bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Born Global in Singapore
Authors: Ibata-Arens Kathryn C.
Published: September 2019

Singapore’s developmental model had to be based within its multiethnic Chinese, Indian, and Malay population and from its very inception was global in outlook. Its meritocratic Economic Development Board (EDB) and Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) tied inward FDI to domestic human-capital development and redistribution of internationally derived wealth to its domestic population. Its “guppies to whales” human-capital development programs contributed to productivity gains through attracting the region’s best and brightest STEM youth and offering them citizenship. While the Singaporean city-state’s small population has proven an impediment to establishing a critical mass of new technology entrepreneurs, open immigration policies have the potential to fast-track future developments. However, indigenous Singaporeans have been displaced in this process.
Introduction
Authors: Groh Tyrone L.
Published: September 2019

This chapter introduces the book and focuses on the need for a pragmatic yet rigorous study on proxy war. The chapter explains how the term proxy war carries a lot of baggage and how its usefulness has been overblown, largely due to Cold War influences that continue to dominate the contemporary view of indirect interventions involving a third party to influence civil affairs abroad. This view is antiquated and dangerous. Using proxy war as a means of indirect intervention requires considering both the policy’s utility—a short-term view that determines if a proxy can provide the ability to intervene—and the efficacy—a long-term view that evaluates the likelihood that supporting the chosen proxy can produce a desirable outcome. Proxy war offers an opportunity to help manage some of the uncertainty associated with indirect intervention, but is rarely a low-cost policy and it is never risk free.
Conclusion
Authors: Yeo Andrew
Published: September 2019

Chapter 7 recaps the book’s finding that processes of continuity and change have occurred simultaneously, transforming an under-institutionalized region into a complex patchwork of overlapping institutions. The chapter then draws lessons from historical institutionalism for international relations theory and its significance for Asia policy and strategy. The book concludes with recommendations for US policy makers given rising tensions in US-Sino relations and potential institutional competition between Beijing and Washington. In particular, it advocates policy makers to adopt a zero-sum framework and continue building and supporting the regional architecture in ways which reinforce, but also look beyond its bilateral alliances.
A Modified Parallel Plate Flow Chamber to Study Local Endothelial Response to Recirculating Disturbed Flow
Authors: Sedlak Jason Matthew , Clyne Alisa Morss
Published: September 2019

Atherosclerosis develops at arterial sites where endothelial cells (ECs) are exposed to low time-averaged shear stress, in particular in regions of recirculating disturbed flow. To understand how hemodynamics contributes to EC dysfunction in atheroma development, an in vitro parallel plate flow chamber gasket was modified with protruding baffles to produce large recirculating flow regions. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) predicted that more than 60% of the flow surface area was below the 12 dynes/cm2 atheroprotective threshold. Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) were then seeded in the parallel plate flow chamber with either the standard laminar or the new disturbed flow gasket (DFG) and exposed to flow for 36 h. Cell morphology, nitric oxide (NO), proliferation, permeability, and monocyte adhesion were assessed by phase contrast and confocal microscopy. BAEC exposed to 20 dynes/cm2 shear stress in the laminar flow device aligned and elongated in the flow direction while increasing nitric oxide, decreasing permeability, and maintaining low proliferation and monocyte adhesion. BAEC in the recirculating flow and low shear stress disturbed flow device regions did not elongate or align, produced less nitric oxide, and showed higher proliferation, permeability, and monocyte adhesion than cells in the laminar flow device. However, cells in disturbed flow device regions exposed to atheroprotective shear stress did not consistently align or decrease permeability, and these cells demonstrated low nitric oxide levels. The new parallel plate DFG provides a means to study recirculating flow, highlighting the complex relationship between hemodynamics and endothelial function.
Heat Transfer Characteristics of Aviation Kerosene Flowing in Enhanced Tubes at Supercritical Pressure
Authors: Huang Dan , Li Wei , Chen Jingxiang , Zhang Zhixiao , Sherif S. A.
Published: September 2019

Results of an experimental investigation on heat transfer characteristics of kerosene flowing in vertical upward high-flux tubes at supercritical pressures are presented. Three metal powder-coated tubes (high-flux tubes) and one smooth tube have been tested and compared. The three high-flux tubes all perform much better than the smooth tube at the same parameters of the tube and same working conditions. The observed enhancement in heat transfer is mainly due to the disturbance introduced in the low field by the metal powder coatings and the differences in the thermophysical properties. The heat transfer coefficient in the metal-coated tube (200 mesh) has been found to be 2.5 times that in the smooth tube. Yet, it has been found that both too large and too small of a particle diameter of the metal powder coating on the tube surface could cause the heat transfer to deteriorate. The high-flux tube with a particle diameter of 200 mesh was found to exhibit the best cooling performance. The pressure drop was observed to increase with the increase of the particle diameter. However, the pressure drop was found to be three orders of magnitude smaller than the working pressure in the test section, thus the pressure drop for all practical purposes may be neglected. The density, viscosity, and thermal conductivity of kerosene at different temperatures and supercritical pressures were evaluated using the extended corresponding state principle, which has been proven to show good consistency with the experimental results.
Evidence-Based Structural Uncertainty Quantification by Dimension Reduction Decomposition and Marginal Interval Analysis
Authors: Cao Lixiong , Liu Jie , Jiang Chao , Wu Zhantao , Zhang Zheng
Published: September 2019

