bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Performance da Oralidade Docente
Authors: Icle Gilberto , Dal Belo Marcia
Published: November 2014

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1984644413936Este texto apresenta a oralidade docente como performance, apoiando-se em diferentes autores para caracterizar o trabalho dos professores de teatro.  Utiliza-se do trabalho de Stanislavski para exemplificar as situações entre ator e professor. Discute-se, com efeito, a centralidade da oralidade como conteúdo e como método próprio do trabalho teatral. Problematiza-se, assim, a oralidade do professor como instrumento por intermédio do qual o professo poetiza sua própria voz, tornando-a veículo do trabalho pedagógico. Este texto apoia-se, especialmente, em Bauman, Zumthor e Schechner para circunscrever a oralidade docente como temática central da didática teatral. Defende-se a possibilidade de pensar a tarefa pedagógica em teatro como ato de performance oral.
Performance e Educação: configurações parateatrais da docência
Authors: Pereira Marcelo De Andrade
Published: November 2014

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1984644413943Este texto procura discutir a docência como performance parateatral. Para tanto, parte-se da contribuição dos Estudos da Performance e das discussões contemporâneas da Educação, introduzindo conceitos como cotidiano, performatividade, prática docente. Problematiza-se a natureza e a função do ato docente em sua teatralidade. As figuras do clown, do bufão e do dândi são convocadas para servirem de apoio por intermédio do qual a performance e a teatralidade do ato docente encontram termo.
La portée d’une perspective socioculturelle de l’évaluation formative
Authors: Morrissette Joëlle
Published: November 2014

Une conception socioculturelle de l’évaluation formative des apprentissages devient une tendance en recherche, renvoyant à une pratique interprétative qui se déploie dans des jeux d’interdépendance au sein des interactions en classe. Cet article vise à situer la contribution de cette conception à partir de différentes modélisations de la mise en oeuvre de l’évaluation formative et de notre investigation de terrain sur les savoirs pratiques d’enseignantes en cette matière. Comme on le verra, ces récents travaux élargissent la conceptualisation de l’évaluation formative et suggèrent que les prospectives en recherche logent à l’enseigne d’une conception sociale, c’est-à-dire discursive et située.
The disproportionate burden of HIV and STIs among male sex workers in Mexico City and the rationale for economic incentives to reduce risks
Authors: Galárraga Omar , Sosa‐Rubí Sandra G , González Andrea , Badial‐Hernández Florentino , Conde‐Glez Carlos J , Juárez‐Figueroa Luis , Bautista‐Arredondo Sergio , Kuo Caroline , Operario Don , Mayer Kenneth H
Published: November 2014

Introduction

The objective of this article is to present the rationale and baseline results for a randomized controlled pilot trial using economic incentives to reduce HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk among male sex workers (MSWs) in Mexico City.

Methods

Participants (n=267) were tested and treated for STIs (chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis and HIV) and viral hepatitis (hepatitis B and C), received HIV and STI prevention education and were randomized into four groups: (1) control, (2) medium conditional incentive ($50/six months), (3) high conditional incentive ($75/six months) and (4) unconditional incentive ($50/six months). In the conditional arms, incentives were contingent upon testing free of new curable STIs (chlamydia, gonorrhoea and syphilis) at follow‐up assessments.

Results

Participants’ mean age was 25 years; 8% were homeless or lived in a shelter, 16% were unemployed and 21% lived in Mexico City less than 5 years. At baseline, 38% were living with HIV, and 32% tested positive for viral hepatitis or at least one STI (other than HIV). Participants had a mean of five male clients in the previous week; 18% reported condomless sex with their last client. For 37%, sex work was their main occupation and was conducted mainly on the streets (51%) or in bars/discotheques (24%) and hotels (24%). The average price for a sex transaction was $25 with a 35% higher payment for condomless sex.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that economic incentives are a relevant approach for HIV prevention among MSWs, given the market‐based inducements for unprotected sex. This type of targeted intervention seems to be justified and should continue to be explored in the context of combination prevention efforts.
Secondary organic aerosol model intercomparison based on secondary organic aerosol to odd oxygen ratio in Tokyo
Authors: Morino Yu , Tanabe Kiyoshi , Sato Kei , Ohara Toshimasa
Published: November 2014

Improvement of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) models is critical for accurate understanding of the behavior and sources of atmospheric aerosols. Over the last decade, a number of SOA production pathways were discovered, and several new SOA models have been developed. However, few comparative studies of the performances of the various SOA models have been conducted. In this study, simulation data obtained with five SOA models (two yield models, a volatility basis set (VBS) model, a mechanistic model, and a near‐explicit model) were compared. The performances of the models were evaluated by comparison of the simulated data with observed ratios of the SOA concentration to odd oxygen concentration ([SOA]/[Ox], where [Ox] = [O3] + [NO2]) in the Tokyo metropolitan area. In Tokyo, SOA concentrations have been shown to correlate well with Ox concentrations; thus, Tokyo is an appropriate location for this intercomparison study. All five models showed similar results for the concentrations of gaseous species, including ozone, reactive nitrogen, hydroxy radicals, and volatile organic compounds. In contrast, the simulated SOA concentrations varied substantially among the five models. The VBS model reproduced the observed [SOA]/[Ox] ratio well, whereas the other four models substantially underestimated the ratio. The sensitivity of the ratio to various input parameters differed substantially among the models, as did the volatility distribution of SOA and the source contributions of SOA, suggesting that the choice of SOA model is critical for accurate assessment of the atmospheric behavior and sources of SOA.
Evolution of the specific surface area of snow during high‐temperature gradient metamorphism
Authors: Wang Xuan , Baker Ian
Published: November 2014

