bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reactor performance estimation in microscale flow calorimeter for rapid characterization of exothermic reactions
Authors: Frede Timothy Aljoscha , Nikbin Nick , Kockmann Norbert
Published: December 2022

Continuous flow calorimeters are a promising tool in process development and safety engineering, especially for flow chemistry applications to characterize the heat release and kinetic parameters of rapid chemical reactions. In this study, the digital accompaniment of an isoperibolic flow calorimeter for characterization of exothermic reactions is presented. To support experimental planning and evaluation, computational fluid dynamic simulations are carried out for single-phase flow in the microreactor. The residence time distribution is obtained and used for estimation of conversion and temperature profiles along the microreactor channel. This leads to an integration of CFD simulations into the calorimeter’s software-guided workflow reducing the experimental effort regarding the determination of thermokinetic data. The approach is tested for a highly exothermic test reaction, which provides further hints for future investigations.

Article highlights

• Estimation of conversion and temperature profiles within a microscale calorimeter

• Combination of CFD simulations and reactor performance estimation

• Approach was tested for highly oxidation of sodium thiosulfate

• Estimated conversion and temperature profiles are in good agreement with experimental data

Graphical abstract
Potassium transporter KUP9 participates in K+ distribution in roots and leaves under low K+ stress
Authors: Yamanashi Taro , Uchiyama Takeshi , Saito Shunya , Higashi Taiki , Ikeda Hayato , Kikunaga Hidetoshi , Yamagami Mutsumi , Ishimaru Yasuhiro , Uozumi Nobuyuki
Published: December 2022

Potassium (K) is a major essential element in plant cells, and KUP/HAK/KT-type K+ transporters participate in the absorption of K+ into roots and in the long-distance transport to above-ground parts. In Arabidopsis thaliana, KUP9 is involved in the transport of K+ and Cs+ in roots. In this study, we investigated KUP9 function in relation to the K+ status of the plant. The expression of KUP9 was upregulated in older leaves on K+-depleted medium, compared to the expression of the other 12 KUP genes in the KUP/HAK/KT family in Arabidopsis. When grown on low K+ medium, the kup9 mutant had reduced chlorophyll content in seedlings and chlorosis in older rosette leaves. Tissue-specific expression of KUP9 determined by KUP9 promoter:GUS assay depended on the K+ status of the plants: In K+ sufficient medium, KUP9 was expressed in the leaf blade towards the leaf tip, whereas in K+ depleted medium expression was mainly found in the petioles. In accordance with this, K+ accumulated in the roots of kup9 plants. The short-term 43K+ tracer measurement showed that 43K was transferred at a lower rate in roots and shoots of kup9, compared to the wild type. These data show that KUP9 participates in the distribution of K+ in leaves and K+ absorption in roots under low K+ conditions.
Uneven Growth in Social Capital Organizations After Disasters by Pre-Disaster Conditions in the United States 2000–2014
Authors: Michael Yvonne L. , Smiley Kevin T. , Clay Lauren , Hirsch Jana A. , Lovasi Gina S.
Published: December 2022

Introduction:

Community-level social capital organizations are critical pre-existing resources that can be leveraged in a disaster.

Aim:

The study aimed to test the hypothesis that communities with larger pre-disaster stocks of social capital organizations would maintain pre-disaster levels or experience growth.

Methodology:

An annual panel dataset of counties in the contiguous United States from 2000 to 2014 totaling 46620 county-years, including longitudinal data on disasters and social capital institutions was used to evaluate the effect of disaster on growth of social capital.

Results:

When a county experienced more months of disasters, social capital organizations increased a year later. These findings varied based on the baseline level of social capital organizations. For counties experiencing minor disaster impacts, growth in social capital organizations tends to occur in counties with more social capital organizations in 2000; this effect is a countervailing finding to that of major disasters, and effect sizes are larger.

Conclusion:

Given the growing frequency of smaller-scale disasters and the considerable number of communities that experienced these disasters, the findings suggest that small scale events create the most common and potentially broadest impact opportunity for intervention to lessen disparities in organizational growth.
Introducing Cambridge Prisms: Global Mental Health
Authors: Bass Judy , Chibanda Dixon , Petersen Inge , Winkler Petr , Sijbrandij Marit , Shidhaye Rahul
Published: December 2022

With the launch of the Prisms Global Mental Health series, we are taking the opportunity to make explicit our vision for Global Mental Health. We strongly propose a Public Mental Health approach, incorporating culture and context and prioritizing equity and inclusion, particularly of previously marginalized groups. In using a Public Mental Health approach, we are framing Global Mental Health research as population-oriented research that seeks to understand the etiology, prevention, promotion, and treatment of mental and behavioral health problems with a strong emphasis on ‘knowledge generation’ which is relevant, transferable, and generalizable to different populations and settings. The public health approach also incorporates policy and systems research and evaluation, with a particular focus on accessibility and quality of care and human rights. By using the term Global, we are being explicit in acknowledging the role(s) of culture and context in all stages of research, from conceptualization through interpretation and dissemination. In centering equity and inclusion, we are advocating for a focus on populations who have been marginalized and have not been well represented within Global Mental Health research and active participation of voices of the populations that are included in the research. We are also working to promote participation of individuals from diverse and underrepresented communities and diverse experiences, including those with lived experience, in all stages of research pipeline: from conceptualization to publication of findings. Our readers will see these values and ideas operationalized in the choice of article topics and the published manuscripts as well as in the editorial and advisory board membership and selection of reviewers.
-ULTRAFILTERS IN THE RATIONAL PERFECT SET MODEL
Authors: CANCINO-MANRÍQUEZ JONATHAN
Published: December 2022

