bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uso do saber empírico sobre ervas condimentares para incentivo à agricultura familiar em tempo de pandemia
Authors: Gama de Mendonça Saraspathy Naidoo Terroso , Terroso de Mendonça Brandão Henry Charles Albert David Naidoo , Terroso de Mendonça Brandão William Arthur Philip Louis Naidoo , Barros Frieda Saicla , Busarello Charles Juca , Avelino João Paulo Vasco
Published: September 2020

O cenário atual demonstra que a humanidade está procurando manter a sua sobrevivência diante do quadro de pandemia Covid-19, e este momento está permeado por situações que fragilizam as populações, como por exemplo, o desemprego, fome, violência doméstica, e outras doenças crônicas como a hipertensão arterial e cardiopatias. Os dados estatísticos apontam que a população idosa tem sido mais vulnerável a doença Covid-19, porém há indícios de que adultos, jovens, crianças também são vítimas deste acometimento. O artigo apresenta resultados de projeto de extensão aprovado pelo Edital PROEXT do MEC/SESu que propõe ações de empreendedorismo e de cultivo de ervas condimentares para substituir o sódio (sal de cozinha) no preparo culinário para que as famílias de agricultores e comunidades possam despertar o seu potencial de produção e criatividade como fonte de renda e de prazer e de saúde, além do exercício da solidariedade. Alia-se o cerne deste projeto ao fato de que esta doença pandêmica seja passível de atenção no nível de saúde pública devido a sua gravidade e ainda desconhecida quanto à evolução. Há que se estabelecer estratégias para implementar a tranquilidade física, mental, social e econômica das pessoas, oportunizando-lhes alternativas para que possam conduzir a sua vida dentro de um foco de segurança e estabilidade econômica, emocional e de saúde física, mental e de bem-estar geral.
An illustrated catalogue of Rudolf Sturany’s type specimens in the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria (NHMW): more Red Sea species
Authors: Albano Paolo G. , Schnedl Sara-Maria , Eschner Anita
Published: September 2020

Rudolf Sturany published a series of papers describing multiple gastropods and bivalves from the Red Sea collected during the expeditions of the vessel “Pola” between 1895 and 1898. In a less known paper, he introduced the genus Levanderia (Galeommatidae) and described three more species from the Red Sea: Drillia levanderi, Levanderia erythraeensis and Raeta jickelii. We here list and illustrate their type material, provide the original description, a translation into English and curatorial and taxonomic comments.
Vie de Jésus et essence du christianisme dans la philosophie de Michel Onfray
Authors: Boudaroua Joël
Published: September 2020

Comme la plupart des philosophes qui l’ont précédé, Michel Onfray n’a pas évité la question de Jésus : Pour vous qui suis-je ? Sa réponse marque une rupture dans le consensus établit autour du Christ Summus philosophus . Au carrefour de l’autobiographie et de l’historiographie libérale, elle réveille la vieille thèse mythiste qui voit dans la vie de Jésus la biographie d’une fiction. Dès lors, si Jésus n’a pas d’existence historique réelle, la philosophie de la religion qui s’ensuit ne peut produire qu’un nihilisme de la chair. Cette dénonciation onfrayenne de l’essence du christianisme pose les bases d’une nouvelle épistémè , une ontologie matérialiste, une érotique débarrassée de la morale commune, une existence jubilatoire au risque d’une liberté sans limite. Le parcours suivi dans cet article montre cependant que le Christ, entre l’attirance et le rejet qu’il suscite, reste la pierre de touche des attitudes philosophiques face à la foi.
Sous le signe du néant : note sur la métaphysique de Michel Onfray
Authors: de Monvallier Henri
Published: September 2020

La philosophie hédoniste de Michel Onfray est en son fond une philosophie tragique dont l’horizon métaphysique ultime est le néant. Ce thème et ses multiples résonances dans l’œuvre d’Onfray sera étudié ici à trois niveaux : le néant individuel de la mort, le néant des civilisations disparues et enfin l’horizon cosmique du néant. Un jour tout disparaîtra, y compris la pensée humaine que tout disparaîtra. De même que notre vie est une parenthèse entre deux néants, de même notre civilisation et de même l’espèce humaine et l’univers dans son ensemble. Être philosophe, c’est pour Onfray savoir regarder cette vérité en face.
On a final value problem for a nonlinear fractional pseudo-parabolic equation
Authors: Au Vo Van , Jafari Hossein , Hammouch Zakia , Tuan Nguyen Huy
Published: September 2020

In this paper, we investigate a final boundary value problem for a class of fractional with parameter $ \beta $ pseudo-parabolic partial differential equations with nonlinear reaction term. For $ 0<\beta < 1, $ the solution is regularity-loss, we establish the well-posedness of solutions. In the case that $ \beta >1 $, it has a feature of regularity-gain. Then, the instability of a mild solution is proved. We introduce two methods to regularize the problem. With the help of the modified Lavrentiev regularization method and Fourier truncated regularization method, we propose the regularized solutions in the cases of globally or locally Lipschitzian source term. Moreover, the error estimates is established.
Intubation Setting, Aspiration, and Ventilator-Associated Conditions
Authors: Talbert Steven , Detrick Christine Wargo , Emery Kimberly , Middleton Aurea , Abomoelak Bassam , Deb Chirajyoti , Mehta Devendra I. , Sole Mary Lou
Published: September 2020

Background

Patients experience endotracheal intubation in various settings with wide-ranging risks for postintubation complications such as aspiration and ventilator-associated conditions.

