bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biological Dystopias: The Body in Contemporary French Horror Cinema
Authors: Austin Guy
Published: July 2012

This article historicises the contemporary French horror film by placing it in the context of French cultural discourse around the body, and in particular around biology, biotechnology, demographics, and the idealisation of motherhood. In so doing it goes beyond universalising theories of horror and accounts for the emphasis in modern French horror on human experience as embodied and as fearful of threats to its biological integrity. Textual analysis comes from case studies of seven French horror films from the last ten years, while theoretical underpinning comes from Hayles, Hills, Clover, Kristeva, and others.
Natural and Anti-natural Evolution: Genetics and Schizophrenia in Maurice G. Dantec's Babylon Babies
Authors: Morrey Douglas
Published: July 2012

This article considers the convergence of 'natural' evolutions (a super-evolved consciousness ascribed to schizophrenia) and 'artificial' technologies (cloning, artificial intelligence, genetic modification) that become increasingly inseparable in what Maurice Dantec sees as the twenty-first century's generalised theatre of war. Both threaten to undermine the fundamental concepts of individual identity upon which our understanding of the human is premised and, in doing so, challenge the very basis of literature, thereby necessitating a reinscription of self-identical nature by other means.
The Making of King Peony in Korean Literature: A Reading of “Admonition for the Flower King”
Authors: Shin Jeongsoo
Published: July 2012

The purpose of this paper is to reconsider the problematic authorship of “Admonition for the Flower King” (“Hwawang kye” 花王戒) and to discuss its literary, political, and horticultural significance. The story of three flower characters is conventionally attributed to Sŏl Ch’ong 薛聰 (ca. 670–730), and subsequently, modern Korean scholarship has interpreted the story in association with the history of the Unified Silla Dynasty (676–935). My analysis, however, shows that it remains unknown when the story was first conjured up, nor do we know how it circulated up until the twelfth century. The story was likely to have first circulated as a folk legend, which was embellished and finally textualized by the historian Kim Pusik 金富賦 (1075–1151) in his Samguk sagi 三國史記. I emphasize the role of Kim who assured the subject of moral suasion, a core Confucian value, on his own taste; this might be one reason that the story is not included by the Buddhist monk Iryŏn 一然 (1206–89) in his Samguk yusa. I also would like to turn here to the Korean literary tradition of flower metaphors itself. It is easy to assume that these images and associations derive from Chinese literature, yet when one looks at the floral image, attributes, and uses of the three flowers in Sino-Korean literature in the context of ethnobotany, horticulture, and garden culture they turn out to be quite distinct from what is found in Chinese literature. The legend of Sŏl Ch’ong, thus, piques one’s interest as one of the earliest examples of this distinct Korean flower imagery.
Paradox of Diasporic Art from There: Antidote to Master Narrative of the Nation?
Authors: Son Hijoo
Published: July 2012

There was the title of one of four projects exhibited at the fifth Kwangju Biennale held in South Korea in 2002. The name alludes to five of the oldest and largest overseas Korean communities: those in Brazil, China, Japan, Kazakhstan, and the United States. There curator, Yong Soon Min, chose twenty-four visual artists to represent the five locations, and their artwork showcased Korea’s diasporic cultural production formulated by the historical migratory routes that have influenced the artists’ lives and their art. There indicates a paradox of diasporic art. While some diasporic artists uphold the ideas of Korean national culture and belonging bound by homogeneity and blood ties, other artists directly challenge the meaning such narratives hold in their artistic expressions. As such, the show discussed multiple identity formations that resist dominant narratives, reflected differing experiences of class, gender, global, and national politics and indicated how the nation-state system is increasingly challenged by globalization. Yet, there are also artists who reinforce monocultural conceptions of national culture and cultural identity for diasporic subjects. In other words, diasporic art both undermines the master narrative of the nation at the same time as it reinforces them.
Unequal Partners, Contested Relations: Protestant Missionaries and Korean Christians, 1884–1907
Authors: Cha Paul S.
Published: July 2012

Scholars of Christianity in Korea have conventionally emphasized the proactive manner in which Koreans adopted and adapted this religion. In this formulation, the impact of missionaries is downplayed. In contrast, this article argues that not only did missionaries play a critical role in transmitting Christianity to the peninsula, but that they were also engaged in a fundamentally unequal partnership with Korean Christians. Fueling this inequality was the missionaries’ fear that many who sought to enter the church did so for impure motives. Thus, giving Koreans full control of the church was potentially dangerous. This article details one important strategy, the Nevius Method, employed by many Protestant missionaries to systematically test and probe Koreans in order to identify who were sincere and reform those who may have had selfish aims. The Nevius Method classified converts into a hierarchical system of church membership. But, while missionaries occupied the top positions, room existed for Korean Christians to contest missionary power. Keeping this dynamic in mind allows for a reinterpretation of important events in the history of Christianity in Korea, such as the P’yŏngyang Great Revival of 1907.
Distance as Anti-Nostalgia: Memory, Identity, and Rural Korea in Yi Sang’s “Ennui”
Authors: Frankl John M.
Published: July 2012

