bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A análise ergonômica do trabalho como instrumento para compreensão das exigências mentais e físicas do trabalho: o caso do impressor tipográfico em uma empresa localizada em São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Glina Débora Miriam Raab , Rocha Lys Esther
Published: February 2016

Objetivo: Compreender o trabalho do impressor tipográfico de uma empresa gráfica, suas exigências, cargas e estratégias operatórias. Método: Foi realizada análise ergonômica do trabalho, com observações globais e sistemáticas, entrevistas, registro fotográfico e filmagem. Resultados: Detectou-se a existência de exigência cognitiva pela necessidade de atenção concentrada, vigilância, percepção de detalhes, memória de curto e longo prazo e tomada de decisões, bem como exigência visual. A exigência física decorria de: trabalho em pé, posturas forçadas, deslocamentos, movimentos repetitivos e força exercida. Dentre as estratégias operatórias destaca-se: o arranjo do posto de trabalho; dupla vigilância; consulta a superiores na tomada de decisões; não respeitar a organização do trabalho prescrita. Conclusão: A análise ergonômica do trabalho é um importante instrumento na compreensão do trabalho e prevenção das doenças relacionadas ao trabalho.
SPARC–Dependent Cardiomyopathy in
Drosophila
Authors: Hartley Paul S. , Motamedchaboki Khatereh , Bodmer Rolf , Ocorr Karen
Published: February 2016

Background—

The
Drosophila
heart is an important model for studying the genetics underpinning mammalian cardiac function. The system comprises contractile cardiomyocytes, adjacent to which are pairs of highly endocytic pericardial nephrocytes that modulate cardiac function by uncharacterized mechanisms. Identifying these mechanisms and the molecules involved is important because they may be relevant to human cardiac physiology.

Methods and Results—

This work aimed to identify circulating cardiomodulatory factors of potential relevance to humans using the
Drosophila
nephrocyte–cardiomyocyte system. A Kruppel-like factor 15 (
dKlf15
) loss-of-function strategy was used to ablate nephrocytes and then heart function and the hemolymph proteome were analyzed. Ablation of nephrocytes led to a severe cardiomyopathy characterized by a lengthening of diastolic interval. Rendering adult nephrocytes dysfunctional by disrupting their endocytic function or temporally conditional knockdown of
dKlf15
led to a similar cardiomyopathy. Proteomics revealed that nephrocytes regulate the circulating levels of many secreted proteins, the most notable of which was the evolutionarily conserved matricellular protein Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (SPARC), a protein involved in mammalian cardiac function. Finally, reducing
SPARC
gene dosage ameliorated the cardiomyopathy that developed in the absence of nephrocytes.

Conclusions—

The data implicate SPARC in the noncell autonomous control of cardiac function in
Drosophila
and suggest that modulation of
SPARC
gene expression may ameliorate cardiac dysfunction in humans.
Femoropopliteal Artery Stent Thrombosis
Authors: Banerjee Subhash , Sarode Karan , Mohammad Atif , Gigliotti Osvaldo , Baig Mirza S. , Tsai Shirling , Shammas Nicolas W. , Prasad Anand , Abu-Fadel Mazen , Klein Andrew , Armstrong Ehrin J. , Jeon-Slaughter Haekyung , Brilakis Emmanouil S. , Bhatt Deepak L.
Published: February 2016

Background—

There are limited data on femoropopliteal artery stent thrombosis (ST), which is a serious adverse outcome of peripheral artery interventions.

Methods and Results—

Index procedures resulting in femoropopliteal ST were compared with stent procedures without subsequent ST in the Excellence in Peripheral Artery Disease registry. The study data had a total of 724 cases of stent procedures and 604 unique patients. Femoropopliteal ST occurred in 26 of 604 patients (4.3%) over a median follow-up of 6 months post procedure. ST was more likely to occur in men (96.3% versus 82.2%;
P
=0.026) and to have an initial intervention for chronic total occlusions (88.5% versus 64.0%;
P
=0.01). There was no significant difference in ST between drug-coated and bare-metal stents (4.4% versus 3.4%;
P
=0.55), but the rate of ST was significantly higher with self-expanding covered stent grafts compared with bare-metal stents (10.6% versus 3.4%;
P
=0.02). ST was significantly associated with an increased risk of 12-month major adverse limb events (hazard ratio, 4.99; 95% confidence interval, 2.31–10.77;
P
<0.001) compared with no ST. On multivariate analysis, treatment of chronic total occlusion lesions (odds ratio, 3.46; 95% confidence interval, 0.98–12.20;
P
=0.05) and in-stent restenosis lesions (odds ratio, 5.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.83–15.32;
P
=0.002) were independently associated with an increased risk of ST.

