bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sonic Logging, A New Petrophysical Tool
Authors: Doh C.A. , Alger R.P.
Published: February 2020

Joint Meeting of the Rocky Mountain Petroleum Sections of AIME, 3–4 March, Denver

Introduction

It has been recognized for many years that velocity measurements in the various formations provide useful information for both geologists and geophysicists. As early as 1934, patent applications were made for a two-receiver sonic logging device. However, in the past, the predominant application of velocity measurements has been in the field of geophysical problems -not in formation logging. The interpretation of seismic records is enhanced by accurate velocity data. Now, recent improvements in instrumentation have developed velocity measurements into an engineering tool which is helpful to both geologist and engineer in oil-well completion. The modern velocity, or sonic, logging tool will still provide the geophysicist with valuable velocity data, but its more important application will be in geological studies and reservoir evaluation.

Correlation problems, sometimes difficult with conventional electrical and radioactive logs, may be improved with sonic logs, however, the main advantage of sonic logs over, other logging devices appears to be the accurate detection and measurement of porosity.

Equipment Description

The sonic logging device described in this paper is based on a development by the Humble Oil and Refining Co. It features a two-receiver system and a short spacing (Fig. 1). The spacing used is generally 1 ft. A third receiver at an interval of 3 ft provides an alternate spacing, which can be utilized where more suitable to local geological conditions. Sound pulses are emitted by the transmitter at the rate of 10 or more per second, and the first arrival of energy at each receiver triggers the response system.

The two-receiver system eliminates some deficiencies of the single receiver used on several experimental and commercial tools. In the two-receiver system, the time consumed in the passage of the sound pulse from transmitter to wall of hole, and from wall of hole to receiver, is not added in the recording to the formation transit time. This hole effect is simply eliminated by recording the difference in arrival times at the two receivers. The influence of the mud character and hole size is, therefore, negligible in this system as long as the tool is held parallel to the wall of the hole. Centralizers are provided for this purpose.
Well Log Evaluations of Fractured Carbonates in the Wyoming Big Horn Basin
Authors: Jones Bob
Published: February 2020

Joint Meeting of the Rocky Mountain Petroleum Sections of AIME, 3–4 March, Denver

This paper illustrates the use of well logs in evaluation of Wyoming carbonate reservoirs, particularly the Phosphoria formation. The Phosphoria is a stratigraphic reservoir of Permian Age and includes primary and secondary porosity patterns. Procedures of calculating pore space water saturations are explained and illustrated. Log approaches to physical characteristics of the carbonate reservoirs are described, such as the presence of shale, formation fractures, relative permeability of intervals, etc.

The importance of high formation water resistivities in these reservoirs is well demonstrated. Calculations of recoverable reserves are demonstrated in one well and three fields.

Irreducible water saturations and "critical water saturations" as encountered in this formation are presented and discussed.

Methods and results, as reported herein, represent a practicable method of evaluating wildcat carbonate tests or carbonate fields in the Big Horn Basin.

Introduction

The author has applied standard log interpretation techniques to Wyoming Big Horn Basin carbonates [Fig. 1] with reasonable success since 1953. Experience has shown that the main stigma in analyzing carbonates and successfully completing them for production is the effect of fracturing systems which are very often present.

The Phosphoria dolomite is the most difficult producing Big Horn Basin reservoir in these respects and is therefore concentrated upon in this report. Known carbonate reservoirs present in this basin are shown in Fig. 2, the most important of which are Madison limestone end Phosphoria dolomite. Productive stature of Phosphoria can be easily compared by cumulative production to Jan.1, 1956. There is no intent to discount Madison lime and the deeper Big Horndolomite for they are excellent reservoirs. It is most likely, though, that oil accumulation in Phosphoria has been found in more areas because of the stratigraphic nature of its deposition.
Retorting Colorado Oil Shale by the Aspeco Process
Authors: Nevens Thomas D. , Culbertson William J. , Hobaugh John R.
Published: February 2020

Joint Meeting of the Rocky Mountain Petroleum Sections of AIME, 3–4 March, Denver

Introduction

With the ever increasing costs of crude oil exploration and the increasing demand for petroleum in the U. S., it is apparent that in a few years secondary sources of fuels will be required. A survey of the possible sources of fuel oils leads one to conclude that the oil shale reserves will probably be the first fuel reserve to be exploited to supplement the supply of crude oil required for national security and consumer demand.

Of the various oil shale deposits in the U. S., the deposit of the Picane Creek Basin in northwestern Colorado is undoubtedly the first deposit which will be developed as it contains approximately 350 billion bbl of shale oil, a 1,000-year supply if recovered at the rate of a million B/D.

