bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The design space of probing algorithms for network-performance measurement
Authors: Jaggard Aaron D. , Kopparty Swara , Ramachandran Vijay , Wright Rebecca N.
Published: June 2013

We present a framework for the design and analysis of probing methods to monitor network performance, an important technique for collecting measurements in tasks such as fault detection. We use this framework to study the interaction among numerous, possibly conflicting, optimization goals in the design of a probing algorithm. We present a rigorous definition of a probing-algorithm design problem that can apply broadly to network-measurement scenarios. We also present several metrics relevant to the analysis of probing algorithms, including probing frequency and network coverage, communication and computational overhead, and the amount of algorithm state required. We show inherent tradeoffs among optimization goals and give hardness results for achieving some combinations of optimization goals. We also consider the possibility of developing approximation algorithms for achieving some of the goals and describe a randomized approach as an alternative, evaluating it using our framework. Our work aids future development of low-overhead probing techniques and introduces principles from IP-based networking to theoretically grounded approaches for concurrent path-selection problems.
The Biology of the PmrA/PmrB Two-Component System: The Major Regulator of Lipopolysaccharide Modifications
Authors: Chen H. Deborah , Groisman Eduardo A.
Published: June 2013

The ability of gram-negative bacteria to resist killing by antimicrobial agents and to avoid detection by host immune systems often entails modification to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in their outer membrane. In this review, we examine the biology of the PmrA/PmrB two-component system, the major regulator of LPS modifications in the enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica. We examine the signals that activate the sensor PmrB and the targets controlled by the transcriptional regulator PmrA. We discuss the PmrA/PmrB-dependent chemical decorations of the LPS and their role in resistance to antibacterial agents. We analyze the feedback mechanisms that modulate the activity and thus output of the PmrA/PmrB system, dictating when, where, and to what extent bacteria modify their LPS. Finally, we explore the qualitative and quantitative differences in gene expression outputs resulting from the distinct PmrA/PmrB circuit architectures in closely related bacteria, which may account for their differential survival in various ecological niches.
Antifungal Constituents from the Roots of Piper dilatatum Rich.
Authors: dos Santos Ruilan Alves , Ramos Clécio Souza , Young Maria Cláudia M. , Pinheiro Thamilles Gonçalves , Amorim André M. , Kato Massuo J. , Batista Ronan
Published: June 2013

The compounds (+)‐(7S,8R)‐epoxy‐5,6‐didehydrokavain (1), flavokavain B (2), β‐sitosterol (3), and stigmasterol (4) are reported here as chemical constituents of Piper dilatatum Rich. (Piperaceae). Their structures were determined on the basis of their spectroscopic data (1H and 13C NMR, MS, and IR). The antifungal activities of pyrone 1 (1 μg) and chalcone 2 (100 μg) were determined by means of direct bioautography against Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. sphaerospermum. Results indicate P. dilatatum as a candidate for the development of novel antifungal phytotherapic products as well as point out pyrone 1 as a promising hit compound in the quest for novel antifungal agents.
Research on an Infectious Disease Transmission by Flocking Birds
Authors: Tang Mingsheng , Mao Xinjun , Guessoum Zahia
Published: June 2013

The swarm intelligence is becoming a hot topic. The flocking of birds is a natural phenomenon, which is formed and organized without central or external controls for some benefits (e.g., reduction of energy consummation). However, the flocking also has some negative effects on the human, as the infectious disease H7N9 will easily be transmited from the denser flocking birds to the human. Zombie‐city model has been proposed to help analyzing and modeling the flocking birds and the artificial society. This paper focuses on the H7N9 virus transmission in the flocking birds and from the flocking birds to the human. And some interesting results have been shown: (1) only some simple rules could result in an emergence such as the flocking; (2) the minimum distance between birds could affect H7N9 virus transmission in the flocking birds and even affect the virus transmissions from the flocking birds to the human.
Solving Separable Nonlinear Equations Using LU Factorization
Authors: Shen Yun-Qiu , Ypma Tjalling J.
Published: June 2013

Separable nonlinear equations have the form where the matrix and the vector are continuously differentiable functions of and . We assume that and has full rank. We present a numerical method to compute the solution for fully determined systems () and compatible overdetermined systems (). Our method reduces the original system to a smaller system of equations in alone. The iterative process to solve the smaller system
only requires the LU factorization of one matrix per step, and the convergence is quadratic. Once has been obtained, is computed by direct solution of a linear system. Details of the numerical implementation
are provided and several examples are presented.
Correction of Nonlinear Frequency Sweep in Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave Laser Range Sensor
Authors: Jung Soo-Yong , Lee Seong Ro , Park Chang-Soo
Published: June 2013

