bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Chemical Deposits from Spraying Adjacent Rows on Efficacy of Peach Bloom Thinners
Authors: Byers R. E. , Lyons C. G. , Donohue S. J.
Published: September 2022

Airblast spray applications of ammonium thiosulfate (ATS) were made to individual peach trees in a single row or to small blocks 5 rows wide and 10 trees long to determine if drift from adjacent rows increased bloom thinning. Increased flower thinning was found in the center row of the 5-row-wide-block when compared by regression analysis to applications made to trees in a single row. Ethylene-bisdithio-carbamate (Zineb 78WP) was used to determine the amount of spray deposit contributed by airblast sprays to adjacent rows. Airblast spraying of peach trees in full bloom contributed chemical deposits to peach flowers in the adjacent row equal to 43% of that deposited on the sprayed row, and 26% to the second row removed.
Resistance to Powdery Mildew from Some Small-fruited Malus Cultivars
Authors: Gallott J. C. , Lamb R. C. , Aldwinckle H. S.
Published: September 2022

Progenies from 48 small-fruited Malus species and cultivars were tested for heritable, high-level resistance to powdery mildew [Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. & Ev.) Salm.]. Six-week-old seedlings from controlled crosses and open pollination were inoculated by dusting with conidia in the greenhouse. ‘David’, ‘White Angel’, M. × robusta (Robusta 5), M. × robusta ‘Korea’, and an unnamed selection M. × robusta (24-7-7,8) all produced some seedlings in their progenies that remained free of infection after inoculation. The mode of inheritance of resistance was not clear.
Vegetative and Reproductive Apical Dominance in Pistachio
Authors: Crane Julian C. , Iwakiri Ben T.
Published: September 2022

Pronounced vegetative apical dominance in pistachio was exhibited by sparse lateral branching and by response to conventional pruning. This dominance necessitates a pruning procedure different from other deciduous fruit and nut species. Marked apical dominance also occurred both in the patterns of fruit set in the inflorescence as a whole and in the individual branches composing it. The percentage of fruit set was highest in the apical portion of the inflorescence and generally decreased to the proximal portion. Similarly, although only 8% of the flowers on the branches of the inflorescence occupied a terminal position, 60% of the total fruit produced were terminal.
Salinity Effects on Germination, Growth, and Yield of Two Squash Cultivars
Authors: Francois L. E.
Published: September 2022

The salt tolerance of 2 squash cultivars (Cucurbita pepo L. ‘White Bush Scallop’ and ‘Aristocrat Zucchini’) was determined in artificially salinized field plots. Saline treatments were imposed by irrigating with water that contained equal weights of NaCl and CaCl2. Relative yields of ‘Scallop’ and ‘Zucchini’ fruit were reduced 15.9% and 14.7% for each unit increase in salinity of saturated soil extracts (κe) above 3.2 and 6.0 decisiemens per meter (dS/m), respectively [dS/m = millimhos per centimeter (mmho/cm)]. ‘Scallop’ was moderately sensitive and Zucchini moderately tolerant to salinity for both fruit yield and vegetative growth. Germination response to salinity was determined in the laboratory using artificialiv-salinized sand cultures. Both cultivars proved to be more salt-tolerant during germination than during vegetative, flowering, or fruiting stages of growth.
Inheritance of Resistance to Rhizoctonia Fruit Rot in Cucumber
Authors: Sloane Joseph T. , Wehner Todd C. , Jenkins Samuel F.
Published: September 2022

A wide-base pickling cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) population was formed by intercrossing all available cucumber lines (1063) and selecting for short fruit length. After intercrossing twice, 112 S0 plants and their half-sib progeny were evaluated for Rhizoctonia fruit rot resistance using a detached-fruit test. Parent-offspring regression indicated a narrow-sense heritability of 0.24, considered low to moderate. Gain from selection was calculated for 2 recurrent selection systems. Based on the heritability estimate, selection using replicated progeny rows was recommended for improving resistance to this trait.
UGA 1113MT and UGA 1160MT Metribuzin-tolerant Tomato Germplasm
Authors: Phatak Sharad C. , Jaworski Casimir A.
Published: September 2022

The herbicide metribuzin is registered for use on tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). It is applied either preplant incorporated or postemergence. However, severe injury occurs when postemergence applications are made during low light conditions (1,2, 4, 5, 6). UGA 1113MT and UGA 1160MT are being released as sources of tolerance to metribuzin; both lines have exhibited excellent tolerance (no injury) to metribuzin applications (up to 16-times the recommended rate of 1.12 kg/ha) made during cloudy weather. Chemical name used: 4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4-H)-one (metribuzin).
‘Melogold‘, A Triploid Pummelo – Grapefruit Hybrid
Authors: Soost R. K. , Cameron J. W.
Published: September 2022

‘Melogold’ is an early-maturing, seedless, hybrid grapefruit-type citrus released for use in interior areas of California. It may be suitable for intermediate climate zones in other citrus areas. Fruit quality has not been satisfactory in cool, humid climates nor in hot desert areas.
‘Harrow Diamond’ Peach
Authors: Layne Richard E. C.
Published: September 2022

‘Harrrow Diamond’ is an attractive, cold-hardy, productive, peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] that ripens 1 day before ‘Candor’ and ‘Earlired’ and is being introduced for the early fresh market. The name was chosen to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the founding of the Harrow Research Station. ‘Harrow Diamond’ has performed better than ‘Candor’ or ‘Earlired’ at Harrow. It is more cold-hardy, productive, vigorous and resistant to perennial canker (Leucostoma spp.) than ‘Candor’, and is more productive and substantially more resistant to split pits than ‘Earlired’. It is more resistant to flesh browning than ‘Candor’ or ‘Earlired’.
‘Centennial Spirit’ Crapemyrtle
Authors: Whitcomb Carl E.
Published: September 2022

