bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conversational agents in online organization–stakeholder interactions: a state-of-the-art analysis and implications for further research
Authors: Syvänen Salla , Valentini Chiara
Published: June 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to review the extant literature on chatbots and stakeholder interactions to identify major trends and shed light on knowledge gaps.

Design/methodology/approach

A systematic literature review was conducted combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. A code book based on early systematic literature reviews was developed and used to extract information from 62 discrete peer-reviewed English articles. An inductive approach was used to analyse definitions of chatbots, topics, metrics, perspectives and implications.

Findings

Chatbots have been studied by many different disciplines, but not much from organizational, stakeholder and corporate communication perspectives. Existing studies focus on the technical developments of chatbots and chatbot language and conversations skills. Research has remained anchored at the micro-level understanding of the phenomenon, that is, the nature of chatbots, but has not yet taken into consideration the meso (organizational) or macro (societal) levels.

Research limitations/implications

This study focused only on academic peer-reviewed papers in English and excluded conference proceeding, books, book chapters and editorials that may have offered other important and relevant reflections. The limited number of studies in communication-related disciplines shows that corporate communication scholars could contribute more to the discussion of chatbot–stakeholder interactions.

Originality/value

This is the first research in the field of corporate communication that examines organizational chatbot–stakeholder interactions. Results of this review offer important information on chatbots' organizational capabilities and affordances, which, arguably, must be taken into consideration when stakeholder engagement strategies are set.
Data managers' perspectives on OAIS designated communities and the FAIR principles: mediation, tools and conceptual models
Authors: Donaldson Devan Ray , Zegler-Poleska Ewa , Yarmey Lynn
Published: June 2020

Purpose

This paper presents results of a study on data managers' perspectives on the evolution of Designated Communities and the FAIR Principles using an example of a geological repository.

Design/methodology/approach

The study employed 10 semi-structured interviews with data managers at a state geological survey and qualitative analysis of the interview transcripts.

Findings

The Designated Community for a collection in this data repository has evolved from petroleum industry users to include academic researchers and the public. This change was accompanied by significant user interaction changes from in-person, reference interview-style conversations to anonymous digital, automated interactions. The main factors driving these changes were developments in technology which allowed the data managers to shift data discovery and access into the online environment. The online data portal has seen increasing non-expert use, driving the data team to develop additional services for these new communities. Repository data team participants varied in their familiarity with the FAIR Principles and their perceptions of the FAIRness of the data in the repository.

Research limitations/implications

The study was limited to one organization in the United States. However, the results are applicable to other data environments working through the tensions between high-level global frameworks such as FAIR, and continuing to serve the day-to-day needs of their designated communities. Continued work on how to assess success in this complex space is needed.

Originality/value

This paper lies at the nexus of two digital preservation frameworks and contributes to a limited extant literature providing guidance on implementing the concept of a Designated Community in practice.
Intelligent phishing detection scheme using deep learning algorithms
Authors: Adebowale Moruf Akin , Lwin Khin T. , Hossain M. A.
Published: June 2020

Purpose

Phishing attacks have evolved in recent years due to high-tech-enabled economic growth worldwide. The rise in all types of fraud loss in 2019 has been attributed to the increase in deception scams and impersonation, as well as to sophisticated online attacks such as phishing. The global impact of phishing attacks will continue to intensify, and thus, a more efficient phishing detection method is required to protect online user activities. To address this need, this study focussed on the design and development of a deep learning-based phishing detection solution that leveraged the universal resource locator and website content such as images, text and frames.

Design/methodology/approach

Deep learning techniques are efficient for natural language and image classification. In this study, the convolutional neural network (CNN) and the long short-term memory (LSTM) algorithm were used to build a hybrid classification model named the intelligent phishing detection system (IPDS). To build the proposed model, the CNN and LSTM classifier were trained by using 1m universal resource locators and over 10,000 images. Then, the sensitivity of the proposed model was determined by considering various factors such as the type of feature, number of misclassifications and split issues.

Findings

An extensive experimental analysis was conducted to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of the IPDS in detecting phishing web pages and phishing attacks when applied to large data sets. The results showed that the model achieved an accuracy rate of 93.28% and an average detection time of 25 s.

Originality/value

The hybrid approach using deep learning algorithm of both the CNN and LSTM methods was used in this research work. On the one hand, the combination of both CNN and LSTM was used to resolve the problem of a large data set and higher classifier prediction performance. Hence, combining the two methods leads to a better result with less training time for LSTM and CNN architecture, while using the image, frame and text features as a hybrid for our model detection. The hybrid features and IPDS classifier for phishing detection were the novelty of this study to the best of the authors' knowledge.
The evolution of the stakeholder-inclusive approach in the King Reports
Authors: van der Merwe Annamarie
Published: June 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide the reader with a high-level overview of the key messages of each of the four King Reports on Corporate Governance for South Africa, published during the period from 1994 to 2017, with a particular focus on the stakeholder-inclusive approach. While confirming the constant themes and messages, it also highlights the unique features and attributes of each of these reports.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is based on a review and comparison of the four King Reports of Corporate Governance for South Africa with a particular focus on the stakeholder-inclusive approach.

