bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The behaviour of Toxoplasma gondii on serum-agar culture
Authors: Pulvertaft R. J. V. , Valentine J. C. , Lane W. F.
Published: June 2009

Many parasites, including all known viruses, characteristically lead an intracellular existence, and are known as ‘obligatory intracellular parasites’. It is, however, obvious that—whether the parasite is a virus, a bacterium, or a protozoon— transmission of infection from host to host, or from cell to cell within a single host, must involve an extracellular stage, however short in duration. This extracellular stage is, for the purpose of therapeutics of highest importance, since evidence accumulates that within the protecting walls of a cell parasites are relatively protected against chemotherapeutic agents and antibiotics, while susceptible to their action in the extracellular phase.
The Action of Synthetic Quinoline Compounds on Avian Malaria
Authors: Tate P. , Vincent M.
Published: June 2009

1. The results of previous workers on the action of plasmoquine on avian malaria, Plasmodium relictum (Grassi and Feletti, 1891), have been confirmed and extended. Sterilisation was obtained in a large proportion of birds (16 out of 33) treated during the normal incubation period.

2. Thirteen new synthetic quinoline compounds were found to have antimalarial action.

3. Two of these compounds, R 25 = 8-γ-aminopropylamino-6-ethoxy-quinoline and R 36 = 8-γ-anunopropylamino-6-methoxyquinoline, have therapeutic indices of 1: 16, are nearly equal to plasmoquine in potency and resemble it in action.

4. A third compound, R 44 = 8-γ-aminopropylamino-6-n-butoxyquino-line, has a therapeutic index of only 1 : 8, but its sterilising action is equal to or greater than plasmoquine, R 25 and R 36.

5. The remaining compounds have therapeutic indices of 1 : 8 or 1 : 4 and vary in their sterilising action.

6. Experiments are described which show the formation of methaemo-globin in vitro through the action of plasmoquine, R 25 and R 36. In this respect the order of activity of the compounds is R 36, R 25, plasmoquine.
A Pathological Condition observed in Ticks (Ixodidae)
Authors: Olenev N. O. , Rozhdestvenskaja V. S.
Published: June 2009

When studying a collection of ticks sent to us by Dr G. I. Sorokoumov from Turkestan, we observed several specimens which presented a remarkable appearance. Their bodies were covered with numerous oval, whitish, well-defined elevations with a glossy surface. We could find no reference to such a condition in the literature on ticks. A disease in Rhipicephalus bursa nymphs, observed by P. Schulze in 1925, and supposed to be due to a fungus, offers no similarity.
The Strigeid Trematode, Crassiphiala ambloplitis (Hughes 1927)
Authors: Hunter George W.
Published: June 2009

Within the last decade problems dealing with life cycles and relationships of the Strigeid Trematodes have received considerable attention. Among the European workers Szidat (1929, 1929 a) has given the most complete summary of the anatomy, development and systematic position of the Strigeidae, while in North America La Rue (1926), his students and associates, have been contributing to our knowledge of the anatomy, relationships and life histories.
Die Gastrophilus-Larve als Gastparasit in der Menschenhaut
Authors: Pavlovsky E. N. , Stein A. K.
Published: June 2009

Es ist schon längst die weit verbreitete Hautkrankheit des Menschen bekannt, welche in Russland bildlich als “Wolossatik” bezeichnet wird. Dieser Volksname findet seine Erklärung im Aberglauben der Bauern, welche überzeugt sind, dass ein ins Wasser gefallenes Pferdehaar auflebe (Verwechselung mit dem Gordius aquaticus). In solchem Zustande solle es manchmal beim Baden oder Waschen in die Haut des Menschen eindringen, wo es sich bewegt, ein Jucken verursacht und in der Haut eine rötliche, leicht angeschwollene Spur resp. eine mehr oder weniger gewundenen Linie hinterlassen kann. Diese Krank-heit wurde beschrieben (1) von Lee, welcher in der Clinical Society of London, 1874, einen Vortrag über einen Fall der Kriechkrankheit (Creeping eruption) gehalten hat, und (2) von Samson, welcher 1895, in Wratsch einen Brief über eine neue Hautkrankheit veröffentlicht hat. Auf Samson's Brief folgten bald analoge Mitteilungen Ssokolow (1895), Kuschen (1896), Olissow (1897), Kum-berg (1898), Rownitzky (1898), Wostrikow und Bogrow (1909) in Russland und Lee (1884), Malcolm Morris (1896), Neumann (1895), Kaposi (1898), Harlingen (1902), Boas (1907), Fülleborn (1908, 1918), Knowles (1916), León (1914) u. a. in West-Europa und Amerika.
On a New Gregarine Anisolobus dacnecola n.g., n.sp., a Parasite of Dacne rufifrons Fabr. (Coleoptera)
Authors: Vincent Mary
Published: June 2009

The host of this gregarine is Dacne rufifrons Fabr., a small beetle, which is commonly to be found feeding on the polypores which grow on old elm trees in the neighbourhood of Cambridge. Beetles collected in the Autumn, and again in the following Spring, were very heavily parasitized. The beetles live together in small colonies, a habit which greatly increases the chance of infection.
The Mallophagan Family Menoponidae
Authors: Ferris G. F.
Published: June 2009

