bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arts Shoved Aside: Changing Art Practices in Primary Schools since the Introduction of National Standards
Authors: Irwin Michael Ray
Published: June 2016

This article reports on the understandings and practices of primary teachers in implementing the arts curriculum since the 2010 introduction of National Standards in Numeracy and Literacy within the New Zealand Education system. The ever‐mounting pressure on schools to perform to these standards has resulted in a reduction of emphasis and time allocation in the classroom to the arts. In numerous schools the arts have been marginalised to little more than that of decoration and marketing status. Data was collected using a questionnaire and individual interviews from 124 primary teachers within nine schools located in three geographic clusters. The large majority of these teachers indicated that art was not a priority, and that less time was spent on creating art works since the introduction of National Standards. The art that was taught tended to be integrated with other teaching areas. Teachers in referring to art were often referring to visual art which was the dominant art discipline. Professional development for staff in the arts was non‐existent and was never part of a teacher's professional appraisal. All aspects of the National Arts Curriculum were very rarely taught, with most teachers feeling ill prepared to implement the full arts curriculum. In classrooms where an art discipline was successful taught it was largely due to the passionate interest and prior involvement in the art by the individual teacher.
Primary care nurses' communication and its influence on patient talk during motivational interviewing
Authors: Östlund Ann‐Sofi , Wadensten Barbro , Häggström Elisabeth , Lindqvist Helena , Kristofferzon Marja‐Leena
Published: June 2016

Aim

The aim of this study was to describe what verbal behaviours/kinds of talk occur during recorded motivational interviewing sessions between nurses in primary care and their patients. The aim was also to examine what kinds of nurse talk predict patient change talk, neutral talk and/or sustain talk.

Background

Motivational interviewing is a collaborative conversational style. It has been shown to be effective, in addressing health behaviours such as diet, exercise, weight loss and chronic disease management. In Sweden, it is one of the approaches to disease prevention conversations with patients recommended in the National Guidelines for Disease Prevention. Research on the mechanisms underlying motivational interviewing is growing, but research on motivational interviewing and disease prevention has also been called for.

Design

A descriptive and predictive design was used.

Methods

Data were collected during 2011–2014. Fifty audio‐recorded motivational interviewing sessions between 23 primary care nurses and 50 patients were analysed using Motivational Interviewing Sequential Code for Observing Process Exchanges. The frequency of specific kinds of talk and sequential analysis (to predict patient talk from nurse talk) were computed using the software Generalized Sequential Querier 5.

Findings

The primary care nurses and patients used neutral talk most frequently. Open and negative questions, complex and positive reflections were significantly more likely to be followed by change talk and motivational interviewing‐inconsistent talk, positive questions and negative reflections by sustain talk.

Conclusions

To increase patients' change talk, primary care nurses need to use more open questions, complex reflections and questions and reflections directed towards change.
Colonizing the Caribbean: biogeography and evolution of livebearing fishes of the genus Limia (Poeciliidae)
Authors: Weaver Pablo F. , Cruz Alexander , Johnson Steven , Dupin Julia , Weaver Kathleen F.
Published: June 2016

Aim

We investigate the origin and colonization of the West Indian endemic freshwater fish group Limia. We evaluate the leading hypotheses for the origins of West Indian life, including trans‐oceanic dispersal, late Cretaceous vicariance, and the GAARlandia land bridge at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary.

Location

Greater Antilles, with extensive sampling in the Dominican Republic.

Methods

We obtained DNA from wild sampling and the aquarium trade. We sequenced three mitochondrial (12S, ND2 and Cytb) and two nuclear genes (Rh, MYH6) for a combined molecular phylogenetic analysis to evaluate species relationships and the timing of divergence events between islands and the mainland. We used Bayesian and likelihood approaches to build phylogenies, a BEAST analysis to establish the timing of colonization, and R package BioGeoBEARS to perform a historical biogeographical reconstruction.

Results

Relaxed molecular clock results show that the ancestor to the West Indian clade, which includes the Limia and Hispaniolan Poecilia, diverged from a South American ancestor at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. The basal Jamaican species, L. melanogaster, split from the rest of Limia at the Oligocene/Miocene boundary. Cuban and Cayman taxa are sister to a diverse species group from Hispaniola. Historical biogeographical reconstruction supported the GAARlandia DEC+j model as the best fitting model for colonization.

Main conclusions

Our results support a colonization model for Limia that is concordant with the timing of GAARlandia and climate change during the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. Limia colonization was most likely a result of facilitated dispersal during a period of lower sea levels and shorter passage along the Aves Ridge. These results are also consistent with other recent molecular clock studies of dispersal limited cichlids, toads and frogs, indicating a growing body of support for the significance of Eocene/Oligocene climate change for the historical biogeography of West Indian life.
No longer a circumtropical species: revision of the lizardfishes in the Trachinocephalus myops species complex, with description of a new species from the Marquesas Islands
Authors: Polanco F. A. , Acero P. A. , Betancur‐R. R.
Published: June 2016

