bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION OF 21st CENTURY SKILLS DEVELOPMENT THROUGH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT-BASED LEARNING
Authors: Fatmawati Ayu
Published: December 2018

The phenomenon of graduate students who are not ready for employment in a digital age seizes the educators’ attention. Then, some research findings identified the students’ need to focus on 21st century skills in order to fulfill the workplace requirements. Some teaching methods are provided to help teacher in teaching 21st century skills. One of them is the project based learning (PbL). This research aimed at knowing the students’ perception of 21st century skill development through the implementation of project-based learning. Descriptive quantitative method was utilized in this research. The respondents were the students of English department from one of  private universities in East Java. An online questionnaire was used as the instrument in this research. The data analysis was done statistically. The responses indicate that the implementation of project based learning generally helps the students in developing their 21st century skills. In conclusion, the students agree that the PbL can develop their  21st century skills. So, the lecturers are suggested to design the project based learning with the specific goals of 21st century skills development.
An Analysis Of Inflectional Affixes Error In Argumentative Writing
Authors: Ninsiana Widhiya , Hakim Lukman
Published: December 2018

The aim of the research is to find the error of using inflectional affixes in students’ argumentative writing of the fifth semester of English Department of IAIN Metro. This research is descriptive-qualitative research. This descriptive-qualitative research use two sources, primary and secondary data, the primary data is achieved through the argumentative writing text from the fifth students semester of IAIN Metro. Then the secondary data is collected from archival. This research applies Creswell model to analyze the data.  The findings research shows there are 9 argumentative writing result, they have eight errors in using {–s}, 2 errors in using {–es}, 1 error in using {–ies}, 13 errors in using {–ed}, 3 errors in using {–ing}, and there is no error in using {–er} and{–est}. Based on the data, the first error that commonly found in students’ writing production is the use of {–ed}, and the second one is the use of {–s}, and the third one is the use of {–es}. Most of the fifth semester students of the English Department of IAIN Metro have lack of knowledge about inflectional affixes and there are many students who feel difficult in deciding which one is the correct affix for the word they want. It means there are many students of the fifth semester of English Department of IAIN Metro that still can not use the inflectional affixes correctly. The conclusion of the research is the student of the fifth semester of English Department of IAIN Metro need attention to focus on writing argumentative learning and semantic specially ‘inflection affixes’.
SIKAP SPIRITUAL GURU DALAM PEMBELAJARAN
Authors: Taufikin Taufikin
Published: December 2018

Personal Competences of teacher in the Regulation of the Minister of National Education in 2008 are faithful, cautious and Consistent in applaying religious life and tolerant. Therefore, teachers should have consistency in implementing their spiritual attitudes in learning to be role models for learners. No exception Teachers in MA Qodiriyah Harjowinangun Demak Dempet especially who teach the clusters of Islamic Religious Education (Qur'an Hadith, Fiqh, Aqidah Ahlak and SKI). To know more about their spiritual attitudes, used field research with qualitative approach, data obtained by observation and interview then analyzed descriptively with phenomenology approach. From this study it is found that MA Qodiriyah teachers a have implemented the spiritual potential of nafsaniyyah (consisting of reason, heart and lust) and ruhaniyyah (consisting of spirit and fitrah). Then they implement with various practices outside learning, among others, memorize the Qur'an certain letters, istighatsah, night prayers, and follow tarekat. While at the learning start with praying together and keep holy with wudlu.
KONSEP PEMIKIRAN PENDIDIKAN ISLAM KH. HASYIM ASY’ARI DAN SYAIKH AHMAD KHATIB AL-SAMBASI
Authors: Wibowo Rahamad Ari
Published: December 2018

This paper reviews the concept of Islamic education thinking Hasyim Ash'ari which explains about how the rules of teaching and learning that emphasizes the ethical aspects of learning. The concept of Islamic education Hasyim Ash'ari is one of the bids in overcoming the spiritual crisis in the world of education today. Hasyim Asy'ari's educational thought does have high spiritual values ​​of Sufism. This is due, Hasyim Asy'ari put tasawuf as the foundation of education in shaping the character of learners who berakhlatul karimah and intlektual. The concept of Islamic education Hayim Ash'ari, if associated with the Concept of Sufism Ahmad Khatib Al-Sambasi not only complement each other but strengthen the theory of Islamic education Hasyim Asy'ari. Hashim Asy'ari's education theory is very relevant in shaping the character of learners in their morals, intellectual and spirituality in this modern era. Modern education today, tends to emphasize the cognitive aspect although in educational theory there are elements of cognitive, affective and psychomotor aspects. This is what resulted in the lack of "blessing" knowledge of learners in gaining knowledge. One of the most important parts to be considered and emphasized in addition to the cognitive aspect is the affective aspect (spirituality and ethics) in the teaching and learning process, whether as a teacher or pupil in education. It is time for education to focus on affective aspects (moral, ethical and spiritual). Spiritual, ethical and moral crises are an important study in the world of education, especially Islamic-based education.
Toleration of new Faith in Ukraine: a Study of the Churh of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Authors: Biddulph Howard L. , Biddulph Laurel C.
Published: December 2018

This study briefly presents our personal observations of how a religious faith new to Ukraine has sought and obtained legitimate standing in the Ukrainian state. We are both American members of that faith—The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) - who now reside in Ukraine.
Religious Minorities of Ukraine in Socio-Cultural and Legal Aspects
Authors: Tatarchuk Mariana
Published: December 2018

With the tendency towards the increasing globalization of the world from the 1970s-1980s to multiculturalism and pluralism in all its manifestations, it is not surprising that religious, ethnic, national, linguistic and other contradictions and conflicts arise between representatives of certain social groups Religious and national contradictions are the most characteristic and become the most acute forms of resolution in polyethnic and polyconfessional countries in the case of belonging of the majority of the population to one national, religious and other group, while the rest form a minority according to one or another criterion. Increasingly, you can hear about political, economic, and cultural pressure on representatives of different social groups that are not so-called "majority". Therefore, there is a need to protect the rights of individuals to freedom of conscience, freedom of expression in various aspects of life, including freedom of religion, freedom of action of religious communities and organizations, including religious minorities.
PENGARUH BRAND IMAGE DAN PERCEIVED QUALITY TERHADAP NIAT MENDAFTAR ULANG (REPURCHASE INTENTION) SISWA SMA AL MA’SOEM KE AMIK AL MA’SOEM
Authors: Mu’minin Ayi Mi’razul
Published: December 2018

