bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
General self-esteem and locus of control of young sportsmen
Authors: Gasic-Pavisic Slobodanka , Joksimovic Snezana , Janjetovic Dragan
Published: February 2007

This paper deals with the relationship between some elements of self-concept (general self-esteem and locus of control) and going in for sport in adolescence. The relationship between going in for sport and variables of self-concept (general self-esteem and external locus of control) was investigated in a sample of 300 adolescent boys and girls (150 sportsmen and 150 non-sportsmen). Modification of the Rosenberg?s General self-esteem scale and Bezinovic-Savcic?s Scale of externality were used to measure variables of self-concept. The significant positive correlation between variables of going in for sport and general selfesteem, as well as negative ones between variables of going in for sport and external locus of control were found in the whole sample of subjects and in the sample of boys, but not of girls. The sex role stereotypes and greater importance that the culture puts on success in sport for boys have contributed to such results. The sex differences in correlations between variables of self-concept and going in for sport suggest that going in for sport influences general self-esteem and locus of control in adolescents through social feedback and social evaluation of sport achievement and physical fitness. .
Value orientations of adolescents: Focus on personal and other people’s welfare
Authors: Joksimovic Snezana , Maksic Slavica
Published: February 2007

Values, as general and relatively permanent orientations, speak of the goals that an individual or groups deem desirable and after which they strive. This paper presents a review of research findings on young people?s life styles which testify to their value orientations. As well the paper contains the research results on attitudes of secondary school students to certain life styles. The goal of the research was to establish the following: (a) to what extent life styles, as indicators of value orientations on personal or general welfare, are accepted by students; (b) what connection is there between certain personal traits of students and acceptance of certain life styles; (c) has there been a shift in value orientations of the surveyed students in relation to earlier generations of young people. The research was carried out on a sample of 628 first grade students of ten secondary schools in Serbia. Preference for utilitarian and hedonistic styles was perceived as focus on personal welfare while adoption of altruist and Promethean-activist style as focus on other people?s welfare. The findings demonstrate that the most popular life style for respondents is utilitarian life style, with the other threes styles sharing roughly equal popularity. Compared to the findings of previous research, there has been a drop in popularity of hedonistic life style and a small increase in the popularity of activist style. The observed changes in value orientations of young people are ascribed to their maturity and changed social circumstances. .
Education for civil society or democracy
Authors: Avramovic Zoran
Published: February 2007

This paper is a scholarly debate on theses which equate the concepts of "civil society" and "democracy". The main objection put forward against the concept of education for civil society is its ideological nature. The paper analyses theoretical and empirical difficulties of the concept. In the first place, "civil society" concept is not identical to "democracy" concept. The author contests the claim that a good citizen ideal is a general ideal of modern society. A claim is put forward that there is no significant pedagogical or didactic difference between a civil education teacher and teachers of other subjects. The paper also points out some outstanding problems in school practice of civil education as a proof that the concept does not have a valid theoretical foundation. The call for civil education not to be limited to a single subject has been contested by the argument that a single vision of a desirable society can lead into doctrinal and ideological bigotry and not democratic pluralistic society. .
Stereotypes in media and media literacy among young people
Authors: Djeric Ivana , Studen Rajka
Published: February 2007

Young people, the most common consumers of media content, bear out the view that media shapes people?s lives. Therefore we must not underestimate the effect media exerts on young people?s values and behavioral patterns. Television is the medium which draws children and young people for the greatest part of their free time. Regardless whether television programs are described as positive or negative, whether they abound with stereotypes or not, it is important that young people develop a critical attitude towards them so that they may resist different forms of media manipulation. The paper discusses how stereotypes are generated and used by media and the manners in which stereotypical concepts affect young people?s attitudes. It highlights the importance of the development of media literacy which implies a critical attitude towards media images and discourses, the development of criteria for the selection and evaluation of information broadcast by media, the development of skills in interpreting and understanding stereotypical concepts and familiarity with alternative forms of media culture. The paper draws special attention to the issue of media education. The conclusion is that schools should offer media literacy as part of their curriculum and in it possible solutions to the problems discussed. .
Education for the protection of young people’s reproductive health
Authors: Rasevic Mirjana
Published: February 2007

Education for the protection of reproductive health is of special importance for young people in Serbia for several reasons. The first reason is an extremely low birth rate. The second is the fact that a large part of the population suffers from serious and long-standing problems in reproductive health. The third, common to all countries passing through transition, is an increase in risk behavior among young people which threatens their reproductive health either directly or indirectly. Education for reproductive health is a long-lasting process which should be initiated at an early age and should involve all social institutions, primarily health institutions, media and schools. The school is the most important link in the chain of knowledge acquisition. Therefore during elementary education, time must be found for topics such as puberty, emotional life of young people, physiology of reproduction, adolescent pregnancy, communication skills, risk behavior, contraception, sexually transmitted diseases and the importance of family and children. Over the last few years more than thirty counseling centers for young people?s reproductive health have been set up in Serbia within health clinics. Unlike health institutions, media and schools have not yet been mobilized. Therefore it is necessary to promote the role of media and schools in the process of the protection of young people?s reproductive health. .
A Strategy for the Detection of Diels–Alder Reactions Using Fluorescence Quenching of Conjugated Polymers
Authors: He F. , Tang Y. , Yu M. , Wang S. , Li Y. , Zhu D.
Published: February 2007