Trachinocephalus, a formerly monotypic and nearly circumtropical genus of lizardfishes, is split into three valid species. Trachinocephalus gauguini n. sp. is described from the Marquesas Islands and is distinguished from the two other species in the genus by having a shorter snout, a narrower interorbital space, larger eye and modally fewer anal‐fin and pectoral‐fin rays. The distribution of Trachinocephalus myops (type species) is restricted to the Atlantic Ocean and the name Trachinocephalus trachinus is resurrected for populations from the Indo‐West Pacific Ocean. Principal component analyses and bivariate plots based on the morphometric data differentiated T. gauguini from the other two species, but a substantial overlap between T. myops and T. trachinus exists. Phylogenetic evidence based on mtDNA COI sequences unambiguously supports the recognition of at least three species in Trachinocephalus, revealing deep divergences between the Atlantic Ocean, Indo‐West Pacific Ocean and Marquesas entities. Additional analyses of species delimitations using the generalized mixed Yule coalescent model and the Poisson tree processes model provide a more liberal assessment of species in Trachinocephalus, indicating that many more cryptic species may exist. Finally, a taxonomic key to identify the three species recognized here is provided.
Biological characteristics of three co‐occurring species of armorhead from different genera vary markedly from previous results for the Pentacerotidae
Authors: Coulson P. G. , Hall N. G. , Potter I. C.
Published: June 2016

Biological characteristics of Pentaceropsis recurvirostris, Paristiopterus gallipavo and Parazanclistius hutchinsi were determined from commercial gillnet samples from temperate south‐western Australian coastal waters. Growth zones in otoliths, with more than a few such zones, were readily detectable only after the otoliths had been sectioned. Visual analyses and modelling of the trends in marginal increments on sectioned otoliths demonstrate that these opaque zones are formed annually. Maximum ages of 55, 36 and 49 years, derived for P. recurvirostris, P. gallipavo and P. hutchinsi, respectively, reflect relatively low mortalities. These longevities greatly exceed those estimated, using otoliths, for Pentaceros wheeleri and Pentaceros richardsoni, which belong to the other pentacerotid subfamily. These differences may be due to the counts of ‘daily’ growth zones in sectioned otoliths of P. wheeleri not representing the complete age range of that species and the zones detected in whole otoliths of P. richardsoni not constituting the complete range of annually‐formed zones. Pentaceropsis recurvirostris, P. gallipavo and P. hutchinsi recruited into the fishery in the sampling area as 2–3 year‐old fishes. Pentaceropsis recurvirostris and P. hutchinsi exhibited little or no subsequent growth throughout the remainder of their protracted life, whereas, P. gallipavo continued to grow for c. 5 years and then underwent little further growth. Spawning of P. recurvirostris and P. hutchinsi peaked in the austral winter and autumn, respectively, but in the austral spring and summer with P. gallipavo, which is more typical of temperate species. Although the females of P. gallipavo and P. hutchinsi were mature, this did not apply to a few P. recurvirostris, some of which were >20 years old, implying that any given female of this species does not always spawn every year. Ovarian mass greatly exceeded testis mass, indicative of pair spawning, which is consistent with field observations. In contrast to P. recurvirostris and P. hutchinsi, the sex ratio was heavily biased towards males and the spawning period longer in P. gallipavo, suggesting that selection pressures for spawning success were greater for this latter species.
Optimization of hepatitis B cirrhosis detection by stepwise application of transient elastography and routine biomarkers
Authors: Liang Xie Er , Zhong Chunxiu , Huang Liwen , Yang Shuling , Zhu Youfu , Chen Yongpeng , Hou Jinlin
Published: June 2016

Background and Aim

Significant inflammation may overestimate liver stiffness and result in false positive diagnosis by transient elastography for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) cirrhosis detection. This study tries to further improve the performance by stepwise combination with routine biomarkers.

Methods

A total of 236 compensated CHB patients with alanine transferase lower than five times upper limit of normal, liver biopsies, transient elastography, and routine blood tests were included. Performance of stepwise combination of transient elastography and routine biomarkers was analyzed.

Results

The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve for detecting cirrhosis was 0.876 for transient elastography, 0.794 for fibrosis index based on the four factors (FIB‐4), 0.765 for age–platelet index (API), 0.715 for aspartate aminotransferase‐platelet ratio index (APRI), and 0.661 for alanine‐aspartate aminotransferase ratio, respectively. The numbers for significant fibrosis were 0.844, 0.662, 0.595, 0.695, and 0.510 in the same order. The proportion of patients determined as cirrhosis or non‐cirrhosis was 66.5% by transient elastography, 41.1% by FIB‐4, 14.4% by API, and 24.2% by APRI, respectively; the numbers for significant fibrosis were 55.5% by transient elastography, 11.9% by APRI, and none by the other serum markers. Stepwise combination of transient elastography and FIB‐4/APRI increased positive predictive value of confirming cirrhosis diagnosis from 0.677 to 0.808 and 0.724, respectively; and the proportion of patients being determined in the state of cirrhosis and obviating liver biopsy was up to 76%.

