bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Row Spacing and Planting Pattern on Photosynthesis, Chlorophyll Fluorescence, and Related Enzyme Activities of Maize Ear Leaf in Maize–Soybean Intercropping
Authors: Zheng Haoyuan , Wang Jingyu , Cui Yue , Guan Zheyun , Yang Liu , Tang Qingquan , Sun Yifan , Yang Hongsen , Wen Xueqing , Mei Nan , Chen Xifeng , Gu Yan
Published: October 2022

With the continuous improvement of the mechanization level and the development of new crop varieties, the optimal strip width for intercropping crops is important. In this study, field experiments were conducted to analyze the effects of different row spacings and planting patterns on photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, and the related enzyme activities of maize ear leaves in a maize–soybean intercropping system using two planting patterns (wide–narrow rows of 80–50 cm and uniform ridges of 65 cm) and two intercropping ratios (four rows of maize and four rows of soybean; six rows of maize and six rows of soybean). The results showed that the pattern of wide–narrow-row spacing significantly improved the photosynthetic capacity of maize compared with the uniform-ridge planting pattern, along with marked elevation in the values of stomatal conductance (Gs), the transpiration rate (Tr), and the photosynthetic rate (Pn). On the other hand, the values of photochemical quenching (qP), actual photochemical efficiency (φPSII), and maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) also significantly increased, and the effect of D-M6S6 treatment was the most significant on these parameters. Similarly, the activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase also increased significantly. Among different treatments, the yield under the D-M6S6 treatment was the highest. Therefore, based on the planting pattern of the wide–narrow-row spacing, the intercropping of six rows of maize and six rows of soybean is the better design in the semi-arid regions of western China.
Precision Variable-Rate Spraying Robot by Using Single 3D LIDAR in Orchards
Authors: Liu Limin , Liu Yajia , He Xiongkui , Liu Weihong
Published: October 2022

Automatic navigation (AN) is an essential component to ensure the safety of pesticide application in orchards, whereas precision variable-rate spraying (PVS) serves as an indispensable technology for reducing the application of pesticides and protecting the environment. At present, AN and PVS are not closely combined. In this case, a single three-dimension (3D) light detection and ranging (LIDAR) sensor is hereby adopted to sense the information of fruit trees around the robot and determine the region of interest (ROI). Moreover, two-dimensional (2D) processing is conducted over the point clouds within the ROI to obtain the center-of-mass coordinates of fruit trees, and determine the vertical distance of the robot to the center line of the fruit tree row (FTR) based on the FTR on both sides using the Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC) algorithm. Then, the robot is controlled to drive along the center line of the FTR. At the same time, the speed and position of the robot are determined by the encoder and inertial measurement unit (IMU), and the IMU corrects the information collected from the zoned canopy of the fruit trees. The results present a lateral deviation (LD) of less than 22 cm and a course deviation (CD) of less than 4.02° during AN. Compared with the traditional spraying (TS), the PVS applies 32.46%, 44.34% and 58.14% less pesticide application, air drift and ground loss, respectively. With the spraying effect guaranteed, the single 3D LIDAR, the encoder and IMU realize the AN and PVS of the robot, reduce the volume of pesticide application, ground loss and air drift, and effectively control the pollution caused by pesticides to the environment.
Management of Cumin Wilt Caused by Fusarium oxysporum Using Native Endophytic Bacteria
Authors: Abo-Elyousr Kamal A. M. , Saad Maged M. , Al-Qurashi Adel D. , Ibrahim Omer H. M. , Mousa Magdi A. A.
Published: October 2022

Eleven endophytic bacteria were isolated from the roots of cumin, a medicinal plant grown in Assiut Province, Egypt. The strains KAU2025 and KAU2022 exhibited the highest inhibition rate against Fusarium oxysporum (FOC7) (64%) in dual culture test and were selected for further studies. KAU2022 and KAU2025 were identified as Brevibacillus parabrevis and Pseudomonas fluorescens, respectively, based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The isolates increased the seed germination of cumin by 46.6% compared to that in the control infected with the pathogen F. oxysporum (FOC7). Additionally, the biocontrol efficacy of B. parabrevis against Fusarium wilt in cumin was determined as 67.4% in pot experiments, and both the bioagents increased the fresh and dry weight of the cumin plant compared to the infected control. After a 24 h treatment, the peroxidase levels in the cumin plants were higher in the P. fluorescens and B. parabrevis-treated groups, and the level of polyphenol oxidase increased in both treatments compared to the infected control. The treatment of cumin with both strains increased the total phenol and flavonoid contents in the treated plants. In summary, B. parabrevis and P. fluorescens are promising agents for the biocontrol of Fusarium wilt in cumin.
Effect of Sodium Chloride Salt on Germination, Growth, and Elemental Composition of Alfalfa Cultivars with Different Tolerances to Salinity
Authors: Bhattarai Surendra , Lundell Seth , Biligetu Bill
Published: October 2022

