bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDI PEMANFAATAN CAMPURAN BOTTOM ASH BATUBARA DENGAN SERBUK KAYU DAN ARANG TEMPURUNG KELAPA SEBAGAI BIOBRIKET DITINJAU DARI PARAMETER KUALITAS
Authors: Triantoro Agus , Mustofa Adip , Saputri Aggraini Wahyu
Published: March 2021

Sisa hasil pemanfaatan batubara sebagai bahan bakar pada PLTU menghasilkan limbah  fly ash dan bottom ash dalam jumlah yang cukup banyak dan belum ada pemanfaatan dari limbah PLTU, jadi dikawatirkan dapat menimbulkan dampak yang berbahaya bagi lingkungan sekitar. Limbah yang banyak dimanfaatkan saat ini adalah fly ash, sedangkan untuk bottom ash masih minim pemanfaatannya. Biobriket campuran bottom ash batubara dan arang tempurung kelapa bisa menjadi alternatif bahan bakar baik digunakan untuk rumah tangga maupun industry kecil. Keunggulan yang dimiliki biobriket ini adalah murah dan ekonomis karena dapat untuk memproduksinya dapat dilakukan dengan sederhana dan mudah, panas yang dihasilkan nantinya juga cukup tinggi, serta bottom ash batubara yang tersedia cukup melimpah yang berasal dari beberapa PLTU yang ada di Kalimantan Selatan. Arang tempurung kelapa berasal dari hasil dari pengolahan tempurung kelapa yang di proses menjadi arang dan potensi tempurung kelapa di Kalimantan Selatan cukup banyak. Serbuk kayu merupakan sisa olahan dari kayu yang dibuat bahan bangunan atau mebel. Beberapa hal yang menjadi permasalahan dalam pemanfaatan biobriket bottom ash  adalah adanya bau yang kurang enak saat pembakaran, proses penyalaan yang lama serta ketahanan briket yang masih kurang sehingga mudah pecah. Kegiatan penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan hasil  kualitas  biobriket terbaik yang berasal dari  bottom ash yang dicampur bersama serbuk kayu dan arang tempurung kelapa, yang didasarkan pada ukuran partikel serta komposisi biobriket. Metode yang digunakan yaitu dengan melakukan uji analisa yang dilakukan di laboratorium. Parameter kualitas  uji yang digunakan yaitu  kandungan moisture, kandungan volatile matter, kandungan ash, calorific value, uji pembakaran  dengan yang dilihat dari  komposisi biobriket dan variasi ukuran partikel. Berdasarkan hasil analisa yang dilakukan biobriket terbaik terdapat  pada ukuran partikel 80 mesh dengan kandungan bottom ash 40%, arang tempurung kelapa 20%, serbuk kayu 20% perekat 15% serta persentase kapur 5% dengan  hasil analisa parameter kualitas untuk kandungan inherent moisturenya adalah 5,77%,   kandungan Ash 10,74%, Volatile Matter 42,77%, Kalori 6.624,56 Kkal/kg serta waktu  pembakaran yang dibutuhkan adalah 247 detik Kata kunci : Bottom ash, Biobriket, arang, Serbuk kayu
KAJIAN AMBANG BATAS GETARAN PELEDAKAN DI AREAL DESA SEKITAR TAMBANG BATUBARA DENGAN METODE SCALE DISTANCE ANALYSIS
Authors: Santoso Eko , Melati Sari , Ramadhan Muhammad Fiqri
Published: March 2021

Getaran tanah merupakan bagian dari output operasi peledakan pada lingkungan. Ketika getaran tanah berada pada level yang tinggi, dapat menyebabkan gangguan pada manusia, ketidaknyamanan dan bahkan menyebabkan pada struktur bangunan di sekitarnya. Mengingat dekatnya jarak dari lokasi peledakan ke daerah pemukiman warga (zona crissis) yang berjarak sekitar ±1000 m. Berdasarkan kondisi lapangan yang terjadi pada bulan Agustus 2019 - Desember 2019 dimana tercatat ground vibration terbesar 3,06 mm/s. Kepmen LH No. 49 Tahun 1996 dan SNI 7571:2010 tentang Baku Tingkat Getaran Kejut menyebutkan batasan kecepatan getaran terhadap lingkungan sekitar yang berpengaruh terhadap keutuhan bangunan. Rekomendasi tersebut sebagai acuan penelitian untuk mengevaluasi nilai getaran tanah yang dihasilkan kegiatan peledakan tambang terbuka. Penulis melakukan evaluasi dari data hasil pengukuran ground vibration aktual berdasarkan pendekatan Teori Peak Particle Velocity yang dihubungkan dengan regresi power untuk memperoleh rumusan prediksi ground vibration, yang kedepannya bisa dijadikan acuan untuk menetukan jumlah isian bahan peledak agar ground vibration yang terjadi tidak melebihi batas aman. Hasil prediksi rumusan ground vibration pada jarak 900 m sampai 1500 m yang diperoleh nilai Peak Particle Velocity ≤ 1,5 mm/s menurut U.S Bureau Of Mines dengan isian bahan peledak maksimum 244,14 kg dimana nilai k = 698.54 dan β = -1.47, menurut Ambraseys-Hendorn dimana nilai k = 5787.19 dan β = -1.609 denagn isian bahan peledak maskimum 207,17 kg , sedangkan menurut Langefors Kihlstrom nilai k dan β yang dieproleh 101.46 dan 1.75 dengan isian bahan peledak maksimum 221.28 kg. Rumusan prediksi ini cukup baik dan dapat digunakan sebagai acuan prediksi getaran tanah agar dampak dari kegiatan peledakan terhadap lingkungan sekitar aman. Kata Kunci: Peledakan, Getaran Tanah, Peak Particle Velocity, Regresi Power
Global Economic Leadership and the “Leadership Rent”
Authors: Buklemishev O. , Danilov Y.
Published: March 2021

