bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Just-in-Time Intervention: Economic Development Policy for Apparel Manufacturing in San Francisco
Authors: Chapple Karen
Published: March 2007

The apparel manufacturing industry in San Francisco has experienced considerable growth since the late 1980s due to changes in retailing, the increasing flexibility of the industry, the influx of Asian immigrants, and the availability of industrial space adjacent to the central business district. However, the continued growth of the industry is in jeopardy because of rising labor costs in comparison to offshore and Mexico locations, as well as new competition for space in the industrial district from multimedia and residential uses. Current economic development efforts targeted at the apparel industry are attempting to facilitate a transition to higher value-added manufacturing, open up new markets, and foster cooperation in the industry. This article highlights some of the obstacles such endogenous policies face and argues that more traditional supply-side initiatives to reduce land, labor, and capital costs may be necessary first to preserve the industry.
“DOING” RACIALIZED AND GENDERED AGE TO ORGANIZE PEER RELATIONS
Authors: MOORE VALERIE ANN
Published: March 2007

Using an interactionist approach, this study compares the ways that older preadolescents established and negotiated peer relations by engaging in racialized and gendered age processes at two summer day camps. The camps differed in their racial compositions, their organization of activities by age and gender, and their rules delineating camper behavior. Campers in both settings used notions of modesty and relations of dominance over younger children similarly in organizing their peer relations. They differed, though, in how they used a stance uncooperative toward adults and a stance of being “just kids” together to create racialized, aged, and gendered boundaries. Thus, campers created peer cultures with variably hierarchical cliques using inclusive and exclusionary dynamics that held each other accountable to emergent and racialized conceptions of gender and age in ways that actively and creatively used the adult cultures around them.
RE-VISIONING WOMEN AND SOCIAL CHANGE:
Authors: THORNE BARRIE
Published: March 2007

Feminists have re-visioned women as active subjects in knowledge by granting them agency and diversity and by challenging divisions like public versus private. But both feminist and traditional knowledge remain deeply adult centered. Adult perspectives infuse three contemporary images of children: as threats to adult society, as victims of adults, and as learners of adult culture (“socialization”). We can bring children more fully into knowledge by clarifying ideological constructions, with attention to the diversity of children's actual lives and circumstances; by emphasizing children's agency as well as their subordination; and by challenging their conceptual privatization. The re-visioning of children involves complex issues of gender, generation, autonomy, and relatedness.
CHILD CARE OR CHILD NEGLECT?
Authors: BRODER SHERRI
Published: March 2007

This article examines baby farming as an urban neighborhood-based system of group child care in Philadelphia in the late nineteenth century and considers the dangers and abuses the practice of baby farming posed for parents, children, and baby farmers. It explores reformers' early efforts to regulate the city's baby farms. Finally, the essay also investigates the ways in which the residents of Philadelphia's poor neighborhoods monitored the child-care establishments in their communities that catered to working mothers.
IDEOLOGICAL PURITY AND FEMINISM:
Authors: RYAN BARBARA
Published: March 2007

Through a reinterpretation of publications, interviews with long-term activists, and an analysis of change in the social environment, this article explains why feminist ideology failed to create unity among feminist women in the United States during the period 1966-1975, the years when contemporary feminism emerged. In spite of the desire to create a community of women to challenge the existing sociocultural structure, schisms within the movement often created divisive and antagonistic feminist group relations. In contrast to earlier research that attributed this lack of unity to competing ideologies, this article argues that, in many cases, feminist leaders used ideology and theory to promote radical self-identities that maintained existing social structural divisions. Thus, while feminism established a principle of unity for women as a group, disputes over ideological purity created divisions within the movement based on differences among women.
GENDER-ROLE COMPOSITION AND ROLE ENTRAPMENT IN DECISION-MAKING GROUPS
Authors: JOHNSON RICHARD A. , SCHULMAN GARY I.
Published: March 2007

This article reports the effects of gender proportions on the task activity and socioemotional participation of men and women in 85 four-person, decision-making groups. The analysis focuses on the changes in the highest and lowest levels of male and female participation. Results show that role entrapment occurs for both male and female numerical minorities. Role entrapment is a function of conformity to gender expectations rather than gender-role exaggeration, and is not limited to the extreme of the token. Both men and women were affected by decreased numbers, but the effects were to the advantage of the men and to the disadvantage of the women.
STATUS CONSISTENCY AND WORK SATISFACTION AMONG PROFESSIONAL AND MANAGERIAL WOMEN AND MEN
Authors: CASSIDY MARGARET L. , WARREN BRUCE O.
Published: March 2007