With these facts in mind, the Oil Shale Corp. acquired the Western Hemisphere patent rights to exploit the Swedish Aspeco process which appeared to hold promise as an economical method of retorting Colorado oil shale. Briefly, the Aspeco process involves an oil shale retorting step carried out by means of countercurrent flow of shale and heat carrying solids, and a combustion step wherein heat is recovered from the retorted shale and transferred to the heat carrying solids. Approximately two years ago the Oil Shale Corp. contracted with the Denver Research Institute, University of Denver, to conduct the necessary studies to examine the Aspeco Process in detail, and to construct and operate a 1 ton per hour pilot plant. Specifically, the objectives of the studies were:To investigate the technical characteristics of the Aspeco process of oil shale retorting in the laboratory, and to determine optimum operating conditions and engineering design;To construct and operate a one ton per hour pilot plant retort in order to secure engineering data as a basis for further process design and for a detailed economic evaluation of the process.
The F.I. Process...Theory and Practice
Authors: Gilbert Bruce
Published: February 2020

Joint Meeting of the Rocky Mountain Petroleum Sections of AIME, 3–4 March, Denver

The F.I. process, recently developed by The Western Company of Midland, Tex., is the solution to a production problem as old as the fracturing process.

The F.I. or fracture initiation process creates a fracture in a subsurface formation at the exact depth and in the plane desired. This is accomplished in a two-step operation. First, the F.I. gun, shown in Fig. 1, is lowered to the desired depth and fired, creating six holes in opposing banks of three each. The specially designed jet perforators are housed in an expendable aluminum container. The gun is designed to withstand extreme conditions of pressure and temperature as well as field handling.

Upon firing, the portion of the gun extending below the necked-down mid-section is shattered while the massive section above, including the connecting thread, is retained in the firing sub and withdrawn from the well. If desired, the small amount of debris may be removed from the well with a sand pump, however, this is generally not objectionable and is left in the bottom of the hole.

The perforation pattern produced by the F.I. gun is shown in Fig. 2. Due to the tapering of jet perforations, the holes are converged slightly to maintain as nearly as possible a uniform ratio of hole diameter to web thickness. The reasons for this will be explained later. The diameter of the holes in 5 1/2in. casing is from 3/8 in. to 7/16 in. The holes are uniform and may be sealed with perforation ball sealers. No splitting of cemented casing has been experienced.

The second step in conducting an F.I. operation is that of hydraulic breakdown and extension of the fracture. The type of fluid used in the breakdown phase is important. We believe that pressurized fluid penetration into intrinsic fractures or planes of relative weakness could interfere with controlled breakdown. For this reason a non-penetrating type of fluid is recommended for the breakdown. The advantage gained by use of a non-penetrating fluid in fracture extension is generally understood.
Removal and Prevention of Scale in Producing Oil Wells
Authors: Featherston Aleck B.
Published: February 2020

Evangeline Section Meeting on Drilling and Production Practices on the Gulf Coast, 24 April, Lafayette, Louisiana

The deposition of scaling compounds from brines produced with oil has been a serious problem for many years. The use of inhibited muriatic acid to remove acid soluble scale has become commonplace, but the acid insoluble scales required mechanical removal.

Now calcium sulfate or "Gyp" scale, which is one of the most common of the acid insoluble scales, can be removed chemically.

The deposition of scales can be controlled over long periods of time by placement of complex dimetallic polyphosphates in the producing formation.

The Problem

The deposition of scaling compounds from brines produced with oil has been a serious problem for many years. Compounds such as calcium carbonate, calciumsulfate, barium sulfate, and others have been found in many wells. The effect that these scales have on the production of a well will depend largely on the location of the scale in the system. Since the scaling or precipitation takes place when the equilibrium of the brine is changed by pressure drop, temperature change, or mixing with other brines, it could cause trouble at any point in the production system. Scale deposits have been found in the production string, down hole equipment perforations, and in the formation itself. The formation of scales is an economic problem that affects the producing operator. The scale can plug fractures or formation channels, stop upper forations, plug tubing and pumps and stick rods. All of these will have adverse effect, if not in production decline, at least in economical operations.

Scales found in wells have been roughly divided into two groups through field operations. Based on their reaction with hydrochloric acid, they are either [1] acid soluble or [2] acid insoluble. This, of course, is a simplified division as some of the scales found in the wells are mixtures of scaling compounds, but it is adequate for most field applications.
New Design Concepts Developed in 1-3/8 in. Expendable Shaped Charge Perforator
Authors: Lebourg M.P. , Bell W.T.
Published: February 2020

Evangeline Section Meeting on Drilling and Production Practices on the Gulf Coast, 24 April, Lafayette, Louisiana

The two basic problems associated with the design of high performance, small diameter, fixed charge, expendable perforators have been resolved in a new 1-3/8-in. diameter gun for use through 1.5-in. production tubing.

A new method to control gun clearance and a new firing system which fully utilizes internal carrier space were developed and are described herein. This new combination, in a given gun design, is found to offer maximum and consistent performance on all shots irrespective of casing size.

Introduction

Developments in permanent-type completion operations within the past few years have resulted in multiple-string completions in which two or more sands are produced independently and simultaneously from the same well. Due to casing diameter restrictions, this technique has necessitated the use of small bore 1.5-in. production tubing which must be negotiated by the expendable shaped charge tool in order to perforate the well.

