bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Portfolio Optimization Under a Stressed‐Beta Model
Authors: Fouque Jean‐Pierre , Tashman Adam P.
Published: February 2011

This paper presents a closed‐form solution to the portfolio optimization problem where an agent wishes to maximize expected terminal wealth, trading continuously between a risk‐free bond and a risky stock following Stressed‐Beta dynamics specified in Fouque and Tashman (2010). The agent has a finite horizon and a utility of the Constant Relative Risk Aversion type. The model for stock dynamics is an extension of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM); it is expressed in continuous‐time, and the slope relating excess stock returns to excess market returns switches between two values. This mechanism reflects the fact that the slope may steepen during periods of stress, a feature which has been demonstrated to better model stock dynamics than CAPM. An asymptotic expansion technique is used to write an explicit expression for the agent's optimal strategy. Lastly, the optimization approach is illustrated with market data, and its outperformance versus the Merton approach is demonstrated. Copyright © 2011 Wilmott Magazine Ltd.
From the hospital to the community: A shift in the primary locus of care
Authors: Stein Leonard I. , Test Mary Ann
Published: February 2011

A community‐based mental health team assertively providing a variety of support services to both the patient and the community can effectively treat the patient, substantially reduce use of the hospital, and virtually eliminate the revolving‐door syndrome.
Nonhospital acute psychiatric inpatient care
Authors: Maguire Gerald E. , Lorack William H. , Hardy Isabelle
Published: February 2011

From our experience over the past six years, we believe that the great majority of both voluntary and involuntary psychiatric inpatients can be treated effectively in a nonhospital setting through the use of psychoactive medications and reliance on staff‐patient interaction.
The therapeutic residential center in a community mental health system
Authors: Elpers J. R.
Published: February 2011

Therapeutic Residential Centers offer a cost‐effective, clinically responsible alternative to state hospital and local acute hospital care when integrated into a comprehensive mental health service delivery system.
Treating acutely psychotic patients in private homes
Authors: Polak Paul R. , Kirby Michael W. , Deitchman Walter S.
Published: February 2011

Family sponsor homes, a network of private homes where patients are helped through their crises by carefully screened and selected families, have helped reduce the annual use of hospital beds to 1 per 100, 000 population in southwest Denver. These homes are part of a range of small, diversified, and effective environments for treatment of acutely and chronically disabled psychiatric clients.
Avoiding hospitalization for the urban poor: Problems and prospects
Authors: Ruiz Pedro
Published: February 2011

Our way of avoiding sending patients to the state hospital was a twenty‐five‐patient day hospital and a five‐bed overnight unit. These five beds were all that stood between our psychotic patients and the state hospital.
Changing concepts in acute twenty‐four‐hour care
Authors: Lamb H. Richard
Published: February 2011

The material in the foregoing chapters suggests that for a large proportion of acutely ill psychiatric patients, psychiatric hospitalization, as we have known it in the past, is not necessary.
Gender and migration from Albania
Authors: Stecklov Guy , Carletto Calogero , Azzarri Carlo , Davis Benjamin
Published: February 2011

This article examines the dynamics and causes of the shift in the gender composition of migration, and more particularly, in women’s access to migration opportunities and decision-making. Our analysis focuses on Albania, a natural laboratory for studying international migration where out-migration was essentially nonexistent from the end of World War II to the end of the 1980s. Interest in the Albanian case is heightened because of the complex layers of inequality existing at the time when migration began: relatively low levels of inequality within the labor market and educational system—a product of the Communist era—while household relations remained heavily steeped in tradition and patriarchy. We use micro-level data from the Albania 2005 Living Standards Measurement Study, including migration histories for family members since migration began. Based on discrete-time hazard models, the analysis shows a dramatic increase in male migration and a gradual and uneven expansion of the female proportion of this international migration. Female migration, which is shown to be strongly associated with education, wealth, and social capital, appears responsive to economic incentives and constraints. Using information on the dependency of female migration to the household demographic structure as well as the sensitivity of female migration to household-level shocks, we show how household-level constraints and incentives affect male and female migration differently. Throughout this period, however, women’s migration behavior appears more directly aligned with household-level factors, and there is little evidence to suggest that increased female migration signals rising behavioral independence among Albanian women.
Standardization of pathways to adulthood? an analysis of Dutch cohorts born between 1850 and 1900
Authors: Bras Hilde , Liefbroer Aart C. , Elzinga Cees H.
Published: February 2011

This article examines pathways to adulthood among Dutch cohorts born in the second half of the nineteenth century. Although largely overlooked by previous studies, theory suggests that life courses of young adults born during this period were already influenced by a process of standardization, in the sense that their life courses became more similar over time. Using data from a Dutch registry-based sample, we examine household trajectories: that is, sequences of living arrangements of young adults aged 15–40. Our study shows that for successive cohorts, household trajectories became more similar. We identified six types of trajectories: early death, life-cycle service, early family formation, late family formation, singlehood, and childless but with partner. Overtime, early family formation gradually became the “standard” trajectory to adulthood. However, late family formation and singlehood, tcommon pathways within the preindustrial western European marriage pattern, remained widespread among cohorts born in the late nineteenth century. Laboring class youths, farmers’ daughters, young people of mixed religious background, and urban-born youngsters were the nineteenth century forerunners of a standard pathway to adulthood.
Obtaining multistate life table distributions for highly refined subpopulations from cross-sectional data: A bayesian extension of sullivan’s method
Authors: Lynch Scott M. , Brown J. Scott
Published: February 2011

