bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PEER DESIGNERS AS STRONG INFLUENCERS ON THE DESIGN PROCESS OF FOOD STARTUPS
Authors: Jung Summer D. , Perttunen Erika , Kirjavainen Senni , Björklund Tua , Kim Sohyeong
Published: August 2021

As design research expands its horizon, there has been a recent rise in studies on nontraditional designers. Previous studies have noted the positive effect of diversity in generating ideas. Among different sources of influence, peers outside the design team have been noted for their positive impact on the design process, yet the research on this topic is still in its early stages. Using qualitative data from 40 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the American and Finnish food and beverage industries, the current study examines their interactions with other SMEs, shedding light on the influence of peers on creating new design solutions. The findings suggest that peer companies can act as a frequent and impactful source of inspiration for product design ideas. The most prevalent forms of interaction were co-creating products, sharing information, and sharing ingredients. Furthermore, the interactions were voluntary, organic, and improvisational in nature, and physical proximity or previous connections often initiated the interactions. Taken together, a great number of peer influences contributed towards creative new solutions.
PROCEDURE MODEL FOR STRUCTURED RELATIONAL MODELING OF REQUIREMENTS TO SUPPORT REQUIREMENTS-ORIENTED DECISION MAKING
Authors: Horber Dennis , Schleich Benjamin , Wartzack Sandro
Published: August 2021

The development of complex technical systems is characterized by a large number of system elements as well as their interactions. With regard to requirements management, many requirements have to be considered, which can have different relations to each other. If these requirements are used as basis for criteria in the decision making process, these relations must also be considered in the multi-criteria evaluation of product alternatives. Therefore, a computer-aided approach is presented in this paper, which allows the systematic modeling of requirement interactions focusing on multi-criteria decision making. For this purpose, basic relation types are identified, which are used to model submatrices in order to derive the Requirement Relation Matrix (RRM). Matrix-based as well as graph-based visualization methods are used for the RRM in order to improve the alternatives with the knowledge about the relational linkage. In addition, the effects of changes in requirements can be transferred to the decision making process. The approach is exemplarily applied to the extension of a test laboratory by a test bench.
PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION PROCESS IN PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Göhlich Dietmar , Bender Beate , Fay Tu-Anh , Gericke Kilian
Published: August 2021

Requirements engineering and requirements management are essential sub-processes of product development and are an integrated part of virtually all product development models and industrial process descriptions. Proprietary and context specific processes for working with requirements are used in industrial design practice. However, these are not appropriately reflected in existing process models for product development. Existing standards describe the content and generation of requirements documents but not their integration in the product development process.

The study is based on a retrospective analysis of a set of representative real-world product development projects from automotive industry and rail industry. Comparing the processes downstream the milestone “release of PRD”, it was found that subsequent processes to manage requirements and specifications do not differ much with regard to industrial context. Based on this, a model for the product requirements specification (PRS) process is proposed which addresses the gap.
PRODUCT VS. PRODUCTION DEVELOPMENT II - INTEGRATED PRODUCT, PRODUCTION, MATERIAL AND JOINT DEFINITION
Authors: Stoffels Pascal , Kaspar Jerome , Vielhaber Michael
Published: August 2021

As product, production systems and material strongly influence each other, an integrated view on these domains offers huge potentials during development in order to adjust characteristics being mutually dependent. Considering manufacturing aspects within the design process certainly constitute a widespread approach to make sure that the products can be produced to predefined costs and quality.

As product characteristics are realised through material characteristics and manufacturing processes, material aspects need to be integrated into this view. Moreover, different geometries have to be assembled in order to create particular structures, why joints devote a special attention.

For this reason, a definition approach that integrates product, production systems, material plus joints and considers the ecological performance apart from the regular technical and economic aspects offers a huge potential for successful future solutions. This paper reviews relevant development approaches as well as supporting IT tools in the different domains. As a result, an extendedly integrated view is introduced and a method that supports the integrated selection of solutions regarding a technical, economic and ecological performance is introduced.
SHAPING METHOD ECOSYSTEMS - STRUCTURED IMPLEMENTATION OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING IN INDUSTRIAL PRACTICE
Authors: Inkermann David
Published: August 2021

Systems thinking is vital for engineering of nowadays systems characterized by system spanning interactions and an incresing amount of functions. Systems Engineering (SE) represents an interdisciplinary approach, gaining extensive attention to cope with increasing system complexity. Implementation of SE in existing organizations and processes, however, is facing challenges. As a matter of course there is not out of the box concept to be used, in fact definitions and understandings seem to be based on the background and experience of the individual or organization und differ widely. Thus, motivations and expectations of practitioner are manifold and support to adapte and implement SE-methodolgies is needed. Research presented in this contribution picks up the need to provide orientation for individuals, engineering teams and project managers when implementing SE and to address the specific context in that engineering is carried out. Objective is to describe the core idea of SE by a consistent set of principles. This set is used to build up a context specific understanding of SE as a foundation to introduce new methods and procedures in existing method ecosystems.
SHIFTING FROM BLENDED TO ONLINE LEARNING: STUDENTS’ AND TEACHERS’ PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Polat E. , Van Dam S.S. , Bakker C.A.
Published: August 2021

