bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Antecedents of Mobile Repurchasing Intentions: An Empirical Investigation among Turkish Mobile Shoppers
Authors: Avcilar Mutlu Yuksel , Alkevli Akin
Published: February 2017

In today's digital world, consumers have progressively utilized the mobile Internet in their mobile shopping transactions. Mobile retailers are forcing themselves to impact consumers’ mobile shopping attitude and behavior by generating new shopping experiences on the purpose of their business life cycle under the threat of destructive competitive factors between retailers operating both in conventional and online stores. Considering the destructive competitive business conditions, it is crucial for mobile retailers to understand mobile shoppers’ beliefs, attitudes mobile shopping intentions, and behavior related to mobile shopping. Thus, the aim of this research is to examine an extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Consumer Perceived Value and Flow theory that will ensure eloquent comprehension of making purchases via mobile devices. Indeed, utilitarian and hedonic value, perceived enjoyment and flow dimensions are added into the research model.In data collection phase, convenience sampling method was used and face-to-face interviews methods were exercised. The 400 valid questionnaires were collected from the mobile shoppers who willingly participate with our research in Adana, Turkey. In order to test the research model, we used Partial Least Squares (PLS-PM) analysis method. The study results enable significant support for the proposed research model. Analysis result reveals that perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, perceived enjoyment, mobile shopping flow experience, mobile shopping attitude, mobile shopping satisfaction, perceived utilitarian value, and hedonic value dimensions positively affect mobile repurchase intentions.
Factors That Influencing Adoption of Internet Banking in Malaysia
Authors: Massilamany Mathavi , Nadarajan Dineswary
Published: February 2017

This present studies to examine the factors that influencing adoption of internet banking in Malaysia. This study consists of one dependent variable (internet banking adoption) and four independent variables (knowledge and self-efficacy, trust, security and convenience). By using a quantitative research, a simple random sampling technique is used to distribute survey questionnaires to sample size of 200 respondents around Malaysia. The result was concluded as two (2) hypotheses were supported and two (2) hypotheses were not supported. The result shown that knowledge and self-efficacy and trust do influence adoption of internet banking in Malaysia. Meanwhile, there is insufficient evidence to support that security and convenience do influence adoption of internet banking in Malaysia. Bankers and consumers may refer to this research so that they can improve competitive advantage and consumers are able to understand better about internet banking.
The Effects of Social Capital on Innovation Performance: From Complex Adaptive System Perspective
Authors: Huang Shenglan , Chen Zhi
Published: February 2017

The effects of organizational social capital on organizational innovation have attracted the bulk of attention in recent innovation literature. However, few studies have investigated the effects of organizational social capital on innovation performance from the complex adaptive system (CAS) perspective. Based on the CAS perspective, this paper simulates how organizations in manufacturing and service industries seek higher innovation performance on the rugged fitness landscape, which is determined by the complexity of the six components of organizational social capital. Data are collected from 271 firms including 129 manufacturing and 142 service firms. Empirical results indicate that except for inter-organizational coordination, the other five components of organizational social capital significantly affect innovation performance; and their effects vary between manufacturing and service organizations. Further, simulation results demonstrate that after adaptive evolution, the average innovation performance in manufacturing organizations is higher than that in service organizations.
The Role of Risk Management in Enhancing the Process of Strategic Marketing Decision-Making: A Prospective Study of a Sample of Jordanian Industrial Companies
Authors: Falah Al-zoubi Ali , Abulehyeh Salman Mohammad
Published: February 2017

The study aimed at identifying the role and importance of risk management in enhancing and managing the strategic and dynamic marketing decisions that relate to strategic problems of multi-dimensions and of great depth and complexity. This kind of decision requires in-depth research of the risks and the capacity for future analysis and discussions, which deal with all hypotheses and possibilities. Thus, the decision makers are critical resource for the company. Thus, it is necessary to stress on the importance of studying risk management and its role in enhancing the strategic marketing decision-making process, which is considered a way for companies to drive the future, which is the center of this study. In order to achieve the objectives of this study, a questionnaire was designed and distributed in person on a sample of managers of industrial companies in the Jordanian private sector.45 out of 65 distributed questionnaires were found to be valid. The data were statistically analyzed and the results showed that the strategic marketing decision makers in the industrial company realize the importance of risk management and employ it in the process of strategic marketing decision-making. However, the actual management or perfect investment of risk management in the industrial sector is still limited due to the existence of obstacles and limitations concerning managers and leaders and the available technical, information and material capabilities.
Connecting systematic and ecological studies using DNA barcoding in a population survey of Drosophilidae (Diptera) from Mt Oku (Cameroon)
Authors: Prigent Stéphane R. , Suwalski Arnaud , Veuille Michel
Published: February 2017