The structural evolution of low‐density snow under a high‐temperature gradient over a short period usually takes place in the surface layers on clear, cold nights. In this paper, X‐ray computed microtomography (microCT) was combined with numerical simulations to investigate the temperature gradient metamorphism (TGM) on different types of snow. Precipitation particles (PP), small rounded particles (RGsr), and large rounded particles (RGlr) were each observed in high‐temperature gradients (100–500 K m−1) at a mean temperature of −4°C. The specific surface area (SSA) was used to characterize the TGM, which were influenced by both the magnitude of the temperature gradient and the initial snow structures. PP samples experienced a logarithmic decrease of SSA with time, and the depth hoar structures created under high TGM (500 K m−1) have higher SSA compared to those under lower TGM. Unlike previous observations, for initial rounded and connected structures, like RGlr samples, the SSA increased during TGM. Simulated normal vapor flux distributions for different snow types were used to help understand the structural evolution under TGM. Understanding the SSA increase is important in order to predict the enhanced uptake of chemical species by snow or increase in snow albedo.
Nucleic Acid Backbone Structure Variations: Peptide Nucleic Acids
Authors: Nielsen Peter E
Published: November 2014

Synthetic analogues and mimics of the natural genetic material deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are potential gene therapeutic (antisense or antigene) drugs. One of these mimics, peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), are chemically closer to peptides and proteins than to DNA, but nonetheless have retained many of the structural properties of DNA. These molecules have found applications as probes in genetic diagnostics and are also being developed into antisense (ribonucleic acid (RNA) interference) gene therapeutic drugs, targeting selected genes through sequence‐specific recognition of (messenger or micro)RNA, and in the future also antigene applications targeting the double‐stranded DNA of the genes themselves leading to gene silencing or guiding specific gene repair. Finally, the special chemical and structural properties of PNA suggest that these or similar molecules might have played a role in the prebiotic origin of life (on Earth) and also could be interesting components of possible artificial life.

Key Concepts:

Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is a DNA mimic in which the backbone consists of a charge neutral pseudo peptide.

Peptide nucleic acids can be designed to bind sequence selectively to duplex DNA and thus may function as ‘antigene’ drugs.

A range of chemical structures can mimic various functions of our genetic material, the DNA.

Chemical modifications and structural mimics of DNA are useful as genetic diagnostic probes and are being developed into gene therapeutic drugs.

RNA interference drug sequences specifically bind to cellular (messenger or micro)‐RNA and interfere with (inhibit) their function.

Prebiotic origin of life could have involved peptide nucleic acid molecules as predecessors of RNA.
Genetic Discrimination
Authors: Hoy Michael
Published: November 2014

Knowledge about the relationship between genes and health, as well as genes and behaviour, is expanding rapidly. Genetic and other predictive tests are becoming less expensive and so knowledge about individuals’ genetic backgrounds is likely to become commonplace. Although such information holds the promise of eventually being very useful in the context of improving health outcomes for individuals, it has long been recognised that this promise may be accompanied by the threat of increased genetic discrimination, most notably in insurance markets. Genetic discrimination may also arise in personal and social spheres of life. Each aspect creates different types of problems. Thus, different types of remedies or responses are in order. This article reviews the ethical and economic aspects of this new information from a variety of normative perspectives and considers the appropriateness of the sorts of regulations recently put in place to limit its adverse social implications.

Key Concepts:

Genetic information can lead to improved decision‐making and treatments for people's health but may also lead to discrimination in insurance markets and beyond.

Many academics and members of the public believe that charging different prices to different people based on genetic test results is unfairly discriminatory.

However, many insurance market analysts believe individuals at higher risk of death or higher need of healthcare should pay more for insurance regardless of what causes their higher risk status.

Economic arguments can be made that not charging risk‐relevant prices for insurance will discourage ‘better’ risks from participating in the market for insurance and this will lead to higher overall prices for insurance.

The conflicting views noted above have led to unresolved issues regarding the appropriate regulation of genetic information in the area of insurance pricing.

Genetic discrimination may also increase in areas of personal or social relations where market regulations are not effective remedies.

Education about genetic differences may be an appropriate alternative mechanism for dealing with genetic discrimination in the personal and social spheres.
The Molecular Genetics of Trisomy 18: Phenotype–Genotype Correlations
Authors: Peron Angela , Carey John C
Published: November 2014

The trisomy 18 syndrome can result from a full, mosaic, or partial trisomy 18. The main clinical findings of full trisomy 18 consist of prenatal and postnatal growth deficiency, characteristic facial features, clenched hands with overriding fingers and nail hypoplasia, short sternum, short hallux, major malformations, especially of the heart, and profound intellectual disability in the surviving older children. The phenotype of partial trisomy 18 is extremely variable. The aim of this article is to systematically review the scientific literature on patients with partial trisomy 18 in order to identify regions of chromosome 18 that may be responsible for the specific clinical features of the trisomy 18 syndrome. We confirmed that trisomy of the short arm of chromosome 18 does not seem to cause the major features. However, we found candidate regions on the long arm of chromosome 18 for some of the characteristic clinical features, and thus a phenotypic map is proposed. Our findings confirm the hypothesis that single critical regions/candidate genes are likely to be responsible for specific characteristics of the syndrome, while a single critical region for the whole Edwards syndrome phenotype is unlikely to exist.

