bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dielectric probes for submillimeter and terahertz‐wave range instrumentation and characterizations
Authors: Bayat Khadijeh , Chaudhuri Sujeet K. , Safavi‐Naeini Safieddin
Published: June 2012

In this letter, a new set of silicon probes, at submillimeter and terahertz frequency range, for I/O connectivity and instrumentation applications are introduced.The designed probes are optimized for testing of planar silicon‐based integrated circuits using newly introduced network analyzers, e.g., a PNA‐X. The probes have been optimized for different frequency windows matched to the standard metallic rectangular waveguides (WR‐2, WR‐4, and WR‐6) corresponding to the frequency band of 110–500 GHz and higher. The probes comprised of highly resistive silicon channel waveguides, which are tapered on both sides laterally and vertically. The side of the probes which is coupled to the WR waveguide is tapered laterally and the other end which is used to couple the signal to or out of the sample under the test is tapered vertically with an angle of 54.6°. The probes are pressed (side‐coupled) on the sample under the test. The probing system consisting of the input and output tapers and a channel silicon waveguide as the sample under the test are designed and simulated using HFSS v.12 for three windows of frequencies including 110–170, 170–260, and 325–500 GHz. The simulation results show that the insertion loss and return loss are lower than 3 dB and higher than 15 dB, respectively; which are much better than the losses of commercially available high frequency probes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:2095–2098, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27003
Scalable optical serial to parallel converter based on prechirped pulse probe and cross‐phase modulation in fiber
Authors: Yu Jinlong , Luo Jun , Wang Wenrui , Guo Jingzhong , Yang Enze
Published: June 2012

We proposed and demonstrated 40–4 × 10 Gb/s optical serial to parallel converter based on the prechirped pulse probe and the fiber cross‐phase modulation‐based optical gate. We further show the potential to extend the demonstrated scheme to larger than 8 parallelization scale. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:2108–2110, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27006
Broadband series‐fed two dipole array antenna with an integrated balun for mobile communication applications
Authors: Yeo Junho , Lee Jong‐Ig
Published: June 2012

A broadband series‐fed two dipole array antenna is presented for mobile‐base station applications covering the frequency bands for 2G, 3G, and long‐term evolution systems.Two printed‐strip dipole antennas with different lengths backed by a ground reflector are connected through a coplanar stripline, and an integrated balun consisting of a microstrip line and slot line is used to match the input impedance of the antenna to the 50 Ω feed line. Experimental results show that for a voltage standing wave ratio < 2, the proposed antenna presents a 49% bandwidth in the range of 1.7–2.8 GHz, a stable gain of 5.5–6.3 dBi, and a front‐to‐back ratio of 12–17 dB. Thus, the proposed antenna is suitable as a broadband base station element antenna, covering all mobile frequency bands. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:2166–2168, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27009
Circularly polarized slot antenna design and analysis using magnetic current distribution for rfid reader applications
Authors: Chen Hua‐Ming , Chiu Kuo‐Yung , Lin Yi‐Fang , Yeh Shu‐An
Published: June 2012

A microstrip‐to‐slotline transition technique is presented, for the coupling of a circularly polarized circular slot antenna in the ultrahigh frequency band.The fundamental TE11 mode of the circular slot antenna is investigated, using the magnetic current flow in the slot. In the proposed design, circular polarization (CP) is generated using a proper c‐strip metal, within the circular slot structure, and connecting a strip metal to the circular slot edge, at −45° to the feeding slotline. The direct slotline feed is coupled to a 50‐Ω microstrip line, on the opposite side of the substrate. Simulated and measured results indicate that the proposed structure achieves good CP radiation, in the TE11 mode. The impedance bandwidth and the 3‐dB axial‐ratio bandwidth for the design are approximately 22.1% and 2.5%, respectively. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:2016–2023, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27013
Novel dual‐band RFID antenna configuration with independent tuning adjustment
Authors: Grilo M. , Arnold F. J. , Gonçalves M. S. , Bravo‐Roger L. L. , Moretti A. , Lima I. T.
Published: June 2012

We propose a novel dual‐band radio frequency identification (RFID) microstrip antenna that has a similar performance in dual bands that can be independently tuned. The return loss of the dual‐band antenna is less than −10 dB between 890 and 965 MHz and 2.33 and 2.51 GHz. The simplicity of this microstrip dual band antenna layout makes it particularly suitable for low‐cost RFID production. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:2214–2217, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27025
Influence of device dimension and gate recess on the characteristics of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors
Authors: Lee Jong‐Min , Yoon Hyung‐Sup , Min Byoung‐Gue , Mun Jae‐Kyoung , Nam Eunsoo
Published: June 2012

