bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KILIANI'S REDUCTION OF GLUCOSE AND FRUCTOSE CYANOHYDRINS TO THE CORRESPONDING HEPTANOIC ACIDS AND LACTONES
Authors: Perlin A. S. , Purves C. B.
Published: May 2006

Kiliani's classic reduction of α-glucoheptonic (D-gluco-D-guloheptonic) lactone led to small, variable yields of n-heptanoic acid and varying amounts of the lactone of a hydroxy-n-heptanoic acid. A repetition of this work showed that the combined yields of these two products reached a maximum near 70% of theory when the reduction with constant-boiling hydriodic acid (b.p. 127 °C) and phosphorus was limited to two hours. Under these conditions up to 9/10ths of the product consisted of the lactone. After purification through the hydrazide, m.p. 89 °C, the fragrant smelling lactone boiled at 61° to 62 °C at 10 mm. pressure, had a density of 0.9948, and a refractive index of nD, 1.4405, both at 20 °C. The supposition that this lactone referred to 4-hydroxy-n-heptanoic acid was confirmed by preparing it from the known 4-keto-n-heptanoic acid, which in turn was synthesized by an improved method.The optimum time for reducing an uncrystallized mixture of α- and β-fructoheptonic acids under similar conditions was three to four hours, and the optimum yield of product was again near 70% of theory. This product consisted almost exclusively of the lactone of 2-methyl-4-hydroxyhexanoic acid. After purification through the crystalline hydrazide, m.p. 122 °C., the lactone was recovered as a fragrant oil boiling at 48° to 49 °C at 2 mm. pressure, with density 0.9806 and refractive index nD1.4332 at 25 °C. The structure of this lactone was not in doubt.These lactones, prepared in good yield and with well defined hydrazides, were more readily characterized than the fully reduced heptanoic acids upon which Kiliani relied.
THE INDEPENDENT YIELD OF Xe135 PRODUCED IN THE FISSION OF NATURAL URANIUM BY PILE NEUTRONS
Authors: Brown F. , Yaffe L.
Published: May 2006

Fission of uranium yields Xe135 by two routes: direct production and production by the β-decay of I135. The amount produced directly (independent yield) has been measured by comparison with the amount produced from I135. The independent fission yield of Xe135 is found to be 2.7 ± 1.0% of the cumulative yield of I135. Assuming this latter quantity to be 5.6% of all fissions, the independent yield of Xe135 is ∼0.15%. The half-life of Xe135 has been measured as 9.13 ±.05 hr.
THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF THUJA OCCIDENTALIS L.
Authors: Shaw A. C.
Published: May 2006

Foliage of Thujaoccidentalis yielded 0.269% of an essential oil containing l-thujone, d-isothujone, l-fenchone, l-bornyl acetate, dl-limonene, d-sabinene, l-β-pinene, d-terpinen-4-ol, dl-α-pinene, l-camphor, l-camphene, myrcene, l-α-thujene, and an unidentified ester.
REACTION OF METHYLAMINE WITH: 1-NITROSO-2-NITRAMINO-2-IMIDAZOLINE
Authors: McKay A. F.
Published: May 2006

On the addition of methylamine to 1-nitroso-2-nitramino-2-imidazoline, 2-nitramino-2-imidazoline, N-methyl-N′-nitroguanidine, N,N′-dimethyI-N″-nitroguanidine, and 2-methylamino-2-oxazolidine were obtained. This reaction is discussed briefly.
THE CONDUCTANCES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF SULPHURIC ACID AT 50° AND 75°
Authors: Campbell A. N. , Kartzmark E. M. , Bisset D. , Bednas M. E.
Published: May 2006

The specific and equivalent conductances of aqueous solutions of sulphuric acid, ranging in concentration from 5 to 95% by weight, have been determined, as well as the densities and viscosities.
SILVER – SILVER ION EXCHANGE REACTIONS
Authors: Baerg A. , Winkler C. A.
Published: May 2006

The extent of the exchange between silver foils and silver ions in nitrate solution was compared with surface area measurements made by the Bowden-Rideal method. No quantitative correspondence between the two measurements was observed. During one hour the exchange with mechanically abraded surfaces affected about 30 apparent atomic layers of the metal, but this was reduced to about one-half this value when the surfaces were equilibrated for several days in inactive silver nitrate. Etched foils exchanged during one hour to a.depth of only about 2 apparent atomic layers and this was not affected by equilibration. Bowden-Rideal area measurements gave values of roughly 7 and 15 times the planar area for etched and abraded specimens respectively. These values were not altered by equilibration of the surfaces. Only about 50% of the acquired radioactivity was subsequently removable in inactive silver nitrate solution. Part of the measured radioactivity was present on the surface in adsorbed ionic form and was not removable by a simple water wash. The magnitude of this adsorbed activity was found to be measurable electrometrically.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF RADIO-FREQUENCY FIELDS
Authors: Yates H. H. , Winkler C. A.
Published: May 2006

The outgassing of liquids has been studied under a variety of conditions including the application of a radio-frequency electric field. A large acceleration of the outgassing rate in the electric field was shown to result from convection currents established by the temperature gradient set up by the field. The significance of such a temperature gradient in a comparison of the chemical behavior in such a field with that under normal thermal conditions has been considered. When account was taken of the thermal gradients induced by the field, a field of approximately 2000 volts per cm. and 1.5 megacycles had no measurable effect on the rate of polymerization of styrene in bulk at 80 °C.
THE REACTIONS OF ACTIVE NITROGEN WITH BUTENES
Authors: Gesser H. , Luner C. , Winkler C. A.
Published: May 2006

The reactions of nitrogen atoms with butene-1, cis-butene-2, and isobutene at 88 °C. and 240 °C. were found to produce hydrogen cyanide, propylene, and ethylene as the main products, together with smaller amounts of butane, propane, ethane, methane, and hydrogen. Trace quantities were also obtained of acetylene, a C5 hydrocarbon, and a mixture, probably of C6 and C7 hydrocarbons. The order of reactivities with nitrogen atoms was butene-1> cis-butene-2> isobutene. Increased temperature favored the reactions of butene-1 and cis-butene-2, but no noticeable increase in reactivity was observed with isobutene.
A KINETIC STUDY OF THE HYDROLYSIS OF BENZALANILINE
Authors: Willi A. V. , Robertson R. E.
Published: May 2006