We give a new characterization of the cardinal invariant
$\mathfrak {d}$
as the minimal cardinality of a family
$\mathcal {D}$
of tall summable ideals such that an ultrafilter is rapid if and only if it has non-empty intersection with all the ideals in the family
$\mathcal {D}$
. On the other hand, we prove that in the Miller model, given any family
$\mathcal {D}$
of analytic tall p-ideals such that
$\vert \mathcal {D}\vert <\mathfrak {d}$
, there is an ultrafilter
$\mathcal {U}$
which is an
$\mathscr {I}$
-ultrafilter for all ideals
$\mathscr {I}\in \mathcal {D}$
at the same time, yet
$\mathcal {U}$
is not a rapid ultrafilter. As a corollary, we obtain that in the Miller model, given any analytic tall p-ideal
$\mathscr {I}$
,
$\mathscr {I}$
-ultrafilters are dense in the Rudin–Blass ordering, generalizing a theorem of Bartoszyński and S. Shelah, who proved that in such model, Hausdorff ultrafilters are dense in the Rudin–Blass ordering. This theorem also shows some limitations about possible generalizations of a theorem of C. Laflamme and J. Zhu.
Vocal iconicity in nominal classification
Authors: Erben Johansson Niklas , Cronhamn Sandra
Published: December 2022

While recent years have seen a substantial increase of studies investigating vocal iconicity in the lexicon of spoken languages, its presence in grammatical structures is poorly understood. This study investigates the presence of vocal iconicity in nominal classification systems by collecting nominal classification devices from the two main system types: 210 non-agreeing languages (126 families) and 151 agreeing languages (123 families). To detect overrepresentations of sound types in class meanings, the nominal classification devices were grouped according to comparable semantic categories, transcribed using comparable phonetic system, and analyzed through Bayesian mixed models. The strongest results were found for associations between nominal classification devices denoting flat and low, front, unrounded vowels, along with several weak associations relating to shape/size/quantity, function, humanness/animacy, and sex. These associations mostly correlate with previous vocal iconicity findings, but crucially, the involved nominal classification devices are mostly semantically typical for non-agreeing, for example, classifier, systems. These findings were attributed to structural differences between nominal classification system types, which result from grammaticalization processes, for example, phonetic erosion and semantic bleaching. Thus, increased formal predictability through grammatical agreement comes at a cost of semantic transparency which, in turn, dismantles the semantic prerequisites needed for vocal iconic associations to be operational.
An event-related potential study of cross-modal translation recognition in Chinese–English bilinguals: the role of cross-linguistic orthography and phonology
Authors: Zhang Er-Hu , Li Jiaxin , Li Defeng , Chen Yiqiang , Zhang Xin-Dong , Wang Xinyi , Cao Hong-Wen
Published: December 2022

Extensive evidence has demonstrated that bilinguals non-selectively activate lexicons of both languages when reading or hearing words in one language. Here, we further investigated the electrophysiological roles of cross-linguistic orthography and phonology in the processing of L2 spoken words in unbalanced Chinese (L1)–English (L2) bilinguals in a cross-modal situation. Relative to unrelated control, the recognition of auditory L2 words showed behavioral interference effects when paired with orthographic or phonological neighbors of the correct translations of L2 words. Moreover, the lexical effects were also exhibited in the electrophysiological data, as reflected by marginally less positive late positive component (500–800 ms) amplitudes in the frontal region. Importantly, the orthographic rather than phonological translation neighbor condition elicited less negative N400 (300–500 ms) amplitudes in the parietal–occipital regions, suggesting that this orthographic translation neighbor condition facilitated the co-activation of spoken L2 words. Taken together, these findings indicate that cross-linguistic orthographic and phonological activation have different temporal dynamics with both bottom-up parallel cross-linguistic activation and the top-down inhibitory control mechanism governing the two-language lexical organization in L2 spoken word recognition.
Individual differences in visual word recognition: the role of epistemically unwarranted beliefs on affective processing and signal detection
Authors: Huete-Pérez Daniel , Ferré Pilar
Published: December 2022