‘Centennial Spirit’ crapemyrtle, Lagerstroemia indica L., is a vigorous upright shrub with strong stems which may reach 2 to 3 m. Leaves are smaller and thicker than the species, and are dark green and red-orange in the fall. Inflorescences are 20 to 30 cm tall and 10 to 20 cm wide. Petals are dark wine-red. ‘Centennial Sprint’ is cold-hardy to −20°C and is very resistant to drought and powdery mildew.
‘Redlands Long White’ Cucumber
Authors: Saranah S. , Herrington M. E.
Published: September 2022

‘Redlands Long White’ cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) was developed by Redlands Horticultural Station to provide the Queensland cucumber industry, seedsmen, and breeders with a high quality white-skinned long cucumber. In addition to high consumer acceptability, ‘Redlands Long White’ is productive and has resistance to downy mildew [Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk, et Curt) Rost.] and should carry resistance to some isolates of powdery mildew [Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schlecht ex Fr.) Poll.].
Techniques for Water-use Measurements of Crop Plants
Authors: Kirkham M. B.
Published: September 2022

Horticultural crops use a large amount of good quality water. For example, in the dry west of the United States, nearly one-half of the domestic water supply is applied to lawns and ornamental plants (42, 61). In order not to waste water, it should be applied only when the plants are under drought stress. To determine when supplemental irrigation is required, plant water status needs to be measured. The objective of this paper is to outline instruments now being used to measure the water status of plants. In particular, instruments that monitor water potential, osmotic potential, turgor potential, stomatal resistance (reciprocal of stomatal conductance), and canopy temperature are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of these measurements are described. Previous reviews on instruments for plant-water studies include those by Barrs (2), Monteith (96), Slavik (136), Turner (159), Squire, Black, and Gregory (139), and Hanan (50). Plant-water measurements made on some specific horticultural crops have been detailed. These crops and the references are as follows: citrus (Fortunella, Poncirus, Citrus) (74), apple (Malus) (79), peach (Prunus) (26), grape (Vitis) (137), and small fruits [strawberry (Fragaria, blueberry (Vaccinium), raspberry (Rubus), cranberry (Vaccinium), gooseberry (Ribes), and currant (Ribes)] (35).
The Asparagus Industry of Washington
Authors: Bienz Darrel R.
Published: September 2022

Asparagus officinalis, a plant species of the lily family native to the Middle East, has a colorful history. It has been used by mankind as an ornamental, a medicine, an aphrodisiac, and as a food to improve strength and virility of the fighting men of ancient armies. Mostly though it has been and is a nutritious vegetable that adds variety, flavor, and color to meals during a period when few other vegetables are in season.
Ethylene in the Production of Belgian Endive
Authors: De Proft Maurice , De Greef Jan , Van Nerum Karel , Goffings Guy
Published: September 2022

We have strong indications that ethylene stimulated flower induction and growth of Belgian endive (Cichorium intybus var. Foliosus) plants grown in darkness for consumption as a vegetable. Our results suggest that we apply these findings in the culture of Belgian endive.
Effects of Wirestem, Wind Injury, and Iprodione on Yields of Six Broccoli Cultivars
Authors: Kahn Brian A. , Conway Kenneth E. , Fisher Christine G.
Published: September 2022

Six cultivars of broccoli [Brassica oleracea L. (Italica Group)] were grown from transplants in Spring and Fall 1984 at Bixby, Okla. The objectives were to evaluate yield losses due to wirestem (caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn) and/or wind injury, cultivar differences in susceptibility, and fungicide effectiveness. Fungicide treatments included an untreated control and application of iprodione at 1.14 kg·ha−1 as either a drench with the starter fertilizer solution or through sprinkler irrigation (chemigation). Iprodione seemed useful for control of R. solani, although the proportion of injured plants infected by R. solani was significantly reduced only in the fall. However, the fungicide treatments did not increase marketable yields significantly over the control. No significant differences in susceptibility to R. solani were shown among the cultivars. Most injured plants not infected by R. solani apparently sustained wind damage. ‘Excalibur’ was especially susceptible to wind-induced stem breakage. Chemical names used: 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-N-(l-methylethyl)-2,4-dioxo-l-imidazolidinecarboxamide (iprodione).
Response of Lowbush Blueberry to Weed Control with Atrazine and Hexazinone
Authors: Jensen Klaus I. N.
Published: September 2022

Atrazine at 4, 8, and 12 kg°ha−1 and hexazinone at 1, 2, 3, and 4 kg°ha−1 were tested in Nova Scotia at 9 and 13 locations, respectively. There was no indication that atrazine adversely affected lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait). Hexazinone injury was observed at some locations at rates of 2 to 4 kg°ha−1, and this injury was reflected in decreased yields. Atrazine and hexazinone treatments increased yields over all sites by 85% and 75%, respectively, although response varied widely among locations. Increased yields due to greatly improved weed control were related to increases in the number of flower buds per shoot and in the density of fruiting shoots. Chemical names used: 6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,2,5-triazine-2,4-diamine (atrazine), and 3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (hexazinone).
The Effect of Hydrophilic Polymer on Media Water Retention and Nutrient Availability to Ligustrum lucidum
Authors: Taylor K. C. , Halfacre R. G.
Published: September 2022