A new method has been developed to detect the formation of carbon–carbon bonds by Diels–Alder reactions based on the fluorescence quenching of conjugated polymers. Conjugated copolymers containing various amounts of functional furan pendant groups (PFP–F) have been synthesized and characterized. A maleimide group linked to 1‐methyl‐4,4‐bipyridinium iodide acts as the electron quencher (M–MV2+). The Diels–Alder reaction between the maleimide and furan moieties results in intramolecular electron transfer from the conjugated copolymer to the MV2+, and thus the fluorescence of the conjugated copolymer is quenched via a photoinduced electron transfer process. Higher furan concentrations increase the fluorescence quenching efficiency (EF) of the conjugated copolymers. The copolymer PFP–F3 with the highest furan content can be used as a platform to monitor Diels–Alder reactions. The PFP–F3/M–MV2+system can also be used to screen catalysts for Diels–Alder reactions.
Microdroplet and Atomic Force Microscopy Probe Assisted Formation of Acidic Thin Layers for Silicon Nanostructuring
Authors: Xie X. N. , Chung H. J. , Sow C. H. , Wee A. T. S.
Published: February 2007

In this work, an aqueous acidic thin‐layer‐based strategy for fabricating nanostructures on silicon by using atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanolithography is presented. The approach involves the formation of microscale droplets via dilute hydrofluoride (DHF) etching, the conversion of the droplets to acidic thin layers by AFM‐probe scanning, and subsequent lithographic operations using a biased probe in the aqueous layers. By varying the concentration of the acidic DHF layers, the thin layers can facilitate the creation of both positive and negative patterns, such as oxide dots and Si pores, through anodic oxidation and dissolution. In particular, the anodic oxidation in the acidic media is associated with the field‐enhanced nonequilibrium dissociation of the weak electrolyte. The Si pore structure formation is related to the field‐assisted dissolution of anodic oxides and the Si substrate. The acidic‐layer‐based technique allows switching between different lithographic modes by changing the acidity of the DHF layers, and is complementary to bulk solution‐based and local meniscus‐based approaches in AFM nanolithography. In principle, this method can also be extended to other materials that have similar reactions with DHF.
Blue‐Light‐Emitting Oligoquinolines: Synthesis, Properties, and High‐Efficiency Blue‐Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Tonzola C. J. , Kulkarni A. P. , Gifford A. P. , Kaminsky W. , Jenekhe S. A.
Published: February 2007

The synthesis, photophysics, cyclic voltammetry, and highly efficient blue electroluminescence of a series of four new n‐type conjugated oligomers, 6,6′‐bis(2,4‐diphenylquinoline) (B1PPQ), 6,6′‐bis(2‐(4‐tert‐butylphenyl)‐4‐phenylquinoline) (BtBPQ), 6,6′‐bis(2‐p‐biphenyl)‐4‐phenylquinoline) (B2PPQ), and 6,6′‐bis((3,5‐diphenylbenzene)‐4‐phenylquinoline) (BDBPQ) is reported. The oligoquinolines have high glass‐transition temperatures (Tg ≥ 133 °C), reversible electrochemical reduction, and high electron affinities (2.68–2.81 eV). They emit blue photoluminescence with 0.73–0.94 quantum yields and 1.06–1.42 ns lifetimes in chloroform solutions. High‐performance organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) with excellent blue chromaticity coordinates are achieved from all the oligoquinolines. OLEDs based on B2PPQ as the blue emitter give the best performance with a high brightness (19 740 cd m–2 at 8.0 V), high efficiency (7.12 cd A–1 and 6.56 % external quantum efficiency at 1175 cd m–2), and excellent blue color purity as judged by the Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates (x = 0.15,y = 0.16). These results represent the best efficiency of blue OLEDs from neat fluorescent organic emitters reported to date. These results demonstrate the potential of oligoquinolines as emitters and electron‐transport materials for developing high‐performance blue OLEDs.
Proton and Electron Transfer Control of the Position of Cucurbit[n]uril Wheels in Pseudorotaxanes
Authors: Sindelar V. , Silvi S. , Parker S. E. , Sobransingh D. , Kaifer A. E.
Published: February 2007

This paper presents an overview of recent work on the binding interactions between a series of 4,4'‐bipyridinium (viologen) derivatives and the hosts cucurbit[6]uril (CB6) and cucurbit[7]uril (CB7), which give rise to stable ‘wheel‐on‐an‐axle' inclusion complexes (pseudorotaxanes) in aqueous solution. The carboxylic acid termini on the pseudorotaxane axle can be used as handles to control—via proton transfer reactions—the relative position of the CB wheel along the axle. We also report on a different type of pseudorotaxane in which the reversible oxidation of the axle's ferrocenyl end groups leads to controlled displacement of the CB7 wheel.
Innentitelbild: Layer‐by‐Layer Constructed Macroporous Architectures (Angew. Chem. 10/2007)
Authors: Ma Yujie , Dong Wen‐Fei , Hempenius Mark A. , Möhwald Helmuth , Vancso G. Julius
Published: February 2007