The Covid-19 outbreak forced many universities across the world to transition from a traditional or blended format to fully online education. This paper presents a case study on the transition to an online education format for a circular design course. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected through a survey with 26 students and interviews with six course teachers. The findings revealed that students preferred the on-campus versions over the online course components. They indicated the perceived lack of motivation, lack of sense of community, and a high workload as influencing factors. Teachers indicated the lack of connection with students as a drawback to online education but identified advantages to their teaching and the student’s learning experience. Suggestions for addressing an optimal blended course format are provided.
SIMULATION OF FEEDBACK LOOPS IN ENGINEERING DESIGN
Authors: Tapia Francisco , McKay Alison , Robinson Mark
Published: August 2021

Feedback loops are a key characteristic of engineering design processes that increase complexity, time to market, and costs. However, some feedback loops, due to design iteration, have a positive impact on design outcomes (i.e., the quality of the final design), so are worth the time and costs incurred. Other loops, resulting from rework, also have a positive impact on the final design but their impact on current projects, in terms of their urgency and so interruption, is high. Thus, overall, and drawing on socio-technical systems literature, some feedback loops are virtuous circles with a positive impact whereas others are vicious circles with a negative impact. In this paper, we report early work exploring these interplays between rework and design iteration through the development of process simulation models.
STRUCTURE SHARING AND MULTI-MODE INTEGRATION IN SUCCESSFUL DESIGNS: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY
Authors: Venkataraman Srinivasan , Singh Vishal , Tilak Tejas
Published: August 2021

Structure sharing (SS) and multi-mode integration (MMI) are types of sharing in designs that help in resource effectiveness. This research explores their prevalence in successful designs. To do this: (a) 5 award-winning designs from International Design Excellence Awards are chosen, information of these designs is used to construct their Function-Means Tree and this is used to check whether they exhibit SS or MMI, and (b) 250+ award-winning designs are examined via a longitudinal study to check whether they exhibit SS or MMI. The following observations are made: (a) both SS and MMI are seen at systemic and sub-systemic levels, (b) both SS and MMI are and can be present in designs and (c) close to 35% of 250+ designs examined exhibited SS or MMI. These are fundamental insights, have not been reported earlier and build on the existing work on SS and MMI.
STRUCTURING HUMAN AUGMENTATION WITHIN PRODUCT DESIGN
Authors: De Boeck Muriel , Vaes Kristof
Published: August 2021

Human augmentation is a thriving research field that aims to amplify human abilities through the development of technological improvements as an integral part of the human body. Human augmentation products may be made for anyone, ranging from healthy users wanting to enhance their human abilities to users who face temporary or permanent disabilities, physical impairments, or perilous situations that oblige them to use these products.

This article attempts to introduce readers to the domain of human augmentation by providing a thorough formulation of the concept and its related terms to develop a more solid structural basis. Additionally, a categorical and dimensional classification of the field was given. Based on these findings, we then proposed a novel framework in the form of a diagrammatic presentation of both classifications, which could enable product designers to better understand and characterize the type of human augmentation product they are designing by determining its location in the diagram. Finally, the proposed framework was evaluated by introducing and classifying several significant human augmentation products most of which have proven to successfully exceed human abilities.
SUGGESTIONS FOR BEHAVIOR-INTERVENTION DESIGN PRACTITIONERS: FROM BEHAVIOR CHANGE MOTIVATIONS FOR CHINESE AGED 18 TO 25
Authors: Yin Yuan , Yu Yurong
Published: August 2021

Using applications to change behaviors is a popular trend in recent years as mobiles are the easiest recording medium for users. However, few users can keep the behavior change for a long time. The aim of this study is to investigate motivations of keeping an application-tracked behavior change to provide effective and promote effective and targeted suggestions for application-tracked behavior intervention design practitioners and researchers. A 28-day self-report experiment and following “focus group” discussion have been conducted to detect the possible motivations. The results indicated 8 motivations which can affect maintaining behavior change: cooperation, competition, award, reminder and alarm, trust and willingness, relation with disease information and unplanned events. In addition, the results explore some motivations from negative data in applications or the cheating for good performance data behavior. At the same time, the study suggested the functions needed in future behavior change applications.
SUPPORT FOR MANAGING PARTLY CONFIGURABLE MODULAR SYSTEMS
Authors: Pakkanen Jarkko , Heikkinen Teuvo , Adlin Nillo , Lehtonen Timo , Mämmelä Janne , Juuti Tero
Published: August 2021

