bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A 128‐channel discrete cosine transform‐based neural signal processor for implantable neural recording microsystems
Authors: Hosseini‐Nejad Hossein , Jannesari Abumoslem , Sodagar Amir M. , Rodrigues Joachim Neves
Published: October 2013

A 128‐channel neural signal processor for implantable neural recording microsystems is presented. The processor compresses the neural information of 128 simultaneous recording channels using discrete cosine transform, achieving a compression factor of 69 at the expense of a 5.6% root mean square error. The proposed processor is implemented on register transfer level and synthesized in a 65‐nm complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor process. The post‐layout simulated power consumption at 1.2 V is 33.06 μW (258 nW per channel) at an area cost of 0.46 mm2. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An amplify‐and‐forward and decode‐and‐forward mixed relay communication system and its performance analysis
Authors: Guan Z.‐J. , Zhou X.‐L.
Published: October 2013

A kind of amplify‐and‐forward (AF) and decode‐and‐forward (DF) mixed relay communication system is proposed in this letter. The source broadcasts the signal to all the relays. Relays that can decode the signal adopt DF scheme to retransmit the signal, while the rest adopt AF scheme for retransmission. The destination employs maximum ratio combining technique to maximize the received signal‐to‐noise ratio. Another situation concerned in this letter is that when the relay cannot decode the source signal, it may retransmit the interference signal with AF scheme. Closed‐form expressions of outage probability are derived. Simulation results show that the analytical curves agree with the simulated ones very well, and the AF‐DF mixed relay system can improve the availability of the relays. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recursive‐clustering‐based approach for denial of service (DoS) attacks in wireless sensors networks
Authors: Fouchal S. , Mansouri D. , Mokdad L. , Iouallalen M.
Published: October 2013

This paper presents a novel approach for detecting denial of service attacks. In particular, the concern is on the sleeping deprivation attacks such as the malicious nodes that use flooding technique. Our approach is based on wireless sensor network (WSN) clustering. It consists in recursively clustering sensors until a required granularity (chosen by the expert) is achieved. We apply our approach with two different clustering algorithms. Indeed, we use the common clustering WSN algorithm Low Energy Algorithm Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy and the general clustering method Fast and Flexible Unsupervised Clustering Algorithm (FFUCA) based on ultrametric properties. We discuss the behavior of the approach with the two algorithms. Also, we present numerical results that show the efficiency of recursive clustering using the FFUCA algorithm. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A joint resource optimization and adaptive modulation framework for uplink single‐carrier frequency‐division multiple access systems
Authors: Ahmad Ayaz , Shah Nadir
Published: October 2013

In this paper, we study joint resource allocation and adaptive modulation in single‐carrier frequency‐division multiple access systems, which is adopted as the multiple access scheme for the uplink in the 3GPP Long Term Evolution standard. We formulate an adaptive modulation and sum‐cost minimization (JAMSCmin) problem. Unlike orthogonal frequency‐division multiple access, in addition to the restriction of allocating a subchannel to one user at most, the multiple subchannels allocated to a user in single‐carrier frequency‐division multiple access systems should be consecutive as well. This renders the resource allocation problem prohibitively difficult and the standard optimization tools (e.g., Lagrange dual approach widely used for orthogonal frequency‐division multiple access, etc.) cannot help towards its optimal solution. We propose a novel optimization framework for the solution of this problem that is inspired from the recently developed canonical duality theory. We first formulate the optimization problem as binary‐integer programming (BIP) problem and then transform this BIP problem into continuous space canonical dual problem that is the concave maximization problem. Based on the solution of the canonical dual problem, we derive joint resource allocation and adaptive modulation algorithm, which has polynomial time complexity. We provide conditions under which the proposed algorithm is optimal. We compare the proposed algorithm with the existing algorithms in the literature. The results show a tremendous performance gain. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experiences with SoftToken: a token‐based coordination layer for WLANs
Authors: Eznarriaga Lucas , Senguly Cigdem , Bayer Nico , Moreno José Ignacio , Lozano Patricia , Simón María
Published: October 2013

This paper presents our experiences with SoftToken protocol, a new contention‐free medium access control protocol for wireless local area network. This new mechanism adds a token‐passing procedure on top of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 802.11 for coordinating transmissions and avoiding collisions. With this extension, it becomes possible to offer differentiated services in a deterministic manner. In this paper, we provide a thorough performance evaluation of SoftToken in terms of its scalability, robustness and efficiency in comparison with Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 802.11 and a time division multiple access (TDMA)‐based Wi‐Fi extension called Soft‐TDMA. Our evaluation is based on experiments run on different test beds covering different scenarios in a wired virtual network environment and practical wireless environments supporting different types of traffic. The results show that SoftToken indeed provides better QoS performance in scenarios that require service differentiation (e.g. mixed voice over Internet protocol and best effort traffic scenarios). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differences in placentophagia in relation to reproductive status in the california mouse (Peromyscus californicus)
Authors: Perea‐Rodriguez Juan P. , Saltzman Wendy
Published: October 2013

