bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A KNOWLEDGE-BASED SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT SUPPORTING COOPERATIVE WORK
Authors: PEUSCHEL BURKHARD , SCHAFER WILHELM , WOLF STEFAN
Published: November 2004

The subject of this paper is the description of a process-centered software development environment called MERLIN which monitors and guides teams of software developers and managers in producing software objects. Software objects (or objects for short) include all sorts of documents like requirements analysis, design, code, user manuals, contracts etc. For each user, MERLIN automatically displays a specific working context which contains information like objects, their relations, their current development state, and corresponding tools. This information is filtered according to the (access) rights and duties a particular user has in a particular project, i.e. the working context depends on the user's role (e.g. programmer, designer, manager). Internally, the computation of the information to be contained in a working context, is based on a rulelike definition of a software process and a flexible interpretation mechanism to enact such a process definition. The main feature of the interpreter is an alternating use of backward and forward chaining for the interpretation of rules. In addition, our implementation enables a persistent storage and incremental update during runtime of all process information expressed in facts within the MERLIN knowledge base.
COMPUTATIONAL GEOMETRY COLUMN 15
Authors: O’Rourke Joseph
Published: November 2004

Recent solutions of three “art gallery” problems are reported. Three related still-open problems are discussed.
COMPUTING SHORTEST TRANSVERSALS OF SETS
Authors: BHATTACHARYA BINAY , CZYZOWICZ JUREK , EGYED PETER , TOUSSAINT GODFRIED , STOJMENOVIC IVAN , URRUTIA JORGE
Published: November 2004

Given a family of objects in the plane, the line transversal problem is to compute a line that intersects every member of the family. In this paper we examine a variation of the line transversal problem that involves computing a shortest line segment that intersects every member of the family. In particular, we give O(n log n) time algorithms for computing a shortest transversal of a family of n lines, a family of n line segments, and a family of convex polygons with a total of n vertices. In general, finding a line transversal for a family of n objects takes Ω(n log n) time. This time bound holds for a family of n line segments as well as for a family of convex polygons with a total of n vertices. Hence, our shortest transversal algorithms for these families are optimal.
RATIONAL LANGUAGES AND INVERSE MONOID PRESENTATIONS
Authors: SILVA PEDRO V.
Published: November 2004

The aim of this note is to emphasize the connection between the idempotent word problem for inverse monoid presentations and certain left closed subsets of the free group. The wide use of automata and languages throughout the paper justifies our choice of considering the free group as a subset of the free monoid. Automata theory is used to provide a decidability result concerning rational languages. As a consequence, an alternative proof to the theorem of Meakin and Margolis on idempotent-pure presentations [7] is obtained, and some new cases are established. Moreover, an example of a finitely presented inverse monoid with undecidable idempotent word problem is given.
RADIATIONS AMPLIFICATION AND IMAGE CONVERSION IN STIMULATED FOUR-WAVE PARAMETRIC MIXING IN POTASSIUM VAPOR
Authors: MOVSESSYAN M.E. , PAPOYAN A.V. , SHMAVONYAN S.V.
Published: November 2004

We report the results of experimental investigation of radiations amplification in stimulated four-wave parametric mixing in potassium vapor using two cells holding active medium (generator-amplifier system). Under the two-photon excitation on 4S→6S transition, the gain of parametrically generated violet radiation on 5P→4S transitions is caused by the amplification of infrared radiation on 6S→5P transitions due to optically pumped stimulated emission process. The optimum conditions for seed radiations amplification are found. For these conditions we realized, for the first time, an image conversion from infrared region of spectrum (3.66 µ) to violet (0.4 µ) with quantum efficiency of conversion over 100% (“brightness intensification”).
GaAs/AlGaAs MULTIPLE-QUANTUM-WELL NONLINEAR OPTICAL DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
Authors: CHUANG C.L. , JIN R. , XU JIAJIN , HARTEN P.A. , KHITROVA G. , GIBBS H.M. , LEE S.G. , SOKOLOFF J.P. , PEYGHAMBARIAN N. , FU R. , HONG C.S.
Published: November 2004

The design, fabrication and characterization of passive and active GaAs/AlGaAs nonlinear directional couplers with a multiple-quantum-well (MQW) guiding region are summarized. Picosecond one-beam and two-beam switching using the carrier-induced optical nonlinearities and femtosecond switching using the optical Stark effect are both reviewed. Two-transverse-dimension beam-propagation computations with the optical nonlinearities modeled by the plasma theory are presented, and found to be in good agreement with our previously reported carrier-induced switching characteristics and with our new results with current injection.
ERROR ANALYSIS OF MIXED-INTERPOLATED ELEMENTS FOR REISSNER-MINDLIN PLATES
Authors: BREZZI FRANCO , FORTIN MICHEL , STENBERG ROLF
Published: November 2004

We give an error analysis for the recently introduced mixed-interpolated finite element methods for Reissner-Mindlin plates. Optimal error estimates, which are valid uniformly with respect to the thickness of the plate, are proven for the deflection, rotation and the shear force. In addition, the earlier families are augmented with a new method with linear approximations for the deflection and the rotation. We also introduce a simple postprocessing method by which an improved approximation for the deflection can be obtained.
CONCEPTUAL SCHEMAS: MULTI-FACETED TOOLS FOR DESKTOP SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENT MANAGEMENT
Authors: IOANNIDIS YANNIS E. , LIVNY MIRON
Published: November 2004

