bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhanced photocatalytic activity of α-Fe2O3/Bi2WO6 heterostructured nanofibers prepared by electrospinning technique
Authors: Liu Xiaona , Lu Qifang , Zhu Chaofeng , Liu Suwen
Published: December 2014

One-dimensional α-Fe2O3/Bi2WO6 heterostructured nanofibers with the diameter of about 300–500 nm were successfully prepared by using a simple and straightforward protocol combining an electrospinning technique with a sintering process.
Hyperbranched copper phthalocyanine decorated Fe3O4 microspheres with extraordinary microwave absorption properties
Authors: Meng Fanbin , Liu Xiaobo
Published: December 2014

Introducing dielectric HBCuPc into Fe3O4 can lead to enhanced microwave absorption properties: stronger absorption and a broader bandwidth.
Biindole-based double D–π–A branched organic dyes for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Qian Xing , Gao Huan-Huan , Zhu Yi-Zhou , Lu Lin , Zheng Jian-Yu
Published: December 2014

Novel biindole-based double D–π–A branched organic dyes have been designed and synthesized for dye-sensitized solar cells.
Micro-patterning of 3D colloidal photonic crystals via solvent-assisted imprint lithography
Authors: Ding Tao , Chen Li , Long Yue , Song Kai
Published: December 2014

Micropatterning of colloidal photonic crystals (CPCs) is realised with a solvent-assisted imprinting technique.
Hydrophilic hollow carbon nanocapsules for high-capacity adsorptive removal of cationic dyes in aqueous systems
Authors: Chiang Ray-Tung , Chiang Ray-Kuang , Shieu Fuh-Sheng
Published: December 2014

The hollow carbon nanocapsules prepared from Ni3C nanoparticles show a high adsorption rate and a high maximum adsorption capacity to organic dyes in water solutions.
A colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescent pH probe based on ring opening/closing approach and its applications in monitoring cellular pH change
Authors: You Qi-Hua , Lee Yee Man , Chan Wing Hong , Mak Nai Ki , Lee Albert W. M. , Hau Sam C. K. , Mak Thomas C. W.
Published: December 2014

A cell permeable colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescent pH probe with a pKavalue of 6.0 has been developed.
Novel asymmetrical single- and double-chiral liquid crystal diads with wide blue phase ranges
Authors: Wei Chong-Lun , Chen Te-Cheng , Raghunath Putikam , Lin Ming-Chang , Lin Hong-Cheu
Published: December 2014

Novel asymmetrical single- and double-chiral liquid crystal diads are reported, where diad III-D exhibited the widest range of BPI about 31 °C. Large biaxiality and dipole moment of the bent molecule are useful to extend the BP temperature range.
Effect of bauxite additives on ash sintering characteristics during the K2CO3-catalyzed steam gasification of lignite
Authors: Zhang Jiguang , Zhang Li , Yang Zhongqing , Yan Yunfei , Mao Yandong , Bi Jicheng
Published: December 2014

We report here the ash sintering characteristics of LLI lignite with added bauxite during K2CO3-catalyzed steam gasification.
Important roles of hydrophobic interactions in folding and charge interactions in misfolding of α-helix bundle protein
Authors: Shao Qiang
Published: December 2014

An enhanced-sampling molecular dynamics simulation is presented to quantitatively demonstrate the important roles of hydrophobic and charge interactions in the folding and misfolding of α-helix bundle protein, respectively.
Synthesis of carbon xerogel nanoparticles by inverse emulsion polymerization of resorcinol–formaldehyde and their use as anode materials for lithium-ion battery
Authors: Kakunuri Manohar , Vennamalla Sheetal , Sharma Chandra S.
Published: December 2014

Resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) derived carbon xerogel nanoparticles synthesized by inverse emulsification followed by drying and pyrolysis exhibited excellent electrochemical characteristics and thus find potential use as high capacity anode materials for Li ion battery.
Inkjet printing of self-healing polymers for enhanced composite interlaminar properties
Authors: Fleet Elliot J. , Zhang Yi , Hayes Simon A. , Smith Patrick J.
Published: December 2014

Carbon fibre composites containing discrete inkjet printed monomeric inclusions demonstrate improved interlaminar properties and recovery after damage.
Enhanced recognition of a nitrogen containing organic compound by adjusting the acidity of the porous organic frameworks base (JUC-Z2)
Authors: Xu Shixian , Roy Soumyajit , Ben Teng , Pei Cuiying , Qiu Shilun
Published: December 2014

Sulfonated porous organic framework (JUC-Z2-SO3H) has enhanced ability for amine recognition.
Development of zwitterionic polyurethanes with multi-shape memory effects and self-healing properties
Authors: Chen Shaojun , Mo Funian , Yang Yan , Stadler Florian J. , Chen Shiguo , Yang Haipeng , Ge Zaochuan
Published: December 2014

