bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Yapewa (CANOA)
Authors: (Koria Valdvane Tapirapé) Yrywaxã
Published: March 2017

Ã te’omara kwakãj aãpa Tapi’itãjpe ‘Yapewa re, axe’egenop kwãkajWario, Imakopy ne. Aparanop kwee mywi ta’ e raka’ẽ xireka ‘Yapewa,ma’ereta’e raka’ẽ mi ximagy, amagyjxe ta’e raka’ẽ mi, nimamaxyãwi ta’eraka’ẽ mi pityga rowa we.Epewepewera re kwãkaj aparanop.A’e kwãkaj akome’o xewe nyt:Yapewa ro’o xireka ypewoo wi, petora ro’õ raka’ẽ werot, ‘ywewojaro’õ ywyraxiniga ne xiãpa Yapewa ramõ, ximagy ro’õ raka’ẽ mi xigype, ‘yaapãwa ramõ, xawaxi awyãwa ramõ. Ikwaãwa xowe ro’õ ‘ywira,yypa ne.Ikome’opawire xowe kwãkaj axema’eakãt marygato ‘Yapewa apaãwa.Tapi’itãjpe kwãkaj axema’e ‘Yapewa apaãwa re. A’ere xowe kwãkaj ama’epitywera ee, wexewe apaãwa ropi Myryxitãjpe, wexewe kome’oãwaropi kwãkaj akome’o pitywera we ‘Yapewa paragetã.Emanyt kwãkaj aãpa te’omara ‘Yapewa re, ipoenowakãta pitywera gy we.
Princípios básicos da ELiS
Authors: Estelita Barros Mariângela
Published: March 2017

Cada vez mais materiais estão sendo publicados sobre a ELiS (Escrita das Línguas de Sinais) e em ELiS. Esse sistema de escrita encontra-se descrito em detalhes em Barros (2015), e seu uso com diversas línguas de sinais pode ser estudado em Fernandes (2015). Porém, apresentamos aqui uma breve explicação sobre a ELiS a fim de que leitores que ainda não tenham conhecimento desse sistema possam ter uma noção básica de seu funcionamento. Esperamos assim contribuir para o acesso a tais informações e para o despertar do interesse em relação a essa forma de expressão das línguas de sinais, a escrita.
The study of antioxidants in grapevine seeds
Authors: Tomášková Lenka , Sochor Jiří­ , Baroň Mojmí­r
Published: March 2017

Grapevine seeds contain a large amount of antioxidant components, and are therefore recommended in the prevention and treatment of many diseases. For this research, we studied the antioxidant properties of grapevine seeds from the Marlen variety, as evidence suggests that these types have higher resistance against fungal diseases. Through high-performance liquid chromatography with UV/VIS detection, a total of 10 antioxidant components were selected for further investigation, specifically: catechin, epicatechin, rutin, quercitrin, quercetin, caftaric acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and gallic acid. The antioxidant activity was determinated spectrophotometrically through the adoption of three fundamentally different methods (the DPPH assay, the ABTS method, and the FRAP method). Using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, it was possible to determine the content of all the polyphenolic compounds. The results of the assessment antioxidant activity and the content of polyphenolic compounds were recalculated to gallic acid equivalents (GAE). The values of the antioxidant activity as determinated by the DPPH test were 6643 (±154) mg of GAE; 1984 (±88) mg of GAE when using the FRAP method; and 812 (±31) mg of GAE when the ABTS method was utilised. The content of the total polyphenolic compounds came to 6982 (±221) mg of GAE. The most abundant antioxidant was catechin, with a content of 115 mg.L-1, whilst the least represented compound was ferulic acid (0.139 mg.L-1). Overall, this study showed a high antioxidant potential of grapevine seeds.
Development and Psychometric Validation of the Learner Awareness Questionnaire
Authors: Choy S. Chee , Goh Pauline Swee Choo , Lee Mun Yee
Published: March 2017

The aim of this paper is to discuss the development and psychometric validation of theLearner Awareness Questionnaire (LALQ) using exploratory factor analysis and correlationstudies with the Revised Two Factor Study Process Questionnaire (R-SPQ-2F) and RevisedAchievement Goal Questionnaire (AGQ-R). This instrument assesses the approaches studentstake to learn and why they learn. The purpose for developing the LALQ is to provide an easyto administer student approaches to learning questionnaire that is designed specifically forMalaysian students that is comparable in terms of reliability and validity to other moreestablish instruments like to R-SPQ-2F and the AGQ-R. An initial set of 36 items of theLALQ were derived from the data collected from a phenomenological study and existingliterature on student learning. A process of testing and refinement, using 172 randomlyselected undergraduate students from various faculties of a university in Malaysia, resulted infour learner awareness scales, with 9 items for Survival, 4 items for Establishing Stability, 4items for Approval and 4 items for Loving to Learn. A fresh sample of 331 randomly selectedundergraduate students from the same university was used to test the final version of theLALQ which had acceptable Cronbach alpha values for scale reliabilities. The LALQ wasthen validated using discriminant and convergent validation with two well establishedinstruments the R-SPQ-2F and the AGQ-R. The overall results show that the LALQ is areliable and valid tool to measure student learning and is easy for students to relate to andcomplete. This instrument is also significantly correlated to the R-SPQ-2F and the AGQ-R.The LALQ is a simple self-reporting questionnaire that teachers and students can use toevaluate the learning that takes place in the classroom. It is also aimed at providing teacherwith a relevant tool to use for evaluation and research in their classroom.
Increased Fibrinogen to Albumin Ratio in Ischemic Retinal Vein Occlusions
Authors: Guclu Hande , Ozal Sadık A. , Pelitli Gurlu Vuslat , Özgün Gülben Sayılan , Özgün Eray
Published: March 2017

Purpose

To demonstrate the relationship between ischemia and plasma fibrinogen and serum albumin levels in cases of retinal vein occlusion (RVO).

