bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
QUELQUES DONNÉES BIOLOGIQUES SUR LA REPRODUCTION DES ESTURGEONS ACIPENSER FULVESCENS RAF. DE LA RIVIÈRE NOTTAWAY, TRIBUTAIRE DE LA BAIE JAMES
Authors: Magnin Etienne
Published: August 2008

The macroscopic and microscopic examination of the gonads of 263 specimens of Acipenser fulvescens Raf. from the Nottaway River has enabled accurate observations to be made of several aspects of the reproduction of sturgeons in the streams flowing into James Bay.Spawning begins in June and lasts until the end of the month.Spawning places are numerous as every small rapid in the streams is a possible site.Until the fish are 9 years old, gonads are immature and the sex cannot be determined. After that age, development to sexual maturity takes place slowly.This is reached when the females are between 20 and 23 years of age (90–100 cm; 4.3–9 kg) and the males between 18 and 20 (85–95 cm; 3.9–5.2 kg).Females live longer than males, 80 years as against 55.The importance of protection and management of this species is briefly discussed.
A QUANTITATIVE FIELD STUDY OF PREDATION BY THE SHEET-WEB SPIDER, FRONTINELLA COMMUNIS, ON EUROPEAN PINE SHOOT MOTH ADULTS
Authors: Pointing P. J.
Published: August 2008

Field studies designed to determine the influence by predation of the sheet-web spider, Frontinella communis (Hentz), on the European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana, are described. Daily records were kept of adult emergence and flight intensity throughout the flight period. Captures are recorded at 2-day intervals, and linear relationships between captures and emergences 4 and 6 days before capture are shown for females and males respectively. Daily captures and flight intensity are also linearly related. The trees could not support a shoot moth population large enough to raise the number of web-shoot moth contacts to the point where daily capture would remain constant in the absence of other prey species.It is concluded that F. communis, a web-spinning spider, is an ineffective predator of the European pine shoot moth.
NOTES ON THE YUCATAN VESPER RAT, OTONYCTOMYS HATTI, WITH A NEW RECORD, THE FIRST FROM BRITISH HONDURAS
Authors: Peterson Randolph L.
Published: August 2008

The first specimen of Otonyctomys hatti Anthony from British Honduras is documented and illustrated. The existing records of occurrences of this genus are reviewed and mapped. A tabular summary of measurements is provided for six specimens, the only ones now known to exist, with the exception of the bone material recovered from cave deposits in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico.
THE MORPHOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT OF ACAULIS ILONAE SP. N. (ORDER ANTHOMEDUSAE/ATHECATAE, FAM. ACAULIDAE)
Authors: Brinckmann-Voss Anita
Published: August 2008

A new species of athecate hydroid of the genus Acaulis Stimpson 1854 (Acaulidae) is described. The species is named Acaulis ilonae sp. n. It is characterised by having short capitate tentacles in young specimens, while in adult specimens the tentacles become progressively longer towards the aboral region. Gonophores are born in the axils of the tentacles. The development of the embryo, the structure of the adult hydroids, and their asexual and sexual reproduction are described.
EFFECT OF ALTITUDE ON OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF DEER MICE: RELATION OF TEMPERATURE AND SEASON
Authors: Hock Raymond J. , Roberts Jane C.
Published: August 2008

Metabolic rates of deer mice, P. maniculatus sonoriensis, native to and studied at sea level, 1220 m, and 3800 m were measured at a number of ambient temperatures between 0 and 37 °C. In summer (May–August) there was a direct relationship between metabolic rate and pO2 at all ambient temperatures. When metabolic rates were measured in fall (October–November) at 20 and 32 °C, the MR's of mice from sea level and 3800 m were nearly identical.It is concluded that seasonal changes in MR differ markedly with altitude. At sea level the response to seasonal cold appears ascribable to an increase in physiological insulation. At 3800 m, where summer MR is low, the response to seasonal cold is a metabolic one, that is, an increase in metabolic rate with no change in body temperature.There appears to be no clear-cut relationship between body temperature and altitude and a number of factors other than hypoxia undoubtedly influence not only body temperature, but also thermoregulatory ability of mice from different altitudes.
GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN THE SONG OF CARDINALS
Authors: Lemon Robert E.
Published: August 2008

Songs from 95 cardinals, Richmondena cardinalis, in 15 localities in Ontario were recorded on tape and analyzed by a sonagraph. These showed maxima of 9 to 13 syllables, per bird per locality, organized into 8 to 11 song types. The syllables and song types of any bird in a locality were similar to others in the locality. These, in turn, often differed from those of other localities in "pronunciation" of syllables, in the presence of more than one variant of a particular syllable type, in the presence or absence of certain syllables, and by different combinations of the syllables in song types. In spite of differences in dialect between localities, many syllables and song types were widespread throughout Ontario. Recordings from approximately 130 birds in Ohio, Florida, Texas, and Mexico showed that certain syllables occurred in more than one region, although the further from Ontario, the fewer were the syllables in common with it.It is concluded that dialects have arisen from the combined influences of fidelity to a locality by adults, learning of song by young from adults, and variation from several sources, involving learning, dispersal, and possibly innate factors. No conclusions are reached concerning similarities and differences among widely separated areas, although some influences are considered.
A STUDY OF THE SUCCESSION OF VISUAL PIGMENTS IN PACIFIC SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS)
Authors: Beatty D. D.
Published: August 2008

