bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Separation, Aspiration, and Fat Equalization: SAFE Liposuction Concepts for Comprehensive Body Contouring
Authors: Wall Simeon H. , Lee Michael R.
Published: November 2016

Background:

Separation, aspiration, and fatty equilibration (SAFE) liposuction uses a process approach to body contouring and minimizes injury to surrounding structures. The multistep process allows for (1) fat separation, (2) lipoaspiration, and (3) fat equalization. The purpose of this study was to review both outcomes and complications of primary SAFE liposuction.

Methods:

Retrospective chart review was completed of patients undergoing SAFE liposuction from January of 2006 to January of 2011. Patient selection was limited to those undergoing liposuction alone with no adjuvant excisional procedures. Data were collected regarding demographics, body mass index, operative details, and outcomes.

Results:

Seven hundred thirty-four patients were identified as having undergone SAFE liposuction. One hundred twenty-nine patients were found to have been treated with liposuction alone. Patient age ranged from 18 to 42 years and body mass index ranged from 18 to 42 kg/m2 (mean, 26.3 kg/m2). Seven patients (5.4 percent) underwent treatment of the face and neck, six patients (4.7 percent) underwent treatment of upper extremities, 13 patients (10.1 percent) underwent treatment of the chest, 20 patients (15.5 percent) underwent treatment of lower extremities, 32 patients (24.8 percent) underwent treatment of the circumferential trunk, and 51 patients (39.5 percent) underwent treatment of circumferential trunk and additional area(s). No major complications occurred. Five of the 129 patients (3.87 percent) developed the minor complication of seroma formation.

Conclusions:

SAFE liposuction is a multistep process approach to body contouring consisting of (1) fat separation, (2) lipoaspiration, and (3) fat equalization. The results of this study show such technique to be safe and effective.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:

Therapeutic, IV.
Total Human Eye Allotransplantation: Developing Surgical Protocols for Donor and Recipient Procedures
Authors: Davidson Edward H. , Wang Eric W. , Yu Jenny Y. , Fernandez-Miranda Juan C. , Wang Dawn J. , Richards Nikisha , Miller Maxine , Schuman Joel S. , Washington Kia M.
Published: November 2016

Background:

Vascularized composite allotransplantation of the eye is an appealing, novel method for reconstruction of the nonfunctioning eye. The authors’ group has established the first orthotopic model for eye transplantation in the rat. With advancements in immunomodulation strategies together with new therapies in neuroregeneration, parallel development of human surgical protocols is vital for ensuring momentum toward eye transplantation in actual patients.

Methods:

Cadaveric donor tissue harvest (n = 8) was performed with orbital exenteration, combined open craniotomy, and endonasal approach to ligate the ophthalmic artery with a cuff of paraclival internal carotid artery, for transection of the optic nerve at the optic chiasm and transection of cranial nerves III to VI and the superior ophthalmic vein at the cavernous sinus. Candidate recipient vessels (superficial temporal/internal maxillary/facial artery and superficial temporal/facial vein) were exposed. Vein grafts were required for all anastomoses. Donor tissue was secured in recipient orbits followed by sequential venous and arterial anastomoses and nerve coaptation. Pedicle lengths and calibers were measured. All steps were timed, photographed, video recorded, and critically analyzed after each operative session.

Results:

The technical feasibility of cadaveric donor procurement and transplantation to cadaveric recipient was established. Mean measurements included optic nerve length (39 mm) and caliber (5 mm), donor artery length (33 mm) and caliber (3 mm), and superior ophthalmic vein length (15 mm) and caliber (0.5 mm). Recipient superficial temporal, internal maxillary artery, and facial artery calibers were 0.8, 2, and 2 mm, respectively; and superior temporal and facial vein calibers were 0.8 and 2.5 mm, respectively.

Conclusion:

This surgical protocol serves as a benchmark for optimization of technique, large-animal model development, and ultimately potentiating the possibility of vision restoration transplantation surgery.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:

Therapeutic, V.
Watershed Areas in Face Transplantation
Authors: Bassiri Gharb Bahar , Frautschi Russell S. , Halasa Brianna C. , Doumit Gaby D. , Djohan Risal S. , Bernard Steven L. , Gastman Brian R. , Siemionow Maria Z. , Papay Francis A. , Rampazzo Antonio
Published: November 2016

Background:

The maxillary artery has traditionally been considered the main blood supply of the facial skeleton. However, the deep and concealed location makes the harvest of facial allografts based on this artery challenging, giving preference to the facial artery. There is growing evidence that the junction between the hard and soft palate may represent a watershed area in facial artery–based allografts. The aim of this study was to review the occurrence of partial allograft necrosis and modify the available craniofacial techniques, allowing for a reliable harvest of maxillary artery–based facial allografts.

