bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Confucian Ethics and Capitalism
Authors: Yü Ying-shih
Published: September 2017

This essay disputes Weberian ideas of how Confucian thought prevented capitalistic development in China. Accepting Fernand Braudel’s separation of capitalism from market economy, it outlines the evolution of business culture and a market economy and their relation to Confucian ethics in Chinese history. It argues that Confucian ideas about industry, frugality and the preciousness of time, and Chinese merchants’ ethical qualities such as cheng (sincerity), xin (trustworthiness), and buqi (non-deception), combined with an “immortality anxiety” led the Chinese market to undergo a “process of rationalization” between 1500 and 1800 even though it did not lead to the rise of capitalism.
Business Culture and Chinese Traditions
Authors: Yü Ying-shih
Published: September 2017

This is a study of the evolution of Chinese merchant culture from 221 B.C.E. to 1800 C.E. It demonstrates the importance of merchants and market economy throughout Chinese history, and also that by the middle of the seventeenth-century, the status of merchants and scholars were quite similar; many scholars became merchants as part of a “commercial wave.” It further argues that merchant culture and the market economy predisposed the Chinese to the modern acceptance of capitalism.
Reorientation of Confucian Social Thought in the Age of Wang Yangming
Authors: Yü Ying-shih
Published: September 2017

This essay examines how the most notable Neo-Confucian scholar Wang Yangming (1472-1529) re-oriented his Confucian project in the context of Ming despotism. It argues that Confucianism took a decidedly new turn in the sixteenth century and that Wang Yangming was at the center of this development from the sixteenth century to the early decades of the eighteenth. Details how Wang shifted the earlier central role of Confucian intellectuals in implementing reforms under the imperial support to enlightening the ordinary Chinese people, specifically including the merchant class, that they could realize the Dao or the Moral Way in their daily lives. This shift not only led to a new era of social and political thinking in the history of Confucianism, but also to the rise of the merchant class to unprecedented social and cultural prominence in the 16th century.
Dai Zhen’s Choice Between Philosophy and Philology
Authors: Yü Ying-shih
Published: September 2017

This study examines philosophy (moral principles) and philology (evidential investigation) as the two basic constituent elements in Dai’s system of Confucian learning. It shows that for Dai his philology and his philosophy were inseparable. His philosophy is seen as an inevitable outgrowth of his philology and his philology was close to the Confucian Dao and thus necessary to a correct understanding of Confucian moral philosophy.
Sun Yat-sen’s Doctrine and Traditional Chinese Culture
Authors: Yü Ying-shih
Published: September 2017

This study details the parts of Sun Yat-sen’s system of thought that drew on ideas adapted from the Chinese intellectual tradition. It discusses Sun’s thought in the context of late 19th-and early 20th-century Chinese intellectual history. Admitting Sun’s debt to Western thought, the article finds its deeper structure to contain component parts of the Chinese tradition and painful struggles to reconcile modernization with what Sun perceived to be the essence of Chinese culture. Thus, Sun’s three principles are seen to have been conceived in a Chinese context.
The Radicalization of China in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Yü Ying-shih
Published: September 2017

This essay portrays the radicalization of the Chinese mind in the 20th century as a strategic move from “interpretation” to “discovery” on the part of the Chinese intellectual elite. It shows how step by step, from the National Essence group through constitionalists, revolutionaries, May Fourth Movement to Mao Zedong, the radical ideas held by Chinese intellectuals rose and fell in quick succession according, by and large, to the inner logic of the world of thought. It sees this radicalization of the Chinese mind as growing out of the marginalization of China in the world and the marginalization of intellectuals in Chinese society.
Modern Chronological Biography and the Conception of Historical Scholarship
Authors: Yü Ying-shih
Published: September 2017

While comparing Chinese biographical writing with the Western tradition, this article focuses on the evolution of the chronological biography (nianpu). It further discusses how Qing dynasty evidential research (kaozheng) resulted in the chronological biography gradually assuming an independent existence, no longer being a mere appendix to collected works, but becoming an integral component of Chinese historiography.
Philosophy and the Intimate Universal
Authors: Desmond William
Published: September 2017

Chapter 3 asks how the intimate universal might have a significant bearing on the practice of philosophy itself. Many immediately think of philosophers as the high priests of the universal, but these high priests do not always convince non-philosophers, be they artists or religious believers. if sometimes the philosophers demand from the intimacies of religion and art that they prove themselves in connection with the universal, here the call is directed to philosophy itself, as a practice of truth, to prove that its service of the universal is in the spirit of the most intimate truthfulness. To this end, Desmond connects the philosophical service of the universal with a more intimate sense of “doing justice” that is prior to the more usual juxtaposition of theory and practice.
The Erotics of the Intimate Universal
Authors: Desmond William
Published: September 2017

