bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trace Analysis of Five Androgens in Environmental Waters by Optimization of Enzymolysis and Solid-Phase Extraction Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry and its Risk Assessment
Authors: Xie Yufei , Gao Zhihan , Ren Yuan
Published: December 2023

Steroid hormones (SHs) have received widespread attention in recent years. However, current studies of SHs have primarily focused on estrogenic substances, with androgen-related studies being quite limited. We optimized the solid-phase extraction (SPE) pretreatment method, as well as the enzymolysis conditions of five androgens (androstenedione, boldenone, methandienone, nandrolone, and testosterone), to simultaneously determine their concentrations in the effluent from wastewater treatment plants and surface water samples. Then we evaluated the ecological risks of the five androgens in the effluent and Pearl River basin of Guangzhou (PR China) using the risk quotient method. The recovery rates of the targets were 90% to 99% in water samples when digested with β-glucosidase for 90 min before solid-phase extraction, extracted with a Poly-Sery HLB column, and washed with 15% methanol aqueous solution and 2% ammonia. The established instrument's limit of detection was between 0.02 and 0.39 μg/L, and the limit of quantification was between 0.05 and 1.29 μg/L. Androstenedione, boldenone, methandienone, nandrolone, and testosterone were detected in all samples from the 2018 and 2022 wastewater influent and the 2018 surface water, with concentrations of 3.06 × 101 ng/L to 1.33 × 103 ng/L, 1.03–8.15 × 102 ng/L, and 0.93 × 101 ng/L to 5.50 × 102 ng/L, respectively. The ecological risks of androgens in wastewater influent and surface water were medium to high and low to medium, respectively. Moreover, the biotoxicity of androgens was predicted by the Ecological Structure Activity Relationships model, with methandienone and androstenedione having the highest and lowest acute and chronic toxicities, respectively. These results suggest that the risk of environmental androgens should not be ignored and that further research should be carried out. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:915–925. © 2023 SETAC
Effects of Benzo[a]pyrene on Food Metabolism and Reproductive Endocrine and Ovarian Development in Female Scallop Chlamys farreri at Different Reproductive Stages
Authors: Song Aimin , Gao Zhongyuan , Zhou Yueyao , Miao Jingjing , Xu Ruiyi , Pan Luqing
Published: December 2023

Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) with the most carcinogenic effects of all the PAHs, has multiple toxic effects on marine bivalves. We investigated the interference mechanism of B[a]P on food metabolism (sugars, proteins, and sugars), and on reproductive endocrine and ovarian development in female scallops (Chlamys farreri). Scallops were exposed to different concentrations of B[a]P concentrations of 0, 0.38, 3.8, and 38 μg/L throughout gonadal development. Total cholesterol and triglyceride contents in the digestive glands were increased, and their synthesis genes were upregulated. The plasma glucose contents decreased with the inhibition of glycogen synthesis genes and the induction of glycolysis genes in the digestive gland. The results showed that B[a]P had endocrine-disrupting effects on scallops, that it negatively affected genes related to ovarian cell proliferation, sex differentiation, and egg development, and that it caused damage to ovarian tissue. Our findings supplement the information on B[a]P disruption in gonadal development of marine bivalves. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:748–761. © 2023 SETAC
Early learning difficulties, childhood stress, race, and risk of cognitive impairment among US adults over age 50: A cross‐sectional analysis
Authors: Nkwata Allan K. , Smith Jacqui
Published: December 2023

Background and Aims

Most literature linking childhood factors to cognitive health outcomes has focused on educational attainment—defined as years of education attained. However, less has been studied about the other aspects of education, such as early learning problems, and stressful family environments. This study examined whether early learning problems and childhood stressors were associated with mid‐ and later life cognitive impairment among US adults, and if these associations varied by race.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional analysis using the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) along with respondents' early educational experiences from the 2015 to 2017 Life History Mail Survey (N = 9703). Early learning problems were defined as having any of the following: scholastic problems (reading, writing, mathematics), speaking/language issues, and sensorimotor issues‐ hearing, vision, speech, and motor‐coordination. Cognitive status was classified as three levels (normal, cognitively impaired not demented [CIND], and demented) using the HRS Langa−Weir algorithm. Multinomial logistic regression models using generalized logits, estimated relative risk ratios (RRRs), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) with adjustment for sociodemographic factors.

Results

Having at least one early learning problem was associated with increased risk of later life cognitive impairment (RRR: 1.75, 95% CI: 1.34−2.29 for dementia, RRR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.20−1.67 for CIND). Parental death before the age of 16 was associated with 17% higher risk of CIND in later life (RRR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.01−1.34). However, learning problem‐related differences in risk of cognitive impairment were dependent on race (learning problems × race, p = 0.0001). In the demented group, Blacks were 2.7 times more likely to be demented (RRR: 2.66, 95% CI: 1.69−4.17) amongst older adults that experienced childhood learning problems.