Conclusions—

In a multicenter peripheral interventional registry, femoropopliteal ST occurred in 4.3% of patients who underwent stent procedures, and it was associated with treatment of chronic total occlusions and in-stent restenosis lesions, and had higher 12-month major adverse limb events.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01904851.
Endothelial p110γPI3K Mediates Endothelial Regeneration and Vascular Repair After Inflammatory Vascular Injury
Authors: Huang Xiaojia , Dai Zhiyu , Cai Lei , Sun Kai , Cho Jaehyung , Albertine Kurt H. , Malik Asrar B. , Schraufnagel Dean E. , Zhao You-Yang
Published: February 2016

Background—

The integrity of endothelial monolayer is a
sine qua non
for vascular homeostasis and maintenance of tissue-fluid balance. However, little is known about the signaling pathways regulating regeneration of the endothelial barrier after inflammatory vascular injury.

Methods and Results—

Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we demonstrated that endothelial regeneration selectively requires activation of p110γPI3K signaling, which thereby mediates the expression of the endothelial reparative transcription factor Forkhead box M1 (FoxM1). We observed that FoxM1 induction in the pulmonary vasculature was inhibited in mice treated with a p110γ-selective inhibitor and in
Pik3cg

−/−

mice after lipopolysaccharide challenge.
Pik3cg

−/−

mice exhibited persistent lung inflammation induced by sepsis and sustained increase in vascular permeability. Restoration of expression of either p110γ or FoxM1 in pulmonary endothelial cells of
Pik3cg

−/−

mice restored endothelial regeneration and normalized the defective vascular repair program. We also observed diminished expression of p110γ in pulmonary vascular endothelial cells of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, suggesting that impaired p110γ-FoxM1 vascular repair signaling pathway is a critical factor in persistent leaky lung microvessels and edema formation in the disease.

Conclusions—

We identify p110γ as the critical mediator of endothelial regeneration and vascular repair after sepsis-induced inflammatory injury. Thus, activation of p110γ-FoxM1 endothelial regeneration may represent a novel strategy for the treatment of inflammatory vascular diseases.
Combining Growth Factor and Bone Marrow Cell Therapy Induces Bleeding and Alters Immune Response After Stroke in Mice
Authors: Strecker Jan-Kolja , Olk Joanna , Hoppen Maike , Gess Burkhard , Diederich Kai , Schmidt Antje , Schäbitz Wolf-Rüdiger , Schilling Matthias , Minnerup Jens
Published: February 2016

Background and Purpose—

Bone marrow cell (BMC)–based therapies, either the transplantation of exogenous cells or stimulation of endogenous cells by growth factors like the granulocyte colony–stimulating factor (G-CSF), are considered a promising means of treating stroke. In contrast to large preclinical evidence, however, a recent clinical stroke trial on G-CSF was neutral. We, therefore, aimed to investigate possible synergistic effects of co-administration of G-CSF and BMCs after experimental stroke in mice to enhance the efficacy compared with single treatments.

Methods—

We used an animal model for experimental stroke as paradigm to study possible synergistic effects of co-administration of G-CSF and BMCs on the functional outcome and the pathophysiological mechanism.

Results—

G-CSF treatment alone led to an improved functional outcome, a reduced infarct volume, increased blood vessel stabilization, and decreased overall inflammation. Surprisingly, the combination of G-CSF and BMCs abrogated G-CSFs’ beneficial effects and resulted in increased hemorrhagic infarct transformation, altered blood–brain barrier, excessive astrogliosis, and altered immune cell polarization. These increased rates of infarct bleeding were mainly mediated by elevated matrix metalloproteinase-9–mediated blood–brain barrier breakdown in G-CSF- and BMCs-treated animals combined with an increased number of dilated and thus likely more fragile vessels in the subacute phase after cerebral ischemia.

Conclusions—

Our results provide new insights into both BMC-based therapies and immune cell biology and help to understand potential adverse and unexpected side effects.
Study of the genus Gomphocerippus (Orthoptera, Acridoidea, Acrididae, Gomphocerinae) with a new species from northeast China
Authors: LI JUN-JIAN , REN BING-ZHONG , LI AN
Published: February 2016

A new species Gomphocerippus longipennis Li & Ren sp. nov. of the genus Gomphocerippus Roberts, 1941 is described and illustrated from the most northern region of China. The new species is allied to Gomphocerippus rufus (Linnaeus, 1758), but differs from the latter by length of lateral foveola 3.0 times width, tegmina partially surpassing the apex of hind femur, costal area of tegmina in male 1.5 times of subcostal area in width and media area of tegmina in male 1.2 times cubital area in width. The type specimens are deposited in the Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
Mallacoota misool, a new species of Maeridae from West Papua (Crustacea: Peracarida: Amphipoda)
Authors: HUGHES LAUREN E.
Published: February 2016

The new species Mallacoota misool is described from the West Macleur Gulf, West Papua. Mallacoota misool sp. nov. is exceptionally similar to the geographically close M. chandaniae Lowry & Springthorpe, 2005 known from the Gulf of Carpentaria in northern Australia and also reported from the South China Sea. Both species have a massive gnathopod 2 propodus defined by two large teeth. Mallacoota misool sp. nov. has the palm medial surface without a dense bunch of seta, which is present in M. chandaniae.
CoCoRaHS: The Evolution and Accomplishments of a Volunteer Rain Gauge Network
Authors: Reges Henry W. , Doesken Nolan , Turner Julian , Newman Noah , Bergantino Antony , Schwalbe Zach
Published: February 2016

The Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow Network (CoCoRaHS) is a large and growing community of volunteers measuring and reporting precipitation and is making this information broadly available for the research and operational community. CoCoRaHS has evolved through several phases since its beginnings in 1998, first starting as a flood-motivated local Colorado Front Range project, then through a 5-yr nationwide expansion period (2005–09), followed by five years (2010–14) of internal growth and capacity building.

