bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Saponification of oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids: Optimization of conditions by response surface methodology
Authors: Lamothe F. , Peyronel D. , Sergent M. , Iatrides M. C. , Artaud J. , Phan‐Tan‐Luu R.
Published: January 2007

A methodological approach was used to optimize experimental conditions leading to complete saponification of cod liver oil without loss of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Each experiment, using conditions imposed by a Doehlert design, was analyzed for the percentages of fatty acids with different chain lengths and degrees of unsaturation: Y1=%C22:6ω3, Y2=%C20:5ω3, Y3=%C18:4ω3, Y4=%C18:1ω9+ω7, Y5=%C16:0. The difference between values obtained in each experiment and values obtained by transesterification allowed the extent of fatty acid degradation to be quantified. The experimental results were expressed by response surfaces allowing the choice of saponification conditions for each type of fatty acid.

An optimum zone for saponification was observed which was larger when carried out under nitrogen. Nitrogen did not eliminate degradation, but degradation was less marked under nitrogen than under air. The fatty acid having the greatest degree of unsaturation in this study, C22:6ω3, was the first to be degraded. The extension of the Doehlert design to four factors showed that under air, alkali concentration and reaction time were the major factors governing loss of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Pilot plant extraction of oil fromVernonia galamensis seed
Authors: Ayorinde F. O. , Carlson K. D. , Pavlik R. P. , McVety J.
Published: January 2007

Vernonia galamensis seed containing 40–42% oil and 30–34% epoxy acid, (cis‐12,13‐epoxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenoic) was processed to oil and meal. Seed conditioning, pressing and solvent extraction research were conducted in pilot facilities at the French Oil Mill Machinery Co. (Piqua, OH). The robust lipase system was successfully inactivated by treating 200 lb. batches ofV. galamensis seed in a cooker/conditioner at 195–200°F and >10% moisture. Conditioned seed was mechanically pressed and the press discharge cone setting was varied during operation from 1/32″ to 3/32″ to demonstrate the feasibility of both full pressing and prepressing. Prepressing successfully reduced oil level in the press cake to ca. 20%. Press cake was extracted with hexane in a 1.5‐ft3 batch‐type, four‐stage percolation unit with a 6″ square extraction cross section. Solvent extraction reduced oil level in the defatted meal to 1–2%. The defatted meal was desolventized and toasted. Excessive foaming of the vernonia oil extract made complete solvent stripping in the oil stripping unit difficult.
Effect of process variables, degree of ethoxylation and alcohol structure on relative ethoxylation rate constants
Authors: Geissler Paul R. , Johnson Adrain E.
Published: January 2007

Supercritical fluid chromatographic determinations of ethylene oxide distributions in ethoxylated alcohols with subsequent computer calculations of relative propagation to initiation ethoxylation rate constants for each ethoxylated oligomer have been carried out for normal octanol under varying reaction conditions. A number of other alcohols were also ethoxylated under essentially constant conditions. In the normal octanol studies, within an approximately fifteen‐fold change in absolute ethoxylation rates due to variations in temperature, pressure, and potassium hydroxide catalyst concentration, the data indicate that such changes do not affect ethylene oxide distributions. Suggestions by earlier workers of changes in relative ethoxylation rate constants with the average degree of ethoxylation were verified. Chain length for normal alcohol feeds does not affect distributions in the C‐8 to C‐13 range, but branching at the carbon α to the hydroxyl carbon increases the relative propagation to initiation rate constants, and a secondary alcohol exhibits an even higher ratio.
Analysis of soybean oil from Ohio
Authors: Yang C. Y. S. , Peng A. C.
Published: January 2007

Five soybean cultivars‐Pella 86, Ripley, Sherman, Williams 82, and Zane—were analyzed to determine the total fatty acid composition and triglyceride fatty acid composition. Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic were the major fatty acids in these cultivars. Zane was significantly higher in saturated fatty acid content and lower in linolenic acid content than the other cultivars. Resolution by argentation thin‐layer chromatography decreased with increased triglyceride unsaturation.
Effect of selected storage conditions and packaging materials on olive oil quality
Authors: Kiritsakis A. K. , Dugan L. R.
Published: January 2007

Transparent glass and polyethylene plastic bottles filled with virgin olive oil were stored in diffused room light and direct sunlight (ca 4 hrs a day in sunlight and the remainder of the day in diffused light). In each case one‐half of the containers were covered completely with aluminum foil. The oxidation of all oil samples proceeded slowly in darkness, faster in diffused light and even faster in direct sunlight. Glass packaging materials gave better protection against oxidation than polyethylene plastic bottles. Significant destruction of the color of oil was observed under different light conditions.
Growth stimulatory activity of unsaturated fatty acids for normal and neoplastic breast epithelium
Authors: Kidwell William R. , Shaffer John
Published: January 2007

