bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CIE 081-1989 Mesopic photometry: History, special problems and practical solutions
Authors:   CIE TC 1-01
Published: October 2022

This report summarizes the information that is currently available on the measurement of light at mesopic levels of intensity. Mesopic refers to light levels covering a range of several log units, which are neither completely photopic (for which use of V(?) my be appropriate) or scotopic (for which V'(?) should be employed). This covers an approximate range of luminance from some hundredths or less of a cd/m2 to at least several cd/m2.-\n--\n-Since there is today no system recommended by the CIE for mesopic photometry, ordinary photopic photometers are commonly used for the measurement of light at mesopic levels. This practice results in a misleading evaluation of certain lights, due primarily to the shift in the luminous efficiency of the eye toward the short wavelengths at mesopic levels.-\n--\n-Low pressure sodium provides an excellent example. The spectral power is concentrated near 589 nm, wavelengths to which the photopic eye is quite sensitive; if measured with a photopic light meter this sensitivity is reflected in relatively high readings. With a decrease in light to mesopic levels, the sensitivity of the eye is dramatically reduced; the resultant appearance is much dimmer than expected from the photopic values. Even greater discrepancies can be found in the measurement of red lights such as are employed in ship or plane control-rooms.-\n--\n-Five systems of mesopic photometry are currently available. These systems are based upon either the measurement of photopic and scotopic luminances or upon tristimulus or chromaticity values and scotopic luminance; equipment for these measures is available today. Each of the systems is described in the report and examples of the necessary calculations are provided. Each of the systems has its own advantages and disadvantages, but all give a better assessment of light at mesopic levels than does the use of photopic photometry alone. It is hoped that these systems will be tried by many users and data on their effectiveness made available so that a CIE system can be recommended in the near future. Keywords: functions, mesopic vision, photometry, standard observer
CIE 112-1994 Glare evaluation system for use within outdoor sport and area lighting
Authors:   CIE TC 5-04
Published: October 2022

This technical report describes a practical glare evaluation system for outdoor sports- and area lighting. The system can be used both for checking the glare situation of existing installations, provided suitable measuring instrumentation is available, and for predicting the degree of glare at the design stage for new installations, but the validity of the system is restricted to viewing directions below eye level. For the main categories of these applications, general glare rating limits are specified. The report concerns glare and glare restriction in, or very close to, the lighted area and not the effect of spill light outside this area.-\n--\n-The quality of most lighting installations can be expressed in terms of average lighting levels, uniformities and glare restriction. There has not, until now, been a generally accepted glare evaluation system for outdoor areas. The glare concepts, threshold increment TI and glare control mark G , commonly used in road lighting for motorised traffic, cannot be applied directly for area lighting. This is because the direction of view of observers is variable and not fixed; the lighting points are not necessarily positioned in regular line arrays; and the mounting heights and lighting levels are often outside the ranges for which the road lighting concepts have validity.-\n--\n-The degree to which a lighting installation causes glare depends upon the luminous intensity distribution and aiming of the luminaires, their number, their arrangement and mounting height and on the brightness of the illuminated area. This report describes and recommends for practical use, a glare evaluation system that takes into account all the above factors. The system is based on extensive field tests and has shown its applicability in different installations of adequate uniformity due to common specifications. It is assumed that the problem of intolerable glare experienced, when looking up and straight into a luminaire, is kept to a minimum by paying careful attention to the siting of the luminaires relative to the main directions of view. CIE reports on the lighting of the various kinds of floodlighting application fields give guidance in this respect.-\n--\n-Before a glare evaluation concept can be employed as a practical aid in lighting design, it is necessary to agree on standard observer positions and viewing directions. Standard positions and directions are specified with the intention of getting information on both the highest degree of glare and on the size of the area with a relatively high degree of glare.-\n--\n-For the main categories of outdoor area lighting installations, general glare restriction limits are specified. Keywords: glare, sports lighting
CIE 114-1994 CIE Collection in photometry and radiometry
Authors:   CIE TC 2-01
Published: October 2022

