bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insoluble dietary fibers from yellow‐ and purple‐fleshed potatoes by‐products and their physicochemical properties and structural characteristics: A comparative study
Authors: Xie Fan , Zhang Wei , Lan Xiaohong , Gong Shengxiang , Wu Jinhong , Zhang Shixian , Wang Zhengwu
Published: July 2017

Potato is a widely consumed crop with a rich starch content, but many benefits of its by‐products are still underutilized. To highlight its potential values, we extracted insoluble dietary fibers from yellow (YIDF) and purple (PIDF) fleshed potato by‐products and evaluated their physicochemical, functional, and structural properties. Chemical compositions were significantly different between YIDF and PIDF. YIDF gave a higher water‐ (29.7 ± 2.5 g/g) and oil‐holding capacities (14.3 ± 1.4 g/g), as well as emulsion stability. Although PIDF showed a stronger DPPH free‐radical scavenging and α‐glucosidase inhibitory activities, ABTS and FRAP free‐radical scavenging activities were similar to those of YIDF. Surprisingly, PIDF (0.17 ± 0.01 GAE mg/g DF) did not give a higher total phenolic content than YIDF (0.24 ± 0.01 GAE mg/g DF). Thermal property was different between YIDF and PIDF, and YIDF presented a more irregular, rough, and porous surface. It can be concluded that the obtained IDFs, especially for YIDF, can be used in the food industry as fiber‐rich functional ingredients.
Human placenta extract ameliorates memory dysfunction and dendritic atrophy in a 5XFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Kogure Chisato , Tohda Chihiro
Published: July 2017

Aim

In this study, we investigated the effects of a human placenta‐derived drug, Laennec (Japan Bio Products), on memory improvement and neuritic regeneration in Alzheimer's disease model mice, to evaluate the potential of Laennec as a new candidate for anti‐Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapy.

Methods

The anti‐AD effects of Laennec were evaluated using amyloid β (Aβ)‐treated cortical neurons and the 5XFAD mouse model of AD.

Results

Laennec significantly improved the dendritic density in normal cortical neurons but not the axon density. Exposure to the peptide fragment Aβ(25–35) for 3 days resulted in significant atrophy in the axons and dendrites of cortical neurons (ddY mice, E14). Laennec significantly improved the density and dendritic length of the Aβ‐treated cortical neurons but did not affect axon atrophy. Synaptic loss induced by Aβ(25–35) was also completely reversed by Laennec treatment. The Laennec‐treated 5XFAD mice (for 15 days, i.p. or p.o.; 5–7 months old, female) showed significant improvement in object recognition memory, but had no reduction in amyloid plaques in the perirhinal cortex, although the reduced dendritic density in the amyloid plaque‐associated sites was significantly increased by Laennec treatment. Furthermore, the components of Laennec were separated based on their molecular weights using ultrafiltration. The Laennec fraction >2 kDa contained the active compounds for dendrite extension.

Conclusion

Laennec improved object recognition memory and dendritic growth in a model of AD.
Reactions of a Ga/P‐Based Frustrated Lewis Pair with HX(X= F – I), HeterocumulenesR–NCY(Y= O, S) and Chalcogens–Adduct Formation and Surprising Stability towards Protolysis
Authors: Uhl Werner , Possart Josephine , Hepp Alexander , Layh Marcus
Published: July 2017

Treatment of the geminal Ga/P‐based frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) Mes2P–C(GatBu2)=C(H)–Ph (1) with HX(X= F, Cl, Br, I) afforded the corresponding adducts2with the protons bound to the P and the halide anions coordinated to the Ga atoms. Short intramolecular contacts may indicate P–H···Xhydrogen bonding interactions. The Br and I compounds (2c,2d) were accessible in moderate yields even when aqueous solutions of the acids were employed. These unexpected reactions confirm the surprising stability of FLP1towards protolysis. HeterocumulenesR–N=C=Y(Y= O, S) and1yielded adducts with two different structural motifs. The N=C=Ygroups were coordinated to the FLP either via the C=Y(Y= S; Ph–N=C=O) or the C=N bonds (Ph–N=C=O, Et–N=C=O). For phenyl isocyanate the C=O bonded isomer was observed in the solid state, while both isomeric forms were detected in solution. Steric shielding and the hardness of the atoms may influence the formation of the respective isomer. Cleavage of the C=S bonds of isothiocyanates was observed for the first time and afforded a sulfur adduct9a, in which an S atom (electron sextet) was bound to the lone pair of electrons at phosphorus and to the Lewis acidic Ga atom. Four‐membered PCGaY heterocycles resulted, which were also synthesized in high yields by the direct reaction of1with propylene sulfide or selenium.
Paleomires of Eocene Lignites of Bhavnagar, Saurashtra Basin (Gujarat), Western India: Petrographic Implications
Authors: Singh Prakash K. , Singh Vijay K. , Singh M. P. , Rajak P. K.
Published: July 2017

