plants constitute the main raw materials of the perfumery, food and cosmetics industry and in recent years with the increasing demand for therapeutic herbal medicines, interest in medicinal and aromatic plants has increased. Raw materials from medicinal and aromatic plants have recently begun to be used and spread in the food sector, especially in industrial sectors such as paint and perfumery. For this reason, growing healthy plant material is very important in terms of the protection of these crops. However, fungal diseases such as root rot, wilt, leaf spots, blight and anthracnose, which are problems during the cultivation of both medicinal and aromatic plants, negatively affect both the quantity and quality of these plants. For this reason, an integrated management practices including cultural measures, herbal products, biological control and, if necessary, chemical control methods with especially these fungal diseases are very important. In this review, 27 medicinal and aromatic plants, 37 fungal diseases, their chemical and biological control were included, and 161 references were used.
Advancing Geography Education in Southern Africa
Authors: Wilmot Di
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this article is twofold. Firstly, to affirm the establishment of the Southern African Geography Teachers’ Association (SAGTA) and the Journal of Geography Education for Southern Africa (JoGESA) , and secondly, to comment on how these two partner organisations can (and should) play a role in strengthening and advancing geography education in South Africa and further afield. The key challenges facing geography education in South Africa are also discussed. These include the strength of its scholarly voice, the state of school geography and teacher education. The article raises key questions and makes some suggestions of how they could be addressed in relation to the work of these two organisations. The insights provided by this article may provide talking points that help to set an agenda for strengthening and enhancing Southern African geography education.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE METHOD AND OPTIMIZATION OF THE COMPOSITION AND MODES OF OBTAINING THE BIODEGRADABLE GREASE WITH THE LITHIUM-CALCIUM THICKENER
Authors:   Joint Institute of Mechanical Engineering of the NAS of Belarus, Zhornik V.I. , Zapolsky A.V. ,   Joint Institute of Mechanical Engineering of the NAS of Belarus, Ivakhnik A.V. ,   Joint Institute of Mechanical Engineering of the NAS of Belarus, Parnitsky A.M. ,   Joint Institute of Mechanical Engineering of the NAS of Belarus
Published: June 2021

It is noted that the development of biodegradable lubricants is an integral part of the development of a modern “green” economy. The distinctive features of the proposed method are described for producing a biodegradable grease on a mixed lithium-calcium thickener, providing for the introduction of alkaline initial components of the dispersed phase (lithium hydroxide monohydrate and calcium hydroxide) into the reaction mass not in the form of their aqueous solutions, but in a powdery state, and the exception of prolonged exposure to water and high temperature on a component of a dispersion medium of plant origin (rapeseed oil) in the process of lubricant synthesis. Along with this, it was proposed to use a highly refined oil of group III according to the API (American Petroleum Institute) standard as a mineral component of the dispersion medium. This provides, in aggregate, the higher stability of the rheological and tribological characteristics of the grease (for at least 12 months) at a given level of biodegradability. The experimental-statistical mathematical model of the process of obtaining the biodegradable lithium-calcium grease is developed, which makes it possible to determine the parameters of the component composition (the content of the mixed lithium-calcium thickener in the grease and the content of lithium stearate in the mixed thickener) and the synthesis modes (the heat treatment temperature of the reaction mass) to achieve the given level of the main characteristics of the finished grease (penetration, dropping point) while ensuring its biodegradability of at least 80 %.
ABOUT ESTIMATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF NON-UNIFORMITY OF INITIAL STATES ON LIFETIME OF FRICTION PAIRS AND TRIBO-FATIGUE SYSTEMS
Authors:   Belarusian State University, Bogdanovich A.V.
Published: June 2021

The article analyzes relationships of the non-uniformity of the initial states and the lifetime of friction pairs and tribo-fatigue systems based on the results of the inspection of the technical condition after operating time and laboratory tests. The non-uniformity of the initial states is determined by the variation within the tolerances of the geometry of the elements due to the manufacturing technology, and its influence on the wear rate, dynamic characteristics and lifetime of mechanical systems is estimated on the example of automobile sliding friction bearing pairs and rolling bearings. A laboratory experiment to assess the performance of a model of a tribo-fatigue system “shaft (steel 45) — roller (25ХГТ (25KhGT) steel)” due to local violation of the shaft geometry during rolling is analyzed. The correlation equations are given that link the integral characteristics of the local process of wear-fatigue damage, based on measurements of the circular contour of the test specimen (coefficients of asymmetry and non-uniformity), with the relative number of cycles until the limiting wear of the tribo-fatigue system “shaft (steel 45) — liner (silumin)” under sliding friction is reached.
PLANS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE CHEBOKSARY HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATION IN THE 1940s
Authors: Mineeva Elena K. , Rusinova Nadezhda G.
Published: June 2021

