bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ice water content vertical profiles of high-level clouds: classification and impact on radiative fluxes
Authors: Feofilov A. G. , Stubenrauch C. J. , Delanoë J.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. In this work, we discuss the shape of ice water content (IWC) vertical profiles in high ice clouds and its effect on radiative properties of these clouds, both in short- and in long-wave bands (SW and LW). Based on the analysis of colocated satellite data, we suggest a minimal set of primitive shapes (rectangular, isosceles trapezoid, lower and upper triangle), which sufficiently well represents the IWC profiles. About 75% of all high-level ice clouds (P < 440 hPa) have an ice water path smaller than 100 g m−2, with a 10% smaller contribution from single layer clouds. Most IWC profiles (80%) can be represented by a rectangular or isosceles trapezoid shape. However, with increasing IWP, the number of lower triangle profiles (IWC rises towards cloud base) increases, reaching up to 40% for IWP values greater than 300 g m−2. The number of upper triangle profiles (IWC rises towards cloud top) is in general small and decreasing with IWP, with the maximum occurrence of 15% in cases of IWP less than 10 g m−2. We propose a statistical classification of the IWC shapes using ice water path (IWP) as a single parameter. We have estimated the radiative effects of clouds with the same IWP and with different IWC profile shapes for five typical atmospheric scenarios and over a broad range of IWP, cloud height, cloud vertical extent, and effective ice crystal diameter (De). We explain changes in outgoing LW fluxes at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) by the cloud thermal radiance while differences in TOA SW fluxes relate to the De vertical profile within the cloud. Absolute differences in net TOA and surface fluxes associated with these parameterized IWC profiles instead of assuming constant IWC profiles are in general of the order of 1–2 W m−2: they are negligible for clouds with IWP < 30 g m−2, but may reach 2 W m−2 for clouds with IWP >300 W m−2.
Trend analysis of the 20 years time series of stratospheric ozone profiles observed by the GROMOS microwave radiometer at Bern
Authors: Moreira L. , Hocke K. , Eckert E. , von Clarmann T. , Kämpfer N.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The ozone radiometer GROMOS (GROund-based Millimeterwave Ozone Spectrometer) performs continuous observations of stratospheric ozone profiles since 1994 above Bern, Switzerland. GROMOS is part of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC). From November 1994 to October 2011, the ozone line spectra were measured by a filter bench (FB). In July 2009, a Fast-Fourier-Transform spectrometer (FFTS) has been added as backend to GROMOS. The new FFTS and the original FB measured in parallel for over two years. The ozone profiles retrieved separately from the ozone line spectra of FB and FFTS agree within 5 % at pressure levels from 30 to 0.5 hPa, from October 2009 to August 2011. A careful harmonisation of both time series has been carried out by taking the FFTS as the reference instrument for the FB. This enables us to assess the long-term trend derived from more than 20 years of stratospheric ozone observations at Bern. The trend analysis has been performed by using a robust multilinear parametric trend model which includes a linear term, the solar variability, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index, the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), the annual and semi-annual oscillation and several harmonics with period lengths between 3 and 24 months. Over the last years, some experimental and modelling trend studies have shown that the stratospheric ozone trend is levelling off or even turning positive. With our observed ozone profiles, we are able to support this statement by reporting a statistically significant trend of +3.14 % decade-1 at 4.36 hPa, covering the period from January 1997 to January 2015, above Bern. Additionally, we have estimated a negative trend over this period of −3.94 % decade-1 at 0.2 hPa.
Validation of the poke-flow technique combined with simulations of fluid flow for determining viscosities in samples with small volumes and high viscosities
Authors: Grayson J. W. , Song M. , Sellier M. , Bertram A. K.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Viscosity in particles consisting of secondary organic material (SOM) has recently become an area of research focus, since information on viscosity is needed to predict the environmental impacts of SOM particles. Recently Renbaum-Wolff et al. (2013a) developed a poke-flow technique that was combined with simulations of fluid flow to constrain the viscosities of SOM samples of 1–5 mg mass, roughly the maximum that may be collected from environmental chambers or flow tubes on a reasonable timescale. The current manuscript expands on the initial validation experiments carried out by Renbaum-Wolff et al. First, the poke-flow technique combined with simulations of fluid flow was used to determine the viscosity of sucrose–water particles over a relatively wide range of relative humidities (RHs). The lower and upper limits of viscosity at 59% RH were 1.0 × 101 and 1.6 × 104 Pa s, whilst at 37% RH the corresponding values were 7.2 × 104 and 4.7 × 106 Pa s, respectively. The results are in good agreement with recent measurements by Quintas et al. (2006) and Power et al. (2013). Second, the approach was used to determine the viscosity of two polybutene standards. The simulated lower and upper limits of viscosity for standard #1 was 2.0 × 102 and 1.2 × 104 Pa s, whilst for standard #2 the corresponding values were 3.1 × 102 and 2.4 × 104 Pa s. These values are in good agreement with values reported by the manufacturer. The results for both the sucrose–water particles and the polybutene standards show that the poke-flow technique combined with simulations of fluid flow is capable of providing both lower and upper limits of viscosity that are consistent with literature or measured values when the viscosity of the particles are in the range of ≈ 5 × 102 to ≈ 3 × 106 Pa s.
