bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IV. Parental Personality and Attitude and Childhood Psychoses
Authors: Kolvin I. , Garside R. F. , Kidd J. S. H.
Published: August 2008

It is a common assumption in child psychiatry that the personality and attitudes of parents exert a fundamental influence on the developing child. This hypothesis merits careful examination. The authors were particularly interested in testing it in relation to aberrant personalities and undeniable psychiatric disorder in childhood. Theoretically there are two main methodological steps;

(i)

The proving of a correlation between parental and childhood variables. The present paper concentrates on this step.

(ii)

experimental or other studies to demon strate causal relationships between these variables.
Dimensions and Clusters of Symptoms in Disturbed Children
Authors: Wolff Sula
Published: August 2008

Child psychiatrists are much exercised at the present time about the classification of clinical syndromes occurring in children (Rutter et al., 1969). Perhaps surprisingly, there is less difficulty in the case of such relatively rare conditions as childhood psychoses, the psychoneuroses or even the syndromes associated with neurological dysfunction than there is in the categorization of the common behaviour disorders.
The Positive Correlation between Insulin Resistance and Duration of Hospitalization in Untreated Schizophrenia
Authors: Schimmelbusch Werner H. , Mueller Peter S. , Sheps Jack
Published: August 2008

Various abnormalities have been demonstrated in schizophrenic patients in response to injected insulin. Thomaset al.(22), Harris (8), Freemanet al.(7), Mayer-Gross (10), and Bracelandet al.(4) have shown a delayed or decreased response of blood glucose to insulin in schizophrenic patients. Meduna and McCulloch (11) observed that those schizophrenic patients who suffered from confusion and clouding of the sensorium particularly displayed a delayed or decreased response to injected insulin as well as a urinary hyperglycaemic factor and decreased tolerance to oral and intravenous glucose. Subsequent studies by Mueller (12, 13) demonstrated a rise or lack of fall in the plasma free fatty acids (FFA) following the administration of insulin intramuscularly or intravenously in chronic schizophrenic patients. Van Sickleet al.(23) confirmed these findings of insulin resistance in chronic schizophrenia and noted that this low FFA response was neither related to an abnormal release of, nor response to, epinephrine.
Schizo-affective Symptomatology in Late Life
Authors: Post Felix
Published: August 2008

Kasanin (10) seems to have been the first author to use the term 'schizo-affective psychosis'. He drew attention to Lange's observations of catatonic features in mania, and to Claude's concept of 'schizomanie’. The case records of his young and acutely ill patients make one wonder, however, whether Kasanin had been sufficiently ready to recognize mixed manic-depressive states. Arising from the study of more prolonged illnesses, the Kleist-Leonhard school attempted to construct a number of sub-categories of schizophrenia in order to accommodate ‘cycloid’ cases. In this country, the term 'schizo-affective’ is at the present time in bad odour. Aubrey Lewis (11), employing very searching criteria, discovered schizophrenic symptoms in 23 of his 61 patients with affective psychoses, but derived them from hereditary and personality factors. Both Batchelor (2) and Mayer-Gross, Slater, and Roth (13), while admitting the occasional co-existence of manic-depressive and schizophrenic psychoses largely ascribed to mixed inheritance, have indicated that the schizo-affective label could be avoided by a more rigorous diagnostic approach and follow-up. These were employed recently by Clayton et al. (6), and of 39 schizo-affective patients 33 were re-assessed after at least one year; only 13 were still ill; and although 5 of them continued to show some schizophrenic symptoms, the authors interpreted their findings to indicate that schizophrenic deterioration was not a usual result of schizo-affective illness. Moreover, the family histories suggested a very strong relationship with ordinary affective illnesses rather than with schizophrenia or schizo-affective psychoses. These workers did not, therefore, confirm the claims of others (e.g. those arising from Mitsuda's (14) twin studies) to the effect that atypical psychoses were in a genetically different category from schizophrenia and manic-depression. The concept of 'schizo-affective’ has been devastatingly criticized by Foulds and Caine (7) on logical grounds.
Schizophrenia: Initiation and Development
Authors: Burch P. R. J.
Published: August 2008

According to a recent theory, schizophrenia is confined to people with a particular genetic predisposition and the disorder arises from a specific breakdown in the central part of the system that controls growth (Burch 1964, 1968). We call diseases of this general class autoaggressive. Their pathogenesis has two distinctive phases: initiation and development. Initiation, which is a purely random process, entails a form of spontaneous somatic gene mutation in growth-control stem cells.
Grief and the Imminent Threat of Non-Being
Authors: Das S. Sunder
Published: August 2008

The experience and meaning of grief differs with the progression of self-awareness of the experiencer in his ontogenetic evolution from utter dependence to differentiated integration. Autonomy, achieved by very few adults, carries with it the connotation of transcendence over mere obedience and conformity to the canons of society. This is different from deviance in two important respects. Deviance is a movement in a horizontal direction away from cultural dominance, and therefore could manifest itself in antisocial activities. Autonomy, being a movement in a vertical direction, is supra-cultural and non-conformist rather than antisocial. All this has a great deal to do with existential grief, the experience of which can change according to the level of ontology of the experiencer. The following operational definitions are needed to treat the subject of ontological grief in a meaningful manner.
The Young Addict and His Family
Authors: Rosenberg C. M.
Published: August 2008

