bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shock Therapies as Intensification of the War against Madness in Hamburg, Germany: 1930–1943
Authors: Foth Thomas
Published: December 2016

German psychiatric practice between 1930 and 1945 was characterizedby the interplay of different technologies that aimed to influence the conduct ofthe patient. Nurses, as the delegated representatives of the psychiatrists’ power,were strategically positioned to influence patient behaviour using a broad rangeof disciplinary measures. An in-depth qualitative analysis of a medical recordfrom a Hamburg asylum highlights the different shock treatments used on thepatient, demonstrating that they were used randomly and primarily as a meansof discipline for “bad” behaviour, sometimes leading to patient deaths. The articleconnects the results of the analysis with the international discussions amongpsychiatrists on how shock therapies were presumed to operate.
Inspecting Hospitals in the Russian Empire: Dr. John Harry’s Account, 1805–1806
Authors: Lobachev Sergey
Published: December 2016

This paper examines the efforts of the Russian government to modernize medical administration and hospital services during the reign of Alexander I (1801-1825). Based on the report of the English doctor John Harry, it reviews the state of medical care in Russia and initiatives to improve clinical treatment. Based on these sources, it is argued that hospitals in Russia, as elsewhere in Europe, were undergoing a transition from being homes of refuge to institutions for the treatment of the sick. Their conditions were largely dependent on proper governance, as well as funding. Attempts by the Russian authorities to address issues of public health correlated with similar developments in Western Europe at the time.
In Defence of Reason: Religion, Science, and the Prince Edward Island Anti-Abortion Movement, 1969–1988
Authors: ACKERMAN KATRINA
Published: December 2016

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the Prince Edward Island Right to Life Association (RTLA) lobbied medical professionals, hospital boards, politicians, and neighbours to prevent the Charlottetown and Summerside hospital corporations, the only abortion providers on the Island, to eliminate their Therapeutic Abortion Committees. Because abortion committees were not mandatory and only hospital boards were responsible for establishing committees at accredited hospitals, the RTLA elected pro-life members to the boards and voted against abortion committee bylaws to establish barriers to abortion access. By holding key positions within the hospital corporations, pro-life activists ensured that abortion provisions were no longer legally or medically permissible in Island hospitals. This article draws on RTLA and government records, newspaper articles, as well as interviews with pro-life activists, to highlight the avenues through which the organization created a prominent social movement. By contesting the scientific reasoning for abortion, the RTLA quickly became a countermovement not only to the pro-choice movement, but also to the mainstream medical community.
“In a country every way by nature favourable to health”: Landscape and Public Health in Victorian Rural Wales
Authors: WADDINGTON KEIR
Published: December 2016

Rather than seeing landscape as an invisible backdrop to sanitary reform, this article offers another context through which to consider the problems facing local authorities and sanitary officials in identifying and tackling sanitary problems. Using Wales as a case study, this article first addresses how rural landscapes were imagined and second how as “environments” and “territories” they influenced patterns of sanitary reform. If underlying ideological meanings were attached to the landscape, as this article suggests, the rural landscape was a plural one in that it also acted as a barrier to sanitary reform.
Palliative Care: The Oldest Profession?
Authors: DUFFIN JACALYN
Published: December 2016

By the 1960s, the forces that had slowly turned medicine away from comfort toward a greater emphasis on cure had generated a need for better care of the dying and the chronically ill. With reference to the growth of peer-reviewed literature on palliative care, the history of this seemingly new specialty is traced through the hallmarks of professionalization to outline and document the changes in the leaders, the issues, the publications, and the treatment modalities over the last five decades. The focus is on Canada within an international context.
They’re “More Children than Adults”: Teens, Unmarried Pregnancy, and the Canadian Medical Profession, 1945–611
Authors: WALL SHARON
Published: December 2016

This article examines the medical aspects of young, unmarried pregnancy in the early post-WWII period. It explores the roles played by physicians and nurses, their prescriptions for prenatal care, their psychologizing of girls’ problems, and the nature of girls’ hospital experiences. That these patients were indeed seen as “girls” and not women, is a central point; in fact, age, and the perception of what it meant to be “teenaged,” significantly shaped the perception, treatment, and experience of unmarried pregnancy in these years.
The Voyage of Captain George Vancouver 1791–95: The Interplay of Physical and Psychological Pressures
Authors: Watt James
Published: December 2016

George Vancouver was descended, through his father, from the honourable Netherlands family of van Coeverden and his mother could trace her ancestry to Sir Richard Grenville, the great Elizabethan sea-dogs. That pedigree was no doubt a factor in achieving an introduction to Captain James Cook for, at the tender age of 14, the young Vancouver joined the Resolution to accompany Cook on his second voyage. He obviously acquitted himself well, because he served as a midshipman in the Discovery on Cook's third voyage to the northwest coast of America. Vancouver was personally involved in events that led to Cook's tragic death at Kealakekua Bay, Hawaii, where his knowledge of the Hawaiian language and rapport with the natives helped to restore relationships. It also appears to have influenced subsequent reactions.
Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Company: Influenza, Quackery, and the Unilateral Contract
Authors: McGinnis Janice Dickin
Published: December 2016