In the year of Cheboksary hydroelectric power station’s anniversary, the authors of the article aim to investigate the issue of the waterworks facility’s formation in the early 40s of the last century. Based on the principles of historicism and objective analysis, the main stages of implementing the HPP construction plan are considered. The article presents archival documents which examine the problems of decision-making on the construction of the object. The issue of constructing hydroelectric power stations on the Volga, in particular in the territory of Chuvashia, was studied in the specially created Bureau «The Great Volga». Simultaneously with the construction of Cheboksary HPP, the construction of two more stations – Yaroslav­skaya and Balakhninskaya – was considered. The authors present comparative characteristics of the objects. Cheboksary hydroelectric power plant in terms of its performance significantly exceeded other structures. The article notes that prior to the construction of the station, a lot of preparatory and survey work was carried out, which was limited by a tight deadline. As a result of examining the scope of work, material resources and labor costs, the construction of the station was postponed to a later date. Scientists and engineers recognized the priority need to build less powerful stations. The materials of the article can be used for further research of this topic, as well as when writing regional natural history works.
BEHAVIORAL PROHIBITIONS IN FUNERAL AND MEMORIAL RITES OF THE CHUVASH
Authors: Petrov Igor G.
Published: June 2021

On the basis of literary, archival, folklore sources and expedition materials, the article examines such a little-studied genre of Chuvash folklore as prohibitions (taboos). Special attention is paid to the systematization and analysis of behavioral prohibitions that have long existed and continue to exist in the funeral rites of the Chuvash. By behavioral prohibitions, the author means a set of well-established and generally accepted prescriptions and rules that regulated the everyday and ritual behavior of an individual and a collective within the framework of a funeral and memorial rite – family members, relatives, as well as other members of a rural community. Their observance was due to the fear of the society members before the deceased and death, the desire to appease the deceased and secure his protection, as well as the desire to protect themselves from the deceased and ensure his safe transition to the other world. By adhering to the prohibitions, people ensured their own safety and well-being, and in general secured the protection of the deceased as a representative of the ancestral world. Despite the superstitious nature of most of the prohibitions, they still exist nowadays. On the one hand, this indicates the antiquity of their origin, on the other – their stability in time and space.
THE ETHNOSOCIAL STRUCTURE OF THE CHUVASH POPULATION IN BASHKORTOSTAN (1979–2019)
Authors: Safin Fail G. , Mukhtasarova Elvira A. , Khaliulina Aigul I.
Published: June 2021

Based on the data of the All-Union and All-Russian population censuses, as well as statistical data, the article makes an attempt to reveal the ethno-social structure of the Chuvash population in Bashkortostan in 1979–2010. One of the main indicators of high social status and positive social well-being is the educational level of the population. The indicators reflecting the educational level of the Chuvash population in Bashkortostan are lower than the average ones in the Republic. Despite this, the Chuvash were represented in various spheres of the republic’s economy. A significant proportion of the Chuvash were represented in the field of industry (21.2%), a certain part worked in the field of natural sciences and healthcare, a solid part was made up of highly qualified specialists – 9.3%, as well as in the field of education – 4.5%. Among the Chuvash, the highest share among the ethnic groups of the republic was the share with several sources of livelihood: two sources – 39.0% and three sources – 2.1%, when the national average was 29.4% and 1.7%, respectively.

One of the main income sources for the Chuvash was private subsidiary farming, which accounted for a little more than one third (29.6%), significantly outstripping the indicators of other ethnic groups in this area and significantly exceeding the national average (18.9%). Noting rather high indicators of the Chuvash in some areas of the republican economy, it should be emphasized that according to many other indicators, the social and professional status of the Chuvash population in Bashkortostan is still inferior to that of representatives of other ethnic groups.
ON THE CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF CHUVASH OPERA MUSIC
Authors: Semkin Dmitry N. , Smirnova Valentina V.
Published: June 2021