Chapter 7 explores the erotics of the intimate universal, aware that there are those who would divorce erotics from the universal. If the universal is the preserve of reason, we sometimes think eros precedes or exceeds reason. This is too simple, and untrue to both eros and reason. As rooted in the flesh of the aesthetic body, the erotics does bring further to the fore the self-surpassing of the human being which, while particularized, is not merely particularistic. That the intimate universal is at work in this self-surpassing, and that it is in excess of our sober self-determination is no argument against the universal but a sign we must think of the universal differently.
The Agapeics of the Intimate Universal
Authors: Desmond William
Published: September 2017

Chapter 8 explores the agapeics of the intimate universal: the promise of this is immanent from the outset. The agapeics of the intimate universal communicates a surplus generosity that was secretly enabling in the idiotics, aesthetics and erotics. It is also prepared with the friend, the trusted companion in the labyrinth. The promise in the intimate universal is more than symmetrical relations between friends. Mindfulness of this surplus generosity offers a different picture to much of modern political thought where the underlying motivation of all human association is our lack, interiorized in anguish before death, extroverted in will to power, enacted in aggression against the other as a potential enemy.
China's Hegemony
Authors: Lee Ji-Young
Published: September 2017

Many have viewed the tribute system as China's tool for projecting its power and influence in East Asia, treating other actors as passive recipients of Chinese domination. China's Hegemony sheds new light on this system and shows that the international order of Asia's past was not as Sinocentric as conventional wisdom suggests. Instead, throughout the early modern period, Chinese hegemony was accepted, defied, and challenged by its East Asian neighbors at different times, depending on these leaders' strategies for legitimacy among their populations. Focusing on China-Korea-Japan dynamics of East Asian international politics during the Ming and High Qing periods, Ji-Young Lee draws on extensive research of East Asian language sources, including records written by Chinese and Korean tributary envoys. She offers fascinating and rich details of war and peace in Asian international relations, addressing questions such as: why Japan invaded Korea and fought a major war against the Sino-Korean coalition in the late sixteenth century; why Korea attempted to strike at the Ming empire militarily in the late fourteenth century; and how Japan created a miniature tributary order posing as the center of Asia in lieu of the Qing empire in the seventeenth century.
The Making of Ming Hegemony
Authors: Lee Ji-Young
Published: September 2017

The chapter investigates the interesting ways in which Korea and Japan responded to the rise of the Ming empire. The two cases in Chapter 3 signify unusual fluctuations in the two countries’ patterns of compliance behavior—Japan’s acceptance and Korea’s challenge to Chinese hegemony. In line with the book’s theoretical expectations, the case studies show that their compliance decisions grew out of domestic politics considerations rather than a direct response to the Ming power or culture. The rise of the Ming empire marked not only changes in the power shift at the international level. It also had implications for domestic power struggles within Japan and Korea as their leaders tried to take advantage of the Ming’s symbolic power politically against their opponents at home.
Introduction
Authors: Bulson Eric
Published: September 2017

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
Little magazine, worldwide network
Authors: Bulson Eric
Published: September 2017

The first chapter tackles the seemingly straightforward question: where was the little magazine network? As a way to get started, I examine some of the diagrams and maps created by little magazine makers in Spain, France, and Poland to try and figure out where their magazines were going in the world. In doing so, I explain that this “worldwide network of periodicals,” a term first used by the Polish Constructivist Henri Berlewi in 1922, did not rely for its effects on actual connectivity. In fact, these early attempts to visualize “the worldwide network” reveal how much disconnection, both voluntary and involuntary, played a formative role in the way that little magazines could begin to imagine where they were and with whom. Emphasizing the effects of disconnection enables us to think about the geography and history of the little magazine on a global scale, looking less for the circulation of texts and authors and more for the causes behind bouts of isolation and the formation of alternative, and very often non-Western, routes of exchange.
Afterword
Authors: Bulson Eric
Published: September 2017

I consider more recent attempts to digitize full runs of little magazines and make them accessible to a wider public, situating it in a more expansive archival history that includes earlier attempts to bind little magazines in the 1920s, transfer magazines to microfilm in the 1940s, reproduce them in book form in the 1960s, and reprint them as anastatic copies in the 1970s. In its most general terms, this ever-emerging archive of “digittle magazines,” as I call them, with their potential for entirely new modes of searching and cross referencing can transform our understanding of modernism’s legacy. But, I argue, this process, which is largely being funded and overseen by academic and commercial institutions, also threatens to anchor the little magazine in national literary traditions that can cut it off from a global itinerary in the past we are just beginning to map out and explain.
Archival Legends
Authors: Vadde Aarthi
Published: September 2017

