bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Social Support in Adherence to Treatment Regimens: Experiences of Patients with Chronic Diseases
Authors: Mohammadi Eesa , Vahedparast Hakimeh , Farhadi Akram , Ahmadi Fazlollah
Published: July 2018

Background: One of the main issues regarding the management of chronic diseases is patients’ non-adherence to treatment regimens. An important factor affecting treatment adherence is social support. This qualitative study was aimed at exploring the role of perceived social support in adherence to treatment regimens among patients with chronic diseases. Methods: A qualitative study was carried out on 34 patients with chronic diseases, who were purposively recruited from the targeted cities of Bushehr and Tehran, Iran. In-depth non-structured interviews were conducted for the process of data collection from June 2014 to November 2015. Data were constantly and simultaneously analyzed as they were being collected, using the content analysis approach. Results: The data collected in this study yielded four themes that included: having the wholehearted support of a spouse, living with supportive family members and significant others, obtaining information, and confiding in physicians. These themes showed the dimensions and the types of patients’ perceived social support. Conclusions: The study’s findings imply that the most important and common sources of perceived social support among Iranian patients with chronic illness are their spouses, relatives, and friends. According to the results, the participants realized that social support could help them in adhering to their treatments and coping with their illness. Identifying types of perceived social support allows health professionals, especially nurses, to use such information for developing and implementing evidence-based care plans and organizing support systems in order to enhance patients’ adherence to treatments.
WRF 1960–2014 Winter Season Simulations of Particulate Matter in the Sahel: Implications for Air Quality and Respiratory Health
Authors: Jenkins Gregory S. , Gueye Moussa
Published: July 2018

We use the Weather Research and Forecast model using the Goddard Global Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) dust module (WRF‐CHEM) to simulate the particulate matter (PM) variations in the Sahel during the winter seasons (January–March) of 1960–2014. Two simulations are undertaken where the direct aerosol feedback is turned off, and only transport is considered and where the direct aerosol feedback is turned on. We find that simulated Sahelian PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were lower in the 1960s and after 2003 and higher during the period between 1988 and 2002. Higher Sahelian PM10 concentrations are due to stronger winds between the surface and 925 hPa over the Sahara, which transport dust into the Sahel. Negative PM10 concentration anomalies are found over the Bodele Depression and associated with weaker 925 wind anomalies after 1997 through 2014. Further west, positive PM10 concentration anomalies are found across the Adrar Plateau in the Sahara and responsible for dust transport to the Western Sahel. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is positively correlated to Sahelian dust concentrations especially during the periods of 1960–1970 and 1988–2002. The temporal/spatial patterns of PM10 concentrations have significant respiratory health implications for inhabitants of the Sahel.
Comparison of methods to estimate water‐equivalent diameter for calculation of patient dose
Authors: Daudelin Andrew , Medich David , Andrabi Syed Yasir , Martel Chris
Published: July 2018

Modern CT systems seek to evaluate patient‐specific dose by converting the CT dose index generated during a procedure to a size‐specific dose estimate using conversion factors that are related to patient attenuation properties. The most accurate way to measure patient attenuation is to evaluate a full‐field‐of‐view reconstruction of the whole scan length and calculating the true water‐equivalent diameter (Dw) using CT numbers; however, due to time constraints, less accurate methods to estimate Dw using patient geometry measurements are used more widely. In this study we compared the accuracy of Dw values calculated from three different methods across 35 sample scans and compared them to the true Dw. These three estimation methods were: measurement of patient lateral dimension from a pre‐scan localizer radiograph; measurement of the sum of anteroposterior and lateral dimensions from a reconstructed central slice; and using CT numbers from a central slice only. Using the localizer geometry method, 22 out of 35 (62%) samples estimated Dw within 20% of the true value. The middle slice attenuation and geometry methods gave estimations within the 20% margin for all 35 samples.
DDQ‐Promoted Allylic C−H Phosphorylation of 1,3‐Diarylpropenes
Authors: Chen Qian , Wen Chunxiao , Wang Xiaofeng , Yu Guodian , Ou Yingcong , Huo Yanping , Zhang Kun
Published: July 2018

An efficient allylic C−H phosphorylation has been achieved through the DDQ‐promoted cross‐dehydrogenative coupling of 1,3‐diarylpropenes with P(O)H compounds at room temperature. This method provides a convenient route to allylphosphonates in up to 97% yield with good functional group compatibility.

magnified image
Improved vasculogenesis and bone matrix formation through coculture of endothelial cells and stem cells in tissue‐specific methacryloyl gelatin‐based hydrogels
Authors: Wenz Annika , Tjoeng Iva , Schneider Isabelle , Kluger Petra J. , Borchers Kirsten
Published: July 2018

