bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Processes governing seasonal and interannual change of the Antarctic sea-ice area
Authors: Kimura Noriaki , Onomura Tomoyuki , Kikuchi Takashi
Published: December 2022

Seasonal and interannual variabilities of sea-ice area in the Southern Ocean were examined using daily sea-ice concentration and ice velocity products for 2003–2019, derived from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E) and AMSR2 data. This study quantified the contributions to changes in the sea-ice area due to sea-ice transport and local processes, including ice formation/melting and ice deformation. Regional differences in the processes of seasonal advance and retreat of sea ice were elucidated. In most regions, sea-ice area increases mainly due to new ice formation in the marginal ice zone during autumn and winter. However, in the Amundsen–Bellingshausen seas, ice melting occurs in the marginal ice zone, even during winter, and expansion of the ice cover is attributable mainly to off-ice transport. With regard to interannual variability, the maximum ice area for each year is highly correlated with increase of ice area attributable to the ice formation in the marginal ice zone. Revealed processes that controls sea-ice changes could help improve our understanding of the sea-ice response to climate change.
Should We Cheer Together? Gender Differences in Instantaneous Well-being: An Application to COVID-19 Lockdowns
Authors: Giménez-Nadal José Ignacio , Molina José Alberto , Velilla Jorge
Published: December 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has confined millions in their homes, an unprecedented opportunity to spend more time together with family members. This paper explores subjective well-being in the uses of time for US and UK workers, differentiating between solo activities and activities done with family members, at home and outside the home. Using American and British time use surveys, we compute the instant utility associated with paid work, unpaid work, leisure, and childcare activities. OLS regressions on both men and women show that workers prefer joint leisure to solo leisure, and that significant differences exist for solo and joint market work and housework, between the sexes. Despite that, the effect magnitudes are relatively low. Furthermore, we simulate a strict lockdown situation by replacing where and with whom worker episodes would be, based on mid-2020 strict confinements. Results suggest diverging effects, since more time with the spouse/partner and children, and less time with others, seems to increase the experienced wellbeing of women, compared to that of men. The simulation exercise also reveals asymmetric effects in the US and in the UK. The conclusions of this paper may help in assessing the psychological consequences of COVID-19 lockdowns, beyond the negative economic and labour market consequences.
The Association Between Perceived Discriminatory Climate in School and Student Performance in Math and Reading: A Cross-National Analysis Using PISA 2018
Authors: Baysu Gülseli , Agirdag Orhan , De Leersnyder Jozefien
Published: December 2022

The negative consequences of perceived ethnic discrimination on adolescent adjustment are well documented. Less is known, however, about the consequences of discriminatory climates in school, beyond the individual experiences of discrimination. This study investigated whether a perceived discriminatory climate in school is associated with lower academic performance across adolescents from ethnic minority and majority groups, and which psychological mechanisms may account for this link. Using the 2018 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) data, the participants were 445,534 adolescents (aged 15–16, 50% girls) in 16,002 schools across 60 countries. In almost all countries, a discriminatory climate—i.e., student perceptions of teachers’ discriminatory beliefs and behaviors in school—was associated with lower math and reading scores across all pupils, although minorities perceived a more discriminatory climate. Lower school belonging and lower values attributed to learning partially mediated these associations. The findings demonstrate that schools’ ethnic and racial climates predict standardized academic performance across schools and countries among pupils from both ethnic majority and minority groups.
Fast differential scanning calorimetry to mimic additive manufacturing processing: specific heat capacity analysis of aluminium alloys
Authors: Quick Cameron R. , Dumitraschkewitz Phillip , Schawe Jürgen E. K. , Pogatscher Stefan
Published: December 2022

Eutectic AlSi12, commonly used in casting and in additive manufacturing, is investigated with Fast Differential Scanning Calorimetry to determine the impact of different cooling rates from the liquid state upon the apparent specific heat capacity on subsequent heating. A heat flow correction strategy is developed and refined for the reliable and precise measurement of sample heat flow using chip sensors and assessed by the evaluation of results on pure (99.999%) aluminium. That strategy is then applied to the study of the AlSi12 eutectic alloy, and rate-dependent perturbations in the measured apparent specific heat capacity are discussed in terms of Si supersaturation and precipitation. Several cooling rates were implemented from − 100 to − 30,000 K s−1, and subsequent heating ranged from + 1000 to + 30,000 K s−1. After rapid cooling, a drop in AlSi12 apparent specific heat capacity is found on heating above ~ 400 °C; even at rates of + 10,000 K s−1, a result which has high relevance in metal additive manufacturing where similarly fast temperature cycles are involved. The Literature data, temperature modulated DSC and CALPHAD simulations on the heat capacity of AlSi12 are used to provide comparative context to the results from Fast Differential Scanning Calorimetry.
How long does it take to establish a field boundary with a small proportion of weeds? An example in semi-arid conditions
Authors: Cirujeda A. , Marí A. I. , Aibar J. , Murillo S. , Pardo G.
Published: December 2022

Context

Field boundary (FB) establishment and conservation have been promoted to enhance biodiversity in agroecosystems. However, weeds can colonize these areas during the revegetation process, which might be a problem for adjacent fields. Data is necessary to facilitate acceptance of these structures by farmers.