Previous studies have brought conflicting results regarding the effects of valence and arousal in visual word processing. Some authors have pointed to participants’ individual differences as one of the possible explanations for these inconsistencies. The main aim of the present research was to examine whether participants’ individual differences in the level of epistemically unwarranted beliefs (EUB) contribute to these conflicting results. Therefore, participants who varied in their level of paranormal, pseudoscientific and conspiracy beliefs (assessed by self-report measures) performed a lexical decision task (LDT) and a recognition memory task. Linear mixed-effects models over LDT response times revealed that the effects of words’ emotional content (both valence and arousal) were modulated by the degree of individuals’ EUB. In addition, signal detection theory analyses showed that in the recognition task (but not in the LDT) response bias became more liberal as individuals’ EUB increased. These patterns of effects were not general to all EUB instances. The obtained results highlight the need to consider participants’ individual differences in affective word processing and signal detection. In addition, this study reveals some basic psychological mechanisms that would underlie EUB, a fact that has both theoretical and applied relevance.
Computational prediction of ω-transaminase selectivity by deep learning analysis of molecular dynamics trajectories
Authors: Ramírez-Palacios Carlos , Marrink Siewert J.
Published: December 2022

We previously presented a computational protocol to predict the enzymatic (enantio)selectivity of an ω-transaminase towards a set of ligands (Ramírez-Palacios et al. (2021) Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 61(11), 5569–5580) by counting the number of binding poses present in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations that met a defined set of geometric criteria. The geometric criteria consisted of a hand-crafted set of distances, angles and dihedrals deemed to be important for the enzymatic reaction to take place. In this work, the MD trajectories are reanalysed using a deep-learning approach to predict the enantiopreference of the enzyme without the need for hand-crafted criteria. We show that a convolutional neural network is capable of classifying the trajectories as belonging to the ‘reactive’ or ‘non-reactive’ enantiomer (binary classification) with a good accuracy (>0.90). The new method reduces the computational cost of the methodology, because it does not necessitate the sampling approach from the previous work. We also show that analysing how neural networks reach specific decisions can aid hand-crafted approaches (e.g. definition of near-attack conformations, or binding poses).
Do variations in nasal irrigation recipes and storage effect the risk of bacterial contamination?
Authors: Whittaker J D , Baker E , Kumar S , Collingwood R , West M , Lee P K
Published: December 2022

Objective

Make-at-home nasal irrigation solutions are often recommended for treating chronic rhinosinusitis. Many patients will store pre-made solution for convenient use. This study investigated the microbiological properties of differing recipes and storage temperatures.

Method

Three irrigation recipes (containing sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate and sucrose) were stored at 5oC and 22oC. Further samples were inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sampling and culturing were conducted at intervals from day 0–12 to examine for bacterial presence or persistence.

Results

No significant bacterial growth was detected in any control solution stored at 5oC. Saline solutions remained relatively bacterial free, with poor survival of inoculated bacteria, which may be related to either lower pH or lower osmolality. Storing at room temperature increased the risk of contamination in control samples, particularly from pseudomonas.

Conclusion

If refrigerated, pre-made nasal irrigation solutions can be stored safely for up to 12 days without risking cross-contamination to irrigation equipment or patients.
Phenotypic flexibility in nutrition research to quantify human variability: building the bridge to personalised nutrition
Authors: Wopereis Suzan
Published: December 2022

Phenotypic flexibility is a methodology that accurately assesses health in terms of mechanistic understanding of the interrelationship of multiple metabolic and physiological processes. This starts from the perspective that a healthy person is better able to cope with changes in environmental stressors that affect homeostasis compared to people with a compromised health state. The term ‘phenotypic flexibility’ expresses the cumulative ability of overarching physiological processes to return to homeostatic levels after short-term perturbations. The concept of phenotypic flexibility to define biomarkers for nutrition-related health was introduced in 2009 in the area of health optimisation and prevention and delay of non-communicable disease. The core approach consists of the combination of imposing a challenge test to the body followed by time-resolved analysis of multiple biomarkers. This new approach may better facilitate nutritional health research in intervention studies since it may show effects on early derailed physiological markers and the biomarker response can be extended by perturbing the system, thereby making them more sensitive in detecting health effects from food and nutrition. At the same time, interindividual variation can also be extended and compressed by challenge tests, facilitating the bridge to personalised nutrition. This review will overview where the science is in this research arena and what the phenotypic flexibility potential is for the nutrition field.
The use of the abuse policy narrative in asylum debates and its effects on citizens’ opinion formation
Authors: Kaufmann David , Bernhard Laurent
Published: December 2022

Asylum seekers are often portrayed as “bogus refugees” who try to abuse a destination country’s generosity and protection. We scrutinise the use and effect of such a constructed abuse policy narrative in Swiss asylum referendums by examining the conveyance of this narrative by political elite actors (meso-level) and its effect on citizens’ opinion formation (micro-level). On the meso-level, our analysis shows that political organisations rely more strongly on the abuse policy narrative (1) if a referendum proposal contains more tightening as opposed to streamlining policies and (2) if their political ideology is to the right. While the first finding also applies at the micro-level, voters from both the right and the centre are likely to base their decision on the abuse policy narrative. The fact that this narrative is convincing for centrist voters is particularly important as they usually play a decisive role in the outcome of asylum referendums.
LiDAR analyses in the contiguous Mirador-Calakmul Karst Basin, Guatemala: an introduction to new perspectives on regional early Maya socioeconomic and political organization
Authors: Hansen Richard D. , Morales-Aguilar Carlos , Thompson Josephine , Ensley Ross , Hernández Enrique , Schreiner Thomas , Suyuc-Ley Edgar , Martínez Gustavo
Published: December 2022

