bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biomass of Southern Hardwood Regeneration Estimated by Vertical Line Sampling
Authors: Hitchcock III Harry C.
Published: April 2024

Three even-aged hardwood stands in Tennessee (ages 2, 4, and 6 years) were inventoried by use of vertical line sampling and equations that predict aboveground ovendry weight of wood and bark as a function of total height. Twenty-five line segments were sufficient to estimate yields with a sampling error of 15 percent. Two of the stands were well stocked, and produced an average of 1.4 ovendry tons per acre annually.
Thinning as an Orderly Discipline: A Graphic Spacing Schedule for Red Pine
Authors: Wilson Frederick G.
Published: April 2024

The key correlation of stem count to height has been applied to define and to regulate the density of the residual stand after periodic thinning of a red pine plantation at Star Lake, Wisconsin. A chosen value of added height growth has determined the length of each thinning interval. Graphic evaluation of data from European yield tables for Scotch pine has served to guard against discordant treatment.
Status of Metric Teaching in Forestry Education
Authors: Robinson David W.
Published: April 2024

In an informal survey, 40 teachers at 38 schools (out of 55 schools receiving a questionnaire) strongly favored use of Canadian metric standards in the absence of U.S. standards, and also urged that the Society of American Foresters take steps to facilitate U.S. conversion to metric. Twenty-four of the respondents were teaching metric as part of their basic mensuration course.
Roadsides--Corridors with High Fire Hazard and Risk
Authors: Wilson Carl C.
Published: April 2024

Roadside fires comprise a high percentage of all man-caused fires and frequently spread to grassland and forestland. Fuel hazard reduction should be concentrated on the first 10 feet of roadsides; methods include machine- and hand-clearing, chemical treatment, and prescribed burning. Risk reduction (controlling behavior of road-users) is more difficult. In critical fire weather, closing of roads may be necessary but use of symbolic signs urging motorists to help prevent fires may also be effective. Results of fuel reduction projects on two national forests show that treatment of roadsides can greatly reduce fire incidence.
World Forestry: Support Systems for Private Forestry in Great Britain
Authors: Clarke P. J.
Published: April 2024

Financial incentives to private woodland owners in Britain have proved successful in stimulating a large expansion of private planting in the years since World War II.
The Changing Environmental Message of Forest Industry
Authors: Schoenfeld A. Clay , Broom Glen M. , Bavec Nancy
Published: April 2024

A content analysis of forest industry's corporate-image advertising messages in representative national periodicals, 1958-1977, reveals that such messages have moved from promoting consumption to promoting conservation and from ignoring environmental issues to responding to them. The study does not examine the actual environmental practices of the forest industry; yet land managers may draw insights from the apparent change in strategy.
Discounting under Risk: Comments on Adjusting Discount Rates
Authors: Chang Sun Joseph
Published: April 2024

To compute the risk premium in the interest rate for a risky alternative that has the same expected return as a riskless alternative, it must be assumed that people are risk-neutral. Yet risk neutrality renders such computation unnecessary. A more suitable way is to discount the expected utility.
Full-Restoration Method for Closing Spur Roads
Authors: Eubanks Steven T.
Published: April 2024

When a temporary forest road is being closed, it may be desirable to restore its takeoff to something approaching undisturbed conditions. A full-restoration method has proven effective in central Washington State, particularly when appearance of the site or elimination of vehicular traffic is a critical concern. Although relatively simple, full restoration requires better planning and higher cost allowances than other restoration methods.
Log Export Restrictions: Some Findings
Authors: Sedjo Roger A. , Wiseman A. Clark
Published: April 2024

Economic efficiency and income distributional consequences of a ban on log exports from the United States were studied under alternative assumptions about Japanese response. The study predicts modestly lower log prices and a decreased cut. Lumber prices, however, may rise or fall. The redistributional effect largely favors log processors at the expense of log producers, and effects on lumber consumers are small.
Simulation of Forest Dynamics and Deer Browse Production
Authors: Cooperrider Allen Y. , Behrend Donald F.
Published: April 2024

A computer model was designed to provide accurate browse production estimates for specific areas. Model parameters were obtained by sampling and from the literature, and were used to simulate forest dynamics and browse production in the central Adirondack Mountains of northern New York. Results of such simulations appear to be both realistic and reasonably precise and could be applied in northern forests where numbers and growth of understory, stems show a good correlation with overstory basal area.
Technology Transfer and Human Behavior
Authors: Muth Robert M. , Hendee John C.
Published: April 2024

Fifty years of social science research, including thousands of studies, have identified standard behavior patterns that occur during adoption of innovations. Speed of adoption varies with the characteristics of the innovation. Mass media are required, but personal contacts with opinion leaders are also necessary and may often be lacking in forestry. Opinion leaders (credible practitioners) must be induced to try an innovation. After they have successfully applied it, the innovation will spread to their peers.
Proposed Curriculum for Fire Management Specialists
Authors: Gemmer Thomas V.
Published: April 2024