We propose a linearization method for reducing the effect of nonlinear frequency sweep in a frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) based laser range sensor. In FMCW laser range sensors, nonlinear frequency sweep can severely degrade the measurement accuracy because it gives the system ambiguity when determining the target range. In general, voltage controlled oscillators (VCO) which are used for frequency modulation show nonlinear frequency sweep property even though the input voltage signal is a linear ramp signal. To solve this problem, we adopt an additional fixed delay structure to extract the nonlinearity and compensate it. The proposed linearization method has been worked out through the numerical process and the simulation, and this method effectively eliminates the nonlinear frequency sweep problem.
The Impacts of Along-Channel Acupuncture on the Protein Expressions of the Chloride Channel of the Rats with Myocardial Ischemia
Authors: Cheng Ze-Dong , Li Chun-Ri , Shao Xiao-Jiao , Rong Pei-Jing , Zhang Xiao-Qing , Liang Fan-Rong , Li Yuan , Chen Yi-Guo
Published: June 2013

Recent evidence suggests that chloride (CL−) channels are involved in myocardial ischemia. In this study, the impact of acupuncture on the protein expressions of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) and CLC-2CL−channel of the rats with myocardial ischemia were tested and its mechanism was explored. The rats for experiment were distributed randomly into 5 groups: blank control group, modeling control group, Neiguan (PC-6) treatment group, Lieque (LU-7) control group, and Non-acupoint control group. The rats of all groups, except the blank control group, had myocardial ischemia via multiple subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (ISO). Electroacupuncture treatment was given to Neiguan (PC-6) treatment group, Lieque (LU-7) control group, and Non-acupoints control group, respectively, once a day for 7 days. The results show that acupuncture can alleviate the myocardial ischemia of cardiac tissue, decrease significantly the activities of serum SOD and MDA, and thereby influence the protein expressions of CFTR and CLC-2 inCL−channels. The results of the study implies that acupuncture suppresses the pathological changes of cardiac tissue of rats with myocardial ischemia and regulates the protein expression of CFTR and CLC-2CL−channels, which may serve as one possible mechanism to reduce myocardial ischemia.
CFD Modelling of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm on Hemodynamic Loads Using a Realistic Geometry with CT
Authors: Soudah Eduardo , Ng E. Y. K. , Loong T. H. , Bordone Maurizio , Pua Uei , Narayanan Sriram
Published: June 2013

The objective of this study is to find a correlation between the abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) geometric parameters, wall stress shear (WSS), abdominal flow patterns, intraluminal thrombus (ILT), and AAA arterial wall rupture using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Real AAA 3D models were created by three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of in vivo acquired computed tomography (CT) images from 5 patients. Based on 3D AAA models, high quality volume meshes were created using an optimal tetrahedral aspect ratio for the whole domain. In order to quantify the WSS and the recirculation inside the AAA, a 3D CFD using finite elements analysis was used. The CFD computation was performed assuming that the arterial wall is rigid and the blood is considered a homogeneous Newtonian fluid with a density of 1050 kg/m3and a kinematic viscosity of4×10-3Pa·s. Parallelization procedures were used in order to increase the performance of the CFD calculations. A relation between AAA geometric parameters (asymmetry index (β), saccular index (γ), deformation diameter ratio (χ), and tortuosity index (ε)) and hemodynamic loads was observed, and it could be used as a potential predictor of AAA arterial wall rupture and potential ILT formation.
Effective Components ofPanax quinquefoliusandCorydalis tuberProtect Myocardium through Attenuating Oxidative Stress and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
Authors: Xue Mei , Liu Meilin , Zhu Xinyuan , Yang Lin , Miao Yu , Shi Dazhuo , Yin Huijun
Published: June 2013

Both oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) have been implicated in carcinogenesis and neurological diseases, while there are few reports about the mechanisms of them in the progression of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This study examined oxidative stress and ERS in a rat model of AMI and evaluated their role in therapy by metoprolol and effective components ofPanax quinquefoliusandCorydalis tuber(EPC). In the present study a rat model of AMI was established by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. After oral administration of metoprolol or low-to-high doses of EPC for 2 weeks, serum malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α(8-iso-PGF2α) were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to examine mRNA and protein expressions of the hallmarks of ERS-glucose-regulated protein-78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP). We confirmed that both metoprolol and moderate-to-high dose of EPC decreased 8-iso-PGF2αserum level and downregulated the mRNA and protein expressions of GRP78 and CHOP in myocardium, while EPC also increased SOD serum level. These results indicated that metoprolol and EPC protect the myocardium by attenuating oxidative stress and ERS induced by myocardial infarction, highlighting the ERS pathways as potential therapeutic targets for AMI.
Controllability of Second-Order Multiagent Systems with Multiple Leaders and General Dynamics
Authors: Liu Bo , Feng Hongke , Wang Li , Li Rong , Yu Junyan , Su Housheng , Xie Guangming
Published: June 2013

This paper proposes a new second-order discrete-time multiagent model and addresses the controllability of second-order multiagent system with multiple leaders and general dynamics. The leaders play an important role in governing the other member agents to achieve any desired configuration. Some sufficient and necessary conditions are given for the controllability of the second-order multiagent system. Moreover, the speed controllability of the second-order multiagent system with general dynamics is discussed. Particularly, it is shown that the controllability of the whole system relies on the number of leaders and the connectivity between the leaders and the members. Numerical examples illustrate the theoretical results.
Timing and Operating Mode Design for Time‐Gated Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy
Authors: Liu Chao , Wang Xinwei , Zhou Yan , Liu Yuliang
Published: June 2013

