bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changing manufacturing practices: An appraisal of the processual approach
Authors: Dawson Patrick
Published: September 2005

There has been a longstanding interest in human factors and the processes of change in manufacturing organizations. In this article attention is focused on the establishment and contribution of a processual perspective to understanding change. A history of the processual approach is outlined and some of the main defining elements and ongoing developments are appraised. Field data drawn from a study of cellular work arrangements at a mirror manufacturing plant are used to highlight the interlocking and overlapping dynamics between substance, context, and politics. In advocating the benefits of a processual perspective, it is argued that during the uptake of cellular manufacturing there is a mutual shaping between the “technical” and the “social” and in support of this claim, case study data are used to illustrate the complex and ongoing interaction between sociopolitical processes and the substance of change (in this case, the technical reconfiguration into cellular form). It is argued that attempts to distill, separate, identify, and examine discrete elements (such as technology) are misplaced and likely to produce misleading results that undervalue the importance of the contextual and sociopolitical processes that also play a key part as mutual shapers of change. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 15: 385–402, 2005.
Differently Glycosidated 2‐Amino‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucopyranosiduronic Acids as Building Blocks in Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Kyas Andreas , Feigel Martin
Published: September 2005

Seven differently glycosidated sugar amino acids (SSAs) derived from glucosamine have been prepared. Following standard solution‐phase peptide‐coupling procedures, the glycosidated 2‐amino‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucopyranosiduronic acids were condensed with natural amino acids to furnish useful heterodi‐ and ‐trimeric building blocks to be used in peptide synthesis. Combinations of these building blocks yielded hetero‐oligomeric peptides with two sugar amino acid units in different distances to each other. These were prepared to evaluate the influence of glycosidic side chains on the peptide backbone. Conformations of selected examples were examined by means of ROESY spectroscopy in combination with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and circular‐dichroism (CD) studies.
Synthesis and Characterization of Copper Complexes Containing the Tripodal N7 Ligand Tris{2‐[(pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl)amino]ethyl}amine (=N′‐(Pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl)‐N,N‐bis{2‐[(pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl)amino]ethyl}ethane‐1,2‐diamine): Equilibrium, Spectroscopic Data, and Crystal Structures of Mono‐ and Trinuclear Copper(II) Complexes
Authors: Gérard Christian , Mohamadou Aminou , Marrot Jérôme , Brandes Stéphane , Tabard Alain
Published: September 2005

The stability constants of the CuII chelates with the tripodal heptadentate ligand tris{2‐[(2‐pyridylmethyl)amino]ethyl}amine (=N′‐(pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl)‐N,N‐bis{2‐[(pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl)amino]ethyl}ethane‐1,2‐diamine; tpaa), determined by potentiometry and UV spectrometry, show the formation of [Cu(tpaaH)]3+ and [Cu(tpaa)]2+ species. In the solid state, two mononuclear CuII compounds, [Cu(tpaa)](PF6)2 (1) and [Cu(tpaaH)](ClO4)3⋅H2O (2), and one trinuclear [Cu3(tpaa)2(ClO4)2](ClO4)4⋅2 H2O (3) complex were isolated and characterized by IR, UV/VIS, and EPR spectroscopy. An X‐ray structure of the mononuclear protonated complex 2 shows that the Cu2+ ion has a distorted square‐pyramidal geometry (τ=0.21). and the proton is bound to the secondary‐amine function of one uncoordinated arm of the tripod ligand (Fig. 4). The crystal lattice for 2 is stabilized by the H‐bonds between the N‐atom of the free pyridinyl group with the proton of the free secondary‐amine function of the neighboring molecule. The linear trinuclear complex 3 consists of two entities of the pyramidal mononuclear complex 1 bound to the third central Cu2+ ion by the free unprotonated arms of the ligands in equatorial position (Fig. 5). The octahedral geometry of the third CuII atom is achieved by two perchlorate anions in the axial positions. The redox properties of 1–3 compounds was examined by cyclic voltammetry.
Binding Studies of Asymmetric Pentacoordinate Copper(II) Complexes Containing Phenanthroline and Ethane‐1,2‐diamine Ligands with Calf‐Thymus DNA
Authors: Arjmand Farukh , Chauhan Mala
Published: September 2005

New chiral complexes of the composition [MLL′], where HL=1,2‐bis(1H‐benzimidazol‐2‐yl)ethane‐1,2‐diol=H2bimedol, M=CoII, NiII, CuII, and L′=1,10‐phenanthroline (phen) or ethane‐1,2‐diamine (en), were synthesized and characterized. The ligand L exhibited a coordination mode involving the O‐atom of only one OH group, the other one being directed away from the metal center. The complexes [Cu(Hbimedol)(en)]Cl (1), [Cu(Hbimedol)(phen)]Cl (2), [Co(Hbimedol)(phen)]Cl (3), [Ni(Hbimedol)(en)]Cl (4), and [Ni(Hbimedol)(phen)]Cl (5) were ionic in nature and stable at room temperature. The donor sets involved in coordination with the metal ions were the O‐atom of one OH group and two N‐atoms of the two benzimidazole moieties, besides the two N‐atoms of phen or en (Fig. 1.). The proposed five‐coordinate geometry of 1–5 was established by analysis of spectroscopic data; the ball‐and‐stick models supported the proposed structures of 1–5 since they showed apparently no strain on any bond and angle. The interaction of complexes 1 and 2 with calf‐thymus DNA were carried out by UV/VIS titration, circular dichroism, electrochemical methods, and viscometry. The intrinsic binding constant Kb of 1 and 2 was determined as 1.57⋅104 and 1.51⋅104 M−1, respectively, suggesting that both complexes bind strongly to calf‐thymus DNA.
The Chemical Constituents from the Callus Culture of Trewia nudiflora
Authors: Du Zhi‐Zhi , Zhao Pei‐Ji , He Hong‐Ping , Zhu Na , Hao Xiao‐Jiang , Shen Yue‐Mao
Published: September 2005