The influenza epidemic of 1889-90 inadvertently produced one of the greatest legal precedents in the doctrine of contracts. Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Company involved litigation over a £100 reward offered by the advertisers to users of the smoke ball who nonetheless contracted influenza. Despite Emily Carlill's fulfillment of the requirements, Carbolic refused to pay her the money on several grounds, including the argument that this type of advertisement did not tell the truth and was not expected to do so by the general public. Against the background of an epidemic that had not only generally disrupted life in Britain and the rest of Europe but had killed, among others, the eldest son of the Prince of Wales, the court set out to hold Carbolic to its word. Given the uncertain state of medical science during this era, the judges did not have to hand any statutory weapons, nor could Mrs. Carlill's lawyers probably have argued fraud successfully. Therefore, although the case and its extremely clever argument of various legal doctrines has become a classic of the law of unilateral contracts, it could not fundamentally undermine quackery. The Carbolic Smoke Ball Company in short order adjusted its advertisements and carried on with impunity.
Aspects of Canadian Medical Education
Authors: Spaulding William B.
Published: December 2016

These three books provide examples of each of three major types of historical writing: institutional history, biography, and a topical monograph. Two of the three works deal only with medical education whereas the biography contains much about medical education as well as aspects of group practice and organized medicine. The value of these books varies from an admirable, essential history (Travill on Queen's), through a solid presentation of various important topics (Cunnings on Thorlakson), to a patchwork of information on how internships and residencies were established in Calgary (McDougall).
Letter to the Editor: Other Losses
Authors: Fisher Ernest
Published: December 2016

Dr. A. E. Cowdrey begins his assault on Other Losses [CBMH, 7 (1990): 187–911] by citing Brigadier-General Stanhope Bayne-Jones to prove that there were no mass deaths in the U.S. camps. If Dr. Cowdrey will consult the new Canadian paperback edition of Other Losses, or the U.S. edition, both due in May, he will see there the proof that Bayne-Jones reported incorrect information about death rates, about numbers of deaths from diseases of the prisoners in 1945, and omitted information in his possession that would have enabled his readers to work out the true death rates.
La médecine et ses origines
Authors: Pigeaud Jackie
Published: December 2016

Le titre de mon exposé peut sembler un peu obscur. En fait, en quelque sorte, c'est une question d'histoire de la médecine, et d'histoire de l'histoire de la médecine que je voudrais aborder. Peut-être, comme je vais essayer de le montrer, aurais-je mieux fait de l'intituler: À quoi sert l'histoire de la médecine? Il paraît évident que la médecine cultive avec son histoire des rapports privilégiés, tels qu'à ma connaissance, aucune science n'entretient avec sa propre histoire.
Les causes de décès au Québec au XIXe siècle: le problème des sources
Authors: Bernier Jacques
Published: December 2016

On convient généralement que les maladies ont joué un grand rôle dans le développement de la médecine et dans l'histoire de l'humanité. Henry Sigerist écrivait d'ailleurs en 1951 : «the history and geography of disease are the foundation of all medical knowledge». Ainsi, il est étrange de constater, en dépit de ces assertions, que les historiens continuent toujours de privilégier les biographies et les études sur le développement des théories, des pratiques et des institutions médicales (écoles, sociétés, hôpitaux, etc.). Cette remarque s'applique aussi au Québec où les études sur l'histoire des maladies n'ont porté essentiellement que sur trois thèmes. Le premier, étudié par les démographes, a fait la lumière sur l'évolution du taux annuel moyen de mortalité et sur l'âge moyen au décès. Le second, qui fut développé surtout par des historiens, a cherché à décrire l'impact démographique et social de grandes épidémies comme la variole, le choléra et le typhus. Le troisième, qui est plus récent, a porté sur certains aspects de la morbidité et de la mortalité à Québec et à Montréal au XIXe siècle. Ainsi on sait somme toute peu de choses, par exemple, sur la structure et l'évolution des principales causes de décès, sur les différences entre la ville et la campagne, entre les régions, entre les sexes, entre les âges ou entre les catégories socio-professionnelles.
The Bank of England and the Establishment of a Branch System, 1826-1829
Authors: Moss D.J.
Published: December 2016