As of mid-2015, CoCoRaHS volunteers have submitted over 31 million daily precipitation reports and tens of thousands of reports of hail, heavy rain, and snow, representing over 1.5 million volunteer hours. During the past 10 years, there has been wide demand for and use of CoCoRaHS data by professional and scientific users with an interest in its applicability to their different areas of focus. These range from hydrological applications and weather forecasting to agriculture, entomology, remote sensing validation, city snow removal contracting, and recreational activities, just to name a few. The high demand for CoCoRaHS data by many entities is an effective motivator for volunteer observers, who want to be assured that their efforts are needed and appreciated.

Going forward, CoCoRaHS hopes to continue to play a leading role in the evolution and growth of citizen science while contributing to research and operational meteorology and hydrology.
The Effects of Downscaling Method on the Variability of Simulated Watershed Response to Climate Change in Five U.S. Basins
Authors: Nover D. M. , Witt J. W. , Butcher J. B. , Johnson T. E. , Weaver C. P.
Published: February 2016

Simulations of future climate change impacts on water resources are subject to multiple and cascading uncertainties associated with different modeling and methodological choices. A key facet of this uncertainty is the coarse spatial resolution of GCM output compared to the finer-resolution information needed by water managers. To address this issue, it is now common practice to apply spatial downscaling techniques, using either higher-resolution regional climate models or statistical approaches applied to GCM output, to develop finer-resolution information. Downscaling, however, can also introduce its own uncertainties into water resources’ impact assessments. This study uses watershed simulations in five U.S. basins to quantify the sources of variability in streamflow, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment loads associated with the underlying GCM compared to the choice of downscaling method (both statistically and dynamically downscaled GCM output). This study also assesses the specific, incremental effects of downscaling by comparing watershed simulations based on downscaled and nondownscaled GCM model output. Results show that the underlying GCM and the downscaling method each contribute to the variability of simulated watershed responses. The relative contribution of GCM and downscaling method to the variability of simulated responses varies by watershed and season of the year. Results illustrate the potential implications of one key methodological choice in conducting climate change impact assessments for water—the selection of downscaled climate change information.
Polarimetric Radar Characteristics of Melting Hail. Part III: Validation of the Algorithm for Hail Size Discrimination
Authors: Ortega Kiel L. , Krause John M. , Ryzhkov Alexander V.
Published: February 2016

This study is the third part of a paper series investigating the polarimetric radar properties of melting hail and application of those properties for operational polarimetric hail detection and determination of its size. The results of theoretical simulations in Part I were used to develop a hail size discrimination algorithm (HSDA) described in Part II. The HSDA uses radar reflectivity Z, differential reflectivity ZDR, and cross-correlation coefficient ρhv along with melting-level height within a fuzzy-logic scheme to distinguish among three hail size classes: small hail (with diameter D < 2.5 cm), large hail (2.5 < D < 5.0 cm), and giant hail (D > 5.0 cm). The HSDA validation is performed using radar data collected by numerous WSR-88D sites and more than 3000 surface hail reports obtained from the Severe Hazards Analysis and Verification Experiment (SHAVE). The original HSDA version was modified in the process of validation, and the modified algorithm demonstrates probability of detection of 0.594, false-alarm ratio of 0.136, and resulting critical success index (CSI) equal to 0.543. The HSDA outperformed the current operational single-polarization hail detection algorithm, which only provides a single hail size estimate per storm and is characterized by CSI equal to 0.324. It is shown that HSDA is particularly sensitive to the quality of ZDR measurements, which might be affected by possible radar miscalibration and anomalously high differential attenuation.
Optimal Cluster Analysis for Objective Regionalization of Seasonal Precipitation in Regions of High Spatial–Temporal Variability: Application to Western Ethiopia
Authors: Zhang Ying , Moges Semu , Block Paul
Published: February 2016

Defining homogeneous precipitation regions is fundamental for hydrologic applications, yet nontrivial, particularly for regions with highly varied spatial–temporal patterns. Traditional approaches typically include aspects of subjective delineation around sparsely distributed precipitation stations. Here, hierarchical and nonhierarchical (k means) clustering techniques on a gridded dataset for objective and automatic delineation are evaluated. Using a spatial sensitivity analysis test, the k-means clustering method is found to produce much more stable cluster boundaries. To identify a reasonable optimal k, various performance indicators, including the within-cluster sum of square errors (WSS) metric, intra- and intercluster correlations, and postvisualization are evaluated. Two new objective selection metrics (difference in minimum WSS and difference in difference) are developed based on the elbow method and gap statistics, respectively, to determine k within a desired range. Consequently, eight homogenous regions are defined with relatively clear and smooth boundaries, as well as low intercluster correlations and high intracluster correlations. The underlying physical mechanisms for the regionalization outcomes not only help justify the optimal number of clusters selected, but also prove informative in understanding the local- and large-scale climate factors affecting Ethiopian summertime precipitation. A principal component linear regression model to produce cluster-level seasonal forecasts also proves skillful.
Generation of Internal Waves by Eddies Impinging on the Western Boundary of the North Atlantic
Authors: Clément L. , Frajka-Williams E. , Sheen K. L. , Brearley J. A. , Garabato A. C. Naveira
Published: February 2016

