bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular Design of Thermally Activated Delayed‐Fluorescent Emitters Using 2,2′‐Bipyrimidine as the Acceptor in Donor–Acceptor Structures
Authors: Park Hee‐Jun , Han Si Hyun , Lee Jun Yeob
Published: July 2017

Donor–acceptor–donor (D–A–D)‐type thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters 5,5′‐bis{4‐[9,9‐dimethylacridin‐10(9H)‐yl]phenyl}‐2,2′‐bipyrimidine (Ac‐bpm) and 5,5′‐bis[4‐(10H‐phenoxazin‐10‐yl)phenyl]‐2,2′‐bipyrimidine (Px‐bpm), based on the 2,2′‐bipyrimidine accepting unit, were developed and their TADF devices were fabricated. The orthogonal geometry between the donor unit and the 2,2′‐bipyrimidine accepting core facilitated a HOMO/LUMO spatial separation, thus realizing thermally activated delayed fluorescence. The exhibited electroluminescence ranged from green to yellow, depending on the donor unit, with maximum external quantum efficiencies of up to 17.1 %.
Aggregation‐Induced Emission Characteristics of o‐Carborane‐Functionalized Tetraphenylethylene Luminogens: The Influence of Carborane Cages on Photoluminescence
Authors: Li Xiang , Yin Yongheng , Yan Hong , Lu Changsheng
Published: July 2017

Tetraphenylethylene (TPE)–carborane hybrids are constructed, and the impact of carborane substituents on the aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) characteristics of TPE‐cores has been investigated. When altering the 2‐R‐group on the carborane unit with ‐H, ‐CH3 or phenyl group, the luminescent quantum yield of the corresponding TPE derivatives can be manipulated from 0.18 to 0.63 in the solid state. The emission color exhibits an obvious 100 nm shift (from blue to yellow).
Effects of haloperidol, olanzapine, ziprasidone, and PHA‐543613 on spatial learning and memory in the Morris water maze test in naïve and MK‐801‐treated mice
Authors: Ning Houxu , Cao Dong , Wang Haidong , Kang Bing , Xie Shiping , Meng Yujing
Published: July 2017

Introduction

Cognitive impairment is the core symptom of schizophrenia, significantly impacting the functional outcome. Improvement of cognitive function has been an important aspect of the treatment of schizophrenia. Therefore, this study is to demonstrate the effects of first‐generation antipsychotic haloperidol, second‐generation antipsychotic olanzapine and ziprasidone, and alpha‐7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist PHA‐543613 on spatial learning and memory.

Material and Methods

C57BL/6 mice received intraperitoneal injections of haloperidol (2 mg/kg), olanzapine (2.5 mg/kg), ziprasidone (2 mg/kg), and PHA‐543613 (1 mg/kg), and cognitive dysfunctions were induced by MK‐801 (0.1 mg/kg). Morris water maze was used for investigating the effects of all agents.

Results

Mk‐801 significantly increased the mean escape latency to the platform and decreased the number of platform area crossings. Ziprasidone had no effect on the mean escape latency to platform and the number of platform area crossings in naïve mice, but haloperidol, olanzapine, and PHA‐543613 did not. Haloperidol and olanzapine significantly increased the mean escape latency to platform and decreased the number of platform area crossings, while ziprasidone and PHA‐543613 did not. All the agents had no effect on swimming speed.

Conclusions

Ziprasidone and alpha‐7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist PHA‐543613 might be helpful in the treatment of CIAS.
Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profiles Differentiate Tropical Fire Ant Populations (Solenopsis geminata, Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Hu Lin , Vander Meer Robert K. , Porter Sanford D. , Chen Li
Published: July 2017

The cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) from hexane rinses of workers from two Florida populations (dark and red forms) of the tropical fire ant, Solenopsis geminata, were separated by silica gel chromatography and identified by GC/MS analysis. Both the dark form and the red form produce similar CHCs with carbon chain lengths ranging from 17 to 35. However, the relative percentages of these CHCs were consistently different between the two color forms. The largest CHC component in the dark form is tricosane, and (Z)‐9‐tricosene for the red form. There were several significant differences in percent composition. For example, the dark form was characterized by a low tricosene:tricosane ratio (ca. 0.25), whereas this ratio was > 2.5 for the red form. The ratio of tricosene:tricosane can be used as a diagnostic biomarker to delimit the dark and red forms. Cluster analysis showed that the CHCs patterns of dark form colonies are completely separated from the CHC pattern of red form colonies. Differences in social behaviors like nestmate recognition and polygyny between workers from this dark form and the red form await further investigation.
An l‐RNA Aptamer with Expanded Chemical Functionality that Inhibits MicroRNA Biogenesis
Authors: Kabza Adam M. , Sczepanski Jonathan T.
Published: July 2017

To facilitate isolation of l‐aptamers with novel RNA‐binding properties, we employed a cationic nucleotide, 5‐aminoallyluridine, during the mirror image in vitro selection process. Through this effort, we identified a modified l‐RNA aptamer (MlRA) capable of binding oncogenic precursor microRNA 19a (pre‐miR‐19a) with exceptional affinity, and we showed that cationic modification is absolutely critical for binding. Furthermore, formation of the MlRA–pre‐miR‐19a complex inhibited Dicer‐mediated cleavage of the pre‐miR, thus blocking formation of the mature functional microRNA. The MlRA reported here not only represents the first l‐aptamer to be evolved by using modified nucleotides but also the first modified aptamer (of any type) to be selected against a structured RNA target. Our results demonstrate that functionalized l‐aptamers, which are intrinsically nuclease‐resistant, provide an attractive approach for developing robust RNA‐binding reagents.
atz‐1 Influences meiosis to maintain germline chromosomal stability in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Dawson Joseph A. , Methven‐Kelley Caitlin , Davis Gregory M.
Published: July 2017

