bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relations between lexical-temporal features in mothers' speech and infants' interactive behaviours
Authors: Brousseau Lucie , Malcuit Gérard , Pomerleau Andree , Feider Helga
Published: March 2007

Research examining the relations between specific features of mothers' speech and infant behaviour has generally focused on the prosodic characteristics of infant-directed speech such as patterns of pausing and variations in fundamental frequency. The present study was aimed at extending these findings to include a series of other vocal parameters varying in degree of approximation to full realizations of linguistic signals, including lexical content. Face-to-face interactions of 14 French-speaking mothers with their 4-month-old infants were videotaped and coded according to four categories of infant behaviour and six categories of maternal speech. The results showed that the characteristics of mothers' speech were predictable from the categories of infant behaviour. In particular, mothers produced longer non-phonemic sound productions when the baby smiled and/or vocalized positively for a long time. When there was joint
Word meaning biases or language-specific effects? Evidence from English, Spanish and Korean
Authors: Gathercole Virginia C. Mueller , Min Haesik
Published: March 2007

This study examines the hypothesis that children learning distinct languages will show differential adherence to proposed word- meaning, biases. English-, Spanish-, and Korean-speaking pre schoolers were tested for their extension of new nouns to referents that shared shape, substance and/or functional properties with the initial referent. English- and Spanish-speaking subjects performed differently from Korean-speaking children. Korean speakers gave more substance-based responses than the other groups, and their responses took functional information into account, while those of Spanish and English speakers did not. Results lend support to the position that children's first best guesses about the meanings of new words are dependent on the structure of the language they are learning, and they challenge the notion that children have universal word learning biases.
A comparison of verb use in children with SLI and their younger siblings
Authors: Jones Melanie , Conti-Ramsden Gina
Published: March 2007

The present longitudinal study examined the use of verbs at the early stages of expressive language development by children with specific language impairment (SLI). Three children with SLI and their younger normal language learning siblings were videotaped during mother-child interactions in the home over a 2-year period. At the beginning of the study both the child with SLI and the younger sibling appeared to be in the same stage of expressive language development as measured by mean length of utterance (MLU). Thus, the younger sibling acted as a control for the child with SLI. Results indicate on the one hand no consistent significant difference in the proportion of verb types used by children with SLI and their younger siblings across the developmental period studied. On the other hand, the younger siblings all used significantly greater proportions of verb tokens than their impaired SLI brothers after a particular point in development. Comparison of particular verbs used suggest that children with SLI have difficulties applying the verbs in their lexicon across contexts. The normal younger siblings used a wider variety of verb forms in their constructions containing verbs and they also used similar forms for different verbs which the children with SLI did not do or did so to a lesser extent. The findings are discussed and, in particular, two hypotheses are proposed: an 'SLI critical mass' hypothesis following the work of Marchman & Bates (1994) and an 'Extended Verb-island' hypothesis following the work of Tomasello (1992).
Preschool Aid for the Socially Withdrawn Child
Authors: Hüffner Ute , Cranach Barbara V. , Grothe-Dhom Renate , Marte Fritz
Published: March 2007

In recent years the serious disadvantage which socially withdrawn children face when they reach school age has become increasingly evident. Yet, unfortunately, the degree of help available to such children remains sadly lacking, primarily perhaps, because of insufficient research into therapeutic intervention to help overcome their problems.
Discovering Gifted Children in a Third World Nation
Authors: Lowenstein Ludwig F.
Published: March 2007

The problems which the developing nations face are legion, and not least of these is the desperate need to discover, educate and train gifted children, perhaps their most valuable asset, in whose hands their futures lie.
A Comparison of Children's Question Asking Ability in Norway, West Germany, and the United States
Authors: Aliotti Nicholas C.
Published: March 2007

Question asking is a vital part of a child's intellectual development. But does a child's initiative in this area depend in any way upon sex or cultural background, and to what extent does schooling, or grade level, enhance intellectual curiosity? A study into these factors involving American, Norwegian and West German children has just been completed under the auspices of the San Diego State University, and this article summarises the findings.
A Student Volunteer Program for Elementary School Children
Authors: Osterweil Z.O. , Feingold H.
Published: March 2007

This article reports on a program called 'Psychological help for disadvantaged children.' It was part of a course in psychology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The main purpose of the course was to help student volunteers to engage in community work as non-profes sionals in schools, and it took place for three successive years (1975-1978). Each year, different students and children participated, but the frame work remained the same — teams of three to five students working with groups of eight to ten children from schools in deprived neighbourhoods in Jerusalem.
Psychological Considerations for Patient Selection and Adjustment to Insulin Pump Therapy
Authors: Jornsay Donna L. , Duckles Anne E. , Hankinson Joan Potter
Published: March 2007

