bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Linkers Releasing Olefins or Cycloolefins by Ring Closing Metathesis
Authors: van Maarseveen Jan H.
Published: September 2010

Review: 28 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Linker Units Cleaved by Radical Processes: Cleavage of Carbon—Sulfur, —Selenium, —Tellurium, —Oxygen, —Nitrogen and Carbon—Carbon Linkers
Authors: Guazzelli Giuditta , Miller Marc , Procter David J.
Published: September 2010

Review: 62 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Photolabile Linker Units
Authors: Bochet Christian , Mercier Sebastien
Published: September 2010

Review: 87 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrophile Cleavable Linker Units
Authors: Kurosu Michio
Published: September 2010

Review: 261 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Linker Strategies in Solid‐Phase Organic Synthesis — General Overview
Authors: Dax Scott L.
Published: September 2010

Review: 47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Free Electron Transfer—Relations Between Molecular Dynamcis and Reactions Kinetics
Authors: Brede Ortwin , Naumov Sergej
Published: September 2010

Review: 69 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Graphene‐Based Materials in Electrochemistry
Authors: Chen Da , Tang Longhua , Li Jinghong
Published: September 2010

Review: 224 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ab initio Thermochemistry of Solid‐State Materials
Authors: Stoffel Ralf Peter , Wessel Claudia , Lumey Marck‐Willem , Dronskowski Richard
Published: September 2010

Review: 168 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxygen‐17 NMR Spectroscopy: Basic Principles and Applications. Part 2.
Authors: Gerothanassis Ioannis P.
Published: September 2010

Review: 1195 refs.
Glass Microreactors for Laboratory Application
Authors: Dubnack K. , Körsten S. , Kreisel G. , Frank T.
Published: September 2010

Die Einführung der Mikroreaktionstechnik in die Forschungslaboratorien und Praktika der Hochschulen erfordert kostengünstige und einfach handhabbare mikrostrukturierte Apparaturen. Mikromischer und ‐verweiler aus Glas sind eine Alternative zu Rundkolben in der chemischen Synthese. Die Integration in vorhandene Aufbauten ist durch die Verwendung standardisierter Anschlüsse und vertrauter Labortechniken gewährleistet.
Pulverization of high‐viscosity liquids
Authors: Haensel M. , Voigt J. , Grüner‐Richter S. , Sommer K. , Lopez S. , Kilzer A. , Weidner E.
Published: September 2010

Hochviskose Zuckerlösungen liegen nach einer Pulverisierung größtenteils amorph vor und sind damit stark hygroskopisch. Eine Pulverisierung wird dennoch angestrebt, da sich diese Flüssigkeiten durch ihre hohe Viskosität nur schlecht dosieren oder mit anderen Pulvern mischen lassen. Es wird dargestellt, mit welchen Verfahren zum einen qualitativ hochwertige Pulver hergestellt werden können und zum anderen die Hygroskopizität umgangen werden kann.
Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Cyclic N‐Sulfonylimines with Phosphine‐Free Chiral Cationic Ru‐MsDPEN Catalysts
Authors: Chen Fei , Li Zhiwei , He Yanmei , Fan Qinghua
Published: September 2010

Phosphine‐free chiral cationic Ru/diamine complexes are effective catalysts for the asymmetric hydrogenation of a range of cyclic N‐sulfonylimines, affording chiral sultam derivatives with good to excellent enantioselectivity (up to 94% ee).
A Tandem Intramolecular Michael Addition/Wittig Reaction for the Synthesis of Fused Cyclohexadiene Derivatives
Authors: Wang Qinggang , Sun Xiuli , Zheng Juncheng , Tang Yong
Published: September 2010

A tandem intramolecular Michael addition/Wittig reaction has been developed for the synthesis of fused cyclohexadiene derivatives from phosphonium salt 3. This annulation reaction affords the cyclohexadienes in moderate to excellent yields, depending on the substrates. A mechanism is proposed to account for the tandem process.
A General and Facile Approach for the Synthesis of 2′‐Functionalized 1,1′‐Binapthyl‐2‐ols
Authors: Xie Xiaomin , Ding Lina , Ni Gang , Zhang Zhaoguo , Gao Jinsheng
Published: September 2010

A facile and efficient protocol for the synthesis of 2′‐functionalized 1,1′‐binaphthyl‐2‐ols has been developed. The C,O‐dilithio reagent (2) generated by the reductive ring‐opening of binaphthofuran (1) with lithium was treated with the corresponding electrophiles to give 2′‐functionalized 1,1′‐binaphthyl‐2‐ols including the halides (3), amine (4), acid (5), aldehyde (6), carbonate (7) or phosphonate (8), respectively, in moderate to good yields.
Electrocarboxylation of Alkynes with Carbon Dioxide in the Presence of Metal Salt Catalysts
Authors: Li Chuanhua , Yuan Gaoqing , Jiang Huanfeng
Published: September 2010

With some common metal salts (CuI, FeCl3) as catalysts, alkynes can be effectively electrocarboxylated with CO2 (4 MPa) in an undivided cell with Ni cathode and Al sacrificial anode containing n‐Bu4NBr‐DMF as supporting electrolyte with a constant current at room temperature. The saturated tricarboxylic acids besides the dicarboxylic acids were obtained in good yields. The yields of the tricarboxylic acids were strongly influenced by various metal salt catalysts, cathode materials and the property of substituted groups. Finally, the possible electrochemical mechanism was discussed.
Using Chemical Derivatization to Determine the Human Urinary Acidic Catecholamine Metabolites Quantitatively by Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ionization‐Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Gao Yuping , Zhang Jing , Zhang Li , Guo Yinlong
Published: September 2010