This volume contains short Technical Reports, Research Notes and Reporters' Reports prepared by various Technical Committees and Reporters within Division 2. In part they were published in the CIE Journal between 1987 and 1988.-\n--\n-114/1 Survey of reference materials for testing the performance of spectrophotometers and colorimeters-\n-This Research Note was originally published in CIE-Journal, Vol. 6, No. 1, 23-31, 1987.-\n--\n-A list of reference materials for testing the performance of spectrophotometers and colorimeters are given. Particular attention is paid to materials for the measurement of regular transmittance and for regular (specular) and diffuse reflectance. Materials for the calibration of wavelength scales and the measurement of stray light are also included. No examples were found of reference materials for the measurement of diffuse transmittance. Information on type of materials, suppliers, sizes available and calibration details is supplied.-\n--\n-114/2 International intercomparison on transmittance measurement-\n-Report of results and conclusions. This Research Note was originally published in CIE-Journal, Vol. 7, No. 1, 21-28, 1988.-\n--\n-Between 1978 and 1982, CIE TC 2-09 conducted an international intercomparison to assess the accuracy of transmittance measurements. Sixteen laboratories, including eleven national standardizing laboratories, took part in the intercomparison. Twelve sets of filters were used, each consisting of nine glass filters. The filters were selected so that the repeatability, linearity, wavelength accuracy, and stray light of the measurements could be characterized.-\n--\n-114/3 Intercomparison of luminous flux measurements on HPMV lamps-\n--\n-The results are given of an intercomparison of measurements of the luminous flux of a group of HPMV lamps, carried out among 21 commercial and national laboratories located in 14 different countries. The results reported by 16 of the laboratories lay within approx. +/- 1,5% of the mean level and all but two of the laboratories were within +/- 3% of the mean level. The consistency of the measurements can be regarded as fully adequate for most lighting applications. Keywords: colorimetry, colour temperature, detectors, distribution temperature, fluorescent lamps, luminous flux, mercury lamps, photometry, rail road yards, reflectance, spectroradiometry, transmittance
CIE 119-1995 CIE Proceedings, 23rd Session, New Delhi 1995, Vol. 1
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

This volume contains on over 540 pages the texts of the Introductory Paper by Dr. Venkatavaradan on Lighting and civilisation , all the Divisional Quadrennial Reports, the Presented Papers, Presented Posters and Poster Displays received at the Organising Committee by the deadline for inclusion in the Proceedings, as well as the introductions to the Workshops.FALSCH
CIE 121-1996 The Photometry & Goniophotometry of Luminaires
Authors:   CIE TC 2-10
Published: October 2022

This technical report provides general requirements for the photometry of lamps and luminaires of most types and includes the following information:-\n- -\n--\n- standard test conditions under which the tests should be carried out, with acceptable practical tolerances;-\n- selection procedures for lamps and luminaires;-\n- procedures for measurement of the photometric characteristics of lamps and luminaires and assessment of the possible sources of error;-\n- correction factors and service conversion factors;-\n- presentation of test results.-\n--\n--\n-The report is considered to be sufficiently comprehensive to form a practical guide for industrial laboratories and contains sufficient information to replace publication CIE 24-1973 Photometry of indoor type luminaires and CIE 27-1973 Photometry of luminaires for street lighting.-\n--\n-CIE will publish supplementary reports covering these types of luminaires more specifically.-\n--\n-This Technical Report is written in English with a short summary in French and German. It contains 53 pages, with 5 figures and 3 tables. Keywords: photometry, goniophotometry, luminous intensity, luminaires
CIE 129-1998 Guide for lighting exterior work areas
Authors:   CIE TC 5-13
Published: October 2022

The present document updates and replaces Publication CIE 68-1986 Guide to the lighting of exterior working areas.-\n--\n-The values published are based on illuminance concept. Further to the average maintained illuminance and minimum to average ratio, the minimum to maximum ratio was introduced. Glare is limited by Glare Rating (GR). The values are maintained and determined to achieve efficient working conditions, safe movement and traffic and safety/security of people and property. Work areas are divided into twelve sections and listed in the Application Tables.-\n--\n-Attention is focused on design values. Other topics, as colour quality, maintenance, environmental aspects, design and measurement are only mentioned in this paper, detailed recommendations or standards are to be sought for in relevant CIE and ISO publications. Keywords: industrial lighting, exterior lighting, lighting design & specifications
CIE 131-1998 The CIE 1997 Interim Colour Appearance Model (simple version) CIECAM97s
Authors:   CIE TC 8-01
Published: October 2022

Superseded by A Colour Appearance Model for Colour Management Systems: CIECAM02-\n--\n-CIE 159:2004-\n--\n-A colour appearance model provides a viewing condition specific method for transforming tristimulus values to and/or from perceptual attribute correlates. This document outlines a specific colour appearance model, CIECAM02, which may be useful for colour management applications. This model is based on CIECAM97s colour appearance model and consists of a chromatic adaptation transform and equations for computing a set of perceptual attribute correlates. The evolution and application of this colour appearance model are presented.-\n--\n-This report replaces CIE 131-1998, The CIE 1997 interim colour appearance model (simple version) CIECAM97s.FALSCH
CIE 152:2003 Proceedings of the 25th Session of the CIE in San Diego, 2003 + CD-ROM
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

Vol. I (Part 1 and 2):-\n- This volume contains on over 700 pages the texts of the Invited Papers, Presented Papers and Posters presented at the Session, as well as the introductions to the Workshops.-\n- -\n- Vol. II:-\n- The second volume of the Proceedings contains the text of the Welcome Addresses, Officers Reports, as well as a list of participants. It presents an overview on the technical work achieved during the quadrennium in the form of Quadrennial Reports, minutes of the Divisional Meetings and Workshop Reports.-\n--\n-A CD-ROM containing the full Proceedings (Vol. I and II) in pdf format is available. It additionally contains a longer version of some of the papers included in Vol. I, as well as some pictures taken at the Session in the form of a slide show and movie presentation.-\n--\n-You can order the CD-ROM alone, or as a set together with the printed version of Vol. I. Keywords: actinic radiation effects, colorimetry, daylight, education, image technology, interior lighting, lighting design & specifications, photobiology, photometry, radiometry, road lighting, sports lighting, urban lighting, visibility, visual performance
CIE 155:2003 Ultraviolet Air Disinfection
Authors:   CIE TC 6-35
Published: October 2022