Five ent‐atisane diterpenoids, including three new ones, i.e., (16α)‐17‐hydroxy‐ent‐atisan‐19‐oic acid methyl ester (1), (16α)‐17‐dihydroxy‐ent‐atisan‐19‐oic acid methyl ester (2), (16α)‐ent‐atisan‐16,17,19‐triol (3), and two known compounds, i.e., 17‐hydroxy‐ent‐atisan‐19‐oic acid (4), (16α)‐16,17‐dihydroxy‐ent‐atisan‐19‐al (5), together with one known diterpene glycoside, i.e., sumogaside, two known triterpenes, i.e., germanicone and (3β)‐β‐amyrin, three known phenolic compounds, i.e., (+)‐gallocatechin, (+)‐catechin, and gallic acid, and two known sterols, i.e., β‐sitosterol and daucosterol, were isolated from the callus cultures of Trewia nudiflora. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis including 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR experiments. No maytansinoids were isolated or detected by LC‐ESI‐MS in the extracts of the calli, which suggests that the callus cultures can not produce maytansinoids under these conditions.
Supramolecular Arrays of Cationic Complexes Containing Pyrazole Ligands and Tetrafluoroborate, Trifluoromethanesulfonate, or Nitrate as Counterions. Crystal Structure of Bis(3,5‐dimethyl‐4‐nitro‐1H‐pyrazole‐κN2)silver(1+) Nitrate ([Ag(HpzNO2)2](NO3))
Authors: Gallego M. Luz , Cano Mercedes , Campo José A. , Heras José V. , Pinilla Elena , Torres M. Rosario
Published: September 2005

The structures of [Pd(η3‐C3H5)(HpzR2)2](BF4) (HpzR2=Hpzbp2=3,5‐bis(4‐butoxyphenyl)‐1H‐pyrazole, 1; HpzR2=HpzNO2=3,5‐dimethyl‐4‐nitro‐1H‐pyrazole=Hdmnpz, 2) and [Ag(HpzR2)2](A) (HpzR2=Hpzbp2, A=$\rm{ BF_4^ -}$, 3; HpzR2=HpzNO2, A=$\rm{ CF_3 SO_3^ -}$, 4) were comparatively analyzed to determine the factors responsible for polymeric assemblies. In all cases, the H‐bonding interactions between the pyrazole moieties and the appropriate counterion and, in particular, the orientation of the NH groups of the pyrazole ligands are determinant of one‐dimensional polymeric arrays. In this context, the new compound [Ag(HpzNO2)2](NO3) (5) was synthesized and its structure analyzed by X‐ray diffraction (Fig. 4). The HpzNO2 serves as N‐monodentate ligand, which coordinates to the AgI center through its pyrazole N‐atom giving rise to an almost linear NAgN geometry. The planar NO$\rm{_{3}^{-}}$ counterion bridges two adjacent AgI centers to form a one‐dimensional zigzag‐shaped chain which is also supported by the presence of NH⋅⋅⋅O bonds between the pyrazole NH group of adjacent cationic entities and the remaining O‐atom of the bridging NO$\rm{_{3}^{-}}$ (Fig. 5). The chains are further extended to a two‐dimensional layer‐like structure through additional Ag⋅⋅⋅O interactions involving the NO2 substituents at the pyrazole ligands (Fig. 6).
Synthesis and [4+2] Cycloaddition of (2R,2′R)‐N,N′‐Fumaroylbis[fenchane‐8,2‐sultam] (=(2E)‐1,4‐Bis[(3aS,6S,7aR)‐1,4,5,6,7,7a‐hexahydro‐7,7‐dimethyl‐2,2‐dioxido‐3H‐3a,6‐methano‐2,1‐benzothiazol‐1‐yl]but‐2‐ene‐1,4‐dione) to Cyclopentadiene
Authors: Piątek Anna M. , Chojnacka Agnieszka , Chapuis Christian , Jurczak Janusz
Published: September 2005

The now corrected X‐ray structure of (2R)‐bornane‐10,2‐sultam ((−)‐1a), as well as that of its already published N‐crotonoyl derivative (−)‐1d, were compared with those of the newly synthesized (2R)‐fenchane‐8,2‐sultam ((+)‐5a), as well as its N‐crotonoyl derivative (−)‐5d. Also the N‐methyl‐ and N‐acryloylfenchane‐8,2‐sultams (−)‐5b,c were prepared, and both the reactivity and diastereoselectivity imparted by the new chiral auxiliary to N,N′‐fumaroylbis[fenchane‐8,2‐sultam] (−)‐5e were compared with those of (−)‐1a by addition of cyclopenta‐1,3‐diene to (−)‐5e, in various solvents and at different temperatures under TiCl4‐mediated and uncatalyzed conditions. The determining influence of these factors is rationalized by the loss of the masked C2 symmetry earlier attributed to camphor‐derived sultams as well as transition‐state dipolar stabilization by the solvent of the thermodynamically less stable syn‐s‐cis conformer.
Three New Cytotoxic ent‐Kaurane Diterpenoids from Isodon weisiensis C. Y. Wu
Authors: Ding Lan , Zhang Zhang‐Jing , Liu Guo‐An , Yang Dong‐Juan , Guo Guo‐Cong , Wang Han , Sun Kun
Published: September 2005