The characters used in taxonomy to describe new species cannot always be used to identify species in population surveys involving large samples. We used DNA barcoding to validate the taxonomic status of the morphospecies used in an ecological study involving 11 000 individual African drosophilids which had been determined without dissection. Some taxonomic information had been lost by not discriminating between rare species or by mistakenly splitting a morphologically variable species into two groups. However, the original ecological dataset provided a reliable picture of species diversity and the conclusions based on the original dataset are still supported by the molecular data.
Meter Testing and Maintenance Protect Water Utility Revenues
Authors: Van Arsdel John H.
Published: February 2017

Meter accuracy is critical to a water or wastewater utility's bottom line. An appropriate meter testing and maintenance program helps ensure customers' responsible and efficient water use.
Performance as Philosophy — the universal language of the theatre revisited
Authors: Meyer-Dinkgräfe Daniel , Hammer Anita S.
Published: February 2017

The history of philosophy is widely considered as the history of exercises in speculation. However, it is also possible to understand philosophy not as the outcome of speculation, but at the attempt by philosophers to explain, make sense of, and ultimately share, their own experiences of a very subtle, powerful and spiritual nature. The growing field of performance philosophy begins to acknowledge the potential of considering philosophy as an expression of immediate experience rather than distant speculation. This acknowledgement can take the shape of employing performance to express philosophy — in more immediately experienced ways than verbal language is ever able to convey. Writing about this non-verbal dimension is difficult, and the result limited by its very nature, but in this article, we discuss the principle, and provide an example in the performance philosophy, captured under the term of body thinking, of German philosopher and dancer Aurelia Baumgartner.
Predictors of Sunburn Risk Among Florida Residents
Authors: Arutyunyan Sergey , Alfonso Sarah V. , Hernandez Nilda , Favreau Tracy , Fernández M. Isabel
Published: February 2017

Context: The incidence of skin cancer, the most common type of cancer in the United States, is increasing. Sunburn is a major modifiable risk factor for skin cancer, and its prevalence among the US population is high.

Objectives: To identify predictors of having had a red or painful sunburn in the past 12 months among people living in Florida.

Methods: Florida residents were recruited from public places and online. They were asked to complete an anonymous cross-sectional survey that assessed demographic information, dermatologic history, as well as knowledge, attitude, and behavior factors associated with sunburn.

Results: A total of 437 participants whose data were complete for all variables were included in the multivariate analysis. In multivariate logistic regression, younger age (18-29 years) was the most significant predictor of sunburn (OR, 15.26; 95% CI, 5.97-38.98; P<.001). Other significant predictors included identifying as nonwhite (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.29-0.90; P<.02), having had a full-body skin examination by a physician (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.03-3.14; P<.04), reporting higher levels of skin sensitivity to the sun (OR, 4.63; 95% CI, 2.07-10.34; P<.001), having a less favorable attitude toward sun protection (OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.81-0.94; P<.001), having high perceived vulnerability to skin cancer (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.05-1.41; P<.009), and spending less than 1 hour outside between 10 am and 4 pm on weekends (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.22-0.96; P<.04). The model was statistically significant at P<.001 and correctly classified 78% of participants.

Conclusions: Sunburn prevention programs that osteopathic physicians can readily implement in clinical practice are urgently needed, particularly for young adult patients. This study identified 7 predictors of sunburn in Florida residents. With additional research findings, promoting attitude change toward sun protection may be a viable strategy.
Dermascope Use by Osteopathic Primary Care Physicians
Authors: Morris Jeffrey B. , Alfonso Sarah V. , Hernandez Nilda , Fernández M. Isabel
Published: February 2017

Context: Osteopathic physicians (ie, DOs) in primary care may play a critical role in the early detection of skin cancer. Dermoscopy improves diagnostic accuracy; however, its use among primary care DOs remains understudied.

Objectives: To document dermascope use among DOs in primary care, to examine physician and practice characteristics associated with having used and having heard of a dermascope, and to examine the barriers to dermascope use.

Methods: Osteopathic physicians were recruited to complete an anonymous survey assessing demographic factors, physician and practice characteristics, confidence in differentiating skin lesions, knowledge and dermascope use, and barriers to dermascope use. Bivariate analyses were conducted, and the significant factors were entered into 2 separate logistic regressions.