In the 1870s, using solar radiation as the ultraviolet radiation (UVR) source, studies were initiated to understand the molecular changes in living organisms produced by UVR absorption. In the 20th century, with the invention of electric mercury-vapor arc lamps, a controllable, economical source of germicidal, short wavelength, 253,7 nm UVR became available. Systematic study of UVR impacts on biological systems across several disciplines began, using germicidal UVR lamps. UVR impacts on biological systems have been studied to provide understanding for protection of human beings from hazardous exposure and the capacity of UVR to stem the spread of infectious diseases by inactivating microorganisms in food, water and air. Since global incidents of bioterrorism have escalated from the late 20th century into the 21st, mitigation of biological threats in congregate settings within buildings has taken on further significance for UVR air and surface disinfection and decontamination. Additionally, multi-drug resistant strains of airborne infectious agents have been increasing. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the most prominent. With 2 billion persons infected and 2 million dying per year, it is the single largest adult killer among infectious diseases. A greater understanding of the potential of UVR air disinfection is needed. This report summarises the present state of knowledge of UVR air disinfection and provides recommendations for future work in research, standardization and testing procedures. Keywords: air cleaners, biologic effect of radiation, irradiance, ultraviolet radiation
CIE 158:2009 (including Erratum 1) Ocular Lighting Effects on Human Physiology and Behaviour
Authors:   CIE TC 6-11
Published: October 2022

The nonvisual biological and behavioural effects of light in animals and humans are mediated by specific neuroanatomical pathways. Controlled empirical studies have shown that light can be used to treat some clinical disorders and may have broader, nonclinical applications for problems of shift work and jet lag. Studies are testing how lighting may be incorporated into architectural designs that are optimal for vision as well as physiological and behavioural stimulation.-\n--\n-This publication corrects and replaces CIE 158:2004 Ocular Lighting Effects on Human Physiology and Behaviour . Keywords: actinic action spectrum, actinic radiation effects, lighting quality, photobiology, radiation effects
CIE 168:2005 Criteria for the evaluation of extended-gamut colour encodings
Authors:   CIE TC 8-05
Published: October 2022

The CIE TC 8-05 terms of reference include defining a minimal set of standard colour spaces that addresses a wide range of imaging applications . One set of applications that was identified by the committee required the use of extended-gamut colour encodings. This document defines a set of objective metrics for evaluating the characteristics of output-referred extended-gamut colour encodings. Detailed metrics have been developed to evaluate a number of important attributes of extended-gamut colour encodings. These criteria include:-\n--\n- gamut volume characteristics,-\n- colour quantization characteristics,-\n- hue constancy when applying non-linear tone scale modifications to RGB colour values,-\n- complexity of transformation required to and from typical standard spaces (sRGB, ICC PCS, etc.).-\n--\n-The relative importance of the individual metrics will vary on an application-by-application basis. As a result, the committee concluded that the actual evaluation of candidate colour encodings for use in particular applications should be left to other standards bodies that are more closely aligned with the relevant industry segments, and therefore would be better able to define the appropriate application-dependent requirements. Keywords: colorimetry, colour gamut, colour management, colour spaces
CIE 169:2005 Practical design guidelines for the lighting of sport events for colour
Authors:   CIE TC 5-11
Published: October 2022

This Technical Report gives practical guidance to those concerned with the designing and planning of sports facilities where lighting is required to meet the needs of colour television and filming.-\n--\n-The report should be read in conjunction with CIE 83-1989, which defines the quantitative lighting requirements. This report is arranged in three main sections:-\n--\n- Firstly, there is general guidance on sports lighting design including luminaires and lamp types, calculation methods, and electrical installation.-\n- The second section lists 51 sports with specific advice on the lighting of each.-\n- The third section gives references to relevant standards and in particular publications in which new sports lighting installations may be described.-\n--\n-The report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 79 pages with 90 figures and 1 table. Keywords: lighting design & specifications, maintenance, outdoor lighting, sports lighting, television lighting
CIE 176:2006 Geometric tolerances for colour measurements
Authors:   CIE TC 2-39
Published: October 2022

In this publication the recommendations of the CIE Division 2 Physical Measurement of Light and Radiation are given on the definition of geometries for the measurement of the colour of materials and the tolerances around those fundamental definitions that are required to provide an expected level of accuracy and reproducibility.-\n--\n-This publication documents, for the first time, definitive definitions of the geometric requirements for instrumental colour measurements. It further defines three levels of tolerances which will provide three ranges of accuracy and reproducibility so as to clearly define what is required for the highest level of inter-laboratory agreement and what will be acceptable for industrial or commercial applications of basic colorimetry.-\n--\n-The terms and symbols used in this report are intended to be consistent with the existing standards in the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) and in particular with ISO standards 5-1 and 5-4. Keywords: colorimetry, measurement geometry, reflectance, transmittance, uncertainty in measurements
CIE 177:2007 Colour rendering of white LED light sources
Authors:   CIE TC 1-62
Published: October 2022