Steady‐state fluorence imaging and time‐resolved fluorescence imaging are two important areas in fluorescence imaging research. Fluorescence lifetime imaging is an absolute measurement method which is independent of excitation laser intensity, fluorophore concentration, and photobleaching compared to fluorescence intensity imaging techniques. Time‐gated fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) can provide high resolution and high imaging frame during mature FLIM methods. An abstract time‐gated FLIM model was given, and important temporal parameters are shown as well. Aiming at different applications of steady and transient fluorescence processes, two different operation modes, timing and lifetime computing algorithm are designed. High resolution and high frame can be achieved by one‐excitation one‐sampling mode and least square algorithm for steady imaging applications. Correspondingly, one‐excitation two‐sampling mode and rapid lifetime determination algorithm contribute to transient fluorescence situations.
Technical, Anatomical, and Functional Study after Removal of a Symptomatic Cavernous Angioma Located in Deep Wernicke’s Territories with Cortico-Subcortical Awake Mapping
Authors: Sarubbo Silvio , Basso Gianpaolo , Chioffi Franco , Cesnik Edward , Paradiso Beatrice , Grandi Enrico , Fainardi Enrico , Tugnoli Valeria , Farneti Marco , Granieri Enrico
Published: June 2013

Introduction.The subcortical region underneath Wernicke’s area (WA) is a critical crossing of the eloquent language pathways involved in all semantic, phonological, syntactic, and working memory elaboration. We report the resection of a CA located underneath the dominant WA discussing the functional and anatomical evidence provided by fMRI, dissections with Klingler’s technique, and intraoperative mapping during awake surgery.Case Report.A 64-year-old right-handed female affected by daily complex focal seizures underwent f-MRI, showing language activations in the middle and inferior temporal gyri and an unusual free entry zone in the “classical” WA. The cortical intraoperative mapping partially confirmed the f-MRI results, and we approached the lesion directly through WA. Subcortical DES allowed the identification of the eloquent language pathways and the radical resection of the perilesional gliotic rim. The patient did not report deficits and she is seizures and drug free after 1-year surgery.Discussion. Cortical DES demonstrated the variability of the eloquent areas within the cortex of the dominant temporal lobe. The subcortical DES confirmed the crucial role in language elaboration and the anatomical course of the bundles underneath WA.Conclusions.Awake surgery with DES represents a reliable and dynamic technique also for safer and functional-customized resection of CAs.
Intratumoral Modeling of Gefitinib Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Glioblastoma
Authors: Sharma Jyoti , Lv Hua , Gallo James M.
Published: June 2013

Like many solid tumors, glioblastomas are characterized by intratumoral biologic heterogeneity that may contribute to a variable distribution of drugs and their associated pharmacodynamic responses, such that the standard pharmacokinetic approaches based on analysis of whole-tumor homogenates may be inaccurate. To address this aspect of tumor pharmacology, we analyzed intratumoral pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic characteristics of the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib in mice with intracerebral tumors and developed corresponding mathematical models. Following a single oral dose of gefitinib (50 or 150 mg/kg), tumors were processed at selected times according to a novel brain tumor sectioning protocol that generated serial samples to measure gefitinib concentrations, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK), and immunohistochemistry in 4 different regions of tumors. Notably, we observed up to 3-fold variations in intratumoral concentrations of gefitinib, but only up to half this variability in pERK levels. As we observed a similar degree of variation in the immunohistochemical index termed the microvessel pericyte index (MPI), a measure of permeability in the blood–brain barrier, we used MPI in a hybrid physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to account for regional changes in drug distribution that were observed. Subsequently, the PBPK models were linked to a pharmacodynamic model that could account for the variability observed in pERK levels. Together, our tumor sectioning protocol enabled integration of the intratumoral pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic variability of gefitinib and immunohistochemical indices followed by the construction of a predictive PBPK/pharmacodynamic model. These types of models offer a mechanistic basis to understand tumor heterogeneity as it impacts the activity of anticancer drugs. Cancer Res; 73(16); 5242–52. ©2013 AACR.
The Significance of p53 Immunoexpression with Different Clones (DO-7 and PAb-240) in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Silva Júnior José de Assis , Camisasca Danielle Resende , Bernardo Vagner , Ribeiro Georgina Severo , Dias Fernando Luiz , Faria Paulo Antônio Silvestre de , Amorim Lidia Maria da Fonte de , Lourenço Simone Queiroz Chaves
Published: June 2013

