bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of whole‐genome duplication events on diversification rates in angiosperms
Authors: Landis Jacob B. , Soltis Douglas E. , Li Zheng , Marx Hannah E. , Barker Michael S. , Tank David C. , Soltis Pamela S.
Published: May 2018

Premise of the Study

Polyploidy or whole‐genome duplication (WGD) pervades the evolutionary history of angiosperms. Despite extensive progress in our understanding of WGD, the role of these events in promoting diversification is still not well understood. We seek to clarify the possible association between WGD and diversification rates in flowering plants.

Methods

Using a previously published phylogeny spanning all land plants (31,749 tips) and WGD events inferred from analyses of the 1000 Plants (1KP) transcriptome data, we analyzed the association of WGDs and diversification rates following numerous WGD events across the angiosperms. We used a stepwise AIC approach (MEDUSA), a Bayesian mixture model approach (BAMM), and state‐dependent diversification analyses (MuSSE) to investigate patterns of diversification. Sister‐clade comparisons were used to investigate species richness after WGDs.

Key Results

Based on the density of 1KP taxon sampling, 106 WGDs were unambiguously placed on the angiosperm phylogeny. We identified 334–530 shifts in diversification rates. We found that 61 WGD events were tightly linked to changes in diversification rates, and state‐dependent diversification analyses indicated higher speciation rates for subsequent rounds of WGD. Additionally, 70 of 99 WGD events showed an increase in species richness compared to the sister clade.

Conclusions

Forty‐six of the 106 WGDs analyzed appear to be closely associated with upshifts in the rate of diversification in angiosperms. Shifts in diversification do not appear more likely than random within a four‐node lag phase following a WGD; however, younger WGD events are more likely to be followed by an upshift in diversification than older WGD events.
Ru3(CO)12‐Catalyzed Carbonylation of C−H Bonds by Triazole‐Directed C−H Activation
Authors: Haito Akira , Yamaguchi Mao , Chatani Naoto
Published: May 2018

The Ru‐catalyzed carbonylation of C−H bonds directed by a triazole ring is reported. The reaction involves a three‐component coupling reaction of a C−H bond, carbon monoxide (CO), and ethylene, leading to the production of a ketone as the carbonylation product.
Infrared thermal imaging: Positive and negative emotions modify the skin temperatures of monkey and ape faces
Authors: Chotard Hélène , Ioannou Stephanos , Davila‐Ross Marina
Published: May 2018

Facial thermography has enabled researchers to noninvasively and continuously measure the changes of a range of emotional states in humans. The present work used this novel technology to study the effect of positive and negative emotions in nonhuman primates by focusing on four facial areas (the peri‐orbital area, the nose bridge, the nose tip, and the upper lip). Monkeys and apes were examined for positive emotions (during interactions with toys and during tickling) and for negative emotions (during food delay and teasing). For the combined toy and tickling condition, the results indicated a drop in the nose tip temperature and a tendency of an increase in the peri‐orbital temperature. For the combined food delay and teasing condition, the results also revealed a rise in the upper lip temperature of the subjects. These different effects on the facial temperatures in monkeys and apes most likely reflect distinctive physiological reactions of a primordial primate emotion system. We conclude that facial thermal imaging represents a promising physiologically grounded technology to noninvasively and continuously obtain reliable data on emotional states in nonhuman primates, which may help modernize research on emotions in nonhuman primates and enhance our understanding of the evolution of human emotions.
Development of 26 microsatellite markers in Bupleurum latissimum (Apiaceae), an endangered plant endemic to Ulleung Island, Korea
Authors: Lee Jung‐Hyun , Yoon Chang Young , Han Eun‐Kyeong , Kim Joo‐Hwan
Published: May 2018

Premise of the Study

To enhance our understanding of evolutionary consequences and to establish a suitable conservation strategy, we isolated microsatellite markers for the endangered Bupleurum latissimum (Apiaceae), which is endemic to the oceanic Ulleung Island. We also attempted cross‐amplification in B. euphorbioides and B. longeradiatum to investigate its continental progenitors.

Methods and Results

Using high‐throughput sequencing data, we developed 26 polymorphic microsatellite loci in three multiplexes, of which 13 loci were polymorphic in the two related species. For B. latissimum, alleles numbered two to four and the observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.000 to 0.500 and 0.061 to 0.529, respectively.

Conclusions

These developed markers will be useful for understanding evolutionary patterns of B. latissimum in an oceanic island system and for establishing suitable conservation strategies at the genetic level.
An integrated course based on two dimensional‐electrophoresis and mass spectrometry analysis to teach proteomic techniques for undergraduate students
Authors: Sha Shanshan , Jia Liqiu , Xin Yi , Yao Weili , Ma Yufang
Published: May 2018

Here, we developed an integrated course based on two dimensional‐electrophoresis and spectrometry mass (2DE‐MS) technique for undergraduate students to help them learn proteomic techniques. The soluble proteins in wild type and gene knockout bacteria were separated by 2DE and the differently expressed proteins were identified by MS analysis. The proteomic data was finally confirmed by RT‐PCR detection. The separated experiments of 2DE, MS, RNA isolation, RT‐PCR, as well as essential bioinformatic analysis, were integrated into a one‐week course, which provided students an opportunity to systematically understand the proteomic techniques and their applications in current scientific research. © 2018 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 46:354–360, 2018.
Antibody expression stability in CHO clonally derived cell lines and their subclones: Role of methylation in phenotypic and epigenetic heterogeneity
Authors: Patel Neha A. , Anderson Colin R. , Terkildsen Sarah E. , Davis Ray C. , Pack Laura D. , Bhargava Swapnil , Clarke Howard R.G.
Published: May 2018

