bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serologic survey for Borrelia burgdorferi antibody in horses referred to a mid-Atlantic veterinary teaching hospital
Authors: Bernard William V. , Cohen Daniel , Bosler Ed , Zamos David
Published: December 2023

Blood samples obtained from 13 of 100 (13%) and 6 of 91 (7%) horses at the George D. Widener Hospital for Large Animals in the months of June and October, respectively, had antibody to Borrelia burgdorferi as determined by ELISA. Horses from the states of New York, Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania were seropositive for B burgdorferi. The frequency of antibody response in horses from New Jersey was greater (P < 0.05) than the frequency of antibody response in horses from Pennsylvania or that of horses from the other states combined. Statistically significant difference was not found when a comparison was made between horses with serotiter and open diagnosis of neurologic or musculoskeletal disease and horses with negative serotest results and open diagnosis of neurologic or musculoskeletal disease.
Comparison of two sample collection methods for quantitative bacteriologic culture of canine prostatic fluid
Authors: Ling Gerald V. , Nyland Thomas G. , Kennedy Peter C. , Hager David A. , Johnson Deedra L.
Published: December 2023

Ejaculate, urine, urethral swab specimens, and ultrasonography-guided small-needle prostatic cyst aspiration and/or tissue core biopsy specimens were collected for bacteriologic culture from 25 dogs in which prostatic disease was suspected on the basis of history, clinical signs of disease, or results of physical examination. The prostate gland in each dog was examined ultrasonographically, and the tissue core biopsy specimens were examined histologically and bacteriologically.

Two methods were used to assess bacterial prostatitis. In 5 dogs (20%), bacteriologic culture results of paired urethral swab and ejaculate specimens differed from culture results of specimens obtained by needle aspiration of prostatic cyst fluid or tissue core biopsy.

The prostate gland in 17 dogs had 1 or more cystic, fluid-filled structures (0.5 to 4.0 cm in diameter). Ultrasonographic appearance of the prostate gland did not have obvious correlation with culture results from dogs of the study. Histologic results of prostatic tissue core biopsy specimens correlated well with culture results.
Single-phase methylene diphosphate bone scintigraphy in the diagnostic evaluation of dogs with osteosarcoma
Authors: Hahn Kevin A. , Hurd Cheryl , Cantwell H. Dan
Published: December 2023

In this study, 25 dogs each with a histopathologically diagnosed appendicular or axial osteosarcoma were prospectively and consecutively examined by methylene diphosphate nuclear scintigraphy. Scannings that revealed scintigraphically enhanced focal increased activity via bone uptake of the 99mTc methylene diphosphate radionuclide at sites other than the primary tumor site were compared with scintigrams obtained from dogs without osteosarcoma. Secondary scintigraphic sites were evaluated by survey radiography and, if possible, by histologic examination (biopsy or necrospy specimens).

On the basis of our findings, scintigraphy seems to be more efficient than physical examination and radiographic bone survey for the diagnosis of multicentric, metachronous, or metastatic canine osteosarcoma.
Drug therapy in cats: A systems approach
Authors: Boothe Dawn Merton
Published: December 2023

In the second part of this 4-part series, drug therapy in cats is discussed by use of a systems approach. Specifically, drugs that can be used safely for treatment of disorders affecting the feline gastrointestinal, central nervous, respiratory, cardiovascular, and urogenital systems are described. Many drugs that are used in dogs can be safely used in cats according to the same or similar dosing regimens. Several drugs that have traditionally been considered inappropriate (eg, morphine derivatives, primidone) can probably also be used, if cautiously, in cats. In contrast, use of several drugs that are safely used in other species should be avoided in cats (eg, selected emetics and antiemetics, phosphate salt enemas, and selected urinary antiseptics). Cats are more sensitive than dogs to the adverse side effects of a variety of drugs (eg, aspirin, digoxin, selected antiarrhythmics), and extra precautions must be taken when these drugs are used in cats. Finally, several drugs are used for the treatment of illnesses that tend to be unique to cats (eg, taurine and calcium-channel blockers in selected feline cardiovascular disorders).
Evaluation of an inactivated rabies virus vaccine in domestic ferrets
Authors: Rupprecht Charles E. , Gilbert Jeannine , Pitts Robert , Marshall Kent R. , Koprowski Hilary
Published: December 2023

Efficacy of an sc-administered commercial inactivated vaccine for prevention of rabies was evaluated in domestic ferrets. Ferret immunity was challenged by the 1m inoculation of street rabies virus. All ferrets developed titers of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies within 30 days of vaccination (geometric mean titer [GMT]=154, n=41) that were maintained for at least one year (GMT= 106, n=36), compared with no seroconversion in controls (GMT < 5, n=39). Following rabies virus challenge inoculation, 89% (32/36) of vaccinated ferrets survived vs < 6% (2/38) survival in control ferrets. These results demonstrate the protective efficacy of a commercial, inactivated rabies vaccine of at least one year's duration for domestic ferrets.
Endoscopic evaluation of changes in gastric lesions of Thoroughbred foals
Authors: Murray Michael J. , Grodinsky Carolyn , Cowles R. Reynolds , Hawkins Willard L. , Forfa Richard J. , Luba Norman K.
Published: December 2023

Gastroendoscopic examinations were conducted on thirty-two 2- to 60-day-old Thoroughbred foals on 5 breeding farms. Repeat gastroendoscopic examinations were performed 35 to 135 days after the initial examination, with the age of foals ranging from 39 to 190 days. On initial endoscopic examination, lesions consisting of ulcers and/or erosions were most prevalent in the stratified squamous epithelial mucosa adjacent to the margo plicatus along the greater curvature of the stomach (15 of 32 foals), and were observed much less frequently at other sites within the stomach.

