bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of involved node, involved field and mantle field radiotherapy on estimated radiation doses and risk of late effects for pediatric patients with Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Maraldo M.V. , Jørgensen M. , Brodin N.P. , Aznar M.C. , Vogelius I.R. , Petersen P.M. , Berthelsen A.K. , Christensen C.B. , Hjalgrim L.L. , Specht L.
Published: November 2013

Background

The use of radiotherapy (RT) is debated for pediatric patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) due to the late effects of treatment. Radiation doses to the thyroid, heart, lungs, and breasts are compared with the extensive mantle field (MF), Involved Field RT (IFRT), Modified IFRT (mIFRT), and Involved Node RT (INRT) and the risk of radiation‐induced cardiovascular disease, secondary cancers, and the corresponding Life Years Lost (LYL) is estimated with each technique.

Procedure

INRT, mIFRT, IFRT, and MF plans (20 and 30 Gy) were simulated for 10 supradiaphragmatic, clinical stage I–II classical HL patients ≤18 years old, total of 4 × 2 plans for each patient. The lifetime excess risks of cardiac morbidity, cardiac mortality, lung, breast, and thyroid cancer with each technique were estimated. The estimated excess risks attributable to RT were based on HL series with long‐term follow‐up, treating death from other causes as competing risks. The corresponding LYL were derived from the estimated excess risks. Statistical analyses were performed with repeated measures ANOVA.

Results

Both a reduction in field size and in prescribed radiation dose significantly lowered the estimated dose to the heart, lungs, breasts, and thyroid compared to past, extended fields, even for patients with mediastinal disease. This translated into a significantly reduced estimated risk of cardiovascular disease, secondary cancers, and LYL.

Conclusions

Involved Node Radiotherapy should be considered for pediatric patients with Hodgkin lymphoma since it is estimated to substantially lower the risk of severe long‐term complications. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:717–722. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sirolimus for non‐progressive NF1‐associated plexiform neurofibromas: An NF clinical trials consortium phase II study
Authors: Weiss Brian , Widemann Brigitte C. , Wolters Pamela , Dombi Eva , Vinks Alexander A. , Cantor Alan , Korf Bruce , Perentesis John , Gutmann David H. , Schorry Elizabeth , Packer Roger , Fisher Michael J.
Published: November 2013

Background

Patients with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) have an increased risk of developing tumors of the central and peripheral nervous system, including plexiform neurofibromas (PN), which are benign nerve sheath tumors that are among the most debilitating complications of NF1. There are no standard treatment options for PN other than surgery, which is often difficult due to the extensive growth and invasion of surrounding tissues. Mammalian Target of Rapamcyin (mTOR) acts as a master switch of cellular catabolism and anabolism and controls protein translation, angiogenesis, cell motility, and proliferation. The NF1 tumor suppressor, neurofibromin, regulates the mTOR pathway activity. Sirolimus is a macrolide antibiotic that inhibits mTOR activity.

Procedure

We conducted a 2‐stratum phase II clinical trial. In stratum 2, we sought to determine whether the mTOR inhibitor sirolimus in subjects with NF1 results in objective radiographic responses in inoperable PNs in the absence of documented radiographic progression at trial entry.

Results

No subjects had better than stable disease by the end of six courses. However, the children's self‐report responses on health‐related quality of life questionnaires indicated a significant improvement in the mean scores of the Emotional and School domains from baseline to 6 months of sirolimus.

Conclusions

This study efficiently documented that sirolimus does not cause shrinkage of non‐progressive PNs, and thus should not be considered as a treatment option for these tumors. This study also supports the inclusion of patient‐reported outcome measures in clinical trials to assess areas of benefit that are not addressed by the medical outcomes. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:982–986. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Changing patterns of use of osteoporosis medications in the years after launch: implications for comparative effectiveness research
Authors: Reams B. Diane , O'Malley Cynthia D. , Critchlow Cathy W. , Lauffenburger Julie C. , Brookhart M. Alan
Published: November 2013

Purpose

Newly marketed medications may be used selectively in patients with more severe disease. Changes in patterns of use following a drug's introduction to the market can greatly influence results from non‐experimental comparative effectiveness research. We sought to explore this issue by characterizing trends in oral and injectable prescription drug claims for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

Methods

We examined a post‐menopausal population of women age 55 years and older in the Truven Health Analytics MarketScan® Databases. We used propensity score (PS) methods to describe how predictors of new users of oral and injectable osteoporosis medications change over time.

Results

We found that injectable osteoporosis medications tended to be used more selectively in the higher risk patients shortly after launch. Over time, they appeared to be used increasingly in lower risk patients.