Kolloidale Partikel aus Mangancarbonat, die mit Multischichten hochmolekularer doppelsträngiger DNA und kationischer Poly(ferrocenylsilan)(PFS)‐Polyelektrolyte bedeckt sind (SEM‐Bild), werden von W.‐F. Dong, G. J. Vancso et al. in ihrer Zuschrift auf S. 1732 ff. vorgestellt. Die auch durch AFM (Einschub) bestätigten makroporösen Strukturen wurden durch einfachen sequenziellen Aufbau erhalten, der durch die nicht passenden Persistenzlängen der Bauteile gesteuert wird. Nach dem Entfernen des MnCO3‐Kerns blieben poröse Kapseln zurück.
Dynamic Processes in the Copper‐Catalyzed Substitution of Chiral Allylic Acetates Leading to Loss of Chiral Information
Authors: Norinder Jakob , Bäckvall Jan‐E.
Published: February 2007

Copper‐catalyzed α‐substitution of enantiomerically pure secondary allylic esters with Grignard reagents was studied with the aim to find conditions that give racemic products. It was observed that the degree of chiral transfer is strongly dependent on the temperature. The loss of chiral information is consistent with an equilibration of the CuIII(allyl) intermediates prior to product formation. Equilibration of the reaction intermediates is of importance for a possible development of a dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation (DYKAT) process, in which a chiral catalyst is used to produce an optically active product from a racemic substrate, by means of a dynamic equilibrium of the diastereomeric reaction intermediates.
In vitro determination of tumour chemosensitivity in haematological malignancies
Authors: Bird M. C. , Bosanquet A. G. , Gilby E. D.
Published: February 2007

A four‐day tumour chemosensitivity assay of potential use in predicting tumour response to cytotoxic drugs has been developed for haematological cancers. The method comprised isolation of white cells from peripheral blood or bone marrow aspirates, drug exposure and incubation for 4 days. Drug‐induced tumour cell kill was assessed by differential staining of live and dead cells such that the former could be morphologically identified. Tumour cell viability was subsequently calculated by reference to an internal standard of fixed duck red blood cells. Over 30 drugs have been tested in vitro, all of which have shown a dose response relationship in vitro and given a good scatter of sensitivities from patient to patient within the concentration ranges tested.

In 27 cases where the in vitro chemosensitivity could be compared with the in vivo response, there were 7 true positive comparisons (sensitive in vitro and in vivo), 17 true negative comparisons (resistant both in vitro and in vivo) and 3 false positive comparisons (sensitive in vitro, resistant in vivo). A result was obtained in 38 of 50 samples received, comprising 16 of 18 chronic lymphocytic leukaemias, 11 of 20 acute lymphoblastic leukaemias, 5 of 5 acute myeloid leukaemias and 6 of 7 myelomas. The assay appears to show considerable promise as a tumour chemosensitivity test and warrants wider investigations.
Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults
Authors: Barbui Tiziano , Bassan Renato , Chisesi Teodoro , Battista Raffaele , Cortelazzo Sergio , Rodeghiero Francesco , Capnist Giovanni , D'emilio Anna , Viero Piera , Dini Enrico
Published: February 2007

Thirty‐seven adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were treated with a protocol called HEAV'D including Adriamycin, Vincristine, l‐Asparaginase, Cyclophosphamide and Dexamethasone. The complete remission rate was 70 per cent. The median duration of remission was more than 30 months. Patients with initial leukocyte count below 20 000/mmc experienced a longer remission (median not reached) than patients with a leukocyte count above 20 000/mmc (median 10 months).
Removal of tumour cells from bone marrow: An evaluation of the available techniques
Authors: Treleaven J. G. , Kemshead J. T.
Published: February 2007

Autologous bone marrow transplantation has offered a way of increasing the dose of drugs and radiotherapy which can be used to treat patients with malignant disease in an attempt to eradicate tumour. Bone marrow is taken prior to treatment and returned to the patient to ‘rescue’ haemopoietic function after ablative therapy is completed. Bone marrow removed for autograft may be contaminated with tumour cells at the time of harvest, and it is undesirable to return these to patients even though there are little data available concerning the number of tumour cells necessary to reseed various malignancies.

This review considers the various methods available for removing tumour cells from bone marrow destined for autologous transplantation, and evaluates their advantages and disadvantages.
Multilobated B cell lymphomas. A study of 7 cases
Authors: Weiss R. L. , Kjeldsberg C. R. , Colby T. V. , Marty J.
Published: February 2007

Seven cases of multilobated lymphomas with B cell surface markers are presented. Clinical, histological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical features are detailed. These observations serve to underscore the importance of not relying on morphology alone for the phenotypic classification of non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas.
Phenotypic analysis of an established cell line derived from a patient with Hodgkin's disease (HD)
Authors: Jones D. B. , Scott C. S. , Wright D. H. , Stein H. , Beverley P. C. L. , Payne S. V. , Crawford D. H.
Published: February 2007

This report describes the phenotypic analysis of a cell line obtained from a female patient with the nodular sclerosing subtype of Hodgkin's disease (HD). The cell line has a neoplastic karyotype and is stable in culture in the absence of feeder layers or growth factors. Phenotypic analysis of this cell line shows that it cannot easily be characterized as either a lymphocyte, macrophage or granulocyte but resembles in its characteristics certain HD lines already described in the literature. The cell line carries the antigen defined by the Ki‐1 monoclonal antibody, shows myeloid markers on a proportion of cells and has cytoplasmic UCH‐T1.
B‐CLL cell surface markers and mitogen‐induced thymidine uptake: A comparison between lymph node cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes in 25 patients
Authors: Juliusson Gunnar , Robèrt Karl‐Henrik , Biberfeld Peter
Published: February 2007