For a through-tubing tool to pass freely through this small bore tubing it must have a diameter not exceeding 1–3/8-in. Such a tool was introduced to the field during 1955 in the form of a swing tool. Mechanical difficulties with this gun, however, emphasized the need for a simpler, more reliable tool; one which would offer high charge performance in the common casing sizes in spite of small gun diameter restrictions. A gun was also needed to shoot small diameter liners below 1.5-in. tubing.

Basic Design Problems

Fixed charge guns of the capsule or tubular type are considerably more trouble free than swing guns. However, a preliminary study of conventional capsule and tubular gun designs in the 1–3/8-in. diameter immediately revealed two basic problems which greatly influenced gun performance:large gun to casing clearances andlack of internal carrier space for charge components.
Worldwide Exploration
Authors: Graves R. R.
Published: February 2020

It is a pleasure to be here with members of the Society of Petroleum Engineers and to share with you, and my distinguished co-panel ists, our thoughts on worldwide exploration.

Recognizing that worldwide exploration is a rather difficult topic to cover fully in 20 minutes, i will attempt to address a few of the more important aspects.

Foremost in any consideration of broad, regional exploration is an assessment of Future Potential for both oil and gas. In addition to showing the historical record of worldwide reserve estimation, current estimates as well as the broad geographic distribution of where the Future Potential is located, will be addressed.
A New Performance Measure to Test the Contribution of the Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry in an Expanding Economy
Authors: Barr Virgil L.
Published: February 2020

Annual Meeting of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, 14–18 February, New York City

National income originating compared to physical production for an enterprise or an industry reflects its ability to strengthen the national economy. For a single industrial sector or for an industry this comparison can be useful to reflect changes that may occur in this ability to contribute because or changing supply demand-income-investment equilibria. A favorable relationship can be postulated by specified economic incentive, and the accompanying technologic input required can be shown.

The new index proposes the use of the Federal Reserve Board indexes of production divided by the constant dollar income originating in the petroleum industry which reflects increases or decreases in performance. When compared with other mineral industries and with total industry, an approximation of relative strength is evident.

By constructing three different hypothetical conditions for future petroleum imports, assuming a constant excess capacity requirement for domestic production, and providing an estimate for future domestic demand for petroleum, the impact on the performance index can be shown.

Thus, a strong position for the petroleum and natural gas industry can be stated. If this is done, it becomes evident that because of restrictions on cost-price relationships, a drilling program that would provide enough domestic oil to meet demand may not be practicable. By difference, the amount of improvement in methods of production and processing through technologic advancements can be stated explicitly.
Technology Tomorrow - JPT Article Series
Authors: _ _
Published: February 2020

Compilation of a series of articles published in the Journal of Petroleum Technology between February 2006 and April 2007.

The year-long Technology Tomorrow series was published in theJournal of Petroleum Technologybeginning in 2006. The SPER&D Advisory Committee created the series to spark discussion among the entireJPTreadership and include ideas that may not be in the current mainstream of thought. The seven articles included are:

Carbon, Hydrogen, and People by Vikram Rao, Vice President, Technology, Halliburton Energy Services

The Next Trillion: Anticipating and Enabling Game-Changing Recoveries by Nansen G. Saleri, SPE, Manager, Reservoir Management, Saudi Aramco

The Chemistry of Carbon Capture and Storage by Richard Pike, CEO, Royal Society of Chemistry

Reserves Growth: Torturous and Tortuous by Roy Long, E&P Program Technology Manager, National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Dept. of Energy

Extracting the Benefits of Nanotechnology for the Oil Industry by Ramanan Krishnamoorti, University of Houston

Energy: The Next Biotechnology Challenge by Francesca de Ferra, Technical Manager, R&D Center, Eni Refining and Marketing Div. of San Donato Milanese

Technology for a Sustainable Tomorrow by Vik Rao, Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer, Halliburton
Effect of Network Parameters of Preformed Particle Gel on Structural Strength for Water Management
Authors: Salehi Mahsa Baghban , Moghadam Asefe Mousavi , Jarrahian Khosro
Published: February 2020

