bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TRANSLOCATION OF C14 IN TOBACCO AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT FOLLOWING ASSIMILATION OF C14O2 BY A SINGLE LEAF
Authors: Shiroya Michi , Lister G. R. , Nelson C. D. , Krotkov G.
Published: August 2008

Single leaves of tobacco plants at four different stages of development were allowed to carry on photosynthesis in C14O2 for 30 to 50 minutes followed by photosynthesis in air. The total elapsed time from the beginning of assimilation was [Formula: see text] hours. Redistribution of C14 was determined in: I, a young plant with eight leaves; II, an older plant with 19 leaves; III, a mature flowering plant with 29 leaves; IV, a mature seed plant with 35 leaves. The leaf treated with C14O2 in each of the four plants was number seven, counting from the bottom. This leaf was only half expanded in the youngest plant but fully expanded in the other three plants.The treated leaf of the youngest plant translocated 22% of the total C14 fixed, twice as much as the treated leaves of the other three plants. The large amount of translocation in the youngest plant occurred from a leaf that contained 28% of its ethanol-soluble fraction as sugar phosphates and only 25% as sucrose. The treated leaves of the older plants that translocated half as much radioactivity had less C14 in sugar phosphates and more C14 in sucrose. For example, the treated leaf of the seed plant contained 13% of its soluble C14 in sugar phosphates and 70% in sucrose.Sucrose and some hexose was recovered from the stems and roots of all plants. Amino acids were recovered from both stem and root of the youngest plant but not from these parts of the three older plants. Since 80 to 100% of the C14 in the stems was recovered as sucrose it is concluded that this sugar is the main form in which carbon is translocated in tobacco. Although sugar phosphates and organic acids were found in the treated leaves of all plants they were not detected in stems or roots and were apparently not translocated.All plants translocated C14 to leaves both below and above the treated leaf. Two factors influenced the destination of C14. One was the anatomical connection among leaves, and the second was the stage of development of any particular leaf. Although C14 was translocated to leaves at nodes bearing flowers no C14 was translocated to these flowers or to developing or mature seeds in any of these plants.
LEAF AND SHOOT BLIGHT OF POPLARS (SECTION TACAMAHACA SPACH) CAUSED BY VENTURIA POPULINA (VUILL.) FABRIC
Authors: Dance B. W.
Published: August 2008

This study is concerned with the recognition, pathology, and taxonomy of Venturia populina (Vuill.) Fabric. (= Didymosphaeria populina Vuill.), and its imperfect stage Pollaccia elegans Serv., which is shown to cause a leaf and twig blight of balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.) in North America. Venturia populina may be confined to hosts of the section Tacamahaca Spach of the genus Populus, although experimental evidence presented here suggests that poplars of the section Aigeiros Duby also may be susceptible, as they are in Europe. The binomial Fusicladium radiosum (Lib.) Lind, which was listed by Servazzi as a pro parte synonym of P. elegans, is shown to have been commonly applied in North America to the fungus representing Pollaccia radiosa (Lib.) Bald. & Cif., a pathogen which is confined to poplars of the section Leuce Duby in both Europe and North America. Fusicladium radiosum (Lib.) Lind var. balsamiferae J. J. Davis, however, is shown to be a synonym of P. elegans.
CHANGES IN THE DRY WEIGHT, PROTEIN, NUCLEIC ACID, AND CHLOROPHYLL CONTENTS OF GROWING PEA LEAVES
Authors: Smillie Robert M. , Krotkov G.
Published: August 2008

Pea leaves of different ages were harvested over a 10-day growth period and were analyzed for the following: fresh weight, dry weight, cell number, chlorophyll, soluble protein, ribonucleic acid, and deoxyribonucleic acid. The chlorophyll content increased rapidly during early leaf expansion, then remained fairly constant. Only small differences were found in the percentage of soluble protein in the leaves during their development. In contrast, the ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid levels in the leaves decreased continuously as the leaves aged. These results are discussed in relation to similar analyses performed on leaves from other higher plants.
NOTES ON NEARCTIC HEPATICAE XVIII NEW LOPHOZIACEAE FROM THE ARCTIC ARCHIPELAGO OF CANADA
Authors: Schuster Rudolf M.
Published: August 2008

The difficult genus Lophozia, of widespread distribution in the cooler and cold regions of the northern hemisphere, includes a high number of technical species, some of which are very poorly understood. During the summer of 1955 the writer collected extensively on the north coast of Ellesmere Island and was able to study, in the living condition, the high-arctic representatives of this genus. Four species not previously found in the Arctic Archipelago of Canada, three of which are new to the western hemisphere, were collected. Two of these, L. groenlandica and L. opacifolia, are first reported from the Canadian Archipelago in this paper. Two others, L. pellucida and L. hyperarctica, appear to be new to science. These belong to the subgenera Lophozia and Massula, respectively. Since these species are not alluded to in my "Conspectus" of 1951, and since no treatment of them exists in the American literature, the following detailed treatment is provided.
EFFECT OF BENZIMIDAZOLE ANALOGUES ON STEM RUST AND CHLOROPHYLL METABOLISM
Authors: Wang Dalton , Hao Madelaine S. H. , Waygood E. R.
Published: August 2008

A study of the structural specificity of benzimidazole in relation to its effect on stem rust development and chlorophyll metabolism was made to obtain information which may contribute to our understanding of the nature of rust resistance as well as the physiology of detached leaves of Khapli wheat. Evidence suggests that benzimidazole will lose its activity if any member of the elements in its imidazole ring and probably also in its benzene ring is replaced by a different element, such as carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, or sulphur. Furthermore, compounds in which the methyl, nitro, or other group is introduced into the molecule of benzimidazole are either phytotoxic or antagonistically active to their parent compound.Analogues which were antagonistically active to benzimidazole displayed a similar effect on kinetin. There is strong evidence that benzimidazole and kinetin may play a similar role in maintaining the rust resistance and the normal physiology of detached wheat leaves.
CHROMOSOME NUMBERS OF CANADIAN WEEDS. III
Authors: Mulligan Gerald A.
Published: August 2008

