bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reorganization of sea urchin gene regulatory networks at least 268 million years ago as revealed by oldest fossil cidaroid echinoid
Authors: Thompson Jeffrey R. , Petsios Elizabeth , Davidson Eric H. , Erkenbrack Eric M. , Gao Feng , Bottjer David J.
Published: October 2015

Echinoids, or sea urchins, are rare in the Palaeozoic fossil record and thus the details regarding the early diversification of crown group echinoids are unclear. Here we report on the earliest probable crown group echinoid from the fossil record, recovered from Permian (Roadian-Capitanian) rocks of west Texas, which has important implications for the timing of the divergence of crown group echinoids. The presence of apophyses and rigidly sutured interambulacral areas with two columns of plates indicates this species is a cidaroid echinoid. The species, Eotiaris guadalupensis, n. sp. is therefore the earliest stem group cidaroid. The occurrence of this species in Roadian strata pushes back the divergence of cidaroids and euechinoids, the clades that comprise all living echinoids, to at least 268.8 Ma, ten million years older than the previously oldest known cidaroid. Furthermore, the genomic regulation of development in echinoids is amongst the best known and this new species informs the timing of large-scale reorganization in echinoid gene regulatory networks that occurred at the cidaroid-euechinoid divergence, indicating that these changes took place by the Roadian stage of the Permian.
Direct detection of illicit drugs from biological fluids by desorption/ionization mass spectrometry with nanoporous silicon microparticles
Authors: Guinan T. M. , Kirkbride P. , Della Vedova C. B. , Kershaw S. G. , Kobus H. , Voelcker N. H.
Published: October 2015

Surface assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS) with porous silicon microparticles was used for the all-in-one extraction and detection of illicit drugs from saliva, urine and plasma.
Mass spectrometry of modified RNAs: recent developments
Authors: Wetzel Collin , Limbach Patrick A.
Published: October 2015

A common feature of ribonucleic acids (RNAs) is that they can undergo a variety of chemical modifications, all of which can be detected by mass spectrometry. Here we highlight recent analytical developments in the field, which now enable quantitative characterization of complex mixtures of modified RNAs.
An MRM-based workflow for absolute quantitation of lysine-acetylated metabolic enzymes in mouse liver
Authors: Xu Leilei , Wang Fang , Xu Ying , Wang Yi , Zhang Cuiping , Qin Xue , Yu Hongxiu , Yang Pengyuan
Published: October 2015

As a key post-translational modification mechanism, protein acetylation plays critical roles in regulating and/or coordinating cell metabolism.
A simple label-free electrochemical method for the detection of polynucleotide kinase activity by a peroxidase mimic: TiO2 nanotube array
Authors: Wang Baojuan , Xiong Yunfang , Lin Lin , Zhang Xiaojun , Wang Guangfeng
Published: October 2015

Here we report the development of a simple label-free electrochemical method for a PNK assay based on the mimic peroxidase character of a prepared TiO2 nanotube array (NTA) and its specific attachment to phosphorylated DNA.
Graphene oxide-based chemiluminescent sensing platform for label-free detection of trypsin and its inhibitors
Authors: Zhang Huanhuan , Yao Luyan , Yu Xiaoqian , Zhao Yanjun , Fan Aiping
Published: October 2015

A simple and versatile GO-based chemiluminescent sensing platform for trypsin and trypsin inhibitor screening has been developed.
Application of mixed-mode ultra high performance liquid chromatography to forensic drug analysis
Authors: Clyde Cassandra , Blake Samantha , Obrien Stacey , Igwilo Ihuoma , Lurie Ira S.
Published: October 2015

Methodology is presented for the rapid analysis of drugs of abuse using a single UHPLC column with orthogonal separation methods using different combinations of the same solutions in the solvent reservoir.
Rapid determination of plutonium in water samples using vacuum box system separation and low background liquid scintillation counter measurement
Authors: Liu Bo , Shi Keliang , Ye Gaoyang , Li Yaming , Wu Wangsuo
Published: October 2015

An analytical method for rapid determination of 239+240plutonium in environmental liquid samples was developed.
Colorimetric detection of uric acid in human urine and serum based on peroxidase mimetic activity of MIL-53(Fe)
Authors: Lu Junyu , Xiong Yuhao , Liao Chunjin , Ye Fanggui
Published: October 2015

The porous metal–organic framework MIL-53(Fe) was prepared using a simple solvothermal method, and was developed as a colorimetric sensor for the detection of uric acid in human urine and serum.
Simultaneous enrichment, separation and detection of mercury(ii) ions using cloud point extraction and colorimetric sensor based on thermoresponsive hyperbranched polymer–gold nanocomposite
Authors: Liu Yi , Xu Li , Liu Junshen , Liu Xunyong
Published: October 2015

The strategy can achieve the simultaneous enrichment, separation and detection of Hg2+ with high enriching efficiency, ultrahigh sensitivity and selectivity.
Polyacrylamide-protected gold nanoparticles for the determination of manganese ions
Authors: Xun Lulu , Qiao Juan , Qi Li , Huang Jie , Cai Huiwu
Published: October 2015

AuNPs protected by polymeric polyacrylamide were successfully prepared and applied as a specific probe for the determination of Mn2+ in lake water samples.
Electrically conducting palladium selenide (Pd4Se, Pd17Se15, Pd7Se4) phases: synthesis and activity towards hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Kukunuri Suresh , Austeria P. Muthu , Sampath S.
Published: October 2015