In this paper, we identify some of the fundamental issues that must be addressed in designing a desktop Experiment Management System (EMS). We develop an abstraction of the set of activities performed by scientists throughout the course of an experimental study, and based on that abstraction we propose an EMS architecture that can support all such activities. The proposed EMS architecture is centered around the extensive use of conceptual schemas, which express the structure of information in experimental studies. Schemas are called to play new roles that are not usually found in traditional database systems. We provide a detailed exposition of these new roles and describe certain characteristics that the data model of the EMS must have in order for schemas expressed in it to successfully play these roles. Finally, we present the specifics of our own effort to develop an EMS, focusing on the main features of the data model of the system, which we have developed based on the needs of experiment management.
ABSORPTION AND INTENSITY OF ENTREPRENEURISM IN A LARGE BUSINESS ENTERPRISE - STUDY OF STEEL AUTHORITY OF INDIA LIMITED
Authors: KUMAR ASHOK , HARAN HARI
Published: November 2004

This paper presents the findings of the study of a large public sector corporation in India where entrepreneurial initiatives were taken to respond to drastic changes in the business and economic scenario and the emerging need of globalisation. Using a framework of strategic management, the process of absorbing entrepreneurship has been traced and efforts have been made to quantify the intensity of entrepreneurism by administering an instrument of six point rating scale to 210 executives. The study has brought out that the process of absorbing entrepreneurship through certain initiatives has been useful to this corporation in managing change successfully. The intensity of entrepreneurism is between moderate to high which can be further strengthened by concentrating more on assessing external opportunities and creating a climate of taking benefits from these opportunities by applying creativity. The paper also outlines the areas for future research in organisational entrepreneurism.
FROM ENTREPRENEURSHIP TO ENTREPRENOLOGY: THE EMERGENCE OF A NEW DISCIPLINE
Authors: FILION LOUIS JACQUES
Published: November 2004

This paper presents a summary of research on entrepreneurs and discusses the trends in the development of the field. It begins by introducing the pioneers of the domain, Cantillon, Say and Schumpeter. The contribution of economists such as Knight, Hayek, Penrose, Kirzner and Casson are mentioned. A second section presents the contributions of the behaviourists and the characteristics most commonly attributed to entrepreneurs. From the 1980s onwards, the field of entrepreneurship exploded and was assimilated into almost every soft science discipline. Two separate trends - one applied, the other theory-based - began to emerge. Thus, the paper postulates that the field is in the process of dividing into two separate entities: entrepreneurship, the applied aspect, and entreprenology, the theoretical aspect.
A STUDY OF ENTREPRENEURIAL CAREER CHOICES AMONG MBAS - THE EXTENDED BIRD MODEL
Authors: ERIKSON TRULS
Published: November 2004

In this article an extended version of the Bird model is investigated in a prospective approach. The model is tested on a cohort of 62 final semester MBAs in the UK. Boyd and Vozikis' (1994) theoretical propositions represent the base model. Antecedents of the extended model are empirically tested using exogenous variables such as mastery experience, vicarious experience and social influences against entrepreneurial self-efficacy. The present study supports the proposition that social influence affects entrepreneurial self-efficacy and that self-efficacy goal setting and goal commitment affect entrepreneurial career choice intentions.
Reduced PDX-1 expression impairs islet response to insulin resistance and worsens glucose homeostasis
Authors: Brissova Marcela , Blaha Michael , Spear Cathi , Nicholson Wendell , Radhika Aramandla , Shiota Masakazu , Charron Maureen J. , Wright Christopher V. E. , Powers Alvin C.
Published: November 2004

In type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance and an inadequate pancreatic β-cell response to the demands of insulin resistance lead to impaired insulin secretion and hyperglycemia. Pancreatic duodenal homeodomain-1 (PDX-1), a transcription factor required for normal pancreatic development, also plays a key role in normal insulin secretion by islets. To investigate the role of PDX-1 in islet compensation for insulin resistance, we examined glucose disposal, insulin secretion, and islet cell mass in mice of four different genotypes: wild-type mice, mice with one PDX-1 allele inactivated (PDX-1+/−, resulting in impaired insulin secretion), mice with one GLUT4 allele inactivated (GLUT4+/−, resulting in insulin resistance), and mice heterozygous for both PDX-1 and GLUT4 (GLUT4+/−;PDX-1+/−). The combination of PDX-1 and GLUT4 heterozygosity markedly prolonged glucose clearance. GLUT4+/−;PDX-1+/−mice developed β-cell hyperplasia but failed to increase their β-cell insulin content. These results indicate that PDX-1 heterozygosity (∼60% of normal protein levels) abrogates the β-cell's compensatory response to insulin resistance, impairs glucose homeostasis, and may contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.
Substrate specificity of the human renal sodium dicarboxylate cotransporter, hNaDC-3, under voltage-clamp conditions
Authors: Burckhardt Birgitta C. , Lorenz Julia , Kobbe Christoph , Burckhardt Gerhard
Published: November 2004