The rates of the acid catalyzed hydrolysis of a series of para substituted benzalanilines have been studied in 50/50 methanol–water in the presence of acetate buffers. Special and general acid catalysis were observed. The effect of para substituents on the rate is different for the charged and uncharged catalyst, and Hammett's relation cannot be applied. Similarly the effect of substituents on the Arrhenius constants for the two cases is different. The para dimethylamino derivative provides an interesting special case. For low buffer concentrations and in unbuffered solutions certain deviations were observed which show that the dependence of the rate on the catalyst concentration is more complicated than the equation[Formula: see text]
THE PAPILIONACEOUS ALKALOIDS: XX. LUPINUSWYETHII S. WATS. AND BAPTISIAVERSICOLOR LODD.
Authors: Turcotte Francois , Leduc Raymond , Marion Léo
Published: May 2006

An investigation of the basic components of Lupinuswyethii S. Wats. has revealed the presence of at least four alkaloids, three of which, i.e., l-sparteine, d-lupanine, and hydroxylupanine, are known. The fourth has not been found in sufficient quantity to permit proper characterization. A similar investigation of Baptisiaversicolor Lodd. has yielded three alkaloids, i.e., d-sparteine, l-lupanine, and l-anagyrine.
THE ELECTROLYTIC POLISHING OF AMPHOTERIC METALS
Authors: Casey E. J. , Bergeron R. E.
Published: May 2006

Experimental determinations of conditions necessary for the electrolytic polishing of amphoteric metals in alkali hydroxide solutions are described. The effects of temperature, electrolyte concentration, current density, and time of current flow are presented, as are differences among lithium, sodium, and potassium hydroxide solutions. Interpretation of the results in terms of a theory involving anodic polarizations has indicated the importance of the formation and maintenance of an anodic film whose electrical and mechanical properties determine critically the nature of the surface resulting from anodic treatment. Further applications of such studies toward the elucidation of mechanisms of anodic processes are indicated.
DEPENDENCE OF MOLECULAR PROPERTIES OF CONJUGATED COMPOUNDS ON THE STATE OF ELECTRONIC EXCITATION
Authors: Sándorfy C.
Published: May 2006

Reasons are given for the belief that many new chemical reactions may be obtained in the excited electronic states of the molecules. By the examples of nitrobenzene, trans → cis isomerization of stilbene and azobenzene, by an interpretation of experimental results concerning acidity and basicity of certain bodies in the excited states, and the evaluation of the charges and dipole moments of the C==N group in different excited states, it is shown how the chemical and physicochemical properties of the molecule may vary from one state to another.
STUDIES IN THE PREPARATION OF ANTIMALARIALS FROM PYRIDINE
Authors: Gilman Henry , Edward John T.
Published: May 2006

The addition of aryllithium compounds to pyridine followed by air oxidation gives satisfactory yields of several 2-arylpyridines. These are readily oxidized by perbenzoic acid to 2-arylpyridine-N-oxides, from which 2-aryl-4- and 6-chloropyridines may be obtained. 2-Arylpyridines and aryllithiums give low yields of 2,6-diarylpyridines. From three different 2-arylpyridines three antimalarials modelled after the plasmoquin type have been prepared.
4-BROMOVERATROLE
Authors: Bannard R. A. B. , Latremouille G.
Published: May 2006

not available
THE PREPARATION OF D-α-FRUCTOHEPTOSE
Authors: Woods R. J. , Neish A. C.
Published: May 2006

Crystalline D-α-fructoheptose (2-C-hydroxymethyl-D-glucose) has been obtained by the sodium amalgam reduction of D-α-fructoheptonic lactone. Some crystalline derivatives of the sugar are described and also the crystalline heptacetate of D-fructoheptitol (1,1-C-di(hydroxymethyl)-D-arabitol).
THE BIOGENESIS OF ALKALOIDS: VIII. THE ROLE OF METHIONINE IN THE FORMATION OF THE N-METHYL GROUPS OF THE ALKALOID HORDENINE
Authors: Matchett T. J. , Marion Léo , Kirkwood Sam
Published: May 2006

L-Methionine labelled with C14in the methyl group was fed to sprouting barley and hordenine and choline were isolated from the plants. These two molecules proved to be labelled solely in their N-methyl groups. A comparison of formate and methionine methyl as precursors of hordenine methyl shows that the latter was more efficient. The fact that choline methyl does not serve as a precursor of hordenine methyl was confirmed and it was shown that bicarbonate is also ineffective as a methyl precursor. The significance of these findings to the over-all methylation process of the plant is discussed.
REFRACTIVE INDICES OF SOME SATURATED AND MONOETHENOID FATTY ACIDS AND METHYL ESTERS
Authors: Craig B. M.
Published: May 2006

The refractive indices for a number of saturated and monoethenoid fatty acids and their corresponding methyl esters have been determined. Equations have been calculated to obtain the refractive index at any given temperature. Significant differences have been found for the temperature coefficients of refractive index within an homologous series and between the free fatty acid and the corresponding methyl ester.
UNIT CELL, SPACE GROUP, AND X-RAY POWDER DIFFRACTION DATA FOR LYCOCTONINE MONOHYDRATE, C25H39–41O7N.H2O
Authors: Barnes W. H. , Przybylska Maria
Published: May 2006

not available
SYNTHESIS OF C14 LABELED DDT
Authors: Macdonald R. , Baker B. E.
Published: May 2006

not available
SYNTHESIS OF 3-HYDROXY-2-ALKYLPYRIDINES
Authors: Gruber W.
Published: May 2006

Aliphatic 2-furylketones rearrange to 3-hydroxy-2-alkylpyridines under the influence of ammonia and heat. The furylketones were prepared by a modified Friedel-Crafts reaction. Conditions to obtain the pyridine derivatives in good yield have been established.
REACTIONS OF SULPHONIC ESTERS: I. A KINETIC STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF SUBSTITUENTS FOR A SERIES OF SULPHONIC ESTERS
Authors: Robertson R. E.
Published: May 2006

