bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Children and Consumer Behavior: Insights, Questions, and New Frontiers
Authors: Gelman Susan A. , Echelbarger Margaret
Published: February 2019

We thank Deborah John, Lan Chaplin, and Daphna Oyserman for their insightful and generous responses. Each commentary seriously takes up the challenge we set forth at the end of our target article—how to link the research on children's concepts of object value to broader issues involving persuasion, including social influences on choices, behaviors, and values. In doing so, they build on our original paper in rich and exciting ways.
Children, Object Value, and Persuasion
Authors: Gelman Susan A. , Echelbarger Margaret E.
Published: February 2019

We argue that, contrary to standard views of development, children understand the world in terms of hidden, nonobvious structure. We review research showing that early in childhood, items are not understood strictly in terms of the features that present themselves in the immediate “here‐and‐now,” but rather are thought to have a hidden reality. We illustrate with two related but distinct examples: category essentialism, and attention to object history. We discuss the implications of each of these capacities for how children determine object value. Across a broad range of object types (natural and artifactual, real and virtual, durable and consumable), an item is evaluated very differently, depending on inferred qualities and context. In this way, children's early‐emerging conceptual frameworks influence how objects attain both psychological and monetary value, and may have important implications for which messages children find most persuasive.
Amino acids and proteomic acclimation of Staphylococcus aureus when incubated in a defined minimal medium supplemented with 5% sodium chloride
Authors: Alreshidi Mousa M. , Dunstan R. Hugh , Macdonald Margaret M. , Smith Nathan D. , Gottfries Johan , Roberts Tim K.
Published: February 2019

Staphylococcus aureus is a versatile bacterium that can adapt to survive and grow in a wide range of salt concentrations. This study investigated whether the cells could mount a response to survive a challenge of 5% NaCl in a minimal incubation medium that would not support cell replication. Cells were grown in liquid culture, washed and then incubated for 90 min at 37°C in a medium that contained only glycine and glucose as substrates in PBS plus trace elements. The control cells were compared with a treatment group which was incubated with an additional 5% NaCl. Significantly more glycine was taken up by the cells exposed to 5% NaCl compared with control cells, and both groups consumed 99% of the glucose supplied. The NaCl treated cells had significantly higher cytoplasmic levels of proline and glutamic acid as well as lower levels of alanine and methionine compared with the controls (p < 0.05). The levels of the two major cytoplasmic amino acids, aspartic acid and glycine, remained constant in control and treated cells. Proteomic analyses revealed that 10 proteins showed differential responses between the control and treatment groups. The reductions in proteins were primarily associated with processes of protein biosynthesis, pathogenicity, and cell adhesion. Since cell numbers remained constant during the incubation period in minimal medium, it was concluded that there was no cell division to support population growth. The results provided evidence that the cells in the minimal medium exposed to the NaCl treatment underwent in situ homeostatic changes to adjust to the new environmental conditions. It was proposed that this represented a phenotypic shift to form cells akin to small colony variants, with lower metabolic rates and lower levels of key proteins associated with pathogenicity.
A Long-Term Analysis of Channel Morphology and Stream Substrates before and after Sediment Trap Construction in Michigan Trout Streams
Authors: Hessenauer Jan-Michael , Wills Todd C. , Zorn Troy G.
Published: February 2019

Sediment traps are commonly used to remove excess sand bedload from coldwater streams and to improve channel morphology and substrate conditions for salmonids in the Midwestern United States. However, few scientific evaluations of the rate and spatial extent of channel changes associated with sediment trapping efforts have occurred. We used a series of stream channel morphology measurements taken over a 10-year period in five Michigan streams to show that excavation of sediment traps had only small effects on mean channel bank-full depth, bank-full cross-sectional area, and bank-full width as well as substrate composition in the streams studied. When they did occur, changes in each of these metrics occurred both upstream and downstream of—and often in close proximity to—the sediment traps. While few positive effects of sediment traps were noted, there were also no negative effects to report. The construction of sediment traps did not lead to broad-scale widening of stream channels, and no excessive channel incision was observed in any of the study streams. Thus, concerns about typical sediment trap operations upsetting the stream-sediment equilibrium and creating excessive down-cutting appear to be unfounded for Michigan's low-gradient, naturally sandy stream channels. We conclude that sediment traps are unlikely to have any large-scale channel morphology or substrate effects that would be beneficial to stream salmonids when used as a stand-alone habitat treatment.
Global analysis of three-flavour neutrino oscillations: synergies and tensions in the determination of θ23, δCP, and the mass ordering
Authors: Esteban Ivan , Gonzalez-Garcia M. C. , Hernandez-Cabezudo Alvaro , Maltoni Michele , Schwetz Thomas
Published: February 2019