Studies with experimental animals first showed that dietary lipids in excess have a very large stimulatory effect on the development of breast tumors either induced by carcinogens or occurring spontaneously. These observations took on added significance when epidemiologists found a strong positive correlation between breast cancer incidence and the level of dietary fat. Although not unequivocably established, the total observations concerning this phenomenon suggest a cause and effect relationship between high dietary lipids and breast cancer development. In an attempt to understand how the lipids might be acting, we have begun to assess the effects of various fatty acids on the growth and function of breast epithelium from both normal and neoplastic tissue. The results to date suggest that the unsaturated fatty acids are needed for mammary cell division and that they may play roles in this process by serving as substrates for prostaglandin synthesis, as membrane structural elements or possibly as activators of C kinase when they are in the form of diglycerides. Whatever the mechanism of growth stimulation, it appears that the fatty acids are rate limiting for growth and that physiologic mechanisms for recruiting fatty acids from proximal fat cells exist within the mammary gland. It thus appears that the fat cell serves as a physiologic buffer and that exceeding this buffer such as by consuming excessive lipids may override this buffering capacity and thus favor the division of normal or neoplastic breast cells.
Catalytic isomerization of safflower oil with rhodium complexes
Authors: Basu Amitabha , Kasar T. G.
Published: January 2007

Cationic rhodium (I) complexes of the type [(NBD)RhL2]+ ClO4− (NBD, norbornadiene; L, triphenyl phosphine or diphenyl phosphino ethane) have been studied as catalysts for the isomerization of methyl linoleate and safflower oil. The catalysts gave very good yields of conjugated products with both oil and methyl linoleate. Isomerization could be carried out under very mild conditions (55–65 C, 1 atm N2). Although the catalyst undergoes transformation in the course of the reaction, it maintains its catalytic activity. In fact, the catalysts isolated from the reaction with safflower oil were recycled with practically no loss of activity.
Study of thermal oxidation of thin film of trilinolein by thermogravimetric analysis
Authors: Takaoka Kyo , Kobayashi Koichi
Published: January 2007

The thermal oxidation of thin film of trilinolein has been investigated. The amounts of thermal decomposition products and polymerization products were determined using vacuum thermogravimetric analysis (vacuum TGA). It was found that the thermal oxidation decomposition and polymerization occurred in at least the outermost 120 µ of trilinolein films heated at 200 C for 4 min. In addition, it was found that the thermal polymerization is markedly affected by the nature of sample pans.
Varietal variations in content, characteristics and composition of mango seeds and fat
Authors: Lakshminarayana G. , Chandrasekhara Rao T. , Ramalingaswamy P. A.
Published: January 2007

Wide variations were found in the content, characteristics and composition of seed and fat of 43 varieties of mango (Mangifera indica) fruit. The seed in fruit amounted to 3–25% and kernel in seed 54–85% on an as‐is basis. The contents of fat, protein and ash in kernel ranged 3.7–12.6, 4.0–8.1 and 1.0–3.7 (% on dry basis), respectively. Acid value of fat varied from 2.1 to 8.8 and unsaponifiables from 1.0 to 5.3%. The ranges for fatty acids, as determined by gas chromatography, were: 16:0, 3–18; 17:0, traces‐2.0; 18:0, 24–57; 18:1, 34–56; 18:2, 1–13 and 20:0, traces‐4 (area %).
Fatty acid composition ofcuphea seed oils
Authors: Wolf R. B. , Graham S. A. , Kleiman R.
Published: January 2007

Nineteen species of 10 taxonomic sections ofCuphea were analyzed for fatty acid composition of the seed oils. Two sections of the genus,Trispermum andPseudocircaea, previously unreported, are included. Lauric acid is the major component of the seed oil in seven of the species surveyed; capric andmyristic each predominate in five. Linolenic acid, previously thought to be only a trace component ofCuphea seed oils, is the major constituent of two species. Two others are rich in linoleic acid, another minor component of mostCupbea oils.
Reactivity of fatty acids in the different positions of the triglycerides during hydrogenation of canola oil
Authors: Fan Tie , deMan L. , deMan J. M.
Published: January 2007

Canola oil was hydrogenated under selective and nonselective conditions. After various hydrogenation times, the triglycerides were hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase and the monoglycerides separated by TLC. Triglycerides and monoglycerides were analyzed for fatty acid composition andtrans isomer content. The reaction rate in the 2‐ and 1,3‐positions of the glycerides was identical and of first order kinetics. Since the 2‐position of the canola oil contained higher levels of 18:2 acids, the rate of change was greater than in the 1,3‐positions. There were indications of a slightly lower rate oftrans formation in the 2‐position during nonselective hydrogenation. Linoleate selectivities for the 2‐ and 1,3‐positions were determined.
Direct gas chromatographic analysis of the unsaponifiable fraction of different oils with a polar capillary column
Authors: Frega N. , Bocci F. , Lercker G.
Published: January 2007

The analysis of the unsaponifiable fraction of several oil samples was performed by a new gas chromatographic technique with a polar column of high thermal stability. This column was adequate for fractionating sterols, methyl sterols and alcohols of the unsaponifiable matter, and allowed the detection of peaks usually unresolved with nonpolar columns.
Kinetics of oil extraction from corn germ
Authors: Karlovic Djerdj , Sovilj Milan , Turkulov Jovan
Published: January 2007