Three new cytotoxic ent‐kaurane diterpenoids, (1α,7α,14β)‐1,7,14‐trihydroxy‐ent‐kaur‐16‐en‐15,18‐dione (1), (1α,7α,14β)‐1,7,14,18,20‐pentahydroxy‐ent‐kaur‐16‐en‐15‐one (2), and (3β,7α,14β)‐3,7,14‐tris(acetyloxy)‐ent‐kaur‐16‐en‐15‐one (3), were isolated from Isodon weisiensis C. Y. Wu. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including 2D‐NMR techniques, and the crystal structure of 1 was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray‐diffraction analysis. The chosen crystal of 1 was orthorhombic, space group P212121, and there were two molecules with little difference in bond length and bond angle in the least‐asymmetry unit. Compounds 1–3 showed significant cytotoxic activities against human‐cancer cell lines Bel‐7402 and HO‐8910.
Three New Indole Alkaloids from the Leaves of Alstonia scholaris
Authors: Zhou Hua , He Hong‐Ping , Luo Xiao‐Dong , Wang Yue‐Hu , Yang Xian‐Wen , Di Ying‐Tong , Hao Xiao‐Jiang
Published: September 2005

Three new akuamillan‐type indole alkaloids, i.e., 5‐methoxystrictamine (=methyl (5β,16R,19E)‐5‐methoxyakuammilan‐17‐oate; 1), methyl (16R,19E)‐1,2‐dihydro‐16‐(hydroxymethyl)‐5‐oxoakuammilan‐17‐oate (2), and methyl (2β,16R,19E)‐4,5‐didehydro‐1,2‐dihydro‐2‐hydroxy‐16‐(hydroxymethyl)akuammilan‐4‐ium‐17‐oate chloride (3), have been isolated from the leaves of Alstonia scholaris, together with ten known compounds. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic means. None of the constituents showed significant cytotoxic activity towards WT cells.
Lewis Acid Catalyzed, Selective Cyclopropane‐Ring Opening in Ingol Diterpene Derivatives
Authors: Srinivasulu Masuna , Reddy Vanimireddy Lakshmi Niranjan , Reddy Samala Malla , Ravikanth Veluri , Raju Tuniki Venugopal , Ramakrishna Sistla , Venkateswarlu Yenamandra
Published: September 2005

Lewis acid mediated skeletal rearrangement of the ingol diterpenoids 1 and 4 via regio‐ and stereospecific cyclopropane‐ring opening afforded the four new compounds 2, 3, 5, and 6, named nivulianol A–D (Scheme 1). Their structures were established by means of IR, MS, and in‐depth NMR spectroscopic analyses. The rearranged congeners were tested for lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced prostaglandin (PG) E2 (cyclooxygenase‐2) inhibition. Thereby, nivulianol B (=(1S*,2E,4R*,5S*,7Z,9S*,11R,13S*,14S*)‐14‐acetoxy‐5‐methoxy‐3,9,13‐trimethyl‐6‐(1‐methylethenyl)‐10‐oxo‐15‐oxatricyclo[9.3.1.01,11]pentadeca‐2,7‐dien‐4‐yl (2Z)‐2‐methylbut‐2‐enoate; 3) was found to be significantly active, with an IC50 value of 36.3 μg/ml.
Two New Iridoid Glycosides from Hedyotis tenelliflora Blume
Authors: Zhao Jing‐Feng , Yuan Qin‐Mei , Yang Xiao‐Dong , Zhang Hong‐Bing , Li Liang
Published: September 2005

Two new iridoid glycosides, teneoside A (=(2aR,5S)‐5‐[(β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)oxy]‐2a,4a,5,7b‐tetrahydro‐4‐{[(α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl)oxy]methyl}‐1H‐2,6‐dioxacyclopenta[cd]inden‐1‐one; 1) and teneoside B (=methyl (1S,5R)‐1‐[(β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)oxy]‐1,4a,5,7a‐tetrahydro‐5‐hydroxy‐7‐{[(α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl)oxy]methyl}cyclopenta[c]pyran‐4‐carboxylate; 2), were isolated from the roots of Hedyotis tenelliflora Blume, along with two known compounds, deacetylasperuloside (3) and scandoside methyl ester (4). Their structures were elucidated by chemical methods (acid hydrolysis) and spectroscopic analyses.
A Novel Three‐Dimensional Coordination Polymer Involving PbPb Interactions and Three Different Hemidirected Lead(II) Coordination Spheres: X‐Ray Crystal Structure of Tris(1,10‐phenanthroline‐κN1,κN10)bis[{μ3‐[5‐(sulfo‐κO)benzene‐1,3‐dicarboxylate(3−)‐κO1,κO1′ :  κO2,κO2′ : κO2]}trilead (PbPb) Trihydrate ([Pb3(phen)3(H2O)2(sip)2]n⋅3 H2O)
Authors: Xiao Hong‐Ping , Morsali Ali
Published: September 2005

A novel 3D polymeric PbII complex involving three different hemidirected PbII coordination spheres, [Pb3(phen)3(H2O)2(sip)2]n⋅3 H2O (phen=1,10‐phenanthroline and sip=5‐sulfoisophthalate=5‐sulfobenzene‐1,3‐dicarboxylate), was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and IR spectroscopy. Its single‐crystal X‐ray structure shows three types of Pb2+ ions with coordination number six for Pb(1) and seven for Pb(2) and Pb(3). Two of the lead atoms, Pb(1) and Pb(3), are involved in PbPb interactions.
Alkaloids from the Bulbs of Lycoris aurea
Authors: Yang Yu , Huang Sheng‐Xiong , Zhao Yi‐Min , Zhao Qin‐Shi , Sun Han‐Dong
Published: September 2005

Two new and ten known alkaloids have been isolated from the bulbs of Lycoris aurea (Amaryllidaceae). The two new compounds, lycosinine A (=[2‐(2,3‐dihydro‐1‐methyl‐1H‐indol‐7‐yl)‐4,5‐dimethoxyphenyl]methanol; 1) and lycosinine B (=2‐(2,3‐dihydro‐1‐methyl‐1H‐indol‐7‐yl)‐4,5‐dimethoxybenzaldehyde; 2), were fully characterized by spectroscopic methods. In addition, a plausible biogenesis of homolycorine from 1 and 2 is proposed (Scheme).
Three New Isoprenylated 2‐Arylbenzofurans from Artocarpus petelotii
Authors: Chen Lei , Hou Ai‐Jun
Published: September 2005

