bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiple and multiway correspondence analysis
Authors: Beh Eric J. , Lombardo Rosaria
Published: April 2019

One of the most popular, and versatile, ways of visually analyzing the associating between categorical data is to perform a correspondence analysis on the contingency table that is formed from their cross‐classification. Traditionally the analysis of multiple categorical variables involves transforming such a table into a two‐way form through “flattening,” stacking or by some other means; doing so leads to simple or multiple correspondence analysis. Although such a transformation does not always preserve some of the truly multivariate nature of the association. Therefore one may instead adopt the less common multiway correspondence analysis. This paper will briefly explore the development, literature, and possible research opportunities of multiple and multiway correspondence analysis.

This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Multivariate Analysis

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Dimension Reduction

Data: Types and Structures > Categorical Data
Convergence of solutions to history‐dependent variational‐hemivariational inequalities
Authors: Xiao Yi‐bin , Sofonea Mircea
Published: April 2019

In this paper, we state and prove two convergence results for the solution of a history‐dependent variational‐hemivariational inequality. The first one concerns the pointwise convergence of the solution with respect to the data, including the set of constraints, the nonlinear operator and the two functionals which govern the inequality. The second result, obtained under additional assumptions, concerns the uniform convergence of the solution with respect to the set of constraints. These convergence results allow us to consider two general optimization problems for which we prove the existence of minimizers. The mathematical tools developed in this paper are useful in the analysis and control of a large class of boundary value problems which, in a weak formulation, lead to history‐dependent variational‐hemivariational inequalities. To provide an example, we illustrate our results in the study of a nonlinear problem with unilateral constraints and subdifferential boundary conditions.
Effect of a circular Eshelby inclusion on the non‐elliptical shape of a coated neutral inhomogeneity with internal uniform stresses
Authors: Wang Xu , Schiavone Peter
Published: April 2019

Using conformal mapping techniques, we present the design of a coated non‐elliptical neutral inhomogeneity with internal uniform stresses which does not disturb a prescribed uniform anti‐plane stress field in the surrounding matrix when both a circular Eshelby inclusion present in the thick coating and the inhomogeneity itself undergo uniform eigenstrains. An appropriately chosen conformal mapping function maps the doubly connected domain of the thick coating onto an annulus in the image plane. All of the unknown complex constants appearing in the mapping function can be uniquely determined. Detailed numerical results are presented to demonstrate the proposed theory. We also consider a related problem concerning a neutral coated inhomogeneity with internal uniform stresses in the presence of a screw dislocation dipole in the thick coating.
Over-expression of Isu1p and Jac1p increases the ethanol tolerance and yield by superoxide and iron homeostasis mechanism in an engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast
Authors: Martínez-Alcántar Lorena , Madrigal Alberto , Sánchez-Briones Luis , Díaz-Pérez Alma L , López-Bucio Jesús Salvador , Campos-García Jesús
Published: April 2019

The ethanol stress response in ethanologenic yeast during fermentation involves the swishing of several adaptation mechanisms. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the Jac1p and Isu1p proteins constitute the scaffold system for the Fe–S cluster assembly. This study was performed using the over-expression of the Jac1p and Isu1p in the industrially utilized S. cerevisiae UMArn3 strain, with the objective of improving the Fe–S assembly/recycling, and thus counteracting the toxic effects of ethanol stress during fermentation. The UMArn3 yeast was transformed with both the JAC1-His and ISU1-His genes-plasmid contained. The Jac1p and Isu1p His-tagged proteins over-expression in the engineered yeasts was confirmed by immunodetection, rendering increases in ethanol tolerance level from a DL50 = ~ 4.5% ethanol (v/v) to DL50 = ~ 8.2% ethanol (v/v), and survival up 90% at 15% ethanol (v/v) comparing to ~ 50% survival in the control strain. Fermentation by the engineered yeasts showed that the ethanol production was increased, producing 15–20% more ethanol than the control yeast. The decrease of ROS and free-iron accumulation was observed in the engineered yeasts under ethanol stress condition. The results indicate that Jac1p and Isu1p over-expression in the S. cerevisiae UMArn3.3 yeast increased its ethanol tolerance level and ethanol production by a mechanism that involves ROS and iron homeostasis related to the biogenesis/recycling of Fe–S clusters dependent proteins.
Local and Organic Preference: Logo versus Text
Authors: Katz Michael , Campbell Benjamin , Liu Yizao
Published: April 2019

A choice experiment was conducted concurrently with eye-tracking technology to examine consumer preferences for local and organic produce, notably effects of logo- versus text-labeling formats. We find consumers prefer local to nonlocal, but some consumers will pay a higher premium for logo-labeled produce compared with text-labeled produce. Additionally, we find evidence that a local logo tends to attract attention quicker and hold attention longer compared with a text label. The organic text label was preferred by some consumers compared with the USDA certified organic logo, even with though consumers looked at the logo longer and more often.
Educating for Intellectual Virtue: A Critique from Action Guidance
Authors: Kotzee Ben , Carter J. Adam , Siegel Harvey
Published: April 2019