The traditional interpretation of the Bank of England’s role, 1826-44, is that the Bank was not only the government’s fiscal agent and financier, but also the lender of last resort to the financial system generally. The latter function is said to have been assumed in the aftermath of a financial crisis in 1825. Then, new branches provided an opportunity for the bank's “octopus tentacles” to reach every part of business and banking. This article examines the creation and operation of the branch system from 1826 until 1829, when a change in direction occurred. While the establishment of branches was later justified on the basis of public duty and policy responsibilities, reality fell short of pronouncements. A close analysis of the origins and design of the new system shows that the bank disclaimed responsibility for the local economy and local credit markets. Policies were designed for the security and profit of the bank, not of the financial sector as a whole. Moreover, the Bank’s excessive caution and London orientation limited its impact in provincial towns. By 1829 little progress had been made towards the idea that the Bank of England was more than just another bank. More research on the provincial banking system is needed to pinpoint the impact of changes after 1829. Until this is done, conclusions about the bank’s role in these years should be treated with caution.
Bismarck and the Containment of France, 1873-1877
Authors: Stone James
Published: December 2016

Between 1873 and 1877 Germany repeatedly intervened in the internal affairs of France’s neighbours. In Belgium, Spain, and Italy Bismarck exerted strong and sustained political pressure to support the election or appointment of liberal, anticlerical governments. These German initiatives have been viewed primarily as by-products of the Kulturkampf, as diplomatic sideshows. However a detailed study of the origins and interrelationships of these episodes reveals that Bismarck's alliance with western European liberalism was part of an integrated strategy to promote republicanism in France by strategically and ideologically isolating the clerical-monarchist regime of President MacMahon. He hoped that by creating a cordon sanitaire of liberal states around France he could help French republicans defeat MacMahon and his reactionary supporters.

The modern concept of containment provides a useful model for understanding the dynamics of Bismarck's proliberal political system in western Europe. It also helps explain Germany's brief entanglement in the eastern question in 1874 when she opposed French initiatives in the Ottoman Empire as part of a more “global” bid to erode MacMahon's popularity at home. But the Bismarckian version of containment was highly pragmatic. The German chancellor exploited the Kulturkampf to ally himself with liberal parties in western Europe, but did not hesitate to use conservative governments whenever they could help. Bismarck's policy of containing the anti­republican forces led by MacMahon had a major impact on the states bordering France and contributed to the final victory of French republicanism in 1877. However these gains were purchased at great cost. The other European powers were alienated by Bismarck’s interventionist and confrontational tactics which fuelled fears of German hegemonial aspirations.
Common Knowledge of the Common Law in Later Medieval England
Authors: Neville C.J.
Published: December 2016

Despite their complexity, the rules and regulations governing the substance and procedure of the common law in later medieval England were surprisingly well understood by the medieval men and women who appeared in court as defendants. This paper examines records of sessions of gaol delivery, before which accusations of felony were put to trial, for the northern circuit in the years 1354­1460. It explores the ways in which a significant number of defendants were able to avoid altogether the onus of trial by claiming exceptions to the law, and more particularly, by arguing that the formal indictments under which they had been charged were “insufficient in law.” The varied nature of these claims is reviewed, and emphasis is placed on tracing the source of what was in most instances highly technical information. The public venue of medieval trials undoubtedly contributed to the dissemination of a rough and ready familiarity with the law among persons of all ranks, and the presence of trained lawyers at the sessions must also have made available to plaintiffs, defendants, and bystanders alike a well informed source of legal knowledge. But it is further argued that jurors of presentment, the men responsible in the first instance for bringing forward bills of indictment, may have played a crucial role in determining which defendants would be subjected to the rigours of a full trial and the possibility of death by hanging consequent on it, and which would not. The deliberate omission of factual details in the formulation of the written charges may in this sense have reflected more than merely a casual attitude on the part of the jurors towards statutory requirements enacted to regulate indicting documents. They may also be interpreted as one of a variety of means by which medieval jurors winnowed out of the legal process individuals whom they did not believe merited the full sanction of trial at gaol delivery.
“Help us to Secure a Strong, Healthy, Prosperous and Peaceful Britain”: The Social Arguments of the Campaign for Compulsory Military Service in Britain, 1899-1914
Authors: Hendley Matthew
Published: December 2016

The National Service League was a pressure group which argued the case for compulsory military service in Britain between 1899-1914. Previous historiography has focused on their fear-mongering over invasion and full-throated calls for patriotism. However, social arguments in favour of conscription also played a surprisingly prominent role.

The initial impetus for the formation of the National Service League was the Boer War. Concerns over British military strength and especially problems with existing schemes of army recruitment led to the league’s formation in 1902. Social arguments linking conscription to a healthy Britain grew out of the fears over physical deterioration which arose from the Boer War. Pamphlets and speeches of the National Service League, especially before 1906 pointed to Germany as a nation which combined compulsory military service and social reform to create a nation of healthy citizens. The National Service League rejected suggestions that conscription would interfere unduly with the economy and claimed it would lead to a more prosperous Britain. Paradoxically, although much of the conscriptionist argument for “prosperity” supported modernization in education and other realms, many conscriptionists also longed for a nostalgic agricultural past. A final argument of the conscription movement insisted that conscription was not a departure from peaceful British traditions. Historical examples of compulsory service in Britain’s past were put forward and Switzerland was presented as a society which combined freedom with conscription.
U.S. and Soviet Policies towards France’s Struggle with Anticolonial Nationalism in North Africa
Authors: Zoubir Yahia H.
Published: December 2016