Retinae of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus) have mixtures of two visual pigments, one a retinene1 (VP 5031) and the other a retinene2 pigment (VP 5272). Retinal extracts were prepared from individuals of five species collected at different times of the year. These extracts were subjected to partial bleaching experiments to determine the proportions of the two visual pigments. Liver extracts were prepared and the percentages of vitamin A1 and vitamin A2 were estimated in these extracts by means of the Carr-Price (antimony trichloride) colorimetric reaction. There was a progressive increase in the percentage of VP 5272 in retinae of adult coho, king, pink, chum, and sockeye salmon during the spawning migration. Except for the sockeye salmon, this increase resulted in a conversion from a retina having predominantly VP 5031 to one having a preponderance of VP 5272- Juvenile coho and king salmon exhibited changes in the proportions of the two visual pigments during the year, but similar changes did not occur in juvenile sockeye salmon. The percentage of VP 5272 in the retina is not a simple function of the proportion of vitamin A2 in the liver; however, there was an increase in the percentage of vitamin A2 in the liver of adult salmon which accompanied the increase in the proportion of VP 5272.
THE ETHOLOGY OF THE SYNAPTID HOLOTHURIAN, OPHEODESOMA SPECTABILIS
Authors: Berrill Michael
Published: August 2008

Opheodesoma spectabilis commonly occurs in aggregations in the alga Sargassum echinocarpus, a source of shade from which it scrapes adhering detritus, and which allows the dense populations necessary for efficient spawning. The animal is photonegative and moves away from a strong light source. Ocelli provide information on the direction and intensity of sunlight. Statocysts, aided by tactile sensitivity, maintain dorsoventral equilibrium."They may also inhibit unwarranted rapid locomotion. The animal shows no gravity orientation. All sensory receptors are most concentrated in the region of the tentacle crown, and their interaction in controlling the animal's reactions implies considerable central integration of stimuli. The three primary muscular activities are the rhythmic contraction and extension of the tentacles, used in feeding and for slow locomotion; peristalsis of the body wall, involved in rapid locomotion; and the contraction, bending, and reextension of the anterior portion of the body. These activities may vary in rate and amplitude and occur independently or in any combinations. Their initiation and coordination are under central nervous control. Opheodesoma spectabilis has a diurnal rhythm of behavior, reaching an activity peak during the early evening hours and apparently directly dependent on changes in light intensity. Spawning occurs during the summer months.
THE INFLUENCE OF PREY DENSITY, RELATIVE HUMIDITY, AND STARVATION ON THE PREDACIOUS BEHAVIOR OF PHYTOSEIULUS PERSIMILIS ATHIAS-HENRIOT (ACARINA: PHYTOSEIIDAE)
Authors: Mori Hans , Chant D. A.
Published: August 2008

The functional response of the predacious mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot was tested at various densities of Tetranychus urticae (Koch), a prey species, and at several levels of humidity and hunger. The consumption of adult prey per predator rose at first with increasing prey density, but significantly decreased at high densities. This phenomenon was caused by an increase in abandonment of captures resulting from disturbance by other prey at high prey densities. Egg consumption by the predator increased with prey density.Prey consumption was greater at low than at high humidities. A significant increase in the rate of repeat feeding was found at higher levels of predator hunger, but the differences in consumption of prey between the three levels of hunger were not significant.
PROTEINS IN THE HAEMOLYMPH AND OTHER TISSUES OF THE DEVELOPING TOMATO HORNWORM, PROTOPARCE QUINQUEMACULATA HAWORTH
Authors: Hudson Anne
Published: August 2008

The haemolymph proteins of Protoparce quinquemaculata Haworth have been studied by zone electrophoresis in starch gels. Changes in the number of protein bands have been followed from third-instar larvae to the pupal and adult stages. A cycle of change is repeated over the molting period from third to fourth instar and from fourth to fifth instar, and appears to comprise an increase in the number of protein bands in the pharate stage with a decrease immediately after ecdysis. The decrease is not directly associated with the cessation of feeding since starvation does not decrease the blood protein content.The components which make up the main or "common" blood protein have been studied by immunodiffusion techniques. Two antigens appear to contribute to this complex and these are present consistently through larval and pupal life, but both are absent in the adult and egg. The possibility is considered that these components may be significant in the molting cycle.Comparisons have been made between the protein patterns of the blood and those of other tissues at similar stages in development. The electropherograms indicate that some blood proteins become located in the fat body during the pupal stage and are added to at adult emergence. A blue-green pigment becomes dissociated from the protein with which it migrated in larval electropherograms, and becomes located in the ventral fat body of pupae. A distinctly sex-specific protein was not observed in this insect and the matter of sexual dimorphism in blood proteins is discussed.
THE TRANSITION PHENOMENON IN RELATION TO THE PENETRATION OF WATER THROUGH THE CUTICLE OF AN INSECT, CENOCORIXA EXPLETA (HUNGERFORD)
Authors: Oloffs P. C. , Scudder G. G. E.
Published: August 2008

The evaporation rates and cuticle temperatures of adult Cenocorixa expleta were measured in a stream of dry air at temperatures ranging from 20 °C to 45 °C. These insects have a transition point which varies with individuals; it lies between 30 °C and 35 °C of ambient dry air, or 28.5 °C and 32.8 °C of cuticle temperature. Thus composite evaporation/temperature curves do not reveal this phenomenon. If transition is caused by high temperature air, it is reversible; however, waterproofing is restored at a temperature which is lower than that of transition.Immersion of insects in water or surfactant solutions at 30 °C to 35 °C also causes transition. In either case it is irreversible, possibly owing to the removal of the epicuticular wax.Theoretical and ecological implications are discussed.
AN OCCURRENCE OF SCHISTOSOMATIUM DOUTHITTI (CORT, 1914) PRICE, 1931, IN ALASKA IN A NEW NATURAL DEFINITIVE HOST, CLETHRIONOMYS RUTILUS (PALLAS)
Authors: Swartz L. G.
Published: August 2008