LiDAR coverage of a large contiguous area within the Mirador-Calakmul Karst Basin (MCKB) of northern Guatemala has identified a concentration of Preclassic Maya sites (ca. 1000b.c.–a.d. 150) connected by causeways, forming a web of implied social, political, and economic interactions. This article is an introduction to one of the largest, contiguous, regional LiDAR studies published to date in the Maya Lowlands. More than 775 ancient Maya settlements are identified within the MCKB, and 189 more in the surrounding karstic ridge, which we condensed into 417 ancient cities, towns, and villages of at least six preliminary tiers based on surface area, volumetrics, and architectural configurations. Many tiered sites date to the Middle and Late Preclassic periods, as determined by archaeological testing, and volumetrics of contemporaneously constructed and/or occupied architecture with similar morphological characteristics. Monumental architecture, consistent architectural formats, specific site boundaries, water management/collection facilities, and 177 km of elevated Preclassic causeways suggest labor investments that defy organizational capabilities of lesser polities and potentially portray the strategies of governance in the Preclassic period. Settlement distributions, architectural continuities, chronological contemporaneity, and volumetric considerations of sites provide evidence for early centralized administrative and socio-economic strategies within a defined geographical region.
The Reification of Non-Human Animals
Authors: Caprioglio Panizza Silvia
Published: December 2022

This paper takes up Axel Honneth’s suggestion that we, in the 21st century Western world, should revisit the Marxian idea of reification; unlike Honneth, however, this paper applies reification to the ways in which humans relate to non-human animals, particularly in the context of scientific experiments. Thinking about these practices through the lens of reification, the paper argues, yields a more helpful understanding of what is regarded as problematic in those practices than the standard animal rights approaches. The second part of the paper offers ways of overcoming reification that go beyond Honneth’s idea of recognition by introducing Iris Murdoch’s idea of attention. This proposed strategy makes the ethical relevance of reification more salient and makes it possible to counter reification through a practice such as attention which, unlike recognition, can be consciously established.
Electroacoustic Improvisation and Life Nourishment
Authors: Jing Wang
Published: December 2022

Drawing from the ancient Chinese text The Zhuangzi, the sinologist François Jullien suggests that to nourish one’s life is to nourish life’s vital potential by keeping it open to renewal. Inspired by the anthropocosmic vision of environment improvisation developed by the Chinese musician Li Jianhong, this article begins to explore the philosophical and aesthetic principles that connect electroacoustic improvisation to life nourishment through discussions of electroacoustic improvising practices from China but not limited to China. This article proposes that an understanding of electroacoustic improvisation on the spiritual and existential level offers a refreshed conceptualisation of creativity, environment and improvisation at large.
Actors and Roles in EU Law: Asking ‘Who Does What?’ in the European Union Legal System
Authors: Gadbled Robin , Muir Elise
Published: December 2022

Introduction to the special section – Actors of EU law – Activities of EU actors – Role definition in EU constitutional law – Constitutional theory – Separation of powers –Relationship between public authorities and individuals – Institutional actors – Private actors – Lobbyists – Law and practice – Legal doctrine – Research methods in EU law – Importance of theoretical frameworks in defining the parameters of legal research
Cereal rye seeding rate does not affect magnitude of weed suppression when planting green within Mid-Atlantic United States
Authors: Ficks Teala S. , VanGessel Mark J. , Wallace John M.
Published: December 2022

In the Mid-Atlantic United States, there is increasing interest in delaying cereal rye termination until after soybean planting (i.e., planting green). Improved understanding of cereal rye seeding rate effects is needed to balance weed and agronomic management goals. We investigated the effects of cereal rye seeding rates on weed control and crop performance when planting green in complementary experiments in two Mid-Atlantic regions. The Pennsylvania experiment was replicated at three site-years and the Delaware experiment at two site-years. In both experiments, population-level weed responses were evaluated across four cereal rye seeding rates: 0, 51, 101, and 135 kg ha−1. The Delaware experiment also implemented a nitrogen treatment factor (0 and 34 kg N ha−1; spring applied). Both experiments showed that integrating cereal rye in the fall significantly improved winter- and summer-annual weed suppression compared with the fallow control, but no differences in total cereal rye biomass production or weed suppression were found among alternative cereal rye seeding rates (51 to 135 kg ha−1). Soybean yield did not differ among treatments in any of the studies. These results show there is no reason to increase cereal rye seeding rates for weed suppression services or to decrease seeding rates for agronomic reasons (i.e., soybean population and yield) when employing planting-green tactics in no-till soybean production within the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States.
How to Promote Lasting Learning in Schools
Authors: Richter Tobias , Berger Roland , Ebersbach Mirjam , Eitel Alexander , Endres Tino , Ferri Rita Borromeo , Hänze Martin , Lachner Andreas , Leutner Detlev , Lipowsky Frank , Nemeth Lea , Renkl Alexander , Roelle Julian , Rummer Ralf , Scheiter Katharina , Schweppe Judith , Aufschnaiter Claudia von , Vorholzer Andreas
Published: December 2022