Based on a 4,6‐dimethoxy‐2‐(methylsulfonyl)pyrimidine (DMMSP) labeling reagent, a sensitive method to determine acidic catecholamine metabolites homovanillic acid (HVA), vanillymandelic acid (VMA), 3,4‐dihydroxymandelic acid (DOMA) and 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) has been developed using simple chemical derivatization with liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS/MS). Acidic catecholamine metabolites were converted to stable 4,6‐dimethoxypyrimidinyl (DMP) derivatives by one‐step derivatization. Because of bulky DMP group(s) introduced into the structures of these metabolites, subsequent analysis by LC/ESI‐MS/MS in positive ionization with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) allowed specific detection of DMP derivatives of these metabolites with a wide linear relationship range. The limits of detection were in the range of 1–5 ng/mL. The mean recoveries determined were 100.2% –104.4%. Both relative standard deviation and error for intra‐ and inter‐day measurements were less than 10% for acidic catecholamine metabolites. This strategy enabled accurate and specific determination of acidic catecholamine metabolites in human urine.
Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Unfunctionalized Enamines Catalyzed by Iridium Complexes of Chiral Spiro N,N‐Diarylphosphoramidites
Authors: Yan Pucha , Xie Jianhua , Zhou Qilin
Published: September 2010

Chiral spiro N,N‐diarylphosphoramidites were synthesized. These new chiral spiro monophosphoramidites were efficient ligands for iridium‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of unfunctionalized enamines derived from simple alkyl aryl ketones, providing chiral tertiary amines in good enantioselectivities (up to 90% ee).
Association of diffuse, random pulmonary metastases, including miliary metastases, with epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Togashi Yosuke , Masago Katsuhiro , Kubo Takeshi , Sakamori Yuichi , Kim Young Hak , Hatachi Yukimasa , Fukuhara Akiko , Mio Tadashi , Togashi Kaori , Mishima Michiaki
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND:

Although the association of multiple pulmonary metastases, and particularly miliary metastases, with response to gefitinib treatment in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer has been reported, the association of miliary pulmonary metastases with epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR) mutations remains unclear.

METHODS:

The authors retrospectively investigated the association of diffuse, random pulmonary metastases in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. The study included 163 Japanese patients who had unresectable, advanced lung adenocarcinoma diagnosed between April 2003 and March 2010. Computed tomography scans that were obtained at the time of diagnosis were analyzed by 2 investigators. For the purposes of this study, diffuse, random pulmonary metastases were defined as multiple nodules (n = 50; ≤3 cm in greatest dimension) distributed diffusely and randomly throughout the lungs.

RESULTS:

Of 163 patients, 55 had pulmonary metastases, and EGFR mutations were detected in 22 of those 55 patients. The mutations were identified preferentially among women (P = .15) and were identified significantly among patients who had a smoking history of <10 pack‐years (P = .0057). Diffuse, random pulmonary metastases were identified in 11 of 22 patients who had EGFR mutations and in 4 of 33 patients who had the wild‐type EGFR (P = .0043). On the basis of multivariate analyses, EGFR mutations were associated independently with a smoking history of <10 pack‐years (P = .026) and with diffuse, random pulmonary metastases (P = .012).

CONCLUSIONS:

When patients with lung adenocarcinomas who had EGFR mutations developed pulmonary metastases, they tended to be diffuse and random, including military metastases. However, such metastases were much less common in patients who had lung adenocarcinomas with wild‐type EGFR. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Towards Fast Measurement of the Electron Temperature in the SOL of ASDEX Upgrade Using Swept Langmuir Probes
Authors: Müller H.W. , Adamek J. , Horacek J. , Ionita C. , Mehlmann F. , Rohde V. , Schrittwieser R. , ASDEX Upgrade Team
Published: September 2010

On ASDEX Upgrade first experiments were made using single probes with a voltage sweep frequency up to 100kHz. Possibilities and limitations using fast swept probes with a standard diagnostic and analysis tools are discussed. A good agreement between the data derived from fast swept single probe characteristics and floating as well as saturation current measurements was found. In a stationary (non ELMing) plasma the data of the fast swept probe are compared to standard slow swept probes (kHz range) showing an improvement of the measurement by faster sweeping. While ELM filaments already could be resolved the access of electron temperature fluctuations in small scale turbulence still has to be improved. Further comparisons are done in ELMy H‐mode with combined ball‐pen probe/floating potential measurements which can deliver electron temperatures with 25 μ s time resolution at reduced spatial resolution compared to pin probes. During ELMs the electron temperatures derived from the ball‐pen probe and fast swept single probes agreed (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spatial Distribution of Plasma Parameters in DC‐Energized Hollow Cathode Plasma Jet
Authors: Leshkov S. , Kudrna P. , Chichina M. , Klusoň J. , Picková I. , Virostko P. , Hubička Z. , Tichý M.
Published: September 2010

DC energized hollow cathode plasma jet system was examined by radially movable Langmuir probe. Radial distribution of electron concentration, plasma and floating potentials and mean electron energy were obtained from measured probe characteristics at the distance 17 mm downstream of the hollow cathode – nozzle. The radial dependence of plasma parameters was measured for distances from the system axis 0–120 mm in the discharge containing Ar and O2. Two scenarios were used: addition of O2 into the nozzle and into the plasma vessel. The differences in measured floating and plasma potential, electron density and mean electron energy radial courses obtained in the two scenarios are qualitatively explained. In addition temporal dependences of main plasma parameters for discharges in clean argon and argon‐oxygen mixture were investigated that demonstrate system stability and its applicability for deposition of layers containing Ti.

