bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self-Complexity of Police Trainees
Authors: Street Sue
Published: August 2011

Analysis of variance and t tests were performed on scores on Complexity of Self-concept Inventory for 110 police trainees and 477 university students in nine academic majors. No significant differences were found among any groups, suggesting that both groups utilize approximately the same number of dimensions in describing self. Implications for police personality are discussed.
Logical versus Empirical Readability and Human Interest Scores: Refinement and Update
Authors: Quereshi M. Y.
Published: August 2011

Two studies, one using 27 and the other 25 general psychology textbooks published between 1982 and 1989, compared several readability and human interest scores for topics presented in the appropriate context. In both cases, Flesch's (logical) scores were significantly correlated (median Pearson r of .49) with students' (empirical) ratings but insufficiently for justifying interchanging them. Another finding was that neither the students' ratings nor Flesch's scores based on the selections yielded significant correlations (median Pearson r of .21) with the corresponding Flesch scores for the books as a whole. An adequate profile of a book may require a number of readability and/or interest scores instead of single global measures.
Nurses' Attitudes, Nurse-Patient Interactions and Adherence to Treatment by Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Tucker Carolyn M. , Desmond Frederic F. , Cohen Joanne L. , Mars Don , Coons Mary , John Marjorie St.
Published: August 2011

Relationships among fluid intake and dietary-adherence of 29 hemodialysis patients, nurses' attitudes (liking-disliking) toward these patients, and selected nurses' and patients' verbalizations during hemodialysis treatment were explored. No significant associations were found. Nurses may be facilitating positive solutions to all patients' health care problems rather than admonishing those whom they dislike and/or who do not adhere to treatment.
Surprising Initial Findings regarding Sex, Sex Role, and Anticipated Work-Family Conflict
Authors: Livingston Mary M. , Burley Kim A.
Published: August 2011

Previous research in work-family conflict focused on current conflict and yielded contradictory findings. The present study is among the first to examine the relationships among sex, measures of sex role and of anticipated work-family conflict. Anticipated conflict was measured using a modified version of the Interrole Conflict Scale. In a sample of 256 university students, men more than women anticipated greater career conflict. Pieck's 1977 hypothesis of “asymmetrical permeability” was posited as a potential explanation for this finding. The expected relationship between sex-role orientation as measured on the Bern Sex-role Inventory and work-family conflict was not obtained.
Loneliness among Korean and American University Students
Authors: Simmons Christina M. , Klopf Donald W. , Park Myung-Seok
Published: August 2011

Korean and American university students were compared on the Differential Loneliness Scale. The 70 Koreans scored as more lonely than the 213 Americans, while all were living away from home.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: LXXIX. Psychology's First Publicist: H. Addington Bruce and the Popularization of the Subconscious and Power of Suggestion before World War I
Authors: Dennis Paul M.
Published: August 2011

Between 1903 and America's entrance into World War I, journalist and psychologist H. Addington Bruce wrote numerous articles and books about psychology for the lay reader. At a time when widespread differences existed between psychologists as to subject matter and methods of study, he cultivated a decidedly Progressive image of psychology dominated by the concepts of the subconscious and power of suggestion. In contrast to the more hereditarian and materialistic assumptions embraced by most academic psychologists, Bruce's promotion of the importance of the environmentalistic and spiritualistic to psychology lent popular scientific credibility to a Progressive ideology and foreshadowed psychology's shift in the 1920s towards a greater emphasis on the environment and interest in the unconscious.
Relationship between Nonverbal Decoding Ability and Cognitive Mode
Authors: Miura Masaki
Published: August 2011

The present study investigated the relationship between nonverbal decoding ability and cognitive mode. Archer's picture of a social scene was used as a test to measure nonverbal decoding ability. The Cognitive Mode Questionnaire—Revised, standardized in Japan, gave a measure of subjects' cognitive mode. Subjects were 43 male and 29 female Japanese undergraduates. Those individuals whose cognitive responses were characterized by “imagery and imagination” scored higher on Archer's test, but the dimension of “analysis and abstraction” was not related. There was no sex difference.
The Celebrity Appeal Questionnaire
Authors: Stever Gayle S.
Published: August 2011

The Celebrity Appeal Questionnaire was constructed to operationalize constructs related to parasocial attraction or attraction to celebrities by their fans. The article contains a factor analysis of responses on this questionnaire by 81 college students and a group of 367 Michael Jackson concert attendees. Components of parasocial attraction were perceived sex appeal, perceived competence (here as an entertainer), and perception of the artist as a prosocial person. Mystique was not a predictor of fans' attraction. Further work to establish generality of applicability of the scales and findings is discussed.
Relationship between Self-Image and Depression in Adolescents
Authors: Patton Wendy
Published: August 2011