The aim of this study was to evaluate physiological responses and elemental composition of three salt tolerant alfalfa (Medicagosativa L.) cultivars, ‘Halo’, ‘Bridgeview’, ‘Rugged’, and two intolerant cultivars ‘Rangelander’ and ‘Vernal’ under five salinity levels (0 dSm−1, 4 dSm−1, 8 dSm−1, 12 dSm−1 and 16 dSm−1) in a sand based hydroponic system in the greenhouse. The germination percentage among the cultivars was highest for ‘Halo’ under salt stress. ‘Rugged’ and ‘Halo’ had higher seed vigor than the other cultivars in 16 dSm−1 EC. Among the alfalfa cultivars, ‘Rugged’ had the highest chlorophyll content at 0–12 dSm−1 EC. There was variation for root (p = 0.01) and shoot (p = 0.03) biomass among the alfalfa cultivars. Salt stress reduced (p < 0.001) plant height and shoot biomass, with 4.2% and 7.9% reduction for each 1 dS m−1 increase, respectively. Shoot biomass showed a positive correlation with plant height (p < 0.001, r = 0.80), chlorophyll content (p < 0.001, r = 0.56), root biomass (p < 0.001, r = 0.51), but was not correlated with seed vigor. This study demonstrated that seed vigor in the germination stage can not be used to predict salt tolerance of alfalfa at mature growth stages, however plant height and leaf chlorophyll content can serve as physiological markers for high shoot biomass selection at mature growth stages under salt stress.
Impacts of Drought Stress on Water Use Efficiency and Grain Productivity of Rice and Utilization of Genotypic Variability to Combat Climate Change
Authors: Hussain Tajamul , Hussain Nurda , Tahir Muhammad , Raina Aamir , Ikram Sobia , Maqbool Saliha , Fraz Ali Muhammad , Duangpan Saowapa
Published: October 2022

Rice is an important cereal and drought stress is a critical abiotic stress that negatively influences the performance and productivity of rice crop, particularly under a changing climate scenario. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the impacts of drought stress on grain productivity and water use efficiency of rice cultivars and to assess the genotypic variability among the tested cultivars. Two irrigation treatments including a control and drought stress were applied to the experiments during 2018–2019 and 2019–2020. The statistical evaluation included a comparison of means, genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation, path analysis, correlation assessment, hierarchical clustering of tested cultivars and principal component analysis. The results indicated that drought stress negatively affected the grain productivity of the rice cultivars. The grain productivity of the cultivars decreased, ranging between 21–45% and 21–52% in the first and second season, respectively. Similarly, water use efficiency was significantly decreased ranging between 7–53% and 21–55% during the first and the second season, respectively. The broad-sense heritability for grain productivity was differed under control and drought stress treatment, indicating that the chances of the transfer of grain-productivity-related traits could be affected during selection for stress tolerance. The correlation assessment indicated that the intensity of association among the evaluated parameters was higher under the control treatment. A maximum direct effect was observed by water consumption (1.76) under control whereas, by water use efficiency (1.09) under drought stress treatment on grain productivity in path analysis. Considering the water use efficiency as a desired trait for selection in path analysis, a maximum direct effect was observed by grain productivity under the control (0.68) and under drought treatment (0.88). Hom Pathum and Pathum Thani−1 were identified as highly tolerant cultivars in the hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis. It was concluded that the results obtained for the assessment of drought stress on grain productivity, water use efficiency and genotypic variability among these cultivars could be utilized in selection program for stress tolerance and the stress tolerant cultivars could be used for sustaining grain productivity to reduce the impacts of climate change.
Morphological, Cytological, and Molecular Comparison between Diploid and Induced Autotetraploids of Callisia fragrans (Lindl.) Woodson
Authors: Beranová Kateřina , Bharati Rohit , Žiarovská Jana , Bilčíková Jana , Hamouzová Kateřina , Klíma Miroslav , Fernández-Cusimamani Eloy
Published: October 2022

The objective of the current study was to assess the efficiency of oryzalin in inducing polyploids in Callisia fragrans (Lindl.) Woodson by in vitro polyploidization. Shoot tips were subjected to Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing oryzalin at concentrations 1, 5, and 10 μM for 4 and 8 weeks. Further, the ploidy levels of the plants were confirmed using flow cytometry and chromosome counting. Among all treatments, six tetraploid plants (2n = 4x = 24) were obtained after 8 weeks in MS medium containing 5 μM oryzalin. Upon ex vitro transfer, tetraploid plants were morphologically distinct compared to diploid plants. The size of the leaf and flower increased significantly and nearly doubled when compared to the mother diploid plant. Further, inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry showed that tetraploid plants exhibited significantly higher sodium, iron, and calcium content, and the potassium content was increased by 100%. Molecular analysis utilizing iPBS and CDDP markers was tested for the first time in C. fragrans to assess the variation between tetraploid and diploid genotypes. Both the markers generated three major clusters, indicating a clear distinction between diploid, tetraploid, and the mixoploid genotypes. In conclusion, in vitro polyploidization using oryzalin could effectively induce polyploids in this and related species. Additionally, the results obtained in this study will provide a basis for future breeding opportunities in this species.
Effects of Fertilization Regimes on Soil Organic Carbon Fractions and Its Mineralization in Tea Gardens
Authors: Li Guifei , Li Huan , Yi Xiaoyun , Hu Zhenmin , Ni Kang , Ruan Jianyun , Yang Yiyang
Published: October 2022