An increasing number of patients and physicians are choosing continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy to maximize glycemic control. Studies of pump users, however, show a dropout rate of 29 % to 90%. Medical reasons alone do not account for this significant discontinuation rate. Like dialysis and pacemaker patients, insulin pump users must cope with feelings about mechanical depen dency, body image, privacy, trust, and loss of control. A detailed psychological assessment is essential to evaluate the emotional and psychosocial issues that may affect adherence. An overview of the psychosocial considerations for patient selection and subse quent adjustment to CSII is presented. They form the basis for the counseling and education interventions needed by patients considering and implementing pump therapy.
Diabetes Urine Testing: An Historical Perspective
Authors: Guthrie Diana W. , Humphreys Selbys.
Published: March 2007

Except when testing for ketones, most people with diabetes monitor their glucose levels by testing blood samples rather than urine samples. For many years, however, urine glucose testing was the standard testing procedure. The history of urine testing as presented in this paper gives one an appreciation of the evolution of glucose monitoring, and demonstrates the importance of urine testing in the past and the part it plays in the present management of diabetes mellitus.
A Model Clinical Program for Patients With Diabetes and Vision Impairment
Authors: Bernbaum Marla , Albert Stewart G. , Brusca Stephanie R. , Drimmer Ami , Duckro Paul N. , Cohen Jerome D. , Trindade Mario C. , Silverberg Alan B.
Published: March 2007

A program was developed to improve independence, self- esteem, and glycemic control in patients with diabetes and blindness. Twenty-nine individuals with both insulin- dependent and noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus entered 12-week programs that included education focusing on diabetes self-management skills for the visually impaired, monitored exercise sessions, and group support. Glycated. hemoglobin valuesfellfrom 13.0% ± 0.6% (SEM) to 11.4% ± 0.5% (P=.001). Exercise tolerance in a 12-minute walk test improved from 0. 48 ± 0. 04 to 0. 64 ± 0.05 miles (P=. 001). Marked improvements occurred in psychosocial indices, demonstrated through changes in the Rand Mental Health Index from 155 ± 6 to 174 ± 5 (P=. 0001), the Rosenberg Self- Esteem Scale from 22 ± 1 to 19 ± 1 (P =. 001), the Zung Depression Scale from 0.50 ± 0. 02 to 0. 44 ± 0. 02 (P =. 001), and the Diabetes Self- Reliance Test from 60 ± 3 to 74 ± 2 (P=. 0001).
Adherence to High-Carbohydrate, High-Fiber Diets
Authors: Anderson James W , Gustafson Nancyj.
Published: March 2007

Successful diabetes management demands a high degree of adherence. Adherence to medical prescriptions, particularly special diets, is notoriously poor. A study of 40 individuals with IDDM and NIDDM who were followed an average of 23 months found good or excellent dietary adherence in 70 % of subjects; only 5 % demon strated poor adherence. Adherence was assessed objec tively based on carbohydrate, fat, and fiber intakes reported in 24- hour food recalls, 7-day food frequency surveys, and home food records. High dietary fiber intake may independently enhance adherence, perhaps by increasing satiety or because of the simplicity of the concept. Good communi cation between the health profes sional and patient is also fundamental to all stages of dietary adherence. Use of adherence-enhancing techniques throughout adoption of new diet behaviors promotes long-term adherence to high-carbohydrate, high-fiber diets.
Young Children's Subjective Reports About Their Diabetes Mellitus: A Validation of the Diabetes Pictorial Scale
Authors: Garrison William T. , Biggs Darlene
Published: March 2007

The authors report on a validation study using the Diabetes Pictorial Scale (DPS), a measure of disease-related attitudes, behaviors, and knowledge specifi cally designed for use with younger children with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Results of this study, based on the responses of 39 children ages 4 to 10, suggest that the DPS demonstrates sufficient variation between and within patients to merit further field- testing of the technique. Pre selected DPS items hypothesized to affect metabolic control in IDDM were examined in this study and compared with glycosy lated hemoglobin (HbA1) values collected concurrently. Children's reports concerning adherence to their dietary plan, the regularity of insulin injections, and the regularity ofmealslsnacks were related to glycemic control. Broader issues pertinent to the utility, reliability, and validity of children's subjective reports are briefly discussed within the context of demand characteristics in the IDDM provider-patient interaction.
Exercise and Aging: Implications for Persons With Diabetes
Authors: GRAHAM CLAUDIA
Published: March 2007

Physiological systems decline with age. Such declines may be the result of aging itself or physical deconditioning. Evidence suggests that the degree to which decrements occur with aging may be modifiable with physical activity. The elderly adapt to exercise programs at a generally reduced rate. Thus reduced activity, coupled with diabetes, may present unique clinical needs. In the design of exercise programs for the elderly person with diabetes, special attention needs to be given to medical screenings, potential risks, exercise goals, and implementation.
Continuing Medical Education on Diabetes by Primary Care Physicians
Authors: Jacques Ch.M. , Jones Robertl. , Houts Peter , Lynch James C , Dwyer Kathleen
Published: March 2007

