bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cytokinesis-Defective Mutants of Arabidopsis
Authors: Söllner Rosi , Glässer Gerti , Wanner Gehard , Somerville Chris R. , Jürgens Gerd , Assaad Farhah F.
Published: July 2002

We have identified mutations in six previously uncharacterized genes of Arabidopsis, named club,bublina, massue, rod,bloated, and bims, that are required for cytokinesis. The mutants are seedling lethal, have morphological abnormalities, and are characterized by cell wall stubs, gapped walls, and multinucleate cells. In these and other respects, the new mutants are phenotypically similar to knolle,keule, hinkel, and pleiademutants. The mutants display a gradient of stomatal phenotypes, correlating roughly with the severity of their cytokinesis defect. Similarly, the extent to which the different mutant lines were capable of growing in tissue culture correlated well with the severity of the cytokinesis defect. Phenotypic analysis of the novel and previously characterized loci indicated that the secondary consequences of a primary defect in cytokinesis include anomalies in body organization, organ number, and cellular differentiation, as well as organ fusions and perturbations of the nuclear cycle. Two of the 10 loci are required for both cytokinesis and root hair morphogenesis. The results have implications for the identification of novel cytokinesis genes and highlight the mechanistic similarity between cytokinesis and root hair morphogenesis, two processes that result in a rapid deposition of new cell walls via polarized secretion.
Spectral Profiling for the Simultaneous Observation of Four Distinct Fluorescent Proteins and Detection of Protein-Protein Interaction via Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer in Tobacco Leaf Nuclei
Authors: Kato Naohiro , Pontier Dominique , Lam Eric
Published: July 2002

The control of subcellular localization of proteins and their interaction with other partners in vivo are important parameters that provide clues to their function and regulation. The ability to simultaneously track multiple protein species with high resolution should provide a valuable assay system to study and characterize various types of posttranslational control pathways. In this work, we established the system and a method involving “spectral profiling” for the resolution of four different fluorescent protein tags in the same viewing field using digital imaging technology. With these techniques, we have (a) developed new derivatives of mGFP5, which is commonly used in the plant field, that are about three times brighter; (b) demonstrated that four spectrally distinct fluorescent proteins (cyan, green, yellow, and red) that are fused to a transcription factor could be stably expressed in nuclei and distinguished in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) mesophyll cells; and (c) shown that interaction between partners of a dimeric transcription factor can be detected by measuring fluorescence resonance energy transfer. These technologies should help one to study protein-protein interactions efficiently, especially for nuclear proteins under in vivo conditions.
Prediction of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Proteins in Arabidopsis. A Genomic Analysis
Authors: Borner Georg H.H. , Sherrier D. Janine , Stevens Timothy J. , Arkin Isaiah T. , Dupree Paul
Published: July 2002

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchoring of proteins provides a potential mechanism for targeting to the plant plasma membrane and cell wall. However, relatively few such proteins have been identified. Here, we develop a procedure for database analysis to identify GPI-anchored proteins (GAP) based on their possession of common features. In a comprehensive search of the annotated Arabidopsis genome, we identified 167 novel putative GAP in addition to the 43 previously described candidates. Many of these 210 proteins show similarity to characterized cell surface proteins. The predicted GAP include homologs of β-1,3-glucanases (16), metallo- and aspartyl proteases (13), glycerophosphodiesterases (6), phytocyanins (25), multi-copper oxidases (2), extensins (6), plasma membrane receptors (19), and lipid-transfer-proteins (18). Classical arabinogalactan (AG) proteins (13), AG peptides (9), fasciclin-like proteins (20), COBRA and 10 homologs, and novel potential signaling peptides that we name GAPEPs (8) were also identified. A further 34 proteins of unknown function were predicted to be GPI anchored. A surprising finding was that over 40% of the proteins identified here have probable AG glycosylation modules, suggesting that AG glycosylation of cell surface proteins is widespread. This analysis shows that GPI anchoring is likely to be a major modification in plants that is used to target a specific subset of proteins to the cell surface for extracellular matrix remodeling and signaling.
Functional Analysis of the Cellulose Synthase GenesCesA1, CesA2, and CesA3 in Arabidopsis
Authors: Burn Joanne E. , Hocart Charles H. , Birch Rosemary J. , Cork Ann C. , Williamson Richard E.
Published: July 2002

