bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the impact of non-stationarity in reinforcement learning-based traffic signal control
Authors: Alegre Lucas N. , Bazzan Ana L.C. , da Silva Bruno C.
Published: May 2021

In reinforcement learning (RL), dealing with non-stationarity is a challenging issue. However, some domains such as traffic optimization are inherently non-stationary. Causes for and effects of this are manifold. In particular, when dealing with traffic signal controls, addressing non-stationarity is key since traffic conditions change over time and as a function of traffic control decisions taken in other parts of a network. In this paper we analyze the effects that different sources of non-stationarity have in a network of traffic signals, in which each signal is modeled as a learning agent. More precisely, we study both the effects of changing the context in which an agent learns (e.g., a change in flow rates experienced by it), as well as the effects of reducing agent observability of the true environment state. Partial observability may cause distinct states (in which distinct actions are optimal) to be seen as the same by the traffic signal agents. This, in turn, may lead to sub-optimal performance. We show that the lack of suitable sensors to provide a representative observation of the real state seems to affect the performance more drastically than the changes to the underlying traffic patterns.
Prevalence and Comorbidity of Depression and Anxiety among Medical Students in Babcock University, Ogun State, Nigeria
Authors: Dike-Israel Naomi A. , Akinboye Dora O.
Published: May 2021

Background: Depression and anxiety are mental health disorders which both result in high negative affect and are two of the most common mental health disorders globally. Stress is one factor implicated in the cause and aggravation of such mental disorders. Medicine is among some of the most stressful courses that a student can undertake in the university.

Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and comorbidity of depression and anxiety among medical students in Ogun state, Nigeria.

Study Design: Cross-sectional survey design

Methodology: 225 medical students (MBBS) aged 15-26 (mean: 19.09±2.14), majority of whom were female (69.8%), attending a private university in Ogun state participated in the study. The levels of depression and anxiety were assessed by administering an instrument comprising of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI).

Results: Findings indicated a prevalence of depression (moderate: 16.0%, severe: 9.8%) and anxiety (moderate: 11.1%, severe: 17.3%). The study revealed significant gender differences in the manifestation of depression (male: 19.1%, female: 28.7%) and anxiety (male: 13.3%, female: 35.0%) indicating that female students are more likely to be diagnosed with both disorders. The study identified a strong positive correlation between depression and anxiety in medical students (r = 0.803).

Conclusion: Depression and anxiety are significantly prominent disorders among medical students. Therefore, sensitization and periodic mental health screening for medical students should be carried out to ensure optimal health.
Biogenic Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles on a Green Support as a Reusable Catalyst for the Hydrogenation of Nitroarene and Quinoline
Authors: Adeyeye Nafiu Sodiq , Shaheen Shah Syed , Aziz Abdul , Shaikh M. Nasiruzzaman
Published: May 2021

Direct attachment of gold nanoparticles to a green support without the use of an external reducing agent and using it for removing toxic pollutants from wastewater, i. e., reduction of nitroarene to amine, are described. A novel approach involving the reduction of gold by the jute plant (Corchorus genus) stem‐based (JPS) support itself to form nanoparticles (AuNPs) to be used as a catalytic system (‘dip‐catalyst’) and its catalytic activity for the hydrogenation of series of nitroarenes in aqueous media are presented. AuNPs/JPS catalyst was characterized using SEM, UV‐Vis, FTIR, TEM, XPS, and ICP‐OES. Confined area elemental mapping exhibits uniform and homogeneous distribution of AuNPs on the support surface. TEM shows multi‐faceted AuNPs in the range of 20–30 nm. The reactivity of AuNPs/JPS for the transfer hydrogenation of nitroarene as well as hydrogenation of quinoline under molecular H2 pressure was evaluated. Sodium borohydride, when used as the hydrogen source, demonstrates a high catalytic efficiency in the transfer hydrogenation reduction of 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP). Quinoline is quantitatively and chemoselectively hydrogenated to 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoline (py‐THQ) using molecular hydrogen. Reusability studies show that AuNPs are stable on the support surface and their selectivity is not affected.
Simultaneous quantitation of serum caffeine and its metabolites by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for CYP1A2 activity prediction in premature infants
Authors: Jiang Zhouhong , Gao Xiangbo , Liang Jianfeng , Ni Shaoqing
Published: May 2021

Caffeine (CA) is accepted as a probe of cytochrome P450 1A2 enzyme (CYP1A2) activity and is commonly used in premature infants with great inter‐individual variability of metabolism. To evaluate the change characteristics of CYP1A2 activity in premature infants, an ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and optimized for the simultaneous quantitation of serum CA and its major metabolites, including paraxanthine (PX), theophylline (TP) and theobromine (TB), in premature infants. A C18 column and gradient elution with 0.1% formic acid in methanol and 0.1% formic acid in water at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min were used for compound separation. The mass spectrometer monitored the transitions of CA (m/z 195.0 → 138.0), CA‐d9 (m/z 204.0 → 144.1), PX (m/z 181.0 → 124.1), TP (m/z 181.0 → 123.9) and TB (m/z 181.0 → 138.0) using multiple reaction monitoring in positive ion mode. CYP1A2 activity was evaluated by serum molar concentration ratios of CA and its metabolites. The results showed that CYP1A2 has a significant positive correlation with the clearance of CA, and was affected by current weight and CYP1A2*1C. The results suggested that the serum concentration ratios of CA metabolites could be used to predict the changes in CYP1A2 enzyme activity in premature infants.
Efficient Synthesis of Sugar Alcohols over a Synergistic and Sustainable Catalyst
Authors: Zhang Liangqing , Qiu Jiarong , Tang Xing , Sun Yong , Zeng Xianhai , Lin Lu
Published: May 2021