Findings

The key findings of this paper are: the concept of “stakeholder inclusivity” is a common theme across all four the King Reports forming part of the review while, at the same time, having a unique flavour in each of the reports and visibly developing over the years. The reliance on human intervention and ethical leaders to appropriately and effectively steer the stakeholder-inclusive approach is obvious. In the absence of this, no corporate governance code will provide adequate safeguards to stakeholders against corporate failures and disasters, whether in South Africa or anywhere else.

Originality/value

This paper is a part of a special issue which looks at the contribution of the King Reports to governance globally.
The analytical capacity of budgetary administrations: the case of the Euro area
Authors: Kasperskaya Yuliya , Xifré Ramon
Published: June 2020

Purpose

The objective of this study is to analyze the role that budgetary analytical capacity (BAC) plays for fiscal discipline in a sample of Eurozone countries in the postcrisis period.

Dessign/methodology/approach

Building on the policy capacity literature, an index for the BAC is constructed by including OECD budgetary data from three dimensions: reliability of projections, openness to legislative scrutiny and transparency. The proposed BAC index is validated by checking that larger values of the index are associated with the higher fiscal discipline scores across countries.

Findings

Controlling for the economic cycle, BAC index is positively associated with fiscal discipline. The association is stronger for the index as a whole than for the three separate dimensions.

Research limitations/implications

The study is done on the limited sample of countries, and it is not feasible to validate results over time.

Practical implications

Budgetary policymakers can improve fiscal discipline by enhancing the three pillars that support the BAC.

Social implications

Stronger BAC can help to improve the quality of public decision-making and overcome political opportunism.

Originality/value

This is the first study that introduces the concept of BAC, makes it operational and suggests its relevance for supporting fiscal discipline.
Research data management literacy amongst lecturers at Strathmore University, Kenya
Authors: Adika Fredrick Odhiambo , Kwanya Tom
Published: June 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to analyse the skills required by lecturers to be able to support research data management effectively; assess the research data management literacy levels amongst lecturers at Strathmore University; and suggest how research data management capacity can be strengthened to mitigate the knowledge gaps identified.

Design/methodology/approach

This study was conducted as a mixed methods research. Explanatory sequential mixed methods approach was used to collect, analyse and interpret quantitative and qualitative data from lecturers at Strathmore University in Nairobi, Kenya. Quantitative data was collected using questionnaires while qualitative data was collected through focus group discussions. Quantitative data was analysed using SPSS while qualitative data was analysed thematically.

Findings

The findings of this study indicate varied levels of research data management literacy amongst lecturers at Strathmore University. Lecturers understand the need of having literacy skills in managing research data. They also participate in data creation, collection, processing, validation, dissemination, sharing and archiving. This is a clear indication of good research data management. However, the study also revealed gaps in research data management skills amongst the lecturers in areas such as sharing of research data on open access journals, data legislation and securing research data.

Research limitations/implications

The study has been conducted in one university in Kenya. However, the findings have been contextualised in the global landscape through suitable references.

Practical implications

The findings of this study may be used to attract the attention of lecturers and librarians to research data management. The findings may also be used to develop institutional policies on research data management at Strathmore University and beyond. The suggested ways of research data capacity strengthening can be adopted or adapted by other universities to enhance research data management.

Originality/value

This is an original study.
Data librarianship in South African academic and research libraries: a survey
Authors: Chiware Elisha R.T.
Published: June 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to establish the current skills base of librarians working in research data management services in academic and research libraries in South Africa. The purpose was also to determine the relevance of courses and programmes that are currently being offered by library and information studies programmes in response to the needs of research data management services and make recommendations on curriculum improvement.

Design/methodology/approach

About 13 institutions which were considered early adopters of research data management services were identified as participants in an online survey. In addition, a review of Web pages of existing library and information studies schools was carried to establish courses that would support research data management services. Data collected through the two approaches were analysed and presented quantitatively and qualitatively.

Findings

The findings reveal an environment in a developmental stage, with limited skilled personnel to run research data management services. The findings also show an absence of specific data librarianship courses within existing library and information studies programmes and a very limited scope for the full range of data management courses within professional development programmes.