Results: A total of 768 participants were included in the study. Four hundred ten (54%) had heard of a dermascope, and 123 (15%) had used one. The statistically significant multivariate predictors for having used a dermascope (model 1) were graduating from medical school after 1989 and having greater confidence in differentiating skin lesions (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.66-2.79). Those who graduated after 2009 were 9.5 times more likely and those graduating between 2000 and 2009 were 4.3 times more likely to have used a dermascope than those graduating before 1990 (95% CI, 4.29-20.90 and 95% CI, 2.04-9.23, respectively). Ever having heard of a dermascope (model 2) was associated with being female (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.02-1.87); practicing in a group (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.05-2.36), academic (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.26-3.86), or community center (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.20-4.00); and having greater confidence in differentiating skin lesions (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.15-1.55). Both models were statistically significant and correctly classified 605 (84.1%) (model 1) and 444 (58.4%) participants (model 2).

Conclusion: Dermascope use could help primary care DOs improve their diagnostic accuracy for skin cancer and reduce unnecessary referrals to specialists. Efforts to disseminate knowledge about the benefits of using a dermascope to primary care DOs are needed.
Research Access and Discovery in University News Releases: A Case Study
Authors: Young Philip
Published: February 2017

INTRODUCTION Many universities promote the peer-reviewed articles of their researchers in online news releases. However, access to the articles by the public can be limited, and information for locating articles is sometimes lacking. This exploratory study quantifies article access, the potential for immediate article archiving, and the presence of discovery aids in news releases at a large research university. METHODS A random sample of 120 news releases over an 11-year period were evaluated. RESULTS At publication, 33% of the peer-reviewed articles mentioned in news releases were open access. Immediate archiving in the institutional repository could potentially raise the access rate to 58% of the articles. Discovery aids in news releases included journal titles (96%), hyperlinks (67%), article titles (44%), and full citations (3%). No hyperlink was in the form of a referenceable digital object identifier (DOI). DISCUSSION Article availability is greater than published estimates, and could result from the university’s STEM focus or self-selection. Delayed access by journals is a significant source of availability, and provides an additional rationale for hyperlinking from news releases. CONCLUSION Most articles promoted in the university’s news releases cannot be accessed by the public. Access could be significantly increased through immediate archiving in the institutional repository. Opportunities for facilitating article discovery could increase the credibility and outreach value of news releases.
Rising from the ashes - Hydrocotyle phoenix (Araliaceae), a new annual species from south-western Australia
Authors: Perkins Andrew
Published: February 2017

A recently discovered fire ephemeral Hydrocotyle phoenix A.J.Perkins sp. nov. from south-west Western Australia is described and compared to other Australian species of Hydrocotyle. Photographic images of the new species are provided, along with a list of diagnostic features to aid in identification. The annual fire

ephemeral life history of this species is novel for the genus.
Ice cloud formation potential by free tropospheric particles from long‐range transport over the Northern Atlantic Ocean
Authors: China Swarup , Alpert Peter A. , Zhang Bo , Schum Simeon , Dzepina Katja , Wright Kendra , Owen R. Chris , Fialho Paulo , Mazzoleni Lynn R. , Mazzoleni Claudio , Knopf Daniel A.
Published: February 2017

Long‐range transported free tropospheric particles can play a significant role on heterogeneous ice nucleation. Using optical and electron microscopy we examine the physicochemical characteristics of ice nucleating particles (INPs). Particles were collected on substrates from the free troposphere at the remote Pico Mountain Observatory in the Azores Islands, after long‐range transport and aging over the Atlantic Ocean. We investigate four specific events to study the ice formation potential by the collected particles with different ages and transport patterns. We use single‐particle analysis, as well as bulk analysis to characterize particle populations. Both analyses show substantial differences in particle composition between samples from the four events; in addition, single‐particle microscopy analysis indicates that most particles are coated by organic material. The identified INPs contained mixtures of dust, aged sea salt and soot, and organic material acquired either at the source or during transport. The temperature and relative humidity (RH) at which ice formed, varied only by 5% between samples, despite differences in particle composition, sources, and transport patterns. We hypothesize that this small variation in the onset RH may be due to the coating material on the particles. This study underscores and motivates the need to further investigate how long‐range transported and atmospherically aged free tropospheric particles impact ice cloud formation.
Blueprint for a coupled model of sedimentology, hydrology, and hydrogeology in streambeds
Authors: Partington Daniel , Therrien Rene , Simmons Craig T. , Brunner Philip
Published: February 2017

