bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Appraisal of knowledge of ASHA regarding child health services provided under NHM in Bhojipura block, District Bareilly
Authors: Saxena Sumit , Singh Atul Kumar , Maheshwari Sonam , Gupta S. B.
Published: September 2017

Background: One of the key strategies under the National Rural Health Mission is having a community health worker who is an Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) for every village with a population of 1000. These ASHA workers should preferably be female, in the 25-45 years age group and have a qualification of at least eighth class. The knowledge about health services of ASHA is crucial for the success of National Health Mission. Methods: A cross sectional study was planned in Bhojipura village. Total 48 villages ASHAs were interviewed using predesigned semi-structured questionnaire including brief socio-demographic information of ASHA along with details of their knowledge regarding child care. Results: Out of 64 ASHA, 25 (39.15) ASHA told that new-born babies given bath immediately after birth. 40 (62.5%) ASHA replied that nothing should be applied on umbilical stump of new-born. Mostly 62 (96.9%) ASHA knew that breastfeeding should be given first to the new-born and 61 (95.3%) ASHA were known that breastfeeding should be initiated within one hour of delivery. Conclusions: Majority of ASHAs know their role and details of their practices in new-born and child care except bathing of new born and additional supplements.
Prevalence of hypertension and its association with psychosocial factors among old age home inmates in an urban area of Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu
Authors: V. M. Anantha Eashwar , S. Gopalakrishnan , R. Umadevi
Published: September 2017

Background: Among the non-communicable diseases prevalent among old age home inmates, hypertension is one of the diseases which if not diagnosed and treated adequately, could lead to high mortality and morbidity due to limited resources. The objective of this study is to find out the prevalence of hypertension among the old age home inmates and also its association with psychosocial morbidity among them. Methods: This community based cross sectional descriptive study was done among 250 inmates of selected old age homes in Kancheepuram district. A total of 8 old age homes were randomly chosen and universal sampling was done in each old age home to obtain the required sample size. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data and psychosocial morbidity among the inmates was assessed by Depression, Anxiety and Stress scale (DASS 21). Data analysis was done by SPSS software version 21. Results: The prevalence of hypertension and prehypertension was found to be 72.8% and 10% respectively and the prevalence of psychosocial morbidity was found to be high among the study participants (depression– 68.4, anxiety–46.8, stress– 50.4). Statistically significant association was found between uncontrolled hypertension and psychosocial factors (anxiety and stress). About 27% of the hypertensive was unaware of free medication offered for hypertension at Government health centres. Conclusions: This study highlights the need for setting up of specialized geriatric clinics at Government Health Centres to provide speedy medical services and supply of medication for the elderly. Health education has to be given to both the inmates and care takers about chronic diseases like hypertension.
Prevalence and its risk factors of diabetic patients in urban area of Palakkad: an observational study
Authors: M. Ameesh , S. Murugan
Published: September 2017

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is emerging as a major health-care challenge for India. The worldwide prevalence of DM has risen dramatically in the developing countries over the past two decades. Most studies from western countries and urban studies of India point out that lifestyle changes, sedentary life, diet and related epidemiological transition as major risk factors in the development of DM. Methods: It was a cross sectional observational study done in urban area covered under urban primary health Centre (UPHC) of Govt. Medical College, Palakkad. Adults more than 30 years of age in urban area were included and observation period was from 2016-2017. Results: The overall prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the present study was found to be 268 (65.68%). In this 135 (50.37%) were the age group is 50-59 years and almost half 80 (29.85%) were diagnosed at the age of 40-49 years. Similarly, the risk factors such as age, occupation, diet, smoking, alcohol, truncal obesity and family history were significantly associated with prevalence of T2DM whereas alcohol and hypertension were not. Conclusions: The result of the present study proves that prevalence of T2DM was influenced by many risk factors like age, diet, dyslipidaemia, truncal obesity and family history consider more important in the urban studies.
A cross sectional study to determine the sleep pattern and impact of sleep deprivation on the health and academics of medical students of BMCRI, Bengaluru
Authors: Alalageri Kavya M. , . Shobha , Sobagaih Ranganath Timmanahalli
Published: September 2017

Background: Sleep is a state of body and mind which typically recurs for several hours every night, in which the nervous system is inactive, eyes closed, the postural muscles relaxed and consciousness practically suspended. Lack of sleep has been linked to emotional and physical health effects. Hence this study is proposed to know the sleep pattern and its effects on health and academics of medical students. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted from June to September 2015 on 200 medical students by convenient sampling using pre-tested, semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire was given to them. Data was entered in excel sheet and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Mean age of students was 20.65±0.56 SD, 68.5% of the students have normal sleep duration hours. 31.5% of them had abnormal sleep, of which 38.09% and 61.91% of them are affected in health and academics respectively. 35% of students watch television/late night movies and hinder their sleep which depicts the younger generation is much attracted towards browsing at night times which affect their sleep pattern. 34.86% of sleep deprived students went for depression followed by agitation which affected their daily routine at a significant level. Conclusions: Sleep is essential for good physical and mental health. Deprivation of sleep can affect day-today activities. Knowledge about sleep hygiene should be taught from school level itself.
Social factors of under-five mortality in rural Agra
Authors: Kumar Krishan , Srivastava Rajiv , Mishra S. K.
Published: September 2017