Originality/value

The paper provides information on approaches to further develop existing curriculum and contribute to the data management needs and support governments, funders and publishers' requirements for the discoverability and re-use of research data across research domains.
Knowledge sharing practices among cataloguers in Nigeria's academic libraries
Authors: Olatokun Wole , Njideaka Tobechukwu Mary-Ann
Published: June 2020

Purpose

The imperative role of cataloguing in libraries as the bedrock of information/knowledge organization, the need to manage and retain knowledge for strategic planning and better knowledge management (KM) frameworks, little or no information sharing in cataloguing units in federal university libraries in Nigeria, gave rise to this study. The purpose of this study is to identify knowledge sharing (KS) norms and factors that challenge KS practices among cataloguers to provide positive perspective and approach to KS in cataloguing sections of university libraries and improve KM frameworks for better service delivery.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on a qualitative survey design, this study examined KS norms, practices and challenges of cataloguers in five university libraries in south-west Nigeria. Data were collected through an open interview to gather in-depth information from 45 cataloguers. Given the small number of the cataloguing team in each library, an enlisting of all cataloguers (census survey) was pertinent for the study. Data collected were analyzed thematically, interviews transcribed and similar responses grouped to provide answers to research questions.

Findings

This study revealed KS norms to be somewhat inconsistent and informal than formal, though participants identified the crucial need for KS in their departments. Factors identified as challenges to KS: mood and pressure from work, participants seeing KS as a waste of time, the “know-it-all” attitude, tribal differences, lack of financial motivation, no formal training and mentoring programme, willingness to learn and copy cataloguing.

Originality/value

This study not only improves the dearth of literature on the issue of KS among cataloguers in Nigerian university libraries; but also provides definite perspective and approach to KS in university libraries' cataloguing section to improve KM frameworks for better service delivery.
Abusive supervision and knowledge sharing: moderating roles of Islamic work ethic and learning goal orientation
Authors: Islam Talat , Ahmad Saima , Kaleem Ahmad , Mahmood Khalid
Published: June 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to extend the scant literature on the effect of abusive supervision on knowledge sharing by examining the roles of Islamic work ethic and learning goal orientation in moderating the effect.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper utilizes a cross-lagged survey research design to collect data from 735 employees working in the services and manufacturing sectors of Pakistan.

Findings

The data analysis revealed that abusive supervision has a damaging effect on knowledge sharing in the workplace. However, employee learning goal orientation and the Islamic work ethic help in mitigating this detrimental effect.

Research limitations/implications

The main theoretical implication is to advance knowledge on the boundary conditions that help in mitigating the undesirable effect of abusive supervision on sharing of knowledge in organizational settings.

Practical implications

This paper provides practical insights into mitigating the damaging effects of abusive supervision, a prevalent issue in Asian societies, through the lenses of Islamic business ethics and learning goal orientation.

Originality/value

This is the first study that examines the boundary conditions placed by the Islamic work ethic and learning goal orientation around the relationship between abusive supervision and knowledge sharing in the context of Pakistan.
Identification and evaluation of the renewal of industrial land in master planning: the case of Lijia, China
Authors: Zhou Yang , Huang Xu , Li Wei
Published: June 2020

Purpose

Industrial land renewal is a significant constituent of urban environment and sustainable development. Most implementation in planning of renewal of industrial land has been mainly conducted at the site level of industrial zones or parks and the larger scale of township planning deserve further attention in China. To fill this gap, this paper aims to investigate the implementation of industrial land renewal for a whole urbanized area under the township master planning.

Design/methodology/approach

This study introduces a progressive approach to identify and evaluate the renewal of industrial land in township master planning to move toward a more practical understanding of industrial transition. The authors chose a typical industrialized town, Lijia in Changzhou City, under the development model of “Southern Jiangsu” to explain the measurement and assessment framework to identify and evaluate the renewable industrial land. Synthesizing the idea of sustainable development, the authors investigated the renewable industrial land with an econometric model including multiple-indexes of economic, social and ecological aspects, field observations and depth interviews.

Findings

The analysis demonstrated the spatial heterogeneity and complex generous structure of industrial land renewal in developing countries. It pointed out the major responsibility of enterprises as main industrial land users and indispensable responsibility of government and society. Following the idea of organic concentration and avoiding one-size-fits-all kind of deal, the master planning of Lijia emphasized the connection of industrial land and the combination of market force, social force and government regulation.

Originality/value

With original data and discussion, the authors provide more scientific renewal strategies for planners in sustainable development.
Infrared thermographic detector of hidden corrosion
Authors: Simonov Denis , Vavilov Vladimir , Chulkov Arseniy
Published: June 2020

Purpose

Active infrared (IR) thermography, because of its high productivity and illustrativeness, is a promising technique in nondestructive testing (NDT). The purpose of this paper is to discuss a concept and practical implementation of a portable experimental unit intended for IR thermographic NDT of corrosion in metallic shells.

Design/methodology/approach

The basic theory relates to the analysis of heat conduction in a plate with rear-surface material loss subjected to pulse, thermal wave or arbitrary heating.