The Committee recommends the development of a new colour rendering index (or a set of new colour rendering indices) by a Division 1 Technical Committee. This index (or these indices) shall not replace the current CIE colour rendering index immediately. The usage of the new index or indices should provide information supplementary to the current CIE CRI, and replacement of CRI will be considered after successful integration of the new index. The new supplementary colour rendering index (or set of supplementary colour rendering indices) should be applicable to all types of light sources and not only to white LED light sources. Possibilities for an improved description of colour rendering are summarized in the Appendix of this Technical Report. Keywords: colour difference, colour perception, colour rendering, light emitting diodes, light source
CIE 178:2007 Proceedings of the 26th Session of the CIE, 4-11 July 2007, Beijing, China
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

This CD-ROM contains on over 1850 pages the texts of the Invited Papers, Presented Papers and Posters presented at the Session, as well as the introductions to the Workshops.-\n--\n-The proceedings are organized in three files:-\n--\n- Proceedings Volume 1 Part 1.pdf-\n- This file corresponds to the first printed volume of the printed proceedings. Links to the text of the papers have been inserted in the contents list. By clicking on the title the paper will be opened. Papers having an extended version in Volume 2 are marked.-\n- -\n- Proceedings Volume 1 Part 2.pdf-\n- This file corresponds to the second printed volume of the proceedings, again showing links to the papers. The content list in both files show the content of both files, but the links are only operational when relating to a paper contained in the same file.-\n- -\n- Proceedings Volume 2.pdf-\n- This file contains the official reports, etc. of the 26th CIE Session in Beijing and the extended papers. In the content list the titles are also operational as links.-\n--\n-A separate directory includes the photos of the Session. Keywords: colour, daylight, image technology, interior lighting, lighting design & specifications, outdoor lighting, photobiology, photometry, radiometry, road lighting, sports lighting, urban lighting, visual performance
CIE 185:2009 Reappraisal of colour matching and Grassmann's laws
Authors:   CIE TC 1-59
Published: October 2022

he laws of additivity and proportionality of colour matches, Grassmann?s laws, are the basis of all colour theory, but are not axiomatically true. The extent of departure of human vision from Grassmann?s laws has been periodically examined. One exploration, by W. A. Thornton, found considerable failure of transformability of primaries - a symptom of Grassmann additivity failure. In the 14 years since Thornton?s finding, several groups have formed to replicate and understand Thornton?s results and the limitations of Grassmann?s laws. CIE TC 1-56 is the latest of these. During the ten years of this committee?s existence, statistical simulations indicated that replicate matches by the same observer (not present in Thornton?s data) are required to suppress random errors, and accordingly three laboratories generated intra-observer matching results in three different luminance domains. Two of the studies, respectively conducted at 300 cd?m-2 and 30 cd?m-2, confirm Grassmann additivity, but the third study shows failure of additivity at 3 cd?m-2. In addition, Maxwell and maximum-saturation colour matches have long been known to be inconsistent even at high luminance levels and with intra-observer match replication to suppress noise. A practical consequence of the failure of additivity could be problems observed in cross-media colour matching, although cross-media studies also have other well known sources of imprecision when the colour-matching is asymmetric. Some suggestions are made for a covering theory of Grassmann?s laws that might accommodate both Maxwell and maximum-saturation match data while still maintaining consistency with high-luminance success in experiments such as reported recently. Further investigations are indicated for a successor to TC 1-56. Keywords: colorimetry, colour matching, Grassmann?s laws
CIE 189:2010 Calculation of tunnel lighting quality criteria
Authors:   CIE TC 4-24
Published: October 2022

Experience of making road tunnel lighting designs in accordance with publication CIE 88:2004 has shown that there are some aspects of calculation of the different lighting criteria where more specific guidance to the designers is necessary. This document explains how the tunnel environment differs significantly from the open road situation. In particular, the presence of walls along the traffic road involves reflection effects between different surfaces. The variation of luminance level along the tunnel, the changes in the lighting installation along the entrance section of the tunnel and the use of different lighting systems in different parts of the tunnel introduce more complexity in the lighting calculations. The report gives guidance on determining the method for calculating the relevant lighting quality criteria for tunnel situations. Keywords: lighting calculation, lighting quality, tunnel lighting
CIE 192:2010 Practical Daylight Sources for Colorimetry
Authors:   CIE TC 1-44
Published: October 2022

