bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Figura Sforzata: modelling, power and the Mannerist body
Authors: Cole Michael
Published: December 2003

In the wake of Michelangelo, a number of Italian artists – and notably those who composed their works using wax models – came to identify the act of design with that of bending bodies. This article looks at how this manner of thinking led sculptors, painters, and writers to articulate new visions and fantasies about their artistic ‘mastery’. Focusing on the language contemporaries used when evaluating the bent figure, and considering associated ideas about memory, life study and poetic invention, the article explores the ways in which sculptural process itself became a vehicle through which artists could promote their power.
Reading the Virtual Museum of General Art History
Authors: Karlholm Dan
Published: December 2003

The representation of general art history in the nineteenth century is the centre of attention of this essay. It examines, in particular, the structural characteristics from 1845 to 1856 of Denkmäler der Kunst (Monuments of Art), a collection of engravings which constitutes the visual supplement to the first text of general art history, Handbuch der Kunstgeschichte (1841‐‐42) by Franz Kugler. The impact of this largely neglected pictorial ‘atlas’, early on metaphorized as a ‘museum’, is connected to comparable visual regimes of a later date, especially Malraux’s photographic ‘museum without walls’, but also Warburg’s Memory Atlas, the open‐ended possibilities of post‐photographic practices and the web. Intersected is an argument with Danto’s Hegelian ‘end of art’ thesis, ushering in a more closely contextualized reading of the ‘end’ of art history from a contemporary, media‐saturated viewpoint. It all begins, and ends, with Warhol’s postmodern version of Raphael’s vision: the Sistine Madonna.
Cold War Illuminations of the Classical Past: ‘The Sound and Light Show‘ on the Athenian Acropolis
Authors: Marlowe Elisabeth
Published: December 2003

Drawing upon the text of ‘The Sound and Light Show’ and French and Greek newspaper coverage of the show’s premier in 1959, this article uses the metaphor of the museum to consider the ways in which the show limits and controls the history that the Acropolis monuments are allowed to represent. I argue that the show’s premise of a causal link between the defeat of tyrannical Eastern enemies and the flourishing of democracy and the arts is a product of the Cold War. This ideological backdrop can be traced through the dramatic events surrounding the show’s star‐studded, international premier and the richly nuanced political controversies that it reflected and in turn provoked.
Renoir Reread
Authors: Åhr Johan
Published: December 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Robert L. Herbert, Nature's Workshop; Renoir's Writings on the Decorative Arts
Transatlantic Cultural Politics in the late 1950s: the Leaders and Specialists Grant Program
Authors: Jachec Nancy
Published: December 2003

Using recently declassified US State Department documents from the Leaders and Specialists Grant Program (LSGP), this article examines American Abstract Expressionism's success in Western Europe within the context of Euro‐American foreign policy, and specifically the promotion of the European Union in the late 1950s. Our current understanding of the politics of Abstract Expressionism tends to assume that Europeans were passive in the face of American cultural expansion, as well as to overlook the specific policy objectives that may have been pursued by the individuals and governments involved in the international cultural exchanges which yielded the exhibitions Jackson Pollock 1912–1956 and The New American Painting, which are widely held to mark the emergence of a world‐class American culture. This article argues that the success of these shows was in fact the result of the efforts of European and American cultural figures involved in the LSGP, an educational exchange programme administered by the State Department and working through the pro‐American European Movement to promote gesture painting as an Atlanticist cultural practice.
The Living City Survival Kit: a portrait of the architect as a young man
Authors: Sadler Simon
Published: December 2003

This article discusses an image published on the occasion of the Living City exhibition held at the Institute of Contemporary Arts, London, in 1963. The image, here referred to as Living City Survival Kit, is ascribed to Warren Chalk, and it was produced within the milieu of the Archigram group. In a manner akin to Pop Art, the image represents the modernization of everyday life. Unlike Pop Art, it is about architecture; and unlike traditional architectural images, this image contains no buildings. Instead, the image draws attention to the invisible complement of architecture – how it is used, and how it shapes the experience of the user. The architect, it appears, can no longer impose legitimate order, nor claim genderless, objective distance from the subject of architecture. The image is ultimately concerned with the construction of the architect himself, to the point that it can be read as a self‐portrait.
Inductive Classifying Artificial Network for Vehicle Type Categorization
Authors: Sun Carlos , Ritchie Stephen G. , Oh Seri
Published: December 2003