The discovery of Schistosomatium douthitti (Cort, 1914) Price, 1931, in a red-backed vole, Clethrionomys rutilus (Pallas), in Alaska extends the known distribution of the parasite in North America into the western subarctic and expands the list of known natural definitive hosts to five.
THERISTUS POLYCHAETOPHILUS N. SP. (NEMATODA), AN EXTERNAL PARASITE OF THE SPIONID POLYCHAETE SCOLELEPIS (SCOLELEPIS) SQUAMATA (MÜLLER, 1806)
Authors: Hopper B. E.
Published: August 2008

A new nematode species, Theristus polychaetophilus, is described as an external parasite of the spionid polychaete Scolelepis (Scolelepis) squamata. Morphological characteristics of the nematode, its attraction to the polychaete, and its ability to alter polychaete tissue are regarded as evidence of parasitism. The nematode is a member of the "flevensis" group of Theristus species, and is distinguished by the pronounced "pharyngeal" musculature, low labial papillae, sclerotized buccal cavity ring, and vulval flap.
BEHAVIOR AND CYCLIC ACTIVITY ASSOCIATED WITH PUPATION OF PHYTOMYZA LANATI SPENCER (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE)
Authors: Tauber Maurice J. , Tauber Catherine A.
Published: August 2008

Phytomyza lanati Spencer is a leaf-miner on Heracleum lanatum Michx. The pupating larva abandons the host via a cut nearly always made in the lower (adaxial) surface of the leaf. Experiments show that the direction of the cut is not determined by the direction of the light source or the orientation of the leaf, but results from conditions within the leaf itself. The possible adaptive significance of this internal leaf cue is that it serves as a sure guide to a direct exit out of the leaf.The mature larva exits from the leaf and drops to the ground during a narrowly defined period near dawn. The phase of emergence was shifted by reversing the photoperiod. There was a consistent time interval between sunset and emergence under different photoperiods, whereas no such consistent relationship was found between dawn and emergence. The data were recorded by a self-operating collecting device.The time-of-emergence cue may be the result of some change that occurs within the larva, or it may result from a rhythmic process within the leaf which reaches a critical level approximately 8 hours after sunset.
SOME EFFECTS OF DESICCATION ON LOCOMOTION OF THE GRAIN BEETLE, SITOPHILUS GRANARIUS (L.) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Barlow C. A. , Perttunen V.
Published: August 2008

Locomotion of Sitophilus granarius (L.) was studied by tracking normal and desiccated individuals at relative humidities (R.H.) of 100%, 77%, and 0%. Desiccation affected the undirected or kinetic components of locomotion, speed, or orthokinesis, and rate of directional change or klinokinesis and also the size of the turns made but the precise effect depended on both the extent of desiccation and prevailing humidity. The most obvious effect of desiccation was an increase in frequency of turning and angular velocity at 0% and 100% R.H. Directed reactions or taxes were also observed in desiccated beetles both in 0% and 100% R.H. Desiccation initially increased the general level of activity, but eventually affected locomotion by decreasing the animal's vigor. Rate of water loss during desiccation was about 13% of initial body weight per period of 24 hours and was almost identical in males and females. There was no significant difference between the sexes in the effects of desiccation on locomotion. The significance of these results is discussed in terms of orientation by individuals of the species to humidity differences in their environment.
FURTHER EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF PNEUMOSTRONGYLUS TENUIS IN CERVIDS
Authors: Anderson Roy C. , Lankester Murray W. , Strelive Uta R.
Published: August 2008

Two young wapiti (Cervus canadensis nelsoni) and a female mule deer fawn (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) were infected experimentally with Pneumostrongylus tenuis from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus borealis). The male wapiti showed only slight clinical signs after infection, and first-stage larvae appeared in its faeces 92 days later. The female wapiti showed severe neurological signs that terminated in general paralysis on the 54th day. The mule deer showed severe neurologic signs and died of paralysis on the 62nd day. Numerous worms were found in the subdural space and neural parenchyma, especially in the dorsal horns of grey matter, of the female wapiti and the mule deer. Traumatic damage in the dorsal horns was extensive, especially in the wapiti. Histopathologic findings were similar to those reported earlier in moose calves (Alces americana americana) infected with P. tenuis. Study of worms recovered from experimentally infected cervids indicates that P. tenuis develops similarity in white-tailed deer, moose, wapiti, and mule deer although in the first species it causes little damage to the central nervous system. The possibility that P. tenuis could become established in wapiti introduced into eastern North America is noted.
AN EMENDATION OF THE DIAGNOSIS OF BOTH THE SUBFAMILY AND TWO GENERA OF WILSONEMATINAE AND A NEW GENUS, EREPTONEMA N. G. (PLECTIDAE: NEMATODA)
Authors: Anderson R. V.
Published: August 2008

The taxonomy of Wilsonematinae Chitwood, 1951 is reviewed and revised to include emended descriptions of the subfamily and the genera Wilsonema Cobb, 1913 and Tylocephalus Crossman, 1933 with their respective nominal species listed. Ereptonema n, gen. is established to accommodate species with rudimentary flabella; E. fimbriatam n. sp. is described and illustrated. The male of Wilsonema otophnrum (de Man, 1880) Cobb, 1913 is described and illustrated for the first time. A key is provided to the genera of Wilsonematinae.
RELATION BETWEEN TIME OF FREEZING AND TEMPERATURE IN SUPERCOOLED LARVAE OF CEPHUS CINCTUS NORT.
Authors: Salt R. W.
Published: August 2008

