bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GOD’S SELF-COMMUNICATION IN HISTORY
Authors:   Theology at the Pontifical University of Salesianum in Rome, Mzuzu, MALAWI, NDHLOVU Charles
Published: February 2021

God’s communication in history finds fulfilment in Jesus Christ. The refusal of God’s self-communication diminishes the right use of freedom and in the final analysis, the person becomes what he should not become. This is what actually happened to Adam and Eve after eating the forbidden fruit – and we have all inherited that defect – that potency to sin. This situation can be compared to that of hereditary defect in which a defect is passed on from one person to the other. In this case, we can analogously say that all the descendants of Adam have inherited the possibility that we could abuse freedom – by choosing wrong things and this abuse of freedom was redeemed by Jesus Christ.
THE BISHOP AND/OR THE ECCLESIAL RECEPTION OF THE CATHOLICITY (ΚΑΘΟΛΙΚΉ) OF THE CHURCH
Authors:   Faculty of Letters, History and Theology, West University of Timișoara, ROMANIA, COVAN Adrian D.
Published: February 2021

In the Symbol of Faith, we profess that the Church is Catholic. Therefore, we can understand this catholicity in several ways. First of them, the Church is catholic because it proclaims the apostolic faith in its entirety; she is the place where we meet Christ in his sacraments and receive the spiritual gifts needed to grow in holiness together with our brothers and sisters. The Church is also catholic because its communion embraces the whole human been, and she is sent to bring to the entire world the joy of redemption. Not eventually, the Church is catholic because it reconciles the wonderful diversity of God’s gifts to build up His People in love, unity and harmony.
DEATH IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
Authors:   Faculty of History Philosophy and Theology “Dunărea de Jos” University of Galați, ROMANIA, POPESCU Leontin
Published: February 2021

Nowadays, death, illness, and suffering are experienced as danger: a threat to one’s own physical, psychological and social identity. And what accompanies all these, particularly paralizing from a spiritual perspective, is fear; the dread that all is lost, that things cannot be controlled by means of medicine, only to reach the greatest angst: the fear of death. And, in this respect, we can say that pain, suffering and the fear of death make up the anthropological foundation of the most profound religious concept of life, in the sense that these realities show man his limitations, his finite build, that of a creature, and, consequently, determine him look beyond his limitations. The fear of death brought about angst, anxiety, passion, hatred, and despair in man’s life. His need to escape death made him look for even more material elements to render him oblivious to it. The solution against despair is God: faith vanquishes despair because, by faith, man acknowledges his dependence on God, but turning within himself, at the same time.
A FUNDAMENTAL LANDMARK OF ESCHATOLOGY:THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE UNCREATED AND CREATED, EXCEPT INCOMPATIBILITY OF THEIR COMMUNION
Authors:   Faculty of Orthodox Theology , University of Craiova, ROMANIA, PETRE Mădălin-Ștefan
Published: February 2021

Orthodox eschatology is based, on the one hand, on the affirmation of the clear distinction between the uncreated nature of God and the created nature of His creatures, and, on the other hand, on the possibility of their union through divine Grace. Towards this eschatological union creation is called ontologically, through the divine reasons based on Reason-Christ, Who draws to Himself man and the universe, because He is at the same time Cause and Target, Alpha and Omega. The Church is working and preparing for the Feast of the Great Union, which will take place at the Second Coming of the Lord.
THE PURPOSE OF THE WILDERNESS AND CELL IN THE PSYCHOLOGICAL SHAPING OF THE MONK
Authors:   University of Bucharest, ROMANIA,, ȘTEFAN Florin
Published: February 2021

Anachoreism is a fascinating feature of Eastern monasticism. Many of the ascetic treatises, and especially the philocal collection, come from the heroic world of the anchorite monks who lived in uninhabited territories, wild but, above all, desert places. From the first centuries of the Christian Church, there are emblematic figures of the anchorite monk in the Egyptian space, who retreated to the desert, such as St. Paul of Thebes, the first Egyptian hermit known by name. The premise from which our study starts is that the geographical places chosen by the Christian anchorites, in this case the desert, the mountain, the forests, the isolated places, the caves, etc., predispose them to some psychospiritual transformations that they do not it could acquire (easily, or ever) in a very populated and stirred space. We have chosen for analysis and interpretation two habitats very common in the writings of the Desert Fathers: the desert (desert) and the cell. These two "special" spaces denote some characteristics that imprint special features in the psychology and personality of the needy. Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to present the psychological and practical significance of the retreat of anchorites in the desert and in the cell, respectively, proving, at the same time, that loneliness is for the Fathers of the desert, the element without which it would not have achieved so much spiritual performance in the inner space.
Modern Approaches to Intensive Therapy of Patients with Thoracic Trauma in Politrauma
Authors:   Kharkiv National Medical University. 4, Nauky Avenue, Kharkiv 61022, Ukraine, Boyko E. V. , Volkova Yu. V. , Baranova N. V.
Published: February 2021

