bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temperature dependence of spin-orbit torque effective fields in the diluted magnetic semiconductor (Ga,Mn)As
Authors: Howells B. , Edmonds K. W. , Campion R. P. , Gallagher B. L.
Published: July 2014

We report on a study of the temperature-dependence of current-induced effective magnetic fields due to spin-orbit interactions in the diluted ferromagnetic semiconductor (Ga,Mn)As. Contributions from the effective fields as well as from the anomalous Nernst effect are evident in the difference between transverse resistance measurements as a function of an external magnetic field for opposite orientations of the applied current. We separately extract these contributions by fitting to a model of coherently rotating magnetization. The component of the effective field with Dresselhaus symmetry is substantially enhanced with increasing temperature, while no significant temperature-dependence is observed for the component with Rashba symmetry.
An improved thin film approximation to accurately determine the optical conductivity of graphene from infrared transmittance
Authors: Weber J. W. , Bol A. A. , van de Sanden M. C. M.
Published: July 2014

This work presents an improved thin film approximation to extract the optical conductivity from infrared transmittance in a simple yet accurate way. This approximation takes into account the incoherent reflections from the backside of the substrate. These reflections are shown to have a significant effect on the extracted optical conductivity and hence on derived parameters as carrier mobility and density. By excluding the backside reflections, the error for these parameters for typical chemical vapor deposited (CVD) graphene on a silicon substrate can be as high as 17% and 45% for the carrier mobility and density, respectively. For the mid- and near-infrared, the approximation can be simplified such that the real part of the optical conductivity is extracted without the need for a parameterization of the optical conductivity. This direct extraction is shown for Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) transmittance measurements of CVD graphene on silicon in the photon energy range of 370–7000 cm−1. From the real part of the optical conductivity, the carrier density, mobility, and number of graphene layers are determined but also residue, originating from the graphene transfer, is detected. FTIR transmittance analyzed with the improved thin film approximation is shown to be a non-invasive, easy, and accurate measurement and analysis method for assessing the quality of graphene and can be used for other 2-D materials.
Aerosol-Assisted Chemical Vapour Deposition for Iron Selenide Thin Films from Single Source Ferrocene-Incorporated Selenourea Precursor in the Presence of Surfactants
Authors: Hussain Raja Azadar , Badshah Amin , Yasmin Farida , Khan Malik Dilshad , Tahir Muhammad Nawaz
Published: July 2014

This article presents the synthesis and characterisation (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy, CHNS (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur) analysis, atomic absorption spectrometry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction) of a single source molecular precursor 1-(2-fluorolbenzoyl)-3-(3-ferrocenylphenyl)selenourea (M2F). This precursor has been used for the fabrication of FeSe thin films by aerosol-assisted chemical vapour deposition (AACVD) in the presence of different concentrations of two different surfactants (triton and span) keeping all other conditions the same. Fabricated thin films have been characterised with powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The interaction of the surfactants with the precursor (M2F) has been evaluated with cyclic voltammetry and UV–vis spectroscopy.
Historical changes in mean trophic level of southern Australian fisheries
Authors: Alleway Heidi K. , Connell Sean D. , Ward Tim M. , Gillanders Bronwyn M.
Published: July 2014

Decreases in the mean trophic level (MTL) of fishery catches have been used to infer reductions in the abundance of high trophic level species caused by fishing pressure. Previous assessments of southern Australian fisheries have been inconclusive. The objectives of the present study were to provide more accurate estimates of MTL using disaggregated taxonomic and spatial data. We applied the model of MTL to fisheries catch statistics for the state of South Australia from 1951 to 2010 and a novel set of historical market data from 1936 to 1946. Results show that from 1951 to 2010, MTL declined by 0.16 of a trophic level per decade; a rate greater than the global average of 0.10 but equivalent to similar regional investigations in other areas. This change is mainly attributable to large increases in catches of sardine, rather than reductions in the catches of high trophic level species. The pattern is maintained when the historical data is included, providing a time line from 1936 to 2010. Our results show a broadening of the catch of lower trophic levels and suggest care in interpretation of MTL of catches because reductions do not necessarily reflect change in high trophic level species by fishing pressure.
Habitat and space use of an abundant nearshore shark, Rhizoprionodon taylori
Authors: Munroe S. E. M. , Simpfendorfer C. A. , Heupel M. R.
Published: July 2014

Shark resource-use strategies affect how they will respond to changes within their environment and, as such, may be important to consider in conservation and management. Movement data on sharks that use nearshore areas is particularly valuable because these habitats are highly dynamic. The present study used passive acoustic telemetry to examine the space-use, habitat-selection and habitat-specialisation patterns of the Australian sharpnose shark, Rhizoprionodon taylori, in a nearshore area. Habitat selectivity and specialisation were assessed across five benthic habitat types, including outer bay, seagrass, reef, sandy inshore and intertidal mudflats. The majority of R. taylori sharks were present for short periods of time, ranging from 1 to 112 days (mean ± s.e. = 16.9 ± 4.9). Activity-space analysis indicated that R. taylori roamed widely, but monthly activity-space size was consistent among individuals and through time. Both the population and individuals displayed wide habitat niches, indicating that the species may be resilient to environmental change. However, R. taylori consistently selected for seagrass over other habitats, potentially for feeding. Therefore, declines in seagrass availability may reduce R. taylori presence in nearshore areas and may be relevant to spatial management of this species.
Seeking global generality: a critique for mangrove modellers
Authors: Clarke Peter J.
Published: July 2014