In this article, a gate recessed AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) was developed using 4‐in. compound semiconductor process. We designed and fabricated four types of AlGaN/GaN HEMT to characterize the performance of devices. The effects of the gate recess depth and the device dimension of AlGaN/GaN HEMT are demonstrated. We present the scaling effect of the source‐gate and the drain‐gate enhancing the drain current and the transconductance. In addition, the current collapse was measured to estimate the trap effect in the surface and the buffer layer. Moreover, the comparison of RF performance of HEMT with different structure designs was performed. Based on these results, the optimization and the improvement of gate recessed GaN devices can be defined. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:2103–2106, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27036
Temperature influence on polarization effects in optical fibers
Authors: Bessa dos Santos A. , Borghi G. , de Faria G. Vilela
Published: June 2012

The differential group delay (DGD) behavior of single‐mode optical fibers was analyzed with regards to temperature variation. It was observed that the DGD curve shape along the wavelength axis could change if the fiber was submitted to high‐temperature values. The study was carried out under laboratory conditions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:2070–2074, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com.). DOI 10.1002/mop.27038
The Impact of Appearance Concerns on Depression and Anxiety in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: McBain Hayley , Shipley Michael , Newman Stanton ,   members of the Appearance Research Collaboration (ARC)
Published: June 2012

Objectives

Increased levels of anxiety and depression are commonly reported by patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in comparison to the general population. Rather than the clinical features of the disease, this difference has been attributed to psychosocial factors. Patients with RA can develop joint swelling and disfigurement as a direct result of the disease, and experience concerns about their altered appearance. This study aimed to identify if appearance‐specific issues contribute to our understanding of mood in RA, over and above demographic, functional and generalized psychosocial measures.

Methods

A total of 89 patients with RA completed a series of psychosocial questionnaires measuring demographics, physical function, general cognitive processes and a number of appearance‐specific concepts, to determine the contribution of appearance concerns to mood.

Results

Hierarchical linear regression suggested that living status, optimism, social support and appearance‐related social anxiety and avoidance are associated with levels of depression. The relationship between social support and depression was found to be mediated by appearance‐related social anxiety and avoidance. Optimism remained the only variable significantly associated with anxiety.

Conclusion

These findings confirm the role of optimistic cognitions and a supportive environment in determining the mood of patients with RA and also establishes a possible link between depression and appearance concerns in this population. Interventions targeting social support, optimism and social anxiety and avoidance in relation to appearance are key in the improvement of depression in this patient group. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrophysiological subtypes and prognosis of Guillain–Barré syndrome in Northeastern China
Authors: Ye Yuqin , Wang Keren , Deng Fang , Xing Yingqi
Published: June 2012

Introduction:

The purpose of this study was to assess the electrophysiological subtypes and prognosis of Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) in northeastern China.

Methods:

Ninety‐nine patients with GBS were recruited between 2006 and 2010 and retrospectively reviewed.

Results:

Sixty‐seven percent of patients had acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP). Patients with acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) had more severe symptoms at onset of GBS, and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) was less effective in these patients. The prognosis may have been associated with the severity of the illness and did not differ between AMAN and AIDP patients. Abnormal motor nerve conduction studies (NCS) of the lower limbs and sensory NCS of the upper limbs with normal sural sensory nerve studies were the main electrophysiological features of AIDP.

Conclusions:

AIDP is the main subtype of GBS, and it has specific electrophysiological characteristics in northeastern China. The prognosis of patients with AMAN was similar to that of patients with AIDP. Moreover, IVIg was more effective in patients with AIDP. Muscle Nerve, 2013
Fatigue and daytime sleepiness scale in myotonic dystrophy type 1
Authors: Hermans Mieke C.E. , Merkies Ingemar S.J. , Laberge Luc , Blom Eveline W. , Tennant Alan , Faber Catharina G.
Published: June 2012

Introduction: Fatigue and excessive daytime sleepiness are frequent complaints in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) that often overlap. We aimed to construct a combined fatigue and daytime sleepiness rating scale for DM1 using the Rasch measurement model. Methods: Questionnaires, including the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Fatigue Severity Scale, and Daytime Sleepiness Scale, were completed by 354 patients. Data were subjected to Rasch analyses and tested for required measurement issues such as appropriate response categories, absence of item bias, local independence, and unidimensionality. Results: The initial 22 items did not meet Rasch model expectations. After rescoring and removing misfitting items, the final 12‐item scale showed good model fit and unidimensionality. High internal consistency (person separation index = 0.80) and validity were demonstrated. Conclusions: The Rasch‐built Fatigue and Daytime Sleepiness Scale, developed specifically for DM1 patients, provides interval measures on a single continuum. Its use is suggested for future clinical trials and therapeutic follow‐up. Muscle Nerve, 2013
An in vivo ultrahigh field 14.1 T 1H‐MRS study on 6‐OHDA and α‐synuclein‐based rat models of Parkinson's disease: GABA as an early disease marker
Authors: Coune P. G. , Craveiro M. , Gaugler M. N. , Mlynárik V. , Schneider B. L. , Aebischer P. , Gruetter R.
Published: June 2012