This publication discusses the state-of-the-art of practical daylight sources for colorimetry. It provides information on these lamps and devices used for illumination in the visual evaluation and instrumental measurement of non-fluorescent and fluorescent specimens.-\n--\n-Suppliers of lamps, booths and spectrophotometers provided some of the data on daylight sources. TC members and advisors at four institutions measured the rest. These institutions are the University of Derby (UK), the Hong Kong Polytechnic University (Hong Kong, China), the University of Pannonia (Veszpr�m, Hungary) and SENAI/CETIQT (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). -\n--\n-The report concludes from these data that practical daylight sources are commercially available that satisfy the criteria of the relevant national and international standards for both visual evaluation and instrumental measurement. Filtered tungsten, filtered xenon and fluorescent lamps currently provide the best results for visual evaluation. Pulsed filtered xenon provides the best results for instrumental measurements. Light-emitting diode (LED) sources may appear as viable alternatives for both applications in the not too distant future.-\n--\n-Standardization of any particular source as ?best representing daylight? is not recommended. There are significant differences between the spectral properties of the sources currently used in visual evaluation and the sources used in instrumental measurement. These differences produce large differences in the rendering of colours of specimens, especially fluorescent specimens. Keywords: colorimetry, colour vision, daylight, daylight simulator
CIE 198:2011 Determination of Measurement Uncertainties in Photometry
Authors:   CIE TC 2-43
Published: October 2022

This report is a recommendation for the determination of measurement uncertainties associated with the values of selected quantities in photometry. The report explains the steps from the initial procedures for a measurement of input quantities to a final statement of the output values with associated expanded uncertainties. The main part summarises the fundamental definitions for the evaluation of standard, combined and expanded uncertainties following the rules in the internationally agreed Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurements (GUM) and its supplement 1. In conjunction with this report supplements, with a wide selection of examples, provide guidance on how to model measurement procedures in a measurement equation, combine uncertainties in a budget and convert to the presentation of expanded uncertainty.-\n-The publication is written in English, with a short summary in French and German.-\n-The report is supplemented by the publication CIE 198-SP1 Determination of Measurement Uncertainties in Photometry - Modules and Examples for the Determination of Measurement Uncertainties, which is divided into 4 parts. (Furthermore links to an Excel workbook and a Mathematica program for the detailed examples explained in Part 2 of the Supplement are made available in connection with the Supplement.)-\n-Further Supplements are to follow. Thus a subscription to the CIE Newsletter is highly recommended to stay updated. Keywords: photometry, radiometry, measurement uncertainty, calibration
CIE 202:2011 Spectral Responsivity Measurement of Detectors, Radiometers and Photometers
Authors:   CIE TC 2-48
Published: October 2022

This Technical Report gives recommendations for spectral radiant power, irradiance and radiance responsivity measurement of single element detectors in the 200 nm to 2 500 nm wavelength range. It covers measurement setups and methods, summarizes the types and basic properties of typical detectors, radiometers and photometers and gives guidance on how to choose a reference detector. Spectral considerations for source and radiometer applications, detector amplifier application issues and measurement uncertainties are described. Primary detector standards and procedures for the realization of units and responsivity functions are the responsibility of national metrology institutes and are not discussed in this report. This Technical Report was written to update Technical Report CIE 64-1984 ?Determination of the Spectral Responsivity of Optical Radiation Detectors? with respect to device and measurement technology, and to include spectral irradiance and radiance responsivity measurements for radiometers and photometers from the ultraviolet wavelength range up to 2 500 nm.-\n-This publication supersedes CIE 64-1984 ?Determination of the Spectral Responsivity of Optical Radiation Detectors?. Keywords: photometry, radiometry, spectral responsivity, measurement uncertainty, calibration
CIE 204:2013 Methods for Re-defining CIE D Illuminants
Authors:   CIE TC 1-74
Published: October 2022

This Technical Report gives an overview of the construction of the tables describing CIE D illuminants, and proposes two methods to smooth the daylight illuminant spectral power distributions. The first method keeps the values originally determined at the integer 10 nm intervals unchanged and interpolates between these fixed points to get smooth (twice differentiable) curves (minimal smoothing method). A second alternative method smoothes more strongly, cutting fine structure maxima and minima of the spectrum (highly smoothing method).-\n-Examples show the consequences of both methods, pointing out that smoothing has little influence on colorimetric accuracy.-\n-The Technical Committee recommends testing the provided tables based on the two smoothing algorithms in practice and to urge users to test data of Table 4 which are based on the highly smoothing method, and ask instrument constructors to test the method for building D illuminant simulators with the eventual outcome of defining a CIE D50 and D65 standard source.-\n-The publication provides a link to two Excel files: one for calculation of the SPD of a daylight illuminant for the different interpolation methods described in this report after input of a required CCT and another one providing the tables of the report. Keywords: artificial daylight, illuminant, light colour
CIE 213:2014 Guide to Protocols for Describing Lighting
Authors:   CIE TC 3-34
Published: October 2022