In addition to ulcers and erosions, squamous epithelial desquamation at the margo plicatus was observed in 16 of 19 foals <30 days old and in 3 of 13 foals 30 to 60 days old, and was not seen in any foal on repeat endoscopy.

At the time of repeat endoscopic examination, the frequency of ulcers and erosions at the margo plicatus was significantly (P < 0.01) less than at initial examination (4 of 32 foals vs 15 of 32 foals). Lesions had healed in 14 of the 15 foals with lesions at the margo plicatus on the initial examination.

Lesions were observed in the glandular mucosa of the fundus in 3 of 32 foals on initial examination and in 6 of 32 foals reexamined. Lesions in the glandular fundus observed on initial examination had healed in 2 of 3 foals, and of the 6 foals with glandular mucosal lesions on reexamination, 5 had developed lesions since the initial examination.

Repeat endoscopy revealed lesions to be significantly (P < 0.05) more prevalent in the stratified squamous epithelial mucosa along the lesser curvature (11 of 32 foalson reexamination vs 3 of 32 foals on initial examination). Lesions observed along the lesser curvature on initial examination had healed in each foal, and in each case, lesions observed at this site on repeat examination had developed since the initial examination.
Effects of propylene glycol-containing diets on acetaminophen-induced methemoglobinemia in cats
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , McClay Carolyn B. , Christopher Mary M. , Murphy Micheal , Perman Victor
Published: December 2023

Soft-moist cat foods contain 7 to 13% propylene glycol (PG) on a dry-weight basis. These diets induce Heinz body formation in feline RBC. In this study, we evaluated cats on a control diet and on a commercial diet containing 8.3% PG. All cats on the PG diet developed an increase in the number of circulating Heinz bodies. We then administered acetaminophen to cats on each diet to determine whether RBC from cats on PG diets were more susceptible to oxidant stress. Methemoglobin concentrations were significantly greater in cats in PG diets after acetaminophen administration. These data indicate that RBC from cats fed PG diets are more susceptible to oxidative stress.
Surveillance for persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in four artificial insemination centers
Authors: Howard T.H. , Bean Bruce , Hillman Robert , Monke Donald R.
Published: December 2023

Four large bovine artificial insemination centers implemented a program of surveillance of resident and newly acquired bulls for persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection. Infection was identified in 12 of 1,538 bulls. Several clinical abnormalities, including acute and chronic mucosal disease, were evident among the persistently infected bulls. Semen produced by such bulls consistently contained bovine viral diarrhea virus, and such contamination was not always accompanied by diminished seminal quality. Infected bulls were detected by means of virus isolation tests performed on blood specimens, but not by use of serologic testing. Ten of the 12 persistently infected bulls were results of embryo transfer. Virologic surveillance of breeding herds, artificial insemination and embryo transfer centers, and the cattle trade is necessary to prevent spread of this virus by modern cattle breeding practices. Attention is also necessary to prevent contamination by this virus of the fluids used for recovery, in vitro manipulation, and transfer of bovine embryos.
Emergency treatments for police dogs used for illicit drug detection
Authors: Dumonceaux Genevieve A. , Beasley Val Richard
Published: December 2023

The key to saving police dogs that have been exposed to large quantities of illicit substances is rapid action. Removal from the gastrointestinal tract, adsorption, and catharsis are the first steps. Some of these measures can be instituted on site by the attending officer. In case of accidental drug exposures of a dog during a search, police officers should have on hand apomorphine, syringes for administration of the drug and rinsing of the conjunctival sac, activated charcoal, a saline cathartic such as sodium sulfate (not needed if the activated charcoal product contains sorbitol), a resuscitator bag, and a well-fitting canine face mask.

If bags of drugs are ingested intact, immediate surgery by a veterinarian may be required to remove the bag and prevent an obstruction or rapid absorption of a lethal dose. Injectible medications to antagonize the effects of the drugs should be reserved for administration by a readily available veterinarian upon arrival of the dog at the veterinary hospital. Pharmacologic antagonistic agents may have adverse side effects, especially if used in the treatment of a drug exposure against which they are not specifically indicated. Proper dosage and route of administration are additional important factors with such treatment.