Routine CHO cell line development practices involve a lengthy process of iteratively screening clonally derived cell lines to identify a single line suitable for IND filing and clinical manufacture. Paramount in this process is development of a stable production cell line having consistent growth, productivity and product quality for the entire generational length of the manufacturing process. Scale‐down stability models used to screen clones for consistency are time consuming and often a rate‐limiting step in clone selection. To investigate CHEF1 production stability in CHO cells we analyzed genotypic and phenotypic attributes of monoclonal primary clones and their respective subclones over time in standard antibody production models. The main finding of this work indicates that monoclonal cell lines derived from single cell progenitors grow into populations of cells with varied phenotypic heterogeneity, as revealed in their subclones, from either stable or unstable cell lines. Investigation of the subclones demonstrates that clonally derived cell lines grow out into populations with variable phenotypes and genotypes, even if the primary clone shows consistency in both over many generations in a stability study. Phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity mostly did not correlate, but growth and productivity appear driven in part by cytosine methylation heterogeneity in both primary and secondary clones. This work presents evidence that epigenetic analysis may be useful for early detection of stability traits, but emphasizes the continued importance of rigorous cell line stability screening to identify primary clones that have consistent phenotypic characteristics, especially growth and productivity, throughout the in vitro lifecycle of the cells. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:635–649, 2018
Tetracarboxylate Bis‐Bipyridine Ruthenium Dyes: Synthesis, Structural and Electronic Characterisation
Authors: Woodward Clint P. , Rüther Thomas , Coghlan Campbell J. , Jones Timothy W. , Hebting Yanek , Cordiner Richard L. , Dawson Ryan E. , Robinson Diane E. J. E. , Forsyth Craig M. , Wilson Gregory J.
Published: May 2018

The preparation of ruthenium complexes with novel 2,2′‐bipyridine (bpy) ligands bearing four carboxylic acid groups was investigated with a view to creating dyes containing more than two potential anchoring groups per bpy unit for attachment to a titania surface. Synthetic challenges are encountered upon using the 2,2′‐bipyridine‐3,3′,4,4′‐tetracarboxylic acid ligand because it readily decarboxylates. The use of the methyl esterified derivative (3) proved to be more successful for complex preparation, with a robust preparation of the [Ru(3)2Cl2] complex identified with diglyme as the solvent. This complex was further converted into the thiocyanato complex, [Ru(3)2(NCS)2], which could not be completely de‐esterified. X‐ray analysis of crystals obtained from a mixture of isomers for this complex provided data for the S,S‐ and N,S‐coordinated isomers; both showed a twisted arrangement of the pyridine rings in the 2,2′‐bipyridine‐3,3′,4,4′‐tetracarboxylic acid ligand, owing to steric hinderance. Conversely, the isosteric 2,2′‐bipyridine‐4,4′,5,5′‐tetracarboxylic acid ligand was easily converted into the desired [Ru(2)2(NCS)2] complex through a standard one‐pot procedure in N,N‐dimethylformamide solvent. All of the complexes presented herein exhibit a significant redshift for the metal to ligand charge‐transfer bands, relative to the benchmark ruthenium dye N719 and derivatives thereof. All complexes exhibit a quasi‐reversible process for the ruthenium(II/III) couple at approximately 0.4 V versus the ferrocene couple, comparable to analogous ruthenium dyes.
Insights into Selective Gas Sorbent Functionality Gained by Using Time‐Resolved Neutron Diffraction
Authors: Auckett Josie E. , Duyker Samuel G. , Turner David R. , Batten Stuart R. , Peterson Vanessa K.
Published: May 2018

An understanding of the atomic‐scale interactions between gas sorbent materials and their molecular guests is essential for the identification of the origins of desirable function and the rational optimization of performance. However, characterizations performed on equilibrated sorbent–guest systems may not accurately represent their behavior under dynamic operating conditions. The emergence of fast (minute‐scale) neutron powder diffraction coupled with direct, real‐time quantification of gas uptake opens up new possibilities for obtaining knowledge about concentration‐dependent effects of guest loading upon function‐critical features of sorbent materials, including atomic structure, diffusion pathways, and thermal expansion of the sorbent framework. This article presents a detailed investigation of the ultramicroporous metal–organic framework [Cu3(cdm)4] as a case study to demonstrate the variety of insights into sorbent performance that can be obtained from real‐time characterizations using neutron diffraction.
An Electrochemical Sensor Based on Electropolymerization of ß‐Cyclodextrin and Reduced Graphene Oxide on a Glassy Carbon Electrode for Determination of Neonicotinoids
Authors: Oliveira Ana Elisa Ferreira , Bettio Guilherme Braga , Pereira Arnaldo César
Published: May 2018

An electrochemical sensor of glassy carbon electrode modified with reduced graphene oxide and β‐cyclodextrin (GCE/rGO/β‐CD) was developed as an effective alternative in the determination of neonicotinoid insecticides, imidacloprid, clothianidin and thiamethoxam, in honey samples. The peak current variation obtained with the proposed sensor was higher compared to the bare GCE in all the analytes. In the determination of imidacloprid the response increased by 1300 %, clothianidin by 670 % and thiametoxam by 630 %. In addition, the optimization of the experimental conditions provided the construction of a sensor with greater sensitivity. The study of interferers showed that inorganic ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, K+, Na+, e NH4+) and other insecticides (acetamiprid and dinotefuran) did not influence the reduction of imidacloprid, clothianidin and thiamethoxam. The determination of imidacloprid, clothianidin and thiamethoxam in honey samples exhibited recovery values within the EPA range (between 107.75 and 116 %). In conclusion, the developed sensor GCE/rGO/β‐CD proved to be an effective alternative in the determination of neonicotinoid insecticides in honey samples.
Accessing diverse knowledge for problem solving in the MNC: A network mobilization perspective
Authors: Parker Andrew , Tippmann Esther , Kratochvil Renate
Published: May 2018