Conclusions

Early life exposures predicted risk of cognitive impairment. Policies and interventions that enhance diagnosis of early learning problems and improve childhood social contexts are needed to promote healthy cognitive aging amongst Americans, regardless of race.
Molecular epidemiology of SARS‐CoV‐2 in Mongolia, first experience with nanopore sequencing in lower‐ and middle‐income countries setting
Authors: Erendereg Munkhtuya , Tumurbaatar Suvd , Byambaa Otgonjargal , Enebish Gerelmaa , Burged Natsagdorj , Khurelsukh Tungalag , Baatar Nomin‐Erdene , Munkhjin Badmaarag , Ulziijargal Jargaltulga , Gantumur Anuujin , Altanbayar Oyunbaatar , Batjargal Ochbadrakh , Altangerel Delgermurun , Tulgaa Khosbayar , Ganbold Sarangua , Tundev Odgerel , Jigjidsuren Sarantsetseg , Nyamdorj Tsogbadrakh , Tsedenbal Naranzul , Batmunkh Bumdelger , Jantsansengee Baigalmaa , Lkhagvaa Battur , Tsolmon Bilegtsaikhan , Enebish Oyunsuren , Tsevegmid Erdembileg , Sereejav Enkhbold , Nyamdavaa Khurelbaatar , Erkhembayar Ryenchindorj , Chimeddorj Battogtokh
Published: December 2023

Background

Coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) has had a significant impact globally, and extensive genomic research has been conducted on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) lineage patterns and its variants. Mongolia's effective response resulted in low prevalence until vaccinations became available. However, due to the lack of systematically collected data and absence of whole genome sequencing capabilities, we conducted a two‐stepped, nationally representative molecular epidemiologic study of SARS‐CoV‐2 in Mongolia for 2020 and 2021.

Methods

We used retrospective analysis of stored biological samples from November 2020 to October 2021 and a variant‐specific real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) test to detect SARS‐CoV‐2 variants, followed by whole genome sequencing by Nanopore technology. Samples were retrieved from different sites and stored at −70°C deep freezer, and tests were performed on samples with cycle threshold <30.

Results

Out of 4879 nucleic acid tests, 799 whole genome sequencing had been carried out. Among the stored samples of earlier local transmission, we found the 20B (B.1.1.46) variant predominated in the earlier local transmission period. A slower introduction and circulation of alpha and delta variants were observed compared to global dynamics in 2020 and 2021. Beta or Gamma variants were not detected between November 2020 and September 2021 in Mongolia.

Conclusions

SARS‐CoV‐2 variants of concerns including alpha and delta were delayed in circulation potentially due to public health stringencies in Mongolia. We are sharing our initial experience with whole genome sequencing of SARS‐CoV‐2 from Mongolia, where sequencing data is sparse.
Association of air pollution and risk of chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Xu Wenqi , Jia Luzhu , Lin Yuxuan , Zhang Cong , Sun Xiance , Jiang Liping , Yao Xiaofeng , Wang Ningning , Deng Haoyuan , Wang Shaopeng , Yang Guang
Published: December 2023

Although epidemiological studies have evaluated the association between ambient air pollution and chronic kidney disease (CKD), the results remain mixed. To clarify the nature of the association, we conducted a comprehensive systematic review and meta‐analysis to assess the global relationship between air pollution and CKD. The Web of Science, PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases systematically were searched for studies published up to July 2023 and included 32 studies that met specific criteria. The random effects model was used to derive overall risk estimates for each pollutant. The meta‐analysis estimated odds ratio (ORs) of risk for CKD were 1.42 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.31–1.54) for each 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5; 1.20 (95% CI: 1.14–1.26) for each 10 μg/m3 increase in PM10; 1.07 (95% CI: 1.05–1.09) for each 10 μg/m3 increase in NO2; 1.03 (95% CI: 1.02–1.03) for each 10 μg/m3 increase in NOX; 1.07 (95% CI: 1.01–1.12) for each 1 ppb increase in SO2; 1.03 (95% CI: 1.00–1.05) for each 0.1 ppm increase in CO. Subgroup analysis showed that this effect varied by gender ratio, age, study design, exposure assessment method, and income level. Furthermore, PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 had negative effects on CKD even within the World Health Organization‐recommended acceptable concentrations. Our results further confirmed the adverse effect of air pollution on the risk of CKD. These findings can contribute to enhance the awareness of the importance of reducing air pollution among public health officials and policymakers.
Insights on cyclophosphamide metabolism and anticancer mechanism of action: A computational study
Authors: Dabbish Eslam , Scoditti Stefano , Shehata Mohammed N. I. , Ritacco Ida , Ibrahim Mahmoud A. A. , Shoeib Tamer , Sicilia Emilia
Published: December 2023

The oxazaphosphorine cyclophosphamide (CP) is a DNA‐alkylating agent commonly used in cancer chemotherapy. This anticancer agent is administered as a prodrug activated by a liver cytochrome P450‐catalyzed 4‐hydroxylation reaction that yields the active, cytotoxic metabolite. The primary metabolite, 4‐hydroxycyclophosphamide, equilibrates with the ring‐open aldophosphamide that undergoes β‐elimination to yield the therapeutically active DNA cross‐linking phosphoramide mustard and the byproduct acrolein. The present paper presents a DFT investigation of the different metabolic phases and an insight into the mechanism by which CP exerts its cytotoxic action. A detailed computational analysis of the energy profiles describing all the involved transformations and the mechanism of DNA alkylation is given with the aim to contribute to an increase of knowledge that, after more than 60 years of unsuccessful attempts, can lead to the design and development of a new generation of oxazaphosphorines.
Transient presence of stomatocytes: A clue to the diagnosis of overhydrated hereditary stomatocytosis in a child with beta‐thalassemia
Authors: Chen Yanhui , Lin Qile , Ni Wenpeng , Deng Kunyi , Li Lilian
Published: December 2023

Background

Overhydrated hereditary stomatocytosis (OHSt) is a rare disorder characterized by abnormalities in erythrocytic volume homeostasis. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential for appropriate management and genetic counseling.