Proximal tubule cells extract dicarboxylates from filtrate and blood, using cotransporters located in the brush border [sodium dicarboxylate cotransporter (NaDC-1)] and basolateral cell membrane (NaDC-3). We expressed the human NaDC-3 (hNaDC-3) in Xenopus laevis oocytes and characterized it by the two-electrode voltage-clamp technique. At −60 mV, succinate (4 carbons) and glutarate (5 carbons) generated inward currents due to translocation of three sodium ions and one divalent dicarboxylate, whereas oxalate (2 carbons) and malonate (3 carbons) did not. The cis-dicarboxylate maleate produced currents smaller in magnitude, whereas the trans-dicarboxylate fumarate generated currents similar to succinate. The substituted succinate derivatives, malate, 2,2- and 2,3-dimethylsuccinate, and 2,3-dimercaptosuccinate elicited inward currents, whereas aspartate and guanidinosuccinate showed hardly detectable currents. The C-5 dicarboxylates glutarate and α-ketoglutarate produced larger currents than succinate; glutamate and folate failed to cause inward currents. Kinetic analysis revealed, at −60 mV, K0.5 values of 25 ± 12 μM for succinate and 45 ± 13 μM for α-ketoglutarate, values close to the plasma concentration of these compounds. For both compounds, the K0.5 was independent of voltage, whereas the maximal current increased with hyperpolarization. As opposed to the rat and flounder orthologs, hNaDC-3 was hardly inhibited by lithium concentrations up to 5 mM. In the absence of sodium, however, lithium can mediate succinate-dependent currents. The narrow substrate specificity prevents interaction of drugs with dicarboxylate-like structure with hNaDC-3 and ensures sufficient support of the proximal tubule cells with α-ketoglutarate for anion secretion via organic anion transporter 1 or 3.
On the Carleman classes of vectors of a scalar type spectral operator
Authors: Markin Marat V.
Published: November 2004

The Carleman classes of a scalar type spectral operator in a reflexive Banach space are characterized in terms of the operator′s resolution of the identity. A theorem of the Paley‐Wiener type is considered as an application.
Classifying Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes
Authors: Miyakawa Yuzo , Mizokami Masashi
Published: November 2004

In 1988, hepatitis B virus (HBV) was classified into four genotypes by a sequence divergence in the entire genome exceeding 8%, and designated by capital letters of the alphabet from A to D. There are seven genotypes of HBV (A–G) at present, and an eighth is on the horizon. They have an uneven geographical distribution, and only a few of them are prevalent in a given area of the world. Thus genotype A is frequent in northwest Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa, India and the North, Central and South America, B as well as C are common in Southeast Asia and Oceania, and D is prevalent in the Mediterranean area, Central Asia and South America. Genotype E is restricted to West Africa, and F is localized in Central and South America. The distribution of genotype G added to the alphabet list very recently has yet to be determined. Coinfection with HBV of distinct genotypes is not infrequent and found in about 10% of infected individuals, and is responsible for intertypic recombination of HBV genomes. The mutation for a stop codon in the precore region (G1896A) for aborting the translation of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) is prohibited in HBV genomes of genotype A, as well as some of genotypes C and F, because they possess C at position 1858 that makes a Watson-Crick pair with G at position 1896. Hence, seroconversion to antibody to HBeAg is forbidden or delayed in individuals who carry them. Evidence is accumulating as regards the influence of HBV genotypes on the progression of chronic hepatitis B and response to antiviral therapies. HBV isolates even of the same genotype can differ in virological and clinical characteristics, and therefore, the genotype needs to be classified further into subtypes, especially if they are clinically relevant.
Different isoforms of BSAP regulate expression of AID in normal and chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells
Authors: Oppezzo Pablo , Dumas Gérard , Lalanne Ana Inés , Payelle-Brogard Béatrice , Magnac Christian , Pritsch Otto , Dighiero Guillaume , Vuillier Françoise
Published: November 2004

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is key to initiating somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR), but its mode of action and regulation remains unclear. Since Pax-5 and Id-2 transcription factors play an opposing role in AID regulation, we have studied the expression of Pax-5, Id-2, and prdm-1 genes in 54 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells. In 21 cases, presence of AID is constantly associated with high expression of the complete form of the Pax-5 gene (Pax-5a) and lower expression of the Id-2 and prdm-1 transcripts. In 33 cases, the absence of AID expression and CSR is associated with a reduction of Pax-5a and the appearance of a spliced form with a deletion in exon 8 (Pax-5/Δ-Ex8). Stimulation with CD40L+interleukin 4 (IL-4) induces CSR, the presence of AID transcripts, up-regulation of Pax-5a and down-regulation of Pax-5/Δ-Ex8, and Id-2 and prdm-1 transcripts. Pax-5a and Pax-5/Δ-Ex8 are translated into 2 isoforms of the B-cell–specific activator protein (BSAP) and both are able to bind the AID-promoter region. Overall, these results suggest that Pax-5/Δ-Ex8 could play an important role in the control of its own transcription and indirectly in AID expression and CSR.
Dynamic targeting of microtubules by TPPP/p25 affects cell survival
Authors: Lehotzky Atilla , Tirián László , Tökési Natália , Lénárt Péter , Szabó Bálint , Kovács János , Ovádi Judit
Published: November 2004