As transportation surveillance technology continues to advance, the measurement of more complete traffic information is becoming increasingly feasible. ICAN stands for Inductive Classifying Artificial Network and is used to conveniently describe a self–organizing feature map (SOFM) for vehicle type categorization using inductive signatures as input. Vehicle type categorization is the separation of vehicles into predefined classes and can be useful for improving transportation efficiency, cost, environmental sustainability, enforcement, safety, and education. ICAN mainly focuses on the challenging task of differentiating between two–axle vehicles such as passenger car, sports utility vehicle (SUV), van, truck, and bus. This is in contrast to systems that classify according to the number of axles. One characteristic of ICAN is the simplicity of the 13–neuron one–dimensional neural network, and the employment of a small training set of 13 signatures. The overall classification results of 87% (data set 1) and 82% (data set 2) for seven categories coupled with consistent performance across all vehicle categories was significant and encouraging. Field freeway data was used for testing ICAN; representative signatures and video images of different vehicle types are presented.
Meeting Real–Time Traffic Flow Forecasting Requirements with Imprecise Computations
Authors: Smith Brian L. , Oswald R. Keith
Published: December 2003

This article explores the ability of imprecise computations to address real–time computational requirements in infrastructure control and management systems. The research in this area focuses on the development of nonparametric regression as a means to forecast traffic flow rates for transportation management systems. Nonparametric regression is a forecasting technique based on nearest neighbor searching, in which forecasts are derived from past observations that are similar to current conditions. A key concern regarding nonparametric regression is the significant time required to search for nearest neighbors in large databases. The results presented in this article indicate that approximate nearest neighbors, which are imprecise computations as applied to nonparametric regression, may be used to adequately speed the execution time of nonparametric regression, with acceptable degradations in forecast accuracy. The article concludes with a demonstration of the use of genetic algorithms as a design aid for real–time algorithms employing imprecise computations.
3D Image Segmentation of Aggregates from Laser Profiling
Authors: Kim Hyoungkwan , Haas Carl T. , Rauch Alan F. , Browne Craig
Published: December 2003

Abstract: In digital imaging of discrete particles, such as stone aggregates, segmentation is one of the most important processes. Automated scanners of different designs use cameras or lasers to obtain digital images of groups of aggregate particles. To accurately determine particle size and shape parameters, each particle region in the image must be isolated and processed individually. Here, a method for segmenting a particle image acquired from laser profiling is developed using a Canny edge detector and a watershed transformation. Canny edges with rigorous and liberal threshold values are used to outline particle boundaries on a binary image and to check the validity of watersheds, respectively. To find appropriate regional minima in the watershed transformation, a varying search window method is used, where the number of neighboring pixels being compared with the pixel of interest is determined from the height value of the pixel. Test results with this method are promising. When implemented in automated systems that are designed to rapidly assess size and shape characteristics of stone particles, this technique can not only reduce the amount of time required for aggregate preparation, but also increase the accuracy of analysis results.
A View‐Based Approach for Construction Process Modeling
Authors: Karhu Vesa
Published: December 2003

Abstract: A number of process modeling methods are used for modeling construction projects. These methods are often rigid and cannot be modified to meet specific requirements. The generic construction process modeling method (GEPM) has been developed to overcome the deficiencies of the existing methods, such as scheduling, IDEF0, and simple flow methods. GEPM has borrowed some features from the above methods and thus, users can interact with a GEPM model through partial models or views that represent scheduling, IDEF0, and simple flow. These views are of particular importance to industry practitioners. A well‐documented construction project was used as a test case material for the evaluation of GEPM and for finding out conversion rules between the methods. More modeling power is obtained for construction process modeling because a GEPM model represents more features of real systems than the other methods. In addition, a procedure for creating a project‐specific model from a reference model, defined as an IDEF0 model, has been suggested.
A Core System for Design Information Management Using Industry Foundation Classes
Authors: Lee Keunhyoung , Chin Sangyoon , Kim Jaejun
Published: December 2003

Abstract: Research has been conducted for the applications of Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), developed by International Alliance for Interoperability (IAI) for building product model‐based information sharing and exchange. This article presents the results and lessons learned from a research project, titled “A Development of the 3D Object‐Based Product Model and Application,” jointly performed by the research teams of two universities in Korea.

An integrated information system called Design Information Management System (DIMS) has been developed with a focus on representation of design information based on IFC and its association with schedule, estimation, and structural engineering information. With the integration of information from various sources, DIMS can represent project information in multiple viewpoints through the hierarchical classification of building components. It also calculates the quantities of each building component and helps users to recognize the corresponding 3D graphic objects in the CAD system. This article discusses considerations, processes, and methods used during the development of DIMS along with lessons learned from this research.
Barcode Technology for an Incentive Reward Program to Reduce Construction Wastes
Authors: Li Heng , Chen Zhen , Wong Conrad T. C.
Published: December 2003