Electrically conducting, continuous films of different phases of palladium selenides are synthesized by the thermolysis of single source molecular precursors.
The effect of branching in a semiconducting polymer on the efficiency of organic photovoltaic cells
Authors: Heintges Gaël H. L. , van Franeker Jacobus J. , Wienk Martijn M. , Janssen René A. J.
Published: October 2015

The impact of branching in a diketopyrrolopyrrole polymer on the performance of polymer–fullerene photovoltaic cells is investigated.
Particularly strong C–H⋯π interactions between benzene and all-cis 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexafluorocyclohexane
Authors: Cormanich Rodrigo A. , Keddie Neil S. , Rittner Roberto , O'Hagan David , Bühl Michael
Published: October 2015

According to high-level ab initio results (SCS-MP2/CBS), the interaction energy between all-cis 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexafluorocyclohexane and a benzene molecule is at least −6 kcal mol−1, remarkably large for C–H⋯π interactions between hydrocarbons.
Are the three hydroxyphenyl radical isomers created equal? – The role of the phenoxy radical –
Authors: Hemberger P. , da Silva G. , Trevitt A. J. , Gerber T. , Bodi A.
Published: October 2015

Hydroxyphenyl radicals (˙C6H4–OH) rearrange in a heated micro tubular reactor to phenoxy (C6H5–O˙) radicals, which subsequently decompose to yield cyclopentadienyl and CO.
Enhancement of near-infrared luminescence of ytterbium in triple-stranded binuclear helicates
Authors: Li Bing , Li Hongfeng , Chen Peng , Sun Wenbin , Wang Cheng , Gao Ting , Yan Pengfei
Published: October 2015

The triple-stranded dinuclear helicate with part-encapsulation properties shows 10 times luminescence enhancement compared to the mononuclear analogue.
Ferrocifen type anti cancer drugs
Authors: Jaouen Gérard , Vessières Anne , Top Siden
Published: October 2015

The mechanisms of action of ferrocifens depend on several features: chemical structures, used concentrations, nature of cancer cells.
Substitution of Ce(III,IV) ions for Bi in BiVO4 and its enhanced impact on visible light-driven photocatalytic activities
Authors: Gu Shaonan , Li Wenjun , Wang Fangzhi , Li Hongda , Zhou Hualei
Published: October 2015

The recombination of photogenerated charges can be greatly depressed by the charged crystal defects in the Bi1−xCexVO4+δ novel solid solution photocatalyst and both ˙OH and ˙O2− could be detected in the photoreaction.
Modifying porous carbon nanofibers with MnOx–CeO2–Al2O3 mixed oxides for NO catalytic oxidation at room temperature
Authors: Guo Zeyu , Liang Qing-Hua , Yang Zhiyu , Liu Shuang , Huang Zheng-Hong , Kang Feiyu
Published: October 2015

MnOx–CeO2–Al2O3 mixed oxides dispersed in CNFs to form a composite which displays remarkable activity for NO oxidation at room temperature.
Freeze-drying synthesis of an amorphous Zn2+complex and its transformation to a 2-D coordination framework in the solid state
Authors: Itakura T. , Horike S. , Inukai M. , Kitagawa S.
Published: October 2015

An amorphous and metastable precursor for a Zn two-dimensional coordination framework was synthesisedviafreeze drying.
A versatile and highly efficient post-functionalization method for grafting organic molecules onto Anderson-type polyoxometalates
Authors: Vanhaecht Stef , Jacobs Jeroen , Van Meervelt Luc , Parac-Vogt Tatjana N.
Published: October 2015

A new azide functionalized Anderson polyoxometalate was used for further post-functionalization with organic compounds through a copper catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction.
Glycemic index and microstructure analysis of a newly developed fiber enriched cookie
Authors: Schuchardt Jan Philipp , Wonik Jasmin , Bindrich Ute , Heinemann Michaela , Kohrs Heike , Schneider Inga , Möller Katharina , Hahn Andreas
Published: October 2015

A diet with a high glycemic index (GI) is associated with an elevated risk for obesity or type 2 diabetes.
Acetophenone derivatives: novel and potent small molecule inhibitors of monoamine oxidase B
Authors: Wang Zhi-Min , Li Xue-Mei , Xu Wei , Li Fan , Wang Jin , Kong Ling-Yi , Wang Xiao-Bing
Published: October 2015

Compounds1jand2ewere both potent and selective MAO-B inhibitors.
Amorphous NiO electrocatalyst overcoated ZnO nanorod photoanodes for enhanced photoelectrochemical performance
Authors: Mao Yanchao , Cheng Yongguang , Wang Junqiao , Yang Hao , Li Mingyang , Chen Jian , Chao Mingju , Tong Yexiang , Liang Erjun
Published: October 2015

This research demonstrated that introducing amorphous NiO electrocatalysts onto the surface of ZnO photoanodes can effectively facilitate their PEC performance.
Implications of flexible spacer rotational processes on the liquid crystal behavior of 4,5-dihydroisoxazole benzoate dimers
Authors: Tavares Aline , Toldo Josene M. , Vilela Guilherme D. , Gonçalves Paulo F. B. , Bechtold Ivan H. , Kitney Stuart P. , Kelly Stephen M. , Merlo Aloir A.
Published: October 2015

Liquid crystals behavior of the 5a–d and 9a–d was dictated by rotational aspects of the flexible spacer.
Nonanebis(peroxoic acid) mediated efficient and selective oxidation of sulfide
Authors: Gayakwad Eknath M. , Patil Vilas V. , Shankarling Ganapati S.
Published: October 2015