Research Summary: The fundamental challenge of problem solving is synthesizing diverse knowledge for solution development. This article addresses the trade‐off betweenknowledge diversity, that is, approaching the most relevant individual to maximize the likelihood that he/she possesses diverse knowledge and theability to access, that is, recognize and assimilate this knowledge. We examine this trade‐off in relation to managers in subsidiaries of multinational corporations (MNCs) and two types of diverse knowledge—novel knowledge and specialist expertise. We use a network mobilization perspective and arguments on network range within and across organizational boundaries, testing our hypotheses on a dataset of 838 ties from 120 managers leading problem‐solving projects. Our study offers implications for the knowledge‐based view of the MNC as well as the problem‐solving perspective in strategy.

Managerial Summary: We examine where managers in subsidiaries of multinational corporations (MNCs) access diverse knowledge to solve nonroutine problems. This is underpinned by a trade‐off. To increase chances that the other person holds diverse knowledge, they may reach far in terms of approaching an individual in a different work context; but such far reach diminishes their ability to integrate this knowledge. We resolve this trade‐off. We find that approaching individuals from an MNC unit in another country location but from the same function increases the likelihood of accessing novel knowledge; whereas accessing specialist expertise is more likely achieved by approaching an MNC colleague from another function located in another country and someone working for an external organization. Overall, we provide insights for problem solvers in organizations.
Information, education, and health behaviors: Evidence from the MMR vaccine autism controversy
Authors: Chang Lenisa V.
Published: May 2018

In the wake of strong, although later refuted, claims of a link between autism and the measles‐mumps‐rubella (MMR) vaccine, I examine whether fewer parents immunized or delayed vaccinations for their children and if there was a differential response by mother's education level. Using various controls and a differencing strategy that compares in MMR take‐up with other vaccines, I find that the MMR–autism controversy led to a decline in the immediate years and that there were negative spillovers onto other vaccines. I also find evidence that more highly educated mothers responded more strongly to the controversy either by not immunizing their children altogether or, to a lesser degree, delaying vaccination. Moreover, the educational gap was greater in states where there was greater media attention devoted to the controversy. This is consistent with the health allocative efficiency hypothesis whereby part of the education gradient in health outcomes is due to more‐educated individuals absorbing and responding to health information more quickly. However, unlike in the United Kingdom, where previous studies find that the gap was eliminated after the link was refuted, the evidence for the United States suggests that the educational gap persisted.
Three‐dimensional printed polycaprolactone‐microcrystalline cellulose scaffolds
Authors: Alemán‐Domínguez Maria Elena , Giusto Elena , Ortega Zaida , Tamaddon Maryam , Benítez Antonio Nizardo , Liu Chaozong
Published: May 2018

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is proposed in this study as an additive in polycaprolactone (PCL) matrices to obtain three‐dimensional (3D) printed scaffolds with improved mechanical and biological properties. Improving the mechanical behavior and the biological performance of polycaprolactone‐based scaffolds allows to increase the potential of these structures for bone tissue engineering. Different groups of samples were evaluated in order to analyze the effect of the additive in the properties of the PCL matrix. The concentrations of MCC in the groups of samples were 0, 2, 5, and 10% (w/w). These combinations were subjected to a thermogravimetric analysis in order to evaluate the influence of the additive in the thermal properties of the composites. 3D printed scaffolds were manufactured with a commercial 3D printer based on fused deposition modelling. The operation conditions have been established in order to obtain scaffolds with a 0/90° pattern with pore sizes between 450 and 500 µm and porosity values between 50 and 60%. The mechanical properties of these structures were measured in the compression and flexural modes. The scaffolds containing 2 and 5% MCC have higher flexural and compression elastic modulus, although those containing 10% do not show this reinforcement effect. On the other hand, the proliferation of sheep bone marrow cells on the proposed scaffolds was evaluated over 8 days. The results show that the proliferation is significantly better (p < 0.05) on the group of samples containing 2% MCC. Therefore, these scaffolds (PCL:MCC 98:2) have suitable properties to be further evaluated for bone tissue engineering applications. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 521–528, 2019.
Effect of boric acid on properties of high‐alumina phosphate‐bonded plastic refractory materials
Authors: Wei Hui‐xian , Jiang Yan‐wei , Zhang Qiang , Mo Cheng‐hao , Liu Dong‐yin
Published: May 2018

The effect of boric acid on the properties of high‐alumina phosphate‐bonded plastic refractory materials at medium temperature is investigated in this work. Powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques are used to investigate the compositions and microstructures of the Al2O3–H3BO3 sintering products, in order to study the influence of the generated aluminum borate on the high‐aluminum refractories. Additionally, the effect of the addition of H3BO3 on the densification and mechanical strength of high‐aluminum phosphate‐bonded plastic refractories is studied by the permanent linear change, apparent porosity, cold compressive strength, flexural strength, and scanning electron microscopy pattern. The densification and mechanical strength of the refractories can be improved significantly by the optimal addition of H3BO3. However, excess H3BO3 will bring about a large amount of bound water into the refractories, and superabundant aluminum borate whiskers will be generated by the excess addition of H3BO3, both of them resulting in the reduction of the densification and mechanical strength of the refractory. In conclusion, the optimum dosages of H3BO3 in the powder system of high‐alumina phosphate‐bonded plastic refractories are 5, 4, and 3 wt%, sintered at 700, 900, and 1100 °C, respectively.
On the edge spectrum of saturated graphs for paths and stars
Authors: Balister Paul , Dogan Ali
Published: May 2018