Objectives

This work takes advantage of a unique opportunity to describe the plants establishing in a set of new FBs. The main aims were to describe species composition in a six-year period and to detect if FBs can be a weed source for surrounding agricultural land.

Methods

Data was collected in ten FBs in a semi-arid environment in north-eastern Spain (eight metres in width) created from 2003 to 2007 in a farm owned by the CITA Research Centre. Vegetation was recorded in spring in years 2006–08 and 2011–13 covering a time sequence that ran from establishment until an age of 10 years. The same data was recorded in adjacent winter cereal field centres (FCs) and existing boundaries of neighbouring commercial farms (CFBs) established decades earlier.

Results

Plant ground cover and total species richness increased rapidly in the FBs, remaining stable after approximately the fourth year. Different analysis confirm that vegetation in the FBs was different from that found in the FCs and CFBs; 10 years was probably a too short period for the FBs to develop a similar vegetation composition to that of the CFBs.

Conclusions

Data of this example support that establishing new FBs can promote plant diversity without infesting the surrounding fields with weeds.
Particle breakage and morphology changes of calcareous sands under one-dimensional compression loading
Authors: Wei Houzhen , Liu Hao , Zhao Tao , Zhang Shuodong , Ma Linjian , Yin Mei , Meng Qingshan
Published: December 2022

Particle breakage and the corresponding change of morphology are two key factors governing the mechanical behavior of calcareous sands in offshore geotechnical engineering constructions. To reveal the characteristics of these two factors, oedometer tests on calcareous sands have been performed in this study. The materials were sampled from the South China Sea with a homogenous composition but different particle size ranges and relative densities. In these tests, the dynamic imaging analysis (DIA) by Microtrac PartAn3Dand acoustic emission (AE) techniques were employed to investigate the evolution of particle morphology and characteristics of AE signaling associated with the material deformations, respectively. The compressive deformation of calcareous sands was mainly induced by the particle rearrangement and particle breakage which are effectively irreversible plastic deformations. The irregular particle shape has led to strong interparticle filling and interlocking effects, which affected the particle slippage and rearrangement significantly during the deformation. The intensity and type of AE-triggering micro-mechanical behaviors were characterized by AE ringdown counts (RDC) and peak frequency, respectively. The RDC values concentrated primarily in the compression stage and increased rapidly under the normal stress of 400–3200 kPa. The RDC values increased with the increase of particle size but decreased with the increase of initial relative density. The compressive deformation and breakage characteristics of calcareous sands are consistent with the existing acoustic emission laws.
Digitale Zukünfte der Universität: Szenarien soziotechnischen Wandels
Authors: Wieser Bernhard , Bangerl Mia , Karatas Kübra
Published: December 2022

Für die Universität erwiesen sich digitale Technologien während der COVID-19-Pandemie als zentrales Element der Krisenbewältigung. Das gilt insbesondere für den Bereich der Lehre. Aus Sicht der „Multi-Level-Perspektive“ (Geels 2004) eröffnen die disruptiven Auswirkungen der Pandemie ein „Window of Opportunity“ für einen tiefgreifenden und dauerhaften soziotechnischen Wandel. Daran anschließend wird in diesem Artikel die Frage erörtert, wie Angehörige der Universität die zukünftige Bedeutung digitaler Technologien einschätzen. Auf Basis qualitativer, empirischer Erhebungen lassen sich fünf Szenarien herausarbeiten, die in je unterschiedlicher Weise digitale Zukünfte skizzieren. Die Analyse dieser Zukunftsszenarien fragt jedoch nicht nach deren Eintrittswahrscheinlichkeit, sondern nach ihrer Wünschbarkeit. Auf diese Weise kann gezeigt werden, mit welchen Begründungen argumentiert wird, warum die weiterführenden Digitalisierungsschritte an der Universität unternommen oder auch unterlassen werden sollten. Zum gegebenen Zeitpunkt ist es nicht einschätzbar, welche Szenarien digitaler Universitäten sich letztlich durchsetzen werden. Nicht zuletzt deshalb versteht sich dieser Artikel als Grundlage für eine breite Debatte, die es erst zu führen gilt.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Regulated Chaperones as a Serum Biomarker Panel for Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Mnich Katarzyna , Moghaddam Shirin , Browne Patrick , Counihan Timothy , Fitzgerald Stephen P. , Martin Kenneth , Richardson Ciaran , Samali Afshin , Gorman Adrienne M.
Published: December 2022

Examination of post-mortem brain tissues has previously revealed a strong association between Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathophysiology and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Evidence in the literature regarding the circulation of ER stress-regulated factors released from neurons provides a rationale for investigating ER stress biomarkers in the blood to aid diagnosis of PD. The levels of ER stress-regulated proteins in serum collected from 29 PD patients and 24 non-PD controls were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. A panel of four biomarkers, protein disulfide-isomerase A1, protein disulfide-isomerase A3, mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor, and clusterin, together with age and gender had higher ability (area under the curve 0.64, sensitivity 66%, specificity 57%) and net benefit to discriminate PD patients from the non-PD group compared with other analyzed models. Addition of oligomeric and total α-synuclein to the model did not improve the diagnostic power of the biomarker panel. We provide evidence that ER stress-regulated proteins merit further investigation for their potential as diagnostic biomarkers of PD.

