bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy on Some Kidney and Liver Functions in Colorectal Cancer Patients
Authors: Bashar Abd Alkadhim Naji  , Ahmed Sabah Aliand  , Ali Slwmee Serhan Al-halaly
Published: March 2021

The current study was conducted in Al-Diwania Teaching Hospital/Oncology Division and Middle FuratCenter for Cancerous Tumors in Al-Najaf, Babil Health Department/Marjan Hospital, Babil HealthDepartment/Imam Al-Sadiq Hospital and Medical City Department/Al-Amal Hospital for the treatmentof tumors and continued for the period from 2/10/2019 6/5/2020 60 samples were taken from patientsdiagnosed with colorectal cancer and 30 samples from non-infected people as a control group, with agesranging from 33 years to 80 years for both groups . The results showed an increase in the level of Creatininein the patient group compared to the control group and it was the highest in the radiotherapy group, followedby the chemotherapy group and then the control group. The results showed high significant differencesbetween the three groups (p <0.001), and there were significant differences between the radiotherapy group.And a chemotherapy group. Through the results, it was found that the average level of Creatinine increasedin the radiotherapy and chemotherapy groups compared to the control group. The results showed that themean of AST was highest in the radiotherapy group, followed by the chemotherapy group and then thecontrol group. The results showed high significant differences between the three groups (p <0.001). Throughthe results, it was found that there were no significant differences between the radiotherapy group and thechemotherapy group in the average level of the AST enzyme. It was also found that the average level ofAST enzyme was higher for the radiotherapy and chemotherapy groups compared to the control group. Theresults of the current study showed the highest mean ALT enzyme in the radiotherapy group, followed by thechemotherapy group compared to the control group. The results showed high significant differences betweenthe three groups (p<0.001) and significant differences between the radiotherapy group and the chemotherapygroup. ALT for the radiotherapy and chemotherapy groups compared to the control group.
Assessment of Asthmas’ Quality Life Style among Children Aged 1-12 Years in Al Noor Pediatric Hospital in Hilla City
Authors: Saadya Hadi Humade  , Aleemmerdass Kudhair
Published: March 2021

Objective: To assess the quality of lifestyle among asthmatic children.Population and Method: A descriptive study carried out inAl Noor pediatric hospital in Hilla City, duringthe period 1/5/2020-30/5/2020, the population was (100) children aged 1-12 years; data were collected byquestionnaire through direct interview with the mother or caregiver and the child.Data analysis by using SPSS, Pearson’s correlation and chi-square were used to find associations betweenvariables.Results: The highest percentage (34%) of the study samples their age group (4-6, 10-12) years respectivelyand the age at onset asthma (60%) at (1-3) years. School grade: (68%) of study sample was elementaryschools. Family history: (48%) they had history from grand mothers and fathers. Severity of asthma: (46%)of study sample have moderate attacks, the highest mean score for the Asthma attack triggers was (2.45);Change in daily life was (2.14); Family support was (2.71); Satisfaction with daily life was (2.32) andrestriction in participating in physical education class was (2.33). significant correlation and severity ofasthma with having cough because of sudden change in temperature, disturbance of sleep, unpleasant feelingto be told about asthma and Emergency visit to hospital.Conclusion: The study concludes asthma has negative Impact on the quality of life style on children at homeand school in various ways.
Association of Genetic Polymorphism of Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 (IRS-1) with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Pathogenicity in Iraqi Women
Authors: Zahraa Fouad Fadhil  , Ban Hoshi khalaf  , Hassan Mahmoud Mousa Abo Almaali
Published: March 2021

Background: Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) is an intracellular signaling adapter protein that integratesand coordinates multiple biologically key extracellular signals within the cell, is also a key central receptorin insulin signaling, and plays a focal role in maintaining essential cellular capabilities, e.g., survival,development and digestion system. IRS1 is essentially found in the cytoplasm But localization in nucleusmay occur in some cell types and under certain stimuli.Materials and Method: A total of 104 healthy control and 215 Iraqi women have Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS) aged 20–40 years who was admitted to conducted a prospective clinical study at kerbala gynecologyteaching hospital, it was measured the genotype distribution of the rs2943641 T to C substitution of IRS1and the effects of genotypes on Polycystic Ovary syndrome Pathogenicity in Iraqiwomen,Results: Analyses were conducted to assess the association between the SNP rs2943641 [TT (Wild type),TC (heterozygous type), and CC (mutated type)], with the pathogenesis of PCOS according to logisticregression results. This survey demonstrated that there was no significant association between differentalleles for this SNP with the pathogenesis of PCOSConclusion: Genetic polymorphism with IRS-1may be associated with metabolic disturbance but notPolycystic Ovary syndrome in Iraqiwomen.
Microdebrider Assisted Inferior Turbinoplasty: The Evaluation According to the Pathological Causes of Hypertrophied Turbinates
Authors: Salim Hussain Ibrahim  , Qaad Khudhair Abbas
Published: March 2021

