bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exposure to Abuse, Neglect, and Household Dysfunction Among Adults Who Witnessed Intimate Partner Violence as Children: Implications for Health and Social Services
Authors: Dube Shanta R. , Anda Robert F. , Felitti Vincent J. , Edwards Valerie J. , Williamson David F.
Published: October 2005

Intimate partner violence (IPV) damages a woman’s physical and mental well-being, and indicates that her children are likely to experience abuse, neglect and other traumatic experiences. Adult HMO members completed a questionnaire about adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) including childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. We used their responses to retrospectively assess the relationship between witnessing intimate partner violence and experiencing any of the 9 ACEs and multiple ACEs (ACE score). Compared to persons who grew up with no domestic violence, the adjusted odds ratio for any individual ACE was approximately two to six times higher if IPV occurred (p < 0.05). There was a powerful graded increase in the prevalence of every category of ACE as the frequency of witnessing IPV increased. In addition, the total number of ACEs was increased dramatically for persons who had witnessed IPV during childhood. There was a positive graded risk for self-reported alcoholism, illicit drug use, IV drug use and depressed affect as the frequency of witnessing IPV increased. Identification of victims of IPV must include screening of their children for abuse, neglect and other types of adverse exposures, as well as recognition that substance abuse and depressed affect are likely consequences of witnessing IPV. Finally, this data strongly suggest that future studies, which focus on the effect of witnessing IPV on long-term health outcomes, may need to take into consideration the co-occurrence of multiple ACEs, which can also affect these outcomes.
Understanding Domestic Violence Against Women: Using Evolutionary Psychology to Extend the Feminist Functional Analysis
Authors: Peters Jay , Shackelford Todd K. , Buss David M.
Published: October 2005

Evolutionary psychologists such as Wilson and Daly (1993b) hypothesize that one goal of male-perpetrated domestic violence is control over female sexuality, including the deterrence of infidelity. According to this hypothesis, domestic violence varies with women’s reproductive value or expected future reproduction, declining steeply as women age. We tested this hypothesis with a sample of 3,969 cases of male-perpetrated partner-abuse reported to a single police precinct in a large urban area over a 14-year period. Results show that (a) rates of domestic violence decrease as women age, (b) younger men are at greatest risk for perpetrating domestic violence, (c) younger, reproductive age women incur nearly 10 times the risk of domestic violence as do older, post-reproductive age women, and (d) the greater risk of domestic violence incurred by reproductive age women is not attributable solely to mateship to younger, more violent men. Discussion addresses theoretical implications of these findings and suggests a refinement of the feminist hypothesis of domestic violence against women.
Battered Women Who Were “Being Killed and Survived It”: Straight Talk From Survivors
Authors: Farr Kathryn Ann
Published: October 2005

Findings from police reports and interviews with women who have survived an attempted domestic homicide revealed patterns in their experiences and sources of distress. The build-up in the year prior to the near-lethal attack involved tension from ongoing contact with an angry, controlling batterer. Most typically the perpetrator was an alcoholic or drug addict, a gun owner, and, if his victim had left him, her stalker. In the majority of cases, the victim had either left or announced that she was leaving the relationship. While he had often threatened her life and she feared him, she typically did not think him capable of killing her. She described the attack as shocking and terrifying, and she felt certain she was going to die. In the immediate aftermath, she received some support, but as time went by, she felt isolated and alone. Ultimately, the women became convinced that they must rely on their “inner strength” to get on with their lives.

Yes, he stabbed me in the—first he stabbed me in the stomach. And it was a big knife too. [Then] the arm and the throat, and at first, when he first did it, the first time the knife came, I thought, this is it. I’m gonna die—and I was just watching him kill me, that’s all. I was alive, and I was watching myself be killed. (“Rita,” #6)
The Structure of Harassment and Abuse in the Workplace: A Factorial Comparison of Two Measures
Authors: Fendrich Michael , Woodword Paul , Richman Judith A.
Published: October 2005

The structures of two measures examining negative experiences in the workplace, one focusing primarily on sexual harassment (SEQ) and one focusing on workplace abuse (GWA), were examined in detail. This article investigated whether the five subscales for the relatively unexplored measure (GWA) are reliably measured by a single underlying construct. It also investigated whether the two workplace-based measures are distinct but related constructs and the consistency of their factor structure across genders. Using a large and diverse organizational survey derived from a Midwestern university, analyses supported the distinctiveness of the two measures and showed that the factor structures for the two constructs were remarkably similar across genders. Analyses also suggested that indices of extreme behavior within each of the constructs were not reliably measured. The findings have important implications for data collection strategies in research focused on negative workplace experiences. This study provides considerable support for the continued use of both measures in research investigating the impact of adverse workplace environment on health.
Psychological Aggression in Dating Relationships: Predictive Models for Males and Females
Authors: Hammock Georgina , O’Hearn Robin
Published: October 2005