The streambed constitutes the physical interface between the surface and the subsurface of a stream. Across all spatial scales, the physical properties of the streambed control surface water‐groundwater interactions. Continuous alteration of streambed properties such as topography or hydraulic conductivity occurs through erosion and sedimentation processes. Recent studies from the fields of ecology, hydrogeology, and sedimentology provide field evidence that sedimentological processes themselves can be heavily influenced by surface water‐groundwater interactions, giving rise to complex feedback mechanisms between sedimentology, hydrology, and hydrogeology. More explicitly, surface water‐groundwater exchanges play a significant role in the deposition of fine sediments, which in turn modify the hydraulic properties of the streambed. We explore these feedback mechanisms and critically review the extent of current interaction between the different disciplines. We identify opportunities to improve current modeling practices. For example, hydrogeological models treat the streambed as a static rather than a dynamic entity, while sedimentological models do not account for critical catchment processes such as surface water‐groundwater exchange. We propose a blueprint for a new modeling framework that bridges the conceptual gaps between sedimentology, hydrogeology, and hydrology. Specifically, this blueprint (1) fully integrates surface‐subsurface flows with erosion, transport, and deposition of sediments and (2) accounts for the dynamic changes in surface elevation and hydraulic conductivity of the streambed. Finally, we discuss the opportunities for new research within the coupled framework.
Lip and Oral Cavity
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

The classification applies only to carcinomas of the vermilion surfaces of the lips and of the oral cavity, including those of minor salivary glands. There should be histological confirmation of the disease. Physical examination and imaging are the procedures for assessing T, N and M categories. Anatomical sites and subsites of the lip include external upper and lower lip and commissures. Anatomical sites and subsites of the oral cavity include the buccal mucosa of the upper and lower lips, cheek, retromolar areas, upper and lower buccoalveolar sulci, upper and lower alveolus and gingiva, hard palate, tongue and floor of mouth.
Pharynx
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

The classification applies only to carcinomas where there should be a histological confirmation of the disease. Procedures for assessing T, N and M categories are the following: T categories, physical examination, endoscopy and imaging; N categories, physical examination and imaging; and M categories, physical examination and imaging. Anatomical sites and subsites of the oropharynx include anterior wall (glossoepiglottic area) (base of tongue, vallecula), lateral wall (tonsil, tonsillar fossa and tonsillar pillars, glossotonsillar sulci), posterior wall and superior wall (inferior surface of soft palate, uvula), while anatomical sites and subsites of the nasopharynx include posterosuperior wall, lateral wall and inferior wall.
Larynx
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

The classification applies only to carcinomas. There should be histological confirmation of the disease. Procedures for assessing T, N and M categories are T categories, physical examination, laryngoscopy and imaging; N categories, physical examination and imaging; and M categories, physical examination and imaging. Anatomical sites and subsites include supraglottis (suprahyoid epiglottis, aryepiglottic fold, laryngeal aspect, arytenoid, infrahyoid epiglottis and ventricular bands), glottis (vocal cords, anterior commissure and posterior commissure) and subglottis. Regional lymph nodes are the cervical nodes. TNM clinical classification includes T, primary tumor; N, regional lymph nodes; and M, distant metastasis.
Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

Carcinomas, nodes, and metastases arising from the nasal and paranasal cavities have been classified clinically and pathologically. Primary sites include the nasal cavity, maxillary sinus, and ethmoid sinus. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination and imaging. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Stomach
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

Carcinomas, nodes, and metastases arising from the stomach have been classified clinically and pathologically. Primary sites include the cardia, fundus, corpus, antrum, and the pylorus. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination, imaging, endoscopy and/or surgical exploration. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Small Intestine
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

Carcinomas, nodes, and metastases arising from the small intestine have been classified clinically and pathologically. Primary sites include the duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination, imaging, endoscopy, and/or surgical exploration.
Anal Canal and Perianal Skin
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

Carcinomas, nodes, and metastases arising from the anal canal have been classified clinically and pathologically. Primary sites include the anal canal and the perianal skin. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination, imaging, endoscopy, and/or surgical exploration. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Ampulla of Vater
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

Carcinomas, nodes, and metastases arising from the ampulla of Vater have been classified clinically and pathologically. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination, imaging, and/or surgical exploration.
Pancreas
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

Carcinomas, nodes, and metastases arising from the exocrine pancreas and/or high‐grade neuroendocrine carcinomas have been classified clinically and pathologically. Primary sites include the head of pancreas, body of pancreas, tail of pancreas, and the pancreatic duct. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination, imaging, and/or surgical exploration. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Lung
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

Carcinomas, nodes, and metastases arising from the lung have been classified clinically and pathologically. Primary sites include the main bronchus and the upper, middle, and lower lobes of the lung. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination, imaging, endoscopy, and/or surgical exploration. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Pleural Mesothelioma
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

Malignant mesothelioma of the pleura and the nodes and metastases due to the same have been classified clinically and pathologically. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination, imaging, endoscopy, and/or surgical exploration.
Introductory Notes
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

