bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stochastic evolutionary game analysis of tacit knowledge sharing in patent commercialization
Authors: Xu Mingyu , Yang Xianghao , Yang Xinyi , Ye Xu
Published: April 2024

Given the rapid prevalence and advancement of patent commercialization, tacit knowledge sharing during this process is increasingly being scrutinized. To explore the factors affecting tacit knowledge sharing in patent commercialization, this paper constructed a tripartite stochastic evolutionary game model to analyze the complex game interaction between inventors, enterprises, and patent intermediaries. Due to uncertainty in the external environment, Gaussian white noise was introduced into replicator dynamic equations, and numerical simulation was used to describe the tripartite dynamic evolution. The results showed the following: (1) inventors and enterprises with similar levels of relevant capabilities are more likely to achieve better results in sharing tacit knowledge. (2) The implementation of an effective market reputation evaluation system has the potential to enhance implicit knowledge sharing in the realm of patent commercialization. (3) The percentage of payments of the two‐stage payment contract will affect the behavior of inventors and enterprises. (4) The stability of the equilibrium solution is closely tied to the intensity of Gaussian white noise, which can lead to deviations from the original trajectory of equilibrium strategies. Greater external uncertainty makes tacit knowledge sharing more challenging. This study will provide constructive suggestions for promoting tacit knowledge sharing among participants in patent commercialization.
Judicial efficiency, debt structure, and cost of debt
Authors: Aguiar‐Díaz Inmaculada , Mruk Ewelina Monica , Ruiz‐Mallorquí María Victoria
Published: April 2024

In the framework of law and finance literature, this study investigates the link between judicial efficiency and financial debt cost in 1487 non‐financial firms across the euro zone from 2010 to 2021. Utilizing qualitative (rule of law) and quantitative (judicial proceeding length) indicators from the Worldwide Governance Indicators and Doing Business databases, our findings support the hypothesis that efficient justice lowers financial debt cost. Additionally, we observe a moderating effect of debt structure, specifically that private non‐bank debt enhances the reduction impact of judicial efficiency on debt cost, unlike bank and corporate bonds debt.
Secondary neutron dosimetry for conformal FLASH proton therapy
Authors: Chen Dixin , Motlagh Seyyedeh Azar Oliaei , Stappen François Vander , Labarbe Rudi , Bell Beryl , Kim Michele , Teo Boon‐Keng Kevin , Dong Lei , Zou Wei , Diffenderfer Eric Stanton
Published: April 2024

Background

Cyclotron‐based proton therapy systems utilize the highest proton energies to achieve an ultra‐high dose rate (UHDR) for FLASH radiotherapy. The deep‐penetrating range associated with this high energy can be modulated by inserting a uniform plate of proton‐stopping material, known as a range shifter, in the beam path at the nozzle to bring the Bragg peak within the target while ensuring high proton transport efficiency for UHDR. Aluminum has been recently proposed as a range shifter material mainly due to its high compactness and its mechanical properties. A possible drawback lies in the fact that aluminum has a larger cross‐section of producing secondary neutrons compared to conventional plastic range shifters. Accordingly, an increase in secondary neutron contamination was expected during the delivery of range‐modulated FLASH proton therapy, potentially heightening neutron‐induced carcinogenic risks to the patient.

Purpose

We conducted neutron dosimetry using simulations and measurements to evaluate excess dose due to neutron exposure during UHDR proton irradiation with aluminum range shifters compared to plastic range shifters.

Methods

Monte Carlo simulations in TOPAS were performed to investigate the secondary neutron production characteristics with aluminum range shifter during 225 MeV single‐spot proton irradiation. The computational results were validated against measurements with a pair of ionization chambers in an out‐of‐field region ( 30 cm) and with a Proton Recoil Scintillator‐Los Alamos rem meter in a far‐out‐of‐field region (0.5–2.5 m). The assessments were repeated with solid water slabs as a surrogate for the conventional range shifter material to evaluate the impact of aluminum on neutron yield. The results were compared with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards to evaluate the clinical acceptance of the secondary neutron yield.

Results

For a range modulation up to 26 cm in water, the maximum simulated and measured values of out‐of‐field secondary neutron dose equivalent per therapeutic dose with aluminum range shifter were found to be and , respectively, overall higher than the solid water cases (simulation: ; measurement: ). The maximum far out‐of‐field secondary neutron dose equivalent was found to be ()  and ()  for the simulations and rem meter measurements, respectively, also higher than the solid water counterparts (simulation: () ; measurement: () ).

Conclusions

We conducted simulations and measurements of secondary neutron production under proton irradiation at FLASH energy with range shifters. We found that the secondary neutron yield increased when using aluminum range shifters compared to conventional materials while remaining well below the non‐primary radiation limit constrained by the IEC regulations.
Technical note: Characterization, validation, and spectral optimization of a dedicated breast CT system for contrast‐enhanced imaging
Authors: Pautasso Juan J. , Michielsen Koen , Sechopoulos Ioannis
Published: April 2024

Background

The development of a new imaging modality, such as 4D dynamic contrast‐enhanced dedicated breast CT (4D DCE‐bCT), requires optimization of the acquisition technique, particularly within the 2D contrast‐enhanced imaging modality. Given the extensive parameter space, cascade‐systems analysis is commonly used for such optimization.