Methods:

PubMed/MEDLINE databases were searched for articles presenting allograft perfusion details and the occurrence of partial flap necrosis. Next, 25 fresh cadaver heads were used: eight allografts were harvested by means of a traditional Le Fort III approach, in six the maxillary artery was injected with latex, in three cadaver heads lead oxide gel was injected in the maxillary artery, and eight full facial allografts were harvested through a modified approach.

Results:

Seven patients developed palatal fistulas or palatal necrosis (41 percent) when allograft was perfused through the facial artery. The traditional Le Fort III approach demonstrated consistent injury to maxillary artery/branches. The modified approach allowed for preservation of the maxillary artery under direct vision.

Conclusions:

Current facial transplantation outcomes indicate that facial artery–based allografts containing Le Fort III bony components can experience compromised palate perfusion. The described modified Le Fort III approach allowed safe dissection of the maxillary artery, preserving the arterial blood supply to the facial skeleton.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:

Therapeutic, V.
Facial Contouring by Targeted Restoration of Facial Fat Compartment Volume: The Midface
Authors: Wang Wenjin , Xie Yun , Huang Ru-Lin , Zhou Jia , Tanja Herrler , Zhao Peijuan , Cheng Chen , Zhou Sizheng , Pu Lee L. Q. , Li Qingfeng
Published: November 2016

Background:

Recent anatomical findings have suggested that facial fat distribution is complex and changes with age. Here, the authors developed a grafting technique based on the physiologic distribution and volume changes of facial fat compartments to achieve a youthful and natural-appearing face.

Methods:

Forty cadaveric hemifaces were used for the dissection of fat compartments and neurovascular structures in the midface area. Seventy-eight patients were treated for cheek atrophy using the authors’ targeted restoration of midface fat compartment volume. The outcome was evaluated by a two-dimensional assessment, malar lipoatrophy assessment, and a satisfaction survey.

Results:

The medial and lateral parts of the deep medial cheek fat compartment were separated by a septum arising from the lateral border of the levator anguli oris muscle. The angular vein traveled between the deep medial cheek fat compartment and the buccal fat pad, 12 mm from the maxilla. A total volume of 29.3 ml of fat was grafted per cheek for each patient. A 12-month follow-up revealed an average volume augmentation rate of 27.1 percent. Pleasing and elevated anterior projection of the cheek and ameliorated nasolabial groove were still obvious by 12 months after the procedure. In total, 95.2 percent of the patients were satisfied with their results.

Conclusions:

The present study provides the anatomical and clinical basis for the concept of compartmentally based fat grafting. It allows for the restoration of facial fat volume close to the physiologic state. With this procedure, a natural and youthful facial contour could be rebuilt with a high satisfaction rate.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:

Therapeutic, IV.
Measuring Childhood Adversity in Life Course Cardiovascular Research: A Systematic Review
Authors: Appleton Allison A. , Holdsworth Elizabeth , Ryan Margaret , Tracy Melissa
Published: November 2016

Objective

Identifying the life course health effects of childhood adversity is a burgeoning area of research, particularly in relation to cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, adversity measurement varies widely across studies, which may hamper our ability to make comparisons across studies and identify mechanisms linking adversity to CVD. The purposes of this review are to summarize adversity measurement approaches in the context of CVD, identify gaps, and make recommendations for future research.

Methods

PubMed and PsycINFO searches were conducted through June 2016. Studies were selected if CVD end point or predisease risk markers were investigated in association with a measure of childhood adversity. Forty-three studies were reviewed. A meta-analysis was not conducted because of the variation in exposures and outcomes assessed.

Results

Adversity measurement was heterogeneous across studies. Metrics included different sets of adverse events, relational factors, and socioeconomic indicators. Thirty-seven percent measured childhood adversity prospectively, 23% examined a CVD end point, and 77% treated adversity as an unweighted summary score. Despite the heterogeneity in measurement, most studies found a positive association between childhood adversity and CVD risk, and the association seems to be dose–response.

