bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computational Advances in Ionic Liquid Applications for Green Chemistry: A Critical Review of Lignin Processing and Machine Learning Approaches
Authors: Taylor Brian R. , Kumar Nikhil , Mishra Dhirendra Kumar , Simmons Blake A. , Choudhary Hemant , Sale Kenneth L.
Published: October 2024

The valorization and dissolution of lignin using ionic liquids (ILs) is critical for developing sustainable biorefineries and a circular bioeconomy. This review aims to critically assess the current state of computational and machine learning methods for understanding and optimizing IL-based lignin dissolution and valorization processes reported since 2022. The paper examines various computational approaches, from quantum chemistry to machine learning, highlighting their strengths, limitations, and recent advances in predicting and optimizing lignin-IL interactions. Key themes include the challenges in accurately modeling lignin’s complex structure, the development of efficient screening methodologies for ionic liquids to enhance lignin dissolution and valorization processes, and the integration of machine learning with quantum calculations. These computational advances will drive progress in IL-based lignin valorization by providing deeper molecular-level insights and facilitating the rapid screening of novel IL-lignin systems.
Metal Imidazole-Modified Covalent Organic Frameworks as Electrocatalysts for Alkaline Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Xia Meng , Yu Xinxin , Wu Zhuangzhuang , Zhao Yuzhen , Feng Lijuan , Chen Qi
Published: October 2024

Since the product contains no carbon-based substances and can be driven by non-carbon-based electricity, electrocatalytic water splitting is considered to be among the most effective strategies for alleviating the energy crisis and environmental pollution. This process helps lower greenhouse gas emissions while also supporting the shift toward renewable energy sources. The anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) involves a more complex multi-electron transfer process, which is the principal limiting factor in overall water splitting. Extensive research has demonstrated that the controlled design of effective electrocatalysts can address this limitation. In this study, a previously unreported covalent organic framework material (COF-IM) was synthesized via a post-synthetic modification strategy. Notably, COF-IM contains imidazole nitrogen metal active sites. Transition metal-coordinated COF-IM@Co can function as a highly effective electrocatalyst, exhibiting a lower overpotential (403.8 mV@10 mA cm−2) in alkaline electrolytes, thereby highlighting its potential for practical applications in energy conversion technologies. This study offers new perspectives on the design and synthesis of COFs, while also making substantial contributions to the advancement and application of OER electrocatalysts.
Cannabinoid-Inspired Inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus 2′-O-Methyltransferase (2′-O-MTase) Non-Structural Protein (Nsp10–16)
Authors: Benjamin Menny M. , Hanna George S. , Dickinson Cody F. , Choo Yeun-Mun , Wang Xiaojuan , Downs-Bowen Jessica A. , De Ramyani , McBrayer Tamara R. , Schinazi Raymond F. , Nielson Sarah E. , Hevel Joan M. , Pandey Pankaj , Doerksen Robert J. , Townsend Danyelle M. , Zhang Jie , Ye Zhiwei , Wyer Scott , Bialousow Lucas , Hamann Mark T.
Published: October 2024

The design and synthesis of antiviral compounds were guided by computationally predicted data against highly conserved non-structural proteins (Nsps) of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Chromenephenylmethanone-1 (CPM-1), a novel biphenylpyran (BPP), was selected from a unique natural product library based on in silico docking scores to coronavirus Nsps with high specificity to the methyltransferase protein (2′-O-MTase, Nsp10–16), which is responsible for viral mRNA maturation and host innate immune response evasion. To target the 2′-O-MTase, CPM-1, along with intermediate BPP regioisomers, tetrahydrophenylmethanones (TPMs), were synthesized and structurally validated via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data and DP4+ structure probability analyses. To investigate the activity of these BPPs, the following in vitro assays were conducted: SARS-CoV-2 inhibition, biochemical target validation, mutagenicity, and cytotoxicity. CPM-1 possessed notable activity against SARS-CoV-2 with 98.9% inhibition at 10 µM and an EC50 of 7.65 µM, as well as inhibition of SARS-CoV-2’s 2′-O-MTase (expressed and purified) with an IC50 of 1.5 ± 0.2 µM. In addition, CPM-1 revealed no cytotoxicity (CC50 of >100 µM) or mutagenicity (no frameshift or base-pair mutations). This study demonstrates the potential of computational modeling for the discovery of natural product prototypes followed by the design and synthesis of drug leads to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 2′-O-MTase.
Electronic Structure of Rh and Ir Single Atom Catalysts Supported on Defective and Doped ZnO: Assessment of Their Activity Towards CO Oxidation
Authors: Erbasan Arda , Ustunel Hande , Toffoli Daniele
Published: October 2024