Background: Very limited recent data is available on the causes of child deaths in India.Most of the available studies do not accurately reflect the socio factors related to these deaths. Identifying and assessing the factors affecting the child mortality could be the first step in planning to reduce the mortality and promoting the society health and life expectancy. Therefore the present study was undertaken to find out the socio factors of deaths among children under 5 years of age. Methods: The present cross-sectional survey was conducted among under five children and their parents residing within the selected villages in a community Development Block Sainyan, District Agra using Multistage random sampling technique. Participatory learning action technique was used. Data was analyzed and presented in form of percentages. Results: Diarrhoea was the most common cause of under five children mortality followed by acute respiratory tract infection and pyrexia. Delay in recognition of problem followed by delay in decision making at family level, delay in seeking of health provider and delay in arranging transport were the main social causes of deaths. Most children were attended by local rural medical practitioners both at initial and terminal stages of illness. Conclusions: Efforts to prevent diarrhoea and acute respiratory tract infection must be intensified. Awareness about the services provided by the government and their utilization should be strengthened.
A study on assessment of knowledge towards family planning practices among the couples of reproductive age group in the field practice area of Prathima institute of medical sciences, Karimnagar
Authors: Gayathry Dasari , Ramana B. V. , Rao Vishweshwar
Published: September 2017

Background: Population explosion is a major problem in developing country like India. Contraception is important for the health of the nation. Hence the present study aimed at elucidating knowledge of the couples towards contraception. Methods: A cross - sectional study was conducted during February 2013-January 2014 among the couples residing in the field practice study areas. A semi-structured questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge towards various methods of family planning was administered to 406 couples of the study area. Results: It has been observed that female scored higher than males, however there was no statistically significant difference between the overall knowledge scores (18.67±7.798 vs. 18.41±7.177). In general, the highest knowledge was obtained in the domain of permanent contraception followed by temporary methods like condom and IUDs. The least knowledge scores were obtained in the domain of emergency contraceptives and natural methods of contraception. Urban population’s over all mean knowledge scores was 22.60±6.673 compared with rural population 14.48±5.898 and was statistically significant (p=0.036). However, the marked difference in knowledge scores was obtained in the context of gender and place of residence. Conclusions: The present study demonstrates that the average knowledge among males and females and in urban and rural area, but some knowledge gaps on certain specific aspects still remained which needs to be addressed to improve the quality of life of people.
A descriptive study of tobacco use in adults in an urban slum
Authors: Koshy George , Gangadharan Vandana , Koshy Varghese
Published: September 2017

Background: Globally, nearly 5 million persons die every year from tobacco-related illnesses, with disproporti-onately higher mortality occurring in developing countries. Tobacco is used in a multitude of ways in India. By 2020 India would have the highest rate of rise in tobacco related deaths compared to all other countries. Tobacco use in India is increasing but there are considerable changes in the types and methods by which it is used. According to WHO estimates, 194 million men and 45 million women use tobacco in smoked or smokeless form in India. Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death in developed countries and is the second leading cause of death globally. The study was carried out to assess the practice of tobacco use among adults in urban slum. It tries to ascertain the prevalence of tobacco use in the community, identify the various forms of tobacco used. It is a questionnaire based cross sectional descriptive study. Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study using a close-ended, pre tested structured interview schedule was prepared and the investigator conducted the interviews personally at the respondent’s house who were above 18 years of age. Results: The prevalence of tobacco use in any form was found to be 38.78%, the most common age group being 30-44 yrs. Also seeing that initiation of tobacco use took place in the age group 20-29 yrs it highlights the need of starting anti-tobacco campaigns for a younger age group but not leaving out older age groups at the same time. Sex-wise distribution of tobacco use was observed to be 40.23% in males as compared to 36.17% in females. Conclusions: Control of this deadly epidemic requires a decisive, target oriented and a well motivated approach.
Prevalence of acute respiratory infections among children under five years of age attending rural health training centre of Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital
Authors: Asghar Syed Abid , Srivastava Mrinal R. , Srivastava J. P. , Gupta Pratibha , Zaidi Zeashan H.
Published: September 2017