The available evidence suggests that adolescent drug addicts are likely to have an underlying personality disorder, to come from broken homes, and to have parents who are alcoholic, antisocial or mentally ill (Nylander, 1964; Chein, 1965; Rosenberg, 1969a and b). Assuming that a background of family instability is related to deviant behaviour—including the abuse of drugs—it seems probable that some of the siblings of young addicts, who grew up in similar circumstances, would also become the subjects of psychiatric disorder.
Depression: Defence Mechanisms in Speech
Authors: Hinchliffe Mary K. , Lancashire Meredith , Roberts F. J.
Published: August 2008

Weintraub and Aronson have described a method for the study of Psychological Defence Mechanisms through verbal behaviour analysis in psychiatric patients and controls (Weintraub and Aronson, 1962, 1964, 1965 and 1967). In this study we have re-tested their method on a group of middle-aged English depressed patients and matched surgical controls.
Extrapyramidal Disorders After Prolonged Phenothiazine Therapy
Authors: Kennedy P. F. , Hershon H. I. , McGuire R. J.
Published: August 2008

Motor disorders occurring in association with phenothiazine therapy have been widely appreciated and investigated since the advent of these drugs in the early nineteen-fifties. Published works have indicated that between 20 and 40 per cent of patients treated with phenothiazines exhibit signs of extrapyramidal dysfunction (Denham, 1961; Ayd, 1961). However, the relationship between treatment variables and the frequency of these motor disorders is not a simple one. Many factors are likely to have aetiological significance, and it seems that their occurrence is more a reflection of personal idiosyncrasy than of chemical structure, dosage or duration of treatment (Lancet, 1964).
Dibenzepin and Amitriptyline in the Treatment of Depression
Authors: Ekdawi M. Y.
Published: August 2008

Dibenzepin hydrochloride is a new tricyclic antidepressant drug with pharmacological properties midway between those of imipramine and amitriptyline. In a double-blind comparative trial, J. M. Fielding (Med. J. Australia, 1969, 1, 614) found no significant difference in the speed of the effect of the two drugs in depressed patients. He reported that side-effects rated subjectively by patients were maximal before starting on the drugs and tended to decrease with time. The following trial was accordingly staged.
Minor Self-Injury
Authors: Ballinger Brian R.
Published: August 2008

Self-injury is a frequent occurrence in both mentally subnormal and mentally ill patients. The aim of this study was to determine its prevalence and nature in hospital populations of such individuals.
Anorexia Nervosa of Adolescence the Central Syndrome of the Anorexia Nervosa Group
Authors: Meyer J. E.
Published: August 2008

The first descriptions of anorexia nervosa, categorized in various ways, date back to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (Rudolph, 1970; Schadewaldt, 1965; Thomä, 1961). It seems clear that the condition has become more frequent in recent years, even though we must allow for the fact that such patients were formerly seldom seen by the psychiatrist, but were treated in general or paediatric hospitals as subjects of an endocrine disorder. It has been suggested that the recent increase in the incidence is related to the emancipation of women (von Baeyer, 1965), and to the increasing number of professional women who are mothers.
Agreement Among Raters
Authors: Maxwell A. E.
Published: August 2008

It is frequently the case in investigations in the behaviour sciences that a number of independent raters are asked to rate the same sample of subjects with regard to certain signs, symptoms or characteristics of these subjects, and the question of comparing the results given by the raters then arises.
A Male Monozygotic Twinship Discordant for Homosexuality
Authors: Davison K. , Brierley H. , Smith C.
Published: August 2008

The relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the development of homosexual behaviour is a controversial subject. The original suggestion that homosexuality is a purely inherited trait has been attributed to Krafft-Ebing (Kallmann, 1952). Perhaps the strongest support for this view was Kallmann's series of 40 male monozygotic twin pairs showing 100 per cent concordance for the overt practice and quantitative rating of homosexual behaviour (Kallmann, 1952). This report has been criticized, and Kallmann later conceded that the 100 per cent concordance was possibly a statistical artefact (Kallmann, 1960). Habel (1950), who obtained the index twins from a prison population, found concordant homosexuality in 3 out of 5 monozygotic pairs (60 per cent), but none of 5 dizygotic pairs. In a more recent study, Heston and Shields (1968) found concordant homosexuality in 2 out of 5 monozygotic pairs (40 per cent) and 1 out of 7 dizygotic pairs (14 per cent). Heston and Shields (1968) also report a family with a sibship of 14 which included 3 pairs of male monozygotic twins, in two of which both twins were homosexual and in the third both heterosexual; no environmental factors which differentiated the homosexual from the heterosexual sibs could be detected. These workers also refute the suggestion that the tendency for monozygotic twins to be more alike with regard to homosexuality than dizygotic twins is related not to genetic factors but to problems of sexual identification which predispose to homosexuality (Money, 1962) by pointing out that there is no evidence that monozygotic twins per se are especially prone to become homosexual.
Prospective Study into Puerperal Depression
Authors: Dalton Katharina
Published: August 2008

