bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE FAMILIAL DISTRIBUTION OF DIABETES MELLITUS: A STUDY OF THE RELATIVES OF 1241 DIABETIC PROPOSITI
Authors: HARRIS H.
Published: April 2011

The articles published by the Annals of Eugenics (1925–1954) have been made available online as an historical archive intended for scholarly use. The work of eugenicists was often pervaded by prejudice against racial, ethnic and disabled groups. The online publication of this material for scholarly research purposes is not an endorsement of those views nor a promotion of eugenics in any way.
THE BLOOD GROUPS OF THE ICELANDERS
Authors: DONEGANI JOYCE A. , DUNGAL N. , IKIN ELIZABETH W. , MOURANT A. E.
Published: April 2011

The articles published by the Annals of Eugenics (1925–1954) have been made available online as an historical archive intended for scholarly use. The work of eugenicists was often pervaded by prejudice against racial, ethnic and disabled groups. The online publication of this material for scholarly research purposes is not an endorsement of those views nor a promotion of eugenics in any way.
DATA FOR THE STUDY OF LINKAGE IN MAN: RED HAIR AND THE ABO LOCUS
Authors: PENROSE L. S.
Published: April 2011

The articles published by the Annals of Eugenics (1925–1954) have been made available online as an historical archive intended for scholarly use. The work of eugenicists was often pervaded by prejudice against racial, ethnic and disabled groups. The online publication of this material for scholarly research purposes is not an endorsement of those views nor a promotion of eugenics in any way.
INHERITANCE OF THE Rh BLOOD GROUPS: 150 FAMILIES TESTED WITH ANTI‐C‐c‐Cw‐D‐E AND ANTI‐e
Authors: LAWLER SYLVIA D. , BERTINSHAW DOREEN , SANGER RUTH , RACE R. R.
Published: April 2011

The articles published by the Annals of Eugenics (1925–1954) have been made available online as an historical archive intended for scholarly use. The work of eugenicists was often pervaded by prejudice against racial, ethnic and disabled groups. The online publication of this material for scholarly research purposes is not an endorsement of those views nor a promotion of eugenics in any way.
THE FRACTIONAL REPLICATION OF FACTORIAL EXPERIMENTS‐A CORRECTION
Authors: FINNEY D. J.
Published: April 2011

The articles published by the Annals of Eugenics (1925–1954) have been made available online as an historical archive intended for scholarly use. The work of eugenicists was often pervaded by prejudice against racial, ethnic and disabled groups. The online publication of this material for scholarly research purposes is not an endorsement of those views nor a promotion of eugenics in any way.
THE FAMILIAL OCCURRENCE OF DISSEMINATED SCLEROSIS
Authors: PRATT R. T. C.
Published: April 2011

The articles published by the Annals of Eugenics (1925–1954) have been made available online as an historical archive intended for scholarly use. The work of eugenicists was often pervaded by prejudice against racial, ethnic and disabled groups. The online publication of this material for scholarly research purposes is not an endorsement of those views nor a promotion of eugenics in any way.
THE SEPARATE INHERITANCE OF GASTRIC AND DUODENAL ULCERS
Authors: DOLL RICHARD , KELLOCK T. D.
Published: April 2011

The articles published by the Annals of Eugenics (1925–1954) have been made available online as an historical archive intended for scholarly use. The work of eugenicists was often pervaded by prejudice against racial, ethnic and disabled groups. The online publication of this material for scholarly research purposes is not an endorsement of those views nor a promotion of eugenics in any way.
DATA FOR THE STUDY OF LINKAGE IN MAN: PHENYLKETONURIA AND THE ABO AND MN LOCI
Authors: PENROSE L. S.
Published: April 2011

The articles published by the Annals of Eugenics (1925–1954) have been made available online as an historical archive intended for scholarly use. The work of eugenicists was often pervaded by prejudice against racial, ethnic and disabled groups. The online publication of this material for scholarly research purposes is not an endorsement of those views nor a promotion of eugenics in any way.
Pedigrees of Negro Families. By R. Ruggles Gates
Authors: Boyd William c.
Published: April 2011

The articles published by the Annals of Eugenics (1925–1954) have been made available online as an historical archive intended for scholarly use. The work of eugenicists was often pervaded by prejudice against racial, ethnic and disabled groups. The online publication of this material for scholarly research purposes is not an endorsement of those views nor a promotion of eugenics in any way.
FAMILIAL INTESTINAL POLYPOSIS
Authors: DUKES C. E.
Published: April 2011

The articles published by the Annals of Eugenics (1925–1954) have been made available online as an historical archive intended for scholarly use. The work of eugenicists was often pervaded by prejudice against racial, ethnic and disabled groups. The online publication of this material for scholarly research purposes is not an endorsement of those views nor a promotion of eugenics in any way.
DATA ON LINKAGE IN MAN: ELLIPTOCYTOSIS AND BLOOD GROUPS. I. FAMILIES 1 AND 2
Authors: CHALMERS J. N. M. , LAWLER SYLVIA D.
Published: April 2011

The articles published by the Annals of Eugenics (1925–1954) have been made available online as an historical archive intended for scholarly use. The work of eugenicists was often pervaded by prejudice against racial, ethnic and disabled groups. The online publication of this material for scholarly research purposes is not an endorsement of those views nor a promotion of eugenics in any way.
DATA ON LINKAGE IN MAN: ELLIPTOCYTOSIS AND BLOOD GROUPS. II. FAMILY 3
Authors: GOODALL H. B. , HENDRY D. W. W. , LAWLER SYLVIA D. , STEPHEN S. A.
Published: April 2011