Findings

The amplitude of temperature anomalies over defects and their characteristic observation times depend on material loss, size and shape of corrosion defects. A flexible architecture of the inspection unit is proposed to include flash tubes, halogen lamps and laser-emitting diode (LED) panels as sources of stimulating thermal radiation. In particular, LED heaters might be perspective due to their narrow spectral band, which is beyond a spectral sensitivity of modern IR imagers. It has been found that the IR thermographic technique is convenient for detecting material loss of up to 15–20 per cent in uniformly painted steel shells with thickness up to 8 mm. The concept of signal-to-noise ratio has been applied to evaluate efficiency of data processing techniques, such as Fourier transform and principal component analysis.

Originality/value

The developed equipment and inspection guidelines can be used for detecting hidden corrosion in metallic objects, such as above-ground tanks, pipes, containers, etc.
Benign neonatal hemangiomatosis with early regression of skin lesions: A case report and review of the published work
Authors: Korekawa Ayumi , Nakajima Koji , Nakano Hajime , Sawamura Daisuke
Published: June 2020

A 2‐day‐old Japanese male infant was referred to our outpatient clinic for multiple cutaneous hemangiomas present since birth. Physical examination revealed 14 small, well‐circumscribed red papules, scattered over the head, face, dorsum of the right hand, trunk, lower extremities, buttocks and penis. Ultrasound examination revealed no evidence of visceral involvement. Histological examination of a cutaneous lesion was consistent with infantile hemangioma, resulting in the final diagnosis of benign neonatal hemangiomatosis (BNH). The hemangiomas enlarged by 1 month of age and began to resolve at 2 months of age. Within the next month, the lesions had almost completely disappeared. BNH is a rare, non‐heritable, self‐limited, benign disease characterized by multiple cutaneous infantile hemangiomas and no or unremarkable visceral lesions. Generally, BNH lesions spontaneously regress within the first 1–2 years of life or within 4 months of onset. However, there have been no detailed reports about the time course of BNH. To our knowledge, 31 cases of BNH without hepatic hemangiomas, excluding this case, have been reported so far. Twenty‐one of these cases demonstrated spontaneous regression of the cutaneous hemangiomas without treatment. In all cases, the cutaneous hemangiomas were present at birth. The median age at the beginning of spontaneous regression was 6.0 months (range, 1–12) and the median age at complete or almost complete regression was 15 months (range, 3–28). Cutaneous hemangiomas in BNH without hepatic hemangiomas undergo spontaneous regression within the first year of life.
Tumor necrosis factor‐alpha blockade ameliorates inflammatory response in two children with chronic infantile neurological, cutaneous and articular syndrome
Authors: Luo Xiao‐yan , Chen An‐wei , Cai Jin‐hua , Fang Jin , Wang Hua
Published: June 2020

Chronic infantile neurological, cutaneous and articular (CINCA) syndrome is a rare autoinflammatory disease caused by monogenic defects in the NLRP3 gene. Pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)‐1β play a crucial role in the pathogenesis, and IL‐1 receptor antagonists have been regarded as the mainstay therapy. Endogenous tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α was found recently to be involved in the onset of the disease. Here, we report two Chinese children with CINCA syndrome who had elevated serum levels of TNF‐α, with one carrying a novel mutation of c.1330T/G (p.444Phe/Val) in exon 3 of the NLRP3 gene. Anti‐TNF‐α (etanercept) therapy successfully alleviated both clinical symptoms and systemic inflammation after 6 months. These results suggest the complexity of the mechanisms of the disease and that TNF‐α blockade will broaden the therapeutic approach for a subset of patients.
Environmental information disclosure in capital raising
Authors: Ji Zhiying , Yu Xiao , Yang Jiefei
Published: June 2020

In 2010, the Chinese Government issued a policy to require enterprises to disclose environmental information. Using the environmental disclosure information of 204 Chinese listed companies in 20 polluting sectors over the period of 2011–2015, we find that managers tend to withhold environmental information and selectively disguise sensitive environmental information in the face of financial pressure, and where the disclosure of sensitive environmental information would significantly increase the cost of debt financing. Furthermore, agency conflicts and information asymmetry between managers and outside investors promote the managers' tendencies to withhold environmental information when facing financial pressure.
A signal failure: Sports grants, public servants, and traffic lights
Authors: Di Francesco Michael
Published: June 2020

The Auditor General's performance audit into the failings of the Community Sport Infrastructure Grant Program has led to a ministerial resignation and a parliamentary inquiry. The media melee prompted by the ‘sports rorts’ affair has focussed on political corruption of process, with a concentration on the role of ministerial advisers. This is only part of the story. This article argues that on this occasion the Australian Public Service (APS) did not acquit itself well, and that the affair was triggered by an administrative failure to advise on threshold legal and procedural issues: what is termed the ‘traffic light’ role of a professional public service. The article considers how such policy advice failings may have occurred, and whether APS performance in this instance is an indicator of declining institutional capacity.
Could COVID‐19 Infect the Consumer Prices Index?*
Authors: Blundell Richard , Griffith Rachel , Levell Peter , O'Connell Martin
Published: June 2020

