bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brook Trout Movement during and after Recolonization of a Naturally Defaunated Stream Reach
Authors: Roghair Craig N. , Dolloff C. Andrew
Published: June 2005

In June 1995 a debris flow associated with a massive streamwide flood completely eliminated brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis from the lower 1.9 km of the Staunton River in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia. Biannual diver counts revealed that brook trout moved several hundred meters into the debris-flow-affected area each year, resulting in complete recolonization within 3 years of the event. We initiated a postrecolonization, biannual mark–recapture survey in 1997 and a radiotelemetry study in 1999 to further examine the movement of brook trout within the Staunton River. Fish that moved less than 100 m upstream or downstream made up 91% of brook trout recaptures; the maximum movement was over 800 m. Telemetered fish showed median seasonal movements of less than 70 m but a maximum movement of nearly 2 km. Despite the limitations inherent in movement studies, we observed postrecolonization movements consistent with those that were the basis for recolonization of the defaunated reach. Understanding the ability of movement to effect population changes is necessary for proper management in the wake of catastrophic events.
DNA-Level Variation of Sockeye Salmon in Southeast Alaska and the Nass and Skeena Rivers, British Columbia, with Applications to Stock Identification
Authors: Beacham Terry D. , Candy John R. , McIntosh Brenda , MacConnachie Cathy , Tabata Amy , Miller Kristina M. , Withler Ruth E.
Published: June 2005

The variation at 14 microsatellite loci and 1 major histocompatibility complex locus was surveyed in 12,000 sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka from 35 populations in the Skeena and Nass River drainages in British Columbia and 20 populations from Southeast Alaska. Genetic differentiation among populations was observed, with an overall FST of the microsatellite loci of 0.104. Evaluation of the utility of the microsatellite loci for stock identification applications indicated that the accuracy and precision of the estimated stock compositions generally increased as the number of observed alleles at the loci increased. Analysis of simulated mixtures of sockeye salmon from the Nass River, Skeena River, and Southeast Alaska indicated that DNA variation provides a practical way to estimate stock composition, yielding population and regional estimates within 1–3% of the actual values. The validity of the results from the simulated mixtures was evaluated with an analysis of a sample of known origin. Estimated stock compositions on a regional basis (derived from application of a 203-population baseline) were within 1% of the actual contributions, and for the Southeast Alaska component the individual population estimates were generally within 0.5% of the actual contributions. Analysis of fishery samples from a fishery near Tree Point in Southeast Alaska indicated that the major contributors to the fishery in 2001 were sockeye salmon of Nass River, Skeena River, and Southeast Alaska origin, with some components from the Stikine River. Analysis of fishery samples from a fishery near the entrance to Portland Inlet in northern British Columbia indicated that sockeye salmon of Nass River origin dominated the fishery in 2002. Thus, DNA variation provides an effective method for sockeye salmon stock identification.
Spatial and Temporal Use of a Spawning Site in the Middle Green River by Wild and Hatchery‐Reared Razorback Suckers
Authors: Modde Timothy , Bowen Zachary H. , Kitcheyan David C.
Published: June 2005

The population of endangered razorback suckers Xyrauchen texanus in the middle Green River (upper Colorado River basin) has declined during the last 40 years. The apparent cause for this decline is a lack of successful recruitment. This study used radiotelemetry to evaluate the ability of hatchery‐reared razorback suckers to locate spawning areas where wild fish congregate during the ascending hydrographic limb of the snowmelt runoff. Hatchery‐reared razorback suckers appeared to show similar reproductive behavior to wild fish. Both wild and hatchery‐reared fish were found near the middle Green River spawning area between 1 and 25 May 2000. Hatchery fish occupied the same areas on the spawning site as wild fish, and remained on the spawning site during both nocturnal and diurnal hours. Males were more abundant on the spawning area than females, but the few females captured tended to stage away from the primary spawning area. The results from this study suggest hatchery‐reared fish are capable of responding to natural cues that prompt spawning aggregations and are successful in locating existing spawning aggregations of wild fish. Given attention to stocking criteria, including genetic diversity and the size and time of stocking, the challenges of recovering razorback suckers will center on those factors that led to the population declines, particularly the survival of early life stages in off‐channel habitats.
Distribution of Gulf of Mexico Sturgeon in Relation to Benthic Invertebrate Prey Resources and Environmental Parameters in the Suwannee River Estuary, Florida
Authors: Harris Julianne E. , Parkyn Daryl C. , Murie Debra J.
Published: June 2005

