bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Groundwater Depletion: A Significant Unreported Source of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Wood Warren W. , Hyndman David W.
Published: November 2017

Quantifying the annual flux of CO2 (carbon dioxide) and equivalent emissions to the atmosphere is critical for both policy decisions and modeling of future climate change. Given the importance of greenhouse gas emissions to climate change and a recognized mismatch between sources and sinks (e.g., Liu & Dreybrodt, 2015), it is important to quantify these parameters. A significant and previously unrecognized CO2 contribution arises from groundwater depletion (net removal from storage). The average annual 1.7 MMT (million metric tons) CO2 released in the United States from this source is greater than approximately one third of the 23 major sources reported by the US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) to the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; US EPA, ).
Using Long‐Term Satellite Observations to Identify Sensitive Regimes and Active Regions of Aerosol Indirect Effects for Liquid Clouds Over Global Oceans
Authors: Zhao Xuepeng , Liu Yangang , Yu Fangquan , Heidinger Andrew K.
Published: November 2017

Long‐term (1981–2011) satellite climate data records of clouds and aerosols are used to investigate the aerosol‐cloud interaction of marine water cloud from a climatology perspective. Our focus is on identifying the regimes and regions where the aerosol indirect effects (AIEs) are evident in long‐term averages over the global oceans through analyzing the correlation features between aerosol loading and the key cloud variables including cloud droplet effective radius (CDER), cloud optical depth (COD), cloud water path (CWP), cloud top height (CTH), and cloud top temperature (CTT). An aerosol optical thickness (AOT) range of 0.13 < AOT < 0.3 is identified as the sensitive regime of the conventional first AIE where CDER is more susceptible to AOT than the other cloud variables. The first AIE that manifests as the change of long‐term averaged CDER appears only in limited oceanic regions. The signature of aerosol invigoration of water clouds as revealed by the increase of cloud cover fraction (CCF) and CTH with increasing AOT at the middle/high latitudes of both hemispheres is identified for a pristine atmosphere (AOT < 0.08). Aerosol invigoration signature is also revealed by the concurrent increase of CDER, COD, and CWP with increasing AOT for a polluted marine atmosphere (AOT > 0.3) in the tropical convergence zones. The regions where the second AIE is likely to manifest in the CCF change are limited to several oceanic areas with high CCF of the warm water clouds near the western coasts of continents. The second AIE signature as represented by the reduction of the precipitation efficiency with increasing AOT is more likely to be observed in the AOT regime of 0.08 < AOT < 0.4. The corresponding AIE active regions manifested themselves as the decline of the precipitation efficiency are mainly limited to the oceanic areas downwind of continental aerosols. The sensitive regime of the conventional AIE identified in this observational study is likely associated with the transitional regime from the aerosol‐limited regime to the updraft‐limited regime identified for aerosol‐cloud interaction in cloud model simulations.
The Warming of Large Lakes on the Tibetan Plateau: Evidence From a Lake Model Simulation of Nam Co, China, During 1979–2012
Authors: Huang Lei , Wang Junbo , Zhu Liping , Ju Jianting , Daut Gerhard
Published: November 2017

Lakes are considered as indicators of climate change on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). In the present study, we use the General Lake Model to simulate water temperature changes in Nam Co, the second largest lake on the central TP, for the period 1979–2012. The calibration and validation results demonstrate that this model is well suited for thermal simulation of Nam Co. The simulation results indicate that Nam Co has responded to the recent warming climate. The average summer surface water temperature fluctuated yearly, but its trend is positive at a rate of 0.52 ± 0.25°C per decade. At the same time, the onset of summer stratification advanced by 4.20 ± 2.02 d per decade, and the duration increased at a rate of 6.00 ± 3.54 d per decade. To explore the roles of air temperature and longwave radiation in lake warming, three sensitivity experiments are conducted by removing long‐term trends from time series of air temperature and longwave radiation in the forcing data. These experiments prove that both increased air temperature and downward longwave radiation are two driving factors responsible for the warming of Nam Co.
COMP report: CPQR technical quality control guidelines for CT simulators
Authors: Després Philippe , Gaede Stewart
Published: November 2017

The Canadian Organization of Medical Physicists (COMP), in close partnership with the Canadian Partnership for Quality Radiotherapy (CPQR) has developed a series of Technical Quality Control (TQC) guidelines for radiation treatment equipment. These guidelines outline the performance objectives that equipment should meet in order to ensure an acceptable level of radiation treatment quality. The TQC guidelines have been rigorously reviewed and field tested in a variety of Canadian radiation treatment facilities. The development process enables rapid review and update to keep the guidelines current with changes in technology (the most updated version of this guideline can be found on the CPQR website). This particular TQC details recommended quality control testing of CT simulators.
Dynamically Gas‐Phase Switchable Super(de)wetting States by Reversible Amphiphilic Functionalization: A Powerful Approach for Smart Fluid Gating Membranes
Authors: Wong William S. Y. , Gengenbach Thomas , Nguyen Hieu T. , Gao Xiang , Craig Vincent S. J. , Tricoli Antonio
Published: November 2017