Virtue epistemology is among the dominant influences in mainstream epistemology today. An important commitment of one strand of virtue epistemology – responsibilist virtue epistemology – is that it must provide regulative normative guidance for good thinking. Recently, a number of virtue epistemologists (most notably Baehr) have held that virtue epistemology not only can provide regulative normative guidance, but moreover that we should reconceive the primary epistemic aim of all education as the inculcation of the intellectual virtues. Baehr's picture contrasts with another well-known position – that the primary aim of education is the promotion of critical thinking. In this paper – that we hold makes a contribution to both philosophy of education and epistemology and, a fortiori, epistemology of education – we challenge this picture. We outline three criteria that any putative aim of education must meet and hold that it is the aim of critical thinking, rather than the aim of instilling intellectual virtue, that best meets these criteria. On this basis, we propose a new challenge for intellectual virtue epistemology, next to the well-known empirically driven ‘situationist challenge’. What we call the ‘pedagogical challenge’ maintains that the intellectual virtues approach does not have available a suitably effective pedagogy to qualify the acquisition of intellectual virtue as the primary aim of education. This is because the pedagogic model of the intellectual virtues approach (borrowed largely from exemplarist thinking) is not properly action-guiding. Instead, we hold that, without much further development in virtue-based theory, logic and critical thinking must still play the primary role in the epistemology of education.
The Reliability of Memory: An Argument from the Armchair
Authors: Hasan Ali
Published: April 2019

The “problem of memory” in epistemology is concerned with whether and how we could have knowledge, or at least justification, for trusting our apparent memories. I defend an inductive solution – more precisely, an abductive solution – to the problem. A natural worry is that any such solution would be circular, for it would have to depend on memory. I argue that belief in the reliability of memory can be justified from the armchair, without relying on memory. The justification is, roughly, that my having the sort of experience that my apparent memory should lead me to expect is best explained by the hypothesis that my memories are reliable. My solution is inspired by Harrod's (1942) inductive solution. Coburn (1960) argued that Harrod's solution contains a fatal flaw. I show that my solution is not vulnerable to Coburn's objection, and respond to a number of other, recent and likely objections.
Analysis on FM-to-AM conversion of SSD beam induced by etalon effect in a high-power laser system
Authors: Li Ping , Wang Wei , Su Jingqin , Wei Xiaofeng
Published: April 2019

FM-to-AM (frequency modulation-to-amplitude modulation) conversion caused by nonuniform spectral transmission of broadband beam is harmful to high-power laser facility. Smoothing by spectral dispersion (SSD) beam is a special broadband beam for its monochromatic feature at the given time and space on the near field. The traditional method which uses the optical spectral transfer function as filters cannot accurately describe its AM characteristics. This paper presents the theoretical analysis of the etalon effect for SSD beam. With a low-order approximation, the analytic model of the temporal shape of SSD beam is obtained for the first time, which gives the detailed AM characteristics at local and integral aspects, such as the variation of ripples width and amplitude in general situation. We also analyze the FM-to-AM conversion on the focal plane; in the focusing process, the lens simply acts as an integrator to smooth the AM of SSD beam. Because AM control is necessary for the near field to avoid optics damage and for the far field to ensure an optimal interaction of laser–target, our investigations could provide some important phenomena and rules for pulse shape control.
Linear iterative method for closed-loop control of quasiperiodic flows
Authors: Leclercq Colin , Demourant Fabrice , Poussot-Vassal Charles , Sipp Denis
Published: April 2019

This work proposes a feedback-loop strategy to suppress intrinsic oscillations of resonating flows in the fully nonlinear regime. The frequency response of the flow is obtained from the resolvent operator about the mean flow, extending the framework initially introduced by McKeon & Sharma (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 658, 2010, pp. 336–382) to study receptivity mechanisms in turbulent flows. Using this linear time-invariant model of the nonlinear flow, modern control methods such as structured ${\mathcal{H}}_{\infty }$-synthesis can be used to design a controller. The approach is successful in damping self-sustained oscillations associated with specific eigenmodes of the mean-flow spectrum. Despite excellent performance, the linear controller is however unable to completely suppress flow oscillations, and the controlled flow is effectively attracted towards a new dynamical equilibrium. This new attractor is characterized by a different mean flow, which can in turn be used to design a second controller. The method can then be iterated on subsequent mean flows, until the coupled system eventually converges to the base flow. An intuitive parallel can be drawn with Newton’s iteration: at each step, a linearized model of the flow response to a perturbation of the input is sought, and a new linear controller is designed, aiming at further reducing the fluctuations. The method is illustrated on the well-known case of two-dimensional incompressible open-cavity flow at Reynolds number $Re=7500$, where the fully developed flow is initially quasiperiodic (2-torus state). The base flow is reached after five iterations. The present work demonstrates that nonlinear control problems may be solved without resorting to nonlinear reduced-order models. It also shows that physically relevant linear models can be systematically derived for nonlinear flows, without resorting to black-box identification from input–output data; the key ingredient being frequency-domain models based on the linearized Navier–Stokes equations about the mean flow. Applicability to amplifier flows and turbulent dynamics has, however, yet to be investigated.
Viscous extension of potential-flow unsteady aerodynamics: the lift frequency response problem
Authors: Taha Haithem , Rezaei Amir S.
Published: April 2019