The spread of COVID‐19 has led to sweeping changes in the way households work, spend their time and shop, resulting in different shopping patterns and rapid price changes in some goods. How will changes such as these be reflected in headline inflation measures such as the Consumer Prices Index (CPI)? This paper discusses problems in interpreting the CPI as a measure of how the cost of living is changing during the lockdown.
Search and Wholesale Price Discrimination
Authors: Marshall Guillermo
Published: June 2020

Firms often choose not to post prices in wholesale markets, and buyers must incur costs to discover prices. Inspired by evidence of customized pricing (e.g., some customers pay up to 70% more than others) and search costs, I estimate a search model to study how personalized pricing impacts efficiency in a wholesale market. I find that price discrimination decreases total surplus by 11.6% and increases the sellers' profits by up to 52.1%. These effects are partially explained by price discrimination softening competition through a decrease in search incentives, illustrating how price discrimination may magnify the efficiency costs of search frictions.
Alcohol Use Disorder Masks the Effects of Childhood Adversity, Lifetime Trauma, and Chronic Stress on Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis Reactivity
Authors: Zhang Alice , Price Julianne L. , Leonard David , North Carol S. , Suris Alina , Javors Martin A. , Adinoff Bryon
Published: June 2020

Background

Individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and those who have experienced traumas or chronic stress exhibit dysregulated hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity. Whether and how trauma and stress histories interact with AUD to affect HPA axis reactivity has not been assessed.

Methods

In the present study, 26 healthy male controls and 70 abstinent men with AUD were administered a pharmacologic probe [ovine corticotropin–releasing hormone (oCRH)] and psychosocial stressor to assess HPA axis reactivity. Plasma adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and cortisol were assessed every 10–20 minutes. Hierarchical clustering of multiple measures of trauma and stress identified 3 distinct clusters: childhood adversity, lifetime trauma, and chronic stress. General linear model procedures were used to examine main effects of group (AUD/control) and interaction effects of the 3 clusters upon net‐integrated ACTH and cortisol response.

Results

We found that higher levels of childhood adversity, lifetime trauma, and chronic stress were each associated with blunted oCRH‐induced ACTH reactivity in controls, but not in the AUD group. Recent chronic stress within the prior 6 months had the strongest influence upon ACTH reactivity in the control group, and lifetime trauma, the least.

Conclusions

Childhood adversity, lifetime trauma, and chronic stress likely exert persistent, measurable effects upon HPA axis functioning in healthy controls. This association appears to be masked in individuals with AUD, potentially confounding studies examining the effects of stress, adversity, and/or trauma upon the HPA axis in this population during the protracted withdrawal phase of recovery. Future work targeting stress exposure and reactivity should consider the heightened effect of previous alcohol use relative to past adversity and trauma.
The Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) and its implementation in paediatric clinical research
Authors: Kindblom Jenny M. , Kjellén Tina , Finizia Caterina , Milsom Ian , Mellgren Karin
Published: June 2020

The amount of research being performed in children, in particular pharmacological research, is lower than in adults, which is in direct contrast to the aims of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. A Pediatric Clinical Research Center (PCRC) has been established at Sahlgrenska University Hospital with the aim of supporting clinical research in children and adolescents. The number of inquiries and initiated clinical studies at PCRC has increased since the start in 2016. In addition, there is a need for regional and national infrastructures for paediatric clinical research and a national network for paediatric clinical studies.

Conclusion

Sahlgrenska University Hospital has established an infrastructure to support paediatric research and to work with national networks and infrastructures.
Side effect management during immune checkpoint blockade using CTLA‐4 and PD‐1 antibodies for metastatic melanoma – an update
Authors: Kähler Katharina C. , Hassel Jessica C. , Heinzerling Lucie , Loquai Carmen , Thoms Kai‐Martin , Ugurel Selma , Zimmer Lisa , Gutzmer Ralf ,   for the committee on “Cutaneous Adverse Events“ of the German Working Group for Dermatological Oncology (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Dermatologische Onkologie, ADO)
Published: June 2020

CTLA‐4 and PD‐1 play a key role in tumor‐induced downregulation of lymphocytic immune responses. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have been shown to alter the immune response to various cancer types. Anti‐CTLA‐4 and anti‐PD‐1 antibodies affect the interaction between tumor, antigen‐presenting cells and T lymphocytes. Clinical studies of the anti‐CTLA‐4 antibody ipilimumab and the anti‐PD‐1 antibodies nivolumab and pembrolizumab have provided evidence of their positive effects on overall survival in melanoma patients. Combined treatment using ipilimumab and nivolumab has been shown to achieve five‐year survival rates of 52 %. Such enhancement of the immune response is inevitably associated with adverse events. Knowledge of the spectrum of side effects is essential, both in terms of prevention and management. Adverse events include colitis, dermatitis, hypophysitis, thyroiditis, hepatitis and other, less common autoimmune phenomena. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in the detection and treatment of the aforementioned immune‐related adverse events. However, early diagnosis of rare neurological or cardiac side effects, which may be associated with increased mortality, frequently pose a challenge. The present update highlights our current understanding as well as new insights into the spectrum of side effects associated with checkpoint inhibitors and their management.
Shielding for patients using a single‐use vinyl‐box under continuous aerosol suction to minimize SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission during emergency endoscopy
Authors: Kobara Hideki , Nishiyama Noriko , Masaki Tsutomu
Published: June 2020

