bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tendência da epidemia de AIDS em usuários de drogas injetáveis no Município de São Paulo de 1985 a 1997
Authors: Bastos Maria do Socorro Castelo Branco de Oliveira , Latorre Maria do Rosário Dias de Oliveira , Waldman Eliseu Alves
Published: January 2006

OBJETIVO: Analisar a tendência da epidemia de AIDS em adultos, no período de 1985 a 1997, no Município de São Paulo, focalizando principalmente os usuários de drogas injetáveis (UDI), considerando o grande impacto da epidemia nesse grupo populacional. METODOLOGIA: A fonte dos dados foi a vigilância de AIDS do Estado de São Paulo. O método estatístico utilizado para a análise de tendência temporal dos 8.558 casos de AIDS entre UDI, e dos 16.756 entre não UDI, foi a regressão polinomial. RESULTADOS: No período de 1985 a 1992 a tendência foi de ascensão para os casos de AIDS entre UDI e não UDI a partir desse ponto e, observou-se um declínio para UDI e manutenção em platô elevado para os não UDI, em conseqüência do crescimento constante do número de casos entre as mulheres e homens heterossexuais. Os coeficientes de regressão ajustados (R²a) de todos os modelos ficaram acima de 70%, e os modelos que melhor explicaram as tendências foram os de segunda ordem (parábola), exceto para heterossexuais não UDI cuja tendência foi de aumento linear. CONCLUSÃO: No final do período considerado, os dados sugerem um declínio da epidemia em UDI, a estabilização em níveis elevados para o total de não UDI, e a manutenção da tendência de crescimento da epidemia para pessoas heterossexuais não UDI.
Óbitos por desnutrição em idosos, São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro: análise de séries temporais. 1980-1996
Authors: Otero Ubirani Barros , Rozenfeld Suely , Gadelha Angela Jourdan
Published: January 2006

OBJETIVOS: Descrever a evolução da mortalidade por desnutrição em idosos nas Regiões Metropolitanas dos Estados do Rio de Janeiro (RMRJ) e São Paulo (RMSP), verificar as suas tendências, entre 1980 e 1996, e propor um modelo que permita prever a ocorrência de casos. METODOLOGIA: Trata-se de um estudo ecológico, de séries temporais, baseado em dados secundários. Foram incluídos no estudo indivíduos com 60 anos de idade ou mais, de ambos os sexos, das RMRJ e RMSP. A fonte de dados utilizada foi o Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Analisou-se a série de casos mensais, no período de janeiro de 1980 a dezembro de 1996. Para modelagem da série e predição de casos por desnutrição em idosos, utilizou-se o método Box and Jenkins, SARIMA (Sazonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average). RESULTADOS: Os resultados apontam a existência de sazonalidade, com maior número de óbitos nos meses de junho e julho na RMSP, no mês de janeiro na RMRJ, provavelmente, decorrente do clima frio, nestes meses, em São Paulo e do calor intenso no Rio de Janeiro. Este resultado pode ser explicado pela possibilidade de idosos, com estado nutricional comprometido, terem dificuldades em manter a temperatura corporal normal durante os meses de inverno, representando um estresse adicional a um organismo sem reservas. CONCLUSÕES: As séries apresentaram tendência de aumento e revelaram um padrão sazonal no inverno na RMSP e no verão na RMRJ. Ao estimar os modelos SARIMA para as Regiões para o ano de 1996, os resultados reforçaram a hipótese de que este método pode ser eficiente para fazer previsões futuras. Provavelmente um estudo que leve em consideração causas múltiplas de morte permitirá verificar a real contribuição da desnutrição como causa básica ou contributiva para a morte. Infelizmente, até este momento, esses dados não estão disponíveis para análise.
Modelos MLG e MAG para análise da associação entre poluição atmosférica e marcadores de morbi-mortalidade: uma introdução baseada em dados da cidade de São Paulo
Authors: Conceição Gleice Margarete de Souza , Saldiva Paulo Hilário Nascimento , Singer Julio da Motta
Published: January 2006

Este estudo, descreve e compara duas classes de modelos - os Modelos Lineares Generalizados (MLG) e os Modelos Aditivos Generalizados (MAG) - que podem ser utilizadas para avaliar a associação entre poluição atmosférica e marcadores de morbi-mortalidade. Enfoca os MAG como uma alternativa para a modelagem de relações não lineares não especificadas, e mostra que essa classe de modelos constitui uma boa opção para representar tanto a sazonalidade quanto a relação entre o desfecho e as variáveis meteorológicas. Como exemplo de aplicação é avaliada a associação entre mortalidade em idosos e poluição atmosférica na cidade de São Paulo no período de 1994 a 1997. Os dados de mortalidade foram obtidos do Programa de Aprimoramento das Informações de Mortalidade (PRO-AIM) e as concentrações diárias de poluentes (PM10, SO2, CO, e ozônio) foram obtidas da Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental (CETESB). Informações acerca da temperatura e umidade relativa do ar foram obtidas do Instituto Astronômico e Geofísico da Universidade de São Paulo (IAG-USP). As duas classes de modelos produziram resultados coerentes, mas os modelos estatisticamente mais sofisticados tiveram mais poder para detectar efeitos significantes. Foram observadas associações entre mortalidade e os níveis de CO, SO2 e, em menor escala, PM10. As associações observadas foram dose-dependente e evidentes após um curto período de exposição.
Relação entre poluição atmosférica e atendimentos por infecção de vias aéreas superiores no município de São Paulo: avaliação do rodízio de veículos
Authors: Martins Lourdes Conceição , Latorre Maria do Rosário Dias de Oliveira , Saldiva Paulo Paulo Hilário Nascimento , Braga Alfésio Luís Ferreira
Published: January 2006