This study investigated the electronic structure of single-atom Rhodium (Rh) and Iridium (Ir) adsorbed on defective and impurity-doped ZnO(0001) surfaces, and assessed their activity towards the CO oxidation reaction. Our findings reveal that surface impurities significantly influence the binding energies and electronic properties of the metal atoms, with Al and Cr serving as particularly effective promoters. While Rh and Ir acquire a positive charge upon incorporation on the unpromoted Zn(0001) surface, adsorption directly on the promoter results in a net negative charge, thus facilitating the activation of both CO and O2 species. These results highlight the potential of impurity-promoted ZnO surfaces in modulating and tailoring the electronic properties of SACs, which can be used for a rational design of active single-atom catalysts.
Exploring Secondary Amine Carnosine Derivatives: Design, Synthesis, and Properties
Authors: Artasensi Angelica , Mazzotta Sarah , Sanz Ines , Lin Licheng , Vistoli Giulio , Fumagalli Laura , Regazzoni Luca
Published: October 2024

Carnosine is a naturally occurring dipeptide that has been advocated by some authors as an interesting scaffold for the development of potential therapeutic agents in view of the positive outcomes of its supplementation in animal models of human diseases. Its mode of action seems to depend on the quenching of toxic electrophiles, such as 4–hydroxynonenal (HNE). However, carnosine’s bioavailability in humans is lower than that in other mammals. The main reason for such an unfavorable pharmacokinetic profile is the activity of the enzyme human serum carnosinase (E.C. 3.4.13.20), which rapidly hydrolyzes carnosine upon absorption. Therefore, some studies have focused on the design of carnosinase-resistant derivatives that retain binding activity toward toxic electrophiles. Nevertheless, the structural modification of the N-terminus amino group of carnosine has rarely been considered, possibly because of its key role in the electrophile scavenging mechanism. This was proven, since some carnosine N-terminus modification generated inactive compounds, despite some derivatives retaining oral bioavailability and gaining resistance to carnosinase hydrolysis. Herein, we therefore report a study aimed at exploring whether the amino group of carnosine can be conveniently modified to develop carnosinase-resistant derivatives retaining the dipeptide activity toward toxic electrophiles.
Psilocin, the Psychoactive Metabolite of Psilocybin, Modulates Select Neuroimmune Functions of Microglial Cells in a 5-HT2 Receptor-Dependent Manner
Authors: Wiens Kennedy R. , Brooks Noah A. H. , Riar Ishvin , Greuel Bridget K. , Lindhout Ivan A. , Klegeris Andis
Published: October 2024

Neuroinflammation that is caused by microglia, the main immune cells of the brain, contributes to neurodegenerative diseases. Psychedelics, including psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), possess certain anti-inflammatory properties and, therefore, should be considered as drug candidates for treating neuroinflammatory pathologies. When ingested, psilocybin is rapidly dephosphorylated to yield psilocin, which crosses the blood–brain barrier and exerts psychotropic activity by interacting with the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptors (5-HT2ARs) on neurons. Since microglia express all three 5-HT2R isoforms, we hypothesized that, by interacting with these receptors, psilocin beneficially modulates select neuroimmune functions of microglia. We used microglia-like cell lines to demonstrate that psilocin, at non-toxic concentrations, did not affect the secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) by immune-stimulated microglial cells, but significantly inhibited their phagocytic activity, the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO) production. The inhibitory activity of psilocin on the latter two functions was similar to that of two selective 5-HT2R agonists, namely, 25I-NBOH and Ro60-0175. The role of this subfamily of receptors was further demonstrated by the application of 5-HT2R antagonists cyproheptadine and risperidone. Psilocin should be considered a novel drug candidate that might be effective in treating neuroimmune disorders, such as neurodegenerative diseases, where reactive microglia are significant contributors.
Conformational Geometry Matters: The Case of the Low-Melting-Point Systems of Tetrabutylammonium Triflate with Fumaric or Maleic Acid
Authors: Di Muzio Simone , Ramondo Fabio , Palumbo Oriele , Trequattrini Francesco , Roy Pascale , Brubach Jean-Blaise , Paolone Annalisa
Published: October 2024

For this article, the interaction of tetrabutylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate (TBATFO) with either fumaric (FUM) or maleic (MAL) acid has been investigated. These acids are isomers and can be considered the trans and cis configurations of the same molecular geometry. When TBATFO is mixed with FUM, an eutectic point is obtained for a relative composition of 90-10 (molar ratio), with a melting point of ≈90 °C. If maleic acid is mixed with TBATFO, one obtains an inhomogeneous phase with the retention of a solid portion immersed in a liquid phase, even above 90 °C. DFT calculations helped to model the interaction between the components. It is suggested herein that TBATFO interacts more strongly with FUM than with MAL, due to possible interactions in two different sites for hydrogen bonding (HB) in FUM. In MAL, one of the HB sites is instead retained in the intramolecular interactions; therefore, fewer sites are available for intermolecular interactions. Infrared spectroscopy measurements have confirmed this scenario, in which the hydrogen bonds of the acid molecules are replaced by HB between the acid and the ionic couple: for both kinds of mixtures, the vibration region of the OH bonds is strongly affected by mixing. However, in the case of FUM, the vibrations of the SO3 group of the TFO anion are displaced, while they remain in practically the same frequency position in the case of MAL.
Environmentally Friendly Microemulsions of Essential Oils of Artemisia annua and Salvia fruticosa to Protect Crops against Fusarium verticillioides
Authors: Grifoni Lucia , Sacco Cristiana , Donato Rosa , Tziakas Spyros , Tomou Ekaterina-Michaela , Skaltsa Helen , Vanti Giulia , Bergonzi Maria Camilla , Bilia Anna Rita
Published: October 2024

