bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Particle Collective Characteristics to Cake Permeability: the Use of the Pore‐Particle Shape Factor
Authors: Sorrentino José Angel
Published: June 2007

Although it has been thoroughly recognized that a relationship exists between particle size distribution (PSD) and cake porosity and permeability, a lack of prediction capability usually limits the possibility to forecast the change of permeability that occurs when the PSD of particles varies. Results obtained with limestone, glass spheres, aluminium hydroxide and magnesite, being the experimental matrix for limestone broader in both mean particle sizes and polidispersity are discussed. “Taylor‐made” particle mixtures were prepared varying mean sizes between 5 and 150 micrometers and geometrical standard deviations between almost 1 (narrow mixtures) and 2.5 in order to ensure a wide data spectrum. Particle size distribution was measured by laser diffraction, but it is shown that similar results can be obtained using other sizer devices, by the definition of a novel device dependent‐particle shape factor that relates assuming particles as spheres the actual specific surface to the specific surface estimated from PSD measurements. Further to the use of the particle shape factor it was necessary to include additional parameters take into account the fact that the same particle collective can build different porous structures depending on the way the bulk is formed. Therefore, two parameters that include the cake building mode were lumped with the particle shape factor to give a “pore‐particle shape factor”, which is a system‐specific parameter that must be determined experimentally. The use of this approach allows that the well‐known Kozeny‐Carman equation fits very well the data, provided that the relationship between PSD and porosity is known. This relationship is discussed in [1] but the approach suggested by Yu et al. [4] was followed. The results can be easily illustrated in a permeability‐porosity plot that has the advantage of concentrating all cake parameters in the y‐axis, while the particle collective characteristics (namely PSD) are in the x‐axis via the D3,2, being the shift from the ideal case of spheres forming a random bulk a measure of the pore‐particle shape factor.
Characterization of Reference Particles of Transparent Glass by Laser Diffraction Method
Authors: Mori Yasushige , Yoshida Hideto , Masuda Hiroaki
Published: June 2007

The validation of particle size analysis by laser diffraction (LD) method should be done using reference particles, whose size distribution is better to have a range over one decade of size, according to ISO 13320‐1. Two kinds of samples met this request, 1–10 μm and 10–100 μm samples, were distributed from the Association of Powder Process Industry and Engineering, Japan (APPIE).

In this paper, the results of the round robin test of these two samples by LD method were reported together with the comparison of the size distributions measured by electrical sensing zone and scanning electron microscope methods. 1–10 μm sample was well dispersed in water without detergent, but a few drops of detergent sometimes needed for dispersing 10–100 μm sample. For 1–10 μm sample, the mean particle size by LD methods was slightly smaller than that by SEM method, and was agreed with each other results by seven different LD instruments. For 10–100 μm sample, the mean particle size by LD methods agree well with that by SEM method, but the discrepancy of one instrument in larger size range became larger than the results of other instruments.
On the use of principal component analysis to identify systematic patterns in roundness profiles
Authors: Colosimo Bianca Maria , Pacella Massimo
Published: June 2007

In many industrial applications, quality of products or processes is related to profiles. With reference to mechanical components, profiles and surfaces play a relevant role, as shown by the high number of geometric specifications characterizing most of the technical drawings. In this framework, an important step consists in identifying the systematic pattern which characterizes all the profiles machined while the process is in its standard or nominal state. With reference to this aim, this paper focuses on the use of principal component analysis (PCA) for profile data (Functional PCA). Since a usual objection to PCA is that principal components (PCs) are often difficult or impossible to interpret, this paper explores what types of profile features allow one to obtain interpretable PCs. Within the paper, a real case study related to roundness profiles of mechanical components is used as
reference. In particular, functional PCA is applied to the set of real profile data to derive the significant PCs and the corresponding eigenfunctions. In order to gain insight into the information behind the retained PCs, both simulations and analytical results are used. In particular, the analytical results, outlined in the literature on functional data analysis, allow one to link the eigenfunctions to specific profile features, given that profile data admit an orthogonal basis series expansion. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance assessment of hanging funnel‐and‐gate structures designed by reverse particle tracking for capturing polluted groundwater
Authors: Hudak Paul F.
Published: June 2007

The objective of this study was to evaluate the capability of partially penetrating (hanging) funnel‐and‐gate structures, designed using reverse flow trajectories, for capturing plumes of contaminated groundwater. Linear capture structures, comprised of two slurry cutoff walls on either side of a permeable gate, were positioned perpendicular to regional groundwater flow in a hypothetical unconfined aquifer. A four‐step approach was used for each of two simulated settings: (1) a numerical mass transport model generated a contaminant plume originating from a source area; (2) a particle‐tracking model projected groundwater flow paths upstream from a treatment gate; (3) the structure was widened and deepened until bounding path lines contained the plume; and (4) mass transport simulation tested the ability of the structure to capture the plume. Results of this study suggest that designing funnel‐and‐gate structures using reverse particle tracking may result in too small a structure to capture a contaminant plume. This practice generally ignores effects of hydrodynamic dispersion, which may enlarge plumes such that contaminants move beneath or around a capture structure. This bypassing effect may be considerable even for low values of dispersivity. Particle‐tracking approaches may also underestimate the amount of time required to reduce contaminant concentrations to acceptable levels. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Treatment technologies for 1,4‐Dioxane: Fundamentals and field applications
Authors: Otto Martha , Nagaraja Sankalpa
Published: June 2007