The application of the Kutta condition to unsteady flows has been controversial over the years, with increased research activities over the 1970s and 1980s. This dissatisfaction with the Kutta condition has been recently rejuvenated with the increased interest in low-Reynolds-number, high-frequency bio-inspired flight. However, there is no convincing alternative to the Kutta condition, even though it is not mathematically derived. Realizing that the lift generation and vorticity production are essentially viscous processes, we provide a viscous extension of the classical theory of unsteady aerodynamics by relaxing the Kutta condition. We introduce a trailing-edge singularity term in the pressure distribution and determine its strength by using the triple-deck viscous boundary layer theory. Based on the extended theory, we develop (for the first time) a theoretical viscous (Reynolds-number-dependent) extension of the Theodorsen lift frequency response function. It is found that viscosity induces more phase lag to the Theodorsen function particularly at high frequencies and low Reynolds numbers. The obtained theoretical results are validated against numerical laminar simulations of Navier–Stokes equations over a sinusoidally pitching NACA 0012 at low Reynolds numbers and using Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations at relatively high Reynolds numbers. The physics behind the observed viscosity-induced lag is discussed in relation to wake viscous damping, circulation development and the Kutta condition. Also, the viscous contribution to the lift is shown to significantly decrease the virtual mass, particularly at high frequencies and Reynolds numbers.
ACCOMMODATING RELIGIOUS LAW WITH A CIVIL LEGAL SYSTEM: LESSONS FROM THE JEWISH LAW EXPERIENCE IN FINANCIAL FAMILY MATTERS
Authors: Westreich Avishalom
Published: April 2019

The discussion of legal pluralism focuses on the coexistence of several legal systems, mainly religious and civil ones. But what happens when a process of assimilation—whether imposed or voluntary—characterizes the relationships between the systems? This article analyzes the fascinating process of assimilation of civil principles into religious law in the context of Jewish law and Israeli civil family law. Assimilation, as the article shows, is not the whole picture. The article reveals a corresponding (both open and implicit) struggle for the preservation of religious law principles despite the continuing efforts of civil law for their curtailment, or sometimes, elimination. The result, which is somewhat internally contradictory, suggests a normative pluralistic framework that enables both regimes—the civil and the religious—to preserve their core principles in family law matters.
MINIMUM MODELS OF SECOND-ORDER SET THEORIES
Authors: WILLIAMS KAMERYN J.
Published: April 2019

In this article I investigate the phenomenon of minimum and minimal models of second-order set theories, focusing on Kelley–Morse set theory KM, Gödel–Bernays set theory GB, and GB augmented with the principle of Elementary Transfinite Recursion. The main results are the following. (1) A countable model of ZFC has a minimum GBC-realization if and only if it admits a parametrically definable global well order. (2) Countable models of GBC admit minimal extensions with the same sets. (3) There is no minimum transitive model of KM. (4) There is a minimum β-model of GB+ETR. The main question left unanswered by this article is whether there is a minimum transitive model of GB+ETR.
Riverine people's knowledge of the Vulnerable Amazonian manatee Trichechus inunguis in contrasting protected areas
Authors: Crema Luciana Carvalho , da Silva Vera Maria Ferreira , Piedade Maria Teresa Fernandez
Published: April 2019

Traditional knowledge gained through daily interactions with the environment can yield insights into processes at temporal or spatial scales that may be overlooked by conventional scientific research. Ninety interviews were conducted with riverine people in the vicinity of Anavilhanas National Park, Tapajós–Arapiuns Extractive Reserve and Tapajós National Forest in the Brazilian Amazon, with the aim to increase knowledge of the feeding habits of the Amazonian manatee Trichechus inunguis and evaluate its conservation status in contrasting protected areas. In Anavilhanas respondents identified 31 plant species consumed by the manatee, of which vines had the highest cognitive salience index value (the summed importance of each plant species), even though they are available to manatees only during the high-water season. In the Tapajós region 37 plant species were identified, with submerged species with floating leaves being the main component of the manatee's diet. Although hunting has declined it still occurs in Anavilhanas, which is susceptible to environmental crimes because of its proximity to urban centres. Manatee hunting seems to be infrequent in the Tapajós region, having little impact on the population. Given the broad knowledge within the local community about the Amazonian manatee, involvement of riverine people in manatee conservation activities is fundamental for reducing threats and increasing conservation effectiveness.
Optimal Path Planning Satisfying Complex Task Requirement in Uncertain Environment
Authors: Yu Xin-Yi , Fan Zhen-Yong , Ou Lin-Lin , Zhu Feng , Guo Yong-Kui
Published: April 2019

Robots often need to accomplish some complex tasks such as surveillance, response and obstacle avoidance. In this paper, a dynamic search method is proposed to generate optimal robot trajectories satisfying complex task requirement in uncertain environment. The LTL-A* algorithm is presented to generate a global optimal path and the A* algorithm is provided to modify the global optimal path. The task is specified by a linear temporal logic (LTL) formula, and a weighted transition system according to the known information in uncertain environment is modeled to describe the robot motion. Subsequently, a product automaton is constructed by combining the transition system with the task requirement. Based on the product automaton, the LTL-A* algorithm is proposed to generate a global optimal path. The local path planning based on the A* algorithm is employed to deal with the environment change during the process of tracking the global optimal path for the robot. The results of the simulation and experiments show that the proposed method can not only meet the complex task requirement in uncertain environment but also improve the search efficiency.
Digital Media Experiments in China: “Revolutionizing” Persuasion under Xi Jinping
Authors: Repnikova Maria , Fang Kecheng
Published: April 2019

