bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Military Dependency: Thailand and the Philippines
Authors: Hagelin Bjorn
Published: March 2007

The foreign military relations of Thailand and the Philippines are analysed against a hypothesis of military dependency. Attempts by both countries to diversify their military supplies have so far not had any significant effects. Both countries are highly dependent especially upon the US. Their individual profiles differ, however. Thailand has received more US security assistance than has the Philippines. At the same time the Philippines has been financially favored by way of relatively more grant assistance and financial support. The main explanation given is that this is a way for the US to 'pay for' the base rights. This direct linkage between the US bases and assistance might be a complicating factor in the negotiations concerning the future of the bases. A 'compromise' rather than a 'refusal' policy is therefore seen as the most likely outcome for the near future after 1991 In the long run, however, several factors become important, such as the development of national and international tension, war, and the possible creation of 'cooperative forces' between the US and Third World countries. US training support might in the long run become one of the most important factors shaping future military dependency upon the US and of keeping security perceptions in these countries 'aligned' with American interpretations. This will put severe stress particularly upon those governments trying to change their defense policy away from foreign military dependency.
The Determinants of Arms Expenditures of NATO and the Warsaw Pact: Some Further Evidence
Authors: Byers J. D. , Peel D. A.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines evidence for interactions between arms spending by NATO and the Warsaw Pact. Empirical work in this area typically starts from some version of the Richardson model. Unfortunately an important characteristic of the data series (non-stationarity) means that results based upon regressions specified in levels must be viewed with suspicion. Moreover, there are reasons for believing that the dynamics of the system are more complicated than envisaged in the simple models. We circumvent these problems by adopting a modelling procedure which allows the data to reveal the dynamics and which ensures that variables enter the regressions in an appropriate manner. The basic idea is to start by testing for the existence of a long-run, or equilibrium, relationship between levels of spending. Given this, one can imagine each organization adjusting its spending to the current deviation from equilibrium. Current changes in expenditure are modelled as functions of the equilibrium deviation and of previous changes in spending by both pacts. More technically we exploit recent developments in the theory of cointegrated variables and utilize a general-to-specific modelling strategy. Our results provide evidence for the existence of an equilibrium spending configuration with the dynamic equations providing satisfactory descriptions of the data and around three-quarters of the year-to-year changes in spending being explained by the equations.
Global Policies and the United Nations System: A Current Assessment
Authors: Coate Roger A. , Puchala Donald J.
Published: March 2007

Peacekeeping policies aimed at preventing or halting armed conflict and peace building aimed at eliminating the causes of war are both purported functions of the United Nations Organization and specialized agencies. UN peacekeeping efforts have been increasingly successful, largely because of external factors - most notably the re-establishment of consensus among permanent members of the Security Council regarding the value of the United Nations for maintaining peace. Yet there exists little if any basis upon which to formulate a comprehensive and co-ordinated strategy to address the causes of armed conflict. Significant impediments to peace building include a lack of consensus on the very nature of the problems of development and their remedies, an absence of effective leadership, and various structural inadequacies. The United Nations functions effectively both to make and to enforce global policies when the intergovernmental political climate allows, but most UN agencies are not well equipped structurally or procedurally to deal with situations that are more than traditionally intergovernmental in their structure and dynamics. Finally, just as traditional intergovernmentalism via the UN may not ultimately produce an effective response to problems of social and economic underdevelopment, neither may globalism be an ultimate formula. Global policy-making for peace building requires interaction with and access to local and national participants, resources and institutional mechanisms, private as well as public. Until and unless the fundamental assumptions upon which the UN system is based are greatly altered, global policies that emanate from UN agencies to deal with underdevelopment and other major threats to long-term world peace are not likely to be very effective.
The Language of Foreign Policy
Authors: Wæver Ole
Published: March 2007

In Ideology and Foreign Policy: Problems of Comparative Conceptualization, Walter Carlsnaes develops a framework for the study of foreign policy based on the concept of action. Functionalist and structuralist theories are thrust aside on the way to a logical clarification of the nature of explanation. Overall, this contribution is evaluated as positive and stimulating. Three points for possible criticism are made: (1) The `action' framework relegates structural factors to a secondary position; (2) the conceptualization in terms of values and perceptions rests on a narrow and rationalist understanding of psyche and language; (3) the concept of `ideology' remains too closely linked to the issue of beliefs (held by individuals) and thereby an important ideational dimension of social reality is missed. The first point is seen by the reviewer as a necessary price to be paid for the clarification of the intentional dimension. Emphasis is put on the second point. Based on a contrasting conception of language it is pointed out how Carlsnaes ends up in a too narrow concept of politics. This is the major source of the problems in the third category, too. The review suggests that the book might form part of a new `Scandinavian Approach' taking a different approach to the role of theory from the dominant US and British approaches to foreign policy analysis. The review indicates lines along which this new approach can be developed.
African Interstate Conflict: A Perceptual Approach
Authors: Kum Joseph M.
Published: March 2007