Conclusions

The literature on childhood adversity and CVD would benefit from improving consistency of measurement, using weighted adversity composites, modeling adversity trajectories over time, and considering socioeconomic status as an antecedent factor instead of a component part of an adversity score. We suggest conceptual and analytic strategies to enhance, refine, and replicate the observed association between childhood adversity and CVD risk.
Successful Simultaneous Liver-Kidney Transplantation in the Presence of Multiple High-Titered Class I and II Antidonor HLA Antibodies
Authors: Paterno Flavio , Girnita Alin , Brailey Paul , Witte David , Wang Jiang , Cuffy Madison C. , Diwan Tayyab , Tremblay Simon , Revollo Jane Y. , Alloway Rita R. , Schoech Michael R. , Anwar Nadim , Shah Shimul A. , Woodle Steve E.
Published: November 2016

The results of simultaneous liver-kidney transplants in highly sensitized recipients have been controversial in terms of antibody-mediated rejection and kidney allograft outcomes. This case report provides a detailed and sophisticated documentation of histocompatibility and pathologic data in a simultaneous liver-kidney transplant performed in a recipient with multiple high-titered class I and II antidonor HLA antibodies and a strongly positive cytotoxic crossmatch. Patient received induction with steroids, rituximab, and eculizumab without lymphocyte depleting agents. The kidney transplant was delayed by 6 hours after the liver transplant to allow more time to the liver allograft to “absorb” donor-specific antibodies (DSA). Interestingly, the liver allograft did not prevent immediate antibody-mediated injury to the kidney allograft in this highly sensitized recipient. Anti-HLA single antigen bead analysis of liver and kidney allograft biopsy eluates revealed deposition of both class I and II DSA in both liver and kidney transplants during the first 2 weeks after transplant. Afterward, both liver and kidney allograft functions improved and remained normal after a year with progressive reduction in serum DSA values.
Unravelling Darwin's entangled bank: architecture and robustness of mutualistic networks with multiple interaction types
Authors: Dáttilo Wesley , Lara-Rodríguez Nubia , Jordano Pedro , Guimarães Paulo R. , Thompson John N. , Marquis Robert J. , Medeiros Lucas P. , Ortiz-Pulido Raul , Marcos-García Maria A. , Rico-Gray Victor
Published: November 2016

Trying to unravel Darwin's entangled bank further, we describe the architecture of a network involving multiple forms of mutualism (pollination by animals, seed dispersal by birds and plant protection by ants) and evaluate whether this multi-network shows evidence of a structure that promotes robustness. We found that species differed strongly in their contributions to the organization of the multi-interaction network, and that only a few species contributed to the structuring of these patterns. Moreover, we observed that the multi-interaction networks did not enhance community robustness compared with each of the three independent mutualistic networks when analysed across a range of simulated scenarios of species extinction. By simulating the removal of highly interacting species, we observed that, overall, these species enhance network nestedness and robustness, but decrease modularity. We discuss how the organization of interlinked mutualistic networks may be essential for the maintenance of ecological communities, and therefore the long-term ecological and evolutionary dynamics of interactive, species-rich communities. We suggest that conserving these keystone mutualists and their interactions is crucial to the persistence of species-rich mutualistic assemblages, mainly because they support other species and shape the network organization.
A combinatorial approach to angiosperm pollen morphology
Authors: Mander Luke
Published: November 2016

Angiosperms (flowering plants) are strikingly diverse. This is clearly expressed in the morphology of their pollen grains, which are characterized by enormous variety in their shape and patterning. In this paper, I approach angiosperm pollen morphology from the perspective of enumerative combinatorics. This involves generating angiosperm pollen morphotypes by algorithmically combining character states and enumerating the results of these combinations. I use this approach to generate 3 643 200 pollen morphotypes, which I visualize using a parallel-coordinates plot. This represents a raw morphospace. To compare real-world and theoretical morphologies, I map the pollen of 1008 species of Neotropical angiosperms growing on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama, onto this raw morphospace. This highlights that, in addition to their well-documented taxonomic diversity, Neotropical rainforests also represent an enormous reservoir of morphological diversity. Angiosperm pollen morphospace at BCI has been filled mostly by pollen morphotypes that are unique to single plant species. Repetition of pollen morphotypes among higher taxa at BCI reflects both constraint and convergence. This combinatorial approach to morphology addresses the complexity that results from large numbers of discrete character combinations and could be employed in any situation where organismal form can be captured by discrete morphological characters.
Dispersed SiC nanoparticles in Ni observed by ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering
Authors: Xie R. , Ilavsky J. , Huang H. F. , Zhou X. L. , Yang C. , Wang Y. Z. , Xu H. J.
Published: November 2016

A metal–ceramic composite, nickel reinforced with SiC nanoparticles, was synthesized and characterized for its potential application in next-generation molten salt nuclear reactors. Synchrotron ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) measurements were conducted on the composite. The size distribution and number density of the SiC nanoparticles in the material were obtained through data modelling. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy characterization were performed to substantiate the results of the USAXS measurements. Tensile tests were performed on the samples to measure the change in their yield strength after doping with the nanoparticles. The average interparticle distance was calculated from the USAXS results and is related to the increased yield strength of the composite.
Plagioclase twins in a basalt: an electron backscatter diffraction study
Authors: Xu Chang , Zhao Shan-Rong , Li Chuan , He Xu
Published: November 2016