Conclusion

If disease severity is incompletely captured in the data, comparative effectiveness of novel osteoporosis medications may be difficult to accurately estimate, particularly when medications are new to market. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inter-Team Coordination Patterns and Outcomes in Multi-Team Projects
Authors: Dietrich Perttu , Kujala Jaakko , Artto Karlos
Published: November 2013

We examine what kinds of patterns of mechanisms can be applied in the coordination of several inter-related project teams. We identify three distinct coordination schemes; namely: centralized coordination, decentralized coordination, and balanced coordination. In addition, we compare individuals' perceptions on communication, coordination effectiveness, project efficiency, learning, task analyzability, and task uncertainty between the three identified coordination schemes. The results of our study extend to both theoretical and practical understanding of coordination in multi-team projects and its relation to communication, coordination effectiveness, project performance, and learning.
Proteome of the anterior segment structure in relation to glaucoma
Authors: Bouhenni Rachida A. , Edward Deepak P.
Published: November 2013

Glaucoma is a heterogeneous group of diseases that is characterized by structural changes in the optic nerve head, which can lead to blindness. Although the endpoint pathology in glaucoma is damage to the retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve, glaucoma also involves tissues in the anterior segment. The pathogenesis of glaucoma has been widely studied; however, the mechanisms causing it are not completely understood. Proteomic approaches have provided new insights into the pathogenesis of glaucoma. These technologies have helped to identify changes in the extracellular matrix and alterations in cytoskeletal proteins of the trabecular meshwork, in addition to the role of autoimmunity and oxidative damage. In this review, we describe the proteomic approaches that have been used to study protein alterations in the anterior segment as related to glaucoma in addition to some of the mechanisms that these technologies have helped to elucidate.
Murine norovirus protein NS1/2 aspartate to glutamate mutation, sufficient for persistence, reorients side chain of surface exposed tryptophan within a novel structured domain
Authors: Borin Brendan N. , Tang Wei , Nice Timothy J. , McCune Broc T. , Virgin Herbert W. , Krezel Andrzej M.
Published: November 2013

Compact viral genomes such as those found in noroviruses, which cause significant enteric disease in humans, often encode only a few proteins, but affect a wide range of processes in their hosts and ensure efficient propagation of the virus. Both human and mouse noroviruses (MNVs) persistently replicate and are shed in stool, a highly effective strategy for spreading between hosts. For MNV, the presence of a glutamate rather than an aspartate at position 94 of the NS1/2 protein was previously shown to be essential for persistent replication and shedding. Here, we analyze these critical sequences of NS1/2 at the structural level. Using solution nuclear magnetic resonance methods, we determined folded NS1/2 domain structures from a nonpersistent murine norovirus strain CW3, a persistent strain CR6, and a persistent mutant strain CW3D94E. We found an unstructured PEST‐like domain followed by a novel folded domain in the N‐terminus of NS1/2. All three forms of the domain are stable and monomeric in solution. Residue 94, critical for determining persistence, is located in a reverse turn following an α‐helix in the folded domain. The longer side chain of glutamate, but not aspartate, allows interaction with the indole group of the nearby tryptophan, reshaping the surface of the domain. The discrimination between glutamyl and aspartyl residue is imposed by the stable tertiary conformation. These structural requirements correlate with the in vivo function of NS1/2 in persistence, a key element of norovirus biology and infection. Proteins 2014; 82:1200–1209. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CHART: patient data‐analysis software for GP practices
Authors: Robinson John , Heyes Barbara
Published: November 2013

CHART is a patient data‐analysis program produced by PRIMIS. Here, the authors explain what it does and how it works, and provide examples of its usage in everyday practice.
Fluenz: flu vaccination for children aged two and three
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Thors Valtyr , Finn Adam
Published: November 2013

Steve Chaplin, Dr Valtyr Thors and Professor Adam Finn provide an overview of the properties of the flu vaccine, now to be offered routinely to children aged two and three.
Rewards of scientific research – a guide to patent protection
Authors: Schmid Michael
Published: November 2013

In today's globalized world of free market competition, research and development play a crucial role in adding value to a company or research institution. While for many scientific research institutions financial assets are not their primary focus, public research funding is becoming a major issue due to the tight financial situation of many countries. Since patents are marketable assets or economic goods, they can have a significant market value. Thus, patenting innovations and profiting from the patents may be a practical way to recoup development costs dedicated to research. Since in the area of nanotechnology, a large and increasing market is developing [3], an overview on patent protection in that technological area is provided. Various strategies are elucidated and discussed which help to safeguard nanotechnology innovations. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Report on the Special Miniworkshop “nano&Management”
Authors: Roth Siegmar , Schmid Michael , Skákalová Viera , Duesberg Georg S. , Kolaric Ivica , Carroll David
Published: November 2013

This is a short report on a special workshop on matters “around” science, held during the Kirchberg Winterschool 2013 on Electronic Properties of Novel Materials. The topics discussed are patents, experiences of small start‐up companies, funding and patenting strategies of large research institutes (like CRANN in Ireland and Fraunhofer Society in Germany) and success stories of cooperation between American university institutes and industrial partners (from invention over demonstrator, prototype, and pilot plant to production lines). (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Formation energy of intrinsic point defects in nanometer‐thick Si and Ge foils and implications for Ge crystal growth from a melt
Authors: Kamiyama Eiji , Sueoka Koji , Vanhellemont Jan
Published: November 2013