Lymphocytes from peripheral blood and lymph nodes from 25 patients with B‐CLL were analysed by immunofluorescent staining of surface membrane immunoglobulin (SmIg), the B‐cell marker B1, and the T‐cell markers Leu 1/2/3/4. Tritium‐thymidine uptake was measured in mitogen‐stimulated 4‐day cultures. Differences in these parameters between cells from the two sources in each patient were calculated with the pairedT‐test. All cell samples showed a clonal B‐cell population. More blood lymphocytes than lymph node cells expressed the monoclonal SmIg (mu or gamma,p= 0.4; kappa or lambda,p<0.01), and T‐cells were more frequent in lymph nodes (p=0.01), where the T helper/suppressor ratio was higher. Furthermore, lymph node cells showed a higher thymidine uptake in response to the mitogens LPS, PWM, and Cowan (p=0.01,p=0.01, andp=0.004, respectively), but there was no difference in the responses to EBV, DxS, TPA and PHA (p>0.5). The higher response in lymph node cells to some mitogens might in part be explained by differences in the numbers of accessory cells, such as T‐helper cells, but also by the existence of leukaemic B‐cell subsets with different mitogen response patterns and different distributions within the lymphoid compartments. The characterization of subsets within a malignant cell clone might be of clinical importance.
Molecular comparison of retroviruses associated with human and simian AIDS
Authors: Bryant M. L. , Yamamoto J. , Luciw P. , Munn R. , Marx P. , Higgins J. , Pedersen N. , Levine A. , Gardner M. B.
Published: February 2007

Infectious retrovirus(es) associated with the human (LAV, HTLV‐III, ARV) and simian (SAIDS‐1) acquired immune deficiency syndrome were compared by electron microscopy, immunofluorescence and immunoblotting techniques and by restriction endonuclease mapping of the viral genomes. The extracellular virus particles had similar type D morphology, but intracytoplasmic type A nucleoids were found only in SAIDS virus infected cells. Although the antigens of the three prototype AIDS viruses were similar, no cross‐reactivity with the SAIDS virus was detected. Molecular hybridization and restriction enzyme analysis also revealed that the SAIDS and AIDS viruses were genetically unrelated. However, only minor differences, consistent with strain polymorphism, were found between the three AIDS virus isolates. Thus, the retroviruses associated with AIDS in macaques and humans are unique to each species.
MOPP chemotherapy plus irradiation for Hodgkin's disease, stages IA TO IIIB. Long‐term results of the prospective trial H72 (1972–1976, 334 patients)
Authors: Andrieu Jean‐Marie , Dana Max , Desprez‐Curely Jean‐Pierre , Jacquillat Claude , Weil Maryse
Published: February 2007

From April 1972 to December 1976, 334 patients with Hodgkin's disease, CS IA–IIIB, were prospectively treated with combined chemotherapy and radiation. The 166 stages IA and II2A were clinically staged only; the 168 other patients were randomized to clinical or pathological staging. All patients received 3 or 6 cycles of MOPP followed by Mantle field with or without mediastinal irradiation and/or inverted Y or lumboaortic field according to initial stage, presentation and protocol. At completion of therapy, 317 patients were in complete remission. Twenty‐six patients relapsed and 43 died including 5 with leukemia and 6 with infection. Overall 12‐year survival and relapse‐free rates are 86.6 ± 3.08 per cent and 91.5 ± 3.2 per cent respectively (IA: 95.3 and 95.3 per cent; IIA: 87.8 and 92.1 per cent; IIIA: 83.3 and 100 per cent; IB, IIB: 81.7 and 89.2 per cent; IIIB: 67.8 and 73.7 per cent). The randomized comparison between clinical staging plus 6 cycles of MOPP and laparotomy staging plus 3 cycles of MOPP in final stage II3+A, IB, IIB patients showed no significant 12‐year survival differences (90.8 versus 85.6 per cent). With this combined modality treatment policy, high survival rates are obtained using only 3 cycles of MOPP and radiotherapy in CS IA, II2A and in PS II3+, IB, IIB. Laparotomy staging may be unnecessary if 6 cycles of MOPP are employed before irradiation in CS IIA, IB, IIB disease and if 3 cycles of MOPP are followed by irradiation in CSIA and II2A disease. Mediastinal irradiation can be avoided in patients with supradiaphragmatic disease without mediastinal involvement.
Prognostic significance of DNA‐analysis by flow cytometry in non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma
Authors: Roos Göran , Dige Ulrik , Lenner Per , Lindh Jack , Johansson Hemming
Published: February 2007

DNA analysis by flow cytometry was performed on lymph node cells obtained from 65 untreated patients with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. According to the Kiel classification 41 cases were of low grade malignancy and 24 cases belonged to the high grade malignancy group. 47 out of 61 evaluable cases were diploid/near‐diploid, 12 were aneuploid and 2 cases showed polyploidy. No difference in survival was found between diploid/near‐diploid and aneuploid cases.