The chromosome numbers determined from material of 55 Canadian weeds collected in the wild are reported. The chromosome numbers for 45 of the 55 weeds studied were previously obtained by other workers, mostly on non-Canadian material. The chromosome numbers of the following 10 taxa are reported for the first time: Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. var. zschackei (Murr.) Murr. 2n = 36; Chenopodium botrys L. 2n = 18; Corispermum villosum Rydb. 2n = 18; Iva axillaris Pursh 2n = 36 and 54; Lactuca pulchella (Pursh) DC. 2n = 18; Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt. ssp. brachycarpa (Richards.) Detling 2n = 28; Descurainia richardsonii (Sweet) O. E. Schulz ssp. richardsonii 2n = 14; Descurainia sophioides (Fisch.) O. E. Schulz 2n = 14; Dracocephalum thymiflorum L. 2n = 20; Sium suave Walt. 2n = 22.
EVIDENCE FOR ‘LIPOPEPTIDE’, PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINE, AND PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE IN EXCISED TOMATO ROOTS
Authors: Boll W. G. , Khan A. A.
Published: August 2008

Evidence is presented for the existence of ‘lipopeptide’ in lipid extracted with ethanol: ether (3:1 v/v) from excised tomato roots grown in sterile culture. The amino acids released by acid hydrolysis of ‘purified’ lipid were identified by co-chromatography and color reaction with acidic and neutral ninhydrin reagent. They are cysteic acid, serine, glycine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, alanine, valine, leucine and/or isoleucine, and probably methionine and tyrosine. Arginine was detected on some chromatograms. Four unknown substances, three of which are ninhydrin-sensitive, were detected.Paper chromatographic fractionation of water-soluble substances in methanolyzates of 'purified' lipid failed to yield a distinct 'peptide' fraction but fractions high in ‘peptide’ also contained two of the four unknown substances.Glycerylphosphorylethanolamine and glycerylphosphorylcholine were detected in the methanolyzates. Glycerylphosphorylserine was not detected.
THE LEPTOGRAPHIUM COMPLEX. PHIALOCEPHALA GEN. NOV.
Authors: Kendrick W. Bryce
Published: August 2008

Some Leptographium-like hyphomycetes are maintained as distinct from that genus on the basis of spore ontogeny, and a new genus, Phialocephala, erected for them.
MICROFUNGI: VII. BRACHYDESMIELLA ARNAUD
Authors: Hughes S. J.
Published: August 2008

Latin diagnoses are provided for the name Brachydesmiella Arn. and its type species B. biseptata Arn. which is illustrated. The fungus is recorded for the first time from Canada and Britain.
HETEROPHYLLY IN HIPPURIS, A PROBLEM IN IDENTIFICATION
Authors: McCully Margaret E. , Dale Hugh M.
Published: August 2008

Although the primordia of all types of leaves in Hippuris show no distinguishing characteristics until they are 50 microns long, their further development is strongly influenced by their environment. At maturity they can, for convenience, be thought of as belonging to one of five types, or some intermediate of these types. The five types of leaves are: rhizome, juvenile aquatic, adult aquatic, juvenile aerial, and adult aerial. Field and experimental studies indicate that the leaf form in Hippuris is influenced by light and the water relations between the plant and its environment. There is great uniformity of foliar morphology on plants from stocks of diverse origin when grown under uniform conditions, and there is wide diversity of foliar morphology on plants of the same stock material when grown under different environments in the laboratory. Thus the taxonomic subdivision of genus Hippuris into species, varieties, and forms using leaf morphology as the main criterion appears questionable.
BRYOPHYTES FROM THE EDMONTON REGION, ALBERTA
Authors: Moss E. H. , Turner G. H.
Published: August 2008

For an area in south-central Alberta, 159 bryophytic taxa are reported. Approximately, two-thirds of these are new records for the area and 19 are apparently new to Alberta. Some of the more significant records for Alberta are Sphagnum robustum, Aloina rigida, Brachythecium acutum, Calliergon trifarium, Leskea obscura, Haplocladium microphyllum, Thuidium philibertii, Entodon cladorrhizans, and E. orthocarpus, the latter a rare species in North America. Ecological notes are included for most of the species. Moss synusiae of wet meadow, wet thicket, Sphagnum bog, bog forest, and marl bog are described and the main hydroseres are indicated.
STUDIES OF SOIL FUNGI: III. NEW SPECIES OF CONIOCHAETA, CHAETOMIDIUM, AND THIELAVIA
Authors: Cain Roy F.
Published: August 2008

Descriptions and illustrations are given for three new species of Ascomycetes having colored, one-celled ascospores and isolated from forest soil by J. H. Warcup. Coniochaeta tetraspora Cain sp. nov. has dark spiny hairs on the perithecium. The phialospores and blastospores are typical of the genus. The soil from which it was isolated came from Queensland, Australia. Chaetomidium minutum Cain sp. nov. has short, curved hairs on the globose, nonostiolate perithecia. The soil sample came from N. Queensland, Australia. Thielavia variospora Cain sp. nov. has black, nonostiolate, bare perithecia and was isolated from soil collected in New Guinea.
TEMPERATURE AND SEXUALITY IN CHLAMYDOMONAS CHLAMYDOGAMA
Authors: Trainor Francis R.
Published: August 2008