In nature, cellular membranes perform critical functions such as endocytosis and exocytosis through smart fluid gating processes mediated by nonspecific amphiphilic interactions. Despite considerable progress, artificial fluid gating membranes still rely on laborious stimuli‐responsive mechanisms and triggering systems. In this study, a room temperature gas‐phase approach is presented for dynamically switching a porous material from a superhydrophobic to a superhydrophilic wetting state and back. This is realized by the reversible attachment of bipolar amphiphiles, which promote surface wetting. Application of this reversible amphiphilic functionalization to an impermeable nanofibrous membrane induces a temporary state of superhydrophilicity resulting in its pressure‐less permeation. This mechanism allows for rapid smart fluid gating processes that can be triggered at room temperature by variations in the environment of the membrane. Owing to the universal adsorption of volatile amphiphiles on surfaces, this approach is applicable to a broad range of materials and geometries enabling facile fabrication of valve‐less flow systems, fluid‐erasable microfluidic arrays, and sophisticated microfluidic designs.
Enhanced Electroluminescence from ZnO Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes via Introducing Al2O3 Retarding Layer and Ag@ZnO Hybrid Nanodots
Authors: Yang Liu , Liu Kai , Xu Haiyang , Liu Weizhen , Ma Jiangang , Zhang Cen , Liu Chunyang , Wang Zhongqiang , Yang Guochun , Liu Yichun
Published: November 2017

Short‐wavelength light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), a prevalent research topic in modern optoelectronics, have attracted considerable attention in recent years because of their vast application potential in both civil and military domains. Herein, blue‐violet LEDs are constructed via a spin‐coating solution‐processed ZnO quantum dots (QDs) onto p‐GaN: Mg wafers. By inserting a thin Al2O3 dielectric retarding layer into the ZnO QDs side, electrons injected from ITO cathode are effectively slowed and detained in the QDs emissive layer, resulting in a ≈30‐fold improvement of near‐UV electroluminescence intensity from this p‐GaN/ZnO QDs/Al2O3/ZnO QDs LED. Furthermore, by replacing pure ZnO QDs with Ag@ZnO hybrid nanodots (synthesized through a simple one‐step wet chemical route) as the electron transport layer, the device electroluminescence intensity is further increased. Time‐resolved and temperature‐dependent spectroscopy reveals that both the spontaneous emission rate and internal quantum efficiency of the ZnO QDs active layer are simultaneously increased as a result of the exciton‐localized surface plasmon resonant coupling, which leads to the observed blue‐violet electroluminescence enhancement.
Recent Developments on and Prospects for Electrode Materials with Hierarchical Structures for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhou Limin , Zhang Kai , Hu Zhe , Tao Zhanliang , Mai Liqiang , Kang Yong‐Mook , Chou Shu‐Lei , Chen Jun
Published: November 2017

Since their successful commercialization in 1990s, lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely applied in portable digital products. The energy density and power density of LIBs are inadequate, however, to satisfy the continuous growth in demand. Considering the cost distribution in battery system, it is essential to explore cathode/anode materials with excellent rate capability and long cycle life. Nanometer‐sized electrode materials could quickly take up and store numerous Li+ ions, afforded by short diffusion channels and large surface area. Unfortunately, low thermodynamic stability of nanoparticles results in electrochemical agglomeration and raises the risk of side reactions on electrolyte. Thus, micro/nano and hetero/hierarchical structures, characterized by ordered assembly of different sizes, phases, and/or pores, have been developed, which enable us to effectively improve the utilization, reaction kinetics, and structural stability of electrode materials. This review summarizes the recent efforts on electrode materials with hierarchical structures, and discusses the effects of hierarchical structures on electrochemical performance in detail. Multidimensional self‐assembled structures can achieve integration of the advantages of materials with different sizes. Core/yolk–shell structures provide synergistic effects between the shell and the core/yolk. Porous structures with macro‐, meso‐, and micropores can accommodate volume expansion and facilitate electrolyte infiltration.
Tandem [1,2]‐Wittig Rearrangement/Lactonization of γ‐Benzyloxy Vinylogous Urethanes: Application to the Synthetic Studies of Maculalactone A, Planchol C and γ‐Lycorane
Authors: Ho Guo‐Ming , Li Yu‐Jang
Published: November 2017

A tandem [1,2]‐Wittig rearrangement/lactonization of γ‐benzyloxy vinylogous urethanes is presented herein. The resulting butenolides featuring various benzyl substituents at the γ‐position are structurally diverse compounds found in natural products. The usefulness of this synthetic approach was demonstrated in the formal synthesis of maculalactone A, rapid assembly of the tricyclic core of planchol C, and the total synthesis of γ‐lycorane.
Eustachian tube dysfunction symptoms in patients treated in a tertiary rhinology clinic
Authors: Marino Michael J. , Ling Lina Chooi , Yao William C. , Luong Amber , Citardi Martin J.
Published: November 2017

Background

Ear symptoms are common among patients presenting to a rhinology clinic. Validated inventories are available for patient quality‐of‐life in sinonasal disease and Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD). This study sought to determine the extent of ETD symptoms, using validated metrics, in a large population of patients presenting to a tertiary rhinology clinic.

Methods

Seven‐item Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Questionnaires (ETDQ‐7) and 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Tests (SNOT‐22) were prospectively collected from 492 patients treated in a tertiary rhinology clinic. Patient diagnoses were retrospectively determined from the medical record. Correlation between reported SNOT‐22 and ETDQ‐7 scores were analyzed, in addition to the number of patients meeting the criterion score for ETD.

