bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of High-Energy Polymer – Glycidyl Azide Polymer (GAP)
Authors: KASZTANKIEWICZ Anna , KOGUT Aleksandra , JANKIEWICZ Martyna , MAKSIMOWSKI Paweł
Published: July 2018

Glycidyl Azide Polymer (glycidyl polyazide) (GAP) is one of the best known energetic binders, applicable as a component increasing a calorific value of rocket propellants. In this article, a synthesis of GAP is described allowing to obtain a polymer of different molecular masses. The change of a molecular mass can influence on properties of the obtained compounds. The synthesis was carried out according to an active monomer mechanism. The obtained products were characterized using such methods as FTIR, GPC, MALDI-ToF, TG, and NMR.
IR Detection of Impact Places of Projectiles in the Training System “ŚNIEŻNIK”
Authors: ŚWIDERSKI Waldemar , GŁOGOWSKI Tomasz , HŁOSTA Paweł , STĘPNIAK Sławomir
Published: July 2018

Multimedia laser-shooting training systems are more and more frequently used for trainings uniformed services and protective formations. One of the subsequent stages of the development of the “Śnieżnik” system is the possibility of training with weapon and combat ammunition, basing on dynamic scenarios and moving targets displayed on a screen. The paper presents application of IR for detection of the impact place of the projectile of combat or blank ammunition.
Examples of Munitions Developed by the Military Institute of Armament Technology for the Polish Armed Forces
Authors: Bazela Rafał
Published: July 2018

The paper describes some developments made by the Military Institute of Armament Technology and its predecessors in the area of different types of the munitions dedicated for the Polish Armed Forces and other law enforcement services (such as police, border guard, special forces) of the Polish State in 20-th and 21-st centuries. The developments of the scientific-research personnel, made after the changes of political order at the beginning of the 90s, are presented on the background of Institute’s achievements of the former century. The paper presents new solutions made prior to accession of Poland to the North Atlantic Treaty both with later innovative implementations on designing and development of the munitions for the Polish Armed Forces. It has to be stressed that the paper includes information about the newest innovative technological solutions for various types of the munitions (including munitions for tanks, artillery guns, small arms and rocket munitions, flying bombs and UAV warheads
RESULTS OF STUDIES ON DEPENDENCE BETWEEN THE FUNCTIONING OF GAS OPERATED GUN MECHANISMS AND DIAMETER OF ADJUSTING HOLE
Authors: Kijewski Jacek , Leśnik Grzegorz
Published: July 2018

Results of theoretical and experimental studies on the influence of diameter of an adjusting (outflow) hole on the operation of mechanisms of automatic weapons operating on a principle of barrel side hole returning gases are presented in the paper. Experimental investigations were performed on a modified laboratory set-up for testing the functioning of mechanisms of a gas operated rifle. These results were compared with results of simulating studies. Theoretical investigations may limit the scope of experimental tests and save the cost and time of designing the firearms as a satisfactory level of compliance for the results was achieved.
Voice in the discussion about the goals and methods of treatment in Poland of people addicted to opioids
Authors: Banaszak Maria
Published: July 2018

For several years, a debate has been taking place in Poland on the effectiveness and appropriateness of using various methods of treating addiction to psychoactive substances. On one side there are representatives of rehabilitation centres with the assumptions of the therapeutic community, on the other side, advocates of substitution treatment, based on the paradigm of harm reduction. Substitute programs are usually conducted in outpatient clinics. Representatives of stationary treatment are accused that the endeavour of total abstinence is too difficult for patients to achieve; Substitutive programs are criticized for sustaining patients' addiction. At the bottom of the dispute, however, there are two logical errors. First, outpatient and stationary treatments are not competing because they meet the needs of different groups of clients and should be targeted at people who are at a different stage of addiction development. Secondly, non-counselling is the most appropriate place for substitution programs. Around the outpatient clinics, especially those who have a methadone program in their offer, are gathering patients in advance stages of addiction. The contact with people who do not take drugs in a problematic way has many negative consequences. In addition, it has been scientifically proven that benefiting from substitution programs results in harm reduction, but they are not accompanied by significant changes in social and emotional functioning. An optimal solution would be to reorganize substitution treatment and divide it into two streams, depending on the individual goal of the patient - those interested in the low-threshold goal - methadone prescription in out-of-ward care, and for those seeking actual change and abstinence – incorporating substitution programs into the therapeutic community.
Multiple paragangliomas of the head and neck - a case report
Authors: Wojciechowski Tomasz , Drożdż Adrian , Niemczyk Kazimierz
Published: July 2018

Paragangliomas are rare, most commonly non-malignant tumors of the autonomic nervous system. Their location within the head is rather an exception than a rule, similarly as their multifocal prevalence. The authors of this paper present a case of a patient with bi-focal paraganglioma. The first symptom of illness was facial nerve palsy, diagnosed for the period of about 3 years. After making the initial diagnosis of tympanic paraganglioma, the tumor was operated. During the next 7 years, there was a reccurence within the temporal bone. What is more, periodic imaging examination showed a second foci within the neck, moreover asymptomatic. The authors discuss the natural development of paragangliomas in the region of head and neck and present the current knowledge about management of patients with a suspicion, diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
A organização do rastreamento do câncer do colo uterino por uma equipe de Saúde da Família no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
Authors: Maia Melanie Noël , Silva Rhayane Peres de Oliveira da , Santos Laís Pimenta Ribeiro dos
Published: July 2018

