bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kızılırmak Nehrinin Denizel İzotop Katı 6 Sırasındaki İklim Değişimlerine Tepkisi
Authors: DOĞAN Uğur , ŞENKUL Çetin , ALTIPARMAK Suzan
Published: September 2020

Bu çalışma Kızılırmak vadisinin Kapadokya yöresinde, Gülşehir-Tuzköy arasında kalan kesiminde yapılmıştır. Bu sahada T1’den (en yaşlı) T15’e (en genç) kadar numaralandırılmış 15 seki basamağı bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, T13 sekisine (+15-20 m) ait üç lokasyonda Denizel İzotop Katı (DİK) 6 sırasında Kızılırmak Nehri’nin küresel iklim değişimlerine karşı tepkisini saptamaktır. Sekinin taban depolarından alınmış olan kum örnekleri pIRIR290 yöntemiyle 148 ±8, 154 ± 8 ve 159 ± 8 bin yıl (by) öncesine tarihlendirilmiştir. Önceki bir çalışmadaysa seki deposu kozmojenik izotop yöntemiyle 160±30 by öncesine tarihlendirilmiştir. Elde ettiğimiz veriler T13 teras depdepolarının birikimi öncesindeki ana vadi kazılmasının DİK 7 ve 6 (sıcak–soğuk) iklim geçişinde olduğunu göstemektedir. Veriler, T13 seki depolarının DİK 6’nın ilk evresinde biriktiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca, T13 sekisinin ilk taşkınovası deposunda sıcak iklimi karakterize eden paleosolerin varlığı, seki deposunun alt kısmının olasılıkla DİK 6'nın erken evresinde (günümüzden önce 180 ile 165 bin yıl arasında) oluştuğunu gösterir. T13 sekisi depolarının yarılması ise DİK 6’nın sıcak periyodunun sonunda başlamış ve DİK 6’nın tam glasyal periyodunda tamamlanmıştır.
PERSPECTIVES OF VOLUNTEER PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS AND PARENTS ON A SUMMER PROGRAM FOR CHILDREN WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS
Authors: Erdem Hatice Şengül
Published: September 2020

Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are more likely to have regression in acquired skills in summer than typically developing peers, while parents have also more limited options to provide summer alternatives for their children. This study aimed to understand perspectives of parents of children with ASD and pre-service teachers volunteered on a social enhancement summer program delivered through a university for children with ASD. Semi-structured interviews were performed with both participant groups along with focus group discussion with volunteers, while an inductive analysis process was used for data analysis. The analysis of data obtained from both parents and volunteers revealed three main themes along with related subthemes: (a) the need for summer program, (b) suggestions for effective summer program, and (c) benefits of the summer program. The perspectives of two groups of participants generally overlap and they demonstrate similar thoughts. The results show that summer programs can be an effective alternative to maintain the current level of children with ASD in summers.

 

 Article visualizations:
Variants of double robust estimators for two-stage dynamic treatment regimes
Authors: TOPP ANDREW S. , JOHNSON GEOFFREY S. , WAHED ABDUS S.
Published: September 2020

Certain conditions and illnesses may necessitate multiple stages of treatment and thus require unique study designs to compare the efficacy of these interventions. Such studies are characterized by two or more stages of treatment punctuated by decision points where intermediate outcomes inform the choice for the next stage of treatment. The algorithm that dictates what treatments to take based on intermediate outcomes is referred to as a dynamic regime. This paper describes an efficient method of building double robust estimators of the treatment effect of different regimes. A double robust estimator utilizes both modeling of the outcome and weighting based on the modeled probability of receiving treatment in such a way that the resulting estimator is a consistent estimate of the desired population parameter under the condition that at least one of those models is correct. This new and more efficient double robust estimator is compared to another double robust estimator as well as classical regression and inverse probability weighted estimators. The methods are applied to estimate the regime effects in the STAR*D anti-depression treatment trial.
Serendipidade no contexto da Ciência da Informação: perspectivas para os estudos com sujeitos informacionais
Authors: Vechiato Fernando Luiz , Farias Gabriela Belmont de
Published: September 2020

Objetivo: A serendipidade se consolidou no âmbito das descobertas científicas e tem sido investigada na literatura científica internacional do campo da Ciência da Informação no que diz respeito à interação dos sujeitos informacionais com ambientes e sistemas de informação, bem como com a informação propriamente dita. Considerando sua importância nas áreas de estudo que tratam sobre os sujeitos informacionais, este artigo tem como objetivos: investigar como a serendipidade tem sido abordada no contexto da Ciência da Informação em relação aos seus aspectos teórico-conceituais; e apresentar suas contribuições preliminares para os estudos de Comportamento Informacional e Competência em Informação.Método: Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica e de abordagem qualitativa.Resultado: Os resultados demonstram que a serendipidade contribui de forma significativa com os estudos mencionados.Conclusões: Conclui-se que a Ciência da Informação brasileira poderia desenvolver estudos teóricos e empíricos em relação à serendipidade, de modo a aplicar seus fundamentos em pesquisas junto aos sujeitos informacionais.
A singular presença do discurso no Brasil: da homenagem à Suzy Lagazzi
Authors: Ragievicz Matheus França
Published: September 2020