Background: Every year ARI in young children is responsible for an estimated 3.9 million deaths worldwide. About 90 percent deaths are due to Pneumonia which is usually bacterial in origin. By low-cost interventions such as hand washing, breast feeding, accessibility of rapid and attainable methods of early diagnosis of ARI, can help to reduce its burden. Improving the primary medical care services and developing better methods for early detection, treatment and where possible, prevention of acute respiratory infection is the best strategy to control ARI. The aim of the study was to estimate prevalence of ARI among children under-5 years of age attending Rural Health Training Centre of Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital.Methods: The present study was carried out from Nov.2015 to April 2016 covering 305 children below 5 years from RHTC of Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital. Children with acute respiratory infection (ARI) having symptoms like cough, running nose, sore throat, nasal congestion or breathing difficulty were included in the study.Results: Out of 305 children under 5 years, 43 (14%) were diagnosed with ARI. The overall prevalence of ARI was 14% with 95%CI (10.20-18.0). According to social class, prevalence of ARI was higher in low socioeconomic class 42.96%.Statistically no significance between social class and prevalence of ARI was seen with Chi sq test: 0.879, t= 0.928.Overcrowding were present in 33% of cases with 95% CI (17.2-48.80). Inadequate ventilation 48% with 95% CI (31.21-64.79), and uses of smoky chullah 49% with 95% CI (31.21-64.79). Prevalence of ARI was more prevalent in children with malnutrition 52.9%. Statistically high association was seen between ARI status and nutritional status, with Chi squre test:18.3, t≤0.001.Conclusions: The study concludes that malnutrition, low socioeconomic status, poor nutritional status, maternal illiteracy, overcrowding, and inadequate ventilation were the major social and demographic risk factors responsible for ARI in under five children. Minimizing these risk factors and by cost effective interventions one can significantly reduce the prevalence of ARI in the rural community.
Deworming among pre-school and school going children in a rural area: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Gupta Manish Kumar , Singla Shweta
Published: September 2017

Background: Morbidity due to Soil transmitted helminth (STH) infections can be controlled at a reasonable cost by means of mass deworming using effective drugs. Deworming campaigns targeted at high risk groups, such as school-age children, pre-school children and women of child-bearing age are the mainstay of the control strategy launched by WHO. Methods: A small sector was surveyed on the National Deworming Day (NDD) to record the percentage coverage of children in pre-school and school going children. Children were observed for any of the adverse effects within 24 hrs of taking Albendazole. Results: Out of the total of 1142 children in anganwadis and government schools of the study area, 993 (86.9%) received tablet Albendazole (400 mg) under supervision of teachers. Among these only 3 children (0.26%) reported with adverse effects like vomiting and dizziness. Conclusions: The percentage coverage of children on the NDD was about 87%. Ministries of Health can set up efficient, safe delivery, monitoring and referral systems, in order to minimise the risk and maximise the benefit of periodic deworming and increase the percentage coverage in communities where soil-transmitted helminthiasis is endemic.
Maternal factors associated with low birth weight: a case control study in rural Kerala
Authors: Pawar Anant , Kumar Durgesh
Published: September 2017

Background: Low birth weight (LBW) continues to remain a major public health problem worldwide. There are numerous factors contributing to LBW both maternal and foetal. The maternal risk factors are biologically and socially interrelated. The mortality of low birth weight can be reduced if the maternal risk factors are detected early and managed by simple techniques. This study was conducted to study the maternal risk factors associated with low birth weight. Methods: A retrospective record based case control study was conducted. Retrospective data collection was done using registers from medical record section of Obstetrics and Gynaecology department. After applying exclusion criteria and checking for completeness of records, we selected 60 cases and 124 matched controls. Data was entered in Microsoft excel and analyzed using SPSS version 16. Students ‘t’ test, chi-square test and odds ratio were used to find out the factors associated with low birth weight. Results: In the present study, 60 cases and 124 controls were studied. Mean age of mothers in the case group was 24.4±4.7 yrs. and in the control group was 24.8±4.42 yrs. Mean weight of the cases was 62.5±6.89 kg and of the controls was 65.04±7.16 kg. A total of 35% of the cases and 20% of the controls suffered from pregnancy related diseases. Conclusions: Maternal factors like Socio-economic status, weight, haemoglobin and parity were significantly associated with LBW. Maternal diseases like hypertension, diabetes can result in LBW baby.
Awareness and obeyance of road traffic rules among motorists in Mangaluru suburbs, India
Authors: Shetty Sudeep Kumar , D'mello Mackwin Kenwood , Purushothama Jagannath , Rent Priyanka Dsouza , Monisha V.
Published: September 2017

Background: Road traffic accident is one amongst the “biggest killers” across the World according to World Health Organization. Though road traffic accidents are both predictable and preventable, it is witnessed that there is an alarming increase in morbidity, mortality and disability owing to road traffic accident which has become a major public health concern in India. Hence this study aims to assess the awareness and obeyance of road traffic rules among commuters in south Mangaluru suburbs. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 180 motorists in south Mangaluru suburbs during August 2015, who were selected conveniently and structured questionnaire was administered for interview schedule. The data were analyzed for mean, median, frequencies, percentages, standard deviation and appropriate statistical tests were applied by using SPSS version 16. Results: More than two-thirds (67.2%) had insufficient awareness about road traffic rules and more than three fourth of the respondents (86.1%) had bad obeyance of road traffic rules. There was relationship between awareness and practice which was statistically significant (p=0.041) and there was statistical significant difference (p<0.05) in obeyance according to marital status, profession and type of vehicles used. Conclusions: Though the respondents were aware about road traffic rules to a certain extent but they were not obeying the road traffic rules wholly. This can be addressed through the strict enforcement of road traffic rulesand behavioral change communications.
Infant and young child feeding practices among mothers in Hyderabad, Telangana
Authors: Mane Sudhir Shankar , Chundi Pranitha Reddy
Published: September 2017