1,4‐Dioxane is a synthetic industrial chemical frequently found at contaminated sites where 1,1,1‐trichloroethane was used for degreasing. It is a probable human carcinogen and has been found in groundwater at sites throughout the United States. The physical and chemical properties and behavior of 1,4‐dioxane create challenges for its characterization and treatment. It is highly mobile and has not been shown to readily biodegrade in the environment. In December 2006, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation (OSRTI) prepared a report titled “Treatment Technologies for 1,4‐Dioxane: Fundamentals and Field Applications.” The report provides information about the chemistry of dioxane, cleanup goals, analytical methods, available treatment technologies, and site‐specific treatment performance data. The information may be useful to project managers, technology providers, consulting engineers, and members of academia faced with addressing dioxane at cleanup sites or in drinking water supplies. This article provides a synopsis of the US EPA report, which is available at http://cluin.org/542R06009. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemical augmentation for the remediation of a hydrocarbon‐contaminated site
Authors: Osuji Leo C. , Raji Sherifat A.
Published: June 2007

Field trials with inorganic fertilizer (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) nutrients were simulated in the greenhouse to remediate hydrocarbon‐polluted soils from a spill site in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Samples of the polluted soils taken from two depths were displayed in a randomized complete block (RCB) design and treated with 10–100 g of (NH4)2SO4, KH2PO4, and KCl. The agronomic addition of the chemical nutrients was found to enhance the concentrations of nitrate‐nitrogen, phosphate‐phosphorus, and potassium in the soils. Pretreated nitrate‐nitrogen content ranged from 432 to 590 mg/kg in the polluted samples (with a control at 522 mg/kg), while posttreatment concentrations were 3,285 ± 154 mg/kg and 3,254 ± 159 mg/kg for surface and subsurface soils, respectively. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of river discharge on abundance and instantaneous growth of age‐0 carpsuckers in the Oconee River, Georgia, USA
Authors: Peterson Rebecca Cull , Jennings Cecil A.
Published: June 2007

The Oconee River in middle Georgia, U.S.A., has been regulated by the Sinclair Dam since 1953. Since then, the habitat of the lower Oconee River has been altered and the river has become more incised. The altered environmental conditions of the Oconee River may limit the success of various fish populations. Some obligate riverine fishes may be good indicator species for assessing river system integrity because they are intolerant to unfavourable conditions. For example, many sucker species require clean gravel for feeding and reproduction. Further, age‐0 fishes are more vulnerable than adults to flow alterations because of their limited ability to react to such conditions. In this study, we investigated the relationship between abundance and growth of age‐0 carpsuckers to river discharge in the Oconee River. A beach seine was used to collect age‐0 carpsuckers (Carpiodes spp.) from littoral zones of the lower Oconee River from May through July of 1995 to 2001. Regression models were used to assess whether 12 river discharge categories (e.g. peak, low, seasonal flows) influenced age‐0 carpsucker abundance or instantaneous growth. Our analysis indicated that abundance of age‐0 carpsuckers was significantly negatively related to number of days river discharge was >85 m3 s−1(r2 = 0.61, p = 0.04). Estimates of instantaneous growth ranged from 0.10 to 0.90. Instantaneous growth rates were significantly positively related to summer river discharge (r2 = 0.95, p <0.01). These results suggest that (1) moderate flows during spawning and rearing are important for producing strong‐year classes of carpsuckers, and (2) river discharge is variable among years, with suitable flows for strong year‐classes of carpsuckers occurring every few years. River management should attempt to regulate river discharge to simulate historic flows typical for the region when possible. Such an approach is best achieved when regional climatic conditions are considered. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intrathoracic fluid may be a normal finding at around 8 gestational weeks
Authors: Benoit B. , Murta M. M. , Leite J. , Jeanty P.
Published: June 2007

Objective

To describe the observation of embryonic thoracic fluid at around 8 weeks' gestation and to discuss the likely etiology.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of patients referred between August 2005 and May 2006 to our units in France and in the USA for a dating scan between 6 and 10 weeks. Included in our series were all embryos presenting with an ultrasound finding suggestive of an early pericardial fluid collection, i.e. a large anechoic fluid collection surrounding the heart. The gestational age, fetal heart rate and maternal age at this first scan were recorded, along with nuchal translucency thickness as measured at the 12‐week scan and the second‐trimester anomaly scan results.

Results

Five cases were included in this study. In all five patients, the anechoic fluid collection was visualized at 8 weeks, and by the time of the nuchal scan it had disappeared completely. The nuchal translucency thickness was normal in all cases and all five embryos had normal cardiac examinations during the second trimester and were normal at birth.