For a given graph H, we say that a graph G on n vertices is H‐saturated if H is not a subgraph of G, but for any edge the graph contains a subgraph isomorphic to H. The set of all values m for which there exists an H‐saturated graph on n vertices and m edges is called the edge spectrum for H‐saturated graphs. In the present article, we study the edge spectrum for H‐saturated graphs when H is a path or a star. In particular, we show that the edge spectrum for star‐saturated graphs consists of all integers between the saturation number and extremal number, and the edge spectrum of path‐saturated graphs includes all integers from the saturation number to slightly below the extremal number, but in general will include gaps just below the extremal number. We also investigate the second largest ‐saturated graphs as well as some structural results about path‐saturated graphs that have edge counts close to the extremal number.
Resolution of HBV infection occurs sooner than recovery of renal disease in adult serum HBsAg‐negative HBV–associated glomerulonephritis
Authors: Xu MD Fang , Wang MD Chong , Shi MD Xiaoju , Hou MD Jie , Guo MD Xiaolin , Gao MD Pujun
Published: May 2018

Most cases of hepatitis B virus–associated glomerulonephritis (HBV‐GN) occur in children and present with serum HBsAg positivity. Few studies have investigated adult patients with HBV‐GN who are serum HBsAg‐negative. This study aimed to determine the clinical and pathological features of adult patients with HBV‐GN who are serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)‐negative. Clinical, pathologic, and laboratory findings were collected and analyzed in a cohort of 27 adult patients with HBV‐GN who were serum HBsAg‐negative upon diagnosis. The study population included mostly men of middle age (40‐59 years). Clinically, patients presented with nephrotic syndrome. Serum immunoglobulin G levels were low, whereas serum immunoglobulin M, immunoglobulin A, complement C3 (C3), and complement C4 (C4) levels as well as liver and renal function tests were normal in most or all patients. Among the 27 patients, 21 tested positive for HBV antibodies. Membranous nephropathy was the dominant pathological form on kidney biopsy. In addition, only a few patients showed a “full house” staining pattern and renal immune deposit of complement C1q (C1q). Serum HBsAg‐negative HBV‐GN may represent a late stage of HBV infection. We recommend routine testing for HBV markers on renal biopsy in regions where HBV is prevalent, even when tests for serum HBV markers are negative.
Rotavirus and norovirus in children with severe diarrhea in Burkina Faso before rotavirus vaccine introduction
Authors: Bonkoungou Isidore Juste O. , Ouédraogo Nafissatou , Tamini Laure , Teguera Rabieta Kouboura , Yaméogo Pouiré , Drabo Maxime Koiné , Medah Isaïe , Barro Nicolas , Sharma Sumit , Svensson Lennart , Nordgren Johan
Published: May 2018

Burkina Faso introduced rotavirus vaccine (RotaTeq) to the national immunization program in November 2013. This study describes the detection rates, clinical profiles, and molecular epidemiology of rotavirus and norovirus (NoV) infections among children <5 years hospitalized (n = 154) because of acute diarrhea in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, from December 2012 to November 2013, just before the start of vaccination. Overall, 44% and 23% of fecal samples were positive for rotavirus and NoV, respectively, most of them detected during the cold dry season (December‐March). The predominant G/P combinations were G12P[8] (47%) and G6P[6] (30%). G2P[4] (n = 3), G12P[6] (n = 3), and G6P[8] (n = 1) were also detected. Nearly all (94%) successfully genotyped NoV strains belonged to genotype GII.4. The predominance of rotavirus and NoV was noteworthy in the age group ≤6 months, with 67% rotavirus and 22% NoV, respectively. Vomiting was significantly more common among rotavirus‐infected children. To conclude, this study shows high detection rates of both rotavirus and NoV in children with severe diarrhea in Burkina Faso just before the introduction of rotavirus group A vaccination. The results can be used for estimating the impact of rotavirus group A vaccination, which started in the end of 2013. Furthermore, this study shows that the G6P[6] rotavirus strains emerging in Burkina Faso in 2010 is now established as a regionally important genotype.
Polarization Singularity Explosions in Tailored Light Fields
Authors: Otte Eileen , Alpmann Christina , Denz Cornelia
Published: May 2018

Complex propagation dynamics of higher‐order polarization singularities are investigated within tailored Poincaré beams. Spatial polarization modulation and additional phase vortices of higher strength are combined, evoking polarization singularity splitting, type conversion, creation and annihilation. These phenomena form singularity “explosions” along their longitudinal evolution. These dynamics of propagating customized light fields and embedded singularities are analyzed experimentally and numerically. Furthermore, similarities of polarization singularity explosion and phase vortex unfolding are discussed, exploring fundamental propagation and spatio‐temporal interaction properties of optical singularities.
Recurrence and non‐ergodicity in generalized wind‐tree models
Authors: Frączek Krzysztof , Hubert Pascal
Published: May 2018

In this paper, we consider generalized wind‐tree models and ‐covers over compact translation surfaces. Under suitable hypothesis, we prove the recurrence of the linear flow in a generic direction and the non‐ergodicity of Lebesgue measure.
Heart failure and sudden cardiac death in heritable thoracic aortic disease caused by pathogenic variants in the SMAD3 gene
Authors: Backer Julie De , Braverman Alan C.
Published: May 2018

Background

Predominant cardiovascular manifestations in the spectrum of Heritable Thoracic Aortic Disease include by default aortic root aneurysms‐ and dissections, which may be associated with aortic valve disease. Mitral‐ and tricuspid valve prolapse are other commonly recognized features. Myocardial disease, characterized by heart failure and/or malignant arrhythmias has been reported in humans and in animal models harboring pathogenic variants in the Fibrillin1 gene.