Methods

We present the case of a child with beta‐thalassemia and a history of multiple blood transfusions. Clinical presentation, laboratory findings, and genetic testing were reviewed. Peripheral blood smear examination and genetic analysis were performed.

Results

The patient was admitted with severe anemia, and peripheral blood smear examination revealed the presence of up to 50% stomatocytes. Laboratory investigations showed abnormalities in red blood cell parameters, including decreased hemoglobin levels and increased mean corpuscular volume. Genetic testing identified a heterozygous mutation in the RHAG gene, confirming the diagnosis of OHSt. The presence of stomatocytes in the peripheral blood smear was transient, correlating with episodes of hemolysis and its control.
Association between endogenous plasma beta‐hydroxy‐beta‐methylbutyrate levels and frailty in community‐dwelling older people
Authors: Molina‐Baena Begoña , Carnicero Jose Antonio , Pereira Suzette L. , García‐García Francisco José , Santos‐Fandila Angela , Cabrera Ricardo Rueda , Rodríguez‐Mañas Leocadio
Published: December 2023

Background

Frailty is a key element in healthy ageing in which muscle performance plays a main role. Beta‐hydroxy‐beta‐methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation has shown favourable effects in modulating protein synthesis, improving muscle mass and function in interventional studies. Decreased age‐related endogenous HMB levels have been shown in previous studies. The aim of the present study is to assess whether there is an association between endogenous plasma HMB levels and frailty.

Methods

Data from 1290 subjects (56.98% women; mean ± standard deviation age 74.6 ± 5.95 years) from the Toledo Study for Healthy Aging were obtained. Participants had their frailty status qualified according to Fried's Frailty Phenotype (FFP) score and the Frailty Trait Scale in its 12‐domain version (FTS‐12). Plasma HMB levels were analysed by an ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Differences between groups (frail vs. non‐frail) were tested using Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis test and chi‐squared test. The association between HMB and frailty was assessed by multivariate linear and logistic regressions when frailty was analysed as continuous and binary, respectively. Models were adjusted by age, gender, comorbidity, body composition and protein intake.

Results

HMB levels were lower in those aged ≥75 years than in those aged 65–74 years, with an inverse linear relationship between age and HMB levels (β = −0.031; P = 0.018), mainly accounted by males (β = −0.062; P = 0.002). HMB levels were higher in men (0.238 ± 0.065 vs. 0.193 ± 0.051 ng/mL; P ≤ 0.001). HMB levels were significantly lower in frail than in non‐frail individuals: 0.204 ± 0.058 versus 0.217 ± 0.063 ng/dL (P = 0.001) according to the FFP and 0.203 ± 0.059 versus 0.219 ± 0.063 ng/mL (P < 0.001) according to FTS‐12. These differences showed a dose‐dependent profile when we compared them by quintiles of HMB (P for trend: 0.022; 0.012 and 0.0004, respectively, for FFP, FTS‐12 binary and FTS‐12 continuous). Variables associated with low HMB levels were body mass index, strength, exhaustion and weight loss. Frailty was associated with HMB levels in all the adjusted models, including the fully adjusted ones, no matter the tool used (odds ratio: 0.45 [0.26, 0.77] for FFP and 0.36 [0.20, 0.63] for FTS‐12 binary; β = −4.76 [−7.29, −2.23] for FTS‐12 score). This association was also observed when the analyses were done by quintiles, showing such association since Q4 (FFP), Q2 (FTS‐12 binary) and Q3 (FTS‐12 score). The associations were observed in the whole sample and in each gender.

Conclusions

There is an inverse association between HMB levels and frailty status. These findings support the design of targeted clinical trials to evaluate the effect of HMB supplementation in older frail people with low HMB levels.
Implication of grip strength assessment for the management of body weight in disability prevention in older adults
Authors: Zhang Shu , Otsuka Rei , Tange Chikako , Nishita Yukiko , Shimokata Hiroshi , Satake Shosuke , Arai Hidenori
Published: December 2023

Background

Although body mass index (BMI) and grip strength (GS) are both predictors of disability, their joint effect on predicting incident disability remains uncertain. We examined whether the effect of BMI on incident disability can be modulated by GS in community‐dwelling older people in Japan.

Methods

A total of 1486 community‐dwellers in Japan (731 men and 755 women, aged 65–82 years) who participated in the 2nd to 7th waves of the National Institute for Longevity Sciences‐Longitudinal Study of Aging (NILS‐LSA) project, were followed up to 20 years. Twelve subgroups were created according to the intersections of GS (sex‐specific tertiles: low, intermediate, and high) and BMI (underweight 1, <18.5; underweight 2, 18.5–<21.5; normal, 21.5–<25.0; and overweight/obese, ≥25.0 kg/m2). Incident disability was defined as requiring care need level 1 or higher, as per the long‐term care insurance system in Japan. The hazard ratios (HR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) of incident disability (the ‘high GS‐normal BMI’ subgroup was used as the reference) were calculated using a multivariable‐adjusted Cox proportional hazards model. The model was adjusted for baseline characteristics on sex, participation wave, smoking, depressive symptoms, total physical activity, disease history, education level, residential status, and energy intake.