Increasing need for fire managers prompted the National Wildfire Coordinating Group in 1978 to prepare an analysis of the tasks performed by a journeyman fire specialist and to sponsor a curriculum study based on the analysis. To train fire managers, the study report proposes a series of university courses that an undergraduate forestry student might take for a minor or concentration, and a series of interagency courses that would provide postgraduation training and agency-specific expertise. In the university curriculum, courses proposed as required are Introduction to Fire Management, Forest Ecology and Fire Effects, Fuels Science, and Fire Use Planning and Techniques. Also required would be one session of a fire management internship, during which a student would be a paid agency employee.
Lodgepole Pine Management in the Central Rocky Mountains
Authors: Alexander Robert R. , Edminster Carleton B.
Published: April 2024

Estimates obtained by simulation are given for potential production of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) in the central Rocky Mountains under various combinations of stand density, site quality, ages, and thinning schedules. Such estimates are needed to project future development of stands managed for various uses.
Total-Forest Concept in Multi-Resource Management
Authors: McMinn James W.
Published: April 2024

Management for multiple resources requires consideration of the entire forest rather than individual stands. In a fully regulated forest, changes in rotation age can compensate for stocking changes that affect product output. Hence, analysis of the interaction between rotation and stocking forestwide is necessary to identify management options for efficient production of conflicting benefits. An illustration is provided by an analysis of the production of grass and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) in the southeastern Coastal Plain.
Stand-Oriented Inventory and Growth Projection Methods Improve Harvest Scheduling on Bitterroot National Forest
Authors: Stage Albert R. , Babcock Richard K. , Wykoff William R.
Published: April 2024

New stand-oriented inventory and growth projection methods are helping to improve long-range timber harvesting plans on the Bitterroot National Forest in Montana. Condition of each sample stand and its neighbors, together with productivity of these stands for nontimber uses, influences the array of silvicultural schemes available for each stand. For each of the alternatives, yields for every sample stand are calculated by use of an individual-tree growth model. Prospective yields are then combined into groups for processing by linear programming to select the optimum mix of treatments and calculate the harvest schedule for the entire forest. Because growth is estimated for each sample stand before any aggregation of data, errors of aggregation are avoided and the treatments selected agree fully with plans for nontimber uses.
World Forestry: Forestry in the German Democratic Republic
Authors: Gowdy James T.
Published: April 2024

Forestry in the German Democratic Republic is almost entirely government controlled and operated. Management is intensive, and even-aged systems and artificial regeneration prevail. Coniferous species predominate, with Scotch pine making up more than half of the country's forest acreage. The need for steadily increased productivity is the foremost challenge.
Strategy for Building a Location-Specific, Multi-Purpose Information System for Wildland Management
Authors: Davis Lawrence S.
Published: April 2024

Contemporary legal, political, and economic considerations mandate improved and sophisticated use of land-management information. An analytical, location-specific, multi-purpose information system at the local level can be based on the application of explicit models, or "rules," to a set of objectively defined biological, physical, and human-use descriptors of the land. Practical requirements for implementing the system include conducting an information needs assessment, setting an agenda for system elements, establishing a computer system, organizationally taking a shared rather than purely functional approach, and, most importantly, making some high-level strategic decisions to initiate the system.
World Forestry: Forest Administration in Japan
Authors: Matsui Mitsuma
Published: April 2024

National forests, totaling 7.9 million hectares, are managed through regional and district offices and ranger stations. Other public forests, controlled by prefectures and municipalities, aggregate some 2.5 million hectares. Private forests total 14.8 million hectares, about 59 percent of the total forest area. They are managed largely under regional plans drafted by prefectural governments in accordance with the national Forest Law. Owners' associations make it possible for landholders to undertake planting and other activities that would be difficult for them to accomplish individually. The nation has designated 7 million hectares as protection forests and 4 million as national parks; the areas overlap some-what. About half of the area in these two classes is privately held, with the owners receiving some indemnification.
Forest Fire History in the Northern Rockies
Authors: Arno Stephen F.
Published: April 2024

Recent fire-scar studies in the northern Rocky Mountains have documented forest fire history over the past few centuries. They reveal that in some forest types fire maintained many-aged open stands of seral trees. In other types, major fires caused replacement of the stands. Often, however, fires burned at variable intensities, creating a mosaic of stands differing in composition and structure.
Ancient Peoples of the Columbia Plateau
Authors: Knudson Ruthann
Published: April 2024

Archaeological evidence of human habitation in the Columbia Plateau of the Pacific Northwest extends to 13,000 B.C., earlier records having been destroyed when glacial ice caused flooding of major drainages. With the passing of the ice sheets, changes in climate influenced the development of various cultural patterns that ultimately evolved into a tradition which endured until the modern era. Features of this tradition were reliance on salmon and root crops for food, drying and storage of food for winter use, permanent winter villages, and secondary reliance on game animals and shellfish.
Forestry in the Inland Empire
Authors: Chapman Roger C. , Le Master Dennis C. , Weatherhead Donald J.
Published: April 2024

