bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fast separation of warfarin and 7‐hydroxywarfarin enantiomers by cyclodextrin‐assisted capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Nowak Paweł , Garnysz Magdalena , Woźniakiewicz Michał , Kościelniak Paweł
Published: June 2014

The enantioseparation of warfarin and its main metabolite has been achieved using several cyclodextrin types and buffers at different pH, including conditions that have not been attempted so far. Methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin, highly sulfated‐β‐cyclodextrin and highly sulfated‐γ‐cyclodextrin were the most efficient chiral selectors. The pH range, within which particular cyclodextrins support chiral separation, has been approximately determined for the first time. By shortening the effective capillary length to 10 cm, the time of analysis has been vastly reduced <2 min. Hence, baseline separations of warfarin and 7‐hydroxywarfarin enantiomers have been achieved in times unreported for those species until now. The established conditions are promising for the further development of new highly selective and fast methods involving warfarin, its derivatives, as well as the same cyclodextrin types.
Reactions of Substituted Phenylnitromethane Carbanions with Aromatic Nitro Compounds in Methanol: Carbanion Reactivity, Kinetic, and Equilibrium Studies
Authors: ASGHAR BASIM H.
Published: June 2014

The feasibility of carrying out nucleophilic addition from electron‐deficient heteroaromatics has been addressed through a detailed investigation of the interaction of a two 7‐substituted‐nitrobenzofurazan (R = OMe 2a; R = Cl 2b) with a series of substituted‐nitroaryl anions (X = 4‐NO2 1a; X = 3‐NO2 1b; X = 4‐CN 1c; X = 4‐Br 1d), all reactions first lead to the quantitative formation of the σ‐adducts 3a–d and 4a–d arising from covalent addition of the nucleophile to the C‐5 carbon. The rate and equilibrium constants for the formation of σ‐adducts 3a–d and 4a–d (k5, K5) together with the rate constants for their decomposition (k−5) have been determined in methanol at 25°C, allowing a determination of intrinsic rate constants, k0 = 0.03, the lower k0 value reflects the very strong salvation by methanol of the negative charge on the nitro group. The discovery of a linear correlation between the E and pKaMeOH parameters allows a calibration of the electrophilicity power of 2a and 2b, E = −11.67 and −10.29, respectively. Applying the general approach to nucleophilicity/electrophilicity recently developed by Mayr et al. through the relationship log k = s(E + N), a successful ranking of our nitroaryl anions 1a–d on the general nucleophilicity scale (N) has been carried out. The N values of 1a–d are found to cover a range from 15.78 to 16.69. The results are compared with previously reported data in water and DMSO.
The association between laryngeal cleft and tracheoesophageal fistula: Myth or reality?
Authors: Fraga Jose C. , Adil Eelam A. , Kacprowicz Amy , Skinner Margaret L. , Jennings Russell , Lillehei Craig , Rahbar Reza
Published: June 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

Laryngeal cleft (LC) associated with tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) with or without esophageal atresia (EA) has rarely been described. The purpose of this study is to review our experience, clinical features, management, delay in diagnosis, and complications in children with these anomalies.

Study Design

Retrospective chart review at pediatric tertiary referral center.

Methods

Patients diagnosed with LC alone or LC and TEF over a 10‐year period were included. Data including demographics, type of TEF and LC, comorbidities, symptoms, management, complications and swallowing outcomes were analyzed.

Results

There were 161 pediatric patients diagnosed with LC alone and 22 with LC and TEF. In patients with LC and TEF, aspiration was the most common presenting symptom (n = 11, 50%). Seventeen patients (77%, mean age 4 years 7 months) underwent endoscopic repair and five patients (23%) with type I clefts did not require surgery. Two patients required revision surgery. For patients with LC alone, the mean age at repair was 3.70 years (4 months–19.9 years) compared to 4.69 years (8 months–17.83 years) for patients with LC and TEF (P = 0.0187). The postoperative swallowing studies from 15 patients showed no aspiration. Mean follow‐up was 4 years and 6 months.

Conclusion

The diagnosis and management of LC in patients with TEF is often delayed. If a child presents with persistent aspiration after TEF repair, a complete airway endoscopy should be performed to evaluate for vocal fold mobility and cleft. Endoscopic repair is the recommended approach for those patients requiring surgical intervention.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 125:469–474, 2015
Bringing GC–MS profiling of steroids into clinical applications
Authors: Choi Man Ho , Chung Bong Chul
Published: June 2014