The distribution of threatened Gulf of Mexico sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi (hereafter referred to as Gulf sturgeon) in the Suwannee River estuary, Florida, was examined relative to the distribution of benthic invertebrate prey and environmental variables (salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and sediment type) to determine potential foraging areas within the estuary. Eighteen Gulf sturgeon (1,279–2,010 mm total length, 15.25–53.25 kg) were netted at the mouth of the Suwannee River during their spring upriver migration in 2001 and surgically implanted with ultrasonic tags. These sturgeon were subsequently tracked as they migrated seaward out of the Suwannee River and into the estuary in fall 2001 and as they returned to the estuary in spring 2002 to migrate upriver again. Invertebrates and sediment type were identified in diver‐collected cores from the Suwannee River estuary during spring 2002. Thirteen of the 18 tagged Gulf sturgeon were relocated in the Suwannee River estuary. Eight were located from early November through mid‐December 2001 (fall seaward migration), and 10 were located from mid‐March through mid‐April 2002 (spring upriver migration). Gulf sturgeon during fall 2001 and spring 2002 were associated with areas composed mostly of sand that contained high abundances of known benthic prey, primarily the brachiopod Glottidia pyramidata and, secondarily, amphipods Ampelisca spp. and brittle stars (Amphiuridae and Ophiactidae). Canonical correspondence analysis and examination of temperature and salinity at relocation positions of Gulf sturgeon during the fall 2001 and spring 2002 suggest differential use of the Suwannee River estuary during the two seasons. Compared with fall, sturgeon in the spring were found closer inshore, where the water was less saline and warmer, and they were concentrated in areas with greater abundance of their primary prey, brachiopods. Specific areas within the Suwannee River estuary therefore appear to be potential spring foraging habitats for threatened Gulf sturgeon.
Diet Selectivity of Introduced Flathead Catfish in Coastal Rivers
Authors: Pine William E. , Kwak Thomas J. , Waters D. Scott , Rice James A.
Published: June 2005

In two coastal North Carolina rivers (Contentnea Creek and the Northeast Cape Fear River), we found the food habits of introduced flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris to be primarily piscivorous, which could restructure or suppress native fish communities through direct predation. Fish or crayfish contributed more than 50% of the stomach contents by percent occurrence, percent by number, and percent by weight in both rivers during each of 2 years. Significant differences in diet composition (percent by number) were found between rivers and between years in the Northeast Cape Fear River but not between years within Contentnea Creek. Chesson's selectivity index values and trends in relative abundances of fish availability relative to those occurring in the diet suggest that flathead catfish feeding is generally random, indicating that these introduced flathead catfish do not selectively feed on prey species with which they did not coevolve. Our research represents the first assessment of prey selectivity by an introduced ictalurid population and provides evidence of the potential impact on native fish communities through their piscivorous food habits.
Salinity Tolerance of Flathead Catfish: Implications for Dispersal of Introduced Populations
Authors: Bringolf Robert B. , Kwak Thomas J. , Cope W. Gregory , Larimore Michael S.
Published: June 2005

The flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris is a large predatory fish that has been introduced widely beyond its indigenous range to the detriment of many native fish communities. It disperses rapidly within and among river systems, but its potential to use saltwater or brackish waters for migration and exploitation of marine prey resources is unknown. We evaluated the salinity tolerance of juvenile flathead catfish exposed to NaCl and synthetic seawater (0–34‰) in direct‐transfer acute toxicity tests. The 96‐h median lethal concentration (LC50) for fish exposed to NaCl at 18°C was a salinity of 10.0‰ with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 9.0–11.1‰, whereas the 96‐h LC50 for fish in synthetic seawater (Instant Ocean) at 18°C was 14.5‰ (95% CI, 13.7–15.5‰). To determine whether fish could survive the transition from freshwater to brackish water and then back to freshwater, fish were transferred from freshwater at 18°C to water with a salinity of 8, 11, or 14‰ for 24 h and then returned to freshwater for 48 h. Fish exposed to synthetic seawater with a salinity of 8 or 11‰ for 24 h had more than 95% survival for 48 h after transfer to freshwater; however, no fish transferred directly to synthetic seawater with a salinity of 14‰ survived the 24‐h exposure period. Additional acclimation tests with fish that were exposed to synthetic seawater in which salinity was increased daily by 4‰ yielded an LC50 of 15.8‰. Our results provide evidence that flathead catfish could tolerate exposure to many brackish waters along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the United States and that the dispersal of introduced flathead catfish populations among rivers may not be limited by estuarine salinities.
Study of the kinetics of step and flash imprint lithography photopolymerization
Authors: Dickey Michael D. , Burns Ryan L. , Kim E. K. , Johnson Steve C. , Stacey Nick A. , Willson C. Grant
Published: June 2005

Step and Flash Imprint Lithography (SFIL) is a promising high‐resolution, yet low‐cost patterning technique that uses a UV induced photopolymerization to replicate features on a patterned template. The SFIL process utilizes an acrylate‐based free radical polymerization, which is inhibited by oxygen. A semiempirical kinetic model is presented that demonstrates the effects of oxygen on SFIL. On the basis of kinetic measurements, dissolved oxygen causes an inhibition period at the onset of exposure that extends the required exposure time. Oxygen inhibition also results in a thin perimeter of under‐cured material surrounding the template due to oxygen diffusion from the ambient during polymerization. The model allows us to study the impact of oxygen on SFIL as a function of various formulation and exposure variables. Methods of limiting the impact of oxygen are presented, such as alternative chemistries and inerting techniques. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Mass Spectrometric and Quantum‐Chemical Study on the Structure, Stability, and Chirality of Protonated Serine Dimers
Authors: Pollreisz Ferenc , Gömöry Ágnes , Schlosser Gitta , Vékey Károly , Solt Iván , Császár Attila G.
Published: June 2005

