bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pediatric Elbow – Developmental and Radiological Anatomy
Authors: Kashayi-Chowdojirao Sreekanth , Yadala Dinesh Ranjan
Published: May 2022

Mismanagement of pediatric elbow injuries is not uncommon because of lack of knowledge of anatomy and development of elbow joint. This article describes postnatal development of elbow joint and radiological landmarks essential to differentiate normal and abnormal radiographs. Elbow joint is formed from six secondary ossification centres the order of appearance of which on radiographs can be remembered by the mnemonic “CRITOE”. The osteology, ligamentous and neurovascular anatomy of elbow have been described. Standard and special radiographic landmarks have been discussed while are invaluable to assess pediatric elbow radiographs especially in the setting of trauma.
Atypical Supracondylar Fractures – How to Recognize and Treat?
Authors: Venkatadass K , Jain Deepak
Published: May 2022

Atypical supracondylar fractures are defined as those supracondylar fractures which pose a challenge in either reduction or fixation or both. Hence, a supracondylar fracture which is not amenable for the standard closed reduction and lateral divergent pinning may be classified as atypical. We have included the following fracture patterns as atypical in this article: 1) Reverse oblique fractures, 2) Rotationally unstable fractures, 3) Comminuted supracondylar fractures, 4) Supracondylar fracture with intra-articular extension and 5) Flexion type fractures. We have described ways to recognize these fractures with tips and tricks to reduce and stabilize them with relevant literature and case examples. It is important to be aware of these atypical injuries to identify them and manage them appropriately.
Comparison of Dermoscope and Woods Lamp as A Tool to Study Melanin Depth in Melasma
Authors: Navya Annam , Pai Varadraj
Published: May 2022

Introduction:

Melasma is a common acquired disorder of pigmentation that presents as hyperpigmented macules and patches predominately in the sun exposed areas of the face. It is more commonly seen in women.

Objective:

To compare the woods lamp and dermoscopic features of melasma.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 50 patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional analytical study in a tertiary care hospital setting for over a duration of 3 months. Melasma was clinically classified as centrofacial, malar and mandibular and the patients were then examined using the woods lamp (Dermaindia) and dermoscope (Dermlite DL4). Patients were classified into epidermal, mixed, and dermal melasma based on the level of melanin pigment. Statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS software (version 22) to find the Cohens kappa coefficient. (The degree of agreement between different methods of assessment/different observers.)

Results:

The level of agreement between the two methods was done with the help of Kappa coefficient. The Cohens kappa coefficient was 0.534 with a P = 0.00 (p <.05), which indicated a moderate strength of agreement.

Conclusion:

Among the two diagnostic tools, there was a moderate degree of agreement between dermoscopy and woods lamp in the analysis of melasma.

Limitations:

Both woods lamp and dermoscopy are tools that are subjective in nature. There was a lack of comparison with histopathology or newer diagnostic techniques like reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM).
“Storage, Backup and Archiving of Images”- E-Dermatology Task Force (IADVL Academy)
Authors: Gandhi Suneil , Kaliyadan Feroze , Chatterjee Kingshuk , Sharma Aseem
Published: May 2022

Dermatology is a specialty that relies a lot on the visual aspect of clinical diagnosis. Taking photographs of skin lesions is a routine part of clinical practice. They are used to document skin changes during the course of treatment. It is useful for publishing articles in academic journals and textbooks, and serves as a teaching aid. Images are an important form of patient data. Like all patient data, the need for ensuring confidentiality and security is of paramount importance. Keeping all this in mind, it is important to know how to store, backup and archive your images in a safe and efficient manner.
Dermoscopy of Oral Mucosal Lesions
Authors: Rather Shagufta , Shah Aqib A. , Shah Faizan Y. , S Kaur , Bhat Manzoor A. , Reyaz Saika , Hassan Iffat
Published: May 2022

Background:

Patients with mucosal lesions form a significant number of routine outpatients presenting to the dermatology department where diagnostic confirmation using histopathological examination of mucosal biopsy is neither feasible nor warranted in every patient.

Objective:

To study the dermoscopic features of various mucosal lesions affecting the oral cavity and to assess the reliability of mucoscopy vis-a-vis clinico-laboratory findings.

Materials and Methods:

An observational, cross-sectional, hospital-based study was conducted over a period of 2 years from March 2019 to February 2021 in the dermatology outpatient department. Patients presenting with oral mucosal lesions, with or without associated cutaneous involvement, were recruited for mucoscopic evaluation after taking an informed written consent. A detailed history and clinical examination, with emphasis on mucocutaneous examination, was performed and findings were recorded on a standard predesigned proforma. Mucoscopy of oral mucosa was carried out using a handheld dermoscope as well as Universal Serial Bus connected video-dermoscope in both nonpolarized and polarized modes. The different mucoscopic features were seen at these sites, compared with each other, analyzed and findings were recorded. A diagnosis was made on the basis of mucoscopic findings and correlated with clinical diagnosis. The data was analyzed using appropriate statistical tests.

Results:

The mean age of patients was 34.3 years and the mean lesional duration was 68.2 weeks. Oral lichen planus (18.66%) was the most common disorder studied, followed by recurrent apthous stomatitis (16.00%), pigmentary lesions (12.66%), vascular disorders (12.00%), mucocele (5.33%), pemphigus vulgaris (4.66%), and discoid lupus erythematosus (4.66%).