Large datasets have allowed more generality in ecology than ever before but this may come at a cost of precision and realism. Modelling the dominance of mangrove species on the basis of observational data of few abiotic variables is an example of where this comes at a cost of realism. This is because the multi-factorial and inter-correlated nature of abiotic and biotic variables that limit the distribution of mangroves cannot be accounted for in statistical models on the basis of few observational data. The solution to the seemingly intractable problem of achieving general explanations is to better coordinate comparative and experimental research across a global range of mangrove environments.
Floodplain amphibian abundance: responses to flooding and habitat type in Barmah Forest, Murray River, Australia
Authors: McGinness Heather M. , Arthur Anthony D. , Ward Keith A. , Ward Paula A.
Published: July 2014

Context
Frog species are now targets for delivery of high-value managed environmental flows on floodplains. Information on the drivers of frog presence and abundance is required to support adaptive management, including analysis of the roles of flood frequency, flood timing and habitat type.

Aims
This paper describes frog species richness and abundance responses to flooding and habitat type in the Barmah Forest, part of the largest river red gum forest in the world.

Methods
Surveys were conducted at 22 sites over 6 years, to determine species presence, relative abundance, and evidence of breeding. Data were then used to examine temporal patterns within and between wet and dry years and spatial relationships with site geomorphology, vegetation form and wetting frequency.

Key results
Six species were common and widespread, and three were rare. The seasonal timing of peak numbers of calling males differed among species. The seasonal pattern of calling for each species did not differ between wet and dry years; however, significantly lower numbers of frogs were recorded calling in dry years. The number of frogs calling was significantly higher in well vegetated grassy wetlands. Evidence of a positive relationship between wetting frequency and numbers of calling males was found for Limnodynastes fletcheri, Crinia signifera and Limnodynastes dumerilii. The abundance of tadpoles was significantly higher in wet years.

Conclusions
The seasonal timing of flooding in Barmah Forest will influence the breeding success of individual species with different preferences. Flooding from September to December is required to cover most preferred breeding seasons, but longer durations may be required to maximise recruitment. This, together with regular flooding of well vegetated grassy wetland habitat, will increase the likelihood of species persistence and maximise diversity. Insufficient flooding frequency will result in reduced frog species richness and abundance.

Implications
Managed flooding is important for frog abundance and species richness. This study emphasises the value of key habitats such as well vegetated grassy wetlands and reinforces the need to make their preservation a priority for management. It has identified knowledge gaps to drive future data collection for improved modelling, including a need for further research on flow-regime change and frog communities.
The Composite Particle Representation Theory: (I) The Composite Particle Representation Transformation
Authors: Wu Cheng-li , Hsuan Fang Da
Published: July 2014

A generalization of the quantum mechanical representation transformation is presented, in this paper. It is shown that, as an important example, the Boson-expansion method, commonly employed in nuclear physics, corresponds to such a generalized transformation. Using this generalization, we were able to construct a special representation called the “Composite Particle Representation”. In the composite, particle representation, the composite particle degrees of freedom are included, as well as the original particle degrees of freedom. The former is introduced in order that the motion of certain particle clusters can be described as separate entities in a many-body system. This representation is shown to be exactly equivalent to the usual quantum mechanical representation which includes only the original particle degrees of freedom. Many applications of this theory are expected, in particular in the study of hadrons from the quark point of view and the Interacting Boson Model in nuclei.
Grand Unification with Composite Higgs Particles†
Authors: Dong Fang-xiao
Published: July 2014

We discussed an

grand unified theory with composite scalar particles in this paper. The

confinement model of weak interactions proposed by Abbott and Farhi is contained. We also discussed the effective theory of this model at low energy, which accommodates the

standard model.
Scale Invariance and Minimum Extension of the SU(2) × U(1) Model
Authors: Xin M.d.
Published: July 2014

In this note, we discuss a minimum extension of the SU(2) × U(1) model to include both gauge invariance and scale invariance by introducing a complex phase transformation and related complex gauge field, in which the imaginary part corresponds to the Weyl’s vector field.
Balance Equations for Quantum Tunneling1
Authors: Cai J. , Lei X.l.
Published: July 2014

We have established a set of balance equations to demonstrate the hot electron effect in the quantum tunneling processes by using the well-known effective tunneling Hamiltonian model. The high field effects both in reservoirs and in barrier region are discussed in detail. We also find a new field-dependent characteristic time due to nonequilibrium of reservoirs (the left- and right-sides of the barrier region) in the double-barrier structure.
The Dipole Pomeron and K+P Elastic Scattering up to 310 GeV/c
Authors: Kamran Mujahid
Published: July 2014