Polysaccharide analyses of mutants link several of the glycosyltransferases encoded by the 10 CesA genes of Arabidopsis to cellulose synthesis. Features of those mutant phenotypes point to particular genes depositing cellulose predominantly in either primary or secondary walls. We used transformation with antisense constructs to investigate the functions of CesA2(AthA) and CesA3 (AthB), genes for which reduced synthesis mutants are not yet available. Plants expressing antisense CesA1 (RSW1) provided a comparison with a gene whose mutant phenotype (Rsw1−) points mainly to a primary wall role. The antisense phenotypes of CesA1 and CesA3were closely similar and correlated with reduced expression of the target gene. Reductions in cell length rather than cell number underlay the shorter bolts and stamen filaments. Surprisingly, seedling roots were unaffected in both CesA1 and CesA3antisense plants. In keeping with the mild phenotype compared with Rsw1−, reductions in total cellulose levels in antisenseCesA1 and CesA3 plants were at the borderline of significance. We conclude that CesA3, likeCesA1, is required for deposition of primary wall cellulose. To test whether there were important functional differences between the two, we overexpressed CesA3 inrsw1 but were unable to complement that mutant's defect in CesA1. The function of CesA2 was less obvious, but, consistent with a role in primary wall deposition, the rate of stem elongation was reduced in antisense plants growing rapidly at 31°C.
Analysis of Flanking Sequences fromDissociationInsertion Lines: A Database for Reverse Genetics in Arabidopsis
Authors: Parinov Serguei , Sevugan Mayalagu , Ye De , Yang Wei-Cai , Kumaran Mande , Sundaresan Venkatesan
Published: July 2002

We have generated Dissociation (Ds) element insertions throughout the Arabidopsis genome as a means of random mutagenesis. Here, we present the molecular analysis of genomic sequences that flank the Ds insertions of 931 independent transposant lines. Flanking sequences from 511 lines proved to be identical or homologous to DNA or protein sequences in public databases, and disruptions within known or putative genes were indicated for 354 lines. Because a significant portion (45%) of the insertions occurred within sequences defined by GenBank BAC and P1 clones, we were able to assess the distribution of Ds insertions throughout the genome. We discovered a significant preference for Ds transposition to the regions adjacent to nucleolus organizer regions on chromosomes 2 and 4. Otherwise, the mapped insertions appeared to be evenly dispersed throughout the genome. For any given gene, insertions preferentially occurred at the 5′ end, although disruption was clearly possible at any intragenic position. The insertion sites of >500 lines that could be characterized by reference to public databases are presented in a tabular format at http://www.plantcell.org/cgi/content/full/11/12/2263/DC1. This database should be of value to researchers using reverse genetics approaches to determine gene function.
Reversible Calcium-Regulated Stopcocks in Legume Sieve Tubes [W]
Authors: Knoblauch Michael , Peters Winfried S. , Ehlers Katrin , van Bel Aart J. E.
Published: July 2002

Sieve tubes of legumes (Fabaceae) contain characteristic P-protein crystalloids with controversial function. We studied their behavior by conventional light, electron, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. In situ, crystalloids are able to undergo rapid (<1 sec) and reversible conversions from the condensed resting state into a dispersed state, in which they occlude the sieve tubes. Crystalloid dispersal is triggered by plasma membrane leakage induced by mechanical injury or permeabilizing substances. Similarly, abrupt turgor changes imposed by osmotic shock cause crystalloid dispersal. Because chelators generally prevent the response, divalent cations appear to be the decisive factor in crystalloid expansion. Cycling between dispersal and condensation can be induced in opened cells by repetitive exchange of bathing media containing either Ca2+ or chelators. Sr2+ and Ba2+, but not Mg2+, are equally active. In conclusion, the fabacean P-protein crystalloids represent a novel class of mechanically active proteinaceous structures, which provide an efficient mechanism with which to control sieve tube conductivity.
IsGISAXS: a program for grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering analysis of supported islands
Authors: Lazzari Rémi
Published: July 2002

This paper describes a Fortran program,IsGISAXS, for the simulation and analysis of grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) of islands supported on a substrate. As is usual in small-angle scattering of particles, the scattering cross section is expressed in terms of an island form factor and interference function. However, the emphasis is placed on the specificity of the grazing-incidence geometry, in particular in the evaluation of the island form factor in the distorted-wave Born approximation. A library of simple geometrical shapes is available. A full account of size and possible shape distributions is given in the decoupling approximation, where sizes and positions are not correlated, and in the local monodisperse approximation. Two types of island repartitions on the substrate are considered: disordered systems characterized by their particle–particle pair correlation functions, and bidimensional crystalline or paracrystalline systems of particles.
Reflection of waveguided X-rays in two-dimensional nanostructures
Authors: Pfeiffer Franz , Salditt Tim , David Christian
Published: July 2002

The internal reflection of an excited X-ray waveguide mode in a synthetic nanostructure, defined by electron-beam lithography, has been measured. In this device, the X-ray beam is first coupled into a conventional vertical thin-film waveguide structure and then reflected laterally at the quasi-one-dimensional edge of the waveguiding layer. The reflectivity of the quasi-one-dimensional interface has been recorded under simultaneous excitation of the (vertical) waveguide mode. The experiment constitutes an important step towards the production of a coherent nanometre-sized X-ray point source by two-dimensionally defined waveguide structures.
X-ray diffraction, neutron scattering and EXAFS spectroscopy of monoclinic zirconia: analysis by Rietveld refinement and reverse Monte Carlo simulations
Authors: Winterer Markus , Delaplane Robert , McGreevy Robert
Published: July 2002

Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and neutron scattering data from monoclinic zirconia are analysed independently and simultaneously by reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) modelling. X-ray and neutron powder diffraction data are analysed by Rietveld refinement. The results are compared with respect to the local structure around the zirconium cations. Monoclinic zirconia was chosen as a model system for the comparison of structural information obtained by EXAFS spectroscopy and scattering methods because it is crystalline but also has some local disorder. In the case of zirconia, analysis of EXAFS spectra by RMC modelling results in reliable and accurate information on the local structure, consistent with neutron scattering and diffraction experiments.
A pixel detector with large dynamic range for high photon counting rates
Authors: Bérar J.-F. , Blanquart L. , Boudet N. , Breugnon P. , Caillot B. , Clemens J.-C. , Delpierre P. , Koudobine I. , Mouget C. , Potheau R. , Valin I.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, results obtained from a prototype photon counting detector are presented. The pixel size is 330 µm × 330 µm for a total area of 16 µm × 40 mm. The detector works at room temperature and its dynamic response ranges from 0.01 up to 106photons pixel−1s−1. An energy resolution of about 1.5 keV has been measured. Very encouraging small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and diffraction patterns were obtained, demonstrating the success of the prototype. Plans for future developments based on this study are presented.
The supply chain and conversion to organic farming in Belgium or the story of the egg and the chicken
Authors: Baecke E. , Rogiers G. , De Cock L. , Van Huylenbroeck G.
Published: July 2002

Organic products form a growing segment of the food market. Recent estimates speak about market shares between 1 to 4.25 per cent. In Belgium the share is only 1 per cent, but the market is growing exponentially. Organic farmers in Belgium often have to sell their products as conventional products because of non‐efficient marketing systems. Marketing problems are also mentioned as one of the main reasons by conventional farmers for not converting. Most conventional farmers are not only rather sceptical about the long‐term perspectives of getting a price premium for organic products, but consider the organisation of the supply chain as one of the main sources of uncertainty and therefore as a constraint for conversion. Therefore more efforts should be made to organise the supply chain for organic products. The problem seems to be that of the egg and the chicken: for a cost‐effective supply chain a condition is to have enough producers, while for a lot of producers a cost‐effective swupply chain seems to be a necessary condition to convert, mainly because of high transaction costs linked to non‐efficient marketing.
Production and trade marketing policies regarding organic olive oil in Sicily
Authors: Crescimanno M. , Di Marco S. , Guccione G.
Published: July 2002

This research analyses the main structural factors of the organic olive oil sector in Sicily, and the effects of the European sustainable development policy (EEC Regulation 2092/91, EEC Regulation 2078/92). It examines the trade marketing of organic producers of olive oil like the initiatives to exploit European branding, typicalness, and European recognition of PDO (protected denomination of origin).
Consumer perception of organic food production and farm animal welfare
Authors: Harper Gemma C. , Makatouni Aikaterini
Published: July 2002

This paper is derived from a larger scale project investigating consumer attitudes towards organic food in the UK. Presents focus group results on consumer perceptions, attitudes and behaviour in relation to two key interrelated food trends: organic food and animal welfare. The results indicate that consumers often confuse organic and free‐range products because they believe that “organic” is equivalent to “free‐range” food. Focus group discussions were conducted to identify the main beliefs and attitudes towards organic food of both organic and non‐organic food buyers. Results indicate that, although health and food safety concerns are the main motives for organic food purchases, ethical concerns, specifically in relation to standards of animal welfare, play a significant influencing role in the decision to purchase organic food. The results are consistent with parallel research into consumer concerns about animal welfare, which showed that consumers are primarily concerned about food safety issues. Furthermore, the research illustrates the central outcome that animal welfare is used by consumers as an indicator of other, more important product attributes, such as safety and the impact on health. Indeed, ethical considerations seem to motivate the purchase of organic food and free‐range products and, therefore, may be viewed as interrelated. However, such ethical frameworks are closely related, if not contingent upon, the quality of the product, which includes perceptions of higher standards of safety and healthiness. Based on the qualitative data, suggests that the organic market could take advantage of research on consumer motivation to buy free‐range products, by embodying ethical concerns as an indicator of product quality.
Food Aid: Human Right or Weapon of War?
Authors: McCorkindale Louise
Published: July 2002