Key Concepts:

The phenotype of human chromosomal syndromes is comprised of the individual component manifestations of the condition.

Using case descriptions of patients with partial trisomy of a segment of a chromosome, an investigator can potentially map the well‐defined and more specific phenotypic findings to a region of the chromosome. Narrowing a region allows for review of the known genes in the region and for hypothesising the causative gene(s) for the phenotype.

The certainty in inferring a causative region or individual gene for a component manifestation depends on the specificity and consistency of occurrence of the individual feature.

Correlations of phenotypes with genotypes can lead to detection of candidate genes which provide insight into disease mechanisms and ideally into the development of strategies for therapeutic intervention and prevention.

The findings in this paper confirm the hypothesis that single critical regions/candidate genes are likely to be responsible for specific characteristics of the syndrome, while a single critical region for the whole Edwards syndrome phenotype is unlikely to exist.
Formation of molecular nitrogen and hydrogen sulfide during high‐temperature pyrolysis of coals
Authors: Tsubouchi Naoto
Published: November 2014

Nitrogen and sulfur release from eleven coals during pyrolysis at high temperatures (≥1000 °C) was studied in both fixed‐bed and free‐fall quartz reactors. Yields of N2, char‐N and H2S were found to depend strongly on the pyrolysis conditions, such that N2 and H2S yields increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature and coal particle residence time, whereas char‐N decreased. There was also a strong inverse correlation between N2 and char‐N yields, suggesting that the majority of N2 is produced from char‐N through solid‐phase reactions. H2S formation had no clear relationship with the carbon and sulfur contents of the parent coal. Demineralization with HCl washing was observed to remove primarily Ca2+ cations from four low rank coals examined and to increase the char‐N and H2S yields but decrease N2 generation. In contrast, the addition of 3 wt% Ca to the four coals drastically enhanced N2 formation and suppressed the formation of char‐N and H2S. The X‐ray diffraction analysis of the chars derived from Ca‐loaded coals revealed that the Ca was present primarily as CaO with an average crystallite size of 15–45 nm, and that the presence of the Ca promoted carbon crystallization. Small diffraction peaks due to CaS were also observed. Fine particles of CaO may not only promote N2 formation through solid phase reactions of char‐N but undergo sulfur capture reactions. A mechanism for the Ca‐catalyzed N2 formation was discussed in terms of solid–solid reactions between CaO particles and char‐N. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eccentric figure‐eight coils for transcranial magnetic stimulation
Authors: Sekino Masaki , Ohsaki Hiroyuki , Takiyama Yoshihiro , Yamamoto Keita , Matsuzaki Taiga , Yasumuro Yoshihiro , Nishikawa Atsushi , Maruo Tomoyuki , Hosomi Koichi , Saitoh Youichi
Published: November 2014

Previously we proposed an eccentric figure‐eight coil that can cause threshold stimulation in the brain at lower driving currents. In this study, we performed numerical simulations and magnetic stimulations to healthy subjects for evaluating the advantages of the eccentric coil. The simulations were performed using a simplified spherical brain model and a realistic human brain model. We found that the eccentric coil required a driving current intensity of approximately 18% less than that required by the concentric coil to cause comparable eddy current densities within the brain. The eddy current localization of the eccentric coil was slightly higher than that of the concentric coil. A prototype eccentric coil was designed and fabricated. Instead of winding a wire around a bobbin, we cut eccentric‐spiral slits on the insulator cases, and a wire was woven through the slits. The coils were used to deliver magnetic stimulation to healthy subjects; among our results, we found that the current slew rate corresponding to motor threshold values for the concentric and eccentric coils were 86 and 78 A/µs, respectively. The results indicate that the eccentric coil consistently requires a lower driving current to reach the motor threshold than the concentric coil. Future development of compact magnetic stimulators will enable the treatment of some intractable neurological diseases at home. Bioelectromagnetics. 35:55–65, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using an international p53 mutation database as a foundation for an online laboratory in an upper level undergraduate biology class
Authors: Melloy Patricia G.
Published: November 2014