Using a dipole pomeron ansatz a good fit to the K+ p total and near-forward elastic differential cross-sections and Re/Im data in the

region is obtained for
A Field Theory Model for Closed Bosonic Strings
Authors: wei Chen , Han-ying Guo , Hong-liang Hu , Ke Wu , Yue Yu
Published: July 2014

Based on the BRST approach to the first quantization of closed bosonic strings, we propose a gauge covariant field theory model for both free and interacting closed bosonic strings. The action is of the Chern–Simons type and coincides with the cohomology of the BRST operators.
The unique degradation pathway of the PTS2 receptor, Pex7, is dependent on the PTS receptor/coreceptor, Pex5 and Pex20
Authors: Hagstrom Danielle , Ma Changle , Guha-Polley Soumi , Subramani Suresh
Published: July 2014

Peroxisomal matrix protein import uses two peroxisomal targeting signals (PTSs). Most matrix proteins use the PTS1 pathway and its cargo receptor, Pex5. The PTS2 pathway is dependent on another receptor, Pex7, and its coreceptor, Pex20. We found that during the matrix protein import cycle, the stability and dynamics of Pex7 differ from those of Pex5 and Pex20. In Pichia pastoris, unlike Pex5 and Pex20, Pex7 is constitutively degraded in wild-type cells but is stabilized in pex mutants affecting matrix protein import. Degradation of Pex7 is more prevalent in cells grown in methanol, in which the PTS2 pathway is nonessential, in comparison with oleate, suggesting regulation of Pex7 turnover. Pex7 must shuttle into and out of peroxisomes before it is polyubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome. The shuttling of Pex7, and consequently its degradation, is dependent on the receptor recycling pathways of Pex5 and Pex20 and relies on an interaction between Pex7 and Pex20. We also found that blocking the export of Pex20 from peroxisomes inhibits PTS1-mediated import, suggesting sharing of limited components in the export of PTS receptors/coreceptors. The shuttling and stability of Pex7 are divergent from those of Pex5 and Pex20, exemplifying a novel interdependence of the PTS1 and PTS2 pathways.
Tracing the Origins of Success: Implications for Successful Aging
Authors: Peterson Nora M. , Martin Peter
Published: July 2014

Purpose of the Study:

This paper addresses the debate about the use of the term “successful aging” from a humanistic, rather than behavioral, perspective. It attempts to uncover what success, a term frequently associated with aging, is: how can it be defined and when did it first come into use? In this paper, we draw from a number of humanistic perspectives, including the historical and linguistic, in order to explore the evolution of the term “success.” We believe that words and concepts have deep implications for how concepts (such as aging) are culturally and historically perceived.

Design and Methods:

We take a comparative approach, turning to the etymological roots of this term in British, French, and German literature. According to the earliest entries of the term in the Oxford English Dictionary, events can have good or bad success. Another definition marks success as outcome oriented.

Results:

Often used in the context of war, religion, and medicine, the neutral, but often negative, use of “success” in literature of the Renaissance demonstrates the tensions that surround the word, and suggests that success is something to be approached carefully.

Implications:

Ignoring the ambiguous origins of success erases the fact that aging in earlier centuries echoes much of the same ambivalence with which many people discuss it today. Attending to the origins of success can help gerontologists understand the humanistic tradition behind their inquiry into what successful aging means today.
Noreen Elizabeth Murray CBE. 26 February 1935 — 12 May 2011
Authors: Gann Alexander , Beggs Jean
Published: July 2014

Noreen Murray was one of the architects of the recombinant DNA revolution that transformed the study of biology from the early 1970s. Her particular prowess for genetic manipulation of bacteria and their phage was critical in developing the bacteriophage lambda vectors that were a vital part of the early genetic engineering toolbox. Her skill as a microbial geneticist had earlier become apparent through her work on genetic recombination and complementation in the fungus
Neurospora
, especially as a postdoctoral researcher at Stanford where her work brought her to the attention of some of the giants of early molecular biology. Back in the UK, first at Cambridge and then, for the bulk of her career, at Edinburgh, she produced a remarkable body of work focused on uncovering the mechanisms and biology of restriction enzymes, and their adaptation as tools underpinning modern biological research and the rise of the biotechnology industry. Much of this work was done in collaboration with her husband Ken Murray FRS, whose biographical memoir accompanies this one. Together they were known not only for the quality of their research but also for their vast generosity both on a personal level and on a larger canvas through their philanthropy.
Adhesion and pull-off force of an elastic indenter from an elastic half-space
Authors: Adams George G.
Published: July 2014