Purpose

To implement and validate a parallel‐cascaded model for bCT, focusing on optimizing and characterizing system performance in the projection domain to enhance the quality of input data for image reconstruction.

Methods

A parallel‐cascaded system model of a state‐of‐the‐art bCT system was developed and model predictions of the presampled modulation transfer function (MTF) and the normalized noise power spectrum (NNPS) were compared with empirical data collected in the projection domain. Validation was performed using the default settings of 49 kV with 1.5 mm aluminum filter and at 65 kV and 0.257 mm copper filter. A 10 mm aluminum plate was added to replicate the breast attenuation. Air kerma at the isocenter was measured at different tube current levels. Discrepancies between the measured projection domain metrics and model‐predicted values were quantified using percentage error and coefficient of variation (CoV) for MTF and NNPS, respectively. The optimal filtration was for a 5 mm iodine disk detection task at 49, 55, 60, and 65 kV. The detectability index was calculated for the default aluminum filtration and for copper thicknesses ranging from 0.05 to 0.4 mm.

Results

At 49 kV, MTF errors were +5.1% and −5.1% at 1 and 2 cycles/mm, respectively; NNPS CoV was 5.3% (min = 3.7%; max = 8.5%). At 65 kV, MTF errors were ‐0.8% and ‐3.2%; NNPS CoV was 13.1% (min = 11.4%; max = 16.9%). Air kerma output was linear, with 11.67 µGy/mA (R2 = 0.993) and 19.14 µGy/mA (R2 = 0.996) at 49 and 65 kV, respectively. For iodine detection, a 0.25 mm‐thick copper filter at 65 kV was found optimal, outperforming the default technique by 90%.

Conclusion

The model accurately predicts bCT system performance, specifically in the projection domain, under varied imaging conditions, potentially contributing to the enhancement of 2D contrast‐enhanced imaging in 4D DCE‐bCT.
Numerical simulation of the coupled dynamics model of the projectile engraving process
Authors: Zhang Shujun , Rui Xiaoting , Yu Hailong , Dong Xiaoli
Published: April 2024

The projectile engraving process directly influences the projectile motion in‐bore and impacts the firing accuracy, firing safety, and barrel life of the gun. For this reason, attention has been focused on this research topic. To address the limitations of the “instantaneous engraving” hypothesis adopted in the classical interior ballistic theory, the VUAMP user subroutine, one of ABAQUS's secondary development interfaces, is utilized in this paper to realize the modeling and numerical simulation of a coupled dynamics model of the projectile engraving process. In addition to facilitating engineering applications, a polynomial fitting formula of the engraving resistance obtained by simulation is proposed and then used as a supplement to establish a closed and solvable interior ballistic model considering the projectile engraving process. By comparing with test data, the simulation accuracy of the coupled dynamics model is verified. Simulation results reveal that the engraving process takes 3.8 ms, accounting for 26% of the whole launch process, which takes 14.6 ms, demonstrating that the process is not instantaneous. The results of this paper can serve as a reference for future studies on the coupled solution of the projectile engraving process and interior ballistics of guns or gun‐like equipment.
Study on the formation mechanism and preventive measure of pot cover effect for subgrade in seasonal frozen soil area under freeze–thaw cycles
Authors: Zhang Ruiling , Chou Yaling , Zhang Mingli , Liu Hongbo
Published: April 2024

The presence of an impervious cover layer inhibits the free evaporation of moisture in the soil during seasonal freeze–thaw cycles, leading to a phenomenon known as the pot cover effect. This can result in severe frost heave issues in airport runways, highway subgrades, railway subgrades, and other similar infrastructure. In this study, a disease investigation was conducted at a gas transmission station situated in an area with seasonally frozen soil. Meanwhile, the causes of moisture accumulation and frost heave in the lower part of concrete pavement slabs were analyzed. A coupled water–vapor–heat model for unsaturated frozen soil is then established to analyze the formation mechanism of the pot cover effect in the subgrade. Finally, the preventive effect of the impervious layer on moisture migration in the pot cover effect was analyzed. The results indicate that the pot cover effect causes a significant accumulation of moisture beneath the concrete pavement at the gas transmission station, resulting in a moisture content increase of 5%–35%. During the freezing period, the vapor of shallow soil migrates upward, while the liquid water remains unchanged. During the melting period, both vapor and liquid water migrate downward. The laying of the impervious layer can prevent moisture migration of the pot cover effect. When the impervious layer is placed on the freezing front (0°C), the prevention effect of the pot cover effect is the best.
Minimum loss optimization of flywheel energy storage systems via distributed adaptive dynamic programming
Authors: Xiao Feng , Ding Zikang , Wei Bo , Zhang Cong
Published: April 2024