Methods

This study included 44 patients with central RVO (CRVO), 68 patients with branch RVO (BRVO), and 54 age- and sex-matched controls, for a total of 166 subjects. All of the subjects underwent full ophthalmologic examinations and complete physical examinations, including a detailed medical history and blood count, and biochemical parameters.

Results

The mean fibrinogen to albumin ratios were 92.5 ± 36.1 for the patients with CRVO, 84.5 ± 31.5 for the patients with BRVO, and 68.4 ± 12.2 for the control group. Overall, the patients with CRVO and patients with BRVO with ischemia had higher fibrinogen to albumin ratios and higher fibrinogen levels. Moreover, significant positive correlations were found between ischemia and the fibrinogen to albumin ratio (r = 0.732, p = 0.001) and the fibrinogen level (r = 0.669, p = 0.001).

Conclusions

The fibrinogen to albumin ratio is significantly associated with ischemic RVO. Instead of complicated and invasive methods, such as a retinal angiogram, the fibrinogen to albumin ratio could be a useful initial diagnostic test to predict ischemia in RVO.
The Effect of Left Ventricular Assist Device Therapy in Patients with Heart Failure and Mixed Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Lim Hoong S. , Howell Neil , Ranasinghe Aaron
Published: March 2017

Background

Diastolic pressure gradient (DPG) of ≥7 mmHg has been proposed to distinguish mixed pulmonary hypertension from isolated post-capillary pulmonary hypertension in heart failure (HF). We evaluated the changes in pulmonary hemodynamics with left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) in patients with DPG of ≥7 or <7 mmHg, and effects on peak oxygen uptake (VO2) in patients with advanced HF.

Methods

Pre- and post-LVAD implant pulmonary hemodynamics (including right atrial (RA) pressures, DPG, pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), pulmonary capacitance (PCap) and cardiac output), echocardiography, cardiopulmonary exercise test were measured in 38 consecutive patients.

Results

Ten of 38 patients had baseline DPG ≥7 mmHg. There were no significant difference in baseline characteristics, peak VO2 and ventilation slope, but PVR were higher, and PCap lower in patients with DPG ≥7 mmHg. Pulmonary artery pressures improved in all patients, but PVR and DPG remained higher and PCap lower in patients with baseline DPG ≥7 mmHg after a median follow-up of 181 (IQR 153–193) days. Peak VO2 increased and ventilation slope reduced post-LVAD, and these improvements were comparable between groups. Only RA pressure reduction and exercise increase in heart rate were significant predictors of peak VO2 increase on multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

Baseline DPG of ≥7 mmHg compared to DPG <7 mmHg have persistently lower PCap and higher PVR post-LVAD, but the increase in peak VO2 was comparable despite these residual pulmonary vascular abnormalities. The improvement in peak VO2 was related to reduction in right atrial pressure and exercise increase in heart rate.
PET-CT Gamma Probe-Guided Lymph Node Biopsy: A New Diagnostic Surgical Approach
Authors: Piñero-Madrona Antonio , Monserrat-Coll Jorge Luis , Ruiz-Pardo José , Cabezas-Herrera Juan , Nicolás-Ruiz Francisco
Published: March 2017

Purpose

The higher sensitivity of new diagnostic tools makes it easier to detect relapse in asymptomatic stages when classic procedures of lymph node biopsies are difficult to perform. The aim of this article is to describe the combination of gamma probe and 18F-FDG positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) images in combination with sentinel lymph node biopsy technique for detection of nonpalpable lymph nodes.

Methods

After a dose of 18F-FDG was administered and PET-CT images that showed the location of suspected pathologic lymph nodes were obtained, transcutaneous localization of the lymph nodes with the highest captation of the tracer was done. The gamma probe was programmed to detect the radioactive signal from the F18, instead of the Tc99m that is usual in the sentinel node biopsy technique. Once the hottest point was detected, a short incision was made on this area, and suspicious nodes with the highest uptake registered by the gamma probe were localized and removed. After the surgical removal from the operating field, the surgical pieces stood positive to the gamma probe. Lymph node involvement, and subsequent relapse, was diagnosed before their clinical manifestation.

Conclusions

This methodology confirms new horizons for the surgical approach of lymph node biopsies in patients with previous tumors with 18F-FDG avidity and suspicion of relapse.
Remeex Device (External Mechanical Regulator) for Female Stress Urinary Incontinence: A Critical Review of a Single-Operator, Long-Term Experience on Implants and Readjustments
Authors: Mantovani Franco
Published: March 2017

Objective

A single-operator, long-term (15 years) experience on a sling technique that allows a postoperative adjustment of its tension is presented to retrospectively report the objective and subjective outcomes in the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence (SUI). The readjustment option prevents the need of a reoperation in case of relapse with great compliance of the patients.

Materials and Methods

Indications for surgical tratment of SUI by ReMeEx included patients affected with not only true intrinsic sphyncteric deficency (ISD) and fixed urethra but also mild urethral hypermobility, previous incontinence surgery and relapsing conditions such as diabetes and obesity. Fifty-five female patients with severe SUI underwent ReMeEx system positioning between 1998 and 2013. Before surgery, patients were evaluated by physical examination, translabial ultrasonography, urodynamics, pad-test and compilation of a specific incontinence quality of life questionnaire.