The study investigated the relationship between self-concept and depression among 202 adolescents using a multidimensional measure of self-concept, the Offer Self-image Questionnaire, and the Children's Depression Scale. Correlations were significant and low to moderate (range from .24 to .67) for both 63 boys and 139 girls.
Cultural Stereotyping versus Neutrality of Freudian Sexual Symbols: A Brief Survey
Authors: Ruth William J.
Published: August 2011

A survey of 51 male and 45 female Freudian sexual symbols was employed to assess whether symbols would be perceived as culturally stereotyped or culturally neutral according to prevailing American sex roles. 30 men and 30 women served as respondents. Symbols were designated as male, female, or neutral according to the American culture. Male and female designations were collapsed and defined as culturally stereotyped responses; neutral designations were regarded as nonstereotyped and culturally neutral. Chi-squared analyses via Yates's correction combined for men and women indicated that 13 male (25%) and 19 (42%) female sexual symbols were significantly designated as culturally neutral. Findings support that certain sexual symbols are culturally stereotyped whereas others are more culturally neutral. Neutral symbols may be regarded as more universal which Freudian theory suggests. Experimental and therapeutic implications and precautions are noted.
Effect of Car Status on Helping Behavior in the Parking Lot
Authors: Hecht Marvin A.
Published: August 2011

The present study replicates a 1976 experiment by Clark, Matheron, and Matheron concerning the effect of car status on strangers' willingness to turn off a car's headlights. The study was carried out on the parking lot of a major shopping mall in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada. Status was manipulated using a 1986 BMW and a 1982 Mazda. Analysis indicated no significant differences between the cars for number of shoppers passing by before someone attempted to help. Another dependent measure, latency of helping, was also not significantly different, although in both cases the pattern of means was opposite that obtained by Clark, et al. No significant differences were found for estimated age or sex of helpers. Helpers were most often single or in pairs; groups of helpers were less frequent. The findings are related to research conducted in the 1970s on the effects of victim's status.
Medications and Information for Patients: A Quick Look
Authors: Trinkaus John
Published: August 2011

A replication of a report of patients' failure to ask about medications and desire to know by the National Council on Patient Information and Education showed 97% of 779 students responded that they do ask questions about prescribed medications but also would like more information. Findings are discussed in terms of methodological considerations.
Attempted Suicide and the Lunar Cycle
Authors: Mathew V. M. , Lindesay J. , Shanmuganathan N. , Eapen V.
Published: August 2011

An analysis of 383 cases of attempted suicide presented to the Accident and Emergency Department during 12 complete lunar cycles (one year) gave no support for an association between attempted suicide and the lunar cycle, especially the full moon. No control for weekends or holidays was made.
Use of Population-Specific Parameters in Generating WAIS—R Short Forms
Authors: Cyr J. J. , Atkinson Leslie
Published: August 2011

One method of increasing the validity of WAIS—R short forms in estimating the standard WAIS—R Full Scale IQ is by using population-specific parameters in generating WAIS—R short forms. Three studies were conducted to evaluate (1) the contribution of age-scaled scores in generating accurate short-form Full Scale IQ, (2) the psychometric properties (validity and reliability) of WAIS—R subtests with a heterogeneous psychiatric population and subsequent development of short forms based on these properties, and (3) the validity of these short forms with respect to Silverstein's (1982) and Cyr and Brooker's (1984) 2- and 4-subtest combinations. Analyses showed (1) the use of age-scaled scores did not increase validity, (2) different subtest combinations were generated based on the population-specific parameters, and (3) increases in validity occurred for some short forms derived from the clinical sample. Despite increases in validity, clinicians and researchers are cautioned about the use of short forms in clinical practice.
Parental Interest and Academic Achievement of Xhosa Children
Authors: Cherian Varghese I.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the relationship between parental interest and academic achievement of 1,021 Xhosa pupils (369 boys and 652 girls) whose ages ranged from 13 to 17 years ( M age, 15.6 yr.). They were chosen at random from the Standard 7 population of Transkei, South Africa. With an interview schedule information on parental interest in the education of their children was collected. Analysis of variance indicated a significant positive relationship between parental interest and academic achievement.
Who Would Have a Test for HIV: A Study of Police Officers
Authors: Lester David , Pitts James
Published: August 2011

69% of a sample of 54 male and 9 female police officers would have an anonymous test for AIDS. Willingness to have a test was associated with general self-protective behavior.
Parental Control and Anomie in French-Canadian Adolescents
Authors: De Man A. F. , Labrèche-Gauthier L. , Leduc C. P.
Published: August 2011

110 French-Canadian adolescents (60 boys, 50 girls) participated in a study of the relationship between parental control in child-rearing and anomie. Correlational analysis indicated that subjects coming from family backgrounds high in parental control generally reported greater feelings of anomie.
University Students and Aids: Knowledge, Attitudes and Behavioral Adjustment
Authors: Ajduković Dean , Ajduković Marina
Published: August 2011