Evidence theory has the powerful feature to quantify epistemic uncertainty. However, the huge computational cost has become the main obstacle of evidence theory on engineering applications. In this paper, an efficient uncertainty quantification (UQ) method based on dimension reduction decomposition is proposed to improve the applicability of evidence theory. In evidence-based UQ, the extremum analysis is required for each joint focal element, which generally can be achieved by collocating a large number of nodes. Through dimension reduction decomposition, the response of any point can be predicted by the responses of corresponding marginal collocation nodes. Thus, a marginal collocation node method is proposed to avoid the call of original performance function at all joint collocation nodes in extremum analysis. Based on this, a marginal interval analysis method is further developed to decompose the multidimensional extremum searches for all joint focal elements into the combination of a few one-dimensional extremum searches. Because it overcomes the combinatorial explosion of computation caused by dimension, this proposed method can significantly improve the computational efficiency for evidence-based UQ, especially for the high-dimensional uncertainty problems. In each one-dimensional extremum search, as the response at each marginal collocation node is actually calculated by using the original performance function, the proposed method can provide a relatively precise result by collocating marginal nodes even for some nonlinear functions. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method are demonstrated by three numerical examples and two engineering applications.
Non-Convex Feasibility Robust Optimization Via Scenario Generation and Local Refinement
Authors: Rudnick-Cohen Eliot , Herrmann Jeffrey W. , Azarm Shapour
Published: September 2019

Feasibility robust optimization techniques solve optimization problems with uncertain parameters that appear only in their constraint functions. Solving such problems requires finding an optimal solution that is feasible for all realizations of the uncertain parameters. This paper presents a new feasibility robust optimization approach involving uncertain parameters defined on continuous domains. The proposed approach is based on an integration of two techniques: (i) a sampling-based scenario generation scheme and (ii) a local robust optimization approach. An analysis of the computational cost of this integrated approach is performed to provide worst-case bounds on its computational cost. The proposed approach is applied to several non-convex engineering test problems and compared against two existing robust optimization approaches. The results show that the proposed approach can efficiently find a robust optimal solution across the test problems, even when existing methods for non-convex robust optimization are unable to find a robust optimal solution. A scalable test problem is solved by the approach, demonstrating that its computational cost scales with problem size as predicted by an analysis of the worst-case computational cost bounds.
Robert A. Millikan and the Oil Drop Experiment
Authors: Bishop Isabel , Xian Siyu , Feller Steve
Published: September 2019

In 2018, we celebrated the sesquicentennial birthday of Robert A. Millikan, a Nobel laureate in physics who worked among the greats such as Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein. His name, however, is perhaps not as widely known. He was born in 1868 in Morrison, IL, and moved with his family to the small town of Maquoketa, IA, at age nine. It was in this tiny Iowan town that Millikan spent his foundational years. He passed the time playing baseball and cooling off in the Maquoketa River. Millikan’s interest in experimentation showed early on. Local changes to the rules of baseball sparked controversy over a new type of pitch: the curve ball. Silas Millikan, Robert’s father, was a college-educated man and staunchly maintained that the curve ball was simply an optical illusion, but young Millikan knew better. With the help of brothers and cousins, Millikan set up a simple experiment to prove the point. Millikan and his family set up three poles in a line out in the yard and repeatedly pitched curveballs at one another. With careful observation, Silas could see the ball travel straight along the first two poles, then visibly curve and land on the opposite side of the third. This experiment was a small victory for Millikan, and only foreshadowed his later investment in scientific study.
Entropy as Disorder: History of a Misconception
Authors: Styer Dan
Published: September 2019

Before reading this essay, go to your kitchen and find a bottle of Italian salad dressing. Get one that’s been sitting still for a while at a fixed temperature—that is, one in thermal equilibrium. You’ll find an oil-rich layer at the top of the bottle and a vinegar-rich layer at the bottom (see Fig. 1). But think for a moment before spreading it over a delicious salad and eating up. That bottle’s in thermal equilibrium, so it’s in a state of maximum entropy. Doesn’t entropy mean “disorder”? No one would call a stack of 50 pennies and 50 dimes disordered if all the dimes were on the top and all the pennies at the bottom. So why is this salad dressing at thermal equilibrium segregated like an ordered stack of coins?
Stick With It! Helping Students Understand Free-Body Diagrams – A Magnet Activity as a Tool for Understanding
Authors: Lo William , Beichner Robert J.
Published: September 2019