Novel zwitterionic polyurethanes containing sulfobetaines, featuring excellent multi-shape-memory properties and self-healing properties, are prepared from N-methyldiethanolamine, hexamethylene diisocyanate and 1,3-propanesultone.
n-Type thermoelectric materials based on CuTCNQ nanocrystals and CuTCNQ nanorod arrays
Authors: Sun Yuanhui , Zhang Fengjiao , Sun Yimeng , Di Chong-an , Xu Wei , Zhu Daoben
Published: December 2014

The present work demonstrates the thermoelectric properties of CuTCNQ, including nanocrystals and thin films containing nanorod arrays. CuTCNQ displayed n-type thermoelectric behaviors with a relatively high thermoelectric power up to −632.1 μV K−1 at 370 K.
A high triplet energy, high thermal stability oxadiazole derivative as the electron transporter for highly efficient red, green and blue phosphorescent OLEDs
Authors: Shih Cheng-Hung , Rajamalli P. , Wu Cheng-An , Chiu Ming-Jai , Chu Li-Kang , Cheng Chien-Hong
Published: December 2014

A high glass transition, triplet energy gap and electron mobility material, TPOTP, is readily synthesized. It can serve as an efficient universal electron transporter and exciton blocker for blue, green and red phosphorescent OLEDs.
Promoting Cultural Competence in Academics and Clinical Education
Authors: McCarthy Patricia , Meyer Dianne , Schupbach Joanne
Published: December 2014

In the 21st century, academic climate educators must be knowledgeable of and sensitive to differing cultural values and customs of the students we educate and patient populations we serve. Demographic projections for the United States over the next 20–40 years suggest a decrease in the current white majority to that of a minority, with corresponding increases among Hispanic and Asian American Groups (Pew Research Hispanic Center, 2008). Most facets of our society are, and will continue to be, impacted by such large transformations, and this includes all components of academic programs in Communication Sciences and Disorders (CSD). This burgeoning growth of cultural diversity in the United States is mirrored in both the student body and the patient populations we serve. As such, developing “cultural competence” has become an imperative for CSD programs as there is a growing need to work effectively within the cultural context of patients, their families, and their communities. In this paper, we focus on Rush University’s (RU) ongoing experience with creating cultural competence among students, faculty, and preceptors in academics and clinical education.
QoS‐driven jointly optimal power and bandwidth allocation for heterogeneous wireless networks
Authors: Huang Gaofei , Lin Zhankai , Tang Dong , Qin Jiayin
Published: December 2014

By integrating the concept of effective capacity, the quality‐of‐service (QoS)‐driven power and bandwidth allocation for heterogeneous wireless networks are investigated. The objective is to improve the power efficiency while providing delay QoS guarantees for the multi‐mode mobile terminal users. First, the joint power and bandwidth allocation problem is formulated as a convex problem. Then, by solving the problem in the dual domain, an iterative algorithm to achieve the jointly optimal power and bandwidth allocation is proposed. The analytical results show that the optimal power and bandwidth allocation depends not only on the channel quality, but also on the delay QoS constraints. The numerical results verify that the proposed scheme can achieve the best power efficiency compared to the existing schemes.
Phosphorescence lifetimes of organic light-emitting diodes from two-component time-dependent density functional theory
Authors: Kühn Michael , Weigend Florian
Published: December 2014

“Spin-forbidden” transitions are calculated for an eight-membered set of iridium-containing candidate molecules for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) using two-component time-dependent density functional theory. Phosphorescence lifetimes (obtained from averaging over relevant excitations) are compared to experimental data. Assessment of parameters like non-distorted and distorted geometric structures, density functionals, relativistic Hamiltonians, and basis sets was done by a thorough study for Ir(ppy)3 focussing not only on averaged phosphorescence lifetimes, but also on the agreement of the triplet substate structure with experimental data. The most favorable methods were applied to an eight-membered test set of OLED candidate molecules; Boltzmann-averaged phosphorescence lifetimes were investigated concerning the convergence with the number of excited states and the changes when including solvent effects. Finally, a simple model for sorting out molecules with long averaged phosphorescence lifetimes is developed by visual inspection of computationally easily achievable one-component frontier orbitals.
Intermolecular potential energy surface and thermophysical properties of the CH4–N2 system
Authors: Hellmann Robert , Bich Eckard , Vogel Eckhard , Vesovic Velisa
Published: December 2014

A five-dimensional potential energy surface (PES) for the interaction of a rigid methane molecule with a rigid nitrogen molecule was determined from quantum-chemical ab initio calculations. The counterpoise-corrected supermolecular approach at the CCSD(T) level of theory was utilized to compute a total of 743 points on the PES. The interaction energies were calculated using basis sets of up to quadruple-zeta quality with bond functions and were extrapolated to the complete basis set limit. An analytical site-site potential function with nine sites for methane and five sites for nitrogen was fitted to the interaction energies. The PES was validated by calculating the cross second virial coefficient as well as the shear viscosity and binary diffusion coefficient in the dilute-gas limit for CH4–N2 mixtures. An improved PES was obtained by adjusting a single parameter of the analytical potential function in such a way that quantitative agreement with the most accurate experimental values of the cross second virial coefficient was achieved. The transport property values obtained with the adjusted PES are in good agreement with the best experimental data.
Simultaneous measurement of anisotropic magnetoresistance and observation of magnetic domains by Kerr microscopy
Authors: Osten Julia , Lenz Kilian , Henschke Andreas , Lindner Jürgen , Fassbender Jürgen
Published: December 2014