This study meant to analyze the influence of brand image and perceived quality on repurchase intention of senior high school students at Al Ma’soem Jatinangor to AMIK Al Ma'soem Jatinangor. The results of this study indicate; the brand image has a significant influence on the repurchase intention of SMA Al Ma’soem students to AMIK Al Ma'soem Jatinangor. While for the perception of quality there are some influences but rather weak and not significant enough to further influence the repurchase intention SMA Al Ma’soem students to AMIK Al Ma'soem Jatinangor. The F test results explained that the brand image and the perceived quality simultaneously affect the repurchase intention of Al Ma’soem senior high school student. The obtained R-square value amounted to 0.271 or 27.1%, it means that the simultaneous brand image and perceived quality contribute to the repurchase intention of Al Ma’soem  senior high school students to AMIK Al Ma'soem Jatinangor which amounted of 27.1%.
PENGARUH KUALITAS PELAYANAN TERHADAP KEPUASAN KONSUMEN DI DINAMIKA MOTOR TASIKMALAYA
Authors: Sudiarti Sri
Published: December 2018

The purpose of this research is to know and analyze about the influence of Service Quality to Consumer Satisfaction in DinamikaMotorTasikmalaya.The type of research used is Verifier Verifikatif. The research method used in this research is survey method, while data collection technique is done through questioner and interview. Respondents are taken as many as 100 respondents viewed from the number of population (consumers) who come per day. The analysis tool used is simple regression analysis and t test.The results showed that the Quality of Service in Dinamika Motor Tasikmalaya good, as well as customer satisfaction Tasikmalaya Motor Dinamika including good. Service quality positively affects customer satisfaction in Dinamika Motor Tasikmalaya.
PENGARUH IKLIM ORGANISASI TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN DI PT. PINDAD PERSERO BANDUNG
Authors: Baizani Ayu Hajari , Sari Zufita
Published: December 2018

This study aims to determine the effect of organizational climate on employee performance at PT. PINDAD Persero Bandung. This research is quantitative research. The analysis technique used was Pearson correlation analysis and simple linear regression analysis with 5% significant level. The results of research show that: (1). There is a positive and significant influence between organizational climate on employee performance in PT. PINDAD Persero Bandung. (2) The contribution value of organizational climate influence on employee performance is 32,7% while the rest equal to 67,3% influenced by other factor not observed.
HIGH SCHOOL BIOLOGY TOPICS THAT PERCEIVED DIFFICULT BY UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
Authors: Fauzi Ahmad , Mitalistiani Mitalistiani
Published: December 2018

Biology is a science subject which on the one hand becomes a favorite subject for many students, but on the other hand has many topics that are considered difficult by many students. The aims of this study was to map the difficult topics of biology in senior high school based on the opinion of undergraduate students. This present study used survey research design. The participant of this study was the undergraduate student of class of 2017 majoring in Biology in one of the state universities in Malang. The instrument used in this study was a questionnaire of difficulty topics on high school biology subject and descriptive analysis was used as data analysis techniques. The result of this study was Genetics, Metabolism, and Cell Division were the first, second, and third most difficult topics in XII grade. The Immune System, the Coordination System, and the Plant Tissue were the first, second, and third most difficult topic in XI grade. Protista, Monera, and Virus were the first, second, and third most difficult topics in X grade. Genetics, Immune System, and Metabolism also selected into three topics of all grades that were considered most difficult by undergraduate students majoring in Biology. Biologi merupakan mata pelajaran sains yang di satu sisi menjadi mata pelajaran favorit bagi banyak siswa, namun di sisi lain memiliki banyak topik yang dianggap sulit oleh banyak siswa. Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk memetakan topik-topik biologi di Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA) yang dianggap sulit berdasarkan pendapat mahasiswa-mahasiswa S1. Studi ini menggunakan desain penelitian survai. Partisipan pada studi ini adalah mahasiswa S1 angkatan 2017 Jurusan Biologi di salah satu universitas negeri di Malang. Instrumen yang digunakan pada studi ini adalah angket topik-topik sulit pada mata pelajaran Biologi SMA dan analisis deskriptif digunakan sebagai teknik analisis data. Hasil penelitian ini adalah Genetika, Metabolisme, dan Pembelahan Sel merupakan topik tersulit pertama, kedua, dan ketiga di kelas XII. Sistem Imun, Sistem Koordinasi, dan Jaringan Tumbuhan merupakan topik tersulit pertama, kedua dan ketiga dikelas XI. Protista, Monera, dan Virus merupakan topik tersulit pertama, kedua, dan ketiga di kelas X. Genetika, Sistem Imun, dan Metabolisme juga terpilih sebagai tiga topik dari seluruh kelas yang dianggap tersulit bagi mahasiswa Jurusan Biologi.
TEACHING VOCABULARY BY USING REALIA (REAL-OBJECT) MEDIA
Authors: Irawan Dodi
Published: December 2018

English is one of scary subject for some students of Indonesia. The students feel afraid to speak in English because of their less word of vocabulary. Realia media is the one simple interesting media that may bring motivation for the student who afraid to study English. Teacher of English can use realia media and bring it in the class to get more attention, and participation of students. In this research, the writer try to focuses on how realia media make significant difference ability of vocabulary to the students. The reserach of this study used a quasi-experimental method the population of this research was taken from the seventh grade Students of SMP Negeri 23 Palembang in the academic of year 2015/2016. Based on the research, it found that there was a significance difference using Realia media in teaching vocabulary. From the result on this research, it was found that there is a significant difference in achievement before and after the treatment in experimental group.
THE IMPLEMETATION OF SEMANTIC MAP TO ENHANCE THE STUDENTS WRITING ABILITY OF PASSIVE VOICE TO THE ELEVENTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 9 PALEMBANG
Authors: Marleni Marleni
Published: December 2018