The review article presents data on the modern possibilities of intensive care for patients with thoracic trauma in case of polytrauma. It should be noted that over the past 5 years, the number of patients with thoracic injuries in polytrauma who require intensive care in the intensive care unit has increased by 10 times. For their treatment, advanced intensive care methods are used, but, despite this, the mortality rate of this category of patients remains one of the highest, reaching 80%. Moreover, it is combined thoracic trauma that plays a leading role in thanatogenesis. Studying the clinical manifestations of thoracic trauma in patients with polytrauma will help to improve the quality of medical care and the results of treatment of such patients. One of the reasons for the high mortality and disability of patients with thoracic trauma during polytrauma is the lack of a single integrated pathogenetic approach to assessing the severity of the condition of patients and the tactics of intensive care. The values of direct damage to internal organs, the main vessels of the chest and mediastinum in the development of a number of formidable complications are not fully defined, and it is not clearly stated in which cases support for vital functions is needed or their replacement. In the practice of conducting intensive care with thoracic trauma on the background of software in different institutions, often opposite methods and approaches to tactics of conducting intensive care are used. This indicates that the problem of intensive care patients of this contingent is far from being solved and is of certain scientific and practical interest. The role of primary and secondary injuries in combined thoracic trauma has not been studied, the boundaries of compensatory and adaptive reactions have not been determined. Moreover, there is no single concept for intensive care patients with thoracic trauma during polytrauma. This type of damage is accompanied by deep disorders of homeostasis systems, which determine the severity of the clinical course and cause a high level of complications and disability. Unsatisfactory results of intensive care are often associated with insufficient ideas about the pathogenesis of the early post-traumatic period in patients with polytrauma, which leads to errors in determining the volume, timing, feasibility and sequence of intensive care. Conclusion. We believe that the improvement of treatment outcomes for this category of patients can be achieved only with a comprehensive, objectively substantiated approach to the choice of intensive care tactics, focused on the clinical features of thoracic trauma on the background of polytrauma
Submicroscopic Investigation of Components of the Hematoencephalic Barrier in Newborns with Perinatal Hypoxic Damage
Authors:   Kharkiv National Medical University. 4, Nauky Avenue, Kharkiv 61022, Ukraine, Kihtenko O. V. , Hubina-Vakulik H. I. , Pliten O. M. , Potapov S. M.
Published: February 2021

The biggest losses from the entire period of childhood fall on the neonatal period of development of ontogenesis. Clinical manifestations of diseases and morphofunctional disorders that occur during intrauterine development or during childbirth play an important role in the formation of the child's health and are recorded during the neonatal period of development. The more accurate is the diagnosis of pathology in this age range, the more correct and effective will be the measures of treatment and rehabilitation. This will reduce to a minimum social loss and limit the formation of chronic pathology and deviations in the physical, mental and intellectual development of children. The hematoencephalic barrier is the most important dynamic structure that it is responsible for brain homeostasis and takes an active participation in the body tissues resistance to the harmful effects of perinatal hypoxic stress alongside with other structural and functional formations of the central nervous system. The purpose of the work was to identify characteristic morphological and functional changes in the components of the hematoencephalic barrier of newborns who underwent to perinatal hypoxia at the subcellular level using submicroscopic examination. Results and discussion. The study results present a fragment of a large work which deals with pathomorphological and compensatory changes in the components of the hematoencephalic barrier in deceased newborns. The latter were carried in conditions of chronic intrauterine hypoxia and undergoing acute ante-, intranatal hypoxia were studied using ordinary histology, morphometry, immunohistochemical reactions. Submicroscopic examination allowed deepening the level of surveillance. The morphological changes in newborns who were carried under conditions of chronic intrauterine hypoxia, they underwent acute intrauterine hypoxia and died in the acute period of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. These newborns can be divided into two groups. The first group: pathological changes which were the result of acute asphyxia – edema, death and desquamation of endothelial cells as well as damage of gliacytes and their further death both as a result of cytotoxic edema (edema and lysis) and due to shrinkage of the nucleus with subsequent karyorrhexis. The presence of apoptotic changes in pericytes was registered. The second group of pathomorphological changes had signs which were formed under the «chronic» influence of the damaging factor (in this study it was chronic intrauterine hypoxia): general decrease of the microcirculatory bed in the volume; significant decrease in the number of capillaries with a «sleeve» of astrocytes processes; damage of the basement membranes of the capillaries (uneven thickness, blurring, bilayering)
Histochemical Evaluation of the Processes of Protein Oxidative Modification in the Extravillous Cytotrophoblast of the Utero-Placental Bed during Iron-Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy
Authors:   Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine Bukovinian State Medical University. 2, Theatralna Sq., Chernivtsi 58002, Ukraine, Tiulienieva O. A. , Davydenko I. S. , Hoian A. V. , Tiulienieva V. O.
Published: February 2021