Resenha
Mineralization of organic matter in boreal lake sediments: rates, pathways, and nature of the fermenting substrates
Authors: Clayer François , Gélinas Yves , Tessier André , Gobeil Charles
Published: September 2020

Abstract. The complexity of organic matter (OM) degradation
mechanisms represents a significant challenge for developing biogeochemical
models to quantify the role of aquatic sediments in the climate system. The
common representation of OM by carbohydrates formulated as CH2O in
models comes with the assumption that its degradation by fermentation
produces equimolar amounts of methane (CH4) and dissolved inorganic
carbon (DIC). To test the validity of this assumption, we modelled using
reaction-transport equation vertical profiles of the concentration and
isotopic composition (δ13C) of CH4 and DIC in the top 25 cm of the sediment column from two lake basins, one whose hypolimnion is
perennially oxygenated and one with seasonal anoxia. Furthermore, we modelled
solute porewater profiles reported in the literature for four other
seasonally anoxic lake basins. A total of 17 independent porewater
datasets are analyzed. CH4 and DIC production rates associated with
methanogenesis at the five seasonally anoxic sites collectively show that
the fermenting OM has a mean (± SD) carbon oxidation state (COS) value
of -1.4±0.3. This value is much lower than the value of zero
expected from carbohydrate fermentation. We conclude that carbohydrates do
not adequately represent the fermenting OM in hypolimnetic sediments and
propose to include the COS in the formulation of OM fermentation in models
applied to lake sediments to better quantify sediment CH4 outflux. This
study highlights the potential of mass balancing the products of OM
mineralization to characterize labile substrates undergoing fermentation in
sediments.
Analysis of Pre and Post-MCCG 2017: Leadership Effectiveness Through the Board Nomination Committee of Top 50 Malaysian PLCs
Authors: Baharudin Dayana Mastura , Marimuthu Maran
Published: September 2020

Purpose – This paper investigates the impact of the two main aspects on selecting the right Board candidate including best practices within the position and structure along with the recruitment activities proposed under the Malaysian Corporate Governance Code (Code) compared across 2012 and 2017.Design/ methodology approach - For this analysis, a target list of the top 50 PLCs based on market capitalization was gathered from 784 Malaysian PLCs as of 14 August 2020. In the annual review of the reports, this study includes statistical methods to quantify and interpret the disclosures.Originality - This study reviews the developments of the policies from the Code in 2012 to the Code in 2017. Also applicable to other PLCs other than the top 50 Malaysian PLCs would be the Board Nomination Committee – Role and Structure and the Board Nomination Committee – Recruitment Activities scoring indices designed.
Evaluation of Contamination of Multiuse Suture Cassettes in an HQHVSN Environment
Authors: Comroe Alyssa J. , Roush James K.
Published: September 2020

Historically, it has been thought that suture cassettes become contaminated by bacteria through multiuse. However, High-Quality, High-Volume Spay/Neuter (HQHVSN) veterinarians have been using them for years without issue because of their significantly lower cost. The objective of this study was to determine if absorbable suture cassettes are contaminated through multiuse in an HQHVSN environment. A total of 101 suture samples from suture cassettes were collected from 25 HQHVSN clinics or shelters. The suture samples were placed in an enrichment broth tube and aerobic and anaerobic culture with microbe ID were performed. A total of 17/101 samples were positive for microbial growth, with 11/25 clinics having at least one positive sample. Based on these results, there is a significant risk to using suture cassettes that must be balanced against cost savings. Although HQHVSN veterinarians do not report an increase in infection using suture cassettes, based on the results of this study, there is likely contaminated suture being used during sterilization surgeries at these surgery sites.
Developing a set of measures to provide
maximum hydraulic efficiency of gas
gathering pipelines
Authors: Volovetskyi V.B. , Uhrynovskyi A.V. , Doroshenko Ya.V. , Shchyrba O.M. , Stakhmych Yu.S.
Published: September 2020