Results

Out of 55 patients treated, 50 were cured with readjustment in 10; in one case, the device was removed for infection. Complications as one transitory retention, two de novo urgency and one sovrapubic varitensor seroma were easily treated.

Discussion

In our experience, the ReMeEx system produced remerkable long-term results that showed the effective role of this device in obtaining an adequate sling tension, also confirmed in a worse prognosis patient group, as reported in the present study. The limitation of this study, based on a retrospective and not comparative analysis, suggests the need for randomized prospective studies comparing the ReMeEx procedure with other similar anti-incontinence techniques.

Conclusions

ReMeEx system offers the possibility to modify the sling support whenever needed during patients’ life. By this device, we can improve the outcomes of these patients leaving them completely dry without reoperations. The system produced remarkable 15 years results with a low complication rate. These outcomes have also been confirmed in a worse prognosis patient group as reported in the present study.
Evaluation of the Decision-Making Process in the Conservative Approach to Small Testicular Masses
Authors: Benelli Andrea , Varca Virginia , Derchi Lorenzo , Gregori Andrea , Carmignani Giorgio , Simonato Alchiede
Published: March 2017

Introduction

We evaluate the clinical outcome of patients treated with conservative approach for small testicular masses (STMs). We analyzed the steps who brought to the selection of the therapeutic approach: starting from clinical presentation, through imaging and lab studies.

Methods

We considered 18 patients who underwent an organ-sparing approach for STMs from 2005 until 2014. The selection criteria were dimension of the mass and absence of clinical, laboratory and/or radiological malignancy suspicion. Preoperative scrotal ultrasound (US) was carried out in all the patients by the same radiologist. The postoperative fertility profile was evaluated in patients younger than 40 years.

Results

We performed 13 enucleations, one partial orchiectomy (PO) and four active surveillances. During surgery, a frozen section examination (FSE) was always requested and no discrepancies were noted between its results and the definitive histology. Only one seminomatous tumor was identified, while the remaining masses were four necrosis, four epidermoid cysts, three Leydig tumors, one Sertoli tumor and one chronic orchitis. After a mean follow-up of 41.6 ± 24.7 months, all the patients resulted free of disease and hypogonadism and five of them reached the fatherhood after surgery.

Conclusions

The clinical and instrumental evaluation consented an accurate selection of patients eligible for the organ-preserving approach. We believe that testis-sparing surgery leads good functional and aesthetic results in patients with benign lesions; it is a safe option for STMs with a reliable pathologist performing FSE and is an important goal in young patients with fatherhood desire.
Nietzsche's Naturalism and Nineteenth-Century Biology
Authors: Leiter Brian
Published: March 2017

Christian Emden's recent book sheds fascinating light on Nietzsche's readings in the nineteenth-century life sciences and his relationship to Darwinism, though it is less successful in showing how particular readings influenced Nietzsche's claims. Emden largely follows my distinction between substantive and methodological naturalism in Nietzsche, but argues—unpersuasively, I argue—that the latter must collapse into the former, and that the latter requires “uniform” scientific methods, though I explicitly deny that and no plausible form of naturalism requires it. I also discuss Emden's treatment of the Kant-Nietzsche relationship, and raise doubts about whether what Emden sometimes calls “the problem of normativity” is really a Nietzschean problem.
Bovine respiratory disease associated with Histophilus somni and bovine respiratory syncytial virus in a beef cattle feedlot from Southeastern Brazil
Authors: Headley Selwyn Arligton , Balbo Luciana Carvalho , Alfieri Alice Fernandes , Saut João Paulo Elsen , Baptista Anderson Lopes , Alfieri Amauri
Published: March 2017

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a complex multifactorial and multi-etiological disease entity that is responsible for the morbidity and mortality particularly in feedlot cattle from North America. Information relative to the occurrence of BRD in Brazil and the associated infectious agents are lacking. This study investigated the participation of infectious agents of BRD in a beef cattle feedlot from Southeastern Brazil. Nasopharyngeal swabs of 11% (10/90) of cattle (n, 450) with clinical manifestations of respiratory distress were analyzed by targeting specific genes of the principal infectious pathogens of BRD. In addition, pulmonary fragments of one the animals that died were collected for histopathological and molecular diagnoses. The nucleic acids of Histophilus somni and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) were identified in 20% (2/10) of the nasopharyngeal swabs of the animals with respiratory distress; another contained only BRSV RNA. Moreover, the nucleic acids of both infectious agents were amplified from the pulmonary fragments of the animal that died with histopathological evidence of bronchopneumonia and interstitial pneumonia; the nasopharyngeal swab of this animal also contained the nucleic acids of both pathogens. Additionally, all PCR and/or RT-PCR assays designed to detect the specific genes of Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Mycoplasma bovis, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine herpesvirus -1, bovine parainfluenza virus-3, and bovine coronavirus yielded negative results. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the isolates of H. somni circulating in Brazil are similar to those identified elsewhere, while there seem to be diversity between the isolates of BRSV within cattle herds from different geographical locations of Brazil.
Qual a classe, a cor e o gênero da justiça? Reflexões sobre as (im)possibilidades de combate à violência doméstica e familiar contra as mulheres negras pelo poder judiciário brasileiro
Authors: Oliveira Tatyane Guimarães
Published: March 2017