We report on a new instrument, which consists of a Kerr microscope combined with resistance measurements. This setup allows for the recording of magnetic domains while measuring the anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR). For this purpose the development of a special sample holder and the extension of the measurement software was required. The sample holder is equipped with electrical contacts in such a way to apply a current, measure the voltage, and use it in the Kerr microscope. The extension of the measurement software enables the recording of resistance and Kerr images simultaneous. The new setup allows for a better microscopic understanding of the AMR behavior.
Site-specific intermolecular valence-band dispersion in α-phase crystalline films of cobalt phthalocyanine studied by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
Authors: Yamane Hiroyuki , Kosugi Nobuhiro
Published: December 2014

The valence band structure of α-phase crystalline films of cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) grown on Au(111) is investigated by using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) with synchrotron radiation. The photo-induced change in the ARPES peaks is noticed in shape and energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO, C 2p) and HOMO-1 (Co 3d) of CoPc, and is misleading the interpretation of the electronic properties of CoPc films. From the damage-free normal-emission ARPES measurement, the clear valence-band dispersion has been first observed, showing that orbital-specific behaviors are attributable to the interplay of the intermolecular π-π and π-d interactions. The HOMO band dispersion of 0.1 eV gives the lower limit of the hole mobility for α-CoPc of 28.9 cm2 V−1 s−1 at 15 K. The non-dispersive character of the split HOMO-1 bands indicates that the localization of the spin state is a possible origin of the antiferromagnetism.
Potential energy surface and bound states of the NH3–Ar and ND3–Ar complexes
Authors: Loreau J. , Liévin J. , Scribano Y. , van der Avoird A.
Published: December 2014

A new, four-dimensional potential energy surface for the interaction of NH3 and ND3 with Ar is computed using the coupled-cluster method with single, double, and perturbative triple excitations and large basis sets. The umbrella motion of the ammonia molecule is explicitly taken into account. The bound states of both NH3–Ar and ND3–Ar are calculated on this potential for total angular momentum values from J = 0 to 10, with the inclusion of Coriolis interactions. The energies and splittings of the rovibrational levels are in excellent agreement with the extensive high-resolution spectroscopic data accumulated over the years in the infrared and microwave regions for both complexes, which demonstrates the quality of the potential energy surface.
Lability of Pb in soil: effects of soil properties and contaminant source
Authors: Mao Lingchen , Bailey Elizabeth H. , Chester Jonathan , Dean Joseph , Ander E. Louise , Chenery Simon R. , Young Scott D.
Published: December 2014

Environmental context
There is growing concern that lead in the environment may cause adverse health effects in human populations. We investigated the combined use of isotopic abundance and isotopic dilution to show how the origins of soil Pb and soil characteristics affect lability. Soil pH and soil Pb content are the dominant controls on Pb lability; the lability of recent petrol-derived Pb is similar to that of other sources in urban soils but greater than geogenic Pb in rural roadside topsoils.

Abstract
Lability of lead in soils is influenced by both soil properties and source(s) of contamination. We investigated factors controlling Pb lability in soils from (i) land adjacent to a major rural road, (ii) a sewage processing farm and (iii) an archive of the geochemical survey of London. We measured isotopically exchangeable Pb (E-values; PbE), phase fractionation of Pb by a sequential extraction procedure (SEP) and inferred source apportionment from measured Pb isotopic ratios. Isotopic ratios (206Pb/207Pb and 208Pb/207Pb) of total soil Pb fell on a mixing line between those of petrol and UK coal or Pb ore. The main determinant of the isotopically exchangeable Pb fraction (%E-value) was soil pH: %E-values decreased with increasing pH. In rural roadside topsoils, there was also evidence that petrol-derived Pb remained more labile (35%) than Pb from soil parent material (27%). However, in biosolid-amended and London soils, %E-values were low (~25%), covered a restricted range and showed no clear evidence of source-dependent lability.
Developing a research and practice tool to measure walkability: a demonstration project
Authors: Giles‐Corti Billie , Macaulay Gus , Middleton Nick , Boruff Bryan , Bull Fiona , Butterworth Iain , Badland Hannah , Mavoa Suzanne , Roberts Rebecca , Christian Hayley
Published: December 2014

Issue addressed

Growing evidence shows that higher‐density, mixed‐use, pedestrian‐friendly neighbourhoods encourage active transport, including transport‐related walking. Despite widespread recognition of the benefits of creating more walkable neighbourhoods, there remains a gap between the rhetoric of the need for walkability and the creation of walkable neighbourhoods. Moreover, there is little objective data to benchmark the walkability of neighbourhoods within and between Australian cities in order to monitor planning and design intervention progress and to assess built environment and urban policy interventions required to achieve increased walkability. This paper describes a demonstration project that aimed to develop, trial and validate a ‘Walkability Index Tool’ that could be used by policy makers and practitioners to assess the walkability of local areas; or by researchers to access geospatial data assessing walkability. The overall aim of the project was to develop an automated geospatial tool capable of creating walkability indices for neighbourhoods at user‐specified scales.