Purpose: The purposes of this article are to study the effective ways of increasing the
hydraulic efficiency of gas gathering pipelines of the Yuliivskyi oil and gas condensate
production facility (OGCPF); to calculate the operation efficiency of gas gathering pipelines
of the Yuliivskyi OGCPF and develop a set of measures to monitor their condition and
improve their hydraulic characteristics; to investigate the technology of cleaning the inner
cavity of flowlines of gas-condensate wells with foam, to perform the feasibility study on the
prospects of its application in practice.
Design/methodology/approach: The technology of cleaning the inner cavity of flowlines
of gas-condensate wells with foam was investigated to objectively evaluate its application
and determine the effectiveness of this measure. The research was carried out within the
framework of research and development work by the specialists of the Ukrainian Scientific
Research Institute of Natural Gases.
Findings: The results of production studies showed that due to cleaning the flowlines of
gas-condensate wells (No.85 and No.60) from the accumulation of liquid, the coefficients
of their hydraulic efficiency increased by 12% and 7%, respectively. Measures taken to
clean the inner cavity of the flowlines from liquid have proven their efficiency and can be
recommended for other flowlines of wells at other production fields.
Research limitations/implications: Based on the characteristics of gas gathering
pipelines, it is reasonable to conduct experimental studies on the use of the proposed
technology of cleaning the inner cavity with foam in the case of increasing its multiplicity.
Practical implications: Using the wells of the Yuliivske oil and gas condensate field as
case studies, the operating parameters were measured and the pressure losses along the
length of the flowlines were calculated. According to the results of calculations at two wells
(No.85 and No.60), a significant excess of the actual value of the flow friction characteristic
over the theoretical value was established. To reduce excessive pressure losses due to the
presence of liquid and improve the hydraulic characteristics of the wells, their inner cavities
were cleaned using foam with the expansion ratio from 40 to 100.
Originality/value: It is important to note that the advantages of foam piston include: ease
of use, no occurrence of hydraulic shocks and preventing stuck during movement in the gas
pipeline, application in both straight and inclined sections, no wear of the elements of the
cleaning equipment, a rather efficient cleaning of gas pipelines.
The Tahitian Mission
Authors: McKay David O.
Published: September 2020

McKay and Cannon’s unanticipated repose in the United States was bittersweet; the surprise of seeing loved ones momentarily alleviated their homesickness, yet both knew more than eight months would pass before they would reunite with their families. After returning to San Francisco, they resumed their journey to the South Pacific. They arrived in Papeete, French Polynesia, on April 9, 1921, for their tour of the Tahitian Mission, which included several islands across the Pacific. McKay and Cannon’s stay in Tahiti was brief; they spent only three days traveling through Papeete and Rarotonga before heading onward to New Zealand. The archipelago had a profound impact on McKay, who observed firsthand the challenges of missionary work, costly transportation, and the severity of the weather.
The Australian Mission
Authors: McKay David O.
Published: September 2020

The Australian Mission marked the last official stop of McKay and Cannon’s ecclesiastical tour. Before their three-month journey home, the two men spent nearly a month gauging the state of LDS affairs in Oceania. In the following weeks, they spoke at meetings across Australia. McKay recognized the difficulties faced by Mormon missionaries in Australia—prejudice, religious apathy, and English conservatism. The apostle was struck by the distinct variety of terrain, plants, and animals he encountered. When it was time to say good-bye, McKay concluded his diary entries for the Pacific portion of his world tour, thus fulfilling his apostolic assignment. He and Cannon completed their circumnavigation of the globe just before Christmas 1921, happy to be home with family and friends in Utah.
Boundaries and Flows
Authors: Butler Melvin L.
Published: September 2020

This chapter begins by chronicling the author’s adjustment to Jamaica’s northern coast. Boundaries and flows are then explored through a discussion of Jamaican church communities in New York City, and in Jamaican towns of the northern coast. The chapter calls attention to the ways in which believers understand the musical and theological walls that characterize their religious homes, while also bringing into relief the musical common ground shared by various Pentecostal assemblies in these locales. The worship services of the three congregations explored in this chapter feature music that reflects a shared Pentecostal identity and emphasis on being “filled with the Holy Spirit.” However, these communities also set musical boundaries that index significant theological differences. In each context, musical worship engenders a sense of spiritual “at-homeness” that relies on the ritual reconciliation of “local” and “foreign” musical material.
The Old-Time Way
Authors: Butler Melvin L.
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on the ways in which gospel music, tradition and testimony, along with feelings of nostalgia, shape modern-day religious and cultural identities among Jamaican Pentecostals on the island and abroad. As traditional church leaders consider “contemporary gospel” music a threat to the established sound ideal of Pentecostal worship, generational tensions have become more acute. This chapter examines the contested role of traditional and contemporary repertories as more progressive leadership has assumed control of one of Jamaica's prominent Pentecostal organizations. It also includes the testimonies of five Pentecostals who describe their conversion experiences and subsequent efforts to lead holy lifestyles. Expressions of nostalgia have surfaced during a transitional moment within the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World in Jamaica, as younger clergy and laity move the organization further from the “old-time” way and closer to a North American model of practice.
Andrée Blouin
Authors: Joseph-Gabriel Annette K.
Published: September 2020

This chapter analyzes Andrée Blouin’s My Country Africa: Autobiography of the
Black Pasionaria alongside writings by Henri Lopes and Léopold Senghor on métissage. It argues that the textual métissage in Blouin’s contested autobiography mirrors Blouin’s navigation of her double belonging as a mixed-race woman invested in decolonization in Africa. The chapter highlights Blouin’s work in Lumumba’s Congo, as she advocated for modes of citizenship that account for the shades and nuances that are often sidelined in anticolonial discourse on black/white and African/European identities. Blouin’s identity at the intersection of multiple racial and political influences shaped her vision of Pan-African citizenship.
Introduction
Authors: Wells Rob
Published: September 2020