The detection of Parkinson's disease (PD) in its preclinical stages prior to outright neurodegeneration is essential to the development of neuroprotective therapies and could reduce the number of misdiagnosed patients. However, early diagnosis is currently hampered by lack of reliable biomarkers. 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) offers a noninvasive measure of brain metabolite levels that allows the identification of such potential biomarkers. This study aimed at using MRS on an ultrahigh field 14.1 T magnet to explore the striatal metabolic changes occurring in two different rat models of the disease. Rats lesioned by the injection of 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) in the medial‐forebrain bundle were used to model a complete nigrostriatal lesion while a genetic model based on the nigral injection of an adeno‐associated viral (AAV) vector coding for the human α‐synuclein was used to model a progressive neurodegeneration and dopaminergic neuron dysfunction, thereby replicating conditions closer to early pathological stages of PD. MRS measurements in the striatum of the 6‐OHDA rats revealed significant decreases in glutamate and N‐acetyl‐aspartate levels and a significant increase in GABA level in the ipsilateral hemisphere compared with the contralateral one, while the αSyn overexpressing rats showed a significant increase in the GABA striatal level only. Therefore, we conclude that MRS measurements of striatal GABA levels could allow for the detection of early nigrostriatal defects prior to outright neurodegeneration and, as such, offers great potential as a sensitive biomarker of presymptomatic PD. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An invariant subspace‐based approach to the random eigenvalue problem of systems with clustered spectrum
Authors: Ghosh Debraj , Ghanem Roger
Published: June 2012

The repeated or closely spaced eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of a matrix are usually very sensitive to a perturbation of the matrix, which makes capturing the behavior of these eigenpairs very difficult. Similar difficulty is encountered in solving the random eigenvalue problem when a matrix with random elements has a set of clustered eigenvalues in its mean. In addition, the methods to solve the random eigenvalue problem often differ in characterizing the problem, which leads to different interpretations of the solution. Thus, the solutions obtained from different methods become mathematically incomparable. These two issues, the difficulty of solving and the non‐unique characterization, are addressed here. A different approach is used where instead of tracking a few individual eigenpairs, the corresponding invariant subspace is tracked. The spectral stochastic finite element method is used for analysis, where the polynomial chaos expansion is used to represent the random eigenvalues and eigenvectors. However, the main concept of tracking the invariant subspace remains mostly independent of any such representation. The approach is successfully implemented in response prediction of a system with repeated natural frequencies. It is found that tracking only an invariant subspace could be sufficient to build a modal‐based reduced‐order model of the system. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
INSTITUTIONAL SUBVERSION AND DEFORESTATION: LEARNING LESSONS FROM THE SYSTEM FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL LICENCING OF RURAL PROPERTIES IN MATO GROSSO
Authors: Rajão Raoni , Azevedo Andrea , Stabile Marcelo C. C.
Published: June 2012

This article contributes to the public administration and environmental governance literature by proposing the notion of ‘institutional subversion’ as a way of describing how the strategies adopted by local actors may change and even go against the initial aims of institutional development initiatives. The article discusses the case of the system for the environmental licencing of rural properties (SLAPR), an institutional development initiative by the state government of Mato Grosso in the south‐eastern portion of the Brazilian Amazon. It will be shown that even though this initiative has earned the status of ‘best practice’ in controlling deforestation, a closer look at SLAPR reveals that it has led to contradictory outcomes. During the first 8 years of SLAPR, it had no significant impact on reducing deforestation and, in some cases, even permitted the increase of total deforestation by providing authorization for this. According to an institutional analysis of the case study, the article draws particular conclusions that could be relevant to public administrators in the region and in other countries. In particular, it is argued that by accepting the possibility of institutional subversion, public administrators may become more attentive to unexpected consequences and be able to take corrective action. Furthermore, in order to avoid institutional subversion, public administrators should integrate institutional initiatives into broader governmental, technological and economical dimensions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The roles of behavioural activation and inhibition among young adults engaging in self‐injury
Authors: Jenkins Abigail L. , Seelbach Abigail C. , Conner Bradley T. , Alloy Lauren B.
Published: June 2012

Non‐suicidal self‐injury (NSSI) is a prevalent behaviour, particularly among young adults. Little is known, however, about the mechanisms underlying NSSI or the personality correlates of these behaviours. The goal of this study was to examine the roles of the behavioural activation and inhibition systems (BAS and BIS) in NSSI. A total of 604 undergraduates completed two self‐report measures of BAS and BIS, as well as NSSI history. Logistic and negative binomial linear regressions were used to examine the relationships between measures of BAS and BIS and the presence and course characteristics of NSSI. Approximately 30% of participants reported a history of NSSI. High scores on BAS (drive, reward and fun seeking), combined with low scores on BIS total, predicted NSSI history. However, the opposite was also true, with high levels of BIS total, combined with low levels of BAS (drive, reward and fun seeking), also predicting NSSI history. In addition, several BAS by BIS interactions predicted an NSSI course characterized by more acts and methods used. This study supports the roles of both BAS and BIS in NSSI and takes the first step in identifying how these personality correlates may help identify individuals at risk for NSSI. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanistic investigations in α‐hydroxycarbonyls reduction by BH4‐
Authors: Marincean Simona , Fritz Michael , Scamp Ryan , Jackson James E.
Published: June 2012