Nowadays, along with qualitative economic parameters, the absolute size of national economies becomes particularly important for global competition. Due to liberalization of external economic relations and processes of globalization the quantitative economic leadership by a nation produces a potential for reaping certain economic gains, and its combined value can be substantial. We call this amount the “leadership rent”. It stems from natural processes like competitive behavior of the transnational corporations or transformation of the leading national monetary units into the reserve currencies. Current configuration of the global system is characterized by the dominance of four leading economies: USA, EU, Japan and China, and the latter is now replacing the US in its role as the world’s biggest economy in terms of PPP. The emergence of new dominant leaders in the near future is unlikely while deposition of Japan and/or EU cannot be excluded. Despite the presence of the “leadership rent”, the economic dominance of the current leaders in recent years was diminished. This indicates that there exist certain factors preventing the leaders from further consolidating their position. These factors represent the flip side of the economic benefits of the leadership and demonstrate the new possibilities of catching-up progress by the developing countries in the era of globalization. In this regard Russia's role in the future world economic hierarchy now becomes a matter of particular concern as the country is about to persistently lag behind the world average rate of economic growth at least in the middle term. Reversal of this trend will require fundamental policy changes including restart of the deep structural reforms and restoration of unimpeded integration of the Russian economy into the global economic system. Acknowledgements. The research was supported by the grant of the Foundation «World Public Forum ”Dialogue of Civilizations”». The authors would like to thank the members of the Editorial Board of the “World Economy and International Relations” for valuable policy comments made during the discussion of the article.
Immigration in Spain
Authors: Ponedelko G.
Published: March 2021

The article considers the problems of Spanish immigration within the period of 1981–2015, namely, its dynamics, latest tendencies and socio-economic characteristics (including changes in nationality, gender, age and educational structures of immigrants). Primarily, the stress is made on an in-depth analysis of the following main features of immigrants’ population in Spain: the levels of their incomes, the unemployment rate, the living standards. The author makes a conclusion that Spanish immigrants constitute not only a majority of poor population in the country but they are also ones of the poorest in Europe. It is particularly evident against the background of their impact upon the economic activity and employment’s rate of the country’s population and economic growth. At the considered period all the mentioned indicators were noticeably higher for immigrants than for local labor force, not saying of the positive immigrants’ influence on the growth and rejuvenation of Spanish people. Secondly, a considerable part in the article is devoted to the analysis of the immigration policy of Spanish government during the considered period of time. The author singles out the specific stages of this policy and shows that its contents and approaches modified in strict dependence of political factors. The Spanish Socialist Working Party was the beginner of the immigration policy in 1985 which always had the most liberal character particularly when it was concerned to the immigrant social and labor integration based on human rights equality. On the contrary, immigration policy of the now ruling conservative Partido Popular has more pragmatic, selective and rigid approach to foreign labor force legislation.
Educational Background of Georgia’s Power Elite and Russia-Georgia Relations
Authors: Mossaki N.
Published: March 2021

Following the extensive biographical material, the article explores characteristics of educational backgrounds of the Georgian ruling elite. The defeat of the M. Saakashvili's party in the 2012 elections did not change its qualitative characteristics. A significant part of the Georgian ruling elite received education in Western universities in the field of law, international relations etc., which formed a critical attitude towards Russia. The Georgian ruling elite has established educational standards for its members, and in every new government – no matter which political course is proclaimed – these standards are becoming more dominant. The author has also concluded that education in Western universities and practical activities in Western NGOs are the means used by the elite to form the anti-Russian attitude, and for the West it is a mechanism of the Georgian elite incorporation in its sphere of influence. The author argues that Russian universities are not competitive and attractive for the Georgian elite at present. The qualitative analysis of its educational background explains the nature of Georgia–Russia relations to some extent. It is concluded that a significant difference in educational backgrounds of the Russian and Georgian ruling elites dooms them to serious contradictions. At the same time, the author suggests that owing to the activity of the West, the future elites in other republics of the former USSR will also focus on the Western education.
Physiotherapeutic performance in improving quality of life in patients with fibromyalgia: an integrative literature review
Authors: Nobre Kayo Matos Félix , Oliveira Carolaine Araujo , Pereyra Beatriz Benny Sungaila
Published: March 2021

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a painful syndrome characterized by generalized chronic pain, fatigue, morning stiffness, headache, and sleep disorders. Comorbidities such as anxiety and depression are also associated. This syndrome has etiology and pathogenesis not fully clarified, and the basis of its pathophysiology is an increase in the transmission of painful stimulus, thus altering the perception of pain. Physiotherapy acts in this syndrome, mainly aiming at improving symptoms and quality of life. The main objective of this study is to present the possibilities of therapeutic treatment to improve quality of life in fibromyalgia patients. The work consists of an integrative literature review, carried out between September and December 2020. A search was carried out in the electronic databases PEDro, BVS and PubMed, using the descriptors: physiotherapy and fibromyalgia. 10 articles from 2015 to 2020 were selected. As results, the benefits of hydrotherapy, electrothermophototherapy, aerobic exercises, manual therapy, acupuncture, Kinesio taping, balneotherapy, stretching and strength training were obtained. These generated effects such as: pain reduction, anxiety and depression. In addition to decreased fatigue, improvement in sleep, muscle strength, balance and flexibility. This led to physical and mental well-being, as well as improvement in quality of life. Therefore, it can be considered that this research has scientific relevance, since it provides significant contributions on the physiotherapeutic performance in the treatment of patients diagnosed with Fibromyalgia. Thus, this study may contribute to future research on the theme presented.