Metal free, chemoselective oxidation of sulfide using aliphatic diperoxyacid.
A reversible metal ion fueled DNA three-way junction molecular device for “turn-on and -off” fluorescence detection of mercury ions (II) and biothiols respectively with high selectivity and sensitivity
Authors: Ma Long , Wu Guanrong , Li Yufeng , Qin Ping , Meng Lingpei , Liu Haiyan , Li Yuyin , Diao Aipo
Published: October 2015

A reversible molecular device in the nanoscale based on a DNA three-way junction (3WJ) fueled by Hg2+ binding and sequestration.
Synthesis of α-haloenamides via zinc halide mediated direct addition of benzhydryl halides to ynamides
Authors: Chen Ling , Yu Lian , Deng Yuan , Cui Yuming , Bian Gaofeng , Cao Jian
Published: October 2015

A regio- and stereoselective synthesis of highly substituted α-haloenamides was described via the zinc halide mediated direct addition of benzhydryl halides to ynamides under mild conditions.
Side-chain conjugated polymers for use in the active layers of hybrid semiconducting polymer/quantum dot light emitting diodes
Authors: Fokina Ana , Lee Yeonkyung , Chang Jun Hyuk , Braun Lydia , Bae Wan Ki , Char Kookheon , Lee Changhee , Zentel Rudolf
Published: October 2015

Three monomers,M1–M3, with modified carbazole cores and styrene functionality were polymerized by RAFT. The polymers were then used in the active layers of hybrid polymer/quantum dot light emitting diodes.
A convenient and efficient synthesis method to improve the emission intensity of rare earth ion doped phosphors: the synthesis and luminescent properties of novel SrO:Ce3+ phosphor
Authors: Fu Jipeng , Zhang Su , Ma Tengfei , Jia Yonglei , Pang Ran , Jiang Lihong , Li Da , Li Haifeng , Sun Wenzhi , Li Chengyu
Published: October 2015

A convenient and efficient synthesis method that improves the emission intensity of rare earth ion doped phosphors is proposed. This approach can greatly improve the reaction temperature and overcome the requirement for harsh conditions.
Size, vacancy and temperature effects on Young’s modulus of silicene nanoribbons
Authors: Chávez-Castillo M. R. , Rodríguez-Meza M. A. , Meza-Montes L.
Published: October 2015

Young’s modulus of silicene nanoribbons: strong dependence on length, chirality as well as position, type and combination of vacancies.
cRGD-functionalized redox-sensitive micelles as potential doxorubicin delivery carriers for αvβ3 integrin over expressing tumors
Authors: Cai Meng , Ye Mengyuan , Shang Xingxing , Sun Honghao , Liu Mingxing , Sun Hongmei , Ma Zhuo , Zhu Hongda
Published: October 2015

The cRGD-modified redox-sensitive micelles as nanocarrier-based drug delivery provide an innovative platform for targeted integrin over expressing tumor cells anticancer drug delivery and offer better antitumour activity.
Tuning the aqueous self-assembly process of insulin by a hydrophobic additive
Authors: Bäcklund Fredrik G. , Solin Niclas
Published: October 2015

The presence of a fluorescent hydrophobic oligothiophene (6T) dramatically influences the process where insulin self-assembles into spherulites, resulting in large (up to 1.4 mm) fluorescent spherulites.
Up/down conversion, tunable photoluminescence and energy transfer properties of NaLa(WO4)2:Er3+,Eu3+ phosphors
Authors: Liu Yan , Liu Yanxia , Liu Guixia , Dong Xiangting , Wang Jinxian
Published: October 2015

A series of novel, color-tunable, single-component NaLa(WO4)2:Er3+,Eu3+ phosphors were prepared by a one-step hydrothermal method. The energy transfer mechanism was studied, and color-tunable emissions in NaLa(WO4)2 are realized.
Soya nuggets – a potential carrier: swelling kinetics and release of hydrophobic drugs
Authors: Bhutani Utkarsh , Majumdar Saptarshi
Published: October 2015

Soya nuggets were used as a drug delivery vehicle. The swelling degree of the soya nuggets was responsible for efficient drug loading and release.
Growth of MoS2@C nanobowls as a lithium-ion battery anode material
Authors: Cui Chunyu , Li Xiu , Hu Zhe , Xu Jiantie , Liu Huakun , Ma Jianmin
Published: October 2015

In this work, MoS2@C nanobowls with superior electrochemical performance have been successfully fabricated by a facile solvothermal method, followed by a post-annealing process.
Facile synthesis and enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity of graphitic carbon nitride decorated with ultrafine Fe2O3 nanoparticles
Authors: Liu Xin , Jin Ailing , Jia Yushuai , Jiang Junzhe , Hu Na , Chen Xiangshu
Published: October 2015

An efficient composite photocatalyst fabricated by dispersing ultrafine Fe2O3 nanocrystals onto g-C3N4 nanosheets via a facile deposition-precipitation method shows significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance under visible light irradiation.
Synthesis and formation mechanism of 1D hollow SiO2 nanomaterials using in situ formed 1D NaCl crystal templates
Authors: Zhu Jingting , Wang Bingbing , Jin Ping
Published: October 2015

1D hollow silica nanomaterials were successfully fabricated using 1D NaCl crystals as in situ formed templates for the first time.
Silver/gold core/shell nanowire monolayer on a QCM microsensor for enhanced mercury detection
Authors: Larki Paria , Sabri Ylias M. , Kabir K. M. Mohibul , Nafady Ayman , Kandjani Ahmad Esmaielzadeh , Bhargava Suresh Kumar
Published: October 2015