The chimera of form featured in my fourth chapter is the archival legend, which I use to classify Billy the Kid and Sailor from Ondaatje’s The Collected Works of Billy the Kid (1970; extended reissue, 2008) and Anil’s Ghost (2000) respectively. Combining theories of the archive as a space of material collection and artifactual remains and theories of the legend as a genre of storytelling that cultivates the unreal and the unknowable, I argue that Ondaatje uses archival legends to broach the tensions between isolationism and internationalism, cultural particularity and the universal norms of justice associated with human rights. While some critics have argued that Ondaatje’s collage aesthetics are irresponsible and compound injustice because they obscure the cause and effect of historicist narratives (a criticism that will recall for many Georg Lukács’ famous disregard for modernism), this chapter shows that Ondaatje’s work subjects the norms of both international justice and historicist causality to criticism for being inadequately sensitive to cultural memory. Rejecting both the disembodying abstractions of human rights dicta and the embodying practices of historical identification, he uses archival legends as figure of semi-embodiment brought into being by formal strategies of artifact collection, fragment accretion, and loose assembly. These legends situate universal norms and historical facts within the foggier, but actually-existing realms of national myth and transnational memory. Without attending to these dominant and emergent domains of cultural memory, Ondaatje suggests that internationalism forsakes the domain of sentiment and risks becoming tone deaf to the cosmological gaps that persist in how members of “strong” versus “weak” nations view colonialism’s impact on the global present.
Love Letters from Golok
Authors: Gayley Holly
Published: September 2017

Love Letters from Golok chronicles the courtship between two Buddhist tantric masters, Tare Lhamo (1938–2002) and Namtrul Rinpoche (1944–2011), and their passion for reinvigorating Buddhism in eastern Tibet during the post-Mao era. In fifty-six letters exchanged from 1978 to 1980, Tare Lhamo and Namtrul Rinpoche envisioned a shared destiny to "heal the damage" done to Buddhism during the years leading up to and including the Cultural Revolution. Holly Gayley retrieves the personal and prophetic dimensions of their courtship and its consummation in a twenty-year religious career that informs issues of gender and agency in Buddhism, cultural preservation among Tibetan communities, and alternative histories for minorities in China. The correspondence between Tare Lhamo and Namtrul Rinpoche is the first collection of "love letters" to come to light in Tibetan literature. Blending tantric imagery with poetic and folk song styles, their letters have a fresh vernacular tone comparable to the love songs of the Sixth Dalai Lama, but with an eastern Tibetan flavor. Gayley reads these letters against hagiographic writings about the couple, supplemented by field research, to illuminate representational strategies that serve to narrate cultural trauma in a redemptive key, quite unlike Chinese scar literature or the testimonials of exile Tibetans. With special attention to Tare Lhamo's role as a tantric heroine and her hagiographic fusion with Namtrul Rinpoche, Gayley vividly shows how Buddhist masters have adapted Tibetan literary genres to share private intimacies and address contemporary social concerns.
Introduction
Authors: Gayley Holly
Published: September 2017

After introducing the couple and the gendered lens of the book as a whole, I narrate my own literary and ethnographic encounter with this Buddhist tantric couple to draw the reader into the Tibetan region of Golok, a nomadic area on the border of Qinghai and Sichuan Provinces, where Tāre Lhamo and Namtrul Rinpoche lived, traveled and taught. The Introduction asks how Tibetans themselves have construed their own recent history and suggests that Buddhist hagiography is an important site for Tibetans today to narrate an alternative history, since classical genre conventions preclude overt political statements and allow for a symbolic retrieval of Tibetan agency. I introduce the literary sources to be analyzed in this book as a new archive through which to explore the issue of minority voices in China.
Conclusion
Authors: Hajj Nadya
Published: September 2017

The book concludes with a summary of major findings and the exportability of lessons to other communities living in transitional landscapes around the world, specifically Palestinian refugees trapped in Syria during the civil war crisis.
The Perspectivation of Simulations
Authors: Hinterwaldner Inge
Published: September 2017

Computer simulations are introduced as processes shaped according to the ‘systems perspective’. This expression is a parallel to central perspective. While the latter is a specific medium to form space, the former organizes dynamics. There exist various attempts to reformulate a kind of perspectivation in the domain of new media. They differ from the proposed as they are not elaborated with respect to the rules of its construction logic. In order to assimilate the new, for the ‘systems perspective’, the eye point is compared with parameters or variables, the vanishing point with the aspect of the real time, and the cut through the visual pyramid with the phase space. A first critique of the simulation dynamic is conveyed with the argumentative help of Jean Baudrillard. It touches the generalization through laws, the discretization of dynamic, and the specific mode of communication.
Body Machine
Authors: Broeckmann Andreas
Published: September 2017

