bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paper industry slag for the production of building ceramics
Authors: Zalyhina Volha , Cheprasova Victoria , Romanovski Valentin
Published: June 2022

Background

Re‐use of wastes as a part of sustainable development is one of the most important aspects of a healthy human life and environmental protection. This study examines the viability of using paper industry slag for the production of building ceramics.

Results

Paper industry slag was used in the production of ceramic bricks as a burnable additive in amounts of 5, 10 and 15 wt%. The slag was introduced without and after three different preparatory operations: dried, dried and ground, granulated and dried. Clay was used as a raw material and quartz sand as a lean additive. The samples were made by plastic molding. Drying was carried out at a temperature of 100 °C. To determine the optimal heat treatment temperature, firing was carried out at 900, 950, 1000 and 1050 °C with holding at the maximum temperature for 30 min, followed by determination of the properties of the samples.

Conclusions

It has been established that the samples obtained using the slag have good physical and mechanical properties and comply with current standards. At the same time, the use of slag in the production of ceramic bricks makes it possible to solve the problem of waste management, as well as to obtain a secondary material resource from the slag – a burnable additive, which leads to savings in raw materials and energy resources in the production of ceramic bricks. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Characterization of variant reclassification and patient re‐contact in a cancer genetics clinic
Authors: Muir Sarah M. , Reagle Rachel
Published: June 2022

Expanded genetic testing guidelines for hereditary cancers, increased utilization of large multigene panels, and improved methods for reclassifying variants have led to a greater need to understand how variant reclassification and patient re‐contact are managed. This study aimed to describe the process of variant reclassification and subsequent patient re‐contact at a comprehensive cancer genetic counseling service in a large metropolitan medical center with several statewide satellite locations. A retrospective chart review was performed to identify reclassified variants between 1/1/1997 and 12/1/2020. In total, 8.4% (211/2503) of variants were reclassified over the 24‐year period, which includes multiple cases involving the same unique variant. Several variants underwent more than one reclassification, resulting in 232 total reclassifications among 194 individuals. Nearly all reclassifications were prompted by the laboratory (99.1%; 230/232) rather than the genetics clinic staff. Overall, 10.3% (24/232) of all reclassifications were upgrades, but only 9.1% (21/232) led to a change in management recommendations. The median time for variant reclassification was 1.7 years (interquartile range [IQR] = 0.8–3.2 years). There was no statistically significant difference in the time to reclassification for White patients (median = 1.6 years; IQR = 0.8–2.8 years) compared to non‐White patients (median = 2.0 years; IQR = 0.9–3.7 years; Mann–Whitney U = 4,764.0, p = 0.066). Patient re‐contact was attempted for 97.4% (226/232) of variants and was always performed by a genetic counselor, most often through a mailed letter (85.8%, 194/226). Specifically for reclassifications that led to a change in management recommendations, re‐contact was always attempted, most often through combined telephone and mailed letter (95.2%; 20/21). Overall, the median time from reclassification to attempted patient re‐contact was 13 days (range: 0–589 days). The characterization of this clinic's reclassification and re‐contact procedures can serve as an example for other genetics clinics trying to incorporate re‐contact into their workflow.
Moving from problems to solutions: A review of gender equality interventions at work using an ecological systems approach
Authors: Lau Vienne W. , Scott Veronica L. , Warren Meg A. , Bligh Michelle C.
Published: June 2022

Despite the mounting research on gender inequality in the workplace, progress toward gender parity in organizational practice has stalled. We suggest that one reason for the lack of progress is that empirical research has predominately focused on the antecedents and manifestations of gender inequality in the workplace, paying inadequate attention to the solutions that could potentially improve gender equality and women's experiences at work. Indeed, we report here that less than 5% of the relevant studies published in preeminent management, psychology, and diversity journals since the turn of the century identify practical interventions for solving gender inequality in organizations. To advance gender equality at work, we argue that a paradigm shift from problems to solutions is critical and urgent. Using ecological systems theory as our guiding framework, we present an integrative review of gender equality interventions spanning across the management, psychology, and feminist literature over the past two decades at the ontogenic system, interpersonal microsystem, and organizational microsystem levels of analysis. We subsequently provide an overview of domains not currently addressed in extant research (mesosystems, macrosystems, and chronosystems) and identify future research directions to spur progress toward workplace gender equality.
PPNet: A more effective method of precipitation prediction
Authors: Xun Lina , Yao Qiuyan , Ji Fuxin , Li Teng , Zhang Jun , Miao Kaichao , Yan Qing
Published: June 2022

Precipitation nowcasting plays an important role in the early warning of disasters and many other aspects of people's lives. In this study, we address the problem of radar reflectivity image extrapolation, which has great significance for precipitation near‐range forecasting. In recent years, the related achievements of nowcasting indicate that deep learning‐based methods have been far ahead of traditional ones. However, most deep learning methods focus on spatial appearance but cannot characterize the motion information well. To solve this complex problem, in addition to completing pixel‐level predictions by McNet, we introduce FlowNet and optical flow loss into generative adversarial networks (GAN) to express motion information more effectively. The reflectance image changes significantly due to complex meteorological conditions. Only by adding motion features can the law of change be determined. Thus, we can retain more details in the image. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time FlowNet has been combined with GAN to fulfil the task of precipitation prediction. Extensive experiments on the dataset provided by the Shenzhen Meteorological Bureau demonstrate that our network performs favourably against other state‐of‐the‐art methods, which presents great guiding significance for precipitation nowcasting and possesses broad application prospects.
Improving in situ acoustic intensity estimates using MR acoustic radiation force imaging in combination with multifrequency MR elastography
Authors: Li Ningrui , Gaur Pooja , Quah Kristin , Butts Pauly Kim
Published: June 2022

Purpose

Magnetic resonance acoustic radiation force imaging (MR‐ARFI) enables focal spot localization during nonablative transcranial ultrasound therapies. As the acoustic radiation force is proportional to the applied acoustic intensity, measured MR‐ARFI displacements could potentially be used to estimate the acoustic intensity at the target. However, variable brain stiffness is an obstacle. The goal of this study was to develop and assess a method to accurately estimate the acoustic intensity at the focus using MR‐ARFI displacements in combination with viscoelastic properties obtained with multifrequency MR elastography (MRE).