Objectives

To evaluate associations between intubation setting, presence of aspiration biomarkers, and clinical outcomes.

Methods

This study is a subanalysis of data from the NO-ASPIRATE single-blinded randomized clinical trial. Data were prospectively collected for 513 adult patients intubated within 24 hours of enrollment. Patients with documented aspiration events at intubation were excluded. In the NO-ASPIRATE trial, intervention patients received enhanced oropharyngeal suctioning every 4 hours and control patients received sham suctioning. Tracheal specimens for α-amylase and pepsin tests were collected upon enrollment. Primary outcomes were ventilator hours, lengths of stay, and rates of ventilator-associated conditions.

Results

Of the baseline tracheal specimens, 76.4% were positive for α-amylase and 33.1% were positive for pepsin. Proportions of positive tracheal α-amylase and pepsin tests did not differ significantly between intubation locations (study hospital, transfer from other hospital, or field intubation). No differences were found for ventilator hours or lengths of stay. Patients intubated at another hospital and transferred had significantly higher ventilator-associated condition rates than did those intubated at the study hospital (P = .02). Ventilator-associated condition rates did not differ significantly between patients intubated in the field and patients in other groups.

Conclusions

Higher ventilator-associated condition rates associated with interhospital transfer may be related to movement from bed, vehicle loading and unloading, and transport vehicle vibrations. Airway assessment and care may also be suboptimal in the transport environment.
Positive Appraisal of Caregiving for Intensive Care Unit Survivors: A Qualitative Secondary Analysis
Authors: Tate Judith A. , Choi JiYeon
Published: September 2020

Background

More than half of intensive care unit survivors require assistance from family caregivers after discharge. Caregiving is associated with negative consequences including poor health-related quality of life, psychosocial distress, and burden. Little is known about how family caregivers find satisfaction and meaning in their experience.

Objectives

To explore positive descriptions of the experiences of family caregivers of critically ill patients and to describe factors that family caregivers view as important to a positive caregiving experience from hospitalization to 4 months after discharge.

Methods

Qualitative secondary analysis was performed on data from semistructured interviews conducted as part of a longitudinal study that examined physical and psychological responses to stress in a convenience sample of family caregivers of adult intensive care unit patients who underwent prolonged mechanical ventilation (≥ 4 days). Interviews were conducted at 4 time points: during the hospitalization and within 2 weeks, 2 months, and 4 months after discharge.

Results

Participants (n = 41) reported factors that helped them positively appraise their caregiving experience in 113 interviews conducted face to face or via telephone. During patients’ hospitalization, caregivers described changes in their role, with their primary responsibility being to advocate for the patient. They described how this experience fulfilled their identity and strengthened their relationship with the patient. Most family caregivers mentioned the importance of social support and prayer.

Conclusions

Family caregivers of intensive care unit patients can identify positive aspects of caregiving during the experience. Interventions to reframe the caregiving experience in a positive light are warranted.
Cervical Cancer Screening Rate and Willingness among Female Migrants in Shenzhen, China: Three-Year Changes in Citywide Surveys
Authors: Lin Wei , Chen Bin , Wu Bo , Yuan Shixin , Zhong Chuyan , Huang Weikang , Hu Haiyan , Liu Zhihua , Wang Yueyun
Published: September 2020

PurposeThis study attempted to detect the changes of cervical cancer screening rate and willingness among female migrants, and the associated socio-demographic factors in Shenzhen city. Materials and Methods Two citywide surveys were conducted using a multistage random cluster sampling method in 2011 and 2014, respectively. Data on demographic characteristics, screening participation, and willingness to screen were collected. Logistic regression models were applied to detect possible associated socio-demographic characteristics, and their variations with survey years. Results In total, 12,017 female migrants were enrolled, with a mean age (standard deviation) of 36.73 (6.55) years. From 2011 to 2014, the screening rate increased (25.8% vs. 35.1%, p < 0.001), while the willingness to screen remained stable (82.2% vs. 82.8%, p=0.46). Overall, socio-demographic characteristics of female migrants, including age, marital status, education, monthly income, employment, and medical insurance, were found to be positively associated with screening participation. Similar impacts in relation to willingness were observed except for age. However, these associations varied with survey years, mainly in the contributions of education and monthly income to screening participation, as well as age, monthly income, and medical insurance to willingness of being screened.Conclusion Identifying changes of associated socio-demographic factors precisely is warranted of necessity, which provides novel clues to adjust targeted actions regularly in promoting cervical cancer screening participation among female migrants in Shenzhen.
Factors affecting Industrial Attachment Programme: Measures of academic performance and efficiency in Zimbabwe: A Review
Authors: Dondofema J. , Mwenje J. , Musemwa L.
Published: September 2020