Essential oils (EOs) are reported to be natural pesticides, but their use to protect crops is very limited due to EOs’ high instability and great volatility. Nanovectors represent a very smart alternative, and in this study, EOs from Artemisia annua (AEO) and Salvia fruticosa (SEO) were formulated into microemulsions and tested against Fusarium verticillioides. The EOs were extracted by steam distillation and analyzed by GC–MS. The main constituents of AEO were camphor, artemisia ketone, and 1,8-cineole; the main constituents of SEO were 1,8-cineole, camphor, α-pinene, and β-pinene. Artemisia ketone and 1,8-cineole were used to calculate the recovery and chemical stability of the microemulsions. The microemulsions were loaded with 10 mg/mL of EOs, and the recoveries were 99.8% and 99.6% for AEO and SEO, respectively. The sizes of the lipid phases were 255.3 ± 0.6 nm and 323.7 ± 2.3 nm for the AEO and SEO microemulsions, respectively. Activity against F. verticillioides was tested using amphotericin B as the positive control. F. verticillioides was very susceptible to both EOs. When loaded in the microemulsions, AEO and SEO remained very active at a dose of 1.4 and 1.2 mg, with a 99.99% reduction of F. verticillioides. The findings suggest AEO and SEO microemulsions are suitable carriers for the protection of crops against F. verticillioides.
Nanoelectronics: Materials, Devices and Applications
Authors: Wang Chunchang
Published: October 2024

The semiconductor industry is facing concerns regarding the saturation of Moore’s Law [...]
Multi-Cavity Nanorefractive Index Sensor Based on MIM Waveguide
Authors: Yang Weijie , Yan Shubin , Xu Ziheng , Chen Changxin , Wang Jin , Yan Xiaoran , Chang Shuwen , Wang Chong , Wu Taiquan
Published: October 2024

Within this manuscript, we provide a novel Fano resonance-driven micro-nanosensor. Its primary structural components are a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguide, a shield with three disks, and a T-shaped cavity (STDTC). The finite element approach was used to study the gadget in theory. It is found that the adjustment of the structure and the change of the dimensions are closely related to the sensitivity (S) and the quality factor (FOM). Different model structural parameters affect the Fano resonance, which in turn changes the transmission characteristics of the resonator. Through in-depth experimental analysis and selection of appropriate parameters, the sensor sensitivity finally reaches 3020 nm/RIU and the quality factor reaches 51.89. Furthermore, the installation of this microrefractive index sensor allows for the quick and sensitive measurement of glucose levels. It is a positive contribution to the field of optical devices and micro-nano sensors and meets the demand for efficient detection when applied in medical and environmental scenarios.
Combining Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation with Exercise to Improve Mobility, Stability, and Tremor Management in 25 Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: de Almeida Fabrício D. , Wang Yiyu , de Mello Pedreiro Rodrigo C. , Brizzi Ana Carolina B. , Campos Shirley F. , Sales Melina P. , Kennedy Deanna M. , Pinto Neto Osmar
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by tremors, balance impairments, and mobility limitations. Innovative approaches like combining transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with exercise show promise in addressing these symptoms. This study investigates the effects of exercise combined with tDCS on mobility and tremor management in PD patients. Methods: Twenty-five individuals aged 60−75 (66.6 ± 7.33), diagnosed with PD (Hoehn and Yahr stage 2−3), were assigned to three groups in a randomized controlled design: exercise with active tDCS (n = 8), exercise with sham tDCS (n = 8), and a control group (n = 9). Dual-task training sessions focusing on walking speed, balance, and force control were conducted over ten sessions. Results: No significant differences were detected across the groups for grip strength or force control measures (p > 0.05). Significant improvements were observed in the intervention group: the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test showed a significant reduction in time (mean difference = 2.498 s, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.331); anterior–posterior displacement significantly increased (mean difference = 21.375 mm, p = 0.0269, ηp2 = 0.303); and force-tremor decoupling improved, with coherence in the 1−4 Hz band significantly decreasing (p = 0.0067). Finally, changes in TUG from post- to pre-treatment values were significantly positively correlated with the changes in coherence (R = 0.468, p = 0.018). Conclusions: Combining tDCS with exercise enhances mobility and tremor management in PD patients. These findings support the potential for such interventions to improve functional outcomes and quality of life for individuals with PD.
Pre- and Post-Operative Cognitive Assessment in Patients Undergoing Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement: Insights from the PEARL Project
Authors: Fiolo Valentina , Bertoldo Enrico Giuseppe , Pagliuca Silvana , Boveri Sara , Pugliese Sara , Anguissola Martina , Gelpi Francesca , Cairo Beatrice , Bari Vlasta , Porta Alberto , Callus Edward
Published: October 2024