This study addresses the relations between AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes, and behavior change among university students. A questionnaire covering such issues and personal background variables was administered to 750 students at the University of Zagreb. Over-all, 62.7% of the knowledge items were answered correctly, while functional, self-protective aspects of knowledge proved to be much better than general knowledge. On the average, attitudinal responses were moderately liberal. Both self-reported change in risk-reduction behavior and personal concern due to the appearance of AIDS were very small. Correlations of risk-reducing behavior with permissive (.15) and restrictive (.14) attitude orientations and with general and functional knowledge (.08) were modest. The level of personal concern correlated neither with permissive attitudes nor with functional knowledge, while it correlated negatively with restrictive attitudes (−.20) and with general knowledge (−.08). Substantial association was only established between functional knowledge and permissive (.51) and restrictive attitude orientations (−.23). It is concluded that, in addition to knowledge and attitudes, a number of factors which restrain desired behavioral adjustment should be considered in anti-AIDS campaigns, such as perceived level of exposure to HIV in a particular environment, young age-specific illusion of invulnerability, peer norms, and others.
Psychology of Computer Use: XXII. Preliminary Development of a Measure of Concerns about Computers
Authors: Crable Elaine A. , Brodzinski James D. , Scherer Robert F.
Published: August 2011

A 35-item survey was developed to measure the concerns users of computers faced when developing competency. A principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation yielded five underlying dimensions. Reliability coefficients were calculated for the total survey and each of the five subscales.
Family Human and Social Capital and Young Adults' Educational Attainment and Occupational Aspirations
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: August 2011

The study examined relations between family human and social capital and the educational attainment and occupational aspirations of 420 Australian 20-yr.-olds. After taking into account the relations between human capital and the outcome scores, the findings indicated that family social capital had significant associations with the young adults' attainment and aspirations.
Psychological Maturity of Young, Divorcing People
Authors: Danielewicz-Mucha Danuta
Published: August 2011

The present investigation was done to assess the psychological maturity of divorcing couples. A special questionnaire was formulated, using the conception of human development proposed by Erikson and Levinson as well as Hevighurst's conception of developmental tasks. 94 students of the VI-th year of medicine (47 women and 47 men) participated in constructing the questionnaire. Then 15 women and 15 men, who were clients of the Consulting and Diagnostic Family Center, ages 23 to 32 years were tested. Analysis shows lower scores for women than for men, especially on subscales of personal and interpersonal relations and adaptation to the parent's role.
A Within-Persons Examination of the Effects of Goal Assignment on Choice of Personal Goal
Authors: Tubbs Mark E. , Dahl James G.
Published: August 2011

The process by which an increase in assigned goal affects an individual's choice of personal goal was examined in a within-subjects laboratory experiment in which 51 undergraduate students responded to a series of decision-making scenarios. Analyses supported the idea that formal goal assignment affects personal goal choice via the assigned goal's influence on subjects' judgments of valence and motivational force across various levels of task performance (i.e., performance-valence and performance-force functions). Distinctions between within-persons and across-persons research on these issues are discussed.
Effects of Self-Awareness on Self-Disclosure
Authors: Kalin Louis R. , Schuldt W. John
Published: August 2011

This study assessed the effects of self-awareness enhanced by a mirror on self-disclosure when another person was present. Subjects disclosed more intimately when looking into a mirror than when no mirror was present. Moreover, 40 men disclosed longer than 40 women, women had a higher rate of self-referenced thought units than men, and questions of medium intimacy elicited more intimate disclosures than questions of low intimacy.
Experience and Expression of Jealousy: Comparison between Friends and Romantics
Authors: Aune Krystyna Strzyzewski , Comstock Jamie
Published: August 2011

A survey was administered to assess the differences between friends and romantics regarding the experience and expression of jealousy. The first hypothesis predicted that the perceived appropriateness of the expression of jealousy would be greater in romantic relationships than in friendships. Therefore, the second hypothesis predicted that the expression of jealousy would be greater in romantic relationships than in friendships. Third, it was expected that the intensity of jealousy would be a stronger predictor of expression for romantics than for friends. The first two hypotheses were confirmed; however, the last hypothesis received only tenuous support. While t tests yielded no significant differences on the intensity of the experience of jealousy between friends and romantics, the difference on expression is explained in terms of social or normative influences.
Teachers' Estimates of Pupils' IQs and Pupils' Tested IQs
Authors: Follman John
Published: August 2011

Across 32 articles correlations between teachers' estimates of their pupils' IQs and the pupils' standardized IQs ranged from .25 to .88, with a median of .55, seen as considerable congruence.
Comment on Bassman's “Object Relations and Self-Reported Aids Self-Care Behavior”
Authors: Duncan David F.
Published: August 2011

Bassman (1991) makes a valuable contribution to our knowledge of AIDS preventive behavior. The theoretical framework of object relations theory, however, is unnecessary for an understanding of Bassman's findings.
Alcohol and Outcome Expectancies: Tolerance for Socially Nonacceptable Behaviors
Authors: Gustafson Roland
Published: August 2011