Assessment of the Industrial Attachment Programme was deemed incomplete without reviewing measures of academic performance, efficiency, and the factors that affect performance and efficiency. The factors forming the basis for this review were found to human and system oriented. Academic performance of students has to be measured using examinations, tests, assignments and exercises. Data Envelope Analysis and Stochastic Frontier Analyst were the efficiency measures reviewed. Data Envelope Analysis was regarded appropriate for this study considering its ability to handle multiple inputs and outputs. Data Envelope Analysis estimates allocative, technical and economic efficiency which are key efficient measures. Some of the factors reviewed include financing, timing, evaluation and assessment methods of the programme. Linkage among students, tertiary education institutions, host organizations and various stake holders were other key factors. Courses covered before Industrial Attachment were noted as other key factors since the programme intends to marry theory learnt in the classroom with the practice. Industrial Attachment in Zimbabwe as with the Agricultural colleges and other institutions of tertiary education was also reviewed. The institutions use different approaches which will help much in the assessment of the programme. Measurement of performance and efficiency levels were found to be done with primary and secondary schools making reference to the academic side and not much was found to be done with agricultural colleges and the industrial attachment programme thereby forming the basis for this study.  Colleges have to adopt models which improve performance and efficiency of the programme.
Unusual canvasses: resolving copyright infringement through the lens of community customs
Authors: Lintaman Daniel
Published: September 2020

The evolution of video game technology is outpacing intellectual property law. As augmented realities and online gaming environments continue to collapse the distinction between real and virtual worlds, they have rendered traditional frameworks for copyright law unworkable. Gaming environments were traditionally circumscribed by the magic circle. Video games now interact with the outside world in a way that obscures the divide between the public domain and the private. Such disruption undermines copyright's core purpose of balancing interests, and transforms issues such as implied license, fair dealing, and moral rights into enigmas. This article proposes a framework that redraws the magic circle using the consent-based customs of gaming communities. Only those who play at the vanguard have the expertise to reconcile copyright with modern video games without constraining creativity or innovation. Deferring to community norms restores compatibility between copyright and unusual canvasses while preserving the integrity of these interesting works.
What is mine in Minecraft? Assessing the copyright and ownership of in-game player creations (Part 2)
Authors: Catton Anthony Michael
Published: September 2020

The previous article examined the issues surrounding the eligibility for in-game creations to be protected by copyright, and concluded that depending on the nature of the game and the type of creation that it could be protected by copyright. However, whilst an in-game creation could be copyrighted, it is unclear who actually owns it. In this second part of the article, the questions and issues surrounding the ownership of the in-game creation will be addressed. It will first examine following copyright rules on authorship whether players, game developers, or both parties could be considered authors and in turn owners of in-game creations. It will then assess and consider if End User License Agreements are valid contracts and whether assignment clauses which circumvent any copyright ownership which players might have are enforceable.
La importancia del buen uso y cuidado de la voz del docente universitario.
Authors: Corona Delgado Mariana Del Rocío
Published: September 2020

La investigación se realizó siguiendo un enfoque cuantitativo-cualitativo, teniendo como objetivo, la valoración de las características y hábitos vocales en profesores de la Universidad de Colima, determinar el interés por aprender más acerca del uso y cuidado de la herramienta vocal y mejorar las habilidades vocales de los docentes, con el fin de colaborar en la toma de conciencia en cuanto a la importancia de la buena utilización de la voz en el aula. La metodología incluye dos fases; en la primera se realizó una encuesta de valoración y un análisis estadístico de resultados, en la segunda, se implementó un taller vocal en respuesta a los resultados del análisis, dicho taller arrojó datos importantes acerca de la necesidad de ampliar el tema del buen uso y cuidado de la principal herramienta de trabajo del docente.

Palabras clave

Docente, Herramienta Vocal, Educación, Comunicación.

Abstract

The research was carried out following a quantitative-qualitative approach, aiming at the evaluation of the characteristics and vocal habits in professors of the University of Colima, to determine the interest to learn more about the use and care of the Vocal tool and improve the vocal skills of teachers, in order to collaborate in the awareness of the importance of the good use of the voice in the classroom. The methodology includes two phases; In the first one, a survey of valuation and a statistical analysis of results was carried out, in the second, a vocal workshop was implemented in response to the results of the analysis, this workshop threw important data about the need to broaden the topic of the good use and Care of the teacher's main work tool.

Keywords

Teacher, Vocal Tool, Education, Communication.
Editorial: birth of the International Review on Philanthropy and Social Investment
Authors: Moyo Bhekinkosi , Alagidede Imhotep Paul
Published: September 2020

The study of African philanthropy and philanthropy in Africa has gained momentum over the last couple of years, partly due to the increased interest in the field, but also because philanthropy has been thrust at the centre of global and national policy, and the resolution of development challenges facing different African countries. Recently, numerous initiatives have been developed that focus on philanthropy and its multiple expressions in Africa. These span the Philanthropy Secretariat in Liberia (established in 2009), the Rwanda Philanthropy Strategy, the Sustainable Development Goals Platforms in countries such as Ghana, Kenya, and Zambia, to organisations such as the Africa Philanthropy Network, the African Philanthropy Forum, and the East Africa Philanthropy Network. These initiatives include African foundations such as TrustAfrica, African Women Development Fund, Kenya Community Development Foundation, and the Southern Africa Trust just to mention a few. In addition are foundations established by high net worth individuals (HNWIs) such as the Tony Elumelu Foundation, the Dangote Foundation, the TY Danjuma Foundation, the Higher Life Foundation, and Cyril Ramaphosa Foundation, among many others across the continent.
Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility of the African ‘Internationalisers’ versus Non-African founded MNCs
Authors: Chakamera Chengete
Published: September 2020