Background: Aortic valve stenosis (AVS) is a common valvular heart disease affecting millions of people worldwide. It leads to significant neurocognitive and neuropsychological impairments, impacting patients’ quality of life. Objective: The objective of this article is to identify and discuss the potential neurocognitive effects on patients with aortic stenosis before and after undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). Method: Our study involved the assessment of 64 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement (SAVR) using a neurocognitive evaluation comprising a battery of 11 different cognitive tests. These tests were designed to analyze the patients’ overall cognitive functioning, executive abilities, short- and long-term memory, and attentional performance. The tests were administered to patients before the aortic valve surgery (T0) and after the surgery (T1). From a statistical perspective, numerical variables are presented as means (±standard deviation) and medians (IQR), while categorical variables are presented as counts and percentages. Normality was assessed using the Shapiro–Wilk test. T0 and T1 scores were compared with the Wilcoxon signed rank test, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Analyses were performed using SAS version 9.4. Results: Conducted as part of a fully financed Italian Ministry of Health project (RF-2016-02361069), the study found that most patients showed normal cognitive functioning at baseline. Cognitive assessments showed that executive functions, attention, language, and semantic knowledge were within the normal range for the majority of participants. After SAVR, cognitive outcomes remained stable or improved, particularly in executive functions and language. Notably, verbal episodic memory demonstrated significant improvement, with the percentage of patients scoring within the normal range on the BSRT increasing from 73.4% at T0 to 92.2% at T1 (p < 0.0001). However, visuospatial and visuoconstructive abilities showed stability or slight decline, while attentional skills remained relatively stable. The Clock Drawing Test indicated the maintenance of cognitive functions. Conclusions: The findings of our study indicate a global stability in cognitive status among patients after undergoing SAVR, with significant improvement noted in verbal episodic memory. While other cognitive domains did not demonstrate statistically significant changes, these insights are valuable for understanding the cognitive effects of SAVR and can guide future research and clinical practice in selecting the most effective surgical and rehabilitative options for patients. Monitoring cognitive outcomes in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement surgery remains crucial.
Impact of Body Mass Index on Outcomes in Pediatric Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Recipients: A Single-Center Retrospective Study
Authors: Braidotti Stefania , Curci Debora , Zanon Davide , Maestro Alessandra , Longo Antonella , De Vita Nicole , Maximova Natalia
Published: October 2024

Background: Pediatric patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) face several risk factors influencing transplantation success, including nutritional status as measured by body mass index (BMI). Methods: This study analyzed BMI data collected from patients transplanted between 2003 and 2023, and aimed to evaluate whether deviations from normal BMI are associated with poorer clinical outcomes. BMI levels assessed before and after first-line treatment and pre-transplantation were analyzed retrospectively to determine a correlation with survival and post-transplant complications. Results: Underweight patients had significantly lower 12- and 36-month overall survival rates compared to normal-weight and overweight patients (p = 1.22 × 10−8 and p = 8.88 × 10−8, respectively). Event-free survival was also lower for underweight patients at all time points. A higher pre-transplant BMI increases the risk of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD, p = 0.00068). Otherwise, pre-transplant BMI was not significantly correlated with early TRCs and cGVHD. As secondary objectives, this study identified differences in BMI across primary disease groups, with solid tumor patients having the highest BMI and myelodysplastic syndrome patients having the lowest. BMI cut-offs were identified to predict or protect against serious outcomes, including delayed engraftment, TRCs, and acute and chronic GVHD. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of nutritional assessment and management in pediatric patients undergoing allo-HSCT to optimize post-transplant outcomes, as deviations from a normal BMI can significantly impact post-transplant health. These findings underscore the importance of integrating BMI assessment throughout the entire pre-HSCT therapeutic course to identify patients at higher risk for complications and to define more effective nutritional management strategies.
Editorial of Special Issue “Nutrition and Critical Illness”
Authors: Briassoulis George , Ilia Stavroula , Briassoulis Panagiotis
Published: October 2024

Managing nutrition therapy in critically ill patients is complex due to the ongoing inflammation, catabolic stress, and changing metabolic demands that occur throughout an illness [...]
Iron Deficiency and Internalizing Symptoms Among Adolescents in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Fiani Dimitri , Engler Solangia , Ni Yang , Fields Sherecce , Calarge Chadi
Published: October 2024

Background: Iron Deficiency (ID) affects two billion people worldwide, predominantly adolescent girls, and may be associated with increased psychopathology. The associations between ID and symptoms of depression and anxiety in adolescents were examined using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a cross-sectional survey of a nationally representative sample of non-institutionalized Americans. Methods: The current analysis included survey cycles where both iron-related markers and mental health-related outcomes were collected in adolescents 12 to 17 years old. Acute and serious medical conditions, acute inflammation, and abnormal birth weight led to exclusion. Linear multivariable regression analyses examined the association between ID status (defined based on the total body iron model) and (1) total Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) score, (2) one item examining anxiety severity, and (3) one item examining overall mental well-being. Covariates included age, sex, race and ethnicity, body mass index, household income, head-of-household marital status, and psychotropic medication use. Sensitivity analyses examined the robustness of the findings when ID was defined based on the ferritin model. Results: In 1990 adolescents (age [mean ± SD]: 14.5 ± 1.7 years; 85.7% females), ID with and without anemia was significantly associated with a higher PHQ-9 score in multiracial adolescents (Cohen’s d = 1.09, p = 0.0005 for ID without anemia; d = 0.92, p = 0.0395 for ID with anemia). Moreover, ID with anemia was associated with more severe anxiety (d = 3.00, p = 0.0130) and worse mental well-being (d = 2.75, p = 0.0059) in multiracial adolescents. The findings remained significant after adjusting for psychotropic use and in the sensitivity analyses. Conclusions: Iron deficiency is associated with poorer mental health in adolescents of multiracial background. Future studies should confirm these findings prospectively and examine the underlying mechanism.
Investigating the Phytochemistry and Underlying Glycemic Control Mechanisms of Litchi chinensis Sonn. (Litchi) Peel Ethyl Acetate Extract in a Fructose/Streptozotocin Diabetic Model of Rats
Authors: Izu Gloria O. , Mashele Samson S. , Chukwuma Chika I.
Published: October 2024

