bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Lymphatic Filariasis and Hookworm Infection on Pregnancy Course and Outcome in Women Living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Campillo Jérémy T. , Chabot Emmanuel B. , Awaca-Uvon Naomi-Pitchouna , Tambwe Jean-Paul , Kuyangisa-Simuna Godefroy , Boussinesq Michel , Chesnais Cédric B. , Pion Sébastien D.
Published: May 2021

Little is known about the effect of helminth infections on the natural gynecological and pregnancy course. Our goal was to assess the relationship between Wuchereria bancrofti and hookworm (HW) infections with pregnancy course and outcome in a group of 82 women living in a rural area of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Demographics and information on gynecological and obstetrical histories were collected retrospectively with standardized questionnaires. Wuchereria bancrofti and HW infections were diagnosed using a filarial antigen-detection test and the Kato–Katz method, respectively. Analyses consisted of multivariable logistic regressions adjusting for age, number of deliveries, and history of anthelmintic treatment (HAHT). The median age of study participants was 35 (interquartile range [IQR]: 30–44) years, and the median number of deliveries was five (IQR: 3–7). Wuchereria bancrofti and HW infection rates were 44.5% and 43.3%, respectively. Filarial antigenemia and HW infection were not significantly associated with the number of deliveries. The proportions of women with a history of pregnancy resulting in neonatal death, miscarriage, premature birth, and postpartum hemorrhage were 56%, 44%, 23%, and 36%, respectively. History of pregnancy associated with neonatal death was less frequent in women with HAHT, tended to be more frequent in women with filarial antigenemia, and was not associated with HW infection. None of the three other pregnancy events studied (miscarriage, premature birth, and postpartum hemorrhage) were associated with filarial antigenemia or HW infection. The positive association found between HAHT and lower risk of neonatal death warrants investigation in larger groups of women.
Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity of Zika Virus Transmission in Indonesia: Serosurveillance Data from a Pediatric Population
Authors: Sasmono R. Tedjo , Johar Edison , Yohan Benediktus , Ma’roef Chairin Nisa , Pronyk Paul , Hadinegoro Sri Rezeki , Soepardi Elizabeth Jane , Bouckenooghe Alain , Hawley William A. , Rosenberg Ronald , Powers Ann M. , Soebandrio Amin , Myint Khin Saw Aye
Published: May 2021

The presence of Zika virus (ZIKV) in Indonesia has been recognized since the 1970s, but its transmission dynamics there have been poorly understood. To understand more fully the geographic distribution and burden of ZIKV infection, we performed retrospective serological tests on specimens collected from asymptomatic children age 5 to 9 years old living at 30 sites in 14 provinces. Of 870 serum samples tested, 9.2% were found to be positive for anti-ZIKV antibodies, as confirmed by plaque reduction neutralization assays. This was the same overall prevalence reported previously for 1- to 4-year-old children collected at the same sites at the same time. Together with geographic differences in seroprevalence between the age groups, these data suggest that, although ZIKV might be endemic in Indonesia, its occurrence has been focal and episodic.
The Medical Education Environment at the University of Nairobi, Kenya: An Assessment with the DREEM Tool
Authors: Ojuka Daniel , Aseta Faith , Githambo Beth , Wambua Brian
Published: May 2021

Background: The supportive learning environment can enhance impartating of knowledge and skills.

Objective: To assess the learning environment at the School of Medicine of the University of Nairobi using the Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure(DREEM) tool.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey carried in 2019 out among medical students during their clinical years to obtain their perceptions about the learning environment at the School of Medicine of the University of Nairobi. The DREEM tool was used for the survey. Data were entered and analyzed in SPSS version19. Comparisons were performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). p≤0.05 was consideredstatistically significant.

Results: We obtained 619 responses (77.4%) from 800 tools distributed. The total mean score of DREEM was 93.3/200. This is a 46.7%score overall indicating a poor perception of the learning environment. Year IV was the class with the poorest perception with a p<0.05. Conclusion: The DREEM score shows numerous problems, with perception of learning and social support being the areas requiring themost improvement. Although teachers are knowledgeable, students are wary of their ability to transfer knowledge and skills.