Alguns países têm adotado o rodízio de veículos como uma das formas de diminuir os níveis de poluição atmosférica. Nos anos de 1996 a 1998, a região metropolitana de São Paulo implantou o rodízio estadual obrigatório. Tinha como objetivo a diminuição da poluição atmosférica nos períodos de inverno. A partir de 1997 foi implantado, no centro expandido da cidade de São Paulo, o rodízio municipal que objetivava reduzir congestionamentos. Este estudo ecológico de séries temporais tem como objetivo investigar a associação entre os níveis diários de poluentes do ar (CO, O3, SO2, NO2 e PM10) e os atendimentos de idosos com infecções de vias aéreas superiores (IVAS), do Pronto Socorro Médico do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Foram estimados modelos aditivos generalizados de regressão de Poisson, ajustados para sazonalidade (funções não-paramétricas de alisamento), fatores climáticos (termos lineares), indicadores de dias da semana, períodos de rodízio e número diário de atendimentos por doenças não respiratórias. Os efeitos dos poluentes do ar foram estimados com base nos seus valores médios diários e nas médias móveis de dois a sete dias. Monóxido de carbono (CO) e dióxido de enxofre (SO2) estiveram diretamente associados à IVAS sendo essa associação robusta, resistindo à inclusão das variáveis de controle. O rodízio de veículos reduziu os níveis médios dos poluentes; entretanto, não foi observada diminuição nos atendimentos por IVAS em idosos.
Epidemiologia social
Authors: Barata Rita Barradas
Published: January 2006

Este artigo trata da emergência da epidemiologia social concomitantemente ao surgimento da epidemiologia como disciplina científica, destacando as condições teóricas e epistemológicas desse aparecimento. Em seguida são enfocadas as razões para o declínio dessa abordagem, assim como para seu ressurgimento na década de 60, no século XX. São apresentadas as diferentes correntes teóricas atualmente vigentes na epidemiologia social, destacando as características gerais e as limitações de cada uma delas. Especial atenção é dada às seguintes formulações: a eco-epidemiologia proposta por Mervin Susser, a teoria do capital social, a perspectiva do curso de vida, a teoria da produção social da doença e a teoria ecosocial elaborada por Nancy Krieger. O panorama traçado pretende demonstrar a vitalidade dessa abordagem, bem como indicar a diversidade de aspectos em seu interior. Para finalizar são apontados alguns dilemas e desafios.
Confiabilidade do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade em município do sul do Estado de São Paulo
Authors: Haraki Cristianne Aparecida Costa , Gotlieb Sabina Léa Davidson , Laurenti Ruy
Published: January 2006

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a confiabilidade dos dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade do Ministério da Saúde, de Pariquera-Açu, SP, entre 1979 e 2001. MÉTODOS: Foram comparados os totais de óbitos de residentes em Pariquera-Açu, entre 1979 e 1995, do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade e do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Realizou-se análise quantitativa e qualitativa das declarações de óbitos ocorridos no município. Foram investigadas as mortes por causas mal definidas, com diagnósticos incompletos, por causas externas, presumíveis de aids e de mulheres em idade fértil (10 a 49 anos). Após entrevista domiciliária e consultas a prontuários médicos e laudos de necropsia, para cada caso, foi preenchida nova declaração e a causa básica foi comparada à do atestado original. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: Observou-se pequena diferença na captação de óbitos pelos dois sistemas oficiais; a análise qualitativa detectou aumento de mortes mal definidas. Dos 103 óbitos ocorridos no município, no 2º semestre de 2001, que satisfizeram aos critérios de seleção, 10,9% apresentaram causa básica mal definida, 35,5% informavam diagnósticos incompletos, 33,6%, causas externas, 2,7%, causas presumíveis de aids e 17,3% referiam-se a mulheres em idade fértil. Foi possível, após o resgate da informação, tornar bem definidos 58,3% dos óbitos mal definidos e 59% daqueles com diagnósticos incompletos. As informações sobre causas externas foram aprimoradas em 73,3%. Detectaram-se uma morte materna e uma por aids. Por meio de técnica simples, factível e acessível, pode-se melhorar significativamente a qualidade das informações em mortalidade.
Tuberculose: subnotificação de casos que evoluíram para o óbito em Fortaleza-CE
Authors: Façanha Mônica Cardoso
Published: January 2006

O Plano Nacional de Controle da Tuberculose tem como meta diagnosticar pelo menos 92% dos casos esperados, e tratar com sucesso no mínimo 85% deles. O acompanhamento dessas metas depende da informação dos casos diagnosticados e de sua evolução. O objetivo deste estudo é verificar se existe subnotificação de casos de tuberculose que evoluíram para o óbito. Este é um estudo descritivo de dados secundários em que foi feita busca no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan) dos óbitos ocorridos entre 1999 e 2003, que tiveram tuberculose como uma das causas múltiplas e estavam registrados no Sistema de Informação em Mortalidade (SIM), tendo como variáveis de referência o nome, data do nascimento e nome da mãe. Dos óbitos registrados, 610 tiveram tuberculose como uma das causas associadas, 204 (33,4%) deles notificados no Sinan. Em 438 (71,8%), a tuberculose foi causa básica. A média de notificações entre 1999 e 2002 foi de 37%, reduzindo-se para 19,3% em 2003 (p=0,03). Em cinco hospitais ocorreram 324 (53,1%) dos óbitos e tiveram origem 114 (55,9%) notificações. O Sinan registrou 153 evoluções para o óbito. O acréscimo da notificação dos 406 casos de tuberculose que evoluíram para o óbito acarretará incremento de 5,9% no total de casos notificados no período e de 265,4% nas evoluções para o óbito. Os casos graves de tuberculose encontram-se subnotificados, sendo o SIM uma importante fonte de resgate desses casos, que pode ser utilizada de forma rotineira e preferencialmente informatizada.
Mortalidade por doenças infecciosas e parasitárias no Município de Teresina-PI (Brasil), 1971-2000
Authors: Campelo Viriato , Gonçalves Maria Alice Guimarães , Donadi Eduardo Antonio
Published: January 2006