The actual and preferred methods of continuing medical education. (CME) on diabetes were determined from a telephone survey of a stratified random sample of over 600 primary care physicians in Pennsylvania. A response rate of 73% was obtained. Journal articles were identified as the leadingsource of information that affected practice behavior related to diabetes. However, no single journal was read by a majority ofphysicians, and information provided in diabetes journals reached fewer than 10% of primary care physicians. Local educational programs and programs offered by hospitals were the preferred choices for continuing medical education. When reported patterns of care for diabetic patients were compared with published standards of care, no statistical differences were found between physicians who had and physicians who had not attended a CME course. To be most effective, CME courses should be intensive and may need to be presented locally to reach the widest possible audience.
The Relationship Between Self-Care and Metabolic Control in Children with Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Meffitus
Authors: Saucier Carolp. , Clark Wpetta M.
Published: March 2007

To assess the relationship between insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) self-care management and metabolic control in school-aged children, 21 children ages 10 to 14 years with a duration of IDDM of 5.5 years (range 1 to 13 years) were studied. Self-care was defined as the activities that children with IDDM initiate and perform on their own in the management of their disease. Self-care activity was assessed by a revised Self-Care Questionnaire (SCQ), and metabolic control was determined by HbA1c levels obtained at the same time the SCQ was completed.

A higher level of self-care management (higher SCQ) was hypothesized to correlate with better metabolic control ( lower HbA1c). Regression analysis of SCQ and HbA1c supported the expected inverse relationship but not at a significant level.

The only significant predictors of self-care activity and metabolic control were experience at a specialized camp for children with diabetes and race, with Caucasian children scoring higher in self-care and having lower HbA1c values than African American children.
Young-Adult Perspectives of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes
Authors: Dunning Patricia L.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to document the self-care behaviors of patients with type I diabetes, identify their concerns about having diabetes, and measure their level of control (HbAlc). A 20-point questionnaire was mailed to 105 young adults with type I diabetes. Fifty-nine (56%) returned the questionnaire (33 males, mean age 23.2 years; 26 females, mean age 22.7 years). Duration of diabetes was 5 months to 25 years (mean=11.28 years). HbAlc range was 5% to 13.9% (mean=7.85%, normal <6.6%). Sixty-eight percent performed at least one blood glucose test per day and 12% reported not testing at all. The number of insulin injections per day ranged from 2 to 5, and 83% regularly adjusted their insulin dose. Confidence in adjusting insulin was not related to duration of diabetes, age, or sex. Insulin manipulation to control weight was reported by 38% (24 females, 2 males). The long-term complications they were concerned about were eye disease (35%), pregnancy and childbirth (27%), hypoglycemia (13%), and loss of independence (5%). Hypoglycemia was always recognized by 35%, although 50% sometimes confused it with stress, tiredness, and high blood glucose. All subjects reported that hypoglycemia affected their lifestyle.
Effects of a Glucose Polymer Sports Drink on Blood Glucose, Insulin, and Performance in Subjects With Diabetes
Authors: Tamis-Jortberg Bonnie , Downs David A. , Colten Mary E.
Published: March 2007

Regular exercise has long been recognized as a cornerstone of diabetes management along with diet and medication. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a glucose polymer sports drink (GPSD) on hlood glucose and electrolyte levels in persons with type I or type II diabetes. Twenty-five subjects controlled with insulin were randomized in a double-blind, two-period, crossover design study. Blood glucose and electrolyte levels were measured at intervals during a 60-minute. submaximal treadmill test and for 60 minutes postexercise. Wide variations in blood glucose levels within and between subjects hindered statistical analysis. However, a significant difference in mean blood glucose levels was determined, with overall blood glucose levels higher in the GPSD group compared with placebo. The use of the GPSD also prevented the onset of postexercise hypoglycemia and did not cause or contribute to hyperglycemia.
Local Survey of Optometrists About Dilated Funduscopic Examinations for Patients With Diabetes: Making Use of Phone Book Yellow-Page Listings
Authors: Foster D. Terrence , Wylie-Rosett Judith , Walker Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2007