In 1935 Yi Sang made an unexpected sojourn to the village of Sŏngch’ŏn in rural northern Korea. His brief stay there, sandwiched as it was between a life spent almost entirely in Seoul and an untimely death in Tokyo, left significant lingering impressions on the author and his work. Yi penned at least six essays dealing with various aspects of his experiences in the north. This leads many to lump the six together as his “Sŏngch’ŏn kihaeng” (Sŏngch’ŏn Travel Writings). As might be expected, the contents of the essays do share a certain degree of overlap, and thus allow some productive comparisons. In other crucial respects, however, they are quite different. Only two of them were written in Korean, marked by the author as having been completed, and published in the 1930s, and only one while Yi was still alive. The two essays written in Korean—“Lingering Impressions of a Mountain Village” and “Ennui”—display several salient points of divergence. The latter was written from Tokyo, and, rather than engendering nostalgia for what some would later presume to call “his native land,” Yi ’s distance affects a negative distortion of memory, an actual anti-nostalgia for rural Korea.
Total, Thus Broken: Chuch’e Sasang and North Korea’s Terrain of Subjectivity
Authors: Kim Cheehyung
Published: July 2012

The history of North Korea’s chuch’e sasang is marked by its fixation as an object of construction by the state (early 1960s); the inclusion of the idea of human centrality and its expression as law (early 1970s); and its expansion into a discursive system as well as the emergence of its critique as the product and cause of North Korea’s situations (1970s to the present). The fundamental idea of chuch’e sasang is that the people possess the will to order the world around them. The easiness of the idea lies in its characteristic of totality, as an idea that emerges from real experience, articulated by the omnipresent leader, witnessed in the actual material transformation, and reproduced tautologically as the product and object of revolution. Its mass logic is entrenched in the immediate totality of the autonomous subject. The moment of totality, however, is also the moment of its destructuring. In the representations of totality of chuch’e sasang, a film and two paintings, the subject is ambiguous because any distinction of a disparate subject immediately disappears within the abstract boundary of the nation-state. Ideological hold in North Korea was always incomplete. The impossibility of totality, however, is also the grounds for the affirmation of a genuine subject that emerges from the domain of hegemony.
Discovery of Disputes: Collective Memories on Textbooks and Japanese–South Korean Relations
Authors: Kimura Kan
Published: July 2012

Historical perceptions in Northeast Asian countries, especially South Korea and Japan, can be observed through analysis of school history textbooks and the disputes related to these publications. Looking at this issue through a long-term lens it becomes apparent that today’s perceptions are direct descendants of the perceptions that appeared during the 1980s. This article shows that it is impossible to explain the escalation of the disputes through solely viewing the changes in descriptions of history in Japanese textbooks, but that interaction between China, Japan, and South Korea has been involved. South Korean society overlooked the Japanese textbook issue before the 1982 dispute. Thus it seems that only when China and some members of the Japanese populace first questioned the history being written and published in Japan that South Korea began questioning the changes being made to Japanese textbooks.
“We Surpass the Beautiful Waters of Other Cities by the Abundance of Ours”: Reconciling Function and Decoration in Late Antique Fountains
Authors: Jacobs Ine , Richard Julian
Published: July 2012

Compared to their predecessors of imperial times, public fountains of Late Antiquity have triggered only a negligible interest among scholars. This study presents a current overview on the topic. It focuses on newly built fountains and on the visual and functional maintenance of earlier ones in Late Antiquity. Through a combination of architectural, decorative, and technical data, the authors address the overall meaning of both monumental and modest public fountains in the late antique cityscapes of the eastern Mediterranean. A review of late antique fountain architecture in the light of past realizations demonstrates that, even if the trend of grand nymphaea was still present, new investments were more modest and/or cost-effective. This pragmatism also reveals itself in the practice of converting existing monuments into public fountains. The active preservation of older fountains shows an uninterrupted concern for their functional continuity and the upkeep of their pleasant appearance. Besides architectural repairs and the preservation or update of statuary programs, the various alterations made to the hydraulic apparatus demonstrate a great flexibility in the way water was made available to consumers. Even if some of these alterations may at first sight seem negative, in many cases they can also be interpreted as a willingness to increase the comfort of users and to maintain good water quality. Sometimes, however, the changes made to older fountains led to the almost total disappearance of their functions, even if their decorative facade could be maintained. Many of them were turned into genuine castella aquarum or redistribution stations. The wide array of functional alterations analyzed here testifies to a new culture of water management in many late antique cities. Water resources became increasingly diversified through the dissemination of fountains and basins of various sizes in the most densely populated areas. The aesthetic maintenance of earlier fountains, the pragmatic investment in new ones, and the willingness to improve comfort and to bring water resources closer to consumers all demonstrate the existence of a vivid late antique fountain culture.
Trade and Christianity in the Indian Ocean during Late Antiquity
Authors: Seland Eivind Heldaas
Published: July 2012

