bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifying Core, Exciting, and Hybrid Attributes in Fans' Assessments of Major (World Cup) Spectator Sports Events
Authors: Gau Li-Shiue
Published: January 2014

This paper adopts a methodology of asymmetrical analyses to investigate the relevant importance of spectator sport attributes in terms of their non-linear associations with the benefits that fans experience while watching sports. Questionnaires tapping 16 attributes (e.g., teamwork, sportsmanship, level of competition) and 16 benefits (e.g., good mood, exciting experience, support for my favorite team) were distributed to a sample of fans at the outdoor broadcast of the 2010 World Cup final game at the National Stadium in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. 427 participants rated the importance and benefit of each attribute experienced from watching the game. Attributes were categorized as core, exciting, or hybrid attributes. The star player was the core attribute; rivalry, popularity, and coach were the exciting attributes; and the other 12 attributes were hybrid. Two-dimensional space analyses showed that attributes “sportsmanship, teamwork, and supporting a team” were both explicitly and implicitly important attributes. The methodology of asymmetrical analyses can help managers prioritize the focus of attributes and allocate resources effectively.
Mediating Effect of Facebook® Addiction on the Relationship between Subjective Vitality and Subjective Happiness
Authors: Uysal Recep , Satici Seydi Ahmet , Akin Ahmet
Published: January 2014

This study examined the mediating effects of Facebook® addiction on the relationship between subjective vitality and subjective happiness. 297 university students (157 women, 140 men; M age = 20.1 yr., SD = 1.3) were administered the Facebook® Addiction Scale, the Subjective Vitality Scale, and the Subjective Happiness Scale. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that Facebook® addiction partially mediated the relationship between subjective vitality and subjective happiness.
Relations among Dynamic Balance Tests and a Coordination Test Using Center of Pressure to Pursue a Randomly Moving Target
Authors: Kawabata Haruka , Uchiyama Masanobu , Demura Shinichi , Takahashi Kenji
Published: January 2014

The CFP (center of foot pressure) Tracking Test, in which participants pursue a randomly moving target using CFP, is performed in standing position similar to the dynamic balance board and bass dynamic balance tests. The relations among the results of these three tests were examined in 30 young, healthy participants. No significant sex differences were observed between tests. Moderate correlations were observed between the results of the CFP Tracking Test and the balance tests, but not between the two balance tests. The CFP Tracking Test was related to the two balance tests, but evaluates unique abilities other than balance ability.
Removal of zinc ions as zinc chloride complexes from strongly acidic aqueous solutions by ionic exchange
Authors: Gîlcă Emilia , Măicăneanu Andrada , Ilea Petru
Published: January 2014

The aim of this study was to compare several anion exchangers and to investigate the capacity of Amberlite IRA410 to remove zinc as chloride [ZnCl3]− from hydrochloric solutions (1 M). Influence of the process parameters such as stirring rate, resin quantity and zinc initial concentration over the removal process, was considered. The highest experimental ionic exchange capacity between the considered anionic exchangers, in the same working conditions (500 rpm, 5 g resin and 500 mg L−1), was obtained for Amberlite IRA410, 8.34 mg g−1. With an increase of zinc ions concentration, ionic exchange capacity increased up to 19.31 mg g−1 (1100 mg L−1). The experimental data were analysed using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models. The results were also analyzed using sorption kinetics models, pseudo-first-, pseudo-second-order, intra-particle and film diffusion models. From the Dubinin-Radushkevich and Temkin isotherm models the mean free energy and heat of sorption were calculated to be 7.45 kJ mol−1, respectively 1×10−4 kJ mol−1, which indicates that zinc sorption is characterized by a physisorption process. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model.
Uranium (VI) adsorption equilibrium on purolite resin SGA 600 U/3472
Authors: Botez Adriana , Dobre Tanase , Panturu Eugenia , Filcenco-Olteanu Antoaneta
Published: January 2014

This paper characterizes uranium (VI) sorption from synthetic solutions using a fixed bed Purolite resin SGA 600 U/3472 system. The effect of the sulphate anion presence in the liquid phase on sorbtion dynamics and equilibrium is analysed. In the industrial processing of solutions obtained from leaching of uranium ore (alkaline/acid), in a continuous system, there are several compounds which strongly compete with uranium for ion exchange sites and consequently these substances depress the uranium adsorption. The influence of vanadate, molybdate, chloride, and nitrate is known, therefore, in this paper, the adsorption equilibrium isotherms for uranium (VI) are obtained for different sulphate ion concentrations in solution. The adsorption capacity variation of the Purolite resin SGA 600U/3472 with the number of adsorption/desorption cycles is also studied. The experimental results reveal the negative impact of high sulphate ion content in solution on the adsorption capacity of the resin Purolite SG 600 U / 3472 with uranium (VI) and therefore it is considered one of the compounds which strongly affect the uranium adsorption.
On Cohen-Macaulay modules over non-commutative surface singularities
Authors: Drozd Yuriy , Gavran Volodymyr
Published: January 2014