Background/Aim: The TP53 gene is a tumor suppressor gene. Its product is a nuclear protein that regulates cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and DNA repair. Anti-p53 clones DO-7 and PAb-240 recognize the amino acid sequences 21-25 and 213-217, respectively. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of these clones and their relationship with clinicopathological features and survival analysis in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC). Methods: Information on 53 primary OSCC was collected at the Brazilian National Cancer Institute. An immunohistochemical method was applied to evaluate p53 expression (DO-7 and PAb-240). Their expression was analyzed quantitatively and correlated with clinicopathological features. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and log rank test were used. Results: Immunopositivity for DO-7 was present in 64% of the cases, while 58% were positive for PAb-240. There was no correlation between immunoexpression of both antibodies and clinicopathological features or survival analysis. DO-7 expression was significantly higher (p = 0.001) than that of PAb-240. Conclusions: There were quantitative differences between the expression of the antibodies studied, which may reflect a different specificity of each one. To confirm immunohistochemical results and estimate the true prognostic role of TP53 in OSCC, it is important to perform mutation analysis.
Temporal Profile of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors in a Human Endothelial Cell Culture Model of Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Reuter Björn , Rodemer Claus , Grudzenski Saskia , Couraud Pierre-Olivier , Weksler Babette , Romero Ignacio A. , Meairs Stephen , Bugert Peter , Hennerici Michael G. , Fatar Marc
Published: June 2013

Background: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are key players in proteolytic blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption during ischemic stroke, leading to vascular edema, hemorrhagic transformation and infiltration by leukocytes. Their effect is dampened by the endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). The respective cellular source of specific MMPs and TIMPs during BBB breakdown is still under investigation. Methods: We analyzed the MMP and TIMP release of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) under oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD). Cultured human BMECs (the hCMEC/D3 cell line) were subjected to OGD (6, 12, 18 and 24 h). Gene expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were serially measured by quantitative real time-PCR and compared to ELISA-detected cell culture medium levels. Results: OGD induced a significant and long-lasting increase in MMP-2 gene expression, reaching a plateau after 12 h. Medium protein levels of MMP-2 were correspondingly elevated at 12 h of OGD. The MMP-9 synthesis rate was detectable at very low levels and remained unaffected by OGD. TIMP-1 gene expression and secretion declined under OGD, whereas both expression and secretion of TIMP-2 remained stable. Contrary to the respective gene expression rate, medium levels of MMP-2, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 started a simultaneous decline after 12 h of OGD. This is most likely due to an impaired synthesis and enhanced consumption rate under OGD. Conclusions: The objective of our study was to determine the contribution of human BMECs to the MMP metabolism under in vitro OGD conditions simulating ischemic stroke. Our results suggest that human BMECs switch to a proinflammatory state by means of an enhanced production of MMP-2, attenuated release of TIMP-1, and unaffected production of TIMP-2. Thus, human BMECs might participate in the MMP-mediated BBB breakdown during ischemic stroke. However, our data does not support human BMECs to be a source of MMP-9.
Primary Malignant Melanoma of the Esophagus
Authors: Yonal Oya , Ibrisim Duygu , Songur Yıldıran , Cakaloglu Yılmaz , Tuncer Koray , Kırımlıoglu Hale , Ozdil Sadakat
Published: June 2013

Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus (PMME) comprises only 0.1-0.2% of all malignant esophageal tumors. PMME tumors are highly aggressive and metastasize early via hematogenic and lymphatic pathways. Treatment outcome is poor because the cancer has often advanced at the time of diagnosis. Inoperability, unsuccessful treatment with radiotherapy and chemotherapy in advanced tumors and metastases have contributed to its poor prognosis. Here, we present the endoscopic features, endoscopic ultrasonography findings and management of a PMME case.
A revised description of the larva of Homilia leucophaea (Rambur 1842) (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) and comparisons with the known western European Athripsodes larvae
Authors: FORCELLINI MAXENCE , STATZNER BERNHARD , TACHET HENRI
Published: June 2013

Co-occurrence of mature larvae and male pharate pupae in benthos samples from the Loire River enabled descriptions of the larva of Homilia leucophaea. Using characters of the head capsule, the labrum, the meso- and metanotum, and the pro-and metathoracic legs, we compared H. leucophaea with larvae of six western European Athripsodes species, including a larval key to these species. The larva of H. leucophaea shares characters with some of the six Athripsodes species. How-ever, without a phylogenetic analysis including larvae, pupae, and adults of Homilia species from the Afrotropical Region, it is currently impossible to decide about a potential synonymy between Athripsodes and Homilia.
The Politics of Alcohol Policy in Nigeria: A Critical Analysis of How and Why Brewers Use Strategic Ambiguity to Supplant Policy Initiatives
Authors: Dumbili Emeka Wilfred
Published: June 2013

The global call by the World Health Assembly (WHA) to control the rising alcohol-related problems caused by harmful consumption became necessary in 2005 due to the recognition of the fact that many countries did not have alcohol policies. This gave rise to the adoption of a 10-point policy strategy by the World Health Organization (WHO) Member States in 2010. Against this backdrop, many countries adopted alcohol policies to reduce harmful alcohol consumption. Nigeria was one of the WHO Member Countries that adopted the resolution. Globally, Nigeria is among the 30 countries with the highest per capita consumption and alcohol-related problems, yet has not formulated alcohol policy to date. This paper draws on Eisenberg’s Strategic Ambiguity Model to explore the role of brewers in supplanting alcohol policy initiatives in Nigeria. It argues that the leading alcohol producers in Nigeria have been the main reason alcohol policies have not been formulated. The article focuses on why their campaigns for responsible drinking, promotions, sponsorships and ‘strategic social responsibilities’ may have increased since the WHA made the call and the WHO adopted the resolution in 2010. It concludes by arguing that there is an urgent need to formulate policies drawing from the WHO resolution to curtail the activities of these brewers and reduce harmful consumption.
Environmental Consequences of the Desire to Dominate and Be Superior
Authors: Milfont Taciano L. , Richter Isabel , Sibley Chris G. , Wilson Marc S. , Fischer Ronald
Published: June 2013