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Long‐term repeatability of behaviours in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Thomson Hilary R. , Lamb Simon D. , Besson Anne A. , Johnson Sheri L.
Published: June 2020

Animal personality is defined as individual variation in behaviour that is consistent over time and/or across contexts. Animal personality is now considered a fundamental aspect in the fields of animal behaviour and behavioural ecology, yet the majority of studies assess repeatability of behaviours over only relatively short time periods (e.g. a week) using just two measures. Understanding whether behavioural traits are repeatable over longer periods is important for the assessment of individual differences in behaviour. Using zebrafish (Danio rerio), we investigated the repeatability of activity and exploratory behaviours, including distance travelled, time spent in the bottom of the arena, stationary time and overall exploration of the novel arena over a 28‐week period, using five intervals. All measures were repeatable over 28 weeks, but the repeatability estimates were much lower when comparing the initial week one and week two behaviours. There were clear sex differences in aspects of activity, with males more active than females. Importantly, our behavioural assays suggest that zebrafish require an initial “tank experience,” prior to the main phenotyping session, to ensure that behaviours being measured are repeatable—these effects are often not considered, but have implications for the many studies that measure behaviour at a single time point only.
Genetic divergence and evidence of human‐mediated translocation of two‐fingered sloths (Choloepus hoffmanni) in Costa Rica
Authors: Cliffe Rebecca N. , Robinson Chloe V. , Whittaker Benjamin A. , Kennedy Sarah J. , Avey‐Arroyo Judy A. , Consuegra Sofia , Wilson Rory P.
Published: June 2020

Sloths are notoriously slow and consequently have limited dispersal ability, which makes them particularly vulnerable to the effects of habitat fragmentation and degradation. Sloths in Costa Rica are considered of conservation concern due to habitat loss, livestock production and increasing urbanization. Reintroductions from rescue centres are commonplace across the country, yet their genetic diversity and population structure are unknown, and there is currently little consideration of the genetic background prior to intervention or releases. We used microsatellite analysis to undertake the first exploratory investigation into sloth population genetics in Costa Rica. Using data from 98 two‐fingered sloths (Choloepus hoffmanni) from four different geographic regions, we determined the presence of four potential genetic groups, three of them with minimal population structuring despite the limited dispersal ability and presence of physical barriers. Sloths from the North appear to represent a highly distinct population that we propose may require management as a discrete unit for conservation. We stress the need for additional analyses to better understand the genetic structure and diversity of North andWest regions and suggest that rescue facilities in Costa Rica should consider the genetic background of rehabilitated sloths when planning future reintroductions. Our results also highlight the threat posed by physical isolation due to widespread urbanization and agriculture expansion for a species with a weak dispersal ability.
Functional coupling of presequence processing and degradation in human mitochondria
Authors: Kücükköse Cansu , Taskin Asli Aras , Marada Adinarayana , Brummer Tilman , Dennerlein Sven , Vögtle Friederike‐Nora
Published: June 2020

The mitochondrial proteome is built and maintained mainly by import of nuclear‐encoded precursor proteins. Most of these precursors use N‐terminal presequences as targeting signals that are removed by mitochondrial matrix proteases. The essential mitochondrial processing protease MPP cleaves presequences after import into the organelle thereby enabling protein folding and functionality. The cleaved presequences are subsequently degraded by peptidases. While most of these processes have been discovered in yeast, characterization of the human enzymes is still scarce. As the matrix presequence peptidase PreP has been reported to play a role in Alzheimer's disease, analysis of impaired peptide turnover in human cells is of huge interest. Here, we report the characterization of HEK293T PreP knockout cells. Loss of PreP causes severe defects in oxidative phosphorylation and changes in nuclear expression of stress response marker genes. The mitochondrial defects upon lack of PreP result from the accumulation of presequence peptides that trigger feedback inhibition of MPP and accumulation of nonprocessed precursor proteins. Also, the mitochondrial intermediate peptidase MIP that cleaves eight residues from a subset of precursors after MPP processing is compromised upon loss of PreP suggesting that PreP also degrades MIP generated octapeptides. Investigation of the PrePR183Q patient mutation associated with neurological disorders revealed that the mutation destabilizes the protein making it susceptible to enhanced degradation and aggregation upon heat shock. Taken together, our data reveal a functional coupling between precursor processing by MPP and MIP and presequence degradation by PreP in human mitochondria that is crucial to maintain a functional organellar proteome.
Mice lacking paternal expression of imprinted Grb10 are risk‐takers
Authors: Dent Claire L. , Rienecker Kira D. A. , Ward Andrew , Wilkins Jon F. , Humby Trevor , Isles Anthony R.
Published: June 2020