The Tertiary basins of Gujarat have always been a potential target for their hydrocarbon resources. The lignite resources of the region have also been an important field of research. The present paper presents the results of the petrological study carried out on the lignites of the Saurashtra basin. For this purpose samples were collected from lower and upper lignite seams from the Surkha lignite mine of Bhavnagar, Saurashtra. These samples were subjected to detailed petrographic analysis (both maceral and microlithotype). The study reveals that these lignites are dominantly composed of huminite group macerals while liptinite and inertinite group macerals occur in subordinate amounts. These lignites have attained a thermal maturity up to 0.28-0.30 percent vitrinite reflectance (VRr) which classifies them as ‘low rank C’ coals. Moreover, Bhavnagar lower lignite seam shows relatively less gelification as compared to the upper seam which suffered relatively more biochemical degradation. These lignites are characterized by high gelification index (GI) and low tissue preservation index (TPI). With the help of petrography based facies models an attempt has been made to reconstruct the environment of the paleomire of these lignites.
Delineation of Rajmahal Basaltic Flows, Inter-trappeans and Associated Coal Layers using Audio-magneto-telluric Method
Authors: Priyam Piyush , Pal S. K.
Published: July 2017

The extensive volcanic activity of Rajmahal occurred during early Cretaceous (∼117 Ma). Potentially perspective Gondawana sediments containing coal seam is partially covered by these basalts. Basalts as well as coal are already known to be of immense economic importance over Rajmahal traps. The present study mainly deals with delineation of basaltic lava flows and associated coal layers using the Audio-magneto-telluric (AMT) study in the south central region of Rajmahal traps near Suri, West Bengal, India. Initially, the field situations have been simulated using forward model with top alluvium cover followed by basaltic lava flows, a wedge shaped inter-trappean sedimentary formation with second basaltic lava flows and basement at the bottom. The model was constrained using available litholog. The model study reveals the presence of moderately resistive basalts, relatively conductive inter-trappeans and the basement, except the top alluvium layer and thin inter-trappeans. Subsequently, three AMT sounding have been carried out over Cholaguria, Hatgacha and Pachami, Suri, West Bengal. The field AMT study reveals three basaltic lava flows with varying thickness from ∼40m to ∼350m and composite thickness of ∼620m to ∼640m, which match well with the published borehole litholog. The inter-trappeans have been identified at 500m to 620m, 310m to 400m and 500m to 640m depths over Cholaguria, Hatgacha and Pachami, respectively. It is interesting to mention that the identified inter-trappeans are inferred to be coal/shaly-coal which are matching very well with the published borehole lithologs.
Sleep quality and emotional reactivity cluster in bipolar disorders and impact on functioning
Authors: Etain B. , Godin O. , Boudebesse C. , Aubin V. , Azorin J.M. , Bellivier F. , Bougerol T. , Courtet P. , Gard S. , Kahn J.P. , Passerieux C. ,   FACE-BD collaborators, Leboyer M. , Henry C.
Published: July 2017

Objective:

Bipolar disorders (BD) are characterized by sleep disturbances and emotional dysregulation both during acute episodes and remission periods. We hypothesized that sleep quality (SQ) and emotional reactivity (ER) defined clusters of patients with no or abnormal SQ and ER and we studied the association with functioning.

Method:

We performed a bi-dimensional cluster analysis using SQ and ER measures in a sample of 533 outpatients patients with BD (in remission or with subsyndromal mood symptoms). Clusters were compared for mood symptoms, sleep profile and functioning.

Results:

We identified three clusters of patients: C1 (normal ER and SQ, 54%), C2 (hypo-ER and low SQ, 22%) and C3 (hyper-ER and low SQ, 24%). C1 was characterized by minimal mood symptoms, better sleep profile and higher functioning than other clusters. Although highly different for ER, C2 and C3 had similar levels of subsyndromal mood symptoms as assessed using classical mood scales. When exploring sleep domains, C2 showed poor sleep efficiency and a trend for longer sleep latency as compared to C3. Interestingly, alterations in functioning were similar in C2 and C3, with no difference in any of the sub-domains.

Conclusion:

Abnormalities in ER and SQ delineated three clusters of patients with BD and significantly impacted on functioning.
Educational intervention on physical restraint use in long‐term care facilities – Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Lan Shao‐Huan , Lu Li‐Chin , Lan Shou‐Jen , Chen Jong‐Chen , Wu Wen‐Jun , Chang Shen‐Peng , Lin Long‐Yau
Published: July 2017

“Physical restraint” formerly used as a measure of protection for psychiatric patients is now widely used. However, existing studies showed that physical restraint not only has inadequate effect of protection but also has negative effects on residents. To analyzes the impact of educational program on the physical restraint use in long‐term care facilities. Design: A systematic review with meta‐analysis and meta‐regression. Eight databases, including Cochrane Library, ProQuest, PubMed, EMBASE, EBSCO, Web of Science, Ovid Medline and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), were searched up to January 2017. Eligible studies were classified by intervention and accessed for quality using the Quality Assessment Tool for quantitative studies. Sixteen research articles were eligible in the final review; 10 randomize control trail studies were included in the analysis. The meta‐analysis revealed that the use of physical restraint was significantly less often in the experimental (education) group (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.39 to 0.78, p < 0.001) compared to the control group. Meta‐regression revealed the period of post education would have decreased the effect of the restraint educational program (β: 0.08, p = 0.002); instead, the longer education period and more times of education would have a stronger effect of reducing the use of physical restraint (β: −0.07, p < 0.001; β: −0.04, p = 0.056). The educational program had an effect on the reduced use of physical restraint. The results of meta‐regression suggest that long‐term care facilities should provide a continuous education program of physical restraint for caregivers.
Within‐Session and Between‐Session Reliability, Construct Validity, and Comparison Between Individuals With and Without Neck Pain of Four Neck Muscle Tests
Authors: Martins Filipa , Bento André , Silva Anabela G.
Published: July 2017

Background

A variety of tests have been proposed to measure the performance of neck flexor muscles, but head‐to‐head comparisons hardly have been documented.