Conclusion

By transient elastography‐based stepwise combination with readily available serum markers, performance of detecting compensated CHB cirrhosis could be significantly improved in terms of diagnosis accuracy and proportion of obviating liver biopsy.
Patterns of orofacial clefting in the facial morphology of bats: a possible naturally occurring model of cleft palate
Authors: Orr David J. A. , Teeling Emma C. , Puechmaille Sébastien J. , Finarelli John A.
Published: June 2016

A normal feature of the facial anatomy of many species of bat is the presence of bony discontinuities or clefts, which bear a remarkable similarity to orofacial clefts that occur in humans as a congenital pathology. These clefts occur in two forms: a midline cleft between the two premaxillae (analogous to the rare midline craniofacial clefts in humans) and bilateral paramedian clefts between the premaxilla and the maxillae (analogous to the typical cleft lip and palate in humans). Here, we describe the distribution of orofacial clefting across major bat clades, exploring the relationship of the different patterns of clefting to feeding mode, development of the vomeronasal organ, development of the nasolacrimal duct and mode of emission of the echolocation call in different bat groups. We also present the results of detailed radiographic and soft tissue dissections of representative examples of the two types of cleft. The midline cleft has arisen independently multiple times in bat phylogeny, whereas the paramedian cleft has arisen once and is a synapomorphy uniting the Rhinolophidae and Hipposideridae. In all cases examined, the bony cleft is filled in by a robust fibrous membrane, continuous with the periosteum of the margins of the cleft. In the paramedian clefts, this membrane splits to enclose the premaxilla but forms a loose fold laterally between the premaxilla and maxilla, allowing the premaxilla and nose‐leaf to pivot dorsoventrally in the sagittal plane under the action of facial muscles attached to the nasal cartilages. It is possible that this is a specific adaptation for echolocation and/or aerial insectivory. Given the shared embryological location of orofacial clefts in bats and humans, it is likely that aspects of the developmental control networks that produce cleft lip and palate in humans may also be implicated in the formation of these clefts as a normal feature in some bats. A better understanding of craniofacial development in bats with and without clefts may therefore suggest avenues for research into abnormal craniofacial development in humans.
Nociceptive and sympathetic innervations in the abaxial part of the cranial horn of the equine medial meniscus: an immunohistochemical approach
Authors: Nemery Elodie , Gabriel Annick , Piret Joëlle , Antoine Nadine
Published: June 2016

In athletic horses, diseases leading to lameness are of great importance due to the loss of performance and the resultant economic concerns. Although stifle lesions are frequent in the hindlimb, due to the large size and complexity of the joint, and although meniscal tears have been identified as the most common soft tissue injuries in this joint, little is known about the mechanism that causes the painful sensation and thus the lameness. The aim of our study was to highlight any peripheral fibres involved in meniscal nociception in five macroscopically sound cranial horns of the equine medial meniscus, which has been one of the most common sites reported for equine meniscal injuries. Immunohistochemical stainings were performed using antibodies against Substance P in order to identify nociceptive fibres; against tyrosine hydroxylase for detecting postganglionic sympathetic fibres; and against glial fibrillary acidic proteins in order to identify Schwann cells. Our work highlights for the first time the presence of nociceptive and sympathetic fibres in equine menisci. They were found in the abaxial part of the cranial horn of the equine medial meniscus. This study suggests that when the abaxial part is injured, the meniscus itself could be the source of pain. These findings could provide a better understanding of the clinical presentation of horses with meniscal injury and contribute towards improving therapeutic strategies to alleviate pain in cases of equine meniscal injury.
The examination of problems experienced by nurses and doctors associated with exposure to surgical smoke and the necessary precautions
Authors: Ilce Arzu , Yuzden Ganime Esra , Yavuz van Giersbergen Meryem
Published: June 2016

Aims and objectives

This study aims to investigate the problems experienced by nurses and doctors as a result of exposure to surgical smoke and the precautions that need to be taken.

Background

Electrosurgery is carried out in almost all operating rooms, and all of those who work in these rooms are exposed to surgical smoke, especially doctors and nurses. A review of the literature reveals that there are very few studies that have been carried out on surgical smoke, and there are no studies researched on the problems experienced by those working in operating rooms.

Design

This descriptive study was conducted between April and June 2015.

Methods

The study was carried out in the operating rooms of Training and Research Hospital with 81 nurses and doctors. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 23 (Windows), Hacettepe University, Ankara.

Results

The problems experienced by the nurses and doctors as a result of exposure to surgical smoke included: headache (nurses: 48·9%, doctors: 58·3%), watering of the eyes (nurses: 40·0%, doctors: 41·7%), cough (nurses: 48·9%, doctors: 27·8%), sore throat, bad odours absorbed in the hair, nausea, drowsiness, dizziness, sneezing and rhinitis. Regarding the precautions taken to protect themselves from surgical smoke, 91·1% of the nurses and 86·1% of the doctors reported using surgical masks.

Conclusions

It was found that they did not report taking any effective protective measures, and only a few of the nurses reported using special filtration masks. It was observed that the participants widely used surgical masks, which are ineffective in protecting from the effects of surgical smoke.

