bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maternal immunoglobulin G antibody transfer and development of immunoglobulin G antibody responses in Blue and Gold Macaw (Ara ararauna) chicks
Authors: Lung Nancy P. , Thompson James P. , Kollias George V. , Olsen John H. , Zdziarski Jacqueline M. , Klein Paul A.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To document the maternal transfer of IgG antibodies from Blue and Gold Macaw hens to chicks via the egg; to measure serum IgG half-life in macaw chicks; and to measure the ability of 2- to 10-week-old macaw chicks to generate primary and secondary IgG responses.

Procedure

4 adult Blue and Gold Macaw hens were inoculated with 200 μg of bovine serum albumin (BSA) every 21 days throughout the breeding season. Eggs laid by these hens were incubator hatched to eliminate the possibility of antibody transfer through crop secretions during feeding. Anti-BSA titer was measured just prior to each inoculation in hens and in chicks from 14 to 42 days of age. 1 chick from each of 5 macaw clutches hatched to nonimmunized hens was assigned to 1 of 2 experimental groups. Group-1 chicks were inoculated with 200 μg of BSA at 2 and 6 weeks of age. Group-2 chicks were inoculated with 200 μg of BSA at 6 and 10 weeks of age. Anti-BSA titer was measured weekly for 8 weeks after primary inoculation.

Blood samples were centrifuged, and serum was harvested and frozen at −85 C until analyzed. Anti-BSA IgG titers were measured by ELISA. In the maternal transfer experiment, an exponential decay model was used to calculate the half-life of BSA antibodies in chicks. In the BSA antibody response experiment, comparison of primary and secondary anti-BSA responses of 2- and 6- week-old chicks was performed, using a two-way repeated measures ANOVA, with significance set at P < 0.05.

Results

Hens maintained high anti-BSA titer throughout the breeding season. Maternal transfer of anti-BSA IgG antibodies was documented in all 7 chicks. Anti-BSA titer in chicks decreased in exponential fashion with an average serum IgG half-life of 3.85 days. By 42 days of age, antibodies to BSA were virtually undetectable in all chicks. The primary antibody response of 6-week-old chicks was significantly higher than that of 2-week-old chicks (P = 0.016). No significant difference was observed in the magnitude of the secondary antibody responses between these age groups. Peak anti-BSA IgG antibody responses were reached by 14 days after primary and secondary immunization. Chicks of both age groups generated lower anti-BSA IgG titer than did adult Blue and Gold Macaws.

Conclusions

Blue and Gold Macaw hens transfer IgG antibodies to their chicks through the egg. The half-life of IgG in newly hatched chicks is approximately 3.85 days. 6-week-old chicks develop higher anti-BSA titers than do 2-week-old chicks, but significantly lower titers than do adult macaws.

Clinical Relevance

Information on the nondomestic avian immune system will be useful in the development of vaccination and other preventive health programs for psittacine birds. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1162-1167)
Ultrastructure of selected struvite-containing urinary calculi from dogs
Authors: Domingo-Neumann Rebecca A. , Ruby Annette L. , Ling Gerald V. , Schiffman Peter S. , Johnson Deedra L.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To elucidate the ultrastructural details of struvite-containing urinary calculi from dogs.

Sample Population

38 specimens were selected from a collection of approximately 13,000 canine urinary calculi: 18 of these were composed entirely of struvite, and 20 consisted of struvite and calcium phosphate (apatite).

Procedure

Qualitative and quantitative analyses of specimens included use of plain and polarized light microscopy, x-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy with backscattered electron imagery, x-ray fluorescence scans, and electron microprobe analysis.

Results

4 textural types were recognized among struvite calculi, and 4 textural types of struvite-apatite calculi were described. Evidences of calculus dissolution were described from 4 calculi studied.

Conclusions

The presence of small, well interconnected primary pores in struvite-containing urinary calculi from dogs appears to be a significant factor in determining the possible interaction of calculi with changes in the urine composition. The progress of dissolution from the calculus surface to the calculus interior appears to be largely affected by the primary porosity originally present between crystals forming the calculus framework. Apatite was observed to be more resistant to dissolution than struvite.

Clinical Relevance

The prevalence of fine concentric laminations having low porosity, and the common occur-rence of apatite among struvite-containing urinary calculi from dogs may be 2 reasons why the efficacy of dietary and medicinal manipulations in dissolving urinary calculi is greater among cats than it is among dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1274-1287)
Inter- and intraindividual variability of the response to intravenous glucose tolerance testing in cats
Authors: Sparkes A. H. , Adams D. T. , Cripps P. J. , Gruffydd-Jones T. J. , Burnett M.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate inter- and intraindividual variation in results of the intravenous glucose tolerance test in cats.

Animals

19 healthy specific-pathogen-free-derived cats were allotted to group A (n = 13), which was accustomed, and group B (n = 6), which was unaccustomed to having blood drawn.

Procedure

Blood samples were collected for glucose and insulin assays before and 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after IV administration of 500 mg of dextrose/kg of body weight. Glucose half-life (t1/2) and disappearance coefficient (K), and the acute-phase insulin response (Ins0-10) were calculated. Inter- and intraindividual variability was as-sessed by calculating the coefficient of variation for test variables.