The paper studies what kind of support could be applied to the management of partly configurable modular systems. The main tasks of product management, product portfolio management and product variety management are defined. In addition, a partly configurable product structure and modular system are defined. Because the limited support in the literature for managing partly configurable modular systems, the article reviews previous product development cases in which authors have been involved on lessons learnt basis, i.e., if the methods and tools used in the cases could provide support for the research objective. As a result, the existing definition of the modular system should be extended by the concepts of non-module and design decision sequence description when dealing with partly configurable modular systems. This is because engineer-to-order should be made possible in cases where it brings clear added value to the customer compared to completely pre-defined solutions that may limit the customer's interest in the offering. Tools to assess the impact of changes to the product offering are required. These should be taken into account in frameworks that are used in method and tool development.
SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS LIFECYCLE ENGINEERING APPROACH INTEGRATING SMART PRODUCT AND SERVICE ECOSYSTEMS
Authors: Forte Sven , Göbel Jens Christian , Dickopf Thomas
Published: August 2021

Due to the increasing smartization of products and the ecosystems in which they are typically embedded, holistic considerations of future value-added systems are becoming increasingly important. This also determines fundamentally new challenges for the engineering of the future's smart Products. In order to be able to address the increasingly fuzzy system boundaries associated with this, this contribution introduces a System of Systems Engineering Lifecycle Concept considering smart products and services as core components of connected System of Systems ecosystems. Main characteristics of smart products and system of systems are discussed and in a real existing scenario of a sustainable landfill the presented System of Systems Engineering Lifecycle Concept is used as a System of Systems Framework for the given Use-Case.
THE CHALLENGING COMBINATION OF AGILITY AND CONVERGENCE IN HYBRID PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF STANFORD'S ME310 PROCESS MODEL
Authors: Koppenhagen Frank , Blümel Tim , Held Tobias , Wecht Christoph , Kollmer Paul Davin
Published: August 2021

Combining agility and convergence in the development of physical products is a major challenge. Rooted in a design thinking approach, Stanford's ME310 process model attempts to resolve the conflicting priorities of these two design principles. To investigate how successful Stanford's hybrid process model is in doing so, we have used a qualitative case study approach. Our paper begins by outlining this process model's fundamental principles in terms of engineering design methodology. Subsequently, we present the results of our empirical analysis, which tracks the coevolution of problem and solution space by meticulously examining all prototype paths in ten of Stanford's ME310 student projects. We have discovered that convergence during solution finding does not correspond to the process model's theoretical specifications. Even in the phase of the final prototype, both the technical concept and the underlying problem formulation changed frequently. Further research should focus on combining the prototype-based ME310 approach with methods from systems engineering which allow for a more comprehensive theoretical exploration of the solution space. This could lead to improved convergence during solution development.
THE IMPACT OF DATA ON THE ROLE OF DESIGNERS AND THEIR PROCESS
Authors: Lu Jiahao , Gomez Ortega Alejandra , Gonçalves Milene , Bourgeois Jacky
Published: August 2021

With the advance of the Internet and the Internet of Things, an abundance of 'big' data becomes available. Data science can be incorporated in design, which brings forward various opportunities for designers to benefit from this new material. However, the designer's perspective and their role remains unclear. How do they think about and approach data? What do they want to achieve with this data? What do they need to take ownership of designing with data? In this paper we take a design perspective to map the opportunities and challenges of leveraging large data-sets as part of the design process. We rely on a survey with 75 participants across a Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering and in-depth reflective interviews with a subset of 9 participants. We discuss the impact of data on the roles designers can adopt as well as an approach to designing with data. This work aims to inform on educational support, data literacy and tools needed for designers to take advantage of this new era of design digitalisation.
THE PERSPECTIVES OF CLINICIANS ON ENRICHING PATIENT EXPERIENCES IN A CLINICAL CONTEXT: A QUALITATIVE STUDY
Authors: Abela Edward , Farrugia Philip , Gauci Maria Victoria , Balzan Emanuel , Vella Pierre , Cassar Glenn
Published: August 2021

Understanding the viewpoint of clinicians in a healthcare setting is a vital task to comprehend the success of patients undergoing physical rehabilitation. Addressing user experience is an essential activity which designers undertake when formulating product specifications at the early stages of product design. The involvement of clinicians during the product use-phase influences the progress and achievements attained by the patients throughout their rehabilitation journey. Several clinicians (n=16) were asked to participate in a qualitative study to evaluate the performance of different personae in activities of daily living. The experiences of patients who use rehabilitation products as part of their therapy session at the clinic were evaluated. Based on this evaluation, a set of clinician requirements were formulated to reflect the overall experience when using rehabilitation products. Understanding these requirements brought about several implications to be considered during the design cycle. Through these considerations and by adopting a user-centred design approach, designers are in a better position to design innovative products targeted at providing a high-quality user experience which increases customer satisfaction.
THE POWER OF HABITS: EVALUATION OF A MOBILE HEALTH SOLUTION FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF NARCOLEPSY
Authors: Staszak Wiktoria , de Paula Danielly , Uebernickel Falk
Published: August 2021