A two‐part laboratory exercise was developed to enhance classroom instruction on the significance of p53 mutations in cancer development. Students were asked to mine key information from an international database of p53 genetic changes related to cancer, the IARC TP53 database. Using this database, students designed several data mining activities to look at the changes in the p53 gene from a number of perspectives, including potential cancer‐causing agents leading to particular changes and the prevalence of certain p53 variations in certain cancers. In addition, students gained a global perspective on cancer prevalence in different parts of the world. Students learned how to use the database in the first part of the exercise, and then used that knowledge to search particular cancers and cancer‐causing agents of their choosing in the second part of the exercise. Students also connected the information gathered from the p53 exercise to a previous laboratory exercise looking at risk factors for cancer development. The goal of the experience was to increase student knowledge of the link between p53 genetic variation and cancer. Students also were able to walk a similar path through the website as a cancer researcher using the database to enhance bench work‐based experiments with complementary large‐scale database p53 variation information. © 2014 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 43(1):28–32, 2015.
Simulating an investigative study of clinical cancer samples: Use of tissue slides and PCR‐based promoter‐hypermethylation analysis
Authors: Chew Yuan Yuan , Chin Cheen Fei , Yeong Foong May
Published: November 2014

Topics on the molecular basis underlying cancer are quite popular among students. Also, excellent textbooks abound that provide interesting materials for discussion during lectures and tutorials about major events leading to cancer formation and progression. However, much less is available for students to conduct experiments for the analysis of cancer samples in undergraduate modules where there is a limited time‐frame. Given the difficulty of working with cancer samples and the scarcity of good samples even in the clinical laboratories, it is impossible to run large‐class practicals using patients' samples. Here, we describe the use of tissue slides in combination with polymerase‐chain reaction (PCR) as a means of simulating an investigative approach to supplement students' learning of clinical research. By using tissue slides for histo‐pathogical examinations and specific budding yeast genomic DNA and primers adapted to demonstrate methylation‐specific PCR, we designed an inquiry‐based lab session to simulate the clinical investigation of a cohort of biopsies that students could analyze in a one‐session practical. © 2014 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 43(1):39–46, 2015.
A New Class of Tunable Heterojunction by using Two Support Materials for the Synthesis of Supported Bimetallic Catalysts
Authors: Liao Fenglin , Lo Ben Tsz , Sexton Douglas , Qu Jin , Ma Chensheng , Chan Rath Chau‐Ting , Lu Qin , Che Renchao , Kwok Wai‐Ming , He Heyong , Fairclough Simon , Tsang Shik Chi Edman
Published: November 2014

Finely dispersed Rh or Pd nanoparticles are decorated with a small quantity of Fe atoms, originating from the controlled reduction of two supports, the mixed oxides of ZnFe2O4–Fe2O3, to form supported RhFe or PdFe bimetallic nanoparticles without significant change in particle size. The selectivity of ethylene glycol hydrogenolysis can be manipulated by adjusting the compositions of the catalysts. This reveals the important underlying principle for rational design and synthesis of new supported bimetallic nanoparticles by using two mixed oxides with a tailored heterojunction that exerts tuning catalytic properties.
A Versatile Total Synthesis of Trachycladines A and B and Their Analogues
Authors: Peitsinis Zisis V. , Melidou Dafni A. , Stefanakis John G. , Evgenidou Helen , Koumbis Alexandros E.
Published: November 2014

The synthesis of marine nucleosides trachycladines A and B and two nucleoside analogues was accomplished following a versatile and high‐yielding scheme starting from D‐ribose. The key step involved a regio‐ and stereoselective direct Vorbrüggen glycosylation reaction between the appropriate nucleobase and a common intermediate, 2‐C‐methyl‐D‐5‐deoxyribofuranose triacetate.
Electrochemical Oxidation of 2,4,6‐Tribromophenol in Aqueous‐Alcoholic Media
Authors: Marková Eva , Kučerová Pavla , Skopalová Jana , Barták Petr
Published: November 2014

Electrooxidation of 2,4,6‐tribromophenol on platinum gauze electrode in 90 % (v/v) alcohol (methanol, ethanol, propan‐1‐ol, butan‐1‐ol) was studied. Products were investigated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Structures of several different types of monomeric as well as dimeric alkoxy derivatives have been suggested according to mass spectra of the detected products. Series of 2,6‐dibromo‐4‐alkoxyphenols, 2,4,6‐tribromo‐6‐alkoxycyclohexa‐2,4‐dien‐1‐ones and 2,6‐dibromo‐6‐alkoxycyclohex‐2‐ene‐1,4‐diones were found. By analogy to identified monomeric alkoxy derivatives, a serie of dimeric 2,6‐dibromo‐4‐(2,6‐dibromo‐4‐alkoxyphenoxy)phenols was suggested and identified in respective chromatograms as well.
Electrochemical Measurement of Gold Oxide Reduction and Methods for Acid Neutralization and Minimization of Water in Wet Ionic Liquid
Authors: Droessler Janelle E. , Czerwinski Kenneth R. , Hatchett David W.
Published: November 2014

The formation and reduction of gold oxide in wet ionic liquid (IL), N‐trimethyl‐N‐butylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, ([Me3NnBu][TFSI]) is examined. The water concentration is determined using both the charge and peak current from the reduction of gold oxide and compared directly with Karl Fischer data. The quantitative determination of water in the IL is demonstrated for concentrations between 0.09 and 0.74 by weight (w%). The treatment of wet IL with dry nitrogen or molecular sieves reduces the water below background levels. Finally, methods for acid neutralization and the reduction of water with molecular sieves are conducted to minimize their impact on subsequent electrochemical measurements.
W.R. Ambrose: an archaeological boffin
Authors: Golson Jack
Published: November 2014