Keywords: Learning environment, DREEM, Medical students
Fibrin – Fibrinogen scaffold structural modification by phytochemicals and phytoproteases contained in an aqueous extract of Ageratum conyzoides Linn.
Authors: Akpalo Amivi Edefia , Awaga Kwami Lumo , Tete-Benissan Amivi Kafui
Published: May 2021

Based on mechanisms of fibrin clot polymerization and dissolution, it is possible to modulate fibrin formation and removal. Ageratum conyzoides Linn. (Asteraceae) is an annual herb with a long history of traditional medicine. There is high variability in the secondary metabolites of this plant which include flavonoids, and these molecules belong to a class of serine proteases inhibitors. Several plant enzymes belonging to the classes of serine proteases were observed to be active on the cascade of coagulation pathways. The aim of this study was to observe if even Ageratum conyzoides Linn. aqueous leaves extract contained proteases which could structurally modify the fibrin clot formation. To prepare plant extracts, dry leaves of the plant were extracted with distilled water. Fibrin gels were prepared by mixtures containing fibrinogen and thrombin with or without extract. Fibrin networks were disrupted by a denaturation buffer. Samples were deposited in 8% polyacrylamide gel and Coomassie blue was used to reveal migration. Our extract contained phytochemicals class flavonoids which are thrombin inhibitors. But our results support the evidence that the same extract contained plant serine proteases, specifically a fibrinogenase which hydrolyzed fibrinogen but not like thrombin.Keywords: Fibrin/Fibrinogen, structural modification, Ageratum conyzoides Linn., phytoproteases.
Effect of water stress induced by polyethylene glycol 6000 on the somatic embryos conversion into whole plantlets in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)
Authors: Manlé Tokpapon Eliane , Kouassi Kan Modeste , Soumahoro Brahima André , Koné Tchoa , Koffi Kouablan Edmond , Koné Mongomaké
Published: May 2021

Rainfall scarcity due to climate change is a major constraint that limits cocoa productivity in Côte d'Ivoire. This work aims to regenerate cocoa plants tolerant to water stress using in vitro methods. Staminode and petal explants of the genotypes C1, C9, C14, C15, C16, C18 and C20 were used to produce somatic embryos through two methods. Firstly, somatic embryos were induced under stressfull conditions on media containing different concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 (0; 25; 50; 75; 100 and 125 g/l) and secondly; under non-stressed conditions. Somatic embryos were placed on a conversion medium in the same stress condition. The number of regenerants decreased with the increase in the concentration of PEG with all genotypes. Only genotypes C1 and C15 regenerated plantlets under water stress conditions. The sensitive genotypes C9, C14, C16, C18 and C20 have not developed plantlets on media containing PEG. The plantlets produced under water deficit conditions exhibited a reduction in stem length and leaves number and an increase in length or offset of the high number of roots. The survival rate of regenerants during acclimatization was higher on the sandsubstrate. The selected genotypes could be used in an improvement program of cocoa production.Keywords: Climate change; plant regeneration; genotype; tolerance; drought; in vitro
Assessment of bacterial contamination of irrigation water and market gardening products at Parakou (A city in northern Benin)
Authors: Sare Eric Bio Nikki , Hounkpatin Armelle Sabine Yélignan , Adjahossou Vidédji Naéssé , Bagoudou Abdel Fawaz , Sourou Anicette Bio
Published: May 2021

In many districts of Benin, the use of wastewater in urban agriculture is becoming more and more widespread. This activity around wastewater discharges potentially poses health risks to populations. As water is one of the main sources of food contamination in developing countries, the main objective of this study, oriented towards the assessment of the bacterial load, was to search for Salmonella which are pathogenic to humans in irrigation water as well as in some market gardening products consumed in Parakou district. The study was carried out on the market gardening perimeter of the slaughterhouse site located near the international marketArzèkè, where market gardeners exclusively use surface water from the mixture of groundwater and runoff from installed collectors. At the end of this study, the results from the observation of the different colonies, followed by biochemical tests for the detection and differentiation of Salmonella, allowed us to detect the presence of Salmonella in the different samples ranging from 50% to 80%. The presence of Fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli not only in water but also in market garden products was also confirmed. These results might partly explain the frequency of salmonellosis in the study area.