Recently we identified TPPP/p25 (tubulin polymerization promoting protein/p25) as a brain-specific unstructured protein that induced aberrant microtubule assemblies and ultrastructure in vitro and as a new marker for Parkinson's disease and other synucleopathies. In this paper the structural and functional consequences of TPPP/p25 are characterized to elucidate the relationship between the in vitro and the pathological phenomena. We show that at low expression levels EGFP-TPPP/p25 specifically colocalizes with the microtubule network of HeLa and NRK cells. We found that the colocalization was dynamic (tg=5 seconds by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching) and changed during the phases of mitosis. Time-lapse and immunofluorescence experiments revealed that high levels of EGFP-TPPP/p25 inhibited cell division and promoted cell death. At high expression levels or in the presence of proteosome inhibitor, green fusion protein accumulated around centrosomes forming an aggresome-like structure protruding into the nucleus or a filamentous cage of microtubules surrounding the nucleus. These structures showed high resistance to vinblastin. We propose that a potential function of TPPP/p25 is the stabilization of physiological microtubular ultrastructures, however, its upregulation may directly or indirectly initiate the formation of aberrant protein aggregates such as pathological inclusions.
The spatial pattern of atrial cardiomyocyte calcium signalling modulates contraction
Authors: Mackenzie Lauren , Roderick H. Llewelyn , Berridge Michael J. , Conway Stuart J. , Bootman Martin D.
Published: November 2004

We examined the regulation of calcium signalling in atrial cardiomyocytes during excitation-contraction coupling, and how changes in the distribution of calcium impacts on contractility. Under control conditions, calcium transients originated in subsarcolemmal locations and showed local regeneration through activation of calcium-induced calcium release from ryanodine receptors. Despite functional ryanodine receptors being expressed at regular (∼2 μm) intervals throughout atrial myocytes, the subsarcolemmal calcium signal did not spread in a fully regenerative manner through the interior of a cell. Rather, there was a diminishing centripetal propagation of calcium. The lack of regeneration was due to mitochondria and SERCA pumps preventing the inward movement of calcium. Inhibiting these calcium buffering mechanisms allowed the globalisation of action potential-evoked responses. In addition, physiological positive inotropic agents, such as endothelin-1 and β-adrenergic agonists, as well as enhanced calcium current, calcium store loading and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate infusion also led to regenerative global responses. The consequence of globalising calcium signals was a significant increase in cellular contraction. These data indicate how calcium signals and their consequences are determined by the interplay of multiple subcellular calcium management systems.
Activation of the cGMP Pathway in Dopaminergic Structures Reduces Cocaine-Induced EGR-1 Expression and Locomotor Activity
Authors: Jouvert Peggy , Revel Marie-Odile , Lazaris Anelise , Aunis Dominique , Langley Keith , Zwiller Jean
Published: November 2004

Nitric oxide (NO) and the C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) exert their action on brain via the cGMP signaling pathway. NO, by activating soluble guanylyl cyclase, and CNP, by stimulating membrane-bound guanylyl cyclase, cause intracellular increases of cGMP, activating cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGs). We show here that injection of CNP into the rat ventral tegmental area strongly reduced cocaine-inducedegr-1expression in the nucleus accumbens in a dose-dependent manner. The effect of CNP was reversed by the previous injection of a selective PKG inhibitor, KT5823. Activation of PKG by 8-bromo-cGMP reduced, like CNP, cocaine-induced gene transcription in dopaminergic structures. To confirm the involvement of PKG, this was overexpressed in either the mesencephalon or the caudate-putamen. Using the polyethyleneimine delivery system, an active protein was expressed by injecting a plasmid vector containing the human PKG-Iα cDNA. PKG was overexpressed in dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons when the plasmid was injected in the ventral tegmental area, whereas overexpression was observed in medium spiny GABAergic neurons and in both cholinergic and GABAergic interneurons when the PKG vector was injected into the caudate-putamen. Activation of the overexpressed PKG reduced cocaine-inducedegr-1expression in dopaminergic structures and affected behavior (i.e., locomotor activity). These effects were again reversed by previous injection of the selective PKG inhibitor. The current data suggest that NO and the neuropeptide CNP are potential regulators of cocaine-related effects on behavior.
Prefrontal Cortex Stimulation Induces 2-Arachidonoyl-Glycerol-Mediated Suppression of Excitation in Dopamine Neurons
Authors: Melis Miriam , Perra Simona , Muntoni Anna Lisa , Pillolla Giuliano , Lutz Beat , Marsicano Giovanni , Di Marzo Vincenzo , Gessa Gian Luigi , Pistis Marco
Published: November 2004