With the rapid decline of traditional media in China, the party-state faces the growing challenge of shaping public opinion online. This article engages with one response to this challenge – a state-sanctioned digital media experiment aimed at creating a new form of journalism that appeals to the public and helps to disseminate Party propaganda. We analyse the emergence of a national success story, Shanghai-based model media outlet Pengpai, and its diffusion across different regions. We argue that the synergy between local officials and media entrepreneurs has propelled Pengpai’s national fame. We further demonstrate that while there has been a cross-national attempt to diffuse this model, it has produced mixed results owing to a number of factors, including the superficial commitment of local officials and media professionals. These findings demonstrate that state-sanctioned decentralized experimentation can deliver unpredictable results in the sphere of media policy, and they further question the capacity of the party-state to effectively reinvent public persuasion in the digital age.
Ill-posedness issues for a class of parabolic equations
Authors: Molinet Luc , Ribaud Francis , Youssfi Abdellah
Published: April 2019

We prove that the Cauchy problem for the one-dimensional parabolic equations , with initial data in Hs(R), cannot be solved by an iterative scheme based on the Duhamel formula for s < −1 if (k, d) = (2, 0) and s < sc(k, d) = ½ − (2 − d)/(k − 1) otherwise. This exactly completes the positive results on the Cauchy problem in Hs(R) for these equations and shows the particularity of the case (k, d) = (2, 0), for which we prove that the critical space Hsc(R) = H−3/2(R), by standard scaling arguments, cannot be reached. Our results also hold in the periodic setting.
Semilinear elliptic boundary-value problems in combustion theory
Authors: Taira Kazuaki
Published: April 2019

This paper is devoted to the study of semilinear degenerate elliptic boundary-value problems arising in combustion theory that obey a general Arrhenius equation and a general Newton law of heat exchange. We prove that ignition and extinction phenomena occur in the stable steady temperature profile at some critical values of a dimensionless rate of heat production.
Existence and decay rates of smooth solutions for a non-uniformly parabolic equation
Authors: Wang Jinghua , Zhang Hui
Published: April 2019

We obtain the existence and decay rates of the classical solution to the initial-value problem of a non-uniformly parabolic equation. Our method is to set up two equivalent sequences of the successive approximations. One converges to a weak solution of the initial-value problem; the other shows that the weak solution is the classical solution for t > 0. Moreover, we show how bounds of the derivatives to the classical solution depend explicitly on the interval with compact support in (0, ∞). Then we study decay rates of this classical solution.
New records of mummified crabeater seals on islands bordering Admiralty Sound, Weddell Sea
Authors: Negrete Javier , Soibelzon Leopoldo H. , Soibelzon Esteban , Lusky Jorge
Published: April 2019

Ninety-six mummified crabeater seals discovered at Seymour Island (Isla Marambio) are reported. Each specimen was georeferenced, photographed and assigned to five different taphonomic states. Previous work stated that seals at Seymour Island get stranded inland around the breeding season. However, it is not clear if the species breeds in this area. The abundance of crabeater seals and the ice condition along Admiralty Sound (Estrecho Bouchard) were obtained by aerial surveys during spring (2015–17). It appears that the species uses the strait as a passage to breeding grounds. Under heavy ice conditions, the seals become stranded in the middle section of this strait and wander inland through a valley that represents the mouth of an ephemeral stream that ends at the pack ice level. This situation was observed in 2014 and 2015 when recently dead seals were found, evidencing that this natural trap is still active. Nonetheless, in 2016 and 2017, during an early breakup of Admiralty Sound, the seals that remained in the area were more numerous than in 2015 but they did not get stranded inland. This early breakup may encourage the seals to breed there in the presence of open water areas with ice floes.
Should we start a nationwide screening program for critical congenital heart disease in Turkey? A pilot study on four centres with different altitudes
Authors: Dilli Dilek , Doğan Vehbi , Özyurt Banu M. , Özyurt Abdullah , Hakan Nilay , Bozabalı Sibel , Caner İbrahim , Olgun Haşim , Koç Murat , Taşoğlu İrfan , Karademir Selmin , Zenciroğlu Ayşegül
Published: April 2019

Background:

To investigate the feasibility of critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) screening test by pulse oximetry in four geographical regions of Turkey with different altitudes, before implementation of a nationwide screening program.

Methods:

It was a prospective multi-centre study performed in four centres, between December, 2015 and May, 2017. Pre- and post-ductal oxygen saturations and perfusion indices (PI) were measured using Masimo Radical-7 at early postnatal days. The results were evaluated according to the algorithm recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Additionally, a PI value <0.7 was accepted to be significant.