Methods

Phantoms with a range of viscoelastic properties were fabricated, and MR‐ARFI displacements were acquired within each phantom using multiple acoustic intensities. Voigt model parameters were estimated for each phantom based on storage and loss moduli measured using multifrequency MRE, and these were used to predict the relationship between acoustic intensity and measured displacement.

Results

Using assumed viscoelastic properties, MR‐ARFI displacements alone could not accurately estimate acoustic intensity across phantoms. For example, acoustic intensities were underestimated in phantoms stiffer than the assumed stiffness and overestimated in phantoms softer than the assumed stiffness. This error was greatly reduced using individualized viscoelasticity measurements obtained from MRE.

Conclusion

We demonstrated that viscoelasticity information from MRE could be used in combination with MR‐ARFI displacements to obtain more accurate estimates of acoustic intensity. Additionally, Voigt model viscosity parameters were found to be predictive of the relaxation rate of each phantom's time‐varying displacement response, which could be used to optimize patient‐specific MR‐ARFI pulse sequences.
Fabrication and characterization study of ultrathin multi‐walled carbon nanotubes/polydimethylsiloxane composite membranes for strain sensing application
Authors: Li Yuyao , Liu Xinyue , Liu Jie , Xiang Shan
Published: June 2022

Conductive polymer composite membranes such as multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes are important for flexible strain sensors. However, ultra‐thin MWCNTs/PDMS films (<20 μm) have rarely been studied, mainly due to inherent difficulties in fabricating processes such as the peeling and transferring. In this work, the filtration‐from‐suspension (FFS) method was used to fabricate ultra‐thin layer of MWCNTs (buckypapers, BPs). Subsequently, spin‐coating PDMS on the BPs was carried out, and the penetration of PDMS into BPs was promoted under vacuum conditions to obtain the MWCNTs/PDMS composite films. The elastic nature of PDMS assisted in peeling the composite films off the filter papers. Compared with the other methods, the fabrication method of MWCNTs/PDMS membranes in this paper is more time‐efficient and reliable. A comprehensive study on the fabricated MWCNTs/PDMS membranes with different compositions was carried to understand the mechanical and electrical performance under static and cyclic loading conditions. The obtained stress–strain and resistance‐strain curves show that the modulus of the MWCNTs/PDMS membrane can be significantly increased over 8–10 times compared with pure PDMS membranes. The near exponential relationship between the resistance change versus the strain implies the MWCNTs/PDMS membranes are suitable for strain sensors. Moreover, we find there is a stability transition point in thickness at which the MWCNTs/PDMS composite membrane exhibits the best overall integrated performance. At this point, the changes before and after cyclic loading/unloading on composite membranes is almost negligible, implying the good reliability of the sensing membranes. This study has demonstrated the feasibility of fabricating ultrathin MWCNTs/PDMS membranes for wearable sensors.
Quantum chemical investigation of the 1‐methyl‐ and 1‐neopentyl‐2‐methoxydiazene‐1‐oxides thermal decomposition mechanisms
Authors: Krisyuk Boris E. , Sypko Timofey M. , Zyuzin Igor N.
Published: June 2022

The thermolysis mechanism of two members of the 2‐alkoxydiazene‐1‐oxide class of compounds – 1‐methyl‐2‐methoxydiazene‐1‐oxide (1) and 2‐methoxy‐1‐neopentyldiazene‐1‐oxide (2) was studied by quantum chemical methods. Calculations were performed using coupled clusters method at the CCSD and CCSD(T) level using the aug‐cc‐pVDZ and aug‐cc‐pVTZ basis sets. It was shown that the mechanism of thermal decomposition of compounds 1 and 2 is similar and occurs via two competing channels – via homolytic N‐OCH3 bond cleavage and via intramolecular nucleophilic substitution at the methoxyl carbon atom. The calculated values of the activation enthalpies for both compounds are close (ΔНа‡ is in the range of 200–210 kJ/mol) and practically coincide with the experimental activation energies obtained earlier. The main thermolysis products predicted theoretically correspond to the thermal decomposition products of compounds 1 and 2 that have been observed experimentally.
Assessing Magnoliaceae through time: Major global efforts to track extinction risk status and ex situ conservation
Authors: Linsky Jean , Coffey Emily E. D. , Beech Emily , Rivers Malin , Cicuzza Daniele , Oldfield Sara , Crowley Dan
Published: June 2022