The veterinarian must instruct the police officers on the proper use, dosages, and methods of administration of the detoxifying agents as well as the proper procedures for using the face mask and resuscitator bag before an emergency arises. The officer should also be aware of the clinical signs likely to be produced following exposure to the agents for which these dogs search. It should be stressed that transport to a veterinary facility as quickly as possible is critical for a veterinarian to monitor the dog closely and institute appropriate supportive and antidotal measures to combat the dangerous effects of these agents. Cooperation between local veterinarians and the police department is vital to protecting the working dogs from the chemical hazards inherent in their job.
Cerebrospinal fluid creatine kinase activity in horses with central nervous system disease: 69 cases (1984-1989)
Authors: Furr Martin O. , Tyler Ronald D.
Published: December 2023

The csf creatine kinase (ck) activity was determined in 70 csf samples from 69 horses with cns disease. Abnormal values (≥ 1 IU/L) were determined from 32 csf samples, and normal values (<1 IU/L) were found in 38 samples. Increased ck activity was most frequently associated with a diagnosis of equine protozoal myelitis; ck activity was not increased in 11 horses with cervical compressive myelopathy. Other diagnoses, in which csf ck activity was increased included trauma (n = 1), idiopathic epilepsy (n = 2), botulism (n = 2), articular facet fracture (n = 1), intervertebral disk protrusion (n = 1), and toxemia (n = 1).
Repeated transplacental transmission of Neospora caninum in dogs
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Koestner A. , Piper R. C.
Published: December 2023

Four litters of German Shorthaired Pointers from one owner developed a toxoplasmosis-like illness. According to the records, 29 of 39 dogs had hind limb paralysis. Six dogs from 2 litters were necropsied and had generalized encephalomyelitis. Tachyzoites and tissue cysts of Neospora caninum were found in the brain and spinal cord of each dog. Lesions were found in the eyes, extraocular muscles, or both in all of the dogs, and N caninum was detected microscopically in the eyes (retina and choroid in 1 dog), extraocular muscles, or both in 5 of the 6 dogs. Ocular lesions consisted of focal retinitis, choroiditis, mild nonspecific iridocyclitis, and myositis of extraocular muscles. Organisms stained with anti-N caninum serum, but not with anti-Toxoplasma gondii serum in an immunohistochemical test, except in 1 dog. In one dog, aged thick-walled N caninum tissue cysts reacted mildly with anti-T gondii serum.
Hormonal abnormalities in Pomeranians with normal coat and in Pomeranians with growth hormone-responsive dermatosis
Authors: Schmeitzel Lynn P. , Lothrop Clinton D.
Published: December 2023

Clinical status, skin biopsy specimens, and endocrine function were evaluated in normal-coated Pomeranians (n = 12) and Pomeranians affected with growth hormone (gh)-responsive dermatosis (n = 7), then were compared with values in mixed-breed dog controls (n = 19). All Pomeranians were clinically normal; however, the Pomeranians with gh-responsive dermatosis had bilateral alopecia and hyperpigmentation of the trunk, caudal portion of the thighs, and ventral neck region.

Skin biopsy specimens from the affected Pomeranians had decreased-to-normal epidermal thickness and follicular atrophy, compared with normal-coated Pomeranians. Numerous elastin fibers were observed in the skin biopsy specimens of unaffected and affected Pomeranians.

Both groups of Pomeranians had normal results of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (trh) and thyrotropin (tsh) response, adrenocorticotropin (acth) stimulation, and dexamethasone suppression testing. There was no significant increase in serum gh concentration in either group of Pomeranians after xylazine or human GH-releasing factor (ghrf) administration, whereas control dogs had significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in serum gh concentration after administration of either agent.

Baseline plasma acth concentration in unaffected and affected Pomeranians was increased above the normal range (40 to 90 pg/ml). Post-acth administration serum progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and androgen (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate or androstenedione) concentrations were consistently high in unaffected and affected Pomeranians, compared with values in control dogs.

High baseline plasma acth concentration and increased production of progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate or androstenedione after acth administration suggested disregulation of adrenocortical hormone synthesis in both groups of Pomeranians, possibly attributable to partial deficiency of the 21-hydroxylase enzyme. Although all 3 treated dogs developed normal coat in response to supplementation with human gh, gh-responsive dermatosis in Pomeranians may not be entirely attributable to hyposomatotropism, but may also involve adrenocortical hyperprogestinism and/or hyperandrogenism.
Transfixation pinning and casting of tibial fractures in calves: Five cases (1985-1989)
Authors: St-Jean Guy , Clem Michael F. , DeBowes Richard M.
Published: December 2023

Medical records of 5 calves with tibial fractures that were reduced and stabilized by transfixation pinning and casting were reviewed. Multiple Steinmann pins were placed transversely through proximal and distal fracture fragments, and the pin ends were incorporated in fiberglass cast material after fracture reduction. Cast material serves as an external frame to maintain pin position and fracture reduction.

Calves were between 2 weeks and 6 months old and weighed between 40 and 180 kg. Three fractures were spiral in configuration and 2 were comminuted. One tibial fracture was open. After surgery, all calves were ambulatory within 24 hours. To improve tarsal flexion and achieve normal stance in 3 calves, cast revision was required on the caudal aspect of the limb. Good radiographic and clinical evidence of stability was observed in 5 to 10 weeks (mean 8 weeks), at which time the pins and cast were removed. Return to normal function was rapid and judged to be excellent at follow-up evaluation 3 to 12 months later.

