bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional outcome of intertrochanteric fractures treated with trochanteric stabilizing plates
Authors: Shetty Sunil H. , Nagori Abdul Malik , Paneliya Manan B. , Sharma Vidur , Patil Digvijay S. , Shetty Aaishree
Published: April 2023

Background: Intertrochanteric fractures account for significant percentage of health care costs and result in high rates of morbidity and mortality. Since higher rate of mortality and complications most fractures can be successfully treated with trochanteric stabilizing plates. This study was conducted to assess functional outcome in intertrochanteric fracture femur treated with trochanteric stabilizing plates and define ideal mode of fixation for such fractures. Trochanter stabilizing plate (TSP) is modular extension of dynamic hip screw (DHS) that is mounted on lateral femoral wall to stabilize greater trochanter. It provides the flexibility to achieve plate to bone apposition as well as axial compression or angular stability because of three screw fixations at the proximal fragment. TSF can provide a stress shield for the lateral trochanteric wall and prevent lateral migration of proximal fragments. Thus, TSF does not fail at the screw bone interface and provide a strong anchor in osteoporotic bone. The multiple locking screw holes of the TSF provide various options to tackle complex fracture pattern. It functions as an internalized external fixator and minimizes the pressure on the periosteum and encourages biological healing.
Methods: A total of 30 subjects of intertrochanteric fractures undergoing treatment with trochanteric stabilizing plates were taken up for the study after informed consent.
Results:  Significant results were obtained using Harris hip score (HHS) at different postoperative follow up time intervals with good outcome and low complication rate.
Conclusions: Trochanteric buttress plate creates biomechanically stable construct by incorporating the comminuted trochanter it restores the proximal femoral anatomy, ensuring anatomical reduction hence subsequently reduces limb length discrepancy. We thus conclude this is an effective technique and has excellent functional and radiological outcomes with minimal complication and early rehabilitation rates. As Intertrochanteric fractures of the hip is a very common condition affecting a large number of patients of variable demographics and racial background, a more widespread study is required for a more conclusive study.
Barrow of the Early Saka Time Ulkensor
Authors:   Institute of Archeology named after A. Kh. Margulan, Yarygin Sergey A. , Sakenov Sergazy K. ,   Institute of Archeology named after A. Kh. Margulan, Mysyr Olzhas D. ,   Alihan Bokeikhan University
Published: April 2023

In 2020 on the shore of Lake Ulkensor (in the Burabay district of the Akmola region) a single barrow was discovered and then studied, there was a burial of the early Saka time. This paper presents an analysis of the results of a practical study of the obtained materials and their interpretation. The burial was performed in undercut, at the bottom there was a full skeleton of a man in an extended position, on his back, with his head oriented to the west with a deflection to the south. Accompanying goods are represented by a composite belt, a bronze dagger in a case with a chape, a grindstone, a quiver with bronze arrowheads, a whip, a antler clasp and an iron knife. The burial rite and set of items allow the authors to attribute the site to the Ulubai-Tasmola archaeological culture of Northern Kazakhstan and date it to the 7th–6th centuries BC. The most important archaeological find for the region is a composite belt, its details are made of antler (presumably, of deer antler). The shape and type of individual elements of this specific decoration, its decor and design features reflected the position of the owner on the social ladder and also find analogies in the Tasmola culture of Central Kazakhstan and in the circle of early Saka sites from the Urals to the Altai-Sayan.
Specifics of Formation and Deformation of Stone Age Sites Cultural Layers in Steppe Zone of East European Plain
Authors:   State Autonomous Cultural Institution of the Rostov region ", Kolesnik Alexander V. ,   Don Heritage"
Published: April 2023

The modern theory of cultural layer is based on idea of indissoluble links of processes of formation and destruction of a layer of the cultural remains. The cultural remains could accumulate both in the sub-aerial and in the sub-aquatic environments. Horizons in the sub-aerial deposits are the most diverse. The equally important features, that demonstrate the current state of cultural layers, depended on scenarios of destruction of the cultural remains horizons. Processes of syngenetic and epigenetic (post-genetic) deformation proceeded differently; syngenetic destruction has been substantially connected with anthropogenic influence unlike the subsequent natural processes of destruction of a layer. The most of cultural layers of the Stone Age sites, which are located in the south of East European Plain, are the result of soil and loessial deposits. A standard epigenetic deformation of horizons was determined by cryogenic and biogenic processes and moved up and down of objects in a burial cultural layer. The degree of such deformation ranged from moderate to highly significant. The method of linking the details of the flint applications makes it possible to confidently diagnose the original stratigraphic position of the cultural layer and, in some cases, reconstruct the topography of a surface of habitation. Weak destruction of sections of the cultural layer with a dense (pressed) mass of cultural remains is noted.
Dnieper-Dvina basin at the end of 6th millennium BC and early ceramic traditions of the Circum-Baltic region
Authors:   State Hermitage, Dolbunova Ekaterina V. , Mazurkevich Andrey N. ,   State Hermitage, Maigrot Yolein ,   Trajectoires laboratory, Filippova Veronika L. ,   Saint Petersburg State University
Published: April 2023