Este estudo relata a mortalidade por doenças infecto-parasitárias em Teresina, nos últimos trinta anos do século XX. Os resultados mostraram que as mortes por doenças infecto-parasitárias diminuíram em coeficientes e em anos potenciais de vida perdidos, e foram superadas pelas mortes relacionadas aos aparelhos circulatório e respiratório, causas externas e neoplasias, entre 1980 e 1990. Em 2000, a faixa etária mais acometida entre as mortes por doenças infecto-parasitárias foi a de cinqüenta anos e mais, e em especial nos homens. As causas de morte mais freqüentes foram as septicemias, as enterites, a tuberculose, a aids e a leishmaniose, e entre as doenças infecciosas que se encontram em outros grupos de causas, vale ressaltar as pneumonias. Durante o período analisado, três doenças emergentes apareceram no quadro das doenças infecciosas em Teresina: a aids, a dengue e a cólera, enquanto as permanecentes, como a tuberculose e a leishmaniose, voltaram a ter relevância no quadro de morbi-mortalidade. Nesse mesmo período, em Teresina, o impacto das doenças emergentes e o peso das permanecentes, junto com as transformações socioeconômicas, demográficas e ambientais, experimentadas pelo município, fizeram com que as doenças infecto-parasitárias voltassem a ter importância para o século XXI.
Condição de saúde bucal de idosos institucionalizados em Goiânia-GO, 2003
Authors: Reis Sandra Cristina Guimarães Bahia , Higino Maria Abadia Salge Prata , Melo Hugo Montalvão Dias de , Freire Maria do Carmo Matias
Published: January 2006

OBJETIVO: conhecer a condição de saúde bucal de idosos institucionalizados na cidade de Goiânia-GO. MÉTODO: estudo transversal utilizando a metodologia do Projeto SB-2000, Brasil do Ministério da Saúde. A amostra foi constituída de todos os indivíduos com idade igual ou maior que 60 anos (n=289) residentes nas instituições públicas e filantrópicas de longa permanência da cidade de Goiânia-GO (n=10) em 2003. As condições estudadas foram cárie, uso e necessidade de prótese, doença periodontal e alterações de tecido mole. RESULTADOS: A faixa etária variou de 60 a 103 anos. As prevalências de cárie e edentulismo foram 100% e 69,20%, respectivamente. O CPOD médio foi 30,17, havendo predomínio do componente extraído. Quase a metade (49,48%) usava e 80,28% necessitavam de alguma prótese. O tipo de prótese mais comum foi a total: 45,33% dos examinados usavam este tipo de prótese na arcada superior e 24,57% na inferior; enquanto 59,17% e 51,21% necessitavam na arcada superior e inferior, respectivamente. De acordo com o Índice Periodontal Comunitário (CPI), apenas 3 (3,37%) dos idosos apresentaram todos os sextantes sadios. A pior condição mais freqüente foi o cálculo, observado em 55,06% dos indivíduos e 29,02% dos sextantes. Quanto ao Índice de Perda de Inserção Periodontal (PIP), houve predomínio das perdas de 0 a 3mm como pior condição em 37,08% dos indivíduos e 24,04% dos sextantes. Alterações de tecido mole foram encontradas em 13,49% dos indivíduos. CONCLUSÃO: A situação de saúde bucal dos idosos institucionalizados em Goiânia é precária, especialmente devido à alta prevalência de cárie e edentulismo.
Perfil lipídico e obesidade em escolares de baixa renda
Authors: Grillo Luciane Peter , Crispim Sandra Patricia , Siebert Adriana Nardelli , Andrade Andrielle Taysa Wippel de , Rossi Alessandra , Campos Isabel Cristina de
Published: January 2006

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o perfil lipídico de escolares de baixa renda e sua relação com a obesidade. METODOLOGIA: A população em estudo foi composta por 257 escolares, com idade entre 3 e 14 anos, freqüentadores de instituições chamadas COMBEMI, no município de Itajaí - SC. Dados socioeconômicos foram coletados para caracterização da amostra. As concentrações lipídicas de colesterol total (CT), frações HDL-c (lipoproteína de alta densidade) e LDL-c (lipoproteína de baixa densidade) e triglicerídeo (TGL) foram determinadas e avaliadas segundo os pontos de corte propostos pelas III Diretrizes Brasileiras sobre Dislipidemias. A condição de obesidade foi estabelecida entre os escolares, por meio do índice peso/estatura, em escore z, nas crianças, e do Índice de Massa Corporal, em percentis, nos adolescentes, sendo os pontos de corte maior que 2 e maior que o percentil 95, respectivamente. Os dados foram analisados segundo teste t de "Student", Mann-Whitney e Qui-quadrado. A associação entre dislipidemias e obesidade foi avaliada por meio da "odds ratio". RESULTADOS: A renda per capita média foi de R$ 86,65. As médias de CT, TGL, HDL-c e LDL-c foram 145, 61, 82 e 49 mg/dl, respectivamente. A hipercolesterolemia esteve presente em 3,1% da amostra, hipertrigliceridemia em 4,7%, LDL-c elevado em 6,6% e inadequados níveis de HDL-c em 17,9%. O percentual de obesidade encontrado foi de 7,4% nos escolares. Diferenças entre os sexos não foram observadas. Os níveis de HDL-c baixo associaram-se de maneira significante com a presença de obesidade (OR: 3,27 IC= 1,08-9,74). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados apontam para um perfil lipídico diferenciado, com médias inferiores se comparados aos da literatura, sendo apenas a lipoproteína HDL-c associada à presença de obesidade entre os escolares de baixa renda.
Genetic variability of pre and post-fragmentation cohorts of Aspidosperma polyneuron Muell. Arg. (Apocynaceae)
Authors: Torezan José Marcelo Domingues , Souza Rogério Fernandes de , Ruas Paulo Maurício , Ruas Claudete de Fátima , Camargo Elvis Hassmann , Vanzela André Luís Laforga
Published: January 2006