Ligustrum lucidum Ait. ‘Compaction’ grown in hydrophilic polymer-amended medium required irrigation less frequently than plants in nonamended medium. Plants contained higher levels of N and K and lower levels of Ca, Mg, and other divalent cations when grown in polymer-amended medium, as compared to controls. Polymer was associated with maintenance of higher pH. With an osmocote rate increase from 15 to 45 g, a polymer × fertilizer interaction was observed. Dry weights of polymer-treated plants decreased and controls increased with increasing fertility.
Comparison of Paclobutrazol, Flurprimidol, and Tetcyclacis for Controlling Poinsettia Height
Authors: McDaniel G. L.
Published: September 2022

Growth retarding activities of paclobutrazol, flurprimidol, and tetcyclacis were compared on ‘Eckespoint C-l Red’, ‘Annette Hegg Dark Red’, and ‘Gutbier V-14 Glory’ poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.). Paclobutrazol effectively controlled height of all cultivars at 0.50 mg per pot as soil drenches and at 25-50 mg°liter−1 as foliar applications. Flurprimidol soil drenches of 0.03-0.06 mg per pot and foliar sprays of 25 mg°liter−1 were equally effective in reducing plant heights of all cultivars. Tetcyclacis soil drenches and granular applications of 10-20 mg per pot provided similar reductions of plant heights on the cultivars tested. Chemical names used: α-(l-methylethyl)-α-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-5-pyrimidinemethanol (flurprimidol); (R*,R*)-(±)-β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-l,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol); and 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,4,5,9,10-pentaza-tetracyclo-5,4,102,6,08,11, dodeca-3, 9-diene (tetcyclacis).
Thatch Accumulation in Tall Fescue Turfs
Authors: Shearman R. C. , Anderson B. E. , Kopec D. M. , Riordan T. P.
Published: September 2022

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Shreb.) cultivars differed in thatching tendency 3 years after establishment. Thatch accumulation was greater in turf-types than forage-types. Thatch accumulation was positively correlated to verdure (r = 0.92) and total cell wall (TCW) content per square meter (r = 0.90) of cultivars.
Application of an Apple Production and Profitability Microcomputer Model in Pomology Teaching
Authors: Creasy L. L.
Published: September 2022

A microcomputer program is used to calculate the production and profitability of student-created apple orchard designs. The program accumulates productivity for each year following planting and uses economic parameters to determine the net present value of total orchard profits for each design. Students can alter not only design inputs and economic predictors but are encouraged to change production cost parameters to demonstrate their effects on orchard profitability over the life of the orchard.
Gene Transfer System for Potato
Authors: Shahin Elias A. , Simpson Robert B.
Published: September 2022

A foreign gene encoding neomycin phosphotransferase (Nos/Npt), specifying resistance to kanamycin, was introduced into potato cells via a disarmed Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The Agrobacterium was incubated with leaf-derived callus followed by selection with 50 mg°liter−1 kanamycin. Neomycin phosphotransferase (NPT) conferred on the transformed potato cells the capacity to grow in the presence of kanamycin. Enzymatic assay demonstrated that the kanamycin-resistant calli contained NPT activity whereas the sensitive calli were devoid of this activity. Transgenic plants were recovered from these resistant calli and the foreign gene was expressed in all tested tissues of these plants as well as in tubers and developing sprouts.
Cold Hardening of in Vitro Apple and Saskatoon Shoot Cultures
Authors: Caswell K. L. , Tyler N. J. , Stushnoff C.
Published: September 2022

In vitro shoot cultures of MM 106 apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and ‘Smoky’ saskatoon (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.) that were subjected to a 10-week, short-photoperiod, low-temperature hardening treatment, including a −3°C exposure followed by 5-7 days at 2°, were 4-8° hardier than untreated shoot cultures. Apple shoot cultures grown on media with elevated sucrose concentrations (3-14%), but not subjected to acclimating conditions, had reduced shoot moisture content and increased up to 6° in hardiness. Apple and saskatoon shoot cultures given a short-photoperiod, low-temperature hardening treatment and apple cultures grown on medium containing a high sucrose level developed red and purple leaf coloration.
Plant Regeneration from Trillium Spp. in Vitro
Authors: Pence Valerie C. , Soukup Victor G.
Published: September 2022

Plants were regenerated from 4 of 19 species of Trillium tested: T. decipiens Freeman, T. grandiflorum Salisb., T. flexipes Raf., and T. pusillum v. pusillum Michx. In 3 species, immature leaf tissues from buds formed hard, spherical outgrowths that produced shoots on a Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with several combinations of auxin (2,4-D or NAA), or cytokinin (BA or 2iP), and coconut water (CW). Tissue from expanding leaves generally did not respond, but one species produced embryo-like structures from which plants developed. Ovular explants showed little or no growth in culture, while rhizome explants consistently showed contamination in vitro. Once initiated, shoot-forming tissue was maintained on a medium lacking growth regulators and CW and continued to produce shoots. Shoots transferred to fresh media produced roots in the presence or absence of the auxin IAA. Rooted plants continued to grow when transferred to soil in the greenhouse. Plants with 3 leaves, comparable to 5- to 7-year-old plants grown from seed, have been produced in <2 years. Chemical names used: (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D); l-naphthal-eneacetic acid (NAA); N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA); N-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (2iP); and 1H-indoIe-3-acetic acid (IAA).
Enhanced Vigor in Vegetative Progeny of Micropropagated Strawberry Plants
Authors: Cameron J. Scott , Hancock James F.
Published: September 2022

