bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factor VIII assay mimicking in vivo coagulation conditions
Authors: Kusch M. , Grundmann C. , Keitel S. , König H.
Published: November 2013

Under certain circumstances, the determination of coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) is hampered by assay discrepancies between clotting and chromogenic approaches. These are observed in certain patients’ plasma as well as in certain concentrates. We intended to develop a novel assay for the quantification of coagulation FVIII which reflects the physiological situation better than the established assays. It is based on plasma without chelation of divalent cations and simultaneously minimizes the generation of activated factors which could function as uncontrolled triggers of coagulation. FVIII deficient plasma is prepared with the aid of biotinylated antibodies against FVIII from normal plasma in presence of inhibitors of contact activation. To start the assay only tiny amounts of activated FIX serve as trigger. The FVIII determination is performed in a kinetic experiment and is based on the cleavage of a fluorogenic substrate for activated FX. FVIII concentrations between 0.01 and 1 IU mL−1 are easily determined. Plasma‐derived and recombinant FVIII concentrates were compared. All plasma‐derived concentrates were found to contain FVIII activities within the specification of the manufacturer. Recombinant concentrates yielded only 35–50% of the claimed potency. The novel in vivo‐like assay avoids the undue advantage or disadvantage of certain product characteristics by eliminating unphysiological assay conditions. Its usefulness could turn out in future experiments with plasma from haemophilia A patients.
The use of a co‐design model in improving timely bleed reporting by adults with haemophilia living in the Auckland region of New Zealand
Authors: d'Young A. I. , Young L. , Ockelford P. A. , Brasser M. , Slavin K. , Manson L. , Preston S.
Published: November 2013

Many adult patients diagnosed with phenotypically moderate and severe haemophilia living in the Auckland region of New Zealand do not report bleeding episodes within a timeframe that allows for optimal assessment and management. This can result in poor clinical outcomes for patients and poor oversight of the use of expensive clotting factor concentrates. Our goal was to improve both the number and speed at which bleeding episodes were reported to our centre, improving access to care and clinical oversight of the use of expensive factor concentrates and aiding the development of a care partnership with patients. We worked with 70 adult PWH living in the Auckland region of New Zealand with moderate and severe haemophilia A and B. Over a 5‐month period between March and July 2013 we used a co‐design model to develop and implement a range of strategies to improve the timing and frequency of bleed reporting. Mean bleed reporting time was reduced threefold, with a threefold increase in the number of bleeds reported per month. We reduced the number of bleeding episodes reported outside of a prespecified 48‐h time limit by 68%. We significantly improved bleed reporting and time to report, indicating improved access to our services, improved clinical oversight and improved accountability to our national funder. We have achieved a care partnership and a reduction in factor consumption for the study population without compromising the quality of care they receive.
Bone cysts in patients with afibrinogenaemia: a literature review and two new cases
Authors: van Meegeren M. E. R. , de Rooy J. W. J. , Schreuder H. W. B. , Brons P. P. T.
Published: November 2013

Afibrinogenaemia is an autosomal recessive disease with an estimated prevalence of approximately one in a million. The most common symptoms of afibrinogenaemia are umbilical cord bleeding, bleeding into skin, mouth, muscles, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts and the central nervous system. Other recognized complications include; haemarthroses, spontaneous splenic rupture, epistaxis, menorrhagia, recurrent abortion and venous and arterial thromboembolism. Bone cysts have also been described as a rare complication of afibrinogenaemia. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic literature review, summarize the reported cases and to report two new cases. Three electronic databases were searched for relevant publications: PubMed, Medline and EMBASE. The following search criteria were used: ‘(bone cysts OR intraosseous haematoma OR intraosseous haemorrhage) AND (afibrinogenaemia OR fibrinogen deficiency)’. The reference lists of the selected papers were searched for more relevant literature. In total, eight patients had bone cysts as complication of afibrinogenaemia and six of them suffered from pain in their extremities. Bone cysts were primarily located in the vicinity of the cortex or trabeculae in the diaphysis of the long bones, especially in the femora, tibiae and humeri. Some were regressive, probably due to reactive bone remodelling. A number of cysts were filled with serosanguinous fluid. It might be useful to check for bone cysts when patients with congenital afibrinogenaemia complain of ‘rheumatic’ pains in their extremities. Whole body magnetic resonance imaging is the diagnostic imaging technique of choice. Recurrent episodes of pain, but not radiological deterioration, appear to benefit from prophylactic therapy with fibrinogen concentrate.
Grace and Christianity's Requirement: Moral Striving in Kierkegaard's Judge for Yourself!
Authors: Morgan Jeffrey
Published: November 2013

In his later work Judge for Yourself, Kierkegaard presents a view of the Christian life that appears to counter several recent interpretations which situate Kierkegaard within a classical Protestant account of justification and sanctification. I introduce briefly these interpretations and then turn to a reading of Judge for Yourself, showing that Kierkegaard offers an account of grace and moral striving which resists these interpretations. He resists them, yet he presents a Christianity that both rejects works‐righteousness and graciously embraces those who confess their failure to do what Christianity requires.
Intravesical hyaluronidase causes chronic cystitis in a rat model: A potential model of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis
Authors: Lv Yi Song , Yao You Sheng , Rong Lu , Lin Ming En , Deng Bi Hua , Xie Yun , Huang Hai , Lin Tian Xin , Xu Ke Wei , Huang Jian
Published: November 2013

Objectives

To determine whether a potential rat model of bladder pain syndrome could be developed through long‐term intermittent intravesical hyaluronidase.