It is perhaps unnecessary to introduce this series of papers with the remark that the chief interest in the study of the Mallophaga centres about the problems associated with their distribution and that these problems are in some measure at least coincident with the problem of the genetic relationship of their hosts. All this has been said very clearly, many times and by various writers. Yet I repeat it again, for it is this interest which is responsible for the papers to follow and it is as a contribution toward the study of these problems that they are intended, notwithstanding the circuitous route that may be followed in arriving at this goal.
Studies on the Anatomy of Cimex lectularius. I
Authors: Puri I. M.
Published: June 2009

The anatomy of the bed-bug has been described many times by other writers. There is therefore no intention in the present paper of dealing with more than those parts of the anatomy which have been described incorrectly or insufficiently or have been omitted from the descriptions. Such are the mouth-parts, salivary pump, salivary glands and nephrocytes and with these subjects accordingly this paper deals exclusively.
Myiasis in Bufo regularis caused by a Tabanid Larva
Authors: Hindle Edward
Published: June 2009

In December, 1922, whilst dissecting a large female example of Bufo regularis, one of my students noticed a cylindrical structure extending along the ventral region of the body-cavity. A careful examination showed that this structure consisted of an elongated sac-like diverticulum of the right lung, containing an almost full-grown specimen of a dipterous larva, which could be seen through the membraneous wall of the diverticulum. The base of the latter, in addition to its point of origin from the lung, was also connected to the dorsal surface of the liver by strands of fibrous tissue, suggesting that the growth had been in existence some considerable time in order to cause such adhesions. Posteriorly, the diverticulum hung freely in the body cavity and extended to the extreme hinder end. Its dimensions were 5·5 cm. in length, by 0·5 cm. in diameter, but tapering towards each extremity.
The Absence of Paedogenetic Multiplication in the Blow-fly (Calliphora erythrocephala)
Authors: Keilin D.
Published: June 2009

Paedogenesis, or the multiplication of an animal in its immature stages of life, is a very rare phenomenon and is known to occur only in a few species of holometabolic insects.
A Reference List of the Trematode Parasites of British Reptiles
Authors: Nicoll William
Published: June 2009

The publication of this list of Reptilian Trematode parasites involves little comment. Reptiles form at most an insignificant and unobtrusive part of the fauna of this country and, apparently, few if any, investigations have ever been made of the Trematode parasites which may occur in them. I have personally examined a few snakes but with entirely negative results.
Twenty-five Years After
Authors: Grassi Battista
Published: June 2009

The hypothesis that human malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes was canvassed by Laveran, Manson, Bignami, Dionisi, Koch, and others in 1895–1897—to mention no earlier speculators. But when, and by whom, was this hypothesis converted into a fact?
Notes on the Streblinae, a Subfamily of the Streblidae (Diptera Pupipara)
Authors: Kessel Quinta Cattell
Published: June 2009

The following paper is part of the result of work done in the University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, between Nov. 1922 and June 1923. The present writer has for some years been receiving specimens of Nycteribiidae for determination, and with them there had accumulated at Cambridge a small collection of another family of bat-parasites, the Streblidae. At the writer's suggestion, Mrs Kessel undertook a systematic examination of this collection, and with it of material kindly lent by the British Museum through Major Austen and Mr F. W. Edwards, by Professor Poulton from the Hope Museum, Oxford, by Dr G. A. K. Marshall from the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, and by Mr S. Hirst. To all these gentlemen thanks are tendered, also to the authorities of the British Museum for the gift of certain named duplicates, and to Mr Oldfield Thomas for checking the names of the mammalian hosts. Thanks are also due to Mr Gillings for the care exercised by him over the drawings, and to the editors of Parasitology for accepting this paper for publication.
The Range of Variation of Hymenolepis nana in Rats and Mice
Authors: Baylis H. A.
Published: June 2009

Dr Woodland kindly submitted to me the majority of the worms recovered by him on dissecting the mice used in his very interesting experiment (see his paper that follows), with a request for my opinion as to the identity of the species. The material, which was handed to me preserved in formalin, consisted only in part of complete specimens, a number of the worms having been broken up during collection. I stained most of the whole specimens with dilute haematoxylin and mounted them in Canada balsam. Upon microscopic examination it became evident that the specimens were of various ages and degrees of maturity, and one specimen was of exceptionally large size. This individual, in a fairly contracted condition, measures (after mounting and without stretching) 36 mm. in length, and has about 650 recognisable segments. Mature segments (i.e. segments with testes and ovary both fully developed) begin to appear-at about the 320th segment from the scolex, and gravid segments at about the 490th. There are thus about 160 gravid segments. It will be evident from these details that this specimen agrees with my description of “Hymenolepis longior.” Two of the young forms among Dr Woodland's material also seemed to agree with “H. longior” rather than with what I had regarded as H. nana.
The Ova of Aëdes (Finlaya) geniculatus Olivier
Authors: MacGregor Malcolm E.
Published: June 2009

The British species of Aëdes, A.(Finlaya) geniculatus, lays its eggs on the damp surfaces of tree-holes containing water; or, if the expanse of water in the hole be large, often directly upon the water surface.
On the Sporocyst and Cercaria of a Marine Distomid Trematode from Nucula
Authors: Jones E. Idris , Rothschild Miriam
Published: June 2009

The cercaria is liberated from an unbranched sporocyst by the birth-pore. It is spindle-shaped and possesses a bifid tail. It possesses two suckers, a long oesophagus and a forked gut. The excretory vesicle is Y-shaped with two furcal extensions from its stem. The cuticle is unarmed. There is no stylet or cystogenous organ.