Relevance to clinical practice

Attention brought to the effects of surgical smoke. Presentation of the harmful effects of surgical smoke reported by doctors and nurses. Identification of the precautions that can be taken against surgical smoke.
White Racial Socialization: Progressive Fathers on Raising “Antiracist” Children
Authors: Hagerman Margaret Ann
Published: June 2016

For the past 30 years, the definition of racial socialization has referred to how parents prepare children of color to flourish within a society structured by white supremacy. Drawing on ethnographic interviews with eight white affluent fathers, this study explores fathers' participation in white racial socialization processes. The article focuses on fathers who identify as “progressive” and examines the relationship between fathers' understandings of what it means to raise an “antiracist” child, the explicit and implicit lessons of racial socialization that follow from these understandings, and hegemonic whiteness. Findings illustrate how these fathers understand their role as a white father, how their attempts to raise antiracist children both challenge and reinforce hegemonic whiteness, and what role race and class privilege play in this process.
Texture Evaluation of Soft Gels with Different Fracture Strains using an Artificial Tongue
Authors: Gao Zhihong , Ishihara Sayaka , Nakao Satomi , Hayakawa Fumiyo , Funami Takahiro , Kohyama Kaoru
Published: June 2016

The structure of soft foods with similar fracture forces may be destroyed by compression between the tongue and palate or mastication during natural oral processing. Our objective was to identify the mechanical properties determining the oral strategy for the initial size reduction of soft gels. Three gellan gels with an equivalent fracture force and different fracture strains were evaluated by instrumental compression testing and sensory evaluation. In addition, a combination of a gellan gel and a sonagel, which has an apparent elastic modulus similar to that of the human tongue, was subjected to a compression test and ultrasound (US) elastography. The fracture profile of the gellan gel on the sonagel in the instrumental compression test corresponded to the oral strategy. The strain ratio of the gellan gel to the sonagel observed in US elastography had a high linear correlation with the reciprocal of the apparent elastic modulus of the gellan gel. The oral strategy of gels changes from tongue–palate compression to mastication with increasing apparent elastic modulus or decreasing the relative strain against the sonagel. The results reveal that the apparent elastic modulus influences the oral strategy for the natural consumption of gels although a threshold value was not clearly determined in conventional compression testing using hard materials.

Practical Applications

An appropriate care food that can be consumed using compression between the tongue and hard palate without chewing is increasingly required in an aging society. Instrumental methods are often used for texture characterization of such foods. Probes are usually made of metal or materials that are much stiffer than foods and completely dissimilar to the tongue. Ultrasound (US) elastography can detect the strain ratio between food gels and a sonagel, which is used as an artificial tongue in this study. We suggest that the strain ratio obtained from US elastography can be used to evaluate the deformation behavior of soft foods and a soft material whose mechanical characteristics are similar to those of the human tongue. As the strain ratio was highly correlated with the reciprocal of the apparent elastic modulus measured using conventional compression testing, the modulus was an important parameter for selecting the tongue compression.
Relationships Between Mechanical Properties Obtained from Compression Test and Electromyography Variables During Natural Oral Processing of Gellan Gum Gels
Authors: Kohyama Kaoru , Gao Zhihong , Watanabe Takashi , Ishihara Sayaka , Nakao Satomi , Funami Takahiro
Published: June 2016

The objective of this study was to quantify natural eating behavior of soft solid foods and identify a mechanical property of food that has the strongest influence on mastication in humans. Electromyography (EMG) of both masseter and suprahyoid muscles was performed to quantify the muscle effort required to naturally masticate five gellan gels. The gels were categorized into two groups; those with (1) similar fracture strain and three different fracture loads (F1 < F2 < F3), and (2) similar fracture load and three different fracture strains (S2 < F2 < E2). True stress of these gels was evaluated using video imaging during an instrumental compression test. EMG variables corresponding to masticatory effort increased with fracture load and with decreasing fracture strain under similar fracture loads of the gellan gels. Fracture load affected the natural eating behavior of the gels more than fracture strain. True stress, in particular true fracture stress, was a better indicator of mastication requirement than load. According to texture, human subjects changed their method of oral processing for the consumption of a small piece of gel from compression between the tongue and hard palate to mastication using the teeth. Once the method was chosen based on the mechanical properties under small deformation before fracture, muscle effort for oral processing highly correlated with true fracture stress but did not significantly correlate with modulus or fracture strain.

Practical Applications

The requirements for appropriate care food that can be consumed using compression by the tongue and hard palate without using the teeth have increased because the numbers of elderly people with poor mastication performance has increased in an aging society. The oral method changed from compression between the tongue and hard palate to mastication by the teeth with increasing true fracture stress of gels. Mastication effort quantified by electromyography highly correlated with the true fracture stress, but inferior correlation was observed with fracture load and no correlation with other mechanical properties, such as modulus and fracture strain. A simple compression test with video imaging can successfully measure the true stress of food samples. True fracture stress from the compression test was the best single parameter that explained the mastication effort during the natural eating behavior of soft gels.
Heterochronic neuromuscular junction development in an Australian marsupial (Macropus fuliginosus)
Authors: Etherington S. J. , Hong I. H. K. , Wong C. J. W. , Stephens N. , Warburton N. M.
Published: June 2016