Methods

Description of clinical history of three cases from one family in Ghent (Belgium) and one family in St. Louis (US).

Results

We report on three cases from two families presenting end‐stage heart failure (in two) and lethal arrhythmias associated with moderate left ventricular dilatation (in one). All three cases harbor a pathogenic variant in the SMAD3 gene, known to cause aneurysm osteoarthritis syndrome, Loeys‐Dietz syndrome type 3 or isolated Heritable Thoracic Aortic Disease.

Conclusions

These unusual presentations warrant awareness for myocardial disease in patients harboring pathogenic variants in genes causing Heritable Thoracic Aortic Disease and indicate the need for prospective studies in larger cohorts.
Tobacco Capitalism, an Afterword: Open Letters and Open Wounds in Anthropology
Authors: Benson Peter
Published: May 2018

This open letter to a North Carolina tobacco grower reflects on important ethical, methodological, and political issues in ethnography. Addressing the informant in the modes of apologetic and confessional discourse, critical self‐reflection, and reparative work, this letter offers reflexive thoughts on inevitabilities of friendship and intimacy in ethnography and analytical insights into the possibilities and pitfalls of politically‐motivated anthropological scholarship on sensitive issues of culture and power, as informants critically read and rebuke publications. This letter is also an effort to humbly reconnect with an estranged informant across an intensely divided America.
Glukoseverstärkte Magnetresonanz
Authors: Paech Daniel , Schünke Patrick
Published: May 2018

Um zu ermitteln, wie groß Tumore sind und wie sie sich im umliegenden Gewebe ausgebreitet haben, nutzen Mediziner bisher Diagnostikverfahren, bei denen dem Patienten Kontrastmittel verabreicht wird oder er Strahlung ausgesetzt wird. Das könnte sich nun ändern.
Die erste Rostocker Absolventin der Chemie
Authors: Boeck Gisela , Peppel Tim
Published: May 2018

Erst seit Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts dürfen sich Frauen in Deutschland offiziell an Universitäten immatrikulieren. Vorher gab es nur den Weg als Gasthörerin, den auch die Berlinerin Else Hirschberg beschritt. Ihr weiteres Schicksal steht zudem exemplarisch für das jüdischer Wissenschaftler in Deutschland.
Bilanz 2017: Evonik
Authors: Bulmahn Maren
Published: May 2018

Evoniks Umsatz stieg im vergangenen Jahr zweistellig. Das Unternehmen wandelt sich zum reinen Spezialchemiekonzern.
Bilanz 2017: Lanxess
Authors: Bulmahn Maren
Published: May 2018

Lanxess richtet sich neu aus. Dazu übernahm der Konzern ein US‐amerikanisches Unternehmen und gründete ein Gemeinschaftsunternehmen mit einem saudischen Ölkonzern.
Spurensuche mit Kohlestaub und Kupfersulfat
Authors: Rubner Isabel , Fischer Rachel , Oetken Marco
Published: May 2018

Schüler und Lehrer können im Chemieunterricht einfache Verfahren ausprobieren, die latente Fingerabdrücke sichtbar machen.
Innovation und Kooperation
Authors: Weber Thomas
Published: May 2018

Die Chemie ist Wegbereiter für Neues. Innovation entsteht dabei zunehmend durch Zusammenarbeit. Viele GDCh‐Mitglieder arbeiten deshalb heute noch stärker als früher fach‐ und branchenübergreifend.
Winterschule für Katalyseforscher in Heidelberg
Authors: Hermsen Marko
Published: May 2018

Im Februar fand die elfte Catalysis Research Laboratory (CaRLa) Winter School am Deutsch‐Amerikanischen Institut in Heidelberg statt. Auf der einwöchigen, von der BASF finanzierten Veranstaltung tauschten sich 40 Doktoranden und Postdocs aus aller Welt mit neun Professoren und Forschern der BASF über homogene Katalyse und organische Synthese aus. Organisatoren der Konferenz sind die Leiter des Katalyseforschunglabors Thomas Schaub (BASF) und A. Stephen K. Hashmi (Universität Heidelberg). Die Universität Heidelberg und die BASF gründeten das Kooperationsprojekt im Jahr 2006; es soll für die Industrie relevante Forschung der homogenen Katalyse vorantreiben.
Contra Elektroauto: Der Verbrennungsmotor ist nicht das Übel
Authors: Koch Thomas
Published: May 2018

Die Diskussion um Stickoxid‐ wie Partikelemissionen aus Automotoren ist ideologisch aufgeladen, und die Nachteile von Elektroautos werden verdrängt, findet Thomas Koch.
Sensory evoked cortical potentials of the lower urinary tract in healthy men
Authors: Knüpfer Stephanie C. , Liechti Martina D. , van der Lely Stéphanie , Gregorini Flavia , Schubert Martin , De Wachter Stefan , Kessler Thomas M. , Mehnert Ulrich
Published: May 2018

Aims

To assess the afferent innervation of various locations in the male lower urinary tract (LUT) using sensory evoked cortical potentials (SEPs).