The risk of blindness from retinopathy and macular edema is significantly greater in people with diabetes than in the general public. Annual dilated funduscopic examinations are recommended for early detection and treatment before these problems hecome serious and threaten vision. Yet national health survey data indicate that only about half of patients with diabetes obtain an annual dilated funduscopie examination. This study surveyed optometrists listed in the NYNEX Yellow Pages (for the Bronx, NY) to assess their knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to dilated funduscopic examinations for patients with diabetes. Over half of the optometry practices in the survey indicated that dilated funduscopic examinations were available at a relatively modest cost. However, the optometrists reported that less than one fourth of the patients they saw with diabetes had knowledge about the purpose of an annual dilated examination. Optometrists are readily available through yellow-page listings. Their role as primary eye care providers in retinopathy screening may increase with managed care.
Personal Illness Models of Diabetes: Preadolescents and Adolescents
Authors: Standiford Debra A. , Turner Angela M. , Allen Susan R. , Drozda Debra J. , McCain Gail C.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this research study was to explore personal illness models of preadolescents and adolescents regarding diabetes mellitus. Personal illness models were defined as the adolescents' cognitive representations of their disease. Sixty children ages 10 to 17 years with a diagnosis of insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus were interviewed using a semistructured questionnaire. Data were content analyzed for common themes. Although most participants expressed an understanding that their disease would last a lifetime, they were hopeful for a cure. Participants wanted healthcare professionals to provide strategies for controlling blood glucose to prevent future complications. Family and friends who followed the same diet as the adolescent with diabetes were viewed as supportive. The majority of adolescents were responsible for much of their own disease management. Their greatest fears concenled insulin reactions and long-term complications such as amputation of limbs.
Do Sociodemographics and Economic Status Predict Risks for Type II Diabetes in African Americans?
Authors: Gaillard Trudyr. , Schuster Dara P. , Bossetti Brenda M. , Green Patricia A. , Osei Kwame
Published: March 2007

The prevalence of type II diabetes and the metabolic characteristics in high-risk African Americans were examined to determine whether certain socioeconomic and demographic characteristics (SED) increase the risk for type II diabetes in this population Study participants were high-risk African Americans between the ages of 25 and 64 years. Glucose tolerance status was assessed and questionnaires were completed to obtain information regarding SED, hypertension, and physical activity. The majority of patients had normal glucose tolerance; undiagnosed type II diabetes was identified in 36 of 164 patients. Questionnaire data revealed that, in highly selected African Americans at risk for type II diabetes, there was a higher rate of obesity, prior gestational diabetes, and undiagnosed type II diabetes despite higher educational and income levels and greater access to health care and recreational facilities. Findings indicate that African Americans may be at higher risk for type ll diabetes, regardless of socioeconomic status, due to genetic inheritance and other unknown environmental determinants. Further studies are needed to characterize SED and metabolic profiles that confer a high risk for type ll diabetes in this population
Frequency and Impact of SMBG on Glycemic Control in Patients With NIDDM in an Urban Teaching Hospital Clinic
Authors: Oki Julie C. , Flora Douglas L. , Isley William L.
Published: March 2007

Few published reports have documented the value of SMBG on glycemic control in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), and no reports have evaluated predominantly African American patients who are at high risk for NIDDM and associated complications. In this study a 13- item survey was given to 98 patients with NIDDM to assess the frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and its impact on glycemic control. Sixty- one potients performed SMBG and 37 did not. More SMBG testers were taking insulin compared with the nontesters. GHb was comparable between groups. Among the testers there was no difference in mean GHb values based on the frequency of SMBG. Most testers performed SMBG before meals (93%) and recorded their values (85%); many had difficulty obtaining a good blood sample (30%). The most common reason for not testing was cost of supplies (77%). Performance of SMBG in these NIDDM patients was not associated with better glycemic control. Cost was a prohibitive factor for the nontesters.
Knowledge and Misconceptions About the Food Label Among Women With Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Miller Carla K. , Probart Claudia K. , Achterberg Cheryl L.
Published: March 2007

Women on restricted diets are reportedly among the most frequent readers of nutrition information on food labels. However, the specific label information that women with non- insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) comprehend and use has not been determined. The purpose of this study was to explore the attitude toward, use, and knowledge of information on the food label among rural women with NIDDM age 40 to 60 years. Focus groups and in-depth interviews were conducted. Participants reported that they referred to the nutrition information on the label when grocery shopping and preferred the newly revised format. Yet, comprehension of the terms and percentages on the label was poor (eg, the majority of participants could not explain the difference between total carbohydrate and sugars). Misconceptions also were noted about nutrients listed on the label and the percent daily value. Further education is needed to help people with NIDDM understand and apply the nutrition information on food labels to meet their individual needs.
Research on Social Support In Adolescents With IDDM: A Critical Review
Authors: Burroughs Thomas E. , Harris Michael A. , Pontious Sharon L. , Santiago Julio V.
Published: March 2007