Methods

A total of 64 female Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into a control group, a low‐dose hyaluronidase (1 mg/mL) group, a high‐dose hyaluronidase (4 mg/mL) group and a hyaluronic acid‐treated group. Hyaluronidase was given intravesically three times a week for 1 month. Hyaluronic acid (0.5 mL, 0.8 mg/mL) was introduced intravesically to hyaluronidase‐treated rats' bladders. Histological changes, cystometry, nociceptive behaviors, and messenger ribonucleic acid levels of inflammatory factors were evaluated and compared between groups.

Results

All hyaluronidase‐treated rats showed chronic inflammation and fibrosis, increased and activated mast cells, thinned bladder epithelium with abnormal expressions of uroplakin III and zonula occluden‐1, and increased levels of interleukin‐6 and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 messenger ribonucleic acid. However, the inflammatory score and levels of interleukin‐6 and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 were more significant in the high‐dose hyaluronidase group than in the low‐dose hyaluronidase group (P < 0.01). Furthermore, hyaluronidase‐treated rats showed markedly decreased intercontraction intervals, bladder capacity and increased sensitivity to pain compared with controls (P < 0.01). Hyaluronic acid treatment significantly decreased the inflammatory level, number of mast cells, sensitivity to pain, levels of interleukin‐6 and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1, and increased intercontraction intervals and bladder capacity (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Long‐term intermittent intravesical hyaluronidase could develop a severe chronic cystitis with diffused fibrosis accompanied by altered histology and bladder function. This chronic cystitis rat model can resemble the clinical and histopathological features of human bladder pain syndrome, and might be a potential valuable model for investigation of this troublesome disease.
Le rôle des socles nationaux de protection sociale dans l'extension de la sécurité sociale à tous
Authors: Hagemejer Krzysztof , McKinnon Roddy
Published: November 2013

En juin 2011, la Conférence internationale du Travail (CIT) a adopté une résolution et des conclusions définissant la nouvelle stratégie de l'Organisation internationale du Travail en matière de sécurité sociale, qui vise à aider les Etats Membres à édifier et pérenniser des systèmes complets de sécurité sociale à partir d'une approche bidimensionnelle: 1) (dimension «horizontale») fixer comme objectif prioritaire la création d'un ensemble de garanties élémentaires de sécurité sociale définies au plan national afin de constituer un socle de protection pour toutes les personnes dans le besoin le plus rapidement possible; et 2) (dimension «verticale») élargir l'étendue et les niveaux de la couverture de sécurité sociale au plus grand nombre de personnes possible et le plus rapidement possible, tel que le préconisent la convention no 102 (1952) et d'autres normes de sécurité sociale. En juin 2012, la CIT a complété cette stratégie avec l'adoption d'une nouvelle norme internationale du travail, la recommandation (no 202) sur les socles de protection sociale, 2012. Cette recommandation est considérée comme une avancée majeure dans le domaine de la politique sociale mondiale, dans la mesure où l'instauration de socles nationaux de protection sociale peut combler les déficits de couverture de sécurité sociale existant actuellement et aider les pays à remédier à la pauvreté et à la vulnérabilité. Ce double numéro spécial de la Revue propose une analyse du processus qui a conduit à l'adoption de la recommandation et examine les questions budgétaires, juridiques, politiques et institutionnelles qui devront être réglées pour que les objectifs de la recommandation puissent être remplis.
A bone substitute with high affinity for vitamin D‐binding protein―relationship with niche of osteoclasts
Authors: Ikeda Tohru , Kasai Michiyuki , Tatsukawa Eri , Kamitakahara Masanobu , Shibata Yasuaki , Yokoi Taishi , Nemoto Takayuki K. , Ioku Koji
Published: November 2013

The biological activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts is regulated not only by hormones but also by local growth factors, which are expressed in neighbouring cells or included in bone matrix. Previously, we developed hydroxyapatite (HA) composed of rod‐shaped particles using applied hydrothermal methods (HHA), and it revealed mild biodegradability and potent osteoclast homing activity. Here, we compared serum proteins adsorbed to HHA with those adsorbed to conventional HA composed of globular‐shaped particles (CHA). The two ceramics adsorbed serum albumin and γ‐globulin to similar extents, but affinity for γ‐globulin was much greater than that to serum albumin. The chemotactic activity for macrophages of serum proteins adsorbed to HHA was significantly higher than that of serum proteins adsorbed to CHA. Quantitative proteomic analysis of adsorbed serum proteins revealed preferential binding of vitamin D‐binding protein (DBP) and complements C3 and C4B with HHA. When implanted with the femur of 8‐week‐old rats, HHA contained significantly larger amount of DBP than CHA. The biological activity of DBP was analysed and it was found that the chemotactic activity for macrophages was weak. However, DBP‐macrophage activating factor, which is generated by the digestion of sugar chains of DBP, stimulated osteoclastogenesis. These results confirm that the microstructure of hydroxyapatite largely affects the affinity for serum proteins, and suggest that DBP preferentially adsorbed to HA composed of rod‐shaped particles influences its potent osteoclast homing activity and local bone metabolism.
Transcriptional regulation of human USP24 gene expression by NF‐kappa B
Authors: Wang Ke , Liu Shengchun , Wang Juelu , Wu Yili , Cai Fang , Song Weihong
Published: November 2013