This study analysed the corporate social responsibility (CSR) performances of non-African founded multinational corporations (NAFMNCs) and African founded corporations with transnational footprints (African internationalisers) and the effects of firm features using fixed and random effects estimators. A positive effect of firm age on CSR was found, which was relatively high for African internationalisers (AIs). Being an AI or NAFMNC is a valid factor that separates the CSR performances of the firms. There was no evidence that firm size and profitability determined CSR in both groups of companies, although the full sample results showed some evidence of size effect. CSR showed a positive impact on equity market performance, largely for the NAFMNCs. Firm size had a positive impact on stock price while ageing suggested a negative effect. The effect of profitability on stock price was insignificant. Performances of AIs and NAFMNCs differ across various CSR dimensions and the paper provides implications.
NGOs Activities and Local Government Spending in Upper West region of Ghana: Are they Complements or Substitutes?
Authors: Ibrahim Muazu , Alagidede Imhotep Paul
Published: September 2020

There is an increasing interest in the relationship between non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and local governments in terms of
social spending in developing countries. However, the current literature on NGOs and social spending, especially for those pertaining to
developing countries and Ghana in particular, does not examine the extent to which NGOs’ presence shapes local authorities’ spending
on the provision of basic social amenities. This study examines NGOs’ presence on constituents’ opinion about local government
social spending. Using the probit regression estimation approach, this study found that services provided by NGOs might be allowing
local government authorities to change their spending patterns and priorities. Thus, the presence of NGOs tends to crowd-out social
spending in the Upper West region. To the extent that proliferation of NGOs lowers social spending, local government authorities
might also be taking advantage of NGOs operations to neglect their constitutionally mandated responsibility of providing basic social
amenities in their communities of practice. This article discusses key implications for policy.
TO WHAT EXTENT DOES YOUTUBE CONTENTS-BASED LANGUAGE LEARNING PROMOTE AN ENGLISH PROFICIENCY?
Authors: Aprianto Dedi
Published: September 2020

The flourishing development of technological software could have been as the necessary reality. The ever-changing technological learning media emergence as the description of digital disruption in educational contexts. Teaching English as a Foreign Language is regarded as a challenging activity, since language teaching is strongly expected to have a quality teaching strategies to improve English proficiency. YouTube is principally designed to increase both aspects of language competency, and personal aspects of EFL learners, such as learning motivation, critical thinking, and learning autonomy. YouTube represents the presence of the sifting educational paradigm from the traditional teaching or teacher centeredness to authentic or meaningful language learning, in which these would have been centralized on EFL learners’ domain (student-centered learning). The constructive changing of language approaches are indicated by the use of web 2.0 software presenting varying types of webs-based language learning software, YouTube. It is properly regarded to have contributed to produce the authentic and meaningful learning sources. And also, this learning model could have been made as the supplementary materials, in purpose of incorporating the traditional face-to face class activities into language learning supported by e-media. All in all, Those YouTube-based language learning’s advantages could contribute to build up independence of language learning. Therefore, the effectiveness of YouTube-based language learning potentially develop EFL learners’ class participation; social engagement, critical thinking, better comprehension of the subject-matters, and learning autonomy
Reflexiones sobre la nueva convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre los acuerdos de transacción internacionales resultantes de la mediación (“Convención de Singapur”)
Authors: Tasende Iturvide Ignacio Jorge
Published: September 2020

En el presente artículo se analizarán los motivos que justificaron la creación de la Convención de Singapur, y se concluirá positivamente sobre las consecuencias que esta puede tener. En particular, se abordará la naturaleza de los acuerdos, sus efectos, los requisitos para su validez, su ejecutabilidad, y las causales que ameritan la denegación de medidas contenidas en el acuerdo. Asimismo, se evaluará el vínculo que tiene con la Convención de Nueva York, y las relaciones entre los acuerdos de mediación y los tribunales estatales. En adición a ello, se concluirá sobre la repercusión que pueda tener el instrumento a nivel global, y su eventual incidencia en el campo de los métodos de resolución de disputa alternativos.
La sospecha del incumplimiento. Análisis bajo la Convención de Naciones Unidas sobre contratos de compraventa internacional de mercaderías
Authors: Baeza María Manuela , Berriolo Álvarez Joaquín , Pereira Brause Pablo
Published: September 2020

En el presente trabajo, se analiza la sospecha de no conformidad de los bienes entregados como causal de incumplimiento bajo la Convención de Naciones Unidas sobre Contratos de Compraventa Internacional de Mercaderías. Partiendo de una exégesis de la Convención y de su aplicación a nivel local, se analiza la obligación del vendedor de entregar bienes conformes. Posteriormente se estudia la evolución de doctrina y jurisprudencia a nivel comparado, que primero bajo determinados supuestos pero cada vez más ampliamente acepta a la sospecha de defectuosidad de los bienes como invirtiendo la carga probatoria -debiendo el vendedor disiparla- o, en su defecto, posibilitando la resolución del contrato. Se concluye que se trata de un instrumento aún discutido, pero cuya existencia presenta una evidente utilidad práctica que debe ser tenida en cuenta por los operadores jurídicos locales.
إدارة مخاطر الأمن السيبراني في البنوك الأردنية
Authors: الزيود احمد
Published: September 2020