Three new isoprenylated 2‐arylbenzofurans, artopetelins A–C (1–3), were isolated as minor constituents from the EtOH extract of the root barks of Artocarpus petelotii Gagnep. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including HR‐EI‐MS and 2D‐NMR techniques.
Titanium implant osseointegration with calcium pyrophosphate in rabbits
Authors: Koo Samuel , König Bruno , Allegrini Sérgio , Yoshimoto Marcelo , Carbonari Marcelo José , Mitri‐Luiz Fábio Franceschini
Published: September 2005

The objective of this study was to characterize calcium pyrophosphate material, evaluate itsin vitrocytotoxicity, and assess its ability to induce bone formation. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) was used to deterimne crystallinity and phases present in material. Serial dilutions of extracts, from 10‐day dissolution tests in modified Eagle's medium, were exposed for 24 h to mouse fibroblasts and cytotoxicity assessed via viable staining.In vivoperformance was determined by placing Ti screws with and without calcium pyrophosphate agglutinated with marrow adipose tissue in the tibiae of eight rabbits. New bone formation around test and control implants was evaluated histomorphometrically by using three fluorochrome labels: alizarin, calcein, and tetracycline. After 8 postoperative weeks, the animals were killed and specimens were retrieved and processed for fluorescence and light microscopic analysis. Calcium pyrophosphate showed no cytotoxicity and the XRD showed that the main phase of the analyzed sample corresponded to β‐calcium pyrophosphate. The largest fluorochrome labeling area occurred during the fourth and fifth postoperative weeks, in both control and experimental groups. Histologically, the bone neoformation occurred in regions where the calcium pyrophosphate was resorbed. The morphometric analysis showed implants placed with calcium pyrophosphate resulted in smaller polyfluorochrome labeling area (p< 0.05). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Material characterization and in vivo behavior of silicon substituted α‐tricalcium phosphate cement
Authors: Camiré Christopher L. , Jegou Saint‐Jean Simon , Mochales Carolina , Nevsten Pernilla , Wang Jian‐Sheng , Lidgren Lars , McCarthy Ian , Ginebra Maria‐Pau
Published: September 2005

The possibility and biological effects of substituting silicon in α‐tricalcium phosphate (α‐TCP) by way of solid‐state reaction have been evaluated. α‐TCP powders with varying substitution amounts (1 and 5 mol % Ca2SiO4) were synthesized by reacting mixtures of CaCO3, Ca2P2O7, and SiO2, at a rate of 4°C(min)−1 to 1100 °C, left to dwell for 2 h and then heated to 1325°C at 4°C(min)−1 and left to dwell for a period of 4 h. The powders were then rapidly quenched in air. Si incorporation could be verified by X‐ray diffraction analysis, indicating an increase of the lattice volume with increasing Si content from 4284.1(8) to 4334(1) Å3 for pure α‐TCP and α‐Si5%TCP, respectively. The hydrolysis of milled α‐SiTCP powders was monitored by isothermal calorimetry, and the compressive strength of set cements was tested. The results showed changes in speed and amount of heat released during reactivity tests and a decrease in mechanical strength (60, 50, and 5 MPa) with increasing Si content. In vitro bioactivity of the set cements after soaking in simulated body fluid for 4 weeks was also tested. The formation of a bonelike apatite layer on the surface of the set cements could be observed and was thickest for 1%Si (20 μm). These results were in good agreement with the in vivo studies performed, which showed strong evidence that the cement containing 1% silicon doped α‐TCP enhanced mesenchymal cell differentiation and increased osteoblast activity compared with α‐TCP. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Microscopic observations of superficial ultrastructure of unworn siloxane‐hydrogel contact lenses by cryo‐scanning electron microscopy
Authors: González‐Méijome José M. , López‐Alemany Antonio , Almeida José B. , Parafita Manuel A. , Refojo Miguel F.
Published: September 2005

The purpose of this study was to analyze three commercial siloxane‐hydrogel contact lens materials, lotrafilcon A, balafilcon A, and galyfilcon A, by cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryoSEM). The fully hydrated lenses were frozen in slush liquid nitrogen and qualitatively observed in a cryogenic scanning electron microscope. The superficial ultrastructure of the siloxane‐hydrogels was observed at the areas where the lens fractured during sample cryogenic preparation. There are qualitative differences among the three examined materials in the complex polymer network structure existing between the outer layer and the underlying polymer. CryoSEM, although destructive, is a useful tool to investigate the structure of polymers used in contact lenses. This technique allows the observation of the inner structure of polymers in the hydrated state. The ultrastructure, the polymer network underlying the outer surface of siloxane‐hydrogels by cryoSEM microscopy, have never been reported before. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
In‐patient versus in vitro degradation of P(L/DL)LA and PLGA
Authors: Landes C. A. , Ballon A. , Roth C.
Published: September 2005