Abnormalities of steroid biosynthesis and excretion are responsible for the development and prevention of endocrine disorders, such as metabolic syndromes, cancers, and neurodegenerative diseases. Due to their biochemical roles in endocrine system, qualitative and quantitative analysis of steroid hormones in various biological specimens is needed to elucidate their altered expression. Mass spectrometry (MS)‐based steroid profiling can reveal the states of metabolites in biological systems and provide comprehensive insights by allowing comparisons between metabolites present in cells, tissues, or organisms. In addition, the activities of many enzymes related to steroid metabolism often lead to hormonal imbalances that have serious consequences, and which are responsible for the progress of hormone‐dependent diseases. In contrast to immunoaffinity‐based enzyme assays, MS‐based methods are more reproducible in quantification. In particular, high‐resolution gas chromatographic (GC) separation of steroids with similar chemical structures can be achieved to provide rapid and reproducible results with excellent purification. GC–MS profiling therefore has been widely used for steroid analysis, and offers the basis for techniques that can be applied to large‐scale clinical studies. Recent advances in analytical technologies combined with inter‐disciplinary strategies, such as physiology and bioinformatics, will help in understanding the biochemical roles of steroid hormones. Therefore, comprehensive analytical protocols in steroid analysis for different research purposes may contribute to the elucidation of complex metabolic processes relevant to steroid function in many endocrine disorders, and in the identification of diagnostic biomarkers. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 34: 219–236, 2015.
Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulation on Self‐Assembly Behavior of Rod–Coil–Rod Triblock Copolymer in Solutions
Authors: Zhou Yang , Song Shan , Long Xin‐Ping , Zhang Chao‐Yang , Chen Yang‐Mei
Published: June 2014

Self‐assembly behaviors of rod–coil–rod triblock copolymers in the selective solvent are systematically investigated by dissipative particle dynamic simulations. Three selective solvents are considered: the pure coil‐selective solvent, the pure rod‐selective solvent, and the mixed solvent. The concentration‐induced morphologies and morphological transition affected by the rod and coil length are examined. The micelle adopts the overall shape of sphere, nematic bundle, worm, cylinder, lamella, coil‐, and rod‐aggregated hollow cylinders, and network. In the coil‐selective solvent, increasing coil length can defer the phase transition from sphere to other morphologies while increasing rod length can advance the transition. In the rod‐selective solvent, an opposite influence rule is found.
Nasal bone length: prenasal thickness ratio: a strong 2D ultrasound marker for Down syndrome
Authors: Szabó Andrea , Szili Károly , Szabó János Tamás , Sikovanyecz János , Isaszegi Dóra , Horváth Emese , Szabó János
Published: June 2014

Objectives

To evaluate the feasibility of incorporating two‐dimensional ultrasound measurements of nasal bone length (NBL) and prenasal thickness (PT) into the second‐trimester anomaly scan and to determine whether the NBL : PT ratio could help in differentiating euploid and Down syndrome fetuses.

Method

Two‐dimensional measurements of NBL and PT were obtained from the midsagittal plane of the fetal head at 14–28 weeks of gestation in a Caucasian population at risk for aneuploidy. The screening performances of NBL, PT, and the ratios NBL : PT and PT : NBL were analyzed in euploid (n = 1330) and Down syndrome (n = 33) fetuses.

Results

Nasal bone length and PT alone showed strong correlations with Down syndrome (sensitivity: 76% at 1.88% and 2.35% false positive rate, respectively). However, the NBL : PT ratio showed an even stronger correlation with Down syndrome (false positive rate: 0.9%, sensitivity: 97%). The mean NBL : PT ratio showed a gradual increase from 1.48 to 1.79 (a 21.2% increase) between 14 and 28 weeks of gestation.

Conclusion

Two‐dimensional ultrasound measurements of NBL and PT, particularly the NBL : PT ratio, are highly sensitive markers for Down syndrome fetuses. © 2014 The Authors. Prenatal Diagnosis published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
[Hmim][HSO4], a Green and Recyclable Acidic Ionic Liqiud Medium for the One‐Pot Nitration of TADB to HNIW
Authors: Bayat Yadollah , Ahari‐Mostafavi Mohammad Mahdi , Hasani Narges
Published: June 2014

An efficient and mild procedure for the one‐pot preparation of CL‐20 from TADB in the presence of the Brønsted acidic ionic liquid 1‐methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate [Hmim][HSO4] as catalyst was developed. The ionic liquid was stable during the reaction process and could also be reused several times with steady activity. In order to optimize the process parameters to obtain higher yield and purity, a study was carried out with variation of the ionic liquids and some parameters like temperature, mole ratio of [Hmim][HSO4] and nitric acid. This procedure may be a practical alternative to the existing procedures to meet the nees of academics as well as industry.
Identification of site‐specific heterogeneity in peptide drugs using intact mass spectrometry with electron transfer dissociation
Authors: Gucinski Ashley C. , Boyne Michael T.
Published: June 2014

RATIONALE

Protamine sulfate is a peptide drug product consisting of multiple basic peptides. As traditional high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation methods may not resolve these peptides, as well as any possible peptide‐related impurities, a method utilizing top‐down mass spectrometry was developed for the characterization of complex peptide drug products, including any low‐level impurities, which is described in this study.

METHODS

Herring protamine sulfate was used as a model system to demonstrate the applicability of the method. Direct infusion mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) on a high‐resolution, mass accurate instrument with electron transfer dissociation (ETD) were used to identify all the species present in the herring protamine sulfate sample. Identifications were made based on mass accuracy analysis as well as MS/MS fragmentation patterns.