Larvae of Cephus cinctus were held at constant temperatures between −15 and −30 °C and the incidence of freezing was recorded. A linear relation with high correlation coefficient was obtained when the logarithm of mean freezing time was plotted against temperature. Mean time to freeze doubles with each 0.53° rise in temperature; within the range studied, it increased from 1.2 seconds at −30° to more than a year at −17°.A family of freezing curves showing the course of freezing at a series of constant temperatures permits approximation of the course of freezing during a regime of fluctuating temperatures such as would occur naturally in hibernacula.From this paper and two preceding ones by the writer, it is now apparent that the general temperature range within which an insect nucleates and freezes is determined by intrinsic factors (nucleating agents and body water), whereas the specific freezing temperature within this range is determined by extrinsic factors (cooling pattern and the element of chance that attends nucleus formation.)
REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS OF THE SNOWSHOE HARE
Authors: Keith Lloyd B. , Rongstad Orrin J. , Meslow E. Charles
Published: August 2008

Reproductive characteristics of the snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) over its principal geographic range were summarised. The onset of breeding each spring was chronologically similar throughout a major portion of the species' range, although Alaska hares tended to be about 2 weeks later than those elsewhere. Mean litter size increased significantly from south to north, and studies with captive snowshoes demonstrated that such regional differences are genetically determined. Both the average number of litters, and the average number of young, per adult female per year were greatest at intermediate latitudes. It is suggested that regional differences in mean litter size reflect the general "fitness" of the breeding female and (or) her young relative to their particular environment, as governed by the physiological consequences of species adaptation and of reproduction.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF PRAIRIE GRAIN WIREWORM CTENICERA DESTRUCTOR BROWN (COLEOPTERA:ELATERIDAE), ON SYNTHETIC DIETS
Authors: Davis G. R. F.
Published: August 2008

Larvae of Ctenicera destructor were fed nine synthetic diets for 6 months at 68 ± 2 °F and 75% relative humidity. Seven of the nine diets were based on a diet developed for larvae of Heliothis sp. It was modified by adding putrescine or spermidine, or both; hot-water or 70% ethanol extract of tea leaves; residue from hot-water extraction of tea leaves; or hot-water extract of germinating rye seed. Two chemically defined diets based on a previously reported amino acid analysis of this wireworm were also formulated: one contained hot-water extract of germinating rye seed.More larvae survived on a diet supplemented with putrescine and spermidine, on one supplemented with hot-water or with ethanol extract of tea leaves, and on the unsupplemented chemically defined diet than on the other diets. They more than doubled their weight on a diet supplemented with putrescine and spermidine. Growth factors for C. destructor present in tea-leaf extracts and residue probably differ from those for Adoxophyes orana. Inhibitory and growth-promoting factors for C. destructor are apparently present in hot-water extract of germinating rye seed. Putrescine or spermidine, or both, or some related metabolic product, may be necessary for growth and development of C. destructor. Frequency of molting was not always indicative of dietary efficiency.
STUDIES ON GROUP EFFECTS IN CRICKETS: II. A TEMPERATURE AND A CONCENTRATION EFFECT ON ACHETA DOMESTICUS (L.)
Authors: McFarlane J. E.
Published: August 2008

The group effect in Acheta domesticus (L.) was more marked at 29 °C than, as previously described, at 35 °C. At 29 °C, methyl laurate at a concentration of 0.040 M increased the weight of both singly reared and group-reared males; at a concentration of 0.053 M it had no effect on group-reared larvae but increased the weight of singly reared males and decreased the weight of singly reared females.
STUDIES ON GROUP EFFECTS IN CRICKETS: III. WING DEVELOPMENT OF GRYLLODES SIGILLATUS (WALK.)
Authors: McFarlane J. E.
Published: August 2008

Methyl palmitate reduced the survival of group-reared larvae of Gryllodes sigillatus (Walk.) but not that of singly reared larvae, and inhibited wing development. Methyl linolenate and methyl linoleate inhibited wing development with little or no effect on growth. The incidence of wing development was much greater with group-reared larvae than it was with singly reared larvae when a 'selected' strain of the insect was used.
AN ADAPTATION TO PRODUCE LARGE LIFT FORCES IN SMALL SHORT-WINGED BIRDS
Authors: Salt W. Ray
Published: August 2008

In some passerine birds which have short wings with rounded tips the outer web of the primaries is emarginated towards the tip. This enables these birds to produce a series of slots between these feathers. The multislotted wing tip so formed helps these birds to lift large wing loads per gram of pectoralis major muscle at takeoff.
THE PRESENCE OF ANGIOSTRONGYLUS CANTONENSIS IN ISLANDS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN AND PROBABLE ROLE OF THE GIANT AFRICAN SNAIL, ACHATINA FULICA, IN DISPERSAL OF THE PARASITE TO THE PACIFIC ISLANDS
Authors: Alicata Joseph E.
Published: August 2008