Micropropagated mother plants of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne) often produce more flowers and runners than their runner-propagated counterparts (4, 5), but it is not clear how long this effect lasts. Swartz et al. (5) reported that the increase in runnering of tissue culture plants did not continue after the first flush of runner production in the field, and Marcotrigiano et al. (4) showed that, within the planting year, micropropagation increased runner production in mother plants and their primary runner plants, but not in attached secondary and tertiary runner plants. However, these studies examined runner plants still attached to plants directly out of culture, rather than detached, cold-hardened plants as they are delivered to the grower. In a study where detached runner plants of unknown age were compared, planting stock from micropropagated plants of 4 of 6 cultivars had significantly higher matted row densities ( = 63%) than those derived from conventionally propagated stock (2). The goal of this study was to compare the performance of detached primary, secondary, and tertiary runner plants of micropropagated (MP) and standard (ST) mother plants grown under controlled conditions.
Vericolor Slide Preparation Using Readily Available Filters, Color Copy, Video Display Monitors, and SEM Negatives
Authors: Stamps Robert H.
Published: September 2022

Kodak Vericolor slide film SO-279 and 5072 (formerly designated as SO-372) is an easy and fast means for making colored reverse text slides (1, 2, 4, 5). However, recommendations have dealt only with photographing black copy on a white background using hard-to-find and easily scratched Wratten gelatin filters. Additionally, the use of this film for making colored transparencies from black and white negatives, such as those produced using scanning electron microscopes (SEM), or directly from monochromatic video display monitors has not been reported.
Mechanisms of Spring Freeze Injury Avoidance in Peach
Authors: Byrne D. H.
Published: September 2022

In mild winter peach (Prunus persica Batsch.) growing zones of the southeast, flower bud losses due to freezes during bloom are more important than those due to low winter temperatures. In Texas, peach yields are reduced severely by spring freezes one out of 5 years. Recently, 2 peach cultivars exhibiting high fruit set potential under spring freeze conditions—‘Denman’ (7) and ‘Texstar’ (2)—were released by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. Previous studies on peach genotype differences in flower freeze survival have indicated that variability between clones exists (3), but little has been done to characterize the basis of these differences. Parameters suggested to be associated with freeze survival of flowers and fruit are time of bloom (6), the flower supercooling capacity (4), and flower water content (1).
‘Greenwich’, a Male Asparagus Hybrid
Authors: Ellison J. Howard , Kinelski John J.
Published: September 2022

Dioecious asparagus cultivars produce seed that traditionally has been saved by growers. This practice had led to the loss of high yield and rust resistance of the original ‘Martha Washington’ and ‘Mary Washington’ cultivars, as well as others, because of random matings among the unselected male and female progeny plants. Even saving seed from vigorous female plants has little value because of random pollination by unselected males. Seed produced by dioecious cultivars causes 2 other problems. One is volunteer asparagus seedlings behaving as weeds in the cutting bed. The other is the diversion of photosynthate that is stored in the seed instead of the roots, thus reducing vigor and spear yield of the female plants.
‘Acoma’, ‘Hopi’, ‘Pecos’, and ‘Zuni’ Lagerstroemia
Authors: Egolf Donald R.
Published: September 2022

‘Acoma’, ‘Hopi’, ‘Pecos’, and ‘Zuni’ are the first semi-dwarf Lagerstroemia indica L. × L. fauriei Koehne cultivars that combine mildew resistance and a range of flower colors. Crape-myrtle, the common name of Lagerstroemia, is the most widely cultivated summer-flowering large shrub or small tree in the southern United States. The 4 prior U.S. National Arboretum L. indica × L. fauriei introductions—‘Muskogee’, ‘Natchez’, ‘Tuscarora’, and ‘Tuskegee’—are small trees 7-10 m high (4–6), whereas those described herein are 4 semi-dwarf cultivars. ‘Acoma’, ‘Hopi’, ‘Pecos’, and ‘Zuni’ raise the total U.S. National Arboretum Lagerstroemia cultivar releases to 14 (2, 3).
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Wallner Stephen J.
Published: September 2022

The topic of this symposium, “Basic Research Ideas and Opportunities for Horticulturists in Stress Physiology”, relates to the activities of most horticultural scientists. Plant response to environmental stresses connects many disciplines and is important to all commodities. Even a cursory review of the symposium papers reveals that molecular genetics, biochemistry, cell biology, plant anatomy, etc. receive major emphasis in consideration of physiological response to unfavorable environments. The broad relevance of this topic is also reflected in the joint sponsorship of the symposium by five working groups: Climatology and Meteorology, Cropping Efficiency and Photosynthesis, Developmental Physiology, Environmental Stress Physiology, and Postharvest.
The Crop Potential of Apios americana—Preliminary Evaluations
Authors: Blackmon W. J. , Reynolds B. D.
Published: September 2022

Apios americana Medikus, a nitrogen-fixing, viny legume that produces seeds and tubers is being evaluated as a food crop. About 2500 plants obtained from colchicine-treated and nontreated seeds, tubers from wild sites, and plants derived from tissue culture were cultivated on a silt loam soil. Two tuber-derived plants (probable clone) yielded an average of 3.747 kg and another seed-produced plant yielded 2.170 kg of tubers per plant. Plants were also found that produced mostly rhizomatous material without tubers, only fleshy roots, fleshy roots and tubers, and only tubers. More than 400 pods per plant were observed from some plants, although seed abortion greatly reduced seed yield of many otherwise normal-looking pods.
Multiple-harvest Yield Prediction from Once-over Harvests of Cowpeas
Authors: Thompson Paul G.
Published: September 2022