This chapter deals with the way in which the meaning of the machine is intertwined with that of the human body. Throughout modernity, the human organism has been understood both as a model for the conception of mechanical systems and as the site of a subjectivity which is undermined by such technological systems. This charged terrain has been the subject of the entire artistic career of the Australian artist Stelarc. His work is analyzed in detail and taken as a point of entry into a historical presentation of conceptions of the body, from the mechanical through the cybernetic, and in the work of artists like Oskar Schlemmer and El Lissitzky, as well as in the more recent, deconstructive approaches by Wim Delvoye, or Seiko Mikami. The chapter also outlines how the notion of an encapsulated human body merging with its technical environment can be found not only in the cybernetic fantasy of Oswald Wiener’s “Bio-Adapter”, but also in similar proposals by authors as different as Kazimir Malevich, Max Bense, and Vilém Flusser.
Rebel Genius
Authors: Abraham Tara
Published: September 2017

The life and work of a scientist who spent his career crossing disciplinary boundaries—from experimental neurology to psychiatry to cybernetics to engineering.

Warren S. McCulloch (1898–1969) adopted many identities in his scientific life—among them philosopher, poet, neurologist, neurophysiologist, neuropsychiatrist, collaborator, theorist, cybernetician, mentor, engineer. He was, writes Tara Abraham in this account of McCulloch's life and work, “an intellectual showman,” and performed this part throughout his career. While McCulloch claimed a common thread in his work was the problem of mind and its relationship to the brain, there was much more to him than that. In Rebel Genius, Abraham uses McCulloch's life as a window on a past scientific age, showing the complex transformations that took place in American brain and mind science in the twentieth century—particularly those surrounding the cybernetics movement.

Abraham describes McCulloch's early work in neuropsychiatry, and his emerging identity as a neurophysiologist. She explores his transformative years at the Illinois Neuropsychiatric Institute and his work with Walter Pitts—often seen as the first iteration of “artificial intelligence” but here described as stemming from the new tradition of mathematical treatments of biological problems. Abraham argues that McCulloch's dual identities as neuropsychiatrist and cybernetician are inseparable. He used the authority he gained in traditional disciplinary roles as a basis for posing big questions about the brain and mind as a cybernetician. When McCulloch moved to the Research Laboratory of Electronics at MIT, new practices for studying the brain, grounded in mathematics, philosophy, and theoretical modeling, expanded the relevance and ramifications of his work. McCulloch's transdisciplinary legacies anticipated today's multidisciplinary field of cognitive science.
The Egalitarian Mentor
Authors: Abraham Tara H.
Published: September 2017

This chapter contextualizes the 1943 paper by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts on the logic of neural activity through McCulloch’s emerging institutional roles at the University of Illinois at Chicago—both in psychiatry research and as an egalitarian mentor. His performance of this identity at a crucial stage in his career facilitated his turn to the more clinical aspects of brain organization as well as his model-building practices, which converged in his rhetoric of providing a foundational basis for the ever-expanding discipline of psychiatry. The chapter discusses the role of the Rockefeller Foundation and of Nicolas Rashevsky’s group in mathematical biophysics at the University of Chicago as key institutional contexts for McCulloch’s work with Pitts. Rather than simply a precursor to later work in artificial intelligence, their work signified a burgeoning practice of applying mathematics and logic to problems in the biomedical sciences, as well as continued fluidity between science, medicine, and philosophy.
The Abolition of Antidumping Measures in the EU: An Example and Inspiration for the TTIP
Authors: Kasteng Jonas
Published: September 2017

The European Union (EU) is one of the main users of the antidumping instrument. The EU is also a unique example of a regional trade agreement that has abolished the use of antidumping measures in force between the integrating parties. The chapter analyzes the effects on trade of imposing and abolishing antidumping measures in the EU based on empirical evidence. The imposition of antidumping measures is analyzed from the points of effectiveness, that is, if the protection is effective as regards EU producers, the exporters of allegedly dumped products and third country exporters; and efficiency, that is, the cost of protection for EU user industry and consumers. The abolition of antidumping measures is analyzed from the point of injury to EU producers when it comes to price undercutting and loss of market shares; and possible changes in the use of the antidumping instrument against third countries. The chapter also analyses the antidumping measures between the EU and the United States, as well as the experiences with abolishing antidumping measures in the EU and the European Economic Area (EEA) as an inspiration for the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) negotiations.
Introduction
Authors: Adams Zed , Browning Jacob
Published: September 2017