In this article, a distributed controller based on adaptive dynamic programming is proposed to solve the minimum loss problem of flywheel energy storage systems (FESS). We first formulate a performance function aiming to reduce total losses of FESS in power distribution applications. Then we use the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equation to solve this optimal control problem. The solution of the HJB equation is approximated by neural networks. To achieve distributed control, we estimate the global variables in the HJB equation by using the dynamic average consensus algorithm. A barrier Lyapunov function and a saturation function are introduced to handle the issue of state and input constraints, respectively. Then the stability of the system is proved through the Lyapunov stability analysis. Finally the effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified by simulations. Simulation results show that FESS can track the power command while minimizing total power losses by interacting with neighbors. The proposed algorithm leads to a loss reduction of compared to the equal power distribution strategy.
An Iridium Complex as Bidentate Halogen Bond‐Based Anion Receptor Featuring an IncreasedOptical Response
Authors: Kampes Robin , Chettri Avinash , Sittig Maria , Yang Guangjun , Zechel Stefan , Kupfer Stephan , Hager Martin D. , Dietzek‐Ivanšić Benjamin , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: April 2024

We present a luminescent Ir(III) complex featuring a bidentate halogen bond donor site capable of strong anion binding. The tailor‐made Ir(III)(L)2 moiety offers a significantly higher emission quantum yield (8.4 %) compared to previous Ir(III)‐based chemo‐sensors (2.5 %). The successful binding of chloride, bromide and acetate is demonstrated using emission titrations. These experiments reveal association constants of up to 1.6×105 M−1. Furthermore, a new approach to evaluate the association constant by utilizing the shift of the emission was used for the first time. The experimentally observed characteristics are supported by quantum chemical simulations.
Strategies to improve diagnosis and access to treatment of retinoblastoma in low‐ and middle‐income countries: A systematic review
Authors: Rabelo Bruna Salgado , de Alvarenga Kevin Augusto Farias , Fernando Lopes Luiz , Guimarães Ribeiro Adeylson , de Sá Rodrigues Karla Emilia
Published: April 2024

Retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular tumor in childhood, still faces challenges in diagnosis and treatment, particularly in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Identifying strategies to improve the time to diagnosis and access to treatment is crucial to enhance survival rates and preserve ocular health. We conducted a systematic review to identify interventions that have demonstrated potential in addressing these challenges. We performed a comprehensive search across databases until March 2023. Out of the studies reviewed, 21 met the inclusion criteria and were categorized into five main areas: surveillance strategies, genetic counseling, education, public assistance, and international partnership. Despite the obstacles faced, the initiatives identified in this review present acts toward improving the time to diagnosis and access to treatment for retinoblastoma. Based on the extracted data, we propose a comprehensive chain of initiatives. We firmly believe that implementing this chain of initiatives can lead to improved clinical outcomes for retinoblastoma patients.
Honeycomb networks of boron nitride/nanodiamond with interlocking interfaces enhance the application reliability of silicone rubber thermal conductivity composites
Authors: Liu Haitao , Hu Jueke , Yang Wulin , Zhu Jiajun , Fu Licai , Li Deyi , Zhou Lingping
Published: April 2024

The three‐dimensional (3D) boron nitride (BN) thermal conductive networks, crafted through layer‐by‐layer assembly, hold tremendous potential for the development of insulating thermal interface materials (TIMs) with exceptional thermal conductivity. Nevertheless, maintaining the thermal conductive stability of this structure type during application remains a considerable challenge. Herein, initially, the honeycomb networks of boron nitride/nanodiamond (ND/kBN) with interlocking interfaces were prepared by electrostatic self‐assembly and ice template method. Subsequently, thermal conductivity composites of flexible silicone rubber (VQM) were acquired through vacuum‐assisted infiltration. The composites demonstrated improved through‐plane thermal conductivity with 1.03 W/(m K) at a 9.9 vol% content of ND/kBN while exhibiting relatively ideal dielectric properties. More importantly, the thermal conductive properties of the composites still maintain at 96.1% and 91.9%, respectively, even after undergoing 30% compressive deformation for 1 h and being bent 300 times. This study presents a novel strategy that not only improves the thermal conductivity of composites but also ensures the reliability of their applications.

Highlights

Nanodiamond (ND) is anchored onto the kBN surface by electrostatic self‐assembly.

ND/kBN filler honeycomb network with an interlocking interface was prepared.

Flexible composites with high thermal conductivity (TC) were prepared.

The composites exhibit excellent TC stability after experiencing deformation.
Experimental investigation on effect of tool geometry on thermal and crystallization characteristics in drilling of carbon fiber reinforced PEEK composite
Authors: Yuan Wenhui , Liu Chang , Yang Tao , Du Yu , Liu Sinan
Published: April 2024

This paper comprehensively investigated the effect of the tool geometries on heat transfer and special crystallization characteristics in the drilling of carbon fiber‐reinforced polyetheretherketone (CF/PEEK) composite for the first time. Three tools with different geometries (twist, brad, and dagger drill) are carried out on CF/PEEK drilling experiments, and temperature, as well as crystallinity and surface roughness, are introduced to make a comparative evaluation on the effect of the tool geometries. The results show that the drilling temperature is determined by the contact length of the profile between the drill and the material. Correspondingly, better surface quality with lower surface roughness and smoother surface is obtained by using a twist drill due to the heat‐induced PEEK smearing effect. Further, in situ XRD and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) were used to characterize the crystallization characteristics where crystal phase transformation at different temperatures was measured. The occurring temperature of the strongest crystallization characteristics for CF/PEEK is basically not affected by tool geometries, all at 300°C, and the limiting crystallization temperature is 344.5 ± 0.7°C. The crystallinity is found to be affected by drilling temperature and cooling rate and gradually decreases along the heat transfer direction. This work provides a new sight into the improvement of CF/PEEK drilling.