For many students, introductory physics is an enormous hurdle to cross in their educational careers. Studies show that many students struggle with basic vector concepts and hold misconceptions of fundamental principles like Newton’s laws, ideas essential to the understanding of higher-order physics concepts and for achieving success in engineering and the other sciences. As it currently stands, common introductory textbooks provide insufficient guidance for students to learn the nuances of creating free-body diagrams. Such textbooks merely give a trivial example of a single object in equilibrium with only two forces on it when introducing the topic, and when giving more difficult examples, especially for multi-object systems, they fail to provide sufficient guidance on specific steps to create the free-body diagrams for each part of the system. Perhaps an even greater failing of these textbooks is the complete lack of emphasis on vector magnitudes, which can lead to unrealistic free-body diagrams that are unhelpful and can even be detrimental to student understanding. When drawn properly, free-body diagrams can be used as a quick reality check at the end of a problem.
The Coming Revolution in Physics Education
Authors: Flannery William
Published: September 2019

This paper describes a high school or introductory university course in scientific programming that introduces the computer revolution into the physics curriculum at the beginning. In the first one-hour lecture, Euler’s method is presented and used to compute a solution to the analytically unsolvable two-body problem. In the remainder of the course a variety of physical systems are modeled and analyzed to demonstrate the remarkable power and wide range of applicability of the method.
Energetics of Walking With a Robotic Knee Exoskeleton
Authors: MacLean Mhairi K. , Ferris Daniel P.
Published: September 2019

The authors tested 4 young healthy subjects walking with a powered knee exoskeleton to determine if it could reduce the metabolic cost of locomotion. Subjects walked with a backpack loaded and unloaded, on a treadmill with inclinations of 0° and 15°, and outdoors with varied natural terrain. Participants walked at a self-selected speed (average 1.0 m/s) for all conditions, except incline treadmill walking (average 0.5 m/s). The authors hypothesized that the knee exoskeleton would reduce the metabolic cost of walking uphill and with a load compared with walking without the exoskeleton. The knee exoskeleton reduced metabolic cost by 4.2% in the 15° incline with the backpack load. All other conditions had an increase in metabolic cost when using the knee exoskeleton compared with not using the exoskeleton. There was more variation in metabolic cost over the outdoor walking course with the knee exoskeleton than without it. Our findings indicate that powered assistance at the knee is more likely to decrease the metabolic cost of walking in uphill conditions and during loaded walking rather than in level conditions without a backpack load. Differences in positive mechanical work demand at the knee for varying conditions may explain the differences in metabolic benefit from the exoskeleton.
Discovery of topological Weyl fermion lines and drumhead surface states in a room temperature magnet
Authors: Belopolski Ilya , Manna Kaustuv , Sanchez Daniel S. , Chang Guoqing , Ernst Benedikt , Yin Jiaxin , Zhang Songtian S. , Cochran Tyler , Shumiya Nana , Zheng Hao , Singh Bahadur , Bian Guang , Multer Daniel , Litskevich Maksim , Zhou Xiaoting , Huang Shin-Ming , Wang Baokai , Chang Tay-Rong , Xu Su-Yang , Bansil Arun , Felser Claudia , Lin Hsin , Hasan M. Zahid
Published: September 2019

Magnetic Weyl semimetals

Weyl semimetals (WSMs)—materials that host exotic quasiparticles called Weyl fermions—must break either spatial inversion or time-reversal symmetry. A number of WSMs that break inversion symmetry have been identified, but showing unambiguously that a material is a time-reversal-breaking WSM is tricky. Three groups now provide spectroscopic evidence for this latter state in magnetic materials (see the Perspective by da Silva Neto). Belopolski
et al.
probed the material Co
2
MnGa using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, revealing exotic drumhead surface states. Using the same technique, Liu
et al.
studied the material Co
3
Sn
2
S
2
, which was complemented by the scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurements of Morali
et al.
These magnetic WSM states provide an ideal setting for exotic transport effects.

Science
, this issue p.
1278
, p.
1282
, p.
1286
; see also p.
1248
Magnetic Weyl semimetal phase in a Kagomé crystal
Authors: Liu D. F. , Liang A. J. , Liu E. K. , Xu Q. N. , Li Y. W. , Chen C. , Pei D. , Shi W. J. , Mo S. K. , Dudin P. , Kim T. , Cacho C. , Li G. , Sun Y. , Yang L. X. , Liu Z. K. , Parkin S. S. P. , Felser C. , Chen Y. L.
Published: September 2019

Magnetic Weyl semimetals

Weyl semimetals (WSMs)—materials that host exotic quasiparticles called Weyl fermions—must break either spatial inversion or time-reversal symmetry. A number of WSMs that break inversion symmetry have been identified, but showing unambiguously that a material is a time-reversal-breaking WSM is tricky. Three groups now provide spectroscopic evidence for this latter state in magnetic materials (see the Perspective by da Silva Neto). Belopolski
et al.
probed the material Co
2
MnGa using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, revealing exotic drumhead surface states. Using the same technique, Liu
et al.
studied the material Co
3
Sn
2
S
2
, which was complemented by the scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurements of Morali
et al.
These magnetic WSM states provide an ideal setting for exotic transport effects.