الملخص:
ناقش البحث مفهوم الأمن السيبراني من كافة الجوانب، إدارة المخاطر السيبرانية، وأنواع التهديدات ومجالاتها. كما ناقش الأدوات المستخدمة في إدارة وتقييم المخاطر في البنوك الأردنية والتي تهدف إلى المحافظة على سلامة البنوك و تدعيم مركزها، والتحقق من سلامة إجراءاتها، والمحافظة على أمن معلوماتها وبياناتها وأجهزة حفظ المعلومات. بيّن البحث أهمية إدارة مخاطر الأمن السيبراني في البنوك الأردنية وضرورة توضيح السياسات المتبعة بخصوص الأمن السيبراني بشكل أدق، بالإضافة إلى نشر مزيد من الإيضاحات في التقارير السنوية بخصوص حجم التهديدات السيبرانية وقدرة البنوك الأردنية على معالجتها.
الكلمات المفتاحية: الأمن السيبراني، البنوك الأردنية، أدوات إدارة وتقييم المخاطر
Deposição de asfaltenos em tubulações de campos produtores de óleos pesados: caracterização química por difração de raios-X e infravermelho (IVTF)
Authors: Bri†o Tatiany de Almeida Fortini , Souza Eliane Soares de
Published: September 2020

Os asfaltenos geralmente encontram-se estáveis no petróleo. No entanto, devido a sua atividade superficial e comportamento coloidal, podem causar sérios problemas durante a produção de petróleo, com a formação de depósitos orgânicos nos reservatórios e linhas de escoamento, alterando decisivamente a molhabilidade da rocha reservatório e o processo de estabilização das emulsões (CALEMMA et al., 1998). A necessidade do conhecimento da estrutura molecular dos asfaltenos é fundamental para o entendimento dos mecanismos que ocasionam sua precipitação, seja no reservatório e/ou nas tubulações de produção (WEISSENBURGER & BORBAS, 2004). Neste trabalho, seis amostras de asfaltenos, isoladas a partir de afloramentosde arenitos asfálticos da Formação Piramboia, Bacia do Paraná, foram caracterizadas quimicamente por meio de técnicas analíticas de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (IVTF) e difração de raios-X (DRX). Os resultados mostraram que uma análise muito criteriosa deve ser feita ao se utilizar os dados de DRX para a interpretação das estruturas dos asfaltenos, pois dependendo do grau de biodegradação que estas macromoléculas tenham sido submetidas, mudanças estruturais significativas podem acontecer afetando decisivamente o arranjo espacial, principalmente no que se refere ao empilhamento dos centros aromáticos, o que poderia explicar a precipitação destas macromoléculas nas tubulações e linhas de produção.
Metodologias diferenciadas para o ensino de matemática na educação de jovens e adultos no município de Macaé, RJ
Authors: Bottino Andréa Giglio , Carvalho Illana Mendonça de
Published: September 2020

A Educação de Jovens e Adultos é caracterizada por ser uma modalidade de ensino que objetiva introduzir no âmbito escolar aqueles que obtiveram interrupções ao longo de sua trajetória educacional. Assim, a visão de mundo desses indivíduos torna-se característica, uma vez que apresentam vivências e experiências já concebidas, cada um com suas especificidades. Nesse contexto, a Matemática é uma ferramenta indispensável, pois está presente em ações do cotidiano, pois contribui para a formação do cidadão ao desenvolver metodologias que enfatizam a autonomia, valorizando a sua realidade. Levando isso em consideração, ao se ensinar Matemática, é preciso que a prática docente esteja pautada na apropriação de metodologias de ensino que enfatizem e agrupem tais experiências, transformando-as em conhecimento significativo no processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Sendo assim, este trabalho pauta-se em uma abordagem quanti-quali e em uma pesquisa descritivo-explicativa, cujo objetivo é investigar, em uma unidade escolar da redepública de ensino do município de Macaé, as práticas pedagógicas e metodológicas utilizadas pelo docente de Matemática na Educação de Jovens e Adultos tendo como parâmetro os princípios legais e curriculares..
Pandemic preparedness and hard to reach populations
Authors: Vlahov, PhD David , Coady, MS Micaela H. , Galea, MD, DrPH Sandro , Ompad, PhD Danielle C. , Barondess, MD Jeremiah A.
Published: September 2020

-
Hospital evacuations due to disasters in the United States in the twenty-first century
Authors: Mace, MD, FACEP, FAAP Sharon E. , Sharma, BS Aishwarya
Published: September 2020