Twins in plagioclase, which are abundant in rocks, have important implications for the growth history and subsequent transformation. There are many twin laws in plagioclase and some of them are difficult to identify. This paper presents an electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis combined with electron microprobe analysis of plagioclase twinning in the Niutoushan alkali basalt. Theoretical pole figures of 12 different twin laws for plagioclase were generated. By comparing the pole figures obtained from EBSD with the theoretical ones, 11 twin laws have been identified in the alkali basalt, and their frequency has also been determined: Albite (28%), Carlsbad (25%), Albite–Carlsbad (34%), Pericline (3%), Ala (2%), Manebach (1%), Albite–Ala (1%), Prism {110} (2%), Prism {1\bar 10} (1%), Prism {130} (1%) and Prism {1\bar 30} (1%). All the plagioclase twins in the alkali basalt are growth twins. The anorthite content of the plagioclase has a negative correlation with the frequency of the Pericline and Albite twin laws but a positive correlation with the frequency of all the other twin laws, which is consistent with previous results. The theoretical pole figures of twin laws for plagioclase introduced in this paper can be applied to investigating plagioclase twin laws in all plagioclase-bearing rocks, and the relationship between twin pattern and crystallization conditions of the rocks can be established.
Synchrotron-based macromolecular crystallography module for an undergraduate biochemistry laboratory course
Authors: Stiers Kyle M. , Lee Christopher B. , Nix Jay C. , Tanner John J. , Beamer Lesa J.
Published: November 2016

This paper describes the introduction of synchrotron-based macromolecular crystallography (MX) into an undergraduate laboratory class. An introductory 2 week experimental module on MX, consisting of four laboratory sessions and two classroom lectures, was incorporated into a senior-level biochemistry class focused on a survey of biochemical techniques, including the experimental characterization of proteins. Students purified recombinant protein samples, set up crystallization plates and flash-cooled crystals for shipping to a synchrotron. Students then collected X-ray diffraction data sets from their crystals via the remote interface of the Molecular Biology Consortium beamline (4.2.2) at the Advanced Light Source in Berkeley, CA, USA. Processed diffraction data sets were transferred back to the laboratory and used in conjunction with partial protein models provided to the students for refinement and model building. The laboratory component was supplemented by up to 2 h of lectures by faculty with expertise in MX. This module can be easily adapted for implementation into other similar undergraduate classes, assuming the availability of local crystallographic expertise and access to remote data collection at a synchrotron source.
Thailand transportation infrastructure performance and the economics
Authors: Assavavipapan Krirkchai , Opasanon Sathaporn
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the performance of transportation infrastructure of Thailand. A set of performance indicators of Thailand’s transportation infrastructure is proposed and gathered. The relationship between existing transportation infrastructure performance and Thailand’s economy is investigated.

Design/methodology/approach

The framework for determining Transportation Infrastructure Performance Index (TPI), proposed by the US Chamber of Commerce, is adapted for assessing the efficiency of Thailand’s transportation infrastructure. The analytical hierarchy process is employed in the process of constructing Thailand TPI. The relationship between TPI and Thailand’s economic growth is examined using multiple regression analysis.

Findings

The performance of Thailand’s transportation infrastructure had been continuously increased from 19.69 in 2005 to 61.52 in 2010. Great emphasis on improvement of the transportation infrastructure system should be placed as an increase in one unit of TPI results in the improvement by Baht449.420 of Thailand’s GDP per capita.

Research limitations/implications

The most critical issue arisen in the data collection process is the unavailability of data for some indicators in the TPI framework. Consequently, some indicators that contain insufficient data were excluded.

Practical implications

The proposed set of indicators is practical and instrumental in assessing the transportation infrastructure performance of Thailand, and investigating its relationship with the economy.

Originality/value

This research proposes a framework for quantifying the performance of transportation infrastructure, and develops the first national composite index to account for the overall performance.
Global identity strategy and its efficacy for Asian brands
Authors: Han C. Min
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether or not the strategy of pursuing a global brand identity by leading Asian firms will produce intended outcomes in consumer responses. For this purpose, the study empirically examines whether global Japanese brands (e.g. Toyota) are perceived as global or Japanese by consumers.

Design/methodology/approach

Surveys were conducted with Korean consumers for their evaluations of Japanese automobile brands with varying degrees of globalness. As for brands, the study divides Japanese brands into two groups – those with high brand globalness and those with low brand globalness – and to examine if Japanese-origin effects differ between these two groups.

Findings

In contrast to the hypothesis, global brands were found to be more subject to country-of-origin effects.