Science
, this issue p.
1278
, p.
1282
, p.
1286
; see also p.
1248
“Weyl”ing away time-reversal symmetry
Authors: da Silva Neto Eduardo H.
Published: September 2019

Precise band-structure measurements identify two ferromagnetic Weyl semimetals
Cryo-EM structure of a dimeric B-Raf:14-3-3 complex reveals asymmetry in the active sites of B-Raf kinases
Authors: Kondo Yasushi , Ognjenović Jana , Banerjee Saikat , Karandur Deepti , Merk Alan , Kulhanek Kayla , Wong Kathryn , Roose Jeroen P. , Subramaniam Sriram , Kuriyan John
Published: September 2019

The yin and yang of Raf inhibition

Many human melanomas contain an overactive form of Raf kinase (B-Raf). Inhibitors are effective against the mutant B-Raf, but, paradoxically, they activate wild-type B-Raf, limiting their therapeutic potential. Kondo
et al.
determined the structure of a phosphorylated B-Raf dimer in complex with the scaffold protein 14-3-3 by cryo–electron microscopy. Although both kinases are in the active conformation, one is blocked by the C-terminal tail of the other. This configuration inhibits one active site but also stabilizes the dimer in the active conformation. Understanding this mechanism provides a framework for development of inhibitors that do not activate wild-type Raf.

Science
, this issue p.
109
Preparing for the unthinkable
End Times: A Brief Guide to the End of the World
Bryan Walsh
Hachette Books, 2019. 414 pp.
Authors: Baum Seth D.
Published: September 2019

An urgent tour of catastrophic risks calls for action
Satellite testing of a gravitationally induced quantum decoherence model
Authors: Xu Ping , Ma Yiqiu , Ren Ji-Gang , Yong Hai-Lin , Ralph Timothy C. , Liao Sheng-Kai , Yin Juan , Liu Wei-Yue , Cai Wen-Qi , Han Xuan , Wu Hui-Nan , Wang Wei-Yang , Li Feng-Zhi , Yang Meng , Lin Feng-Li , Li Li , Liu Nai-Le , Chen Yu-Ao , Lu Chao-Yang , Chen Yanbei , Fan Jingyun , Peng Cheng-Zhi , Pan Jian-Wei
Published: September 2019

A test of quantum gravity

Quantum mechanics and the general theory of relativity represent two pillars of modern physics, but unification of the two theories remains an open problem. Theories of quantum gravity abound, but they tend to lack an experimental foundation. One such proposed theory, event formalism, predicts that a pair of entangled particles decorrelate as they pass through different regions of the gravitational well of a planetary object. Xu
et al.
present results of a quantum optical test of this proposal using the quantum satellite Micius. Using entangled photon pairs, one sent to the satellite and the other retained on Earth, they find no evidence for the predicted decorrelation effects. The results may help shed light on the interplay between quantum theory and gravity.

Science
, this issue p.
132
An aging phenotype in the wild
Authors: Gaillard Jean-Michel , Lemaître Jean-François
Published: September 2019

Deterioration of the immune system with age increases winter mortality in Soay sheep
Only the strongest hive will survive
Bee Lives: We Will Only Know Summer
Matthew Shoemaker
Hit 'Em With a Shoe, 2019.
Authors: Chuang Angela
Published: September 2019

A charming new game educates as players compete to stave off honey bee colony collapse
Cellular Immune Response against Nontypeable
Haemophilus influenzae
Infecting the Preinflamed Middle Ear of the
Junbo
Mouse
Authors: Vikhe Pratik P. , Purnell Tom , Brown Steve D. M. , Hood Derek W.
Published: September 2019

Nontypeable
Haemophilus influenzae
(NTHi) is a major pathogen causing acute otitis media (AOM). The pathology of AOM increases during long-term infection in the middle ear (ME), but the host cellular immune response to bacterial infection in this inflamed environment is poorly understood. Using the
Junbo
mouse, a characterized NTHi infection model, we analyzed the cellular response to NTHi infection in the
Junbo
mouse middle ear fluid (MEF).
Methamphetamine (N-methylamphetamine)-induced renal disease: underevaluated cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
Authors: Baradhi Krishna M , Pathireddy Samata , Bose Subhasish , Aeddula Narothama Reddy
Published: September 2019

A 26-year-old Caucasian man with no medical history, except years of oral and intravenous drug abuse, presented with fatigue, shortness of breath, epistaxis and uncontrolled hypertension. He was pale with skin ecchymosis over his thighs and was anaemic, with severe renal failure and metabolic acidosis. Following initial clinical stabilisation of the patient, a renal biopsy was obtained, which showed vascular and glomerular changes consistent with thrombotic microangiopathic injury and advanced glomerulosclerosis. He was treated with antihypertensives and required haemodialysis. He admitted using ‘crystal meth’ regularly for many years, which is likely responsible for his renal failure. We present the case to illustrate methamphetamine-induced renal disease leading to end-stage renal disease and to bring awareness among practising clinicians, ancillary healthcare workers and public health professionals of this often undervalued cause of renal failure, which can be prevented.
Adult intussusception associated with mesenteric Meckel’s diverticulum and antimesenteric ileal polyp
Authors: McGrath Adrian K , Suliman Fatimah , Thin Noel , Rohatgi Ashish
Published: September 2019