Hospitals, which care for some of the most vulnerable individuals, have been impacted by disasters in the past and are likely to be affected by future disasters. Yet data on hospital evacuations are infrequent and outdated, at best. This goal of this study was to determine the characteristics and frequency of disasters in the United States that have resulted in hospital evacuations by an appraisal of the literature from 2000 to 2017. There were 158 hospital evacuations in the United States over 18 years. The states with the highest number of evacuations were Florida (N = 39), California (N = 30), and. Texas (N = 15). The reason for the evacuation was “natural” in 114 (72.2 percent), made-man “intentional” 14 (8.9 percent), and man-made “unintentional” or technological related to internal hospital infrastructure 30 (19 percent).The most common natural threats were hurricanes (N = 65) (57 percent), wildfires (N = 21) (18.4 percent), floods (N = 10) (8.8 percent), and storms (N = 8) (7 percent). Bombs/ bomb threats were the most common reason (N = 8) (57.1 percent) for a hospital evacuation resulting from a manmade intentional disaster, followed by armed gunman (N = 4) (28.6 percent). The most frequent infrastructure problems included hospital fires/smoke (N = 9) (30 percent), and chemical fumes (N = 7) (23.3 percent). Of those that reported the duration and number of evacuees, 30 percent of evacuations lasted over 24 h and the number of evacuees was >100 in over half (55.2 percent) the evacuations. This information regarding hospital evacuations should allow hospital administrators, disaster planners, and others to better prepare for disasters that result in the need for hospital evacuation.
Excluded but not forgotten: Veterinary emergency care during emergencies and disasters
Authors: Martin, MD Niels D. , Pascual, MD, PhD, FACS, FCCM, FRCSC Jose L. , Hirsch, CVT, VTS(ECC) Julie , Holena, MD, MCSE Daniel N. , Kaplan, MD, FACS, FCCM, FCCP Lewis J.
Published: September 2020

Background: Disasters or crises impact humans, pets, and service animals alike. Current preparation at the federal, state, and local level focuses on preserving human life. Hospitals, shelters, and other human care facilities generally make few to no provisions for companion care nor service animal care as part of their disaster management plan. Abandoned animals have infectious disease, safety and psychologic impact on owners, rescue workers, and those involved in reclamation efforts. Animals working as first responder partners may be injured or exposed to biohazards and require care.Data sources: English language literature available via PubMed as well as lay press publications on emergency care, veterinary care, disaster management, disasters, biohazards, infection, zoonosis, bond-centered care, preparedness, bioethics, and public health. No year restrictions were set.Conclusions: Human clinician skills share important overlaps with veterinary clinician skills; similar overlaps occur in medical and surgical emergency care. These commonalities offer the potential to craft-specific and disaster or crisis-deployable skills to care for humans, pets (dogs and cats), service animals (dogs and miniature horses) and first-responder partners (dogs) as part of national disaster healthcare preparedness. Such a platform could leverage the skills and resources of the existing US trauma system to underpin such a program.
Two teams, one mission: A study using EMS units in hospital triage during active-shooter and other mass-casualty events
Authors: Simons, MA Thomas , Richter, PhD Anke , Wollman, PhD Lauren
Published: September 2020

Background: Recent mass-casualty events have exposed errors with common assumptions about response processes, notably triage and transport of patients. Response planners generally assume that the majority of patients from a mass-casualty event will have received some level of field triage and transport from the scene to the hospital will have been coordinated through on-scene incident command. When this is not the case, emergency response at the hospital is hampered as staff must be pulled to handle the influx of untriaged patients.Objective: Determine whether the use of emergency medical service (EMS) field resources in hospital triage could enhance the overall response to active-shooter and other mass-casualty events.Design: A proof of concept study was planned in conjunction with a regularly scheduled mass-casualty hospital exercise conducted by an urban level II trauma center in Utah. This was a cross-over study with triage initially performed by hospital staff, and at the midpoint of the exercise, triage was transferred to EMS field units. General performance was judged by exercise planners with limited additional data collection.Results: EMS crews at the hospital significantly enhanced the efficiency and efficacy of the triage operation in both qualitative and quantitative assessment.Conclusions: Hospital planners deemed the proof of concept exercise a success and are now experimenting with implementation of this alternate approach to triage. However, much additional work remains to fully implement this change in processes.
An informational reference on anthrax for first responders
Authors: Rector, MS Daniel
Published: September 2020

Anthrax was widely discussed in the media several years ago during the American Anthrax attacks. Despite a lessened interest in the subject today, anthrax still poses a threat to the United States government and its people. This article looks at publically available data and resources in an effort to combine current information into one easy to ready document. It can be used as an informational reference for first responders when learning about the anthrax threat.
Impact of NOx on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from α-pinene and β-pinene photooxidation: the role of highly oxygenated organic nitrates
Authors: Pullinen Iida , Schmitt Sebastian , Kang Sungah , Sarrafzadeh Mehrnaz , Schlag Patrick , Andres Stefanie , Kleist Einhard , Mentel Thomas F. , Rohrer Franz , Springer Monika , Tillmann Ralf , Wildt Jürgen , Wu Cheng , Zhao Defeng , Wahner Andreas , Kiendler-Scharr Astrid
Published: September 2020