The percentage of S‐phase cells was found to be a valuable prognostic parameter. Using a cut point at 4 per cent S‐phase cells between low and high S‐phase lymphomas a highly significant difference in survival was demonstrated (p = 0.0004). The actuarial survival up to 3 years was about 77 per cent for lymphomas with <4 per cent S‐phase cells to be compared with 20 per cent for patients with high S‐phase (≥ 4 per cent) lymphomas. Subdivision according to the percentage of S‐phase cells seemed to be a better prognostic predictor than morphologic subclassification.
Neoplastic and reactive follicles within B‐cell malignant lymphomas. A morphological and immunological study of 30 cases
Authors: Pileri Stefano , Rivano Maria T. , Gobbi Marco , Taruscio Domenica , Lennert Karl
Published: February 2007

Thirty cases originally diagnosed as B‐cell lymphomas, either LP immunocytoma, centrocytic (Cc), or centroblastic‐centrocytic (Cb/Cc), containing follicular structures of an uncertain nature were critically reviewed using both morphological criteria and immunological techniques. In particular, they were tested by conventional antisera for detection of immunoglobulins in paraffin sections and also, in the 5 cases in which frozen material was available, by a panel of monoclonal antibodies.

At the first histological evaluation the cases were divided into two groups. Group A consisted of 12 examples which showed homogeneous features and, because of the neoplastic nature of the follicular structures, could be classified as follicular centroblastic‐centrocytic lymphomas with marked plasmacellular differentiation. Group B comprised 18 cases which at onset of disease revealed a mantle‐fashion growth around reactive‐appearing follicles formed by polytypic germinal centre cells. On closer examination, however, this group appeared heterogeneous: (1) 13 cases displayed cytological and immunological findings consistent with the diagnosis of Cc and usually contained polytypic plasma cells; (2) 5 cases were examples of LP immunocytoma consisting of monotypic elements only. Therefore, the so‐called mantle‐zone lymphoma does not appear to be an entity.
Surface immunoglobulin pattern of the leukaemic cell population in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) in relation to disease activity
Authors: Kimby E. , Mellstedt H. , Björkholm M. , Holm G.
Published: February 2007

The surface membrane immunoglobulin (smIg) isotype pattern of the leukemic lymphocytes was studied in 66 unselected patients with CLL. Five distinct patient groups were identified according to the dominant heavy chain isotype(s); I: smμ+ (n = 22), II: smμ+/smδ+ (n = 25), III: smδ+ (n = 4), IV: smγ+ (n = 5), V: no detectable heavy chains (n = 10). The majority of group I patients had a progressive disease at test while all patients in group II were in a non‐progressive state. Moreover, the smIg pattern changed with the clinical activity of the disease: when the disease progressed, the relative number of smμ+ cells increased and when patients entered an indolent stage after treatment the smμ+ cell population decreased. In patients with stationary disease the smIg pattern remained essentially unchanged or the relative number of smδ+ cells increased. These observations might suggest that the smIg isotype pattern of the leukemic cell population reflects the biological behaviour and the clinical activity of the disease.
Phenotypic characterization of ‘non‐T, non‐B’ acute lymphoblastic leukemia by a new panel (BL) of monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Al‐Katib Ayad , Wang Chang Yi , Bardales Ricardo , Koziner Benjamin
Published: February 2007

Peripheral blood and/or bone marrow leukemic cell suspensions from 49 patients with ‘non‐T, non‐B’ acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were analysed by flow cytometry using a new panel of four monoclonal antibodies. Anti‐BL1 and anti‐BL2 originating from NALM‐6 and B35M lymphoblastoid cell lines, respectively. These antibodies recognize B‐cell differentiation antigens: a heat stable non‐immunoprecipitable antigenic determinant, and a 68 000 daltons glycoprotein molecule, respectively. BL5 and BL6 were derived by immunization with the promyelocytic cell line HL‐60, recognizing antigens present on early hemato‐poietic cells: an 85 000 daltons MW glycoprotein (Pro‐Im1) and a heat stable antigen (Pro‐Im2), respectively. All ALL patients studied had L1 or L2 morphology by the FAB classification and a blast count exceeding 50 per cent. There were 25 males and 24 females. Median age was 8 years (range 1–67 years). Thirty‐nine cases were studied at initial presentation and 10 at relapse. Cells from 46/49 cases expressed BL2 and/or BL1, but were not reactive with BL5 or BL6. Three of 49 cases did not express BL1 or BL2. However, a small percentage of blasts from one case was positive for BL5 (13 per cent) and the other 2 cases were reactive with BL6 (20 per cent and 36 per cent, respectively). These were one adult and 2 pediatric patients that had other ALL markers and achieved a complete remission with appropriate ALL therapy. One of the BL6+ cases relapsed after 19 months with a change in phenotype to BL1+ BL2+ BL5‐ BL6‐. This analysis shows that the majority of ‘non‐T, non‐B’ ALL's do express B‐cell associated antigens (BL1/BL2) argumentative of their B‐cell origin. A small subgroup does not express such antigens and may arise from a more immature cell, since they expressed antigens on early hematopoietic stem cells.
Molecular approach to adult t‐cell leukemia
Authors: Hatanaka Masakazu
Published: February 2007