Conclusion:

Dermoscopy in oral lesions facilitates the visualization of the mucosal surface and provides quick confirmation of diagnosis in various mucosal disorders with advanced diagnostic accuracy. Mucoscopy was found helpful in differentiating the oral ulcers, which are a presenting feature of various serious mucocutaneous disorders. Mucoscopy could be a helpful aid in diagnosing pigmented skin lesions and alleviating the apprehension regarding oral melanoma and serve as a screening tool in case of squamous cell carcinoma lips

Limitations:

Confirmatory histopathological analysis and correlation with mucoscopic findings could not be established in our study.
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease
Authors: Sharma Anuj , Mahajan Vikram K. , Mehta Karaninder S. , Chauhan Pushpinder S. , Manvi Sujaya , Chauhan Amit
Published: May 2022

Background:

There have been sporadic and periodic large-scale epidemics of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) with cases at risk for significant morbidity and mortality particularly in Southeast Asia since 1997 and in India since early 2003.

Method:

We retrospectively studied 403 cases recorded from 2009 to 2019 and reviewed relevant Indian literature published between 2004 and 2019 to understand clinical, epidemiological, and virological attributes of this long-lasting Indian epidemic.

Result:

There were 96.8% children and adolescents (M:F 1.6:1) aged 2 months to 18 years and 84% were aged <5 years. Adult family contacts comprised 3.2%. Only 12 sporadic cases occurred during 2009-2011 followed by increased number from 2012 to 2015 peaking with 30.8% cases in 2013 and declining slowly until the year 2019 with small resurge in 2018. The major peaks occurred during summers with small peaks in autumns. Literature review showed 3332 cases presenting between 2004 and 2019 across Indian states with similar epidemiological trends whereas serotyping identified Coxsackievirus A16 (CV A16) in 83%, Coxsackievirus A6 (CV A6) in 17%, Enterovirus 71 in 4.1%, and multiple strains in 11.7% samples, respectively.

Conclusion:

The overall features of this long-lasting HFMD epidemic; affecting children aged <5 years more often than adults, none or minimum neurological or pulmonary complications in few patients, peaks occurring during summer and autumn months, and identity of the pathogenic virus coincide with global trends. However, the continuous spread of the disease across the country appears in sync with pre-epidemic periods of China and Taiwan. It calls for a continuous surveillance and making HFMD a notifiable disease in India.
Impact of Lockdown Restrictions on Treatment of Leprosy
Authors: Dominic Swapna , Sasidharanpillai Sarita , Gangan Reshmi , Minu Ulpurath , Sneha Kurisinkal S. , Hameed Jaseena , Devi Keerankulangara
Published: May 2022

Context:

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has shown the potential to affect the life of people all over the world either directly or indirectly.

Aim:

To assess the impact of lockdown measures on treatment of leprosy among patients who received treatment from a tertiary referral centre.

Settings and Design:

A retrospective study was conducted at the dermatology department of a tertiary referral centre.

Materials and Methods:

We did a retrospective analysis of case records of patients with leprosy who received treatment from our tertiary referral centre from 01 March 2020 to 31 May 2021.

Results:

During the 15-month period, 59 patients received multi-drug therapy (MDT) for leprosy from our centre. Thirty-two patients (54.2%) were already receiving MDT as on March 2020, and 27 others (45.8%) were diagnosed with leprosy and started on MDT during the period from March 2020 to May 2021. Two patients (3.4%) developed COVID-19 while on MDT. When lockdown measures were implemented, 12 patients (12/59, 20.3%) discontinued treatment, citing conveyance difficulties. Three patients (3/59, 5.1%) were lost to follow-up.

Limitations:

Small sample size and reliance on retrospective data from a single centre were the major limitations of the study.

Conclusion:

A conscious effort is needed from healthcare professionals and the government to ensure that implementation of national programmes is not adversely affected by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
Orthopedic Clinics under the Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic
Authors: Keshkar Sanjay , Mazumder Dilip Kumar
Published: May 2022

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has changed the seen in each and every field of the globe and is true for orthopedic clinics as well. As the second surge of COVID-19 pandemic is fading away, number of patients in orthopedic clinics of hospitals, nursing homes, and even private chambers is increasing day by day. Very soon we will see a sudden surge of patients in orthopedic OPD (outpatient department) as the cold cases have been differed for the last one and half years. Visiting/handling the increasing number of patients in the same space of consulting and waiting area will be a challenge and it is quite possible that we may commit a mistake by compromising the protective guidelines, as we did during the beginning of this year. However, the first surge was fading away, which resulted into the entry of second surge of COVID pandemic. Therefore, it is time to revisit the situation in terms of safety measures while attending the patients in orthopedic clinic.
Calcific Myonecrosis of Leg
Authors: Halder Chaitanya , Santra Sabyasachi , Keshkar Sanjay
Published: May 2022

Calcific myonecrosis is a rare entity characterised by a latent formation of dystrophic calcified mass occurring most commonly in the anterior compartment of the leg and is usually a posttraumatic condition. Diagnosis is based on the history of trauma and typical radiological features. Symptomatic patients require complete excision of the mass. We report such a case not only for its rarity but also for challenging diagnosis and treatment.
Missed Fracture of Capitulum on Initial Radiograph
Authors: Goel Ajay , Keshkar Sanjay
Published: May 2022