Forçado a se pronunciar sobre problemas sociais antes ignorados, o Poder Judiciário tem sido desafiado a atuar na proteção de grupos historicamente excluídos e reconhecer a existência das desigualdades raciais, sociais, econômicas e de gênero. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho propõe lançar algumas reflexões sobre as (im) possibilidades de combate à violência doméstica e familiar contra as mulheres negras por parte do Poder Judiciário Brasileiro, considerando os marcadores sociais de raça, gênero e classe e os dados apresentados no Mapa da Violência 2015 – Homicídio de Mulheres no Brasil. O mito da democracia racial ainda tem fortes impactos na invisibilidade da questão junto ao Sistema de Justiça e influencia consideravelmente a recusa deste em olhar de forma mais atenta para as mulheres negras no âmbito da violência doméstica e familiar.
Electromagnetic Radiation from a Tesla Transformer
Authors: Craven R M , Smith I R , Novac B M
Published: March 2017

In addition to the resistive and dielectric losses that inevitably occur near the secondary winding of a Tesla transformer, electromagnetic radiation into the far field also contributes to the overall power losses and thereby reduces both the effective quality factor (Q) and the power transfer efficiency of this winding. A short study of these effects for a laboratory scale transformer has shown that, in addition to its Q-factor being considerably reduced, the secondary winding is an extremely inefficient radiator of electromagnetic energy.
Het verlangen naar transparantie en het nut van geheimen: een precaire balans
Authors: Ruijer Erna
Published: March 2017

In this feature authors review recently published books on subjects of interest to readers of Beleid en Maatschappij.
Obniżenie wieku rozpoczęcia obowiązku szkolnego – reprezentacje społeczne problemu w debacie publicznej
Authors: Zbróg Zuzanna
Published: March 2017

The article shows, on the example of discussion about the lowering of the school age, how it can be analysed by means of communication mechanisms distinctive of the social representation theory (anchoring, objectification) and the procedure of media discourse research in what way the media and citizens create social representations concerning socio-political problems, including educational problems. Social representations as a key tool describing the reality give meanings within the frame of the perceived world and join the private and the public reality. The knowledge encompassed in the representations clarifies the reality. The author’s own analysis included press materials published in the on-line versions of Rzeczpospolita, Gazeta Wyborcza and the web page Interia in years 2013–2014.
Abjection interrogated: Uncovering the relation between abjection and disgust
Authors: Arya Rina
Published: March 2017

Julia Kristeva’s theory of abjection, as propounded in Powers of Horror, emphasises the centrality of the repulsion caused by bodily experience in human life, and explains behaviours in and attitudes to our environment. The phenomenology of abjection bears similarities to the phenomenology of disgust. Both involve physical feelings of repulsion caused by a source, and the concomitant need to reject the source in various ways. Abjection is conceptualized within a psychoanalytic framework where it refers to the repudiation of the maternal prior to the production of an autonomous subject, and the subsequent rejection of disgusting substances in later life. But apart from its role in such a psychoanalytic account, are there any other significant differences that exist between abjection and disgust, or are we looking at a distinction without a difference?
Screening Natural Content of Water-Soluble B Vitamins in Fish: Enzymatic Extraction, HILIC Separation, and Tandem Mass Spectrometric Determination
Authors: Chatterjee Niladri Sekhar , Kumar K Ashok , Ajeeshkumar K K , Kumari K R Remya , Vishnu K V , Anandan Rangasamy , Mathew Suseela , Ravishankar C N
Published: March 2017

Despite the potential of LC with tandem MS (MS/MS) in improving sensitivity and selectivity, analytical methods are scarce for the determination of protein-bound and phosphorylated forms of B vitamins in food. This prompted us to develop a method for LC-MS/MS determination of naturally occurring nicotinamide, nicotinic acid, thiamine, pyridoxine, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid, and cyanocobalamin in fish. Baseline separation of the vitamins was achieved in a hydrophilic interaction LC condition. An ultrasonication-assisted enzymatic extraction protocol for sample preparation was optimized and validated. The time required for extraction was significantly reduced (to 4 h), while maintaining good extraction efficiency. Acetonitrile content (80%, v/v) in the prepared sample was found to be optimum for excellent peak shape and sensitivity. The dynamic linear range of the vitamins ranged from 2.5 to 500 ng/g, and the regression coefficient values were greater than 0.99. LOQ values ranged from 0.4 to 50 ng/g for the different vitamins. The spike recovery values at 50 and 100 ng/g ranged from 87.5 to 97.5%. The intra- and interday precision values were satisfactory. Accuracy of the developed method was determined by analysis of a Certified Reference Material. The method could also be used for unambiguous determination of the natural content of the target vitamins in fish.
BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SYNTHETIC ORGANIC DYES
Authors: Kuznetsov Dmitry N. , Kobrakov Konstantin I. , Ruchkina Anna G. , Stankevich Galina S.
Published: March 2017