BH4‐, a well‐known and widely used reducing agent for carbonyl compounds, has been reported to have the ability to participate in dihydrogen bonding, an interaction with applications in catalysis, stereoselectivity and crystal engineering. Specifically, α‐hydroxycarbonyls are activated for reduction by dihydrogen bonding that occurs between BH4‐ and hydroxyl group. We explored the effect of the interaction on the mechanism of these reactions by examining their activation parameters. We found that dihydrogen bonding activates α‐hydroxycyclopentanone for reduction with NBu4BH4 by lowering the activation enthalpy by 6.6 kcal/mol. While the activation entropy is a significant component of the barrier, the changes resulting from the occurrence of dihydrogen bonding are manifested predominantly in the enthalpy term. Computational studies suggest that, while internal hydrogen bonding is allowed by the flexibility of the carbon backbone, that interaction is outweighed by dihydrogen bonding once BH4‐ is present in the system. Experimentally, a red shift of the hydroxyl frequency is observed upon addition of BH4‐ to the reaction mixture, suggesting a dihydrogen bonding interaction. The flexibility of the substrate's skeleton or the selectivity of the hydride sites in BH4‐ does not account for the lack of directing effect of the dihydrogen bonding. When a substrate with a rigid naphthalene backbone moiety, 2‐hydroxyacenaphthylen‐1(2H)‐one, is reduced, the stereochemical outcome is very similar to the one corresponding to the α‐hydroxycyclopentanone. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In Situ Thermometry in Noble Gas Dielectric Barrier Discharges at Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Wertheimer Michael R. , Saoudi Bachir , Ahlawat Meenu , Kashyap Raman
Published: June 2012

Atmospheric pressure (AP) dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) are increasingly used to treat thermally‐sensitive materials. Reliable measurements of the kinetic gas temperature, T, are therefore of capital importance. Spectroscopically determined rotational temperatures, Trot, are often tacitly assumed to be equal to T. Here, we measured T with fibre‐optic instrumentation that is a priori immune towards high voltages and high‐frequency electromagnetic fields generally encountered in plasmas. Finding Trot > T in AP glow discharge (APGD) DBDs in He and Ne, we believe that Trot ≈ T only during the short (≈ µs) current peaks that characterize APGD. Therefore, T represents the time‐averaged gas temperature; calorimetric measurements using a thermocouple buried in an electrode support this view.

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Cooperative emission from nuclei: The collective Lamb shift and electromagnetically induced transparency
Authors: Röhlsberger R.
Published: June 2012

The narrow nuclear resonances of Mössbauer isotopes constitute almost ideal two‐level systems to study cooperative effects in the interaction of x‐rays with matter. Embedding an ensemble of resonant Mössbauer nuclei into a planar cavity facilitates the excitation of superradiant oscillatory eigenmodes via pulses of synchrotron radiation. These modes exhibit a large collective Lamb shift that can be controlled via the excitation conditions and the cavity geometry. Cooperative emission in connection with the radiative coupling of two resonant ensembles in a cavity leads to electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). This contribution gives a review on cooperative effects in nuclear resonant scattering of synchrotron radiation. Special emphasis is given to the basic principles of recent experiments that led to the observation of the collective Lamb shift and EIT with nuclear resonances in the regime of hard x‐rays.
Non‐geometric fluxes in supergravity and double field theory
Authors: Andriot D. , Hohm O. , Larfors M. , Lüst D. , Patalong P.
Published: June 2012

In this paper we propose ten‐dimensional realizations of the non‐geometric fluxes Q and R. In particular, they appear in the NSNS Lagrangian after performing a field redefinition that takes the form of a T‐duality transformation. Double field theory simplifies the computation of the field redefinition significantly, and also completes the higher‐dimensional picture by providing a geometrical role for the non‐geometric fluxes once the winding derivatives are taken into account. The relation to four‐dimensional gauged supergravities, together with the global obstructions of non‐geometry, are discussed.
Cooperativity in light scattering by cold atoms
Authors: Bienaimé T. , Bachelard R. , Piovella N. , Kaiser R.
Published: June 2012

A cloud of cold N two‐level atoms driven by a resonant laser beam shows cooperative effects both in the scattered radiation field and in the radiation pressure force acting on the cloud center‐of‐mass. The induced dipoles synchronize and the scattered light presents superradiant and/or subradiant features. We present a quantum description of the process in terms of a master equation for the atomic density matrix in the scalar, Born‐Markov approximations, reduced to the single‐excitation limit. From a perturbative approach for weak incident field, we derive from the master equation the effective Hamiltonian, valid in the linear regime. We discuss the validity of the driven timed Dicke ansatz and of a partial wave expansion for different optical thicknesses and we give analytical expressions for the scattered intensity and the radiation pressure force on the center of mass. We also derive an expression for collective suppression of the atomic excitation and the scattered light by these correlated dipoles.
MULTISTAGE ANALYSIS OF HYDROLOGIC ALTERATIONS IN THE YELLOW RIVER, CHINA
Authors: Sun T. , Feng M. L.
Published: June 2012