Keywords: Fibromyalgia. Physical therapy. Pain. Quality of life.
Minat Siswa Kelas V Pada Ekstrakurikuler Renang di SD Negeri 216 Palembang
Authors: Sari Yeni Indah Kartika , Imansyah Farizal
Published: March 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui seberapa besar minat siswa kelas V pada ekstrakurikuler renang di SD Negeri 216 Kota Palembang. Metode  penelitian ini yaitu survei. Teknik pengambilan data menggunakan angket. Sampel penelitian yaitu siswa kelas V yang mengikuti ekstrakurikuler renang yang berjumlah 26 orang. Teknik analisis data ini dengan metode deskriptif kuantitatif dengan persentase teknik dengan analisis masalah secara langsung dan dapat melihat keadaan  sedang berlangsung. Hasil penelitian menunjukan persentase yang tinggi yaitu faktor minat internal sebesar 79,80%, minat eksternal 80,40%. Dilihat dari persentasenya setiap faktor-faktor minat memiliki sumbangan yang cukup tinggi dalam mempengaruhi minat mengikuti ekstrakurikuler renang siswa kelas V di SD Negeri 216 Palembang.
Analysis of Basic Students Learning Difficulties in Multiple Materials
Authors: Salsabila Silvy Yulistia , Sidik Geri Syahril , Zulkarnaen Rizki Hadiwijaya
Published: March 2021

This study aims to obtain an overview of learning difficulties. This research was conducted in third class of SDN 2 Cintaraja. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The data collection technique was carried out in two ways, namely by giving story questions and interviews. The story questions used in this study were three questions which refer to four characteristics of student learning difficulties according to Jamaris in 2014 (weakness in counting, difficulty in transferring knowledge, understanding of mathematical language, difficulty in visual operations) regarding the multiplication. The results showed that there were still many students who had learning difficulties in this multiplication material, of the six students who were sampled all of them were only able to master one characteristic of the four characteristics of learning difficulties, namely in terms of understanding the language of mathematics, while the other three learning difficulties had not able to be mastered by them, namely in terms of calculating weaknesses, difficulties in transferring data, and difficulties in visual operations of the multiplication material.
Implementation of Education and Education Manpower Recruitment Patterns In SD IT Al-Ihsan Baleendah Bandung
Authors: Muslihah Neni Nadiroti , Nurseha Alamsyah , Mutaqin Ejen Jenal , Asy’ari Lutfi
Published: March 2021

Educators and education personnel are one of the most important elements in improving the quality of education. Human resources are important in achieving the goals of an institution or organization, because HR is the driving force of other resources. Competition between Integrated Islamic Primary Schools in Bandung Regency, especially in Baleendah District will have an impact on the quality of recruitment of Educators and Education Personnel, as has been done by SDIT Al-Ihsan Baleendah. The focus of this study is the analysis of the recruitment of teaching staff and education personnel at SDIT Al-Ihsan Baleendah. This study aims to capture the recruitment strategy carried out by SDIT Al-Ihsan Baleendah. This type of research is a qualitative descriptive study. In the data collection technique, various techniques were used in this study, namely interviews, observation and documentation. The data analysis procedure used in this study was qualitative analysis. Based on the findings from the research results, it was concluded that the implementation of recruitment at SDIT Al-Ihsan Baleendah was carried out through administrative tests, interviews and practice stages.
Analysis of The Application of Learning Theory of J.B. Bruner in a Counseling Study Counting Operation to Add Whole Numbers
Authors: Mutaqin Ejen Jenal , Muslihah Neni Nadiroti , Hamdani Nizar Alam , Sasty Sri Dewi Febriani
Published: March 2021

This study was a qualitative descriptive study design which aims to find out the analysis results of the implementation of Jerome S. Bruner's learning theory in learning concept of addition count operations of whole numbers in the first grade of elementary school. Jerome S. Bruner's learning theory is one of the learning theories that emphasizes the learning process using mental, namely the individual who learns to experience what he is learning for himself, so that the process can be recorded in his mind by his own way. The stages of Bruner's learning theory are: (1) the enactive stage, (2) the iconic stage, and (3) the symbolic stage. Data collection techniques in this study used student worksheets, observation, interviews and documentation. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the process of applying Jerome S. Bruner's learning theory can have a good effect and increase students' understanding and learning ability in learning addition count operations of whole numbers in the first grade of 1 Mekarsari Elementary School.
The Influence of Distance Learning use Lectora Inspire-Based Interactive Learning Media on Students' Mathematical Problem Solving Abilities In Primary Schools
Authors: Suryaningrat Eko Fajar , Nugraha Widdy Sukma , Asy’ari Lutfy , Nurjamaludin Muhammad
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this study was to find out how much distance learning use Interactive learning media based on lectora inspire influence on the learning process and Mathematical Problem Solving Abilities. This research uses collaborative research between lecturers, students, and teachers in 2020 at one of the primary schools in west Java.This research was a quasi-experiment research with Pretest-Posttest Control Design. Data collection techniques tests. the result of the research is to find out how the impact of the use of learning media lectora inspire based interactive on students approach is proven to improve Mathematical problem solving abilities in primary schools.The conclusion of research was that there was a difference of effect of distance learning use lectora inspire-based interactive learning media on the Mathematical Problem Solving Abilities of students between control and experiment classes and Students' attention was also more focused so it is easier to concentrate on receiving lessons.
PENGARUH ASAM NITRAT TERHADAP LAJU KOROSI BAJA TAHAN KARAT AUSTENITIK 304 UNTUK KEPERLUAN KONSTRUKSI
Authors: Aritonang M.O.S , Fahri Iqbal
Published: March 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui laju korosi austenitik tipe stainless steel 304 attack nitric acid 65% dengan austenitic stainless steel tipe 304 serang nitric acid 85% untuk kepentingan konstruksi. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Balai Penelitian Bahan Kimia Departemen Perindustrian DKI Jakarta. Metodologi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah eksperimen dengan dua jenis perlakuan. Yaitu; kelompok pertama adalah austenitic stainless steel tipe 304 serangan asam nitrat 65% dan kelompok kedua adalah stainless steel tipe austenitic 304 menyerang asam nitrat 85%. Jumlah semua instrumen yang diuji adalah 10 buah dari dua jenis perawatan. Untuk mengetahui pengaruh korosi terhadap sifat mekanik austenitic stainless steel tipe 304 khususnya kekuatan tarik, dilakukan pengujian kekuatan terhadap dua grup austenitic stanless steel type 304 attack nitric acid. Jadilah sisi, dilaksanakan juga pengujian kekuatan terhadap satu kelompok austenitic stainless steel tipe 304 sebagai kelompok kontrol. Berdasarkan penelitian, temuan menunjukkan bahwa austenitic stainless steel tipe 304 menyerang asam nitrat 65% memiliki laju korosi 3,751 mm / tahun pada rata-rata dan austenitic stainless steel tipe 304 serangan asam nitrat 85% memiliki laju korosi 6,404 mm / tahun pada rata-rata . Data dari penelitian diuji dengan uji rata - rata dua ekor (uji - t), uji satu ekor, ekor kiri dengan alfa = 0,01, dan dari analisis dapat diperoleh thitung = - 11,53, nilainya adalah lebih kecil dari tTable = -2,90 yang H0 di area penolakan. Kualitas austenitik dari baja tahan karat tipe 304 terhadap serangan korosi, diikuti juga oleh kekuatan tarik tarik austenitic stainless steel tipe 304. Sebelum korosi austenitic stainless steel memiliki kekuatan tarik 60.107 kgf / mm2. Setelah korosi dengan asam nitrat 65% kekuatan tarik austenitic stainless steel tipe 304 menjadi 57,329 kgf / mm2. Demikian lagi, setelah korosi dengan asam nitrat daya tarik 85% baja tahan austenitik tipe 304 menjadi 55.349 kgf / mm2.
ETIKA PENULISAN DAN ATRIBUT WEBSITE INSTITUSI PENDIDIKAN
Authors: Mulyono, Tri
Published: March 2021