Preformed particle gel (PPG) is an appropriate solution for conformance control and water management in low permeability reservoirs. In this paper, the network parameters of PPGs are evaluated through swelling tests and rheology and by determining their role in maintaining structural strength. Several PPG hydrogels were prepared by varying the concentrations of polyacrylamide and chromium triacetate [Cr(OAc)3] as copolymer and crosslinker, respectively, using a central composite design. The characterization of these hydrogels was performed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron dispersion X-ray (EDX), and environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). The correlation between reaction conditions and the network parameters of polymer networks, such as the molecular weight of the polymer chain between two neighboring crosslinks (Mc¯), the crosslink density, and the size fraction, have been determined. In addition, swelling of the hydrogels took place through the Fickian diffusion mechanism. Structural states of Laponite dispersions strongly depend on concentration and ionic strength. Based on the rheological tests, the dynamic modulus of the PPG was strongly dependent on the initial concentration and resulting network parameters of the hydrogel. The results showed an effective interaction between Mc¯ and the elastic modulus of the gel network. Through the optimization of the network parameters, the appropriate composition was presented on the basis of the factors of strength (complex modulus of 4×104 Pa in the plateau region), the formation of a 3D network, and the preservation of the viscoelastic structure in the presence of Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+, at a salt sensitivity of 0.5. In addition, the optimum sample structure was confirmed on the basis of microscopic images. Based on the coreflooding data, the optimal PPG showed a disproportionate permeability reduction (DPR) index of 17.01 and indicated the dual performance of these materials against water and oil. Also, the permeability diagrams of the core showed wettability of the oil-wet core could shift to more water-wet after PPG injection. To summarize this research, we present the determination and analyses of the network parameters as a novel technique for predicting the performance of hydrogels in porous media, and for investigating their strength under harsh reservoir conditions. In other words, determination of the network parameters can be used to ensure the success of the gel performance in porous media.
Application of Finite Difference Methods to Analogue Computational Techniques
Authors: Mullins Lynn D.
Published: February 2020

Joint Rocky Mountain Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, 23–24 May, Billings, Montana

The intent of this paper is two-fold - [1] to clarify the interpretation of analogue studies and [2] to stimulate interest in the use of finite difference approximations. Analogue methods, as applied to date to the problems of reservoir engineering, are reviewed briefly. Methods of interpreting results from detailed, two-dimensional analogue studies in light of finite difference methods are also discussed.

While the treatment in the paper is confined largely to undersaturated reservoir systems, the concepts of finite difference approximations apply equally well to the complex problems of gas evolution and relative permeability. In fact, the finite difference methods are among the very few capable of resolving the complex non-linear differential equations of interest to the reservoir engineer.

Introduction

Subsequent to Bruce's introduction of the electric analyzer many and varied application have been made of electric analogue methods practical reservoir behavior analyses. These analogue methods were designed primarily for gross reservoir behavior analyses, and for this purpose, the so called "single condenser", "multiple condenser" and "pool unit" studies have a great deal of merit.

The author has been concerned with problems associated with detailed [" Detailed" is used here and throughout the presentation to designate a minute representation of the reservoir and its behavior, and implies an abundance of detail rather than exhaustiveness in detail.] analyses of pressure distribution and fluid movements in under-saturated reservoir systems. Such problems have stimulated considerable interest in detailed analogue studies and the application of finite difference methods to them. This paper presents a method of extending the usefulness of analogue methods and introduces the concepts of finite difference approximations. However, the methods and concepts presented herein are, for the most part, extensions of previously published methods.
A New Cement-in-Oil Slurry
Authors: Crone B.L. , White G.L.
Published: February 2020

Fall Meeting of the Southern California Petroleum Section of AIME, 17–18 October, Los Angeles, California

A new cement-in-oil slurry has been developed which has proven itself in the field to be an efficient and valuable aid in helping to reduce or eliminate water production in oil and gas wells. The new slurry utilizes a viscous and thixotropic, kerosene-based carrying agent possessing a low fluid loss, which will suspend and carry the cement particles to maximum depths in the formation at comparatively low injection pressures. The carrying agent places a protective coating of viscous oil around the cement particles and retards the wetting of the cement until all of the slurry has had time to be placed in the formation. After a certain time interval, special chemicals contained in the slurry cause the viscous oil to be reverted to thin kerosene and also will permit the cement particles to become water wet and thereby set the cement. Any slurry entering the oil bearing portion of the formation and contacting no water will be recovered as thin kerosene and unset cement.

Introduction

Although no statistics are available, it is well known by engineers and other production personnel that present methods of squeeze cementing are not completely satisfactory. Unsatisfactory results have been the rule rather than the exception in many areas when squeezing becomes necessary. Problems that can arise are numerous: failure to displace the desired amount of slurry out of the tubing at an allowable pressure; difficulty in regaining oil production after squeezing; frequent reversion to the original water production when stimulation is necessary after squeezing.
A New Intermitting Device Which Continuously Measures Bottom-Hole Pressure and Regulates Pump Submergence
Authors: Bannies Hans
Published: February 2020

Fall Meeting of the Southern California Petroleum Section of AIME, 17–18 October, Los Angeles, California

An instrument is described which will regulate the fluid level in oil wells. Through proper calibration, the bottom-hole pressure may be obtained periodically or continuously as recorded on a 24-hour recording drum. An electrode is submerged below the desired operating fluid level and a pressure-diaphragm-variable resistor activates a writing indicator in a control panel. The moving indicator on the instrument dial can be limited between two adjustable brackets which will automatically stop or start the pumping action according to the minimum or maximum fluid level desired in relationship to the pump intake.

A single control panel is capable of regulating as many as five wells under as many different operating conditions. The electrode device is presently designed to operate in oil wells producing from a reservoir having pressures between 10 psi and 1,400 psi.

Control of the subsurface fluid level, together with the automation of stop-cocking, can contribute toward increasing operating profits by increasing the ultimate recovery by the way of decreasing operating costs and increasing the productive life of oil wells.