There is no redia.

All stages in the development of the cercaria are found within the sporocyst.
Studies on Crepidostomum metoecus (Braun) and C. farionis (Müller), parasitic in Salmo trutta L. and S. salar L. in Britain
Authors: Thomas J. D.
Published: June 2009

1. Crepidostomum farionis (Müller, 1784) and C. metoecus (Braun, 1900) were found to occur together in the same host fish, Salmo trutta L., S. salar L. and Anguilla anguilla (L.) in mid-Wales. It is believed that the latter species constituted an accidental host.

2. C. metoecus is recorded in Britain for the first time.

3. There was some evidence of a habitat isolation in individual fish as C. metoecus occurred predominantly within the pyloric caeca, while C. farionis usually occupied a more posterior station in the intestine.

4. A detailed description is given of G. metoecus and the salient features of this species are compared with those of C. farionis.

5. The two species of Crepidostomum commonly occurred in large numbers in their fish hosts, individual fish harbouring up to 157 worms. No lesions attributable to Crepidostomum were, however, detected and there was no evidence of pathogenicity.

6. It would appear that the eel is physiologically immune to both species of Crepidostomum and that the salmon parr is partially resistant.

7. The degree of infestation of trout and parr with both the Crepidostomum species is at a maximum during the winter months and at a minimum in the summer months. This seasonal variation can be attributed to a periodicity in the swarming of the cercariae.

8. There is no evidence of age resistance or acquired immunity of the trout to infestation by Crepidostomum species.
The effect of certain inorganic chloride solutions upon the movement of a soil nematode (Rhabditis terrestris Stephenson), and upon its bodily size
Authors: Stephenson William
Published: June 2009

1. Worms which had been cultured in media of different osmotic pressures were immersed in concentrated solutions of NaCl, KC1, CaCl2 and MgCl2, and the times of cessation of spontaneous movement noted.

2. Worms from ‘normal’ cultures were immersed in a single concentration of each of the above solutions (all osmotically equivalent to 0·51 M NaCl) and the shrinkage curves were determined.

3. Worms from ‘normal’ cultures were placed in NaCN and KCN solutions and the subsequent shrinkage on immersion in a concentrated balanced salt solution was measured. From these results it is concluded that cyanide decreases the permeability of the body to water, and also that NaCN enters the body more rapidly than KCN.

4. It has been shown that the chloride solutions which produce the greatest effect on the movement of the worms produce the least shrinkage and vice versa. From this it is concluded that the substances investigated can be arranged in order of their rates of penetration approximately as follows: NaCl> CaCl2> MgCl2, KCl.

5. It is suggested that the results obtained are more easily explained on the assumption that the rates of penetration of the substances used are controlled by the activities of living protoplasm than by the properties of non-living cuticle.
On a new Cyclophyllidean cestode, Multiceps smythi n.sp., from dogs in Dublin, Eire
Authors: Johri L. N.
Published: June 2009

A general morphological account of Multiceps smythi n.sp. from the local dogs in Dublin is given. This new species is characterized by forty-four rostellar hooks arranged in two rows of alternating crowns. Testes 286–310 in a single segment, occupying all parts of the segment in between the longitudinal excretory vessels, except the poral, posterior portion of the segment. Vagina opening posterior to the cirrus sac. Receptaculum seminis present. Uterus with 16–19 lateral branches on each side. Onchosphere enclosed in an embryophore, which is itself enclosed in a thin-walled capsule which has a bulge on one side containing fatty globules. The histological structure of Mehlis' gland and of the vitelline glands is also described.
Rhipicephalus humeralis Rondelli 1926
Authors: Walker Jane B.
Published: June 2009

1. The male of Rhipicephalus humeralis is redescribed and the female and immature stages are described for the first time. The synonymy of the species is discussed and the various stages are compared with those of R. pulchellus.

2. Details of the life cycle under laboratory conditions are given.

3. The host list and distribution of the species are given.
New Parasitic Copepoda from Naples
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

This collection, among others, was made for and kindly presented to me by Miss Miriam Rothschild during her visit to the Zoological Station, Naples, in April 1934.
A Note on an Unidentified Fungus in the Body Cavity of two Thysanopterous Insects
Authors: Lysaght Averil M.
Published: June 2009

A list of entomophagous fungi was published by Gray in 1858, and since then a great many more have been recorded. Accounts of those found in the body cavity of scale insects have been given by Schwarz (1924), and by Brues & Glaser (1921). These are apparently symbiotic and allied to Saccharomyces. Several species of Coelomyces have been found in the body cavity of mosquito larvae and described by Keilin (1921, 1927) and Iyengar (1935).
Studies of the Effect on T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense of Prolonged Maintenance in Mammals other than Man, with Special Reference to the Power of these Trypanosomes to Infect Man. II
Authors: Duke H. Lyndhurst
Published: June 2009

In this section are collected all the instances recorded at this laboratory of the testing of T. gambiense on man, after the trypanosome had been maintained for a time in laboratory animals.
Some Rare and New Parasitic Copepoda, etc., from Brighton and Elsewhere
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

The following animals are from a collection made for and kindly presented to me by Miss Miriam Rothschild during her visit to Brighton in July and August 1935.
Tenuisentis, a new Genus of Acanthocephala, and its Taxonomic Position
Authors: van Cleave Harley J.
Published: June 2009