Parturient females ingest placenta in most mammalian species, whereas fathers may do so in species in which both parents provide care for their offspring. To determine if the propensity to eat placenta varies with reproductive status in the biparental California mouse, we presented placenta to virgin (housed with a same‐sex pairmate), expectant (pregnant with their first litter), and multiparous adult males and females. Liver was presented identically, 3–7 days later, as a control. Multiparous females were more likely to eat placenta than expectant and virgin females (p‐values <0.016), whereas both multiparous and expectant males had higher incidences of placentophagia than virgins (p‐values <0.016). Liver consumption did not differ among groups within either sex. These results suggest that propensity to eat placenta increases with maternal/birthing experience in females, and with paternal experience and/or cohabitation with a pregnant female in males. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 812–820, 2014.
A sex difference in the onset of the latent learning impairment in rats
Authors: Stouffer Eric M. , Barry Jessica L.
Published: October 2013

The current study examined a sex difference in the onset of a latent learning impairment in Sprague–Dawley rats. Forty rats (20 male, 20 female) were tested on the Latent Cue Preference (LCP) task at 3 or 11 months of age. Additionally, 19 female rats were tested at 14 or 18 months of age. All rats were given four training trials in the LCP task using a three‐compartment box, during which the rats explored a water‐paired compartment and an unpaired compartment (each with a different visual cue) on consecutive days. Rats were then water‐deprived for 23 hr and given a compartment preference test, in which more time spent in the water‐paired compartment demonstrated latent learning. Results showed that 11‐month old males and 18‐month old females showed impaired latent learning, but 11‐ and 14‐month old females showed intact latent learning, which may possibly be due to the neuroprotective effects of estrogen. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 1134–1141, 2014.
Head‐to‐head comparison of dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV inhibitors and sulfonylureas – a meta‐analysis from randomized clinical trials
Authors: Zhang Yifei , Hong Jie , Chi Jie , Gu Weiqiong , Ning Guang , Wang Weiqing
Published: October 2013

Background

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV (DPP‐4) inhibitors and sulfonylureas are two important second‐line anti‐diabetic agents. The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of DPP‐4 inhibitors compared with sulfonylureas by meta‐analytic approach of available randomized studies.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases up to 30 June 2013, collecting all randomized clinical trials with a treatment duration of ≥18weeks. Data on glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), body weight, hypoglycaemia, total adverse events, and cardiovascular events were retrieved and analysed.

Results

The analysis included 12 randomized studies comprising 10 982 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. On the basis of meta‐analysis, sulfonylureas lowered HbA1c significantly more than DPP‐4 inhibitors with weighted mean difference (WMD) of 0.105 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.103 to 0.107]. The results were consistent in trials with longer (>32 weeks) or shorter (≤32 weeks) duration; however, DPP‐4 inhibitors showed greater reduction in HbA1c compared with the second‐generation sulfonylureas and in patients with baseline eGFR < 50 mL/min/1.73 m2. Patients treated with DPP‐4 inhibitors are less likely to achieve HbA1c < 7% compared with sulfonylureas [Mantel–Haenszel odds ratio (MH‐OR) 0.91; 95% CI 0.84 to 0.99]. DPP‐4 xinhibitors were associated with a reduction in body weight (WMD −1.652; 95% CI −1.658 to −1.646) and lower risk of hypoglycaemia (MH‐OR, 0.13; 95% CI 0.11 to 0.16), total adverse events (MH‐OR, 0.79; 95% CI 0.72 to 0.87), and cardiovascular events (MH‐OR, 0.53; 95% CI 0.32 to 0.87) compared with sulfonylureas.

Conclusion

Although DPP‐4 inhibitors are less efficacious compared with sulfonylureas, they demonstrate a beneficial effect on body weight, episodes of hypoglycaemia, and total adverse events. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shifts in the vascular endothelial growth factor isoforms result in transcriptome changes correlated with early neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation in mouse forebrain
Authors: Cain Jacob T. , Berosik Matthew A. , Snyder Stephanie D. , Crawford Natalie F. , Nour Shirin I. , Schaubhut Geoffrey J. , Darland Diane C.
Published: October 2013

Regulation of neural stem cell (NSC) fate decisions is critical during the transition from a multicellular mammalian forebrain neuroepithelium to the multilayered neocortex. Forebrain development requires coordinated vascular investment alongside NSC differentiation. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (Vegf) has proven to be a pleiotrophic gene whose multiple protein isoforms regulate a broad range of effects in neurovascular systems. To test the hypothesis that the Vegf isoforms (120, 164, and 188) are required for normal forebrain development, we analyzed the forebrain transcriptome of mice expressing specific Vegf isoforms, Vegf120, VegfF188, or a combination of Vegf120/188. Transcriptome analysis identified differentially expressed genes in embryonic day (E) 9.5 forebrain, a time point preceding dramatic neuroepithelial expansion and vascular investment in the telencephalon. Meta‐analysis identified gene pathways linked to chromosome‐level modifications, cell fate regulation, and neurogenesis that were altered in Vegf isoform mice. Based on these gene network shifts, we predicted that NSC populations would be affected in later stages of forebrain development. In the E11.5 telencephalon, we quantified mitotic cells [Phospho‐Histone H3 (pHH3)‐positive] and intermediate progenitor cells (Tbr2/Eomes‐positive), observing quantitative and qualitative shifts in these populations. We observed qualitative shifts in cortical layering at P0, particularly with Ctip2‐positive cells in layer V. The results identify a suite of genes and functional gene networks that can be used to further dissect the role of Vegf in regulating NSC differentiation and downstream consequences for NSC fate decisions. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 63–81, 2014
Integration of anterior neural plate patterning and morphogenesis by the Wnt signaling pathway
Authors: Cavodeassi Florencia
Published: October 2013