Introdução: O rastreamento organizado do câncer do colo do útero ainda é um desafio a ser vencido em todo o Brasil. Objetivo: Descrever a intervenção de uma equipe de Saúde da Família para a melhoria da qualidade das ações de rastreamento desta condição. Métodos: A intervenção foi estruturada a partir das recomendações nacionais para o rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero e das evidências disponíveis na literatura para aumento da participação popular em programas de rastreamento. Funcionalidades do sistema de prontuário eletrônico local foram fundamentais para a viabilização da proposta. A partir da reorientação de práticas assistenciais e administrativas, foi estabelecido e mantido por 15 meses um programa organizado de rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero nesta equipe de Saúde da Família. Resultados: No mês anterior ao início da intervenção, as equipes da unidade de saúde e da área programática apresentavam uma cobertura média de 10% da população alvo rastreada. Ao final de 15 meses, a equipe-intervenção atingiu uma cobertura de 44%, em contraste com a média de 22% das demais equipes da unidade, e 25% da área programática. Conclusões: Quando uma equipe de Saúde da Família empreende esforços para a organização do rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero, bons resultados podem ser alcançados no aumento da cobertura populacional. Esperamos que outras equipes possam se beneficiar da divulgação desta experiência e tomem para si a responsabilidade de organizar o rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero, impactando positivamente sobre a saúde de suas comunidades.
Where Have All the Pledges Gone? An Analysis of ČSSD and ODS Manifesto Promises since 2002 to 2013
Authors: Gregor Miloš
Published: July 2018

There are many studies analysing the ability of parties to enact their election pledges. Most of these focus on established Western democracies and conclude that pledges made by parties that enter the government after elections are more likely to be enacted than those made by parties stuck in opposition. As the ability to keep election promises has important consequences for the quality of democracy, it is important to extend the analyses to the Central and Eastern European countries. We find a lack of such studies, however. This article seeks to make a contribution in this area. In this paper we analyse the case of the Czech Republic from 2002 to the parliamentary elections in 2013. The analysis includes pledges given in electoral manifestos by the two main parties in that period, the Czech Social Democratic Party and the Civic Democratic Party, which alternated in coalition governments. Unlike other studies from this region, we focus on a longer period, not just the last elections, so the results reflect a longer term trend, and not just the current situation. In the total sample of 1800 pledges made by the two parties in three elections we found that there is a larger success rate in keeping promises for the governing party; the ČSSD fulfilled fewer pledges when they were in power than the ODS. Surprisingly, the Social democrats had a greater percentage of enacted pledges while they were in opposition than in government. The analysis shows the shift in the composition of manifestos since the 2006 elections and the thematic composition of pledges and different success ratios among them.
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor in Female Genital Tract
Authors: Shukla Pratibha Sharma , Mittal Khushbakhat
Published: July 2018

Context.—

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor is a mesenchymal neoplasm of low malignant potential. It was first described in lung, but is known to occur in many extrapulmonary sites including female genital organs, most commonly the uterus. It has a high recurrence rate and a low risk for metastasis. A more recently described aggressive variant, epithelioid myofibroblastic sarcoma with a predilection for the abdominal cavity of males, has also been recently reported to occur in the ovary. This tumor is composed of spindled and epithelioid myofibroblasts in a variably myxoid stroma and commonly shows a fascicular growth pattern with positive staining for desmin, smooth muscle actin, and CD10, which may mimic a smooth muscle or endometrial stromal neoplasm. In the female genital tract it has the potential for being misdiagnosed as a leiomyoma, endometrial stromal tumor, or as a myxoid leiomyosarcoma, resulting in undertreatment or overtreatment. It harbors rearrangements in the ALK gene, resulting in abnormal expression of ALK protein. Immunostaining for ALK is a helpful diagnostic tool.

Objective.—

To provide a brief review of clinical, histologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor with emphasis on possible diagnostic pitfalls in the female genital tract.

Data Sources.—

Review of pertinent literature on inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor occurring in the female genital tract and personal experience of the authors.

Conclusions.—

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor in the female genital tract can mimic other more common benign and malignant tumors like leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma, and endometrial stromal sarcoma. Familiarity with clinical and histologic features and use of ALK immunostaining can be critical for correct diagnosis.
Tecnologias geoespaciais e o processo de enfermagem em uma unidade sentinela: relato de experiência
Authors: Friestino Jane Kelly Oliveira , Fantin Magda , Sfredo Thaísa Carla , Busnello Grasiele Fátima
Published: July 2018

Objetivo: relatar a experiência da incorporação da pesquisa dos casos suspeitos de Dengue, Zika vírus e Chikungunya ao processo de enfermagem em uma unidade sentinela de Zika vírus. Método: relato de experiência que utilizou as tecnologias geoespaciais como ferramenta de ensino aprendizagem durante o Estágio Curricular Supervisionado de um curso de graduação em enfermagem feito em uma unidade sentinela. Reuniu-se todas as notificações registradas dos casos e realizou-se o geocodificação do local de residência dos indivíduos. Resultados: novas informações foram produzidas a respeito do endereço de procedência dos indivíduos suspeitos e notou-se que a população atendida reside, em sua maioria, na região compreendida de atendimento já preconizada para a unidade. Conclusões: a experiência contribuiu para a definição de prioridades para as ações relacionadas aos casos de Dengue, Chikungunya e principalmente do Zika vírus, apontando novas possibilidades de uso das tecnologias geoespaciais no desenvolvimento do processo de enfermagem.
Importância do grupo de pesquisa na formação do estudante de enfermagem
Authors: Azevedo Isabelle Campos de , Silva Rita de Cássia Lira da , Carvalho Diana Paula de Souza Rego Pinto , Cruz Giovanna Karinny Pereira , Lima Jéssica Valeska Herculano , Ferreira Júnior Marcos Antonio
Published: July 2018