The main problem of this study was Is it effective to teach Passive Voice by using semantic map to the eleventh grade students of state Senior High School 9 Palembang. The method of this study was preexperimental method with one group pre-test and post-test design. The data were collected through two kinds of test, pretest and posttest. The data were analyzed by using the matched t-test. Based on the result of the data analysis, the students average score in the pre-test was 51,63, and the average score in the post-test was 63,68. The t-table of 5 % significance level was 1.684. It could be concluded the value of tobtained (7,21) was higher than the value of t-table (1.684). It means that Ho was rejected, and consequently Ha was accepted.
TEACHING READING COMPREHENSION BY USING SKIMMING AND SCANNING TECHNIQUES TO THE TENTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMAN 1 GELUMBANG
Authors: Marliasari Sherly
Published: December 2018

The objective of this research was to find out whether or not it was effective to teach skimming and scanning techniques in reading a narrative text by the tenth grade students of SMAN 1 Gelumbang. The method used experimental. The population of this study was all tenth grade students of SMAN 1 Gelumbang. The sample of this study was 60 students. It indicated that the null hypothesis (Ho) was rejected and alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted. It could be concluded that it was effective to teach reading comprehension by using skimming and scanning techniques to the tenth grade students of SMAN 1 Gelumbang.
ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN EKONOMI RUMAH TANGGA PETANI KARET DI SUMATERA SELATAN
Authors: Hendro Omar , Mulyana Andy
Published: December 2018

Issue of this research is: (1) There is factors influence applied to forming of capital for rejuvenation of rubber plantation, (2) Does farmer have allocation ability of the earnings to forming of capital for rejuvenation of rubber plantation, (3) Does the residue of earnings that is not consumed (real saving) can be applied to forming of capital for rejuvenation of rubber plantation, (4) Is there is source of other business to add earnings of farmer to forming of capital for rejuvenation of rubber plantation. Analytical method used is regression and hypothesis test. The result of this research is: (1) Partially, household earning, residue of earnings that is not consumed (real saving), formal education of farmer, old worked as farmer, and rubber plantation wide variable have positive and significance effects to forming of capital for rejuvenation of rubber plantation, (2) Partially, household expenditure variable have negative and significance effects for forming of capital to forming of capital for rejuvenation of rubber plantation, and (3) Partially, sum of member of adult families and ownership status of rubber plantation variable have no significance effects to forming of capital for rejuvenation of rubber plantation.
INVERTER BERBASIS ACCUMULATOR SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF PENGHEMAT DAYA LISTRIK RUMAH TANGGA
Authors: Apriani Yosi , Barlian Taufik
Published: December 2018

Inverter dapat mengubah arus listrik searah menjadi arus listrik bolak-balik, dari tegangan input 12Vdc menjadi tegangan output 220Vac, dengan kebutuhan daya tergantung dari kebutuhan beban yang terpasang pada inverter. Inverter dirancang pada daya maksimum 1300 Watt. Daya input inverter yang sebenarnya dapat menampung daya sebesar 960 Watt. Tujuan  penelitian ini adalah membuat suatu perangkat elektronik yang bisa menjadi sumber energi listrik dengan mengubah arus searah menjadi arus bolak-balik, yang memanfaatkan accumulator sebagai sumber energi listrik arus searah. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan diagram flowchart yang memiliki tahapan sebagai berikut: 1). Mendesign rangkaian inverter, 2). Merakit rangkaian inverter sesuai design/ rancangan,3). Menguji hasil rancang bangun inverter dengan peralatan rumah tangga, 4). Menghitung dan menganalisa hasil perancangan. Hasil penelitian di dapat daya input minimum pada beban variasi 191.82 Watt, sedangkan daya input maksimum 715. Daya output minimum pada beban variasi 192.37 Watt, sedangkan daya output maksimum 780 Watt. Efisiensi daya input jika dihitung dari batas kemampuan daya inverter  sebesar 25.5-80.0%. Efisiensi daya output jika dihitung dari batas kemampuan daya inverter sebesar 9.55-77.69%.
Optimization of medium composition to induce cellulase production of Bacillus sp. by Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Nguyen Loan Thi Bich , Nguyen Huong Thuy
Published: December 2018

In the past, optimization in biological analyses has been performed by measuring influence of one factor at a time. The disadvantage of this technique is not presence any interactive effects of factors studies and it needs a large number of experiments. Consequently, the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is the most popular choice for optimization. It used the effects of mathematics and statistics to study optimization with minimum experimental trials and therefore interactive variables may be involved. This study has selected and screened seven Bacillus strain in Vietnam Type Culture Collection which can product cellulase in the medium with CMC as an inducer. VTCC-B-0497 presented the best result. Then, only 15 experiments of design matrix by Box-Behnken were necessary to determine optimal concentrations of three variables including the concentration of Carboxymethylcellulose, Yeast extract and Meat extract to product cellulase. The model could be employed to predict the response. The maximum of cellulase activity was 2.48 U at the concentration of Carboxymethylcellulose 0.25% w/v, yeast extract 0.7% w/v and meat extract 0.2% w/v.
Analysis the basic parameters of the turbine imperller low water
Authors: Phung Ngoc Van , Nguyen Viet Vu , Do Tuan Anh , Phan Khanh Van
Published: December 2018

Starting from the demand for electric power in Viet Nam in general and for the regional and remote ares, especially for coastal regions and Islands in particular, the research, design, fabrication, installation and operation of tidal power turbines with small and medium capacities for people's daily economic life in coastal regions and islands are indispensable and urgent. This paper presents design methods and calculation results of low head turbines applied in exploiting tidal power in Vietnam. In addition, simulation of the flow field in the diversion of the turbine is reported to evaluate the characteristic of the turbine work. The turbine model has the water column H = 1,2m, N = 1KW.
Adaptive-Loss minimization control for speed sensorless induction machines
Authors: Le Phuong Minh , Nguyen Phong Hoai , Dang Hung Ngoc
Published: December 2018

This paper presents a new online loss-minimization algorithm in the adaptive control model for speed sensorless based on the Direct Rotor Flux Oriented Control (DRFOC) with optimum flux in the condition of do variable stator resistance. The paper also presents a new approach to develop a reference and adaptive models to estimate the speed and to observe stator resistance change. Simulation results in Matlab Simulink showed good adaptability of the presented model controls even when the stator resistance changes to up 200% of rated. In addition, using the proposed algorithm allows reducing losses and improving efficiency of proposed control model in comparison with DRFOC traditional model for load range 0-70% of the rated. Where the difference of efficient can reach 42%, and the difference in loss to 85%.
A few ways in which the Vietnamese and Koreans behave differently
Authors: Binh Phan Thai
Published: December 2018