Conclusions

The observation on ultrasound at 8 weeks' gestation of a large anechoic fluid collection surrounding the heart that disappears by week 12 is suggestive of a transient pericardial collection. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First‐trimester ultrasound diagnosis of skeletal dysplasia associated with increased nuchal translucency thickness
Authors: Ngo C. , Viot G. , Aubry M. C. , Tsatsaris V. , Grange G. , Cabrol D. , Pannier E.
Published: June 2007

A series of five cases of skeletal dysplasia is reported in which the diagnosis was reached at the 11–14‐week routine ultrasound examination in our referral center. All five cases had increased nuchal translucency thickness (NT) associated with bone abnormalities. We review the current literature on skeletal dysplasia in the first trimester of pregnancy associated with increased NT. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minimizing regulation costs in multi‐area systems with uncertain wind power forecasts
Authors: Lindgren Elin , Söder Lennart
Published: June 2007

In a power system where there are many fast and/or large changes in generation or consumption, e.g. in a system with large amounts of wind power, it is more complicated to handle the frequency control efficiently. Minimizing regulation costs for the system operator in such a system requires the possibility to simulate the frequency control in the time range from minutes to a few hours. In this paper, it is shown how the frequency control during normal operation can be optimized using a multi‐area model, without exceeding frequency limits or transmission capacity. The model has also been expanded to include uncertainties in wind power forecasts, which may lead to an increase of the regulating costs. The optimization model is applied to numerical examples to show the impact of wind power on costs for regulating power and to show the value of better wind speed forecasts. No load forecast errors are taken into account. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intention to respond to local wind turbines: the role of attitudes and visual perception
Authors: Johansson Maria , Laike Thorbjörn
Published: June 2007

Wind power projects frequently face public opposition during the siting process. A deeper understanding of social factors has therefore been called for. Based on psychological theories, the present research was initiated in order to study the relative importance of individual aspects related to visual perception and attitudinal factors in public intention to oppose local wind turbines. In an empirical study, 80 people assessed the visual characteristics of wind turbines on site and rated their emotional state. They also completed a questionnaire covering attitudes towards the turbines, perception of significant others' opinions of local wind turbines, and perceived possibilities to oppose as well as intention to oppose local turbines. Moreover, socio‐demographics, factors related to the place of residence and general attitude towards wind power, were investigated. In a multiple regression analysis explaining 50% of the variance, it was found that intention to oppose was related to only a few perceptual and attitudinal factors, i.e. the perceived unity of the environment, the personal attitude towards the effects of wind turbines on landscape aesthetics and recreation, and the general attitude towards wind power. Of minor importance was the attitude towards the effects of wind turbines on people's daily quality of life. It seems important to involve the public in the discussion of how wind power installations can be integrated into the landscape without threatening the visual beauty and the recreational value of the natural and cultural environment. Moreover, social intervention is required to promote positive attitudes towards wind turbines. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Farnesol‐mediated inhibition of Candida albicans yeast growth and rescue by a diacylglycerol analogue
Authors: Uppuluri Priya , Mekala Satish , Chaffin W. LaJean
Published: June 2007

During Candida albicans yeast cell growth to early stationary phase, metabolites accumulate in the medium, including the quorum‐sensing molecule farnesol. We found that besides germ tube inhibition, 40 µM farnesol also inhibited C. albicans yeast growth under yeast growth permissive conditions. Consistent with this observation, transcriptional analysis of yeast cells resuspended in fresh medium with 40 µM farnesol revealed that genes involved in hyphal formation, GTPase activation, mitosis and DNA replication were downregulated many‐fold. Farnesol‐mediated inhibition of yeast growth was dependent on the growth phase of the C. albicans cells. The growth defect was relieved by addition of a diacylglycerol analogue, implicating phosphatidylinositol signalling in the delay. Although diacylglycerol is an activator of protein kinase C (PKC) in mammalian cells, there is some question about activation of fungal PKCs. A mutant strain deleted for PKC1 responded to farnesol and the diacylglycerol analogue similar to wild‐type, suggesting that PKC is not the target of the diacylglycerol analogue. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of grade level, context, and family type on male and female adolescents’ distributive justice reasoning
Authors: McGillicuddy‐De Lisi Ann V. , De Lisi Richard , Van Gulik Kate
Published: June 2007

This study investigated ninth and twelfth grade students’ (N=640) distributive justice reasoning. Participants read stories presenting characters that varied in personal characteristics (popularity, productivity, need, and appearance), family type (biologically related/stepsiblings), and context (work/education). Adolescents allocated rewards to story characters, provided rationales for allocations, and judged the fairness of allocation patterns representing different justice principles. Older adolescents were more likely to favor equity and benevolence principles than younger adolescents on all three measures. Older adolescents, especially female students, also took kinship and contextual factors into account more often than younger adolescents. Male students tended to favor equity across conditions; female students’ views of fairness showed greater nuance, varying to a greater degree with relationship and contextual factors. Findings suggest distributive justice reasoning continues to develop through late adolescence, probably due to age‐related cognitive and socialization factors and experiences. Further, findings suggest that gender differences in adult justice reasoning arise in adolescence.
The Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors in a Middle-Aged Swedish Population — Mainly a Function of Overweight?
Authors: Hollman Gunilla , Kristenson Margareta
Published: June 2007

Background: The prevalence of obesity, one risk factor for developing the metabolic syndrome (MS), has increased during the last decades. It has therefore been assumed that the prevalence of MS would also increase.