Patients with isolated capitellar fractures mostly present with painful swelling of the elbow with definite local tenderness on clinical examination. These fractures become evident in the radiograph. In this paper, we report a young girl with an isolated capitellar fracture that was missed in the initial radiograph of the elbow and became evident in computed tomography (CT) and subsequent X-ray. This patient was treated successfully with open reduction and internal fixation by two headless screws (Herbert screw).
Intramedullary Expert Tibial Nailing of Distal Tibial Fractures
Authors: Pandit Haazim Haneef , Ringshawl Zubair Younis , Sofi Shafeeq Ahmad , Dar Imtiyaz Hussain , Bashir Arshad , Wani Mohammad Iqbal
Published: May 2022

Background:

The tibial diaphysis is the most common site of fracture in the tibia and approximately 80% of these fractures have associated fibular fractures. Expert Tibia Nail System (ETNS) system provides extra stability in comparison to conventional intramedullary tibial nail due to multiaxial locking system.

Objective:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the midterm functional outcome of distal tibial fractures using the ETN.

Materials and Methods:

This prospective study was conducted from June 2016 to August 2019 comprising a total of 30 cases who were treated by Expert tibial nail fixation for distal tibial fractures. Clinical evaluation was done at each follow-up and final evaluation was done at 9 months postoperatively. The evaluation method at 9 months follow-up was the clinical examination and radiographic imaging.

Results:

Of 30 patients, majority were men. Male-to-female ratio was 3:1 with 22 men (73.33%) and 8 women (26.66%). The mean age of patients was 32 years with a range from 20 to 60 years. Left limb was involved more 16 (53.33%) frequently than right 14 (46.66%). Majority of the patients had trauma due to road traffic accidents (46.66%), fall from height/stairs (26.66%), twisting injuries (23.33%), and sports injuries (3.33%). There were 1 patient with superficial infection which resolved with wound care and antibiotics, 2 with anterior knee pain, 1 with malunion, 1 with delayed union, and 1 patient with nonunion. According to Johner and Wruh’s criteria, excellent results were achieved in 20 patients, good in 5 patients, fair in 4 patients, and poor in 1 patient.

Conclusions:

Expert tibial nailing is a new and innovative procedure for distal tibial fractures. It is safe and effective with the added advantage of providing additional stability and preventing rotational malalignment for distal third tibial fractures in comparison to conventional nailing. Further studies need to be conducted to validate the advantages of this procedure over conventional nailing.
Sexual Dimorphism of the Scapula by Morphometric Analysis in South Indian Population
Authors: Kumar Ashwini , Alghamdi Mansour A. , Honnegowda Thittamaranahalli Muguregowda
Published: May 2022

Background:

Forensic anthropology plays a key role in sexual dimorphism. It is possible to establish a profile and identification of the sex of an individual from the available parts of the skeleton. Several bones present dimorphism and have been studied to increase the approach for forensic identification.

Objective:

We morphometrically evaluated the human scapula and compared the measurements between scapula bone in cadavers of both sex to derive a logistical regression formula for sex determination of the south Indian population.

Materials and Methods:

Eighty adult scapulae were used in the study. Scapulae were measured in millimeters for 11 parameters with the help of the sliding caliper.

Results:

The most common shape of glenoid cavity recorded in this study in men and women was pear shape (54.92% and 51.02%) followed by inverted comma shape (31. 49% and 33.73%). The least common shape was oval (13.57% and 15.28). The mean (standard deviation [SD]) of parameters studies in men vs. women: MSH––143.3 ± 10.23 vs. 138.2 ± 11.89 mm; the MSB––105.3 ± 12.45 vs. 93.5 ± 9.23 mm; SpW––120.0 ± 0.81 vs. 104.0 ± 0.95 mm; ACW––87.0 ± 0.58 vs. 80.0 ± 0.53 mm; L2––44.7 ± 0.46 vs. 35.3 ± 0.39 mm; L4–50.5 ± 8.6 vs. 45.3 ± 9.51; L6–60.1 ± 7.71 vs. 56.8 ± 8.55 mm; SI glenoid diameter––37.63 ± 7.58 vs. 35.5 ± 4.75 mm; the anteroposterior glenoid diameter 1––24.50 ± 5.86 vs. 22.5 ± 6.93 mm and the anteroposterior glenoid diameter 2––16.30 ± 2.16 vs. 13.57 ± 5.58 mm; and mean glenoid cavity index was 65.10 ± 8.67% vs. 63.4 ± 9.23%. All parameters measured showed statistically significant values (P < 0.05) for the male scapula.

Conclusion:

The scapula can potentially be used in medicolegal investigations in terms of sexual dimorphism. Thus, the results of these studies can provide the baseline values increasing the range of options in the forensic investigation in sex determination.
Prevalence of tobacco consumption and smoking and its effect on outcome among microbiologically confirmed new pulmonary tuberculosis patients on daily regimen of DOTS in Amritsar city
Authors: Gupta Himanshu , Mahajan Sanjeev , Lal Mohan , Toor Adarshjot Kaur , Deepti Shyam Sunder , Chawla Naresh
Published: May 2022

Background:

Tobacco consumption and smoking are causative factors that can create a favorable environment for tuberculosis and increase the morbidity and mortality attributed to it. Tobacco use is the leading global cause of preventable death (6 million deaths per year). This study compares the treatment outcome in pulmonary tuberculosis patients on DOTS daily regimen with respect to consumption of tobacco and smoking

Aims:

1. To study the prevalence of tobacco consumption and smoking among microbiologically confirmed new pulmonary tuberculosis patients. 2. To study the effect of tobacco consumption and smoking on the outcome of microbiologically confirmed new pulmonary tuberculosis patients.