The articles published by the Annals of Eugenics (1925–1954) have been made available online as an historical archive intended for scholarly use. The work of eugenicists was often pervaded by prejudice against racial, ethnic and disabled groups. The online publication of this material for scholarly research purposes is not an endorsement of those views nor a promotion of eugenics in any way.
HEREDITARY ‘SPLIT‐HAND‘ IN THE DOMESTIC CAT
Authors: SEARLE A. G.
Published: April 2011

The articles published by the Annals of Eugenics (1925–1954) have been made available online as an historical archive intended for scholarly use. The work of eugenicists was often pervaded by prejudice against racial, ethnic and disabled groups. The online publication of this material for scholarly research purposes is not an endorsement of those views nor a promotion of eugenics in any way.
GENETICS OF DERMAL RIDGES: MAXIMIZATION OF INTRACLASS CORRELATION FOR RIDGE‐COUNTS
Authors: HOLT SARAH B.
Published: April 2011

The articles published by the Annals of Eugenics (1925–1954) have been made available online as an historical archive intended for scholarly use. The work of eugenicists was often pervaded by prejudice against racial, ethnic and disabled groups. The online publication of this material for scholarly research purposes is not an endorsement of those views nor a promotion of eugenics in any way.
THE SAMPLING VARIANCES OF SOME STATISTICS USED IN UNIVARIATE DISCRIMINATION
Authors: KROOTH ROBERT S.
Published: April 2011

The articles published by the Annals of Eugenics (1925–1954) have been made available online as an historical archive intended for scholarly use. The work of eugenicists was often pervaded by prejudice against racial, ethnic and disabled groups. The online publication of this material for scholarly research purposes is not an endorsement of those views nor a promotion of eugenics in any way.
When the Time Seems Ripe: Eugenics, the Annals, and the Subtle Persistence of Typological Thinking
Authors: Weiss Kenneth M. , Lambert Brian W.
Published: April 2011

This journal began in 1925 as the Annals of Eugenics. Much has changed since then. The original Editors’ primary eugenic objective was not achieved, and eugenics justifiably became notorious for racism and gross abuse of human rights. But one founding aim was to publish advances in statistical genetics, and that objective prospered in the journal's pages from its beginning to the present day. The online availability of the original issues will be useful to those interested in the history of both eugenics and human genetics and will provide a reminder of how the careless use of genetical concepts can go astray.
Biogenic amines in Iranian white brine cheese: modelling and optimisation of processing factors
Authors: ALIAKBARLU JAVAD , ALIZADEH MOHAMMAD , RAZAVI‐ROHANI SEYED MEHDI , AGH NASER
Published: April 2011

The simultaneous effects of processing factors such as ripening time (25–75 days), ripening temperature (4–14 °C) and brine concentration (10–13%) on biogenic amines content, proteolysis and sensory score of Iranian white brine cheese were studied, in 12 cheeses. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to minimise biogenic amines content. At low level of ripening time, biogenic amines content decreased with increasing levels of brine concentration but at high level of ripening time, brine concentration had inverse effect. Ripening time showed quadratic effect on biogenic amines content. Based on biogenic amines content and sensory score, the optimum conditions were 13% brine and ripening at 9–14 °C for 43–65 days.
The effects of breed and other factors on the composition and freezing point of cow’s milk in Poland
Authors: KĘDZIERSKA‐MATYSEK MONIKA , LITWIŃCZUK ZYGMUNT , FLOREK MARIUSZ , BARŁOWSKA JOANNA
Published: April 2011

The milk obtained from six cow breeds (Polish Holstein‐Friesian Black‐White and Red‐White, Simmental, Jersey, Polish Red and Polish Black‐White) managed in the Lubelskie region and the Bieszczady Mountains was analysed. A total of 3618 milk samples collected between 2005 and 2008 were evaluated for the total solids content, percentage concentrations of fat, protein and lactose, and the freezing point: the mean milk freezing point was −0.538°C. The freezing point of milk was influenced by breed, successive lactations, lactation stage and the geographic region. In milk with a high urea concentration (over 300 mg/L), the increased apparent protein level caused a decrease in the milk freezing point values. The combined influence of geographic region and production season showed significant interactions for daily milk yield and total solids content (P < 0.01) and the milk freezing point (P < 0.05).
Antenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta leads to reduced blood loss
Authors: TIKKANEN MINNA , PAAVONEN JORMA , LOUKOVAARA MIKKO , STEFANOVIC VEDRAN
Published: April 2011