The effect of various temperatures on the mating reaction in Chlamydomonas chlamydogama was determined. When mixed mating types were suspended in an ammonium nitrate deficient medium at 30° or 34 °C for 30 hours of continuous illumination and then shifted to 22 °C, an optimal mating reaction could be obtained. Although high zygospore percentages could be obtained with other temperature combinations, a temperature drop was necessary under continuous illumination. The mating reaction, from clump formation to zygote production, was shown to take place at the lower temperature.
A NEW HELICOSTYLUM FROM INDIAN SOILS
Authors: Rai J. N. , Tewari J. P. , Mukerji K. G.
Published: August 2008

A species of Helicostylum Corda isolated from samples of soil (pH 6.0–8.0)collected from Lucknow (U.P.), India, was found to be different from all the known species of this genus and has been described as Helicostylum lucknowense Rai, Tewari and Mukerji n. sp.
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF HOST–PARASITE RELATIONS: VIII. EFFECTS OF RUST INFECTION ON ASCORBIC ACID ANDGLUTATHIONE IN WHEAT LEAVES
Authors: Sahai B. I. , Shaw Michael
Published: August 2008

First seedling leaves of Little Club (susceptible), Khapli I (moderately susceptible), and Khapli (resistant) wheats were inoculated with Puccinia graminis tritici Erikss. and Henn. (Race 15B). Ascorbic (AA) and dehydroascorbic (DHA) acids and glutathione (GSH) were measured at 1–2 day intervals after inoculation until after sporulation. After infection, AA and DHA increased in Little Club and decreased in Khapli. In Khapli the DHA/AA ratio rose sharply 6–8 days after inoculation; in Little Club a similar rise occurred 15–16 days after inoculation. In Khapli I and Little Club, but not in Khapli, GSH increased sharply when sporulation occurred. AA was not detected in uredospores, but DHA was. Oxidized glutathione was not detected in healthy or infected leaves but was present in uredospores. The results are discussed briefly in relation to the changes in auxin content and redox potentials caused by rust infection.
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF HOST–PARASITE RELATIONS: VII. THE EFFECT OF STEM RUST ON THE NITROGEN AND AMINO ACIDS IN WHEAT LEAVES
Authors: Shaw Michael , Colotelo Nicholas
Published: August 2008

The dry weight of leaf disks (2.8 mm in diameter) bearing pustules of stem rust and cut from primary leaves of Little Club wheat increased up to 2.5-fold, but the respective weights of host and parasite cannot be measured. By removal of the ectoparasitic mycelium of Erysiphe it was shown that approximately half of the increase in weight at infections of this organism on barley leaves was contributed by the fungus and half by the host.At infections of stem rust on Little Club there was a striking increase in total N per gram fresh weight and an increase in the ratio of soluble to insoluble N. Quantitative paper chromatographic analyses revealed a fourfold increase in free amino acids and nearly a twofold increase in protein amino acids per gram fresh weight by 9 days after inoculation. The most striking increases occurred in free glutamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, threonine, and those amino acids present only in trace amounts before inoculation, particularly the basic and aromatic acids. Only slight and transitory increases in N occurred at infections on Khapli and the infected leaves quickly reached a stage at which soluble and insoluble N and the ratios of soluble N to insoluble N and free to protein amino acids declined drastically. In Khapli, well-defined increases occurred in free glutamine and γ-aminobutyric acid. Particularly striking decreases occurred in glutamate, serine, threonine, glycine, and the leucines. The results are discussed.
LABORATORY STUDIES ON MICROFUNGI ISOLATED FROM THE STEMS OF LIVING LODGEPOLE PINE, PINUS CONTORTA DOUGL.
Authors: Bourchier R. J.
Published: August 2008

Fungus isolation attempts, made from samples taken at 2-ft intervals in the stems of 40 lodgepole pines (Pinus contorta Dougl.), gave 1362 cultures. Sample trees were located at two sites and averaged 82.5 and 63.9 years of age. In malt agar culture Tympanis hypopodia Nyl. and the Coryne sarcoides complex were slightly antagonistic to Stereum pini (Schleich. ex Fr.) Fr. Both microfungi caused small weight losses in pine wood blocks and, when inoculated in advance on test blocks, reduced the decay caused by S. pini. Retinocyclus abietis (Crouan) Groves & Wells caused no weight loss but increased the decay attributable to S. pini. Tympanis hypopodia and C. sarcoides complex were more or less restricted to the lower heartwood of the trees. There was some evidence of a succession of fungi in the trees.
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF HOST-PARASITE RELATIONS: IX. FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE ACCUMULATION OF RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES AT RUST INFECTIONS
Authors: Shaw Michael
Published: August 2008