Methods

Twelve healthy men (mean age: 29.6 ± 7.2 years, mean height: 1.8 ± 0.1 m) underwent repetitive slow (0.5 Hz/1 ms) and fast (3 Hz/0.2 ms) electrical stimulations of bladder (dome/trigone) and urethral (proximal/membranous/distal) locations with simultaneous cortical SEP recording (Cz‐Fz). Latencies (ms) and peak‐to‐peak amplitudes (μV) for SEP components P1, N1, and P2 were analyzed. Tibial SEPs were assessed as methodological control. The reproducibility was investigated from between visits and inter‐rater assessments using Bland‐Altman plots. Statistical tests comprised analysis of variance (ANOVA), linear regressions, and paired t‐tests. Values are given as mean ± standard deviation.

Results

Typical LUTSEPs with P1, N1, and P2 components were successfully detected (100% responder rate) for slow but less successfully for fast stimulation. The slow stimulation provided reproducible LUTSEPs with position specific N1 latencies: dome 125.6 ± 21.3 ms, trigone 122.9 ± 20.5 ms, proximal‐ 116.1 ± 21.4 ms, membraneous‐ 118.8 ± 29.3 ms, and distal urethra 108.8 ± 17.8 ms. Despite good inter‐rater agreement, latency variability between and within subjects was higher for LUTSEPs than for tibial SEPs. N1 latencies became shorter (P < 0.01) with increasing subject age for bladder dome and distal urethra stimulation.

Conclusions

LUTSEPs can be successfully obtained for different LUT locations in men using slow electrical stimulation. Location specific differences in N1 latencies may indicate different local afferent innervation. Larger variability of LUTSEPs versus tibial SEPs may be related to the more challenging approach and afferent fibre access within the LUT. Further studies optimizing measurement and analysis approach are required.
Refined nomogram incorporating standing cough test improves prediction of male transobturator sling success
Authors: Shakir Nabeel A. , Fuchs Joceline S. , McKibben Maxim J. , Viers Boyd R. , Pagliara Travis J. , Scott Jeremy M. , Morey Allen F.
Published: May 2018

Aims

To develop a decision aid in predicting sling success, incorporating the Male Stress Incontinence Grading Scale (MSIGS) into existing treatment algorithms.

Methods

We reviewed men undergoing first‐time transobturator sling for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) from 2007 to 2016 at our institution. Patient demographics, reported pads per day (PPD), and Standing Cough Test (SCT) results graded 0‐4, according to MSIGS, were assessed. Treatment failure was defined as subsequent need for >1 PPD or further procedures. Parameters associated with failure were included in multivariable logistic models, compared by area under the receiver‐operating characteristic curves. A nomogram was generated from the model with greatest AUC and internally validated.

Results

Overall 203 men (median age 67 years, IQR 63‐72) were evaluated with median follow‐up of 45 months (IQR 11‐75 months). A total of 185 men (91%) were status‐post radical prostatectomy and 29 (14%) had pelvic radiation history. Median PPD and SCT grade were both two. Eighty men (39%) failed treatment (use of ≥1 PPD or subsequent anti‐incontinence procedures) at a median of 9 months. History of radiation (P = 0.03), increasing MSIGS (P < 0.0001) and increasing preoperative PPD (P < 0.0001) were associated with failure on univariate analysis. In a multivariable model with AUC 0.81, MSIGS, and PPD remained associated (P = 0.002 and <0.0001 respectively, and radiation history P = 0.06), and was superior to models incorporating PPD and radiation alone (AUC 0.77, P = 0.02), PPD alone (AUC 0.76, P = 0.02), and a cutpoint of >2 PPD alone (AUC 0.71, P = 0.0001).

Conclusions

MSIGS adds prognostic value to PPD in assessing success of transobturator sling for treatment of SUI.
A second‐order energy stable backward differentiation formula method for the epitaxial thin film equation with slope selection
Authors: Feng Wenqiang , Wang Cheng , Wise Steven M. , Zhang Zhengru
Published: May 2018

In this article, we study a new second‐order energy stable Backward Differentiation Formula (BDF) finite difference scheme for the epitaxial thin film equation with slope selection (SS). One major challenge for higher‐order‐in‐time temporal discretizations is how to ensure an unconditional energy stability without compromising numerical efficiency or accuracy. We propose a framework for designing a second‐order numerical scheme with unconditional energy stability using the BDF method with constant coefficient stabilizing terms. Based on the unconditional energy stability property that we establish, we derive an stability for the numerical solution and provide an optimal convergence analysis. To deal with the highly nonlinear four‐Laplacian term at each time step, we apply efficient preconditioned steepest descent and preconditioned nonlinear conjugate gradient algorithms to solve the corresponding nonlinear system. Various numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the stability and efficiency of the proposed schemes and solvers. Comparisons with other second‐order schemes are presented.
Allene Oxide Synthase Pathway in Cereal Roots: Detection of Novel Oxylipin Graminoxins
Authors: Grechkin Alexander N. , Ogorodnikova Anna V. , Egorova Alevtina M. , Mukhitova Fakhima K. , Ilyina Tatiana M. , Khairutdinov Bulat I.
Published: May 2018

