bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Randomized Trial of Birthing Stool or Conventional Semirecumbent Position for Second‐Stage Labor
Authors: Waldenström Ulla , Gottvall Karin
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: Two hundred ninety‐four women were randomly allocated to a group in which the use of a birthing stool (experimental group) or a conventional semirecumbent position (control group) was encouraged. The birthing stool was 32 cm high and allowed the parturient to sit upright and to squat. The husband could sit close behind his wife and support her back. No differences were observed between the two groups regarding mode of delivery, length of the second stage of labor, oxytocin augmentation, perineal trauma, labial lacerations, or vulvar edema. Infant outcome measured by Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes postpartum and numbers of neonatal intensive care unit transfers was the same in both groups. Mean estimated blood loss and the number of mothers with a postpartum hemorrhage 600 ml or more were greater in the experimental group than in the control group. Women in the experimental group reported less pain during the second stage of labor, and they and their spouses were more satisfied with the birth position than were parents in the control group. Midwives were less satisfied with their working posture in the experimental group.
Maternity Care and Outcomes in a High‐Risk Service: The North Central Bronx Hospital Experience
Authors: Haire Doris B. , Cram Elsberry Charlotte
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: The maternity service of the North Central Bronx Hospital, a New York City municipal hospital for the medically indigent, has demonstrated that good maternal and infant outcomes can be obtained in an unselected population of disadvantaged women by using obstetric interventions only when medically indicated. Approximately 70 percent of the mothers cared for in the service are considered at risk or high risk. Of the 3287 deliveries in 1988, 86.1 percent were performed by the midwives on staff. Midwives were the primary providers of prenatal, intrapartum, and postpartum care for all low‐risk mothers, and comanaged with the attending obstetricians the care of all high‐risk mothers. The cesarean section rate was 11.8 percent, and the rate of instrumental delivery was 0.3 percent, with minimal use of oxytocin augmentation (6.4%). Among the 3323 infants delivered in 1988, the last full year before an obstetric residency program was established, the rate of those requiring special or intensive care was 11.1 percent, and neonatal mortality was 9.2 per 1000 live births for all birth weights and 3.7 per 1000 for infants over 1000 g. The experience gained from 10 years and over 25,000 births suggests that the maternity care of both high‐ and low‐risk mothers could be improved by minimizing obstetric intervention whenever possible.
Drug Abuse and Pregnancy: Some Questions on Public Policy, Clinical Management, and Maternal and Fetal Rights
Authors: Chavkin Wendy , Harris Allen Machelle , Oberman Michelle
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: An estimated 9202 drug‐exposed infants were born in the United States in 1986 according to the National Center for Health Statistics; the number increased to 13,765 in 1988. These figures were substantially underreported, however, notes the 1990 report by the U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO) (1). It surveyed 10 hospitals, two each in Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, and San Antonio, accounting for 44,655 births, of which approximately 4000 resulted in drug‐exposed infants in 1989. Maternal cocaine use was estimated to range from below 1 to 12 percent among the 10 hospitals. The GAO report concluded that the number of these infants born nationwide each year could be “very high,” and that in these five cities the unavailability of drug treatment and lack of adequate prenatal care are contributing to the problem (1). Two health professionals and a health lawyer were invited to respond to some questions about the problems of cocaine and substance abuse by pregnant women and how maternity caregivers, health and social service agencies, law, and society are dealing with the issues.
“The Last Egg in the Basket?” Elderly Primiparity—A Review of Findings
Authors: Harker Lisa , Thorpe Karen
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: The recent trend of later childbearing among primiparous women is examined with attention to its possible motivations and how they might relate to maternal and infant outcomes. The influence of psychological factors is examined in the context of the inconsistencies in the obstetric literature regarding the risk factors associated with advancing maternal age. An interplay of psychological and biologic factors in determining the outcome of pregnancy and adaptation to motherhood in elderly primiparous women is proposed in terms of the compensatory as opposed to cumulative effect of psychological factors. The adoption of a broad perspective in the study of the experience of later motherhood is recommended as the direction for future research.
Just Another Day in a Woman's Life? Part 11: Nature and Consistency of Women's Long‐Term Memories of Their First Birth Experiences
Authors: Simkin Penny
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: Twenty women who attended the author's natural childbirth classes between 1968 and 1974 were the informants in this study of long‐term memories of their first childbirths. The data from each informant consisted of 1) a labor and birth questionnaire, including an open‐ended account of her labor, written shortly after her baby was born; 2) a similar questionnaire and account written in 1988 and 1989; and 3) a transcribed interview during which her memories and perceptions were discussed and any discrepancies between the questionnaires were explored. The questionnaires were compared for consistency of recall, and the interviews consulted for further clarification. Specific memories were excerpted, compared, classified, tabulated, and summarized. Findings were that, years later, women's memories are generally accurate, and many are strikingly vivid, especially of onset of labor; rupture of the membranes; arrival at the hospital; actions of doctors, nurses, and partners: particular interventions; the birth; and first contact with the baby. Most memory lapses or confusion were minor. Evidence of a halo effect was observed as well. (BIRTH 19:2 June, 1992)
Improving Pregnancy Outcomes: Public Versus Private Care for Urban, Low‐Income Women
Authors: Handler Arden , Rosenberg Deborah
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: This study describes the characteristics of women who received maternity care from the Chicago Department of Health or from private practitioners in 1988 and the first half of 1989, and who delivered at the University of Illinois Hospital or Cook County Hospital. The risk of preterm low birthweight for the infants of these women was compared according to source of prenatal care. The likelihood of giving birth to a preterm, low‐birthweight infant was significantly greater (odds ratio 3.1, 95% confidence interval 2.3–4.0) for women who received care only from private physicians (n = 530) compared with those who received care entirely from the Chicago Department of Health (n = 2465). This relationship remained after adjustment for race, age, parity, history of adverse pregnancy outcomes, smoking, and use of drugs during pregnancy. We examined alternative explanations for these findings, and concluded that although the role of urban public health departments in the direct delivery of maternity care services continues to be a source of controversy, these institutions remain an important provider of such care for low‐income women.
Treatment and Outcomes of Psychotic Patients During Pregnancy and Childbirth
Authors: Spielvogel Anna , Wile Joanne
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: This study examined whether particular groups of psychotic women are likely to present management problems during pregnancy and childbirth. The pregnancy courses and outcomes of 22 psychiatric inpatients were reviewed. Schizophrenic women with delusions or psychotic denial about the pregnancy were significantly less likely to detect labor than were nondelusional women. Ability to detect signs of labor and cooperate with labor instructions was significantly more likely in women with bipolar affective disorders than in those with schizophrenic disorders, and was also more likely in those women with severe personality disorders and substance abuse histories. The total patient cohort underwent significantly more cesarean sections than their nonpsychiatric counterparts who delivered at the same hospital. These findings suggest that psychotic women are at high risk for the development of pregnancy and birth complications.
The Lesbian Childbearing Couple: A Case Report
Authors: Tash Donna T. , Kenney Janet W.
Published: April 2007