The incidence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Madagascar, Mauritius, Ceylon, and Sarawak is for the first time being reported. The finding of the parasite in these areas and the comparatively recent occurrence of murine and human angiostrongylosis in Southeast Asia and the Pacific lead to the belief that the parasite was introduced to these areas from the islands of the Indian Ocean. The fact that Achatina fulica during the past two centuries has gradually spread eastward from East Africa to the Pacific Islands leads to speculation that it might have played an important role in the spread of the parasite. Supporting evidence includes (a) the finding of A. cantonensis along the same dispersal route as that of A. fulica; (b) the finding of the parasite among rats in parts of Asia and the Pacific after the introduction of the snail; (c) the existence of a comparatively close time relationship between the first appearance of the Achatina snail in the Pacific Islands and the first occurrence of eosinophilic meningitis in this area.
LABIAL SKELETON AND MUSCULATURE OF THE HYDROCORISAE (HETEROPTERA)
Authors: Parsons Margaret C.
Published: August 2008

The labial skeleton and musculature in representatives of six families of Hydrocorisae are described. The Notonectidae, Naucoridae, Gelastocoridae, Belostomatidae, and Nepidae all possess four-segmented labia with a relatively similar musculature. In Heteroptera the labium is adapted to a fluid diet and thus differs from that of generalized mandibulare insects. The labium of typical Hydrocorisae is compared with that of generalized insects, and the theories of previous authors regarding the possible homologies in the two groups are discussed.In the Corixidae the labial skeleton and musculature are highly modified, differing considerably from those of the other five families of Hydrocorisae. The structure is shortened and broadened, lacking a clear four-part segmentation. Several possible interpretations of its homologies with the labium of typical Hydrocorisae are discussed. Finally, the possible phylogenetic implications of the labial morphology in these six families are considered.
INVAGINATIONS DE LA MEMBRANE NUCLÉAIRE DANS LA CELLULE DE PURKINJE CHEZ LE RAT ADULTE
Authors: Nosal Gl. , Chouinard L. A. , Radouco-Thomas C.
Published: August 2008

On the basis of a light-microscope study, evidence is presented that nuclear membrane invaginations are of normal and regular occurrence in the Purkinje cell of the cerebellar cortex in the adult rat.In cerebella fixed by perfusion with Helly fixative, osmic acid, or glutaraldehyde followed by osmic acid, these invaginations, which vary in size, shape, and topographical distribution, are usually seen to emerge from the ectal nuclear cap and are often observed to extend to the vicinity of the nucleolus or the paranucleolar masses.Such invaginations contain a material which exhibits the cytochemical characteristics of the ribonucleoproteins of the nuclear cap and of the Nissl bodies.They are morphologically and cytochemically distinct from inclusions of the nerve cell nucleus previously described in the literature as "nuclear rodlets".
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF BLUE GROUSE
Authors: Stirling Ian , Roberts C. W.
Published: August 2008

Blue grouse (Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus, Ridgway) were successfully artificially inseminated by the use of modified techniques developed for chickens and turkeys. The results indicate that hens that have laid at least two or three eggs before artificial insemination will have fertility comparable to that of naturally mated hens in an aviary. More refined insemination techniques will have to be developed to obtain the degree of fertility found under field conditions.
INSECTS AND OTHER ARTHROPODS FROM YEAR-OLD GALLS CAUSED BY GNORIMOSCHEMA GALLAESOLIDAGINIS RILEY (LEPIDOPTERA: GELECHIIDAE) ON GOLDENROD
Authors: Judd William W.
Published: August 2008

Five hundred galls caused by Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis Riley on Solidago canadensis in Dunn Township, Haldimand Co., Ontario, were collected from June 30 to August 28, 1963. They had formed in 1962 and remained intact over winter into 1963. They were split open and insects and other arthropods inhabiting them were collected. Two hundred and thirty-two (46%) of the galls contained remains of the insect which caused them. Two hundred and twenty-two (44%) of the galls contained evidence of occupancy by organisms other than those which caused the galls or by parasites of the organisms. Spiders, including three identified species, used 21% of the galls as shelters and as sites for web-spinning or egg-laying, Millipeds and springtails were found in a few galls. A thrips, Elaphrothrips armatus, formed breeding colonies in 18% of the galls, and two other thrips occurred in a few galls. Damsel bugs, lace-wing flies, and beetles of the families Coccinellidae, Anthicidae, and Mordellidae inhabited a few galls. One gall was stocked with small caterpillars, evidently collected by a wasp. One fungus-gnat was found in a gall. Two wasps of the families Vespidae and Sphecidae and one bee of the family Colletidae, all three of which habitually nest in plant stems, were found in three galls. Four species of ants used several galls as sites for rearing young.
FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF EXERISTES COMSTOCKII (CRESS) REARED ON DIFFERENT HOSTS
Authors: Bracken G. K. , Barlow J. S.
Published: August 2008

The ichneumonid parasitoid Exeristes comstockii apparently has no characteristic fatty acid composition of its own but duplicates that of its host. Thus it differs from three species of Diptera previously studied which, irrespective of diet, synthesize fatty acids and retain patterns characteristic of the species.
CELLULAR RENEWAL OF INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM IN THE WESTERN FENCE LIZARD, SCELOPORUS OCCIDENTALIS
Authors: Johnson T. S. , Dornfeld E. J. , Conte F. P.
Published: August 2008

The renewal rate of intestinal epithelial cells in the lizard Sceloporus occidentalis has been studied by utilizing the colchicine mitotic inhibiting technique and radioautography with tritiated thymidine.The sites of DNA synthesis, cell proliferation, cell migration, turnover time, mitotic duration, and generation cycle have been determined at 26 °C or 21 °C for juvenile and adult lizards.Cell proliferation occurred in basal regions of the longitudinal folds of the small intestine and at the base of each secondary fold in the large intestine. Cell migration, as evidenced by labeled cells, occurred by transposition of the epithelial cells from the basal proliferative zones onto the folds, with subsequent migration up the folds and final sloughing at the tips of the folds. The cellular turnover time in the juvenile lizards was 5 to 7 days, and 6 to 9 days in the adult lizards.The average mitotic indices for the intestinal epithelial cells were 0.013 and 0.017 for the adults and juveniles, respectively. The mitotic duration was 1.8 hours and the generation cycle was estimated to be 20 to 22 hours.
CONGENERIC OCCURRENCES OF SPECIES OF DIAPTOMUS IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO LAKES
Authors: Rigler F. H. , Langford R. R.
Published: August 2008