The coculture of osteogenic and angiogenic cells and the resulting paracrine signaling via soluble factors are supposed to be crucial for successfully engineering vascularized bone tissue equivalents. In this study, a coculture system combining primary human adipose‐derived stem cells (hASCs) and primary human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) within two types of hydrogels based on methacryloyl‐modified gelatin (GM) as three‐dimensional scaffolds was examined for its support of tissue specific cell functions. HDMECs, together with hASCs as supporting cells, were encapsulated in soft GM gels and were indirectly cocultured with hASCs encapsulated in stiffer GM hydrogels additionally containing methacrylate‐modified hyaluronic acid and hydroxyapatite particles. After 14 days, the hASC in the stiffer gels (constituting the “bone gels”) expressed matrix proteins like collagen type I and fibronectin, as well as bone‐specific proteins osteopontin and alkaline phosphatase. After 14 days of coculture with HDMEC‐laden hydrogels, the viscoelastic properties of the bone gels were significantly higher compared with the gels in monoculture. Within the soft vascularization gels, the formed capillary‐like networks were significantly longer after 14 days of coculture than the structures in the control gels. In addition, the stability as well as the complexity of the vascular networks was significantly increased by coculture. We discussed and concluded that osteogenic and angiogenic signals from the culture media as well as from cocultured cell types, and tissue‐specific hydrogel composition all contribute to stimulate the interplay between osteogenesis and angiogenesis in vitro and are a basis for engineering vascularized bone.
Gut–liver on a chip toward an in vitro model of hepatic steatosis
Authors: Lee Seung Yeon , Sung Jong Hwan
Published: July 2018

Hepatic steatosis is a process of abnormal lipid deposition within the liver cells, often caused by excessive alcohol uptake or obesity. A conventional in vitro model for hepatic steatosis uses a liver cell culture, treated with fatty acids and measures accumulation of lipids within the cells. This model does not recapitulate the complex process of absorption and metabolism of digestive lipids. Here, we introduce a gut–liver chip, which mimics the gut absorption and hepatic metabolism in a microfluidic chip. Absorption of fatty acids through gut layer and subsequent deposition within liver cells was demonstrated. Tumor necrosis factor‐α, butyrate, and α‐lipoic acid were chosen as model molecules that can affect hepatic steatosis via different mechanisms, and their effects were evaluated. Our results suggest that the gut–liver chip can mimic the absorption and accumulation of fatty acids in the gut and the liver.
Metabolomic profiling of rat urine after oral administration of the prescription antipyretic Hao Jia Xu Re Qing Granules by UPLC/Q‐TOF‐MS
Authors: Yu Chu‐qin , Chen Jian‐ping , Zhong Yan‐mei , Zhong Xun‐long , Tang Chun‐ping , Yang Yi , Lin Hua‐qing
Published: July 2018

Hao Jia Xu Re Qing Granules (HJ), is an effective clinically used antipyretic based on traditional Chinese medicine. Although its antipyretic therapeutic effectiveness is obvious, its therapeutic mechanism has not been comprehensively explored yet. In this research, we first identified potential biomarkers which may be relevant for the antipyretic effect of HJ based on urine metabolomics using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS). A rat model of fever was established using the yeast‐induced febrile response. Total‐ion‐current metabolic profiles of different groups were acquired and the data were processed by multivariate statistical analysis–partial least‐squares discriminant analysis. As envisioned, the results revealed changes of urine metabolites related to the antipyretic effect. Fourteen potential biomarkers were selected from the urine samples based on the results of Student's t‐test, “shrinkage t”, variable importance in projection and partial least‐squares discriminant analysis. N‐Acetylleucine, kynurenic acid, indole‐3‐ethanol, nicotinuric acid, pantothenic acid and tryptophan were the most significant biomarkers found in the urine samples, and may be crucially related to the antipyretic effect of HJ. Consequently, we propose the hypothesis that the significant antipyretic effect the HJ may be related to the inhibition of tryptophan metabolism. This research thus provides strong theoretical support and further direction to explain the antipyretic mechanism of HJ, laying the foundation for future studies.
Design, Synthesis, and Antifungal Activities of Novel 1,2,4‐Triazole Schiff Base Derivatives
Authors: Jin Ruyi , Liu Jingli , Zhang Guanghui , Li Jiajia , Zhang Shuan , Guo Hui
Published: July 2018

With the aim to find new compounds with high antifungal activity, 21 4‐amino‐5‐substituted‐1,2,4‐triazole Schiff bases (2a – 2g, 3a – 3g, and 4a – 4g) were designed and synthesized. Their antifungal activities against Pythium solani, Gibberlla nicotiancola, Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. niveum, Gibberlla saubinetii, Alternaria iycopersici, Phytophthora capsici, Physalospora piricola, Cercospora arachidicola hori, and Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. cucumber were tested, parts of the compounds exhibited excellent antifungal activity. This research provides useful information for further study of antifungal agents.
Protein Engineering of the Progesterone Hydroxylating P450‐Monooxygenase CYP17A1 Alters Its Regioselectivity
Authors: Morlock Lisa K. , Grobe Sascha , Balke Kathleen , Mauersberger Stephan , Böttcher Dominique , Bornscheuer Uwe T.
Published: July 2018