RESULTS

Complete sequence coverage of the three abundant herring protamine peptides was obtained using the top‐down ETD‐MS/MS method, which also identified a discrepancy with the published herring protamine peptide sequences. Additionally, three low‐abundance related peptide species were also identified and fully characterized. These three peptides had not previously been reported as herring protamine peptides, but could be related to the published sequences through amino acid additions and/or substitutions.

CONCLUSIONS

A method for the characterization of protamine, a complex peptide drug product, was developed that can be extended to other complex peptide or protein drug products. The selectivity and sensitivity of this method improves a regulator's ability to identify peptide impurities not previously observed using the established methods and presents an opportunity to better understand the composition of complex peptide drug products. Published in 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Passage Number is a Major Contributor to Genomic Structural Variations in Mouse iPSCs
Authors: Liu Pengfei , Kaplan Anna , Yuan Bo , Hanna Jacob H. , Lupski James R. , Reiner Orly
Published: June 2014

Emergence of genomic instability is a practical issue in preparing neural stem cells (NSCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). However, it is still not fully understood what the origins and mechanisms for formation are for the genomic alternations observed. Here, we studied the extent of genomic variation on the scale of individual cells originating from the same animal. We used mouse NSCs grown from embryonic cells and iPSCs generated from embryonic brain cells, B cells or fibroblasts, and performed comparative analysis with cultures of fibroblasts from the same mouse. In the first passage of these cell lines, aneuploidies were only observed for chromosomes 6, 11, 12, 19, and Y, which is overall at a rate lower than previously reported; de novo copy number variations (CNVs) were observed in 4.3% of neural iPSCs, 29% of B cell iPSCs, 10% of fibroblast iPSCs, and 1.3% of neurospheres. In contrast, propagation of these first passage cells to a later passage induced additional aneuploidies and CNVs. Breakpoint sequencing analysis suggested that the majority of the detected CNVs arose by replicative mechanisms. Interestingly, we detected identical de novo CNVs in different single cell colonies that appeared to have arisen independently from each other, which suggests a novel CNV formation mechanism in these cells. Our findings provide insights into mechanisms of CNV formation during reprogramming and suggest that replicative mechanisms for CNV formation accompany mitotic divisions. Stem Cells  2014;32:2657–2667
Anxiety and cognition
Authors: Maloney Erin A. , Sattizahn Jason R. , Beilock Sian L.
Published: June 2014

In this review we discuss the interplay between anxiety and cognition, illustrating how anxiety can compromise performance on cognitively‐demanding tasks and lead people to perform below their ability. Using math anxiety and test anxiety as examples, we highlight key findings from psychology, cognitive science, and neuroscience, to show that how one approaches an anxiety‐inducing situation can have a large impact on how that person ultimately performs. We end by discussing who is most susceptible to anxiety‐induced poor performance and suggest promising techniques which may help to reduce the negative impact of anxiety on performance. WIREs Cogn Sci 2014, 5:403–411. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1299

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Emotion and Motivation
Cultural context of cognitive development
Authors: Saxe Geoffrey B. , de Kirby Kenton
Published: June 2014

The cognitive problems that children formulate and solve in their daily lives necessarily take form in a cultural context. We review and illustrate two dominant approaches to study relations between cultural context and cognitive development, and we point to the limitations and affordances of each. Using adichotomous approach, scholars employ a methodology that sharply differentiates cognition from cultural context, treating elements of cultural context as independent variables and elements of cognition as dependent variables. The approach often leads to propositions about transcultural features of context that influence the cognitive development of individuals. In contrast, using anintrinsic relationsapproach, researchers create units of analysis that capture relations between cognition and cultural context, investigating their mutual grounding in daily activities. We also review a small but important body of research that extends these approaches to diachronic analysis. This research seeks to understand shifting relations between cultural context and cognitive development over historical time.WIREs Cogn Sci2014, 5:447‐461. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1300

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Development and Aging

Psychology > Theory and Methods
Floating offshore turbines
Authors: Tande John Olav Giæver , Merz Karl , Paulsen Uwe Schmidt , Svendsen Harald G.
Published: June 2014

Floating wind turbines enable harvesting the offshore wind resources over deep sea. About 20 concepts are under development, at varying stages of maturity. Two concepts are demonstrated in full scale; these are HyWind and WindFloat. Both employ a standard on‐shore wind turbine with only minor modifications, but on a spar and a semi‐submersible floater, respectively. Other concepts suggest new types of turbines, e.g., the DeepWind concept consisting of a vertical axis turbine and a subsea generator. The three concepts represent different approaches: HyWind and WindFloat are already in a demonstration phase applying (mostly) well‐known technology, albeit in a new setting. DeepWind is a European research project based mostly on new technology. The concepts are described in some detail with emphasis on control and operation. Prospects are discussed including technical challenges and a performance metric of energy production per unit steel mass. Floating offshore wind turbines represent a promising technology. The successful operation of HyWind and WindFloat in full scale demonstrates a well advanced technology readiness level, where further development will go into refining the concepts, cost reductions, and series production for installation of wind farms. DeepWind is in an early phase and not proven, but with promising perspectives. WIREs Energy Environ 2015, 4:213–228. doi: 10.1002/wene.130