For citation:Kuznetsov D.N., Kobrakov K.I., Ruchkina A.G., Stankevich G.S. Biologically active synthetic organic dyes. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 1. P. 4-33.This review is based on the publications found in CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service) database available from STN (The Scientific and Technical Information Network) with respect to dyes, and the compounds that can be classified as the dyes molecular variants. The substances were categorised based on the dyes chromophore properties. Special care was taken to determine the “composition - property” profile within the range of structurally similar compounds. An extensive list of literature references is provided to support the review's subject, including the authors’ own studies on the synthesis, properties and applications of coloured biologically active compounds. The view covers the uses of coloured biologically active compounds as textile dyes and the uses in other industries such as medical, agricultural etc. The review is substantially focused on biocidal azo dyes for the reason of the great variety of possible diazo and azo components which are used for the synthesis of dyes to create an abundance of biocidal dyes with a wide scale of colors. Usage of dyes which add expressed biocidal properties to the coloured textile and other materials and make them resistent to physical and chemical agents is a subject of obvious practical interest, as this enables the combination of two manufacturing processes in one step: coloration and special chemical treatment. Moreover, as it appears from the review, biocidal dyes may be used as additives to the primary dye, without affecting the colour of the object being dyed, albeit in quantities sufficient to endow the required biocidal properties. As demonstated by the review, streamlined synthesis of textile dyes exhibiting biocidal properties, which are able to make a material resistent to biodeterioration or add medicinal properties to the material, is hard to accomplish due to the lack of profound understanding of the mode of action of such compounds. However, the available “composition - property” data and the computer-aided screening data of the biological activity of organic compounds allow us to model and synthesise target products with a high degree of confidence. The review doesn’t cover the properties of biocidal dyes derived from natural raw materials.
FENOMEN POLITIČKOG SPEKTAKLA NA POLITIČKOJ SCENI BiH
Authors: Vučetić Vuk
Published: March 2017

U radu će se analizirati politički spektakl u BiH. Cilj nam je da prepoznamostrukturu poltičkog spektakla na političkoj sceni BiH i ukažemo na funkcijei ciljeve ovog relativno novog termina u medijsko-političkoj sferi. S tim u vezi političkispektakl smo posmatrali kao metodu političkog komuniciranja onih koji vladajusa onima kojima se vlada. Veoma važan element političkog spektakla jesu mediji.Sa medijskom promocijom ova metoda političke komunikacije ostvaruje svoj punikapacitet. Konačan ishod političkog spektakla ogleda se u manipulisanju javnosti,kupujući vrijeme za što duži ostanak na vlasti.
БУДУЋЕ ИСТОРИЈСКЕ ПЕРСПЕКТИВЕ ОДНОСA СРБИЈЕ И СРПСКЕ: РАЗЛИЧИТИ СЦЕНАРИЈИ
Authors: Копривица Часлав
Published: March 2017

Намјера овога текста је да укаже на могуће перспективеодноса између Србије и Српске и то тако што је, у кратким цртама, датнацрт трију могућих сценарија развијања будућих односа међу двјема држа-вама, уз назнаку неких могућих „подсценарија“ унутар ових парадигми. Те трипарадигма-сценарија су унутарсрпског уједињавање, раскол и удаљавање.
ПРВИ СВЈЕТСКИ РАТ У КОНТЕКСТУ МЛАДЕ БОСНЕ ИЛИ ШТА ЈЕ ПРЕВАСХОДИЛО И (НА)ВОДИЛО У ВЕЛИКИ РАТ
Authors: Буха Алекса
Published: March 2017

Стогодишњица Великог рата донијела је непрегледну научну, пу-блицистичку и литерарну продукцију о узроцима, току и посљедицаматог свјетског повијесног и историјског полома. У том претресању оногшто је раније било написано и истраживању, као никад досада, и самихдетаља није остао недирнут ни камен на камену. Нови прилог великоминтелектуалном приносу више личи на досипање нове количине водеу ријеку која је готово истекла и приближава се своме смирају, него настваран допринос. Моја размишљања су потекла из наде или илузиједа се о нашој теми може исказати неки увид са становишта филозофијеисторије/повијести, којим се не би поновило већ речено. Којим би семожда бацилa новa зрака свјетлости на повијест и историју Великог до-гађаја.
СУБЈЕКТИВИТЕТ, СУВЕРЕНИТЕТ, ТЕРИТОРИЈАЛИЗАЦИЈА И СУБ-ДРЖАВНИ ЕНТИТЕТИ
Authors: Шолаја Милош
Published: March 2017

Завршетак Хладног рата и посљедња деценијаДвадесетог вијека учинили су видљивим низ феномена у међународнимодносима. Најважнија преиспитивања односила су се насубјективитет државе и државне идеје на начин да субјективитетдржаве не познаје искључиво суверене државе и њихову улогу каочланица међународне заједнице, већ и друге територијално-политичкеентитете који су се развијали у различитим периодима и облицима натериторији постојећих међународно признатих суверених држава.Појава нових ентитета, углавном заснованих на етно-националнимосновама, постављала је питање самоодређења и самоопредјељења иизазивала сецесионистичке процесе, унутрашње конфликте и отпорсуверених држава, али и отпор у међународном друштву држава.Непризнате државне творевине представљене најчешће општимтермином „де факто државе”, немају позицију у међународномправу и утицај на међународне политичке, у некој мјери економскеодносе и постављају питање савременог међународног поретка.Процеси настајања и функционисања ”де факто држава“карактерисали су процесе дефинисања независности и суверенитетадржаве у постсоцијалистичким државама након Хладног рата, али сепоказује све више и интензивније да су комплементиранидецентрализацији и потенцијалној фрагментацији држава Европскеуније. Фрагментација је процес у постсоцијалистичком совјетском ијугословенском простору у којима се де факто државе успостављајукао ограничено или дјелимично признате. Неке су нестајале у процесугеополитичке рекомпозиције простора, што има рефлексије и напитање признања, права и положај оних политичких ентитета којису, иако непризнати, наставили да функционишу на основама праксе имодела „веберијанске државе“. Питање које се поставља јесте какваје будућност „де факто држава“ или „држава у држави“ у погледуопстанка и у оквирима међународног поретка.
Awareness and perceived fairness of option B+ in Malawi: a population‐level perspective
Authors: Yeatman Sara , Trinitapoli Jenny
Published: March 2017

Introduction: Policies for rationing antiretroviral therapy (ART) have been subject to on‐going ethical debates. Introduced in Malawi in 2011, Option B+ prioritized HIV‐positive pregnant women for lifelong ART regardless of the underlying state of their immune system, shifting the logic of allocation away from medical eligibility. Despite the rapid expansion of this policy, we know little about how it has been understood and interpreted by the people it affects.

