bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integration of Nutrition Into Extension and Advisory Services
Authors: Fanzo Jessica , Marshall Quinn , Dobermann Darja , Wong Joyce , Merchan Rafael I. , Jaber Mona I. , Souza Alejandro , Verjee Neelam , Davis Kristin
Published: June 2015

Background:

The need for nutrition-sensitive agriculture is well recognized and of growing interest to global development players. Extension and advisory services (EAS), with their established infrastructure, provide a unique opportunity for nutrition interventions to be implemented at scale with significant reach.

Objective:

To assess current integration of nutrition in EAS, document training provided to EAS agents, and identify challenges and opportunities for the integration of nutrition.

Methods:

A mixed methodology was used, which included a systematic literature review covering the following databases: PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Agris, Google Scholar, Econlit, and IBSS. In addition, online surveys and semistructured key informant interviews with stakeholders were performed. Data were collected between December 2012 and June 2013.

Results:

Based on this study, the most common integration of nutrition into EAS is through efforts to increase the availability of nutritious food. The nutrition training of extension agents is often inadequate, particularly in the realm beyond technical agricultural skill. Additionally, a lack of career opportunities discourages EAS agents form engaging with nutrition integration. The major challenges to integrating nutrition into EAS centered on lack of training for agents, unclear organizational mandates, lack of female inclusion, lack of mobility, and systemic challenges between agriculture and nutrition sectors. Key opportunities for integration efforts are engaging communities, creating a demand for nutrition, and use of innovative communications.

Conclusions:

This study demonstrates a large degree of variability across programs in the integration and implementation of nutrition activities into EAS, providing differing opinions on the feasibility of integration. Although the need for nutrition-sensitive agriculture is known, and there is agreement that EAS would provide a positive framework, there are still challenges impeding a simple integration of nutrition into EAS as a delivery platform.
Identifying the Sociocultural Barriers and Facilitating Factors to Nutrition-related Behavior Change
Authors: Kodish Stephen , Aburto Nancy , Hambayi Mutinta Nseluke , Kennedy Caitlin , Gittelsohn Joel
Published: June 2015

Background:

As the Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) movement gains momentum globally, more attention and resources are being given to integrated nutrition interventions. In 2013, the Government of Malawi, with support from the World Food Programme and partners, initiated such an intervention in Ntchisi District. Aimed to reduce the prevalence of stunting, the intervention has several components, including the provision of a small-quantity, lipid-based nutrient supplement (SQ-LNS) for children aged 6 to 23 months.

Objective:

This paper describes formative research findings derived from a Rapid Assessment Procedures (RAP) approach to inform the integrated nutrition intervention.

Methods:

With a three-phase, emergent research design, this study utilized ethnographic methods including in-depth interviews, direct meal observations, and full-day child observations. Free lists and pile sorts were conducted to define food and illness domains through cultural domain analysis. Participants included community leaders, caregivers, health surveillance assistants, and children aged 6 to 23 months.

Results:

Community members felt that nutrition-related illnesses were less salient and threatening than other illnesses, and food quality was less important than food quantity. Household food allocation occurred in predictable patterns and varied by type of household member and season. Considered an energy-giving food, the SQ-LNS was accepted, but health education and communications tailored to local understanding of nutrition and health are necessary to ensure its appropriate utilization.

Conclusions:

Tailoring a communications strategy to Ntchisi, Malawi could only be done through formative research to understand the sociocultural factors influencing nutrition-related behaviors. A RAP approach allowed for a comprehensive understanding of this local environment.
Landscape Analysis of Nutrition-sensitive Agriculture Policy Development in Senegal
Authors: Lachat Carl , Nago Eunice , Ka Abdoulaye , Vermeylen Harm , Fanzo Jessica , Mahy Lina , Wüstefeld Marzella , Kolsteren Patrick
Published: June 2015

Background:

Unlocking the agricultural potential of Africa offers a genuine opportunity to address malnutrition and drive development of the continent.

Objective:

Using Senegal as a case study, to identify gaps and opportunities to strengthen agricultural policies with nutrition-sensitive approaches.

Methods:

We carried out a systematic analysis of 13 policy documents that related to food production, agriculture, food security, or nutrition. Next, we collected data during a participatory analysis with 32 national stakeholders and in-depth interviews with 15 national experts of technical directorates of the different ministries that deal with agriculture and food production.

Results:

The current agricultural context has various elements that are considered to enhance its nutrition sensitivity. On average, 8.3 of the 17 Food and Agriculture Organization guiding principles for agriculture programming for nutrition were included in the policies reviewed. Ensuring food security and increasing dietary diversity were considered to be the principal objectives of agricultural policies. Although there was considerable agreement that agriculture can contribute to nutrition, current agricultural programs generally do not target communities on the basis of their nutritional vulnerability. Agricultural programs were reported to have specific components to target female beneficiaries but were generally not used as delivery platforms for nutritional interventions.