Multistate life table methods are often used to estimate the proportion of remaining life that individuals can expect to spend in various states, such as healthy and unhealthy states. Sullivan’s method is commonly used when panels containing data on transitions are unavailable and true multistate tables cannot be generated. Sullivan’s method requires only cross-sectional mortality data and cross-sectional data indicating prevalence in states of interest. Such data often come from sample surveys, which are widely available. Although the data requirements for Sullivan’s method are minimal, the method is limited in its ability to produce estimates for subpopulations because of limited disaggregation of data in cross-sectional mortality files and small cell sizes in aggregated survey data. In this article, we develop, test, and demonstrate a method that adapts Sullivan’s approach to allow the inclusion of covariates in producing interval estimates of state expectancies for any desired subpopulation that can be specified in the cross-sectional prevalence data. The method involves a three-step process: (1) using Gibbs sampling to sample parameters from a bivariate regression model; (2) using ecological inference for producing transition probability matrices from the Gibbs samples; (3) using standard multistate calculations to convert the transition probability matrices into multistate life tables.
Early Modern or Late Imperial Philology? The Crisis of Classical Learning in Eighteenth Century China
Authors: Elman Benjamin
Published: February 2011

The discourses of classical scholars during the eighteenth century reinforced a shift from Song-Ming rationalism to a more skeptical and secular classical empiricism. By making precise scholarship the source of acceptable knowledge, Qing classicists contended that the legitimate reach of ancient ideals should be reevaluated through comparative delineation of the textual sources from which all such knowledge derived. This turn to empirically based classical inquiry meant that abstract ideas and rational argumentation gave way as the primary objects of elite discussion to concrete facts, verifiable institutions, ancient natural studies, and historical events. In general, Qing classicists regarded Song and Ming “Learning of the Way” as an obstacle to verifiable truth because it discouraged further inquiry along empirical lines. The empirical approach to knowledge they advocated placed proof and verification at the heart of analysis of the classical tradition. During this time, scholars and critics also applied historical analysis to the official Classics. Classical commentary yielded to textual criticism and a “search for evidence” to refortify the ancient canon. Representing a late imperial movement in Confucian letters, Qing classicists still sought to restore the classical vision. The early modern power of their philology, however, yielded the forces of decanonization and delegitimation as modernist trends, which went beyond the intellectual limits they had imposed on their own writings.
Tailors in 1950s Beijing: Private Enterprise, Career Trajectories, and Historical Turning Points in the Early PRC
Authors: Finnane Antonia
Published: February 2011

How new was the New China? This article explores the experience of Beijing tailors in the early years of the PRC in light of this question. After 1949, many long-established tailors simply continued to ply their trade in their old business premises, giving a strong impression of continuity in the social fabric of the city. They were increasingly challenged, however, by newcomers to the industry, including petty entrepreneurs who chose to invest in a socially useful trade, and the graduates of newly established sewing schools, usually women. Policy shifts from the New Democracy period through the “three anti” and “five anti” campaigns to the eve of the socialist transformation in 1956 affected old and new businesses, men and women, in different ways. Overall, the reduction in entrepreneurial freedoms that characterizes this period of Chinese business history was, in this sector of industry and commerce, most strikingly manifest in limitations on what tailors were licensed to make, which had effects on what Beijing people wore. From these various perspectives, 1949 can be seen to be a rather clear dividing line in the history of Beijing, but it was possibly a rather faint line at first, becoming darker and thicker as the 1950s progressed—or should that be “regressed?”
Confucius’ Transformation of Traditional Religious Ideas
Authors: Maoze Zhang
Published: February 2011

Confucius’ religious thought summarized and utilized existing historical and cultural achievements. He strove to bring problems concerning traditional religious ideas such as destiny, the spirits, ritual propriety and faith into the realm of the rational. He sought to unearth the elements of human reason contained within these and to highlight the sublime and sacred in actual human society. He established a system of religious humanism that incorporated views on edification, faith, destiny, the ghosts and spirits and self-cultivation. Using a dialectic based on the mean, he established a spiritual mindset comprising rational faith, a this-worldly transcendence and a sacredness grounded in the human that led ancient Chinese religious thinking in a unique direction.
Original Mind and Cosmic Consciousness in the Co-Creative Process
Authors: de La Tour Simone , de La Tour Kevin
Published: February 2011

This article will investigate the issue of accessing benxin 本心 (original mind), subsequent operation from Self and, in that process, union with the “greater universe” or benti 本体 (original substance)—a state expressed in the West as “cosmic consciousness.” It is proposed that this allows one to participate as a partner in the creative process of one’s own life and the surrounding world. The equally important question of how to gain contact with original mind will also be addressed, as well as the consequences of doing so with regard to the human condition. The concept of original thought is introduced, being important here as it is held to be that thought which is generated in the pure condition of original mind, devoid of influence from finite physical existence.
Lao-Zhuang and Augustine on the Issue of Suspension in the Philosophy of Religion
Authors: Changchi Hao
Published: February 2011

