bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autonomic regulation in the major depression during SSRI antideperssant treatment
Authors: Antipova O.
Published: May 2011

Introduction

Importance of current research is determined by the need to find the clinical and functional evaluation criteria for the systemic patterns of changes in physiological reactivity of the patient at various stages depression treatment.

Objective

Optimization of diagnostics and planning of treatment of patients with depression based on analysis psychopathological state and autonomic reactivity during active treatment using SSRI antidepressants.

Aims

System analyze of clinical-psychopathological characteristics and autonomic reactivity of major depression. Main group included 62 patients with the diagnosis of depressive episode. Control group: 64 healthy persons.

Methods

Clinico- psychopathological, clinico- anamnestic, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS-17), the analysis of heart rate variability for investigation of autonomic regulation.

Results of the depressive patients autonomic regulation study show the reduction of total heart rate variability is observed at rest and in orthostatic test. The balance of sympathetic, parasympathetic and suprasegmental parts of autonomic nervous system was preserved at rest in depression. However after orthostatic test the activity of sympathetic baroreflex mechanisms is decreased and the hyperactivation of suprasegmental ergotropic systems is revealed. During the 4–6-weeks treatment the positive dynamics of psychopathological characteristics is observed but the changes of autonomic reactivity are not revealed. After 6-months therapy only 30, 6% of patients demonstrate signs of normalisation of autonomic regulation.

Conclusions

Obtained data, apparently, attest to the fact that the emotional and autonomic symptoms are restored with different speed. The results of study should be used in the planning of treatment in the psychiatric practice and in the primary medical care.
Seasonality and psychiatric disorders
Authors: Avelino M.J. , Paixão L.
Published: May 2011

Introduction

Season mood changes are a phenomenon recognised by almost everyone. Who did never experience a little energy decrease or light depressive feelings with the beginning of Autumn or Winter? And the season recurrence of some Psychiatric Disorders, like MDD and BD are sufficiently acknowledged by patients and specialists. There is even a nosologic entity called Seasonal Affective Disorder, which shows more prevalence among Nordic places (where winter days are shorter) and in which light therapy seems a good therapeutic option. Not only in Psychiatry the properties of light therapy were recognised, NR Finsen won the Nobel Prize in 1903 for his work with Heliotherapy (found benefits with sun exposure in some skin diseases). There are various theories that try to explain those assumptions, like summer-winter difference in duration of nightly melatonin release, inability to synchronize circadian rhythms with sleep/wake rhythms and even Vitamin D production.

Aims/objectives

The aim of this work consists on a scientific revision of the origins and the influence extension of seasonality in Psychiatric Disorders (PD) and in therapeutic implications, particularly with some new anti-depressants.

Methods

We make a bibliographic investigation about more recent findings in origins and influence extension of seasonality in PD and the role of new psychopharmacologic approaches in these cases.

Results

There are some scientific papers in which those maters are analysed.

Conclusion

There are some scientific theories about the mechanisms and degree of influence of seasonality in some PD, but the whole process have not been explained nor have been tested.
The influence of treatment-resistance on the serotonin 2A receptor in unipolar melancholic depression
Authors: Baeken C. , De Raedt R. , Vanderbruggen N. , Zeeuws D. , Santermans L. , Van Hove C. , Bossuyt A.
Published: May 2011

Introduction

Major depression is one of the most common mental diseases, and quite a number of patients are resistant to several psychopharmacological interventions, even when applying current treatment guidelines. To date, it remains unclear as to how the serotonergic system is implicated in treatment-resistance found in melancholically depressed patients.

Objectives & aims

In this study, we examined the involvement of post-synaptic 5-HT2A receptors in the pathophysiology of treatment resistance in major depression with 123I-5-I-R91150 SPECT, focusing on the frontal cortex and hippocampus.

Method

15 unipolar antidepressant naïve (ADN) patients and 15 treatment-resistant depressed (TRD) patients, all of the melancholic subtype, matched for age and gender were studied. All subjects were antidepressant free when they underwent a static 123I-5-I-R91150 SPECT scan.

Results

Compared to ADN patients, TRD patients displayed significantly less 5-HT2A receptor binding index (BI) in the dorsal regions of the prefrontal cortex and in the anterior cingulate cortex. No hippocampal 5-HT2A receptor BI differences were observed.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that when confronted with treatment resistance in melancholic depression the 5-HT2A receptors in the DPFC-ACC axis are significantly more down-regulated when compared to depressed ADN patients. This might to some extent explain the observed continued cognitive problems and might reflect the long-term serotonin depletion with reduced neurogenesis in treatment resistant patients.
Major depression, cardiovascular risk factors and the Omega-3 index
Authors: Baghai T.C. , Varallo-Bedarida G. , Born C. , Haefner S. , Schüle C. , Eser D. , Rupprecht R. , Bondy B. , von Schacky C.
Published: May 2011

Introduction

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and major depressive disorders (MDD) are frequent diseases worldwide with a high comorbidity rate. Omega-3 fatty acids have been suggested as disease modulators for both CVD and MDD.

Objective and aims

Therefore, we studied whether polyunsaturated fatty acids and the Omega-3 Index may represent markers for assessment of the cardiovascular risk in physically healthy patients suffering from MDD.