The incidence of various types of hematological neoplasms varies with race. Among the lymphoid malignancies, B‐cell lymphomas and leukemias predominate in most races, but not in Japanese. For instance, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B‐CLL) occurs rarely in Japanese as compared to other races. However, well‐characterized T cell malignancies occur in Japanese adults, including Sézary syndrome, mycosis fungoides and adult T‐cell leukemia. Adult T‐cell leukemia (ATL) was proposed by Uchiyama et al. (1977), to be a new disease entity distinct from other known malignancies. Subsequently much attention has been paid to this disease in Japan, because of its characteristic neoplastic cell morphology, clinical and pathological features and the endemic distribution in south‐western Japan. Hanaoka 's group characterized the cytological and histological features of ATL (Hanaoka et al., 1982). With the accumulation of pathological and clinical findings in cases of ATL and non‐leukemic pleomorphic T‐cell lymphoma (one type of malignant T‐cell lymphoma) these two diseases were included in one category called adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). However, the abbreviation ATL, not ATLL, will be used in this review article for simplicity, unless otherwise stated.
Familial disposition of adult t‐cell leukemia and lymphoma
Authors: Ichimaru Michito , Kinoshita Kenichiro , Kamihira Shimeru , Ikeda Shuichi , Yamadia Yasuaki , Suzuyama Junji , Momita Saburo , Amagasaki Tatsuhiko
Published: February 2007

Sixteen families, each with two or more cases of adult T‐cell leukemia or lymphoma were found in the Nagasaki district. Eight of the families had a parent with lymphoma. In the other eight families siblings were involved. Four families with sibling cases are presented in detail. Antibody titres to adult T‐cell leukemia associated antigen (ATLA) in cases of ATL, CTL, T‐CLL, and pre‐ATL cases in Nagasaki were all positive. Of the non‐leukemic T‐cell malignant lymphoma 62.5 per cent were positive for antibody. The positive rate in healthy spouses and siblings of ATLL patients for ATLA antibody was high (67.5 per cent and 40 per cent respectively). The possibility of ATLV infection through spouses or from mother to child and the meaning of the high familial incidence of ATLL is discussed.
Pathology of peripheral t‐cell lymphomas and leukemias
Authors: Watanabe Shaw
Published: February 2007

Peripheral T‐cell lymphomas and leukemias have distinct histological and cytological characteristics although there are a variety of histological patterns even in a single lymph node. Histologic features are altered by the progression of the disease. There is no significant association between histology and prognosis

The variations in histologic features and clinical manifestions of peripheral T‐cell lymphomas/leukemias can now be related to the presence of the retrovirus ATLV, and anti‐ATLV antibodies as well as to the immunophenotypes of the lymphoma cells utilizing monoclonal antibodies

Changing concepts of peripheral T‐cell lymphomas/leukemias are discussed.
Virus associated adult t‐cell leukemia (ATL) in Japan: Clinical, histological and immunological studies
Authors: Kikuchi Masahiro , Mitsui Tetsuji , Takeshita Morishige , Okamura Hideki , Naitoh Hideaki , Eimoto Tadaaki
Published: February 2007

Virus associated adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), which includes both adult T‐cell leukemia (ATL) and its non‐leukemic counterpart (NLATL) was studied clinically, histologically, and immunologically. The disease usually occurred in the sixth decade in both sexes equally. The patients had a rapid clinical course with frequent leukemic changes, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, and occasional skin rash. Bone marrow involvement with mild infiltration and hypercalcemia were more frequent in ATL than in NLATL. Histologically the disease was categorized as malignant lymphoma, diffuse pleomorphic type with cerebriform nuclear giant cells. The lymphoma was characterized by diffuse proliferation of tumor cells with irregular nuclear configurations, varying in size and shape, and the presence of giant cells with highly convoluted cerebriform nuclei. The giant cells seemed to be a diagnostic marker

Immunologically, the tumor cells usually possessed the surface antigens recognized by OKT 3, 4, Leu 8 and anti‐Tac antibodies, indicating that they were lymphomas of helper/inducer peripheral T‐cells with the receptor for interleukin 2, but they demonstrated no helper/inducer functions

The patients often died of opportunistic infections due to T‐cell dysfunction caused by the disease itself and strong chemotherapy.
Non‐hodgkin's lymphomas in Jordanians: A histopathological study of 231 cases
Authors: Tarawneh Musleh S.
Published: February 2007

Our hospital admitted 231 patients with non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas between June 1976 and November 1984. Review of these cases revealed the following profile: ages ranged from 1 to 70 years (median: 30 years), 156 males, predominantly children and adolescents, and 75 females. Diffuse histiocytic lymphoma accounted for 40·6 per cent of all cases. Seventeen patients (7 per cent) had nodular lymphomas. Fifteen patients, predominantly male children and adolescents, had lymphoblastic lymphomas and showed high association with mediastinal mass (47 per cent). Extranodal lymphomas mostly of the diffuse histiocytic subtype were diagnosed in 100 cases (43·3 per cent) and most frequently situated in the small intestine (59 cases). Burkitt's lymphoma—32 patients (14 per cent)—presented most often in male patients during the first decade of life and as an abdominal intestinal disease (19 cases). There were four cases of Mediterranean abdominal lymphoma (IPSID). Non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas in Jordanians are mostly of the diffuse histiocytic type, are rarely nodular, have a high frequency of extranodal involvement and tend to occur in younger age groups. Mediterranean abdominal lymphoma is less frequent than previously thought. The use of both of the Rappaport and Lukes‐Collins classifications demonstrated a high degree of reproducibility.
An immunohistochemical and clinicopathological study of granulocytic sarcoma (‘chloroma’)
Authors: Muller Salli , Sangster G. , Crocker J. , Nar Paramjit , Burnett D. , Brown G. , Leyland M. J.
Published: February 2007