Abstract. Creating lasting knowledge is an important goal of education. But how much do students retain what they have learned in school beyond the next class assignment? Is school instruction suitable for creating lasting knowledge and skills? And what can teachers do to foster the learning of lasting knowledge? We present a selective overview of research on these questions. The two theoretical strands that deal with lasting learning are meaningful learning and desirable difficulties in learning. We propose combining ideas from these two approaches to develop a comprehensive theoretical account of lasting learning and sketch questions that research should clarify to enable such a theory.
Combining Retrieval Practice and Generative Learning in Educational Contexts
Authors: Roelle Julian , Schweppe Judith , Endres Tino , Lachner Andreas , Aufschnaiter Claudia von , Renkl Alexander , Eitel Alexander , Leutner Detlev , Rummer Ralf , Scheiter Katharina , Vorholzer Andreas
Published: December 2022

Abstract. Engaging learners in practicing the retrieval of learned information fosters the consolidation of learners’ mental representations and hence long-term retention. Retrieval practice research has enriched the instructional design literature by providing a wealth of evidence for these benefits of retrieval-based learning and thus emphasizing the value of means to consolidate knowledge. The present article makes the case that a fruitful next step could be to focus on the interplay between retrieval practice and generative activities. Rather than consolidating mental representations, generative activities should have as their main function the construction of coherent mental representations. Hence, from a theoretical perspective, generative activities and retrieval practice should functionally complement each other; hence, combinations of both activities might be particularly suitable to promote lasting learning. Given the challenge to beneficially combine these activities, we discuss open questions that could substantially advance both the retrieval practice and the generative learning field.
Der Zusammenhang zwischen Schlaf und Training bei jugendlichen Elite-Mannschaftsathleten in Österreich
Authors: Frytz Patricia , Hödlmoser Kerstin
Published: December 2022

Zusammenfassung. In dieser Studie wurde das Schlaf-Wach-Verhalten jugendlicher Elite-Mannschaftsathleten in Österreich im Zusammenhang mit deren Training untersucht. Dafür wurden 104 Athleten ( M=14.52 Jahre, SD=0.40), die jeweils Mitglied eines U15/U16 Teams im Fußball ( n=69) oder Eishockey ( n =35) waren, über mehrere Wochen (14 – 42 Tage) per Aktigraphie und Schlafprotokoll untersucht. Zusätzlich wurden der Chronotyp (D-MEQ) und die allgemeine Schlafqualität (PSQI) erhoben. Es wurde angenommen, dass die Schlafqualität vor Trainings- und Spieltagen geringer ist als vor Ruhetagen und dass sich eine geringe Schlafqualität negativ auf die Trainingsintensität auswirkt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Athleten an Ruhetagen eine längere Schlafdauer aufweisen. Es hat sich außerdem bestätigt, dass eine kürzere Schlafdauer und längere Einschlaflatenz einen negativen Einfluss auf die wahrgenommene Trainingsintensität am folgenden Tag haben. Ein stärkerer Einbezug der Schlafqualität bei Leistungsanalysen und in der Gestaltung von Trainingsplänen wird empfohlen.
On the Spatial Structure and Zonal Drift of Low Latitude E Region Irregularity Patches Over Hainan
Authors: Sun Wenjie , Li Guozhu , Wang Ye , Hu Lianhuan , Xie Haiyong , Li Yi , Zhao Xiukuan , Ning Baiqi , Liu Libo
Published: December 2022

All‐sky radar measurements provide a unique capability to resolve the spatial structure of E region irregularities over a large zonal region. With the all‐sky radar interferometry observations at Ledong (18.4°N, 109.0°E) in Hainan, China, the spatial structure and zonal drift of low latitude E region field‐aligned irregularities (FAIs) over a large region are statistically investigated for the first time. It is revealed that the E region FAIs, including both the continuous and quasi‐periodic (QP) types shown in radar range‐time‐intensity maps, occurred most frequently in summer. The continuous type was observed being generated locally without obvious zonal drift. The QP type generally covered ∼40–500 km zonally, and consisted of up to 9 (peaking at 3–4) FAI patches separated by ∼20–130 km (peaking at ∼60 km). The spatially separated FAI patches predominantly drifted westward at the speed ∼50–200 m/s. Besides the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability, gravity waves were surmised to be a major source for causing the spatial structures of low latitude QP type E region FAIs. Neutral wind was suggested to play an important role for their zonal drifts.
Co‐Current Fluid Flow Mechanisms Within a Complex Porous Structure at the Pore Level
Authors: Moradi Bijan , Zojaji Iman
Published: December 2022