Methods

Case-control study in 166 adults (86 MDD patients without CVD, 80 matched healthy controls). Baseline examinations included depression ratings, conventional cardiovascular risk factors, fatty acid, and interleukin-6 determinations.

Results

Several conventional risk factors were more prevalent in MDD patients. The Omega-3 Index and individual omega-3 fatty acids were significantly lower in MDD patients. An Omega-3 Index < 4% was associated with high concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6.

Conclusion

Conventional cardiovascular risk factors, the Omega-3 Index and IL-6 indicated an elevated cardiovascular risk profile in MDD patients currently free of CVD. Our results support the employment of strategies to reduce the cardiovascular risk in yet cardiovascularly healthy MDD patients by targeting conventional risk factors and the Omega-3 Index.
Escitalopram vs duloxetine in major depressed patients with pain
Authors: Baloescu A. , Baloescu V. , Sichitiu J.D.
Published: May 2011

Objective

Evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of escitalopram and duloxetine in depressive patients with pain.

Methods

Sample A (escitalopram): 22 patients (15 female and 7 man, mean age 51.75); Sample B (duloxetine) 25 patients (18 female, 7 man, mean age 53,85). They were diagnosed with major depressive disorder according to ICD 10; assessed with HAMD 17 items in baseline, 14, 28, 42, 56 days; CGIS at baseline, 28 and 56 days; CGII at 28 and 56 days.

Results

Escitalopram 10–20 mg/day; duloxetine 60–120 mg/day. Sample A HAMD 17 items: baseline-21.8; 14 days-19.7; 28 days- 17.2; 42 days-13.5; 56 days-11.8. Sample B HAMD 17 items: baseline-22.3; 14 days-19.9; 28 days- 17.4; 42 days-13.2; 56 days-10.5. Item 13(somatic/general) -diffuse or vague muscle aches or heaviness in the arms or legs mean baseline score for Sample A -1.65; Sample B-1.75; 56 days: Sample A-0.80 and Sample B-0.65. CGIS: mean baseline Sample A: 4.2 and Sample B-4.3; 56 days Sample A-1.9 and Sample B-1.5. CGII 56 days: Sample A 7/22 (31.8%) -much improved and 10/22(45.45%) very much improved; Sample B 11/25 (44%) much improved and 14.25(56%) very much improved. We noted mild nausea 20/47, mild restlessness 12/47, mild dizziness 9/47 at the beginning of the treatment (both samples).

Conclusions

1)

Escitalopram and duloxetine are safe and effective treatment.

2)

Coexistence of depression with physical pain negatively affects the performance in daily activity and quality of life; in such cases the first treatment option could be duloxetine.

3)

Escitalopram is also efficient in such cases.
Biopsychosocial consequences of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis c infection
Authors: Baranyi A. , Meinitzer A. , Stepan A. , Matejka J. , Stauber R. , Rothenhäusler H.-B.
Published: May 2011

Depression

is a common side effect of IFN-alpha therapy. The current prospective study examines the effects of Interferon-alpha on the prevalence of depressive disorders, on cognitive functioning and on quality of life. Life Satisfaction before and the social support during the therapy were considered.

Method

25 patients with chronic hepatitis C infection were investigated. One month and three months after the beginning of the treatment psychometric observer-rating and self-rating scales were administered to evaluate depressive symptoms (BDI; HAMD). The data on life satisfaction before therapy and health-related quality of life were obtained from the FLZ and the SF-36. Cognitive function was based on the SKT.

Results

Three months after the initial Interferon-alpha administration in the whole sample significant impairments in health-related quality of life were found in the domains “physical functioning”, “role physical”, “role emotional”, “social functioning” and “vitality”. The whole sample showed cognitive impairements.

Three months after the first Interferon-alpha administration 48% (n = 12) suffered from moderate clinical depression.

Patients with Interferon-alpha induced clinical depression showed decreased life satisfaction before the initial antiviral therapy - especially in the domains “self-concept”, “employment” and “physical health&constitution”. Impairments in health-related quality of life (SF-36) were found in the clinical depressive sample in the domains “general health”, “social functioning”, “role emotional”,“vitality” and “mental health”.

Conclusion

Hepatitis C is associated with an increased prevalence of depression.

Interferon-alpha patients having low levels of life satisfaction in the domains “self concept”, “employment” and “physical health&constitution” seem to face a major risk of depression.
Is serum folate level a predictor of response in depressive patients who failed to previous antidepressant treatments? a naturalistic study
Authors: Bares M. , Novak T. , Kopecek M. , Stopkova P. , Höschl C.
Published: May 2011

Introduction and objective

The data from previous studies suggested that folate serum level predicts outcome of treatment in patients who failed to respond to SSRI.

Aims

We examined the relationship of serum folate level and response to treatment with various antidepressant interventions (antidepressants, combinations of antidepressants and augmentations) in patients who had failed to respond to at least one previous antidepressant treatment.

Methods

Eighty-four inpatients (mean age = 46.2 ± 11.3 years, 69% woman) with major depression according to DSM IV and without gastrointestinal or other comorbidities that might influenced folate level were enrolled to the study. Clinical status was assessed using MADRS, CGI and BDI-SF at baseline and at the end of study (mean length of treatment- 5.2 ± 0.9 weeks) and response was defined as reduction of MADRS score≥50%. Folate serum levels were determined before start of treatment (normal level >2.5 ng/ml).