Wnts are essential for a multitude of processes during embryonic development and adult homeostasis. The molecular structure of the Wnt pathway is extremely complex, and it keeps growing as new molecular components and novel interactions are uncovered. Recent studies have advanced our understanding on how the diverse molecular outcomes of the Wnt pathway are integrated during organ development, an integration that is also essential, although mechanistically poorly understood, during the formation of the anterior part of the nervous system, the forebrain. In this article, the author has summarized these findings and discussed their implications for forebrain development. A special emphasis has been put forth on studies performed in the zebrafish as this model system has been instrumental for our current understanding of forebrain patterning. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 759–771, 2014
Inhibition of repulsive guidance molecule, RGMa, increases afferent synapse formation with auditory hair cells
Authors: Brugeaud Aurore , Tong Mingjie , Luo Li , Edge Albert S.B.
Published: October 2013

The peripheral fibers that extend from auditory neurons to hair cells are sensitive to damage, and replacement of the fibers and their afferent synapse with hair cells would be of therapeutic interest. Here, we show that RGMa, a repulsive guidance molecule previously shown to play a role in the development of the chick visual system, is expressed in the developing, newborn, and mature mouse inner ear. The effect of RGMa on synaptogenesis between afferent neurons and hair cells, from which afferent connections had been removed, was assessed. Contact of neural processes with hair cells and elaboration of postsynaptic densities at sites of the ribbon synapse were increased by treatment with a blocking antibody to RGMa, and pruning of auditory fibers to achieve the mature branching pattern of afferent neurons was accelerated. Inhibition by RGMa could thus explain why auditory neurons have a low capacity to regenerate peripheral processes: postnatal spiral ganglion neurons retain the capacity to send out processes that respond to signals for synapse formation, but expression of RGMa postnatally appears to be detrimental to regeneration of afferent hair cell innervation and antagonizes synaptogenesis. Increased synaptogenesis after inhibition of RGMa suggests that manipulation of guidance or inhibitory factors may provide a route to increase formation of new synapses at deafferented hair cells. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 457–466, 2014
The in vivo and in vitro metabolism and the detectability in urine of 3’,4’‐methylenedioxy‐alpha‐pyrrolidinobutyrophenone (MDPBP), a new pyrrolidinophenone‐type designer drug, studied by GC‐MS and LC‐MSn
Authors: Meyer Markus R. , Mauer Sandra , Meyer Golo M. J. , Dinger Julia , Klein Birgit , Westphal Folker , Maurer Hans H.
Published: October 2013

3’,4’‐Methylenedioxy‐alpha‐pyrrolidinobutyrophenone (MDPBP), a designer drug of the pyrrolidinophenone‐type, was first seized in Germany in 2009. It was also identified in ‘legal high’ samples investigated in the UK. Therefore, the aim of the presented work was to identify its in vivo and in vitro phase I and II metabolites using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and liquid chromatography‐ion trap mass spectrometry (LC‐MSn). Furthermore, detectability of MDPBP in rat and human urine using standard urine screening approaches (SUSA) by GC‐MS and LC‐MSn was studied. The metabolites were isolated either directly or after enzymatic cleavage of conjugates by solid‐phase extraction (C18, HCX). The metabolites were then analyzed and structures proposed after GC‐MS (phase I) and LC‐MSn (phase II). Based on these identified metabolites, the following main metabolic steps could be proposed: demethylenation followed by methylation of one hydroxy group, aromatic and side chain hydroxylation, oxidation of the pyrrolidine ring to the corresponding lactam as well as ring opening to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Furthermore, in rat urine after a typical user's dose as well as in human urine, mainly the metabolites could be detected using the authors’ SUSA by GC‐MS and LC‐MSn. Thus, it should be possible to monitor an application of MDPBP assuming similar toxicokinetics in humans. Finally, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 could be identified as the isoenzymes mainly responsible for demethylenation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening of testosterone esters in human plasma
Authors: Forsdahl G. , Vatne H.K. , Geisendorfer T. , Gmeiner G.
Published: October 2013

The detection of an intact ester of testosterone in plasma is leading towards unequivocal proof of the administration of exogenous testosterone. In the current study, a sensitive screening method for the detection of nine testosterone esters in human plasma was developed. By preparing oxime derivatives of intact testosterone esters, the sensitivity of the assay was increased. Furthermore, the method included liquid‐liquid extraction (LLE) as sample clean‐up, as well as online separation of the target analytes from the derivatization solution. The analysis was performed by liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The method developed herein is simple and rapid, and was validated according to World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) guidelines. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of three μ1‐AP1 subunits during zebrafish development
Authors: Gariano Giuseppina , Guarienti Michela , Bresciani Roberto , Borsani Giuseppe , Carola Giulia , Monti Eugenio , Giuliani Roberta , Rezzani Rita , Bonomini Francesca , Preti Augusto , Schu Peter , Zizioli Daniela
Published: October 2013