Background: Hypertrophied inferior turbinates are the frequent cause of nasal obstructions.Microdebridoris one of recent advances in technology used for reduction of hypertrophied turbinate to improve nasalbreathing.Objective: To evaluate and compare the effectiveness of microdedrider assisted inferior turbinoplasty onnasal breathing, turbinate size and complications according to the pathological causes.Patients and Method: Aprospective case study of 45 patients with chronic nasal obstruction andhypertrophied inferior turbinates underwent microdebrider assisted tubinoplasty. At Salah-eldeen GeneralHospital and private practice in salah-eldeen governorate, Iraq. During the peroid from June 2016-June2018. The patients were classified according to the cause of turbinate hypertophy and follow up at 1,3,and 12 months post operatievly for nasal bereathing and turbinate size.Results : The preoperative turbinatesize was grade III (48.5%) and grade IV (51.5%). At 1,3,and 12 months post operatively, the grade I andII was (87%). (90%), and (84%) respectively better in compensatory hypertrophy. The subjective patient’ssatisfaction grade I(relieved) and II(improved)) at 1,3, and 12 month after surgery was (100%) (97%) and(89%) respectively more satisfaction with compensatory hypertrophy.Conclusion: The therapeutic success of microdebrider turbinoplasty for improvement of nasal obstructionand turbinate size, according to the causes . In early postoperative period was almost equal,but long-termfollow-up (one year) found it was greater in compensatory hypertrophy and chronic rhinosinusitis andless in allergic and nonallergic rhinitis. There is no significant association between the cause of turbinatehypertrophy and type of complications.
Factors that Affect the Performance of COVID-19 Infection Management Administration in General Hospitals
Authors: Jinkyung Kim  , Mi Hyang Lee  , Woo Sok Han  , Jung Hee Park
Published: March 2021

Background: This study aimed to provide basic data for the development of COVID-19 infectionmanagement educational programs by confirming the factors that affect the performance of COVID-19infection management administration in general hospitals.Method: Data was collected from administrative staff at 192 general hospitals by means of a structuralizedquestionnaire, and SPSS Ver. 21.0 software was used for data analysis.Conclusion: The extent of knowledge and execution of COVID-19 infection management processes byadministrative staff in general hospitals was positively correlated with the extent of educational demandfor COVID-19 infection management, with explanatory power of 16.7%. It is necessary to include factorsincluding COVID-19 transmission route, transmission prevention, and staff safety in COVID-19 infectionmanagement educational program administration. In addition, it is essential also to performance COVID-19infection management education
Determinants of Modern Contraceptive Utilization among Women of Reproductive Age in Cambodia
Authors: Davy Hut  , Natnapa Heebkaew Patchasuwan  , Kittipong Sornlorm  , Wongsa Laohasiriwong
Published: March 2021

Background: Contraceptive uptake remains a public health concern in Cambodia. Therefore, the aim ofthis study was to determine the modern contraceptive use pattern and itsassociated factors among women ofreproductive age in Cambodia.Method: A cross-sectional study used the data from the Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey. Thissurvey adopted a two-stage stratified random sampling process to select respondents to respond a structuredquestionnaire interview. The multiple logistic regression was applied to determine the association.Results: Of the total 7,606 women, 51.04% used modern contraceptives.Themultivariable analysis indicatedthe use of modern contraceptives was strongly associated with fertility preferences, ideal number of children,number of living children, husband’s desire for children,age at first marriage, number of induced abortions,and marriage to a first birth interval. Health service factors including sources of family planning information,visited health facilities, inaccessibility to health service as well as sociodemographic factors such as women’sage, occupation, and geographical regions also significantly associated with modern contraceptive use.Conclusions: About half of women in Cambodia used modern contraceptives. Reproductive, health serviceand sociodemographic factorswere essential for modern contraceptive utilization.
Emergency Obstetric Protocol and its Effect on Practices of Interns Nursing Students
Authors: Ezz Ibrahim  , Shadia Hamido  , Sabah Metualy  , Eman Moustafa
Published: March 2021

Background: obstetric emergencies are life threatening medical condition that occurs during pregnancy,labor, or the postpartum period.Moreover, internships offer carefully planned, monitored work experiencewhich allow the opportunity to apply knowledge and skills in a professional setting.Study Aim: to evaluate the effect of emergency obstetric protocol on the practices of interns nursing students.Methodology: A quasi experimental studyconducted in technical institute of nursing faculty of nursing andin emergency department, intensive care unit and labor unit of maternity hospital Ain- Shams University.A convenient sample of one hundred of all female interns nursing studentsin the technical institute ofnursing faculty of nursing Ain- Shams University from period (October 2019 to March 2020). Tools ofdatacollection:Obstetric triage observational checklistusedfor assessment of intern nurses’ practices related totriage of obstetric emergencies casesandobservational checklists toolforassessment of intern nurses’ practicesrelated nursing managementof common obstetrics emergencies pre and post protocol implementation.Results: Showed statistically significant improvements in intern nurses’ practical skills related to triageprocess and nursing care of common obstetric emergencies immediately post interventionand in follow upphase.Conclusion: Implementing emergency obstetric protocol had a positive effect on the practices of internsnursing students.
Assessment on Level of Knowledge Regarding Child Sexual Abuse among School Children at Kattankulathur High School
Authors: G. Sangeetha Jagdish  , Abirami P.  , Jayabharathi B  , Deena Jothy  , Bhuvaneswari
Published: March 2021

Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a serious and widespread problem in India as it is in many parts of the worldtoday. Objective: The aim of this study was assess the knowledge on child sexual abuse among schoolchildren at Kattankulathur High School and to associate the knowledge on child sexual abuse among schoolchildren at kattankulathur High School with their demographic variables.Method : Quantitative approach and non-experimental descriptive research design was used. The datacollection included two parts. Part A: Demographic variables, Part B: A Structured questionnaire to assessknowledgeon child sexual abuse among school children. 180 school childrenwho fulfilled the inclusioncriteria were selected as samples using non probability convenient sampling technique. The study wasconducted at kattankulathur High School, Kancheepuram dt..Results: The data were analyzed and interpreted based on the objectives using descriptive and inferentialstatistics.Among 180 school children 90.6% of them had Moderately adequate Knowledge, 9.4% of themhad Inadequate knowledge and None of them had adequate knowledge. The p-values are not significant sincethey are not less than 0.05 hence we can say that there is no significant association between the demographicvariables and the knowledge on Child Sexual Abuse at 5% level. Conclusion: child sexual abuse is animportant contributor topsychological and emotional disorders, that some children and adolescents maynever overcome.
A study to Assess the Knowledge Regarding Gestational Diabetes Mellitus among Pregnant Mothers and Self Care Practice of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Management among Mothers with Diabetes in Pregnancy Attending Selected Hospitals of Kottayam District
Authors: Gesa George  , T. Sasikala  , Remya Chidambaran
Published: March 2021

The study was conducted to assess thethe knowledge regardingGestational Diabetes Mellitus amongpregnant mothers and self care practice of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus management among mothers withdiabetes in pregnancy attending selected hospitals of Kottayam District. The objectives were to assess thelevel of knowledge regarding Gestational Diabetes Mellitus among pregnant mothers, to assess the self carepractice of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus management among mothers with diabetes in pregnancy, to findassociation between level of knowledge regarding Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and selected demographicvariables,to find correlation between knowledge and self care practice of Gestational Diabetes Mellitusmanagement among mothers with diabetes in pregnancy. The research design used in the present study isnon experimental descriptive design. The study was conducted among 60 antenatal mothers and 15 motherswith gestational diabetes mellitus by using non probability convenient sampling technique.In the presentstudy it was found that 33.3%mothers had poor knowledge, 33.3% had average knowledge and 33.3% hadgood knowledge regarding Gestational diabetes mellitus.When comes to practice t 46.7% had satisfactorypractices and 53.3% had good practice. There is a positive correlation between knowledge and practice(p=0.04).
Studying and Evaluating the Immune System in Urticaria, Asthma and Rhinitis
Authors: Ghanyia Jasim Shanyoor  , Rawaa Abdul-ameer Abdul-jabbar  , Ekhlass N. Ali
Published: March 2021

Background: Diseases related with allergy such as urticaria, asthma, and rhinitis have an effect onautoimmune system.Objectives: This study was planned and carried out to assess how the immunity affected in patients withallergy and urticaria, asthma, and rhinitis through measuring the total IgE and IL-33.Materials and Method: A collection of females and males (74 patients) with urticaria, asthma, and rhinitiswere chosen in this research, 24 with urticaria, 26 with asthma, and 24 with rhinitis their ages were rangedfrom 30 to 45 years while their weight ranged from 69 to 92 kg, using immuno sorbent assay (ELISA),the IL-33 and IgE were calculated and evaluated respectively in the patients and the collected data werecompared with healthy individuals (control).Results: The data that was gathered from the blood serum of urticaria, asthma, and rhinitis patients indicatesconsiderable differences in levels of IL-33 which were tolerated from172 to 185 Ng/l, while the IgE rangedfrom 321 to 397 Ng/l comparing with healthy individuals (control). Also results of specific IgE signify aexistence for one or more inhalant allergens in urticaria, asthma, and rhinitis, especially in rhinitis patients,precisely in Weeds allergens (w6, w9), Tree allergens (t2, t3, t4, t7), and Grasse’s allergens (g6, g12) and itwas lower in females than males.Conclusion: The considerable changes in the IL-33, and IgE in the patients affect the immunity system inthe patients due to the chronic inflammatory diseases (urticaria, asthma, and rhinitis) and it will increased inpatients with inhalant allergy.
A Randomized Case-controlled Clinical Trial of the Effect of Preemptive Etoricoxib, Prednisolone and a Control Group on of Postoperative Sequelae after Surgical Removal of Impacted Mandibular Third Molars
Authors: Hasanin A. Mubarak  , Sahar S. Al-Adily
Published: March 2021