Impairment of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway is believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. This process is carried out under tight regulation by deubiquitinating enzymes. Genetic linkage studies indicated that the region of the human ubiquitin‐specific protease 24 (USP24) gene is significantly correlated with Parkinson's disease. In this study, we cloned a 1648 bp 5′ flanking region of the human USP24 gene coding sequence and a series of nested deletions into the pGL3‐Basic vector. We analyzed promoter activities of these regions with a luciferase‐based reporter assay system. A 64‐bp region was identified to contain the transcription initiation site and a minimum promoter sequence for transcriptional activation of the USP24 gene expression. Expression of USP24 is controlled by a TATA‐box‐less promoter with several putative cis‐acting elements. Transcriptional activation and gel‐shift assay demonstrated that the USP24 gene promoter contains a functional NFκB‐binding site. Over‐expression of nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) and tumor‐necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) treatment significantly increased the USP24 promoter activity, mRNA expression and protein level in human HEK293 cells, mouse N2a cells and human neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y cells. Deletion and mutation of the binding site abolished the regulatory effect of NFκB on human USP24 gene transcription. These results suggested that USP24 expression is tightly regulated at its transcription level and NFκB plays an important role in this process.

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Impairment of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders. This report showed that the expression of human ubiquitin‐specific protease 24 (USP24), a deubiquitinating enzyme of UPS, is tightly regulated by NFκB. The results suggest that dysregulation of NFκB‐mediated USP24 expression may play a role in PD pathogenesis and modulating this process could have therapeutic potential.
Neuroprotective role of hydralazine in rat spinal cord injury‐attenuation of acrolein‐mediated damage
Authors: Park Jonghyuck , Zheng Lingxing , Marquis Andrew , Walls Michael , Duerstock Brad , Pond Amber , Vega‐Alvarez Sasha , Wang He , Ouyang Zheng , Shi Riyi
Published: November 2013

Acrolein, an α,β‐unsaturated aldehyde and a reactive product of lipid peroxidation, has been suggested as a key factor in neural post‐traumatic secondary injury in spinal cord injury (SCI), mainly based on in vitro and ex vivo evidence. Here, we demonstrate an increase of acrolein up to 300%; the elevation lasted at least 2 weeks in a rat SCI model. More importantly, hydralazine, a known acrolein scavenger can provide neuroprotection when applied systemically. Besides effectively reducing acrolein, hydralazine treatment also resulted in significant amelioration of tissue damage, motor deficits, and neuropathic pain. This effect was further supported by demonstrating the ability of hydralazine to reach spinal cord tissue at a therapeutic level following intraperitoneal application. This suggests that hydralazine is an effective neuroprotective agent not only in vitro, but in a live animal model of SCI as well. Finally, the role of acrolein in SCI was further validated by the fact that acrolein injection into the spinal cord caused significant SCI‐like tissue damage and motor deficits. Taken together, available evidence strongly suggests a critical causal role of acrolein in the pathogenesis of spinal cord trauma. Since acrolein has been linked to a variety of illness and conditions, we believe that acrolein‐scavenging measures have the potential to be expanded significantly ensuring a broad impact on human health.

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The pathological role of acrolein in spinal cord injury (SCI) is demonstrated through its prolonged elevation and subsequent reduction by hydralazine, an acrolein scavenger, which leads to amelioration of tissue damage, motor deficits, and neuropathic pain. Acrolein injection into the spinal cord caused similar SCI pathologies that further support its role as an effective therapeutic target in SCI.
Growth Opportunities, Technology Shocks, and Asset Prices
Authors: KOGAN LEONID , PAPANIKOLAOU DIMITRIS
Published: November 2013

We explore the impact of investment‐specific technology (IST) shocks on the cross section of stock returns. Using a structural model, we show that IST shocks have a differential effect on the value of assets in place and the value of growth opportunities. This differential sensitivity to IST shocks has two main implications. First, firm risk premia depend on the contribution of growth opportunities to firm value. Second, firms with similar levels of growth opportunities comove with each other, giving rise to the value factor in stock returns and the failure of the conditional CAPM. Our empirical tests confirm the model's predictions.
Chewing ability, nutritional status and quality of life
Authors: Lee I.‐C. , Yang Y.‐H. , Ho P.‐S. , Lee I.‐C.
Published: November 2013