Mobile health, or mHealth, solutions offer great potential in the area of self-monitoring of chronic conditions, where most of the day-to-day management of the condition is done at home by the patient or their caregivers. Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep condition caused by an orexin deficiency in the brain resulting in its inability to regulate sleep cycles, causing poor quality sleep during the day and problems with wakefulness during the day. This paper set out to investigate whether Habitual, an app for tracking symptoms, daily habits and medication adherence for people with narcolepsy could increase their sense of empowerment. Ten participants were asked to test the app during a period of 30 days, after which they were asked to answer a survey to investigate whether their perception of their empowerment towards the management of narcolepsy had changed. Although using the app for only 30 days provides a very limited understanding of the impact of Habitual, this study shows positive indication for future mHealth solutions for the management of narcolepsy. Future studies should test the openness to using an app for the management of narcolepsy with a wider cohort.
THREAD ROLLING REPAIR METHOD FOR 3D PRINTED BOLTS
Authors: Katzwinkel Tim , Mohammad Esanula , Silberkuhl Philipp , Löwer Manuel
Published: August 2021

Within this paper, a new method for the quality refinement of external metric standard threads on 3Dprinted bolts is presented. The repair method is based on the application of thread rolling technology, which is applied in terms of cold forming after the regular printing has been finished. The explorative study proves, that the investigated technology has a good potential to solve known precision issues in FDM 3D printing regarding the required accuracy for function fulfilling standardized threads. The application of thread rolling can be done manually and with minimal tool effort, which makes the technology particularly attractive for low cost applications.
TWO-LEVEL OPTIMIZATION OF PRODUCT FAMILIES: APPLICATION TO A PRODUCT FAMILY OF WATER HOSE BOXES
Authors: Rötzer Sebastian , Le Bourgeois Martin , Thoma Dominik , Zimmermann Markus
Published: August 2021

Increasing product complexity and individual customer requirements make the design of optimal product families difficult. Numerical optimization supports optimal design but must deal with the following challenges: many design variables, non-linear or discrete dependencies, and many possibilities of assigning shared components to products. Existing approaches use simplifications to alleviate those challenges. However, for use in industrial practice, they often use irrelevant commonality metrics, do not rely on the actual design variables of the product, or are unable to treat discrete variables. We present a two-level approach: (1) a genetic algorithm (GA) to find the best commonality scheme (i.e., assignment scheme of shared components to products) and (2) a particle swarm optimization (PSO) to optimize the design variables for one specific commonality scheme. It measures total cost, comprising manufacturing costs, economies of scales and complexity costs. The approach was applied to a product family consisting of five water hose boxes, each of them being subject to individual technical requirements. The results are discussed in the context of the product family design process.
UNDERSTANDING AND MONITORING ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN PROJECTS
Authors: Mansour Salamé Joseph , Leroy Yann , Saidani Michael , Nicolai Isabelle
Published: August 2021

The formalization of environmental issues has gained prominence since the definition of sustainable development by the Brundtland's report. Environmental performance has then been introduced to qualify the “green” contribution of an organization to its surrounding environment. However, its multi-dimensional aspects can be problematic when designing projects and making decisions, especially in the infrastructure sector where industrial activities are the most polluting ones. The aim of the study is to fill the environmental gap and confusion for decision-makers on the understanding of environmental performance, as well as to communicate on it, to define and share a clear vision and targets. A literature review is conducted and confronted with an industrial example in the railway sector to analyze the existing misunderstandings in industries while approaching environmental issues. By proposing and setting a clear framework of environmental performance, this research contributes to the conceptualization of environmental performance. More precisely, it characterizes an environmentally performant design project, in order to consider environmental performance as a driver and catalyzer of value creation.
CAPTURING MATHEMATICAL AND HUMAN PERCEPTIONS OF SHAPE AND FORM THROUGH MACHINE LEARNING
Authors: Gopsill James , Goudswaard Mark , Jones David , Hicks Ben
Published: August 2021

Classifying shape and form is a core feature of Engineering Design and one that we do this instinctively on a daily basis. Matching similar components to then reduce unique component counts, determining whether a competitors design infringes on copyright and receiving market feedback on product styling are all examples where shape and form comes into play. However, shape and form can be perceived in different ways from purely mathematical (e.g. shape grammars) to wholly subjective (e.g. market feedback) and these perceptions may not entirely agree.