Advantages of transfixation pinning and casting in management of tibial fractures include flexibility in pin positioning, adequate maintenance of reduction, early return to weight-bearing status, joint mobility, and ease of ambulation. The inability to adjust fixation and alignment after cast application is a disadvantage of this technique, compared with other external fixators.
Caudocranial horizontal beam radiographic projection for evaluation of femoral fracture and osteotomy repair in dogs and cats
Authors: Beck Kathy A.
Published: December 2023

A new radiographic projection of the femur was evaluated for use in the assessment of fracture or osteotomy repair in small animals. The view is obtained by directing the x-ray beam horizontally through the hind limb, from caudad to craniad, with the animal positioned in lateral recumbency, the hip flexed, and the stifle extended. Views obtained, using the new projection, were compared with the standard ventrodorsal views of the pelvis, with hind limbs extended. Osteotomy lines in the femoral shaft were significantly (P < 0.01) more visible on the horizontal beam view. Significant difference was not evident in visibility of fracture lines between the 2 radiographic projections. The horizontal beam view was easily obtained, and equivalent to the standard ventrodorsal view for radiographic evaluation of femoral fracture and osteotomy repair.
Determination of erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency in Basenjis with chronic hemolytic anemia
Authors: Giger Urs , Noble Nancy A.
Published: December 2023

Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (pk) deficiency was first described in Basenjis 20 years ago. Although the approach to diagnosis had not been well established, a screening program to detect heterozygotes was thought to have eliminated pk deficiency from the Basenjis of the United States. Four not closely related Basenjis with severe chronic hemolytic anemia, from various parts of the United States, were studied. Their pcv ranged from 16 to 25% and their reticulocyte count was always above 15%. A progressive osteosclerosis was seen in all of the Basenjis and hepatic failure developed in 2 of them. The erythrocyte intermediary metabolite patterns indicated a glycolytic defect at the pk step. Erythrocyte pk activities were markedly increased in the anemic Basenjis, compared with those of a control group, but the enzyme in these Basenjis had abnormal kinetic properties and was thermolabile. An antibody against R-type pk, the regular erythrocyte pk form, did not neutralize the pk activity of affected Basenjis, and results of electrophoretic studies suggested the expression of M2-type pk, a leukocyte and fetal erythroid pk-type. Clinically healthy heterozygous Basenjis had half-normal R-type pk activity and did not express the M2-type in their erythrocytes.

We conclude that severe chronic hemolytic anemia, caused by erythrocyte pk deficiency, and associated ostersclerosis still develop in Basenjis. A definitive diagnosis cannot be reached by simply measuring erythrocyte pk activity; rather, diagnosis requires measurement of glycolytic substrate accumulation and enzyme stability and immunologic or electrophoretic studies of erythrocyte pk.
Weekly administration of low-dose doxorubicin for treatment of malignant lymphoma in dogs
Authors: Ogilvie Gregory K. , Vail David M. , Klein Mary K. , Powers Barbara E. , Dickinson Krista
Published: December 2023

Nine dogs with intermediate- or high-grade lymphoma were prospectively entered into a protocol to be given a total of 15 weekly doses of doxorubicin (10 mg/m2 of body surface, iv) in an attempt to eliminate all clinical evidence of neoplasia, with minimal risk of drug toxicity. Eight of these dogs did not complete the protocol because of progression of the disease. The median number of doses administered to dogs that developed progressive disease before the regimen was completed was 5 (range, 2 to 9). Seven dogs achieved partial (n = 5) or complete (n = 2) remission, with median duration of 14 days (range, 7 to 231 days). The dog that was given all 15 weekly treatments remained in complete remission for 231 days. Complete remission that lasted for 14 days was observed in another dog. Toxicosis developed in 3 dogs; signs of toxicosis were generally mild and included colitis (n = 1), vomiting (n = 1), neutropenia (n = 1), and lethargy (n = 1). The lowest neutrophil count (1,876 cells/μl) was seen in one dog after 7 doses of doxorubicin were given. Doxorubicin at dosage of 10 mg/m2/wk appears to be safe, but is generally ineffective for treatment of lymphoma.
Focal necrotizing granulomatous panniculitis associated with subcutaneous injection of rabies vaccine in cats and dogs: 10 cases (1988-1989)
Authors: Hendrick Mattie J. , Dunagan Corinne A.
Published: December 2023

Twenty-three biopsy specimens were diagnosed as injection-site reactions by the Laboratory of Pathology of the University of Pennsylvania between September 14, 1988 and June 26, 1989. Historical information about 10 animals from which biopsy specimens were obtained was acquired through written questionnaires sent to veterinarians. Eight cats and 2 dogs had been injected in the subcutis with rabies vaccine or rabies vaccine combined with other vaccines approximately 2 weeks to 2 months prior to appearance of the lesion. All lesions were well-circumscribed, firm, subcutaneous masses that had a zone of central necrosis, with peripheral infiltration by macrophages, and variable numbers of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils. Although most biopsy lesions sites healed after a few weeks, intramuscular rabies vaccination seems preferable until a less pathogenic, subcutaneously administered vaccine is available.
Comparison of three methods of feeding colostrum to dairy calves
Authors: Besser Thomas E. , Gay Clive C. , Pritchett Lori
Published: December 2023