We generalize the results of Kahn about a correspondence between Cohen-Macaulay modules and vector bundles to non-commutative surface singularities. As an application, we give examples of non-commutative surface singularities which are not Cohen-Macaulay finite, but are Cohen-Macaulay tame.
Kinetic analysis of thermoluminescence glow curves in feldspar: evidence for a continuous distribution of energies
Authors: Pagonis Vasilis , Morthekai P. , Kitis George
Published: January 2014

The thermoluminescence (TL) glow curves from feldspars have been the subject of numerous studies, because of their importance in luminescence dating and dosimetry. This paper presents new experimental TL glow curves in a plagioclase feldspar, measured using the T
max-T
stop technique of glow curve analysis. Kinetic analysis of the experimental results is carried out for a freshly irradiated sample, as well as for a sample which has undergone optical treatment using infrared light for 100 s at 50°C. Application of the initial rise method of analysis indicates that the TL signals from both samples can be characterized by a continuous distribution of energy levels. By subtracting the TL glow curves measured at successive T
stop values, a series of TL glow curves is obtained which are analyzed using the empirical general order kinetics. It is found that all TL glow curves obtained by this subtractive procedure can be described accurately by the same general order parameter b ∼1.7. In a second attempt to analyze the same TL glow curves and possibly extract information about the underlying luminescence process, the shape of TL glow curves is analyzed using a recently proposed physical kinetic model which describes localized electronic recombination in donor-acceptor pairs. Within this model, recombination is assumed to take place via the excited state of the donor, and nearest-neighbor recombinations take place within a random distribution of centers. This recent model has been used recently to describe successfully several types of luminescence signals. This paper shows that it is possible to obtain good fits to the experimental data using either one of these two approaches.
Reflecting on the Present Burdened by the Past: German-Polish Relations in Robert Thalheim's Film Am Ende kommen Touristen (2007)
Authors: O'Dea Meghan
Published: January 2014

This article discusses the portrayal of German-Polish relations in Robert Thalheim's 2007 film Am Ende kommen Touristen. Situated within present day Oświęcim, Poland—more commonly known as Auschwitz, the historical site of Nazi perpetration—Touristen shifts viewer attention toward contemporary concerns surrounding historical memories of Auschwitz and the present day transnational encounters at the memorial site. This article discusses memory constellations as well as the intercultural and intergenerational issues depicted in the film. By showing how the past still continues to affect contemporary relationships between Germans and Poles, the film calls for continued engagement and dialogue to work through the shared past in the European present. This article furthermore discusses the status of Touristen as a “third wave” Holocaust film that distances itself from cinematic, historical reconstruction on a visual and narrative level by rather focusing attention on the pieces of the past that continue to affect contemporary German-Polish relationships.
The Federation of Expellees and the Impact of Memory on German-Polish Relations
Authors: Cordell Karl
Published: January 2014

This paper seeks to investigate the role played by memory in the Federation of Expellees (Bund der Vertriebenen, BdV) professed attempts to enter into dialogue with Polish society. It also seeks to assess why on occasion mutual recrimination continues to tarnish the wider framework of German-Polish relations and explain the reasons for this phenomenon. The initial focus lies with explaining the continued importance of key, often disputed, elements of the historical encounter between Germans and Poles. To complement this analysis, the latter part of the article considers whether the BdV and its associated organizations have contributed to the wider process of German-Polish reconciliation, or whether the activities of the BdV act as a brake upon full resolution. The paper argues that although in recent years the BdV has attempted to make a positive contribution to German-Polish relations, its chances for success are constrained by its inability to move away from positions that are themselves the product of memory.
Gait-simulating fatigue loading analysis and sagittal alignment failure of spinal pelvic reconstruction after total sacrectomy: comparison of 3 techniques
Authors: Clark Aaron J. , Tang Jessica A. , Leasure Jeremi M. , Ivan Michael E. , Kondrashov Dimitriy , Buckley Jenni M. , Deviren Vedat , Ames Christopher P.
Published: January 2014

Object

Reconstruction after total sacrectomy is a critical component of malignant sacral tumor resection, permitting early mobilization and maintenance of spinal pelvic alignment. However, implant loosening, graft migration, and instrumentation breakage remain major problems. Traditional techniques have used interiliac femoral allograft, but more modern methods have used fibular or cage struts from the ilium to the L-5 endplate or sacral body replacement with transiliac bars anchored to cages to the L-5 endplate. This study compares the biomechanical stability under gait-simulating fatigue loading of the 3 current methods.

Methods

Total sacrectomy was performed and reconstruction was completed using 3 different constructs in conjunction with posterior spinal screw rod instrumentation from L-3 to pelvis: interiliac femur strut allograft (FSA); L5–iliac cage struts (CSs); and S-1 body replacement expandable cage (EC). Intact lumbar specimens (L3–sacrum) were tested for flexion-extension range of motion (FE-ROM), axial rotation ROM (AX-ROM), and lateral bending ROM (LB-ROM). Each instrumented specimen was compared with its matched intact specimen to generate an ROM ratio. Fatigue testing in compression and flexion was performed using a custom-designed long fusion gait model.