Abstract

We present the results of a global analysis of the neutrino oscillation data available as of fall 2018 in the framework of three massive mixed neutrinos with the goal at determining the ranges of allowed values for the six relevant parameters. We describe the complementarity and quantify the tensions among the results of the different data samples contributing to the determination of each parameter. We also show how those vary when combining our global likelihood with the χ
2 map provided by Super-Kamiokande for their atmospheric neutrino data analysis in the same framework. The best fit of the analysis is for the normal mass ordering with inverted ordering being disfavoured with a Δχ
2 = 4.7 (9.3) without (with) SK-atm. We find a preference for the second octant of θ
23, disfavouring the first octant with Δχ
2 = 4.4 (6.0) without (with) SK-atm. The best fit for the complex phase is δ
CP = 215° with CP conservation being allowed at Δχ
2 = 1.5 (1.8). As a byproduct we quantify the correlated ranges for the laboratory observables sensitive to the absolute neutrino mass scale in beta decay,

$$ {m}_{\nu_e} $$

m

ν
e

, and neutrino-less double beta decay, m

ee
, and the total mass of the neutrinos, Σ, which is most relevant in Cosmology.
Complete one-loop matching for a singlet scalar in the Standard Model EFT
Authors: Jiang Minyuan , Craig Nathaniel , Li Ying-Ying , Sutherland Dave
Published: February 2019

Abstract

We present the results of the first complete one-loop matching calculation between the real singlet scalar extension of the Standard Model and the Standard Model effective field theory (SMEFT) at dimension six. Beyond their immediate relevance to the precision calculation of observables in singlet extensions of the Standard Model, our results illustrate a variety of general features of one-loop matching. We explore the interplay between non-supersymmetric non-renormalization theorems, the logarithmic dependence of Wilson coefficients, and the relevance of mixed diagrams in theories with large scale separation. In addition, we highlight some of the subtleties involved in computing observables at next-to-leading order in SMEFT by mapping our results to the T parameter at one loop.
On AdS2 holography from redux, renormalization group flows and c-functions
Authors: Kolekar Kedar S. , Narayan K.
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Extremal black branes upon compactification in the near horizon throat region are known to give rise to AdS
2 dilaton-gravity-matter theories. Away from the throat region, the background has nontrivial profile. We interpret this as holographic renormalization group flow in the 2-dim dilaton-gravity-matter theories arising from dimensional reduction of the higher dimensional theories here. The null energy conditions allow us to formulate a holographic c-function in terms of the 2-dim dilaton for which we argue a c-theorem subject to appropriate boundary conditions which amount to restrictions on the ultraviolet theories containing these extremal branes. At the infrared AdS
2 fixed point, the c-function becomes the extremal black brane entropy. We discuss the behaviour of this inherited c-function in various explicit examples, in particular compactified nonconformal branes, and compare it with other discussions of holographic c-functions. We also adapt the holographic renormalization group formulated in terms of radial Hamiltonian flow to 2-dim dilaton-gravity-scalar theories, which while not Wilsonian, gives qualitative insight into the flow equations and β-functions.
School‐based early intervention for anxiety and depression in older adolescents: A feasibility randomised controlled trial of a self‐referral stress management workshop programme (“DISCOVER”)
Authors: Brown June S.L. , Blackshaw Emily , Stahl Daniel , Fennelly Lisa , McKeague Lynn , Sclare Irene , Michelson Daniel
Published: February 2019

Introduction

Schools may provide a convenient intervention setting for young people with mental health problems generally, as well as for those who are unwilling or unable to access traditional clinic‐based mental health services. However, few studies focus on older adolescents, or those from ethnic minority groups. This study aims to assess the feasibility of a brief school‐based psychological intervention for self‐referred adolescents aged 16–19 years.

Methods

A two‐arm cluster randomised controlled trial was conducted in 10 inner‐city schools with block randomisation of schools. The intervention comprised a one‐day CBT Stress management programme with telephone follow‐up (DISCOVER) delivered by 3 psychology (2 clinical and 1 assistant) staff. The control was a waitlist condition. Primary outcomes were depression (Mood and Feelings Questionnaire; MFQ) and anxiety (Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale; RCADS‐anxiety subscale). Data were analysed descriptively and quantitatively to assess feasibility.

Results

155 students were enrolled and 142 (91.6%) followed up after 3 months. Participants were predominantly female (81%) and the mean age was 17.3 years, with equal numbers enrolled from Year 12 and Year 13. Over half (55%) of students were from ethnic minority groups. Intraclass correlations were low. Variance estimates were calculated to estimate the sample size for a full RCT. Preliminary outcomes were encouraging, with reductions in depression (d = 0.27 CI‐0.49 to −0.04, p = 0.021) and anxiety (d = 0.25, CI‐0.46 to −0.04, p = 0.018) at follow‐up.

Conclusions

Results support the feasibility of a school‐based, self‐referral intervention with older adolescents in a definitive future full‐scale trial (Trial no. ISRCTN88636606).
The components of the adolescent brain and its unique sensitivity to sexually explicit material
Authors: Brown Jennifer A. , Wisco Jonathan J.
Published: February 2019

Introduction

The focus of this brief literature review is to explore whether there is a relationship between the unique anatomical and physiological paradigms of the adolescent brain and an increased sensitivity to sexually explicit material.

Methods

The EBSCO Research Data bases were searched using the following key terms: adolescence, adolescent brain development, neuroplasticity, sexually explicit material, sexualization, and pornography.