Highlights

The effect of tool geometries on thermal and crystallization for CF/PEEK is provided.

In situ XRD and DSC are used to characterize crystallization characteristics.

The drilling temperature and cooling rate are both determinants of crystallinity.

The limiting crystallization temperature of the CF/PEEK composite is 344.5 ± 0.7°C.

Heat‐induced PEEK smearing effect improves the surface quality of CF/PEEK drilling.
Wood flour and hazelnut shells polylactide‐based biocomposites for packaging applications: Characterization, photo‐oxidation, and compost burial degradation
Authors: Baiamonte Marilena , Rapisarda Marco , Mistretta Maria Chiara , Impallomeni Giuseppe , La Mantia Francesco Paolo , Rizzarelli Paola
Published: April 2024

In this work, polylactide (PLA) was loaded with wood flour (WF) or hazelnut shells (HSs) (10% and 20% of fillers). The matrix and biocomposites were fully characterized from a mechanical and rheological point of view to test their processability and mechanical performance. Compost burial degradation test (30 days), with or without a prior photo‐oxidation step, assessed their biodegradability after an outdoor application, and was monitored by weight loss (WL). The viscosity of the biocomposites was lower than that of the matrix and this unusual result can be attributed to a limited adhesion between the PLA and fillers. Both fillers increased the elastic modulus but decreased the tensile strength and elongation at break. As for the weathering, the degradation of PLA was mostly due to hydrolytic chain scission due to the presence of humidity. Resistance of PLA to UV irradiation improved in presence of both the two fillers. Their lignocellulosic nature was responsible for this behavior. Both fillers induced a high resistance and lower degradation in compost: WL percentages of virgin PLA was about 26%, biocomposites with 20% of WF or HS showed WL of about 10% and 14%, respectively. Photo‐oxidation (36 h with condensation cycle) increased the compost degradation rate of both biocomposites and WL of PLA with 20% of WF or HS were about 15% and 21%, respectively, after 30 days.

Highlights

Poor adhesion between the matrix and fillers reduced the biocomposites viscosity.

Fillers increased the elastic modulus but decreased the properties at break.

Both fillers improved the resistance of PLA to UV irradiation.

Biocomposites showed a lower susceptibility to compost degradation than PLA.

Photo‐oxidation increased the compost degradation rate of biocomposites.
Screening of leaf extraction and storage conditions for eco‐metabolomics studies
Authors: Lang Jakob , Ramos Sergio E. , Smohunova Marharyta , Bigler Laurent , Schuman Meredith C.
Published: April 2024

Mass spectrometry‐based plant metabolomics is frequently used to identify novel natural products or study the effect of specific treatments on a plant's metabolism. Reliable sample handling is required to avoid artifacts, which is why most protocols mandate shock freezing of plant tissue in liquid nitrogen and an uninterrupted cooling chain. However, the logistical challenges of this approach make it infeasible for many ecological studies. Especially for research in the tropics, permanent cooling poses a challenge, which is why many of those studies use dried leaf tissue instead. We screened a total of 10 extraction and storage approaches for plant metabolites extracted from maize leaf tissue across two cropping seasons to develop a methodology for agroecological studies in logistically challenging tropical locations. All methods were evaluated based on changes in the metabolite profile across a 2‐month storage period at different temperatures with the goal of reproducing the metabolite profile of the living plant as closely as possible. We show that our newly developed on‐site liquid–liquid extraction protocol provides a good compromise between sample replicability, extraction efficiency, material logistics, and metabolite profile stability. We further discuss alternative methods which showed promising results and feasibility of on‐site sample handling for field studies.
Analysing urban integration through place attachment: How do university students contribute to the formation of an integrated urban space?
Authors: Birsens Joe
Published: April 2024

An increasing number of scholars acknowledge the complexity of urban integration. Analysing how a large‐scale urban development project integrates existing urban structures cannot be limited to urbanistic preoccupations of ensuring functional connections between these areas. To offer a larger conception of urban integration, this paper suggests a user‐centred approach. By considering the development of person‐place relationships as an original way to measure urban integration, it analyses the emergence of place attachment among the student population of the University of Luxembourg in Belval, a newly built knowledge district developing in Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg. The aim is to provide scientific evidence on the multidimensional relationship between the students and the city, and how it is influenced by their place of residence and by sociodemographic characteristics. The paper uses a combination of survey results and qualitative insights from focus groups. Findings draw a nuanced overall picture. Place attachment is significantly influenced by place of residence. While most of the students only develop limited ties to their university location, a significant number establishes a certain form of attachment that is less characterised by spatial practices in the city than by the creation of an intangible student identity linked to Esch/Alzette. This mainly concerns older, international students who have a clearer vision of their post‐student life and consider making Esch/Alzette their home. The missing elements of the campus, such as green areas or an urban atmosphere, were recurrently mentioned by the focus group participants as factors leading them to explore the city centre.
Construction of a prognostic model based on memory CD4+ T cell–associated genes for lung adenocarcinoma and its applications in immunotherapy
Authors: Li Yong , Ye Xiangli , Huang Huiqin , Cao Rongxiang , Huang Feijian , Chen Limin
Published: April 2024