Methods: We assessed awareness and perceived fairness of the prioritization system for ART among a population‐based sample of young women (n = 1440) and their partners (n = 574) in southern Malawi. We use a card‐sort technique to elicit understandings of who gets ART under Option B+ and who should be prioritized, and we compare perceptions to actual ART policy using sequence analysis and optimal matching. We then use ordered logistic regression to identify the factors associated with policy awareness.

Results: In 2015, only 30.7% of women and 21.1% of male partners understood how ART was being distributed. There was widespread confusion around whether otherwise healthy HIV‐positive pregnant women could access ART under Option B + . Nonetheless, more young adults thought that the fairest policy should prioritize such women than believed the actual policy did. Women who were older, more educated or had recently engaged with the health system through antenatal care or ART had more accurate understandings of Option B + . Among men, policy awareness was lower, and was patterned only by education.

Conclusions: Although most respondents were unaware that Option B+ afforded ART access to healthy‐pregnant women, Malawians support the prioritization of pregnant women. Countries adopting Option B+ or other new ART policies such as universal test‐and‐treat should communicate the policies and their rationales to the public – such transparency would be more consistent with a fair and ethical process and could additionally serve to clarify confusion and enhance retention.​​
Diphtheria toxin‐based anti‐human CD19 immunotoxin for targeting human CD19+ tumors
Authors: Zheng Qian , Wang Zhaohui , Zhang Huiping , Huang Qi , Madsen Joren C. , Sachs David H. , Huang Christene A. , Wang Zhirui
Published: March 2017

CD19 is expressed on normal and neoplastic B cells and is a promising target for immunotherapy. However, there is still an unmet need to further develop novel therapeutic drugs for the treatment of the refractory/relapsing human CD19+ tumors. We have developed a diphtheria toxin‐based anti‐human CD19 immunotoxin for targeting human CD19+ tumors. We have constructed three isoforms of the CD19 immunotoxin: monovalent, bivalent, and foldback diabody. In vitro binding affinity and efficacy analysis demonstrated that the bivalent isoform had the highest binding affinity and in vitro efficacy. The in vivo efficacy of the CD19 immunotoxins was assessed using human CD19+ JeKo‐1 tumor‐bearing NOD/SCID IL‐2 receptor γ−/− (NSG) mouse model. In these animals, CD19 immunotoxins significantly prolonged the median survival from 31 days in controls to 34, 36, and 40 days in animals receiving the monovalent isoform, foldback diabody isoform, and bivalent isoform, respectively. The bivalent CD19 immunotoxin is a promising therapeutic drug candidate for targeting relapsing/refractory human CD19+ tumors.
Mantle heterogeneity in the source region of mid‐ocean ridge basalts along the northern Central Indian Ridge (8°S–17°S)
Authors: Kim Jonguk , Pak Sang‐Joon , Moon Jai‐Woon , Lee Sang‐Mook , Oh Jihye , Stuart Finlay M.
Published: March 2017

The northern Central Indian Ridge (CIR) between 8°S and 17°S is composed of seven segments whose spreading rates increase southward from ∼35 to ∼40 mm/yr. During expeditions of R/V Onnuri to study hydrothermal activity on the northern CIR in 2009–2011, high‐resolution multibeam mapping was conducted and ridge axis basalts were dredged. The major and trace element and Sr‐Nd‐Pb‐He isotopic compositions of basaltic glasses dredged from the spreading axis require three mantle sources: depleted mantle and two distinct enriched mantle sources. The southern segments have Sr, Nd, and Pb that are a mix of depleted mantle and an enriched component as recorded in southern CIR MORB. This enrichment is indistinguishable from Rèunion plume mantle, except for He isotopes. This suggests that the southern segments have incorporated a contribution of the fossil Rèunion plume mantle, as the CIR migrated over hot‐spot‐modified mantle. The low 3He/4He (7.5–9.2 RA) of this enriched component may result from radiogenic 4He ingrowth in the fossil Rèunion mantle component. Basalts from the northern segments have high 206Pb/204Pb (18.53–19.15) and low 87Sr/86Sr (0.70286–0.70296) that are distinct from the Rèunion plume but consistent with derivation from mantle with FOZO signature, albeit with 3He/4He (9.2–11.8 RA) that are higher than typical. The FOZO‐like enriched mantle cannot be attributed to the track of a nearby mantle plume. Instead, this enrichment may have resulted from recycling oceanic crust, possibly accompanied by small plume activity.
Rate‐and‐state friction properties of the Longitudinal Valley Fault from kinematic and dynamic modeling of seismic and aseismic slip
Authors: Thomas Marion Y. , Avouac Jean‐Philippe , Lapusta Nadia
Published: March 2017