Wal Ambrose has a special status in his profession because he is both archaeologist and archaeometrician. This paper discusses not only the nature of his contributions in conservation and materials analysis, particularly of obsidian, but also the archaeological contexts in which the work was done. It is a celebration of the achievements of an individual of remarkable talents who has put his colleagues greatly in his debt in the fields in which he has operated.
Material sources of basalt and obsidian artefacts from a prehistoric settlement site on Norfolk Island, South Pacific
Authors: Anderson Atholl , Ambrose Wal , Leach Foss , Weisler Marshall
Published: November 2014

Recent discovery of a prehistoric archaeological site at Emily Bay, Norfolk Island, enables the question of settlement origins to be revisited. Analysis of a sample of basalt flakes by non‐destructive, energy‐dispersive XRF analysis indicates that there was local adze production, not merely refurbishment, suggesting that quarry and reduction sites might yet be discovered. Analysis of an obsidian blade by major elements and PIXE shows that it originated in a Raoul Island (Kermadecs) source. It is hypothesized that the colonisation history of the Norfolk group belongs with those of other temperate archipelagoes (Kermadecs, Chathams, Snares) which appear to have originated in New Zealand rather than tropical Polynesia.
The loneliness of an obsidian source in southwest Manus
Authors: Kennedy Jean
Published: November 2014

Of two obsidian source areas in the Admiralty Islands (Manus Province, Papua New Guinea), only the Lou‐Pam Islands source has a well‐established place in archaeological distributions both local and regional. From the other source area in southwest Manus Island, many sites have been recorded following their exposure by bulldozers. These sites contain retouched obsidian point fragments like those from the Emsin workshop site excavated on Lou Island. Comparison of the two sets confirms the close similarity. The evidence suggests that manufacture and use are both represented in the southwest Manus collection and, since the only point fragment so far analysed derives from Lou, that material from both sources was being used. A review of the ethnographic evidence suggests that the regional integrative network in the past might not have distinguished obsidian by source as strongly as in the period of ethnographic description.
Early pottery exchange along the South coast of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Bickler Simon H.
Published: November 2014

The results of chemical and petrographic analysis of 184 potsherds from 42 Early Period sites on the southern coast of Papua New Guinea are described. The sites are located from the Gulf of Papua to Yule Island and Port Moresby. In analysing the material an exploratory approach using multivariate statistics creates ‘source’ groups of sherds whose distribution in Early Period sites can then be examined for evidence of trade and exchange. The research establishes the presence of local and long distance pottery networks in these areas between 1900 and 850 cal BP. The evidence suggests that pottery exchange from the Yule Island sites to the Gulf took place simultaneously with the earliest local pottery manufacturing around Yule Island. From around 1400 cal BP on, Yule Island potters were joined by Port Moresby potters in moving their wares to the Gulf.
Dates, disturbance and artefact distributions: another analysis of Buang Merabak, a Pleistocene site on New Ireland, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Leavesley Matthew , Allen Jim
Published: November 2014

Rosenfeld (1997) recently reported her excavations and the stratigraphy and radiometric chronology at Buang Merabak, a site probably first occupied c.32,000 radiocarbon years ago. While that report contains brief summaries of the artefact classes, we have now carried out more detailed analyses of these artefacts and report them here. Despite the need for further radiometric dating, we conclude, contra Rosenfeld, that the Pleistocene layers of this site are largely intact and offer further important evidence of Pleistocene human behaviour in New Ireland. These data both complement and extend the data from similarly aged sites in the region.
Radiocarbon dates from archaeological rat bones: the Pleasant River case
Authors: Smith Ian , Anderson Atholl
Published: November 2014

AMS radiocarbon determinations on rat bone gelatin from Pleasant River, New Zealand, are presented. These differ significantly from radiocarbon ages for the same deposits on multiple samples of other materials, and in conjunction with previously reported data from Shag River Mouth show a consistent pattern of divergence between the results from two laboratories suggesting that pretreatment or other laboratory procedures may have influenced the results.
Luminescence dates and stratigraphic analyses at Lake Mungo: review and new perspectives
Authors: Bowler J.M. , Price D.M.
Published: November 2014

A thermoluminescence dating program has sampled 3 sites on the shores of Lake Mungo, the burial sites Mungo I and Mungo III and the site of earlier palaeomagnetic studies. Two sites on Outer Arumpo lake at Long Water Hole gully and the Outer Arumpo lunette, provide a basis for comparison with ages from Lake Mungo and between lake basin and lakeshore sediments within the Outer Arumpo sequence.

Most results show reasonable agreement, both with previous TL results and with available radiocarbon ages. The Golgol unit is confirmed as older than 100 ka. Ages beyond 40 ka from the upper levels of the Lower Mungo unit at Lake Mungo and from the equivalent sands on the Outer Arumpo lunette provide upper limits to ages of burials inserted into the Lower Mungo sands (Mungo I and III).