On the relative absorption strengths of water vapour in the blue wavelength range
Authors: Lampel J. , Pöhler D. , Tschritter J. , Frieß U. , Platt U.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. In recent updates of the HITRAN water vapour H2O spectroscopic compilation covering the blue spectral region (here: 394–480 nm) significant changes for the absorption bands at 416 and 426 nm were reported. In order to investigate the consistency of the different cross-sections calculated from these compilations, H2O vapour column density ratios for different spectral intervals were retrieved from Long-path and Multi-Axis – Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) measurements. We observed a significant improvement of the DOAS evaluation when using the updated HITRAN water vapour absorption cross-sections for the calculation of the reference spectra. In particular the magnitudes of the residual spectra as well as the fit errors were reduced. However we also found that the best match between measurement and model is reached when the absorption cross-section of groups of lines are scaled by factors ranging from 0.5 and 1.9, suggesting that the HITRAN water vapour absorption compilation still needs significant corrections. For this spectral region we present correction factors for HITRAN 2009, HITRAN 2012, HITEMP and BT2 derived from field measurements. Additionally, upper limits for water vapour absorption in the UV-A range from 330–390 nm are given.
Assessing 5 years of GOSAT Proxy XCH4 data and associated uncertainties
Authors: Parker R. J. , Boesch H. , Byckling K. , Webb A. J. , Palmer P. I. , Feng L. , Bergamaschi P. , Chevallier F. , Notholt J. , Deutscher N. , Warneke T. , Hase F. , Sussmann R. , Kawakami S. , Kivi R. , Griffith D. W. T. , Velazco V.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. We present 5 years of GOSAT XCH4 retrieved using the "proxy" approach. The Proxy XCH4 data are validated against ground-based TCCON observations and are found to be of high-quality with a small bias of 4.8 ppb (~ 0.27%) and a single-sounding precision of 13.4 ppb (~ 0.74%). The station-to-station bias (a measure of the relative accuracy) is found to be 4.2 ppb. For the first time the XCH4 / XCO2 ratio component of the Proxy retrieval is validated (bias of 0.014 ppb ppm−1 (~ 0.3%), single-sounding precision of 0.033 ppb ppm−1 (~ 0.72%)). The uncertainty relating to the model XCO2 component of the Proxy XCH4 is assessed through the use of an ensemble of XCO2 models. While each individual XCO2 model is found to agree well with the TCCON validation data (r=0.94–0.97), it is not possible to select one model as the best from our comparisons. The median XCO2 value of the ensemble has a smaller scatter against TCCON (a standard deviation of 0.92 ppm) than any of the individual models whilst maintaining a small bias (0.15 ppm). This model median XCO2 is used to calculate the Proxy XCH4 with the maximum deviation of the ensemble from the median used as an estimate of the uncertainty. We compare this uncertainty to the a posteriori retrieval error and find typically that the model XCO2 uncertainty becomes significant during summer months when the a posteriori error is at its lowest due to the increase in signal related to increased summertime reflected sunlight. We assess the significance of these model and retrieval uncertainties on flux inversion by comparing the GOSAT XCH4 against modelled XCH4 from TM5-4DVAR constrained by NOAA surface observations (MACC reanalysis scenario S1-NOAA). We find that for the majority of regions the differences are much larger than the estimated uncertainties. Our findings show that useful information will be provided to the inversions for the majority of regions in addition to that already provided by the assimilated measurements.
Nutrient and mercury deposition and storage in an alpine snowpack of the Sierra Nevada, USA
Authors: Pearson C. , Schumer R. , Trustman B. D. , Rittger K. , Johnson D. W. , Obrist D.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Biweekly snowpack core samples were collected at seven sites along two elevation gradients in the Tahoe Basin during two consecutive snow years to evaluate total wintertime snowpack accumulation of nutrients and pollutants in a high-elevation watershed of the Sierra Nevada. Additional sampling of wet deposition and detailed snow pit profiles were conducted the following year to compare wet deposition to snowpack storage and assess the vertical dynamics of snowpack nitrogen, phosphorus, and mercury. Results show that, on average, organic N comprised 48% of all snowpack N, while nitrate (NO3--N) and TAN (total ammonia nitrogen) made up 25 and 27%, respectively. Snowpack NO3--N concentrations were relatively uniform across sampling sites over the sampling seasons and showed little difference between seasonal wet deposition and integrated snow pit concentrations. These patterns are in agreement with previous studies that identify wet deposition as the dominant source of wintertime NO3--N deposition. However, vertical snow pit profiles showed highly variable concentrations of NO3--N within the snowpack indicative of additional deposition and in-snowpack dynamics. Unlike NO3--N, snowpack TAN doubled towards the end of winter, which we attribute to a strong dry deposition component which was particularly pronounced in late winter and spring. Organic N concentrations in the snowpack were highly variable (from 35 to 70%) and showed no clear temporal, spatial, or vertical trends throughout the season. Integrated snowpack organic N concentrations were up to 2.5 times higher than seasonal wet deposition, likely due to microbial immobilization of inorganic N as evident by coinciding increases in organic N and decreases in inorganic N in deeper, aged snow. Spatial and temporal deposition patterns of snowpack P were consistent with particulate-bound dry deposition inputs and strong impacts from in-basin sources causing up to 6 times greater enrichment at urban locations compared to remote sites. Snowpack Hg showed little temporal variability and was dominated by particulate-bound forms (78% on average). Dissolved Hg concentrations were consistently lower in snowpack than in wet deposition, which we attribute to photochemically driven gaseous re-emission. In agreement with this pattern is a significant positive relationship between snowpack Hg and elevation, attributed to a combination of increased snow accumulation at higher elevations causing limited light penetration and lower photochemical re-emission losses in deeper, higher-elevation snowpack. Finally, estimates of basin-wide loading based on spatially extrapolated concentrations and a satellite-based snow water equivalent reconstruction model identify snowpack chemical loading from atmospheric deposition as a substantial source of nutrients and pollutants to the Lake Tahoe Basin, accounting for 113 t of N, 9.3 t of P, and 1.2 kg of Hg each year.