Wang (Can. J. Botany, 38, 635–642 (1960)) concluded that the accumulation of radioactivity observed on radioautographs at infection sites on rusted leaves fed with C14-labelled substances was 'apparent' rather than real. The ‘accumulation ratio’ is defined as the ratio of the specific activities (c.p.m./mg dry weight of intact tissue) of rust-infected to uninfected areas of infected leaves. Theoretical considerations relating to the radioautography of leaves labelled with C14 and to the measurement of ‘accumulation ratios’ by extraction of C14-labelled substances from rusted and uninfected segments of infected leaves, as well as experimental data, show that Wang's conclusion is not generally applicable.Experimentally, it was shown using polymethacrylate C14 sources that differences in distance between sources and X-ray film of the order of 100 μ had no effect on the intensity of autoradiographs. Rust-infected leaves, fed with radioactive glucose, were radiographed between X-ray plates. Localization of radioactivity at infection sites was observed on both ‘dorsal’ and ‘ventral’ radiographs, indicating a real accumulation per unit area. Ventral were more radioactive than dorsal surfaces. The main development of the fungus occurred on the former. Radioautography revealed that C14 from glucose-1-C14, glucose-6-C14, and uniformly labelled glucose fed to excised wheat leaves became localized at 10-day-old rust infections in 2 hours. ‘Accumulation ratios’ calculated from the specific activity of leaf segments remained close to 1.0 for at least 6 hours after introduction of the tracer, but increased to more than 2 after 24 hours. When ‘accumulation ratios’ were calculated from the specific activities of individual pustules (excised with a punch 1 mm in diameter) and interpustular disks, values greater than 1 were observed in 2 hours, thus confirming the results of autoradiography. Differences between the ‘accumulation ratios’ observed with glucose-6-C14 and glucose-1-C14 were consistent with an increased role of the pentose phosphate pathway at infection sites. Incorporation of C14 from uniformly labelled glucose into the alcohol-insoluble fraction of rusted leaf segments was 2.5-fold that in uninfected segments in 6 hours and 3.65-fold in 24 hours. The humin formed during hydrochloric acid hydrolysis accounted for approximately 50% of the activity of the alcohol-insoluble material. The ‘accumulation ratio’ for the alcohol-soluble material was only 1.56 after 24 hours.All the results support the view (Shaw and Samborski, Can. J. Botany, 34, 389–405 (1956)) that there is a quantitative, metabolically dependent accumulation of C14 from radioactive glucose at vigorous rust infections. The relative roles of fungus and host in this process are discussed briefly.
VARIABILITY AND HYPHAL ANASTOMOSES IN HOST-SPECIFIC FORMS OF MARSSONINA POPULI (LIB.) MAGN.
Authors: Boyer M. G.
Published: August 2008

Cultural studies, including observations on anastomoses, were undertaken on host-specific forms of Marssonina populi (Lib.) Magn. The fungus appears to consist of a highly variable and unstable series of forms differing in both morphological and cultural characteristics. Cytological studies have indicated that the pathogen is a uninucleate fungus. Anastomoses, evident between most of the forms examined, frequently resulted in dicaryotization of one of the cells but the dicaryotic condition was not perpetuated.
ON THE SPREAD OF FOMES ANNOSUS (FR.) CKE.
Authors: Jorgensen Erik
Published: August 2008

Basidiospores of Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke. were found to be wind-dispersed and to be deposited on soil, seedlings, tools, and other objects in the fields of the Provincial Forest Tree Nursery at St. Williams, Ontario.Spores deposited on the root systems and needles of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) nursery seedlings remained viable and ungerminated for 8 weeks, while the seedlings were kept in shipping bales and storage. Direct infection of seedlings was not observed under these conditions. However, roots of recently cut trees were successfully infected with F. annosus, when basidiospores carried on seedlings were transferred to the surfaces of roots wounded in a planting process.The danger of the spread of Fomes root rot from southern Ontario into northern Ontario is discussed. A delay of 2 to 3 years in replanting cut-over areas is suggested as a possible preventive measure against the introduction of F. annosus with planting stock.
TYPIFICATION AND SYNONYMY OF PENIOPHORA SPECIES SECT. TUBULIFERAE (CORTICIACEAE)
Authors: Weresub Luella K.
Published: August 2008

As a preliminary to discussion on the specific limits and affinities of species of Peniophora sect. Tubuliferae, a report is made of the taxa known to have been treated in connection with this section or as members of it, and descriptions of type or designated lectotype material are given wherever possible. Nomina confusa, misapplied names and names that, from the type descriptions given, appear to be obvious facultative synonyms, are pointed out as necessary discards.
MICROFUNGI: VIII. BALANIUM WALLROTH
Authors: Hughes S. J. , Hennebert G. L.
Published: August 2008

Revised diagnoses of the monotypic genus Balanium Wallroth, and its type species B. stygium Wallr., are provided from an examination of the type collection and more recent collections. The fungus is illustrated.
INDUCED VARIATION IN FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM
Authors: Page O. T.
Published: August 2008

A Fusarium isolate produced polygalacturonase (PG) of the endo or I type. Pectic acid was hydrolyzed at random liberating intermediate oligogalacturonic acid residues which were separated chromatographically. The formation of PG in the presence of a specific carbon source was shown to be an induced synthesis. It was also shown that sucrose was inhibitory of production but not activity of PG. Culture techniques precluded mutation and selection as significant factors in the induced formation of PG. The similarity of induced enzyme synthesis in Fusarium and certain bacterial enzymes is discussed and the significance of the work as related to wilt mechanisms is considered.
PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON THE UTILIZATION AND RELEASE OF AMINO ACIDS BY CYLINDROCARPON RADICICOLA WOLL.
Authors: Atkinson R. G.
Published: August 2008

One-dimensional paper chromatographic studies demonstrated that, in the absence of inorganic nitrogen, shake cultures of Cylindrocarpon radicicola Woll. preferentially utilized glutamic acid, proline, phenylalanine, and leucine from a basal salts – dextrose medium containing also histidine, aspartic acid, threonine, and valine. A similar analysis of slower-growing stationary cultures in the same medium failed to reveal this pattern of amino acid uptake. The growth of C. radicicola in a basal salts – dextrose medium containing KNO3 as the sole source of nitrogen resulted in the appearance of numerous amino acids in both stationary and shake culture fluids. The release of amino acids in stationary culture increased from a low to a high level after a growth period of 7 and 14 days, respectively. In shake culture, however, the opposite trend occurred.
STUDIES ON SPECIES OF OIDIODENDRON, HELICODENDRON, AND STACHYBOTRYS FROM SOIL
Authors: Barron G. L.
Published: August 2008