The adhesion between an elastic punch and an elastic half-space is investigated for plane and axisymmetric geometries. The pull-off force is determined for a range of material combinations. This configuration is characterized by a generalized stress intensity factor which has an order less than one-half. The critical value of this generalized stress intensity factor is related to the work of adhesion, under tensile loading, by using a cohesive zone model in an asymptotic analysis of the separation near the elastic punch corner. These results are used in conjunction with existing results in the literature for the frictionless contact between an elastic semi-infinite strip and half-space in both plane and axisymmetric configurations. It is found that the value of the pull-off force includes a dependence on the maximum stress of the cohesive zone model. As expected, this dependence vanishes as the punch becomes rigid in that case the order of the singularity approaches one-half. At the other limit, when the half-space becomes rigid, the stresses become bounded and uniform and the pull-off force depends linearly on the cohesive stress and is independent of the work of adhesion. Thus, the transition from fracture-dominated adhesion to strength-dominated adhesion is demonstrated.
Metabolomic profiling of
13
C-labelled cellulose digestion in a lower termite: insights into gut symbiont function
Authors: Tokuda Gaku , Tsuboi Yuuri , Kihara Kumiko , Saitou Seikou , Moriya Sigeharu , Lo Nathan , Kikuchi Jun
Published: July 2014

Termites consume an estimated 3–7 billion tonnes of lignocellulose annually, a role in nature which is unique for a single order of invertebrates. Their food is digested with the help of microbial symbionts, a relationship that has been recognized for 200 years and actively researched for at least a century. Although DNA- and RNA-based approaches have greatly refined the details of the process and the identities of the participants, the allocation of roles in space and time remains unclear. To resolve this issue, a pioneer study is reported using metabolomics to chart the
in situ
catabolism of
13
C-cellulose fed to the dampwood species
Hodotermopsis sjostedti
. The results confirm that the secretion of endogenous cellulases by the host may be significant to the digestive process and indicate that a major contribution by hindgut bacteria is phosphorolysis of cellodextrins or cellobiose. This study provides evidence that essential amino acid acquisition by termites occurs following the lysis of microbial tissue obtained via proctodaeal trophallaxis.
Synergistic effects of direct and indirect defences on herbivore egg survival in a wild crucifer
Authors: Fatouros Nina E. , Pineda Ana , Huigens Martinus E. , Broekgaarden Colette , Shimwela Methew M. , Figueroa Candia Ilich A. , Verbaarschot Patrick , Bukovinszky Tibor
Published: July 2014

Evolutionary theory of plant defences against herbivores predicts a trade-off between direct (anti-herbivore traits) and indirect defences (attraction of carnivores) when carnivore fitness is reduced. Such a trade-off is expected in plant species that kill herbivore eggs by exhibiting a hypersensitive response (HR)-like necrosis, which should then negatively affect carnivores. We used the black mustard (Brassica nigra) to investigate how this potentially lethal direct trait affects preferences and/or performances of specialist cabbage white butterflies (Pierisspp.), and their natural enemies, tiny egg parasitoid wasps (Trichogrammaspp.). Both within and between black mustard populations, we observed variation in the expression ofPierisegg-induced HR. Butterfly eggs on plants with HR-like necrosis suffered lower hatching rates and higher parasitism than eggs that did not induce the trait. In addition,Trichogrammawasps were attracted to volatiles of egg-induced plants that also expressed HR, and this attraction depended on theTrichogrammastrain used. Consequently, HR did not have a negative effect on egg parasitoid survival. We conclude that even within a system where plants deploy lethal direct defences, such defences may still act with indirect defences in a synergistic manner to reduce herbivore pressure.
Promicromonospora
iranensis sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from rhizospheric soil
Authors: Mohammadipanah Fatemeh , Hamedi Javad , Spröer Cathrin , Montero-Calasanz María del Carmen , Schumann Peter , Klenk Hans-Peter
Published: July 2014

A novel strain of the genus

Promicromonospora

, designated HM 792T, was isolated from soil in Fars Province, Iran. On ISP 2 medium, the yellow-pigmented isolate produced long and branched hyphae that developed into a large number of irregularly shaped spores. It showed growth at 25–30 °C and pH 6.0–9.0 with 0–8 % (w/v) NaCl. Chemotaxonomic and molecular characteristics of the isolate matched those described for members of the genus

Promicromonospora

. Whole-cell hydrolysates of strain HM 792T contained the amino acids d-glutamic acid, l-alanine and l-lysine along with the sugars glucose and ribose. The main polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, two unknown phospholipids, two unknown glycolipids and two unknown phosphoglycolipids, complemented by minor concentrations of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol. MK-9(H4) was the predominant menaquinone. The fatty-acid pattern was composed mainly of the saturated branched-chain acids anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed the highest pairwise sequence identity (96.6–99.0 %) with the members of the genus

Promicromonospora

. Based on phenotypic and genotypic features, strain HM 792T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus

Promicromonospora

, for which the name Promicromonospora iranensis sp. nov. is proposed. Strain HM 792T ( = DSM 45554T = UTMC00792T = CCUG 63022T) is the type strain.
Convergent Evolution During Local Adaptation to Patchy Landscapes
Authors: Ralph Peter L. , Coop Graham
Published: July 2014