This article is categorized under:

Wind Power > Science and Materials
Determination of psychosis-related clinical profiles in children with autism spectrum disorders using latent class analysis
Authors: Kyriakopoulos Marinos , Stringaris Argyris , Manolesou Sofia , Radobuljac Maja Drobnič , Jacobs Brian , Reichenberg Avi , Stahl Daniel , Simonoff Emily , Frangou Sophia
Published: June 2014

In children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), high rates of idiosyncratic fears and anxiety reactions and thought disorder are thought to increase the risk of psychosis. The critical next step is to identify whether combinations of these symptoms can be used to categorise individual patients into ASD subclasses, and to test their relevance to psychosis. All patients with ASD (n = 84) admitted to a specialist national inpatient unit from 2003 to 2012 were rated for the presence or absence of impairment in affective regulation and anxiety (peculiar phobias, panic episodes, explosive reactions to anxiety), social deficits (social disinterest, avoidance or withdrawal and abnormal attachment) and thought disorder (disorganised or illogical thinking, bizarre fantasies, overvalued or delusional ideas). Latent class analysis of individual symptoms was conducted to identify ASD classes. External validation of these classes was performed using as a criterion the presence of hallucinations. Latent class analysis identified two distinct classes. Bizarre fears and anxiety reactions and thought disorder symptoms differentiated ASD patients into those with psychotic features (ASD-P: 51 %) and those without (ASD-NonP: 49 %). Hallucinations were present in 26 % of the ASD-P class but only 2.4 % of the ASD-NonP. Both the ASD-P and the ASD-NonP class benefited from inpatient treatment although inpatient stay was prolonged in the ASD-P class. This study provides the first empirically derived classification of ASD in relation to psychosis based on three underlying symptom dimensions, anxiety, social deficits and thought disorder. These results can be further developed by testing the reproducibility and prognostic value of the identified classes.
Expanded newborn screening in New South Wales: missed cases
Authors: Estrella Jane , Wilcken Bridget , Carpenter Kevin , Bhattacharya Kaustuv , Tchan Michel , Wiley Veronica
Published: June 2014

There have been few reports of cases missed by expanded newborn screening. Tandem mass spectrometry was introduced in New South Wales, Australia in 1998 to screen for selected disorders of amino acid, organic acid and fatty acid metabolism. Of 1,500,000 babies screened by 2012, 1:2700 were diagnosed with a target disorder. Fifteen affected babies were missed by testing, and presented clinically or in family studies. In three cases (cobalamin C defect, very‐long‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency and glutaric aciduria type 1), this led to modification of analyte cut‐off values or protocols during the first 3 years. Two patients with intermittent MSUD, two with β‐ketothiolase deficiency, two with citrin deficiency, two siblings with arginosuccinic aciduria, two siblings with homocystinuria, and one with cobalamin C defect had analyte values and ratios below the action limits which could not have been detected without unacceptable false‐positive rates. A laboratory interpretation error led to missing one case of cobalamin C defect. Reference ranges, regularly reviewed, were not altered. For citrin deficiency, while relevant metabolites are detectable by tandem mass spectrometry, our cut‐off values do not specifically screen for that disorder. Most of the missed cases are doing well and with no acute presentations although eight of 15 are likely to have been somewhat adversely affected by a late diagnosis. Analyte ratio and cut‐off value optimisations are important, but for some disorders occasional missed cases may have to be tolerated to maintain an acceptable specificity, and avoid harm from screening.
The differential relation of childhood maltreatment to stress sensitization in adolescent and young adult depression
Authors: La Rocque Cherie L. , Harkness Kate L. , Bagby R. Michael
Published: June 2014

Childhood maltreatment has been shown to have a stronger etiological relation to depression onset in adolescence than in adulthood. We propose that a maltreatment history may more strongly sensitize individuals to the depressogenic effects of proximal stressful life events in adolescence compared to adulthood. In an amalgamated sample of 176 unipolar depressed adolescents (age 12–17) and emerging adults (age 18–29), we examined the moderating role of age group on the relation of childhood maltreatment to sensitization to stressors that occurred just prior to episode onset. Among adolescents, but not among adults, those with a maltreatment history reported a lower severity level of life events prior to episode onset than reported by those without such a history. Further, this relation was specific to emotional abuse, and not physical or sexual abuse. We suggest that the pathological mechanisms associated with translating childhood maltreatment to depression may differ across developmental periods.
Expressions of p16 and p27 in urothelial carcinoma and their prognostic value
Authors: Yang Ching‐Hsiu , Wu Chun‐Chieh , Chen Wan‐Tzu , Chai Chee‐Yin , Yang Sheau‐Fang
Published: June 2014