Results

Compared with that for participants in the ‘high GS‐normal BMI’ group, the risk of incident disability was higher for participants in the ‘low GS‐normal BMI’, ‘low GS‐overweight/obese’, ‘intermediate GS‐underweight 1’ and ‘intermediate GS‐overweight/obese’ groups. The multivariable‐adjusted HR (95% CI) were 1.72 (1.27–2.32, P value<0.001), 1.81 (1.27–2.58, P value = 0.001), 2.42 (1.35–4.32, P value = 0.003) and 1.53 (1.06–2.20, P value = 0.023), respectively. The results did not change substantially when participants with disability occurring within 1 and 2 years of follow‐up were excluded, or when the competing events were death without incident disability or dementia.

Conclusions

The joint effect of BMI and GS was more pronounced in those of normal weight or overweight/obese status and low GS, along with underweight or overweight/obese status and intermediate GS in predicting disability. The lack of observed joint effect for those underweight with low GS was likely due to insufficient sample size. GS consideration is necessary for weight management in older adults, and interventions for individuals who are underweight or overweight/obese with adequate GS need not be prioritized for disability prevention.
Integrating reading and writing with STEAM/STEM: A systematic review on STREAM education
Authors: Sun Wang , Zhong Baichang
Published: December 2023

Background

Science, technology, reading and writing, engineering, art, and mathematics (STREAM) education is an emerging form of STEM/STEAM education. STEM education research focuses on how students acquire knowledge and skills. The potential of reading and writing to effectively support students in STEM education has been the focus of research. Although researchers have noted the role of language, they have not explored it in depth.

Purpose/Hypothesis

This paper presents a systematic review of STREAM education to clarify how reading/writing is integrated with STEM/STEAM education and explores the level of cognitive goals in instruction.

Design/Method

By searching for articles related to STREAM education up to 2021, we coded some important features of STREAM education and highlighted the correlations between two or more features.

Results

(i) STREAM education has developed rapidly in the past 3 years; (ii) Writing appeared in STEM education before reading, and the trend of research is spreading from college to lower school levels; (iii) The combination of reading and writing is better in primary school and is underemphasized in middle school; (iv) The cognitive goals of STREAM education in higher education are slightly higher overall than those before college; (v) Current studies focus on the reflection process of the course, while the main process deserves more attention; and (vi) reading/writing activities in the reflection process achieved the highest levels of cognition than in the entry and main processes.

Conclusion

The integration of language activities (reading and writing) into STREAM education is a trend toward disciplinary integration, which helps develop students' cognition and form knowledge constructs.
Contextualization in engineering education: A scoping literature review
Authors: Kleine Marie Stettler , Zacharias Kari , Ozkan Desen
Published: December 2023

Background

Engineering educators prepare students for responsible, ethical, and socially aware engineering practice by contextualizing engineering in a variety of ways. Recently, ABET and the NAE have prioritized engineers' ability to make judgments considering a variety of contexts and specifically advocated for building engineers' contextual competencies.

Purpose

Educators can often agree that contextualizing engineering work and problems is beneficial, while taking different approaches to that contextualization. It is important for engineering educators to know how their modes of contextualization compare with others, as well as how they define and achieve success.

Scope/Method

This scoping literature review answers two research questions: How are engineering educators contextualizing engineering through their programs, courses, and pedagogies? And what are the justifications, motivations, or desired ends of engineering educators' contextualization? The original search yielded 500 articles from pertinent engineering education venues. After detailed exclusion and inclusion criteria were applied, 104 relevant articles were analyzed.

Results

These remaining articles were sorted into six modes of contextualization: context tools, professional skills, real‐world problems, design, sociotechnical thinking, and social impact. The categorization and analysis led to a complex understanding of the multiplicity of contextualization in engineering education.

Conclusions

The wide variety of modes of contextualization results in a variety of bettering strategies, or ways that these forms of pedagogy can improve engineering education, and, in turn, larger engineering contexts. We conclude that engineering content and context are “interactional” and co‐constructed, showing how different modes of contextualization demarcate different images of what engineering content and contexts are and ought to be.
Overfullness of edge‐critical graphs with small minimal core degree
Authors: Cao Yan , Chen Guantao , Jing Guangming , Shan Songling
Published: December 2023

Let be a simple graph. Let and be the maximum degree and the chromatic index of , respectively. We call overfull if , and critical if for every proper subgraph of . Clearly, if is overfull then . The core of , denoted by , is the subgraph of induced by all its maximum degree vertices. We believe that utilizing the core degree condition could be considered as an approach to attack the overfull conjecture. Along this direction, we in this paper show that for any integer , if is critical with and , then is overfull.
Real‐life effectiveness of carfilzomib in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma receiving treatment in the context of early access: The CARMYN study
Authors: Laribi Kamel , Leleu Xavier , Texier Nathalie , Germain Raphaël , Touzeau Cyrille , Hammoud Mohammad , Payssot Alexandre , Schulmann Samantha , Le Calloch Ronan , Trebouet Adrien , Chaoui Driss , David Selva , Benbrahim Omar , Benramdane Riad , Charvet‐Rumpler Anne , Jadeau Christelle , Rouanet Eglantine , Decaux Olivier , Perrot Aurore
Published: December 2023