TiOx thin films were deposited onto glass substrates and examined by AFM and ellipsometry. It is illustrated that the differences in plasma parameters in the two scenarios of oxygen addition influence the layer properties (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nitric oxide‐mediated augmentation of neutrophil reactive oxygen and nitrogen species formation: Critical use of probes
Authors: Kumar Sachin , Patel Satyananda , Jyoti Anupam , Keshari Ravi Shankar , Verma Anupam , Barthwal Manoj Kumar , Dikshit Madhu
Published: September 2010

Previous reports from this laboratory and others demonstrated NO‐mediated biphasic modulation of NADPH oxidase and attenuation of neutrophil reactive oxygen species generation, whereas recently we reported augmentation in DCF fluorescence following NO treatment. These discrepancies seem to be due to utilization of different probes/methods to assess effect of NO on reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS, reactive species) generation. This study aims to look into this and evaluate NO‐mediated enzymatic reactive species formation by using multiple probes, human neutrophils/HL60 cells and various interventions. Addition of NO donor, SNP or SNAP (100 nM–1 mM) to PMNs suspension, exhibited a concentration‐ and time‐dependent augmentation in DCF fluorescence, but reduced DHE fluorescence. Collective generation of reactive species was confirmed by enhanced DMPO‐nitrone adduct, dityrosine and rhodamine‐123 and quenching of scopoletin. NO also enhanced bacterial killing, without altering phagocytosis. Addition of NO to HL‐60 cells lacking functional NADPH oxidase enhanced reactive species formation, indicating importance of other enzyme(s) too. NO‐dependent ROS/RNS generation was substantially reduced by NADPH oxidase inhibitor (DPI), MPO inhibitor (ABAH), or NOS inhibitor (7‐NI). However, 7‐NI reduced MPO activity, warranting reappraisal of those reports, which implied NOS in reactive species formation. The results obtained demonstrated NO‐mediated reactive species augmentation in human PMNs. Furthermore, superoxide scavenging by NO seems to be the key process in the decrease of DHE fluorescence and suggest usefulness of DCF as the most appropriate probe to measure the NO‐mediated modulation of reactive oxygen species in particular in various pathological situations. © 2010 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Metabolic limitations of the use of nucleoside analogs in cancer therapy may be overcome by application of nanoparticles as drug carriers: A review
Authors: Hajdo Lukasz , Szulc Aleksandra Beata , Klajnert Barbara , Bryszewska Maria
Published: September 2010

Purine and pyrimidine nucleoside analogs (NAs) are antimetabolites commonly used in cancer therapy. Administered as prodrugs, NAs permeate the mambrane using specialized transporters. Following phosphorylation, they interfere with multiple cellular pocessess inducing cytotoxicity. Toxic effects of NAs are dependent on metabolic conversion from a prodrug into the active form. For instance, an exceptionally high activity of deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) in lymphocytes is correlated with a good therapeutic effect of fludarabine in leukemic cells. On the other hand, several studies have shown that nucleoside‐transporter (NT)‐deficient‐cells are highly resistant to NAs. Attempts to overcome the metabolic limitations of chemotherapeutics would result in the use of lower drug doses for effective therapy, reduce side effects, and ensure the independence of drug resistance mechanisms. To meet this need, several nanoparticles have been designed to deliver efficently NAs directly to cancer cells. Such vehicles include liposomes, albumins, and dendritic and linear polymers. Therapeutic agents encapsulated or conjugated to nanoparticles have improved pharmacokinetics, solubility, and stability. These factors improve the efficacy of commonly used drugs. Moreover, modification of nanoparticles with targeting molecules such as sugar moieties or folic acid ensures more specific delivery without affecting healthy tissues. Drug Dev Res 71: 383–394, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamics of sleep–wake cyclicity across the fetal period in sheep (Ovis aries)
Authors: Karlsson K.Æ. , Arnardóttir H. , Robinson S.R. , Blumberg M.S.
Published: September 2010

All adult mammals examined thus far exhibit sleep bout durations that follow an exponential distribution and wake bout durations that follow a power‐law distribution. In altricial rodents such as rats and mice, exponential distributions of sleep bouts are found soon after birth, but the power‐law distribution of wake bouts does not emerge until the third postnatal week. Also, both sleep and bouts consolidate across the early postnatal period. It is not known whether similar developmental processes occur in precocial species during the prenatal period. Here we characterize sleep–wake development in a precocial species, the domestic sheep (Ovis aries), from 114 to 148 days gestational age (DGA). Sleep and wake bout durations exhibited exponential distributions throughout the fetal period with some evidence of an emerging exponential‐to‐power‐law transition for wake bouts toward the end of gestation. Both sleep and wake bouts consolidated in an orderly fashion across development and there was little evidence of circadian variation, even in the oldest subjects. These results indicate that similar patterns of sleep–wake organization are found prenatally in a precocial species as are found postnatally in altricial species. Data from more species are needed to fully realize the benefits of a developmental comparative approach for understanding the forces that have shaped the ontogeny and phylogeny of mammalian sleep. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53: 89–95, 2011.
Non‐invasive detection of cocaine dissolved in wine bottles by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Gambarota Giulio , Perazzolo Chiara , Leimgruber Antoine , Meuli Reto , Mangin Patrice , Augsburger Marc , Grabherr Silke
Published: September 2010