Methods

The tool is based on open‐source software architecture, within the Australian Urban Research Infrastructure Network (AURIN) framework, and incorporates key sub‐component spatial measures of walkability (street connectivity, density and land use mix).

Results

Using state‐based data, we demonstrated it was possible to create an automated walkability index. However, due to the lack of availability of consistent of national data measuring land use mix, at this stage it has not been possible to create a national walkability measure. The next stage of the project is to increase useability of the tool within the AURIN portal and to explore options for alternative spatial data sources that will enable the development of a valid national walkability index.

Conclusion

AURIN's open‐source Walkability Index Tool is a first step in demonstrating the potential benefit of a tool that could measure walkability across Australia. It also demonstrates the value of making accurate spatial data available for research purposes.

So what?

There remains a gap between urban policy and practice, in terms of creating walkable neighbourhoods. When fully implemented, AURIN's walkability tool could be used to benchmark Australian cities against which planning and urban design decisions could be assessed to monitor progress towards achieving policy goals. Making cleaned data readily available for research purposes through a common portal could also save time and financial resources.
Prospects for immunocontraception in feral horse population control: exploring novel targets for an equine fertility vaccine
Authors: Swegen Aleona , Aitken R. John
Published: December 2014

Feral horses populate vast land areas and often induce significant ecological and economic damage throughout the landscape. Non-lethal population control methods are considered favourable in light of animal welfare, social and ethical considerations; however, no single effective, safe and species-specific contraceptive agent is currently available for use in free-ranging wild and feral horses. This review explores aspects of equine reproductive physiology that may provide avenues for the development of specific and long-lasting immunocontraceptive vaccines and some of the novel strategies that may be employed to facilitate appropriate antigen discovery in future research. Potential antigen targets pertaining to spermatozoa, the ovary and oocyte, as well as the early conceptus and its associated factors, are reviewed in the context of their suitability for immunocontraceptive vaccine development.
Economy is a living organism
Authors: Castaño Emilia , Verdaguer Isabel , Laso Natalia Judith , Ventura Aaron
Published: December 2014

This paper presents results from a qualitative corpus-based study on Spanish EFL learners’ metaphorical production. The analysis of a learner corpus of business English, which included essays written by undergraduates, showed that learners do make use of metaphorical language and that the metaphorical expressions identified in their texts — economy/business is a living organism, business is war, business is a relationship, and economic success and failure are movements on a vertical axis — match those used by native speakers, as stated in the literature (Burcea, 2010; Kovács, 2006; Kövecses, 2002; White, 2003; among others). In addition, data also confirmed that even in learner’s language metaphors are connected in large networks within the same text, which contribute to enhancing text global coherence, as pointed out by Semino (2008). Finally, the potential benefits of raising learners’ metaphorical awareness and making explicit to them cross-linguistic differences in the expression of general conceptual metaphors are highlighted.
Sociolingüística comparada y gramática de construcciones
Authors: Claes Jeroen
Published: December 2014

In this article, we investigate the pluralization of presentational haber (e.g., Habían fiestas. ‘There were parties.’) in the Spanish of Havana, Santo Domingo, and San Juan. Drawing on Goldberg’s (1995) Cognitive Construction Grammar, we claim that the phenomenon consists in a language change from below: the pluralized variant of the presentational haber construction () is replacing the impersonal variant (). Using a mixed-effects regression analysis, we show that speakers of the Caribbean dialects pluralize the verb in 41–46% of the cases. The linguistic factors that were investigated in this study (typical action-chain position of the noun’s referent, clause polarity, verb tense, comprehension-to-production priming and production-to-production priming) argue in favor of considering the variation an argument-structure alternation. The comparative sociolinguistic analyses reveal that these factors have the same effects and relative strengths in the three communities. For the three communities, the results for gender and social class support that the phenomenon constitutes an advanced language change from below.
L3-Task: Language acquisition in a multilingual context
Authors: Grümpel Claudia , Stoll Pamela , Cifuentes Honrubia José Luis
Published: December 2014