Societal Impact Statement

Comprehensive Red List assessments act as valuable resources for informing protected area designations, national protected species legislation and action strategies, and international biodiversity agreements, yet they are lacking for many plant families. Magnoliaceae is one of the most comprehensively assessed families, as coordinated efforts have taken place since 2007 to assess all species in the family. Due to the many efforts to assess these species, comparisons of the assessments and ex situ data over time and an investigation of the most recent (2021) information are essential to guiding the development of national, regional, and global conservation strategies for Magnoliaceae species in a time of increased global collaboration between conservation organizations.
Estimators for handling COVID‐19‐related intercurrent events with a hypothetical strategy
Authors: Lasch Florian , Guizzaro Lorenzo
Published: June 2022

The COVID‐19 pandemic has affected clinical trials across disease areas, raising the questions how interpretable results can be obtained from impacted studies. Applying the estimands framework, analyses may seek to estimate the treatment effect in the hypothetical absence of such impact. However, no established estimators exist. This simulation study, based on an ongoing clinical trial in patients with Tourette syndrome, compares the performance of candidate estimators for estimands including either a continuous or binary variable and applying a hypothetical strategy for COVID‐19‐related intercurrent events (IE). The performance is investigated in a wide range of scenarios, under the null and the alternative hypotheses, including different modeling assumptions for the effect of the IE and proportions of affected patients ranging from 10% to 80%. Bias and type I error inflation were minimal or absent for most estimators under most scenarios, with only multiple imputation‐ and weighting‐based methods displaying a type I error inflation in some scenarios. Of more concern, all methods that discarded post‐IE data displayed a sharp decrease of power proportional to the proportion of affected patients, corresponding to both a reduced precision of estimation and larger confidence intervals. The simulation study shows that de‐mediation via g‐estimation is a promising approach. Besides showing the best performance in our simulation study, these approaches allow to estimate the effect of the IE on the outcome and cross‐compare between different studies affected by similar IEs. Importantly, the results can be extrapolated to IEs not related to COVID‐19 that follow a similar causal structure.
The flood control heritage of the Yongding River in the late Qing Dynasty surrounding the Marco Polo Bridge section, 1890–1899
Authors: Shi Yihong , Zhang Jianwei
Published: June 2022

This research comprehensively examined multiple sources of historical records and the built heritages of flood control construction along the Yongding River surrounding the Marco Polo Bridge section from 1890 to 1899, including stone levees, brick levees, cement dams, distributary channels, steel bridges, and temples dedicated to flood control. We mapped all these construction heritage features by time and geographical location according to historical documents to reveal the cause and intention behind each site. The following new insights were gained. First, the human–river relationship transitioned from utilization to resistance throughout the history of the Yongding River. Second, the philosophy of flood control represented a balance between symptom suppression and condition treatment at the peak of water management in imperial China. Third, the cultural and religious attitudes of humans in regard to flood control gradually shifted from a belief in the supernatural to faith in the ability of humans. Finally, modern technology, materials, and technicians were gradually imported, and water construction was implemented during the late Qing Dynasty, indicating modernization of the human–river relationship.
Calibration set optimization and library transfer for soil carbon estimation using soil spectroscopy—A review
Authors: Dorantes Minerva J. , Fuentes Bryan A. , Miller David M.
Published: June 2022

Resource‐efficient techniques for accurate soil property estimation are necessary to satisfy the increasing demand for soil data to support environmental monitoring, precision agriculture, and spatial modeling. Over the last 30 yr, infrared soil spectroscopy has developed into a rapid, robust, and cost‐effective technique for soil carbon analysis. Ongoing global efforts to make soil spectroscopy operational require the development of soil spectral libraries, which are the main source of data for the construction of calibration models. Understanding calibration optimization is important to ensure the efficient use of soil spectral libraries for the accurate estimation of soil carbon. Moreover, spectral library transfer can benefit new data collection, soil monitoring, and modeling efforts. This review presents techniques for optimization of calibration models and library transfer. Selection of calibration set size and subsetting are presented as current calibration optimization techniques. Moreover, spiking is discussed as an effective technique for spectral library transfer. Overall, studies have suggested that an increase in calibration size improves model performance and this continues until an optimal size is reached. Additionally, subsetting can improve model performance if the resulting subsets reduce the variability of spectrally active components. Studies have also suggested that spiking is effective when used in conjunction with subsetting techniques. These findings denote the current applicability and potential of optimization and library transfer techniques for the accurate estimation of soil carbon with soil spectroscopy. Future efforts should focus on refining optimization techniques to further expand the operability of soil spectroscopy for soil carbon estimation.
7‐3: OLED Camera‐Under Panels with Improved Imaging Quality
Authors: Wang Lei , Ma Yangzhao , Dai Hao , Wu Fengyun , Kim Minhong , Qin Feng , Peng DZ
Published: June 2022

In this paper, we report the novel design and fabrication of OLED (organic light‐emitting diode) Camera‐under panels (CUP) with improved transmittance and imaging quality. We utilized TFT (thin film transistor)‐outside structure and patterned cathode in the CUP region. The diffraction simulation, transmittance test, Point spreading function (PSF) test, and scene photos proved the efficiency of our solution. Remarkable enhancement of imaging performance, which was identical to that of a normal AA‐hole OLED panel, was achieved. The results confirm the effectiveness of our CUP design strategy and also the potential of our design to be commercially used in the industry.
7‐5: Synthetic Dataset for Improving UDC Video Restoration Network Performance
Authors: Yoo Jewon , Cho Jaebum , Kim Daewook , Choi Sujin , Lee Dhohun , Hwang Hyun-joo , Cho Hyunguk , Baek Seungin , Kim Yongjo
Published: June 2022