Formation energies of vacancies and self‐interstitials in nanometer‐thick Si and Ge foils are calculated by means of Density Functional Theory applying thin film models. Plate models consisting of six to sixteen atomic layers with c(4×2) dimer structures on both surfaces with a vacuum slab are used. The formation energies Ef of the intrinsic point defects of Si and Ge in the middle of the foil and obtained from the twelve layer models, are in good agreement with reported values for bulk material. In all cases, Ef in the middle of the foil decreases with decreasing foil thickness. Using the same twelve or more layers thin plate models for Si and Ge thus also allows comparing the formation energies of intrinsic point defects in the bulk. The thermal equilibrium concentration of Ge self‐interstitials near melt temperature is more than one order of magnitude lower than that of Si self‐interstitials while the vacancy concentrations are of same order of magnitude. Contrary to Si, the diffusivity of Ge self‐interstitials can therefore not recover the unbalance of the thermal equilibrium concentrations during crystal growth, even if the growth rate is reduced to very low values. This is the reason why Ge crystals grown from a melt are always vacancy‐rich which results in void formation in‐dependent of the crystal growth conditions. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Gate‐engineering‐based approach to improve the nanoscale DG MOSFET behavior against interfacial trap effects
Authors: Bentrcia Toufik , Djeffal Fayçal , Arar Djemai , Dibi Zouhir
Published: November 2013

In this paper, we propose a numerical investigation based framework for the analysis of a new MOSFET device, which is motivated by gate engineering and junctionless channel paradigms. The device immunity against the hot carrier effect is evaluated by comparing the obtained relative degradation in the threshold voltage to its counterparts in the conventional and single junctionless double gate MOSFETs. It is found that our proposed design can efficiently deal with the hot carrier and short channel effects. As a result, the gate‐engineering‐based design for junctionless channel structures appears to be of potential importance in the development of nanoscale devices dedicated to digital circuit applications. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Role of the early stages of Ni‐Si interaction on the formation of transrotational Ni‐silicides
Authors: Alberti Alessandra , Bongiorno Corrado , Spinella Corrado , Magna Antonino La
Published: November 2013

Here we provide an overview on the crucial role played by the early stages of Ni‐Si interaction on the reaction process and on the scalability of the reaction products. During the early stages, a precursor layer (a Ni‐Si mixed layer) is formed at the deposition stage, whose properties can be tuned in a proper and convenient way. With this method, transrotational Ni‐silicide layers can be formed on [001] silicon substrate in a wide range of conditions. A transrotational structure represents an alternative order status possible for thin films allowing them to release the strain accumulated in the attempt to realise a hetero‐epitaxial couplings with the substrate. Transrotational layers offer wide reaction and structural stability windows as well as a good electrical behaviour. Their scalability down to 14 nm was tested, and it was verified that the layer performances are even preserved if compared to reference poly‐thick layers (e. g. uniformity, structural stability, layer conductivity, low contact resistance). (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
New junctionless RADFET dosimeter design for low‐cost radiation monitoring applications
Authors: Arar Djemai , Djeffal Fayçal , Bentrcia Toufik , Chahdi Mohamed
Published: November 2013

This paper is devoted to the presentation of a quantitative analysis of the Junctionless Gate All Around RADFET (JL GAA RADFET) dosimeter, where the numerical simulation has been carried out using the Atlas 3‐D simulator. The impact of the total dose, alternative gate materials and the channel doping on the threshold voltage of the JL GAA RADFET is addressed. The obtained results have indicated a significant improvement in the subthreshold parameters when compared to the conventional GAA RADFET dosimeter. Therefore, the implementation of junctionless‐based sensors in the near future can provide more accurate results with low costs, in addition to alleviating many difficulties in the measurement procedure. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Investigation of the tunneling properties and surface morphologies of BaSi2/Si tunnel junctions for BaSi2 solar cell applications
Authors: Du Weijie , Baba Masakazu , Takabe Ryota , Zhang Ning , Toko Kaoru , Usami Noritaka , Suemasu Takashi
Published: November 2013

Three different tunnel junctions (p+‐BaSi2/p+‐Si, n+‐BaSi2/p+‐Si and n+‐BaSi2/n+‐Si) have been fabricated for the formation of BaSi2 solar cells on Si substrates. Investigation of the tunneling properties and surface morphologies of these tunnel junctions has been done to find out which one is the best. From the current‐voltage characteristics, p+‐BaSi2/p+‐Si tunnel junction showed the greatest current of the three. The surface morphologies revealed that the p+‐BaSi2/p+‐Si tunnel junction has a very smooth surface compared with the other tunnel junctions. Tunnel junction with a smooth surface is a requirement for growing BaSi2 overlayers for BaSi2 solar cells. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Near‐infrared photoluminescence from the eutectic mixture of β‐FeSi2 and Si
Authors: Hara Yoshiaki , Sato Keisuke , Nakaoka Kanichiro
Published: November 2013