The significance of faith as a cohesive element in the development of commercial networks in the Indian Ocean is well documented in the case of Islamic and Jewish diasporas of the medieval period, but what was the situation in Late Antiquity, when Christianity was the expanding religion in the areas east and south of the Mediterranean? Drawing on late Roman literary sources and the concept of the “trading diaspora,” this study emphasizes the interaction among trade, religion, and politics in the area of the Indian Ocean, arguing that Christianity had the potential to play a role resembling that of Judaism and Islam in later periods: Christians also were active as traders and travelers in the monsoon commerce. Fellow Christians came together for worship, company, and security, and Christian rulers involved themselves politically and militarily in order to secure the safety and interest of their coreligionists.
Gregory of Nyssa’s Position in Late Antique Debates on Slavery and Poverty, and the Role of Asceticism
Authors: Ramelli Ilaria
Published: July 2012

The kind of poverty that was elected by Macrina and other members of her very rich family, and is exalted in the writings of her brother Gregory of Nyssa, is certainly a voluntary poverty. This choice, which is related to a broader choice for asceticism in a proto-monastic environment, and which is presented by Gregory of Nyssa as an emulation of the life of angels and an anticipation of the final apokatastasis, is closely linked with the repudiation of slavery. Indeed, this study will argue that Gregory’s attitude toward slavery not only parallels his attitude toward poverty but also is unique in early Christianity for the radical nature of his condemnation of slavery both de jure and de facto, and that the sole delegitimization of the institution of slavery in antiquity came from ascetics, in both Judaism and Christianity, and was connected with voluntary poverty and service to others.
Within and Without: Lay People and the Church in Gregory of Tours’ Miracle Stories
Authors: Bailey Lisa
Published: July 2012

Gregory of Tours’ miracle collections are filled with lay people, sometimes standing in the foreground but more often lurking anonymously in the background. We are familiar with the seekers of cures, but they are surrounded in the texts by retinues of other figures, often mentioned only in passing. Many of these figures are connected to the institutions of the church in complicated ways. Some have established themselves on church grounds as beggars, the professional poor or servants; others are irregular ascetics or their financial supporters. They occupy a grey zone in the religious world of early medieval Gaul and defy any neat categorisation of the population into “religious” or “secular.”They are thereby a means to challenge the definitions of lay status offered both in contemporary sources and in the works of modern historians seeking to trace the late antique frontier between lay and clerical. These figures can reveal a great deal about the position of the Gallic church in local communities – how it operated both as a resource to those around it, and how it benefited from those who “served” it in many different capacities. Gregory’s miracle collections also give some indications of the agency of the laity in using and manipulating religious institutions to their own ends. They reveal a world in which the church, its institutions, and its people have become thoroughly embedded in the cultural world of late antique Gaul.
The Fasti Parisini : An Independent Consular List from the Fifth Century
Authors: Klaassen Michael
Published: July 2012

The consular list covering the years 379 to 558 CE in the final four folios of the manuscript Parisinus Latinus 4859 in the Bibliothèque Nationale has up to this point been believed to be a copy of the consular list from Victorius of Aquitaine’s Cursus paschalis. This list, however, can be demonstrated to be a consular list independent of all other extant lists from at least 399 to 522. During this period, the list was maintained year by year by successive individuals, at least one of whom possibly resided in southern Gaul. From 523 to 558 the list is related to the list found in one of the continuations of Victorius of Aquitaine’s Cursus paschalis. The fact that the list is contemporary document through much of the fifth century makes it as important a witness to the dissemination of consular names in the western empire as the inscriptional record.
The Elder Melania’s Missing Decade
Authors: Wilkinson Kevin W.
Published: July 2012

Sources contemporary with Melania the Elder contain several clues for reconstructing a timeline of her life. Out of a morass of confusion in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century scholarship, Eduard Schwartz and F.X. Murphy finally set this timeline on a solid foundation. The consensus forged by these two scholars, however, has been a tenuous one and has come under periodic attack. The following article answers the objections of the critics and, through an examination of one universally misunderstood passage in Palladius’ Lausiac History, finally puts the timeline beyond dispute. This chronological study also generates new insights into the biographies of Melania and her son Publicola: Melania resided in Spain until being widowed in her early twenties; it was only at this point that she moved to Rome; she was her husband’s heir and de facto guardian of Publicola for more than a decade; she delayed her departure for the Holy Land until he was already a teenager and launched on his senatorial career; this included the funding of his quaestorian and praetorian games in Rome.
Defining Female Authority in Eighth-Century Byzantium: The Numismatic Images of the Empress Irene (797–802)
Authors: Kotsis Kriszta
Published: July 2012