Results

Comparing the 2 tests, there were no significant differences in glucose and insulin concentrations prior to dextrose administration or in t1/2, K, or Ins0-10. However, compared with group-A cats, cats in group B had significantly (P < 0.05) longer t1/2 and lower K and Ins0-10 values, which was attributed to increased stress in these cats. Overall, the interindividual variability was 62.8% for K, 54.6% for t1/2, and 76.0% for Ins0-10. Mean intraindividual variability was 32.0 (range, 0.1 to 72.0)% for K and t1/2, and 45.8 (range, 4.0 to 179.5)% for Ins0-10. There was only a moderate correlation in results between the 2 tests (rs = 0.59 for t1/2 and K, rs = 0.58 for Ins0-10).

Conclusion

The variability in results of intravenous glucose tolerance tests in cats suggests caution is necessary in interpreting results of a single test in individuals. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1294-1298)
Laboratory reference values for a group of captive Ball Pythons (Python regius)
Authors: Johnson James Harvey , Benson Patricia A.
Published: January 2024

Objective

Laboratory reference values, including hematologic and serum biochemical variables, and oropharyngeal bacteria flora, were determined in a group of captive Ball Pythons (Python regius).

Animals

20 adult Ball Pythons, weighing between 700 and 1,510 g, were allowed to acclimate at the recommended temperature range for the species (25 C nighttime, up to 30 C daytime), then were evaluated for internal parasites and treated with appropriate medication prior to the start of the study.

Procedure

Hematologic values determined included WBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, plasma protein, and differential cell count. Clinical biochemical analysis included determination of glucose, uric acid, calcium, phosphorus, total protein, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and aspartate transaminase values. In addition to blood values, oropharyngeal swab specimens of the mouth were submitted for culture to determine the species of bacteria found in this population. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each hematologic and clinical biochemical value. Mean, SEM, and ranges were calculated.

Results

Hematologic values were similar to those reported in other snake species, except the hematocrit, which was lower. Clinical biochemical values different from those of other species were alkaline phosphatase activity, which was lower, and calcium and phosphorus concentrations, which were lower than values in other species. Bacteria isolated from the oropharynx were principally gram-negative organisms.

Conclusion

Reference intervals reported in this study are important for establishing a database for comparative studies of Ball Pythons in other locations and under different husbandry conditions.

Clinical Relevance

Accumulated laboratory reference values will assist veterinarians in assessing the health status of Ball Pythons. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1304-1307)
Characterization of polypeptides synthesized and secreted by oviductal epithelial cell explants obtained from young, fertile and aged, subfertile mares
Authors: Brinsko S. P. , Ignotz G. G. , Ball B. A. , Thomas P. G. A. , Currie W. B. , Ellington J. E.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To compare the electrophoretic patterns of proteins synthesized and secreted by oviductal epithelial cell (OEC) explants obtained from young, fertile and aged, subfertile mares.

Animals

Young, fertile (n = 5; 2 to 7 years old) and aged, subfertile (n = 5; 17 to 24 years old) mares.

Procedure

2-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and computerized densitometry.

Results

Variation in the synthesis and secretion of poly-peptides from young, fertile mare OEC (YOEC) and aged, subfertile mare OEC (AOEC) was evidenced by differences in the intensity of radiolabeled polypeptides on fluorograms. Fluorograms for 9 acidic (isoelectric point, 5.09 to 6.50) proteins of low to medium molecular mass (18.2 to 85.0 kd) from YOEC had greater intensity than did those from AOEC. Fluorograms for 7 proteins (10.5 to 45.0 kd; isoelectric point, 5.80 to 6.92) from AOEC had greater intensity.

Conclusion

The differences detected in the fluorographic intensities of secreted proteins from YOEC and AOEC may be related to the disparity in embryo development observed between young, fertile and aged, subfertile mares.

Clinical Relevance

Failure to maintain pregnancy in aged, subfertile mares may be a result of a suboptimal oviductal environment exerting its effects on the conceptus during early cleavage. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1346-1353)
Hematologic, hemostatic, and biochemical effects in dogs receiving an oral chondroprotective agent for thirty days
Authors: McNamara Paul S. , Barr Stephen C. , Erb Hollis N.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate the effect of a chondroprotective agent on hematologic, hemostatic, and biochemical variables in clinically normal dogs when administered over 30 days.

Animals

13 clinically normal Beagles of either sex.

Procedure

Hematologic and hemostatic variables were assessed prior to treatment and on days 3, 14, and 30 of treatment. Biochemical variables were assessed before treatment and on day 30 of treatment.

Results

Significant (P < 0.05) decreases were noted in hematocrit, hemoglobin, WBC, and segmented neutrophil variables on days 3 and 14 of treatment. A significant decrease in red distribution width was noted on days 3 and 30, in RBC count on day 3, and in lymphocyte numbers on day 30. There were also significant reductions of aggregation in response to adenosine diphosphate and collagen on days 14 and 30. Significant decreases were noted in total ATP release in response to collagen on days 14 and 30, as well as significant decrease in platelet count on days 14 and 30. No changes were noted in prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, mucosal bleeding time, or biochemical variables during the study.

Conclusions

Administration of this chondroprotective agent causes minor but not clinically important changes in hematologic and hemostatic variables in young, clinically normal dogs.