Objective

To compare reliability indexes, construct validity, and ability to discriminate between individuals with and without neck pain of 4 muscle tests (deep neck flexors endurance test [DNFET]; 2 variations of the craniocervical flexion test [CCFT1 and CCFT2]; and dynamometry).

Design

Reliability and validity study.

Setting

General community.

Participants

A total of 66 participants, 33 with chronic idiopathic neck pain (mean ± standard deviation pain intensity: 3.2 ± 1.9) and 33 without neck pain, from the general population.

Methods/Main Outcome

Neck muscle functioning was assessed with the CCFT1, the CCFT2, the DNFET, and dynamometry on 2 separate sessions. Participants with neck pain also were assessed for pain intensity, disability, pain catastrophizing, and fear of movement.

Results

Relative reliability of all tests was at least moderate (intraclass correlation coefficient ≥ 0.62), whereas measurement error was high, particularly for the DNFET (95% minimum detectable change ≥ 23.00 seconds). All tests showed moderate correlation (r ≥ 0.3) with at least 2 pain‐related measures and moderate‐to‐strong correlations with each other. Principal component analysis retained 2 factors explaining 68%‐73% of the variance of the 4 muscle tests. Significant differences between groups were found for the DNFET and dynamometry (P < .05).

Conclusion

The reliability indexes suggest that the DNFET and the CCFT may be more appropriate for group comparisons than for individual comparisons. The 4 tests seem to have construct validity, but they also seem to measure slightly different constructs.

Level of Evidence

III
Midlife anticholinergic drug use, risk of Alzheimer's disease, and brain atrophy in community‐dwelling older adults
Authors: Chuang Yi‐Fang , Elango Palchamy , Gonzalez Christopher E. , Thambisetty Madhav
Published: July 2017

Introduction

We examined how long‐term anticholinergic (AC) drug use beginning at midlife affects risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and rates of brain atrophy in cognitively normal older adults.

Methods

We followed 723 individuals (mean baseline age 52.3 years; mean follow‐up interval 20.1 years) in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. The AC drug exposure was defined using the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden Scale: Nonusers (n = 404), as well as participants exposed to medications with AC activity but without known clinically relevant negative cognitive effects (i.e., “possible AC users”; n = 185) and those exposed to AC drugs with established and clinically relevant negative cognitive effects (i.e., “definite AC users”; n = 134). The neuroimaging sample included 93 participants who remained cognitively normal through follow‐up and underwent serial magnetic resonance imaging (n = 93, 724 brain scans, mean follow‐up interval 8.2 years, and baseline age 68.6 years).

Results

Possible AC users, but not definite AC users, showed increased risk of incident AD compared with nonusers (hazard ratio, 1.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–2.61; P = .04) and greater rates of atrophy in total cortical gray matter volume compared with nonusers (β = −0.74, P = .018). Faster rates of brain atrophy were also observed among possible AC users in the right posterior cingulate, as well as right middle frontal and left superior temporal gyri. Data on frequency and duration of medication use were available in only approximately half of the sample. Among these participants, definite AC users had both shorter duration and lower frequency of medication use relative to possible AC users.

Discussion

Long‐term exposure to medications with mild AC activity during midlife is associated with increased risk of AD and accelerated brain atrophy.
RESEARCH, PRODUCTIVITY, AND OUTPUT GROWTH IN U.S. AGRICULTURE
Authors: FUGLIE KEITH , CLANCY MATTHEW , HEISEY PAUL , MACDONALD JAMES
Published: July 2017

This article reviews the current debate on whether U.S. agricultural productivity growth is slowing. It also assesses recent research on how productivity is related to long-term investment in research and development (R&D). It describes significant changes taking place in the U.S. agricultural research system, including the growing role of private agribusiness as a main developer of new agricultural technologies and what this implies for agricultural science policy. The conclusion has suggestions for future research on these issues.
Refractory Longitudinally Extensive Transverse Myelitis Responsive to Cyclophosphamide
Authors: Baxter Laura J. , Chen Shuo , Couillard Philippe , Scott James N. , Doig Christopher J. , Costello Fiona , Girard Louis P. , Klassen John , Burton Jodie M.
Published: July 2017

Severe longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) can cause quadriplegia, marked sensory dysfunction, and respiratory failure. Some patients are unresponsive to conventional immune therapy. We report two cases of severe immune-mediated LETM requiring intensive care admission that failed to respond to high-dose corticosteroids, plasma exchange, intravenous immunoglobulin, and rituximab. Disease cessation and significant recovery was achieved after cyclophosphamide induction. In patients with severe acute immune-mediated LETM who fail to respond to corticosteroids and plasma exchange, cyclophosphamide induction should be considered. This agent and regimen provides a robust immunosuppressive response and can be induced rapidly. Cyclophosphamide effects and supportive evidence are discussed.
Mapping evidence from systematic reviews regarding adult attachment and mental health difficulties: a scoping review
Authors: Mullen G.
Published: July 2017

Objective

The aim of this scoping review was to map evidence gathered through systematic reviews regarding adult attachment and mental health difficulties. This review highlights established, emerging, and inconsistent findings, suggesting areas for future research, and implications for theory and practice.