This study offers insight into the complex processes through which an unusual ruler, the empress Irene, articulated her authority in visual terms. An examination of the numismatic iconography of her gold coins demonstrates how the public imagery of this female ruler was crafted by carefully joining together a wide network of associations that draw extensively on both male and female imperial predecessors and figures of religious authority. It is suggested that while remaining within the narrow confines of eighth century numismatic style and iconography, Irene’s coinage presents her both as a reigning monarch and a personification of her most important imperial accomplishment, religious peace. Furthermore, the imagery also conveys a novel iconophile message and casts the empress as an orthodox and philanthropic ruler.
Local Politics and the Canonization of a God: Lord Yang ( Yang fujun ) in Late Qing Wenzhou (1840–67)
Authors: Lo Roger Shih-Chieh
Published: July 2012

In early February 1855, a group of “local bandits” led by Qu Zhenhan occupied Yueqing city of Wenzhou prefecture for a week. According to Qing officials’ report, this incident was suppressed by the divine manifestation of Lord Yang, a popular local deity in Wenzhou. Instead of focusing on how Qing authority regained control over local society, this article takes advantage of the local materials available in Wenzhou to explore the following two questions: How does a local deity function politically in local society? What is the role of popular religion in local politics and even national politics in late Qing China? This local history study sheds light on the significance of popular religion in Chinese political culture.
Dirty Books: Modernism and the Toilet
Authors: Todd Ian Scott
Published: July 2012

This article considers the response of European modernism to the invention of flush toilets and public restrooms in the first decades of the twentieth century, arguing that modernist writers such as James Joyce and Jean Rhys subverted dominant attitudes toward privacy, propriety, and femininity via images of women using toilets and restrooms. It considers Ulysses and Good Morning, Midnight within the context of debates surrounding women, cleanliness, and public urban space. It also argues that modernist and avant-garde art can be characterized by its representations of dirt and excrement, for which it was often censored or banned.
The Extraterritorial Poetics of W. G. Sebald
Authors: Hart Matthew , Lown-Hecht Tania
Published: July 2012

This essay reads the novels of the late German writer, W. G. Sebald, through the lens of extraterritoriality, the condition of being outside the jurisdiction of the nation-state yet paradoxically reliant upon it. Sebald's extraterritorial spaces—train stations, abandoned army bases, country houses, and camps—both reflect and evoke his characters' psychological experiences. We argue that extraterritoriality helps explain Sebald's treatment of the nation-state as simultaneously necessary and inadequate for understanding the cultural and political geography of the twentieth century.
The Chinatown and the City: Kingston, Kerouac, and the Bohemian Bay Area
Authors: Arthur Jason
Published: July 2012

This article is about the influence of Jack Kerouac's prose on Maxine Hong Kingston's novel, Tripmaster Monkey: His Fake Book . It looks closely at the way Kingston acknowledges Kerouac's impact both on her own prose style and on the "bohemian" sensibility of the 1960s Bay Area. Specifically, the article examines Kingston's integration into her novel of a prose passage from Kerouac's first novel, The Town and the City , and finds imbedded in what looks like a critique of Kerouac an endorsement and renewal of Kerouac's commitment to "delocalizing" the way urban, multicultural realities get represented in fiction.
A Little Fiction is Good for You: Currency Crisis, The Nation State, and Waugh's African Texts
Authors: Karl Alissa
Published: July 2012

This essay explores the affinities between modern fiction and modern currency in the context of the British currency crisis of 1931. It examines how Evelyn Waugh's satirical novel Black Mischief (1932) and its travelogue counterpart, Remote People (1931), rely upon presumptions about national-economic modernity that the novel simultaneously spoofs; such a posture, it is argued, generates a kind of reading that exposes the conventions involved in the naturalization of gold-backed currency and its link with British economic hegemony. In so doing, Black Mischief offers an expanded sense of fictionality to assuage the uncertainties of currency in the early 1930s.
How to Love Your Local Homophobe: Southern Hospitality and the Unremarkable Queerness of Truman Capote's "The Thanksgiving Visitor"
Authors: Bibler Michael P.
Published: July 2012

This essay shows how Truman Capote's story about homophobic bullying opens rich avenues for reconsidering the structures of queerness and normativity. Instead of presenting queerness as an antirelational force opposed to sociality, Capote renders it as something unremarkable, even perversely mundane, deflecting attention away from questions of identity to more urgent concerns of ethics and justice. Writing against the homonormative militancy of the burgeoning gay liberation movement, Capote strategically redeploys the notion of southern hospitality to rearrange both regional and national normativities and reaffirm the queer's open inclusion within society.
"Gravity rushes through him": Volk and Fetish in Pynchon's Rilke
Authors: Haynes Doug
Published: July 2012