Decolonization of French North Africa in the aftermath of WW II confronted the United States and the Soviet Union with a formidable dilemma. For dissimilar reasons both needed to maintain good relations with France. For the U.S., preserving the cohesion of the Atlantic alliance was paramount, whereas for the U.S.S.R eliciting French support in countering the rearmament of Germany and its integration into NATO was of greater importance than endorsing the cause of the Maghrebi nationalists. The U.S.S.R. and the U.S. ended up sanctioning the preservation of French presence for fear that the power vacuum would help the rival superpower establish its hegemony in the region. Yet, while both sought to appease France, they also wished to gain the friendship of the nationalist movements opposed to it. Whilst the Soviets sought to prevent the nationalists from being swayed by the western bloc, Americans endeavoured to move them towards self-rule under western leadership to guarantee the establishment of moderate regimes amenable to the west. As a consequence, in order to achieve their respective objectives, the U.S. and the U.S.S.R ended up pursuing similar policies aiming at reconciling contradictory goals to protect their strategic, political, and economic interests. The Algerian war of independence created the greatest challenge to the Americans and the Soviets. America’s Eurocentric approach to decolonization proved detrimental because constant support for France during the Algerian war without any fundamental shift in policy towards the nationalists, even when the outcome had already been decided, allowed the Soviets, who provided material and political backing, to succeed in establishing close ties with postindependence Algeria. This article, based on recently declassified material, analyses the policies of both superpowers and highlights the predicament they faced in dealing with decolonization. Further, it fills the conspicuous gap in the literature on the roles played by the superpowers in the Maghreb region after WW II.
Rituals of Majesty: France, Siam, and Court Spectacle in Royal Image-Building at Versailles in 1685 and 1686
Authors: Love Ronald S.
Published: December 2016

On 1 September 1686, Louis XIV welcomed the ambassadors of Phra Narai, King of Siam, in a great public audience at Versailles. Held in the sumptuous Hall of Mirrors, it was the most spectacular reception the Sun King ever granted to an embassy during his long reign. What made it unique was the way in which the French court copied as nearly as possible the outward forms of Siamese royal ceremonial, as recounted by various French visitors to the Asian kingdom and the chevalier de Chaumont, who had served as Louis’s ambassador to Phra Narai the previous year. For the object of the reception was to present the French monarch as an omnipotent Asian despot, equal to the Siamese monarch in every way, to give the envoys an exalted idea of Louis’s greatness, power, and magnificence according to eastern expectations. At the same time, the French king also impressed his own courtiers with a theatrical display of royal absolutism that went far beyond European precepts. What this event reveals in particular, therefore, is how the Sun King manipulated royal French protocol and Siamese rituals of majesty to assert his absolutist claims in a visual way, by magnifying his image and gloire both personally and symbolically as French monarch and the living embodiment of the state.
Gilbert Burnet and the Problem of Nonconformity in Restoration Scotland and England
Authors: Greig Martin
Published: December 2016

One of the thorny questions facing Restoration churchmen was what to do about those who failed to conform to the re-established Church of England. Virtually all churchmen could agree that those who dissented from the established church were guilty of schism. Beyond that, however, there was little consensus on what the church ought to do about these nonconformists. Gilbert Burnet, the Scottish-bom churchman who became Bishop of Salisbury in 1689, has acquired, both popularly and with his biographers, a reputation as a champion of toleration. Yet, although Burnet often expressed his distaste for the persecution of religious minorities, to characterize him as an “advocate of toleration” is misleading. Burnet shared with the majority of Restoration churchmen a commitment to a strong national church. Where he differed from most, however, was in his willingness to stretch the terms of communion within that national church so that the more moderate dissenters could be brought into it. Comprehension, rather than toleration, was Burnet’s answer to the problem of nonconformity. And Burnet’s commitment to comprehension is one that stretches all the way back to his days as a parish minister in Scotland. As such, the passing of the Toleration Act in 1689 in no way marked “the realisation of one of his most cherished dreams.”
Abjuration and its Demise: The Changing Face of Royal Justice in the Tudor Period
Authors: Kesselring Krista
Published: December 2016

Abjuration of the realm, sanctuary, and the benefit of clergy comprised the three privileges associated with the medieval English church that allowed felons to evade capital sanctions for their offences. A secularised benefit of clergy survived until the eighteenth century compensating for an increasingly bloody criminal code by softening its impact. Abjuration and sanctuary disappeared in the Tudor period. Historians have generally seen the twin practices as long-standing social evils and have interpreted their demise as a salutary by-product of the Reformation conflict between church and state. This paper focuses on the functions and social significance of abjuration in its final years; it demonstrates that abjuration was seen to be a meaningful component of responses to disorder and a legitimate means of tempering the severity of the law. It restores abjuration to its place in the history of law and order and argues that the custom died out because of changing perceptions of justice and mercy.
Figurations and State Authority in Early Modern Italy: The Case of the Sienese Protomedicato
Authors: Gentilcore David
Published: December 2016