Under‐display camera (UDC) is a new form factor that implements a full‐screen display by locating the camera under the display panel. UDC suffer from image degradation and flare due to the panel in front of the camera. In particular, flare cannot be restored by conventional image processing due to the saturated pixels. Therefore, deep learning network that can restore these degradations is proposed. The network is trained by synthetic dataset generated by accurate optical simulation. However, the deep learning networks might not be suitable for video calls that require real‐time image processing due to their large amount of computation. The guided filter methodology is adapted to the network to reduce the amount of computation. Total amount of calculation is reduce by 90% and achieved 30 FPS at the FHD (1920×1080×3) resolution. In this paper, the method to generate realistic synthetic dataset that can solve the problems occurred during video restoration.
11‐2: Student Paper: High Brightness and Ultra‐High PPI Field‐Sequential‐Color (FSC) Display Based on Deformed Helix Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal for VR/AR
Authors: SUN Zhibo , WANG Sisi , YUAN Zhengnan , XIA Zhihe , LU Lei , WONG Man , KWOK Hoi-Sing , SRIVASTAVA Abhishek Kumar
Published: June 2022

Different display‐based technologies like LCD, OLED and LED, all meet barriers in increasing brightness and pixel density. In this paper, a defect‐free high‐contrast fast (~100 μs) active‐matrix addressed DHFLC is proposed with a theoretical 11500 PPI due to its nature of no fringe field effect (FFE) and high capacitance, shedding a light on the barriers. For the realization, the no‐storage‐capacitor AM‐DHFLC display device is fabricated as a preliminary demo with both optimizations in the DHFLC alignment and pixel design. Innovatively, the no‐storage‐capacitor characteristic, which is impossible for NLC, not only rockets efficiency and aperture ratio from 57 % to 83 % with high brightness, but also reveals the potential in reducing the pixel size for higher resolution. Moreover, a fast response around 100 μs at 360 Hz for FSC display and no‐FFE strengthens the promising potential of DHFLC in various modern display technologies, be it VR/AR, high PPI display, microdisplay, and high‐resolution hologram.
13‐2: Modification of ZnMgO NPs for Improving Device Performance of All‐Inkjet‐Printed Quantum‐Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Lee Juyon , Kim Sehun , Ha Jaekook , Yoon Yoegeon , Lee Changhee
Published: June 2022

We demonstrated a new positive aging methods of QLEDs devices that can apply in large size inkjet printing display. Conventional positive aging method using photo‐curable resin remains unclear mechanism of the phenomenon and also there are many limitations to apply large size panels in commercial process. Through the photo acid generator (PAG) in ETL Ink, we achieved 90% of the efficiency of the conventional method and up to 1000h life time stability (T80). This techniques could be applied to next generation of QLEDs panels and also can prove the working mechanism of positive aging in QLED related to modification of ZnMgO NPs.
17‐1: Self‐Capacitive Touch Sensor Design for OLED On‐Cell Touch
Authors: Tang Yu-Ying , Lai Chih-Chung , Lin Ching-Chun
Published: June 2022

In this work, we propose a self‐capacitive touch sensor for OLED On‐Cell touch. Using self‐capacitive On‐Cell touch sensor, we improve the touch performance including thin cover thickness and large touch area in LGM (Low Ground Mode), miss‐touch issue with multi‐fingers operation and water proof (touch with wet fingers) in traditional mutual‐capacitive OLED On‐Cell touch device. We also reduce the Cs loading of self‐capacitive pattern design in OLED On‐Cell touch structure to get better signal by ratio Δ Cs/Cs. In order to integrate self‐capacitive touch IC and OLED driver IC, we propose a creative OLED TDDI (Touch and Display Driver Integration), which is called NT38770.
18‐2: Assessment of Image Quality in Augmented Reality Displays Using a Computational Model of Target Detectability
Authors: Zhao Chumin , Beams Ryan , Johnson Matthew , Badano Aldo
Published: June 2022

We characterized augmented reality (AR) displays and developed a computational task‐based model to evaluate their image quality. The model enables fast assessment of image quality and evaluation of tradeoffs between display configurations such as display luminance response, uniformity, resolution, and noise. This work supports the development and optimization of AR displays without extensive measurements or resource‐intensive perception studies.
21‐1: Invited Paper: Polarized Emission Thin‐Film Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Dong Qi , Zhu Liping , Yin Shichen , So Franky
Published: June 2022

Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) with controlled light emission have many photonic applications. In this paper, using OLEDs for demonstrations and different photonic structures, we demonstrated highly polarized light emission from an OLED. The highly selective diffraction of only the TE waveguide mode is possible by selectively diffracting the TE waveguide mode while suppressing other optical modes. Similar devices are made with perovskites to achieve a current efficiency of 56 cd/A.
23‐3: Distinguished Paper: Utilizing Advanced Spatio‐Temporal Backgrounds with Dynamic Test Signals for HDR Display Metrology
Authors: Kunkel Timo , Friedrich Florian
Published: June 2022

Test targets are indispensable for display metrology and in combination with a light measurement device, they can be used to assess a display's performance. Simple synthetic patterns with static backgrounds are currently the target of choice. However, modern display devices have significantly increased in complexity. With that, using static test sequences is likely not painting the full picture of a display's performance, especially as spatial and temporal complexity can only be addressed rudimentarily. In this paper, we discuss novel assessment approaches using dynamic test targets with spatio‐temporal backgrounds, and how they can be compiled in meaningful test sequences e.g. for automated measurements.
37‐1: Invited Paper: Advances in Neural Holographic Displays for Virtual and Augmented Reality
Authors: Gopakumar Manu , Peng Yifan , Choi Suyeon , Kim Jonghyun , Wetzstein Gordon
Published: June 2022