This paper describes the effect of temperature and moisture content on the kinetics of oil extraction from corn germ flakes prepared by a dry degermination process. The experiments were carried out according to the factorial design 32. The moisture content in the extracted material was varied in the range 8%–12%, whereas the extraction temperature varied in the range 52.5°C–57.5°C. From the method of response surfaces, a functional dependence was established between the extraction rate, the moisture content in the material and the temperature of extraction. On the basis of this dependence, it was concluded that moisture content had a crucial effect on the rate of oil extraction. A decrease in moisture from 12% to 8% yielded a doubling of the extraction rate. On the other hand, temperature variations in the given range had no practical effect on the course of the extraction. Kinetics of oil extraction was determined according to the method developed in the Leningrad Institute of Oils and Fats (VNIIZh‐method), modified to the extent described in the paper.
The effect of feeding di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on the lipid metabolism of laying hens
Authors: Wood D. L. , Bitman Joel
Published: January 2007

Di‐(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), a commonly used plasticizer, is now seen as an environmental pollutant. DEHP has been found to inhibit lipid and sterol synthesis in rats and mice. The effects of DEHP on various aspects of lipid metabolism were examined in chickens. White Leghorn laying hens were fed either a standard laying mash control diet (C) or the control diet containing 1% DEHP (DEHP) or 1% DEHP and 5% tallow (DEHP‐T) for 28 days. DEHP and DEHP‐T lowered feed consumption 10% but did not significantly affect body weight. After 3 weeks on the diets, egg production was 15–20% less in DEHP‐T than in C and DEHP hens. No differences were observed in egg weight, percent shell, white or yolk among the groups. DEHP and DEHP‐T did not alter egg lipid or egg cholesterol concentrations. DEHP and DEHP‐T lowered plasma lipid concentration about 20% and free and total cholesterol 20–30%. Liver weights increased, being 30, 34 and 39 g for C, DEHP and DEHP‐T hens, respectively, after 28 days. Total liver lipid and cholesterol increased 19% and 26% in DEHP hens and 54% and 79% in DEHP‐T hens when compared to controls. In contrast, the fat content of pectoralis major muscle decreased significantly in DEHP and DEHP‐T hens. These results, in showing that DEHP alters plasma and tissue cholesterol but not yolk cholesterol, demonstrate again that egg cholesterol is remarkably resistant to alteration by dietary means.
Vitamin A induced hypertriglyceridemia in cholesterol‐fed rats
Authors: Solomon Louis W. , Erdman John W.
Published: January 2007

The effects of level and feeding frequency of retinoic acid (OIC) or retinyl acetate (YL) on the accumulation of lipids in the serum and liver of rats were investigated. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were fed ad libitum 1% cholesterol diets with or without supplemental OIC or YL. Vitamin A‐fed groups included (per g of dry diet): 105 μg of OIC or 113 μg YL daily for 28 days, 735 μg OIC or 791 μg YL once each week for 28 days; and 735 or 105 μg OIC on day 1 or 105 μg OIC daily for the week experiment. Daily feeding of OIC or YL increased serum triglyceride concentrations as compared to controls. Several days after removal of OIC or 1 week after removal of supplemental YL from the rat diets, serum triglyceride concentrations returned to basal levels. Cholesterol feeding elevated serum cholesterol as well as hepatic cholesterol, total lipids and vitamin A concentrations. Daily OIC feeding depressed serum and hepatic cholesterol concentrations. These results show that daily supplement of vitamin A increased serum triglycerides and reduced serum and hepatic cholesterol concentrations. Serum and liver alterations were dependent on continued feeding.
Analysis of dolichol in human tissues by high pressure liquid chromatography
Authors: Freeman D. J. , Rupar C. A. , Carroll K. K.
Published: January 2007

Dolichol from human liver was shown by reverse‐phase high pressure liquid chromatography to consist of a series of homologues ranging in length from 17 to 23 isoprene units. The two major components, corresponding to 19 and 20 isoprene units, respectively, were isolated and identified by mass spectrometry. Dolichyl palmitate, synthesized from liver dolichol, showed an identical series of peaks with longer retention times. Attemps to chromatograph dolichyl phosphate under similar conditions were unsuccessful. Dolichol from uterine tissue and several other human tissues showed a shift toward shorter chain length, with a predominance of homologues containing 18 and 19 isoprene units.
Secondary regulatory sites in rat liver cholesterol biosynthesis: Role of 5‐pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase
Authors: Jabalquinto Ana María , Cardemil Emilio
Published: January 2007

The activity of 5‐pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase in 43,000 g supernatant fractions from livers and kidneys of male adult rats has been determined. Enzyme activity in liver is significantly increased when rats are fed a diet containing 3% cholestyramine (268% of control rats) and decreased when fed a diet containing 2% cholesterol (25% of control rats). No circadian rhythm of enzyme activity is found in liver or kidneys. These results show that variations in hepatic cholesterogenesis affect the activity of 5‐pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase in a similar way as other enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of cholesterol.
Heats of vaporization of then‐fatty acid esters
Authors: Fisher Charles H.
Published: January 2007

Heats of vaporization at both 25°C and normal boiling points are given for then‐fatty acid methyl and ethyl esters and then‐alkyl acetates. The validity of the reported heats of vaporization is supported by: (i) their agreement with those estimated by alternate methods, and (ii) the equations correlating heats of vaporization with homolog carbons have the proper slopes (approximately 4.96). Equations also are given for correlating heats of vaporization with boiling points, and boiling points and molar volumes with homolog chainlength.
Filtration in hydrophobic media: 2. A triglyceride partition phenomenon as observed by tangential filtration of butter oil
Authors: Bornaz Salwa , Fanni Jacques , Parmentier Michel
Published: January 2007