In 1559 Siena became part of the Tuscan Grand Ducy, but it retained its own institutional, administrative, and legal structures, and this included the College of Doctors of Philosophy and Medicine. Responsible for granting degrees, the college acquired the authority to examine, approve and license all those practising, or wishing to practise, the healing arts. It also assumed the right to try offences such as non-payment for treatment and unlicensed or illicit medical practice. These functions were all exercised by a special magistracy set up within the college, known as the Protomedicato. The analysis of the Protomedicato's licensing and judicial functions over some 250 years, involving a wide range of practitioners and patients, is offered as a test-case of the ideas of the sociologist-historian Norbert Elias about figurations. Elias proposed the construction of figuration models as a way of investigating the scope for action and the interdependence of individuals and groups within changing social structures. The Sienese Protomedicato's deliberations and decisions were the result of an ongoing process of negotiation, where each group or individual involved sought to manipulate the system to its own advantage. Such practices, formal and informal, were accepted means of negotiating authority, power, and obligations in the early modern state. In this figuration the state is best seen as process, in which power does not necessarily gravitate towards the centre, but may lie in relations between different levels of society.
’Escheat with Heir’: Guardianship, Upward Mobility, and Political Reconciliation in the Reign of Edward III
Authors: Bothwell James S.
Published: December 2016

This article looks at Edward III’s use of the royal feudal rights over guardianships and marriages for the sake of a group of men newly promoted into the peerage or further to earldoms. Based primarily on chancery records, it examines this monarch’s use of wardships and marriages of his tenants-in-chief, which were used both in order to bolster the wealth of his "new men" to match their new status and as a way to mingle their blood with those of more established noble families. More importantly, the royal use of both these rights during the reign marked a way in which the potentially problematic situation inherited from his father, Edward II, and from the minority regime of Isabella and Mortimer, could be defused. For, though a number of the key players of the 1320s were now dead, their families were often still a force to be dealt with, both in terms of their landed power and the potential ill-will they had towards either the king or other members of the polity. However, by placing the estates of the "old" nobility into the care of the new men, and by marrying the new men into the established nobility, a way was opened not only whereby the fortunes of the two groups — and by extension, the monarchy — were intermingled, but also through which reconciliation could take place. Thus, though feudalism was beginning its decline in this period, for Edward III’s reign at least, control over the right of wardship and marriage played a crucial part in both the development of royal power and the smoothing over of political divisions of the earlier decades of the fourteenth-century.
Commerce, Industry, and the Laws of Newtonian Science: Weber Revisited and Revised
Authors: Jacob Margaret C.
Published: December 2016

The cultural resources that facilitated the move to industrial society in late eighteenth-century Britain remain opaque. In nearly one hundred years we have barely moved beyond the Weber thesis, and among economic historians culture has become a low priority. This essay challenges that narrowness, not by repudiating Weber, but by building upon his legacy. It begins with the problematic: why were so many early British industrialists, Unitarians? They were represented far in excess of their presence in the general population. The attempt to answer the question relies upon archives in Birmingham and Manchester, upon a close reading of letters and sermons by James Watt, Josiah Wedgwood, Joseph Priestley, and chapel oratory in both places. The project was made possible by a grant from the National Science Foundation in Washington, DC, and it builds upon material presented by the author in Scientific Culture and the Making of the Industrial West (Oxford University Press, 1997).
“The Winston of Germany”: The British Foreign Policy Élite and the Last German Emperor
Authors: Otte T.G.
Published: December 2016

This article analyzes the perception of Kaiser Wilhelm II by the British foreign policy élite from the mid-1880s to 1914. Drawing on regular diplomatic reporting by Britain’s representatives abroad as well as a wide range of private papers, it examines a series of seemingly minor incidents, which nevertheless played a significant role in shaping British establishment views of the last German Emperor. One of the key elements of British élite perceptions was the Kaiser’s assumed, rumoured, and frequently commented-upon mental instability. The article seeks to demonstrate that Wilhelm’s idiosyncrasies were of greater significance in the formulation of British policy towards Germany than has been previously acknowledged. British concerns about the Kaiser’s flawed personality did not arise sporadically in response to his better known “outbursts” but were constantly present. As such they did not simply mirror the manifold problems with which Anglo-German relations were increasingly fraught after the turn of the century. On the contrary, the Kaiser’s perceived public and private persona was one of these problems.
Tory Radicalism and the Home Rule Crisis, 1910-1914: The Case of Lord Willoughby de Broke
Authors: Kennedy Thomas C.
Published: December 2016