Abstract: A group‐based incentive reward program (IRP) has been implemented in this study to minimize avoidable wastes of construction materials by rewarding workers according to the amounts and values of materials they saved. The barcode technique is used to facilitate the effective management program of construction materials on site. Experiments are conducted on two residential projects in Hong Kong and results demonstrate the effectiveness of the IRP in motivating workers to reduce construction waste. Beyond this application research, the relationship between construction waste reduction and quality‐time‐cost performances of the project are discussed, whereas difficulties and challenges of applying the IRP and barcode technology are mentioned.
Wavelet Transforms for System Identification in Civil Engineering
Authors: Kijewski T. , Kareem A.
Published: December 2003

Abstract:  The time‐frequency character of wavelet transforms allows adaptation of both traditional time and frequency domain system identification approaches to examine nonlinear and non‐stationary data. Although challenges did not surface in prior applications concerned with mechanical systems, which are characterized by higher frequency and broader‐band signals, the transition to the time‐frequency domain for the analysis of civil engineering structures highlighted the need to understand more fully various processing concerns, particularly for the popular Morlet wavelet. In particular, as these systems may possess longer period motions and thus require finer frequency resolutions, the particular impacts of end effects become increasingly apparent. This study discusses these considerations in the context of the wavelet's multi‐resolution character and includes guidelines for selection of wavelet central frequencies, highlights their role in complete modal separation, and quantifies their contributions to end‐effect errors, which may be minimized through a simple padding scheme.
Time‐Frequency Signal Analysis of Earthquake Records Using Mexican Hat Wavelets
Authors: Zhou Ziqin , Adeli Hojjat
Published: December 2003

Abstract:  A method is presented for time‐frequency signal analysis of earthquake records using Mexican hat wavelets. Ground motions in earthquakes are postulated as a sequence of simple penny‐shaped ruptures at different locations along a fault line and occurring at different times. The single point source displacement of ground motion is idealized by a Gaussian function. For the purpose of signal analysis of accelerograms, the ground motion record generated by a simple penny‐shaped rupture is used to form the basis wavelet function. After a careful study of the characteristics of various wavelet functions, the Mexican hat wavelet was found to be the most appropriate wavelet basis function to represent the acceleration of a single point source rupture. The result of the signal processing of an accelerogram is presented in the form of a scalogram using the coefficients of the continuous Mexican hat wavelet transform to describe the signal energy in the time‐scale domain. The proposed signal processing methodology can be used to investigate the characteristics of accelerograms recorded on various types of sites and their effects on different types of structures.
Plate 320. Rhipsalis pilocarpa
Authors: Taylor Nigel
Published: December 2003

The Brazilian epiphytic cactus Rhipsalis pilocarpa (Cactaceae) is illustrated; its relationships, distribution, ecology, conservation status and cultural requirements are discussed and a full description of the species is provided.
Plate 323. Paramongaia weberbaueri
Authors: Mathew Brian
Published: December 2003

The Peruvian Paramongaia weberbaueri (Amaryllidaceae) is illustrated; its relationships, distribution, and cultural requirements are discussed and a full description of the species is provided.
Plate 324. Cypripedium henryi
Authors: Cribb Phillip , Mathew Brian
Published: December 2003

The Chinese Cypripedium henryi (Orchidaceae) is illustrated; its history, relationships, distribution, ecology and cultural requirements are discussed and a full description of the species is provided.
Plate 355. Cocos nucifera
Authors: Dransfield John , Cooke David
Published: December 2003

A brief account of the relationships, origin, uses and cultivation of the coconut, Cocos nucifera L. (Arecaceae) are provided together with a detailed description and illustration.
Plate 359. Gasteria baylissiana
Authors: Smith Gideon F. , Steyn Elsie M. A. , Van Wyk Abraham E.
Published: December 2003

The taxonomy, distribution and cultivation requirements of Gasteria baylissiana Rauh (Aloaceae), a rare miniature succulent from the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, are discussed. Notes on the history and conservation status of this popular collector's item are included and a full description of the species is provided, accompanied by a water‐colour illustration.
Plate 456. Mutisia Retrorsa Compositae
Authors: Hind Nicholas , Hall Tony
Published: December 2003

The taxonomic history, cultivation requirements, distribution and habitat of M. retrorsa Cav. are discussed. A full synonymy, description, colour plate, and line drawings of the dissections of this species are given.
Plate 457. Mutisia Subspinosa Compositae
Authors: Hind Nicholas , Hall Tony
Published: December 2003

Mutisia subspinosa Cav. is described and illustrated and its relationships with other members of Mutisia sect. Guariruma (Cass.) Cabrera discussed. Notes on its cultivation are provided along with a historical insight into the collections of Née, made on the Malaspina expedition.
Plate 458. Mutisia Subulata Compositae
Authors: Hind Nicholas , Hall Tony
Published: December 2003

The taxonomic history, cultivation requirements, distribution and habitat of M. subulata Ruiz & Pav. are discussed. A full description, colour plate, and line drawings of the dissections of the species are given.
Plate 459. Barnadesia Arborea Compositae
Authors: Hind Nicholas , Hall Tony
Published: December 2003