L3-Task is a pilot project based on a European project proposal by the University of Vienna (Austria), the University of Alicante (Spain), the University of Barcelona (Spain), the UNED of Madrid (Spain), and the University of Jena (Germany). The pilot project aimed at implementing and investigating peer-to-peer interaction between students of a third language (L3) through blended online tandems organized by the universities involved in the project, all of which offer formal courses of third languages. The present paper focusses on the participation in oral peer-to-peer interaction in German by students who are native speakers (NSs) of Spanish (L1), have studied English as a second language (L2) and are acquiring German as an L3 within a university program based on an A1 CEFR-based framework. In order to provide these non-native speakers (NNSs) of German with opportunities to develop oral competence, online tandems were organized with students at the University of Vienna who are NSs or near-native-speakers of German (NNSs-high). During their online encounter, the tandem partners carried out task-based interactions related to the formal German language course in university education. The interactions were carried out outside the classroom, and recorded and stored by the students themselves with the help of a common video-conference platform. In this article we present samples of transcribed interactions in German by 11 tandems composed of a NNS and a NS or NNS-high. The interactions were initially set up through the use of English, which is the tandem partners´ common L2.
Lexical bundles in Biology
Authors: Sánchez Purificación
Published: December 2014

On the basis of previous lexical bundle studies, this paper examines the forms, structures and functions of 4-word bundles in a corpus of textbooks and a corpus of research articles in Biology. The study includes the main biological disciplines and focuses on three major features: the overall distribution of bundles, their typical structures, and their functions in discourse in Biology. The findings support the idea that lexical bundles are a basic linguistic construct with important functions for the construction of discourse in this area. Concluding discussion highlights the pedagogical implications of using research journals and/or textbooks to teach English to biologists in a second language context. Furthermore, the importance of explicit instruction in these word combinations in courses on English for Biologists is emphasized.
Transferability of semantic functions in contact-induced grammaticalization
Authors: Teo Ming Chew
Published: December 2014

Unlike Standard English,onein Singapore Colloquial English (SCE) not only functions as a numeral and a pronoun, it also functions as a nominalizer and a contrastive focus marker. Even though previous studies on SCEonehave unequivocally proven that the expanded functions ofonewere a result of Chinese influence, few have provided an explanation for the non-transferability of the nominal modification marker function. Based on Heine & Kuteva’s (2005) theory that contact-induced grammaticalization conforms to the principles of grammaticalization, this paper argues that an alternative reason why certain functions of Chinesedewere not transferred into SCE is due to an absence of ambiguous or bridging contexts, which are mediating conditions for grammaticalization to take place. A detailed analysis of Chinese and English data clearly demonstrates how similarities betweenoneanddecreate ambiguity in the input of SCE, thereby allowingoneto grammaticalize via the mediation of bridging contexts.
Lipid binding promotes oligomerization and focal adhesion activity of vinculin
Authors: Chinthalapudi Krishna , Rangarajan Erumbi S. , Patil Dipak N. , George Eric M. , Brown David T. , Izard Tina
Published: December 2014

Adherens junctions (AJs) and focal adhesion (FA) complexes are necessary for cell migration and morphogenesis, and for the development, growth, and survival of all metazoans. Vinculin is an essential regulator of both AJs and FAs, where it provides links to the actin cytoskeleton. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) affects the functions of many targets, including vinculin. Here we report the crystal structure of vinculin in complex with PIP2, which revealed that PIP2 binding alters vinculin structure to direct higher-order oligomerization and suggests that PIP2 and F-actin binding to vinculin are mutually permissive. Forced expression of PIP2-binding–deficient mutants of vinculin in vinculin-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts revealed that PIP2 binding is necessary for maintaining optimal FAs, for organization of actin stress fibers, and for cell migration and spreading. Finally, photobleaching experiments indicated that PIP2 binding is required for the control of vinculin dynamics and turnover in FAs. Thus, through oligomerization, PIP2 directs a transient vinculin sequestration at FAs that is necessary for proper FA function.
The 27th IAHR Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems (IAHR 2014)
Authors: Désy N
Published: December 2014

On behalf of the Organizing Committee and myself, it is my pleasure to
welcome you to the 27th Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems.
We are glad to welcome you in Montreal, Canada, in late September, just as
the city welcomes the fall season and the trees start to show their nice colors.

The Symposium will take place at the Hotel Omni Mont-Royal, located in the
heart of the city. Participants will then have the opportunity to discover the
many charms of Montreal, a rich blend between European and American
cultures with diverse culinary offers and its legendary hospitality, nightlife and unique attractions.

But other than the charm of Montreal, why are we holding it in Canada?

· Canada is a world leader in hydropower production, with an installed
capacity of over 70,000 megawatts (MW) and an annual average
production of 350 terawatt-hours (TWh).

· Thus, Canada is one of the world's largest producers of clean,
renewable hydroelectric power.

· Hydropower accounts for 97% of Canada's renewable electricity
generation and nearly 13% of the world-wide production of hydropower,
but with 0.5% of the world population.

· Approximately 60% of the electricity generated in Canada in 2008
came from hydroelectric power plants. And there is the potential to
more than double the hydroelectric capacity in Canada.

Our Organizing Committee was formed in November 2011 and has
undertaken a number of important steps to ensure that this event will be a
success. We see this event as a very important one to help create personal
networks and transfer knowledge to the younger generation of scientists.

Bienvenue at our 2014 ‘‘rendez-vous’’ .