In the literature, most researchers evaluate individuals’ nutritional status and chewing ability by types of foods chosen or blood test. However, most of previous researches enrolled small sample size and the results might be influenced by personal preference of foods as well as the individuals’ response to invasive examination. In this study, researchers assessed individuals’ nutritional status and chewing ability with non‐invasive test and excluded the personal preference of foods. This study had two aims: first, to explore associations between chewing ability, edentulous or dentulous, self‐perceived oral health and individuals’ nutritional status and quality of life; second, to assess whether the association proposed by Locker's model is valid. This study used the database of Phase I ‘Publicly‐funded Denture Installation Plan for the Elderly’ of Kaohsiung City Government. Nine hundred and fifty‐four subjects aged 65 years and older completed the questionnaires for data analysis. The research results supported and verified the theoretical model proposed by Locker. Individual's chewing ability associated significantly with his/her nutritional status and quality of life. The results demonstrated that better chewing ability of the elderly leads to better nutritional status and quality of life. The appropriateness of the indicators and measurements of individual's chewing ability and nutritional status used in this study has been evaluated and presented. These indicators and measurements are suggested to be generally used for clinical or research application on future‐related issues. Consequently, the maintenance or improvement in the chewing ability of the elderly is extremely beneficial to healthy ageing.
Punishing environmental crimes: An empirical study from lower courts to the court of appeal
Authors: Billiet Carole M. , Blondiau Thomas , Rousseau Sandra
Published: November 2013

We analyze judicial policy lines concerning the punishment of environmental crime using a unique European dataset of individual criminal cases, including case‐specific information on offenses and offenders. We investigate policy choices made by lower criminal courts, as well as their follow‐up by the relevant court of appeal. The sanctioning policy of the courts has proven to be varied as well as consistent. Judges carefully balance effective and suspended penalties, most often using them cumulatively, but in specific cases opting to use them as substitutes. Overall, both judges in lower and appeal courts balance environmental law and classic criminal law and aim at protecting individuals and their possessions as well as the environment.
Association of five genetic variants with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease susceptibility and spirometric phenotypes in a Chinese Han population
Authors: Yang Jing , Zhou Haixia , Liang Binmiao , Xiao Jun , Su Zhiguang , Chen Hong , Ma Chunlan , Li Dengxue , Feng Yulin , Ou Xuemei
Published: November 2013

Background and objective

Recent genome‐wide association studies have shown associations between variants at five loci (TNS1, GSTCD, HTR4, AGER and THSD4) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or lung function. However, their association with COPD has not been proven in Chinese Han population, nor have COPD‐related phenotypes been studied. The objective of this study was to look for associations between five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in these novel candidate genes and COPD susceptibility or lung function in a Chinese Han population.

Methods

Allele and genotype data on 680 COPD patients and 687 healthy controls for sentinel SNP in these five loci were investigated. Allele frequencies and genotype distributions were compared between cases and controls, and odds ratios were calculated. Potential relationships between these SNP and COPD‐related lung function were assessed.

Results

No significant associations were found between any of the SNP and COPD in cases and controls. The SNP (rs3995090) in HTR4 was associated with COPD (adjusted P = 0.022) in never‐smokers, and the SNP (rs2070600) in AGER was associated with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1%) predicted (β = −0.066, adjusted P = 0.016) and FEV1/forced vital capacity (β = −0.071, adjusted P = 0.009) in all subjects.

Conclusions

The variant at HTR4 was associated with COPD in never‐smokers, and the SNP in AGER was associated with pulmonary function in a Chinese Han population.
Global Financial Crises and Time‐Varying Volatility Comovement in World Equity Markets
Authors: Duncan Andrew S. , Kabundi Alain
Published: November 2013

This paper studies volatility comovement in world equity markets between 1994 and 2008. Global volatility factors are extracted from a panel of monthly volatility proxies relating to 25 developed and 20 emerging stock markets. A dynamic factor model (FM) is estimated using two‐year rolling‐window regressions. The FM's time‐varying variance shares of global factors map variations in volatility comovement over time and across countries. The results indicate that global volatility linkages are significantly stronger during financial crisis periods in Asia (1997‐1998), Brazil (1999), Russia (1998) and the United States (2000, 2007‐2008). Emerging markets are weakly synchronised with world volatility in comparison with developed markets. In particular, emerging market comovement is significantly lower than developed market comovement during the Asian and US sub‐prime crises. This suggests a degree of decoupling of emerging markets from the global drivers of volatility during these periods.
Attempted Suicide in a Xhosa Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder Population
Authors: Lückhoff Marlize , Koen Liezl , Jordaan Esme , Niehaus Daniel
Published: November 2013