Conclusions:

The findings of this study indicate the need for a coherent policy environment across the food system that aligns recommendations at the national level with local action on the ground. In addition, specific activities are needed to develop a shared understanding of nutrition and public health nutrition within the agricultural community in Senegal.
Acceptability of Two Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Foods by HIV-Positive Patients in Vietnam
Authors: Brown Matthew , Nga Tran Thuy , Hoang Mai-Anh , Maalouf-Manasseh Zeina , Hammond Wendy , Thuc Thi My Luu , Minh Thi Hong Nguyen , Hop Thi Le , Berger Jacques , Wieringa Frank T.
Published: June 2015

Background:

Ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) has been found effective in treating severe acute malnutrition. Vietnam’s National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), and UNICEF collaborated to formulate a local RUTF called High-Energy Bar for Integrated Management of Acute Malnutrition (HEBI). RUTF might be useful to address malnutrition in HIV patients.

Objective:

To compare the acceptability of the local RUTF and an imported RUTF among malnourished people with HIV in Vietnam Methods: The acceptability of HEBI and Plumpy’Nut was studied among 80 HIV-positive children and 80 HIV-positive adults. In a crossover design, participants were randomly assigned to receive either Plumpy’Nut or HEBI for 2 weeks and were switched to the other product for the subsequent 2 weeks. A third (control) group of about 40 HIV-positive participants in each study was randomly assigned to receive no RUTF. Nurses took anthropometric measurements weekly, and the subjects or their caregivers monitored daily RUTF intake.

Results:

Children consumed 69% of HEBI and 65% of Plumpy’Nut ( p = .13). Adults consumed 91% of HEBI and 81% of Plumpy’Nut ( p = .059). Both children ( p = .058) and adults ( p ≤ .0001) preferred HEBI. Significant gains were observed in percent weight ( p = .035), weight-for-age ( p = .014), and body mass index (BMI)-for-age ( p = .036) in children who received RUTF and in percent weight ( p = .017) and BMI ( p = .0048) in adults who received RUTF compared with the control groups.

Conclusions:

In this study in Vietnam, both HEBI and Plumpy’Nut were found acceptable by people with HIV.
Images of urban China in Cao Fei’s ‘magical metropolises’
Authors: Berry Chris
Published: June 2015

This article examines the moving image works of Chinese artist Cao Fei as a response to China’s rapid urbanization and the transformation of its existing urban spaces which are no longer shaped by socialism but instead by what this article considers as China’s engagement with neo-liberalism, including and facilitated by globalization. The urban sprawl of the Pearl River Delta inspired Rem Koolhaas’s writings on the ‘generic city’, which he celebrates precisely for its blandness. Cao herself is from Guangzhou. Yet, in works such as RMB City, Haze and Fog, Whose Utopia, and Hip Hop: Guangzhou, Cao creates what she calls ‘magical metropolises’. This article asks what kind of responses Cao’s ‘magical’ works are to contemporary Chinese urbanization. As part of the answer to this question, it applies four hermeneutic frameworks to analyse the works themselves. The findings from each of those frameworks indicate that Cao’s work not only reflects the current Chinese urban condition, but also participates and intervenes in it in various ways.
Deforestation and Transboundary Haze in Indonesia
Authors: Atkinson Christopher L.
Published: June 2015

Indonesia is the world’s third-largest emitter of greenhouse gases, primarily due to its timber and forest activities. Timber-related fires are common in Indonesian peat forests, resulting in a noxious haze that has been the cause of periodic economic and public health crises. In this article, the phenomenon of transboundary haze is examined in the light of path dependence, historical institutionalism and elite theory. An evaluation of Indonesia’s policy process with environmental legislation and enforcement, prospects for future policy development and discussion of the inability of Indonesia to deal effectively with haze and other environmental problems are addressed in the light of theory. The article concludes that the haze problem has historically been a microcosm of what is wrong with environmental policy in Indonesia, and that new incentive programmes like Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) aside, no significant change from the historical path may be reasonably expected unless Indonesia can seek to end or at least reduce the influence of crony relationships on regulatory structures and administration, and implement an independent programme of its own with appropriate oversight and resources for addressing environmental degradation and enforcement of regulations.

印尼是世界上第三大温室气体排放国，主要是来源于其木材和森林方面的活动。木材相关的火灾在印尼泥炭林中十分常见，这导致了有害雾霾始终是周期性经济和公共健康危机的原因。在本文中，通过路径依赖、历史制度主义和精英理论研究了跨境雾霾现象。本文从理论上探讨了印尼环境立法和执法的评价，未来政策发展的展望，并认为印尼没有能力有效应对雾霾和其他环境问题。本文的结论是，雾霾问题历来是印尼的环境政策出现问题的一个缩影，除了像REDD+（通过减少森林砍伐、遏制森林退化来降低排放）这样的新激励计划以外，从历史路径中没有显著的变化可以进行合理预测，除非印尼可以结束或者至少降低裙带关系对监管体系和管理的影响，并且形成一个独立的程序，通过适当的监督和方法解决环境退化和规定实施的问题。
Mobilizing the Community to Prevent Older Adult Suicide
Authors: Fullen Matthew C.
Published: June 2015