This paper examines the mathematical and human perceptions of shape and form through a study of classifying shapes that have been interpolated between one another, and in doing so, highlights the disparity in perceptions. Following this, the paper demonstrates how the emergent field of Machine Learning can be applied to capture mathematical and human perceptions of shape and form resulting in a means to twin this feedback into product development.
WHAT MOTIVATES AND DISCOURAGES DESIGNERS TO USE DIGITAL SKETCHING? COMPARING ITS USE TO EXTERNALISE IDEAS VERSUS COMMUNICATING WITH EXTERNAL STAKEHOLDERS
Authors: Ranscombe Charlie , Zhang Wenwen
Published: August 2021

Digital design tools have dominated engineering and design practice offering many advantages that ultimately improve efficiency in the design process. Digital sketching is one such example of these tools yet, its current use is primarily to present work to stakeholders (External Communication). It is relatively underused to externalise ideas (Externalisation) where sketching on paper is still favoured. This paper aims to understand the characteristics of digital sketching that motivate or discourage designers to use the tool. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 12 designers to gain insights on the tool's use in External Communication and Externalisation. Results highlight a trade-off between fidelity of visualisations and time and effort expended to achieve visualisations. The key difference between the use scenarios is the way in which this trade-off is connected to managing stakeholder involvement. While designers acknowledge advantages that digital sketching can offer in externalisation, it is viewed as requiring a level of detail to begin use. In conclusion we suggest segmenting roles of digital sketching in terms of the characteristics identified in this study would help to motivate use in Externalisation.
COMMUNICATION IN AI-ASSISTED TEAMS DURING AN INTERDISCIPLINARY DRONE DESIGN PROBLEM
Authors: Gyory Joshua T. , Song Binyang , Cagan Jonathan , McComb Christopher
Published: August 2021

Human-artificial intelligent (AI) - assisted teaming is becoming a strategy for coalescing the complementary strengths of humans and computers to solve difficult tasks. Yet, there is still much to learn regarding how the integration of humans with AI agents into a team affects human behavior. Accordingly, this work begins to inform this research gap by focusing specifically on how the communication structure and interaction changes within AI-assisted human teams. The underlying discourse data for this work originates from a prior research study in which teams solve an interdisciplinary drone design and path-planning problem. Several metrics are employed in this work to study team discourse, including count, diversity, content richness, and semantic coherence. Results show significant differences in communication behavior in AI-assisted teams including more diversity and frequency in communication, more exchange of information regarding principal design parameters and problem-solving strategies, and more cohesion. Overall, this work takes meaningful steps towards understanding the effects of AI agents on human behavior in teams, critical for fully building effective human-AI hybrid teams in the future.
COMPARING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF METAL ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TO CONVENTIONAL MANUFACTURING
Authors: Van Sice Corrie , Faludi Jeremy
Published: August 2021

Metal additive manufacturing (AM) is revered for the design freedom it brings, but is it environmentally better or worse than conventional manufacturing? Since few direct comparisons are published, this study compared AM data from life-cycle assessment literature to conventional manufacturing data from the Granta EduPack database. The comparison included multiple printing technologies for steel, aluminum, and titanium. Results showed that metal AM had far higher CO2 footprints per kg of material processed than casting, extrusion, rolling, forging, and wire drawing, so it is usually a less sustainable choice than these. However, there were circumstances where it was a more sustainable choice, and there was significant overlap between these circumstances and aerospace industry use of metal AM. Notably, lightweight parts reducing embodied material impacts, and reducing use-phase impacts through fuel efficiency. Finally, one key finding was the irrelevance of comparing machining to AM per kg of material processed, since one is subtractive and the other is additive. Recommendations are given for future studies to use more relevant functional units to provide better comparisons.
CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS FOR DOORS OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES
Authors: König Adrian , Neuhaus Patrick , Alexander Koch , Ferdinand Schockenhoff , Philipp Hafemann , Ingrid Bubb , Markus Lienkamp
Published: August 2021

Vehicle doors have barely changed in recent decades, and nor has the car. Since autonomous driving will lead to changes in vehicles and how they are used, their doors will also have to be rethought. In the project UNICARagil, researchers from several universities in Germany design and build four prototypes of driverless and autonomous vehicles, which are developed based on a new and modular architecture. As part of this, we developed a concept including a prototype of an automated door system. In this paper, we present our concept development process adapted for door systems of autonomous vehicles. Based on the vehicle concept development process, it should help researchers and engineers to select and design new door concepts in an early phase. At the end, by means of an example, we present the prototype of our door concept as well as a boarding user study we carried out. This study helps evaluate and improve the boarding comfort of future door concepts.
CONCEPT MAPS COLLABORATIVE CREATION IN PRODUCT LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENT
Authors: Oliveira Daniela , Gardoni Mickael , Dalkir Kimiz
Published: August 2021

One of the greatest challenges of effectively managing knowledge in an organization is promoting seamless connections of operations between departments, the Product Lifecycle Management paradigm. It is also a paradigm that fosters organizational adaptability and quick change in production. Historically, information systems supporting operations have been developed with a specific department's culture in background. Due to this legacy, connecting data, information systems and people across the product lifecycle is an ongoing puzzle for organizations. Theorists and practicians agree on the need to include employees' expertise and vision in this process. However, this involves multiple perspectives and needs that are different but equally valid make. This study explores a tacit knowledge capture tool to be used as a means to voice the interaction and negotiation among employees. Through its influence on ontologies, concept maps collaborative creation can provide a usability tool focused on meaning throughout the product lifecycle. A literature review of the challenges involved and of the proposed tool is presented, followed by a use case and concluded with recommendations drawn from theory and practice.
CONFIGURING CUSTOMIZED PRODUCTS WITH DESIGN OPTIMIZATION AND VALUE-DRIVEN DESIGN
Authors: Vidner Olle , Wehlin Camilla , Persson Johan A , Ölvander Johan
Published: August 2021