The vertical distribution of adult calanoid copepods was studied in 100 lakes in southern Ontario. In addition to Epischura lacustris, Limnocalanus macrurus, and Senecella calanoides, seven species of Diaptomus were recorded. Diaptomus minutus and D. oregonensis, the commonest species, coexisted in 45% of the lakes. In 9% a third species was also present. Coexisting populations of D. minutus and D. oregonensis were not well separated by their vertical distribution, but a third species, if present, occurred in deeper water than these two. Size displacement does not contribute to the ecological separation of D. minutus and D. oregonensis. The difference in size between populations coexisting in the same lake is less than between populations living in separate lakes.
THE ANNUAL CYCLE OF CERTAIN CALANOID SPECIES IN WEST GREENLAND
Authors: Maclellan Delphine C.
Published: August 2008

A winter series of plankton hauls taken in Godthaab fjord, West Greenland, augmented by samples from the summers of 1942, 1943, and 1944, revealed 22 species of copepods in the upper 150 m. The life cycles for C. finmarchicus s. str. and C. glacialis show that both species breed in Godthaab fjord, the cycles differing slightly in the outer and inner fjords. Study of adult males of both species suggests that the peaks of fertilization are largely separated in time, although there is some overlapping. Factors contributing to the complexity of the genus Calanus in Godthaab fjord are discussed.
GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS IN GROWTH OF TRIBOLIUM CASTANEUM
Authors: Hardin R. T. , Rogler J. C. , Bell A. E.
Published: August 2008

Growth as 14-day larval weight in two strains of Tribolium castaneum was studied in a factorial design involving two levels of humidity and three levels of nutritional ingredients: dried brewers' yeast, soybean meal, a vitamin premix, and corn oil. Significant differences between genotypes and levels of nutritional ingredients were observed. Larval weight increased considerably with the addition of dried brewers' yeast and decreased with the addition of corn oil. Genotypes interacted with levels of humidity and various ingredients and interactions were observed between most nutritional ingredients. Supplementation of the basal diet with 5% dried brewers' yeast apparently satisfied all deficiencies whereas the addition of soybean meal and (or) vitamins alleviated only part of the deficiencies of the diet.
FILAROIDES MEPHITIS N. SP. (METASTRONGYLOIDEA: FILAROIDIDAE) FROM THE LUNGS OF EASTERN CANADIAN SKUNKS
Authors: Webster W. A.
Published: August 2008

Filaroides mephitis n.sp. is described and compared to other members of the genus reported from mustelids. F. mephitis differs from F. martis (Werner, 1782) Dougherty, 1943 in that the spicules are much smaller and there is no swelling of the body in the region of the vulva; from F. milksi Whitlock, 1956 in body size, spicular size, and the lack of a vulvar inflation; and from F. canadensis Anderson, 1963 in the morphology of the spicules and gubernaculum.
THE DECREASING OCCURRENCE OF DIAPAUSE IN THE FLY PSEUDOSARCOPHAGA AFFINIS THROUGH LABORATORY-REARED GENERATIONS
Authors: House H. L.
Published: August 2008

Pupal diapause was eliminated inadvertently in the fly Pseudosarcophaga affinis auct. nec Fallén during laboratory rearing under uniform conditions through over 200 generations. In its natural environment as a parasitoid of Choristaneura fumiferana (Clemens) in British Columbia, from which the Belleville stock originated, pupal diapause shortly intervened in most individuals. At first there was some seasonal variation in the incidence of diapause in the laboratory. The development of some individuals was not interrupted by apparently 'obligatory' diapause. These always were used as breeding stock and thus this part of the population was used more often annually than those that spent 6 months in diapause. Of course this favored the increase of those whose development was not interrupted, and the somewhat biased procedures led early to the gradual elimination of that part of the population that had the potential to diapause. Moreover, cold-tolerance seems to have been decreased likewise. These observations support the hypothesis of other workers that diapause is not a fixed species characteristic, but is subject to environmental factors and that perhaps the distinction between 'obligate' and 'facultative' diapause is rarely valid.
NEOECHINORHYNCHUS NOTEMIGONI N. SP. (ACANTHOCEPHALA: NEOECHINORHYNCHIDAE) FROM GOLDEN SHINER OF LAKE ONTARIO
Authors: Dechtiar Alex
Published: August 2008

A new species of acanthocephalan, Neoechinorhynchus notemigoni, from the intestine of Notemigonus crysoleucas (Mitchill) is described. This is the 23rd species of the family Neoechinorhynchidae Van Cleave, 1919 and the 15th species of the genus Neoechinorkynchus Hamann, 1892, known from North American fish according to various authors. It is the sixth species of the genus Neoechinorhynchus which does not utilize catostomids as definitive hosts in North America.
ACCELERATING GROWTH OF A VEGETATIVELY PROPAGATED STRAIN OF LARVAL ECHINOCOCCUS MULTILOCULARIS (LEUCK., 1863)
Authors: Lubinsky G.
Published: August 2008