Species often encounter, and adapt to, many patches of locally similar environmental conditions across their range. Such adaptation can occur through convergent evolution if different alleles arise and spread in different patches, or through the spread of shared alleles by migration acting to synchronize adaptation across the species. The tension between the two reflects the degree of constraint imposed on evolution by the underlying genetic architecture versus how effectively selection and geographic isolation act to inhibit the geographic spread of locally adapted alleles. This paper studies a model of the balance between these two routes to adaptation in continuous environments with patchy selection pressures. We address the following questions: How long does it take for a novel, locally adapted allele to appear in a patch of habitat where it is favored through mutation? Or, through migration from another, already adapted patch? Which is more likely to occur, as a function of distance between the patches? How can we tell which has occurred, i.e., what population genetic signal is left by the spread of migrant alleles? To answer these questions we examine the family structure underlying migration–selection equilibrium surrounding an already adapted patch, in particular treating those rare families that reach new patches as spatial branching processes. This provides a way to understand the role of geographic separation between patches in promoting convergent adaptation and the genomic signals it leaves behind. We illustrate these ideas using the convergent evolution of cryptic coloration in the rock pocket mouse,Chaetodipus intermedius, as an empirical example.

Author Summary

Often, a large species range will include patches where the species differs because it has adapted to locally differing conditions. For instance, rock pocket mice are often found with a coat color that matches the rocks they live in, these color differences are controlled genetically, and mice that don’t match the local rock color are more likely to be eaten by predators. Sometimes, similar genetic changes have occurred independently in different patches, suggesting that there were few accessible ways to evolve the locally adaptive form. However, the genetic basis could also be shared if migrants carry the locally beneficial genotypes between nearby patches, despite being at a disadvantage between the patches. We use a mathematical model of random migration to determine how quickly adaptation is expected to occur through new mutation and through migration from other patches, and study in more detail what we would expect successful migrations between patches to look like. The results are useful for determining whether similar adaptations in different locations are likely to have the same genetic basis or not, and more generally in understanding how species adapt to patchy, heterogeneous landscapes.
Organisational development, appreciative inquiry and the development of Psychologically Informed Environments (PIEs). Part I: a positive psychology approach
Authors: Quinney Suzanne , Richardson Leo
Published: July 2014

Purpose

– Appreciative Inquiry (AI) has its roots in the world of Organisational Development (OD), however, as a strength-based approach which is intrinsically creative and generative, it has been found to work well in many other fields. The purpose of this paper, Part 1 of 2, is to provide an introduction to AI and suggests its potential in homeless work. Part 2 reports a pilot study of implementation and evaluation.

Design/methodology/approach

– This is a conceptual paper suggesting a new approach to the development of a Psychologically Informed Environment (PIE). The background of the approach (AI) is given, the pilot project described, and the way it contributes to a PIE is discussed. The beneficial and practical link with Positive Psychology is also explored. Part 2 will describe the outcomes of the implementation of AI in pilot at a homelessness hostel in Westminster.

Findings

– AI has its roots in the world of OD, however, it has been found to work well in many other fields. The paper highlights some of the aspects of AI and Positive Psychology which could be meaningful to hostel residents, and give it robustness and psychological sophistication when used by staff and residents. The paper also considers the benefits of using AI with staff as a tool for organisational learning, there by making it an ideal approach for hostels which want to become a PIE.

Originality/value

– AI is well-established as an OD process and less well known as a personal development approach and has not previously been articulated as a tool for working with hostel residents or for developing PIEs. The openness of PIEs to alternative psychological approaches is indicated. AI is a strength-based approach, and a well-structured alternative to some of the problem-based psychological approaches that have been used. In addition, AI supports defining features of a PIE such as reflective awareness.
A tale of two images: the quest to create a story-based image indexing system
Authors: Rafferty Pauline , Albinfalah Fawaz
Published: July 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this conceptual paper is to consider the possibility of designing a story-based image indexing system based on users’ descriptions of images. It reports a pilot study which uses users’ descriptions of two images.

Design/methodology/approach

– Eight interviews were undertaken to investigate storytelling in user interpretations of the images. Following this, storytelling was explored as an indexing input method. In all, 26 research subjects were asked to create stories about the images, which were then considered in relation to conventional story elements and in relation to Hidderley and Rafferty's (2005) image modality model.

Findings

– The results of the semi-structured interviews revealed that the majority of interpretations incorporated story elements related to setting, character, plot, literary devices, and themes. The 52 image stories included story elements identified in the first part of the project, and suggested that the image modality model is robust enough to deal with the “writerly” images used in this study. In addition, using storytelling as an input method encourages the use of verbs and connotative level responses.

Originality/value

– User indexing is generally based on paradigmatic approaches to concept analysis and interpretation in the form of tagging; the novelty of the current study is its exploration of syntagmatic approaches to user indexing in the form of storytelling. It is a pilot, proof of concept study, but it is hoped that it might stimulate further interest in syntagmatic approaches to user indexing.
A case study for understanding the nature of redundant entities in bibliographic digital libraries
Authors: On Byung-Won , Sang Choi Gyu , Jung Soo-Mok
Published: July 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to collect and understand the nature of real cases of author name variants that have often appeared in bibliographic digital libraries (DLs) as a case study of the name authority control problem in DLs.