Some problems arise in TL signals from lacustrine sediments which, in samples from Long Water Hole gully, appear too young compared to apparently more reliable results from aeolian components.
The age of Lapita settlement in Fiji
Authors: Anderson Atholl , Clark Geoffrey
Published: November 2014

Recent and earlier research in Fiji has documented the approximate period of settlement there during the Lapita era. Age estimates extended back to about 3200 BP. A survey of the radiocarbon ages from sites containing dentate‐stamped pottery, and especially from sites or levels where there are only Lapita wares, indicates that there is no convincing case for Lapita settlement earlier than about 2900 cal BP. In fact, the period of dentate‐stamped ceramics might have been quite brief and dated to about 2800–2700 cal BP.
Review
Authors: Denham Tim
Published: November 2014

Kuk Heritage: Issues and Debates in Papua New Guinea Edited by Andrew Strathern and Pamela J. Stewart. Papua New Guinea National Museum and Art Gallery, Port Moresby, PNG; Centre for Pacific Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia; Okari Research Group, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA., USA, 1998. ISBN 0 86443 6564 Pp. 98. Price: AUD 10.00 pb.
At the centre of it all: constructing contact through the rock art of Watarrka National Park, central Australia
Authors: Frederick Ursula K.
Published: November 2014

This paper offers an account of rock art research on contact and challenges some of the basic assumptions underlying previous approaches to contact rock art. It is argued that many Australian rock art studies incorporating contact art offer merely descriptive accounts of introduced objects without exploring the underlying social processes motivating and directing change within the art system. This study outlines a number of interpretations about the nature and patterning of contact rock art within a specific rock art assemblage in Watarrka National Park, central Australia. These conclusions were reached through the adoption of an analytical archaeological approach informed by readings of anthropological and historical data. The results of this analysis indicate that contact rock art does not merely reflect a series of historical events and the imposition of foreign forces, rather it represents a more complex exchange involving losses and gains. They further indicate that the rock art process of contact is a record of change and continuity which served not only to reflect the changes brought by Europeans but also highlights the active role Indigenous people took in responding to these circumstances.
Building blocks and stepping stones: some key foundations in the development of rock art conservation in Australia
Authors: Hall Nicholas
Published: November 2014

Australia has come to be regarded as at the forefront internationally in the development of sound theoretical and technical approaches to the conservation of rock art, and in the way in which conservation is practiced here sensitive to the social context of a continuing, custodial indigenous community. This reputation has arisen in the last 20 years, as heritage managers, Aboriginal communities and academics have attempted to respond to the frequently voiced fears that we were on the brink of ‘losing’ the continent's rock art heritage. In 1980 and 1981, the Joint Academies Committee on the Protection of Prehistoric Places met to discuss national directions and priorities in rock art conservation. This paper looks at some of the key achievements arising from the Committee's recommendations which have formed crucial stepping stones to bring rock art conservation to where we stand now. In doing this, the paper specifically seeks to recognise the contribution of Andrée Rosenfeld and place in context the contribution she has made to rock art conservation, most prominently through her book: Rock art conservation in Australia. In revisiting this recent history, a number of priorities for future activity in rock art conservation become apparent.
Review
Authors: Hurcombe Linda
Published: November 2014

A Closer Look: Recent Australian Studies of Stone Tools Edited by R. Fullagar. Sydney University Archaeological Methods Series 6, 1998. ISBN 1 86451 365 9. Pp. 200. $AU45
Carnivores, taphonomy and dietary stress at Puntutjarpa, Serpent's Glen and Intitjikula
Authors: Walshe Keryn
Published: November 2014

O'Connor, Veth and Campbell (1998) and Gould (1996) use the faunal assemblages from Serpent's Glen, Puntutjarpa and Intitjikula to suggest that humans are the primary agent in reducing bone to very small fragments. They argue that reduction facilitates ingestion of bone which in turn alleviates dietary stress. Gould and O'Connor et al. believe that dietary stress is an influential factor operating across Central Australia throughout the Pleistocene and early Holocene, reflecting fluctuating conditions. This paper argues that mammalian carnivores, not humans, are the primary agents of bone reduction. O'Connor et al's (1998) and Gould's interpretation (1996) of vertebrate assemblages appear to misread Australian carnivore behaviour. Their methods also suggest misconceptions about the valid use of comparative samples in vertebrate analysis. This discussion makes clear that all three assemblages have been modified by carnivores and as such demonstrate little, if any direct evidence of resource stress in the diets of arid dwelling Indigenous people.
Assemblage variability in the Willandra Lakes
Authors: Hiscock Peter , Allen Harry
Published: November 2014

An examination of existing typological descriptions of the stone artefact assemblages from the Willandra Lakes facilitates the development of basic models about assemblage variability in the region. After defining some of the limitations of the data set we illustrate well‐defined spatial patterns in assemblage composition and hypothesise that they reflect a strategy of provisioning the lunette landscape with stone artefacts that were robust and with a comparatively high potential for further use/reduction. These conclusions undermine the notion of the ‘Core tool and scraper tradition’ as an appropriate depiction of assemblage composition and variability in the Willandra Lakes region.
Coastal and inland Lapita sites in Vanua Levu, Fiji
Authors: Parke Aubrey L.
Published: November 2014

This paper records preliminary results from archaeological investigations of three sites on the island of Vanua Levu, Fiji. Two are coastal. One which produced Lapita pottery with features such as carination, notches and dentate stamping is four km inland. All have yielded unusual phallus‐shaped vertical handles which may be contemporary with the Lapita pottery. Other discoveries include two highly‐polished basalt adzes and an oval pottery disk.
Review
Authors: Clark Geoffrey
Published: November 2014