Internet berkembang tanpa batas ruang dan waktu termasuk batas administrasi. Administrator Web hendaklah memerhatikan etika penulisan dan atribut website apalagi sebagai lembaga pendidikan. Etika penulisan content website yang menjadi perhatian utamanya menghindari kejahatan penelitian/hak cipta yaitu fabrikasi, falsifikasi dan plagiarisme. Paling sering kejahatan hak cipta adalah plagiatisme. Atribut website adalah kelengkapan utama sebagai sebuah halaman website, sebagai institusi pendidikan atribut website antara lain lokasi, informasi umum, profil mahasiswa, fasilitas fisik, e-library, kerjasama, dan lainnya. Tulisan ini mencoba menjelaskan etika penulisan dan atribut website dalam sebuah institusi pendidikan yang merupakan rujukan sebagai kajian pustaka dalam membuat sebuah tulisan publikasi ilmiah di dunia maya.
ANALISIS KECENDERUNGAN BIAYA KUDA-KUDA KAYU DITINJAU DARI PANJANG BENTANG
Authors: Widiasanti Irika
Published: March 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari kecenderungan (trend) biaya pembuatan kuda-kuda atap pelana dengan struktur kayu. Sehingga dapat diperkirakan biaya pembuatan kuda-kuda rangka kayu untuk berbagai panjang bentang.Biaya pembuatan rangka kuda-kuda dengan material kayu dengan bentang 9 m adalah Rp. 4.580.400,- , 12 m adalah Rp. 5.862.912,- , bentang 15 m adalah Rp. 7.695.072,- dan bentang 18 m Rp. 10.260.096,-. Kecenderungan (trend) yang diperoleh adalah y = 320628x2 + 283985x + 4E+06
PENGAWETAN BEBERAPA JENIS KAYU DENGAN PROSES RENDAMAN DINGIN
Authors: Bachtiar Gina
Published: March 2021

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui retensi dan penetrasiempat kayu komersial Indonesia, yaitu meranti merah, kempas, mindi danjaran, yang diawetkan dengan proses cold dipping menggunakan 7% air yang ditanggungpengawet (Impralit CKB) dengan durasi 7 hari.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata retensi, dan boron danpenetrasi tembaga dari spesies-spesies di atas selanjutnya adalah meranti (6,44kg / m3; 44,65%; 0%,), kempas (6,56 kg / m3; 53,04%; 21,21%), mindi (4,06kg / m3; 61,25%; 47,92%) dan jaran (16,71 kg / m3; 70,21%; 75,76%). Inimenunjukkan bahwa kayu jaran yang diawetkan dengan celupan dingin dapat digunakan untuk outdoorkonstruksi, sementara kempas dan mindi yang dirawat dengan perendaman dingin dapat digunakanuntuk konstruksi yang digunakan di bawah atap tanpa kontak tanah. Meranti merahtreatability sangat resisten, jadi harus diawetkan dengan metode lain.
IDENTIFIKASI RESIKO INVESTOR DALAM INVESTASI JALAN TOL
Authors: Purnomo Adhi , Dalijus Beta Proton
Published: March 2021