The glycemic control potential and flavonoid profile of litchi have been documented for its hydroalcoholic extracts, while there is scarce information regarding its ethyl acetate extract. This study investigated the flavonoid profile, as well as the ameliorative potential and possible underlying mechanisms of litchi peel ethyl acetate extract on type 2 diabetes-related pathologies in a fructose/streptozotocin (STZ) model of diabetic rats. Sprague Dawley rats were induced with diabetes by administering 10% fructose for 2 weeks and a single i.p. injection of low-dose (40 mg/kg bw) STZ. Thereafter, the animals were orally administered with a low-dose (150 mg/kg bw) and high-dose (300 mg/kg bw) of the peel extract (LDPE and HDPE, respectively) and metformin (200 mg/kg bw). Compared to untreated diabetic rats (AUC = 1004 mg.h/dL), the HDPE significantly (p < 0.05) improved glucose tolerance (AUC = 847 mg.h/dL), which was statistically comparable (p ˃ 0.05) to the effect of metformin (AUC = 903 mg.h/dL). Serum insulin and pancreatic histology data showed that the STZ-induced pancreatic damage and insulin depletion was improved by the HDPE, which could be linked to the observed ameliorative effect of the extract on pancreatic lipid peroxidation and SOD and catalase activity. The extract further improved liver and muscle glycogen storage, as well as muscle hexokinase activity and Akt phosphorylation, suggesting that the extract exerts glycemic control by enhancing glycogen storage and modulating insulin-mediated signaling of glucose uptake and utilization. LC-MS data and documented reports suggest that flavonoids, such as epicatechin, cinnamtannin B2, procyanidin B5, and proanthocyanidin A2, are the possible influencing compounds. The ethyl acetate extract of litchi peel could be a source of bioactive flavonoids that can potentiate glycemic control in diabetes and mitigate oxidative stress-related pathologies.
The Effect of a Multidisciplinary Lifestyle Intervention Program on Apelin-12, Vaspin and Resistin Concentrations in Children and Adolescents with Overweight and Obesity
Authors: Karampatsou Sofia I. , Paltoglou George , Genitsaridi Sofia M. , Kassari Penio , Charmandari Evangelia
Published: October 2024

Background: Obesity in childhood and adolescence has reached epidemic proportions in recent decades. Methods: In the present study, we determined the concentrations of apelin-12, vaspin and resistin in 106 children and adolescents with overweight or obesity before and after the implementation of a multidisciplinary, personalized lifestyle intervention program of diet, sleep and exercise for 1 year. All subjects attended our Center for the Prevention and Management of Overweight and Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence. Results: Following the lifestyle intervention, there were significant decreases in BMI (p < 0.01), apelin-12 (p < 0.05) and resistin (p < 0.01) concentrations, and an increase in vaspin (p < 0.01) concentration. Glucose was the best positive predictor of apelin-12 (b = 0.236, p < 0.05), and osteopontin was the best negative predictor of changes in apelin-12 (b = −0.299, p < 0.05). Vaspin correlated positively with adiponectin (b = 0.29, p < 0.05), while vitamin D (b = 0.621, p < 0.05) was the best positive predictor of vaspin. BMI z score (b = −0.794, p < 0.05), HDL (b = −0.284, p < 0.05) and HbA1C (b = −0.262, p < 0.05) were the best negative predictors of changes in vaspin. BMI z score was the best positive predictor of resistin (b = 0.437, p < 0.05). Conclusions: These findings suggest that apelin-12, vaspin and resistin correlate with indices of obesity, glucose, lipids and bone metabolism, while interaction with other proteins, such as osteopontin and adiponectin, was also noted. Therefore, apelin-12, vaspin and resistin may be used as biomarkers in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity.
Tobacco Use, Food Insecurity, and Low BMI in India’s Older Population
Authors: Selvamani Yesuvadian , Pradhan Jalandhar , Fong Joelle H.
Published: October 2024