The Inland Empire is comprised mainly of eastern Washington, the panhandle of Idaho, and northeastern Oregon. Timber production is important in the region, but future success in forestry will require positive, vigorous management in which equal consideration of all values is blended with sensitivity to the interests of the various users.
Income and Employment of SAF Members, 1979
Authors: Thompson Emmett F. , Sullivan Alfred D. , Robie Edward F.
Published: April 2024

The 1979 median income for the members of the Society of American Foresters was $22,900, up 5.7 percent per year from 1977. Over the same period, however, the Consumer Price Index increased 11.1 percent per year. As in earlier surveys, federal agencies and private industry paid the most attractive salaries. There was a positive relationship between income and education.
Maximum Cubic Volume Production Through Easily Derived Optimum Thinning Schedules
Authors: Rose Dietmar W. , Leary Rolfe A. , Chen Chung M.
Published: April 2024

A step-by-step method for finding an optimum thinning schedule for red pine (Pinus resinosa) is described for use by practicing foresters. Knowledge of the complex procedure leading to the optimial solution is not required. For species other than red pine, a basal area growth model in the form of a Richards' function must be fitted.
Hypovirulence and Chestnut Blight Research: Fighting Disease with Disease
Authors: Elliston John E.
Published: April 2024

During the first half of this century, the chestnut blight fungus, Endothia parasitica, destroyed stands of the American chestnut, Castanea dentata, throughout the tree's natural range. Conventional methods of controlling plant diseases have been ineffective. An approach being studied is the use of viruslike cytoplasmic hypovirulence agents to reduce the ability of the fungus to cause blight. Individual cankers have been controlled by treating them with strains containing these agents, but neither the agents nor the strains containing them appear to have spread naturally. Persistent cankers containing these agents may be required to provide long-term sources of inoculum for spread.
Blaine House Conference on Maine's Forest Outlook
Authors: Irland Lloyd C.
Published: April 2024

A conference in Augusta, Maine, during January 1981 considered the ability of the forests to sustain increased demands created by industrial expansion. Damage by the spruce budworm, together with decades of nonmanagement and diameter-limit harvesting, has left both spruce-fir and northern hardwood stands yielding far below potential but still capable of responding to good forestry. Participants were concerned that government regulations had a dampening effect on investment in forestry, and they regretted cutbacks in the state's forestry programs.
Threshold of Concern: A Technique for Evaluatin Environmental Impacts and Amenity Values
Authors: Sassaman Robert W.
Published: April 2024

The threshold-of-concern technique is an interdisciplinary planning tool useful in evaluating impacts of proposed land-management practices. It is most helpful for dealing with impacts that are difficult to quantify in physical terms or dollars.
Insurance Silviculture in the Black Cherry-Maple Type
Authors: Bennett Arthur L. , Armstrong Malcolm M.
Published: April 2024

On the Allegheny Plateau in Pennsylvania, large areas of the black cherry-maple type are nearing an age when they should be regenerated. Largely because of browsing by white-tailed deer, clearcutting in these even-aged, second-growth stands often fails to secure regeneration. An industrial landowner leaves 20 to 40 pole-sized trees per acre, usually sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and red maple (A. rubrum L.). They are a hedge against failure of regeneration and will provide a high rate of financial return while a new stand develops.
Comment on: "Wilderness Costs in New England"
Authors: Gamble Hays B.
Published: April 2024

The methodology proposed by R.W. Guldin (Journal of Forestry 78:548-552, 1980) to calculate wilderness costs contains a basic flaw in economic logic, resulting in overestimates of such costs and a misallocation of resources. The value of timber foregone on wilderness areas is not an appropriate cost variable. The additional resources that society must use and pay for to replace the timber and other goods and services not now available on a wilderness tract are, among others, the relevant variables.
Comment on: "Wilderness Costs in New England"
Authors: Loomis John B.
Published: April 2024

In emphasizing the desirability of improved estimates of wilderness costs, R.W. Guldin (Journal of Forestry 78:548-552. 1980) fails to note that such refinements will yield little improvement in land-use allocations unless estimates of benefits are also improved.
Classifying Nonindustrial Private Forestland by Tract Size
Authors: Thompson Richard P. , Jones J. Greg
Published: April 2024

Nonindustrial privately owned forests in eastern Oklahoma were categorized by tract size into three groups within which management objectives were similar. These were: 10 to 50 acres--timberland essentially not managed commercially; 51 to 700 acres--significant amount of commercial management, but with some size-related problems; and 700 or more acres--rather extensive commercial management. The 51- to 700-acre group seems to be the most receptive to assistance programs aimed at improving management. Similar groups can probably be developed in other parts of the country.
Biomass Prediction for Young Southern Pines--An Addendum
Authors: Edwards M. Boyd , McNab W. Henry
Published: April 2024