Aims: The aim was to analyse the prevalence of MS and its risk factors in a middle-aged Swedish population.

Methods: Data were obtained between 2003 and 2004 from a random population based sample of 502 men and 505 women, 45–69 years old. Measures of plasma glucose, serum lipids, blood pressure, weight, height, waist circumference and self-reported data concerning presence of disease, medication and lifestyle were obtained.

Results: The prevalence of MS was 14.8% among men and 15.3% among women, with an increase by age among women only, 10% to 25% ( p = 0.029). Among individuals with MS the most frequent risk factor was large waist circumference, present in 85% of men and 99% of women, followed by high blood pressure, high triglycerides, high glucose and HDL cholesterol (38% and 47% respectively).

Conclusion: The prevalence of MS was 15%, increasing with age only among women. Overweight was a dominant characteristic, and only half of the individuals with MS had glucose/HDL cholesterol levels beyond defined cut points of the syndrome.
Importance of the echocardiographic evaluation of right ventricular function in patients with AL amyloidosis
Authors: Ghio Stefano , Perlini Stefano , Palladini Giovanni , Marsan Nina Ajmone , Faggiano Giovanna , Vezzoli Monia , Klersy Catherine , Campana Carlo , Merlini Giampaolo , Tavazzi Luigi
Published: June 2007

Background

Patients with AL amyloidosis often present with signs of congestive heart failure.

Aim

This study was prospectively designed to assess the significance of RV dysfunction in AL amyloidosis.

Methods and results

Seventy‐four patients with biopsy proven AL amyloidosis underwent a thorough echocardiographic evaluation. A tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) <17 mm was taken as marker of RV dysfunction. Plasma NT‐proBNP determinations were performed in all cases. RV function was normal in 60 patients and reduced in 14 patients. Patients with RV dysfunction had thicker left ventricular (LV) walls (p<0.01), lower LV end‐diastolic volumes (p<0.01), lower LV ejection fraction (p<0.01) and more frequently a restrictive LV filling pattern (p<0.01). RV dimensions and RV free wall thickness were not significantly different in the two groups. A thick interventricular septum and a reduced TAPSE were associated with high NT‐proBNP levels (both p<0.01). Seven patients died during a median follow‐up period of 19 months; TAPSE <17 mm was the only echocardiographic parameter associated with poor survival.

Conclusion

In patients with AL amyloidosis, RV dysfunction is associated with more severe involvement of the left ventricle, higher plasma levels of NT‐proBNP and with poor prognosis.
Decreased cardiac output, venous congestion and the association with renal impairment in patients with cardiac dysfunction
Authors: Damman Kevin , Navis Gerjan , Smilde Tom D.J. , Voors Adriaan A. , van der Bij Wim , van Veldhuisen Dirk J. , Hillege Hans L.
Published: June 2007

Background

Renal failure in heart failure is related to decreased cardiac output. However, little is known about its association with venous congestion.

Aims

To investigate the relationship between venous congestion and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in patients with cardiac dysfunction.

Methods and results

Right atrial pressure (RAP) and cardiac index (CI) were determined by right heart catheterisation in 51 patients with cardiac dysfunction, secondary to pulmonary hypertension. GFR and renal blood flow (RBF) were measured as 125I‐Iothalamate and 131I‐Hippuran clearances, respectively. Mean age was 40±11 years and 69% of patients were female. GFR was 73±19 ml/min/1.73 m2 with a CI of 2.1±0.7 l/min/m2. In multivariate analysis, RBF (r=0.664, p<0.001) and RAP (r<0.367, p=0.020) were independently associated with GFR. In patients in the lower ranges of RBF, venous congestion was an important determinant of renal function.

Conclusion

RBF is the main factor determining GFR in patients with cardiac dysfunction. Venous congestion, characterised by an increased RAP, adjusted for RBF is also related to GFR. Treatment to preserve GFR should not only focus on improvement of renal perfusion, but also on decreasing venous congestion.
Routine postpartum ultrasonography in the prediction of puerperal uterine complications
Authors: Shaamash A.H. , Ahmed A.G.M. , Abdel Latef M.M. , Abdullah S.A.
Published: June 2007