A prospective study of mood changes through pregnancy and puerperium was undertaken by a research group centred on the North Middlesex Hospital, Edmonton, London. Data collected from 189 women revealed an evolution of mood changes in those who later developed puerperal depression, which was characterized by anxiety at the first ante-natal visit, elation during later pregnancy and depression in the puerperium. The findings were in agreement with other workers in this field. The arguments in favour of a hormonal aetiology of puerperal depression are presented.
Unipolar and Bipolar Primary Affective Disorder
Authors: Woodruff Robert A. , Guze Samuel B. , Clayton Paula J.
Published: August 2008

The classification of affective disorders has been a topic of controversy for years. The literature is filled with tentative attempts to order this large group of patients. Such attempts have brought surprisingly little resolution of the issues involved. There are those who would make numerous subdivisions within the affective disorders, and others who see affective illness as a unitary disorder.
Psychoanalysis and the Treatment of the Psychoses
Authors: Freeman Thomas
Published: August 2008

Psychoanalysis is not regarded as having a significant part to play in the treatment of the psychoses. This view has been strengthened by the ease with which the phenothiazine and other drugs may bring many psychotic symptoms under control. Nevertheless, there are psychiatrists who believe that psychoanalysis, in its classical form or suitably modified, can benefit patients suffering from psychoses. The issues which have been raised by these claims are still the subject of controversy among psychiatrists and psychoanalysts. This paper is not concerned with details of the different kinds of analytical treatment which may be recommended for patients. Such an account would be inappropriate in the circumstances of current psychiatric practice in the United Kingdom. Instead attention will be focused on the way in which psychoanalysis can be integrated into therapeutic regimes presently employed in mental hospitals.
A Study of Patients who Lapsed from Group Psychotherapy
Authors: Sethna E. R. , Harrington J. A.
Published: August 2008

This investigation is a direct sequel to the work on evaluation of group psychotherapy already published in this journal (Sethna and Harrington, 1971). The method, setting and aims of the main investigation were described in the original paper and will not be repeated here. The need for the present study became evident when it was found that of the 94 patients considered for the evaluation study as many as 37 (41 per cent) lapsed or discharged themselves without completing their treatment, and against medical advice.
Anxiety and the Effects of Sodium Lactate Assessed Clinically and Physiologically
Authors: Kelly Desmond , Mitchell-Heggs Nita , Sherman Daniel
Published: August 2008

Anxiety neurosis has been the subject of intensive study during the past ten years. Renewed interest in this syndrome has arisen both from the stimulus of new methods of treatment and from attempts to classify anxiety more accurately. Recently Pitts and McClure (1967) reported that anxiety symptoms and anxiety attacks could be produced by a specific biochemical stimulus: sodium lactate. This work was prompted by the finding that 'standard exercise’ tends to produce an excess amount of lactic acid in patients with anxiety neurosis (Cohen and White, 1950; Jones and Mellersh, 1946; Linko, 1950; Holmgren and Strom, 1959). Pitts and McClure found that an intravenous infusion of 10 ml. of half-Molar sodium (DL) lactate per kilogram of body weight, given over a twenty minute period, produced an anxiety attack in patients suffering from anxiety neurosis. The symptoms began a minute or two after the infusion was started and developed rapidly, and some patients reported ‘exacerbations of their characteristic symptom profiles for two to five days after the sodium lactate infusion’. In their double-blind study, many fewer symptoms were produced when calcium ion was added to the lactate infusion, and almost no symptoms were produced by an infusion of glucose in saline of similar osmolarity. Many fewer and less severe symptoms were produced in normal controls than in the patient group, both in response to sodium lactate and to lactate with added calcium, and almost no symptoms during the glucose and saline infusion. Pitts and McClure postulated that anxiety symptoms may have a common determining biochemical end-mechanism, involving the complexing of ionized calcium at the surface of excitable membranes by lactate ion with resulting interference ‘with the normal functioning of calcium in transmitting nerve impulses' (Pitts, 1969). They concluded that ‘there may be something highly specific about lactate ion in producing the naturally occurring hypocalcaemic anxiety symptoms in human beings'.
Are School Phobic Adolescents Overdependent?
Authors: Berg Ian , McGuire Ralph
Published: August 2008