Utero-placental bed is the cumulation of gestationally altered endometrium at the place of ovum attachment to the uterine wall. The key mechanism of this process is the cytotrophoblastic invasion. During iron deficiency anemia, an increase in the specific volume of the extravascular invasive trophoblast is taking place. Concern for the protein oxidative modification in iron deficiency anemia is due to the fact that in conditions of hypoxia, free radical processes in the blood and tissues are enhanced, and iron deficiency is additionally able to modify this problem. The purpose of the study was to establish the histochemical features of the processes of protein oxidative modification in the fractions of extravillous cytotrophoblast of the utero-placental bed depending on the degree of iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women. Material and methods. Quantitative characteristics of protein oxidative modification in the extravillous trophoblast of the utero-placental bed of pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia by means of the histochemical method using reactions with Bromophenol Blue on “acidic” and “basic” proteins according to Mikel Calvo method and computer microdensitometry. We studied 74 biopsies of the utero-placental bed of pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia of I, II and III degrees. The term of gestation was 37-40 weeks. Results and discussion. During physiological pregnancy, the ratio between "acidic" and "basic" proteins in trophoblast cells, even normally, is characterized by a predominance of "acidic" proteins, and evenly in both intravascular and extravascular fractions of cytotrophoblast. Intensification of processes of protein oxidative modification in the cytotrophoblast of the utero-placental bed during iron deficiency anemia of I-II degrees can be assessed as moderate, with an increase in the cells of the endothelium-replacing fraction of cytotrophoblast compared with the interstitial. In conditions of anemia of III degree, a significant predominance of "acidic" proteins in the intravascular cytotrophoblast was noted. Conclusion. During the physiological pregnancy, the intensity of protein oxidative modification was equal in all fractions of the extravillous cytotrophoblast in the utero-placental bed. In the case of gestation with iron deficiency anemia, significant intensification of the protein oxidative modification in the extravillous cytotrophoblast correlated with the severity of anemia. Background iron deficiency anemia significantly affected the processes of protein oxidative modification in the endothelium-replacing cytotrophoblast
The Cervical Fold Suspension Model of Acute Stress in Rats and its Effect on the Liver
Authors:   Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy. 23, Shevchenko St., Poltava 36011, Ukraine, Filenko B. M. , Vynnyk N. I. , Koptev M. M. , Proskurnya S. A. , V. F. Kyslyi
Published: February 2021

Stress-related studies remain relevant notwithstanding its long-lasting history of research. Experimental studies are crucial in the study the impact of stress on a living organism. Currently, there is a great variety of simulation animal acute stress reaction models, in particular, cervical fold suspension of mice, which is cost effective and easy-to-use. However, there are insufficient data on using this technique to reproduce the acute stress response in rats, particularly, in studying the impact of immobilization stress on the liver. The purpose of the work was to study the impact of 6-hour-long cervical fold suspension simulation model of acute immobilization stress on the albino rats’ liver. Material and methods. Based on the international bioethical regulations, 20 male albino rats were involved into the study. The intact animals were assigned into group I (n=10) (control); the animals, exposed to 6-hour-long cervical fold suspension simulation model of acute immobilization stress were assigned to experimental group (n=10) (group II). After euthanasia, macro- and microscopic examination of the liver was performed. Micro-specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Results and discussion. The macroscopic examination of the liver did not reveal any visual differences in the rats of the experimental group compared to the control ones. Histological study of the liver specimens of group II rats showed that the experimental model of simulated acute immobilization stress in rats by atraumatic cervical fold suspension for 6 hours caused significant changes. They were especially pronounced in the bloodstream of the liver, manifested by the plethora and the phenomena of interlobular vein thrombosis. The central veins were also plethoric and a significant dilatation of the perisinusoidal spaces was noted. Changes in the hemomicrocirculation were characterized by manifestations of blood stasis and sludge in most sinusoidal capillaries. We detected the phenomena of tissue infiltration by the segmented neutrophils, as well as macrophages and lymphocytes perivascularly and in the portal tracts. Changes were also found in the liver cells, namely, the phenomena of karyopyknosis; subcapsular focal colliquational necrosis in the individual hepatocytes; hydropic dystrophy in hepatocytes located on the periphery of the liver lobuli. Conclusion. The implementation of experimental model of acute immobilization stress in rats by atraumatic cervical fold suspension caused significant histological changes in rat liver
Enzymative And Non-Enzymative Components of the Antioxidant Defense System in Young Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Autoimmune Thyroiditis
Authors:   Kharkiv National Medical University. 4, Nauky Avenue, Kharkiv 61022, Ukraine, Pasiieshvili T. M.
Published: February 2021