Research limitations/implications

The findings contribute to research on consumer choices and brand globalness by showing country-of-origin effects for global brands.

Practical implications

The findings suggest that even when Asian firms emphasize the globalness of their brands, they may still need to attend to country-of-origin effects.

Originality/value

This study examines an unexplored issue of country-of-origin effects for global brands.
An approach for measuring a manufacturer’s preferred supplier status
Authors: C.V. Sunil Kumar , Routroy Srikanta
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to assist a manufacturer with a process to measure the level of preferred supplier status (PSS) of its key suppliers along the timeline.

Design/methodology/approach

In measuring the PSS, the prominent preferred supplier enablers (PSEs) were identified and were broadly categorized under manufacturer’s interest component, common interest component and supplier’s characteristic component. These PSEs were further analyzed by using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process, Euclidean distance measurement and grey relation analysis methods. In order to demonstrate the application and utility of the proposed approach, a case study conducted in an Indian automotive component manufacturing company has been presented.

Findings

By applying the proposed methodology in a case company, the PSSs of five of its key suppliers were measured and then the suppliers’ characteristic scores were determined. Based on these scores, a preferential status plot of the suppliers was developed. Through the status plot, the manufacturer was suggested with whom the proposed initiatives can be productive and with whom the manufacturer has to appeal for improvement strategies.

Research limitations/implications

Since the methodology was tried in the Indian manufacturing environment, the emphasis laid on the PSEs and in turn the measurement of PSS may not address the concern at large.

Practical implications

Measuring PSS would not only earn competitive advantages for the manufacturers but also facilitate the evolution of competitive suppliers.

Originality/value

Measuring PSS along the time would assist a manufacturer to effectively manage the preferences given to its suppliers and thereby enhance the supply base contribution in the value addition process.
Competitor concentration, networking, and customer acceptance
Authors: Nguyen Thang V. , Bruton Garry D. , Nguyen Binh T.
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine whether competitor concentration relates to better customer acceptance of the firm’s offerings and better networking of the firm with competitors and government officials.

Design/methodology/approach

The research is conducted in the context of the transition economy of Vietnam, using a combination of methods. Qualitative interviews are followed by a survey of 199 small firms in Hanoi, Vietnam. Since competitor concentration is count data, Poisson regression is used to test the relationship between networking, customer acceptance, and competitor concentration.

Findings

The results show that locating in a competitor concentration area improves customer acceptance of the firm’s offerings and increases networking with competitors, while decreasing networking with government officials. Competitor concentration does not help improve firm performance.

Research limitations/implications

A sample of 199 businesses in the food, furniture, and jewelry sectors in Hanoi may not be representative of all private businesses in Vietnam. The use of cross-sectional data could not establish causational relationships among variables.

Practical implications

Small firms in transition economies should be aware of the trade-offs between initial customer acceptance and negative consequences of being in a competitor concentrated area. Thus, once the firm’s offerings are generally accepted by customers, the firm may consider moving out of competitor concentration areas to expand and differentiate.

Originality/value

This paper points out that in the absence of effective market institutions, businesses want to be located near a concentration of similar firms as a means of gaining initial customer acceptance. This initial acceptance does not necessarily help firms improve business performance beyond the firm’s survival.
Educational implications in generic skills improvement from participation in overseas working programs
Authors: Hsu Jane Lu , Lu Mei-Hui
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to reveal generic skills improvement from participation in overseas working programs using Taiwanese young adults taking an Australian working holiday program as an example.

Design/methodology/approach

In this study, respondents needed to be those who had participated in an Australian working holiday program and had stayed in Australia for at least six months so that their experiences would be extensive enough to enable answering questions in the questionnaire. There were a total of 122 respondents. After eliminating incomplete observations, there were a total of 95 valid observations.

Findings

The average number of jobs held per person was 2.77, and farm and factory jobs seemed to be popular. Thinking skills and learning skills were significantly improved, especially for highly motivated respondents. An unfamiliar working environment in foreign countries reinforces personal characteristics. Students who participate in overseas working programs need to interact with local people to improve communication skills, especially for those who are less motivated. Although the natural environment is the main attraction for students who participate in overseas working programs, improvement in generic skills is actually the core factor for students to benefit from the experiences.

Originality/value

The results of this study would be useful for working holiday participants to understand what they can expect to experience in improving generic skills and further to form a baseline for future studies as well as guidelines for promoting Australian working holiday programs.
Exposure to air pollution and crime in the neighbourhood
Authors: Ozdamar Oznur
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the determinants of life satisfaction in Turkey. Moreover, this study explores the effects of air pollution and crime problems on well-being.