Objectives: To determine whether there is a relationship between the findings of routine postpartum ultrasonographic scanning and puerperal uterine complications such as heavy delayed postpartum hemorrhage, retained products of conception, and need for uterine curettage; and to estimate the value of both routine ultrasonographic scanning and clinical data in the prediction of these complications. Methods: In this cohort study 265 women were examined ultrasonographically on postpartum Days 1, 14, 42 following uncomplicated vaginal or cesarean deliveries. They were divided into a low‐risk (n =149) and a high‐risk (n =116) group according to predefined risk factors for puerperal uterine complications. The ultrasonographic findings were dichotomized into no masses (endometrial strip, endometrial fluid, or hyperechoic foci) or a definite intrauterine echogenic/heterogeneous mass (IUM, > 15 mm in diameter). Results: The presence of risk factor(s) was significantly associated with uterine subinvolution, IUM, heavy delayed postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), and a need for uterine curettage. Multivariable logistic regression analysis for the risk factor(s) that can predict the occurrence of heavy delayed PPH showed that the presence of an IUM was the most predictive variable. The presence of an IUM and heavy delayed PPH predicted uterine curettage in 61.3% and 37.5% of patients, respectively. Conclusion: Routine uterine scanning on Day 1 and Day 14 postpartum is an easy, inexpensive, valuable method that can be offered to women at high risk for delayed PPH due to subinvolution or the presence of an IUM. Accordingly, it may be predicted which women will benefit from uterine curettage in up to two‐thirds of cases.
Maternal serum highly sensitive C‐reactive protein in normal pregnancy and pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Hwang H.S. , Kwon J.Y. , Kim M.A. , Park Y.W. , Kim Y.H.
Published: June 2007

Objective: To establish reference values for highly sensitive C‐reactive protein (hsCRP) in normal pregnancy and determine whether disease severity could be predicted by serum hsCRP concentration in women with severe pre‐eclampsia (PE). Methods: Blood samples were collected from 25 pregnant women with severe PE and 202 healthy pregnant women who were divided into 4 groups by pregnancy duration. Levels of hsCRP were determined by the immunonephelometric method. Mean arterial pressure, time between delivery and diuresis, and mean ratio of systolic to diastolic blood flow velocity in uterine arteries were used as indicators of the severity of PE. Results: The median values of hsCRP in each group were 0.76 mg/L (0.16–13.61 mg/L), 1.53 mg/L (0.39–20.31 mg/L), 2.08 mg/L (0.50–9.45 mg/L), and 2.28 mg/L (0.44–8.11 mg/L) and showed a trend toward increase. Serum levels of hsCRP were positively correlated with each severity indicator of PE. Conclusions: This study showed that hsCRP levels were positively correlated to pregnancy duration in healthy women and could be used as a severity marker in women with severe PE.
Reduced plasma adiponectin and elevated leptin in pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Ouyang Yanqiong , Chen Hanping , Chen Huizhen
Published: June 2007

Objective: To clarify the role of adipocytokine, adiponectin, and leptin in the pathogenesis of pre‐eclampsia (PE) and determine the relationships between plasma adiponectin and leptin levels. Method: A total of 73 women in the third trimester of pregnancy were recruited, 53 women with PE (study patients) and 20 age‐ and BMI‐matched normotensive women (healthy controls). They were divided into 3 groups: the 20 normotensive pregnant women (group 1); 32 women with mild pre‐eclampsia (group 2); and 21 women with severe pre‐eclampsia (group 3). The plasma levels of adiponectin and leptin are measured simultaneously and their correlation and balance were evaluated by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Compared with controls, levels of adiponectin were significantly lower in women with mild or severe PE (P < 0.01 for both groups) whereas levels of leptin were significantly higher in women with mild or severe PE (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). There was a negative correlation between plasma levels of adiponectin and leptin in pre‐eclamptic women (r = − 0.76, P < 0.01). Moreover, the adiponectin level to leptin level ratio was significantly lower in pre‐eclamptic women than that in healthy controls (P < 0.01). In the pre‐eclamptic women serum levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly increased (P < 0.01 for all), while high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly decreased compared to levels in normotensive pregnant women (P < 0.01). Conclusions: These findings suggest that there is an imbalance between adiponectin and leptin in the plasma of pre‐eclamptic women. Reduced adiponectin and elevated leptin levels may be involved in the pathogenesis of PE and associated with the development of severe disease.
Doppler assessment of uterine blood flow in recurrent pregnancy loss
Authors: Ferreira A.M. , Pires C.R. , Moron A.F. , Araujo E. , Traina E. , Mattar R.
Published: June 2007

Objective: To compare uterine artery pulsatility index (PI) and flow velocity wave (FVW) patterns between women with no history of abortion and women with recurrent pregnancy loss of unexplained cause. Method: A cross‐sectional study was conducted with 43 women with recurrent pregnancy loss and 43 women with no history of abortion and at least 1 child born at term (control group). Transvaginal ultrasonography with uterine artery Doppler evaluation was performed in the second phase of the menstrual cycle to calculate the PI and analyze the FVW pattern. Results: The women with recurrent pregnancy loss had a significantly higher uterine artery PI than those in the control group (2.71 ± 0.54 and 2.30 ± 0.44, respectively), as well as a higher incidence of FVWs of the A and B types. Conclusion: Compared with the control group, a higher PI and a higher incidence of FVW of the A and B types—and thus a higher uterine artery impedance—were found among women with recurrent pregnancy loss.
Low first‐trimester hemoglobin and low birth weight, preterm birth and small for gestational age newborns
Authors: Ren A. , Wang J. , Ye R.W. , Li S. , Liu J.M. , Li Z.
Published: June 2007