The imprinted genes Grb10 and Nesp influence impulsive behavior on a delay discounting task in an opposite manner. A recently developed theory suggests that this pattern of behavior may be representative of predicted effects of imprinted genes on tolerance to risk. Here we examine whether mice lacking paternal expression of Grb10 show abnormal behavior across a number of measures indicative of risk‐taking. Although Grb10+/p mice show no difference from wild type (WT) littermates in their willingness to explore a novel environment, their behavior on an explicit test of risk‐taking, namely the Predator Odor Risk‐Taking task, is indicative of an increased willingness to take risks. Follow‐up tests suggest that this risk‐taking is not simply because of a general decrease in fear, or a general increase in motivation for a food reward, but reflects a change in the trade‐off between cost and reward. These data, coupled with previous work on the impulsive behavior of Grb10+/p mice in the delayed reinforcement task, and taken together with our work on mice lacking maternal Nesp, suggest that maternally and paternally expressed imprinted genes oppositely influence risk‐taking behavior as predicted.
EXTERNALITIES AGGREGATION IN NETWORK GAMES
Authors: Feri Francesco , Pin Paolo
Published: June 2020

We generalize the results on the monotonicity of equilibria for network games with incomplete information. We show that not only the distinction between strategic complements and strategic substitutes is important in determining the nature of the Bayesian Nash equilibria, but the nature of the statistic itself is also determinant. We show that understanding the underlying forces behind people's choices may be of fundamental importance for a policymaker that wants to incentivize efficient behavior.
Review: Effect on physical, mechanical, and wear performance of ZrB2‐based composites processed with or without additives
Authors: Verma Vikas , Cheverikin Vladimir , Câmara Cozza Ronaldo
Published: June 2020

Because of unique combination of properties, ultra high temperature ceramics (UHTCs) are considered the most suitable material for applications in extreme environments as in hypersonic flights, atmospheric reentry, and rocket propulsion system. Processing of UHTCs especially ZrB2‐based ceramic composites with additives offer advantages in terms of simple processing methodology and excellent properties. Processing route highly controls the ceramic properties. Present review share out systematically and explain the processing strategies of ZrB2‐based ceramic composites––conventional, hot press or spark plasma sintering and their effect on microstructure features, physical, and mechanical properties and tribological performance. Present review suggests that it is possible to process full dense ZrB2–SiC ceramic composite with ultrafine or nano size particles via fast sintering technique like spark plasma sintering and gives better mechanical and wear resistant properties.
Characteristic volatiles fingerprints and profiles determination in different grades of coconut oil by HS‐GC‐IMS and HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS
Authors: Chang Ming , Zhao Pinzhen , Zhang Tao , Wang Yong , Guo Xin , Liu Ruijie , Jin Qingzhe , Wang Xingguo
Published: June 2020

Coconut oil has been extensively used in the food industry, but determination of the quality of coconut oil remains challenging. In this study, volatile components of the coconut oils (refined, desiccated or virgin) subjected to different processing methods were identified and compared. Twenty‐six volatile components exhibiting characteristic differences among the three types of coconut oil were screened using headspace solid‐phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS). Furthermore, ethanol, 1‐propanol and dimethyl ketone could only be determined by using headspace‐gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (HS‐GC‐IMS). The principal component analysis diagrams attained by the volatile component data demonstrated that the coconut oil samples could be clearly classified into three categories. The multivariate analysis results revealed 2‐heptanone and hexanal to be the most promising markers in terms of grade discrimination in coconut oil. The findings are conducive to the development of a new method for the identification of oils with different refining degrees.
Optical properties of the CaEuAl3O7 phosphor with dual‐activator Eu2+/Eu3+ for multifunctional applications
Authors: Xu Yang , Sun Zhen , Wei Yanling , Jia Mochen , Hou Bofei , Li Xin , Lin Fang , Zhang Mingxuan , Wang Huayao , Fu Zuoling
Published: June 2020

At present, most blue‐red composite LED light sources are widely used in the field of plant lighting. However, their full‐width at half‐maximum of blue light is too small to meet the requirements of plants for photosynthesis. Herein, a dual‐emitting single‐phase self‐luminescent phosphor CaEuAl3O7 (CEAO) is reported in this study, which provides broadband blue emission of Eu2+ ions and red emissions of Eu3+ ions. According to the optical properties of Eu2+ and Eu3+ ions in the CEAO phosphor, it can be found that all emissions are consistent with the absorption of chlorophylls and pigment carotenoids. In addition, the temperature sensing based on the fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) in the CEAO phosphor is also studied and the maximum sensitivity (S) can reach as high as 6.90% K−1 at 313 K. The results indicate that the single‐component phosphor CEAO with blue and red double‐color emission possesses an outstanding potential in plant growth lamps and optical thermometry applications.
Exploring behavioural patterns during complex problem‐solving
Authors: Eichmann Beate , Greiff Samuel , Naumann Johannes , Brandhuber Liene , Goldhammer Frank
Published: June 2020