We have focused on the near‐infrared photoluminescence (PL) of eutectic mixture of β‐FeSi2 and Si which is able to obtain from eutectic reaction of α‐FeSi2ingot. Temperature dependence of PL were investigated and the PL from the eutectic mixture of β‐FeSi2 and Si are attributed intrinsic PL of β‐FeSi2 and defect related emissions from the interface between β‐FeSi2 and segregated Si. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dictionary‐learning‐based reconstruction method for electron tomography
Authors: Liu Baodong , Yu Hengyong , Verbridge Scott S. , Sun Lizhi , Wang Ge
Published: November 2013

Electron tomography usually suffers from so‐called “missing wedge” artifacts caused by limited tilt angle range. An equally sloped tomography (EST) acquisition scheme (which should be called the linogram sampling scheme) was recently applied to achieve 2.4‐angstrom resolution. On the other hand, a compressive sensing inspired reconstruction algorithm, known as adaptive dictionary based statistical iterative reconstruction (ADSIR), has been reported for X‐ray computed tomography. In this paper, we evaluate the EST, ADSIR, and an ordered‐subset simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (OS‐SART), and compare the ES and equally angled (EA) data acquisition modes. Our results show that OS‐SART is comparable to EST, and the ADSIR outperforms EST and OS‐SART. Furthermore, the equally sloped projection data acquisition mode has no advantage over the conventional equally angled mode in this context. SCANNING 36:377–383, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bayesian parameter inference for dynamic infectious disease modelling: rotavirus in Germany
Authors: Weidemann Felix , Dehnert Manuel , Koch Judith , Wichmann Ole , Höhle Michael
Published: November 2013

Understanding infectious disease dynamics using epidemic models based on ordinary differential equations requires the calibration of model parameters from data. A commonly used approach in practice to simplify this task is to fix many parameters on the basis of expert or literature information. However, this not only leaves the corresponding uncertainty unexamined but often also leads to biased inference for the remaining parameters because of dependence structures inherent in any given model. In the present work, we develop a Bayesian inference framework that lessens the reliance on such external parameter quantifications by pursuing a more data‐driven calibration approach. This includes a novel focus on residual autocorrelation combined with model averaging techniques in order to reduce these estimates’ dependence on the underlying model structure. We applied our methods to the modelling of age‐stratified weekly rotavirus incidence data in Germany from 2001 to 2008 using a complex susceptible–infectious–susceptible‐type model complemented by the stochastic reporting of new cases. As a result, we found the detection rate in the eastern federal states to be more than four times higher compared with that of the western federal states (19.0% vs 4.3%), and also the infectiousness of symptomatically infected individuals was estimated to be more than 10 times higher than that of asymptomatically infected individuals (95% credibility interval: 8.1–19.6). Not only do these findings give valuable epidemiological insight into the transmission processes, we were also able to examine the considerable impact on the model‐predicted transmission dynamics when fixing parameters beforehand. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An integrated implementation framework for compile‐time metaprogramming
Authors: Lilis Yannis , Savidis Anthony
Published: November 2013

Compile‐time metaprograms are programs executed during the compilation of a source file, usually targeting to update its source code. Even though metaprograms are essentially programs, they are typically treated as exceptional cases without sharing common practices and development tools. Toward this direction, we identify a set of primary requirements related to language implementation, metaprogramming features, software engineering support, and programming environments and elaborate on addressing these requirements in the implementation of a metaprogramming language. In particular, we introduce the notion of integrated compile‐time metaprograms, as coherent programs assembled from specific metacode fragments present in the source code. We show the expressiveness of this programming model and illustrate its advantages through various metaprogram scenarios. Additionally, we present an integrated tool chain, supporting full‐scale build features and compile‐time metaprogram debugging. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solution of the first biharmonic problem by the Trefftz method
Authors: Jaworski Andrzej
Published: November 2013

The algorithm for the solution of the first biharmonic problem by the Trefftz method is presented. The solution is purely mathematical and follows Mikhlin [29] approach to the solution of the harmonic problem. As such it fills in the gap in the approximate methods of Mathematical Physics. Validity of the algorithm is demonstrated on two examples. The boundary values of the sought function and its normal derivative must be given explicitly to achieve correct results by the algorithm. For that reason, the presented algorithm is, however, not adequate for the plane problems of the theory of elasticity or for plates with free or simply supported edges.
Effective boundary condition for a quasi‐Newtonian viscous fluid at a slightly rough boundary starting from a Navier condition
Authors: Suárez‐Grau F.J.
Published: November 2013