Results:

In 4888 newborns, the mean screening time was 31.5 ± 12.1 hours. At first attempt, the mean values of pre- and post-ductal measurements were: saturation 97.3 ± 1.8%, PI 2.8 ± 2.0, versus saturation 97.7 ± 1.8%, PI 2.3±1.3, respectively. Pre-ductal saturations and PI and post-ductal saturations were the lowest in Centre 4 with the highest altitude. Overall test positivity rate was 0.85% (n = 42). CCHD was detected in six babies (0.12%). Of them, right hand (91 ± 6.3) and foot saturations (92.1 ± 4.3%) were lower compared to ones with non-CCHD and normal variants (p <0.05, for all comparisons). Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and likelihood ratio of the test were: 83.3%, 99.9%, 11.9%, 99.9%, and 99.2%, respectively.

Conclusion:

This study concluded that pulse oximetry screening is an effective screening tool for congenital heart disease in newborns at different altitudes. We support the implementation of a national screening program with consideration of altitude differences for our country.
Severe hypertriglyceridemia associated with everolimus drug-eluting stent placement in an infant
Authors: Lai Kuan-Chi , Brothers Julie A. , Stoller Jason Z.
Published: April 2019

We report a case of severe hypertriglyceridemia associated with an everolimus drug-eluting stent in an infant with pulmonary vein stenosis. We review from current literature the mechanisms by which everolimus may cause dyslipidaemia, pharmacokinetics of everolimus in drug-eluting stents, and treatments of hypertriglyceridemia. This case demonstrates the need to closely monitor serum triglyceride levels after everolimus drug-eluting stent placement in infants.
The Tsukui (Japan) Yamayuri-en Facility Stabbing Mass-Casualty Incident
Authors: Maruhashi Takaaki , Takeuchi Ichiro , Hattori Jun , Kataoka Yuichi , Asari Yasushi
Published: April 2019

Introduction:

In July 2016, a mass-casualty stabbing attack took place at a facility for disabled persons located in Sagamihara City (Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan). The attack resulted in 45 casualties, including 19 deaths. The study hospital dispatched physicians to the field and admitted multiple casualties. This report aimed to review the physicians’ experiences and to provide insights for the formulation of response measures for similar incidents in the future.

Report:

This incident involved 30 emergency teams and 12 fire department teams, including those from neighboring fire departments. Five physicians from three medical institutions, including the study hospital, entered the field. The Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment (START) method was used on the field. The final field triage category count was: 20 red, four yellow, two green, and 19 black tags. All the casualties (n = 26) except for the 19 black tag casualties were transported to one of six neighboring medical institutions.

The median age of the transported casualties was 41 years (interquartile range [IQR] = 35.5 – 42.0). Three casualties (21.4%) were in hemorrhagic shock on arrival at the hospital. Twelve patients had multiple cervical stab wounds (median four wounds; IQR = 3.75 – 6.0). A total of 91.7% of these stab wounds were in mid-neck Zone II region. Of the 12 patients with cervical stab wounds, four (33.3%) required emergency surgery, and the rest were sutured on an out-patient basis. One patient had already been sutured on the field. All patients requiring emergency surgery had deep wounds, including those of the carotid vein, thyroid gland, nerves, and the trachea. Eight of the casualties were hospitalized at the study institution. Five of them were admitted to the intensive care unit. There were no deaths among the casualties transported to the hospitals.

Conclusion:

Regional core disaster medical hospitals must take on a central role, particularly in the case of local disasters. Horizontal communication and interactions should be reinforced by devising protocols and conducting joint training for effective inter-department collaborations on the field.

Maruhashi, T, Takeuchi, I, Hattori, J, Kataoka, Y, Asari, Y. The Tsukui (Japan) Yamayuri-en facility stabbing mass-casualty incident. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2019;34(2):203–208
An Alternative Account of the Populist Backlash in the United States: A Perspective from Turkey
Authors: Esen Berk , Yardımcı-Geyikçi Şebnem
Published: April 2019

Scholars tend to assume that consolidated democracies are free from the global retreat of democracy due to their strong institutions and economic development. Yet, populist forces that challenge the liberal democratic model have started to increase their support even in Western countries. However, in no country has democratic backsliding taken scholars by more surprise than in the United States. This article addresses the question of how a populist figure like Donald Trump managed to win the presidential election and subsequently undermined the democratic institutions in one of the world’s oldest democracies. We contend that the upsurge of populist leaders in contemporary Western democracies resulted from the political establishment’s failure to juggle responsiveness and responsibility simultaneously. In addition to our discussion of American politics, we draw parallels with the Turkish case to demonstrate our causal argument and offer suggestions on how to reverse democratic backsliding in the United States.
Characterizing core beliefs in psychosis: a qualitative study
Authors: Taylor Christopher D.J. , Haddock Gillian , Speer Susan , Bee Penny E.
Published: April 2019

Background: Cognitive behavioural treatments are recommended for people with psychosis. Core beliefs regarding the self and others are a key part of the models underpinning cognitive behavioural therapy but detailed understanding of these putative beliefs in people with psychosis are limited. A greater understanding of these mechanisms is necessary to improve and refine treatments.

Aims: This study utilized a qualitative approach to explore core schematic beliefs in psychosis (strongly held positive and negative beliefs about the self and others) and their relation to hallucinations and delusions.