Background: Underweight is a prevalent condition among older adults in developing countries and poses a substantial burden on health, social, and aged-care systems. In this study, we examined the influence of tobacco use and food insecurity on the risk of being underweight among adults aged 60 or older in India. Methods: We used data from the 2017–2018 Longitudinal Aging Study in India. The sample size was 27,902 adults aged 60 years and above. We distinguished between smoking and smokeless tobacco use to examine how they may independently contribute to the outcome, while food insecurity was measured using the four-item version of the Food Insecurity Experience scale. Multivariable logistic regressions were conducted to assess the impact of tobacco use and food insecurity on the outcome. Additionally, we tested interactions between tobacco use and education, as well as between tobacco use and wealth. Results: The prevalence of underweight was 27% in the study population. Older adults who used smoking tobacco were twice more likely to be underweight than non-users (OR = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.79 to 2.40, p < 0.001), controlling for other confounders. The positive association between smokeless tobacco use and underweight was weaker but still significant (OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.11 to 1.42, p < 0.001). Food-insecure older adults were also more likely to be underweight (OR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.10 to 1.48, p < 0.001). Other risk factors of underweight included males, rural residents, lower socioeconomic status (in terms of education, wealth, and caste), chewing disability, poor self-rated health, chronic lung disease, and tuberculosis. Interestingly, tobacco use moderated the relationship between wealth and underweight, such that smokers are more likely to be underweight as they become more affluent. Conclusions: Tobacco use and food insecurity have adverse implications on the nutritional status of the older persons in developing countries such as India. More targeted tobacco cessation measures and active food assistance programs for older adults are warranted to improve the overall health status of the older demographic.
Extraction of Soluble Dietary Fiber from Sunflower Receptacles (Helianthus annuus L.) and Its Alleviating Effect on Constipation in Mice
Authors: Zhu Shengying , Yan Min , Feng Yanjing , Yin Jiayi , Jiang Siyu , Guan Yulong , Gao Bo
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Sunflower receptacles are the main by-product of the processing of Helianthus annuus L. Methods: In this study, several extraction methods of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) from sunflower receptacles were evaluated, and then, the physicochemical structure and functional properties of these SDFs were examined. Finally, a mouse constipation model was established to explore its therapeutic potential for constipation. Results: The results showed that the SDF yield of citric acid extraction and enzyme extraction was better than that of hot-water extraction. Structural characterization showed that the three SDF functional groups were similar and amorphous, while the surface distribution of the SDF obtained by the citric acid extraction method (ASDF) had more fine pores. Physicochemical analysis showed that ASDF had the best water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, and expansion force. Animal experiments showed that the first black stool defecation time of the model group changed significantly (p < 0.001), indicating that the model was successful. Compared with the model group, the middle- and high-dose groups reduced the first black stool defecation time (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) and increased the fecal water content (p < 0.05). The high-dose group significantly promoted the intestinal peristalsis of mice (p < 0.05). From hematoxylin–eosin (H&E) staining, it can be seen that the three dose groups of ASDF can improve the damage of mouse colon tissue induced by loperamide hydrochloride to a certain extent. Conclusions: Our results show that ASDF has good physical and chemical properties and laxative properties and has broad development space in the field of health food.
Cytoprotective Effects of Antioxidant Peptides from Red Californian Worm (Eisenia foetida) Hydrolysate on Differentiated Caco-2 Cells
Authors: Gaviria Yhoan S. , Zapata José E. , Miedes Diego , Alegría Amparo , Cilla Antonio
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: When prooxidants outweigh antioxidants, oxidative stress can occur, causing an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This process can lead to cellular damage and plays a role in the development of numerous health conditions. This study aimed to investigate the cytoprotective effects on differentiated Caco-2 cells of hydrolysates derived from the red Californian worm (WH) and their fractions, identify the peptides responsible for this effect, and elucidate the mechanisms involved. Methods: The WH was obtained through hydrolysis with Alcalase 2.4 L and subsequently fractionated to two fractions (F > 3 kDa and F < 3 kDa) using a ceramic membrane with a molecular weight cutoff of 3 kDa. The peptides found in the F < 3 kDa fraction, demonstrating the highest cytoprotective activity, were then sequenced via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (LC-MS/MS), and molecular docking was conducted to elucidate the underlying antioxidant mechanisms. Results: The hydrolysate of Eisenia foetida and its F < 3 kDa fraction exhibited no cytotoxicity, protected the cells from H2O2-induced oxidative stress (50% increase viability), preserved cell viability by restoring their redox status (ROS: 20% decrease, and glutathione (GSH): recovered to basal control levels) and cell cycle distribution, and decreased apoptosis (16%). Twenty-eight peptides were identified, with five showing antioxidant activity through stable interactions with myeloperoxidase (MPO) and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap-1), KPEDWDDR being the peptide that presented the highest affinity with both molecules (−7.9 and −8.8 kCal/mol, respectively). Conclusions: These results highlight the WH as a potential source of bioactive peptides for the management of oxidative stress.
Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Conceivable Compounds from Glehnia littoralis Leaf Extract on RAW264.7 Cells
Authors: Park Min Yeong , Kim Hun Hwan , Jeong Se Hyo , Bhosale Pritam Bhangwan , Abusaliya Abuyaseer , Kim Hyun Wook , Seong Je Kyung , Park Kwang Il , Kim Gon Sup
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Glehnia littoralis is a medicinal plant, but the scientific basis is still unclear. This study thoroughly investigated phenols from Glehnia littoralis extract (GLE) to determine their potential as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents. Methods: High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS) were used to analyze the compounds in GLE. In addition, we performed GLE in vitro in macrophages after lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. Results: The extract contained eight peaks representing phenolic compounds and one peak representing riboflavin, with the corresponding mass spectrometry data documented. These biologically active compounds were purified by ultrafiltration using LC to determine their ability to target cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The results showed that significant compounds were identified, demonstrating a binding affinity for both COX-2 and DPPH. This suggests that the compounds showing excellent binding affinity for COX-2 and DPPH may be the main active ingredients. Vital inflammatory cytokines, including COX-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), were found to be down-regulated during the treatment. In addition, we revealed that the selected drugs exhibited potent binding capacity to inflammatory factors through molecular docking studies. In addition, we confirmed the presence of phenolic components in GLE extract and verified their possible anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Conclusions: This study provided evidence for an efficient strategy to identify critical active ingredients from various medicinal plants. These data may serve as a baseline for further investigations of applying GLE in the pharmaceutical industry.
The Role of Exogenous microRNAs on Human Health: The Plant–Human Trans-Kingdom Hypothesis
Authors: Pasculli Emanuela , Gadaleta Raffaella Maria , Arconzo Maria , Cariello Marica , Moschetta Antonio
Published: October 2024