Antioxidant defense is considered in the context of a universal system, which, together with the components of the immune system, provides hemodynamic balance and antigenic homeostasis of the body, that is, the work of this system, represented by two practically independent links. The first line of the antioxidant system, the work of which is associated with the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ceruloplasmin and a number of other enzymatic and non-enzymatic components, is considered an initial barrier, provides support at a constant controlled level of free radical oxidation. However, there is insufficient data in previous studies regarding the antioxidant defense system in patients with gastrointestinal disorders associated with thyroid disease. The purpose of the work was to establish the state of the antioxidant system in terms of total antioxidant activity and 8-isoprostane in young people with gastroesophageal reflux disease and autoimmune thyroiditis. Material and methods. The work involved 120 people with a combined course of gastroesophageal reflux disease and autoimmune thyroiditis at the age from 18 to 25 years. All patients had the same social status (students), which made it possible to equalize both physical and emotional stress, peak and stressful situations. Results and discussion. We examined the indicators of total antioxidant activity: the aggregate value of enzymes of the first level of the antioxidant system and 8-isoprostane, the level of the non-enzymatic link in antioxidant protection. These indicators depended on the morphological form of damage to the mucous membrane of the esophagus: they were more expressive in the erosive form of esophagitis. Thus, the combined course of gastroesophageal reflux disease and autoimmune thyroiditis is accompanied by changes in the indicators of the antioxidant system as a result of an active inflammatory process in the esophageal mucosa. There is a decrease in the total antioxidant activity, the first line of the antioxidant system, the value of which depends on morphological changes in the esophageal mucosa. Conclusion. An active inflammatory process in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and autoimmune thyroiditis leads to an increase in 8-isoprostane, an indicator of a non-enzymatic link in the antioxidant defense system
Prediction of Severe Attacks of Exercise-induced Bronchial Asthma in Children using Immunological Blood Parameters
Authors:   Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine Bukovinian State Medical University. 2, Theatralna Sq., Chernivtsi 58002, Ukraine, Sazhyn S. I.
Published: February 2021

Bronchial asthma is considered an umbrella diagnosis for various diseases with certain pathophysiological mechanisms (endotypes) and variable clinical manifestations (phenotypes). The phenotype of exercise-induced asthma is one of the most common variants of the disease in children and adolescents. The treatment tactic of acute asthma attack is unified and depends of the severity in contrast to preventive therapy the vector of which provides an individualized approach. However, the issues concerning the duration, frequency of administration and amount of drugs prescription not finally resolved. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the blood immunological parameters in patients with exercise-induced asthma phenotype to predict the severity of disease exacerbation and optimize the reliever therapy. Material and methods. We examined 43 children suffering from exercise-induced asthma. Two clinical groups were formed according to the severity of the exacerbation. The first group included 22 patients with moderate exacerbation of asthma, and the second group had 21 children with severe symptoms of the disease, which was interpreted as a severe asthma attack. There were not any significant differences by sex, place of residence, age and diseases duration among comparison groups. The obtained results showed a significant increase in the level of B-lymphocytes in patients of first clinical group (26.64 %) compared with children with severe exacerbation (20.40 %), increase content of T-lymphocytes (due to T-helper cells) in schoolchildren of the second clinical group (42.32 %) compared with patients with moderate asthma attack (33.32 %). The attributive risk of more severe disease exacerbation with B-lymphocytes ≤20 % and T- helper cells ≥20 % was 36.6 %, the relative risk was 1.9 with odds ratio 5.0. A significantly higher level of pharmazan-positive neutrophils in spontaneous and stimulated modifications of the nitro blue tetrazolium test was recorded in patients with moderate exacerbation (35.18 % and 45.09 %) compared with children of the second clinical group (19.33 % and 27.81 %). The content of neutrophils in the spontaneous nitro blue tetrazolium test ≤15 % allowed evaluating severe compared with moderate asthma attack with specificity of 95.5 %, positive predictive value of 90.9 %, and positive likelihood ratio 10.5. Conclusion. The use of certain immunological parameters allows working out an individual plan for asthma attacks and may reduce the frequency of severe exacerbations in children suffering from exercise-induced bronchial asthma
The Platelet Automesoconcentrate in Patients with Orthopedical Pathology
Authors:   Biotechnology company SmartCell. 1, Sudostroitelnaia St., Odesa 65000, Ukraine, Tsepkolenko V. O. , Pshenychnyi Т. Y. ,   SI The Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics by NAMS of Ukraine. 27, Bulvarno-Kudriavska St., Kyiv 01601, Ukraine, Holiuk Ye. L. ,   SI The Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics by NAMS of Ukraine. 27, Bulvarno-Kudriavska St., Kyiv 01601, Ukraine, Tymochuk V. V. ,   SI The Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics by NAMS of Ukraine. 27, Bulvarno-Kudriavska St., Kyiv 01601, Ukraine, Derkach R. V. ,   SI The Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics by NAMS of Ukraine. 27, Bulvarno-Kudriavska St., Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
Published: February 2021