Introduction

In that portion now developed and for all practical purposes, California has passed the stage of "flush" crude oil production. Many of the once prolific fields are in the stripper stage and a survey made by the Inter-State Oil Compact Commission indicated that 70 per cent of all oil wells in the United States are stripper wells. The oil operator can afford to produce these wells only so long as he receives a net operating profit. One of the factors involved in determining the magnitude of the operating profit is the cost of lifting production.
The Recent Evolution of Petroleum Law Abroad
Authors: Duce J.T.
Published: February 2020

AIME Annual Meeting, 16–20 February, New York

Introduction

You will excuse the writer if he looks at the world of petroleum law from both practical and philosophic viewpoints. Forty years in the industry brings to one certain trends of thought; the French have a term for it - the deformation professional. One of my gray-headed friends advised me against entering the service of this extraordinary industry because, he said, it was certain that we would run out of our raw material, and coal would then be the main fuel and source of power. It is now 40 years later, and the world's oil resources seem immensely larger than in those days. We have, it is true, thoroughly explored most of the U.S. on land, but we are just somewhat timidly venturing to sea. Elsewhere we have just begun.

Forty years ago the amazing story of the Mexican fields was coining to its climacteric. Revolution was imposing slowly its paralyzing theories on the industry which in the end resulted in nationalization and slow decline. But despite the shortage that was supposed to loom in the U.S., there were few in those days who had the courage to face the political hazards of the times and go abroad. Unless one could divide the risk one could scarcely afford the huge investment necessary to develop production only to have it snatched away on the basis of some political theory. In Russia the industry had been confiscated. The legislation with reference to oil in many countries was written by soldiers who could see it only as a source of military power upon which they must lay their paralyzing nationalistic hands. They forgot that the bomber made refineries the unsafest of plants to have in one's own country. The last great war finally drove home that lesson.

So it was that in the history of the industry in the two decades following 1918 we find foreign exploration operations confined mainly to companies with extensive marketing organizations in foreign countries or to a few bold wildcatters who attempted to supplement production at home with fields abroad. Few indeed were those who had the money to risk on these ventures.
Mobilizing "Know-How" Solves World Oil Crises
Authors: Case C. Marvin
Published: February 2020

AIME Annual Meeting, 16–20 February, New York

The author deals with three world oil emergencies and how they were solved:

The Industry-Government Team in an All Out War Effort [PAW]

The need for a centralized government agency to coordinate the war oil effort — establishment of OPC and later PAW — mobilization of industry for a concerted effort — the growth pains — evolution of a partnership — the results.

The Iranian Crisis [FPSC]

Iran's place in world oil supply — need for concerted action to overcome the loss of this supply — problems of peacetime vs. wartime collective industry action — the need for voluntary action by industry — the Voluntary Agreement and Plan of Action of 1951 — formation of the Foreign Petroleum Supply Committee — what it did to help solve the problem.

The Suez Emergency [MEEC]

Importance of the loss of two vital arteries to world supply — problems of organizing to meet request of American Government for information in advance of crisis — Plan for Action of 1956 — formation of MEEC — initial phase fact-finding activities of MEEC — accomplishments by individual action during cessation of MEEC activities in Nov., 1956 — reactivation of MEEC in December and speed of action — looking backward at the over-all accomplishment.

Introduction

In the past 15 years I have been afforded the privilege — and I have always felt that it was a privilege — of serving our government during three world oil crises, first in a full-out war effort and later in two peace time emergencies.

It is because of this association that I feel qualified to come before you today and talk about some of the aspects of these crises with which you may not be familiar, particularly the part which industry "know-how" has played in solving the problems which arose.
Insight into Blood Pressure Targets for Universal Coverage of Hypertension Services in Iran: The 2017 ACC/AHA versus JNC 8 Hypertension Guidelines
Authors: Mahdavi Mahdi , Parsaeian Mahboubeh , Mohajer Bahram , Modirian Mitra , Ahmadi Naser , Yoosefi Moein , Mehdipour Parinaz , Djalalinia Shirin , Rezaei Nazila , Haghshenas Rosa , Pazhuheian Forough , Madadi Zahra , Sabooni Mahdi , Razi Farideh , Samiee Siamak Mirab , Farzadfar Farshad
Published: February 2020