This paper deals with a central but overlooked and misunderstood concern in Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow (1973): the influence of Rainer Maria Rilke, especially his Sonnets to Orpheus and Duino Elegies (1922). This study uses contextual and exegetical methods to consider how Pynchon uses Rilke alongside and through his characters to engage critically with the poet's late work, reading it to explore wider issues. Weimar bourgeois irrationality as preparation for Nazism; the redundancy of German existentialism; and Rilke's neo-Romanticism as the representative of a volkisch culture unconsciously rooted in the fetish of the commodity, all come under scrutiny.
Aphrodite's Faces: Toni Morrison's Love and Ethics
Authors: Palladino Mariangela
Published: July 2012

This study seeks to examine the ethical import of Morrison's eighth novel, Love (2003), through analysis of its narrative forms. With a complex weaving of narrative voices that offer oppositional points of views, Love demands that readers reconsider what they have been told. By foregrounding narrative ethics as the figurative, as showing rather than telling and signifying, this paper closely examines Love 's narrative voices.
The Marsupials Strike Back: A Reply to Schapper (2011)
Authors: Blust Robert
Published: July 2012

In a recent contribution to this journal, Antoinette Schapper has questioned the validity of two reconstructed marsupial terms that have been used as key pieces of evidence for a Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of Austronesian languages. While she is correct in stating that reflexes of *mans(aə)r have been glossed erroneously as 'bandicoot' rather than 'cuscus' in a number of languages in eastern Indonesia, her corrections leave the subgrouping argument intact. Schapper's dismissal of Central Malayo-Polynesian evidence for *kandoRa is arbitrary, and her gloss of *mans(aə)r as 'cuscus' is no less problematic than the gloss 'bandicoot' proposed by Blust. These cognate sets for marsupials that span much of eastern Indonesia and the western Pacific thus remain as powerful evidence that the Austronesian languages of this region shared a period of common development apart from all other members of this family.
The Historical Relations of the Papuan Languages of Alor and Pantar
Authors: Holton Gary , Klamer Marian , Kratochvíl František , Robinson Laura C. , Schapper Antoinette
Published: July 2012

The historical relations of the Papuan languages scattered across the islands of the Alor archipelago, Timor, and Kisar in southeast Indonesia have remained largely conjectural. This paper makes a first step toward demonstrating that the languages of Alor and Pantar form a single genealogical group. Applying the comparative method to primary lexical data from twelve languages sampled across the islands of the Alor-Pantar archipelago, we use form-meaning pairings in basic cognate sets to establish regular sound correspondences that support the view that these languages are genetically related. We reconstruct 97 Proto[&mdash]Alor-Pantar vocabulary items and propose an internal subgrouping based on shared innovations. Finally, we compare Alor-Pantar with Papuan languages of Timor and with Trans-New Guinea languages, concluding that there is no lexical evidence supporting the inclusion of Alor-Pantar languages in the Trans-New Guinea family.
Malagasy Phonological History and Bantu Influence
Authors: Adelaar Alexander
Published: July 2012

In this paper I give a critical assessment of John Wolff's interpretation of the phonological history of Malagasy as it appears in his recent book on Proto-Austronesian phonology. The various aspects of Wolff's approach that I deal with include the development of final open syllables, the spirantization and fricativization of stops and semivowels, the reduction of *-ŋk- clusters, and Wolff's interpretation of the development of Proto-Austronesian *s (or *c in Wolff's notation). I also discuss the impact of Bantu languages on the development of Malagasy after the migration of its speakers to East Africa. This impact was a major one, although it is seriously underestimated in Wolff's perspective.
Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan
Authors: Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan , Wu Chun-Ming
Published: July 2012

This paper is a follow-up investigation of conjunctive reduction in two Formosan languages, Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan. We examine phenomena surrounding the two-way grammaticalization of linkers—that is, adverbialization and complementation—and show how it works to shape the sentence structure of the two languages. More specifically, it is argued that the Mayrinax linker 'i' licenses modal/evaluative construals on the complementizer layer, and control/middle construals on the lexical layer. In addition, Southern Paiwan evidences a third type of linker construals on the inflectional layer, where frequency/repetitive/locative expressions are introduced, and permutation around the linker a is allowed. All in all, our comparative study of Mayrinax and Squliq Atayal confirms that even in a language without overtly grammaticalized linkers, conjunctive reduction can still be in action, albeit in its final stage of development.
Investigating Motion Events in Austronesian Languages
Authors: Rau D. Victoria , Wang Chun-Chieh , Chang Hui-Huan Ann
Published: July 2012