Methods

A systematic search for meta-analyses and systematic reviews measuring adult attachment and concerning mental health difficulties was conducted. In total, 17 studies met the selection criteria.

Results

Findings were presented according to four identified themes, (1) measurement of attachment; (2) measurement of mental health difficulty; (3) intrapersonal processes related to attachment and mental health difficulties; and (4) interpersonal processes related to attachment and mental health difficulties.

Conclusions

This review highlights the connection between attachment style and mental health difficulties, and suggests that relationships can facilitate both mental health and illheath. However, the mechanisms through which insecure attachment confers risk for mental health difficulties require further research.
Indigenous Education and Literacy Policy in Australia: Bringing Learning Back to the Debate
Authors: Fogarty William , Riddle Stewart , Lovell Melissa , Wilson Ben
Published: July 2017

In a policy landscape dominated by forces that seek to continually reshape education according to market logics, there are particular impacts on the seemingly intractable crisis of Indigenous education policy making. Entrenched discourses of deficit result in education policy continually being ‘done to’ communities, with little heed paid to the effects of such efforts on the learning opportunities available to young Indigenous learners, particularly those living in remote communities. This paper examines the contemporary network of policy levers that come to shape how literacy policy is framed for Indigenous Australians through narratives of failure and crisis. In doing so, we ask what learning is made (im)possible and what are some of the ‘flattening’ effects on literacy curriculum and pedagogy as a result? Further, this paper seeks to open up the conversation around what learning is possible when the policy landscape is unflattened, when policy is ‘done with’ communities, and when pedagogical practices are opened up, rather than closed down.
No Mere Difference
Authors: DeVIDI DAVID , KLAUSEN CATHERINE
Published: July 2017

In this paper, we consider the ‘mere-difference’ view of disability, a popular strategy amongst disability theorists and advocates. This view is nicely summarized by Elizabeth Barnes, who claims that disability is “a natural part of human diversity [and] something that should be celebrated” instead of something to be pitied or cured (2014). We find Barnes’s defence of the view problematic, argue that there are significant philosophical problems with the mere-difference view if it is intended as an accurate account of disability, and suggest that there are worrisome consequences if it is used as a politically strategic overstatement.
Role of Late Jurassic intra-oceanic structural inheritance in the Alpine tectonic evolution of the Monviso meta-ophiolite Complex (Western Alps)
Authors: BALESTRO GIANNI , FESTA ANDREA , BORGHI ALESSANDRO , CASTELLI DANIELE , GATTIGLIO MARCO , TARTAROTTI PAOLA
Published: July 2017

The eclogite-facies Monviso meta-ophiolite Complex in the Western Alps represents a well-preserved fragment of oceanic lithosphere and related Upper Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous sedimentary covers. This meta-ophiolite sequence records the evolution of an oceanic core complex formed by mantle exhumation along an intra-oceanic detachment fault (the Baracun Shear Zone), related to the opening of the Ligurian–Piedmont oceanic basin (Alpine Tethys). On the basis of detailed geological mapping, and structural, stratigraphic and petrological observations, we propose a new interpretation for the tectonostratigraphic architecture of the Monviso meta-ophiolite Complex, and discuss the role played by structural inheritance in its formation. We document that subduction- and exhumation-related Alpine tectonics were strongly influenced by the inherited Jurassic intra-oceanic tectonosedimentary physiography. The latter, although strongly deformed during a major Alpine stage of non-cylindrical W-verging folding and faulting along exhumation-related Alpine shear zones (i.e. the Granero–Casteldelfino and Villanova–Armoine shear zones), was not completely dismembered into different tectonic units or subduction-related mélanges as suggested in previous interpretations. The present-day architecture of the Monviso meta-ophiolite Complex results from nappe-scale folding with a significant component of shearing, and strain partitioning of the Alpine deformation, which were controlled by the inherited occurrence of (i) lateral and vertical variations of facies and thickness of sediments, (ii) an intra-oceanic fault-rock assemblage, which acted as weak horizons in concentrating deformation, and (iii) remnants of a volcanic ridge, which consists of massive metabasalt. Thus, the recognition of pre-collisional, intra-oceanic, tectonostratigraphic inheritance represents an important step in reconstructing the tectonic evolution of meta-ophiolite units in orogenic belts.
Selective updating of sentences: Introducing a new measure of verbal working memory
Authors: FELLMAN DANIEL , SOVERI ANNA , VIKTORSSON CHARLOTTE , HAGA SARAH , NYLUND JOHANNES , JOHANSSON SANNA , EDMAN JAKOB , VON RENTELN FELIX , LAINE MATTI
Published: July 2017

Working memory (WM) is one of the most studied cognitive constructs in psychology, because of its relevance to human performance, including language processing. When measuring verbal WM for sentences, the reading span task is the most widely used WM measure for this purpose. However, comparable sentence-level updating tasks are missing. Hence, we sought to develop a WM updating task, which we termed the selective updating of sentences (SUS) task, which taps the ability to constantly update sentences. In two experiments with Finnish-speaking young adults, we examined the internal consistency and concurrent validity of the SUS task. It exhibited adequate internal consistency and correlated positively with well-established working memory measures. Moreover, the SUS task also showed positive correlations with verbal episodic memory tasks employing sentences and paragraphs. These results indicate that the SUS task is a promising new task for psycholinguistic studies addressing verbal WM updating.
A new analytical approach to consistency and overfitting in regularized empirical risk minimization
Authors: GARCÍA TRILLOS NICOLÁS , MURRAY RYAN
Published: July 2017