RAPD was used to access the genetic variability in Aspisdosperma polyneuron, a long-lived, late-reproducing tropical tree, and highly important for the Atlantic Forest. RAPD profiles from adults (pre-fragmentation, >300 years old) and seedlings (post-fragmentation, <<50 years old) were analyzed. Results showed a decrease of genetic polymorphism of post-fragmentation cohorts in small fragments and higher genetic diversity within population. The genetic diversity distribution suggested the establishment of fragments as protected reserves, and the transference of seedlings among fragments for conservation of A. polyneuron.
Investigation of factors affecting xylanase activity from Trichoderma harzianum 1073 D3
Authors: Isil Seyis , Nilufer Aksoz
Published: January 2006

In this study, some physiological conditions affecting the activity of xylanase enzyme produced from Trichoderma harzianum 1073 D3 were determined. In addition, stabilization of pH and temperature in liquid and semi-solid state cultivation media were investigated. It was concluded that for maximum xylanase activity, incubation at 60°C in an enzyme incubation medium with pH 5 that contained 1 % xylan was appropriate. The stability studies showed that the enzyme was relatively stable in the pH range 3-7 and retained more than 50 % of its original activity after four months.
Dietary models for inducing hypercholesterolemia in rats
Authors: Matos Sheyla Leite , Paula Heberth de , Pedrosa Maria Lúcia , Santos Rinaldo Cardoso dos , Oliveira Eduardo Luiz de , Chianca Júnior Deoclécio Alves , Silva Marcelo Eustáquio
Published: January 2006

The present work aimed at finding a dietetical model capable of promoting the highest hypercholesterolemia without affecting the development of the rats. Sixty female Fisher rats were divided into five groups. The first one was fed a control diet; the remaining four were fed hypercholesterolemic diets with cholesterol and different contents of soybean oil, starch, casein, micronutrients and fiber and, consequently, different caloric values. After eight weeks animals were evaluated in relation to growth, fecal excretion, liver weight and fat, cholesterol and its fractions, serum biochemical parameters and sistolic pressure and compared with controls. The best result was obtained with the diet containing 25 % soybean oil, 1.0 % cholesterol, 13 % fiber and 4,538.4 Kcal/Kg, since it promoted an increase in LDL-cholesterol, a decrease in the HDL fraction and affected less the hepatic function of the animals.
Inhibitory action of some essential oils and phytochemicals on the growth of various moulds isolated from foods
Authors: Souza Evandro Leite de , Lima Edeltrudes de Oliveira , Freire Kristerson Reinaldo de Luna , Sousa Cristina Paiva de
Published: January 2006

The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity profile of mould strains isolated from foods to some essential oils and phytochemicals. The assayed mould strains were: Fusarium spp., Rhizopus spp., Aspergillus flavus, A. niger and Penicillium spp. According to results, Lippia alba N.E. Brown, Peumus boldus Molina, Lippia microphylla Phil., Citrus limon Risso and Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. essential oil and the phytochemicals citral, eugenol and mircene showed prominent antimould activity. Among the products that evidenced antimould activity, citral and eugenol showed the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations, which was 1% and 4%, respectively, for the most of the tested mould strains.
Cells of yeasts adhered in corn grains and the storage perspective for use as probiotic
Authors: Baptista Antonio Sampaio , Horii Jorge , Piedade Sonia Maria de Stefano
Published: January 2006

Yeasts were applied to corn grains, containing 16 or 20% moisture, at concentrations of 1 and 2%. The cellular viability was assayed at 0, 15, 30, 90 and 110 days. The cellular viability did not differ statistically among the treatments up to 30 days of storage, with the median viability of 89.10%. The average viability found at 90 days (72.20%) was lower than in the first three storage periods. After 110 days, the average viability was 61.14%. In conclusion, since yeast cells were viable up to 110 days in storage on corn grains, these can be used as a vehicle for the application of yeast as a probiotic.
Extraction of pectin from apple pomace
Authors: Canteri-Schemin Maria Helene , Fertonani Heloísa Cristina Ramos , Waszczynskyj Nina , Wosiacki Gilvan
Published: January 2006

As apple-processing units are now in expansion in Brazil, industrial by-products like pomace play an important role in pectin manufacture. The objective of this article was to determine a pratical follow-up to the extraction of pectin from apple pomace and to characterize it in a laboratory, on a small scale, aiming at establishing the optimum conditions for acid extraction. The highest yields were obtained when [1]apple pomace was dried and ground to obtain an apple flour to be used as raw material, [2] citric or nitric acids were used and [3] when the citric acid concentration was 6.2 g/100 ml and the time of reaction was 153 minutes. The apple variety in itself was not significant in pectin yield. The degree of esterification (DE = 68.84 %) of the product obtained, as well as its physical looks, show the success of pectin extraction.
Genetic, morphological and spatial characterization of two populations of Mabea fistulifera Mart. (Euphorbiaceae), in different successional stages
Authors: Goulart Maíra Figueiredo , Ribeiro Sérvio Pontes , Lovato Maria Bernadete
Published: January 2006