To assess and compare degradation rates, poly(70L‐lactide‐co‐30DL‐lactide) [P(L/DL)LA] and poly(85L‐lactide‐co‐15‐glycolide) (PLGA) copolymer degradation were studied in patients (maxillofacial region) and in vitro. Five patients of a total of 20 with 85:15 PLGA osteosyntheses, and 15 of a total of 60 with 70:30 P(L/DL)LA osteosyntheses, (10 females and 10 males, 26–55 years; mean, 33 years) underwent explantations after 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months. Identical resorbables immersed in physiological buffer solution at 37°C were compared at identical intervals. P(L/DL)LA's initial average molecular weight of 45,000 decreased to 25,000 in patients (and to 21,000 in vitro) after 6 months, and to 8000 in patients after 18 months. PLGA's average molecular weight decreased from 44,600 to 22,000 after 3 months in patients and in vitro, and to 11,000 in patients and 1300 in vitro at 6 months. In‐patient and in vitro glass‐transition temperatures decreased from ∼60°C to 50°C over 18 months. Crystallinity in explants was ≤ 4% in P(L/DL)LA throughout testing, and 16% and 30% in PLGA at 6 and 12 months, respectively. Both copolymers decomposed reliably in patients: 85:15 PLGA within 12 months and 70:30 P(L/DL)LA within 24 months on average (p < 0.005), leaving only extremely small granules that powder upon finger touch. In vitro rates were significantly faster (p < 0.005). Crystallinity associated with foreign‐body reactions was minor and did not inhibit decomposition. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Effects of resin formulation and nanofiller surface treatment on in vitro wear of experimental hybrid resin composite
Authors: Musanje L. , Ferracane J. L. , Ferracane L. L.
Published: September 2005

While adding nonbonded nanofillers and lowering the viscosity of the resin matrix have shown success in reducing deleterious polymerization stresses in dental composites, their effects on wear resistance is unknown. This study evaluated abrasion and attrition wear of experimental composites with varied resin viscosities [inherent to varied ratios of TEGDMA:UDMA:bis‐GMA (47:33:16 wt%; 30:33:33 wt%; 12:33:51 wt%)] and nanofiller surface treatment (12.6 wt% silanated or unsilanated silica: OX‐50; 0.04 μm). Specimens (n = 6) were light cured, aged in water at 37°C for 7 days, and evaluated in the new OHSU oral wear simulator (100,000 cycles). Nonbonded nanofiller increased abrasion and attrition in the low and medium viscosity composites. Increase in resin viscosity increased abrasion and attrition in composites containing silanated nanofiller, with equivocal effects in composites containing unsilanated nanofiller. Nonbonded nanofiller can lower the overall wear resistance of some composite formulations. Increasing resin viscosity generally lowers the wear resistance, but had minimal effect on composites containing nonbonded nanofiller. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Injectable and rapid‐setting calcium phosphate bone cement with dicalcium phosphate dihydrate
Authors: Burguera Elena F. , Xu Hockin H. K. , Weir Michael D.
Published: September 2005

Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) sets in situ with intimate adaptation to the contours of defect surfaces, and forms an implant having a structure and composition similar to hydroxyapatite, the putative mineral in teeth and bones. The objective of the present study was to develop an injectable CPC using dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) with a high solubility for rapid setting. Two agents were incorporated to impart injectability and fast‐hardening to the cement: a hardening accelerator (sodium phosphate) and a gelling agent (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, HPMC). The cement with DCPD was designated as CPCD, and the conventional cement was referred to as CPCA. Using water without sodium phosphate, CPCA had a setting time of 82 ± 6 min. In contrast, CPCD exhibited rapid setting with a time of 17 ± 1 min. At 0.2 mol/L sodium phosphate, setting time for CPCD was 15 ± 1 min, significantly faster than 40 ± 2 min for CPCA (Tukey's at 0.95). Sodium phosphate decreased the paste injectability (measured as the paste mass extruded from the syringe divided by the original paste mass inside the syringe). However, the addition of HPMC dramatically increased the paste injectability. For CPCD, the injectability was increased from 65% ± 12% without HPMC to 98% ± 1% with 1% HPMC. Injectability of CPCA was also doubled to 99% ± 1%. The injectable and rapid‐setting CPCD possessed flexural strength and elastic modulus values overlapping the reported values for sintered porous hydroxyapatite implants and cancellous bone. In summary, the rapid setting and relatively high strength and elastic modulus of CPCD should help the graft to quickly attain strength and geometrical integrity within a short period of time postoperatively. Furthermore, the injectability of CPCD may have potential for procedures involving defects with limited accessibility or narrow cavities, when there is a need for precise placement of the paste, and when using minimally invasive surgical techniques. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Reduction of Cr(VI) by palladized biomass of Desulfovibrio vulgaris NCIMB 8303
Authors: Humphries Andrea C , Macaskie Lynne E
Published: September 2005

Palladized biomass of Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Bio‐Pd(0)) reduced Cr(VI) to Cr(III) at an initial rate four‐fold higher than chemically‐prepared Pd(0) metal. Optimal Cr(VI) reduction by suspended Bio‐Pd(0) occurred at pH 3, whereas pH did not affect the rate of Cr(VI) reduction by Bio‐Pd(0) immobilized in agar beads. The rate of Cr(VI) reduction was concentration‐dependent below 300 µmol dm−3, and application of enzyme kinetics, considering Bio‐Pd(0) as an ‘artificial enzyme’, gave an apparent Km (Kmapp) of approx. 650 µmol dm−3 and Vmax of 1667 nmol h−1 mg Pd(0) for suspended Bio‐Pd(0). The potential of Bio‐Pd(0) as a method for the treatment of Cr(VI)‐wastes is discussed. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Prediction of two‐phase pressure drop and liquid holdup in co‐current gas–liquid downflow of air–Newtonian systems through packed beds
Authors: Jagadeesh Babu Ponnan Ettiyappan , Arunagiri Appusamy , Murugesan Thanapalan
Published: September 2005