In this study, 42 school phobic youngsters aged 11 to 15 were investigated to find out if they were exceptionally dependent, particularly on their mothers, as had repeatedly been asserted in connection with similar cases, often without adequate supporting evidence of an objective nature (Berg, 1970). TheHighlands Dependency Questionnaire(H.D.Q.) was administered to their mothers around the time they were accepted for admission to an adolescent psychiatric in-patient unit. The Questionnaire had previously been found to measure at least two unrelated sorts of dependency, represented by a sociability factor (I) and an immaturity factor (III) with satisfactory reliability and validity; this emerged when a principal component factor analysis was performed on the results of applying it to the mothers of a randomly selected sample of 68 secondary school children from the general population, stratified for age, sex and social class (Berget al., 1971). Data on 14 variables was processed on the University of Leeds English Electric KDF9 computer, using a system of standard programmes (Hamiltonet al., 1965). In addition to the two setsof factorscores which were calculated using actual raw score weights, two corresponding sets ofsubscalescores were calculated using approximate raw score weights; correlations between factor and subscale scores in the control group had been found to be: r = ·87 for sociability and r = ·84 for immaturity (Berget al., 1971), whereas in 19 youngsters out of the school phobic group, looked at in another context, they were: r = ·51 for sociability (perhaps explained by a divergence between at least two tendencies which have different emphasis in the factor and subscale scores) and r = ·95 for immaturity. The criteria adopted for the diagnosis of school phobia had been given previously when 29 school phobic cases with similar clinical features were reported in some detail (Berget al., 1969).
The Bender Alcoholic
Authors: Schuckit Marc , Rimmer John , Reich Theodore , Winokur George
Published: August 2008

Jellinek describes periodic or Epsilon alcoholism as the ‘least known species of alcoholism’ (1). Åmark (2), comparing them to the general population, found periodic drinkers to be older at time of study, to show increased heritability in offspring and to have a higher incidence of cycloid and cyclothymic personalities. His determination of cyclothymic personality traits reinforces the hypothesis of Dobnigg et al. (3) of a correlative between periodic drinking patterns and affective symptoms. This paper examines the usefulness of the diagnosis of ‘bender’ alcoholism.
An Investigation of Conceptual Process and Pattern Change in a Psychotherapy Group
Authors: Fransella Fay , Joyston-Bechal M. P.
Published: August 2008

In a review of the 1967 group psychotherapy literature, MacLennan and Levy (1968) record that nearly 300 papers were published in that one year. Unfortunately, this proliferation does not reflect any great increase in the knowledge of group psychotherapy processes. There are plenty of original ideas, but these are almost totally unsupported by systematic theory and research. Where theoretical ideas have been used, they have been lifted from the sphere of individual psychotherapy and applied unmodified to group psychotherapy. The research has largely been concerned with determining such things as the most efficient group structure; who talks to whom about what; and what grammatical forms are used.
The Effect of Varying the Elements in the Bannister-Fransella Grid Test of Thought Disorder
Authors: Williams Ederyn
Published: August 2008

Bannister and Fransella (1966) described a clinical test based on the theory and methods of Kelly (1955). This test has since been widely used in clinical practice, usually as a test of schizophrenic thought disorder, and has also been used in several studies attempting to define the schizophrenic condition more exactly (e.g. Bannister and Salmon, 1966; McPherson and Buckley, 1970; McPherson, 1969). The test was developed from the previous work of Bannister (1960, 1962) with schizophrenics and other psychiatric patients.
Neurosis and Marital Interaction III. Family Roles and Functions
Authors: Collins Joyce , Kreitman Norman , Nelson Barbara , Troop Jane
Published: August 2008

In this paper we consider another aspect of the marriages of male neurotic patients and their wives, namely the pattern of role-playing within the marriage and the family. Though no formal predictions were made regarding the differences that might be found between the marriages of the patient and control groups, it was hoped that examination of the role-activity patterns would illuminate the data already reported in Part I and II on health, personality, time-sharing and social activity.
Neurosis and Marital Interaction. IV. Manifest Psychological Interaction
Authors: Kreitman Norman , Collins Joyce , Nelson Barbara , Troop Jane
Published: August 2008

One of the many possible ways of obtaining information about the marital relationship is by observing the marital partners together, a procedure being increasingly used in clinical practice. Little is established, however, for either clinical or research purposes, about how such observations may be ordered, with what reliability they can be made, or how they relate to other aspects of marital function and to the psychological health of the partners. This paper is concerned with just such issues.
Comparative Effects of Lithium and Chlorpromazine in the Treatment of Acute Manic States
Authors: Johnson Gordon , Gershon Samuel , Burdock Eugene I. , Floyd Arthur , Hekimian Leon
Published: August 2008

There are well over 50 published reports since 1949 on the use of lithium salts in psychiatric disorders, most of them in the decade since 1960. Considering only those studies reported in acute manic states, it is difficult to arrive at a reliable assessment of the specific therapeutic effect of lithium because quantitative evaluations were seldom employed, so that comparisons of outcome have to be based on statements of degree of improvement which are subject to varying interpretations. Furthermore most of the studies were not adequately controlled, and the diagnostic criteria used were not always clear.
Flooding versus Desensitization in the Treatment of Phobic Patients: A Crossover Study
Authors: Marks Isaac , Boulougouris John , Marset Pedro
Published: August 2008