Equations are presented for using diameter at breast height to estimate diameter at groundline of sapling-size southern pines. In previously published equations (Journal of Forestry 77:291-292) diameter at groundline, a difficult measure to obtain, was used, with total tree height, to predict total aboveground biomass of individual trees.
Discount Rate for Long-Term Forest Service Investments
Authors: Row Clark , Kaiser H. Fred , Sessions John
Published: April 2024

Economic evidence was the basis for the authors' recommendation that the USDA Forest Service use a discount rate of 4 percent for evaluating long-term investments in resource management. This rate approximates the long-term measures of the opportunity cost of capital in the private sector of the U.S. economy.
Statewide Natural-Resource Information Systems--A Status Report
Authors: Mead Douglas A.
Published: April 2024

Statewide natural-resource information systems (NRIS) are a relatively new approach to the acquisition and coordination of natural-resource information. New York's Land Use and Natural Resources Inventory, created in 1966, started a slow, although accelerating, move toward comprehensive and integrated collection and use of natural-resource data. NRISs have been developed or are being carefully examined in 32 states. Of the 32, however, only a handful are fully operational.
World Forestry: Forestry in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Plochmann Richard
Published: April 2024

With a long history of forest management that includes many contributions to the science of silviculture, the Federal Republic of Germany is intensively and realistically practicing multiple use. The small kind base and heavy population admit no other choice. Recreation is a leading use, but protection of water supplies, preservation of natural areas, and amelioration of climate are also important. Diversity in stands, age classes, and treatment is the key to achieving these purposes while also providing timber for industry.
Productivity as a Forestry Theme
Authors: Duerr William A.
Published: April 2024

A theme of the forestry profession is productivity. Forestry has always addressed the productivity problem on the strength of conviction: that wood is good, that all the forest's resources are good. This conviction is justification enough for the productivity theme.
Productivity in Florida's Third Forest
Authors: Fisher Richard F.
Published: April 2024

In the late 1960s foresters in the South set out to apply intensive practices and high technology to create and manage a very productive domesticated forest. This Third Forest was to succeed the second-growth stands which became established on abandoned fields and cut over sites that had once supported old-growth pine. During more than a decade, management has intensified and many new technologies have been developed. The South is producing more wood than ever before, but if the future demands are to be met the technologies must be further refined and management must become even more intense.
RARE II: A Personal Account
Authors: Gale Richard P.
Published: April 2024

The USDA Forest Service contracted with a university sociologist to develop a social impact assessment system to be used in examining alternatives in the second Roadless Area Review and Evaluation (RARE II). Time limitations, communication difficulties, and logistical problems limited development and implementation of the system. The personal report of the author has implications both for the way in which the Forest Service deals with social scientists and for social scientists under contract with natural resource agencies.
Oak-Pine Conversion and Bird Populations in the Missouri Ozarks
Authors: Briggs James I. , Garrett Harold E. , Evans Keith E.
Published: April 2024

Two replicate 25-acre plots were established in each of three forest types in the Missouri Ozarks--oak, oak-pine, and pine--to determine the stands' relationships with bird populations. Forty bird species were observed on the plots during the course of a year (1976-77). The oak and oak-pine stands supported the greatest number of bird species during the winter; the oak-pine had the greatest during the summer. Each forest type provided habitat for some bird species that were not present in the other types. The bird population would not be devastated by conversion of hardwood stands to pine in the region, but would change in composition to one more typical of the earlier successional pine stage.
Pocket Gophers and Reforestation on Western Forests
Authors: Crouch Glenn L.
Published: April 2024

Pocket gophers (Geomyidae) damage conifer regeneration after logging or wildfires on western forests. Poisoning is the usual control method, but nonlethal techniques are currently being tested. Silvicultural practices that minimize habitat conditions favorable to gophers may be the most practical solution for avoiding damage.
Identifying Suitable National Forest Timberlands: A Case Study
Authors: Dennis Nicholas , Teeguarden Dennis E.
Published: April 2024

About 15 percent of a 624,200-acre land unit on the Shasta-Trinity National Forest in northern California is both capable of and suitable for timber production under screening criteria required by the National Forest Management Act of 1976. Economic submarginality is not the principal cause of unsuitability: only about 3 percent of the unit's capable timberlands are economically inefficient. Instead, capability screens and the timber production goals are the primary determinants of suitability. Productivity and regenerability standards alone disqualify two-fifths of the area; and another two-fifths would not be needed to meet current programmed harvest.
Strategies for Corporate Timberland Ownership and Management
Authors: O'Laughlin Jay , Ellefson Paul V.
Published: April 2024

Of the U.S. commercial forestland in forest industry ownership, 80 percent is owned by 40 companies. Corporate timberland strategies changed between 1969 and 1978. Financial returns were deemphasized in favor of a more long-range perspective toward productivity and fiber supply security. A surveyed sample of wood-based subsidiaries of large diversified companies with a different main line of business managed their timberlands no differently than did a sample of similarly sized companies dependent on wood for their basic business.
World Forestry: Harvesting Research and Development in Sweden
Authors: Brown George W.
Published: April 2024