This study examined whether holding a status-consistent or status-inconsistent position (based on the gender of respondents and the percentage of women and men in their occupation nationally) affected the work satisfaction of college-educated, white-collar employees. The status-consistent group contained 128 women and 118 men. The status-inconsistent group was composed of 89 women and 102 men. Our results indicated that workers in occupations in which the majority of workers are the same gender had significantly higher levels of work satisfaction than those in status-inconsistent occupations. However, subsequent analyses revealed that men and women employed in occupations in which the majority of workers are men had higher levels of work satisfaction than those employed in women-dominated occupations. These findings held when controlling for other work-satisfaction factors, such as individual earnings, hours worked per week, and length of time employed. We suggest that the effect of status consistency on work satisfaction is mediated by the cultural value attached to the occupations men dominate.
THE “FREEDOM SUIT”:
Authors: KESSELMAN AMY
Published: March 2007

The dress-reform movement, often misrepresented as a fad of women's rights leaders, was in fact a distinct movement with roots in nineteenth-century health reform. It represents a different brand of feminism from that of the women's rights movement and a “road not taken” by nineteenth-century feminism. Dress reformers were committed to an exemplary action model of social change that assumed that a few intrepid individuals who had the courage to live according to principle could inspire enough other people to transform the world. The women's rights leaders, on the other hand, were determined to build a movement capable of changing social, political, and economic institutions and believed compromises were necessary to do so. The debate between the two groups illustrates the tension between personal transformation and political change that has often appeared in feminist movements.
CAREERS IN FEMINISM
Authors: DANIELS ARLENE KAPLAN
Published: March 2007

In the early days of the second wave of the women's movement, women on the liberal end of the feminist spectrum began to work together on issues of equity in economics and education. They developed strategies for lobbying for legislation and administrative regulations affecting women and began to build political networks through which they could accomplish reforms. Women associated with the Women's Equity Action League played an important part in this process and, in so doing, shaped or even transformed their own careers.
THE MULTIPLE JEOPARDY OF RACE, CLASS, AND GENDER FOR AIDS RISK AMONG WOMEN
Authors: OSMOND MARIE WITHERS , WAMBACH K. G. , HARRISON DIANNE F. , BYERS JOSEPH , LEVINE PHILIPPA , IMERSHEIN ALLEN , QUADAGNO DAVID M.
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the ways that sexual risk behaviors are related to race, class, and gender among low-income, culturally diverse women in South Florida. Data concerning sexual risk (frequency of condom use) and gender (decision making with regard to condom use and gender attitudes) are presented in terms of race and class variations. Results indicate that, in general, these women have a high degree of knowledge about acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), a quite contemporary awareness of women's gendered subordination, and a lack of trust in heterosexual relationships. Attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge, however, are not translated into sexual behaviors with men partners that would reduce their vulnerability to infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The data indicate that race is a major factor that places women into an underclass position. Consequently, without socioeconomic resources, gendered behaviors have a direct influence on sexual risk. Multivariate analyses indicate that those women who are sex workers are significantly more likely to negotiate safe sex with clients than with main partners. The research not only challenges mainstream thinking about race, class, and gender but also provides overdue information on the vulnerability of women to HIV infection.
“JUST EVERY MOTHER'S ANGEL”
Authors: JOE KAREN A. , CHESNEY-LIND MEDA
Published: March 2007

Few studies of gangs have explored both ethnic and gender variations in the experience of gang membership. Based on an analysis of interviews with 48 youth from a number of ethnic gangs in Hawaii, this article explores boys' and girls' reasons for joining gangs. The results suggest that although gang members face common problems, they deal with these in ways that are uniquely informed by gender and ethnicity. The interviews also confirm that extensive concern about violent criminal activities in boys' gangs has distracted researchers from exploring the wide range of activities and experiences gangs provide their members. Girls and boys growing up in poor and violent neighborhoods turn to the gangs for many reasons, and the gangs themselves take on a variety of forms in response to the diverse challenges facing their members. Most important, the interviews reveal that girls and boys, even those in the same ethnic groups, inhabit worlds that are heavily influenced by gender. As a result, male and female gangs tend to provide different sets of experiences, skill, and opportunities to their members.
WOMEN AND HEROIN
Authors: FRIEDMAN JENNIFER , ALICEA MARISA
Published: March 2007

In this study, we examine the accounts of 30 white middle- and upper-class female heroin/methadone users. Using a resistance framework, we note that these women recall their initial heroin use in ways that suggest rejection of restrictive gender and class expectations. Using a dynamic view of resistance, we begin to understand how these women attempt to resist the dominant discourse through their heroin use and to reinterpret their experiences with heroin.
“YOU LEAVE YOUR TROUBLES AT THE GATE”
Authors: BOYLE MAREE , McKAY JIM
Published: March 2007