S. Huang and M. Tanangkingsing found that six Western Austronesian languages share the common property of giving greater attention to path information than to manner. They proposed that Proto-Austronesian was probably path-salient. In order to ascertain the validity of their hypothesis, this study compares the motion events in a Yami Frog story with six Western Austronesian languages, followed by a research design using VARBRUL (a logistic regression analysis program) to analyze the factors that account for the variation between path and manner verbs in 20 Yami texts. In the process, a clear set of operational definitions is proposed. Our quantitative analysis indicates that Yami is a path-salient language in that (i) path verbs are more frequent than manner verbs, (ii) path verbs favor cooccurrence of figure and ground even more than manner verbs, and (iii) manner is usually not expressed after the path verb. If it is expressed, it is coded as a serial verb construction.
Interrogative Verbs in Kavalan and Amis
Authors: Lin Dong-yi
Published: July 2012

The present paper investigates the grammatical properties of interrogative verbs in Kavalan and Amis, two Formosan languages. The interrogative words that denote 'do what', 'what happen', 'do how', '(put/take) where', and '(do) how many/much' in the two languages share the same morphosyntactic distribution as verbs. Their transitivity is correlated with the voice markers affixed to them. The affixation of the agent voice marker to an interrogative root forms an intransitive verb, whereas an interrogative root with the patient voice marker is interpreted as a transitive verb. Some interrogative verbs can occur in a verb sequencing construction where they precede a lexical verb. It is argued that the two verbs in this construction do not form a coordinate structure, but exhibit properties of subordination with the interrogative verb as the main verb. Finally, there are semantic restrictions on the use of interrogative verbs. Kavalan tanian and Amis icuwa '(put) where' show verbal properties only when they question the location of a theme argument in a ditransitive event, but not the location where an event takes place. When Kavalan tani and Amis pina/hakuwa '(do) how many/much' are used as verbs, the question always implies that the quantity of the questioned argument will or might change eventually.
Origins of Palauan Intrusive Velar Nasals
Authors: Blevins Juliette , Kaufman Daniel
Published: July 2012

Recent detailed study of the historical phonology of Palauan reveals a non-etymological velar nasal at the beginning of inherited vowel-initial words, while synchronic studies of the language report final velar nasals in loans from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Blust argues that the initial velar nasal is not due to regular sound change, and also contests a potential morphological origin for the accreted segment. Reid examines Philippine evidence, and suggests that the source of the Palauan initial velar nasal is the linker *ŋa, though little evidence internal to Palauan is discussed. Here we demonstrate that, on the basis of internal evidence, a morphological source for both initial and final velar nasals is evident in Palauan, though internal and comparative evidence points to an ancient formative *ŋa 'emphatic' with distinct distribution and semantics from the well-studied Austronesian linker.
Hawu Vowel Metathesis
Authors: Blust Robert
Published: July 2012

Hawu, an Austronesian language spoken in the Lesser Sunda islands of Indonesia, shows a historical change in which the vowels of adjacent syllables appear to have metathesized. So far as is known, this is the first case of regular vowel metathesis ever reported. Apart from its regularity, what is most striking about this innovation is that it occurred only if V 1 was higher (less sonorous) than V 2 , and if the vowels were separated by a consonant. A fourth noteworthy feature is that the left-dislocated vowel invariably weakened to schwa, whereas similar vowels that remain in situ in either syllable were unaffected. No clear motivation for this change is apparent, and attempts to explain it as something other than direct segmental transposition have so far not met with success.
Complaints in Kewa Letters
Authors: Franklin Karl J. , Hardin Karol J.
Published: July 2012

In this study, we examine 63 letters written in West Kewa by a Papua New Guinean man (called Yombo throughout) to Karl Franklin and his family over a period of fifteen years. We first discuss the ways complaints have been handled by various authors. We then provide a brief background to the Kewa culture before analyzing the pragmatic context of speech acts that disclose various complaints in a sampling of the letters. The classification and modification of the complaints have benefitted in particular from the theories of A. Trosborg, and also J. House and G. Kasper. We relate the complaints to various cultural scenarios and scripts in order to show how Yombo complains and what he is complaining about. He often avoids direct confrontation and mitigates the offense. The study also demonstrates how a newly literate man uses various styles and features from his language (West Kewa) to discuss the events in his life and to complain about some of them.
The Concept 'Return' as a Source of Different Developments in Oceanic Languages
Authors: Moyse-Faurie Claire
Published: July 2012