Clinical Relevance

Oral chondroprotective agents are widely prescribed in veterinary medicine for the treatment of degenerative joint disease; however, to date, little is known about safety of their use. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1390-1394)
Correlation between anatomic features and low-field magnetic resonance imaging of the equine metacarpophalangeal joint
Authors: Martinelli M. J. , Baker G. J. , Clarkson R. B. , Eurell J. C. , Pijanowski G. J. , Kuriashkin I. V. , Carragher B. O.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To expand our current knowledge and to establish limits of correlation between signal intensities of the magnetic resonance (MR) image and actual macroscopic and microscopic anatomic features of the imaged structures of the equine metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ).

Sample Population

The right MCPJ was obtained from 4 adult horses that were euthanatized for reasons unrelated to the musculoskeletal system.

Procedure

The distal portion of the right forelimbs was collected from 4 equine cadavers. The bones were drilled to provide fixed reference points and examined by MR imaging. After imaging, the joints were sectioned for gross and histologic inspection. The MR images were aligned and correlated with digitized gross and histologic images to identify tissue types.

Results

Comparison of the images resulted in identification of different bone types, articular cartilage, and soft tissue structures of the equine MCPJ.

Conclusion

Results provided relevant information re-garding the appearance of the imaged tissues of the equine MCPJ.

Clinical Relevance

Although MR imaging does not have current clinical applications for equine practitioners, its wide acceptance as the imaging modality used for most human musculoskeletal derangements may aid in developing more realistic applications in equine medicine. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1421-1426)
Oral administration of bovine lactoferrin for treatment of intractable stomatitis in feline immunodeficiency virus (FlV)-positive and FIV-negative cats
Authors: Sato Reeko , Inanami Osamu , Tanaka Yukiko , Takase Mitsunori , Naito Yoshihisa
Published: January 2024

Objective

To study the effects of oral administration of bovine lactoferrin (LF) on intractable stomatitis in feline immunodeficiency virus (FlV)-positive and FIV-negative cats, and phagocytosis of neutrophils in healthy and ill cats, simultaneously.

Animals

7 ill cats with diagnosis of intractable stomatitis (4 FIV positive and 3 FIV negative) and 7 healthy, FIV-negative cats.

Procedure

LF (40 mg/kg of body weight) was applied topically to the oral mucosa of cats with intractable stomatitis daily for 14 days and improvement of clinical signs of disease (pain-related response, salivation, appetite, and oral inflammation), expressed by scoring from 1 to 4, were evaluated. Assay of neutrophil phagocytosis was examined before and 2 weeks after starting LF treatment, using nonopsonized hydrophilic polymer particles (2 μm).

Results

Oral administration of LF improved intractable stomatitis in all 4 respects. Phagocytic activity of neutro-phils increased after LF treatment. This effect was observed in healthy and ill (FIV positive and FIV negative) cats.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

Oral administration of LF improved intractable stomatitis and concurrently enhanced the host defense system. Topical application of LF to oral mucous membrane is useful as a treatment for intractable stomatitis even in FIV-positive cats. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1443-1446)
Evaluation of recombinant bluetongue virus antigens, using dot immunobinding assay with serum from sheep and cattle
Authors: Naresh Alpana , Roy Polly , Prasad Gaya
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate 2 genetically engineered group-specific antigens: baculovirus- and yeast-expressed VP7 and the conventionally produced group-specific antigen of bluetongue virus (BTV), using dot immunobinding assay (DIA).

Sample Population and Procedure

A total of 260 serum samples of sheep and cattle from various livestock farms in different Indian states (eg, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, and Rajasthan) were tested for the presence of BTV antibodies by DIA.

Results

Of 260 sera tested, 92 (35%) were positive for BTV antibodies using the baculovirus-expressed antigen, 96 (37%) were positive using the yeast-expressed antigen, and 103 (40%) were positive by use of conventionally produced antigen.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

The overall agreement for all the 3 antigens was 92%, indicating that the recombinant group-specific proteins can be used for serodiagnosis of BTV, using DIA. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1556–1558)
Spatial and temporal epidemiology of pseudorabies virus infection
Authors: Norman H. S. , Sischo W. M. , Pitcher P. , Nesselrodt A. , Day R. L.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To examine the pattern of pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection in Pennsylvania and identify the area factors associated with herd quarantine status.

Sample Population

123 PRV-quarantined commercial swine herds identified between 1986 and 1993 were selected as cases, and 162 uninfected herds were selected as controls.

Procedure

Herd location, demographics, and temporal vaccination and quarantine data for a case-control study were obtained from producer questionnaires and state records, using a database of swine herds from 2 Pennsylvania counties. Any herd that was on quarantine as of Jan 1, 1991, or quarantined subsequent to this date, was defined as a case. A herd was defined as a control if it had never been quarantined for PRV. Controls were group matched to cases by year. Study herds were centered in a circle, or buffer zone, with a 1.61-km (1-mile), 3.22-km (2-mile), or 6.44-km (4-mile) radius, and densities of operation types, quarantined herds, nonquarantined herds, and vaccinated herds in the buffer zone were compared. The analytical outcome was the probability of a herd being quarantined, conditional on the buffer zone density of herds quarantined, herds not quarantined, and herds in which a PRV vaccine was used. These density variables were categorized into high, medium, and low, or just high and low categories. Confounding by year was assessed in the analysis. Analysis was performed, using unconditional logistic regression.

Results

Decreased density of PRV-quarantined herds in the study region was associated with reduced risk of a herd becoming quarantined, whereas increased density of nonquarantined, presumably uninfected herds was associated with decreased probability of a herd becoming quarantined. Decreased density of vaccinated herds was associated with increased probability of a herd becoming quarantined. In addition, being a farrow-to-finish study herd was associated with increased probability of becoming quarantined, compared with being a feeder pig producer study herd.