Changes in the organic carbon fraction and mineralization of soil aggregates play an important role in the improvement of soil quality by organic fertilization. Nevertheless, the effects of organic fertilizer application on the organic carbon fraction and mineralization characteristics of soil aggregates are still unclear. This study carried out a 6-year field trial with five different fertilization treatments, namely, no fertilization (CK), chemical fertilization (CF), rapeseed cake (CR), chicken manure (CM), and a combination of chicken manure with biochar (CMB). The distribution, organic carbon density, and carbon mineralization characteristics in soil aggregate fractions were tested. The results showed that CR significantly increased the contents of large soil macroaggregates and enhanced the stability of soil aggregates of all sizes. CM increased the contents of macroaggregates and microaggregates but decreased the stability of the soil aggregates. CR, CM, and CMB increased the content of soil organic carbon and its components in the tea garden, while the contribution rate of organic carbon to large aggregates was the highest under the CR treatment. Organic fertilizer treatments had a positive effect on enhancing soil microbial biomass and carbon and nitrogen contents. The mineralization rate and accumulation of organic carbon in tea garden soil aggregates were increased under organic fertilizer treatments, of which CMB was the most significant. There was a high increase in tea yield and bud density under the CR treatment. In short, the application of organic fertilizers in tea garden soil is helpful to improve soil nutrients and soil fertility; plant- and animal-derived organic fertilizers are recommended for corporate application in agricultural production.
Usability of the Weather Forecast for Tackling Climatic Variability and Its Effect on Maize Crop Yield in Northeastern Hill Region of India
Authors: Chakraborty Debasish , Saha Saurav , Sethy Bira Kishore , Singh Huidrom Dayananda , Singh Naseeb , Sharma Romen , Chanu Athokpam Nomita , Walling Imtisenla , Anal Pashel Rolling , Chowdhury Samik , Hazarika Samarendra , Mishra Vinay Kumar , Jha Prakash Kumar , Prasad P. V. Vara
Published: October 2022

Weather forecasts are important for the planning of agricultural operations, especially during times of heightened climatic variability. This study analyzed and verified the medium-range weather forecast issued by the India Meteorological Department (IMD) for different weather parameters over four locations in the northeastern hill (NEH) region of India considering five years of daily datasets. Results revealed good overall accuracy of the forecast over the NEH region. The accuracy of relative humidity (>80%), rainfall (>79%), and wind speed (>70%) were good, and the accuracy of temperature was average, with the usability values for maximum temperatures (44.7–62.7%) comparatively better than for minimum temperatures (38.5–58.6%). The correlation coefficient between the observed and forecasted values was positive (0.24–0.70) and statistically significant for most of the cases, indicating that the forecast could capture variations. Field experiments for maize crops showed that a near-real-time weather forecast-based agro-advisory could manage the uncertainties related to the in-season weather and thereby help in its day-to-day management, which is depicted by the statistically significant (p < 0.05) improvements in the yield of maize. The accuracy of the minimum temperature was poor during winter and post-monsoon seasons, when it plays a crucial role in the determination of optimal growing conditions. Usability of the maximum temperature needs improvement during the pre-monsoon season, as crop cultivation over the region starts from this season due to the high probability of assured rainfall. Therefore, the forecasts were found to be useful but in need of improvement for minimum temperature, which is very crucial for the region.
Detection of Genetic Patterns in Endangered Marine Species Is Affected by Small Sample Sizes
Authors: Cossu Piero , Mura Laura , Dedola Gian Luca , Lai Tiziana , Sanna Daria , Scarpa Fabio , Azzena Ilenia , Fois Nicola , Casu Marco
Published: October 2022

Knowledge of Genetic diversity and its spatial distribution is crucial to improve conservation plans for endangered species. Genetic tools help ensure species’ long-term persistence by unraveling connectivity patterns and evolutionary trajectories of populations. Here, microsatellite genotypes of individuals from populations of Patella ferruginea are used to assess the effect of sample size on metrics of within-and between-population genetic diversity by combining empirical and simulated data. Within-population metrics are slightly to moderately affected by small sample size, albeit the magnitude of the bias is proportional to the effective population size and gene flow. The power of detecting genetic differentiation among populations increases with sample size, albeit the gain of increasing the number of sampled individuals tends to be negligible between 30 and 50. Our results line up with those of previous studies and highlight that small sample sizes are not always a hindrance to investigating genetic patterns in endangered marine species. Caution is needed in interpreting genetic patterns based on small sample sizes when the observed genetic differentiation is weak. This study also highlights the importance of carrying out genetic monitoring in seemingly well-preserved but potentially isolated populations.
Quality and Processability of Modern Poultry Meat
Authors: Barbut Shai , Leishman Emily M.
Published: October 2022