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the anti-inflammatory effects of prednisolone andetoricoxib after third molar extraction.Method: A prospective, controlled study was conducted on 39 volunteers were allocated in three differentgroups, to receive either 120 mg etoricoxib or 10mg prednisolone 30 minutes prior to the procedure, and alsoa controlled group who didn’t receive any medication pre-operatively.Baseline measurements were obtainedpreoperatively, and subsequent assessments were made on immediate postoperative, at 48 hours and 7 daysafter surgery to measure postoperative facial swelling by use of linear measurements, interincisal mouthopening width and visual analog scale score for pain. The amount of analgesics consumed was recorded.Descriptive statistics were used to compare the two groups at P < 0.05.Conclusion: Considering the results that were obtained upon the efficacy of different pre-emptive medication,Etoricoxib showed statistically significant values in terms of pain reduction and restriction in mouth opening,in the other hand prednisolone showed significance results in terms of edema reduction.
Role of Retinol-binding Protein 4 as an Early Biomarker for Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Hayder Huwais Jarullah  , Inaam Ahmed Ameen
Published: March 2021

Assess the relationship and diagnostic performance of retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP-4) as a biomarker ofdiabetic nephropathy (DN) at different levels of albuminuria (normo-, micro- and macro-albuminuria). Acase-control study, that involved 185 participants, 47 were healthy control, and 138 diabetic patients (46were normoalbuminuric patients [NA], 48 patients were microalbuminuria [MiA], and 44 patients weremacroalbuminuria [MaA]). All diabetic patients were treated with antidiabetic medication (metformin and/or oral sulfonylureas), all the participants were interviewed by the researcher, and full medical (history ofliver, kidney, lung, and other diseases), and sociodemographic data taken from them and recorded in thequestionnaire. In the present study, RBP-4 was 14.08±1.82 ng/ml in the control group, 15.98±3.74 ng/mlin the normoalbuminuria (NA) group, 30.38±6.02 ng/ml in the micro-albuminuria (MiA), and 41.01±5.78ng/ml for macro-albuminuria (MaA), there was a significant difference between all their groups comparedto control (p-value <0.001), and between each other (p-value <0.001) except that no significant differencefound between control and normoalbuminuria. In conclusion, RBP4 is an excellent predictor of bothmicroalbuminuria and microalbuminuria, there was an inverse relationship between RBP4 with GFR, whichindicate it is a good predictor for the progression of diabetic kidney impairment.
Legal Liability for Euthanasia Actions in the Perspective of the Medical Code of Ethics in Indonesia
Authors: Hendra Wijaya  , NyomanSerikat Putra Jaya  , Bambang Joyo Supeno  , Aga Natalis
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Euthanasia which is done by doctors to their patients is considered as a part of the act ofhuman rights violations, this matter would raise a dilemma for those who are pursuing a medical profession.Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research concerning legal liability related to euthanasia from theperspective of a medical code of ethics in Indonesia.Purpose: This research aims to acknowledge and analyze the legal liability related to euthanasia from theperspective of a medical code of ethics in Indonesia.Research Methodology: This research uses qualitative method with a normative juridical approach. Thedata collection technique is done through literature study.Conclusion: Doctors must not neglect the obligation to always protect human life, as regulated in themedical code of ethics in Indonesia so that the act of euthanasia is contrary to professional and legal ethicsand if it continues to be carried out, it can create criminal liability as regulated in the Criminal Code.
Effects of Virtual Reality Based Therapeutic Exercise on the Upper Extremity Function and Activities of Daily Living in Patients with Acute Stroke: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Hwi-young Cho  , Eseul Song  , Jong-Hoon Moon  , Suk-Chan Hahm
Published: March 2021