Conclusions

Associations with quarantine status and area densities of vaccinated, nonquarantined, and quarantined herds indicate the importance of area spread in PRV control. These effects are seen most strongly at a 3.22-km (2-mile) radius, but also are seen at a 6.44-km (4-mile) radius. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1563–1568)
Role of carbohydrates in the attachment of equine spermatozoa to uterine tubal (oviductal) epithelial cells in vitro
Authors: Dobrinski I. , Ignotz G. G. , Thomas P. G. A. , Ball B. A.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To test the hypotheses that the attachment of equine spermatozoa to uterine tubal (oviductal) epithelial cells (OEC) in vitro is mediated by glycoproteins, and that proteins with carbohydrate-binding properties are present in the periacrosomal plasma membrane of equine spermatozoa.

Animals

4 reproductively sound stallions, and 1 mare in estrus.

Procedures

In experiment 1a, fluorescent-labeled spermatozoa were cocultured with monolayers of OEC in the presence of 50 mM glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose, N-acetyl glucosamine, N-acetyl galactosamine, or N-acetyl neuraminic acid, or 10 mg of fetuin or asialofetuin/ml in modified Tyrode's solution (TALP), or in TALP alone. After 2 hours of coculture, numbers of attached spermatozoa were counted by fluorescence microscopy and analysis of digitized images. In experiment 1b, progressive motility, viability, acrosomal integrity, and capacitation status were determined in spermatozoa incubated for 2 hours in the presence of the respective monosaccharides and glycoproteins or in TALP alone. In experiment 2, proteins isolated from the periacrosomal plasma membrane of equine spermatozoa were subjected to galactose affinity chromatography and subsequent one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining.

Results

Numbers of spermatozoa attached to OEC were reduced (P < 0.05) after all treatments except N-acetyl glucosamine, compared with incubation in TALP alone. The lowest numbers of spermatozoa were bound in cultures incubated in the presence of galactose and asialofetuin. Spermatozoal motility was lower (P < 0.05) after incubation for 2 hours in the presence of fetuin, compared with control, and incubation in the presence of fetuin or asialofetuin caused a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the percentage of capacitated spermatozoa, compared with control. Affinity chromatography of periacrosomal plasma membrane proteins revealed a galactose-binding protein of about 66 kd.

Conclusion

Recognition of glycoconjugates with exposed galactosyl residues on OEC by galactose-binding proteins on the periacrosomal plasma membrane of equine spermatozoa could mediate the attachment of equine spermatozoa to OEC in vitro. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1635–1639)
Effect of natural infection with minor pathogens on susceptibility to natural infection with major pathogens in the bovine mammary gland
Authors: Lam T. J. G. M. , Schukken Y. H. , van Vliet J. H. , Grommers F. J. , Tielen M. J. M. , Brand A.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate the effect of natural udder infection with minor pathogens on subsequent natural infection with major pathogens.

Sample population

7 dairy herds with low bulk milk somatic cell count.

Procedure

During a 20-month prospective study, milk samples were collected from dairy cows at regular intervals and from quarters with clinical signs of mastitis. Incidence of intramammary infection was calculated in uninfected quarters and in quarters infected with minor pathogens. A within-cow, matched case-control analysis was used to evaluate the effect of minor pathogens on subsequent infection with major pathogens.

Results

Quarters infected with minor pathogens had higher somatic cell count than did uninfected quarters. In quarters infected with Corynebacterium bovis, the rate of infection with major pathogens was lower, whereas in quarters infected with coagulase-negative Micrococcaceae, the rate of infection with major pathogens was higher than that in uninfected quarters. From the within-cow comparison, it appeared that, in quarters infected with minor pathogens, infection with major pathogens was significantly lower than that in comparable control quarters not infected with minor pathogens.

Conclusions

Minor pathogens have a protective effect against infection with major pathogens. The protective effect of C bovis against subsequent infection with major pathogens appears to be greater than the effect of coagulase-negative Micrococcaceae. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:17–22)
Role of tissue factor in intra-alveolar fibrin deposition and coagulopathy associated with pneumonic pasteurellosis in cattle
Authors: Rashid Javed , Weiss Douglas J. , Bach Ronald , Murtaugh Michael
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine the role of tissue factor (TF) in the coagulation events leading to intra-alveolar fibrin deposition and intravascular thrombosis associated with pneumonic pasteurellosis in cattle.

Animals

Healthy 2- to 4-week-old male Holstein calves.

Procedures

Blood and bronchoalveolar lavage samples were collected before and at 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours after inoculation of saline solution or Pasteurella haemolytica. Total leukocyte count, platelet count, plasma total protein concentration, prothrombin time, and partial thromboplastin time were measured in blood samples. Total nucleated cell count, total protein concentration, and procoagulant activity were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage samples. Additionally, platelet survival in blood, platelet accumulation in affected lung tissue, and gross and microscopic lung lesions were determined.

Results

Administration of TF monoclonal antibodies (MAB) TF1-1F7 prevented the decrease in platelet survival and the increase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid TF-dependent procoagulant activity observed in calves not treated with MAB TF1-1F7 antibody, but did not attenuate the increase in lavage fluid neutrophil numbers and total protein concentration. MAB TF1-1F7 administration reduced the percentage of lung affected by pneumonic lesions from 51.81 % to 10.40% and attenuated intra-alveolar deposition of fibrin, neutrophils, and erythrocytes.