The article provides an introduction to the sites and types of the various bone and soft tissue tumours that will be classified and staged in this section.
Malignant Melanoma of Skin
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

Malignant melanomas, nodes, and metastases arising from the skin have been classified clinically and pathologically. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination and imaging. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Vulva
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

Primary carcinomas of the vulva and the nodes and metastases have been classified clinically and histologically. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination, endoscopy, and imaging. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Prostate
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

Adenocarcinomas, nodes, and metastases arising from the prostate have been classified clinically and histologically. Clinical examination is based on physical examination, imaging, endoscopy, biopsy and biochemical tests for the primary and skeletal studies also for the metastases. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Renal Pelvis and Ureter
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

Carcinomas, nodes, and metastases arising from the renal pelvis and ureter are classified clinically and histologically. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination, imaging, and endoscopy.
Malignant Melanoma of Uvea
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

Malignant melanoma of uvea and the nodes and metastases thereof have been classified clinically and histologically. Primary sites include the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination for the primary and nodes and imaging in addition for metastases. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Sarcoma of Orbit
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

Sarcoma arising from the orbit and the nodes and metastases thereof have been classified clinically and histologically. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination and imaging.
Intrahepatic Bile Ducts
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, cholangiocellular carcinoma, and combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma and the nodes and metastases thereof have been classified clinically and histologically. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination, imaging, and/or surgical exploration.
Paediatric Tumours
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

The article provides an introduction to the sites and types of the various malignant paediatric tumours that will be classified and staged in this section.
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumour (GIST)
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours and the nodes and metastases arising thereof have been classified. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination, imaging, endoscopy, and surgical exploration. Factors that influence prognosis have been included. Staging is based on mitotic rate.
Skin Carcinoma of the Head and Neck
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

Cutaneous carcinomas of the head and neck region and the nodes and metastases thereof have been classified. Primary sites include the lip, external ear, scalp and neck and other and unspecified parts of the face. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination and imaging.
Gastrointestinal Tumours
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

Paediatric hepatoblastoma has been classified on the basis of tumour extent.
Urological Tumours
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

Paediatric urological tumours, Wilms tumour and ophthalmic tumours have been classified. Tumours have been classified into their respective Tier 1 and Tier 2. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Central Nervous System
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

Paediatric central nervous tumours have been classified. Tumours are classified into Tier 1 and Tier 2.
Survivorship
Authors: Jones Jennifer M. , Knaul Felicia , Giuliani Meredith , Rodin Danielle , Catton Pamela
Published: February 2017

The issues of living well with, and beyond, cancer begin at diagnosis and can be life‐long. Diverse and often unexpected challenges that are influenced by a significant number of clinical, personal and societal factors characterize life after cancer treatment. Long‐term cancer survivors face a number of cancer‐related risks, and have to manage a range of persistent and late‐onset side effects of treatment. Children dealing with cancer and adult survivors of paediatric cancers face a particular set of challenges that are beyond the scope of this chapter. Existing cancer care delivery systems have limited capacity to accommodate the growing numbers of cancer survivors, and to address the full range of their physical, psychosocial and practical needs. This chapter addresses the priorities and challenges of post‐treatment adult cancer survivorship clinical care, research, education and advocacy that should be considered when building capacity for quality survivorship care.
Oesophagus
Authors: Fang Wentao , Li Zhigang , Mao Teng , Liu Jun , Guo Xufeng
Published: February 2017

Oesophageal cancer is the eighth most common cancer worldwide, and the sixth most common cause of death from cancer. Huge differences exist in aetiology, epidemiology, biological characteristics, presentation, and prognosis between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus. Management strategies depend on tumour staging as well as performance status of patients. Generally speaking, endoscopic therapies play an important role in early lesions. While radical resection remains the only chance of cure, induction chemotherapy or chemoradiation help downstage the tumour and may improve long‐term survival in locally‐advanced diseases.
Stomach
Authors: Sano Takeshi , Brar Savtaj S. , Brierley James , Vermorken Jan B.
Published: February 2017

Gastric cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death, though its age‐standardized incidence has been decreasing worldwide. Localized gastric cancer is treated with gastrectomy and adequate lymphadenectomy. Adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemo‐ or chemoradio‐therapy is considered in most cases except for Stage I disease. The optimal combination of various surgical approaches and adjuvant or neoadjuvant regimens has been sought in large‐scale clinical trials. Advanced, metastatic gastric cancer is treated with systemic chemotherapy. Although molecular targeting agents have been vigorously examined, their impact on survival is still very limited in advanced gastric cancer.
Vulva
Authors: Oonk M. H. M. , Pras E. , van der Zee A. G. J.
Published: February 2017