The CYP171 enzyme is known to catalyse a key step in the steroidogenesis of mammals. The substrates progesterone and pregnenolone are first hydroxylated at the C17 position, and this is followed by cleavage of the C17−C20 bond to yield important precursors for glucosteroids and androgens. In this study, we focused on the reaction of the bovine CYP17A1 enzyme with progesterone as a substrate. On the basis of a created homology model, active‐site residues were identified and systematically mutated to alanine. In whole‐cell biotransformations, the importance of the N202, R239, G297 and E305 residues for substrate conversion was confirmed. Additionally, mutation of the L206, V366 and V483 residues enhanced the formation of the 16α‐hydroxyprogesterone side product up to 40 % of the total product formation. Furthermore, residue L105 was found not to be involved in this side activity, which contradicts a previous study with the human enzyme.
Study of the functionality of nixtamalized maize flours and tortillas added with microcapsules of ferrous fumarate and folic acid
Authors: Martínez‐Bustos Fernando , Cruz Sánchez Alejandro , Ortega‐Martínez Areli del C. , Aguilar‐Palazuelos Ernesto
Published: July 2018

Background and objectives

In Mexico, the deficiency of folic acid (FA) and iron in the diet of citizens of some rural zones are public health problems. Fortification is a viable strategy for improving processing, sensory acceptation, and overall quality of the fortified food. Acetylated normal and waxy maize starches were evaluated as wall materials of FA and ferrous fumarate (FF) and analyzed the addition of these microencapsulated micronutrients in the functional properties of nixtamalized maize flour and tortillas.

Findings

Hydrolyzed, succinylated, and extruded maize starches showed good performance as wall materials of micronutrients in the spray dryer. Microcapsules prepared with derivative starches have higher retention of FA and FF.

Conclusions

Fresh and stored tortillas at room temperature and in refrigerator added with encapsulated micronutrients were not affected in their color, tensile strength, moisture content, and cutting values and showed good retention of micronutrients. The sensorial panel judged tortillas added with microencapsulated micronutrients with sensorial properties similar to tortillas made with commercial nixtamalized maize flour.

Significance and novelty

Modified maize starches showed good properties as encapsulant agents of micronutrients added to nixtamalized maize flours and tortillas.
Improved Li–Metal Cycling Performance in High Concentrated Electrolytes for Li‐O2 Batteries
Authors: Pranay Reddy K. , Fischer Philipp , Marinaro Mario , Wohlfahrt‐Mehrens Margret
Published: July 2018

Since the carbonate‐solvents used in Li‐ion batteries were incompatible for Li‐O2 electrochemistry, alternatives have been investigated recently. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) stands among the best solvents for the Li‐O2 system owing to its comparative stability against the superoxide and peroxide species formed during cell discharge. However, it has a drawback of instability towards metallic lithium. Recent reports suggest the use of concentrated electrolytes that prevent solvent decomposition via shielding from lithium‐metal. Herein, LiTFSI/DMSO is chosen as salt/solvent configuration with 3 salt concentrations. The solution properties, namely ionic conductivity, Li‐transference number, and viscosity are studied along with electrochemical properties such as Li‐stripping/plating coulombic efficiency and symmetrical long‐term cycling. It is shown that concentrated electrolytes (>1 M) exhibit superior cycling stability and coulombic efficiency. Post cycling analysis on electrodes confirms solvent decomposition only in low concentrated electrolyte. Moreover, the presence of oxygen in concentrated solutions yields an even better cycling stability than oxygen free electrolyte.
Multifold Nanostructuring and Atomic‐Scale Modulation of Cobalt Phosphide to Significantly Boost Hydrogen Production
Authors: Yu Jie , Wu Xinhao , Zhong Yijun , Yang Guangming , Ni Meng , Zhou Wei , Shao Zongping
Published: July 2018

Water electrolysis is regarded as a green and highly efficient approach to producing high‐purity hydrogen, but commercialization of this technology still requires the development of high‐performance and affordable electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Currently, because of its excellent electrical conductivity and good corrosion resistance in acidic media, cobalt phosphide (CoP) has become a representative non‐noble‐metal HER catalyst despite its inadequate catalytic activity. Herein, a strategy of multiple catalyst‐structure engineering, which simultaneously includes doping, nanostructuring, and in situ nanocarbon coating, was employed to significantly improve the HER performance of CoP. CoP with optimized ruthenium doping and covered by ultrathin graphitic carbon shells shows remarkably high HER catalytic behaviour with a low overpotential of only 73 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and a small Tafel slope of 46 mV dec−1, close to that of the Pt/C benchmark, while maintaining excellent durability. Moreover, the ultrathin graphene shell has a significant positive effect on catalytic activity. This work demonstrates the necessity and validity of multifold structural control, which can be widely used to design various materials for different catalytic processes.
Technological Review of Permeable Pavement Systems for Applications in Small Island Developing States
Authors: Monrose John , Tota‐Maharaj Kiran
Published: July 2018