Korean and Vietnamese cultures are close but not similar. Korean culture is very hierarchic, ritualized, and it emphasizes its monoculture while Vietnamese culture is characterized by its village democracy with less rituals and its resistance to the cultural imposition. The misperception of cultural similarity has made people in the two countries fall into traps of fake similarities and behave the same as in their native culture. Wrong behavior leads to misunderstanding, and misunderstanding leads to conflict. This paper does not compare the behavioral cultures of the two countries but only mentions a few situations in which the Vietnamese and Koreans behave very differently. Awareness of the differences in behavior between the two cultures can resolve the misunderstandings, conflict and increase cultural integration in companies, multicultural families as well as all citizens involved in activities related to the relation between the two cultures.
The Ca Ong (Whale) belief followed by the inhabitants of the Ly Son island District – Quang Ngai
Authors: Doai Nguyen Duy
Published: December 2018

The Ca Ong (whale) belief is one of the folk beliefs in Vietnam. The Ca Ong belief followed by the inhabitants of the Ly Son island district not only reflects their spiritual needs, but also educates people in the value of gratefulness. Thus, at the temple, the practitioners of the Ca Ong belief often hang many horizontal lacquered boards (hoành phi) with parallel sentences in the main hall, with the purpose of explicating the aforementioned values. This belief also reflects the aspirations of the island inhabitants, who wish to have their lives blessed with happiness by the god. Particularly, this paper explores the divergence of the Ca Ong belief that can be found in this island. Namely, this belief is not only worshipped at the temple by the community, but also privately within the Dang family, where they worship Ca Ong as a god. This is something never happening in other regions such as the South Central coast or the South of Vietnam. Furthermore, this paper focuses on the change of the title system within this belief. Whereas titles were previously bestowed by the Nguyen dynasty, family titles in the Ly Son Island are bestowed by the Shaman.
CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES: A STRATEGY FOR EVALUATING PERCEPTION AND QUALITY
Authors: Carmargo-Cardona Zendy-Estefany , Bernal-Ballen Andres , Cely-Andrade Jose-Leonardo
Published: December 2018

Clinical practice guidelines (CPG) are recommendations based on a systematic review of scientific evidence and generally these documents are under constant assess. For this matter, a group of health-professionals which belong to Fundación Centro Colombiano de Hipoterapia evaluated the use and quality of the used CPG using AGREE II instrument. The obtained results evidence correlation between both parameters since health-professionals trust in their acquired experience without detracting from the benefits that can be obtained with the use of guidelines. Among the mentioned benefits, improving the quality of care, effectiveness in clinical decisions, and the optimization of costs related to health care can be mentioned. Nonetheless, health-professionals reflect uncertainty in the recommendations generated by the guidelines because of the barriers presented such as strictness in its elaboration, it lacks in updates, audits and evaluations.

Key words: Clinical practice guidelines, assessment, quality.
COMPARISON OF ANTAGONIST FASCILITATION VERSUS AGONIST INHIBITION ON SPASTICITY IN CHRONIC HEAD INJURY
Authors: Khurana Dr. Barkha , Dobhal Dr. Ashish , Bhatt Dr. Mohit
Published: December 2018

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity, mortality, disability and socioeconomic losses in India and other developing countries

 It is estimated that nearly 1.5 to 2 million persons are injured and 1 million1 succumb to death every year in India resulting in deaths, injuries and disabilities of young and productive people of our society.

Road traffic injuries are the leading cause (60%) 2 of TBI followed by falls (20%-25%) and violence (10%). Alcohol involvement is known to be present among 15%-20% of TBIs at the time of injury.

The failure to implement several proven countermeasures and neglect of people’s safety has only resulted in increase of TBI. Technological advancements in recent years have clearly reduced the case fatality rates from Injuries and TBI, especially in Urban India.
A Participatory Approach to Improve Local Resilience in Düzce
Authors: GÜLER İpek , OKAY Nilgün , KÖYLÜ Pınar , KUTAY KARAÇOR Elif , AYDIN Bilge , TEZER Azime , UZUN Osman , TERZİ Fatih , TÜRKAY Zeynep , SATILMIŞ Ebru , KARA Didem
Published: December 2018

In
this study, we examine and evaluate local knowledge to develop an integrated participatory
model for spatial planning.  We used participatory
approaches in Düzce province to enhance risk communication, and to obtain the local
point of view related to natural hazards and vulnerabilities through
collaborative workshop techniques.  We integrated
multi-knowledge sources including geoecological research data and local expert knowledge,
and including the results of questionnaire surveys’ analyses from workshops and
town-watch exercise. This paper presents integrated information that can be useful
in risk communication, and valuable analyses in terms of stakeholders’
responsibilities and sources in disaster risk reduction towards resilience.
Context-Based Semantic Similarity and Document Retrieval
Authors: Joshi Tanmay , Phakatkar A. G.
Published: December 2018

Text based methods are extensively used in information retrieval on web. There are many different ways in which a statement can be expressed by using various words conveying the same meaning. Also, a single word can mean a lot of different things in various contexts. It is a challenging task to make the system understand what exactly the word or statement means and in which context. Hence, it is an important task to find out the context of the words so as to effectively understand what the user intends to mean which in turn can be used in a variety of NLP and text processing applications. A method is proposed in order to find out the similarity between two words and use the results in order to retrieve documents.
PERAN LEMBAGA PEMBIAYAAN DALAM PENGEMBANGAN USAHATANI SAYURAN (KUBIS) DI DESA AIR DUKU KECAMATAN SELUPU REJANG KABUPATEN REJANG LEBONG
Authors: Indah Indah Fitria
Published: December 2018

Peran Lembaga Pembiayaan bagi petani sangatlah penting, karena lembaga pertanian banyak mendukung kegiatan usahatani. Dalam pembangunan pertanian Indonesia merupakan negara yang mayoritas penduduknya memiliki mata pencaharian sebagai petani, dan salah satu provinsi yang penduduknya sebagian adalah petani yaitu provinsi Bengkulu.