Dengan dicanangkannya percepatan pembangunan infrastruktur yang antara lain jugamencakup pembangunan 1600 km jalan tol dalam 5 tahun kedepan, pemerintah sudahmelakukan perombakan pada regulasi yang mempermudah untuk berinvestasi bisnis jalan tolyang bankable dengan ditetapkannya Undang-Undang No. 38 tahun 2004 tentang Jalan danPeraturan Pemerintah No. 15 tahun 2005 tentang Jalan Tol.Konsep yang mendasari jalan tol adalah suatu konsep pendanaan dimana dana pembangunanjalan tol sepenuhnya diperoleh dari pemakai jalan tol melalui pengenaan tarif tol. Sedangkaninvestor dibantu lembaga-lembaga pendanaan dalam hal ini berfungsi sebagai â€œjembatanâ€ agarjalan tol yang bersangkutan dapat diwujudkan dan menghasilkan pendapatan. Industri jalan tolmerupakan proyek yang sangat dipengaruhi risiko dan ketidakpastian dimana timbulnya risikodan ketidakpastian akan mempengaruhi investor merencanakan investasi proyek jalan tol.Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan faktor-faktor utama dari sekian banyak faktor risikoyang mempengaruhi risk response planning investor jalan tol untuk memutuskan berinvestasijalan tol di Indonesia.Setelah melakukan pengujian data maka hasil penelitian didapat bahwa faktor internal lebihdominan dari pada faktor eksternal, dimana prioritas faktor berdasarkan kriteria yaitu identifikasirisiko dan risk attitute memberikan kontribusi hasil yang signifikan. Sedangkan urutan prioritasfaktor berdasarkan subkritera adalah; variabel penentuan besaran tarif, perkiraan biayakonstruksi, operasi, dan pemeliharaan, perkiraan volume lalu lintas, tingkat pengembalianinvestasi, masa konsesi, kematangan dalam mengambil keputusan, profesionalitas sikap, danketerlambatan penyelesaian proyek.
FAKTOR FAKTOR YANG BERPENGARUH TERHADAP KETERLAMBATAN PADA PROSES PENGADAAN JASA PEMBORONGAN STUDI KASUS : ADB LOAN NO.1798-INO RR(SP
Authors: Purnomo Adhi , Adriantara Harcana
Published: March 2021

Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengantisipasi keterlambatan pelaksanaanproses pengadaan pekerjaan proyek agar tidak terulang di masa yang akandatang dengan cara mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang berpengaruhterhadap keterlambatan proyek prasarana jalan. Metode yang digunakanadalah melalukan survei berupa penyebaran kuesioner kepada panitia danstake holder pengadaan jasa pemborongan pada paket ADB-Loan No. 1789-INO. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah faktor yang berpengaruh terhadapketerlambatan pada proses jasa pemborongan..Metode pengumpulan data yang dilakukan adalah dengan cara studiliteratur dan survey pada sumber informasi yang dibutuhkan berupawawancara terstruktur dan melalui kuesioner.Data yang digunakan berupa data primer dan data sekunder. Data tersebutdiperoleh dengan cara menyebarkan angket atau kuesioner dengan caramewawancarai responden secara langsung terhadap pakar dalam bidangyang berkaitan dengan masalah yang dibahasBerdasarkan pembahasan dari hasil olahan data, temuan dan validasi dapatditarik kesimpulan bahwa Faktor â€“ faktor yang berpengaruh terhadapketerlambatan pengadaan jasa pemborongan dipengaruhi oleh 2 faktordominan, yaitu :- Dana pendamping dalam APBN DIPA dana belum siap- Lama waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk mendapatkan ijin/rekomendasi dari BankPembangunan Asia untuk memulai setiap tahapan proses pelelangan
PERAN TIM TENDER DALAM USAHA PERAIHAN NILAI KONTRAK PADA PERUSAHAAN JASA KONSTRUKSI
Authors: Purnomo Adhi
Published: March 2021

Di dalam industri jasa konstruksi, khususnya kontraktor, proses perencanaan yangmatang dalam pelaksanaan proyek mempunyai andil yang cukup besar menentukankinerja proyek dan perusahaan itu sendiri. Tim Tender ini merupakan salah satuaktualisasi proses overlapping kegiatan pemasaran dan kegiatan produksi/operasidalam industri jasa konstruksi, sedangkan output dari Tim Tender ini adalah KontrakKonstruksi antara kontraktor dengan owner. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahuifaktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerja Tim Tender dalam melaksanakan kegiatantender ketika mengikuti proses pelelangan.Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis statistik untuk dapat mengetahui faktor-faktoryang mempengaruhi Tim Tender terhadap tingkat keberhasilan pelelangan.Dari hasil pengolahan data didapatkan faktor kompetensi perusahaan danketersediaan sumber daya manusia yang merupakan faktor paling dominan terhadaptingkat keberhasilan Tim Tender dalam melaksanakan kegiatan tender khususnyapada tender yang bersifat kompetitif.
PENGARUH POSISI PEMBAKARAN DALAM TUNGKU TERHADAP DAYA LEKAT (BOND SHEAR) BATA MERAH PEJAL
Authors: Rokib Muhamad Nur , Ahmad Irza , Suyadi Dadang
Published: March 2021