The platelet automesoconcentrate is a complex biotechnological product based on autologous growth factors and oligopeptides obtained from the patient's blood platelets. The purpose of this study was evaluation of our own first treatment results and improvement of the quality of life in patients with pathology of the musculoskeletal system after treatment with platelet automesoconcentrate. Material and methods. We analyzed the results of 76 patients (24 patients with knee osteoarthritis, 21 patients with epicondylitis of the elbow joint and 31 patients with the knee joint meniscal lesions Stoller I-IIb), who were treated in the clinic of the State Institution "Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics" of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine and in the “Virtus” clinic. The quantitative and qualitative evaluation of pain was performed by visual analog scale score. The evaluation of dysfunction and quality of life were performed by the standardized Lysholm and Oxford scales according to the affected segment and pathology. Results and discussion. The positive dynamics of the knee joint functional ability was observed in cases of the 1 and 2 osteoarthrosis grades by 43.6% and 62.1% (in a year). In patients with osteoarthrosis grade 3, a slight improvement was observed in a short-term period, but after 6 months received results gradually decrease and after a year, they were only 4.3% compared with the baseline level (Oxford). The positive dynamics of the elbow joint functional ability for 3 months was 75%. In general, after 6 months, full recovery of the elbow joint function was observed in 15 patients, restrictions at high physical exertion remained in 6 patients. In case of the knee joint menisci lesion, an increase in functional activity was observed in 23 cases by more than 58.8% (Oxford) and increased mean values from 70 (before treatment) to 82 points (Lysholm). Conclusion. The study showed advantages of the platelets automesoconcentrate in patients with osteoarthrosis and the knee meniscal lesions, elbow joint epicondylitis, in clinically difficult cases with the ineffectiveness of previous treatment
Antibacterial Activity of Chlorhexidine Bigluconate in Relation to Biofilm Monocultures
Authors:   Belarusian State Medical University. 83, Dzerzhinski Ave., Minsk 220116, Republic of Belarus, Chistyakova G. G. , Skorokhod G. A. , Pohodenko-Chudakova I. O.
Published: February 2021

On the background of a high percentage of caries incidence, the prevalence of its complications is increasing – pulpitis, apical periodontitis. Teeth with complicated caries can cause odontogenic inflammatory processes in the maxillofacial region. Being foci of chronic infection and intoxication, they have an adverse effect on the body as a whole. In connection with the above, it is obvious that determining the optimal concentration of chlorhexidine bigluconate and exposure to the dentin of the crown part of the tooth in case of carious lesion of the latter is currently very important. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of chlorhexidine (by suspension and contact method) in various concentrations in relation to monocultures of biofilm formed on tooth sections and in U-shaped 96-well plastic plates. Material and methods. In this work, one of the most relevant pathogens for modern medicine was Staphylococcus aureus, which was one of the most powerful pathogens that form biofilms, was used as a model. The antimicrobial activity of chlorhexidine bigluconate was evaluated on S. aureus and E. coli biofilm cultures formed on dental samples and in polystyrene plastic tablets. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the reduction factor was determined by the difference in the number of decimal logarithms of CFU/ml in the experiment compared to the control. The obtained data was subjected to statistical processing. Results and discussion. The study revealed that 2.0 % solution of chlorhexidine bigluconate had a high level of antibacterial activity against tablet biofilm cultures of S. aureus and E. coli. When it was exposed to S. aureus and E. coli tablet biofilm cultures with exposures of 30 and 60 seconds, statistically significant differences were found (p=0.02). Secondly, statistically significant differences in the effect of sensitivity of single-species biofilm cultures of dental samples to the effect of antiseptic at the specified concentration were determined (p=0.007). At the same time, the level of antibacterial activity of 2.0 % chlorhexidine bigluconate solution in respect of tablet biofilm cultures of S. aureus and E. coli was significantly higher than in biofilm cultures of S. aureus and E. coli of dental samples (p<0.05). Conclusion. The obtained results give grounds for using them in clinical practice in order to improve the effectiveness of caries treatment which will help reduce the number of complications and on the one hand, corresponds to the main direction of medicine ‒ prevention and on the other hand, increases the level of specialized medical care provided to the population as a whole
The “Write Stuff”: What Do We Know About Developmental Dysgraphia?
Authors:   Z. R. E. Cheah, McBride Catherine
Published: February 2021

As researchers come to recognize the origins of dysgraphia, we can better suggest optimal approaches to remediation. In defining dysgraphia, we review the writing process, research on the development of writing, and various factors related to either spelling difficulties, visual-motor difficulties, or both, that might interfere in the process of writing. We conclude by exploring some potentially helpful remediation techniques that should be considered as educators, clinicians, researchers, teachers, and parents work together to ameliorate the potentially devastating consequences of dysgraphia.
Minutes of the Ural Kolkhoz Meetings as an Important Archival Source on the History of the 1930s Peasantry
Authors:   Nosov Magnitogorsk state technical University, Magnitogorsk, Russian Federation, Filatov Vladimir V.
Published: February 2021