Results

Compared with intact specimen, the FSA FE-ROM ratio was 1.22 ± 0.60, the CS FE-ROM ratio was significantly lower (0.37 ± 0.12, p < 0.001), and EC was lower still (0.29 ± 0.14, p < 0.001; values are expressed as the mean ± SD). The difference between CS and EC in FE-ROM ratio was not significant (p = 0.83). There were no differences in AX-ROM or LB-ROM ratios (p = 0.77 and 0.44, respectively). No failures were noted on fatigue testing of any EC construct (250,000 cycles). This was significantly improved compared with FSA (856 cycles, p < 0.001) and CS (794 cycles, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

The CS and EC appear to be significantly more stable constructs compared with FSA with FE-ROM. The 3 constructs appear to be equal with AX-ROM and LB-ROM. Most importantly, EC appears to be significantly more resistant to fatigue compared with FSA and CS. Reconstruction of the load transfer mechanism to the pelvis via the L-5 endplate appears to be important in maintenance of alignment after total sacrectomy reconstruction.
Susan McDaniel and Zachary Zimmer (eds) (2013). Global Ageing in the 21st Century. Challenges, Opportunities and Implications. Farnham, UK & Burlington, USA: Ashgate, 324 pp. ISBN 978 1 4094 32708 (hardback)
Authors: Fine Michael
Published: January 2014

Abstract not Available.
Interrogating professional power and recognition of specialized knowledge: a class analysis
Authors: Livingstone D. W.
Published: January 2014

This article explores ignored dimensions of relations between professional power and recognition of specialized knowledge, specifically the relations of professional class positions and workplace power with advanced professional schooling and further education. Professional class positions, mediated by association and union memberships, are posited as and confirmed to be important determinants of both advanced educational certification and further education. The evidence is drawn from unique national surveys of the working conditions and learning practices of entire Canadian labour force including especially a 2004 survey with a large number of professional respondents. The major implication is that class positions should be incorporated in further studies of professional power generally and variations in professional learning in particular.
Conjugates of Small Molecule Drugs with Antibodies and Other Proteins
Authors: Feng Yang , Zhu Zhongyu , Chen Weizao , Prabakaran Ponraj , Lin Kedan , Dimitrov Dimiter
Published: January 2014

Conjugates of small molecule drugs with antibodies (ADCs) and with other proteins (protein-drug conjugates, PDC) are used as a new class of targeted therapeutics combining the specificity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and other proteins with potent cytotoxic activity of small molecule drugs for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. A(P)DCs have three major components, antibody (targeting protein), linker and payload, the cytotoxic drug. Recently, advances in identifying targets, selecting highly specific mAbs of preferred isotypes, optimizing linker technology and improving chemical methods for conjugation have led to the approval of two ADCs by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and more than 30 ADCs in advanced clinical development. However, the complex and heterogeneous nature of A(P)DCs often cause poor solubility, instability, aggregation and eventually unwanted toxicity. This article reviews the main components of A(P)DCs, and discusses the choices for drugs, linkers and conjugation methods currently used. Future work will need to focus on developments and strategies for overcoming such major problems associated with the A(P)DCs.
A Simplified Algorithm for the Topological Entropy of Multimodal Maps
Authors: Amigó José , Giménez Ángel
Published: January 2014

A numerical algorithm to compute the topological entropy of multimodal maps is proposed. This algorithm results from a closed formula containing the so-called min-max symbols, which are closely related to the kneading symbols. Furthermore, it simplifies a previous algorithm, also based on min-max symbols, which was originally proposed for twice differentiable multimodal maps. The new algorithm has been benchmarked against the old one with a number of multimodal maps, the results being reported in the paper. The comparison is favorable to the new algorithm, except in the unimodal case.
Characterization of Biochar from Switchgrass Carbonization
Authors: Sadaka Samy , Sharara Mahmoud , Ashworth Amanda , Keyser Patrick , Allen Fred , Wright Andrew
Published: January 2014

Switchgrass is a high yielding, low-input intensive, native perennial grass that has been promoted as a major second-generation bioenergy crop. Raw switchgrass is not a readily acceptable feedstock in existing power plants that were built to accommodate coal and peat. The objective of this research was to elucidate some of the characteristics of switchgrass biochar produced via carbonization and to explore its potential use as a solid fuel. Samples were carbonized in a batch reactor under reactor temperatures of 300, 350 and 400 °C for 1, 2 and 3 h residence times. Biochar mass yield and volatile solids decreased from 82.6% to 35.2% and from 72.1% to 43.9%, respectively, by increasing carbonization temperatures from 300 °C to 400 °C and residence times from 1 h to 3 h. Conversely, biochar heating value (HV) and fixed carbon content increased from 17.6 MJ kg−1 to 21.9 MJ kg−1 and from 22.5% to 44.9%, respectively, under the same conditions. A biomass discoloration index (BDI) was created to quantify changes in biochar colors as affected by the two tested parameters. The maximum BDI of 77% was achieved at a carbonization temperature of 400 °C and a residence time of 3 h. The use of this index could be expanded to quantify biochar characteristics as affected by thermochemical treatments. Carbonized biochar could be considered a high quality solid fuel based on its energy content.
Environments: A New Cutting-Edge International and Interdisciplinary Scholarly Open Access Journal
Authors: Lin Yu-Pin
Published: January 2014