Expressions of human p16 and p27 were tested for correlations with clinicopathologic features of urothelial carcinoma (UC). Tissue microarrays (TMA) constructed from paraffin‐embedded specimens from 78 patients with UC were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. In 49 of the 78 tumors (63%), high p16 expression was associated with absence of tumor invasiveness and low‐grade carcinoma (p = 0.003 and p = 0.046, respectively). The p27 expression was high in 33 of the 78 tumors (42%) and showed a significant negative association with invasiveness, carcinoma grade, and tumor size (p = 0.016, p = 0.046, and p = 0.014, respectively). Kaplan–Meier analysis indicated that patients with high p27 levels had longer than average overall survival (p = 0.021). This study demonstrates that p16 and p27 are prognostic indicators of tumor stage and grade in UC and that they provide clinicians with the ancillary information needed for selecting suitable therapeutic strategies.
O-MINIMALISM
Authors: SCHOUTENS HANS
Published: June 2014

This paper is devoted to o-minimalism, the study of the first-order properties of o-minimal structures. The main protagonists are the pseudo-o-minimal structures, that is to say, the models of the theory of all o-minimal L-structures, but we start with a more in-depth analysis of the well-known fragment DCTC (Definable Completeness/Type Completeness), and show how it already admits many of the properties of o-minimal structures: dimension theory, monotonicity, Hardy structures, and quasi-cell decomposition, provided one replaces finiteness by discreteness in all of these. Failure of cell decomposition leads to the related notion of a eukaryote structure, and we give a criterium for a pseudo-o-minimal structure to be eukaryote.

To any pseudo-o-minimal structure, we can associate its Grothendieck ring, which in the non-o-minimal case is a nontrivial invariant. To study this invariant, we identify a third o-minimalistic property, the Discrete Pigeonhole Principle, which in turn allows us to define discretely valued Euler characteristics. As an application, we study certain analytic subsets, called Taylor sets.
Larval and female footprints as feeding deterrent cues for immature stages of two congeneric ladybird predators (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Authors: Kumar B. , Mishra G. , Omkar
Published: June 2014

In the present study predation parameters, i.e. consumption rate, conversion efficiency and growth rate, and total developmental duration of immature stages of two congeneric ladybirds,Coccinella septempunctata(L.) andCoccinella transversalisF., have been evaluated in presence of conspecific and heterospecific fourth instar larval and adult female tracks. We hypothesized that the semiochemicals within larval/adult female tracks might act as foraging/feeding deterrent pheromones (FDPs) and would reduce the predation parameters; and would prolong total developmental duration of ladybird predators. Results of the study positively affirmed our hypothesis. The deterrence in prey consumption and reduction in conversion efficiency and growth rate was density dependent with species-specific variations. Consumption rate, conversion efficiency, and growth rate of larval instars decreased and the total developmental duration of immature stages increased when exposed to an increasing density of zero, two, three, and four conspecific/heterospecific larval/adult female tracks. Between ladybird species,C. septempunctatahad higher consumption rate, growth rate, and total developmental durations, whereas conversion efficiency was higher inC. transversalis. Despite the presence of semiochemical tracks as foraging barriers, early instars showed higher conversion efficiencies and growth rates, whereas fourth instars had highest consumption rate in all experimental treatments. The present study, therefore, suggests that semiochemical tracks significantly reduce the predation potential and prolong developmental duration of conspecifics and heterospecifics. They, thus behave as FDP.
Diapause incidence and duration in the pest mango blossom gall midge,Procontarinia mangiferae(Felt), on Reunion Island
Authors: Amouroux P. , Normand F. , Delatte H. , Roques A. , Nibouche S.
Published: June 2014

The mango blossom gall midge,Procontarinia mangiferae, is a multivoltine species that induces galls in inflorescences and leaves of the mango tree,Mangifera indica. In subtropical Reunion Island, populations ofP. mangiferaeare observed all-year round, but the pattern and the role of dormancy in their life cycle have never been documented. We performed field and laboratory experiments using more than 15,000 larvae. We demonstrated that a larval diapause may affect a part of the midge population, regardless of the season. The total duration of the diapause varied from 6 weeks to more than 1 year. One year of field monitoring showed that the highest incidence of diapause was observed in larvae collected during the summer from mango leaves, where it affected approximately one-third of the individuals. This facultative diapause allows the permanent presence ofP. mangiferaein the orchards. By recording diapause duration during 22 weeks under controlled conditions, we showed that high temperatures (26 °C) increased diapause duration and extended the range of the dates of diapause emergence, whereas cool temperatures (20 °C) shortened diapause duration and shortened the range of the dates of emergence from diapause. A temperature decrease from 26 to 20 °C triggered the emergence of diapausing individuals. These mechanisms ensure the synchronization of the emergence of diapausing individuals with the appearance of mango inflorescences, which is also induced by cool winter temperatures.
Dynamical behaviors of nonlinear dust acoustic waves: From plane waves to dust acoustic wave turbulence
Authors: Tsai Ya-Yi , Chang Mei-Chu , I. Lin
Published: June 2014