Background: The family of AP‐1 complexes mediates protein sorting in the late secretory pathway and it is essential for the development of mammals. The ubiquitously expressed AP‐1A complex consists of four adaptins γ1, β1, μ1A, and σ1A. AP‐1A mediates protein transport between the trans‐Golgi network and early endosomes. The polarized epithelia AP‐1B complex contains the μ1B‐adaptin. AP‐1B mediates specific transport of proteins from basolateral recycling endosomes to the basolateral plasma membrane of polarized epithelial cells. Results: Analysis of the zebrafish genome revealed the existence of three μ1‐adaptin genes, encoding μ1A, μ1B, and the novel isoform μ1C, which is not found in mammals. μ1C shows 80% sequence identity with μ1A and μ1B. The μ1C expression pattern largely overlaps with that of μ1A, while μ1B is expressed in epithelial cells. By knocking‐down the synthesis of μ1A, μ1B and μ1C with antisense morpholino techniques we demonstrate that each of these μ1 adaptins is essential for zebrafish development, with μ1A and μ1C being involved in central nervous system development and μ1B in kidney, gut and liver formation. Conclusions: Zebrafish is unique in expressing three AP‐1 complexes: AP‐1A, AP‐1B, and AP‐1C. Our results demonstrate that they are not redundant and that each of them has specific functions, which cannot be fulfilled by one of the other isoforms. Each of the μ1 adaptins appears to mediate specific molecular mechanisms essential for early developmental processes, which depends on specific intracellular vesicular protein sorting pathways. Developmental Dynamics 243:299–314, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Glimpse into Hox and tale regulation of cell differentiation and reprogramming
Authors: Cerdá‐Esteban Nuria , Spagnoli Francesca M.
Published: October 2013

During embryonic development, cells become gradually restricted in their developmental potential and start elaborating lineage‐specific transcriptional networks to ultimately acquire a unique differentiated state. Hox genes play a central role in specifying regional identities, thereby providing the cell with critical information on positional value along its differentiation path. The exquisite DNA‐binding specificity of the Hox proteins is frequently dependent upon their interaction with members of the TALE family of homeodomain proteins. In addition to their function as Hox‐cofactors, TALE homeoproteins control multiple crucial developmental processes through Hox‐independent mechanisms. Here, we will review recent findings on the function of both Hox and TALE proteins in cell differentiation, referring mostly to vertebrate species. In addition, we will discuss the direct implications of this knowledge on cell plasticity and cell reprogramming. Developmental Dynamics 243:76–87, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lexical and Phonological Processes in Dyslexic Readers: Evidence from a Visual Lexical Decision Task
Authors: Araújo Susana , Faísca Luís , Bramão Inês , Petersson Karl Magnus , Reis Alexandra
Published: October 2013

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether reading failure in the context of an orthography of intermediate consistency is linked to inefficient use of the lexical orthographic reading procedure. The performance of typically developing and dyslexic Portuguese‐speaking children was examined in a lexical decision task, where the stimulus lexicality, word frequency and length were manipulated. Both lexicality and length effects were larger in the dyslexic group than in controls, although the interaction between group and frequency disappeared when the data were transformed to control for general performance factors. Children with dyslexia were influenced in lexical decision making by the stimulus length of words and pseudowords, whereas age‐matched controls were influenced by the length of pseudowords only. These findings suggest that non‐impaired readers rely mainly on lexical orthographic information, but children with dyslexia preferentially use the phonological decoding procedure—albeit poorly—most likely because they struggle to process orthographic inputs as a whole such as controls do. Accordingly, dyslexic children showed significantly poorer performance than controls for all types of stimuli, including words that could be considered over‐learned, such as high‐frequency words. This suggests that their orthographic lexical entries are less established in the orthographic lexicon. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory‐2 restructured form (MMPI‐2‐RF) scale score differences in bariatric surgery candidates diagnosed with binge eating disorder versus BMI‐matched controls
Authors: Marek Ryan J. , Ben‐Porath Yossef S. , Ashton Kathleen , Heinberg Leslie J.
Published: October 2013

Objective

Binge Eating Disorder (BED) is among the most common psychiatric disorders in bariatric surgery candidates. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory‐2 Restructured Form (MMPI‐2‐RF) is a broadband, psychological test that includes measures of emotional and behavioral dysfunction, which have been associated with BED behaviors in bariatric surgery candidates; however these studies have lacked appropriate controls. In the current study, we compared MMPI‐2‐RF scale scores of bariatric surgery patients diagnosed with BED (BED+) with BMI‐matched controls without BED (BED–).

Method

Three‐hundred and seven BED+ participants (72.64% female and 67.87% Caucasian; mean BMI of 51.36 kg/m2 [SD = 11.94]) were drawn from a large, database (N = 1304). Three‐hundred and seven BED– participants were matched on BMI and demographics (72.64% female, 68.63% Caucasian, and mean BMI of 51.30 kg/m2 [SD = 11.70]).

Results

The BED+ group scored significantly higher on measures of Demoralization, Low Positive Emotions, and Dysfunctional Negative Emotions and scored lower on measures of Antisocial Behaviors, reflecting behavioral constraint. Optimal T‐Score cutoffs were below the traditional 65 T score for several MMPI‐2‐RF scales. MMPI‐2‐RF externalizing measures also added incrementally to differentiating between the groups beyond the Binge Eating Scale (BES).