Specimens collected by the Swedish Expedition to the White Nile in 1901 have been identified as Rhadinorhynchus niloticus Meyer, 1932. On the basis of this material, including the first recorded females, the species has been restudied. Points wherein the individuals are unlike the forms included in the family Rhadinorhynchidae are presented in detail. A new genus, Tenuisentis, is proposed with Rhadinorhynchus niloticus as type. This new genus becomes type of a new family, the Tenuisentidae, which is assigned to the order Eoacanthocephala.
Sporozoon tincae, A pathogenic parasite of the tench
Authors: Jírovec O. , Schåferna K. , Škorpil F.
Published: June 2009

Sporozoon Tincae Volf & Dvořak, 1928, is the cause of a fatal disease of the tench (Tinca tinca) in fish-ponds in south Bohemia. We can distinguish in its life cycle two different stages, multiplication by repeated binary fission, resembling schizogony and by sporogony with the formation of elliptical spores measuring 1.5–2 by 0.5–1 μ. The development of all these stages occurs in the cytoplasm of histiocytes. A detailed description of the life cycle is given. This parasite should be placed provisionally in the order Haplosporidia.
The response of blood-inoculated and sporozoite-induced infections of Plasmodium relictum to drugs
Authors: Bishop Ann , Birkett Betty , Gilchrist Barbra M.
Published: June 2009

1. When sporozoite-induced infections of Plasmodium relictum are treated with atebrin (mepacrine) in doses suppressive to blood-inoculated infections, for periods exceeding that of normal incubation, parasites devoid of pigment appear in the erythrocytes of the peripheral blood. A small proportion of these may develop into schizonts, but the number of merozoites produced is fewer than normal.

2. A similar phenomenon occurs when quinine is substituted for atebrin, but the drug appears to be excreted more rapidly so that the inhibitive effect upon growth is less marked.

3. When plasmoquine is given in the maximum tolerated dose to birds infected with sporozoites, parasites are not seen in the peripheral blood during treatment, though the infection is not sterilized. With smaller doses parasites, including a few small schizonts, are found in the erythrocytes during treatment.

4. Merozoites produced in the erythrocytes during drug treatment are not capable of further multiplication when inoculated into uninfected birds having a similar blood-concentration of drug, so long as treatment continues, though they develop normally when transferred to untreated birds.

5. No indication of drug resistance has been observed.

6. The possible mechanisms by which blood-inoculated infections are eradicated, or resist eradication, are discussed.

We wish to thank Miss Vincent (Mrs Thorpe) and Dr Parr Tate for access to their preliminary unpublished experiments, and the latter for helpful criticism.
The physiology and cultivation in artificial media of nematodes parasitic in the alimentary tract of animals
Authors: Hobson A. D.
Published: June 2009

It is intended that this review shall give an account of what is known of the physiology of the parasitic stages of nematodes parasitic in animals, with particular reference to those species which are found in the alimentary tract of their hosts. An account will also be given of attempts which have been made to keep the adult and larval phases of parasitic nematodes alivein vitroand of the bearing of the available physiological data upon this problem.
Nutritional requirements of flea larvae, and their bearing on the specific distribution and host preferences of the three indian species of Xenopsylla (Siphonaptera)
Authors: Sharif M.
Published: June 2009

The comparative nutritive value of dried horse blood, highly milled wheat flour devoid of bran, a mixed diet of blood and wheat flour and that of blood and yeast for the larvae of Xenopsylla cheopis, X. brasiliensis and X. astia was ascertained experimentally. Pure blood proved inadequate, probably because it is deficient in accessory food factors. The growth of their larvae on wheat flour alone was erratic; only partial success was obtained, and the adults emerged after long and irregular intervals. This I attribute to the association of micro-organisms, possibly fungi, with this food. A mixture of blood and wheat flour quickened their larval development, but it was not a satisfactory larval diet. Blood and yeast form an ideal food for all flea larvae.

It is concluded that larval diets, containing blood or wheat proteins and vitamins of the B group, are essential for the successful rearing of these rat-fleas, and that the proper sclerotization of the adult is due to the presence of haemoglobin in the larval food. The available data on the effects of diverse diets on the growth of flea larvae lend strong support to the conclusion that successful development depends on the presence of these vitamins in the food; it also leads me to think that their source in nature may be the association of micro-organisms with the food.

The larval food appears to be an important factor that governs the distribution and host preferences of different species of flea. The larvae of X. astia require the most nutritive diet. If a rich larval food is present in a rodent burrow, X. astia flourishes, as in the burrows of Tatera indica and Bandicota malabarica, and even in those of the domestic rats in certain regions. In contrast, the nutritional requirements of the larvae of Xenopsylla cheopis and X. brasiliensis are simple; thus they prosper readily in a burrow of the domestic rat, even where the nutritive value of the larval food is very low. As the temperature tolerance of X. brasiliensis is the lowest, this species is confined to some of the cooler regions.