Design/methodology/approach

The estimates are based on cross-sectional data from the health survey in Turkey during the years 2010 and 2012. Various econometric models are applied such as the ordered logit and the random-effects generalized latent class ordered logit. Moreover, using pseudo panel data created based on age and region cohorts adapted probit fixed effects and the “blow-up and cluster” estimators are applied. In addition, various estimates by sex, age group, urban and rural areas as well as between individuals with good and poor health status are followed.

Findings

The results show that the individuals who self-reported who are exposed to air pollution and crimes present on average 0.2-0.5 less satisfaction scores than those who are not exposed to air pollution and crimes. In terms of monetary values, they are willing to pay more than those who are not exposed to air pollution and crimes by 13-19 Turkish Liras per month. Moreover, the generalized latent class ordered logit shows that there is considerable heterogeneity among the most satisfied and least satisfied individuals.

Originality/value

The originality of the paper lies in the fact that this is the first study to provide an analysis of life satisfaction using micro-level data from Turkey. Moreover, various econometric approaches are applied to compare the results. In addition, examining the heterogeneous effects among individuals with different life satisfaction rankings, it is possible to examine the effects of various factors on well-being and how they differ among individuals. Finally, by examining exposure to air pollution and crimes in the neighbourhood and their effects on well-being, it is possible to control for characteristics of the deprived areas.
International capital inflows and labour immigration
Authors: Devadason Evelyn S. , Subramaniam Thirunaukarasu
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between inward foreign direct investment (FDI) and unskilled immigrants for a panel of 23 manufacturing industries in Malaysia, spanning the period 1985-2009.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper establishes the causal FDI-immigrant links within a multivariate model framework for the period 2000-2009, and in a univariate context for 1985-1999 and 1985-2009.

Findings

Based on heterogeneous panel cointegration tests, there is a long-run equilibrium between inward FDI, unskilled migrant share, output growth, export intensity and market concentration. The long-run cointegrating coefficient based on the fully modified least squares estimator suggests the presence of unskilled migrant workers a significant location determinant for inward FDI for the first sub-period and the overall period. The results of the panel vector error correction model further attest to causal links between unskilled migrant worker presence and inward FDI in the short- and long run. Bidirectional causality between inward capital and labour flows is present in the first sub-period and unidirectional causal links from unskilled migrants to inward FDI is evident for the overall period.

Research limitations/implications

The observed FDI-immigration (unskilled) links in manufacturing support the argument that inward FDI is induced by unskilled migration. The study reveals that unskilled immigration increases FDI inflows or rather “capital chases labour” in terms of international factor mobility.

Practical implications

This has profound implications for public policy as the government seeks to reduce its dependence on migrant workers. Policy coordination is therefore needed between regulating inflows of foreign capital and foreign labour so that implemented policies do not pull in different directions and undermine Malaysia’s attractiveness as a destination for FDI.

Originality/value

The large presence of unskilled migrants, an intrinsic characteristic (based on the new trade theory that includes factor endowments) of Malaysia, seems to be largely ignored when explaining FDI inflows to manufacturing, particularly so when the siting of MNCs in this sector have traditionally been in light scale manufacturing.
Socioeconomic inequalities of child malnutrition in Bangladesh
Authors: Pulok Mohammad Habibullah , Sabah Md Nasim-Us , Enemark Ulrika
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how socioeconomic status and demographic factors were associated with child malnutrition as well as how these factors accounted for socioeconomic inequality of child malnutrition in Bangladesh during 2007-2011.

Design/methodology/approach

Data of this study come from two cross-sectional rounds (2007 and 2011) of the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. This paper uses ordinary least square models to estimate the correlates of child malnutrition. The study further uses the concentration curve and the concentration index to estimate socioeconomic inequality of child malnutrition in Bangladesh. Finally, the decomposition method is used to explain socioeconomic inequality of child malnutrition in the study period.

Findings

Regression analysis indicates that child’s age, breast feeding, child’s birth order, the number of under-five child in the household, household wealth and parental education were strongly correlated with child malnutrition in Bangladesh. This study finds that absolute level of child malnourishment slightly decreased between 2007 and 2011, but socioeconomic inequality increased during this period. Children from the poorest household endured the burden of malnourishment more than those from the wealthiest households. The level of inequality also increased among the rural children, although it remained stagnant among the urban children. Decomposition analysis highlights that parental education had a significant negative relation with the average level of malnutrition, but its role was primarily centred among children from wealthier households.

Practical implications

An approach linking the ministry of health and education with other ministries may speed up the reduction of inequalities in social determinants of childhood undernourishment. Most importantly, there is a need for comprehensive government policies to reduce growing economic inequality and increase the relative income of the poor in Bangladesh.