Using Connell's theory of gender and power, this article explores the gender regime of lawn bowls, which is played predominantly by older people. The sport is characterized by men's exploitation of women's labor, heterosexual coupledom, and the desexualization of women. A “woman's place” both on and off the playing field is clearly delineated in terms of otherness, especially as an altruistic wife, mother, and grandmother; consequently, men can bowl relatively freely, whereas women's leisure is constrained by their facilitation of men's interests.
CHILD CARE AS WOMEN'S WORK
Authors: RUTMAN DEBORAH
Published: March 2007

In this study, family- and center-based child care providers participated in day-long research workshops in which they first identified dimensions of an “ideal” caregiving situation and then, using a critical incident technique, explored the meaning and experience of “power” as caregivers. This article is devoted to examining the ways in which child care workers understand the notion of “powerfulness” and “powerlessness” in their work. Themes emerging from critical incidents are considered in light of feminist and caregiving literatures. The article concludes by drawing implications from the project's findings for policy, advocacy, and conceptual development.
NEGOTIATING POWER, IDENTITY, FAMILY, AND COMMUNITY
Authors: ABRAHAMS NAOMI
Published: March 2007

Women's community participation re(creates) community and identity. In this article, the author explores the collective identities that are built around motherhood, rape-crisis work, Latino empowerment, and political activism for 39 Anglo and 11 Latina women. The reflexive relationship between communities and identities in relation to class background, gender, age, generation, and race-ethnicity are examined. It is argued that women embrace—as well as negotiate—cultural expectations of mothers, homemakers, and elders through their community participation. The author explores work in the community as a venue for women to stretch across class-based interests and race-ethnic identities even while both influence women's community involvements. Finally, the often overlooked relationships between women's community participation and discourses of state responsibility for citizens are considered by indicating ways in which women channel state resources and expand the parameters of the needs and meaning of “community.”
MAKEUP AT WORK
Authors: DELLINGER KIRSTEN , WILLIAMS CHRISTINE L.
Published: March 2007

This study seeks to understand women's use of makeup in the workplace. The authors analyze 20 in-depth interviews with a diverse group of women who work in a variety of settings to examine the appearance rules that women confront at work and how these rules reproduce assumptions about sexuality and gender. The authors found that appropriate makeup use is strongly associated with assumptions about health, heterosexuality, and credibility in the workplace. They describe how these norms shape women's personal choices to wear makeup. Next, they examine how some women transform the meanings of wearing makeup and, in rare instances, attempt to subvert the institutionalized norms. Although many women find pleasure in wearing makeup, the authors conclude that the institutional constraints imposed by the workplace effectively limit the possibilities for resistance.
PLAYING IN THE GENDER TRANSGRESSION ZONE
Authors: McGUFFEY C. SHAWN , RICH B. LINDSAY
Published: March 2007

This research focuses on how children negotiate gender boundaries in middle childhood play. Over a nine-week period, children were observed creating, defining, and altering gender codes in a summer day camp. When girls and boys disregarded pre-described boundaries, they entered an area we refer to as the gender transgression zone. This area of activity, where boys and girls conduct heterosocial relations in hopes of either maintaining or expanding gender boundaries in child culture, is where gender transgression takes place. The study revealed that high-status boys used hegemonic masculinity to regulate both girls' and boys' boundaries by reserving the authority to sanction all gender transgressions. While race and class were salient for girls' homosocial organization and behavior, within this age group they did not appear to influence the boys' status system.
An Actigraphic Comparison of Sleep Restriction and Sleep Hygiene Treatments for Insomnia in Older Adults
Authors: Friedman Leah , Benson Kathleen , Noda Art , Zarcone Vincent , Wicks Deryl A. , O'Connell Kerry , Brooks John O. , Bliwise Donald L. , Yesavage Jerome A.
Published: March 2007

We compared the efficacy of sleep restriction therapy combined with sleep hygiene, nap modification of sleep restriction therapy combined with sleep hygiene, and sleep hygiene alone as treatments for insomnia in 39 community-dwelling men and women 55 years and older. We used the wrist actigraph as an objective outcome measure for all subjects at baseline, end of treatment, and 3-month follow-up; polysomnography (PSG) was conducted in a subgroup of subjects. Although subjects appeared to follow restriction instructions through follow-up, we found few between-group differences in treatment efficacy. Lack of treatment effect might be explained by the efficacy of HYG as a treatment in itself and the relatively low symptom level in these healthy older poor sleepers. At baseline, actigraphic results were found to correlate more highly than sleep log data with PSG in our sample. Actigraphic total sleep time, in particular, was highly correlated with PSG. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2000; 13:17-27).
Thermal Analysis of in-situ Thermoplastic Composite Tape Laying
Authors: Ghasemi Nejhad M.N. , Cope R.D. , Güceri S.I.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents analytical and numerical thermal analysis for melting and consolidating impregnated composite tapes in the presence of a localized heat source. This analysis also leads to the prediction of the processing window for a given tape-laying configuration. Heat of melting/solidification is included in the form of a heat generation term. A separation of variables method is employed to solve the governing equations ana lytically. In the numerical analysis, the governing equations are discretized using a non uniform mesh and are solved using a finite difference approach. The processing parame ters, such as consolidation speed, heat intensity, heat source width, etc., as well as material properties are incorporated within the analysis. The results show large thermal gradients in the vicinity of the consolidation point. The error between the analytical solu tion and the numerical result is found to be 3 % for the maximum temperature, and the maximum error for the temperature over the entire domain is observed to be 7%. The effects of processing speed, heat intensity, and the width of the local heat source are inves tigated, and the overall optimization of the process is discussed.
A Finite Element Analysis of the Thermomechanical Behavior of Fiber Reinforced Composites
Authors: Osswald Tim A.
Published: March 2007