The most ancient pottery in the Eastern Europe appeared at the end of the 7th – first half of the 6th millennium BC and spread across a greater part of the Eastern Europe, including the Dnieper-Dvina basin by the middle of the 6th millennium BC. At the end of the 6th millennium BC new ceramic traditions appeared here, attributed to the Rudnya archaeological culture. The authors present an overview of the ceramic complex, bone industry, constructions, and chronology of the Rudnya culture. Similarities with ceramic complex of the Rudnya culture were found within various groups of the Narva culture. It could testify the change of vectors of cultural contacts at the end of 6th millennium BC manifesting destruction of the established network of cultural contacts that existed before in the 6th millennium BC. The Narva culture traditions probably spread eastwards from Eastern Baltic at the end of 6th millennium BC. Such a radical change of material culture might be regarded as a result not only of the cultural impulse, but probably arrival of new population from the western territories to the Upper Western Dvina area.
An analytical method for finding exact solutions of a nonlinear partial differential equation arising in electrical engineering
Authors:   Department of Mathematics, Pabna University of Science & Technology, Pabna-6600, Bangladesh, Alam Md. Nur
Published: April 2023

In this investigation, we aim to investigate the novel exact solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations (NLPDEs) arising in electrical engineering via the -expansion method. New acquired solutions are kink, particular kink, bright, dark, periodic combined-dark bright and combined-dark singular solitons, and hyperbolic functions solutions. The achieved distinct types of solitons solutions contain critical applications in engineering and physics. Numerous novel structures (3D, contour, and density plots) are also designed by taking the appropriate values of involved parameters. These solutions express the wave show of the governing models, actually.
Objecting to consensual experiments even while approving of nonconsensual imposition of the policies they contain
Authors: Vogt Randi L. , Mestechkin Rebecca M , Chabris Christopher F. , Meyer Michelle N.
Published: April 2023

In previous survey studies using decision-making vignettes in which respondents rated and ranked the appropriateness of universally implementing one intervention for all relevant people (A), universally implementing another intervention (B), or conducting an experiment (or A/B test) to compare these interventions before implementing the superior one, we have found that people are often averse to the A/B test, even when they approve of implementing either of the interventions the experiment contains (Meyer et al., 2019, Heck et al., 2020). However, these vignettes did not say explicitly whether or not consent to the A/B test—or to universal imposition of either A or B, untested—would be obtained. In a preregistered analysis, when we asked respondents in four of our previous survey experiments to explain their ratings, 18% of those who rated the A/B test commented negatively on the apparent lack of consent, compared to fewer than 1% of participants who rated the A or B conditions offering the same objection (Meyer et al., 2019). Because implementing A and implementing B, collectively, entail imposing the same risks on people as conducting an A/B test, this contrast is puzzling. Moreover, pragmatic trials of the sort our vignettes describe are often not feasible to conduct with consent; as a result, IRBs often waive the default requirement of consent and ethicists have also argued that consent to research is not always required. Here, in three studies using previous materials, we test the effect on experiment aversion (Heck et al., 2020; cf. Mislavsky et al., 2019) and the A/B effect (Meyer et al., 2019) of stipulating that consent to the A/B test either will or will not be obtained. In both vignettes we test, we find that negative sentiments towards experiments persist even when it is explicitly stated that consent will be obtained. While these negative sentiments are substantially reduced when consent is present (compared to when consent is absent or not mentioned), significant experiment aversion and A/B effects remain: 29–31% of participants were averse to the experiment and 32–39% ranked it as the worst decision the agent could make—even when consent would be obtained from everyone involved in the A/B test and from no one involved in either policy imposition.
Analisis Pengendalian Persediaan Bahan Baku Pada CV. Yan Utama
Authors: Dita Alia Farah  , Gunarianto  , Khojanah Hasan
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Control over the supply of raw materials is a must for every company that aims to avoid misuse in the form of fraud or waste, because in the business world problems often occur in carrying out production. The purpose of this study are as follows (1) to determine the raw material inventory control applied to CV. Yan Utama Corporation, (2) to determine the number of orders for CV raw material supplies. Yan Utama Corporation on economical order quantities. This research is a qualitative descriptive research, the location of this research is at CV. Main Yan Company  Sidobakti street, Paregi Purwodadi Village. This research technique by way of observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis was carried out using a tabular approach and a formula approach. The result of this research is CV. Yan Utama controls the supply of pure chemical raw materials using the EOQ method. The number of orders for raw material inventory CV. Yan Utama on the EOQ  is  2,936  kg  of  raw  materials  which can be ordered every time an order is placed. The frequency of purchasing raw materials in CV. Yan Utama when using the EOQ method which should or is more efficient is 7 times the purchase of raw materials in one period (1 year), while new orders are made by CV. Main Yan is 24 times a year. So that with this evaluation, the time to order raw materials can be more considered with an interval of every 51 days when ordering pure chemical raw materials.
Keywords: Inventory Control, Inventory Orders, Raw Materials.
Activity budgets, responses to disturbance and novel behaviours in captive mountain chicken frogs Leptodactylus fallax
Authors: Mannings Eve , Servini Francesca , Tapley Benjamin , Michaels Christopher J.
Published: April 2023