Material and Method:

The prospective observational study was conducted on microbiologically confirmed new pulmonary tuberculosis patients enrolled during the first quarter of the year 2019 (i.e., from 01/01/2019 to 03/31/2019) at the four selected DMCs of Amritsar City. In total, 197 patients were included in the study depending on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The prevalence of tobacco consumption and smoking at the start of treatment was noted and the effect on outcome was observed

Results:

Prevalence of tobacco consumption and smoking was found to be 24.37% and 21.83%, respectively. In addition, 93.96% of non-tobacco consumers and 94.15% of non-smokers had favorable outcomes as compared to 83.34% of tobacco consumers and 81.4% of smokers, which is statistically significant

Conclusion:

Tobacco consumption and smoking have significantly higher chances of unfavorable outcomes (loss to follow up, change in treatment regimen, and death) as compared to non-consumption and non-smoking.
Exploring the contraceptive behaviour on spacing methods among the married women of reproductive age group in a rural area of Purba Bardhaman district, West Bengal – a qualitative study
Authors: Goswami Pramit , Samsuzzaman Md , Barman Medhatithi
Published: May 2022

Introduction:

One of the goals of the National Population Policy 2000 was to stabilize the population at a level consistent with the requirement of national economy. Spacing methods are reversible methods of contraception. Vision FP2020 will build on policy of increasing focus on spacing services through voluntary adoption of family planning. With this background, the study was conducted to explore the spacing contraception behaviour among married women of reproductive age group.

Methods:

A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from July to August 2018 at a rural block of West Bengal. Four subcentres from a list of total 38 subcentres in the Bhatar block were selected by Simple random sampling (SRS). A list of currently married women of reproductive age group fulfilling the inclusion criteria was prepared and 10 women of each SC were chosen randomly. In-depth interviews were conducted among selected women and a focused group discussion was conducted involving the auxiliary nurse midwife (ANMs) to elicit reasons and barriers for contraceptive use from service providers’ perspective.

Results:

The reasons for their current contraceptive choice were change in behaviour and, according to gender of the first baby, poor information, education, communication (IEC), personal preference, motivation by family members and health workers, religion and caste factors, fear and side effect for other methods, easy availability etc.,

Conclusion:

The findings reinforce the need for targeted spacing contraception promotion that includes delivery of localized contraceptive services, increase of knowledge on safety and utility of spacing methods among eligible clients, their family members and local health workers.
Medical postgraduate (MD) program in Laboratory Medicine in India
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Tapasyapreeti , Shekhar Sudhanshu , Chopra Parul , Patil Parag P. , Jayakumar Rajeswari , Sehgal Tushar , Meena Suneeta , Ningombam Aparna , Shah Vikesh K. , Kumar Praveen , Datta Sudip K. , Mathur Purva , Subramanian Arulselvi , Sinha Subrata , Mukhopadhyay Ashok K.
Published: May 2022

A medical postgraduate course in the field of Laboratory Medicine for the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) degree holders has existed for more than two decades in India, initiated and offered by the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, which was created under the special Act of Parliament of India 1956. This course has recently been included in the draft of National Medical Commission’s Post Graduate Regulation 2021 list of medical courses, and the foundation guidelines have been laid for other medical colleges and teaching hospitals across the country to start this course. This article, written purely in academic interest, describes the past, present and future of this postgraduate training program in India with an aim to answer several doubts regarding this unique and holistic course with a view to providing a direction to those who are willing to become a laboratory physician through this post-graduation.
The changeable dynamics between glycaemic control and neuropathy risk across the lifespan of Saudi diabetic patients; A survey in diabetes healthcare facility
Authors: Alfaez Saad M. , Alsalmi Thekra I. , Alfeer Raghad N. , Alghamdi Elaf K. , Alzahrani Mohammed Ali , Al Bogami Safar A. , Mubarak Ali S. , Alshehri Khalid M. , Alfadhly Abulaziz F. , AlMalki Basim M. , Alosaimi Jawhara A. , Alzahrani Fahad M. , Al-Ghamdi Abdullah , Osman Mugtaba
Published: May 2022

Background and Aims:

Peripheral neuropathy is a common diabetic complication. It is linked to poor glycaemic control and longer duration of diabetes. We explored the association between HbA1c and neuropathy risk considering the duration of diabetes in a sample of Saudi diabetic patients.

Method:

We conducted a monofilament test on 343 diabetic patients referred to our specialist diabetology centre in Saudi Arabia. We utilized a multiple generalized logistic regression model with a binary outcome related to neuropathy complications.

Results:

We found that over four out of every five patients have peripheral neuropathy. The interaction between HbA1c and duration was significant (estimate = −0.02802, P = 0.00534), a positive association between neuropathy and both HbA1c (increased risk by 46.2%, P = 0.03222) and DM duration (increased risk by 19.6%, P = 0.04497).