Results

Low folate level was detected only in 3 patients (2 responders) in our sample. Responders (54%) and non-responders were not different in baseline folate level as well as in clinical a demographic parameters with exception of number of previous unsuccessful treatments of index episode. Furthermore we did not find any correlations between folate level and baseline or final MADRS score as well as reduction of MADRS respectively.

Conclusion

Despite encouraging data from previous studies, based on our data we did not suppose association of baseline serum folate level and outcome of treatment in resistant patients.

This study was supported by grants of Ministry of Health of Czech Republic NS 10368-3 and MZ0PCP2005.
The relationship between depression and emotional intelligence among undergraduate students
Authors: Bayani A.A.
Published: May 2011

Depression and depressive symptoms are among the most common of all mental disorders and health complaints. The main objective of this paper was to examine the study of the relationship between emotional intelligence and depression among undergraduate students. The undergraduate students of the Islamic Azad University, Azadshahr branch (183 women, 123 men) took part in this study. Their ages ranged from 18 to 51 (M = 25.4, SD = 6.1); 124 were married, and 182 were single. All the respondents completed a series of questionnaires including the Farsi version of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (Petrides, & Furnham, 2004), the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (Lovibond, & Lovibond, 1995). A significant negative correlation has been found between the scores on the Trait Meta-Mood Scale and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (r = - .43, P < .0001) for the total group and also separately for tested the groups of men and women.
Classification of recurrent depression with seasonal pattern: a comparison between two diagnostic instruments
Authors: Brancaleoni G. , Hansen V.
Published: May 2011

Introduction

The validity of the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ) in diagnosing Seasonal Affective Disorder is questionable. In 2004 the Seasonal Health Questionnaire (SHQ) was proposed as a more appropriate screening instrument for depression with a seasonal pattern.

Objectives/aims

To compare the performance of the SPAQ, the most commonly used tool for assigning a diagnosis of SAD, with the SHQ, which uses the DSM-IV criteria for recurrent depression with seasonal pattern.

Methods

Two samples of approximately 200 medical students in Tromsø, Norway (69° north) and Ferrara, Italy (44° north), filled in both questionnaires. Prevalence of recurrent depression with seasonal pattern was calculated according to gender and latitude of living, with both instruments. Using SHQ diagnosis as the gold standard, sensitivity and specificity of the SPAQ as a diagnostic instrument was ascertained.

Results

The prevalence of depression with seasonal pattern measured by SPAQ was 12% in Norway and 14.5% in Italy, the difference was not significant. Prevalence was highest in females in both countries (Norway: males 4.2%, females 14.7%, Italy: males 2.3%, females 18.8%), but the difference was only significant in Italy (p = 0.007). According to SHQ, the corresponding figures in Norway 5.9% and 7.1% (p = 0.77) and in Italy 3.9% and 3% (p = 0.75). The specificity of the SPAQ was 88.8% and the sensitivity was 47.3%.

Conclusion

Compared to a DSM-IV diagnosis of depression with seasonal pattern as measured by the SHQ, the SPAQ seriously overestimates the prevalence of seasonal depression, especially in women, and the sensitivity is far too low.
Predictive value of magnesium levels in depressed patients
Authors: Camardese G. , De Risio L. , Mattioli B. , Pizi G. , Serrani R. , Leone B. , Bria P. , Janiri L.
Published: May 2011

Background and aim

High, normal or low plasma magnesium (Mg) levels have been observed in depressed patients. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship of plasma Mg levels with depression severity, specific psychopathological dimensions and treatment outcome.

Materials and methods

123 outpatients (M/F 60/63; mean age = 48 ± 15) during a Major Depressive Episode (MDE) were recruited. Most of them were affected by “difficult to treat” depression, that includes patients with history of at least two MDE, risk of chronicization and who did not achieve remission in previous treatments.

The psychopathological status was assessed using HAM-D, HAM-A, DRRS for psychomotor retardation and SHAPS for anhedonia. HAM-D was repeated at 3 months. A blood sample was collected to determine total plasma Mg levels.

Results

We observed an association between Mg levels and psychomotor retardation scores (p = 0.045). Moreover, subjects with residual symptoms after treatment (HAM-D at 3 months > 15) have lower starting Mg values compared to treatment-responsive individuals (2.14 ± 0.2 vs. 2.25 ± 0.21, p = 0,039).

Conclusions

Conflicting data on plasma Mg levels in depression could be due to the isolation of brain Mg compartments from blood Mg compartments. As in a previous study, the association between high Mg levels and psychomotor retardation found in this larger sample strengthens the notion that high Mg levels play a part in the hypoactivity so often observed in depressed patients. Also, low Mg values in patients with poor treatment outcome suggest Mg could have a therapeutic potential in “difficult-to-treat” patients.
Somatic symptoms and high-sensitive C-reactive protein in major depression
Authors: Camardese G. , Pizi G. , Leone B. , De Risio L. , Mattioli B. , Serrani R. , Bria P. , Janiri L.
Published: May 2011

Aim

High-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) has been used to assess low-grade immune system activation. In a population-based cohort hs-CRP was associated with functional somatic symptoms (SS), particularly with general and musculoskeletal functional SS clusters.