We consider the quasi‐Newtonian flow in a domain with a periodic rough bottom Γϵ of period of order the small parameter ϵ and amplitude δϵ, such that δϵ << ϵ. The flow is described by the 3D incompressible non‐Newtonian Navier‐Stokes system where the viscosity is given by the non linear power law which is widely used for dilatant fluids (shear thickening). Assuming that the fluid satisfies the Navier slip condition on Γϵ and letting ϵ → 0, we obtain three different macroscopic models depending on the magnitude of δϵ with respect to ϵ2p‐1/p, with p > 2. In the case δϵ>> ϵ2p‐1/p the effective boundary condition in the limit ϵ = 0 is the no‐slip condition, while if δϵ<< ϵ2p‐1/p there is no roughness‐induced effect. In the critical case when δϵ ∼ ϵ2p‐1/p we provide a more accurate effective boundary condition of Navier type. Finally, we also obtain corrector result for the pressure and velocity in every cases.
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Monitoring during Thoracoscopic Esophagectomy
Authors: Ikeda Yoshifumi , Inoue Taisuke , Ogawa Estushi , Horikawa Masahiro , Inaba Tsuyoshi , Fukushima Ryoji
Published: November 2013

Introduction

There have been several reports on the feasibility and curability of thoracoscopic esophagectomy, which may reduce injury to the thoracic cage and decrease the invasiveness of surgery. Although the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) is identified and kept intact during operations, RLN palsy sometimes occurs. Currently, surgical aides, including intraoperative neurological monitoring, are being utilized to avoid RLN injury during thyroid surgery. This system is utilized during thoracoscopic esophagectomy in the prone position.

Patients and methods

Seven consecutive patients (six men, one woman; age range 62–74 years; mean 68 years) were included. Patients underwent general anesthesia and were intubated using the NIM TriVantage™ electromyography (EMG) tube. One‐lung ventilation was performed with an endobronchial blocker. Thoracoscopic esophagectomy was performed in the prone position. The nerve stimulator was calibrated to 0.5 mA, and after the RLN was visually identified it was subsequently stimulated, which also confirmed normal machine functioning. In some situations, in the absence of a response, stimuli were increased to 1.0 mA and then 2.0 mA.

Results

Intraoperatively, all seven patients had their nerve signals monitored. In one case, a nerve signal disappeared after complete lymph node dissection along the left RLN. This system could identify the site of injury, and the thoracoscopic magnified view allowed the disrupted point to be located precisely. When we checked VTR after surgery, the source of injury was one point tension of the nerve pulled by fiber during lymph node dissection.

Conclusions

Intraoperative RLN monitoring during thoracoscopic esophagectomy in the prone position, with one‐lung ventilation performed using the TriVantage™ EMG tube and a bronchial blocker, is technically feasible, easy, and reliable.
Feasibility of newborn screening for guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency
Authors: Pasquali Marzia , Schwarz Elisabeth , Jensen Maren , Yuzyuk Tatiana , DeBiase Irene , Randall Harper , Longo Nicola
Published: November 2013

Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency causes brain creatine deficiency characterized by developmental delays, speech delay, seizures and autism‐like behavior. Identification and therapy at birth because of a positive family history has prevented intellectual disability and seizures in all cases reported. The objective of this study was to develop a method to identify patients with GAMT deficiency from newborn screening blood spots. Creatine and guanidinoacetate were extracted from 10,000 deidentified blood spots using the same protocol routinely used for newborn screening and quantified by stable isotope dilution using deuterated creatine and guanidinoacetate as internal standards. Residual dried blood spots from three infants with GAMT deficiency were used to evaluate the sensitivity of the method. A second tier test using UPLC‐MS/MS was performed to analyze samples with a concentration of guanidinoacetate >2.44 μmol/L (99.5th centile of the normal population). Fifty four blood spots required second tier testing in addition to seven blood spots from three patients with GAMT deficiency retrospectively analyzed. With second tier testing, only the samples from GAMT deficiency patients had elevated concentration of guanidinoacetate. Our results show that GAMT deficiency can be identified in newborns using routine extraction methods. The cost of this additional screening is minimal, as it does not require additional instrumentation, procedure, or sample collection. The use of a second tier test can reduce the false positive rate to a minimum. Summary Brain creatine deficiency syndromes cause mental retardation that can be prevented if therapy is initiated early in life. This manuscript reports that infants with GAMT deficiency (one of the brain creatine deficiency syndromes) can be identified from elevated guanidinoacetate in newborn blood spots with virtually absent false‐positive results using a second tier test.
Multicentric Giant Cell Tumor of the Fourth and Fifth Metacarpals with Lung Metastases
Authors: Naam Nash H. , Jones Steven L. , Floyd Justin , Memisoglu Esat I.
Published: November 2013