The National Thrift News first reported in September 1987 about the infamous Keating Five meeting where five U.S. Senators sought to weaken a regulatory examination of a troubled savings and loan owned by the politically powerful Charles Keating Jr. The newspaper’s coverage of this event, which became central to the cultural memory of the savings-and-loan crisis, initially was ignored by major media. It speaks to a broader failure of conventional business journalism, which is summarized here through a review of business journalism history and normative practices. A common thread in this criticism is business journalists’ lack of independence from the business and markets they cover. This chapter argues that the trade press performs a valuable surveillance function of industry.
“The Charles Keating of Florida”
Authors: Wells Rob
Published: September 2020

This chapter tests the narrative of Stan Strachan’s journalistic independence by examining how National Thrift News covered one of Strachan’s friends, David Paul, owner of the CenTrust Savings and Loan in Miami; Paul was sentenced to eleven years in prison on bank-fraud charges. This case illustrates the complex web of personal and professional connections between trade journalists and industry officials. Interviews and a content analysis show National Thrift News was not the leader of the David Paul coverage, but it still wrote critical articles about the editor’s friend, counter to the outcome predicted by the political economy theory. Strachan’s professional values as a journalist and the newspaper’s culture of accountability are possible explanations for the deviation.
Dance Rooted in the Movements of Bedford-Stuyvesant
Authors: Etwaroo Indira
Published: September 2020

Reinterpreting the works of choreographers Kariamu Welsh and Ronald K. Brown as ethnographies of Brooklyn, New York’s Bedford-Stuyvesant neighborhood, Indira Etwaroo situates Welsh’s and Brown’s respective bodies of work from two historical periods as artistic expressions shaped by the Great Migration, the Black Arts and Black Power movements, and the daily realities of mid and late 20th Century African-American urban life. As examples of “Neo-traditional African dance,” Etwaroo explores how Welsh and Brown recalibrated traditional African dance aesthetics for North American and European performance contexts that were quite distinct from those rooted in traditional African societies. As Welsh and Brown addressed current African-American political events in their works, they secured a contemporary relevance for the historically rooted dance aesthetics they pioneered. Etwaroo also places Welsh and Brown within a long tradition of African-American dance choreographers and explores Welsh’s influence on Brown as evidence of an established neo-traditional African dance ethos in the United States, which constitutes a tradition in its own right.
From Warm-up to Dobale in Philadelphia
Authors: Johnson Julie B.
Published: September 2020

From an experiential perspective, Julie B. Johnson charts the five main components of a West African dance class in West Philadelphia as a lens through which to explore the varied understandings of community that can emerge through engagement with African dance traditions. Each component – the warm up, the lesson, dancing down the floor, the circle, and the concluding ritual to honor the musicians (Dobale) – outlines a narrative through which students construct shared understandings of community through collective experiences at each phase of the class’s procedural structure. Employing poetry and vignettes, Johnson provides a participatory ethnography of African dance in Philadelphia rooted in scholarship and first-hand experience.
Flatt and Scruggs Build a Career
Authors: Goldsmith Thomas
Published: September 2020

Earl Scruggs and Lester Flatt quit their jobs as members of Bill Monroe’s band in the first months of 1948. The high energy of Scruggs’s banjo married well to Flatt’s appealing voice and songs, quickly earning them spots on the circuit of radio stations that helped sustain early bluegrass musicians. Howard Watts, Monroe’s bassist, also left the band and joined Flatt and Scruggs. The country-fied lead singer, Jim Eanes, joined briefly, to be replaced by Mac Wiseman. Wiseman helped the band get a spot on WCYB, the popular Bristol radio station that also played host to pioneering acts such as the Stanley Brothers and Jim & Jesse. Also during this period, Earl Scruggs married the former Louise Certain, creating a personal and professional partnership would last for decades
Chicago Católico
Authors: Kanter Deborah E.
Published: September 2020

This book uses the Catholic parish to view Mexican immigration and ethnicity in the United States with a focus on Chicago. For Mexican immigrants, the parish had an Americanizing influence on its members. At the same time, many Mexican Americans gained a sense of mexicanidad by participating in the parish’s religious and social events. This process of building a Mexican identity and community in Chicago began in the 1920s. The first parishes served as refuges and as centers of community and identity. Mexicans fiercely attached themselves to specific parishes in Chicago, much like European American groups before them. The book explores how Chicago’s expanding Mexican Catholic population, contained in just two parishes prior to 1960, reshaped dozens of parishes and entire neighborhoods. The laity, often with Spanish-speaking clergy, made these parishes Mexican. The third largest archdiocese in the United States has, in many ways, become “Chicago católico,” a place where religious devotions hold sway well beyond church doors. With its century-old Mexican population, Chicago presaged a national trend. Today Latinos comprise 17 percent of the US population. This book’s parish-level research offers historic lessons for myriad communities currently undergoing ethnic succession and integration around the nation.
Making Parishes Mexican
Authors: Kanter Deborah E.
Published: September 2020