Abstract. The formation of organic nitrates (ONs) in the gas phase and their impact on mass formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was investigated in a laboratory study for α-pinene and β-pinene photooxidation. Focus was the elucidation of those mechanisms that cause the often observed suppression of SOA mass formation by NOx, and therein the role of highly oxygenated multifunctional molecules (HOMs). We observed that with increasing NOx concentration (a) the portion of HOM
organic nitrates (HOM-ONs) increased, (b) the fraction of accretion products (HOM-ACCs) decreased, and (c) HOM-ACCs contained on average smaller carbon numbers. Specifically, we investigated HOM organic nitrates (HOM-ONs), arising from
the termination reactions of HOM peroxy radicals with NOx, and HOM permutation products (HOM-PPs), such as ketones, alcohols, or hydroperoxides, formed by other termination reactions. Effective uptake coefficients γeff of HOMs on particles were determined. HOMs with more than six O atoms efficiently condensed on particles (γeff>0.5 on average), and for HOMs containing more than eight O atoms, every collision led to loss. There was no systematic difference in γeff for HOM-ONs and HOM-PPs arising from the same HOM peroxy radicals. This similarity is attributed to the multifunctional character of the HOMs: as functional groups in HOMs arising from the same precursor HOM peroxy radical are identical, vapor pressures should not strongly depend on the character of the final termination group. As a consequence, the suppressing effect of NOx on SOA formation cannot be simply explained by replacement of terminal functional groups by organic nitrate groups. According to their γeff all HOM-ONs with more than six O atoms will contribute to organic bound nitrate (OrgNO3) in the particulate phase. However, the fraction of OrgNO3 stored in condensable HOMs with molecular masses > 230 Da appeared to be substantially higher than the fraction of particulate OrgNO3 observed by aerosol mass spectrometry. This result suggests losses of OrgNO3 for organic nitrates in particles, probably due to hydrolysis of OrgNO3 that releases HNO3 into the gas phase but leaves behind the organic rest in the particulate phase. However, the loss of HNO3 alone could not explain the observed suppressing effect of NOx on particle mass formation from α-pinene and β-pinene. Instead we can attribute most of the reduction in SOA mass yields with
increasing NOx to the significant suppression of gas phase HOM-ACCs, which have high molecular mass and are potentially important for SOA mass formation at low-NOx conditions.
Parameterizing the vertical downward dispersion of ship exhaust gas in the near-field
Authors: Badeke Ronny , Matthias Volker , Grawe David
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Estimating the impact of ship emissions on local air quality is a topic of high relevance, especially in large harbour cities. For chemistry transport modeling studies, the initial plume rise and dispersion play a crucial role for the distribution of pollutants into vertical model layers. This study aims at parameterizing the vertical downward dispersion in the near-field of a prototype cruise ship, depending on several meteorological and technical input parameters. By using the micro-scale transport and stream model MITRAS, a parameterization scheme was developed to calculate the downward dispersion, i.e. the fraction of emissions, which will be dispersed below stack height. This represents the local concentration in the vicinity of the ship. Cases with and without considering the obstacle effect of the ship have been compared. Wind speed and ship size were found to be the strongest factors influencing the downward dispersion, which can reach values up to 55 % at high wind speed and lateral wind. This compares to 31 % in the case where the obstacle effect was not considered and shows the importance of obstacle effects when assessing the ground-level pollution situation in ports.
Upward transport into and within the Asian monsoon anticyclone as inferred from StratoClim trace gas observations
Authors: von Hobe Marc , Ploeger Felix , Konopka Paul , Kloss Corinna , Ulanowski Alexey , Yushkov Vladimir , Ravegnani Fabrizio , Volk C. Michael , Pan Laura L. , Honomichl Shawn B. , Tilmes Simone , Kinnison Douglas E. , Garcia Rolando R. , Wright Jonathon S.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Every year during the Asian summer monsoon season from about mid-June to early September, a stable anticyclonic circulation system forms over the Himalayans. This Asian summer monsoon (ASM) anticyclone has been shown to promote transport of air into the stratosphere from the Asian troposphere, which contains large amounts of anthropogenic pollutants. Essential details of Asian monsoon transport, such as the exact time scales of vertical transport, the role of convection in cross-tropopause exchange, and the main location and level of export from the confined anticyclone to the stratosphere are still not fully resolved. Recent airborne observations from campaigns near the ASM anticyclone edge and centre in 2016 and 2017 respectively show a steady decrease in carbon monoxide (CO) and increase in ozone (O3) with height starting from tropospheric values of 80–100 ppb CO and 30–50 ppb O3 at about 365 K potential temperature. CO mixing ratios reach stratospheric background values of ~ 20 ppb at about 420 K and do not show a significant vertical gradient at higher levels, while ozone continues to increase throughout the altitude range of the aircraft measurements. Nitrous oxide (N2O) remains at or only marginally below its 2017 tropospheric mixing ratio of 326 ppb up to about 400 K, which is above the local tropopause. A decline in N2O mixing ratios that indicates a significant contribution of stratospheric air is only visible above this level. Based on our observations, we draw the following picture of vertical transport and confinement in the ASM anticyclone: rapid convective uplift transports air to near 16 km in altitude, corresponding to potential temperatures up to about 370 K. Although this main convective outflow layer extends above the level of zero radiative heating (LZRH), our observations of CO concentration show little to no evidence of convection actually penetrating the tropopause. Rather, further ascent occurs more slowly, consistent with isentropic vertical velocities of 0.3–0.8 K day−1. For gases not subject to microphysical processes, neither the lapse rate tropopause (LRT) around 380 K nor the cold point tropopause (CPT) around 390 K marks the strong discontinuity of the key tracers (CO, O3, and N2O). Up to about 10 to 20 K above the CPT, isolation of air inside the ASM anticyclone prevents significant in-mixing of stratospheric air. The observed changes in CO and O3 likely result from in-situ chemical processing. Above about 420 K, mixing processes become more significant and the air inside the anticyclone is exported vertically and horizontally into the surrounding stratosphere.
The portable ice nucleation experiment PINE: a new online instrument for laboratory studies and automated long-term field observations of ice-nucleating particles
Authors: Möhler Ottmar , Adams Michael , Lacher Larissa , Vogel Franziska , Nadolny Jens , Ullrich Romy , Boffo Cristian , Pfeuffer Tatjana , Hobl Achim , Weiß Maximilian , Vepuri Hemanth S. K. , Hiranuma Naruki , Murray Benjamin J.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Atmospheric ice-nucleating particles (INP) play an important role in determining the phase of clouds, which affects their albedo and lifetime. A lack of data on the spatial and temporal variation of INPs around the globe limits our predictive capacity and understanding of clouds containing ice. Automated instrumentation that can robustly measure INP concentrations across the full range of tropospheric temperatures is needed in order to address this knowledge gap. In this study, we demonstrate the functionality and capacity of the new Portable Ice Nucleation Experiment (PINE) to study ice nucleation processes and to measure INP concentrations under conditions pertinent for mixed-phase clouds, with temperatures from about −10 °C to about −38 °C. PINE is a cloud expansion chamber which avoids frost formation on the cold walls, and thereby omits frost fragmentation and related background ice signals during the operation. The development, working principle, and treatment of data for the PINE instrument is discussed in detail. We present extensive laboratory based tests where PINE measurements were compared with those from the established AIDA (Aerosol Interaction and Dynamics in the Atmosphere) cloud chamber. The results show good agreement of PINE with AIDA for homogeneous freezing of pure water droplets and the immersion freezing activity of mineral aerosols. Results from a first field campaign conducted at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) observatory in Oklahoma, USA, from October 1 to November 14, 2019 with the latest PINE design (a commercially available PINE chamber) are also shown, demonstrating PINE’s ability to make automated field measurements of INP concentrations at high time resolution of about 8 minutes with continuous wall temperature scans between −5 and −35 °C. During this field campaign, PINE was continuously operated for 45 days in a fully automated and semi-autonomous way, demonstrating the capability of this new instrument to be also used for longer term field measurements and INP monitoring activities in observatories.
Field Notes on the Naturalization and Denaturalization of Disability in (Feminist) Philosophy
Authors: Tremain Shelley Lynn
Published: September 2020