Over the past five years several studies have suggested that flooding and its analogues reduce fear in animals and in man. The literature on analogues of flooding in animals was surveyed by Baum (1970), who himself demonstrated that prevention of a conditioned avoidance response in rats extinguishes the response (Baum, 1966). The longer the duration of response prevention, the quicker the extinction of the avoidance response (Baum, 1969a). The greater the shock trauma involved in the original learning of the response, the longer the response prevention had to be before the avoidance response was extinguished (Baum, 1969b, 1970). In phobic human volunteers controlled studies showed that flooding in imagination reduced avoidance responses to rats (Hogan and Kirchner, 1967, 1968; Kirchner and Hogan, 1966), and that the technique worked more quickly than desensitization (Barrett, 1969) in improving snake phobias. An analogue of flooding—exposure in real life with response prevention—was also shown to be more effective than desensitization for the reduction of snake phobias (Strahley, 1965). Two studies found, however, that desensitization was superior to flooding for the reduction of snake phobias (Mealiea, 1967) and mouse phobias (Willis and Edwards, 1969), while in a further two reports flooding was not significantly different in effectiveness from desensitization for the reduction of snake phobias (de Moor, 1970) or stage fright (Calef and Maclean, 1970).
An Association of Spasmodic Torticollis and Writer's Cramp
Authors: Meares Russell
Published: August 2008

The aetiology of those movement disorders characterized by localized, involuntary intermittent, and repetitive muscular spasm remains obscure. They include spasmodic torticollis, writer's and other occupational cramps, and facial spasms. The obscurity is reflected in psychiatric and neurological classification. Some, or all, are frequently regarded as conversion symptoms, although they differ profoundly from those typical of that group, particularly in terms of prognosis. Secondly, some, or all, have been regarded as variants of dystonia musculorum deformans. Otherwise, they occupy an indeterminate or ‘miscellaneous' place in classification. If it could be shown that a substantial number of clinical characteristics are shared by those who exhibit localized spasmodic conditions, they could justifiably be regarded as a distinct nosological entity. This might reasonably be regarded as a step towards clarifying their aetiology.
Preliminary Report on Intelligence Quotient Scores of Patients with Turner's Syndrome: A Replication Study
Authors: Buckley Felicity
Published: August 2008

A diagnosis of Turner's Syndrome is given to female patients who have small stature, primary amenorrhoea and a number of other variable stigmata. The ovaries are absent and the genital ducts and external genitalia do not develop spontaneously beyond the pre-pubertal stage. Chromosome analysis shows that the majority have a 45, X karyotype, in which one of the pair of sex chromosomes is missing. Others have a structural abnormality of one of the two X chromosomes resulting in loss of short-arm material.
Premenstrual Symptoms as an Indicator of Bipolar Affective Disorder
Authors: McClure James N. , Reich Theodore , Wetzel Richard D.
Published: August 2008

The premenstrual occurrence or exacerbation of affective symptoms has been noted (Dalton, 1964). This symptom exacerbation may be sufficient to require hospitalization (Dalton, 1959; Janowsky et al., 1966). Data presented by Coppen (1965) indicate that women with affective disorder are more likely to report the premenstrual symptom of depression than women with other psychiatric disorders. These findings suggest that there may be some relationship between depressive disorder and premenstrual symptoms. However, we are aware of no previous report that would suggest any relationship between premenstrual symptoms and bipolar affective disorder.
The use of the Term ‘Undiagnosed Psychiatric Disorder'
Authors: Hudgens Richard W.
Published: August 2008

Longitudinal clinical studies have provided evidence for years to support the value of classifying psychiatrically ill patients according to well-described syndromes whenever possible. Using such classification as a base, knowledge has been accumulated concerning aetiology, prognosis, and treatment of such diverse disorders as general paresis, schizophrenia, manic-depressive illness, antisocial personality, and others. Our understanding of the essential nature, causes, and treatment of psychiatric disorders is far from complete, and what we do know has been learned more through systematic studies of syndromes than through analyses of intrapsychic and interpersonal processes, however important those may be. In order to treat a psychiatrically ill patient it is at least as important to understand the syndrome from which he suffers as to understand the nature of his personal problems. The physician can attend to the former without neglecting the latter.
Behavioural Group Therapy: A Controlled Clinical Study
Authors: Liberman Robert Paul
Published: August 2008

The clinical research reported here has two thrusts or purposes: one theoretical and one practical. The theoretical question can be stated: Is psychotherapy in general, and group psychotherapy in particular, a lawful, directive, and predictable process that can be understood from a behavioural or learning point of view? The second question and the more practical and down-to-earth one, is whether analyzing group therapy from a learning point of view can suggest and direct our attention to practical improvements in the technical work that we carry out as group therapists, whatever our theoretical persuasions.
Alcoholic Hallucinosis and Schizophrenia: A Negative Study
Authors: Schuckit Marc A. , Winokur George
Published: August 2008

Many years ago Eugen Bleuler postulated a correlation between alcoholic hallucinosis and schizophrenia. In his textbook, he stated his belief that ‘alcholic hallucinosis could … be a mere syndrome of schizophrenia induced by alcohol (1)’.
Controlled Trial of the Treatment of 36 Stutterers
Authors: Wells P. G. , Malcolm M. T.
Published: August 2008