Recently, a number of cases of smuggling dissolved cocaine in wine bottles have been reported. The aim of the present study was to determine whether cocaine dissolved in wine can be detected by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) on a standard clinical MR scanner, in intact (i.e. unopened) wine bottles. 1H MRS experiments were performed with a 3 Tesla clinical scanner on wine phantoms with or without cocaine contamination. The aromatic protons of cocaine displayed resonance peaks in the 7–8 ppm region of the spectrum, where no overlapping resonances of wine were present. Additional cocaine resonances were detected in the 2–3 ppm region of the spectrum, between the resonances of ethanol and other wine constituents. Detection of cocaine in wine (at 5 mM, i.e. ∼1.5 g/L) was feasible in a scan time of 1 min. We conclude that dissolved cocaine can be detected in intact wine bottles, on a standard clinical MR scanner. Thus, 1H MRS is the technique of choice to examine this type of suspicious cargo, since it allows for a non‐destructive and rapid content characterization. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of trouble diagnosis technology of 50‐W‐grade micro wind turbine generator
Authors: Takaoka Masashige , Inohata Kazuki , Miyake Takuma , Tashima Daisuke , Otsubo Masahisa , Bouno Toshio
Published: September 2010

The establishment of an early trouble diagnosis system is needed in order to prevent damage to wind turbine generators. Therefore, acoustic emission (AE) signals resulting from damage to a wind blade were detected with an AE sensor installed on the body of the wind turbine generator and on the mounting pole. In this study, the length of a blade of a micro wind turbine generator was varied to simulate trouble at constant wind velocity. The AE signals which occurred at this time were measured with an AE sensor. The signal was processed by FFT analysis, and the change of spectral strength was examined. A trouble diagnosis technology for 50‐W‐grade micro wind turbines generator was then developed. A method of counting the number of occurrences of above‐threshold AE signals was suggested by the wave pattern of the AE signals. It was found that the number of occurrences could be used as a standard to judge the normality or abnormality of 50‐W‐grade micro wind turbine generators. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 174(1): 33–39, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21017
Multi‐agent cooperative voltage and reactive power control
Authors: Nagata Takeshi , Saeki Hiroshi , Utatani Masahiro , Nakachi Yoshiki , Hatano Ryousuke
Published: September 2010

Distributed generation is emerging as a new alternative for power generation at a smaller but distributed scale. The output of distributed generators (DGs) depends mainly on weather conditions. On the other hand, the electric utility industry worldwide has been facing pressure for deregulation. The power flow in the electric power market will vary uncertainly with several power transactions. Therefore, complex power flow due to DGs or transactions will cause voltage deviations. To avoid these undesirable phenomena, we propose a new multi‐agent method for cooperative voltage control. The simulation results show that the proposed multi‐agent method performs better than a conventional control method. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 174(1): 25–32, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21032
Fast computation and stable convergence technique for unbalanced load flow calculation in large‐scale systems
Authors: Shirasaki Keisuke , Uchida Naoyuki
Published: September 2010

This paper presents a new method of unbalanced load flow calculation to improve complexity by the method of advanced symmetrical coordinates. Usually, the electric power system has been calculated only by the positive phase sequence component on the assumption that three‐phase transmission lines and loads are balanced. However, many ultrahigh‐voltage transmission lines are not transposed, and therefore mutual inductances cause negative sequence currents in the trunk transmission system. Negative sequence currents cause heating of generators and transformers, and therefore the three‐phase sequence component should be calculated accurately. We examined the fast computation and good convergence performance of unbalanced load flow calculation by models of three‐phase transmission lines, transformers, and loads. The proposed method is not the phase coordinate system but the method of symmetrical coordinates. This technique decreases numerical complexity by the use of a simplified Jacobian matrix. The convergence performance of this method is inferior to that of the usual Newton–Raphson method. As a consequence, the problem of poor convergence performance is alleviated by a technique for the newly developed deceleration Newton method. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 174(1): 17–24, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21034
NOD1 and NOD2 regulation of pulmonary innate immunity to Legionella pneumophila
Authors: Berrington William R. , Iyer Ravi , Wells Richard D. , Smith Kelly D. , Skerrett Shawn J. , Hawn Thomas R.
Published: September 2010

The role of nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐1 (NOD1) and nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐2 (NOD2), cytoplasmic receptors which detect bacterial cell wall molecules, in pulmonary innate immune responses is poorly understood. We determined that both NOD1 and NOD2 detect heat‐killed Legionella and stimulate NF‐κb and IFN‐β promoter activity using an in vitro luciferase reporter system. We next infected NOD1‐ and NOD2‐deficient animals with aerosolized Legionella pneumophila. At 3 days post infection, Nod1−/− mice had impaired bacterial clearance compared to WT controls. In addition, at 4 h and 24 h, Nod1−/− mice had impaired neutrophil recruitment to the alveolar space. In contrast, increased lung neutrophils were seen in the Nod2−/− animals at 24 h. Analysis of cytokine production at 4 h post infection revealed a significant decrease in proinflammatory cytokines in the Nod1−/− animals when compared to WT animals. In contrast, increased 4‐h proinflammatory cytokines were seen in the Nod2−/− animals. Furthermore, the lungs of both Nod1−/− and Nod2−/− mice had significantly increased pro‐inflammatory cytokine levels at 24 h, suggesting possible suppressive roles for later stages of infection. Together, our data suggest that although both NOD1 and NOD2 can detect Legionella, these receptors modulate the in vivo pulmonary immune response differently.
Endogenous estrogens, through estrogen receptor α, constrain autoimmune inflammation in female mice by limiting CD4+ T‐cell homing into the CNS
Authors: Lélu Karine , Delpy Laurent , Robert Virginie , Foulon Eliane , Laffont Sophie , Pelletier Lucette , Engelhardt Britta , Guéry Jean‐Charles
Published: September 2010