This paper addresses the question why the issue of reason and evidence as the central concern in the mainstream contemporary philosophy of religion has to be displaced by the issue of suspension according to Lao-Zhuang and the Augustine of Hippo. For both Lao-Zhuang and Augustine, in making room for the Other to appear at the core of the self’s being, it shows that there is an inseparable relationship of the self to the Other. In suspending its own understanding, admitting its own ignorance in humility, the subject is not in sheer darkness, but can follow a new light not generated from itself; in suspending its own will, the subject is not paralyzed, but follows the will of the Other. The selfhood of the subject is constituted in its relation to the Other.
The Autonomy of Cultural Practice: Basis, Limit and Significance of the Possibility of Developing “Cultural Automatism”
Authors: Zushe Yuan
Published: February 2011

Culture has always led a “problematic existence.” As a result, the diagnosis and treatment of various cultural diseases continue to depend on the embarrassing double identity of culture as both patient and doctor, hence making it difficult for culture to explore its own obscure recesses. The question of whether culture is autonomous and can be itself in its own way should therefore be considered theoretically. Since culture is closely associated with civilization, real culture must be generated from the florescence of a civilization based on a logic of human integrity within a certain historical period of time. In order to illuminate and adhere to this cultural attribute, some “cultural truths” must be made clear by establishing and maintaining public order and good customs from a properly lofty spiritual view. We must prudently and critically inquire after the ideological promise of culture regarding reasonable existence and the evolution of humans, and present an ideal prophecy in line with the human demand for a good life so as to assure culture’s healthy, benign, and sustainable advancement and stable performance of its function of molding graceful, noble, and tasteful means of life.
Is Li Bai a Romanticist?—Understanding an Old Poet through a New Concept
Authors: Ning LIU
Published: February 2011

In the 20th century, the most frequently used critical term in Li Bai studies is “romanticism.” Li Bai is regarded as a romantic poet and his poetry is typical of romantic writing. But nowadays, the usage of these terms has been under attack. It is considered to be alien to the nature of classical Chinese literature. The most influential volume of Chinese literary history edited by Yuan Xingpei, which is published seven years ago, pays little attention to this term in the chapter on Li Bai. Are Western critical ideas really inappropriate in understanding Chinese classical literature? Can we imagine a wholly purified criticism that depends only on native Chinese critical terms without any Western impact? As modern readers, how can we understand our literary past? These questions have been under discussion for a long time ever since the modernity of Chinese literary criticism has become a major topic in modern literary studies. Reconsidering the establishment and spread of the concept “romanticism” in the study of Li Bai, will offer us some good answers to those questions.
Dietary Monounsaturated Fatty Acids Are Protective Against Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors
Authors: Gillingham Leah G. , Harris‐Janz Sydney , Jones Peter J. H.
Published: February 2011

Over 50 years of research has sought to define the role dietary fat plays in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Although optimal dietary fat quantity has been keenly pursued over past decades, attention has recently centered on the value of dietary fat quality. The purpose of the present review is to provide a critical assessment of the current body of evidence surrounding efficacy of dietary monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) for reduction of traditional risk factors defining metabolic syndrome (MetS) and CVD. Due to existing and emerging research on health attributes of MUFA rich diets, and to the low prevalence of chronic disease in populations consuming MUFA rich Mediterranean diets, national dietary guidelines are increasingly recommending dietary MUFA, primarily at the expense of saturated fatty acids (SFA). Consumption of dietary MUFA promotes healthy blood lipid profiles, mediates blood pressure, improves insulin sensitivity and regulates glucose levels. Moreover, provocative newer data suggest a role for preferential oxidation and metabolism of dietary MUFA, influencing body composition and ameliorating the risk of obesity. Mounting epidemiological and human clinical trial data continue to demonstrate the cardioprotective activity of the MUFA content of dietary fat. As the debate on the optimal fatty acid composition of the diet continues, the benefit of increasing MUFA intakes, particularly as a substitute for dietary SFA, deserves considerable attention.
Temporary Increase of PPAR‐γ and Transient Expression of UCP‐1 in Stromal Vascular Fraction Isolated Human Adipocyte Derived Stem Cells During Adipogenesis
Authors: Jo Seong Jin , Choi Won Woo , Lee Eun Seong , Lee Jae Yong , Park Hyun Sun , Moon Dae Won , Eun Hee Chul , Chung Jin Ho
Published: February 2011