Having demonstrated a partition of a hydrophobic medium (butter oil) under crossflow filtration and having tentatively explained the phenomenon on stereochemical and saturation basis, the molecular partition was studied by tangential filtration. Under specific hydrodynamic conditions, a filtration phenomenon was demonstrated. The solid fat content (SFC) at 20°C of the fractions obtained was investigated accordingly. When the molecular partition takes place, an SFC divergency between the permeate and the retentate is observed. The amplitude of the divergency depends on experimental conditions.
Weak gels of fat crystals in oils at low temperatures and their fractal nature
Authors: Johansson Dorota
Published: January 2007

The formation of fat crystal gels in soybean oil has been studied by sedimentation in a low concentration region at 10–25°C. At 10°C, weak gels were formed with 1% crystals, and no gels formed at concentrations of 2–5%. At temperatures of 15–25°C, no gels were formed at concentrations of 1–5%, and samples sedimented. Stronger gels of fat crystals were formed with ∼10% fat crystals at all temperatures examined. Formation of weak gels is a consequence of the fractal nature of fat crystal aggregates and sediments. At low temperature, the interaction is weak. The fractal dimension is then high, and the floc size is large for low crystal concentrations. These large flocs form a three‐dimensional network that act as a weak gel and withstand gravitational force. When the temperature is increased, the fat crystal interaction becomes stronger, fractal dimension decreases, and floc size decreases. Smaller flocs have a higher density, pack more easily, and sediment. Similar effects are observed when the concentration of fat crystals is increased at low temperature due to a decrease in floc size.
Preparation and composition of a dry‐milled flour from cowpeas
Authors: Phillips R. D.
Published: January 2007

Cowpeas having a smooth, brown, loosely adhering seedcoat (Mississippi Silver Hull Crowder) were milled to a flour by coarsely cracking the dry (12% H2O) peas on a Morehouse Mill, aspirating the seedcoats on a peanut sheller, and reducing the cotyledon fraction to a flour by several passes through the Morehouse Mill. The flour was produced in 88% yield from the starting peas. The proximate composition of resulting flour differed from that of whole peas principally in fiber content (2.5 vs 7.1% ADF), and also contained (dsb) 26% protein, 1.6% fat, 3.3% ash and ∼67% NFE. Seed coat removal also reduced tannin content and effective trypsin inhibitor activity of the flour. The essential amino acid profile of cowpea flour resembled that of soy flour, but was somewhat lower in the limiting sulfur amino acids.
Hydrolysis of human horny cells by alkaline protease: Morphological observation of the process
Authors: Hoshino Eiichi , Maruta Kazunari , Wada Yasunao , Mori Kazuo
Published: January 2007

The interaction of highly purified alkaline protease fromBacillus sp. KSM‐K16 with the horny cells of human skin contained in skin grime was directly visualized by electron microscopy. It became clear that the protease first penetrates the horny cells and then adsorbs, mainly onto the internal structure of the cells at the initial stage of hydrolysis, and directly hydrolyzes the keratin filaments, though the marginal band surrounding them retains its original shape. Then, hydrolysate produced from the keratin filaments flows out of the cell, and early in the hydrolysis process keratin filaments decrease and then disappear, leaving a marginal band, i.e., the cell turns to a hollow state. As a result, the remaining marginal band loses support from inside the cell, thus promoting cleavage and dispersion. Until this stage in the protease reaction, the remarkable liberation of hydrolysis products as water‐soluble protein does not occur.
Quantitative analysis of oil removal from cotton fabrics through thein situ formation of microemulsions by solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Joubran Remon , Parris Nicholas , Dudley Robert , Cooke Peter
Published: January 2007

Solubilization and subsequent removal of soybean oil from cotton fabrics through thein situ formation of microemulsions were evaluated by solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry. Regions of water‐in‐oil and oil‐in‐water microemulsions were identified for systems that contained polyoxyethylene (60) sorbitol hexaoleate, soybean oil, and an aqueous phase composed of water/ethanol or isopropanol (80:20 wt%) at 25°C. The amount of oil removed from the cotton fabrics was determined by solid‐state NMR after constructing a calibration curve relating the intensity of camphor/oil NMR signals (Ic/Io) to their molar ratio (Mc/Mo). A precision Crockmeter (Mul‐Tech Industries, New York, NY) was used to reproducibly remove soybean oil stain from cotton fabric, which was subsequently analyzed by NMR. Typically, more than 90% of the oil stain was removed after 200 revolutions of the Crockmeter finger with 2 wt% surfactant at 25°C. Increasing the amount of surfactant to 6 wt% improved soybean oil removal from the fabric to 99 wt%.
Solubility of fatty acids in supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Maheshwari P. , Nikolov Z. L. , White T. M. , Hartel R.
Published: January 2007