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) provides a connection between the somatic nervous and muscular systems. The present work documents, for the first time, the mature form of the NMJ in an Australian marsupial, the western gray kangaroo Macropus fuliginosus. Marsupials give birth to highly altricial young and the majority of motor system development thus occurs postnatally. We demonstrate that NMJ formation in the forelimbs of kangaroos precedes that in hindlimbs by several weeks, consistent with evidence of precocial forelimb development from other indices of motor system maturation in marsupials. Forelimb and hindlimb NMJs reach a similar level of development by the end of the first postnatal month, an outcome that results from accelerated hindlimb development in the early postnatal period together with a more unexpected stagnation or even regression of forelimb NMJ maturity over the same period. This study suggests that the pattern of NMJ maturation may be adjusted in forelimb as opposed to hindlimb. Elucidation of the underlying cellular control mechanisms may inform current understanding of NMJ formation, and as such the broader processes involved in synaptic formation.
Xanthoferrin, the α‐hydroxycarboxylate‐type siderophore of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, is required for optimum virulence and growth inside cabbage
Authors: Pandey Sheo Shankar , Patnana Pradeep Kumar , Rai Rikky , Chatterjee Subhadeep
Published: June 2016

Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris causes black rot, a serious disease of crucifers. Xanthomonads encode a siderophore biosynthesis and uptake gene cluster xss (Xanthomonas siderophore synthesis) involved in the production of a vibrioferrin‐type siderophore. However, little is known about the role of the siderophore in the iron uptake and virulence of X. campestris pv. campestris. In this study, we show that X. campestris pv. campestris produces an α‐hydroxycarboxylate‐type siderophore (named xanthoferrin), which is required for growth under low‐iron conditions and for optimum virulence. A mutation in the siderophore synthesis xssA gene causes deficiency in siderophore production and growth under low‐iron conditions. In contrast, the siderophore utilization ΔxsuA mutant is able to produce siderophore, but exhibits a defect in the utilization of the siderophore–iron complex. Our radiolabelled iron uptake studies confirm that the ΔxssA and ΔxsuA mutants exhibit defects in ferric iron (Fe3+) uptake. The ΔxssA mutant is able to utilize and transport the exogenous xanthoferrin–Fe3+ complex; in contrast, the siderophore utilization or uptake mutant ΔxsuA exhibits defects in siderophore uptake. Expression analysis of the xss operon using a chromosomal gusA fusion indicates that the xss operon is expressed during in planta growth and under low‐iron conditions. Furthermore, exogenous iron supplementation in cabbage leaves rescues the in planta growth deficiency of ΔxssA and ΔxsuA mutants. Our study reveals that the siderophore xanthoferrin is an important virulence factor of X. campestris pv. campestris which promotes in planta growth by the sequestration of Fe3+.
Electrocardiography Screening for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: CAMPBELL MATTHEW J. , ZHOU XUEFU , HAN CHIA , ABRISHAMI HEDAYAT , WEBSTER GREGORY , MIYAKE CHRISTINA Y. , KNILANS TIMOTHY K. , CZOSEK RICHARD J.
Published: June 2016

Background

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the leading cause of sudden cardiac death in athletes. However, preparticipation electrocardiogram (ECG) screening has been criticized for failing to meet cost‐effectiveness thresholds, in part because of high false‐positive rates. We sought to evaluate whether a highly automated software algorithm could be used for a high throughput, population‐based screening program and address several of the limitations seen with population‐based screening

Methods

A proprietary computed algorithm was created based on both voltage‐ as well as Seattle‐based ECG criteria. Different cut points for Q‐wave depth, Q‐wave length, the degree of ST depression, the degree of T‐wave inversion, and left ventricular voltage were analyzed for optimum sensitivity and specificity. After developing receiver operating characteristic curves for each criterion, different cut points were trialed together on our data set to obtain settings to optimize sensitivity and specificity.

Results

The automated algorithm was capable of identifying patients with HCM based on ECG with 88.6% sensitivity and 98% specificity, compared to a sensitivity of 90.2% and specificity of 96% when the ECGs were read by physicians according to the Seattle Criteria. Adding voltage criteria improved the sensitivity of the algorithm with a mild decrease in specificity. Optimum sensitivity with this automated software was 98%; optimum specificity was 96%.

Conclusion

Computer‐automated ECG screening for HCM is feasible. Evaluation of automated ECG algorithms in larger and more diverse populations is warranted.
An automated real‐time method for the detection of patients at risk for malignant hyperthermia
Authors: Gleich Stephen J. , Strupp Kim , Wilder Robert T. , Kor Daryl J. , Flick Randall
Published: June 2016

Background

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a rare anesthetic pharmacogenetic disorder that can be difficult to detect in its earliest phases. Prompt treatment is known to improve outcomes. The modern anesthesia information management systems (AIMS) collect enormous amounts of data. However, data lack context and are not able to provide real‐time guidance. Utilizing our AIMS, we developed the capacity to incorporate decision support.

Aims

We describe the creation and evaluation of a real‐time detection tool for MH.