Sex hormones influence immune responses and the development of autoimmune diseases including MS and its animal model, EAE. Although it has been previously reported that ovariectomy could worsen EAE, the mechanisms implicated in the protective action of endogenous ovarian hormones have not been addressed. In this report, we now show that endogenous estrogens limit EAE development and CNS inflammation in adult female mice through estrogen receptor α expression in the host non‐hematopoietic tissues. We provide evidence that the enhancing effect of gonadectomy on EAE development was due to quantitative rather than qualitative changes in effector Th1 or Th17 cell recruitment into the CNS. Consistent with this observation, adoptive transfer of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein‐specific encephalitogenic CD4+ T lymphocytes induced more severe EAE in ovariectomized mice as compared to normal female mice. Finally, we show that gonadectomy accelerated the early recruitment of inflammatory cells into the CNS upon adoptive transfer of encephalitogenic CD4+ T cells. Altogether, these data show that endogenous estrogens, through estrogen receptor α, exert a protective effect on EAE by limiting the recruitment of blood‐derived inflammatory cells into the CNS.
Buffering Heavy Metal Ions with Photoactive CrownCast Cages
Authors: Mbatia Hannah W. , Kennedy Daniel P. , Camire Casey E. , Incarvito Christopher D. , Burdette Shawn C.
Published: September 2010

Historically, caged compounds have been used to interrogate the biological activity of organic molecules by using light; however, R. Tsien and others have developed methodologies over the last three decades for using nitrobenzyl‐derived caged complexes to study the signaling behavior of Ca2+. A series of cation‐selective N‐phenyl‐azamacrocyclic receptors integrated with a 4,5‐dimethoxy‐2‐nitrobenzyl (DMNB) photoactive group act as cages for divalent metal ions. The uncaging mechanism of these complexes involves a photoreaction that converts the nitrobenzhydrol, which is para to the aniline nitrogen atom, into the corresponding nitrosobenzophenone. Resonance delocalization of the aniline into the distal carbonyl group of the photoproduct attenuates the ability of the nitrogen atom to interact with the guest. CrownCast‐1 (3) utilizes a 13‐phenyl‐1,4,7,10‐tetraoxa‐13‐azacyclopentadecane (A15C5, 2) receptor. Binding studies with CrownCast‐1 revealed a modest selectivity for Ca2+; however, differences in the measured binding affinity uponphotolysis suggest that CrownCast‐1 is better suited to cage Mg2+. CrownCast‐2 (5) is derived from the Hg2+‐selective10‐phenyl‐1,4‐dioxa‐7,13‐dithia‐10‐azacyclopentadecane(AT215C5, 4) receptor. Aqueous binding studies demonstrate that CrownCast‐2 binds tightly to Hg2+, but the strong sulfur–mercury interactions in the complex mitigate the release of the metal ion upon photolysis. Based on previous reports of metal selectivity, CrownCast‐3 (7), which possesses a 16‐phenyl‐1,4,7,10,13‐pentaoxa‐16‐azacyclooctadecane (A18C6, 6) receptor, was designed to act as a Pb2+ cage. Initial spectroscopic investigations suggest the uncaged ligand binds Pb2+ with higher affinity than the parent cage. To address this unexpected observation, a turn‐on fluorescence sensor for Pb2+ that couples the A18C6 ligand with a 4,4‐difluoro‐4‐bora‐3a,4a‐diaza‐s‐indacene (BODIPY) fluorophore was synthesized. In contrast to the titration data, photolysis of [Pb(CrownCast‐3)]2+ in the presence of PbSensor‐1 (16) demonstrates that the uncaged ligand, CrownUnc‐3 (15), binds Pb2+ with a lower affinity than the caged o‐nitrobenzhydrol macrocycle.
Highly Selective Nd(III) Sensors: Novel Macrocyclic Compounds for Potentiometric Determination of Neodymium
Authors: Singh Ashok Kumar , Singh Jitendra , Jain A. K.
Published: September 2010