Sarajevo is under siege and the UN agencies are the main suppliers of
food aid to the population. Food needs are calculated on theoretical
requirements, but the basic ration is not nutritionally adequate for the
circumstances. Reports on a nutritional survey, carried out in 1993
which elicited the range of food sources available to the population of
the city. These are varied, but domestic stocks range between none and
about four weeks′ supply. Access to food sources varies according to an
individual′s circumstances. The conditions in Sarajevo have fuelled a
growing debate about the adequacy of food aid rations. Gives the
food/nutrient composition of the basic ration, the ration actually
received, and typical daily intakes. Food is a physical and
psychological weapon of war, but to improve conditions in Sarajevo
requires political commitment as well as aid.
Genetic Engineering for Food Production – What Is it All About?
Authors: Ellahi Basma
Published: July 2002

The Report of the Committee on the Ethics of Genetic Modification and
Food Use was published in September 1993. The use of genetic engineering
for food use has received a lot of media and welfare group attention.
Addresses emerging ethical issues which affect many societal groups.
Information, education and labelling are key factors in the public′s
understanding and acceptance of foods produced by this technology. The
recommendations of the report have resulted in the Food Advisory
Committee (FAC) proposals for labelling products of gene technology.
These will not go far enough to satisfy all those who made submissions
to the Committee on Ethics. There is a gap between the public′s
perception of science and the evidence presented by the biotechnology
researchers. The effectiveness of any decisions on labelling hinges not
only on more detailed labelling but on bridging the gap between the
conflicting interests of scientists and societal welfare groups, so that
consumers can make informed choices based on facts.
Evaluation of Food Hygiene Education
Authors: Rennie Denise M.
Published: July 2002

Education of food industry personnel in hygiene matters has been recommended as a means of improving food handling practices and thus the safety of food. Provision has been made within the Food Safety Act 1990 for the making of regulations to specify the nature and extent of such training. There is, however, a lack of documentary evidence of improvements in food hygiene standards which can be directly related to education or training. Evaluations of formal food hygiene education courses have identified increased knowledge levels of course participants, and improvements in the relationship between food industry and enforcement personnel by the development of common understanding. Reported evaluations of food hygiene training programmes indicate that formal courses operated in settings divorced from the food handling environment are limited in effectiveness. While course participants have increased knowledge, evidence of consequential improved food handling behaviour is not clearly demonstrated. Training programmes more closely associated with the work site are potentially more effective especially if supported by practical reinforcement of hygiene messages.
Research on food choice and nutritional status in elderly people: a review
Authors: Herne Sally
Published: July 2002

Since the beginning of the 1990s, nutrition education and health promotion have increasingly focused on the influence of diet on the quality of life in old age. The Government′sHealth of the Nationpolicy in 1991 and the COMA report onThe Nutrition of Elderly Peoplein 1992 both emphasized the need for older age groups to adopt the dietary changes recommended for the population as a whole. In order to promote healthier eating habits and consequently improve health status, it is first vital to understand what makes elderly people follow particular dietary patterns and, equally, which factors constrain their choice. Reviews the current state of research on the social, economic, psychological, physiological, educational and personal factors which mediate food choice in later life. Indications are that it is the structural influences on choice which have the greatest impact – education, income, class and access to good health care. As a result, action at national level in the form of health and social policy designed to take into account the needs of older generations is highlighted.
Dollar rich and time poor?
Authors: Gofton Leslie
Published: July 2002

Consumption of ready‐made meals and snacks has rapidly increased in recent years. The increasing importance and value of time resources generates a greater demand for convenience in food. Discusses time budgets and time famines, explanations for which are not self‐evident. Convenience is multifaceted, socially located and related to experience over time. Discusses whose time is being saved by convenience foods, and also changes in the culture of food and eating. Concludes that convenience in modern food habits is a complex and controversial issue. Unless we take the complexity of (post) modern consumer culture seriously, we shall continue to misunderstand, and misrepresent, the changes which are actually under way.
Biotechnology and enzymes in the food industry
Authors: Tucker Greg
Published: July 2002

Enzymes present in raw food materials can play a key role in processing. Biotechnology can be used to manipulate and employ enzymes in food production. Presents several case studies, including the production of chymosin by a genetically engineered micro‐organism for use in the manufacture of cheese, which illustrate the potential for applying biotechnology in this field of activity.
Patenting, intellectual property rights and food biotechnology
Authors: Nott Robin
Published: July 2002

Explains the principles and purposes of patenting. Discusses the role of patenting plant variety rights and other protection in relation to developments in plant and animal biotechnology. Concludes that protection is needed to reward success and encourage man to develop products which will feed the world population.
Effective communication about genetic engineering and food
Authors: Frewer Lynn J. , Howard Chaya , Shepherd Richard
Published: July 2002