Method: Twenty individuals with psychosis participated in individual semi-structured interviews. Inductive thematic analysis was used to analyse the interviews.

Results: Four emergent themes were identified: (i) the solidity and permanency of core beliefs, (ii) the causes and development of core beliefs, (iii) a synergistic relationship between core beliefs and symptoms, and (iv) core beliefs associated with images and their influence on psychotic symptoms.

Conclusions: This study provides new insights into the range and character of core beliefs in psychosis and provides important data to guide ongoing and future development of treatment approaches for psychosis.
Anticoagulation in addition to dual antiplatelet therapy has no	impact on long-term follow-up after endovascular treatment of (sub)acute lower	limb ischemia
Authors: Kronlage Mariya , Blessing Erwin , Müller Oliver J. , Heilmeier Britta , Katus Hugo A. , Erbel Christian
Published: April 2019

Summary. Background: To assess the impact of short- vs. long-term anticoagulation in addition to standard dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) upon endovascular treatment of (sub)acute thrombembolic occlusions of the lower extremity. Patient and methods: Retrospective analysis was conducted on 202 patients with a thrombembolic occlusion of lower extremities, followed by crirical limb ischemia that received endovascular treatment including thrombolysis, mechanical thrombectomy, or a combination of both between 2006 and 2015 at a single center. Following antithrombotic regimes were compared: 1) dual antiplatelet therapy, DAPT for 4 weeks (aspirin 100 mg/d and clopidogrel 75 mg/d) upon intervention, followed by a lifelong single antiplatelet therapy; 2) DAPT plus short term anticoagulation for 4 weeks, followed by a lifelong single antiplatelet therapy; 3) DAPT plus long term anticoagulation for > 4 weeks, followed by a lifelong anticoagulation. Results: Endovascular treatment was associated with high immediate revascularization (> 98 %), as well as overall and amputation-free survival rates (> 85 %), independent from the chosen anticoagulation regime in a two-year follow up, p > 0.05. Anticoagulation in addition to standard antiplatelet therapy had no significant effect on patency or freedom from target lesion revascularization (TLR) 24 months upon index procedure for both thrombotic and embolic occlusions. Severe bleeding complications occurred more often in the long-term anticoagulation group (9.3 % vs. 5.6 % (short-term group) and 6.5 % (DAPT group), p > 0.05). Conclusions: Our observational study demonstrates that the choice of an antithrombotic regime had no impact on the long-term follow-up after endovascular treatment of acute thrombembolic limb ischemia whereas prolonged anticoagulation was associated with a nominal increase in severe bleeding complications.
Kurz und knapp – die Kurzskala des Fragebogens „Lernstrategien im Studium“ (LIST)
Authors: Klingsieck Katrin B.
Published: April 2019

Zusammenfassung. Dieser Beitrag präsentiert die Entwicklung einer Kurzskala des Fragebogens „Lernstrategien im Studium“ (LIST; Wild & Schiefele, 1994 ). Nach der Kürzung liegt mit dem LIST-K eine Skala von 13 Subskalen mit insgesamt 39 Items vor, die kognitive und metakognitive Strategien sowie Strategien des Managements interner und externer Ressourcen differenziert erfasst. In insgesamt drei Studien wurden die Faktorenstruktur und die Reliabilität des LIST-K geprüft. Die psychometrischen Eigenschaften des LIST-K sind über die Studien hinweg stabil. Die Hinweise aus konfirmatorischen Faktorenanalysen unterstützen die Interpretation der Skalenwerte auf Subskalenebene. Die Reliabilitäten der Subskalen sind akzeptabel bis sehr gut. Demnach ist die Kurzskala mindestens genauso reliabel wie die Originalversion, ohne dass sich die Dimensionalität der Skala verändert. Damit steht eine Kurzskala zur Verfügung, mit der die Lernstrategien, zum Beispiel in komplexer angelegten Mehrthemenbefragungen, zeitökonomisch erfasst werden können.
Seasonality and Buoyancy Suppression of Turbulence in the Bay of Bengal
Authors: Thakur Ritabrata , Shroyer Emily L. , Govindarajan Rama , Farrar J. Thomas , Weller Robert A. , Moum James N.
Published: April 2019

A yearlong record from moored current, temperature, conductivity, and four mixing meters (χpods) in the northernmost international waters of the Bay of Bengal quantifies upper‐ocean turbulent diffusivity of heat (Kt) and its response to the Indian monsoon. Data indicate (1) pronounced intermittency in turbulence at semidiurnal, diurnal, and near‐inertial timescales, (2) strong turbulence above 25‐m depth during the SW (summer) and NE (winter) monsoon relative to the transition periods (compare Kt > 10−4 m2/s to Kt  ∼ 10−5 m2/s, and (3) persistent suppression of turbulence (Kt < 10−5 m2/s) for 3 to 5 months in the latter half of the SW monsoon coincident with enhanced near‐surface stratification postarrival of low‐salinity water from the Brahmaputra‐Ganga‐Meghna delta and monsoonal precipitation. This suppression promotes maintenance of the low‐salinity surface waters within the interior of the bay preconditioning the upper northern Indian Ocean for the next year's monsoon.
Momentum Drag Effect Over Urbanized Areas in the ACM2 PBL Component of the WRF model
Authors: Dy C. Y. , Fung J. C. H. , Pleim Jonathan
Published: April 2019