The association between memory CD4+ T cells and cancer prognosis is increasingly recognized, but their impact on lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) prognosis remains unclear. In this study, using the cell‐type identification by estimating relative subsets of RNA transcripts algorithm, we analyzed immune cell composition and patient survival in LUAD. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis helped identify memory CD4+ T cell–associated gene modules. Combined with module genes, a five‐gene LUAD prognostic risk model (HOXB7, MELTF, ABCC2, GNPNAT1, and LDHA) was constructed by regression analysis. The model was validated using the GSE31210 data set. The validation results demonstrated excellent predictive performance of the risk scoring model. Correlation analysis was conducted between the clinical information and risk scores of LUAD samples, revealing that LUAD patients with disease progression exhibited higher risk scores. Furthermore, univariate and multivariate regression analyses demonstrated the model independent prognostic capability. The constructed nomogram results demonstrated that the predictive performance of the nomogram was superior to the prognostic model and outperformed individual clinical factors. Immune landscape assessment was performed to compare different risk score groups. The results revealed a better prognosis in the low‐risk group with higher immune infiltration. The low‐risk group also showed potential benefits from immunotherapy. Our study proposes a memory CD4+ T cell–associated gene risk model as a reliable prognostic biomarker for personalized treatment in LUAD patients.
Designated‐time stabilizing strategy for a class of time‐varying nonlinear systems and its application to pendulum system
Authors: Li Jiao‐Jiao , Sun Zong‐Yao , Wen Changyun , Chen Chih‐Chiang
Published: April 2024

In this paper, a new scheme is proposed to stabilize a class of nonlinear systems within a designated time, mainly motivated by two unsolved problems: the singularity caused by infinity control magnitudes at the prescribed time instant and the lack of formulating/manipulating state responses after the prescribed time. Under the proposed scheme, an exquisite controller is constructed by entailing both the state scaling approach and a finite‐time stabilizing procedure. It is shown that the obtained control is well defined with bounded magnitude on the whole‐time horizon and ensures the existence of the solutions of the closed‐loop system. Superior to the existing prescribed time stabilization results, the proposed method is capable of ensuring that the states of the closed‐loop system converge to a small compact set within the designated time, stay inside it thereafter and perform finite‐time convergence eventually. Simulation examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Enzymatic Synthesis of 3‐Hydroxy Bisindoles and Further C‐3 Sulfenylation via Combining a Carbocatalytic Approach in the Same Pot
Authors: Kamboj Priya , Bhardwaj Mahipal , Sahu Pooja , Bajaj Priyanka , Tyagi Vikas
Published: April 2024

Herein, we report the selective synthesis of 3‐hydroxy bisindoles via an engineered myoglobin‐catalyzed Friedel–Crafts reaction of isatin and indole. Initially, the reaction was carried out using wild‐type myoglobin as a catalyst, but the conversion was low. Therefore, a library of Mb‐variants was generated utilizing a site‐directed mutagenesis technique and obtained the double‐mutated Mb(H64V, V68A) variant as a highly reactive and selective biocatalyst for this transformation. Additionally, the robustness and generality of this protocol have been demonstrated by setting up scale‐up reactions of variously substituted isatins and indoles which produce the desired 3‐hydroxy bisindoles in 66–93 % isolated yield. Next, the enzymatic approach was combined with an carbocatalytic protocol by using graphene oxide as a catalyst to generate C‐3 sulfenylated bisindole derivatives in a one‐pot manner.
Dimethyl Amine Detection using Polydiacetylene Functionalized Cellulose Paper
Authors: Madivoli E. S. , Wanakai S. I. , Kimani P. K. , Makhanu D. S. , Kareru P. G.
Published: April 2024

This work demonstrates our effort to develop stimuli responsive cellulose films for the detection of dimethyl amines, a biogenic amine, released during food decomposition. Herein, we demonstrate that thin layer deposition of polydiacetylene‐zinc oxide nanosheets (PDA‐ZnO) on cellulose (CE) paper yields a stimuli responsive strip exhibiting strong thermochromism and solvatochromism against dimethyl amine. The incorporation of Zn nanoclusters within the composite plays an essential role in achieving reversible thermochromism while strong intermolecular interactions promote adsorption of PDA‐ZnO on cellulose paper. X‐ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy reveal that the Zn2+ ions intercalate with PDA bilayer and strongly interact with the carboxylate headgroup of PDA. Furthermore, the reversible thermochromism persist when the nanosheets are deposited on cellulose (CE) paper when assembling PDA‐ZnO−CE paper. In addition, PDA‐ZnO−CE displayed selective solvatochromism allowing the utilization of the paper in the detection of dimethyl amine as it displayed a distinct and remarkable purple to orange colour transition. In particular, the response of the PDA‐ZnO−CE paper in several other organic solvents was poor as no transitions were observed hence its selectivity towards dimethylamine. In conclusion, the incorporation of PDA‐ZnO on cellulose paper is a step forward towards designing of a stimuli responsive packaging material that can detect biogenic amines released during food decomposition thereby preventing food poisoning.
Fabrication of Electronically Conductive Protein‐Heme Nanowires for Power Harvesting
Authors: Travaglini Lorenzo , Lam Nga T. , Sawicki Artur , Cha Hee‐Jeong , Xu Dawei , Micolich Adam P. , Clark Douglas S. , Glover Dominic J.
Published: April 2024