Meckel’s diverticulum is the most common congenital abnormality affecting the gastrointestinal tract, affecting 4% of the general population. It is classically located on the antimesenteric border of the ileum within 100 cm of the ileocaecal valve. Complications may include haemorrhage, bowel obstruction, diverticulitis, perforation and malignancy. This report explores the case of intussusception in an adult, in association with a mesenteric Meckel’s diverticulum and adjacent benign polyp. A 40-year-old man presented with acute abdominal pain, affecting the central abdomen and both flanks. CT imaging revealed small bowel intussusception, with either a Meckel’s diverticulum or polyp acting as a lead point. Intraoperatively, the intussusception had already resolved; however, an inflamed outpouching was identified on the mesenteric border of the ileum, with a firm mass palpable within the bowel lumen. A 70 mm small bowel resection and primary anastomosis were performed. Histopathological analysis confirmed an inflamed Meckel’s diverticulum as well as an adjacent diverticulum comprising a benign polyp.
Can smartphone technology be used to support an effective home exercise intervention to prevent falls amongst community dwelling older adults?: the TOGETHER feasibility RCT study protocol
Authors: Hawley-Hague Helen , Tacconi Carlo , Mellone Sabato , Martinez Ellen , Easdon Angela , Yang Fan Bella , Su Ting-Li , Mikolaizak A Stefanie , Chiari Lorenzo , Helbostad Jorunn L , Todd Chris
Published: September 2019

Introduction

Falls have major implications for quality of life, independence and cost to the health service. Strength and balance training has been found to be effective in reducing the rate/risk of falls, as long as there is adequate fidelity to the evidence-based programme. Health services are often unable to deliver the evidence-based dose of exercise and older adults do not always sufficiently adhere to their programme to gain full outcomes. Smartphone technology based on behaviour-change theory has been used to support healthy lifestyles, but not falls prevention exercise. This feasibility trial will explore whether smartphone technology can support patients to better adhere to an evidence-based rehabilitation programme and test study procedures/outcome measures.

Methods and analysis

A two-arm, pragmatic feasibility randomised controlled trial will be conducted with health services in Manchester, UK. Seventy-two patients aged 50+years eligible for a falls rehabilitation exercise programme from two community services will receive: (1) standard service with a smartphone for outcome measurement only or (2) standard service plus a smartphone including the motivational smartphone app. The primary outcome is feasibility of the intervention, study design and procedures. The secondary outcome is to compare standard outcome measures for falls, function and adherence to instrumented versions collected using smartphone. Outcome measures collected include balance, function, falls, strength, fear of falling, health-related quality of life, resource use and adherence. Outcomes are measured at baseline, 3 and 6-month post-randomisation. Interviews/focus groups with health professionals and participants further explore feasibility of the technology and trial procedures. Primarily analyses will be descriptive.

Ethics and dissemination

The study protocol is approved by North West Greater Manchester East Research Ethics Committee (Rec ref:18/NW/0457, 9/07/2018). User groups and patient representatives were consulted to inform trial design, and are involved in study recruitment. Results will be reported at conferences and in peer-reviewed publications. A dissemination event will be held in Manchester to present the results of the trial. The protocol adheres to the recommended Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) checklist.

Trial registration number

ISRCTN12830220; Pre-results.
Are socioenvironmental factors associated with psychotic symptoms in people with first-episode psychosis? A cross-sectional study of a West London clinical sample
Authors: Tibber Marc S , Kirkbride James B , Mutsatsa Stanley , Harrison Isobel , Barnes Thomas R E , Joyce Eileen M , Huddy Vyv
Published: September 2019

Objectives

To determine whether neighbourhood-level socioenvironmental factors including deprivation and inequality predict variance in psychotic symptoms after controlling for individual-level demographics.

Design

A cross-sectional design was employed.

Setting

Data were originally collected from secondary care services within the UK boroughs of Ealing, Hammersmith and Fulham, Wandsworth, Kingston, Richmond, Merton, Sutton and Hounslow as part of the West London First-Episode Psychosis study.

Participants

Complete case analyses were undertaken on 319 participants who met the following inclusion criteria: aged 16 years or over, resident in the study’s catchment area, experiencing a first psychotic episode, with fewer than 12 weeks’ exposure to antipsychotic medication and sufficient command of English to facilitate assessment.

Outcome measures

Symptom dimension scores, derived from principal component analyses of the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms and Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, were regressed on neighbourhood-level predictors, including population density, income deprivation, income inequality, social fragmentation, social cohesion, ethnic density and ethnic fragmentation, using multilevel regression. While age, gender and socioeconomic status were included as individual-level covariates, data on participant ethnicity were not available.

Results

Higher income inequality was associated with lower negative symptom scores (coefficient=−1.66, 95% CI −2.86 to –0.46, p<0.01) and higher levels of ethnic segregation were associated with lower positive symptom scores (coefficient=−2.32, 95% CI −4.17 to –0.48, p=0.01) after adjustment for covariates.