Results

A total of 213 patients reported mean ETDQ‐7 scores >2.1, consistent with a diagnosis of ETD. Overall SNOT‐22 scores were strongly correlated with ETDQ‐7 scores (r = 0.679, p < 0.001). The SNOT‐22 ear subdomain was very strongly correlated with the ETDQ‐7 score (r = 0.847, p < 0.001), while there was a moderate correlation with the SNOT‐22 rhinologic subdomain (r = 0.486, p < 0.001). Patients with allergic fungal sinusitis had decreased ETDQ‐7 scores compared to patients with other rhinologic diagnoses (p = 0.010).

Conclusion

Symptoms of ETD are common in patients treated in a rhinology clinic, with 43.3% of patients reporting symptom scores consistent with a formal diagnosis of ETD. Increased SNOT‐22 scores are correlated with increased ETDQ‐7 scores, even when only the SNOT‐22 rhinologic subdomain is considered. Patients presenting for treatment of rhinologic symptoms likely have an increased prevalence of otologic symptoms and ETD.
Bioinspired Chemical Communication between Synthetic Nanomotors
Authors: Chen Chuanrui , Chang Xiaocong , Teymourian Hazhir , Ramírez‐Herrera Doris E. , Esteban‐Fernández de Ávila Berta , Lu Xiaolong , Li Jinxing , He Sha , Fang Chengcheng , Liang Yuyan , Mou Fangzhi , Guan Jianguo , Wang Joseph
Published: November 2017

While chemical communication plays a key role in diverse natural processes, the intelligent chemical communication between synthetic nanomotors remains unexplored. The design and operation of bioinspired synthetic nanomotors is presented. Chemical communication between nanomotors is possible and has an influence on propulsion behavior. A chemical “message” is sent from a moving activator motor to a nearby activated (receiver) motor by release of Ag+ ions from a Janus polystyrene/Ni/Au/Ag activator motor to the activated Janus SiO2/Pt nanomotor. The transmitted silver signal is translated rapidly into a dramatic speed change associated with the enhanced catalytic activity of activated motors. Selective and successive activation of multiple nanomotors is achieved by sequential localized chemical communications. The concept of establishing chemical communication between different synthetic nanomotors paves the way to intelligent nanoscale robotic systems that are capable of cooperating with each other.
Silicon‐Based Dielectric Metamaterials: Focus on the Current Synthetic Challenges
Authors: De Marco Maria Letizia , Semlali Sanaa , Korgel Brian A. , Barois Philippe , Drisko Glenna L. , Aymonier Cyril
Published: November 2017

Metamaterials have optical properties that are unprecedented in nature. They have opened new horizons in light manipulation, with the ability to bend, focus, completely reflect, transmit, or absorb an incident wave front. Optically active metamaterials in particular could be used for applications ranging from 3D information storage to photovoltaic cells. Silicon (Si) particles are some of the most promising building blocks for optically active metamaterials, with high scattering efficiency coupled to low light absorption for visible frequencies. However, to date ideal Si building blocks cannot be produced by bulk synthesis techniques. The key is to find a synthetic route to produce Si building blocks between 75–200 nm in diameter of uniform size and shape, that are crystalline, have few impurities, and little to no porosity. This Review provides a theoretical background on Si optical properties for metamaterials, an overview of current synthetic methods and gives direction towards the most promising routes to ideal Si particles for metamaterials.
Controlled Radical Polymerization of Ethylene Using Organotellurium Compounds
Authors: Nakamura Yasuyuki , Ebeling Bastian , Wolpers Arne , Monteil Vincent , D'Agosto Franck , Yamago Shigeru
Published: November 2017

The first successfully controlled radical polymerization (CRP) of ethylene is reported using several organotellurium chain‐transfer agents (CTAs) under mild conditions (70 °C, 200 bar of ethylene) within the concept of organotellurium‐mediated radical polymerization (TERP). In contrast to preceding works on CRPs of ethylene applying reversible addition–fragmentation chain‐transfer (RAFT), the TERP system provided a high livingness and chain‐end functionalization of polyethylene chains. Molar‐mass distributions with dispersities between 1.3 and 2.1 were obtained up to average molar masses of 5000 g mol−1. As in the RAFT system, the high reactivity of the growing polyethylenyl radical led to an inherent side reaction. For the presented TERP systems, however, this side reaction did not result in dead chains, while it could even be effectively suppressed by a good choice of the CTA.
Review: Defining a Unified Vascular Phenotype in Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Allanore Yannick , Distler Oliver , Matucci‐Cerinic Marco , Denton Christopher P.
Published: November 2017

Microcirculation impairment and related vasculopathy are hallmarks of systemic sclerosis (SSc). Digital ulceration is second only to Raynaud's phenomenon as a vascular complication occurring in patients with SSc. Digital ulcers are painful and generate disability. Furthermore, patients may develop recurrent digital ulcers, and it is reasonable to question whether the outcomes of such patients might be different from those of patients who are not affected. Recently, several registries have provided relevant information about digital ulcers. Male sex and severe skin disease appear to be the main associated factors observed in several registries. However, limitations of those studies are the differences in the definitions of digital ulcers and organ involvement. Few longitudinal studies are available, and the more robust data from the European League Against Rheumatism Scleroderma Trial and Research cohort suggested worse outcomes in patients with a history of digital ulcers but could not demonstrate that a history of digital ulcers can predict additional vascular complications such as pulmonary arterial hypertension, heart failure, or renal crisis. Nevertheless, the autopsy studies published many years ago and the more recent longitudinal biomarker studies support the concept of generalized vasculopathy and a potential association between various cardiovascular complications. It is expected that with the availability of several structured registries, identification of a vascular profile or vascular phenotype will be addressed using more robust data in the near future.
Assessment of exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields from smart utility meters in GB; part II) numerical assessment of induced SAR within the human body
Authors: Qureshi Muhammad R. A. , Alfadhl Yasir , Chen Xiaodong , Peyman Azadeh , Maslanyj Myron , Mann Simon
Published: November 2017