Objective. Placenta accreta is one of the most devastating pregnancy complications. We sought to compare outcomes between women with placenta accreta when diagnosed antenatally or intrapartum, and to define predictors of the antenatal diagnosis. Design. Retrospective case–control study. Setting. University teaching hospital. Population. Twenty‐four women with placenta accreta diagnosed antenatally and 20 women discovered intrapartum. Methods. Chart review of historical and delivery‐associated variables. Rates were compared between the groups. Main Outcome Measures. Placenta accreta diagnosed antenatally or intrapartum. Results. Women with antenatal diagnosis had a lower estimated blood loss of a median of 4500ml (range 100–15000ml) compared with 7800ml (range 2500–17000ml, p=0.012) and required fewer units of packed red blood cells transfused (median 7; range 0–27 compared with 13.5; range 4–31, p=0.026). Nineteen (79%) women diagnosed antenatally had balloon catheter occlusion carried out during the cesarean section. Five (21%) had the entire placenta left in situ. There was no difference in the rate of surgical complications or duration of hospitalization. The clinical diagnosis among women with antenatal diagnosis was more often placenta percreta (p=0.013). The risk factor profile of women with antenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta included higher gravidity (p=0.014) and parity (p<0.0001), history of cesarean section (p=0.004), and placenta previa in the current pregnancy (p<0.001). Conclusions. Antenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta may reduce peripartum blood loss and the need for blood transfusion. Women with antenatal diagnosis more often have placenta previa and history of previous cesarean section, and the clinical diagnosis is more often placenta percreta.
Mood effects of the amino acids tryptophan and tyrosine
Authors: Parker G. , Brotchie H.
Published: April 2011

Parker G, Brotchie H. Mood effects of the amino acids tryptophan and tyrosine.

Objective:  Reflecting increased scientific interest in any nutritional contribution to the onset and treatment of mood disorders, we overview research into two neurotransmitter precursors – the amino acids tryptophan and tyrosine – particularly examining whether any deficiency increases risk to depression and whether those amino acids have any antidepressant properties.

Method:  The theoretical relevance of the two amino acids was overviewed by considering published risk and intervention studies, technical papers and reviews.

Results:  There is some limited evidence, suggesting that depressed patients, especially those with a melancholic depression, have decreased tryptophan levels. Whether such findings reflect a causal contribution or are a consequence of a depressed state remains an open question. There is a small database supporting tryptophan preparations as benefitting depressed mood states. There is no clear evidence as to whether tyrosine deficiency contributes to depression, while the only randomized double‐blind study examining tyrosine supplementation did not show antidepressant benefit.

Conclusion:  Acute tryptophan depletion continues to provide a research tool for investigating the relevance of serotonin to depression onset. There is limited evidence that tryptophan loading is effective as a treatment for depression through its action of increasing serotonin production. Most clinical studies are dated, involve small sample sizes and/or were not placebo controlled. The development of the new serotonin reuptake inhibitor drugs seemingly signalled an end to pursuing such means of promoting increased serotonin as a treatment for depression. The evidence for tyrosine loading promoting catecholamine production as a possible treatment for depression appears even less promising, and depletion studies less informative.
Micromorphometrical analyses of five different ultrasonic osteotomy devices at the rabbit skull
Authors: Hollstein Stephan , Hoffmann Eike , Vogel Jürgen , Heyroth Frank , Prochnow Nora , Maurer Peter
Published: April 2011

Objectives: The recently introduced ultrasonic osteotome procedure is an alternative to conventional methods of osteotomy. The aim of the present study was to establish the differences between five recently introduced ultrasonic osteotomes and to perform micromorphological and quantitative roughness analyses of osteotomized bone surfaces.

Materials and methods: Fresh, standard‐sized bony samples were taken from a rabbit skull using the following ultrasonic osteotomes: the Piezosurgery® 3 with insert tip OT7, Piezosurgery® Medical with insert tip MT1‐10, Piezon Master Surgery® with insert tip SL1, VarioSurg® with inert tip SG1, and Piezotome 2 with insert tip BS1 II. The required duration of time for each osteotomy was recorded. The prepared surfaces were examined via light microscopy, environmental surface electron microscopy (ESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM).

Results: All of the investigated piezoelectric osteotomes preserved the anatomical structure of bone. The mean roughness values of the osteotomized bone edge obtained using the investigated piezoelectric osteotomes were as follows: 2.47 μm (Piezosurgery® 3), 9.79 μm (Piezosurgery® Medical), 4.66 μm (Piezon Master Surgery®), 6.38 μm (VarioSurg®), and 6.06 μm (Piezotome 2). Significantly higher roughness values were observed when using the Piezosurgery® Medical in comparison with those achieved by the Piezosurgery® 3 (P<0.0001) and Piezon Master Surgery® (P=0.002). Different osteotomy durations were achieved using the different piezoelectric osteotomes: 144 s (Piezosurgery® 3), 126 s (Piezosurgery® Medical), 142 s (Piezon Master Surgery®), 149 s (VarioSurg®), and 137 s (Piezotome 2).

Conclusions: In the present study, micromorphological differences following the use of various ultrasonic devices were clearly identified. According to this study, it can be concluded that the power and the composition of the teeth of the insert tip might impact procedure duration and cutting qualities.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the intimate discourse of a chronic infection
Authors: Russell David G.
Published: April 2011