Two populations of Mabea fistulifera (Euphorbiaceae) located at Rio Doce State Park (Minas Gerais, Brazil) in places characterized as in different successional stages, were investigated through genetic and ecological traits. Twenty randomly chosen individuals from each population had its genetic data assessed by 43 RAPD markers and were also evaluated through five morphologic traits and its spatial distribution. Both Shannon's index and AMOVA reveled that most of the genetic variation was found between individuals within populations and about 9% of variation was located between populations. Moreover, populations differed genetically, but presented similar values of genetic diversity. Morphologic data showed differences between populations. Significant correlations among matrix of genetic, geographic and morphologic distances were obtained considering both populations, and spatially closer individuals were more similar genetically, characterizing genetic substructured populations.
Electrolytic treatment applied to the industrial effluent containing persistent wastes monitored by Bartha respirometric assays
Authors: Régis Gisela , Bidoia Ederio Dino
Published: January 2006

The effluent of a rubber chemical antioxidant and antiozonant producer industry, with high content of organic material was subjected to electrolytic process. To evaluate the speed of stabilization of the eletroctrolyzed effluents, and to evaluate the biodegradation the respirometric test of Bartha and Pramer was used. The monitoring of the biodegradation of the effluent, after different periods of electrolysis show that the ideal time of electrolysis was 10 and 25 min. It was concluded that the eletrolytic process was viable to diminish the adaptation time of the microorganism to the effluent and consequently increased the biodegradation of effluent.
Preparation and evaluation of modified composition for lyophilized kits of [Cu(MIBI)4]BF4 for [99mTc] technetium labeling
Authors: Lima Marisa de Jesus de C. , Marques Fabio Luiz Navarro , Okamoto Miriam Roseli Yoshie , Garcez Alexandre Tales , Sapienza Marcelo Tatit , Buchpiguel Carlos Alberto
Published: January 2006

The [Cu(MIBI)4]BF4 complex was synthesized and different formulations for lyophilized kits that could be cost-effectively used with different routines in nuclear medicine laboratories were investigated. In one preparation the kit components were kept similar to the Cardiolite® , except that the SnCl2.2H2O concentration was increased to 0.150 mg. In a second formulation, component concentrations were reduced to 1/5 of the original value and the SnCl2.2H2O concentration was adjusted to 0.04 mg. These products were labeled with maximum activities of 55.5 GBq and 8.14 GBq, respectively, and have shown an average radiochemical purity of 95 %. Biodistribution of the products was assessed by dissection in mice and in rabbits, and did not show any statistical difference when compared to Cardiolite®. In the synthesis of [Cu(MIBI)4]BF4 a new procedure was introduced for the synthesis of N-(2-methyl-propenyl)-formamide, with the use of microwave radiation as heat source. This modification reduced the reaction time to 25 seconds, while maintaining a yield of 68%.
Preparation of crotalus venom radiolabeled with technetium-99m as a tool for biodistribution study
Authors: Pujatti Priscilla Brunelli , Simal Carlos Jorge Rodrigues , Santos Raquel Gouvêa dos
Published: January 2006

Technetium-99m (99mTc) has been the radionuclide of choice for nuclear medicine procedures and experimental research. Because of its optimal nuclear properties, 99mTc is suitable for high efficiency detection with the advantage of reduced radiological waste. Crotalus venom (CV) has been shown to reduce tumors in clinical studies and tissue distribution studies are very important for clinical use. The goal of this work was to obtain CV labeled with 99mTc which preserves its biological activity. After labeling, biological activity was assessed by hemolytic activity evaluation. Labeled and crude venom caused indirect hemolysis provided that the incubation medium contained an exogenous source of lecithin. High yield radiolabeled-CV was obtained and biological activity was preserved. The results suggest that 99mTc-CV can be a useful tool for biodistribution studies.
Drug interaction with radiopharmaceuticals: a review
Authors: Bernardo-Filho Mario , Santos-Filho Sebastião David , Moura Egberto Gaspar de , Maiworm Adalgisa Ieda , Orlando Margarida Maria de Camões , Penas Maria Expósito , Cardoso Valbert Nascimento , Bernardo Luciana Camargo , Brito Lavínia de Carvalho
Published: January 2006

Clinical images are worthwhile in Health Sciences and their analysis and correct interpretation aid the professionals,such as physicians, physiotherapists and occupational therapists, to make decisions and take subsequent therapeutic and/or rehabilitation measures. Other factors, besides the state of the disease, may interfere and affect the bioavailability of the radiopharmaceuticals (radiobiocomplexes) and the quality of the SPECT and PET images. Furthermore, the labeling of some of these radiobiocomplexes, such as plasma proteins, white blood cells and red blood cells, with 99mT, can also be modified. These factors include drugs (synthetic and natural) and dietary conditions, as well as some medical procedures (invasive or non-invasive), such as radiation therapy, surgical procedures, prostheses, cardioversion, intubation, chemoperfusion, external massage, immunotherapy, blood transfusion and hemodialysis. In conclusion, the knowledge about these factors capable of interfering with the bioavailability of the radiobiocomplexes is worthwhile for secure diagnosis. Moreover, the development of biological models to study these phenomena is highly relevant and desirable.
Evaluation of the phagocitary capacity of the mononuclear system in an experimental model of obstructive jaundice employing Tc- 99m Escherichia coli
Authors: Diniz Simone Odília Fernandes , Barbosa Alfredo José Afonso , Araújo Ivana Durval , Nelson David Lee , Machado Leonardo Augusto da Silva , Cardoso Valbert Nascimento
Published: January 2006