Design/methodology/approach

– To find a sample of name variants across DLs (e.g. DBLP and ACM) and in a single DL (e.g. ACM), the approach is based on two bipartite matching algorithms: Maximum Weighted Bipartite Matching and Maximum Cardinality Bipartite Matching.

Findings

– First, the authors validated the effectiveness and efficiency of the bipartite matching algorithms. The authors also studied the nature of real cases of author name variants that had been found across DLs (e.g. ACM, CiteSeer and DBLP) and in a single DL.

Originality/value

– To the best of the authors knowledge, there is less research effort to understand the nature of author name variants shown in DLs. A thorough analysis can help focus research effort on real problems that arise when the authors perform duplicate detection methods.
Ethnic Variations in Cervical Cytokine Concentrations and Vaginal Flora During Pregnancy
Authors: Dutt Riana , Raker Christina , Anderson Brenna L.
Published: July 2014

Problem

Pregnancy‐mediated changes in immunity may influence risk of HIV‐1 acquisition. This risk appears greatest among non‐Caucasian women.

Method of study

Pregnant women with low risk of immune disruption were enrolled in a prospective observational cohort. Study visits occurred each trimester and postpartum. Semi‐quantitative vaginal cultures and concentrations of cervical cytokines were compared between Caucasian and non‐Caucasian women.

Results

In the second trimester, non‐Caucasian women were more likely to be colonized with Gardnerella vaginalis (62% versus 25%, P = 0.02) and non‐pigmented anaerobic gram‐negative rods (43% versus 8%, P = 0.01). Mycoplasma hominis was more frequently isolated in non‐Caucasian women throughout the second (29% versus 4%, P = 0.03) and third trimesters (35% versus 6%, P = 0.04). Non‐Caucasian women had higher median interleukin (IL)‐10 concentrations throughout the second (128 pg/mL versus 7 pg/mL, P = 0.05) and third trimesters (224 pg/mL versus 7 pg/mL, P = 0.05).

Conclusion

Non‐Caucasian women experienced a greater diversity of microorganisms and increased IL‐10 in the second and third trimesters.
Celastrol protects ischaemic myocardium through a heat shock response with up‐regulation of haeme oxygenase‐1
Authors: Der Sarkissian S , Cailhier J‐F , Borie M , Stevens L‐M , Gaboury L , Mansour S , Hamet P , Noiseux N
Published: July 2014

Background and Purpose

Celastrol, a triterpene from plants, has been used in traditional oriental medicine to treat various diseases. Here, we investigated the cardioprotective effects of celastrol against ischaemia.

Experimental Approach

Protective pathways induced by celastrol were investigated in hypoxic cultures of H9c2 rat cardiomyoblasts and in a rat model of myocardial infarction, assessed with echocardiographic and histological analysis.

Key Results

In H9c2 cells, celastrol triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation within minutes, induced nuclear translocation of the transcription factor heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) resulting in a heat shock response (HSR) leading to increased expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs). ROS scavenger N‐acetylcysteine reduced expression of HSP70 and HSP32 (haeme oxygenase‐1, HO‐1). Celastrol improved H9c2 survival under hypoxic stress, and functional analysis revealed HSF1 and HO‐1 as key effectors of the HSR, induced by celastrol, in promoting cytoprotection. In the rat ischaemic myocardium, celastrol treatment improved cardiac function and reduced adverse left ventricular remodelling at 14 days. Celastrol triggered expression of cardioprotective HO‐1 and inhibited fibrosis and infarct size. In the peri‐infarct area, celastrol reduced myofibroblast and macrophage infiltration, while attenuating up‐regulation of TGF‐β and collagen genes.

Conclusions and Implications

Celastrol treatment induced an HSR through activation of HSF1 with up‐regulation of HO‐1 as the key effector, promoting cardiomyocyte survival, reduction of injury and adverse remodelling with preservation of cardiac function. Celastrol may represent a novel potent pharmacological cardioprotective agent mimicking ischaemic conditioning that could have a valuable impact in the treatment of myocardial infarction.
Endocannabinoid modulation by FAAH and monoacylglycerol lipase within the analgesic circuitry of the periaqueductal grey
Authors: Lau Benjamin K , Drew Geoffrey M , Mitchell Vanessa A , Vaughan Christopher W
Published: July 2014

Background and Purpose

Endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) in the periaqueductal grey (PAG) play a vital role in mediating stress‐induced analgesia. This analgesic effect of endocannabinoids is enhanced by pharmacological inhibition of their degradative enzymes. However, the specific effects of endocannabinoids and the inhibitors of their degradation are largely unknown within this pain‐modulating region.

Experimental Approach

In vitro electrophysiological recordings were conducted from PAG neurons in rat midbrain slices. The effects of the major endocannabinoids and their degradation inhibitors on inhibitory GABAergic synaptic transmission were examined.

Key Results

Exogenous application of the endocannabinoid, anandamide (AEA), but not 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG), produced a reduction in inhibitory GABAergic transmission in PAG neurons. This AEA‐induced suppression of inhibition was enhanced by the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor, URB597, whereas a 2‐AG‐induced suppression of inhibition was unmasked by the monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) inhibitor, JZL184. In addition, application of the CB1 receptor antagonist, AM251, facilitated the basal GABAergic transmission in the presence of URB597 and JZL184, which was further enhanced by the dual FAAH/MGL inhibitor, JZL195.