Research and development have been important in helping Sweden maintain its leadership in worm forest-product markets. A highly coordinated program, whose central organization is supported by industrial cooperators, landowners, and government, has increased productivity of woods workers by 750 percent over a 25-year period. Opportunities abound in the United States for a similar cooperative research and development program with a high potential payoff.
Prebunching? Results from Simulation
Authors: LeDoux Chris B. , Butler David A.
Published: April 2024

Productivity of cable thinnings of young stands can be improved by first prebunching the wood along the skyline corridor and then swinging it to the landing. Data from field studies, as used in a new simulation model, show that logging managers deciding whether to prebunch must consider the number and distribution of logs, log size and diameter class, deck spacing, lead angle, and equipment configuration.
Gypsy Moth in New Jersey Pine-Oak
Authors: Campbell Robert W. , Garlo Albert S.
Published: April 2024

Several pine-oak stands in southern New Jersey were defoliated by the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.). during both 1972 and 1973. Oaks were much more heavily defoliated than pines. Pinus rigida Mill. and P. echinata Mill. Radial growth among the oaks was sharply reduced during and immediately following the outbreak. Pine growth did not appear to be affected during the outbreak, and it increased sharply during the immediate three-year postoutbreak period.
Forest Technician School Enrollment and Employment of Graduates, 1980-1981
Authors: Coufal James E.
Published: April 2024

A survey located 75 two-year forest technician schools in 28 states during 1980-1981. Total enrollment was 4,200 to 5,000 students, with 1,450 to 1,750 graduates expected in 1981. Of 1980 graduates, 71 percent had found jobs in forest technology by early 1981, and 8 percent had other employment. Industry was the main employer but took a smaller percentage of the graduates than in 1978, 1979, and 1980, when similar surveys were made. Starting salaries averaged higher than in 1979.
Semi-Automated Mapping System (SAMS) for Resource Mapping and Data Management
Authors: Liu Maan-nan
Published: April 2024

Computer assistance can facilitate the construction of maps and the storage of map data used in the development and maintenance of a forest inventory. In a system being activated in Saskatchewan, Canada, map production, and establishment and maintenance of a resource information base for large areas, are expected to be achieved by combining aerotriangulation from low and high aerial photography with a sophisticated geographic data-base system. The data management requirements are area size measurement, updating, derivation of new maps, corridor analysis, generation of circles or grid cells, reclassification, merging or dissolving of forest type lines, scale change, and overlaying the data base.
Forest Management Options And Policy Implications In the Kalamazoo River Basin of Michigan
Authors: Osteen Craig , Chappelle Daniel E.
Published: April 2024

Forest management options to pursue objectives for timber production and wildlife were examined in the Kalamazoo River Basin of southwestern Michigan. A linear programming model was used to project options to meet alternative sets of demand over time. Results indicate that increases in timber sales and stand improvement would achieve significant timber and hunting benefits without increasing erosion. It also appears that in this basin government programs should be oriented toward improving markets before subsidizing management practices. Although the results apply to this specific river basin, similar planning guidelines would probably apply to comparable situations in the Midwest and Northeast.
Plot Spacing in Systematic Sampling
Authors: Chapman Roger C.
Published: April 2024

Determination of sample size and calculation of plot spacing in systematic sampling have in the past been accomplished in two steps. This article presents simple equations that explicitly demonstrate the effect of allowable error, level of significance, and plot size on plot spacing in systematic sampling designs.
Forestry and Wildlife Habitat Management in Central Hardwoods
Authors: McComb William C.
Published: April 2024

Improvement cutting, or removal of undesirable stems by silvicide or girdling, can foster the integration of forestry and wildlife management in the central hardwood region. Group selection or small, narrow clearcuts are recommended for attaining uneven-aged and even-aged management objectives, respectively. Reforestation of surface mines should continue if a diversity of wildlife is to be maintained. Single-species hardwood plantations should be small, narrow, and adjacent to mixed hardwoods. The diversity of federal, state, and private organizations involved in forest wildlife management and research makes coordination of activities difficult.
Role of the Forester in Land-Use Planning
Authors: Lubka Lewis
Published: April 2024

Foresters can influence public land-use planning throughout the process. Goals, issues, and constraints should include forestry needs and supporting data. In plan development, foresters can work with the planning staff and offer aid in choosing among alternatives, formulating policies, and establishing specific objectives. The plan implementation phase involves zoning, subdivision regulation, and capital improvements programming. These activities have proven useful to forestry, when foresters have participated. Plan maintenance offers roles in monitoring, evaluation, and updating. If foresters are to contribute to land-use planning at federal, state, regional, or local levels, they will have to take the initiative.
Red Squirrel Cover Requirements in Arizona Mixed Conifer Forests
Authors: Vahle J. Robert , Patton David R.
Published: April 2024