This work considers the problem of binary classification: given training datax1, . . .,xnfrom a certain population, together with associated labelsy1,. . .,yn∈ {0,1}, determine the best label for an elementxnot among the training data. More specifically, this work considers a variant of the regularized empirical risk functional which is defined intrinsically to the observed data and does not depend on the underlying population. Tools from modern analysis are used to obtain a concise proof of asymptotic consistency as regularization parameters are taken to zero at rates related to the size of the sample. These analytical tools give a new framework for understanding overfitting and underfitting, and rigorously connect the notion of overfitting with a loss of compactness.
Professional development in the transition to online teaching: The voice of entrant online instructors
Authors: Adnan Müge
Published: July 2017

Professional development (PD) is critical for instructors who are adopting new roles and competencies in online teaching environments. This mixed-method study examines an online faculty development programme in Turkey, reflecting upon participants’ expectations, readiness and satisfaction. The findings indicate a significant relationship between individual readiness and satisfaction, and reveal that readiness positively predicts satisfaction. Participants’ reflections demonstrate that, to enhance their traditional roles, they need competencies for online learning environments and active practice in real-life applications. PD is important for introducing the new pedagogies required and for integration of technology, while the adoption of new roles is key to developing competent online instructors who have a positive attitude to online learning.
Grammatical gender assignment in French: dispelling the native speaker myth
Authors: AYOUN DALILA
Published: July 2017

This study highlights the complexity of French grammatical gender as a lexical property at the interface of morpho-phonology and the lexicon. French native speakers (n = 168) completed a gender assignment task with written stimuli illustrating common versus uncommon nouns, vowel-initial versus consonant-initial nouns, compounds and grammatical homonyms; they also indicated the strategies they used to assign a gender to stimuli. The findings showed strong lexical and gender effects suggesting that grammatical gender must be acquired for individual lexical items as morpho-phonological cues alone are unreliable and vary greatly.
China’s National Health Guiding Principles: a perspective worthy of healthcare reform
Authors: Zhang Ping , Liang Yuan
Published: July 2017

For countries faced with much talk but little action on healthcare reform, China’s National Health Guiding Principles (CNHGP), with its 60-year history, may provide a new perspective. There are four values of CNHGP for healthcare reform. First, these principles provide an innovative strategic framework for healthcare reform with three levels, from ‘One priority population’ to ‘Four approaches’ and then to ‘Two aims.’ The second is the importance of mass/grassroots participation, which runs through all three levels of CNHGP. The third value is that the CNHGP used nonspecific social approaches, an innovation in healthcare delivery that addressed the social determinants of health. The fourth value is the integration between Chinese traditional medicine and Western medicine.
Gender Justice Beyond the Tribunals: From Criminal Accountability to Transformative Justice
Authors: Campbell Kirsten
Published: July 2017

What are the legacies for gender justice of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)? Darryl Robinson and Gillian MacNeil in this symposium describe the modernization of the law on sexual violence as a key legacy of the ad hoc international criminal tribunals. However, this characterization does not capture the wider challenges that gender based crimes have raised for the Tribunals, including other legacies of gendered hierarchiesand inequalities.How, then, is it possible to move past these issues to build international criminal justice so that it transforms, rather than reproduces, gendered injustices?
The Legacy of the ICTY and ICTR in China
Authors: Jia Bing Bing
Published: July 2017

Legacy is a matter that may become topical when its creator finally stops producing. Normally, the silent years would be many before the thought of legacy enters into open, formal discourse among lawyers and decision-makers. This comment treats the meaning of the word as relative to the circumstances in which it is invoked. The more closely it is used in relation to the present, the more distant it drifts from its literal meaning, to the extent that it denotes what the word “impact” signifies. This essay questions whether the word “legacy” is apt in describing the footprint of the work of the two ad hoctribunals in China, where its influence has, as a matter of fact, been waning ever since the adoption of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court in 1998 (“Rome Statute” ). The Chinese example suggests that the work of the tribunals is (at least so far) no more significant to international criminal law than the illustrious Nuremberg and Tokyo Trials of the 1940s. The most major impact (a more apposite term than legacy) of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) for China may be that China’s policy with regard to the tribunals, manifested mostly in the United Nations, has determined its approach to the International Criminal Court (“ICC” ). For that, the work of the tribunals could be considered as having left China something in the nature of an indirect legacy.
The South China Sea Arbitration Decision: The Need for Clarification
Authors: Schoenbaum Thomas J.
Published: July 2017

On July 12, 2016, a five-person panel of the Permanent Court of Arbitration in the Hague, constituted as an Arbitral Tribunalunder Annex VII of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982) (UNCLOS), handed down a judgment that is surely the most important set of jurisprudential rulings in the modern history of the international law of the sea.