Absorption of colostral immunoglobulins by Holstein calves was studied in 3 herds in which 3 methods of colostrum feeding were used. Failure of passive transfer, as determined by calf serum immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) concentration < 10 mg/ml at 48 hours of age, was diagnosed in 61.4% of calves from a dairy in which calves were nursed by their dams, 19.3% of calves from a dairy using nipple-bottle feeding, and 10.8% of calves from a dairy using tube feeding.

The management factor determined to have the greatest influence on the probability of failure of passive transfer in the herds using artificial methods of colostrum feeding (bottle feeding or tube feeding) was the volume of colostrum fed as it affected the amount of IgG1 received by the calf. In dairies that used artificial feeding methods, failure of passive transfer was infrequent in calves fed ≥ 100 g IgG1 in the first colostrum feeding. In the dairy that allowed calves to suckle, prevalence of failure of passive transfer was greater than 50% even among calves nursed by cows with above-average colostral IgG1 concentration. Analysis of the effect of other management factors on calf immunoglobulin absorption revealed small negative effects associated with the use of previously frozen colostrum and the use of colostrum from cows with long nonlactating intervals.
Right displacement of the abomasum and abomasal volvulus in dairy cows: 458 cases (1980-1987)
Authors: Fubini S. L. , Gröhn Y. T. , Smith D. F.
Published: December 2023

Clinical and surgical findings in 458 dairy cows with right displacement of the abomasum or abomasal volvulus (av) were analyzed to determine the association between these variables and the outcome (productive, salvaged, or terminal) of the affected cow.

Heart rate at initial examination was higher in the salvaged and terminal groups of cows (P < 0.0001) than in the productive group. The plasma Na+ concentration was lower in the salvaged and terminal groups of cows (P < 0.0001) than in the productive group. The plasma C1− concentration was lower in the salvaged group of cows than in cows with either productive or terminal outcomes (P < 0.0001). Anion gap was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in the salvaged and terminal groups than in cows classified as productive.

On the basis of surgical findings, cattle with right displacement of the abomasum were more likely to survive than cows with av. Cows that required fluid decompression of the abomasum via abomasotomy were less likely to survive than those in which gaseous decompression was performed. Cows with evidence of vascular compromise of the abomasal wall were less likely to survive than those with normal abomasal serosa.

Preoperative heart rate and anion gap had positive correlations with the presence of abomasal necrosis, whereas temperature, venous blood pH, plasma bicarbonate, and base excess concentrations had negative correlations.

Cows in terminal stages of av were likely to have a mixed primary acid-base disturbance, consisting of metabolic alkalosis with superimposed metabolic acidosis. These findings were highly correlated with abomasal necrosis.
Performance measured in pigs with pneumonia and housed in different environments
Authors: Straw Barbara E.
Published: December 2023

During an investigation of poor growth performance, rate of weight gain and feed efficiency were studied in pigs with pneumonia. During the study, pigs either were housed in an improved environment or remained at their home farm. In both environments, rate of gain tended to decrease in association with increasing severity of pneumonia. When pigs with similar extent of lung lesions were compared, growth performance of pigs housed in the improved environment was better than that of pigs on the home farm. However, growth performance of pigs with pneumonia affecting > 20% of lung tissue was equally poor in either environment. When type of housing and extent of pneumonia were included in a model for analysis of variance, housing had a highly significant (P = 0.003) effect on rate of gain, and pneumonia had a nonsignificant effect.
Ocular disease in FeLV-positive cats: 11 cases (1981-1986)
Authors: Brightman Alan H. , Ogilvie Gregory K. , Tompkins Mary
Published: December 2023

A total of 147 cats positive for FeLV were retrospectively studied to determine the incidence of ocular disease. Of those cats, 97 had clinical cases of the disease and 50 were artificially infected with the virus. The incidence of ocular disease among FeLV-positive cats with clinical signs of disease was less than 2%, and represented less than 0.1% of the total feline cases for the 5-year period studied. The only ocular findings that could be associated with FeLV were pupillary and motility abnormalities. Retinal hemorrhage and subsequent degeneration found in experimentally infected and naturally infected cats were secondary to profound anemia, which was secondary to FeLV infection. On the basis of the literature and our findings, FeLV is not a major cause of primary or secondary ocular disease in the cat. Anterior uveal disease (iris bombé) was detected in 1 of 147 FeLV-positive cats, and the incidence of secondary infectious disease was zero.
Clinical evaluation of γ-vinyl-γ-aminobutyric acid for control of epilepsy in dogs
Authors: Speciale John , Dayrell-Hart Betsy , Steinberg Sheldon A.
Published: December 2023

Gamma-vinyl-γ-aminobutyric acid is a novel antiepileptic drug that exerts its effects by increasing the concentration of γ-aminobutyric acid in the brain. The mechanism of action involves irreversible inhibition of the metabolic pathway of γ-aminobutyric acid. The drug was administered to 14 dogs in conjunction with other anticonvulsants, in an attempt to control refractory epilepsy. Four of these dogs had clinically relevant evidence of decreased seizure frequency. In 4 dogs, response to the drug was no better than response to phenobarbital alone. In 2 dogs, seizure control improved, but γ-vinyl-γ-aminobutyric acid was withdrawn because of development of hemolytic anemia. For various reasons, the therapeutic effect in the remaining 4 dogs could not be evaluated.