Dalam pembuatannya, bata merah dibuat dengan cara sampel dan menggunakan mesin modern.Tapi, banyak sekali bata merah buatan industri rumahan jadi, kualitas antar daerah itu tidak sama satu sama lain. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji perbedaan ikatan bata merah geser yang disebabkan oleh perbedaan posisi terbakar di tempat api. Penelitian itutelah dilakukan di laboratorium material di Universitas Indonesia, Depok. The reaserchjadwal adalah dari bulan Maret hingga Mei 2002. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan eksperimentalmetode melalui uji materi di laboratorium dengan Anda perilaku yang berbeda, yaitu untuk kepalan tangankelompok, pasangan bata merah padat diambil dari atas tempat api, kelompok kedua,sepasang batu bata padat diambil dari tengah-tengah tempat api. Kelompok ketiga, pasanganbata merah padat diambil dari bagian bawah tempat api. Ketiga kelompok ini menggunakan 1 PC:4 komposisi PS masing-masing kelompok menggunakan sampel untuk uji gesekan horizontal merahpasangan bata padat dari tanggal penelitian ini, kita bisa mendapatkan tingkat geser ikatan dari pasanganbata merah padat di atas tempat api adalah 0,486 MPa, tingkat geser ikatan dari pasanganbata merah padat di tengah-tengah tempat api adalah 1.088 MPa, tingkat geser ikatan dari pasanganbata merah padat atau bagian bawah tempat api adalah 1,333 MPa. Uji hipotesis dengan menggunakan satucara varians analiysist, kita bisa mendapatkan Fcound = 42,6 di level signifikan (Î± = 0,01) dan kita bisadapatkan Ftable = 5,15, karena Fcound> F tabel, jadi Ho ditolak. Hasil dari penelitian ini, kamidapat menemukan perbedaan ikatan geser bata merah padat yang disebabkan oleh perbedaan posisiterbakar di tempat api.
PERBANDINGAN PASANGAN DINDING BATU BATA Â¼ BATU (BATA JUMBO) DAN Â½ BATU (BATA BIASA) PADA BANGUNAN RUMAH SEDERHANA DITINJAU DARI SEGI BIAYA DAN WAKTU
Authors: Yuliarsih Siti , MT Lenggogeni , Maulana Arris
Published: March 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan jumlah biaya (RAB) dan durasi waktu dari dinding bata yang menggunakan dinding bata perempatmetode (Jumbo Brick) dan dinding bata setengah (Biasa Brick) di sederhana rumah (Tipe 38). Metode penelitian adalah metode survei dengan pemantauandari Februari 2007 hingga April 2007.Mengumpulkan file dengan populasi seperempat dinding bata dan setengah bata di Tamansari Puri Bali Housing, Jl. Raya Sawangan Ciputat km. 1Depok. 20 sampel untuk dinding bata perempat (Grup A) dan 10 sampel untuk dinding bata setengah (Grup B).Perbandingan satu meter persegi (1m2) biaya dinding bata perempat adalah Rp. 24.150,00 dan Rp. 35.300,00 untuk dinding setengah batako denganperbandingan 1: 4,6. Rata-rata waktu untuk Grup A (seperempat bata) adalah 210,36 menit dan169,52 menit untuk grup B (setengah batu bata) di setiap karya volume 19,7 m2. Perbedaan waktu rata-rata adalah 40,84 menit. Selagiperbedaan untuk 1 m2 dinding bata adalah 10.678: 8.605 menit atau 1,24: 1, itu berarti bahwa metode dinding bata perempat lebih lambat dari setengah batu bata metode.Untuk analisis regresi menggunakan 99 persen benar signifikan (Î± = 0,01). Uji normalitas dengan uji Liliefors, uji Homogenitas dan Uji t. ItuResuls t-Test adalah 0,77 dengan kriteria tes - t 1 - Î± / 2 <t <t 1 - Î± / 2, jadi -1,70 <0,77 <1,70, Ho hipotesis tersedia karena t perhitungandi area penerimaan. Artinya, ada perbedaan waktu di keduanya kelompok.
Non-enzymatic methane formation by aerobic organisms
Authors: Ernst Leonard , Steinfeld Benedikt , Klintzsch Thomas , Grimm Dirk , Bischofs Ilka , Keppler Frank
Published: March 2021

Methane (CH4) is the most abundant organic compound in the atmosphere, largely originating from anthropogenic and natural biogenic sources1. Traditionally, biogenic CH4 has been regarded as the final product of the anoxic decomposition of organic matter by methanogenic Archaea. However, plants2–4, fungi5, algae6,7 and cyanobacteria8 have recently been shown to produce CH4 in the presence of oxygen. While methanogens produce CH4 enzymatically during anaerobic energy metabolism9, the requirements and pathways for CH4 production by “non-methanogenic” cells are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that CH4 formation by Bacillus subtilis is triggered by free iron species, enhanced by oxidative stress and restricted to metabolically active life-cycle stages. We also show that other model organisms from Bacteria and Eukarya including a human cell line release CH4 and respond to inducers of oxidative stress by enhanced CH4 formation. Our results imply that all living cells possess a common mechanism of CH4 formation without the need for specific enzymes. We propose that CH4 formation is a conserved feature of living systems which is coupled to metabolic activity and the concomitant generation of reactive oxygen species. Our findings open new perspectives for our understanding of environmental CH4 cycling, oxidative stress responses and the search for extraterrestrial life.
What’s the relationship between urbanization and ecosystem services from urban to rural area
Authors: Wu Jiansheng , He Haishan , Feng Zhao
Published: March 2021

Ecosystem services (ESs) are closely bound up with human welfare. To propose regional exploitive tactics for the harmonious relationship between urbanization and ecological environment, it is essential to sort out the relationship between urbanization and ESs, and to untangle the urban-rural differences of the ecological environment effects. Regarding Beijing as an example, this study firstly explored the spatiotemporal characteristics of the ESs and the urbanization. Secondly, this study applied the latest methods based on nighttime light and K-means algorithm to identify the urban area, urban-rural fringe and rural area in Beijing. Then we explored the spatiotemporal interaction characteristics of urbanization on ESs through decoupling analysis. Finally, the correlation analysis and curve fitting were used to quantify the correlation between urbanization and ESs in urban scale and regional scale. The main conclusions included: (1) ESs declined with the increase of urbanization; (2) In cities or regions, coordinated development was the main trend of ESs and urbanization; (3) The relationship between changes in ESs and changes in urbanization has regional differences.
Brain-wide projection reconstruction of single functionally defined neurons
Authors: Chen Xiaowei , Wang Meng , Liu Ke , Li Jialin , Pan Junxia , Zhang Yongsheng , Li Longhui , Guo Wenyan , Xin Qianqian , Zhao Zhikai , Liu Yurong , Zhou Zhenqiao , Zheng Ting , Han Yunyun , Zhang Chunqing , Liao Xiang , Zeng Shaoqun , Jia Hongbo
Published: March 2021