Many problems remain unsolved regarding part and mold design for fiber reinforced composites. The thermomechanical processes occur during the mold filling, curing and mold removal stages when compression molding fiber reinforced parts are not very well understood. Irregular thermomechanical properties lead to parts that are warped and that have sink marks and surface waviness. This paper discusses thermomechanical material properties and the theory behind shrinkage and warpage in short fiber reinforced composites. It also presents a thermomechanical process simulation of compression mold ing of short fiber reinforced parts. The simulation is compared to experiments. Numerical experimentation with the simulation program gives us insight into the effect that process ing conditions have on shrinkage and warpage.
Rheological Properties of Stampable Thermoplastic Composites
Authors: Davies P. , Månson J-A. E.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents first results from a study of the shear response of stampable thermoplastic composites. A range of materials including unreinforced poly propylene (PP), random glass mat filled and highly filled PP have been tested in a parallel plate rheometer at 180°C. First, reproducibility of test results is examined. Then the in fluence of fibers and coupling agent on shear behavior is presented. Finally the "lofted structures" configuration adopted by the preforms upon heating and their structural changes during stamping are discussed.
Effect of Water Immersion on Fiber/Matrix Adhesion in Thermoplastic Composites
Authors: Juska Thomas
Published: March 2007

Continuous-fiber-reinforced thermoplastics were tested for the effect of water immersion on fiber/matrix adhesion. The materials evaluated were E/PPS, AS4/PPS, E/J2, AS4/J2, S2/PEEK, AS4/PEEK, S2/PEKK, AS4/PEKK, and S2/ VECTRA. These materials were tested in uniaxial compression, transverse flexure, and short beam shear, both dry- and water-conditioned. Scanning electron microscopy was used to assess the quality of the fiber/matrix bond. The carbon-reinforced materials re tained adhesion after immersion. However, the glass-reinforced thermoplastics were, in general, degraded by water, which hydrolyzed the fiber/matrix bond and sig nificantly reduced the mechanicai properties.
Development of an On-Line, In-Situ, Fiber-Optic Void Sensor
Authors: Klosterman D.A. , Saliba T.E.
Published: March 2007

Porosity is a common defect introduced during the molding of composite laminates, particularly with thick, complex, or high-production-rate parts. The deleterious effect of voids on the mechanical properties of composites has been well documented. Clearly, improved process control is needed to minimize voids. To this end, work has been initiated to develop an in-situ sensor for void detection that is nonintrusive, nondestructive, simple, reliable, of reasonable cost and able to withstand harsh curing en vironments. Initial development of an intensity-based fiber optic sensor using refractive in dex changes is summarized. The many factors that affect the sensor response are dis cussed, but the refractive index of the resin is found to be the only non-extraneous factor that affects light guidance in the sensor. Further, it is concluded that changes in the resin degree of cure and temperature can account for changes in the resin refractive index. An experimental approach for sensor calibration and operation is proposed, including description of an image analysis study to relate sensor signal to void size and distribution. A theoretical approach is also proposed that is based on a model for the sensor response given the state of the resin.
An Artificial Neural Network for Low-Energy Impact Monitoring
Authors: Hahn H.T. , Wilkerson B. , Stuart J.
Published: March 2007

An artificial neural network has been developed that can analyze signals from piezoelectric sensors to detect the location and intensity of low-energy impact on a composite panel. The panel has two piezopolymer sensors attached some distance apart from each other. The signals are analyzed by the artificial neural network using a binary pattern associator. The binary pattern associator facilitates memory build-up during learn ing while simplifying signal discrimination during testing. The impact monitoring system, which consists of the artificial neural network and the piezoelectric sensors, has been used successfully to detect the location and height of impact when a small steel ball is dropped onto a composite laminate.
Helping Crisis Managers Protect Reputational Assets
Authors: Coombs W. Timothy , Holladay Sherry J.
Published: March 2007