Normand Désy

Canadian Representative

IAHR Executive Committee
When is a fourfold Massey product defined?
Authors: Isaksen Daniel
Published: December 2014

We define a new invariant in the homology of a differential graded algebra. This invariant is the obstruction to defining a fourfold Massey product. It can be used to detect differential graded algebras that are not quasi-isomorphic. We also make an explicit calculation in the cohomology of the Steenrod algebra.
𝑁₆ property for third Veronese embeddings
Authors: Vu Thanh
Published: December 2014

The rational homology groups of the matching complexes are closely related to the syzygies of the Veronese embeddings. In this paper we will prove the vanishing of certain rational homology groups of matching complexes, thus proving that the third Veronese embeddings satisfy the property

N
6

N_6

. This settles the Ottaviani-Paoletti conjecture for third Veronese embeddings. This result is optimal since

ν
3

(

P

n

)

\nu _3({\mathbb P}^n)

does not satisfy the property

N
7

N_7

for

n
≥
2

n\ge 2

as shown by Ottaviani-Paoletti.
Rationality, Diagnosis, and Patient Autonomy in Psychiatry
Authors: Craigie Jillian , Bortolotti Lisa
Published: December 2014

In this chapter, our focus is the role played by notions of rationality in the diagnosis of mental disorders, and in the practice of overriding patient autonomy in psychiatry. We describe and evaluate different hypotheses concerning the relationship between rationality and diagnosis, raising questions about what features underpin psychiatric categories. These questions reinforce widely held concerns about the use of diagnosis as a justification for overriding autonomy, which have motivated a shift to mental incapacity as an alternative justification. However, this approach too has recently been criticized from a mental disability rights perspective. Our analysis of the relationship between mental capacity and rationality is used to illuminate these concerns, and to investigate further the relationship between rationality and psychiatric diagnosis.
Ethical Issues Common to All Therapies
Authors: Adshead Gwen
Published: December 2014

In this chapter, I review the ethical issues that are common to all therapies. I suggest that ethical reasoning is an intrinsic part of all the psychological therapies; specifically, reasoning that involves consideration of values and changes in value perspectives. I discuss traditional ethical concerns in psychological therapy, and go on to explore more contemporary concerns, including the construction of autonomy, privacy, and change as a political stance. I conclude that all the psychological therapies seek to help people “change their minds” to some degree and thereby to change their evaluations of themselves, their situations, and others. Judgments about enhancement of preferences and the value of change are therefore at the heart of all therapies.
Historical Archaeology in Mexico
Authors: Fournier G. Patricia , Velasquez Sánchez Hidalgo Verónica
Published: December 2014

This chapter explores the development of historical archaeology in Mexico: from its inception as an empirical and descriptive auxiliary to restoration projects and the handmaiden of history to its current consolidation as a scientific discipline posing socially informed questions. Examples from the Colonial to the Republican periods in urban, rural, religious, and military sites from the northern frontier to the southern coast and the Caribbean will be presented to provide a general overview of the intricacy and variability of historical archaeology research in Mexico. Furthermore, theoretical and methodological aspects focused on social complexity derived from different approaches will be considered; and major themes such as colonialism, capitalism, production, exchange and consumption patterns, ethnicity, and the construction of social status and identities will be illustrated. Finally, a critical discussion of the state of historical archaeology in Mexico draws attention to key debates and assesses future perspectives in the study of the recent past.
Modern-World Archaeology
Authors: Orser Charles E.
Published: December 2014

Historical archaeology has grown exponentially since its inception. By the beginning of the second decade of the twenty-first century, practitioners of the field had conducted research throughout the world in locales only imagined in the mid-twentieth century. The spread of historical archaeology in Europe, Asia, and Africa—and other places with long, rich documentary histories—has meant that two senses of ‘historical archaeology’ now exist. The creation of modern-world archaeology seeks to define an archaeology of the post-Columbian world as an archaeology explicitly engaged in investigating the historical antecedents of our present age. This chapter explains the rationale behind the creation of modern-world archaeology, outlines some of its central tenets, and provides a brief example of one subject of relevance to the field.
The Origins of New York City
Authors: Cantwell Anne-Marie , Wall Diana diZerega
Published: December 2014

In the fifteenth century, a rich coastal area along the western rim of the Atlantic Basin, now known as New York City, was on the brink of transformation. It was a quiet place where autonomous communities of egalitarian peoples, today known as the Munsee, lived. Three centuries later, that place had become the first capital of a new, slave-owning, settler nation, the United States of America, and that nation’s premier port. In between, it was first an extractive and then a settler colony of two major European powers, the Netherlands and England, and a battleground in the American Revolution. This chapter uses the results of archaeological excavations there to illuminate that dramatic transformation.
School and Housing Segregation
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , Lamb Charles M.
Published: December 2014