Graphical Abstract
Improvement of swelling soil by using lime sludge and sodium chloride
Authors: Elmashad Mohie Eldin , Sharaf Mohamed , Abdelaziz Tarek
Published: December 2022

Construction on swelling soil is a major challenge to geotechnical engineers all around the world. This type of soil has a quite complex behavior as they undergo the category of problematic soils. The seasonal variations in the climate cause swelling and shrinkage, affecting soil’s water retention. The prediction of future climate change will worsen this problem, increasing the importance of the matter. The attention has been directed to experimental modeling and field investigations. In previous references, this problem was targeted by adding additives which are relatively expensive and non-environment friendly. In this study, waste and recycled materials are used in the lab to enhance the undesirable expansive soil characteristics to keep the environment clean and sustainable and reduce pollution. The additives are selected not only for its availability and cheapness but also to reduce the damage of environment due to disposal of waste. Therefore, the aim of study is to observe the behavior of expansive soils when mixing with various percentages of sodium chloride (NaCl) and lime sludge (LS). The percentages used in this work to determine the swelling properties of expansive soil were 1%, 2%, and 3% NaCl by weight with 3%, 6%, 9%, 10%, 12%, 15%, and 20% of LS by weight. The experimental tests held in the laboratory were liquid limit (LL), plastic limit (PL), free swell (FS), plasticity index (PI), swelling pressure, swelling and infiltration test, and physical models. The results show that by increasing the percentage of NaCl and LS, a significant improvement is obvious to the swelling properties of soils. Added to that, a decrease in PI of the swelling soil is clearly observed which reflects a decrease in swelling pressure and free swell of the swelling soil.
Palaeomagnetic data from the late Cenozoic Tagay section (Olkhon Island, Baikal region, Eastern Siberia)
Authors: Kazansky Alexey Yu. , Shchetnikov Alexander A. , Matasova Galina G. , Filinov Ivan A. , Erbajeva Margarita A. , Daxner-Höck Gudrun , Mörs Thomas
Published: December 2022

One of the most important fossil fauna localities in the Baikal region is the Tagay section. It is located on the shore of Tagay bay at the northwestern coast of Olkhon Island in the Baikal Lake and consists of two different exposures, Tagay-1 and Tagay-2. The Tagay-1 section exposes predominantly lake sediments of Miocene age and contains a faunal complex. The Tagay-2 section is composed of slope wash and subaerial sediments of Early Pleistocene (Calabrian?) age with remains of small mammals. A total of 95 samples for palaeomagnetic studies were taken in both sections. Magnetic susceptibility (MS), its frequency dependence (Fd) and anisotropy were measured from all samples. The stable component of the natural remanent magnetization (NRM) was obtained using stepwise alternating field (AF) demagnetization. The magnetic polarity pattern was constrained for the Tagay-1 section. It includes an extended zone of reversed polarity, complicated by three normal subzones of minor rank. Palaeontological data allow correlation of the Tagay-1 pattern with the magnetic chrons C5Dn to C5Cn.1n (late Burdigalian – early Langhian). Palaeomagnetic directions in the upper part of the Tagay-2 section are randomly distributed due to intensive slope-wash processes resulted in mechanical perturbation of the sediments. The lower part of Tagay-2 section demonstrates only reversed polarity, although the scatter of directions is quite large due to landsliding. This reversed interval may be correlated with the Matuyama chron between Cobb Mountain and Olduvai subchrons. Synchronous increase of MS and Fd values in palaeosols suggests a pedogenic (or “Chinese”) mechanism influencing magnetic properties of the Tagay-2 section under warm palaeoclimatic conditions.
Wetlands as a Local Scale Management Tool to Reduce Algal Growth Potential
Authors: Borgström Anna , Hansson Lars-Anders , Sjöstedt Johanna
Published: December 2022

Recent land-use changes have led to a significant loss of natural wetlands worldwide resulting in increased amounts of organic and inorganic compounds reaching lakes and coastal areas. In turn, this has led to an increased algal growth, and subsequently the risk of algal blooms and deteriorated water quality. The capacity of wetlands to retain nutrients is well-known, suggesting that constructed wetlands may be a potential management strategy to mitigate algal blooms in downstream waters, although little is known about seasonal variation in reduction of algal growth potential. Therefore, in a long-term study, we experimentally evaluated the efficiency of seven wetlands to reduce the algal growth potential by comparing the growth in cultures containing 50:50 wetland water from the inlet or outlet and water from a eutrophic lake as a standard inoculum. We show that the majority of the wetlands have a considerable potential to reduce algal growth potential, with up to 89% for cyanobacteria and 73% for green algae. However, there were strong temporal variations in efficiency within, as well as between wetlands. Specifically, we show that the potential to reduce algal growth (standardized conditions) was generally higher in winter than in summer. In addition, the wetlands showed different efficiency in reducing the growth potential of cyanobacteria and green algae. Taken together, our results show that wetlands have a considerable potential to reduce algal growth potential, suggesting that they are an efficient local-scale tool in reducing the risk of algal blooms especially from a future climate change perspective.
Correlation between free fatty acids content and textural properties of Gouda cheese supplemented with denatured whey protein paste
Authors: El-Metwally Raid Ibrahem , El-Menawy Reham Kamal , Ismail Magdy Mohamed
Published: December 2022