Stability and structure of homo‐ and heterochiral protonated serine (Ser) dimers were investigated by a combination of mass spectrometry and ab initio quantum chemical calculations. This established that the energy difference between the most stable homo‐ and heterochiral forms is very small: tandem mass spectrometry with Cooks' kinetic method yielded a negligible difference in Gibbs free energy (0.2±0.2 kJ mol−1). The various isomeric forms of (Ser)2H+ and their energetics were determined by extensive electronic‐structure calculations, which yielded homo‐ and heterochiral forms of the isomers with distinctly different relative energies. The most stable homochiral isomer is stabilized by two hydrogen bonds and is far more stable than any other homochiral isomer. The most stable heterochiral isomer has completely different features, and it is characterized by a salt‐bridge structure. This clearly shows that salt‐bridge structures do exist in the gas phase even in comparatively small molecules and in the absence of particularly basic or acidic functional groups.
Outcome of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia after second salvage therapy
Authors: Giles Francis , O'Brien Susan , Cortes Jorge , Verstovsek Srdan , Bueso‐Ramos Carlos , Shan Jianqin , Pierce Sherry , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Keating Michael , Kantarjian Hagop
Published: June 2005

BACKGROUND

Although the prognosis is poor for patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) who have disease recurrence after frontline therapy, this is a general reflection of first salvage therapies. The outcome of patients undergoing second salvage therapy in relation to complete response (CR) rates and survival has not been documented. The authors analyzed the outcome of patients with AML undergoing second salvage therapy, and identified prognostic factors associated with response and survival.

METHODS

The records of 594 patients with AML undergoing second salvage therapy from 1980 until 2004 were reviewed. The patient median age was 50 years. Salvage therapy included allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) in 74 patients, standard‐dose cytosine arabinoside (ara‐C) combinations in 30 patients, high‐dose ara‐C combinations in 171 patients, non–ara‐C combinations in 73 patients, and Phase I–II single agents in 246 patients.

RESULTS

Overall, 76 patients (13%) achieved CR. The median CR duration was 7 months. The median survival was 1.5 months, and the 1‐year survival rate was 8%. A multivariate analysis of prognostic factors for CR identified the following 6 independent adverse factors: first CR duration < 6 months; second CR duration < 6 months; salvage therapy not including allogeneic SCT; non‐inversion 16 AML; platelet counts < 50 × 109/L, and leukocytosis > 50 × 109/L. Patients were divided into low‐risk (1–2 adverse factors; 8%), intermediate 1 (3 factors; 20%), intermediate 2 (4 factors; 38%), and high‐risk groups (5–6 factors; 33%) with respective CR rates of 54%, 26%, 8%, and 0%. The respective 1‐year survival rates were 36%, 21%, 6%, and 1%. A multivariate analysis for survival identified the following 7 independent adverse factors: first CR duration < 12 months; second CR duration < 6 months; bilirubin level ≥ 1 mg/dL; albumin level < 3 g/dL; age > 60 years; bone marrow blasts ≥ 50%; and year of therapy before 1991. Patients were divided into low‐risk (0–2 adverse factors; 39%), intermediate (3 factors; 27%), and high‐risk groups (≥ 4 factors; 34%) with estimated 1‐year survival rates of 22%, 6%, and 0%, respectively. The respective CR rates were 26%, 8%, and 2%.

CONCLUSIONS

The current analysis established the outcome and prognostic factors associated with second salvage therapy in AML. It also proposed risk models and groups that could be used for comparison of results of present and future investigational strategies. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Structure and function relationship in the abdominal stretch receptor organs of the crayfish
Authors: Purali Nuhan
Published: June 2005

The structure/function relationship in the rapidly and slowly adapting stretch receptor organs of the crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus) was investigated using confocal microscopy and neuronal modeling methods. Both receptor muscles were single muscle fibers with structural properties closely related to the function of the receptors. Dendrites of the rapidly adapting neuron terminated in a common pile of nerve endings going in all directions. Dendrites of the slowly adapting neuron terminated in a characteristic T shape in multiple regions of the receptor muscle. The slowly adapting main dendrite, which was on average 2.1 times longer and 21% thinner than the rapidly adapting main dendrite, induced larger voltage attenuation. The somal surface area of the slowly adapting neuron was on average 51% larger than that of the rapidly adapting neuron. Variation in the neuronal geometry was greatest among the slowly adapting neurons. A computational model of a neuron pair demonstrated that the rapidly and the slowly adapting neurons attenuated the dendritic receptor potential like low‐pass filters with cut‐off frequencies at 100 and 20 Hz, respectively. Recurrent dendrites were observed mostly in the slowly adapting neurons. Voltage signals were calculated to be propagated 23% faster in the rapidly adapting axon, which is 51% thicker than the slowly adapting axon. The present findings support the idea that the morphology of the rapidly and the slowly adapting neurons evolved to optimally sense the dynamic and the static features of the mechanical stimulus, respectively. J. Comp. Neurol. 488:369–383, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New direct adaptive approach to multichannel active noise control
Authors: Ohta Yuhsuke , Sano Akira
Published: June 2005