Reviews and synthesis: Carbon capture and storage monitoring – an integrated biological, biophysical and chemical approach
Authors: Hicks N. , Vik U. , Taylor P. , Ladoukakis E. , Park J. , Kolisis F. , Stahl H. , Jakobsen K. S.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a developing technology that seeks to mitigate against the impact of increasing anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) production by capturing CO2 from large point source emitters. After capture the CO2 is compressed and transported to a reservoir where it is stored for geological time scales. Potential leakages from CCS projects, where stored CO2 migrates through the overlaying sediments, are likely to have severe implications on benthic and marine ecosystems. Nonetheless, prokaryotic response to elevated CO2 concentrations has been suggested as one of the first detectable warnings if a CO2 leakage should occur. Applying properties of prokaryotic communities (i.e. community composition and metabolic status) as a novel CO2 monitoring application is highly reliable within a multidisciplinary framework, where deviations from the baseline can easily be identified. In this paper we review current knowledge about the impact of CO2 leakages on marine sediments from a multidisciplinary-based monitoring perspective. We focus on aspects from the fields of biology, geophysics, and chemistry, and discuss a case study example. We argue the importance of an integrative multidisciplinary approach, incorporating biogeochemistry, geophysics, microbial ecology and modelling, with a particular emphasis on metagenomic techniques and novel bioinformatics, for future CCS monitoring. Within this framework, we consider that an effective CCS monitoring programme will ensure that large-scale leakages with potentially devastating effects for the overlaying ecosystem are avoided. Furthermore, the multidisciplinary approach suggested here for CCS monitoring is generic, and can be adapted to other systems of interest.
Diazotroph community succession during the VAHINE mesocosms experiment (New Caledonia Lagoon)
Authors: Turk-Kubo K. A. , Frank I. E. , Hogan M. E. , Desnues A. , Bonnet S. , Zehr J. P.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The VAHINE mesocosm experiment, conducted in the low-nutrient low-chlorophyll waters of the Noumea Lagoon (coastal New Caledonia) was designed to trace the incorporation of nitrogen (N) fixed by diazotrophs into the food web, using large volume (50 m3) mesocosms. This experiment provided a unique opportunity to study the succession of different N2-fixing microorganisms (diazotrophs) and calculate in situ net growth and loss rates in response to fertilization with dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) over a 23 day period, using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays. Inside the mesocosms, the diazotroph community assemblage was dominated by the heterocyst-forming Richelia associated with Rhizosolenia (Het-1) in the first half of the experiment, and unicellularcyanobacterial Group C (UCYN-C) became the dominant diazotroph in the second half of the experiment. Decreasing DIP concentrations following the fertilization event and increasing temperatures were significantly correlated with increasing abundances of UCYN-C. Maximum net growth rates for UCYN-C were calculated to be between 1.23 ± 0.07 and 2.16 ± 0.07 d−1 which are among the highest growth rates reported for diazotrophs. Outside the mesocosms in the Noumea Lagoon, UCYN-C abundances remained low, despite increasing temperatures, suggesting that the microbial community response to the DIP fertilization created conditions favorable for UCYN-C growth inside the mesocosms. Maximum net growth and loss rates for nine diazotroph phylotypes throughout the 23 day experiment were variable between mesocosms, and repeated fluctuations between periods of net growth and loss were commonly observed. The field population of diazotrophs in the Noumea Lagoon, was dominated by Het-1 over the course of the study period. However, eight additional diazotroph phylotypes were present in the lagoon at lower abundances, indicating a diverse field population of diazotrophs. Two ecotypes of the Braarudosphaera bigelowii symbiont unicellular cyanobacterial group A (UCYN-A) were present simultaneously in the lagoon, with the recently described B. bigelowii/UCYN-A2 association present at higher abundances than the B. bigelowii/UCYN-A1 association.
Climate–vegetation modelling and fossil plant data suggest low atmospheric CO2 in the late Miocene
Authors: Forrest M. , Eronen J. T. , Utescher T. , Knorr G. , Stepanek C. , Lohmann G. , Hickler T.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. There is increasing need to understand the pre-Quaternary warm climates, how climate–vegetation interactions functioned in the past, and how we can use this information for understanding the present. Here we report vegetation modelling results for the Late Miocene (11–7 Ma) to study the mechanisms of vegetation dynamics and the role of different forcing factors that influence the spatial patterns of vegetation coverage. One of the key uncertainties is the atmospheric concentration of CO2 during past climates. Estimates for the last 20 million years range from 280 to 500 ppm. We simulated Late Miocene vegetation using two plausible CO2 concentrations, 280 and 450 ppm CO2, with a dynamic global vegetation model (LPJ-GUESS) driven by climate input from a coupled AOGCM (Atmosphere–Ocean General Circulation Model). The simulated vegetation was compared to existing plant fossil data for the whole Northern Hemisphere. For the comparison we developed a novel approach that uses information of the relative dominance of different Plant Functional Types (PFTs) in the palaeobotanical data to provide a quantitative estimate of the agreement between the simulated and reconstructed vegetation. Based on this quantitative assessment we find that pre-industrial CO2 levels are largely consistent with the presence of seasonal temperate forests in Europe (suggested by fossil data) and open vegetation in North America (suggested by multiple lines of evidence). This suggests that during the Late Miocene the CO2 levels have been relatively low, or that other factors that are not included in the models maintained the seasonal temperate forests and open vegetation.