Exchange of genetic information during meiosis occurs in all sexually reproducing species to produce haploid gametes from diploid cells. This process involves tight coordination of a meiotic specific cohesin complex, the synaptonemal complex, and DNA damage repair mechanisms. In this study, we describe a putative myosin heavy chain protein orthologous to human myosin 1, F28D1.2, which we named Abnormal Transition Zone (atz‐1). Deletion of atz‐1 results in embryonic lethality and a depleted transition zone, accompanied by reduced expression of the meiotic cohesin protein, REC‐8. atz‐1 mutants display disorganized and aggregated chromosomal bodies in diakinetic oocytes. In addition to this, atz‐1 mutants are hypersensitive to mild inhibition of DNA damage repair, suggesting that DNA replication in atz‐1 mutants is impaired. Moreover, the atz‐1 mutant phenotype is germline specific and resupplying somatically expressed atz‐1 does not rescue the reproductive defects associated with atz‐1 mutants. Overall, our data suggest that atz‐1 contributes to meiosis and maintains germline chromosomal stability.
Stent selection for percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Williams P. D. , Awan M.
Published: July 2017

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent deployment is the dominant form of myocardial revascularization, with millions of procedures performed worldwide each year. Stent design has evolved substantially over time and there are now a wide range of options available to the interventional cardiologist. This review will cover the development of intracoronary stents and the patient and vessel factors which are important in stent selection.

Answer questions and earn CME: https://wileyhealthlearning.com/Activity2/5430072/Activity.aspx
Efficient Production of Biomass‐Derived C4 Chiral Synthons in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Lin Shaoying , Guo Xiao , Qin Kai , Feng Lei , Zhang Yahong , Tang Yi
Published: July 2017

Carbohydrates are expected to replace petroleum and to become the base of industrial chemistry. Chirality is one particular area in which carbohydrates have a special potential advantage over petroleum resources. Herein, we report a catalytic approach for the direct production of d‐tetroses [i.e., d‐(−)‐erythrose and d‐(+)‐erythrulose] from d‐hexoses through a fast retro‐aldol process at 190 °C that achieves a yield of 46 % and completely retains the chiral centers in the final chiral synthon. The d‐tetrose products were further converted into their derivatives, thereby accomplishing transfer of chirality from natural chiral hexoses to high‐value‐added chiral chemicals. Our results also suggest that the product distribution for the conversion of d‐hexoses was determined by their isomerization and epimerization trends that competed with their corresponding retro‐aldol condensation processes.
Tandem Reductive Hydroformylation of Castor Oil Derived Substrates and Catalyst Recycling by Selective Product Crystallization
Authors: Furst Marc R. L. , Korkmaz Vedat , Gaide Tom , Seidensticker Thomas , Behr Arno , Vorholt Andreas J.
Published: July 2017

An orthogonal tandem catalytic system consisting of rhodium and ruthenium complexes yielded linear C12 α,ω‐bifunctional compounds from commercial, castor oil derived renewable substrates. With aldehyde yields up to 88 % and selectivities to the linear species of up to 95 %, this approach is direct and atom economic and provides easy access to potential polymer precursors for polycondensates. Additionally, a straightforward method for selective product crystallization was developed, which enabled recycling of the tandem catalytic system for two runs with excellent activity and simultaneously provided a high‐purity product.
One‐Pot Transformation of Carbohydrates into Valuable Furan Derivatives via 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural
Authors: Wrigstedt Pauli , Keskiväli Juha , Perea‐Buceta Jesús E. , Repo Timo
Published: July 2017

5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a pivotal chemical in the utilization of biomass as a chemical feedstock. For this approach the vast majority of methods require access to pure HMF from biomass before its utilization, which incorporates one or more purification steps that obstruct industrial implementation. We describe an operationally simple and versatile method that encompasses both the dehydration of several carbohydrate substrates into HMF and subsequently its direct conversion into various high value‐added furan derivatives in a one‐pot process. To that end, we selected the aldol condensation of HMF with methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) as a model reaction. With the optimized conditions of solvent and base catalyst in hand, the one‐pot dehydration of fructose and the condensation sequence with various ketones afforded the products in good overall yields over two steps. The scope of the process was expanded to more complex carbohydrates, such as glucose, lactose, sucrose, cellobiose, and inulin. Moreover, by fine‐tuning the reaction conditions, the one‐pot methodology in which we used inulin as the substrate was highly efficient if applied to various other important reactions, such as oxidation, reduction, and Cannizzaro and Baylis–Hillman reactions, which rendered the corresponding furan derivatives in high overall yields.
Efficient and Mild Ullmann‐Type N‐Arylation of Amides, Carbamates, and Azoles in Water
Authors: Bollenbach Maud , Aquino Pedro G. V. , de Araújo‐Júnior João Xavier , Bourguignon Jean‐Jacques , Bihel Frédéric , Salomé Christophe , Wagner Patrick , Schmitt Martine
Published: July 2017