The irregular distribution of the three species of rat-fleas inside India may be related to differences in the nutritional value of the varied organic sub stances found in rat burrows in different plaoes. The fact that the distribution of X. cheopis and X. brasiliensis is wider than that of X. astia is attributed to the ability of the larvae of the first two species to grow better on flour alone; this possibly enables them to survive transport in grain, even without rats, to places far from their original home.
A New Nematode, Longibucca Lasiura N.SP. (Rhabditoidea, Cylindrogasteridae), from a Bat
Authors: McIntosh Allen , Chitwood B. G.
Published: June 2009

Nematodes of the superfamily Rhabditoidea are usually free-living; however, a few species appear to be definitely parasitic. The Nematode described in this paper belongs to the latter group. It was found in large numbers in the small intestine of one of two bats, Lasiurus borealis, captured September 15th, 1932, in the vicinity of Washington, D.C. Additional specimens of this species of bat were not obtained for examination. Two specimens of each of two other species of bats, Eptesicus fuscus and Nycticeius humeralis, collected from the same locality were negative for this parasite. The Nematode is a member of the family Cylindrogasteridae Chitwood 1933, and appears to be congeneric with Longibucca vivipara Chitwood 1933, found in the wall of the stomach of a South American snake, Pseudoboa cloelia.
Fimbriaria fasciolaris in the Proventriculus of a Swan associated with Bacterial Infection and Ulcer Formation
Authors: Taylor E. L.
Published: June 2009

The unusual occurrence of an infestation of Fimbriaria fasciolaris in the proventriculus of a swan is recorded.

The worms were associated with the presence of bipolar staining bacteria and ulcer formation near the site of their attachment.
The Life History of Leidynema appendiculata (Leidy), a Nematode of Cockroaches
Authors: Dobrovolny C. G. , Ackert J. E.
Published: June 2009

1. Of 259 cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) collected at Manhattan, Kansas, 86·3 per cent. were infested with one or two species of oxyurids, Leidynema appendiculata and Hammerschmidtiella diesingi. The highest incidence was among the immature roaches, of which 94·2 per cent. were infested; next was in the adult females with 87·5 per cent. infested; and lastly among the mature males with 79·5 per cent. parasitised. The female roaches carried the heaviest infestations and the young Periplaneta americana the lightest.

2. Uninfested cockroaches were obtained by rearing the young from oöthecae.

3. Oxyurid eggs in moist chambers remained viable for at least two months. Eggs of all stages when exposed to direct strong artificial or natural light for 15 min. failed to continue development.

4. Fertilised eggs incubated at 37° C. in dilute Locke's solution develop to the active embryonated stage in 20–36 hours; in 4–7 days they develop to the resting embryonated stage.

5. Regardless of the media utilised eggs failed to hatch in vitro.

6. Feeding experiments proved that transmission is direct. Eggs in the resting embryonated stage are infective; those in the active embryonated stage do not appear to be infective.
Researches on the Intestinal Protozoa of Monkeys and Man
Authors: Dobell Clifford
Published: June 2009

It will be convenient at this point, before proceeding to a more general discussion of the findings, to summarize all the experiments recorded in the eight preceding subsections. Briefly the results are as follows:

(i) An attempt to infect a Macacus rhesus by feeding it with Trichomonas isolated from a monkey of the same species failed completely.

(ii) Four similar attempts to infect a Macacus sinicus with the same Trichomonas (from M. rhesus) were equally unsuccessful.

(iii) Two attempts to infect another M. sinicus by intra-intestinal inoculation with the same flagellate were likewise wholly negative.

(iv) One attempt to infect a man per os with the same strain of Trichomonas (from M. rhesus) did not succeed.

(v) A strain of Trichomonas from Man, when fed to a Macacus rhesus, produced no infection.

(vi) The same strain (T. hominis) fed to a Macacus sinicus likewise failed to infect.

(vii) A strain of Trichomonas from Macacus nemestrinus, however, when fed to M. rhesus, gave rise to a temporary infection lasting about a month.

(viii) This Trichomonas (from M. nemestrinus, after passage through M. rhesus) produced, nevertheless, a permanent infection—lasting 4½ years to date—when fed to a man.

(ix) The same strain of Trichomonas (from M. nemestrinus), after passage through M. rhesus and Man, when fed to a Macacus sinicus gave rise to an infection which endured for approximately 1½ months and then died out. But

(x) The very same Trichomonas (which was derived from M. nemestrinus, and which produced a temporary intestinal infection in M. rhesus and M. sinicus, and a permanent intestinal infection in Man) when introduced into the vagina of M. sinicus established itself enduringly as a typical “T. vaginalis.” The infection has now persisted for ome 3⅓ years.

(xi) The monkey (M. sinicus) in which a permanent vaginal infection with an intestinal Trichtomonas was established, has probably since reacquired no permanent intestinal infection—despite every natural opportunity for such reinfection.

(xii) No macaque suffered any harm whatsoever as a result of inoculation with any strain of Trichomonas–whether successful or unsuccessful.

(xiii) The one man successfully infected with Trichomonas (from M. nemestrinus) has likewise remained normal ever since.
Studies on monocystid gregarines
Authors: Rees B.
Published: June 2009

Dujardin (1835) was the first to describe an adult gregarine occurring in an earthworm. This description contains illustrations of a typical Nematocystis species (Dujardin's Text-figs. B1-B7 and C1 and C2). Subsequent workers made many other observations, but it was Hesse (1909) who first carried out a comprehensive study of these parasites. It was Hesse's excellent work which laid the foundation for succeeding students of the group, the more important of whom are Cognetti de Martiis (1911, 1918, 1920, 1921, 1923, 1925, 1926, 1927), Berlin (1923, 1924), Bhatia (1924, 1924b, 1929, 1930), Bhatia & Setna (1926), Setna (1927), Bhatia & Chatterjee (1925), Troisi (1933, 1940), Tuzet & Loubatières (1946, 1948) and Loubatières (1947, 1948, 1949). Hesse gave a good historical resumé of the work carried out until 1909, while Loubatières (1949) has given a complete and very useful resumé of the work since.
On the nature and the structure of the calcareous corpuscles in Taenia saginata
Authors: Chowdhury A. B. , Dasgupta B. , Ray H. N.
Published: June 2009