In order to efficiently design and deliver customized products, it is crucial that the process of translating customer needs to engineering characteristics and into unique products is smooth and without any misinterpretations. The paper proposes a method that combines design optimization with value-driven design to support and automate configuration of customized products. The proposed framework is applied to a case example with spiral staircases, a product that is uniquely configured for each customer from a set of both standard and customized components; a process that is complex, iterative and error-prone. In the case example, the optimization and value-driven design models are used to automate and speed-up the process of delivering quotations and design proposals that could be judged based on both engineering characteristics as well as their added value, thereby increasing the knowledge at the sales stage. Finally, a multi-objective optimization algorithm is employed to generate a set of Pareto-optimal solutions that contain four clusters of solutions that dominate the baseline design. Hence the decision-maker is given a set of optimal solutions to choose from when balancing different economical and technical characteristics.
DEFINITION OF DRIVING FACTORS FOR DESIGNING SOCIAL INNOVATIONS IN THE ENERGY SECTOR
Authors: Lizarralde Iban , Abi Akle Audrey , Hamwi Mikhail , Samir Basma
Published: August 2021

Current development of renewable energy systems (RES) is characterised by an increasing participation of citizens in the upstream decision-making process. These citizens can be future users of the RES but also members of a Renewable Energy Community that develop RES. They can be at the same time Renewable Energy producer, investor and consumer. Moreover, several type of businesses and terms are used to cope with social innovations within the energy sector: local renewable projects, sustainable energy communities or community of renewable energy production. So, actors' engagement opens new solutions for designers who are induced to share alternatives before making decisions. They usually impose constraints since the early phases of the design process. This approach implies for designers to consider new criteria related to citizens motivations and barriers. This paper presents a study to define the main factors that drive people to contribute in social innovation schemes for clean-energy transition. After a state of the art, a survey about 6 main factors and 18 criteria is presented. The analysis based on the responses from 34 participants (i.e. experts) reveals 2 most important factors of motivation and 2 principal barrier sources.
DEMONSTRATING THE FEASIBILITY OF MULTIMODAL NEUROIMAGING DATA CAPTURE WITH A WEARABLE ELECTOENCEPHALOGRAPHY + FUNCTIONAL NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (EEG+FNIRS) IN SITU
Authors: Dybvik Henrikke , Erichsen Christian Kuster , Steinert Martin
Published: August 2021

We developed a wearable experimental sensor setup featuring multimodal EEG+fNIRS neuroimaging applicable for in situ experiments of human behavior in interaction with technology. A low-cost electroencephalography (EEG) was integrated with a wearable functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) system, which we present in two parts. Paper A provide an exhaustive description of setup infrastructure, data synchronization process, a procedure for usage, including sensor application, and ensuring high signal quality. This paper (Paper B) demonstrate the setup';s usability in three distinct use cases: a conventional human-computer interaction experiment, an in situ driving experiment where participants drive a car in the city and on the highway, and an ashtanga vinyasa yoga practice in situ. Data on cognitive load from highly ecologically valid experimental setups are presented, and we discuss lessons learned. These include acceptable and unacceptable artefacts, data quality, and constructs possible to investigate with the setup.
DESIGN EDUCATION - A REVERSED METHOD TO FILL AN INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE GAP BETWEEN FULL-TIME AND PART-TIME STUDENTS
Authors: Sole Martin Edward York , Barber Patrick , Turner Ian
Published: August 2021

Teachers in schools, tutors in colleges, and lecturers in universities are all required to have specific teaching qualifications. As part of the qualification, it is normal to study tried and tested pedological theories. Some examples are Bloom’s Taxonomy, Constructivism, and Experiential Learning. This paper identifies a gap in the information and knowledge required of student design engineers studying on a full-time course, when compared to part-time students. To redress this gap, it is suggested that no new theories are required but just a new method of applying an old theory, the application of Bloom’s Taxonomy in reverse alongside reverse engineering. An example of applying this method to a class of design engineers in their final year of a BEng (Hons) Mechanical Engineering is provided.
Fit without fear: remarkable mathematical phenomena of deep learning through the prism of interpolation
Authors: Belkin Mikhail
Published: August 2021

In the past decade the mathematical theory of machine learning has lagged far behind the triumphs of deep neural networks on practical challenges. However, the gap between theory and practice is gradually starting to close. In this paper I will attempt to assemble some pieces of the remarkable and still incomplete mathematical mosaic emerging from the efforts to understand the foundations of deep learning. The two key themes will be interpolation and its sibling over-parametrization. Interpolation corresponds to fitting data, even noisy data, exactly. Over-parametrization enables interpolation and provides flexibility to select a suitable interpolating model.