Immune system dysregulation has also been reported in depression that is frequently associated to a high burden of SS.

We investigated the correlation between hs-PCR and SS in depressed patients.

Methods

123 outpatients (M/F = 58/65; mean age 48,6 ± 14,8) during a Major Depressive Episode were recruited at the Institute of Psychiatry of the Catholic University in Rome. Severity of depression was assessed with the HAM-D scale. The somatization factor of the HAM-D (somatic anxiety, gastrointestinal symptoms, general somatic symptoms, hypochondria, weight loss) measured SS burden. A blood sample was collected to determine hs-CRP.

Results

Hs-CRP and depression severity were not correlated, while hs-CRP and SS were (r = -0,27; p = 0,001). Patients with higher (> 3) somatizazion factor had significantly lower hs-PCR values compared to patients with lower (≤3) somatization factor (2,47 mg/L ± 4.77 vs. 3.20 mg/L ± 4.44; p = 0,026).

Conclusions

In contrast with the hypothesized cytokine involvement in somatic features of sickness behavior, higher somatic burden correlates with lower immune activation.

The role of sickness behavior in experiencing SS and hs-CRP's use as valid indicator of cytokine production remain uncertain. Further studies are necessary, also to explore the relationship between HPA axis dysregulation and immune activation, possibly relevant to the interpretation of our results.
Electromyography change during the test of variables of attention tova in patients with major depressive disorder
Authors: Chen S.-T. , Shen T.-W. , Chen S.-J.
Published: May 2011

It has been well studied that depression is associated with muscle rigidity and chronic pain. However, few studies have examined the differences of electromyography (EMG) response to cognitive stressor between patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and the healthy control. We conducted a cross-sectional and case-control (sex and age) study to observe the EMG change under the test of variables of attention (TOVA) which is a computerized test of attention. Forty-five patients with MDD and the same number of matched subjects participated. Screening of mental illness was carried out through the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. The EMG of neck muscle was recorded before (2 minutes, rest condition) and during the subject performed TOVA (about 22 minutes, TOVA condition). Raw data were processed to calculate the typical time and frequency domain EMG parameters. MDD patients had lower electromyographic activity (EA) and root mean square (RMS) than control group in both the rest and TOVA condition. MDD patients had higher EA and root RMS than control group in both the rest and TOVA condition. MDD group had higher median frequency (MF) and mean power frequency (MPF) than controls in both the rest and TOVA condition. MDD group had significant change between rest and TOVA in the above four parameters. However, health control group did not have this difference between two conditions. The result showed significant muscle rigidity change in MDD patient when their condition shifted form relaxation to stress. This might be the reason why MDD patients suffer from severe chronic pain.
Agomelatine versus escitalopram in major depressive disorders : a randomized double-blind, long term study focusing on sleep satisfaction and emotional blunting
Authors: Corruble E. , Bélaidi C. , Goodwin G.M.
Published: May 2011

The novel antidepressant agomelatine is a MT1/MT2 receptor agonist and a 5HT2c receptor antagonist, whose efficacy is demonstrated in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) (1). In an international 24-week double-blind randomized controlled study, the effects of agomelatine 25–50 mg/d (n = 164) were compared to those of escitalopram 10-20 mg/d (n = 160) on satisfaction about sleep (Visual Analogic Scale), depressive symptoms (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D)) and emotions in a subset of 45 patients having completed the Oxford Depression Questionnaire (2).

Both drugs improved depressive symptoms (mean decrease in HAM-D score from baseline: -19.9 with agomelatine and -19.2 with escitalopram; percentage of remitters: 69.6% with agomelatine and 63.1% with escitalopram, LOCF endpoint) and the satisfaction about sleep. Interestingly, the wellness feeling on waking was more improved with agomelatine as compared to escitalopram (p = 0.025), indicating a better alertness on waking with agomelatine than escitalopram.

Moreover, emotional blunting was less frequent with agomelatine as compared to escitalopram: 28% on agomelatine vs 60% on escitalopram felt that their emotions lacked intensity with a trend to statistical significance (p = 0.063) and 16% of patients on agomelatine vs 53% on escitalopram felt that things that they cared about before illness did not seem important any more (p = 0.024). Finally, less patients withdrew due to emergent adverse events with agomelatine (4.3%) as compared to escitalopram (10.6%), (p = 0.029). To conclude, this study shows some potential clinical advantages of agomelatine as compared to escitalopram in the long term treatment of MDD.
The effects of psychodrama on depression among women with chronic mental disorder
Authors: Ebrahimi Belil F.
Published: May 2011

Introduction

At resent 3desaides management of chronic mental disorders at psychiatric health association tobe high attention.

Purpose of study

Determining effect of psychodrama on depression among women with chronic mental disorder.

Methods

This study was a quasi-experimental study that done in RAZI comprehensive psychiatric center. Community of this research consists of chronic mental patients bedridden at RAZI comprehensive psychiatric center that among them 30 women with chronic mental disease possess entrains criterions selected and with randomized permuted blokes’ allocation to two control and intervention groups. Then them depression examined with beck depression inventory (BDI). Then 12sessions hours long of psychodrama, 2ice per week, 6 weeks for intervention group enactment but control group received routine treatments. When the program ended depression of ills reexamined whit study instrument and analyzed with independent T test, paired T test kolmogroph smernophand Leven and covariance analyzes tests.