Objetivo: descrever e discutir as experiências e a importância do grupo de pesquisa para a formação do estudante de Enfermagem. Método: estudo do tipo relato de experiência que aborda o papel do grupo para a formação profissional e pesquisa em enfermagem e apresenta as contribuições que esse espaço de construção do conhecimento propicia aos seus membros. Resultados: os membros do grupo são instigados ao pensamento crítico e têm a oportunidade de relacionar o conhecimento adquirido na universidade com as vivências na realidade e na práxis de enfermagem por meio dos projetos de pesquisa, o que desperta a reflexibilidade sobre diversos contextos. Considerações finais: o envolvimento nos Grupos de Pesquisa permite e facilita o avanço da produção do conhecimento, o que distancia cada vez mais a enfermagem do velho paradigma da “técnica pela técnica” e permite a ação de uma prática pensada/reflexiva.
Hipodermóclise em pacientes com câncer em cuidados paliativos
Authors: Pontalti Gislene , Riboldi Caren De Oliveira , Santos Luciana Dos , Longaray Vanessa Kenne , Guzzo Desirée Amorim , Echer Isabel Cristina
Published: July 2018

Objetivo: analisar o uso da hipodermóclise em pacientes com câncer em cuidados paliativos. Método: estudo transversal descritivo, com objetivo de descrever a experiência da utilização da hipodermóclise em pacientes sob cuidados paliativos, realizado em um hospital universitário do sul do Brasil. A amostra, por conveniência, abrangeu 80 pacientes que internaram em cuidados paliativos entre março/2014 e março/2015. A coleta de dados ocorreu mediante instrumento específico e a análise por estatística descritiva. Resultados: as neoplasias predominantes foram pâncreas 9(11,3%), intestino 8(10%), pulmão 8(10%) e gástrica 8(10%). Entre as indicações para hipodermóclise prevaleceram analgesia 63(78,8%), rede venosa precária 51(63,8%) e intolerância oral 38(47,5%). Dos 21 fármacos prescritos e administrados destacam-se morfina 76(95,0%), metoclopramida 49(61,3%), dipirona 39(48,8%), ondansetrona 29(36,3%) e dexametasona 12(15,0%). Ocorreram 105 punções e nenhuma complicação sistêmica. Considerações finais: a hipodermóclise mostrou-se uma terapêutica medicamentosa eficaz, segura e menos invasiva na prática clínica paliativista.
A vivência do contexto domiciliar por familiares e profissionais de saúde
Authors: Sugiura Silvia Yuri , Caceres Nayla Tamara de Godoi , Lacerda Maria Ribeiro , Tonin Luana , Rodrigues Jessica Alline Pereira , Nascimento Jaqueline Dias do
Published: July 2018

Objetivo: compreender a vivência do contexto domiciliar na perspectiva dos familiares cuidadores e profissionais de saúde. Método: Teoria Fundamentada em Dados desenvolvida em Serviço de Atendimento Domiciliar, coleta realizada de fevereiro a dezembro de 2016, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, com 22 participantes divididos em dois grupos amostrais. Para a análise dos dados realizou-se codificação substantiva e teórica. Resultados: a compreensão do fenômeno se deu por meio das categorias: ingressando no cuidado domiciliar (causa); inter-relacionando-se com a rede social de apoio (estratégia); expressando percepções acerca da vivência do cuidado (condição interveniente) e experienciando aspectos do contexto domiciliar (consequência). Considerações finais: o fenômeno esclarece que a vivência do contexto domiciliar decorre das condições ambientais e físicas da casa que incluem as condições de higiene e segurança, dos aspectos socioeconômicos, relacionais e culturais das famílias e dos recursos disponíveis para o cuidado provenientes das redes sociais de apoio.
Bidirectional encoding of motion contrast in the mouse superior colliculus
Authors: Barchini Jad , Shi Xuefeng , Chen Hui , Cang Jianhua
Published: July 2018

Detection of salient objects in the visual scene is a vital aspect of an animal’s interactions with its environment. Here, we show that neurons in the mouse superior colliculus (SC) encode visual saliency by detecting motion contrast between stimulus center and surround. Excitatory neurons in the most superficial lamina of the SC are contextually modulated, monotonically increasing their response from suppression by the same-direction surround to maximal potentiation by an oppositely-moving surround. The degree of this potentiation declines with depth in the SC. Inhibitory neurons are suppressed by any surround at all depths. These response modulations in both neuronal populations are much more prominent to direction contrast than to phase, temporal frequency, or static orientation contrast, suggesting feature-specific saliency encoding in the mouse SC. Together, our findings provide evidence supporting locally generated feature representations in the SC, and lay the foundations towards a mechanistic and evolutionary understanding of their emergence.
Assessing reliability in neuroimaging research through intra-class effect decomposition (ICED)
Authors: Brandmaier Andreas M , Wenger Elisabeth , Bodammer Nils C , Kühn Simone , Raz Naftali , Lindenberger Ulman
Published: July 2018