The significance of the study is due to the fact that it is the first portrayal of the true life kolkhoz democracy resulting from quantitative research of the kolkhoz meetings minutes. The author studies the actual participation of peasants in the kolkhoz self-government in the Urals region in 1930s. To achieve his goal, he had to assess possibility of using archival data for processing; to analyze the topics of kolkhoz meetings, level of activity of their participants in discussion, interest of collective farmers in the results of discussion. The quantitative method allows to investigate main tendencies of the peasants participation in the administration of agricultural production. The initial survey of the minutes has shown their mostly unsatisfactory state for processing. The content analysis of the results of the minutes processing reveals that meetings discussed agricultural campaigns, party decisions and J. Stalin’s speeches, and reports of kolkhoz management. Ordinary collective farmers rarely participated in the debate. Most speakers addressed problems of organization and discipline of labour, pay and income distribution; they mostly stated facts. More than a quarter of the speeches was of critical nature. Constructive proposals for changing negative situation were rare. The agricultural co-operative charter proclaimed the meeting its supreme governing body, but most of the collective farmers stepped back from solving important issues. Often kolkhoz meetings were unauthorized. Representatives of power structures interfered in the kolkhoz affairs, disregarded the opinion of the collective, and imposed their own decisions. The implementation of meetings resolutions was rarely monitored. The author concludes that in the context of mobilization economy and rigid political regime the kolkhoz democracy was impossible.
History of Academician Alexander Braunstein’s Nomination for the Nobel Prize: Materials from the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Authors:   S. I. Vavilov Institute for the History of Science and Technology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, Kursanova Tatiana A.
Published: February 2021

The article reviews the history of nomination for the Nobel Prize of the Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Alexander E. Braunstein (1902-1986), biochemist and molecular biologist. The author has studied documents of the Brownstein fond from the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences and materials from the Archive of the Nobel Committee, as well as literary sources on the topic. Having studied the historiography, the author concludes that the interpretation of the issue in the national scholarship is inaccurate. The task is complicated by the fact that, according to the rules of the Nobel Committee, the names of nominees are not publicly announced, nominees are not informed of their nomination, promulgation of names of nominees is allowed only fifty years after the nomination. It was the study of archival materials that has allowed to supplement and clarify the history of the Russian scientist’s nomination for the Nobel Prize. 1950s saw many works on molecular biology that laid foundation for the subsequent research and received recognition of the Nobel Committee. The study refutes the tendency to underestimate the impact of Soviet science by showing the foreign scholars’ attitude to Alexander Braunstein’s discoveries. The chronological framework of the study is determined by submissions for nomination stored in the fond and dated 1952-1985. The article examines four nominations of Braunstein to the Nobel Committee for his work on processes and enzymes of nitrogen metabolism. Braunstein was one of Russian biochemists who could have been awarded the Nobel Prize, but never has. And yet his repeated nomination for the award shows high evaluation of his work by scientists of global renown.
Source Study of National Military Memorial Heritage: A Case Study of the Orenburg Region
Authors:   Orenburg State Agrarian University, Committee on Archives of the Orenburg Region, Rubin Vladimir A. , Spiridonova Ekaterina V. ,   Orenburg State University, Orenburg, Russian Federation
Published: February 2021

The article reviews sources for studying cultural politics in the sphere of preservation of military memorial heritage. Lack of scientific works on this topic makes the study significant. Its object is national military memorial heritage as a phenomenon of Russian culture, its subject is historical and cultural sources necessary for a comprehensive analysis of the development of Russian military memorial space in pre-revolutionary, Soviet and post-Soviet eras. The authors have studied archival sources (16 fonds in 3 state archives); periodical press of the Orenburg region (4 regional and 56 district newspapers); unpublished and published memoirs, private correspondence; unpublished actual filing data of Federal, regional and local authorities (from late 1980s to present day); cumulated publications of monuments of the military memorial heritage of the Orenburg region (compiled by one of the authors in 2008-2015); legislative materials, regulations, and organizational/management acts; brochures, booklets, and memos published by library and Museum institutions within the framework of regional studies and consisting, as a rule, of eyewitness memoirs and periodicals (for the period 1999-2018); narrative sources; Internet resources. After many years of research the authors feel the impossibility of systematic study of the military memorial heritage of the Russian regions solely on archival materials due to lack of necessary information in the archival institutions and contend the need to draw on a wider range of sources for scientific analysis of the most important areas of the state cultural policy in the field of preservation of monuments and memorials dedicated to the fallen defenders of the Fatherland.
Libraries of the Komi Region as an Element of Civil Society Formation in Ethnical Regions of Imperial Russia. The Second Half of the 19th — Early 20th Century
Authors:   Komi Republican Academy of State Service and administration, Syktyvkar, Russian Federation, Gagieva Anna K.
Published: February 2021