The poultry meat industry has gone through many changes. It moved from growing dual-purpose birds (meat and egg production) taking ~110 days to reach 1.2 kg 100 years ago, to developing specialized meat breeds that grow to 2.5 kg within ~40 days. It also moved from selling ~80% whole birds to mostly selling cut up and further processed products in the Western world. This necessitated building large, centralized processing plants, capable of processing 15,000 birds per hr on a single line (60 years ago only 2500), that require higher bird uniformity (size, color, texture). Furthermore, consumer demand for convenient products resulted in introducing many cut-up fresh poultry (some companies have 500 SKU) and further processed products (chicken nuggets did not exist 50 years ago). Those developments were possible due to advancements in genetics, nutrition, medicine, and engineering at the farm and processing plant levels. Challenges keep on coming and today a rise in myopathies (e.g., so called woody breast, white striping, spaghetti meat), requires solutions from breeders, farmers, and processing plants, as more automation also requires more uniformity. This review focuses on the changes and challenges to the processing industry segment required to keep supplying high quality poultry to the individual consumer.
Poor Welfare Indicators and Husbandry Practices at Lion (Panthera Leo) “Cub-Petting” Facilities: Evidence from Public YouTube Videos
Authors: Chorney Saryn , DeFalco Alyssa , Jacquet Jennifer , LaFrance Claire , Lary Melanie , Pirker Hildegard , Franks Becca
Published: October 2022

There is growing concern about captive lion hunting and breeding operations in South Africa, including cub-petting tourism. For the first time, we assess the quality of cub-petting facilities and code the stress behaviors of lion cubs when handled by tourists by analyzing four stress-related behaviors and six indicators of poor husbandry in 49 YouTube videos of tourist–lion cub interactions (from at least 11 South African safari parks, 2008-2019). We also categorized videos as regular tourism vs. voluntourism (tourism under the guise of helping those in need). We found a median of four poor husbandry practices per video, with all but two videos involving very young cubs (under 7 months) and the majority (61%) involving cubs estimated under 3 months old. Two videos claimed to show cubs as young as 9 days old and 1 day old, with their eyes still closed. The lion mother was apparent in only 1 of 49 videos. All but one of the interactions took place during the day, although young cubs are primarily active at night. The majority of videos (77%) showed cubs engaging in at least one stress behavior, and the most common stress behaviors were avoidance and aggression. Comparing voluntourism to regular tourism, we found no difference in instances of poor husbandry or observable stress behaviors (p’s > 0.6). These results show that cub-petting operations are characterized by poor cub welfare, including features that are inherently harmful to cub development (e.g., separation from the mother at an early age and forced activity outside normal waking hours). Existing research suggests that many tourists are likely unaware of these negative impacts and may even believe that they are helping the cubs. This analysis provides evidence to the contrary.
Seasonal Changes in Trace-Element Content in the Coat of Hucul Horses
Authors: Jachimowicz-Rogowska Karolina , Topczewska Jadwiga , Krupa Wanda , Bajcar Marcin , Kwiecień Małgorzata , Winiarska-Mieczan Anna
Published: October 2022

The purpose of the study was to evaluate seasonal changes in selected trace elements such as Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Al in the coat of healthy Hucul horses kept in south-eastern Poland in two different facilities and fed with locally sourced feed. The coat for the study was collected from 24 individuals in autumn, winter, and spring. The concentration of elements in the feed was also determined. The date of collection had a significant effect on the concentration of the micronutrients analysed in the coat of Hucul horses. The highest concentration of Zn was found in the coat taken in summer. The coat taken in autumn had the highest concentrations of Fe, Cu, Mn, and Al compared with the other seasons. The highest concentrations of Fe, Mn, and Al were found in fur taken in winter, with the lowest levels of Zn. Positive correlations were found between the content of iron and manganese, iron and aluminium, and manganese and aluminium in the coat of Hucul horses. A clear inter-individual and inter-stable variability was found, which may indicate the need for further research that also takes into account other factors.
Zoo-Led Initiatives and Their Role in Lemur Conservation In Situ
Authors: Spiezio Caterina , Regaiolli Barbara , Savonitto Margherita , Bruslund Simon , Vaglio Stefano
Published: October 2022

We examined wider society’s ability to achieve biodiversity conservation and management targets using lemurs as a case study. We evaluated the impact on lemur conservation in situ by conservation initiatives led by European zoos in Madagascar exploring the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria’s Conservation Database projects in terms of performed actions and achieved goals as well as communication to the public. We found that zoo-led conservation initiatives may have a positive impact on the ground and tend to achieve most conservation goals related to wild lemurs. However, we suggest that such conservation programmes should underline that they target further lemur species beyond the flagship charismatic species and that enhanced communication efforts would be beneficial to further raise public awareness.
The Effect of the Housing System, Season and the Linseed Oil Ethyl Esters Additive on Selected Blood Parameters in Rabbits
Authors: Roman Katarzyna , Wilk Martyna , Książek Piotr , Czyż Katarzyna , Roman Adam
Published: October 2022