Increasing numbers of lesbians are choosing to bear children. Inadequate information about these women's childbearing concerns, together with discrimination and insensitivity to their needs, places these couples at risk for receiving less than optimal health care. Lesbians who desire children are faced with numerous psychosocial problems that should be addressed by open and sensitive caregivers. Providing care to a lesbian couple demonstrated the ways in which their needs were similar to and different from those of heterosexual couples.
Breastfeeding Patterns: Comparing the Effects on Infant Behavior and Maternal Satisfaction of Using One or Two Breasts
Authors: Righard Lennart , Flodmark Carl‐Erjk , Lothe Lasse , Jakobsson Irene
Published: April 2007

In the Western world advice given by breastfeeding consultants about the use of one or two breasts at each feed has resulted in apparently arbitrary changes over time. This study compared 1‐month‐old breastfed infants' reactions to single‐ and two‐breast feeds in terms of restlessness, crying, sleeping, and frequency of feeds, wet diapers, and loose stools. Eighty mothers were randomly assigned at the maternity ward, 44 to the single‐breast group and 36 to the two‐breast group. At one‐month follow‐up no differences between the groups were seen regarding any infant behavior variables, or in terms of maternal satisfaction, confidence, and mood throughout the full 24‐hour observation period or during a 4‐hour period in the evening. Compliance with the assigned feeding method was better in the two‐breast than in the one‐breast group. This may partly be due to tradition, since the two‐breast practice has been recommended by child health nurses in Sweden for over 50 years. It seems reasonable that a baby should be allowed to finish the first breast and, if still hungry, be offered the second breast. The baby's appetite is the deciding factor.
Narratives of Birth and the Postpartum: Analysis of the Focus Group Responses of New Mothers
Authors: DiMatteo M. Robin , Kahn Katherine L. , Bey Sandra H.
Published: April 2007

Focus groups were conducted to encourage and examine women's frank discussions of the events surrounding their experiences of labor, birth, and the postpartum period. Transcripts of the tape‐recorded narratives of 41 new mothers were analyzed and jive themes were identified: loss of autonomy and control; unexpected physical pain of childbirth; unexpected emotional reactions; financial pressures; and the effects of support during labor and birth. Participants' perceptions shed light on and supplemented previous questionnaire and interview research on these topics. The survey results suggest ways to help improve women's birth experiences.
The Squatting Position for the Second Stage of labor: Effects on labor and on Maternal and Fetal Well‐Being
Authors: Golay Jane , Vedam Saraswathi , Sorger Leo
Published: April 2007

A cohort study was designed to assess the effects of maternal squatting position for the second stage of labor on the evolution and progress of labor, and on maternal and fetal well‐being. Outcomes from 200 squatting births, randomly selected from a sample of 1000, were compared with 100 semirecumbent births, randomly selected from a sample of 300. Data collection was by chart review. The two groups were similar with respect to most antepartal, intrapartal, and socioeconomic variables likely to affect labor outcomes. The mean length of the second stage of labor was 23 minutes shorter in squatting primiparas and 13 minutes shorter in squatting multiparas than in semirecumbent women. Squatting women required significantly less labor stimulation by oxytocin during second stage (P = 0.0016), and they showed a trend toward fewer mechanically assisted deliveries. Significantly fewer and less severe perineal lacerations occurred, and fewer episiotomies were performed in the squatting group (P = 0.0001). No statistically significant differences were found between groups for third‐stage complications and infant complications.
Reanalysis of a Muitireported Trial on Home Uterine Activity Monitoring
Authors: Keirse Marc J.N.C. , Van Hoven Marion
Published: April 2007