Older adults are at an elevated risk for suicide. A comprehensive framework for preventing older adult suicide should include knowledge about risk factors, a theoretical basis that explains the high prevalence of older adult suicide, and a transdisciplinary prevention strategy that shares responsibility for suicide prevention among professional and lay members of the community. The author introduces a community-based suicide prevention strategy that employs health and mental health professionals, aging sector professionals, caregivers, and older adults to recognize and respond to older adults who may be in distress.
Differentiation and customer decoupling points: An integrated design approach for mass customization
Authors: Daaboul Joanna , Da Cunha Catherine , Le Duigou Julien , Novak Boštjan , Bernard Alain
Published: June 2015

Mass customization draws a twofold benefit: cost reduction, inherited from mass production techniques, and good response to customer requirements, inherited from customization. Two main decisions, relevant to design and manufacturing, are required for the proper implementation of mass customization. First, product features should be split between standard and customizable ones. This will position the product differentiation points. Second, processes should be split between make-to-stock and make-to-order. This will position the customer-order decoupling point. Most often, these two decisions are made separately. In this article, the authors advocate that both decisions should be made simultaneously. They propose an integrated method for design for mass customization. It is based on simultaneously evaluating the impact of these two criteria on enterprise and customer value through the modeling and simulation of value networks. A real case study on Alpina footwear industries is simulated and analyzed. The computational results highlight the joint impact of the two decisions on the overall performance. These two levers should then be considered, simultaneously, when designing the mass customization strategy.
Efficacy of Bilateral Simultaneous Hallux Valgus Correction Compared to Unilateral
Authors: Boychenko Anton Viktorovich , Solomin Leonid Nikolaevich , Parfeyev Sergey Gennadievich , Obukhov Ilya Esatovich , Belokrylova Maria Sergeevna , Davidov Denis Vladimirovich
Published: June 2015

Background:

Hallux valgus affects up to 29% of adults and can be bilateral in 84% of cases. Contemporary surgical techniques provide the possibility of simultaneous bilateral correction, but still there is no consensus on whether staged or simultaneous correction should be performed if both feet are involved. The aim of the present study was to report our experience of treatment of patients with hallux valgus and to perform comparative analysis of results obtained from unilateral and simultaneous bilateral surgical correction.

Methods:

Data on 60 feet (40 patients) with hallux valgus that underwent surgery between 2010 and 2013 using scarf osteotomy and lateral soft tissue release were analyzed. Unilateral correction was performed in 30 feet (25 patients) and bilateral correction in 30 feet (15 patients). The patients from both groups were admitted to hospital for 7 days. Functional assessment (American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society [AOFAS] score) and radiographic examination (intermetatarsal and hallux valgus angles) were performed preoperatively and at 6, 12, and 24 months after the procedure. Comparative analysis between groups with bilateral and unilateral correction was carried out.

Results:

At 24 months after surgery in the bilateral and unilateral groups, the mean AOFAS score was 86 ± 6.2 and 86 ± 6.9 ( P > .05), the mean intermetatarsal angle was 8.4 ± 0.5 and 8.8 ± 0.8 degrees ( P > .05), and the mean metatarsophalangeal angle was 13.0 ± 1.2 and 13.0 ± 0.9 degrees ( P > .05), respectively.

Conclusion:

According to the data obtained, simultaneous bilateral correction had the same functional and radiographic results as unilateral surgery.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, case series.
Complications After Popliteal Block for Foot and Ankle Surgery
Authors: Anderson John G. , Bohay Donald R. , Maskill John D. , Gadkari Kuldeep P. , Hearty Thomas M. , Braaksma William , Padley Michelle A. , Weaver Kevin T.
Published: June 2015

Background:

A popliteal nerve block is a common analgesic procedure for patients undergoing surgery on their knee, foot, or ankle. This procedure carries less risk in a surgical setting compared with other forms of anesthesia such as a spinal block. Previous reports demonstrated few to no complications with the use of this nerve block, but it is unclear whether these data are consistent with the recent increase in use of this analgesic procedure for lower extremity surgery.

Methods:

Retrospectively, a busy orthopedic foot and ankle practice performed a chart review examining for postoperative neuropathic complications possibly related to the popliteal nerve block. The 1014 patients who had undergone a popliteal block for foot and/or ankle orthopedic surgery were analyzed for short and long-term neuropathic complications. The collected data consisted of tourniquet time, pressure, and location as well as the method of finding the fossa nerve, adjuncts used, and patient medical history. Data were analyzed using chi-square, Fisher’s exact, and t tests for analysis with a significance value of P < .05.

Result:

Of these 1014 patients, 52 patients (5%) developed deleterious symptoms likely resulting from their popliteal block, and 7 (0.7%) of these were unresolved after their last follow-up. No immediately apparent underlying causes were determined for these complications.