Holographic near‐eye displays promise unprecedented capabilities for virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) systems; they can accurately reproduce focus cues, improve power efficiency, and correct for optical aberrations. However, the image quality achieved by traditional holographic displays is limited, and algorithms for computer‐generated holography (CGH) are slow. In this paper, we review emerging artificial intelligence‐enabled holographic near‐eye displays that promise to solve these long‐standing challenges.
37‐2: Invited Paper: Enabling Augmented‐Reality Near‐Eye and Head‐Up Displays with Neural Holography
Authors: Choi Suyeon , Peng Yifan (Evan) , Gopakumar Manu , Kim Jonghyun , Wetzstein Gordon
Published: June 2022

Holography promises unprecedented capabilities for augmented reality (AR) display systems, but the current achievable image quality is quite limited. We leverage Neural Holography, a family of artificial intelligence‐driven computer‐generated holography (CGH) techniques, to enable two holographic see‐through AR displays: a lightguide coupled near‐eye display (NED) and a partial reflective head‐up display (HUD). Experimental results demonstrate the promise of enabling next‐generation AR 3D holographic displays.
41‐3: Invited Paper: High Resolution Stretchable Micro‐LED Displays
Authors: Wang Cheng-Liang , Ho Shu-Te , Wang Wen-Ting , Chen Chia-Kai , Yang Ching-Fei , Jiang Cheng-Wei , Wu Chih-Hung , Su Wei-Jen , Chi Hong-Sian , Lin Shin-Ru , Hung Wei-Lun , Tsai Yi-Wei , Wu Chang-Chan , Shih Ching-Yao , Lan Yung-Hsiang , Lin Shih-Liang , Ho Yi-Da , Ou Yi-Fu , Yu Chih-Yu , Lee Wen-Hui , Lai Yen-Huei , Lin Hong-Shen , Wang Wan-Tsang , Lin Yu-Chieh
Published: June 2022

The RGB micro‐LED display has been demonstrated to withstand mechanical strain during out‐of‐plane periodically deformation. In this work, the high pixel density (>139‐PPI) and high strain tolerance of circuits were achieved by utilizing the novel design of the island‐bridge structure under the compact pixel arrangement. Light absorbent was adopted into a stretchable display to reduce ambient back light and ambient reflection for the dark mode of a panel
43‐2: Low Efficiency Attenuation and Stable Monochromaticity for Non‐Polar m‐Plane Micro‐Ligh‐Emitting‐Diodes (Micro‐LEDs)
Authors: Liu Yibo , Feng Feng , Zhang Ke , Chan Ka-Wah , Liu Zhaojun , Kwok Hoi Sing
Published: June 2022

In this paper, the gallium nitride (GaN) free‐standing non‐polar m‐plane micro‐LEDs and polar c‐plane micro‐LEDs on patterned sapphire substrate with a 550‐nm emission light were fabricated and characterized. Compared with c‐plane micro‐LEDs suffering from strong quantum confined stark effect (QCSE), the absence of polarization effect in m‐plane devices contributed to a lower efficiency attenuation and narrower peak and color shift with elevating current density. Specifically, the peak wavelength shift for c‐plane and m‐plane micro‐LEDs was 11.81 nm and 8.12 nm respectively from 1 to 500 A/cm2, and the efficiency droop ratio was 50.2% for c‐plane and 27.2% for mplane devices from 0.1 to 300 A/cm2. Importantly, our m‐plane micro‐LEDs achieved a stable monochromaticity and wider color gamut under different injection current density (97.9% and 98.2% of Rec. 2020 at 1 and 500 A/cm2).
49‐2: Student Paper: Holographic Near‐Eye Display with Expanded Eyebox based on Exit Pupil Scanning
Authors: Xia Xinxing , Wang Weisen , Guan Yunqing , Yang Furong , Shui Xinghua , Zheng Huadong , Yang Banghua , Yu Yingjie
Published: June 2022

We propose a holographic near‐eye display with continuous expanded eyebox based on exit pupil scanning. In our design, a 2D steering mirror is utilized to generate beam with different incident angles for phase spatial light modulator (SLM) to steer exit pupil in both horizontal and vertical directions and thus expand the eyebox of holographic near‐eye display. The implemented bench‐top holographic near‐eye display system successfully expands the eyebox to 8mmx8mm.
49‐5: Fast‐Response Pancharatnam‐Berry Phase LC Lens for AR Display
Authors: Liu Shuxin , Li Yan , Su Yikai
Published: June 2022

In this paper, we fabricated a fast‐response Pancharatnam‐Berry Phase (PB) liquid crystal (LC) lens using single‐exposure photoalignment method. The response time of the LC lens is about 1 ms. We propose an optical see‐through AR system by utilizing polymer stabilized LC lens. The system provides the depth information accurately and solves the accommodation‐vergence conflict problem.
50‐1: Invited Paper: Designs and Manufacturing Processes for microLED Displays in Handsets, Smartwatches, and Personal Computers.
Authors: Meitl M. A. , Ozbas M. , Knausz I. , Fox S. , Pearson A. , Jain N. , Radauscher E. , Bonafede S. , Meyer C. , Verreen C. , Lynch J. , Keller B. , Prevatte C. , Bower C. A.
Published: June 2022