Discussion

BED+ individuals produced greater elevations on a number of MMPI‐2‐RF internalizing scales and externalizing scales. Use of the test in conjunction with a clinical interview and other self‐report data can further aid the clinician in guiding patients to appropriate treatment to optimize outcome. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47:315–319)
Psychological well‐being in out‐patients with eating disorders: A controlled study
Authors: Tomba Elena , Offidani Emanuela , Tecuta Lucia , Schumann Romana , Ballardini Donatella
Published: October 2013

Objective

Positive functioning is widely neglected in research on eating disorders (EDs). The aim of this exploratory study was to assess psychological well‐being (PWB) in out‐patients with ED and in controls.

Method

The authors assessed PWB in 245 out‐patients with EDs [105 with bulimia nervosa (BN), 57 with anorexia nervosa (AN), and 83 with binge eating disorder (BED) who met DSM‐IV‐TR] and 60 controls. They tested whether PWB was associated with eating attitude test (EAT) scores and if such associations differed among ED groups while taking into account confounding variables.

Results

Significant differences between groups in all PWB scales were found. While individuals with BN reported significantly lower scores in all PWB dimensions than healthy controls, patients with BED scored significantly lower than controls in PWB autonomy, environmental mastery, and self‐acceptance scales. Patients with AN showed similar scores to controls in all PWB dimensions, except for positive relationships and self‐acceptance. In all ED groups, most PWB dimensions resulted significantly and negatively associated with EAT scales, except for AN where oral control was found to positively correlate with a high sense of purpose in life. All results were maintained even after adjusting for possible confounding variables.

Discussion

Patients with EDs reported an impairment in PWB. The paucity of PWB was not necessarily dependent on the presence of high levels of psychological distress and on the severity of the disorder. Such assessments may therefore yield a more comprehensive evaluation in this clinical population. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47:252–258)
Band reporting rates of waterfowl: does individual heterogeneity bias estimated survival rates?
Authors: White Gary C. , Cordes Line S. , Arnold Todd W.
Published: October 2013

In capture–recapture studies, the estimation accuracy of demographic parameters is essential to the efficacy of management of hunted animal populations. Dead recovery models based upon the reporting of rings or bands are often used for estimating survival of waterfowl and other harvested species. However, distance from the ringing site or condition of the bird may introduce substantial individual heterogeneity in the conditional band reporting rates (r), which could cause bias in estimated survival rates (S) or suggest nonexistent individual heterogeneity in S. To explore these hypotheses, we ran two sets of simulations (n = 1000) in MARK using Seber's dead recovery model, allowing time variation on both S and r. This included a series of heterogeneity models, allowing substantial variation on logit(r), and control models with no heterogeneity. We conducted simulations using two different values of S: S = 0.60, which would be typical of dabbling ducks such as mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and S = 0.80, which would be more typical of sea ducks or geese. We chose a mean reporting rate on the logit scale of −1.9459 with SD = 1.5 for the heterogeneity models (producing a back‐transformed mean of 0.196 with SD = 0.196, median = 0.125) and a constant reporting rate for the control models of 0.196. Within these sets of simulations, estimation models where σS = 0 and σS > 0 (σS is SD of individual survival rates on the logit scale) were incorporated to investigate whether real heterogeneity in r would induce apparent individual heterogeneity in S. Models where σS = 0 were selected approximately 91% of the time over models where σS > 0. Simulation results showed < 0.05% relative bias in estimating survival rates except for models estimating σS > 0 when true S = 0.8, where relative bias was a modest 0.5%. These results indicate that considerable variation in reporting rates does not cause major bias in estimated survival rates of waterfowl, further highlighting the robust nature of dead recovery models that are being used for the management of harvested species.
Hybridization promotes color polymorphism in the aposematic harlequin poison frog,Oophaga histrionica
Authors: Medina Iliana , Wang Ian J. , Salazar Camilo , Amézquita Adolfo
Published: October 2013

Whether hybridization can be a mechanism that drives phenotypic diversity is a widely debated topic in evolutionary biology. In poison frogs (Dendrobatidae), assortative mating has been invoked to explain how new color morphs persist despite the expected homogenizing effects of natural selection. Here, we tested the complementary hypothesis that new morphs arise through hybridization between different color morphs. Specifically, we (1) reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships among the studied populations of a dart‐poison frog to provide an evolutionary framework, (2) tested whether microsatellite allele frequencies of one putative hybrid population of the polymorphic frogO. histrionicaare intermediate betweenO. histrionicaandO. lehmanni, and (3) conducted mate‐choice experiments to test whether putatively intermediate females prefer homotypic males over males from the other two populations. Our findings are compatible with a hybrid origin for the new morph and emphasize the possibility of hybridization as a mechanism generating variation in polymorphic species. Moreover, because coloration in poison frogs is aposematic and should be heavily constrained, our findings suggest that hybridization can produce phenotypic novelty even in systems where phenotypes are subject to strong stabilizing selection.
CD8+Treg cells suppress CD8+T cell‐responses by IL‐10‐dependent mechanism during H5N1 influenza virus infection
Authors: Zou Qiang , Wu Bing , Xue Jia , Fan Xiaoxu , Feng Congcong , Geng Shuang , Wang Ming , Wang Bin
Published: October 2013