There is histochemical evidence for the presence of calcium, glycogen, simple proteins and alkaline phosphatase in the calcareous corpuscles occurring in the parenchyma of Taenia saginata. A distinct Feulgen-positive reaction is seen in most of these corpuscles. The material yielding this positive reaction is apparently derived from the nucleus of certain mesenchymal cells from which these corpuscles supposedly originate. In some corpuscles, which are probably at the early stage of formation, the nucleus of such a mesenchymal cell is clearly seen adhering to the surface of the corpuscle. The identity of the nucleus of such cells is apparently lost in the fully formed corpuscle. Each corpuscle has a concentric appearance and is probably formed in successive layers.
The occurrence of a trematode larva in a population of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi)
Authors: Berry A. J.
Published: June 2009

1. Annual fluctuations in the percentage of L. saxatilis infected by Cercaria ubiquitoides at Whitstable, Kent, are described.

2. Females are consistently more frequently parasitized than males.

3. At higher shore stations more L. saxatilis are parasitized than at lower shore stations.

4. Possible reasons for the above phenomena are discussed together with the relationship between trematode infection and the reproductive activity of L. saxatilis.
A new coccid-parasite of the family Eupelmidae (Hym. Chalc.)
Authors: Ferrière Ch.
Published: June 2009

We received from Dr W. H. Thorpe a remarkable Eupelmid bred from the large Coccid, Aspidoproctus maximus Newstead, in East Africa. As Dr Thorpe has been able to make some interesting observations on the life history of this parasite, I have been asked to study it specially. It differs from all other known species of Eupelmus from Africa, and I am giving here a description of that species.
Osmotic relations of some metazoan parasites
Authors: Panikkar N. Kesava , Sproston Nora G.
Published: June 2009

1. The osmotic behaviour of three parasites in normal and experimental media has been studied with a view to understanding the relationship with their hosts.

2. Angusticaecum sp., a nematode frpm the intestine of the tortoise, is hypertonic in media of very low concentrations (1·1–1·3 % NaCl in tap water), but becomes isotonic in sea water and slightly hypertonic in 50 % sea water. Ligaturing experiments show that its cuticle is permeable to water and probably to salts.

3. Lernaeocera branchialis, a blood-feeding copepod from Gadus spp., is hypotonic to the surrounding sea water so long as it remains attached to its host, its blood showing an osmotic pressure equivalent to 2·O–2·8 % NaCl. Isotonicity with the medium is established when the parasite is excised and kept alive. Hypotonicity of Lernaeocera is probably caused by the low osmotic pressure of the blood of its host (1·443 % NaCl in Gadus pollachius), to which it is permanently attached.

4. Bopyrus squillarum, a blood-sucking isopod from Leander serratus, is isotonic or slightly hypotonic to sea water, the tendency towards hypotonicity being probably the result of the hypotonic nature of the blood of the host.

5. The osmotic properties of Lerpaeocera and Bopyrus would suggest their ability to survive in dilute sea water, a fact which is supported by their occurrence on hosts living in inshore or estuarine habitats.
The metacercaria of Cercaria doricha Roths. 1934, or a closely related species
Authors: Rothschild Miriam , Sproston Nora G.
Published: June 2009

In 1934 an intensive but unsuccessful search was made for the metacercariae of the Rhodometopa group of cercariae parasitizing Turritella communis Lamarck. Attention was concentrated on the vertebrate and invertebrate fauna of the Rame Mud, as Turritella has a patchy and circumscribed distribution in the Plymouth neighbourhood and is virtually restricted to a few small areas of ground in this region. The high rate of infection suggested that the metacercariae must occur commonly in some species found there, and the behaviour of the cercariae indicated that a fish served as second intermediate host (Rothschild, 1935, p. 169). This has now been proved.
On the life history and the biology of the rat-flea, Nosopsyllus fasciatus (Bosc.)
Authors: Sharif M.
Published: June 2009

A brief summary of previous work done on the life history and the biology of fleas is given. The duration of various well-defined periods during the course of metamorphosis of the flea at temperature 23° C. and 90 per cent relative humidity is recorded.

It is experimentally proved that blood, although the most important part of the nutritional requirements of the flea larvae, is by itself not sufficient for their normal and successful development. The flea larvae require an additional food which in nature is supplied by the organic refuse present in the bed of the host of the adult fleas.

