Dual Targeting of Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response and BCL2 in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Zhao Ran , Zarabi Sarah , Nii Takenobu , Halgas Ondrej , Jitkova Yulia , Ruvolo Vivian , Heese Lauren , Nishida Yuki , Borthakur Gautam M. , Kojima Kensuke , Stogniew Martin , Oster Wolfgang , Pai Emil , Davis Eric , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Schimmer Aaron D , Andreeff Michael , Ishizawa Jo 
Published: November 2019

Cellular stress response has dual aspects; cell-protective or lethal. Mitochondria have their unique organellar response termed "mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt)" induced by damaged mitochondrial (mt) matrix proteins. While recent discoveries have successfully targeted BCL2, a regulator of mt integrity in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the significance of UPRmt is unknown. We hypothesized that priming UPRmt towards cell death would be a novel therapeutic strategy for AML.

UPRmt is generally induced by dysregulation of mt protein pools. Therefore, to test if UPRmt signaling is also operational in AML cells, we selected classical or putative UPRmt inducers; the mt translation inhibitors tetracycline and tigecycline, the mt protein transport inhibitor MitoBlock6, and the mtDNA damaging agent ethidium bromide. In OCI-AML3 and HL60 cells, these agents indeed induced the transcription factor ATF5, which was reported as a central inducer of UPRmt, and its targets (e.g., LonP, HSPA9), triggering apoptosis in AML cells. In addition, we here report imipridones (ONC201 and ONC212), the activators of mt protein degradation, as novel UPRmt inducers. We recently reported that imipridones non-covalently bind the mt protease ClpP and allosterically activate it. They induced prominent apoptosis in primary AML progenitor and leukemia initiating cells (LICs) in vitro and in vivo, but not in normal bone marrow cells, following "mitochondrial proteolysis" with reduction of selective mt matrix proteins (e.g., SDHB, NDUFA12) and resultant inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation (Oxphos) (Ishizawa, Zarabi et al, Cancer Cell 2019). We then postulated that dysregulation of mt protein pools by mitochondrial proteolysis can also induce UPRmt. Indeed, our gene expression profiles of ONC201-treated Z138 and Jeko-1 cells were highly enriched for previously published UPRmt gene signatures, and UPRmt effectors were induced also in AML cells.

Of potentially high clinical significance is the finding of synergistic anti-leukemia effects of imipridones when combined with the selective BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax, in vitro and in vivo (Ishizawa et al. Science Signaling 2016, and Nii et al. Blood 2019). However, its underlying molecular mechanism is unclear. Since BCL2 is reported to be induced by UPRmt, we hypothesized that BCL2 is critical for the ClpP-mediated UPRmt to have the cell protective effects, contrary to lethal effects, as dual aspects of stress response. We utilized the tetracycline-inducible system of an activated mutant (Y118A) form of ClpP in OCI-AML3 cells, and demonstrated that venetoclax treatment sensitizes OCI-AML3 cells to genetic activation of ClpP towards apoptosis. Furthermore, other UPRmt inducers (tetracycline, tigecycline, and MitoBlock6) in combination with venetoclax also synergistically induced apoptosis in AML cells, suggesting that BCL2 inhibition and UPRmt induction generally exerts synergistic anti-leukemia effects.

We next focused on the enhanced effect observed for the combination of imipridones with venetoclax as compared to other UPRmt inducers, searching for other targets that could further enhance the synergy. We then hypothesized that the synergism between ClpP activation and BCL2 inhibition involves SDHB, a respiratory chain complex II subunit degraded by activated ClpP but not targeted by any of other UPRmt inducers. Consistently, SDHB knockdown sensitized OCI-AML3 cells to venetoclax-induced apoptosis, indicating that SDHB reduction and UPRmt by ClpP activation concomitantly enhance the cell lethality by BCL2 inhibition.

Collectively, UPRmt is a new potential therapeutic target for AML, which significantly enhances the cell death effects of BCL2 inhibition on AML cells. In particular, ClpP activation induces UPRmt and, concomitantly, downregulates SDHB, thus targeting the respiratory chain complex II, which results in improved synergistic leukemia cell apoptosis when combined with BCL2 inhibition. Oxphos is also a hallmark of drug resistant AML stem cells, which supports the notion that Oxphos inhibition by this combination targets LICs. Based on promising preclinical anti-tumor efficacy, ONC201 as a single agent is being evaluated in early phase clinical trials, showing clinical responses in AML and midline gliomas. A clinical trial testing the combinatorial strategy of targeting ClpP and Bcl-2 is under development.

Disclosures

Borthakur: Novartis: Research Funding; NKarta: Consultancy; Eisai: Research Funding; Oncoceutics: Research Funding; BioLine Rx: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Cyclacel: Research Funding; Strategia Therapeutics: Research Funding; Eli Lilly and Co.: Research Funding; Arvinas: Research Funding; Merck: Research Funding; AstraZeneca: Research Funding; PTC Therapeutics: Consultancy; Agensys: Research Funding; Argenx: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; FTC Therapeutics: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; GSK: Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; Janssen: Research Funding; AbbVie: Research Funding; BMS: Research Funding; Oncoceutics, Inc.: Research Funding; Bayer Healthcare AG: Research Funding; BioTheryX: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Tetralogic Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Cantargia AB: Research Funding; Polaris: Research Funding; Xbiotech USA: Research Funding. Stogniew:Oncoceutics, Inc.: Employment. Oster:Oncoceutics, Inc.: Employment. Kantarjian:BMS: Research Funding; AbbVie: Honoraria, Research Funding; Ariad: Research Funding; Amgen: Honoraria, Research Funding; Jazz Pharma: Research Funding; Pfizer: Honoraria, Research Funding; Cyclacel: Research Funding; Immunogen: Research Funding; Agios: Honoraria, Research Funding; Actinium: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Research Funding; Takeda: Honoraria; Astex: Research Funding; Daiichi-Sankyo: Research Funding. Schimmer:Novartis Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Medivir Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Otsuka Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy. Andreeff:Eutropics: Equity Ownership; Daiichi Sankyo, Inc.: Consultancy, Patents & Royalties: Patents licensed, royalty bearing, Research Funding; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy; Aptose: Equity Ownership; Reata: Equity Ownership; 6 Dimensions Capital: Consultancy; AstaZeneca: Consultancy; Amgen: Consultancy; Breast Cancer Research Foundation: Research Funding; CPRIT: Research Funding; NIH/NCI: Research Funding; Center for Drug Research & Development: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Cancer UK: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; NCI-CTEP: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; German Research Council: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Leukemia Lymphoma Society: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; NCI-RDCRN (Rare Disease Cliln Network): Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; CLL Foundation: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; BiolineRx: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Oncolyze: Equity Ownership; Oncoceutics: Equity Ownership; Senti Bio: Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Ishizawa:Daiichi Sankyo: Patents & Royalties: Joint submission with Daiichi Sankyo for a PTC patent titled "Predictive Gene Signature in Acute Myeloid Leukemia for Therapy with the MDM2 Inhibitor DS-3032b," United States, 62/245667, 10/23/2015, Filed.