In this study, cells from the stromal vascular fraction of human subcutaneous tissues were induced to differentiate toward adipose cells in vitro for 2 weeks. During adipogenic differentiation, we followed the chronological changes in their morphology with Coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and checked the PPAR‐γ and UCP‐1 expression with RT‐PCR. On day 4 after inducing adipogenic differentiation, CARS imaging showed multiple small lipid droplets (LD) distributed peripherally along the cellular membrane. PPAR‐γ began to express at this time and increased until day 14 at a steady rate. On day 7, the cells appeared as brown adipocytes with numerous small LD throughout the cytoplasm, and the mRNA level of UCP‐1 rose abruptly by 6‐ to 7‐fold. After an additional 7 days, CARS imaging showed the development of a large LD, which is characteristic of white adipocytes, and the mRNA level of UCP‐1 slumped significantly. These results demonstrate the possibility that ADSC pass through a brown adipocyte‐like stage while differentiating into white adipocytes.
Understanding suicide among sexual minority youth in America: An ecological systems analysis
Authors: Hong Jun Sung , Espelage Dorothy L. , Kral Michael J.
Published: February 2011

This article examines major risk factors for suicide among sexual minority youth using Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory. Although suicidal behavior among sexual minority youth is a major public concern in the United States, understanding of this phenomenon has been limited since the majority of empirical research studies have addressed individual level characteristics without much consideration to the larger environmental contexts. This review integrates past and current empirical findings on suicidal behaviors of sexual minority youth within the context of micro‐, meso‐, exo‐, macro‐, and chrono‐systems levels. Finally, it draws implications for assessment, prevention, and intervention strategies.
Laparoscopic decortication of symptomatic simple renal cyst using conventional monopolar device
Authors: Tuncel Altug , Aydin Omur , Balci Melih , Aslan Yilmaz , Atan Ali
Published: February 2011

In our study, we assessed the efficacy, safety, and feasibility of laparoscopic decortication of symptomatic simple renal cysts using conventional monopolar device. Long‐term symptomatic and radiological results of 15 patients who underwent laparoscopic renal symptomatic simple cyst decortication, which was performed by conventional monopolar device, were retrospectively reviewed. The mean age of the patients was 49.7 years. There were nine male and six female patients. Their presenting symptoms were lumber pain in 93% (n = 14), and hypertension in 7% (n = 1). The mean operating time was 64.6 minutes. The mean hospital stay was 2.2 days. After a mean follow up of 12.08 months, the radiological and symptomatic successes were 100% and 86.6%, respectively. Laparoscopic renal cyst decortication using conventional monopolar device represents an effective and safe treatment option in the management of renal cyst without any need for more expensive energy sources.
Laparoendoscopic single‐site surgery versus conventional laparoscopic surgery for adnexal tumors: A comparison of surgical outcomes and postoperative pain outcomes
Authors: Im Kyong‐Shil , Koo Yu‐Jin , Kim Jong‐Bun , Kwon Yong‐Soon
Published: February 2011

The objective of this study was to show the feasibility of laparoendoscopic single‐site surgery (LESS) by comparing the surgical outcomes and postoperative pain of LESS with conventional laparoscopic surgery (CLS) for gynecologic adnexal tumor. This is a prospective case–control study. We enrolled 33 patients—one in 18 patients for LESS and the other in 15 patients for CLS—who were diagnosed with evident adnexal tumor consecutively from September 2009 to February 2010 and were performed by a single surgeon. In LESS, all procedures were performed successfully without any case of conversion to CLS. There were no differences in the demographic characteristics between the two groups. The pathological findings were similar in both groups; a mucinous cystadenoma was the most common pathological feature. The most common operative type performed was cystectomy (22/33, 66%). There were no differences between the LESS and CLS groups in median operation time (62.8 minute vs. 51.3 minutes, p = 0.073); estimated blood loss during operation (100 mL vs. 128 mL, p = 0.068); and postoperative pain intensity measured by visual analog scale. There were no major complications in either group, including operative wound complications. Our study suggested that LESS for adnexal tumor is a feasible surgical technique through the comparable data of the surgical outcomes and postoperative pain outcomes.
Bribes, Lobbying, and Development
Authors: HARSTAD BÅRD , SVENSSON JAKOB
Published: February 2011

When faced with a regulatory constraint, firms can either comply, bribe the regulator to get around the rule, or lobby the government to relax it. We analyze this choice, and its consequences, in a simple dynamic model. In equilibrium, when the level of development is low, firms are more inclined to bend the rule through bribery but they tend to switch to lobbying when the level of development is sufficiently high. Bribery, however, is associated with holdup problems, which discourage firms from investing. If the holdup problems are severe, firms will never invest enough to make lobbying worthwhile. The country may then be stuck in a poverty trap with bribery forever. The model can account for the common perception that bribery is relatively more common in poor countries, whereas lobbying is relatively more common in rich ones.
Exploratory and recruitment phases in soldier-mediated foraging activities in the termite,Coptotermes intermediusSilvestri (Rhinotermitidae: Coptotermitinae)
Authors: Olugbemi B.O.
Published: February 2011

Coptotermes intermediusis a damp-wood subterranean termite, which attacks timber and other woody materials with heavy losses in the southern part of Nigeria. The process leading to search for wood and eventual damage was investigated, with focus on how this search is initiated and by which of the termite castes. Results showed that minor soldiers initiate the exploratory phase of search, while the workers are involved in the eventual recruitment process. Under appropriate soldier-worker caste ratio or percentages, exploratory activities inC. intermediusmay be regulated.
Major folds affecting the Lower Old Red Sandstone Group at Lligwy, Anglesey, North Wales, and their regional significance
Authors: TREAGUS JACK E. , TREAGUS SUSAN H. , WOODCOCK NIGEL H.
Published: February 2011