Natural river flow regimes provide an array of ecological and social functions by sustaining the health of riverine ecosystems. To identify the hydrologic alterations in the lower Yellow River basin caused by natural factors and human activities, we developed multistage hydrologic analysis to investigate the temporal variability of the river's flow regimes. We used a cumulative departure curve and Mann–Whitney–Pettitt nonparametric tests to determine possible change points based on hydrologic data from 1950 to 2006. We then used the range of variability approach to characterize and to quantify the temporal variability of the hydrologic regimes that were associated with perturbations such as dam operation, flow diversions or intensive conversion of land use within the watershed. In the case study, three stages in hydrologic alterations of the flow regime were found: a stage without human impacts, a stage with excessive human impacts and a reservoir‐regulation stage. Our results indicated that (i) after 1997, dam operation efficiently achieved flood control using sediment regulation activities; (ii) although effective in flood control, the Xiaolangdi Reservoir could not handle situations with extremely low flow, such as during droughts; and (iii) under the arid climate of the Yellow River basin, water consumption by agriculture was the main cause of water shortages. The current study shows that multistage hydrologic analysis can greatly assist regional water resources management and the restoration of riparian eco‐environmental systems affected by dam construction under a changing environment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social contagion theory: examining dynamic social networks and human behavior
Authors: Christakis Nicholas A. , Fowler James H.
Published: June 2012

Here, we review the research we have conducted on social contagion. We describe the methods we have employed (and the assumptions they have entailed) to examine several datasets with complementary strengths and weaknesses, including the Framingham Heart Study, the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, and other observational and experimental datasets that we and others have collected. We describe the regularities that led us to propose that human social networks may exhibit a ‘three degrees of influence’ property, and we review statistical approaches we have used to characterize interpersonal influence with respect to phenomena as diverse as obesity, smoking, cooperation, and happiness. We do not claim that this work is the final word, but we do believe that it provides some novel, informative, and stimulating evidence regarding social contagion in longitudinally followed networks. Along with other scholars, we are working to develop new methods for identifying causal effects using social network data, and we believe that this area is ripe for statistical development as current methods have known and often unavoidable limitations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metal Corrosion for Nanofabrication
Authors: Yu Hai‐Dong , Zhang Zhongping , Han Ming‐Yong
Published: June 2012

The annual cost of corrosion has been increasing globally, and it has now reached beyond 3% of the world's gross domestic product. It remains a challenge to reduce or prevent unwanted corrosion effectively after many decades of effort. Nowadays, more efforts are being made to develop anti‐corrosion platforms for decreasing the huge cost of corrosion. In parallel, it is also highly expected to be able to use corrosion for producing useful materials with reduced energy consumption. In this review, recent progress in how methods for controlling metal corrosion can be used to produce structure‐diversified nanomaterials are summarized along with a presentation of their applications. As a valuable addition to the scientists’ toolbox, metal corrosion strategies can be applied to different metals and their alloys for the production of various nanostructured materials; this also provides insights into how metal corrosion can be further prevented and into how corrosion wastage can be reduced.
Pathway programs to life after college
Authors: McAtee Jim F.
Published: June 2012

Programs are one avenue for preparing students for after‐college life. General principles, theories, and examples of such programs are discussed here.
Four programmatic approaches to assisting students' transition from college
Authors: Diepenbrock Amy , Gibson Wanda
Published: June 2012

This chapter describes four programs designed to assist students in the transition to after‐college life.
Overview of curricular approaches
Authors: Hartz Cameo V. , Parker Jill
Published: June 2012

Institutions use both programmatic and curricular approaches to address students' transition to life after college. While Chapter Four discusses the programmatic approaches, this chapter provides an overview of the curricular approaches.
Looking forward: New challenges and opportunities
Authors: Bushnell Elizabeth J.
Published: June 2012

This chapter looks ahead to consider changes in higher education and other social arenas that might offer challenges and opportunities that can inform how student affairs practitioners and faculty colleagues assist students in preparing for after‐college life.
On Being Green: Can Flow Chemistry Help?
Authors: Ley Steven V.
Published: June 2012

The principles of Green Chemistry are important but challenging drivers for most modern synthesis programs. To meet these challenges new flow chemistry tools are proving to be very effective by providing improved heat/mass transfer opportunities, lower solvent usage, less waste generation, hazardous compound containment, and the possibility of a 24/7 working regime. This machine‐assisted approach can be used to effect repetitive or routine scale‐up steps or when combined with reagent and scavenger cartridges, to achieve multi‐step synthesis of complex natural products and pharmaceutical agents. DOI 10.1002/tcr.201100041
Self‐development
Authors: Kim Koh Jessie Bee , Wang Qi
Published: June 2012