Originality/value

This study is the first of its kind to apply the decomposition method to explain the socioeconomic inequality of child malnutrition in Bangladesh. This paper presents an enriched understanding of socioeconomic inequality of child malnutrition in Bangladesh during 2007-2011.
Income inequality and cooperative propensities in developing economies
Authors: Rosenbaum Stephen Mark , Billinger Stephan , Twerefou Daniel Kwabena , Isola Wakeel Atanda
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of income inequality on cooperative propensities, and thus the ability of individuals to resolve collective action dilemmas.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper presents a meta-study of 32 developing country lab experiments correlating cooperative behaviour with prevailing Gini coefficients. Furthermore, the paper conducts standard dictator- and public goods game (PGG) experiments with culturally and demographically similar subject pools in two West African countries characterized by high and persistent variation in national income inequality.

Findings

The meta-study findings of a significant negative relationship between income inequality and contribution levels in the PGG are corroborated by the own laboratory experimental findings that participants in more unequal Nigeria are significantly less altruistic and exhibit significantly lower propensities to cooperate than their more egalitarian Ghanaian counterparts. Moreover, the latter findings are robust when controlling for personal income levels.

Practical implications

The findings have nontrivial implications for collective action theorists and practitioners seeking to elicit tacit cooperation in developing countries.

Originality/value

The major contributions of this paper are the novel meta-analysis and the first attempt to examine the influence of personal income levels on cooperative behaviour in societies characterized by differential levels of income inequality.
Capability, objectivity and “false consciousness”: on Sen, Marx and J.S. Mill
Authors: Qizilbash Mozaffar
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The extent to which Amartya Sen’s capability approach is prefigured in Karl Marx’s views comes into sharper focus when one notes that Marx and Friedrich Engels explicitly argued that the transformation from capitalism to communism would involve the development of “a totality of capacities”. Sen also cites the notion of “false consciousness” in developing his view of objectivity and claims a Marxian pedigree for the notion of “objective illusion”. He suggests that public discussion can make evaluative judgements better informed and less parochial, so that they connect more closely with what people have reason to value. The author argues that this line of argument is also closely related to views John Stuart Mill advanced in his discussion of the “competent judges” and in his defence of liberty of thought and discussion.

Design/methodology/approach

The approach used is conceptual analysis and discussion of historical texts.

Findings

The chief findings are that Amartya Sen’s works on capability and objectivity have deeper affinities with some of Karl Marx’s and Friedrich Engels’ views than has been hitherto appreciated by scholars. However, some of the claims which Sen makes about objectivity and false consciousness are prefigured in the writings of J.S. Mill.

Originality/value

Because some of these affinities between the works of Sen, Marx and Mill have not previously been recognised, the paper’s elucidation of them is a new contribution to the literature.
Transition out of self-employment – evidence from Poland
Authors: Rokicka Magdalena
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to address the issue of self-employment exit in Poland and its determinants.

Design/methodology/approach

The author examines the outflow from self-employment into different labour market status: employment, unemployment, inactivity using multinomial logistic regression. The analysis is conducted separately for men and women using Polish Labour Force Surveys (LFS) (2001-2007).

Findings

Results indicate that personal and family characteristics have different impact on self-employment exit for men and women. However, unfavourable macroeconomic conditions have similar impact regardless gender. The author’s results show that higher local unemployment rate reduces the likelihood of self-employment exit into employment, while conducting business in a sector affected by economic downturn increase outflow from self-employment for both men and women.

Research limitations/implications

Certain limitations of the study arise from the design of the Polish LFS. It is a rotating panel with relatively few time periods, so it can only allow the author to analyse the outcomes in short-term perspectives.

Practical implications

Those results provide some background for potential policy interventions. In the context of persistent, high unemployment rates in Poland, there is need for some policy incentives which reinforce self-employment – an important alternative form of the labour market participation.

Originality/value

Majority of previous studies focusses on self-employment creation, as policy incentives do. However, very little is known about the reasons for leaving self-employment. The author fills this gap analysing the outflow and transition from self-employment to different labour market status.
The relevance of conditional cash transfers in developing economy: the case of Muslim countries
Authors: Zulkhibri Muhamed
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to critically analyse the relevance of directly targeted poverty reduction programmes in Muslim countries by means of conditional cash transfers (CCTs). The paper analyses the best practices and lessons learnt to date and explores the practical issues to implement CCT poverty reduction programmes in Muslim countries.

Design/methodology/approach

The methodology is based on the qualitative assessment drawn from CCTs implementation in Muslim countries, namely Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan and Turkey. The methodology also identifies the practical issues including the use of Islamic instruments to implement CCT poverty reduction programmes.