Main observation and conclusion

A series of catalysts were prepared for sugar alcohols production to overcome the deficiencies of the previous reported catalysts, such as low yield of sugar alcohols, single function, instability, and controversial role of active sites. The role of each metal and their synergistic‐cooperation was discussed in detail with a combination of conditional experiments and characterizations. The results indicated that bifunctional Ni6.66Fe1Al1.55 catalyst has unique structure with superparamagnetism and excellent activity. The (111) and (200) planes of metallic Ni are the hydrogenation active phases and preferentially exposed on Ni‐Al‐Ox spinel. The desired arabitol or mannitol was obtained by tuning the ratio of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites. The recycling tests indicated that the unique structure of the prepared Ni‐based catalyst can suppress leaching and poisoning, which has high textural stability and activity.
The effect of sex on the efficacy and safety of dual antithrombotic therapy with dabigatran versus triple therapy with warfarin after PCI in patients with atrial fibrillation (a RE‐DUAL PCI subgroup analysis and comparison to other dual antithrombotic therapy trials)
Authors: Eccleston David S. , Kim Joseph M. , ten Berg Jurien M. , Steg P. Gabriel , Bhatt Deepak L. , Hohnloser Stefan H. , de Veer Anne , Nordaby Matias , Miede Corinna , Kimura Takeshi , Lip Gregory Y. H. , Oldgren Jonas , Cannon Christopher P.
Published: May 2021

Background

The RE‐DUAL PCI trial demonstrated that in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), dual therapy with dabigatran and a P2Y12 inhibitor, either clopidogrel or ticagrelor, reduced the risk of bleeding without an increased risk of thromboembolic events as compared to triple therapy with warfarin in addition to a P2Y12 inhibitor and aspirin. What remains unclear is whether this effect is consistent between males and females undergoing PCI.

Hypothesis

The reduction in risk of bleeding without increased risk of thromboembolic events with dual therapy with dabigatran and a P2Y12 inhibitor in comparison to triple therapy with warfarin, a P2Y12 inhibitor and aspirin is consistent in females and males.

Methods

The primary safety endpoint was the first International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis (ISTH) major bleeding event (MBE) or clinically relevant non‐major bleeding event (CRNMBE). The efficacy endpoint was the composite of death, thromboembolic event (stroke, myocardial infarction, and systemic embolism) or unplanned revascularization. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were applied to calculate corresponding hazard ratios and interaction p values for each endpoint.

Results

A total of 655 women and 2070 men were enrolled. The risk of major or CRNM bleeding was lower with both dabigatran 110 mg dual therapy and dabigatran 150 mg dual therapy compared with warfarin triple therapy in female and male patients (for 110 mg: females: HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.47–1.01, males: HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.37–0.59, interaction p value: 0.084 and for 150 mg: females HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.48–1.16, males HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.56–0.90, interaction p value: 0.83). There was also no detectable difference in the composite efficacy endpoint of death, thromboembolic events or unplanned revascularization between dabigatran dual therapy and warfarin triple therapy, with no statistically significant interaction between sex and treatment (interaction p values: 0.73 and 0.72, respectively).

Conclusions

Consistent with the overall study results, the risk of bleeding was lower with dabigatran 110 mg and 150 mg dual therapy compared with warfarin triple therapy, and risk of thromboembolic events was comparable with warfarin triple therapy independent of the patient's sex.
Apatinib for the treatment of metastatic or locoregionally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma after failure of chemotherapy: A multicenter, single‐arm, prospective phase 2 study
Authors: Ruan Xiaolan , Liang Jin‐Hui , Pan Yufei , Cai Rui , Zhang Rong Jun , He Zhuokai , Yang Xi , Niu Zhijie , Jiang Wei
Published: May 2021

Background

The authors aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of apatinib in patients with metastatic or locoregionally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

Methods

A multicenter, single‐arm, prospective phase 2 study was conducted on patients (18‐70 years of age) with metastatic or recurrent NPC who had failed chemotherapy. Patients with recurrent disease involving vascular structure invasion were excluded. All enrolled patients received apatinib (500 mg daily) in continuous 4‐week cycles until disease progression or development of unacceptable toxicity. The primary end point of this study was objective response rate (ORR), and the secondary end points were progression‐free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and toxicity. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03130270).