Reconstructing axonal projections of single neurons at whole-brain level is a currently converging goal of the neuroscience community, which is fundamental to understanding the logic of information flow in the brain. Thousands of single neurons from different brain regions recently have been morphologically reconstructed, but the corresponding physiological functions of these reconstructed neurons are lacking. By combining two-photon Ca2+ imaging with targeted single-cell plasmid electroporation, we reconstructed the brain-wide morphologies of single neurons that were defined by a sound-evoked response map in the auditory cortex of awake mice. Long-range interhemispheric projections can be reliably labelled with co-injection of adeno-associated virus. This method avoids the randomness and ambiguity of conventional methods of neuronal morphological reconstruction, offering an avenue for developing a precise one-to-one map of neuronal projection and physiological function. Our method can be readily implemented in many laboratories that have been equipped with a standard two-photon microscope and electrophysiological devices.
Preparation and characterization of self-cleaning cotton fabric loaded with self-dispersive and reactive biphasic TiO2
Authors: Wang Kuang , Chen Jiayi , Tian Jialong , Gao Dawei , Song Xiaolei , Ren Yu , Qi Zhenming , Wang Chunxia
Published: March 2021

In this article, amino functionalized TiO2 (TiO2/KH550) was obtained in a mild reaction between 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and TiO2 with the aid of concentrated ammonia solution. 4-(4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine-2-yl) amino) sodium benzenesulfonate (SAT) was synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Self-dispersive and reactive TiO2 (TiO2/KH550/SAT) was prepared by nucleophile substitution reaction between TiO2/KH550 and SAT. Finally, cotton fabrics loaded with different amounts of TiO2/KH550/SAT were achieved by pad-dry-cure method. The chemical structure, dispersion and thermal performance of TiO2, TiO2/KH550 and TiO2/KH550/SAT were investigated by FT-IR, zeta potential and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The crystalline phase, morphology, chemical composition and optical absorption property of cotton fabrics were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS). Moreover, the anti-ultraviolet, self-cleaning and washing fastness properties of cotton fabrics were investigated. It has been found that TiO2/KH550/SAT demonstrated excellent dispersion stability in aqueous even after standing for a month. Cotton fabrics loaded with TiO2/KH550/SAT possessed adorable anti-ultraviolet performance, highly efficient and durable self-cleaning activity as well as appreciable washing fastness property. The mechanism and possible reactions for the preparation of self-cleaning cotton fabrics loaded with TiO2/KH550/SAT were proposed.
Intercropping-induced shifts in root microbiota promote lead phytoremediation properties of Sonchus Asper
Authors: Mei Xinyue , Wang Ying , Li Zuran , Larousse Marie , Pere Arthur , Rocha Martine Da , Zhan Fangdong , He Yongmei , Pu Linlong , Panabieres Franck , Zu Yanqun
Published: March 2021

Intercropping or assistant-endophytes has been proven to promote phytoremediation capacities of hyperaccumulators and to enhance their tolerance to heavy metals (HM) stress. We initially showed that intercropping with maize improved the remediating properties of the hyperaccumulator Sonchus asper (L.) Hill grown in HM contaminated soils, accompanied by an excluder - to- hyperaccumulator switched mode of action towards lead. To characterize molecular events underlying this shift in lead extraction strategy, we conducted an RNA-Seq analysis on Sonchus roots grown in intercropping or monoculture. We show that intercropping only slightly affects the S. asper transcriptome, but dramatically impacts the expression of root associated microbial genomes. Further, intercropping triggers a severe reshaping of endophytic communities which accompanies a “root-to-shoot” transition of lead sequestration and improved phytoremediation capacities of S. asper. This study provides the clue that a unitive network of plant- microbial -plant interactions may participate to the phytoremediation abilities of hyperaccumulator plants and paves the path for innovative cultural practices aiming to cure polluted soils.
Mid-infrared Nanoantennas as Ultrasensitive Vibrational Probes Assisted by Machine Learning and Hyperspectral Imaging
Authors: Ren Zhihao , Zhang Zixuan , Wei Jingxuan , Dong Bowei , Lee Chengkuo
Published: March 2021

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy has been developed for centuries and has been widely used to identify molecular structure from the massive information provided by IR fingerprint absorption, reflecting the vibration energy of the chemical bond. Due to the intrinsically weak light-matter interaction, IR spectroscopy serves low sensitivity and sizeable optical interaction length (~mm to ~cm) compared with other optical probes like Raman, florescent, and refractometry technology, which hinder the applications for ultra-sensitive biomolecular screening. Here, we report a new type of IR spectroscopy by wavelength gradient hook nanoantenna integrated with the microfluidic channel, enhancing the IR molecular absorption and bringing in refractometry function with ultrathin (~100 nm) optical interaction length. With the proof-of-concept demonstration of molecular recognition of mixed alcoholic liquids by machine learning and molecular fingerprint retrieving by hyperspectral images in one-time data acquisition, our work paves the way to advance, small-volume, real-time, ultra-sensitive, in-vitro biomolecular dynamic analysis in the aqueous environment.
Bilinear Form, Soliton, Breather, Hybrid and Periodic-Wave Solutions for a (3+1)-Dimensional Korteweg-De Vries Equation in a Fluid
Authors: Chong-Dong Cheng , Bo Tian , Chen-Rong Zhang , Xin Zhao
Published: March 2021