Conductometric studies on the complexation properties of two newly synthesized lariat ethers viz 1,5‐di(cyanoethane)‐2,4 : 7,8 : 13,14‐tribenzo‐1,5‐diaza‐9,12‐dioxacyclopentadeca‐2,7,13‐triene (L1) and 1,5‐di(cyanoethane)‐2,3,4‐pyridine‐7,8 : 13,14‐dibenzo‐1,3,5‐triaza‐9,12‐dioxa cyclopentadeca‐2,7,13‐triene (L2) towards various metal ions in acetonitrile solutions revealed the formation of 1 : 1 ligand metal complexation. These compounds were explored as neutral ionophores for the fabrication of Nd3+ selective and sensitive membrane coated graphite electrodes (CGEs). Among all the electrodes prepared, CGEs with membrane composition L1(5%) : NaTPB(3%) : NPOE (57%) : PVC (35%) and L2(5%) : NaTPB(3%) : NPOE (53%) : PVC (39%) showed best performance. Both the electrodes showed Nernstian response towards Nd3+ ions over a wide concentration range with detection limits 3.8×10−8 mol L−1 and 1.6×10−8 mol L−1 respectively. These electrodes showed a fast response time of <15 s and could be used over a period of three months without significant divergence in their characteristics. The proposed electrodes revealed very good selectivity for Nd3+ ions over several ions. However, higher concentration of Co2+, La3+, Pr3+ and Yb3+ caused some interference. The potentiometric response of these electrodes was excellent in the range of pH 3.5 to 7.6 and they could tolerate up to 20% (v/v) nonaqueous media in the test solutions. These electrodes were used successfully as indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of Nd3+ against EDTA and also in the quantitative determination of Nd3+ ions from binary mixtures and water samples.
Electrochemical Behaviour of Carbamazepine in Acetonitrile and Dimethylformamide Using Glassy Carbon Electrodes and Microelectrodes
Authors: Atkins S. , Sevilla J. M. , Blazquez M. , Pineda T. , Gonzalez‐Rodriguez J.
Published: September 2010

The electrochemical reduction of carbamazepine in acetonitrile (ACN) and dimethylformamide (DMF) using a glassy carbon electrode and microelectrodes has been studied. The reduction process is consistent with an electrochemical‐chemical mechanism (EC) involving a two electron transfer followed by a first order reaction, as shown by the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Half‐wave potential, number of electron transferred, diffusion coefficient and rate constant of the associated chemical reaction are reported. Limits of detection (LOD) for DPV are 0.92 and 0.76 µg mL−1 (3.89×10−6 mol L−1 and 3.21×10−6 mol L−1) in ACN and DMF, respectively. Precision (%RSD) and recovery (%) values when pharmaceutical compounds (200mg carbamazepine tablets) and spiked plasma samples were tested ranged from 1.09 to 9.04 % and % recoveries ranged from 96 to 104.1 %.
Electrophoresis of a spherical particle normal to an air–water interface
Authors: Tsai Peter , Lou James , He Yan‐ Ying , Lee Eric
Published: September 2010

Electrophoresis of a spherical particle normal to an air–water interface is considered theoretically in this study. The presence of the air–water interface is found to reduce the particle mobility in general, especially when the double layer is very thick. This boundary effect diminishes as the double layer gets very thin. The higher the surface potential, the more significant the reduction of mobility due to the polarization effect from the double layer deformation when the particle is in motion. Local extrema are observed in the mobility profiles with varying double layer thickness as a result. Comparison with a solid planar boundary is made. It is found that the particle mobility near an air–water interface is smaller than that near a solid one when the double layer is thick, and vice versa when the double layer is thin, with a critical threshold value of double layer thickness corresponding roughly to the touch of the interface. The reason behind it is clearly explained as the buildup of electric potential at the air–water interface, which reduces the driving force as a result.
Preliminary studies of a novel multifunctional wide‐bore electrophoresis system
Authors: Li You‐Xin , Dan Yong‐Bo , Fang Xin , Bao James Jianmin
Published: September 2010

This paper presents the results obtained from a novel multifunctional analysis platform established on the basis of wide‐bore electrophoresis (WBE) and CE. The WBE–CE system integrated various analytical steps including separation, transfer, reaction, detection, and storage into a single system. During the WBE–CE process, a distinct three‐electrode format was adopted to continuously separate and transfer samples between WBE and CE without the interruption of switching on‐and‐off the power suppliers. This continuous mode of operation also helped to eliminate the need for exactly timing the transfer of specific samples zone from WBE to CE and avoided the danger of missing specific samples. Samples representing mixtures of acids, bases, or proteins were analyzed on this system for evaluating its feasibility and applicability. The results indicated that the resolution achieved on this WBE–CE system was better than either the WBE or the CE alone. Further, samples transferred out of the WBE system could participate in online reaction, such as enzymatic reaction in the CE. Alternatively, samples from the WBE system could be transferred out and stored offline in a vial for post‐transfer reaction. The results demonstrated that this WBE–CE system has the potential to be a multifunctional platform for a range of applications.
Identification of poliovirions and subviral particles by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Halewyck Hadewych , Oita Iuliana , Thys Bert , Dejaegher Bieke , Vander Heyden Yvan , Rombaut Bart
Published: September 2010

Poliovirions, purified from infected cell extracts with anion‐exchange chromatography, can be analyzed and identified by CE in untreated fused silica capillaries using UV detection. Other subviral particles can be eluted as well from the same infected cell extract using a higher salt concentration buffer on the ion‐exchange chromatography. Virions can be identified because of their conversion into empty capsids upon heating at 56°C. As a result of heating, the viral genome is released from the capsid. Here, we show that during this incubation some intermediate particles were found. The latter were identified by enzymatic peak shift analysis. The high salt concentration eluate subviral particles were analyzed with preincubation affinity CE together with their sensitivity for RNase and proteinase K treatment. Electropherograms of the higher salt concentration eluate display a mixture of at least four different subviral particles. One particle proved to have an [N1, H] antigenicity and was resistant to RNase and proteinase K digestion. The remaining particles were all sensitive to proteinase K treatment. This CE method proved to be valuable in the detection, identification and analysis of poliovirions and poliovirus particles offering an alternative powerful, cheap, fast and easy analysis method.
Naphthyl methacrylate‐phenylene diacrylate‐based monolithic column for reversed‐phase capillary electrochromatography via hydrophobic and π interactions
Authors: Karenga Samuel , El Rassi Ziad
Published: September 2010