Electronically conductive protein‐based materials can enable the creation of bioelectronic components and devices from sustainable and nontoxic materials, while also being well‐suited to interface with biological systems, such as living cells, for biosensor applications. However, as proteins are generally electrical insulators, the ability to render protein assemblies electroactive in a tailorable manner can usher in a plethora of useful materials. Here, an approach to fabricate electronically conductive protein nanowires is presented by aligning heme molecules in proximity along protein filaments, with these nanowires also possessing charge transfer abilities that enable energy harvesting from ambient humidity. The heme‐incorporated protein nanowires demonstrate electron transfer over micrometer distances, with conductive atomic force microscopy showing individual nanowires having comparable conductance to other previously characterized heme‐based bacterial nanowires. Exposure of multilayer nanowire films to humidity produces an electrical current, presumably through water molecules ionizing carboxyl groups in the filament and creating an unbalanced total charge distribution that is enhanced by the heme. Incorporation of heme and potentially other metal‐center porphyrin molecules into protein nanostructures could pave the way for structurally‐ and electrically‐defined protein‐based bioelectronic devices.
Water‐Capture Filter Paper Separator Realizing Ambient Li–Air Battery
Authors: Jiang Haonan , Meng Siqi , Gao Rui , Chu Dongxue , Gao Ze , Hu Jiaqi , Xu Hongji , Feng Ming
Published: April 2024

Lithium–air battery (LAB) is regarded as one of the most promising energy storage systems. However, the challenges arising from the lithium metal anode have significantly impeded the progress of LAB development. In this study, cellulose‐based filter paper (FP) is utilized as a separator for ambient Li–air batteries to suppress dendrite growth and prevent H2O crossover. Thermogravimetric analysis and molecular spectrum reveal that FP enables ambient Li–air battery operation due to its surface functional groups derived from cellulose. The oxygen‐enriched surface of cellulose not only enhances ion conductivity but also captures water and confines solvent molecules, thereby mitigating anode corrosion and side reactions. Compared with commercial glassfiber (GF) separator, this cellulose‐based FP separator is cheaper, renewable, and environmentally friendly. Moreover, it requires less electrolyte while achieving prolonged and stable cycle life under real air environment conditions. This work presents a novel approach to realizing practical Li–air batteries by capturing water on the separator's surface. It also provides insights into the exploration and design of separators for enabling practical Li–air batteries toward their commercialization.
Robust Hydrogel Actuators Functioning in Multi‐Environments Enabled by Thermo‐Responsive Polymer Nanoparticle Coatings on Hydrogel Surfaces
Authors: Zhang Mengnan , Shen Haokun , Hakobyan Karen , Jiang Zhen , Liang Kang , Xu Jiangtao
Published: April 2024

Hydrogel actuators with anisotropic structures exhibit reversible responsiveness upon the trigger of various external stimuli, rendering them promising for applications in many fields including artificial muscles and soft robotics. However, their effective operation across multiple environments remains a persistent challenge, even for widely studied thermo‐responsive polymers like poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAm). Current attempts to address this issue are hindered by complex synthetic procedures or specific substrates. This study introduces a straightforward methodology to grow a thin, dense PNIPAm nanoparticle layer on diverse hydrogel surfaces, creating a highly temperature‐sensitive hydrogel actuator. This actuator demonstrates adaptability across various environments, including water, oil, and open air, owing to its distinct structure facilitating self‐water circulation during actuation. The thin PNIPAm layer consists of interconnected PNIPAm nanoparticles synthesized via in situ interfacial precipitation polymerization, seamlessly bonded to the hydrogel substrate through an interfacial layer containing hybrid hydrogel/PNIPAm nanoparticles. This unique anisotropic structure ensures exceptional structural stability without interfacial delamination, even enduring harsh treatments such as freezing, ultrasonic irradiation, and prolonged water immersion. Remarkably, PNIPAm films on hydrogel surfaces which enable programmable 3D actuation can also be precisely patterned. This synthetic approach opens a novel pathway for fabricating advanced hydrogel actuators with broad‐ranging applications.
Controlled Synthesis of Preferential Facet‐Exposed Fe‐MOFs for Ultrasensitive Detection of Peroxides
Authors: Wu Yuquan , Lei Da , Li Jiawen , Luo Ying , Du Yuwan , Zhang Shi , Zu Baiyi , Su Yuhong , Dou Xincun
Published: April 2024