Mesoscale meteorology models, such as the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, typically use land use categorization data to specify surface characteristics by grid cells. In commonly used land use schemes, such as the 24‐class U.S. Geological Survey land use classification system or the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer landcover product, cities are placed in single urban categories that are characterized by a high roughness length. Monin‐Obunkov similarity theory is commonly used to simulate boundary layer dynamics based on surface energy and momentum fluxes which resulted in an overprediction of wind speed in weather forecasts for urban areas. It is thus crucial to include the momentum drag effects of the buildings, including walls and roofs, in the prediction models. The WRF model contains several momentum flux parameterizations, including the single‐layer urban canopy model, building effect parameterization, and building energy model. The building energy model and building effect parameterization schemes are limited to the Mellor‐Yamada‐Janjic or BouLac planetary boundary layer models and are computationally costly. In this study, a realistic multilayer urban approach is introduced into the Asymmetric Convective Model version 2 planetary boundary layer component of the WRF model. Sensitivity tests are applied to a range of urban morphological parameters in idealized simulations, and the impact of building morphology on atmospheric conditions is examined. The modified Asymmetric Convective Model version 2 is implemented in two real cases in the forecast mode, resulting in significant improvements in wind speed prediction.
Gravity Waves in Global High‐Resolution Simulations With Explicit and Parameterized Convection
Authors: Stephan C. C. , Strube C. , Klocke D. , Ern M. , Hoffmann L. , Preusse P. , Schmidt H.
Published: April 2019

Increasing computing resources allow us to run weather and climate models at horizontal resolutions of 1–10 km. At this range, which is often referred to as the convective gray zone, clouds and convective transport are partly resolved, yet models may not achieve a satisfactory performance without convective parameterizations. Meanwhile, large fractions of the gravity wave (GW) spectrum become resolved at these scales. Convectively generated GWs are sensitive to spatiotemporal characteristics of convective cells. This raises the question of how resolved GWs respond to changes in the treatment of convection. Two global simulations with a horizontal grid spacing of 5 km are performed, one with explicit and one with parameterized convection. The latitudinal profiles of absolute zonal‐mean GW momentum flux match well between both model configurations and observations by satellite limb sounders. However, the simulation with explicit convection shows ∼30–50% larger zonal‐mean momentum fluxes in the summer hemisphere subtropics, where convection is the dominant source of GWs. Our results imply that changes in convection associated with the choice of explicit versus parameterized convection can have important consequences for resolved GWs, with broad implications for the circulation and the transport in the middle atmosphere.
Multidecadal Geomorphic Evolution of a Profoundly Disturbed Gravel Bed River System—A Complex, Nonlinear Response and Its Impact on Sediment Delivery
Authors: Major J. J. , Zheng S. , Mosbrucker A. R. , Spicer K. R. , Christianson T. , Thorne C. R.
Published: April 2019

A 2.5‐km3 debris avalanche during the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens buried upper North Fork Toutle River valley and reset the fluvial landscape. Since then, a new drainage network has evolved. Cross‐sectional surveys repeated over nearly 40 years at 16 locations along a 20‐km reach of river valley document channel evolution. We analyze spatial and temporal changes in channel morphology using two new metrics: (1) a shape index that defines the degree of U‐shaped or V‐shaped valley geometry and (2) an alluvial phase space diagram that relates bed degradation or aggradation to increases or decreases in cross‐sectional area. Unlike a simple, linear response model previously proposed, our analysis reveals channel development has been distinctly nonlinear and nonsequential. Rather than following a sequential trajectory of (1) channel initiation and incision, (2) aggradation and widening, and (3) episodic scour and fill with little change in bed elevation, long‐term channel evolution has been more complex with vertical and lateral adjustments intertwined throughout. Our analysis reveals channel evolution has followed a complex trajectory that has migrated nonsequentially through several phase space domains including degradation and aggradation with widening and narrowing, bed‐level fluctuations with little change in cross‐section area, and changes in cross‐sectional area with little change of bed elevation. Persistent channel widening and reworking of the channel bed are responsible for maintaining elevated sediment delivery from this basin. Elevated sediment delivery is likely to persist until valley floor widths greatly exceed that of the channel migration zone, and/or channel slopes and valley walls stabilize.
Structural and Geomorphic Evidence for Rolling‐Hinge Style Deformation of an Active Continental Low‐Angle Normal Fault, SE Papua New Guinea
Authors: Mizera M. , Little T. A. , Biemiller J. , Ellis S. , Webber S. , Norton K. P.
Published: April 2019