After he emerged from backwoods obscurity as a leader in the struggle of "diehard" peers against the Parliament Act of 1911, the nineteenth Baron Willoughby de Broke briefly became a leading figure on the far right wing of the Conservative Party. Deeply grounded in the traditions and values of the hereditary landing holding aristocracy, Willoughby genuinely believed that the introduction of an Irish Home Rule bill by the Liberal or "Radical" government in 1912 presented an imminent danger to the British nation and its empire. When Tory leader Andrew Bonar Law determined to use the struggle against home rule as a means of both uniting his divided party and driving the Liberal government from office, Willoughby de Broke took the lead in organizing militant resistance to the implementation of any Home Rule measure. Inspired by the Ulster Unionist's threat of armed resistance, Willoughby formed the British League for the Support of Ulster and Union (BLSUU) with the avowed purpose of defending Ulster, in arms if necessary. When the real threat of civil war in Ireland induced both Liberal and Conservative leaders to seek a compromise in the exclusion of Ulster from the operation of any Home Rule measure, Willoughby de Broke, unwilling to abandon his unbending principles, was disavowed by the party leaders who had encouraged his extremism and he slipped back into political obscurity.
Impact of mesh points number on the accuracy of deterministic calculations of control rods worth for Tehran research reactor
Authors: Boustani E. , Khakshournia S.
Published: December 2016

In this paper two different computational approaches, a deterministic and a stochastic one, were used for calculation of the control rods worth of the Tehran research reactor. For the deterministic approach the MTR_PC package composed of the WIMS code and diffusion code CITVAP was used, while for the stochastic one the Monte Carlo code MCNPX was applied. On comparing our results obtained by the Monte Carlo approach and those previously reported in the Safety Analysis Report (SAR) of Tehran research reactor produced by the deterministic approach large discrepancies were seen. To uncover the root cause of these discrepancies, some efforts were made and finally was discerned that the number of spatial mesh points in the deterministic approach was the critical cause of these discrepancies. Therefore, the mesh optimization was performed for different regions of the core such that the results of deterministic approach based on the optimized mesh points have a good agreement with those obtained by the Monte Carlo approach.
Effect of ultra high temperature ceramics as fuel cladding materials on the nuclear reactor performance by SERPENT Monte Carlo code
Authors: Korkut T. , Kara A. , Korkut H.
Published: December 2016

Ultra High Temperature Ceramics (UHTCs) have low density and high melting point. So they are useful materials in the nuclear industry especially reactor core design. Three UHTCs (silicon carbide, vanadium carbide, and zirconium carbide) were evaluated as the nuclear fuel cladding materials. The SERPENT Monte Carlo code was used to model CANDU, PWR, and VVER type reactor core and to calculate burnup parameters. Some changes were observed at the same burnup and neutronic parameters (keff, neutron flux, absorption rate, and fission rate, depletion of U-238, U-238, Xe-135, Sm-149) with the use of these UHTCs. Results were compared to conventional cladding material zircalloy.
Carbon Isotopes and Dental Caries as Evidence for Regional Variation in the Diets of Early Farming Communities from Katanga, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Dlamini Nonhlanhla , Morris Alan G. , Sealy Judith
Published: December 2016

We report on aspects of diet and subsistence patterns of late 1st and early 2nd millennium AD farmers from the Upemba Depression of Katanga, DRC, as reconstructed from stable isotopes and dental caries. While the archaeology of this region is well known from cemeteries, details of the subsistence base of these communities are not well known, because occupation sites have not yet been identified. Carbon isotope measurements show that individuals buried at Sanga ate diets rich in C4-based resources, and suffered high rates of dental caries, similar to those seen among farmers in southern Africa. People buried at Katoto consumed more C3 foods, and presented with lower caries prevalence. Their diets probably included more cucurbits, legumes and root crops. Oxygen isotopes also differ between the two sites, likely due to different sources of drinking water. Our results indicate that the crops grown and the diets consumed at Sanga and Katoto were substantially different, although the sites are only 130 km apart. The cultural differences previously noted between the two sites were underpinned by differences in subsistence economy, pointing to a higher degree of variation in these societies than previously known.
Auditory and visual reaction time and peripheral field of vision in helmet users
Authors: Adhilakshmi Abbu Pillai , Karthiga Uday Kumar Priyadarshini , John Nitin Ashok
Published: December 2016