Conclusions

These findings provide further evidence that particular characteristics of the environment may be linked to specific symptom clusters in psychosis. Longitudinal studies are required to begin to tease apart the underlying mechanisms involved as well as the causal direction of such associations.
Understanding on the association between informal caregiver characteristics and cognitive function of adults with cancer: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Yang Yesol , Rushton Sharron , Woodward Amanda , Hendrix Cristina
Published: September 2019

Introduction

Adults with cancer frequently report symptoms such as decline in cognitive function throughout the trajectory of illness. Patients with cognitive deficits need support and assistance from their informal caregivers and often rely on them to manage their symptoms based on their degree of deficits. Patients spend a significant amount of time with their informal caregivers and become interdependent with each other. In spite of their interdependence, it is unclear whether patients’ cognitive outcomes (ie, cognitive function) are associated with their informal caregivers. Therefore, the body of literature related to the association between caregiver characteristics and cognitive function of adults with cancer needs to be fully mapped with assessment for knowledge gaps.

Methods and analysis

Methods for this scoping review was informed by the framework proposed by Arksey and O’Malley. Seven electronic databases will be searched: (1) PubMed (MEDLINE), (2) CINAHL, (3) Embase, (4) PsycINFO, (5) Scopus, (6) Sociological Abstracts and (7) ProQuest dissertation abstracts. In addition, the search for grey literature will include the conference abstracts available through Embase, Scopus and Sociological abstracts as well as dissertations available in ProQuest dissertations. All retrieved citations will be independently screened by two authors and eligibility will be determined based on inclusion and exclusion criteria at title and abstract level. Studies meeting inclusion criteria, will be screened at full text level by two reviewers followed by abstraction of included studies. Eligible studies will be collated, summarised and reported using the data charting form that research team developed.

Ethics and dissemination

This scoping review does not require ethics approval. Results of this scoping review will be disseminated via conference presentation and/or publication in a scientific journal.
Global prevalence of depression in HIV/AIDS: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Rezaei Sepide , Ahmadi Saba , Rahmati Jeiran , Hosseinifard Hossein , Dehnad Afsaneh , Aryankhesal Aidin , Shabaninejad Hosein , Ghasemyani Shabnam , Alihosseini Samira , Bragazzi Nicola Luigi , Raoofi Samira , Kiaee Zahra Mansour , Ghashghaee Ahmad
Published: September 2019

Introduction

The incidence of some fatal diseases, including HIV/AIDS, accompanied by depression has become a significant concern in developed, developing and underdeveloped countries. A great deal of time and money are spent on controlling and reducing the complications of this infection across the world. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study was to clarify the global prevalence rate of depression in patients living with HIV/AIDS via a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methodology

All articles in English, published between 2000 and 2018, were systematically searched from the original databases of Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar and Embase. As a result, a total of 118 articles were identified.

Results

The total sample size in these articles was 51143 people, and the number of patients suffering from moderate and severe levels of depression was 14 942. The results of the analysis based on the random-effects (DerSimonian and Laird) model revealed that the prevalence rate of depression in patients with HIV/AIDS was 31% (95% CI 28% to 34%), with a 98% heterogeneity index which was reported significant. Meanwhile, the highest prevalence rate of depression based on continent was in South America at 44% (95% CI 35% to 53%) and the lowest rate was in Europe at 22% (95% CI 17% to 27%).

Conclusion

In general, there was a higher prevalence rate of depression in developing and underdeveloped countries than in developed countries, which could be attributed to the advancement of science and the possibilities for early diagnosis of this syndrome.

Trial registration number

CRD42019119137.
Autoimmune encephalitis in the elderly: who to test and what to test for
Authors: Behrman Sophie , Lennox Belinda
Published: September 2019

The awareness and understanding of autoimmune encephalitis are blossoming in neurology, and patients are being diagnosed and successfully treated with immunotherapy. The diverse symptomatology associated with autoimmune encephalitis means that patients may present initially to mental health services, which are, as yet, less well equipped to identify and investigate such phenomena. Older adult mental health services are used to managing complexity, but the range of pathologies presenting with unusual symptoms that may mimic autoimmune encephalitis is wide and there is no clear guidance as to when and how to investigate for possible autoimmune encephalitis. This paper examines the evidence supporting investigation and management strategies for patients with possible autoimmune encephalitis presenting to older adult psychiatrists.
Type of dual superconductivity for the SU(2) Yang–Mills theory
Authors: Nishino Shogo , Kondo Kei-Ichi , Shibata Akihiro , Sasago Takaaki , Kato Seikou
Published: September 2019

We investigate the type of dual superconductivity responsible for quark confinement. For this purpose, we solve the field equations of the U(1) gauge-scalar model to obtain a single static vortex solution in the whole range without restricting to the long-distance region. Then we use the resulting magnetic field of the vortex to fit the gauge-invariant chromoelectric field connecting a pair of quark and antiquark which was measured by numerical simulations for SU(2) Yang–Mills theory on a lattice. This result improves the accuracy of the fitted value for the Ginzburg–Landau parameter to reconfirm the type I dual superconductivity for quark confinement which was claimed by preceding works based on the fitting using the Clem ansatz. Moreover, we calculate the Maxwell stress tensor to obtain the distribution of the force around the flux tube. This result suggests that the attractive force acts among chromoelectric flux tubes, in agreement with the type I dual superconductivity.
Correction to: Gendered behavior as a disadvantage in open source software development
Authors: Vedres Balazs , Vasarhelyi Orsolya
Published: September 2019

Following publication of the original article [1], we have been notified that one more affiliation of the corresponding author is missing.