This paper presents a technological review of permeable pavement systems (PPS) for applications in urban areas of small island developing states (SIDS). This review includes a literature survey of PPS, challenges and opportunities of climate change and urban development in SIDS, and key aspects worth considering for widespread acceptance and use of PPS in SIDS. SIDS is comprised of several nations located across the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, as well as the Caribbean, Mediterranean, and South China seas. They are particularly susceptible to the effects of climate change and increasing urbanization. Urban stormwater management and flooding are often serious challenges faced by authorities in most SIDS. PPS are resilient infrastructure which can assist in mitigating flooding by reducing runoff and peak flows and improving the landscape perviousness. PPS can further improve stormwater runoff quality to receiving natural waters by reducing pollutant loadings of suspended solids, heavy metals, and hydrocarbons. Unlike most territorial states, the geographical and geologically confined nature of most SIDS present unique parameters for consideration when designing permeable pavements for SIDS. This literature survey found that some of the most important parameters include traffic loads, cost, construction aggregate choice, and availability, permeability of existing soil at the intended location, depth of water table, potential for groundwater contamination, slope of the pavement, stormwater reuse option, clogging, maintenance, and support from policy makers. Continued practical research into the use of permeable pavements for urban runoff management in SIDS is on‐going with the expectation of PPS being utilized in many SIDS.
Exploring drivers of litter decomposition in a greening Arctic: results from a transplant experiment across a treeline
Authors: Parker Thomas C. , Sanderman Jonathan , Holden Robert D. , Blume‐Werry Gesche , Sjögersten Sofie , Large David , Castro‐Díaz Miguel , Street Lorna E. , Subke Jens‐Arne , Wookey Philip A.
Published: July 2018

Decomposition of plant litter is a key control over carbon (C) storage in the soil. The biochemistry of the litter being produced, the environment in which the decomposition is taking place, and the community composition and metabolism of the decomposer organisms exert a combined influence over decomposition rates. As deciduous shrubs and trees are expanding into tundra ecosystems as a result of regional climate warming, this change in vegetation represents a change in litter input to tundra soils and a change in the environment in which litter decomposes. To test the importance of litter biochemistry and environment in determining litter mass loss, we reciprocally transplanted litter between heath (Empetrum nigrum), shrub (Betula nana), and forest (Betula pubescens) at a sub‐Arctic treeline in Sweden. As expansion of shrubs and trees promotes deeper snow, we also used a snow fence experiment in a tundra heath environment to understand the importance of snow depth, relative to other factors, in the decomposition of litter. Our results show thatB. pubescensandB. nanaleaf litter decomposed at faster rates thanE. nigrumlitter across all environments, while all litter species decomposed at faster rates in the forest and shrub environments than in the tundra heath. The effect of increased snow on decomposition was minimal, leading us to conclude that microbial activity over summer in the productive forest and shrub vegetation is driving increased mass loss compared to the heath. UsingB. pubescensandE. nigrumlitter, we demonstrate that degradation of carbohydrate‐C is a significant driver of mass loss in the forest. This pathway was less prominent in the heath, which is consistent with observations that tundra soils typically have high concentrations of “labile” C. This experiment suggests that further expansion of shrubs and trees may stimulate the loss of undecomposed carbohydrate C in the tundra.
Nanoparticle‐based photothermal and photodynamic immunotherapy for tumor treatment
Authors: Hou Xiaoyang , Tao Yingkai , Pang Yanyu , Li Xinxin , Jiang Guan , Liu Yanqun
Published: July 2018

Nanoparticle‐based phototherapies, such as photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), exhibit strong efficacy, minimal invasion and negligible side effects in tumor treatment. These phototherapies have received considerable attention and been extensively studied in recent years. In addition to directly killing tumor cells through heat and reactive oxygen species, PTT and PDT can also induce various antitumor effects. In particular, the resultant massive tumor cell death after PTT and PDT triggers immune responses, including the redistribution and activation of immune effector cells, the expression and secretion of cytokines and the transformation of memory T lymphocytes. The antitumor effects can be enhanced by immune checkpoint blockage therapy. This article reviewed the recent advances of nanoparticle‐based PTT and PDT, summarized the studies on nanoparticle‐based photothermal and photodynamic immunotherapies in vitro and in vivo, and discussed challenges and future research directions.
First genetic characterization of non‐native Daphnia lumholtzi Sars, 1885 in Brazil confirms North American origin
Authors: Nunes Ariádine H. , Miracle Maria Rosa , Dias Juliana D. , Fabrin Thomaz M. C. , Braghin Louizi S. M. , Bonecker Claudia C.
Published: July 2018

Anthropogenic translocations are the main vectors of intercontinental invasions. Molecular tools have been important in the study of biological invasions, helping to identify the source of non‐native species mainly when these species are rapidly colonizing the new territories. The aims of this study were: (i) to characterize genetic sequences of the Daphnia lumholtzi population in Brazil (Upper Paraná River floodplain) for the first time; (ii) to compare these sequences with available sequences at GenBank; and (iii) to contribute new sequences of gene 12S from D. lumholtzi. Specimens were collected from a lake of the Paraná River for gene comparison (COI and 12S sequences). Genetic sequences from populations outside Brazil were obtained from GenBank. D. lumholtzi specimens sequenced in this study are genetically close to populations from the United States and Mexico and considerably distant from Australian populations. Our data confirm that populations present in the Paraná River floodplain probably came from the United States, where they arrived through introduction of African fish. The genetic similarity between our specimens and populations from Mexico and the morphological discrepancy between them reinforces the importance of molecular analysis for accurate identification of a species and its origin.
Adolescents Becoming Feminist on Twitter: New Literacies Practices, Commitments, and Identity Work
Authors: Gleason Benjamin
Published: July 2018