ESP v2.0: enhanced method for exploring emission impacts of future scenarios in the United States – addressing spatial allocation
Authors: Ran L. , Loughlin D. H. , Yang D. , Adelman Z. , Baek B. H. , Nolte C. G.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The Emission Scenario Projection (ESP) method produces future-year air pollutant emissions for mesoscale air quality modeling applications. We present ESP v2.0, which expands upon ESP v1.0 by spatially allocating future-year non-power sector emissions to account for projected population and land use changes. In ESP v2.0, US Census division-level emission growth factors are developed using an energy system model. Regional factors for population-related emissions are spatially disaggregated to the county level using population growth and migration projections. The county-level growth factors are then applied to grow a base-year emission inventory to the future. Spatial surrogates are updated to account for future population and land use changes, and these surrogates are used to map projected county-level emissions to a modeling grid for use within an air quality model. We evaluate ESP v2.0 by comparing US 12 km emissions for 2005 with projections for 2050. We also evaluate the individual and combined effects of county-level disaggregation and of updating spatial surrogates. Results suggest that the common practice of modeling future emissions without considering spatial redistribution over-predicts emissions in the urban core and under-predicts emissions in suburban and exurban areas. In addition to improving multi-decadal emission projections, a strength of ESP v2.0 is that it can be applied to assess the emissions and air quality implications of alternative energy, population and land use scenarios.
The effect of empirical-statistical correction of intensity-dependent model errors on the climate change signal
Authors: Gobiet A. , Suklitsch M. , Heinrich G.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. This study discusses the effect of empirical-statistical bias correction methods like quantile mapping (QM) on the change signals of climate simulations. We show that QM regionally alters the mean temperature climate change signal (CCS) derived from the ENSEMBLES multi-model dataset by up to 15%. Such modification is currently strongly discussed and is often regarded as deficiency of bias correction methods. However, an analytical analysis reveals that this modification corresponds to the effect of intensity-dependent model errors on the CCS. Such errors cause, if uncorrected, biases in the CCS. QM removes these intensity-dependent errors and can therefore potentially lead to an improved CCS. A similar analysis as for the multi-model mean CCS has been conducted for the variance of CCSs in the multi-model ensemble. It shows that this indicator for model uncertainty is artificially inflated by intensity-dependent model errors. Therefore, QM has also the potential to serve as an empirical constraint on model uncertainty in climate projections. However, any improvement of simulated CCSs by empirical-statistical bias correction methods can only be realized, if the model error characteristics are sufficiently time-invariant.
Correction of real-time satellite precipitation with satellite soil moisture observations
Authors: Zhan W. , Pan M. , Wanders N. , Wood E. F.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Rainfall and soil moisture are two key elements in modeling the interactions between the land surface and the atmosphere. Accurate and high-resolution real-time precipitation is crucial for monitoring and predicting the on-set of floods, and allows for alert and warning before the impact becomes a disaster. Assimilation of remote sensing data into a flood-forecasting model has the potential to improve monitoring accuracy. Space-borne microwave observations are especially interesting because of their sensitivity to surface soil moisture and its change. In this study, we assimilate satellite soil moisture retrievals using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) land surface model, and a dynamic assimilation technique, a particle filter, to adjust the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) real-time precipitation estimates. We compare updated precipitation with real-time precipitation before and after adjustment and with NLDAS gauge-radar observations. Results show that satellite soil moisture retrievals provide additional information by correcting errors in rainfall bias. High accuracy soil moisture retrievals, when merged with precipitation, generally increase both rainfall frequency and intensity, and are most effective in the correction of rainfall under dry to normal surface condition while limited/negative improvement is seen over wet/saturated surfaces. Errors from soil moisture, mixed among the real signal, may generate a false rainfall signal approximately 2 mm day−1 and thus lower the precipitation accuracy after adjustment.
Review Article: A review and critical analysis of the efforts towards urban flood reduction in the Lagos region of Nigeria
Authors: Nkwunonwo U. C. , Whitworth M. , Baily B.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Urban flooding has been and will continue to be a significant problem for many cities across the developed and developing world. Crucial to the amelioration of the effects of these floods is the need to develop a knowledge base of the magnitude and frequency of these floods. Within the area of flood research, attempts are being made to gain a better understanding of the causes, impacts and pattern of urban flooding as an aid to reducing the risks it poses. This research reviews flood risk within the Lagos area of Nigeria over the period 1968–2012. During this period, floods have caused harm to millions of people physically, emotionally and economically. Arguably over this period the efforts of stakeholders to address the challenges appear to have been limited by, among other things, lack of reliable data, lack of awareness among the population affected, and lack of knowledge of flood risk mitigation. It is the aim of this research to assess the current understanding of flood risk and management in Lagos and to offer recommendations towards future guidance.
Brief Communication: Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction – success or warning sign for Paris?
Authors: Mysiak J. , Surminski S. , Thieken A. , Mechler R. , Aerts J.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. In March 2015, a new international blueprint for disaster risk reduction (DRR) has been adopted in Sendai, Japan, at the end of the Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (WCDRR, 14–18 March 2015). We review and discuss the agreed commitments and targets, as well as the negotiation leading to the Sendai Framework for DRR (SFDRR) and discuss briefly its implication for the later UN-led negotiations on sustainable development goals and climate change.