The composition of the diet, including the amount and type of lipid supplements, influences the products formed in the digestive tract, their levels in the blood and their deposition in the tissues. One example of a plant rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids is flax (Linum usitatissimum). The aim of the presented work was to evaluate the effect of the linseed oil ethyl esters additive and environmental conditions on the selected rabbit blood parameters. The study included two types of animal maintenance (laboratory conditions and external conditions) and two seasons (summer and winter), a total of four study stages. At each stage, a control group and an experimental group were specified. The feed supplement in the form of esterified linseed oil was administered to the experimental animals for two months. The blood samples were collected at the beginning of the experiment, as well as at the end of treatment. Moreover, blood samples were collected also after two months from the end of the experiment. During the experiment, morphological and biochemical parameters of the rabbits’ blood were examined. The results of the content of fatty acids were determined in the erythrocytes and serum blood samples and grouped into saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, especially omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. In an internal study, the influence of housing conditions and season on selected morphological and biochemical parameters of rabbit blood was confirmed. Furthermore, expected beneficial changes in the fatty acid profile in erythrocytes and blood serum were observed as a result of supplementation. A significant increase in omega-3 fatty acids was noted as well as a substantial decrease in the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids (p < 0.01). Most importantly, the linseed oil ethyl ester supplement used did not adversely affect the health of the rabbits, as evidenced by biochemical and blood morphological indices remaining within, known so far, reference limits or showing only slight fluctuations (p > 0.05). However, the obtained results extend the database of hematological blood parameters in rabbits, thus, contributing to improvements in laboratory diagnostics for fur animals.
Survey of Pet Owner Attitudes on Diet Choices and Feeding Practices for Their Pets in Portugal
Authors: Prata Joana C.
Published: October 2022

Feeding practices and perceptions of pet owners determine consumer decisions on pet foods and influence the health of companion animals. The objective of the survey was to study emerging trends on pet food diets in Portugal by conducting a preliminary survey. A survey of 74 pet owners revealed that most fed pets with commercial diets (67.6%) bought in supermarkets (40.3%), spending a monthly average of EUR 30, following healthy practices (e.g., ≥30 min of exercise), which translated to an average self-reported pet body condition score of 3. Information about pet foods mainly originates from the animal’s veterinarian (64.9%), followed by the internet (16.2%). A trend for a growing interest in alternative diets (e.g., natural and organic) was identified, being already the second most consumed diet type (19.0%), perceived as being of a higher quality, and as a topic of interest (38.6%). This interest likely originates from a higher weighting of the ingredient list (31.5%) in consumer choices and beliefs that commercial diets should consist of a higher proportion of meat (29.3%) and less carbohydrates (38.7%). Therefore, more research is needed on the nutritional adequacy of alternative diets and uncommon ingredients, the pet food industry will have to adapt to changing consumer behaviors, and veterinarians should be available to discuss and oversee novel dietary practices in companion animals.
Copy Number Variations in the MICALL2 and MOGAT2 Genes Are Associated with Ashidan Yak Growth Traits
Authors: Liu Modian , Huang Chun , Dai Rongfeng , Ren Wenwen , Li Xinyi , Wu Xiaoyun , Ma Xiaoming , Chu Min , Bao Pengjia , Guo Xian , Pei Jie , Xiong Lin , Yan Ping , Liang Chunnian
Published: October 2022

Copy number variations (CNVs) are a result of genomic rearrangement affecting DNA regions over 1 kb in length, and can include inversions, translocations, deletions, and duplications. The molecule interacting with CasL-like protein 2 (MICALL2) gene is primarily associated with mitochondrial protein targeting and exhibits predicted stress fiber colocalization. The monoacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (MOGAT2) gene encodes an enzyme responsible for catalyzing diacylglycerol synthesis from 2-monoacylglycerol and fatty acyl-CoA. For this study, blood samples were obtained from 315 yaks, and the body weight, body length, withers height, and chest girth of these animals were measured at 6, 12, 18, and 30 months of age. Genomic DNA was harvested from the collected blood samples, and CNVs in these samples were detected by qPCR. The resultant data were compared using ANOVAs, revealing significant associations between MICALL2 gene CNVs and body weight at 6 months of age (p < 0.05), body length and chest girth at 30 months of age (p < 0.05), and withers height at 18 months of age (p < 0.01) in Ashidan yaks. Similarly, MOGAT2 CNVs were significantly associated with body weight at 6 and 30 months of age (p < 0.05), and with withers height at 18 months of age (p < 0.01) in these Ashidan yaks. MICALL2 and MOGAT2 gene expression was further analyzed in yak tissue samples, revealing that MICALL2 was most highly expressed in the adipose tissue, whereas MOGAT2 was most highly expressed in the lung. These results thus confirmed the relationship between CNVs in the MICALL2 and MOGAT2 genes and Ashidan yak growth traits, providing a valuable gene locus that can be leveraged for future marker-assisted yak breeding efforts.
Evidence of Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in Dogs and Cats from Households and Animal Shelters in Korea
Authors: Bae Da-Yun , Tark Dongseob , Moon Sung-Hyun , Oem Jae-Ku , Kim Won-Il , Park Chul , Na Ki-Jeong , Park Choi-Kyu , Oh Yeonsu , Cho Ho-Seong
Published: October 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic was caused by the zoonotic SARS-CoV-2. A variety of animals involved in human life worldwide have been investigated for infection. As the degree of infection increased, extensive monitoring in animals became necessary to determine the degree of infection in animals. The study was conducted on a sample of dogs and cats, which were randomly sampled according to the number of confirmed cases in the region. Animals from both COVID-19-confirmed households and generally disease-negative families and animal shelters were included. Tests included real-time qPCR tests for SARS-CoV-2 antigens, ELISA for antibodies, and plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNT) for neutralizing antibodies. As a result, SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA was detected in 2 cats out of 1018 pets (672 dogs and 346 cats). A total of 16 dogs (2.38%) and 18 cats (5.20%) tested positive using ELISA, and 14 dogs (2.08%) and 17 cats (4.91%) tested positive using PRNT. Antigens of- and/or antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 were detected in the animals regardless of whether the companion family was infected; this was the case even in animal shelters, which have been regarded as relatively safe from transmission. In conclusion, continuous viral circulation between humans and animals is inevitable; therefore, continuous monitoring in animals is required.
Application of Felid Hair for Non-Invasive Tracking of Animal Reproductive Status and Adrenal Activity
Authors: Naidenko Sergey V. , Alekseeva Galina S. , Klyuchnikova Polina S. , Erofeeva Mariya N.
Published: October 2022