Giant cell tumors of bone (GCTB) are generally benign neoplasms, but recently, some authors consider them to be low-grade malignant neoplasms because they have a relatively high rate of recurrence and at least some potential for metastases. The majority of GCTB are unifocal, and less than 1 % are multicentric. We report a rare case of a multicentric GCTB arising simultaneously in the non-dominant fourth and fifth metacarpals of a 25-year-old female. The patient underwent ray amputation of the two involved digits, and the surgical margins were histologically negative for tumor. The tumor had the classic histologic appearance of a benign GCTB. A year after the amputation, the patient developed pulmonary metastasis which was treated with pulmonary lobe resection. She is currently over 2.5 years ***post-surgical treatment of the primary lesion with no evidence of local recurrence or distant metastasis.
Young Politicians: Different Politics?
Authors: Marques Duarte
Published: November 2013

This article aims to look at the role of young political representatives on the European political scene, frequently referring back to the author's personal experience. It also deals with the main priorities of European youth: intergenerational solidarity and the fight against unemployment. It endeavours to examine the differences in the approaches employed by the political actors of the current generation, on the one hand, and those of older generations, on the other. To do this, it looks at examples related to the ideological links and approaches shared by young political actors from various European countries as a result of the more intensified and frequent contact between them. From this analysis we can establish why the European social model needs to be redefined and why an adjustment is imperative in the face of the new demographic reality. It is a reality that many European countries have failed to anticipate. Their ignorance and recourse to credit have called into question their own sustain-ability and the future of the next generation.
Belarusian youth: Europeanisation on the agenda
Authors: Stuzhinskaya Olga
Published: November 2013

In this article, the author presents the choices young Belarusians have to make today, after nearly 20 years of living under an authoritarian government. Some have known no other form of state system. The economic crisis of 2011 has forced many young professionals to seek employment abroad. Belarus is facing the great threat of brain drain, though remittances from abroad are helping to keep the weak Belarusian economy afloat. Despite all the inherent difficulties, Belarusians favour European values rather than a closer alliance with their eastern neighbour, Russia. The EU can help the younger generation in Belarus to Européanise their country by engaging more and being present in the country, supporting reforms in education, assisting civil society and political parties alike, and facilitating greater mobility.
Linear stability analysis of channel flow of viscoelastic Oldroyd-B and FENE-P fluids
Authors: Zhang Mengqi , Lashgari Iman , Zaki Tamer A. , Brandt Luca
Published: November 2013

We study the modal and non-modal linear instability of inertia-dominated channel flow of viscoelastic fluids modelled by the Oldroyd-B and FENE-P closures. The effects of polymer viscosity and relaxation time are considered for both fluids, with the additional parameter of the maximum possible extension for the FENE-P. We find that the parameter explaining the effect of the polymer on the instability is the ratio between the polymer relaxation time and the characteristic instability time scale (the frequency of a modal wave and the time over which the disturbance grows in the non-modal case). Destabilization of both modal and non-modal instability is observed when the polymer relaxation time is shorter than the instability time scale, whereas the flow is more stable in the opposite case. Analysis of the kinetic energy budget reveals that in both regimes the production of perturbation kinetic energy due to the work of the Reynolds stress against the mean shear is responsible for the observed effects where polymers act to alter the correlation between the streamwise and wall-normal velocity fluctuations. In the subcritical regime, the non-modal amplification of streamwise elongated structures is still the most dangerous disturbance-growth mechanism in the flow and this is slightly enhanced by the presence of polymers. However, viscoelastic effects are found to have a stabilizing effect on the amplification of oblique modes.
A linearized model of water exit
Authors: Korobkin Alexander A.
Published: November 2013

A model of hydrodynamic loads acting on a rigid floating body during the lifting of the body from the liquid surface is presented. The liquid is of infinite depth, inviscid and incompressible. Initially the liquid is at rest. The body suddenly starts to move upwards from the liquid at a constant acceleration. Boundary conditions on the liquid surface are linearized and imposed on the equilibrium position of the liquid surface. The resulting boundary problem is solved by the methods of analytical functions. Negative pressures are allowed and the pressure is assumed continuous at the periphery of the wetted area. The unknown size of the wetted area is determined by the condition that the speed of the contact points is proportional to the local velocity of the flow. This condition provides a nonlinear Abel-type integral equation which is solved explicitly. Both two-dimensional and axisymmetric configurations are considered. Predicted hydrodynamic forces are compared with the computational fluid dynamics results by Piro & Maki (11th International Conference on Fast Sea Transport. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 2011) for both a rigid wedge and circular cylinder, which initially enter the water and then exit from it.
Solitary Langmuir waves in two-electron temperature plasma
Authors: Prudkikh V. V.
Published: November 2013

Nonlinear interaction of Langmuir and ion-acoustic waves in two-electron temperature plasma is investigated. New integrable wave interaction regime was discovered, this regime corresponds to the Langmuir soliton with three-hump amplitude, propagating with a speed close to the ion–sound speed in the conditions of strong non-isothermality of electronic components. It was discovered that besides the known analytical solution in the form of one- and two-hump waves, there exists a range of solutions in the form of solitary waves, which in the form of envelope has multi-peak structure and differs from the standard profiles described by hyperbolic functions. In case of fixed plasma parameters, different group velocities correspond to the waves with different number of peaks. It is found that the Langmuir wave package contains both even and uneven numbers of oscillations. Low-frequency potential here has uneven number of peaks. Interrelation of obtained and known earlier results are also discussed.
Association between body mass index and mental health among Scottish adult population: a cross-sectional study of 37272 participants
Authors: Ul-Haq Z. , Mackay D. F. , Fenwick E. , Pell J. P.
Published: November 2013

Background

The evidence is conflicting as to whether body mass index (BMI) is associated with mental health and, if so, to what extent it varies by sex and age. We studied mental health across the full spectrum of BMI among the general population, and conducted subgroup analyses by sex and age.