This chapter surveys the literature on racial discrimination and segregation in education and housing in the United States. It indicates that federal governmental institutions ultimately led the way in outlawing school segregation and some of the practices that created or maintained racially separate neighborhoods. Yet research also shows that much more progress has been made at enforcing federal legal standards during particular periods of time than others, as the political system has vacillated between the need to ensure equal opportunity and the desire to maintain aspects of past segregation. Recent studies demonstrate that school and housing segregation have declined, depending on the school district or housing market being examined. However, because segregated schools and housing patterns are still widespread in much of the country, both subjects continue to be fruitful areas for research.
Race, Ethnicity, and Education Policy
Authors: Hochschild Jennifer L. , Shen Francis X.
Published: December 2014

Persistent white–black disparities in education outcomes, combined with the growing presence of Asian American and especially Latino children, will make race and ethnicity a core element of education policy in the United States in the twenty-first century. This chapter explores, without resolving, a series of questions at the intersection of race, ethnicity, and American education policy. We review research evidence on persistent racial achievement gaps, race and school choice, the impact of No Child Left Behind, urban school governance, segregation, and the role of the courts in desegregation and school finance. We find that most questions about the best policies on these topics have no clear answers for several reasons explored in the chapter. Furthermore, future research must be reconceptualized since standard assumptions about group boundaries and group interests warrant reexamination. The study of education needs better data, improved methodologies, closer attention to class dynamics, and less partisan scholarship.
Belief and Ritual
Authors: Briault Camilla
Published: December 2014

We can no longer maintain that religion is a neglected area of archaeological discourse. Recent interest owes much to the post-processual recognition of the materiality of social life, though there is still disagreement about the extent to which belief and ritual are embedded in social action. Meanwhile, the classic structuralist trope that ritual systems are inherently conservative and that religious structure mirrors social structure has been seriously reconsidered within anthropology. As with many other areas, the special contribution of archaeology may well be its long time-depth, allowing ritual and social change to be studied over more than just a few generations. This chapter reviews several fundamental questions in the archaeology of belief and ritual: Why is it important to study religion? What are the problems in the archaeology of belief? Is the distinction between the sacred and the profane a useful one? What is the social role of religion?
Evolution, agency, and objects
Authors: da Silva Filipe Carreira , Baert Patrick
Published: December 2014

In this chapter, we discuss the relationship between the tradition of American philosophical pragmatism and contemporary archaeological theory. Our focus is on the work of G.H. Mead, whose social pragmatism has played an important role in the recent neo-pragmatist revival. We begin by explaining the reasons for the highly selective appropriation of his ideas in sociology. We then suggest an alternative reading of Mead. This alternative reading explores two fundamental categories in Mead’s thinking: his conception of agency and his theory of objects. We conclude by showing the fruitful intersections between these two aspects of Mead’s work and recent post-processual archaeology.
Dialogue
Authors: Fernández Raquel
Published: December 2014

Research on dialogue deals with the study of language as it is used in spontaneous conversation. Dialogue is a multi-agent activity that takes place in real time, with speakers interacting with each other in an online fashion. This makes conversational language markedly different from the kind of language found in texts and brings in new challenges for computational linguistics. This chapter introduces the main phenomena that characterize language in dialogue interaction—including disfluencies, dialogue acts, alignment, grounding, and turn taking—and discusses some of the key approaches to modelling dialogue that are fundamental in computational research, such as dialogue act taxonomies and dynamic semantic theories of dialogue.
Multimodal Systems
Authors: André Elisabeth , Martin Jean-Claude
Published: December 2014

Recent years have witnessed a rapid growth in the development of multimodal systems. Improving technology and tools enable the development of more intuitive styles of interaction and convenient ways of accessing large data archives. Starting from the observation that natural language plays an integral role in many multimodal systems, this chapter focuses on the use of natural language in combination with other modalities, such as body gestures or gaze. It addresses the following three issues: (1) how to integrate multimodal input including spoken or typed language in a synergistic manner; (2) how to combine natural language with other modalities in order to generate more effective output; and (3) how to make use of natural language technology in combination with other modalities in order to enable better access to information.
Analyses of the Semantics of Mood
Authors: Nikolaeva Irina
Published: December 2014

This article examines the semantics of “mood”, both in the sense of the opposition among clause types, that is, “sentential/sentence moods,” or “sentential forces”, and in the sense of the distinction between realis and irrealis, or indicative and subjunctive. It begins by considering the most important sentence moods, namely, declaratives, imperatives, interrogatives, exclamatives and optatives. It then discusses the notions of realis and irrealis or indicative and subjunctive. It concludes by underscoring the importance of a study of interpretive effects in elucidating the interaction between semantics and pragmatics, since the semantics of mood appears to depend on a set of contextual clues which arise from different sources and provide non-conceptual input to the pragmatic process of utterance interpretation.
Cognitive Foundations of Human Number Representations and Mental Arithmetic
Authors: Lindemann Oliver , Fischer Martin H.
Published: December 2014