The dust acoustic wave (DAW), associated with longitudinal dust oscillations in dusty plasmas, can be self-excited from the free energy of ion streaming. It is not only a fundamental plasma wave but also a paradigm to understand the generic dynamical behaviors of self-excited nonlinear longitudinal density waves through optically monitoring particle motion and dust density evolutions over a large area. In this paper, the dynamical behaviors of the wave-particle interaction and wave breaking in ordered self-excited DAW with straight wave fronts, and the defect-mediated wave turbulence with fluctuating defects and chaotic low amplitude hole filaments along defect trajectories in the 2+1D space-time space, are briefly reviewed. The first experimental observation of acoustic vortices with helical waveforms in self-excited acoustic-type defect-mediated wave turbulence, and the dynamics of spontaneous pair generation, propagation, and pair annihilation of acoustic vortices, is demonstrated and discussed.
Pro-Nicene prosopology and the church in Augustine's preaching on John 3:13
Authors: Ployd Adam
Published: June 2014

John 3:13 presents a grammatical and theological problem for Augustine. If the only one who ascends to heaven is the one who descended, namely Christ, then what becomes of the Christian life of ascent? To unpack Augustine's solution to this problem, this article explores his use of John 3:13 in his anti-Donatist sermons of 406–7. Here Augustine uses the grammatical method of prosopological exegesis both to identify and to solve the problem of Christ's solo ascent. Prosopology asks of a text, ‘Who is speaking? To whom is he speaking? And about whom is he speaking?’ in order to parse the sometimes ambiguouspersonaewithin a dramatic scene. Through this method, Augustine affirms that Christ is indeed speaking about himself alone, but the reflexive subject of Christ includes the church who is his body. The Christian life of ascent to God requires that we become participants in the subject of Christ's ‘I’. Building on the work of ‘New Canon’ Augustine scholarship, I argue that this use of John 3:13 to espouse the unity of the church in the body of Christ is founded upon a pro-Nicene understanding of the revelatory and epistemological role of the Son. The ability of Christ fully to reveal the Father is a central tenet of Latin pro-Nicene refutations of homoian christologies, and this revelation of the Father's Word through Christ's incarnation is accomplished in our union with that Word through his body. Based on this pro-Nicene affirmation of epistemological salvation through Christ, Augustine then uses John 3:13 to condemn the Donatists for damning themselves by separating from the body of Christ. The oneness of the ecclesial body of Christ is predicated upon the oneness of Christ himself because it is into his complex subject that we are incorporated. Separation from that unity is separation from the singular grammatical subject who ascends as Christ to the Father. Thus, Augustine's grammatical practice of prosopological exegesis to solve the problem of John 3:13 connects the pro-Nicene affirmation of Christ's revelation of the Father to an anti-Donatist defence of the necessary unity of the church. This should encourage us to consider further the ways in which pro-Nicene principles help to shape Augustine's vision of the church.
On the orthodoxy of Jonathan Edwards
Authors: Crisp Oliver
Published: June 2014

Jonathan Edwards had some strange ideas. He was an idealist like Berkeley. He denied that the world persists through time, claiming that it is continuously created out of nothing by God moment-by-moment. He also denied creaturely causal action in his doctrine of occasionalism. Moreover, he thought that the world is the necessary output of the essential creativity of the deity, embracing the idea that this is the best possible world. Often these views are not reported in popular accounts of his work, though they are widely known in the scholarly community. But is his position theologically orthodox? This article argues that he is faced with anEdwardsian Dilemma:Either he must admit that his theology proper implies that God is not metaphysically simple, or he must embrace pantheism. Neither horn seems particularly attractive. Of the two, the second seems less appealing than the first. Nevertheless, it looks as if the logic of his position presses in this direction. His idealism and Neoplatonic conception of God's necessary emanation of the world imply panentheism. When coupled with his doctrine of divine simplicity, it looks as if his position could be pressed in a pantheist direction. However, if he opts for the first horn, he must deny the doctrine of divine simplicity, which he endorses in a range of works. If God is simple, then it looks as if all his ideas imply one another and the divine essence. Yet the world is an emanation of divine ideas, which Edwards believes God constantly ‘communicates’. Suppose with Edwards that the world is an ordered series of divine ideas. Then it looks as if they must imply each other and the divine nature as well, given divine simplicity. Clearly this is intolerable, as far as orthodoxy goes. One option is for the Edwardsian to revise divine simplicity, so that God is merely a metaphysical simple like a soul. Then he may have distinct states and properties. However, in addition to this revision one would need to amend Edwards’ occasionalism because it provides an apparently insuperable problem of evil for his metaphysics. Thus, revising the first horn involves more than a little tinkering with the deep structures of Edwards’ thought. However, I argue that this is what the Edwardsian must do if she wants to hold onto a broadly orthodox Edwardsian view on these matters.
A promise is a promise: God's covenantal relationship with animals
Authors: Hiuser Kris , Barton Matthew
Published: June 2014