The solubilities of lauric, linoleic, myristic, oleic, palmitic and stearic acid in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) at different pressures and temperatures were measured. The solubility values obtained in this work were compared with previously published data, and possible causes for observed discrepancies were discussed. The solubilities of the six fatty acids were modeled by Chrastil’s equation, and estimated model parameters were used to plot the solubility isotherms of fatty acids at 313, 323 and 333°K (40, 50 and 60°C) as a function of SC‐CO2 density. The comparison of solubility isotherms of fatty acids and vegetable oil suggests that separation of fatty acids from triglycerides might be possible by using SC‐CO2 at densities less than 700 kg/m3. From the effect of temperature on fatty‐acid and vegetable‐oil solubility, it seems that the extraction yield could be increased without sacrificing the selectivity of SC‐CO2 for fatty acids by choosing a higher operating temperature. The data also suggest that fractionation of certain fatty acids might be possible by manipulating the processing conditions. Given the values of the constants, Chrastil’s equation could serve as a guideline for choosing appropriate processing conditions and predicting the effect of pressure and temperature of SC‐CO2 on solute solubility.
A comparative study between biorefining combined with other processes and physical refining of high‐acid mohua oil
Authors: Sengupta R. , Bhattacharyya D. K.
Published: January 2007

The biorefining process under optimum conditions de‐acidified the high‐acid mohua oil by nearly 85% with considerable improvement of color. The process, in combination with alkali‐refining, bleaching and deodorization, yielded excellent oil with respect to color, unsaponifiable matter content and triglyceride content. The combination of biorefining and physical refining significantly reduced the loss of oil, and the color, unsaponifiable matter and diglyceride content increased while triglyceride content decreased. The physical refining process alone, on the other hand, produced oil with considerably darker color, increased unsaponifiable matter and diglycerides, and decreased triglyceride. Biorefining followed by alkali‐refining, bleaching and deodorizing steps or by physical refining can be regarded as a much better alternative refining process than the physical refining process alone for oils of high acidity.
Composition and distribution of individual molecular species of major glycolipids in wheat flour
Authors: Prieto J. A. , Ebri A. , Collar C.
Published: January 2007

The distribution of individual molecular species of the main wheat flour glycolipids, digalactosyldiglyceride (DGDG), monogalactosyldiglyceride (MGDG), digalactosylmonoglyceride (DGMG) and monogalactosylmonoglyceride (MGMG) has been investigated by reversed phase high‐performance liquid chromatography of their benzoate derivatives after the respective galactosylglyceride classes were obtained by semi‐preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography. Combinations of linoleic acid at thesn‐2 position with linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids at thesn‐1 position predominated as major common molecular species of MGDG and DGDG. The pairs 16:0/20:4, 18:3/20:1, 18:0/18:3, 18:0/18:1 and 20:0/18:2 were determined only among MGDG molecular species. Five common molecular species containing 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3 fatty acids, respectively, were determined in MGMG and DGMG, with 18:2 being the most predominant form, and 18:1 (MGMG) and 16:0 (DGMG) as the next major fatty acids.
Cyclopinolenic acids: Synthesis, derivatives and thermal properties
Authors: Hase A. , Kaltia S. , Matikainen J. , Ala‐Peijari M. , Hase T.
Published: January 2007

The two isomeric cyclopinolenic acids (CP‐1 and CP‐2), components of distilled tall oil, have been synthesized by means of an intramolecular Diels‐Alder reaction of isomers of 5,10,12‐octadecatrienoic esters, themselves synthesized in a stereocontrolled manner. The 5cis,10‐trans,12trans isomer cyclizes at 200°C to a 1:3 mixture of esters of CP‐1 and CP‐2. At 200°C, the 5cis,10trans,12cis isomer is unreactive, but at 240°C it gives the same CP‐1 + CP‐2 ester mixture, presumably by way of prior isomerization to the 5cis,10trans,12trans isomer. A subambient thermal study of CP‐1 and CP‐2 and their derivatives shows that the compounds, excluding CP‐1, lack crystalline structures or melting points, and display glass transitions only, below −80°C for esters and below −50°C for the carboxylic acids.
Measurement of adulteration of olive oils by near‐infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Wesley I. J. , Barnes R. J. , McGill A. E. J.
Published: January 2007

Authentication of olive oils is of great importance, not only because they command a high price but also because of the health implications of adulteration with seed oils. A method for predicting the level of adulteration in a set of virgin and extra‐virgin olive oils adulterated with corn oil, sunflower oil, and raw olive residue oil by near‐infrared spectroscopy is presented. The best result was a correct prediction for 98% of the samples. Principal component analysis was used to predict the type of adulterant. The best result was a 75% prediction rate. From these results, it is concluded that it is possible to design a quality control system, which uses near‐infrared technology to measure the level of adulteration. In the case where the only test is whether the sample is adulterated or not, a simple calibration for adulteration can be used. The results suggest that principal component analysis may offer a means of identifying the adulterant, although more work is required to give an acceptable level of accuracy.
Diffuse reflectance fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of phospholipid adsorption onto silicic acid
Authors: Adhikari C. , Proctor A. , Blyholder G. D.
Published: January 2007

Diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to study the mode of adsorption of phosphatidylcholine (PC) in hexane onto silicic acid (SA). PC adsorption was mainly through the charged phosphate group with minimal binding through the ester carbonyl. When the SA surface with adsorbed PC is washed with hexane, containing a small concentration of isopropanol, the desorbed PC is recovered without structural change, i.e., there is no evidence of PC hydrolysis in the adsorption process. Adsorbent misture probably promotes PC adsorption due to the increased availability of surface water hydroxyl groups for interaction with the PC phosphate groups. Isopropanol promoted PC binding by destabilizing PC reverse miscelles in solution, thus promoting its adsorption.
Analysis of hydroxylated fatty acids from plant oils
Authors: Weber Nikolaus , Vosmann Klaus , Fehling Eberhard , Mukherjee Kumar D. , Bergenthal Dieter
Published: January 2007

A novel process has been described recently for the preparation of hydroxylated fatty acids (HOFA) and HOFA methyl esters from plant oils. HOFA methyl esters prepared from conventional and alternative plant oils were characterized by various chromatographic methods (thin‐layer chromatography, high‐performance liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography) and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry as well as1H and13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. HOFA methyl esters obtained fromEuphorbia lathyris seed oil, low‐erucic acid rapeseed oil, and sunflower oil contain as major constituents methylthreo‐9,10‐dihydroxy octadecanoate (derived from oleic acid) and methyl dihydroxy tetrahydrofuran octadecanoates, e.g., methyl 9,12‐dihydroxy‐10,13‐epoxy octadecanoates and methyl 10,13‐dihydroxy‐9,12‐epoxy octadecanoates (derived from linoleic acid). Other constituents detected in the products include methyl esters of saturated fatty acids (not epoxidized/derivatized) and traces of methyl esters of epoxy fatty acids (not hydrolyzed). The products that contain high levels of monomeric HOFA may find wide application in a variety of technical products.
Margarines: A rheological study
Authors: Segura J. A. , Herrera M. L. , Añón M. C.
Published: January 2007

Time‐dependent flow properties of both commercial and pilot plant‐made margarines were characterized under steady shear. Flow curves were fitted to the kinetic expression τ = τi +a e−k1t +b e−k2t. A first‐order kinetic model did not describe the observed destruction process of the margarine structure in an adequate manner. In the proposed model, two structures with different destruction rates are postulated. Each structure contributes to a part of the shear stress necessary to deform the margarine sample. The parameters τia andb are temperature‐dependent. Decreasing temperatures produce an exponential increase of τi, a linear increase ofb and an increase ofa up to a point beyond which it remains constant. A physical interpretation of the model is proposed. The role of the aqueous phase was also studied. Greater hardness was detected at higher water content. Parameter τi increased, at any selected temperature, with increasing aqueous phase content of the sample. Parametera increased with decreasing temperatures and higher water content. On the other hand, parameterb was not affected by the amount of aqueous phase. This kinetic model could be employed to perform studies on the influence of different parameters of margarine formulation on its rheologic behavior.
Search for new industrial oils. XIII. Oils from 102 species of cruciferae
Authors: Miller Roger Wayne , Earle F. R. , Wolff I. A. , Jones Quentin
Published: January 2007

Seed from additional species of Cruciferae have been analyzed for crude protein, oil and fatty acids in the oil. Oils were like those reported earlier from other crucifers, except forCardamine impatiens which is unique among known seed oils because it contains some 25% dihydroxy acids. Erucic acid is present (0.3舑55%) in about three‐fourths of the 102 samples. Eicosenoic acid is a major constituent (32舑53%) in four species and monohydroxy acids (45舑72%) in another four. Linolenic acid occurs (2舑66%) in oil of all species.
In vitro inhibition of lipase activity by malonaldehyde, formaldehyde and propionaldehyde
Authors: Landsberg J. D. , Sinnhuber R. O.
Published: January 2007

The in vitro inhibition of bovine pancreatic lipase by malonaldehyde, formaldehyde and propionaldehyde was investigated. Malonaldehyde, as sodium 3‐oxy‐prop‐2‐enal (MA‐Na), was found to be the most inhibitory at pH values below 7. Its reaction with lipase appeared to be two part: the first was rapid and a function of the MA‐Na concentration; the second part was slower and related linearly to the MA‐Na concentration. Methanol‐free formaldehyde was a much less effective inhibitor. Low concentrations (0.01 M) had little effect on lipse activity. Propionaldehyde produced the least inhibition. A break point in the reaction of propionaldehyde with lipase occurred with time. After the break point, the inhibition nearly parallelled that seen in the control.
Instrumental study of aldehyde oils and their reaction with selected amines
Authors: Sharpe R. E. , Berry D. A. , Pryde E. H. , Cowan J. C.
Published: January 2007

Unsaturated aldehyde oils prepared by partial ozonization of soybean oil gave infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra in qualitative accord with the structures expected. Infrared spectra indicated that the unsaturation present was in thetrans form. Reactions of dialdehyde oil with various amines proceeded with surprising ease at room temperatures to give facticelike, crosslinked products.
Study on the effect of antioxidants in the autoxidation of methyl nonconjugated octadecadienoates
Authors: Fukuzumi Kazuo , Ikeda Nobuo
Published: January 2007