The Old Red Sandstone on Anglesey, North Wales, presumed Lower Devonian in age, is folded and locally cleaved, but the intensity of this deformation has previously been understated. We describe two S-verging anticline–syncline pairs, one with a strongly overturned middle limb, their associated minor folds and an axial-planar cleavage. The intensity of the deformation calls into question a proposed link to Variscan fault displacements, and the angular unconformity below the Old Red Sandstone precludes the deformation being part of a continuous ‘late Caledonian’ phase. We consider this deformation of the Old Red Sandstone to be mid-Devonian, correlating with the Acadian phase in mainland Wales. It is predated by a Silurian shortening deformation on Anglesey that is possibly related to the closure of the Iapetus Ocean, absent in mainland Wales and the Lake District, but perhaps preserved also on the Isle of Man.
Three-dimensional interactions between a finite-span synthetic jet and a crossflow
Authors: SAHNI ONKAR , WOOD JOSHUA , JANSEN KENNETH E. , AMITAY MICHAEL
Published: February 2011

A complementary experimental and numerical investigation was performed to study the three-dimensional flow structures and interactions of a finite-span synthetic jet in a crossflow at a chord-based Reynolds number of 100,000 and a 0° angle of attack. Six blowing ratios in the range of 0.2–1.2 were considered. Experiments were conducted on a finite wing with a cross-sectional profile of NACA 4421, where particle-image velocimetry data were collected at the centre jet. To complement the experiments, three-dimensional numerical simulations were performed, where the numerical set-up matched not only the physical parameters (e.g. free stream) but also the physical dimensions (e.g. orientation and location of the jet. For the low blowing ratio cases, spatial non-uniformities developed, due to the finite span of the slit, which led to the formation of small and organized secondary structures or a streak-like pattern in the mean flow. On the other hand, for the high blowing ratio range, turbulent vortical structures were dominant, leading to larger spanwise structures, with a larger spanwise wavelength. Moreover, the phase-locked flow fields exhibited a train of counter-rotating coherent vortices that lifted off the surface as they advected downstream. In the mid-blowing ratio range, combined features of the low range (near the slit) and high range (in downstream locations) were found, where a pair of counter-rotating vortices issued in the same jet cycle collided with each other. In all cases, the spanwise extent of the secondary coherent structures reduced with downstream distance with a larger decrease at higher blowing ratios. Similar observations were made in earlier studies on finite-span synthetic jets in quiescent conditions.
Large-eddy simulations of turbulent mixing layers using the stretched-vortex model
Authors: MATTNER T. W.
Published: February 2011

The stretched-vortex subgrid model is used to run large-eddy simulations of temporal mixing layers at various Reynolds and Schmidt numbers, with different initial and boundary conditions. A self-similar flow is obtained, during which the growth rate, mean velocity and Reynolds stresses are in accord with experimental results. However, predictions of the amount of mixed fluid, and of the variation in its composition across the layer, are excessive, especially at high Schmidt number. More favourable comparisons between experiment and simulation are obtained when the large-scale flow is quasi-two-dimensional; however, such states are not self-similar and not sustainable. Present model assumptions lead to predictions of the continued subgrid spectrum with a viscous cutoff that is dependent on grid resolution.
African Shenzhen: China's special economic zones in Africa
Authors: Bräutigam Deborah , Xiaoyang Tang
Published: February 2011

This article examines recent Chinese efforts to construct a series of official economic cooperation zones in Africa. These zones are a central platform in China's announced strategy of engagement in Africa as ‘mutual benefit’. We analyse the background, motives and implementation of the zones, and argue that they form a unique, experimental model of development cooperation in Africa: market-based decisions and investment by Chinese companies are combined with support and subsidies from an Asian ‘developmental state’. Though this cooperation provides a promising new approach to sustainable industrialisation, we also identify serious political, economic and social challenges. Inadequate local learning and local participation could affect the ability of the zones to catalyse African industrialisation. The synergy between Chinese enterprises, the Chinese government and African governments has been evolving through practice. A case study of Egypt provides insight into this learning process.
Private sector development as poverty and strategic discourse: PSD in the political economy of EU–Africa trade relations
Authors: Langan Mark
Published: February 2011

Private sector development (PSD) has emerged as a core component of donor strategies aimed at making free markets work for ‘the poor’ through assistance to business sector capacity in low-income states. PSD initiatives cannot be understood, however, as technical exercises aimed solely at promoting development through business competitiveness. Instead they serve as normative concessions through which developmentally questionable market-opening has been rationalised by donors in pursuit of lucrative commercial opportunities in emerging economies. Examining the European Union's (EU) PSD framework in bilateral relations with the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) states, the article examines the utilisation of PSD discourse in the ‘development branding’ of Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs). PSD discourse is seen to facilitate a ‘double-veiling’ of asymmetric ACP–EU trade ties via legitimising images of equitable market-opening and the trickle-down of business wealth to ‘the poor’. Nevertheless, the reality of reciprocal trade structures combined with Europe's anaemic PSD resources bears little resemblance to the strategic illusions of PSD. In particular, the interventions of Europe's Centre for the Development of Enterprise (CDE) in cotton and textiles sectors in East Africa are seen to have dubious outcomes for ‘development’ in ACP former colonies.
In the shadow of the city: Africa's urban poor in opposition strongholds
Authors: Resnick Danielle
Published: February 2011