Background: The objective of the study was to assess Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) practices using World Health Organization indicators in infants and young children attending immunization clinics. Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional study was designed in a tertiary care hospital in an urban setup. Infant and young children from birth to 24 months attending immunization clinics were included. Main outcome measures were to assess IYCF Practices (8 Core and 7 Optional Indicators) and possible reasons for not practicing the same. Results: A total of 520 mothers attending immunization clinics were interviewed from June to July 2014. Mean age of the children was 32.5 weeks. 50.1% and 47.6% belonged to Hindu and Muslim religion respectively. Only 33.78% children were breastfed within one hour of birth. Among those who had not initiated breastfeeding within one hour of birth, 60.6% were not aware and the most common reason was caesarean section. In children older than 6 months, only 80% of children were exclusively breast fed for six months and the most common reason was insufficient breast milk. Only 72.5% of mothers introduced complementary foods from 6 to 9 months. Conclusions: The study shows poor IYCF practices in children attending immunization clinic at an urban tertiary care hospital. There is a clear knowledge gap among mothers. These faulty practices need to be addressed to improve feeding practices so as to maximize their benefits to the child. The study did not assess nutritional status of children. This would have been useful to see how inadequate IYCF practices were associated with nutritional status of the children.
A cross sectional study to assess the modifiable risk factors and morbidity profile of elderly people in a village in tribal part of Maharashtra
Authors: Borde Ananta , Kinge Amol , Bawa Mukesh , Pagar Vikrant
Published: September 2017

Background: Geriatrics population is an important part of the total community and comprises of about 7-8% of the whole population of one community. Since the expectation of life is also increasing steadily and quality of life being emphasized more & more in our country, the senior citizen group is getting importance day by day. The present study was carried to find the various social, economical and medical aspects related to geriatrics population in rural area. Methods: The community based cross sectional study was carried out at a village among 427 study subjects using pre-validated questionnaire. Data was collected regarding their health related problems, Pallor was seen for anemia. Data was analysed using appropriate statistical methods. Results: Majority of elderly population lies between the 60 to 70 years of population (84%). Joint pains followed by cataract, anemia were predominant among male subjects whereas anemia was found more in prevalence among female subjects followed by joint pains, cataract, hypertension and Diabetes. Conclusions: Existing geriatric healthcare setup needs to be strengthened and should be sensitised enough to consider such differential nature of geriatric concerns.
Rural-urban correlates of reproductive health with mental health in women in Odisha, India
Authors: De Abhishek , Kar Sonali , Das Bhagabati Charan
Published: September 2017

Background: Mental health and reproductive health are closely related. Women of reproductive age are most vulnerable. Odisha has poor maternal health indicators. Very few Indian studies comparing urban-rural differences in women’s mental health. Methods: Random sampling from respective field practice areas. GHQ-12 Mental Health screening tool used to assess health status. Pre-tested questionnaire applied to enquire about domestic and familial status, reproductive health morbidities. Results: Proportion of reported extramarital relationships of the respondents’ husband was observed to be more than twice as much in urban as compared to rural areas. Prevalence of domestic violence was found to be 43.2% in urban area as compared to 27.2% in rural areas. Significant differences were seen between urban and rural arms of the study regarding adverse pregnancy outcomes (p<0.001), induced abortion (p<0.0001), menstrual problems (p<0.0004) and gynaecological problems (p=0.0031). In these cases, rural women were observed to have significantly more combined (reproductive and mental health) morbidity than their urban counterparts. Conclusions: Findings of the study indicate that though familial and spousal and social support parameters were more adverse in urban women, reproductive health problems and their association with poor mental health was strikingly more common in the rural populace. This may indicate an erosion of the traditional buffers against adverse mental health outcomes in the rural setting and needs further investigation.
Work-related stress assessment among a garment factory employees in Bangalore suburban locality
Authors: Anandi Basavakumar S. , Rajaram Dinesh , B. A. Aravind , Sukumar Gautham M. , K. Radhika
Published: September 2017