Results

Between January 2017 and June 2018, 33 patients were enrolled. At the end of the data collection (May 20, 2020), the 33 patients had completed a total of 261.2 cycles of apatinib. Although 12 patients achieved a partial response, no patient achieved a complete response; thus, the ORR in the 33 patients was 36.4% (95% CI, 19.0%‐53.7%). At the end of follow‐up (median, 30 months; 95% CI, 24.9‐35.1), median OS and median PFS were 16 months (95% CI, 14.6‐17.4 months) and 5.0 months (95% CI, 3.6‐6.4 months), respectively. The most common adverse events (grade 1/2) were hand‐foot syndrome (18 [54.5%]), hypertension (14 [42.4%]), oral ulcer (8 [24.2%]), and proteinuria (4 [12.1%]). Two patients (1 with diabetes and 1 with hypertension) developed cerebral infarction. Grade 3/4 toxicities were uncommon.

Conclusions

Apatinib shows promising activity, with manageable toxicities, in patients with metastatic or locoregionally recurrent NPC. Further evaluation of apatinib in large‐scale studies is warranted.

Lay Summary

Clinical studies on vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)–targeted therapy for recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) are limited.

A recent preclinical study that evaluated apatinib in models of NPC showed a high objective response rate and a favorable safety profile.

Our data further confirmed good efficacy in patients with lung metastasis.

Further studies of the efficacy and safety of apatinib combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors or chemotherapy in NPC is warranted.
Exemptions to state laws regulating opioid prescribing for patients with cancer‐related pain: A summary
Authors: Bulls Hailey W. , Bell Lindsay F. , Orris Steven R. , Goodin Burel R. , Liebschutz Jane M. , Wozniak Antoinette , Merlin Jessica S. , Schenker Yael
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND

Cancer‐related pain is highly prevalent and is commonly treated with prescription opioids. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) now encourages conservative opioid prescribing in recognition of potential opioid‐related risks. However, CDC guidelines have been misapplied to patients with cancer. Recent laws at the state level reflect the CDC's guidance by limiting opioid prescribing. It is unclear whether states exempt cancer‐related pain, which may affect cancer pain management. Thus, the objective of this study was to summarize current state‐level opioid prescribing laws and exemptions for patients with cancer.

METHODS

Two study authors reviewed publicly available state records to identify the most recent opioid prescribing laws and cancer‐related exemptions. Documents were required to have the force of law and be enacted at the time of the search (November 2020).

RESULTS

Results indicated that 36 states had enacted formal legislation limiting the duration and/or dosage of opioid prescriptions, and this was largely focused on acute pain and/or initial prescriptions. Of these states, 32 (89%) explicitly exempted patients with cancer‐related pain from opioid prescribing laws. Exemptions were broadly applied, with few states providing specific guidance for cancer‐related pain prescribing.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study indicate that most states recognize the importance of prescription opioids in cancer‐related pain management. However, drafting nuanced and clinically relevant opioid legislation is challenging for a heterogenous population. Additionally, current attempts to regulate opioid prescribing by state law may unintentionally undermine patient‐centered approaches to pain management. Additional resources are needed to facilitate clarity at the intersection of opioid‐related legislation and clinical management for cancer‐related pain.

LAY SUMMARY

In this review of state‐level legislation, current limitations on opioid prescribing are summarized and detailed information is provided on exemptions for patients with cancer.

The majority of states have enacted specific dosage and/or duration limitations on opioid prescribing while including broad exemptions for cancer‐related pain.

Cancer‐related pain exemptions are important to include, as is consistent with national and professional guidelines (eg, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). However, these exemptions may also unintentionally undermine patient‐centered approaches to pain management.

Additional resources, including specific guidance for patients with cancer, are needed to facilitate clarity at the intersection of opioid‐related legislation and clinical pain management.

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Impact of CYP2D6 Genetic Variation on Radical Cure of Plasmodium vivax Malaria
Authors: Suarez‐Kurtz Guilherme
Published: May 2021

Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) is the most widespread human malaria parasite, with 2.5 billion people at risk of infection worldwide. P. vivax forms liver hypnozoites, which trigger further symptomatic episodes (relapses) weeks or months after the initial episode. Radical cure of vivax malaria requires hypnozoitocide therapy to prevent relapses. The two US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved hypnozoiticides for human use, primaquine, and tafenoquine, are pro‐drugs, that require in vivo conversion into metabolites with redox activity. This mini‐review focuses on the association between CYP2D6‐mediated hydroxylation and hypnozoitocide efficacy of primaquine and tafenoquine. Studies in murine models show that the antimalarial activity of primaquine and tafenoquine is abolished by CYP2D knock‐out and partially restored by knock‐in of humanized CYP2D6. Human studies explored the impact of CYP2D6 genetic variation and genotype‐inferred CYP2D6 phenotype on anti‐relapse efficacy. Most, but not all, studies with primaquine report higher rates of relapse in patients with decreased CYP2D6 activity (activity scores (AS) ≤ 1) compared to normal activity (AS ≥ 1.5). Potential factors for discordance among studies include risk of reinfection in endemic areas, adherence to primaquine‐treatment, assignment of CYP2D6 phenotypes based on CYP2D6 polymorphism and choice of AS values for dichotomizing the study cohorts. Tafenoquine anti‐relapse efficacy did not differ between patients with AS < 1 vs. AS ≥ 1.5 in 2 studies. Absence/small number of poor CYP2D6 metabolizers in AS ≤ 1 groups, combined with lesser dependence of tafenoquine on CYP2D6‐mediated conversion into active redox metabolites may account for this result. Additional tafenoquine studies with larger representation of poor CYP2D6 metabolizers are warranted.
Phenotypic performance and associated QTL of ‘Peace’ × ‘CDC Stanley’ mapping population under conventional and organic management systems
Authors: Xiang Rongrong , Semagn Kassa , Iqbal Muhammad , Chen Hua , Yang Rong‐Cai , Spaner Dean
Published: May 2021