In this article, I offer an account of how the individualized and medicalized conception of disability that prevails in philosophy is naturalized in bioethics, cognitive science, feminist philosophy, political philosophy, and other subfields of the discipline. By the end of the article, I will have both indicated how disabled people are constituted in philosophical discourse as a problem to be rectified or eliminated and explained how the prevalence in philosophy of this naturalized conception of disability contributes to and reinforces the exclusion of disabled philosophers from the profession of philosophy. Critical philosophical work on disability is an important means with which to resist and subvert this exclusion.
Manufacturing rage: The Russian Internet Research Agency’s political astroturfing on social media
Authors: Al-Rawi Ahmed , Rahman Anis
Published: September 2020

This paper examines social media ads purchased by the Russian Internet Research Agency (IRA). Using a public dataset, we employ a mixed method to analyze the thematic and strategic patterns of these ads. Due to Facebook and Instagram’s promotional features, IRA managed to microtarget audiences mostly located in the United States fitting its messages to suit the audiences’ political, racial, gendered, and in some cases religious backgrounds. The findings reveal the divisive nature and topics that are dominant in the dataset including: race, immigration, and police brutality. By expanding on the theoretical conceptualization of astroturfing strategy that focuses on carefully concealing the identity and intention of actors behind social media activities, we argue that IRA has added political astroturfing as a powerful tool at a low cost contributing to the broader Russian geopolitical disinformation campaign strategies. The IRA made use of the business model of Facebook and Instagram in an attempt to further divide its targeted audiences and by highlighting mostly negative issues with a potential goal of fuelling political rage.
Righting the Aftermath: On the Ethics of Recognition in the Postwar Novels of Alonso Cueto and Julien Kilanga Musinde
Authors: Ndi Gilbert Shang
Published: September 2020

This article discusses the texts La Hora Azul by Alonso Cueto and Jardin Secret by Julien Kilanga Musinde within the context of postwar narratives emerging from histories of armed conflicts in Peru and Congo. The article focuses primarily on both authors' interweaving of formalistic aspects and complex narrative motifs in order to articulate an ethics of recognition that is indispensable in the reimagination of an inclusive nation in postwar contexts. Through an intertextual analysis of salient aspects such as the face-to-face encounter of self-other a la Levinas and the conceit of family–nation, the article argues that the preoccupation of the authors is less with the epic violence from which these narratives historically emerge than with the normalized forms of violence that have pitted sociopolitical relations in postcolonial nations. Thus, inclusive processes of reconciliation in the sense propounded by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Peru can only be possible through a self-reflexive examination of the sociopolitical habitus of the nation and the sedimented cultures/politics of exclusion that are responsible for the cracks within the imagination of the nation that make the resurgence of violent conflicts a persistent and immanent reality.