A belief in human dominance over nature lies at the heart of current environmental problems. In this article, we extend the theoretical scope of social dominance theory by arguing that social dominance orientation (SDO) is an important variable in understanding person–environment relations. We argue that individuals high in SDO are more willing to exploit the environment in unsustainable ways because SDO promotes human hierarchical dominance over nature. Four studies provide support for this perspective. High SDO was associated with lower levels of environmental concern in a nationally representative New Zealand sample (Study 1) and in country-level data across 27 nations (Study 2). SDO was also positively related to utilization attitudes toward nature (Study 3) and mediated the gender difference in beliefs about anthropogenic climate change (Study 4), and both occurred independently of right-wing authoritarianism. Implications for the human-dominated view of nature subscribed to by those high in SDO are discussed.
Gastroparesis
Authors: Bouras Ernest P. , Vazquez Roque Maria I. , Aranda‐Michel Jaime
Published: June 2013

While the symptoms of gastroparesis are common, an accurate diagnosis is based on a combination of those symptoms with a documented delay in gastric emptying. Typical symptoms include nausea, vomiting, early satiety, postprandial fullness, bloating, and abdominal discomfort. Patients with gastroparesis face many diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. The most common origins of gastroparesis are idiopathic causes and diabetes mellitus. The increased use of certain medications in medicine today, including opiates and drugs with anticholinergic properties, can alter gastrointestinal functions and mimic symptoms of gastroparesis. Accordingly, alternative explanations for symptoms and altered gastrointestinal function need to be considered. Numerous clinical sequelae, including weight loss and severe protein‐calorie malnutrition, may be seen in advanced stages of gastroparesis. This article provides an overview of gut sensorimotor function to help the reader better understand the clinical presentation of patients with dyspepsia and those who may have accompanying delayed gastric emptying that meets criteria for gastroparesis. Techniques available for diagnosing motor dysfunction and the principles of gastroparesis management are reviewed. Nutrition recommendations and a review of pharmacologic agents, nonpharmacologic techniques, and novel treatment modalities are provided.
In vitro human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells osteogenesis in akermanite:poly-ɛ-caprolactone scaffolds
Authors: Zanetti Andrea S , McCandless Gregory T , Chan Julia Y , Gimble Jeffrey M , Hayes Daniel J
Published: June 2013

This study compared the metabolic activity, cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells cultured on four different scaffolds (poly-ɛ-caprolactone, akermanite:poly-ɛ-caprolactone composites, akermanite and β-tricalcium phosophate) with or without osteogenic media supplementation for up to 21 days. The hypothesis was that human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells osteogenesis in akermanite-containing scaffolds would be greater than the other scaffold types independent of the media supplementation. According to the results, human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells loaded on different scaffolds and cultured in both media conditions displayed significant changes in the metabolic activity and cell proliferation. After 21 days of culture in osteogenic medium, the human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells loaded onto akermanite-based scaffolds had greater calcium deposition and osteocalcin expression relative to human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells loaded onto β-tricalcium phosophate and poly-ɛ-caprolactone. In vivo investigations are needed to further assess the bone tissue engineering potential of human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells loaded to akermanite:poly-ɛ-caprolactone composites.
Financialization and the workplace: extending and applying the disconnected capitalism thesis
Authors: Thompson Paul
Published: June 2013

The global financial crisis has brought discussion of financialization to the fore. Yet, what is notable is the extent to which the dysfunctional micro-economic consequences of financialization at firm level have gone largely unremarked and unchanged. By revisiting and renewing the disconnected capitalism thesis, this article seeks to rectify the omission of a focus on financialization and the workplace and develops a complex and nuanced bigger picture that explores in some detail changes in accumulation, corporate, work and employment domains. The dual objective is thus to understand the dynamics and drivers of such changes and to identify the extent to which financialization has shaped them. In identifying patterns of connection and disconnection across and within domains, a recurrent theme concerns financialization interacting with, accelerating and exacerbating longer term trends such as labour market insecurity, externalization and internationalization.
Research into the dynamic coefficient of the rotor-seal system for teeth-on-stator and teeth-on-rotor based on an improved nonlinear seal force model
Authors: He Hong-jun , Jing Jian-ping
Published: June 2013