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenous, single-stranded RNAs that act on gene silencing at the post-transcriptional level by binding to a target messenger RNA (mRNA), leading to its degradation or inhibiting translation into functional proteins. The key role of miRNAs in development, proliferation, differentiation andapoptosis has been deeply investigated, revealing that deregulation in their expression is critical in various diseases, such as metabolic disorders and cancer. Since these small molecules initially evolved as a mechanism of protection against viruses and transposable elements, the fascinating hypothesis that they can move between organisms both of the same or different species has been postulated. Trans-kingdom is the term used to define the migration that occurs between species. This mechanism has been well analyzed between plants and their pests, in order to boost defense and increase pathogenicity, respectively. Intriguingly, in the last decades, the plant–human trans-kingdom migration via food intake hypothesis arose. In particular, various studies highlighted the ability of exogenous miRNAs, abundant in the mainly consumed plant-derived food, to enter the human body affecting gene expression. Notably, plant miRNAs can resist the strict conditions of the gastrointestinal tract through a methylation step that occurs during miRNA maturation, conferring high stability to these small molecules. Recent studies observed the anti-tumoral, immune modulator and anti-inflammatory abilities of trans-kingdom interaction between plant and human. Here, we depict the existing knowledge and discuss the fascinating plant–human trans-kingdom interaction, highlighting first the eventual role of plant miRNAs from foods on our somatic gene identity card and then the potential impact of using plant miRNAs as novel therapeutic avenues.
From Orchard to Wellness: Unveiling the Health Effects of Sweet Cherry Nutrients
Authors: Gonçalves Berta , Aires Alfredo , Oliveira Ivo , Baltazar Miguel , Cosme Fernanda , Afonso Sílvia , Pinto Teresa , Anjos Maria Rosário , Inês António , Morais Maria Cristina , Vilela Alice , Silva Ana Paula
Published: October 2024