Industry‐wide efforts to develop microLED technology for displays brought focused attention to the importance of mass transfer micro‐assembly. Processes that are compatible with high‐volume manufacturing that can rapidly manipulate millions of discrete micron‐scale semiconductor objects per product unit are a new technological capability and required for making microLED displays accessible to mainstream consumer applications. As those assembly processes become mature, new attention shifts to the microLED devices themselves and to electronic driving schemes to operate them. Furthermore, mature mass transfer processes make possible new semiconductor constituents to the backplane, including singlecrystal devices with levels of integration density that are not natively available to display panel manufacturing. This confluence of new requirements and new possibilities sets a stage for far‐reaching innovation in consumer displays. This paper describes designs for microLED displays that use micron‐scale full color emitter packages and micron‐scale driver elements (microICs) that control clusters of pixels. A combination of mass transfer and conventional backplane fabrication processes is suitable for making displays of these designs, and the resulting products will support more than 300‐400 pixels per inch with advantageous power consumption characteristics.
50‐4: Invited Paper: Development of MicroLED Display Technology and Applications
Authors: Liu Ying-Tsang (Falcon) , Li Yun-Li
Published: June 2022

MicroLED display is an emerging technology with high brightness, high contrast ratio, and wide color gamut. This technology can be used for all current display applications and new scenarios, such as transparent, seamless tiling, and AR glasses for metaverse. Based on our proprietary PixeLED display, SMAR·Tech, PixeLED Matrix, and μ‐PixeLED technologies, we could utilize different process for each application with MicroLED displays.
51‐4: Design, Measurements, and Evaluation of Exterior Displays for Autonomous Cars
Authors: Nowak Nadine , Blankenbach Karlheinz
Published: June 2022

Autonomous cars should communicate with other road users such as pedestrians by exterior displays. This raises traffic safety. We build a full‐scale movable battery‐powered mock‐up with RGB LEDs matrix and e‐spaper displays. Measurements and evaluations with subjects were performed. A 35” RGB LED display (128 × 64, 6 mm pixel pitch) and animated icons showed best results.
52‐1: Invited Paper: Technical Progress of OLED Displays for Premium TVs
Authors: Shin Hong-Jae , Choi Soo-Hong , Hong Seong-Hwan , Lee Chang-Hoon , Oh Du-Hwan , Bae Sung-Joon , Kim Tae-Shick , Song Hong-Sung , Kim Han-Seop , Oh Chang-Ho
Published: June 2022

In this paper, we present novel OLED display technologies with distinctive image quality and design for premium TV using an advanced coplanar IGZO TFT backplane, meta‐lit lens array (MLA) based OLED which increase out‐coupling efficiency, N‐line shared gate driver in panel (GIP), and one scan compensation technology. Using these technologies, we improved the luminance efficiency about 20 %, reduced the size of the panel bezel by 34 %, and have successfully developed world's largest 8K OLED TVs.
52‐4: Novel Polarizer‐Free OLED Structure with High Optical Gain
Authors: Hong Jongbeom , Kim Gunshik , Im Choongyoul , Yoo Youngjun , Han Younho , Baek Seungin , Kim Yongjo
Published: June 2022

With the recent increase in OLED usage, the size and shape of devices are diversifying. In addition, portability is becoming more important along with product performance and improvement. In order to enhance portability, it is necessary to improve battery performance and increase the time available without charging. To this end, it is required to reduce display power consumption, and various methods and structures for reducing power consumption by improving the efficiency of many OLED products have been proposed.

Most OLED displays have a polarizer film applied to secure black viewing in the off‐state. However, this reflectance‐reducing film has a transmittance 50% or less, thus the light extraction efficiency is very bad.

This paper introduces a simulation‐based design methodology of a new display that is devoid of polarizer film. It required the task of obtaining high outdoor contrast by reducing reflectance of external light with improved light efficiency. By separating the panel structure and optimizing optical filters and OLED devices, reflection reduction, efficiency improvement, and viewing angle characteristics were secured at the same time.

The simulation‐based optical design methodology is an important technology that can simultaneously optimize the optical characteristics of new type of display, and is expected to be applied to various product developments in the future.
55‐3: Development of Low‐Temperature Metal Dry‐Etching Equipment via ECR Plasma Source
Authors: Kim Chiwoo , Jung Jae Hoon , Jang Jin Nyoung , Lee Jong Hwa , Jung Kiro , Yoon Ho-Won , Lee Sangheon , Kim Donghoon , Hong Mun-Pyo , Kim Sang-Gab , Jang Soo Ouk
Published: June 2022

This paper presents the dry etching performance and expectation of highly conductive thin metal films that are hardly etched at low temperature with conventional plasma dry etching equipment. Dry etching is performed using a combination of H2 and HCl gases in a reactive ion etching system with low temperature susceptor and electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma source. We could achieve high electron temperature enough to dissociate and ionize H and Cl radicals from H2 and HCl molecules.
56‐3: New Ultra Low‐Power High Brightness Microdisplays Enabling Broad Applications
Authors: Wartenberg Philipp , Fritscher Andreas , Brenner Stephan , Richter Bernd , Lenk Simone , Rolle Martin , Baumgarten Judith , Fehse Karsten , Schmidt Christian , Vogel Uwe
Published: June 2022