Mountain chicken frogs Leptodactylus fallax are assessed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List due to threats including chytridiomycosis and habitat loss. Ex-situ populations underpin species survival, but captive management is hampered by incomplete species knowledge, including its behavioural biology. In sixteen adult frogs, we investigated enclosure usage, nocturnal activity budgets, and behavioural responses to varying levels of husbandry-related disturbance through instantaneous scan sampling of camera trap footage over forty-two consecutive nights. Enclosure usage was quantified through the application of modified Spread of Participation Indices (mSPI). We present the first detailed activity budgets published for this species and found that broad activity patterns of captive animals corresponded well with their wild conspecifics; taking refuge during the day and emerging at dusk into exposed areas of the enclosure. Some behaviours, especially hunting and bathing, were partially phased throughout the nocturnal period. Enclosure use was not even, with disproportionately large amounts of time spent using nest boxes and deep leaf litter, even at night, and the converse in thin leaf litter and elevated perches. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) identified a bold-shy behavioural grouping (movement and resting opposed to refuge behaviours) that was consistent across husbandry-related disturbance conditions. Randomisation analyses showed that disturbance significantly affected multiple measured behaviour, especially feeding, social interactions and vocalisation; the impact was associated with the degree of disturbance. Novel behaviours were also documented, which are thought to be related to courtship. Our data provide insights into the behaviour of mountain chicken frogs and highlight potential trade-offs between enclosure maintenance, veterinary intervention, and animal welfare. Keywords: Amphibians, behaviour, mSPI, disturbance, welfare, Zoo
FINANCIAL AND LEGAL REGULATION OF THE MANAGEMENT OF THE MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX IN ENSURING THE TECHNOLOGICAL SOVEREIGNTY OF RUSSIA
Authors:   Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO), Moscow, Russian Federation, PETROVA GALINA V. ,   Moscow University A.S. Griboedov (A.S. Griboedov Institute of International Law and Economics)
Published: April 2023

Introduction. The topical problems of the development of the financial and legal regime and the organization of the management of the military-industrial complex (DIC) of Russia are considered. The organizational, contractual, corporate, financial and budgetary legal relations that are developing in this area are analyzed. The relevance of the topic is related to the need for a legal assessment of the effectiveness of interaction between state bodies, state corporations, commercial organizations to ensure the execution of state defense orders, the development of the defense industry and the technological sovereignty of Russia. Materials and methods. The norms of the Federal Law «On the Protection and Promotion of Investments in the Russian Federation» dated April 1, 2020 N 69-FZ (as amended on November 21, 2022) and other acts establishing mechanisms for supporting the defense industry have been studied. The basic concepts of the Federal Law «On Industrial Policy in the Russian Federation» dated December 31, 2014 N 488-FZ (as amended on December 5, 2022) on the implementation of the goals and objectives of the development of integrated structures of the defense industry are analyzed. The method of comparative legal analysis of the norms of various laws revealed gaps in the legislation on the state defense order, on scientific research and innovation in the defense industry, on the management of defense industry holdings, etc. Results. Systematized administrative and financial measures and their legal support in strengthening the technological sovereignty of the defense industry. The advantages and difficulties of interaction between the integrated structures of the defense industry and the state authorities of the defense industry in the field of coordination and control of the results of the defense industry are revealed. The financial and legal problems of managing territorial, network, backbone integrated systems of the defense industry, corporations (holdings) in the defense industry are noted. Discussion and conclusions. The complexity of the implementation of financial and legal measures and methods of organizing state budgetary financing of corporations of integrated defense industry systems with state participation are determined. The gaps in the administrative and legal regulation of corporate and holding relations in the network infrastructure organizations of the Russian defense industry in administrative, budgetary legislation, and legislation on supporting scientific research in the defense industry are identified.
Development of a system for submission and implementation of kaizen suggestions for improvement
Authors:   Coordinating Methodological Center for the Implementation of the Digital Economy, Perm plant Mashinostroitel, Тashkinov Aleksey G. ,   Perm National Research Polytechnic University
Published: April 2023

The prerequisites of the philosophy of kaizen are considered. As part of the applied aspect, the author presents an algorithm for the operation of the system of kaizen proposals for improving the JSC "Perm Plant "Mashinostroitel".
La inteligencia emocional y el aprendizaje significativo
Authors: Huamanttupa Mamani Karina
Published: April 2023

Desde hace más de 20 años se viene estudiando en múltiples investigaciones la relación entre la inteligencia emocional y el aprendizaje significativo. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar los factores que propician el desarrollo de la inteligencia emocional y su correlación con la obtención de un aprendizaje significativo. La metodología fue de diseño no experimental con un nivel descriptivo, realizándose una revisión documental sistemática comparándose las investigaciones desde 2017 hasta 2022 en las bases de datos de Scopus, Scielo, EBSCO, y Dialnet, utilizándose los booleanos AND y OR, adicionalmente para la ejecución de la revisión sistemática se siguió las sugerencias de la guía PRISMA. Como conclusión se propone estimular al estudiante a expresar con libertad sus opiniones, así como fomentar su autonomía y motivación intrínseca. Los docentes deben crear un ambiente acogedor, armonioso con dinámicas acordes, complementando sus conocimientos sobre la inteligencia emocional e incorporarlo a su labor pedagógica.
Resiliencia de docentes latinoamericanos en momentos de crisis
Authors: Nina Mallqui Rosario Carolina
Published: April 2023