The relationship between yields of eowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] cultivars multiple-harvested (MH) at the mature-green stage and once-over harvested (OH) at two later stages of maturity was linear. Coefficients of determination of 0.82 and 0.86 showed that OH yields at later stages of maturity accounted for a high percentage of the variability in MH yield. Once-over harvested yields were consistent predictors of MH yields among planting dates and cultivars. Once-over harvested, shelled yields were as accurate as OH in-pod yields in determining MH yield rankings. Dry weight yields were not useful in predicting mature-green yields.
Sweet Potato Transplant Production as Influenced by Herbicide Applications the Previous Season
Authors: Bonanno A. Richard , Monaco Thomas J. , Hammett Larry K.
Published: September 2022

Seventeen herbicide treatments used in the production of sweet potato [Ipomea batatas (L.) Lam.] seed roots were evaluated for their influence on transplant production the following season. Number of transplants/root at five harvests, total transplants/root, and transplants/100 g of root were not influenced by the herbicide treatments. Weight/transplant was influenced by the herbicide treatments only at the last harvest. Total transplant weight/root and total transplant weight/100 g of root also were not influenced by the experimental treatments. No visual deleterious effects on transplant production were observed with any of the herbicide treatments.
Prevention of Lime-induced Chlorosis in Citrus Trees by Peat and Iron Treatments to Small Soil Volumes
Authors: Horesh I. , Levy Y. , Goldschmidt E. E.
Published: September 2022

Iron deficiency chlorosis of ‘Washington Navel’ orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] on Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. rootstock grown on Beth Guvrin calcareous soil was prevented when a combination of peat and FeSO4 was applied to a small portion of the root zone. Comparison of treated and control trees revealed a significant prevention of chlorosis and an increase in chlorophyll and peroxidase enzyme activity.
Comparison of Flower Bud Initiation in Peach Cultivars in Northern and Southern Hemispheres
Authors: Bassols Raseira Maria C. , Moore James N.
Published: September 2022

Buds of three peach clones (‘Diamante’, ‘Capdeboscq’, and Conserva 334) were sampled weekly during the summer in Clarksville, Ark. and Pelotas, RS, Brazil and classified according to their developmental stage. The percentage of buds at stage 3 (apex showing broadening and assuming a roundish shape) was calculated, and flower bud initiation was considered to be the date when at least 50% of the examined buds were at stage 3 or beyond. In Arkansas, flower bud initiation occurred in ‘Capdeboscq’ on 18 July and in ‘Diamante’ and Conserva 334 on 25 July. In Brazil, ‘Capdeboscq’ initiated flower buds on 30 Jan. and ‘Diamante’ and Conserva 334 on 23 Jan. By transforming dates to number of days from beginning of summer, a comparison was made between the two locations for three stages of flower bud development (broadening of the apex, onset of sepal formation, and sepal differentiation). No statistically significant difference was found between locations for time of occurrence of any of the developmental stages. The largest differences obtained were no greater than differences between years at the same location. Buds of ‘Diamante’ were notably variable in stage of development at the same collection date, with some in stages 3 and 4 and others in stage 6. The possible relationship between differential rate of flower bud development and avoidance of winter cold injury is discussed.
Effect of Photoperiod and Growth Regulators on Growth of Three Cactaceae
Authors: Sanderson Kenneth C. , Ho Yunn-Shy , Martin Willis C. , Reed R. Bruce
Published: September 2022

Chamaecereus silvestri (Spreg.) Britt & Rose ‘Peanut cactus’, Mammillaria elongata D.C. ‘Gold Star’, and Opuntia microdasys (Lehm.) Pfeiff. ‘Bunny Ears’ were grown on an 8-hr natural photoperiod (short) or an 8-hr natural plus 4-hr incandescent light from 10:00 pm to 2:00 am photoperiod (long) and treated with single sprays of growth regulators. Ethephon or the long photoperiod increased shoots on Opuntia. Gibberellic acid alone or BA alone increased Mammillaria and Chamaecereus shoot number linearly, whereas GA plus BA reduced shoot number. Chamaecereus and Opuntia plants grown on a long photoperiod produced more shoots than plants grown on the short photoperiod. Ethephon reduced the dry weight of all cacti tested. Dry weight of untreated Mammillaria and Opuntia plants exceeded that of growth regulator-treated plants. Opuntia plants produced more dry weight on the long photoperiod than on the short photoperiod. GA increased the growth of glochids on Opuntia and Mammillaria. Chemical names used: A-(phenylmethyl-1H-purin-6-amine (BA); (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon); and gibberellic acid (GA).
Calcium Deficiency as the Basic Cause of Marginal Bract Necrosis of ‘Gutbier V-14 Glory’ Poinsettia
Authors: Woltz S. S. , Harbaugh B. K.
Published: September 2022

A hypothesis was tested that the cause of a damaging marginal bract necrosis common to ‘Gutbier V-14 Glory’ poinsettia is a deficiency of Ca that is expressed when the rapidly growing bract outdistances the current supply of Ca. Plants were grown in the greenhouse in a sedge peat-EauGallie sand mix with fertility adjustments designed to moderately enhance Ca deficiency. Twice-weekly foliar applications of Ca (432 ppm) were begun at the stage of first bract coloration to attempt to prevent necrosis. In addition to bract necrosis, puckering of bracts occurred on controls but not in Ca-treated plants. In another experiment, induced Ca deficiency symptomology included bract necrosis. Calcium chloride spray essentially prevented the necrosis. Necrotic bract marginal tissue had 0.07% Ca, whereas sprayed tissue contained more than three times this Ca concentration.
A Chamber for Controlling High Root-zone Stress Temperatures
Authors: Newman S. E. , Davies F. T.
Published: September 2022