This paper reports on the latest development on ultra low‐power microdisplays. Initially this architecture has been presented in a monochrome version in [4]. Due to the demand of extended applications beyond pure information displays towards situation aware notifications a new colored version has been developed with the main achievement of cutting down the pixel size by more than a factor of two to enable color sub‐pixels. Furthermore special attention was paid on very high brightness to also enable implementation in situation‐aware augmented reality optics.
61‐2: Invited Paper: ShyTech Displays High resolution Displays Hidden Behind Decorative Surfaces
Authors: Baethis Juergen , Hohmann Kai
Published: June 2022

ShyTech is the new automotive interior smart home living‐style oriented design direction. It is a consistent alternative approach to giant display consoles. Key intention is to reduce a potential information overload by providing content only when and where necessary (on‐demand principle). This paper introduces design opportunities, use cases, challenges and technical solutions for premium image quality, natural‐looking and genuine‐feeling surface textures, daylight readability and postcard effect avoidance.
64‐5: GCB (Glass Circuit Board) for MiniLED Backlight of LCD
Authors: Lee Young-suk , Kim Joon-soo , Moon Byung-doo , Nakamura Toru , Moon Hyung-soo
Published: June 2022

MiniLED backlight can enable better picture quality and slimmer form factor of LCD. However, incumbent organic substrate for miniLED circuit board does not meet the new requirements of miniLED backlight as the number of dimming zones increases and LED size becomes smaller. GCB allows for higher dimensional stability and lower warpage as opposed to organic substrates. This in turn can not only improve LED transfer yield and reliability but also provide more design options to display makers for smaller LED sizes, larger board sizes, and more efficient thermal management. For large‐size monolithic GCB bigger than conventional PCB substrate sizes, Corning Inc. developed thick (> 4um) Cu metallization capability on glass substrate with low warpage (< 150um) at Gen5 scale. With the Gen5 metallized glass substrates (Corning EAGLE XG®), we also demonstrated 32” GCB with multi‐layer circuit pattens.
65‐2: A Light and Fast Branched Neural Network using Perceptual Optimization for High‐Quality Visual Restoration of UDC images
Authors: Koh Jaihyun , Lee Jangho , Kim Junghoon , Yoo Youngwook , You Bonghyun , Yoon Sungroh
Published: June 2022

We propose a light and fast method to restore degraded images captured from under‐display cameras (UDCs) by modifying a branched deep neural network (BNUDC). The existing BNUDC is trained to minimize the per‐pixel difference of intensity between a ground truth and a restored image using L1 or L2 loss, and it has a large number of learnable parameters for achieving state‐of‐theart performance in terms of numerical distances such as PSNR and SSIM. Commercializing a deep‐learning‐based image restoration requires high perceptual image quality and real‐time inference speed. To this end, we downscale the original BNUDC to restore a 2k resolution image within 44ms which is the frame time for a 24Hz video, and train our network to reconstruct perceptually‐pleasing images using ‘perceptual optimization’. Our model has less than 1M learnable parameters, its inference time is less than 40ms, and it outperforms the original network in terms of perceptual image quality.
68‐1: Evaluation for Reaction Time of Gaming Displays
Authors: Jin Yan , Yoo Seungwon , Kim Jaehong , Lee Hee Eun , Jang Junwoo , Seo Woongjin , Yoo Jang Jin , Lee Don Gyou
Published: June 2022

Display technology plays a significant role in gaming and two different types of display panel technologies available are OLED and LCD when choosing a gaming monitor. In general, interest in physical specifications such as refresh rate, contrast ratio, response time and input lag in gaming displays is high. In this article, we studied the reaction time between two different gaming displays with respect to different response time, contrast ratio and refresh rate. Response time and contrast ratio turned out to be the key factors influencing the reaction time which were both advantageous for OLED. In case of gaming monitors, contrast ratio acts as the major factor in reaction time, and in case of TV displays, response time acts as a major factor in reaction time.
70‐3: Invited Paper: High‐Resolution Light‐Field VR LCD
Authors: Wu Yung-Hsun , Chang Chuan-Chung , Tsou Yu-Shih , Lo Yi-Chien , Tsai Chia-Hao , Lu Chih-hung , Yang Chiu-Lien , Chuang Fu-Ming
Published: June 2022

An optimized Light Field (LF) VR display with ultra‐high pixel density LCD (3.1 inch 1411 PPI) is presented. Field of view (FOV) and the experience of immersion are improved by adopting the 3%3% resolution display panel. Functions of vision correction (glasses free), reduced Vergence‐Accommodation‐Conflict (VAC) and enlarged eye box with eye tracking are also realized.
P‐9: Student Poster: Two‐Mode PWM Driven Micro‐LED Displays with Dual‐Gate Metal‐Oxide TFTs
Authors: Fu Jia , Liao Congwei , Qiu Hezi , Jin Shuang , Yao Jiangbo , Zeng Limei , Zhang Xin , Zhang Shengdong
Published: June 2022

A two‐mode pulse width modulation (PWM) pixel circuit is proposed for Micro‐LED display. The proposed driving method divides the consecutive 8 sub‐frames (256 gray levels) into low‐bit and high‐bit subframes, which are respectively driven by simultaneous emission (SE) and progressive emission (PE) modes. Compared with the traditional PWM driving scheme, the proposed one shows an increased effective luminous time ratio by 40% for a frame rate of 120Hz, which benefits higher power conversion efficiency. There are only 5 dual‐gate metal‐oxide transistors for the pixel circuit, while a source‐follower structure is adopted to extract the threshold‐voltage shift(ΔVth). Simulation results demonstrate that the current error rates can be reduced to 2% with ΔVth of ± 1 V for various grayscales.
P‐10: Emit Signals Reused Gate Driver Design for Ultra‐Narrow‐Bezel Micro‐LED Display Based on Metal‐Oxide TFTs
Authors: Zheng Xin , Liao Congwei , Jin Shuang , Yao Jiangbo , Zeng Limei , Zhang Xin , Zhang Shengdong
Published: June 2022