The impact of regular long term physical load on cardiovascular functional parameters in children and adolescent athletes
Authors: Bartkevičienė Aldona , Bakšienė Dalia , Šerpytis Pranas
Published: June 2015

Introduction. Regular physical load determines increase in functional capability of cardiovascular system. On the other hand, the cardiovascular system often appears as a conditional factor, which restricts organism adaptive abilities and limits general organism adaptation to the load. During physical load, not only cardiovascular system is activated, but also complex changes take place in the whole body. Therefore, with the aim to evaluate the functions of various systems, interrelation between them and systemic response of the body to physical load, a complex research on distinctive features of not only functional indices of the cardiovascular system, but also parameters reflecting interrelationship among functional systems of the body and speed of their changes is carried out. The goal of such complex research is the evaluation of adaptive and reserve capabilities of the athlete’s body and individualization and optimization of physical load. The aim of this study was to evaluate the speed of changes of parameters that characterize the functional condition of human organism of children and adolescents athletes and non-athletes controls. Materials and methods. One hundred sixty seven male athletes aged 14.8 (SD1.6, range 12-17 years) participating in basketball, rowing and cycling and168 healthy sedentary controls matched for age, sex and body surface area performed a graded exercise test (Mc. Master) on a cycle ergo-meter. 12 ECG standard derivations were synchronously recorded every second minute. During cycle ergo-meter integrated functional parameters, which could integrally and simple evaluate organism reaction to physical load, were assessed.Results. The present study demonstrates that before reaching the maximum of physical load, the speed of changes JT/RR in athletes and all functional parameters (HR, JT interval, RR interval, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pulse blood pressure (SBP-DBP), JT/RR ratio) in the control group decreased and in the last step of physical load has increased. That suggests that during intensive exercise training limits of physiological changes can be exceeded in athletes. Conclusions. Analysis of speed of changes in functional parameters during physical load can be applied for the evaluation of functional state of the human body and the cardiovascular system and aiming to optimize and individualize physical load in athletic children and adolescents.
Fizinio aktyvumo poveikis vyresnio amžiaus moterų širdies ir kraujagyslių sistemai
Authors: Astrauskienė Audronė
Published: June 2015

Cardiovascular diseases is an important problem of public health not only because of wide spread, sudden death, long-term disability, but also because they can be preventable when preventive means are used properly, even those people who have relatively high risk to catch mentioned illnesses can decrease the risk by changing their life style. Objective of the study is to determine a connection between cardiovascular system of elderly women and physical activity. By using questionnaire method 140 elderly wo-men were questioned, 70 of them were physically active and 70 were physically passive. Average age of women questioned is 57± 6,1 years. During the questioning, the questionnaire of study of Š. Klizas et al. was used, which was prepared according to basic factors of risk of cardiovascular diseases, principles of healthy life style analysed in scientific literature. Reliability of the method was verified by using index of Cronbach alfa coefficient (0,73). Data obtained show that 10,0 percent of physically active women and even 28, 6 percent (χ²=17,64; df =2; p=0,000) of physically passive women have too big amount of cholesterol in blood. Only44,3 percent of active women and only 18,6 percent of passive women (χ²=10,74; df =1; p=0,001) are taking healthy nutrition.Percentage of women with too big concentration of cholesterol in blood is bigger almost threefold between physically passive women. Physically active elderly women take care of their health more often than physically passive women of the same age.
Poliligotumo paplitimo dinamika ir ambulatorinių sveikatos priežiūros paslaugų suvartojimas klaipėdos apskrities kaimo ir miesto populiacijose
Authors: Jurgutis Arnoldas , Kubiliutė Laura , Martinkėnas Arvydas , Filipova Jelena , Bumblys Alfridas
Published: June 2015

The aim of the study: to evaluate multi-morbidity dynamics, and needs of out-patient health care services in rural and urban areas in Klaipeda region during years 2009-2011.An observational retrospective study was performed using non-personalized population data from the Klaipeda TerritorialSickness Fund database. The research population included approximately 410 000 patients, enlisted to 44 primary health care institutions in Klaipeda region during the years 2009-2011. Johns Hopkins ACG system was used to group the population into six Resource Utilization Bands (RUB) which range from non-users (RUB 0) to a very high co-morbidity group (RUB 5). The study revealed that during the investigation period (2009-2011) prevalence of multi-morbidity (RUB 5) increased from 9.5/1000 to 9.6/1000 patients (statistically insignificant). In year 2009 and 2010 more multi-morbid patients were in urban population (p<0.05), but the trend of multi-morbidity prevalence in rural and urban populations was statistically insignificant. Patients from urban areas used more specialist (secondary and tertiary health care) services when compared with rural population.