The relevance of the topic covered in the article is determined by the need to preserve and promote the musical heritage of outstanding composers of the Chuvash Republic, which celebrated the centenary of its autonomy formation. The aim of the work was to draw attention to a comprehensive assessment of Chuvashia composers’ contribution to the development of vocal art (namely, its opera genre) as the most important part of a multi-faceted musical culture. The article reflects the problems of preserving and promoting classical music. The list of operas by Chuvash composers staged on the theater stage is given. Information about the opera «Ivan Yakovlev», which was staged in the XXI century, is reflected. The article is actually an intersubject topic focused primarily on considering pivotal solo vocal parts in the most famous operas. The article reflects the vocal and performing analysis of the parts in outstanding opera works, their main stylistic features are studied. In particular, the tenor parts of Setner, Sendier, and Kosinsky are described in more detail. Opera works and parts are considered in the context of cultural and historical significance, on this basis the main provisions and conclusions confirming the unique cultural and historical significance of the Chuvash opera music and its contribution to the development of musical and social culture of the Russian society are summarized and systematized.
FORMATION OF THE WATER POLICE IN NIZHNY NOVGOROD (1918–1921)
Authors: Halin Alexey A. , Akimova Ekaterina V. , Kainova Elena V.
Published: June 2021

The article reveals the nature of the transformations in the law enforcement system, in particular in water police, in Soviet Russia. On the basis of a wide range of previously unused archival sources, the process of organizational formation of the water police on the Volga in 1918–1921 is presented. The main feature of this process was constant reforming of this security system in order to find the optimal organization to protect waterways and river transport. The first Soviet head of the river police of Nizhny Novgorod P.I. Protasov took up his post in January 1918. In 1919, protection of waterways and public order on them was carried out by the internal security troops of Nizhny Novgorod sector by separate rifle brigades of the Paramilitary Guard Troops (VOKhR) of the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD) of the RSFSR. At the beginning of 1920, for the first time in our country, the system of All-Russian police on transport was formed. According to this reform, Nizhny Novgorod became part of Nizhny Novgorod section of the river police, which was part of Nizhny Novgorod District Administration of the Volga region. Distribution of protection areas on river transport was fixed in the document dated May 18, 1920. In accordance with it, security on the navigable waterways was assigned to VOKhR troops, to the water police and watchmen. The new status of the water militia and the expansion of its tasks were determined by the «Regulations on the Workers’ and Peasants ‘Militia», adopted on June 10, 1920. The next reorganization of the security system on the river transport of the Soviet Republic was carried out in November-December 1920. It was aimed at strengthening centralization and unity of command in this matter, elimination of disparate actions in the activities carried out by security structures. The article highlights the issue of personnel selection for the water police, taking into account the «class approach» in the formation of new authorities, including the police. Previously unknown facts about the personal composition of the water police leaders are given, and the further fate of some of them is traced. The article gives a fairly complete idea of the first years in the formation and activity of the water police in Nizhny Novgorod and the Volga basin.
THE PROBLEM OF INFORMATION VALUE OF CONFESSIONAL STATEMENTS IN HISTORICAL LITERATURE
Authors: Evdokimova Anzhelika N.
Published: June 2021

The article considers the achievements of modern Russian historiography in the field of compiling documents for demographic census registration by the parish Orthodox clergy in the synodic period of the Russian Orthodox Church. Among the problems that have been the most reflected, especially in the regional historiography of recent decades are the external features of confessional statements, changes in their forms during the XVIII–XIX centuries, the estates groups and strata represented in them, changes in the composition of parish families over several years, the gender and age composition of parishioners, migration processes within a one particular locality. The greatest value undoubtedly is the statistical data on the performance of Christian sacraments of confession and communion by parishioners. The works of researchers who analyze and use ecclesiastical signed documents, note a huge information potential of this type of historical sources. Ecclesiastical signed documents reveal not only the peculiarities in the social structure of an individual parish, diocese or eparchy as a whole. They are a fairly reliable indicator of the population’s introduction to the Orthodox faith and rites, especially beginning from the early XIX century, when the possibilities of data falsification by the parish clergy were minimized. This type of mass sources, such as signed documents, makes it possible to consider the history of everyday life, household and housing conditions, the distance of the village to the temple. The revealed shortcomings in ecclesiastical signed documents include the following: fixing the population only present in the parish, giving amorphous reasons for non-fulfillment of the sacraments such as «failure», «negligence», inaccurate determination of parishioners’ age in remote parish villages, real attitude of believers to the church and dogmas.
LEGISLATIVE ACTS ON WOMEN’S HEALTH PROTECTION THE FIRST DECADES OF THE SOVIET POWER
Authors: Semenova Inna Yu.
Published: June 2021