This introduction revisits a number of Haugeland’s most influential essays and organizes them around five themes: holism about the mental, the dependence of intentionality on sociality; the mind as embodied and extended; the essential normativity of objectivity and truth; and the existential commitment necessary for an authentic life. It demonstrates the centrality and interconnectedness of these themes through a close reading of Haugeland’s magnum opus, “Truth and Rule-Following.” The introduction also discusses the historical influence of these essays in cognitive science, philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, Heidegger studies, and the development of the Pittsburgh School. It aims to encourage re-reading of Haugeland’s most important texts, as well as to compel philosophers to grapple with his guiding belief that giving a damn is at the core of what it means to be human.
Being Minded
Authors: Macbeth Danielle
Published: September 2017

As generally understood, the world of our everyday experience is an appearance due in part to impacts on us of such things as wavelengths of light or moving particles and in part to contingent features of our sense organs and brains. A central theme in Haugeland’s work is that this picture is profoundly misguided, that we need to recover something more like the ancient Aristotelian conception of ourselves as rational animals. It appears, then, that we are faced with a choice between the ancient Aristotelian conception of our mindedness and the modern Cartesian conception, more exactly, a naturalized version of it. But Haugeland’s account of our mindedness is not merely pre-modern. It is, as I argue, recognizably “post-modern” in incorporating insights of both the pre-modern Aristotelian conception and that of early modernity.
Constancy Mechanisms and the Normativity of Perception
Authors: Maher Chauncey
Published: September 2017

In “Truth and Rule-Following,” John Haugeland criticizes a wide swath of competing accounts of perceptual representation on the grounds that they cannot make room for the possibility of perceptual states that are functionally right but factually wrong. In this paper, we spell out what we take Haugeland’s criticism to involve by showing how it applies equally well to an account of perceptual representation that was published after Haugeland’s death: namely, the account of perceptual representation offered in Tyler Burge’s Origins of Objectivity (2010).
Recording and Representing, Analog and Digital
Authors: Kulvicki John
Published: September 2017

In “Representational Genera,” Haugeland built an account of representational kinds around the structures of their contents. Icons, which include pictures, images, graphs, and diagrams, differ from logical representations like linguistic expressions because iconic contents are essentially patterns of dependent and independent variables. Such structures are absent in language. Recording is a witless, replayable process that Haugeland deployed to calm worries about his content-wise account of representational genera. This paper elevates recording from the supporting role Haugeland gave it to star of the show.
The main claim defended here is that some kinds of representation—pictures, images, graphs, diagrams—are modeled by recording processes, while others, like languages, are not. Extensionally, this distinction is close to Haugeland’s, but it is intensionally subtler, more plausible, and, as I hope to show, more useful. This approach abandons Haugeland’s goal of distinguishing representational kinds exclusively in terms of their contents, but there are many advantages to doing so.
Entanglements
Authors: Tosoni Simone , Pinch Trevor
Published: September 2017

Based on several rounds of academic interview and conversations with Trevor Pinch, the book introduces the reader to the field of Science and Technology Studies (STS), and in particular to the social constructionist approach to science, technology and sound. Through the lenses of Pinch’s lifetime work, STS students, and scholars in fields dealing with technological mediation, are provided with an in-depth overview, and with suggestions for further reading, on the most relevant past and ongoing debates in the field. The book starts presenting the approach launched by the Bath School in the early sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK), and follows the development of the field up to the so called “Science wars” of the ‘90s, and to the popularization of the main acquisitions of the field by Trevor Pinch and Harry Collins’ Golem trilogy. Then, it deals with the sociology of technology, and presents the Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) approach, launched by Trevor Pinch and Wiebe Bijker in 1984 and developed in more than 30 years of research, comparing it with alternative approaches like Bruno Latour’s Actor-Network theory. Five issues are addressed in depth: relevant social groups in the social construction of technology; the intertwining of social representations and practices; the importance of tacit knowledge in SCOT’s approach to the nonrepresentational; the controversy over nonhuman agency; and the political implications of SCOT. Finally, it presents the main current debates in STS, in particular in the study of materiality and ontology, and presents Pinch’s more recent work in sound studies.
The Sociology of Scientific Knowledge
Authors: Tosoni Simone , Pinch Trevor
Published: September 2017

The chapter presents the early years and the subsequent developments of the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge (SSK), starting from the School of Edinburgh and the Edinburgh Strong Programme advanced by David Bloor, introducing its four tenets: symmetry, impartiality, causality, and reflexivity. After presenting the main works done in Laboratory Studies, it extensively presents the Bath School and its focus on scientific controversies and tacit knowledge. In particular, it discusses in depth Harry Collins’ concept of “experimenter’s regress” and Trevor Pinch’s “externality of observation”, presenting the empirical work these concepts are based on. The chapter then clarifies the specific form of relativism (methodological relativism) adopted by the Bath School, pointing out its differences from epistemological relativism, and finally discusses the issue of reflexivity as addressed with SSK.
Other Entanglements
Authors: Tosoni Simone , Pinch Trevor
Published: September 2017