Itinerari geològic, mineralògic i miner per les comarques de l´Alt Urgell i del Pallars Sobirà: des de la Palanca de Noves a la Guardia d´Ares, Taús, Baen, Useu i al Pont de Bresca
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim
Published: June 2015

Itinerari realitzat el 14 de juliol de 2014[1]. La totalitat del recorregut d´aquest itinerari, discorrerà íntegrament entre els afloraments dels materials paleozoics (en bona part del Devonià, del Silurià i de l´Ordovicià; i també del Carbonífer i del Permià) i dels mesozoics (que en bona part pertanyen al Triàsic) del Sistema Pirinenc. Aquests afloraments es situen dintre del Mantell de Bóixols (situat al Sud del recorregut) i del Mantell de la Zona de les Nogueres (situat als sectors septentrionals del recorregut). És a dir, en tos dos casos, dintre dels geogràficament anomenats Prepirineus Per d´altra banda, la totalitat del recorregut també discorrerà íntegrament per dues comarques de les que constitueixen l´antiga Regió de la Seu d´Urgell – Tremp; concretament per la de L´Alt Urgell, per  on començarà i per del Pallars Sobirà, per on finalitzarà. [1] Aquest itinerari és una modificació del recorregut de l´itinerari: ITINERARI GEOLÒGIC, MINERALÒGIC I MINER PER LES COMARQUES DE L´ALT URGELL I DEL PALLARS SOBIRÀ: DES DE LA PALANCA DE NOVES A LA GUARDIA D´ARES I AL PONT DE BRESCA I AL CONGOST DE COLLEGATS / 19B D´OCTUBRE DEL 2013
CONSTRUÇÕES IMAGINÁRIAS DE/ENTRE SUJEITOS PELOS CAMPOS E PELAS SERRAS DO RIO GRANDE, DE SÃO PEDRO*
Authors: Brust Viviane Biacchi , Petri Verli
Published: June 2015

O presente trabalho tem como aporte teórico a Análise de Discurso de fundação francesa e como objeto de pesquisa o sujeito gaúcho e o sujeito imigrante italiano, via representações desses sujeitos no discurso literário. A fim de analisar como se materializam, na e pela linguagem, as construções imaginárias desses sujeitos, em diferentes processos discursivos, valemo-nos de recortes discursivos advindos da Literatura produzida no Rio Grande do Sul de cunho histórico-ficcional, em momentos de encontro entre esses dois sujeitos. Serão destacados aspectos que envolvem identidade e alteridade, aproximação e distanciamento. * Nosso título faz referência à nomeação e à designação dada no Período Imperial (1822-1889)ao hoje Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, a saber, Província de São Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul,uma vez que o acompanhamento pelo Estado dos processos de colonização e de imigração se efetivam nesse período (cf. IOTTI, 2001).
“A POLÍCIA MANDA, MAS A POLÍCIA MANDA PARALELO COM AS PRESAS”: O FUNCIONAMENTO DA INSTITUIÇÃO PENAL ENQUANTO APARELHO REPRESSOR DE ESTADO
Authors: Vinhas Luciana Iost
Published: June 2015

O presente trabalho objetiva refletir sobre o funcionamento da instituição penal no seio da formação social contemporânea, sendo a instituição compreendida enquanto parte do Aparelho Repressivo de Estado. Dessa forma, toma-se como base os pressupostos de Louis Althusser, os quais foram objeto de uma releitura por Michel Pêcheux. É, portanto, na Análise do Discurso francesa que o estudo se ancora, sendo realizada uma comparação entre elementos presentes em um documento do Conselho Nacional de Justiça (a Cartilha da Mulher Encarcerada) e a fala de uma apenada da Penitenciária Feminina Madre Pelletier, entrevistada em abril de 2013. Com a análise, percebe-se que, apesar da haver, por parte da superestrutura, uma tentativa de transformar os sujeitos em corpos individualizados, objetos de controle do Estado, há, ainda, no interior da prisão, espaço para resistência, pois as apenadas conseguem encontrar brechas para instalar um modo de funcionamento próprio ao interior das galerias, inacessível ao Aparelho.
O FUNCIONAMENTO DAS NOÇÕES DE “LÍNGUA FLUIDA” E “LÍNGUA IMAGINÁRIA”: O CASO DE UMA GRAMÁTICA NORMATIVA
Authors: Surdi Marcia Ione , Luz Mary Neiva Surdi da
Published: June 2015

Neste artigo, analisamos o funcionamento das noções de língua fluida e língua imaginária, no texto introdutório da Gramática Normativa da Língua Portuguesa (1972), de Carlos Henrique da Rocha Lima. Partindo da ideia de que estamos tratando de efeitos de evidência produzidos na e pela língua é que se tornou pertinente lançar um olhar, sob o enfoque da Análise de Discurso, de linha francesa, para se compreender o modo como o sujeito gramático concebe e como se dá o funcionamento da relação língua fluida/língua imaginária no objeto de análise, assim como esses elementos marcam as tomadas de posição sujeito, sustentadoras do dizer do gramático, em sua relação com a língua.
Biomassa em povoamentos de Eucalyptus spp. de pequenas propriedades rurais em Vera Cruz, RS
Authors: Schumacher Mauro Valdir , Witschoreck Rudi , Calil Francine Neves
Published: June 2015

O estudo foi realizado em povoamentos de Eucalyptus spp. de 2, 4, 6 e 8 anos de idade, no município de Vera Cruz, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A amostragem da biomassa de eucalipto consistiu no abate de 24 árvores, seis árvores por idade, distribuídas em três classes diamétricas. Também foram amostrados os compartimentos: sub-bosque e serapilheira. Foi estimada uma biomassa de 26,70; 44,55; 192,67 e 232,93 Mg ha-1 no eucalipto; 1,87; 1,97; 4,37 e 8,24 Mg ha-1 no sub-bosque e 4,05; 5,98; 11,80 e 12,28 Mg ha-1 na serapilheira, totalizando 32,62; 52,50; 208,84 e 253,45 Mg ha-1, respectivamente, no povoamento de 2, 4, 6 e 8 anos de idade. Com exceção da madeira do tronco todos os demais componentes das árvores de eucalipto apresentaram redução da biomassa relativa com o aumento da idade do povoamento.