In the 1950s Mexicans moved into Chicago’s Pilsen neighborhood, which had thirteen mostly Slavic parishes. The ensuing ethnic succession challenges the expected narrative of “white flight.” Catholicism offered common ground: the desire to maintain parish structures explains European Americans’ willingness to live and worship with Mexican newcomers. Mexican Americans and immigrants faced slights in the pews and at parochial schools, but parishes transitioned from exclusively European American ethnic enclaves to shared congregations. After 1960 some priests added Spanish Masses and celebrated the Virgin of Guadalupe’s feast day, opening the way to Mexican religious devotion. Mexican laypeople, bolstered by Cursillo training, worked with those clergy who acknowledged their distinct needs and strengths. Together they made the parishes Mexican.
Epilogue
Authors: Kanter Deborah E.
Published: September 2020

Mexicans and other Latinos constitute 44 percent of Chicago Catholics. Facing a wave of parish closures, the archdiocese’s vitality rests heavily on Latinos. In Pilsen, once home to thirteen parishes, today only three parishes remain. This barrio’s Mexican identity is further challenged by gentrification. Yet Mexican Catholic devotion flourishes in Pilsen in public and unexpected ways, from house shrines and Day of the Dead altars to street Masses and citywide pilgrimages. What developed decades ago in a couple of parishes, most notably, St. Francis, impacts the entire archdiocese. Latinos constitute 17 percent of the US population, and the Mexican-descent population has settled in every state. Chicago’s century-old Mexican population offers lessons for countless dioceses and parishes in the midst of ethnic integration and succession around the nation.
“Language More Effective than Words”
Authors: Frisken Amanda
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores how, in the late 1870s and early 1880s, the NationalPolice Gazette adapted its racialization of rape to characterize Chinese laborers as sexual predators. While family-based illustrated papers – such as Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, Harper’s Weekly, and the Daily Graphic – Orientalized the Chinese, The Police Gazette amplified rhetoric from anti-Chinese agitators, such as Denis Kearney, about Chinese sexual predators, a new rationale for federal exclusion legislation. Journalist Wong Chin Foo’s efforts to interject a more positive iconography of Chinese workers, in his paper The Chinese-American and other venues, had limited power to challenge the anti-Chinese movement’s pervasive stereotypes. Wong’s positive representations were no match for the mystique of the more sensational – and distorted – version of Chinatown.
Mode and Mood
Authors: Şenay Banu
Published: September 2020

As much as crafting a desired ney tone is paramount to good playing, a high premium is also placed on the competence of the player to bring pitches into intimate relationships with each other that are appealing to the ear. Given that Ottoman art music is always set in a modal system (makam), the novice must learn how to render the pitches effectively while satisfying the musical and emotional expectations of the makam in question. This chapter examines the aural perceptual modifications that one goes through so as to cultivate this capacity, a topic that engages with broader questions around the use of musical notation, as well as with discretion, intuition, and individuality in performance.
You Can See Other People’s Poop
Authors: Strange Jason G.
Published: September 2020

Drawing upon ethnographic fieldwork, this chapter deepens the questions raised in the introduction with visits to a “country” homestead (during a pig roast) and a “bohemian” homestead (during a work party on a strawbale house), describing the overlapping but contrasting cultures and practices of the two places. The chapter argues that contemporary homesteads represent anomalous and exotic spaces that differ markedly from those common in mainstream American life, and discusses the stereotypes, both positive and negative, of “hick” and “hippie” homesteaders. It closes with a discussion of the challenges of defining homesteading, which is predicated upon intensified household subsistence but takes many forms, such as a minimalist homestead relying more upon frugality than production, or a parcel with an owner-built home but no garden.
Hard Living
Authors: Strange Jason G.
Published: September 2020

The third of three chapters that examine “cultural division in a capitalist society,” chapter 7 focuses upon behavioral and ideational differences and oppositions between country and bohemian homesteaders, which is a particular iteration of the larger cultural schism between left and right in the contemporary United States. Weaving together story and evidence, the chapter argues that this is a class division, but one in which literate education plays a more prominent role than occupation or monetary wealth. The argument is developed by examining the role of education in the lives of individual characters, in terms of issues such as diet, trash burning, attitudes toward non-straight sexualities, and susceptibility to mass-media propaganda.
Autochthonomies
Authors: Chancy Myriam J. A.
Published: September 2020