A simple, sustainable, efficient, mild, and low‐cost protocol was developed for d‐glucose‐assisted Cu‐catalyzed Ullmann reactions in water for amides, carbamates, and nitrogen‐containing heterocycles. The reaction was compatible with diverse aryl/heteroaryl iodides, giving highly substituted pyridine, indole, or indazole rings. This method offers an attractive alternative to existing protocols, because the reaction proceeds in aqueous media, occurs at or near ambient temperature, and provides the N‐arylated products in good to high yields.
Traceless Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Fused Chiral Macrocycles via Conformational Constraint‐Assisted Cyclic Iminium Formation
Authors: Schütznerová Eva , Oliver Allen G. , Slough Greg A. , Krchňák Viktor
Published: July 2017

Natural products comprising chiral molecular scaffolds containing fused medium‐sized cycles and macrocycles represent an important and relevant pharmacological target for the discovery and development of new drugs. Here, we describe traceless solid‐phase synthesis of acyclic intermediates amenable to cyclization to medium (11) and large (12) fused rings. The key aspect of the synthetic strategy is incorporation of a specific conformation constraint that facilitates cyclization in favor of 11‐ and 12‐membered rings rather than possible 7‐membered ones. The role of constraints in preorganization required for cyclization is supported by computational analysis. The synthesis involves cyclic N‐sulfonyliminium‐nucleophilic addition chemistry as the key ring‐forming reaction and proceeds with complete stereocontrol of the newly formed stereogenic center. We document the scope and limitations of this strategy in the synthesis of 11+5, 11+6, 11+7, and 12+6 fused rings representing molecular scaffolds with 3D architecture that mimic complex natural products.
Advances of Metal‐Organic Frameworks in Energy and Environmental Applications
Authors: Li Ying , Zou Bing , Xiao Anshan , Zhang Hongxing
Published: July 2017

Nowadays, energy shortage and environmental pollution issues are increasingly severe and urgent to be solved. The effective storage and use of environmentally friendly fuels and removal of harmful gases from the environment are great challenges and of great importance both for the environment protection and for human health. Porous metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are highly ordered crystalline materials formed by the self‐assembly process of metal ions and organic ligands. Their good features such as ultrahigh porosity, large surface area, structural diversity and functionalities make them promising candidates for applications in energy and environmental fields. MOF thin films and MOF composites have also been investigated to further enhance the properties and introduce new functionalities. This review provides an overview of the synthesis methods of pristine MOFs, MOF thin films and MOF composites, and significant advances of MOFs in energy and environment applications such as energy storage (H2, CH4), CO2 capture and separation, adsorption removal and sensing of harmful gases in the environment.
Conversion of Cellulose into Amphiphilic Alkyl Glycosides Catalyzed by Aquivion, a Perfluorosulfonic Acid Polymer
Authors: Karam Ayman , De Oliveira Vigier Karine , Marinkovic Sinisa , Estrine Boris , Oldani Claudio , Jérôme François
Published: July 2017

The perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) Aquivion PW98 is an amphiphilic solid superacid which is shown to catalyze the conversion of cellulose into amphiphilic alkyl glycosides (AAGs) in 85 % yield (with 97 % selectivity). The process involves a mechanocatalytic depolymerization of cellulose followed by a direct glycosylation with n‐dodecanol. In comparison to H2SO4 and solid acid catalysts commonly employed in cellulose processing, Aquivion PFSA PW98 is not only recyclable but also exhibits superior catalytic performances in terms of yield, selectivity, and reactor productivity.
Epoxy resin‐cement paste composite for wellbores: Evaluation of chemical degradation fostered carbon dioxide
Authors: Baldissera Alessandra F. , Schütz Marta K. , dos Santos Leonardo M. , Vecchia Felipe Dalla , Seferin Marcus , Ligabue Rosane , Costa Eleani M. , Chaban Vitaly V. , Menezes Sonia C. , Einloft Sandra
Published: July 2017

Excessive carbon dioxide (CO2) environmental emission can be partially solved using carbon geological storage technologies. Up‐to‐date materials in CO2 injection wells are strongly susceptible to acidic attacks causing their irreversible damage over a long time scale. This study investigates degradation by CO2 of epoxy resin‐cement paste composites at elevated pressure (50 bar) and temperature (70°C) to mimic wellbore conditions. The effect of epoxy resins on cement carbonation was evaluated by phenolphthalein test, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and numerical simulations. According to electronic‐structure‐based molecular dynamics simulations, the epoxy resin forms a separate phase that blocks potential reaction sites between the cement and CO2. Thanks to CO2‐phobic behavior, the resin repels CO2 and minimizes cement damage due to degradation process. The optimal content of epoxy resin in the cement paste was up to 30% w/w. The reported results provide clear guidelines for further evolution of reinforced cements for use in CO2 injection wellbores. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The presence and severity of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is associated with specific changes in circulating bile acids
Authors: Puri Puneet , Daita Kalyani , Joyce Andrew , Mirshahi Faridoddin , Santhekadur Prasanna K. , Cazanave Sophie , Luketic Velimir A , Siddiqui Mohammad S. , Boyett Sherry , Min Hae‐Ki , Kumar Divya P. , Kohli Rohit , Zhou Huiping , Hylemon Phillip B. , Contos Melissa J. , Idowu Michael , Sanyal Arun J.
Published: July 2017