Background: India's Garment Industry has been rapidly growing in last few years. The Garment Industry is of major importance to the Indian economy as it contributes substantially to India's export earnings. Thus employees working in the above sociological context of working life are expected to be affected by the general acceleration of the pace of life, contributing to work intensification and constant time pressure. Managers play a key role in reducing the significant sources of stress and shaping the future of employees. Thus the above study was undertaken among managers and supervisory level staff. The objectives of the study were to estimate the magnitude and level of work-related stress and to find the association of socio-demographic factors with work-related stress in garment manufacturing factory. Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken for 4 months, from October 2015 to January 2016, in a selected garment factory, located in the periphery of Bangalore city. A total of 167 supervisors and 41 managers, were included in the study. Stress was assessed by using ‘Tool to assess and classify work stress and associated symptoms’, developed by Centre for public health, NIMHANS. Results: Prevalence of work-related stress was 26% (95% CI; 18.04-26.36). Managers had higher prevalence of stress (29.3%) when compared to supervisors (25.1%). Majority of managers were perceived to have moderate stress level (58.4%) when compared to supervisors (26.10%). Among all the socio-demographic factors; age, total monthly income, travel time and mode of transport were significantly associated with work-related stress (p<0.05). Conclusions: Organization changes viz., effort-reward imbalances, needs to be corrected and appropriate transport facilities meeting the employee requirements have to be provided, to cope up stress associated with travelling.
Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors amongst teaching staff of IIMSR medical college, Badnapur, Jalna, Maharashtra
Authors: Muneshwar Sujata N. , Shafee Mohd. , Giri Purushottam A. , Gangwal Pankaj R. , Doctor Sadaf
Published: September 2017

Background: Cardiovascular diseases are the number one cause of death globally. The cause of heart attacks and strokes are due to combination of risk factors- tobacco use, unhealthy diet, obesity, physical inactivity, alcohol use, hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidaemia. Most cardiovascular diseases can be prevented by addressing these behavioural risk factors. The objectives were to study the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among teaching staff and to know the association of age and gender with cardiovascular risk factors.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out amongst teaching staff of IIMSR Medical College, Badnapur, Jalna, Maharashtra during the period of August to October 2016. All teaching staff of IIMSR Medical College was included in this study by purposive sampling method. Total number of staff who was more than 30 years of age was 80. The study was performed on 71 teaching staff as 9 denied participating (71 out of 80). Clinical parameters including weight, height, blood pressure and waist circumference was recorded. Blood sample was also collected. Statistical analysis was done by using appropriate statistical test like mean, percentage, standard deviation, student’s t test and chi square test. Results: Majority participants were male 50 (70.42%). The mean age of male was 42.6±13.4 yrs and female was 37.05±9.64 yrs. The mean weight (76.2±12.9), mean waist circumference (92.0±12.1) and mean BMI (27.02±4.44) were above the normal range amongst male participants. The mean height, mean weight, mean waist circumference, mean SBP, mean DBP, mean RBS, mean creatinine and mean BMI values were higher in males as compared to females. The difference was statistically significant. Hypertension was more common in older age with raised diastolic blood pressure which signifies that age is one of the most important risk factor. Conclusions: This study showed a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and signifies the importance of health awareness among the staff members regarding the various cardiovascular risk factors.
Attitude of intern doctors and B.Sc. nursing students regarding various aspects of biomedical waste (management and handling) rules: a cross sectional study
Authors: Acharya Rekha , Sharma Gaurav , Sethia Renu , Meena Ratti Ram
Published: September 2017

Background: Different types of waste are generated during healthcare activities. The waste so generated has chance of causing serious infection and also injury to persons who come in contact with it whether the contact is direct or indirect. Safe and sustainable health care waste management is not possible without a favourable attitude among health care providers. The objective of the study was to assess the attitude of Intern doctors and B.Sc. nursing students: the future health care providers, regarding various aspects of Biomedical Waste (Management and handling) Rules. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The study was conducted amongst Intern doctors and B.Sc. nursing students posted at Prince Bijay Singh Memorial (PBM) and associated group of hospitals attached to Sardar Patel Medical College, Bikaner. Results: In the study out of 204 respondents, 54.4% were B.Sc. nursing students and 45.6% were intern doctors. Statistically significant difference was seen in overall attitude of study population belonging to different professional group regarding biomedical waste management. Overall the attitude of study group was favourable. Conclusions: Favourable attitude of health care workers will go a long way in better implementation of biomedical waste management rules and thereby help in decreasing adverse health effects of improper waste handling.
A study to assess premature mortality and years of potential life lost among the mortality victims of Victoria Hospital, Bengaluru
Authors: Alalageri Kavya M. , . Shobha , Sobagaih Ranganath Timmanahalli
Published: September 2017