Despite the major role played by mesoscale eddies in redistributing the energy of the large-scale circulation, our understanding of their dissipation is still incomplete. This study investigates the generation of internal waves by decaying eddies in the North Atlantic western boundary. The eddy presence and decay are measured from the altimetric surface relative vorticity associated with an array of full-depth current meters extending ~100 km offshore at 26.5°N. In addition, internal waves are analyzed over a topographic rise from 2-yr high-frequency measurements of an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP), which is located 13 km offshore in 600-m deep water. Despite an apparent polarity independence of the eddy decay observed from altimetric data, the flow in the deepest 100 m is enhanced for anticyclones (25.2 cm s−1) compared with cyclones (−4.7 cm s−1). Accordingly, the internal wave field is sensitive to this polarity-dependent deep velocity. This is apparent from the eddy-modulated enhanced dissipation rate, which is obtained from a finescale parameterization and exceeds 10−9 W kg−1 for near-bottom flows greater than 8 cm s−1. The present study underlines the importance of oceanic western boundaries for removing the energy of low-mode westward-propagating eddies to higher-mode internal waves.
Water Surface Height Determination with a GPS Wave Glider: A Demonstration in Loch Ness, Scotland
Authors: Morales Maqueda M. A. , Penna N. T. , Williams S. D. P. , Foden P. R. , Martin I. , Pugh J.
Published: February 2016

A geodetic GPS receiver has been installed on a Wave Glider, an unmanned water surface vehicle. Using kinematic precise point positioning (PPP) GPS, which operates globally without directly requiring reference stations, surface heights are measured with ~0.05-m precision. The GPS Wave Glider was tested in Loch Ness, Scotland, by measuring the gradient of the loch’s surface height. The experiment took place under mild weather, with virtually no wind setup along the loch and a wave field made mostly of ripples and wavelets. Under these conditions, the loch’s surface height gradient should be approximately equal to the geoid slope. The PPP surface height gradient and that of the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 geoid heights do indeed agree on average along the loch (0.03 m km−1). Also detected are 1) ~0.05-m-sized height changes due to daily water pumping for hydroelectricity generation and 2) high-frequency (0.25–0.5 Hz) oscillations caused by surface waves. The PPP heights compare favorably (~0.02-m standard deviation) with relative carrier phase–based GPS processing. This suggests that GPS Wave Gliders have the potential to autonomously determine centimeter-precise water surface heights globally for lake modeling, and also for applications such as ocean modeling and geoid/mean dynamic topography determination, at least for benign surface states such as those encountered during the reported experiment.
An Evaluation of HIRS Near-Surface Air Temperature Product in the Arctic with SHEBA Data
Authors: Peng Ge , Shi Lei , Stegall Steve T. , Matthews Jessica L. , Fairall Christopher W.
Published: February 2016

The accuracy of cloud-screened 2-m air temperatures derived from the intersatellite-calibrated brightness temperatures based on the High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) measurements on board the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite (POES) series is evaluated by comparing HIRS air temperatures to 1-yr quality-controlled measurements collected during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) project (October 1997–September 1998). The mean error between collocated HIRS and SHEBA 2-m air temperature is found to be on the order of 1°C, with a slight sensitivity to spatial and temporal radii for collocation. The HIRS temperatures capture well the temporal variability of SHEBA temperatures, with cross-correlation coefficients higher than 0.93, all significant at the 99.9% confidence level. More than 87% of SHEBA temperature variance can be explained by linear regression of collocated HIRS temperatures. The analysis found a strong dependency of mean temperature errors on cloud conditions observed during SHEBA, indicating that availability of an accurate cloud mask in the region is essential to further improve the quality of HIRS near-surface air temperature products. This evaluation establishes a baseline of accuracy of HIRS temperature retrievals, providing users with information on uncertainty sources and estimates. It is a first step toward development of a new long-term 2-m air temperature product in the Arctic that utilizes intersatellite-calibrated remote sensing data from the HIRS instrument.
Fulfilling Observing System Implementation Requirements with the Global Drifter Array
Authors: Lumpkin Rick , Centurioni Luca , Perez Renellys C.
Published: February 2016

The Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) requirements for in situ surface temperature and velocity measurements call for observations at 5° × 5° resolution. A key component of the GOOS that measures these essential climate variables is the global array of surface drifters. In this study, statistical observing system sampling experiments are performed to evaluate how many drifters are required to achieve the GOOS requirements, both with and without the presence of a completed global tropical moored buoy array at 5°S–5°N. The statistics for these simulations are derived from the evolution of the actual global drifter array. It is concluded that drifters should be deployed within the near-equatorial band even though that band is also in principle covered by the tropical moored array, as the benefits of not doing so are marginal. It is also concluded that an optimal design half-life for the drifters is ~450 days, neglecting external sources of death, such as running aground or being picked up. Finally, it is concluded that comparing the drifter array size to the number of static 5° × 5° open-ocean bins is not an ideal performance indicator for system evaluation; a better performance indicator is the fraction of 5° × 5° open-ocean bins sampled, neglecting bins with high drifter death rates.
Gift giving in mass consumption markets
Authors: Darr Asaf
Published: February 2016

What types of social relationships and expressions of moral economy does gift giving foster in mass consumption markets? Approaching this issue through the literature on gift giving in advanced capitalist contexts and the sociology of markets, this study presents gifting as a micro-foundational element in contemporary markets. Analysis of 50 interviews and documentation of daily sales encounters in a computer chain store in Tel-Aviv, Israel, found that buyers and sellers there exchange three types of gifts (contractual, closing and post-sale gifts) ordered along a continuum according to degree of subordination to the market economy and logic. Empirical investigation of four research propositions derived from the literature reveals that marketplace gifting fosters various types of relationships, both horizontal and vertical. The study suggests that gifting helps constitute ephemeral ties during brief sales encounters through the invocation of archetypical social roles, which encapsulate types of social relationships with others. The discussion highlights the contribution of this study to the sociology of markets and to gift theory and presents questions for future research.
Hysterical inquiry and autoethnography: A Lacanian alternative to institutionalized ethical commandments
Authors: Dickson Andrew , Holland Kate
Published: February 2016

This article questions the ethical commandments issued by research ethics committees, particularly in relation to autoethnography, and points towards an alternative based on an examination and application of the psychoanalytic ethics of hysterical inquiry. The authors demonstrate the ethics of hysterical inquiry in operation in qualitative research via a discussion of an autoethnography by Elizabeth Dauphinee and contrast this with a paper ‘on’ autoethnography by Martin Tolich. They argue that these two very different offerings can be positioned respectively as from Lacan’s hysteric’s discourse and the university’s discourse. Finally the authors conclude that hysterical inquiry with its focus on desire can provide a way forward for radical qualitative research, a way out of the binds of institutionalized ethical commandments that threaten the radical potential of qualitative research.
Human Uniqueness: Standing Alone?
Authors: Davison Andrew
Published: February 2016

Discussion of human uniqueness requires careful attention to what ‘uniqueness’ means. The word is commonly deployed as meaning both distinctiveness and superiority, which implies contrasting relations of continuity and distinction between what is ‘unique’ and what it is contrasted with. Human uniqueness has come into sharp focus in recent years because of discussions of ‘exobiology’: life beyond Earth. Intelligence has frequently been put forward as definitive of human uniqueness, but the ‘convergent evolution’ of intelligence suggests that intelligence would also evolve elsewhere, leaving human beings unique neither as to distinctiveness nor to excellence. However, while evolution might be convergent over basic characteristics such as intelligence, to how the body is structured seems to be more contingent, and we must take the role of the body’s role in thought (‘embodied cognition’) seriously. Basic bodily differences between putative life-forms might, therefore, lead to strong distinctions between the forms that intelligence takes. Human beings might not be ‘unique as superior’, but they would be unique as distinct, bodily speaking, and that distinction might be strongly determinative of the way in which intelligence is worked out.
When saying sorry may not help: Transgressor power moderates the effect of an apology on forgiveness in the workplace
Authors: Zheng Xue , van Dijke Marius , Leunissen Joost M , Giurge Laura M , De Cremer David
Published: February 2016

An apology, as an expression of remorse, can be an effective response from a transgressor to obtain forgiveness from a victim. Yet, to be effective, the victim should not construe the transgressor’s actions in a cynical way. Because low-power people tend to interpret the actions of high-power people in a cynical way, we argue that an apology (versus no apology) from high-power transgressors should be relatively ineffective in increasing forgiveness from low-power victims. We find support for this moderated mediation model in a critical incidents study (Study 1), a forced recall study (Study 2) among employees from various organizations and a controlled laboratory experiment among business students (Study 3).