This study has been addressed the mechanisms of the co‐current fluid flow in a heterogeneous porous media using the lattice Boltzmann method. Since the smallest interaction between viscous and capillary forces at the interface is of great importance, the simulations are performed with the hybrid phase‐field model at the pore level. This is because the main advantage of this model is that due to its connection with the phase‐field theory, it has a solid physical basis to record interface dynamics. Model verification is followed by recording viscous coupling effects. The relative permeability curves and the velocity profiles are compared with the analytical solution, so that the observations confirm the accuracy claim of the model. In the following, the fluid flow through the heterogeneous porous structure is simulated, so that its sweep efficiency and corresponding velocity field at the breakthrough time are discussed. The results show that increasing the injection velocity reduces the displacement efficiency and increases the velocity field fluctuations due to the viscous fingering regime. Changing the wetting conditions to strong imbibition (SI) will increase the efficiency due to the role of capillary pressure and corner flow mechanism. Also, increasing the interfacial tension in the SI and the strong drainage will increase and decrease the sweep efficiency, respectively, so the rate of changes in fully immiscible flow is much higher than the near miscible flow. The velocity fluctuations in the fully immiscible flow are more significant than in the near miscible flow, which is reasonable given the flow properties.
Current progress and open challenges for applying tyrosine kinase inhibitors in osteosarcoma
Authors: Chen Chenglong , Shi Qianyu , Xu Jiuhui , Ren Tingting , Huang Yi , Guo Wei
Published: December 2022

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a mesenchymal-origin tumor that constitutes the most common primary malignant bone tumor. The survival rate of the patients has significantly improved since the introduction of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and extensive resection, but it has stagnated in recent 40 years. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have played a key part in the treatment of malignant tumors. In advanced OS, TKIs including anlotinib, apatinib, sorafenib, etc. have significantly improved the progression-free survival of patients, while the overall survival remains unchanged. The main reason is the rapid and inevitable progress of acquired drug resistance of OS. However, as the application of TKIs in OS and other tumors is still in the exploratory phase, its drug resistance mechanism and corresponding solutions are rarely reported. Hence, in this review, we summarize knowledge of the applications of TKIs, the mechanism of TKIs resistance, and the attempts to overcome TKIs resistance in OS, which are the three potentially novel insights of TKIs in OS. Because most evidence is derived from studies using animal and cell models, we also reviewed clinical trials and related bioinformatics data available in public databases, which partially improved our understanding of TKIs applications.
Regulation of bone homeostasis by MERTK and TYRO3
Authors: Engelmann Janik , Zarrer Jennifer , Gensch Victoria , Riecken Kristoffer , Berenbrok Nikolaus , Luu The Vinh , Beitzen-Heineke Antonia , Vargas-Delgado Maria Elena , Pantel Klaus , Bokemeyer Carsten , Bhamidipati Somasekhar , Darwish Ihab S. , Masuda Esteban , Burstyn-Cohen Tal , Alberto Emily J. , Ghosh Sourav , Rothlin Carla , Hesse Eric , Taipaleenmäki Hanna , Ben-Batalla Isabel , Loges Sonja
Published: December 2022

The fine equilibrium of bone homeostasis is maintained by bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Here, we show that TAM receptors MERTK and TYRO3 exert reciprocal effects in osteoblast biology: Osteoblast-targeted deletion of MERTK promotes increased bone mass in healthy mice and mice with cancer-induced bone loss, whereas knockout of TYRO3 in osteoblasts shows the opposite phenotype. Functionally, the interaction of MERTK with its ligand PROS1 negatively regulates osteoblast differentiation via inducing the VAV2-RHOA-ROCK axis leading to increased cell contractility and motility while TYRO3 antagonizes this effect. Consequently, pharmacologic MERTK blockade by the small molecule inhibitor R992 increases osteoblast numbers and bone formation in mice. Furthermore, R992 counteracts cancer-induced bone loss, reduces bone metastasis and prolongs survival in preclinical models of multiple myeloma, breast- and lung cancer. In summary, MERTK and TYRO3 represent potent regulators of bone homeostasis with cell-type specific functions and MERTK blockade represents an osteoanabolic therapy with implications in cancer and beyond.
Wafer-scale nanofabrication of telecom single-photon emitters in silicon
Authors: Hollenbach Michael , Klingner Nico , Jagtap Nagesh S. , Bischoff Lothar , Fowley Ciarán , Kentsch Ulrich , Hlawacek Gregor , Erbe Artur , Abrosimov Nikolay V. , Helm Manfred , Berencén Yonder , Astakhov Georgy V.
Published: December 2022

A highly promising route to scale millions of qubits is to use quantum photonic integrated circuits (PICs), where deterministic photon sources, reconfigurable optical elements, and single-photon detectors are monolithically integrated on the same silicon chip. The isolation of single-photon emitters, such as the G centers and W centers, in the optical telecommunication O-band, has recently been realized in silicon. In all previous cases, however, single-photon emitters were created uncontrollably in random locations, preventing their scalability. Here, we report the controllable fabrication of single G and W centers in silicon wafers using focused ion beams (FIB) with high probability. We also implement a scalable, broad-beam implantation protocol compatible with the complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology to fabricate single telecom emitters at desired positions on the nanoscale. Our findings unlock a clear and easily exploitable pathway for industrial-scale photonic quantum processors with technology nodes below 100 nm.
Different roles of concurring climate and regional land-use changes in past 40 years’ insect trends
Authors: Neff Felix , Korner-Nievergelt Fränzi , Rey Emmanuel , Albrecht Matthias , Bollmann Kurt , Cahenzli Fabian , Chittaro Yannick , Gossner Martin M. , Martínez-Núñez Carlos , Meier Eliane S. , Monnerat Christian , Moretti Marco , Roth Tobias , Herzog Felix , Knop Eva
Published: December 2022