The place of the nonhuman animal within Christian doctrine is a topic of increasing interest, as more theologians seek to describe where nonhuman animals fit on the theological stage. One area where there seems great potential, yet which has been relatively untouched, is God's covenantal relationship with nonhuman animals as described within the Bible. This article is an attempt to use the idea of God's covenantal relationship with nonhuman creatures to build a case for understanding them as creatures of value, with a corresponding human calling to treat them in ways suitable to their value. This case is made in two sections. In the first, the fact that God covenants with nonhuman animals, and calls humans into covenant with them, will be shown through examining Genesis 9 and Hosea 2. Given such a reality, what it means to be involved in a covenant will be examined, and ultimately two main implications will be put forward. First, that nonhuman animals are worthy of covenantal care and protection, and second that humans have a calling to exist in a covenantal relationship with them. Following this, this article then turns to its second section, where it examines the ways in which the Christian tradition has (or has not) intentionally chosen to live out such a covenantal theology with nonhuman animals. The doctrines of two contemporary Christian denominations (Anglican and Roman Catholic) as described in significant denominational documents are examined, as are two groups from these respective traditions which choose to pay close attention to the welfare of nonhuman animals to address the manner in which the covenantal relationship shared between human and nonhuman animals is recognised and understood in the church today. While the groups focused on nonhuman animal welfare continually call for the church to recognise the value of all creatures as described in the covenantal relationship all animals are involved in, their respective denominations often fail to live out such ethical implications. In light of the significance of the covenantal relationship, it is suggested that the church is called to engage in deeper acts of moral discernment on matters of animal ethics.
Modernism on Stage: The Ballets Russes and the Parisian Avant-Garde
Authors: Järvinen Hanna
Published: June 2014

From the outset, I have to admit I am partial to new scholarship on the Ballets Russes, particularly interdisciplinary scholarship that offers new perspectives on staged dance as an art form. Hence, two recent books on a company famous for striving for the total work of art effect sounded like an absolute feast. I may have set my expectations high, but these books actually exemplify how easily dance becomes secondary to music and set design in discussions of past performance, and how “interdisciplinary” studies often are anything but. In both books, the analyses offered of dance are, for a dance scholar, implausible, specious, even outright incomprehensible, and the dance-related topic emerges as servile to agendas of other disciplines, namely those of music and art history.
Developmental changes in the early child lexicon in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: HAO MEILING , LIU YOUYI , SHU HUA , XING AILING , JIANG YING , LI PING
Published: June 2014

In this paper we report a large-scale developmental study of early productive vocabulary acquisition by 928 Chinese-speaking children aged between 1;0 and 2;6, using the Early Vocabulary Inventory for Mandarin Chinese (Hao, Shu, Xing & Li, 2008). The results show that: (i) social words, especially words for people, are the predominant type of words in Chinese-speaking children's earliest productive vocabulary; (ii) overall, Chinese-speaking children's vocabulary contains greater proportions of nouns than other word categories, especially at the earliest vocabulary stage; and (iii) verbs tend to appear earlier for Chinese-speaking children as compared with English-speaking children at the same levels of vocabulary development. In addition, our study has identified the underlying variables that influence the age of acquisition of words, specifically, the interplay between the conceptual (imageability) and linguistic properties (word frequency, word length, and grammatical category) that jointly shape the development of Mandarin-speaking children's early vocabulary.
2. A glanders-like disease in Rangoon Whitmore A. J Hyg 1913; 13: 1–34
Authors: DANCE DAVID
Published: June 2014

‘The opportunities of a pathologist at a large Eastern Hospital are many; but his time for research work is short, and his conveniences are few.’ So begins this landmark paper written by Alfred Whitmore and published in the journal in 1913 [1]. He goes on to demonstrate just how well that short time can be used by someone with the energy, intelligence and scientific rigour in order to make the most of those opportunities. I first read this paper 15 years ago and have re-read it many times since, usually reflecting on how remarkably little our knowledge of melioidosis has advanced since 1913. I notice something new each time I read it and, most importantly of all, each time it is an absolute pleasure to read. How many modern scientific papers leave one feeling the same way?
Spatio-temporal clustering of hand, foot and mouth disease at the county level in Sichuan province, China, 2008–2013
Authors: LIU L. , ZHAO X. , YIN F. , LV Q.
Published: June 2014