These studies reveal the limited value of expressions of remorse by high-power people in promoting forgiveness.
Metaphors, organizations and water: Generating new images for environmental sustainability
Authors: Jermier John M , Forbes Linda C
Published: February 2016

Research across the social sciences and related fields has made it clear that metaphors underwrite both scientific and everyday thinking. Gareth Morgan’s work in this area, most vividly developed in his classic book Images of Organization, illustrates how metaphors underwrite thinking about organizations and the important role they can play in generating new thinking. In this study, we use and extend Morgan’s (2006) thesis of ‘organizations as instruments of domination’ (IoD) to reflect on critical issues in organizational studies related to water and the broader natural environment. We find extending the IoD image to be helpful: (i) in deriving and elaborating a metaphor that reflects a risky trend (‘organizations as water exploiters’); and (ii) in generating and developing a new metaphor that is explicitly normative and nature-centered (‘organizations as water keepers’). The water keeper image brings needed attention to water problems and invites further research on activist organizations (businesses and others) seeking to change thinking and practice related to environmental sustainability. We illustrate the water keeper metaphor (and the significant move away from the paradigmatic assumptions of hard anthropocentrism) with examples from environmental champion Patagonia, Inc. We then take up Morgan’s challenge to move beyond the IoD metaphor to envision non-dominating forms of organization. We revisit classic nature-inclusive metaphors and the under-explored paradigm of ecocentrism to evoke and reflect on broader notions of agency, interdependence, connectedness and social relations in transformed organizations.
Narratives of Childhood Adversity and Adolescent Misconduct as Precursors to Violent Extremism
Authors: Simi Pete , Sporer Karyn , Bubolz Bryan F.
Published: February 2016

Objective:

We examined how nonideological factors such as childhood risk factors and adolescent conduct problems precede participation in violent extremism (VE).

Methods:

We conducted in-depth life-history interviews with former members of violent White supremacist groups ( N = 44) to examine their childhood and adolescent experiences, and how they explain the factors that led to the onset of VE.

Results:

Based on self-reports, we found substantial presence of childhood risk factors and adolescent conduct problems as precursors to participation in violent extremist groups.

Conclusions:

Our findings suggest that pathways to VE are more complex than previously identified in the literature and that violent extremists are a heterogeneous population of offenders whose life histories resemble members of conventional street gangs and generic criminal offenders. We conclude our article with implications related to criminological theory, directions for future research, and limitations.
Testing Times: The Place of the Citizenship Test in the UK Immigration Regime and New Citizens’ Responses to it
Authors: Byrne Bridget
Published: February 2016

Citizenship tests are designed to ensure that new citizens have the knowledge required for successful ‘integration’. This article explores what those who have taken the test thought about its content. It argues that new citizens had high levels of awareness of debates about immigration and anti-immigration sentiment. Considering new citizens’ views of the test, the article shows how many of them are aware of the role of the test in reassuring existing citizens of their fitness to be citizens. However, some new citizens contest this positioning in ‘acts of citizenship’ where they assert claims to citizenship which are not necessarily those constructed by the state and implied in the tests. The article will argue that the tests and the nature of the knowledge required to pass them serve to retain new citizens in a position of less-than-equal citizenship which is at risk of being discursively (if less often legally) revoked.
The Psychology of Black Males Attending Urban Private Colleges and Universities
Authors: Marks Bryant T. , Smith Chauncey , Madison Jordan , Junior Cary
Published: February 2016

The purpose of this study is to describe the psychology of Black males attending private, not-for-profit, colleges and universities in urban areas. Surveys were administered over three semesters to 886 Black male college students attending 28 national colleges/universities in various urban settings across the United States. The psychological domains examined in this study included academic and racial attitudes, expressive behaviors, mental and physical health, values/priorities, rap music listening habits, leadership, masculinity, and spirituality. Overall, the results reveal that Black males in these settings are mentally healthy, possess predominantly positive attitudes, and tend to engage in constructive and/or productive behaviors.
Racial Microaggressions in the Workplace
Authors: DeCuir-Gunby Jessica T. , Gunby Norris W.
Published: February 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of racial microaggressions, racial/ethnic identity, and coping, as they relate to job satisfaction. We found that the experiencing of racial microaggressions negatively affects job satisfaction and that educators in higher education contexts often engage in detachment coping. Job satisfaction was also affected by marital status and gender. This study is important because it helps to better understand how African American educators cope with the experiencing of racial microaggressions and how this affects their experiences in and perceptions of the workplace.
Housing the knowledge economy in China: An examination of housing provision in support of science parks
Authors: Miao Julie Tian
Published: February 2016

Little attention is paid in the extant academic literature to the question of housing knowledge workers despite the potential mismatches between housing supply and demand. This paper provides an initial examination of housing the knowledge economy in China, focusing on three science parks (SPs): Zhongguancun (Z-Park, Beijing), Zhangjiang (Z-SHIP, Shanghai) and Optics Valley of China (OVC, Wuhan). It discusses to what extent, and how these three SPs have factored in the housing dimension in connection with the knowledge economy, paying particular attention to housing affordability, location (inside the SPs or outside in the wider city-region) and the mode of provision (market or state). Insights were drawn from documentary analysis and in-depth interviews in the three chosen case studies. Initial evaluation of policies geared towards housing supply in China suggests that the housing question needs to come to the fore in discussions of structural transformation towards the knowledge economy.
Mists of the Riachuelo
Authors: Merlinsky María Gabriela
Published: February 2016

The long-standing lack of river basin management policies in Buenos Aires has impacted the development of strategies for facing climate change. This is a highly complex matter in a metropolis that has developed in a context of significant social and environmental inequality. An environmental justice perspective on the institutional changes in the wake of the Supreme Court’s rulings in favor of citizens invoking the constitutional right to a healthy environment in the Matanza-Riachuelo Basin illustrates the challenges of environmental management in greater Buenos Aires and the obstacles and opportunities in the development of climate change adaptation policies in the medium term.