A questionnaire was administered to 200 college men and women. The instrument contained two identical sets of 45 items, each one describing a socially nonacceptable behavior. Subjects indicated whether their tolerance for the described behaviors was altered if they knew that the person was moderately intoxicated and whether they expected changed tolerance from others for inappropriate social behaviors when they themselves acted under moderate influence of alcohol. The general result indicated both reduced expected and displayed tolerance for alcohol-related social transgressions. This was interpreted as nonsupportive of the “time-out” hypothesis, according to which alcohol intoxication functions as an “excuse” for socially unacceptable behaviors. A minority of the respondents, however, both showed and expected extreme tolerance under alcohol and for this minority the “time-out” hypothesis might be valid.
Effect of Alcohol on Quantity of Creative Production Using the Purdue Tests
Authors: Gustafson Roland
Published: August 2011

An experiment was performed to test whether a moderate dose of alcohol (1 ml of 100% alcohol/kg body weight) facilitates the production of creative solutions as measured with a standard creativity test and whether a creative attitude interacts with alcohol in this respect. The 60 subjects were randomly assigned to either an alcohol, a placebo, or a control group, with 10 women and 10 men in each group. Two different personality tests measuring the creative attitude were administered a priori. Analysis indicated that both the placebo and alcohol groups produced significantly less creative solutions to the ten stimulus pictures. The a priori attitude scores significantly predicted the creativity scores for the placebo and alcohol subjects but not for the control subjects. Results were discussed in terms of disinhibition and cognitive changes under alcohol.
A Measure of Linear Influence between Patient and Therapist
Authors: Langs Robert , Badalamenti Anthony , Bryant Robin
Published: August 2011

This paper describes the application of the cross-correlation function (CCF) to four quantified dimensions of the therapeutic consultation dialogue: newness of themes, degree of narration, and positive and negative thematic tone of images. A 10-min. window was used to study lag relationships in both directions of effect—from therapist to patient and the reverse This measure of linear influence was applied to six psychotherapeutic consultation sessions carried out by different well known psychoanalysts with two women patients. Analysis showed a range of significant CCF effects that totaled from zero to 1360 sec. depending on the consultation. The implications of these and other findings are discussed in the context of viewing the present study as part of a program of investigations into the nonexperiential nature—the underlying laws, structures, and transactions—of therapeutic and everyday emotional dialogues.
Differentiation of Trait and State Scales by the μ Index
Authors: Loo Robert
Published: August 2011

The utility of Howarth's μ index for differentiating state and trait scales was examined given the various publications on this index since 1978. It is tentatively concluded that the index does differentiate state and trait scales; however, several concerns still need to be addressed. For example, the distribution of μ needs to be determined, along with tests of significance and more examples of the application of the index need to be reported in the open literature.
Guilt Appeals in Advertising: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Pinto Mary Beth , Priest Susan
Published: August 2011

A two-stage exploratory study was conducted to assess the effect of guilt as an advertising appeal. A sample of 46 working mothers were asked to respond to three advertisements for a microwavable dinner product in which the message intent was to create guilt (i.e., low, medium, and high). The advertisements were constructed following a content analysis of several popular women's magazines. A set of 18 adjectives covering both guilt- and nonguilt-related items was provided for each advertisement. The adjective sets had a five-point response range, with endpoints labeled “Not at All” to “Very.” A varimax factor analysis yielded a three-factor solution, including factors of guilt, anger, and happiness. An analysis of variance identified significant changes in subjects' perceived guilt, anger, and happiness across the three advertisements. Further, medium guilt appeals were more effective in inducing guilt in respondents than those either low or high in guilt. Finally, as the level of guilt represented in an advertisement increased, the subjects' anger also increased.
Effectiveness of a Paper-and-Pencil Test Designed to Identify Substance Abusers
Authors: Rafilson Fred M. , Bokos Peter J.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of a standardized preemployment measure of substance abuse, the Employee Reliability Inventory, to distinguish between a sample of 142 known substance abusers and a comparative population of 295 job applicants. Significant discrimination indicates the measure accurately distinguishes between the two groups.
Affective Variables Related to Mathematics Achievement among High-Risk College Freshmen
Authors: Dwinell Patricia L. , Higbee Jeanne L.
Published: August 2011

This study explored the relations between affective variables—anxiety about mathematics or confidence, effectance motivation, perceptions of mathematics as a male domain, attitude toward success in mathematics, and students' perceptions of their parents' attitudes toward their children as learners of mathematics—and performance in a first-quarter developmental studies algebra course. The affective variables together accounted for 34% of the variance in first-quarter mathematics grades. Anxiety was the only attitudinal variable that made a significant contribution to the proportion of variance for the total group and for the 38 women. For the 20 men both anxiety and attitude toward success contributed significantly to first-quarter mathematics grades.
Importance of Decision and Postdecision Dissonance: A Return to the Racetrack
Authors: Stevick Richard A. , Martin Kaylena , Showalter Lynndell
Published: August 2011