Climate and land-use changes are main drivers of insect declines, but their combined effects have not yet been quantified over large spatiotemporal scales. We analysed changes in the distribution (mean occupancy of squares) of 390 insect species (butterflies, grasshoppers, dragonflies), using 1.45 million records from across bioclimatic gradients of Switzerland between 1980 and 2020. We found no overall decline, but strong increases and decreases in the distributions of different species. For species that showed strongest increases (25% quantile), the average proportion of occupied squares increased in 40 years by 0.128 (95% credible interval: 0.123–0.132), which equals an average increase in mean occupancy of 71.3% (95% CI: 67.4–75.1%) relative to their 40-year mean occupancy. For species that showed strongest declines (25% quantile), the average proportion decreased by 0.0660 (95% CI: 0.0613–0.0709), equalling an average decrease in mean occupancy of 58.3% (95% CI: 52.2–64.4%). Decreases were strongest for narrow-ranged, specialised, and cold-adapted species. Short-term distribution changes were associated to both climate changes and regional land-use changes. Moreover, interactive effects between climate and regional land-use changes confirm that the various drivers of global change can have even greater impacts on biodiversity in combination than alone. In contrast, 40-year distribution changes were not clearly related to regional land-use changes, potentially reflecting mixed changes in local land use after 1980. Climate warming however was strongly linked to 40-year changes, indicating its key role in driving insect trends of temperate regions in recent decades.
Tagging active neurons by soma-targeted Cal-Light
Authors: Hyun Jung Ho , Nagahama Kenichiro , Namkung Ho , Mignocchi Neymi , Roh Seung-Eon , Hannan Patrick , Krüssel Sarah , Kwak Chuljung , McElroy Abigail , Liu Bian , Cui Mingguang , Lee Seunghwan , Lee Dongmin , Huganir Richard L. , Worley Paul F. , Sawa Akira , Kwon Hyung-Bae
Published: December 2022

Verifying causal effects of neural circuits is essential for proving a direct circuit-behavior relationship. However, techniques for tagging only active neurons with high spatiotemporal precision remain at the beginning stages. Here we develop the soma-targeted Cal-Light (ST-Cal-Light) which selectively converts somatic calcium rise triggered by action potentials into gene expression. Such modification simultaneously increases the signal-to-noise ratio of reporter gene expression and reduces the light requirement for successful labeling. Because of the enhanced efficacy, the ST-Cal-Light enables the tagging of functionally engaged neurons in various forms of behaviors, including context-dependent fear conditioning, lever-pressing choice behavior, and social interaction behaviors. We also target kainic acid-sensitive neuronal populations in the hippocampus which subsequently suppress seizure symptoms, suggesting ST-Cal-Light’s applicability in controlling disease-related neurons. Furthermore, the generation of a conditional ST-Cal-Light knock-in mouse provides an opportunity to tag active neurons in a region- or cell-type specific manner via crossing with other Cre-driver lines. Thus, the versatile ST-Cal-Light system links somatic action potentials to behaviors with high temporal precision, and ultimately allows functional circuit dissection at a single cell resolution.
Multi-task machine learning improves multi-seasonal prediction of the Indian Ocean Dipole
Authors: Ling Fenghua , Luo Jing-Jia , Li Yue , Tang Tao , Bai Lei , Ouyang Wanli , Yamagata Toshio
Published: December 2022

As one of the most predominant interannual variabilities, the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) exerts great socio-economic impacts globally, especially on Asia, Africa, and Australia. While enormous efforts have been made since its discovery to improve both climate models and statistical methods for better prediction, current skills in IOD predictions are mostly limited up to three months ahead. Here, we challenge this long-standing problem using a multi-task deep learning model that we name MTL-NET. Hindcasts of the IOD events during the past four decades indicate that the MTL-NET can predict the IOD well up to 7-month ahead, outperforming most of world-class dynamical models used for comparison in this study. Moreover, the MTL-NET can help assess the importance of different predictors and correctly capture the nonlinear relationships between the IOD and predictors. Given its merits, the MTL-NET is demonstrated to be an efficient model for improved IOD prediction.
Phenome-wide association study of loci harboring de novo tandem repeat mutations in UK Biobank exomes
Authors: Wendt Frank R. , Pathak Gita A. , Polimanti Renato
Published: December 2022

When present in coding regions, tandem repeats (TRs) may have large effects on protein structure and function contributing to health and disease. We use a family-based design to identify de novo TRs and assess their impact at the population level in 148,607 European ancestry participants from the UK Biobank. The 427 loci with de novo TR mutations are enriched for targets of microRNA-184 (21.1-fold, P = 4.30 × 10−5, FDR = 9.50 × 10−3). There are 123 TR-phenotype associations with posterior probabilities > 0.95. These relate to body structure, cognition, and cardiovascular, metabolic, psychiatric, and respiratory outcomes. We report several loci with large likely causal effects on tissue microstructure, including the FAN1-[TG]N and carotid intima-media thickness (mean thickness: beta = 5.22, P = 1.22 × 10−6, FDR = 0.004; maximum thickness: beta = 6.44, P = 1.12 × 10−6, FDR = 0.004). Two exonic repeats FNBP4-[GGT]N and BTN2A1-[CCT]N alter protein structure. In this work, we contribute clear and testable hypotheses of dose-dependent TR implications linking genetic variation and protein structure with health and disease outcomes.
Radiative anti-parity-time plasmonics
Authors: Yang Yumeng , Xie Xinrong , Li Yuanzhen , Zhang Zijian , Peng Yiwei , Wang Chi , Li Erping , Li Ying , Chen Hongsheng , Gao Fei
Published: December 2022