Background: We assessed and compared the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Iran under two hypertension guidelines; the 2017 ACC/AHA with an aggressive blood pressure target 130/80 mm Hg and commonly used guideline JNC8 with 140/90 mm Hg. We shed light on the implications of 2017 ACC/AHA for population subgroups and high-risk individuals eligible for non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies.
Methods: Data were obtained from the Iran national STEPS 2016 study. Participants included 27 738 adults ≥25 years as a representative sample of Iranians. The logistic regression models with a survey design were used to examine the determinants of prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension.
Results: The prevalence of hypertension based on JNC8 was 29.9% (95% CI: 29.2-30.6), which soared to 53.7% (52.9-54.4) by 2017 ACC/AHA. Awareness, treatment, and control were 59.2% (58.0-60.3), 80.2% (78.9-81.4), and 39.1% (37.4-40.7) based on JNC8, which dropped to 37.1% (36.2-38.0), 71.3% (69.9-72.7), and 19.6% (18.3-21.0) respectively by 2017 ACC/AHA. By new guideline, adults 25-34 years had the largest increase in prevalence (from 7.3% to 30.7%). They also had the lowest awareness and treatment rate but the highest control rate (36.5%) among age groups. Compared with JNC8, under 2017 ACC/AHA, 24%, 15%, 17%, and 11% more individuals with dyslipidaemia, high triglyceride, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) events respectively fell into the hypertensive category. Yet, based on 2017 ACC/AHA, 68.2% of individuals falling into a hypertensive group were supposed to receive medications (versus 95.7% in JNC8). LDL cholesterol, physical activity, and one unit of Body Mass Index were found to change blood pressure by -3.56 (-4.38, -2.74), -2.04 (-2.58, -1.50), and 0.48 (0.42, 0.53) mm Hg respectively.
Conclusions: Switching from JNC8 to 2017 ACC/AHA highlighted sharp increases in prevalence and drastic declines in awareness, treatment, and control in Iran. By the 2017 ACC/AHA, more young adults and those with chronic comorbidities fell into the hypertensive category, thus might benefit from earlier interventions such as lifestyle modifications. The low control rate among treated individuals calls for a critical review of hypertension services in Iran.
Prevalence of postpartum depression and associated factors among postnatal care attendees in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia, 2018.
Authors: wubetu abate Dargie , Engidaw Nigus Alemnew , Gizachew Kefyalew Dagne
Published: February 2020

Background: Postpartum depression explains various groups of depressive symptoms and syndromes that can take place during the first 6 weeks following birth. The postpartum period is a critical time where both mild and severe mood disorders can occur. The familiar forms are baby blues and postpartum depression. Understanding the prevalence and associated factors of postpartum depression is mandatory for early detection and treatment.
Methods: Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted from 1st May to June 30, 2018. The study participants were eligible women who came to Debre Berhan referral hospital and health centers for postnatal care and vaccination service. The Edinburgh postnatal depression scale was used to assess postpartum depression. A systematic random sampling technique was used to collect the data after determining the skip fraction (k=2). The collected data were coded and entered into Epi-info version 7 and transported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Both bivariate and multivariate binary logistic regression were done to identify associated factors. During bivariate analysis, variables with p-value < 0.05 were included in multivariate analysis. Odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were computed and variables with p-value less than 0.05 were considered to declare significantly associated factors (multivariate analysis).
Comparative analysis of different host adaptation in two rice planthopper species
Authors: Huang Hai-Jian , Cui Jia-Rong , Hong Xiao-Yue
Published: February 2020

Background: Host adaptation is the major determinant of insect diversification. However, knowledge of different host ranges in very close-related species is scarce. The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens, BPH) and small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus, SBPH) are the most destructive insect pests belonging to Delphacidae. These two species differ in the host range, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Comparative analysis of planthoppers’ responses to different diets would improve our knowledge of host adaptation regarding herbivores insects.Results: SBPH could well colonize on rice and wheat plants, while BPH survived on rice plants only. We analyzed the gene expression change of SBPH that transferred from rice plants to wheat plants in a short term (rSBPH vs tSBPH) and colonized on wheat plants for a long term (rSBPH vs wSBPH). We found that the majority of differentially expressed genes in SBPH showed similar expression change between short-term transfer and long-term colonization. Based on the comparative analysis of BPH and SBPH after transferring, genes associated with sugar transporters and heat shock proteins varied similarly. However, most of genes were reciprocally regulated between two species. The detoxification-related genes were upregulated in SBPH after transferring, but downregulated in BPH under the same condition; ribosomal-related genes were down regulated in SBPH after transferring, but upregulated in BPH under the same condition.Conclusion: The results of this study provided evidence that host plants played dominant roles in shaping the gene expression, with alike responding of most genes between short-term transfer and long-term colonization in SBPH. In contrast, the majority of genes in BPH were reciprocally regulated in comparison to those of SBPH, and unfitness of BPH on wheat plants might be determined within 24 hours after transferring. This study deepens our understanding of different host ranges regarding two planthopper species, and may provide a potential strategy for pest management.
Toric Intraocular Lens Implantation in Cataract Patients with Corneal Opacity
Authors: Ra Ho , Hwang Ho Sik , Kim Hyun Seung , Kim Man Soo , Kim Eun Chul
Published: February 2020