The design for a chamber to control high root-zone temperature is presented. Air within the insulated chamber was heated with vinyl-jacketed heating cables and cooled with 1:1 water and antifreeze (v/v) pumped through copper coils. Control of the soil temperature was based upon air temperature around the soil containers within the sealed chambers. Chamber operating temperatures could be held between 20° and 50°C ± 0.2° SE.
A Vegetable Tour/Course
Authors: Waters Luther , Sherman Mark
Published: September 2022

Grower tours, one of the most effective agricultural extension teaching methods (13), have been conducted for many years to production areas generally unfamiliar to participating growers and agribusiness people. Most consist simply of a sequence of visits to farms or agribusinesses where the owners (managers) of the visited businesses explain the operation observed as the tour proceeds through the facility.
Apple Bud Explants as a Screening Test for Growth Regulating Chemicals1
Authors: Powell L. E. , Edgerton L. J.
Published: September 2022

Bud explants of apple (Malus domestica Bork.) grown aseptically in vitro have been shown to respond to several chemicals in a manner similar to intact trees treated with the same chemicals, except that much lower concentrations are required. The method should be useful as a screening test for chemicals which have shoot-regulatory properties.
Response of Strawberry Cultivars to Fall Application of Benomyl for Storage Decay Protection1
Authors: Maas John L.
Published: September 2022

Nineteen strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivars in nursery rows were sprayed in the fall with methyl 1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazolecarba-mate (benomyl), dug 1 month later and cold-stored for 8 months. Plants of ‘Catskill’, ‘Dixieland’, ‘Earlibelle’, ‘Earlidawn’, ‘Empire’, ‘Fletcher’, ‘Fulton’, ‘Jerseybelle’, ‘Marlate’, ‘Midway’, ‘Raritan’, and ‘Redglow’ sprayed with benomyl were in significantly better condition after storage than nonsprayed plants. ‘Dunlap’, ‘Ozark Beauty’, and ‘Redchief plants were in only slightly better condition due to treatment, but showed significantly higher percentage field survival or first-year fruit yields compared to nontreated plants. ‘Midland’, ‘Ogalla’, and ‘Redstar’ plants showed no difference due to treatment Results indicate that plants of cultivars most difficult to maintain in cold storage benefit the most from preharvest benomyl application.
Dimethyl Sulfoxide Extraction of Soluble Plant Proteins for Disc Electrophoresis1
Authors: Ascher Peter D. , Weinheimer William H.
Published: September 2022

Polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis of crude protein extracted at room temperature from various plant tissues with 10 to 90% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in water (v/v) resulted in clear, reproducible protein and isozyme banding patterns. Degeneration of samples stored at -29°C, as indicated by gradual discoloration, began 1 month after freezing in samples extracted with 10-20% and 6 months to 1 year after freezing in samples extracted with 30-60% DMSO. Banding patterns of gels run with discolored samples reflected the degradation in missing bands and indistinct band boundaries. Tissue extraction at 0°C with DMSO did not improve protein patterns in the gels.
Influence of Aeration Rate and Atmospheric Composition during Simulated Transit on Visual Quality and Off-odor Production by Broccoli1
Authors: Kasmire R. F. , Kader A. A. , Klaustermeyer J. A.
Published: September 2022

Rates of air flow that permitted accumulation of CO2 up to 18% and O2 depletion to 1% or lower resulted in the development of off-odors in broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Italica group) following 8 days of simulated transit at 2.5°C Production of off-odors under restricted aeration was more pronounced at 0° than at 2.5° or 5°. Added CO2 (10%) under normal aeration retarded yellowing and did not affect odor after 10 days at 2.5°, but after 17 days it resulted in a slight off-odor that disappeared upon holding in air at 5° for 2 days. O2 levels of < 1% caused offensive off-odors that were still detectable after holding in air. After 9 days at 2.5° the effect of 1% O2 + 20% CO2 on off-odor production was similar to 0.5% O2 alone. Respiration rate of broccoli flower heads held in 0.5% O2 at 2.5° was about 60% of the rate in air.
Anthocyanins of Cornaceae, Cornus kousa Hance and Cornus florida L.1
Authors: Du C. T. , Wang P. L. , Francis F. J.
Published: September 2022

Both Cornus kousa and C florida are dogwood plants widely grown for ornamental purposes. The fruits of G kousa are attractive and edible, and are fermented to wine in parts of China where this plant is grown. Our recent investigation of the anthocyanins in 2 other Cornus species (1, 2, 4) has indicated the presence of 3-robinobiosides of cyanidin and pelargonidin as characteristic pigments in the two species examined. This report describes the isolation and identification of the anthocyanins present in C. kousa and C. florida.
Texas Horticultare
Authors: Pike Leonard M.
Published: September 2022

To appreciate the existing variation to horticulture in Texas, you need to realize the state has an area of more than 168,000,000 acres which are divided into 14 land resource areas based on soil types, topography, climate, and vegetation. The states annual rainfall varies from 58 to 8 inches East to West with forest free areas varying from 30 to 180 days South to North. The total horticultural economoc farm value in 1973 was about $326,571,000 of which 69% was attributed to vegetables, 18% to fruits and nuts, and 13% to ornamentals.
Gas Exchange in Fruits of Apricot and Peach at Elevated Temperatures1
Authors: Maxie E. C. , Mitchell F. G.
Published: September 2022

Gas exchange occurs freely between ambient air and tissues adjacent to the pit of fruits of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) and peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] even when the 2 ends of the fruit are waxed. The route of exchange is thus via flesh and epidermis. Oxygen deficiency is not likely a factor in high-temperature injury in these fruits.
Effect of Carbon Dioxide on Ultrastructure of ‘Bartlett’ Pears1
Authors: Frenkel Chaim , Patterson M. E.
Published: September 2022