Space and guided electromagnetic waves, as widely known, are two crucial cornerstones in extensive wireless and integrated applications respectively. To harness the two cornerstones, radiative and integrated devices are usually developed in parallel based on the same physical principles. An emerging mechanism, i.e., anti-parity-time (APT) symmetry originated from non-Hermitian quantum mechanics, has led to fruitful phenomena in harnessing guided waves. However, it is still absent in harnessing space waves. Here, we propose a radiative plasmonic APT design to harness space waves, and experimentally demonstrate it with subwavelength designer-plasmonic structures. We observe two exotic phenomena unrealized previously. Rotating polarizations of incident space waves, we realize polarization-controlled APT phase transition. Tuning incidence angles, we observe multi-stage APT phase transition in higher-order APT systems, constructed by using the scalability of leaky-wave couplings. Our scheme shows promise in demonstrating novel APT physics, and constructing APT-symmetry-empowered radiative devices.
Optimization of the proliferation and persistency of CAR T cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Ueda Tatsuki , Shiina Sara , Iriguchi Shoichi , Terakura Seitaro , Kawai Yohei , Kabai Ryotaro , Sakamoto Satoko , Watanabe Akira , Ohara Kohei , Wang Bo , Xu Huaigeng , Minagawa Atsutaka , Hotta Akitsu , Woltjen Knut , Uemura Yasushi , Kodama Yuzo , Seno Hiroshi , Nakatsura Tetsuya , Tamada Koji , Kaneko Shin
Published: December 2022

The effectiveness of chimaeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell immunotherapies against solid tumours relies on the accumulation, proliferation and persistency of T cells at the tumour site. Here we show that the proliferation of CD8αβ cytotoxic CAR T cells in solid tumours can be enhanced by deriving and expanding them from a single human induced-pluripotent-stem-cell clone bearing a CAR selected for efficient differentiation. We also show that the proliferation and persistency of the effector cells in the tumours can be further enhanced by genetically knocking out diacylglycerol kinase, which inhibits antigen-receptor signalling, and by transducing the cells with genes encoding for membrane-bound interleukin-15 (IL-15) and its receptor subunit IL-15Rα. In multiple tumour-bearing animal models, the engineered hiPSC-derived CAR T cells led to therapeutic outcomes similar to those of primary CD8 T cells bearing the same CAR. The optimization of effector CAR T cells derived from pluripotent stem cells may aid the development of long-lasting antigen-specific T-cell immunotherapies for the treatment of solid tumours.
An implantable soft robotic ventilator augments inspiration in a pig model of respiratory insufficiency
Authors: Hu Lucy , Bonnemain Jean , Saeed Mossab Y. , Singh Manisha , Quevedo Moreno Diego , Vasilyev Nikolay V. , Roche Ellen T.
Published: December 2022

Severe diaphragm dysfunction can lead to respiratory failure and to the need for permanent mechanical ventilation. Yet permanent tethering to a mechanical ventilator through the mouth or via tracheostomy can hinder a patient’s speech, swallowing ability and mobility. Here we show, in a porcine model of varied respiratory insufficiency, that a contractile soft robotic actuator implanted above the diaphragm augments its motion during inspiration. Synchronized actuation of the diaphragm-assist implant with the native respiratory effort increased tidal volumes and maintained ventilation flow rates within the normal range. Robotic implants that intervene at the diaphragm rather than at the upper airway and that augment physiological metrics of ventilation may restore respiratory performance without sacrificing quality of life.
Anticipating and defusing the role of conspiracy beliefs in shaping opposition to wind farms
Authors: Winter Kevin , Hornsey Matthew J. , Pummerer Lotte , Sassenberg Kai
Published: December 2022

Reaching net-zero targets requires massive increases in wind energy production, but efforts to build wind farms can meet stern local opposition. Here, inspired by related work on vaccinations, we examine whether opposition to wind farms is associated with a world view that conspiracies are common (‘conspiracy mentality’). In eight pre-registered studies (collectiveN = 4,170), we found moderate-to-large relationships between various indices of conspiracy beliefs and wind farm opposition. Indeed, the relationship between wind farm opposition and conspiracy beliefs was many times greater than its relationship with age, gender, education and political orientation. Information provision increased support, even among those high in conspiracy mentality. However, information provision was less effective when it was presented as a debate (that is, including negative arguments) and among participants who endorsed specific conspiracy theories about wind farms. Thus, the data suggest preventive measures are more realistic than informational interventions to curb the potentially negative impact of conspiracy beliefs.