China has recently experienced a marked increase in the incidence of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Effective spatio-temporal monitoring of HFMD incidence is important for successful implementation of control and prevention measures. This study monitored county-level HFMD reported incidence rates for Sichuan province, China by examining spatio-temporal patterns. County-level data on HFMD daily cases between January 2008 and December 2013 were obtained from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. We first conducted purely temporal and purely spatial descriptive analyses to characterize the distribution patterns of HFMD. Then, the global Moran'sIstatistic and space–time scan statistic were used to detect the spatial autocorrelation and identify the high-risk clusters in each year, respectively. A total of 212267 HFMD cases were reported in Sichuan province during the study period (annual average incidence 43·65/100000), and the incidence seasonal peak was between April and July. Relatively high incidence rates appeared in the northeastern–southwestern belt. HFMD had positive spatial autocorrelation at the county level with global Moran'sIincreasing from 0·27 to 0·52 (P < 0·001). Spatio-temporal cluster analysis detected six most-likely clusters and several secondary clusters from 2008 to 2013. The centres of the six most-likely clusters were all located in the provincial capital city Chengdu. Chengdu and its neighbouring cities had always been spatio-temporal clusters, which indicated the need for further intensive space–time surveillance. Allocating more resources to these areas at suitable times might help to reduce HFMD incidence more effectively.
The Construction of a Masculine Warrior Ideal in the Italian Narratives of the First World War, 1915–68
Authors: MONDINI MARCO
Published: June 2014

In Italy from the 1920s to the post-1945 period, soldiers’ autobiographical writings represented the ‘theatre of memory’ to the new generations: they handed down the meaning of intervention, mobilisation and sacrifice. They are characterised by two shared elements. The first one is the recurring theme of self-sacrifice. At the core of all war stories there is the experience of fighting and death; this is a liminal experience that fixes one's relation to war. The second one is the author's profile. The narrator of the ‘warrior phenomenon’ is almost invariably a young reserve officer, which means, in the majority of cases, a twenty-year old middle-class man, often a high-school graduate or a university student. The most powerful leitmotiv running through the mixed array of texts and genres that make up the ‘narrative field’ of the Great War is the metaphor of the military community as a ‘family’. Young officers, typically former students from a city background and interventionists at heart, consistently referred to their admission to the ‘family’ of soldiers at war as a life-changing transition: they had left behind their ordinary bourgeois existence, comfortable and safe (and therefore ‘unmanly’), to step into a new world, a dimension of death and suffering, but also comradeship and solidarity. Pure and unshakeable, genuine and disinterested, brotherhood in arms is so deeply felt that it borders on the intensity of a homoerotic relationship, although the latter is rarely made explicit.
Professionalism in the Final Solution: French Railway Workers and the Jewish Deportations, 1942–4
Authors: BROCH LUDIVINE
Published: June 2014

Why did railway workers never sabotage the deportation trains? This article examines the role of French railway workers in the Holocaust by historicising the concept of railway professionalism. It argues that the actions and behaviour of French railwaymen, whether blue-collar, white-collar or Jewish, were rooted in long-standing professional identities and values which were difficult to shift, even during the occupation. So whereas the professionalism of Holocaust bureaucrat perpetrators is often demonised, this article points to its socio-cultural importance and offers a more nuanced interpretation of ‘perpetrators’ in the Holocaust.
‘Unwilling’: The One-Word Revolution in Refugee Status, 1940–51
Authors: JANCO ANDREW PAUL
Published: June 2014

This article details the origins of the human right to international asylum. While previous works locate its beginnings in East–West political conflict in the 1950s, I note the importance of American opposition to the Soviet invasion of Poland and the Baltic countries in 1939–40 and its later consequences for relief work with post-war Displaced Persons from those countries. Given that Eastern European states at the UN claimed to protect people displaced from these non-recognised territories, British and American delegates were forced to create a new refugee definition that allowed DPs to reject state protections and to seek asylum as refugees.
Ultrastructure of the oviductal mucosa of Leptodactylus chaquensis. Analysis of the preovulatory and postovulatory periods
Authors: Medina Marcela Fátima , Ramos Inés , Crespo Claudia A. , Cisint Susana , Villagra Lucrecia Iruzubieta , Fernández Silvia Nélida
Published: June 2014

In the present study we analysed the ultrastructural characteristics of the oviductal mucosa of Leptodactylus chaquensis during the preovulatory period and immediately after ovulation. Epithelial secretory cells, ciliated cells, basal cells and glandular secretory cells are described. During the preovulatory period, the oviduct exhibits its maximum degree of development at both the epithelial and the glandular levels, with numerous secretory cells that contain a large number of secretory granules whose contents are released into the oviductal lumen by apocrine and exocytotic secretory processes. The secretory cells present throughout the oviduct display considerable variability in the characteristics of their secretory granules, which show different shapes, sizes, organization of the material contained and electron density. The different cell types are distributed following a characteristic pattern for each oviductal zone, thus creating an ultrastructural mosaic along the oviduct. During the postovulatory period, the number of secretory cells decreases and the remaining ones exhibit a marked reduction in secretory granules. Ciliated cells show a typical ultrastructural organization that is not modified throughout the reproductive cycle. Basal cells, located at the basal region of the epithelium, are characterized by their heterochromatic nuclei and electron-lucent cytoplasm, while glandular secretory cells exhibit oval, round or polyhedric granules, most of them with a prominent core. Our results, which indicate a high heterogeneity of secretory cell contents, allow us to suggest differential synthesis and secretion of specific products in each oviductal zone.