La resiliencia docente se refiere a la capacidad del profesional de la educación de hacer frente dentro del proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje a las situaciones complejas. El estudio tuvo como objetivo el analizar la resiliencia en docentes latinoamericanos en momentos de crisis. Para ello, se usó el diseño de revisión sistémica, usando el protocolo PRISMA a través de un enfoque cualitativo, de análisis documental de estudios académico de carácter científico en relación a la resiliencia docente latinoamericana en tiempos de crisis. En conclusión, a través de los estudios seleccionados se válida el aporte clave del término resiliencia en los países latinos hacia los problemas de estrés generados por la virtualización en el proceso de enseñanza.
O enfermeiro na prática da auriculoterapia: um protagonismo a ser conquistado
Authors: Aires Rogerio , Pinho Maria Carla Vieira , Coque Alex
Published: April 2023

Resgatando o percurso histórico da Enfermagem no Brasil, é possível reconhecer as características desta profissão e a sua importância na atualidade, Dentre as conquistas do enfermeiro, está sua atuação na Medicina Tradicional Chinesa (MTC), e, portanto, na Auriculoterapia, também chamada acupuntura auricular. No exercício profissional, os enfermeiros, estão aptos na prática da Auriculoterapia, contudo, para realizá-la precisam não apenas habilidades técnicas como também de preparo técnico-científico. É necessário, realizá-la, com domínio, segurança, excelência e empatia, ou seja, protagonismo. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar, por meio da revisão bibliográfica, o protagonismo profissional do enfermeiro na Auriculoterapia. Após a pesquisa online e a utilização dos critérios de inclusão, considerou-se 06 publicações para a estudo. Os resultados mostraram que o enfermeiro está presente nas práticas de Auriculoterapia, seja na sua indicação ou realização, não havendo destaque e nem detalhamento das ações específicas deste profissional que demonstrem a sua liderança, mas há estudos apontando os efeitos e resultados das suas aplicações, assim necessita-se dar voz às atividades do enfermeiro através de pesquisas, divulgação nos serviços de saúde, marketing nas mídias sociais, apresentando-o como profissional que proporciona melhor qualidade de vida ao indivíduo, família e comunidade pela forma como realiza o seu trabalho.
Profitability as a Knock-on Benefit to Collegiate-Athlete Brand Compensation
Authors:   Professor, Hampton University, Hampton, VA., Nadj Dr. Nizam , Parrish-Chester Stephanie ,   Doctoral Student, Hampton University, Hampton, VA.
Published: April 2023

For the first time in the history of collegiate sports, college athletes can be compensated without the risk of losing their status as amateurs. The Fair Pay to Play act sparked a revolution of state laws allowing college athletes to be compensated for using their Name, Image, and Likeness (NIL). Agency representation, another allowance that has historically been restricted from college athletes, has been granted by these new laws. With the governance of intercollegiate play removed from the authority of the National Collegiate Athlete Association (NCAA) and placed in the hands of the individual states in which universities reside, the respective universities are now in a place to profit as knock-on benefactors. NIL brings corporate relationships closer to the University and, in some states, allows boosters to serve in the capacity of sponsors. Using the school's intellectual property – logo, brand, mascot, etc. – cannot financially benefit the collegiate athlete but can serve as another opportunity for universities to profit from the existence of the NIL legislature. This research explores the impact NIL laws have had on the financial performance of the Universities in the Southeastern Conference (SEC) West Division. The correlational study analyzes the profitability of universities before and after the NIL legislature passed to determine if there is a correlating pattern. The study leverages key performance indicators to describe the financial performance of seven universities across five states. Although the metrics suggest a correlation pattern before and after NIL was passed, it does not find significant variation between the profitability metrics or the components that measure profitability.
Utilization of chest imaging in COVID 19 pandemic
Authors: Nadeem Ahmed Rasha
Published: April 2023

Introduction and Aim: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a viral infection that can lead to severe respiratory disease. Radiological examinations mainly computed tomography (CT) and Chest x-ray (CXR) play a role in diagnosis, follow-up, and management of COVID-19 infection. The purpose of this study was to look into the extent of using chest imaging in COVID-19 infection, as well to see if chest imaging in COVID-19 infections is justified and guided by clinical recommendation in Mosul, Iraq.
 
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 245 people (93 males and 152 females), infected previously with COVID-19 infection in Mosul, Iraq. The participants were asked to self-complete an anonymous questionnaire. Data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis.
 
Results: The 245 participants had an average age of 25.7 ±8.44 years. The study sample included 57 (23.2%) with low education and 188 (76.7%) with moderate to high education. Among the radiological examinations undergone by these participants, chest X-ray (CXR) was the most common followed by chest computed tomography scan (CT scan). The CXR and the CT scan were done during the patient's illness either for diagnosis or follow-up of the disease.  Non-clinically recommended examinations were reported by 64% and 20% of patients who undertook CXR and CT scan respectively, during COVID-19 illness. Higher education status was associated with a tendency to do non-recommended CXR examination during COVID-19 infection.
 