A randomized multicenter study of home uterine activity monitoring using the “Term Guard,” is widely cited in support of the Term Guard monitoring system. Critical appraisal of the data in the six reports of the study showed that all reports scored poorly on avoidance of allocation, exclusion, and assessment bias. In all of them the numbers of women for whom outcomes were reported were different, and none provided information on infant outcomes. Comparison of analyses and subanalyses showed inconsistencies that defied the laws of arithmetic. Reanalysis of the data, as well as could be done from the available information, showed that use of the Term Guard system was compatible with both an increase and a decrease in the frequency of preterm delivery (95% CI +2.2% to 16.5%). It is concluded that the reports of the multicenter study contain such high potential for bias and so many internal inconsistencies that they should be dismissed entirely. (BIRTH 20:3, September 1993)
Satisfaction With Care in Labor and Birth: A Survey of 790 Australian Women
Authors: Brown Stephanie , Lumley Judith
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT:Data on satisfaction with care in labor and birth were gathered in a survey conducted in conjunction with a review of maternity services in Victoria, Australia. All women who gave birth in one week in 1989 (>1000) were mailed questionnaires eight to nine months after the birth, with a response rate of 790 (71.4%). When adjusted for parity in a logistic regression model, the following factors were highly related to dissatisfaction with intrapartum care: lack of involvement in decision making (p < 0.001), insufficient information (p < 0.001), a higher score for obstetric intervention (p = 0.015), and perception that caregivers were unhelpful (p = 0.04). No association was found between satisfaction and maternal age, marital status, total family income, country of birth, or health insurance status. The survey results were influential in shaping final recommendations of the Ministerial Review of Birthing Services by countering stereotypes about women who become dissatisfied with their care, providing evidence of far greater dissatisfaction with intrapartum than antenatal care, and demonstrating the importance of information, participation in decision making, and relationships with caregivers to women's overall satisfaction with intrapartum care.
Classifying Meconium‐Stained Liquor: Is It Feasible?
Authors: van Heijst Marie‐Louise , van Roosmalen Godelieve , Keirse Marc J.N.C.
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: Four samples each of clear and lightly (thin), moderately, and heavily (thick) meconium‐stained amniotic fluid were divided in two portions and submitted twice for assessment to 20 midwives (a total of 320 case assessments). None of the midwives completely agreed with the standard assessment for more than 85 percent of the cases. When disregarding clear samples, for which there was good agreement, each of the midwives classified on average only 35.8 percent of the meconium‐stained samples in the same category on each of the four occasions that they were presented to them. Calculation of kappa statistics, which express proportional agreement corrected for chance, indicated that none of the midwives showed very good agreement (κ > 0.81) with the standard and that fewer than 10 percent showed very good agreement with themselves. The data indicate that grading the severity of meconium staining by visual assessment has such poor accuracy and precision that it cannot provide a valid basis for assigning different care policies to different degrees of meconium staining.
Change and Power in Midwifery
Authors: Page Lesley
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: Midwives are experiencing problems in playing their full part in the maternity services and the communities in which they practice. Mothers, babies, and families require greater care from these caregivers for healthier pregnancy and birth outcomes. Change to renew the power, skills, and knowledge of midwives is evident in many parts of the world. Processes of change require an examination of the purpose of midwifery. The starting point of change is an awareness of the meaning of birth to individuals and society, and of the role of midwives in supporting families around the time of birth. Midwives should use their power to resolve the considerable problems facing childbearing families, and to enrich the event.
Why Is the Cesarean Delivery Rate So High in Alabama? An Examination of Risk Factors, 1991–1993
Authors: Woolbright Louie Albert
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: Background: Cesarean delivery is now the most frequently performed major operative procedure for childbearing women in the United States. Many of these operations are reported to be unnecessary, and millions of dollars could be saved by reducing their frequency. Methods: Method of delivery was added to the 1989 revision of the standard certificate of live birth. Alabama also added questions on the source of payment for delivery and the provider of prenatal care in 1991, which enabled an investigation of the risk factors for cesarean delivery that occurred in the state during this period. Results: One of every four births in Alabama is by cesarean delivery. The risk of cesarean delivery is not random, and the risk factors include mother's race and age, coverage by private insurance, birthweight, setting where the mother received prenatal care, mother's educational attainment, live birth order, and complications of labor and delivery. Conclusion: With present concerns about health care reform and the costs of health care, a reduction in the cesarean delivery rate could result in significant cost savings.
A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Nurse‐Midwifery Care
Authors: Harvey Sheila , Jarrell John , Brant Rollin , Stainton Colleen , Rach Diane
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: Background: In 1990 a pilot nurse‐midwifery program was implemented in a tertiary care hospital in a major western Canadian city. A randomized, controlled trial was conducted to determine if when maternal and newborn patient outcomes were compared, the midwifery program was as effective as traditional, low‐risk health care available in the city. Methods: All low‐risk women who requested and qualified for nurse‐midwifery care were randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. Results: One hundred one women received care from nurse‐midwives and 93 received standard care from either an obstetrician or family physician. The rate of cesarean delivery in the nurse‐midwife group was 4 percent compared with 15.1 percent in the physician group. The episiotomy rate, excluding cesarean deliveries, for the nurse‐midwife group was 15.5percent compared with 32.9 percent in the physician group. The rates of epidural anesthesia for pain relief in labor were 12.9 percent and 23.7 percent, respectively. Statistically significant differences were found for ultrasound examinations, amniotomy, intravenous drug administration during labor; dietary supplements, length of hospital stay, and admission of infants to the neonatal intensive care unit. Conclusions: The results clearly support the effectiveness of the pilot nurse‐midwifery program and suggest that more extensive participation of midwives in the Canadian health care system is an appropriate use of health care dollars.
Lamaze and Bradley Childbirth Classes: Contrasting Perspectives Toward the Medical Model of Birth
Authors: Monto Martin A.
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: Background: Although many studies have evaluated the outcomes of childbirth education, few have seriously considered the content of the classes or considered any curriculum other than Lamaze. This study contrasts the perspectives of Lamaze and Bradley childbirth classes toward the medical model of birth. Methods: Four full series of Lamaze and four full series of Bradley classes were observed, and 31 women enrolled in the classes were interviewed. Results: Bradley classes were more likely than Lamaze classes to criticize aspects of the conventional hospital birth experience, such as routine electronic fetal monitoring and episiotomy, and to accept the validity of alternatives, such as home birth. Bradley classes were also more explicit in encouraging women to question or resist the judgment of their physician. Women enrolled in Lamaze classes experienced more medical intervention during childbirth than women enrolled in Bradley classes, and the latter seemed to attract women opposed to medical intervention. Conclusion: Although not generalizable, these results provide greater insight into the contrasting perspectives to which birthing women are exposed in childbirth education classes and the process through which these perspectives are communicated.
Cytomegalovirus retinitis following intravitreal injection of triamcinolone: report of two cases
Authors: Delyfer Marie‐Noëlle , Rougier Marie‐Bénédicte , Hubschman Jean‐Pierre , Aouizérate Franck , Korobelnik Jean‐François
Published: April 2007