The real‐life retrospective observational study CARMYN aimed at investigating the long‐term efficacy and safety of carfilzomib in combination with dexamethasone and lenalidomide (KRd, 159 patients). These patients (62% in first and 38% in second relapse, median age 62 yo) were treated between 02/2014 and 02/2017. Most had been pre‐exposed to bortezomib (98.2%) and to an IMID (75.4%). At the time of collection, 90% had permanently discontinued carfilzomib. Data collection was conducted from January to July 2021 in 27 participating sites, after a median of 39 months follow‐up. For patients treated with KRd, an overall response rate of 78.4% translated in a median progression free survival (PFS) of 24.0 months (95% CI 18.8–27.6) and a median overall survival (OS) of 51.1 months (95% CI 41.3–not reached). Results were poorer but difficult to interpret in the small cohort of Kd recipients. The study is one of the longest real‐life studies of carfilzomib treatment in patients in first or second relapse. CARMYN confirmed the real‐life long‐term efficacy of carfilzomib in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone with results similar to those of clinical trials. The KRd regimen is thus an option to consider for late relapses in the current context of MM management.
‘Happy’ activists: Non‐governmental organization staff navigating the social movement/service provider divide in India
Authors: Mount Liz
Published: December 2023

In the Global South, non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) face criticism; staff employ strategies to mitigate it. What happens when NGO staff express different levels of awareness about such criticism? How are these differences shaped by whether staff identify themselves as ‘community’ members the NGO serves or ‘non‐community’ members whose work serves the community? How do these identities impact NGOs? Through an 18‐month ethnographic study at a large NGO in Bangalore, India, I show that NGO staff members' identification as ‘community’ or ‘non‐community’ members shapes their perceptions of the NGO, their work and the NGO's work. I trace these differing perceptions to mission creep.
MR Assessed Changes of Renal Sinus Fat in Response to Glucose Regulation in West European and South Asian Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Lin Ling , Dekkers Ilona A. , Tao Qian , Paiman Elisabeth H.M. , Bizino Maurice B. , Jazet Ingrid M. , Lamb Hildo J.
Published: December 2023

Background

Ethnic differences in the progression and outcome of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) remain to be elucidated. MRI‐quantified renal sinus fat volume could be a potential biomarker to help investigate the changes of DKD risk in response to glucose regulation.

Purpose

To evaluate whether the effect of glucose‐lowering treatment on renal sinus fat volume differed in West Europeans (WE) compared to South Asians (SA), and whether ethnic‐related difference exists regarding the effect of liraglutide on renal sinus fat.

Study Type

Retrospective.

Population

Ninety‐three patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, including 47 WE (27 males) aged 59.3 ± 6.5 years, and 46 SA (19 males) aged 54.4 ± 9.8 years.

Field Strength/Sequence

3.0 T dual‐echo fast gradient‐echo pulse sequence using two‐point Dixon technique with a phase‐correction algorithm.

Assessment

Changes of renal sinus fat volume were measured by a radiologist (LL) with 4‐years' experience, and were compared between the two ethnic groups, together with glycemic level, metabolic risk factors and renal function. The effects of liraglutide were assessed.

Statistical Tests

Normality of the data was visually evaluated by histograms and Q–Q plots. Within‐group and between‐group differences were analyzed using paired t‐tests and analysis of covariance. Associations were analyzed by person's correlation and multiple linear regression models.

Results

Renal sinus fat decreased in SA patients (Δ% = −7.6% ± 14.8%), but increased in WE patients (Δ% = 5.0% ± 13.1%), with a significant difference between the two ethnic groups. In the WE group, the increase of sinus fat volume was significant in the placebo subgroup (Δ% = 6.8% ± 12.5%), in contrast to the nonsignificant increase in the liraglutide subgroup (Δ% = 3.0% ± 13.8%, P = 0.444).

Data Conclusion

Renal sinus fat accumulation responds differently to glucose regulation, showing a reduction in SA patients in contrast to a persistent accumulation in WE patients. A trend of less accumulation of sinus fat in WE patients receiving liraglutide has been observed.

Evidence Level

4

Technical Efficacy

Stage 4
Genome sequencing reveals molecular epidemiological characteristics and new recombinations of adenovirus in Beijing, China, 2014−2019
Authors: Li Maozhong , Li Jing , Kang Lu , Gong Cheng , Luo Ming , Wang Xue , Guan Xuejiao , Tong Yigang , Huang Fang
Published: December 2023

To investigate the molecular epidemiological characteristics and genetic variations of human adenovirus (HAdV) in acute respiratory tract infections in Beijing. Whole‐genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were performed for 83 strains of HAdV with different types in Beijing from 2014 to 2019. The clinical characteristics of HAdV infection were analyzed statistically. HAdV‐B was divided into four genotypes, including B3 (n = 11), B7 (n = 13), B14 (n = 4), and B55 (n = 2). HAdV‐C was divided into three genotypes, including C1 (n = 14), C2 (n = 13), and C5 (n = 10). In HAdV‐C, nine recombinant adenovirus strains were identified in type 1, and seven recombinant strains were found in type 2. In type 1, we found three newly emerged intraspecific recombinant strains (A47, A48, and A52) collected in 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively. In addition, the previously reported recombinant strains of HAdV‐C1 showed more severe disease than other strains of HAdV‐C, causing severe community‐acquired pneumonia in both the elderly and children. Continuous population‐wide molecular epidemiological surveillance of HAdV is essential for the prevention and control of respiratory infectious diseases.
Spatial patterns of torrential rain in the Haihe River Basin and the corresponding large‐scale circulation
Authors: Cheng Shanjun , Li Mingcong , Wang Shanshan , Liang Sujie
Published: December 2023