Infections and endotoxemia continue to be the principal causes of morbidity and mortality of patients with obstructions of the bile duct. The objective of the present work was the investigation of the phagocitary capacity of the mononuclear system in an experimental model of obstructive jaundice utilizing Tc-99m E.coli. The levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly higher in jaundiced rats than in the control animals (p < 0.001). The liver of the jaundiced animals presented a significant reduction in Tc-99m E.coli uptake when compared to the controls (p < 0.001). The data also showed that there was a significant increase in the uptake of Tc-99m E.coli by the lungs of jaundiced rats (p < 0.01). The histological analyses of the liver of jaundiced rats showed an intense and diffuse proliferation of the bile ducts and an intensified polyploidy of the hepatocytes (mean volume = 843 µm³), but no significant alterations were observed in the lungs of either group. This dates could contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in cases of bacteremia, renal failure and pulmonary dysfunction observed in clinical analyses of obstructive jaundice.
Study of gels of molybdenum with cerium in the preparation of generators of 99Mo - 99mTc
Authors: Moraes Vanessa , Marczewski Bárbara , Dias Carla Roberta , Osso Junior João Alberto
Published: January 2006

99mTc has ideal nuclear properties for organ imaging in nuclear medicine, and it is obtained from the 99Mo-99mTc generator. Four different types of generators are available: chromatographic that uses 99Mo from fission of uranium; MEK solvent extraction; Tc2O7 sublimation; gel chromatographic. This work presents the preparation of gel generators of molybdenum with cerium and characterization of the gels: mass ratio between molybdenum and cerium, structure, size of particles and elution percentage of 99mTc after irradiating the gels. Eight gels were prepared at the same temperature of 50 ºC with concentrations of NaOH of 2 and 4 mol/L, mass ratio of 0.31 and 0.38 and final pH of 3.5 and 4.5. The analysis of the results proved that these gels are not adequate for preparation of the generators of 99Mo-99mTc, since the elution percentages are low, when compared with the gel of molybdenum with zirconium.
In Vitro antileishmanial properties of neutron-irradiated meglumine antimoniate
Authors: Borborema Samanta Etel Treiger , Andrade Junior Heitor Franco de , Osso Junior João Alberto , Nascimento Nanci do
Published: January 2006

Pentavalent antimony, as meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime® ) or sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam® ), is the main treatment for leishmaniasis, a complex of diseases caused by the protozoan Leishmania, and an endemic and neglected threat in Brazil. Despite over half a century of clinical use, their mechanism of action, toxicity and pharmacokinetic data remain unknown. The analytical methods for determination of antimony in biological systems remain complex and have low sensitivity. Radiotracer studies have a potential in pharmaceutical development. The aim of this study was to obtain a radiotracer for antimony, with suitable physical and biological properties. Meglumine antimoniate was neutron irradiated inside the IEA-R1 nuclear reactor, producing two radioisotopes 122Sb and 124Sb, with high radionuclidic purity and good specific activity. This compound showed the same antileishmanial activity as the native compound. The use of the radiotracers, easily created by neutron irradiation, could be an interesting tool to solve important questions in antimonial pharmacology.
Bioavailability of the sodium pertechnetate and morphometry of organs isolated from rats: study of possible pharmacokinetic interactions of a ginkgo biloba extract
Authors: Moreno Silvana Ramos Farias , Carvalho Jorge José , Nascimento Ana Lúcia , Pereira Mário , Rocha Emely Kazan , Diré Gláucio , Arnobio Adriano , Caldas Luiz Querino de Araújo , Bernardo-Filho Mario
Published: January 2006

Many compounds affect the bioavailability of radiobiocomplexes as radiopharmaceuticals. Ginkgo Biloba extract (EGb) has several effects. The influence of an EGb on the bioavailability of the radiobiocomplex sodium pertechnetate (Na99mTcO4) and on the morphometry of the organs was evaluated. Rats were treated with EGb and Na99mTcO4 was injected. The animals were sacrificed; the radioactivity in the organs was counted. The results showed that EGb altered the Na99mTcO4 bioavailability in the kidneys, liver and duodenum. Morphometric analysis of the organs showed significant alterations (P<0.05), probably caused by metabolites generated by EGb and capable of altering the bioavailability of the Na99mTcO4.
Use of labelled cisplatin obtained by direct irradiation in a preliminary biodistribution study
Authors: Carvalho Júnior Álvaro Dutra de , Abrantes Fabiana Moreira , Menezes Maria Ângela , Leal Alexandre Soares , Cardoso Valbert Nascimento , Oliveira Mônica Cristina de
Published: January 2006

This work presents the preparation of radiolabelled cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II), CDDP*, from its direct irradiation into a cadmium capsule, using the TRIGA MARK I IPR R-1 research reactor of the CDTN. The ability to detect CDDP* in Ehrlich tumour-bearing mice after administration via an intravenous route was evaluated. After 24 hours, blood and some organs were collected to determine the incorporated activity. The CDDP* showed a great chemical purity and high specific activity that resulted in an optimum in vivo detection. The CDDP* was taken up principally by liver, spleen and kidney. The CDDP* obtained from this condition was shown to be a good tool for biodistribution studies.
123-I ioflupane (Datscan®) presynaptic nigrostriatal imaging in patients with movement disorders
Authors: Soriano Castrejón Angel , García Vicente Ana María , Cortés Romera Montserrat , Cano Julia Vaamonde , Marina Sonia Rodado , Poblete García Victor Manuel , Ruiz Solís Sebastián , Talavera Rubio María del Prado
Published: January 2006