Background: The incidence of fatal accidents are more in two wheeler drivers compared to four wheeler drivers. Head injury is of serious concern when recovery and prognosis of the patients are warranted, helmets are being used for safety purposes by moped, scooters and motorcycle drivers. Although, helmets are designed with cushioning effect to prevent head injuries but there are evidences of increase risk of neck injuries and reduced peripheral vision and hearing in helmet users. A complete full coverage helmets provide about less than 3 percent restrictions in horizontal peripheral visual field compared to rider without helmet. The standard company patented ergonomically designed helmets which does not affect the peripheral vision neither auditory reaction time.Objective: This pilot study aimed to evaluate the peripheral field of vision and auditory and visual reaction time in a hypertensive, diabetic and healthy male and female in order to have a better insight of protective characteristics of helmet in health and disease.Method: This pilot study carried out on age matched male of one healthy, one hypertensive and one diabetic and female subject of one healthy, one hypertensive and one diabetics. The field of vision was assessed by Listers perimeter whereas auditory and visual reaction time was recorded with response analyser.Result : Gender difference was not noted in peripheral field of vision but mild difference was found in auditory reaction time for high frequency and visual reaction time for both red and green colour in healthy control. But lateral and downward peripheral visual field was found reduced whereas auditory and visual reaction time was found increased in both hypertensive and diabetic subject in both sexes.Conclusion: Peripheral vision, auditory reaction time and visual reaction time in hypertensive and diabetics may lead to vulnerable accident. Helmet use has proven to reduce extent of injury in motorcyclist and other two wheeler drivers.Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2016, December; 11(2): 43-46
Vitamin B12 and ketorolac on pain in Long Evans rats
Authors: Rahman Md Mizanur , Begum Noorzahan , Ali Taskina , Rouf Mahadi Abdur , Masood Shahriar
Published: December 2016

Background: Effects of vitamin B12 on pain have been demonstrated in different animal and human studies. But comparison of these effects with similar effects of ketorolac tromethamine (KT) and their combination have not been established.Objective: To assess the effects of vitamin B12 on pain and also to compare them with those of the combinations of vitamin B12 with KT in rat models.Methods: This experimental study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, from March 2015 to February 2016. For this, 20 (twenty) Long Evans rats (215±35 gm) of both sexes were divided into control (A, with 5 ml/kg normal saline) and experimental (B1, with 15 mg/kg B12; B2, with 10 mg/kg KT; B3, with B12+KT) groups with 5 rats in each group. All the drugs and vitamin were administered intraperitoneally in a single dose just one hour before formalin test. To evaluate the treatments effect on nociceptive pain, early phase (1st- 5th minutes); on central analgesic system, interphase (6th-15th minutes); and on inflammatory pain, late phase (16th-60th minutes) of the formalin test, were observed. In all phases, total frequency of jerking and total duration of flexing and licking of the right hind paw were counted after administration of subcutaneous formalin (50 ?l, 2.5%) injection. Statistical analysis was done by ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni post hoc test. In the interpretation of results, p?0.05 was considered as significant.Results: B12 lowered only the jerking frequency and KT lowered both jerking frequency and flexinglicking duration significantly (p?0.001) in the late phase of formalin test. On the other hand, combination of B12 and KT significantly (p?0.001) lowered both the study variables in all 3 phases of formalin test.Conclusion: From this study it may be concluded that, vitamin B12 possess analgesic effects and combination of B12 with KT is more effective than those of their individual administration.Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2016, December; 11(2): 63-69
BSEA: A Blind Sealed-Bid E-Auction Scheme for E-Commerce Applications
Authors: Das Rohit , Nayak Sanjeet , Bhoi Sourav , Choudhury Suman , Majhi Banshidhar , Mohanty Sujata
Published: December 2016

Due to an increase in the number of internet users, electronic commerce has grown significantly during the last decade. Electronic auction (e-auction) is one of the famous e-commerce applications. Even so, security and robustness of e-auction schemes still remain a challenge. Requirements like anonymity and privacy of the b i d value are under threat from the attackers. Any auction protocol must not leak the anonymity and the privacy of the b i d value of an honest Bidder. Keeping these requirements in mind, we have firstly proposed a controlled traceable blind signature scheme (CTBSS) because e-auction schemes should be able to trace the Bidders. Using CTBSS, a blind sealed-bid electronic auction scheme is proposed (BSEA). We have incorporated the notion of blind signature to e-auction schemes. Moreover, both the schemes are based upon elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), which provides a similar level of security with a comparatively smaller key size than the discrete logarithm problem (DLP) based e-auction protocols. The analysis shows that BSEA fulfills all the requirements of e-auction protocol, and the total computation overhead is lower than the existing schemes.
The End of a Line: Care of the Self in Modern Political Thought
Authors: Lefebvre Alexandre
Published: December 2016

This article examines the reasons why Foucault thought that morality based on the care of the self died out in the modern age. I pay special attention to his contention that modern political thought was a key player in bringing about this demise. The essay consists of two parts. In Part One, I overview Foucault’s conception of the care of the self and situate it within his later work on ancient philosophy and culture. In Part Two, I turn to his remarks on the incompatibility between the ancient tradition of the care of the self and an ascendant modern political philosophy based on the notions of rights and the juridical subject. To conclude, I suggest that while Foucault may have overstated this compatibility he opened the door to consider how the care of the self could be taken up in the context of modern and contemporary political theory.
Overview of Cotinine Cutoff Values for Smoking Status Classification
Authors: Kim Sungroul
Published: December 2016