Variações nos teores de carbono orgânico em função do desmatamento e revegetação natural do solo
Authors: Stürmer Sidinei Leandro Klöckner , Rossato Otavio Bagiotto , Copetti André Carlos Cruz , Santos Danilo Rheinheimer dos , Calegari Ademir , Brum Betania
Published: June 2015

A flutuação no conteúdo de matéria orgânica do solo é severamente afetada pelo uso e manejo do solo. Em solos física e quimicamente frágeis a destruição da vegetação nativa pode levar a diminuição drástica do estoque de carbono. No entanto, solos jovens que apresentam alta resiliência, quando manejados adequadamente, podem recuperar facilmente os valores originais de carbono. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar os teores de carbono orgânico de um Neossolo e um Chernossolo em decorrência de seu uso, em especial após o desmatamento e revegetação natural. Coletaram-se amostras de duas camadas (0-5 e 5-15 cm) em dois solos (Neossolo e Chernossolo) ocorrentes numa pequena bacia hidrográfica com relevo fortemente ondulado, com quatro condições de uso (mata nativa, lavoura nova, lavoura velha e revegetação com capoeira). Avaliaram-se a distribuição granulométrica, a densidade do solo e os teores de carbono orgânico. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística considerando um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, num esquema trifatorial (tipos de solos, tipos de usos e camadas amostradas). O estoque de carbono do solo diminuiu após o desmatamento para a inastalação de culturas anuais com baixa adição de resíduos e revolvimento intenso do solo. A revegetação natural das áreas degradadas pelo cultivo convencional recuperou rapidamente o estoque de carbono dos solos, mesmo permanecendo as impressões herdadas da erosão (menor teor de argila) e da aplicação de fertilizantes e corretivos (menor acidez potencial e maior disponibilidade de fósforo e potássio).
Caracterização da vegetação e espécies para recuperação de mata ciliar, Ijuí, RS
Authors: Avila Angela Luciana de , Araujo Maristela Machado , Longhi Solon Jonas , Gasparin Ezequiel
Published: June 2015

As matas ciliares constituem corredores ecológicos e possibilitam a preservação da biodiversidade e dos recursos hídricos. A manutenção dessas funções ecológicas, muitas vezes, necessita da recuperação ambiental desses ecossistemas. Dessa forma, este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a vegetação arbórea e identificar espécies para a recuperação em áreas de mata ciliar. O estudo foi realizado em dois fragmentos nas margens direita e esquerda do rio Ijuí, município de Ijuí, RS. A vegetação foi inventariada em dez faixas sistemáticas, com comprimento variando de 17 a 35 m, perpendiculares ao rio, com distância de 50 m entre si, as quais foram subdivididas em parcelas de 10 x 10 m, totalizando 21, onde foram identificados e medidos todos os indivíduos com circunferência a 1,3 m do solo (CAP) ≥ 15 cm. Os dados obtidos no inventário foram utilizados na caracterização florística e estrutural da vegetação, na análise de agrupamento (TWINSPAN) e serviram de base na indicação de espécies para recuperação. Nos dois fragmentos, foram identificadas 38 espécies distribuídas em vinte famílias botânicas. Os três agrupamentos formados caracterizaram diferentes estágios sucessionais. Para a recuperação ambiental de áreas perturbadas, com características ambientais semelhantes, sugere-se o uso de Ateleia glazioviana, Helietta apiculata, Dalbergia frutescens e Parapiptadenia rigida como facilitadoras da sucessão. O plantio de Eugenia uniflora e Prunus myrtifolia pode auxiliar na atração da fauna dispersora. As espécies Cupania vernalis e Pilocarpus pennatifolius podem ser utilizadas no enriquecimento de áreas em estágio mais avançado da sucessão florestal.
Macronutrientes na produção de mudas de canafístula em argissolo vermelho amarelo da região da zona da mata, MG
Authors: Cruz Cezar Augusto Fonseca e , Paiva Haroldo Nogueira de , Cunha Ana Catarina M. Carvalho Mori da , Neves Júlio César Lima
Published: June 2015

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de doses de macronutrientes sobre o crescimento e os índices de qualidade de mudas de canafístula e determinar a dose recomendada dos mesmos para estabelecer um adequado programa de adubação. No trabalho, conduzido em casa de vegetação, utilizou-se amostras de Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo, retirado da camada abaixo de 20 cm de profundidade, como substrato. Delimitou-se o experimento por meio de matriz baconiana, avaliando-se três doses dos seis macronutrientes (nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio e enxofre) e dois tratamentos adicionais, um com doses de referência e outro sem adição de nutrientes. Adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Foram analisados os parâmetros morfológicos e os índices de qualidade de mudas. Verificou-se, através de análise dos contrastes ortogonais, resposta significativa de todas as variáveis estudadas à aplicação dos macronutrientes, exceto para a relação altura diâmetro (H/D) nos tratamentos com P, Ca e S. Não foi verificada resposta à aplicação de Ca para a maioria das características avaliadas, com exceção das relações altura de parte aérea por peso de matéria seca de parte aérea (H/MSPA) e peso de matéria seca de parte aérea por peso de matéria seca de raiz (MSPA/MSR). Recomenda-se a aplicação de 600 mg dm-3 de P, 150 mg dm-3 de K, 0,50 cmolc dm-3 de Mg e 50 mg dm-3 de S, e sugerem-se novos estudos com os nutrientes N e Ca, para a produção de mudas de canafístula, usando a camada abaixo de 20 cm de profundidade de Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo como substrato.