A neutral naphthyl methacrylate‐phenylene diacrylate‐based monolith (NPM) was introduced for RP‐CEC of various neutral and charged solute probes via hydrophobic and π interactions. The NPM column was prepared by the in situ polymerization of naphthyl methacrylate as the functional monomer and 1,4‐phenylene diacrylate (PDA) as the crosslinker in a ternary porogenic solvent containing cyclohexanol, dodecanol and water. The NPM column exhibited cathodal EOF despite the fact that it was devoid of any fixed charges. NPM exhibited stronger EOF than its counterpart naphthyl methacrylate monolith (NMM) made from the in situ polymerization of naphthyl methacrylate and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM). As for NMM, it is believed that the EOF arises from the adsorption of mobile phase ions onto the monolith surface. The higher EOF exhibited by NPM may be attributed to the acrylate nature of PDA as compared to the methacrylate nature of TRIM, and therefore PDA has a higher binding capacity for mobile phase ions due to its higher polarity than TRIM. The adsorption of mobile phase ions together with the additional π interactions offered by the aromatic rings of the NPM matrix modulated solute retention and separation selectivity. The applications of NPM were demonstrated by the separation of a wide range of small and large solutes including peptides, tryptic peptide maps and proteins.
Design and analysis of one new construction for multiple groups optical orthogonal codes
Authors: Zhang Chongfu
Published: September 2010

The common construction for optimal optical orthogonal code (OOC) based on finite field is investigated. Since one group OOC results in decreased security of an optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) system, a novel algorithm of this construction for multiple groups OOC (MOOC) based on finite field is proposed. Using computer simulation, several groups of the MOOC can be obtained when different primitive elements are selected. These results show that any MOOC can be obtained successfully by using the method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corticospinal output and cortical excitation‐inhibition balance in distal hand muscle representations in nonprimary motor area
Authors: Vaalto Selja , Säisänen Laura , Könönen Mervi , Julkunen Petro , Hukkanen Taina , Määttä Sara , Karhu Jari
Published: September 2010

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the superior frontal gyrus in the non‐primary motor area (NPMA) can evoke motor‐evoked potentials (MEPs) at 20 ms latency range in contralateral distal hand muscles similar to stimulation of M1 and indicating monosynaptic corticospinal tracts. We compared the intracortical inhibitory and excitatory balance in primary motor cortex (M1) and in NPMA by navigated single‐ and paired‐pulse TMS (ppTMS). We also evaluated the spatial stability of muscle representations in M1 and NPMA by remapping 11 healthy subjects one year after the initial mapping. Resting motor threshold (rMT) was higher in NPMA than in M1 as were the MEP amplitudes evoked by 120% rMT stimulation intensity of the local MT. Short‐interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) was significantly weaker in NPMA than in M1 at ISI of 2 ms and conditioning stimulus (CS) 80% rMT. Our findings suggest that the cortical hand representations in NPMA 1) are connected to lower motoneurons monosynaptically, 2) are less strictly organized, i.e. motoneuron population representing a discrete hand muscle is sparser and less dense than in M1 and 3) have the capacity to generate powerful, rapid muscle contraction if sufficient number of motoneurones are activated. In NPMA, local intracortical inhibitory and excitatory activity is mainly similar to that in M1. The lower SICI in NPMA at an ISI of 2 ms may reflect less strict topographic organization and readiness to reorganization of neural circuits during motor learning or after motor deficits. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gray and white matter asymmetries in healthy individuals aged 21–29 years: A voxel‐based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging study
Authors: Takao Hidemasa , Abe Osamu , Yamasue Hidenori , Aoki Shigeki , Sasaki Hiroki , Kasai Kiyoto , Yoshioka Naoki , Ohtomo Kuni
Published: September 2010

The hemispheres of the human brain are functionally and structurally asymmetric. The study of structural asymmetries provides important clues to the neuroanatomical basis of lateralized brain functions. Previous studies have demonstrated age‐related changes in morphology and diffusion properties of brain tissue. In this study, we simultaneously explored gray and white matter asymmetry using voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in 109 young healthy individuals (58 females and 51 males). To eliminate the potential confounding effects of aging and handedness, we restricted the study to right‐handed subjects aged 21–29 years. VBM and voxel‐based analysis of fractional anisotropy (FA) maps derived from DTI revealed a number of gray matter volume asymmetries (including the right frontal and left occipital petalias and leftward asymmetry of the planum temporale) and white matter FA asymmetries (including leftward asymmetry of the arcuate fasciculus, cingulum, and corticospinal tract). There was no significant effect of sex on gray and white matter asymmetry. Leftward volume asymmetry of the planum temporale and leftward FA asymmetry of the arcuate fasciculus were simultaneously demonstrated. Post hoc analysis showed that the gray matter volume of the planum temporale and FA of the arcuate fasciculus were positively related (Pearson correlation coefficient, 0.43; P < 0.0001). The results of our study demonstrate gray and white matter asymmetry in right‐handed healthy young adults and suggest that leftward volume asymmetry of the planum temporale and leftward FA asymmetry of the arcuate fasciculus may be related. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Familiarity modulates mirror neuron and mentalizing regions during intention understanding
Authors: Liew Sook‐Lei , Han Shihui , Aziz‐Zadeh Lisa
Published: September 2010