An adaptive algorithm is proposed that can reduce the canceling error at the target point in multichannel active noise control by direct adjustment of adaptive control without explicit identification of each FIR path characteristic when all propagation path matrices are unknown. Instead of reducing the actual error, the proposed method introduces two types of virtual error vectors and adjusts three adaptive filter matrices to make these vectors zero. If the virtual error is converged to zero and the coefficients of the adaptive filters are converged to constant values, the errors at the target point can be made zero. Since the method of generating the virtual errors in the case of a single channel cannot be directly extended to a multichannel case, a generation method for virtual error vectors via special operations is clarified and an algorithm is proposed that adjusts the coefficients of each polynomial of the adaptive filter matrix. If the PE property of the main noise is not satisfied, the corresponding filter coefficients in the proposed method do not converge to the true path characteristics. However, since the canceling error can be made zero, the identification of the true path is not needed unlike the conventional method. In addition, dither signals to assure identification capability are not needed. Finally, through numerical examples, the effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 88(12): 13–24, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ ecjc.20164
Dynamic snapshot algorithm and partial rollback algorithm for internet agents
Authors: Moriya Sen , Araragi Tadashi
Published: June 2005

This paper considers an Internet agent system in which a tremendous number of agents operate, frequently appearing and disappearing, and discusses the fault‐tolerant algorithm. Application of the snapshot algorithm to the agent system is considered. The snapshot algorithm is used to view the whole situation (snapshot) of the distributed system. The snapshot algorithm of Chandy and Lamport [2] is considered as a representative snapshot algorithm, in terms of the high efficiency and the simplicity of the procedure. It is not practical, however, to apply their snapshot algorithm to the distributed agent system in which a tremendous number of agents operate. From such a viewpoint, this paper extends the idea of Chandy and Lamport's algorithm and proposes a subsnapshot algorithm, in which the snapshot is taken among the agents who are in the causal relation, through message exchange and agent creation. Then, an efficient rollback algorithm is proposed, which is based on the snapshots taken by the subsnapshot algorithm. In the general rollback algorithm utilizing the snapshot, all agents must roll back. In contrast, in the rollback algorithm proposed in this paper, it suffices that only some agents should roll back. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 88(12): 43–57, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20208
From Mono‐ and Dinuclear to Polynuclear Cobalt(II) and Cobalt(III) Coordination Compounds Based on o‐Phthalic Acid and 2,2'‐Bipyridine: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Properties
Authors: Baca Svetlana G. , Filippova Irina G. , Ambrus Christina , Gdaniec Maria , Simonov Yurii A. , Gerbeleu Nicolae , Gherco Olesea A. , Decurtins Silvio
Published: June 2005

The reaction of o‐phthalic acid (H2Pht) and 2,2'‐bipyridine (bpy) with cobalt(II) carbonate at different temperatures results in the isolation of three types of new cobalt(II) and cobalt(III) compounds. The mononuclear cobalt(III) complex [Co(CO3)(bpy)2]2(Pht)·16H2O (1) is obtained when the reaction is run at 60 °C. Crystallographic analysis revealed that 1 contains two crystallographically independent [Co(CO3)(bpy)2]+ cations, a Pht2– anion, and sixteen solvate water molecules. The latter form a wall of channels with the oxygen atoms of the carboxylate groups of the Pht2– anions, which are occupied by pairs of cations. Increasing the temperature of the reaction to 80 °C leads to the formation of the open dinuclear cobalt(II) complex [(bpy)2Co(Pht)H(Pht)Co(bpy)2](HPht)(H2Pht)·2H2O (2), which crystallizes in two polymorphic modifications 2a and 2b. Compound 2a consists of a centrosymmetric dinuclear [(bpy)2Co(Pht)H(Pht)Co(bpy)2]+ cation, an HPht– anion, an H2Pht molecule, and two solvate H2O molecules. In 2b, a small alteration in the crystal structure leads to an increase of the unit‐cell volume. The asymmetric unit of 2b contains six crystallographically independent CoII complexes, which combine into four [(bpy)2Co(Pht)H(Pht)Co(bpy)2]+ units. The main structural unit of the cyclic dinuclear complex [Co(Pht)(bpy)(H2O)]2·2H2O (4) is neutral and cenrosymmetric, with the two CoII atoms linked by two phthalate ligands to form a 14‐membered cycle. A further temperature increase results in the isolation of both the mononuclear complex [Co(Pht)(bpy)(H2O)3]·3H2O (3) and the polynuclear helical coordination polymer [Co(Pht)(bpy)(H2O)]n (5). Extended hydrogen bonding networks as well as aromatic π–π stacking interactions stabilize multidimensional supramolecular architectures in all compounds. Magnetic susceptibility measurements have been performed for complexes 1, 2, 3, and 5. Simulations gave the following parameter sets: for complex 2 |D| = 70 cm–1, g = 2.55 and J =–0.1 cm–1; for complex 3 |D| = 80 cm–1, g = 2.6, and for complex 5 |D| = 65 cm–1, g = 2.45. Complex 1 is diamagnetic. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
A Facile One‐Step Synthesis of a Lipophilic Gold(I) Carbene Complex –X‐ray Crystal Structures of LAuCl and LAuC≡CH (L = 1,3‐di‐tert‐Butylimidazol‐2‐ylidene)
Authors: Singh Sanjay , Kumar S. Shravan , Jancik Vojtech , Roesky Herbert W. , Schmidt Hans‐Georg , Noltemeyer Mathias
Published: June 2005