Suicide risk behavior is a significant contributor to the mortality and morbidity of schizophrenia. We previously reported affected sibship status in a Xhosa schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder sample to be protective in nature; given the counterintuitive nature of this finding, we expanded the sample size to seek further clarification. Subjects were assessed with the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies and then stratified into two groups: with (n = 137) or without (n = 837) a previous suicide attempt. The presence of lifetime bizarre behavior (OR 1.5; 95%CI 1.12–1.87) or cannabis use or abuse (OR 1.2; 95%CI 10.01–1.47) was a significant predictor of suicide attempts, while a higher global alogia score (OR 0.84; 95%CI 0.74–0.96) was a protective factor. Our data seem to support that in this population, encouraging family members to report bizarre behavior and implementing dual diagnosis interventions for cannabis use or abuse could be an appropriate starting point toward developing a targeted suicide prevention program for further research.
The maize brown midrib2 (bm2) gene encodes a methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase that contributes to lignin accumulation
Authors: Tang Ho Man , Liu Sanzhen , Hill‐Skinner Sarah , Wu Wei , Reed Danielle , Yeh Cheng‐Ting , Nettleton Dan , Schnable Patrick S.
Published: November 2013

The midribs of maize brown midrib (bm) mutants exhibit a reddish‐brown color associated with reductions in lignin concentration and alterations in lignin composition. Here, we report the mapping, cloning, and functional and biochemical analyses of the bm2 gene. The bm2 gene was mapped to a small region of chromosome 1 that contains a putative methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene, which is down‐regulated in bm2 mutant plants. Analyses of multiple Mu‐induced bm2‐Mu mutant alleles confirmed that this constitutively expressed gene is bm2. Yeast complementation experiments and a previously published biochemical characterization show that the bm2 gene encodes a functional MTHFR. Quantitative RT‐PCR analyses demonstrated that the bm2 mutants accumulate substantially reduced levels of bm2 transcript. Alteration of MTHFR function is expected to influence accumulation of the methyl donor S‐adenosyl‐l‐methionine (SAM). Because SAM is consumed by two methyltransferases in the lignin pathway (Ye et al., ), the finding that bm2 encodes a functional MTHFR is consistent with its lignin phenotype. Consistent with this functional assignment of bm2, the expression patterns of genes in a variety of SAM‐dependent or ‐related pathways, including lignin biosynthesis, are altered in the bm2 mutant. Biochemical assays confirmed that bm2 mutants accumulate reduced levels of lignin with altered composition compared to wild‐type. Hence, this study demonstrates a role for MTHFR in lignin biosynthesis.
An Adaptive Response Surface Method Using Bayesian Metric and Model Bias Correction Function
Authors: Shi Lei , Yang Ren-Jye , Zhu Ping
Published: November 2013

The Bayesian metric was used to select the best available response surface in the literature. One of the major drawbacks of this method is the lack of a rigorous method to quantify data uncertainty, which is required as an input. In addition, the accuracy of any response surface is inherently unpredictable. This paper employs the Gaussian process based model bias correction method to quantify the data uncertainty and subsequently improve the accuracy of a response surface model. An adaptive response surface updating algorithm is then proposed for a large-scale problem to select the best response surface. The proposed methodology is demonstrated by a mathematical example and then applied to a vehicle design problem.
Effect of Crystallinity on the Performance of P3HT/PC70BM/n-Dodecylthiol Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Abu-Zahra Nidal , Algazzar Mahmoud
Published: November 2013

In this research, n-dodecylthiol was added to P3HT/PC70BM polymer solar cells (PSCs) to improve the crystallinity of P3HT and enhance the phase separation of P3HT/PC70BM. Crystallinity of P3HT:PC70BM doped with 0–5% by volume of n-dodecylthiol was measured using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. Both methods showed improvement in crystallinity, which resulted in improving the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of polymer solar cells by 33%. In addition, annealing at 150 °C for 30 min showed further improvement in crystallinity with n-dodecylthiol concentration up to 2%. The highest power conversion efficiency of 3.21% was achieved with polymer crystallites size L of 11.2 nm, after annealing at 150 °C for 30 min under a vacuum atmosphere. The smaller crystallite size suggests a shorter path of the charge carriers between P3HT backbones, which could be beneficial to getting a higher short circuit current in the devices made with the additive. Kinetics study of P3HT:PC70BM crystallinity using Avrami model showed a faster crystallization rate (1/t0.5) at higher temperatures.
A New Sensor for Measurement of Dynamic Contact Stress in the Hip
Authors: Rudert M. J. , Ellis B. J. , Henak C. R. , Stroud N. J. , Pederson D. R. , Weiss J. A. , Brown T. D.
Published: November 2013