The classification of torrential rain is crucial to the flood mitigation and water resources, but the relevant research in the Haihe River Basin (HRB) is lacking. In this study, 156 regional torrential rain events from 1972 to 2022 were classified into two types using cluster analysis: eastern type and southern type. The eastern type is the typical torrential rain in the HRB, accounting for 61.5% of the total days, whereas the southern type mainly occurs in the piedmont plain with larger intensity and scope, which would pose more severe hazards. Corresponding large‐scale circulation patterns of the two types reveal a clear relationship between the HRB torrential rain and ascending motion, associated with the anomalies of low‐level moisture convergence and upper‐level wind divergence. The anomalous upper‐level divergence is accompanied by the northward expansion of South Asian High and intensified westerly jets. In the eastern type, strong low‐pressure anomalies north of Lake Baikal at mid‐level produce anomalous northwesterlies. The cold air from mid–high latitudes encounters enhanced southwesterly moist air accompanied by the northward expansion of Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH), resulting in the low‐level moisture convergence. In the southern type, the low‐level anomalous convergence is caused by a relatively weak cyclonic anomaly and significantly strengthened southeasterly moisture from the Pacific. The enhancement of southwesterlies results from the cooperative effect of the remarkably northwesterly WPSH and low‐pressure anomalies in South China Sea. As a whole, the eastern type is the result of convergence of cold air and southwesterly moisture driven by a dipole pattern at mid–high latitudes, whereas the southern type is mainly attributed to the accumulation of abundant southeasterly water vapour. This classification can identify high‐risk areas for torrential rain in the HRB and contribute to the forecast skills of extreme precipitation.
Aptamer‐Modified Tetrahedral DNA Nanostructures as Drug Delivery System for Cancer Targeted Therapy
Authors: Zhao Ruirui , Bai Yunfeng , Guo Yujing , Feng Feng , Shuang Shaomin
Published: December 2023

Improving the selective delivery and uptake efficiency of chemotherapeutic drugs remains a challenge for cancer‐targeted therapy. In this work, a DNA tetrahedron is constructed as a targeted drug delivery system for efficient delivery of doxorubicin (Dox) into cancer cells. The DNA tetrahedron is composed of a tetrahedral DNA nanostructure (TDN) with two strands of AS1411 aptamer as recognition elements which can target the nucleolin protein on the cell membrane of cancer cells. The prepared DNA tetrahedron has a high drug‐loading capacity and demonstrates pH‐responsive Dox release properties. This enables efficient delivery of Dox into targeted cancer cells while reducing side effects on nontarget cells. The proposed drug delivery system exhibits significant therapeutic efficacy in vitro compared to free Dox. Accordingly, this work provides a good paradigm for developing a targeted drug delivery system for cancer therapy based on DNA tetrahedrons.
RoeNet: Predicting discontinuity of hyperbolic systems from continuous data
Authors: Tong Yunjin , Xiong Shiying , He Xingzhe , Yang Shuqi , Wang Zhecheng , Tao Rui , Liu Runze , Zhu Bo
Published: December 2023

Predicting future discontinuous phenomena that are unobservable from training data sets has long been a challenging problem in scientific machine learning. We introduce a novel paradigm to predict the emergence and evolution of various discontinuities of hyperbolic partial differential equations (PDEs) based on given training data over a short window with limited discontinuity information. Our method is inspired by the classical Roe solver [P. L. Roe, J Comput Phys., vol. 43, 1981], a basic tool for simulating various hyperbolic PDEs in computational physics. By carefully designing the computing primitives, the data flow, and the novel pseudoinverse processing module, we enable our data‐driven predictor to satisfy all the essential mathematical criteria of a Roe solver and hence deliver accurate predictions of hyperbolic PDEs. We demonstrate through various examples that our data‐driven Roe predictor outperforms original human‐designed Roe solver and deep neural networks with weak priors in terms of accuracy and robustness.
Grads on the go: Measuring college‐specific labor markets for graduates
Authors: Conzelmann Johnathan G. , Hemelt Steven W. , Hershbein Brad J. , Martin Shawn , Simon Andrew , Stange Kevin M.
Published: December 2023

This paper introduces a new measure of the labor markets served by colleges and universities across the United States. About 50% of recent college graduates are living and working in the metro area nearest the institution they attended, with this figure climbing to 67% in‐state. The geographic dispersion of alumni is more than twice as great for highly selective 4‐year institutions as for 2‐year institutions. However, more than one quarter of 2‐year institutions disperse alumni more diversely than the average public 4‐year institution. In one application of these data, we find that the average strength of the labor market to which a college sends its graduates predicts college‐specific intergenerational economic mobility. In a second application, we quantify the extent of “brain drain” across areas and illustrate the importance of considering migration patterns of college graduates when estimating the social return on public investment in higher education.
Did the Affordable Care Act's Medicaid eligibility expansions crowd out private health insurance coverage?
Authors: Lennon Conor
Published: December 2023