Sektor pertanian di Provinsi Bengkulu meliputi sub sektor perkebunan, tanaman pangan, perikanan, dan hortikultura. Sub sektor hortikultura ini banyak diusahakan di Provinsi Bengkulu khususnya daerah Kabupaten Rejang Lebong. Kelembagaan dan petani merupakan satu struktur yang tidak bisa dipisahkan. Semua usahatani sayuran yang dilakukan sejak dahulu hingga sekarang ada kaitannya dengan kelembagaan, baik kelembagaan petani, pemerintah maupun swasta.
PENGARUH WARNA NAUNGAN PLASTIK DAN DOSIS PUPUK ORGANIK KOMPOS TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAWANG MERAH (Allium ascalonicum L.)
Authors: Umari Iskandar , Widarti Wiwit , Wijaya Insan , Hasbi Hudaini
Published: December 2018

The aim of the research was to study the effect of calors plastic shade and dosage organic fertilizer and the interaction on the growth analyze of Shallots. The experiment was conducted in experiment field of Agriculture Faculty, University Muhammadiyah of Jember.The experiment was arranged in Randomized Block Design consisted of 4 x 3 factorial treatments with three replications. The first factor were 3 levels of Transparent Plastic Shelter, i.e.: clear, blue, and red. The second factor were 4 levels of compost organic fertilizer application, i.e.: 15, 20, 25 and 30 t/ha. The results showed a significant interaction between the color shade of plastic and a dose of organic fertilizer on the parameters of leaf area age 60 days after planting and leaf area index age 60 days after planting, treatment shade of blue with organic fertilizer 30 tons / ha showed the best effect on leaf area and treatment shade of blue with dosages of 25 tons / ha showed the best effect on leaf area index. Use of shade of blue give the best effect on leaf area age 60 hst and shade of red gives the best effect on the growth rate of plants. The treatment dose of organic fertilizer 25 tons / ha gives the best effect on leaf area index age of 60 days after planting, the rate of plant growth, and relative growth rate, and treatment with a dose of fertilizer 30 ton / ha.
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN TEPUNG KEONG MAS DENGAN DOSIS YANG BERBEDA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN IKAN SIDAT (Anguilla bicolor)
Authors: Faridah Afra Nur , Yulfiperius Yulfiperius , Andriyeni Andriyeni
Published: December 2018

ABSTRAK

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dosis pemberian tepung Keong Mas yang tepat dalam pakan ikan untuk pertumbuhan ikan Sidat. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan April – Juni 2017 yang berlokasi di Desa Margasakti, Kecamatan Padang Jaya, Kabupaten Bengkulu Utara. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan 4 perlakuan dan 6 ulangan. Perlakuan yang diuji pada penelitian ini adalah dosis tepung Keong Mas 58 gr/kg, 59 gr/kg, 60 gr/kg, dan 61 gr/kg pakan. Wadah yang digunakan berupa wadah terpal yang berjumlah 24 wadah. Ikan uji yang digunakan berjumlah 6 ekor/wadah dengan ukuran panjang 30-32 cm. Parameter yang diamati diantaranya adalah pertumbuhan panjang dan berat, konversi pakan, efisiensi pakan, dan kelangsungan hidup. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pemberian tepung keong dengan dosis yang berbeda berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap pertumbuhan panjang dan berat, konversi pakan, dan efisiensi pakan. Sedangkan pada kelangsungan hidup tidak berpengaruh nyata. Dosis pemberian tepung keong yang tepat untuk pertumbuhan panjang dan berat, konversi pakan, efisiensi pakan adalah 60 gr/kg pakan.
LIMBAH TERNAK KELINCI SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU PUPUK ORGANIK POTENSIAL
Authors: Anwar Risvan , Djatmiko Djatmiko
Published: December 2018

Many sources of raw materials which allegedly can enrich the nutrient content in the organic fertilizer. The weakness of organic fertilizer for this is the low level of nutrients contained in them.This study aims to determine the nutrient content contained in various combinations of organic fertilizer raw materials with rabbit animal waste as the main raw material.This study aims to determine the nutrient content in various combinations of organic fertilizer raw materials with rabbit animal waste as the main raw material. The experiment used a completely randomized design with raw materials as treatments, Livestock Waste Rabbit (LTK), Cow Manure (PKS) and Abu Straw Rice (AJP). Such treatment: B1 = LTK; B2 = LTK: PKS = 2: 1; B3 = LTK: AJP = 3: 1; B4 = LTK: PKS: AJP = 6: 2: 1; B5 = LTK: PKS: AJP = 5: 2: 1; B6 = LTK: PKS: AJP = 4: 2: 1; B7 = LTK: PKS: AJP = 3: 2: 1; B8 = LTK: PKS: AJP = 2: 2: 1; B9 = LTK: PKS: AJP = 1: 2: 1. The research concluded (a) Organic fertilizers are made from various materials raw has fulfilled SNI 19-7030-2004 about the specifications of Organic Waste Compost. (B) A combination of organic fertilizer raw materials significantly affect the nutrient content of manure. (C) Organic fertilizers expectations are: (a) Raw materials of animal wastes rabbit (LTK), (b) LTK: PKS: AJP = 6: 2: 1, (c) LTK: PKS: AJP = 2: 2: 1 and (d) LTK: PKS: AJP = 1: 2: 1.
Üretral Karünküllerin Klinik ve Histopatolojik Özellikleri: Olgu Serisi
Authors: HASDEMİR Seçil , AYTAÇ VURUŞKAN Berna , VURUŞKAN Hakan
Published: December 2018

Üretral karünküller, postmenopozal kadınlarda daha sık gözlenen
üretral meatusun benign polipoid kitleleridir. Çalışmada 2005 – 2013 yılları
arasında, üretral karünkül tanısı almış olgular, geriye dönük incelenerek,
klinik ve histopatolojik özellikleri ortaya konuldu.  Üretral karünküller benign ve malign
tümörleri taklit edebilen lezyonlardır. Özellikle semptomatik veya malignite
şüphesi taşıyan üretral karünküllerden biyopsi örneklemesi yapılmalıdır.
Sitagliptin Monoterapisi ile Kombinasyon Tedavilerinin Karşılaştırılması
Authors: ÖZ GÜL Özen , ŞİŞMAN Pınar , CANDER Soner , ERSOY Canan
Published: December 2018