Human body exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic waves emitted from smart meters was assessed using various exposure configurations. Specific energy absorption rate distributions were determined using three anatomically realistic human models. Each model was assigned with age‐ and frequency‐dependent dielectric properties representing a collection of age groups. Generalized exposure conditions involving standing and sleeping postures were assessed for a home area network operating at 868 and 2,450 MHz. The smart meter antenna was fed with 1 W power input which is an overestimation of what real devices typically emit (15 mW max limit). The highest observed whole body specific energy absorption rate value was 1.87 mW kg−1, within the child model at a distance of 15 cm from a 2,450 MHz device. The higher values were attributed to differences in dimension and dielectric properties within the model. Specific absorption rate (SAR) values were also estimated based on power density levels derived from electric field strength measurements made at various distances from smart meter devices. All the calculated SAR values were found to be very small in comparison to International Commission on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection limits for public exposure. Bioelectromagnetics. 39:200–216, 2018. © 2017 The Authors. Bioelectromagnetics Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Bioelectromagnetics Society.
Engineered and Natural Promoters and Chromatin‐Modifying Elements for Recombinant Protein Expression in CHO Cells
Authors: Romanova Nadiya , Noll Thomas
Published: November 2017

Promoters play a pivotal role in integrating and processing the signals related to transcription initiation. Strong natural viral promoters, such as hCMV or SV40E, have been routinely employed to achieve a high rate of gene expression in ubiquitously used Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. However, viral promoters are susceptible to epigenetic silencing and lack precise regulation levers. This has paved the way to more sensible control elements: endogenous, inducible, and synthetic promoters. In this review we summarize and discuss the use of natural viral, mammalian, and endogenous promoters, as well as recent advances in synthetic promoters and inducible systems for protein expression in CHO cells. Not only the level of transcription, but its long‐term stability is crucial for recombinant protein production. Epigenetic chromatin‐modifying elements, such as ubiquitously acting chromatin opening elements (UCOEs), matrix attachment regions (MARs), insulators and stabilizing anti‐repressors (STARs) significantly improve transcription levels over extended cultivation time and are also discussed here. This review provides up‐to date information to facilitate the choice of a suitable promoter and adjacent chromatin‐modifying elements to maximize transgene expression as well as ensure long‐term expression stability in CHO cell culture.
Headache in the first manifestation of Multiple Sclerosis – Prospective, multicenter study
Authors: Gebhardt Marcel , Kropp Peter , Jürgens Tim P. , Hoffmann Frank , Zettl Uwe K.
Published: November 2017

Objectives

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most frequent immune‐mediated inflammation of the central nervous system that can lead to early disability. Headaches have not been considered as MS‐related symptoms initially, whereas higher prevalence rates were reported since 2000. Postmortem histological analyses of MS patients’ brains revealed lymphoid follicle‐like structures in the cerebral meninges which suggest a possible pathophysiological explanation for the high headache prevalence in MS. The aim of this study was to evaluate headache characteristics during the first clinical event of MS.

Methods

In a prospective, multicenter study, 50 patients with the diagnosis of CIS or MS were recruited. All participants were screened for the presence of headache within the last 4 weeks with help of the Rostock Headache Questionnaire (Rokoko).

Results

Thirty‐nine of fifty questioned patients (78%) reported headaches within the last 4 weeks. Most patients suffered from throbbing and pulsating headaches (25, 50%), 15 (30%) reported stabbing, 14 (28%) dull and constrictive headaches.

Conclusions

Headaches were prevalent in 78% of patients in our population with newly diagnosed CIS and MS. It is among the highest prevalence rates reported so far in patients with CIS or MS. Thus, headache, especially of a migraneous subtype, is a frequent symptom within the scope of the first manifestation of multiple sclerosis. If it were possible to define a MS‐typical headache, patients with these headaches and with typical MRI results would be classified as CIS or early MS instead of radiologically isolated syndrome and treated accordingly with an immunomodulatory therapy.
The application of catheter ablation in a rare case with coughing‐induced supraventricular tachyarrhythmias
Authors: Wang Xin‐hua , Li Zheng , Wang Ji‐tao , He Ben
Published: November 2017

Key Clinical Message

Coughing could induce symptomatic, frequent atrial premature contractions (APCs), and episodes of atrial tachycardia (AT) in a rare case. If multiple arrhythmic drugs therapy failed to control the symptoms, catheter ablation was an effective therapeutic option for abolishing such atrial tachyarrhythmias guided by the electroanatomic mapping systems.
Acute psychotic symptoms following a single dose of levofloxacin
Authors: Takser Larissa , Grad Roland
Published: November 2017

Key clinical message

The objective of our case report was to raise awareness of the neurotoxic potential of levofloxacin in naïve patients. In patients with severe infections and comorbidities, it would be difficult to discriminate the neurotoxic effects of levofloxacin from those of the medical condition itself. Thus, health professionals should be aware of the early onset CNS effects of levofloxacin in naïve patients.
Rotating Iron and Titanium Sandwich Complexes
Authors: Vlahovic Filip , Gruden Maja , Swart Marcel
Published: November 2017