Endocannabinoids form a novel class of retrograde messengers that modulate short- and long-term synaptic plasticity. Depolarization-induced suppression of excitation (DSE) and inhibition (DSI) are the best characterized transient forms of endocannabinoid-mediated synaptic modulation. Stimulation protocols consisting of long-lasting voltage steps to the postsynaptic cell are routinely used to evoke DSE-DSI. Little is known, however, about more physiological conditions under which these molecules are releasedin vitro. Moreover, the occurrencein vivoof such forms of endocannabinoid-mediated modulation is still controversial. Here we show that physiologically relevant patterns of synaptic activity induce a transient suppression of excitatory transmission onto dopamine neuronsin vitro. Accordingly,in vivoendocannabinoids depress the increase in firing and bursting activity evoked in dopamine neurons by prefrontal cortex stimulation. This phenomenon is selectively mediated by the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG), which activates presynaptic cannabinoid type 1 receptors. 2-AG synthesis involves activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors and Ca2+mobilization from intracellular stores. These findings indicate that dopamine neurons release 2-AG to shape afferent activity and ultimately their own firing pattern. This novel endocannabinoid-mediated self-regulatory role of dopamine neurons may bear relevance in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and addiction.
the domestic cycle in India: natural history of a will‐o‘‐the‐wisp
Authors: FREED STANLEY A. , FREED RUTH S.
Published: November 2004

The concept of the domestic cycle is evaluated by an analysis of the changes that domestic groups have undergone in the Indian village of Shanti Nagar during a 19‐year period. Diversity of family histories precludes the existence of a single domestic cycle, or even of two or three dominant cycles. There are, however, significant regularities, such as the frequent evolution of nuclear families into lineal joint families. [India, social structure, domestic cycle, family types, peasant society]
emotional confrontations between Sevillano fathers and sons: cultural foundations and social consequences
Authors: MURPHY MICHAEL D.
Published: November 2004

This essay examines the linkage between the culture of reputation management, family integration, and features of social organization in a working‐class neighborhood of Seville, Spain. Sevillano beliefs about honor and manliness are shown to promote highly emotional disputes between Sevillano fathers and their adolescent sons as the former attempt to control the behavior of the latter. Socially sanctioned father‐son avoidance and a preference for uxorilocality in Seville are explained as social organizational solutions to a cultural conundrum. [Spain, reputation management, family conflict, social organization, adolescence, postnuptial residence]
religions in dialogue: the construction of an Indonesian minority religion
Authors: ATKINSON JANE MONNIG
Published: November 2004

Clifford Geertz (1966) proposes a definition of religion that transcends a conventional distinction between world religions and traditional religions. He regards religions as particular cultural solutions to universal problems of meaning. But problems of meaning are experienced by cultural actors only in the context of social systems. Thus, religions as cultural systems are impressed by the institutional conditions of their construction. This point is demonstrated here by an examination of developing religious consciousness among the Wana of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, in response to national religious policies, [anthropology of religion, primitive or traditional religions, Indonesia, Sulawesi or Celebes, Wana, ethnicity]
center‐local struggles for bureaucratic control in Bugisu, Uganda
Authors: BUNKER STEPHEN G.
Published: November 2004

Various recent studies of East African politics imply a unilinear tightening of state control over national populations. This paper addresses an alternative proposition, that freeholding peasant groups may achieve considerable power in relation to the state if they produce goods that are important to the state's export strategies. I examine cyclical struggles beween local‐level associations and the national state for control of coffee marketing in Bugisu District, Uganda. The central finding is that political mobilization around the threat of partial withdrawal from commercial cropping has repeatedly won effective, if temporary, decentralization of political and economic power. [Uganda, peasants, power, protest, local politics, cooperatives]
Paiela “women‐men”: the reflexive foundations of gender ideology
Authors: BIERSACK ALETTA
Published: November 2004

Paiela notions about femaleness and maleness stem from an indigenous reflexive doctrine concerning the character of “women‐men” or humanity. This reflexive doctrine, that “we” are both “good” and “bad,” serves as the semantic key to a rather unique social structure predicated on a distinction between domestic and public domains and its moral entailments. The way in which gender functions as a master code of that structure is explored at length. In a concluding section, possible global applications of the analysis are proposed and, more cautiously, an explanation of the sources of women's inferiority in a certain class of societies is offered without recourse to reductionist argumentation. [gender, women's status, Melanesia, social structure, reflexivity]
grog and gossip in Bhatgaon: style and substance in Fiji Indian conversation
Authors: BRENNEIS DONALD
Published: November 2004

Anthropological studies of gossip have been preoccupied with its content; as important as the question of what gossip is about may be, such a focus has prevented a close examination of gossip itself as both text and activity. This paper is concerned with talanoa, a gossip genre among Hindi‐speaking Fiji Indians. It demonstrates the close relationships among gossip topic, performance style, and social process in a rural community.
political economy and social change: the Bissette affair and local‐level politics in Morne‐Vert
Authors: BABER WILLIE L.
Published: November 2004

What are the merits and weaknesses of Turner's “action theory”? In the case of local‐level politics in Morne‐Vert and the Bissette affair, it appears that elucidating Turner's redressive stage of social drama is difficult without first establishing explicit relations between “political fields” and economic production. While Turner and Swartz define political field to include scarce (that is, economic) resources, prizes, or values, the economy—defined as a particular form of production—is conspicuously absent in “actor‐oriented” political anthropology. This oversight is a major weakness in an otherwise significant advance over older forms of British social anthropology. Analysis of the Bissette affair in Morne‐Vert politics points to the strengths of an alternate political economy perspective. [political anthropology, political economy, social change, Martinique]
changing concepts of incest among the Nuer
Authors: HUTCHINSON SHARON
Published: November 2004