The taxonomic history, cultivation requirements, distribution and habitats of Barnadesia arborea Kunth are discussed. A full synonymy, description, colour plate, and line drawings (of the dissections) of the species are given.
Plate 460. Acmella Oleracea Compositae
Authors: Hind Nicholas , Biggs Nicki
Published: December 2003

The taxonomy, distribution and cultivation requirements of Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen (Compositae: Heliantheae) are discussed; a full botanical description and illustrations are provided. The problems with common names and lay‐taxonomists on the World Wide Web are highlighted and a pertinent warning over the use of this, and other similar plants, is provided.
Plate 461. Cosmos Atrosanguineus Compositae
Authors: Hind Nicholas , Fay Michael F.
Published: December 2003

The taxonomic history, cultivation requirements, and restricted natural distribution of Cosmos atrosanguineus are discussed. A full synonymy, description, colour plate, and line drawings of the dissections of this species are given. This species is a plant in peril, believed to be extinct in the wild.
Plate 462. Centaurea Akamantis Compositae
Authors: Hind Nicholas , Hall Tony
Published: December 2003

The taxonomy, history, habitat and cultivation of the Cypriot endemic Centaurea akamantis T. Georgiadis & G. Chatzikyriakou are discussed. Illustrations and a full description are provided, and its conservation status considered. This is a Critically Endangered species.
Plate 464. Hakea Rhombales
Authors: Barker Robyn , Barker Bill
Published: December 2003

The historical and systematic context of the original description of Hakea rhombales F. Muell. (Proteaceae), its taxonomy and distribution are discussed, together with some speculation on its biology. An illustration and a full description of the species are provided.
Plate 465. Verticordia Grandis
Authors: George Alex , George Elizabeth
Published: December 2003

Verticordia grandis J. Drumm. (Myrtaceae) is described and illustrated; its ecology and its position within the genus are given. The circumstances of its discovery, and James Drummond's activities as a collector in Western Australia, are discussed.
Plate 466. Anigozanthos Rufus
Authors: Hopper Stephen D.
Published: December 2003

The taxonomy, distribution and horticulture of the south‐west Australian endemic Anigozanthos rufus Labill. (Haemodoraceae) are discussed. Illustrations and a description of the species are provided.
Plate 467. Caladenia Drummondii
Authors: Hopper Stephen D. , Erickson Rica
Published: December 2003

The taxonomy, distribution and horticulture of the south‐west Australian endemic Caladenia drummondii Benth. (Orchidaceae) are discussed, including a brief account of recent insights from molecular phylogenetic research on the subtribe Caladeniinae and circumscription of the genus Caladenia. Illustrations and a description of C. drummondii are provided.
Plate 468. Rhizanthella Gardneri
Authors: Dixon Kingsley
Published: December 2003

Since the almost simultaneous discovery of two underground orchids in Australia, the western Rhizanthella gardneri R.S. Rogers and the eastern Rhizanthella slateri Rupp in 1928 and 1931, botanists have pondered the relationship between these elusive and enigmatic species. Here the biological and ecological relationships of the western underground orchid are discussed and new research to uncover the mysterious life histories of these unique Australian plants is described.
Plate 477. Lachenalia Salteri Hyacinthaceae
Authors: Duncan Graham
Published: December 2003

Summary. The history, taxonomy, distribution and cultivation requirements of the South African Lachenalia salteri W.F. Barker (Hyacinthaceae) are discussed; a full botanical description and illustration are provided.
Plate 478. Cyrtorchis Crassifolia Orchidaceae
Authors: La Croix Isobyl
Published: December 2003

Summary. Cyrtorchis crassifolia (Orchidaceae), a succulent epiphyte from southeastern Africa, is described and illustrated, and its cultural requirements are discussed.
Plate 479. Hoodia Pilifera subsp. Pillansii Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae
Authors: Archer Robert H. , Victor Janine E.
Published: December 2003

Summary. Hoodia pilifera (L.f.) Plowes subsp. pillansii (N.E. Br.) Bruyns is one of the rarer and less spectacular species of Hoodia. Its taxonomy, distribution and conservation status are briefly discussed with a full description of the subspecies.
Francis Masson: Collecting Plants for King and Country
Authors: Saltmarsh Anna C.
Published: December 2003

Summary.This article gives a biographical sketch of Francis Masson (1741–1805) and his 18th century explorations collecting plants for George III's blossoming botanic garden at Kew.
Book Review
Authors: Mathew Brian
Published: December 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

John Manning, Peter Goldblatt and Dee Snijman, The Color Encyclopedia of Cape Bulbs
A Great Place to Start: The Role of Military Service on Human Capital Formation
Authors: Hisnanick John J.
Published: December 2003