The Longitudinal Valley Fault (LVF, Taiwan) is a fast‐slipping fault (∼5 cm/yr), which exhibits both seismic and aseismic slip. Geodetic and seismological observations (1992–2010) were used to infer the temporal evolution of fault slip. This kinematic model is used here to estimate spatial variations of steady state velocity dependence of fault friction and to develop a simplified fully dynamic rate‐and‐state model of the LVF. Based on the postseismic slip, we estimate that the rate‐and‐state parameter
decreases from ∼1.2 MPa near the surface to near velocity neutral at 19 km depth. The inferred (a − b) values are consistent with the laboratory measurements on clay‐rich fault gouges comparable to the Lichi Mélange, which borders the LVF. The dynamic model that incorporates the obtained
estimates as well as a velocity‐weakening patch with tuned rate‐and‐state properties produces a sequence of earthquakes with some realistic diversity and a spatiotemporal pattern of seismic and aseismic slip similar to that inferred from the kinematic modeling. The larger events have moment magnitude (Mw ∼6.7) similar to the 2003 Chenkung earthquake, with a range of smaller events. The model parameterization allows reproducing partial overlap of seismic and aseismic slip before the earthquake but cannot reproduce the significant postseismic slip observed in the previously locked patch. We discuss factors that can improve the dynamic model in that regard, including the possibility of temporal variations in (a − b) due to shear heating. Such calibrated dynamic models can be used to reconcile field observations, kinematic analysis, and laboratory experiments and assess fault behavior.
The role of monsoon‐like zonally asymmetric heating in interhemispheric transport
Authors: Chen Gang , Orbe Clara , Waugh Darryn
Published: March 2017

While the importance of the seasonal migration of the zonally averaged Hadley circulation on interhemispheric transport of trace gases has been recognized, few studies have examined the role of the zonally asymmetric monsoonal circulation. This study investigates the role of monsoon‐like zonally asymmetric heating on interhemispheric transport using a dry atmospheric model that is forced by idealized Newtonian relaxation to a prescribed radiative equilibrium temperature. When only the seasonal cycle of zonally symmetric heating is considered, the mean age of air in the Southern Hemisphere since last contact with the Northern Hemisphere midlatitude boundary layer is much larger than the observations. The introduction of monsoon‐like zonally asymmetric heating not only reduces the mean age of tropospheric air to more realistic values but also produces an upper tropospheric cross‐equatorial transport pathway in boreal summer that resembles the transport pathway simulated in the NASA Global Modeling Initiative Chemistry Transport Model driven with Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications meteorological fields. These results highlight that the monsoon‐induced eddy circulation plays an important role in the interhemispheric transport of long‐lived chemical constituents.
Effect of environmental conditions on the relationship between solar‐induced fluorescence and gross primary productivity at an OzFlux grassland site
Authors: Verma Manish , Schimel David , Evans Bradley , Frankenberg Christian , Beringer Jason , Drewry Darren T. , Magney Troy , Marang Ian , Hutley Lindsay , Moore Caitlin , Eldering Annmarie
Published: March 2017

Recent studies have utilized coarse spatial and temporal resolution remotely sensed solar‐induced fluorescence (SIF) for modeling terrestrial gross primary productivity (GPP) at regional scales. Although these studies have demonstrated the potential of SIF, there have been concerns about the ecophysiological basis of the relationship between SIF and GPP in different environmental conditions. Launched in 2014, the Orbiting Carbon Observatory‐2 (OCO‐2) has enabled fine‐scale (1.3 by 2.5 km) retrievals of SIF that are comparable with measurements recorded at eddy covariance towers. In this study, we examine the effect of environmental conditions on the relationship of OCO‐2 SIF with tower GPP over the course of a growing season at a well‐characterized natural grassland site. Combining OCO‐2 SIF and eddy covariance tower data with a canopy radiative transfer and an ecosystem model, we also assess the potential of OCO‐2 SIF to constrain the estimates of Vcmax, one of the most important parameters in ecosystem models. Based on the results, we suggest that although environmental conditions play a role in determining the nature of relationship between SIF and GPP, overall, the linear relationship is more robust at ecosystem scale than the theory based on leaf‐level processes might suggest. Our study also shows that the ability of SIF to constrain Vcmax is weak at the selected site.
Detection of vertical motion during a slow‐slip event off the Boso Peninsula, Japan, by ocean bottom pressure gauges
Authors: Sato Toshinori , Hasegawa Seiya , Kono Akihiro , Shiobara Hajime , Yagi Takeo , Yamada Tomoaki , Shinohara Masanao , Usui Norihisa
Published: March 2017

We determined the slip distribution of a slow‐slip event (SSE) off the Boso Peninsula, Japan, from ocean bottom pressure gauge (OBP) observations. Most large SSEs occur under the ocean, and continuous OBP measurements have been used previously for their detection. These measurements require removing oceanic changes by subtracting averaged data of multiple stations from each OBP data set, a method that requires multiple stations. We developed a new method for extracting transient deformation due to a targeted event from data of a single OBP station. We fit a model that takes account of linear trends, seasonal variations, and other effects to the OBP data to detect transient deformation during the 2014 Boso SSE. We determined the OBP observation accuracy to be ±10 mm and detected 20 mm of uplift which was objectively confirmed by using Akaike's information criterion. Our method improves the potential for measuring slip distributions of SSEs under the ocean.
Ozone‐Based Atomic Layer Deposition of Al2O3 from Dimethylaluminum Chloride and Its Impact on Silicon Surface Passivation
Authors: Bao Yameng , Laitinen Mikko , Sajavaara Timo , Savin Hele
Published: March 2017