Background: Virtual reality-based therapeutic exercise (VRTE) has been considered as a rehabilitativeintervention for neurological deficits. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of VRTE andoccupational therapy (OT) on the upper extremity function and activities of daily living in patients withacute stroke.Method: Twenty-four patients who had suffered a stroke within the last 30 days before enrollmentparticipated in this study. They were randomly assigned to either the VRTE group (n = 12) or the OT group(n = 12). Twenty sessions were conducted in all. To quantify the upper extremity function, the Jebsen-Taylorhand function test (JT) and Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) of the upper limb were used, and the gripstrength (GS) was assessed. To assess activities of daily living, the modified Barthel index (MBI) was used.Results: In the VRTE group, JT (p = 0.002), FMA (p = 0.002), GS (p = 0.002), and MBI (p = 0.002) showeda significant improvement after the intervention. In the OT group, JT (p = 0.002), FMA (p = 0.001), GS (p= 0.002), and MBI (p = 0.001) significantly improved after the intervention. However, compared with OT,VRTE did not show significant improvements in upper extremity function and activities of daily living.Conclusions: This study suggests that the early approach of VRTE is not superior to OT for the improvementof upper limb function and activities of daily living in patients of stroke
Association between Antibiotic Resistance with Duration of Hospitalisation in Diabetic Foot Ulcer Inpatient at Internal Ward in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital
Authors: Priyadashini A.P. Surendra  , Hermina Novida  , Juniastuti  , Bramantono
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Diabetic Foot Ulcer (DFU) are microvascular and macrovascular complications fromdiabetes and has potential pathological risks including infection, ulceration, and deep tissue damage andis associated with neurological abnormalities, peripheral arterial disease, and metabolic complications inthe lower extremities. Diabetic foot injury is an infection of several pathogenic microorganisms that causetissue damage, if the infection is not handled properly then the wound will worsen and have an impact onamputation. Those pathogenic microorganisms could be a mono-microbial infection or a poly-microbialinfection and those infections could be multi-drug resistant organisms (MDRO).Objective: To analyse the association between antibiotic resistance and the duration of the hospitalisation indiabetic foot ulcer patient at Dr. Soetomo General Hospital.Method: This study is a cohort retrospective study that reviews medical records of all diabetic patients withdiabetic ulcer that was admitted into Dr. Soetomo General Hospital.Result: In Dr. Soetomo General Hospital the average duration of hospitalisation is 11.48 days. The species thatcaused the most infection under the category of gram-positive organisms are Enterococcus faecalis (7.8%),Staphylococcus aureus (5.2%) and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (3.9%). In the gram-negative category ofbacterial species, Proteus mirabilis (10.5%), Acinetobacter baumannii (9.8%) and Escherichia coli ESBL(8.5%) Patients had a high resistance towards is Cephazolin with a rate of 85.5% followed by Ampicillinwith 83.2% and Tetracyclin with 82.0%. Piperacillin-tazobactam (p-value 0.045) and Ceftazidime (p-value0.046) showed an association between antibiotic resistance and duration of hospitalisation. All patientspresented with MDRO and 35 (29.7%) were poly-microbial infectionConclusion: There is an association between antibiotic resistance and duration of hospitalisation forPiperacillin-tazobactam and Ceftazidime as well as 100% of patient presented with Multi-drug resistantorganism. Clinicians should refer to the periodic report from the internal ward on dominant species foundand antibiotic resistance more.
Concealed passives and the syntax and semantics of need/philyo in English and Korean
Authors: Sim Rok , Dubinsky Stanley
Published: March 2021

Despite similar argument structure, the syntax of English need and Korean philyo contrasts, illuminating differences in lexical derivation and insertion of argument-taking elements. Verbs need, require, deserve, want, and bear take gerundive complements that are "understood passively" (Jesperson 1927/1954:112[9.23]) and called concealed passive constructions (CPCs) (Huddleston and Pullum 2002:1429). In this paper, we argue that in English, the gerund CPC object of need is a lexically passivized V that takes a nominalizing derivational -ing affix, whereas in Korean, the CPC object of philyo is a verbal noun, directly inserted as a complement of the verb without derivation.
Loci of agreement and deviations from the Mirror Principle in Hungarian verbs
Authors: Kwong Kevin
Published: March 2021

In this revised account of Hungarian verbal agreement, I propose that the language’s locus of subject agreement is not T, unlike in current Minimalist analyses, but Pred (or Asp), just above direct object agreement in v. Furthermore, the surface linear order of affixes (stem – tense/mood – object agreement – subject agreement) does not conform to the hierarchical order of syntactic heads (V < v < Pred < T/M), thus violating the Mirror Principle, because local dislocation in postsyntactic morphology adjusts the initial linearization of the heads.
Specific unknowns: A case study of epistemic indefinites in Cantonese
Authors: Lee Tommy Tsz-Ming
Published: March 2021

This paper concerns how languages bundle an existential claim and>an ignorance inference in a nominal expression. I present a case study on epistemic indefinites (EIs) in Cantonese and show that Cantonese EIs have a different morphological makeup (m + zi + WH ‘not + know + WH’), when compared to other more discussed EIs. I suggest that the ignorance component associated with mzi-WH is a conventional implicature and that m-zi obtains an adnominal usage via grammaticalization. It denotes a choice function that comes with an ignorance component that is inherited from the predicative meaning of m-zi.
Leveling or reanalysis? An explanation of Middle High German paradigm merger
Authors: Ruan Junyu
Published: March 2021

Strong verbs in Middle High German (MHG) have two past indicative stems in the verb inflectional paradigm, which merged into one in Modern High German (NHG). This change is mostly assumed as paradigmatic leveling in previous studies. However, the NHG past indicative stems are inherited from different cells in the MHG paradigm across different inflectional classes, or even innovatively created by combining different parts of the MHG past indicative stems. This paper attempts to identify the base of leveling using a computational model called Minimal Generalization Learner, proposed in Albright (2002b). The results can account for the extraordinary patterns of merger found in German to some extent, but they are not perfect and even pose new problems. As a counter-proposal, I argue that the merger that appears to be paradigmatic leveling might be triggered by reanalysis of phonological features as morphological exponents.
Verum accent IS VERUM, but not always focus
Authors: Bill Cory , Koev Todor
Published: March 2021

This paper studies the occurrence of verum accent in declaratives and polar interrogatives. Verum accent exhibits two kinds of interpretational effect: (i) it requires an epistemic conflict across sentence types and (ii) it may also convey a negative speaker bias in polar interrogatives. We argue that the former effect is due to a presuppositional VERUM operator and that the latter effect arises from the possibility of said operator carrying polarity focus. Our proposal implies that verum accenting and polarity focus are two distinct phenomena that interact in interesting ways.
Syntax Prosody in Optimality Theory (SPOT) app tutorial
Authors: Bellik Jennifer , Kalivoda Nick
Published: March 2021