Stutter, tic and the Gilles de la Tourette syndrome have many features in common. Haloperidol has been found of value in the treatment of the last-named syndrome (1) and also of tic (2). Our study was intended to evaluate its use, combined with orphenadrine, in stutterers. We used it both with and without speech therapy, as shown in Table I. The trial was controlled, and double blind. Our 36 patients, aged 15 to 60, were of both sexes and neither psychotic nor subnormal. They were not on other therapy. They were randomly divided by an independent third party equally into the following groups, and treated as indicated.
The Drug History of Psychiatric Admissions
Authors: Ballinger Brian R. , Stewart Michael J.
Published: August 2008

Many patients admitted to psychiatric hospitals give a history of recent drug treatment, and this may be important in the assessment of their clinical state. The aim of the present study was to survey the pattern of drug treatment in psychiatric patients at the time of admission, and to compare various accounts of this treatment.
Long-stay Schizophrenic Patients in Hospital Workshops
Authors: Miles Agnes
Published: August 2008

There is a consensus of opinion among the staff of psychiatric hospitals that it is in the best interests of the patients to be occupied during their hospital stay. In most hospitals of this type workshops have been set up for the patients and these are variedly regarded as amenities and therapeutic tools. The workshops vary a great deal in their characteristics, but broadly fall into two categories: occupational therapy units and industrial units.
Frontal Lobotomy in Early Schizophrenia Long Follow-up in 415 Cases
Authors: Freeman Walter
Published: August 2008

This is a report on 415 private patients who have been followed from four up to more than thirty years or until death. The operations were carried out before the end of twelve months of psychiatric hospitalization, not necessarily continuous. Many of the patients were operated upon more than once, especially in the earlier years before the importance of the orbitomedial quadrants of the brain was recognized.
Change of Therapists as a Cause of Absences from Group Psychotherapy
Authors: Dinnen Anthony
Published: August 2008

The involvement of a number of psychiatric hospital staff members in group psychotherapy meetings constitutes multiple therapy. In such a situation one staff member is customarily assigned the role of ‘therapist’ and the rest are called ‘observers'. Observers are often passive, but they may participate in the group proceedings as co-therapists (MacLennan, 1965; Bloom and Dobie, 1969). Multiple therapy is said to enhance treatment (Mullan and Sanguiliano, 1960; Rubins, 1967), but this may be a rationalization to excuse its continued practice (MacLennan, 1965), particularly as it is so useful for training staff in group psychotherapy (Gans, 1962).
Sex Differences in Birth Order of Alcoholics
Authors: Blane Howard T. , Barry Herbert , Barry Herbert
Published: August 2008

Studies of birth order of male alcoholics, reviewed by Chen and Cobb (1960), Sampson (1965), and Barry, Barry, and Blane (1969), generally showed more last-born than first-born cases. This difference was found in samples of more than 500 cases hospitalized in Denmark (Martensen-Larsen, 1957); Austria (Navratil, 1959); Canada (de Lint, 1964b), and Norway (Steén, 1966). Most samples in the United States have shown the same trend but with smaller numbers of cases, so that the difference was short of statistical significance. Ambiguous results have been obtained from the few studies of birth order of female alcoholics, generally based on small samples. The present paper reports on the birth-order distributions of a relatively large sample of male and female out-patient alcoholics in the United States.
The Relation of Pain to the Eysenck Personality Inventory, Cornell Medical Index and Whiteley Index of Hypochondriasis
Authors: Bond M. R.
Published: August 2008

Pain in organic disease has anatomical, physiological and psychological components which are inseparably linked, but there does not appear to be a strict relationship between the nature and apparent severity of noxious stimulation and the point at which different individuals experience pain. Moreover, in any group of patients at the same stage of an illness known to be associated with pain, some complain whereas others do not. Many factors are known to influence pain and complaint behaviour. The elderly experience less pain than younger patients with similar disorders (Exton-Smith, 1961). Pain thresholds tend to be lower in women than men, and racial differences are significant when considering both thresholds and complaint behaviour (Merskey and Spear, 1967). Pain may not be immediately associated with wounding in the physical and emotional struggles of battle, and the later intensity of suffering has been shown to be related to the significance of the wound to the patient (Beecher, 1956). There is an increase in pain in the presence of anxiety (Kennard, 1952; Masson, 1966) and Cole (1965) reported that factors associated with persistent pain include a disagreeable environment, a long history of pain, anxiety, depression, poor general health, resentment and lack of confidence in the doctor. Complaint behaviour is regarded by some as a learned response developed in childhood (Schilder, 1935; Russell, 1962; Sarbin, 1962; Simpson and others 1965). Bond and Pilowsky (1966) have demonstrated that in a clinical setting differences in complaint behaviour between the sexes depend in part upon the attitudes of nursing staff towards pain.
Persistence of Extra-pyramidal Disorders and Psychiatric Relapse after Withdrawal of Long-Term Phenothiazine Therapy
Authors: Hershon H. I. , Kennedy P. F. , Mcguire R. J.
Published: August 2008