Çalışmamızda
sitagliptinin monoterapide ve kombinasyon (metformin veya pioglitazon)
tedavilerinde kullanımlarının glisemik kontrol, lipid profili ve insülin direnci
üzerine etkilerinin karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Yeni tanı almış ve daha
önce antidiyabetik tedavi almamış olan toplam 46 tip 2 diyabetik hasta
çalışmaya dahil edildi. Hastalara rastgele olarak sitagliptin (grup 1),
sitagliptin+metformin (grup 2), sitagliptin+pioglitazon (grup 3) tedavileri
başlandı. Tedavide sitagliptin 100mg/gün, metformin 2000mg/gün ve pioglitazon
30mg/gün dozlarında kullanıldı. Altı aylık izlem süresini tüm hastalar
tamamladı. Hastalar başlangıçta ve çalışma sonunda antropometrik ölçümler,
glisemik parametreler ve lipid düzeyleri açısından değerlendirildi. Hastaların
başlangıç antropometrik ölçümleri, glisemik parametreleri ve lipid profilleri
benzerdi. Altıncı ay sonunda yapılan değerlendirmede grup 1’de istatistiksel
anlamlı vücut kitle indeksi (VKİ) düşüşü gözlenirken, grup 2 ve 3’te istatistiksel
anlamlı değişiklik saptanmadı. Hemoglobin A1c her üç grupta da istatistiksel
olarak anlamlı düzeyde azaldı, gruplar arasında ise istatistiksel anlamlı
farklılık saptanmadı. Altıncı ay sonunda serum trigliserid düzeyleri grup 3’te
anlamlı olarak azalırken diğer lipid profili üzerine etkileri açısından her üç
grup arasında farklılık saptanmadı. HOMA-IR değerlendirildiğinde 6 ay sonunda
grup 1 ve grup 2’de farklılık saptanmazken, grup 3’te anlamlı azalma olduğu
görüldü (p<0.05). Çalışmamız sonucunda sitagliptin monoterapisi sitagliptin+metformin
ve sitagliptin+pioglitazon kombinasyon tedavilerinin glisemik değerler ve lipid
profili üzerine olan etkileri benzerdi. Sitagliptin pioglitazon kombinasyon
tedavisinin insülin direnci ve trigliserid düzeylerini düşürmede daha üstün
olduğu saptanmıştır.
Metastatik Meme Kanseri Tedavisinde Lapatinib Kapesitabin Kombinasyonun Etkinliğinin Retrospektif Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: ÇUBUKÇU Erdem , OCAK Birol , ÖLMEZ Ömer Fatih , DELİGÖNÜL Adem , KAÇAN Turgut
Published: December 2018

Tüm dünyada meme kanseri kadınlarda kanserin ve
kanser ilişkili ölümlerin en sık nedenidir. Meme kanserli hastaların %17–30 HER2 overekspresyonu olup hastalık kötü prognoz, hastalık progresyon riskinde
artış, genel sağkalım ve progresyona kadar geçen sürenin her ikisinde azalma
ile birliktedir. Lapatinib, HER2 ve epidermal büyüme faktör reseptör(EGFR) ün
ilk dual tirozin kinaz inhibitörüdür. Bu çalışma da antrasiklin, taksan ve
trastuzumab tedavisi sonrasında progrese olan metastatik meme kanserli
hastalarda kapesitabin ve lapatinib kombinasyonunun etkisini ve
tolerabilitesini inceledik. Medyan yaş 56 (34-76) olan toplam 24 hasta dosyası
Eylül 2010-Mayıs 2018 arasında 3 merkezde retrospektif olarak incelendi. Tüm
hastalar taksan ve antrasiklin içeren kemoterapi ve trastuzumab sonrası
progrese olan HER2 pozitif metastatik meme kanseri hastalardı. Genel cevap
oranı %29.1,  2 komplet yanıt (CR, 8.3%),
5 parsiyel yanıt (PR, 20.8%), ve 7 stabil hastalık (SD, 29.1%) olmak üzere sağlandı. Kapesitabin ve lapatinib kombinasyon tedavisi antrasiklin, taksan ve
trastuzumab tedavisi sonrasında progrese olan metastatik meme kanserli
hastalarda etkili ve iyi tolere edilmiştir.
Automatic Ingroup Bias as Resistance to Traditional Gender Roles?
Authors: de Lemus Soledad , Spears Russell , Lupiáñez Juan , Bukowski Marcin , Moya Miguel
Published: December 2018

Traditional roles are problematic for women because they constrain their life choices. Therefore, women have a vested interest in challenging them. We argue that women can resist pervasive traditional roles by showing automatic ingroup bias. In two studies we used an associative procedure to expose two groups of women to stereotypical vs. counter-stereotypical roles, and measured implicit ingroup bias with an evaluative decision task. Study 1 shows that women activated ingroup bias when they were exposed to stereotypical roles and targets appeared in a stereotype-congruent context (kitchen). Study 2 shows that automatic ingroup bias was activated only when gender roles were salient. Further, stereotypic role associations promote negative emotions, and increased persistence on a stereotype-relevant performance task in women.
صياغة أهداف المحاسبة والتقارير المالية في ظل اختلاف المتغيرات البيئية أفكار مطروحة وأراء مقترحة
Authors: حسن عبدالفتاح امين , محمود ثائر صبري , عبد الله بشرى نجم
Published: December 2018

المقدمة ومنهجية البحث

تتفق أغلب الأدبيات ومنها المحاسبية, بأن الخطوة الأولى في وضع وتقييم أي نظام إداري أو محاسبي هي في صياغة أهداف ذلك النظام لما لذلك من أهمية في توفير معيار للحكم على كفاءة التطبيق من عدمه.

وتعرف الأهداف بأنها (النهايات التي تعمل أو توجه النشاطات باتجاهها أو هي النهايات التي تطمح النشاطات تحقيقها). ( 1 ) ..,

 كما تعرف أيضا بأنها (الأغراض المحددة التي يجب أن تتحقق في تاريخ معين). (2)..,

ويتفق مجلس معايير المحاسبة المالية(FASB) وهو أحد أهم الجهات المهتمة بتنظيم مهنة المحاسبة في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية مع التعريفين أعلاه, حيث أورد المجلس في سنة 1974 تعريفا للهدف بأنه (ذلك الشيء الذي توجه نحوه الجهود وهو نهاية النشاط أو العمل). (3)..