El déficit histórico en materia de políticas de gestión hídrica en Buenos Aires ha condicionado las estrategias de adaptación al cambio climático. Se trata de un asunto de alta complejidad en una metrópolis que se ha desarrollado en presencia de fuertes desigualdades sociales y ambientales. Un enfoque de justicia ambiental centrado en los cambios institucionales a partir de la intervención de la Corte Suprema de Justicia en favor de ciudadanos exigiendo su derecho constitucional a la recuperación ambiental de la cuenca Matanza-Riachuelo identifica los desafíos que enfrenta la gestión ambiental metropolitana y las oportunidades y barreras en materia de políticas de adaptación al cambio climático en el mediano plazo.
The Hospital City in an Ethnic Enclave
Authors: McKee Guian A.
Published: February 2016

Many leading hospitals and medical centers in the United States are located in large urban centers. This has meant that the post–World War II growth of the U.S. health care sector has been deeply intertwined with wider changes in the political economy of American cities. Through an examination of Boston’s Tufts-New England Medical Center (T-NEMC) and the surrounding Chinatown neighborhood, this article explores the implications of this relationship by assessing the spatial, economic, and community consequences of the growth of a major urban academic medical center. It treats the history of health care and health care policy as a key part of urban history, using the T-NEMC case to tell a larger story about the role of local and federal policy in transforming urban health care institutions.. T-NEMC deployed federal urban renewal and hospital construction programs to finance an ambitious expansion program designed to allow it to compete with Boston’s many prestigious medical centers. T-NEMC faced determined opposition from Chinatown residents who forged political alliances that helped them gain concessions from the medical center, including housing, schools, and health care and community centers—even as their neighborhood was transformed. Ultimately, T-NEMC’s larger strategy proved problematic. It took on excessive debt during the period of its expansion and then, in the 1990s, failed to form critical network alliances with other hospitals. The story of health care redevelopment in Boston thus proves to be deeply enmeshed in the changing political economy—and politics—of health care in the United States.
Control strategy of four-wheel independent drive electric vehicle based on vehicle velocity estimation and switchover
Authors: Xin Xiaoshuai , Zhang Wenjian , Shen Chao , Zheng Hong
Published: February 2016

The four-wheel independent drive electric vehicle (4WID EV) has some advantages, such as independent control of torque, easy measurement of torque, and multiple drive modes, the most significant of which are four-wheel drive and two-wheel drive modes. However, there is a problem with the switched drive mode, which would have an adverse effect on the precision of vehicle velocity estimation, the vehicle stability and comfort. In order to solve the problem, a control strategy with a switched drive mode is proposed. The control strategy is based on two vehicle velocity estimation algorithms. Between the two vehicle velocity estimation algorithms, the vehicle velocity estimation algorithm based on an unscented Kalman filter is designed in a four-wheel drive mode condition, whereas the vehicle velocity estimation algorithm based on the wheel rotational speed is designed in a two-wheel drive mode condition. Switchover of the two vehicle velocity estimation algorithms would cause a vehicle velocity saltus step, which has an adverse effect on vehicle control, so a vehicle velocity smoothing algorithm is proposed. Simulation results show that the control strategy not only reaches a high vehicle velocity control accuracy, it also improves the vehicle stability as well as the comfort. Furthermore, the results show that the proposed strategy can achieve stabilization with disturbance.
Trajectory tracking control of electric sail with input uncertainty and saturation constraint
Authors: Wang Yu , Bian Bingxiu
Published: February 2016

The electric sail (ES) is a novel propellantless propulsion concept, which extracts the solar wind momentum by repelling the positively charged ions. Due to the difficulty of attitude adjustment by the large flexible structure and the uncertainty of ion density, velocity and electron temperature by solar wind, there exist thrust input uncertainty and saturation with time-varying bounds for ES. The trajectory tracking problem for ES in three-dimensional (3-D) space is studied, and the composite sliding mode control scheme with corresponding guidance strategy is proposed for the single-input–multiple-output (SIMO) non-linear system. The hierarchical sliding surfaces are constructed with an auxiliary design system to analyse the effect of input saturation constraints and decouple the SIMO non-linear system to reduce the control complexity. Also, the disturbance estimation based on a super-twisting algorithm is employed to decrease the switch chattering and improve the system robustness. It is proved that all the sliding mode surfaces are asymptotically stable, and all the signals of the closed-loop system are bounded with input saturation constraints. Furthermore, all the signals are converging to zero and the closed-loop system is asymptotically stable without saturation. Finally, the simulation demonstrates the proposed composite sliding mode control is fit for ES 3-D trajectory tracking.
Application of variational mode decomposition energy distribution to bearing fault diagnosis in a wind turbine
Authors: An Xueli , Tang Yongjun
Published: February 2016