Identification of consistent QTL in both conventional and organic management systems is a prerequisite for improving spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) through marker‐assisted selection. The objectives of the present study were to continue investigating the effect of management systems on agronomic and end‐use quality traits, and map associated quantitative trait loci (QTL) in a hard red spring wheat population. We evaluated 165 recombinant inbred lines derived from ‘Peace’ × ‘CDC Stanley’ for nine agronomic and end‐use quality traits under conventional and organic management systems for 2 yr and genotyped them with the wheat 90K iSelect array. Using inclusive composite interval mapping on phenotypic data across two environments per management and the International Wheat Genome Sequence Consortium (IWGSC) RefSeq v2.0 physical map of 1,058 informative single nucleotide polymorphisms, we uncovered 32 QTL (17 under conventional and 15 under organic) associated with nine traits of which five QTL were common in both managements. The remaining QTL were specific either to the conventional (12) or organic (10) managements. Each QTL explained from 1.2 to 19.2% and together accounted for 3.0 to 28.4% and 3.3 to 21.9% of the total phenotypic variance of each trait evaluated under conventional and organic management systems, respectively. We found three coincident genomic regions on chromosomes 1B, 3B, and 4B associated with two and three traits. All QTL identified in the present study were not reported in any of our previous mapping populations and would provide more data to wheat researchers conducting similar studies under conventional and organic management systems.
Serum glycated albumin as good biomarker for predicting type 2 diabetes: A retrospective cohort study of China National Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Survey
Authors: Bai Yuanyuan , Fang Yujie , Ming Jie , Wei Huigang , Zhang Pinghua , Yan Juan , Du Yongfeng , Li Qiaoyue , Yu Xinwen , Guo Minglan , Liang Shengru , Hu Ruofan , Ji Qiuhe
Published: May 2021

Aims

Glycated albumin (GA) is a biomarker for short‐term (2–3 weeks) glycaemic control. However, the predictive utility of GA for diabetes and prediabetes is largely uncharacterised. We aimed to investigate the relationships of baseline serum GA levels with incident diabetes and prediabetes.

Methods

This was a longitudinal cohort study involving 516 subjects without diabetes or prediabetes at baseline. Blood glucose levels were observed during follow‐up. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using COX proportional hazard models. Receiver operating characteristic curves and areas under the curves (AUCs) were used to evaluate the discriminating abilities of glycaemic biomarkers and prediction models.

Results

During a 9‐year follow‐up, 51 individuals (9.88%) developed diabetes and 92 (17.83%) prediabetes. Unadjusted HRs (95% CI) for both diabetes and prediabetes increased proportionally with increasing GA levels in a dose–response manner. Multivariable‐adjusted HRs (95% CI) for diabetes were significantly elevated from 1.0 (reference) to 5.58 (1.86–16.74). However, the trend was no longer significant for prediabetes after multivariable adjustment. AUCs for GA, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and 2‐h postprandial blood glucose (2h‐PBG) for predicting diabetes were 0.698, 0.655 and 0.725, respectively. The AUCs for GA had no significant differences compared with those for FBG (p = 0.376) and 2h‐PBG (p = 0.552). Replacing FBG or 2h‐PBG or both with GA in diabetes prediction models made no significant changes to the AUCs of the models.

Conclusions

GA is of good prognostic utility in predicting diabetes. However, GA may not be a useful biomarker for predicting prediabetes.
Thriving in a hostile world: Insights from the dietary strategy of two allopatric, closely related tepui summit endemic amphibians
Authors: Kok Philippe J. R. , Broholm Tessa L. , Mebs Dietrich
Published: May 2021

To date, there has been no published investigation on the trophic diversity in any tepui summit vertebrate. In this paper, we analyzed the dietary composition of a tepui summit endemic toad, Oreophrynella quelchii from Roraima‐tepui, and compared it with that of O. nigra from Kukenán‐tepui, to examine to what extent diet differs between these two sister species across isolated, although neighboring, tepui tops. The digestive tracts of a total of 197 toads were dissected: 111 from O. quelchii and 86 from O. nigra. The diet composition of O. quelchii was relatively diverse, with 13 major prey categories; mites (Acari, 36.5%) and beetles (Coleoptera, 21.0%) numerically dominated its diet. Despite occurring on two different tepui summits, O. quelchii and O. nigra exhibited a similar diet composition, although in O. nigra mites (Acari, 42.4%) and hymenopterans (especially ants, 16.9%) numerically dominated the diet. The present data suggest that tepui summit Oreophrynella species are flexible in their diet and are active foragers that also feed on aquatic arthropods, successful strategies in tepui competitive environments.
Genetic diversity and kinship relationships in one of the largest South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) populations of the Pacific Ocean
Authors: Gutiérrez Josefina , Seguel Mauricio , Saenz‐Agudelo Pablo , Acosta‐Jamett Gerardo , Verdugo Claudio
Published: May 2021