Oidiodendron nigrum Robak was recorded for the first time from soil. The method of conidial production was examined and it was found that thick-walled endospores were produced within the parental hyphal walls rather than a simple fragmenting and rounding-off of sporiferous hyphae. An isolate of Helicodendron tubulosum from soil was found to differ from previously described isolates in the production of a second phialospore-type conidial stage and in the ability of mature helicoid spores to fragment at maturity into a number of smaller functional units. Isolates corresponding to Stachybotrys cylindrospora Jensen were examined and found to be distinct from Stachybotrys atra with which it had previously been regarded as synonymous.
MONOCILLIUM HUMICOLA SP. NOV. AND PAECILOMYCES VARIABILIS SP. NOV. FROM SOIL
Authors: Barron G. L.
Published: August 2008

Monocillium humicola is described as a new hyphomycete and compared with Monocillium indicum, the type. The relationships between Monocillium and reduced forms of Paecilomyces are discussed. Paecilomyces variabilis is described as a new species from soil which has a reduced conidiophore apparatus consisting largely of sessile phialides; it produces an antibiotic active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria but not against fungi.
ESTIMATION OF APPLE ROOTSTOCK VIGOR BY THE ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE OF LIVING SHOOTS
Authors: Taper C. D. , Ling R. S.
Published: August 2008

Electrical resistances of living shoots of 13 apple rootstocks varying in vigor from very dwarfing to very vigorous were measured. A portable, battery-powered Bouyoucos Model C bridge was used, equipped with needle electrode probes that completely penetrated the bark. Data obtained on shoots of the previous year's growth revealed a direct relationship between the electrical resistance of shoots and the known rootstock effect on scion vigor. Dwarfing and vigorous rootstocks had low and high electrical resistance respectively. When resistance was plotted against time there was a close resemblance to curves for daily periodicity of transpiration.
THE NATURE OF STARCH ACCUMULATION AT THE RUST INFECTION SITE IN LEAVES OF PINTO BEAN PLANTS
Authors: Wang Dalton
Published: August 2008

The accumulation of radioactivity from carbon-14 dioxide assimilation at infection sites of Uromyces phaseoli was studied. The accumulated radioactivity was found to reside essentially in starch, which has been clearly demonstrated in this study to be the result of de novo synthesis from carbon-14 dioxide at the infection site and not due to an enhanced translocation of photosynthates from non-infected leaf areas and subsequent starch synthesis.It was also shown that U. phaseoli induced an increase in the chlorophyll content of the host tissue located at the periphery of the rust colony as it developed, and a concomitant increase in starch accumulation.Unlike the ‘green island' induced by powdery mildew in wheat leaves reported by Allen, the 'green island' induced by U. phaseoli in bean leaves is the result of pigment retention in the host tissue within the domain of influence of the parasite. The chlorophyll in the 'green island' was found to be photosynthetically active. Results from experiments of photosynthesis with 'green islands' provided the unequivocal evidence to support the idea of de novo synthesis of starch at the sites of rust infection.
ANIXIELLA AND DIPLOGELASINOSPORA, TWO GENERA WITH CLEISTOTHECIA AND PITTED ASCOSPORES
Authors: Cain Roy F.
Published: August 2008

The genus Anixiella Saito and Minoura is validated with a Latin description. Thielavia reticulata Booth and Ebben is transferred to Anixiella and the species redescribed and illustrated. The globose, blackish perithecia are nonostiolate. The broadly clavate asci are arranged in a fascicle, have a thickened ring in the apex, but are evanescent. These characteristics, along with the dark, pitted ascospores, indicate that this species has evolved from the genus Gelasinospora, which differs in having ostiolate perithecia. The new genus Diplogelasinospora with a single new species D. princeps represents another line evolved from Gelasinospora. As in Anixiella, the dark perithecia are nonostiolate and the cylindrical asci are evanescent. However, the ascospores have a hyaline cell formed at the base by means of a transverse septum.
ANTIBIOTIC P-9 IN THE CONTROL OF CEREAL RUSTS
Authors: Hagborg W. A. F. , Chelack W. S. , Spencer J. F. T.
Published: August 2008

Recurrent outbreaks of stem rust, Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Erikss. & Henn., following the widespread use of previously rust-resistant wheat varieties have emphasized the need of alternative means of rust control. A new antibiotic, P-9, available as yet only in impure form, has several properties that suggest its potential usefulness in the control of cereal rusts. It has systemic and eradicative action, is non-phytotoxic to the host crop at concentrations of a higher order than required for the control of cereal rusts, is probably non-zootoxic, and is highly water-soluble.In greenhouse tests P-9 arrested infection completely in leaf rust, P. recondita Rob. ex Desm., and in stem rust and it was apparently translocated more readily distally than proximally. In field plot tests in 1959 and 1960 it reduced rust infection and increased yield substantially.
THE EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD, TEMPERATURE, AND LIGHT INTENSITY ON THE GROWTH OF THE LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY (VACCINIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM AIT.)
Authors: Hall I. V. , Ludwig R. A.
Published: August 2008