Objective: To examine the relationship between first‐trimester hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and risk of low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth and small for gestational age (SGA). Methods: Data were obtained from a population‐based prenatal care program in China. A total of 88,149 women who delivered during 1995–2000 and had their Hb measured in the first trimester were selected as study subjects. Results: The prevalence of anemia (Hb < 110 g/L) was 22.1% in the first trimester. The risk of LBW, preterm birth and SGA was increased steadily with the decrease of first‐trimester Hb concentration. After controlling for confounding factors, women with Hb 80–99 g/L had significantly higher risk for LBW (OR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.17–1.78), preterm birth (OR = 1.34, 95% CI 1.16–1.55) and SGA (OR = 1.13, 95% CI 0.98–1.31) than women with Hb 100–119 g/L. No elevated risk was noted for women with Hb ≥ 120 g/L. Conclusion: Low first‐trimester Hb concentration increases the risk of LBW, preterm birth and SGA.
Transabdominal ultrasound assessment of the fetal head and the accuracy of vacuum cup application
Authors: Wong G.Y. , Mok Y.M. , Wong S.F.
Published: June 2007

Objective: To investigate whether the accuracy of vacuum cup placement can be improved by intrapartum ultrasound assessment of the fetal head position during the second stage of labor prior to vacuum extraction for prolonged second stage. Methods: 50 women undergoing vacuum extraction for prolonged second stage were randomly allocated to either digital examination (n = 25) or digital examination together with transabdominal intrapartum ultrasound (n = 25) prior to vacuum extraction by the attending obstetrician. The distance between the centre of the chignon and the flexion point was then measured by a midwife immediately after delivery. The flexion point was defined as 6 cm posterior to the anterior fontanelle or 3 cm anterior to the posterior fontanelle Results: There were no statistically significant differences in the demographic data, duration of labor, incidence of induction/augmentation, and intrapartum complications between the two groups. The mean distance between the centre of the chignon and the flexion point was 2.1 +/− 1.3 cm in the group with digital examination and ultrasound assessment and 2.8 +/− 1.0 cm in the group with digital examination alone. The difference in the mean distance between the two groups was statistically significant (p = 0.039).Conclusion: Intrapartum transabdominal ultrasound assessment of the fetal head position during the second stage of labor improves the accuracy of vacuum cup placement during vacuum extraction for prolonged second stage.
Supplier's involvement and success of radical new product development in new ventures
Authors: Song Michael , Di Benedetto C. Anthony
Published: June 2007

Supplier involvement is essential to a new venture seeking to develop a radical innovation. Despite this, prior literature has not adequately addressed supplier involvement in radical innovation, nor what the antecedents to increased supplier involvement are. We build and test a conceptual model of the antecedents and new product performance outcomes of supplier involvement in the development of radical innovation by new ventures. Antecedent variables (supplier's specific investments and the new venture's qualification of the supplier's abilities) are drawn from the transaction cost analysis literature. We include new venture's relative power and new venture's level of commitment to the supplier as contingency conditions. We develop a set of hypotheses relating supplier involvement to radical innovation performance, relating the antecedent variables to supplier involvement, and also testing the interaction effects of the two contingency conditions. We gather data from both new ventures and their major suppliers for 173 recent radical innovation projects, and use hierarchical regression analysis to test our hypotheses. We find that the contingency conditions moderate achieved levels of supplier involvement, and also find a direct relationship between achieved level of involvement and performance. We conclude with theoretical contributions and managerial implications.
A replication and extension of quality management into the supply chain
Authors: Kaynak Hale , Hartley Janet L.
Published: June 2007

As competition moves beyond a single firm into the supply chain, researchers are beginning to explore quality management (QM) in a supply chain context. The literature suggests that supply chain management (SCM) consists of internal practices, which are contained within a firm, and external practices, which cross organizational boundaries integrating a firm with its customers and suppliers. Supplier quality management and customer focus are two QM practices that are also clearly in the domain of SCM. In this study we investigate how these two supply chain management‐related quality practices lead to improved performance and examine the practices that precede and mediate those relationships. In doing so, we replicate and extend the relationships among the QM practices and their effects on firm performance suggested in Kaynak [Kaynak, H., 2003. The relationship between total quality management practices and their effects on firm performance. Journal of Operations Management 21, 405–435] using survey data gathered from firms operating in the U.S. The inclusion of customer focus and supplier quality management in the QM model supports the importance of internal and external integration for quality performance. Implications of the results for researchers and practitioners are discussed, and further research implications are suggested.
Towards an understanding of supply chain quality management
Authors: Foster S. Thomas
Published: June 2007