The self is a multifaceted and complex construct. Each facet of the self and the interrelations between them are examined to understand ‘what is self.’ The neurocognitive, social, and cultural mechanisms underlying the development of self as extended in time and as a meaning system are further examined to understand how children come to acquire a sense of who they are. This includes when and how young children attain cognitive self‐awareness, remember past experiences and imagine future happenings, and acquire a cultural self. The final analysis focuses on the executive function of the self with regard to how children come to emotionally react to and regulate the self. WIREs Cogn Sci 2012 doi: 10.1002/wcs.1187

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Development and Aging
Genetic measures confirm familial relationships and strengthen study design
Authors: Robinson Stacie J. , Walrath Ryan D. , Van Deelen Timothy R. , VerCauteren Kurt C.
Published: June 2012

Social structure and behavioral interactions between individuals shape basic biological processes, such as breeding; foraging and predator avoidance; movement and dispersal; and disease transmission. We used a targeted trapping strategy to capture kin groups of white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) during 2007 and 2008 in Sandhill Wildlife Research Area, Wisconsin, USA, in order to observe social behaviors. Because inferring family relationships from observation of behavior is subjective, we used measures of genetic relatedness and parentage assignment tests to determine that our capture strategy was efficient for capturing related pairs (78% of groups contained ≥1 dyad of related animals). The results of our genetic tests verified that study animals were related; therefore, our capture strategy was successful and the assumptions of the research design were met. This demonstrates both the utility of a targeted sampling approach, and the importance of genetic techniques to verify relationships among animals, especially when kin association forms a basis for further biological study or management action. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Degeneration of groups of type E
7 and minimal coupling in supergravity
Authors: Ferrara Sergio , Kallosh Renata , Marrani Alessio
Published: June 2012

Abstract

We study properties of D = 4
$$ \mathcal{N} \geqslant {2} $$
extended supergravities (and related compactifications of superstring theory) and their consistent truncation to the phenomenologically interesting models of
$$ \mathcal{N} = {1} $$
supergravity. This involves a detailed classification of the “degenerations” of the duality groups of type E
7, when the corresponding quartic invariant polynomial built from the symplectic irreducible representation of G4 “degenerates” into a perfect square. With regard to cosmological applications, minimal coupling of vectors in consistent truncation to
$$ \mathcal{N} = {1} $$
from higher-dimensional or
$$ {\text{higher}} - \mathcal{N} $$
theory is non-generic. On the other hand, non-minimal coupling involving vectors coupled to scalars and axions is generic. These features of supergravity, following from the electric-magnetic duality, may be useful in other applications, like stabilization of moduli, and in studies of non-perturbative black-hole solutions of supergravity/string theory.
Therapeutic strategies for hepatic metastasis of colorectal cancer: overview
Authors: Sugihara Kenichi , Uetake Hiroyuki
Published: June 2012

To determine the treatment strategy for hepatic metastases of colorectal cancer, it is important to take into account whether metastases are still localized in the liver, or whether the tumor has metastasized throughout the body. For liver‐limited metastasis, hepatectomy is the therapeutic strategy that offers the best prospect of improving a patient's prognosis if the case is deemed resectable. In cases when surgery is not indicated for hepatic metastases of colorectal cancer, chemotherapy is the first‐choice treatment. Chemotherapy for colorectal cancer has made vast strides in recent years through advances such as the development of molecular targeted drugs. In cases where chemotherapy is effective and surgical resection becomes possible (conversion chemotherapy), the long‐term prognosis may be good. The value of preoperative chemotherapy in resectable cases (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) has also been reported. The improvement in prognosis achieved by eradicating tiny latent metastases is important in conversion therapy, as well as in neoadjuvant chemotherapy. It will be important to achieve further improvements in the prognoses of patients with hepatic metastases of colorectal cancer through a combination of advances in diagnostic imaging, improvements in surgical techniques, and more effective chemotherapy treatments.
Factors predicting survival after post‐transplant hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence
Authors: Toso Christian , Cader Sonia , Mentha‐Dugerdil Ariane , Meeberg Glenda , Majno Pietro , Morard Isabelle , Giostra Emiliano , Berney Thierry , Morel Philippe , Mentha Gilles , Kneteman Norman M.
Published: June 2012

Background

Although factors associated with an increased risk of recurrence after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been extensively studied, the history of patients with a post‐transplant recurrence is poorly known.

Methods

Patients experiencing a post‐transplant HCC recurrence from 1996 to 2011 in two transplant programs were included. Demographic, transplant, and post‐recurrence variables were assessed.

Results

Thirty patients experienced an HCC recurrence—22 men and 8 women with a mean age of 55 ± 6 years. Sixteen (53 %) were outside the Milan criteria at the time of transplantation. Most recurrences (60 %) appeared within the first 18 months after transplantation, ranging between 1.7 and 109 months (median 14.2 months). Mean post‐recurrence survival was 33 ± 31 months. On univariate analysis, total tumor volume (TTV;p = 0.047), microvascular invasion (p = 0.011), and time from transplant to recurrence (p = 0.001) predicted post‐recurrence survival. On multivariate analysis, both time from transplant to recurrence (p = 0.001) and history of rejection (p = 0.043), but not the location of the recurrence or the type of recurrence treatment, predicted post‐recurrence survival.