This article provides a review of the findings of 32 scientific studies that examined the relationship between social support and adherence/metabolic control in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Social support included qualitative family support characteristics, communication patterns, sibling and peer relationships, and regimen- specific support behaviors. The literature was examined in the context of adolescent development. Although the results of these studies were somewhat inconsistent, some general patterns emerged that are described and discussed in detail. Methodological limitations and suggestions for future research are provided.
Personal Illness Models of Diabetes: Parents of Preadolescents and Adolescents
Authors: Drozda Debra J. , Allen Susan R. , Standiford Debra A. , Turner Angela M. , McCain Gail C.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this research was to explore personal illness models of parents of preadolescents and adolescents regarding diabetes mellitus. Personal illness models were defined as the parents cognitive representations of the disease. Fifty-five parents of children ages 10 to 17 years with a diagnosis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were interviewed using a semistructured questionnaire. Data were content analyzed for common themes. Parents attributed the cause qf diabetes to genetics coupled with a viral infection. Most believed the diabetes would last a lifetime but they were hopeful for a cure. Parents requested ongoing education for their children, support groups, counseling, one consistent healthcare provider, and intensive insulin therapy. Parents reported that the major problems caused by diabetes were increased structure of daily routines and that their children with diabetes felt different from healthy peers. Parents' fears about diabetes included long-term complications, early death, and severe insulin reactions.
Greatest Fears of Type 1 and Type 2 Patients About Having Diabetes: Implications for Diabetes Educators
Authors: Hendricks Leo E. , Hendricks Rosetta T.
Published: March 2007

This exploratory study was undertaken to describe the differences in the greatest fears about having diabetes between type 1 and type 2 patients. Frequency distributions. measures of central tendency, and nonparametric statistics were employed to examine the traits of the sample and to make comparisons between type 1 and type 2 patients. Content analysis was used to describe and analyze the subjects' responses to the question, What is your greatest fear about having diabetes? Subjects' answers to this question were categorized and scored as representing fear of either a long-term or acute complication based on the clinical judgment of the authors. Results revealed that both type 1 and type 2 patients were likely to have given responses that were suggestive of fear of long-term complications. The major fears concerned amputation, cardiovascular diesease, nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, and stroke. The findings of the present investigation suggest that diabetes educators may need to address patients' fears of long-term complications directly and effectively. Several areas of research that grew out of this exploratory study were recommended for future consideration.
Another Look at the Phenomenological Equivalence of Pre- and Postmanipulation Attitudes in the Forced-compliance Experiment1
Authors: Shaffer David R.
Published: March 2007

Bem and McConnell (1970) reported a high correlation between recalled initial attitudes and final attitudes for subjects in a forced- compliance experiment. These correlational data were taken as support for the self-perception proposition that subjects in forced-compliance experiments perceive their pre- and postmanipulation attitudes as "phenomenologically idential." The present study suggests an alterna tive interpretation based upon demands created by Bem and McConnell's sequencing of attitudinal judgments and provides data consistent with this alternative explanation.
Comment on Environmental Psychology and Social Psychology
Authors: Epstein Yakov M.
Published: March 2007

This paper comments on Altman's description of environ mental psychology and its relation to social psychology. It sug gests that a distinction be made between environmental psychology and the field of environment and behavior. It argues that Altman's description of the distinguishing features of environmental psy chology represent the orientation of non-social psychologists in volved in the field while social psychologists in the field gen erally adhere to a more traditional orientation. In accord with Altman's position this paper suggests that social psychology and environmental psychology can mutually benefit one another and dis cusses ways in which they can do so.
Social Psychology in Search of a Paradigm
Authors: Secord Paul F.
Published: March 2007

This address discusses the nature of Kuhnian paradigms in science, and offers four imperatives tnat social psychology must meet if it is to become a mature science: (1) Person parameters must be taken into account: these interact with treatment conditions or dependent variables and thus make trivial propositions about people-in-general. (2) People are at times active agents who play some part in directing their own behaviors; this sequential process must be studied. (3) A taxonomy ot situations--a complex theory of interactions among people in various settings--must be developed; otherwise, it is impossible to generalize from laboratory situations. (4) An adequate systematic treatment must also allow for behaviors that are not self-directed or even comprehended by the actors them selves.
Research In Social Psychology As A Leap of Faith
Authors: Aronson Elliot
Published: March 2007

In recent years social psychologists have become in creasingly self-conscious about their discipline both in terms of what we ought to be investigating and in how these investigations ought to be carried out. In this article, the author discusses some advantages to loosening up, taking risks, and making individ ual (as opposed to group) decisions about which problems are worth researching.
Consumer Reactions to Contraceptive Purchasing
Authors: Fisher William A. , Fisher Jeffrey D. , Byrne Donn
Published: March 2007

Consumer reactions to a contraceptive purchase were examined in a field setting. Male subjects (N = 40) purchased condoms from a pharmacist in a drugstore, and affective and evaluative responses to this purchase were assessed. Compared to subjects for whom buying condoms elicited relatively positive affect, individuals responding with relatively negative affect evaluated the drugstore, the pharmacist, the pharmacist's attri butions about them, condoms in general and in actual use, and the reliability of condoms more negatively (multivariate p < .03).
Sex-Related Patterns in the Unit of Perception
Authors: Deaux Kay , Major Brenda
Published: March 2007