Lighting quality encompasses human needs, architectural integration and economic constraints (including energy). To develop information about the luminous conditions that will fulfil lighting quality goals in various settings one needs to know how people respond, in the broadest sense, to electromagnetic radiation detected by the eye and processed by various physiological systems. Common definitions and measurement protocols for lighting installations are needed to support this work and to support communication with designers. This guide, the work of CIE Technical Committee 3-34, establishes a catalogue of application-independent descriptors of lighting and protocols associated with each descriptor. The committee developed a system of two categories of descriptors: basic descriptors, which ought to be reported in any project and which can generally be measured with relatively simple equipment, and specialized descriptors, which will not always be required and the measurement of which is more complex. This document is intended to aid the development of lighting quality concepts by providing a common basis for communication about the luminous conditions, existing or planned, in a space. By using the definitions provided here, and by following the protocols and the overall procedure, writers and readers alike can come to a deeper understanding of the physical conditions that stimulate human responses to light in the built environment. Keywords: lighting design, interior lighting, architectural lighting, daylight, lighting quality, visual performance
Low Cost IoT Based Home Smart Locker to Receive Online Shopping Packages
Authors: Prima Atmaja Ardian , Dwi Setia Luthfiyah , Fajar Muhammad Syaeful , Ismar MH. Ramdhani
Published: October 2022

The easier it is to access the internet, almost all human activities are helped. One example is the sale and purchase of goods to the delivery of the ordered goods to the buyer's house. This is increasingly widespread after the emergence of several marketplaces that collaborate with shipping service providers to deliver ordered goods to buyers' homes. Problems occur when the shipping courier who comes to the buyer's house does not meet the buyer or the buyer's relatives to receive the ordered goods. So that there is a tendency for the courier to put the ordered goods in any place which can cause the goods to be lost. Based on this, a solution will be given in this research, by making a low-cost smart locker for home users to receive goods ordered from online shopping safely without having to meet face-to-face with conventional buyers. In addition to helping receive goods automatically and safely, the use of this smart locker will also minimize buyer contact with couriers directly, in order to break the chain of spread and transmission of several viruses, including Covid-19.
Los números reales como objeto matemático: Una perspectiva histórico epistemológica
Authors: Recalde Luis Cornelio , Arbeláez Gabriela Inés
Published: October 2022

EI presente texto es uno de los productos de un proyecto de investigación aprobado por Colciencias y la Universidad del Valle, realizado entre enero de 2005 y abril de 2008 bajo el título de “La constitución histórica de los números reales en la perspectiva de la formación de docente”. La iniciativa de producir este texto surge de la necesidad de proponer a la comunidad de educadores matemáticos de secundaria y universidad de la región una opción complementaria para el tratamiento de los números reales a nivel escolar. Específicamente se plantea la posibilidad de incorporar, desde una visión amplia del campo de la educación matemática, las dimensiones históricas, epistemológicas y filosóficas relativas al concepto número real, dentro del conjunto de posibles estrategias que permitirían una mejor apropiación de dicho concepto tanto de los profesores en general como de los estudiantes de la educación media y primeros años de universidad. El carácter interdisciplinario de este trabajo de investigación está respaldado por la participación de dos grupos de investigación: el grupo de historia de las matemáticas y el grupo de. Educación matemática, ambos de la Universidad del Valle.
A importância do ensino e da pesquisa em biologia celular: uma revisão narrativa
Authors: Oliveira Yuri Bassi de , Canal Marlon Orlando , Coswosck Vinicius Bassi , Souza José Henrique Dantas
Published: October 2022

Objetivo: Verificar dentro da literatura nacional o estudo destes processos se realmente tem contribuído para a compreensão e o tratamento de doenças oriundas das células. Revisão bibliográfica: A biologia celular representa um complexo de conhecimento fundamental para entender os seres vivos através das suas funções e complexidade no âmbito medicinal. Vale ressaltar alguns destaques que a biologia celular é percursora da especialização de certos tecidos, uso para transplantes de órgãos, tentativa de curar inúmeras doenças que ainda não encontraram a cura. Ademais, a biologia celular é importante para o processo ensino-aprendizagem dos alunos e profissionais e, pode contribuir substancialmente para o futuro de novas pesquisas. Por isso, é primordial o incentivo do ensino dessa área para ser parte integrante da formação e evolução professional. Considerações finais: Fica-se evidente que a importância de aprendizagem não está de maneira momentânea, mas sim acumulativa e podendo gerar consequências memoráveis no ramo medicinal em escala mundial.
Análise dos impactos da pandemia na saúde mental dos graduandos de uma universidade do interior de Pernambuco
Authors: Silva Flávia Thays de Moura , Santana Gabryelle de Barros , Coraciara José Victor Machado , Santos Káren Mickaely Gonçalves , Gomes Laisa Evely dos Santos , Góis Layane de Lima , Gomes Júnior Luís Carlos , Mendonça Maria Emília Melo de , França Emmily Fabiana Galindo de
Published: October 2022