Young roots of wheat, barley, and sorghum, as well as methyl jasmonate pretreated rice seedlings, undergo an unprecedented allene oxide synthase pathway targeted to previously unknown oxylipins 1–3. These Favorskii‐type products, (4Z)‐2‐pentyl‐4‐tridecene‐1,13‐dioic acid (1), (2′Z)‐2‐(2′‐octenyl)‐decane‐1,10‐dioic acid (2), and (2′Z,5′Z)‐2‐(2′,5′‐octadienyl)‐decane‐1,10‐dioic acid (3), have a carboxy function at the side chain, as revealed by their MS and NMR spectral data. Compounds 1–3 were the major oxylipins detected, along with the related α‐ketols. Products 1–3 were biosynthesized from (9Z,11E,13S)‐13‐hydroperoxy‐9,11‐octadecadienoic acid, (9S,10E,12Z)‐9‐hydroperoxy‐10,12‐octadecadienoic acid (9‐HPOD), and (9S,10E,12Z,15Z)‐9‐hydroperoxy‐10,12,15‐octadecatrienoic acid, respectively, via the corresponding allene oxides and cyclopropanones. The data indicate that conversion of the allene oxide into the cyclopropanone is controlled by soluble cyclase. The short‐lived cyclopropanones are hydrolyzed to products 1–3. The collective name “graminoxins” has been ascribed to oxylipins 1–3.
Investigations on structural and electrical properties of polyaniline–cadmium sulfide nanocomposite films for solid state electronics
Authors: Khasim Syed , Lakshmi Mohana , Johani Hind‐Al‐ , Badi Nacer , Roy Aashish S
Published: May 2018

Conducting polyaniline (PANI)/cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanocomposite films were prepared by in situ chemical oxidation method. The prepared nanocomposites were characterized by fourier transform infra‐red spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy for structural and morphological analysis. The effect of CdS content on structural and morphological features of PANI matrix are discussed in detail. The frequency dependent room temperature conductivity and dielectric properties of these composites were studied by measuring various parameters in the frequency range 10–106 Hz. The role of surface modification on electrical and dielectric properties of the composites was analyzed and it was found that, the concentration of CdS in PANI matrix has a greater influence on electrical properties due to the alteration of molecular chains in PANI matrix. Among various nanocomposites so prepared, the composite with 3 wt% of CdS in PANI matrix (P3) shows better conductivity and dielectric behavior which could be of great importance in various technological applications. The possibility of these materials being used as transistors, energy storage and nano dielectric devices could be explored further. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:E579–E588, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Application of hybrid analytical hierarchy process and complex proportional assessment approach for optimal design of brake friction materials
Authors: Singh Tej , Patnaik Amar , Fekete Gusztáv , Chauhan Ranchan , Gangil Brijesh
Published: May 2018

In this article, hybrid analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and complex proportional assessment (COPRAS) approach was proposed to optimize automotive brake friction materials. Sixteen formulations based on phenolic resin, barium sulfate, Kevlar fiber, Lapinus fiber, multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT), nanoclay and graphite were formulated and evaluated for tribological properties. The tribo‐evaluation parameters such as coefficient of friction, friction‐fluctuations, friction‐variability, friction‐fade, wear, friction‐recovery, friction‐stability and disc temperature rise were considered as criterion for the performance optimization. The optimization of formulations was carry out in two steps: (1) finding the weight of each criterion by AHP method and (2) ranking the formulations with COPRAS method. The AHP‐COPRAS results show that the formulation of 50 wt% barium sulfate, 15 wt% phenolic resin, 2.5 wt% graphite, 5 wt% Kevlar fiber, 25 wt% Lapinus fiber with 2.5 wt% MWCNT exhibits the optimal tribological properties. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:1602–1608, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Influence of annealing conditions on elastic and dielectric properties of P(VDF‐TrFE) copolymer and its composites
Authors: Belovickis Jaroslavas , Werne Lisa , Silibin Maxim , Samulionis Vytautas , Lellinger Dirk , Oehler Harald , Banys Jūras , Sysa Artem , Nekludov Kapiton , Shvartsman Vladimir V. , Alig Ingo
Published: May 2018

In this article, we report on investigation of wave attenuation and longitudinal velocity at ultrasonic frequency in P(VDF‐TrFE) composites with fillers of conductive carbon nanotubes (CNT). Large thermal hysteresis was observed in temperature dependences of both the ultrasonic velocity and attenuation. Moreover, the temperature dependences of the ultrasonic velocity and attenuation were shown to be sensitive to thermal cycling over the ferroelectric phase transition. In our knowledge, this is the first time when the effect of annealing on the ferroelectric phase in P(VDF‐TrFE) composites is investigated by means of ultrasonic spectroscopy. Obtained results are compared with data of dielectric spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, as well as thermally stimulated discharge current measurements. An analysis of the impact of CNT fillers on the dipolar charge distribution in P(VDF‐TrFE)/CNT composites was performed by means of thermally stimulated discharge current measurements. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:1609–1618, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Relations between scanning and recognition of own‐ and other‐race faces in 6‐ and 9‐month‐old infants
Authors: Liu Shaoying , Quinn Paul C. , Xiao Naiqi G. , Wu Zhijun , Liu Guangxi , Lee Kang
Published: May 2018

Infants typically see more own‐race faces than other‐race faces. Existing evidence shows that this difference in face race experience has profound consequences for face processing: as early as 6 months of age, infants scan own‐ and other‐race faces differently and display superior recognition for own‐ relative to other‐race faces. However, it is unclear whether scanning of own‐race faces is related to the own‐race recognition advantage in infants. To bridge this gap in the literature, the current study used eye tracking to investigate the relation between own‐race face scanning and recognition in 6‐ and 9‐month‐old Asian infants (N = 82). The infants were familiarized with dynamic own‐ and other‐race faces, and then their face recognition was tested with static face images. Both age groups recognized own‐ but not other‐race faces. Also, regardless of race, the more infants scanned the eyes of the novel versus familiar faces at test, the better their face‐recognition performance. In addition, both 6‐ and 9‐month‐olds fixated significantly longer on the nose of own‐race faces, and greater fixation on the nose during test trials correlated positively with individual novelty preference scores in the own‐ but not other‐race condition. The results suggest that some aspects of the relation between recognition and scanning are independent of differential experience with face race, whereas other aspects are affected by such experience. More broadly, the findings imply that scanning and recognition may become linked during infancy at least in part through the influence of perceptual experience.
Thermodynamisches Rechnen
Authors: Molter Tim , Nugent M. Alex
Published: May 2018