وتنبع أهمية الأهداف سواء كانت على مستوى الفرد أو المنظمة أو أي كيان اجتماعي أخر من كونها العامل الموجه لما سوف يتخذ من قرارات , فقرارات الأفراد وسياسات الشركات المتعلقة بنشاطاتها الرئيسة لابد أن توجه نحو تحقيق تلك الأهداف , وآيا كانت هذه الأهداف, يجب صياغتها بصورة واضحة لأن الفشل في ذلك ينتج عنه فشل في اتخاذ القرارات الصحيحة, بالإضافة إلى أن عملية تحديد الأهداف تسهم في وضع معايير للأداء, وبدون وجود أهداف واضحة, لا يمكن التصور بأن أي فرد أو مجموعة من ألأفراد يمكن أن ينجزوا أعمالهم بكفاءة وفعالية, بمعنى أنة من الواجب أن يتم تحديد ألأهداف بطريقة يمكن من خلالها الحكم على حالة النجاح أو الفشل في بلوغ تلك ألأهداف. (4).

وتخضع عملية تحديد الأهداف أيا كانت إلى مجموعة من الظروف, وقد تتغير هذه الظروف أحيانا, الأمر الذي يستلزم ضرورة مراجعة وتقييم تلك الأهداف وذلك لغرض مواكبة التغيرات في تلك الظروف, ويؤكد Schleh في هذا السياق بأن عملية تحديد الأهداف تجري في بادئ الأمر في ظل مجموعة من الظروف المعروفة وعندما تتغير هذه الظروف, يجب أن تتغير تلك الأهداف لمجاراة ذلك التغيرفي الظروف. (5) ..,

وتتمثل هذه الظروف, بالظروف الداخلية والتي من الممكن أن تؤثر على الأهداف وتؤدي إلى تغييرها والظروف الخارجية المتمثلة بالظروف البيئية وتشمل التغير في القوانين والتشريعات والتطورات التكنولوجية والتغيرات الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والثقافية والسياسية وغيرها من الظروف البيئية الأخرى.( 6)..,

وطالما أن ظروف المجتمعات التي نعيش فيها تتغير باستمرار خلال مراحل تطورها, بالإضافة إلى اختلاف تلك الظروف من مجتمع لأخر, لذلك فأن على الجهات المسؤولة عن صياغة الأهداف وفي أي مجال من المجالات, أن تقوم بصياغتها في ضوء المتطلبات والظروف البيئية المحلية, بالإضافة إلى أهمية مراجعة هذه الأهداف وتكييفها وفقا للتغيرات في تلك الظروف وكلما تطلبت الحاجة لذلك.
الحل الكينزي للازمة الاقتصادية الرأسمالية " النشوء الجنيني للعسكرة و الارتقاء البربري للأمركة"
Authors: فتاح عبد الجبار محمود
Published: December 2018

يتضح من خلال ما تقدم ان الكينزية فيما قدمته كحل للازمة الرأسمالية (في صورتها النموذجية عام 1929) لم ترتقي الى مستوى الحل للازمة بمقدار ركونها في الاجل القصير .

وتجريد الاطار النظري من دور المناطق غير الرأسمالية / الحواشي (رغم اصرار النموذج الادعاء على افتراض الرأسمالية نظاما داخليا) من جهة, ومن عسكرة الاقتصاد, من جهة اخرى .

ان ما اعطى الكينزية من فرصة للاصطفاف النظرياتي, ليس استخدامها للمنطق (رغم شكليته) حسب, بل والتبطن بالمنطق لاخفاء الايحاءات اللامنظر فيها, واللا متعقل فيها, المعتمدة على فوتوغراف الحرب الكونية الاولى (فيما وفرته من استخدام كامل) ومحاولته اكسائها ثوبا مفاهيميا واطارا نظريا قائما على العسكرة, التي ان كانت قد شكلت عنصر انفلات متكرر من الازمة حقا, فهذا ليس بفضل نقص الاستهلاك الذي اقام نظريته عليه, بل بفعل نقص الدمار, نقص الحروب, نقص العسكرة (المثمرّة, المحقّقة, المتحّولة الى ثروة خارج المتروبولات) ودورها في تحقيق الاستخدام الكامل .

ان هذا التلميح لتحويل الحواشي الى اسواق لتصريف اسلحة الدمار من خلال عسكرتها, واقراضها وتهيئتها للقيام بحروب النيابة, اسهم في منع وقهر وحرمان شعوب تلك البلدان من فرصتها التاريخية للتقدم واقامة نموذجها الحضاري الخاص,عبر اشغالها بالحروب المفتعلة المجانية التي تبهرك تفاهة اسبابها, وتخريب ميكانزماتها الداخلية لتصبح جاهزة للافتراس في تحول الرأسمالية الى امبريالية عولمية بربرية, عولمية مأمركة, عولمية ناقصة .
حساب مجاميع المربعات لأجزاء (مركبات) SSe في التجارب العاملية 2n ذات الإدماج الكلي بطريقة مقترحة
Authors: خلف كمال علوان , محمد فراس احمد
Published: December 2018

لأجل خدمة حقل المعرفة في مجال تصميم وتحليل التجارب باعتماد صيغ وأساليب تتسم بالسهولة والبساطة في العمل الحسابي وخصوصا في التجارب التي تتطلب حسابات كثيرة لمجاميع المربعات ومنها التجارب ألعامليه من النوع 2n وذات الإدماج الكلي، فإن بحثنا هذا يهدف إلى الإسهام في تقديم مقترح لكيفية: 1- تثبيت إشارات معاملات المعالجات عند كتابة صيغة كل تأثير والتي تعتبر أحدى المستلزمات للتحليل. 2- حساب مجاميع المربعات لكل جزء (مركبة) حينما يتم تجزئة مجموع المربعات للخطأ (SSe) في التجربة ألعامليه من النوع 2n وذات الإدماج الكلي لأحد تأثيرات التفاعلات. ولقد تم التوصل في متن البحث إلى هذه الطريقة المقترحة التي تعتبر إسهامه في هذا المجال وتم تطبيقها واتسمت بالبساطة والسهولة مقارنة مع عمل الصيغ المألوفة أو الشائعة المستخدمة في حساب مجاميع المربعات.
مقارنة لأساليب التقدير التكرارية للبيانات المرتبطة ذاتيا
Authors: ناصر جنان عباس
Published: December 2018