Conclusion

This study suggests that patients with early post‐transplant HCC recurrence have worse outcomes. Those with a history of graft rejection have better survivals, possibly due to more active anti‐cancer immunity.
Anorexia, undernutrition, weight loss, sarcopenia, and cachexia of aging
Authors: Hao Ruirui , Guo Hong
Published: June 2012

During the period between 2000 and 2030, the number of persons older than 65 years is projected to grow from 550 to 937 million worldwide. Globally, this growth represents an increase from 6.9 to 12 %. Studies have found that 74.6 % of women and 67.4 % of men aged 65 years or older suffer from many clinical and subclinical syndromes and problems, including anorexia, undernutrition, weight loss, sarcopenia, and cachexia, which are often overlooked or managed inadequately. These issues are very common in the elder. The key clinical question is whether these changes in the elder are distinct entities or an interdependent continuum. In this article, we reviewed these issues of related basic, clinical knowledge. The purpose of this review is to enhance the recognition of anorexia, undernutrition, weight loss, sarcopenia, and cachexia.
A New Method for Clearing Dyed Polyester Fabrics by Gemini Cationic Surfactants
Authors: Safa Matin , Gharanjig Kamaladin , Khajavi Ramin , Jalili Mojtaba
Published: June 2012

In the study, a new treatment with cationic surfactants was proposed to remove deposited disperse dyes from polyester fabrics as an alternative to the traditional reduction clearing process. For this purpose, dodecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and two gemini cationic surfactants (12‐4‐12 and 14‐4‐14) were investigated and the optimum operating conditions were obtained using a central composite design. Findings indicated that gemini cationic surfactants can be considered as the best candidates to remove deposited disperse dyes from polyester fabrics. This was confirmed by the results of the scanning electron microscope images, fastness properties and spectrophotometry.
Molekulare Karyotypisierung in der Diagnostik neurokognitiver Entwicklungsstörungen
Authors: Oneda B. , Rauch A.
Published: June 2012

Die Ursache neurokognitiver Entwicklungsstörungen mit Intelligenzminderung stellt eine der häufigsten Fragestellungen in der genetischen Sprechstunde dar. Obwohl mehr als 400 krankheitsverursachende Einzelgendefekte bekannt sind, machen Chromosomenaberrationen derzeit den größten Anteil der bekannten Ursachen aus. Mittels hochauflösender Array-Techniken lassen sich nach Ausschluss des Down-Syndroms bei unselektionierten Patienten in 18% der Fälle relevante chromosomale Imbalancen nachweisen, wobei die Aberrationen nur in 4% der Fälle auch primär mikroskopisch sichtbar wären. Mit zunehmender Auflösung steigt jedoch auch die Rate an detektierten Kopienzahl-Normvarianten, welche die Beurteilung der Befunde erschweren können. Indikatoren für krankheitsrelevante Aberrationen sind Aberrationsgröße, Gengehalt und Segregation innerhalb der Familie. Eine Kausalität kann letztlich aber nur dann belegt werden, wenn Vergleichsfälle mit ähnlichem Genotyp und Phänotyp vorliegen.
The Economy in an Evolving Twenty-first Century Paradigm: Society at a Crossroads
Authors: Grech John C.
Published: June 2012

The process of European integration, and the state of the eurozone in particular, seem to be in crisis. However, it is not only the European dream that appears to be challenged. Although there have been a number of success stories in newly developed countries, the global system is facing the issues of poverty, corruption and global warming in addition to the recent financial meltdown and slowing of the world economy. One wonders if we are witnessing a major world crisis that suggests the need for major and fundamental change. There may well be a general misalignment between the technology that humanity has managed to create and the speed of innovation on the one hand, and the rate of social and economic adjustment on the other. The developments in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) are of particular relevance here. These developments are creating a new reality and also leading to major steps forward in personal awareness and empowerment. This is leading to the emergence of the ‘person’ as distinct from the ‘individual’. The person is more aware, more conscious, more committed and more opinionated. The person's creativity and communal role in society are central to the evolving twenty-first century paradigm, and this raises the question of how society should be organised and how the economy should be structured. This leads to a number of issues related to policy formation and regulation, organisational dynamics and the underlying principles of economic theory. It also puts into perspective the need to take a more community approach to social organisation and political life, emphasising ethics and governance. The fundamental issue is closely tied to leadership that needs to be both inspired and inspirational. The twenty-first century paradigm offers the potential to re-dimension democracy to make it more genuinely participative. Europe may have the potential to lead the way if the necessary leadership is available. However, piecemeal solutions will not allow Europe to overcome the current impasse.
The Demise of the Driving Forces behind the Liberal and Social Democratic Welfare State
Authors: Martinsson Roland Poirier
Published: June 2012