‘Barttett’ pears (Pyrus communis L.) were stored in air or 10% CO2 at 0°C for 90 days. Electronmicroscopy study of the core, representing the ovary tissue confined by the inner concentric vascular bundles, revealed extensive ultrastructural alterations of various membranous systems in CO2-treated fruit, including the mitochondria, the plastids, the tonoplast and the cytoplasm. These alterations in protoplasmic membranes accompanying CO2 treatment suggest loss in cellular organization and may explain the injurious effect of CO2 in fruit.
Nitrogen Form and Growth and Nitrate Reductase Activity of the Cranberry1
Authors: Dirr Michael A.
Published: September 2022

Cranberry plants, Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. cv. Early Black, were grown with NO3-N, NH4-N or NO3-N + NH4-N at a concentration of 50 ppm N. Fresh weight of plants cultured on each Ν treatment was similar. Nitrate Ν was present in roots but not leaves. Ammonium Ν was present in both organs. Nitrate reductase activity was demonstrated in roots but not detected in leaves. Activity was significantly greater in roots of plants grown with NO3-N vs. NO3-N + NH4-N or NH4-N grown roots. Mycorr-hizae were not present in or on the roots and bacteria were eliminated as factors affected NO3 reduction. Results suggested cranberry was able to assimilate the NO3 form of N.
Breeding Peach Rootstock for the Southern United States1
Authors: Sharpe R. H.
Published: September 2022

In 1972 and 1973, an estimated 500,000 trees, mostly under 6 years of age, died in the peach areas of southeastern U.S. These serious losses have prompted greater interest in rootstocks as a possible solution.
Foliar Chlorosis of Dracaena deremensis Engler cv. Warneckii Cuttings Induced by Fluoride1,2
Authors: Poole Richard T. , Conover Charles A.
Published: September 2022

Unrooted cuttings of ‘Warneckii’ Dracaena were propagated in various media under mist or surface irrigated 3 times weekly. Cuttings propagated in German peat had more foliar chlorosis than cuttings in bark or calcined clay. Cuttings not receiving mist had slightly more chlorosis than cuttings under mist Foliar chlorosis was positively correlated (r = 0.95) with fluoride content
Nitrogen Fixation by Woody Plant Species as Measured by the Acetylene Reduction Assay1
Authors: McNiel Robert E. , Carpenter Philip L.
Published: September 2022

Nodules from 13 woody plant species were analyzed by an acetylene reduction assay to determine their nitrogen fixation activity. Acetylene reduction activity was found with nodules from Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn., Caragana arborescens Lam., Elaeagnus angusti/olia L., E. umbellata Thunb., Hippophae rhamnoides L., Myrica pensylvanica Lois, Robinia fertilis Ashe., R. hispida L., R. pseudoacacia L., Shepherdia argentea Nutt., and S. canadensis Nutt. In addition, nodules from A. glutinosa were found to reduce acetylene for at least 9 hours after having been excised from the plant No active nodules were found on Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult. or Cercis canadensis L.
Mycorrhizal Association between Lilium Taxa and Endogone1
Authors: Vanderploeg J. F. , Lighty R. W. , Sasser M.
Published: September 2022

Inoculation with the mycorrhizal fungus Endogone increased the growth of two lily taxa as indicated by visual size ranking, and by dry weights of the shoots, bulbs and roots. Both taxa grew better in topsoil than in subsoil, and the taxa differed in growth rate of the shoots. The presence of Endogone had a greater influence on growth rate than did other factors evaluated.
Onion Seed Yield as Affected by Pink Root Disease, Soil Fumigation, Mother Bulb Fertilization and Bulb Size1
Authors: El Gasim Ahmed Ahmed Abu , Harrington James F.
Published: September 2022

Pink root, a soil-borne disease caused by the fungus Pyrenochaeta terrestris, reduced onion seed yield in paired comparisons of soil blocks fumigated for pink root control versus non-fumigated soil blocks infested with pink root Bulbs that had been produced on pink root free soil when planted for seed production on pink root infested soil developed only slight infection late in the season and produced no less seed than similar bulbs planted on fumigated soil. Bulbs of cultivars resistant to pink root also developed only mild infection late in the season when planted for seed production on pink root infested soil with no loss in seed yield as compared to those on fumigated soil. Mother bulbs from fields properly fertilized may produce more seed than bulbs of the same size from poorly fertilized fields.
Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Rasmussen H. Paul
Published: September 2022

The cover photograph1 is a scanning electron microscope image of pollen of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. clinging to the convoluted anther. The large pollen grains are mature and undoubtedly viable. The small pollen grain at the right is probably aborted pollen which is rather common in species hybrids. Some cellular structure of the anther wall is evident.
Ethephon-induced Flowering in Apple Seedlings1
Authors: Kender W. J.
Published: September 2022

(2-Chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon) applied as a foliar spray at 1000 and 2000 ppm to 3-, 4-, and 5-yr old nonbearing seedlings of apple (Malus pumila Miller) significantly increased the percentage of trees flowering for the first time and the total number of flower clusters per tree.
Terbacil and Fertility Effects on Yield of Lowbush Blueberry1
Authors: Ismail Amr A.
Published: September 2022

Terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-mefhyluracil) at either 2.24, 3.58 or 7.17 kg/ha applied under high fertility level (168 kg N/ha from 1-2-2 formulation) significantly increased yield of lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait and V. Myrtilloides Willd.). No yield differences were observed among terbacil rates. Rate of fertilizer application affected berry yield.
Total Carbohydrate and Carotenoid Content of Sweet Potatoes as Affected by Cultivar and Area of Production1
Authors: Hammett H. L.
Published: September 2022

Three cultivars of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) were grown at 7 production sites in Mississippi during 1959 and 1960, using plants from a common source. Forty U.S. No. 1 roots of each cultivar at each production site were sampled and carbohydrate and carotene content determined. Variation in carotene content was much greater among cultivars when compared to variation among production sites, however, there were highly significant differences within a cultivar among the various production locations. Carbohydrate content within a cultivar varied among production sites more than among those at any one production site. The feasibility of establishing a nutrient content range for fresh vegetable products is highly questionable.
Border Growth Control of Iceplant with Chlorflurenol Sprays1
Authors: Hield Henry , Hemstreet Stuart
Published: September 2022

Lateral spread of iceplant (Carpobrotus edule L. Bolus) was best reduced by sprays of 2-chloro-9-hydroxyflou-rene-9-carboxylic acid (chlorflurenol) at 300 ppm; other chemicals tested were ineffective. Addition of 0.1% X-77 adjuvant often improved growth reduction. Greater growth reductions from second treatments suggest an advantage for a continuing spray program.
Shade and Ornamental Tree Research1
Authors: Whitaker Thomas W.
Published: September 2022

A comprehensive study of new introductions of shade and ornamental trees adapted to the North Central United States has been underway at the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, since 1966. Goal of the IO-year research effort is to evaluate characteristics of each cultivar, paying special attention to identifying the suitability of each for planting in urban and suburban environments, along street and highway right-of-ways, and under utility lines.
Low Temperature Exotherms and Woody Plant Distribution1
Authors: George M. F. , Burke M. J. , Pellett H. M. , Johnson A. G.
Published: September 2022

Stems of 49 woody species native to North America were collected from the field in Minnesota in January and subjected to controlled freezing tests. Characterization of the freezing process of xylem tissues by differential thermal analysis revealed that some species had no exotherms at low temperatures, some had small exotherms between –41° and –47°C, and others had large exotherms in the same temperature range. Generally very hardy species with ranges extending into northern Canada and Alaska had no exotherms. Species with small exotherms were native to the northern United States and southern Canada, and large exotherms were generally characteristic of the least hardy species studied. The low temperature exotherms occurred at the same temperature that results in xylem death of most of the plants studied. Plants with low temperature exotherms tend to have ring-porous xylem and the temperature of the low temperature exotherms was correlated with the minimum temperatures of the boundaries of the northern range of the species tested.
Spectral Quality of Light and the Ripening Characteristics of Tomato Fruit1
Authors: Jen Joseph J.
Published: September 2022

Fruit of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) illuminated with red, blue, green, and white lights at the same radiant energy level were compared with controls kept in the dark for texture, color and solids and acid content during the ripening period. Red light was the most effective of the various light sources in softening of the tissue and in lowering the reflectance value in the early stages of ripening. Blue light was most effective in producing the enhancement of red hue in the later stages of ripening. Little effect on solids and acid contents was noticed.
Linkage of Male Sterility, Glabrate Seedling and Determinate Plant Habit in Cucumber1
Authors: Whelan E. D. P.
Published: September 2022

Repulsion linkage occurred between male sterility, ms-2, and the traits glabrate seedling, glb (.215 ± .029) and determinate, de (.335 ± .042) of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Linkage was not evident between ms-2 and non-bitter cotyledon, bi, glabrous, gl, yellow cotyledon, yc-1 or yc-2, or crinkled leaf, cr.
Lettuce Seed Weight and Size in Relation to Germination and Seedling Radicle Growth1
Authors: Sharpies G. C. , Kuehl R. O.
Published: September 2022

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seed weight and size were unrelated to rate of germination and germination percentage at 25°C. In 4 cultivars tested, all seed physical parameters, except density index were highly significant predictors of radicle elongation (weight>thickness>iength = width>density index). However, more than 62% of the growth variation remained unexplained. Seed weight did not influence the uniformity of 7-day-old seedlings.
Removal of Sodium o-phenylphenate and other Phenolic Contaminants from Packinghouse Effluents1
Authors: Ismail M. A. , Wardowski W. F.
Published: September 2022

Activated charcoal or Polyclar AT removed sodium o-phenylphenate (SOPP) from laboratory-prepared Solutions and citrus packinghouse effluents. Activated charcoal at 0.25 g/100 ml of 100 ppm SOPP removed 99.6% SOPP, while Polyclar AT at 10 g/100 ml of 100 ppm SOPP removed 95% of the phenolic fungicide. Efficiency of SOPP removal declined when the amount of added Polyclar was reduced below 10% or the concentration of SOPP in treated Solutions exceeded 100 ppm.
‘Fairlane’ Nectarine1
Authors: Weinberger John H.
Published: September 2022

‘Fairlane’ is a yellow-fleshed, clingstone nectarine, Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, released in November 1973. The fruit ripens late in the season, about a week after ‘Flamekist’. It is intended for fresh-market use. Commercial shipments from cooperator trials in California have met with favorable acceptance by the trade.
‘Blue Troll’ Browallia1
Authors: Semeniuk Peter
Published: September 2022

There are very few small “blue”-flowered ornamental plants adapted to use as bedding or potted plants or for use in hanging baskets. A breeding program was initiated in the Ornamentals Laboratory to develop a clone of Browallia suitable for year-round production in small Containers (10 cm pots) that would have mass-market appeal.