In this paper, we define supply chain quality management (SCQM) to operationalize and understand the effect of increased emphasis on supply chain management on the practice of quality management. We review current research in quality management and identify common themes found in the literature. Key quality management content variables identified are customer focus, quality practices, supplier relations, leadership, HR practices, business results, and safety. We use these variables to propose areas for future research in the field of supply chain quality management.
Toward a theory of the linkages between safety and quality
Authors: Das Ajay , Pagell Mark , Behm Michael , Veltri Anthony
Published: June 2007

The role of employee safety in supply chain performance has inexplicably been overlooked by operations management literature. With a few notable exceptions, there is no guidance in the literature for operations managers trying to understand the role that employee safety at their own or a suppliers could play in quality outcomes. This manuscript takes a first step to rectify this oversight by using cognitive dissonance theory to build a series of propositions that link safety perceptions to quality outcomes. Empirical tests of these propositions provide initial evidence that safety does indeed contribute to quality outcomes in the supply chain.
An examination of ISO 9000:2000 and supply chain quality assurance
Authors: Sroufe Robert , Curkovic Sime
Published: June 2007

ISO 9000:2000 is the latest version of the quality standard developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The standard aims to evaluate a firm's ability to effectively design, produce, and deliver quality products and services. This version of the standard tries to enhance customer satisfaction by including more top‐management involvement and continual improvement. Despite widespread international acceptance, the new standard is surrounded by controversy similar to that surrounding its predecessor, the 1994 version. The literature is clearly divided in its assessment of ISO 9000:2000, which is viewed as either a quality management (QM)‐based system or as another paper‐driven process that increases risk, uncertainty, and costs. This study utilizes case‐based research to address the competing views of the ISO 9000:2000 standard in an attempt to see if a sample of firms in the automotive industry can be positioned within the Miles and Snow [Miles, R.E., Snow, C.C., 1978. Organizational Strategy, Structure and Process. McGraw‐Hill, New York] strategic typology. We compare different amounts of quality standard integration and quality assurance in the supply chain of firms with ISO 9000:2000 registration while positing several research propositions.
Six Sigma: Definition and underlying theory⋆
Authors: Schroeder Roger G. , Linderman Kevin , Liedtke Charles , Choo Adrian S.
Published: June 2007

Six Sigma has been gaining momentum in industry; however, academics have conducted little research on this emerging phenomenon. Understanding Six Sigma first requires providing a conceptual definition and identifying an underlying theory. In this paper we use the grounded theory approach and the scant literature available to propose an initial definition and theory of Six Sigma. Our research argues that although the tools and techniques in Six Sigma are strikingly similar to prior approaches to quality management, it provides an organizational structure not previously seen. This emergent structure for quality management helps organizations more rigorously control process improvement activities, while at the same time creating a context that enables problem exploration between disparate organizational members. Although Six Sigma provides benefits over prior approaches to quality management, it also creates new challenges for researchers and practitioners.
Spermiogenesis in two paramphistomes from Nile fish in Egypt: an ultrastructural study
Authors: Ashour A.A. , Garo K. , Gamil I.S.
Published: June 2007

The process of spermiogenesis in two paramphistomes,Sandonia sudanensisandBasidiodiscus ectorchisfrom the Nile fishSynodontis schallin Egypt was studied by transmission electron microscopy. Spermiogenesis is characterized by the outgrowth of the zone of differentiation, presenting two basal bodies separated by a microtubule organizing centre, each basal body developing into a flagellum. Proximodistal fusion of these flagella with a median cytoplasmic extension gives rise to the spermatozoon. The mature spermatozoon possesses two axonemes of the 9+‘1’ pattern typical of parasitic helminths. There are few ultrastructural studies on spermiogenesis in paramphistomes, which are considered the most primitive digenetic trematodes. The present study provides new and more detailed information on this process, including the presence of a lateral flange and external ornamentation of the cell membrane. The value of sperm ultrastructure as a taxonomic tool in phylogeny is also discussed.
Multiple infection diagnosis of intestinal helminthiasis in the assessment of health and environmental effect of development projects in Nigeria
Authors: Ugbomoiko U.S. , Ofoezie I.E.
Published: June 2007

Patterns of intestinal helminth infections among school-aged children have been assessed in Eko-ende and Ore, as part of an overall assessment of the public health impact of Erinle Dam Reservoir in Osun State, Nigeria. The investigation was carried out between January and May 2005 using the Kato Katz thick smear technique and simple questionnaire for information on the bio-data, knowledge, attitude and practice of individuals towards disease transmission and control.Ascaris lumbricoides,hookworm,Trichuris trichiura, Taeniaspp.,Strongyloides stercoralisandSchistosoma mansoniwere recovered at an overall prevalence of 78.3% among 309 children examined.Ascaris lumbricoides,hookworm,T. trichiuraandS. mansoniwere the most common infections whileS. stercoralisandTaeniaspp. were found only among a few children. Infection patterns of the common diseases were age-specific with peaks in the 11–15 age bracket. Children not attending school were significantly (P < 0.05) more at risk of infection than those attending school. Multiple infections were pronounced with over 54% double infections and 6% four parasites or more infections. The need for urgent intervention to arrest the obviously serious public health situation attributable to Erinle Dam is emphasized.
Inequitable distribution of implantable cardioverter defibrillators in Ontario
Authors: Udell Jacob A. , Juurlink David N. , Kopp Alexander , Lee Douglas S. , Tu Jack V. , Mamdani Muhammad M.
Published: June 2007