Hair can be a useful matrix to examine the hormonal status of an animal, although it is difficult to correlate the results to a specific time point. The aim of this study was to evaluate seasonal changes in cortisol and testosterone levels in the hair of four feline species (lynx, Lynx lynx, n = 8; Amur wildcat, Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus, n = 8; caracal, Caracal caracal, n = 6 and domestic cat, Felis catus, n = 17) with different breeding strategies. Animals of both sexes were sampled over the year, once per season (every three months), and the concentrations of hair testosterone and cortisol were measured by EIA. Both hormones showed annual dynamic changes, which coincided with the reproductive seasonality of the studied species. Sexual differences in testosterone level were found only during the mating season (spring for lynx and Amur wildcats, spring–summer for domestic cats), when testosterone levels were higher in males than in females. Cortisol levels were higher in males than in females in domestic cats and Amur wildcat, but also only during the mating season. Seasonal increases in testosterone were observed in three seasonal breeders (lynx, Amur wildcat and domestic cat) but not in caracal, which had high testosterone levels over the whole year. In lynx and Amur wildcat, it decreased sharply in the summer. Cortisol levels increased during the mating period in domestic cat males and lynx of both sexes; in caracal, an increase in cortisol was related to the transfer of animals to smaller winter cages. Measurements of steroids in hair can provide a reliable method for evaluating the reproductive status and the activity of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis in several felid species.
Measuring Biochemical Variables and Serum Amyloid A (SAA) in Working Mules in Central Italy
Authors: Bazzano Marilena , Arfuso Francesca , Bonfili Laura , Eleuteri Anna Maria , McLean Amy , Serri Evelina , Spaterna Andrea , Laus Fulvio
Published: October 2022

According to FAO reports, the global mule population counts about 9 million mules. This hybrid cross of a male donkey and a female horse is mainly used for draft purposes because they are thought to be strong and hardy animals. Most consider mules to be less susceptible to disease and fatigue compared to horses. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of fieldwork on biochemical variables and serum amyloid A in working mules. Blood samples were collected from 10 healthy, female, working mules before and after 8 h of fieldwork. According to statistical analysis, a significant influence (p < 0.05) of fieldwork was found on mules’ electrolyte profile with increased levels of sodium, chloride, and calcium, as well as on blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. After a day of fieldwork, serum sodium, chloride, calcium, urea, and creatinine concentrations were increased, supporting decreases in body water and renal blood flow. However, without comparison to a group of mules that were not exercised yet maintained under similar ambient conditions, it is uncertain whether these changes can be attributed to exercise. Further, no change in SAA concentration was found after exercise, indicating that the work performed did not result in systemic inflammation.
Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Aurantiochytrium sp. on Zebrafish Growth as Determined by Transcriptomics
Authors: Yang Hao , Huang Yanlin , Li Zhiyuan , Guo Yuwen , Li Shuangfei , Huang Hai , Yang Xuewei , Li Guangli , Chen Huapu
Published: October 2022

The marine protist Aurantiochytrium produces several bioactive chemicals, including EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), and other critical fish fatty acids. It has the potential to improve growth and fatty acid profiles in aquatic taxa. This study evaluated zebrafish growth performance in response to diets containing 1% to 3% Aurantiochytrium sp. crude extract (TE) and single extract for 56 days. Growth performance was best in the 1% TE group, and therefore, this concentration was used for further analyses of the influence of Aurantiochytrium sp. Levels of hepatic lipase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, acetyl-CoA oxidase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase increased significantly in response to 1% TE, while malic enzyme activity, carnitine lipid acylase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, and malondialdehyde levels decreased. These findings suggest that Aurantiochytrium sp. extract can modulate lipase activity, improve lipid synthesis, and decrease oxidative damage caused by lipid peroxidation. Transcriptome analysis revealed 310 genes that were differentially expressed between the 1% TE group and the control group, including 185 up-regulated genes and 125 down-regulated genes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) pathway analyses of the differentially expressed genes revealed that Aurantiochytrium sp. extracts may influence liver metabolism, cell proliferation, motility, and signal transduction in zebrafish.
Arterial Circle of the Brain of the Red-Necked Wallaby (Notamacropus rufogriseus)
Authors: Zdun Maciej , Ruszkowski Jakub J. , Gogulski Maciej , Józefiak Agata , Hetman Mateusz
Published: October 2022