Kinetic data for the solvolysis of parasubstituted methyl, ethyl, and isopropyl benzenesulphonates in ethanol, methanol, methanol–water, and dioxane–water mixtures have been determined. It has been shown that the effect of the ionizing properties of the solvent of α-methylation, and of the addition of a strong base show the same general characteristics which for the halides have been considered diagnostic of a change in mechanism from a bimolecular solvolysis to a reaction in which ionization is rate controlling. The changes in the relative effect of para-substituents which accompany the apparent change of mechanism are examined. The greater effect of the para-NO2 substituent over the meta-NO2 substituent for the isopropyl esters under ionizing conditions is attributed to the contribution of resonance stabilization in forming ion.
CONDUCTANCES, DENSITIES, AND FLUIDITIES OF SOLUTIONS OF SILVER NITRATE AND OF AMMONIUM NITRATE AT 35°
Authors: Campbell A. N. , Gray A. P. , Kartzmark E. M.
Published: May 2006

The equivalent conductances of concentrated solutions of ammonium and silver nitrates have been determined up to saturation at 35.00 °C. with a probable error of 0.1%. The equivalent conductances behave in a normal manner for strong electrolytes in aqueous solution, being approximately linear with the first power of the concentration, though slightly convex to the concentration axis. The viscosities and fluidities of these same solutions have been determined both at 25.00 °C. and 35.00 °C. with a probable error of 0.2%. Ammonium nitrate solutions exhibit the phenomenon of "negative viscosity" which tends to disappear at higher temperatures, the viscosity minimum or fluidity maximum shifting towards higher dilution. The silver nitrate fluidities decrease continuously with concentration, the curve showing less tendency to linearity at high concentrations than that for ammonium nitrate. The densities of the solutions at both temperatures have been determined with an apparent error of 0.02%. Apparent molal volumes have been calculated from these figures at 35.00 °C. The concentrations of the saturated solutions of both salts at 25.00 °C. and 35.00 °C. have been determined by the conductance method and are in good agreement with the published data. The average temperature coefficients of fluidity and conductance for both salts have been evaluated between 25.00 °C. and 35.00 °C. and an approximate constancy of the ratio of fluidity coefficient to conductance coefficient has been observed beyond 2 molar. The ratios appear to have the mean value of 1.12 for both salts in spite of a considerable difference in the individual coefficients.
COMPARISON OF BARLEY GUMS ISOLATED BY VARIOUS PROCEDURES
Authors: Meredith W. O. S. , Watts T. A. , Anderson J. A.
Published: May 2006

A barley gum that is believed to be the undegraded, water-soluble, nonstarch polysaccharide of the grain has been isolated. Aqueous solutions of this gum are extremely viscous and are stable. Enzymes that degrade gum during simple aqueous extraction were inactivated first by refluxing barley grist in boiling 85% alcohol followed by extraction of the dried grist with a 1% solution of papain. Gums of lower degree of polymerization, as judged by viscosity measurements, were obtained by aqueous extraction and acid treatments. Two enzyme systems that degrade gums are thought to be present in barley. One (which is inactivated by alcohol) degrades the initially soluble gum and brings an initially insoluble form into solution. The second system (which is inactivated by papain) accompanies and degrades the initially soluble gum during aqueous extraction or in aqueous solutions of the preparation. The purest gum contains only 0.1% nitrogen, and this may be part of the molecular complex. Mild, cold, alkali treatment of this gum reduces molecular size considerably as measured by viscosity of solutions. "X"-enzyme isolated from a bacterial source cleaves the gum into two oligosaccharides of glucose and a component containing D-glucose, L-arabinose, D-xylose, and D-galactose. No free sugars are produced.
THE ELECTRODE BEHAVIOR OF PLATINUM
Authors: Wiebe A. K. , Winkler C. A.
Published: May 2006

A potential of −0.305 ± 0.005 volt (relative to a saturated calomel electrode) was obtained at a freshly prepared platinum surface within 30 sec. of immersion in oxygen-free N/5 sulphuric acid saturated with hydrogen. In electrolytes saturated with nitrogen or oxygen potentials of +0.05 ± 0.01 volt and +0.745 ± 0.005 volt respectively were more slowly attained. The times required for the electrode to reach maximum potentials, tmax, when it was made a cathode, and corresponding values of tmax when it was rendered anodic, were determined over a range of currents. The values of tmax appear to provide a method of determining the surface areas of platinum electrodes.
CHARACTERIZATION OF DINITROALKYL PHENOLS
Authors: Dutton G. G. S. , Briggs T. I. , Brown B. R. , Hillman M. E. D.
Published: May 2006

Amine salts of dinitroalkyl phenols have been suggested as herbicides and insecticides. A selection of such amine salts was examined as to their suitability for characterizing dinitroalkyl phenols. The following new salts are described: the piperidine, morpholine, and cyclohexylamine salts of each of 2,4-dinitrophenol, 4,6-dinitro-2-methylphenol, 2,6-dinitro-4-methylphenol, 4,6-dinitro-2-isopropylphenol, 2,6-dinitro-4-isopropyl phenol, 4,6-dinitro-2-(sec-butyl)-phenol, 2,6-dinitro-4-(tert-butyl)-phenol, and 2,6-dinitro-4-(tert-amyl)-phenol. In addition, the preparation of 4,6-dinitro-2-isopropylphenol and 2,6-dinitro-4-isopropylphenol does not appear to have been previously described. The use of these salts, and similar ones with other amines, is recommended for the preparation of crystalline derivatives of dinitrophenols.
THE PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES OF MICROORGANISMS: V. EXTRACELLULAR PEPTIDASES PRODUCED BY FUNGI GROWN IN SUBMERGED CULTURE
Authors: McConnell W. B. , Spencer E. Y. , Trew J. A.
Published: May 2006