As we will see, just as a physical prism separates colours mixed within a ray of light, the figurative prism of interpolation helps to disentangle generalization and optimization properties within the complex picture of modern machine learning. This article is written in the belief and hope that clearer understanding of these issues will bring us a step closer towards a general theory of deep learning and machine learning.
Learning physics-based models from data: perspectives from inverse problems and model reduction
Authors: Ghattas Omar , Willcox Karen
Published: August 2021

This article addresses the inference of physics models from data, from the perspectives of inverse problems and model reduction. These fields develop formulations that integrate data into physics-based models while exploiting the fact that many mathematical models of natural and engineered systems exhibit an intrinsically low-dimensional solution manifold. In inverse problems, we seek to infer uncertain components of the inputs from observations of the outputs, while in model reduction we seek low-dimensional models that explicitly capture the salient features of the input–output map through approximation in a low-dimensional subspace. In both cases, the result is a predictive model that reflects data-driven learning yet deeply embeds the underlying physics, and thus can be used for design, control and decision-making, often with quantified uncertainties. We highlight recent developments in scalable and efficient algorithms for inverse problems and model reduction governed by large-scale models in the form of partial differential equations. Several illustrative applications to large-scale complex problems across different domains of science and engineering are provided.
Modelling and computation of liquid crystals
Authors: Wang Wei , Zhang Lei , Zhang Pingwen
Published: August 2021

Liquid crystals are a type of soft matter that is intermediate between crystalline solids and isotropic fluids. The study of liquid crystals has made tremendous progress over the past four decades, which is of great importance for fundamental scientific research and has widespread applications in industry. In this paper we review the mathematical models and their connections to liquid crystals, and survey the developments of numerical methods for finding rich configurations of liquid crystals.
On Turán exponents of bipartite graphs
Authors: Jiang Tao , Ma Jie , Yepremyan Liana
Published: August 2021

A long-standing conjecture of Erdős and Simonovits asserts that for every rational number
$r\in (1,2)$
there exists a bipartite graph H such that
$\mathrm{ex}(n,H)=\Theta(n^r)$
. So far this conjecture is known to be true only for rationals of form
$1+1/k$
and
$2-1/k$
, for integers
$k\geq 2$
. In this paper, we add a new form of rationals for which the conjecture is true:
$2-2/(2k+1)$
, for
$k\geq 2$
. This in turn also gives an affirmative answer to a question of Pinchasi and Sharir on cube-like graphs. Recently, a version of Erdős and Simonovits
$^{\prime}$
s conjecture, where one replaces a single graph by a finite family, was confirmed by Bukh and Conlon. They proposed a construction of bipartite graphs which should satisfy Erdős and Simonovits
$^{\prime}$
s conjecture. Our result can also be viewed as a first step towards verifying Bukh and Conlon
$^{\prime}$
s conjecture. We also prove an upper bound on the Turán number of theta graphs in an asymmetric setting and employ this result to obtain another new rational exponent for Turán exponents:
$r=7/5$
.
Detection and Identification of the Stages of DH5-Alpha Escherichia coli Biofilm Formation on Metal by Using an Artificial Intelligence System
Authors: Wong Pei-Chun , Fan Tai-En , Lee Yu-Lin , Lai Chun-Yu , Wu Jia-Lin , Chang Ling-Hua , Su Tai-Yuan
Published: August 2021