The reaction of Au(CO)Cl with 1,3‐di‐tert‐butylimidazol‐2‐ylidene and 1,3‐dimesitylimidazol‐2‐ylidene in toluene at room temperature results in CO evolution and readily affords in high yield the adducts 1a and 1b, respectively. The reaction of 1a and 1b with ethynylmagnesium chloride in THF yields 2a and 2b, respectively. The crystal structures of 1a, 1b, and 2a were determined. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Interplay between Nitrones and (Nitrile)PdII Complexes: Cycloaddition vs. Complexation Followed by Cyclopalladation and Deoxygenation Reactions
Authors: Bokach Nadezhda A. , Krokhin Artem A. , Nazarov Alexey A. , Kukushkin Vadim Yu. , Haukka Matti , Fraústo da Silva João J. R. , Pombeiro Armando J. L.
Published: June 2005

The reaction between the nitrone p‐MeC6H4CH=N(Me)O and trans‐[PdCl2(RCN)2] (R = Ph, Me) in the corresponding RCN (or of the nitrone in neat RCN in the presence of PdCl2) proceeds at 45 °C (R = Ph) or reflux (R = Me) for 1 d and allows the isolation of the Δ4‐1,2,4‐oxadiazoline complexes [PdCl2{Na=C(R)ON(Me)CbH(C6H4Me‐p)}2(Na–Cb)] (R = Ph 1; R = Me 2) in ca. 50 and ca. 15 % yields, respectively. The reaction time can be drastically reduced by focused microwave irradiation of the reaction mixture. In CH2Cl2 or acetone, this reaction proceeds in another direction to achieve the unstable nitrone complex [PdCl2{ON(Me)=CH(C6H4Me‐p)}2] (3), which was characterized by electrospray mass spectrometry, IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Complex 3 is the first representative of (nitrone)PdII compounds and is the key intermediate in at least two further reactions, i.e. cyclopalladation to give the dimeric complex [Pd2(μ‐Cl)2{ON(Me)=C(H)C6H3Me‐p}2] (5; 30 % isolated yield) and deoxygenation of the nitrone to furnish the imine compound [PdCl2{N(Me)=CH(C6H4Me‐p)}2] (4). The palladium complexes 1, 2, 4 and 5 were characterized by C, H, and N analyses, FAB‐MS, IR, 1H and 13C{1H} spectroscopy, while 4 and 5 additionally by X‐ray crystallography. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Modulation of gene expression in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes by surface modification of polylactide‐co‐glycolide substrates
Authors: Brown David A. , Beygui Ramin E. , MacLellan William R. , Laks Hillel , Dunn James C. Y. , Wu Benjamin M.
Published: June 2005

Myocardial tissue engineering presents a potential treatment option for heart disease. Cardiomyocytes isolated at various stages of development retain the ability to form contractile networks in vitro, which suggests that it should be possible to reconstitute viable myocardium given the appropriate architecture, stimuli, and cardiomyogenic cell source. This study investigates the effects of modifying substrate surface energy (by plasma etching) and protein coating (by fibronectin adsorption) on neonatal rat ventricular myocyte (NRVM) function. Primary NRVMs were cultured for 96 h on modified and control films of a common degradable polymer, polylactide‐co‐glycolide. Cultures were analyzed for cell spreading, protein content, and mRNA expression of atrial natriuretic factor and β‐myosin heavy chain. The results demonstrate that NRVMs cultured on etched films significantly increased in spreading, myofibril development, protein content, and gene expression of atrial natriuretic factor and β‐myosin heavy chain compared with unetched films, and that this surface energy effect is overwhelmed by the addition of fibronectin. Conclusions from this study are that surface energy and protein adsorption influence the gene expression of adherent NRVMs, and may be important for modulating the function of engineered myocardium. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Collagen–carbon nanotube composite materials as scaffolds in tissue engineering
Authors: MacDonald Rebecca A. , Laurenzi Brendan F. , Viswanathan Gunaranjan , Ajayan Pulickel M. , Stegemann Jan P.
Published: June 2005

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are attractive for use in fiber‐reinforced composite materials due to their very high aspect ratio, combined with outstanding mechanical and electrical properties. Composite materials comprising a collagen matrix with embedded CNT were prepared by mixing solubilized Type I collagen with solutions of carboxylated single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) at concentrations of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 2.0 weight percent. Living smooth muscle cells were incorporated at the time of collagen gelation to produce cell‐seeded collagen–CNT composite matrices. Constructs containing 2.0 wt % CNT exhibited delayed gel compaction, relative to lower concentrations that compacted at the same rate as pure collagen controls. Cell viability in all constructs was consistently above 85% at both Day 3 and Day 7, whereas cell number in CNT‐containing constructs was lower than in control constructs at Day 3, though statistically unchanged by Day 7. Scanning electron microscopy showed physical interactions between CNT and collagen matrix. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of CNT at the expected diameter (0.85–1.30 nm), but did not indicate strong molecular interactions between the collagen and CNT components. Such collagen–CNT composite matrices may have utility as scaffolds in tissue engineering, or as components of biosensors or other medical devices. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Profiling isoflavone conjugates in root extracts of lupine species with LC/ESI/MSn systems
Authors: Kachlicki Piotr , Marczak Łukasz , Kerhoas Lucien , Einhorn Jacques , Stobiecki Maciej
Published: June 2005