This study of only 14 dogs illustrates some of the problems that confound our ability to judge the efficacy of anticonvulsant treatment.
Difficult Dermatologic Diagnosis
Authors: Evans Anne G.
Published: December 2023

This feature is being sponsored by the American College of Veterinary Dermatology. Readers are invited to submit contributions, which should include: (1) a brief description of the case (150-500 words); (2) good-contrast glossy photographs, 5 by 7 in (color photographs will be accommodated without charge when color is deemed pivotal to the diagnosis), with internal scale marker for photomicrographs or electron micrographs; (3) a brief discussion of the abnormality that emphasizes differential diagnosis and prognosis and not prevalence and treatment.

Send comments and photographs to Dr. Peter J. Ihrke, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, or Dr. Stephen D. White, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523.
Gonadectomy in immature dogs: Effects on skeletal, physical, and behavioral development
Authors: Salmeri Katharine R. , Bloomberg Mark S. , Scruggs Sherry L. , Shille Victor
Published: December 2023

In a 15-month study, the effects of prepubertal gonadectomy on skeletal growth, weight gain, food intake, body fat, secondary sex characteristics, and behavioral development were investigated in 32 mixed-breed dogs. Male and female pups from 5 litters were randomly allotted to 3 groups: group 1, neuter at 7 weeks (n = 14); group II, neuter at 7 months (n = 8); and group III, sexually intact dogs (n = 10).

Growth plate closure was delayed (group 1 vs group III; P < 0.000001; group II vs group III, P < 0.000001) in all neutered dogs, as compared with sexually intact dogs. Growth plate closure was delayed longer (group I vs group II, P < 0.000045) in dogs neutered at 7 weeks old, compared with dogs neutered at 7 months old. The rate of growth was unaffected by gonadectomy, but the extended growth period resulted in greater final radial/ulnar length in all male dogs and bitches neutered at 7 weeks. Gonadectomy did not influence food intake, weight gain, or back-fat depth. Penile development was immature in the adult group- I males (Mean ± sem diameter of pars glandis = 11.1 ± 1.0 mm), compared with adult group-II (16.3 ± 0.5 mm) and group-III (21.0 ± 2.2 mm) males. Subjectively, the prepuce and os penis of the group-I males were immature, compared with those of group-II and group-III males. Vulvar development in group-I and group-II bitches was less mature than vulvar development in the sexually intact bitches. Of 7 behavioral characteristics assessed, only general activity and excitability rated differently among treatment groups. All neutered dogs were judged to be more active (group I, P < 0.004) than sexually intact dogs. Group-I males were judged to be more excitable (P < 0.02) than group-III males. It was concluded that with respect to skeletal, physical, and behavioral development, the effect of neutering pups at 7 weeks old was similar to that of neutering pups at 7 months old.
Treatment of Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection in rabbits
Authors: Franklin C. L. , Gibson S. V. , Caffrey C. J. , Wagner J. E. , Steffen E. K.
Published: December 2023

Copper sulfate and a metastabilized chlorous acid/chlorine dioxide (meca) compound were evaluated for efficacy in treating Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection in rabbits. Forty rabbits naturally infected with T mentagrophytes were allotted to 5 treatment groups: nontreated control, sham dip, 1% copper sulfate dip, meca dip, and meca spray. Results of lesion culture, regression of gross lesions, and histopathologic findings were documented. Copper sulfate and meca were effective in treating clinical dermatophytosis and in decreasing T mentagrophytes carrier status in rabbits.
Liver failure attributable to pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis and associated with inspiratory dyspnea in ponies: Three cases (1982-1988)
Authors: Pearson Erwin G.
Published: December 2023

Of 41 equids referred to a veterinary teaching hospital in the Pacific northwest because of dyspnea and inspiratory noise, 3 ponies were diagnosed as having liver failure, most likely attributable to pyrroliziding alkaloid toxicosis. Dyspnea appeared to be caused by laryngeal and/or pharyngeal paralysis. It is proposed that this paralysis was a manifestation of hepatic encephalopathy. Although these clinical signs are not common for pyrrolizidine toxicosis, practitioners should be aware of the possibility so that misdiagnosis of other causes of inspiratory dyspnea may not be made.
Relations among synovial membrane histopathologic findings, synovial fluid cytologic findings, and bacterial culture results in horses with suspected infectious arthritis: 64 cases (1979-1987)
Authors: Madison John B. , Sommer Mary , Spencer Pamela A.
Published: December 2023