Discusses the importance of effective risk‐benefit communication about genetic engineering in food production. The consumer, industry and science are all likely to benefit from the creation of an “informed consumer”. There is a need to develop strategies to maximize the effectiveness of such communication, in order to reach target audiences. Risk‐benefit communication is likely to require a different approach to that which has evolved from the communication of risk information alone. Investigates future research needs and concludes that risk‐benefit communication will usefully invoke public debate about future directions for technological evolution and development.
Healthy eating? Diet and cuisine amongst Scottish South Asian people
Authors: Wyke Sally , Landman Jackie
Published: July 2002

Reports findings from a qualitative study using focus group discussions and individual interviews, about diet and cuisine among family members from a range of South Asian origins in Scotland. Most participants ate British style breakfasts and lunches but evening meals were eclectic in culinary styles. The widest ranges of cereal, pulse and vegetable foodstuffs were associated with South Asian style cuisine, British style cuisine was more likely to be associated with simple or convenience foods. Parents and some young people were very strongly committed to South Asian cuisine.
The fat content of minced beef in supermarkets
Authors: Seaman Claire E.A.
Published: July 2002

Evaluates the price and fat content of minced beef sold under a variety of labels at six major food retailers as part of a small pilot study to establish whether increased produce price is associated with a leaner product and to establish the variation between products sold under a similar label. Results indicate that the increased price paid for minced beef sold as “steak mince”, “lean mince” and “superlean mince” is generally associated with a decrease in fat content. However, identifies huge variation in the fat content of packets of minced beef sold under similar labels. Highlights the implications of these results but further work, in which minced beef would be bought from different stores within each chain and on different days over a period of several months, would be required to establish whether these results were representative.
Consumer use of nutrition labels
Authors: Shine Angela , O’Reilly Seamus , O’Sullivan Kathleen
Published: July 2002

Increasing consumer interest in nutrition has led to an increased interest in nutrition labelling. Finds that over half (58 per cent) of the sample surveyed read nutrition labels. Nutrition labelling was found to have an impact on consumer purchase decisions. Of those consumers who read nutritional labels, 81 per cent use them in their evaluation of food products. Consumers have to deduce information from nutrition labels in their current format. Survey findings reinforce previous work carried out in this area, particularly in the context of consumer categorization of food products as “good” or “bad”. For example, consumer avoidance of “negative” nutrients is apparent throughout the survey. The majority of respondents, who read labels, indicated that they search out information on nutrients they wish to avoid. In general, since time allocated to shopping for food products is limited, the format of nutritional labelling needs further consideration and improvement. The concept of nutrition should be incorporated into food companies’ marketing strategy.
Perceived benefits of mail‐order speciality foods
Authors: Mai Li‐Wei , Ness Mitchell
Published: July 2002

The objectives of the study are to examine consumer attitudes to mail‐order speciality food products on the basis of a survey of mail order shoppers. The particular question which is addressed in the paper is concerned with the benefits perceived by mail‐order speciality food customers. Specifically, it identifies the perceived benefits associated with mail‐order, then establishes the underlying dimensions of these benefits and, finally, investigates the existence of customer segments on the basis of benefits sought. Consumers’ perceptions of the benefits of mail‐order emphasise quality, uniqueness and convenience. However, underlying these attributes are four main dimensions of customer relations and service, convenience, nostalgia and uniqueness. Furthermore, it is possible to identify two consumer segments of active mail‐order shoppers in terms of a product‐oriented group and a mail‐order‐oriented group.
Co‐op Switzerland retail group: the objectives and implementation of its marketing strategy
Authors: Hill Helene
Published: July 2002

Based on in‐depth primary research with a key strategic manager within Co‐op Switzerland, a store visit, and secondary data this case outlines the core factors influencing the devised marketing strategy, both at a micro and macro level. The company marketing policy is then presented alongside the issues affecting how this policy was implemented. Final consideration is given to the role of the own brand developed to fit the company philosophy of being ecological, innovative and consumer focused.
Basket analysis: profiling British customers
Authors: Davies Barry , Worrall Stephen
Published: July 2002

Using basket analysis, a methodology is presented to investigate the healthiness of particular household diets. The analysis was applied to “Homescan” panel data relating to 11,000 households. This breakdown was then cross‐related to geodemographic classifications using “MOSAIC” groups. The degree or extent of unhealthiness was determined on the basis of percentage swing away from recommended dietary patterns in terms of indicator foods belonging to five groups (dairy, meat, vegetables, fruit and bread and cereals). The consumption of fats was also monitored. It was found that 8 per cent of households had diets that were labelled “unhealthy”, based on standard recommendations for healthy eating. A further 20 per cent of households had “relatively unhealthy” diets. The majority of these households were shown to belong to the “suburban semis” group in the MOSAIC classification.
PPG6 and the contemporary UK food store development dynamic
Authors: Wrigley Neil
Published: July 2002