Results

The literature highlighted several components of the adolescent brain that are different than the mature brain. These include: an immature prefrontal cortex and over‐responsive limbic and striatal circuits, heightened period for neuroplasticity, overactive dopamine system, a pronounced HPA axis, augmented levels of testosterone, and the unique impact of steroid hormones. The physiological response to sexually explicit material is delineated. The overlap of key areas associated with the unique adolescent brain development and sexually explicit material is noteworthy. A working model summary that compares the response of the adult and adolescent brain to the same sexually explicit stimulus is outlined.

Conclusions

The literature suggests that the adolescent brain may indeed be more sensitive to sexually explicit material, but due to a lack of empirical studies this question cannot be answered definitively. Suggestions for future research are given to further advance the work in this applicable field of today.
When do peers matter? The moderating role of peer support in the relationship between environmental adversity, complex trauma, and adolescent psychopathology in socially disadvantaged adolescents
Authors: Yearwood Karen , Vliegen Nicole , Chau Cecilia , Corveleyn Jozef , Luyten Patrick
Published: February 2019

Introduction

This study examined the longitudinal associations between environmental adversity (defined in terms of exposure to violence in the neighborhood, school, and media), complex trauma (operationalized as experiences of abuse and neglect), and adolescents' internalizing and externalizing symptoms.

Methods

Using a cross‐lagged panel research design, we investigated the moderating role of peer support in these relationships in a sample of 644 adolescents from a severely disadvantaged district of Lima, Peru, who were followed up in a 1‐year prospective study.

Results and conclusions

We found significant unidirectional dynamic relations, where both types of adversity were associated with higher levels of internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Peer support significantly moderated this effect, but only for complex trauma, in that higher levels of peer support were associated with a decreased impact of complex trauma on internalizing and externalizing symptoms. These findings highlight the importance of social relations and the quality of peer relations in particular as factors that may mitigate the risk of early exposure to trauma.
The development of monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems in childhood and adolescence
Authors: Pitzer Martina
Published: February 2019

Brain maturation extends throughout adolescence well into early adulthood. Knowledge on developmental changes is crucial for age‐appropriate pharmacotherapy. This article reviews data on maturational processes with a focus on the noradrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic neurotransmitter systems.The literature was searched with a focus on studies in humans. However, since data in humans are limited animal studies were also included. All reviewed neurotransmitter systems show age‐related development processes that differentiate child and adolescent brain function from those of adult brains. Unfortunately, the state of knowledge surrounding development‐related changes remains sufficiently sparse, There is a high need for more studies on pediatric psychopharmacology and its biological underpinnings. Safety and efficacy of psychopharmacological medicines cannot be readily extrapolated from adults.
Crowdfunding as a Vehicle for Raising Capital and for Price Discrimination
Authors: Bender Mark , Gal-Or Esther , Geylani Tansev
Published: February 2019

Crowdfunding campaigns are traditionally used as a means for entrepreneurs to raise capital to fund the development of new products. We show that reward-based crowdfunding may serve an additional purpose of allowing entrepreneurs to successfully implement price discrimination. The entrepreneurs’ ability to implement such price discrimination depends on the extent to which they are eager to raise capital through the crowdfunding campaign in comparison to the eagerness of contributors in the campaign to ensure that the product becomes a reality. Specifically, we show that enhanced consumer surplus extraction through price discrimination is feasible when the total surplus that the project generates is relatively small, when the pool of potential contributors in the campaign is relatively small, and when the extent of heterogeneity in the consumer population is relatively high. In contrast, when both the development and the financing costs from traditional funding sources are relatively high the capacity of crowdfunding to serve as a price discrimination device is hampered. We also provide insights regarding the entrepreneur's choice of the funder reward and campaign goal, two decision variables that entrepreneurs traditionally set in reward based crowdfunding campaigns.
Role retreatism of social studies teacher-coaches: An unequal balancing act
Authors: Conner Caroline J.
Published: February 2019

The current study explores role retreatism in secondary social studies teachers who coach athletics. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which social studies teacher-coaches retreat towards coaching and reasons for such prioritization. A case study relying primarily on interview and document data was conducted which included three secondary social studies teachers who coach football in the southeastern United States. Results indicate that participants prioritized coaching over teaching to cope with role conflict. The study further highlights the unequal rewards system in American schools, which promotes athletics over academics.
Seal reliably retains grease used in wind turbine roller bearings
Authors: Atkinson Simon
Published: February 2019

A component's reliability and service life are top priorities for manufacturers of wind turbines. This is especially true for main shaft seals, which are exposed to powerful forces. In addition, larger shaft diameters have prompted the adoption of new, more stringent operating requirements. Freudenberg Sealing Technologies (FST) has succeeded in developing a new seal that reliably prevents leaks from the grease-lubricated main bearings used in conjunction with these shafts, whilst tolerating strong shaft runout, as this technology focus reveals.
Neural predictors and effects of cognitive behavioral therapy for depression: the role of emotional reactivity and regulation
Authors: Rubin-Falcone Harry , Weber Jochen , Kishon Ronit , Ochsner Kevin , Delaparte Lauren , Doré Bruce , Raman Sudha , Denny Bryan T. , Oquendo Maria A. , Mann J. John , Miller Jeffrey M.
Published: February 2019

Background

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for many patients suffering from major depressive disorder (MDD), but predictors of treatment outcome are lacking, and little is known about its neural mechanisms. We recently identified longitudinal changes in neural correlates of conscious emotion regulation that scaled with clinical responses to CBT for MDD, using a negative autobiographical memory-based task.