In a case brought in 2013 by the Philippines against China to contest Chinese claims and actions in the South China Sea, the Tribunal ruled in favor of the Philippines on virtually every issue of the dispute. The Tribunal also clarified many murky issues and problems inherent in provisions of the UNCLOS. The judg-ment, therefore, is a landmark ruling that is significant not only for the South China Sea, but also for contested maritime rights and responsibilities in other maritime areas of the world.
Validation and Normalization of the Tower of London-Drexel University Test 2ndEdition in an Adult Population with Intellectual Disability
Authors: García-Alba Javier , Esteba-Castillo Susanna , Castellanos López Miguel Ángel , Rodríguez Hidalgo Emili , Ribas Vidal Nuria , Moldenhauer Díaz Fernando , Novell-Alsina Ramón
Published: July 2017

Despite how important it is to assess executive functioning in persons with Intellectual Disability (ID), instruments adapted and validated for this population are scarce. This study’s primary goal was to find evidence for the validity of the ID version of the Tower of London (TOLDXtm) test in persons with mild (IDMi) and moderate (IDMo) levels of ID with Down Syndrome (DS). A multicenter study was carried out. Subjects (n= 63, ≥ 39 years old) had DS with mild (n= 39) or moderate ID (n= 24) with no minor neurocognitive disorder or Alzheimer’s disease. Assessment protocol: TOLDXtmfor ID, Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test Second Edition (K-BIT II), Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of Older People with Down’s Syndrome and Others with Intellectual Disabilities (CAMDEX-DS), Weigl’s Color-Form Sorting Test (WCFST), Barcelona Test for Intellectual Disability (BT-ID), and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF-P). The internal consistency (IDMiand IDMo), factor structure of the different subscales, and relationship between TOLDXtmsubscales and other cognitive measures (BT-ID, WCFST, and BRIEF-P) were analyzed. A normative data table with ID population quartiles is provided. TOLDXtmfor ID showed a robust one factor structure and coherentassociations with other, related neuropsychological instruments. Significant differences between IDMiand IDMoon movement-related variables likeCorrect (Corr; p = .002)andMoves (Mov; p = .042)were observed, along with good internal consistency values, Corr (α = .75), Mov (α = .52). Regarding internal consistency, no between-groups differences were observed (allp-value > 0.05). The TOLDXtmfor ID is thus an instrument, supported by good validity evidence, to evaluate problem-solving and planning in ID. It distinguishes between individuals with mild and moderate ID, and is highly associated with other measures of executive functioning.
The STOPPA Twin Study Explains the Exhaled Nitric Oxide and Asthma Link by Genetics and Sensitization
Authors: Nordlund Björn , Lundholm Cecilia , Ullemar Vilhelmina , van Hage Marianne , Örtqvist Anne K. , Almqvist Catarina
Published: July 2017

Background:The link between asthma and exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) is not completely understood. The aim of this study was to estimate the association between FENO and asthma, taking genetics, sensitization, and inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) into account.Methods:A total of 681 twins (53% monozygotic [MZ] and 47% dizygotic [DZ]) from the population-based STOPPA study (mean age 12.6 years) were recruited and information on FENO (parts per billion), parental report of current asthma, sensitization to airborne allergens (Phadiatop; IgE ≥0.35 kUA/l), and ICS-treatment was collected. We estimated the association between FENO and asthma, sensitization, and ICS in all twins and within pairs (DZ and MZ) to address shared genetic and environmental factors. Linear regression of log-transformed FENO was used and results presented as exponentiated regression coefficients (exp[β]), with 95% confidence interval (CI).Results:We found an association between asthma and FENO in all twins, exp(β) 1.31 [1.11, 1.54]. In within-pairs analysis, the association was stronger within DZ pairs discordant for FENO, exp(β) 1.50 [1.19, 1.89], compared to MZ pairs, exp(β) 1.07 [0.84, 1.37],p= .049. There was no difference in FENO in non-sensitized children with asthma, compared to children with neither asthma nor sensitization, exp(β) 0.89 [0.77, 1.03]. However, increased FENO was associated with sensitization, exp(β) 1.48 [1.30, 1.69], and with sensitization together with asthma, exp(β) 1.98 [1.57, 2.51], in all twins and within DZ pairs discordant for FENO, but not in MZ pairs. The FENO asthma association remained in DZ pairs without regular ICS-treatment.Conclusions:The association between FENO and asthma is explained by genetics and sensitization.
Quantifying Coastal Rain Forest Carbon Transport
Authors: Bidlack Allison , Buma Brian , Butman David
Published: July 2017

Aquatic Carbon Biogeochemistry of the Pacific Coastal Temperate Rainforest Region Workshop; Seattle, Washington, 7–10 February 2017
Protection of Mcc950 against high-glucose-induced human retinal endothelial cell dysfunction
Authors: Zhang Yi , Lv Xuehua , Hu Zizhong , Ye Xiaojian , Zheng Xinhua , Ding Yuzhi , Xie Ping , Liu Qinghuai
Published: July 2017