Festinger (1957) hypothesized that cognitive dissonance would be aroused postdecision and that the more weighty the choice, the greater the dissonance. His first hypothesis has been supported in racetrack betting and in guessing contests; however, no attempt was made to test the hypothesis that the greater the stakes, the greater the dissonance. In addition to replicating the Knox and Inkster 1968 racetrack betting study, this research focused on the size of the bet and the amount of confidence expressed. 129 Charleston, West Virginia racetrack bettors recorded their confidence in winning shortly before or immediately after placing bets smaller or greater than $5.00. Chi-squared analyses indicated that postdecision dissonance occurred, but a two-sample t test indicated no significant relationship between size of the bet and bettors' confidence. Possible reasons for the lack of support are discussed.
Influence of Reward and Social Support on Exercise Adherence in Aerobic Dance Classes
Authors: Kravitz Len , Furst David
Published: August 2011

Two independent studies were conducted to explore the effects of reward and social support on adherence to exercise during a university semester. Subjects from aerobic dance classes self-selected one of three groups. Group 1 worked individually for rewards of clothing based on the class attendance, Group 2 chose three-person groups to work for rewards, and Group 3 received no reward or social support. In Study 2, Group 2 was made up of two-person groups. Analysis of variance of both sets of data showed a significant difference in class attendance among groups ( p < .01). Scheffé post hoc comparisons indicated that Groups 1 and 2 in both studies showed significantly better attendance than Group 3; however, the average attendance of Groups 1 and 2 did not differ significantly. Apparently, use of rewards, independently or in combination with social support, improves exercise adherence.
Fakability of Two Different Role-Play Methodologies for Assessing Assertion
Authors: Kern Jeffrey M. , Karten Stephen J.
Published: August 2011

The fakability of two methodologically different role-play tests of assertion was examined. 30 undergraduates low in assertiveness were tested and retested on the Behavioral Assertiveness Test—Revised and the Idiographic Role-play Test. Half of the testees were instructed to fake assertion during the second testing. Analysis indicated that both tests were fakable; however, testees reported more difficulty faking the latter test than the former. The detection of faking may be possible, particularly on role-play tests employing an idiographic methodology.
Test-Retest Reliability of the Child Behavior Checklist Ages 2–3
Authors: Crawford Lori , Lee Steven W.
Published: August 2011

The present study provided some needed test-retest reliability data for the Child Behavior Checklist for ages 2–3. The Checklist 2–3 was developed by Achenbach and Edelbrock in 1986 to detect behavior problems in toddlers and preschool children. For this study, 30 parents completed the checklist twice over 4 to 6 weeks. Test-retest reliability coefficients for the Total Behavior Problems score, Internalizing and Externalizing scores, and the narrow-band behavior factors were all significant. These data indicate generally satisfactory temporal stability for broad-band syndromes; however, mixed results were found for the narrow-band syndromes of the Child Behavior Checklist Ages 2–3.
Liking for Chocolate, Depression, and Suicidal Preoccupation
Authors: Lester David , Bernard David
Published: August 2011

Desires for chocolate and sweets were related to depression in a sample of undergraduates but not to their past or present suicidal preoccupation.
Accidental and Unspecified Deaths among Prisoners as Disguised Suicides
Authors: Young Thomas J.
Published: August 2011

Analysis of 1987 data from the US Department of Justice for prisoners under the jurisdiction of state and federal correctional authorities indicated that suicide rates were not negatively correlated with accidental or unspecified death rates. These findings do not provide evidence of disguised suicides among prisoners. Possible explanations for high rates of unspecified death among prisoners are presented.
Concurrent Validity of the Creative Personality Scale of the Adjective Check List
Authors: Kaduson Heidi Gerard , Schaefer Charles E.
Published: August 2011

The concurrent validity of the Creative Personality Scale of the Adjective Check List was studied by testing 10 highly creative women, first identified as high school students in 1965 and then tetested in 1990. Analysis indicates that 7 of these 10 women scored above the mean of 48.24 set for the profile sheet; scores ranged from 43 to 75 with a mean of 60. These high scores on the Creative Personality Scale are consistent with the concurrent validity of this measure.
Task-Achievement, Obsessive-Compulsive, Type a Traits, and Job Satisfaction of Professionals in Public Practice Accounting
Authors: Schell Bernadette H. , DeLuca Valorie M.
Published: August 2011

This paper contains a description of the results of a two-year study of task-achievement, obsessive-compulsive, Type A traits, and job satisfaction within randomly selected groups of 499 public practice accountants in Ontario, Canada. The results supported the notion that this profession attracts and conditions personalities with task-oriented, order-driven, Type A characteristics. With the exception of those who were advanced partners, the majority of public practice accountants were only moderately job-satisfied and were reportedly not committed to staying in their present jobs until retirement.
Investigation of Organizational Types and Customer Service among Employees of Some Nigerian Commercial Banks
Authors: Sote G. A.
Published: August 2011