Conclusion

Intra-alveolar fibrin deposition and activation of coagulation in cattle with pneumonic pasteurellosis is, at least in part, mediated by TF.

Clinical Relevance

Treatments that neutralize TF activity may attenuate lung injury in cattle with pneumonic pasteurellosis (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:28–33)
Effects of a modified-live virus vaccine against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome in boars
Authors: Christopher-Hennings J. , Nelson E. A. , Nelson J. K. , Benfield D. A.
Published: January 2024

Objectives

To determine whether vaccine virus is found in serum and semen of vaccinated boars, whether vaccination prevents subsequent shedding of wild-type virus after challenge exposure, and whether semen and blood variables are altered after vaccination or challenge exposure with wild-type virus, or both.

Design

Throughout the 50-day postvaccination period, serum and semen from exposed boars were evaluated for the presence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). All boars were then challenge-exposed with PRRSV isolate VR-2332 and evaluated for an additional 27 days. Semen quality variables, serostatus, and blood variables were monitored.

Animals

7 PRRSV-seronegative adult boars.

Procedure

Semen was collected 3 times weekly and evaluated by use of a nested reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for detection of PRRSV RNA. Serum was obtained weekly and evaluated by nested reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, virus isolation, and PRRSV ELISA. Semen quality variables were evaluated 3 times weekly, and CBC was performed weekly.

Results

Vaccine virus was shed in the semen of all vaccinated boars, but shedding was of shorter duration in 4 of 5 vaccinated boars than that generally observed after exposure to wild-type virus. After challenge exposure, shedding of wild-type virus in semen was shortened or eliminated in 4 of 5 vaccinated boars. Percentage of forward movement and normal spermatozoal morphology and motility were significantly reduced in vaccinated boars after challenge exposure.

Conclusions

Vaccine virus was shed in semen of vaccinated boars, but vaccination generally reduced or eliminated shedding of wild-type PRRSV after challenge exposure. Semen quality appeared to be less than optimal, particularly after vaccination and subsequent challenge exposure with wild-type virus.

Clinical Relevance

Extra-label use of the PRRSV vaccine in boars remains controversial because some boars may still shed wild-type virus in semen after challenge exposure at postvaccination day 50. Semen quality also appeared to be altered after vaccination and subsequent challenge exposure. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:40–45)
Alterations in carbohydrate metabolism in dogs with nonhematopoietic malignancies
Authors: Ogilvie Gregory K. , Walters Lisa , Salman M. D. , Fettman Martin J. , Johnston Shirley D. , Hegstad Rebecca L.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine whether alterations in carbohydrate metabolism exist in dogs with nonhematopoietic malignancies but without evidence of weight loss or cachexia.

Animals

90 dogs with nonhematopoietic malignancies and 18 control dogs.

Procedure

An intravenous glucose tolerance test was done in 90 dogs with previously untreated nonhematopoietic malignancies and in 18 clinically normal dogs. These dogs also had no evidence of unrelated diseases that would affect glucose metabolism. None of the dogs had evidence of cachexia. Samples were assayed for glucose, lactate, and insulin concentrations. This procedure was repeated for 45 of the tumor-bearing dogs from which all gross evidence of tumor was completely excised and evidence of diseases that would alter carbohydrate metabolism did not exist.

Results

The mean of all time points during the intravenous glucose tolerance test (ie, 0, 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes) for lactate (12.9 ± 6.7 mg/dl) and insulin (69.1 ± 44.9 µU/ml) concentrations in untreated dogs with nonhematopoietic malignancies were significantly higher than values for controls (lactate, 9.7 ± 4.3 mg/dl; and insulin, 31.7 ± 11.5 µU/ml). This increase in lactate and insulin values did not return to normal when the dogs were rendered free of all observable evidence of cancer after surgery.

Conclusions

Carbohydrate metabolism is altered in dogs with a variety of nonhematopoietic malignancies and these abnormalities do not abate when dogs are rendered free of gross evidence of malignant disease after surgery.

Clinical Relevance

Alterations in carbohydrate metabolism may result in decreased quality of life and may be associated with the paraneoplastic syndrome, cancer cachexia. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:277–281)
Effects of sample handling on total carbon dioxide concentrations in canine and feline serum and blood
Authors: James Katherine M. , Polzin David J. , Osborne Carl A. , Olson Jeannine K.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine whether underfilling blood collection tubes leads to in vitro reduction in serum measured total CO2 concentration ([TCO2]m) in canine and feline blood samples sufficient to create the impression of metabolic acidosis (pseudometabolic acidosis) or high anion gap.

Sample Population

Blood samples from healthy client-owned animals (16 dogs, 17 cats).

Procedure

Venous blood samples were collected in random order for determination of serum [TCO2] and blood gas tensions. Blood gas analysis was performed on iced, capped blood samples. In dogs, serum [TCO2] was measured in 1-, 3-, and 10-ml samples in 10-ml type-B tubes and in a 3-ml sample in 3-ml type-A tubes. In cats, serum [TCO2] was determined in 1-, 2-, and 3-ml samples in 3-ml type-A tubes and in a 3-ml sample in 10-ml type-B tubes.