Environments across the earth comprise human and natural systems which are influenced and changed by natural processes and anthropogenic activities of various scales, both globally and locally [1–4]. Natural systems such as aquatic, atmospheric, and terrestrial environments without human intervention encompass all living and non-living things with interactions of processes such as environmental physical, chemical, biological, and biogeochemical. Such processes need to be examined in environmental studies using advanced techniques and analysis methods. Moreover, through such processes, the living and non-living are intimately related to each other as natural systems from aquatic, atmospheric, and terrestrial environments also provide natural resources for human needs [1]. Conversely, human systems comprise areas and components that human activities such as agricultural activities, industrialization, or urbanization heavily influence, possibly causing environmental pollution. Correspondingly, environmental analytical methods and techniques for pollution control and prevention, as well as conservation of natural resources all provide further insight into environmental chemistry, environmental biology, ecology, geosciences, and environmental physics in natural systems from the viewpoint of environmental planning, environmental engineering and policy, environmental health and toxicology. Environmental pollution and soil, air, and water-related disasters involve complex interactions among natural and anthropogenic causes [1,4–9]. However, as is well recognized, in addition to their increasing emphasis on the investigation of environmental science and related techniques, environmental studies also focus on environmental planning, environmental assessments, environmental management, and environmental policy that cross multiple disciplinary boundaries in order to solve environmental problems, and thus improve our environment. [...]
The Past, Present, and Future of Human Centromere Genomics
Authors: Aldrup-MacDonald Megan , Sullivan Beth
Published: January 2014

The centromere is the chromosomal locus essential for chromosome inheritance and genome stability. Human centromeres are located at repetitive alpha satellite DNA arrays that compose approximately 5% of the genome. Contiguous alpha satellite DNA sequence is absent from the assembled reference genome, limiting current understanding of centromere organization and function. Here, we review the progress in centromere genomics spanning the discovery of the sequence to its molecular characterization and the work done during the Human Genome Project era to elucidate alpha satellite structure and sequence variation. We discuss exciting recent advances in alpha satellite sequence assembly that have provided important insight into the abundance and complex organization of this sequence on human chromosomes. In light of these new findings, we offer perspectives for future studies of human centromere assembly and function.
Chronic Exposure to Rhodobacter Sphaeroides Extract Lycogen™ Prevents UVA-Induced Malondialdehyde Accumulation and Procollagen I Down-Regulation in Human Dermal Fibroblasts
Authors: Yang Tsai-Hsiu , Lai Ying-Hsiu , Lin Tsuey-Pin , Liu Wen-Sheng , Kuan Li-Chun , Liu Chia-Chyuan
Published: January 2014

UVA contributes to the pathogenesis of skin aging by downregulation of procollagen I content and induction of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-associated responses. Application of antioxidants such as lycopene has been demonstrated as a convenient way to achieve protection against skin aging. Lycogen™, derived from the extracts of Rhodobacter sphaeroides, exerts several biological effects similar to that of lycopene whereas most of its anti-aging efficacy remains uncertain. In this study, we attempted to examine whether Lycogen™ could suppress malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation and restore downregulated procollagen I expression induced by UVA exposure. In human dermal fibroblasts Hs68 cells, UVA repressed cell viability and decreased procollagen I protein content accompanied with the induction of MMP-1 and MDA accumulation. Remarkably, incubation with 50 µM Lycogen™ for 24 h ameliorated UVA-induced cell death and restored UVA-induced downregulation of procollagen in a dose-related manner. Lycogen™ treatment also prevented the UVA-induced MMP-1 upregulation and intracellular MDA generation in Hs68 cells. Activation of NFκB levels, one of the downstream events induced by UVA irradiation and MMP-1 induction, were also prevented by Lycogen™ administration. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that Lycogen™ may be an alternative agent that prevents UVA-induced skin aging and could be used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications.
Use of Genetically Modified Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Treat Neurodegenerative Diseases
Authors: Wyse Robert , Dunbar Gary , Rossignol Julien
Published: January 2014

The transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for treating neurodegenerative disorders has received growing attention recently because these cells are readily available, easily expanded in culture, and when transplanted, survive for relatively long periods of time. Given that such transplants have been shown to be safe in a variety of applications, in addition to recent findings that MSCs have useful immunomodulatory and chemotactic properties, the use of these cells as vehicles for delivering or producing beneficial proteins for therapeutic purposes has been the focus of several labs. In our lab, the use of genetic modified MSCs to release neurotrophic factors for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is of particular interest. Specifically, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have been recognized as therapeutic trophic factors for Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s diseases, respectively. The aim of this literature review is to provide insights into: (1) the inherent properties of MSCs as a platform for neurotrophic factor delivery; (2) the molecular tools available for genetic manipulation of MSCs; (3) the rationale for utilizing various neurotrophic factors for particular neurodegenerative diseases; and (4) the clinical challenges of utilizing genetically modified MSCs.
iRSpot-TNCPseAAC: Identify Recombination Spots with Trinucleotide Composition and Pseudo Amino Acid Components
Authors: Qiu Wang-Ren , Xiao Xuan , Chou Kuo-Chen
Published: January 2014