The red-necked wallaby is a medium-sized marsupial species, which have increasingly been kept as pets around the world. In the study, the arterial blood supply for the brain in this species was described. The study was conducted on 50 specimens with two preparation methods. The main artery supplying the brain was the internal carotid artery. The arterial circle of the brain was closed from the caudal side. The anatomy of the arteries of the described region was compared with other groups of mammals. This is the first description of this anatomical area that has been carried out in a marsupial species. Understanding the anatomy of the circulatory system in the wallaby can be valuable for further physiological and pathophysiological studies.
Effects of Different Feeding Regimes on Growth Rates and Fatty Acid Composition of Largemouth Bass Micropterus nigricans at High Water Temperatures
Authors: Tuttle James T. , Smith Matthew A. , Roy Luke A. , Jones Michele , Lochmann Rebecca , Kelly Anita M.
Published: October 2022

As the northern Largemouth bass (LMB) (Micropterus nigricans) industry shifts toward fingerling production, implementing practical feeding strategies to ensure efficient growth during high water temperatures is paramount. Twenty (12.7 ± 0.2 g) (Trial 1) and fifteen (7.2 ± 0.1 g) (Trial 2) LMB fingerlings were stocked in two recirculating systems (each containing nine tanks), acclimated to 30 °C, with one system fed daily rations of 3, 5 and 7% body weight (Trial 1), and the second system fed to satiation daily, every second day, or every third day (Trial 2), for 28 days each. All treatments were triplicated. Multiple growth metrics and lipid composition were analyzed. The 3% treatment yielded the lowest final average weight (36.05 g) and FCR (0.83), with no difference in final biomass in Trial 1 treatments. Fish fed to satiation daily and every second day produced FCRs and biomasses of 0.83 and 356.78 g, and 0.93 and 272.26 g, respectively. There were no differences in total lipid concentration, however, fatty acid profiles differed significantly between all treatments within their respective trials. Feeding LMB fingerlings 3% of total body weight or feeding daily to satiation allows for efficient growth at 30 °C and implements cost-effective feeding strategies.
Complete Blood Count-Derived Inflammatory Markers Changes in Dogs with Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathy Treated with Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Cristóbal José Ignacio , Duque Francisco Javier , Usón-Casaús Jesús , Barrera Rafael , López Esther , Pérez-Merino Eva María
Published: October 2022

Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (Ad-MSCs) exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) have been reported as novel biomarkers of the inflammatory state; however, they have never been examined in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) treated with Ad-MSCs. This study aimed to compare the clinical evolution and the changes in the NLR, PLR, and SII in dogs with CIE before and after cell therapy. Sixteen dogs with CIE were administered a single intravenous dose of Ad-MSCs. The canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index (CCECAI), NLR, PLR, and SII were assessed before treatment (T0) and at 2 (T2) and 9 (T9) months post-treatment and compared over time and with the reference values obtained from a group of healthy dogs. NLR, PLR, and SII were significantly increased at T0 compared to the reference values, decreasing significantly over time. At T9, the NLR and SII did not differ from the reference values, but PLR remained above the reference values. A correlation was observed between CCECAI and the three markers. These findings show that the clinical improvement of dogs with CIE treated with Ad-MSCs is accompanied by a normalization of the inflammatory status.
Upgrading the Functional Potential of Apple Pomace in Value-Added Ingredients with Probiotics
Authors: Vlad Camelia Cristina , Păcularu-Burada Bogdan , Vasile Aida Mihaela , Milea Ștefania Adelina , Bahrim Gabriela-Elena , Râpeanu Gabriela , Stănciuc Nicoleta
Published: October 2022

Emerging customized designs to upgrade the functional potential of freeze-dried apple pomace was used in this study, in order to transform the industrial by-products into ingredients containing probiotics, for a better and healthier food composition. The freeze-dried apple pomace was analyzed for free and bounded phenolic contents, highlighting a significant level of caffeic acid (4978.00 ± 900.00 mg/100 g dry matter (DM)), trans-cinnamic acid (2144.20 ± 37.60 mg/100 g DM) and quercetin 3-β-D-glucoside (236.60 ± 3.12 mg/100 g DM). The pectin extraction yield was approximatively 24%, with a degree of esterification of 37.68 ± 1.74%, and a methoxyl content of 5.58 ± 0.88%. The freeze-dried apple pomace was added in a different ratio as a supplement to cultural medium of Loigolactobacillus bifermentans MIUG BL 16, suggesting a significant prebiotic effect (p < 0.05) at concentration between 1% and 2%. The apple pomace was used to design three freeze-dried ingredients containing probiotic, with a high level of polyphenolic content (6.38 ± 0.14 mg gallic acid equivalents/g DM) and antioxidant activity (42.25 ± 4.58 mMol Trolox/g DM) for the powder containing apple pomace ethanolic extract. When inulin was used as a prebiotic adjuvant, the obtained powder showed a 6 log/g DM viable cell count. The ingredients were added to fermented vegetable soy milk-based products, allowing us to improve the polyphenolic content, antioxidant activity and viable cell counts. The approach designed in this study allowed us to obtain ingredients suitable to add value to food, whereas premises to align with the current circular economy premises, by reintegrating the industrial waste as sources of high added value compounds, are also provided.
Characterization of Anthocyanins and Their Antioxidant Activities in Indian Rose Varieties (Rosa × hybrida) Using HPLC
Authors: Kumari Poonam , Raju D. V. S. , Prasad K. V. , Saha Supradip , Panwar Sapna , Paul Surinder , Banyal Namita , Bains Aarti , Chawla Prince , Fogarasi Melinda , Fogarasi Szabolcs
Published: October 2022