In this study, the denatured whey protein paste (DWPP) was used to improve the texture characterizations of Gouda cheese. Five treatments of cheese were manufactured by adding 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4% of DWPP to cheese curd. Fortification of Gouda cheese with DWPP increased values of moisture, salt in moisture, water-soluble nitrogen/total nitrogen and non-protein nitrogen/total nitrogen whereas decreased values of density and free oil. The cheese contained DWPP was lighter and more yellowish compared to the control. The cheese samples contained 1 and 2% DWPP exhibited a significant increase in hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess and chewiness values while, the cheese samples that contained 3 and 4% DWPP exhibited a significant decrease. Adding DWPP to cheese lowered saturated fatty acids and raised unsaturated fatty acid (USFA) values which partially caused a lowering in cheese hardness at high levels of DWPP because of the low melting points of USFA. Based on these results, supplementation of Gouda cheese with 1 or 2% DWPP improved the texture properties.
What is Missing in XAI So Far?
Authors: Schmid Ute , Wrede Britta
Published: December 2022

With the perspective on applications of AI-technology, especially data intensive deep learning approaches, the need for methods to control and understand such models has been recognized and gave rise to a new research domain labeled explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). In this overview paper we give an interim appraisal of what has been achieved so far and where there are still gaps in the research. We take an interdisciplinary perspective to identify challenges on XAI research and point to open questions with respect to the quality of the explanations regarding faithfulness and consistency of explanations. On the other hand we see a need regarding the interaction between XAI and user to allow for adaptability to specific information needs and explanatory dialog for informed decision making as well as the possibility to correct models and explanations by interaction. This endeavor requires an integrated interdisciplinary perspective and rigorous approaches to empirical evaluation based on psychological, linguistic and even sociological theories.
Analysis of the overseas network communication capacity of Chinese athletes at the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games
Authors: Qi Xuejing , Wang Meili
Published: December 2022

The overseas network communication capacity of Chinese athletes at the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games is an important reflection of the international influence of China’s winter sports and is of great significance. This paper uses three dimensions, presence, evaluation, and recognition, to obtain information about Chinese athletes who won medals during the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games on six platforms: Google, Wikipedia, Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube for international overseas communication capacity analysis. It turns out that the overseas communication capacity of Chinese athletes at the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games is positively correlated with the athletes’ achievements. The better the athlete performs, the higher their overseas communication capacity index ranks. Moreover, the higher rank and more medals the athlete won, the higher his or her communication capacity index ranks. The overseas communication capacity index of athlete Eileen Gu is far ahead of others, indicating a significant head effect; there are differences between the communication capacity indices of Chinese athletes on different platforms, especially on Twitter, Facebook and Instagram; meanwhile, the communication capacities of Chinese athletes on Twitter are generally weak. The construction of the overseas communication capacity of Chinese athletes at the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games still needs to be strengthened.
Peer-Friendship Networks and Self-injurious Thoughts and Behaviors in Adolescence: A Systematic Review of Sociometric School-based Studies that Use Social Network Analysis
Authors: Crudgington Holly , Wilson Emma , Copeland Molly , Morgan Craig , Knowles Gemma
Published: December 2022

Peers, particularly in-school peers, shape adolescent health behaviors. Yet little is known about in-school peers and self-injurious thoughts and behaviors. This systematic review examined studies of sociometric school-based adolescent peer-friendship networks and associations with self-injurious thoughts and behaviors. A search across five databases identified fifteen eligible studies. Studies were mainly longitudinal (n=13), from two countries (USA and China), of adolescents aged 11-19 at baseline, mostly balanced in gender (46%-56% girls), and from middle/high schools ranging in size (n=348-13482). Studies assessed 1) network structure and 2) exposure to friends’ self-injury and suicidality. Friends’ self-injurious thoughts and behaviors were associated with adolescents’ own similar behaviors, but there was limited evidence for socialization and selection. Sociality and network density were negatively associated with self-injurious thoughts and behaviors, whereas isolation and intransitivity were positively associated. While study heterogeneity made it difficult to draw further conclusions about specific network metrics (e.g., centrality, reciprocity), studies indicate overall that peers matter for these behaviors across adolescent development (e.g., early to late adolescence). Like other adolescent behaviors, the structure of how youth are connected to peers also relates to self-injurious thoughts and behaviors. Future work should examine these processes over the course of adolescent development.
Aflatoxin Adsorption by Natural and Heated Sepiolite and Palygorskite in Comparison with Adsorption by Smectite
Authors: Akbar Saba , Akhtar Mohammad Saleem , Khan Ahmad , Jilani Ghulam , Fashina Bidemi , Deng Youjun
Published: December 2022