Context:  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis usually affects severely immunosuppressed individuals. However, some exceptional and isolated cases of CMV retinitis have been described in immunocompetent patients.

Methods:  We report two cases of non‐immunodeficient patients seen in our institution over a period of 6 months, who presented with CMV retinitis a few weeks after an intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide.

Results:  Although the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the development of CMV in an immunocompetent patient's eye have not yet been precisely established, the well known immunosuppressive properties of corticosteroids suggest that triamcinolone probably plays a role in the endogenous reactivation of latent CMV.

Conclusions:  Our two patients received high doses of triamcinolone. Both had also pseudophakia, vitrectomy and a past medical history of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Such features, individually or combined, may be risk factors for local reactivation of CMV and should be considered prior to the administration of triamcinolone acetonide in ophthalmology.
Tilted disc syndrome and colour vision
Authors: Vuori Marja‐Liisa , Mäntyjärvi Maija
Published: April 2007

Purpose:  To study colour vision in patients with tilted disc syndrome.

Methods:  Colour vision was examined using Boström‐Kugelberg (B‐K) plates, Farnsworth−Munsell 100‐hue test (FM‐100) and Farnsworth panel D‐15 and Lanthony desaturated panel tests.

Results:  A total of 35 eyes of 21 patients were examined. Seventeen eyes (49%) of 11 patients were found to have a colour vision defect in at least one eye. The severity of the colour vision defect differed between eyes for six of eight patients with bilateral tilted discs. In two of these patients, colour vision was normal in one eye. Seven patients had a unilateral tilted disc and three of these individuals had a colour vision defect in the affected eye. Of all eyes with a colour vision defect, a red−green defect was found in four eyes (24%), a blue defect in one eye (6%), and a mixed defect in 12 eyes (70%). Colour vision defects were not related to visual acuity or to severity of visual field defects.

Conclusions:  This is the first report of colour vision defects in tilted disc syndrome. In the differential diagnosis of tilted disc syndrome, chiasmal lesions and glaucoma, the examination of colour vision may add valuable information. Further, it is recommended that young people with tilted disc syndrome undergo an examination of colour vision so that they can be given appropriate career guidance.
Lecture palimpsestueuse
Authors: Tobiassen Elin Beate
Published: April 2007

Hélène Lenoir, témoignant à la fois d'une dette et d'une contestation, semble avoir construit certaines nouvelles de son ouvrage La Brisure de façon à réécrire Nathalie Sarraute, et ceci, sur un point précis. Reprenant des thèmes de Tropismes liés à des rapports à chaque fois interpersonnels, entre deux êtres de sexe opposé, Lenoir les convertit pour injecter en eux une sensualité et une sexualité absentes de l'univers de son prédécesseur : à la décence de Nathalie Sarraute, Hélène Lenoir répond par des outrages répétés à la pudeur. L'article de Elin Beate Tobiassen procède dans cette optique à ce que Gérard Genette, à la suite de Philippe Lejeune, nomme une lecture palimpsestueuse, adjectif dérivé de la vieille image du palimpseste où l'on voit, sur le même parchemin, un texte se superposer à un autre qu'il ne dissimule pas entièrement, mais qu'il laisse paraître par transparence ; de cette manière, une structure nouvelle s'ajoute et s'emmêle à une fonction ancienne, et c'est la contradiction entre ces deux éléments simultanément présents qui donne « sa saveur »à l'ensemble textuel. Cette lecture relationnelle, qui lit un texte en fonction d'un autre, définit le rapport entre La Brisure et Tropismes comme étant d'ordre hypertextuel.
Goethes Dialog mit der christlichen Wortauffassung
Authors: Haas Agnieszka K.
Published: April 2007