The author investigated the relation between young people's new literacies practices and identity development on Twitter and found that participants used three new literacies practices (live‐tweeting, hashtagging, and information sharing) in unique ways to develop feminist identities in this social media space. Participants mobilized popular culture to initiate dialogue about feminist issues, such as the wage gap, to participate in social activism (e.g., advocating for women's reproductive care), and to provide informal counsel to peers. Twitter can be a vital space for young people to become feminists, providing opportunities to learn, develop, and participate.
Recent Sexual Assault and Suicidal Behaviors in College Students: The Moderating Role of Anger
Authors: Keefe Kristy M. , Sizemore Shane , Hammersley Jonathan , Sunami Naoyuki
Published: July 2018

Sexual assault and suicide are 2 of many issues facing college students. Recent research calls for an examination of anger in suicidal behavior. Through a series of moderated logistic regression models, the authors examined the moderating effects of anger on the association of recent sexual assault and suicidal behaviors. Results support the moderating role of anger in the association of sexual assault with suicidal thinking, but not with self‐injury or suicide attempts. The authors discuss practitioner implications.
Reasons for Utilizing Mental Health Services as Predictors of College Students’ Alcohol Risk
Authors: Kenney Shannon R. , Napper Lucy E. , LaBrie Joseph W. , Vaughn Paige
Published: July 2018

The authors examined college student drinkers’ (n = 153) reasons for seeking counseling services and risk for alcohol problems. Students seeking help for impulse‐ or anger‐related issues and depression were at heightened risk for alcohol problems. Only 10% of students sought alcohol‐related help despite high rates of hazardous alcohol use (80%) and dependence (39%). Targeted screening and intervention in college counseling centers may enable providers to effectively identify and treat students in need of alcohol treatment.
Using Collage to Examine Values in College Career Counseling
Authors: Jahn Stephani A. B.
Published: July 2018

College students participating in career counseling may experience conflict between the values they express and share with their families and their internal values. This article describes a creative approach to explore values in a nonthreatening yet influential way. The author justifies and describes the use of a values collage, offering a composite case to illustrate application of the process. The author also addresses multicultural and developmental factors and considerations for use in different settings.
Neuromuscular ultrasound in electrically non‐localizable ulnar neuropathy
Authors: Alrajeh Mohammad , Preston David C.
Published: July 2018

Introduction

The aim of this study was to determine the value of high‐resolution ultrasound (HRUS) in patients with ulnar neuropathy whose electrophysiology displayed an axonal, non‐localizing pattern.

Methods

A prospective study of patients referred to an electromyography laboratory for ulnar neuropathy was performed. Of the 56 patients with clinical and electrodiagnostic (EDx) evidence of ulnar neuropathy, 12 were identified with non‐localizing electrophysiology who subsequently underwent HRUS of the ulnar nerve.

Results

HRUS localized the ulnar neuropathy in all patients. In 2 patients, HRUS demonstrated structural lesions not at the elbow.

Discussion

HRUS often adds complementary information to standard EDx studies, including ulnar neuropathy. Thus, HRUS should be employed in patients with a non‐localizing ulnar neuropathy on EDx studies. Muscle Nerve 58: 655–659, 2018
Investigation of Functional and Structural Properties of Insoluble Dietary Fiber From Sichuan Natural Fermented Pickles With Different Salting Treatments
Authors: Jin Quan , Xie Fan , Luo Jing , Huang Xinyang , Wen Jing , Zhang Wenwei , Wu Jinhong , He Jiajuan , Wang Zhengwu
Published: July 2018

In this study, the functional and structural properties of insoluble dietary fibers (IDFs) from Sichuan natural fermented pickle vegetables, subjected to different saline treatments are investigated. The IDF is extracted using an ultrasonic‐assisted enzyme method. The primary measurable indicators that are determined, include the water‐ and oil‐holding capacity, swelling capacity, heavy metal adsorption capacity, bile acid salts adsorption capacity, antioxidant activity, and polyphenol content. Additionally, a structural analysis is also performed using infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry (TG), and scanning electron microscopy. Experimental results demonstrate that both high and low salt saline fermentations have no significant effect on the techno‐functional properties of IDF in vegetables (p > 0.05); however, the physio‐functional properties, including bile acid salts adsorption capacity, heavy metal adsorption capacity (Pb, As), and the antioxidant capacity are shown to be significantly enhanced (p < 0.05). The low salt saline fermentation is shown to have an improvement effect as compared to the high salt fermentation, which is further supported by the structural characterizations including the structure and chemical groups differences, morphological changes of particles, and thermal stability differences. The findings from this work reveal the effects of saline treatments on the functional properties of IDFs, which are extracted from Sichuan pickle vegetables. In addition, they provide a potential manufacturing technique to improve the quality of the DF in Sichuan pickle vegetables.
Integrability and non-integrability in $$ \mathcal{N}=2 $$ SCFTs and their holographic backgrounds
Authors: Nunez Carlos , Roychowdhury Dibakar , Thompson Daniel C.
Published: July 2018

Abstract

We show that the string worldsheet theory of Gaiotto-Maldacena holographic duals to$$ \mathcal{N}=2 $$N=2superconformal field theories generically fails to be classically integrable. We demonstrate numerically that the dynamics of a winding string configuration possesses a non-vanishing Lyapunov exponent. Furthermore an analytic study of the Normal Variational Equation fails to yield a Liouvillian solution. An exception to the generic non-integrability of such backgrounds is provided by the non-Abelian T-dual ofAdS5×S5; here by virtue of the canonical transformation nature of the T-duality classical integrability is known to be present.
On the near-horizon geometry of an evaporating black hole
Authors: Ho Pei-Ming , Matsuo Yoshinori
Published: July 2018