The final chapter of the book discusses Trevor Pinch’s more recent works, and addresses three main topics. The first one is the topic of selling, on which the author returns after the mid ‘80s works on market selling. The primary focus is now on the skills and knowledge involved in the practices of selling. In particular, the chapter addresses the translation and adaptation of skill from a material setting of selling to another (from street market to television sales), and some peculiar forms of knowledge like Territorial Knowledge. A discussion on the relevance of sound in selling introduces the reader to the second topic of the chapter: sound studies. The chapter presents their origin, their main current tendencies, and Pinch’s own trajectories in the field of research, from the work on the social construction of the Moog synthesizer to the inquiries on the stabilization of sound. Finally, the chapter discusses the recent proposal of an ontological turn in Science and Technology Studies (STS), and the related accusations of “perspectivism” opposed to social constructivist approaches like Social Construction of Technology (SCOT).
Practicing Advocacy
Authors: Perez-Breva Luis , Fuhrer Nick
Published: September 2017

When you advocate for resources for your innovating, you are fundamentally inviting others to buy into a larger reality you’ll build together, and to take what you have built thus far as a demonstration that the larger reality is doable—a proof of concept. Think of advocacy as inquiry and verification. You get someone’s attention, get to know one another and build trust as you unfold a proposal, and discuss specifics so the collaboration can begin. What at first may seem to be an investment deal may continue beyond that; advocacy is also part of developing partnerships, acquiring customers, and in general showing others the value of joining forces. As you systematize your innovating, what you have learned through advocacy may inform how you build a business development function, a marketing department, or something else. Make every occasion an opportunity to practice advocacy.
The Meaning Factory
Authors: Verganti Roberto
Published: September 2017

This chapter, examines how to harness the art of criticism for innovation. Collaborative innovation through criticism may occur in two ways First, between pairs, i.e. between two individuals. The first criticism aims at going deeper: we want to better understand the implications of each hypothesis (implications that are often unclear even to those who proposed them). Especially, we want to nurture the most unorthodox directions, which are probably weaker but potentially powerful. This kind of criticism therefore needs to proceed with care. It blossoms in the protected intimacy of two trusted peers. Second, among the entire group. The second criticism aims at finding new directions: we want to compare and combine different hypotheses to search for new unprecedented interpretations. To this purpose, the pairs assemble into a larger group, which acts as a Radical Circle. By clashing the works of different pairs, we look beyond their apparent contrast, in search for something new, a novel meaning that underpins both of them. Contrasts and tensions are therefore favoured for the sake of innovation. This chapter illustrates how to work in Pairs and Radical Circles into a two days intense meeting, that we call Meaning Factory.
Introduction
Authors: Hale Benjamin
Published: September 2017

Apart from the time I substituted a cup of salt for a cup of sugar, one of my first cooking misadventures occurred in the early 1990s, on a Thanksgiving trip home from college. Filled with an arsenal of ideas and a mind for social change, I was home to proselytize, eager to persuade my family that a vegetarian diet was not only the right diet but the tastiest diet as well. It was my view then that each of us is obligated to do our part to undermine the negative impacts of factory farms. Not only are such farms cruel to animals, I thought, but they are also an extremely inefficient way of providing food. I was of the mind that each American bore the burden to change his or her behavior to help put factory farms out of business. And so I took it upon myself to demonstrate that a good, healthy holiday meal needn’t be propped up by honey-baked hams and richly stuffed turkeys....
The Precious Vase
Authors: Hale Benjamin
Published: September 2017

This chapter introduces the central trope of the book: that a key supposition of environmentalism is the idea that nature is valuable. It briefly explores questions regarding the nature of nature, but also introduces a distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic value. It utilizes cases of environmental direct action to demonstrate a range of value-based arguments prevalent throughout the environmental community.
Rustling in the Bushes
Authors: Hale Benjamin
Published: September 2017

This chapter proposes that nature often can be disvaluable, but that many modern conveniences and technologies mediate and temper this disvalue. The chapter utilizes a series of anecdotes -- including animal attacks against humans, illness from food borne pathogens, fears of cryptids, and scorched earth warfare -- to underscore the disvalue of nature and show how technologies often mask an underlying brutality in nature.
The Wild and the Wicked
Authors: Hale Benjamin
Published: September 2017

This chapter seeks to firm up a distinction between actions and events, eventually motivating a more important distinction between the right and the good. The chapter contrasts the bombing of Hiroshima with the Boxing Day Tsunami of 2004 to suggest that actions and events are not as easy to compare as they may first appear. It then discusses decision trees and introduces “the case of the poisoning stranger,” to illustrate how difficult comparisons between actions and events can be. In doing so, it lays the groundwork to cover the distinction between the right and the good.
The Good Green Life
Authors: Hale Benjamin
Published: September 2017