Background: Premature mortality by age 60 accounted for one-third of total deaths in low and middle income countries in 2008. While under-5 mortality as a proportion of premature mortality remains high in some countries, premature adult mortality is also increasing. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death and primarily affect those of productive age. India is also experiencing rapid demographic and epidemiological transition. Although evidence suggests recent reductions in infant and child mortality, little is known about the age and sex patterns of premature deaths in India.Methods: Record based study was conducted from 4 months mortality statistics who belong to less than 69 yrs during the period June-September 2016 at Victoria Hospital. Data is entered in MS-Excel and analyzed in the form of descriptive statistics. Data is presented in the form of figures, tables, charts and percentages wherever necessary.Results: There were total of 1265 deaths in 4 months, among them 890 deaths occurred <69 yrs of age. Most of them belong to 45-54 yrs which is the income generating age-group. Most of them belong to 45-54 yrs which is the income generating age-group. Most of the mortality victims admitted in hospital for <24 hrs (45.28%) followed by a week (45.05%). Infectious diseases, burns, hypertension, and alcohol related complications and poly trauma are the top 5 causes of premature deaths. Mean years of potential life lost (YPLL) due to NCDs like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and hypertension is 20.92 yrs.Conclusions: Health system should gear up at all levels of health care in order to reduce mortality due to NCDs and thus to increase life-expectancy.
Etiology of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome
Authors: Priyadarshan Sandesh , Kamath P. Shrinath D.
Published: September 2017

Background: The aims of the study were to evaluate the various etiological factors of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and to make recommendations based on study findings.

Methods: The study group consists of 60 patients who are diagnosed clinically and polysomnographically to have obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome at ENT and Pulmonary Medicine outpatient departments.  

Results: Most cases of severe OSA were in age group of 21-40 (47.8%). No significant association was observed between age distribution and severity of OSA (p=0.295). A significant association was observed between obesity and increasing severity of OSA (p<0.05). The mean AHI of patients with mild, moderate and severe OSA was 8.45, 23.31 and 49.07 respectively (p<0.05). Enlarged adenoids, narrow oropharyngeal inlet, bulky tongue, enlarged tonsils and greater neck circumference were significantly associated with OSA (p<0.05). No significant association between DNS, ITH, concha bullosa and enlarged adenoids with OSA (p>0.05).

Conclusions: Certain naso-oro-pharyngeal parameters were found to be significantly associated with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome viz. enlarged adenoids, bulky tongue, greater neck circumference and narrow oropharyngeal inlet. Patients with these features should further be investigated with CPAP titration polysomnography and surgical intervention. 
Study the effect of osteopathic manipulation treatment in globus pharyngeus patients
Authors: Baisakhiya Nitish , Goyal Manu , Singh Gurchand , Chandra Sagar
Published: September 2017

Background: This study evaluates the outcome of osteopathic manipulation in the patients with globus pharyngeus.

Methods: The study comprised of 50 patients with globus pharyngeus. All cases were provided major body diaphragms release namely pelvic diaphragm, abdominal diaphragm, thoracic outlet release, hyoid release, gastroesophageal junction release and sphenoid basilar junction generalized release in some selected cases as per their symptoms. Patients were treated 2 times in a week for 3 weeks.  

Results: Results were analyzed on the basis of patient’s satisfaction and improvement in the symptoms on regular basis after 2 wks. Visual analogue score (VAS) and clinical assessment were used to see the quantum of satisfaction and overall symptoms. The mean VAS score of patients receiving OMT (MFR) with PPI was 6.23±0.43 and patient who required psychotherapy along with OMT (MFR) had the VAS score of 3.78±0.17 (p<0.05).

Conclusions: The patients required multidisciplinary approach hyoid bone release and other osteopathic manipulations, anti-reflux and antipsychotic treatment. The patients having psychological symptoms requiring antipsychotic drugs were found to be least respondent to the treatment. Patients having associated GERD showed a good response to the treatment and their dependency on drugs decreased following the OMT. The best response was seen in patients having no associated ailment and received OMT (MFR). 
Comparative study between diagnostic nasal endoscopy and computed tomography of PNS in sino nasal diseases
Authors: Tegnoor Mallikarjun S. , George Joseph Williams , George Williams , Joshi Ramchandra
Published: September 2017

Background: The objective of this study is to compare the tomographic findings to the nasal endoscopy findings in patients with chronic sino-nasal diseases. This study aims to compare CT scan and DNE in sino-nasal diseases.

Methods: 50 Patients attending ENT, OPD, BTGH with any sino-nasal complaints lasting for more than 4 weeks and not responding to medical line of management. Patients are selected by random sampling method. Patients were evaluated with CT scan and DNE.

Results: The most common co-morbidity found among the patients is chronic rhino sinusitis in 31 cases (62%). Middle meatal purulent secretions are the most obvious finding in DNE evaluation seen in 31 (62%) cases. Anterior ethmoidal sinus haziness is seen in 37 (74%) cases on CT scan with majority of cases showing associated sinus involvement.