The study of interstate conflict in Africa has focused largely on the following factors as causes of tension between states: undemarcated borders, irredenta, resource distribution and refugee questions, liberation wars, or conflict as diversion from domestic political and/or economic crises. There has been little attempt to examine the dynamic between subjective images that African leaders hold of each other, their perception of events and the above-mentioned empirical factors. As the leaders manage national interests, their perception of other elites and the events they create or shape may or may not foster an environment conducive to conflict. Through a textual analysis of elite public statements, this work examines the role of leadership perception in interstate conflicts on the continent within the past quarter century.
Measuring the Peace Dividend in the United Kingdom
Authors: Barker Terry , Dunne Paul , Smith Ron
Published: March 2007

The changing strategic climate in Europe has led to considerable speculation about major cuts in military spending. This paper examines the economic implications of such reductions in military spending for the UK. The international economic and strategic context is discussed and then a multi-sectoral macro-economic model is used to evaluate the impact of cutting UK defence spending. The simulation results show that a reduction in military expenditure to one-half of its 1992 level by the year 2000, with the released `peace dividend' allocated to other government current and capital expenditures, would lead to a reduction in unemployment of 0.52 million and an increase in output above base by 1.84%. While these results do hide potential problems at industry, company, region and local community levels, it is argued that these problems of transition are both smaller and less difficult to deal with than those experienced in the past. The restructuring of the arms industry is already taking place and the required local adjustments are no worse than those experienced by traditional manufacturing industry over the past decade and, with careful planning, could be made painless. Overall, it is clear that with sensible adjustment policies the reduction of military spending provides an opportunity for improved economic performance.
The Myth of the Responsive North
Authors: HOLM HANS-HENRIK
Published: March 2007

The North-South policies of Denmark, Canada, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden towards Third World demands for global equality and justice are often regarded as models of responsiveness. A recently published set of books claims that this is a myth. The `Humane Internationalism' characteristic of the policies of these countries is today more liberal and less radical. This essay discusses the reasons for the change, and critically evaluates proposals for what needs to be done to revive Northern responsiveness.
A Middle-Power Military in Alliance: Canada and NORAD
Authors: Crosby Ann Denholm
Published: March 2007

In agreeing to accept US nuclear weapons in 1959, and to conditions which paved the way for its participation in US missile defence programmes in 1981, Canada reversed two of its firmly held defence policy positions. Both of these reversals were intimately linked to the dynamics of the North American Air, later Aerospace, Defence Agreement (NORAD) signed by Canada and the United States in 1958 to institutionalize the joint air defence of the continent. Traditional analyses of Canadian defence policy decision-making suggest that the policy reversals were the inevitable capitulations of a middle power to its alliance commitments and the exigencies of the international security environment. Reflecting a social construction understanding of power relations, this article argues that the `inevitability' of the capitulations resided instead in three specific dynamics; the nature of the political/military relationship in Canada, the phenomenon of Canadian military professionalism, and the transnational/transgovernmental nature of the Canadian/US cooperative military relationship. These three dynamics interacted to create a divergence of understandings between the Canadian political decision-makers and the military as to how best to pursue Canadian security interests, as well as the reasons and the means for the Canadian military to significantly shape Canadian defence policy. In essence, the three interacting dynamics were/are largely responsible for introducing an element of `unanticipated militarism' to the Canadian political decision-making environment.
Armed Conflicts, Conflict Termination and Peace Agreements, 1989-96
Authors: Wallensteen Peter , Sollenberg Margareta
Published: March 2007

A total of 101 armed conflicts have been recorded for the eight post-Cold War years 1989-96. Only six were interstate conflicts. In 1996 there were two such conflicts. For most regions there was a decline in the number of conflicts, with the exception of Africa. Nineteen peace agreements were in place by the end of 1996, historically a high number. Most of these agreements were concluded over conflicts in Africa. Asia and the Middle East showed the lowest propensity to terminate conflicts.
A Test for Reverse Causality in the Democratic Peace Relationship
Authors: Mousseau Michael , Shi Yuhang
Published: March 2007