Male and female students, categorized as either sex- typed or androgynous, were asked to segment a videotaped sequence of behavior into natural units, according to procedures developed by Newtson (1973). No differences were found for sex of subject or for sex of actor in the rate of unitization. However, a sig nificant interaction revealed that androgynous persons of both sexes respond to male and female actors similarly, while sex- typed persons show considerable divergence toward actors of dif ferent sex. Implications for both sex differences and unit of perception in attribution are discussed.
The Psychology of Women: An Overview of an Emerging Field
Authors: Denmark Florence L.
Published: March 2007

The following article describes the background and cur rent state of the field of the psychology of women and its relation ship to traditional areas of psychology. Increases in the number of investigators who identify themselves with this area, the numbers of papers presented at professional meetings, the number of journal articles, new journals, books published and dissertations dealing with the psychology of women are reviewed as indicators of growth and future prospects for the field.
Comparison of the Null Distributions of Weighted Kappa and the C Ordinal Statistic
Authors: Cicchetti Dominic V. , Fleiss Joseph L.
Published: March 2007

It frequently occurs in psychological research that an investigator is interested in assessing the ex tent of interrater agreement when the data are measured on an ordinal scale. This monte carlo study demonstrates that the appropriate statistic to apply is weighted kappa with its revised standard error. The study also demonstrates that the mini mal number of cases required for the valid applica tion of weighted kappa varies between 20 and 100, depending upon the size of the ordinal scale. This contrasts with a previously cited large sample esti mate of 200. Given the difficulty of obtaining sam ple sizes this large, the latter finding should be of some comfort to investigators who use weighted kappa to measure interrater consensus.
Application of Item Response Models to Criterion-Referenced Assessment
Authors: Hambleton Ronald K.
Published: March 2007

Of interest in this study was the use of item re sponse models for obtaining accurate examinee do main score estimates and for increasing the prob abilities with which examinees are assigned correct ly to mastery states with ctiterion-referenced test scores. Specifically, the purpose of this investigation was to compare the one-, two-, and three-parameter logistic test models for estimating domain scores and making mastery/nonmastery decisions. Com puter simulation methods were used to recover a set of true domain scores with each of the logistic test models under a variety of testing conditions. Also, the percent of times the use of each model led to decisions which were consistent with decisions made with the true domain scores was studied. The one- parameter and three-parameter model resulted in highly comparable results for middle and high abil ity examinees, while for low ability examinees, the more general model always performed somewhat better.
Scoring the Biographical Information Blank: A Comparison of Three Weighting Techniques
Authors: Telonson Paul A. , Alexander Ralph A. , Barrett Gerald V.
Published: March 2007

This study compared three techniques for scoring a biographical information blank (horizontal per cent method, vertical percent method, and rare re sponse weighting) against various criteria for field sales representatives. The comparisons were cross- validated over five consecutive time periods. The re sults showed that the rare weighting technique sig nificantly predicted criterion group membership better than chance. Neither the horizontal nor ver tical percent methods predicted criterion group membership better than chance. Based on predic tive efficiency, the rare weighting technique was found to be superior to the other two techniques.
A Review of Multidimensional Scaling in Marketing Research
Authors: Cooper Lee G.
Published: March 2007

The domain of this review includes the develop ment and application of multidimensional scaling (MDS) in product planning; in decisions concerning pricing and branding; in the study of channels of dis tribution, personal selling, and the effects of advertis ing ; and in research related to the fact finding and analysis mission of marketing research. In research on product planning, specific attention is given to market structure analysis, to the development of a master con figuration of product perceptions, to the role of indi vidual differences, to representing consumer prefer ences, to issues in market segmentation, and to the use of asymmetric MDS to study market structure. Regarding fact finding and analysis, this review deals with issues in data collection such as the response rate, time, and accuracy of judgments; the validity, re liability, and stability of judgments; and the robustness of data collection techniques and MDS algorithms. A separate section on new-product models deals with the determination of relevant product markets, the identifi cation of determinant attributes, the creation of prod uct perceptual spaces, and the modeling of individual or market-segment decision making. Three trends are discussed briefly; (1) a trend toward finer grained in spection of individual and group perceptions, (2) a trend toward merging consumer level measurement and market level measurements, and (3) a trend to ward the study of the creation of new markets, rather than new products in existing markets.
Latent Trait Item Analysis and Facet Theory—A Useful Combination
Authors: Balia John R. , McDonald Roderick P.
Published: March 2007