SPOT (Syntax Prosody in Optimality Theory app; http://spot.sites.ucsc.edu) automates candidate generation and evaluation for work on the syntax-prosody interface. SPOT is intended to facilitate the creation and comparison of multiple versions of an analysis, in service of refining constraint definitions and theory development. The codebase is available at https://github.com/syntax-prosody-ot. This paper briefly explains the motivation for the SPOT app, then walks through the process of creating an analysis in SPOT. We show how to create input syntactic trees, either manually or automatically; how to select a constraint set; and how to generate tableaux with candidates, constraints, and violation counts. Finally, we show how to use the output of SPOT to calculate rankings and typologies using an OT application.
Interpreting agreement: Evidence from Japanese object honorifics
Authors: Ikawa Shiori
Published: March 2021

Agree is commonly considered to have no semantic effects (Chomsky 2000, 2001 a.o.). However, based on the behaviors of the Japanese object honorific (OH) construction, this work claims that Agree can affect interpretation in such a way that its result feeds a semantic predicate. This claim is based on two observations regarding OH. First, I examine a theoretically overlooked observation that OH is felicitous only when the object referent is honored by the subject referent as well as the speaker. I show that this observation suggests that the head responsible for the OH marking induces the interpretation that the subject and the speaker honor the object. Second, I examine the distribution of the honoree in OH and argue that the head responsible for OH marking accesses the object via Agree, in line with previous theoretical studies (Niinuma 2003; Boeckx & Niinuma 2004). I account for both observations by proposing that the honorific head serves as a semantic predicate honor, which finds its arguments via Agree.
Japanese subject-oriented adverbs in a scope-based theory of adverbs
Authors: Miura Kaori , Fujii Tomohiro
Published: March 2021

While English exhibits a clausal-manner alternation that is sensitive to where adverbs occur in clausal structure (e.g., Rudely, John left vs. John left rudely), it has not been clear to what extent Japanese behaves the same way. The present study argues, in the spirit of a scope-based theory of adverb licensing, that there is evidence that the Japanese adverbial system is scope-based similarly to its English counterpart. Focusing on mental attitude adverbs, the paper argues that Ernst’s (2002) generalization holds for Japanese: that subject-oriented adverbs lose their otherwise available clausal readings when pure manner adverbs c-command them in the same clause. The paper also claims that clausal mental attitude adverbs must be clause-mates of Tense, which is not reduced to the scope-based theory.
Multiple wh-quantifier float in dialectal English
Authors: Asinari Sarah
Published: March 2021

This paper focuses on a dialect of English called Philadelphian Irish English (PhIrE) which allows quantifier float under wh-movement. This dialect also allows multiple quantifiers to be stranded at various stages of intermediate movement, a novel pattern not observed before. Here I focus on the patterns of multiple quantifier float and their restrictions. I propose that single and multiple quantifier float are derived through two different mechanisms: stranding and copying, respectively. Single quantifier float is derived through the standard stranding mechanisms, while wh-phrases in multiple quantifier constructions leave multiple copies which then undergo scattered deletion (See Bošković 2001; Nunes 2004).
Pragmatic person features in pronominal and clausal speech act phrases
Authors: Ceong Hailey Hyekyeong
Published: March 2021

This paper proposes the necessity of pragmatic person features (Ritter and Wiltschko 2018) in pronominal and clausal speech act phrases in Korean, giving three main arguments for such necessity: (i) pragmatic person [addressee] is needed for hearsay mye which expresses the meaning of you told me without the lexical verb of saying, (ii) pragmatic person [speaker] is needed for the unequal distribution of first-person plural pronouns with exhortative ca ‘let us’, and (iii) pragmatic persons [speaker], and [addressee] are needed for the asymmetric distribution of a dative goal argument in secondhand exhortatives. Based on the compatibility and incompatibility of exhortative ca- and secondhand exhortative ca-mye clauses with a first-person pronoun (e.g., na ‘I’, ce ‘I’, wuli ‘we’, and cehuy ‘we’), I argue that pragmatic person features are needed in syntax to account for their distribution.
Default by intervention: Allomorphy and locality in the Modern Greek verb
Authors: Paparounas Lefteris
Published: March 2021

An often discussed dimension of the locality conditions on allomorphy is visibility: when do the trigger and target of allomorphy ‘see’ each other? An equally important dimension is intervention: when do the trigger and target stop seeing each other? This paper offers two case studies on intervention from Modern Greek verbal morphology. In Greek, Agr is sensitive to the features of Voice, and T is sometimes sensitive to the identity of the root; but in both cases, allomorphy only takes place when all heads intervening between the target and trigger are null. When at least one intervening head is overt, the target retreats to a default realization. I argue that such patterns, whereby intervention leads to the emergence of a default, are readily understandable in theories where adjacency of heads is a necessary condition for allomorphy, and where only null nodes may be transparent.
Concord begets concord: A Bayesian model of nominal concord typology
Authors: Mahowald Kyle , Jurafsky Dan , Norris Mark
Published: March 2021