Objetivo: Tomar conhecimento acerca da correlação entre a pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 e a intensificação de transtornos mentais em decorrência do isolamento social dos discentes. Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, com abordagem quantitativa, transversal, de cunho descritivo, sobre os impactos da COVID-19 na saúde mental, dando ênfase nos estudantes de curso superior de uma universidade em uma cidade do interior de Pernambuco. A análise das informações fora obtida através de um questionário eletrônico, utilizando a plataforma de Google Forms. Resultados: Foi respondido por 82 alunos que estavam entre o 5° e 10° período da graduação de Enfermagem. Diante dos dados obtidos, foi observado que a pandemia da COVID-19 teve um impacto negativo considerável no que se refere ao aprendizado, uma vez que mais de 80% (84,1%) relataram impactos negativos no desempenho acadêmico (com a mudança das aulas presenciais para o ensino remoto) associadas as repercussões que a situação sanitária teve na saúde mental dos estudantes. Conclusão: As principais consequências foram vivenciadas no campo da saúde mental e do desempenho acadêmico destes, fazendo-se necessário apoio psicológico na rede educacional.
Heart rate variability, task load and perceived exertion associated with a long-distance military ski exercise: A pilot study
Authors: Chatterjee Tirthankar , Bhattacharyya Debojyoti , Yadav Angad , Pal Madhusudan
Published: October 2022

Objectives:

Skiing is practiced by the security forces posted at mountain areas for patrolling, securing borders, taking up rescue missions and sometimes as recreational activities. A study was planned to assess physiological and mental stress of a military ski activity through the measurement of heart rate (HR) variability, task load and perceived exertion.

Materials and Methods:

Eleven healthy Indian soldiers, trained with skiing techniques, participated in a 15 km skiing with 22 kg equipment at a predetermined snowy mountainous track. Pre- and post-exercise HR and HR variability (HRV) were recorded (bio-harness, Zephyr, USA) and questionnaires, namely NASA task load index (NASA-TLX) and Borg’s rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale, were filled after exercise. Time and frequency domain parameters such as HR, variations between successive RR intervals (RMSSD), standard deviation of RR (SDNN) and percentage value of NN50 (pNN50), low- and high-frequency bands (LF and HF %) and LF/HF ratio were derived using Kubios software. Student’s t (paired) test was applied to compare pre- and post-exercise HRV parameters and Pearson’s correlation was applied to observe interdependencies between HRV and subjective scores.

Results:

The findings depicted increase in post-exercise HR and decrease in overall HRV (both significant). Besides this, there was an increase in LF (significant) and LF/HF ratio (insignificant). Such response shows sympathetic dominance over parasympathetic domain of autonomic nervous system. The physical and mental stress experienced during the exercise was also expressed through high physical demand (79 out of 100) and high overall task load (total score – 77 out of 100) of the NASA-TLX and a moderately heavy RPE score (14 out of 20).

Conclusion:

The pre- and post-exercise differences in physiological variables ensured the presence of physical stress along with dominance of sympathetic nervous system. Overall task load was depicted with high subjective ratings. Carrying out skiing task in an environment infested with cold, wind chill, moderate hypoxia at a snowy and mountainous track possibly has induced the observed physiological and mental stress to the participants. Such findings are important to understand exact requirements of the mountain warfare events carried out by the forces.
Alterations in heart rate variability before and after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ischaemic heart disease
Authors: Seetharam Smitha Pernaje , MS Vinutha Shankar , Udupa Kaviraja , Reddy Niranjan , A Raveesha
Published: October 2022

Objectives:

Heart rate variability (HRV) is the beat-to-beat variation of heart rate and an important non-invasive tool to study the cardiac autonomic nervous system activity. Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) patients are often considered to have a state of sympathetic predominance. Elimination of myocardial ischaemia with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) could restore autonomic balance. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate HRV measures, after successful revascularisation among IHD patients.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 145 male IHD patients planned for coronary angiography were recruited. Fifteen minutes of electrocardiogram recording was done. Short-term HRV analyses of all the patients were acquired and time-domain indices (standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals [SDNN], root-mean-squared differences of successive R-R intervals [rMSSD]) and frequency-domain indices (low-frequency [LF] power, high-frequency [HF] power and total power [TP]) were analysed. Before and after PCI, all measurements were made.

Results:

This study included 145 male IHD patients with the mean age of 54.57 ± 10.81 years. There was a significant decrease in SDNN, rMSSD, LF, HF and TP whereas increase in LF/HF ratio following revascularisation. These changes in measures of neurocardiac regulation correlated with risk factors and medication on regression analysis.