The earnings of African–American males have increased over the past 50 years, but differences remain in their economic progress relative to either white or Asian Americans. Labor market disadvantages in the past were the result of overt discrimination; however, the earnings gap experienced over the last four decades has been linked to human capital differences. It is hypothesized that military service provides a buffer for adverse labor market characteristics for young African–American males and this paper discusses the returns from military service as reflected in their post–service wages.
Why Do People from Southern Italy Seek Jobs in the Public Sector?
Authors: Pagani Laura
Published: December 2003

This paper analyses the choice open to a worker seeking a job in the public and private sectors of the labour market. The private sector is identified by a steeper wage profile and by lower job security than the public sector. The reservation wage for the two sectors is calculated in the first part of the paper. The results reveal that the reservation wage for the public sector is higher than that for the private sector. The effect of career prospects, job riskiness and labour demand on optimal time allocation between the search in the two sectors is then analysed. Finally, an empirical analysis is made in order to study Italian workers’ search strategies. It highlights relevant geographical differences which can be interpreted through the theoretical results obtained in the paper.
Interactional Input and The Incorporation of Feedback: An Exploration of NS–NNS and NNS–NNS Adult and Child Dyads
Authors: Mackey Alison , Oliver Rhonda , Leeman Jennifer
Published: December 2003

Given the documented benefits of participation in communicative interaction (e.g., Gass & varonis, 1994; Mackey, 1999), the present study investigated the effects of interlocutor type on the provision and incorporation of feedback in task–based interaction. The interactions of 48 dyads, evenly divided among adults and children, and native speaker–nonnative speaker and nonnative speaker–native speaker, were analyzed to assess the effect of interlocutor on (1) amount of feedback, (2) opportunities for modified output, and (3) immediate incorporation of feedback. In all dyed types, at least 30% of errors resulted in feedback, much of which led to modified output. Analyses also revealed significant differences for amount, nature, and response to feedback according to dyad type.
Phonological Memory and Rule Learning
Authors: Williams John N. , Lovatt Peter
Published: December 2003

Two experiments examined the relationship between individual differences in phonological memory (PM) and the ability to learn determiner–noun agreement rules in semiartificial microlanguages. Participants were tested on their ability to induce the grammatical gender of nouns from the distribution of the determiners that accompanied them. Three measures of PM were found to be related to rule learning as assessed by a generalization test: phonological short–term memory, vocabulary learning, and memory for determiner–noun combinations early in the experiment. There were also statistically independent effects of knowledge of other gender languages, suggesting that both memory and nonmemory factors were related to learning outcomes.
Option Or Obligation? The Determinants Of Labour Supply Preferences In Britain
Authors: Böheim René , Taylor Mark P.
Published: December 2003

We examine persistence in work hour constraints using subjective data from the British Household Panel Survey, and investigate the role of job and employer changes in alleviating these constraints. Evidence suggests that 40 per cent of employees prefer to work a different number of hours at their current wage, and the majority of these prefer to work fewer hours. Our estimates also indicate that, although these constraints persist over time, job and employer changes alleviate over–employment particularly among men. Work time preferences are determined by observed job and employer related characteristics, individual demographics, local labour demand and time–invariant unobserved individual–specific effects.
Housing Markets And Regional Unemployment Flows In Great Britain
Authors: Robson Martin T.
Published: December 2003

Over the past 20 years, there has been a great deal of interest from academic economists and policymakers in the UK in the contribution of the housing market to regional disparities in unemployment. However, despite a considerable body of research, there remains a great deal of uncertainty concerning the role played by different features of the housing market in shaping the regional pattern of unemployment. In this study, we aim to gain a deeper understanding of this issue by examining the relationship between housing market variables and the flows into and out of regional unemployment. Our findings indicate that both the level of regional house prices and the housing tenure mix have significant effects on the rate of flows into and out of regional unemployment and hence upon the equilibrium rate of unemployment in a region. In particular, we find that regions with a relatively high level of house prices and/or a low proportion of social rented housing will tend to have a relatively low equilibrium rate of unemployment, other things equal.
Real Exchange Rate Dynamics Under The Current Float: A Re–Examination
Authors: Bleaney Michael , Leybourne Stephen J.
Published: December 2003

Augmented Dickey–Fuller regressions on pooled (but not individual) real exchange rates for the post–1973 period consistently reject the unit root null, even after accounting for cross–sectional dependence. The inference that the series is stationary, however, is not necessarily correct, because these tests strongly over–reject the null in certain circumstances, particularly when the series has a stochastic unit root. We find that bilateral real exchange rates against the US dollar have a stochastic unit root. Out–of–sample prediction exercises for an autoregressive model confirm these findings.
The Functional Form Of The Demand For Euro Area M1
Authors: Stracca Livio
Published: December 2003