A situational crisis communication theory (SCCT), which articulates the variables, assumptions, and relationships that should be considered in selecting crisis response strategies to protect an organization’s reputation, is advanced. Although various studies taking a situational approach have touched on certain of the theory’s variables and relationships, this study represents the first attempt to articulate and begin to test a situational theory of crisis communication. SCCT is premised on matching the crisis response to the level of crisis responsibility attributed to a crisis. The study explores one of the basic assumptions of SCCT by assessing whether the predicted correlational relationship between crisis responsibility and organizational reputation occurs across a range of crisis types. Results support the theory’s predictions and suggest ways to refine the theory.
Discursive Essentializing in a Woman-Owned Business
Authors: Edley Paige P.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this project is to illustrate how the cultural practice of discursive essentializing in a woman-owned and operated business accomplished simultaneous agendas of power and resistance. Utilizing Foucault’s (1980) conceptualization of power and resistance and Fuss’s (1989) and Spivak’s (1988) views of essentializing as a political move, the author illustrates how the performance of gendered stereotypes, rather than having expected negative consequences, allowed organizational members to suppress conflict and to reproduce the owners’ concept of the ideal workplace for women. The women’s essentializing discourse created a community of support, flexibility, and loyalty while simultaneously suppressing dissent and strategically subordinating the employees’ interests to the owners to achieve larger goals for themselves in the long term.
Financial Presentation Format and Managerial Decision Making
Authors: Sullivan Jeremiah J.
Published: March 2007

A shift is occurring in management information systems from tabular to graphic presentation. The present study sought to identify decision task conditions under which presentation format of financial information influences judgments. In a series of experiments conducted with MBAs and undergraduate business students, presentation format was found to have no influence in a prediction task but to have a strong impact when the task involved assessments of confidence in predictions.
The Effects of Attributions and Feedback Goals on the Generation of Supervisory Feedback Message Strategies
Authors: Kim Young Yong , Miller Katherine I.
Published: March 2007

This article investigates the formulation of supervisory feedback messages as a function of attributions regarding poor subordinate performance and feedback goals. Theory and research drawn from feedback and attribution literatures were used to develop the research question. Data to investigate the research question were drawn from nurse managers at general hospitals. The results indicate that the goal of supervisors is an important driving force in determining the type of feedback generated, whereas attributions for poor performance had relatively few effects on the generation of feedback messages. Overall, there was a strong dominance of work-oriented feedback messages and altruism-oriented feedback messages. The implications of the model for theory and practice are discussed.
The Relationship of Basic Decoding Skills to Managerial Effectiveness
Authors: Alexander Elmore R. , Penley Larry E. , Jernigan I. Edward
Published: March 2007

The relationship of basic decoding skills to managerial effectiveness has largely been ignored by organizational and communication researchers. This is despite regular pronouncements by employers that they need individuals who can speak and write clearly. This study examined the relationship between basic decoding (listening, nonverbal sensitivity, and reading) skills and managerial effectiveness in a bank environment. Aspects of listening, nonverbal sensitivity, and reading were found to be related to managerial effectiveness.
What's in a Name?
Authors: Morand David A.
Published: March 2007

Behavioral cues used in the communication of status, and therefore in the possible leveling of status differentials within organizations, have rarely been examined. This article discusses one such cue, differential forms of address, that is, use of first name, (e.g., Jim) or title/last name (e.g., Dr. or Mr. Jones). The article explores the pivotal role of naming in elaborating or leveling status differences, recent shifts in norms regarding naming within American corporations, and how the social dynamics of naming shed light on the inherent tensions between status and equality within organizations. The article draws upon some preliminary, exploratory data, and propositions are generated for future research.
Business Communication and Architecture
Authors: Parker Rodney D. , Hildebrandt Herbert W.
Published: March 2007

Visual persuasion in constructing buildings is often a part of business strategy. Architects, for instance, try to link corporate goals with management's desire for company buildings to represent, for instance, the mission, goal, and even the power and strength of the company. When one analyzes covert visual persuasion, it is clear that modern visual strategy mirrors ancient rhetorical concepts of persuasion. As oral persuasion takes into account source, medium, audience, and content, so too does the visual strategist. In the following statement, we link visual rhetoric with classical rhetoric, look at banks and shopping malls as exemplifying visual rhetoric, and conclude with several declaratives.
What is Nursing Science?
Authors: Barrett Elizabeth Ann Manhart
Published: March 2007