The culture media from selected fungi grown in submerged culture have been shown to contain enzymes capable of hydrolyzing some synthetic dipeptides and their derivatives. Readily measurable amounts of aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase, and dipeptidase activity were found, and differences between the systems elaborated by different organisms were observed. The most rapid hydrolysis of N-cbzo-α-L-glutamyl-L-glutamic acid (I) and of N-cbzo-α-L-glutamyl-DL-alanine (II) by Gliocladium roseum PRL 86 occurred at pH 4.8 to 4.9. I was hydrolyzed most rapidly by Alternariatenuis PRL 369 at pH 4.7. The activation energies for the hydrolysis of I by PRL 369 and of II by PRL 86 were found to be 11,000 and 15,000 calories per mole, respectively. The activation energy for the hydrolysis of I by PRL 86 was estimated as being between 10,000 and 13,000 calories per mole.
ON KHELLACTONE
Authors: Späth E. , Gruber W. , Matzke O.
Published: May 2006

A hitherto unknown minor constituent of the seeds of Ammivisnaga Lam is converted under the influence of 5% alcoholic potassium hydroxide into a compound which seems to be a coumarin. Treatment with methyl-alcoholic alkali yields a substance C15H16O5, whereas treatment with ethyl-alcoholic alkali gives a substance C16H18O5. Dehydrating agents convert both optically active compounds into the same optically inactive dehydration product C14Hl2O4 (Substance A). The further investigations carried out with Substance A were: oxidation, after methylation, which yielded α-hydroxyisobutyric acid; fusion with potassium hydroxide, which gave phloroglucinol. On treatment with diluted caustic alkalies two definite products, C10H6O5, probably an acid, and C11H8O4, a ketone, were obtained.
THE COMPRESSIBILITY OF GASES: VII. ARGON IN THE TEMPERATURE RANGE 0–600 °C. AND THE PRESSURE RANGE 10–80 ATMOSPHERES
Authors: Whalley E. , Lupien Y. , Schneider W. G.
Published: May 2006

The virial coefficients of argon have been measured in the temperature and pressure range described. "Best" values of the virial coefficients have been computed from all measurements reported in the literature.
A NOTE ON THE PREPARATION OF CHLORINE GAS CONTAINING Cl36
Authors: Brown F. , Gillies A. , Stevens W. H.
Published: May 2006

not available
SYNTHESIS OF ORGANIC DEUTERIUM COMPOUNDS: VII. DEUTERATED 3-PENTANONES
Authors: Leitch L. C. , Morse A. T.
Published: May 2006

The following deuterated 3-pentanones were synthesized, in some cases by modifications of the methods reported in the literature, and in others by deuterium exchange:[Formula: see text]
ESTIMATION OF CARBOXYL, ALDEHYDE, AND KETONE GROUPS IN CHROMIUM TRIOXIDE OXYSTARCHES
Authors: Ellington A. C. , Purves C. B.
Published: May 2006

Under identical conditions, corn starch amylose was more readily oxidized than the amylopectin by chromium trioxide dissolved in acetic acid – acetic anhydride, which was a nonswelling system. These differences in rate nearly vanished for samples dried through solvent exchange when the oxidant was dissolved in a swelling medium, 0.2 M aqueous sulphuric acid. The absolute rate of oxidation, however, was greatly reduced.Carboxyl groups in the oxystarches were satisfactorily estimated either by ion-exchange with calcium acetate or sodium bromide solutions, or by direct titration to about pH 8.5 with aqueous alkali. The samples retained chromium compounds which grossly interfered with the determination of total carbonyl groups by condensation with hydroxylamine hydrochloride; condensation with excess sodium cyanide, and estimation of the ammonia from the hydrolysis of the cyanohydrins, gave better results.Aldehyde groups in an oxystarch containing 0.16 M. of carboxyl and 0.14 M. of carbonyl groups were selectively oxidized with chlorous acid or alkaline hypoiodite, or were selectively condensed with sodium bisulphite solution. All three estimations indicated that about one-third of the carbonyl groups were aldehydes probably occupying the sixth positions in the glucose residues. The cyanohydrin of the oxystarch, when saponified and then hydrolyzed and reduced with boiling hydriodic acid, yielded the lactone of 2-methyl-4-hydroxyhexanoic acid, the recovery of which showed that at least 17% of the carbonyl groups occurred as 2-ketoglucose residues.
CYCLIC METHYLENE ACETAL STABILITIES IN DIANHYDROHEXITOLS
Authors: Baker Samuel B.
Published: May 2006

Ring closure at the 1,4-3,6-positions in monomethylenated mannitol and iditol imparts considerable lability to the cyclic methylene acetal group. The two derivatives, 1,4-3,6-dianhydro-2,5-methylene-D-mannitol and 1,4-3,6-dian-hydro-2,5-methylene-D-iditol, are easily cleaved at the 2,5-methylene positions by highly dilute acid and differ distinctly in this respect from 2,5-methylene-D-mannitol.
AN APPARATUS FOR THE MICROANALYSIS OF GAS MIXTURES
Authors: Marshall M. J. , Constabaris G.
Published: May 2006

An apparatus for the microanalysis of gas mixtures is described with which volumes of gases as low as 5 cu. mm. at N.T.P. can be analyzed in the dry way. Two applications of the method are presented; the first is for carbon dioxide, the second is for the use of the diffusion of hydrogen through palladium in the presence of either carbon monoxide or methane for the analysis of hydrogen.
THE FRACTIONAL PRECIPITATION OF GR-S: THE EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION OF THE SOLUTION ON THE EFFICIENCY OF FRACTIONATION
Authors: Cragg L. H. , Switzer D. F.
Published: May 2006

A careful study was made of the fractionation of GR-S (commercial poly(butadiene-co-styrene)) by stepwise precipitation, from solution in benzene, with the precipitant 50:50 (by volume) methanol-benzene. To determine the reproducibility of fractionation, particularly in the high-molecular-weight region, three runs were made with 2% solutions; and to determine the effect of concentration on efficiency, comparable fractionations were performed from solutions of three different concentrations—1, 2, and [Formula: see text] respectively. In each of the fractions the value of intrinsic viscosity, the viscosity slope constant β, and the viscosity-average molecular weight were determined. These provide conclusive evidence that in such a primary fractionation a much cleaner separation is accomplished from a dilute solution (1% or less).
THE ALKALOIDS OF LYCOPODIUM SPECIES: XIII. LYCOPODIUMDENSUM LABILL.
Authors: Manske R. H. F.
Published: May 2006