It is well known that seal force has a great influence on dynamic coefficients of the rotor-seal system and Muszynska’s model is employed by many scholars to research the seal system. But the rotor-seal system has larger eccentricity ratio, Muszynska’s model will not describe the characteristics of the rotor-seal system well. So a more accurate model is critical for describing the seal force. An improved nonlinear model of a rotor-seal system is proposed for describing seal force of the rotor-seal system based on the two-control-volume model and rotor motion equation. This model can not only solve the larger eccentric problem but can also bring a simple calculation through the numerical methods. Dynamic coefficients of the rotor-seal system are also researched based on the new nonlinear model under the condition of the tooth-on-stator and tooth-on-rotor. In order to verify that the equation-control model is correct, Childs and Scharrer's experiment and two-control-volume model are employed and there is a comparison between theoretical results and experimental results. The result shows that theoretical results from the improved model are in better agreement with Childs and Scharrer's experiment than two-control-volume model. The proposed model in this paper provides a theoretic reference for further research on the rotor-seal system.
Analysis and prediction of transient opacity spikes using dimensional modeling
Authors: Brahma Indranil
Published: June 2013

Dimensional modeling, GT-Power in particular, has been used for two related purposes—to quantify and understand the inaccuracies of transient engine flow estimates that cause transient smoke spikes and to improve empirical models of opacity or particulate matter used for engine calibration. It has been proposed by dimensional modeling that exhaust gas recirculation flow rate was significantly underestimated and volumetric efficiency was overestimated by the electronic control module during the turbocharger lag period of an electronically controlled heavy duty diesel engine. Factoring in cylinder-to-cylinder variation, it has been shown that the electronic control module estimated fuel–Oxygen ratio was lower than actual by up to 35% during the turbocharger lag period but within 2% of actual elsewhere, thus hindering fuel–Oxygen ratio limit–based smoke control. The dimensional modeling of transient flow was enabled with a new method of simulating transient data in which the manifold pressures and exhaust gas recirculation system flow resistance, characterized as a function of exhaust gas recirculation valve position at each measured transient data point, were replicated by quasi-static or transient simulation to predict engine flows. Dimensional modeling was also used to transform the engine operating parameter model input space to a more fundamental lower dimensional space so that a nearest neighbor approach could be used to predict smoke emissions. This new approach, intended for engine calibration and control modeling, was termed the “nonparametric reduced dimensionality” approach. It was used to predict federal test procedure cumulative particulate matter within 7% of measured value, based solely on steady-state training data. Very little correlation between the model inputs in the transformed space was observed as compared to the engine operating parameter space. This more uniform, smaller, shrunken model input space might explain how the nonparametric reduced dimensionality approach model could successfully predict federal test procedure emissions when roughly 40% of all transient points were classified as outliers as per the steady-state training data.
Executable architectures in executable context enabling fit-for-purpose and portfolio assessment
Authors: Garcia Johnny J. , Tolk Andreas
Published: June 2013

Systems engineering (SE) addresses the six interrogatives who, what, where, when, why, and how. Architecture artifacts provide static descriptions addressing the first three interrogatives: who, what, and where. Executable architectures add the interrogative when, allowing for a dynamic evaluation of system performance. We propose an approach that takes the evaluation process further by addressing the final interrogatives why and how: embedding executable system architectures into an executable context (EC), creating a scenario in which to evaluate the system in the operational role and evaluate mission effectiveness. Combining existing contributions into an executable context simulation framework allows for a holistic evaluation of systems that are models based on engineering specifications in operationally relevant contexts. We have successfully implemented a prototype to demonstrate feasibility and usefulness of this recommended new approach.
Mapping IS6110 in high-copy number Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains shows specific insertion points in the Beijing genotype
Authors: Alonso Henar , Samper Sofía , Martín Carlos , Otal Isabel
Published: June 2013

Background

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing strains are characterized by a large number of IS6110 copies, suggesting the potential implication of this element in the virulence and capacity for rapid dissemination characteristic of this family. This work studies the insetion points of IS6110 in high-copy clinical isolates specifically focusing on the Beijing genotype.

Results

In the present work we mapped the insertion points of IS6110 in all the Beijing strains available in the literature and in the DNA sequence databases. We generated a representative primer collection of the IS6110 locations, which was used to analyse 61 high-copy clinical isolates. A total of 440 points of insertion were identified and analysis of their flanking regions determined the exact location, the direct repeats (DRs), the orientation and the distance to neighboring genes of each copy of IS6110. We identified specific points of insertion in Beijing strains that enabled us to obtain a dendrogram that groups the Beijing genotype.

Conclusions

This work presents a detailed analysis of locations of IS6110 in high-copy clinical isolates, showing points of insertion present with high frequency in the Beijing family and absent in other strains.
Best proximity point results for generalized contractions in metric spaces
Authors: Amini-Harandi Alireza , Hussain Nawab , Akbar Farhana
Published: June 2013

In this paper, we first introduce a cyclic generalized contraction map in metric spaces and give an existence result for a best proximity point of such mappings in the setting of a uniformly convex Banach space. Then we give an existence and uniqueness best proximity point theorem for non-self proximal generalized contractions. Moreover, an algorithm is exhibited to determine such a unique best proximity point. Some examples are also given to support our main results. Our results extend and improve certain recent results in the literature.