Tightened UK land‐use planning regulation governing retail development, specifically the 1993 and 1996 revisions of the Department of the Environment’s PPG6 Town Centres and Retail Developments, appeared to usher in a new era of more restricted and redirected food store expansion. This paper explores to what extent that restriction and redirection has occurred, sifts rhetoric from “reality” in the intense debates that have surrounded PPG6, poses alternative interpretations of the contemporary food store development dynamic, and assesses the food choice implications of these developments.
Small food service establishments still on amber light for adopting Australian HACCP‐based food safety code
Authors: Morrison Paul , Caffin Nola , Wallace Robert
Published: July 2002

The increasing incidence of food‐borne diseases emphasises the importance of improving and maintaining a high standard of food safety in food service establishments. Currently, a proposal to develop an Australian national food hygiene standard based on the hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP), principles, is being discussed by major stakeholders with a view to improving the standard of food safety. Notes that food service representatives are naturally supportive of high standards of food safety, but feel the costs associated with HACCP‐based food safety are prohibitive for small businesses, and they advocate that the costs of staff training in food safety be borne by the entry level employee. Reports on the diverse standards of hygiene found in a cross‐section of food service establishments in south‐east Queensland, Australia. Hygiene standards were found to be satisfactory in only ten of the 19 sites surveyed. Small restaurants and hotel/clubs compared unfavourably with larger food service providers, (which included cafeterias, hospitals, resorts and a contract airline caterer). As the food service industry is still dominated by small operations, these findings suggest that there are major challenges ahead in devising a national food hygiene standard which will be accepted and be implemented by this sector.
Promotional competitions as a marketing tool in food retailing
Authors: Peattie Sue
Published: July 2002

Although the food retail market has continued to grow steadily during the 1990s, the number of retail outlets forced out of business has also increased. In order to remain competitive, the food retailer needs to make full use of all the “tools” within the marketing management toolkit. Sales promotion, although a popular marketing tool, has never enjoyed the academic scrutiny afforded to the more glamorous field of advertising. Research that has been done has tended to concentrate on price‐based promotions. These have been the most popular among food retailers, as in many other markets, but there is growing awareness that non‐price‐based promotions can add value for the consumer while meeting a range of marketing communications objectives. This article looks at the use of consumer competitions, one of the most popular non‐price promotional tools, with a survey of 1,232 competitions which were jointly or wholly sponsored by food retailers.
Motivation is response
Authors: Rabey Gordon P.
Published: July 2002

The ingredients of motivation lie within us all. Circumstances and situations will determine the stimulus which will generate response – to drive forward, to withdraw or to wait for a further signal. Once the response is decided, the degree of general purpose enthusiasm evoked will control the momentum. For people in the workplace, their employers set the targets and the strategies for achieving them, provide the resources, including all maintenance and operating costs, and expect the desired results. Compliance will follow, but not necessarily commitment. Commitment is a voluntary response which cannot be mandated, but it will be the outcome of relationships which create a shared purpose.
Is e‐learning delivering ROI?
Authors: Young Kevin
Published: July 2002

Looks at the findings of a major e‐learning benchmark study conducted in July/August 2001 amongst senior level executives within UK plc across industry/manufacturing/retail, financial services, government, education and IT/telecoms sectors. Compares the findings with a similar piece of research carried out in 2000 to establish how e‐learning has developed. Seeks to establish any changes occurring in training and development and to determine the dynamics influencing the strategies and policies of those responsible for employee development. Examines current training and HR issues, training priorities, areas in which training is provided, the most popular types of training delivery, the status of e‐learning, awareness and understanding of e‐learning, current usage, reasons for implementing e‐learning (or for choosing otherwise), benefits anticipated and already experienced by early e‐learning adopters, return on investment and expectations for the future.
E‐learning and how to survive it
Authors: Halkett Richard
Published: July 2002

L.P. Hartley said, “The past is a foreign country, they do things differently there”. This is taken to mean that nothing should be taken as read, that everything must be proven, not assumed. The same sentiment should be applied to new technologies in learning and their effect on the learning process. However, this cautious stance is easy to take – that of the manager who commissions a two‐year strategy review in an industry that changes its spots every six months and is unrecognisable in 12. How can or should one proceed and proceed effectively in this brave new world?
Modelling what users see when they look at images: a cognitive viewpoint
Authors: Greisdorf Howard , O’Connor Brian
Published: July 2002

Analysis of user viewing and query‐matching behavior furnishes additional evidence that the relevance of retrieved images for system users may arise from descriptions of objects and content‐based elements that are not evident or not even present in the image. This investigation looks at how users assign pre‐determined query terms to retrieved images, as well as looking at a post‐retrieval process of image engagement to user cognitive assessments of meaningful terms. Additionally, affective/emotion‐based query terms appear to be an important descriptive category for image retrieval. A system for capturing (eliciting) human interpretations derived from cognitive engagements with viewed images could further enhance the efficiency of image retrieval systems stemming from traditional indexing methods and technology‐based content extraction algorithms. An approach to such a system is posited.
A comparison of sources of links for academic Web impact factor calculations
Authors: Thelwall Mike
Published: July 2002