Experiments were carried out to determine the nutritional value of different constituents of the blood and it was found that the fibrin has no nutritive value to the flea larvae, while the serum and red corpuscles have equal nutritive value. Lagging larvae are the result of some deficiency in the food. The serum possesses all the essential proteins for the normal development of flea larvae but lack of the required amount of iron in it increases the percentage of mortality and delays the development. On the other hand the red corpuscles or haemoglobin, though rich in proteins containing iron but on account of the poverty of some other proteins necessary for the normal development prolong the development and increase the percentage of mortality. It was further experimentally proved that flea larvae require blood for their development in order to obtain the necessary supply of iron for their normal growth. The denatured proteins of the blood and its constituents have no nutritive value for the flea larvae.
The indicator system of the Sabin-Feldman phenomenon in Toxoplasma
Authors: Kulasiri C.
Published: June 2009

Azure A, azure B and Nile blue in both neutral and alkaline solutions were found to be suitable for use as indicator dyes in the Sabin-Feldman test. Toluidine blue, brilliant cresyl blue and thionine were also suitable as neutral solutions. Azure C, phloxine, phloxine B, neutral red, methyl green, pyronine Y, eosin and celestine blue were found to be unsuitable. Azure B and toluidine blue in saline solutions were serviceable up to 5 months after preparation. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Herpetomonas ludwigi (Kramář, 1950) n.comb., the trypanosomatid parasite of cranefly larvae (Diptera, Tipulidae)
Authors: Vickerman Keith
Published: June 2009

1. Herpetomonas ludwigi was found in 5–6% of larvae of Tipula paludosa in two out of three populations examined.

2. The developmental cycle is confined to the enteric caeca of the host. From a study of smears and sections of these organs it was concluded that the life cycle was composed of the following stages:

(a) A long-flagellated leptomonad stage which is short-lived and probably represents the form in which the flagellate enters the caeca from the mid-gut lumen; (b) a haptomonad or attached form in which the flagellum is short or absent: this probably represents the growth phase of the organism; (c) a crithidial phase which arises by a series of divisions from the haptomonad; (d) a small trypaniform stage which breaks free and lives in the lumen of the caecum; (e) a precystic flagellate; and (f) a small, thick-walled cyst.

3. This species is characterized by its restriction to the enteric caeca and the short duration of free swimming as opposed to attached stages in the life history. This second feature is a corollary of the first. The periodic contraction of the enteric caeca makes attachment obligatory throughout the growth and division stages. These contractions also serve to void cysts into the mid-gut whence they leave the larva with its dejecta to infect other larvae.
Further notes on Trichogramma semblidis
Authors: Salt George
Published: June 2009

1. Several behaviouristic and physiological differences distinguish the two species Trichogramma semblidis and T. evanescens (tabulated on p. 514).

2. There are no true intermediates between the two forms of the male T. semblidis, but intermediate types are simulated by degenerate individuals of small size produced by starvation.

3. Among 1740 males reared from eggs of Sialis and 1847 reared from eggs of moths, there were only nineteen exceptions to the rule that the apterous form emerges from the former and the winged form from the latter.

4. The ability of T. semblidis to produce its apterous male can remain latent through as many as sixty-four generations reared on Sitotroga and yet find its full expression immediately when the parasite is reared on Sialis.

5. Several other species of Neuroptera have been parasitized, but Sialis lutaria remains the only known host that regularly elicits the apterous form.

6. T. semblidis is capable of arrhenotokous parthenogenesis. The statement that the species includes thelytokous strains requires corroboration.
Studies of the effect on T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense of prolonged maintenance in mammals other than man; with special reference to the power of these trypanosomes to infect man
Authors: Duke H. Lyndhurst
Published: June 2009

In this, the last paper to be published from the Uganda Institute, after an account of the strain that forms its main subject, the origin of T. rhodesiense will be briefly discussed in the light of the investigations recorded in this series of papers and a few general observations will be made.
Morphological and taxonomic studies on mammalian trypanosomes
Authors: Hoare Cecil A. , Bennett S. C. J.
Published: June 2009

An account is given of the spontaneous occurrence in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan of strains of the camel trypanosome, Trypanosoma evansi, devoid of kinetonuclei.

These cases, of which four are recorded, were observed in widely separated localities within the enzootic area of camel trypanosomiasis.

A critical review is given of the question of “akinetonucleate” trypanosomes in general—in strains produced experimentally and in those occurring spontaneously—with special reference to their mode of origin and their significance in the production of new races.

The prevalence of “akinetonucleate” forms in normal strains of trypanosomes has been estimated in the case of a number of species and races hitherto not examined from this point of view, all the existing data being brought together in tabular form.

While the factors causing the appearance of “akinetonucleate” individuals and strains under natural conditions could not be ascertained, irregular division of the trypanosomes is held to be mainly responsible for the elimination of the kinetonucleus and for the persistence of the aberrant condition.
A new coccidian, Wenyonella hoarei n.sp. from an Indian squirrel
Authors: Ray Harendra Nath , Gupta Matiranjan Das
Published: June 2009

In June 1935 we observed in the intestine of an Indian squirrel, Sciurus sp.1, a coccidium which, since it has tetrazoic tetra-sporocystid oocysts, must be placed in the genus Wenyonella recently created by Hoare (1933).2
Studies on Trypanosoma avium Danilewsky 1885 II. Transmission by Ornithomyia avicularia L
Authors: Baker J. R.
Published: June 2009

1. It is shown that Ornithomyia avicularia L. (Diptera, Hippoboscidae) is a vector of Trypanosoma avium in this country.

2. The metacyclic trypanosomes develop in the insect's hind-gut, and infect birds by penetrating the membranes of buccal cavity and/or oesophagus and crop.

3. The opportunity for infection to take place occurs when birds ingest infected insects.

4. The significance of this finding in connexion with other reports of (a) vectors of avian trypanosomes, and (b) trypanosomes transmitted by hippoboscids, is discussed.