A study of the effect of environmental factors on the growth and development of the lowbush blueberry was carried out using clonally propagated plants. In a preliminary study a definite photoperiodic response was found. Under 8-hour days flower buds were formed and no vegetative growth occurred. Under 16-hour days vegetative growth resulted and no flower bud formation occurred. In a replicated greenhouse experiment, seven clones produced flower buds with 8-, 10-, and 12-hour days, but produced none with 14- or 16-hour days. One clone produced flower buds with 8-, 10,- 12-, and 14-, but none with 16-hour days. Two clones were able to produce flower buds under all five photoperiods. Under 8- and 10- hour photoperiods no vegetative growth occurred. Under 12, 14, and 16 hours progressively more vegetative growth occurred. In an experiment on the interaction of temperature and photoperiod, vegetative growth was significantly greater at 70° F than at 50° F with the differences being accentuated by day length. Flower bud formation occurred with 11- and 13-hour photoperiods regardless of temperature, but was more pronounced at the higher temperatures. At 70° F, 15-hour photoperiod, no flower buds were formed while at 50° F, 15 hours, three clones produced no flower buds and six clones produced an abnormal type of inflorescence. Similar abnormal inflorescences were produced by giving plants 2, 3, or 4 weeks of 8-hour days. Six weeks of 8-hour days was sufficient to initiate normal inflorescences. Shade, provided by two layers of cheesecloth, significantly reduced the number of flower buds compared with full sunlight. The growth of the lowbush blueberry under field and laboratory conditions is discussed in relation to environmental factors.
THE EFFECT OF RHIZOPLANE FUNGI ON THE UPTAKE AND METABOLISM OF NUTRIENTS BY TOMATO PLANTS
Authors: Subba-Rao N. S. , Bidwell R. G. S. , Bailey D. L.
Published: August 2008

The effects of infestation of the roots of tomato seedlings with naturally occurring rhizoplane fungi on the uptake of various nutrients has been studied. Fusarium sp. suppressed the uptake of radioactive phosphate, sulphate, bicarbonate, and glucose by the varieties Bonny Best and Geneva 11. Trichoderma viride Pers. suppressed the uptake of inorganic ions but increased the uptake of glucose in the varieties Moscow and Loran Blood. Marked differences were observed in the distribution of radioactivity among soluble compounds of the shoots of infested and noninfested plants after the supply of C14-labelled glucose or bicarbonate.Rhizoplane fungi appear to have a complex influence on the metabolic activities not only of the root but of the whole plant. This indicates the importance of being aware of the biological aspects of root environment in experimental studies with plants.
THE FORMATION OF PINOSYLVIN AND ITS MONOMETHYL ETHER IN THE SAPWOOD OF PINUS RESINOSA AIT.
Authors: Jorgensen Erik
Published: August 2008

Mechanical damage to bark and cambium of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.), as well as fungal penetration of sapwood in the interior of roots and stems, induces the formation of heartwood substances in the affected parts of the sapwood. Paper chromatography disclosed the occurrence of pinosylvin (trans-3,5-dihydroxy-stilbene) and its monomethyl ether (3-hydroxy-5-methoxy-stilbene) in affected sapwood. Normal undamaged sapwood does not contain these substances, which were found to be restricted to the heartwood, except for pinosylvin monomethyl ether, which was found to occur also in the pith of branches.Field and laboratory experiments were carried out on the local formation of pinosylvins in the sapwood of live branches of red pine following wounding of the cambium. It was found that the pinosylvins are formed in the late part of the growing season and during the dormant season. Cross sections through the wound on branches showed the pinosylvins in a triangular pattern with the wounded cambium as a base line and the other two sides of the triangle extending along the rays to the pith.Cells killed rapidly did not form pinosylvins. However, cells dying slowly, and in the laboratory experiments under the influence of desiccation, produced both pinosylvin and its monomethyl ether. The optimum production of the pinosylvins occurred in the laboratory at approximately 25 °C, while no production was found at 35 °C and higher temperatures.It is concluded that the pinosylvins are formed by living cells in the sapwood under the influence of desiccation and/or aeration and that their formation is a defense reaction against attack by pathogens.The term "protection wood" is preferred as an alternative term for "pathological heartwood" or "mineral stain", which has been used by many authors.
A SPECIALIZED TOMATO FORM OF THE TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS IN CANADA
Authors: MacNeill Blair H.
Published: August 2008

Extensive sampling of naturally infected field and greenhouse tomatoes has revealed the presence of a specialized form of the tobacco mosaic virus. This tomato form, readily differentiated from that commonly occurring in tobacco, has been found in widely separated geographic areas within Canada, and is the dominant, if not the only, form in tomato even in regions where tobacco and tomatoes are grown as contiguous crops. This specialization to tomato of a virus form distinct from that in tobacco does not support the view commonly held that smoking tobacco is the main source of inoculum for the mosaic disease in commercial tomatoes.
EFFECT OF ALBUGO CANDIDA (PERS. EX CHEV.) KUNTZE ON GROWTH SUBSTANCES IN BRASSICA NAPUS L.
Authors: Srivastava B. I. S. , Shaw Michael , Vanterpool T. C.
Published: August 2008

IAA, IAN, accelerator α, and an ether-insoluble growth substance (designated as 'A') were found in alcohol extracts of healthy inflorescences of Brassica napus L. and in smaller amounts in the malformed, parasitized inflorescences produced by plants infected with Albugo Candida (Pers. ex Chev.) Kuntze. The total activity of diseased extracts (≡ 915 μg IAA/kg fresh weight) was only 61% of that of healthy ones. IAN accounted for approximately 86% of the total activity in both extracts. Brassica is thus a good source of IAN. Both IAA and IAN were identified by their chromogenic reactions, ultraviolet spectra, and Rf values in two solvent systems. Alkaline hydrolysis of 'A' produced an ether-soluble, Ehrlich-positive spot with the same Rf value as IAA. The results are discussed briefly.
HAPLOPHASE ACTIVITY IN STEMONITIS FUSCA ROTH
Authors: Benedict W. G.
Published: August 2008