There has been much recent interest in extracting information from collections of Web links. One tool that has been used is Ingwersen’s Web impact factor. It has been demonstrated that several versions of this metric can produce results that correlate with research ratings of British universities showing that, despite being a measure of a purely Internet phenomenon, the results are susceptible to a wider interpretation. This paper addresses the question of which is the best possible domain to count backlinks from, if research is the focus of interest. WIFs for British universities calculated from several different source domains are compared, primarily the .edu, .ac.uk and .uk domains, and the entire Web. The results show that all four areas produce WIFs that correlate strongly with research ratings, but that none produce incontestably superior figures. It was also found that the WIF was less able to differentiate in more homogeneous subsets of universities, although positive results are still possible.
The super‐metadata framework for managing long‐term access to digital data objects
Authors: Chilvers Alison
Published: July 2002

This paper examines the reasons why existing management practices designed to cope with paper‐based data objects appear to be inadequate for managing digital data objects (DDOs). The research described suggests the need for a reassessment of the way we view long‐term access to DDOs. There is a need for a shift in emphasis which embraces the fluid nature of such objects and addresses the multifaceted issues involved in achieving such access. It would appear from the findings of this research that a conceptual framework needs to be developed which addresses a range of elements. The research achieved this by examining the issues facing stakeholders involved in this field; examining the need for and structure of a new generic conceptual framework, the super‐metadata framework; identifying and discussing the issues central to the development of such a framework; and justifying the feasibility through the creation of an interactive cost model and stakeholder evaluation. The wider conceptual justification for such a framework is discussed and this involves an examination of the “public good” argument for the long‐term retention of DDOs and the importance of selection in the management process. The paper concludes by considering the benefits to practitioners and the role they might play in testing the feasibility of such a framework. The paper also suggests possible avenues researchers may wish to consider to develop further the management of this field. (Note: This paper is derived from the author’s Loughborough University phD thesis, “Managing long‐term access to digital data objects: a metadata approach”, written while holding a research studentship funded by the Department of Information Science.)
The impact of location on the use of information systems
Authors: Nicholas David , Huntington Paul , Williams Peter
Published: July 2002

Touch‐screen kiosks are situated in a variety of locations to provide the public with ready access to health information. This paper examines their use, via the transactional logs, and makes comparisons between the types of organisation in which the kiosks are housed. Twenty‐one kiosks were selected and categorised into four groups – pharmacy, hospital, information centre and surgery. A small case study features a supermarket kiosk. Details of nearly 90,000 user sessions and 750,000 page views were used for the comparison. Comparisons between sites were made in terms of number of users, their age and gender, trends over time, the number of sessions conducted, page view time, session duration, pages viewed, site penetration, number of pages printed and health topics viewed. There were considerable differences between the kiosk locations. This early research provides the quantitative foundation for a fuller study of kiosk location and the differences in perceptions of the quality/authority of kiosk data.
An assessment of the staffing structures of university libraries in Ghana
Authors: Ellis Badu Edwin
Published: July 2002

The nature of organisational structure is discussed. A survey is reported comparing the organisational structures of university libraries in Ghana with those of their counterparts in the UK. The discussion covers factors that make changes in present structures necessary and type of structural changes required. Problems are identified and current organisational processes and management style discussed.
Impediments to qualitative services in academic libraries in Nigeria: an examination of libraries in four institutions in Kwara State
Authors: Opaleke J.S.
Published: July 2002

Examines libraries in four academic institutions in Kwara State, Nigeria, to assess the level of their performance against available human and material resources using a national standard measurement. Also seeks to identify reasons for their shortcomings, for possible amelioration. The investigation reveals that insufficient staffing, budgets, material resources, hours of opening and non‐availability of services such as photocopying and typewriting, hinder qualitative service. Offers suggestions for improvement.
Educating information professionals in a multicultural information society
Authors: Jorna Kerstin
Published: July 2002

LIS departments in English speaking countries frequently neglect the study of foreign languages. Argues that this is short‐sighted. Information professionals will be increasingly required to analyse and organise information from different cultural backgrounds, and to disseminate their own materials to an international and hence culturally diverse user group. The first section demonstrates the extent to which the English language dominates international communication. The second section shows that this problem is largely ignored by English language publications regarding the future of the LIS profession. Section three makes six positive suggestions of how to integrate new modules into current LIS courses to overcome the Anglo‐American bias and thus to educate students to become true experts in the multicultural information.
Information management in the Baltic, Nordic, and UK LIS schools
Authors: Maceviciute Elena
Published: July 2002