The article considers the activities of libraries in the Komi region as an element of the civil society formation in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. Published and unpublished historical sources are used to reconstruct the libraries’ activities. They are well known to experts, and yet some issues have never come to the researchers’ notice. The author proposes to include materials on the history of librarianship in the Komi region in the context of studying issues of everyday life and civil society formation in the region. In the studied period there were libraries of various types in the region: public, clerical, monastic, and those of educational institutions. The latter were replenished at the expense of the Ministry of National Education or by donation. Clerical and monastic libraries were sponsored by the Vologda Spiritual Consistory, Synod, and Ministry of National Education. In the second half of the 19th – early 20th century the libraries of the Komi region catered cultural needs of the population, organizations and unions and promoted civil society formation.
Revisiting the Awarding of Correspondents of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation, Manakhova Angelina V.
Published: February 2021

The article is devoted to a brief analysis of the previously unknown archival file “On awarding of former newspaper correspondent Rose and Colonel Brukenberry.” It refers to military reporters William Kinnaird Rose and Charles Brackenbury who accompanied the army of the Russian Empire in the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-1878. William Rose represented provincial press of Great Britain; he wrote for the Scottish newspaper “The Scotsman.” Charles Brackenbury, Colonel of the British army, was absent with leave during the campaign; his reports were published in “The Times.” The file “On awarding of former newspaper correspondent Rose and Colonel Brackenbury” contains the correspondence of the Russian embassy in London with Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs N. K. Girs. William Rose made a request at the embassy to reward him for the last war campaign. This request was granted and a light bronze medal “In memory of the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-1878” was sent to the correspondent. Immediately afterward, Charles Brackenbury made a similar request; there is no information on the receipt of the award in his case. Researchers were aware of the awarding of several correspondents during the campaign, including Colonel Brackenbury, but not that it continued after the campaign. With the discovery of documents on the awarding in 1879, it can be said that the Russian authorities encouraged foreign journalists, possibly in order to maintain friendly state-to-state relations. The document also shows that the correspondents made their request at the Russian embassy in London; as far as we know, it was not habitual procedure during the hostilities, when command representatives applied for medals. It is also worth noting that information on the awarding of William Rose was not published previously in either Russian or foreign sources. The new material allows to deepen the existing knowledge on the activities of foreign correspondents in the Russo-Turkish war. The issue has been addressed rarely if ever, and always in precedent-setting, hence the author’s interest in the topic: for the first time in the history of journalism, relations with foreign and Russian correspondents were cultivated in the wartime; for the first time correspondents admitted to the theater of operation were recommended for state awards of the Russian Empire.
Pioneer “Light Horsemen”
Authors:   Tambov State Technical University, Tambov, Russian Federation, Slezin Anatoly A.
Published: February 2021

“Light horsemen,” a Komsomol initiative for performing functions of social control over the work of state machinery, played an important part in the life of Soviet society in late 1920s–1950s. It encompassed various social spheres and strata. The article draws on the documents from the Russian State Archive of Social and Political History to offer a first inquiry into the “light horsemen.” Pioneer “horsemen” helped to prevent train accidents and tampering on the national railways. At postal enterprises, they checked the quality and promptness of letters and newspapers delivery to the addressees, hanged mailboxes, protected telegraph and telephone wires from damage. “Horsemen” helped the half-educated to write their letters. 1933-1935 saw the high point of the young “horsemen” movement; rural pioneers were the most active. Pioneer units took an active part in inspection and repair of agricultural machinery, protection of horses and young animals, grain sorting, inspection of mineral fertilizers storage, protection of crops from birds. When involving pioneers and schoolchildren in the movement, the authorities tried to cultivate their sense of inviolable socialist property. The idea was ever enforced that only enemies can convert a part of the kolkhoz harvest. The cult of pioneer heroes included idealization of pioneers’ delations. Pioneers protecting the harvest were virtually a part of punitive institution. They were actively drawn into searching for “class enemies.” The author explains the decrease of pioneers’ interest in the tasks of the “light horsemen” by condescending and even neglectful attitude to their work on the ground. Pioneers’ tutors from party and Komsomol felt that their active participation in economic and political campaigns distracts them from their studies, which were more important at their age; children’s emotional reaction to what was going on went hand in hand with incompetence and inability to deal with elementary problems.
Autobiography of the Introducer of the ‘Primitive Communism’ Theory, ‘Red’ Professor Mikhail P. Zhakov in the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1933)
Authors:   F. M. Dostoevsky Omsk State University, Omsk, Russian Federation, Metel Olga V.
Published: February 2021