Lycopodiumdensum has yielded lycopodine and two apparently new alkaloids, L34, C16H25O2N, and L35, C14H21ON The total alkaloid content of the plant was less than 0.1%.
ULTRAVIOLET ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF ARYL SUBSTITUTED UREAS
Authors: Picard J. P. , McKay A. F.
Published: May 2006

Absorption spectra of a number of substituted aryl-and sym-diarylureas have been determined in ethanol. As conjugation in the chromophores increased, a gradual displacement of the maxima of the conjugative absorption band towards the visible occurred. This displacement was accompanied by a progressive increase in intensity of absorption. The effect on the absorption spectra of replacing hydrogen of the aryl substituents by alkoxy, methyl, or halogeno groups is discussed. A relationship between the inductive effect of these groups and their influence on the absorption spectra is indicated.
THE USE OF ISOTOPE DILUTION IN DETERMINATION OF GEOLOGIC AGE OF MINERALS
Authors: Tomlinson R. H. , Gupta A. K. Das
Published: May 2006

The mass spectrometer has been used for the estimation of trace quantities of rubidium and strontium. The isotope dilution technique developed by Aldrich has been extended so that 0.01% of rubidium and 0.0001% strontium have been analyzed with 100 mgm. of mineral. The use of small quantities for mass spectrometric determination allows the use of easily available fission strontium and rubidium. The radioactivity of the fission strontium also simplifies the chemical manipulation. No chemical separation from the mineral was required for the rubidium but the strontium was concentrated by ion exchange methods. Ages are presented for one lepidolite and two biotite minerals and their ages compared to those found by other methods. With one of the biotites the effect of weathering on the fractionation of rubidium from strontium has been studied.
THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF n-BUTANE
Authors: Crawford V. A. , Steacie E. W. R.
Published: May 2006

The thermal decomposition of n-butane at 442 °C.has been investigated analytically in the pressure range 4–13 cm. Up to 9% decomposition, the rates of formation of H2, CH4, C2H4, and C2H6 are independent of time; the dependence of the rates on butane pressure was approximately first order. The validity of the extrapolation procedure for obtaining the initial products was established, there being no significant variation in the composition of the products with extent of decomposition. In the nitric oxide fully inhibited reaction irreproducible rate data were obtained although the proportions in which the products are formed seemed to be roughly invariable. In view of this it is suggested that no very definite conclusions can be drawn from a comparison of the composition of the products of the normal and fully inhibited reactions. The heterogeneity of the fully inhibited reaction is stressed for the importance of this has not hitherto been sufficiently recognized. Attention is drawn to the apparent inefficiency of nitric oxide as an inhibitor.
A CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF OCTA-O-ACETYL-β-D-MALTOSE
Authors: Lemieux R. U.
Published: May 2006

Reaction of tri-O-acetyl-D-glucosan [Formula: see text] with 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucose at 120 °C. for 13 hr. followed by acetylation and then chromatographic separation of the products afforded octa-O-acetyl-β-D-maltose in about 8% yield.
THREE MINOR ALKALOIDS OF GELSEMIUMSEMPERVIRENS AIT.
Authors: Schwarz H. , Marion Léo
Published: May 2006

After the removal of gelsemine and sempervirine from the extract of the root of Gelsemiumsempervirens Ait. the residual alkaloids left in the mother liquors were benzoylated. It was thus possible to separate the tertiary bases from the secondary bases which were obtained as a mixture of the neutral benżoyl derivatives. Purification by chromatography yielded the benzoylated mixture in crystalline form. This was hydrolyzed and the recovered secondary bases were separated by fractional crystallization of the perchlorates into alkaloid A and alkaloid B. Alkaloid A was shown by direct comparison to be identical with the gelsemicine (C20H26O4N2) of Chou. Alkaloid B, now designated gelsedine, was shown to be distinct from either gelsemicine or gelsemine. It appears to be identical with the alkaloid C19H24O3N2 claimed by Janot and his co-workers to be gelsemicine. From the tertiary bases there was isolated an apparently new base, gelseverine, as its crystalline perchlorate. Whereas gelsemine is a 3,3-disubstituted oxindole, gelsedine appears to be a 1,3-disubstituted oxindole and gelseverine a 1,3,3-tri-substituted oxindole. Gelsemicine shows many of the characteristics of an indole alkaloid.
PYRIDINE DERIVATIVES: PART V. ON FLUORO-NITROPYRIDINES
Authors: Gruber W.
Published: May 2006

2-Fluoro-5-nitropyridine has been synthesized and its properties compared with 2,4-dinitro-fluorobenzene. Absorption spectra are given. The highly reactive compound was used to prepare well defined derivatives from alcohols, amines, and amino acids.
SYNTHESIS, POTENTIOMETRIC TITRATIONS, AND SPECTRA OF PYRAZOLONES
Authors: Gagnon Paul E. , Boivin Jean L. , Paquin René J.
Published: May 2006

Monosubstituted benzoylacetic esters, obtained by condensation of n-alkyl halides with ethyl benzoylacetate, were reacted with hydrazine and phenylhydrazine to give 3-phenyl and 1,3-diphenyl 5-pyrazolones monosubstituted in position 4 by alkyl radicals R (R = H, CnH2n+1(n-1 to 10), and C6H5CH2.). The dissociation constants of the pyrazolones were determined by potentiometric titrations. A study was made of the ultraviolet absorption spectra in both neutral and acid medium and of the infrared absorption spectra. X-ray powder diffraction patterns and data of the pyrazolones were obtained.
THE TAUTOMERISM OF 2-NITRAMINOPYRIDINES
Authors: Taurins Alfred , Viron Silvio J.
Published: May 2006