Recent research suggests that the inference of others' intentions from their observed actions is supported by two neural systems that perform complementary roles. The human putative mirror neuron system (pMNS) is thought to support automatic motor simulations of observed actions, with increased activity for previously experienced actions, whereas the mentalizing system provides reflective, non‐intuitive reasoning of others' perspectives, particularly in the absence of prior experience. In the current fMRI study, we show how motor familiarity with an action and perceptual familiarity with the race of an actor uniquely modulate these two systems. Chinese participants were asked to infer the intentions of actors performing symbolic gestures, an important form of non‐verbal communication that has been shown to activate both mentalizing and mirror neuron regions. Stimuli were manipulated along two dimensions: (1) actor's race (Caucasian vs. Chinese actors) and (2) participants' level of experience with the gestures (familiar or unfamiliar). We found that observing all gestures compared to observing still images was associated with increased activity in key regions of both the pMNS and mentalizing systems. In addition, observations of one's same race generated greater activity in the posterior pMNS‐related regions and the insula than observations of a different race. Surprisingly, however, familiar gestures more strongly activated regions associated with mentalizing, while unfamiliar gestures more strongly activated the posterior region of the pMNS, a finding that is contrary to prior literature and demonstrates the powerful modulatory effects of both motor and perceptual familiarity on pMNS and mentalizing regions when asked to infer the intentions of intransitive gestures. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Importance of hepatic fibrosis in cystic fibrosis and the predictive value of liver biopsy
Authors: Lewindon Peter J. , Shepherd Ross W. , Walsh Meagan J. , Greer Ristan M. , Williamson Richard , Pereira Tamara N. , Frawley Kieran , Bell Scott C. , Smith Jeffery L. , Ramm Grant A.
Published: September 2010

Cystic fibrosis liver disease (CFLD), which results from progressive hepatobiliary fibrosis, is an important cause of morbidity and mortality, but it is difficult to identify before portal hypertension (PHT) ensues. Clinical signs, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, and ultrasound (US) are widely applied, but their value in predicting the presence of cirrhosis, the development of PHT, or adverse outcomes is undetermined. The potential gold standard, liver biopsy, is not standard practice and, notwithstanding sampling error considerations, has not been systematically evaluated. Forty patients with cystic fibrosis (median age = 10.6 years) with abnormal clinical, biochemical, and US findings were subjected to dual-pass percutaneous liver biopsy. Clinical outcomes were recorded over 12 years of follow-up (median = 9.5 years for survivors). Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic analyses were applied to predict hepatic fibrosis (which was assessed by fibrosis staging and quantitative immunohistochemistry) and the occurrence of PHT. PHT occurred in 17 of 40 patients (42%), including 6 of 7 (17%) who died during follow-up. Clinical examination, serum ALT levels, and US findings failed to predict either the presence of liver fibrosis or the development of PHT. Fibrosis staging on liver biopsy, where the accuracy was improved by dual passes (

P

= 0.002, nonconcordance = 38%), predicted the development of PHT (

P

< 0.001), which occurred more frequently and at a younger age in those with severe fibrosis.

Conclusion:

Clinical modalities currently employed to evaluate suspected CFLD help to identify a cohort of children at risk for liver disease and adverse outcomes but do not predict an individual's risk of liver fibrosis or PHT development. Liver fibrosis on biopsy predicts the development of clinically significant liver disease. Dual passes help to address sampling concerns. Liver biopsy has a relevant role in the management of patients with suspected CFLD and deserves more widespread application. (Hepatology 2011)
p28GANK overexpression accelerates hepatocellular carcinoma invasiveness and metastasis via phosphoinositol 3-kinase/AKT/hypoxia-inducible factor-1α pathways
Authors: Fu Jing , Chen Yao , Cao Jie , Luo Tao , Qian You-Wen , Yang Wen , Ren Yi-Bin , Su Bo , Cao Guang-Wen , Yang Yuan , Yan Yi-Qun , Shen Feng , Wu Meng-Chao , Feng Gen-Sheng , Wang Hong-Yang
Published: September 2010

The overall survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains poor, and the molecular mechanisms underlying HCC progression and aggressiveness are unclear. Here, we report that increased expression of p28GANK (Gankyrin, PSMD10, or p28) in human HCC predicts poor survival and disease recurrence after surgery. Patients with HCC who have large tumors, with vascular invasion and intrahepatic or distant metastasis, expressed high levels of p28GANK. Invasive tumors overexpressing p28GANK were featured by active epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and exhibited increased angiogenesis associated with vascular endothelial growth factor overexpression, whereas silencing p28GANK expression attenuated EMT and motility/invasion of tumor cells. The p28GANK activates phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)–V-akt Murine Thymoma Viral Oncogene Homolog (AKT)–hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) signaling to promote TWIST1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and metalloproteinase 2 expression. Suppression of the PI3K–AKT–HIF-1α pathway interfered with p28GANK-mediated EMT and invasion. Consistently, we detected a significant correlation between p28GANK expression and p-AKT levels in a cohort of HCC biopsies, and the combination of these two parameters is a more powerful predictor of poor prognosis.

Conclusion:

These results present novel mechanistic insight into a critical role of p28GANK in HCC progression and metastasis. (Hepatology 2011)