Summary:  Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an extremely successful pathogen that demonstrates the capacity to modulate its host both at the cellular and tissue levels. At the cellular level, the bacterium enters its host macrophage and arrests phagosome maturation, thus avoiding many of the microbicidal responses associated with this phagocyte. Nonetheless, the intracellular environment places certain demands on the pathogen, which, in response, senses the environmental shifts and upregulates specific metabolic programs to allow access to nutrients, minimize the consequences of stress, and sustain infection. Despite its intracellular niche, Mycobacterium tuberculosis demonstrates a marked capacity to modulate the tissues surrounding infected cells through the release of potent, bioactive cell wall constituents. These cell wall lipids are released from the host cell by an exocytic process and induce physiological changes in neighboring phagocytes, which drives formation of a granuloma. This tissue response leads to the generation and accumulation of caseous debris and the progression of the human tuberculosis granuloma. Completion of the life cycle of tuberculosis requires damaging the host to release infectious bacteria into the airways to spread the infection. This damage reflects the pathogen’s ability to subvert the host’s innate and acquired immune responses to its own nefarious ends.
Immunity to salmonellosis
Authors: Dougan Gordon , John Victoria , Palmer Sophie , Mastroeni Pietro
Published: April 2011

Summary:  Salmonella enterica is a genetically broad species harboring isolates that display considerable antigenic heterogeneity and significant differences in virulence potential. Salmonella generally exhibit an invasive potential and they can survive for extended periods within cells of the immune system. They cause acute or chronic infections that can be local (e.g. gastroenteritis) or systemic (e.g. typhoid). In vivo Salmonella infections are complex with multiple arms of the immune system being engaged. Both humoral and cellular responses can be detected and characterized, but full protective immunity is not always induced, even following natural infection. The murine model has proven to be a fertile ground for exploring immune mechanisms and observations in the mouse have often, although not always, correlated with those in other infectable species, including humans. Host genetic studies have identified a number of mammalian genes that are central to controlling infection, operating both in innate and acquired immune pathways. Vaccines, both oral and parenteral, are available or under development, and these have been used with some success to explore immunity in both model systems and clinically in humans.
Dissecting the human immunologic memory for pathogens
Authors: Zielinski Christina E. , Corti Davide , Mele Federico , Pinto Dora , Lanzavecchia Antonio , Sallusto Federica
Published: April 2011

Summary:  Studies on immunologic memory in animal models and especially in the human system are instrumental to identify mechanisms and correlates of protection necessary for vaccine development. In this article, we provide an overview of the cellular basis of immunologic memory. We also describe experimental approaches based on high throughput cell cultures, which we have developed to interrogate human memory T cells, B cells, and plasma cells. We discuss how these approaches can provide new tools and information for vaccine design, in a process that we define as ‘analytic vaccinology’.
Gimme shelter: the immune system during pregnancy
Authors: Munoz‐Suano Alba , Hamilton Alexander B. , Betz Alexander G.
Published: April 2011

Summary:  Antigen‐presenting molecules vary between individuals of the same species, making it more difficult for pathogens to evade immune recognition and spread through the whole population. As a result of this genetic diversity, transplants between individuals are recognized as foreign and are rejected. This alloreactivity turns placental viviparity into a major immunological challenge. The maternal immune system has to balance the opposing needs of maintaining robust immune reactivity to protect both mother and fetus from invading pathogens, while at the same time tolerating highly immunogenic paternal alloantigens in order to sustain fetal integrity. Regulatory T cells are responsible for the establishment of tolerance by modulating the immune response, and uterine natural killer cells direct placentation by controlling trophoblast invasion. A variety of other cell types, including decidual stromal cells, dendritic cells, and immunomodulatory multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells, are found at the fetal–maternal interface. These cells conspire to establish a suitable environment for fetal development without compromising systemic immunity. Defects in any of these components can lead to gestational failure despite successful fertilization.
Innate immunity in transplant tolerance and rejection
Authors: Murphy Shaun P. , Porrett Paige M. , Turka Laurence A.
Published: April 2011