The formation of a silver nanowire monolayer (Ag NWML) galvanically replaced with gold (Au) directly on the electrodes of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) transducer for non-spectroscopic based elemental mercury (Hg0) vapor sensing is reported in this study.
A novel visible light-driven silver isocyanate photocatalyst: superior stability enhanced by intrinsic resonance effect
Authors: Fan Shuo , Chen Gang , Li Chunmei , Lv Chade , Han Zhonghui , Rao Jiancun , Hu Yidong , Zhang Congmin
Published: October 2015

A novel Ag-based visible-light photocatalyst, AgNCO, with superior stability employing intrinsic resonance effect.
Seedless synthesis of gold nanorods using dopamine as a reducing agent
Authors: Liopo Anton , Wang Shaowei , Derry Paul J. , Oraevsky Alexander A. , Zubarev Eugene R.
Published: October 2015

The first example of seedless synthesis of gold nanorods using dopamine as a reducing agent is described in this work.
Palladium-catalyzed asymmetric [3+2] cycloaddition to construct 1,3-indandione and oxindole-fused spiropyrazolidine scaffolds
Authors: Cao Bo , Mei Liang-Yong , Li Xiao-Ge , Shi Min
Published: October 2015

A facile and versatile Pd/L8-catalyzed asymmetric [3+2] cycloaddition of 3-diazooxindoles with a new vinylcyclopropane to construct spiropyrazolidine derivatives has been developed.
A Schiff-base-type vanadyl complex grafted on mesoporous carbon nitride: a new efficient catalyst for hydroxylation of benzene to phenol
Authors: Xu Jie , Jiang Quan , Shang Jie-Kun , Wang Yue , Li Yong-Xin
Published: October 2015

VO(acac)2 was grafted on mesoporous g-CN material as a Schiff-base-type complex, and showed high catalytic activity in direct hydroxylation of benzene to phenol.
Random site occupancy induced disordered Néel-type collinear spin alignment in heterovalent Zn2+–Ti4+ ion substituted CoFe2O4
Authors: Patange S. M. , Desai S. S. , Meena S. S. , Yusuf S. M. , Shirsath Sagar E.
Published: October 2015

Crystal structure and spin arrangements of CoZnxTixFe2−2xO4 and its relation to magneton number with Zn2+–Ti4+ substitution.
A porous graphene/carbon nanowire hybrid with embedded SnO2 nanocrystals for high performance lithium ion storage
Authors: Tang Jingjing , Yang Juan , Zhou Xiangyang , Yao Haimin , Zhou Limin
Published: October 2015

SnO2 nanocrystals embedding into porous graphene/carbon nanowires (SnO2-PG/CNWs) are flexibly synthesized, exhibiting superior electrochemical properties as anode materials for lithium ion batteries.
An adaptive supramolecular organic framework for highly efficient separation of uranium via an in situ induced fit mechanism
Authors: Li Bo , Bai Chiyao , Zhang Shuang , Zhao Xiaosheng , Li Yang , Wang Lei , Ding Kuan , Shu Xi , Li Shoujian , Ma Lijian
Published: October 2015

The as-synthesized adaptive supramolecular organic framework (MA–TMA) filled with abundant hydrogen-bonded N-/N and N-/O-heterocyclic motifs exhibits remarkable ability for highly efficient separation of uranium via an in situ “induced-fit” ion recognition mechanism.
Li-storage performance of binder-free and flexible iron fluoride@graphene cathodes
Authors: Hu Xuebo , Ma Minhao , Mendes Rafael G. , Zeng Mengqi , Zhang Qin , Xue Yinghui , Zhang Tao , Rümmeli Mark H. , Fu Lei
Published: October 2015

As flexible devices have become increasingly popular in our daily life, flexible energy-supply devices, especially flexible lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), have attracted great attention.
Thermally activated LTA(Li)–Ag zeolites with water-responsive photoluminescence properties
Authors: Coutino-Gonzalez Eduardo , Baekelant Wouter , Grandjean Didier , Roeffaers Maarten B. J. , Fron Eduard , Aghakhani Mohammad S. , Bovet Nicolas , Van der Auweraer Mark , Lievens Peter , Vosch Tom , Sels Bert , Hofkens Johan
Published: October 2015

The synthesis and characterization of LTA(Li)–Ag zeolites with water-responsive photoluminescence properties and high external quantum efficiencies is described in this study.
Kavain inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-α via ERK/LITAF
Authors: Tang Xiaoren , Amar Salomon
Published: October 2015

Kavain, an extract from the shrub Piper methysticum, was recently reported to modulate TNF-α expression in both human and mouse cells via regulation of LPS-Induced TNF-Alpha Factor (LITAF). The purpose of the present study was to define the molecular pathway(s) associated with Kavain′s effects on TNF modulation. In vitro studies using WT mouse primary macrophages showed that Kavain significantly reduced E. coli LPS-induced TNF-α production but this effect was almost abrogated in LITAF−/− and ERK2−/− cells. Therefore we reintroduced the ERK2 gene in ERK2−/− cells and partially restored E. coli LPS-induced LITAF-mediated TNF-α production. The translocation of LITAF into to nucleus was found to be dependent on ERK2 S206 residue. Kavain inhibits LITAF/TNF-α expression via dephosphorylation of ERK2 in response to E. coli LPS. Finally, in vivo, Kavain had a significant anti-inflammatory effect on wild type mice that developed Collagen Antibody Induced Arthritis (CAIA), but only a minor effect in ERK2−/− mice also affected by CAIA. Based on these findings, we concluded that ERK2 may be the kinase upstream for LITAF being a crucial factor for Kavain-mediated regulation of LPS-induced TNF-α.
Persistent Language Delay Versus Late Language Emergence in Children With Early Cochlear Implantation
Authors: Geers Ann E. , Nicholas Johanna , Tobey Emily , Davidson Lisa
Published: October 2015

Purpose

The purpose of the present investigation is to differentiate children using cochlear implants (CIs) who did or did not achieve age-appropriate language scores by midelementary grades and to identify risk factors for persistent language delay following early cochlear implantation.