Nominal concord is a phenomenon whereby nominal modifiers (e.g., adjectives, demonstratives, numerals) agree with their nominals along various dimensions (e.g., gender, number, case, definiteness). Here, drawing on a rich and typologically diverse database of nominal concord (Norris 2020), we build a Bayesian mixed effect model of nominal concord. Specifically, we consider two competing hypotheses regarding the statistical relationship between different types of concord within a language: (1) concord begets concord: the presence of some type of concord in a language makes it more likely that it has other types of concord vs. (2) a little concord goes a long way: if a language has some kind of concord, it is less likely to have other types of concord. We present evidence strongly in favor of the first hypothesis, that concord begets concord. Languages with nominal concord tend to have concord in more than one place and of more than one type. Using posterior draws from our model, we also provide quantitative evidence for a number of the tendencies described by Norris (2019a). Future work will build on this model to understand the functional role of nominal concord in language systems, how it evolves, and how it co-evolves with other typological features.
Processing pronouns in global discourse context
Authors: Nagano Marisa , Zane Emily
Published: March 2021

This study examined the interpretation and processing of third-person pronouns when global discourse context supports a less-salient referent as antecedent of a subject pronoun. In particular, we investigated whether such information cancels a default generalized conversational implicature (GCI) biasing a local subject antecedent interpretation for an English overt pronoun. Eye-tracking data was recorded as participants heard four-sentence mini-stories with one of three Contexts: one biasing the subject of the previous clause as antecedent (SB), one biasing another human referent (OB), and one neutral to biasing either referent. Results showed that looking patterns did not diverge in OB and Neutral conditions until after crucial information tying into the larger discourse context was given in the post-pronoun verb. Strong preferences for non-subject referents did not emerge until after the sentence ended, a time-course consistent with participants calculating and then cancelling a default implicature for a subject antecedent. Meanwhile, discourse context reinforcing the default subject implicature in the SB condition facilitated processing, in terms of less time spent looking at either human referent compared the Neutral condition. Overall, results suggest that upon hearing an overt pronoun, English speakers first calculate a GCI that results in a local subject antecedent interpretation, but that, like all implicatures, this GCI can be defeated by contextual factors.
Ellipsis requires syntactic and semantic identity. Evidence from Fragment Questions in Spanish
Authors: Stigliano Laura
Published: March 2021

Based on novel data from an understudied type of ellipsis in Spanish-which I refer to as Fragment Questions-I argue for the need of both semantic and syntactic identity conditions to license ellipsis. In particular the TP is subject to syntactic identity, and the domain above that is subject to semantic identity. Fragment Questions are elliptical sentences interpreted as wh-questions. They have a follow-up meaning and, unlike other types of sentential ellipsis, they require a wh-phrase to go unpronounced, although there's no explicit wh-question or wh-phrase in the antecedent. In this paper, I analyze Fragment Questions as the result of ellipsis of a wh-question from which a Contrastive Topic has moved.
The exponence of caseless NPs in Moksha
Authors: Pleshak Polina
Published: March 2021

In this paper, I argue that the difference between indefinite- and definite-declension genitives in Moksha (Uralic) is not in the semantic or referential characteristics of the nominals they mark (as the name suggests), but rather in the syntactic size of the nominals. I show that there is no one-to-one correspondence between the definiteness of a noun phrase and its marking. In particular, indefinite-declension genitives can mark non-specific indefinite as well as specific definite noun phrases. At the same time, indefinite-declension genitives are number-neutral, while definite-declension genitives are specified for number. In contrast to indefinite-declension nominals, definite-declension ones also trigger possessive agreement on the head noun. I analyze indefinite-genitives as NPs and definite-genitives as DPs. Based on what is generally known about DPs, I make several predictions regarding the distribution of the genitives; two definite-declension genitives should be incompatible within one enclosing DP, while there should be no such restriction on the co-occurrence of an indefinite-declension genitive with either another indefinite-declension genitive or a definite-declension genitive. These predictions are borne out, and these new findings enrich the discussion of the ban on the co-occurrence of two DPs which are too close in the structure. More generally, my analysis supports the view that nominals of different structural size can coexist within one language.
An experimental and distributional investigation of two ‘non-culminating accomplishments’ in Mandarin
Authors: Esposito Lewis
Published: March 2021

The result-state lexicalization behavior of Mandarin monomorphemic transitive verbs have been claimed to be homogenous, with the vast majority contributing to ‘non-culminating’ readings in accomplishment predicates. This paper presents experimental and distributional case studies of verbs expected to challenge this claim: xiu ‘fix’ and sha ‘kill’. An experiment was conducted to examine how contextual factors influence result-state interpretation, given reports of highly variable judgments for these verbs when considered a-contextually. The results suggests that while xiu NP ‘fix NP’ is a true non-culminating accomplishment, sha NP ‘kill NP’ may lexicalize a result-state culmination, contra claims in prior work. These experimental findings are supported by the distribution of the verbs in Mandarin VV compounds, which suggest that xiu ‘fix’ is a manner verb (thereby not lexicalizing result-state culmination), while sha ‘kill’ is a result verb (lexicalizing result-state culmination). This study not only highlights the benefit of considering how contextual factors influence interpretations of verbal meaning, but it could also suggest that claims of the pervasiveness of non-culminating accomplishments in Mandarin are exaggerated.
Exhaustification, free-choice, and additivity: Evidence from Sakha da(γanɨ)
Authors: Kirby Ian
Published: March 2021