Findings

The analysis in Muslim countries suggests that CCT programmes have had a positive effect and that the costs are relatively affordable if implemented with appropriate programme designs. In many cases, there have been positive secondary effects over and above the primary goal of poverty reduction. The paper also argues that the concept of CCTs is in line with the underlying principle of Islam to eradicate poverty via cash distribution approach.

Originality/value

A decade long experience in some Muslim countries demonstrates that social cash transfers (including CCTs) have a significant impact on reducing poverty and vulnerability and promoting human development. Since none of CCT programmes in Muslim countries explore and integrate the potential of Islamic instruments (Zakat, Sadaqat, Awqaf and Qard Al-Hassan), it is timely for governments, multinational development institutions and non-profit organizations to utilize these instruments to tackling poverty.
What motivates employees to engage in the social economy sector? A case study of Greek cooperative enterprises
Authors: Sdrali Despina , Goussia-Rizou Maria , Giannouli Panagiota , Makris Konstantinos
Published: November 2016

Purpose

Social economy employees focus on personal fulfillment and social good rather than economic gains. They prefer to work in a sector that promotes satisfaction and makes them feel worthy. The purpose of this paper is to investigate employees’ motivations to engage in the social economy sector, especially in a period of financial downturn in Greece. Furthermore, the impact of specific demographic characteristics on employees’ work motivation is examined.

Design/methodology/approach

The research participants included 200 employees of worker cooperatives and social cooperative enterprises. A survey was conducted by collecting primary data and using a close-ended type questionnaire.

Findings

According to the findings, intrinsic forces motivate the employees to a greater extent toward social economy sector than economic ones. However, the replacement of the profit motivation from the main concern, it does not mean that the employees are not interested in financials. The survey also indicated that the most important barrier for starting to work in the social economy sector is the difficulty in finding partners. Finally, the findings showed that demographic characteristics partially influence work motivations of Greek employees on the social economy sector.

Originality/value

The results of this study may interest employers in finding new ways to motivate employees toward social economy sector under economic crisis conditions.
Parenthood and labour division in Italian two-earner couples
Authors: Campolo Maria Gabriella , Di Pino Antonino , Rizzi Ester Lucia
Published: November 2016

Purpose

Lack of robustness of findings characterizes the empirical studies about the effect of the transition to parenthood on partners’ labour division. In this analysis, the purpose of this paper is to solve these problems through the conjoint use of methodological instruments of regression analysis, allowing the authors to correct for the effects of omitted variables.

Design/methodology/approach

A correction method is here applied to a longitudinal simultaneous equation model. In particular, the authors impose specific constraints on the covariances of the error terms of the longitudinal simultaneous equations of the paid and domestic work of both partners. For the empirical analysis, use is made of the Italian National Institute of Statistics Multipurpose Panel Survey in the years 2003 and 2007 to select a survey sample of dual-earner Italian couples.

Findings

The authors found that the negative influence of motherhood on the Italian women’s paid work supply is stronger than the positive effect of wage. The authors found that having a child (whatever the order) decreases a woman’s paid work hours by 17 hours a week, while woman’s domestic work increases by 20 hours a week as the effect of the birth of the first child.

Originality/value

Compared to Fixed Effect or Change-Score models suggested for longitudinal studies the Seemingly Unrelated Regression Equations-Difference-in-Differences procedure let us obtain estimations also for the effect of time-invariant variables. In addition, the methodological approach allows us to correct estimates for the common effects that latent variables exert simultaneously (e.g. the bargaining process) on paid and unpaid work equations of both partners.
PROCEE: a PROstate Cancer Evaluation and Education serious game for African Caribbean men
Authors: Cosma Georgina , Brown David , Shopland Nicholas , Battersby Steven , Seymour-Smith Sarah , Archer Matthew , Khan Masood , Pockley A. Graham
Published: November 2016

Purpose

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in men in the UK. Black men are in a higher prostate cancer risk group possibly due to inherent genetic factors. The purpose of this paper is to introduce PROstate Cancer Evaluation and Education (PROCEE), an innovative serious game aimed at providing prostate cancer information and risk evaluation to black African-Caribbean men.

Design/methodology/approach

PROCEE has been carefully co-designed with prostate cancer experts, prostate cancer patients and members of the black African-Caribbean community in order to ensure that it meets the real needs and expectations of the target audience.

Findings

During the co-design process, the users defined an easy to use and entertaining game which can effectively raise awareness, inform users about prostate cancer and their risk, and encourage symptomatic men to seek medical attention in a timely manner.

Originality/value

During focus group evaluations, users embraced the game and emphasised that it can potentially have a positive impact on changing user behaviour among high risk men who are experiencing symptoms and who are reluctant to visit their doctor.