A remarkable development seen in recent years is the pronounced decline in euro area M1 velocity vis–à–vis a moderate decline in short–term interest rates, which represent the most natural opportunity cost for M1, suggesting an increase in the interest rate elasticity of M1 demand. In fact, estimating a theoretically plausible and stable demand function for M1 in the euro area is possible if a functional form of money demand allowing for an interest rate elasticity decreasing in size with the level of the interest rate is imposed. This finding would apparently suggest that the decline in inflation and nominal interest rates in Europe experienced in the run–up to the euro should have ‘naturally’ brought about an increased degree of preference for liquidity without any fundamental change in agents’ preferences. To test the validity of this conclusion, a time–varying parameters model is estimated through a Kalman filter on the level of real M1, which is able to test simultaneously the stability of the parameters and the functional form of the demand for euro area M1. In this case, results clearly suggest the double–log function to be very close to the true ‘deep’ functional form of M1 demand in the euro area, consistent with the findings of Chadha, Haldane and Janssen for the UK and of Lucas for the USA. At the same time, there is evidence of an increased interest rate elasticity in M1 demand in the most recent years, presumably associated with the transition to the new environment prevailing from the start of Stage Three of European Monetary Union.
The Capital Investment Problem With Technological Change
Authors: Ozkan Neslihan
Published: December 2003

The investment decision of a firm allowing for technological change is investigated. Based on the premise that technological change requires capital investment, a simple Q model of capital investment, which describes the investment behaviour of a perfectly competitive firm, is developed. The model is estimated using US manufacturing sector data over the period 1947–87 and the data provide support for the model.
Time as a Resource and as a Context
Authors: Ferrante Vittorioemanuele , Gay Antonio
Published: December 2003

If consumption takes time, then a time constraint may reduce the consumer's freedom when buying goods. Some implications of Steedman's approach are examined in this paper; some variations on the theme are considered and compared. Finally, the notion of time as a context may lead to developments in the concept of a process of consumption, and of its relations with consumption goods.
Multiple Constraints and Hicksian Complementarity: A Generalization and an Application to Portfolio Choice
Authors: Weber Christian E.
Published: December 2003

Ian Steedman (Consumption Takes Time: Implications for Economic Theory, Routledge, London, 2001) has shown, among other things, that when a household chooses amounts of time to allocate to competing consumption activities subject to both a money income constraint and a time constraint, at least two consumption activities must have at least one compensated complement each. This paper generalizes Steedman's result in several directions and uses the generalized version to study compensated complementarity among state–dependent consumption levels and asset purchases in a model of portfolio choice under uncertainty.
Involuntary Unemployment and the Existence of GDP Functions
Authors: Albert Max , Meckl Jürgen
Published: December 2003

We develop a simple general equilibrium model of production where, despite the existence of involuntary unemployment, non–equalized job rents are the only distortion. Hence, a standard GDP function exists. Unemployment results from either efficiency wage setting or wage bargaining.
Participation: ‘bounded freedom’ or hidden constraints on user involvement
Authors: Howcroft Debra , Wilson Melanie
Published: December 2003

User participation in information systems development is often surrounded by assumptions that the resultant system will be a success, will reflect user needs, and that the process results in an empowered workforce. This paper argues that underlying these foreground rational assumptions are instrumental, politically motivated justifications driving the need to involve users.
Disempowerment and resistance in the print industry? Reactions to surveillance–capable technology
Authors: Button Graham , Mason David , Sharrock Wes
Published: December 2003

This article offers a critique of recent characterisations of the effects of electronic technologies in the workplace. It presents detailed case study evidence that calls into question a number of common theoretical assumptions about the character of surveillance at work and the responses of employees to it.
Services innovation and the transformation of work: the case of UK telecommunications
Authors: Miozzo Marcela , Ramirez Matias
Published: December 2003

Current transformations in technologies and industrial structure of UK telecommunications have important implications for skills and work organisation. This is examined in different divisions of a large UK telecommunications firm: call centres, customer service centres, engineering sectors and the R&D department. The effect of these transformations on the development of firm competences is discussed.
Policy Making on Reserves of Dutch University Hospitals: A Case Study
Authors: Feenstra Dick W. , van Helden G. Jan
Published: December 2003