Several studies have suggested the possibility of reverse causation in the `democratic peace' relationship: that the well-known extreme rarity of wars between democratic nations may be partially or wholly explained by a negative impact of war on democracy. Three kinds of war-on-regime effects are discussed. Anterior effects are regime changes that occur in preparation for wars; concurrent effects are those that occur during the course of a war; and posterior effects are regime changes that occur after a war concludes. Because studies have shown that democratic nations are rarely, if ever, on opposite sides in wars at their start, it is argued that reversed causation may affect the presence of causation from democracy to peace only if nations tend to become more autocratic as they prepare for impending wars. This proposition is examined with the observation of war events involving geographic neighbors or major powers, worldwide, from 1816 to 1992. With interrupted time-series analysis, it is found that nations are about as likely to become more institutionally autocratic as they are to become more democratic in the periods before the onset of wars. Moreover, this pattern holds even for the smaller subset of nations estimated to be democratic in the periods before major wars. These results indicate that studies of regime type and war participation have not been underspecified due to possible reverse causation before the onset of wars, and thus support the notion that the direction of causation in the democracy and war relationship is unidirectional from democracy to peace.
NATO Burden-Sharing: Past and Future
Authors: Hartley Keith , Sandler Todd
Published: March 2007

NATO is facing major changes and challenges: enlargement, new threats, new missions, new technology, and declining defence budgets. These developments raise the question of who will pay for the changes and hence the possibility of new burden-sharing debates. burden-sharing was a focus of controversy in the past and it could re-emerge in the future. A variety of burden-sharing measures are reviewed. These range from such traditional indicators as the share of defence in GDP to a range of alternative military measures as well as civil indicators, such as contributions to UN humanitarian operations and economic aid. Burden-sharing debates are affected by choice of indicator. Different indicators give different rankings and results. Nations will select the indicator(s) which show that they are bearing an `unfairly' high burden of the collective defence effort. The final part of the article examines the likely developments in burden-sharing over the next decade (e.g. new missions, new technology, enlargement). On enlargement, emphasis is placed on the need to assess both the benefits and costs of NATO expansion and the conclusion focuses on the optimal size of NATO.
Problem-Oriented Policing, Deterrence, and Youth Violence: An Evaluation of Boston's Operation Ceasefire
Authors: BRAGA ANTHONY A. , KENNEDY DAVID M. , WARING ELIN J. , PIEHL ANNE MORRISON
Published: March 2007

Operation Ceasefire is a problem-oriented policing intervention aimed at reducing youth homicide and youth firearms violence in Boston. It represented an innovative partnership between researchers and practitioners to assess the city's youth homicide problem and implement an intervention designed to have a substantial near-term impact on the problem. Operation Ceasefire was based on the “pulling levers” deterrence strategy that focused criminal justice attention on a small number of chronically offending gang-involved youth responsible for much of Boston's youth homicide problem. Our impact evaluation suggests that the Ceasefire intervention was associated with significant reductions in youth homicide victimization, shots-fired calls for service, and gun assault incidents in Boston. A comparative analysis of youth homicide trends in Boston relative to youth homicide trends in other major U.S. and New England cities also supports a unique program effect associated with the Ceasefire intervention.
Developmental Stage, Delinquency, and Differential Treatment
Authors: Hunt David E. , Hardt Robert H.
Published: March 2007

Evidence for the applicability of the Conceptual Systems model to the understanding of personality variation among a culturally deprived population is considered along with some results of its utility in educational planning. The relation of developmental stage to delinquent behavior and delinqucnt orientation is generally as theoretically expected. On the basis of these two patterns of findings, some speculative suggestions are made regarding the implication of the model for the differ ential treatment of delinquents. One distinct potential advan tage in such an application is the coordination of optimal treat ment planning or environmental control in a number of life areas; e.g., school, rehabilitation, occupational training, etc. Usu ally, intervention in the school or for corrective rehabilitation or for occupational training is considered separately, but the present model provides a basis for coordination. Before such coordina tion is possible, however, it is necessary to learn more about the specific nature of delinquent activity most likely to occur at each developmental stage.
Relationship between the WAIS and Indices of Sociopathy in an Incarcerated. Female Population
Authors: Sannito Thomas C. , Hannum Thomas E.
Published: March 2007

In some previous studies certain combinations and patterns of the subtest scores of males on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale were found to be indicative of a sociopathic personality reaction. In this study, employing adult female prisoners, the sociopathic "signs" from the WAIS were correlated with three criteria of sociopathy-the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory sociopathic indicators, a certainty-judgment rating scale on sociopathic traits, and documented data for deviant behavior from the inmates' files. Analysis of the data revealed that the verbal IQ minus performance IQ "sign" was the only WAIS sociopathic indicator to show any consistent relationship with the three sociopathic criteria. This relationship was not found to be of suffccient significance, however, to warrant its use in diagnosis.
Measuring Impact of a Juvenile Correctional Institution by Perceptions of Inmates and Staff
Authors: Eynon Thomas G. , Allen Harry E. , Reckless Walter C.
Published: March 2007

The impact of a correctional institution on the inmate is still enigmatic. While failure a year or more after release is often used to measure the results of institutional stay, clearly this measurement is fraught with numerous variables which are unre lated to the particular institutional experience of the cases.