Variables related to the use of physical aggression in dating relationships and conflict management strategies were used to predict the use of psychological aggression in courtship. Individual factors (i.e., variables associated with threat susceptibility) and situational variables (i.e., relationship length and emotional commitment to the partner, conflict management strategies, and weekly alcohol intake) were proposed to be important in the prediction of male’s and female’s use of psychological aggression with their partners. Our findings suggest that these variables successfully predict the use of psychologically aggressive acts in courtship. Further, interactions with sex of participant suggest that different variables are important in the prediction of males’ and females’ use of such negative behaviors. These differences in the relationships between the predictors and criteria for males and females suggest not only divergent predictive models but also potential motivational differences in the employment of such tactics.
Characteristics of Female Perpetrators and Victims of Dating Violence
Authors: Lewis Sarah F. , Travea Laura , Fremouw William J.
Published: October 2005

Although many researchers have explored the topic of dating violence, limited attention has been paid to female perpetrators. Very little research has examined variables that facilitate aggression for females in dating relationships. In an effort to investigate distinct types of violent behavior, the present study separated females who experience dating violence into three categories (bi-directional aggression, perpetrator-only, and victim-only) and compared them with a control group not previously exposed to interpersonal violence. The purpose of this study was to examine variables that discriminate violent females from non-violent females. Variables that were hypothesized to be associated with aggressive behavior and investigated in the current study were interparental aggression, self-esteem, love attitudes, and alcohol use. Three hundred female college students responded to multiple self-report questionnaires examining psychological correlates of dating violence. Females in the bi-directional aggression group were more likely to have witnessed their father abuse their mother and scored significantly lower on a measure of self-esteem than non-violent controls. Females in the control group demonstrated higher scores on a measure of mature and selfless love style than did the victim or perpetrator-only participants. There were no significant group differences regarding general alcohol consumption. Implications for prevention and intervention are presented and discussed.
Utilization of Counseling and Supportive Services by Female Victims of Domestic Abuse
Authors: Henning Kris R. , Klesges Lisa M.
Published: October 2005

Increasing attention to the high prevalence of domestic violence (DV) and its impact on women’s physical and mental health has resulted in expanded services for abused women. Abused women appear to underutilize the formal counseling services available in many communities, however, and further research is needed to identify factors related to service utilization. In the present study, 1,746 women assaulted by a male intimate partner were identified from a larger pool of women interviewed by Pretrial Services following the arrest of their spouse/partner on domestic abuse charges. The women were selected for the current study if they reported prior physical assaults perpetrated by the same spouse/partner listed in the instant offense. In addition to describing previous physical assaults and psychological abuse by their current spouse/partner, women were also asked whether they had ever sought “formal counseling/supportive services” to address the abuse. Consistent with the prior literature, only a minority of the victims reported prior use of these services (14.9%). Additional analyses indicated that the likelihood of having accessed services varied as a function of victim demographic factors (race, relationship to the offender, income), characteristics of the prior DV (prior injury by partner, forced sexual activity, prior psychological abuse), and whether the victim’s children witnessed the fighting. Limitations of the study and implications for service providers and the courts are discussed.
Adolescent Victimization and Problem Drinking
Authors: Kaukinen Catherine
Published: October 2005

This study explores the connection between violent victimization in adolescence and subsequent problem drinking. Using national data we estimate the effects of adolescent victimization on a 3-category problem drinking measure (Abstainers, Moderate, and Binge Drinkers). We also examine the differences in the social and personal consequences of drinking across victims and non-victims. These consequences include harm to friendships, health, outlook on life, marriage, work, studies, and financial position. Victims of adolescent violence are more likely to engage in subsequent binge drinking and experience negative drinking consequences, particularly negative financial consequences. The findings are consistent with the adolescent development literature, which has highlighted the importance of violent victimization in the transition to adult roles and responsibilities. Additional research, particularly longitudinal data on violent victimization and substance abuse on a nationally representative sample of young people and adults is needed to further explore the connection between violent victimization and subsequent problem drinking.
Child Custody Evaluations and Domestic Violence: Case Comparisons
Authors: Logan TK , Walker Robert , Jordan Carol E. , Horvath Leah S.
Published: October 2005

The literature indicates that witnessing domestic violence is harmful to children, that there is a high overlap between domestic violence and child abuse, and that safety is an important issue for separating women because separation from abusive partners is a particularly dangerous time for victims of domestic violence. Further, child custody is often a contentious issue in domestic violence cases. Child custody evaluations are typically used to assist courts in deciding custody when custody is disputed and when the best interests of the child are unclear. The concept of “best interests of the child” does not specify evaluation techniques or approaches, however, and while custody evaluation standards generally address the best interests of the child, they offer little guidance in high-risk situations such as parental domestic violence. In addition, there has been limited research focused on understanding the custody evaluation process or the degree to which practitioners differ in their procedures and reporting for cases with and without parental domestic violence. This study is one of the first to examine characteristics of disputed custody cases and their custody evaluation reports for differences between domestic violence and non-domestic violence cases. This study selected a 60% random sample of cases with custody evaluations in Fiscal Year 1998 and 1999 (n= 82 cases). Out of the 82 cases, 56% (n= 46) met criteria for classification into the domestic violence group and 44% (n= 36) did not. In general, results indicated that although there were some important differences in court records between cases with and without domestic violence, there were only minor differences between custody evaluation reported process and recommendations for the two groups. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Work-Related Abuse: A Replication, New Items, and Persistent Questions
Authors: Brush Lisa D.
Published: October 2005