Autochthonomies is an intellectual project that engages readers in an interpretive journey: it engages and describes a process by which readers of texts created by artists and actors of African descent might engage such texts as legible within the context of African Diasporic historical and cultural discursive practices. It argues that there is a cultural and philosophical gain to understanding these texts not as products of, or responses only to, Western hegemonic dynamics or simply as products of discrete ethnic or national identities. By invoking a transnational African/Diasporic interpretive lens, negotiated through a virtual “lakou” or yard space in which such identities are transfigured, recognized, and exchanged, the study demonstrates how to best examine the salient features of the texts that underscore African/Diasporic sensibilities and renders them legible, thus offering a potential not only for richer readings of African Diasporic texts but also the possibility of rupturing the Manichean binary dynamics through which such texts have commonly been read. This produces an enriching interpretive capacity emphasizing the transnationalism of connections between subjects of African descent as the central pole for undertaking such investigations. Through the use of the neologism, autochthonomy, the study argues further that, despite colonial interruptions, critics of such works should seek to situate them as part of an intricate network of cultural and transnational exchanges.
Autochthonomous Transfigurations of Race and Gender in Twenty-First-Century Transnational Genocide Testimonial Narratives
Authors: Chancy Myriam J. A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores depictions and representations of the genocide of Rwanda in order to examine how “autochthonomy” and “lakou consciousness” make themselves manifest in global/transnational contexts. What each of the representations reveals is a partial exposure of a silence that appears to be symptomatic of trauma. The chapter relies on Pierre Bourdieu’s twin-concepts of the “unthinkable” and “unnameable” and how these concepts might be of further use in understanding the representation of the implicit “silence” of trauma. The chapter ultimately argues that artists who consciously emulate African Diasporic aesthetics in their representations of genocide also engage counter-hegemonic modes of representation that are explicitly and increasingly feminist regardless of the producer’s gender identity.
Introduction
Authors: Vander Wel Stephanie
Published: September 2020

The introduction presents an overview of the relationship between the larger cultural factors of place, class, and gender and the sonic and theatrical elements of women in country music. Locating musical and cultural meaning in the intersections of individual expression and musical conventions, this chapter focuses on the ways female vocalists drew on the practices of the popular stage (including barn-dance radio and its predecessors) and singing styles linked to southern vernacular and popular music idioms. Female country artists offered creative and varied versions of white working-class womanhood in their performances that articulated the cultural tensions arising from displacement and the shifts in gender roles and class during the Great Depression and during and after World War II.
Voices of Angels
Authors: Vander Wel Stephanie
Published: September 2020

Chapter 6 traces the musical and lyrical developments of honky-tonk in the late 1930s and 1940s with Al Dexter, Ernest Tubb, and Hank Williams and remained a predominant mode of country music after World War II, right when Kitty Wells, Goldie Hill, and Jean Shepard contributed to the musical discourse. These female artists, taking over male-defined and often parodic representations of women, developed narratives that articulated class-specific voices couched in the metaphors of sexual and material desire, heartache, and loss juxtaposed with 1950s ideals of domesticity. Examining the particulars of musical style and vocal expression, this chapter argues that female artists in their various enactments of the honky-tonk angel, the angry, jilted housewife, the single mother, and the forsaken lover disclosed the paradoxes of class and gender and helped to lift the cloak of invisibility shrouding working-class women.
Domestic Respectability
Authors: Vander Wel Stephanie
Published: September 2020

Chapter 7 positions the commercial success of female country artists and the narratives of honky-tonk music against the marketing strategies of 1950s country music. As the country music industry strove for commercial acceptance in the popular music market, it promoted its male (including Hank Williams and Webb Pierce) and female performers (such as Kitty Wells, Jean Shepard, and Goldie Hill) as examples of middle-class propriety. This chapter argues that the contradictions between the lyrical themes of honky-tonk music and the 1950s tropes of domesticity used in marketing individual country artists spoke of and assuaged the anxieties and tensions of social class and geographical migration for an audience of displaced white southerners.
Imagining Africa, Inheriting Monstrosity
Authors: Hunt-Kennedy Stefanie
Published: September 2020

This chapter traces the intellectual, legal, and anthropological processes by which the English transformed the concept of blackness into a collective, inheritable, and racial monstrosity, a category of being that made Africans, and in particular African women, supposedly “fit” for servitude. The English notion that Africans were monstrous and deformed beings suspended Africans in the space between the human and the animal, enabling colonists to exploit Africans’ humanity by enforcing forms of disablement onto the enslaved. The place of monstrosity in the emergence of slavery and antiblack racism is key to understanding the historically entwined construction of racism and ableism in the Atlantic World.
External Control and Landscape
Authors: Raitz Karl
Published: September 2020

The federal government imposed taxes on distilled spirits in 1791 to retire Revolutionary War debts, and since that time, the distilling industry has been taxed at various rates. In 1862 Congress passed the Internal Revenue Act; by 1865, the tax rate per proof gallon of distilled spirits was $2. Adjustments to the act followed in later years. Taxes were attached to spirits at the time of production, and they had to be paid before the product could be sold. The commissioner of internal revenue directed tax enforcement through a surveillance program that registered all distilleries and placed government gaugers and storekeepers at each distillery to fully control its operations. Regulations required distillers to submit detailed architectural plans for approval, showing the distilling apparatus and all related structures, thus regulating the distilling landscape as well.
Temperance Troubles
Authors: Raitz Karl
Published: September 2020