123-I Ioflupane (Datscan®) presynaptic imaging has been shown to have a significant utility in the assessment of patients with movement disorders 123-I Ioflupane SPECT is able to distinguish between Parkinson’s disease (PD) and other forms of parkinsonism without degeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway, including a common movement disorder such as essential tremor, and to assess disease progression in PD and other neurodegenerative disorders involving the substantia nigra.
Metastasic bone pain management with radioactive isotopes
Authors: Coya Viña Juan
Published: January 2006

Pain is the commonest clinical manifestation of bone metastases. Its treatment is palliative in nature, and consists of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormonotherapy, diphosphonates, and drug therapy (i. e., opiates). Radioactive isotopes represent an appealing alternative to conventional treatment modalities. Among the different types of isotopes, wide clinical experience with 153Sm has been obtained in this laboratory. In the present study, 94 patients (mean age = 65 years), who had been diagnosed of having breast, prostate and other malignant tumors, were evaluated. These patients were treated with 37 MBq/Kg 153Sm-EDTMP. All of them complained of bone pain and had scintigraphic evidence of metastatic bone dissemination. Treatment efficacy was evaluated both objectively and subjectively. Eighty-five per cent (85%) of the patients reported pain relief, and analgesia was reduced by 55%. Twenty-two per cent (22%) had a complete response. Bone marrow toxicity was not a concern, with mild transient hematologic derangements in 30% of the patients. It was concluded that 153Sm-EDTMP results in relief or cessation of metastatic bone pain in a majority of patients.
Liquid kit for preparation of 188rhenium-etidronate
Authors: Marczewski Barbara , Dias Carla Roberta , Moraes Vanessa , Osso Junior João Alberto
Published: January 2006

The aim of this study was the preparation of a liquid kit for radiolabeling of 188Re-HEDP (hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate). 188Re was obtained from alumina based 188W/188Re generators. This paper reports the efficacy of a cold kit stored for more than two weeks, determined by the dependence of the radiolabeling yields of 188Re-HEDP on the incubation time, reducing agent concentration, the effects of concentration of ligand, the pH of the reaction and the temperature. The cold kits showed a good stability when carrie-free rhenium-188 was added in the reaction mixture.
Radioguided surgery for breast cancer: preliminary experience in Piaui
Authors: Abreu Benedita , Melo Nayana , Vieira Sabas , Abreu Evandro , Abreu João Batista de , Pádua Filho Antonio de
Published: January 2006

Intraoperatory detection and excision of sentinel lymph node (SLN), radioguided occult lesion localization (ROLL) and lesional resection, or a combination of these two procedures at one time in a same patient (SNOLL), are techniques that represent, at the moment, a significant advance in breast cancer surgery, procedures in clinical practice being established, as can be seen from the medical literature, as well as in this institution. Thirty-one patients with breast cancer were initially treated with the aid of radioguided surgery. Of those, 20 patients were submitted to sentinel lymph node biopsy, six have undergone only ROLL and five were submitted to a combination of the two techniques.
Qualitative and quantitative lymphoscintigraphy in the evaluation of lower limbs lymphedema
Authors: Dalia Roberta Maria , Martins Gláucia Ribeiro P. , Barbosa Rodolfo , Lima Carla Flávia de , Siqueira Cristiano Ferrari
Published: January 2006

The purpose of this study was to prove the efficiency of qualitative and quantitative lymphoscintigraphy in the diagnosis of the lower extremity lymphedema. Seventy-seven patients had been studied, most of then (85.7%) were female. Patients’ ages ranged from 18 to 82 years. All patients underwent a bilateral lymphoscintigraphy. Images were recorded with a dual-detector instrument in the whole-body scanning mode. Feet and inguinal static views were acquired within 15 minutes and three hours after radiopharmaceutical injection. Two nuclear doctors evaluated the lymphoscintigrams qualitatively. Quantitative studies of the radiopharmaceutical absorption and the lymph node chain uptake were also obtained. Of the 154 evaluated members, 21.44% (n = 33) were classified as normal, 61.68% (n = 95) as mildly altered and 16.88% (n = 26) much altered. Quantitation of lymphatic chain uptake may be a more sensitive approach to the diagnosis of lymphatic impairment than the qualitative analysis.
PET and PET/CT imaging for the earliest detection and treatment of colorectal carcinoma
Authors: Carter Kevin , Kotlyarov Eduard
Published: January 2006

Approximately 150,000 new cases of colorectal cancer are diagnosed each year with the life time risk of developing colon caner in developed nations being 4.6% in men and 3.2% in women. Screening patients is essential early detection of colon carcinoma to aid in complete resection. Unfortunately current screening methods carry with them poor patient compliance. PET and PET/CT may be a significant part of this screening solution. The authors reviewed and analyzed the English language articles and case reports identified on Medline during the last 10 years. PET and PET/CT results for colorectal carcinoma were tabulated and presented for the fifth Scientific Meeting of the Brazilian Society of Nuclear Biosciences. Though most studies have been retrospective analysis in using PET for staging for other malignant processes the cases that have identified additional uptake in the colon are important. The accuracy when utilizing PET and PET/CT in this screening method has a sensitivity between 65 and 90% with a specificity of 84 to 90% and a positive predictive value 71 to 78%. Early stages of malignancies and pre-cancerous polyps avidly accumulates F-18 Deoxyflouro glucose allowing us to conclude that whole body PET and PET/CT is an essential component in the work up, staging or treatment monitoring in colon carcinoma. We have to continue to accumulate data for possible introduction for whole body PET and PET/CT scanning for colon carcinoma and precancerous polyps.
Factors associated with the non detection of the sentinel node in breast cancer
Authors: Guirao Sara , Benítez Segura Ana , Bajén Maria Tereza , Brulles Ynonet Ricart , Salvado Jaume Mora , Vilardell Ana Domenech , Rodriguez Gassen Alba , Engronyat Manel Roca , Puchal Añe Rafael , Martin-Comin Josep
Published: January 2006