في هذا البحث نستعرض اساليب الـ  ARIMA(p,d,q), الـ EWMA والـ DLM (النمذجة الديناميكية الخطية) بأيجازلتكوين بنية الارتباط الذاتي للبيانات. نعتمد خوارزميات التقدير التكرارية والتنبوء المعتمدة على أسلوب بيز وتنقية كالمان لمشاهدات مرتبطة. نتحرى عن تاثير تلك المعالجات لمتوسط مربعات الخطأ ( MSE ) ونقارن بينهم باستخدام بيانات مولدة.
فاعلية المنظمة في فلسفة ابرز منظري الفكر الإداري
Authors: العنزي سعد , عدنان يعرب , النوري احمد نزار
Published: December 2018

تتناول هذه الورقة الاسهامات الفكرية لمنظري علم المنظمة بموضوع الفاعلية التنظيمية وتوضيح وأبرز الأفكار التي قدموها في هذا المضمار، ابتدءاً من طروحات منظري عصر ما قبل المدرسة الكلاسيكية، مرواً بالحقبة اللاحقة بها وما تبعها، وصولا إلى الطروحات المعاصرة بنظرية المنظمة. وتوصلت الورقة إلى تحديد أبرز المساهمين في تقديم مفهوم الفاعلية التنظيمية ومداخل دراستها، فلم يبرز هذا المفهوم  لنطاق البحث الدراسة، إلا عبر ما قدمه رائد علم المنظمة (شستر بارنارد) على الرغم من أن (ماكس فيبر) قد أشار إلى الفاعلية قبل (بارنارد) إلا انه لم يوضح ابعادها وأسسها، كما فعل (بارنارد). ولم يتم التركيز على هذا الموضوع بعد الطروحات الأولى، إلا من قبل (بيتر دراكر) الذي يعد من أهم المساهمين في موضوع الفاعلية بعد (بارنارد) ولو جاء بعده بمدة طويلة، ومن ثم توالت الاسهامات الفكرية للموضوع من خلال عدد من الباحثين أمثال (ليكرت) و (مكريكر) و (سكوت) وغيرهم. ولقد تنامى الأهتمام بالفاعلية وصولا الى بناء مداخل  فلسفية متكاملة لدراستها قدمت في ثمانينات وتسعينات القرن العشرين.
إشكالية القطاع العام "بين الأصول المفاهيمية والاشتراطات الموضوعية"
Authors: فتاح عبد الجبار محمود
Published: December 2018

بناء على ما تقدم يتضح ان القطاع العام والقطاع الخاص ليسا موقفا ايدولوجيا انتقائيا، وانما هو انبثاق من العمود الفقري للصيرورة الرأسمالية القائمة على تقديس الملكية الخاصة، وان الادوار التي يمكن ان يلعباها ليسا منعزلين عن الحركة العامة للاقتصاد في كليته، وليس هما ابنا السياسات الاقتصادية، والبناء الفوقي بقدر ماهما نتاج الحركة الموضوعية وصيرورة التطور الاجتماعي معبرا عنها في تطور علاقات الانتاج وقوى الانتاج واذا كان هناك من ادوار، فهما نتاج تلك الحركة، وليست الحركة نتاجا لهما، وان التعويل على السياسات الاقتصادية وادوار الدولة في تحقيق التنمية، سواء بدفع القطاع العام او الخاص ما هو الا مجافاة للحقائق التاريخية وتكرارا لحرق المراحل الينينية بكل الامها/ وتغليب للعناصر الارادوية على الموضوعية، والقوانين التي تحكم عملية التطور برمتها، وهذا يعني ان على رجالات السياسة والفكر ان يدركوا اولا الحركة في تدفقها، ويؤهلوا انفسهم للانضمام لها بعد ادراك موجباتها وشروطها، وادراك ان جل دورهم وانجازهم يكمن في وعي الحركة ووعي ادوارهم فيها.
محاكاة خمسة طرائق لتقدير معلمة ودالة معولية التوزيع الأسي
Authors: خضر عبد الجبار , حسون انتصار عبيد , حسين اسيل ناصر
Published: December 2018

تعتبر عملية التقدير أحد أركان عملية الاستدلال الاحصائي اضافة الى اختبار الفرضيات، وتتم بواسطة التقدير جمع المعلومات والأستنتاجات حول معلمة أومعلمات المجتمع على أساس النتائج المستخرجة من العينة المسحوبة من ذلك المجتمع.

هنالك طرائق عدة لتقدير معلمات مجتمع ما، منها مايسمى بالطرائق الأعتيادية والتي تعتمد على عدم توفر معلومات مسبقة عن المعلمات المراد تقديرها وهناك طرائق اخرى تسمى الطرائق البيزية والتي تعتمد في تطبيقها على افتراض ان المعلمة أو المعلمات المراد تقديرها ماهي الا متغيرا عشوائيا له دالة يتوزع بموجبها.

وبهدف الحصول على مقدرات ذات خصائص جيدة خاصة في حالة وجود اكثر من طريقة لتقدير معلمة ما، فان ذلك يؤدي الى دراسة المفاضلة بين هذه المقدرات لاختيار الأفضل منها وذلك بالاعتماد على معايير احصائية منها التحيز والتباين ومتوسط مربعات الخطأ ومتوسط مطلق الخطأ النسبي وغيرها، فاذا انصب اهتمام الباحث بتحليل اوقات الفشل أو الوقت المستغرق لحين حصول الفشل او تأثير الحياة أو اوقات فشل المكائن،فأن التوزيع الأحتمالي الملائم لهذه الحالات هو التوزيع الأسي او توزيع كاما او توزيع ويبل وغيرها. ونظرا لأهمية التوزيع الأسي في تحليل الكثير من أوقات البقاء والمعولية لكثير من الاجهزة، ارتأينا تطبيق طرائق مختلفة من طرائق التقدير لتقدير معلمات هذا التوزيع الذي تناوله الكثير من الباحثين نذكر على سبيل المثال لا الحصر  Sinha & Sloan (1988) و Vincenl(1997) والباحث Fernandez عام (2000) وAlfawzan عام (2000) والناصر(2002) والبياتي ((2002 والناصر والبياتي (2004) وغيرهم.