Im Artikel ,,Goethes Dialog mit der christlichen Wortauffassung‘‘ wurde die theologische Interpretation versucht, die eine der möglichen Wege der Auslegung darstellt. Die Autorin befasst sich mit der Stellung und Bedeutung des Wortes in Goethes Faust I in Hinsicht auf die Rolle und den Sonderrang des Wortes im Christentum. Die Aussagen des Protagonisten der Tragödie von Goethe, die sich auf seine Einstellung zur Wortproblematik beziehen, werden mit den Aussagen der bedeutenden Kirchenväter wie Thomas von Aquin oder Hl Anselmus oder der Philosophen wie Meister Eckhart, Marsilio Ficino, Heinrich Cornellius Agrippa von Nettesheim oder Jakob Böhme konfrontiert, die in ihrem Werk u.a. an das Johannesevangelium anknüpften und auf die wirkungsvolle Kraft des Wortes (Logos) hingewiesen haben. Die Rolle des Wortes und sein Rang werden dagegen im Werk mehrmals in Frage gestellt, was zum teilweisen Scheitern des Protagonisten führte. Man versucht daraus eine Schlußfolgerung zu ziehen, dass die kritische Einstellung Fausts dem Wort gegenüber nicht nur als bloßer Ausdruck der Sprachkrise oder Verweigerung, das Absolute zu benennen, sich verstehen lässt, sondern ein Ausdruck seiner Lebensphilosophie ist, die zu seinem Bund und Wette mit Mephistopheles führen sollte.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Lilge Frederic
Published: April 2007

TWO ADVENTURES IN IDEAS: RELIGIOUS VALUES IN EDUCATION. By Ward Madden.

CRISIS AND HOPE IN AMERICAN EDUCATION. By Robert Ulich.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: ELLIS FREDERICK E. , Furness Edna Lue
Published: April 2007

LIBERAL EDUCATION FOR FREE MEN by Thomas Woody.

THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: BENNER THOMAS E. , McLURE WILLIAM P.
Published: April 2007

THE DEVELOPMENT AND SCOPE OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES. By Richard Hofstadter and C. DeWitt Hardy.

NATURE AND NEEDS OF HIGHER EDUCATION.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: BRUCE WILLIAM F.
Published: April 2007

RELIGIOUS PERSPECTIVES IN COLLEGE TEACHING. By Hoxie N. Fairchild and others
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: SHOEMAKER F. L. , ARNSTEIN GEORGE E. , KUENZLI ALFRED , ELLIS FREDERICK E.
Published: April 2007

A HISTORY OF EDUCATION IN AMERICAN CULTURE. By R. Freeman Butts and Lawrence A. Cremin.

ACADEMIC PROCESSION. By Ernest Earnest.

THE NATURE OF PREJUDICE. By Gordon W. Allport.

THE TEACHING‐LEARNING PROCESS. By Nathaniel Cantor.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: SHOEMAKER F. L. , MILLER HENRY , HINES VYNCE A. , SUTTELL LLOYD , WALSH JOHN E.
Published: April 2007

BUILDING A PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION. By Harry S. Broudy.

INTERGROUP EDUCATION. By Lloyd and Elaine Cook.

HOW WE FOUGHT FOROUR SCHOOLS. By Edward Darling in collaboration with members of the staff of the Center for Field Studies of the Harvard Graduate School of Education.

PURITAN SAGE: COLLECTED WRITINGS OF JONATHAN EDWARDS. Edited by Vergilius Ferm.

THE WORLDS' GOOD. By Carleton Washburne.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: KRASH OTTO
Published: April 2007

THE HUMAN CAREER: A PHILOSOPHY OF SELF‐TRANSCENDENCE. By Robert Ulich.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: KRASH OTTO
Published: April 2007

AN ADVENTURE IN EDUCATION: CONNECTICUT POINTS THE WAY. By Fred M. Hechinger (With a commentary by Norman Cousins).
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: MILLER HENRY
Published: April 2007

SCHOOL PROBLEMS IN HUMAN RELATIONS. By Lloyd and Elaine Cook. New York: McGraw‐Hill, 1957. 287 pp.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: KRASH OTTO
Published: April 2007

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION by D. J. O'Connor. New York: Philosophical Library, 1957.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: BROUDY HARRY S.
Published: April 2007

THE IDEAL AND THE COMMUNITY. By I. B. Berkson.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Counelis James Steve
Published: April 2007

Contemporary Education: A Comparative Study of National Systems. John F. Cramer and George S. Browne.
MID‐CENTURY ART: ITS SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS AND ITS ROLE IN EDUCATION
Authors: Arnstine Donald
Published: April 2007

Vision + Value Series. Gyorgy Kepes (ed.). Education of Vision. New York: Geo. Braziller, Inc., 1965, pp. 233 + vii. Structure in Art and Science. New York: Geo. Braziller, Inc., 1965, pp. 189 + vii. The Nature of Art and Motion.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: RICH JOHN MARTIN
Published: April 2007

Education As A Discipline, by Marc Belth.
Book Review
Authors: Kelly Sam
Published: April 2007

SOCIAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION: AN ESSENTIAL IN THE PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION OF TEACHERS. By Robert H. Beck, Merle L. Borrowman, Raymond E. Callahan, and William O. Stanley.
Book Review
Authors: Johanningmeier E. V. , Feinberg Walter
Published: April 2007

THE EDUCATING OF AMERICANS: A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY, Daniel Calhoun (ed.).