The histologic spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes fatty liver (NAFL) and steatohepatitis (NASH), which can progress to cirrhosis in up to 20% of NASH patients. Bile acids (BA) are linked to the pathogenesis and therapy of NASH. We (1) characterized the plasma BA profile in biopsy‐proven NAFL and NASH and compared to controls and (2) related the plasma BA profile to liver histologic features, disease activity, and fibrosis. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry quantified BAs. Descriptive statistics, paired and multiple group comparisons, and regression analyses were performed. Of 86 patients (24 controls, 25 NAFL, and 37 NASH; mean age 51.8 years and body mass index 31.9 kg/m2), 66% were women. Increased total primary BAs and decreased secondary BAs (both P < 0.05) characterized NASH. Total conjugated primary BAs were significantly higher in NASH versus NAFL (P = 0.047) and versus controls (P < 0.0001). NASH had higher conjugated to unconjugated chenodeoxycholate (P = 0.04), cholate (P = 0.0004), and total primary BAs (P < 0.0001). The total cholate to chenodeoxycholate ratio was significantly higher in NAFLD without (P = 0.005) and with (P = 0.02) diabetes. Increased key BAs were associated with higher grades of steatosis (taurocholate), lobular (glycocholate) and portal inflammation (taurolithocholate), and hepatocyte ballooning (taurocholate). Conjugated cholate and taurocholate directly and secondary to primary BA ratio inversely correlated to NAFLD activity score. A higher ratio of total secondary to primary BA decreased (odds ratio, 0.57; P = 0.004) and higher conjugated cholate increased the likelihood of significant fibrosis (F≥2) (P = 0.007). Conclusion: NAFLD is associated with significantly altered circulating BA composition, likely unaffected by type 2 diabetes, and correlated with histological features of NASH; these observations provide the foundation for future hypothesis‐driven studies of specific effects of BAs on specific aspects of NASH. (Hepatology 2018;67:534‐548).
Epstein‐Barr virus‐negative extranodal “true” natural killer‐cell lymphoma harbouring a KDM6A mutation
Authors: Tsuyama Naoko , Asaka Reimi , Dobashi Akito , Baba Satoko , Mishima Yuko , Ueda Kyoko , Oguchi Masahiko , Tsuji Hideki , Hatake Kiyohiko , Takeuchi Kengo
Published: July 2017

Extranodal natural killer (NK)/T‐cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKTL) is an extranodal aggressive T or NK‐cell lymphoma that is characteristically associated with Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) infection and cytotoxic tissue‐destructive features. Although ENKTL is described as a distinct entity according to the 2008 WHO classification, a considerable complexity is associated with the differential diagnosis of other T‐cell lymphomas with respect to tumour cell origins, locations, and the presence of EBV infection, as well as molecular and cytogenetic abnormalities. Here, we report a rare case of EBV‐negative ENKTL, where the absence of EBV in the true NK‐lineage cells was confirmed by extensive phenotypic and genotypic analyses. Furthermore, using the next‐generation sequencing approach, we identified mutations in the tumour suppressor genes KDM6A and TP53. The clinicopathological characteristics were almost similar to those of EBV‐positive ENKTL, except for the absence of EBV and histologically apparent angioinvasiveness. This is the first reported ENKTL case with mutations in the KDM6A gene. KDM6A is one of the histone‐modifying genes that are mutated in many human diseases including haematological cancers. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression has recently been demonstrated in ENKTL, and a similar pathway is thought to play an oncogenic role in EBV‐negative ENKTL. Our report shows the extent of comprehensive examination required before making a definitive diagnosis for NK‐ and T‐cell neoplasms and broadens the therapeutic options for potential targets.
Unmet contraceptive needs in rural communities in the Dominican Republic during an international Zika virus outbreak
Authors: Shaw Rebecca , Simmons Michaela , Nelson Corrine , Bachelor Brooke , Adamian Shant , Frausto Ana
Published: July 2017

Women living in rural Dominican communities are aware of Zika virus, but education about the virus and access to long‐term reversible contraception are needed.
Combinations of genotoxic tests for the evaluation of group 1 IARC carcinogens
Authors: Bhagat Jacky
Published: July 2017

Many of the known human carcinogens are potent genotoxins that are efficiently detected as carcinogens in human populations but certain types of compounds such as immunosuppressants, sex hormones, etc. act via non‐genotoxic mechanism. The absence of genotoxicity and the diversity of modes of action of non‐genotoxic carcinogens make predicting their carcinogenic potential extremely challenging. There is evidence that combinations of different short‐term tests provide a better and efficient prediction of human genotoxic and non‐genotoxic carcinogens. The purpose of this study is to summarize the in vivo and in vitro comet assay (CMT) results of group 1 carcinogens selected from the International Agency for Research on Cancer and to discuss the utility of the comet assay along with other genotoxic assays such as Ames, in vivo micronucleus (MN), and in vivo chromosomal aberration (CA) test. Of the 62 agents for which valid genotoxic data were available, 38 of 61 (62.3%) were Ames test positive, 42 of 60 (70%) were in vivo MN test positive and 36 of 45 (80%) were positive for the in vivo CA test. Higher sensitivity was seen in in vivo CMT (90%) and in vitro CMT (86.9%) assay. Combination of two tests has greater sensitivity than individual tests: in vivo MN + in vivo CA (88.6%); in vivo MN + in vivo CMT (92.5%); and in vivo MN + in vitro CMT (95.6%). Combinations of in vivo or in vitro CMT with other tests provided better sensitivity. In vivo CMT in combination with in vivo CA provided the highest sensitivity (96.7%).
Effect of metformin on ossification and inflammation of fibroblasts in ankylosing spondylitis: An in vitro study
Authors: Qin Xiong , Jiang Tongmeng , Liu Sijia , Tan Jiachang , Wu Huayu , Zheng Li , Zhao Jinmin
Published: July 2017