Conclusions: Thereby indicating that in all patients with sino nasal diseases both CT scan and DNE has to be done, to know the exact pathology and to plan for further management. Both CT scan and DNE are complimentary to each other.
Bacteriology and antibiotics treatment of maxillary sinusitis: a prospective study
Authors: Malashetti Santosh , Havle Abhay , Karembelkar Rajesh
Published: September 2017

Background: Sinusitis is one of the commonest causes of patients visit to the otorhinolaryngologist, around one in five cases. The prevalence of sinusitis (146/1000) has been reported. Estimates suggest that clinical condition of sinusitis is more widespread than arthritis and/or hypertension. Sinusitis significantly impacts quality of life, even in comparison to chronic debilitating diseases such as diabetes and congestive heart failure. Sinusitis is the fifth most common medical diagnosis for which antibiotics are prescribed. Sinusitis is usually managed with a 10 days complete course of appropriate sensitive antibiotics. To achieve this goal, there should be some diagnostic modalities which guide towards exact diagnosis as well as safe intervention and cost effective. Over past decade, x-ray paranasal sinuses (Water’s view) and nasal endoscopy have been used successfully as diagnostic modalities in sinus disease.

Methods: 100 patients presenting with complaints of sinusitis to the ENT OPD KIMSDU Karad, Maharashtra India were selected randomly (more than 12 yrs of age). All of them were examined clinically and subjected to X -ray PNS (Water’s view) and diagnostic nasal endoscopy [DNE]. Antral lavage was done for all the patients and returning fluid sent for culture and sensitivity. Results were evaluated by statistical analysis using chi square test and evaluating p value tabulated and compared. Appropriate antibiotics were advised orally for 10 days, on the basis of culture reports, such as Amoxcillin-Clavulinate 625 mg BD, Cefpodoxime proxetil 200 mg BD, Levofloxacin 500 mg OD, Ciprofloxacin-Tinidazole (500:600 mg) BD.

Results: Majority of the patients were in the age group of 20-29 years (46%) and females (53%). Most common organisms causing maxillary sinusitis was- S.aureus (coagulase+29%). It was found that Amoxicillin-Clavulinate has highest efficacy as compared to other antibiotics.

Conclusions: According to our study, most common organisms causing acute maxillary sinusitis in this study are S aureus (coagulase+), S pnemoniae and Enterobacteriacae. Most common organisms isolated are anaerobic Peptostreptococcus, coagulase positive S. aureus and fusobacterium in chronic rhinosinusitis. Efficacy of Amoxicillin-Clavulinic acid was 96% clinically, 94% based on results on DNE findings and 87% by radiological success rate which is statistical more significant than other class of antibiotics. So amoxicillin clavulinic acid can be considered as first line of drug for treating bacterial rhinosinusitis. 
Insulin resistance and affecting factors in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
Authors: Beyazal Polat Hatice , Çeliker Metin , Özyurt Songül , Terzi Suat , Özgür Abdülkadir
Published: September 2017

Background: Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance are common in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) independently of obesity. This study aims to examine and evaluate the insulin resistance and the factors affecting the insulin resistance in patients with OSAS.

Methods: Patients admitted to the sleep disorders clinic of our hospital with snoring complaints and diagnosed with OSAS in the last 6 months were included to the study. Insulin resistance was calculated by the Homa-IR formula. >2.7 was considered insulin resistance.  

Results: The mean Homa-IR value was 3.86±4.69 and 42 (49.4%) patients were found to have insulin resistance. Mean insulin resistance was 2.68±2.2 in normal weight patients, 2.30±1.41 in overweight patients, 3.96±1.83 in obese patients, and 8.61±12.13 in morbid obese patients. The mean apnea hypopnea index of the patients was 22.95±15.20; 30 (35.2%) were with mild, 26 (30.6%) were with moderate and 29 (34.1%) were with severe OSAS. Insulin resistance was 2.35±1.36 in patients with mild AHI; 3.09±1.30 in patients with moderate AHI, and 6.11±7.35 in severe cases. In our study, the most significant relationship was found to be between insulin resistance in OSAS patients with insulin resistance and BMI and AHI.

Conclusions: Insulin resistance is common in patients with OSAS independently of obesity. In our study, BMI and AHI were found to be the most important factors associated with insulin resistance in patients with OSAS.
Septoplasty techniques- conventional versus endoscopic: our experience
Authors: Rajguru Renu , Singh Inderdeep , Galagali J. R. , Singh Anubhav
Published: September 2017

Background: Deviated nasal septum is one of the most common disorders in human beings, which may lead to symptoms of nasal obstruction, headache, epistaxis, hyposmia, and post nasal drip. DNS correction may also be required to gain access during intranasal procedures like endoscopic sinus surgery, endoscopic dacryocystor-hinostomy and skull base surgery. The technique of septoplasty has evolved over the decades with a tendency towards more conservative and precise surgery. Over the last few decades endoscopic septoplasty has become increasingly popular.

Methods: It was a cross-sectional comparative study done to compare the efficacy of endoscopic septoplasty with conventional septoplasty, conducted at a tertiary care centre over a period of 3 years. Records of 100 patients of nose and PNS disorders with DNS who were operated either by conventional or by endoscopic technique were studied. The patients were studied for the improvement in their symptoms, anatomical correction and intra-operative/post-operative complications.  

Results: Endoscopic septoplasty group patients showed better symptomatic relief, lesser incidence of residual anterior /posterior deviation and persistent spur and less complications as compared to the conventional septoplasty group.