Various techniques exist for quantifying articular contact stress distributions, an important class of measurements in the field of orthopaedic biomechanics. In situations where the need for dynamic recording has been paramount, the approach of preference has involved thin-sheet multiplexed grid-array transducers. To date, these sensors have been used to study contact stresses in the knee, shoulder, ankle, wrist, and spinal facet joints. Until now, however, no such sensor had been available for the human hip joint due to difficulties posed by the deep, bi-curvilinear geometry of the acetabulum. We report here the design and development of a novel sensor capable of measuring dynamic contact stress in human cadaveric hip joints (maximum contact stress of 20 MPa and maximum sampling rate 100 readings/s). Particular emphasis is placed on issues concerning calibration, and on the effect of joint curvature on the sensor's performance. The active pressure-sensing regions of the sensors have the shape of a segment of an annulus with a 150-deg circumferential span, and employ a polar/circumferential “ring-and-spoke” sensel grid layout. There are two sensor sizes, having outside radii of 44 and 48 mm, respectively. The new design was evaluated in human cadaver hip joints using two methods. The stress magnitudes and spatial distribution measured by the sensor were compared to contact stresses measured by pressure sensitive film during static loading conditions that simulated heel strike during walking and stair climbing. Additionally, the forces obtained by spatial integration of the sensor contact stresses were compared to the forces measured by load cells during the static simulations and for loading applied by a dynamic hip simulator. Stress magnitudes and spatial distribution patterns obtained from the sensor versus from pressure sensitive film exhibited good agreement. The joint forces obtained during both static and dynamic loading were within ±10% and ±26%, respectively, of the forces measured by the load cells. These results provide confidence in the measurements obtained by the sensor. The new sensor's real-time output and dynamic measurement capabilities hold significant advantages over static measurements from pressure sensitive film.
The Effect of Creep on Human Lumbar Intervertebral Disk Impact Mechanics
Authors: Jamison David , Marcolongo Michele S.
Published: November 2013

The intervertebral disk (IVD) is a highly hydrated tissue, with interstitial fluid making up 80% of the wet weight of the nucleus pulposus (NP), and 70% of the annulus fibrosus (AF). It has often been modeled as a biphasic material, consisting of both a solid and fluid phase. The inherent porosity and osmotic potential of the disk causes an efflux of fluid while under constant load, which leads to a continuous displacement phenomenon known as creep. IVD compressive stiffness increases and NP pressure decreases as a result of creep displacement. Though the effects of creep on disk mechanics have been studied extensively, it has been limited to nonimpact loading conditions. The goal of this study is to better understand the influence of creep and fluid loss on IVD impact mechanics. Twenty-four human lumbar disk samples were divided into six groups according to the length of time they underwent creep (tcreep = 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 h) under a constant compressive load of 400 N. At the end of tcreep, each disk was subjected to a sequence of impact loads of varying durations (timp = 80, 160, 320, 400, 600, 800, 1000 ms). Energy dissipation (ΔE), stiffness in the toe (ktoe) and linear (klin) regions, and neutral zone (NZ) were measured. Analyzing correlations with tcreep, there was a positive correlation with ΔE and NZ, along with a negative correlation with ktoe. There was no strong correlation between tcreep and klin. The data suggest that the IVD mechanical response to impact loading conditions is altered by fluid content and may result in a disk that exhibits less clinical stability and transfers more load to the AF. This could have implications for risk of diskogenic pain as a function of time of day or tissue hydration.
Cerebral arteriopathy associated with Arg179His ACTA2 mutation
Authors: Amans Matthew R , Stout Charles , Fox Christine , Narvid Jared , Hetts Steven W , Cooke Daniel L , Higashida Randall T , Dowd Christopher F , McSwain Hugh , Halbach Van V
Published: November 2013

ACTA2 mutations have recently been shown to cause a multisystem smooth muscle dysfunction syndrome that may result in pediatric stroke. We report a case of ACTA2 mutation in a 3-year-old girl presenting with acute ischemic stroke and provide high resolution imaging of the cerebral arteries demonstrating novel findings of multiple tiny aneurysms (particularly in the posterior circulation), as well as the more characteristic imaging phenotype of straightened and narrowed proximal intracranial vessels, dilated cervical vessels and occlusion of the M1 MCA segment without lenticulostriate collateral formation. This newly identified disease should be added to the differential diagnosis of pediatric stroke and cerebral vasculopathy. Neuroradiologists, interventionalists, surgeons and neurologists should become familiar with this rare disease and its clinical sequelae.
Recurrent cardiac tamponade in a young woman
Authors: Itolikar Shobha Manish , Salagre Santosh , Phatak Sanat , Itolikar Manish
Published: November 2013

A young woman presented with recurrent pericardial effusion, she had previously been treated with antitubercular medications. She had clinical features of systemic sclerosis (SSc) which was subsequently confirmed on further workup. She was also found to be profoundly hypothyroid. Cardiac tamponade is uncommon in both SSc as well as hypothyroidism, unlike in our patient who was found to have both of these disorders. In her case, the pericardial involvement probably ante-dated the other features of SSc.
The effect of initial stress on generalized thermoelastic medium with three-phase-lag model under temperature-dependent properties
Authors: Othman Mohamed I.A. , Hasona W.M. , Eraki Ebtesam E.M.
Published: November 2013