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by fibroblasts ossification. However, effective drug therapy for AS is lacking. As an antidiabetic drug, metformin has demonstrated an antiosteogenic effect on osteoblasts in vitro. And it is also a kind of specific agonists for adenosine 5′‐monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is blocked in the process of AS. Given the role in antiosteogenesis and AMPK activating, metformin was investigated of its effect on fibroblasts harvested from capsular ligament of patients with femoral neck fracture and AS. Osteogenic specific makers (Alp, Bglap, Runx2, Bmp2, and Col1) in fibroblasts administered with metformin (20 μg/mL) were detected by ALP staining, alizarin red staining, qPCR, and Western blotting after 7 and 14 days of culture. Inflammation genes (il1‐β and il6) and pathway (Pi3k, Akt, and Ampk) associated markers were also evaluated. Our results showed that osteogenic specific markers were greatly downregulated and ossification was effectively inhibited in AS fibroblasts after addition of metformin. Levels of inflammation markers were also decreased by metformin. Thus, metformin exerts potent effect on suppression of ossification and inflammation in AS fibroblasts via the activation of Pi3k/Akt and AMPK pathways, which may be developed as a potential agent for treatment of AS.
Retracted: Inhibition of SNK‐SPAR signaling pathway promotes the restoration of motor function in a rat model of ischemic stroke
Authors: Fan Qing‐Yu , Liu Jing‐Jie , Zhang Gui‐Lian , Wu Hai‐Qin , Zhang Ru , Zhan Shu‐Qin , Liu Na
Published: July 2017

This study aimed to investigate the effects of SPAR signaling pathway on the restoration of motor function in ischemic stroke (IS). Sprague‐Dawley male rats were separated into the control and sham groups, as well as the group for middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model establishment. Successfully established rat ischemic models were randomly divided into model, SNKMCAO‐del and pcDNA3.1‐SNK groups. The evaluation of motor function among the rats in each group was assessed using a balance beam, a screen test and the Garcia scoring method. CatWalk gait analysis was employed to evaluate the effect of the SNK signaling pathway on rat motor function. Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) and TUNEL staining were techniques were utilized for cerebral infarction (CI) area as well for hippocampal neuron apoptosis. The quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and western blotting methods were performed to detect mRNA and protein expressions of SNK and SPAR. When compared with the model group, the SNKMCAO‐del group displayed decreased motor function score and CI area, while contrasting results were observed in the pcDNA3.1‐SNK group. According to the results obtained from the CatWalk gait analysis, the SNKMCAO‐del group showed a clear improvement compared to the model group whereas the pcDNA3.1‐SNK group exhibited poorer results than the model group in the objective parameters of the study, such as movement, speed, running duration, print area, maximal contact area, maximal, mean intensity, and stride length. These findings suggested that SNK gene silencing promotes motor function by inhibiting the SNK‐SPAR signaling pathway in rats with ischemic stroke.
Effects of compost type and storage conditions on climbing bean on Technosols of Tantalum mining sites in Western Rwanda
Authors: Diogo Rodrigue V. Cao , Bizimana Modeste , Nieder Rolf , Rukazambuga Ntirushwa Daniel Thomas , Naramabuye François-Xavier , Buerkert Andreas
Published: July 2017

Little is known about the effects of compost application to reclaim artisanal mining sites for agriculture in Central Africa. A field experiment was therefore conducted to examine the effects of locally available organic household waste composted under traditional (pit under leaf shade) versus improved management (pit under double plastic sheeting) and mixed with either Tithonia diversifolia biomass or Minjingu Phosphate Rock (13–15% P) on climbing bean sown on degraded Technosols (former Tantalum mining sites) and un‐mined control soils (Cambisols). Both soil types were derived from pegmatite. After 6 months of composting, nutrient concentrations in traditional compost were 0.27–0.32% N, 0.06–0.08% P, and 0.20–0.22% K. Comparative values in amended compost were 1.02–1.65% N, 0.10–0.31% P, and 0.41–1.13% K. In farmyard+solid waste, composted under traditional system, dry matter was 65.4%, pH 6.7, and C : N ratio 13.0, as opposed to 81.5% DM, a pH of 8.6, and a C : N ratio of 8.6 in farmyard+solid waste+Minjingu phosphate under improved compost, and 68.3% dry matter, a pH of 8.4, and a C : N ratio of 7.4 for Tithonia+farmyard+solid waste under improved conditions. Compared to bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grain yields of 0.28 (mined soil) and 0.11 (unmined soil) without amendments, the application (on a dry matter basis) of 5 t compost ha−1 led to yields of 3.54 t DM ha−1 for improved compost Tithonia+farmyard+solid waste on mined soil versus 2.26 t DM ha−1 (P < 5%) for the same treatment at the un‐mined sites. The yield obtained for farmyard+solid waste+Minjingu phosphate composted under improved conditions averaged 3.06 t DM ha−1 at mined sites compared with 2.85 t DM ha−1 at un‐mined sites (P > 5%). All amendments were more effective in enhancing bean yields on Technosols with significant positive effects with improved compost than on Cambisols.
Secondary Traumatization and Differentiation Among the Wives of Former POWs: A Reciprocal Association
Authors: Lahav Yael , Levin Yafit , Bensimon Moshe , Kanat‐Maymon Yaniv , Solomon Zahava
Published: July 2017