Results

For dogs, serum [TCO2] in full-tube, 10-ml samples was a mean ± SD, 2.0 ± 1.1 mmol/L greater than that in 3-ml samples and 3.7 ± 1.3 mmol/L greater than the value in 1 -ml samples; both differences were significant at P < 0.0001. The serum [TCO2] in full 3-ml samples was lower by 0.4 ± 0.6 mmol/L than the value in full-tube 10-ml samples (P=0.019). For cats, serum [TCO2] in full-tube, 3-ml samples was 0.5 ± 0.6 mmol/L greater than that in 2-ml samples (P = 0.004) and was 1.5 ± 0.8 mmol/L greater than the value in 1-ml samples (P < 0.0001). Serum [TCO2] in 3-ml samples of feline blood in 10-ml tubes was 0.8 ± 0.8 mmol/L lower than that in samples from full 3-ml tubes (P = 0.0007). In dogs and cats, [TCO2] in fully filled collection tubes was approximately 6 mmol/L higher when calculated from blood gas analysis data than when chemically determined in serum.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Underfilling blood collection tubes results in a false decrease in serum [TCO2], which can contribute in part to descrepancies between blood gas and chemical analyses as estimates of plasma bicarbonate concentration. This, and other in vitro effects of sample handling and collection, may result in a false assessment of metabolic acidosis in dogs and cats, (Am J Vet Res 1997; 58:343-347)
Epidemiologic evaluation of the risk factors associated with exposure and seroreactivity to Bartonella vinsonii in dogs
Authors: Pappalardo Brandee L. , Correa Maria T. , York Chris C. , Peat Colleen Y. , Breitschwerdt Edward B.
Published: January 2024

Objectives

To determine seroprevalence to Bartonella vinsonii subsp berkhoffii in a population of sick dogs from North Carolina and Virginia and to evaluate potential risk factors associated with increased likelihood of exposure to the organism.

Sample Population

Serum samples from 1,920 sick dogs.

Procedure

An indirect fluorescent antibody assay was performed on each sample, and the end-point antibody titer was recorded. A case (seropositive) was defined as a dog with reciprocal titer ≥ 64, and a control (seronegative) was defined as a dog with reciprocal titer < 16 that was referred within 0 to 3 days of referral of a corresponding case. From this population, 207 dogs (69 cases and 138 controls) were included in a case-control seroepidemiologic study.

Results

3.6% (69/1,920) of the dogs were seropositive to B vinsonii subsp berkhoffii. Results of the casecontrol study indicated that seropositive dogs were more likely to live in rural environments, frequently on a farm, were free to roam the neighborhood, and were considered to be predominantly outdoor dogs. Moreover, seropositive dogs were 14 times more likely to have a history of heavy tick exposure. After analysis of the case-control study, a more detailed examination of banked sera from dogs with known tick exposure was performed. High correlation was found between seroreactivity to B vinsonii and seroreactivity to E canis or B canis (36.0 and 57.1%, respectively). Sera derived from dogs experimentally infected with E canis or R rickettsii did not cross react with B vinsonii antigen.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Several potential risk factors are associated with canine exposure to B vinsonii. Rhipicephalus sanguineus, the tick vector for E canis and B canis, may be involved in B vinsonii transmission among dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:467–471)
Phosphoprotein profile analysis of ruminant respiratory syncytial virus isolates
Authors: Shadomy Sean V. , Baker John C. , Mufson Maurice A. , Velicer Leland L.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine the apparent molecular weight for 24 ruminant respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV) on the basis of differences in the electrophoretic mobility of the phosphoprotein (P protein).

Procedure

29 bovine RSV (BRSV), 20 of which were not previously tested, 3 ovine RSV, and 1 caprine RSV isolates were selected for determination of electrophoretic mobility of the P protein. Virus radiolabeled with [35S]methionine was immunoprecipitated with polyclonal antiserum to BRSV and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Results

On the basis of apparent molecular size of the P protein, all isolates could be categorized into 2 electropherotypes, low molecular size of 36 kd and high molecular size of 38 kd. Twenty-three BRSV, the 3 ovine RSV, and 1 caprine RSV isolates had a high molecular size P protein; 6 BRSV isolates had a low molecular size P protein.

Conclusions

The apparent molecular size of the P protein of the ruminant RSV strains is greater than that of the human RSV subgroups, providing further evidence of their distinctiveness. Whether categorization of electrophoretic mobility of the P protein of BRSV underlies distinct antigenic subgroups, as it does in human RSV, requires further antigenic and genetic analysis.

Clinicai Relevance

Antigenic subgroups of ruminant RSV may have relevance in the development of new vaccines for control of the disease. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:478–481)
Insulin-like growth factor 1 and corticosteroid modulation of chondrocyte metabolic and mitogenic activities in interleukin 1-conditioned equine cartilage
Authors: Frisbie David D. , Nixon Alan J.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate potential stimulatory or matrixsparing effects of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1 ), alone or in combination with a corticosteroid, in an interleukin 1 (IL-1)-induced model of cartilage degradation.

Samples

Cartilage from the weightbearing surfaces of trochlea and condyles of clinically normal 2-year-old male horses.

Procedure

Triamcinolone acetonide and IGF-1 effects were evaluated by assessing: matrix responses by sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) assay and [35S]sulfated GAG synthesis; collagen content by hydroxyproline assay; and mitogenic response by [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA and fluorometric assay of total DNA concentration.