Summary:  Historically, research on transplant rejection and tolerance has focused on cells of the adaptive immune system, especially T cells. Anti‐graft effector T cells are necessary and sufficient for the rejection of most allografts, while regulatory T cells, either arising naturally or as a result of a specific treatment regimen, are crucial to long‐term graft tolerance. Although the role of T cells in transplant rejection and tolerance is well‐established, the role that the innate immune system plays in these processes is only recently being appreciated. Cells of the innate immune system, such as dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer cells, can become activated by microbial products or endogenous pro‐inflammatory ligands released during the mechanical and ischemia‐reperfusion injury associated with transplantation surgery, promoting the initiation of T‐cell responses against the graft. In addition, innate immune cells are required for acute and chronic rejection in certain animal transplant models and by extension perhaps in clinical transplantation. However, innate immune cells are also implicated in the establishment of transplant tolerance through mechanisms including elimination or inhibition of activated host effector T cells and killing of donor DCs. A deeper understanding of the functions of the innate immune system during transplantation may lead to more successful tolerance strategies.
Comparison of Sodium Acid Sulfate to Citric Acid to Inhibit Browning of Fresh‐Cut Potatoes
Authors: Calder Beth L. , Kash Emily A. , Davis‐Dentici Katherine , Bushway Alfred A.
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  Sodium acid sulfate (SAS) dip treatments were evaluated against a distilled water control and citric acid (CA) to compare its effectiveness in reducing enzymatic browning of raw, French‐fry cut potatoes. Two separate studies were conducted with dip concentrations ranging from 0%, 1%, and 3% in experiment 1 to 0%, 2%, and 2.5% in experiment 2 to determine optimal dip concentrations. Russet Burbank potatoes were peeled, sliced, and dipped for 1 min and stored at 3 °C. Color, texture, fry surface pH, and microbiological analyses were conducted on days 0, 7, and 14. The 3% SAS‐ and CA‐treated samples had significantly (p < 0.0001) lower pH levels on fry surfaces than all other treatments. Both acidulants had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower aerobic plate counts compared to controls in both studies by day 7. However, SAS appeared to be the most effective at the 3% level in maintaining a light fry color up to day 14 and had the highest L‐values than all other treatments. The 3% SAS‐treated fry slices appeared to have the least change in textural properties over storage time, having a significantly (p = 0.0002) higher force value (kg force [kgf]) than the other treatments during experiment 1, without any signs of case‐hardening that appeared in the control and CA‐treated samples. SAS was just as comparable to CA in reducing surface fry pH and also lowering microbial counts over storage time. According to the results, SAS may be another viable acidulant to be utilized in the fresh‐cut fruit and vegetable industry.
Effect of Proteolysis and Calcium Equilibrium on Functional Properties of Natural Cheddar Cheese during Ripening and the Resultant Processed Cheese
Authors: Wang Fang , Zhang Xiaoying , Luo Jie , Guo Huiyuan , Zeng Steve S. , Ren Fazheng
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  The changes in proteolysis, calcium (Ca) equilibrium, and functional properties of natural Cheddar cheeses during ripening and the resultant processed cheeses were investigated. For natural Cheddar cheeses, the majority of the changes in pH 4.6 soluble nitrogen as a percentage of total nitrogen (pH 4.6 SN/TN) and the soluble Ca content occurred in the first 90 d of ripening, and subsequently, the changes were slight. During ripening, functional properties of natural Cheddar cheeses changed, that is, hardness decreased, meltability was improved, storage modulus at 70 °C (G′T = 70) decreased, and the maximum tan delta (TDmax) increased. Both pH 4.6 SN/TN and the soluble Ca were correlated with changes in functional properties of natural Cheddar cheeses during ripening. Kendall's partial correlation analysis indicated that pH 4.6 SN/TN was more significantly correlated with changes in hardness and TDmax. For processed cheeses manufactured from natural Cheddar cheeses with different ripening times, the soluble Ca content did not show significant difference, and the trends of changes in hardness, meltability, G′T = 70, and TDmax were similar to those of natural Cheddar cheeses. Kendall's partial correlation analysis suggested that only pH 4.6 SN/TN was significantly correlated with the changes in functional properties of processed cheeses.
Effects of Protein Separation Conditions on the Functional and Thermal Properties of Canola Protein Isolates
Authors: Manamperi Wajira A. R. , Wiesenborn Dennis P. , Chang Sam K.C. , Pryor Scott W.
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  Canola meal protein isolates were prepared from defatted canola meal flour using alkaline solubilization and acid precipitation. A central composite design was used to model 2nd‐order response surfaces for the protein yield and the functional properties of protein isolates. The solubilization pH and precipitation pH were used as design factors. The models showed that the protein yield and functional properties of isolates, such as water absorption and fat absorption, were sensitive to both solubilization pH and precipitation pH, whereas the emulsification was sensitive to only solubilization pH. Gel electrophoresis analysis of protein fractions gave evidence to the compositional changes between proteins isolated under different conditions. Differences in glass transition temperatures suggest that proteins tend to be more denatured when solubilized at highly alkaline conditions. These conformational and compositional changes due to different protein separation conditions have contributed to the changes in functional properties of protein isolates.

Practical Application:  Protein isolation conditions may be determined primarily through optimization of total protein yield. Improvements in protein functional properties may be achieved with a relatively small sacrifice in yield by altering isolation conditions.
Physicochemical and Phytochemical Properties of Cold and Hot Water Extraction from Hibiscus sabdariffa
Authors: Ramirez‐Rodrigues Milena M. , Plaza Maria L. , Azeredo Alberto , Balaban Murat O. , Marshall Maurice R.
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  Hibiscus cold (25 °C) and hot (90 °C) water extracts were prepared in various time–temperature combinations to determine equivalent extraction conditions regarding their physicochemical and phytochemical properties. Equivalent anthocyanins concentration was obtained at 25 °C for 240 min and 90 °C for 16 min. Total phenolics were better extracted with hot water that also resulted in a higher antioxidant capacity in these extracts. Similar polyphenolic profiles were observed between fresh and dried hibiscus extracts. Hibiscus acid and 2 derivatives were found in all extracts. Hydroxybenzoic acids, caffeoylquinic acids, flavonols, and anthocyanins constituted the polyphenolic compounds identified in hibiscus extracts. Two major anthocyanins were found in both cold and hot extracts: delphynidin‐3‐sambubioside and cyanidin‐3‐sambubioside. In general, both cold and hot extractions yielded similar phytochemical properties; however, under cold extraction, color degradation was significantly lower and extraction times were 15‐fold longer.