A retrospective evaluation of 64 cases of suspected infectious arthritis in horses was undertaken to determine the relations among histopathologic findings in synovial membrane specimens, cytologic findings in synovial fluid samples, and bacterial culture results. Positive cultures were obtained from 55% of the joints, and 18 different bacterial organisms were cultured. Culturing of synovial fluid yielded bacterial growth more often than did culturing of synovial membrane. Histologic evaluation (h&e and Gram stain) of synovial membrane specimens provided little information to help distinguish infected from culture-negative joints. We do not advocate the routine use of closed synovial biopsy in suspected cases of equine septic arthritis.
Prevalence of pseudorabies virus infection and associated infections in six large swine herds in Illinois
Authors: Hall William F. , Weigel Ronald M. , Siegel Arthur M. , Wiemers John F. , Lehman James R. , Taft Arnold C. , Annelli Joseph F.
Published: December 2023

Sera were collected from 6 large farrow-to-finish swine herds infected with pseudorabies virus (prv) in Illinois. All herds were participating in the Large Herd Cleanup Study, a USDA-initiated project to evaluate the feasibility of eradicating pseudorabies from large farms (> 400 sows) by use of a combination of vaccination and management changes. Herd size ranged between 425 and 1,500 breeding females. Between April and July 1990, sera for measurement of prv antibodies were obtained from 113 to 156 sows and 112 to 162 finishing pigs (body weight > 70 kg)/herd. Duplicate sera from 30 sows and 30 market-weight pigs/herd were obtained for measurement of serum antibodies to the following associated organisms: swine influenza virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, encephalomyocarditis virus, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Eperythrozoon suis, and 6 serovars of Leptospira interrogans.

Prevalence of prv antibodies attributable to field virus infection ranged between 53.8 and 100% for sows and between 0.7 and 97.3% for finishing pigs, as determined by the appropriate differential test for the vaccine being used on each farm. In only 1 herd, prv seroprevalence was increased with higher sow parity. For associated infections, the risk of seropositivity attributable to prv was not significant (for most infections) on all farms and varied among farms. Thus, pseudorabies did not appear, in general, to increase susceptibility to infection with other disease agents.
Management of vertebral column fractures in dogs and cats: 211 cases (1977-1985)
Authors: Selcer Robert R. , Bubb Wendy J. , Walker Tommy L.
Published: December 2023

Hospital records and radiographs of 211 dogs and cats with vertebral column fractures or luxations evaluated at the University of Tennessee Veterinary Teaching Hospital between April 1977 and September 1985 were reviewed. After neurologic examination, status of the animal was graded on a scale of 1 to 8. Decision to treat each animal either medically or surgically was based on the extent and type of injury, neurologic signs, veterinarian’s experience, and owner’s wishes. After treatment, neurologic status was evaluated on the aforementioned scale and differences in the outcome of treatment were determined between surgically and medically treated groups, relative to initial neurologic status and location of the fracture.

Surgically treated animals had pretreatment mean (± sd) neurologic status (3.71 ± 1.35) that was slightly worse (P = 0.0079) than that of medically managed cases (5.16 ± 1.48). Animals of the surgically treated group improved significantly (P = 0.0122) more than did those of the medically treated group but after treatment, significant differences in neurologic status were not evident between surgically (6.67 ± 1.49) and medically (7.07 ± 1.24) treated animals. Medically treated animals required substantially longer to reach optimal neurologic status, but the average hospital stay was nearly twice as long for the surgically treated animals (13.5 days), compared with those treated medically (7.1 days). Animals with thoracic vertebral fractures had mean neurologic status that was worse than that in animals with cervical vertebral fractures (P = 0.0109). After either medical or surgical treatment, neurologic status did not differ among animals with cervical, thoracic, or lumbar vertebral fractures. Results of the study indicated that many vertebral fractures can be managed medically and that surgery should not always be the recommended treatment.
Preoperative prognostic indicators in cattle with abomasal volvulus
Authors: Constable Peter D. , Jean Guy St. , Hull Bruce L. , Rings D. Michael , Hoffsis Glen F.
Published: December 2023

A prospective study evaluating preoperative prognostic indicators in 80 cattle with abomasal volvulus was done. Surgical correction of the abomasal volvulus was performed in all animals. After surgery, cattle were categorized into 3 groups: productive (acceptable milk production or appetite, n = 59), salvaged (poor milk production or appetite, n = 10), and nonsurvivors (n = 11). Mean values for study variables did not differ significantly between salvaged and nonsurvivor groups. Cattle in these 2 groups were combined to form a nonproductive group, which was compared with the productive group. Productive cattle had a significantly lower preoperative heart rate than nonproductive cattle, were less dehydrated, had lower serum alkaline phosphatase (alp) activity and serum creatinine concentration, more frequent rumen contractions, higher serum Na+ and Cl− concentrations, and had been inappetent for a shorter period. Significant differences were not detected in blood pH, base excess, anion gap, pcv, and serum K+ concentrations between the 2 groups. Feces from nonproductive cattle tended to be reduced in volume and were significantly darker.