Extracts obtained from roots of three lupine species (Lupinus albus, L. angustifolius, L. luteus) were analysed using LC/UV and LC/ESI/MSn. The experiments were performed using two mass spectrometric systems, equipped with the triple quadrupole or ion trap analysers. Thirteen to twenty isomeric isoflavone conjugates were identified in roots of the investigated lupine species. These were di‐ and monoglycosides of genistein and 2′‐hydroxygenistein with different patterns of glycosylation, both at oxygen and carbon atoms; some glycosides were acylated with malonic acid. It was not possible to establish the glycosylation sites of the aglycone only on the basis of the registered mass spectra; however, it was possible to differentiate C‐ and O‐glucosides of isoflavones. Only comparison of retention times with those of standard compounds permitted to indicate the correct glycosylation pattern. In the case of diglycosides, the glycosylation pattern (O‐diglucoside or O‐glucosylglucoside) was distinguishable on the basis of the relative intensities of daughter ions in the mass spectra of protonated molecular ions. It was not possible to elucidate the site of malonylation on the sugar moiety from mass spectra, however, protonated molecules [M + H]+ of isoflavone glucosides with different placement of the malonyl group on the sugar ring were recognized in the extracts. In addition to the isoflavone glycosides, some flavone or flavonol glycosides were identified in the samples on the basis of collision‐induced daughter ion spectra of the aglycone ions. A comparison of results obtained with the triple quadrupole and ion trap analysers was done in the course of the investigations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluorescence saturation of dye molecules in water pools of reversed micelles
Authors: Potapov A V , Saletsky A M
Published: June 2005

Rhodamine 6G has been used as a fluorescence probe in
AOT reversed micelles systems with the different amounts of
solubilized water (hydratation power ω). The saturation of
fluorescence and the lifetime of dye molecules were measured. The
absorption cross section values were calculated from the
saturation curves. We showed the differences in values of the
absorption cross section, lifetime and velocity of fluorescence
saturation in micellar phase with different ω and in
comparison to bulk phase. Additionally, the structure of hydrated
reversed micelles has been studied by the method of correlation
spectroscopy. The influence of ω on size and shape of
micelles was detected.
Microwave Accelerated Synthesis of N‐Phenylmaleimide in a Single Step and Polymerization in Bulk
Authors: Bezdushna Ella , Ritter Helmut
Published: June 2005

Summary: This paper reports the microwave mediated direct synthesis of N‐phenylmaleimide (3) from maleic anhydride (1) and aniline (2) by using microwave irradiation. Good yields and very short reaction times were the main aspects of the method. The reaction conditions and kinetics of this process were investigated. Microwave irradiation in a boiling solvent showed the existence of a significant specific microwave effect. The microwave homopolymerization of 3 in bulk using 2,2′‐azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as a free radical initiator was also carried out.

Kinetic curves for the synthesis of N‐phenylmaleimide in a MW and in an oil bath at 144 °C (boiling xylene).

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Kinetic curves for the synthesis of N‐phenylmaleimide in a MW and in an oil bath at 144 °C (boiling xylene).
High‐Temperature Crystalline Phases in Nylon 6/Clay Nanocomposites
Authors: Liu Xiaohui , Breen Christopher
Published: June 2005

Summary: Nylon 6/clay nanocomposites (N6CN) with different cooling histories were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and variable‐temperature X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Above the melting temperature, new endothermic peaks appeared in the DSC trace for N6CN. All the neat nylon 6 samples presented amorphous XRD patterns when heated up to the melting range. However, for N6CN samples, undefined crystalline structures remained in the substantially molten polymer matrix up to 300 °C.

XRD patterns of a quenched nylon 6 sample annealed at 210 °C and N6CN samples annealed at 210, 230, and 300 °C, respectively.

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XRD patterns of a quenched nylon 6 sample annealed at 210 °C and N6CN samples annealed at 210, 230, and 300 °C, respectively.
Fabrication of Biomimetic Superhydrophobic Coating with a Micro‐Nano‐Binary Structure
Authors: Zhao Ning , Xu Jian , Xie Qiongdan , Weng Lihui , Guo Xinglin , Zhang Xiaoli , Shi Lianghe
Published: June 2005

Summary: A superhydrophobic coating was facilely fabricated in one step by casting bisphenol A polycarbonate (PC) solution under moisture. Vapor‐induced phase separation occurred during the solidifying process and a rough surface with a micro‐nano‐binary structure (MNBS) similar to the microstructure shown on lotus leaf was formed.

SEM image of a single micro‐flower.

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SEM image of a single micro‐flower.
Block Copolymer PEO‐b‐PHPMA Synthesis Using Controlled Radical Polymerization on a Chip
Authors: Wu Tao , Mei Ying , Xu Chang , Byrd H. C. Michelle , Beers Kathryn L.
Published: June 2005

Summary: Block copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide‐block‐2‐hydroxypropyl methacrylate) (PEO‐b‐PHPMA) with a range of molecular masses of the PHPMA block were obtained by controlled radical polymerization on a chip (CRP chip) using a PEO macroinitiator. A series of well‐controlled polymerizations were carried out at different pumping rates or reaction times with a constant ratio of monomer to initiator. The stoichiometry of the reactants was also adjusted by varying relative flow rates to change the reactant concentrations.