Sub-Saharan Africa is the fastest urbanising region of the world. This demographic transformation has occurred in concert with two other trends in the region, nascent democratisation and stalled decentralisation. Using the case of Lusaka, Zambia, this study argues that in the context of multi-party competition and limited fiscal decentralisation, the challenges posed by rapid urbanisation are exacerbated for the urban poor living in cities controlled by opposition parties. Semi-structured interviews conducted with local political actors are combined with a survey of 200 informal sector workers in Lusaka. This data reveals the tactics employed by the central government to weaken the popularity of the opposition in Lusaka and shows that from the viewpoint of the urban poor, such tactics ultimately prove counterproductive. The presence of similar dynamics in other African cities has important implications for aid modalities, such as budget support, that are currently used by international donors to fund development projects, including those in the urban sector.
Age and loneliness in 25 European nations
Authors: YANG KEMING , VICTOR CHRISTINA
Published: February 2011

The relationship between age and loneliness is intriguing. While loneliness has been widely perceived as a problem of old age, there is evidence suggesting that adolescence is the peak age for experiencing loneliness and there are demonstrable variations between nations in reported rates of loneliness. However, comparative data for examining both the prevalence of loneliness across age groupsandacross nations are sparse. As the first phase of a larger project, we explore the prevalence of loneliness across different age groups in 25 European nations, with a focus on people of an advanced age. After discussing issues of comparability, we present our empirical findings employing data collected in the third round (2006–07) of the European Social Survey (total sample size 47,099, age range 15–101) which included a ‘self-rating’ loneliness scale. Our results suggest that the prevalence of loneliness does increase with age for the combined sample. However, the nation in which one lives shows a greater impact than age on reported levels of loneliness, with Russia and Eastern European nations having the highest proportions of lonely people (about 10–34% for different age groups) and Northern European nations the lowest (mostly below 6%). Possible explanatory factors are identified and discussed, which provides the groundwork of a subsequent and formal study.
Infants' gestures influence mothers' provision of object, action and internal state labels
Authors: OLSON JANET , MASUR ELISE FRANK
Published: February 2011

Twenty-four infants at 1 ; 1 and their mothers were videotaped for 18 minutes while playing. Infants' pointing, reaching and object-extending gestures were coded in three communicative intent contexts: proto-declarative, or commenting; proto-imperative, or requesting; and ambiguous. Mothers' responses to infants' gestures were coded as object labels, action labels, internal state labels and non-labeling utterances. Infants most often pointed in the proto-declarative and used object extensions in the proto-imperative context. Infants produced pointing and reaching equivalently in the ambiguous context. Mothers' responses included object labels more often in response to points than object extensions. In contrast, mothers provided action labels most often in response to object extensions. Mothers produced large proportions of internal state labels, although the type varied by gesture. Results suggest mothers' labels following infants' gestures may serve as a mechanism for vocabulary acquisition and internal state understanding.
The effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on bone health
Authors: Maggio Marcello , Artoni Andrea , Lauretani Fulvio , Ruggiero Carmelinda , Cederholm Tommy , Cherubini Antonio , Ceda Gian Paolo
Published: February 2011

The essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are divided into two classes, n-3 (ω-3) and n-6 (ω-6) and their dietary precursors are α-linolenic (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA), respectively. PUFAs are precursors of a wide range of metabolites, for example eicosanoids like prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which play critical roles in the regulation of a variety of biological processes, including bone metabolism.

A large body of evidence supports an effect of PUFA on bone metabolism which may be mediated by regulation of osteoblastogenesis and osteoclast activity, change of membrane function, decrease in inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), modulation of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and influence in NO secretion and NO synthase.

Animal studies have shown that a higher dietary omega-3/omega-6 fatty acids ratio is associated with beneficial effects on bone health. Human studies conducted in elderly subjects suggest that omega-3 instead of omega-6 has a positive effect on bone metabolism. In spite of increasing evidence, studies conducted in humans do not allow us to draw a definitive conclusion on the usefulness of PUFAs in clinical practice.
Cancer-related fatigue: mechanisms, assessment and treatment in older people
Authors: Minton Ollie , Stone Patrick C
Published: February 2011

Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a debilitating symptom that affects the majority of cancer patients. It can occur at all stages of treatment, worsening in advanced disease. It can be especially troublesome in the older person. CRF is often under-recognized and insufficiently treated routinely. This review will discuss both the postulated mechanisms and clinical tools for identifying and monitoring CRF during cancer treatment. The role of drug treatment and exercise to manage CRF is also assessed. Further studies, particularly in older people, are required to improve the poor levels of evidence for current CRF management options.
Geriatric care and gerontological research in Argentina
Authors: Jauregui JR , Rubin RK , Kaplan R , Musso CG
Published: February 2011