Michael B. Katz, The Irony of Early School Reform: Educational Innovation in Mid‐Nineteenth Century Massachusetts.
Astronauts and Admen: The Feminized Male
Authors: PARSONS MICHAEL J.
Published: April 2007

Review of The Feminized Male by Patricia Sexton.
Philosophy, Ideology, and Political Theory
Authors: BHATTACHAKYA N. C.
Published: April 2007

Review of The Political Theory of John Dewey by A. H. Somjee.
Private Wealth and Public Education
Authors: SPRING JOEL H.
Published: April 2007

Review Article—Equal Opportunity and the Mythology of Schooling Review of John E. Coons, William H. Clune HI, and Stephen D. Sugarman, Private Wealth and Public Education.
Ordinary Logic and Logic in Teaching
Authors: DANIELS L. B.
Published: April 2007

Review Article Review of Robert H. Ennis, Ordinary Logic.
Book Review
Authors: Hendley Brian , Howie John
Published: April 2007

Robert Paul Wolff, The Ideal of the University.

Gandhi and America's Educational Future, An Inquiry at Southern Illinois University, by Wayne A. R. Leys and P. S. S. Rama Rao.
When Realism Was in Flower
Authors: WINETROUT KENNETH
Published: April 2007

Review of Ira S. Steinberg, Ralph Barton Perry on Education for Democracy.
Review Article
Authors: PHENIX PHILIP H.
Published: April 2007

Review of Aesthetic Concepts and Education, edited by Ralph A. Smith.
The Educational Values of A Free People
Authors: ARCHIBALD HELEN A.
Published: April 2007

Review of A. Stafford Clayton, Religion and Schooling: A Comparative Study.
STRIKE
Authors: Tozer Steven
Published: April 2007

Review of Kenneth A. Strike, Liberty and Learning

Kenneth A. Strike, Educational Policy and the Just Society
The hinge region operates as a stability switch in cGMP‐dependent protein kinase Iα
Authors: Scholten Arjen , Fuß Hendrik , Heck Albert J. R. , Dostmann Wolfgang R.
Published: April 2007

The molecular mechanism of cGMP‐dependent protein kinase activation by its allosteric regulator cyclic‐3′,5′‐guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) has been intensely studied. However, the structural as well as thermodynamic changes upon binding of cGMP to type I cGMP‐dependent protein kinase are not fully understood. Here we report a cGMP‐induced shift of Gibbs free enthalpy (ΔΔGD) of 2.5 kJ·mol−1 as determined from changes in tryptophan fluorescence using urea‐induced unfolding for bovine PKG Iα. However, this apparent increase in overall stability specifically excluded the N‐terminal region of the kinase. Analyses of tryptic cleavage patterns using liquid chromatography‐coupled ESI‐TOF mass spectrometry and SDS/PAGE revealed that cGMP binding destabilizes the N‐terminus at the hinge region, centered around residue 77, while the C‐terminus was protected from degradation. Furthermore, two recombinantly expressed mutants: the deletion fragment Δ1‐77 and the trypsin resistant mutant Arg77Leu (R77L) revealed that the labile nature of the N‐terminus is primarily associated with the hinge region. The R77L mutation not only stabilized the N‐terminus but extended a stabilizing effect on the remaining domains of the enzyme as well. These findings support the concept that the hinge region of PKG acts as a stability switch.
α2‐MACROGLOBULIN POLYMORPHISM: A NEW GENETIC SYSTEM DETECTED BY IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS
Authors: Gallango Maria L. , Castillo Omar
Published: April 2007

A rabbit anti‐human serum allowed the identification of a new human polymorphism of the α2‐macroglobulin. This polymorphism is represented by three variants: A, having a fast electrophoretic mobility; B, intermediate mobility; and C having a slower migration and the three combinations: AB, AC and BC. Preliminary genetic studies suggest that inheritance is of Mendelian autosomal co‐dominant type.
ISOLATION OF AN ISOANTIGEN ASSOCIATED WITH LEUKOSIS‐SARCOMA VIRUS SUSCEPTIBILITY IN CHICKENS AND ITS RELATION TO HUMAN BLOOD‐GROUP MN SUBSTANCES
Authors: Springer G. F. , Desai Parimal R. , Banatwala I. , Tegtmeyer Herta , Briles W. E.
Published: April 2007

The R1 antigen of chicken red cells, which is associated with susceptibility to a subgroup B leukosis‐sarcoma virus, has been isolated. This antigen is cross‐related to structures on the human blood‐group MN antigens and, as in the latter, sialic acid is apparently part of its immunodominant grouping. R1 antigen inhibited influenza viruses and to a lesser extent Vicia graminea anti‐N reagent. Plant proteases inactivated the antigen.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN LEVELS IN SUBJECTS WITH SEX CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES
Authors: Price William H. , Newlands Irene M. , Ferguson Thomas
Published: April 2007

Immunoglobulins A, G and M have been measured in three groups of patients with sex chromosome abnormalities, 47,XXY, 47,XYY and 47,XXX. The most significant finding is a greatly elevated IgG level in 47,XXY males and 47.XYY males. In the case of 47,XXY males it was possible to show that the increase in level was almost confined to those who were patients in mental subnormality and maximum security hospitals. Only a few abnormally high IgG values were found in patients referred to endocrine clinics. Low IgA levels were found in institutionalized patients whether or not chromosome abnormalities were present. In 47,XXY males IgM levels were significantly higher than in 46,XY males and the same as those in 46.XX females.

Although serious illnesses were recorded in a high proportion of males with a 47,XXY karyotype, the level of IgG was not closely related to a history of disease.