Exposing different facets on metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) is highly desirable to enhance the performance for various applications, however, exploiting a concise and effective approach to achieve facet‐controlled synthesis of MOFs remains challenging. Here, by modulating the ratio of metal precursors to ligands, the facet‐engineered iron‐based MOFs (Fe‐MOFs) exhibits enhanced catalytic activity for Fenton reaction are explored, and the mechanism of facet‐dependent performance is revealed in detail. Fully exposed (101) and (100) facets on spindle‐shaped Fe‐MOFs enable rapid oxidation of colorless o‐phenylenediamine (OPD) to colored products, thereby establishing a dual‐mode platform for the detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and triacetone triperoxide (TATP). Thus, a detection limit as low as 2.06 nm is achieved, and robust selectivity against a wide range of common substances (>16 types) is obtained, which is further improved by incorporating a deep learning architecture with an SE‐VGG16 network model, enabling precise differentiation of oxidizing agents from captured images. The present strategy is expected will shine light on both the rational synthesis of nanomaterials with modulated morphologies and the exploitation of high‐performance trace chemical sensors.
Powering the Future by Iron Sulfide Type Material (FexSy) Based Electrochemical Materials for Water Splitting and Energy Storage Applications: A Review
Authors: Farhan Ahmad , Qayyum Wajeeha , Fatima Urooj , Nawaz Shahid , Balčiūnaitė Aldona , Kim Tak H. , Srivastava Varsha , Vakros John , Frontistis Zacharias , Boczkaj Grzegorz
Published: April 2024

Water electrolysis is among the recent alternatives for generating clean fuels (hydrogen). It is an efficient way to produce pure hydrogen at a rapid pace with no unwanted by‐products. Effective and cheap water‐splitting electrocatalysts with enhanced activity, specificity, and stability are currently widely studied. In this regard, noble metal‐free transition metal‐based catalysts are of high interest. Iron sulfide (FeS) is one of the essential electrocatalysts for water splitting because of its unique structural and electrochemical features. This article discusses the significance of FeS and its nanocomposites as efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and overall water splitting. FeS and its nanocomposites have been studied also for energy storage in the form of electrode materials in supercapacitors and lithium‐ (LIBs) and sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). The structural and electrochemical characteristics of FeS and its nanocomposites, as well as the synthesis processes, are discussed in this work. This discussion correlates these features with the requirements for electrocatalysts in overall water splitting and its associated reactions. As a result, this study provides a road map for researchers seeking economically viable, environmentally friendly, and efficient electrochemical materials in the fields of green energy production and storage.
Design and economic implications of using steel fibers in elevated slabs of multi‐story buildings
Authors: Malladi Bhanu Prakash , Venkateshwaran Akshay , Nayaka R. Ramesh
Published: April 2024

This paper presents a comprehensive comparison between conventional reinforced concrete (RC) and steel fiber‐reinforced concrete (SFRC) slabs. Twenty‐two‐way rectangular RC and SFRC slabs are designed with varying dimensions, aspect ratios, and boundary conditions, following verified international standards to compare the steel quantities in a unique study. SFRC slabs with larger aspect ratios and discontinuous edges required significantly higher steel percentages than square slabs, as the random three‐dimensional distribution of steel fibers suited the load distribution pattern of square slabs. To further conduct a detailed design and economic feasibility case study on a realistic building model, two 12‐story buildings are computationally designed with RC and SFRC alternatives. The results indicate that SFRC slabs required approximately 25% more steel than RC slabs due to the uniform distribution of steel fibers throughout the section. Project cost and time estimates were conducted based on standard productivity manuals and cost databases in two distinct economies, India and the USA. Despite the higher steel requirements, the 12‐story SFRC building showed time savings of 34.1 days (5.44%) and cost savings of 4.88% and 1.27% when constructed in the USA and India, respectively. The results are compared with limited available data in literature. In conclusion, the study suggests that SFRC slabs in multi‐story buildings could be more economically favorable in countries with higher labor costs.
Fuzzy‐AHP methodology for ranking of hospitals based on waste management practices: A study of Gwalior City
Authors: Agarwal Aditya Kumar , Sharma Kamal
Published: April 2024

Within the scope of this research, the fuzzy‐analytical hierarchy process (F‐AHP) method is applied to assess the waste management approaches adopted by various hospitals in the city of Gwalior, India. Fuzzy‐AHP, as an alternative to traditional AHP, accommodates uncertainty and imprecision, offering a decision‐making method that is more adaptable and realistic. The F‐AHP methodology, delineated in a seven‐step process, incorporates pairwise comparisons, fuzzy mathematics, and linguistic variables to compute fuzzy weights for waste management criteria, encompassing physical, biological, social, and economic aspects. Hospital 1, with a weight value of 0.406 and strict adherence to the Bio‐medical Waste Management (Amendment), 2018 rules and regulations of the Government of India, emerges as the most promising sustainability hospital based on the F‐AHP analysis findings. Conversely, Hospital 5 exhibits the poorest waste management practices among the surveyed hospitals, earning the lowest possible ranking. While the proposed F‐AHP method provides valuable insights, the study is limited to a specific geographic area (Gwalior) and potential variations based on environmental factors. Additionally, the practical implications extend beyond the general emphasis on continuous monitoring to include specific actions for hospitals to enhance their waste management systems.
Difficult‐to‐treat inflammatory bowel disease: Effectiveness and safety of 4th and 5th lines of treatment
Authors: Caron Bénédicte , Habert Alexandre , Bonsack Olivier , Camara Houda , Jeanbert Elodie , Parigi Tommaso Lorenzo , Netter Patrick , Danese Silvio , Peyrin‐Biroulet Laurent
Published: April 2024

Background

Many patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have signs or symptoms of active disease despite multiple treatment attempts. This emerging concept is defined as difficult‐to‐treat IBD.