Diverging from the general tendency among anthropologists to conceptualize the “problem of incest” in ahistorical terms, I examine here some of the historical processes involved in the redefinition of various categories of incest by Nuer over the last half century. In particular, I analyze the dynamic relationship between indigenous discourse about the nature of incest on the one hand, and shifting relations of power among various segments of the population on the other. [incest and exogamy, social change, alliance and descent, Nuer]
the emergence of land concentration in the West African savanna
Authors: REYNA S. P.
Published: November 2004

This essay's thesis is that donor nation's efforts to reproduce their own production contribute to land concentration and class formation in the West African savanna. This is because public investments by certain donor nations encourage two land‐appropriation processes and one land‐expropriation process. New classes are emerging as a result of these processes, consisting of those gaining and those losing control over land. [land concentration, class relations, development, Africa]
the far side of Hurun: the management of Melanesian millenarian movements
Authors: ROSCOE PAUL B.
Published: November 2004

Investigations of Melanesia's so‐called cargo cults tend to concentrate on the circumstances under which millenarian contexts of belief, attitude, and value are generated. In themselves, though, contexts do not precipitate millenarian movements. Instead, as the millenarian history of the Yangoru Boiken, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea indicates, movements must be constructed from millenarian milieus, a process requiring that leaders not only generate attractive explanatory schemes but also present themselves as particularly privileged ideological sources. Success in this latter task, however, will be serendipitously configured by nonideological factors, especially historical and geocultural circumstances that help create a perception of regular and favored access to knowledge of Westerners and their wealth. These limiting contingencies must therefore be considered in any comprehensive attempt to understand the leadership, spatiotemporal patterning, and scale of Melanesian millenarian movements.
the defeat of hierarchy: gambling as exchange in a Sepik society
Authors: MITCHELL WILLIAM E.
Published: November 2004

Along with the anthropological neglect of negative reciprocal exchange, scant attention has been given to Melanesian exchange systems that work to defeat the construction of hierarchy. Sahlins' classical model of reciprocity is critically examined and a more logically consistent approach offered. Wape gambling is identified as generalized negative reciprocity and interpreted as complementary to the Wape traditional exchange system in the preservation of male egalitarianism from the erosive changes of a capitalist market system. A dialectical model of exchange systems is offered that acknowledges the processual interrelationship between positive and negative reciprocity in the formation of exchange scenarios.
Which way to the boundary?
Authors: STRATHERN ANDREW
Published: November 2004

The Evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea Societies. D. K. FEIL.
Resurgent Islam and Malay rural culture: Malay novelists and the invention of culture
Authors: BANKS DAVID J.
Published: November 2004

Prominent Malay novelists present Islam as a folk model that structures modern Malay peasant views of the Malaysian political system. Pious Muslim characters in these novels are symbols of the political potential of Islam; the novels themselves reflect a rejection, by many Malays, of democratic models of society that restrict religion to the personal sphere. Islamic resurgence is not solely an expression of social conflict. [Malay culture, Islam, Islamic revival, education, religion]
History and hierarchy in hunter‐gatherer studies
Authors: GRINKER ROY RICHARD
Published: November 2004

Hunters and Gatherers 1: History, Evolution and Social Change. TIM INGOLD, DAVID RICHES, and JAMES WOODBURN, eds.

Hunters and Gatherers 2: Property, Power and Ideology. TIM INGOLD, DAVID RICHES, and JAMES WOODBURN, eds.
Sings of quality: individualism and hierarchy in American culture
Authors: GREENHOUSE CAROL J.
Published: November 2004

This article concerns the conceptual relationships among individualism, social order, and moral hierarchy in the United States. Ethnographic research in a suburban town revealed preoccupations with the links among the avoidance of overt conflict, valorization of the local “way of life,” and positive moral values. In searching for a wider cultural context of these local concerns, the article considers individualism as a conflict discourse that structures the social and moral meanings of disputes. Further, it considers the larger significance of a cultural conception of society that disparages the role of plaintiff. The theme throughout is the relationship between equality and hierarchy envisioned by those whose worldview is the subject of the article. [United States, individualism, egalitarianism, hierarchy, conflict, law]
the legitimation of beliefs in a hunter‐gatherer society: Bearlake Athapaskan knowledge and authority
Authors: RUSHFORTH SCOTT
Published: November 2004

Anthropologists sometimes suggest that northeastern Athapaskan‐speaking Indians have distinctive ideas about the relationships among individual autonomy, knowledge, and power. One feature of northeastern Athapaskan culture, as realized among the Bearlake Athapaskans, is the significance attributed to experiential knowledge and primary epistemic reasons in the justification of beliefs. Individual authority is based on and legitimated by primary knowledge. The epistemological and political significance of such knowledge derives from the Bearlake hunter‐gatherer mode of production. [knowledge, authority, hunter‐gatherers, Athapaskan]
Shipibo polygyny and patrilocality
Authors: HERN WARREN M.
Published: November 2004

Social and cultural change is a major feature of the modern world. George Mur‐dock and John Whiting have provided a theoretical framework for measuring social and cultural change by describing residence patterns and family structures, by showing how they may be linked, and by showing how changes in them can signal cultural change. This study tests the Murdock and Whiting hypotheses by determining the prevalences of polygyny and patrilocality in eight Shipibo Indian villages located in the eastern Peruvian Amazon. It also tests the hypothesis, derived from Murdock and Whiting's conclusions, that polygyny is linked to lower fertility by examining the effects of cultural change on fertility. Three indicators of cultural change are identified and measured: residence patterns, family structure, and fertility. [Shipibo, polygyny, patrilocality, Peru, Amazon, cultural change, fertility]
National sentiment in the enactment and discourse of Swiss political ritual
Authors: BENDIX REGINA
Published: November 2004