Fluids are studied in such disciplines as atmospheric science, oceanography and astrophysics. In this paper, we investigate a (3+1)-dimensional Korteweg-de Vries equation in a fluid. Bilinear form and N-soliton solutions are obtained, where N is a positive integer. Via the N-soliton solutions, we derive the higher-order breather solutions. We observe that the interaction between two perpendicular first-order breathers on the x-y and x-z planes and the periodic line wave interacts with the first-order breather on the y-z plane, where x, y and z are the independent variables in the equation. Furthermore, we discuss the effects of α, β, γ and δ on the amplitudes of the second-order breathers, where α, β, γ and δ are the constant coefficients in the equation: Amplitude of the second-order breather decreases as α increases; Amplitude of the second-order breather increases as β increases; Amplitude of the second-order breather keeps invariant as γ and δ increase. Via the N-soliton solutions, hybrid solutions comprising the breathers and solitons are derived. Based on the Riemann theta function, we obtain the periodic-wave solutions. Furthermore, we find that the periodic-wave solutions approach to the one-soliton solutions under certain limiting condition.
Analysis of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions Impacts on COVID-19 Pandemic in Iran
Authors: Saadatmand Sara , Salimifard Khodakaram , Mohammadi Reza
Published: March 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a huge impact on people's health, and countries' infrastructures around the globe. Iran was one of the first countries that experienced the vast prevalence of the coronavirus outbreak. Iranian government applied various nonpharmaceutical interventions to eradicate the epidemic in different periods. To evaluate the effectiveness of applied policies, the number of cases and death before and after the interventions studied and the effective reproduction number of the infection was analyzed under various scenarios. The SEIR generic model was applied to capture the dynamic of the pandemic in Iran. It is assumed that changes in reproduction number are responses to interventions. Depending on how responsive people to the government interventions, the effectiveness of each intervention has been investigated. Based on the model results, the peak of the total number of infected individuals will occur around the end of May and the start of June 2021. It is revealed that the outbreak had been able to be smoothed if the government had continued the full lockdown and strict quarantine. The result will allow for the assessment of the effects of different government interventions in new outbreaks.
Effect of Meteorological Factors and Air Quality index on the COVID-19 Epidemiological Characteristics: An Ecological Study among 210 Countries
Authors: Vali Mohebat , Hassanzadeh Jafar , Mirahmadizadeh Alireza , Hoseini Mohammad , Dehghani Samaneh , Maleki Zahra , Méndez-Arriaga Fabiola , Ghaem Haleh
Published: March 2021

The survival of COVID-19 in different environments may be affected by a variety of weather, pollution, and seasonal parameters. Therefore, the present study aims to conduct an ecological investigation on COVID-19 average growth rate of daily cases and deaths influenced by environmental factors (temperature, humidity, and air pollution) using a sample size of adjusted cumulative incidence of daily cases and deaths based on five sixty-day periods. Research data was gathered on official websites, including information on COVID-19, meteorological data, and air pollution indicators from December 31, 2019, to October 12, 2020, from 210 countries. Spearman correlation and generalized additive model (GAM) were used to analyze the data. During the observed period, the COVID-19 average growth rate of daily cases (r = -0.08, P = 0.151) and deaths (r= -0.09, P = 0.207) were not correlated with humidity. Also, there was a negative relationship between the COVID-19 average growth rate of new cases and deaths with the Air Quality Index (AQI) and wind (r=-0.25, P = 0.04). Furthermore, the data related to the first and second sixty-day of the adjusted cumulative incidence of COVID-19 daily cases and deaths were not associated with humidity and Air Quality Index (AQI). The result of GAM demonstrated the effect of AQI on the average growth rate of COVID-19 new cases and deaths. This study provides evidence for a positive relationship between COVID-19 daily cases, deaths, and AQI.
Pneumothorax Following COVID-19: Based on Autopsy Findings
Authors: Wang Rongshuai , Chen Rong , Xu Sanpeng , Qu Guoqiang , Wang Yunyun , Liu Pan , Liu Liang , Liu Quan
Published: March 2021

Background More and more studies showed pneumothorax is a complication of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). But no autopsy findings of pneumothorax in COVID-19 decedent were reported, and direct relations between pneumothorax and lung pathology in these decedents were not discussed so far.Methods A 62-year-old man with COVID-19 presenting with persistent hypoxemia and suddenly dead, who was treated by mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit (ICU) for 5 days. A systemic autopsy examination of COVID-19 decedent, including histopathology study, was conducted and the medical record, chest computerized tomography (CT) image were reviewed by forensic pathologists and clinicians. Results Severe pneumothorax, diffuse alveolar damage and airway obstruction were observed. Pneumothorax should be one of the causes of death.Conclusion Pneumothorax, due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, is a fatal complication of COVID-19. Regular examination of chest CT or X-ray and airway management are important to clinical treatment.
The effects of international tourism, electricity consumption and economic growth on CO2 emissions in North Africa
Authors: menyari younesse el
Published: March 2021

This study examines the influence of tourism, economic growth and electricity consumption on carbon dioxide (CO2) emission in the presence of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) model for a panel of four countries of North Africa, namely Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Egypt, over the period 1980–2014. Since we find the existence of cross-sectional dependence, we apply the unit root tests of CIPS and CADF, the Westerlund cointegration test as well as the dynamic seemingly unrelated regression (DSUR), and Dumitrescu-Hurlin Granger causality test. The empirical results show that electricity consumption has a positive effect on CO2 emissions. In contrast, tourism has a negative relationship with CO2 emissions, implying improvement in the quality of the environment. The conclusions confirm the hypothesis of the environmental Kuznets curve for the countries in our sample. In addition, the causality test indicates the following results: (i) A one-way causality from real income, electricity consumption and tourism to carbon emissions. (ii) A one-way causality runing from electricity consumption to real income and tourist arrivals. (iii) A two-way causality between real income and tourism development. Based on these empirical results, several policies recommendations are proposed for the four countries of North Africa.