The present study was designed to explore the anthocyanin profile and antioxidant activities in Indian rose varieties (Rosa × hybrida). Among fifty varieties, Ashwini recorded the highest total phenolic content (427.59 ± 3.47 mg GAE/100 g) along with the highest FRAP (397.15 ± 0.82 µmol trolox/g) and DPPH free radical scavenging activity (93.47 ± 0.19%) on a fresh weight basis. A significant positive correlation was observed between total anthocyanin content, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activities. Four distinct clusters were formed according to total anthocyanins, total phenols, and antioxidant activities; white- and yellow-colored varieties were most distant from red ones. Principal component analysis revealed that variable total anthocyanin content contributed to the maximum variation among the fifty rose varieties studied. Highly anthocyanin-rich rose varieties were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector (HPLC-PAD), which identified two major components of anthocyanins, i.e., cyanidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside and pelargonidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside. Cyanidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside was the predominant anthocyanin in red- and pink-colored varieties, whereas pelargonidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside was the major one in the orange variety. The maximum cyanidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside content was recorded in variety Ashwini (497.79 mg/100 g), whereas the maximum pelargonidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside content was recorded in Suryakiran (185.43 mg/100 g). It is suggested that the rose varieties with high anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity can be exploited as a potential source of nutraceuticals in the food industry.
Roman Urdu Sentiment Analysis Using Transfer Learning
Authors: Li Dun , Ahmed Kanwal , Zheng Zhiyun , Mohsan Syed Agha Hassnain , Alsharif Mohammed H. , Hadjouni Myriam , Jamjoom Mona M. , Mostafa Samih M.
Published: October 2022

Numerous studies have been conducted to meet the growing need for analytic tools capable of processing increasing amounts of textual data available online, and sentiment analysis has emerged as a frontrunner in this field. Current studies are focused on the English language, while minority languages, such as Roman Urdu, are ignored because of their complex syntax and lexical varieties. In recent years, deep neural networks have become the standard in this field. The entire potential of DL models for text SA has not yet been fully explored, despite their early success. For sentiment analysis, CNN has surpassed in accuracy, although it still has some imperfections. To begin, CNNs need a significant amount of data to train. Second, it presumes that all words have the same impact on the polarity of a statement. To fill these voids, this study proposes a CNN with an attention mechanism and transfer learning to improve SA performance. Compared to state-of-the-art methods, our proposed model appears to have achieved greater classification accuracy in experiments.
An Efficient Distalization Technique Using Coil Springs and Mini Screws—A Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Hamanaka Ryo , Yamaguchi Runa , Kuga Daiki , Jinnai Sachio , Komaki Hiroya , Tominaga Jun-ya , Yoshida Noriaki
Published: October 2022

Background: More efficient molar distalization is demanded in orthodontics to shorten treatment times. In the present study, we propose a novel technique to improve force distribution to distalize molars more efficiently by using open-coil springs and an anchor screw. We conducted a finite element analysis to assess the efficiency of the proposed technique. Methods: A three-dimensional finite element model of an upper dental arch with brackets and an archwire was constructed based on cone-beam computed tomography. We analyzed two distalization methods: a conventional grouped distalization technique (NoSp model), and our proposed technique using open coils (Sp model). Finite element analyses were performed to evaluate long-term tooth movement in both techniques. Results: The distalization force was more evenly distributed in the Sp model than in the NoSp model. Moreover, less concentration of compressive stress in the periodontal ligament (PDL) was observed in the Sp model. The force systems of the two models became more similar as the distalization progressed. However, the NoSp model still showed higher stress concentration at the end of the simulation. Conclusions: Inserting open-coil springs between distalized teeth improved the distribution of the force significantly. The conventional grouped distalization method might cause stress concentration at the first premolar, indicating risks of the hyalinization of the PDL and root resorption.
Research on Grinding Force of Ultrasonic Vibration-Assisted Grinding of C/SiC Composite Materials
Authors: Wang Dongpo , Fan Hongjie , Xu Dong , Zhang Yuanlin
Published: October 2022

C/SiC composite material is the best choice for important parts such as the hot-end structure of aerospace vehicles. Research and optimization of the cutting force of ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding are of great significance when it comes to revealing the machining mechanism of C/SiC composites and realizing low-damage and efficient machining. In this paper, the comparative experimental study of ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding and common grinding of C/SiC composites is carried out; the variation laws of grinding force and grinding force ratio with different machining methods and process parameters are analyzed, and the empirical formulas of ultrasonic-assisted grinding are summarized. The research results show that ultrasonic vibration can soften C/SiC materials and sharpen the cutting to a certain extent through the action of high-frequency impact, greatly reduce the value of the grinding force, and improve the machinability of the material. Thus, ultrasonic-vibration-assisted grinding processing is an effective method to achieve high-efficiency and low-damage processing of C/SiC composites.