This study compared independently developed tools to measure work-related control, abuse, and sabotage. Interviewers administered the Work/School Abuse Scale (W/SAS; Riger, Ahrens, & Blickenstaff, 2000) to 40 welfare recipients, and a Work-Related Control, Abuse, and Sabotage Checklist (WORCASC) to a total of 162 welfare recipients, including the same 40 who answered the W/SAS. I report and compare results on W/SAS and WORCASC with 40 non-sheltered (i.e., not residing in a shelter) respondents and discuss instrument strengths and weaknesses. Measurement analyses provided preliminary empirical answers to questions about the relationship between battering and work. Findings confirmed the reliability of the two instruments, the extent to which they measure something distinct from physical abuse, and their association with relevant outcomes such as being written up, reprimanded, or losing pay at work. Measurement questions are salient in the context of debates over welfare reforms and efforts to reconcile the ways researchers, advocates, service providers, and policy makers understand and address the costs of taking a beating.
The Effects of Relationship Aversive Female Partner Behavior on Attributions and Physiological Reactivity of Verbally Aggressive and Non-Aggressive Males
Authors: Moore Todd M. , Stuart Gregory L. , Eisler Richard M. , Franchina Joseph J.
Published: October 2005

The present study assessed the effects of aversive female partner behavior on cognitive attributions and physiological reactivity in verbally aggressive and non-aggressive college males (N= 39). Participants were presented four audiotaped vignettes which depicted hypothetical dating situations in which the female’s behavior was relationship aversive or non-relationship aversive. Participants’ physiological reactivity (i.e., systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate) was obtained before and after hearing each vignette. Attributional responses were obtained following the presentation of all vignettes. Relationship aversive partner behavior was expected to produce greater increases in attributional and physiological reactivity than non-relationship aversive partner behavior. Additionally, verbally aggressive males were expected to demonstrate greater negative intent and responsibility attributions and evidence greater physiological reactivity for situations involving relationship aversive partner behavior than were non-aggressive males. As hypothesized, results showed that relationship aversive partner behavior produced greater increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure than did non-relationship aversive partner behavior. Results also showed that verbally aggressive males evidenced significantly greater negative attributions to relationship aversive partner behavior than did non-aggressive males. The potential interaction between physiological reactivity and attributions in explaining males’ verbally aggressive behavior toward their female partners is discussed.
Resolution of Depression Among Victims of Intimate Partner Violence: Is Cessation of Violence Enough?
Authors: Kernic Mary A. , Holt Victoria L. , Stoner Julie A. , Wolf Marsha E. , Rivara Frederick P.
Published: October 2005

The objective of this article is to assess the effect of abuse cessation on depressive symptoms among women abused by a male intimate partner. This prospective cohort study of Seattle women with a history of intimate partner violence (IPV) who were classified by history of abuse and abuse status at 3 month, 9 month, and 2 year follow-up interviews. Relative risks (RR) were calculated using generalized estimating equations. Among subjects with a history of psychological abuse only, cessation of abuse was associated with a nonsignificant reduction in the likelihood of depression compared to subjects whose abuse continued (aRR = 0.88; 95%CI: 0.75,1.03). Among subjects with a history of physical/sexual abuse and psychological abuse, cessation of physical/sexual abuse only was associated with a 27% decline, and cessation of both types of abuse was associated with a 35% decline in the likelihood of depression (aRR = 0.73, 95%CI: 0.63,0.86; and aRR = 0.65; 95%CI: 0.55,0.76; respectively). Cessation of abuse among victims of IPV is associated with a decreased prevalence of depression.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Health-Related Quality of Life in Female Victims of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Laffaye Charlene , Kennedy Colleen , Stein Murray B.
Published: October 2005

The association between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and health-related quality of life (QOL) in female victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) was examined. The Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) was used to evaluate health-related QOL. IPV victims with PTSD (IPV/PTSD+;n= 18), IPV victims without PTSD (IPV/PTSD-;n= 22), and a non-abused control group (NA;n= 30) were compared. Multiple Analyses of Covariance (covarying for socioeconomic status and age) indicated that the three groups scored significantly differently on health-related QOL, and the IPV/PTSD- group was significantly more impaired than the NA group. IPV/PTSD+ subjects were significantly more impaired than IPV/PTSD- subjects on physical functioning, mental health, vitality, role limitations due to emotional health, and social functioning. Multiple regression analyses indicated that PTSD severity was a significant statistical predictor of SF-36 mental health composite scores (but not of physical health composite scores), after controlling for depressive symptomatology and extent of physical and psychological abuse.
Stalking and Other Forms of Intrusive Contact After the Dissolution of Adolescent Dating or Romantic Relationships
Authors: Haugaard Jeffrey J. , Seri Lisa G.
Published: October 2005