Practical Application:  Hibiscus beverages are prepared from fresh or dried calyces by a hot extraction and pasteurized, which can change organoleptic, nutritional, and color attributes. Nonthermal technologies such as dense phase carbon dioxide may maintain their fresh‐like color, flavor, and nutrients. This research compares the physicochemical and phytochemical changes resulting from a cold and hot extraction of fresh and dried hibiscus calyces and adds to the knowledge of work done on color, quality attributes, and antioxidant capacity of unique tropical products. In addition, the research shows how these changes could lead to alternative nonthermal processes for hibiscus.
Heat Treatment of Brussels Sprouts Retains Their Ability to Induce Detoxification Enzyme Expression In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Robbins Melissa G. , Andersen Gaby , Somoza Veronika , Eshelman Bruce D. , Barnes David M. , Hanlon Paul R.
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  The bioactive metabolites of glucosinolates, such as isothiocyanates, contained in cruciferous vegetables have been shown to reduce the risk of cancers through the induction of detoxification enzymes. However, cruciferous vegetables are commonly processed before consumption, significantly altering the phytochemical composition of these vegetables. Compared to freeze‐dried Brussels sprouts, oven‐dried Brussels sprouts contain low concentrations of glucosinolates (22.14 and 0.85 μmol/g, respectively) and isothiocyanates (3.68 and 0.15 μmol/g, respectively). The effect of oven‐dried Brussels sprouts on the expression of detoxification enzymes was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of immortalized human hepatoma cells with the aqueous extract from oven‐dried Brussels sprouts significantly increased quinone activity (0.5 and 1.5 mg/mL) and the activity of the antioxidant response element (EC50 = 2.39 mg/mL) and xenobiotic response element (EC50 2.92 mg/mL). C3H/HeJ mice fed a diet containing 20% oven‐dried Brussels sprout diets for 2 wk demonstrated significantly higher expression than animals fed a nutrient‐matched control diet of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and epoxide hydrolase in the liver and CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, epoxide hydrolase, UGT1A1, thioredoxin reductase, and heme oxygenase in the lungs. The low concentrations of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates in oven‐dried Brussels sprouts suggest that other compounds, such as the Maillard reaction products that are produced during heating, are responsible for the induction of detoxification enzymes in vitro and in vivo.

Practical Application:  The manner in which cruciferous vegetables are processed prior to consumption has significant effects on what compounds people are exposed to. The presence of glucosinolates or isothiocyanates can be a good indicator of the ability of cruciferous vegetables to induce detoxification enzymes. However, the data presented here demonstrate that while heat processing of Brussels sprouts greatly reduced the concentrations of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates, their ability to induce detoxification enzymes in vitro and in vivo was retained.
Contents of Phenolics and Flavonoids and Antioxidant Activities in Skin, Pulp, and Seeds of Miracle Fruit
Authors: Inglett George E. , Chen Diejun
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  Miracle Fruit (Synsepalum dulificum) has been studied because of its unique taste modifying properties. This study investigated contents of phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activities in skin, pulp, and seeds of Miracle Fruit. The free phenolic content in skin was almost 3 times of that in pulp and 4 times of that in seeds. Skin contributed 43.96% of free phenolic compounds with 15.91% of freeze‐dried solids due to its high phenolic content. As the trend observed for phenolic content, the free flavonoid content in the skin was tremendously higher than that in the seed and pulp. The skin contributed about 52% of total flavonoid with 15.91% of dried solids. On other hand, the differences in the bound phenolic contents were not so distinct among the 3 components. The free antioxidant activities in skin and pulp were comparable, and were significantly higher than that in seeds. Although the antioxidant activities in seeds was considerably lower than that in skin, 49.45% free antioxidant activity, 76.41% bound antioxidant activity, and 58.56% of total antioxidant activity were contributed by seeds due to about 66% of solid of total solids. In general, the results of antioxidant activities using sequential methods were higher than that using direct method. This study suggests that Miracle Fruit is a good source not only for flavor and color, and also antioxidant activity for functional food applications.
Bromazine Hydrochloride and Complex Coordinated Reflex Activity
Authors: Baird James A , Boyd Eldon M
Published: April 2011

Bromazine hydrochloride was found to have no effect upon a measurement of complex, co-ordinated, reflex activity in albino rats in oral and subcutaneous doses up to 200 mg./kg. of body weight. No effect upon the same measurements occurred following administration of diphenhydramine hydrochloride in doses up to 25 mg./kg. of body weight. Larger doses of both antihistaminic agents augmented the measured reflex activity. Oral doses of 400 mg./kg. of body weight of bromazine hydrochloride and of 200 mg. of diphenhydramine hydrochloride produced convulsions and a mortality of 80 per cent.
The Failure of Bromazine Hydrochloride to Affect the Output and Composition of Respiratory Tract Fluid
Authors: Boyd Eldon M , Hicks R Noreen
Published: April 2011

Bromazine (ambodryl) hydrochloride administered in doses of from 0·5 to 100 mg./kg. of body weight to rabbits, cats, guinea pigs and albino rats, had no effect upon the volume output, specific gravity, relative viscosity and chloride content of respiratory tract fluid. The relation of this finding to the pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses of antihistaminic drugs in the treatment of cough has been discussed.
A Colorimetric Method for the Determination of Small Amounts of Procaine Present as Procaine Benzylpenicillin B.P. in Veterinary Food Products
Authors: Ashley M G , Lees J F
Published: April 2011

A colorimetric method for the determination of procaine penicillin based on extracting, diazotising and coupling procaine base has been described for animal food products containing between 3·0 per cent, and 2·5 p.p.m. of procaine penicillin.
Variations in the Resin Content of Various Parts of Podophyllum Emodi L
Authors: Hussain Anwar , Chaudhri I I , Muhammad Fateh , Wahhab A
Published: April 2011