Sigatoka. The Shifting Sands of Fijian prehistory. By Yvonne Marshall, Andrew Crosby, Sepeti Matararaba and Shannon Wood Southampton University Department of Archaeology Monograph No. 1, Oxbow Books, Oxford, 2000. ISBN 1 84217 011 2. P. iv + 124. UKP20.
Review
Authors: Chippindale Christopher
Published: November 2014

Advances in dating Australian rock‐markings. Edited by Graeme K. Ward & Claudio Tuniz. Australian Rock Art Research Association. Occasional Publication 10, 2000. ISBN 0 9586802 1 3. Pp.iv+120. AUD36 (Australia), USD36 (elsewhere).
Review
Authors: Murray Tim
Published: November 2014

The Archaeology of Difference. Negotiating cross‐cultural engagements in Oceania. Edited by R. Torrence and A. Clarke Routledge, London, 2000. ISBN 0 415 11766 6. Ppxviii + 418. UKP80.
Review
Authors: Intoh Michiko
Published: November 2014

Lapita Interaction By Glenn Summerhayes. Terra Australis 15, 2000. ISBN 0 7315 4623 7. Pp. 244. AUD45.
Archaeological investigation of Omis Cave: a Yapese stone money quarry in Palau
Authors: Fitzpatrick Scott M.
Published: November 2014

Stone money disks, predominantly quarried in Palau, were part of a complex political economy on Yap and obtained through a series of exchange relations with Palauan clans or villages. Though ethnographic and ethnohistorical records provide some insight into this exchange relationship, a lack of archaeological data has prevented a better understanding of the methods involved in stone money production and how quarry sites were used by Yapese. I present the first systematic surface survey and excavation of a stone money quarry and document evidence for the only example of Pacific Islanders' carving and transporting of carbonate rock between culturally distinct island groups. Archaeological results obtained from survey and excavation at Omis Cave complement ethnohistoric and ethnographic accounts.
Modelling past Aboriginal hunter‐gatherer socio‐economic and territorial organisation in Western Australia's lower south‐west
Authors: Dortch Charles E.
Published: November 2014

Past Aboriginal hunter‐gatherer adaptation is modelled in Western Australia's ‘lower South‐west’ — an informally named archaeological study area incorporating coastal and immediate hinterland districts from the Swan Region southward to Cape Leeuwin and then eastward to King George Sound. The modelling is principally based on Stanner's concepts of estate ownership and interpenetrative ranges, and is developed regionally through review of ethnohistoric records describing the mobile systems of land usage practiced by Nyungar‐speaking groups in this most south‐westerly part of the South‐western cultural bloc. These records show that the ecological and demographic viability of these contiguously distributed open systems was sustained through reciprocal arrangements between families, local descent groups and bands, at times interacting in larger groupings provisionally termed ‘middle‐tier’ socio‐economic units. Five ethnologically recorded ‘tribal’ or ‘dialect’ group territories reaching across the study area provide the biogeographical and topographical framework for this systemic model, framed within parameters of spatial, demographic and social behaviour formulated for the European Palaeolithic. The regional record of archaeological sites classifiable as congregative or dispersive supports the territorial and socio‐economic modelling. Site complexes in the Leeuwin‐Naturaliste Region and the Swan Region reflect adaptive systems existing through a broad span of Late Quaternary time.
Late Pleistocene human occupation of inland rainforest, Bird's Head, Papua
Authors: Pasveer Juliette M. , Clarke Simon J. , Miller Gifford H.
Published: November 2014

This paper reports new AMS dates for Late Pleistocene occupation of the Ayamaru Plateau in the central Bird's Head of Papua. Two cave sites, Kria Cave and Toé Cave, together provide occupation sequences that span the Holocene and extend back to the Last Glacial Maximum. The associated faunal remains suggest that this lowland area has supported continuous rainforest cover throughout the entire period of occupation. During the Last Glacial Maximum a suite of montane mammal species extended their altitudinal range down onto the plateau, some persisting locally until around 6000 BP. While the Late Pleistocene age of the basal deposit in Toé Cave was previously suggested, new AMS radiocarbon dates on Casuarius eggshell confirm occupation from 24,000 cal BP. Amino acid racemisation data paired with the AMS dates, provide additional support for the improved chronology. The new dates indicate consistent human exploitation of lowland rainforest environments in a relatively rugged and remote region of the central Bird's Head.
Coastal sites and severe weather in Cape Range peninsula, northwest Australia
Authors: Przywolnik Kathryn
Published: November 2014

The occurrence of Tropical Cyclone Vance, which entered the Exmouth Gulf on March 22 1999, presented an opportunity to study in detail the effects of extreme storm conditions on coastal sites in northern Cape Range peninsula. A post‐cyclone survey of all sites in the study area was undertaken in July 1999, four months after the cyclone struck and aimed to quantify and characterise the effects of a single extreme cyclonic event on coastal archaeological sites. This paper presents the results of this survey and implications for studying coastal archaeological sites in Australia.
Review
Authors: Hunt Terry
Published: November 2014