Methods

Cases of MH from 2003 to 2013 were retrospectively reviewed to confirm the diagnosis of MH and to calculate a MH clinical grading scale score. The index cases were utilized to develop four electronic data Rules, based on endtidal CO2 (ETCO2) and temperature criteria. The Rules were then applied retrospectively to the index cases and to a full cohort of general operating room (OR) patients from January 2012 to June 2012. If criteria for possible MH was met, the detection tool generated an alert on the monitor at the patient's bedside.

Results

We identified seven patients with confirmed MH with MH Scores ranging from 28 to 70. Using four data Rules, all of our seven index cases were captured and generated an appropriate alert. Median time from MH computer alert time to dantrolene administration time among our index cases was 23 min (IQR 17–77). There were 938 false‐positive alerts for possible MH (1.8%) when the Rules were applied to a general OR cohort of 51 579 total cases from January 2012 to June 2012.

Conclusions

We demonstrated a real‐time MH detection tool based on established physiologic criteria that is sensitive enough to capture cases suspicious for MH, while limiting false positives to prevent alarm fatigue. This has the potential to notify the provider of possible MH such that treatment may be rapidly initiated.
Consequences of sexual size dimorphism on energetics and locomotor performance ofGrammostola rosea(Araneae; Teraphosidae)
Authors: Grossi Bruno , Solis Rigoberto , Veloso Claudio , Canals Mauricio
Published: June 2016

Most male spiders are smaller than females; during sexual maturity, males change their behaviour, abandoning their web or nest to seek out receptive females actively, whereas females stalk prey near their web or nest and tend not to move away from it. Considering this behavioural difference to be associated with increased locomotor activity at maturity, it may be hypothesized that males will have traits that increase locomotor performance. The present study examines the kinetics and energetics of the movements of the mygalomorph spiderGrammostola roseaWalckenaer, a large spider with sexual size dimorphism. It is found that males have a higher maximum aerobic speed, average speed, distance travelled and critical angle of climbing than females, indicating better performance. Males also have lower costs of transport than females. These results support the hypothesis that sexual dimorphism in wandering spiders with active males, which are characterized by smaller body size and longer legs than the larger and more static females, is associated with low transport cost, high velocity and better locomotor performance.
Plantamajoside Inhibits UVB and Advanced Glycation End Products‐Induced MMP‐1 Expression by Suppressing the MAPK and NF‐κB Pathways in HaCaT Cells
Authors: Han Ah‐Ram , Nam Mi‐Hyun , Lee Kwang‐Won
Published: June 2016

Photoaging and glycation stress are major causes of skin deterioration. Oxidative stress caused by ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation can upregulate matrix metalloprotease 1 (MMP‐1), a major enzyme responsible for collagen damage in the skin. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) accumulate via gradual formation from skin proteins, especially from long‐lived proteins such as dermal elastin and collagen. Plantamajoside (PM), isolated from Plantago asiatica, has various biological effects including anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In this study, we assessed the protective effects of PM on a human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) and primary human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) against stress caused by glyceraldehyde‐induced AGEs (glycer‐AGEs) with UVB irradiation. We found that PM attenuated UVB‐ and‐glycer‐AGEs‐induced MMP‐1 expression in HaCaT and HDF cells and proinflammatory cytokines expression by inhibiting the phosphorylation of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) activated by reactive oxygen species. Specific inhibitors of NF‐κB and MAPKs attenuated the induced expression of MMP‐1. PM also inhibited the phosphorylation of IκBα, and reduced nuclear translocation of NF‐κB in these cells. Furthermore, PM attenuated the upregulation of receptor for AGEs (RAGE) by glycer‐AGEs with UVB irradiation. Therefore, our findings strongly suggest that PM is a promising inhibitor of skin photoaging.
Risk of Illness with Salmonella due to Consumption of Raw Unwashed Vegetables Irrigated with Water from the Bogotá River
Authors: Henao‐Herreño Laura X. , López‐Tamayo Ana M. , Ramos‐Bonilla Juan P. , Haas Charles N. , Husserl Johana
Published: June 2016

The Bogotá River receives untreated wastewater from the city of Bogotá and many other towns. Downstream from Bogotá, water from the river is used for irrigation of crops. Concentrations of indicator organisms in the river are high, which is consistent with fecal contamination. To investigate the probability of illness due to exposure to enteric pathogens from the river, specifically Salmonella, we took water samples from the Bogotá River at six sampling locations in an area where untreated water from the river is used for irrigation of lettuce, broccoli, and cabbage. Salmonella concentrations were quantified by direct isolation and qPCR. Concentrations differed, depending on the quantification technique used, ranging between 107.7 and 109.9 number of copies of gene invA per L and 105.3 and 108.4 CFU/L, for qPCR and direct isolation, respectively. A quantitative microbial risk assessment model that estimates the daily risk of illness with Salmonella resulting from consuming raw unwashed vegetables irrigated with water from the Bogotá River was constructed using the Salmonella concentration data. The daily probability of illness from eating raw unwashed vegetables ranged between 0.62 and 0.85, 0.64 and 0.86, and 0.64 and 0.85 based on concentrations estimated by qPCR (0.47–0.85, 0.47–0.86, and 0.41–0.85 based on concentrations estimated by direct isolation) for lettuce, cabbage, and broccoli, respectively, which are all above the commonly propounded benchmark of 10−4 per year. Results obtained in this study highlight the necessity for appropriate wastewater treatment in the region, and emphasize the importance of postharvest practices, such as washing, disinfecting, and cooking.
Mediation Analysis with time Varying Exposures and Mediators
Authors: VanderWeele Tyler J. , Tchetgen Tchetgen Eric J.
Published: June 2016