Based on earlier work by Frank Lichtenberk and Bernhard Wälchli, where different paths of grammaticalization are identified in a small sample of Oceanic languages (Lichtenberk) and a general sample of 100 languages (Wälchli), taking the verb 'return' as a starting point and leading to targets like reditive directionals ('back'), repetition markers ('again'), prohibitive markers, additive markers ('also', 'too', 'as well'), and reflexive markers, this article aims to make some further contributions to this topic. Looking at a larger set of Oceanic languages, I found several other paths of grammaticalization for 'return'/ 'again'; that is, paths leading to nominal determiners ('another'), to contrastive or emphatic particles ('indeed', 'exactly'), to inclusive adverbial intensifiers ('-self'), to reciprocal markers, to prepositions ('until') or conjunctions ('then'), to exclamative markers, and even to tense-aspect markers. I first give various examples illustrating these developments, and then propose a diagram— as a first step toward developing a semantic map—summarizing and motivating these connections. Finally, I examine the distribution of the relevant uses in Oceanic languages, as well as possible and impossible coexistence of specific meanings in these languages.
The Syntax of the Tahitian Actor Emphatic Construction
Authors: Potsdam Eric , Polinsky Maria
Published: July 2012

This paper presents the actor emphatic construction (AE) in Tahitian and offers an initial investigation of its basic syntactic structure. The AE is a construction found across the Eastern Polynesian languages; it is typically used to focus the agent (subject) of a transitive verb. In Tahitian, the AE appears in three different variants. In all of them, the focused agent occurs clause-initially in a prepositional phrase headed by nā . The three variants differ in their realization of the theme. In the first two, the theme, with or without the accusative case marker, appears after the transitive verb, which follows the agent phrase. In a third variant, the theme is preverbal, immediately following the focused agent. Our investigation shows the following: (1) the Tahitian AE is a biclausal structure; (2) the initial nā -phrase serves as the matrix predicate and the focused agent is part of that predicate; (3) the verb following it is part of a dependent clause; and (4) the theme is a direct object when it is postverbal, but it is the matrix subject when it is preverbal. We offer some preliminary considerations concerning the interpretation of the AE in Tahitian and its fine syntactic structure and compare our analysis to analyses of the better-studied Māori AE.
On the Experientiality of Stories: A Follow-up on David Herman’s “Narrative Theory and the Intentional Stance”
Authors: Caracciolo Marco
Published: July 2012

Reading a narrative text is or provides an experience. In this article, I attempt to reconcile this common claim about reading with the intentionalist model of narrative David Herman has presented in his “Narrative Theory and the Intentional Stance” (2008). I do so by developing two lines of argument. First, taking my cue from Daniel D. Hutto’s philosophy of mind, I argue that two organisms can participate in a joint attention scene only if they are capable of sharing an experience. Thus, if we endorse Herman’s view that, through narrative texts, authors draw readers’ attention to some features of a storyworld, we must also account for how authors and readers can share an experience. I deal with this problem by tracing a (primarily heuristic) distinction between basic, embodied experience and linguistic, conceptual experience. At the level of basic experiential responding, I draw on psycholinguistic research to argue that both the production and the reception of narrative texts are grounded in embodied simulations. At the linguistically mediated level, I apply Dennett’s conception of consciousness as a “Joycean machine” to the experiences provided by narratives, adding that these experiences can be shared by authors and readers because they are narratively constructed.

Second, I address the question of interpretation, which I distinguish from both the understanding of linguistic meaning and the reconstruction of the storyworld: interpretation is concerned with the “aboutness” of a work, and touches on what Stein Haughom Olsen (1987) has called the “human interest” questions. It is because of its openness to human experience that interpretation cannot be fully subsumed under the intentionalist model of our engagement with stories. At this level, readers are not required to comply with the author’s instructions: they are free to relate the experience they have undergone while reading a story to their own past experiences, and draw their conclusions as to what the story is “about.” This is why the experientiality of stories — i.e. the experiential “feel” they create — can be said to bridge the gap between Herman’s intentionalist model and interpretation.
The Biology of Social Class: Habit Formation and Social Stratification in Nineteenth-Century British Bildungsromane and Scientific Discourse
Authors: Zwierlein Anne-Julia
Published: July 2012

Analyzing how mid- to late-nineteenth-century Bildungsromane as well as scientific and philosophical texts conceive of society and the process of socialization, this essay supplements existing studies of Victorian liberalism and the British concept of “character” as Bildung . It traces the interest in the body and physiological processes – the nexus of biology and society that Bildungsromane have always been concerned with, while also emphasizing the nineteenth-century tension between voluntarism and determinism that was partly resolved in favour of scientific materialism and biological determinism at the fin-de-siècle .