Conclusion:

The frequency of a neuropathic complication following a popliteal nerve block was notably higher in the early postoperative period than indicated in the past. The proportion of patients with unresolved neuropathic symptoms at last follow-up is comparable to that previously reported in the literature.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV, retrospective case series.
From “Spaces of Fear” to “Fearscapes”
Authors: Tulumello Simone
Published: June 2015

The article engages with theory about the processes of spatialization of fear in contemporary Western urban space (fortification, privatization, exclusion/seclusion, fragmentation, polarization) and their relation to fear of crime and violence. A threefold taxonomy is outlined (Enclosure, Post-Public Space, Barrier), and “spaces of fear” in the city of Palermo are mapped with the aim of exploring the cumulative large-scale effects of the spatialization of fear on a concrete urban territory. Building on empirical evidence, the author suggests that mainstream theories be reframed as part of a less hegemonic and more discursive approach and that theories mainly based on the analyses of global cities be deprovincialized. The author argues for the deconstruction of the concept of “spaces of fear” in favor of the more discursive concept of “fearscapes” to describe the growing landscapes of fear in contemporary Western cities.
A Community Health Worker Intervention for Diabetes Self-Management Among the Tz’utujil Maya of Guatemala
Authors: Micikas Mary , Foster Jennifer , Weis Allison , Lopez-Salm Alyse , Lungelow Danielle , Mendez Pedro , Micikas Ashley
Published: June 2015

Despite the high prevalence of diabetes in rural Guatemala, there is little education in diabetes self-management, particularly among the indigenous population. To address this need, a culturally relevant education intervention for diabetic patients was developed and implemented in two rural communities in Guatemala. An evaluative research project was designed to investigate if the structured, community-led diabetes self-management intervention improved selected health outcomes for participants. A one-group, pretest–posttest design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the educational intervention by comparing measures of health, knowledge, and behavior in patients pre- and postintervention. A survey instrument assessed health beliefs and practices and hemoglobin A1c (HgA1c) measured blood glucose levels at baseline and 4 months post initiation of intervention (n = 52). There was a significant decrease (1.2%) in the main outcome measure, mean HgA1c from baseline (10.1%) and follow-up (8.9%; p = .001). Other survey findings were not statistically significant. This study illustrates that a culturally specific, diabetes self-management program led by community health workers may reduce HgA1c levels in rural populations of Guatemala. However, as a random sample was not feasible for this study, this finding should be interpreted with caution. Limitations unique to the setting and patient population are discussed in this article.
A Review of Research on Teaching People With Significant Disabilities Vocational Skills
Authors: Cannella-Malone Helen I. , Schaefer John M.
Published: June 2015

Although an important part of adult life, individuals with significant disabilities experience low rates of gainful employment. The purpose of this review was to summarize and analyze the literature on teaching vocational skills to individuals with significant disabilities. Sixty-two articles (with 75 experiments) included in this review were published between 1969 and 2014, and indicated that most participants were successfully taught to engage in a variety of vocational skills in a range of settings. Unfortunately, this review also determined that the research on teaching vocational skills to individuals with significant disabilities is steadily decreasing, with only 15 new studies published since 2000. Potential directions for future research will be proposed.
An Evaluation of the Technical Adequacy of a Revised Measure of Quality Indicators of Transition
Authors: Morningstar Mary E. , Lee Hyunjoo , Lattin Dana L. , Murray Angela K.
Published: June 2015

This study confirmed the reliability and validity of the Quality Indicators of Exemplary Transition Programs Needs Assessment–2 (QI-2). Quality transition program indicators were identified through a systematic synthesis of transition research, policies, and program evaluation measures. To verify reliability and validity of the QI-2, we administered rigorous methods including a content analysis, an expert review, and instrument field test. Forty-seven indicators were categorized into seven domains: (a) transition planning, (b) transition assessment, (c) family involvement, (d) student involvement, (e) transition-focused curriculum and instruction, (f) interagency collaboration, and (g) systems-level infrastructure. The QI-2 was found to be reliable and valid for use by transition stakeholders, districts, and states for evaluating quality of transition programs and identifying areas for program improvement.
Accounting for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Severity With Pre- and Posttrauma Measures
Authors: Ogle Christin M. , Rubin David C. , Siegler Ilene C.
Published: June 2015

Using data from a longitudinal study of community-dwelling older adults, we analyzed the most extensive set of known correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms obtained from a single sample to examine the measures’ independent and combined utility in accounting for PTSD symptom severity. Fifteen measures identified as PTSD risk factors in published meta-analyses as well as 12 theoretically and empirically supported individual difference and health-related measures were included in our analysis. Individual difference measures assessed after the trauma, including insecure attachment and factors related to the current trauma memory, such as self-rated severity, event centrality, frequency of involuntary recall, and physical reactions to the memory, accounted for symptom severity better than did measures of pretrauma factors. In an analysis restricted to prospective measures assessed before the trauma, the total variance explained decreased from 56% to 16%. Results support a model of PTSD in which characteristics of the current trauma memory promote the development and maintenance of PTSD symptoms.
Changes in Skiing and Snowboarding Injury Epidemiology and Attitudes to Safety in Big Sky, Montana, USA
Authors: Patrick Edward , Cooper Jamie G. , Daniels Jeff
Published: June 2015

Background

Despite a risk of harm, the past 20 years have seen dramatically increased participation in snow sports such as skiing, and particularly, snowboarding. This period has also seen revolutions in piste maintenance and paradigm developments in the use of safety equipment. Consequently, the numbers and characteristics of injury may be very different from those traditionally quoted.