Smectites are effective binders of aflatoxin in aqueous solutions. Unfortunately, their efficacy is reduced in guts because of interference by biomolecules and essential nutrients within the gut. Tunnel structures in palygorskite and sepiolite may function as molecular sieves and may, therefore, serve as alternatives or complements to smectites in binding aflatoxins but not larger biological compounds. The objective of the current work was to determine the effect of heat treatment on aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) adsorption and selectivity for biomolecules by two palygorskites (Plg_PK and Plg_CN), sepiolite (Sep), and a palygorskite-smectite mixture (Plg-Sm) in comparison with a smectite (Sm-37GR). The clays were heated at 250, 400, 500, and 600°C while phase and structural changes were characterized by X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. Comparative AfB1 adsorption was determined in aqueous and in simulated gastric fluids. The clay structures collapsed irreversibly in Sm-37GR and folded in fibrous clays with heating at 400°C or more. Sm-37GR adsorbed more AfB1 than all of the other clays; the estimated adsorption capacity followed the trend Sm-37GR (44 g kg–1) > Plg_PK (18.12 g kg–1) > Sep (12.7 g kg–1) > Plg_CN (11.4 g kg–1) > Plg-Sm (9.0 g kg–1). This trend appeared to be correlated with the abundance of smectite in the clays. Sepiolite had greater binding strength for AfB1 than the other clays. With intact clay structures, heating induced a negligible effect on AfB1 adsorption by the fibrous clays while in Sm-37GR and Plg-Sm, adsorption increased with heating at 250°C. Tunnel folding and structural collapse that had occurred at 400°C caused an abrupt decline in AfB1 adsorption irrespective of the clay type. The sepiolite clay adsorbed the least pepsin (370 g kg–1) while smectite adsorbed the most (1430 g kg–1). Consequently, in the simulated gastric fluid, adsorption declined by 25–30% in sepiolite, 52–60% in smectite, and remained unaffected in the palygorskites. Aflatoxin B1 adsorption probably occurred through H-bonding at the surface with the silanol group in palygorskite and sepiolite. No evidence that AfB1 molecules occupied the tunnels of the natural or heated palygorskite or sepiolite was observed in the present study. Palygorskite and sepiolite had a much smaller adsorption capacity for AfB1 than the smectite but also adsorbed less pepsin; therefore, both may be effective aflatoxin binders in gastrointestinal systems.
Critical life course interventions for children and adolescents to promote mental health
Authors: Laurenzi Christina A. , Mamutse Sihle , Marlow Marguerite , Mawoyo Tatenda , Stansert Katzen Linnea , Carvajal-Velez Liliana , Lai Joanna , Luitel Nagendra , Servili Chiara , Sinha Moitreyee , Skeen Sarah
Published: December 2022

Childhood and adolescence are key developmental periods in the life course for addressing mental health, and there is ample evidence to support significant, increased investment in mental health promotion for this group. However, there are gaps in evidence to inform how best to implement mental health promotion interventions at scale. In this review, we examined psychosocial interventions implemented with children (aged 5–10 years) and adolescents (aged 10–19 years), drawing on evidence from WHO guidelines. Most psychosocial interventions promoting mental health have been implemented in school settings, with some in family and community settings, by a range of delivery personnel. Mental health promotion interventions for younger ages have prioritised key social and emotional skills development, including self-regulation and coping; for older ages, additional skills include problem-solving and interpersonal skills. Overall, fewer interventions have been implemented in low- and middle-income countries. We identify cross-cutting areas affecting child and adolescent mental health promotion: understanding the problem scope; understanding which components work; understanding how and for whom interventions work in practice; and ensuring supportive infrastructure and political will. Additional evidence, including from participatory approaches, is required to tailor mental health promotive interventions to diverse groups’ needs and support healthy life course trajectories for children and adolescents everywhere.
A Perspectival Reading of Spinoza's Essence-Existence Distinction
Authors: Vermeiren Florian
Published: December 2022

This article examines the essence-existence distinction in Spinoza's theory of modes. This distinction is commonly made in two ways. First, essence and existence are separated by cause. Essences are understood to follow vertically from the essence of God, while existence follows horizontally from other modes. I present textual and systematic arguments against such a causal bifurcation. Second, essence and existence are distinguished by their temporal nature. Essence is eternal. Existence is durational. However, in several passages, Spinoza writes that eternity and duration constitute two ways of understanding nature rather than two really distinct aspects of nature.
Whyprāṇais the most excellent among the vital functions, or: the Shapley value in theUpaniṣads
Authors: Wiese Harald
Published: December 2022

This paper deals with the contest of the “vital functions” for superiority in theBṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣadand theChāndogya Upaniṣad, in theAitareya Āraṇyakaand others. The paper concentrates on two particular approaches to deciding the superiority question, namely (i) singly leaving or entering (breath, sight, etc. leave one after another or enter one after another), and (ii) alternating withdrawal (breath leaves and returns, sight leaves and returns). The paper defends two claims. First, it can be shown that the commentators were aware of the generalizable nature of these two approaches. Second, these two approaches are closely related to the so-called Shapley value developed in cooperative game theory.
Optimizing Operation Time and Travel Distance for Motorcycle Ambulances in Emergency Medical Services
Authors: Apiratwarakul Korakot , Phungoen Pariwat , Cheung Lap Woon , Tiamkao Somsak , Suzuki Takaaki , Pearkao Chatkhane , Ienghong Kamonwon
Published: December 2022

Introduction:

The motorcycle ambulance is used for quick access to patients. The response time to reach the patient takes less time than with a van ambulance. Moreover, accidents involving ambulances tend to be higher. However, at present, there is no study regarding the appropriate situation used of motorcycle ambulances in Emergency Medical Services (EMS) in Thailand.