Results

Conditioning of cartilage expiants with 10 ng of human recombinant IL-1α increased degradation and decreased synthesis of matrix proteoglycans (PG), without affecting matrix collagen content. Human recombinant IGF-1 decreased PG loss and reversed the reduction of PG synthesis in cartilage expiants conditioned with IL-1. Given alone, steroids decreased PG concentration and synthetic rate in normal cartilage. However, the previously diminished PG content, attributable to IL-1 conditioning, was not further exacerbated by steroid administration in IL-1-conditioned expiants. Combined treatment of normal cartilage expiants with IGF-1 and steroids resulted in PG preservation and increase in collagen content. Similar PG and collagen effects were not evident when treating IL-1-conditioned cartilage with IGF-1/steroid combinations. Decrease in chondrocyte proliferation was associated with steroid administration. Exposure to IGF and steroids prevented the decrease in mitogenesis that could lead to cellular loss, particularly in IL-1-conditioned expiants.

Conclusion

Combination IGF-1 and steroid treatment of normal cartilage cultures indicated substantial ability to override the anabolic suppression associated with steroids alone. Potentially, administration of corticosteroids, followed by IGF-1, may act to decrease propagation of detrimental mediator release while allowing appreciation of the chondroenhancing effects of IGF-1. These beneficial effects were considerably reduced in IL-1-induced cartilage damage. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:524–530)
Plasma renin activity and angiotensin I and aldosterone concentrations in cats with hypertension associated with chronic renal disease
Authors: Jensen JanLee , Henik Rosemary A. , Brownfield Mark , Armstrong Joel
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine plasma renin activity (PRA), angiotensin I (Ang I), and aldosterone (ALDO) values in clinically normal cats and hypertensive cats with renal disease, and the relation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone activation in response to treatment with β-blockers or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.

Animals

5 normotensive healthy control cats and 12 untreated hypertensive cats with chronic renal disease.

Procedure

Untreated hypertensive cats received either propranolol (n = 6) or enalapril (n = 6) as initial antihypertensive treatment. PRA and baseline plasma Ang I and ALDO concentrations were measured prior to treatment. The difference in Ang I values at 2 hours (Ang I generated) and at time 0 (baseline Ang I) was divided by 2 to give the PRA value. Values for PRA, Ang I, and ALDO were obtained from 5 clinically normal, normotensive cats, and compared with those of hypertensive cats.

Results

Mean ± SD PRA and baseline Ang I concentration were not significantly different between normotensive and hypertensive cats. Mean ALDO concentration was significantly (P = 0.0235) higher in hypertensive cats with renal disease (186.18 ± 145.15 pg/ml), compared with that in normotensive controls (51.1 ± 16.76 pg/ml). Eight hypertensive cats with ALDO concentration > 2 SD above the mean concentration in control cats had low (n = 3), normal (n = 4), or high (n = 1) PRA, suggesting variable activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis in the hypertensive state. Overall, enalapril was effective long-term monotherapy in only 1 of 6 cats, and propranolol was ineffective as long-term monotherapy.

Clinical Relevance

Evaluation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in cats with hypertension associated with renal disease may lead to greater understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of this disorder. In addition, identification of biochemical markers in hypertensive cats may permit selection of appropriate antihypertensive drugs. Propranolol and enalapril were ineffective antihypertensive agents in most cats of this study. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:535–540)
Oncotic, hemodilutional, and hemostatic effects of isotonic saline and hydroxyethyl starch solutions in clinically normal ponies
Authors: Jones Peyton A. , Tomasic Michael , Gentry Patricia A.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate the oncotic, hemodilutional, and hemostatic effects of IV infusions of a large volume of isotonic saline solution and 2 doses of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) in clinically normal ponies.

Animals

12 adult ponies.

Procedure

Ponies were assigned to 3 treatment groups and received the following IV infusions: 80 ml of 0.9% sodium chloride/kg; 10 ml of 6% HES (in 0.9% sodium chloride)/kg; or 20 ml of 6% HES (in 0.9% sodium chloride)/kg. Blood samples were collected for determination of colloid oncotic pressure (COP), PCV, plasma total protein concentration, platelet count, von Willebrand factor antigen (vWf:Ag) activity, fibrinogen concentration, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and factor VIII coagulant (FVIII:C) activity. A rocket immunoelectrophoretic procedure was used for determination of vWf:Ag activity. A modification of the APTT assay was used for determination of FVIII:C activity. Cutaneous bleeding time was determined, using a template method.

Results

Mean COP was persistently increased over baseline values in the face of hemodilution in HES-treated ponies. Prothrombin time, APTT, and fibrinogen concentrations decreased after infusions and vWf:Ag and FVIII:C activities were decreased in dosedependent manner in HES-treated ponies. Though cutaneous bleeding time was not significantly affected in ponies of any group, a trend toward prolongation of bleeding time was evident in ponies receiving 20 ml of HES/kg. This trend appeared to be associated with marked decrement in vWf:Ag activity at this dosage.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Infusion of HES in clinically normal ponies increases COP, and exerts dose-dependent hemodilutional effects and dose-dependent effects on specific hemostatic variables. Thus, HES may be useful for resuscitative fluid treatment of horses. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:541–548)
Acute effects of intravenously administered hypertonic saline solution on transruminal rehydration in dairy cows
Authors: Roeder Beverly L. , Su Chun-Lei , Schaalje G. Bruce
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine the effect of IV administered hypertonic saline solution (HSS) on transruminal rehydration in clinically normal dairy cows.