The hybrids LD1F1 from crosses of C57L ♂ and DBA1 ♀ were highly susceptible to Echinococcus multilocularis. In these hybrids, and in the A/J, C57L, and DBA1 mice, cysts grow faster in females than in males. In most mice strains the intra-peritoneal cysts grow faster than the subcutaneous cysts, A/J being an exception. In intraperitoneally infected LD1F1 females the average weight of 60-day-old cysts exceeds 15 grams. Scoleces appear in these cysts at the end of the third month, much later than in the cysts from cotton rats.
STUDIES IN THE MODE OF ACTION OF ROYAL JELLY IN HONEYBEE DEVELOPMENT: VII. THE FREE AMINO ACIDS IN THE HAEMOLYMPH OF DEVELOPING LARVAE
Authors: Lue Peter F. , Dixon S. E.
Published: August 2008

The haemolymph of eight ages during larval development of the two female castes of the honeybee, Apis mellifera L., were examined for free amino acids. Twenty-seven identified free amino acids and three unidentified ninhydrin-positive compounds were detected in both castes by the technique of thin-layer chromatography described. The amino acids identified were aspartic acid, cystine, glutamic acid, asparagine, glycine, serine, taurine, ornithine, threonine, lysine, alanine, arginine, histidine, gtutamine. β-alanine, hydroxyproline, proline, methionine, methionine sulphone and (or) sulphoxide, α-amino-n-butyric acid, γ-amino-n-butyric acid, tyrosine, tryptophan, valine, phenylalanine, leucine, and isoleucine.The general trend in both castes was for the total amino acid concentration first to increase and then, around the third day in workers and the fourth day in queens, to undergo a steady decrease with age.Aspartic acid concentration varied so greatly between the two castes that it is suggested as a criterion of dimorphism.The significance of these results is discussed in relation to female dimorphism.
A RE-EXAMINATION OF THE TAXONOMIC POSITION OF THE AURORA TROUT
Authors: Sale Peter F.
Published: August 2008

Results of a field study are used in considering the taxonomic position of the aurora trout. Coloration and morphology of aurora and brook trout are compared. There are at best only minor differences—in some aspects of coloration, in epidermal thickness, and in behavior—between these fish. These differences are genetically controlled. Aurora trout fill the brook trout niche in lakes which they inhabit. Characteristics of the home range lakes are given. Aurora and brook trout are fully interfertile, but reproductively isolated sympatric populations existed in one lake. It is suggested that the aurora trout is a race of the brook trout worthy of nomenclatural recognition as a subspecies, and that it should be classified as Salvelinus fontinalis timagamiensis Henn and Rickenbach.
THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE UPON PANCREATIC AMYLASE IN SELECTED REPTILES AND AN AMPHIBIAN
Authors: Abrahamson Yvette , Maher Michael
Published: August 2008

The effect of temperature on pancreatic amylase was studied on three species of reptiles and one amphibian. Pancreata were removed from the animals, homogenized, and assayed for amylase activity by the Caraway procedure. Assays were conducted at various temperatures to determine the optimum temperature of activity and the maximum temperature for thermal stability of pancreatic amylase. It appears that between reptiles and amphibians, and also among species of reptiles, there are thermally dependent differences at the subcellular level which are similar to the differences in the preferred temperatures of the animals.
NEMATODE PARASITES OF FISHES TAKEN ON TAIWAN (FORMOSA) AND ITS OFFSHORE ISLANDS
Authors: Myers Betty June , Kuntz Robert E.
Published: August 2008

The present report is one of a series concerned with the helminths of vertebrates taken on Taiwan and its Offshore Islands. Nematodes are listed for fishes (mostly marine) examined over a 5-year period (1957–1962).
AN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF ORIENTATION TO THE HOMESITE IN TWO RODENT SPECIES
Authors: Fisler George F.
Published: August 2008

An experiment to determine the effects of celestial bodies and a view of the horizon on the ability of two rodents, Microtus californicns and Reithrodontomys megalotis, to orient toward the homesite was conducted in a grassland in central California. Mice were allowed to select an initial direction within a circle 11 ft in diameter on a plywood platform set up 425 or fewer feet from their home area, Under several sky conditions at night, or with a full view of the sun during the day, no evidence for orientation to the homesite was found. Individuals of R. megalotis with known homing success performed no better than did mice which failed to home. Orientation, if it occurred at all, did not occur in the first 10 minutes after release of the animals.
A DESCRIPTION OF STAGES IN THE SPOROGONY OF LEUCOCYTOZOON SIMONDI
Authors: Desser S. S. , Fallis A. M.
Published: August 2008

The structure of ookinetes and the stages of development of oocysts to the formation of sporozoites are illustrated and described from dissections of Simulium rugglesi.
ACKERTIA MARMOTAE N. SP. (FILARIOIDEA: ONCHOCERCINAE) FROM THE GROUNDHOG (MARMOTA MONAX)
Authors: Webster W. A.
Published: August 2008

Ackertia marmotae n. sp. from Marmota monax canadensis (Erxleben) is described. A. marmotae n. sp. is considered distinct from A. burgosi (de la Barrera, 1926) Vaz, 1934 on the basis of its longer spicules, smaller spicular ratio, the presence of caudal papillae in the male, and much larger microfilariae.The relationship of Ackertia Vaz, 1934 to Wuchereria Silvo Araujo, 1877, Brugia Buckley, 1960, and Dipetalonema Diesing, 1861 is discussed.
THE PENETRATION OF PNEUMOSTRONGYLUS TENUIS INTO THE TISSUES OF WHITE-TAILED DEER
Authors: Anderson Roy C. , Strelive Uta R.
Published: August 2008