Computer programs for fitting latent trait models to data provide indices of item misfit. An analysis of the consistency of item misfit determination is presented. Two content-equivalent forms of 71 items representing the behavioral domain of arithmetic skills were gener ated. Each item was defined in terms of its combina tion of facet elements, and the ith item on each form represented the same selection of facets. The dichoto mously scored responses to the two forms were ana lyzed using the computer programs NOHARM and BICAL. Misfitting items were identified by use of the residual covariances in the case of NOHARM and To tal-t and Between-t in the case of BICAL. The con sistency of misfit was measured by the extent of agreement in selection of misfitting items across the parallel forms. It was found that the analysis of resid ual covariances provided a more consistent means of determining item misfit. It was concluded that the use of the Between- t and Total-t indices as a basis for ed iting items should be viewed cautiously. In addition, misfitting items were grouped according to common facet elements and reasons for misfit were postulated. Thus, the analysis of residual covariances of items de fined in terms of their combination of facet elements seems to provide a very satisfactory method of item analysis.
Effect of Dissimulation Motivation and Anxiety on Response Pattern Appropriateness Measures
Authors: Birenbaum Menucha
Published: March 2007

This study examined the effect of anxiety and dissi mulation motivation of job applicants on their perfor mance on an ability test. Two aspects of performance were considered: the total score and the appropriate ness score. Four IRT-based appropriateness indices for detecting aberrant response patterns were employed in this study. The results indicate a negative effect of dissimulation motivation on the performance of low anxiety scorers, with respect to both the total score and the appropriateness score, with a greater effect on the latter. This effect was evidenced by an erratic or aberrant response pattern on the ability test; that is, missing relatively easy items while answering more difficult ones correctly. The results are discussed in light of the diverse interpretations concerning the meaning of Lie scales.
An Empirical Bayesian Approach to Item Banking
Authors: van der Linden Wim J. , Eggen Theo J. H. M.
Published: March 2007

A procedure for the sequential optimization of the calibration of an item bank is given. The procedure is based on an empirical Bayesian approach to a refor mulation of the Rasch model as a model for paired comparisons between the difficulties of test items in which ties are allowed to occur. First, it is shown how a paired-comparisons design deals with the usual in completeness of calibration data and how the item pa rameters can be estimated using this design. Next, the procedure for a sequential optimization of the item pa rameter estimators is given, both for individuals re sponding to pairs of items and for item and examinee groups of any size. The paper concludes with a dis cussion of the choice of the first priors in the proce dure and the problems involved in its generalization to other item response models.
Computer Program Exchange
Authors: Kingma Johannes , Taerum Terry
Published: March 2007

MOKSCAL is a program for the Mokken (1971) scale analysis based on a nonparametric item response model (Mokken & Lewis, 1982) that makes no assumption about the functional form of the item trace lines. The only constraint the Mokken model puts on the item trace lines is the assumption of double monotony; that is, the set of scalable items must have the properties of monotonicity in item difficulties and nondecreasing item trace lines implying a monotone relation between the item success probabilities and the latent trait (Sytsma & Molenaar, 1987). MOKSCAL tests this assumption.
A Zero-One Programming Approach to Guiliksen's Matched Random Subtests Method
Authors: van der Linden Wim J. , Boekkooi-Timminga Ellen
Published: March 2007

Gulliksen's matched random subtests method is a graphical method to split a test into parallel test halves. The method has practical relevance because it maximizes coefficient α as a lower bound to the clas sical test reliability coefficient. In this paper the same problem is formulated as a zero-one programming problem, the advantage being that it can be solved by computer algorithms that already exist. It is shown how the procedure can be generalized to split tests of any length. The paper concludes with an empirical ex ample comparing Gulliksen's original hand-method with the zero-one programming version. Index terms: Classical test theory, Gulliksen's matched ran dom subtests method, Item matching, Linear program ming, Parallel tests, Test reliability, Zero-one pro gramming.
An Iterative Procedure for Linking Metrics and Assessing Item Bias in Item Response Theory
Authors: Candell Gregory L. , Drasgow Fritz
Published: March 2007

The presence of biased items may seriously affect methods used to link metrics in item response theory. An iterative procedure designed to minimize this methodological problem was examined in a monte carlo investigation using the two-parameter item re sponse model. The iterative procedure links the scales of independently calibrated parameter estimates using only those items identified as unbiased. Two methods for transforming parameter estimates to a common metric were incorporated into the iterative procedure. The first method links scales by equating the first two moments of the distributions of estimated item diffi culties. The second method determines the linking transformation by minimizing differences across IRT characteristic curve estimates. Results indicate that it erative linking provides a substantial improvement in item bias detection over the noniterative approach. Index terms: Item bias, Item response theory, Iterative method, Linking, Metric linking, Two-parameter item response model.
Full-Information Item Factor Analysis
Authors: Bock R. Darrell , Gibbons Robert , Muraki Eiji
Published: March 2007