The origin for the rotational barrier of organometallic versus inorganic sandwich complexes has remained enigmatic for the past decades. Here, we investigate in detail what causes the substantial barrier for titanodecaphosphacene through spin‐state consistent density functional theory. Orbital interactions are shown to be the determining factor.
Optimization of the Donor Material Structure and Processing Conditions to Obtain Efficient Small‐Molecule Donors for Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Busireddy Manohar Reddy , Madhu Chakali , Chereddy Narendra Reddy , Appalanaidu Ejjurothu , Sharma Ganesh Datt , Vaidya Jayathirtha Rao
Published: November 2017

Small molecule donor materials with varied number of fluorine atoms (zero and four for ICT7 and ICT9, respectively) are synthesized and the influence of the fluorine atom content on their photophysical, electrochemical and thermal properties is studied. With an increase in the number of F atoms, the absorption maximum of the donor material is blue shifted with an increase in the molar extinction coefficient and also, the HOMO (−5.60 and −5.70 eV, respectively, for ICT7 and ICT9) and the LUMO (−3.70 and −3.76 eV, respectively, for ICT7 and ICT9) energy levels are stabilized. Thermal properties, such as melting temperature Tm (223 and 312 °C, respectively, for ICT7 and ICT9) and crystallization temperature Tc (174 and 284 °C, respectively, for ICT7 and ICT9) are significantly enhanced with increasing numbers of fluorine atoms. Solution‐processed bulk heterojunction solar cells (BHJSCs) are fabricated using these two donors along with PC71BM as the acceptor. Under the optimized conditions, they exhibited an overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.43 % and 8.34 % for ICT7:PC71BM and ICT9:PC71BM active layers, respectively. ICT9 with four F atoms induced a better nanoscale morphology to the active layer, exhibited efficient charge transport and exciton dissociation and resulted in a better PCE of the BHJSCs.
Accuracy of cervical auscultation in detecting the presence of material in the airway
Authors: Nozue Shinji , Ihara Yoshiaki , Takahashi Koji , Harada Yuka , Takei Yoshiko , Yuasa Ken , Yokoyama Kaoru
Published: November 2017

Several studies have investigated the accuracy of cervical auscultation (CA). However, both the sensitivities and the specificities of CA in detecting dysphagic conditions varied widely among these studies. These wide variations of the accuracy of CA might be caused by differences of the targeted sounds, such as the expiratory sound (ES) and/or swallowing sound (SS). Forty‐six dysphagic patients were served as subjects. Patients who had unoccluded tracheostoma and patients who could not follow the instructions were excluded. During the videofluorographic swallowing study (VFSS), the subjects swallowed 3 ml of yogurt containing barium sulfate. The VFSS images were recorded with acoustic signals including both the swallowing and respiratory sounds detected by our method. Classification of the VFSS images was decided by consensus of the three dentists using a penetration‐aspiration scale (PAS). Recorded VFSS images were classified into the following 2 groups based on PAS: “no or minimum risk group”: PAS1–2; and “possible risk group”: PAS3–8. As a result of the classification of VFSS findings, 30 samples were evaluated as no or minimum risk group and 16 as possible risk group. Twelve observers including 10 dentists other than 3 dentists who evaluated VFSS images and 2 speech pathologists auditorily diagnosed “negative” and “positive.” Sensitivity, specificity, and intra‐rater reliability was calculated for the 3 types of acoustic samples. The sensitivity of the intra‐rater reliability was 60.3% for ES, 76.6% for SS, and 89.9% for ES + SS. The sensitivity of intra‐rater reliability of ES + SS samples was significantly higher than that of ES (p < .01) and SS (p < .05). The sensitivity of intra‐rater reliability of SS was significantly higher than that of ES (p < .01). The specificity of the intra‐rater reliability was 53.7% for ES, 50.3% for SS, and 44.5% for ES + SS. ES + SS might be most useful for detecting the presence of material in the airway.
Therapeutic potential of low‐dose IL‐2 in immune thrombocytopenia: An analysis of 3 cases
Authors: Zhang Jiakui , Ruan Yanjie , Xu Xuanxuan , Wang Huiping , Tao Qianshan , Lu Jun , Xia Linhuan , Zhang Qiuye , Wang Jeffrey , Wang Yiping , Zhai Zhimin
Published: November 2017

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an acquired immune‐mediated disorder with regulatory T cells (Tregs) reduction. Recent studies have shown that low‐dose interleukin‐2 can preferentially induce Treg expansion in vivo, and therefore offers a therapeutic strategy against immune thrombocytopenia. We have demonstrated in a previous study that Tregs and platelet counts significantly improve in an adult with ITP following low‐dose IL‐2 treatment. Here we report the efficacy of low‐dose IL‐2 in another three adults with immune thrombocytopenia who failed the first‐line treatment. All patients received a dose of 1.0 million IU IL‐2/day for 5 consecutive days per week as a cycle for 2 or 4 weeks. In addition to IL‐2, vincristine (2 mg IV weekly × 3 weeks) was added to one patient as a combination therapy. No specific treatment was added in the other two patients. Two cases exhibited significantly increased platelet counts with improved levels of Tregs, while no changes were observed for the remaining patient. In summary, administration of daily subcutaneous low‐dose IL‐2 was safe, and it may be a new therapeutic option for treatment of ITP, especially refractory ITP. © 2017 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Stoichiometric and nutrient resorption characteristics of dominant tree species in subtropical Chinese forests
Authors: Zeng Yelin , Fang Xi , Xiang Wenhua , Deng Xiangwen , Peng Changhui
Published: November 2017