The nitration of 2-amino-4,6-dimethylpyridine with a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids gives 4,6-dimethyl-2-nitramino-5-nitropyridine (III). 2-Nitraminopyridine (I), 4-methyl-2-nitraminopyridine (II), and (III) produce with diazomethane methyl derivatives of their tautomeric nitramino and nitrimino forms. Diazoethane gives with (I) both the expected ethyl derivatives. However, from (II) only the ethyl derivative of the nitramino form has been obtained. Diazopropane produces with (I) or (II) the propyl derivatives of the nitramino forms only. The resonance structures of the two tautomeric forms of 2-nitraminopyridine have been advanced.
CONSTRUCTION AND USE OF A SEMIMICRO LIGHT-SCATTERING APPARATUS
Authors: Goring D. A. I.
Published: May 2006

A light-scattering apparatus requiring only 4 ml. of liquid was designed and built. The device has permitted the measurement of intensity for angles between [Formula: see text] and 135° to the incident beam. In this range the unpolarized, horizontal, and vertical components of the light emitted from a solution of fluorescein were constant to within ± 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% respectively. The apparatus was calibrated with a suspension of Ludox colloidal silica which absorbed no light for λ = 3800 Å to 6000 Å. The suspension was found to possess all the properties of a Rayleigh scattering system except randomness. This condition was achieved by extrapolating the light-scattering and spectrophotometric functions to zero concentration when computing the calibration factor. The molecular weight of a sample of sodium carrageenate, determined by the method of Zimm, was 1,700,000. The distribution of intensity at. zero concentration fell between that for stiff rods and polydisperse coils.
THE USE OF A DIFFUSION CLOUD CHAMBER TO CHARACTERIZE CONDENSATION NUCLEI
Authors: Schiff Daphne , Schiff H. I. , Gendron P. R.
Published: May 2006

The original Langsdorf diffusion cloud chamber has been modified so that the temperature gradient obtained can be controlled. The supersaturations thus produced can be calculated from a diffusion equation. The effectiveness of various inorganic nuclei in causing condensation in this supersaturated vapor has been studied.
DINITRO-ISOBUTYLPHENOL AND DINITRO-ISOAMYLPHENOL
Authors: Dutton G. G. S. , Briggs T. I. , Merler E.
Published: May 2006

An unequivocal synthesis of ortho- and para-isobutyl and isoamyl phenols by the method of Klages is described. The resulting phenols were nitrated and characterized as their amine salts. The nitrophenols were prepared as part of a program for testing potential herbicides.
THE DECOMPOSITION OF CRYSTALLINE SODIUM AZIDE BY X RAYS
Authors: Heal H. G.
Published: May 2006

Sodium azide is decomposed by X rays. The yields of nitrogen gas, ammonia, and hydroxyl ion obtained when irradiated crystals are dissolved in water are proportional to total dose and independent of dose rate, for small amounts of decomposition. The yields per unit dose at 102° are 1.3 times those at 51°. The nature of the decomposition products in the crystals is uncertain, but the absorption spectrum seems to rule out the formation of sodium. A mechanism for the decomposition is suggested.
THE STABILITY OF RESIN EMULSIONS
Authors: Munro L. A. , Sexsmith F. H.
Published: May 2006

Accelerated settling tests were made on dilute polyvinyl acetate emulsions in the presence of increasing concentrations of electrolyte. Stability–electrolyte concentration curves for five of the six emulsions studied show a marked similarity to the zeta potential or mobility curves, indicating that under such conditions the charge on the latex particle is the most important factor in determining stability. The anomalous behavior of an almost neutral latex formulated with mixed cationic and nonionic emulsifiers is attributed to the preponderance of other factors associated with micellar phenomena.
BETATRON IRRADIATION OF AQUEOUS GERIC SULPHATE SOLUTION
Authors: Hummel R. W. , Cleave A. B. Van , Spinks J. W. T.
Published: May 2006

Ceric ions, from ceric ammonium sulphate dissolved in aerated 0.8 N sulphuric acid solution, are reduced by Co60 γ-rays and betatron X-rays of 23 Mev. peak energy. G values were calculated on the basis of calculated electron distributions.
INFRARED AND RAMAN SPECTRA OF TETRABROMOETHYLENE
Authors: Malherbe F. E. , Allen G. , Bernstein H. J.
Published: May 2006

The infrared spectrum of liquid and dissolved tetrabromoethylene has been investigated from 3µ–36µ. The Raman spectrum has been obtained photographically in the liquid state and photoelectrically in solution and depolarizations measured. All of the fundamentals were observed except v4, v7, v10, and v12. The last two vibration frequencies are estimated by calculations from two different potential functions.
ION EXCHANGE SEPARATION OF AMMONIUM AND GUANIDINE SALTS
Authors: Bertrand Marcel , Myers J. L.
Published: May 2006

A procedure for the determination of mixtures of guanidine and ammonium salts which employs an ion exchange separation prior to analysis is described. Details of the ion exchange and the results obtained with synthetic mixtures are presented. The recommended procedure permits estimation of guanidine in the presence of up to ten times its weight of ammonium salt.
SYNTHESIS OF ORGANIC DEUTERIUM COMPOUNDS: VIII. DEUTERIUM SUBSTITUTION PRODUCTS OF ETHYL ACETATE
Authors: Nolin B.
Published: May 2006

not available
THE PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDING OF PAPER CHROMATOGRAMS OF CARBOHYDRATES AND A NEW SPRAY REAGENT
Authors: Kilgour G. L. , Dutton G. G. S.
Published: May 2006

not available
SYNTHESIS OF ORGANIC DEUTERIUM COMPOUNDS: X. METHYL-d3 IODIDE AND DEUTERIUM SUBSTITUTION PRODUCTS OF METHYL ACETATE
Authors: Nolin B.
Published: May 2006

Methyl-d3 bromide was easily converted by treatment with calcium iodide into methyl-d3 iodide in 94% yield. The latter was reacted on the 50-millimole scale with silver acetate or silver acetate-d3 to yield methyl-d3 acetate or methyl-d3 acetate-d3. Methyl iodide and silver acetate-d3 gave methyl acetate-d3.
NEW COLOR REACTIONS OF SEDOHEPTULOSAN AND ITS DETERMINATION IN MIXTURES OF RIBOSE AND FRUCTOSE
Authors: Ujejski L. , Waygood E. R.
Published: May 2006