The genetic diversity of populations is the basis for individual fitness and potential adaptability to environmental changes. The South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) is a pinniped species that is widely distributed along the southern cone of South America. However, two distinct populations have evolved: the Northern Pacific/Peruvian population and the Southern Pacific/Atlantic population. One of the main breeding colonies of the Southern Pacific/Atlantic population is located on Guafo Island, in southern Chilean Patagonia. This breeding colony represents the closest reproductive population to the remote Peruvian group. Therefore, our study aimed to determine whether the Guafo colony may potentially facilitate gene flow, contribute new alleles, and increase genetic variability of the Peruvian populations, thereby linking the Northern and Southern Pacific populations for the species. In this study, species‐specific microsatellite markers were developed to genetically characterize Guafo Island's South American fur seal population. Our results confirm that the Guafo colony is a panmictic population with evidence of lack of genetic structure. Further, our results indicate that most individuals are unrelated and that half‐siblings are rare, suggesting that polygyny in this species is less frequent than previously thought. Finally, based on the identification of multiple pairs of full siblings, we also present the first genetic evidence of twins in South American fur seals. These attributes suggest that the Guafo colony is a large, panmictic population, which could act as a potential genetic reservoir, and ultimately assist in linking two genetically distinct populations.
Hydrogen peroxide enhanced sonophotocatalytic degradation of acid orange 7 in aqueous solution: optimization by Box–Behnken design
Authors: Wei Haoxuan , Rahaman Md. Hasibur , Zhao Jujiao , Li Dayan , Zhai Jun
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND

Sonophotocatalysis has gained great attention for research into practical applications to treat refractory organic dye from wastewater. However, its degradation efficiency needs to be improved further. To further enhance the sonophotocatalytic performance, here we report a novel hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‐assisted titania (TiO2)‐based sonophotocatalyic system (H2O2‐US‐UV/TiO2) for degradation of acid orange 7 (AO7).

RESULTS

Effects of operating parameters including catalyst dosage, concentration of the oxidative agents and initial pH were analyzed through a response surface method coupled with Box–Behnken experimental design (RSM‐BBD) and experiments. Introducing H2O2 into the US‐UV/TiO2 system can significantly enhance AO7 removal. A quadratic model was proposed for predicting AO7 degradation using the RSM‐BBD method, and the statistical significance of the model was confirmed by ANOVA. The real AO7 removal efficiency (95.8%) under experimental conditions of 0.5 g L−1 TiO2, 4 mmol L–1 H2O2, and initial pH 3 was comparable with the predicated value (98.6%) obtained from this model. Quenching tests revealed that the hydroxyl radical (˙OH) was the key reactive species in the sonophotocatalytic system. Degradation products including 2‐naphthol, 4‐carboxylphenylglycine, cinnamic acid and 1,10‐Decanediol were identified.

CONCLUSION

Adding H2O2 improved the degradation performance of AO7 in the US‐UV/TiO2 system; H2O2 concentration was a more significant experimental factor than initial pH and TiO2 dosage. A degradation pathway of AO7 removal was suggested according to results of liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The novel hybrid H2O2‐US‐UV/TiO2 system can be utilized as an efficient process for recalcitrant dye wastewater treatment. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Team Regulatory Focus and its Role for Idea Generation, Idea Implementation, and Innovative Performance: A Dynamic Perspective
Authors: Hundeling Maike , Auerswald Max , Rosing Kathrin
Published: May 2021

In an experimental study, we explored the relationships between team regulatory focus and temporal patterns of innovative activities as well as innovative performance. We manipulated regulatory focus in 44 student teams and assessed idea generation and implementation activities over time based on video data. External raters assessed innovative performance. Latent growth curve models revealed that higher team promotion focus increased idea generation at the beginning of an innovative project but decreased this activity over time. High levels of idea generation at the beginning of a project were related to lower levels of originality, whereas a decline in idea generation over time was related to higher levels of originality. Unexpectedly, relationships between team prevention focus, idea implementation, and quality were not significant. Our findings contribute to a comprehensive perspective on team regulatory focus and innovation, emphasizing the importance of differentiating between activities and performance.
Meta‐analytic structural equation modeling made easy: A tutorial and web application for one‐stageMASEM
Authors: Jak Suzanne , Li Hongli , Kolbe Laura , de Jonge Hannelies , Cheung Mike W.‐L.
Published: May 2021