The haplophase of the life cycle of Stemonitis fusca is recorded and the method is described to study the haplophase activity of this myxomycete. In all stages of the haplophase the protoplast contains a vacuolar body which stains orangered with neutral red. The protoplast of S. fusca did not shed a membrane any time after emergence from the spore. Various sizes of myxamoebae were discovered and syngamy is described.
STUDIES ON THE SOIL HYPHOMYCETE SCOLECOBASIDIUM
Authors: Barron G. L. , Busch L. V.
Published: August 2008

A comparison between Scolecobasidium constrictum Abbott and Heterosporium terrestre Atkinson shows them to be conspecific. The genus Scolecobasidium is preferred over Heterosporium for the disposition of this species. S. terreum Abbott is redescribed, and S. humicola and S. variabile described as new species.
GROWTH AND MORPHOGENESIS IN THE CANADIAN FOREST SPECIES: VI. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SPECIFIC INCREMENT OF CAMBIAL AREA IN PINUS RESINOSA AIT.
Authors: Forward D. F. , Nolan N. J.
Published: August 2008

Analysis of the growth of four trees from contrasting situations is extended to include the specific increment of cambial area, which is a measure of multiplicative growth of the cambium. This is found to correspond to radial growth, as measured by ring width, in the upper portion of the main axis and in the branches. Like ring width it exhibits the effects of intratree suppression and of a change from a condition of suppression to one of open growth. In the branches it is dependent on the position of the branch at the time of ring formation, and in those branches that are near the top of the crown, corresponding internodal rings show a higher specific increment of cambial area than those that are suppressed by overlying whorls. It is concluded that the factors controlling multiplicative growth of the cambium are essentially the same as those controlling radial growth.
THE INVERTASE OF THE CORN RADICLE AND ITS ACTIVITY IN SUCCESSIVE STAGES OF GROWTH
Authors: Hellebust J. A. , Forward D. F.
Published: August 2008

Segments of the first 10 millimeters of corn radicle tips have been analyzed in terms of invertase activity, cell number, fresh and dry weights, and sugar content. Invertase activity per cell increased 40-fold as the meristematic cell advanced to the stage of most rapid elongation, and again subsided as the cell ceased to elongate and entered the stage of maturation. In the growing cell, the concentration of sucrose remained low while that of reducing sugars increased fivefold.The corn radicle invertase was found to be a β-fructofuranosidase with a Kmof 0.006 M and a pH optimum of 4.6. Kinetic studies indicate that there is no change in the nature of the corn radicle invertase during cell growth. Equivalent activities of intact cells or segments and homogenates is consistent with the assumption that the enzyme is located outside the permeability barrier of the cells.
STUDIES ON THE VEGETATION OF THE GASPÉ PENINSULA: II. THE SOIL RESPIRATION OF SOME PLANT COMMUNITIES
Authors: Lieth Helmut , Ouellette Robert
Published: August 2008

The present study was undertaken to investigate the soil respiration of different communities of the boreal forest region in the Gaspé Peninsula. The measurements were done with an absorption method which is described in detail. Productivity of the vegetation in the Gaspé Peninsula is obviously very low. Consequently soil respiration is also very low. Compared with the data obtained with the same method in the temperate zone of middle Europe, our data lie near the lower limit of these values.
SPORULATION OF DIVERSE SPECIES OF FUNGI UNDER NEAR-ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
Authors: Leach Charles M.
Published: August 2008

Cultures of 34 fungi were irradiated at 70° F under continuous exposure to near-ultraviolet light (3100–4000 Å) at 76 microwatts per cm2 for periods ranging from 3 to 10 days. Sporulation was initiated or increased in Ascochyta pinnodella, A. pisi, Alternaria chrysanthemi, A. tenuis, A. zinniae, Botrytis cinerea, Coryneum sp., Epicoccum nigrum, Epicoccum sp., Fusarium oxysporum, F. nivale, F. roseum, F. solani, Gliocladium sp., Helminthosporium avenae, Mycosphaerella pinodes, Ophiobolus graminis, Piricularia oryzae, Phoma herbarum var. medicaginis, P. trifolii, Phoma spp., Phyllosticta sp. Pyrenochaeta terrestris, Septoria tritici, Stemphyllium botryosum, S. trifolii, Wojinowicia graminis, and Verticillium albo-atrum. H. oryzae formed conidia only when irradiation was followed by a dark period. Kabatiella caulivora and H. sativum sporulated as well in darkness as under irradiation. Sclerotia of Typhula spp. produced sporophores under a 12-hour dark, 12-hour ultraviolet light cycle at 41° F. When eight ultraviolet light-sensitive species were irradiated on various media, with few exceptions sporulation was stimulated irrespective of substrate. Irradiation of fungi under near-ultraviolet and artificial daylight fluorescent lamps stimulated sporulation equally well. When, however, near-ultraviolet and blue wave lengths were filtered from daylight fluorescent lamp radiation, sporulation was absent or much reduced in most species. Irradiation of colonies on a 12-hour dark, 12-hour ultraviolet light cycle caused zoning in the majority of species. Zoning was absent in colonies cultured under continuous exposure or under darkness.
NUCLEAR BEHAVIOR LEADING TO CONJUGATE ASSOCIATION IN HAPLOID INFECTIONS OF PUCCINIA GRAMINIS
Authors: Craigie J. H. , Green G. J.
Published: August 2008