Background: To evaluate the effect of toric intraocular lens implantation in cataract patient with corneal opacity and high astigmatism. Methods: 31 eyes of 31 patients who underwent cataract surgery with toric intraocular lens implantation were included. All patients had corneal opacity with astigmatism. Preoperative total corneal astigmatism was determined considering posterior astigmatism using a rotating Scheimpflug camera (Pentacam®: Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany). At 2 months after toric intraocular lens implantation, we evaluated residual astigmatism, uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA).Results: Postoperative UCVA and BCVA (0.30 ± 0.17, 0.22 ± 0.16LogMAR) were statistically improved compared to preoperative UCVA and BCVA (1.2 ± 0.34, 1.1 ± 0.30LogMAR, respectively) (P<0.01). Postoperative residual refractive astigmatism (1.2 ± 0.35D) was statistically reduced compared to preoperative refractive astigmatism (2.4 ± 0.65D) (P<0.05). Preoperative and postoperative total corneal astigmatism values were not statistically different. All eyes achieved postoperative visual acuity as good as or better than preoperative one. The size of corneal opacity covering pupil had significant negative correlation with postoperative UCVA and BCVA (logMAR) (R=0.91 P<0.05 and R=0.92 P<0.05, respectively)Conclusion: Toric intraocular lens implantation can improve UCVA, BCVA, and refractive astigmatism in cataract patient with corneal opacity. The size of corneal opacity covering pupil is the major prognostic factor for postoperative visual improvement. Therefore, toric intraocular lens implantation should be considered for cataract patients who have corneal opacity with high astigmatism.
Prognosis Evaluation of Universal Acute Coronary Syndrome: The Interplay between SYNTAX Score and ApoB/ApoA1
Authors: Wang Xiaotong , Wang Zhongyu , Author) Bing Li(New Corresponding , Author) Ping Yang(Former Corresponding
Published: February 2020

Background：Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a group of clinical syndromes associated with substantial morbidity and mortality rate. Syntax and Syntax II score used to be a reference for surgical selection of coronary revascularization and prognosis evaluation in patients with 3-vessel or left main artery disease. In addition, apoB/apoA1 is an important predictor of ACS risk. This study aims to assess the prognosis value of different kinds of SYNTAX score together with apoB/apoA1 in universal ACS patients (Regardless of ACS type, lesion location and vessel numbers). Method：396 patients with ACS undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention（PCI）and coronary stenting from 2013 to 2014 were chosen and recorded the major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) and quality of life during next 5 years. According to SYNTAX and SYNTAX II score, the patients were divided into low-risk, medium-risk and high-risk groups, and the clinical features, MACCE incidence and EQ-5D score at each time points were compared. And the predictive factors of MACCE incidence were analyzed. Results：①Compared with SYNTAX low-risk group, MACCE incidence in 1 year significantly increased in medium-high risk group（p=0.011）. Compared with SYNTAX II low-risk group, MACCE incidence in 5 years significantly increased in medium and high-risk group（p=0.032）.② Compared with SYNTAX II low-risk group，cardiovascular mortality in 3 and 5 years significantly elevated in high-risk group（p=0.001，p＜0.001 respectively）. ③ Compared with SYNTAX II low and medium-risk group, EQ-5D score in 5 years significantly decreased in high-risk group（p=0.001）. ④ ApoB/ApoA1 was more likely to be classified as high risk in SYNTAX/SYNTAX II medium and high-risk group（p=0.023，p=0.044 respectively）. ⑤Logistic regression analysis showed that apoB/apoA1 was an independent predictor of MACCE events in hospital and 5 years（p=0.038，p=0.016 respectively），SYNTAX score was an independent predictor of MACCE events in 1 year（medium-risk group：p=0.02；high-risk group：p=0.015）SYNTAX II score was an independent predictor of MACCE events in 5 yeasrs(p=0.003). Conclusions：①SYNTAX score has a high predictive value for short-term prognosis while SYNTAX II score is more predictive of long-term prognosis. ② SYNTAX II score is superior to SYNTAX score in predicting cardiovascular death. ③ The combination of apoB/apoA1 high-risk and SYNTAX II medium and high-risk group is the focus of clinical treatment and long-term follow-up observation.
Potential health risk assessment of toxic metals contamination in clay eaten as pica (geophagia) among pregnant women of Ho in the Volta Region of Ghana.
Authors: Kortei Nii Korley , Koryo-Dabrah Alice , Akonor Papa Toah , Manaphraim Nana Yaw Barima , Ayim-Akonor Matilda , Boadi Nathaniel Owusu , Essuman Edward Ken , Tettey Clement
Published: February 2020