Methods

We now examine the neural correlates of emotional reactivity and emotion regulation during viewing of emotionally salient images as predictors of treatment outcome with CBT for MDD, and the relationship between longitudinal change in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses and clinical outcomes. Thirty-two participants with current MDD underwent baseline MRI scanning followed by 14 sessions of CBT. The fMRI task measured emotional reactivity and emotion regulation on separate trials using standardized images from the International Affective Pictures System. Twenty-one participants completed post-treatment scanning. Last observation carried forward was used to estimate clinical outcome for non-completers.

Results

Pre-treatment emotional reactivity Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) signal within hippocampus including CA1 predicted worse treatment outcome. In contrast, better treatment outcome was associated with increased down-regulation of BOLD activity during emotion regulation from time 1 to time 2 in precuneus, occipital cortex, and middle frontal gyrus.

Conclusions

CBT may modulate the neural circuitry of emotion regulation. The neural correlates of emotional reactivity may be more strongly predictive of CBT outcome. The finding that treatment outcome was predicted by BOLD signal in CA1 may suggest overgeneralized memory as a negative prognostic factor in CBT outcome.
Out-domain Chinese new word detection with statistics-based character embedding
Authors: Liang Yuzhi , Yang Min , Zhu Jia , Yiu S. M.
Published: February 2019

Unlike English and other Western languages, many Asian languages such as Chinese and Japanese do not delimit words by space. Word segmentation and new word detection are therefore key steps in processing these languages. Chinese word segmentation can be considered as a part-of-speech (POS)-tagging problem. We can segment corpus by assigning a label for each character which indicates the position of the character in a word (e.g., “B” for word beginning, and “E” for the end of the word, etc.). Chinese word segmentation seems to be well studied. Machine learning models such as conditional random field (CRF) and bi-directional long short-term memory (LSTM) have shown outstanding performances on this task. However, the segmentation accuracies drop significantly when applying the same approaches to out-domain cases, in which high-quality in-domain training data are not available. An example of out-domain applications is the new word detection in Chinese microblogs for which the availability of high-quality corpus is limited. In this paper, we focus on out-domain Chinese new word detection. We first design a new method Edge Likelihood (EL) for Chinese word boundary detection. Then we propose a domain-independent Chinese new word detector (DICND); each Chinese character is represented as a low-dimensional vector in the proposed framework, and segmentation-related features of the character are used as the values in the vector.
Energetics of magnetic transients in a solar active region plage
Authors: Chitta L. P. , Sukarmadji A. R. C. , Rouppe van der Voort L. , Peter H.
Published: February 2019

Context. Densely packed coronal loops are rooted in photospheric plages in the vicinity of active regions on the Sun. The photospheric magnetic features underlying these plage areas are patches of mostly unidirectional magnetic field extending several arcsec on the solar surface.

Aims. We aim to explore the transient nature of the magnetic field, its mixed-polarity characteristics, and the associated energetics in the active region plage using high spatial resolution observations and numerical simulations.

Methods. We used photospheric Fe I 6173 Å spectropolarimetric observations of a decaying active region obtained from the Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope (SST). These data were inverted to retrieve the photospheric magnetic field underlying the plage as identified in the extreme-ultraviolet emission maps obtained from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). To obtain better insight into the evolution of extended unidirectional magnetic field patches on the Sun, we performed 3D radiation magnetohydrodynamic simulations of magnetoconvection using the MURaM code.

Results. The observations show transient magnetic flux emergence and cancellation events within the extended predominantly unipolar patch on timescales of a few 100 s and on spatial scales comparable to granules. These transient events occur at the footpoints of active region plage loops. In one case the coronal response at the footpoints of these loops is clearly associated with the underlying transient. The numerical simulations also reveal similar magnetic flux emergence and cancellation events that extend to even smaller spatial and temporal scales. Individual simulated transient events transfer an energy flux in excess of 1 MW m−2 through the photosphere.

Conclusions. We suggest that the magnetic transients could play an important role in the energetics of active region plage. Both in observations and simulations, the opposite-polarity magnetic field brought up by transient flux emergence cancels with the surrounding plage field. Magnetic reconnection associated with such transient events likely conduits magnetic energy to power the overlying chromosphere and coronal loops.
Socru: Typing of genome level order and orientation in bacteria
Authors: Page Andrew J. , Langridge Gemma C.
Published: February 2019

Genome rearrangements occur in bacteria between repeat sequences and impact growth and gene expression. Homologous recombination can occur between ribosomal operons, which are found in multiple copies in many bacteria. Inversion between indirect repeats and excision/translocation between direct repeats enable structural genome rearrangement. To identify what these rearrangements are by sequencing, reads of several thousand bases are required to span the ribosomal operons. With long read sequencing aiding the routine generation of complete bacterial assemblies, we have developed socru, a typing method for the order and orientation of genome fragments between ribosomal operons, defined against species-specific baselines. It allows for a single identifier to convey the order and orientation of genome level structure and 434 of the most common bacterial species are supported. Additionally, socru can be used to identify large scale misassemblies.