Many studies have been published on the effect of antioxidants on unsaturated fatty acid esters but the differences of the effects of antioxidants on geometric isomers have never been investigated. In this study, methylcis‐9,cis‐12‐octadecadienoate and itstrans isomer methyltrans‐9,trans‐12‐octadecadienoate were used as methyl nonconjugated dienoates, and BHA, BHT, PG, NDGA, 4,4′‐dihydroxy‐3,5,3′,5′‐tetratert‐butyl diphenyl methane, L‐thyroxine sodium salt,a‐tocopherol and sesamol were used, as antioxidants. The differences of the effects of antioxidants on both geometric isomers were investigated by determining the induction period using the weighing method. Also determined were the infrared and ultraviolet spectra, peroxide values, conjugated diene contents, isolatedtrans double bond contents and molecular weights for the controls and the samples containing antioxidants. Thecis,cis isomer was more easily autoxidized and had a shorter induction period than thetrans,trans form. By the end of the induction period, no isolatedtrans double bond forms in thecis,cis isomer, but a considerable amount of isolatedtrans double bond decreased in thetrans,trans isomer. In general, the effects of antioxidants, except NDGA, on thecis,cis isomer were larger than thetrans,trans form.
Computerization in fabric detergency testing
Authors: Illman J. C. , Hartwig G. M. , Roddewig J. W.
Published: January 2007

An automated method is described which greatly speeds the calculation of fabric detergency test results. Laboratory determination of fabric detergency commonly involves replicated, bench scale washing of small pieces of cotton artificially soiled with various oil‐carbon black mixtures. Reflectance measurements before and after washing give a measure of the amount of soil removed. Often, in a program involving several variables, thousands of reflectance measurements may be involved. By converting the electrical signal from the reflectometer to digital form, and feeding this value to a card punch, the reflectance values are systematically recorded on punched cards. Using an appropriate computer program, the reflectance changes for each test are calculated and tabulated, the saving in operator time is large and statistical examination of the data can be incorporated with the program. An example of the type of data output is given.
Continuous recovery of acid oil
Authors: Crauer Lois S.
Published: January 2007

A continuous process for acidulation of all types of caustic soapstocks is described. The soap is diluted, heated, acidulated and centrifuged to yield three products: acid oil, acid water and a sludge phase. Typical performance data on various grades of soapstocks and the recovered products are given.
Recent studies on the roles of silicate builders in detergent formulations
Authors: Lange K. R.
Published: January 2007

In today’s detergency silicates are called upon to perform more roles than in the past. The providing of alkalinity and soil suspension properties remain important, but the less obvious properties of silicates are often unrecognized.

Interaction between silicates and phosphates in solution lead to enhanced builder properties over each component alone. Additionally, silicate acts to slow down the reversion of high‐molecular‐weight phosphates. Silicate solutions may be used to hydrate sodium tripolyphosphate commercially in order to provide useful particles containing both builders in easily soluble form. The alkalinity of sodium silicate may be used to convert sodium trimetaphosphate to tripolyphosphate, again providing a particle with both builders present.

Silicates prevent corrosion of metals, especially in the presence of phosphates. This corrosion prevention is discussed in regard to the effect of alkali‐to‐silica ratio and the influence of neutral salts on the system. The prevention of insoluble formation can be achieved by increasing the quantity of silicate in the formulation or by providing a vapor‐barrier package.

This paper also reviews the fundamental properties of sodium and potassium silicates that have importance from the standpoint of detergency.
Improved synthesis of 1, 1, 1‐Trimethylolalkanes from hexanal and nonanal
Authors: Moore D. J. , Pryde E. H.
Published: January 2007

Reaction of hexanal or nonanal with formaldehyde under the usual conditions for the Tollens condensation gave the expected 1,1,1‐trimethylolalkanes in 65–70% yields. Characterization of the crude product mixtures by silylation and subsequent gas‐liquid chromatographic analysis permitted identification of by‐products. The major by‐products were the 2,2‐bis(hydroxymethyl) alkanals resulting from incomplete reaction with formaldehyde; minor by‐products were the formate esters of the hydroxymethyl compounds.

These findings permitted modification of the procedure to give 1,1,1‐trimethylolalkanes in 85–90% yields. The modifications included a) isolation from alkaline rather than acidic solution to prevent ester formation and b) hydrogenation of the crude reaction products to convert the 2,2‐bis (hydroxymethyl) alkanals to the 1,1,1‐trimethylolalkanes.
Detection of refined animal and vegetable fats in adulteration of pure milkfat
Authors: Mariani C. , Venturini S. , Fedeli E. , Contarini G.
Published: January 2007

The objective of this research was to evaluate the presence of dehydroxylated sterols in samples of butter adulterated with exogenous refined fat of both animal and vegetable origin. The 3,5‐cholestadiene, derived from the refining treatment, was found to be an index for the addition of refined beef tallow to butter. Moreover, several dehydroxylated phytosterols could be detected in butter adulterated with vegetable oil. The proposed method seemed to be a suitable criterion for detecting adulteration of pure butter with other fats.
Long‐term soybean composition patterns and their effect on processing
Authors: Hurburgh Charles R.
Published: January 2007

Soybean protein and oil data from eight years of national surveys showed Western Corn Belt soybeans to consistently be one percentage point lower in protein than soybeans from the rest of the nation. There was year‐to‐year vasiability in protein patterns among other regions. Oil percentages were more variable than protein percentages among different years. Except for the far northern states, which typically produce low protein soybeans, improvement and stabilization of oil content would produce the most certain increases in processor yields. Increased protein would be valuable only if soybean meal were priced to reward protein content in excess of specifications.
Composition of oil
Authors: Rossell J. B. , King B. , Downes M. J.
Published: January 2007

International trade in palm oil has increased considerably over the last ten years, and so too has the trade in processed palm oil products, especially palm fractions. It is important to establish reliable purity criteria for palm oil, not only because of the commercial need to verify oil authenticity, but also to comply with foodstuff labelling legislation in many countries.