It has been said that any drug which is active and produces an effect which is beneficial must also, under similar or different circumstances, have side-effects which are neither beneficial nor desired (Hamilton, 1965). It is the balance between desired and undesired actions which determines the usefulness of any drug. Such a balance varies according to the individual patient's needs. Thus a life-saving drug will be given even if it has serious side effects, while this would not be justifiable for a drug with only a marginally therapeutic effect. Scrutiny of past results may enable clinicians to make finer predictions as to which patient will benefit from a certain drug and which will suffer unacceptable side-effects. Phenothiazines are one group of drugs whose efficacies and dangers have been discussed in this way.
Results in a Therapeutic Community
Authors: Myers Kenneth , Clark David H.
Published: August 2008

The term ‘therapeutic community’ has been increasingly employed in recent years. The W.H.O. Report (1953) used it to describe a general approach of Freedom, Activity and Responsibility—a humane, liberal approach marked by full occupation, open doors, active rehabilitation programmes and increased community involvement—repeating and developing many of the features of the ‘moral treatment’ of the early nineteenth-century (Rees, 1957). This has now been widely adopted in Britain, U.S.A. and in Western Europe.
Trial of a Sustained Release Form of Amitriptyline in the Treatment of Depressive Illness
Authors: Sims A. C. P.
Published: August 2008

Amitriptyline is a widely used antidepressant and its effectiveness has been shown, e.g. in comparison with imipramine in double blind trial (Burt et al., 1962; Hordern et al., 1963, 1964). A disadvantage of currently prescribed tricyclic antidepressants is the necessity for administering the drug three times a day. It has been shown that general medical and in particular psychiatric patients fail to take their medication either in the prescribed dose or at all (Benstead and Theobald, 1952; Haler, 1952; Park and Lipman, 1964; Parkes et al., 1962; Porter, 1969). This failure rate may be as high as 50 per cent (Dixon et al., 1957; Willcox et al., 1965). Even in psychiatric in-patient studies there was still a high failure rate in taking prescribed psychiatric drugs (Hare and Willcox, 1967). A regimen consisting of a single daily dose is more reliably taken than one consisting of thrice daily dosage (Coppen et al., 1969; General Practitioner Clinical Trial 1970).
MMPI Performance in Chronic Medical Illness: the use of Computer-Derived Interpretations
Authors: Goldstein Alan M. , Reznikoff Marvin
Published: August 2008

In the development of the MMPI, one of the original purposes of this self-report inventory was to assist the physician in the detection of neuroses in his patients. Dahlstrom and Welsh (i), however, raise the question… ‘can a person who is physically deformed, handicapped, or sick get appreciable score elevations on the profile merely by giving a factual description of his disorder … (p. 274)?’
Psychoses in Adult Mental Defectives: I. Manic Depressive Psychosis
Authors: Reid A. H.
Published: August 2008

Hurd in 1888 described cases of mania, melancholia, folie circulaire and attempted suicide in mental defectives. Ireland in 1898 described three ‘imbecile lunatics’ who were ‘clear cases of melancholia’, and quoted an earlier physician, Wells, who in 1845 had seen ‘attacks of mania in cretins, as well as a peculiar suicidal form of this affliction, which prompts the wretched maniac to attempt self-destruction by throwing himself into the fire’. Clouston (1883) considered that ‘congenital imbeciles may have attacks of maniacal excitement or of melancholic depression—in fact are subject to them’. Kraepelin (1896, 1902) took the view that ‘imbecility may form the basis for the development of other psychoses such as manic-depressive insanity, the psychoses of involution and dementia praecox’. Gordon (1918) stated that mental defectives suffering from depression rarely express ideas of guilt or thoughts of suicide; manics lacked ‘quickness of comprehension of wit or humour or sarcasm’. He noted that depression was more common than mania and that recurrences tended to run true to type. Prideaux (1921) accepted that manic-depressive psychosis could occur in high-grade mental defectives, and drew attention to the increased incidence of conversion hysteria in patients of low intelligence. Medow (1925) observed that mental defectives could manifest all the types of mental illness seen in people of normal intelligence but in the defective mental illness had a silly, fantastic, nonsensical colouring. Neustadt (1928) put forward the view that the typical psychoses of the mental defective were acute episodic states of excitement.
Urinary Creatinine in Drug-Excretion Studies in Chronic Schizophrenics
Authors: Sved S. , Perales A. , Houle H.-P.
Published: August 2008

Creatinine has long been used as a basis for urinary excretion studies of drugs and metabolites. Nevertheless, the validity of this has been seriously challenged by Paterson (4), whose findings were confirmed by Scott and Hurley in adults (5) and by Applegarth, Hardwick and Ross in children (1). These authors found that evaluation of urinary creatinine output cannot replace the practice of careful timing of 24-hour specimens as a basis of excretion rate. However, collection of well-timed specimens in ambulant psychiatric patients usually presents a great deal of difficulty.
Dream Treatment of Urinary Retention
Authors: Abenson M. H. , Findling J.
Published: August 2008