Although Treg‐cell‐mediated suppression during infection or autoimmunity has been described, functions of Treg cells during highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection remain poorly characterized. Here we found that in Foxp3‐GFP transgenic mice, CD8+ Foxp3+ Treg cells, but not CD4+ Foxp3+ Treg cells, were remarkably induced during H5N1 infection. In addition to expressing CD25, the CD8+ Foxp3+ Treg cells showed a high level of GITR and produced IL‐10. In an adoptive transfer model, CD8+ Treg cells suppressed CD8+ T‐cell responses and promoted H5N1 virus infection, resulting in enhanced mortality and increased virus load in the lung. Furthermore, in vitro neutralization of IL‐10 and studies with IL‐10R‐deficient mice in vitro and in vivo demonstrated an important role for IL‐10 production in the capacity of CD8+ Treg cells to inhibit CD8+ T‐cell responses. Our findings identify a previously unrecognized role of CD8+ Treg cells in the negative regulation of CD8+ T‐cell responses and suggest that modulation of CD8+ Treg cells may be a therapeutic strategy to control H5N1 viral infection.
Activation of human basophils by combined toll‐like receptor‐ and FcεRI‐triggering can promote Th2 skewing of naive T helper cells
Authors: Suurmond Jolien , Stoop Jeroen N. , Rivellese Felice , Bakker Aleida M. , Huizinga Tom W. J. , Toes René E. M.
Published: October 2013

Basophils are mostly known for their involvement in allergic reactions. Recent studies in mice indicate a role for basophils in the induction of adaptive immunity, especially T helper 2 (Th2) responses. Therefore, it would be highly important to understand how basophils respond to pathogen‐associated molecules, such as ligands for toll‐like receptors (TLRs), and if the basophils could promote Th2 responses via these stimuli. To this end, the activation of basophils via TLRs in combination with activation via IgE was studied, as well as its effect on T helper cell skewing. Using quantitative PCR, we demonstrated the presence of mRNA for TLRs 1–8 in human basophils. Basophils responded to TLR triggering with differential cytokine production, but not with degranulation. Simultaneous triggering of TLRs and IgE led to synergy in production of IL‐4, IL‐8, IL‐13, and RANTES. Furthermore, the synergistic effects on basophils mediated by IgE and TLR‐4 triggering allowed robust Th2 skewing upon activation of naïve human CD4+ T cells.

Our data show that human basophils respond to TLR ligands in synergy with IgE‐mediated activation and that the cytokines produced can promote Th2 differentiation. These results indicate a role for basophils in the regulation of T‐cell responses in humans.
Tumor‐specific CD4+T cells maintain effector and memory tumor‐specific CD8+T cells
Authors: Church Sarah E. , Jensen Shawn M. , Antony Paul A. , Restifo Nicholas P. , Fox Bernard A.
Published: October 2013

Immunotherapies that augment antitumor T cells have had recent success for treating patients with cancer. Here we examined whether tumor‐specific CD4+ T cells enhance CD8+ T‐cell adoptive immunotherapy in a lymphopenic environment. Our model employed physiological doses of tyrosinase‐related protein 1‐specific CD4+ transgenic T cells‐CD4+ T cells and pmel‐CD8+ T cells that when transferred individually were subtherapeutic; however, when transferred together provided significant (p ≤ 0.001) therapeutic efficacy. Therapeutic efficacy correlated with increased numbers of effector and memory CD8+ T cells with tumor‐specific cytokine expression. When combined with CD4+ T cells, transfer of total (naïve and effector) or effector CD8+ T cells were highly effective, suggesting CD4+ T cells can help mediate therapeutic effects by maintaining function of activated CD8+ T cells. In addition, CD4+ T cells had a pronounced effect in the early posttransfer period, as their elimination within the first 3 days significantly (p < 0.001) reduced therapeutic efficacy. The CD8+ T cells recovered from mice treated with both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells had decreased expression of PD‐1 and PD‐1‐blockade enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of pmel‐CD8 alone, suggesting that CD4+ T cells help reduce CD8+ T‐cell exhaustion. These data support combining immunotherapies that elicit both tumor‐specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells for treatment of patients with cancer.
2D TCR–pMHC–CD8 kinetics determines T‐cell responses in a self‐antigen‐specific TCR system
Authors: Liu Baoyu , Zhong Shi , Malecek Karolina , Johnson Laura A. , Rosenberg Steven A. , Zhu Cheng , Krogsgaard Michelle
Published: October 2013

Two‐dimensional (2D) kinetic analysis directly measures molecular interactions at cell–cell junctions, thereby incorporating inherent cellular effects. By comparison, three‐dimensional (3D) analysis probes the intrinsic physical chemistry of interacting molecules isolated from the cell. To understand how T‐cell tumor reactivity relates to 2D and 3D binding parameters and to directly compare them, we performed kinetic analyses of a panel of human T‐cell receptors (TCRs) interacting with a melanoma self‐antigen peptide (gp100209–217) bound to peptide‐major histocompatibility complex in the absence and presence of co‐receptor CD8. We found that while 3D parameters are inadequate to predict T‐cell function, 2D parameters (that do not correlate with their 3D counterparts) show a far broader dynamic range and significantly improved correlation with T‐cell function. Thus, our data support the general notion that 2D parameters of TCR–peptide‐major histocompatibility complex–CD8 interactions determine T‐cell responsiveness and suggest a potential 2D‐based strategy to screen TCRs for tumor immunotherapy.
Al‐Modified Zinc Oxide Nanorods for Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation
Authors: Fekete Monika , Ludwig Wiebke , Gledhill Sophie , Chen Jie , Patti Antonio , Spiccia Leone
Published: October 2013