Dimethylaluminum chloride (DMACl) as an aluminum source has shown promising potential to replace more expensive and commonly used trimethylaluminum in the semiconductor industry for atomic layer deposited (ALD) thin films. Here, the Al2O3 DMACl‐process is modified by replacing the common ALD oxidant, water, by ozone that offers several benefits including shorter purge time, layer‐by‐layer growth, and improved film adhesion. It is shown that the introduction of the ozone instead of water increases carbon and chlorine content in the Al2O3, while long ozone pulses increase the amount of interfacial hydrogen at silicon surface. These are found to be beneficial effects regarding the surface passivation and thus final device operation. Heat treatments (at 400 and 800 °C) are found to be essential for high quality surface passivation similar to ALD Al2O3 deposited from conventional precursors, which is correlated with the changes at the interface and related impurity distributions. The optimal deposition temperature is found to be 250 °C, which provides the best chemical passivation after thermal treatments.
Inkjet Printing of Single‐Crystalline Bi2Te3 Thermoelectric Nanowire Networks
Authors: Chen Bolin , Das Suprem R. , Zheng Wei , Zhu Bowen , Xu Biao , Hong Sungbum , Sun Chenghan , Wang Xinwei , Wu Yue , Claussen Jonathan C.
Published: March 2017

Large‐scale and low‐cost fabrication techniques are needed to commercialize highly efficient, nanomaterial‐based thermoelectric generators (TEGs) for use in small‐scale, flexible applications (e.g., wearable energy harvesters). This study presents the first demonstration of inkjet‐printed networks of phase‐pure, single‐crystalline Bi2Te3 thermoelectric nanowires (BTNWs) that are amenable to large‐scale production. The BTNWs are synthesized via chemical batch processing and formulated into a jettable ink that is printed onto glass substrates and subsequently annealed in nitrogen and forming gas environments. The inkjet‐printed BTNWs annealed in forming gas provide the most favorable results with comparable thermoelectric performances to bulk Bi2Te3 materials (Seebeck coefficient up to 140 µV K−1) while approximately utilizing only 1% to 3% of the telluride materials found in their bulk counterparts. Thus, these printed BTNWs help pave the way for the development of low‐cost and scalable TEGs.
Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalysis through Chemical Bonding of Transition Metal Chalcogenides on Conductive Carbons
Authors: Tiwari Anand P. , Kim Doyoung , Kim Yongshin , Lee Hyoyoung
Published: March 2017

Improving the electrochemical performance of both the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) has been of great interest in emerging renewable energy technologies. This study reports an advanced bifunctional hybrid electrocatalyst for both ORR and OER, which is composed of tungsten disulphide (WS2) and carbon nanotube (CNT) connected via tungsten carbide (WC) bonding. WS2 sheets on the surface of CNTs provide catalytic active sites for electrocatalytic activity while the CNTs act as conduction channels and provide a large surface area. Moreover, the newly formed WC crystalline structure provides an easy path for electron transfer by spin coupling and helps to solve stability issues to enable excellent electrocatalytic activity. In addition, it is found that four to five layers of WS2 sheets on the surface of CNTs produce excellent catalytic activity toward both ORR and OER, which is comparable to noble metals (Pt, RuO2, etc.). These findings show the many advantages enabled by designing highly active, durable, and cost‐effective ORR and OER electrocatalysts.
Pushing the Energy Output and Cyclability of Sodium Hybrid Capacitors at High Power to New Limits
Authors: Thangavel Ranjith , Moorthy Brindha , Kim Do Kyung , Lee Yun‐Sung
Published: March 2017

Hybrid capacitors, especially sodium hybrid capacitors (NHCs), have continued to gain importance and are extensively studied based on their excellent potential to serve as advanced devices for fulfilling high energy and high power requirements at a low cost. To achieve remarkable performance in hybrid capacitors, the two electrodes employed must be superior with enhanced charge storage capability and fast kinetics. In this study, a new sodium hybrid capacitor system with a sodium super ionic conductor NaTi2(PO4)3 grown on graphene nanosheets as an intercalation electrode and 2D graphene nanosheets as an adsorption electrode is reported for the first time. This new system delivers a high energy density of ≈80 W h kg−1 and a high specific power of 8 kW kg−1. An ultralow performance fading of ≈0.13% per 1000 cycles (90%–75 000 cycles) outperforms previously reported sodium ion capacitors. The enhanced charge transfer kinetics and reduced interfacial resistance at high current rates deliver a high specific energy without compromising the high specific power along with high durability, and thereby bridge batteries and capacitors. This new research on kinetically enhanced NHCs can be a trendsetter for the development of advanced energy storage devices requiring high energy—high power.
Hierarchically Structured 3D Integrated Electrodes by Galvanic Replacement Reaction for Highly Efficient Water Splitting
Authors: Wang Jianying , Ji Lvlv , Zuo Shangshang , Chen Zuofeng
Published: March 2017

A NiFe‐based integrated electrode is fabricated by the spontaneous galvanic replacement reaction on an iron foam. Driven by the different electrochemical potentials between Ni and Fe, the dissolution of surface Fe occurs with electroless plating of Ni on iron foam with no need to access instrumentation and input energy. A facile cyclic voltammetry treatment is subsequently applied to convert the metallic NiFe to NiFeOx. A series of analytical methods indicates formation of a NiFeOx film of nanosheets on the iron foam surface. This hierarchically structured three dimensional electrode displays high activity and durability against water oxidation. In 1 m KOH, a current density of 1000 mA cm−2 is achieved at an overpotential of only 300 mV. This method is readily extended to fabricate CoFe or NiCoFe‐based integrated electrodes for water oxidation. Phosphorization of the bimetallic oxide (NiFeOx) generates the bimetallic phosphide (NiFe‐P), which can act as an excellent electrocatalyst for hydrogen production in 1 m KOH. An alkaline electrolyzer is constructed using NiFeOx and NiFe‐P coated iron foams as anode and cathode, which can realize overall water splitting with a current density of 100 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of 630 mV.