Repercussions of war captivity may transmit to spouses of former prisoners of war (POW) via posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Overidentification with their partners underlies the PTSS experienced by former wives of POWs, thus implying impaired self‐differentiation. Although wives’ indirect exposure to their husbands' captivity and subsequent PTSS has been associated with the wives' PTSS and differentiation, the combined effects remain unclear. Furthermore, previous cross‐sectional studies could not illuminate directionality. This prospective study investigates (a) the moderating role of indirect exposure to captivity in the association between husbands’ PTSS and wives’ PTSS and differentiation; and (b) the directionality of the association between wives' differentiation and PTSS over time. The wives of both former POWs (n = 143) and combatants (n = 102) were assessed 30 (T1) and 38 (T2) years after the 1973 Yom Kippur War. The wives of former POWs endorsed higher PTSS and fusion differentiation, η2p = .06 to .14. Indirect exposure to captivity moderated the associations between husbands' PTSS and wives' PTSS, Cohen's f2 = .01 to .03. The association between the wives' differentiation and PTSS over time was bidirectional, β = −0.18 to 0.68; R2 = .54 to .73. Results suggest a vicious cycle between PTSS and differentiation, and the need for clinical interventions that further differentiation for spouses of prolonged trauma victims.
Statistical Profiling of One Promiscuous Protein Binding Site: Illustrated by Urokinase Catalytic Domain
Authors: Cerisier Natacha , Regad Leslie , Triki Dhoha , Petitjean Michel , Flatters Delphine , Camproux Anne‐Claude
Published: July 2017

While recent literature focuses on drug promiscuity, the characterization of promiscuous binding sites (ability to bind several ligands) remains to be explored. Here, we present a proteochemometric modeling approach to analyze diverse ligands and corresponding multiple binding sub‐pockets associated with one promiscuous binding site to characterize protein‐ligand recognition. We analyze both geometrical and physicochemical profile correspondences. This approach was applied to examine the well‐studied druggable urokinase catalytic domain inhibitor binding site, which results in a large number of complex structures bound to various ligands. This approach emphasizes the importance of jointly characterizing pocket and ligand spaces to explore the impact of ligand diversity on sub‐pocket properties and to establish their main profile correspondences. This work supports an interest in mining available 3D holo structures associated with a promiscuous binding site to explore its main protein‐ligand recognition tendency.
Unexpected acute renal injury after high‐dose etoposide phosphate and total body irradiation in children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Cordero C. , Loboda C. , Clerc‐Urmès I. , Clément L. , Pochon C. , Chastagner P.
Published: July 2017

High‐dose etoposide phosphate, a water‐soluble prodrug of etoposide, may be used after total body irradiation (TBI) in pediatric allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for lymphoblastic leukemia. In a retrospective study of 21 children treated at the Nancy University Hospital (2000–2014), we identified unprecedentedly an unexpectedly high incidence (57%) of acute renal injury following etoposide phosphate infusion. Patients who developed renal function impairment experienced more severe mucositis but had outcomes similar to those who did not. No risk factors were identified. We speculate that the etoposide phosphate diluent, dextran 40, may have been the causative agent in these post‐TBI renal toxicity cases.
Opening Pandora's box?: ethical issues in prenatal whole genome and exome sequencing
Authors: Horn Ruth , Parker Michael
Published: July 2017

Objective

The development of genomic approaches to prenatal testing such as whole genome and exome sequencing offers the potential for a better understanding of prenatal structural anomalies in the fetus and ultimately for improved patient care and more informed reproductive decision making. In addition to the scientific and clinical challenges of achieving this, the introduction of new reproductive technologies also presents a number of ethical problems. The successful and appropriate development and introduction of prenatal genomics into clinical practice require these problems to be identified, understood and carefully analysed in the development of models of good ethical practice.

Method

We conducted a critical review of the existing literature on ethical issues in prenatal genomics.

Results

We identified and discussed five areas of particular concern: valid consent, management and feed‐back of information, responsibilities of health professionals, priority setting and resources and duties towards the future child.