The photoassisted water oxidation by a range of electrodeposited Al‐modified zinc oxide nanorod arrays (NRAs) has been explored in a standardised photoelectrochemical cell. The nanorods were prepared by electrodeposition onto fluorine‐doped tin oxide glass substrates from warm aqueous solutions of zinc nitrate and aluminium nitrate. Photoluminescence measurements suggested that the nanorods have a very low concentration of defects that could act as centres for undesired charge recombination. The effect of NRA aluminium modification, morphology and optical properties as well as the presence of sputtered i‐ZnO and aluminium‐doped ZnO seeding layers on the catalytic performance of the films were investigated. Water oxidation was observed under 1 Sun illumination even at very low applied potentials (0 V vs. Ag/AgCl at pH 9.2). The pure ZnO nanorods yielded a relatively high photocurrent of 0.52 mA cm–2 (at 1 V vs. Ag/AgCl). Al modification of the sputtered seeding layer and/or the NRAs did not change the performance significantly. The photocurrent was further increased by exchanging the sputtered ZnO seeding layer for a galvanostatically deposited seeding layer. In this case the photocurrent increased to 0.74 mA cm–2 (at 1 V bias). Light absorbance and IPCE measurements indicated that although all NRAs absorb well in the UV region, light conversion does not extend greatly into the visible region. To address the issue of rapid photodegradation during water oxidation catalysis, the effect of electrolyte pH was explored by using phosphate and borate buffers with a view to improving photocurrent and long‐term stability. A borate buffer at pH 9.2 was found to be the most suitable. In this case, the photocurrent of undoped ZnO and aluminium‐doped ZnO NRA films was sustained at a high level on continuous illumination with a reduction of less than 10 and 30 %, respectively, over 1 hour, as opposed to almost complete deactivation after 20 min as observed in 0.1 M Na2SO4 (pH 6). These results indicate that the ZnO NRAs presented here have the potential to become viable photoelectrocatalysts for water oxidation.
Artificial Manganese Center Models for Photosynthetic Oxygen Evolution in Photosystem II
Authors: Hirahara Masanari , Shoji Akinori , Yagi Masayuki
Published: October 2013

Artificial photosynthesis is one of the promising clean‐energy‐providing systems of the future. Development of an efficient catalyst for water oxidation to evolve O2 is indispensable for the construction of artificial photosynthetic devices. The photosynthetic oxygen evolving complex (OEC) composed of a tetranuclear manganese cluster serves as an excellent example of an efficient catalyst for water oxidation. Recently, significant progress has been reported in the development of manganese complexes as OEC models. The molecular aspects and activities of these manganese complexes toward water oxidation catalysis were reviewed in terms of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis systems. These could provide hints to design an efficient catalyst, as well as a key model reaction to understand the O2 evolution mechanism in photosynthesis.
Cyclononatetraenyl‐Indenyl Transformation and a Zirconium(III) Trimer from Bulky Alkylcyclopentadienylzirconium Chlorides
Authors: Schäfer Sebastian , Bauer Heiko , Becker Julia , Sun Yu , Sitzmann Helmut
Published: October 2013

Structure determinations of the known titanium, zirconium, and hafnium trichloro‐di(tert‐butyl)cyclopentadienyl complexes [Cp″MCl3] {Cp″ = η5‐C5H3tBu2, M = Zr (2), Ti (3), Hf (4)} on crystals obtained by sublimation show monomeric molecules in the solid state. Unlike the racemic di(tert‐butyl)(trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadienylzirconium trichloride 5, the 2,3‐diisopropyl‐1,4‐dimethylcyclopentadienylzirconium trichloride 7 is not a monomer according to its low volatility and the presence of two similar sets of signals in the NMR spectra. Reactions of 2 or its Cp″′ analogue [(η5‐C5H2tBu3‐1,2,4)ZrCl3] (1) with potassium cyclononatetraenide did not afford the desired cyclononatetraenyl complexes [Cp″′ (C9H9)ZrCl2] or its Cp″ analogue, but the indenyl complexes [Cp″′(C9H7)ZrCl2] (8) and [Cp″(C9H7)ZrCl2] (9). By reduction of the starting compound 1 with potassium a dark red, paramagnetic zirconium(III) complex was obtained and characterized as the cyclic trimer 10 with almost equal Zr···Zr distances of 3.384 Å.
Intermediates in Ammonothermal GaN Crystal Growth under Ammonoacidic Conditions
Authors: Zhang Shiyu , Hintze Frauke , Schnick Wolfgang , Niewa Rainer
Published: October 2013