The aim of this paper is to analyse information management study programmes and courses given at the Nordic, Baltic, and British library and information studies schools, and also to highlight the differences that depend on different backgrounds, traditions and experiences and common features. The paper consists of three parts. The first introduces some earlier research done by the scholars in the area of information management education or helping to clarify the issue. The second provides an overview of higher education institutions teaching information management in the Baltic States, Nordic countries, and the UK. The third is an attempt to find coherence in study programmes of information management and summarise the concepts they reflect.
Writing for Reference
Authors: Levi Anthony
Published: July 2002

Discusses the philosophy behind the Guide to French Literature and describes the genesis of the projects. Considers the history
and design of the project and discusses its methodology in relation both
to its broader subject content and background and to the educational
context for which it is designed.
The Changing Face of Okapi
Authors: Fieldhouse Margaret , Hancock‐Beaulieu Micheline
Published: July 2002

Describes the Okapi projects and Okapi′s development as an
experimental online catalogue system over ten years. The first Okapi
project in 1984 introduced “best match” retrieval and
focused on the user interface design. The second investigated word
stemming, spelling correction and cross‐reference tables as retrieval
aids. A comparative study of two library catalogues was undertaken in
1987, while in 1988 query expansion and relevance feedback were
introduced and evaluated by laboratory tests. Live evaluation of
automatic query expansion in an online catalogue and an online database
was carried out in 1990. In 1993, subject enhancement of bibliographic
records was investigated. The latest project has examined the design of
a graphical user interface to support interactive query expansion.
Discusses the research and evaluation of each project.
Managing a Reserve Collection
Authors: Clarke Reginald
Published: July 2002

Discusses the general usefulness of reserve collections in academic
libraries and considers the place of the reserve collection in the
University of the West Indies′ library. Describes the method of
operation of this collection, and considers changes in its operation,
relating both to library automation and to changing circumstances in the
library.
The Langholm Library Project
Authors: Crawford John C.
Published: July 2002

The Langholm Library is a historic subscription library in
Dumfriesshire, Scotland. The aims of the project were to record the
Library′s stock, to store and conserve its important books, to make the
Library more accessible and to research and publicize its history.
Describes the history and present condition of the Library and discusses
the project. Draws conclusions from the project, relating both to the
Library itself and to performance standards set in the course of the
project.
Old county maps and their makers
Authors: Harrison K.C.
Published: July 2002

Emphasizes the importance of old county maps to library local
history collections. Describes the history of county map production in
the United Kingdom beginning with Christopher Saxton in 1579 and
proceeding through his successors to John Speed (1542‐1629). Discusses
seventeenth‐and eighteenth‐century county maps and their makers covering
up to Thomas Moule in the early nineteenth century. States the
importance of strengthening local history map collections in libraries.
The subscription library in the twentieth century
Authors: Forster Geoffrey
Published: July 2002

Discusses the survival of a few subscription libraries, and the
conditions for that survival in relation to the general decline of such
libraries over the last century. Outlines the present state of surviving
subscription libraries with particular reference to fundraising,
management, staffing and buildings. Discusses the collections and their
maintenance, and an account is given of archives surviving in
subscription libraries. Considers disposals policies, catalogues and
stock conservation. Finally, describes other activities undertaken by
the surviving subscription libraries.
The revision of the Directory of Rare Books and Special Collections
in the United Kingdom and Ireland
Authors: Bloomfield B.C.
Published: July 2002

Describes the circumstances surrounding, and difficulties in, the
publication of the original edition of the Directory of Rare Books
and Special Collections in the United Kingdom and Ireland in the
early 1970s. Explains the need for a revised edition and describes work
in progress to update the information, as well as the problems involved
in the revision. Indicates the likely publication schedule of the new
edition.
An overview of existing CD‐ROM standards
Authors: Subba Rao Siriginidi
Published: July 2002

Highlights the need for standards for the CD‐ROM industry to ensure compatibility and to increase the economies of scale to attract wider market accessibility. CD‐ROM, as a unique publishing medium, has standards mainly at three levels: the physical level, concerning the physical and recording characteristics of the medium; the logical level, concerning the nature of files, directories, volume descriptors, etc.; and the application level, concerning retrieval software, graphics, compression, encryption, etc. Concludes that CD‐ROM technology brings database services within the reach of information centres, especially in developing countries. Positive trends towards standardization in this technology possibly help to reduce the technical hurdles.
A new library for Peckham in South London ‐ after 50 years!
Authors: Olsen Adrian
Published: July 2002

Reports on a new library to be opened in November 1999. Outlines the facilities which will be available and emphasizes the wide range of services which will be offered. Describes the architecture and design of the building, detailing the environmental considerations which were an important part of the brief.