This study investigated seasonal patterns in stoichiometric ratios, nutrient resorption characteristics, and nutrient use strategies of dominant tree species at three successional stages in subtropical China, which have not been fully understood. Fresh leaf and leaf litterfall samples were collected in growing and nongrowing seasons for determining the concentrations of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P). Then, stoichiometric ratios (i.e., C:N, C:P, N:P, and C:N:P) and resorption parameters were calculated. Our results found that there was no consistent variation in leaf C:N and C:P ratios among different species. However, leaf N:P ratios in late‐successional species became significantly higher, indicating that P limitation increases during successional development. Due to the P limitation in this study area, P resorption efficiency and proficiency were higher than corresponding N resorption parameters. Dominant tree species at early‐successional stage adopted “conservative consumption” nutrient use strategy, whereas the species at late‐successional stage inclined to adopt “resource spending” strategy.
Establishing the phylogeny of Prochlorococcus with a new alignment‐free method
Authors: Zhao Xin , Tian Kun , He Rong L. , Yau Stephen S.‐T.
Published: November 2017

Prochlorococcus marinus, one of the most abundant marine cyanobacteria in the global ocean, is classified into low‐light (LL) and high‐light (HL) adapted ecotypes. These two adapted ecotypes differ in their ecophysiological characteristics, especially whether adapted for growth at high‐light or low‐light intensities. However, some evolutionary relationships of Prochlorococcus phylogeny remain to be resolved, such as whether the strains SS120 and MIT9211 form a monophyletic group. We use the Natural Vector (NV) method to represent the sequence in order to identify the phylogeny of the Prochlorococcus. The natural vector method is alignment free without any model assumptions. This study added the covariances of amino acids in protein sequence to the natural vector method. Based on these new natural vectors, we can compute the Hausdorff distance between the two clades which represents the dissimilarity. This method enables us to systematically analyze both the dataset of ribosomal proteomes and the dataset of 16s‐23s rRNA sequences in order to reconstruct the phylogeny of Prochlorococcus. Furthermore, we apply classification to inspect the relationship of SS120 and MIT9211. From the reconstructed phylogenetic trees and classification results, we may conclude that the SS120 does not cluster with MIT9211. This study demonstrates a new method for performing phylogenetic analysis. The results confirm that these two strains do not form a monophyletic clade in the phylogeny of Prochlorococcus.
Inducing broadcast coral spawning ex situ: Closed system mesocosm design and husbandry protocol
Authors: Craggs Jamie , Guest James R. , Davis Michelle , Simmons Jeremy , Dashti Ehsan , Sweet Michael
Published: November 2017

For many corals, the timing of broadcast spawning correlates strongly with a number of environmental signals (seasonal temperature, lunar, and diel cycles). Robust experimental studies examining the role of these putative cues in triggering spawning have been lacking until recently because it has not been possible to predictably induce spawning in fully closed artificial mesocosms. Here, we present a closed system mesocosm aquarium design that utilizes microprocessor technology to accurately replicate environmental conditions, including photoperiod, seasonal insolation, lunar cycles, and seasonal temperature from Singapore and the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia. Coupled with appropriate coral husbandry, these mesocosms were successful in inducing, for the first time, broadcast coral spawning in a fully closed artificial ex situ environment. Four Acropora species (A. hyacinthus, A. tenuis, A. millepora, and A. microclados) from two geographical locations, kept for over 1 year, completed full gametogenic cycles ex situ. The percentage of colonies developing oocytes varied from ~29% for A. hyacinthus to 100% for A. millepora and A. microclados. Within the Singapore mesocosm, A. hyacinthus exhibited the closest synchronization to wild spawning, with all four gravid colonies releasing gametes in the same lunar month as wild predicted dates. Spawning within the GBR mesocosm commenced at the predicted wild spawn date but extended over a period of 3 months. Gamete release in relation to the time postsunset for A. hyacinthus, A. millepora, and A. tenuis was consistent with time windows previously described in the wild. Spawn date in relation to full moon, however, was delayed in all species, possibly as a result of external light pollution. The system described here could broaden the number of institutions on a global scale, that can access material for broadcast coral spawning research, providing opportunities for institutions distant from coral reefs to produce large numbers of coral larvae and juveniles for research purposes and reef restoration efforts.
C1‐Symmetric 1,2‐Diaminobicyclo[2.2.2]octane Ligands in Copper‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Henry Reaction: Catalyst Development and DFT Studies
Authors: Milbeo Pierre , Moulat Laure , Didierjean Claude , Aubert Emmanuel , Martinez Jean , Calmès Monique
Published: November 2017