The enigma of defining nursing science is preceded by defining nursing, science, research, and nursing theory-guided practice. The context for exploring the meaning of nursing science is provided through examination of the totality and simultaneity paradigms. Differing views of nursing as a discipline are discussed. The position is taken that nursing is a basic science with various nursing schools of thought that constitute the substantive knowledge of the discipline. Finally, a definition of nursing science is presented that is broad enough to encompass all disciplinary knowledge. Despite current challenges, an optimistic vision is emerging. The nurse theorists and other nurse scholars who are furthering the development of this work are considered to be the cultural creatives of nursing and contributors to a larger movement toward wholeness in science and in society.
Rhythmicities
Authors: Greiner Doris S.
Published: March 2007

The science of unitary human beings is explored in the context of the film "Wild Strawberries." The central concepts and the principles of the science are elaborated in the description of the character and experience of Dr. Borg as he is revealed in this film classic.
Peplau's Theory: Concepts and their Relations
Authors: Forchuk Cheryl
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on Peplau's major concepts, including nursing, person, health, and environment. The concepts are described and the relations among concepts are specified. The purpose of the specification is to facilitate the use of Peplau's theory in research and practice and to facilitate comparison with other nursing theories.
Struggling with Going Along when you do not Believe
Authors: Kelley Lois S.
Published: March 2007

The phenomenon central to this study is, "struggling with going along in a situation you do not believe in." It emerged as a predominant universal lived experience within the lives of outstanding nurses in the United States studied earlier by the author. The purpose of the research reported in this article was to generate a structure of the lived experience of "struggling with going along in a situation you do not believe in," using Parse's research methodology. Through the processes of the method: participant selection, dialogical engagement, extraction-synthesis and heuristic interpretation, a structure of the lived experience for persons over 65 years of age was generated. This structure is: struggling with going along in a situation you do not believe in is justifiable yielding, as opposing views intensify personal convictions and compel disclosure while suffering consequences. When linked with the major concepts of Parse's theory, the theoretical definition is: valuing the powering of revealing-concealing. Recommendations for further study are offered.
Nursing Knowledge and Human Science: Ontological and Epistemological Considerations
Authors: Mitchell Gail J. , Cody William K.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the meaning of human science in relation to extant nursing knowledge. The origins of the human science tradition are traced to the philosopher Wilhelm Dilthey, who challenged the dominance of the positivist perspective for generating knowledge of the human lifeworld. Specific ontological and epistemological criteria for human science are proposed. Four nursing frameworks, Paterson and Zderad's humanistic nursing, Newman's model of health as expanding consciousness, Watson's human science and human care, and Parse's theory of human becoming, are found to have consistencies and inconsistencies with the human science tradition. It is proposed that the human science perspective is present in and will continue to be reflected in the evolution of nursing science.
The Meaning of Being an Elder in Nepal
Authors: Jonas Christine Melanie
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this qualitative descriptive research study was to explore the meaning of being an elder in Nepal. The nurse researcher, accompanied by an interpreter, travelled to six villages east and west of Kathmandu Valley to speak with 25 individuals about their experiences in later life. Questions structured within Parse's theoretical perspective guided discussions to uncover older persons' views of aging, their relationships with others, and the changes and hopes of daily life. Findings revealed that the meaning of being an elder in Nepal is "cherishing necessities for survival intermingles with the rapture of celebration with important others, as diminishing familiar patterns expand moments of respite, while regard from others affirms self, and changing customs create comfort-discomfort as what-was unfolds into new possibles." Findings were congruent with Parse's theoretical concepts of valuing, enabling-limiting, and transforming. This study supported Parse's theory as a valuable guide for human inquiry and expanded the body of nursing knowledge on aging. Specific guidelines for practice and research are proposed.
The Sea of Life: A Metaphorical Vehicle for Theory Explication
Authors: Hodnicki Donna R. , Horner Sharon D. , Simmons Susan J.
Published: March 2007

Metaphorical expression is viewed as a fundamental way of symbolizing used to develop nursing theory. The Sea of Life poem depicts a metaphor for explicating a theoretical structure derived from principles of the human becoming theory: Transforming occurs in the revealing-concealing of valuing. The Sea of Life, an original poem, sets forth the idea that unique meanings are cocreated through human-environment relationships. The concepts of valuing, revealing-concealing, and transforming are linked through the poem to lived experiences. The easily recognizable concrete lived experiences which flow from the poem are re-conceptualized to formulate research questions.
Loneliness, Social Support and Depression as Interactive Variables with Cognitive Status: Testing Roy's Model
Authors: Ryan Maura C.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the relationships between and among the variables of loneliness, social support, depression, and cognitive functioning in adults over 60, living in senior housing in a metropolitan area. Other variables, namely, life-satisfaction and ability to perform activities of daily living, were also measured. Although the research hypotheses were not supported, relationships between subjects' health status, life satisfaction, and self-assessment of health were significant. Assessment of these variables by community and advanced practice nurses who work with community elderly, to effect positive client outcomes, is presented within the context of Roy's adaptation model
Self-Care Agency in Two Groups of Pregnant Women
Authors: Hart Marcella A. , Foster Susan N.
Published: March 2007