Materials and Method

Children receiving unilateral CIs at young ages (12–38 months) were tested longitudinally and classified with normal language emergence (
n
= 19), late language emergence (
n
= 22), or persistent language delay (
n
= 19) on the basis of their test scores at 4.5 and 10.5 years of age. Relative effects of demographic, audiological, linguistic, and academic characteristics on language emergence were determined.

Results

Age at CI was associated with normal language emergence but did not differentiate late emergence from persistent delay. Children with persistent delay were more likely to use left-ear implants and older speech processor technology. They experienced higher aided thresholds and lower speech perception scores. Persistent delay was foreshadowed by low morphosyntactic and phonological diversity in preschool. Logistic regression analysis predicted normal language emergence with 84% accuracy and persistent language delay with 74% accuracy.

Conclusion

CI characteristics had a strong effect on persistent versus resolving language delay, suggesting that right-ear (or bilateral) devices, technology upgrades, and improved audibility may positively influence long-term language outcomes.
Language Impairment in the Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Context
Authors: Redmond Sean M.
Published: October 2015

Purpose

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a ubiquitous designation that affects the identification, assessment, treatment, and study of pediatric language impairments (LIs).

Method

Current literature is reviewed in 4 areas: (a) the capacity of psycholinguistic, neuropsychological, and socioemotional behavioral indices to differentiate cases of LI from ADHD; (b) the impact of co-occurring ADHD on children's LI; (c) cross-etiology comparisons of the nonlinguistic abilities of children with ADHD and specific LI (SLI); and (d) the extent to which ADHD contributes to educational and health disparities among individuals with LI.

Results

Evidence is presented demonstrating the value of using adjusted parent ratings of ADHD symptoms and targeted assessments of children's tense marking, nonword repetition, and sentence recall for differential diagnosis and the identification of comorbidity. Reports suggest that the presence of ADHD does not aggravate children's LI. The potential value of cross-etiology comparisons testing the necessity and sufficiency of proposed nonlinguistic contributors to the etiology of SLI is demonstrated through key studies. Reports suggest that children with comorbid ADHD+LI receive speech-language services at a higher rate than children with SLI.

Conclusion

The ADHD context is multifaceted and provides the management and study of LI with both opportunities and obstacles.
Specific Language Impairment, Nonverbal IQ, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Cochlear Implants, Bilingualism, and Dialectal Variants: Defining the Boundaries, Clarifying Clinical Conditions, and Sorting Out Causes
Authors: Rice Mabel L.
Published: October 2015

Purpose

The purpose of this research forum article is to provide an overview of a collection of invited articles on the topic “specific language impairment (SLI) in children with concomitant health conditions or nonmainstream language backgrounds.” Topics include SLI, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, cochlear implants, bilingualism, and dialectal language learning contexts.

Method

The topic is timely due to current debates about the diagnosis of SLI. An overarching comparative conceptual framework is provided for comparisons of SLI with other clinical conditions. Comparisons of SLI in children with low-normal or normal nonverbal IQ illustrate the unexpected outcomes of 2 × 2 comparison designs.

Results

Comparative studies reveal unexpected relationships among speech, language, cognitive, and social dimensions of children's development as well as precise ways to identify children with SLI who are bilingual or dialect speakers.

Conclusions

The diagnosis of SLI is essential for elucidating possible causal pathways of language impairments, risks for language impairments, assessments for identification of language impairments, linguistic dimensions of language impairments, and long-term outcomes. Although children's language acquisition is robust under high levels of risk, unexplained individual variations in language acquisition lead to persistent language impairments.
Human action recognition and analysis algorithm for fixed and moving cameras
Authors: Abdelwahab M.A. , Abdelwahab M.M.
Published: October 2015

A new algorithm for human action recognition is presented. The use of both front and side views of the optical flow (OF) in multiple layers representing different angles is proposed. The side view of the OF, created from the frontal view, is introduced as a new feature. It improves recognition accuracy and provides more information about the action such as the number of repetitions. Two‐dimensional (2D) discrete Fourier transform is applied to the obtained OF features that makes the algorithm not sensitive to translation and alignment. 2D principal component analysis is used to extract features from the eigenspace maintaining the spatial relation between pixels and increases the recognition accuracy. Results of experiments performed on four diverse datasets, Weizmann, IXMAS, KTH, and UCF sports, representing fixed and moving cameras, confirm these excellent properties compared with recent reported methods.
High‐sensitive acquisition of signals for inter‐satellite links of navigation constellation
Authors: Tang Yinyin , Wang Yueke , Chen Jianyun , Guo Xiye
Published: October 2015

The method changing non‐coherent integration to coherent integration is proposed to increase the sensitivity of signal acquisition. A phase jump occurs between the consecutive blocks when the carrier frequency is circularly shifted and this leads to the problem of direct accumulation. A compensation factor is exploited to solve the problem. Monte Carlo simulation results show that the method can improve the sensitivity of acquiring weak signals.
Wideband filtering power divider with high selectivity
Authors: Zhang Bo , Liu Yuanan
Published: October 2015