The present paper attempts to investigate the propagation of plane waves in an isotropic elastic medium under the effect of initial stress and temperature-dependent properties. The modulus of elasticity is taken as a linear function of reference temperature. The formulation is applied under the thermoelasticity theory with three-phase-lag, proposed by Choudhuri (J. Thermal Stresses, 30, 231 (2007)). Normal mode analysis is used to obtain the expressions for the displacement components, the temperature, the stress, and the strain components. Numerical results for the field quantities are given in the physical domain and illustrated graphically. Comparisons are made with the results predicted by different theories (Lord–Shulman theory, the theory of thermoelasticity type III, and the three-phase-lag model) in the absence and presence of the initial stress as well as the case where the modulus of elasticity is independent of temperature.
Reversible and irreversible effects after oxygen exposure in thick (>1 μm) silicon films deposited by VHF-PECVD on glass substrates investigated by dual beam photoconductivity
Authors: Yilmaz Gökhan , Cansever Hamza , Sagban H. Muzaffer , Günes Mehmet , Smirnov Vladimir , Finger Friedhelm , Brüggemann Rudi
Published: November 2013

Metastability and instability effects due to oxygen exposure in thick intrinsic hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon films deposited by very high frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition on smooth glass substrates were investigated using temperature-dependent dark conductivity, steady state photoconductivity, and sub-bandgap absorption measurements obtained using the dual beam photoconductivity (DBP) method. No significant changes in dark conductivity and photoconductivity were detected even after long-term air exposure of samples in room ambient as well as after oxygen exposure when samples were characterized in oxygen ambient. However, characterization of the oxygen-exposed state in high vacuum caused an increase in dark conductivity and photoconductivity as well as a significant decrease in the sub-bandgap absorption coefficient spectra in the low energy region in samples with [Formula: see text]. These changes are partially irreversible for samples [Formula: see text] and mostly reversible for compact materials with significant amorphous fraction. No detectable metastable changes occurred in microcrystalline silicon samples with [Formula: see text] as well as in pure amorphous silicon.
A MULTI-CHOICE GOAL PROGRAMMING APPROACH FOR COTS PRODUCTS SELECTION OF MODULAR SOFTWARE SYSTEMS
Authors: MEHLAWAT MUKESH KUMAR
Published: November 2013

In this paper, we propose a multi-choice goal programming (MCGP) model of the multi-objective commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) products selection problem. The proposed model simultaneously minimize the total cost, size, execution time and delivery time and maximize the system reliability of a modular software system subject to many realistic constraints including incompatibility among COTS products. We assume that the decision maker provides multiple aspiration levels regarding cost, size, execution time, delivery time and reliability objectives using discrete choices. To obtain efficient COTS selection plans, we use MCGP methodology to solve the COTS products selection problem. A real-world case study is discussed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model and methodology.
Almost cocommutative and quasitriangular Hopf coquasigroups
Authors: Jiao Zhengming , Zhao Xiaofan
Published: November 2013

In this paper, we give the definitions of almost cocommutative Hopf coquasigroup and quasitriangular Hopf coquasigroup which are analogous to those in the theory of Hopf algebras. Using the actions of Hopf coquasigroups, we obtain two equivalent conditions for a Hopf coquasigroup to be almost cocommutative. Furthermore, a quasitriangular Hopf coquasigroup determines a class of solutions of the quantum Yang–Baxter equation (QYBE). Finally, we define a 2-cocycle on a Hopf coquasigroup and construct a triangular Hopf coquasigroup by using a Hopf coquasigroup with a 2-cocycle.
On the right side of Einstein's equation
Authors: Spiegel Edward A.
Published: November 2013

Every story has two sides and so does any good equation. Recent developments in observational cosmology have led to attempts to make modifications on both sides of the Einstein equation to explain some of the puzzling new findings. The work described here is concerned with an examination of the source of gravity that we usually find on the right-hand side of Einstein's equation. My aim is to describe a modified version of the stress-energy tensor that is the source of the gravitational field. The derivation is based on the kinetic theory of a gas of identical particles with no internal structure. The presentation here is in two parts. In Part I, I describe the stress tensor that Xinzhong Chen and I have proposed for the matter tensor for a nonrelativistic gas with input from Hongling Rao and Jean-Luc Thiffeault. Our derivation of the equations of fluid dynamics is based on kinetic theory and without recourse to the standard Chapman–Enskog approximation. The nonrelativistic treatment reveals the underlying physics clearly and it facilitates comparison with experimental results on acoustic propagation. Further, it provides a setting for a Newtonian cosmology, which remains a topic of some interest. I regret though that there is room only for the relativistic version of cosmology here. In Part II, I derive the stress-energy tensor in the relativistic case in a similar manner and exhibit its application to the usual isotropic cosmological model. The surprising result of that discussion is that, in addition to the Friedmann solution, we find a second solution that arises from terms that the usual Chapman–Enskog approximation discards. The new solution is a temporal analogue of a spatial shock wave. Just as the usual shock waves make transitions in properties within a mean free path, the new solution can change its properties in a mean flight time. Whereas the Friedmann solution is not dissipative, the new solution produces entropy at a rate that may be of cosmological interest. For the calculation of cosmic entropy production I work in the ultrarelativistic limit in which particle masses are negligible. A stability calculation to decide whether and when the new solution may be realized has yet to be done since the microphysics seems so uncertain.
Glucose transport into everted sacs of the small intestine of mice
Authors: Hamilton Kirk L. , Butt A. Grant
Published: November 2013