Abstract

The near-horizon geometry of evaporation black holes is determined according to the semi-classical Einstein equation. We consider spherically symmetric configurations in which the collapsing star has already collapsed below the Schwarzschild radius. The back-reaction of the vacuum energy-momentum, including Hawking radiation, is taken into account. The vacuum energy-momentum plays a crucial role in a small neighborhood of the apparent horizon, as it appears at the leading order in the semi-classical Einstein equation. Our study is focused on the time-dependent geometry in this region.
Complex Spike Wars: a New Hope
Authors: Streng Martha L. , Popa Laurentiu S. , Ebner Timothy J.
Published: July 2018

The climbing fiber–Purkinje cell circuit is one of the most powerful and highly conserved in the central nervous system. Climbing fibers exert a powerful excitatory action that results in a complex spike in Purkinje cells and normal functioning of the cerebellum depends on the integrity of climbing fiber–Purkinje cell synapse. Over the last 50 years, multiple hypotheses have been put forward on the role of the climbing fibers and complex spikes in cerebellar information processing and motor control. Central to these theories is the nature of the interaction between the low-frequency complex spike discharge and the high-frequency simple spike firing of Purkinje cells. This review examines the major hypotheses surrounding the action of the climbing fiber–Purkinje cell projection, discussing both supporting and conflicting findings. The review describes newer findings establishing that climbing fibers and complex spikes provide predictive signals about movement parameters and that climbing fiber input controls the encoding of behavioral information in the simple spike firing of Purkinje cells. Finally, we propose the dynamic encoding hypothesis for complex spike function that strives to integrate established and newer findings.
Progress in targeted therapy for breast cancer
Authors: Ju Jie , Zhu An‐Jie , Yuan Peng
Published: July 2018

Breast cancer is a multistep, multifactorial, and heterogeneous disease. Significant transformations have occurred in the systemic management of breast cancer in the past decade. Due to the further understanding of pathogenesis, scientists have found plenty of signaling pathways and correspondingly therapeutic targets in breast cancer, such as hormone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase (PI3K), v‐akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (AKT), mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), cyclin‐dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6), poly (adenosine diphosphate‐ribose) polymerase (PARP), and programmed death‐1 (PD‐1). Targeted therapy, which optimizes the accuracy of antitumor activity and minimizes toxicity to normal tissues, plays a crucial role in breast cancer treatment in the era of precision medicine. In this review, we aimed to summarize the latest developments in targeted therapy for breast cancer and discuss the existing problems.
Validation into Arabic versions of Dementia Rating Scales, Dementia Caregivers Scales, and Dementia Research Instruments
Authors: Karam Georges Elie , Khandakji Mohannad Nawaf , Sahakian Nayri Sarkis , Dandan Jessica Christian , Karam Elie Georges
Published: July 2018

Introduction

This study aimed to examine the validity and internal consistency of Arabic versions of the eight‐item Alzheimer's Dementia, Alzheimer Questionnaire, and Clinical Dementia Rating scales and to assess the Arabic version of Katz Activities of Daily Living, and Neuropsychiatric Inventory.

Methods

One hundred fifty participants were recruited from different settings; they underwent clinical interviews and filled the aforementioned scales.

Results

In our sample, 56.8% of the sample suffered from dementia. The Arabic eight‐item Alzheimer's Dementia had excellent psychometric properties, and the Arabic Alzheimer Questionnaire showed near‐perfect properties with sensitivity and specificity reaching 100%. In addition, the Arabic Clinical Dementia Rating (A‐CDR)–sum of boxes was superior to the regular A‐CDR score in detecting dementia cases among the study sample. The A‐CDR showed similar characteristics as the original version. The Katz scores demonstrated a strong negative correlation with eight‐item Alzheimer's Dementia scores.

Conclusion

Based on this study, health professionals now have reliable and validated tools to be used in clinical and research settings among Arabic‐speaking populations.
The Condition of Eruption Column Collapse: 2. Three‐Dimensional Numerical Simulations of Eruption Column Dynamics
Authors: Koyaguchi Takehiro , Suzuki Yujiro J. , Takeda Kai , Inagawa Satoshi
Published: July 2018

The scenarios leading to column collapse during explosive volcanic eruptions are diverse because of their complex dependence on geological and petrological factors. In a companion paper, we proposed a reference model to predict column collapse condition on the basis of analytical solutions of one‐dimensional eruption models. Here we perform three‐dimensional (3‐D) simulations of eruption column dynamics to confirm the reference model. In the 3‐D simulations, the velocity and pressure boundary conditions at the crater top are determined from quasi‐1‐D conduit flow. When a gas‐pyroclast mixture erupts from a conduit‐crater system that satisfies the conditions of choked flow at the crater base or top, the mixture exits as either an underexpanded (overpressured) or overexpanded (underpressured) jet. The 3‐D simulations show that the underexpanded jets are accelerated and the overexpanded jets are decelerated due to decompression‐compression processes just above the vent. The total momentum flux after these decompression‐compression processes measured in the 3‐D simulations agrees well with the values estimated using the reference model. The column collapse condition determined by the 3‐D simulations is consistent with the reference model, with an effective entrainment coefficient of k = 0.05. We also find that complex flow patterns in the transitional state of column collapse result from multidimensional compressible fluid dynamical and buoyancy effects.
Synextensional Granitoids and Detachment Systems Within Cycladic Metamorphic Core Complexes (Aegean Sea, Greece): Toward a Regional Tectonomagmatic Model
Authors: Rabillard Aurélien , Jolivet Laurent , Arbaret Laurent , Bessière Eloïse , Laurent Valentin , Menant Armel , Augier Romain , Beaudoin Alexandre
Published: July 2018