For the unsteady characteristics of a fault vibration signal of a wind turbine’s rolling bearing, a bearing fault diagnosis method based on variational mode decomposition of the energy distribution is proposed. Firstly, variational mode decomposition is used to decompose the original vibration signal into a finite number of stationary components. Then, some components which comprise the major fault information are selected for further analysis. When a rolling bearing fault occurs, the energy in different frequency bands of the vibration acceleration signals will change. Energy characteristic parameters can then be extracted from each component as the input parameters of the classifier, based on the K nearest neighbour algorithm. This can identify the type of fault in the rolling bearing. The vibration signals from a spherical roller bearing in its normal state, with an outer race fault, with an inner race fault and with a roller fault were analyzed. The results showed that the proposed method (variational mode decomposition is used as a pre-processor to extract the energy of each frequency band as the characteristic parameter) can identify the working state and fault type of rolling bearings in a wind turbine.
Constrained predictive control of a SISO nonlinear system based on third-order S-PARAFAC Volterra models
Authors: Khouaja Anis , Garna Tarek , Ragot José , Messaoud Hassani
Published: February 2016

This paper is concerned with the identification and nonlinear predictive control approach for a nonlinear process based on a third-order reduced complexity, discrete-time Volterra model called the third-order S-PARAFAC Volterra model. The proposed model is given using the PARAFAC tensor decomposition that provides a parametric reduction compared with the conventional Volterra model. In addition, the symmetry property of the Volterra kernels allows us to further reduce the complexity of the model. These properties allow synthesizing a nonlinear model-based predictive control (NMBPC). Then we construct the general form of a new predictor and we propose an optimization algorithm formulated as a quadratic programming (QP) algorithm under linear and nonlinear constraints. The performance of the proposed third-order S-PARAFAC Volterra model and the developed NMBPC algorithm are illustrated on a numerical simulation and validated on a benchmark such as a continuous stirred-tank reactor system.
Design, dynamic modelling and control of a bio-inspired helical swimming microrobot with three-dimensional manoeuvring
Authors: Nourmohammadi Hossein , Keighobadi Jafar , Bahrami Mohsen
Published: February 2016

Biomedical applications of swimming microrobots comprising of drug delivery, microsurgery and disease monitoring make the research more interesting in MEMS technology. In this paper, inspired by the flagellar motion of microorganisms like bacteria and also considering the recent attempts in one/two-dimensional modelling of swimming microrobots, a three degrees-of-freedom swimming microrobot is developed. In the proposed design, the body of the swimming microrobot is driven by multiple prokaryotic flagella which produce a propulsion force through rotating in the fluid media. The presented swimming microrobot has the capability of doing three-dimensional manoeuvres and moving along three-dimensional reference paths. In this paper, following dynamical modelling of the microrobot motion, a suitable controller is designed for path tracking purposes. Based on the resistive-force theory, the generated propulsion force by the flagella is modelled. The feedback linearization method is applied for perfect tracking control of the swimming microrobot on the desired motion trajectories. It is seen that, by the use of three flagella, the microrobot is able to perform three-dimensional manoeuvres. From the simulation results, the tracking performance of the designed control system is perfectly guaranteed which enables the microrobot to perform the desired three-dimensional manoeuvres and follow the desired trajectory.
Long‐Term Body Composition Changes in Women Following Roux‐en‐Y Gastric Bypass Surgery
Authors: Cole Abigail J. , Kuchnia Adam J. , Beckman Lauren M. , Jahansouz Cyrus , Mager Jennifer R. , Sibley Shalamar D. , Earthman Carrie P.
Published: February 2016

Background: Although most individuals experience successful weight loss following Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB), weight regain is a concern, the composition of which is not well documented. Our aim was to evaluate changes in body composition and handgrip strength as a measure of functional status in participants from a previous 1‐year post‐RYGB longitudinal study who had undergone RYGB approximately 9 years prior. Methods: Five women from an original larger cohort were monitored pre‐RYGB and 1.5 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 9 years post‐RYGB. Body composition was assessed at all time points using dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry and multiple dilution. Handgrip strength was measured using a digital isokinetic hand dynamometer (Takei Scientific Instruments, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan). Results: Mean time to final follow‐up was 8.7 years. Lean soft tissue (LST) loss over the ~9‐year period was on average 11.9 ± 5.6 kg. Compared with 1‐year post‐RYGB, 9‐year LST was 4.4 ± 3.0 kg lower (P = .03). Fat‐free mass decreased over the 9‐year period by 12.6 ± 5.8 kg. Mean fat mass (FM) decreased from 75.4 ± 22.6 kg pre‐RYGB to 35.5 ± 21.5 kg 1 year post‐RYGB but then trended toward an increase of 8.6 ± 7.0 kg between 1 year and 9 years post‐RYGB (P = .053). Loss of LST was correlated with loss of handgrip strength (r = 0.64, P = .0005). Conclusion: The continued loss of lean mass associated with decreased handgrip strength occurring with long‐term trend toward FM regain post‐RYGB is concerning. The loss of LST and functional strength carries particular implications for the aging bariatric population and should be investigated further.