Meiosis and recombination are the two opposite aspects that coexist in a DNA system. As a driving force for evolution by generating natural genetic variations, meiotic recombination plays a very important role in the formation of eggs and sperm. Interestingly, the recombination does not occur randomly across a genome, but with higher probability in some genomic regions called “hotspots”, while with lower probability in so-called “coldspots”. With the ever-increasing amount of genome sequence data in the postgenomic era, computational methods for effectively identifying the hotspots and coldspots have become urgent as they can timely provide us with useful insights into the mechanism of meiotic recombination and the process of genome evolution as well. To meet the need, we developed a new predictor called “iRSpot-TNCPseAAC”, in which a DNA sample was formulated by combining its trinucleotide composition (TNC) and the pseudo amino acid components (PseAAC) of the protein translated from the DNA sample according to its genetic codes. The former was used to incorporate its local or short-rage sequence order information; while the latter, its global and long-range one. Compared with the best existing predictor in this area, iRSpot-TNCPseAAC achieved higher rates in accuracy, Mathew’s correlation coefficient, and sensitivity, indicating that the new predictor may become a useful tool for identifying the recombination hotspots and coldspots, or, at least, become a complementary tool to the existing methods. It has not escaped our notice that the aforementioned novel approach to incorporate the DNA sequence order information into a discrete model may also be used for many other genome analysis problems. The web-server for iRSpot-TNCPseAAC is available at http://www.jci-bioinfo.cn/iRSpot-TNCPseAAC. Furthermore, for the convenience of the vast majority of experimental scientists, a step-by-step guide is provided on how to use the current web server to obtain their desired result without the need to follow the complicated mathematical equations.
Protein A Detection Based on Quantum Dots-Antibody Bioprobe Using Fluorescence Coupled Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Qiu Lin , Bi Yanhua , Wang Cheli , Li Jingyan , Guo Peilin , Li Jinchen , He Weijiang , Wang Jianhao , Jiang Pengju
Published: January 2014

In this report, fluorescence detection coupled capillary electrophoresis (CE-FL) was used to detect Protein A. Antibody was first labeled with Cy5 and then mixed with quantum dots (QDs) to form QDs-antibody bioprobe. Further, we observed fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from QDs donor to Cy5 acceptor. The bioprobe was formed and brought QDs and Cy5 close enough to allow FRET to occur. After adding protein A, the FRET system was broken and caused the FRET signal to decrease. Thus, a new method for the determination of protein A was proposed based on the FRET signal changes. This study provides a new trail of thought for the detection of protein.
Detailed Study of Closed Stator Slots for a Direct-Driven Synchronous Permanent Magnet Linear Wave Energy Converter
Authors: Lejerskog Erik , Leijon Mats
Published: January 2014

The aim of this paper is to analyze how a permanent magnet linear generator for wave power behaves when the stator slots are closed. The usual design of stator geometry is to use open slots to maintain a low magnetic leakage flux between the stator teeth. By doing this, harmonics are induced in the magnetic flux density in the air-gap due to slotting. The closed slots are designed to cause saturation, to keep the permeability low. This reduces the slot harmonics in the magnetic flux density, but will also increase the flux leakage between the stator teeth. An analytical model has been created to study the flux through the closed slots and the result compared with finite element simulations. The outcome shows a reduction of the cogging force and a reduction of the harmonics of the magnetic flux density in the air-gap. It also shows a small increase of the total magnetic flux entering the stator and an increased magnetic flux leakage through the closed slots.
The Impacts of Atmospheric Stability on the Accuracy of Wind Speed Extrapolation Methods
Authors: Newman Jennifer , Klein Petra
Published: January 2014

The building of utility-scale wind farms requires knowledge of the wind speed climatology at hub height (typically 80–100 m). As most wind speed measurements are taken at 10 m above ground level, efforts are being made to relate 10-m measurements to approximate hub-height wind speeds. One common extrapolation method is the power law, which uses a shear parameter to estimate the wind shear between a reference height and hub height. The shear parameter is dependent on atmospheric stability and should ideally be determined independently for different atmospheric stability regimes. In this paper, data from the Oklahoma Mesonet are used to classify atmospheric stability and to develop stability-dependent power law fits for a nearby tall tower. Shear exponents developed from one month of data are applied to data from different seasons to determine the robustness of the power law method. In addition, similarity theory-based methods are investigated as possible alternatives to the power law. Results indicate that the power law method performs better than similarity theory methods, particularly under stable conditions, and can easily be applied to wind speed data from different seasons. In addition, the importance of using co-located near-surface and hub-height wind speed measurements to develop extrapolation fits is highlighted.
Surveillance of a 2D Plane Area with 3D Deployed Cameras
Authors: Fu Yi-Ge , Zhou Jie , Deng Lei
Published: January 2014