A number of preoperative prognostic indices were evaluated by calculating the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (+pv) of each variable and by using logistic regression. Positive predictive values were generally higher in identifying productive cattle than nonproductive cattle. High +pv for productive animals were observed for cattle with normal hydration status (+pv, 0.96), serum creatinine concentration ≤ 1.5 mg/dl (+pv, 0.91), serum alp activity ≤ 100 IU/L (+pv, 0.90), serum Cl concentration ≥ 95 mEq/L (+pv, 0.90), and heart rate ≤ 80 beats/min (+pv, 0.88). Positive predictive values for nonproductive animals exceeded 0.50 only in cattle with heart rates ≥ 120 (+pv, 0.67) or ≥ 100 beats/min (+pv, 0.56), serum alp activity > 100 IU/L (+pv, 0.55), or ≥ 6% dehydration (+pv, 0.52). Anion gap ≥ 30 mEq/L was a poor prognostic indicator (+pv, 0.33). Logistic regression was used to identify 4 variables (hydration status, heart rate, period of inappetence, and serum alp activity) that had good predictive value. Preoperative determination of heart rate, hydration status, and period of inappetence appears superior to routinely used laboratory tests in determining the prognosis of cattle with abomasal volvulus. The cause of the high serum alp activity in nonproductive cattle needs to be determined.
ECG of the Month
Authors: Crystal Mitchell A. , Rush John E.
Published: December 2023

This monthly feature is being sponsored by the Academy of Veterinary Cardiology. Readers of the JAVMA are invited to submit contributions. Contributions should include: (l) a brief description of the case (l50 words); (2) good contrast glossy photographs (5 in by 7 in) of tracings, with ECG lead, voltage calibration scale, and paper speed indicated; and (3) a discussion of the abnormality.

Send comments and tracings to Dr. Christophe Lombard, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Box J-l26, JHMHC, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 31610.
Comparison of culture, peroxidase-antiperoxidase reaction, and serum latex agglutination methods for diagnosis of chlamydiosis in pet birds
Authors: Moore Frances M. , McMillan Marjorie C. , Petrak Margaret L.
Published: December 2023

Comparison was made among results of cloacal specimen culture, and cloacal swab specimen (cytologic) peroxidase-antiperoxidase (pap), serum latex agglutination (la), and tissue pap assays for diagnosis of chlamydiosis in 144 birds. Swab specimen pap findings correlated poorly with la results and failed to predict the la test result in any bird. Only 1 cloacal swab specimen was regarded as pap-positive and was from the cloaca of a bird from which chlamydiae were isolated in culture. The sensitivity of swab specimen pap, compared with culture results, was 33%, whereas specificity was 94%. In this study, swab specimen pap was a less sensitive test, compared with culture, than was reported in a previous study. The sensitivity of la in identifying birds that were cloacal culture-positive was poor; true-positive results were not detected, compared with culture results. The specificity of the la method was 93%, compared with culture results. Results of the tissue pap method correlated with culture results in the 3 birds for which both tests were performed.
Demographic data and treatment of small companion animals with lead poisoning: 347 cases (1977-1986)
Authors: Morgan Rhea V. , Pearce Laurie K. , Moore Frances M. , Rossi Thomas
Published: December 2023

Three hundred forty-seven cases of lead poisoning in small animals, diagnosed after 1976, were reviewed. The types of treatments used and their outcomes were analyzed. Changes in blood lead concentrations following various treatments, as well as the sources of lead exposure, were also reviewed. The geographic origins of the cases were traced, and demographic factors were studied to determine possible correlates that might explain the regional distribution of cases.
Ultrasonographic evaluation of horses with thrombophlebitis of the jugular vein: 46 cases (1985-1988)
Authors: Gardner Sarah Y. , Reef Virginia B. , Spencer Pamela A.
Published: December 2023

Medical records of 46 horses with jugular vein thrombophlebitis that were evaluated ultrasonographically were reviewed. The ultrasonographic appearance of the thrombus within the jugular vein was classified as noncavitating if it had uniform low to medium amplitude echoes, or as cavitating if it was heterogenous with anechoic to hypoechoic areas representing fluid or necrotic areas within the thrombus, and/or hyperechoic areas representing gas. Signs of pain on palpation of the affected vein (P < 0.001), heat over the vein (P = 0.001), and swelling of the vein (P < 0.05) were significantly associated with the ultrasonographic detection of a cavitating lesion. Ultrasonography also was useful for selecting a site for aspiration of a specimen for bacteriologic culturing and susceptibility testing.
Partial budget analysis of vaccinating dairy cattle against coliform mastitis with an Escherichia coli J5 vaccine
Authors: DeGraves F. J. , Fetrow J.
Published: December 2023

Partial budget analysis of clinical coliform mastitis prevention supported vaccination of dairy cows with an Escherichia coli J5 vaccine. Increased profits of $57/ cow lactation were predicted using a computer spreadsheet derived partial budget with generalized herd input data. Herd vaccination programs were predicted to be profitable when > 1% of cow lactations resulted in clinical coliform mastitis. Herd vaccination programs were predicted to be profitable at all herd milk production levels.