Purpose

To compare and evaluate the injury patterns among skiers and snowboarders in a North American ski resort in 1996 and 2013.

Study Design

Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods

Questionnaire-based cross-sectional studies were carried out independently in a North American ski resort between the dates of March 6 and April 11 in both 1996 and 2013. Demographic data and information about incident circumstances were collected from injured patients who visited the local on-site clinic. Data were compared statistically to assess for significant changes in injury characteristics between the 2 time periods.

Results

The 1996 report consisted of 148 injured participants, and the 2013 study included 156 participants. Results from 2013 demonstrated significant increases in helmet use, the number of snowboarders injured, and shoulder injuries. Injury was also more likely in those aged 46 to 55 years, those never having had professional instruction, or those with rented equipment. Significant reductions were seen in those injured with other people close by and in the 36- to 45-year age group. Overall, the knee was the most commonly injured body part in both periods (1996: 31%, n = 38; 2013: 33%, n = 36), although upper limb injuries were predominant in snowboarders.

Conclusion

Snow sports injury characteristics of patients presenting to a ski resort medical clinic have changed between 1996 and 2013. These findings can be used to further inform safety recommendations and areas to target with further research.
Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma Preparations
Authors: Schippinger Gert , Prüller Florian , Divjak Manuela , Mahla Elisabeth , Fankhauser Florian , Rackemann Steve , Raggam Reinhard Bernd
Published: June 2015

Background

Autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been widely used for the treatment of sports injuries. It has been associated with improved healing and regeneration of soft tissues in elite athletes. Athletes are commonly receiving nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). As yet, the effect of these drugs on platelet function in PRP formulations has not been taken into consideration.

Hypothesis

The function of platelets in PRP produced under the influence of NSAIDs is inhibited and may lessen a possible healing effect on the site of injury.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

PRP was collected from patients receiving NSAIDs after elective orthopaedic surgery, and platelet function was evaluated using light transmission aggregometry (LTA). Results were compared with those obtained from healthy volunteers without a history of NSAID intake during the previous 2 weeks. Two different systems for blood collection and PRP production (Arthrex ACP double-syringe system and standard 4.5-mL sodium citrate blood collection tubes) were used and compared regarding the quality of PRP that was produced.

Results

For both groups, the baseline platelet counts of whole blood and the platelet counts of PRP formulations were found to be in the normal range. Both collection systems for PRP produced comparable results without significant differences between the groups. Platelet function testing with LTA revealed significantly impaired platelet aggregation in both PRP preparations, obtained from patients taking NSAIDs, irrespective of the type of NSAID ( P < .001). All subjects from the control group showed normal platelet aggregation patterns when tested with LTA.

Conclusion

Autologous PRP produced from subjects after NSAID medication shows significantly impaired platelet function and may result in lower quality regarding the content of bioactive compounds.

Clinical Relevance

If required, the administration of NSAIDs should be performed after blood collection for preparation of autologous PRP; otherwise, the therapeutic effect may be limited.
Essential role of class II PI3K-C2α in platelet membrane morphology
Authors: Valet Colin , Chicanne Gaëtan , Severac Childerick , Chaussade Claire , Whitehead Maria A. , Cabou Cendrine , Gratacap Marie-Pierre , Gaits-Iacovoni Frederique , Vanhaesebroeck Bart , Payrastre Bernard , Severin Sonia
Published: June 2015

Key Points

PI3K-C2α controls platelet membrane structure and remodeling. PI3K-C2α is a key regulator of a basal housekeeping PI3P pool in platelets.
Function and Postnatal Changes of Dural Afferent Fibers Expressing TRPM8 Channels
Authors: Ren Lynn , Dhaka Ajay , Cao Yu-Qing
Published: June 2015

Background

Genome-wide association studies have identified TRPM8 (transient receptor potential melastatin 8) as one of the susceptibility genes for common migraine. Here, we investigated the postnatal changes of TRPM8-expressing dural afferent fibers as well as the function of dural TRPM8 channels in mice.

Results

First, we quantified the density and the number of axonal branches of TRPM8-expressing fibers in the dura of mice expressing farnesylated enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFPf) from one TRPM8 allele between postnatal day 2 (P2) to adulthood. The number of axonal branches on individual dural EGFP-positive fibers was decreased by 30% between P2 and P11. The density of dural EGFP-positive fibers was subsequently reduced by 50% between P16 and P21. Conversely, the density and the number of branches of axons expressing calcitonin gene-related peptide remained stable in postnatal mouse dura. The density of TRPM8-expressing fibers innervating the mouse cornea epithelium was significantly increased from P2 to adulthood. Next, we tested the function of dural TRPM8 channels in adult mice and found that TRPM8 agonist menthol effectively inhibited the nocifensive behavior evoked by dural application of inflammatory mediators.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that the TRPM8-expressing dural afferent fibers undergo cell-and target tissue-specific axonal pruning during postnatal development. Activation of dural TRPM8 channels decreases meningeal irritation-evoked nocifensive behavior in adult mice. This provides a framework to further explore the role of postnatal changes of TRPM8-expressing dural afferents in the pathophysiology of pediatric and adult migraine.
Expression Changes of MicroRNA-1 and its Targets Connexin 43 and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in the Peripheral Nervous System of Chronic Neuropathic Rats
Authors: Neumann Elena , Hermanns Henning , Barthel Franziska , Werdehausen Robert , Brandenburger Timo
Published: June 2015