In this explorative study, we investigate how sequences of behaviour are related to success or failure in complex problem‐solving (CPS). To this end, we analysed log data from two different tasks of the problem‐solving assessment of the Programme for International Student Assessment 2012 study (n= 30,098 students). We first coded every interaction of students as (initial or repeated) exploration, (initial or repeated) goal‐directed behaviour, or resetting the task. We then split the data according to task successes and failures. We used full‐path sequence analysis to identify groups of students with similar behavioural patterns in the respective tasks. Double‐checking and minimalistic behaviour was associated with success in CPS, while guessing and exploring task‐irrelevant content was associated with failure. Our findings held for both tasks investigated, from two different CPS measurement frameworks. We thus gained detailed insight into the behavioural processes that are related to success and failure in CPS.
Mitochondrial ion channels as targets for cardioprotection
Authors: Hausenloy Derek J. , Schulz Rainer , Girao Henrique , Kwak Brenda R. , De Stefani Diego , Rizzuto Rosario , Bernardi Paolo , Di Lisa Fabio
Published: June 2020

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and the heart failure (HF) that often result remain the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. As such, new therapeutic targets need to be discovered to protect the myocardium against acute ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in order to reduce myocardial infarct (MI) size, preserve left ventricular function and prevent the onset of HF. Mitochondrial dysfunction during acute I/R injury is a critical determinant of cell death following AMI, and therefore, ion channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which are known to influence cell death and survival, provide potential therapeutic targets for cardioprotection. In this article, we review the role of mitochondrial ion channels, which are known to modulate susceptibility to acute myocardial I/R injury, and we explore their potential roles as therapeutic targets for reducing MI size and preventing HF following AMI.
Gender differences in financial knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors: Accounting for socioeconomic disparities and psychological traits
Authors: Robson Jennifer , Peetz Johanna
Published: June 2020

A large body of international research finds a persistent gender gap in the financial literacy of women compared to men, but explanations for this gap remain a topic of active debate. In this observational study, we explore the explanatory value of psychological characteristics, in addition to demographic variables and roles in household financial decision making. We begin by documenting the expected gender differences in financial knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, using a national survey of adult Canadians (n= 21,789) that provides population‐level estimates. Next, we contrast these results against a second Canadian survey data set (n= 3,502) where we are able to control for individual differences in psychological traits. Results of OLS regressions suggest that gender is not a significant predictor on three scales of financial capability. Decomposition analysis finds underlying differences in individual characteristics (endowments) explain the majority of the observed gender gap in financial literacy when psychological traits are included in the model.
Parkinson's disease therapy with Istradefylline and blood biomarkers of epigenetics
Authors: Kanzato Naomi , Nakachi Kou , Naka Taro , Mochizuki Satsuki , Miyamae Yuka , Okada Yasunori
Published: June 2020

Background

Istradefylline (IST), an adenosine A2A receptor antagonist, has been used since 2013 in Japan as an adjunctive therapy to levodopa (L‐DOPA) for patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). The long‐term use of IST as an adjunct to L‐DOPA (IST‐LD) was herein investigated to clarify the cooperative potential to keep motor functions, and an epigenetic modification for disease‐specific up‐regulated A2AR signals.

Methods

The cohort comprising 62 PD patients with diurnal variations in motor function were treated with IST‐LD for 36 months, and clinical and biomarker parameters were evaluated. One monozygotic twin pair with juvenile PD and eight healthy control (HC) subjects were recruited for analyses of epigenetic biomarkers with peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL): the A2AR protein (A2AR‐p), A2AR mRNA (A2AR‐m), and DNA methylation of the ADORA2A (Chr22q11.23) and DRD1 (Chr5q35.1) genes.

Results

IST‐LD partially reversed locomotive dysfunction and motor off time and did not promote the severe dyskinesia (LID) develop. A2AR expression levels of the PBL were higher in IST‐naïve PD patients than in HC, which were associated with the effectiveness of IST‐LD and clinical global impression improvements. Intrinsic DNA demethylation of the ADORA2A gene were observed in juvenile monozygotic twin pair of the PD and IST‐naïve PD patients, which were reversed by IST‐LD at 12 months.

Conclusions

IST‐LD was cooperative for long term to preserve motor execution controls and global daily activities improvement, through the canonical pharmacodynamics of inhibiting A2AR signaling, and also via the epigenetic modification on the ADORA2A gene.