Crystals of two new hexammoniates, namely, [Ga(NH3)6]I3·NH3 and [Ga(NH3)6]Br3·NH3, were grown from liquid ammonia solutions of GaI3 and GaBr3 in a wide temperature range. The known compound [Ga(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 and the new triammoniate of gallium fluoride Ga(NH3)3F3 were obtained ammonothermally during the synthesis of GaN from NH4Cl and NH4F, respectively. The compounds are characterized by crystallographic parameters derived from their X‐ray diffraction data. The crystal structures of all the ammoniates feature octahedrally coordinated Ga atoms in complex ions of the general form [Ga(NH3)6–nXn](3–n)+ (n = 0, 1, 2, 4; X = F, Cl, Br, I). The extensive N–H···X hydrogen bonding networks in these compounds are analyzed. The IR and Raman spectroscopy data for [Ga(NH3)6]X3·NH3 (X = Br, I) and Ga(NH3)2F3 are provided, and the IR spectrum of Ga(NH3)3F3 is compared with those published for the monoammoniate Ga(NH3)F3 and the diammoniate Ga(NH3)2F3. Finally, the thermal deamination features of [Ga(NH3)6]X3·NH3 (X = Br, I) and Ga(NH3)3F3 are also discussed.
An Approach to Rigid, Optically Active Chelate Ligands with C2 Symmetry: Dialkylhexaphosphapentaprismanes
Authors: Höhn Christine , Keller Irene , Rohwer Lars , Heinemann Frank W. , Zenneck Ulrich
Published: October 2013

Diastereomeric Pd and Pt complexes with a highly rigid chelate cage ligand core have been designed on the basis of alkylated C2‐symmetric tetra‐tert‐butylhexaphosphapentaprismanes R2P6C4tBu4. The ligands are accessible by substitution of the diiodo derivative I2P6C4tBu4 with Grignard and organyllithium reagents. Depending on the optical properties of the organyl group, racemic or diastereomeric dialkylhexaphosphapentaprismanes R2P6C4tBu4 can be treated with suitable PdII or PtII precursor complexes to form neutral square‐planar cis‐[(R2P6C4tBu4)PdCl2] and cis‐[(R2P6C4tBu4)PtCl2] complexes, respectively. Monoalkylation products RIP6C4tBu4 were also observed in the reaction mixtures, but in most cases were inactive as chelate ligands towards PdII and PtII. For R = (S)‐2‐methylbutyl, the diastereomers of the PdCl2 complex were efficiently separated by column chromatography and crystallization to give the two diastereomers in up to >99 % de and they were fully characterized by NMR and CD spectroscopy as well as by X‐ray diffraction analysis. The two diastereomers of cis‐[{(S)‐2‐methylbutyl}2(P6C4tBu4)PdCl2] represent the first example of a pair of isolated optically active, C2‐symmetric, square‐planar PdII complexes with chelate P–C cage ligands. A square‐planar Pd complex with two monoanionic RP6C4tBu4 cage ligands can be obtained from the monoallylation product (allyl)IP6C4tBu4. This reaction failed for the other monoalkylation products RIP6C4tBu4 and PtII.
External factors affecting polymorphic crystallization of lipids
Authors: Sato Kiyotaka , Bayés‐García Laura , Calvet Teresa , Cuevas‐Diarte Miquel Àngel , Ueno Satoru
Published: October 2013

Many physical properties (e.g., hardness, texture, rheology, and spreadability) of lipid‐based products largely depend on the extent of crystallization and transformation of lipids, and their network formation. Therefore, many studies have focused on controlling the crystallization of lipids in order to determine the functionality of lipid crystals. Both internal and external factors greatly affect the processes of lipid crystallization. The most important internal factors are polymorphism, which depends on variation in fatty acid moieties, and the composition or blending of different lipid materials. Important external factors are thermal treatment, additives, application of shear, sonication, and pressure. This paper briefly reviews recent advances in research on these external factors. We discuss the results by considering the relationships between external factors and thermodynamics, as well as kinetic properties of the crystallization and transformation of polymorphic forms of lipid crystals.
Misdescription of edible oils: Flowcharts of analytical choices in a forensic view
Authors: Gallina Toschi Tullia , Bendini Alessandra , Lozano‐Sánchez Jesus , Segura‐Carretero Antonio , Conte Lanfranco
Published: October 2013

The first commercial differentiation of edible oils, from a technological point of view, distinguishes them as non‐refined (e.g., virgin) and refined, due to the higher commercial value of the former. From this basic quality originates one of the most diffused oils' fraud, the misdeclaration of one or all the phases of the refining process (i). However there are many other ways in which an oil can be misdescribed, such as by: (ii) substituting all or a part of it with a similar but cheaper oil and (iii) declaring a false geographical or botanical origin. The present review addresses the problem of authenticity and misdescriptions of the oils (i–iii) through analytical schemes that can be followed and then used in a forensic view, to provide clues or evidence of fraud. It mentions official methods, known and innovative approaches, from chromatographic or derived methods to spectrometric, spectroscopic, DNA‐based, thermogravimetric, and calorimetric procedures for discriminating genuine from defrauded olive and seed oils.

Practical applications: The forensic use of a chemical marker of a fraud, or of an analytical method is questionable if a legal limit or range is not yet defined, or when an official procedure has not been published at least in one State. On the other hand, a validated procedure or evidence can be used for legal purposes when it is possible to demonstrate that the scientific knowledge is more advanced than the existing official methods. In this paper known or promising methods, to discover and prove the most common misdescription of edible oils, which could be useful for a forensic application, are reported and reviewed.