Background

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the neuroplastic changes which induce and maintain neuropathic pain. However, it is unknown whether nerve injury leads to altered miRNA expression and modulation of pain relevant target gene expression within peripheral nerves. In the present study, expression profiles of miR-1 and the pain-relevant targets, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Connexin 43 (Cx43), were studied in peripheral neuropathic pain, which was induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve in rats. The expression of miR-1 was investigated in the sciatic nerve, dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and the ipsilateral spinal cord by qPCR. Changes of BDNF and Cx43 expression patterns were studied using qPCR, Western blot analysis, ELISA and immunohistochemistry.

Results

In sciatic nerves of naïve rats, expression levels of miR-1 were more than twice as high as in DRG and spinal cord. In neuropathic rats, CCI lead to a time-dependent downregulation of miR-1 in the sciatic nerve but not in DRG and spinal cord. Likewise, protein expression of the miR-1 targets BDNF and Cx43 was upregulated in the sciatic nerve and DRG after CCI. Immunohistochemical staining revealed an endoneural abundancy of Cx43 in injured sciatic nerves which was absent after Sham operation.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that CCI leads to a regulation of miRNAs (miR-1) in the peripheral nervous system. This regulation is associated with alterations in the expression and localization of the miR-1 dependent pain-relevant proteins BDNF and Cx43. Further studies will have to explore the function of miRNAs in the context of neuropathic pain in the peripheral nervous system.
Does a mineral wristband affect balance? A randomized, controlled, double-blind study
Authors: Hansson Eva Ekvall , Beckman Anders , Persson Liselott
Published: June 2015

Background

Having good balance is a facilitating factor in the performance of everyday activities. Good balance is also essential in various sport activities in order to both get results and prevent injury. A common measure of balance is postural sway, which can be measured both antero-posteriorly and medio-laterally. There are several companies marketing wristbands whose intended function is to improve balance, strength and flexibility. Randomized controlled trials have shown that wristbands with holograms have no effect on balance but studies on wristbands with minerals seem to be lacking.

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate if the mineral wristband had any effect on postural sway in a group of healthy individuals.

Study design

Randomized, controlled, double-blind study.

Material/Methods

The study group consisted of 40 healthy persons. Postural sway was measured antero-posteriorly and medio-laterally on a force plate, to compare: the mineral wristband, a placebo wristband, and without any wristband. The measurements were performed for 30 s, in four situations: with open eyes and closed eyes, standing on a firm surface and on foam. Analyses were made with multilevel technique.

Results

The use of wristband with or without minerals did not alter postural sway. Closed eyes and standing on foam both prolonged the dependent measurement, irrespective if it was medio-lateral or antero-posterior. Wearing any wristband (mineral or placebo) gave a small (0,22-0,36 mm/s) but not statistically significant reduction of postural sway compared to not wearing wristband.

Conclusion

This study showed no effect on postural sway by using the mineral wristband, compared with a placebo wristband or no wristband. Wearing any wristband at all (mineral or placebo) gave a small but not statistically significant reduction in postural sway, probably caused by sensory input.
Bilateral vocal fold immobility: A 13 year review of etiologies, management and the utility of the empey index
Authors: Brake Maria K. , Anderson Jennifer
Published: June 2015

Background

Bilateral vocal fold immobility (BVFI) is a rare diagnosis causing dyspnea, dysphonia and dysphagia. Management depends on respiratory performance, airway patency, vocal ability, and quality-of-life priorities. The authors review the presentation, management and outcome in patients diagnosed with BVFI. The utility and efficacy of the Empey index (EI) and the Expiratory Disproportion Index (EDI) are evaluated as an objective monitoring tools for BVFI patients.

Methods

A 13-year retrospective review was performed of BVFI patients at St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, a tertiary referral centre for laryngology.

Results

Forty-eight patients were included; 46 presented with airway obstruction symptoms. Tracheotomy was required for airway management in 40 % of patients throughout the course of their treatment, which was reduced to 19 % at the end of the study period. Twenty-one patients underwent endoscopic arytenoidectomy/cordotomy. Non-operative management included continuous positive airway pressure devices. Pulmonary function testing was carried out in 29 patients. Only a portion of the BVFI patients met the defined upper airway obstruction criteria (45 % EI and 52 % EDI). Seven patients had complete pre- and post-operative PFTs for comparison and all seven had ratios that significantly improved post-operatively which correlated clinically.