Magnetic resonance imaging has become an indispensable tool for studying associations of structural and functional properties of the brain with behavior in humans. However, generally recognized standards for assessing and reporting the reliability of these techniques are still lacking. Here, we introduce a new approach for assessing and reporting reliability, termed intra-class effect decomposition (ICED). ICED uses structural equation modeling of data from a repeated-measures design to decompose reliability into orthogonal sources of measurement error that are associated with different characteristics of the measurements, for example, session, day, or scanning site. This allows researchers to describe the magnitude of different error components, make inferences about error sources, and inform them in planning future studies. We apply ICED to published measurements of myelin content and resting state functional connectivity. These examples illustrate how longitudinal data can be leveraged separately or conjointly with cross-sectional data to obtain more precise estimates of reliability.
TRPV4 is the temperature-sensitive ion channel of human sperm
Authors: Mundt Nadine , Spehr Marc , Lishko Polina V
Published: July 2018

Ion channels control the ability of human sperm to fertilize the egg by triggering hyperactivated motility, which is regulated by membrane potential, intracellular pH, and cytosolic calcium. Previous studies unraveled three essential ion channels that regulate these parameters: (1) the Ca2+ channel CatSper, (2) the K+ channel KSper, and (3) the H+ channel Hv1. However, the molecular identity of the sperm Na+ conductance that mediates initial membrane depolarization and, thus, triggers downstream signaling events is yet to be defined. Here, we functionally characterize DSper, the Depolarizing Channel of Sperm, as the temperature-activated channel TRPV4. It is functionally expressed at both mRNA and protein levels, while other temperature-sensitive TRPV channels are not functional in human sperm. DSper currents are activated by warm temperatures and mediate cation conductance, that shares a pharmacological profile reminiscent of TRPV4. Together, these results suggest that TRPV4 activation triggers initial membrane depolarization, facilitating both CatSper and Hv1 gating and, consequently, sperm hyperactivation.
Control of cyclic oligoadenylate synthesis in a type III CRISPR system
Authors: Rouillon Christophe , Athukoralage Januka S , Graham Shirley , Grüschow Sabine , White Malcolm F
Published: July 2018

The CRISPR system for prokaryotic adaptive immunity provides RNA-mediated protection from viruses and mobile genetic elements. When viral RNA transcripts are detected, type III systems adopt an activated state that licenses DNA interference and synthesis of cyclic oligoadenylate (cOA). cOA activates nucleases and transcription factors that orchestrate the antiviral response. We demonstrate that cOA synthesis is subject to tight temporal control, commencing on target RNA binding, and is deactivated rapidly as target RNA is cleaved and dissociates. Mismatches in the target RNA are well tolerated and still activate the cyclase domain, except when located close to the 3’ end of the target. Phosphorothioate modification reduces target RNA cleavage and stimulates cOA production. The ‘RNA shredding’ activity originally ascribed to type III systems may thus be a reflection of an exquisite mechanism for control of the Cas10 subunit, rather than a direct antiviral defence.
Responses of an oyster host (Crassostrea virginica) and its protozoan parasite (Perkinsus marinus) to increasing air temperature
Authors: Malek Jennafer C. , Byers James E.
Published: July 2018

Background

Changes in climate are predicted to influence parasite and pathogen infection patterns in terrestrial and marine environments. Increases in temperature in particular may greatly alter biological processes, such as host-parasite interactions. For example, parasites could differentially benefit from increased reproduction and transmission or hosts could benefit from elevated immune responses that may mediate or even eliminate infections. In the southeastern United States, the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, is infected by the lethal protozoan parasite, Perkinsus marinus. Under field conditions, intertidal (air-exposed) oysters have been found to have significantly higher P. marinus infection intensity and marginally higher infection prevalence than subtidal (submerged) oysters. During summer, air temperatures are much warmer than water and this exposure of intertidal oysters to higher temperatures is a suggested mechanism for increased infection intensity.

Methods

We simulated intertidal exposure using controlled laboratory experiments to determine how host traits (survival and immune response) and parasite infection intensity will respond to elevated air temperature ranging from 27 °C to 53 °C during emersion at low tide. In Georgia, where our work was conducted, the average summer water temperature is 29 °C and the average maximum high air temperature in July is 33 °C (though oysters have been shown to survive at much higher air temperatures).

Results

Host survival declined as temperature increased, with a definitive drop-off between 39–43 °C. Negative effects of air temperature on host immune response (phagocytic activity) were detectable only at extremely high temperatures (47–50 °C) when hosts were suffering acute mortality. Parasite infection intensity peaked at 35 °C.

Discussion

Our results suggest that an increase in average summer air temperature to 35 °C or higher could affect oyster survival directly through temperature-related impacts in the short-term and indirectly through increased P. marinus infection intensity over the long-term.
Novel inflammatory cell infiltration scoring system to investigate healthy and footrot affected ovine interdigital skin
Authors: Agbaje Michael , Rutland Catrin S. , Maboni Grazieli , Blanchard Adam , Bexon Melissa , Stewart Ceri , Jones Michael A. , Totemeyer Sabine
Published: July 2018