Organizations in the health care sector are increasingly managed and judged on the basis of economic criteria. Because they are faced with growing risks, reserves need to be sufficiently high. This paper entails a case study on policy making regarding reserves in a particular segment of the Dutch health care sector, i.e. university hospitals. After describing the various major risks of health care organizations, the three stages of the case study will be presented. First, we developed, in collaboration with experts from the university hospitals, a model for establishing sufficient reserves. Second, an advisory committee of the Dutch government formulated guidelines for policy making on this issue. Finally, after the recommendations of this committee became the basis for policy making on reserves, we examined the changes in the actual reserve policy of the university hospitals. The way in which health care organizations can cope with their perceived risks by establishing sufficient reserves or by taking other actions is hardly covered in the literature on public sector or not–for–profit organizations. This paper endeavours to raise relevant questions and to suggest preliminary answers by describing and critically appraising a case study on this subject.
The Transformation of an Accounting System During Organisational Change: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Gurd Bruce , Thorne Helen
Published: December 2003

Accounting can both shape and be shaped by organisational reality (Nahapiet, 1988). This paper focuses on the shaping of an ABC (activity based costing) system in a public sector authority during a period of rapid change from 1993 to 1998. The reasons why management invested substantially in such a system are outlined, and are compared and contrasted with the views of the employees. Over time the ABC system became locked in as the transfer pricing system to meet the needs of a new style of business unit accountability where quasi–profit centres were set up within a public sector authority. A new CEO eliminated the profit–centre concept and returned to budgetary control as the primary form of financial accountability. At this stage ABC became side–lined but was still useful for strategic decisions relating to out–sourcing and improving lines of business, more in line with its initial objectives. Finally, the paper explores why ABC ceased to exist. It is a rare case of a longitudinal study of an accounting technology in a public sector organisation and provides insights into the moulding of accounting by organisational change.
Ordering a Profession: Swedish Nurses Encounter New Public Management Reforms
Authors: Blomgren Maria
Published: December 2003

This article deals with professional responses to and handling of New Public Management reforms in the context of Swedish health care. The focus is on Swedish nurses, and the argument is that the extent to which a profession is heterogeneous and embraces a variety of ordering processes explains differing, and even contradictory, responses within a single profession. The paper shows that the ordering processes within the Swedish nursing profession provided a wide variety of conditions for nurses’ encounter with the reforms. Overall, the transformations brought about by the New Public Management reforms aligned more easily with the process of ordering nurses into administrative leaders than with the process of ordering nurses into experts in caring.
All benchmarkers now? Benchmarking and the ‘Europeanisation’ of industrial relations
Authors: Sisson Keith , Arrowsmith James , Marginson Paul
Published: December 2003

Rather than legal enactment and collective bargaining being the main engines of the ‘Europeanisation’ of industrial relations, benchmarking and ‘soft’ forms of regulation are increasingly to the fore. This article traces the origins of benchmarking from management tool to regulatory instrument, in particular analysing its functioning at the levels of the Euro–company, Euro–sector and the Community itself. Without better processes, better data and better implementation, the paper concludes, benchmarking is likely to prove no more effective a means of co–ordination than the traditional Community method.
Workplace partnership and the displaced activist thesis
Authors: Geary John F. , Roche William K.
Published: December 2003

Advocates and critics of partnership have advanced a series of theoretical arguments in respect of the potential consequences for unions working under partnership arrangements. These include centralised decision–making and the alienation of lay activists. In the case study examined here partnership involved centralised decision–making, but this did not result in serious conflicts or lead to the rejection of joint arrangements. We argue for a theoretical approach focusing on the contingencies that shape relations between union officers and lay activists under partnership.
Union organising in ‘Big Blue's backyard
Authors: Findlay Patricia , McKinlay Alan
Published: December 2003

This article considers the effectiveness of recruitment and organising approaches during ISTC's successful recognition campaign at FCI Ltd, focussing in particular on the role of ‘shadow stewards’. The case study illustrates the positive impact of innovative grassroots campaigning associated with the organising model. However, it also highlights the real difficulties facing key union players in transforming successful recruitment and recognition into effective workplace representation and robust trade unionism.
Get it Off Your Chest: Contexts in Creative Community Working
Authors: Bianchi June
Published: December 2003

Three years ago I started work on the exhibition Get it off your chest, a multimedia project exploring the personal and social role of the breast within British culture. The project would involve over one hundred people as contributors, engaging with ongoing debates within academic, media and informal contexts as to what constitutes and impacts upon constructions of the female image within our society, particularly in relation to the breast as a primary signifier. The working practices evolved in creating Get it off your chest were instrumental in generating a synergy in my own creative activities, enabling some measure of unification to occur within the strands of my art–making and art educational roles. This synergistic approach, which I term ‘creative community working’ will be discussed in this paper alongside the epistemological focus of the exhibition, its inception and its consequent structure, presentation and wider educational role. I will focus throughout on exploring the development of creative community working contexts: the impulse to integrate what sometimes seem like rogue elements of the professional and creative identity is one shared by many members of the art educational community and I hope that this paper will generate feedback and discussion on the diverse ways in which colleagues generate synergy in their own working lives.
Going Dutch: The Development of Collaborative Practices Between Higher Education and Museums and Galleries
Authors: Smith Liz , Walker Keith
Published: December 2003