This paper examined the relationship in some Nigerian banks between employees representing organizational types, as propounded by Weber in 1947 and 1964, and customer service. The two types of banks were rational and traditional. 195 subjects from three commercial banks in Lagos participated in semistructured interviews which centered on seven predictor variables compared for customer service. Customers' social status was not related to any type of bank, but customer relations was moderately related to the rational bank. Expectation that the rational type of bank would be more efficient than the traditional bank was supported. Availability of equipment produced better and faster services in the rational bank than in the traditional bank; support was based on strong to moderate correlations. Results suggest a judicious application of Weber's theory of organizational types by banks would enable them to attain positive adjustments in their struggle for survival.
The Motivational Potential of Jobs: Is a Multiplicative Model Necessary?
Authors: Evans Martin G. , Ondrack Daniel A.
Published: August 2011

A recent note by Ferris and Gilmore (1985) on the use of alternative Motivating Potential Score formulae has led us to undertake this replication of their work. Four versions of the formula were tested in a large heterogeneous sample of 1193 male blue-collar employees. Over-all job satisfaction and satisfaction with work itself were the dependent variables. A measure, unique to this paper, of Growth Need Strength was used as a moderator. The best formula was the simple additive one: it correlated quite well with both over-all satisfaction and satisfaction with work itself. A version in which skill variety and autonomy were heavily weighted correlated highly with satisfaction with work itself; a version in which skill variety and task identity and task significance together received equal weight with autonomy and feedback correlated best with over-all satisfaction. Little support was found, using hierarchical multiple regression analysis, for the original multiplicative formulation suggested in 1976 by Hackman and Oldham. Each of the additive formulae showed small, but statistically significant interactions with growth needs; the multiplicative composite showed no such interactions.
False Heart-Rate Feedback, Social Anxiety and Self-Attribution of Embarrassment
Authors: Shahidi Shahriar , Baluch Bahman
Published: August 2011

120 subjects high or low on social anxiety were asked to speak in front of a camera. While watching a replay of their performance, false heart-rate feedback was presented. Highly anxious subjects ( n = 36) reported significantly more embarrassment than subjects who scored low in anxiety. Further, subjects reported being embarrassed according to the direction of false heart-rate information. Results offer support for the self-attribution theory of emotions.
Association of Different Measures of Gun Ownership over Time
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

A study of indirect measures of firearm ownership in the USA from 1967 to 1983 yielded three clusters of measures: (a) the use of guns for suicide and gun magazine subscriptions, (b) estimates of ownership of all guns, and (c) the use of guns for homicide.
Skinner's Utopia: Bidirectional Influences
Authors: Stedman Mark E.
Published: August 2011

Walden Two is a utopian novel that gave popular form to B. F. Skinner's principles of behavior. Influences of the book and influences on Skinner while producing the book are discussed.
Use and Activation of Social Knowledge in Commonsense Attribution, Evidence for a Schema-Based Attribution Model
Authors: Von Collani Gernot , Kauer Astrid , Kauer Synöwe
Published: August 2011

Starting from the principal objections against Kelly's 1973 analysis of variance model an overview of several experiments Ss presented supporting a schema-based attribution model of social knowledge. Empirical evidence obtained so far shows that people classify social situations they are going to explain in terms of 9 basic categories for actions and events, that the information preferred and actively searched preceding an attribution is highly specific to the type of situation in question and is guided by an attribution hypothesis central to the knowledge schema, that information search is confirmatory and truncated, that the attributions made are specific to the type of social situation to be explained, and that explanations central to an attribution schema are cognitively more easily available and may be activated by a priming procedure.
Another Quasi-Experimental Study of Understanding/Appreciation of Editorial Satire
Authors: Gruner Charles R. , Gruner Marsha W. , Travillion Lara J.
Published: August 2011

College students completed a 17-item scale measuring the “propensity to argue controversial topics” and 7 other nominal-scale independent variables. They then read three editorial satires and checked which of five statements was the intended thesis of each satire's author. They also rated each satire on interestingness and funniness. Analysis indicated dependence between understanding of satire and sex and regular readership of “The Far Side.”
Item Difficulty and Discrimination as a Function of Stem Completeness
Authors: Violato Claudio
Published: August 2011

The effects on item difficulty and discrimination of stem completeness (complete stem or incomplete stem) for multiple-choice items were studied experimentally. Subjects (166 junior education students) were classified into three achievement groups (low, medium, high) and one of two forms of a multiple-choice test was randomly assigned to each subject. A two-way factorial design (completeness × achievement) was used as the experimental model. Analysis indicated that stem completeness had no effect on either item discrimination or difficulty and there was no interaction effect with achievement. It was concluded that multiple-choice items may be very robust in measuring knowledge in a subject area irrespective of variations in stem construction.
Black and White Women's Attitudes toward Interracial Marriage
Authors: Paset Pamela S. , Taylor Ronald D.
Published: August 2011