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) provided funding to help states expand Medicaid eligibility to those earning up to 138% of the Federal Poverty Level. Such expansions in Medicaid eligibility, however, could “crowd out” private insurance coverage, including changes in coverage relating to other ACA provisions. To estimate the extent of such crowd out, I use a difference‐in‐differences empirical approach, examining changes in health insurance coverage sources among low‐income Americans in states that expanded eligibility relative to comparable individuals in states that did not. Using American Community Survey data from 2009 to 2019, I find a 43% crowd‐out rate, consisting of a 10.7 percentage point relative increase in Medicaid coverage among low‐income adults and a 4.6 percentage point relative decline in private health insurance among respondents in states that expanded Medicaid eligibility. Among working adults, my estimates imply a larger 56% rate of crowding out. Event study analyses provide support for a causal interpretation for my findings. I further show that my estimates are robust to different sample restrictions and estimation choices, are not subject to the issues raised by the new difference‐in‐differences literature, and are similar when I use approaches to identifying crowd out common in the existing literature.
Artificial neural network surrogate modeling for uncertainty quantification and structural optimization of reinforced concrete structures
Authors: Freitag Steffen , Edler Philipp , Schoen Stefanie , Meschke Günther
Published: December 2023

Optimization approaches are important to design sustainable structures. In structural mechanics, different design objectives can be defined, for example, to minimize the required construction material or to maximize the structural durability. In this paper, the durability of a reinforced concrete (RC) structure is assessed by advanced finite element (FE) models to simulate the cracking behavior and the chloride transport process. The corrosion initiation time is used as durability measure to be maximized within an optimization approach, where the concrete cover is defined as design variable. The variability of structural loads and material parameters and unavoidable construction imprecision leads to a probabilistic reliability and durability assessment, where aleatory as well as epistemic uncertainties are quantified by random variables, intervals and probability‐boxes. The FE simulation models cannot directly be applied to structural analyses and optimizations with polymorphic uncertain parameters and design variables because of the high computational demand of the multi‐loop algorithm (Monte Carlo simulation, interval analysis, global optimization). In this paper, a new surrogate modeling strategy is presented, where artificial neural networks are trained sequentially to speed‐up the coupled mechanical and transport simulation FE models. The new approach is applied to the uncertainty quantification and the structural durability optimization of a RC structure.
Augmenting the mechanical performance of three‐dimensional woven composites by the synergistic effect of fabric architecture and interfacial interaction of carbon nanotubes
Authors: Majumdar Abhijit , Rathi Ankit , Mawkhlieng Unsanhame
Published: December 2023

Three‐dimensional (3D) woven fabrics offer many advantages over planar woven fabrics for composite applications. Because of the complex structure of 3D woven fabrics, an in‐depth investigation is needed to understand the effects of fabric architecture and nanofillers on the mechanical and failure behavior of 3D woven composites. The present study investigates the effect of 3D woven ultrahigh‐molecular‐weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) orthogonal fabric architecture, with or without nanofillers, on the mechanical properties of composites. 3D woven orthogonal fabrics with varying proportions of stuffer‐to‐binder (S/B) yarns were manufactured and reinforced with an epoxy (EP) matrix. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were infused as nanofillers to improve the interaction between the UHMWPE fabric and the EP matrix. 3D woven composite having an S/B ratio of 2:1 showed the maximum tensile strength and toughness. On the other hand, 3D woven composite with an S/B ratio of 4:1 showed higher flexural strength and impact resistance. The failure mechanism was also studied by examining the fractured surfaces of composites, which revealed matrix cracking, fiber pullout, predominant binder yarn failure, and yarn slippage. From this study, it is understood that for 3D fabric reinforcement, a balance between structural integrity and load‐bearing capacity of yarns is decisive, whereas for the matrix, the incorporation of MWCNTs is found to be advantageous.

Highlights

The role of structure of 3D woven orthogonal fabric on the mechanical behaviour of the UHMWPE‐epoxy composite is investigated.

The addition of functionalized MWCNTs improves the tensile, flexural, and impact properties.

The decisive role of the ratio of stuffer‐to‐binder yarns is established.

Matrix cracking, debonding, and yarn failure are observed during tensile failure.
Enhancing filtration performance of submicron particle filter media through bimodal structural design
Authors: Toptas Ali , Calisir Mehmet D. , Gungor Melike , Kilic Ali
Published: December 2023

Depth filtration is a widely utilized mechanism for submicron aerosol filtration using disposable filter cartridges and facemasks. The filter media should be carefully engineered to reach high filtration efficiency and dust‐loading capacity at the expense of a low‐pressure drop (ΔP). Filter media with bimodal fiber diameter distribution enhance particle capture by creating small pores with tiny fibers, while microfibers improve airflow, reduce ΔP, and increase the effective filter area for particle retention. In this study, bimodal filters were achieved through the homogeneous distribution or layered use of nanofibers and microfibers. The impact of the bimodal design was explored using fibrous mats produced through melt‐blowing, solution‐blowing, and electroblowing methods. Keeping the basis weight of filter samples at 30 gsm, using four‐layered filters (4L) improved air permeability compared to single‐layer samples. The 4L sample exhibited the highest performance, achieving 99.52% efficiency at 148 Pa. Moreover, replacing the melt‐blown layer with bimodal mats in the 4L design increased the filtration efficiency to 99.61% keeping ΔP nearly the same. The corona discharge treatment yielded the highest efficiency (99.99%) in the 4BML sample, even after 1 month the efficiency was maintained at 99.90%, highlighting the advantage of bimodal fiber distribution in electret filters.