Possible reasons for the findings are discussed.
STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL H‐2 SPECIFICITIES ON THE CELL SURFACE
Authors: Lengerová Alena , Pěknicová Jana , Pokorná Zora
Published: April 2007

Stepwise incubation with specific H‐2 antibody and rabbit‐anti‐mouse Ig was used to modulate the expression of selected H‐2 specificities on the surface of lymph node cells or EL 4 leukaemia cells. Modulation was reflected in a loss of sensitivity to complement‐dependent lysis and a polar pattern of immunofluorescence (‘capping’). Specificity H‐2.5 on H‐2a cells was co‐modulated with H‐2.11 and so was H‐2.11 with H‐2.5 on H‐2k cells. However, when H‐2.11 on H‐2k cells was modulated, the cells did not loose cytotoxic sensitivity for H‐2.5. This asymmetry in co‐modulation of H‐2.5 and H‐2.11 may be accommodated by the duplication model of the H‐2 complex which postulates a double determination of H‐2.5 in the H‐2k (unlike H‐2a) chromosome, with one determinant being in the K region (where also the H‐2.11 determinant is located) and the other in H‐2D. The modulation results with H‐2.5 and H‐2.11 are compatible with the view that various H‐2K specificities may represent distinct antigenic sites on the same glycoprotein molecule whereas H‐2D specificities are on separate molecule(s). The independent modulation of H‐2D.4 and H‐2K.11 specificities further indicates that molecules of the two classes are also secondarily not linked in the membrane structure. Modulation‐induced cytotoxicity resistance was further shown to persist even when the specific H‐2 antibody is newly added; this suggests that it is a change in the distribution of the H‐2 antigen to be held responsible (rather than the loss of the sensitizing antibody).

A modulated expression of a certain H‐2 specificity might then be expected to affect its blocking relationship to another H‐2 specificity; the blocking index expresses the degree of interference by antibody attached to one of them with the attachment of antibody to the other. The blocking relationship between H‐2.4 and H‐2.11 was shown to be completely abolished by the independent modulation of H‐2.11. In contrast to this, the blocking index for H‐2.5 and H‐2.11 remained practically constant following the modulation of either specificity; this indicates that the intramolecular configuration of such two H‐2 sites may not be altered by the gross redistribution of the whole molecule in the plane of the membrane. The rigidity of this configuration seems to be maintained by neuraminidase‐sensitive groups as suggested by the reduced blocking index in neuraminidase pretreated cell.
GENETIC CONTROL OF THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE IN INBRED RATS
Authors: Tada Nobuhiko , Itakura Katsuaki , Aizawa Miki
Published: April 2007

The primary and secondary responses of rats to SRBC, measured by means of haemolytic antibody titres, showed strain differences. High‐responder strains produced high levels of antibodies of IgG and IgM. Low‐responder strain produced only low level of IgM antibody. With subsequent antigen challenge, only the high‐responder strains produced high titres of antibody. Low‐responder strain, in contrast, continued to make a low level of IgM antibody. Allogeneic transfer of spleen cells changed the low‐responder strain, Fischer rats, to produce anti‐SRBC IgG antibody. Fischer rats also showed low responses to OVA, BGG and to some ‘thymus independent antigens’. Genetic analyses showed the antibody production against SRBC and BGG was controlled by a single gene respectively. No linkage was found between Ir‐SRBC, Ir‐BGG, R (major histocompatibility) and c (coat colour) loci.
THE GENETIC LINKAGE OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO POLY(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) TO THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY LOCUS IN INBRED RATS *
Authors: Kunz Heinz W. , Gill, III Thomas J. , Borland Barbara
Published: April 2007

The genetic control of the antibody response to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) was studied in twenty‐five strains of inbred rats representing a wide variety of major histocompatibility groups. Direct linkage studies, and three subsidiary lines of evidence, demonstrated that the control was linked to the major histocompatibility locus. All of the low responders (Ag‐B1, 3 and 6) made less than 65 μg of antibody/ml. In contrast, there were quantitatively significant differences among responders: the Ag‐B2 group was a moderate responder (200–500 μg antibody/ml) and the Ag‐B4 and Ag‐B5 groups were high responders (700–1400 μg/ml). The ability to form antibody segregated with the major histocompatibility allele in the F2 and back‐cross generations. Genetic factors other than those controlling the ability to respond influence the quantity of antibody formed: animals of the same genotype can make significantly different amounts of antibody, depending upon the crosses by which they acquire the major histocompatibility alleles.
TREATMENT OF P815 MASTOCYTOMA IN DBA/2 MICE WITH RNA
Authors: Jachertz D. , Egger Marliese
Published: April 2007

A cell‐free system prepared from spleen cells of DBA/2 mice was stimulated by P815 tumour cells as antigen. The response of the cell‐free system to this stimulation was a synthesis of i‐RNA in the cell free system. The i‐RNA was isolated by a combined phenol‐Na‐dodecyl‐sulphate extraction method and purified by gradient centrifugation. This i‐RNA was injected to DBA/2 mice to which P815 tumour cells were implanted at different time intervals before the i‐RNA application. It could be demonstrated that the i‐RNA inhibits the development of tumour. Theoretical and practical implications of the experiments are discussed.
IDENTIFICATION OF TWO ANTIGENICALLY DISTINCT b‐NEGATIVE LIGHT CHAINS IN RABBITS UNDERGOING TOTAL b LOCUS SUPPRESSION
Authors: Jefferis R.
Published: April 2007