This study reports on a very successful collaboration between teacher education courses in Manchester and Amsterdam and the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam. The central aim of the initiative was to promote and sustain partnerships between Higher Education (HE) institutions, public galleries and schools with a view to developing, delivering and sharing good practice in art and design within a European context.
Towards a Radical Pedagogy: Provisional Notes on Learning and Teaching in Art & Design
Authors: Danvers John
Published: December 2003

This paper presents a personal perspective on some of the ideas and issues that currently surround learning and teaching in art and design within higher education. It aims to stimulate debate and to raise questions about the direction in which an increasingly monolithic educational culture is moving. It identifies a number of beliefs and values that the author considers to be particularly important to the development of a radical pedagogy and argues that the sector needs to counter the drift towards a technocratic and overly deterministic approach to education. While being intentionally wide–ranging and polemical the paper seeks to bring together a number of disparate ideas into a useful and coherent interaction. The continuing relevance of education as an emancipatory and transformative project is affirmed, while certain features of modernism inscribed into current educational practices are questioned (for instance, exclusivity, subjectivism and absolutism). Changes in the ways in which knowledge is viewed are discussed in relation to assessment, learning, research and the construction of the ‘self’. A re–orientation of learning and teaching is suggested around a process–based pedagogy that places particular emphasis on indeterminacy, pluralism, revisibility and dialogue.
Connections: A Collaborative Design Project
Authors: Appleby Judith , Cox Carole
Published: December 2003

This is a study of the Connections project; a collaborative design exercise between Birmingham School of Architecture and Landscape, and local primary schools. It explains the processes and outcomes of this annual collaborative design exercise, in which students of architecture join forces with primary school children, to explore connections between architecture, and various subjects of the National Curriculum. It shows how graphical learning methods, from architectural education, have been adopted successfully across the curriculum at primary level. Three phases of the project, and their different kinds of graphic communication, are identified. Learning in each of these is explored with supporting evidence from students’ diaries and interviews with teachers. Two examples of recent project work are used to show processes and outcomes. The first, a Science and Architecture project, demonstrates how methods of working gave a clear relationship between abstract ideas, and representational models and drawings. The second illustrates quality of outcomes, and depth of understanding in an Art and Architecture project. Finally the study introduces ongoing research, based on the Connections project experience, which addresses the scope of learning at both curriculum levels.
Tangible to Intangible
Authors: Klassen Filiz
Published: December 2003

This paper is focused on curriculum development through a series of design investigations in a second year interior design studio. The studio investigations consist of three related projects: a women's shelter, a personal shelter, and transformable furniture. The theoretical and practical design issues addressed in these projects were informed by a case study of a unique built project in Toronto – Strachan House: Special Needs Housing – that the author participated in as part of the design team for Levitt Goodman Architects. The structure and implementation of these projects in a design studio setting demonstrate the fusion of specific curriculum goals and expectations with student needs and learning objectives as well as current design issues with diverse research topics. Specifically, these design investigations emphasize an individual programmatic response by each student to the generic design criteria presented within each project to encourage a less prescriptive and a more collaborative studio atmosphere.
Optimal control of double‐deck elevator group using genetic algorithm
Authors: Sorsa J. , Siikonen M‐L. , Ehtamo H.
Published: December 2003

We shall introduce the principles of optimal routing of double‐deck elevators. The elevator routing problem is formulated as an integer programming problem and it is solved using a genetic algorithm in a real‐time system. The optimal routes of double‐deck elevators have not been considered earlier in the literature. The simulation results are analyzed with discussion about the significance of the method.
Capital investment appraisal: a new risk premium model
Authors: Baker Rose , Fox Roland
Published: December 2003

Net Present Value (NPV) is the principal valuation model of the financial literature. Firms are accordingly directed, as a matter of good practice, to adopt the model for selecting investment projects, yet questionnaire surveys show that the adoption rate has been very slow and the quality of usage questionable. In particular, alternative risk measures are popular amongst practitioners. In this paper we remodel the treatment of risk in the NPV model based on assumptions that seem realistic in an organizational or operational, as opposed to a personal, investment context. We derive formulas for calculating: the appropriate discount rate, a ‘risk horizon’ (where the risk premium exceeds the expected value), and a maximum default hazard point for projects. These measures provide a rationale for non‐NPV approaches to risk measurement in questionnaire responses and offer a practical benefit to investors.
A distance learning approach to teaching management science and statistics
Authors: Lawrence John
Published: December 2003

Although there is no universal approach for offering distance learning courses over the Internet, nonetheless distance learning has emerged as a formidable way to offer instruction for many types of courses. One approach that has been successfully used for teaching introductory statistics and management science/operations research courses in a College of Business is discussed.