Within deforming continental regions where metamorphic core complexes (MCCs) and synextensional granitoids are closely associated, deciphering the link between detachment faulting and magmatism often remains complex as (1) the rheological weakness of magma may stimulate mechanisms of strain localization, and conversely, (2) tectonic processes may open/close drains where magmas can intrude. Here we tackle this issue by focusing on the Cyclades with the comparison of five granitoid‐cored MCCs (Tinos, Mykonos, Ikaria, Naxos, and Serifos) and their flanking detachment systems. In this region, granitoids were emplaced into the middle/upper crust over a relatively short time period (15–9 Ma), while metamorphic domes were largely exhumed after more than 10 Myr of extension. None of those intrusions thereby proves to be a real candidate for the genesis of MCCs but would rather be a consequence of a warmer regime during lithospheric thinning. However, all collected structural and kinematic data converge toward a regional scheme in which magmatic activity played a more pivotal role than previously postulated. Indeed, late evolution stages of MCCs were dynamically impacted by intrusions along which local and transient heterogeneities of the mechanical strength occurred, interfering with the sequential development of detachments. During their tectonically controlled emplacement, magmatic products intruded already formed detachments at depth, locally inhibiting their activity, associated with a contemporaneous upward migration of extensional deformation that tended to localize through time within intrusion roofs along rheological discontinuities. The newly formed detachments are expressed within granitoids through a continuum of deformation from comagmatic to ductile conditions, followed by cataclasis along detachments.
Environmentalists Are Glad Pruitt Is Out but Worry What’s Next
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: July 2018

With Scott Pruitt's resignation, EPA deputy administrator Andrew Wheeler, a former coal lobbyist, takes charge and is likely to continue the same deregulation and antienvironment policies.
A Survey of Visible S+ Emission in Io's Plasma Torus During the Hisaki Epoch
Authors: Schmidt C. , Schneider N. , Leblanc F. , Gray C. , Morgenthaler J. , Turner J. , Grava C.
Published: July 2018

To complement Hisaki's ultraviolet monitoring of the Io plasma torus, a ground‐based campaign assembled a comprehensive data set at visible wavelengths with the ARC 3.5‐m telescope at Apache Point Observatory. This work concentrates on the bright S+ emissions in these data. Recurrent traits in the intensity and location are discerned as a function of Jovian longitude (λIII). The longitudinal brightness structure differs from past data sets in the visible but is broadly consistent with that of Io's auroral footprint and concurrent Hisaki extreme ultraviolet measurements. Positions of the ribbon feature with λIII confirm that it exhibits a radial wobbling motion that is lesser than the centrifugal limit along a given L‐shell. We also find that the radial separation between the cold torus and the ribbon is modulated as Jupiter rotates. The torus is displaced 0.13 RJ dawnward, on average, by an electric field with mean strength 3.8 mV/m, consistent with that inferred by analysis of Hisaki's dawn‐dusk brightness asymmetry. The lesser visible brightness asymmetry is uncorrelated to this field strength, however. S+ emissions are enhanced downstream of Io, principally at Jovian dawn. Io interacts with the densest region at specific Jovian longitudes and local times; near λIII ~130° and dawn the ribbon is farthest from Jupiter but still passes radially interior to the satellite. The electron density sweeping past Io and/or its radial proximity to the passing ribbon may also influence brightness, but S+ emissions are not governed by a single predominant driver.
Power Laws of Topography and Gravity Spectra of the Solar System Bodies
Authors: Ermakov A. I. , Park R. S. , Bills B. G.
Published: July 2018

When a spacecraft visits a new planetary body, it is useful to know the properties of its shape and gravity field. This knowledge helps predict the magnitude of the perturbations in the motion of the spacecraft due to nonsphericity of a body's gravity field as well as planning for an observational campaign. It has been known for the terrestrial planets that the power spectrum of the gravity field follows a power law, also known as the Kaula rule (Kaula, 1963, https://doi.org/10.1029/RG001i004p00507; Rapp, 1989, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1989.tb02031.x). A similar rule was derived for topography (Vening Meinesz, 1951). The goal of this study is to generalize the power law dependence of the gravity and topography spectra for solid surface solar system bodies across a wide range of body sizes. Traditionally, it is assumed that the gravity and topography power spectra of planets scale as g−2, where g is the surface gravity. This gravity scaling also works for the minor bodies to first order. However, we find that a better fit can be achieved using a more general scaling based on the body's radius and mean density. We outline a procedure on how to use this general scaling for topography to provide an a priori estimate for the gravity power spectrum. We show that for irregularly shaped bodies the gravity power spectrum is no longer a power law even if their topography spectrum is a power law. Such a generalization would be useful for observation planning in the future space missions to the minor bodies for which little is known.
Climatological Model of Over‐the‐Horizon Radar
Authors: Cervera M. A. , Francis D. B. , Frazer G. J.
Published: July 2018