Palm kernel and coconut oils both contain about 47% lauric acid. This gives the oils close similarities in physical and chemical properties. The oils do differ, however, and it is important to be able to distinguish between them.

Purity problems can arise as a result of commingling of oils with one another, or as a result of fractionation perhaps coupled with subsequent blending. A research program jointly funded by the (U.K.) Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Foods, the Federation of Oils, Fats & Seeds Associations Ltd (FOSFA International), and the Leatherhead Food RA, was established to study purity characteristics of the major edible vegetable oils.

Forty‐seven samples of crude palm oil were obtained from reliable sources, often plantation managers, together with five samples of palm olein and eight samples of palm stearin. Fifty‐four palm kernel and 23 coconut oils were obtained in the laboratory from seed samples of known geographical origins and authenticities.

These oil samples were analyzed for fatty acid, triglyceride, sterol and tocopherol compositions; the melting properties were also determined, and in the case of palm oil the compositions of the acids at the triglyceride 2‐positions were measured. Compositional ranges will be presented for the different geographical production areas in each case and related to existing data, e.g., of PORIM and Codex. An initial statistical analysis of the results has shown that a combination of values from the carbon number analysis differentiates palm kernel and coconut oils, and can be used to decide on the proportion of each in a blend. In the case of palm oil samples suspected to be contaminated with palm fractions, it was found useful to plot melting point against iodine value, and to compute the product of the C48 triglyceride content and the palmitic acid enrichment factor.
Pollution control in palm oil mills in Malaysia
Authors: Ma A. N. , Ong Augustine S. H.
Published: January 2007

Pollution prevention approaches are being adopted by more and more mills. Digested POME increasingly is being used successfully as a fertilizer/soil conditioner, resulting in significant savings in imported fertilizers. Studies also have shown that energy can be obtained from biogas generated from anaerobic digestion of POME; in fact, electricity from POME has become a reality. These technological developments and the increasing awareness of the economic value of POME have made it a valuable, renewable resource.
Energy considerations
Authors: Haraldsson Gunnar
Published: January 2007

A general survey is given on possibilities for energy conservation in an oil refinery with special consideration given to palm oils and coconut oil. Some selected areas are discussed more in detail: heat conservation by means of regenerative heat exchangers, optimization of vacuum equipment for deodorization etc. and use of heat pumps. Some examples are given to illustrate possible savings and payback time for installation of energy saving equipment.
Confectionery fats from palm oil and lauric oil
Authors: Pease J. John
Published: January 2007

In the search for economical cocoa butter alternatives, palm and lauric oils have emerged as important source oils in the development of hard butters. Based on the method presented for categorizing hard butters, the lauric oils, primarily palm kernel and coconut, can be modified by interesterification and hydrogenated to yield lauric cocoa butter substitutes (CBS) which are both good eating and inexpensive. Fractionation, although adding to the cost of production, can provide lauric hard butter with eating qualities virtually identical to cocoa butter. Unfortunately, one factor identified with the lauric oils is their very low tolerance for cocoa butter.

Palm oil, on the other hand, has been identified as a valuable component in all types of cocoa butter alternatives. It is a source of symmetrical triglycerides vital in the formulation of a cocoa butter equivalent (CBE). It can be hydrogenated or hydrogenated and fractionated to yield hard butters with a limited degree of compatibility with cocoa butter, allowing some chocolate liquor to be included in a coating for flavor enhancement. Palm oil is used with lauric oils as a minor component in interesterified lauric hard butters, as well as functioning as a crystal promoter in coatings formulated with a fractionated lauric CBS. While palm oil's importance and flexibility have been duly noted, some important concerns remain from a market perspective. The fact that the CBE fats are very expensive suggests they offer limited cost savings compared to cocoa butter. The potential for CBE products is still questionable in those countries where chocolate labeling standards preclude the use of vegetable fats other than cocoa butter. The nonlauric CBS products, while cheaper than the CBE types and able to tolerate limited levels of cocoa butter, do not exhibit the level of eating quality characteristics present in the lauric hard butters.

Some challenges remain for today's oil chemists. An economical nonlauric CBS, made predominantly from palm oil, possessing the eating quality of a fractionated lauric CBS and exhibiting good compatibility with cocoa butter would be met with considerable interest by the chocolate and confectionery industries. As for the lauric oils, it would seem reasonable to assume that greater cocoa butter compatibility, if attainable, could enhance their potential for gaining even greater acceptance by confectionery manufacturers currently using pure chocolate. As for the CBE products, the major issue is cost. If the cost of a CBE could be reduced to a level which would allow a CBE to compete with the nonlauric and lauric cocoa butter substitutes, a major advancement in the evolution of cocoa butter alternative fats will have been achieved.