Concentrating on how three related areas of nineteenth-century biological research and thinking – the science of anthropometry, physiological theories of habit formation, and the ideas of organic memory and degeneration – are represented, subverted, or reimagined in Bildungsromane and Anti-Bildungsromane by, among others, Charles Dickens and Thomas Hardy, the essay suggests that social stratification, a vision of society as fragmented into distinct social classes, is at the core of these mid- to late-nineteenth-century novels of development and their negotiation — and subversion — of cultural and biological models of individual and collective identity. Special emphasis is given throughout to the novels’ representative strategy of differential embodiment.
Falling Upwards: Paul Celan’s Poetics of the Abyss
Authors: Salminen Antti
Published: July 2012

The abyss, the German Abgrund , is a recurring concept and motif which Paul Celan addresses in both his poetics and poetry. The abyss-like quality of Celan’s poetry did not emerge unheralded, but the Abgrund topos has been little researched. This paper argues that in Celan Abgrund functions as both a thematic image and textual practice. The Abgrund topos is motivated by rich allusions to Celan’s literary sources. Celan’s abysses have a paradoxical twofold function. On the one hand the abyss is an ultimate end-point in which significance and value are doomed to collapse; on the other hand, building on that non-foundation is the source of Celan’s poetic craft.
Making Poets Serve the Established Order: Editing for Content in Sophocles, Virgil, and W. S. Gilbert
Authors: Ahl Frederick
Published: July 2012

“Pray what authors should she read, who in Classics would succeed?” the director of a new women’s university is asked in W. S. Gilbert’s comic opera libretto, Princess Ida . In the new schools and colleges that were extending formal education to women and to the poor, the core curriculum was still selected “classic” Latin and Greek writers as it had been in the traditional boys schools of the rich. The director’s three selected “classic” authors, Ovid, Aristophanes, and Juvenal (in that order) would have surprised Gilbert’s audience, since they mark a progression from risqué sexual allusiveness to crude and overt sexual satire. Then she adds: “if you’re well advised, you will get them Bowdlerised.”

Dr. Bowdler’s removal of elements he considered tasteless made his name synonymous with sexual censorship. But sexual reference, overt or oblique, is not the most important element altered in the public presentation of classical poetry in the nineteenth and much of the twentieth centuries. Educators were no less anxious about inflammatory or revolutionary political ideas and wanted “classic” texts that could be used to enhance a patriotic agenda. The only ancient epic that suited their needs was Virgil’s Aeneid .

This paper discusses why and how Gilbert’s libretti were (and still are) misread as supportive of the very ideas he was criticizing; why Virgil’s Aeneid was, by a process of judicious excerpting, represented throughout Europe as a paean of praise to Rome and Augustus, and why it has been as difficult for us to escape this nineteenth century view of the Aeneid as it has been to escape from Freud’s understanding of Oedipus or Nietzsche’s reading of Greek Tragedy.
Between Ghetto and Zion: Margarete Susman’s Mediations of Germany, Jewishness, and Culture, 1906–1916
Authors: Gilleir Anke
Published: July 2012

The article discusses the German-Jewish author and philosopher Margarete Susman (1872–1966) and her interpretation of cultural Zionism around the First World War. Susman has largely disappeared from our cultural canvas in spite of the fact that she is one of the rare thinkers in German philosophical tradition for whom the challenge of idealism lies in its potential conversion into reality, and the force of beauty in its undeniable ethical appeal. In 1916 Margarete Susman wrote an extensive article in the Frankfurter Zeitung on the Zionist philosophy of Ahad Ha'am and Martin Bubber. Although the cultural journalist and former poet from the wider circle around Stefan George had already reflected on the question of Jewish identity in Germany in previous years, her strong interest in Zionism cannot just be explained by a sudden awareness of her Jewish descent. The 1916 article reveals a remarkable interpretation of cultural Zionism as a spiritual movement that is the real foundation of all political thought and any state. It has its roots in her belief in the meaning of spirit and art as truly regenerating forces, a belief she did not lose in spite of fact that she never turned a blind eye to the brutal reality of her time.
Imagining a New World: Henriette Frölich’s Virginia oder die Kolonie von Kentucky (1820)
Authors: Hilger Stephanie M.
Published: July 2012

The title of Henriette Frölich’s Virginia oder die Kolonie von Kentucky (1820) voices the nineteenth-century imagination of America as the locus of a new civilization in the wake of post-Revolutionary disillusionment. The novel’s subtitle, Mehr Wahrheit als Dichtung , echoes the title of the autobiography of Goethe, author of the German Bildungsroman par excellence, Wilhelm Meister . Frölich’s title establishes a correlation between new concepts of community and the individual’s “Bildung” as the basis for novel forms of communal living in the early nineteenth century. This paper explores the ambivalent legacy of Frölich’s text. On the one hand, Virginia has been described as a socialist utopia modeled on thinkers such as François-Noël Babeuf, Gabriel Bonnot de Mably, and Étienne-Gabriel Morelly. On the other hand, however, this new community does not extend equality to women, Native Americans, Blacks, and non-French European immigrants such as Germans. Ethnic, racial, and gender inequalities persist in the North American colony. Frölich’s utopia is, therefore, also a dystopia, which is shaped by the same social injustice that provided the impetus for its creation.