Conclusions: In our study we found more clientele satisfaction and lesser rate of complications in endoscopic septoplasty group. We recommend all ENT specialists to be trained in nasal endoscopic septoplasty technique as it offers many advantages such as more precision in post nasal spurs with less flap tears, it can be tailor made according to the disease and can be combined with various endoscopic surgeries.
A study on presentation, etiology, complications and management of deep neck space infections: our experience
Authors: Khokle Pradip , Lahane Vaibhav J. , Mishra Swati , Choudhary Moinnudin
Published: September 2017

Background: To analyze our experience in presentation, etiology, complications and difficulties encountered in diagnosis and management of deep neck space infections.

Methods: 52 cases of deep neck space infections were analyzed within the period of November 2013 to November 2015 in ENT OPD at GMC Latur. Patients with airway compromise or in failures were managed with intubation or tracheostomy. All patients were investigated with detail history, hematological and radiological investigations like X- Ray, USG or CT scan. Although all patients were treated with intravenous antibiotics, surgical drainage was the definitive management.  

Results: Study includes 29 males and 23 females. Neck pain was most common presentation in 90.38% with airway compromise being most common complication. Submandibular (34.61%) and peritonsillar (21%) space were commonly involved with odontogenic and upper airway infections being leading causes. Diabetes was common comorbidity found among patients. Staphylococcus aureus being common isolate (Klebsiella in diabetics). Surgical drainage with antibiotics as per culture sensitivity was treatment modality of choice.

Conclusions: Early diagnosis and appropriate management is key for better outcome. Odontogenic etiology being most common correlates well with poor oral hygiene and tobacco chewing. Surgical drainage and antibiotics are the treatment modalities. Complications and associated comorbidities affect the course of DNSI and hence require appropriate management. 
Clinico-pathological spectrum of sinonasal masses: a tertiary care hospital experience
Authors: Maheshwari Abhishek , Bansal Anshul
Published: September 2017

Background: Sinonasal masses (SNM) are a fairly common clinical entity that occurs amongst patients of all age groups. There symptoms and signs frequently overlap, hence a diagnostic dilemma exists. A correct diagnosis is prudent for instituting correct treatment and expecting recovery. The purpose of this retrospective analysis was to decipher and study the various pathologies that present as sinonasal masses.

Methods: A retrospective analysis done on 80 patients of SNM who presented to the Department of ENT, Subharti Medical College and Hospital, Meerut from May 2016 to April 2017. Their biodata, clinical profile and histolopathological diagnosis were analyzed.  

Results: SNM were male predominant and were non-neoplastic in 53 cases (66.25%). Nasal obstruction was the most common presenting feature (71 cases, 88.75%). Nasal polyps are the most commonly encountered SNM. Non-neoplastic SNM were common in the age group of 11 to 40 years. Benign SNM were common during the 2nd to 4th decade of life, while malignant SNM were common from 5th decade onwards.

Conclusions: SNM constitute a very wide spectrum of differential diagnoses. They have a male predominance and majority are non-neoplastic. Nasal polyps are the most commonly encountered SNM, seen during 2nd to 4th decade of life, while squamous cell carcinoma is the most commonly encounterd malignancy, generally from 5th decade onwards. Surgery is the treatment of choice.
A study on paediatric stridor causes and management: case series
Authors: Selvam D. K. , Vikram V. J. , Saktheeswaran M , M P Mohammed Irfad
Published: September 2017

Background: Stridor is one of the life threatening symptoms presenting to the Emergency Department. Stridor is a sign of airway obstruction, so it demands immediate attention and thorough evaluation to uncover the precise underlying cause. This study on paediatric stridor is to find the causes of stridor in paediatric age group are to identify the cause to initiate treatment of stridor, suggest an approach to evaluate and manage the underlying cause.

Methods: Retrospective study of series 515 cases in paediatric age group, below 12 years of age presenting with respiratory distress to the Emergency department/ENT department. The primary management was to maintain the airway in all cases. Intravenous line established intravenous fluid/antibiotics /steroids/racemic adrenaline, followed by history of the respiratory distress from the parents/ caretakers. Then according to the provisional diagnosis evaluation is done by radiological investigation/ endoscopy.  

Results: Laryngomalacia was the most common cause of infant stridor in less than one year of age in 348 cases, while Foreign body aspiration is the most common cause of stridor in age group one to 12 years in 122 cases. 358 cases (69%) were treated conservatively and cause related management was done in 157 (31%). Endoscopy and imaging offers the best methods in evaluating and treatment of pediatric stridor.
Conclusions:The management of stridor in pediatric age group is a team work of ENT surgeons, Pediatrician, Pediatric surgeons, anaesthetist. The airway maintenance is the main management followed by ENT examination, evaluation by imaging, endoscopy and treatment of the cause. We follow the airway management algorithm in order to evaluate the child for diagnosis of the cause for treatment and successful outcomes of stridulous pediatric patients. 
 