A wideband filtering power divider (PD) with high selectivity is introduced, based on a terminated coupled line structure. The bandwidth tuning, isolation and impedance matching performances optimisation are presented and explained. Finally, the filtering PD is designed and implemented with a centre frequency (f0) of 3.0 GHz and a fractional bandwidth of 70%. The upper stopband is achieved up to 2.6 f0, with a rejection of better than 13 dB. The measured minimum in‐band insertion loss is 0.3 dB (not including the splitting loss). Isolation of higher than 16.7 dB between the output ports is observed up to 2.7 f0.
Face recognition using supervised probabilistic principal component analysis mixture model in dimensionality reduction without loss framework
Authors: Ahmadkhani Somaye , Adibi Peyman
Published: October 2015

In this study, first a supervised version for probabilistic principal component analysis mixture model is proposed. Using this model, local linear underlying manifolds of data samples are obtained. These underlying manifolds are used in a dimensionality reduction without loss framework, for face recognition application. In this framework, the benefits of dimensionality reduction are used in the predictive model, while using the projection penalty idea, the loss of useful information will be minimised. The authors use support vector machine (SVM) and k‐nearest neighbour (KNN) classifiers as the predictive models in this framework. To train and evaluate the proposed method, the well‐known face databases are used. The experimental results show that the proposed method with SVM as the predictive model have the most average classification accuracy compared with many traditional methods which use predictive model SVM after dimensionality reduction, and also compared with the projection penalty idea used for linear and non‐linear kernel‐based dimensionality reduction methods. Moreover, their experiments show that the proposed method with KNN as predictive model is superior to the case that dimensionality reduction is performed, and then the KNN classifier is applied.
Computer modelling and field testing of the trip mechanism for GIS
Authors: Yang Ming‐Ta , Wang Jing‐Min , Chen Cheng‐Chuan , Cian Ying‐Rong
Published: October 2015

Circuit breakers (CBs) play a crucial role in power system reliability. Most CB failures observed in the field are related to operating mechanism. One of the useful approaches to effectively diagnose the mechanism failures of CBs is based on the trip coil current signatures. Using the simulation tool MapleSim, this study proposes a simulation model of CB trip mechanism to identify the CB failures and their causes. The impacts of intentional abnormalities on the trip coil current taken from the field testing of trip mechanism are scrutinised. The intentional abnormalities include trip coil operating voltage, trip coil circuit resistance, and shaft gap. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed MapleSim simulation model, the work made the trip coil current comparison between computer simulation and field testing. In this study, the field testing data are gathered from 23 kV gas insulated switchgear with good and various faulty conditions. The simulation‐based findings in this study provide a useful and valuable insight into the CB trip mechanism failures, offering more diagnostic advice to maintenance personnel. The proposed results are of great interest in CB diagnosis.
Micro- and nano-domain engineering in lithium niobate
Authors: Shur V. Ya. , Akhmatkhanov A. R. , Baturin I. S.
Published: October 2015

The physical basis of the domain engineering in ferroelectrics and its application to lithium niobate crystals were reviewed. The unified kinetic approach to the domain structure evolution in electric field was formulated and its validity for understanding the variety of observed domain evolution scenarios was demonstrated. The kinetics and statics of the domain structure in the crystals of lithium niobate family including congruent, stoichiometric, and MgO doped ones have been discussed. The main stages of the periodical poling process and related problems have been pointed out. The basic poling techniques applied for creation of the periodical domain structures in bulk crystals and waveguides were compared. The recent applications of the periodically poled lithium niobate for light frequency conversion using second harmonic generation and optical parametric oscillation, excitation of the surface acoustic waves, and generation of terahertz radiation have been discussed. The special attention has been paid for achievements in fabrication of high-power optical parametric oscillation and integrated optical devices with periodically poled lithium niobate. The future trends in periodical poling and development of the nanodomain engineering which will allow to create the nanoscale domain patterns necessary for utilization of the new nonlinear interactions were reviewed.
Physiological consequences of heat stress in pigs
Authors: Ross J. W. , Hale B. J. , Gabler N. K. , Rhoads R. P. , Keating A. F. , Baumgard L. H.
Published: October 2015

Heat stress negatively influences the global pork industry and undermines genetic, nutritional, management and pharmaceutical advances in management, feed and reproductive efficiency. Specifically, heat stress-induced economic losses result from poor sow performance, reduced and inconsistent growth, decreased carcass quality, mortality, morbidity, and processing issues caused by less rigid adipose tissue (also known as flimsy fat). When environmental conditions exceed the pig’s thermal neutral zone, nutrients are diverted from product synthesis (meat, fetus, milk) to body temperature maintenance thereby compromising efficiency. Unfortunately, genetic selection for both increased litter size and leaner phenotypes decreases pigs’ tolerance to heat, as enhanced fetal development and protein accretion results in increased basal heat production. Additionally, research has demonstrated that in utero heat stress negatively and permanently alters post-natal body temperature and body composition and both variables represent an underappreciated consequence of heat stress. Advances in management (i.e. cooling systems) have partially alleviated the negative impacts of heat stress, but productivity continues to decline during the warm summer months. The detrimental effects of heat stress on animal welfare and production will likely become more of an issue in regions most affected by continued predictions for climate change, with some models forecasting extreme summer conditions in key animal-producing areas of the globe. Therefore, heat stress is likely one of the primary factors limiting profitable animal protein production and will certainly continue to compromise food security (especially in emerging countries) and regionalise pork production in developed countries. Thus, there is an urgent need to have a better understanding of how heat stress reduces animal productivity. Defining the biology of how heat stress jeopardises animal performance is critical in developing approaches (genetic, managerial, nutritional and pharmaceutical) to ameliorate current production issues and improve animal wellbeing and performance.
Copper and zinc aging in soils for a decade: changes in metal extractability and phytotoxicity
Authors: McBride Murray B. , Cai Meifang
Published: October 2015