Seven species of coniferous trees provide red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) nesting cover as well as shade for cones stored in a food cache. The best habitat consists of multi-storied stands of mixed conifers with trees from 12 to 14 inches d.b.h. in dense groups of one-tenth acre or less. At least one tree in the group is 18 inches in d.b.h. and is generally a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Centered within the group is a live tree, snag, or downed log (20 inches or more in d.b.h.) which is the nucleus of the food cache.
World Forestry: Puerto Rico's Timberland
Authors: Birdsey Richard A. , Weaver Peter L.
Published: April 2024

A survey in 1980 indicated that 130,500 hectares have second-growth stands that can produce commercial timber. Most of this area consists of abandoned fields or pastures and land on which coffee trees were or still are being grown under shade of other trees. On about 31,000 hectares, sawlog volumes are high enough and operating conditions good enough to allow harvesting. Other stands are encumbered with culls but have enough good-quality sapling and pole trees to be considered for management.
Comprehensive Forest Planning and Management System: A Cooperative Experience
Authors: Masse Richard F. , Greene R. H. , Tryon Theodore C.
Published: April 2024

Several years of cooperative work between a private consulting company and a large paper company evolved an inventory system suited to the needs of corporate and field managers. It is being used to inventory more than 1.2 million acres in four northeastern states. This system, involving a tabular and graphic integration, allows large amounts of data to be stored, retrieved, and presented in many useful formats. The inventory utilizes variable-radius plots, color infrared imagery for interpretation, and an aerotriangulation process for map construction.
Forest Taxation Exemptions: The New York Experience
Authors: Bertozzi Mark
Published: April 2024

Forest tax policy in New York has recently undergone a major review. Proposals from a number of interested constituencies reflect competing dilemmas resulting from increased pressures on both the timber resource and the local real property tax base. Much of the discussion has centered on the exemptions available to owners who are willing to manage their forests and on the best methods of assessing parcels. It is hoped that the proposals will correct administrative and other deficiencies with the current law and gain increased support for forest management.
World Forestry: Amazonian Fruit-Eating Fish and the Varzea Forest
Authors: Flamm Barry R.
Published: April 2024

A vital and complex interrelationship exists between the fishes and the varzea (flooded) forest of the Amazon Basin. Amazonian fishes, particularly of the characin group, depend for food on fruits and seeds from the flooded forest and in the process provide a mechanism for distribution of various forest species.
Changing Conceptions of Sustained-Yield Policy on the National Forests
Authors: Parry B. Thomas , Vaux Henry J. , Dennis Nicholas
Published: April 2024

Sustained yield has always been an important component of USDA Forest Service timber policy, but the definition of it has changed markedly over the past 75 years. Initial policy, a legacy from Europe, restricted national forest timber harvest to current growth. Sustained-yield policy began to shift in the 1920s, as the Forest Service realized that vegetative composition of most national forests was dominated by old growth and, hence, did not fit the ideal of a fully regulated forest. Policy then focused on harvesting so as to attain a regulated structure as soon as practicable. In the 1930s, a link was forged between sustained yield and a social concern: maintaining stable communities. Thus, Forest Service policy began to emphasize uniformity of harvests, despite the unregulated condition of the national forests. In 1973, in the midst of rising environmentalism and with a highly dependent timber industry, the Forest Service adopted its most restrictive view of sustained yield: nondeclining harvest levels. This conception of sustained yield was reflected in the National Forest Management Act of 1976. With continuing controversy over sustained-yield policy, and a lack of evidence that nondeclining even flow necessarily ensures either stable communities or forest resource protection, the time seems right to ask: "Where should sustained-yield policy go from here?"
Changes in Forest Condition Associated with Gypsy Moth
Authors: Gansner David A. , Herrick Owen W. , DeBald Paul S. , Acciavatti Robert E.
Published: April 2024

Eight years after the beginning of repeated but not continuous attacks by the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), hardwood plots in the Pocono Mountain region of Pennsylvania had outgrown most losses. Basal area averaged close to preattack values, though with wide variation from plot to plot. Volumes per acre had gained an average of 8 percent. Before the outbreak, 87 percent of the plots were fully stocked or overstocked; after eight years 79 percent were in this condition but with a reduced oak component.
Hardwood Structural Flakeboard--Development of the Industry in North America
Authors: Koch Peter , Springate Norman C.
Published: April 2024

After a faltering beginning in 1958, vigorous growth in the 1970s, and extraordinary expansion in 1980, 1981, and 1982, the structural flakeboard industry in North America is competing strongly with the softwood plywood industry in midwestern, eastern, and southern structural panel markets. In early 1982, existing and planned annual capacities in North America totaled about 1.186 million ft² in Canada and 1,733 million ft² in the United States (3/8-inch basis). Most mills use aspen, but two currently under construction will use hardwoods indigenous to Louisiana and east Texas.
World Forestry: Forestry in Malaysia
Authors: Nor Salleh Mohd.
Published: April 2024