Ovine footrot is a degenerative disease of sheep feet leading to the separation of hoof-horn from the underlying skin and lameness. This study quantitatively examined histological features of the ovine interdigital skin as well as their relationship with pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β) and virulent Dichelobacter nodosus in footrot. From 55 healthy and 30 footrot ovine feet, parallel biopsies (one fixed for histology) were collected post-slaughter and analysed for lesions and histopathological analysis using haematoxylin and eosin and Periodic Acid-Schiff. Histological lesions were similar in both conditions while inflammatory scores mirror IL-1β expression levels. Increased inflammatory score corresponded with high virulent D. nodosus load and was significant (p < 0.0001) in footrot feet with an inflammatory score of 3 compared to scores 1 and 2. In addition, in contrast to healthy tissues, localisation of eubacterial load extended beyond follicular depths in footrot samples. The novel inflammatory cell infiltration scoring system in this study may be used to grade inflammatory response in the ovine feet and demonstrated an association between severity of inflammatory response and increased virulent D. nodosus load.
Structural basis for species‐specific activation of mouse Toll‐like receptor 9
Authors: Ishida Hanako , Ohto Umeharu , Shibata Takuma , Miyake Kensuke , Shimizu Toshiyuki
Published: July 2018

Single‐stranded DNA containing unmethylated cytosine‐phosphate‐guanine (CpG) motifs derived from microorganisms are recognized by Toll‐like receptor (TLR) 9 and activate an innate immune response. TLR9 has two DNA‐binding sites for CpG DNA and DNA containing cytosine at the second position from the 5′‐end; both are required for efficient TLR9 activation in most vertebrate species. However, mouse TLR9 can be dimerized by CpG DNA only, although the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we report the crystal structure of mouse TLR9 complexed with both DNAs. Although most TLR9‐CpG DNA interactions are conserved among species, some are unique to mice and involved in species‐specificity. These findings provide the structural basis for how mouse TLR9 dimerizes efficiently in response to CpG DNA to activate innate immunity.
Viral glycoproteomes: technologies for characterization and outlook for vaccine design
Authors: Bagdonaite Ieva , Vakhrushev Sergey Y. , Joshi Hiren J. , Wandall Hans H.
Published: July 2018

It has long been known that surface proteins of most enveloped viruses are covered with glycans. It has furthermore been demonstrated that glycosylation is essential for propagation and immune evasion for many viruses. The recent development of high‐resolution mass spectrometry techniques has enabled identification not only of the precise structures but also the positions of such post‐translational modifications on viruses, revealing substantial differences in extent of glycosylation and glycan maturation for different classes of viruses. In‐depth characterization of glycosylation and other post‐translational modifications of viral envelope glycoproteins is essential for rational design of vaccines and antivirals. In this Review, we provide an overview of techniques used to address viral glycosylation and summarize information on glycosylation of enveloped viruses representing ongoing public health challenges. Furthermore, we discuss how knowledge on glycosylation can be translated to means to prevent and combat viral infections.
The Interfacial Intermetallic and Shear Strength of Ni Nanoparticle‐Decorated Reduced Graphene Oxide Reinforced Sn2.5Ag0.5Cu Lead‐Free Composite Soldering Joints
Authors: Huo Fupeng , Zhang Keke , Zhang Meng , Wang Huigai
Published: July 2018

The Ni nanoparticle‐decorated reduced graphene oxide (Ni‐rGO) reinforced Sn2.5Ag0.5Cu lead‐free composite solder, as well as the interfacial intermetallic (IMC) and the shear strength of soldering joints, are investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results show that Ni‐rGO can be synthesized by the thermal decomposition method, and the adsorption type between Ni atoms and rGO is chemisorption. When the amount of Ni‐rGO addition reaches 0.05 wt%, the high strength and toughening Ni‐rGO reinforced lead‐free composite solder is obtained, with a tensile strength and elongation of 58.0 MPa and 32.3%, respectively. The growth of the interfacial IMC layers is restrained by the addition of Ni‐rGO, and the highly reliable soldering joints are obtained accordingly. When the amount of Ni‐rGO addition reaches 0.05 wt%, the shear strength of the Ni‐rGO reinforced lead‐free composite solder is 28.1 MPa, which is 26.6% higher than that of the plain Sn2.5Ag0.5Cu soldering joints. With the increase in the amount of Ni‐rGO, the fracture pattern is transforme from a ductile‐brittle mixed fracture to a ductile fracture. Additionally, the fracture pathway shifts from a transition zone, consisting of soldering seam and interfacial IMC, to the direction of the soldering seam.
The Polar/Antipolar Phase Boundary of BiMnO3–BiFeO3–PbTiO3: Interplay among Crystal Structure, Point Defects, and Multiferroism
Authors: Fernández‐Posada Carmen M. , Castro Alicia , Kiat Jean‐Michel , Porcher Florence , Peña Octavio , Jiménez Ricardo , Algueró Miguel , Amorín Harvey
Published: July 2018

The ferromagnetic perovskite oxide BiMnO3 is a highly topical material, and the solid solutions it forms with antiferromagnetic/ferroelectric BiFeO3 and with ferroelectric PbTiO3 result in distinctive polar/nonpolar morphotropic phase boundaries (MPBs). The exploitation of such a type of MPBs could be a novel approach to engineer novel multiferroics with phase‐change magnetoelectric responses, in addition to ferroelectrics with enhanced electromechanical performance. Here, the interplay among crystal structure, point defects, and multiferroic properties of the BiMnO3–BiFeO3–PbTiO3 ternary system at its line of MPBs between polymorphs of tetragonal P4mm (polar) and orthorhombic Pnma (antipolar) symmetries is reported. A strong dependence of the phase coexistence on thermal history is found: phase percentage significantly changes whether the material is quenched or slowly cooled from high temperature. The origin of this phenomenon is investigated with temperature‐dependent structural and physical property characterizations. A major role of the complex defect chemistry, where a Bi/Pb‐deficiency allows Mn and Fe ions to have a mixed‐valence state, in the delicate balance between polymorphs is proposed, and its influence in the magnetic and electric ferroic orders is defined.
Spherical Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on Spring‐Assisted Multilayered Structure for Efficient Water Wave Energy Harvesting
Authors: Xiao Tian Xiao , Liang Xi , Jiang Tao , Xu Liang , Shao Jia Jia , Nie Jin Hui , Bai Yu , Zhong Wei , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: July 2018