This paper discusses some unique semantic properties displayed by the Sakha quantifier particle daγanɨ (often reduced to da).  It is shown that, despite significant similarity with well-studied additive TOO-particles such as Japanese -mo and Hungarian -is, da(γanɨ) never clearly serves the role of additive too/also/either, nor does it appear in free-choice items.  Adopting an exhaustification-based approach wherein quantifier particles activate grammatical alternatives which are in turn interpreted by covert operators O(nly) or E(ven), it is proposed that da(γanɨ)-marked phrases are typically exhaustified non-recursively.
Variable subject pronoun expression revisited: This is what the Paisas do
Authors: Orozco Rafael , Hurtado Luz Marcela
Published: March 2021

We explore subject pronoun expression (SPE) in Medellín, Colombia using 4,623 tokens to test eight predictors. The 28% overall pronominal rate found is significantly higher than those in other mainland communities. Grammatical person exerts the greatest conditioning effect, with uno ‘one’ strongly favoring overt subjects. Findings for verb class reveal that speech and cognitive verbs promote overt subjects. However, our in-depth analysis unveils opposing tendencies between different pronominal subject + verb collocations for the same verb. E.g., whereas (yo) soy ‘I am’ strongly favors overt subjects, (ellos) son ‘they are’ favors null subjects. These findings suggest that analyses focusing on infinitives do not constitute the most accurate way to explore verb effects on SPE. Moreover, the effect of age reveals a low pronominal rate among the youngest speakers, a finding that appears to have cognitive and acquisitional implications, as younger speakers would be expected to have higher pronominal rates. In general, this study contributes to expand our knowledge of SPE. Further, the findings regarding age and the lexical effect of the verb open promising research paths.
Reconciling underspecification with the overlapping decomposition
Authors: Truong Tran
Published: March 2021

Natural language grammar contains pockets of linear morphological contiguity, in which formal identity between non-contiguous categories is either unattested or extremely rare. Also called *ABA domains, the analysis of these etiologically heterogeneous patterns has been a fruitful site of cross-theoretic discourse. Following Caha (2017), surface *ABA distributions may be classified as resulting from one of at least two morphosyntactic decompositions: cumulating and overlapping. The cumulating decomposition characterizes Bobaljik's (2012) comparative suppletion, and describes domains in which the final category of an *ABA domain is the most featurally or representationally complex. In contrast, the overlapping decomposition describes domains in which the medial category is the most complex, which Caha further argues is poorly handled by realizational architectures that assume underspecification. This study reconciles underspecification with the overlapping distribution by means of a requirement of contextual contiguity, in which a Vocabulary entry can only realize a complex feature bundle [X, Y] if and only if there exists another entry that realizes either of the simplex features [X] or [Y].
Binding reconstruction and two modes of copy-chain interpretation
Authors: Branan Kenyon , Erlewine Michael Yoshitaka
Published: March 2021

We present a theory for the interpretation of Ā-movement chains at LF in the copy theory of movement where the NP restrictor of a DP Ā-movement chain is interpreted in only one copy. Such a view is motivated for English by evidence from reflexive binding, building on observations in Barss 1986, and its interaction with parasitic gap licensing and weak crossover effects. Our approach offers a means for understanding the classification of Ā-movement types in Cinque 1990 and Postal 1994 in copy-theoretic terms.
Social inferences from the use of just as an exclusive particle
Authors: Thomas William C.
Published: March 2021

Recent work has begun to investigate the interaction between semantics and social meaning. This study contributes to that line of inquiry by investigating how particular social meanings that are popularly believed to arise from the English discourse particle just are related to the conventional semantic meaning of just. In addition to proposing an inferential process by which the social meanings associated with just arise, this paper reports the results of a social perception experiment designed to test whether those social inferences arise when just is used in particular speech acts and whether they depend on the speaker’s gender and level of authority relative to the addressee. The use of just was found to significantly increase the perceived insecurity of men but not of women. This suggests that listeners may more strongly perceive speaker qualities that stereotypes cause them not to expect.
Double evidential morphology in Turkish
Authors: Ótott-Kovács Eszter
Published: March 2021

Turkish and Bulgarian both have “double evidential” constructions, which seem to contain reiterated evidential morphemes. This paper, focusing on Turkish data, shows that despite the morphological similarity between the indirect evidential -mIş and the “second” -mIş, double evidentials are not an instance of reduplication. Instead, I propose based on morphological evidence (separability of suffixes, morphological spell-out of related Turkic languages) and semantic evidence (the “second” -mIş introduces a new indexical, the Evaluator) that the second -mIş is the spell-out of a distinct syntactic head, which I call Dubitative.