For many people in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, consuming distilled spirits was a cultural tradition, and it was often associated with disease prevention or cure. Others saw spirits as disruptive and debilitating. The American Temperance Society was established in 1826 to organize sobriety supporters; the movement soon gave rise to numerous local and national groups, including the Kentucky Legislative Temperance Society. Some states passed laws enforcing prohibition, as did counties and local precincts. Temperance activists in Kentucky organized local community chapters that featured nationally known speakers and organized summer camp motivational retreats for members. Some distillers sold their products as medicinal whiskey. National Prohibition in 1920 stopped production at all but a few distilleries that were licensed to produce medicinal whiskey.
Literacy in the Mountains
Authors: NeCamp Samantha
Published: September 2020

Literacy in the Mountains examines five Appalachian newspapers published between 1885 and 1920 for evidence of literacy practices in mountain communities. The newspapers illustrate that there existed a vibrant community of readers and writers in an area often imagined as illiterate and textless. Documenting a variety of literacy exchanges and a passionate commitment to local education institutions, the newspapers serve as a historical archive to recover otherwise invisible practices from the turn of the century. These findings demonstrate that the “idea of Appalachia” as a poor and illiterate region at the turn of the century is inaccurate, thus belying current narratives that the region is doomed to repeat cycles of poverty that reach into the distant past. Instead, Appalachia has a rich history of literacy and civic participation on which to draw.
Schooling Appalachia
Authors: NeCamp Samantha
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines schooling in the Appalachian region. Schooling features in many of the correspondent columns as well as in pieces written by the editors. In particular, the newspapers illustrate that a thriving industry of ad hoc private education institutions was active in eastern Kentucky, a fact seldom recognized in histories of the area. While modern studies of schooling and literacy frequently cite public school data to suggest that Kentuckians were not supportive of schooling, the newspapers demonstrate that many of these supposedly unschooled children were in fact receiving an education from privately run institutions that some of the editors touted as superior to public schools. The newspapers also demonstrate vibrant community support for education.
Introduction
Authors: Meilinger Phillip S.
Published: September 2020

ALTHOUGH MOST OF MY publications have concerned aviation theory, doctrine, and practice, the bulk of my academic career was spent teaching the broader area of military history. This forced me to see airpower in context over time and place, and also led me to issues I ordinarily might have missed, such as the definition of decisive victories or the nature and purpose of second front operations. I wrote and published a number of essays dealing with war over the centuries. In most cases, time and space constraints limited my ability to fully explore a subject; the papers in this collection therefore tend to be longer, more detailed, and better sourced than accounts formerly published. Other essays have not been printed previously....
Busting the Icon
Authors: Meilinger Phillip S.
Published: September 2020

Carl von Clausewitz has had a massive influence on military officers. One faculty member at a US war college had spent most of his academic life teaching Clausewitz and would brook no contrary word. Whatever the occasion, he had a quote from On War to bolster his argument. The result was a skewed interpretation of what Clausewitz was attempting to inform, and this tended to push students into a group-think mentality. Some people, in and out of uniform, take their Clausewitz very seriously, so this chapter is an attempt to restore a balance. It looks at what Clausewitz wrote, but also what military leaders and civilian pundits thought he meant in the two centuries since.
Is War an Instrument of Policy?
Authors: Meilinger Phillip S.
Published: September 2020

One of Carl Clausewitz's most famous dictums is that “war is an instrument of policy.” Yet, few writers over the past two centuries have attempted to define what is meant by the term “policy.”  Indeed, when doing so, most posit a definition that is so broad as to include virtually any type of motive for war: power politics, domestic politics, economics, irredentism, religion, etc. This is far too broad and tends to make the dictum meaningless. Moreover, many nations do not always wage war for such concrete reasons; rather, sometimes it is waged for cultural reasons such as pride, honor, revenge, fear, love, hate, or prestige.
Second Fronts
Authors: Meilinger Phillip S.
Published: September 2020

War colleges often discuss what are termed “peripheral operations.” Unfortunately, it is a poor term because it connotes secondary military operations using expendable or auxiliary forces. Yet, some of these campaigns were major actions employing large numbers of troops and which had major strategic effects. Indeed, such maneuvers were often termed “the British Way of War.” “Second front operations” is a far more useful term to describe assaults occurring outside the main theater using major forces. This chapter discusses four such campaigns—two were successful and two were not. The intent is to address why such operations were launched, and then to draw lessons to guide future strategists.
Seeking Balance in the Scaffolding of Progressive Counterinsurgency
Authors: Edgerton Ronald K.
Published: September 2020

In examining five short case studies—the small hill, Linok, Gata, Bacolod, and Taraca—this chapter looks back on the previous three chapters and analyzes the counterinsurgency strategy developed by Capt. Pershing in 1902–1903. That strategy emphasized the importance of relationship building, learning from ground-level experience, molding tactics to fit each local situation, being adaptable and flexible, and always seeking the middle ground. Two other words—balance and practicality—also applied. Pershing encouraged balance in the American treatment of Moro customary law versus modern criminal law, and he stressed practicality in gradually phasing out slavery as practiced by Moros. Before he left for the United States, he also helped to build a long-term structure for American governance of the new Moro Province.
To Form an Enviable Marriage
Authors: Fredette Allison Dorothy
Published: September 2020