Two antigenically distinct populations of b‐negative light chains have been identified in the serum of two b locus homozygous rabbits undergoing total b locus suppression. Whilst one population of molecules is readily detected in all rabbit sera and represents the previously described lambda chain, a second and minor population of b‐negative molecules is detected which is readily detected in normal rabbit serum only rarely. Thus, it appears that it is not specificities of the c7‐, c‐21 system that are being detected but rather a previously unrecognized allotypic system or the products of a different light chain locus.
THE INHERITANCE OF HL‐A ANTIGENS IN MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
Authors: Dick Heather M. , Behan P. O. , Simpson J. A. , Durward W. F.
Published: April 2007

Thirty‐one patients with myasthenia gravis were studied for their HL‐A antigen expression. Eighteen patients had family members available for HL‐A typing, and full genotyping for HL‐A antigens was possible. The inheritance of HL‐A8 was studied in detail, and it was noted that this did not correlate exactly with the development of myasthenia gravis. The multifactorial nature of the genetic component of this disease was confirmed by these studies.
REACTIVITY OF LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATIONS IN HUMAN MIXED LYMPHOCYTE CULTURE
Authors: Opelz Gerhard , Kiuchi Masahiro , Takasugi Mitsuo
Published: April 2007

Loss of antigenicity in the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reaction of lymphocytes precultured at 22°C for 7–10 days was accompanied by a decrease in bone‐marrow‐derived lymphocytes (B cells) from 22 ± 1% to 13 ± 1%, and an increase in thymus‐derived lymphocytes (T cells) from 65 ± 2% to 83 ± 1% (P < 0.001). Depletion of B cells from a fresh lymphocyte suspension by either antihuman immunoglobulin‐coated column fractionation or by sheep red blood cell (SRBC) rosette formation resulted in a significant reduction of the cell's ability to stimulate in MLC (P < 0.001). Coating of lymphocytes with rabbit antihuman brain serum abrogated their ability to respond but not the ability to stimulate in MLC.
Ia ANTIGENS ON MURINE LYMPHOID CELLS: DISTRIBUTION, SURFACE MOVEMENT AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION*
Authors: Goding J. W. , Nossal G. J. V. , Shreffler D. C. , Marchalonis J. J.
Published: April 2007

Antisera directed against the I (immune response gene) segment of the murine major histocompatibility complex were prepared, and the distribution of lymphoid cells binding the antisera studied by radioautography. A clear bimodal distribution of grain counts was observed in lymph node and spleen. Bone marrow lymphocytes showed heavy but heterogeneous labelling, while thymocytes were lightly but definitely labelled. Approximately 30% of lymph node cells and 60% of spleen cells were heavily labelled. The heavily labelled cells were shown to be B cells. Ia antigens are present on plaque forming cells, but probably in smaller amounts than on resting B cells. One plasma cell tumour was studied, and was found to possess little or no Ia antigen.

There was no demonstrable labelling of thoracic duct lymphocytes from preparations of T cells activated to histocompatibility antigens. However, several T cell lymphomas probably possess Ia antigens, since they were rejected when transplanted into mice differing at the I region. Overall, the data indicate that Ia antigens are expressed on at least some T cells.

The Ia antigens were shown to move independently of surface immunoglobulin on B cells, demonstrating the non‐identity of these molecules. Pretreatment of B cells with anti‐immunoglobulin did not inhibit binding of anti‐Ia sera. The Ia antigens could be capped by a sandwich technique in 75% of labelled cells.

The Ia antigens were specifically precipitated from lysates of surface radioiodinated spleen cells, and the products analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. A single specific peak of radioactivity corresponding to a molecular weight of approximately 30,000 was found. The significance of these results in relation to immune response genes, receptors for antigen on T cells, and receptors for the Fc portion of IgG on B cells, is discussed.
GENETIC STUDIES IN INBRED RATS. III. HISTOCOMPATIBILITY TYPE AND IMMUNE RESPONSE OF SOME MUTANT STOCKS*
Authors: Kunz Heinz W. , Thomas J. Gill , Hansen Carl T. , Poloskey Paul E.
Published: April 2007

Eight mutant stocks of rats were typed for their histocompatibility (Ag‐B) and red cell (Ag‐C) antigens and were evaluated for their antibody responses to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15). The antibody responses were those predicted from the histocompatibility type, except for the B stock. These animals made a high antibody response, although their histocompatibility alleles were those normally associated with a low response.
PIG SERUM HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN ANTIGEN REACTIVE WITH ANTISERA TO THE HL 1 RABBIT ALLOTYPE*
Authors: Berg Kåre , Børresen Anne‐Lise , Bakke Håvard
Published: April 2007

An allotypic system of rabbit serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) has been reported previously from our laboratory. Homospecific rabbit sera revealed an antigen termed Hl 1, which is governed by autosomal dominant inheritance.

An unexpected degree of cross‐reactivity is described in this paper. Rabbit anti‐Hl 1 sera were found to cross‐react with a component present in pig serum. This component was found in all pig sera tested thus far, and there is therefore no evidence that it reflects an allotypic system in the pig.

Fractionation in the preparative ultracentrifuge revealed that the component in pig serum resides in the HDL fraction. The antigenic resemblance between the component in pig serum and the rabbit Hl 1 antigen is considerable, as judged from experiments with antisera available at present. Immunological cross‐reactivity of the described type may be more wide‐spread than hitherto assumed.