This chapter addresses the book’s core distinction by contrasting the right and the good. It utilizes a thought experiment – the Parable of Wicked and Wild – to argue that the imperative of justification is paramount to building a viable environmental ethics. Such an environmentalism would seek to build a “viridian commonwealth” in which citizens and industries act with and for reasons that are or could be subjected to the scrutiny of all citizens.
Anticipation and Fulfillment
Authors: Madary Michael
Published: September 2017

The third chapter presents an argument for the descriptive premise. Building on work from Susanna Siegel (2010a), I argue by reductio ad absurdum for (PC') If S substantially changes her perspective on o, her visual phenomenology will present different views of o's factual properties. The chapter introduces five features of visual anticipations and then goes on to a discussion of the way in which (PC') allows for there to be variation in visual content for different subjects under identical viewing conditions.
The Question of Content
Authors: Madary Michael
Published: September 2017

The fourth chapter covers the content of visual anticipations, referred to as AF content. It critically discusses alternative theories of content, especially the orthodox view that perceptual content is propositional. The chapter also addresses arguments that deny visual content altogether. The final section of the chapter shows how AF content can solve four (out of five) outstanding problems in the philosophy of perception.
Some Perceptual Psychology
Authors: Madary Michael
Published: September 2017

The fifth chapter begins the support for the empirical premise of the main argument by focusing on results from perceptual psychology. It includes a discussion of a range of evidence that supports the empirical premise and it also critically discusses common views that are at odds with the empirical premise. The chapter includes a discussion of the way in which visual attention can be understood with regard to the empirical premise.
The Dorsal Stream and the Visual Horizon
Authors: Madary Michael
Published: September 2017

The seventh chapter shows how the empirical premise can accommodate evidence for the dual visual systems in cognitive neuroscience. The main claim of this chapter is that the crucial difference between the two cortical streams is in their spatiotemporal processing, rather than their functional output: the dorsal stream processes peripheral retinal input with a high temporal resolution, and the ventral stream specializes in foveal input with less temporal resolution.
New Romantic Cyborgs
Authors: Coeckelbergh Mark
Published: September 2017

Most people assume that technology and romanticism are opposed. They share this assumption with many contemporary philosophers of technology, who tend to reduce romanticism to nostalgia. This book questions these assumptions and shows that the relation between romanticism and technology is much more complex.
For this purpose it delves into the history of technology and thinking about technology, from the early Romantics to hippie computing and today’s romantic cyborgs. The book updates the literature on technoromanticism, but also raises a new question: it seems that as machines become more human-like and informational, they disappear from view or merge with the human. Do we witness the end of the machine?
The author then discusses criticisms of romanticism and of “the end of the machine” vision he constructed. Yet the author avoids a simplistic rejection or defence of technoromantic visions; when it comes to understanding technology, the romantic tradition is more ambiguous and also more resourceful that we might suppose.
The book ends with the question if and how we could ever move beyond romanticism and beyond machine thinking. It turns out that, given the persistence of our modern-romantic form of life including language and technologies, the end of the machine is not even in sight. In the meantime, we have to live with our romantic machines, with our new cyborgs. That is, we have to live with ourselves as cyborgs: living meetings, mergers, and hybrids of romanticism and technology.
Romanticism
Authors: Coeckelbergh Mark
Published: September 2017

In chapter 2 historical Romanticism is outlined as it emerged and thrived in Germany, Britain, and France around 1800 and as it reached deep into the nineteenth century. The works and lives of Rousseau, Novalis, Morris, and others are discussed for this purpose. Moreover, he social and political side of Romanticism (Ruskin, Morris, and Marx) and romantic Gothic are discussed.
Historical Romanticism is then linked to romanticism more broadly defined. The author argues that in many ways romanticism still persists today and that there is a line to be drawn start from Rousseau in the late eighteenth century to twentieth century counterculture and beyond. Even in the early twenty-first century forms of subjectivity are very much shaped by Romanticism - mainly in the form of our heritage from 1960s and 1970s romantic counterculture.
Romanticism against the Machine?
Authors: Coeckelbergh Mark
Published: September 2017

Chapter 3 shows how romanticism (historical Romanticism and romanticism more broadly defined) is usually seen in opposition to technology: in the past, by many Romantics themselves, but also by later interpreters and critics – including philosophers of technology. Romanticism is usually seen as an attempt to escape the machine; it is the machine’s very antithesis. Even contemporary philosophers who claim to reject a romantic view of technology tend to presuppose the romantic dialectic.
It turns out that the writings of Weber, Heidegger, and Benjamin are more ambiguous with regard to technology than usually supposed. This point is also supported by a discussion of the relation between romanticism and technology in an American context. Perhaps romanticism and technology are sometimes compatible.
The Digital Ecology of Elite Sports
Authors: Miah Andy
Published: September 2017