Meta‐analytic structural equation modeling (MASEM) refers to fitting structural equation models (SEMs) (such as path models or factor models) to meta‐analytic data. Currently, fitting MASEMs may be challenging for researchers that are not accustomed to working with R software and packages. Therefore, we developed webMASEM; a web application for MASEM. This app implements the one‐stage MASEM approach, and allows users to apply MASEM in a user‐friendly way. The aim of this article is to provide a tutorial on one‐stage MASEM and a practical guide to webMASEM. We will pay specific attention to how the data should be structured and prepared for webMASEM, because mistakes in this step may lead to faulty results without receiving an error message. The use of webMASEM is illustrated with an analysis of a meta‐analytic path model in which the path coefficients are moderated by a study‐level variable, a meta‐analytic factor model in which the factor loadings are moderated by a study‐level variable, and a meta‐analytic panel model in which the effects are moderated by a study‐level variable. All used datafiles and R scripts are available online.
Quantitative analysis of γ‐glutamylisoleucine, γ‐glutamylthreonine, and γ‐glutamylvaline in HeLa cells using UHPLC‐MS/MS
Authors: Thacker Jonathan B. , He Chenchen , Pennathur Subramaniam
Published: May 2021

γ‐Glutamylpeptides have been identified as potential biomarkers for a number of diseases including cancer, diabetes, and liver disease. In this study, we developed and validated a novel quantitative analytical strategy for measuring γ‐glutamylisoleucine, γ‐glutamylthreonine, and γ‐glutamylvaline, all of which have been previously reported as potential biomarkers for prostate cancer in HeLa cells using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. A BEH C18 column was used as the stationary phase. Mobile phase A was 99:1 water:formic acid and mobile phase B was acetonitrile. Chemical isotope labeling using benzoyl chloride was used as the internal standardization strategy. Sample preparation consisted of the addition of water to a frozen cell pellet, sonication, derivatization, centrifugation, and subsequent addition of an internal standard solution. The method was validated for selectivity, accuracy, precision, linearity, and stability. The determined concentrations of γ‐glutamylisoleucine, γ‐glutamylthreonine, and γ‐glutamylvaline in HeLa cells were 1.92 ± 0.06, 10.8 ± 0.4, and 1.96 ± 0.04 pmol/mg protein, respectively. In addition, the qualitative analysis of these analytes in human serum was achieved using a modified sample preparation strategy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the use of benzoyl chloride for chemical isotope labeling for metabolite quantitation in cells.
Eriodictyol attenuates TNBS‐induced ulcerative colitis through repressing TLR4/NF‐kB signaling pathway in rats
Authors: Hu Li‐Hong , Liu Jing‐Yang , Yin Ji‐Bin
Published: May 2021

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic disease characterized by mucosal and submucosal inflammation, which has a low cure rate and is prone to relapse, due to the immune imbalance of the body. Inhibition of inflammation‐related pathways can delay the progression of UC. Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway is considered to be one of the important signaling pathways involved in colon inflammation. Eriodictyol (EDT) is a natural flavonoid widely distributed in foodborne plants. EDT plays an important role in the regulation of inflammation and related signaling pathways. However, whether EDT plays a role in UC remains unknown. Herein, we established a TNBS induced animal model of enteritis in Wistar rats. Our data confirmed the establishment of TNBS induced animal model of enteritis and the administration Eriodictyol in Wistar rats. EDT treatment alleviated TNBS‐induced intestinal tissue injury in rats. We further found that EDT reduced MPO expression and regulated the cytokine parameters in TNBS‐induced intestinal tissues of rats. The levels of TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐2, and IL‐12 were also affected by the treatment of EDT. EDT also affected SOD, CAT, GSH‐Px, and MDA level in rats with colitis. Moreover, EDT regulated TNBS‐induced TLR4/NF‐κB pathway activation, therefore inhibiting the progression of UC. Our results suggest that EDT could be a potential therapeutic agent for UC.
A clinical‐radiomics model incorporating T2‐weighted and diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance images predicts the existence of lymphovascular invasion / perineural invasion in patients with colorectal cancer
Authors: Zhang Ke , Ren Yiyue , Xu Shufeng , Lu Wei , Xie Shengnan , Qu Jiali , Wang Xiaoyan , Shen Bo , Pang Peipei , Cai Xiujun , Sun Jihong
Published: May 2021

Purpose

Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) and perineural invasion (PNI) are independent prognostic factors in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we aimed to develop and validate a preoperative predictive model based on high‐throughput radiomic features and clinical factors for accurate prediction of LVI/PNI in these patients.

Methods

Two hundred and sixty‐three patients who underwent colorectal resection for histologically confirmed CRC between 1 February 2011 and 30 June 2020 were retrospectively enrolled. Between 1 February 2011 and 30 September 2018, 213 patients were randomly divided into a training cohort (n = 149) and a validation cohort (n = 64) by a ratio of 7:3. We used a 10000‐iteration bootstrap analysis to estimate the prediction error and confidence interval for two cohorts. The independent test cohort consisted of 50 patients between 1 October 2018 and 30 June 2020. Regions of interest (ROIs) were manually delineated in high‐resolution T2‐weighted and diffusion‐weighted images using ITK‐SNAP software on each CRC tumor slice. In total, 3356 radiomic features were extracted from each ROI. Next, we used the maximum relevance minimum redundancy and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator algorithms to select the strongest of these features to establish a clinical‐radiomics model for predicting LVI/PNI. Receiver‐operating characteristic and calibration curves were then plotted to evaluate the predictive performance of the model in the training, validation, and independent test cohorts.