Objectives:Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy reduces the risk of sudden death in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy, but their novelty and cost may represent barriers to utilization. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of age, gender, place of residence, and socioeconomic status on rates of ICD implantation for the primary prevention of death.

Methods:We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study involving the entire province of Ontario, Canada. Patients were eligible if they had survived following hospitalization for heart failure from 1 January 1993, to 31 March 2004, and previously sustained an acute coronary syndrome within 5 years. Patients with an existing ICD or a documented history of cardiac arrest were excluded, as were patients who died in the hospital. Primary outcome was ICD implantation.

Results:We identified 48,426 patients hospitalized for heart failure who survived to hospital discharge. Of these, 440 received an ICD, with a gradual 30-fold increase in implantation rates over the study period (.12–3.9 percent). ICD recipients were more likely to be men (odds ratio [OR] = 4.14; 95 percent confidence interval [CI], 3.24–5.30), younger than 75 years of age (OR = 3.19; 95 percent CI, 2.57–3.96), reside in a metropolitan area (OR = 1.42; 95 percent CI, 1.04–1.9), and live in a higher socioeconomic neighborhood (OR = 1.32; 95 percent CI, 1.08–1.61).

Conclusions:Among patients with heart failure and a previous myocardial infarction, ICD use is increasing in Ontario. However, the application of this technology is characterized by major sociodemographic inequities. The causes and consequences of the pronounced age and gender discrepancies, in particular, warrant further investigation.
Value of information analysis for a new technology: Computer-assisted total knee replacement
Authors: Dong Hengjin , Coyle Doug , Buxton Martin
Published: June 2007

Objectives: The aim of this study was to demonstrate how value of information analysis can measure the upper limit on returns to future research and identify the research priorities for computer-assisted total knee replacement (CAS-TKR).

Methods: Using a previous economic analysis of CAS-TKR compared with conventional TKR, the population expected value of perfect information (EVPI) was calculated using Monte Carlo simulation to provide an estimate of the upper limit on returns to future research. The population expected value of partial perfect information (EVPPI) for both individual parameters and groups of parameters was estimated to inform specific future research priorities.

Results: The UK individual EVPI would be £21.4 if the willingness to pay for one QALY (quality-adjusted life-year) were £30,000. The population EVPPI would be £8.3 million, assuming a 10-year time horizon for CAS-TKR. In this instance, the expected value of information is positively related to willingness to pay for one QALY for the range of £0 to £50,000. Although each individual parameter had an EVPPI of £0, groups of utility parameters had positive EVPPI. Population EVPPI was £5.6 million for utility parameters, £20,000 for transition probabilities relating to CAS-TKR, and £5,000 for transition probabilities related to conventional TKR.

Conclusions: The study provides evidence on which parameters further information may be of most value. Focusing research on the utility values associated with health states relating to TKR would be of greatest value.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of two management strategies for dyspepsia
Authors: Kjeldsen Hans C. , Bech Mickael , Christensen Bo
Published: June 2007

Objectives:To compare the cost-effectiveness of endoscopy and empirical proton pump inhibition (PPI) therapy for management of dyspepsia in primary care.

Methods:A randomized controlled trial, including prospective collection of economic resource data, was conducted in general practice from June 2000 to August 2002, Aarhus County, Denmark. We randomly assigned 368 dyspeptic patients from thirty-two general practices to treatment with omeprazol 40 mg for 2 weeks (n=184) or endoscopy (n=184). The study adopted a societal perspective, and the year of costing was 2006. Outcome measures: days free of dyspeptic symptoms and proportion of patients with dyspepsia after 1 year based on patients' and general practitioners' (GPs) assessment. Costs were estimated from patient and GP questionnaires and from medical records.

Results:The incremental cost-effectiveness (CE) ratio for 1 day free of dyspeptic symptoms using the endoscopy strategy was €/day 154 compared with the PPI strategy. The incremental CE ratio for one person free of dyspeptic symptoms after 1 year using the endoscopy strategy was €13,905 based on the patients' evaluation, and the incremental CE ratio for one person free of predominant symptoms after 1 year was €5,990 according to the GPs' evaluation. The PPI strategy was both cheaper and more effective than the endoscopy strategy when reflux was the predominant symptom.

Conclusions:A strategy using empirical antisecretory PPI therapy should be recommended if the alternative is an endoscopy strategy for managing dyspeptic patients in general practice, especially if reflux was the predominant symptom.