As the use of camera networks has expanded, camera placement to satisfy some quality assurance parameters (such as a good coverage ratio, an acceptable resolution constraints, an acceptable cost as low as possible, etc.) has become an important problem. The discrete camera deployment problem is NP-hard and many heuristic methods have been proposed to solve it, most of which make very simple assumptions. In this paper, we propose a probability inspired binary Particle Swarm Optimization (PI-BPSO) algorithm to solve a homogeneous camera network placement problem. We model the problem under some more realistic assumptions: (1) deploy the cameras in the 3D space while the surveillance area is restricted to a 2D ground plane; (2) deploy the minimal number of cameras to get a maximum visual coverage under more constraints, such as field of view (FOV) of the cameras and the minimum resolution constraints. We can simultaneously optimize the number and the configuration of the cameras through the introduction of a regulation item in the cost function. The simulation results showed the effectiveness of the proposed PI-BPSO algorithm.
Les aspects opérationnels de l’exercice de la compétence personnelle à l’égard des nationaux à l’étranger
Authors: Ubeda-Saillard Muriel
Published: January 2014

C’est à l’État qu’il appartient en principe de protéger ses nationaux lorsqu’ils sont victimes de mauvais traitements à l’étranger. Il doit toutefois inévitablement coopérer à cette fin avec l’État territorialement compétent. La banalisation des mouvements de population et l’augmentation constante des ressortissants voyageant ou résidant à l’étranger ont accru inévitablement les besoins tout à la fois de protection et de coopération. Le traitement d’un certain nombre d’affaires récentes impliquant des Français incarcérés ou pris en otage à l’étranger (Florence Cassez, Clotilde Reiss, Arche de Zoé, otages du Ponant, etc.) manifeste l’évolution d’une pratique qui donne parfois l’illusion de modifier substantiellement les mécanismes juridiques utilisés, alors que ces derniers demeurent inchangés.
L’arrêt rendu par la Cour internationale de Justice sur la Demande en interprétation de l’arrêt Avena (Mexique c. États-Unis d’Amérique)
Authors: Tranchant Baptiste Michel Marie
Published: January 2014

Le 5 juin 2008, le Mexique a introduit une demande en interprétation de l’arrêt rendu le 31 mars 2004 par la CIJ en l’affaire Avena et autres ressortissants mexicains (Mexique c. États-Unis d’Amérique), considérant que le défaut d’exécution par les États-Unis des obligations imposées par cet arrêt manifestait une divergence entre les deux États quant à sa signification exacte. La Cour a rejeté la demande au motif qu’il n’existait entre les parties aucune «contestation sur le sens et la portée de l’arrêt [ Avena] » . Elle se refuse par ailleurs à statuer sur le respect par les États-Unis de l’arrêt Avena, non sans dénoncer toutefois la violation par ceux-ci des mesures conservatoires indiquées au cours de cette nouvelle procédure.
Rééquilibrer les effets inéquitables d’une délimitation territoriale : l’arrêt de la Cour internationale de Justice du 13 juillet 2009 dans l’affaire du Différend relatif à des droits de navigation et des droits connexes (Costa Rica c. Nicaragua)
Authors: Cassella Sarah
Published: January 2014

La Cour internationale de Justice précise les contours du droit de navigation conventionnel et des droits connexes du Costa Rica, ainsi que les limites du pouvoir de réglementation du Nicaragua sur le fleuve San Juan (situé en territoire nicaraguayen). Sa préoccupation constante est en réalité de rééquilibrer la situation inéquitable résultant de la délimitation territoriale qui remonte au XIXe siècle, en particulier dans la mesure où elle porte préjudice à la population riveraine costaricienne. La prise en compte de ces intérêts légitimes obscurcit la motivation de l’arrêt et incline la Cour à statuer en équité, au risque d’outrepasser sa compétence en l’espèce. Cela pose la question du rôle du juge dans la détermination des sources du droit qui peuvent être appliquées afin de concilier les intérêts en conflit.
La sentence arbitrale Abyei du 22 juillet 2009 (Gouvernement du Soudan, Mouvement/Armée populaire de libération du Soudan
Authors: Beaudouin Anouche
Published: January 2014

The Government of Sudan and the SPLM/ A went to an arbitral tribunal to settle the dispute between them over the boundary commission experts report for delimiting the Abyei region within Sudan. The tribunal was tasked with ascertaining whether or not the experts had exceeded their mandate and, if need be, with fi xing the region’s boundaries itself. Taking the view that the experts had indeed acted ultra vires by failing to provide suffi cient grounds for their conclusions, the tribunal itself redrew certain boundaries and reduced the Abyei territory as defi ned by the commission.
La Communauté des États sahélo-sahariens (CEN-SAD), acteur complémentaire ou concurrentiel de l’Union africaine ?
Authors: Aïvo Frédéric-Joël
Published: January 2014

Résumé : Les relations entre l’Union africaine et les organisations sous-régionales sont régies par leurs actes constitutifs respectifs ainsi que par le traité d’Abuja de 1991. La division du travail entre chacune d’elles suivait un schéma fort simple. Mais la création en 1998 de la Communauté des États sahélo-sahariens (CEN-SAD) a révélé l’insuffisante coordination des organisations internationales africaines. Cette étude présente la CENSAD comme une organisation atypique et s’efforce de clarifier le rapport tout à la fois complémentaire et concurrentiel entre celle-ci et l’Union africaine.
L’approche régionale à la protection du patrimoine culturel sous-marin : le cas de la Méditerranée
Authors: Scovazzi Tullio
Published: January 2014