While cotinine is commonly used as a biomarker to validate self-reported smoking status, the selection of an optimal cotinine cutoff value for distinguishing true smokers from true nonsmokers shows a lack of standardization among studies. This review describes how the cutoff values have been derived, and explains the issues involved in the generalization of a cutoff value. In this study, we conducted an English-language literature search in PubMed using the keywords “cotinine” and “cutoff” or “self-reported” and “smoking status” and “validation” for the years 1985–2014. We obtained 104 articles, 32 of which provided (1) sensitivity and specificity of a cutoff value and (2) determination methods for the given cutoff value. We found that the saliva cotinine cutoff value range of 10–25 ng/mL, serum and urine cotinine cutoff of 10–20 ng/mL and 50–200 ng/mL, respectively, have been commonly used to validate self-reported smoking status using a 2 × 2 table or a receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve. We also found that recent large population-based studies in the U.S. and UK reported lower cutoff values for cotinine in serum (3 ng/mL) and saliva (12 ng/mL), compared to the traditionally accepted ones (15 and 14 ng/mg, respectively).
Zinc Up-Regulates Insulin Secretion from β Cell-Like Cells Derived from Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Tooth (SHED)
Authors: Kim Gyuyoup , Shin Ki-Hyuk , Pae Eung-Kwon
Published: December 2016

Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous tooth (SHED) offer several advantages over other stem cell sources. Using SHED, we examined the roles of zinc and the zinc uptake transporter ZIP8 (Zrt- and irt-like protein 8) while inducing SHED into insulin secreting β cell-like stem cells (i.e., SHED-β cells). We observed that ZIP8 expression increased as SHED differentiated into SHED-β cells, and that zinc supplementation at day 10 increased the levels of most pancreatic β cell markers—particularly Insulin and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2). We confirmed that SHED-β cells produce insulin successfully. In addition, we note that zinc supplementation significantly increases insulin secretion with a significant elevation of ZIP8 transporters in SHED-β cells. We conclude that SHED can be converted into insulin-secreting β cell-like cells as zinc concentration in the cytosol is elevated. Insulin production by SHED-β cells can be regulated via modulation of zinc concentration in the media as ZIP8 expression in the SHED-β cells increases.
Regulation of Ketone Body Metabolism and the Role of PPARα
Authors: Grabacka Maja , Pierzchalska Malgorzata , Dean Matthew , Reiss Krzysztof
Published: December 2016

Ketogenesis and ketolysis are central metabolic processes activated during the response to fasting. Ketogenesis is regulated in multiple stages, and a nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα) is one of the key transcription factors taking part in this regulation. PPARα is an important element in the metabolic network, where it participates in signaling driven by the main nutrient sensors, such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), and mammalian (mechanistic) target of rapamycin (mTOR) and induces hormonal mediators, such as fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). This work describes the regulation of ketogenesis and ketolysis in normal and malignant cells and briefly summarizes the positive effects of ketone bodies in various neuropathologic conditions.
Discovery of Anti-Hypertensive Oligopeptides from Adlay Based on In Silico Proteolysis and Virtual Screening
Authors: Qiao Liansheng , Li Bin , Chen Yankun , Li Lingling , Chen Xi , Wang Lingzhi , Lu Fang , Luo Ganggang , Li Gongyu , Zhang Yanling
Published: December 2016

Adlay (Coix larchryma-jobi L.) was the commonly used Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) with high content of seed storage protein. The hydrolyzed bioactive oligopeptides of adlay have been proven to be anti-hypertensive effective components. However, the structures and anti-hypertensive mechanism of bioactive oligopeptides from adlay were not clear. To discover the definite anti-hypertensive oligopeptides from adlay, in silico proteolysis and virtual screening were implemented to obtain potential oligopeptides, which were further identified by biochemistry assay and molecular dynamics simulation. In this paper, ten sequences of adlay prolamins were collected and in silico hydrolyzed to construct the oligopeptide library with 134 oligopeptides. This library was reverse screened by anti-hypertensive pharmacophore database, which was constructed by our research team and contained ten anti-hypertensive targets. Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) was identified as the main potential target for the anti-hypertensive activity of adlay oligopeptides. Three crystal structures of ACE were utilized for docking studies and 19 oligopeptides were finally identified with potential ACE inhibitory activity. According to mapping features and evaluation indexes of pharmacophore and docking, three oligopeptides were selected for biochemistry assay. An oligopeptide sequence, NPATY (IC50 = 61.88 ± 2.77 µM), was identified as the ACE inhibitor by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) assay. Molecular dynamics simulation of NPATY was further utilized to analyze interactive bonds and key residues. ALA354 was identified as a key residue of ACE inhibitors. Hydrophobic effect of VAL518 and electrostatic effects of HIS383, HIS387, HIS513 and Zn2+ were also regarded as playing a key role in inhibiting ACE activities. This study provides a research strategy to explore the pharmacological mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) proteins based on in silico proteolysis and virtual screening, which could be beneficial to reveal the pharmacological action of TCM proteins and provide new lead compounds for peptides-based drug design.