Studies of nationalism have tended to focus on elite actions and on cases that show nationalism on the rise or in its extreme. This article looks at the intertwining of ideology with social manifestations in Switzerland in order to show how national sentiment is constructed and enacted. Switzerland's cultural, political, and linguistic diversity, it is argued, has served to keep national sentiment in check. Indeed, as a historically informed examination of successive cycles of political rituals illustrates, the Swiss have contested rather than celebrated the centralizing state, and national sentiment has thus remained ephemeral. [Switzerland, national sentiment, political ritual, invention of tradition, history and anthropology]
the burden of visions amidst reform: peasant relations to law in the Peruvian Andes
Authors: SELIGMANN LINDA J.
Published: November 2004

Passage of the 1969 Agrarian Reform Law in Peru became a critical moment in which various sectors of Andean society invoked distinct principles and deployed particular strategies in order to defend their rights to land and their visions of just labor relations and legitimate political authority. The principles they invoked and the strategies they used were careful responses to the new face and character of the state, the legal content of the reform law, and the dynamics of interethnic and class relations. Using archival evidence and field research from one rural district, this article argues that an examination of the ways Quechua‐speaking peoples interpret legal principles and use laws reveals the complex ideological and socio‐economic relationships between the nation‐state and local communities, the bases for establishing and defending cultural autonomy, and the efforts of rural inhabitants to transform the structure and content of legal principles themselves. [highland Peru, Quechua, law and anthropology, agrarian reform, states and agrarian societies]
Assessing the early observers: cloth and the fabric of society in 19th‐century northern Thai kingdoms
Authors: BOWIE KATHERINE A.
Published: November 2004

Archival sources have presented contradictory assessments of the social significance of textiles in northern Thailand. Using oral histories and archival sources, this article clarifies the important role of textiles in differentiating classes in 19th‐century northern Thai society. Focusing on cotton and silk, it argues that an analysis of the social process of textile production helps reveal the cultural significance of these class differences. It concludes by suggesting that an analysis of a society's political economy provides useful insights into the semiotics of consumption and an important methodology for historical anthropology. [Thailand, textiles, peasants, history, class, silk]
ways of knowing Islam
Authors: HORVATICH PATRICIA
Published: November 2004

The Sama of the southern Philippines are reconstructing the nature of Islamic knowledge, the ways one knows Islam, and the constitution of religious authority. Mass education has played a major role in shaping these Islamic discourses. This article examines the ways the Sama construct their understandings of Islam and the ways mass education in the Philippines has shaped modern Islamic discourses and laid the foundation for the reception of international Islamist teachings. [Philippines, Sama, Islam, education, Islamic mysticism, Islamic reform].
subaltern historiography on the Rio Grande: on Gutiérrez's when Jesus came, the corn mothers went away
Authors: RODRIGUEZ SYLVIA
Published: November 2004

When Jesus Came, the Corn Mothers Went Away: Marriage, Sexuality, and Power in New Mexico, 1500–1846. RAMÓN A. GUTIÉRREZ.
theory and local knowledge in the history and anthropology of the body
Authors: FURTH CHARLOTTE
Published: November 2004

Body, Submect and Power in China. ANGELA ZITO and TANI E. BARLOW, eds.
twisting the gift: translating precolonial into colonial exchanges in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: ARAGON LORRAINE V.
Published: November 2004

In this article I reexamine the relationship between gift giving and hierarchy using data about early‐20th‐century colonial contacts in western Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Dutch colonial officials and European missionaries disrupted prior community and regional exchange patterns and initiated strategic policies of asymmetric interethnic gift giving that elevated European missionaries and officials as political and spiritual sources of power.
on PepsiCo and piety in a Papua New Guinea “modernity”
Authors: GEWERTZ DEBORAH , ERRINGTON FREDERICK
Published: November 2004

Exploring global processes of “modernity” as they engaged Chambri of Papua New Guinea, we examine two locally salient discourses, presented by PepsiCo and by Antioch, a Catholic youth organization. These were employed by rebellious youths and more conservative elders to debate the appropriate relationship among “traditional” and “modern” selves and socialities. Both of the discourses into which the debate was channeled were concerned with “self‐creation.” This meant that “modernism” was more consolidated than challenged. Consequently, even for its most vigorous proponents, “tradition” became progressively less compelling (or binding) in any of its particulars and increasingly developed as a form of self‐expression—of personal choice and appreciation. [Papua New Guinea, modernity, transnationalism, socioeconomic change, identity]
personal nationalism: a Scottish view of some rites, rights, and wrongs
Authors: COHEN ANTHONY P.
Published: November 2004