The dependency of pressure drop and liquid holdup on phase velocities, geometry of the column and packing materials as well as on the physical properties have been analyzed. Our experimental data (825 data points obtained using four liquid systems and three different particles) along with those of the available literature (776 data point from five different sources) were used for the analysis. The applicability and the limitations of the literature correlations were evaluated using the available data. Based on the analysis, new correlations for the estimation of pressure drop and liquid holdup, valid for low and high interaction regimes have been developed using the available data, with a wide range of variables. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Performance of the hydrolyzation film bed and biological aerated filter (HFB–BAF) combined system for the treatment of low‐concentration domestic sewage in south China
Authors: Ling Xiao , Hu Yong‐You , Wu Chun‐De , Hu Gui‐Ping
Published: September 2005

The performance of the hydrolyzation film bed and biological aerated filter (HFB–BAF) combined system in pilot scale (with a daily treatment quantity of 600–1300 m3 d−1), operated for 234 days, for low‐strength domestic sewage was assessed using different amounts of aeration, reflux ratios and hydraulic loading rates (HLR). In steady state it was found that the average removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand at 5 days (BOD5) were 82.0% and 82.2% and the average effluent concentrations were 15.8 mg L−1 and 9.4 mg L−1 respectively as the HFB was running at an HLR of 1.25–1.77 m3 m−2 h−1 and the BAF was running at an HLR of 1.56–2.21 m3 m−2 h−1. In general, the removal efficiency of total nitrogen (TN) fluctuated with the HLR, gas–water ratio and reflux ratio, so the ratio of gas to water should be controlled from 2:1 to 3:1 and the reflux ratio should be as high as possible. The effluent concentration of TN was 10.4 mg L−1 and the TN removal averaged 34.3% when the gas–water ratio was greater than 3:1 and the reflux ratio was 0.5. The effluent concentration and removal efficiency of NH4+‐N averaged respectively 2.3 mg L−1 and 78.5%. The overall reduction of total phosphorus (TP) was 30% and the average effluent concentration was 0.95 mg L−1. The removal efficiency of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) reached 83.8% and the average effluent concentration was almost 0.9 mg L−1. The effluent concentration and removal efficiency of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were 0.0654 µ g L−1 and 37.05% respectively when the influent concentration was 0.1039 µ g L−1. The excess sludge containing water (volume 15 m3) was discharged once every 3 months. The power consumption of aeration was 0.06–0.09 kWh of sewage treated. The results show that the HFB–BAF combined technology is suitable for the treatment of low‐concentration municipal sewage in south China. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of silk sericin peptides–L‐asparaginase bioconjugates and their characterization
Authors: Zhang Yu‐Qing , Tao Mei‐Lin , Shen Wei‐De , Mao Jian‐Ping , Chen Yu‐hua
Published: September 2005

The natural silk sericin, recovered from Bombyx mori silk waste by degumming and degrading, is a water‐soluble peptide with different molecular masses, ranging from 20 to 60 kDa. It is composed of 15 sorts of amino acids, among which the polar amino acids with hydroxyl, carboxyl and amino groups such as aspartic acid, serine and lysine account for 72%. The covalent attachment of the silk sericin peptides to L‐asparaginase (ASNase) produces silk sericin peptides–L‐asparaginase (SS–ASNase) bioconjugates that are active, stable, have a lower immune response, and have extended half‐lives in vitro in human serum. The modified enzyme coupled with sericin protein retains 55.8% of the original activity of the native enzyme. The optimal pH of SS–ASNase derivatives shifts considerably, to 5.0 in comparison with pH 6.0–8.0 of the native form. The thermostability and resistance to trypsin digestion of the modified enzyme are greatly enhanced as compared with ASNase alone. The Michaelis constant (Km) of SS–ASNase is 65 times lower than that of the enzyme alone. This suggests that the affinity of the enzyme to its substrate L‐asparagine greatly increases when bioconjugated with silk sericin. The in vivo experiments also show that the silk sericin peptides have no immunogenicity, and the antigenicity of the enzyme is obviously decreased when coupled covalently with the silk sericin peptides. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparison of different procedures for the detoxification of eucalyptus hemicellulosic hydrolysate for use in fermentative processes
Authors: Carvalho Giovani BM , Mussatto Solange I , Cândido Elisângela J , Almeida e Silva João B
Published: September 2005

Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis) shavings were submitted to an acid hydrolysis process with the aim of obtaining a hemicellulosic hydrolysate rich in fermentable sugars. However, the hydrolysate obtained contained, in addition to sugars, several compounds that are toxic to microorganisms, namely furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural, acetic acid and phenolics. In order to produce a hydrolysate suitable for use in fermentative processes, several procedures were evaluated for hydrolysate detoxification, including concentration by vacuum evaporation and adsorption on activated charcoal, diatomaceous earths, ion‐exchange resin or adsorbent resin. Hydrolysate concentration was especially effective for furfural removal, whereas the adsorbent resin was efficient in removing hydroxymethylfurfural, phenolics and acetic acid. Combination of this resin with activated charcoal was better than with diatomaceous earths for removal of acetic acid and phenolics. The best detoxification procedure evaluated was based on hydrolysate concentration followed by adsorption on activated charcoal and adsorbent resin. By this treatment, removal rates of 82.5, 100, 100 and 94% were attained for acetic acid, furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural and phenolics, respectively. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Decolourisation of dyes and dyehouse effluent in a bubble‐column reactor by ozonation in the presence of H2O2, KMnO4 or Ferral
Authors: Hassan Mohammad M , Hawkyard Christopher J , Barratt Peter A
Published: September 2005

The decolourisation of aqueous solutions of dyes by ozonation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate or Ferral using a bubble column reactor was investigated. Addition of hydrogen peroxide in the ozonation reaction of dyes did not affect its decolourisation efficiency. The addition of potassium permanganate considerably increased the decolourisation efficiency during ozonation of all of the dyes studied. Ferral showed excellent catalytic activity under acidic conditions but in alkaline conditions its catalytic activity diminished. The effect of the ozonation on COD was also monitored and was found to be highly effective in reducing the COD of aqueous dye solutions. In addition to studying the effect of addition of hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate or Ferral on the ozonation of aqueous solutions of individual dyes, tests were carried out on effluent from a commercial dyeing unit. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Improved cultivation conditions for polysaccharide production by H. influenzae type b
Authors: Takagi Mickie , Cabrera‐Crespo Joaquin , Zangirolami Teresa Cristina , Raw Isaias , Tanizaki Martha Massako
Published: September 2005