Results

A multiparametric clinical‐radiomics model combining MRI‐reported extramural vascular invasion (EMVI) status and a Radiomics score for the LVI/PNI estimation was established. This model had significant predictive power in the training cohort (area under the curve [AUC] 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.85–0.97), validation cohort (AUC: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.79–89), and independent test cohorts (AUC 0.83, 95% CI 0.72–0.95). The model performed well in the independent test cohort with sensitivity of 0.818, specificity of 0.714, and accuracy of 0.760. Calibration curve and decision curve analysis demonstrated clinical benefits.

Conclusion

Multiparametric clinical‐radiomics models can accurately predict LVI/PNI in patients with CRC. Our model has predictive ability that should improve preoperative diagnostic performance and allow more individualized treatment decisions.
Urbanization and respiratory stress in the Northern Low Countries: A comparative study of chronic maxillary sinusitis in two early modern sites from the Netherlands (AD 1626–1866)
Authors: Casna Maia , Burrell Carla L. , Schats Rachel , Hoogland Menno L. P. , Schrader Sarah A.
Published: May 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between urbanization and upper respiratory health in two early modern populations from the Netherlands. For this purpose, we analyzed the prevalence of chronic maxillary sinusitis in the adult urban population of Arnhem (n = 83) and in the rural village of Middenbeemster (n = 74). A slightly higher prevalence of chronic maxillary sinusitis was observed in the Arnhem sample (55.4%) compared with the Middenbeemster sample (51.3%), and these variations were not statistically significantly different. Although historical sources attest to the fact that life in the postmedieval settlements of Arnhem and Middenbeemster greatly differed, our results suggest that both environments exposed people to certain respiratory hazards. Furthermore, sinusitis prevalence was also investigated in correlation to sex, as urbanization in the Netherlands often involved women in factory work in direct contrast to the traditional domestic role they kept covering in rural environments. No significant differences were observed between males and females, both in an intersite (Arnhem males vs. Middenbeemster males; Arnhem females vs. Middenbeemster females) and in an intrasite (males vs. females at Arnhem; males vs. females at Middenbemster) comparison. As men and women in Arnhem worked on similar tasks, our results confirm that they were both exposed to similar risk factors. In Middenbeemster, where women mainly stayed inside taking care of the house while men worked the fields, the adverse weather conditions and continuous exposure to pollens and allergens may have enhanced men's chances of contracting chronic maxillary sinusitis. This study suggests that urbanization in the early modern Netherlands was in fact not inherently more detrimental than rural living. Future research incorporating a larger sample from other Dutch sites is being considered to better frame the complex etiology of sinusitis within the present understanding of historic regional variation in urbanization patterns.
Views from Multidisciplinary Oncology Clinicians on Strengthening Cancer Care Delivery Systems in Tanzania
Authors: Nyagabona Sarah Kutika , Luhar Rohan , Ndumbalo Jerry , Mvungi Nanzoke , Ngoma Mamsau , Meena Stephen , Siu Sadiq , Said Mwamvita , Mwaiselage Julius , Tarimo Edith , Buckle Geoffrey , Selekwa Msiba , Mushi Beatrice , Mmbaga Elia John , Van Loon Katherine , DeBoer Rebecca J.
Published: May 2021

Background

In response to the increasing burden of cancer in Tanzania, the Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children launched National Cancer Treatment Guidelines (TNCTG) in February 2020. The guidelines aimed to improve and standardize oncology care in the country. At Ocean Road Cancer Institute (ORCI), we developed a theory-informed implementation strategy to promote guideline-concordant care. As part of the situation analysis for implementation strategy development, we conducted focus group discussions to evaluate clinical systems and contextual factors that influence guideline-based practice prior to the launch of the TNCTG.

Materials and Methods

In June 2019, three focus group discussions were conducted with a total of 21 oncology clinicians at ORCI, stratified by profession. A discussion guide was used to stimulate dialogue about facilitators and barriers to delivery of guideline-concordant care. Discussions were audio recorded, transcribed, translated, and analyzed using thematic framework analysis.

Results

Participants identified factors both within the inner context of ORCI clinical systems and outside of ORCI. Themes within the clinical systems included capacity and infrastructure, information technology, communication, efficiency, and quality of services provided. Contextual factors external to ORCI included interinstitutional coordination, oncology capacity in peripheral hospitals, public awareness and beliefs, and financial barriers. Participants provided pragmatic suggestions for strengthening cancer care delivery in Tanzania.

Conclusion

Our results highlight several barriers and facilitators within and outside of the clinical systems at ORCI that may affect uptake of the TNCTG. Our findings were used to inform a broader guideline implementation strategy, in an effort to improve uptake of the TNCTGs at ORCI.