Likewise, success during or after the parole period, as measured by absence of negative or presence of positive evaluations of the releasee by the aftercare officer, or by lack of involvement in delinquency or crime (plus favorable adjustments in the com munity) is probably independent of the impact of the institutional stay on the parolee's behavior.

1The early studies are summarized in an article by Walter C. Reckless, "The Impact of Correctional Programmes on Inmates," British Journal of Delinquency, 6:138-47, (September, 1955). Reference herein is made to the initial studies of impact under Pro fessor Reckless' direction: E. J. Galway, "A Measurement of the Effectiveness of a Reformatory Program," Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University, (1948); M. S. Sabnis, "A Measurement of Impact of Institutional Experience on Inmates in a Training School," Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University, (1951); M. R. Moran, "Inmate Concept of

Self in a Reformatory Society," Ph.D. disser tation, Ohio State University, (1954); H. Zibners, "The Influence of Short-Term Insti tutionalization upon Emotionally Disturbed and Delinquent Children," M.A. thesis, Ohio State University, (1954). Jon E. Simpson, Thomas G. Eynon, and Walter C. Reckless, "Institutionalization as Perceived by the Juvenile Offender," Sociology and Social Re search, 48(1):13-23, (October, 1963); Thomas Eynon and Jon E. Simpson, "The Boy's Perception of Himself in a State Training School for Delinquents," The Social Service Review, 39(1):31-37, (March, 1965).

2Summarized from a descriptive statement of TICO (1967) by Harry E. Zibners, a Director of Guidance at TICO, which in cluded clinical services, the services of social workers, and the services of cottage leaders.

3The actual number of different items was 59 rather than 60 — one item was duplicated.

4Note that a high score is in the unfavor able direction.
Juvenile Delinquents' Perceptions of Own and Others' Commitment to Delinquency
Authors: Breznitz Tamar
Published: March 2007

Juvenile delinquents' conception of their own and others' commitment to delinquency was studied by using a questionnaire consisting of stories describing youngsters confronted with a situation calling for a delin quent act. Three stories dealt with theft and three with destroying a boy scout clubhouse. Each story of the group of three differed in the amount of group pressure exerted on the "hero." Ss were first asked to decide how the "hero" will behave in the situation, and then to indicate what they thought their friends had decided. Ss were 214 male juvenile delin quents, committed to eight correctional institutions (average age 14.3, S.D. = 1.4). Ninety non-delinquents attending residential institutions served as a control group (average age 14.4, S.D. — 1.2). Results show that delinquents gave more "delinquent" answers to the questionnaire than did non-delinquents and that they gave more answers which as serted that their friends were more committed to delinquency than they themselves were. Delinquents and non-delinquents alike took group pres sure into account as a potential source of influence on the "heroes" of the stories. These findings are discussed in relation to Cohen's and Matza's divergent theories about "Delinquent Subculture." While the findings raise some doubts about the existence of a delinquent subculture, they support Matza's notion of a process of "pluralistic ignorance" prevailing in what he calls "the situation of company." The possible psychological functions of delinquents maintaining a difference between themselves and their friends and the implications for therapy and rehabilitation are considered.
On Determining the Quality of the Delinquency Self-Report Method
Authors: Hardt Robert H. , Peterson-Hardt Sandra
Published: March 2007

Increasing recognition that official statistics on juvenile delinquency have serious limitations when used in comparative analyses of juvenile misbehaviors has led to the growing reliance on the use of the self-report technique. Using data from a self-report study of adolescents, the quality of the results of using this technique is appraised by several procedures. Evidence is presented which attests to the generally high validity of the reports and suggests the utility of the technique in both etiological and evaluation studies.
The victimization of Juveniles
Authors: Mawby R.I.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on the first victimization study of juveniles carried out in Britain. Schoolchildren aged eleven to fifteen completed a questionnaire which included a section on five victimization incidents and a section in which the child was asked to report his own delinquent behavior. As in an earlier American study, the rate of victimization was extremely high, but only a low proportion of incidents were reported to the police. However, the most vic timized respondents appeared more likely to have reported at least one offense to the police, a finding which corresponds with the conclusions reached in many self-report delinquency studies.