Argentina does not yet have a formal nationwide health programme for older people, so there are huge differences in the quality and entitlement of health care for senior citizens. Academic infrastructure is also underdeveloped and this situation slows the advance of geriatrics. Teaching and research in this field is usually unpaid. However, a committed minority of teachers and health professionals are confident that their efforts are worthwhile and a new generation of geriatricians is starting to participate actively in international forums, to publish in recognized medical journals, to participate in Latin American academic forums such as ALMA (Latin American Academy of Senior Adult Medicine) and to foster geriatrics as a speciality.
Roosting behaviour of a migratory songbird on Jamaican coffee farms: landscape composition may affect delivery of an ecosystem service
Authors: JIRINEC VITEK , CAMPOS BRENT R. , JOHNSON MATTHEW D.
Published: February 2011

Recent evidence indicates that insectivorous birds in shade coffee farms provide economically significant ecosystem services by reducing insect pests, which should encourage cultivation practices favouring birds and other wildlife. However, the provisioning of this service may be dependent on landscape composition and movement patterns of these mobile consumers. Very little information is currently available on bird movements in coffee-dominated landscapes. We examined roosting behaviour in Black-throated Blue WarblersDendroica caerulescenson two Jamaican coffee farms using radio telemetry in order to determine whether birds commute between nocturnal roosts and diurnal foraging ranges in coffee habitat. Nocturnal tracking revealed most birds moved outside diurnal foraging ranges on the farms to roost in forested habitat patches, sometimes up to 1 km away. Of 42 roost locations, only eight roosts were within the coffee farm perimeter: one individual in a coffee bush, and seven others in shade trees or vegetated riparian strips. Logistic regression confirmed that birds strongly selected continuous forest and individual trees over coffee for roosting. These findings reflect the ecological connectivity between coffee habitats and the adjacent landscape and raise the possibility that the provisioning of pest reduction services could be at least partly dependent on a farm’s proximity to forest patches.
Effect of feeding system on unsaturated fatty acid level in milk of dairy cows
Authors: Morales-Almaráz E. , de la Roza-Delgado B. , González A. , Soldado A. , Rodríguez M.L. , Peláez M. , Vicente F.
Published: February 2011

In recent years, consumer attitudes toward fat of animal origin have changed owing to findings that some milk fatty acids (FAs) are positive for human health, especially conjugated linolenic acid andn-3 FAs. Accordingly, the manipulation of the fat content and FA composition of cows’ milk via nutritional strategies has been an important target for the dairy industry in many countries. Twenty commercial Holstein–Friesian dairy herds of Asturias (northern Spain) with 1106 dairy cows were examined in order to evaluate milk FA profiles under different management systems. These herds were divided into three groups according to management: (1) indoor herds: cows feeding indoors, (2) mixed herds: indoor management system but with at least 6 h of grazing outdoors and (3) outdoor herds: cows allowed 6–18 h of grazing per day. Milk from the indoor herds exhibited the highest concentration of fat (3.57%;P⩽0.01), protein (3.14%;P⩽0.001), lactose (4.76%;P⩽0.01) and urea (29.4 mg dl−1;P⩽0.01). The milk of outdoor herds had a lower (P⩽0.05) content of short-chain FAs than that of the indoor and mixed herds (10.89 versus 11.52 and 11.35 g 100 g−1FA). The milk of the indoor herds had higher concentrations of saturated fatty acids (SFA) (67.56 g 100 g−1FA;P⩽0.001) and palmitic and palmitoleic acids (30.16 and 1.82 g 100 g−1FA, respectively), while that of the mixed and outdoors herds had higher concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) (34.58 g 100 g−1FA;P⩽0.001) and long-chain FAs, especially stearic (13.89 g 100 g−1FA;P⩽0.01), vaccenic (2.77 g 100 g−1FA;P⩽0.001), conjugated linoleic (0.92 g 100 g−1FA;P⩽0.001) and linolenic (0.42 g 100 g−1FA;P⩽0.001) acids. Results from this study suggest that the incorporation of forage and pasture in the diet of dairy cows can improve the FA profile of milk.
Impunity and insurgency: a deadly combination in Afghanistan
Authors: Niland Norah
Published: February 2011

The judgement of key decision-makers to ignore the critical problem of impunity – the lack of accountability for egregious human rights violations – contrary to the wishes of the vast majority of Afghans has had devastating, if predictable, consequences. Disillusionment with the continued abuse of power, along with the steady increase in war-related casualties, is a significant driver of the escalating insurgency. Experience over the past nine years highlights an urgent need to address the strategic issue of systemic and structural injustice. It is not realistic to envisage an end to armed conflict and the development of democratic and accountable state institutions while impunity reigns.
Dynamic interplay between religion and armed conflict in Afghanistan
Authors: Guest Ken
Published: February 2011