Haemophilus influenzae b (Hib), an encapsulated Gram‐negative cocco‐bacillus, is one of the most common agents of meningitis worldwide. The capsular polysaccharide conjugated to a carrier protein is the antigen of the vaccine against Hib. An optimized cultivation process that could lead to an increase in the polysaccharide production would be of great interest for mass vaccination programs. The aim of this work was to evaluate different culture conditions in attempt to improve the capsular polysaccharide yield. Hib was cultivated in a bioreactor with modified soy‐peptone and yeast‐extract (MP) medium and optimal hemin and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) concentration in the culture medium was established at 30 mg L−1 and 15 mg L−1, respectively. The batch experiments were carried out as follows: (a) overlay aeration without pH control; (b) air‐sparged with dissolved oxygen tension (DOT) controlled at 10 and 30% air saturation, with and without pH control. The cultures with air‐sparged aeration, without pH control, showed values for the specific production (SPp/x) of 180–190 mg PRP g−1 dry cell weight (DCW) and overall polysaccharide productivity of 22–29 mg L−1 h−1, accounting for an increase of ca 47% over the polysaccharide production with overlay aeration. Batch cultivations with air sparged aeration led to an improvement in the poly(ribosylribitol phosphate) (PRP) production for both conditions (DOT at 10 and 30% air saturation) investigated upon pH control, achieving up to 980 PRP mg L−1. The SPp/x and overall polysaccharide productivity were 280–300 mg PRP g−1 DCW and 45–41 mg L−1h−1, respectively. The best production of capsular polysaccharide was obtained in the modified MP‐medium, with 30 mg L−1 hemin and 15 mg L−1 NAD, upon sparged aeration and pH control. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
A novel method to prepare chitosan powder and its application in cellulase immobilization
Authors: Mao Xuepu , Guo Gangjun , Huang Jinfeng , Du Zhiyun , Huang Zhishu , Ma Lin , Li Pei , Gu Lianquan
Published: September 2005

In this study, chitosan microspheres and sponges with uniform spherical and porous morphologies were prepared by coiling the stretched chains of chitosan with addition of salt and choosing different kinds of organic solvents as evaporation solvents. Cellulase was immobilized to the support by a covalent method. The enzyme exhibited a considerable affinity to the support, and the protein loading of 145.5 mg g−1 support was fairly high. The immobilized cellulase had a higher Km than free cellulase and had better stability with respect to pH, thermal stability, reuses and storage stability than free cellulase. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Kraft pulping of Drimys winteri wood chips biotreated with Ganoderma australe
Authors: Franco Heriberto , Freer Juanita , Rodríguez Jaime , Baeza Jaime , Elissetche Juan Pedro , Mendonça Régis
Published: September 2005

Drimys winteri, a native hardwood from Chile, presents some interesting characteristics that make it suitable for the pulp and paper industry. In this work, the potential of D winteri for the conventional kraft and biokraft pulp production was evaluated. For biokraft pulping, wood chips were biotreated with the white‐rot fungus Ganoderma australe. During the biotreatment, a selective pattern of biodelignification was observed and the wood chips biotreated for 15, 30 and 45 days were submitted to kraft cooking. At low cooking severity (H‐factor below 1500 h−1, 15% active alkali and 25% sulfidity), all biopulps presented lower kappa numbers than control pulps and approximately the same screened pulp yield. Biopulps were easily refined in a PFI mill, requiring less PFI revolutions to achieve the same fibrillation degree. The strength properties of the biopulps were similar to those of the control pulps. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Application of tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine as a coupling agent for β‐galactosidase immobilized on chitosan to produce galactooligosaccharides
Authors: Cheng Tzu‐Chien , Duan Kow‐Jen , Sheu Dey‐Chyi
Published: September 2005

β‐Galactosidase was immobilized on chitosan using tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine (THP) as a coupling agent to produce galactooligosaccharides (GOS) from lactose. Both the THP‐immobilized and the free enzymes were maximally achieved at pH 5.0 and the optimal temperature was 55 °C. The residual activities for the THP‐immobilized enzyme and the free enzyme were 75 and 25%, respectively, after being incubated in 0.1 mol dm−3 sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0) at 55 °C for 13 days. The formation of GOS was catalyzed by free and THP‐immobilized β‐galactosidase from lactose. The yield of GOS produced by the free enzyme from the lactose solution (36%, w/v) at 55 °C was 43% on a dry weight basis, which was similar to the 41% GOS yield produced by the THP‐immobilized enzyme system. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics and mineral content of herby cacik, a traditional Turkish dairy product
Authors: Kucukoner Erdogan , Tarakci Zekai , Sagdic Osman
Published: September 2005

Changes in the physicochemical properties, mineral and heavy metal content and microbial flora of cacik samples were studied over a storage period of 30 d. The analysis results were in the ranges as follows: dry matter content 16.45–20.76%, fat 1.45–4.30%, protein 8.14–13.87%, total ash 0.96–4.19%, salt 0.25–3.15%. There were significant differences in dry matter, fat, salt, protein and ash content of the cacik samples (P < 0.05). There were significant differences in Ca, P, Na, Mg, Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn content of the cacik samples (P < 0.05). Total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB) and enterococci reached levels above 104 and 103 CFU g−1, respectively. Coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus were not detected in any of the cacik samples during the storage period. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on MRS and M17 agars were the dominant bacteria. The cacik samples had LAB counts up to 104.4 CFU g−1. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Costing yield loss from acidity, sodicity and dryland salinity to Australian agriculture
Authors: Hajkowicz S. , Young M.
Published: September 2005