The European welfare state is in a state of crisis. On the surface it faces severe fiscal and political challenges. More fundamentally, however, it is a crisis of identity. The driving forces and conceptual framework that led to the growth of the European welfare state were very much products of socialist and liberal notions steeped in the modern era. If it is the case—as this text argues—that these ideas and ideals are becoming obsolete, then the welfare state is in need of a new justification.
Geochemical features and geodynamic setting of formation of the Lukinda dunite–troctolite–gabbro massif (southeastern framing of the Siberian Platform)
Authors: Buchko I.V. , Sorokin A.A. , Ponomarchuk V.A. , Izokh A.E.
Published: June 2012

The Lukinda dunite–troctolite–gabbro massif in the Selenga–Stanovoy superterrane on the southeastern framing of the Siberian Platform was earlier considered Precambrian. The performed 40Ar/39Ar dating of the massif plagioclase yielded an Early Permian age (285 ± 7.5 Ma). The main specific petrochemical features of the intrusion rocks during their crystallization differentiation are an increase in SiO2 and CaO contents and a decrease in FeOtot content, with TiO2 content remaining low and showing minor variations. A specific geochemical feature of the Lukinda massif ultrabasite–basites is a slight domination of LREE over HREE, with (La/Yb)N = 1.0–8.2. The depletion of the massif rocks in LILE (except for Sr and Ba), REE, and HFSE suggests that the massif formed on an active continental margin.
A temperature-dependent dielectric model for waterand oil-containing rocks in the frequency range from 0.5 to 15 GHz
Authors: Epov M.I. , Savin I.V. , Mironov V.L.
Published: June 2012

Dielectric spectra of water-containing rocks forming a mineral framework of the oil-saturated bed (clay minerals amount to <16%) were measured in the frequency range from 500 MHz to 15 GHz and in the temperature range from 20 to 80 °C. A physical model for computing spectra of the dielectric permittivity and effective conductivity of the studied rocks has been elaborated. Its input parameters are water (salt solution) content and temperature. The errors of the computed spectra relative to the measured ones are estimated.
Advanced Condensed Matter Physics
Authors: Sander Leonard M.
Published: June 2012

This text includes coverage of important topics that are not commonly featured in other textbooks on condensed matter physics; these include surfaces, the quantum Hall effect and superfluidity. The author avoids complex formalism, such as Green's functions, which can obscure the underlying physics, and instead emphasizes fundamental physical reasoning. This text is intended for classroom use, so it features plenty of references and extensive problems for solution based on the author's many years of teaching in the Physics Department at the University of Michigan. This textbook is ideal for physics graduates as well as students in chemistry and engineering; it can equally serve as a reference for research students in condensed matter physics. Engineering students in particular, will find the treatment of the fundamentals of semiconductor devices and the optics of solids of particular interest.
Advanced French Grammar
Authors: L'Huillier Monique
Published: June 2012

This 1999 reference grammar, written for advanced students of French, their teachers, and others who want a better understanding of the French language, combines the best of modern and traditional approaches. Its objective is not only practical mastery of the language, but familiarity with its structure. Taking into account modern linguistic research, Advanced French Grammar approaches the French language primarily through the study of syntactic structures, but without excessive emphasis on formalism. It provides a generous number of examples, based on the author's own experience of teaching French to English-speakers, to help the student to understand the different meanings of apparently similar syntactic alternatives. The norms of 'correct expression' are given together with current usage and deviations, and appendixes provide information on the 1990 spelling reforms and on numbers. A substantial index of French and English words and of topics provides easy access to the text itself.
An Introduction to Buddhist Philosophy
Authors: Laumakis Stephen J.
Published: June 2012

In this clearly written undergraduate textbook, Stephen Laumakis explains the origin and development of Buddhist ideas and concepts, focusing on the philosophical ideas and arguments presented and defended by selected thinkers and sutras from various traditions. He starts with a sketch of the Buddha and the Dharma, and highlights the origins of Buddhism in India. He then considers specific details of the Dharma with special attention to Buddhist metaphysics and epistemology, and examines the development of Buddhism in China, Japan, and Tibet, concluding with the ideas of the Dalai Lama and Thich Nhat Hanh. In each chapter he includes explanations of key terms and teachings, excerpts from primary source materials, and presentations of the arguments for each position. His book will be an invaluable guide for all who are interested in this rich and vibrant philosophy.
An Introduction to Japanese Society
Authors: Sugimoto Yoshio
Published: June 2012

In a second edition of his book which has become essential reading for students of Japanese society, Yoshio Sugimoto uses both English and Japanese sources to update and expand upon his original narrative. In so doing he challenges the traditional notion that Japan comprises a uniform culture, and draws attention to its subcultural diversity and class competition. The author also examines what he calls 'friendly authoritarianism' - the force behind the Japanese tendency to be ostensibly faithful to particular groups and companies. The book offers a wide-ranging approach to all aspects of Japanese society, with chapters on class, geographical and generational variation, work, education, gender, minorities, popular culture and the establishment. As a reviewer of the first edition noted, 'Accolades to Yoshio Sugimoto for his latest contribution to contemporary literature on Japan, An Introduction to Japanese Society, which is wide-ranging, thought-provoking and comprehensive.' Asian Studies Review