Tropical forests of great botanical complexity occupy two-thirds of Malaysia's total land area of 33.2 million hectares. Dipterocarp species are the most numerous. Logs of high quality have been abundant and have supported a sizable export trade. Now the supply of such timber is dwindling, and planting has been started to avoid a shortfall. The 14 Malaysian states own and administer nearly all of the forest, but a national policy for Peninsular Malaysia calling for a system of permanent forests is nearing acceptance. While the lowland dipterocarp stands have long been managed with considerable success, many are being cleared for agriculture and the silviculture developed for them requires adjustment to the hill forests. On the whole, forest management and silviculture are in a state of flux. A Forest Research Institute has been active at Kepong since 1929, and two states have smaller research units. The Faculty of Forestry, at the Agricultural University, Serdang, offers four-year and three-year courses of instruction.
Method for Estimating Bole Volume
Authors: Yang Yong C. , Kung Fan H.
Published: April 2024

Use of order statistics and of "jackknifing" in the second phase of double sampling can increase the accuracy and precision of regression estimates. This approach is especially useful for volume estimation where the cost ratio and the correlation between volume determination and diameter measurement are high. Spacing of the selected and ranked sample is at the optimum when both volume and diameter are normally distributed. The advantages and superiority of the procedure may diminish if the assumptions of normality and high correlation are not met. The additional costs of ranking and sample selection should be justified by the improved efficiency. Other potential applications include biomass studies and combined aerial photographic and field inventory.
World Forestry: Forest Resources in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Abo-Hassan A. A.
Published: April 2024

The natural dry forests in Saudi Arabia extend from Yemen territory in the south to Taif in the north. A survey found the area of accessible forests to be 762,474 ha. The prevailing species is Juniperus procera, mired in some areas with Acacia spp. or Olea chrysophylla. These forests, which were overgrazed and otherwise abused in the past, are now being intensively studied with the aim of proposing a management plan that will ensure continuing productivity. A program for planting forest trees everywhere in the kingdom is in progress, with environmental protection being the main purpose.
Classification of Forest Resources with Landsat Data
Authors: Fox III Lawrence , Mayer Kenneth E. , Forbes Alice R.
Published: April 2024

Landsat data were classified with guided clustering techniques to inventory and map conifer species and general land cover on the McCloud Ranger District of the Shasta-Trinity National Forest in northeastern California. Four conifer timber types were differentiated. Two stocking and two size classes were also determined for each conifer type. Eighty-two percent of the ranger district is forested. Of the total forestland, 53 percent was identified as mixed conifer, 31 percent as ponderosa pine, 12 percent as mixed fir, and 4 percent as lodgepole pine. Accuracy of the classification was 83 percent when timber types, size, and stocking were being discriminated, and 88 percent when timber types were being identified without detailed breakdown to size and stocking. USDA Forest Service ground plot data were used to calculate timber volume and other stand values within Landsat categories. From these results, it was determined that Landsat analysis could provide timber type classifications for forest management planning.
Vermont Forestland Prices
Authors: Armstrong Frank H.
Published: April 2024

Prices in actual dollars paid for tracts of 250 acres or more rose between 1968 and 1973. They have not gained since, and would show a steep decline if adjusted for inflation. Prices are not correlated with tract size or region of the state.
Economic Efficiency of Fire Management on Nonfederal Forest and Range Lands
Authors: Bellinger M. D. , Kaiser H. Fred , Harrison H. A.
Published: April 2024

An analysis, made by a cost-plus-net-value-change criterion, revealed that the amount of money spent nationwide to achieve an efficient fire protection on nonfederal forest and range lands is appropriate. However, improvements in efficiency can be achieved by increasing the fire protection in about one-half of the 39 geographical zones defined for purposes of the analysis, particularly those zones with significant timber values, while reducing it in others. This adjustment would result in a 48-percent reduction in losses without increasing the total cost of protection.
Strip Thinning and Selective Thinning in Douglas-Fir
Authors: McCreary Douglas D. , Perry David A.
Published: April 2024

Tree growth was compared on plots that had been strip thinned, selectively thinned, and not thinned in a 35-year-old Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] stand. The ratio of basal area increment five years after thinning to basal area increment five years before thinning was larger for all thinning treatments than for the control. However, trees farther than 10 feet from the edges of thinned strips did not respond. Individual tree growth and net stand basal area increment were greater in selectively thinned plots than strip-thinned ones after similar percentages of initial basal area were removed in each. Net stand basal area increment after five years was greater in selectively thinned plots than in strip-thinned ones even where 20 percent more trees had been removed. Nevertheless, lower logging costs and increased silvicultural flexibility may make strip thinning a desirable alternative in some cases.
Opinions of Montanans on Wilderness and Resource Development
Authors: Utter Jack
Published: April 2024