Availability and implementation

Socru is written in Python 3, runs on Linux and OSX systems and is available under the open source license GNU GPL 3 from https://github.com/quadram-institute-bioscience/socru.

Contact

gemma.langridge@quadram.ac.uk
Renal Localization of Plasmodium vivax and Zoonotic Monkey Parasite Plasmodium knowlesi in Malaria Associated Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Acharya Pragyan , Pramanik Atreyi , Kaur Charandeep , Sinha Kalpana , Dinda Amit Kumar , Sankar Jhuma , Bagga Arvind , Agarwal Sanjay Kumar , Sinha Aditi , Singh Geetika
Published: February 2019

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent presentation in Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) associated severe malaria. However, tissue presence of P. vivax parasites in the kidney has never been demonstrated. In the present study, we show that renal biopsies from malaria associated AKI patients harbor the human malaria parasite P. vivax and, in several cases, the zoonotic monkey malaria parasite P. knowlesi in addition to P. vivax. Presence of microvascular injury in a majority of the malaria associated AKI cases suggests vascular involvement of P. vivax and P. knowlesi. This study implicates Plasmodium species as a possible pathogenic mechanism for AKI, and suggests host renal tissue interaction of P. vivax and P. knowlesi.
Multiplexed CRISPR-Cas9 based genome editing ofRhodosporidium toruloides
Authors: Otoupal Peter B. , Ito Masakazu , Arkin Adam P. , Magnuson Jon K. , Gladden John M. , Skerker Jeffrey M.
Published: February 2019

Microbial production of biofuels and bioproducts offers a sustainable and economic alternative to petroleum-based fuels and chemicals. The basidiomycete yeastRhodosporidium toruloidesis a promising platform organism for generating bioproducts due to its ability to consume a broad spectrum of carbon sources (including those derived from lignocellulosic biomass) and to naturally accumulate high levels of lipids and carotenoids, two biosynthetic pathways that can be leveraged to produce a wide range of bioproducts. WhileR. toruloideshas great potential, it has a more limited set of tools for genetic engineering relative to more advanced yeast platform organisms such asYarrowia lipolyticaandSaccharomyces cerevisiae.Significant advancements in the past few years have bolsteredR. toruloides’engineering capacity. Here we expand this capacity by demonstrating the first use of CRISPR-Cas9 based gene disruption inR. toruloides.Stably integrating a Cas9 expression cassette into the genome brought about successful targeted disruption of the nativeURA3gene. While editing efficiencies were initially low (0.002%), optimization of the cassette increased efficiencies 364-fold (to 0.6%). Applying these optimized design conditions enabled disruption of another native gene involved in carotenoid biosynthesis,CAR2,with much greater success; editing efficiencies ofCAR2deletion reached roughly 50%. Finally, we demonstrated efficient multiplexed genome editing by disrupting bothCAR2andURA3in a single transformation. Together, our results provide a framework for applying CRISPR-Cas9 toR. toruloidesthat will facilitate rapid and high throughput genome engineering in this industrially relevant organism.

IMPORTANCE

Microbial biofuel and bioproduct platforms provide access to clean and renewable carbon sources that are more sustainable and environmentally friendly than petroleum-based carbon sources. Furthermore, they can serve as useful conduits for the synthesis of advanced molecules that are difficult to produce through strictly chemical means.R. toruloideshas emerged as a promising potential host for converting renewable lignocellulosic material into valuable fuels and chemicals. However, engineering efforts to improve the yeast’s production capabilities have been impeded by a lack of advanced tools for genome engineering. While this is rapidly changing, one key tool remains unexplored inR. toruloides; CRISPR-Cas9. The results outlined here demonstrate for the first time how effective multiplexed CRISPR-Cas9 gene disruption provides a framework for other researchers to utilize this revolutionary genome-editing tool effectively inR. toruloides.
TAF1-gene editing impairs Purkinje cell morphology and function
Authors: Janakiraman Udaiyappan , Yu Jie , Moutal Aubin , Batchelor Shelby N. , Annadurai Anandhan , Khanna Rajesh , Nelson Mark A.
Published: February 2019

TAF1 intellectual disability syndrome is an X-linked disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the TAF1 gene. How these mutations cause dysmorphology, hypotonia, intellectual and motor defects is unknown. Mouse models which have embryonically targeted TAF1 have failed, possibly due to TAF1 being essential for viability, preferentially expressed in early brain development, and intolerant of mutation. Novel animal models are valuable tools for understanding neuronal pathology. Here, we report the development and characterization of a novel animal model for TAF1 ID syndrome in which theTAF1gene is deleted in embryonic rats using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) associated protein 9 (Cas9) technology and somatic brain transgenesis mediated by lentiviral transduction. Rat pups, post-natal day 3, were subjected to intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of either gRNA-control or gRNA-TAF1 vectors. Rats were subjected to a battery of behavioral tests followed by histopathological analyses of brains at post-natal day 14 and day 35.TAF1-edited rats exhibited behavioral deficits at both the neonatal and juvenile stages of development. Deletion of TAF1 lead to a hypoplasia and loss of the Purkinje cells. Abnormal motor symptoms in TAF1-edited rats were associated with irregular cerebellar output caused by changes in the intrinsic activity of the Purkinje cells. Immunostaining revealed a reduction in the expression of the CaV3.1 T-type calcium channel. This animal model provides a powerful new tool for studies of neuronal dysfunction in conditions associated with TAF1 abnormalities and should prove useful for developing therapeutic strategies to treat TAF1 ID syndrome.