Using the discursive notion of “rights,” I explore the association between nationalism and personal identity, posing the question of why the nation might be regarded as a compelling formulation of the self. I focus on the case of Scottish nationalism, and the work of some Scottish nationalists, in which the integrity of nationhood is explicitly related to personal and political rights. I then test the validity of other anthropological accounts of nationalism that take insufficient account of the personalized nature of the construction and interpretation of the nation. [selfhood, cultural identity, nationalism, rights, Scotland]
Global Ecosystems: Creating Options through Anthropological Perspectives, NAPA Bulletin 15
Authors: Nyerges A. Endre
Published: November 2004

Global Ecosystems: Creating Options through Anthropological Perspectives, NAPA Bulletin 15. Pamela J. Puntenney. ed. Arlington, VA: American Anthropological Association, 1995. iv. 98 pp., notes, references, contributors.
Reflexive Language: Reported Speech and Metapragmatics
Authors: Collins James
Published: November 2004

Reflexive Language: Reported Speech and Metapragmatics. John A. Lucy. ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. + 414 pp., figures, notes, references, indexes.
Freakery: Cultural Spectacles of the Extraordinary Body
Authors: Murray David A. B.
Published: November 2004

Freakery: Cultural Spectacles of the Extraordinary Body. Rosemarie Garland Thomson. ed. New York: New York University Press, 1996. xviii. 400 pp., illustrations, notes, contributors, Index.
Third Sex/Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism In Culture and History
Authors: Axel Brian Keith
Published: November 2004

Third Sex/Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism In Culture and History. Gilbert Herdt. ed. New York: Zone Books, 1994. 614 pp., photographs, notes, contributors, Index.
Assessing Cultural Anthropology
Authors: Caldwell Melissa L.
Published: November 2004

Assessing Cultural Anthropology. Robert Borofsky. ed. New York: McGraw‐Hill, 1994. xix. 566 pp., references, indexes.
Culture and Change: An Introduction
Authors: Magnarella Paul J.
Published: November 2004

Culture and Change: An Introduction. Larry L. Naylor. Westport, CT: Berg In and Garvey, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996. xxiv. 236 pp. figures, bibliography, Index.
Postmodern Representation. Truth, Power, and Mimesis in the Human Sciences and Public Culture
Authors: Jackson Shannon M.
Published: November 2004

Postmodern Representation. Truth, Power, and Mimesis in the Human Sciences and Public Culture. Richard Harvey Brown. ed Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1995. xvi. 246 pp., notes, references, contributors, index.
The Foraging Spectrum: Diversity In Hunter‐Gatherer Lifeways
Authors: Barnard Alan
Published: November 2004

The Foraging Spectrum: Diversity In Hunter‐Gatherer Lifeways. Robert L. Kelly. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995. xvi. 446 pp., tables, figures, notes, references, Index.
Homesteading in New York City, 1978–1993: The Divided Heart of Loisaida
Authors: Sullivan Mercer L.
Published: November 2004

Homesteading in New York City, 1978–1993: The Divided Heart of Loisaida. Malve Von Hassell. Westport, CT: Bergln and Garvey, 1996. xii. 205 pp., bibliography, Index.
Spirits, Blood, and Drums: The Orisha Religion in Trinidad
Authors: Wetering Ineke Van
Published: November 2004

Spirits, Blood, and Drums: The Orisha Religion in Trinidad. James T. Houk. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1995. xvi. 238 pp., tables, Illustrations, notes, glossary, references, index.
Indians into Mexicans: History and Identity In a Mexican Town
Authors: Levi Jerome
Published: November 2004

Indians into Mexicans: History and Identity In. Mexican Town. David Frye. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996. viii. 250 pp., maps, photographs, notes, appendixes, bibliography, index.
Postcolonial Identities in Africa
Authors: Engelke Matthew
Published: November 2004

Postcolonlal Identities in Africa. Richard Werbner and Terence Ranger. eds. London: Zed Books, 1996. xii. 292 pp., contributors, references, index.
Tradition and Modernity In the Mediterranean: The Wedding as Symbolic Struggle
Authors: Karakasidou Anastasia
Published: November 2004

Tradition and Modernity In the Mediterranean: The Wedding as Symbolic Struggle. Vassos Argyrou. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. + 210 pp., illustrations, appendix, notes, references, index.
The Prophet's Pulpit: Islamic Preaching In Contemporary Egypt
Authors: Mahmoud Mohamed
Published: November 2004

The Prophet's Pulpit: Islamic Preaching In Contemporary Egypt Patrick D. Gaffney. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. viii. 367 pp., maps, tables, notes, appendixes, bibliography, index.
Networks of Dissolution: Somalia Undone
Authors: Berhane‐Selassie Tsehai
Published: November 2004

Networks of Dissolution: Somalia Undone. Ann Simons. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995. + 246 pp., notes, bibliography, index.
Embodying Colonial Memories: Spirit Possession, Power, and the Hauka In West Africa
Authors: Last Murray
Published: November 2004

Embodying Colonial Memories: Spirit Possession, Power, and the Hauka In West Africa. Paul Stoller. London and New York: Routledge, 1995. xii. 226 pp., photographs, notes, references, index.
Inside the Cult: Religious Innovation and Transmission In Papua New Guinea
Authors: Lindstrom Lamont
Published: November 2004

Inside the Cult: Religious Innovation and Transmission In Papua New Guinea. Harvey Whitehouse. New York. Oxford University Press, 1995. xiv. 234 pp., figures, maps, tables, bibliography, glossary, index.