Results

Main of depression before and after intervention at control group was not significant but at Intervention group was significant (P = 0.000).

At two groups after Intervention depression differences revolve significant (P = 0.000).

Comparison between main of depression after psychodrama even after modification of age and before intervention depression effect by covariance analyzes at two groups showed significant deferens.

Conclusion

Psychodrama leads to decrease of depression at intervention group.
Unipolar depression and chronic medical diseases from the genetic perspective
Authors: Enatescu V.R.V. , Enatescu I. , Enatescu V.V.
Published: May 2011

Introduction

The well-known huge global burden of unipolar depression is, at least in part, due to the higher prevalence of medical co-morbidities in affected subjects. We purpose to evaluate, in what extent, the increased medical co-morbidity is due to the genetic factors shared, both, by unipolar depression and some of the chronic medical diseases.

Material and method

We performed a longitudinal retrospective research on data records of 248 subjects admitted in our psychiatric clinic during 2001 – 2005. Two control samples were done. First control sample consisted in 44 bipolar patients and the second control sample was represented by 59 persistent delusional subjects admitted in our clinic during the same period.

Results and discussions

The positive family history of chronic medical disease was more consistent in unipolar depressions comparatively with controls, regarding several medical chronic diseases. More exactly, high blood pressure, coronary heart disease and neoplastic diseases were most prevalent among the grade 1 relatives of unipolar depressions comparatively with that existing among the grade 1 relatives of controls. Just in the case of coronary heart disease, the difference has reached statistical significance (depressives - m = 0.443, S.D. = \0.652; bipolars + delusionals - m = 0.252, S.D. = 0.499; t = 2,665, p = 0.008).

Conclusions

The higher prevalence of some of medical diseases among unipolar depressives comparatively with other categories of psychiatric patients could be explained by genetic perspective. For example, according with our research, unipolar depression and coronary heart disease could be viewed as two distinct phenotypes of two genotypes that shares somewhat similar alterations.
Prevalence of depressive disorders in shanghai children aged 8∼12 years
Authors: Fan J. , Gu H.-L. , Yang H.-L. , Wang W.-Y. , Yi J. , Du Y.-S.
Published: May 2011

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigated the prevalence child depression in primary schools.

Methods

3685 students from Grade 3 to Grade 5 were selected from 7 primary schools of Pudong district in Shanghai by random and cluster sampling. The study design consisted of a screening stage in which the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children(CES-DC) were used, and a clinical interview stage in which the K-SADS-present state version (K-SADS) and DSM-IV were used. The diagnoses of depressive disorder were made according the DSM-IV criteria.

Results

The prevalence of children depression was 1.60% (95%CI = 1.19%∼2.00%). The prevalence rate of male(2.08%) was significant higher than that of female (1.09%)(X2=5.40, P = 0.02). The rate of depressive disorder increased with age from 0.57% (8 years old) to 2.47% (12 years old). The prevalence of depression was no significant difference between ages from 8 to 12 years old (X2 = 4.49, P = 0.34).

Conclusion

The prevalence rate of children depression in Shanghai is low. The prevalence of depression among boys is much higher than that of girls.It shows the prevalence of depression is no significant difference between ages from 8 to 12 years old.
The effect of lavandula angustifolia in the treatment of depression
Authors: Parvin N. , Farzaneh S. , Nikfarjam M. , Shahinfard N. , Asarzadegan N.
Published: May 2011

Background and aim

Medical plants have been used for centuries as a medicinal agent in treatment of depression and anxiety. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of the lavendula officinalis on depression in patients using citalopram.

Methods

This clinical trial study was performed in Hajar hospital, Shahrekord, Iran. In this study eighty patients randomly allocated into two groups (40 patients in each group). Patients who complained from depression were studied during a two-month double-blind study. In control group, patients were given 20 mg citalopram twice daily plus placebo and case group were treated with 5 g arial part of dried Lavendula officinalis and citaloperam (20 mg, twice per day). After 4 and 8 weeks, patients were followed for evaluations of their depression and complications. Depression severity was scored using standard Hamilton’s depression questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Chi square and Paired-t test.

Results

After 1 month treatment, mean depression score in case and control groups were 15.2 ± 3.6 and 17.5 ± 3.5, respectively (P < 0.05). After 2 months the mean score of depression in case and control groups was 14.8 ± 4 and 16.8 ± 4.6, respectively (P < 0.01). The most common side effects in two groups were confusion and dry mouth, which were not significantly different between two groups.

Conclusion

Lavendula officinalis has a positive effect on depressed patients and may be useful to decrease the severity of depression in patients using other antidepressants.
Family burden in major depression: a multicentric survey in 30 italian mental health centres
Authors: Fiorillo A. , Del Vecchio H.G. , De Rosa C. , Malangone C. , Del Vecchio V. , Giacco D. , Luciano M. , Maj M.
Published: May 2011

Introduction

Family burden, defined as the consequences for those in close contact with a severely disturbed psychiatric patient, is now well-documented in schizophrenia research, whereas very few data are available in affective disorders.

Aims

To explore:

1)

the levels of family burden in a sample of key-relatives of patients with major depression;

2)

the professional and social support for relatives of patients with major depression disorder.