Environmental contextTrace metal toxicities to soils and plants depend on residence time in soils, a poorly understood phenomenon termed ‘aging’. Our research aimed to better understand long-term aging by measuring the solubility and toxicity of copper and zinc over a 10-year period after their addition to soils as soluble salts. We determined that, while metal solubility and toxicity did decrease in a decade, the highest levels of added metals (200 and 400mgkg–1) still had toxic effects on soybeans.
AbstractTo assess long-term effects of field aging on Cu and Zn availability and phytotoxicity in soils, soils were spiked in the field using metal sulfate salts, and tested over 10 years for changes in total metals, salt-extractable (0.01M CaCl2) metals, Cu ion activity and phytoavailable metals using a soybean assay. Metal losses from the soils were generally small, with the coarse-textured (Arkport) soil having greater losses than the fine-textured (Hudson) soil. However, large reductions in salt-extractable metals occurred over the 10-year period, with most of this decline observed in the first several years following spiking. Copper ion activities decreased after 10 years of aging in all of the Cu-spiked soils, but remained high enough to be phytotoxic at metal loadings of 200 and 400mgkg–1. The soybean assay showed that Zn phytoavailability was significantly elevated in both soils at the loadings of 200 and 400mgkg–1 Zn. Higher plant tissue Cu was evident at additions of 200 and 400mgkg–1 Cu in the Arkport soil, but only at the 400mgkg–1 additions in the Hudson soil. Plant growth was significantly reduced at the 400mgkg–1 additions for both metals in both soils; growth inhibition at the 200mgkg–1 addition was also observed for both metals in both soils, but was not statistically significant for Zn. In summary, soils spiked with 200mgkg–1 (or more) of Cu or Zn salts express significant phytotoxicity after 10 years of field aging despite a shift of the metals into less labile forms.
Substrate mapping of three rivers in a Ramsar wetland in Jamaica: a comparison of data collection (hydroacoustic v. grab samples), classification and kriging methods
Authors: Prospere Kurt , McLaren Kurt , Wilson Byron
Published: October 2015

Most developing countries have failed to adopt hydroacoustics to aid with the management of their aquatic natural resources. We tested the ability of single-beam sonar (SBES) to discern and map substrates in three rivers from the largest wetland in Jamaica, the Black River Lower Morass (BRLM). We used five supervised classification methods (including C5.0; random forest, RF; and naïve Bayes, NB) and four interpolation algorithms (indicator kriging (iks), fixed path simulation (fpth), random path simulations (rpth) and multinomial categorical simulation (mcs) based on transitional rates and incorporated into Markov Chain). Irrespective of the classifier used, mcs consistently produced higher overall classification accuracies (OAC) and kappa statistics; however, rpth interpolation produced the lowest balanced error rate (BER) recorded. For all three rivers, OAC, kappa and BER statistics were 49.7–87.1, 32.8–81.0 and 15.3–45.1% respectively. All interpolation algorithms produced maps with higher OAC and kappa indices from data classified using the tree-based classifiers (C5.0 and RF) in the absence of gravel-free substrates. At a lower spatial resolution, comparable maps were obtained by interpolating discrete sample points acquired by grab samples. Given that most of rivers in island states are small, sinuous, shallow and sometimes non-navigable by boat, the use of SBES as the most cost-effective and efficient way of mapping river substrates is questionable, but the interpolation of grab samples might suffice.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of intermittent stream fish metacommunities in response to prolonged drought and reconnectivity
Authors: Driver Lucas J. , Hoeinghaus David J.
Published: October 2015

Hydrological regimes are primary drivers of community structure and dynamics in streams with strong seasonal or annual flood and drought cycles. In the current study, we investigated the dynamics of fish metacommunities in two intermittent streams (Hickory Creek and Clear Creek) in north Texas, USA, by examining changes in diversity, abundance, assemblage structure and temporal stability associated with prolonged seasonal drought and reconnectivity. Diversity (α and γ), abundance and stability increased with initial isolation during summer drought but dramatically declined as drought or drying persisted through the winter (November–December). During post-drought reconnectivity in Hickory Creek, diversity and abundance increased and approached pre-drought levels. Abundance and body size varied greatly among species and indicated species-specific responses (i.e. mortality, recruitment, dispersal) to hydrologic fragmentation and connectivity. Ultimately, assemblage structures were significantly altered by drought in Hickory and Clear creeks, and despite a trend towards recovery in Hickory Creek, assemblages did not fully recover during the present study. Intermittent-stream fishes may be generally adapted to natural drought dynamics; however, climate change and human-mediated habitat alterations may result in prolonged and intensified drought conditions that exceed many species mechanisms of resistance or resilience having potentially large impacts on biodiversity across spatial and temporal scales.
Evaluation and use of remotely piloted aircraft systems for operations and research – RxCADRE 2012
Authors: Zajkowski Thomas J. , Dickinson Matthew B. , Hiers J. Kevin , Holley William , Williams Brett W. , Paxton Alexander , Martinez Otto , Walker Gregory W.
Published: October 2015