Conclusion: CXR and CT imaging are the most commonly used radiological examinations in the diagnosis and follow-up in COVID-19 infection. However, a non-clinically recommended utilization of these examinations was noted in Mosul, Iraq during the pandemic. Therefore, educating people of this region about the limitation of non-justified uses of imaging is essential for healthy maintenance of individuals, environment, and resources.
EVALUASI KINERJA POMPA SUCKER ROD PUMP (SRP) PADA SUMUR SR 303 DI PT X LAPANGAN JAMBI
Authors: Sefilra Andalucia  , Randy Ferdiyan Saputra
Published: April 2023

Produksi merupakan suatu kegiatan untuk mengangkut fluida hidrokarbon dari bawah permukaan (reservoir) menuju permukaan. Untuk meningkatkan produktifitas suatu Sucker Rod Pump perlu diperhatikan kapasitas produksi pompa, panjang langkah, kecepatan pemompaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kinerja pompa Sucker Rod pada sumur “SR 303” Lapangan PT X Lapangan Jambi. Metodologi penelitian dengan melakukan evaluasi pompa yang terpasang. Kemudian menghitung evaluasi pompa terpasang. Untuk tahap selanjutnya menghitung efisiensi volumetris pompa. Tahapan pada kegiatan evaluasi Sucker Rod Pump (SRP) dilakukan perhitungan berdasarkan data sonolog dengan panjang langkah (s) awal 60 inch, dengan kecepatan pemompaan sebesar 9 SPM, plunger 2,25 inch. Dari hasil evaluasi didapatkan nilai efisiensi pompa terpasang sebesar 84,13 % dengan laju produksi 153 BFPD, water cut sebesar 95 %. Sumur SR 303 dikatakan optimal karena sudah mencapai efisiensi volumetris pompa (> 70%).
Detection of tryptase TL2 and CD26 antigen in brain‐derived cells non‐permissive to T ‐cell line‐tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1
Authors: Shimizu Nobuaki , Kobayashi Mitsuru , Liu Hui-Yu , Kido Hiroshi , Hoshino Hiroo
Published: July 2002

Tryptase TL2 purified from MOLT‐4 human T cells binds to the envelope protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV 1). Tryptase TL2 and CD26 antigen are supposed to play roles in HIV‐1 entry into cells. Although CD4 is a principal receptor for HIV‐1, brain cells expressing the CD4 antigen are not permissive to HIV‐1 strains infectious to monocyte or T‐cell lines. We examined whether the non‐permissiveness of the brain‐derived cells to standard HIV‐1 strains could be explained by a lack of tryptase TL2 or CD26. Western blots showed that the amounts of tryptase TL2 expressed in cell lysates prepared from the brain‐derived cells were similar to those prepared from various cells susceptible to HIV‐1 strains. Furthermore, flow cytometry revealed the presence of the CD26 antigen on the cell surface of many types of cells. The resistance of the brain‐derived cells to standard HIV‐1 strains is not due to a lack of tryptase TL2 or CD26.
Inventory policy for dense retail outlets
Authors: Ketzenberg Michael , Metters Richard , Vargas Vicente
Published: July 2002

A potential retail operations strategy is to have a “dense” store. That is, a store that combines high product variety with a small footprint. Retail management desires smaller stores to provide the strategic benefits of convenience and speed to customers, but desires larger stores to provide high product variety. Noting the benefits of smaller, more numerous stores, several retailers well known for their extremely large store size recently have begun experimenting with a small store format. Traditional retail inventory management policies, however, have difficulty combining high variety and small store size. Here, the potential advantages of the dense store type are explored. To facilitate this exploration, inventory policies are developed to help manage small stores by increasing their product density. Results based on grocery industry data indicate that the heuristics compare favorably to optimality and permit the dense store concept to potentially achieve substantial gains compared to current practice.
Modeling Pore Size Distribution in Cellulose Rolled Stationary Phases
Authors: Keim Craig , Li Chenghong , Ladisch Christine M. , Ladisch Michael
Published: July 2002

Rolled stationary phases are fabrics (i.e., nonparticulate phases) that rapidly separate proteins from salts on the basis of size exclusion. Pore size and pore size distributions in the stationary phase determine how different size molecules distribute between the stationary and mobile phases in liquid chromatography columns. The potential for size exclusion chromatography by fabrics is not initially obvious because their interlaced structures are atypical for size exclusion supports. A simple logistic model fits the pore size distribution of a rolled stationary phase when pore sizes were measured using PEG, Dextran, D2O, glucose, and NaCl probes. When the fabric is treated with cellulase enzymes, the water‐accessible pores uniformly decrease and peak retention is lower. The logistic function model captures this result and enables comparison of pore size distribution curves between enzyme‐treated and untreated fabrics in rolled stationary phase columns.
Maintenance respiration correlates with sugar but not nitrogen concentration in dormant plants
Authors: Ögren Erling
Published: July 2002