Conclusion

There is a need for further discussion of the issues we have outlined here, and we hope that this brief summary of ethical arguments in the literature encourages researchers, clinicians, patients and scientists to engage in further discussion of these and other important issues raised by prenatal genomics. © 2017 The Authors. Prenatal Diagnosis published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uncertainties in tree cover maps of Sub‐Saharan Africa and their implications for measuring progress towards CBD Aichi Targets
Authors: Gross Dorit , Achard Frédéric , Dubois Grégoire , Brink Andreas , Prins Herbert H. T.
Published: July 2017

The growing access to Earth Observations and processing capabilities have stimulated the production of global and regional products that are commonly used to assess tree‐covered habitats and their changes. The popularity of these products has led to their use for defining baselines and to assess progress in conserving natural habitats, in particular, in the context of the conservation targets to 2020 set by the UN Convention on Biological Diversity. In this paper, we reviewed three tree cover products commonly used over Sub‐Saharan Africa: (1) MODIS Vegetation Continuous Field percent tree cover map, (2) Global Forest Change map and (3) TREES product. Over a systematic sample of 2045 map subsets, each having a size of 10 × 10 km², we calculated the extent and change of tree cover from each product for the period between 2000 and 2010. Our statistical and spatial comparison shows noticeable discrepancies between the three products, which lead to uncertainties when assessing tree cover across varying ecosystems. These differences are highest in habitats where tree cover is fragmented or reaches medium density levels and overlap with areas of high economic development potential, where habitat changes are likely to occur in the near future. We discuss these findings in the context of using these remotely sensed tree cover products to support current global biodiversity conservation policies.
Efficient Electrochemical Water Oxidation and Oxidative Degradation of Rhodamine B: A Comparative Study Using High‐Purity Birnessites Containing Li+, Na+ or K+ Ions
Authors: Wang Liming , Qin Minggao , Yang Weijun , Gao Yong , Li YingYing
Published: July 2017

High‐purity birnessites, containing Na+, K+ or Li+ in the interlayer were prepared respectively with complexing agent EDTA at room temperature. The structural features and chemical compositions were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller analysis and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The electrocatalytic properties of these materials against oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline media were studied. Cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry curves showed that Li‐Bir had the highest water oxidation activity. Meanwhile, Li‐Bir performed stably for 4000 s. For birnessites containing different alkali metals (K+, Na+ or Li+), the organic dye rhodamine B degradation rates were significantly different in acidic media. At pH 1, the degradation rate of Li‐Bir was obviously higher than those of K‐Bir and Na‐Bir. The surface area of Li‐Bir (107.282 cm2 g−1) is much larger than those of Na‐Bir (35.623) and K‐Bir (11.900), indicating that specific surface area was one of the main factors affecting the OER activity and degradation efficiency of birnessite.
Concise Access to α‐Arylketothioamides by Redox Reaction between Acetophenones, Elemental Sulfur and DMF
Authors: Liu Weibing , Chen Cui , Zhou Peng
Published: July 2017

A copper oxide and iodine‐mediated redox reaction has been developed for the synthesis of α‐arylketothioamides from acetophenones, elemental sulfur, and N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF). The reaction is scalable and tolerates a wide range of functional groups, providing an efficient means of accessing α‐arylketothioamides. Besides, it proceeded in an excellent step‐ and redox‐efficient manner, in which DMF and elemental sulfur both play a dual role; elemental sulfur as a nucleophilic building block and a redox moderating agent to meet the electronic requirements of the whole process, and DMF as the solvent and the surrogate of dimethylamine.
Exploring the Relation among Free Volume, Electrostatic Interaction, and Side Chain Flexibility of Ether‐Functionalized Ionic Liquids by Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Shen Hujun , Chen Zhengjian , Xiao Tiejun
Published: July 2017

Alkoxy chain effect on the viscosity of ionic liquids has been extensively studied by experiments in order to disclose the relationship between viscosity and structure. A free‐volume model was used to interpret the mechanism of the alkoxy chain effect, suggesting that flexible alkoxy chains can improve the viscosity of ionic liquids owing to the increase of free volume. Computational studies revealed that the improvement of viscosity arises from the less effective packing between flexible alkoxy chains as well as the reduction in electrostatic interaction between cations and anions. However, few computational studies have been undertaken to address the relation among free volume, electrostatic interaction, and side chain flexibility of ether‐functionalized ionic liquids. In this work, we develop a general amber force field (GAFF) for ether‐functionalized ionic liquids by following the traditional procedure of parameterizing GAFF for ionic liquids. Our work demonstrates that the alkoxy chain effect on the viscosity of ionic liquids can be qualitatively captured by GAFF without any optimizations. Analysis of electrostatic interactions between cations and anions in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations advances our understanding of the alkoxy chain effect from various aspects. Finally, we propose for the first time that the total free volume can further be divided into two portions, which are associated with electrostatic interactions between cations and anions.
Efficient Furfuryl Alcohol Synthesis from Furfural over Magnetically Recoverable Catalysts: Does the Catalyst Stabilizing Medium Matter?
Authors: Alibegovic Kenan , Morgan David Gene , Losovyj Yaroslav , Pink Maren , Stein Barry D. , Kuchkina Nina V. , Serkova Elena S. , Salnikova Kseniya E. , Shifrina Zinaida B. , Matveeva Valentina G. , Sulman Esther M. , Bronstein Lyudmila M.
Published: July 2017