The Na+-glucose cotransporter is a key transport protein that is responsible for absorbing Na+and glucose from the luminal contents of the small intestine and reabsorption by the proximal straight tubule of the nephron. Robert K. Crane originally described the cellular model of absorption of Na+and glucose by a “cotransport process” in 1960. Over the past 50+ yr, numerous groups have tested and verified Crane's hypothesis. Eventually, Wright and colleagues cloned the Na+-glucose cotransporter (SGLT1; the product of the SLC5A1 gene) in 1987. This article provides a “hands-on” laboratory exercise using the everted mouse jejunal preparation (everted sac) that allows students to investigate various components of the Na+-glucose cotransport absorptive cell model (e.g., Na+dependence of SGLT1, inhibition of SGLT1, and inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPase). Additionally, the laboratory exercise includes a case-based study of glucose-galactose malabsorption in which the students conduct an internet search and participate in a small-group discussion during the laboratory period to better understand the basic principles and functions of the Na+-glucose absorptive process of the small intestine. This laboratory exercise was introduced into the second-year undergraduate physiology curriculum in 2008, and >850 physiology students have participated in this laboratory exercise. The students have produced very robust and reproducible data that clearly illustrate the theory of the cellular model for Na+-glucose absorption by the jejunum.
Pattern recognition receptors in innate immunity, host defense, and immunopathology
Authors: Suresh Rahul , Mosser David M.
Published: November 2013

Infection by pathogenic microbes initiates a set of complex interactions between the pathogen and the host mediated by pattern recognition receptors. Innate immune responses play direct roles in host defense during the early stages of infection, and they also exert a profound influence on the generation of the adaptive immune responses that ensue. An improved understanding of the pattern recognition receptors that mediate innate responses and their downstream effects after receptor ligation has the potential to lead to new ways to improve vaccines and prevent autoimmunity. This review focuses on the control of innate immune activation and the role that innate immune receptors play in helping to maintain tissue homeostasis.
Investigating autonomic control of the cardiovascular system: a battery of simple tests
Authors: Johnson Christopher D. , Roe Sean , Tansey Etain A.
Published: November 2013

Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system constantly control the heart (sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions) and blood vessels (predominantly the sympathetic division) to maintain appropriate blood pressure and organ blood flow over sometimes widely varying conditions. This can be adversely affected by pathological conditions that can damage one or both branches of autonomic control. The set of teaching laboratory activities outlined here uses various interventions, namely, 1) the heart rate response to deep breathing, 2) the heart rate response to a Valsalva maneuver, 3) the heart rate response to standing, and 4) the blood pressure response to standing, that cause fairly predictable disturbances in cardiovascular parameters in normal circumstances, which serve to demonstrate the dynamic control of the cardiovascular system by autonomic nerves. These tests are also used clinically to help investigate potential damage to this control.
Degradation of dynamic mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced polyester composite pipes after immersion in various temperatures
Authors: Mouallif Ilias , Latrach Abdelkhalek , Chergui M’hamed , Benali Abdelkader , Elghorba Mohammed , Mouallif Zakaria , Hangouët Jean-Pierre , Barbe Nicolas
Published: November 2013

This paper reports the effect of sulfuric acid solution absorption on the dynamic mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced polyester composites. An experimental device is presented that allows the effect of changes of environment and temperature on both the diffusion coefficient and the maximum moisture content to be measured. The results indicate that increased temperature raises both the diffusion coefficient and the maximum absorbed moisture of all the composite materials used in this study. Moreover, it has been noted that specimens exposed to higher temperature absorb much more water than those held at low temperature. The dynamic mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced polyester were found to be highly affected by the presence of absorbed solvents in the specimen and increases in temperature. A fractographic study has been conducted using a scanning electron microscope of the surfaces of specimens broken by tensile testing. Observations indicate that increased immersion time increases the deterioration of the fibre/matrix interface.
Household hazardous wastes as a potential source of pollution: A generation study
Authors: Ojeda-Benítez Sara , Aguilar-Virgen Quetzalli , Taboada-González Paul , Cruz-Sotelo Samantha E
Published: November 2013

Certain domestic wastes exhibit characteristics that render them dangerous, such as explosiveness, flammability, spontaneous combustion, reactivity, toxicity and corrosiveness. The lack of information about their generation and composition hinders the creation of special programs for their collection and treatment, making these wastes a potential threat to human health and the environment. We attempted to quantify the levels of hazardous household waste (HHW) generated in Mexicali, Mexico. The analysis considered three socioeconomic strata and eight categories. The sampling was undertaken on a house-by-house basis, and hypothesis testing was based on differences between two proportions for each of the eight categories. In this study, HHW comprised 3.49% of the total generated waste, which exceeded that reported in previous studies in Mexico. The greatest quantity of HHW was generated by the middle stratum; in the upper stratum, most packages were discarded with their contents remaining. Cleaning products represent 45.86% of the HHW generated. Statistical differences were not observed for only two categories among the three social strata. The scarcity of studies on HHW generation limits direct comparisons. Any decrease in waste generation within the middle social stratum will have a large effect on the total amount of waste generated, and decrease their impact on environmental and human health.