Making use of water wave energy at large is one of the most attractive, low‐carbon, and renewable ways to generate electric power. The emergence of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) provides a new approach for effectively harvesting such low‐frequency, irregular, and “random” energy. In this work, a TENG array consisting of spherical TENG units based on spring‐assisted multilayered structure is devised to scavenge water wave energy. The introduction of spring structure enhances the output performance of the spherical TENG by transforming low‐frequency water wave motions into high‐frequency vibrations, while the multilayered structure increases the space utilization, leading to a higher output of a spherical unit. Owing to its unique structure, the output current of one spherical TENG unit could reach 120 µA, which is two orders of magnitude larger than that of previous rolling spherical TENG, and a maximum output power up to 7.96 mW is realized as triggered by the water waves. The TENG array fabricated by integrating four units is demonstrated to successfully drive dozens of light‐emitting diodes and power an electronic thermometer. This study provides a new type of TENG device with improved performance toward large‐scale blue energy harvesting from the water waves.
1D versus 2D Growth of Soluble Acene Crystals from Soluble Acene/Polymer Blends Governed by a Residual Solvent Reservoir in a Phase‐Separated Polymer Matrix
Authors: Lee Jung Hun , Choi Hyun Ho , Park Yeong Don , Anthony John E. , Lim Jung Ah , Cho Jangwhan , Chung Dae Sung , Hwang Jinhyun , Jang Ho Won , Cho Kilwon , Lee Wi Hyoung
Published: July 2018

The growth mechanism of soluble acene is highly dependent on the remaining residual solvent following solution processing. The relationship between the amount of residual solvent and the growth modes of a prototypical soluble acene, 6,13‐bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene (TIPS‐pentacene) are examined under spin casting TIPS‐pentacene/insulating polymer blends. Changing spin time of the blend solution allows to control the amount of residual solvent, which significantly determines the growth modes of TIPS‐pentacene vertically segregated onto the insulating polymer. In situ observation of crystal growth reveals that excess residual solvent in short spin time induces a convective flow in a drying droplet, thereby resulting in 1D growth of TIPS‐pentacene crystals. On the other hand, optimal amount of residual solvent in a moderate spin time results in 2D growth of TIPS‐pentacene crystals. The well‐developed 2D spherulites allow for higher field‐effect mobility than that of the 1D crystals because of the higher perfectness and coverage of TIPS‐pentacene crystals. The use of other types of soluble acene and insulating polymer only changes the kinetics of crystallization, while the transition of growth mode from 1D to 2D is still observed. This general growth mechanism facilitates the understanding of crystallization behavior of soluble acene for the development of high‐performance organic transistors.
Nucleation‐Controlled Plasticity of Metallic Nanowires and Nanoparticles
Authors: Mordehai Dan , David Omer , Kositski Roman
Published: July 2018

Nanowires and nanoparticles are envisioned as important elements of future technology and devices, owing to their unique mechanical properties. Metallic nanowires and nanoparticles demonstrate outstanding size‐dependent strength since their deformation is dislocation nucleation‐controlled. In this context, the recent experimental and computational studies of nucleation‐controlled plasticity are reviewed. The underlying microstructural mechanisms that govern the strength of nanowires and the origin of their stochastic nature are also discussed. Nanoparticles, in which the stress state under compression is nonuniform, exhibit a shape‐dependent strength. Perspectives on improved methods to study nucleation‐controlled plasticity are discussed, as well the insights gained for microstructural‐based design of mechanical properties at the nanoscale.
MOF‐Confined Sub‐2 nm Atomically Ordered Intermetallic PdZn Nanoparticles as High‐Performance Catalysts for Selective Hydrogenation of Acetylene
Authors: Hu Mingzhen , Zhao Shu , Liu Shoujie , Chen Chen , Chen Wenxing , Zhu Wei , Liang Chao , Cheong Weng‐Chon , Wang Yu , Yu Yi , Peng Qing , Zhou Kebin , Li Jun , Li Yadong
Published: July 2018