A schematic of a CRP chip and SEC traces of the PEO‐b‐PHPMA produced from different pump rates with a 1:100 ratio of initiator to monomer. The dashed peaks are the macroinitiator, PEO‐Br (left), and monomer, HPMA (right).

magnified image

A schematic of a CRP chip and SEC traces of the PEO‐b‐PHPMA produced from different pump rates with a 1:100 ratio of initiator to monomer. The dashed peaks are the macroinitiator, PEO‐Br (left), and monomer, HPMA (right).
Firing rates of motor units during strong dynamic contractions
Authors: Del Valle Alejandro , Thomas Christine K.
Published: June 2005

Muscle behavior is usually studied during isometric contractions but many tasks include contractions that involve changes in muscle length. Our aim was to record motor unit action potentials and surface electromyograms (EMGs) from triceps brachii muscles during rhythmic dynamic contractions (3‐s concentric, 3‐s eccentric; 40°/s; four subjects) performed at the highest voluntary forces subjects could exert (maximal concentric contraction) and at various submaximal intensities. Mean unit firing rates and surface EMG increased significantly with contraction intensity in both concentric and eccentric contractions, but at each intensity mean concentric values were significantly higher than eccentric values. In contrast, mean unit firing rates and surface EMGs were similar during maximal concentric and maximal isometric contractions. These data suggest muscles were activated maximally during the strongest concentric contractions but submaximally during the strongest eccentric efforts. After estimated eccentric contraction intensity was adjusted using surface EMG data, mean unit firing rates during eccentric contractions were still lower than the concentric values. Thus, protective mechanisms may limit motor unit firing rates during forceful lengthening contractions to minimize damage. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Sex identification from the auricular surface of the adult human ilium
Authors: Ali R. S. , Maclaughlin S. M.
Published: June 2005

The sacro‐iliac joint has largely been excluded in studies of sex identification from the adult human skeleton. Yet this is a joint involved in the transmission of body weight and as such would be expected to exhibit sexual dimorphism. In addition, the auricular surface of the ilium tends to persist even in fragmented remains by virtue of its close proximity to the acetabulo‐cristal buttress.

The aim of this investigation was to assess the accuracy with which sex could be predicted from dimensions of the auricular surface of the ilium.

Significant sex differences were found in the size and shape of the auricular surface. However, these differences were of insufficient magnitude to permit discrimination between the sexes with any acceptable degree of accuracy. Therefore, the auricular surface of the ilium is not recommended for the purpose of sex identification.
Rib lesions and New World tuberculosis
Authors: Pfeiffer S.
Published: June 2005

Tuberculosis had a devastating effect on many Amerindian populations at the time of European contact. Our explanation of its effect on prehistoric aboriginal populations is frustrated by the non‐specific nature of the associated skeletal lesions and their variable manifestation. It has been suggested that certain lesions seen on the interior aspect of the ribs may be specific to tuberculosis. This proposition is explored within the context of two Southern Ontario Iroquoian ossuaries (Uxbridge, C14 date AD 1490 ± 80, minimum N = 457; Glen Williams, ca. AD 1300, minimum N = 309), in which the presence of tuberculosis has been deduced from vertebral lesions. The rib lesions present in these samples are categorized by appearance, side and maturity. While the frequency and distribution of rib lesions seems to be consistent with an aetiology of tuberculosis, it is argued that it would be premature to interpret all such lesions as diagnostic of tuberculosis at this time. However, the quantification of rib lesions offers great potential for the exploration of non‐specific chronic respiratory stress, including pulmonary tuberculosis, in prehistoric populations.
Myeloma multiplex versus osteolytic metastatic carcinoma: Differential diagnosis in dry bones
Authors: Strouhal Eugen
Published: June 2005

Taking into account the problems in differential diagnosis between lesions caused by the primary osseous tumour myeloma multiplex and the lytic form of metastatic carcinoma even in living patients, several authors of palaeopathological papers have been hesitant in accepting the possibility of distinguishing between the two processes in dry bones. In the light of several newly detected cases of both lesions in material from archaeological sites in central Europe, Egypt and Nubia, several features that might be of use in the separation of both disorders are demonstrated and discussed.
Disease and ecology in the Lower Mississippi Valley and the Trans‐Mississippi South
Authors: Rose Jerome C. , Burnett Barbara A. , Harmon Anna M.
Published: June 2005

Previous research suggested that maize agriculture was associated with an initial increase in skeletal infections followed by a return to former low levels. This conclusion is retested with a much larger sample, which includes all extant osteological data from the Trans‐Mississippi South and Lower Mississippi Valley archaeological areas which include eastern Texas and eastern Oklahoma, all Arkansas and Louisiana, and southern Missouri. In the present analysis the adult rates of pathological lesions range between 10 and 80 per cent, with the variation being explained by three factors. First, settlement density is associated directly with infection rates and appears to be the primary variable in all ecological zones and cultural periods. Second, both the amount and diversity of exploitable biomass are connected directly with infections for both collecting and farming peoples, while degenerative disease appears to vary with the effort required for resource extraction. Third, the direct relationship between maize agriculture and elevated infections is found only when the settlement pattern limits the diversity and availability of collectable resources in the less productive ecological zones.
The removal estimator: A ‘probable numbers’ statistic that requires no matching
Authors: Winder N. P.
Published: June 2005

The probable number of individuals (PNI) estimators all require that we be able to match left‐right paired bones reliably. The problems of matching are outlined and ways of addressing them are reviewed. It is shown that archaeozoological studies in which reliable matching is difficult raise analytical problems similar to those faced by population biologists unable to use classical release‐recapture methods. The removal estimator has been used to estimate the size of whale populations from incomplete census data. It can be generalized into archaeozoology to produce either a simple PNI statistic of the matching type, or a statistic that does not require reliable matching.
The pectoral fin spines of European catfish Siluris glanis; cultural artifacts or food remains?
Authors: Irving Brian G.
Published: June 2005