The author publishes an annotated autobiography of the Soviet historian M. P. Zhakov (1893 – 1936). He belonged to the so-called ‘red’ professors, graduates of the Institute of the Red Professors, who in the first half of 1930s held leading positions in the Soviet science. He studied the history of the primitive society. He worked at the Institute of History of the Communist Academy and in the Moscow branch of the State Academy of the History of Material Culture. M. P. Zhakov's contribution to studying the primitive society was modest. In fact, he adhered to the concept of primitive communism, which was later harshly criticized in the Soviet science. In 1936 he was arrested as a Trotskyist and sentenced to death. The author contends that the scientific biography of M. P. Zhakov exemplifies the character of Marxist historians of 1920s-1930s and the vicissitudes of the emergence of Soviet research tradition. The article introduces M. P. Zhakov’s autobiography, which he wrote in November 1933 for the personnel department of the Moscow branch of the State Academy of the History of Material Culture. By its nature, the autobiography is a record keeping document, a matter of form. Its seems to have been meant as an apology. M. P. Zhakov underscored his revolutionary past and merits during the Civil War, while his scientific work was described almost drily. M. P. Zhakov’s autobiography of is a typewritten text printed on the both sides of a single sheet. On the first page there are two illegible corrections. While preparing the document for publication, the author have brought it into compliance with modern rules of spelling and punctuation, expanded all abbreviations (except conventional ones) in square brackets, and made all necessary annotations in order to explain the circumstances of M. P. Zhakov’s scientific career.
Autobiography of Arjia Rinpoche as a Source on the Tibetan History
Authors:   Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist, and Tibetan Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude, Russian Federation, Garri Irina R.
Published: February 2021

The article analyzes the life and activities of Arjia Rinpoche, director of the Tibetan-Mongolian Cultural Center in Bloomington, in the context of the contemporary history of China and its ethnic minorities. Arjia Rinpoche is the former abbot of an influential Buddhist monastery Kumbum in Eastern Tibet and the incarnation of Tsongkhapa's father, its founder. In addition to his high religious position, he held important posts in the system of Chinese state power. However these regalia notwithstanding, in 1998 Arjia-Rinpoche fled the country with great risk to his life and became a powerless refugee. In 2010 Arjia-Rinpoche’s autobiography was published in the United States in English. In 2013 its extended and revised edition (571 p.) was published in Chinese. The author of this article has translated the book in the Russian and it awaits publication in the “Buryad-Mongol Nome” publishing house. The article analyzes Arjia Rinpoche’s autobiography as an important source on ethnography and history of the Tibetans and Mongols of the PRC and their relationship with the Chinese state. The life and activities of Arjia Rinpoche are studied in the context of contemporary history of the PRC. Arjia Rinpoche himself has divided his life into eight-year cycles. Each loosely corresponds to a certain stage in the history of the PRC. There are six cycles since Arjia Rinpoche’s birth in 1950 to his escape from the PRC in 1998. At the age of two he was recognized as reincarnation of Arjia Rinpoche, abbot of the Kumbum monastery. At the age of eight, religious reform in the monastery cardinally changed his life and he went through vicissitudes of political campaigns and the Cultural Revolution in the two successive cycles. With the beginning of the socio-political and economic reforms initiated after the death of Mao Zedong in 1978, he became the head of Kumbum and grew involved in politics. In 1995, in the last period of his life in the PRC, there was a big conflict between the PRC government and the Dalai Lama over recognition of the 11th incarnation of the Panchen Lama. In order to legitimize their chosen candidate, the authorities suggested that Arjia-Rinpoche become his religious teacher. In reaction to that, the lama made his secret escape from the country. The author concludes that Arjia Rinpoche is one of the most important religious and political figures in Tibet, and his autobiography is one of the most valuable and reliable sources on ethnography and history of Tibet and China in general.
“These Bright Eyes Were Free from Vagueness”: Peculiar Graphic Art of the Leningrad Artist Vera Milyutina
Authors:   Central State Archive of Literature and Art of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation, Shanyavskaya Aleksandra A.
Published: February 2021

The article studies the prewar artistic legacy of the Leningrad artist Vera Milyutina (1903-1987). Her most famous work is a graphic series The Hermitage in the Days of the Siege of Leningrad (1942). Art historians have ignored Vera Milyutina’s prewar works, wherefrom springs the relevance of this article. It attempts to analyze Milyutina’s works stored in the Central State Archive of Literature and Art of St. Petersburg. The author sets off to study the documents on Milyutina’s summer trips in 1937-1939, their objects and routes and to analyze the works of art created in these trips and demonstrate their importance for formation of Vera Milyutina’s graphic art. The article draws on unpublished documents, works of art, and photos from the Central State Archive of Literature and Art of St. Petersburg. During her summer trips Vera Milyutina visited different parts of the Soviet Union: Karelia, the Altai, the Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod) region. Pencil, ink, and watercolour paintings give an account of Vera Milyutina’s trip to Karelia in 1937. There is an album, which had by some miracle survived the Siege of Leningrad; it is an unique document on her 1938 trip to Altai. It contains drawings, notes, hortus siccus, photos, and documents from the trip. A detailed account of the trip to the Gorky region in 1939 was left in the artist’s diary covering 1939 to 1953 and in her memoirs prepared in 1985. There are numerous drawings of Lake Svetloyar and town Semenov (both in the Gorky region). Art review of materials from the Central State Archive of Literature and Art of St. Petersburg concludes that Vera Milyutina was exacting in her work, followed the principles of academic drawing according to the system of Pavel Chistyakov (Russian artist from St. Petersburg, 1832-1919), and chose timeless subjects for her work. The article can be of use to art historians and archivists, who study the evolution of the Soviet graphic art and biographies of the Leningrad artists.