Social science research has recently begun to focus on stalking and other forms of intrusive contact occurring among adolescents and young adults. This article presents results from a survey of 681 undergraduates about their experiences with stalking or other forms of intrusive contact occurring after the end of a dating or romantic relationship. Twenty percent of the respondents had been the target of intrusive contact, 8% had initiated intrusive contact, and 1% had been the target of intrusive contact after one relationship and had initiated intrusive contact after another. More females than males were the target of intrusive contact; however, there were no sex differences associated with initiating intrusive contact. About 20% of the respondents had feared for their safety during the intrusive contact. Thirty-one percent of the respondents described the intrusive contact as having a decidedly negative influence on either their subsequent dating relationships or their lives in general.
The Relationship Between Adult Sexual Assault and Prostitution: An Exploratory Analysis
Authors: Campbell Rebecca , Ahrens Courtney E. , Sefl Tracy , Clark Marcia L.
Published: October 2005

Previous research has established a link between childhood sexual abuse and engaging in prostitution as an adult. The purpose of this study was to extend this literature by exploring whether being raped as an adult is associated with exchanging sex for money. Interviews with 102 rape survivors in a major metropolitan area revealed that 23.5% had engaged in prostitution post-rape. Those who had exchanged sex for money were more likely to be women of color, to have a high school education or less, to be unemployed, and to have children to support, than those who had not engaged in prostitution post-assault. The prostitution subsample also had significantly higher levels of psychological distress, physical health symptomatology, and substance use. Survivors were asked whether and how the rape was associated with engaging in prostitution: most (75%) stated that they felt it was related to the assault. The most commonly cited reason for engaging in prostitution by these survivors was that they were trying to regain some control over their lives and their bodies; exchanging sex for money was seen as one way to control men’s access to them. Implications for future research on victimization and prostitution are discussed.
Sexual Abuse, Family Violence, and Female Delinquency: Findings From a Longitudinal Study
Authors: Herrera Veronica M. , McCloskey Laura Ann
Published: October 2005

The current study examines the effects of three forms of childhood victimization on self-reported delinquency and aggression in adolescent girls. These analyses are based on a longitudinal sample of 141 mother-daughter pairs participating in a study about marital violence and child development. When the children were school aged, mothers and children provided reports describing (a) child exposure to marital violence, (b) escalated physical abuse against the child, and (c) child sexual abuse. Children were followed up into adolescence and re-interviewed. Self-reports of delinquency (violent and nonviolent), running away, and violence against parents were collected. Results indicate that out of the three forms of victimization, child sexual abuse emerged as the strongest predictor of girls’ violent and nonviolent criminal behavior. Girls with a history of physical abuse in childhood were most likely to assault their parents. Witnessing marital violence failed to contribute further to delinquency, beyond the adverse association with childhood sexual abuse. Findings highlight a unique avenue for delinquency in girls via childhood sexual exploitation.
The Moderating Role of Parental Warmth on the Effects of Exposure to Family Violence
Authors: Harper Felicity W. K. , Arias Ileana , House Amy S.
Published: October 2005

Previous research has shown parental warmth to have mixed effects on individuals in violent families. While positively associated with psychological health in some victims, parental warmth has also been positively associated with measures of psychological distress in other victims. The current study examined two models (the “buffering” and “inconsistency” theories) to clarify the effects of parental warmth. The current study also sought to clarify the role of parental warmth within the context of exposure to different types of family violence (i.e., witnessing versus victimization). Results differed depending on the type of violence exposure. Both mother and father warmth were negatively associated with secure attachment and self-esteem in combined victims and witnesses of violence, whereas, mother warmth was positively associated with self-esteem in witnesses of violence. Father warmth did not significantly impact either outcome for witnesses. Parental warmth did not influence either outcome for those who had only experienced victimization.
Association Between Child Sexual Abuse and Sexual Revictimization in Adulthood Among Women Sex Partners of Injection Drug Users
Authors: Parillo Kathleen M. , Freeman Robert C. , Young Paul
Published: October 2005

Community-recruited women (n = 1490) were interviewed about their early and adult sexual victimization histories to determine whether there was an association between child sexual abuse and adult revictimization by sex partners and strangers/nonsex partners. Adolescent sexual abuse, lifetime sex-trading, drug treatment, and mental health treatment were examined as mediating variables. One-fourth of the women had been revictimized (i.e., experienced child sexual abuse and at least one instance of adult sexual victimization). Child sexual abuse was associated with both rape and other sexual victimization by a sex partner in adulthood, as well as adult rape by a stranger/nonsex partner. Drug and mental health treatments reduced abused women’s chances of being raped by a sex partner; drug treatment also decreased the likelihood of other sexual victimization by a sex partner. Sex-trading increased abused women’s likelihood of rape by a stranger or nonsex partner. Intervention—including drug treatment—can help women with child sexual abuse histories overcome some of the abuse-related sequelae that make them vulnerable to adult revictimization.
More Harm Than Good? Diagnostic Codes for Child and Adult Abuse
Authors: Rovi Sue , Johnson Mark S.
Published: October 2005