A compact integrated gate driver using metal‐oxide TFTs is proposed for Micro‐LED display. The positive pulse generation module (i.e. Scan driver) and negative modules (i.e. Emit driver) are located at different side of the Micro‐LED display, respectively. While Emit signals are re‐used for low‐level‐maintaining of the Scan module, the gate driver design can be much simplified and area occupation of the single gate driver can be reduced to 90 μm(length)× 245 μm(height), while the length of conventional designs exceeds 1000 μm. The simulation results of cascaded gate driver show that the rising time and falling time of the circuit are reduced to 1.3 μs and 2.1 μs, respectively, with the gate loading of 1.5 kΩ and 150 pF.
P‐15: Student Poster: Charge Trap‐Based Synaptic Transistor Employing In‐Ga‐Zn‐O as Channel and Trap Layers for Bio‐Inspired Neuromorphic Computing
Authors: Park Junhyeong , Jang Yuseong , Lee Jinkyu , Lee Soo-Yeon
Published: June 2022

In this paper, indium‐gallium‐zinc‐oxide (IGZO) based charge trap synaptic transistors with Al2O3/IGZO/Al2O3 gate dielectric stacks were proposed. It was found that the annealing effect of the IGZO charge trap layer is one of the key parameters for an excellent memory window and program/erase operations without light stimuli. Synaptic behaviors such as excitatory post‐synaptic current (EPSC), inhibitory post‐synaptic current (IPSC), long‐term potentiation (LTP), and long‐term depression (LTD) are success‐fully implemented.
P‐141: Student Poster: Modulation of Subthreshold Current in In‐Ga‐Zn‐O Thin‐film Transistor for OLED Display using Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing
Authors: Jung Sujin , Lee I Sak , Kim Won-Gi , Park Kyungho , An Jong Bin , Kim Gwan In , Kim Hyun Jae
Published: June 2022

Here, we suggest simple method for multi value slope In‐Ga‐Zn O (IGZO) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) using electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing. To induce multi value slope, parasitic channel was intentionally formed on top of IGZO main channel using EHD jet printing. By precisely controlling parasitic channel regime with EHD jet printing, multi value slope could be realized without degradation in electrical performance of original IGZO TFTs.
P‐35: The Study of Vehicle Bright Backlight with Local Dimming Effect
Authors: Zhu Yuan Yuan , Chi Wei Ning , Wang Xiao Xia , Yoon DK , Ma Qing , Han Rui , Cui Dong , Yu Jie , Cai Si Te
Published: June 2022

Using Local Dimming technology, the LED backlight can be adjusted according to the image of the light and shade, the brightness of the display image's highlight part can reach the maximum, at the same time, the dark part can reduce brightness, or even shut down, in order to achieve the best contrast ratio. Meanwhile, as a new type of car visual interactive equipment, AR‐HUD (head‐up display) is developing rapidly in recent years, according to statistics, more and more car owners choose to install AR‐HUD equipment in their cars.This paper mainly studies on a highlight backlight which combines the Local Dimming and AR‐HUD technology.
P‐37: Adaptive Frequency Driving Scan Driver with NOR Logic Gate Based on a‐InGaZnO TFTs
Authors: Moon Jinho , Yun Eseudeo , Kim Yongchan , Lee Hojin
Published: June 2022

In this paper, a scan driver combined with NOR Logic gate using amorphous indium‐gallium‐zinc‐oxide (a‐InGaZnO) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) is proposed. NOR logic gate masks the output signal from the scan driver in order to control the driving frequency. Proposed frequency adaptive scan driver is expected to reduce power consumption depending on the display contents.
P‐63: Design and Fabrication of Wide‐Viewing‐Angle Ambient Light Rejection Front Projection Screen
Authors: Wu Fung-Hsu
Published: June 2022

The image quality of projection displays is decreased by ambient light. This paper proposed a screen that composed of a microlens array film with printed black ink stripes on back side and a matte‐white‐reflection film to reduce the influence of ambient light in the front projection system. The ambient light was guided to light absorptive black ink by micro‐lens and thus enhance the contract ratio of the image in the bright environment. A proposed screen performed a better than 6.5 times improvement in image contrast ratio without sacrificing viewing angle compared to a matte‐white screen under ambient light condition was demonstrated. The proposed projection screen works well in short‐to‐standard throw projectors and good for home or public applications.
P‐76: Elimination of Nanorods by Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide for the Fabrication of AlGaN‐based UV‐C Micro‐LED Array
Authors: Feng Feng , Liu Yibo , Zhang Ke , Chan Ka-Wah , Liu Zhaojun , Kwok Hoi-Sing
Published: June 2022

Short‐wavelength ultraviolet (UV‐C) micro light‐emitting diode (Micro‐LED) array greatly benefits the optogenetic applications in neuroscience, optical communications, and maskless lithography. In this work, UV‐C Micro‐LED arrays with each pixel size of 10×10 μm2 were fabricated, and the nanorods introduced by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching were eliminated by post‐ICP tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) treatment. The pixel‐level electrical characteristics were analyzed, and the peak wavelength stability under variable injected current densities was demonstrated. The results indicated the potential of applying the TMAH treatment in the fabrication of the UV‐C Micro‐LED array.