Methods

324 patients with major depression and their key-relatives were randomly recruited in 30 Italian mental health centres, randomly selected and stratified by geographical area and population density. Family burden was explored in relation to:

a)

patient's clinical status and disability;

b)

relatives’ social and professional support.

Results

Reduction of leisure (53% of the sample) and social activities (44%) were the most frequently reported sources of practical burden, whereas psychological burden was mainly due to sense of loss (75%) and worries for the future (61%). Family burden is higher in key-relatives with a lower education level (p < .05), and when patients’ symptomatology and social functioning are more severe. Key-relatives who can rely on a stronger support from social network and from mental health professionals have lower levels of family burden (p < .05).

Conclusion

These results highlight the need to provide supportive interventions for patients with major depression and their key-relatives.
Oxidative stress and brain glutamate-mediated excitability in depressed patients
Authors: Salustri C. , Squitti R. , Zappasodi F. , Ventriglia M. , Bevacqua M.G. , Fontana M. , Tecchio F.
Published: May 2011

Introduction

Several neuropsychiatric pathologies have been recently linked to oxidative stress.

Objectives

In this study, we investigated the relationship between depression, markers of oxidative stress and neurotransmission, as expressed by sensory cortex excitability.

Methods

Serum levels of oxidative stress markers and somatosensory magnetic fields, evokedby external galvanic stimulation, were measured in 13 depressed patients and 13 controls.

Results

Depressives had higher levels of total and free copper than controls and lower levels oftransferrin. They also showed lower sensory cortex excitability, which correlated with copperlevels in controls, but not in patients. Transferrin correlated with sensory cortex excitability inboth patients and controls, although in opposite ways. Copper level results associated with thepatients’ clinical status.

Conclusions

Pro-oxidant agents appear to affect neuronal excitability and clinical state ofdepressed patients, as free copper excess alters their cortical glutamatergic neurotransmission.
Spatio-visual working memory effectiveness and depression levels after pharmacological therapy with ssri - preliminary study
Authors: Talarowska M. , Florkowski A. , Berent D. , Gałecki P.
Published: May 2011

Introduction

Working memory dysfunctions are observed in patients with recurrent depressive disorders. These deficits exert negative effects not only on psychological test performance levels but also on the capacity of affected patients to cope with everyday life situations, as well as on decreased remission levels.

Aim

The goal of the study was to identify possible associations between spatio-visual working memory, evaluated on admission, with the remission degree, assessed after 8-week pharmacotherapy with SSRI in a group of patients with diagnosed depression.

Methods

141 subjects were examined (patients with depressive disorders, DD: n = 86, healthy subjects, CG: n = 55). Trail Making Test by Reitan (TMT) was used.

Results

CG obtained higher results vs. DD-I patients (the evaluation started on the therapy onset) in TMT A/time (p = 0.09), TMT B/time (p = 0.009). CG demonstrated better results than DD-II patients (following eight weeks of pharmacological treatment) in TMT A (p = 0.11), TMT B (p = 0.85). Compared to DD-I group, DD-II group achieved better results in TMT A (p < 0.001) and TMT B (p < 0.001). The lowest performance levels in TMT A and TMT B may have been related to the highest depression levels after pharmacological treatment.

Conclusions

1.

Depressive disorders are associated with deteriorated efficiency of visual working memory.

2.

Antidepressant treatment resulted in improved of visual working memory.

3.

The better performance in TMT on the first day of treatment may have influenced the noted reduction in severity of depressive symptoms after treatment with SSRI.
Weight gain - a side effect of antidepressive treatment
Authors: Gabos Grecu I. , Gabos Grecu M. , Florea M. , Moica T. , Ferencz M. , Gabos Grecu C.
Published: May 2011

Introduction

Like all medical therapies, antidepressants have several limitations that clinicians should consider when choosing treatments for their patients. [1] Common long-term side effects of antidepressants are weight gain, sexual dysfunction, sleep disturbances, fatigue, apathy, and cognitive impairment. [2] These side effects will influence the quality of life and will be an important factor in determining the compliance to treatment for these patients. [3]

Aim

Is to present a study on weight gain in patients treated long term with antidepressants.

Methods: We made a retrospective study of 422 patients with Major Depressive Disorder hospitalized in First Clinic of Psychiatry Tirgu Mures, between Jan/2009 and June/2009. We built the study after patient data on the following criteria: age, sex, place of origin, educational level, occupation, primary diagnosis, BMI at first admission, BMI at the last hospitalization, the average years of treatment, the average hospitalizations and antidepressant treatment applied.

Results

The vast majority of hospitalized patients were females (71%) in the age group 40-49. In summarizing this side effect of antidepressant treatment, we can say that weight gain is significant for long-term treatment with tricyclic antidepresives (64.38% of patients), tetra cyclic (50.30% of patients) and NaSSA (40% of patients). We found an increase of BMI of about 13.5% in these patients. For the patients treated with SSRIs, NDRI and SNRI we found that weight gain was present in less than 40% of patients and this had also influenced the compliance and the adherence to treatment of these patients.
Effect of adjunctive aripiprazole in achieving various levels of response and on domains of functioning in MDD: A pooled analysis
Authors: Gismondi R. , Cain Z. , Fabian T. , Rollin L. , Forbes R. , Berman R. , Baker R. , Casey D. , Laubmeier K. , Marler S.V. , Loze J.-Y.
Published: May 2011

Introduction

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) patients experience different levels of response and functionality impairments.