Controllable synthesis of ultrasmall atomically ordered intermetallic nanoparticles is a challenging task, owing to the high temperature commonly required for the formation of intermetallic phases. Here, a metal–organic framework (MOF)‐confined co‐reduction strategy is developed for the preparation of sub‐2 nm intermetallic PdZn nanoparticles, by employing the well‐defined porous structures of calcinated ZIF‐8 (ZIF‐8C) and an in situ co‐reduction therein. HAADF‐STEM, HRTEM, and EDS characterizations reveal the homogeneous dispersion of these sub‐2 nm intermetallic PdZn nanoparticles within the ZIF‐8C frameworks. XRD, XPS, and EXAFS measurements further confirm the atomically ordered intermetallic phase nature of these sub‐2 nm PdZn nanoparticles. Selective hydrogenation of acetylene evaluation results show the excellent catalytic properties of the sub‐2 nm intermetallic PdZn, which result from the energetically more favorable path for acetylene hydrogenation and ethylene desorption over the ultrasmall particles than over larger‐sized intermetallic PdZn as revealed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Moreover, this protocol is also extendable for the preparation of sub‐2 nm intermetallic PtZn nanoparticles and is expected to provide a novel methodology in synthesizing ultrasmall atomically ordered intermetallic nanomaterials by rationally functionalizing MOFs.
Conjugated Polymer Blends for High Contrast Black‐to‐Transmissive Electrochromism
Authors: Savagian Lisa R. , Österholm Anna M. , Shen Dwanleen Eric , Christiansen Dylan T. , Kuepfert Michael , Reynolds John R.
Published: July 2018

Next‐generation electrochromic technologies, such as dimmable fenestration, eyewear integrated displays, and optical shutters require materials that reversibly transition between highly transmissive and broadly absorbing achromatic states, often with minimal intermediate coloration. In this work, it is shown how the properties of dioxythiophene‐based electrochromic polymers (ECPs) can be leveraged through straightforward color mixing to yield high‐contrast, black‐to‐transmissive materials with low driving voltages (<1 V), extended functional lifetimes, and minimal transient chromaticity. Drawing from a family of five soluble colored‐to‐colorless switching polymers (including ECP‐cyan, ‐green, ‐magenta, ‐yellow, and a newly reported ECP‐orange), three unique cathodically coloring polymer blends are reported, with achromatic neutral states (C*ab
< 5) and integrated optical contrast exceeding 40% across the entire visible spectrum (380–780 nm). By incorporating different high‐gap and dual‐band absorbing ECPs, subtle control is demonstrated over both the extreme and intermediate coloration of the blends. This work showcases how solution coprocessing of ECPs can be used to access highly targeted achromatic hues while also enabling fine‐tuned neutral optical transition between black and transmissive states.
High‐Performance Multilayer Encapsulation for Perovskite Photovoltaics
Authors: Wong‐Stringer Michael , Game Onkar S. , Smith Joel A. , Routledge Thomas J. , Alqurashy Bakhet A. , Freestone Benjamin G. , Parnell Andrew J. , Vaenas Naoum , Kumar Vikas , Alawad Majed O. A. , Iraqi Ahmed , Rodenburg Cornelia , Lidzey David G.
Published: July 2018

An encapsulation system comprising of a UV‐curable epoxy, a solution processed polymer interlayer, and a glass cover‐slip, is used to increase the stability of methylammonium lead triiodide (CH3NH3PbI3) perovskite planar inverted architecture photovoltaic (PV) devices. It is found this encapsulation system acts as an efficient barrier to extrinsic degradation processes (ingress of moisture and oxygen), and that the polymer acts as a barrier that protects the PV device from the epoxy before it is fully cured. This results in devices that maintain 80% of their initial power conversion efficiency after 1000 h of AM1.5 irradiation. Such devices are used as a benchmark and are compared with devices having initially enhanced efficiency as a result of a solvent annealing process. It is found that such solvent‐annealed devices undergo enhanced burn‐in and have a reduced long‐term efficiency, a result demonstrating that initially enhanced device efficiency does not necessarily result in long‐term stability.
Iron‐Catalyzed Synthesis of the Hexahydrocyclopenta[c]furan Core and Concise Total Synthesis of Polyflavanostilbene B
Authors: Wang Xujie , Liu Fu , Yun Juping , Feng Ziming , Jiang Jianshuang , Yang Yanan , Zhang Peicheng
Published: July 2018

The first synthesis of polyflavanostilbene B (1), which has seven contiguous stereocenters including two quaternary carbon centers, from abundant polymeric (−)‐epicatechin gallate on a gram scale in three steps without the use of protecting groups is reported. The key transformations of this strategy include a regioselective and stereoselective substitution of resveratrol to give the 4‐derivative of (−)‐epicatechin 3‐gallate and an iron‐catalyzed cyclization reaction. The possible radical cyclization mechanism in the formation of the hexahydrocyclopenta[c]furan core is also discussed.
Generation and Application of (Diborylmethyl)zinc(II) Species: Access to Enantioenriched gem‐Diborylalkanes by an Asymmetric Allylic Substitution
Authors: Lee Yeosan , Park Jinyoung , Cho Seung Hwan
Published: July 2018

We report the successful generation of (diborylmethyl)zinc(II) species by transmetallation beteween isolable (diborylmethyl)lithium and zinc(II) halide (X=Br, Cl) and their application in the synthesis of enantioenriched gem‐diborylalkanes bearing a stereogenic center at the β‐position of the diboryl groups by an asymmetric allylic substitution reaction. The reaction has a broad substrate scope, and various enantioenriched gem‐diborylalkanes can be obtained in good yields with excellent enantioselectivity. Further elaboration of the enantioenriched gem‐diborylalkanes provides access to a diverse set of valuable chiral building blocks.
Molekularer Rubin unter Druck
Authors: Otto Sven , Harris Joe P. , Heinze Katja , Reber Christian
Published: July 2018