Being heterothallic, Puccinia graminis produces haploid infections of two mating types the mycelial cells of which are uninucleate except for an occasional cell in which the nucleus has divided and in which the two daughter nuclei are still present. The pycniospores of both types of infection seem incapable of germination; but those of one type, when transferred to the upper surface of infections of the other type, fuse with the flexuous hyphae that protrude from the pycnia. By such fusions the pycniospore nuclei gain entry into the mycelia of the infections. When such transfers are made or when infections of opposite mating types coalesce to form compound infections, the introduced nuclei or their progeny migrate through the mycelia to the protoaecia of the infections, where they become conjugately associated with nuclei of the protoaecial cells. Meanwhile an occasional cell of the vegetative mycelium may become temporarily binucleate either by the division of its own nucleus, of by the passage through it of a migrating introduced nucleus or one of its progeny. Such a cell may become temporarily multinucleate by the division in it of one (or possibly both) of the daughter nuclei. In the protoaecium, conjugate associations are made possible by nuclear migration, in which activity both introduced and indigenous nuclei seem to be involved.
STUDIES OF RHIZOSPHERE ACTIVITY BY THE USE OF ISOTOPICALLY LABELLED CARBON
Authors: Subba-Rao N. S. , Bidwell R. G. S. , Bailey D. L.
Published: August 2008

In an attempt to assess the microbiological activity characterizing the microflora associated with the roots of tomato plants, experiments were performed in which C14O2 was supplied to their leaves and subsequently the soil was sampled for radioactivity. Several varieties of tomato were tested, some of which were resistant and some susceptible to Verticillium albo-atrum. Radioactivity in varying amounts was found in soil eluates, so that carbon fixed in photosynthesis must have passed out of the roots into the soil. Some of the radioactivity was released from the soil only by alcohol extraction and HCl hydrolysis and this fraction is considered to have been fixed in soil microorganisms as a result of their metabolic activity. The techniques used did not differentiate between the microbiological activities associated with Verticillium-resistant and -susceptible plants, although individual varieties seemed to be characterized by fairly definite patterns of radioactivity.
THE TAXONOMY, HISTORY, AND DISTRIBUTION OF LINARIA DALMATICA
Authors: Alex J. F.
Published: August 2008

The taxonomy of Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill. is discussed and a lectotype is selected, viz plant-number XII.10, Linaria latifolia Dalmatica, magno flore Bauh., in the Joachim Burser herbarium, which is preserved in Uppsala. A comprehensive description of the species is given. Two varieties are included: var. dalmatica, native from Yugoslavia to Iran, and var. macedonica (Griseb.) Vandas, indigenous to the mountains of southern Yugoslavia. Photographs of the type specimens of each are presented. L. grandiflora Desf. is shown to be a synonym of var. dalmatica, and Vandas is the correct authority for var. macedonica. Var. macedonica probably has never been cultivated but var. dalmatica was under cultivation at least as early as 1594 in Europe. It is now cultivated in Asia and North America as well as in Europe. Although probably introduced into North America by 1894, the earliest voucher specimen is dated 1920. Presently growing in 15 states in the U.S.A. and six provinces in Canada, var. dalmatica has escaped from cultivation and has spread as a weed in very diverse habitats, especially in coarse-textured soils west of the 100th meridian.
A HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF WEATHER FLECK ON LEAF TISSUES OF FLUE-CURED TOBACCO
Authors: Povilaitis Bronius
Published: August 2008

Microscopic studies were conducted on weather fleck, a non-parasitic plant disorder of flue-cured tobacco in Ontario. Within a few hours of the initial appearance of the flecks, damage was restricted to the palisade parenchyma cells; after about one day some of the spongy parenchyma cells also were affected. There was no apparent difference between flecked and healthy tissue with respect to thickness or structure of the cell wall. In affected tissue, the nuclei of the palisade cells were shrunken to spherical, ellipsoid, or irregularly ellipsoid shapes with average measurements of 6.0 × 5.1 μ; in adjacent undamaged cells, they averaged 9.1 × 7.3 μ. The nuclei of damaged cells stained more heavily than nuclei of normal cells and their structural details were lost. Chloroplasts of flecked and healthy palisade cells were almost of an equivalent size, the average lengths being 4.3 μ and 4.4 μ, respectively. However, chloroplasts in flecked cells had often been disrupted. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that the unknown agent or agents causing weather fleck first affect the cytoplasm and nucleus, then the chloroplasts.
THE BIOELECTRIC POTENTIALS OF PLANTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE: IV. CHANGES IN THE RATE OF WATER ABSORPTION IN EXCISED STEMS OF ACER SACCHARUM INDUCED BY APPLIED ELECTROMOTIVE FORCES: THE "FLUSHING EFFECT"
Authors: Fensom D. S.
Published: August 2008

Experiments on excised stems of maple (Acer saccharum Marsh) in the winter and growing states have shown that artificial flow through open channels can alter the existing biopotential and thus produce local streaming potentials. On the other hand, artificially applied voltages could produce two effects: a small and temporary disturbance in flow which appeared to be electroosmotic in nature and direction: a sudden large surge of flow into the stem after prolonged electrical stimulation of up to 45,000 mv. The latter effect was called "flushing" and only occurred in young green stems which had previously been well exposed to sunlight. Artificial guttation was found to be associated with flushing.
INHIBITION BY NICKEL OF THE RESPIRATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ESTABLISHED INFECTIONS ON THATCHER WHEAT CAUSED BY PUCCINIA RECONDITA ROB EX DESM.
Authors: Forsyth F. R.
Published: August 2008

A comparative study was made of the effect on the respiration of healthy and Puccinia recondita infected leaf tips of Thatcher wheat of the application of 179 p.p.m. nickelous ion or 1000 p.p.m. sulphadiazine. Treatments were applied either 2, 3, or 4 days after inoculation. Both chemicals stopped the respiration and growth of the fungus on the second day after inoculation. Only nickel was effective on the third and fourth days, because the result of its action was permanent while that of the sulphadiazine was temporary.