The range and source of variation in foliage respiration rate in the dormant season were investigated for plants of Lycopodium annotinum L., Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm., Picea abies (L.) Karst., Andromeda polifolia L., Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull, Vaccinium myrtillus L., Vaccinium vitis‐ideae L. and Empetrum hermaphroditum Hagerup. Field‐grown plants were transferred to a cold room kept at 5°C in late autumn and then analysed for the foliage respiration rate in relation to nitrogen and sugar concentration over a period of many weeks. Respiration rate varied 1.6‐fold among species at a given time, and decreased with time as long as plants remained dormant. Most of both sources of variation were accounted for by the same linear and positive correlation with total soluble sugar concentration, whereas no relationship with nitrogen concentration was found. The hypothesis presented is that respiration rate correlates with sugar concentration in the dormant season because cellular sugar concentrations are much increased and, thereby, the costs of maintaining concentration gradients. Pinus contorta had a significantly higher respiration rate for a given sugar concentration than any other species, and therefore suffered larger relative losses of sugars when kept at 5°C; possible reasons and consequences of this are discussed in relation to field performance.
Interactions defining the specificity between fungal xylanases and the xylanase-inhibiting protein XIP-I from wheat
Authors: FLATMAN Ruth , McLAUCHLAN Russell W. , JUGE Nathalie , FURNISS Caroline , BERRIN Jean-Guy , HUGHES Richard K. , MANZANARES Paloma , LADBURY John E. , O'BRIEN Ronan , WILLIAMSON Gary
Published: July 2002

We previously reported on the xylanase-inhibiting protein I (XIP-I) from wheat [McLauchlan, Garcia-Conesa, Williamson, Roza, Ravestein and Maat (1999), Biochem. J. 338, 441–446]. In the present study, we show that XIP-I inhibits family-10 and −11 fungal xylanases. The Ki values for fungal xylanases ranged from 3.4 to 610nM, but bacterial family-10 and −11 xylanases were not inhibited. Unlike many glycosidase inhibitors, XIP-I was not a slow-binding inhibitor of the Aspergillus niger xylanase. Isothermal titration calorimetry of the XIP-I—A. niger xylanase complex showed the formation of a stoichiometric (1:1) complex with a heat capacity change of −1.38kJ·mol−1·K−1, leading to a predicted buried surface area of approx. 2200±500Å2 at the complex interface. For this complex with A. niger xylanase (Ki = 320nM at pH 5.5), titration curves indicated that an observable interaction occurred at pH 4–7, and this was consistent with the pH profile of inhibition of activity. In contrast, the stronger complex between A. nidulans xylanase and XIP-I (Ki = 9nM) led to an observable interaction across the entire pH range tested (3–9). Using surface plasmon resonance, we show that the differences in the binding affinity of XIP-I for A. niger and A. nidulans xylanase are due to a 200-fold lower dissociation rate koff for the latter, with only a small difference in association rate kon.
Cell migration and cerebral cortical development
Authors: Golden J. A.
Published: July 2002

This annotation describes the clinical and pathological features of several conditions believed to result from a primary defect in cell migration which include the lissencephalies, pachygria, polymicrogyrias, and focal cortical dysplasia. A variety of factors must be considered in pathogeneses, including cellular proliferation, cell death, post‐migrational intracortical growth and development, axonogenesis and dendritogenesis. At least two distinct types of lissencephaly exist. Classic (also known as Type I) lissencephaly is the prototypic pattern being seen in autosomal dominant Miller–Dieker syndrome, in addition to autosomal recessive and X‐linked forms. The Miller–Dieker syndrome locus (LIS‐1) encodes the platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase‐1, β1 subunit. The gene for an X‐linked form of lissencephaly (XLIS) encodes a protein called doublecortin. Cobblestone (type II) lissencephaly is most commonly seen in patients with the Walker–Warburg syndrome, and also occurs in a group of disorders associated with congenital muscular dystrophy, including Finnish ‘muscle–eye–brain’ disease and Fukuyama muscular dystrophy. Controversy exits as to whether polymicrogyria is a malformation or a disruption of development. The answer is likely both. Polymicrogyria is believed to arise from defects occurring between 17 and 25 or 26 weeks gestation. Heterotopia can be sporadic, inherited as a simple Mendelian trait, or may be part of a more complex syndrome being characterized by collections of disorganized grey matter in inappropriate places. X‐linked periventricular heterotopia syndrome is caused by mutations in filamin‐1. In addition to those described above, many other syndromes show lissencephaly, pachygyria and polymicrogyria and many cases are not easily classified into any particular syndrome.
Rates of combination antiretroviral treatment change in Australia, 1997–2000
Authors:   The Australian HIV Observational Database
Published: July 2002

Objective To estimate the rate of combination antiretroviral treatment change and factors associated with combination antiretroviral treatment change among patients recruited in the Australian HIV Observational Database (AHOD).

Methods Analyses were based on patients in the AHOD who had commenced combination antiretroviral treatment after 1 January 1997. Combination antiretroviral treatment change was defined as the addition or change of at least one antiretroviral drug. A random‐effect Poisson regression model was used to assess factors associated with increased rates of combination antiretroviral treatment change.