MSC: 46N40, 47H10, 54H25, 46T99.
Intracellular fate of carbon nanotubes inside murine macrophages: pH-dependent detachment of iron catalyst nanoparticles
Authors: Bussy Cyrill , Paineau Erwan , Cambedouzou Julien , Brun Nathalie , Mory Claudie , Fayard Barbara , Salomé Murielle , Pinault Mathieu , Huard Mickaël , Belade Esther , Armand Lucie , Boczkowski Jorge , Launois Pascale , Lanone Sophie
Published: June 2013

Background

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are a family of materials featuring a large range of length, diameter, numbers of walls and, quite often metallic impurities coming from the catalyst used for their synthesis. They exhibit unique physical properties, which have already led to an extensive development of CNT for numerous applications. Because of this development and the resulting potential increase of human exposure, an important body of literature has been published with the aim to evaluate the health impact of CNT. However, despite evidences of uptake and long-term persistence of CNT within macrophages and the central role of those cells in the CNT-induced pulmonary inflammatory response, a limited amount of data is available so far on the CNT fate inside macrophages. Therefore, the overall aim of our study was to investigate the fate of pristine single walled CNT (SWCNT) after their internalization by macrophages.

Methods

To achieve our aim, we used a broad range of techniques that aimed at getting a comprehensive characterization of the SWCNT and their catalyst residues before and after exposure of murine macrophages: X-ray diffraction (XRD), High Resolution (HR) Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), High Angle Annular Dark Field-Scanning TEM (HAADF-STEM) coupled to Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS), as well as micro-X-ray fluorescence mapping (μXRF), using synchrotron radiation.

Results

We showed 1) the rapid detachment of part of the iron nanoparticles initially attached to SWCNT which appeared as free iron nanoparticles in the cytoplasm and nucleus of CNT-exposed murine macrophages, and 2) that blockade of intracellular lysosomal acidification prevented iron nanoparticles detachment from CNT bundles and protected cells from CNT downstream toxicity.

Conclusions

The present results, while obtained with pristine SWCNT, could likely be extended to other catalyst-containing nanomaterials and surely open new ways in the interpretation and understanding of CNT toxicity.
Uncovering Novel Roles of Nonneuronal Cells in Body Weight Homeostasis and Obesity
Authors: Chowen Julie A. , Argente Jesús , Horvath Tamas L.
Published: June 2013

Glial cells, which constitute more than 50% of the mass of the central nervous system and greatly outnumber neurons, are at the vanguard of neuroendocrine research in metabolic control and obesity. Historically relegated to roles of structural support and protection, diverse functions have been gradually attributed to this heterogeneous class of cells with their protagonism in crescendo in all areas of neuroscience during the past decade. However, this dramatic increase in attention bestowed upon glial cells has also emphasized our vast lack of knowledge concerning many aspects of their physiological functions, let alone their participation in numerous pathologies. This minireview focuses on the recent advances in our understanding of how glial cells participate in the physiological regulation of appetite and systemic metabolism as well as their role in the pathophysiological response to poor nutrition and secondary complications associated with obesity. Moreover, we highlight some of the existing lagoons of knowledge in this increasingly important area of investigation.
Estimation of pKa of Selenic Acid by the Correlation of Experimental pKa Values with Those Estimated by DFT Calculation for Inorganic Oxoacids
Authors: Tanaka Masato , Ariga Daisuke , Takahashi Yoshio
Published: June 2013

The acid dissociation constant (pKa) of inorganic oxoacids was calculated using density functional theory (DFT) with the hybrid cluster-continuum approach. The results showed that calculated pKa values had a good correlation with the experimental values. Based on the correlation of the experimental values with the calculated ones, the pKa1 value estimated for selenic acid, which has not been determined experimentally, agreed well with the value estimated by thermodynamic calculations.
Differenzialdiagnostische Abklärung von Beinödemen aus phlebologischlymphologischer Sicht
Authors: Mendoza E.
Published: June 2013

In der phlebologischen Praxis kommt es oft zur differenzialdiagnostischen Abklärung des Ödems. Akute Ödeme können Hinweis auf Thrombosen, internistische Erkrankungen oder orthopädische Probleme sein, wie rupturierte Baker-Zysten oder Hämatome. Häufiger wird der Phlebologe jedoch mit chronischen Ödemen konfrontiert und soll eine differenzialdiagnostische Abklärung mit Therapieempfehlungen liefern.

In der Regel ist das klinische Erscheinungsbild prägend für die verschiedenen Formen des Ödems. Der Ultraschall bietet jedoch Unterscheidungshilfe in Bezug auf die Vertei-lung des Ödems (epifaszial, interfaszial), auf die Verteilung der Flüssigkeit im Gewebe (diffus imbibierend oder als sichtbare Flüssigkeitsspalten), sowie auf die Beteiligung des Venensystems an der Entstehung. Die Sono -elastographie hilft zudem, zwischen einem Lipödem und einem Ödem anderer Genese zu unterscheiden.
A fragmented alignment method detects a phosphorylation site and a new BRC repeat in the Drosophila melanogaster BRCA2 protein, and a new HAT repeat in Utp6 from yeast
Authors: Chakraborty Sandeep
Published: June 2013