This study sought to understand the reasons for the lack of use of ICD diagnostic codes for child and adult abuse. New Jersey professionals were recruited to participate in three focus groups on child abuse, adult or primarily woman abuse, and elder abuse. Participants included health care providers, advocates from the community, and representatives of state agencies and the insurance industry. Concerns about coding abuse included further jeopardizing victims/patients, diagnostic uncertainty, and lack of resources. Members of the child abuse group were somewhat more receptive to coding abuse. Reasons to code, such as for documentation and reimbursement were discussed and rebutted. Most participants concluded that use of the abuse codes should be judicious because they have the potential to do more harm than good. More research is needed on the implications of coding for victims/patients along with medical education in the identification of abuse in general and coding abuse in particular.
Environmental Index for Estimating the Risk of Phosphorus Loss in Calcareous Soils of Manitoba
Authors: Ige D. V. , Akinremi O. O. , Flaten D. N.
Published: October 2005

The degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS) has been used in evaluating the risk of P loss from soil to runoff. While techniques are available for calculating DPS for acid soils, no widely used technique exists for neutral to calcareous soils that are typical of the Northern Great Plains, including Manitoba (Canada) soils. This study aimed to develop techniques of calculating the DPS of neutral to alkaline soils. Four measures of soil labile P and ten indices of P sorption capacity were used to calculate the DPS of 115 Manitoba soils. The various DPS calculated were evaluated using water‐extractable (H2O) P as an index of P susceptibility to runoff loss. The DPS obtained using Olsen‐extractable (Ols) P and the Langmuir adsorption maximum (ESmax) ranged from 0.5 to 31.9% while those obtained from POls and the single‐point adsorption index (P150) ranged from 0.9 to 73.9%. Of all the DPS evaluated, those that included POls and Mehlich 3–extractable (M3) P as the numerator with either P150 or ESmax as the denominator were fairly well correlated with PH2O (r values ranged between 0.45 and 0.63). Along with ESmax and P150, a new method of calculating DPS was formulated as the ratio of POls or PM3 to CaM3 or (Ca + Mg)M3 We found that the ratio of ammonium oxalate–extractable (ox) P to (Al + Fe)ox, which has been widely used to calculate DPS in acid soils, was not suitable for neutral to alkaline soils of Manitoba. In these neutral to alkaline soils, CaM3 or (Ca + Mg)M3 were better indices of P sorption capacity while POls and PM3 provided better estimates of labile soil P. The DPS calculated using CaM3 or (Ca + Mg)M3 were well correlated with PH2O; however, they were numerically smaller than those obtained from the Langmuir adsorption maximum. As such, a saturation coefficient (α) with a value of 0.2 was generated to improve the numerical values of the newly estimated DPS. This new approach can be used to estimate the DPS in neutral and calcareous soils without the need to generate a P adsorption maximum.
Inside Front Cover: Redox‐Tunable Defects in Colloidal Photonic Crystals (Adv. Mater. 20/2005)
Authors: Fleischhaker F. , Arsenault A. C. , Wang Z. , Kitaev V. , Peiris F. C. , von Freymann G. , Manners I. , Zentel R. , Ozin G. A.
Published: October 2005

The inside front cover illustrates reversible tuning of an intragap transmitting state induced by redox cycling, accomplished using a redox‐active polyferrocenylsilane polyelectrolyte multilayer planar defect embedded in a colloidal photonic crystal (CPC) synthesized by a bottom–up method combining colloidal self‐assembly and microcontact printing. In work reported on p. 2455 by Manners, Ozin, and co‐workers, the wavelength position of the defect state can be changed by changing the oxidation state of the ferrocene moieties in the polymer backbone. This could find applications in electrochemically tunable microcavities, and—if light emitters are incorporated—electrochemically tunable CPC‐based laser sources. Cover design by Ludovic Cademartiri.
Heterogene Single‐Site‐Katalysatoren
Authors: Thomas John Meurig , Raja Robert , Lewis Dewi W.
Published: October 2005

Die Vorteile heterogener Single‐Site‐Katalysatoren (single‐site heterogeneous catalysts, SSHCs) sind vielfältig. Sie ermöglichen es – sowohl experimentell als auch mit Computermethoden – den Mechanismus und die Kinetik eines katalytischen Umsatzes zu bestimmen, und sie machen die Energetik von Intermediaten einschließlich kurzlebiger Übergangsstadien zugänglich. Dies wiederum bildet die Voraussetzung für ein rationales Vorgehen bei der Verbesserung existierender und der Entwicklung neuer Katalysatoren. Man kann lösliche molekulare Bruchstücke herstellen, die das Einzelatomzentrum enthalten, sodass sich die katalytische Leistung eines aktiven Zentrums in einem heterogenen und in einem homogenen Katalysator experimentell direkt miteinander vergleichen lässt. Mit dieser Information gelingt es, sowohl die unmittelbare atomare Umgebung als auch die zentrale atomare Struktur des aktiven Zentrums zu modifizieren. In der Praxis haben die SSHCs, genauso wie ihre homogenen Analoga, sehr hohe Selektivitäten, was zu genau definierten molekularen Produkten führt. Mesoporöse Siliciumdioxide mit sehr großer innerer Oberfläche sind ideale Träger für SSHCs, und mehr als ein Viertel der Elemente des Periodensystems können als aktive Zentren auf ein solches Siliciumdioxid aufgebracht werden, sodass sich vielfältige Wege für die Erzeugung neuer katalytischer Funktionen ergeben.
Brain of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana): Neuroanatomy from magnetic resonance images
Authors: Hakeem Atiya Y. , Hof Patrick R. , Sherwood Chet C. , Switzer Robert C. , Rasmussen L.E.L. , Allman John M.
Published: October 2005