Method

We undertook a cross-sectional study of a representative sample of the Scottish adult population. The Scottish Health Survey provided data on mental health, measured by the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ), BMI, demographic and life-style information. Good mental health was defined as a GHQ score <4, and poor mental health as a GHQ score ⩾4. Logistic regression models were applied.

Results

Of the 37 272 participants, 5739 (15.4%) had poor mental health. Overall, overweight participants had better mental health than the normal-weight group [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.87–0.99, p = 0.049], and individuals who were underweight, class II or class III obese had poorer mental health (class III obese group: adjusted OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.05–1.51, p = 0.013). There were significant interactions of BMI with sex (p = 0.013) and with age (p < 0.001). Being overweight was associated with significantly better mental health in middle-aged men only. In contrast, being underweight at all ages or obese at a young age was associated with significantly poorer mental health in women only.

Conclusions

The adverse associations between adiposity and mental health are specific to women. Underweight women and young women who are obese have poorer mental health. In contrast, middle-aged overweight men have better mental health.
On argumentation in Old English philology, with particular reference to the editing and dating of Beowulf
Authors: Fulk R.D.
Published: November 2013

If poststructuralist literary and cultural theory does not pervade Anglo-Saxon
literary studies as thoroughly as it does scholarship in later periods, as it has
sometimes been said, to a considerable extent the cause is surely the field's
dependence on philology. Some see this as cause for regret. It may be, however,
that philology is the field's greatest asset. Given the high value that recent literary
studies accord textual alterity, Old English texts are of unparalleled worth in
the English canon, since they are culturally the most removed. Philology is the
set of protocols designed to mediate the cultural difference, making the language
accessible and putting texts into a form that modern readers can comprehend.
In making Old English studies resistant to the homogenization of critical
methods apparent in later periods, philology perhaps represents the respect in
which this field has most to offer literary studies at large, embodying a methodology
for dealing with texts of a high degree of alterity.
Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 57: a witness to the early stages of the Benedictine reform in England?
Authors: Gretsch Mechthild
Published: November 2013

Manuscripts can be studied, first, and most obviously, as objects of material
culture. Such study may provide valuable information concerning the parchment,
the arrangement of quires, the type of script, the letter forms, the decoration,
and so on. Manuscripts can also be studied as witnesses to the
intellectual preoccupations of the scholars who compiled and copied them:
such preoccupations are most apparent in the selection and glossing of the
texts which manuscripts from various periods transmit. There is yet a third
class of information to be gleaned, from some manuscripts at least, by a combined
study of both their physical appearance and of the texts they contain:
this information pertains to the time when, the place where, and the reasons
why a collection of texts (which is preserved only in a later book) was first put
together. Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 57 is a manuscript which invites
such an approach. The book, its physical appearance (including its numerous
later additions), the texts it presents, and the way it was used in late Anglo-Saxon
England have been thoroughly and competently studied, and such studies
are invaluable for what I shall attempt to do here: to uncover the ambience
in which the ultimate exemplar of Corpus 57 was compiled and used, and to
uncover the reason why this exemplar was copied into Corpus 57 and why it
was copied in the fashion in which it appears there.
A late Saxon inscribed pendant from Norfolk
Authors: Okasha Elisabeth , Youngs Susan
Published: November 2013

The inscribed lead piece illustrated in pl. V was an isolated metal-detector find
from near Weasenham All Saints, a village in north Norfolk (NGR: TF 848221;
Sites and Monuments no. 34651). It was brought to our attention in April 1998
by staff at the Castle Museum, Norwich, and obligingly left by the owner in the
British Museum for a considerable time to facilitate its study. It was subsequently
acquired by the Castle Museum (acquisition number NWHCM:
2000.3) where Alan West, Curator, arranged for investigation by radiography.
All this reflects the considerable difficulties in reading the lettering and interpreting
the ornament on this small piece.
Deterrence and the Just Distribution of Harm
Authors: Farrell Daniel M.
Published: November 2013