Conclusion

The EI and EDI have limited use in evaluating patients with who have variable upper airway obstruction, but may be helpful in monitoring within subject airway function changes.
Successful surgical internal drainage of postoperative pancreatic pseudocyst through pancreaticojejunostomy with distal pancreatectomy: a case report
Authors: Sakata Kazuya , Hashimoto Daisuke , Taki Katsunobu , Nakahara Osamu , Ohmuraya Masaki , Chikamoto Akira , Beppu Toru , Baba Hideo
Published: June 2015

Pancreatic pseudocyst is usually treated by percutaneous external drainage, endoscopic internal or external drainage, or surgical internal drainage such as cystogastrostomy. Surgical external drainage is an option if these procedures fail. We describe a case of a 70-year-old man with a pancreatic body pseudocyst that developed postoperatively. It was improved by endoscopic external drainage, and the stent was changed to an internal stent. However, surgery was required as the pseudocyst grew again. A direct approach to the pseudocyst was not possible because of severe adhesion. A distal pancreatectomy with pancreaticojejunostomy was performed, and an external pancreatic stent tube was inserted from the cut end into the duodenum to drain the pseudocyst. One month later, the pseudocyst disappeared, and the stent was removed.
Adipose triglyceride lipase acts on neutrophil lipid droplets to regulate substrate availability for lipid mediator synthesis
Authors: Schlager Stefanie , Goeritzer Madeleine , Jandl Katharina , Frei Robert , Vujic Nemanja , Kolb Dagmar , Strohmaier Heimo , Dorow Juliane , Eichmann Thomas O , Rosenberger Angelika , Wölfler Albert , Lass Achim , Kershaw Erin E , Ceglarek Uta , Dichlberger Andrea , Heinemann Akos , Kratky Dagmar
Published: June 2015

In humans, mutations in ATGL lead to TG accumulation in LDs of most tissues and cells, including peripheral blood leukocytes. This pathologic condition is called Jordans’ anomaly, in which functional consequences have not been investigated. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that ATGL plays a role in leukocyte LD metabolism and immune cell function. Similar to humans with loss-of-function mutations in ATGL, we found that global and myeloid-specific Atgl−/− mice exhibit Jordans’ anomaly with increased abundance of intracellular TG-rich LDs in neutrophil granulocytes. In a model of inflammatory peritonitis, lipid accumulation was also observed in monocytes and macrophages but not in eosinophils or lymphocytes. Neutrophils from Atgl−/− mice showed enhanced immune responses in vitro, which were more prominent in cells from global compared with myeloid-specific Atgl−/− mice. Mechanistically, ATGL−/− as well as pharmacological inhibition of ATGL led to an impaired release of lipid mediators from neutrophils. These findings demonstrate that the release of lipid mediators is dependent on the liberation of precursor molecules from the TG-rich pool of LDs by ATGL. Our data provide mechanistic insights into Jordans’ anomaly in neutrophils and suggest that ATGL is a potent regulator of immune cell function and inflammatory diseases.
3D data visualization: The advantages of volume graphics and big data to support geologic interpretation
Authors: Byers Carl , Woo Andrew
Published: June 2015

The ability to integrate diverse data types from multiple live and simulated sources, manipulate them dynamically, and deploy them in integrated, visual formats and in mobile settings provides significant advantages. We have reviewed some of the benefits of volume graphics and the use of big data in the context of 3D visualization case studies, in which inherent features, such as representation efficiencies, dynamic modifications, cross sectioning, and others, could improve interpretation processes and workflows.
Visualization, interpretation, and cognitive cybernetics
Authors: Paton Gaynor S. , Henderson Jonathan
Published: June 2015

Interpretation of 3D seismic data involves the analysis and integration of many forms and derivatives of the original reflectivity data. This can lead to the generation of an overwhelming amount of data that can be difficult to use effectively when relying on conventional interpretation techniques. Our natural cognitive processes have evolved so that we can absorb and understand large amounts of complex data extremely quickly and effectively. However, these cognitive processes are heavily influenced by context and color perception. Seismic interpretation can benefit greatly through better exploiting the positive aspects of visual cognition and through techniques designed to minimize the pitfalls inherent in the cognitive process. The interpretation of data also requires the ability to combine data analysis with knowledge and expertise that is held by the interpreter. It is this combination of visual perception techniques to see the information, combined with interpreter guidance to understand what is seen, that makes interpretation of seismic data effective. Geological Expression workflows that are data driven and interpreter guided enable us to see and effectively interpret the geology that is present in the seismic data. In effect this gives us a Cognitive Interpretation of the data.
Visualization of vertical hydrocarbon migration in seismic data: Case studies from the Dutch North Sea
Authors: Connolly David L.
Published: June 2015