We acquired magnetic resonance images of the brain of an adult African elephant,Loxodonta africana, in the axial and parasagittal planes and produced anatomically labeled images. We quantified the volume of the whole brain (3,886.7 cm3) and of the neocortical and cerebellar gray and white matter. The white matter‐to‐gray matter ratio in the elephant neocortex and cerebellum is in keeping with that expected for a brain of this size. The ratio of neocortical gray matter volume to corpus callosum cross‐sectional area is similar in the elephant and human brains (108 and 93.7, respectively), emphasizing the difference between terrestrial mammals and cetaceans, which have a very small corpus callosum relative to the volume of neocortical gray matter (ratio of 181–287 in our sample). Finally, the elephant has an unusually large and convoluted hippocampus compared to primates and especially to cetaceans. This may be related to the extremely long social and chemical memory of elephants. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Planum parietale of chimpanzees and orangutans: A comparative resonance of human‐like planum temporale asymmetry
Authors: Gannon Patrick J. , Kheck Nancy M. , Braun Allen R. , Holloway Ralph L.
Published: October 2005

We have previously demonstrated that leftward asymmetry of the planum temporale (PT), a brain language area, was not unique to humans since a similar condition is present in great apes. Here we report on a related area in great apes, the planum parietale (PP). PP in humans has a rightward asymmetry with no correlation to the L>R PT, which indicates functional independence. The roles of the PT in human language are well known while PP is implicated in dyslexia and communication disorders. Since posterior bifurcation of the sylvian fissure (SF) is unique to humans and great apes, we used it to determine characteristics of its posterior ascending ramus, an indicator of the PP, in chimpanzee and orangutan brains. Results showed a human‐like pattern of R>L PP (P = 0.04) in chimpanzees with a nonsignificant negative correlation of L>R PT vs. R>L PP (CC = −0.3; P = 0.39). In orangutans, SF anatomy is more variable, although PP was nonsignificantly R>L in three of four brains (P = 0.17). We have now demonstrated human‐like hemispheric asymmetry of a second language‐related brain area in great apes. Our findings persuasively support an argument for addition of a new component to the comparative neuroanatomic complex that defines brain language or polymodal communication areas. PP strengthens the evolutionary links that living great apes may offer to better understand the origins of these progressive parts of the brain. Evidence mounts for the stable expression of a neural foundation for language in species that we recently shared a common ancestor with. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical analysis of an aye‐aye brain (Daubentonia madagascariensis, primates: Prosimii) combining histology, structural magnetic resonance imaging, and diffusion‐tensor imaging
Authors: Kaufman Jason A. , Ahrens Eric T. , Laidlaw David H. , Zhang Song , Allman John M.
Published: October 2005

This report presents initial results of a multimodal analysis of tissue volume and microstructure in the brain of an aye‐aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis). The left hemisphere of an aye‐aye brain was scanned using T2‐weighted structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion‐tensor imaging (DTI) prior to histological processing and staining for Nissl substance and myelinated fibers. The objectives of the experiment were to estimate the volume of gross brain regions for comparison with published data on other prosimians and to validate DTI data on fiber anisotropy with histological measurements of fiber spread. Measurements of brain structure volumes in the specimen are consistent with those reported in the literature: the aye‐aye has a very large brain for its body size, a reduced volume of visual structures (V1 and LGN), and an increased volume of the olfactory lobe. This trade‐off between visual and olfactory reliance is likely a reflection of the nocturnal extractive foraging behavior practiced by Daubentonia. Additionally, frontal cortex volume is large in the aye‐aye, a feature that may also be related to its complex foraging behavior and sensorimotor demands. Analysis of DTI data in the anterior cingulum bundle demonstrates a strong correlation between fiber spread as measured from histological sections and fiber spread as measured from DTI. These results represent the first quantitative comparison of DTI data and fiber‐stained histology in the brain. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolution of sensory specializations in insectivores
Authors: Catania Kenneth C.
Published: October 2005