Study Objective:

This study aims to optimize the travel distance and the operation time of motorcycle ambulances used.

Methods:

This study was a prospective, randomized controlled study at the EMS unit of Srinagarind Hospital, Thailand. The data collection period was from November 2021 through May 2022. All data involving dispatch of both ambulances in need were collected.

Results:

A total of 2,398 cases of EMS operation were examined. The mean age of the patients in the motorcycle ambulance group was 42.5 (SD = 6.5) years, and 51.3% (n = 616) were male. The response time for motorcycle ambulances and van ambulances during the operation time between 6:00am-9:00am was 6.2 minutes and 9.1 minutes, respectively. The response times for motorcycle ambulances and van ambulances regarding distance traveled from 0-5km were 4.2 minutes and 7.5 minutes, respectively (P <.001); distance traveled from 5-10km were 6.3 minutes and 8.2 minutes, respectively (P = .010).

Conclusion:

The motorcycle ambulance can reach patients faster than the ambulance at the operation time from 6:00am-9:00am and 3:00pm-6:00pm. This study focused on the distance less than 10 kilometers.
Physiotherapeutische Narbentherapie bei grossflächigen Narben
Authors: Koller Thomas , Meier Patrick , Pasquale Caterina , Rüegg Christine
Published: December 2022

Zusammenfassung. Tiefdermale Defekte können durch Verbrennungen, nekrotisierende Fasziitis und schwere Weichteiltraumata entstehen. Die physiologische Narbenrestriktion während der Wundheilung wird proportional zur betroffenen Fläche immer relevanter. Sie ist für die allgemeine Mobilität der Patientinnen und Patienten massiv einschränkend. Durch äussere mechanische Einflüsse (Aktivität oder Immobilisation im Alltag) können sich ausgeprägte Narbenstränge und Adhäsionen bilden. Eine Überbelastung endet in einer erneuten Entzündungsreaktion und somit in einer weiteren Restriktion. Adäquate mechanische Reize können das Narbengewebe positiv beeinflussen. Der aktuelle Stand der Forschung lässt keinen direkten Transfer in die klinische Behandlung von grossflächigen Narben zu. Die kontinuierliche klinische Umsetzung von Studienresultaten hinsichtlich der Mechanosensitiviät isolierter Fibroblasten und stetiges Adaptieren von manuellen Techniken bilden dennoch eine evidenzbasierte Grundlage für die manuelle Narbentherapie. Wichtig ist eine frühe manuelle Behandlung in Kombination mit geeigneter Kompressionstherapie.
Wind Effects on Small‐Scale River and Creek Plumes
Authors: Basdurak N. B. , Largier J. L.
Published: December 2022

In contrast to large river plumes, Coriolis effects are weak, and inertia is quickly depleted so that the fate and structure of small‐scale plumes are more sensitive to tide and wind. Advected alongshore by reversing tidal currents in absence of wind forcing, small buoyant plumes are persistently deflected downwind in presence of alongshore winds and exhibit little tidal variability. The effect of different upwelling/downwelling winds on buoyant outflows ∼10 m3 s−1 is explored. With increasing wind, tidal variability decreases, as does asymmetry in plume characteristics—for strong winds upwelling/downwelling plume structure is similar as the plume is retained closer to the shore. Wind forcing is exerted directly by wind stress on the surface of the plume and indirectly by wind‐driven currents that deflect the upwind boundary of the plume. While inertia and buoyancy dominate the inner plume, and wind dominates the outer plume, the mid‐plume responds to an interaction of wind and buoyancy forcing that can be indexed by a Plume Wedderburn Number Wpl (wind stress vs. density gradients): for weaker winds (Wpl < 1) surface stress enhances stratification through straining, lengthening the reach of low‐salinity waters, whereas for stronger winds (Wpl > 1) surface stress mixes the plume vertically, shortening the reach of low‐salinity waters. However, dilute plume waters extend furthest in strong winds, passively advected several kilometers downwind. Shoreline exposure to outflow transitions from a quasi‐symmetrical tide‐averaged zone of impact under zero‐wind to a heavily skewed zone with persistent weak wind and a one‐sided zone for strong wind.
Explicit Incorporation of Discrete Fractures Into Pore Network Models
Authors: Wang Chenhui , Wu Kejian , Scott Gilbert , Akisanya Alfred R. , Gan Quan
Published: December 2022