This review paper explores the multifaceted relationship between sweet cherry nutrients and human health, aiming to uncover the comprehensive impact of these bioactive compounds from orchard to wellness. Furthermore, it highlights how advanced crop techniques can be pivotal in optimizing these beneficial compounds. Synthesizing existing literature, the paper examines the diverse bioactive nutrients in sweet cherries, including antioxidants, polyphenols, vitamins, and minerals, and elucidating their mechanisms of action and potential health benefits. From antioxidant properties to anti-inflammatory effects, the paper elucidates how these nutrients may mitigate chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, and neurodegenerative conditions. Additionally, it explores their role in promoting gastrointestinal health, enhancing exercise recovery, and modulating sleep patterns. The review discusses emerging research on the potential anti-cancer properties of sweet cherry compounds, highlighting their promising role in cancer prevention and treatment. Furthermore, it delves into the impact of sweet cherry consumption on metabolic health, weight management, and skin health. By providing a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of sweet cherry nutrients and their health effects, this paper offers valuable insights for researchers, healthcare professionals, and consumers interested in utilizing nature’s bounty for holistic wellness.
Predictors of Dietary Supplement Use Among Children Attending Care and Educational Institutions in Krakow, Poland
Authors: Piórecka Beata , Holko Przemysław , Olesiak Weronika , Sekulak Katarzyna , Cichocka-Mroczek Ewelina , Stąpor Dariusz , Kosowska Katarzyna , Kawalec Paweł
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Socioeconomic status and parental lifestyle influence dietary behaviors, including the administration of oral dietary supplements in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of selected health, dietary, and sociodemographic factors on the use of dietary supplements by children. Methods: In this cross-sectional observational study, a diagnostic survey based on the computer-assisted web interview method was conducted in November 2022 among 2826 parents whose children attend public educational institutions in Krakow, Poland. The study group included data on 497 nursery children (17.6%), 599 kindergarten children (21.2%), 1594 primary school children (56.4%), and 136 secondary school children (4.8%). Results: Among all respondents, 72.2% were taking oral nutritional supplements, with vitamin D supplementation being particularly popular in all groups. Logistic regression analysis identified predictors of supplement use, including special diet (p < 0.001), use of medication for chronic disease (p = 0.012), regularity of main meals (p = 0.022), and attending a sports school (p = 0.021). A decrease in supplement use was observed with the increasing level of education of children (p < 0.001). Conclusions: These results highlight the importance of various health, dietary, and sociodemographic factors in influencing decisions regarding dietary supplementation in children. Further assessment of dietary supplement usage should be conducted alongside evaluations of nutrient intake from the children’s diet.
Physical Exercise and the Gut Microbiome: A Bidirectional Relationship Influencing Health and Performance
Authors: Varghese Sanish , Rao Shrinidhi , Khattak Aadam , Zamir Fahad , Chaari Ali
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: The human gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem of microorganisms that can influence our health and exercise habits. On the other hand, physical exercise can also impact our microbiome, affecting our health. Our narrative review examines the bidirectional relationship between physical activity and the gut microbiome, as well as the potential for targeted probiotic regimens to enhance sports performance. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature review to select articles published up till January 2024 on the topics of physical exercise, sports, probiotics, and gut microbiota from major scientific databases, incorporating over 100 studies. Results: We found that the impact of physical activity on the gut microbiome varies with the type and intensity of exercise. Moderate exercise promotes a healthy immune system, while high-intensity exercise for a long duration can cause a leaky gut and consequent systemic inflammation, which may disrupt the microbial balance. Combining aerobic and resistance training significantly affects bacterial diversity, linked to a lower prevalence of chronic metabolic disorders. Furthermore, exercise enhances gut microbiome diversity, increases SCFA production, improves nutrient utilization, and modulates neural and hormonal pathways, improving gut barrier integrity. Our findings also showed probiotic supplementation is associated with decreased inflammation, enhanced sports performance, and fewer gastrointestinal disturbances, suggesting that the relationship between the gut microbiome and physical activity is mutually influential. Conclusions: The bidirectional relationship between physical activity and the gut microbiome is exemplified by how exercise can promote beneficial bacteria while a healthy gut microbiome can potentially enhance exercise ability through various mechanisms. These findings underscore the importance of adding potential tailored exercise regimens and probiotic supplementation that consider individual microbiome profiles into exercise programs.
In Vitro Assessment of the Neuroprotective Effects of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Polyphenols Against Tau Phosphorylation, Neuroinflammation, and Oxidative Stress
Authors: Alami Mehdi , Boumezough Kaoutar , Zerif Echarki , Zoubdane Nada , Khalil Abdelouahed , Bunt Ton , Laurent Benoit , Witkowski Jacek , Ramassamy Charles , Boulbaroud Samira , Fulop Tamas , Berrougui Hicham
Published: October 2024

Background: Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, at both the systemic and the central level, are critical early events in atherosclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Purpose: To investigate the oxidative stress-, inflammation-, and Tau-phosphorylation-lowering effects of pomegranate polyphenols (PPs) (punicalagin, ellagic acid, peel, and aril extracts). Methods: We used flow cytometry to quantify the protein expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β) and anti-inflammatory mediators (IL-10) in THP-1 macrophages, as well as M1/M2 cell-specific marker (CD86 and CD163) expression in human microglia HMC3 cells. The IL-10 protein expression was also quantified in U373-MG human astrocytes. The effect of PPs on human amyloid beta 1-42 (Aβ1-42)-induced oxidative stress was assessed in the microglia by measuring ROS generation and lipid peroxidation, using 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) tests, respectively. Neuronal viability and cell apoptotic response to Aβ1-42 toxicity were assayed using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and the annexin-V-FITC apoptosis detection kit, respectively. Finally, flow cytometry analysis was also performed to evaluate the ability of PPs to modulate Aβ1-42-induced Tau-181 phosphorylation (pTau-181). Results: Our data indicate that PPs are significantly (p < 0.05) effective in countering Aβ1-42-induced inflammation through increasing the anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) in U373-MG astrocytes and THP1 macrophages and decreasing proinflammatory marker (IL-1β) expression in THP1 macrophages. The PPs were also significantly (p < 0.05) effective in inducing the phenotypic transition of THP-1 macrophages and microglial cells from M1 to M2 by decreasing CD86 and increasing CD163 surface receptor expression. Moreover, our treatments have a significant (p < 0.05) beneficial impact on oxidative stress, illustrated in the reduction in TBARS and ROS generation. Our treatments have significant (p < 0.05) cell viability improvement capacities and anti-apoptotic effects on human H4 neurons. Furthermore, our results suggest that Aβ1-42 significantly (p < 0.05) increases pTau-181. This effect is significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated by arils, peels, and punicalagin and drastically reduced by the ellagic acid treatment. Conclusion: Overall, our results attribute to PPs anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-Tau-pathology potential. Future studies should aim to extend our knowledge of the potential role of PPs in Aβ1-42-induced neurodegeneration, particularly concerning its association with the tauopathy involved in AD.