The opinions of 400 Montana citizens indicate that Montanans strongly approve the wilderness concept and oppose the use of natural resources (oil, natural gas, timber, and minerals) located in wilderness areas. However, substantial percentages of the respondents feel that the use of certain natural resources might be permitted under special circumstances. In addition, two-thirds of those questioned favor exploration for oil, gas, and other resources located on public lands bordering wilderness areas.
Program Announcement: Harvest, an Interactive Harvest Scheduling Simulator for Even-Aged Forests
Authors: Barber Richard L.
Published: April 2024

A simplified computer program and users' manual are available for use in teaching forest regulation and harvest scheduling, or for quick, inexpensive solutions to operational harvest schedules. The program can calculate area control, volume control, even-flow, and Economic Harvest Optimization (ECHO) schedules.
Sustained-Yield Policy Comments
Authors: Craig George A.
Published: April 2024

The Forest Service's concept of nondeclining even-flow policy was not enacted in 1976 as the agency and others have contended. Present law and regulations permit recognition of social concerns and appropriate allocation of national forest resources. The agency needs strong leadership to bring about such allocations.
Simulating Management Intensification in National Timber-Supply Projections
Authors: Tedder Philip L.
Published: April 2024

In its 1980 RPA Timber Supply Analysis, the USDA Forest Service applied a combination of the Timber Assessment Market Model and the Timber Resource Analysis System (TRAS) to ascertain how intensification of management on private lands would affect future timber prices. This approach suffered from two shortcomings. First, TRAS combined treated and untreated acres into one weighted average, eliminating the capability of assessing response to individual treatments. Second, alternative types of management intensification could not be examined, since TRAS allowed modeling of only one set of management intensities at a time. The approach presented here, the Timber Resource Inventory Model, simulates management intensification by using yield-table projections for up to five treatment and response levels for a large number of species and sites.
Large-Scale Planting of North Carolina Loblolly Pine in Arkansas and Oklahoma: A Case of Gain Versus Risk
Authors: Lambeth C. C. , Dougherty P. M. , Gladstone W. T. , McCullough R. B. , Wells O. O.
Published: April 2024

Provenance tests in Arkansas and Oklahoma have demonstrated sizeable growth advantage of North Carolina loblolly pine over the local seed source. North Carolina loblolly appears to be well adapted to Arkansas and Oklahoma. Only small differences in cold and drought resistance have been observed so far. The major foreseeable risk is that coastal North Carolina loblolly pine, which evolved on poorly drained and deep soils, will experience greater mortality than the local source under some future extreme drought, especially on excessively drained and shallow soils in the Ouachita Mountains. Weyerhaeuser Company is reducing the risk by planting on soils with relatively low drought risk. Of the 790,000 hectares owned by Weyerhaeuser in Arkansas and Oklahoma 474,000 are deemed appropriate for planting with North Carolina stock.
Are Sawlogs Worth More as Firewood or Pulpwood?
Authors: Mize Carl W.
Published: April 2024

Equations have been derived to estimate the ratio of board feet per cord of firewood, board feet per cord of pulpwood, and cords of firewood per cord of pulpwood in logs. Graphs based on the equations can be used in deciding whether to sell logs and trees for sawtimber, firewood, or pulpwood.
Tree-Ring Patterns: A Key-Year Technique for Crossdating
Authors: Heikkenen Herman John
Published: April 2024

Dates and sequences of events that are potentially manifest in tree-ring patterns can be established, compared among sites, and crossdated by matching the patterns of key years. A key year is one in which the widths of tree rings relative to those of the preceding year (greater, less, or equal) are in agreement in a significant number of observed trees.
Prescribed Fire: Public Education and Perception
Authors: Taylor Jonathan G. , Daniel Terry C.
Published: April 2024

A sample drawn from the population of Tucson, Arizona, rated slides of forest scenes for scenic quality and acceptability for recreation. The scenes showed ponderosa pine areas that were unburned or had had light or severe fire 1 to 5 years previously. Participants also read brochures about fire effects, and took a post test that measured both fire knowledge and attitude. Their ratings of the slides indicated that scenic quality was improved by light fires but diminished by severe burns. Acceptability ratings for recreation differed with the kind of recreation contemplated, with camping showing the greatest sensitivity to fire effects. With slight variation by type of presentation, the brochures increased respondents' knowledge and tolerance of fire but did not affect ratings of scenic or recreational quality. Overall, respondents supported prescribed burning.
Can Roadless Areas Be Allocated to Wilderness Without Loss in Timber Harvest Capability?
Authors: Hrubes Robert J.
Published: April 2024

To investigate whether loss of timber harvest capability on areas designated for wilderness could be compensated by increased production on remaining lands, harvest schedules for a western national forest were simulated with FORPLAN, a linear program planning model. A central feature of the schedules is the removal of environmentally and politically induced constraints limiting timber management on the lands remaining for timber production. Results suggest that short-term allowable harvests can be maintained even when significant acreages are removed from production but that long-term harvest capability is unavoidably compromised. Results also indicate that nondeclining yield exerts a dominant influence on short-term allowable harvests.