Conclusions:

The shorter the duration of diabetes, the more positive the relationship between HbA1c and peripheral neuropathy. In patients living for over 40 years with diabetes, HbA1c was higher among those who did not have peripheral neuropathy. It could be argued that this is an artefact of survival as poorer glycaemic control will likely result in higher mortality in earlier years of the diabetes career.
Comparison of bioceramic and epoxy resin sealers in terms of marginal adaptation and tubular penetration depth with different obturation techniques in premolar teeth
Authors: Najafzadeh Reza , Fazlyab Mahta , Esnaashari Ehsan
Published: May 2022

Introduction and Objective

The proper performance of a sealer in root canal treatment depends on its physical properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two bioceramic and epoxy resin sealers in terms of marginal adaptation and tubular penetration depth in different obturation methods of human premolar teeth.

Materials and Methods

A total of 82 premolar teeth extracted due to caries and gum disease were used in the present in vitro experimental study. Two types of sealers, epoxy resin (AH-Plus, Dentsply, Germany) and bioceramic (Endosequence BC sealer, Brasseler, Savannah, GA, USA), were used in this research. Lateral compaction and single-cone techniques were used for filling the teeth. Marginal adaptation and tubular penetration depth were measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM), respectively. Statistical analysis of data was performed by repeated-measures ANOVA. The significance level was considered as P < 0.05.

Results

The marginal adaptation and tubular penetration depth in all three coronal, middle, and apical regions were better in bioceramic sealer (P < 0.001). The marginal adaptation and tubular penetration depth in all regions were not affected by the filling method and the interaction between the sealer type and the obturation technique.

Conclusion

Based on the results of this study, the use of bioceramic sealer caused better depth of tubular penetration and marginal adaptation compared to epoxy resin. Further studies and the use of different filling techniques are necessary to achieve a three-dimensional sealing in curved root canals.
Adrenal crisis in a patient with APS2 due to COVID-19
Authors: Suryadevara Varun , Merugu Chandhana , Perumal Nandhini L. , Sahoo Jayaprakash , Kamalanathan Sadishkumar , Naik Dukhabandhu
Published: May 2022

COVID-19 (corona virus disease 2019), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread throughout the globe and affected millions of people worldwide. Here, we report a patient with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 2 who presented with adrenal crisis, precipitated by COVID-19. We intend to highlight the importance of stress dosing in preventing adrenal crisis in patients with adrenal insufficiency (AI). A uniform structured education programme is needed to improve knowledge and practices in patients with AI in our country.
Laboratory diagnosis of mucormycosis
Authors: Gupta Munesh K , Kumar Nilesh , Dhameja Neeraj , Sharma Arti , Tilak Ragini
Published: May 2022

Upsurge in mucormycosis cases in the second wave of SARS CoV2 infection in India has been reported. Uncontrolled diabetes is the major predisposing risk factor for these cases. The early diagnosis and surgical intervention with medical treatment may result in good clinical outcomes. The glycaemic control in diabetic patients also favours better treatment outcome in patients suffering from mucormycosis.
Male involvement in family planning in a rural area of India
Authors: Parija Pragyan P. , Pal Anjali , Panigrahi Sunil K. , Thakur Pushpawati , Pal Rahul
Published: May 2022

Introduction:

Family planning is one of the essential health care services to promote and ensure reproductive health. Nearly 40.2 percent of men think it as a woman’s responsibility as per the National Family Health Survey 4. Not much attention has been given to the male partners in the usage of contraceptives. So, this study was conducted to assess the male participation in family planning among married males in a rural area of Chhattisgarh.

Methodology:

A sample of 365 married males were interviewed through a semi-structured questionnaire at a primary health care center.

Results:

Only 48 (13.1%) participants were using condoms or male sterilization as a method of contraception at the time of the study. Good involvement of males in family planning was found to be (10.9%) in our study. Those who were above the poverty line and educated (graduation and above) had good involvement in family planning. The chief reason cited for not opting for male sterilization by participants was fear of physical weakness followed by family opposition.

Conclusion:

The socio-cultural barrier in itself demotivates men from getting involved in the family planning program. This study recommends increasing health literacy regarding family planning among men by including it in the school curriculum and through awareness activities and counseling that influences them positively and motivates them to accept contraceptive services and shared decision making. Sterilization facilities should be made accessible to them to further encourage them.
Prevalence of high-risk pregnancy among pregnant women enrolled under Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan in government health facilities of district Etawah, Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Prajapati Ajay K. , Kumar Vineet , Soni Kanchan , Singh Naresh Pal , Jain Pankaj Kumar , Ruchi
Published: May 2022

Background:

According to the Sample Registration System report, India has reduced the maternal mortality rate from 130 per 100,000 live births in 2014–2016 to 113 per 100,000 live births in 2016–2018. The main purpose of antenatal care is to identify “high-risk” cases as early as possible from a large group of antenatal mothers and provide them skilled and appropriate care.

Objective:

To determine the prevalence of high-risk pregnancy (HRP) in pregnant females availing services under pradhan mantri surakshit matritva abhiyan (PMSMA) and to assess awareness of pregnant mothers about services provided under PMSMA in district Etawah of Uttar Pradesh.

Material and Methods:

Community-based cross-sectional study was carried out among 400 female beneficiaries who were registered under the PMSMA scheme and delivered their baby at any government health facility during one year of study period.