Vulvar cancer is a rare disease accounting for 5% of all gynaecological malignancies. Treatment is primarily surgical, with wide local excision combined with inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy being the standard treatment for macroinvasive disease (depth of invasion >1 mm). The morbidity of this treatment is very high, especially related to the lymphadenectomy. The sentinel node procedure has been introduced into the treatment of early‐stage vulvar cancer to minimize treatment‐related morbidity. In selected patients and experienced hands, the sentinel lymph node procedure is a safe alternative to determine the status of the inguinofemoral lymph nodes. In case of a negative sentinel lymph node, patients can be spared inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy. In case of more than one lymph node metastases or extranodal tumour growth, radiotherapy on the groins is indicated. Prognosis is good for early‐stage disease. Lymph node metastases are the most important prognostic factor.
General Principles of Head and Neck Cancer Management
Authors: Dandekar Mitali , K. D'Cruz Anil , Huang Shao Hui , O'Sullivan Brian , Vermorken Jan B.
Published: February 2017

Head and neck cancers are a global health problem, but particularly in South‐East Asia. These are a heterogeneous group of tumours which include squamous cell carcinoma (or its variants) of the oral cavity, oropharynx, nasopharynx, paranasal sinuses, larynx and hypopharynx. Important aetiological agents are tobacco, areca nut and alcohol. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is emerging as a major factor in the West, predominantly in relationship to cancers of the oropharynx. Nasopharyngeal cancers have been attributed to Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) in endemic areas. Despite a variety of subsites included under the head and neck cancer rubric, the broad principles of management are essentially the same, although they are profoundly influenced by the anatomical imperative of preserving form and function, as well as disease control. This chapter focuses on these principles. Specific issues are covered in respective chapters.
Oropharynx
Authors: Hui Huang Shao , Mehanna Hisham , Vermorken Jan B. , O'Sullivan Brian
Published: February 2017

More than 90% oropharyngeal cancers (OPC) are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Based on the aetiology, SCC of the oropharynx can be classified into two major distinct disease entities: smoking/alcohol‐related (HPV‐negative) and human papillomavirus‐related (HPV‐positive) OPC. The two diseases have different molecular signatures, histopathological features, clinical behaviours and outcomes. Although treatment does not differ at present, emerging evidence suggests that a subset of HPV‐positive OPC patients should be considered for treatment de‐intensification trials. Several clinical trials are in‐design or on‐going to address separate treatment options for the different risk groups of HPV‐positive and ‐negative OPC.
Head and Neck Unknown Primary
Authors: Ghosh Laskar Sarbani , Mummudi Naveen B. , Murthy Vedang , Pantvaidya Gouri
Published: February 2017

This chapter focuses on carcinoma of unknown primary (CUP) metastasizing to the neck nodes, discussing its incidence, aetiology, screening, diagnosis, presentation, pathology, and follow‐up. It is proposed that angiogenic incompetence of the primary tumour leads to marked apoptosis and cell turnover. Staging of unknown primary is according to the clinical suspicion of the primary tumour with the T‐category classified as T0 while the N‐category and stage grouping are based on the clinical suspicion of the corresponding primary site of origin. The rationale for the treatment of patients with CUP has been extrapolated from the corresponding management of the neck in known head and neck primaries with cervical nodal metastases. Patients with Stage N1 neck disease with no extracapsular extension can be managed by surgery alone. Conventional RT techniques using two parallel, opposed fields and a low anterior neck field have been associated with significant long‐term morbidity.
Thyroid
Authors: Brierley James D. , Goldstein David P. , Krzyzanowska Monika K.
Published: February 2017

Thyroid cancer can develop from follicular cells of the thyroid, including papillary and follicular (differentiated thyroid cancer), insular and anaplastic thyroid cancers, and those derived from C cells of the thyroid, the medullary thyroid cancers. The usual presentation and work‐up will be discussed. The initial treatment for all thyroid malignancies (lymphoma excepted) is surgery. The controversies with regard to the extent of surgery and central node dissection will be reviewed, as will the role of radioactive iodine in low‐ and intermediate‐risk differentiated thyroid cancer. Although limited, there is a role for external beam radiotherapy in locally‐advanced thyroid cancer, especially anaplastic, and indications will be given. The role of chemotherapy is limited, but there is increasing evidence of activity of targeted agents.
Eye
Authors: Finger Paul T.
Published: February 2017