Results A total of 596 patients in the AHOD were included in the analysis, with a median follow‐up of 2.3 years. The overall rate of antiretroviral treatment change in this group was 0.45 combinations per year. In a multivariate analysis, a low CD4 count (< 200 cells/μL) at baseline was associated with an increased rate of treatment change [rate ratio (RR)=1.43; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.13, 1.80; P=0.003)]. Combinations including a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor were also associated with slower rates of change than treatment combinations including a protease inhibitor (RR=0.64, 95% CI, 0.51, 0.80, P < 0.001).

Conclusion Initiating combination antiretroviral at a CD4 cell count < 200 cells/μL may be associated with poorer patient outcomes. However, the possibility that clinician or patient concerns about low immunological status led to faster rates of treatment change in this group cannot be discounted.
Antiepileptic Drugs in the Management of Cluster Headache and Trigeminal Neuralgia
Authors: Rozen Todd D.
Published: July 2002

Cluster headache and trigeminal neuralgia are relatively rare but debilitating neurologic conditions. Although they are clinically and diagnostically distinct from migraine, many of the same pharmacologic agents are used in their management. For many patients, the attacks are so frequent and severe that abortive therapy is often ineffective; therefore, chronic preventive therapy is necessary for adequate pain control. Cluster headache and trigeminal neuralgia have several distinguishing clinical features. Cluster headache is predominantly a male disorder; trigeminal neuralgia is more prevalent in women. Individuals with cluster headaches often develop their first attack before age 25; most patients with trigeminal neuralgia are between age 50 and 70. Cluster headaches are strongly associated with tobacco smoking and triggered by alcohol consumption; trigeminal neuralgia can be triggered by such stimuli as shaving and toothbrushing. Although the pain in both disorders is excruciating, cluster headache pain is episodic and unilateral, typically surrounds the eye, and lasts 15 to 180 minutes; the pain of trigeminal neuralgia lasts just seconds and is usually limited to the tissues overlying the maxillary and mandibular divisions of the trigeminal nerve. Cluster headache is unique because of its associated autonomic symptoms. Although the pathophysiology of cluster headache and trigeminal neuralgia are not completely understood, both appear to have central primary processes, and these findings have prompted investigations of the effectiveness of the newer antiepileptic drugs for cluster headache prevention and for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. The traditional antiepileptic drugs phenytoin and carbamazepine have been used for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia for a number of years, and while they are effective, they can sometimes cause central nervous system effects such as drowsiness, ataxia, somnolence, and diplopia. Reports of studies in small numbers of patients or individual case studies indicate that the newer antiepileptic drugs are effective in providing pain relief for trigeminal neuralgia and cluster headache sufferers, with fewer central nervous system side effects. Divalproex has been shown to provide effective pain control and to reduce cluster headache frequency by more than half in episodic and chronic cluster headache sufferers. Topiramate demonstrated efficacy in a study of 15 patients, with a mean time to induction of cluster headache remission of 1.4 weeks (range, 1 day to 3 weeks). In the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia, gabapentin has been shown to be effective in an open‐label study. When added to an existing but ineffective regimen of carbamazepine or phenytoin, lamotrigine provided improved pain relief; it also may work as monotherapy. Topiramate provided a sustained analgesic effect when administered to patients with trigeminal neuralgia. The newer antiepileptic drugs show considerable promise in the management of cluster headache and trigeminal neuralgia.
Urinary Incontinence and Psychological Distress in Community‐Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Bogner Hillary R. , Gallo Joseph J. , Sammel Mary D. , Ford Daniel E. , Armenian Haroutune K. , Eaton William W.
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationship between urinary incontinence (UI) and psychological distress in older adults. We hypothesized that persons with UI associated with condition‐specific functional loss would be most likely to report psychological distress.

DESIGN: A population‐based longitudinal survey.

SETTING: Continuing participants in a study of community‐dwelling adults who were initially living in East Baltimore in 1981.

PARTICIPANTS: Persons aged 50 and older (n = 781) at follow‐up interviews conducted between 1993 and 1996 for whom complete data were available.

MEASUREMENTS: Participants were classified as incontinent if they reported any uncontrolled urine loss within the 12 months preceding the 13‐year follow‐up interview. Condition‐specific functional loss secondary to UI was further assessed based on a series of questions relating directly to participants' inability to engage in certain activities due to their UI. Psychological distress was assessed using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) at interviews in 1981 and at the 13‐year follow‐up.

RESULTS: Persons with UI were more likely to experience psychological distress as measured by the GHQ than were persons without UI (unadjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.13–2.68). Persons with condition‐specific functional loss secondary to UI were substantially more likely to have psychological distress as measured by the GHQ than were persons without UI (unadjusted OR = 4.02, 95% CI = 1.86–8.70). In multivariate models that controlled for potentially influential characteristics such as age, gender, ethnicity, and chronic medical conditions the association between condition‐specific functional loss secondary to UI and psychological distress remained statistically significant. Among people with UI, persons with persistently elevated GHQ scores were much more likely to report condition‐specific functional impairment from UI (adjusted OR = 6.55, 95% CI = 1.94–22.12).

CONCLUSION: Individuals with UI, especially when incontinence was associated with condition‐specific functional loss, were more likely to have psychological distress than were other older adults. Our findings support a general conceptual model that condition‐specific functional impairment mediates the relationship between a chronic medical condition and psychological distress.
Characteristics Associated with Fear of Falling and Activity Restriction in Community‐Living Older Persons
Authors: Murphy Susan L. , Williams Christianna S. , Gill Thomas M.
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVES:

To identify the characteristics associated with restricting activity because of fear of falling (activity restriction) and to determine which characteristics distinguish older persons who restrict activity from those who have fear of falling but do not restrict their activities (fear of falling alone).