Highlights

Four‐layered filter (4L) structures resulted in improved air permeability.

Bimodal layer (BL) achieved by adding SB nanofibers into the melt blowing.

BL in 4L structure increased the efficiency from 99.52% to 99.61%.

Modified BL sample (4BML) provides the highest QF (0.044 Pa−1) after 1 month.
Seltene und extreme Supernovae
Authors: Janka Hans‐Thomas
Published: December 2023

Hypernovae, Kollapsare, superhelle Supernovae und schnelle blaue optische Transienten sind Explosionen massereicher Sterne mit extremen Energien, Helligkeiten oder einem ungewöhnlichen zeitlichen Verlauf ihrer Leuchtkraft. Ihre besonderen Eigenschaften verdanken sie vermutlich einem zentralen Motor, der ein rotierendes, akkretierendes Schwarzes Loch oder ein Magnetar sein kann. Auch die Wechselwirkung mit großen Mengen dichter zirkumstellarer Materie scheint eine Rolle zu spielen. Die Vorläufersterne dieser Phänomene sind unklar. Nach den theoretisch vorhergesagten Paarinstabilitäts‐Supernovae wird noch gefahndet.
Insights on the J‐integral expression of pure shear carbon black filled natural rubber specimen and predicting the crack growth rate using finite element method
Authors: Bhattacharyya Anandarup , Mishra Nitish , Dolui Tuhin , Chanda Jagannath , Ghosh Prasenjit , Mukhopadhyay R.
Published: December 2023

The J‐integral approach manifests itself in an efficient way to determine the crack growth and failure mechanism of tread and sidewall compounds used in tyres. Therefore, for a pure shear (PS) specimen of carbon black filled natural rubber, the J‐integral formula was vivisected, and the material parameters were defined using the concepts of solid mechanics considering the planar stress conditions. Theoretical calculations, experimental observations, and finite element analysis were executed to calculate the J value for different strain percentages. Different hyperelastic material models were used to understand the hyperelastic behavior of the test compound, but Yeoh model was found to be the best fit with the least error against the experimental test data. The frequency sweep dynamic mechanical analyzer test was done to observe the viscoelastic response of the material. It was observed that the J value decreased with decreasing contour radius and had exhibited stark difference with the global tearing energy values, indicating the effects of stress softening and the dependence of J value on the elastic characteristics of the material. Further, the J value attained from finite element methods for a random strain 22% was used to predict the crack growth rate of the pre‐notched PS specimen.

Highlights

J‐integral formula for pure shear specimen using solid mechanics approach.

J value comparison of theoretical, experimental, and finite element methods.

Dependence of J value on the elastic characteristics of the material.

Different hyperelastic models compared and Yeoh model chosen for analysis.

Prediction of crack growth rate at a random strain percentage.
Lung function assessment in children with Long‐Covid syndrome
Authors: Sansone Francesco , Di Filippo Paola , Russo Daniele , Sgrazzutti Laura , Di Pillo Sabrina , Chiarelli Francesco , Attanasi Marina
Published: December 2023

Introduction

A significant percentage of patients who survived the Coronavirus Infection Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) showed persistent general and respiratory symptoms even months after recovery. This condition, called Post‐Acute Sequelae of COVID‐19 or Long‐Covid syndrome (LCS), has been described also in children with positive history for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection. Little is known about the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying this syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate any difference between children with LCS and asymptomatic peers with previous COVID‐19 in terms of lung function and lung ultrasound (LUS) patterns. Secondly, we tested associations between lung function abnormalities and LUS findings with Long‐Covid.

Methods

We carried out a prospective, descriptive, observational study including 58 children aged 5–17 years: 28 with LCS compared to 30 asymptomatic children with previous COVID‐19. We collected demographic data, history of asthma, allergy or smoke exposure, and acute COVID‐19 symptoms. After a median period of 4.5 months (1%–95% range 2–21) since the infection, lung function was assessed by spirometry, body plethysmography, diffusion lung capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO). Airways inflammation was investigated by fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). LUS was performed independently by two experienced clinicians.

Results

We found that children with LCS were older than controls (mean (SD) 12 (4.1) vs. 9.7 (2.6); p = .04). Children with LCS complained more frequently fatigue (46.4%), cough (17.9%), exercise intolerance (14.3%) and dyspnea (14.3%). Lung function was normal and similar between the two groups. The frequency of LUS abnormalities was similar between the two groups (43.3% children with LCS vs. 56.7% controls; p = .436). Children with LCS showed lower FeNO values (log difference −0.30 (CI 95% −0.50, −0.10)), but no association of LCS with a lower lung function and abnormal LUS findings was found.

Conclusions

LCS seems to be more frequent in older age children. Lung functional and structural abnormalities were not different between children with LCS and asymptomatic subjects with previous COVID‐19. In addition, children with LCS showed lower FeNO values than controls, suggesting its potential role as a marker in LCS. However, further and larger studies are needed to confirm our findings.