Although insectivores have traditionally been thought of as primitive mammals with few specializations, recent studies have revealed great diversity in the sensory systems and brain organization of members of this mammalian order. The present article reviews some of these findings in three insectivore families that are thought to form a monophyletic group. These include hedgehogs (Erinaceidae), moles (Talpidae), and shrews (Soricidae). Members of each group live in unique ecological niches, have differently specialized senses, and exhibit different behaviors. Hedgehogs have well‐developed visual, auditory, and somatosensory systems. Shrews make use of visual and auditory cues, but appear to depend most heavily on touch, particularly through prominent vibrissae. Moles are somatosensory specialists with small eyes and ears and unique epidermal mechanoreceptors called Eimer's organs used to identify prey and investigate their environment. In contrast to historical views of the insectivore order, members of this group have discrete and well‐organized cortical sensory areas with sharp borders as determined from both electrophysiological mapping and analysis of cortical histology. Comparison of cortical organization across species reveals a number of specializations, including expansion of cortical representations of important sensory surfaces, the addition of cortical areas to some processing networks, and the subdivision of areas into separate cortical modules. In the case of the star‐nosed mole, the somatosensory system has a tactile fovea and shares a number of features in common with the visual systems of sighted mammals. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Bis(methoxy methyl)‐7,8‐dihydro‐[1,4]dioxino[2,3‐g]quinazolines as EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
Authors: Lee Yong Sup , Seo Seon Hee , Yang Beom‐Seok , Lee Jae Yeol
Published: October 2005

A series of 7,8‐bis(methoxymethyl)‐7,8‐dihydro‐[1,4]dioxino[2,3‐g]quinazolines were prepared and evaluated for their inhibition of phosphorylation of the isolated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) enzyme and for their growth inhibition of the A431 cell line. Among them, compound 3c having a 3‐iodophenyl ring was most potent (IC50 = 1.66 nM) against the isolated EGFR enzyme and also showed meaningful potency (GI50 = 1.99 μM) against the A431 cell line, although less than PD153035 (GI50 = 1.03 μM). However, compound 3e as the exact rigidified analogue of Erlotinib (TarcevaTM) was inferior to the original compound when compared to its reported data.
Development of Albumin‐binding Doxorubicin Prodrugs that are Cleaved by Prostate‐specific Antigen
Authors: Kratz Felix , Mansour Ahmed , Soltau Jens , Warnecke Andre , Fichtner Iduna , Unger Clemens , Drevs Joachim
Published: October 2005

Prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) is a serine protease that is overexpressed in prostate carcinoma and represents a molecular target for selectively releasing an anticancer agent from a prodrug formulation. In this work, we developed albumin‐binding prodrugs with the structures MT‐Ser‐Ser‐Tyr‐Tyr– Ser‐Gly‐DOXO, MT‐Asn‐Ser‐Ser‐Tyr–Phe‐Gln‐DOXO (MT = maleimidotriethyleneglycol acid; DOXO = Doxorubicin) or EMC‐Arg‐Arg‐Ser‐Ser‐Tyr‐Tyr–Ser‐Gly‐DOXO (EMC = ε‐maleimidocaproic acid; X = amino acid). The maleimide Doxorubicin derivatives bound rapidly to the cysteine‐34 position of endogenous and exogenous albumin and were efficiently cleaved by PSA at the P1‐P′1 scissile bond, releasing a respective Doxorubicin dipeptide (Ser‐Gly‐DOXO or Phe‐Gln‐DOXO). The derivative containing arginine residues (EMC‐Arg‐Arg‐Ser‐Ser‐Tyr‐Tyr–Ser‐Gly‐DOXO) exhibited excellent water solubility for intravenous administration. Subsequent biological evaluation was focused on a PSA‐negative xenograft model (PC 3) and a PSA‐positive xenograft model (CWR22) in order to assess the selectivity of our therapeutic approach. EMC‐Arg‐Arg‐Ser‐Ser‐Tyr‐Tyr–Ser‐Gly‐DOXO showed no in vivo activity in the PSA‐negative PC 3 model, but good activity in the CWR22 PSA‐positive model that was comparable to Doxorubicin.
Effect of Pyrazoloquinoline Derivatives on the Growth of Leishmania donovani Promastigotes
Authors: Al‐Qahtani Ahmed , Siddiqui Yunus M. , Bekhit Adnan A. , El‐Sayed Ola A. , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y. , Al‐Ahdal Mohammed N.
Published: October 2005

A screening study was conducted to examine the effect of a series of synthesized pyrazoloquinoline derivatives on the growth of Leishmania donovani promastigotes. Sixteen compounds were tested, ten of which showed an inhibitory effect on the growth of promastigotes. Compound 1 demonstrated potent antileishmanial activity, followed by compounds 3 and 7. Some compounds showed less significant activities, while others exhibited little or no activity. Some of these compounds may be potential candidates for future treatment of leishmaniasis.
Angiojet catheter‐based thrombectomy in a neonate with postoperative pulmonary embolism
Authors: Feldman Jeremy P. , Feinstein Jeffrey A. , Lamberti John J. , Perry Stanton B.
Published: October 2005

A 2‐day‐old male with pulmonary atresia and an intact ventricular septum underwent central aortopulmonary shunt placement and right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction. Postoperatively, the patient had difficulty weaning from mechanical ventilation and was found to have a large thrombus occluding the entire right lower pulmonary artery. The patient underwent successful percutaneous catheter‐based thrombectomy in the early postoperative period with the Possis AngioJet catheter. The patient had immediate improvement in gas exchange and was able to be weaned from the ventilator shortly thereafter. This represents the first published use of mechanical thrombectomy in a postoperative neonate. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gemcitabine as frontline treatment for cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Marchi Enrica , Alinari Lapo , Tani Monica , Stefoni Vittorio , Pimpinelli Nicola , Berti Emilio , Pagano Livio , Bernengo Maria Grazia , Zaja Francesco , Rupoli Serena , Pileri Stefano , Baccarani Michele , Zinzani Pier Luigi
Published: October 2005

BACKGROUND

Based on the activity of gemcitabine in heavily pretreated patients with cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL), the objective of the current study was to determine the role of gemcitabine in the treatment of patients with advanced, untreated CTCL.