Previous 3D visualization studies in seismic data have largely been focused on visualizing reservoir geometry. However, there has been less effort to visualize the vertical hydrocarbon migration pathways, which may provide charge to these reservoirs. Vertical hydrocarbon migration was recognized in normally processed seismic data as vertically aligned zones of chaotic low-amplitude seismic response called gas chimneys, blowout pipes, gas clouds, mud volcanoes, or hydrocarbon-related diagenetic zones based on their morphology, rock properties, and flow mechanism. Because of their diffuse character, they were often difficult to visualize in three dimensions. Thus, a method has been developed to detect these features using a supervised neural network. The result is a “chimney” probability volume. However, not all chimneys detected by this method will represent true hydrocarbon migration. Therefore, the neural network results must be validated by a set of criteria that include (1) pockmarked morphology, (2) tie to shallow direct hydrocarbon indicators, (3) origination from known or suspected source rock interval, (4) correlation with surface geochemical data, and (5) support by basin modeling or well data. Based on these criteria, reliable chimneys can be extracted from the seismic data as 3D geobodies. These chimney geobodies, which represent vertical hydrocarbon migration pathways, can then be superimposed on detected reservoir geobodies, which indicate possible lateral migration pathways and traps. The results can be used to assess hydrocarbon charge efficiency or risk, and top seal risk for identified traps. We investigated a case study from the Dutch North Sea in which chimney processing results exhibited vertical hydrocarbon pathways, originating in the Carboniferous age, which provided the charge to shallow Miocene gas sands and deep Triassic prospects.
GH-Releasing Hormone Promotes Survival and Prevents TNF-α-Induced Apoptosis and Atrophy in C2C12 Myotubes
Authors: Gallo Davide , Gesmundo Iacopo , Trovato Letizia , Pera Giulia , Gargantini Eleonora , Minetto Marco Alessandro , Ghigo Ezio , Granata Riccarda
Published: June 2015

Skeletal muscle atrophy is a consequence of different chronic diseases, including cancer, heart failure, and diabetes, and also occurs in aging and genetic myopathies. It results from an imbalance between anabolic and catabolic processes, and inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, have been found elevated in muscle atrophy and implicated in its pathogenesis. GHRH, in addition to stimulating GH secretion from the pituitary, exerts survival and antiapoptotic effects in different cell types. Moreover, we and others have recently shown that GHRH displays antiapoptotic effects in isolated cardiac myocytes and protects the isolated heart from ischemia/reperfusion injury and myocardial infarction in vivo. On these bases, we investigated the effects of GHRH on survival and apoptosis of TNF-α-treated C2C12 myotubes along with the underlying mechanisms. GHRH increased myotube survival and prevented TNF-α-induced apoptosis through GHRH receptor-mediated mechanisms. These effects involved activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway and inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β, whereas mammalian target of rapamycin was unaffected. GHRH also increased the expression of myosin heavy chain and the myogenic transcription factor myogenin, which were both reduced by the cytokine. Furthermore, GHRH inhibited TNF-α-induced expression of nuclear factor-κB, calpain, and muscle ring finger1, which are all involved in muscle protein degradation. In summary, these results indicate that GHRH exerts survival and antiapoptotic effects in skeletal muscle cells through the activation of anabolic pathways and the inhibition of proteolytic routes. Overall, our findings suggest a novel therapeutic role for GHRH in the treatment of muscle atrophy-associated diseases.
First Passage Percolation on Random Geometric Graphs and an Application to Shortest-Path Trees
Authors: Hirsch C. , Neuhäuser D. , Gloaguen C. , Schmidt V.
Published: June 2015

We consider Euclidean first passage percolation on a large family of connected random geometric graphs in the d-dimensional Euclidean space encompassing various well-known models from stochastic geometry. In particular, we establish a strong linear growth property for shortest-path lengths on random geometric graphs which are generated by point processes. We consider the event that the growth of shortest-path lengths between two (end) points of the path does not admit a linear upper bound. Our linear growth property implies that the probability of this event tends to zero sub-exponentially fast if the direct (Euclidean) distance between the endpoints tends to infinity. Besides, for a wide class of stationary and isotropic random geometric graphs, our linear growth property implies a shape theorem for the Euclidean first passage model defined by such random geometric graphs. Finally, this shape theorem can be used to investigate a problem which is considered in structural analysis of fixed-access telecommunication networks, where we determine the limiting distribution of the length of the longest branch in the shortest-path tree extracted from a typical segment system if the intensity of network stations converges to 0.
Nash Equilibrium Payoffs for Stochastic Differential Games with two Reflecting Barriers
Authors: Lin Qian
Published: June 2015

In this paper we study Nash equilibrium payoffs for nonzero-sum stochastic differential games with two reflecting barriers. We obtain an existence and a characterization of Nash equilibrium payoffs for nonzero-sum stochastic differential games with nonlinear cost functionals defined by doubly controlled reflected backward stochastic differential equations with two reflecting barriers.
American Option Valuation under Continuous-Time Markov Chains
Authors: Eriksson B. , Pistorius M. R.
Published: June 2015

This paper is concerned with the solution of the optimal stopping problem associated to the value of American options driven by continuous-time Markov chains. The value-function of an American option in this setting is characterised as the unique solution (in a distributional sense) of a system of variational inequalities. Furthermore, with continuous and smooth fit principles not applicable in this discrete state-space setting, a novel explicit characterisation is provided of the optimal stopping boundary in terms of the generator of the underlying Markov chain. Subsequently, an algorithm is presented for the valuation of American options under Markov chain models. By application to a suitably chosen sequence of Markov chains, the algorithm provides an approximate valuation of an American option under a class of Markov models that includes diffusion models, exponential Lévy models, and stochastic differential equations driven by Lévy processes. Numerical experiments for a range of different models suggest that the approximation algorithm is flexible and accurate. A proof of convergence is also provided.