The study was expected to confirm findings, from the wider research project -namely, that area of residence correlated closely with victimization rates. However, in the case of juveniles, neither this nor social class was related to victimization, although two other variables-sex and offender status-were. The article concludes with an exploratory discussion of theoretical issues rele vant to the study of victimology.
Crime and Delinquency in the Roaring Twenties
Authors: Stark Rodney , Sims Bainbridge William , Crutchfield Robert D. , Doyle Daniel P. , Finke Roger
Published: March 2007

This paper reports the existence of a wealth of data on crime and delinquency for the 1920s and earlier. It attempts to demonstrate the validity, and hence the value, of these old and forgotten data by "reverse" replication-by showing that these data yield results identical with a number of our recent studies based on contemporary data thought to be of good quality. This also provides us the opportunity to test and expand further our propositions about the nature of "moral communities" and their effect on crime and delinquency. In addition, we are able to test and clarify further our thesis that there are two fundamentally different forms of deviance, only one of which is pertinent to sociological theories. Finally, examination of rates of juveniles in detention at the turn of the century and in detention now permits reconsideration of the "child-saver" thesis.
The Limits of Vulnerability in Explaining Fear of Crime: A Comparative Neighborhood Analysis
Authors: MAXFIELD MICHAEL G.
Published: March 2007

Recent research on the fear of crime in the United States has focused on the sources of fear. Many of these studies have identified neighborhood-level variables that are related to fear, but most have examined the differences in fear among individual residents of one or more cities. There has been substantially less research on the differences in the sources of fear among residents of different areas within a single city. This article examines the causes of fear through a comparative analysis of three different neighborhoods in San Francisco. An analysis of covariance model is used to assess the importance of differences in the sources of fear that may be associated with an individual's neighborhood of residence. The findings demonstrate that age, as a measure of physical vulnerability previously associated with fear among individuals, is not related to fear in neighborhoods where residents express the greatest general concern about crime. It is concluded that in those urban areas where crime problems are regular features of the neighborhood environment, measures of physical vulnerability are less important in predicting differences in fear among individuals.
Social Structure and Criminal Victimization
Authors: SMITH DOUGLAS A. , JARJOURA G. ROGER
Published: March 2007

Using victimization data from 57 neighborhoods, this article examines the relationship between neighborhood characteristics and rates of violent crime and burglary. We argue that Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory provides a meaningful point of departure for examining the uneven distribution of criminal victimization across social units. Measures of three central theoretical elements in Shaw and McKay's social disorganization perspective (poverty, residential mobility, and racial heterogeneity), and variables from the subculture of violence, social control, and opportunity perspectives are included in this research. Results indicate that core components of Shaw and McKay's theory are important in explaining neighborhood victimization rates, although their influence is more conditional than direct and varies by type of crime. Evidence also emerges that supports social control models of aggregate criminal activity. Additionally, we examine whether parameters of macromodels of criminal activity vary across levels of urbanization. The implications of our findings for macrotheories of criminal activity are discussed.
Gender Bias in Juvenile Justice Handling of Seriously Crime-Involved Youths
Authors: HOROWITZ RUTH , POTTIEGER ANNE E.
Published: March 2007

This article is an empirical examination of gender bias in the handling of seriously delinquent youths at three stages of the juvenile justice system: arrest, adjudication, and disposition. The sample included 391 Black and White 14- to 17-year-old youths (100 girls and 291 boys), all heavily involved in crime when they were interviewed on the street during the period 1985-1987 in Miami for a study of drug/crime relationships. The tests for gender bias used controls for pertinent factors identified in prior research: race, type of offense, and level of involvement (for arrests, number of crimes done; for adjudication, age at arrest; and for dispositions, number of prior adjudications). Results indicated a number of significant differences in male and female juvenile justice outcomes. Discussion of these findings emphasizes two offense-particular reasons for gender differences which are not generally discussed, evaluates the evidence of system gender bias for this sample, and traces the methodological implications of this study for future research.
Studying Drugs in Rural Areas: Notes from the Field
Authors: WEISHEIT RALPH A.
Published: March 2007