Conclusion:

Increase in LF/HF ratio with the decrease in SDNN, rMSSD, LF, HF and TP in patients with IHD who underwent coronary intervention infers changed cardiac autonomic balance with this surgical procedure. These measures could be potentially used as prognostic measures in the future studies.
Rapid Land Cover Change in The South Sumatera Peat Area Associated With 2015 Peat Fires
Authors: Putra Raden , Nufutomo Tastaptyani K , Lisafitri Yuni , Sari Novi K , Zurfi Alfian , Lestari Deni O , Nuha Muhammad U
Published: October 2022

The peat fire events in Indonesia, particularly the South Sumatra area, changed the appearance of surface vegetation. The fires usually occur during the dry season from July to October. This study aims to evaluate land cover changes due to 2015’s peat fire in the South Sumatra peatlands. Remote sensing techniques using a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) method were used to identify the change of vegetation density in the study area. The results showed that 69% of the total South Sumatra peatland was burned due to the 2015 peat fire event. The level of vegetation density was considerably decreased by fire events. The degradation in the burned area was dominated by land cover class of ferns/shrub. The Peat fires during the observation period have a negative impact on the peat ecosystem, so improvements are needed in peatland management practices. Improvements need to be made in fire prevention and management practices, as well as restoration of burnt land.
The Role of Inertinite Characteristics and Coal Porosity of Seam A-1 of Muara Enim Formation in West Merapi, Lahat, South Sumatera, Indonesia
Authors: Rahmad Basuki , Prayitno Budi , S.S.R Susilawati , Sugeng  , Ediyanto
Published: October 2022

Coal contains a complex network of nano-, meso-, and a macro-pore can store fluids and allow fluids to flow through it. Nanoporosity in coal is primarily a result of molecules that have aromatic molecular structures and have been preserved in coal. Most adsorbate compounds, including gases, are stored here. The study area is located in South Sumatera, West Merapi Area, Lahat Regency. Geologically, the area in South Sumatra Basin belongs to the Middle-Late Miocene Muara Enim Formation. Using the ply-by-ply method, coal samples were taken directly from Seam-A in the coal mine walls outcrop, based on macroscopically determinable lithotype information. During laboratory analyses, coal is microscopically analyzed to determine the amount of porosity, permeability, and vitrinite reflectance. The purpose of this study is to investigate the change in composition and characteristics of inertinite macerals when the porosity value is varied.. Vitrinite content is between 91.00-92.80 %; liptinite 0.90-3.40%; inertinite 3.70-4.80%; mineral matter 0.7%-1.8%. Withh a vitrinite reflectance average of 0.34-0.36%, the variation in composition is an indication of changes in plant communities or coal facies. It is generally classified as sub-bituminous coal (ASTM). Porosity value of seam A upper  is 1.9% and seam A lower 1.51%, permeability value seam A upper is 70.1 mD and seam A lower 27.1%. Composition of mineral matter in seam A upper is 0.8%  and seam A lower 1.7%.  The increasing number of inertinite pore is followed by lower porosity value. The inertinite maceral is predominantly aromatic with a high level of cross-linking, and exhibits a high level of aromatization and condensation. They have the highest carbon and the lowest oxygen hydrogen content. A coal maceral's porosity is composed of void spaces, such as open cell lumens preserved in semifusinite and sclerotinite. The porosity of cleats is the percentage of volume in relation to volume of coal, and the porosity of permeability. In coal, semifusinite has extensive interconnected pores that can form significant conduits for fluid flow.
Morphotectonic Control of Land Movements at Wundulako Region, Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia
Authors: Martono  , Hasria  , Asfar Suryawan , Azzaman Muhammad Arba , Ngkoimani La Ode , Okto Ali , Hamimu La , Irawati  , Sawaludin  , Iradat Salihin La Ode Muhammad , Wahab
Published: October 2022

This research is located at Wundulako District, Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province. The purpose of this study are to determine the level of tectonic activity and the effect of tectonic activity on the land movement of the study area. Based on the DEM (Digital Elevation Model) analysis, geomorphology of the study area is dominated by mountains unit that indicate the influence of tectonic activity. Geomorphological aspects were analyzed to determine the tectonic classes in the study area such as watershed and non-watershed analysis. The results showed that, tectonic class of the study area is classified as very high and moderate tectonic class. The effect of tectonic class level on land movement in the study area shows a least correlation. This interprets that the cause of land movement at study area is not only influenced by tectonic factors but is also influenced by other factors such as rainfall, lithological conditions, geomorphology, earthquakes, and human activities. This shows that morphotectonic control has little effect on the land movements at Wundulako District, Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province, but is also influenced by other factors such as rainfall, lithological conditions, geomorphology, earthquakes, and human activities.
Os territórios midiáticos e a territorialização do movimento dos povos indígenas no bios midiático
Authors: Araújo Bryan Chrystian , Santi Vilso Junior
Published: October 2022

Tomando os meios de comunicação digitais não como instrumentos de organização das dinâmicas cotidianas, mas como parte da estruturação do social (GOMES, 2017), esta pesquisa pretende pensar a constituição dos Territórios Midiáticos nas práticas comunicacionais do Movimento Indígena. Para tanto, valendo-se da midiatização como conceito-chave, trabalhamos a definição do que chamamos de Territórios Midiáticos através de duas frentes: 1) como conjunto de representações sobre o território (RAFFESTIN, 1993); e 2) como espaço/bios midiático (SODRÉ, 2002). O estudo pautase na realização de uma análise diacrônica dos processos de midiatização do território nas práticas de etnocomunicação do Conselho Indígena de Roraima a fim de acompanhar o movimento de instalação dos processos de midiatização do território e/ou dos chamados Territórios Midiáticos.