To what degree low‐angle normal faults (LANFs) deform by a “rolling‐hinge” mechanism is still debated for continental metamorphic core complexes (MCCs). The Mai'iu fault in SE Papua New Guinea is one of the best preserved and fastest slipping active continental LANFs on Earth, providing an ideal setting in which to evaluate footwall deformation and doming in MCCs. We analyzed structural field data from the exhumed slip surface and subjacent footwall of the Mai'iu fault, together with geomorphic data interpreted from aerial photographs and GeoSAR‐derived digital terrain models. The exhumed part of the Mai'iu fault forms a smooth, continuous surface, traced at least 28 km in the slip direction. The fault emerges from the ground near sea level with a northward dip of ≤22°N and flattens southward over the crest of the Suckling‐Dayman Dome. Its most southern mapped portion dips ~12°S. Geomorphic and structural evidence indicates updip tectonic transport of the footwall and progressive back‐tilting of the exposed part of the fault and the underlying foliation through >26°. We infer that antithetic (northside‐up) dip slip on an array of steep‐dipping faults striking parallel to the Mai'iu fault accommodated some of the exhumation‐related inelastic bending of the footwall. The exhuming footwall was subject to late‐stage slip‐parallel contractional strain as recorded by a postmetamorphic crenulation foliation that strikes parallel to the curved Mai'iu fault trace, by folds of bedding in a large rider block that is stranded on the current footwall and by strike‐parallel warps in the exhumed fault surface. Geodynamic modeling predicts the observed footwall strain.
Coulomb Mechanics and Relief Constraints Explain Landslide Size Distribution
Authors: Jeandet L. , Steer P. , Lague D. , Davy P.
Published: April 2019

Despite the idea that topography could control landslide size scaling law, the contribution of landscape geometry to landslide size distribution remains elusive. We define a simple mechanical model accounting for the complexity and variability of natural hillslopes to infer the landslide depth probability density function (PDF) in a given landscape and upscale it to landslide area PDF. This model is based on both a Mohr‐Coulomb stability analysis, accounting for cohesion and friction, and a criterion of intersection between rupture planes and the topographic surface. It can reproduce the distribution of observed landslide areas triggered by several past events. We found the ranges of effective cohesion (10–35 kPa) and friction (20–45°) consistent with previous estimates of large‐scale rock strength. Using synthetic topographies, we found that the finite geometry of hillslopes (length, steepness, and concavity) exerts a first‐order control on the PDF of landslide areas, especially for large landslides.
Scalable fabrication of sub-10 nm polymer nanopores for DNA analysis
Authors: Choi Junseo , Lee Charles C. , Park Sunggook
Published: April 2019

We present the first fabrication of sub-10 nm nanopores in freestanding polymer membranes via a simple, cost-effective, high-throughput but deterministic fabrication method. Nanopores in the range of 10 nm were initially produced via a single-step nanoimprinting process, which was further reduced to sub-10 nm pores via a post-NIL polymer reflow process. The low shrinkage rate of 2.7 nm/min obtained under the conditions used for the reflow process was the key to achieving sub-10 nm pores with a controllable pore size. The fabricated SU-8 nanopore membranes were successfully employed for transient current measurements during the translocation of DNA molecules through the nanopores.
Adaptive individual variation in phenological responses to perceived predation levels
Authors: Abbey-Lee Robin N. , Dingemanse Niels J.
Published: April 2019

The adaptive evolution of timing of breeding (a component of phenology) in response to environmental change requires individual variation in phenotypic plasticity for selection to act upon. A major question is what processes generate this variation. Here we apply multi-year manipulations of perceived predation levels (PPL) in an avian predator-prey system, identifying phenotypic plasticity in phenology as a key component of alternative behavioral strategies with equal fitness payoffs. We show that under low-PPL, faster (versus slower) exploring birds breed late (versus early); the pattern is reversed under high-PPL, with breeding synchrony decreasing in conjunction. Timing of breeding affects reproductive success, yet behavioral types have equal fitness. The existence of alternative behavioral strategies thus explains variation in phenology and plasticity in reproductive behavior, which has implications for evolution in response to anthropogenic change.
Rbpj expression in regulatory T cells is critical for restraining TH2 responses
Authors: Delacher Michael , Schmidl Christian , Herzig Yonatan , Breloer Minka , Hartmann Wiebke , Brunk Fabian , Kägebein Danny , Träger Ulrike , Hofer Ann-Cathrin , Bittner Sebastian , Weichenhan Dieter , Imbusch Charles D. , Hotz-Wagenblatt Agnes , Hielscher Thomas , Breiling Achim , Federico Giuseppina , Gröne Hermann-Josef , Schmid Roland M. , Rehli Michael , Abramson Jakub , Feuerer Markus
Published: April 2019

The transcriptional regulator Rbpj is involved in T-helper (TH) subset polarization, but its function in Treg cells remains unclear. Here we show that Treg-specific Rbpj deletion leads to splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy despite increased numbers of Treg cells with a polyclonal TCR repertoire. A specific defect of Rbpj-deficient Treg cells in controlling TH2 polarization and B cell responses is observed, leading to the spontaneous formation of germinal centers and a TH2-associated immunoglobulin class switch. The observed phenotype is environment-dependent and can be induced by infection with parasitic nematodes. Rbpj-deficient Treg cells adopt open chromatin landscapes and gene expression profiles reminiscent of tissue-derived TH2-polarized Treg cells, with a prevailing signature of the transcription factor Gata-3. Taken together, our study suggests that Treg cells require Rbpj to specifically restrain TH2 responses, including their own excessive TH2-like differentiation potential.