Most research on drug use and the drug industry in the United States has been done in urban areas. On a practical level, the neglect of rural areas is important because these areas (a) have problems with drug use, (b) are important in the transshipment of drugs across the country, and (c) are increasingly the sites for the production of synthetic drugs and marijuana. From a methodological and theoretical standpoint, the study of variability is the essence of the scientific approach. By excluding substantial rural-urban differences, the study of the drug industry is seriously handicapped. Research in rural areas presents a unique set of problems, however. This study examines research issues in the study of drugs in rural areas, drawing on the author's experiences in studying domestic marijuana production.
Analytical and Aggregation Biases in Analyses of Imprisonment: Reconciling Discrepancies in Studies of Racial Disparity
Authors: CRUTCHFIELD ROBERT D. , BRIDGES GEORGE S. , PITCHFORD SUSAN R.
Published: March 2007

The literature on racial disparities in criminal justice processing is unclear about whether Black defendants are treated differently from White defendants. Although some studies find no difference in treatment, others report that Blacks are treated significantly more harshly than Whites; still other studies find that Black defendants are treated more leniently. This analysis examines three methodological procedures: (1) the selection of single or multiple points in the criminal justice system for study, (2) the number of jurisdictions included in studies, and (3) the level of aggregation of aggregation of jurisdictions used in studies of racial disparities. The authors conclude that some of the ambiguity reported in this literature can be traced to studies of single or few jurisdictions, single decision points in criminal justice processing, and to inappropriate aggregation.
An Examination of a Reciprocal Relationship Between Religiosity and Different Forms of Delinquency Within a Theoretical Model
Authors: BENDA BRENT B.
Published: March 2007

This study of 1,093 adolescents from six public high schools does not support the argument that property crimes, crimes against persons, and use of alcohol and other drugs are behavior manifestations of an interrelated constellation or syndrome of delinquency. A factor analysis clearly shows that the various forms of delinquency studied load on three distinct factors. In addition, whereas the hypothesized theoretical model does explain considerable variation in frequency of alcohol use and of criminal behavior (22 percent and 24 percent, respectively), it does not account for much variance in drug use (6 percent). Whereas there are reciprocal relationships between religiosity and drug use and religiosity and crime, only the feedback effect of religiosity on alcohol use is significant. These latter findings suggest that future studies need to examine reciprocal relationships and that the relationship between alcohol use and religiosity needs to be reexamined conceptually and empirically in future studies.
A Reexamination of the Crime-Fear Linkage
Authors: ROUNTREE PAMELA WILCOX
Published: March 2007

Various recent developments in the fear-of-crime literature have led scholars to the general conclusion that fear is a multidimensional concept. For instance, methodological work in the fear-of-crime tradition has recognized various dimensions of the concept of “fear,” suggesting that there are cognitive (e.g., risk perception) and emotional (e.g., being afraid) components that need to be theoretically and empirically distinguished from one another. Related to this, the fear literature has also established the value in examining crime-specific fears, recognizing that the proximate causes of fear can vary depending on the crime fear in question. This article extends the notion of “the multidimensional nature of fear of crime” by comparing multilevel models of fear of violence versus fear of burglary with a specific focus on the crime-fear relationship for each type of fear. Using data from 4,638 individuals living in 100 Seattle neighbor-hoods, hierarchical logistic models of fear of violent victimization and fear of property victimization are estimated. Findings suggest that individual- and neighborhood-level crime experiences have differential effects on fear of violence in comparison to fear of burglary, thus providing further evidence of the multidimensional nature of fear of crime.
Onset Age and Offense Specialization
Authors: PIQUERO ALEX , OSTER RAYMOND PATERN , MAZEROLLE PAUL , BRAME ROBERT , DEAN CHARLES W.
Published: March 2007

The age at which people begin to offend and the variety of different offenses that they commit while active have independently received a considerable amount of attention from researchers. However, there has been little attempt to connect these two relatively distinct lines of inquiry. Recently, two prominent criminological theories, Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime and Moffitt's taxonomy of offending behavior, have advanced formal theoretical models that include predictions about the relationship between onset age and offense versatility. The authors test the validity of these predictions using data from the second Philadelphia birth cohort study conducted by Tracy, Wolfgang, and Figlio. In support of the predictions from these theories, the authors find a relationship between onset age and offense versatility. More detailed analyses, however, show that this association vanishes after controlling for age. Thus, there was a tendency for offenders to become more specialized in their offending over time regardless of the age at which they initiated offending. The theoretical implications of this finding are discussed.
An Assessment Framework for Professional Development Schools
Authors: Teitel Lee
Published: March 2007