The article highlights the legislation on women’s health protection that was in force in post-revolutionary Soviet Russia. The socio-economic problems that resulted from the revolutionary events of October 1917, the First World War of 1914–1918, famine and pestilence in the Volga region, and other upheavals of the early twentieth century, gave rise to a huge number of problems that the Soviet authorities immediately addressed. However, not all the actions of the Soviet government achieved their goals; there were unresolved issues in the field of healthcare, in particular, in protecting and preserving the health of female workers and peasants. The interruption of childbearing not in medical organizations due to infection, illiteracy of abortionists in matters of abortion resulted in a high mortality rate of the female population of the country, which could not but cause concern to the authorities and the general public, who understood the social reasons for such actions. The legislative act «On Protection of Women’s Health», adopted on November 18, 1920, was the basis for the diverse work carried out with women, which established not only the conditions for legal abortion, but also established penalties for both a doctor who decided to perform such an operation and for a woman who consented to a miscarriage. The analysis of adopted legal provisions makes it possible to see the general picture of the state policy of the young Soviet state in the field of marriage and family, in particular, in issues of health protection of working women, and gives the opportunity to conclude that it was well thought out within the historical framework under consideration.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STATE POLICY TO SUPPORT SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED BUSINESSES IN THE CHUVASH REPUBLIC AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURY: HISTORIOGRAPHICAL ASPECT
Authors: Soshko Irina A.
Published: June 2021

The article deals with the problem of studying such an urgent and important issue as the state policy of supporting small and medium-sized businesses at the beginning of the XXI century and the results of its implementation in the territory of the Chuvash Republic. The author characterizes the content of main scientific works on this issue published over the past twenty years. On this historiographical basis, the aspects of the topic the content of which was contributed by one or another researcher are marked out. There is a significant differentiation in the exploration maturity of various aspects of the topic: the role of small and medium-sized businesses in the economy of the country as a whole and Chuvashia in particular is best reflected in historiography; many works list the main difficulties faced by entrepreneurs in their practical activities; as a rule, researchers list various forms of state support for small and medium-sized businesses, although most often only some of them are covered; the regulatory framework for state support of entrepreneurship in the Chuvash Republic is sufficiently fully characterized, the content of approved strategies and development programs is analyzed; many authors put forward proposals for improving the state policy of supporting small and medium-sized businesses. At the same time, other aspects remained poorly covered in historiography, for example, regional features in the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the territory of Chuvashia at the beginning of the XXI century. The author comes to the conclusion about current need for holistic studying the history of small and medium-sized businesses in Chuvashia and the role of state support in this process.
Psicomotricidade na Educação
Authors: Rodrigues Karin Débora
Published: June 2021

Quando se fala em crianças, observa-se a importância do brincar para o desenvolvimento corporal. Pelas atividades escolares se é capaz de melhorar a aptidão física das crianças e seu desenvolvimento psicomotor por meio de estímulos como jogos lúdicos e brincadeiras, estimulando a motricidade e o desenvolvimento cognitivo da criança. Diante disso, este estudo possui como objetivo geral analisar a psicomotricidade aplicada à educação. Para tanto utilizou-se a pesquisa bibliográfica baseada na literatura atinente a temática objeto de estudo. É importante que a psicomotricidade seja aplicada desde a educação infantil, momento de novas aprendizagens e descobertas que serão levadas por toda a vida.  Neste contexto de ensino-aprendizagem o professor exerce importante papel no auxílio do desenvolvimento da criança. A psicomotricidade quando trabalhada de forma correta é capaz de contribuir de forma significativa na vida escolar da criança, sendo capaz de minimizar dificuldades e proporcionando aprendizagem a criança.
Pesquisa e autoria
Authors: Seccatto Ana Gláucia , Seccatto Cassia Patrícia
Published: June 2021

No contexto educativo, a pandemia provocou muitas transformações, principalmente nas formas de ensinar e de aprender; tivemos a suspensão das aulas presenciais e a adoção das aulas remotas para dar continuidade ao ano letivo. Neste artigo, apresentamos experiências pedagógicas realizadas durante as aulas remotas do componente curricular Pesquisa e Autoria, em escolas estaduais do MS por meio das APCs. As atividades tiveram como objetivo, verificar qual é a ideia de pesquisador que os educandos do Ensino Fundamental Anos Finais têm em seu imaginário, com o intuito de embasar os planejamentos futuros do componente curricular e traçar objetivos que potencializem o protagonismo estudantil. A partir das atividades, constatamos que muitos estudantes não se enxergam enquanto pesquisadores, e que esse profissional é visto por eles com algo distante da sua realidade, isto permitiu refletir sobre novas ações em busca de desconstruir esse ideário e despertar o senso do aluno-pesquisador no espaço escolar.