Small remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS), also known as unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), are expected to provide important contributions to wildland fire operations and research, but their evaluation and use have been limited. Our objectives were to leverage US Air Force-controlled airspace to (1) deploy RPAS in support of the 2012 Prescribed Fire Combustion and Atmospheric Dynamics Research (RxCADRE) project campaign objectives, including fire progression at multiple scales and (2) assess tactical deployment of multiple RPAS with manned flights in support of incident management. We report here on planning for the missions, including the logistics of integrating RPAS into a complex operations environment, specifications of the aircraft and their measurements, execution of the missions and considerations for future missions. Deployments of RPAS ranged both in time aloft and in size, from the Aeryon Scout quadcopter to the fixed-wing G2R and ScanEagle UAS. Real-time video feeds to incident command staff supported prescribed fire operations and a concept of operations (a planning exercise) was implemented and evaluated for fires in large and small burn blocks. RPAS measurements included visible and long-wave infrared (LWIR) imagery, black carbon, air temperature, relative humidity and three-dimensional wind speed and direction.
Cell-cycle progress in obligate predatory bacteria is dependent upon sequential sensing of prey recognition and prey quality cues
Authors: Rotem Or , Pasternak Zohar , Shimoni Eyal , Belausov Eduard , Porat Ziv , Pietrokovski Shmuel , Jurkevitch Edouard
Published: October 2015

Significance

In obligate bacterial predators such as
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus
the cell-replication cycle is tightly coupled to the predatory act. Using a novel growth system, in which the content of emptied prey cells is manipulated, we show that
B. bacteriovorus
uses two spatially and temporally separated prey-derived cues to regulate the steps from prey recognition to predatory cell growth through differential gene expression. A previously unidentified cell-cycle checkpoint is uncovered, during which prey quality, as defined by nutrient availability, may be assessed.
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Spawning Events and Habitat Characteristics of Sacramento River Green Sturgeon
Authors: Poytress William R. , Gruber Joshua J. , Van Eenennaam Joel P. , Gard Mark
Published: October 2015

Spawning of the Southern Distinct Population Segment of Green Sturgeon Acipenser medirostris occurs annually within the Sacramento River in California. Artificial substrate samplers were used to collect Green Sturgeon eggs between 2008 and 2012 and in a reach of the river 94 river kilometers (rkm) long (rkm 426–332). A total of 268 eggs and 5 posthatch larvae were sampled from seven identified spawning sites between April 2 and July 7, primarily from medium gravel substrates. At these sites the mean water column velocities were 0.8 m/s at depths ranging from 0.6 to 11.3 m (6.4 ± 2.3 m, mean ± SD). We noted an average discharge of 314 m3/s and a median turbidity value of 3.9 NTU during estimated spawning events. Spawning at all sites occurred when average water temperatures were 13.5 ± 1.0°C and during water year types ranging from critically dry to wet. Green Sturgeon eggs averaged 4.11 ± 0.20 mm in diameter (n = 207), were very adhesive, and were between developmental stages 2 (just fertilized) and 44 (posthatch larva). We estimated that eggs were collected from a minimum of 54 different spawning events, based on sample date and location, egg developmental stage at capture, and water temperatures. Green Sturgeon spawning data indicates there is spatial separation from sympatric White Sturgeon A. transmontanus, but some temporal overlap exists. The thermally and hydrologically managed Sacramento River with its numerous diversions and competing water demands appears to have an approximate reach of 120 rkm in the 405‐km‐long river that is favorable for Green Sturgeon spawning in most years. Management decisions need to assess and incorporate the spawning habitat requirements of Green Sturgeon and coordinate this information with that of endangered winter‐run Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha while attempting to meet the diverse demands of the limited Sacramento River water resources.
Cool, Pathogen‐Free Refuge Lowers Pathogen‐Associated Prespawn Mortality of Willamette River Chinook Salmon
Authors: Benda Susan E. , Naughton George P. , Caudill Christopher C. , Kent Michael L. , Schreck Carl B.
Published: October 2015

Spring Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha are transported above dams in the Willamette River to provide access to blocked spawning habitat. However, 30–95% of these transplants may die before spawning in some years. To varying degrees, salmon in other tributaries—both blocked and unblocked—have similar prespawn mortality (PSM) rates. Our study determined whether holding fish in constant temperature, pathogen‐free conditions prior to spawning increased survival through spawning in 2010 through 2012. In addition, we evaluated pathogens as a potential cause of PSM. To monitor survival we captured adult Chinook Salmon early and late in the season from the lower Willamette River and upper tributaries and held them until spawning in 13°C, pathogen‐free water. Samples were collected at the time of transport, from moribund or dead fish throughout the summer, and after spawning in the autumn. Prespawn mortalities and postspawned fish from river surveys on holding and spawning reaches above traps were also sampled. Necropsies were performed on all fish, and representative organs were processed for histopathological analysis. Using multiple logistic regression odds ratio analysis, fish that were held were up to 12.6 times less likely to experience PSM than fish that were outplanted to the river. However, Aeromonas salmonicida and Renibacterium salmoninarum were more prevalent in held fish that had PSM than in outplanted fish with PSM, suggesting that fish that were held were more susceptible to these bacteria. Spawned held fish were more likely to have Myxobolus sp. brain infections and less likely to be infected with the kidney myxozoan, Parvicapusla minibicornis, than were spawned outplanted fish. The equal likelihood of other pathogens for held fish and outplanted spawned fish suggests interactive effects determine survival and that holding Chinook Salmon at 13°C prevented expression of lethal pathogenesis. Overall, holding could be a viable method to reduce PSM, but issues of transport stress, proliferative disease, and antibiotics remain.
Parity of ranks of elliptic curves with equivalent mod 𝑝 Galois representations
Authors: Shekhar Sudhanshu
Published: October 2015

Given two elliptic curves

E
1

E_1

and

E
2

E_2

defined over the field of rational numbers

Q

\mathbb {Q}

that have good and ordinary reduction at an odd prime

p
p

, and have equivalent, irreducible mod

p
p

Galois representations, we study the variation of the parity of Selmer ranks and analytic ranks of

E
1

E_1

and

E
2

E_2

over certain number fields.