Self-care agency, a multidimensional concept in Orem's self-care deficit nursing theory, includes motivation, decision-making, energy, and knowledge necessary to perform self-care actions. Basic conditioning factors affect individuals' development and exercise of self-care agency. Secondary analysis of Appraisal of Self-Care Agency (ASA) scores in two groups of pregnant women, (1) a childbirth education group (n = 119) and (2) a clinic group (n = 127) was completed. Group 2 had significantly higher ASA scores. Several basic conditioning factors influenced ASA scores. Results offer implications for Orem's theory and maternity nursing practice.
Do Colleges of Liberal Arts and Sciences Need Schools of Education?
Authors: Mason Sally Frost
Published: March 2007

The three central questions addressed in this article are the following: Whose responsibility is it to train teachers? What role should arts and sciences play in this process? And, do colleges of liberal arts and sciences need schools of education? Arguments are made for the value of collaboration across schools of education and colleges of arts and sciences and the roles that each of these groups can effectively play in education at all levels, from kindergarten through graduate school.
Markets and Stratification: A View from England and Wales
Authors: Gorard Stephen , Fitz John
Published: March 2007

In 1988, the Education Reform Act enabled all parents in England and Wales to express a preference for any school for their child. This created a market-like situation within which school survival depended on a regular supply of students. Previous studies in the United Kingdom have suggested that this would lead to increasing socioeconomic segregation between schools. In contrast, the investigation reported here found that segregation has declined in several respects since 1988. The study uses school-level data relating to free school meals (FSM), ethnicity, first language, and special needs for every school in England and Wales. All indicators at each level of aggregation are in agreement. Student segregation between schools has decreased over time. There is little evidence that this powerful social movement is related to market forces, and some indications are presented here that although markets have not caused segregation, they do not seem to be causing the desegregation either
Ideology and Educational Policy: An Analysis of the Religious Right
Authors: Baez Benjamin , Opfer V. Darleen
Published: March 2007

This article argues that the characterization of the Religious Right as irrational does damage to progressive educational policy because it obscures the Religious Right's effectiveness in influencing educational policy and is counterproductive for resistance practices. The authors discuss briefly the common views of the Religious Right and critique those views on the basis of their own claims. They suggest an alternative conceptualization of the Religious Right, one that rejects the rational/irrational dichotomy of the prevailing views. They argue that the imperatives of the Religious Right are guaranteed by the prevailing ideology of the Christian, liberal state. The authors contend that counteracting the Religious Right requires a recognition of this prevailing ideology and the discursive practices that maintain it.
Introduction: Interest Groups in United States Education
Authors: Mawhinney Hanne B. , Lugg Catherine A.
Published: March 2007

This article provides an overview to this special issue on interest groups and the politics of education. It first maps out the conceptual terrain by discussing educational interest groups and defining interest groups in American politics. This article then concludes with a brief discussion of the issues to be explored in greater depth in the individual pieces.
The National Reading Policy Arena: Policy Actors and Perceived Influence
Authors: McDaniel Julie E. , Sims Celia H. , Miskel Cecil G.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study of national reading policy during the 1990s was to determine the organizations composing the national reading policy network and to assess their perceived influence among interest groups and policy makers. Results revealed that the national reading policy network is composed of a large number of diverse and active organizations. In addition, there is a strong correlation between the perceptions of policy makers and interest groups with regard to these organizations' influence on national reading policy.
A Critical Analysis of the Cultural and Linguistic Distinctions between Policymakers and Researchers: A Case Study of Policy Development in Florida
Authors: Leslie David W. , Routh Dorothy K.
Published: March 2007

This article posits the mutual inability of policymakers and researchers to communicate in compatible language and compatible imagery. The lack of direct influence of research, and of academics in general, in the policy arena is reconfirmed. Conceptual treatment of several rationales for divergence between two separate cultures the academic and the political is offered, with particular reference to the notion of the "ecology of games" that argues for understanding each side in terms of its own rules and for accepting the discontinuities between the two worlds. Gaps are illuminated with case material from policy-making in Florida, and semantic differentials are developed to further illustrate incompatibilities in language and culture. A critique of efforts to "improve communication" is presented, and a set of tactical adaptations are suggested.
The Allocation of Lottery Revenue to Education in Florida, California, Michigan, and Illinois
Authors: Allen Pamela J.
Published: March 2007