Implications for Practice

This study provides an assessment of cancer care delivery systems in a low resource setting from the unique perspectives of local multidisciplinary oncology clinicians. Situational analysis of contextual factors that are likely to influence guideline implementation outcomes is the first step of developing an implementation strategy for cancer treatment guidelines. Many of the barriers identified in this study represent actionable targets that will inform the next phases of our implementation strategy for guideline-concordant cancer care in Tanzania and comparable settings.
Sustainable and high‐performance ternary blends from polylactide, CO2‐based polyester and microbial polyesters with different chemical structure
Authors: Zuo Huijie , Liu Juyang , Huang Dong , Bai Yuanbin , Cui Liang , Pan Li , Zhang Kunyu , Wang Huaiyuan
Published: May 2021

Herein, high‐performance sustainable ternary blends were prepared via a melt blending method from completely biodegradable polyesters, namely commercial polylactide (PLA), poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) and a series of poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s (PHAs), including poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), poly(3‐hydoxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) and two types of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐4‐hydroxybutyrate) (P34HB) having different 3HB molar ratios. The miscibility, phase structure, mechanical and thermal properties of the blends were investigated to deeply understand the influence of the blend compositions and species of PHAs on the structure and physical performance of the multiphase blends. Thermal and morphological analysis revealed that the PLA, PPC and PHAs components showed partial miscibility with each other, especially the blend with P34HB of a low 3HB ratio. Remarkable enhancement in the ductility and toughness of PLA was gained by the addition of PPC and P34HB. An optimum tensile strain of 171% was achieved for the PLA/PPC/P34HB (60/30/10) blend, while PLA/PPC/P34HB (60/10/30) blend showed the highest impact strength with a value of 45 kJ m−2, which is 14 times higher than that of PLA. Synergistic toughening from the flexible PPC and P34HB phase with a degree of interfacial compatibilization played an effective role in enhancing the mechanical performance of the ternary blends.
Determinants of social functioning among adolescents and young adults with cancer: A systematic review
Authors: Schilstra Clarissa E. , Fardell Joanna E. , Burns Mary A. , Ellis Sarah J. , Anazodo Antoinette C. , Trahair Toby N. , Sansom‐Daly Ursula M.
Published: May 2021

Objectives

Survivors of adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer report deficits in social functioning relative to healthy peers. Identifying factors related to their social functioning is critical to improve their long‐term social outcomes. This review addressed: (1) How is social functioning defined and measured among studies of AYAs who have had cancer? (2) What factors have quantitatively/qualitatively are associated with/predictors of social functioning? and (3) What associated factors/predictors of social functioning are modifiable and amenable to intervention?

Methods

A systematic review was conducted to identify publications from 2000 to 2021, meeting these criteria: (1) mean/median age at diagnosis/treatment 13–40, (2) assessed social functioning with a validated measure and included factors associated with/predictive of social functioning and/or qualitatively assessed young people's perceptions of factors related to their social functioning and (3) was peer‐reviewed/published in English.

Results

Thirty‐seven publications were included. Definitions and measures of social functioning varied, and factors related to social functioning varied based on definition. Factors most commonly associated with decreased social functioning included treatment status (receiving or completed treatment), poor physical functioning, depression, negative body image, engaging in social comparisons, social/cultural stigma around cancer, and fatigue. Increased social functioning was most commonly associated with social support and the quality/age‐appropriateness of care.

Conclusions

Social functioning is multidimensional construct for AYAs diagnosed with cancer and may not be adequately assessed with measures of adjustment or quality of life. Future studies should clarify how to optimally define and measure social functioning in this population, to ensure their functioning can be protected and promoted long‐term.
Prematurity, the diagnosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and maturation of ventilatory control
Authors: Mammel Daniel , Kemp James
Published: May 2021

Infants born before 32 weeks gestational age and receiving respiratory support at 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) are diagnosed with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). This label suggests that their need for supplemental oxygen (O2) is primarily due to acquired dysplasia of airways and airspaces, and that the supplemental O2 is treating residual parenchymal lung disease. However, emerging evidence suggests that immature ventilatory control may also contribute to the need for supplemental O2 at 36 weeks PMA. In all newborns, maturation of ventilatory control continues ex utero and is a plastic process. Among premature infants, supplemental O2 mitigates the hypoxemic effects of delayed maturation of ventilatory control, as well as reduces the duration and frequency of periodic breathing events. Nevertheless, prematurity is associated with altered and occasionally aberrant maturation of ventilatory control. Infants born prematurely, with or without a diagnosis of BPD, are more prone to long‐lasting effects of dysfunctional ventilatory control. This review addresses normal and abnormal maturation of ventilatory control and suggests how aberrant maturation complicates assigning the diagnosis of BPD. Greater awareness of the interaction between parenchymal lung disease and delayed maturation of ventilatory control is essential to understanding why a given premature infant requires and is benefitting from supplemental O2 at 36 weeks PMA.
More on Sombor indices of chemical graphs and their applications to the boiling point of benzenoid hydrocarbons
Authors: Liu Hechao , Chen Hanlin , Xiao Qiqi , Fang Xiaona , Tang Zikai
Published: May 2021

Let G be a connected graph with vertex set V(G) and edge set E(G). The Sombor index of G is defined as and the reduced Sombor index of G is defined as where du denotes the degree of vertex u in G. In this paper, we determine maximum and minimum (reduced) Sombor index of chemical trees with given pendent vertices, and characterize their extremal graphs. In addition, some numerical results are discussed. We calculate the (reduced) Sombor index of a set of benzenoid hydrocarbons. The regression models show that boiling points and (reduced) Sombor index of benzenoid hydrocarbons are highly correlated.