Results:

It was observed that from all the antenatal women visiting the community health center for HRP day under the PMSMA scheme, 162 (40.5%) were categorized as HRPs and 238 (59.6%) of them were nonhigh-risk pregnancies. A statistically significant association was observed (P-value = 0.005 at 95% CI) between the difference in the proportion of HRPs and the educational status of the pregnant mothers. Out of 400 beneficiaries, 167 (41.75%) were aware of the PMSMA scheme.

Conclusion:

Regular antenatal care (ANC) check-ups, early identification of HRP, health education, and timely screening are needed to reduce maternal mortality.
Healthcare professionals are “corona saviors” not “warriors”
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Bharti Nita , Prakash Gian , Kumar Saurabh
Published: May 2022

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the role of doctors and healthcare professionals came into highlight as they are at the forefront since the onset of the pandemic, keeping themselves and their families at risk just to treat this disease and save lives. However, healthcare workers are not warriors. Let our healthcare professionals be called as “Corona Saviors” instead of “Corona Warriors” without any prejudice; they are the “Angels of Saviors of Health.”
Electrocardiographic Abnormalities predicting mortality in COVID-19 pneumonia patients
Authors: Kaeley Nidhi , Mahala Prakash , Walia Rohit
Published: May 2022

Background:

Cardiovascular involvement is a significant cause of death in COVID pneumonia. Early electrocardiographic changes may predict cardiovascular involvement and predict mortality in COVID pneumonia patients

Methods:

A total of 250 consecutive patients with COVID-19 pneumonia admitted to the emergency were studied for electrocardiographic abnormalities and their relation to mortality

Results:

Most patients required supplemental oxygen to maintain optimal saturation. A total of 72% showed ECG abnormalities, and the overall cohort had a mortality of 50%. New-onset atrial fibrillation, left bundle branch block or right bundle branch pattern, and ventricular premature complexes were associated with high mortality. Sinus tachycardia and atrial fibrillation were the most common arrhythmia and were significantly associated with mortality

Conclusions:

New-onset atrial fibrillation, intraventricular conduction defects, and sinus tachycardia are associated with increased mortality in COVID pneumonia patients.
Vitamin-D deficiency in adults of Mumbai city
Authors: Hinduja Anupa R. A. , Chandy David , Patkar Deepak , Wankhedkar Harshad
Published: May 2022

Background:

Vitamin-D deficiency is a pandemic that is being linked to various noncommunicable diseases. The present study is an attempt to study the demographic profile and the prevalence of comorbidities in association with the vitamin-D status of the Mumbai-based study population. The authors also attempt to understand the change in prevalence over the last decade

Methodology:

Fasting blood samples were collected from consenting asymptomatic adults visiting the hospital and were analyzed for the prevalence of vitamin-D deficiency and diabetes mellitus, and participants were clinically examined for the presence of hypertension (as defined by AHA guidelines) and obesity (as defined by body mass index of more than equal to 30)

Results:

It was found that 57% of participants were deficient, 25% had insufficient, and 18% had adequate vitamin-D levels. There were a greater number of younger (P = 0.003) and upper-middle-class participants in the deficient group (P = 0.043816). Prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus and the distribution of genders was comparable in the deficient and sufficient vitamin-D groups. However, diabetic vitamin-D-sufficient participants had better control of blood sugar compared to diabetic vitamin-D-deficient participants

Conclusion:

Although the prevalence of vitamin-D deficiency has slightly reduced compared to the previous decade, it is still highly prevalent. Diabetic vitamin-D-sufficient participants had better glycemic control compared to diabetic vitamin-D-deficient participants. Thus, it is highly recommended for primary care physicians to screen everyone for vitamin-D deficiency.
“Vaccinate every child against COVID-19”
Authors: Agrawal Sanjana , Dayama Sonal , Galhotra Abhiruchi
Published: May 2022

The global pandemic of COVID-19 has created havoc worldwide. By the first week of December 2021, 0.26 billion COVID-19 infected cases and 5.2 million deaths have been reported globally.[1] United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF) reports that more than 10,000 children and adolescents have died from COVID-19, with a case fatality rate of 0.3%. Out of 299 vaccine candidates, 28 are available to the general population in less than 1 year.[2] For children, WHO permitted vaccine Pfizer/BioNTech, Sinovac, and Sinopharm, Drug Controller General of India’s approved ZyCov–D and Covaxin, and the Cuban government approved Soberna 2, and Soberna plus are available.[3] Italy, Germany, France, Norway, Switzerland, Israel, Dubai, Japan, Canada, and the US have already started vaccinating their children. This step may decrease the transmissibility and mutations of the virus and thus restore normalcy. For India, it is a question of “To be or not to be?” Indian researchers have warned of the long-term impact of the pandemic on the health, development, learning, and behavior of children, thus pushing the agenda of vaccination and opening of schools. All attempts at opening schools have failed in the last 2 years. Vaccinating children is not easy as it has taken nearly 1 year to vaccinate half of the adult Indian population. In these circumstances, rather than “vaccine for all,” “vaccine for (chronically) ill” is the only feasible solution for children.
Pattern and practice of self medication among adults in an urban community of West Bengal
Authors: Gupta Shibaji , Chakraborty Arup
Published: May 2022

Introduction:

Self-medication is the obtainment and consumption of drugs without a physician’s advice, in any stage of disease management. Indiscriminate practice of self-medication, which is common in developing countries like India, often leads to dangerous unwarranted adverse effects, ultimately increasing cost burden due to health care. The aim of this study was to assess self-medication practice and its reasons among study participants.