La pratique montre qu’il serait nécessaire d’assurer la protection du patrimoine culturel sous-marin de la Méditerranée sur la base d’un régime spécial établi par les États riverains. Des discussions sur un accord régional ont démarré à Syracuse en 2003. Cet accord devrait tenir compte des dispositions figurant dans la convention de l’Unesco sur la protection du patrimoine culturel subaquatique (Paris, 2001), qui encourage les États signataires à compléter en l’approfondissant le régime général établi par ses dispositions. L’initiative prise par les États riverains de la Méditerranée, qui sont parties à la convention, est à ce jour demeurée en suspens.
Le protocole 14 bis à la convention européenne des droits de l’homme :un instrument (heureusement) éphémère
Authors: Sicilianos Linos-Alexandre
Published: January 2014

Further to the blocking of the entry into force of Protocol No. 14 to the European Convention on Human Rights, the Council of Europe contemplated various solutions to ensure the efficiency and even the survival of the European Court of Human Rights, which was threatened by an ever increasing backlog of cases. A Protocol 14 bis set up a mechanism of variable geometry that included the essential provisions of Protocol 14 designed to speed up and simplify the Court’s procedure. This was a compromise solution. Having operated for several months, Protocol 14 bis has made way for Protocol 14, which came into force on 1 June 2010.
L'urbanisation dans l'histoire
Authors: Duby Georges
Published: January 2014

Urbanization in History.

Whatever approach is used to study the relationship between towns and the countryside, a crucial point in the problematic of French history for over a quarter of a century, it is necessary to observe carefully the origin and evolution of urban and rural contacts. Historians are concerned with determining when and how towns came to dominate the countryside, financially, administratively and culturally. An historical study of urbanization is essential to understand the evolution of present forms of "inurbation" and their regional variations. Western Europe, especially France, is divided into two sectors: areas where important villages served as mediators between towns and the countryside, and areas where traces of pre-Roman urbanism influenced rural life.
L'analyse physiocratique des rapports entre la ville et la campagne
Authors: Larrère Catherine
Published: January 2014

The Physiocratic Analysis of Town and Country Relations.

This article deals with Quesnay's physiocratic theories and his attempts to eliminate, by the generalization of capitalism, the antagonism characteristic of urban-rural relations. To rescue the countryside from the misery inflicted by Colbert's mercantilism, he advocated the creation of a capitalistic form of agriculture. In the theoretical analysis leading to the elaboration of this program, town and country antagonism seems to be associated with a certain phase of capitalistic development, and thus bound to disappear as capitalism evolves. Quesnay analyzed capitalistic production in its pure state, formalizing a theory of capitalism in general, rather than a theory of a particular form of agricultural capitalism. Quesnay was also engaged in a controversy with the mercantilists and denounced their policies of urban and industrial expansion. For him, the nation, in order to achieve a harmonious economic cycle, should rely on the countryside and agriculture, not on the town and mercantilism, an urban, colonialist, marginal, form of capitalism. Quesnay announced the maturity of capitalism, which he saw as a means of ending town and country antagonism. Although his projects were never realized and are not entirely realizable, his efforts are of interest for he recognized the necessity of placing urban-rural antagonism in a general theory of social relations.
Appropriation urbaine du milieu rural à des fins de loisirs
Authors: Barbichon Guy
Published: January 2014

L'urbanisation de certaines agglomérations rurales résulte de leur transformation en stations balnéaires ou hivernales ; d'autres zones rurales, bien que non côtières et inaptes aux sports d'hiver, commencent à attirer les citadins. L'auteur montre comment le développement du tourisme et des activités de loisir renforce l'ascendant économique et social de la ville ; et esquisse les phases principales de l'appropriation urbaine des campagnes. Dans un premier temps, c'est la société rurale qui prend l'initiative en s'adaptant aux demandes urbaines, mais à mesure que ces demandes deviennent plus exigeantes, promoteurs et entrepreneurs citadins assument les responsabilités financières et techniques dans la transformation des campagnes. Une fois que la pratique du tourisme et des activités de loisir est bien établie, des changements sont induits dans l'organisation sociale rurale. Ces modifications, motivées tant politiquement que culturellement et économiquement, créent deux groupes opposés : d'une part les producteurs et consommateurs du « loisir », de l'autre ceux du « non-loisir » (agriculteurs, industriels, artisans).
L'influence des implantations industrielles sur les exploitations agricoles
Authors: Henniquau Thérèse
Published: January 2014