50 white women and 50 black women, US citizens between the ages 18 and 23 years, were asked to rate their attitudes about interracial marriage on a 10-point response scale. The white women were somewhat more favorable, if not significantly so, than the black women about men and women of their race marrying persons of another race. However, scorers at the extremes of the scale were significantly different. The white women tended to cluster at the scale extreme favoring interracial marriage, whereas the black women tended to cluster at the other unfavorable extreme. Implications and research needs are discussed.
The Original vs an Abbreviated Version of the Treatment Evaluation Inventory: Systematic Measurement Error
Authors: Spirrison Charles L. , Noland Keith
Published: August 2011

The Treatment Evaluation Inventory was used by 164 undergraduates to rate the acceptability of each of six treatments. The differences between the (scale-corrected) total score and the total of items representing the short form were analyzed. Analysis suggested that the short form, as compared to the original scale, systematically underestimates the acceptability of overcorrection and overestimates the acceptability of differential reinforcement of other behavior.
Suicide Rates in Major Cities and Their States
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

No significant differences were observed in the suicide rates reported in 1960 of 50 large urban areas and the states in which they were situated.
Do Police Officers Have Accurate Information about Suicide?
Authors: Lester David , Pitts James
Published: August 2011

The police officers in one department (54 men and 9 women) were quite knowledgeable about the facts of suicidal behavior as measured by an inventory of myths about suicide.
Comparisons of Purpose in Life Scores between Alcoholics with Early and Later Onset
Authors: Adams Scot L. , Waskel Shirley A.
Published: August 2011

No significant differences were found on Purpose in Life scores of 33 early onset (before age 40) and 27 late onset (after 40 years of age) alcoholic men in alcoholism treatment centers. Differences were found between the later onset group and another group of early onset alcoholics ( n = 38) as well as an older nonalcoholic group of 20 tested by Meier and Edwards.
Hispanic Persons in Business: Is There Cause for Optimism?
Authors: Tomkiewicz Joseph , Brenner O. C. , Esinhart James
Published: August 2011

An investigation was undertaken to assess whether Hispanic persons have cause for optimism in their quest to compete for managerial business positions. Using three instruments, statistical analysis of data from 262 students graduating with Master of Business Administration degrees indicated that 109 respondents perceived Hispanic managerial candidates no differently in comparison with white managers than 153 students saw black managerial candidates in comparison with white managers. Given that black managerial candidates have experienced difficulty in achieving high organizational status, Hispanic people may experience similar barriers.
Positional Influences on Job Satisfaction and Job Performance: A Multivariate, Predictive Approach
Authors: Butler Mark C. , Ehrlich Sanford B.
Published: August 2011

This study examined relationships between job attitudes, work environment perceptions, and supervisors' ratings of job performance among health care employees occupying both medical care and administrative positions in ambulatory clinic settings. Between-group differences were noted on the perceived relationship with the supervisor, level of job/role conflict, and working conditions. Results are discussed in terms of functional and dysfunctional aspects of control systems and path-goal theory of leadership.
Symptom Correlates among Adolescents Showing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder versus Conduct Disorder
Authors: Atlas J. A. , Scipio W. J. Di , Schwartz R. , Sessoms L.
Published: August 2011

21 adolescents with a primary diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, 24 Conduct Disordered, and 23 control adolescents were compared on measures of depression, anxiety, behavior problems, and fears. Analyses showed that posttraumatic adolescents showed associated symptoms of depression and state-anxiety, Conduct Disordered adolescents showed depressive trends, and both groups were evaluated by their teachers as showing significant behavior problems.
Creative Advertising and the von Restorff Effect
Authors: Pick David F. , Sweeney John , Clay Jennifer A.
Published: August 2011

22 men and 38 women in an undergraduate psychology class ( M age 19.25 yr.) served in an experiment designed to assess whether a von Restorff effect for advertising slogans could be obtained in an incidental learning situation. The control group rated lists of nine ordinary slogans. The experimental groups rated equal-length lists with a distinctive slogan in the middle of the list. One experimental group rated a slogan considered distinctive because it was of high quality, the other experimental group rated a distinctive slogan considered to be clearly substandard. No mention was made of a test of memory until the rating task and a subsequent distractor task were completed. A significant von Restorff effect was obtained with the high-quality slogan but not with the substandard slogan. A significant relationship between subjects' ratings of slogan distinctiveness and recall was observed.
Treating Drunk Drivers with Moral Reconation Therapy: A Three-Year Report
Authors: Little Gregory L. , Robinson Kenneth D. , Burnette Katherine D.
Published: August 2011

115 DWI-convicted male inmates were treated with the cognitive behavioral system of Moral Reconation Therapy during their incarceration. Three years after their release, subjects' postrelease arrest and reincarceration records were collected. In the treated group, 24 subjects participated in an extended aftercare program and were compared to a control group of 65 DWI-convicted inmates who did not enter treatment due to limited bed space. Analysis showed reincarceration rates of 36.9% for the 65 controls, 22.6% of the 115 treated subjects, and only 16.7% of the 24 aftercare clients.
Effects of Moon Phase and other Temporal Variables on Absenteeism
Authors: Sands Joanne M. , Miller Lynn E.
Published: August 2011