There exists a persistent misperception on the part of the public concerning the intended purposes and actual use of lottery funds. It is suggested that a politics of misperception exists that results from the current conservative political beliefs and actions which hold that the public sector, represented by inefficiencies, bloated bureaucratic structure, and misuse of tax monies, needs to be reduced. To avoid attacks on its legitimacy, government has found that policy tools, such as lotteries, are ideal Generating public funds through lotteries gives the appearance of meeting needs of education while masking the relative drop in more direct tax-based public finance.
Private Citizenship and School Choice
Authors: Johanek Michael
Published: March 2007

The fuzzy nature of the current debate over choice may not be terribly new, reflecting inevitable tensions between private and public goals for education. The dramatic social geographic shifts since World War II, though, may have changed what is now designated "private " and "public" to such an extent that a new public-private arrangement has evolved. This "private citizenship"provides a needed context in which the choice debate can be better understood and productively redirected. The article suggests the origin of private citizenship in recent historical developments, identifies some of its key characteristics, and begins to evaluate its application to school choice.
Cultural Ignorance and School Desegregation: Reconstructing a Silenced Narrative
Authors: Van Dempsey , Noblit George W.
Published: March 2007

This article is an attempt to reconstruct the culture of an historically African-American school and to describe the impact of school closure on that cultural narrative. The authors do this by looking at the history of an African-American school closed in the mid-1970s and its relationship with the community in which it was located. The authors argue that decisions of school desegregation were culturally ignorant of what made African-American schools good and what was culturally and educationally constructive about them. This cultural ignorance led to a loss of important narratives and the lessons about education we might have learned from them.
A Description of Restructuring in Nationally Nominated Schools: Legacy of the Iron Cage?
Authors: Berends Mark , King M. Bruce
Published: March 2007

The rhetoric of restructuring reforms overshadows what we really know about restructured schools. Analyzing data from a nominated sample of restructured schools, this article proposes some relevant dimensions and criteria of restructured schools, and it describes how focused and comprehensive restructuring is in them. For the proposed themes or dimensions of restructured schools-student experiences, professional lives of teachers, governance, and community coordination-schools tended to meet more restructuring criteria in the areas of students and teachers. Significantly fewer nominated schools were restructured in governance and community coordination. Schools tended to be more focused in their restructuring efforts in the areas of teacher professional life and community coordination than in the areas of student experiences and governance. Only 18% (29 of 159) of the schools were comprehensively restructured. If this sample is representative of restructured schools in the United States, restructuring may be much less prevalent than the reform rhetoric suggests.
Will School Finance Reform Improve Education for Disadvantaged Children? Research Issues
Authors: Murnane Richard J.
Published: March 2007

The third part of William Clune's proposed strategy for reforming the role of the states in supporting elementary and secondary education is the development of performance-oriented policies that focus resources on improving student achievement. This article discusses questions central to the design of such policies. The questions concern four areas: curricular goals, assessment strategies, professional development for teachers, and treatment of learning disabled students.
The Roots of Japanese Educational Achievement: Helping Children Develop Bonds to School
Authors: Lewis Catherine C.
Published: March 2007

This article argues that Japanese schools succeed in promoting students' academic achievement because they meet children's human needs, thereby promoting strong, positive, emotional bonds between child and school. Based on the author's research and other sources, nine qualities of Japanese elementary education are outlined that make Japanese elementary schools extraordinarily responsive to children s needs for belonging, contribution, and competence.
The Capability for Enhancing Accountability
Authors: Ginsberg Rick , Berry Barnett
Published: March 2007

Enhancing accountability is a key aspect of current demands for school reform. Much externally driven accountability has not been effective, and internally motivated accountability requires specific organizational capacities. This article examines one poor, rural southeastern American school district to high-light the barriers to effective accountability in a low-achieving district. The study concludes that current accountability models are incapable of altering local practices where needs are probably beyond the scope of educational policy making. Five themes are identified as a set of interrelated micro (district only) and macro (local community) factors affecting efforts at reform. These include racial discord, the power of poverty, the leadership mess, missing ingredients, and unidentified urgency, which together create a dysfunctional local cultural capital that results in an inability to foment significant change. Affecting any of these issues in isolation will not dramatically transform the stifling culture, as change will require altering the micro and macro themes in tandem.
Toxic Spiders of the United States: A Case Report and Discussion
Authors: Fuller Philip R.
Published: March 2007

Although there are over 20,000 species of spiders in the United States serious complications from envenomation is restricted to only two genera: Loxoceles species (i.e., brown recluse type spiders) and Latrodectus species (i.e., black widow type spiders). Loxoceles species venom is primarily cyto/hemo toxic. It produces local necrotic lesions and occasionally systemic reactions including disseminated intravascular coagulation. Latrodectus species venom is primarily neurotoxic with little more than local erythema at the bite site, but with serious systemic effects from paresthesias to paralysis. A horse serum derived antivenin is available for Latrodectus envenomation while surgical intervention is often necessary for large necrotic lesions associated with Loxoceles envenomation.