METHODS

Between June 2002 and February 2004, 32 untreated patients with mycosis fungoides (MF) (n = 26 patients); peripheral T‐cell lymphoma, unspecified (PTCLU) with exclusive skin involvement (n = 5 patients); and Sezary syndrome (SS) (n = 1 patient) were enrolled in a 7‐institution, Phase II trial and treated with gemcitabine. This drug was given on Days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28‐day schedule at a dose of 1200 mg/m2 intravenously over 30 minutes for a total of 6 cycles.

RESULTS

Of the 32 patients studied, 7 (22%) achieved a complete response (CR) and 17 (53%) achieved a partial response (PR), whereas the remaining 8 patients showed no benefit from the treatment. Five of the CRs were confirmed histologically. The CR and PR rates were found to be the same for patients with MF and PTCLU, respectively. The median duration of CR was 10 months (range, 4–22 mos). Treatment appeared to be well tolerated; hematologic toxicity was mild and no nausea/emesis or organ toxicity was noted.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the current Phase II study demonstrate the activity of gemcitabine as a single agent in untreated CTCL patients. Further studies using gemcitabine in combination, either contemporary or sequentially, with other drugs in patients with advanced stage, untreated CTCL are needed. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Plasma cytokine and P‐selectin levels in advanced malignancy
Authors: Di Nisio Marcello , Niers Tatjana M. , Reitsma Pieter H. , Buller Harry R.
Published: October 2005

BACKGROUND

The survival benefit described in patients with cancer treated with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) may result from a LMWH‐mediated effect on the immune system or on the cross‐talk between platelets and tumor cells.

METHODS

Plasma levels of interleukin (IL)‐10, IL‐6, interferon (IFN)‐γ, and P‐selectin were measured in patients with advanced stage malignancy who were randomized to receive standard cancer care with or without the addition of LMWH.

RESULTS

Patients with IL‐6 levels above the median had a median survival of 6.5 months versus 8.8 months for those with values below this cutoff (P = 0.02). IL‐10 levels were found to be similarly correlated with survival such that IL‐10 concentrations above the detection limit of the assay were associated with a doubled risk of dying in comparison to undetectable IL‐10 (P = 0.02). No significant association was found between survival and circulating levels of IFN‐γ. For P‐selectin, patients with values below the fourth quartile had a median survival of 8.8 months versus 6.5 months for patients with levels above the fourth quartile (P = 0.02). In multivariate analysis, IL‐10 remained an independent unfavorable prognostic factor (hazard ratio, 2.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.08–4.20). In patients treated with LMWH, the plasma levels of IL‐6, IL‐10, IFN‐γ, and P‐selectin demonstrated similar correlations with survival. However, none of the markers was associated with the beneficial survival effects observed with the administration of LMWH.

CONCLUSIONS

IL‐10, IL‐6, and P‐selectin levels predicted a poor outcome in patients with advanced stage malignancy. The prolongation in survival observed with LMWH in patients with cancer apparently cannot be explained by a LMWH effect on these circulating markers. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
How do eating disorders and alcohol use disorder influence each other?
Authors: Franko Debra L. , Dorer David J. , Keel Pamela K. , Jackson Safia , Manzo Mary Pat , Herzog David B.
Published: October 2005

Objective

Although eating disorders and alcohol use disorder (AUD) are known to co‐occur, the influence of one on the other has not been studied.

Method

In a prospective study, women diagnosed with either anorexia nervosa (AN; n = 136) or bulimia nervosa (BN; n = 110) were interviewed and assessed for Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) AUD every 6–12 months over 8.6 years.

Results

Over one fourth of the sample (n = 66 [27%]) reported a lifetime history of AUD. Ten percent of the study subjects (n = 24) developed AUD over the course of the study. AUD did not influence recovery from either eating disorder. Poor psychosocial functioning and history of substance use predicted prospective onset of an episode of AUD for both diagnostic groups. Unique predictors for AUD for women with AN were depression, overconcern with body image, and vomiting. Recovery from AUD was predicted by group therapy and hospitalization (women with AN) and individual therapy and exercise (women with BN).

Conclusion

The influence of eating disorders on AUD appears to be greater than the reverse. A substantial number of patients who initially present with an eating disorder develop alcohol problems over the course of time, suggesting that the risk is an ongoing one that should be monitored by clinicians. © 2005 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.