Fractured porous media exist widely in reservoir rocks and fractures play a critical role in fluid flow processes. High resolution direct numerical simulations of fluid flow can provide important insight into pore‐scale processes and flow mechanisms in fractured permeable media, however, the tremendous computational costs prevent these methods from being applied into larger scale models. Pore network modeling is an alternative solution to this problem, but currently it can only be used in porous media without fractures. This work is concerned with incorporating discrete fractures into pore network modeling to represent fractured porous media. A new fracture matrix pore network model (FM‐PNM) is developed to efficiently simulate the fluid flow properties in fractures associated with the pore matrix. Discrete fractures are transformed into a fracture pipe network and integrated with the pore matrix that is represented by a network of pore bodies and pore throats. These two networks are coupled together to create a single nested network which is topologically equivalent to the fractured porous medium. This method extends the scope of applications of pore network modeling to fractured porous media. The permeability of the coupled network (FM‐PNM) is benchmarked by Lattice Boltzmann simulation for various structures of pore matrix and discrete fracture networks.
Geometric Control on Seismic Rupture and Earthquake Sequence Along the Yingxiu‐Beichuan Fault With Implications for the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake
Authors: Zhang Lei , Liu Yajing , Li Duo , Yu Hongyu , He Changrong
Published: December 2022

The 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake is the most disastrous seismic event in China since 1976. Both field and seismological investigations suggest a multi‐stage coseismic rupture with most damage associated with the Yingxiu‐Beichuan Fault (YBF) of spatially variable fault strike and dip angles. To investigate the effect of fault geometric complexity on coseismic rupture and paleoseismic pattern on the YBF, we perform earthquake sequence modeling on 3D fault geometry in the framework of rate‐and‐state friction law. Our model produces a long‐term earthquake sequence with quasi‐regular recurrences of whole‐fault ruptures and segmented ruptures. The along‐strike rupture segmentation, earthquake propagation speed, and slip rate are mainly controlled by along‐strike variations of fault dip and strike angles. Particularly, the YBF can be divided into two segments: the southern segment featured by large events (Mw > 8.0) and the northern segment with smaller events (Mw < 7.5), with recurrence intervals primarily determined by the tectonic loading rate. In a whole‐rupture event, the rupture speed mainly correlates with the fault dip angle; a smaller dip angle results in a wider seismogenic zone and higher rupture speeds, whereas the small‐scale variation in rupture speed is regulated by the fault strike angle. The effect of strike variation on the total coseismic slip amount is more pronounced due to the large strike angle gradient along the YBF. After varying the slip vector to reflect the northward transition from the dominant thrust‐slip to strike‐slip faulting during the Wenchuan coseismic rupture, we obtain reasonably good agreement of model simulated coseismic surface displacements with GPS observations.
3‐D S Wave Imaging via Robust Neural Network Interpolation of 2‐D Profiles From Wave‐Equation Dispersion Inversion of Seismic Ambient Noise
Authors: Chen Yuqing , Saygin Erdinc
Published: December 2022

Ambient noise seismic data are widely used by geophysicists to explore subsurface properties at crustal and exploration scales. Two‐step dispersion inversion schema is the dominant method used to invert the surface wave data generated by the cross‐correlation of ambient noise signals. However, the two‐step methods have a 1‐D layered model assumption, which does not account for the complex wave propagation. To overcome this limitation, we employ a 2‐D wave‐equation dispersion (WD) inversion method which reconstructs the subsurface shear (S) velocity model in one step, and elastic wave‐equation modeling is used to simulate the subsurface wave propagation. In the WD method, the optimal S velocity model is obtained by minimizing the dispersion curve differences between the observed and predicted surface wave data, which makes WD method less prone to getting stuck to local minima. In our study, the observed Scholte waves are generated by cross‐correlating continuous ambient noise signals recorded by each ocean bottom node (OBN) in the 3‐D Gorgon OBN survey, Western Australia. For every two OBN lines, the WD method is used to retrieve the 2‐D S velocity structure beneath the first line. We then use a robust neural network (NN)‐based method to interpolate the inverted 2‐D velocity slices to a continuous 3‐D velocity model and also generate a corresponding uncertainty model. Moreover, we compared the predicted dispersion curves and waveforms to the observed data, and a robust waveform and dispersion match are observed across all of the Gorgon OBN lines.
Implementation of a Discrete Dipole Approximation Scattering Database Into Community Radiative Transfer Model
Authors: Moradi Isaac , Stegmann Patrick , Johnson Benjamin , Barlakas Vasileios , Eriksson Patrick , Geer Alan , Gelaro Ronald , Kalluri Satya , Kleist Daryl , Liu Quanhua , Mccarty Will
Published: December 2022

The Community Radiative Transfer Model (CRTM) is a fast model that requires bulk optical properties of hydrometeors in the form of lookup tables to simulate all‐sky satellite radiances. Current cloud scattering lookup tables of CRTM were generated using the Mie‐Lorenz theory thus assuming spherical shapes for all frozen habits, while actual clouds contain frozen hydrometeors with different shapes. The Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA) technique is an effective technique for simulating the optical properties of non‐spherical hydrometeors in the microwave region. This paper discusses the implementation and validation of a comprehensive DDA cloud scattering database into CRTM for the microwave frequencies. The original DDA database assumes total random orientation in the calculation of single scattering properties. The mass scattering parameters required by CRTM were then computed from single scattering properties and water content dependent particle size distributions. The new lookup tables eliminate the requirement for providing the effective radius as input to CRTM by using the cloud water content for the mass dimension. A collocated dataset of short‐term forecasts from Integrated Forecast System of the European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts and satellite microwave data was used for the evaluation of results. The results overall showed that the DDA lookup tables, in comparison with the Mie tables, greatly reduce the differences among simulated and observed values. The Mie lookup tables especially introduce excessive scattering for the channels operating below 90 GHz and low scattering for the channels above 90 GHz.
A Synopsis of AIRS Global‐Mean Clear‐Sky Radiance Trends From 2003 to 2020
Authors: Huang Xianglei , Chen Xiuhong , Fan Chongxing , Kato Seiji , Loeb Norman , Bosilovich Michael , Ham Seung‐Hee , Rose Fred G. , Strow Lawrence L.
Published: December 2022

Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) aboard the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Aqua satellite has been operating since September 2002. Its information content, superb instrument performance, and dense sampling pattern make the AIRS radiances an invaluable data set for climate studies. The trends of global‐mean, nadir‐view, clear‐sky AIRS radiances from 2003 to 2020 are studied here, together with the counterparts of synthetic radiances based on two reanalyzes, European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis V5 (ECMWF ERA5) and NASA Goddard Earth Observing System V5.4.1 (GEOS‐5.4.1; a reanalysis product without assimilation of hyperspectral radiances such as AIRS). The AIRS observation shows statistically significant negative trends in most of its CO2 channels, positive but non‐significant trends in the channels over the window regions, and statistically significant positive trends in some of its H2O channels. The best agreements between observed and simulated radiance trends are seen over the CO2 tropospheric channels, while the observed and simulated trends over the CO2 stratospheric channels are opposite. ERA5 results largely agree with the AIRS observation over the H2O channels. The comparison in the H2O channels helps reveal a data continuity issue in the GEOS‐5.4.1. Contributions from individual variables to the radiance trends are also assessed by performing separate simulations. This study provides the first synopsis of the global‐mean trend of AIRS radiances over all its thermal‐IR channels.
Influence of Channel‐Spanning Engineered Logjam Structures on Channel Hydrodynamics
Authors: Müller S. , Follett E. M. , Ouro P. , Wilson C. A. M. E.
Published: December 2022

Nature‐based solutions to flood risk management, such as engineered logjams (ELJs), contribute to the reintroduction of wood in rivers. As part of stream restoration, and utilized in tributaries, ELJs increase upstream water levels, causing the flow to spill onto surrounding floodplains, resulting in the desynchronization of peak flows in a river network. To understand the effect of ELJs on local river hydrodynamics, we experimentally investigate the flow field upstream and downstream of six ELJs, using acoustic Doppler velocimetry and flow visualization. We consider channel‐spanning structures designed with a gap (b0) underneath, allowing unhindered baseflow. Our results revealed that upstream of the logjams, flow diverted toward the lower gap, creating a primary jet exiting underneath the structures, whose strength depends on the physical logjam design. Maximum jet velocities remained constant until a downstream distance of 4b0 for all logjams. The upper wake was structure‐dependent, with logjam structures allowing distinct internal flow paths generating secondary jets, which influenced near wake decay (x < 4b0) and turbulent mixing. The highest turbulence in the near wake was found for the non‐porous and short, porous logjam designs, while the upper wake of all long, porous logjams was characterized by low turbulent kinetic energy levels. Far wake decay (x > 4b0) was self‐similar for all logjams and resulted in near flow recovery at downstream streamwise distances greater than 35b0. ELJs are likely to enhance bed shear stress, increasing the risk of local scour and sediment mobilization. Our study expands the current knowledge of ELJ hydrodynamics and highlights potential implications for the riverine ecosystem.
Impacts of Subgrid Temperature Distribution Along Elevation Bands in Snowpack Modeling: Insights From a Suite of Andean Catchments
Authors: Murillo Octavio , Mendoza Pablo A. , Vásquez Nicolás , Mizukami Naoki , Ayala Álvaro
Published: December 2022

The implementation of elevation bands is a popular strategy to account for topographic heterogeneities in snowpack modeling. Here, we characterize the implications of subgrid temperature distribution along elevation bands through numerical experiments in nine mountainous basins of the Andes Cordillera, central Chile. Specifically, we analyze outputs from the Variable Infiltration Capacity model with six different setups: no elevation bands (i.e., flat grid cells; benchmark model) and elevation bands with vertical discretizations of 1,000, 750, 500, 200, and 100 m. The analyses are conducted in a wet period (April/1982–March/1987), dry period (April/2010–March/2015) and a climatological period (April/1982–March/2015). The results show that adding elevation bands yields little variations in simulated monthly or daily streamflow; however, there are important effects on the partitioning of precipitation between snowfall and rainfall, snowmelt, sublimation, and the spatial variability in 1 September snow water equivalent (SWE), suggesting a form of model‐structure equifinality. Vertical temperature distribution generally yields less basin‐averaged snowmelt and more (less) catchment‐scale sublimation across water‐limited (energy‐limited) basins. Further, the implications of subgrid temperature distribution vary with the analysis period: fluxes are more affected during the wet period, while variations in 1 September SWE are more noticeable during the dry period. In general, the effects of topographic temperature distribution are reduced with increasing vertical discretization and can differ among catchments. Finally, the grid cells that yield the largest sensitivities to vertical discretization have relatively more humid conditions, large intra‐annual variations in the water/energy budget, lower mean altitude, elevation ranges >1,000 m, and steep slopes (>15°).