Significance Statement

Intellectual disability (ID) syndrome is an X-linked rare disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in theTAF1gene. There is no animal model for understanding neuronal pathology and to facilitate development of new therapeutics for this X-linked intellectual disability syndrome. Novel animal models are valuable tools for understanding neuronal pathology and to facilitate development of new therapeutics for diseases. Here we developed a novel animal model for TAF1 ID syndrome in which theTAF1gene is deleted by CRISPR-Cas9 editing and lentiviral transduction. This animal model provides a powerful new tool for studies of neuronal dysfunction associated with TAF1 abnormalities and should prove useful for developing therapeutic strategies to treat TAF1 ID syndrome.
Biogeography and Microscale Diversity Shape the Biosynthetic Potential of Fungus-growing Ant-associated Pseudonocardia
Authors: McDonald Bradon R. , Chevrette Marc G. , Klassen Jonathan L. , Horn Heidi A. , Caldera Eric J. , Wendt-Pienkowski Evelyn , Cafaro Matias J. , Ruzzini Antonio C. , Van Arnam Ethan B. , Weinstock George M. , Gerardo Nicole M. , Poulsen Michael , Suen Garret , Clardy Jon , Currie Cameron R.
Published: February 2019

The geographic and phylogenetic scale of ecologically relevant microbial diversity is still poorly understood. Using a model mutualism, fungus-growing ants and their defensive bacterial associate Pseudonocardia, we analyzed genetic diversity and biosynthetic potential in 46 strains isolated from ant colonies in a 20km transect near Barro Colorado Island in Panama. Despite an average pairwise core genome similarity of greater than 99%, population genomic analysis revealed several distinct bacterial populations matching ant host geographic distribution. We identified both genetic diversity signatures and divergent genes distinct to each lineage. We also identify natural product biosynthesis clusters specific to isolation locations. These geographic patterns were observable despite the populations living in close proximity to each other and provides evidence of ongoing genetic exchange. Our results add to the growing body of literature suggesting that variation in traits of interest can be found at extremely fine phylogenetic scales.
Microbiota imprint gut–intrinsic neuronal programming and sympathetic activity
Authors: Muller Paul A , Kerner Zachary , Schneeberger Marc , Mucida Daniel
Published: February 2019

Microbial density and diversity increases from proximal to distal regions of the intestine, affecting tissue physiology, metabolism, and function of the immune and nervous systems. Both intrinsic and extrinsic enteric–associated neurons (EAN) continuously monitor and modulate homeostatic intestinal functions, including nutrient absorption and motility. However, a systemic and circuit-based link between gut microbes and the nervous system has yet to be established. Through a combination of molecular, anatomic and functional approaches, we characterized the influence of the microbiota on EAN. We found that intrinsic EAN are functionally adapted to the specific intestinal region they occupy in a microbiota-dependent manner. Furthermore, we observed that gut–extrinsic sympathetic neurons are hyperactivated in the absence of microbes, while the production of butyrate is sufficient to suppress sympathetic activity. Finally, retrograde polysynaptic neuronal tracing from the intestinal wall revealed that brainstem GABAergic neurons are a potential central hub for modulation of gut–specific sympathetic neurons. These results reveal that commensal microbiota imprint gut–intrinsic neuronal gene programs and control extrinsic sympathetic activity through a metabolite–mediated gut-brain circuit.
Warming affects predatory faunal impacts upon microbial carbon cycling
Authors: Hunter William Ross , Ogle Neil , O’Connor Nessa
Published: February 2019

Ocean warming and the loss of larger (often predatory) fauna are major threats to seabed (benthic) ecosystem functioning. Yet, we know little about the combined effects of warming and faunal species loss upon the marine carbon cycle.

Using stable isotope pulse‐chase experiments, we tested how faunal species loss affects microbial carbon sequestration and retention in intertidal sediments, under both ambient and predicted future warming conditions (ambient +2°C), using the shore crab Carcinus maenas as a model predator. We traced the fixation and retention of a fixed dose of 13C‐labelled sodium bicarbonate within sediment organic matter and microbial biomass.

Carcinus presence was associated with higher total organic carbon concentration within the mesocosm sediments. Temperature had no significant effect upon sediment total organic carbon concentrations. Temperature and Carcinus presence had no significant effect on polar lipid fatty acid (PLFA) concentrations within the sediment, which is a proxy for microbial biomass.