After reviewing the challenges of careful documentation of professional development school (PDS) impacts, the author proposes an integrated conceptual map that uses multiple measures and sources of data on PDS impacts. The author argues that each of the several impacts expected in a PDS (in-creased learning for students, preservice educators, and experienced educators) should be documented using a backward mapping process to reflect changes in the learning experience for each of these target groups (e.g., changes in classroom and field placement experiences for student teachers), as well as organizational and cultural changes (different beliefs about teaching and learning, models, etc.) that are taking place to support them. The article goes on to describe how this approach is currently being used to assess impacts in a PDS partnership in Massachusetts.
Preparing Teachers for Culturally Diverse Schools
Authors: Sleeter Christine E.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews data-based research studies on preservice teacher preparation for multicultural schools, particularly schools that serve historically underserved communities. In this article, the author reviews 80 studies of effects of various preservice teacher education strategies, including recruiting and selecting students, cross-cultural immersion experiences, multicultural education coursework, and program restructuring. Although there is a large quantity of research, very little of it actually examines which strategies prepare strong teachers. Most of the research focuses on addressing the attitudes and lack of knowledge of White preservice students. This review argues that although this is a very important problem that does need to be addressed, it is not the same as figuring out how to populate the teaching profession with excellent multicultural and culturally responsive teachers.
A Developmental-Constructivist Approach to Teacher Education
Authors: Black Allen , Ammon Paul
Published: March 2007

In the Developmental Teacher Education (DTE) program at the University of California at Berkeley, Piagetian developmental theory and research is used as core knowledge for preparing elementary school teachers. Developmental-constructivist principles of knowledge acquisition are particularly well-suited for this purpose because they have implications for what and how children are taught, how progress toward expertise in teaching is conceptualized, and how teachers are educated. The authors describe the 2-year, postgraduate program, whose features include small cohorts of students, course work organized to address key topics repeatedly and hierarchically, multiple student teaching placements in diverse settings, and a master's project on a teaching-learning issue. They also comment on teaching practices of program graduates and the development of their understanding of children, learning, and teaching during and after graduation from the program.
1300 Years of the Pound Sterling
Authors: Weale Martin
Published: March 2007

The article begins with an account of the way in which the value of the pound has changed over the last 1300 years or so. This is indicated in terms of silver and, for the last 7–800 years, also in terms of gold, wheat and Phelps-Brown's general cost of living basket. It is shown, for example, that the whole of the increase in the price of silver since 1000 has occurred in the last 60 years. These prices are used to indicate how the real wage of a building labourer has changed since the 13th century. The article then proceeds to an account of the evolution of the currency itself, from its beginning as a pound of silver cut into 240 pennies (following continential practice) to the move to a gold currency and the introduction of paper money. It concludes with a discussion of whether the whole concept of currency will eventually become obsolete.
James Meade's Vision: Full Employment and Social Justice
Authors: Atkinson A.B.
Published: March 2007

Economists are often accused of being narrow specialists, unable to see how their particular area of expertise relates to wider issues. But there is a handful of economists of whom such statements could never be made. Among these is Professor James Meade, who sadly died in December 1995. James Meade was one of the outstanding economists of this century, and a hallmark of his work was a remarkable capacity to see the economy as a whole. He contributed to many fields, but these were not isolated forays. All that be wrote was illuminated by a comprehensive understanding of social and economic problems. What is more, be had a vision as to how social and economic institutions could be reformed to make the world a better place, and be believed in the power of rational argument as a means to bring about these reforms.
Saving Europe's Automatic Stabilisers
Authors: Eichengreen Barry
Published: March 2007

European policymakers have repeatedly suggested that fiscal-policy coordination and fiscal federalism will play key roles in Europe's monetary union. This paper warns that this hope is misplaced. Fiscal federalism will not be available to offset recessionary shocks for the foreseeable future. The effects of coordination designed to internalise the cross-border spillovers of fiscal policies are too weak. Freeing up fiscal policy to replace national governments' loss of monetary independence requires allowing European countries' automatic stabilisers to operate. That in turn requires a flexible application of the Excessive Deficit Procedure and the Stability Pact.

The solution suggested here is that the Excessive Deficit Procedure and any fines and sanctions associated with the Stability Pact be applied to the constant-employment budget balance, not the actual deficit. Applying them to actual deficits when European countries enter EMU up against the 3 per cent limit will render fiscal policy strongly procyclical, aggravating the problem of macroeconomic fragility created by the loss of monetary autonomy. Still, countries like Germany haunted by the spectre of fiscal pro fligacy need to be reassured that member states will not abuse their fiscal discretion. Procedural and institutional reform to offset the deficit bias in national political systems is the obvious quid pro quo.
Rules for Followers: Institutional Theory and the New Politics of Economic Backwardness in Russia
Authors: WOODRUFF DAVID M.
Published: March 2007