The various parts such as roots, rhizome, stem, petiole and leaves of the flowering and non-flowering plants of Podophyllum emodi were collected separately during April, July and September, 1951, from the Kashmir Point Forests Murree Hills, Punjab, and were analysed for their total resin contents after drying them at a temperature of about 41° C. The various parts of the plant were found to have maximum resin percentage during spring, which period is thus most suitable for collection of the drug. The leaves were found to contain between 7·83 to 9·7 per cent, of resin and should also be employed as a rource of resin. The age does not seem to have any significant effect on the resin content, as can be seen from the comparison of resin percentages in different parts of the flowering and non-flowering plants.
A Phytochemical Survey of Some Plants of North Borneo
Authors: Arthur H R
Published: April 2011

205 species of plants of North Borneo have been examined for alkaloids, triterpenoids and steroid compounds, saponins, essential oils, glycosides and hydrogen cyanide. Native names and uses for the plants were collected and some of these are recorded.
A Method of Studying the Modification by Drugs of the Oxidation-Reduction Systems of the Skin
Authors: Loxton Geoffrey E , Le Vay David
Published: April 2011

A new method is described for studying the modification by drugs of the oxidation-reduction systems of the skin in man. This consists in noting the changes produced in the decolorisation time of a standard intradermal wheal made with 2:6-dichlorophenol indophenol indicator solutions. The decolorisation time is significantly decreased by ascorbic acid and by glutathione, and increased by adrenocorticotrophic hormone and cortisone, when these agents are administered systemically. The significance of the electrode potential (Eh) of the tissues in relation to these findings is discussed.
A Note on the Titration of Sulphonamides in Non-Aqueous Solvents
Authors: Faber J S
Published: April 2011

The titration methods of sulphonamides with visual indicators in non-aqueous solvents are shortly reviewed. A method is recommended for assaying sulphathiazole, sulphadiazine, sulphamerazine, sulphadimidine and succinylsulphathiazole by titrating in pyridine solution with sodium methoxide in benzene-methanol mixture 3:1; indicator, thymol blue in methanol. The method is more convenient than the nitrite method and gives the same results. When assaying tablets attention must be paid to excipients which have acidic properties, and cause high results.
A Comparative Study of the Action of Octaverine, Perparine and Papaverine on the Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
Authors: Goldberg A A , Shapero M
Published: April 2011

A comparative study has been made of the activities of papaverine and two synthetic analogues—octaverine and perparine—on the circulatory and respiratory systems in rabbits. Octaverine and perparine possess a hypotensive activity approximately twice as great as that of papaverine. The depressor action of octaverine is of longer duration than that of the other two alkaloids and there is no secondary rise in blood pressure above the normal level. Papaverine causes a slight decrease, while octaverine and perparine effect a substantial increase, in the ventilation rate as measured by the product of respiratory rate and amplitude. Octaverine and perparine are twice to three times as active as papaverine in counteracting adrenaline induced hypertension. Octaverine has a higher adrenolytic activity than the other two compounds as shown by the rise in threshold toxicity of adrenaline in mice. 5 Perparine is slightly less active, while octaverine is slightly more active, than papaverine in increasing the coronary flow in the perfused isolated heart.
A Manual Polarograph
Authors: Jolliffe G O , Morton C
Published: April 2011

A description is given of a potentiometric manual polarograph in which a cathode ray tuning indicator is used as a null point detector. The polarising voltage and the corresponding peak polarographic current are indicated, with an accuracy of ± 1 per cent., by the deflections of a voltmeter, the ranges being as follows: current, 0·00125 to 125 μA., first indication 10 μμA.; voltage, 125 mV. to 2·5 V., first indication 1 mV. By using the instrument in conjunction with a direct current potentiometer, the accuracy may be increased to ± 0·1 per cent. A circuit for obtaining derivative polarograms is included, and provision is also made for the use of the instrument in pH measurements with the aid of the glass electrode.
The Occurrence and Importance of Pyrogens
Authors: Whittet T D
Published: April 2011

Pyrogen-free injections can be prepared without elaborate equipment if a good still and pure drugs are available and an adequate technique is followed. Serious results may follow the use of unsatisfactory materials or careless methods. It is suggested that the Pharmacopœia should include standards for pyrogen-free drugs which should become commercially available.
Rabbit Responses to Human Threshold Doses of A Bacterial Pyrogen
Authors: Dare J G , Mogey G A
Published: April 2011

The scarcity and conflicting nature of the existing evidence on the relationship between effective doses of bacterial pyrogens in man and rabbit is pointed out. The dose/quantal response curve for man to a pyrogen prepared from P. vulgaris has been determined and the intravenous ED50 for this preparation is estimated to lie between 0·084 and 0·101 μg./kg. (P = 0·95). The dose/temperature response curves for the rabbit to the same pyrogen preparation, in a variety of different experimental circumstances, have been determined. The relative sensitivities of man and rabbit to this pyrogen have been calculated on a weight-for-weight basis. Taking as the criteria of pyrogenic response (a) a rise of 0·6° C. in the temperature of the rabbit and (b) shivering in man, it is found that the rabbit is one-third to 7 times as sensitive as man, depending on the experimental conditions. 5 The expected efficiencies of the B.P. and U.S.P. tests, in detecting a human ED5 of Pyrogen Test Preparation No. 1 in differing volumes of solution, have been calculated. 6 Some evidence that pyrogens may interact with other substances has been discussed.
Antazoline Hydrochloride, Tripelennamine Hydrochloride and Locomotor Activity
Authors: Baird James A , Boyd Eldon M
Published: April 2011