Currently Balasz Vedres affiliation is:

1 Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

It should be:

1 Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom;

2 Department of Network and Data Science, Central European University, Budapest, Hungary.
Sensing as a Complexity Measure
Authors: Almagor Shaull , Kuperberg Denis , Kupferman Orna
Published: September 2019

The size of deterministic automata required for recognizing regular and [Formula: see text]-regular languages is a well-studied measure for the complexity of languages. We introduce and study a new complexity measure, based on the sensing required for recognizing the language. Intuitively, the sensing cost quantifies the detail in which a random input word has to be read in order to decide its membership in the language. We study the sensing cost of regular and [Formula: see text]-regular languages, as well as applications of the study in practice, especially in the monitoring and synthesis of reactive systems.
Influence of moving plate velocity on conjugate heat transfer due to the impingement of an inclined slot jet
Authors: Pawar Shashikant , Patel Devendra Kumar
Published: September 2019

In this paper, a dimensionless numerical study of the flow-field and heat transfer characteristics of an incompressible turbulent slot jet impinging obliquely over a moving surface of finite thickness is presented. Simulations were performed using [Formula: see text] eddy viscosity turbulence model. The temperature field was solved simultaneously in the solid and the fluid domain. For a fixed impingement distance and a fixed Reynolds number, the impingement angle ([Formula: see text]) and plate velocity ([Formula: see text]) were varied in the range of 30–75∘ and 0–0.3, respectively. In the results, the length of the potential core depends on the jet inclination, which increases with increase in jet angle. The jet angle and plate velocity have more influence on the uphill side compared to the downhill side. The location of stagnation displaces toward the uphill side as the inclination angle decreases, and the drifting of stagnation point is noted with the variation in plate velocity. The average skin-friction coefficient increases with increase in [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], and the influence of [Formula: see text] on the skin-friction coefficient is reduced as [Formula: see text] increases. The maximum Nusselt number ([Formula: see text]) increases with increase in [Formula: see text], and the drifting of [Formula: see text] is observed with increase in plate velocity. It is found that the average Nusselt number increases quickly with increase in plate velocity for lower angles of impingement. The distribution of local heat flux follows the same trend as the local Nusselt number.
Bosonic–fermionic realizations of root spaces and bilinear forms for Lie superalgebras
Authors: Kwon Namhee
Published: September 2019

We study bosonic–fermionic constructions of the root spaces of the orthosymplectic Lie superalgebras. We also present explicitly bosonic–fermionic realizations of the supertrace forms for the orthosymplectic Lie superalgebras. As by-products, we obtain bosonic–fermionic realizations of both the general linear Lie superalgebras and vertex representations of the affine orthosymplectic Lie superalgebras.
Trust Prediction via Matrix Factorisation
Authors: Meo Pasquale De
Published: September 2019

In this article, we propose the PTP-MF (Pairwise Trust Prediction through Matrix Factorisation) algorithm, an approach to predicting the intensity of trust and distrust relations in Online Social Networks (OSNs).

Our algorithm maps each OSN user
i
onto two low-dimensional vectors, namely, the
trustor profile
(describing her/his inclination to trust others) and the
trustee profile
(modelling how others perceive
i
as trustworthy) and it computes the trust a user
i
places in a user
j
as the dot product of trustor profile of
i
and the trustee profile of
j
. The PTP-MF algorithm incorporates also biases in trustor and trustee behaviour to make more accurate predictions.

Experiments on four real-life datasets indicate that the PTP-MF algorithm significantly outperforms other methods in accuracy and it showcases a high scalability.
Next and Next New POI Recommendation via Latent Behavior Pattern Inference
Authors: Li Xin , Han Dongcheng , He Jing , Liao Lejian , Wang Mingzhong
Published: September 2019

Next and next new point-of-interest (POI) recommendation are essential instruments in promoting customer experiences and business operations related to locations. However, due to the sparsity of the check-in records, they still remain insufficiently studied. In this article, we propose to utilize personalized latent behavior patterns learned from contextual features, e.g., time of day, day of week, and location category, to improve the effectiveness of the recommendations. Two variations of models are developed, including GPDM, which learns a fixed pattern distribution for all users; and PPDM, which learns personalized pattern distribution for each user. In both models, a soft-max function is applied to integrate the personalized Markov chain with the latent patterns, and a sequential Bayesian Personalized Ranking (S-BPR) is applied as the optimization criterion. Then, Expectation Maximization (EM) is in charge of finding optimized model parameters. Extensive experiments on three large-scale commonly adopted real-world LBSN data sets prove that the inclusion of location category and latent patterns helps to boost the performance of POI recommendations. Specifically, our models in general significantly outperform other state-of-the-art methods for both next and next new POI recommendation tasks. Moreover, our models are capable of making accurate recommendations regardless of the short/long duration or distance.
Reason-maintenance Belief Logic with Uncertain Information
Authors: Fan Tuan-Fang , Liau Churn-Jung
Published: September 2019