Carcinus presence increased retention of 13C‐labelled carbon within the sediment organic matter pool under future warming conditions. Retention of the 13C‐label within the microbial PLFAs decreased significantly under future warming conditions.

Changes in the relative abundance of PLFAs revealed increased contribution of microeukaryotes to the microbial community under ambient conditions, in the absence of Carcinus. PLFA profiles revealed significant changes in 13C‐label retention within the bacteria and microeukaryotes, driven by interactions between Carcinus presence and temperature.

Given that temperature is a fundamental control on the metabolic activity of marine organisms (from bacteria to metazoans), we propose that interactions between faunal species loss and ocean warming will have a pronounced effect upon marine carbon budgets.

A plain language summary is available for this article.
Management of pharmacotherapy‐related problems in acute coronary syndrome: Role of clinical pharmacist in cardiac rehabilitation unit
Authors: Casper Eman Ahmed , El Wakeel Lamiaa Mohamed , Saleh Mohamed Ayman , El‐Hamamsy Manal Hamed
Published: February 2019

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide and negatively impacts healthcare costs, productivity and quality of life. Polymorbidity and polypharmacy predispose ACS patients to medication discrepancies between cardiologist‐prescribed medication and drug use by the patient, drug‐related problems (DRPs) and inadequate drug adherence. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of clinical pharmacist–provided services on the outcome of ACS patients. This was a prospective, randomized, controlled study on ACS patients participating in a cardiac rehabilitation programme. Forty ACS patients were randomly assigned to either control group, who received standard medical care, or intervention group, who received standard medical care plus clinical pharmacist–provided services. Services included DRP management, clinical assessment and enforcing the patient education and adherence. For both groups, the following were assessed at baseline and after 3 months: DRPs, adherence (assessed by 8‐item Morisky Adherence Questionnaire), patient's knowledge (assessed by Coronary Artery Disease Questionnaire), 36‐Short Form Health Survey (SF‐36), heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol (TC) and fasting blood glucose (FBG). After 3 months, there was a significant difference between the intervention and control groups in the per cent change of DRPs (median: −100 vs 5.882, P = 0.0001), patient's adherence score (median: 39.13 vs −14.58, P = 0.0001), knowledge score (median: 30.28 vs −5.196, P = 0.0001), SF‐36 scores, heart rate (mean: −10.04 vs 6.791, P = 0.0001), diastolic blood pressure (mean: −17.87 vs 10.45, P = 0.0001), systolic blood pressure (mean: −16.22 vs 4.751, P = 0.0001), LDL (median: −25.73 vs −0.2538, P = 0.0071), TC (median: −14.62 vs 4.123, P = 0.0005) and FBG (median: −11.42 vs 5.422, P = 0.0098). Clinical pharmacists can play an important role as part of a cardiac rehabilitation team through patient education and interventions to minimize DRPs.
Spatial distribution of micrometre‐scale porosity and permeability across the damage zone of a reverse‐reactivated normal fault in a tight sandstone: Insights from the Otway Basin, SE Australia
Authors: Debenham Natalie , Farrell Natalie J. C. , Holford Simon P. , King Rosalind C. , Healy David
Published: February 2019

Knowledge of the permeability structure of fault‐bearing reservoir rocks is fundamental for developing robust hydrocarbon exploration and fluid monitoring strategies. Studies often describe the permeability structure of low porosity host rocks that have experienced simple tectonic histories, while investigations of the influence of faults with multiple‐slip histories on the permeability structure of porous clastic rocks are limited. We present results from an integrated petrophysical, microstructural, and mineralogical investigation of the Eumeralla Formation (a tight volcanogenic sandstone) within the hanging wall of the Castle Cove Fault which strikes 30 km NE–SW in the Otway Basin, southeast Australia. This late Jurassic to Cenozoic‐age basin has experienced multiple phases of extension and compression. Core plugs and thin sections oriented relative to the fault plane were sampled from the hanging wall at distances of up to 225 m from the Castle Cove Fault plane. As the fault plane is approached, connected porosities increase by ca. 10% (17% at 225 m to 24% at 0.5 m) and permeabilities increase by two orders of magnitude (from 0.04 mD at 225 m to 1.26 mD at 0.5 m). Backscattered Scanning Electron Microscope analysis shows that microstructural changes due to faulting have enhanced the micrometre‐scale permeability structure of the Eumeralla Formation. These microstructural changes have been attributed to the formation of microfractures and destruction of original pore‐lining chlorite morphology as a result of fault deformation. Complex deformation, that is, formation of macrofractures, variably oriented microfractures, and a hanging wall anticline, associated with normal faulting and subsequent reverse faulting, has significantly influenced the off‐fault fluid flow properties of the protolith. However, despite enhancement of the host rock permeability structure, the Eumeralla Formation at Castle Cove is still considered a tight sandstone. Our study shows that high‐resolution integrated analyses of the host rock are critical for describing the micrometre‐scale permeability structure of reservoir rocks with high porosities, low permeabilities, and abundant clays that have experienced complex deformation.
Does Inattention and Hyperactivity Moderate the Relation Between Speed of Processing and Language Skills?
Authors: Gooch Debbie , Sears Claire , Maydew Harriet , Vamvakas George , Norbury Courtenay F.
Published: February 2019