This chapter considers how digital technology has altered the world of elite athletic performance and what this means for the future of sports. It explores how digital technology has become a pervasive—and legal—form of performance enhancement, along with having become a ubiquitous presence in an athlete’s life. It discusses how
digital technologies have altered training methods and how they transform the fairness of sports, while also considering how this has influenced the work of those officials who oversee the smooth running of sports. Moreover, it discusses how knowledge arising from digitization is shaping an athlete’s experience of sport, which includes their presence within social media. The chapter also argues for the virtualization of physicality within a range of sport forms, both elite and non-elite.
Digital Spectators in Augmented Realities
Authors: Miah Andy
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines how spectator encounter digital technology in sport, which reveals a blurring of participation and spectating. It also proposes that spectating is changing through the development of digital interactive experiences, such as urban screens, TV on demand, mobile technology, and social media, creating a new form of remote participation. The chapter also asks considers that the concept of spectator no longer makes sense in the context of an immersive viewing experience, where the witness is brought into the space of the activity, rather than simply occupying a third person perspective.
Kinds or Tails?
Authors: Machery Edouard
Published: September 2017

Are psychiatric syndromes the tails of traits distributed over the general population or do they form distinct kinds or taxa? For instance, do individuals suffering from depression form a distinct kind or rather are they the tail of the distribution of neuroticism in the general population? Do people suffering from delusions form a distinct kind or rather are they individuals with an extreme openness to experience? Before being able to answer such questions, we must address a preliminary question: How would we know whether psychiatric syndromes should be treated as taxa or as the tails of distributions defined over the general population? To address this preliminary epistemological question, I first contrast informal methods (e.g., clinical judgment) and formal methods (e.g., cluster analysis), arguing for the superiority of the latter. I then examine some of the formal methods developed in taxometrics, including cluster analysis and Paul Meehl’s taxometric procedures (e.g., MAXCOV or MAMBAC), in order to understand what assumptions about kinds or taxa are built into them.
Personalized Psychiatry and Scientific Causal Explanations: Two Accounts
Authors: Kostko Aaron , Bickle John
Published: September 2017

Contemporary personalized psychiatry faces head-on the tension to be individualized and patient-centered, while also striving to be scientific. We explore this tension by applying two accounts of scientific causal explanation, Woodward’s interventionist account and Silva, Landreth, and Bickle’s metascientific account, to recent research in social neuroscience and environmental epigenetics that bear directly on psychopathology. We’re less concerned in this chapter with which account of causal-mechanistic explanation is right, although we will have some comments about the relative advantages of each. Instead we stress two lessons for personalized psychiatry. First, properly understood, basic scientific research is not necessarily inconsistent with the aims of personalized psychiatry. There are even ways the former can advance the latter. Second, non-epistemic considerations such as clinical utility and therapeutic applicability partly determine which account of scientific causal explanation best fits with reasonable interpretations of personalized psychiatry, including questions about the most appropriate level at which to explain psychiatric disorders.
The Shift to Mechanistic Explanation and Classification
Authors: Cratsley Kelso
Published: September 2017

Despite widespread recognition that psychiatry would be better served by a classificatory system based on etiology rather than mere description, it goes without saying that much of the necessary work is yet to be done. Most of it will be empirical, but there are also conceptual issues that need to be addressed. In this chapter I take up the increasingly important question of how mechanistic explanation fits into the larger effort to build a scientifically sound etiological and nosological framework for psychiatry. I sketch a rough picture of what mechanistic explanation should look like in the context of psychiatric research, with a focus on several potential challenges posed by the special features of many psychiatric conditions. These include the role of social and environmental factors, the relatively transient nature of symptoms, the presumably complex organization of underlying systems, and the likelihood that many disorders are the product of a nonstandard developmental course. I suggest that these explanatory challenges can be met with a sufficiently broad notion of mechanism, one that allows for something less than the flawless execution of internal operations, attends to organizational relations both within the mechanism itself and across the wider cognitive system, and appeals to the influence of contextual factors.
Truth and Sanity: Positive Illusions, Spiritual Delusions, and Metaphysical Hallucinations
Authors: Flanagan Owen , Graham George
Published: September 2017

We criticize a worrisome trend in contemporary psychiatry that pathologizes normalcy on dubious epistemic grounds, on the naïve premise that mental health has some sort of clear, precise, and firm link to true belief and conversely that mental disease or disorder has some clear, precise and firm link to false or misbegotten belief. We deny this premise and show how it should make us worry that we understand what makes illusions, delusions, and hallucinations unhealthy or abnormal. In fact, we deny that illusions, delusions, and hallucinations are categorically or even typically unhealthy or abnormal.