Three fawns of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), given 1500–2200 infective larvae of Pneumostrongylus tenuis Dougherty, 1945, were autopsied 65, 90, and 144 hours later. Detailed examination of these fawns indicated most larvae penetrated the ventral curvature of the abomasum and moved into the mesentery and omentum where some could be found up to 6 days after infection. The subsequent course of larvae was not established conclusively. Small numbers reached the liver and lungs. However, the high incidence of eosinophil infiltrations associated with nerves ventral to the lumbosacral region of the vertebral column suggests worms may migrate directly to the spinal cord from the peritoneal cavity. Evidence for any other route was not obtained. There was no evidence, in this and other published work, that larvae reach the central nervous system before 10 days.
THE INFLUENCE OF PLANT CHEMICALS ON THE FEEDING BEHAVIOR, DEVELOPMENT, AND SURVIVAL OF THE TWO-STRIPED GRASSHOPPER, MELANOPLUS BIVITTATUS (SAY), ACRIDIDAE: ORTHOPTERA
Authors: Harley K. L. S. , Thorsteinson A. J.
Published: August 2008

An investigation of the effects of 20 secondary plant chemicals on the survival, development, and feeding behavior of a polyphagous insect, Melanoplus bivittatus (Say), was made using chemically defined synthetic diets.When added to the basic diet, only one chemical, tigogenin, showed unqualified stimulatory effects on growths. Nornicotine dipicrate, solanine, tomatine, digitonin, and saponin caused all nymphs to die before they attained the adult stage, and santonine, indican, diosgenin, hecogenin, and lupinine produced leas severe toxic effects. Very few of the chemicals which permitted survival affected adult weight.Feeding preference experiments showed that some chemicals reduced feeding but none increased it. If it is assumed that the role of secondary plant chemicals in the feeding behavior of M. bivittatus is to indicate to the insect which diets to discriminate against, anomalies existed in that diets containing innocuous chemicals were sometimes discriminated against, whereas diets containing some chemicals producing lethal effects were accepted.Steroid chemicals exhibited the greatest effects on feeding behavior, survival, and growth, and it is postulated that the distribution of plant steroids may provide an insect – food plant association mechanism.
THE ROLE OF THE PITUITARY IN THE RESISTANCE OF THE GOLDFISH (CARASSIUS AURATUS L.) TO A HIGH TEMPERATURE
Authors: Johansen Peter H.
Published: August 2008

The heat resistance of normal, hypophysectomized and pituitary-autotransplanted goldfish acclimated to 20 °C under 16-h photoperiod and 8-h photoperiod conditions was determined. It was found that hypophysectomized goldfish were less heat resistant than normal fish and that those with an autotransplanted pituitary were as heat resistant as normal fish.The photoperiod results, though inconclusive, suggest that normal 16-h photoperiod fish are more heat resistant than normal 8-h photoperiod fish and that only the fish with a normal pituitary can respond to photoperiod changes. The fish without a pituitary are slightly less heat resistant than normal 8-h-photoperiod fish, while those possessing an autotransplanted pituitary are as resistant to a high temperature as normal 16-h-photo period fish.Treatment of hypophysectomized goldfish with luteinizing, thyrotropic, adrenocorticotropic, and lactotropic (prolactin) hormones and crude salmon pituitary extract appeared not to affect resistance to a high temperature.In the experiments involving pituitary autotransplantation, a study was made of various organs influenced by pituitary secretions to determine the pattern of hormone output by the pituitary. By contrasting this information with that of the heat resistance tests, various hormones have been suggested as not playing an essential role in high temperature resistance. The hypothesis is put forward that a prolactin-like hormone plays the essential role in resisting a high-temperature stress.
DEEP-SEA AMPHIPODA FROM THE WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN: I. INGOLFIELLIDEA AND AN UNUSUAL NEW SPECIES IN THE GAMMARIDEAN FAMILY PARDALISCIDAE
Authors: Mills Eric L.
Published: August 2008

Ingolfiella atlantisi n. sp. is described from a depth of 4892–4743 m in. the North American Basin, the first ingolfiellid amphipod known from this basin and only the second known from the deep sea. It is a member of a characteristic deep abyssal group of amphipods. The distribution and ecology of the 13 known species in the genus Ingolfiella are summarized. Present evidence is insufficient to distinguish a relic distribution of the known members of this genus from a cosmopolitan distribution of many species. The description of I. atlantisi illustrates the dangers of early splitting of lit tie-known groups into several genera.The pardaliscid amphipod Eperopeus abyssicola n. sp. is described from several locations at abyssal depths in the range 2500–4977 m. It shows a striking convergence to members of the genus Ingolfiella, especially in general body form but also in partial reduction of the coxal plates and partial reduction of the pleopods. This is the second example of such a convergence in the gammaridean amphipods.
ROCKY MOUNTAIN BIGHORN SHEEP (OVIS CANADENSIS CANADENSIS) MILK: II. ELECTROPHORETIC ANALYSES OF PROTEINS; CARBOHYDRATE CONTENT OF CASEIN
Authors: Baker B. E. , Blood D. A. , Chen E. C. H.
Published: August 2008

Samples of casein and whey were prepared from the milk of individual Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep and from Suffolk sheep. The casein from bighorn sheep milk contained more hexose, hexosamine, and sialic acid than did that from the milk of Suffolk sheep. The sheep caseins gave electrophoretic patterns (starch gel, polyacrylamide) that were similar to those obtained with bovine casein. The sheep whey contained an electrophoretic (polyacrylamide) component which had a mobility similar to that of bovine β-lactoglobulin.