We report hydrogenation of furfural (FF) to furfuryl alcohol (FA) with novel Pt‐and Pd‐containing magnetite nanoparticles (NPs) stabilized by polyphenylquinoxaline (PPQ) and hyperbranched pyridylphenylene polymer (PPP). FF is one of the major ingredients of biooil produced by biomass pyrolysis, while FA is a source of value‐added chemicals, thus, creating a sustainable path from biomass to important compounds. We demonstrate that catalytic NPs (Pt0 or Pd0) of approximately 3 nm in diameter form in the polymer shells of magnetite NPs and the catalysts are magnetically recoverable. The search for optimal reaction conditions of the FF hydrogenation revealed that the highest selectivity is obtained at 120 °C and 6 MPa hydrogen pressure in i‐propanol as solvent. The solvent effect is due to combination of good FF solubility and accessibility of catalytic NPs for the FF adsorption. A comparison of the catalytic activities of the Pd‐containing magnetite NPs stabilized by PPQ and PPP validates the advantages of the open and rigid structure of the hyperbranched PPP vs. linear PPQ. For Pd‐containing magnetite NPs stabilized by PPP, the high selectivity to FA of 99.3% at nearly 100% FF conversion was achieved at a remarkable activity of 871 min−1 and high catalyst stability.
D‐aTNA Circuit Orthogonal to DNA Can Be Operated by RNA Input via SNA
Authors: Murayama Keiji , Nagao Ryuya , Asanuma Hiroyuki
Published: July 2017

For a signal amplification system that is orthogonal to DNA, we designed a simplified seesaw gate composed of only D‐aTNA. This new system performed signal amplification by toehold exchange reaction just as the DNA circuit did. Moreover, the D‐aTNA circuit was not affected by natural nucleic acids carrying sequences complementary to the D‐aTNA. In the presence of an SNA interface, however, an RNA signal was converted to D‐aTNA signal, resulting in successful activation of D‐aTNA circuit. This system can be used to design signal‐amplification circuits that are not influenced by contaminating DNA and RNA.
Modulating the Cellular Immune Response of Oligonucleotides by Brush Polymer‐Assisted Compaction
Authors: Cao Xueyan , Lu Xueguang , Wang Dali , Jia Fei , Tan Xuyu , Corley Michelle , Chen Xiaoying , Zhang Ke
Published: July 2017

Unwanted stimulation of the innate immune system by foreign nucleic acids has been one of the major barriers preventing bioactive sequences from reaching market. Foreign nucleic acids can be recognized by multiple pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which trigger a signaling cascade to activate host defense systems, leading to a range of side effects. This study demonstrates that polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐modified DNA strands can greatly reduce the activation of the innate immune system, and the extent of reduction is dependent upon polymer architecture. Highly branched brushes with long PEG side chains achieve the best suppression by blocking PRR interactions via a local steric effect. Interestingly, the brush polymer creates little barrier toward DNA–DNA interaction. Quantification of inflammatory cytokines in both mRNA and protein levels as well as the extent of cellular uptake shows a direct correlation between steric congestion and reduction of cellular immune response. These results suggest that the brush architecture offers unique advantages for PEGylating oligonucleotides in the context of minimizing unwanted immune system activation.
Bottlenecks in the PGRFA use system: stakeholders’ perspectives
Authors: Kell Shelagh , Marino Mario , Maxted Nigel
Published: July 2017

An essential component of efforts to mitigate the impacts of climate change on crop production and food security is the production of new varieties of crops which can thrive in more extreme, changeable and uncertain environmental conditions. Humankind is therefore dependent on the continual availability of a wide pool of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA) to sustain our food and economic security, yet despite the vast pool of resources that exists, we face significant hurdles in mobilizing them for effective and sustainable use. The Governing Body of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (the Treaty) has recognized the pivotal role of sustainable use of PGRFA in addressing global challenges—including climate change adaptation, food security and biodiversity loss—and the need to assist countries in designing measures to promote the sustainable use of PGRFA. A global survey was conducted by the Secretariat of the Treaty to gather the views and needs of PGRFA stakeholders, the results of which have allowed a clearer understanding of the ‘bottlenecks’ in the PGRFA use system and a deeper comprehension of the constraints and needs regarding the implementation of the sustainable use provisions of the Treaty. In particular, there is a critical need to address: (a) limitations regarding policy in support of sustainable use activities; (b) capacity building needs in all areas of the PGRFA sustainable use spectrum; and (c) access to plant genetic material and associated information.
Evaluation and monitoring of transdisciplinary collaborations
Authors: van Drooge Leonie , Spaapen Jack
Published: July 2017

In this paper we focus on the governance, in particular evaluation and monitoring, of the growing number of transdisciplinary collaborations (TDC’s). Researchers and a variety of stakeholders collaborate in such TDC’s, the purpose of which is to address societal challenges, like renewable energy, healthy aging or better language teaching in schools. Commonly used practices for evaluation of scientific research (accountability, rankings and benchmarking, dedicated to scientific excellence) do not fit the goals of TDC’s. A bottom up or stakeholder oriented approach is better suited; one that stimulates mutual learning as well as the development of socially robust knowledge. We introduce the participatory impact pathways analysis (PIPA), as a method that suits the requirements. It has been developed in the context of development research. Two crucial features are the involvement of stakeholders from the start, and the joint development of a theory of change. This narrates what one wants to achieve and how that will be achieved. From this, stakeholders construct a logical frame that serves as a source for indicators. These indicators enable monitoring ex durante, during the TDC. We present evidence of the use of PIPA for a TDC. From this empirical evidence a number of issues with regard to evaluation, monitoring and indicators can be identified that require attention. Most prominent is the change of function of indicators. Instead of looking back and a focus on past performance, indicators look forward, in the short, intermediate and more distant future.