Thermodynamische Bits bestehen aus zwei in Serie geschalteten Memristoren und lassen sich als künstliche Synapsen mit Befehlssätzen steuern. Mehrere von ihnen bilden ein thermodynamisches Neuron, das Lernregeln gehorchen kann. Solche kT‐Neuronen können fast alle Funktionen von Logikgattern nachahmen. Mit ihnen sind rekonfigurierbare Logikgatter konstruierbar, die erheblich Platz, Gewicht und Energie im Vergleich zu digitalen Prozessoren einsparen können. Sie könnten die Basis für eine zukünftige neuromorphe Computerarchitektur bilden.
Nanopartikel weisen den Weg
Authors: Behr Volker C. , Vogel Patrick
Published: May 2018

Die Magnetpartikel‐Bildgebung (Magnetic Particle Imaging, MPI) detektiert superparamagnetische Eisenoxid‐Nanopartikel hochsensitiv und hochspezifisch auch im Inneren von Körpern. Physikalisch nutzt sie die nichtlineare Magnetisierungsfunktion dieser Partikel. MPI eröffnet der Medizin so einen neuen Zugang zu markerbasierten Anwendungen, der im Gegensatz zu etablierten Verfahren auf Radionuklide verzichtet und damit gerade in der klinischen Anwendung enormes Potenzial besitzt. Mit der Realisierung erster MPI‐MRT‐Hybridsysteme ist bereits ein wichtiger Schritt in Richtung einer diagnostischen Anwendbarkeit getan. Dabei erfasst MPI das Markersignal und MRT den anatomischen Bildhintergrund. MPI ist auch in den Materialwissenschaften bei der zerstörungsfreien Materialprüfung einsetzbar.
Oben hydrophob, unten hydrophil
Authors: Schlichting Hans‐Joachim
Published: May 2018

Weil die Oberseite der Blätter bei einigen Pflanzenarten Wasser abweisend und die Unterseite benetzbar ist, kommt es zu unterschiedlichem Verhalten von Wassertropfen.
Wissenschaft aus Langeweile
Authors: Loos Andreas
Published: May 2018

Seine Mutter ist eine evangelikale Christin. Dass er viele Gottesdienste durchstehen muss, wirkt auf ihn offenbar inspirierend: Schon als Kind denkt er viel über unendlich lang andauernde Prozesse nach, über Zahlenfolgen und ‐reihen. Berühmt wird er aber für Arbeiten zur Strahlungsphysik und als Impulsgeber für die Quantenphysik.
Christine Wunnicke: „Strahlende Materie“
Authors: Mecke Klaus
Published: May 2018

In ihrer literarischen Wissenschaftsgeschichte „Katie“ setzt Christine Wunnicke das Wechselspiel der Physik zwischen Offenheit für neue Phänomene und methodischer Geschlossenheit gelungen in Szene, indem sie einen Physiker mit Spiritismus, Sexualität und Kommerz konfrontiert.
Perceptions and beliefs of lay people from northern Uganda regarding surgery for diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer
Authors: Mwaka Amos Deogratius , Okello Elialilia Sarikiaeli , Wabinga Henry
Published: May 2018

Objective

To explore perceptions and beliefs of people in a rural community in northern Uganda regarding surgery for the diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer. The aim of the study was to inform interventions to reduce delay and improve timely diagnosis and prompt appropriate treatments for patients with symptoms of cervical cancer.

Methods

A semi‐structured study guide informed by Kleinman's explanatory model for illness was used to collect data during 24 focus group discussions involving 175 men and women aged 18 to 59 years in Gulu, northern Uganda. Using thematic analysis, themes and subthemes were identified from the data through an iterative process and consensus among the authors.

Results

Surgery for diagnosis and management of cervical cancer was perceived as (1) appropriate when performed at early stage of cancer and by senior doctors, but (2) a potential catalyst for the spread of cancer and early death; and (3) a challenge to childbearing and motherhood as well as a source of distress to women and families if surgery involved removal of the uterus with subsequent permanent infertility.

Conclusions

There are some negative perceptions about surgery for cervical cancer that may deter prompt help‐seeking for symptoms. However, targeted messages for public awareness interventions to promote help‐seeking can be built on the positive perceptions and beliefs that surgery could be curative when undertaken for early‐stage cancer and by skilled doctors.
Measurements of Beam Shape Coefficients in Generalized Lorenz‐Mie Theory and the Density‐Matrix Approach. Part 1: Measurements
Authors: Gouesbet Gérard
Published: May 2018

Up to now, beam shape coefficients, gn or gnm, encoding an illuminating beam in generalized Lorenz‐Mie theory have been derived from a priori theoretical electromagnetic descriptions. It is shown that, from intensity measurements in the laboratory, one can measure so‐called density matrices associated with the beam shape coefficients. In the case of axisymmetric beams, when the beam is encoded by a set of special beam shape coefficients, gn, one has to consider one matrix, Inm. In the general case, i.e. when the beam is encoded by a double set of coefficients, gn,TMm, gn,TEn, one can measure three 4D matrices, Mnpmq, Enpmq, Cnpmq. Measuring such matrices from an actual beam in a laboratory and using them in the density matrix approach to the generalized Lorenz‐Mie theory would allow a better characterization of the scattering phenomena occurring when a scatter center is illuminated by an arbitrary‐shaped beam, therefore opening up new opportunities for refined particle characterization.