Die intensiv lumineszierenden Chrom(III)‐Komplexe [Cr(ddpd)2]3+ und [Cr(H2tpda)2]3+ zeigen eine überraschende druckinduzierte Rotverschiebung ihrer scharfen Spin‐Flip‐Emissionsbanden von bis zu −15 cm−1 kbar−1 (ddpd=N,N′‐Dimethyl‐N,N′‐dipyridin‐2‐yl‐pyridin‐2,6‐diamin; H2tpda=2,6‐Bis(2‐pyridylamino)pyridin). Diese Verschiebung ist 20‐mal stärker als die des etablierten Druckstandards Rubin Al2O3:Cr3+. Die sehr hohe Quantenausbeute von [Cr(ddpd)2]3+ erlaubt zudem sogar optische Druckmessungen in Wasser und Methanol. Diese einzigartigen Merkmale der molekularen Rubine [Cr(ddpd)2]3+ und [Cr(H2tpda)2]3+ ermöglichen hoch‐empfindliche optische Druckmessungen und eine bislang beispiellose Druckmessung mithilfe eines einzigen molekularen Luminophor‐Typs.
Kinetics of the Same Reaction Monitored over Nine Orders of Magnitude in Concentration: When Are Unique Subensemble and Single‐Turnover Reactivity Displayed?
Authors: Easter Quinn T. , Blum Suzanne A.
Published: July 2018

Essentially no information is known about the behavior of individual molecular catalysts under reaction conditions. This is a result of the averaging inherent to traditional analytical techniques. Herein, a combined fluorescence microscopy and 1H NMR spectroscopy study reveals that unique (that is, non‐ensemble averaged) distributions and time‐variable kinetics from molecular ruthenium catalysts within growing polynorbornene occur and are detectable between 10−9 m and 10−6 m of substrate, surprisingly just 1000‐fold less concentrated than a typical laboratory bench‐scale reaction. The kinetic states governing single‐turnover events are determinable by overlay of the signal arising from individual monomer insertion reactions with that from polymer growth from neighboring catalysts.
Cyclopentene Annulations of Alkene Radical Cations with Vinyl Diazo Species Using Photocatalysis
Authors: Sarabia Francisco J. , Li Qiankun , Ferreira Eric M.
Published: July 2018

A direct (3+2) cycloaddition between alkenes and vinyl diazo reagents using either Cr or Ru photocatalysis is described. The intermediacy of a radical cation species enables a nucleophilic interception by vinyl diazo compounds, a departure from their traditional electrophilic behavior. A variety of cyclopentenes are synthesized using this method, and experimental insights implicate a direct cycloaddition instead of a cyclopropanation/rearrangement process.
Alkali Metal Species in the Reversible Activation of H2
Authors: Xu Maotong , Jupp Andrew R. , Qu Zheng‐Wang , Stephan Douglas W.
Published: July 2018

MP(tBu)2 (M=Li, Na, K), KH and KN(SiMe3)2 are shown to activate HD reversibly. In the case of MP(tBu)2 this leads to isotopic scrambling and the formation of H2, D2, H(D)P(tBu)2 and MH(D) in C6D6. In toluene, KP(tBu)2 reacts with H2 but also leads to isotopic scrambling into the methyl groups of the solvent toluene. DFT calculations reveal that these systems effect H2 activation via cooperative interactions with the Lewis acidic alkali metal and the basic phosphorus, carbanion, or hydride centres, mimicking frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) behaviour.
Discrete Car‐Following Model and its Feedback Control Scheme
Authors: Zhu Wen‐Xing , Zhang Li‐Dong
Published: July 2018

In this paper, we discretize continuous car‐following model into a difference equation. With the use of discrete control theory, the discrete car‐following model was linearized and the impulse transfer function was obtained. Based on the definition of traffic jam, one Lemma was proposed to judge system stability and two theorems were given to judge the non‐jam conditions for controlled and uncontrolled systems. Moreover, the feedback gain was designed for a controlled system. Numerical simulations were conducted to show the validity of the discrete car‐following model and control scheme. The results are in agreement with the theoretical results.
Upregulated IQUB promotes cell proliferation and migration via activating Akt/GSK3β/β‐catenin signaling pathway in breast cancer
Authors: Li Kai , Ma Yan‐bin , Zhang Zun , Tian Yi‐hao , Xu Xiao‐long , He Yan‐qi , Xu Liu , Gao Yang , Pan Wen‐ting , Song Wen‐jing , He Xin , Wei Lei
Published: July 2018

Breast cancer was the highest incidence of tumor in women, which seriously threaten women's health. Our previous study found that the expression of IQUB (IQ motif and ubiquitin domain containing) was significantly increased in the development of breast cancer by transcriptome sequencing. However, there were no studies on the mechanism of IQUB in tumorigenesis. Further study showed that IQUB expression was significantly increased in breast cancer, which had a significantly positive correlation with pathological differentiation of breast cancer by tissue microarray analysis. Furthermore, we also discovered that IQUB overexpression could obviously promote the proliferation and migration of MCF‐7 cells and increase the proportion of MCF‐7 cells in S and G2/M phase in vitro study, while knockdown of IQUB caused inhibition of cell proliferation and migration in MDA‐MB‐231 cells and increased the proportion of MDA‐MB‐231 cells in G1 phase. Furthermore, IQUB overexpression or knockdown combined with treatment of Licl or MG‐132 showed that IQUB activated Akt to promote GSK3β phosphorylation, which in turn activated Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway in breast cancer cells. Taken together, these results indicated that upregulated IQUB promoted breast cancer cell proliferation and migration via activating Akt/GSK3β/β‐catenin signaling pathway, which played an important part in the tumorigenesis and development of breast cancer.