Objectives/aims

Evaluate levels of response for adjunctive aripiprazole therapy (AA) and effects of AA on patient functioning.

Methods

Data were pooled from three similar, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials with aripiprazole in MDD. Quartile response categories were defined by reduction (%) in MADRS >6 weeks of treatment: Minimal response (≤25%), Partial response (>25% to < 50%), Moderate response (≥50% to < 75%), and Robust response (≥75%). Proportions of placebo (AP) vs. AA patients achieving a response were compared (Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test) for each category. Functionality was assessed using mean changes in Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) scores. Changes in scores were compared (ANCOVA) between AA and AP.

Results

AA had more patients (%) compared with AP achieving partial (23.9% vs. 17.9%, p = 0.017), moderate (23.1% vs. 15.0%, p< 0.001), and robust responses (14.3% vs. 7.4%, p< 0.001). AA had less (%) achieving minimal response compared with AP (38.7% vs. 59.6%, p< 0.001). Mean changes are below.

[Mean changes in SDS and domain scores]

Conclusions

Most inadequate responders who continued on AP were minimal responders (60%). 60% of aripiprazole patients rapidly achieved partial, moderate or robust response status. AA significantly improved social and family life domains of functioning.
Effect of aripiprazole adjunctive to antidepressants on sexual functioning: A subgroup analysis of a 52-week open-label safety study (CN138–164)
Authors: Gismondi R. , Clayton A. , Baker R. , Forbes R. , Marler S.V. , Berman R.
Published: May 2011

Introduction

This presentation addresses impacts of adjunctive aripiprazole (AA) in major depressive disorder (MDD).

Objective

Assess impacts of long-term (≤52 weeks) open-label AA to ADT on efficacy, sexual function and weight change in MDD.

Methods

Data were analyzed post-hoc from de novo patients enrolled in an open-label safety study of AA after inadequate response to one or more ADT. Three ADT classes were included: SSRIs, SNRIs, and a noradrenaline-dopamine reuptake inhibitor, bupropion.

Global well-being with AA was assessed (mean change in CGI-S score from baseline by ADT). Sexual functioning was assessed by Sexual Function Inventory (SFI) items: interest in sex, sexual arousal, achievement of orgasm, erection maintenance and sexual satisfaction. Item 6 captured change in the overall improvement score. Weight change at Week 52 (last observation carried forward) was assessed.

Results

Overall mean change in CGI-S (n = 285) by Week 52 was -1.5. Mean changes in CGI-S from baseline scores (4.2-4.4) were: escitalopram (n=64) -1.5, venlafaxine XL (n = 48) -1.4, sertraline (n = 39) -1.7, fluoxetine (n = 41) -1.3, paroxetine or CR (n = 37) -1.5 and bupropion XL or SR (n = 46) -1.4. Improvements on SFI items (n = 155) ranged from -0.2 (sexual satisfaction) to -0.6 (interest in sex and orgasm). Mean overall improvement score (3.8) indicated mild-to-moderate sexual dysfunction. All AA groups experienced a mean weight increase (range +1.8 kg [sertraline] to +3.3 kg [fluoxetine]).

Conclusions

AA moderately improved CGI-S scores (to a similar degree) when added to three different classes of ADTs. Sexual functioning in patients on ADT modestly improved after adding aripiprazole to ADT.
Comparison of the effect of pharmacotherapy and the combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of depressive disorder
Authors: Grambal A. , Sigmundova Z. , Hunková M. , Praško J.
Published: May 2011

Introduction

Some studies showed auxilary effect of psychotherapy in patients suffering from depression treated by psychopharmacology. The aim of our study was to verify the treatment effect of training psychotherapy under the conditions of The Department of Psychiatry in Olomouc.

Method

Total amount of 40 patients, who were hospitalized at The Psychiatric Department during the time period of years 2003–2004 with the diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder-mild, moderate and severe form was included. 20 patients received psychiatric medication only (without any systematic psychotherapeutic support) and 20 remaining patients of the open psychotherapeutic department received combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Psychopharmacological treatment was comparable in both samples as far as quality and quantity is concerned. We used at the psychotherapeutic department group training therapy and individual psychotherapy. Before the treatment was used HAMD and CGI- Seriousness of the disorder, before the end of the hospitalization and the therapy, we used HAMD and CGI/ Global Improvement.

Results

Evaluation of the obtained data showed decrease on the HAMD scale (0,5 points) for the patients treated with the combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in the comparison with the group treated only with pharmacotherapy. This finding was even more obvious on the CGI scale, where the difference of the improvement reached up to 0,3 points again for the combined treatment, but were not significant.

Conclusion

In the treatment of the acute phase of Major depressive disorder, we did not prove a positive effect of the training psychotherapy.
The inventory of depressive symptomatology is more sensitive to changes in depressive symptomatology than the hamilton depression rating scale in patients with minor depression
Authors: Helmreich I. , Wagner S. , Mergl R. , Allgaier A.-K. , Hautzinger M. , Henkel V. , Hegerl U. , Tadić A.
Published: May 2011

Background

Depression rating scales play a decisive role in the assessment of the severity of depression and the evaluation of the efficacy of antidepressant treatments. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) is regarded as the ‘gold standard’; nevertheless, studies suggest that the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS) is more sensitive to detect symptom changes. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the IDS is more sensitive in detecting changes in depression symptoms in patients with mild major, minor or subsyndromal depression (MIND).