Previous research on the effects of lunar phase on deviant behavior has produced weak and inconsistent results and has been criticized for failing to use appropriate statistical controls. This study examined the effects of the full moon on daily absenteeism rates in a large organization while correcting for autocorrelation and controlling for the effects of the day of the week, month, and proximity to a holiday. Contrary to expectations, the full moon was associated with a significant (but very slight) decrease in absenteeism. Reasons for persistent beliefs in the effects of the full moon are discussed.
Depression, Suicidal Preoccupation and Scores on the Rokeach Value Survey
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Neither depression scores nor current or prior suicidal preoccupation was associated with responses on the Rokeach Value Survey in a sample of college students (54 men and 73 women).
Effects of Counselor's Profanity and Subject's Religiosity on Content Acquisition of a Counseling Lecture and Behavioral Compliance
Authors: Sazer Lois , Kassinove Howard
Published: August 2011

Effects of counselor's profanity and subject's religiosity on acquisition of lecture content and behavioral compliance were investigated. 40 male and 80 female undergraduate students volunteered to attend a lecture about “coping with problems of daily living.” They were divided into low, medium, or high religiosity groups based upon scores on Rohrbough and Jessor's Religiosity Scale. Each subject listened to a 15-min. videotaped rational-emotive mental health presentation which included a recommendation that they pick up a card (initial compliance) and send for a free book (delayed compliance) expanding upon the principles discussed in the tape. Half listened to a tape containing 16 profane words and half watched a nonprofane tape. At the end of the tape subjects were given a test on content. Analysis showed that profanity had a negative effect on acquisition of content and on initial compliance. Religiosity had no effect on any of the dependent variables. In contrast to the behavior modeled by some senior clinical practitioners, it was concluded that counselors be wary of using profanity in an initial session. Also, in keeping with the 1989 recommendations of Heppner and Claiborn, the importance of studying behavioral measures in influence studies was stressed.
Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Personality: The Netherlands and England
Authors: Sanderman R. , Eysenck S. B. G. , Arrindell W. A.
Published: August 2011

401 men and 475 women completed the Dutch version of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Factor comparisons all exceeded 0.97 so that the factors of Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Social Desirability are deemed to be identical in the two countries, England and The Netherlands. Sex differences conform with those in most other cross-cultural studies, namely, men score higher than women on Psychoticism and Extraversion, but lower on Neuroticism and Social Desirability. Reliabilities (alpha coefficients) are satisfactorily high for all factors, although the lowest value (0.62) for the Psychoticism dimension for Dutch men appears somewhat weak. National differences on personality variables were only significant for the Neuroticism scale and Social Desirability; Dutch men and women scored lower on the Neuroticism scale than their English counterparts but higher on Social Desirability.
The Relationship between War and Homicide Rates
Authors: Lester David , Yang Bijou
Published: August 2011

A time-series study from 1933 to 1986 in the USA showed that the nation's military participation rate was concurrently associated with lower homicide rates among nonwhite but not white individuals.
Boredom Proneness: Its Relationship to Positive and Negative Affect
Authors: Vodanovich Stephen J. , Verner Kathryn M. , Gilbride Thomas V.
Published: August 2011

170 undergraduate students completed the Boredom Proneness Scale by Farmer and Sundberg and the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist by Zuckerman and Lubin. Significant negative relationships were found between boredom proneness and negative affect scores (i.e., Depression, Hostility, Anxiety). Significant positive correlations also obtained between boredom proneness and positive affect (i.e., Positive Affect, Sensation Seeking). The correlations between boredom proneness “subscales” and positive and negative affect were congruent with those obtained using total boredom proneness scores. Implications for counseling are discussed.
Treating Drug Offenders with Moral Reconation Therapy: A Three-Year Recidivism Report
Authors: Little Gregory L. , Robinson Kenneth D. , Burnette Katherine D.
Published: August 2011

70 male felony offenders treated with the cognitive behavioral approach of Moral Reconation Therapy during and after incarceration were assessed for rearrests and reincarceration 38 months after their release. They were compared to a nontreated control group of 82 male felony offenders. Recidivism in the treated group was 24.3% as compared to 36.6% for the control group. Analysis showed that steps completed significantly correlated with rearrests and recidivism and that the correlation between number of aftercare sessions and recidivism approached significance.
Correlations among Religion, Commitment, and Volunteer Participation
Authors: Forst Edmund , Healy Rose Marie
Published: August 2011

For 241 college students responses on four items were intercorrelated: (1) commitment to a religious sect, (2) volunteer activity in church, (3) belief in the existence of God, and (4) religious training ( r1,2: .62, r1,3: .58, r2,3: .38, r1,4: -.39).