In clinical environments, orthopedic implants are associated with a risk of infection during implantation. However, the growth paths of bacteria on metal, which is nontransparent, are difficult to observe. In this study, we visualized the DH5-alpha Escherichia coli bacterial growth path on the surface of magnesium by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and constructed a convolutional neural network-based artificial intelligence (AI) system to identify metal surfaces, bacteria, and its generated products to grade the growth stage of the bacteria implanted on the magnesium. The detection result of the E. coli growth stage by the AI system was close to that manually marked by experts, and it may greatly accelerate the investigation of the bacterial growth process in various types of metallic material.
(Tages-)Schläfrigkeit am Steuer: begriffliche Grundlagen zur Beurteilung der Fahreignung
Authors: Lakämper Stefan
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung. Die Anzahl von Unfällen, deren Ursache das Einschlafen der Fahrerin / des Fahrers ist, wird vermutlich unterschätzt. Die klaren Anzeichen einer Schläfrigkeit werden entweder fehlgedeutet oder missachtet. Unabhängig davon, ob die Schläfrigkeit von Verhalten oder Krankheit herrührt, liegt in diesem Zustand keine Fahrfähigkeit oder gar Fahreignung vor. Trotz in Richtlinien formulierter Kriterien für eine Schläfrigkeit werden in Gutachten und Praxis umschreibende Begriffe verwendet, die verwirren können. Mit dem Ziel einer verbesserten Klarheit für Gutachten, aber auch für zukünftige Forschungsprojekte, stellen wir unser Verständnis der wesentlichen Begriffe dar und schlagen eine trennschärfere Verwendung vor.
Dignität kleiner Nierentumoren: Implikationen zur Abklärung und Therapie
Authors: Saba Karim , Högger Dominik C. , Hötker Andreas M. , Rupp Niels J. , Sulser Tullio , Hermanns Thomas
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung. Die breite Verfügbarkeit radiologischer Diagnostik führt zur vermehrten Diagnose renaler Inzidentalome mit einem Durchmesser <4 cm. Bei Malignitätsverdacht werden diese häufig ohne bioptische Dignitätssicherung einer operativen Therapie zugeführt. Studien solcher Resektate zeigen einen relevanten Anteil benigner Entitäten auf, was zumindest teilweise einer Übertherapie gleichkommt. Zahlen aus der Schweiz sind nicht bekannt. Alle Resektate von Nierentumoren an unserem Zentrumsspital zwischen 2006 und 2014 wurden hinsichtlich ihrer Grösse in der Schnittbildgebung sowie der definitiven Histologie retrospektiv analysiert. Von 404 Resektaten haben 221 (54,7 %) einen Tumordurchmesser ≤4 cm. Hiervon sind 62 (28 %) benigne und drei (1,4 %) Fälle weisen ein unklares oder geringes Malignitätspotenzial auf. Von den 156 Malignomen weisen 116 (74,4 %) eine prognostisch günstige Histologie auf, was bei entsprechender klinischer Konstellation eine «Active Surveillance» ermöglicht.
CME-EKG 69: Sinuspausen im Monitoring CME-Fragen
Authors: Hochholzer Felix David , Saguner Ardan M. , Brunckhorst Corinna B.
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung. Während bei höhergradigen AV-Blockierungen oder symptomatischen Bradykardien nach Ausschluss reversibler Ursachen die Indikationsstellung für eine Schrittmacherbehandlung meist eindeutig ist, stellen uns passagere, oligo- und asymptomatische Sinusbradykardien und -pausen vor grössere Herausforderungen. Anhand dieses Fallberichts soll kurz auf die möglichen Ursachen, die Abklärungsschritte sowie wie Therapiewahl eingegangen werden.
Psychotherapie im höheren Lebensalter in der Psychotherapieausbildung
Authors: Becker Tobias , Martin Franziska , Wilz Gabriele , Risch Anne Katrin , Kessler Eva-Marie , Forstmeier Simon
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Psychotherapie im höheren Lebensalter (PihL) gewinnt in Deutschland in den letzten Jahrzehnten zunehmend an Bedeutung. Dennoch ist dieses Feld trotz des großen Bedarfs weiterhin unterrepräsentiert. Fragestellung: Wie werden angehende Psychotherapeut_innen aktuell in Bezug auf die psychotherapeutische Behandlung älterer Menschen ausgebildet? Methode: Sämtliche Ausbildungsinstitute in Deutschland mit dem Schwerpunkt Verhaltenstherapie sowie Dozierende mit Seminaren zu PihL wurden im Jahr 2018 zu einer Befragung eingeladen. Ergebnisse: Von 48 Instituten boten zum Zeitpunkt der Befragung 64.6 % gerontopsychlogische Unterrichtsstunden (M = 13.03 h) an (2.2 % des Theorieunterrichts). In den ausfindig gemachten Seminaren zeigen sich zu einem großen Teil die von Knight et al. (2009 ) vorgeschlagenen Themenschwerpunkte von allgemeinen und pathologischen Alterungsprozessen über diagnostische Besonderheiten bis hin zu konkreten Interventionsmethoden. Diskussion: Sowohl die Weiterbildungsstudiengänge als auch die neuen psychotherapeutischen Bachelor- und Masterstudiengänge sollten mehr Inhalte zum Thema PihL ähnlich wie die hier ausfindig gemachten Seminare berücksichtigen. Eine Orientierung für eine Basiswissensvermittlung bieten die vorgeschlagenen Themenschwerpunkte.
Psychological Well-Being of Indian Mothers During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Mazumdar Ketoki , Sen Isha , Gupta Pooja , Parekh Sneha
Published: August 2021

Abstract This study explored the associations among psychological well-being (PWB), self-compassion, psychological inflexibility (PI), and parenting stress (PS) in 242 urban Indian mothers of children 10 years old and younger in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Regression analysis revealed that greater self-compassion (SC), less PS, and greater psychological flexibility were associated with psychological well-being among the participants. Findings from this study contribute to research on maternal mental health by showing that, even in the context of the COVID-19 crisis, SC, PI, and PS are related to the PWB of urban Indian mothers, thus highlighting a need for evolving gender-based policies and emphasizing specific interventions for this vulnerable population.
Improving Weather Simulations Through Increased Generality
Authors: Rehnberg Morgan
Published: August 2021

By adding support for spatially variable velocity fields and anisotropy, the CoSMoS simulation package can more accurately reproduce physical phenomena.