It is extraordinary, when one thinks about it, how little attention has been paid by theorists of the nature and justification of punishment to the idea that punishment is essentially a matter of self-defense. H. L. A. Hart, for example, in his famous “Prolegomenon to the Principles of Punishment,” is clearly committed to the view that, at bottom, there are just three directions in which a plausible theory of punishment can go: we can try to justify punishment on purely consequentialist grounds, which for Hart, I think, would be to try to construct a purely utilitarian justification of punishment; we can try to justify punishment on purely retributive grounds; or we can try to justify punishment on grounds that are some sort of shrewd combination of consequentialist and retributive considerations. Entirely absent from Hart's discussion is any consideration of the possibility that punishment might be neither a matter of maximizing the good, nor of exacting retribution for a wrongful act, nor of some imaginative combination of these things, but, rather, of something altogether different from either of them: namely, the exercise of a fundamental right of self-protection. Similarly, but much more recently, R. A. Duff, despite the fact that he himself introduces and defends an extremely interesting fourth possibility, begins his discussion by writing as though, apart from his contribution, there are available to us essentially just the options previously sketched by Hart. Again, there is no mention here, any more than in Hart's or any number of other recent discussions, of the possibility that we might be able to justify the institution of punishment on grounds that are indeed forward-looking, to use Hart's famous term, but that are not at all consequentialist in any ordinary sense of the word.
Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery: a universally applicable surgical strategy
Authors: Karl Tom R. , Provenzano Sylvio C. J. , Nunn Graham R.
Published: November 2013

The most commonly reported coronary arterial malformation, in accounts of sudden deaths, is anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery. Anomalous coronary arteries may arise from the left, right, or non-coronary sinuses of Valsalva. Importantly, although the left coronary artery from the right sinus has the worst prognosis, sudden death has been reported in all variants of origin from the various sinuses of Valsalva. This paper describes a technique that addresses all of the problems relating to anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery from the wrong sinus of Valsalva. This technique includes the transection of the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk, coronary arterial enlargement with a pericardial patch, and lateral translocation of the pulmonary trunk to the left pulmonary artery. Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery from the wrong sinus of Valsalva is a potentially lethal cardiac anomaly that can be corrected in all cases using this simplified surgical technique that addresses the major anatomic and physiological problems.
Surgical management of congenital coronary arterial anomalies in adults
Authors: Said Sameh M. , Dearani Joseph A. , Burkhart Harold M. , Schaff Hartzell V.
Published: November 2013

Congenital anomalies of the coronary arteries are an uncommon, but important, cause of pain in the chest, myocardial ischaemia and even sudden cardiac death, especially in young individuals. This paper focuses on the surgical treatment of congenital anomalies of the coronary arteries in adults; indications for surgery and the different surgical options will be reviewed.
Fistulous communications with the coronary arteries in the setting of hypoplastic ventricles
Authors: Anderson Robert H. , Spicer Diane
Published: November 2013

Neonates born with hypoplastic left heart syndrome now have a remarkably improved prognosis compared with the situation existing before the development of the Norwood sequence of operative procedures. Some of those born with hypoplastic right ventricles in the setting of pulmonary atresia with an intact ventricular septum, however, still have a relatively poor prognosis. In part this reflects the presence of fistulous communication between the cavity of the right hypoplastic right ventricle and the coronary arterial tree. Such fistulous communications are now increasingly recognised as being important in the setting of hypoplastic left heart syndrome. In this brief review, we describe the anatomy of the communications. Those found with hypoplastic right ventricles are seen most frequently when the cavity of the ventricle effectively represents only the inlet, this in turn reflecting mural overgrowth of the apical trabecular and outlet components during foetal development. This almost certainly reflects an earlier appearance of the pulmonary valvar lesion that promotes the cavitary hypoplasia. In those with hypoplastic left ventricles, the key feature differentiating those with fistulous communications is the presence of a patent mitral valve, since the left ventricle is typically no more than a virtual slit in postero-inferior ventricular wall in the setting of mitral valvar atresia or absence of the left atrioventricular connection.
Letter from the Editor
Authors: Hisama Ellie M.
Published: November 2013

I am delighted to present the inaugural issue of the Journal of the Society for American Music. Launching SAM has been an exciting and labor-intensive undertaking to which many hands have contributed. We look forward to working with Cambridge University Press, which publishes an outstanding line of music journals. I am grateful to SAM's President Michael Broyles and Executive Director Mariana Whitmer for their helpful responses to my countless questions over the past months; Past President Carol J. Oja and Vice President Judith Tick for their inspired ideas about the journal's potential directions; the Editorial Board, Assistant Editor Benjamin Piekut, and Reviews Editors Ron Pen, Charles Hiroshi Garrett, and Daniel Goldmark for their excellent and invaluable work; our many contributors for their patience during the transition of editorial homes and publishers; and—not the least!—SAM's members for their continued vigorous support of our Society's journal. On behalf of SAM, I would also like to thank Columbia University's Department of Music for graciously housing the journal during the term of my editorship, and Kip Lornell, David Patterson, Howard Pollack, and Catherine Parsons Smith, the outgoing Editorial Advisory Board members for American Music, SAM's former journal.