Methods

Biweekly IDS-C28 and HAMD17 data from 340 patients of a 10-week randomized, placebo-controlled trial comparing the effectiveness of sertraline and cognitive-behavioural therapy in patients with MIND were analysed. We investigated sensitivity to change for both scales

1)

from assessment-to-assessment,

2)

in relation to depression severity level, and

3)

in relation to DSM-IV depression criterion symptoms.

Results

The IDS-C28 was more sensitive in detecting changes in depression symptomatology over the treatment course as well as for different severity levels, especially in patients with a low depression severity. It assesses the DSM-IV criteria more thoroughly, is better able to track the change of cognitive symptoms and to identify residual symptoms.

Conclusions

Both scales are well able to assess depressive symptomatology. However, the IDS-C28 surpasses the HAMD17 in detecting small changes especially in the core symptoms of depression. This is important for an optimal treatment by capturing early improvements, enabling prompt reactions and detecting residual symptoms.
Factor structures of the children's depression inventory: A meta-analysis of pattern matrices
Authors: Huang C. , Dong N.
Published: May 2011

This study used meta-analysis to comprehensively examine the factor analysis of the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). Twenty-five studies (N = 18,897) consisting of 36 independent samples were identified. Generally, the CDI comprises five factors: Self-Depreciation, Somatic Concerns, Externalizing, Lack of Personal and Social Interest, and Dysphoric Mood. When reviewing individual items, the results of this meta-analysis suggest that self-depreciation had salient loadings on factors similar to Self-Depreciation, Externalizing, and Somatic Concerns. The variability in this item makes self-depreciation a poor marker for symptoms of Self-Depreciation, Externalizing, and Somatic Concerns, and hence suggests that it should be revised or excluded in future revisions of the CDI. The equivalence of factor structure is a prerequisite to comparing mean scores across groups. Hence, the factor structure of the CDI was examined for subgroups of studies. The 5-factor structure of the CDI was generally appropriate except in studies assessing depression of at-risk/clinical participants and participants using non-English versions of the CDI. For studies assessing depression among at-risk/clinical participants and participants using non-English versions of the CDI, factors similar to Self-Depreciation, Lack of Personal and Social Interest, and Externalizing were identified. The at-risk/clinical samples had an independent factor of Depressive Mood and Loneliness, while studies using non-English versions of the CDI had an independent factor of Sadness and Somatic Notably, the factor of Somatic Concerns was not identified in at-risk/clinical samples and items of sleep disturbance, fatigue, and reduced appetite had no salient loadings.
Treatment-resistant depression: From pseudo-resistance to full resistance
Authors: Millet E. , Icick R. , Lépine J.P.
Published: May 2011

Introduction

Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) has been a controversial issue for more than 35 years. Despite a large number of publications, clinicians and researchers still know few about the prevalence of TRD since no staging method has been validated.

Objectives

We sought to assess similarities and differences between the 4 TRD-staging methods published to date and assess TRD prevalence in a clinical sample. We also wanted to look for clinical factors associated with TRD.

Methods

We conducted a clinical study in a psychiatric unit of a university hospital. We designed a hetero-questionnaire to stage TRD according to the 4 methods. Psychiatric diagnosis, depression severity and cognitive status were assessed using standardized tools. Patients were not included in the study if they suffer from schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, current substance dependence or major cognitive impairment.

Results

We recruited 37 inpatients. Twenty-four had received an inadequate treatment, four had not responded after one adequate antidepressant trial and 9 after two trials. Only 7 were resistant according to the 4 staging methods, which showed several differences. The Massachussetts General Hospital (MGH) method appeared as the most specific and easy-to-use. Complete TRD seemed much less frequent than pseudo-resistance and relative resistance with untreated comorbidity. Chronic depression and comorbidity were frequent in the TRD subgroup.

Conclusion

The concept of “difficult-to-treat” depression might be more appropriate for clinical practice than TRD. The MGH tool seems to fit best to clinical practice. Further research is needed to confirm these descriptive findings in a larger sample.
A study of depression prevalence in nurses and it's effective factors in shiraz namazi hospital
Authors: Nourozi Tabrizi K. , Kavari S.H.
Published: May 2011

Introduction

The depression is emblem feeling of indisposition, shortage of energy, perish, and despair, to be useless, disinterestedness and pessimism

Objective& aim

To assess prevalence of depression in nurses of Shiraz Namazi Hospital and it's connection with some effective factors.

Methods

In this cross-sectional survey, 130 nurses of Shiraz Namazi Hospital were Investigated by using Beck depression questionnaire. Also necessary data for independent Variables was collected by interview.

Results

Depression rate of mild, moderate and severe types were 73.1%, 21.5% and 5.4%, respectively. Statistically significant association was found between depression and Marital status (P< 0.0001), level of education (P< 0.005), over time’s hours at work (P< 0.02) and parent’s death at childhood (before 11th age) (P< 0.001).

Conclusion

Various degrees of depression was found in this cohort and that affected their professional performance.