Espécies predominantes na deposição de serapilheira em fragmento de Floresta Estacional Decidual no Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Schumacher Mauro Valdir , Trüby Peter , Marafiga Joseane Marian , Viera Márcio , Szymczak Denise Andréia
Published: June 2015

Objetivou-se avaliar a deposição total de serapilheira e das principais espécies encontradas na Floresta Estacional Decidual no município de Itaara, RS. Foram utilizados 30 coletores metálicos de formato circular alocados em seis parcelas. O material depositado foi coletado mensalmente entre janeiro de 2006 a dezembro de 2007. A serapilheira foi separada nas frações folhas, galhos finos (diâmetro < 0,5 cm) e miscelânea (flores, frutos, sementes e restos vegetais não identificáveis). Além disso, as folhas foram separadas de acordo com as espécies mais representativas da floresta e as demais foram classificadas como "outras". A deposição média anual de serapilheira foi de 5,85 Mg ha-1 ano-1, sendo composta por 63,2% de folhas, 19,6% de miscelânea e 17,1% de galhos finos. Parapiptadenia rigida, Ocotea pulchella e Matayba elaeagnoides, foram responsáveis por cerca de 30% da deposição total de serapilheira. A deposição de folhas da Lithraea molleoides, Cupania vernalis, Nectandra megapotamica e Matayba elaeagnoides aumentaram significativamente com o aumento da pluviosidade e a da Parapiptadenia rigida com a diminuição da temperatura do ar.
Caracterização do ataque de fungos apodrecedores de madeiras através da colorimetria e da espectroscopia de infravermelho
Authors: Costa Mírian de Almeida , Costa Alexandre Florian da , Pastore Tereza Cristina Monteiro , Braga Jez Willian Batista , Gonçalez Joaquim Carlos
Published: June 2015

Amostras de madeiras de marupá (Simarouba amara) e andiroba (Carapa guianenis) foram submetidas ao ataque dos fungos Trametes versicolor (podridão branca) e Gloeophylum trabeum (podridão parda). A colorimetria foi empregada para determinar as cores das madeiras antes e após o ataque dos fungos. Para acompanhar a variação do teor dos compostos químicos foi utilizada a técnica de espectroscopia de refletância difusa no infravermelho médio. Ambas as espécies foram consideradas não resistentes ao fungo de podridão branca. Para o fungo de podridão parda, a andiroba foi considerada resistente e o marupá não resistente. Ambas as espécies de madeira se apresentaram mais escuras após o ataque do fungo Gloeophyllum trabeum. Já o ataque do fungo Trametes versicolor causou clareamento na madeira da andiroba e escureceu ligeiramente o marupá. Os resultados da análise dos espectros de infravermelho mostraram que em ambas as espécies de madeira houve redução na intensidade das bandas de celulose, hemiceluloses e lignina após o ataque do Trametes versicolor, e redução somente na intensidade da banda de celulose após o ataque do Gloeophyllum trabeum.
Produção de serapilheira e retorno de macronutrientes em três grupos florísticos de uma Floresta Ombrófila Mista, RS
Authors: Longhi Régis Villanova , Longhi Solon Jonas , Chami Luciane Belmonte , Watzlawick Luciano Farinha , Ebling Angelo Augusto
Published: June 2015

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a produção de serapilheira e o retorno de macronutrientes em três grupos florísticos, ocorrentes na Floresta Ombrófila Mista, localizada na FLONA de São Francisco de Paula, RS. Para isso, utilizou-se três conglomerados permanentes de 1 ha (100 x 100m) cada, onde a vegetação foi previamente classificada, por análise de agrupamento, em três distintos grupos florísticos: GF1 - Floresta Secundária de Encosta; GF2 - Floresta Ombrófila Mista Típica; e GF3 - Floresta de Locais Úmidos. Para a coleta dos dados foram distribuídos, sistematicamente, 16 coletores de serapilheira de 1m² de área, por grupo florístico. O material, recolhido mensalmente durante um ano, foi separado nas seguintes frações: folhas de folhosas, grimpas, galhos, miscelânea e sementes. Para a análise química dos macronutrientes - nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P), potássio (K), cálcio (Ca), magnésio (Mg) e enxofre (S) - contidos na serapilheira depositada, foram considerados os grupos florísticos, as frações e as estações climáticas. A produção anual de serapilheira foi de 8.354,4 kg.ha-1, 7.927,5 kg.ha-1 e 7.017,8 kg.ha-1 nos grupos GF2, GF1 e GF3, respectivamente. Nos grupos GF1 e GF3, a primavera foi a estação que apresentou a maior deposição, seguida pelo verão, inverno e outono. O GF2 apresentou maior deposição no verão, seguido da primavera, outono e inverno. As frações folhas de folhosas e grimpas constituíram no principal componente, respondendo também pelo maior retorno de macronutrientes. O retorno total estimado de macronutrientes foi de 358,57 kg.ha-1.ano-1, 284,25 kg.ha-1.ano-1 e 256,80 kg.ha-1.ano-1 para os grupos GF2, GF3 e GF1, respectivamente. A ordem da transferência dos macronutrientes presentes na serapilheira depositada foi: N>Ca>K>Mg>S>P, para os grupos GF1 e GF2; e Ca>N>K>Mg>S>P, para o GF3.