Conclusions and Implications

Our results indicate that AEA and 2‐AG act via disinhibition within the PAG, a cellular action consistent with analgesia. These actions of AEA and 2‐AG are tightly regulated by their respective degradative enzymes, FAAH and MGL. Furthermore, individual or combined inhibition of FAAH and/or MGL enhanced tonic disinhibition within the PAG. Therefore, the current findings support the therapeutic potential of FAAH and MGL inhibitors as a novel pharmacotherapy for pain.
Krüppel‐like factor 8 contributes to hypoxia‐induced MDR in gastric cancer cells
Authors: Zhang Hui , Sun Li , Xiao Xiao , Xie Rougang , Liu Changhao , Wang Yafang , Wei Yanling , Zhang Hongbo , Liu Lili
Published: July 2014

We previously reported that hypoxia‐induced MDR in gastric cancer (GC) cells is hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 (HIF‐1)‐dependent. However, the exact mechanisms are still unknown. Our previous study revealed that Krüppel‐like factor 8 (KLF8), a novel transcription factor, was associated with malignant phenotype in GC cells. KLF8 is overexpressed in clear cell renal carcinoma lacking von Hippel‐Lindau protein function, which resulted in HIF‐1 stabilization. Given this association, we hypothesized that KLF8 contributed to hypoxia‐induced MDR in GC cells. Initial experiments revealed that hypoxia could increase KLF8 and HIF‐1α expressions in GC cells, and KLF8 levels in GC drug‐resistant cell lines were higher than in parental cell lines. Subsequent experiments showed that in normoxia, exogenous KLF8 could promote the MDR phenotype; however, blocking KLF8 expression could effectively reverse the MDR phenotype induced by hypoxia. Overexpressed KLF8 increased resistance‐associated gene MDR1 mRNA levels, Bcl‐2 and P‐gp protein levels, and decreased Bax and caspase‐3 protein levels in GC cells, and knockout KLF8 reversed these effects. Dual luciferase reporter and ChIP assays showed that KLF8 could promote MDR1 transcriptional activity by combining with KLF8 binding sites located in the upstream of MDR1 transcriptional start site. These results suggest that KLF8 is involved in hypoxia‐induced MDR through inhibiting apoptosis and increasing the drug release rate by directly regulating MDR1 transcription.
Neurophysiological evidence for motor planning limitations in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Valvano Joanne
Published: July 2014

This commentary is on the original article by Kurz et al. on pages 1072–1077 of this issue.
Family matters – social competence in children with epilepsy
Authors: Ferro Mark A
Published: July 2014

This commentary is on the original article by Zhao et al.on pages 37–44 of this issue.
Global imprint of historical connectivity on freshwater fish biodiversity
Authors: Dias Murilo S. , Oberdorff Thierry , Hugueny Bernard , Leprieur Fabien , Jézéquel Céline , Cornu Jean‐François , Brosse Sébastien , Grenouillet Gael , Tedesco Pablo A.
Published: July 2014

The relative importance of contemporary and historical processes is central for understanding biodiversity patterns. While several studies show that past conditions can partly explain the current biodiversity patterns, the role of history remains elusive. We reconstructed palaeo‐drainage basins under lower sea level conditions (Last Glacial Maximum) to test whether the historical connectivity between basins left an imprint on the global patterns of freshwater fish biodiversity. After controlling for contemporary and past environmental conditions, we found that palaeo‐connected basins displayed greater species richness but lower levels of endemism and beta diversity than did palaeo‐disconnected basins. Palaeo‐connected basins exhibited shallower distance decay of compositional similarity, suggesting that palaeo‐river connections favoured the exchange of fish species. Finally, we found that a longer period of palaeo‐connection resulted in lower levels of beta diversity. These findings reveal the first unambiguous results of the role played by history in explaining the global contemporary patterns of biodiversity.
Epigenetic control of skin and hair regeneration after wounding
Authors: Plikus Maksim V. , Guerrero‐Juarez Christian Fernando , Treffeisen Elsa , Gay Denise L.
Published: July 2014

Skin wound healing is a complex regenerative phenomenon that can result in hair follicle neogenesis. Skin regeneration requires significant contribution from the immune system and involves substantial remodelling of both epidermal and dermal compartments. In this viewpoint, we consider epigenetic regulation of reepithelialization, dermal restructuring and hair neogenesis. Because little is known about the epigenetic control of these events, we have drawn upon recent epigenetic mapping and functional studies of homeostatic skin maintenance, epithelial–mesenchymal transition in cancer, and new works on regenerative dermal cell lineages and the epigenetic events that may shape their conversion into myofibroblasts. Finally, we speculate on how these various healing components might converge for wound‐induced hair follicle neogenesis.
Microwave, Spark Plasma and Conventional Sintering to Obtain Controlled Thermal Expansion β‐Eucryptite Materials
Authors: Benavente Rut , Salvador María D. , García‐Moreno Olga , Peñaranda‐Foix Felipe L. , Catalá‐Civera Jose M. , Borrell Amparo
Published: July 2014