Methods:

Eligible residents of the urban field practice area of a Kolkata-based medical college were interviewed using a predesigned and pretested data collection schedule.

Results:

Among 170 participants, 98 (57.7%) were found to have practiced self-medication; 39.8% of them were aged between 28 and 37 years, the majority being females (57.1%). Lack of felt need to visit a registered medical practitioner was the most common reason (34.7%) cited behind practicing self-medication. All (100.0%) self-medicating participants checked expiry date before use; pain suppressing medications were the most commonly used (46.9%). Pharmacies were the commonest source of knowledge for medicinal use (64.3%). The less educated tended to self-medicate more than those with a higher level of education (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

The study found the majority of its respondents to be practicing self-medication. Stringent implementation of law and increasing community awareness regarding the ill effects of self-medication is therefore necessary.
Underweight is an important predictor for functional impairment among the older adults in Urban West Bengal, India
Authors: Ahamed Farhad , Rehman Tanveer , Krishnamoorthy Yuvaraj , Kaur Amandeep , Debnath Abantika , Ghosh Tandra
Published: May 2022

Objectives:

To estimate the prevalence, pattern, and factors associated with functional impairment among elders.

Materials and Methods:

A community-based cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among older adults (aged ≥60 years) residing in the urban blocks of West Bengal. An interview was conducted using a structured questionnaire, which included Katz index and half-arm span to measure functional impairment and body mass index (BMI), respectively

Results:

The mean (SD) age (in years) of 457 participants was 69.0 (7.3) years and 52% were males, 72% were graduates, 52% were obese, and 55% had hypertension. The prevalence of functional impairment was 7.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.21–10.24). The most common aid or appliance used was spectacles (93%) followed by a denture (20%). The functional impairment was more common among the oldest-old (≥85 years) (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) 8.26, 95% CI: 2.50–27.28), middle-old (75–84 years) age group (aPR 3.85, 95% CI: 1.44–10.31), underweight (BMI < 18.50 kg/m2) (aPR 3.60, 95% CI: 1.44–9.00), and among the individuals using walking sticks (aPR 3.47, 95% CI: 1.60–7.51)

Conclusion:

The burden of functional impairment is low among older adults in the urban area of West Bengal. Policies need to be framed at the household level to reduce the extent of disability among the oldest-old and elders who are underweight and use walking aids.
A Simple Infection Prevention ‘Bundle’ Including Preoperative Bath With Hair-Wash to Reduce Surgical Site Infection (SSI) Following Elective Caesarean and Gynaecological Surgery in India
Authors: Bagga Rashmi , Suri Vanita , Thami Minakshi , Nehra Ritu , Dhaliwal Navneet , Biswal Manisha , Singhal Sangeeta , Soni Anita , Joshi Liza
Published: May 2022

Background:

Surgical site infections (SSIs) may be reduced by following SSI prevention measures. We assessed the SSI rate following caesarean section (CS) and gynaecologic surgery after implementing a simple SSI prevention bundle including preoperative bath and hair wash

Methods:

The study was carried out in two hospitals in North India (Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research [PGIMER] and Civil Hospital CH) from August 2018 to July 2019. The SSI rate during intervention period (9 months) was compared with baseline rate (3 months). Womens’ knowledge about SSI was assessed preoperatively and after counselling, postoperatively

Results:

The baseline SSI rate after CS (n = 165) was 11.1% at PGIMER and 8.5% at CH. After gynae surgery (n = 172), it was 13% at PGIMER and 11.5% at CH. During intervention, (CS = 585, gynae surgery = 503), SSI rate was reduced significantly at PGIMER (CS: 11.1% to 3.7%, P = 0.048; gynae surgery: 13% to 7.1%, P = 0.027), but not at CH (CS: 8.5% to 8.2%, P = 0.903; gynae surgery: 11.5% to 11.4%, P = 0.984). Three measures were followed more often at PGIMER than at CH: before CS, bath with hair-wash: 99.3% vs 78.5%, P = 0.00, hair-clipper vs razor: 100% vs 5.1%, P = 0.00 and antibiotic prophylaxis ≤120 min: 100% vs 92.4%, P = 0.00; and before gynae surgery, bath with hair-wash: 93.2% vs 71%, P = 0.00, hair-clipper vs razor: 93.6% vs 1.9%, P = 0.00 and antibiotic prophylaxis ≤120 min: 100% vs 80.8%, P = 0.00. Postoperatively, womens’ knowledge about SSI prevention improved significantly at the two sites

Conclusion:

The reduction in SSI at PGIMER was attributed to better compliance to SSI prevention measures listed above. Counselling women about simple SSI prevention method like preoperative bath with scalp hair wash increased their knowledge about these significantly.
Prevalence, patterns, and determinants of body image dissatisfaction among female undergraduate students of University of Delhi
Authors: Kapoor Abhilasha , Upadhyay Madhu Kumari , Saini Narinder Kumar
Published: May 2022

Background:

Body image is an essential aspect of young girls’ self-definition and individual identity and is influenced by multitude of factors including cultural, social, cognitive, affective, and biological. In recent times, excessive concern about the body image has been reported and the prevalence of body image dissatisfaction (BID) has increased among adolescent and young girls

Objectives:

The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of BID, its pattern and the factors associated with it among female undergraduate students and also to assess the level of concern about their body image

Methods:

This cross-sectional study was conducted among 180 female undergraduate students using a contour drawing rating scale and a body shape questionnaire to assess BID and its pattern, and the level of concern about body image, respectively. Binary logistic regression was applied to identify the factors determining body image perception

Results:

The prevalence of body mage dissatisfaction was 76.7% with overweight and obesity, and media influences being significantly associated with it. Nutritional status, mother’s educational status, and media influences were the determinants. Body shape concerns were found among 30.6% of the participants out of which 7.3% reported marked to moderate concerns

Conclusions:

Our findings highlighted a higher prevalence of perceived dissatisfaction with the body image and also that it is not simply the outcome of sociocultural pressure to conform to a certain body type but is the result of a complex interaction between individual differences in actual body mass and preference for a thin body ideal.
Awareness regarding foot self-care practices among diabetic patients in Northeast part of India. Can primary care physician make a difference? A hospital based cross-sectional study
Authors: Shaki Omna , Gupta Gayatri Karad , Rai Sanjay K. , Gupta Tej Pratap , Kumar R. Vijay , Upreti Vimal , Bajpai Mukul
Published: May 2022

Background:

About 10% of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at the time of diagnosis have more than one risk factor for developing foot ulceration, and it increases to 15% in a lifetime. The risk of development of Diabetic foot ulcers/gangrene can be prevented by the patient’s self-foot care practice at home. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of awareness of self-foot care practice among diabetic patients in a rural setting. The study also aimed to identify the factors preventing dry or wet diabetic gangrene development and subsequent amputation.

Methods:

A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out among 1687 people with diabetes mellitus (DM) who attended orthopedic and diabetic OPD in a tertiary care hospital in Kamrup, Assam, India. An appropriate self-explanatory questionnaire about knowledge of self-foot care practice was given to all study participants. Foot examination was performed by authors participated in the study on all patients. The observations and results were categorized according to the International Diabetes Federation foot risk categories.

Results:

Of 1687 patients included in this study, 298 (17.7%) had foot ulcers of various grades, 164 (9.76%) had peripheral vascular disease, and 484 (28.7%), had peripheral neuropathy of different grades. After multivariate analysis, patients on insulin and combination therapy and peripheral neuropathy were significantly associated with the presence of foot ulcers. The mean knowledge score was as low as 9.7 ± 4.8 out of a total score of 23. Low awareness and knowledge were associated with low mean scores due to a lack of formal education (8.3 ± 6.1). Among the 1687 patients, only 381 (22.5%) are aware and have some knowledge about self-foot care, and 686 (40.6%) had their feet examined by a doctor only once since their initial diagnosis. The incidence of development of diabetic-related complications was significantly low in those who know about foot self-care as well as those whose feet had been inspected by a physician at least once.

Conclusion:

The incidence of development of diabetic-related complications was significantly low in those who know about foot self-care as well as those whose feet had been examined by a physician of family doctors at least once. There is a need to educate all patients of diabetes about self-foot care. It is prudent to establish an integrated foot care services within primary care centers and in the diabetic clinic to identify feet at risk, institute early preventive measures, and provide continuous foot care education through images videos on WhatsApp to patients and primary health care givers.
Association of serum ferritin with COVID-19 in a cross-sectional study of 200 intensive care unit patients in a rural hospital
Authors: Hulkoti Vidyashree S. , Acharya Sourya , Kumar Sunil , Talwar Dhruv , Khanna Shivam , Annadatha Akhilesh , Madaan Sparsh , Verma Vinay , Sagar V.V.S.S
Published: May 2022

Background:

The COVID-19 disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has toppled the world since first case noted in 2019, and the cases have been increasing there after. This grave effect is caused by the cytokine storm induced inflammation produced by the noxious virus. As it is an inflammatory state, various acute phase reactants are expected to raise; thus serum ferritin is contemplated to increase. Here we aim to anchor serum ferritin as a way marker for diagnosis and management of COVID-19 patients and study its role as a prognostic marker. Another aspect is the association of COVID-19 with the N: L ratio; observation has stated that higher N: L ratio results in more severe outcome. The study aimed to establish a correlation of COVID-19 severity with serum ferritin in the form of HRCT Score, N: L Ratio and Clinical Outcome in the patients admitted in Intensive Care Unit

Result:

Out of 200 patients who were admitted in the intensive care unit with COVID-19, the association of serum ferritin with N: L Ratio and HRCT Score was significant, and the association of serum ferritin with clinical outcome in terms of discharged and expired was found to be statistically significant

Conclusion:

Serum ferritin was found to be a potent marker for clinical outcome in intensive care unit patients in terms of death versus treated. HRCT Score and N:L ratio were found to be correlated with serum ferritin. Therefore, we conclude that serum ferritin may determine the severity of COVID-19 infection and it can be used as a marker for Clinical Outcome thereby making it an often neglected biomarker for predicting prognosis in COVID-19 with most of the physicians focusing mostly on interleukin 6, C Reactive protein and d dimer as a marker of severe COVID infection.