Le Pacifique de 5000 à 2000 avant le présent: Suppléments à l'histoire d'une colonisation/The Pacific from 5000 to 2000 BP: Colonisation and transformations. Edited by Jean‐Christophe Galipaud and Ian Lilley. Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, Paris. 1999. ISBN 0767–2896. Pages 619.
Review
Authors: Smith Claire
Published: November 2014

Inscribed Landscapes. Marking and Making Place. Edited by Bruno David and Meredith Wilson. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu, 2002. ISBN: 0‐8248‐2472‐5 (hardback). Pp. viii + 303. USD 55.
The emergence of an agricultural landscape in the highlands of New Guinea
Authors: Haberle Simon G.
Published: November 2014

That pollen and sedimentological evidence can make a significant contribution to our understanding of the nature and antiquity of agricultural development in the highlands of New Guinea has long been recognised and promoted by Jack Golson. Detecting the beginnings of agriculture and subsequent impact on landscape and vegetation is, however, not straightforward. A conceptual model for the identification of human impact in palaeoecological records is constructed to distinguish between the impact of hunter‐gatherer and agricultural activity. Five palaeoecological sites from highland valleys (1400–1890 m altitude) that cover the period from the last glacial maximum (22 000 cal BP) to the present are reviewed and the implications of the rate and direction of environmental changes are evaluated. Using Rate of Change analysis as a means of identifying deviations in the rate of vegetation change from that which would be expected under natural climate change, the earliest indications of agricultural impact in the vegetation record can be identified at around 7800 cal BP. Subsequent vegetation change reflects an increase in anthropogenic impact that is punctuated by peak episodes of vegetation change towards a more open landscape. The emergence of an agricultural landscape in New Guinea is seen as a result of gradual indigenous development punctuated by external influences such as introduced domestic plants and climate change and variability.
Taro planthoppers (Tarophagus spp.) in Australia and the origins of taro (Colocasia esculenta) in Oceania
Authors: Matthews Peter J.
Published: November 2014

Taro planthoppers (Tarophagus spp.) may be associated exclusively or primarily with taro (Colocasia esculenta), and the geographical distribution of T. proserpina provides circumstantial evidence that taro is native to the Sahul continental region (as well as being native to Sunda). T. colocasiae (Matsumura) (Asche and Wilson 1989a,b) is reported here for the first time in Australia, and the genus Tarophagus is reported for the first time on the wildtype form of taro (C. esculenta). Three species of taro plant hopper are present in Asia and the Pacific. T. proserpina has a relatively narrow distribution extending from eastern New Guinea to Polynesia (Remote Oceania). This distribution adds support to the suggestion that Polynesian taros are derived from a Melanesian taro gene pool. It is tentatively suggested that different Tarophagus species evolved in association with different taro gene pools, before the domestication of taro in multiple regions within Asia and the Pacific. Plant viruses associated with taro and Tarophagus are also discussed.
Lead weight from Fraser Island compared with sources in France and China
Authors: Ward W. T. , Gulson B. L.
Published: November 2014

The weight resembles lead from Beishan and Tonglin in China, but is highly unlikely to be from either source. Its best match is with lead mined in France.
Pleistocene colonisation of the Bismarck Archipelago: new evidence from West New Britain
Authors: Torrence Robin , Neall Vince , Doelman Trudy , Rhodes Ed , McKee Chris , Davies Hugh , Bonetti Roberto , Guglielmetti Alessandra , Manzoni Alberto , Oddone Massimo , Parr Jeff , Wallace Cleland
Published: November 2014

The geological and archaeological signatures at the site of Kupona na Dari on the Willaumez Peninsula, West New Britain provide important new data about human colonisation of the Bismarck Archipelago. Analyses of the stratigraphy and weathering of paleosols and manuports, when combined with fission track, radiocarbon, and luminescence dating, indicate that the site was first occupied at about 35–45,000 years ago. During the whole period of occupation, people were exposed to a series of volcanic events which varied in terms of their potential impacts on the local environment. A PIXE‐PIGME characterisation study of the obsidian artefacts at the site demonstrates that from the earliest period stone resources were acquired from outcrops located across a relatively large region. When compared with Early‐Middle Holocene assemblages from nearby localities, the Pleistocene stone tool technology differs in only a few minor respects. From this analysis we infer that groups were mobile in both periods, but slightly different strategies for the procurement and maintenance of the stone tools were required for the more extensive ranges exploited during the Pleistocene. The inter‐disciplinary study of Kupona na Dari concludes that colonisation comprised a long term process of settling into this volcanically active environment. Due to variability in the environments that people encountered, the pattern of colonisation may not have been similar across the entire Bismarck Archipelago.
The maritime transport of prehistoric megaliths in Micronesia
Authors: Hazell Leslie C. , Fitzpatrick Scott M.
Published: November 2014

This paper examines Micronesian examples of megalithic transport, focusing particularly on the ocean transport of the famous stone money disks quarried in Palau by Yapese Islanders and moved back to Yap prior to European contact. Using a combination of climatic, oceanographic, ethnohistorical, ethnographic, and archaeological data, we examine the maritime technologies that the Yapese could have used to transport stone money across several hundred kilometres of open‐ocean and offer hypotheses to show how this might have been accomplished using bamboo rafts, canoes and rafts towed by fishing canoes.