Animals

10 Holstein cows.

Procedure

Cows in a 2-way randomized cross-over design study were given nothing per os for 36 hours, then were randomly assigned to receive either an oral water load (OWL; 40 ml/kg of body weight) by ruminal gavage or HSS IV (5 ml/kg of body weight) plus OWL; 10 days later, each cow received the other treatment. Outcome measures included serum and urine osmolality, electrolyte (Ca, P, Na, K, and Cl), creatinine, blood glucose, hemoglobin (Hgb), and plasma total protein (PTP) concentrations; serum colloid osmotic pressure (SCOP); urine volume; PCV; and blood gas analytes (pH, Pco2, Po2, HCO3-, base excess [BE], and O2 saturation).

Results

IV administered HSS plus OWL caused Hgb, PCV, PTP, SCOP, blood pH, BE, HCO3-, and urine osmolality values to decrease and fractional excretion (FE) of electrolytes, serum osmolality, and urine volume to increase. Blood glucose concentration was different between treatments at 0 and 150 minutes, and FEK, FECl, and FECa were similar by 180 minutes after OWL alone, but absolute excretion of Na and P and FENa and FEP remained high after HSS administration. Oral water load caused Hgb, PCV, PTP, serum electrolyte and creatinine, SCOP, and urine osmolality values to remain unchanged or decrease slowly and pH, BE, HCO3-, FECa values to increase slightly by 180 minutes.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

IV administration of HSS plus OWL, unlike OWL alone, increases circulatory volume rapidly, induces slight metabolic acidosis, increases renal perfusion and glomerular filtration rate, and effects changes in serum Ca and P homeostasis that may be useful in treating sick dairy cows. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:549–554)
Immortalization of caprine fibroblasts permissive for replication of small ruminant lentiviruses
Authors: Da Silva Teixeira Maria Fatima , Lambert Véronique , Mselli-Lakahl Laila , Chettab Abdelkamel , Chebloune Yahia , Mornex Jean-François
Published: January 2024

Objective

To establish immortalized caprine fibroblastic cell lines permissive for replication of small ruminant lentiviruses.

Animals

Carpal synovial membrane explants collected aseptically from a surgically delivered fetus of a lentivirus-seronegative goat.

Procedure

Immortalization of goat embryonic fibroblasts was performed by DNA transfection with plasmids coding for simian virus 40 large T antigen. The generated cell lines were phenotypically characterized. Cytogenetics, growth pattern, and sensitivity to viral infection were studied.

Results

3 cell lines, designated TIGEF, mMTSV-54, and mMTSV-93, were generated. They had a more rapid doubling time than did fibroblasts from which they were derived, and retained morphologic and phenotypic fibroblastic characteristics. They were immortalized but not transformed because tumor formation was not promoted after their SC injection into athymic nude mice. The 3 cell lines were susceptible to caprine arthritisencephalitis virus and visna-maedi virus infections, and supported a complete virus replication cycle.

Conclusions

Cultured caprine fibroblastic cells were immortalized, using simian virus 40 large T antigen. The TIGEF, mMTSV-54, and mMTSV-93 immortalized cell lines were permissive to in vitro small ruminant lentivirus replication.

Clinical Relevance

Because lentivirus detection, as well as detailed studies of host-lentivirus interactions, are hampered by differences in viral susceptibility of each primary culture, permanent cell lines are essential tools for such analysis. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:579–584)
Effect of growth hormone or chromium picolinate on swine metabolism and inflammatory cytokine production after endotoxin challenge exposure
Authors: Myers Michael J. , Farrell Dorothy E. , Evock-Clover Christina M. , McDonald Mark W. , Steele Norman C.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine whether recombinant porcine somatotropin (PST) or chromium picolinate (CrP) affected cytokine production and metabolism in swine after endotoxin challenge exposure.

Animals

20 Poland China × Landrace pigs, 5/group.

Procedure

Pigs were given CrP-supplemented feed at body weight of 20 kg; PST treatment began at 60 kg, and both treatments continued through body weight of 90 kg. At 90 kg, pigs were challenge exposed with 20 μg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/kg of body weight. Blood samples were obtained at various times through 24 hours after LPS challenge exposure.

Results

In all pigs not given PST, glucose concentration decreased 2 to 4 hours after LPS. In PST-treated pigs, blood glucose concentration was decreased at 6 to 8 hours after LPS. Plasma insulin concentration paralleled changes in glucose concentration. Nonesterified fatty acid concentration was high 2 to 24 hours after LPS in pigs not given PST and at 6 to 24 h in PST-treated pigs. Plasma urea nitrogen concentration was high at 6 to 24 hours after LPS in pigs not given PST. The urea nitrogen values in PST-treated pigs were lower at all times. Serum aspartate transaminase activity was high 6 to 24 hours after LPS in pigs not given PST, whereas PST treatment prevented the increase in this enzyme activity. In untreated (PST) pigs, plasma bilirubin (total and direct) concentrations were high 4 to 8 hours after LPS and returned to normal at 24 hours. The PST- and CrP-treated pigs maintained normal plasma bilirubin concentrations. Interleukin 6 activity was unaffected by CrP and PST treatments. Treatment with CrP and PST decreased the tumor necrosis factor α response to LPS, compared with that in control pigs.

Conclusions

PST, and to a lesser extent CrP, provide protection against the adverse metabolic effects of LPS-induced septic shock. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58: 594–600)