Chiral tetra‐ and bidentate ligands derived from the (R)‐1,2‐diaminobicyclo[2.2.2]octane scaffold were synthesized, and the influence of the N,N′‐substituents of the ligand on the catalytic activity of their corresponding copper(II) complexes toward the nitroaldol reaction was investigated. Among them, the complex generated in situ by the interaction of the (R)‐N,N′‐bis(1‐naphthylmethyl)‐1,2‐diaminobicyclo[2.2.2]octane ligand with Cu(OAc)2 proved to be the most effective for the asymmetric Henry reaction of nitromethane with various aldehydes to provide β‐nitro alcohols in moderate to good yields and good enantioselectivity (up to 86 %). In an attempt to rationalize the factors that control enantiodifferentiation, the most stable geometries of this C1‐symmetric bicyclic copper ligand complex and the plausible transition structures of the nitroaldol reaction were investigated by DFT calculations.
Time Resolved Direct Determination of Arsenate in the Presence of Arsenite on Pencil Graphite Electrode Modified by Graphene Oxide and Zirconium
Authors: Pourbeyram Sima , Asadi Shahin
Published: November 2017

Trace amount of arsenate in the presence of arsenite was determined directly on pencil graphite electrode modified by graphene oxide and zirconium (Zr−G−PGE). The layer‐by‐layer modification of PGE was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Key point of the developed method was quick adsorption of arsenate than arsenite on the Zr−G−PGE. In optimal conditions, the Zr−G−PGE was applied for determination of arsenate using differential pulse voltammetry in a linear range 0.10–40.0 μg L−1 with a limit of determination of 0.12±0.01 μg L−1. The sensitivity of the electrode was 1.36±0.07 μA/μg L−1. The modified electrode was used to measure the concentration of arsenate in the river water. A recovery test was performed by introducing 10 μg L−1 arsenate into the rivers water in order and acceptable data of average recovery of 101.2 % was obtained. From the experimental results, the as‐prepared electrode can provide a satisfactory method for direct determination of arsenate in real samples.
Electrophoretic Deposition of Gadolinium‐doped Ceria as a Barrier Layer on Yttrium‐stabilized Zirconia Electrolyte for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Hu S. , Li W. , Yao M. , Li T. , Liu X.
Published: November 2017

Replacing the electronically conductive (LaSr)MnO3±δ (LSM) cathode in the LSM/yttrium‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) system with the mixed ion‐electron conductive (MIEC) (LaSr)(CoFe)O3–δ will promote cathode performance in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) significantly. However, a barrier layer between LSCF and YSZ is necessary for preventing chemical reaction between these two components. In this study, a gadolinium‐doped ceria (GDC) barrier layer was deposited on the YSZ electrolyte by scalable and cost‐effective electrophoretic deposition (EPD). Polypyrrole (PPy) was coated on the YSZ surface as the conductive agent. A highly compact GDC green layer was obtained by the EPD process in an ethanol‐based suspension. GDC barrier layers ranging in thickness from 5 µm to 8 µm were successfully densified at temperatures as low as 1,300 °C. The performance of these cells was evaluated using a symmetrical cell configuration through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Ohmic resistance of the GDC barrier layer made by EPD versus the conventional spin‐coating method was reduced by 0.09 Ω cm2 at 750 °C, which generally accounts for 30% of the total ohmic resistance for the electrode‐supported fuel cells (0.30 Ω cm2). This result suggests that EPD is a highly desirable method for efficiently manufacturing an electrolyte barrier layer with improved performance.
Blooms of toxic cyanobacteria cause the gastropod Bellamya aeruginosa to shift its diet from planktic to benthic material
Authors: Qiu Haijie , Lu Kaihong , Zheng Zhongming , Wang Jianping , Zhu Jinyong
Published: November 2017

The contribution of food sources to the freshwater gastropod Bellamya aeruginosa was estimated using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in three water bodies (two reservoirs and a pond) with different history of cyanobacterial blooms in the eastern part of Zhejiang Province, China. Results of the isotope mixing model showed that filtered food materials (suspended particulate organic matter) contributed most to the diet of B. aeruginosa in both reservoirs with higher levels of chlorophyll a (chl a) in the water column, except during the summer, when a cyanobacteria (Microcystis) bloom occurred in Reservoir Tingxia. In contrast, scraped food materials (benthic detritus) contributed most to the diet of B. aeruginosa in the pond, where low levels of chl a were found in the water column. These results suggest that although filtered food materials were the main food source of B. aeruginosa when the habitat was rich in desirable suspended particles, ingestion of filtered food materials decreased during the cyanobacteria bloom. Feeding experiments were conducted to verify whether snails could avoid ingesting the cyanobacteria. The isotopic ratios in muscle tissue of B. aeruginosa fed by a diet containing only cyanobacteria were similar to those of the no‐diet treatment, implying that the snails did not feed, when only cyanobacteria were offered. Moreover, the combination of higher mortality, lower fecal pellet counts, and reduced growth (based on shell height) in the treatment with cyanobacteria indicate that B. aeruginosa stopped feeding when food became undesirable, confirming our field observations that B. aeruginosa avoids feeding on toxic cyanobacteria.
Predator‐specific responses of Moina macrocopa to kaironmones from different fishes
Authors: Gu Lei , Lyu Kai , Dai Zhiling , Fan Manxue , Zhu Xuexia , Wang Jun , Wang Xiaojun , Yang Zhou
Published: November 2017