Pour mettre en évidence les effets de l'implantation industrielle sur les structures agricoles, l'auteur examine les procédures d'appropriation des terres par les usines Antar et Simca, dans le sud-ouest du Valenciennois. Elle décrit et compare tout d'abord les communes intéressées d'un point de vue statistique : surface totale des terroirs, surface cultivée, types de production agricole, importance, croissance et densité de la population, nombre des exploitations, etc. Il apparaît que le degré d'industrialisation et d'urbanisation d'une région est lié à l'âge moyen des exploitants plutôt qu'à la dimension moyenne des exploitations. Les conséquences de l'expropriation dans une région donnée, varient en fonction de la localisation et de la dimension des surfaces cultivées, de la situation démographique, des conditions techniques et psychologiques d'emploi dans le secteur non agricole, de l'entente entre fermiers et propriétaires impliqués dans les transactions et des possibilités de restructuration des exploitations par une redistribution des terres. Les programmes d'expropriation d' Antar et de Simca ont affecté la dimension des exploitations, l'auteur établit une série de comparaisons entre surfaces expropriées et surfaces offertes en compensation, et les surfaces cultivées dans chaque commune en 1967, puis en 1970. De cette étude, il ressort qu'une politique générale d'expropriation qui s'efforce de maintenir les exploitations viables au moyen d'une redistribution des terres obtenue en favorisant la mobilité sociale et géographique de certains exploitants et en encourageant d'autres à prendre une retraite anticipée, affecte moins les structures spatiales des régions agricoles considérées que leurs structures démographiques.
Les résidences secondaires des citadins dans les campagnes françaises
Authors: Cribier Françoise
Published: January 2014

The Second Homes of Urbanités in the French Countryside.

After explaining the originality and history of the "second home" phenomenon in France, the author discusses the relationship of the urban occupant to his country home and the consequences for rural areas of the proliferation of secondary residences. Urbanization, the growth of urban populations and the resulting mediocrity of housing conditions are mainly responsible for the acquisition of country homes; economic factors (increased buying power, desire to make a good investment), actual rural conditions (rural exodus, modernization) as well as a romantic longing for rustic life also contribute. The next part of this article gives certain characteristics of country house owners (social and professional situation, location of permanent residence, age) and shows how these factors influence the location, means of acquisition (inheritance, purchase, construction) and choice of style of the home. The rate of occupancy of the country house varies according to its proximity to the principal residence and according to seasonal and climatic conditions; after retirement, the owner may live there permanently. The effects, if any, on rural areas of the presence of second homes belonging to urbanités are much debated and quite varied but in general are either detrimental (architectural degradation, housing problems, strain on communal budgets) or beneficial (stimulation of local business activities, employment of local inhabitants). The relations between the owners of second homes and the local residents depend on the socio-economic situation of the former and the traditions of hospitality of the latter.
Industrialisation - urbanisation ? L'exemple de Lacq
Authors: Larbiou Suzanne
Published: January 2014

En moins d'un an, la plaine de Lacq, autrefois la région la plus exclusivement agricole de la Vallée du Pau, vient maintenant au troisième rang des ensembles urbains du département des Pyrénées-Atlantiques. L'auteur décrit les conditions sociales et économiques de la région avant la découverte du pétrole et des gisements de gaz naturel et montre comment l'exploitation de ces ressources a affecté la campagne environnante. La construction et le fonctionnement du vaste complexe industriel a créé des problèmes de travail et de logement. Malgré l'importante demande en main-d'œuvre, les habitants du pays ont rarement trouvé de l'emploi en raison des exigences en matière de qualification. L'auteur examine le changement de statut socio-économique de ceux qui réussirent à se faire embaucher (jeunes gens libérés du service militaire, exploitants plus âgés, ouvriers agricoles, artisans). Pour loger le grand nombre d'ouvriers étrangers à la région, on a dû créer une ville nouvelle, Mourenx, les facilités existantes étant insuffisantes. L'auteur décrit également les rapports entre Mourenx et les campagnes alentour, et entre les ouvriers et les quelques paysans qui continuent à vivre de leur terre. Tout compte fait, le complexe industriel n'a eu qu'un effet limité sur l'économie locale et la création de la ville nouvelle n'a pas changé grand-chose à la vie rurale. Pour mener à bien une véritable industrialisation et urbanisation de la région, il conviendrait de promouvoir une politique d'aménagement et de développement de la région de Lacq dans son ensemble, qui tiendrait compte de l'agriculture, de l'industrie et de la population tant rurale qu'urbaine.
« Urbanisation » et vie rurale en Roumanie
Authors: Stahl Henri H.
Published: January 2014

Divers processus d' « urbanisation », de « déruralisation » et de « modernisation » sont à l'origine des changements rapides qui s'observent en Roumanie, en milieu rural. Une intense industrialisation urbaine a non seulement incité les paysans en quête d'emplois à s'installer en ville de manière permanente ; elle a aussi créé des zones urbaines à la périphérie des centres urbains ; les villages situés dans ces zones fournissent une main-d'œuvre journalière aux industries urbaines et se sont adaptés aux conditions du marché urbain ; pour ces communautés, il en a résulté une élévation du niveau de vie. La modernisation des techniques agricoles et la création de coopératives d'exploitants ont modifié la composition de la population rurale et la structure de la famille paysanne. Le gouvernement a mis en œuvre un programme d'action culturelle — alphabétisation, éducation obligatoire, campagne de propagande par le canal des mass media — qui a abouti à la « déruralisation » des campagnes, même les plus perdues. Entre la ville et le village les différences s'estompent, non pas que le village devienne une ville, mais parce qu'il ne souffre plus d'un sous-développement social et économique. L'auteur conclut en expliquant son programme : il cherche à isoler, à titre expérimental, les divers facteurs qui contribuent à la modernisation des campagnes.