In this article, we propose a logic for reasoning about belief based on fusion of uncertain information. The resultant reason-maintenance possibilistic belief logic can represent both implicit and explicit uncertain beliefs of an agent. While implicit beliefs stipulate what are believable, explicit beliefs can trace the process of belief formation by information fusion. To set up the formal framework, we start with developing a basic reason-maintenance belief logic, present its syntax and semantics, and investigate its axiomatization and properties. Then, we extend the basic logic to accommodate the possibilistic uncertainty of information and beliefs, provide a complete axiomatization of the extended logic, and show that it can address the reason-maintenance issue of partially inconsistent beliefs. We also demonstrate the applicability of our formalisms by using several examples in realistic scenarios.
Use of PEGylated Recombinant Human Growth Hormone in Chinese Children with Growth Hormone Deficiency: A 24-Month Follow-Up Study
Authors: Qiao Yu , Wang Zengmin , Han Jinyan , Li Guimei
Published: September 2019

Objective. Once-weekly PEGylated recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) is the sole long-acting GH formulation available currently for pediatric patients with GH deficiency (GHD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of PEGylated rhGH therapy compared to daily rhGH therapy in GHD children treated for two years. Methods. A total of 98 children (49 children for the PEGylated rhGH group and 49 children for the daily rhGH group) with GHD were enrolled in this single-center, prospective, nonrandomized cohort study. PEGylated rhGH or daily rhGH was administered for 2 years. Height, height SDS, height velocity (HV), IGF-1, bone age (BA), and adverse events were determined throughout the treatment. Results. HV significantly increased over the baseline and was similar in both groups. In the PEGylated rhGH cohort, the mean ± SD HV was improved from 3.78 ± 0.78 cm/y at the baseline to 12.44 ± 3.80 cm/y at month 3, to 11.50 ± 3.01 cm/y at month 6, to 11.00 ± 2.32 cm/y at month 12, and finally 10.08 ± 2.12 cm/y at month 24 in the PEGylated rhGH group. In the daily rhGH group, HV was 3.36 ± 1.00 cm/y at baseline, increasing to 12.56 ± 3.71 cm/y at month 3, to 11.82 ± 2.63 cm/y at month 6, to 10.46 ± 1.78 cm/y at month 12, and to 9.28 ± 1.22 cm/y at month 24. No serious adverse event related to PEGylated rhGH or daily rhGH occurred during the 24-month study. Conclusion. PEGylated rhGH replacement therapy is effective and safe in pediatric patients with GHD. The adherence to once-weekly PEGylated rhGH therapy is superior to daily rhGH in children with GHD.
In-Vitro Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients
Authors: Raya Sunayana , Belbase Ankit , Dhakal Laxmi , Govinda Prajapati Krishna , Baidya Reena , kishor Bimali Nabin
Published: September 2019

Background. Diabetic patients are more susceptible to urinary tract infection compared to nondiabetic patients, Escherichia coli being the most common uropathogen causing UTI. Unreasonable and incorrect antibiotic prescription for UTI in these patients may induce the development of antibiotic-resistant urinary pathogens resulting in delayed recovery and longer hospitalization. In addition to these, biofilm forming capacity of the pathogen may worsen the problem. The main aim of this cross-sectional study (conducted from March to September 2015) is to detect the biofilm forming capacity of UTI causing micro-organisms and compare the antibiotic resistance pattern of Escherichia coli, the most common cause of UTI, which will help the physician in choosing the best antibiotic. Method. Total of 1,099 clean-catch mid stream urine (CCMSU) was processed by standard microbiological technique; 182 were from the diabetic group and 917 nondiabetic. Following identification, all isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing using modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. In-vitro biofilm forming capacity of the isolates were detected by Microtitre plate method. The data were analyzed using SPSS software 16. Result. Urinary tract infection was found to be significantly higher in diabetic patients (42.9%) compared to nondiabetic patients (17.4%) with Escherichia coli as the most common uropathogen in both diabetic and nondiabetic groups. Similarly, UTI was more common in elderly population (29.5%). Imipenem, nitrofurantoin and amikacin were found to be the most effective drug for uropathogenic E. coli in both diabetic and nondiabetic patients, whereas amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, and cotrimoxazole were least effective. Of the total bacterial isolates, 43.3% showed positive results for in-vitro biofilm production by the Microtitre plate method. A significantly higher resistance rate was observed among biofilm producing E. coli for quinolones, cotrimoxazole, and third generation cephalosporin ceftriaxone. Most of the biofilm producers (79.5%) were found to be MDR (p-value 0.015). Conclusion. Elderly populations with diabetes are at a higher risk of UTI. Higher biofilm production and resistance to in-use antimicrobial agents in this study render its inefficacy for empirical treatment and point out the importance of biofilm screening to ensure the effective management of infection.