Aim

The objective of this study was to investigate for the first time the treatment persistence, efficacy and safety of biologics or small molecules used in 4th or 5th line therapy.

Methods

We reviewed all consecutive patients with IBD treated at the Nancy University Hospital between July 2022 and April 2023 with the 4th or 5th line treatment for at least three months. The primary outcome was to assess the persistence rate of 4th and 5th line therapy.

Results

We enrolled 82 patients with IBD (4th line: 44; 5th line: 38). On Kaplan–Meier analysis, the duration of risankizumab, ustekinumab or vedolizumab therapy did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) as 4th and 5th line treatment. The restricted mean survival time analysis showed that the persistence rate of risankizumab was the highest as 4th line therapy (risankizumab vs. vedolizumab: 36.0 and 29.4 weeks, respectively, p = 0.008; risankizumab vs. ustekinumab: 36.0 and 32.8 weeks, respectively, p = 0.035). In multivariate regression, Crohn's disease diagnosis (Odd ratio 4.6; 95% confidence interval 1.7–12.4) was significantly associated with treatment persistence.

Conclusion

In this first real‐world setting, risankizumab could have a longer persistence rate as 4th line treatment for IBD than other agents. Persistence of biological agents was greater in Crohn's disease than in ulcerative colitis. More studies are needed to compare treatment efficacy in patients with difficult‐to‐treat IBD.
Effects of in ovo injection of organic selenium on the hatchability of broiler breeder hen eggs and resulting chick physiology and performance
Authors: Ghane‐Khoshkebijari Farhad , Seidavi Alireza , Bouyeh Mehrdad
Published: April 2024

Background

Selenium is an essential mineral for poultry. The conflicting reports about its in ovo injection are the justification for the more detailed investigation.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of in ovo injection of organic selenium on the hatching traits of broiler chickens and their performance.

Methods

Three hundred and twenty eggs of Ross 308 strain with an average weight of 65 g and 160 chicks were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups (each with 8 replicates of 10 eggs each for hatching parameters and 4 replicates of 10 chicks for broiler farming parameters): negative control (no injection), positive control (in ovo injection of 0.272 mL of normal saline solution) and 2 selenium treatments (in ovo injection of 2.72 or 5.44 μg of organic selenium). Injection was into the amniotic sac on the 10th day of incubation. Effects of in ovo injection on hatching and performance traits, blood parameters, immune responses, carcass characteristics, meat fatty acid profile, cecal microbial population and selenium consternation in the tibia were measured.

Results

Fewer chicks from the injected treatments hatched than from the negative control group (p < 0.01). However, the injection of selenium increased feed intake and the final weight of the birds (p < 0.01). Blood parameters were also affected. Glucose and cholesterol in experimental treatment chicks was lower than those of the controls (p < 0.01), whereas blood lipoproteins (VLDL, LDL and HDL) and the ratio of cholesterol to HDL was significantly increased in the treatments injected with selenium (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the immune response or microbial population between the experimental groups, but carcass components, such as thigh, breast, wing and abdominal fat weight, were significantly greater in the selenium treatments.

Conclusions

Intra‐egg injection of organic selenium produced favourable effects on performance of broiler chickens, although it had no effect on immune response or microbial population. However, the negative effect on hatching of chickens needs to be prevented to result in an acceptable economic return for the producer.
Greener through gender: What climate mainstreaming can learn from gender mainstreaming
Authors: Lam Steven , Novović Gloria , Skinner Kelly , Nguyen‐Viet Hung
Published: April 2024

Addressing the urgent global climate crisis demands a rapid and meaningful expansion of “climate mainstreaming,” which refers to the integration of climate objectives in all aspects of development programs and policies. However, progress remains slow and uneven due to bottlenecks in policy and institutional change. Considering the parallel struggle recorded over decades to mainstream gender across the same policy arenas, a key question emerges: what can climate mainstreaming learn from gender mainstreaming? To answer this question, we review 57 policy, strategy, and guidance documents of United Nations agencies, all of which integrate these themes into food security and broader development programming. Our analysis identifies gaps in climate mainstreaming efforts and derives lessons from gender mainstreaming to bridge these gaps. It underscores the importance of adapting programmatic mainstreaming strategies in response to evolving contexts, for example, by simultaneously considering both mainstreaming and targeted interventions. Additionally, it highlights the need to adopt organizational climate mainstreaming and establish mechanisms for accountability. Finally, it emphasizes the urgency of embracing a climate justice lens; in practice, this involves prioritizing populations at greater risk of climate change impacts and actively engaging diverse perspectives in decision‐making, particularly communities facing multiple forms of discrimination.

This article is categorized under:

Integrated Assessment of Climate Change > Assessing Climate Change in the Context of Other Issues

Climate and Development > Sustainability and Human Well‐Being

Policy and Governance > International Policy Framework