Before the Civil War, courting couples in Kentucky, western Virginia, and Appalachian Virginia increasingly stated their desire to build marriages based on affection, love, and mutual happiness. They embraced all of these characteristics of marriages, despite the dangerous individualism implied by mutuality in marriage itself. Similarly, this chapter explores the impact of discussions of domesticity on masculinity in the region. Part of a transatlantic shift in masculinity, men in the border South reoriented their focus inward, on the family and the private sphere, embracing a more restrained form of manhood in this era. This chapter also explores how border southerners demanded and received divorces when their partners did not live up to their ideals.
Never Happier in Her Life
Authors: Fredette Allison Dorothy
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the lives of working-class and poor white women of the border South. Their story reveals the potential of border culture—how it gave a voice and agency to women whose stories could be more easily suppressed in a less fluid community. The border created fertile ground for ideas of mutuality and individualism. While this led many to pursue friendship, love, and partnership in their relationships, elite and middle-class husbands and wives of the border South still often adhered to a social ethic which dictated certain gendered behaviors to men and women. In working-class society, however, these philosophies gave women a greater sense of independence and authority, allowing them to push the boundaries of the household and assert themselves in new ways.
The Fall of Richmond, 1865
Authors: DeCredico Mary A.
Published: September 2020

This final chapter describes Richmond’s last days as the Confederate capital. Union general Ulysses S. Grant continued extending his lines, forcing Confederate general Robert E. Lee to do the same—but with less men. The Army of Northern Virginia was hemorrhaging as desertions averaged 100 men a day. When Grant broke Lee’s lines in three places, Lee had no choice but to call for the evacuation of the Confederate capital on April 2. Lee had decided months earlier to set fire to the tobacco stored in the city. Following Lee’s orders, Department of Richmond commander General Richard Ewell torched the hogsheads. A breeze turned into a swift wind, and before long the city was in flames. Locals, escaped prisoners, slaves, and free blacks looted stores and pillaged government warehouses, enraged by the bounty they discovered there, hoarded during the famine. Mayor Joseph Mayo surrendered Richmond to Federal forces on April 3. The chapter concludes with President Lincoln’s visit to the burned-out capital.
Epilogue
Authors: DeCredico Mary A.
Published: September 2020

The epilogue chronicles General Robert E. Lee’s return to Richmond after surrendering his army at Appomattox Court House. Lee could not have been prepared for the sights that greeted him as he crossed the pontoon bridges linking Manchester to Richmond. The fires were still burning in places as he and his party entered the city. Most of the business district had been destroyed. People were camped in Capitol Square, homeless. The entire social and racial system in Richmond was in shambles. Richmond faced innumerable challenges in the immediate postwar period.
Working in an Ever-Changing Environment
Authors: Host Jim , Moyen Eric A.
Published: September 2020

Host lost the broadcast rights for University of Kentucky sports in 1980, so he turned his attention to other ventures. He met with the athletic directors of the Southwest Conference (including Frank Broyles and Darrell Royal), and by the end of the meeting, they had asked Host’s company to operate the SWC Radio Network. The SWC Network was a resounding success, but Texas A&M football coach Jackie Sherrill led a successful campaign to end the network, allowing the larger universities in the conference to keep more broadcasting revenue. Host then signed a deal with athletic director DeLoss Dodds to control the broadcast and media rights for the University of Texas, and he rapidly expanded the commercial appeal of Texas athletics. Host continued to work with the NCAA and the NTBA. The NCAA struggled for control of college athletics with the College Football Association, which resulted in the 1984 Supreme Court decision in NCAA v. Board of Regents. The NTBA faced deregulation by the federal government, which resulted in a name change to the National Tour Association, larger membership in the organization, and increased revenue.
The NCAA and Corporate Sponsorships
Authors: Host Jim , Moyen Eric A.
Published: September 2020

The Supreme Court’s decision in the Regents case meant that the NCAA lost control of the broadcast rights for NCAA football. Looking for ways to make up the lost revenue, NCAA executive director Walter Byers agreed to allow Host to sell corporate sponsors for the NCAA men’s basketball tournament. Gillette was the first company to sign on, followed by Valvoline. Before long, major corporations were spending millions of dollars to use the NCAA and Final Four logos to promote their products. David Novak’s Pizza Hut promotion proved to be the most successful of all. Other sponsorships included Hyatt, Kodak, Oldsmobile, Rawlings, and American Airlines. With millions of dollars of revenue coming from corporate sponsors, the NCAA’s new executive director Dick Schultz was looking for a way to promote women’s athletics. Host pitched the idea of a primary sponsor for women’s athletics, and Sara Lee CEO Paul Fulton agreed to join the cause. Sara Lee’s sponsorship helped expand the appeal of women’s intercollegiate athletics, and corporate sponsorships changed the fortunes of the NCAA and Host Communications Inc.