Ocular malignancies are a heterogeneous group. Although a great variety of tumours affect the eye, lids and orbit, the most common primary intraocular malignancies are uveal melanoma in adults and retinoblastoma in children. The most common orbital adnexal tumours are ocular adnexal lymphoma and eyelid basal cell carcinoma. Eye cancer treatments vary from observation, excisional surgery and radiotherapy to newer targeted chemotherapy and immunotherapy regimens. In developed countries, early detection and prompt eye cancer treatments result in excellent local control. However, around the world, metastatic choroidal melanoma and retinoblastoma are typically associated with poor survival. Biomarkers for these eye cancers exist, but require both validation and a better understanding of how they can be used to improve patient care. New research has focused on early detection and treatment of metastasis as well as genetic and molecular pathways of pathogenesis. Large multicentre, international cooperative studies are being conducted to collect statistically significant information about the diagnosis and treatment of these rare tumours.
HIV‐Related Neoplasms
Authors: Spano Jean‐Philippe , Costagliola Dominique , Choquet Sylvain , Bonnet Fabrice , Lavolé Armelle , Quéro Laurent
Published: February 2017

Following the introduction of highly active antiretroviral treatments (HAART), patients infected with HIV have experienced significant survival improvement. Since the beginning of the HIV epidemic, three types of cancer constitute a diagnosis of AIDS (defined as AIDS malignancies) in HIV‐positive patients: Kaposi sarcoma, non‐Hodgkin lymphoma and, since 1993, cervical cancer. However, in the late 1990s, population‐based cohort studies revealed higher rates of certain other cancers (defined as non‐AIDS related malignancies). This chapter discusses the incidence, aetiology, screening, pathology, diagnosis, and follow‐up of these HIV‐related neoplasms. Hodgkin lymphoma, anal carcinoma, lung carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma, are the most common non‐AIDS‐defining malignancies (ADMs). Lung cancer is the only frequent cancer in HIV‐infected patients not known to be associated with viral infection. Anal cancer is emerging as an important cause of mortality among people with a longer duration of HIV infection.
Naphthobischalcogenadiazole Conjugated Polymers: Emerging Materials for Organic Electronics
Authors: Osaka Itaru , Takimiya Kazuo
Published: February 2017

π‐Conjugated polymers are an important class of materials for organic electronics. In the past decade, numerous polymers with donor–acceptor molecular structures have been developed and used as the active materials for organic devices, such as organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) and organic photovoltaics (OPVs). The choice of the building unit is the primary step for designing the polymers. Benzochalcogenadiazoles (BXzs) are one of the most familiar acceptor building units studied in this area. As their doubly fused system, naphthobischalcogenadiazoles (NXzs), i.e., naphthobisthiadiazole (NTz), naphthobisoxadiazole (NOz), and naphthobisselenadiazole (NSz) are emerging building units that provide interesting electronic properties and highly self‐assembling nature for π‐conjugated polymers. With these fruitful features, π‐conjugated polymers based on these building units demonstrate great performances in OFETs and OPVs. In particular, in OPVs, NTz‐based polymers have exhibited more than 10% efficiency, which is among the highest values reported so far. In this Progress Report, the synthesis, properties, and structures of NXzs and their polymers is summarized. The device performance is also highlighted and the structure–property relationships of the polymers are discussed.
C3N—A 2D Crystalline, Hole‐Free, Tunable‐Narrow‐Bandgap Semiconductor with Ferromagnetic Properties
Authors: Yang Siwei , Li Wei , Ye Caichao , Wang Gang , Tian He , Zhu Chong , He Peng , Ding Guqiao , Xie Xiaoming , Liu Yang , Lifshitz Yeshayahu , Lee Shuit‐Tong , Kang Zhenhui , Jiang Mianheng
Published: February 2017

Graphene has initiated intensive research efforts on 2D crystalline materials due to its extraordinary set of properties and the resulting host of possible applications. Here the authors report on the controllable large‐scale synthesis of C3N, a 2D crystalline, hole‐free extension of graphene, its structural characterization, and some of its unique properties. C3N is fabricated by polymerization of 2,3‐diaminophenazine. It consists of a 2D honeycomb lattice with a homogeneous distribution of nitrogen atoms, where both N and C atoms show a D6h‐symmetry. C3N is a semiconductor with an indirect bandgap of 0.39 eV that can be tuned to cover the entire visible range by fabrication of quantum dots with different diameters. Back‐gated field‐effect transistors made of single‐layer C3N display an on–off current ratio reaching 5.5 × 1010. Surprisingly, C3N exhibits a ferromagnetic order at low temperatures (<96 K) when doped with hydrogen. This new member of the graphene family opens the door for both fundamental basic research and possible future applications.
Predicting risk of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized cancer patients: Utility of a risk assessment tool
Authors: Patell Rushad , Rybicki Lisa , McCrae Keith R. , Khorana Alok A.
Published: February 2017