The reagents carbazole – sulphuric acid, cysteine hydrochloride – sulphuric acid, have been applied successfully to the quantitative colorimetric determination of sedoheptulosan in pure solution or in the presence of ribose and/or fructose. Fructose can be determined quantitatively in the presence of sedoheptulosan and/or ribose by using a combination of the two reagents. Results indicate that while sedoheptulose reacts differently to sedoheptulosan with the orcinol reagent, the reactions with carbazole and cysteine are not altered by hydration and these may form a basis for the determination of the naturally occurring seven carbon sugar sedoheptulose.
A NEW GENERAL SYNTHESIS OF 2-AMINO ALCOHOLS
Authors: Berlinguet Louis
Published: May 2006

Une nouvelle synthèse permet d'obtenir les 2-amino alcools à partir de l'acétamidomalonate d'éthyle. La méthode consiste à condenser un dérivé halogéné approprié avec le sel de sodium de l'acétamidomalonate d'éthyle. Par monosaponification de ce di-ester suivie de décarboxylation, on obtient un ester éthylique N-acétamidé qu'on réduit par l'hydrure de lithium et d'aluminium en alcool N-acétamidé. Par hydrolyse, on obtient le chlorhydrate du 2-amino alcool correspondant. Le D,L-phénylalaninol, le D,L-tyrosinol et le D,L-leucinol ont ainsi été préparés avec d'excellents rendements. La méthode semble être d'application générale et les produits intermédiaires sont faciles à isoler.
THE PHOTOLYSIS OF MERCURY DIMETHYL WITH 3-ETHYL PENTANE
Authors: Rebbert Richard E. , Steacie E. W. R.
Published: May 2006

Mercury dimethyl was photolyzed in the presence of 3-ethyl pentane in the temperature range from 76 °C. to 238 °C. The activation energy for the reaction[Formula: see text]was found to be 6.8 ± 0.3 kcal. per mole.
VISCOSITY AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF DEGRADED CARRAGEENIN
Authors: Masson C. R. , Caines G. W.
Published: May 2006

Viscosities and number average molecular weights of various carrageenin preparations, including thermally and photochemically degraded samples, have been measured. Aqueous solutions of carrageenin of low molecular weight are shown to exhibit viscosity characteristics which are entirely similar to those of other natural and synthetic polyelectrolytes. Solutions of carrageenin of high molecular weight exhibit plastic flow. The relationship between viscosity and molecular weight for the degraded polymer indicates that the molecular configuration in solution is that of a fairly stiff rod, even in the presence of salts.
EFFECT OF FLUCTUATIONS OF FREE RADICAL CONCENTRATIONS ON THE CALCULATION OF RELATIVE RATE CONSTANTS
Authors: Cvetanović R J , Whittle E.
Published: May 2006

The effect of fluctuations in free radical concentrations on the values of relative reaction rate constants calculated from steady state expressions has been evaluated for a number of idealized model cases, representative of various conditions usually encountered in experiments.
TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS FOR SELF-DIFFUSION IN SOLUTION
Authors: Krauss C. J. , Spinks J. W. T.
Published: May 2006

Coefficients of self-diffusion have been measured for aqueous solutions of sodium dihydrogen phosphates from 1 molar to 10−4 molar and at temperatures of 15, 25, 35, and 45 °C. The activation energy of self-diffusion has been calculated for various concentrations. It decreases from 5.4 kcal./mole at 0.9 M to 4.3 kcal./mole. at infinite dilution.
THE PRODUCTION OF Na22 BY A (H3, n) REACTION IN A NUCLEAR REACTOR
Authors: Cook L. G. , Shafer K. D.
Published: May 2006

The positron emitting Na22 of 2.6 year half-life has been prepared in a nuclear reactor by the double reaction Li6(n, α)H3, Ne20(H3, n)Na22. The over-all yield was 2.3 × 10−7 atoms of Na22 per atom of tritium formed. Eleven grams of lithium as aluminum alloy turnings in a neon atmosphere at 200 p.s.i. was irradiated for 175 days in a neutron flux of about 4 × 1012 n./cm.2/sec. About 380 μc. of Na22 was obtained in a sodium extract having a specific activity of 10 mc. Na22/gm. of Na23. A specific activity in the curie/gm. level would be expected from a longer irradiation in the highest flux (6 × 1013 n./cm.2/sec.) in the NRX reactor. The separation and purification of the sodium proved practicable by paper chromatography or ion exchange; the analyses for trace Li and Na23 were carried out by radioactivation.
THE MECHANISM OF THE HYDRATION OF TRICALCIUM SILICATE AND β-DICALCIUM SILICATE
Authors: Graham W. A. G. , Spinks J. W. T. , Thorvaldson T.
Published: May 2006

Labelled tricalcium silicate, prepared by heating together inactive dicalcium silicate and lime labelled with Ca45 has been hydrated in saturated solutions of calcium hydroxide at 21 °C. Parallel studies of the rate of liberation of lime due to hydrolysis and the coincident appearance of Ca45 in the solution indicate that the CaO:SiO2 ratio in the precipitated hydrated silicate is 3:2. A similar result is obtained when inactive tricalcium silicate is hydrated in an active lime solution. Comparable studies on the hydrolysis of labelled β-dicalcium silicate indicate the formation of a product with the same CaO:SiO2 ratio. The method appears to have rather general application.
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF XENON IN THE CRITICAL REGION
Authors: Habgood H. W. , Schneider W. G.
Published: May 2006

Using the detailed compressibility data in the critical region of xenon given in the preceding paper, supplemented by measurements of Beattie, Barriault, and Brierley over a wider range of temperatures and densities, thermodynamic properties have been calculated for the critical region—extending from the critical temperature to 50° above it and from low densities to somewhat above the critical density. The values of Cυ at the critical density are in good agreement with those calculated from acoustical data at temperatures higher than Tc + 1°; closer to the critical temperature however, the Cυ values derived from the equation of state data become much greater than those derived from the acoustic data. This difference can be accounted for by dispersion effects in the high frequency acoustic data near the critical point.
CONSTITUTION OF A POLYURONIDE HEMICELLULOSE FROM WHEAT LEAF
Authors: Adams G. A.
Published: May 2006