Introduction: Geophagia although pleasurable and somewhat a necessity among pregnant women, also comes along with its own attendant problems such as exposure to potentially hazardous substances like bacteria, fungi, helminthes and ova, radioactive materials, and toxic elemental minerals in the soil depending on the geographical location.Methodology: This study evaluated the potential health risk involved during the exposure of pregnant women to toxic elemental minerals via the consumption of clay as pica (geophagia). Elemental mineral analysis was carried out using Buck Scientific 210VGP Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Buck Scientific, Inc. East Norwalk, USA). Risk assessment methods were also used to ascertain the various risks factors and the overall risk level.Results: Concentrations of the macro elements investigated were 1.38 ± 1.5, 2.40± 1.5, 7.74± 1.5, 4.01± 1.0, 13.24± 2.2 and 13.76± 2.1 mg/Kg for Fe, Cu, Zn, K, Mg and Na respectively. While that for the micro elements were 1.63± 0.03 µg/Kg, 4.72±0.8, 0.53±0.02 and 1.85±0.3 mg/kg respectively for Arsenic, Manganese, Lead and Nickel. Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Hazard Quotient (HQ), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Total Target Hazard Quotient (TTHQ) values ranged 0.611- 5.44 (mg/kg Bw/day), 6.26x10-4 – 106.5, 0.067-10.34 and 15 respectively.Conclusion: There is the likelihood of posing adverse health problems when clay samples obtained from Anfoega which is sited in the Volta region of Ghana is consumed due to the fact that the HQ’s of these elemental minerals were >1 which points to high content of Manganese (Mn) and Nickel (Ni). It is also likely to cause adverse health problems in an individual’s life time since THQ for Arsenic, Lead and Nickel were above 1. Ultimately, the cumulative effect of these toxicants were exceedingly great (≤ 15) which implied a high level of unsafety associated with this clay. Per the results from this study, it is not safe for pregnant women to consume clay as pica since these toxic elements may cause detrimental effects on the foetus of the unborn child.
Adapting wellbeing research tools for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Nagel Tricia , Sweet Michelle , Dingwall Kylie , Puszka Stefanie , Hughes Jaqueline , Kavanagh David , Cass Alan , Howard Kirsten , Majoni Sandawana
Published: February 2020

Background: Chronic kidney disease is an increasingly common health problem for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. It is associated with multiple concurrent psychosocial stressors which frequently result in negative impacts on emotional and social wellbeing. There is a need for well-designed intervention studies to provide evidence of effective treatment for comorbid depression or other mental illness in this setting. Attention to early phase piloting and development work has been recommended when testing complex interventions. This paper documents feasibility testing and adaptation of an existing culturally responsive brief wellbeing intervention, the Stay Strong App, and three commonly used wellbeing outcome measures, in preparation for a clinical trial testing effectiveness of the intervention. Methods: The Stay Strong App has not been used in the setting of Chronic Kidney Disease before. It is reviewed and adapted for people with comorbid Chronic Kidney Disease and wellbeing concerns through expert consensus between research team and an Expert Panel. The outcome measures (Kessler 10, Patient Health Questionnaire 9, and EuroQoL) are valid, reliable, and commonly used tools to assess various aspects of wellbeing, which have also not been used in this context before. Feasibility and acceptability are examined and developed through 3 stages: Pilot testing in a purposive sample of five haemodialysis patients and carers; translation of outcome measures through collaboration between the Aboriginal Interpreter Service, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander research officers and the research team; and conversion of translated outcome measures to electronic format. Findings: Research team and expert panel consensus led to adaptation of the Stay Strong App for renal patients through selective revision of words and images. Pilot testing identified challenges in delivery of the wellbeing measures leading to word changes and additional prompts, integration of audio translations in 11 local Indigenous languages within an interactive Outcome Measures App, and related research protocol changes. Conclusion: Modelling the complex intervention prior to full-scale testing provided important information about the design of both the outcome measures and the intervention. These changes are likely to better support success in conduct of the clinical trial and future implementation of the intervention in clinical settings.
Prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) decreases the incidence of interstitial pneumonia (IP) in B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) patients receiving chemotherapy with rituximab
Authors: Li Cong , Lu Fangxiao , Tao Lei , Yu Haifeng , Chen Xi , Peng Shuailing , Han Shuiyun , Yang Haiyan
Published: February 2020

Background
Several studies have reported on the incidence of interstitial pneumonia (IP) among patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) that have been treated with chemotherapy plus rituximab, however, the best means of prophylactically preventing IP remains unclear. This retrospective study was designed to explore the prophylactic effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) on IP and to identify IP-associated risk factors in NHL patients.
Methods
Between March 2013 and April 2018, 498 patients (264 male, 53%) with B cell NHL undergoing first-line rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (RCHOP)-like chemotherapy treatment were enrolled in this study.
Results
These patients had a median age of 56 years, and 311 of these patients (62.4%) were administered prophylactic TMP-SMX. IP occurred in 65 patients (13.1%), with once daily prophylactic TMP-SMX treatment leading to a significant reduced IP rate (21.4% vs. 8.0%; p<0.001). Among patients treated with TMP-SMX, 2 (1.2%) exhibited rashes, 38 (12.2%) suffered from nausea and vomiting, 52 (16.7%) showed signs of neutropenia, and 18 (5.8%) suffered kidney dysfunction. Being male, having a history of diabetes, and not having undergone prophylactic TMP-SMX treatment were all found to be significantly associated with IP risk in both univariate and multivariate analysis. Disease progression was observed in 55/311 (17.7%) patients that underwent prophylactic TMP-SMX treatment and in 63/187 (33.7%) patients that did not (p<0.001).
Conclusions
Overall, these results reveal that IP is common in B cell NHL patients undergoing chemotherapy plus rituximab treatment, with the prophylactic administration of once daily oral TMP-SMX significantly reduces the IP incidence.