DESIGN:

Population‐based cross‐sectional study.

SETTING:

General community.

PARTICIPANTS:

One thousand sixty‐four community‐living persons aged 72 and older.

MEASUREMENTS:

Candidate predictors were identified from the following domains: demographic, health status, physical, psychosocial, and fall‐related. The outcome measure was the report of no fear of falling, fear of falling alone, or activity restriction.

RESULTS:

Fifty‐seven percent of the cohort reported no fear of falling, 24% reported fear of falling alone, and 19% reported restricting activity. The proportion of participants with poor health status, slow timed physical performance, activities of daily living disability, and poor psychosocial function was highest in those with activity restriction, intermediate in those with fear of falling alone, and lowest in those with no fear of falling. Of participants with fear of falling, characteristics independently associated with activity restriction were history of an injurious fall, slow timed physical performance, two or more chronic conditions, and depressive symptoms.

CONCLUSION:

Older persons who restrict activity are more physically frail and have a greater burden of chronic conditions and depressive symptoms than those who have fear of falling alone. These differences between persons with fear of falling may guide the refinement of clinical interventions and preventative programs. J Am Geriatr Soc 50:516–520, 2002.
Initial growth of gallium arsenide on silicon by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Rosner S. J. , Amano Jun , Lee J. W. , Fan J. C. C.
Published: July 2002

Thin films (less than 1000 nm) of heteroepitaxial GaAs on Si were grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy with the intent of comparing the initial stages of growth with the authors’ previous experience in examining films grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The films were found to be epitaxial after 10 nm of growth at 425 °C, and to uniformly cover the substrate completely, unlike the asymmetrical island nature of MBE films grown under comparable conditions. The relaxation of strain was found to be quite similar to the MBE case.
Oxygen diffusion in antimony-doped silicon
Authors: Wijaranakula W. , Matlock J. H. , Mollenkopf H.
Published: July 2002

The outdiffusion profiles of oxygen from (100) Czochralski-grown silicon, doped with antimony at different doping concentrations ranging between 6×1015 and 3×1018 atoms/cm3, were measured using secondary ion mass spectrometry. From the oxygen depth profiles the diffusivity of 16O was determined. It was found that the outdiffusion of 16O was not influenced by the antimony doping concentration. The diffusivity of oxygen at 1100 °C, as determined in this work, was 1.1×10−10 cm2/s. This result agrees well with the previous literature values, D=0.07 exp(−2.44/kT), which were determined in float-zone silicon.
Accuracy of electro-optic measurements of coplanar waveguide transmission lines
Authors: Freeman J. L. , Bloom D. M. , Jefferies S. R. , Auld B. A.
Published: July 2002

Nonzero backside potentials in microwave and digital GaAs circuits lead to small errors in direct electro-optic sampling measurements. We present experimental studies of the magnitude of this error signal as a function of center conductor width for 50 Ω coplanar waveguide transmission lines on a 20 mil substrate. Backside voltages 20 dB below the applied frontside signal are found for typical microwave circuit transmission lines. Calculation of this backside signal with finite difference techniques shows excellent agreement with experiment. Analytic estimates of the backside potential also may be derived in terms of the spatially periodic eigenfunctions for Laplace’s equation in the substrate.
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u x-ray photoelectron spectroscopic study of GaAs grown by atomic layer epitaxy
Authors: Kodama K. , Ozeki M. , Mochizuki K. , Ohtsuka N.
Published: July 2002

We carried out an in situ investigation of GaAs grown by atomic layer epitaxy, using an x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy system combined with a metalorganic vapor phase epitaxial growth chamber, where Ga(CH3)3 and AsH3 were the source gases. It has been proved that Ga(CH3)n molecules (where n=1 or 2) are decomposed into Ga atoms after being adsorbed on the GaAs surface around 500 °C. This means that the self-limited adsorption of Ga in the atomic layer epitaxy of GaAs can be achieved on the surface where the Ga adsorbate is atomic Ga.
Growth and characterization of 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)-3-acetamidonitrobenzene single-crystal cored fibers
Authors: Kerkoc P. , Bosshard Ch. , Arend H. , Günter P.
Published: July 2002

4-(N,N-dimethylamino)-3-acetamidonitrobenzene (DAN) single-crystal cored fibers with high optical nonlinearity were grown in glass capillaries with diameters between 7 and 40 μm. X-ray diffraction experiments showed that DAN crystals grown in the glass capillaries have an orientation with the a axis [100] along the fiber axis. This favorable orientation with the twofold axis perpendicular to the fiber axis allows the full use of the nonvanishing second-order nonlinear susceptibilities d22, d23, and d34. First experiments in a 20-mm-long fiber with a diameter d=7 μm showed a peak conversion efficiency of about 10−4 for frequency doubling of the 1.064 μm line of a pulsed Nd:YAG laser with a fundamental peak power P(ω) =57.1 W.