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a well-known microvascular complication related to inflammation. Mcc950 is a potent and specific inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome but its influence on DR has not been studied. Thus, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of Mcc950 on high-glucose-induced human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) and the potential underlying mechanism. In surgical excised proliferative membranes from DR patients, high expression of NLRP3, caspase 1 and IL-1β was observed and co-localization of NLRP3 and IL-1β occurred in CD31+ labeled HRECs. Moreover, in high-glucose-stimulated HRECs, increased production of the NLRP3 inflammasome activation and severe apoptosis were rescued with Mcc950 treatment. Additionally, the inhibitory effect of Mcc950 was mimicked through downregulation of NEK7 by siRNA in high-glucose-induced HRECs and Mcc950 treatment remarkably inhibited Nek7 and NLRP3 interactions by co-immunoprecipitation, suggesting that Mcc950 may be a potentially protective agent against inflammation, likely via downregulation of the Nek7-NLRP3 pathway. In conclusion, Mcc950 inhibited HREC dysfunction under high-glucose conditions and this research may offer insight for future pharmaceutical approaches for treating DR.
Maml1 acts cooperatively with Gli proteins to regulate sonic hedgehog signaling pathway
Authors: Quaranta Roberta , Pelullo Maria , Zema Sabrina , Nardozza Francesca , Checquolo Saula , Lauer Dieter Matthias , Bufalieri Francesca , Palermo Rocco , Felli Maria Pia , Vacca Alessandra , Talora Claudio , Di Marcotullio Lucia , Screpanti Isabella , Bellavia Diana
Published: July 2017

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling is essential for proliferation of cerebellar granule cell progenitors (GCPs) and its misregulation is linked to various disorders, including cerebellar cancer medulloblastoma. The effects of Shh pathway are mediated by the Gli family of transcription factors, which controls the expression of a number of target genes, including Gli1. Here, we identify Mastermind-like 1 (Maml1) as a novel regulator of the Shh signaling since it interacts with Gli proteins, working as a potent transcriptional coactivator. Notably, Maml1 silencing results in a significant reduction of Gli target genes expression, with a negative impact on cell growth of NIH3T3 and Patched1−/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), bearing a constitutively active Shh signaling. Remarkably, Shh pathway activity results severely compromised both in MEFs and GCPs deriving from Maml1−/− mice with an impairment of GCPs proliferation and cerebellum development. Therefore Maml1−/− phenotype mimics aspects of Shh pathway deficiency, suggesting an intrinsic requirement for Maml1 in cerebellum development. The present study shows a new role for Maml1 as a component of Shh signaling, which plays a crucial role in both development and tumorigenesis.
Binding of doxorubicin to Sorcin impairs cell death and increases drug resistance in cancer cells
Authors: Genovese Ilaria , Fiorillo Annarita , Ilari Andrea , Masciarelli Silvia , Fazi Francesco , Colotti Gianni
Published: July 2017

Sorcin is a calcium binding protein that plays an important role in multidrug resistance (MDR) in tumors, since its expression confers resistance to doxorubicin and to other chemotherapeutic drugs. In this study, we show that Sorcin is able to bind doxorubicin, vincristine, paclitaxel and cisplatin directly and with high affinity. The high affinity binding of doxorubicin to sorcin has been demonstrated with different techniques, that is, surface plasmon resonance, fluorescence titration and X-ray diffraction. Although the X-ray structure of sorcin in complex with doxorubicin has been solved at low resolution, it allows the identification of one of the two doxorubicin binding sites, placed at the interface between the EF5 loop the G helix and the EF4 loop. We show that Sorcin cellular localization changes upon doxorubicin treatment, an indication that the protein responds to doxorubicin and it presumably binds the drug also inside the cell, soon after drug entrance. We also demonstrate that Sorcin is able to limit the toxic effects of the chemotherapeutic agent in the cell. In addition, Sorcin silencing increases cell death upon treatment with doxorubicin, increases the accumulation of doxorubicin in cell nucleus, decreases the expression of MDR1 and doxorubicin efflux via MDR1.
Activity dependent feedback inhibition may maintain head direction signals in mouse presubiculum
Authors: Simonnet Jean , Nassar Mérie , Stella Federico , Cohen Ivan , Mathon Bertrand , Boccara Charlotte N. , Miles Richard , Fricker Desdemona
Published: July 2017

Orientation in space is represented in specialized brain circuits. Persistent head direction signals are transmitted from anterior thalamus to the presubiculum, but the identity of the presubicular target neurons, their connectivity and function in local microcircuits are unknown. Here, we examine how thalamic afferents recruit presubicular principal neurons and Martinotti interneurons, and the ensuing synaptic interactions between these cells. Pyramidal neuron activation of Martinotti cells in superficial layers is strongly facilitating such that high-frequency head directional stimulation efficiently unmutes synaptic excitation. Martinotti-cell feedback plays a dual role: precisely timed spikes may not inhibit the firing of in-tune head direction cells, while exerting lateral inhibition. Autonomous attractor dynamics emerge from a modelled network implementing wiring motifs and timing sensitive synaptic interactions in the pyramidal—Martinotti-cell feedback loop. This inhibitory microcircuit is therefore tuned to refine and maintain head direction information in the presubiculum.
Strain-induced skeletal rearrangement of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon on a copper surface
Authors: Shiotari Akitoshi , Nakae Takahiro , Iwata Kota , Mori Shigeki , Okujima Tetsuo , Uno Hidemitsu , Sakaguchi Hiroshi , Sugimoto Yoshiaki
Published: July 2017