The causal role of speed of processing (SOP) in developmental language disorder (DLD) is unclear given that SOP has been implicated in other neurodevelopmental disorders such as attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. This study investigated associations between SOP, language, and inattention/hyperactivity in a U.K. epidemiological cohort (N = 528). Monolingual children from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds were assessed longitudinally; at ages 5–6 (2012/2013) and 7–8 years (2014/2015). Persistent weaknesses in SOP characterized children with DLD but did not predict language longitudinally. Ratings of inattention/hyperactivity moderated the association between SOP and language, indicating that SOP deficits are particularly detrimental for language when coupled with poor attention/hyperactivity. SOP may be a shared risk factor for DLD and inattention/hyperactivity or a general marker of neurodevelopmental disorder.
The Development of Nonsymbolic Probability Judgments in Children
Authors: O'Grady Shaun , Xu Fei
Published: February 2019

Two experiments were designed to investigate the developmental trajectory of children's probability approximation abilities. In Experiment 1, results revealed 6‐ and 7‐year‐old children's (N = 48) probability judgments improve with age and become more accurate as the distance between two ratios increases. Experiment 2 replicated these findings with 7‐ to 12‐year‐old children (N = 130) while also accounting for the effect of the size and the perceived numerosity of target objects. Older children's performance suggested the correct use of proportions for estimating probability; but in some cases, children relied on heuristic shortcuts. These results suggest that children's nonsymbolic probability judgments show a clear distance effect and that the acuity of probability estimations increases with age.
Associations between maternal age at menarche and anthropometric and metabolic parameters in the adolescent offspring
Authors: Hong Ye , Maessen Sarah E. , Dong Guanping , Huang Ke , Wu Wei , Liang Li , Wang Chun Lin , Chen Xiaochun , Gibbins John D. , Cutfield Wayne S. , Derraik José G.B. , Fu JunFen
Published: February 2019

Objective

We examined the associations between maternal age at menarche and anthropometry and metabolism in adolescent offspring.

Methods

Anthropometric, metabolic and blood pressure data were obtained from 304 girls and 190 boys aged 11‐16 years attending school in Hangzhou (China). Age at menarche for both mothers and daughters was self‐reported. Fasting blood samples were obtained and all participants underwent clinical examinations. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥95th percentile for age and sex.

Results

Older maternal age at menarche was associated with older age of their daughters at menarche (r = 0.21; P < 0.001). Mother's age at menarche was not associated with anthropometry or metabolism of daughters. However, younger maternal age at menarche was associated with increased hip and waist circumferences, and BMI SDS of their sons. Boys whose mothers were ≤13 years at menarche had an adjusted relative risk of obesity 3‐fold greater than sons of mothers with a later menarcheal onset (2.96; 95% CI 1.49, 5.87). Among daughters, every 1‐year increase in their age at menarche was associated with a 0.34 SDS reduction in BMI. Increasing age at menarche was also associated with reduced waist and hip circumferences (−1.5 and −1.8 cm/y, respectively) and waist‐to‐height ratio (−0.008 per year). Girls in the youngest menarcheal age tertile (8.8‐11.6 years) had diastolic blood pressure 2.2 mm Hg higher than other girls (P = 0.029).

Conclusions

Younger maternal age at menarche is associated with increased obesity risk in their sons, but not daughters. However, girls who experience menarche earlier have a less favourable anthropometric profile.
Adaptation of the Mullen Scales of Early Learning for use among infants aged 5‐ to 24‐months in rural Gambia
Authors: Milosavljevic Bosiljka , Vellekoop Perijne , Maris Helen , Halliday Drew , Drammeh Saikou , Sanyang Lamin , Darboe Momodou K. , Elwell Clare , Moore Sophie E. , Lloyd‐Fox Sarah
Published: February 2019

Infants in low‐resource settings are at heightened risk for compromised cognitive development due to a multitude of environmental insults in their surroundings. However, the onset of adverse outcomes and trajectory of cognitive development in these settings is not well understood. The aims of the present study were to adapt the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) for use with infants in a rural area of The Gambia, to examine cognitive development in the first 24‐months of life and to assess the association between cognitive performance and physical growth. In Phase 1 of this study, the adapted MSEL was tested on 52 infants aged 9‐ to 24‐months (some of whom were tested longitudinally at two time points). Further optimization and training were undertaken and Phase 2 of the study was conducted, where the original measures were administered to 119 newly recruited infants aged 5‐ to 24‐months. Infant length, weight and head circumference were measured concurrently in both phases. Participants from both phases were split into age categories of 5–9 m (N = 32), 10–14 m (N = 92), 15–19 m (N = 53) and 20–24 m (N = 43) and performance was compared across age groups. From the ages of 10–14 m, Gambian infants obtained lower MSEL scores than US norms. Performance decreased with age and was lowest in the 20–24 m old group. Differential onsets of reduced performance were observed in the individual MSEL domains, with declines in visual perception and motor performance detected as early as at 10–14 months, while reduced language scores became evident after 15–19 months of age. Performance on the MSEL was significantly associated with measures of growth.