A small series of granulocytic sarcomas (GS) or ‘chloromas’ has been studied by means of conventional histology and immunohistochemistry. The latter was found to be most useful in the diagnosis and characterization of these neoplasms, which are rare in Great Britain. Polytypic antisera to leukocyte elastase and cathepsin G have proved to be most useful, giving intense staining in all cases. These two markers are more specific than muramidase (lysozyme) and α‐antitrypsin, since, unlike the latter two, they do not stain histiocytic cells. The results of staining with two monoclonal antisera, AGF 4.48 and AGF 4.36, are also described

In addition, the clinicopathological details of the seven cases are summarized and the literature is briefly surveyed.
Interferon induces proliferation in leukemic and normal B‐cell subsets
Authors: Robért Karl‐Henrik , Einhorn Stefan , Östlund Leif , Juliusson Gunnar , Biberfeld Peter
Published: February 2007

3H‐thymidine incorporation following stimulation with interferon (IFN) in vitro was investigated in cell cultures from peripheral blood of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), spleens from necro‐kidney transplants and healthy blood donors. It was demonstrated, that IFN can induce a proliferative response in some normal as well as leukemic B lymphocyte subsets. The responses were not T‐cell dependant. The results indicate, that B‐cell subsets that proliferate in the presence of IFN, are present in higher proportions in spleen than in peripheral blood, and that they constitute a portion of the leukemic blood lymphocyte pool in some patients with CLL

We have previously demonstrated, that IFN induces varying degrees of transformation and differentiation in blood lymphocytes from a majority of CLL patients. The functional characteristics of different B‐cell subsets, and their heterogenous distribution in leukemia, may be important for the results of IFN treatment in various malignant B‐cell disorders.
Factors affecting remission and survival in patients with advanced hodgkin's disease treated with MVPP
Authors: Wagstaff John , Steward William , Jones Mary , Deakin David , Todd Ian , Wilkinson Peter , Scarffe John Howard , Harris Martin , Crowther Derek
Published: February 2007

One hundred and fourteen patients with clinical or pathological stages IIIB and IV Hodgkin's disease have been treated with MVPP chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy to sites of previously bulky disease. The minimum follow‐up is 2 years with a median of 5 years. The overall remission rate was 92 per cent with 74 per cent achieving CR. A discriminant analysis showed that the presence of bulky disease was the only independent factor that predicted a lower chance of CR (66 per cent vs 82 per cent,P= 0·045). The 5‐year survival was 70 per cent overall and 85 per cent for CR patients. A Cox multivariate analysis demonstrated that stage III disease, age less than 36 years and female sex were all variables which independently predicted a more favourable prognosis in terms of overall survival. However a similar analysis for survival of CR patients showed that age less than 36 years and the absence of bulky disease were the only two factors to independently predict a more favourable outcome. Of 14 patients who did not receive the chemotherapy according to protocol 5 have relapsed compared to 7 of 70 who did. A Cox analysis confirmed that this variable was the only one of significant prognostic import in predicting relapse‐free survival. Using the Cox analyses we have been able to devise a scoring system which accurately predicts the outcome for these patients. This model may be useful in determining which patients have a worse prognosis following treatment with MVPP thus allowing more intensive therapy to be given to such patients while minimising treatment for those with favourable features.
Erythroleukemia cell lines hel and K‐562: Changes in isoenzyme profiles and morphology during induction of differentiation
Authors: Drexler Hans G. , Gaedicke Gerhard , Minowada Jun
Published: February 2007

The effects of the phorbol ester 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol 13‐acetate (TPA) and of hemin on the human erythroleukemia cell lines HEL and K‐562 were studied using the parameters cellular morphology, cell proliferation, positivity in the nitro‐blue tetrazolium (NBT)‐reduction test, adherence to surface, development of pseudopodia, and isoenzyme profiles of carboxylic esterase, acid phosphatase, hexosaminidase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) separated by isoelectric focusing on horizontal polyacrylamide gels. TPA and hemin induced similar morphological changes in HEL and K‐562, erythrocyte‐like cells were seen to be the predominant population after exposure to hemin. Both TPA and hemin led to cessation of cell proliferation and to a dose‐dependent decrease in the number of viable nucleated cells. Whereas HEL cells treated with TPA became positive in the NBT‐reduction test, adhered to plastic surface and showed pseudopodia, HEL cells exposed to hemin and K‐562 cells cultured with TPA or hemin did not show these markers indicative of the macrophage‐cell lineage. TPA‐treated HEL cells exhibited isoenzyme patterns which were characteristically seen in cells of the monocyte‐macrophage complex. ‘Myeloid isoenzyme profiles’ were found in TPA‐treated K‐562 cells. As evidenced by the above described phenotypical changes, HEL cells appeared to differentiate along the macrophage and erythroid cell lineages. Induced K‐562 cells displayed myeloid and erythrocytic markers.
Myelodysplastic syndrome evolving to a mixed myeloid‐lymphoid leukaemia
Authors: San Miguel J. F. , Gonzalez M. , Del Ca≁tizo M. C. , López‐Borrasca A.
Published: February 2007

Between 25 to 50 per cent of MDS patients progress to an acute leukaemia, classically assumed to be of myeloid lineage (Tricot et al., 1985). However, recently two cases of MDS evolving to ALL have been described (Barton et al., 1980; Berneman et al., 1985).
Cytotoxic and DNA‐inhibitory effects of iron chelators on human leukaemic cell lines
Authors: Kontoghiorghes George J. , Piga Andrea , Hoffbrand A. Victor
Published: February 2007