The chapters in this section of the volume reveal the striking variety of human numerical cognition. The section comprises four chapters that focus on different aspects of the representation of numerical knowledge, as well as three chapters that examine the several cognitive processes involved in the manipulation of numbers during simple mental arithmetic. They show how chronometric analyses, in combination with clever experimental designs, can reveal the cognitive processes and representations underlying this impressive collection of cognitive skills. Our goal in this overview chapter is to highlight common themes that connect these contributions. In particular, we suggest links between the present contributions, all of which are firmly grounded in the traditional information-processing approach to the human mind, and the more recently emerged embodied cognition perspective, according to which all knowledge representations remain associated with those sensory and motor features that were activated during acquisition of that knowledge.
Information Structure and Language Change
Authors: Eckardt Regine , Speyer Augustin
Published: December 2014

This article explores the effect of language change on focusing and focus constructions based on observations and case studies. It begins by analysing bleached focus and contrasts it with independent focus. It also makes a distinction between universal focus effects and language-specific focus operators to show how language change can affect the specific parts of the grammar of focus. The discussion then turns to the emergence of focus sensitive particles, with particular reference to the semantic units that precede focus as part of semantic composition. The Jespersen Cycle is considered as a classic example of independent focus that gets bleached and finally lost. The article concludes by looking at information structure and syntactic change in the rise and loss of V2 in Germanic languages. It demonstrates how bleached focus can bridge the gap between the formal focus and informal notions of information structure.
Information Structure in Slavic
Authors: Jasinskaja Katja
Published: December 2014

This chapter presents a concise overview of the linguistic means that express categories of information structure (IS) in Slavic languages. Concentrating especially on (a) the realization of broad vs narrow focus (focus projection); and (b) the expression of given information, topic, and delimitation, the chapter covers intonation and ‘free’ word order—the two most widely discussed ways of IS encoding. It further presents less well studied IS-sensitive devices and phenomena in Slavic: clefts, predicate doubling, topic and focus particles, as well as the interaction of IS with the Slavic clitic systems, in particular, in the expression of positive and negative polarity (or verum) focus.
The Potential Economic Dividends of North African Revolutions
Authors: Nabli Mustapha Kamel , Ben Hammouda Hakim
Published: December 2014

The outbreak of the uprisings in many Arab countries and the ensuing collapse of the old authoritarian regimes in some of them raised expectations that the end of dictatorship and the advent of democratic regimes could bring economic benefits. The transition in the North African countries has been particularly difficult and contentious compared to other experiences in the developing world. A few countries may be able to reap some benefits in the long run if they achieve a successful transition to democracy. A democratic regime tends to reduce the amplitude of booms and busts and produce a more predictable economic environment which supports investment and growth However, the main gains from democratic transitions are the indirect ones. But achieving these gains is likely to take time, well beyond that needed for achieving political stability.
Inclusive Growth in Africa
Authors: Ncube Mthuli
Published: December 2014

This chapter examines the weak inclusion character of Africa’s economic growth and its implications for employment, income distribution, demographics, and the middle class. After outlining Africa’s impressive growth in the last decade which has not created jobs and not reduced poverty fast enough, it discusses various approaches to inclusive growth in relation to gross domestic product per capita, sub-groups, and pro-poor growth, well-being, and opportunities as opposed to outcomes. It also considers four categories of inclusive growth indicators, namely economic inclusion, social inclusion, spatial inclusion, and political/institutional inclusion. Under economic inclusion, an approach for dealing with inequality is presented. Finally, the article describes an inclusive growth index for African countries for the period 2006–2010, adjusted for inequality.
The Economic Legacies of the African Slave Trades
Authors: Whatley Warren C.
Published: December 2014

A growing body of evidence is showing that the international slave trade was a significant shock to African economies—one with negative long-term consequences for economic growth. The slave trade was a welfare loss for Africa, which begs the question “why were so many slaves exported?” The main reason is that slave production was organized theft, so by its very nature it generated negative externalities and overproduction—overproduction that was further encouraged by the importation of the gunpowder technology. People fought back, reconfiguring the ways they interacted with each other as insurance against capture. The general trend was towards political decentralization, stronger and more-absolutist local chiefs, more polygyny and a culture of mistrust—all of which reduced long-term growth. These legacies remain developmental challenges for much of sub-Saharan Africa today.
Measuring Democracy
Authors: Monga Célestin
Published: December 2014

Despite increased academic and media interest in the continent and the intensity of the sociopolitical and administrative changes that have occurred in the past twenty-five years, analyses published in the press and by scholars are generally incomplete. Beyond the traditional dispute between “universalists” (theorists of a general model of liberal democracy to which all countries are expected to conform) and “relativists” (advocates of the sovereignty of individual cultural identities), the real problem lies in the inability of social scientists to develop a comparative method that is at once valid and acceptable to all. Rejecting the purely normative approach to political ethics that dominates the debate on democracy, this chapter uses an economic approach to advance a comparative theory of the notion of political well-being. It proposes a measurement index whose different components take into account both the viewpoint of universalists on human rights and the perspective of relativists on political utility.