Urinary retention without apparent organic causation is infrequently commented upon in the psychiatric literature. Cooper (1965) described the use of conditioning therapy in the treatment of a patient with hysterical retention of urine. In our experience urinary retention without organic causation is more frequently seen as a post-operative complication, lengthening considerably the period of stay in hospital. Two such cases were successfully treated by a new psychodynamic technique which we have recently developed. This technique makes use of dream suggestion to the patient in clear consciousness, in that respect differing from other techniques of dream suggestion such as Stoyva's (1965) dream instructions to patients in the hypnotic state.
Conscience and Depressive Disorders
Authors: Amdur Millard J. , Harrow Martin
Published: August 2008

The present research represents an attempt to study the construct of ‘conscience’ in quantitative fashion and to investigate its relation to various types of psychiatric disorders. The psychoanalytic literature deals extensively with aspects of functioning or behaviour which are related to the inner rules which influence man's conduct. In his early writing, Freud described conscience as ‘one part of the ego’ which judged it critically (6), but by 1921 (5) he referred to this self-critical agency as the ego ideal. In 1923, Freud included in the new construct superego the functions of ego ideal as well as conscience (7). Current emphasis continues to be on the censuring aspects of superego (12, 15) and its similarity to conscience (11).
Types of Depressive Illness
Authors: Winokur George
Published: August 2008

A major problem in the affective disorders is what constitutes an homogeneous illness. A recent study enabled us to separate depressive illnesses into two types (1). The first we have called ‘depression spectrum disease’; its prototype is a female with an onset of a depressive illness before the age of 40, in whose family more depression is seen in female relatives than in male relatives, the deficit in males being made up by alcoholism and sociopathy. The second illness we have called ‘pure depressive disease’, the prototype of which is a male whose depression starts after age 40 and in whom there are equal amounts of depression in both male and female relatives and no large amount of alcoholism or sociopathy in the males. First degree relatives of depression spectrum disease are more likely to be psychiatrically ill (depression, sociopathy or alcoholism) than first degree relatives of pure depressive disease probands. Data of Hopkinson and Ley support this concept in part (2); they found that early-onset affective probands (< 40) had higher morbid risks for affective illness in relatives than late-onset probands (onset after 40). Further confirmation comes from a study of 259 alcoholics and their first degree relatives (3). Most of the psychiatrically ill male relatives had alcoholism; most of the psychiatrically ill female relatives had depression. As of the present the differentiation of the two kinds of depressive illness is made on the basis of a specific familial predisposition. Major clinical differences in the two groups have eluded us.
The Psychiatric Differentiation of Senility and Arteriosclerosis
Authors: Birkett D. P.
Published: August 2008

This study compares the mental symptoms of two groups of aged mental hospital patients. One group had senile brain disease but no brain infarcts. The other group had brain infarcts but no positive evidence of senile brain disease.
The Recruitment of Psychiatrists
Authors: Russell Gerald
Published: August 2008

The Recruitment of Psychiatrists Every teacher of psychiatry bears a dual responsibility. Not only must he inculcate the essential principles of his subject into medical students, irrespective of their eventual choice of career within medicine, but he must also help recruit into psychiatry a sufficient number of doctors to develop the psychiatric services of tomorrow. Moreover, the quality and personal attributes of these recruits must be such as to do credit to the profession.
Chlorpromazine Metabolism in Chronic Schizophrenics
Authors: Samuel Gerald , Mould Graham
Published: August 2008

The paper by Sved et al. (1) serves as a further reminder of the need for the monitoring of drugs used in psychiatry. We would however urge great caution in accepting the conclusions which the authors draw regarding resistance to chlorpromazine therapy. We fear a turn sequitur.
Stress as a Predictor in Schizophrenia
Authors: Wallis G. G.
Published: August 2008

Reviewers of the literature are unanimous that in schizophrenia the outcome is better in cases where there is a history of stress shortly before the onset of the illness. Zubin et al. (1961) found 89 papers ascribing a favourable prognostic influence to stress and none maintaining that it had a bad or immaterial effect.
Diagnosis of Schizophrenia: An Anglo-American Comparison
Authors: Edwards Guy
Published: August 2008

During recent years interest in transcultural psychiatry, particularly Anglo-American differences in diagnostic practice and treatment, has increased considerably. In 1965 Willis and Bannister reported the results of a questionnaire study of the opinion of 'senior’ British psychiatrists on the diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia. Acknowledging the many disadvantages of a postal enquiry of this kind, the present author thought that their study would form the basis for a useful and relatively inexpensive Anglo-American comparison. Consequently, in 1968 an almost identical questionnaire was circulated to six hundred 'senior’ American psychiatrists.
Thought Disorder in Mania and Schizophrenia Evaluated by Bannister's Grid Test for Schizophrenic Thought Disorder
Authors: Breakey William R. , Goodell Helen
Published: August 2008

In discussions of schizophrenia, ‘thought disorder’ has a traditional place of prominence. Eugen Bleuler (2) believed ‘disturbances of association’ of ideas to be a fundamental symptom in schizophrenia, and among more recent authors Cameron (3) introduced the concept of ‘over-inclusiveness' to explain not only the thought process disorder, but many other symptoms of this condition.