In approaching this subject the most important thing to understand is how Afghans perceive things to be. On to this must be grafted factors about their environment, beliefs, and character that most affect their response. The physical characteristics of their environment are easy to define and describe, but their character, relationship to Islam, and how the two combine and affect their mode of warfare is more complex – a knot of truly Gordian proportions. However, if the past is accurately factored into the present, this enables contextual understanding, which is the key to unlocking the puzzle.
Beziehung, die man tanzen kann: Selbsterfahrung für Paare
Authors: Feuerbach Johannes
Published: February 2011

Zusammenfassung. „Beziehung, die man tanzen kann” ist eine Methode zur Selbsterfahrung für Paare. In Wochenend-Workshops werden Paaren Begegnungs-, Bewegungs- und Reflexionsrituale angeboten, die experimentell, existenziell und erfahrungsintensiv das inszenieren und reflektieren, was die Teilnehmenden verbal und nonverbal kommunizieren. Das Curriculum beschreibt dementsprechend Methoden des Körperlernens, der Selbst-, Paar- und Prozess-Reflexion und der Kontemplation. Es wird in Ausschnitten vorgestellt. Partnerschaft wird als intimste soziale Gruppe betrachtet (Lewin), die, wie kein anderes System, mit den „Zumutungen des Lebens” (Riemann) konfrontiert. Als tänzerisches und metaphorisches Stilmittel der Beziehungsgestaltung wird der Grundschritt des Tango argentino genutzt. Er ermöglicht es, Paardynamiken zu inszenieren, zu diagnostizieren, sie neu zu gestalten und die damit einhergehenden Erfahrungen zu reflektieren. Ergebnisse einer Evaluationsstudie werden einbezogen.
Motivbasierte Sporttypen
Authors: Sudeck Gorden , Lehnert Katrin , Conzelmann Achim
Published: February 2011

Zusammenfassung. Maßnahmen auf die jeweilige Zielgruppe anzupassen, ist eine Herausforderung für die Sport- und Bewegungsförderung. Während zielgruppenspezifische Angebote im Freizeit- und Gesundheitssport bislang verstärkt auf den objektiven Bedarf (Krankheitslast, Risikofaktoren) ausgerichtet waren, standen individuelle Beweggründe kaum im Vordergrund, worin eine Ursache für das Drop-Out-Phänomen im Freizeit- und Gesundheitssport gesehen werden kann. Der Beitrag stellt einen differenziell-psychologischen Ansatz zur Segmentierung der Zielgruppe von Menschen im mittleren Erwachsenalter vor, in dem explizite Motive und Ziele in den Mittelpunkt gestellt werden. Die Untersuchungsgruppe besteht aus 139 Frauen und 89 Männern (M = 48 Jahre, SD = 8 Jahre), die an einem Screening körperlich-motorischer, gesundheitlicher und psychischer Merkmale sowie von Merkmalen des Sport- und Bewegungsverhaltens teilgenommen haben. Die Daten werden für eine clusteranalytische Bestimmung typischer Motivprofile eingesetzt, um darauf aufbauend die neun ermittelten „motivbasierten Sporttypen” anhand körperlich-motorischer, gesundheitlicher sowie aktivitätsbezogener Handlungsvoraussetzungen zu charakterisieren. Diese motivbasierten Sporttypen können die Grundlage für eine zielgruppenspezifische Konzeption von Sportprogrammen bilden, die im Sinne eines personorientierten Ansatzes auf ein möglichst breites Bündel individueller Handlungsvoraussetzungen abgestimmt werden soll.
Doppeltätigkeitsübung zeitstrukturierter Finger-bewegungsfolgen
Authors: Blischke Klaus , Zehren Barbara , Utter Thorsten , Brückner Sebastian
Published: February 2011

Zusammenfassung. Eine Ein-Finger-Tastendruckabfolge, definiert durch relatives Timing und Gesamtbewegungsdauer, wurde von zwei Experimentalgruppen nach dem gleichen Ablaufschema bearbeitet (initiales Lernen: mit KR; Vortest: Einfach- und Doppelaufgabenbedingungen, ohne KR; Übung: Doppelaufgabenbedingung, 800 Versuche mit KR; Nachtest 24 h nach Übungsende: Einfach- und Doppelaufgabenbedingung, jeweils ohne KR). Die Übung erfolgte jeweils parallel zu einer kognitiv beanspruchenden Zweitaufgabe (Zahlen subtrahieren bzw. Murmeln sortieren). Vom Vor- zum Nachtest verbesserte sich die Ausführungsleistung der Tastendruckabfolge unter Einfach- und Doppelaufgabenbedingungen insbesondere beim relativen Timing. Zugleich gingen die im Vortest gefundenen Leistungseinbußen bei Doppeltätigkeit für die jeweils geübte Aufgabenkonstellation nahezu vollständig zurück. Bei Einführung einer neuen Zweitaufgabe (u. a. Buchstabennachsprechen) traten die Doppeltätigkeitskosten jedoch wieder voll in Erscheinung. Dieser Befund widerspricht der Erwartung einer Bewegungsautomatisierung durch Doppeltätigkeitsübung ( Blischke & Reiter, 2002 ), ist aber gut vereinbar mit der Vorstellung integrierter Aufgabenbearbeitung ( Manzey, 1993 ).