Inpatient venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a priority preventable illness; risk in cancer varies and prophylaxis is inconsistently used. A previously validated tool (Khorana Score, [KS]) identifies VTE risk in cancer outpatients with 5 easily available variables but has not been studied in the inpatient setting. We evaluated the validity of KS in predicting VTE risk in hospitalized cancer patients. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of consecutive oncology inpatients at the Cleveland Clinic from 11/2012 to 12/2014 (n = 3531). Patients were excluded for VTE on admission (n = 304), incomplete KS data (n = 439) or other reasons (n = 8). Data collected included demographics, cancer type, length of stay (LOS), anticoagulant use, and laboratory values. Multivariate risk factors were identified with stepwise logistic regression, confirmed with bootstrap analysis. Of 2780 patients included, 106 (3.8%) developed VTE during hospitalization. Median age was 62 (range, 19‐98) years and 56% were male. Median LOS was 5 (range, 0‐152) days. High risk KS (≥ 3) was significantly associated with VTE in uni‐ and multivariate analyses (OR 2.5, 95% [confidence interval] CI 1.3‐4.9). Other significant variables included male gender (OR 1.67, 1.1‐2.53), older age (OR 0.86, 0.75‐0.99) and use of anticoagulants (OR 0.57, 0.39‐0.85). Recursive partitioning analysis suggested optimal cut point for KS is 2 (OR 1.82, 1.23‐2.69). This is the first report validating KS as a risk tool to predict VTE in hospitalized cancer patients. Using this tool could lead to more consistent and successful application of inpatient thromboprophylaxis.
Precisely Regulated and Efficient Locking of Linear Peptides into Stable Multicyclic Topologies through a One‐Pot Reaction
Authors: Liu Weidong , Zheng Yiwu , Kong Xudong , Heinis Christian , Zhao Yibing , Wu Chuanliu
Published: February 2017

We report the discovery of a small phenyl molecule with four isosteric thiolate‐reactive groups of sequentially varied reactivity. This molecule was exploited in combination with cysteine/penicillamine thiolates of different nucleophilic reactivity for precisely regulated and efficient locking (PROP‐locking) of linear peptides into multicyclic topologies through a one‐pot reaction. The PROP‐locking relies on multistep and sequential thiolate/fluorine nucleophilic substitutions, which is not only rapid but highly specific, thus enabling rapid locking of peptides with high amino acid diversities without protecting groups. Several tricyclic peptide templates and bioactive peptides were designed and synthesized using the PROP‐locking strategy. We believe that tricyclic peptides precisely locked through stable thioether bonds should be promising structurally constrained scaffolds for developing potential therapeutics and target ligands.
Heteronuclear 1D and 2D NMR Resonances Detected by Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer to Water
Authors: Martinho Ricardo P. , Novakovic Mihajlo , Olsen Gregory L. , Frydman Lucio
Published: February 2017

A method to detect NMR spectra from heteronuclei through the modulation that they impose on a water resonance is exemplified. The approach exploits chemical exchange saturation transfers, which can magnify the signal of labile protons through their influence on a water peak. To impose a heteronuclear modulation on water, an HMQC‐type sequence was combined with the FLEX approach. 1D 15N NMR spectra of exchanging sites could thus be detected, with about tenfold amplifications over the 15N modulations afforded by conventionally detected HMQC NMR spectroscopy. Extensions of this approach enable 2D heteronuclear acquisitions on directly bonded 1H–15N spin pairs, also with significant signal amplification. Despite the interesting limits of detection that these signal enhancements could open in NMR spectroscopy, these gains are constrained by the rates of solvent exchange of the targeted heteronuclear pairs, as well as by spectrometer instabilities affecting the intense water resonances detected in these experiments.
A longitudinal study of user queries and browsing requests in a case‐based reasoning retrieval system
Authors: He Wu , Tian Xin
Published: February 2017

This article reports on a longitudinal analysis of query logs of a web‐based case library system during an 8‐year period (from 2005 to 2012). The analysis studies 3 different information‐seeking approaches: keyword searching, browsing, and case‐based reasoning (CBR) searching provided by the system by examining the query logs that stretch over 8 years. The longitudinal dimension of this study offers unique possibilities to see how users used the 3 different approaches over time. Various user information‐seeking patterns and trends are identified through the query usage pattern analysis and session analysis. The study identified different user groups and found that a majority of the users tend to stick to their favorite information‐seeking approach to meet their immediate information needs and do not seem to care whether alternative search options will offer greater benefits. The study also found that return users used CBR searching much more frequently than 1‐time users and tend to use more query terms to look for information than 1‐time users.