The aim of the work was to analyse the potential influence of different factors on the surgical detection of sentinel lymph node in breast cancer. The procedure has been performed in 704 patients. In 43 out of the 704 cases, the SN was not detected, 24 were palpable and 19 had no palpable tumors. Lymphoscitigraphy was done in 2 h p.i. of 37-55 MBq of 99mTc-nanocolloid. The day before surgery in palpable tumours and 4 h previous to surgery in non-palpable tumours, surgical detection was performed using a gammaprobe. The following factors were analysed: patient age, tumour size, breast quadrant tumour localization, scintigraphic visualizatio,n and the palpation of the tumour. Results: Patient age was significantly (p<0.001) higher in the patients in whom SN was not detected. Scintigraphic visualization was significantly (p<0.05) lower in the patients in whom SN was not detected. There were no significant differences concerning the other parameters analysed. Conclusion: patient age and scintigraphic visualization are parameters that directly influence the detection of sentinel node in breast cancer.
Moving from organ dose to microdosimetry: contribution of the Monte Carlo simulations
Authors: Champion Christophe
Published: January 2006

When living cells are irradiated by charged particles, a wide variety of interactions occurs that leads to a deep modification of the biological material. To understand the fine structure of the microscopic distribution of the energy deposits, Monte Carlo event-by-event simulations are particularly suitable. However, the development of these track structure codes needs accurate interaction cross sections for all the electronic processes: ionization, excitation, Positronium formation (for incident positrons) and even elastic scattering. Under these conditions, we have recently developed a Monte Carlo code for electrons and positrons in water, this latter being commonly used to simulate the biological medium. All the processes are studied in detail via theoretical differential and total cross sections calculated by using partial wave methods. Comparisons with existing theoretical and experimental data show very good agreements. Moreover, this kind of detailed description allows one access to a useful microdosimetry, which can be coupled to a geometrical modelling of the target organ and then provide a detailed dose calculation at the nanometric scale.
The use of radionuclide DNA probe technology for epidemiological studies of tegumentary leishmaniasis in Mato Grosso state
Authors: Andrade Antero Silva Ribeiro de , Fernandes Octávio , Heub Marcia , Carvalho Maria de Lourdes Ribeiro , Fontes Cor Jesus , Melo Maria Norma de
Published: January 2006

DNA hybridisation, using probes labelled with 32P, was used to type Leishmania samples isolated from patients living in endemic areas of Mato Grosso State (Brazil), and clinically diagnosed as having tegumentary leishmaniasis. kDNA cloned mini-circle probes specific for the Leishmania mexicana and Leishmania braziliensis complexes were used. The results showed that L. braziliensis is the predominant group infecting human patients in the state. Sixty-eight samples were typed, 64 samples (94.1%) belonging to the L. braziliensis complex and only four (5.9%) belonging to the L. mexicana complex. Accurate identification of the Leishmania permits better orientation of the medical follow-up, since clinical manifestations may vary depending on the complex to which the parasite belongs. The epidemiological information furnished by the identification of the Leishmania in given endemic area is also essential for the design of appropriate control measures
Determination of 99Mo contamination in a nuclear medicine patient submitted to a diagnostic procedure with 99mTc
Authors: Dantas Bernardo Maranhão , Dantas Ana Letícia Almeida , Marques Fábio Luiz Navarro , Bertelli Luiz , Stabin Michael G.
Published: January 2006

99mTc is a radionuclide widely used for imaging diagnosis in nuclear medicine. In Brazil it is obtained by elution from 99Mo-99mTc generators supplied by the Nuclear Energy Research Institute (IPEN). The elution is carried out in radiopharmacy laboratories located in hospitals and clinics. Depending of the quality of the generator and conditions of use during the elution process, 99Mo can be extracted from the column of the generator, becoming a radionuclidic impurity of the eluate used for the obtention of the radiopharmaceutical to be administered to the patient. 99Mo emits high-energy photons and beta particles and its presence degrades the quality of the image and unnecessarily increases the radiation dose delivered to the patient. An in-vivo measurement technique was developed to verify the occurrence of internal contamination by 99Mo in nuclear medicine patients. Direct measurements were made in a volunteer who underwent myocardial scintigraphy with 99mTc-sestamibi. The results indicated the presence of internal contamination of the patien by 99Mot. The activity was tracked for several days, and an assessment of the radiation dose from the contaminant 99Mo was made.
Physical and biological dosimetry for risk perception in radioprotection
Authors: Amaral Ademir
Published: January 2006

The increase in ionizing radiation (IR) applications, especially nuclear, has been followed by the growth of public concern for the potential associated risks. The public’s perception of such risks is often based on the philosophy that IR is harmful at any exposure level. On the other hand, although radiation workers have knowledge about the nature of IR and its potential health effects, the relationship between absorbed dose and risk is not well understood, principally for low doses. This report presents an overview of physical and biological dosimetry as complementary methodologies, as well as their possible contribution for improving risk perception in radioprotection.