Models of radar systems are required for a variety of reasons. The sophistication of these models is highly dependent on their purpose; for instance, microwave radar models, which are designed to be integrated into existing wargaming simulation frameworks, will often be low‐fidelity models. The development of similar models of over‐the‐horizon (OTH) radar is particularly challenging. This is due to the highly variable propagation environment in which such systems are required to operate: even the lowest fidelity model of an OTH radar must model the environmental conditions appropriately. The base level environmental modeling required to accurately characterize OTH radar performance is the climatology, that is, diurnal, seasonal, and solar cycle variations. In this paper we detail a climatological model of OTH radar developed using high‐frequency radio wave ray tracing techniques. We discuss how this model may be used to provide initial assessments of the viability of candidate OTH radar networks to meet particular missions and how it may be used in sophisticated radar network design methodologies.
Cenozoic Rotation History of Borneo and Sundaland, SE Asia Revealed by Paleomagnetism, Seismic Tomography, and Kinematic Reconstruction
Authors: Advokaat Eldert L. , Marshall Nathan T. , Li Shihu , Spakman Wim , Krijgsman Wout , van Hinsbergen Douwe J. J.
Published: July 2018

SE Asia comprises a heterogeneous assemblage of fragments derived from Cathaysia (Eurasia) in the north and Gondwana in the south, separated by suture zones representing closed former ocean basins. The western part of the region comprises Sundaland, which was formed by Late Permian‐Triassic amalgamation of continental and arc fragments now found in Indochina, the Thai Penisula, Peninsular Malaysia, and Sumatra. On Borneo, the Kuching Zone formed the eastern margin of Sundaland since the Triassic. To the SE of the Kuching Zone, the Gondwana‐derived continental fragments of SW Borneo and East Kalimantan accreted in the Cretaceous. South China‐derived fragments accreted to north of the Kuching Zone in the Miocene. Deciphering this complex geodynamic history of SE Asia requires restoration of its deformation history, but quantitative constraints are often sparse. Paleomagnetism may provide such constraints. Previous paleomagnetic studies demonstrated that Sundaland and fragments in Borneo underwent vertical axis rotations since the Cretaceous. We provide new paleomagnetic data from Eocene‐Miocene sedimentary rocks in the Kutai Basin, east Borneo, and critically reevaluate the published database, omitting sites that do not pass widely used, up‐to‐date reliability criteria. We use the resulting database to develop an updated kinematic restoration. We test the regional or local nature of paleomagnetic rotations against fits between the restored orientation of the Sunda Trench and seismic tomography images of the associated slabs. Paleomagnetic data and mantle tomography of the Sunda slab indicate that Sundaland did not experience significant vertical axis rotations since the Late Jurassic. Paleomagnetic data show that Borneo underwent a ~35° counterclockwise rotation constrained to the Late Eocene and an additional ~10° counterclockwise rotation since the Early Miocene. How this rotation was accommodated relative to Sundaland is enigmatic but likely involved distributed extension in the West Java Sea between Borneo and Sumatra. This Late Eocene‐Early Oligocene rotation is contemporaneous with and may have been driven by a marked change in motion of Australia relative to Eurasia, from eastward to northward, which also has led to the initiation of subduction along the eastern Sunda trench and the proto‐South China Sea to the south and north of Borneo, respectively.
Hyporheic Source and Sink of Nitrous Oxide
Authors: Reeder W. Jeffery , Quick Annika M. , Farrell Tiffany B. , Benner Shawn G. , Feris Kevin P. , Marzadri Alessandra , Tonina Daniele
Published: July 2018

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas with an estimated 10% of anthropogenic N2O coming from the hyporheic zone of streams and rivers. However, difficulty in making accurate fine‐scale field measurements has prevented detailed understanding of the processes of N2O production and emission at the bedform and flowline scales. Using large‐scale, replicated flume experiments that employed high‐density chemical concentration measurements, we have been able to refine the current conceptualization of N2O production, consumption, and emission from the hyporheic zone. We present a predictive model based on a Damköhler‐type transformation (τ̃) in which the hyporheic residence times (τ) along the flowlines are multiplied by the dissolved oxygen consumption rate constants for those flowlines. This model can identify which bedforms have the potential to produce and emit N2O, as well as the portion and location from which those emissions may occur. Our results indicate that flowlines with τ̃up (τ̃ as the flowline returns to the surface flow) values between 0.54 and 4.4 are likely to produce and emit N2O. Flowlines with τ̃up values of less than 0.54 will have the same N2O as the surface water and those with values greater than 4.4 will likely sink N2O (reference conditions: 17C, surface dissolved oxygen 8.5 mg/L). N2O production peaks approximately at τ̃ = 1.8. A cumulative density function of τ̃up values for all flowlines in a bedform (or multiple bedforms) can be used to estimate the portion of flowlines, and in turn the portion of the streambed, with the potential to emit N2O.