Lithium aluminosilicate was fabricated by conventional and nonconventional sintering: microwave and spark plasma sintering, from 1200 to 1300°C. A considerable difference in densification, microstructure, coefficient of thermal expansion behavior and hardness and Young's modulus was observed. Microwave technology made possible to obtain fully dense glass‐free lithium aluminosilicate bulk material (>99%) with near‐zero and controlled coefficient of thermal expansion and relatively high mechanical properties (7.1 GPa of hardness and 110 GPa of Young's modulus) compared with the other two processes. It is believed that the heating mode and effective particle packing by microwave sintering are responsible to improve these properties.
Polyandrous females found fitter populations
Authors: Power D. J. , Holman L.
Published: July 2014

Multiple mating by females (polyandry) requires an evolutionary explanation, because it carries fitness costs in many species. When mated females disperse alone to a new habitat, their offspring may have no option but to mate with their siblings and incur inbreeding depression. However, some of the offspring of polyandrous females may only be half siblings, reducing inbreeding depression when isolated groups of siblings only have each other as mates. We investigated this putative benefit of polyandry over monandry by initiating multiple genetically isolated populations of Callosobruchus maculatus beetles, each founded by a single female, who received a complete ejaculate from either one or two males. The early generations had comparable fitness, but the F4 and F5 descendants of doubly inseminated females were more numerous and had higher egg‐to‐adult survival than the descendants of singly inseminated females. This fitness benefit was of similar magnitude whether beetles were reared on their standard food plant, or on a less favourable food source. Our results suggest that polyandrous females produce fitter descendants in inbred founder populations and therefore that polyandry may affect movement ecology and invasion biology.
Effect of tongue position on masseter and temporalis electromyographic activity during swallowing and maximal voluntary clenching: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Valdés C. , Astaburuaga F. , Falace D. , Ramirez V. , Manns A.
Published: July 2014

The purpose of this study was to measure and compare the tonic electromyographic (EMG) activity of the temporalis and masseter muscles following placement of the tongue either on the palate or in the floor of the mouth during swallowing and maximal voluntary clenching (MVC). Thirty healthy dental students with natural dentition and bilateral molar support, between the ages of 18 and 22, with no prior history of oro‐facial injury, or current or past pain in the jaw, mouth or tongue participated in the study. Tonic masseter and temporalis EMG activities were recorded using surface electrodes. Subjects were instructed to passively place the tongue either on the anterior hard palate or in the floor of the mouth during swallowing and MVC. At each tongue position, the resulting EMG was recorded. During swallowing, no significant difference in EMG activity was found either for the masseter (P‐value = 0·1592) or the temporalis (P‐value = 0·0546) muscles, regardless of the tongue position. During MVC, there was a statistically significant difference for both the masseter (P‐value = 0·0016) and the temporalis (P‐value = 0·0277) muscles with lower levels recorded with the tongue in the floor of the mouth. This study found that in normal, pain‐free subjects, placing the tongue in the floor of the mouth significantly reduces masticatory muscle activity during MVC. Thus, it may be considered as a possible therapeutic option to decrease masticatory muscle activity; however, further research is needed in patients with oro‐facial pain.
Variations in protein and fat contents and their fractions in milk from two species fed different forages
Authors: Kholif S. M. , El‐Shewy A. A. , Morsy T. A. , Abd El‐Rahman H. H.
Published: July 2014

This study aimed at determining the variations in milk constituents which could be varied by feed and animal species. To achieve this goal, two groups of homoparity Baladi cows and Egyptian buffaloes (n = 20 per species) were used. Each group was divided into two subgroups (n = 10): subgroup I received legume forage (Egyptian clover) and subgroup II received grass forage (sorghum forage). All experimental animals were fed the diet consisting of concentrate, forage and rice straw as 50, 25 and 25% of dry matter intake respectively. Milk samples were taken for analysis. The trial lasted until the 3rd month of parturition. The main results indicated that lactating cattle fed legume forage significantly (p ≤ 0.01) had more content of casein nitrogen (513 mg/100 ml milk), lower content of glutamic acid (23.56 g/100 g milk protein) and more content of cis‐9, trans‐11 18:2 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (0.77 g/100 g milk fat) compared with 433, 26.67 and 0.53, respectively, for cattle fed grass forage. With regard to the species effect, results showed that buffalo milk appeared to contain significantly higher (p ≤ 0.01) contents of casein nitrogen, phenylalanine, glutamic and arachidonic acid compared with cow's milk. However, the latter was significantly (p ≤ 0.01) more in the cis‐9, trans‐11CLA (0.59 g/100 g milk fat) than that in buffalo milk (0.47 g/100 g milk fat). The results revealed that not only forage type played a critical role in determining the variations of milk nitrogen distribution, milk amino acids and fatty acids but also animal species had a significant effect on these parameters.