The urban archaeological site of Nicopolis ad Istrum in north central Bulgaria, which has multiple periods of use and abandonment, has produced a large and varied ichthyofauna. A number of bones of the European catfish Siluris glanis have been identified and have been interpreted as both food remains and bone artifacts. It was found that a percentage bias in the distribution of S. glanis bones from the Roman period of occupation called for further analysis. The investigation attempts to identify the reason or reasons for the apparent overrepresentation of the pectoral fin spines of this species. Taphonomic factors are considered along with butchery and an actualistic study of butchery on modern S. glanis material. Studies from north Africa are used to illustrate the possible function of the spines. The conclusions drawn are that a high proportion of the pectoral fin spines were brought into the site, possibly as personal artifacts. Their use is open to debate; no clear functional use can be determined from the archaeological material, although it cannot be ruled out that they were used for medicinal purposes or as charms.
Bone weight, meat yield estimates and cod (Gadus morhua): A preliminary study of the weight method
Authors: Barrett James H.
Published: June 2005

Past approaches to the Weight Method (use of the weight of excavated bone assemblages to evaluate the relative potential meat yield of the animals from which they came) are critically reviewed. They do not account for both inter‐taxon and intra‐taxon variability in the relationship between bone weight and total body or soft tissue weight. Critics of the Weight Method have assumed that these problems are insurmountable. It is argued here that they can be overcome practically. Solutions lie in the integration of classic Weight Method approaches, which assume a consistent ratio of bone weight to body weight between different taxonomic and size groups, with the understanding of animal scaling provided by studies of skeletal mass allometry. Allometric equations derived from original data (regarding cod,Gadus morhua) and available from published sources (regarding mammals and birds) are used to illustrate this argument. Three practical approaches to the Weight Method are suggested and briefly explored, using bone weight data from Earls' Bu, a Norse site in Orkney, Scotland, as a case study.
Effects of a nineteenth century below‐knee amputation and prosthesis on femoral morphology
Authors: Lazenby Richard A. , Pfeiffer Susan K.
Published: June 2005

Access to the lower limbs from a historically‐identified nineteenth century below‐knee amputee who had worn a hardwood ectoprosthesis for an extended time prior to death provides a natural experiment for investigating the morphological and histological effects of the resulting altered mechanical environment. Osteometry (measuring total bone size), cross‐sectional geometry (bending and axial rigidity) and histology (bone turnover rate) are assessed. A reduction in size and geometric strength, along with an increase in cortical bone turnover, indicate that the midshaft and distal regions from the affected femur were partially shielded from functional strain. Structural compliance of the prosthesis, probably originating from design and material of manufacture, to some degree preserved the mechanical and morphological integrity of the proximal subtrochanteric region. The results of this case study are consistent with contemporary theory in skeletal biomechanics, for example, Frost's Mechanostat, which suggests that insufficient functional strain promotes intracortical remodelling and endosteal expansion.
Diagnostic criteria for identification of seashell as a trephination implement
Authors: Stevens G. C. , Wakely J.
Published: June 2005

Scanning electron microscopy has been applied to experimentally cut bone samples and an ethnographical example of trephination on a human skull in order to produce diagnostic criteria for the identification of mollusc shells as cutting implements used in trephination. Shell scrapes are identifiable by parallel striations in the direction of cut, crossed at 90° by chatter marks caused by uneven movement of the fragile shell‐edge across the bone surface.
Daily rates of dentine formation in macaque tooth roots
Authors: Dean M. C.
Published: June 2005

When tetracycline antibiotics are administered either orally or by injection they bind at the forming mineral front of the dentine and become incorporated into teeth as a permanent label. In this study, oxytetracycline was used as a label in order to investigate the growth of root dentine in macaques. There are no good data available in the literature for daily rates of root dentine formation over a prolonged period of time in either humans or macaques. Records of ten doses of oxytetracycline administered orally at irregular intervals (but at the same time of day) over a period of 10 months to a young rhesus macaque monkey (Macaca mulatta) were used to calculate the rate of dentine formation in tooth roots. Rates of dentine formation in the first portion of third permanent molar root formation, and in the apical portion of permanent canine and premolar root formation, were consistently between 3 μm and 4 μm per day. There was no evidence in this study of a gradual decrease in daily dentine formation rate from the crown to the root, or along the length of a dentine tubule through the bulk of the dentine, as has been implied previously. With the exception of faster rates recorded in cusps or slower rates recorded at the very beginning or very end of primary dentine secretion in other studies, the results of the present study suggest a consistent rate of dentine formation in permanent macaque teeth. What data there are for human dentine formation rates suggests that it is likely this finding can be extended to human dentine as well.
Otosclerosis and stapedial footplate fixation in archaeological material
Authors: Dalby Gwen , Manchester Keith , Roberts Charlotte A.
Published: June 2005

A total of 1164 temporal bones from various cemetery sites in England were examined using a fibre optic endoscope. Eight bones were found to have evidence of otosclerosis in which proliferative new bone fixes the footplate of the stapes into the oval window, causing deafness. A prevalence of 0.9 per cent in this study is comparable with the incidence found in modern white populations and with that found in a study of 2760 Lithuanian temporal bones of various periods.