Controlling the structural deformation of organic molecules can drive unique reactions that cannot be induced only by thermal, optical or electrochemical procedures. However, in conventional organic synthesis, including mechanochemical procedures, it is difficult to control skeletal rearrangement in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Here, we demonstrate a reaction scheme for the skeletal rearrangement of PAHs on a metal surface using high-resolution noncontact atomic force microscopy. By a combination of organic synthesis and on-surface cyclodehydrogenation, we produce a well-designed PAH—diazuleno[1,2,3-cd:1′,2′,3′-fg]pyrene—adsorbed flatly onto Cu(001), in which two azuleno moieties are highly strained by their mutual proximity. This local strain drives the rearrangement of one of the azuleno moieties into a fulvaleno moiety, which has never been reported so far. Our proposed thermally driven, strain-induced synthesis on surfaces will pave the way for the production of a new class of nanocarbon materials that conventional synthetic techniques cannot attain.
Materials and corrosion trends in offshore and subsea oil and gas production
Authors: Iannuzzi Mariano , Barnoush Afrooz , Johnsen Roy
Published: July 2017

The ever-growing energy demand requires the exploration and the safe, profitable exploitation of unconventional reserves. The extreme environments of some of these unique prospects challenge the boundaries of traditional engineering alloys, as well as our understanding of the underlying degradation mechanisms that could lead to a failure. Despite their complexity, high-pressure and high-temperature, deep and ultra-deep, pre-salt, and Arctic reservoirs represent the most important source of innovation regarding materials technology, design methodologies, and corrosion control strategies. This paper provides an overview of trends in materials and corrosion research and development, with focus on subsea production but applicable to the entire industry. Emphasis is given to environmentally assisted cracking of high strength alloys and advanced characterization techniques based on in situ electrochemical nanoindentation and cantilever bending testing for the study of microstructure-environment interactions.
Effects of testosterone and flutamide on reproduction in Brachionus calyciflorus
Authors: Tian Jian , Liu Lulu , Han Yajie , Yang Yuanhao , Jin Sichen , Yang Jiaxin
Published: July 2017

The effects of testosterone and flutamide on reproduction in Brachionus calyciflorus were studied. Asexual reproduction in B. calyciflorus was not affected by testosterone at different concentrations of flutamide. Flutamide in combination with 0, 25, 50, or 75 µg L−1 testosterone had a significant effect on mixis rate. The combination of 5 µg L−1 flutamide with 25 µg L−1 or 50 µg L−1 testosterone resulted in a mixis rate that was 2.2× lower than that with flutamide alone. Fertilization rate was significantly decreased by 7.5 µg L−1 flutamide in combination with 25, 50, or 75 µg L−1 testosterone. The number of resting eggs produced per mictic female was significantly lower at all concentrations of testosterone. A low concentration of flutamide in combination with testosterone resulted in antagonism, increasing the number of resting eggs produced. However, when testosterone was combined with a higher concentration of flutamide, resting egg production declined. Therefore, long-term exposure to either testosterone, flutamide, or a combination of these two compounds may significantly reduce resting egg production in rotifers. This implies that resting egg production is affected differently by hormone pathways.
Modification of the contact surfaces for improving the puncture resistance of laminar structures
Authors: Wang Pengfei , Yang Jinglei , Li Xin , Liu Mao , Zhang Xin , Sun Dawei , Bao Chenlu , Gao Guangfa , Yahya Mohd Yazid , Xu Songlin
Published: July 2017

Uncovering energy absorption and surface effects of various penetrating velocities on laminar structures is essential for designing protective structures. In this study, both quasi-static and dynamic penetration tests were systematical conducted on the front surfaces of metal sheets coated with a graphene oxide (GO) solution and other media. The addition of a GO fluid film to the front impact surface aided in increasing the penetration strength, improving the failure extension and dissipating additional energy under a wide-range of indentation velocity, from 3.33 × 10−5 m/s to 4.42 m/s. The coated -surfaces improved the specific energy dissipation by approximately 15~40% relative to the dry-contact configuration for both single-layer and double-layer configurations, and specific energy dissipations of double-layer configurations were 20~30% higher than those of the single-layer configurations. This treatment provides a facile strategy in changing the contact state for improving the failure load and dissipate additional energy.
Metacognitive impairments extend perceptual decision making weaknesses in compulsivity
Authors: Hauser Tobias U. , Allen Micah ,   NSPN Consortium, Bullmore Edward T. , Goodyer Ian , Fonagy Peter , Jones Peter , Fearon Pasco , Prabhu Gita , Moutoussis Michael , St Clair Michelle , Cleridou Kalia , Dadabhoy Hina , Granville Sian , Harding Elizabeth , Hopkins Alexandra , Isaacs Daniel , King Janchai , Kokorikou Danae , Mills Harriet , Pantaleone Sara , Rees Geraint , Dolan Raymond J.
Published: July 2017

Awareness of one’s own abilities is of paramount importance in adaptive decision making. Psychotherapeutic theories assume such metacognitive insight is impaired in compulsivity, though this is supported by scant empirical evidence. In this study, we investigate metacognitive abilities in compulsive participants using computational models, where these enable a segregation between metacognitive and perceptual decision making impairments. We examined twenty low-compulsive and twenty high-compulsive participants, recruited from a large population-based sample, and matched for other psychiatric and cognitive dimensions. Hierarchical computational modelling of the participants’ metacognitive abilities on a visual global motion detection paradigm revealed that high-compulsive participants had a reduced metacognitive ability. This impairment was accompanied by a perceptual decision making deficit whereby motion-related evidence was accumulated more slowly in high compulsive participants. Our study shows that the compulsivity spectrum is associated with a reduced ability to monitor one’s own performance, over and above any perceptual decision making difficulties.