Salinity, sodicity and acidity are three major soil constraints that limit crop and pasture yields in Australia. In this paper estimates are made of the potential benefits arising from their treatment by measuring and mapping their impact on agricultural profit. This is achieved by estimating the increase in profit for Australia's main commodities that would occur if the three soil constraints were costlessly ameliorated. These estimates reveal the upper achievable limit on investment returns. They are also indicative of each soil constraint's economic significance to Australian agriculture. It was found that costless removal of salinity would increase annual profits by A$187 million, sodicity by A$1034·6 million and acidity by A$1584·5 million. This equates to 2·9 per cent, 15·8 per cent and 24·2 per cent of total net economic return. It was also found that worsening salinity extent and severity over 2000–2020 has a present value of A$496–A$712 million. Although soil salinity is currently the focus of much public attention, this analysis suggests that from a production viewpoint the correction of sodic and acidic soils may create greater private economic benefit. Opportunities vary considerably among industries. In particular, there is considerable opportunity for the horticultural and viticultural sector to address acidity issues. Whether gross benefits translate into net benefits is a complex question requiring access to context and location‐specific information. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A systems analysis of soil and forest degradation in a mid‐hill watershed of Nepal using a bio‐economic model
Authors: Sitaula B. K. , Sankhayan P. L. , Bajracharya R. M. , Singh B. R.
Published: September 2005

Forest degradation, manifested through decline in forest cover, and the resulting soil erosion and organic carbon losses, is a serious problem caused by a complex coupling of bio‐physical, socio‐economic and technological factors in the Himalayan watersheds. Greater understanding of the linkages between these factors requires a systems approach. We have proposed such an approach using a bio‐economic model to explore the system behaviour of forest degradation, soil erosion, and soil C losses in the forest areas. The outcome of the model simulation over a 20‐year period indicates that soil erosion and C loss rates may increase more than four‐fold by the year 2020 under the existing socio‐economic and biophysical regime (the base scenario). Reductions in the population growth rate, introduction of improved agricultural technology and increase in the prices of major agricultural crops can help slow down the rates of forest decline, soil erosion and C loss or even stabilize or reverse them. The results suggest that economic incentives may be highly effective in the reduction of soil loss, as well as C release to the atmosphere. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental impacts of surface mining on mined lands, affected streams and agricultural lands in the Dabaoshan Mine region, southern China
Authors: Lin C. , Tong X. , Lu W. , Yan L. , Wu Y. , Nie C. , Chu C. , Long J.
Published: September 2005

Impacts of surface mining on ecosystems were investigated in the Guangdong Dabaoshan Mine region, southern China. Significant soil acidification has been induced by mining activities which cause oxidation of metal sulfides contained in the mine spoils. Natural colonization of vegetation in the mine site has been impeded and this has resulted in severe soil erosion. Acid mine drainage from this mine site has caused the degradation of the downstream aquatic ecosystems. Mine water with pH< 3·5 has been continuously flowing into a first‐order tributary of the Beijiang River and has destroyed all the aquatic life to a distance of at least 25 km downstream of the discharge point, even when the pH rose to above 6 in the Hengshishui River (a third‐order tributary of the Beijiang River). Further downstream, macroinvertebrates first occurred at about 30 km from the discharge point, and only one species was found. This is in contrast to a reference site that was not affected by acid mine drainage, where 36 macroinvertebrate taxa were found. Acidic mine water also had marked impacts on the agricultural lands irrigated with it. Severe contamination of the soils by mine drainage is responsible for the extremely high concentrations of some heavy metals in the edible portions of a variety of food crops grown on the agricultural lands. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulated rainfall evaluation of revegetation/mulch erosion control in the Lake Tahoe basin—3: soil treatment effects
Authors: Grismer M. E. , Hogan M. P.
Published: September 2005

Revegetation, or other erosion control treatments of disturbed soil slopes in forested areas and along highways of the Lake Tahoe basin are directed at reduction of sediment loading to waterways reaching the lake. However, following treatment, little vegetation monitoring, or hydrologic evaluation has been conducted either to determine if the various treatments are successful or to assess the duration of erosion control anticipated in the field. Here, we build upon results from use of the portable rainfall simulator (RS) described in the first two papers of this series to evaluate cover and revegetation treatment effects on runoff rates and sediment concentrations and yields from disturbed granitic and volcanic soils in the basin. The effects of slope on rainfall runoff, infiltration and erosion rates were determined at several revegetated road cut and ski run sites. Rainfall simulation (∼60 mm h−1, approximating a 100‐year, 15‐minute storm) had a mean drop size of ∼2·1 mm and approximately 70 per cent of ‘natural’ rainfall kinetic energy. Measurements of: time to runoff; infiltration; runoff amount; sediment yield; and average sediment concentration were obtained. Runoff sediment concentrations and yields from sparsely covered volcanic and bare granitic soils can be correlated to slope. Sediment concentrations and yields from nearly bare volcanic soils exceeded those from granitic soils by an order of magnitude across slopes ranging from 30–70 per cent. Revegetation, or application of pine‐needle mulch covers to both soil types dramatically decreased sediment concentrations and yields. Incorporation of woodchips or soil rehabilitation that includes tillage, use of amendments (biosol, compost) and mulch covers together with plant seeding resulted in little or no runoff or sediment yield from both soils. Repeated measurements of sediment concentrations and yields in the subsequent two years following woodchip or soil rehabilitation treatments continued to result in little or no runoff. Revegetation treatments involving only use of grasses to cover the soils were largely ineffective due to sparse sustainable coverage (< 35 per cent) and inadequate infiltration rates. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.