Mutations in the BRCA2 tumor suppressor protein leave individuals susceptible to breast, ovarian and other cancers. The BRCA2 protein is a critical component of the DNA repair pathways in eukaryotes, and also plays an integral role in fostering genomic variability through meiotic recombination. Although present in many eukaryotes, as a whole the BRCA2 gene is weakly conserved. Conserved fragments of 30 amino acids (BRC repeats), which mediate interactions with the recombinase RAD51, helped detect orthologs of this protein in other organisms. The carboxy-terminal of the human BRCA2 has been shown to be phosphorylated by checkpoint kinases (Chk1/Chk2) at T3387, which regulate the sequestration of RAD51 on DNA damage. However, apart from three BRC repeats, the Drosophila melanogaster gene has not been annotated and associated with other functionally relevant sequence fragments in human BRCA2. In the current work, the carboxy-terminal phosphorylation threonine site (E=9.1e-4) and a new BRC repeat (E=17e-4) in D. melanogaster has been identified, using a fragmented alignment methodology (FRAGAL). In a similar study, FRAGAL has also identified a novel half-a- tetratricopeptide (HAT) motif (E=11e-4), a helical repeat motif implicated in various aspects of RNA metabolism, in Utp6 from yeast. The characteristic three aromatic residues with conserved spacing are observed in this new HAT repeat, further strengthening my claim. The reference and target sequences are sliced into overlapping fragments of equal parameterized lengths. All pairs of fragments in the reference and target proteins are aligned, and the gap penalties are adjusted to discourage gaps in the middle of the alignment. The results of the best matches are sorted based on differing criteria to aid the detection of known and putative sequences. The source code for FRAGAL results on these sequences is available at https://github.com/sanchak/FragalCode, while the database can be accessed at www.sanchak.com/fragal.html.
Expression of Fibroblast Growth Factor 9 in Normal Human Lung and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Coffey Emily , Newman Donna R. , Sannes Philip L.
Published: June 2013

The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family of signaling ligands contributes significantly to lung development and maintenance in the adult. FGF9 is involved in control of epithelial branching and mesenchymal proliferation and expansion in developing lungs. However, its activity and expression in the normal adult lung and by epithelial and interstitial cells in fibroproliferative diseases like idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) are unknown. Tissue samples from normal organ donor human lungs and those of a cohort of patients with mild to severe IPF were sectioned and stained for the immunolocalization of FGF9. In normal lungs, FGF9 was confined to smooth muscle surrounding airways, alveolar ducts and sacs, and blood vessels. In addition to these same sites, lungs of IPF patients expressed FGF9 in a population of myofibroblasts within fibroblastic foci, hypertrophic and hyperplastic epithelium of airways and alveoli, and smooth muscle cells surrounding vessels embedded in thickened interstitium. The results demonstrate that FGF9 protein increased in regions of active cellular hyperplasia, metaplasia, and fibrotic expansion of IPF lungs, and in isolated human lung fibroblasts treated with TGF-β1 and/or overexpressing Wnt7B. The cellular distribution and established biologic activity of FGF9 make it a potentially strong candidate for contributing to the progression of IPF.
Drying of Apple Slices in Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Dryer: Comparison of Mathematical Models and Neural Networks
Authors: Samadi Seyed Hashem , Ghobadian Barat , Najafi GholamHassan , Motevali Ali , Faal Saeid
Published: June 2013

Consuming a high amount of energy in industrial dryer makes the drying as an important and highly energy-intensive industrial process. In this study, the required energy for drying of apple slice was supplied from the outlet heat of an engine generation set exhaust. The drying behavior of apple slice was studied in a combined heat and power (CHP) dryer system at four engine load levels (25, 50, 75, and 100%) in order to provide different temperatures (50, 65, 80, and 95°C), and at three levels of drying product thickness (3, 5, and 7 mm) with the constant air flow velocity of 1 m/s. The empirical data from experiments with variants of semi-theoretical and empirical models were evaluated and finally, a suitable model proposed by Midilli et al. was selected to be the best model, as for as the RMSE, R2, and χ2 criterion is concerned. Comparing the results from implementing artificial neural network (ANN) and mathematical models, it was found that the dynamic ANNs is more powerful for modeling the drying process of apple slice in a CHP dryer system than static ANNs and mathematical models.
A Fast and Reliable Corner Detector for Non-Uniform Illumination Mineshaft Images
Authors: Xing Yuanxiu , Zhang Dengyi , Zhao Jianhui , Xu Aiping
Published: June 2013

We propose a fast and reliable corner detector that can detect corners under non-uniform illumination and fuzzy mineshaft images effectively. First, we presented an inner mask that used only four pixels to determine the flat and corner regions of an image, which could eliminate unnecessary computation of flat regions, thus reducing computing cost. Second, we separated the corner regions into background and foreground and computed the separate corner threshold to settle non-uniform illumination. Third, we proposed a fast corner-detection algorithm to compute the nucleus continuous contributive segment based on the corner state. Finally, we proposed two effective methods to remove the false corners. Experimental results showed that our approach has a better detection quality and is less time consuming than three other algorithms on an artificial image, a noisy image, and non-uniform images and could meet the real-time requirement of mineshaft applications.