5. Attempts to obtain development of T. avium in a few nymphs of Rhodnius prolixus and one adult Culex molestus, failed. Mites from an infected bird were examined for the presence of flagellates, with negative results.
On the genus Tripselia and the group of Basilia bathybothyra (Nycteribiidae, Diptera)
Authors: Theodor Oskar
Published: June 2009

Some species of Nycteribiidae have been recorded from widely different faunistic regions. Thus, Eucampsipoda hyrtlii has been recorded from Africa, Ceylon, Burma and Sumatra. Other species have been recorded from Europe and China or from Europe and South Africa. Re-examination of the material has proved in most cases that the species were wrongly identified and no species has been found so far to exist both in Europe and in East Asia. There remained finally two species which have been recorded from the Ethiopian and the Oriental region, Tripselia blainvillii and Basilia bathybothyra. Material of these two species from as many localities as possible was therefore brought together, in order to determine whether this wide distribution does in fact occur or whether, in these cases as well, there existed different forms, species or subspecies, with a narrower range of distribution.
On the behaviour of pigeon louse, Columbicola columbae Linn. (Mallophaga)
Authors: Rakshpal R.
Published: June 2009

The reactions of the pigeon louse Columbicola columbae to temperature, smell and contact have been tested in a circular, glass-walled arena divided into two halves. The thermopreferendum has been found to be between 33 and 36° C, and higher temperatures are more strongly avoided than lower ones. The louse prefers cloth that has been in contact with pigeon feathers to clean cloth. Kerosene serves as a repellant. When the louse is offered different surfaces, namely, glazed paper, tin foil, blotting paper, unglazed paper, voile, silk or wool, the woollen surface is preferred most.

Three mechanisms of orientation, klinotaxis, klinokinesis and orthokinesis appear to contribute to the normal behaviour of the louse. Under certain conditions negative orthokinesis also affects the behaviour.

Comparison of the behaviour of the pigeon louse and human louse has shown that in many respects their behaviour is similar and that their thermopreferendum depends on the body temperatures of their respective hosts.
Additional host and locality records for Geckobiella texana (Banks), 1904 (Acarina, Pterygosomidae)
Authors: Jack K. M.
Published: June 2009

The New World iguanid lizards of the genus Sceloporus are parasitized by the scale-mite Geckobiella texana (Banks) 1904. This species has been sufficiently described by Banks (1904, 1906, 1907, 1915), Hirst (1917, 1926), Lawrence (1953) and Lane (1954), while the life history has been worked out by Goodwin (1954).
The morphology and life cycle of Plistophora scatopsi sp.nov., a microsporidian parasitic in the mid-gut of Scatopse notata Mg. (Diptera, Nematocera)
Authors: Hiller Sylvia R.
Published: June 2009

1. The morphology and life cycle of a new microsporidian, parasitic in the mid-gut epithelium and caeca of the larvae of Scatopse notata, and also present in the pupae and flies, is described.

2. The name Plistophora scatopsi sp.nov. is proposed.
Louse populations of some rodents of the Great Salt Lake desert
Authors: Ignoffo Carlo M.
Published: June 2009

During the period extending from February 1955 to January 1956, 192 specimens of deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis (LeConte), 174 specimens of white tail antelope ground squirrels, Citellus leucurus leucurus (Merriam) and 154 specimens of Ord kangaroo rats, Dipodomys ordii pallidus (Durrant & Setzer), were examined to determine louse-host associations, rate of infestation, frequency of distribution and seasonal fluctuation of louse populations.

Five species of lice were recovered from three species of rodents. The dominant species on the deer mouse was Hoplopleura hesperomydis (Osborn). The dominant species on the white tail antelope ground squirrel was Neohaematopinus citellinus Ferris. The only louse species recovered from the Ord kangaroo rat was Fahrenholzia pinnata K. & F.

Infestation on rodents was recorded on the basis of percentage of hosts infested, number of lice per host and number of lice per infested host. The highest number of lice per host was 27·7 Neohaematopinus citellinus per infested white tail antelope ground squirrel. The lowest value was 2·5 Polyplax auricularis per infested deer mouse.

Approximately 80 % of the rodent sample had less than 25 lice per host. This grouping accounted for about one-half of the total number of recovered lice.

Seasonal fluctuations of louse populations on deer mice, white tail antelope ground squirrels and Ord kangaroo rats were studied over one complete year. There appeared to be some coincidence between rodent activity, temperature and louse populations.
Occurrence of two species of Crepidostomum in brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) from north-east Ireland, with special reference to Crepidostomum metoecus Braun 1900
Authors: Corbett M. Pauline
Published: June 2009

During the course of preliminary studies on the helminth fauna of local freshwater fishes two species of Crepidostomum, obtained from the intestine of brown trout, were identified as C. farionis (Müller) and C. metoecus Braun. Although C.farionis is a common parasite of the fresh-water salmonoid fishes of the Northern Hemisphere, in Ireland it has been recorded only from trout (Salmo trutta). The first Irish specimens were recorded by Southern (1912) as Stephanophiala laureata (Zeder), and came from fish from a stream in Clare Island and from the Owenwee River, Westport. Later, Vickers (1951) found that trout from the River Moyola, Co. Londonderry, and River Ravarnett, Co. Down, were infected with this species. Prior to the present study, C. farionis was the only representative of the genus to have been recorded from the British Isles. C. metoecus is therefore a new record, not only from Ireland, but from the British Isles as well. Elsewhere it is known to occur in Sweden [ = C. suecicum Nybelin, 1933], Austria, and possibly also in Thuringia, where cercariae were found which Nöller (1928) assigned to C. metoecus.