Cladoceran species are important model organisms for studying aquatic ecology and evolution and are textbook examples of inducible defense against predators. To test the defense traits of Moina macrocopa in response to different fish species that co‐occur or do not co‐occur with the prey species in their native habitat, we conducted experiments with the three fish species Rhodeus ocellatus (wild species), golden fish Carassius auratus (artificial breeding species), and Danio rerio (model organism used in laboratories). We measured the size at maturity, time to reproduction, size of brood, and the moving rate of M. macrocopa. This crustacean species exhibited earlier reproduction time and increase in offspring number when exposed to R. ocellatus kairomone. Such changes in the life history of M. macrocopa in response to R. ocellatus were more sensitive than those to artificially raised fish (C. auratus and D. rerio). In addition, the moving rate of Moina exposed to R. ocellatus kairomone was significantly lower than to other tested fish species after the third instar stage. We found a coupling of life history and behavior‐related responses evoked by R. ocellatus kairomone. These results provide evidence supporting energy re‐allocation between life history and behavior in inducible defenses of M. macrocopa.
Osteoinductivity of nanostructured hydroxyapatite‐functionalized gelatin modulated by human and endogenous mesenchymal stromal cells
Authors: Della Bella Elena , Parrilli Annapaola , Bigi Adriana , Panzavolta Silvia , Amadori Sofia , Giavaresi Gianluca , Martini Lucia , Borsari Veronica , Fini Milena
Published: November 2017

The demand of new strategies for the induction of bone regeneration is continuously increasing. Biomimetic porous gelatin‐nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite scaffolds with tailored properties were previously developed, showing a positive response in terms of cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. In the present paper, we focused on their osteoinductive properties. The effect of scaffolds on osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) was investigated in vitro. hMSCs were seeded on GEL (type A gelatin) and GEL containing 10 wt% hydroxyapatite (GEL‐HA) and cultured in osteogenic medium. Results showed that GEL and GEL‐HA10 sustained hMSC differentiation, with an increased ALP activity and a higher expression of bone specific genes. The osteoinductive ability of these scaffolds was then studied in vivo in a heterotopic bone formation model in nude mice. The influence of hMSCs within the implants was examined as well. Both GEL and GEL‐HA10 scaffolds mineralized when implanted without hMSCs. On the contrary, the presence of hMSC abolished or reduced mineralization of GEL and GEL‐HA10 scaffolds. However, we could observe a species‐specific response to the presence of HA, which stimulated osteogenic differentiation of human cells only. In conclusion, the scaffolds showed promising osteoinductive properties and may be suitable for use in confined critical defects. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 914–923, 2018.
Microwave Assisted Synthesis and Antimicrobial Potential of Quinoline‐Based 4‐Hydrazide‐Hydrazone Derivatives
Authors: Ajani Olayinka O. , Iyaye King T. , Audu Oluwatosin Y. , Olorunshola Shade J. , Kuye Alice O. , Olanrewaju Ifedolapo O.
Published: November 2017

Quinoline is a benzo‐fused pyridine which is a therapeutically important heterocycle in medicinal chemistry research and new drug development. A series of 12 new hydrazide‐hydrazone motifs bearing quinoline core 4a–l was successfully synthesized by microwave irradiation technique. The synthesis involved four steps strategies which was initiated by ring‐opening synthetic modification of isatin to quinoline‐4‐carboxylic acid through Pfitzinger approach. The structure of the reactive intermediates 1, 2, and 3 as well as the targeted quinoline 4a–l were confirmed by the result of physicochemical parameters and spectroscopic means which include FTIR, UV, 1H and 13C NMR as well as DEPT 135 NMR. The in vitro antimicrobial screening of the targeted hydrazide‐hydrazones 4a–l alongside with gentamicin (clinical standard) against six microorganisms was determined using agar diffusion. The result from the MIC test showed that this series of hydrazide‐hydrazones exhibited remarkable efficacy as antimicrobial agents with 4e being the most active antibacterial agent with MIC value ranging from 3.13 to 0.39 μg/mL on the six organisms tested.
Higher retransplantation rate following extended right split‐liver transplantation: An analysis from the eurotransplant liver follow‐up registry
Authors: Andrassy Joachim , Wolf Sebastian , Lauseker Michael , Angele Martin , van Rosmalen Marieke D. , Samuel Undine , Rogiers Xavier , Werner Jens , Guba Markus ,   for the Eurotransplant Liver Advisory Committee
Published: November 2017

Split‐liver transplantation has been perceived as an important strategy to increase the supply of liver grafts by creating 2 transplants from 1 allograft. The Eurotransplant Liver Allocation System (ELAS) envisages that the extended right lobes (ERLs) after splitting (usually in the pediatric center) are almost exclusively shipped to a second center. Whether the ELAS policy impacts the graft and patient survival of extended right lobe transplantation (ERLT) in comparison to whole liver transplantation (WLT) recipients remains unclear. Data on all liver transplantations performed between 2007 and 2013 were retrieved from the Eurotransplant Liver Follow‐up Registry (n = 5351). Of these, 5013 (269 ERL, 4744 whole liver) could be included. The impact of the transplant type on patient and graft survival was evaluated using univariate and multivariate proportional hazard models adjusting for demographics of donors and recipients. Cold ischemia times were significantly prolonged for ERLTs (P < 0.001). Patient survival was not different between ERLT and WLT. In the univariate analysis, ERLT had a significantly higher risk for retransplantation (P = 0.02). For WLT, the risk for death gradually and significantly increased with laboratory Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores of >20. For ERLT, this effect was seen already with laboratory MELD scores of >14. These results mandate a discussion on how to refine the splitting policy to avoid excess retransplant rates in ERL recipients and to further improve transplant outcomes of these otherwise optimal donor organs. Liver Transplantation 24 26–34 2018 AASLD.