Cytotoxic and DNA synthesis inhibitory effects of several iron chelators with different physicochemical properties have been tested in four myeloid leukaemic cell lines (U937, K562, ML2 and HL60). The small lipophilic chelators 8‐hydroxyquinoline, tropolone an5d omadine at 2 × 10−M, caused substantial inhibition of labelled leucine and thymidine uptake into cells and also cell death following 4‐h incubation. These effects were approximately 10‐fold increased when the drugs were pre‐incubated with equimolar amounts of iron. Iron alone and hydrophilic chelators e.g. desferrioxamine had insignificant cytotoxic and DNA synthesis inhibitory effects under the same conditions.
A cytological analysis of FMC‐7 positive leukaemias
Authors: Hart D. N. J. , Beard M. E. J. , Hamer J. W. , Heaton D. C. , Neville M. A. , Southern M.
Published: February 2007

The subdivision of the B lymphoid leukaemias by conventional techniques is subjective and poorly reproducible, with a range of cytological diagnoses available for cases which are not typical examples of chronic lymphatic leukaemia or acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The monoclonal antibody FMC‐7 recognizes a determinant on a subpopulation of B lymphoid cell and stains follicular B cells. Routiune FACS analysis of chronic lymphoid leukaemias with a panel of monoclonal antibodies identified a subset of lymphoproliferative disorders (20 of 88) which were FMC‐7 positive. a careful ‘blind’ cytological assessment of this subset gave some support for the suggestion that they were examples of lymphoproliferative disease of follicular origin. Eight cases, however, were considered cytologically typical of CLL. The wider application of this antibody, particularly in sequential studies over a longer time scale may improve objectivity in the classification of this group of diseases.
Induction of differentiation in chronic myelocytic leukaemia cells by the phorbolester TPA
Authors: Drexler Hans G. , Bhoopalam Nirmala , Klein Mary , Gaedicke Gerhard , Minowada Jun
Published: February 2007

The mononuclear peripheral blood cells from eight patients with chronic myelocytic leukaemia (CML) were incubated in cell suspension culture in the presence of the phorbolester 12‐0‐tetradecanoylphorbol 13‐acetate (TPA). TPA caused the treated cells to adhere and to acquire morphological and functional features characteristic of macrophage‐like cells. Using isoelectric focusing distinct changes in the isoenzyme profiles of carboxylic esterase, acid phosphatase, hexosaminidase and lactate dehydrogenase were detected in the TPA‐exposed cells. Besides an increase in the number and staining intensity of isoenzymes of all enzymes, TPA triggered the new expression of a monocyte‐specific esterase isoenzyme and of the tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase isoenzyme. The latter two isoenzymes represent further parameters of the monocyte/ macrophage complex. The results indicate that immature leukaemic cells arrested along the granulocytic cell axis retain the ability to transform to macrophages.
Expression of the T1 (CD5, p67) surface antigen in B‐CLL and B‐NHL and its correlation with other B‐cell differentiation markers
Authors: Delia Domenico , Bonati Antonio , Giardini Roberto , Villa Silvia , Braud Filippo De , Cattoretti Giorgio , Rilke Franco
Published: February 2007

The T1 surface antigen (CD5,p67) expression on blood lymphocytes (PBL) and lymphoid cells from lymph node biopsies (LN) from 31 patients with B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B‐CLL) and 79 with B non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (B‐NHL), was detected in 25 B‐CLL (80 per cent) and in 11 B‐NHL (13 per cent) belonging to the following histologic subtypes: lymphocytic of CLL type (DLWD) one case, lymphoplasmacytoid (DLWD) four cases, centrocytic (DLPD) five cases, immunoblastic (DH) one case

All B‐CLL and the T1 + B‐NHL were also tested with monoclonal antibodies against the Common Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Antigen, B cells (FMC7, FMC8, BA1, Y29–55), T cells (OKT11a), HLA‐DR and HLA‐DQ monomorphic determinants

All the B‐CLL and the T1 + B‐NHL were CALLA‐, BA1+, Y29.55+ . FMC7+ cells were detected in large numbers six B‐CLL(three T1+ and three T1‐) and in four centrocytic lymphomas. FMC8 reacted with 70 per cent of leukemias (where it stained 30 per cent of neoplastic cells) and with 8/9 T1+ B‐NHL. HLA‐DR and HLA‐DQ molecules were detected in 100 per cent and 90 per cent of cases respectively. In vitro treatment of HLA‐DQ‐ or T1‐ B‐CLL with phorbol ester TPA led to the expression of these antigens as well as of the receptors for Interleukin 2 and MLR3 activation antigen. Surface membrane Ig (SIg) was detected in 79 per cent of cases, its density measured by FACS analysis varied, even markedly, from case to case. Among the B‐CLL, cells with high SIg content were either T1+ or T1‐ and more likely FMC+. The SIg‐ cases were seven B‐CLL (five T1+ and two T1‐) and two B‐NHL, in which, however, cytoplasmic IgM was detected

This study reveals the existence of four major B‐CLL subgroups: T1‐ SIg‐, T1+ SIg‐, T1+ SIg+, T1‐ SIg+. It also indicates that the T1 antigen may be transitionally present during B‐cell differentiation and that its expression may precede that of SIg as supported by the in vitro studies. In addition, the finding that some B‐NHL are T1+ suggests that they derive similarly to the B‐CLL from a common progenitor.