We consider causal mediation analysis when exposures and mediators vary over time. We give non-parametric identification results, discuss parametric implementation and also provide a weighting approach to direct and indirect effects based on combining the results of two marginal structural models. We also discuss how our results give rise to a causal interpretation of the effect estimates produced from longitudinal structural equation models. When there are time varying confounders affected by prior exposure and a mediator, natural direct and indirect effects are not identified. However, we define a randomized interventional analogue of natural direct and indirect effects that are identified in this setting. The formula that identifies these effects we refer to as the ‘mediational g-formula’. When there is no mediation, the mediational g-formula reduces to Robins's regular g-formula for longitudinal data. When there are no time varying confounders affected by prior exposure and mediator values, then the mediational g-formula reduces to a longitudinal version of Pearl's mediation formula. However, the mediational g-formula itself can accommodate both mediation and time varying confounders and constitutes a general approach to mediation analysis with time varying exposures and mediators.
Contract Choice: Efficiency and Fairness in Revenue‐Sharing Contracts
Authors: Karakostas Alexandros , Sonntag Axel , Zizzo Daniel John
Published: June 2016

We present a simple principal–agent experiment in which the principals are allowed to choose between a revenue‐sharing, a bonus, and a trust contract, to offer to an agent. Our findings suggest that a large majority of experimental subjects choose the revenue‐sharing contract. This choice turns out to be not only the most efficient but also, at the same time, fair. Overall, the distribution of earnings is only mildly skewed towards the principal. We conclude that, under revenue‐sharing contracts, concerns for fairness can be closely associated with the use of monetary incentives.
School Bullying and Moral Reasoning Competence
Authors: von Grundherr Michael , Geisler Anja , Stoiber Manuel , Schäfer Mechthild
Published: June 2016

To examine whether high moral reasoning competence of adolescents is associated with low levels of bullying, and to understand whether moral disengagement mediates or moderates this relationship, 925 German children ranging from 11 to 17 years of age (M = 14.18, SD = 1.21) completed questionnaires on moral reasoning competence and moral disengagement in surveys at three different schools. The children were classified according to their bullying role, based on a peer‐nomination procedure. Multinomial logistic regression analyses showed that moral reasoning competence negatively predicted whether a student took an aggressive role. Moral disengagement partially mediated this relationship. Corresponding effects for defenders and outsiders were not found. These results extend previous findings about the effect of moral reasoning on bullying in primary school. The implications for the prevention of bullying are discussed.
Mutual Positive Emotion with Peers, Emotion Knowledge, and Preschoolers' Peer Acceptance
Authors: Lindsey Eric W.
Published: June 2016

Preschool children's emotion knowledge was examined as a possible mediator of the link between their mutual positive emotional expressiveness with peers and peer acceptance. Data were collected from 122 preschool children (57 boys, 65 girls; 86 European American, 9 African American, 17 Hispanic, and 10 other ethnicity; M age = 57.61 months) over a period of 2 years. In year 1 observations were made of children's emotional expressiveness with peers, and children completed sociometric interviews. In year 2, children completed emotion knowledge interviews and sociometric interviews. Analyses revealed that children who expressed more mutual positive emotion with peers in year 1 were better liked by peers in year 2, after controlling for year 1 peer acceptance. Mutual positive emotion in year 1 was associated with children's emotion knowledge in year 2. Both year 1 mutual positive emotion and year 2 emotion knowledge made independent contributions to peer acceptance in year 2.
A Spatial Anomaly Points and Regions Detection Method Using Multi‐Constrained Graphs and Local Density
Authors: Shi Yan , Deng Min , Yang Xuexi , Liu Qiliang
Published: June 2016

Spatial anomalies may be single points or small regions whose non‐spatial attribute values are significantly inconsistent with those of their spatial neighborhoods. In this article, a Spatial Anomaly Points and Regions Detection method using multi‐constrained graphs and local density (SAPRD for short) is proposed. The SAPRD algorithm first models spatial proximity relationships between spatial entities by constructing a Delaunay triangulation, the edges of which provide certain statistical characteristics. By considering the difference in non‐spatial attributes of adjacent spatial entities, two levels of non‐spatial attribute distance constraints are imposed to improve the proximity graph. This produces a series of sub‐graphs, and those with very few entities are identified as candidate spatial anomalies. Moreover, the spatial anomaly degree of each entity is calculated based on the local density. A spatial interpolation surface of the spatial anomaly degree is generated using the inverse distance weight, and this is utilized to reveal potential spatial anomalies and reflect their whole areal distribution. Experiments on both simulated and real‐life spatial databases demonstrate the effectiveness and practicability of the SAPRD algorithm.
Optimization of individualized graft composition: CD3/CD19 depletion combined with CD34 selection for haploidentical transplantation
Authors: Huenecke Sabine , Bremm Melanie , Cappel Claudia , Esser Ruth , Quaiser Andrea , Bonig Halvard , Jarisch Andrea , Soerensen Jan , Klingebiel Thomas , Bader Peter , Koehl Ulrike
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND

Excessive T‐cell depletion (TCD) is a prerequisite for graft manufacturing in haploidentical stem cell (SC) transplantation by using either CD34 selection or direct TCD such as CD3/CD19 depletion.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

To optimize graft composition we compared 1) direct or indirect TCD only, 2) a combination of CD3/CD19‐depleted with CD34‐selected grafts, or 3) TCD twice for depletion improvement based on our 10‐year experience with 320 separations in graft manufacturing and quality control.

RESULTS

SC recovery was significantly higher (85%, n = 187 vs. 73%, n = 115; p < 0.0001), but TCD was inferior (median log depletion, −3.6 vs. −5.2) for CD3/CD19 depletion compared to CD34 selection, respectively. For end products with less than −2.5 log TCD, a second depletion step led to a successful improvement in TCD. Thawing of grafts showed a high viability and recovery of SCs, but low NK‐cell yield. To optimize individualized graft engineering, a calculator was developed to estimate the results of the final graft based on the content of CD34+ and CD3+ cells in the leukapheresis product.

CONCLUSION

Finally, calculated splitting of the starting product followed by CD3/19 depletion together with CD34+ graft manipulation may enable the composition of optimized grafts with high CD34+‐cell and minimal T‐cell content.
Revisiting the Effective Rate of Protection in the Late Stages of Chinese Industrialisation
Authors: Chen Bo , Ma Hong , Jacks David S.
Published: June 2016

In this paper, we generalise conventional measures of the effective rate of protection by: (i) relaxing their small‐country assumptions; (ii) taking into account multiple stages of production; and (iii) abstracting away from their assumptions on the time‐invariance of the underlying technology using annual IO tables. We apply our new measure to China's structure of tariff protection from 1992 to 2010. When compared to conventional measures, we find its effective rates of protection to be smaller in magnitude and even negative in some sectors. The new measures are also related to industry characteristics in sensible ways, calling into question the applicability of conventional measures in the context of present‐day China.
Fibrin‐based stem cell containing scaffold improves the dynamics of burn wound healing
Authors: Chung Eunna , Rybalko Viktoriya Y. , Hsieh Pei‐Ling , Leal Shannah L. , Samano Melissa A. , Willauer Alexandra N. , Stowers Ryan S. , Natesan Shanmugasundaram , Zamora David O. , Christy Robert J. , Suggs Laura J.
Published: June 2016

For severe burn injuries, successful medical intervention is accomplished by rapidly and safely providing physical barriers that can cover damaged skin tissues, thereby preventing critical danger of extensive bleeding and infection. Despite availability of a large assortment of wound coverage options, the etiology of wound healing is rather complex leading to significant defects in skin repair. The use of cell‐mediated treatment approaches in combination with bioengineered wound coverage constructs may provide the missing tool to improve wound healing outcomes. In this study, we have used an engineered 3D PEGylated fibrin (P‐fibrin) gel as a scaffold for adipose derived stem cells (ASCs) delivery into the burn injury model. We were able to confirm the presence of ASCs in the wound site two weeks after the initial injury. Delivery of ASCs‐containing gels was associated with improved vascularization of the injured area at early time points accompanied by an increased abundance of mannose receptor expressing cells. Moreover, the application of P‐fibrin biomaterial exhibited positive effects on early mononuclear cell recruitment and granulation tissue formation without negatively affecting wound closure kinetics or extent of connective tissue deposition. Collectively, our data support the feasibility of using P‐fibrin gels in wound dressing applications requiring controlled delivery of viable cells.
FEASIBILITY OF USING BOLTED SHEAR CONNECTOR WITH COLD-FORMED STEEL IN COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION
Authors: Muhammad Lawan Mustapha , Md. Tahir Mahmood , Hosseinpour Emad
Published: June 2016

In conventional composite construction for hot-rolled steel (HRS) section, the composite action is usually achieved by using headed studs shear connectors. But, for cold-formed steel (CFS) section, the use of headed studs is not feasible as the section is very thin and difficult to be weld.  Therefore, an innovative way of shear connection mechanism of using bolt and nut is suggested in this study. This paper presents the feasibility of using bolt as shear connector by presenting experimental test results so as to explore more on their capability to be used as shear connectors. The study investigated the structural capability of the proposed bolted shear connector when used in concrete known as Self-compacting concrete (SCC) integrated with CFS to provide the required composite action. Push out test specimens with bolted shear connector of grade 8.8 at designated intervals longitudinally spaced were fabricated, cast and tested to failure. The results showed that the proposed shear connector was structurally capable and also an appreciable strength resistance was achieved.