I investigate contemporary Russia's real, but shallow success in implementing two borrowed capitalist institutions—a monetary system and the joint-stock company. Even though money and shares of stock in Russia are exchanged in voluntary transactions, they fail to play the legal roles ordinarily expected of them, resulting in weak corporate governance and nonmonetary (barter) exchange. Via a criticism of game-theoretic approaches to institutions in the New Institutional Economics, I argue that the roots of this shallow marketization lie in the distinct social foundations of the transactional and legal roles of money and corporate stock. Arguments drawn from sociological institutionalism then illuminate why Russia displays this limited isomorphism to authoritative international models of market institutions. The article concludes by discussing implications for a third body of institutional theory, historical institutionalism, and the possible broader relevance of the pattern of shallow marketization in contemporary relatively backward countries.
The Culture of Citizenship
Authors: SYPNOWICH CHRISTINE
Published: March 2007

The idea that the state has a duty to protect minority cultures has become so influential that cultural rights might seem a logical extension of T. H. Marshall's idea of citizenship rights; that is, the most recent set of rights to enable the citizen to be a fully participating member of the political community. This article takes the view, however, that citizens do not have cultural rights in the sense of rights to the protection of their minority cultures per se. Instead, we should consider how citizens have an entitlement to culture in the broadest sense, as a constituent of equal well-being. On this view, the state has a duty to enable its citizens to live well. Cultural enrichment may require the protection of endangered ways of life—such as those of minority cultures—but only if these cultures do not run afoul of citizens' equal well-being as autonomous individuals.
The Reasonable and the Rational Capacities in Political Analysis
Authors: CLEMENTS PAUL , HAUPTMANN EMILY
Published: March 2007

The authors employ Rawls's distinction between the reasonable and rational capacities to show why and how rational choice theory cannot provide adequate explanations of human behavior. According to Rawls, the reasonable capacity, associated with the concept of right and the sense of justice, is no less fundamental a moral power than is the rational, associated with the concept of the good and self-interest. Since rational choice analysis presupposes the primacy of rationality, however, those who rely upon it see persons' expressions of conceptions of right as expressions of rationality. The authors argue that in cases ranging from prisoner's dilemma experiments to the analysis of social institutions, rational choice theorists encounter expressions of the reasonable but cannot, because of their theoretical commitments, take systematic account of them. The article concludes by making some tentative suggestions about the form political analysis based on both the reasonable and the rational capacities might take.
The Quantifier System: One of the Largest and Least Known Parts of English
Authors: Neale Barbara
Published: March 2007

The structure of semantics is still largely unknown territory. Semantic fields appear to be the building blocks of semantic structure, but most semantic fields remain unmapped. This paper analyses the structure of one of those, which I call the "quantifier system," although only one small part of it is filled with well known quantifiers. The system is explained in the same way as I explain it to my ESL students.

Several ideas in this paper may be of use in analyzing other semantic fields. Firstly, I analyze the field in terms of distinctive features, rather as in phonology. Secondly, the semantic terms are sometimes words and sometimes phrases. Thirdly, each semantic term is a group of synonyms. Fourthly, synonyms and antonyms can be understood not just as lists, but as the building blocks of a larger system. Fifthly, semantic groups in English can include words drawn from different parts of speech.
Palestinian Students' Attitudes Towards Modern Standard Arabic and Palestinian City Arabic
Authors: Assaf Azim S.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates Palestinian students' attitudes towards Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and Palestinian City Arabic (PCA) in the context of two extralinguistic factors: speakers' educational level and setting. The speaker's level of education is defined by the academic degree he/ she holds. Accordingly, the speakers under consideration fall into two groups: highly educated and less educated. The former consists of members holding a four-year-university degree or higher, while members of the latter have not attained such a degree. Setting is defined in terms of formality and informality which are used to differentiate between structured and unstructured situations in conversational interactions.

Twenty-two male and female undergraduate Palestinians studying in San Francisco State University, California, USA, participated in the study and expressed their views on the use of the varieties under discussion in different language situations. Those views came in the form of responses to a 32-item questionnaire on the basis of two tape-recorded passages; one in MSA and another in PCA. The responses elicited from the participants form the corpus for the present study.

This paper attempts to address two major concerns:

1. The setting for which each variety is considered appropriate.

2. The purposes/functions for which the educated and less-educated groups use each variety

The findings indicate that

1. Generally, MSA is deemed more appropriate for formal settings, and PCA for their informal counterparts.

2. In formal settings, the highly educated group mainly uses MSA, while the less educated group uses PCA.

3. In informal settings, the highly educated group employs MSA at a higher rate than the less educated group. However, there is a slight tendency, among members of the less educated group, in favour of using MSA for formal settings.