Crude hemicellulose of mature wheat leaves has been prepared by alkaline extraction of leaf holocellulose. Purification by repeated complexing with Fehling′s solution yielded a polyuronide hemicellulose [Formula: see text] composed of D-xylose (88.5%), L-arabinose (6.90%), and uronic acid anhydride (5.27%). Methylation studies indicated a molecular structure comprising a main xylan chain of 30 an-hydro- D-xylose residues to which three L-arabinose residues and one D-glucuronic acid unit were attached as side chains by glycosidic linkages. Periodate oxidation data supported the proposed structure and the yield of formic acid indicated a molecule containing approximately 32 sugar residues. Estimations of the degree of polymerization of the molecule by measurements of viscosity and reducing power agreed with the foregoing values. The structure of the hemicellulose closely resembled that of one isolated previously from wheat straw.
LYCOCTONINE: PERIODATE OXIDATION STUDIES
Authors: Edwards O. E. , Marion Léo
Published: May 2006

The periodate oxidation of lycoctonam and des(oxymethylene)-lycoctonam gives rise to diketones, showing that lycoctonine contains a ditertiary vicinal glycol. Evidence is presented relating two of the methoxyl groups to this glycol system. The properties and reactions of isomeric compounds formed by the action of weak base or activated alumina on the diketones are discussed and possible explanations of the isomerization considered. The unusual spectra of the various compounds are discussed.
CALCULATION OF ELECTRON TRAP DEPTHS FROM THERMOLUMINESCENCE MAXIMA
Authors: Booth A. H.
Published: May 2006

not available
OBSERVATIONS ON THE REACTION OF β,β′-DICHLORODIETHYL SULPHIDE WITH GLYCINE AND WITH GLYCYLGLYCINE
Authors: Douglas D. E. , Heard R. D. H.
Published: May 2006

In the reaction of β,β′-dichlorodiethyl sulphide with glycine and with glycylglycine in dilute aqueous base, stable complex sulphonium chlorides are formed. One of these compounds has been isolated in a pure state from the H-glycine reaction and a tentative structure has been proposed.
CARBODIIMIDES: PART III. (A) A NEW METHOD FOR THE PREPARATION OF MIXED ESTERS OF PHOSPHORIC ACID. (B) SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE BASE-CATALYZED ADDITION OF ALCOHOLS TO CARBODIIMIDES
Authors: Khorana H. G.
Published: May 2006

The preparation of a number of N,N′-di-p-tolyl-O-alkyl pseudourea ethers through the alkoxide catalyzed exothermic addition of alcohols to di-p-tolyl carbodiimide is described. Triethyl amine is not effective as a catalyst for such additions. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide has been found not to undergo such additions at all.The N,N′-diaryl-O-alkyl pseudourea ethers decompose in the presence of mono-and disubstituted hydrogen phosphates to form the diaryl urea and the neutral tertiary phosphates in excellent yield. Several mixed esters of phosphoric acid have been prepared by this method.
SYNTHESIS AND INFRARED SPECTRA OF GUANYLUREAS
Authors: Boivin Paul A. , Bridgeo W. , Boivin Jean L.
Published: May 2006

When 1-amidino-3-nitrourea is reacted in aqueous solutions of amines, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide are eliminated and guanylureas are formed, together with disubstituted ureas as by-products. The infrared absorption spectra of some disubstituted ureas and nitrates of guanylureas are discussed with tentative assignment of bands to some groups.
IRRADIATION OF AQUEOUS CHLORAL HYDRATE SOLUTIONS WITH Co60 GAMMA-RAYS: AVERAGE LIFETIME OF THE FREE RADICAL CHAINS
Authors: Freeman G. R. , Cleave A. B. Van , Spinks J. W. T.
Published: May 2006

When aqueous one molar chloral hydrate solutions are irradiated with X rays or gamma-rays, hydrochloric acid is produced. The reaction appears to be a chain reaction. The average free radical chain lifetime, as determined using a rotating sector, is approximately 0.1 sec.
PREPARATION OF 1-C14 PENTONIC ACIDS BY THE CYANHYDRIN SYNTHESIS
Authors: Neish A. C.
Published: May 2006

Solutions of pure D-threose and D-erythrose, buffered with bicarbonate (0.82 moles) plus carbonate (0.18 moles), were treated with an equimolar amount of C14-labeled KCN. The aldonic acids were isolated as salts, using carrier technique, in yields of 90–95% based on the radioactive carbon. D-Erythrose gave 1.89 times as much arabonic as ribonic acid while D-threose gave 2.36 times as much lyxonic as xylonic acid. Despite the unfavorable ratio in the latter case it was found that D-xylose could be obtained in an over-all yield of 22%, based on the cyanide.
A CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF D-TREHALOSE
Authors: Lemieux R. U. , Bauer H. F.
Published: May 2006

Chromatographic separation of the products formed on heating a mixture of the anomers of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-D-glucose and tri-O-acetyl-D-glucosan [Formula: see text] at 100 °C. afforded D-trehalose and the neo-D-trehalose of Haworth and Hickinbottom. Evidence was obtained to show that the latter compound is in fact α-D-glucopyranosyl β-D-glucopyranoside.
ADDITION COMPOUNDS OF THE MOLECULAR HALIDES: III. THE TRICHLORIDES AND PENTACHLORIDES OF PHOSPHORUS, ARSENIC, ANTIMONY, AND BISMUTH WITH TRIETHYLAMINE
Authors: Trost W.R.
Published: May 2006

Monoaminates of the trichlorides and pentachlorides of phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth have been prepared, as well as triaminates of the trichlorides of phosphorus and arsenic and mixed polyaminates of the remaining chlorides. The co-ordinate valences and possible structures of the compounds are related to a model that depends on the geometry of the molecular halide and on the outer orbitals of the atoms in it.