Tripelennamine hydrochloride and antazoline hydrochloride were administered orally and subcutaneously, in amounts of from 1 mg./kg. body weight up to lethal doses, to albino rats assembled in Wahmann vertically-revolving drums for the recording of locomotor activity. Tripelennamine hydrochloride had a statistically insignificant effect upon locomotor activity, while antazoline hydrochloride depressed locomotor activity.
Factors Influencing the Activity of Thrombin Preparations
Authors: Bryce D Maxwell
Published: April 2011

The nature of the relationship between thrombin concentration and clotting time is discussed. The rectilinear log:log relationship holds good generally. The effect of temperature on the rate of reaction in dilute plasma is found to be in agreement with the Arrhenius equation and a value for the “activation energy” is calculated. The temperature optimum for thrombin in plasma appears to be between 40° and 45° C. The general retarding effect of salts is noted, and the specific effect of calcium, barium, manganous and nickelous salts is noted and discussed. 5 The activity of thrombin in plasma may show complex dependence on the species of origin. 6 Glycerol retards coagulation, and arabinic acid accelerates it. There is a very marked interaction between the latter and calcium salts.
The Detection of the Alkaloids of Lupinus Termis in Viscera
Authors: Burden E H W J , Grindley D N , Mansour Riad
Published: April 2011

Summary and Conclusions

An investigation of the properties of the alkaloids of the seeds of Lupinus termis, a common article of food in the Middle East, with the intention of detecting them chemically in toxicological specimens is described. The seeds are shown to contain a complex mixture of alkaloids. However, the colour reactions described are sufficiently specific to ensure identification in specimens, although their fate in the human body is unknown. A new modification of Jorissen's test for sparteine is described, making it sensitive to 0·1 mg.
Some Observations on the Effect of Different Drying Methods on the Glycoside Content of the Leaves of Digitalis Lanata
Authors: Dash R M , Frith M L
Published: April 2011

A batch of leaves of Digitalis lanata was dried by 5 different methods. The leaf samples were extracted and the digilanid B and C content estimated by paper chromatography and fluorescence photography. A comparative estimate indicating the decomposition of digilanid A was also made. The digilanids were decomposed least in leaves which were dried at a low temperature in vacuo, although sun-drying was equally effective for the preservation of digilanid C.
The Colorimetric Estimation of Gitoxigenin in Presence of Digitoxigenin
Authors: Tattje D H E
Published: April 2011

A new reagent, consisting of a mixture of concentrated sulphuric acid, syrupy phosphoric acid and ferric chloride is recommended for the colorimetric estimation of gitoxigenin in presence of digitoxigenin. Various experiments showed that the most favourable results are achieved if the composition is the following:—concentrated sulphuric acid, 37·5 per cent, w/w; syrupy phosphoric acid (85 per cent.), 62·5 per cent. w/w; and hydrated ferric chloride, 0·050 per cent. w/w. The red colour originating from the interaction of this reagent with gitoxigenin must be measured at 5750 Å. The extinction of the colour obtained with gitoxigenin is approximately 80 times as great as that of an equal quantity of digitoxigenin and keeps a constant value for at least 2 hours.
The Relationship Between the Infra-Red Absorption Spectra of Some 5:5′-Substituted Barbituric Acids and Their Pharmacological Activity
Authors: Price W C , Bradley J E S , Fraser R D B , Quilliam J P
Published: April 2011

The infra-red spectra of a number of barbiturates classified according to the duration of their activity in depressing the central nervous system have been recorded in the range of the carbonyl frequencies. An analysis of the bands obtained has been made and their relation to the bonds derived. It is found that the longer acting drugs tend to have a band system at slightly higher frequencies. This indicates slightly lower polarities and greater fat-solubility, which is suggested as being a possible contributory cause to the duration of their activity.
Phenol as the Preservative in Insulin Injections
Authors: Sykes G , Hooper Margaret C
Published: April 2011

Acid conditions enhance the antibacterial properties of phenol such that a 0·2 per cent, solution at pH 3 behaves similarly to a 0·5 per cent. solution at neutral pH values; it does not behave in this way to moulds. 0·2 per cent, of phenol is, therefore, a suitable bacteriostatic for insulin and globin insulin injections at pH 3. Because of the antibacterial properties of protamine, 0·2 per cent. of phenol is also a suitable bacteriostatic to add to protamine zinc insulin injection.
The Inhibition of Choline Acetylase by Nicotine
Authors: Fahmy A R , Ryman B E , Walsh E O'F
Published: April 2011

Nicotine inhibits the isolated choline acetylase system of brain but has no action on the sulphanilamide acetylating system of liver. Various mechanisms whereby nicotine inhibits acetylcholine synthesis in nerve are discussed.
An Investigation into the Effects of 2:2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)-1:1-dichloroethane (D.D.D.) on the Mouse Adrenal Cortex
Authors: D'Arcy P F
Published: April 2011

White male mice maintained on a diet containing 0·1 per cent, of 2:2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)-1:1-dichloroethane and mice injected subcutaneously thrice weekly with an oily solution at a dosage of 20 mg./100 g. of body weight, for periods up to 6 weeks failed to exhibit a significantly decreased response to cold stress as compared with the untreated controls. The drug did not significantly decrease the adrenal weights of the treated groups.