A method of item factor analysis based on Thur stone's multiple-factor model and implemented by marginal maximum likelihood estimation and the EM algorithm is described. Statistical significance of suc cessive factors added to the model is tested by the likelihood ratio criterion. Provisions for effects of guessing on multiple-choice items, and for omitted and not-reached items, are included. Bayes constraints on the factor loadings are found to be necessary to suppress Heywood cases. Numerous applications to simulated and real data are presented to substantiate the accuracy and practical utility of the method. Index terms: Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Bat tery, Beta prior, EM algorithm, Item factor analysis, TESTFACT, Tetrachoric correlation.
Acquiescence in Components Analysis and Multidimensional Scaling of Self-Rating Items
Authors: Davison Mark L. , Srichantra Niyada
Published: March 2007

Earlier work has shown that when multidimensional scaling (MDS) is applied to item intercorrelations, met ric MDS implicitly subtracts the standardized person mean (SPM) from responses. As a result, when a met ric or nonmetric MDS solution is compared to a com ponents solution, the components solution often con tains one component with no counterpart among the scaling dimensions. If self-report items form a bal anced scale and negatively worded items are not re verse scored, the SPM is closely related to several con cepts of acquiescence and disacquiescence. In this paper, MDS and components solutions are compared using two balanced self-report item sets. In the Likert self-report attitude item set, the MDS and components solutions were essentially the same. In a set of affec tive well-being items, the components solution con tained a general component with no counterpart among the scaling dimensions. Scores along the general com ponent were substantially correlated with measures of acquiescence and disacquiescence. Results in the sec ond dataset suggest that when the self-report items are balanced and the negatively worded items have not been reverse scored, MDS and components solutions can differ largely with respect to a component closely associated with certain measures of acquiescence. In dex terms: acquiescence, attitude measurement, factor analysis, multidimensional scaling, personality mea surement, response bias, self-report items.
Adaptive and Conventional Versions of the DAT: The First Complete Test Battery Comparison
Authors: Henly Susan J. , Klebe Kelli J. , McBride James R. , Cudeck Robert
Published: March 2007

A group of covariance structure models was exam ined to ascertain the similarity between conventionally administered and computerized adaptive (CAT) versions of the complete battery of the Differential Aptitude Tests (DAT). Two factor analysis models developed from classical test theory and three models with a multiplicative structure for these multitrait-multi method data were developed and then fit to sample data in a double cross-validation design. All three di rect-product models performed better than the factor analysis models in both calibration and cross-valida tion subsamples. The cross-validated, disattenuated correlation between the administration methods in the best-performing direct-product model was very high in both groups (.98 and .97), suggesting that the CAT version of the DAT is an adequate representation of the conventional test battery. However, some evidence suggested that there are substantial differences be tween the printed and computerized versions of the one speeded test in the battery. Index terms: adap tive tests, computerized adaptive testing, covariance structure, cross-validation, Differential Aptitude Tests, direct-product models, factor analysis, multitrait-mul timethod matrices.
Psychometric Properties of Finite-State Scores Versus Number-Correct and Formula Scores: A Simulation Study
Authors: García-Pérez Miguel A. , Frary Robert B.
Published: March 2007

As developed by García-Pérez (1987), finite-state scores are nonlinear transformations of the proportions of conventional multiple-choice responses that are cor rect, incorrect, and omitted. They estimate the propor tions of item alternatives which the examinees had the knowledge needed to classify (as correct or incorrect) before seeing them together in the items. The present study used simulation techniques to generate conven tional test responses and to track the proportions of al ternatives the examinees could classify independently before taking the test and the proportions they could classify after taking the test. Then the finite-state scores were computed and compared with these actual values and with number-correct and formula scores based on the conventional responses. Highly favorable results were obtained leading to recommendations for the use of finite-state scores. These results were al most the same when the simulation proceeded accord ing to the model and when it was based on a natural istic process completely independent of the model. Hence the scoring procedures on which finite-state scores are based are both accurate and robust. Index terms: applied measurement models, examinee behav ior, finite-state scores, guessing, multiple-choice tests, test scoring.
Reliability of Ratings for Multiple Judges: Intraclass Correlation and Metric Scales
Authors: Fagot Robert F.
Published: March 2007

Scale-dependent procedures are presented for assessing the reliability of ratings for multiple judges using intraclass correlation. Scale type is defined in terms of admissible transformations, and standardizing transformations for ratio and in terval scales are presented to solve the problem of adjusting ratings for "arbitrary scale factors" (unit and/or origin of the scale). The theory of mean ingfulness of numerical statements is introduced and the coefficient of relational agreement (Stine, 1989b) is defined as the degree of agreement among judges, with respect to (scale-dependent) empirically meaningful relationships. Other topics discussed include the treatment of variability due to judges in relation to scale type, and the reliabili ty of magnitude estimates in psychophysics.
Postscript to "The Reliability of a Linear Composite of Nonequivalent Subtests"
Authors: Rozeboom William W.
Published: March 2007

Some practicality clarifications for use of the composite-reliability formula developed in Roze boom (1989) are described. A microcomputer pro gram is announced to implement the calculations, and a prior source of related work is identified.