Keywords: Salmonella, microbiological tests, biochemical tests.
Etude comparée de la ventilation naturelle et automatique à l’aide de tuyaux perforés et du procédé classique de retournements des andains en compostage
Authors: Sema Alaki-Issi Massimapatom , Koledzi Edem K. , Krou Nitale M’Balikine , Tcha-Thom Maglwa
Published: May 2021

Sur la plateforme de compostage de l’ONG ENPRO, pour chaque tas de compost, cinq retournements sont nécessaires en vue  d’apporter de l’air pour une bonne décomposition aérobie. Le retournement d’un seul tas de compost nécessite trois ouvriers pour une durée de trois heures. Donc, pour chaque fréquence de retournement, il faut mobiliser dix-sept ouvriers en une journée. Leur prise en charge pour les cinq retournements s’élève à 595000 FCFA. Face à ce coût élevé, la recherche d’alternatives de réduction du nombre d’ouvriers et du temps s’impose. La ventilation naturelle qui consiste à renouveler de l’air par des forces naturelles à travers des ouvertures, se présente comme la technique la plus optimiste. Ainsi, l’objectif de ce travail est d’optimiser la main d’œuvre et le temps accordé aux retournements. Cinq andains sont élaborés dont un standard et les quatre autres à ventilation naturelle. L’étude comparative des critères de maturité et de stabilité a montré des valeurs similaires pour les deux types de compost. Aussi, la ventilation naturelle a permis de réduire le nombre de retournements à deux et le nombre d’ouvriers à dix contre cinq et dix-sept pour le compostage standard puis le coût de prise en charge des ouvriers d’environ 25%.Mots clés : Compostage, retournement des andains, optimisation du temps, ventilation naturelle.

English title: Comparative study of natural and automatic ventilation using perforated pipes and the classic method of turning windrows in compostingOn the composting platform of the NGO ENPRO, for each pile of compost, five turns are necessary in order to provide air for good aerobic decomposition. Turning a single compost heap requires three workers for three hours. So, for each turnaround frequency, seventeen workers must be mobilized in one day. Their cost for the five turnarounds amounts to FCFA 595,000. Faced with this high cost, the search for alternatives to reduce the number of workers and time is essential. Natural ventilation, which consists of renewing air by natural forces through openings, is presented as the most optimistic technique. Thus, the objective of this work is to optimize the manpower and the time allocated to turnarounds. Five windrows are produced, one of which is standard and the other four have  natural ventilation. The comparative study of the maturity and stability criteria showed similar values for the two types of compost. Also, natural ventilation has reduced the number of turnovers to two and the number of workers to ten against five and seventeen for standard composting and the cost of supporting workers by around 25%.

Keywords: composting, windrow turning, time optimization, natural ventilation
In vitro study for antifungal compounds from Parinari curatellifolia (Chrysobalanaceae) and Terminalia sericea (Combretaceae)
Authors: Mbunde Mourice Victor Nyangabo , Innocent Ester , Mabiki Faith , Andersson Pher G.
Published: May 2021

Parinari curatellifolia (Chrysobalanaceae) and Terminalia sericea (Combretaceae) have been traditionally used in Southern Highlands of Tanzania for treatment of various infectious disorders. The present study aimed to evaluate antifungal activity of the isolated  compounds from Parinari curatellifolia and Terminalia sericea plant species. The ethyl acetate extract of the root barks from Parinari curatellifolia and Terminalia sericea were fractionated using column chromatography. The structures of compounds were established using both 1D and 2D-NMR spectroscopic techniques while antifungal activities of the fractions and isolated compounds were evaluated using broth microdilution assay against Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus niger species. Two known compounds toddalolactone (1) and 10-hydroxy-13-methoxy-9- methyl-15-oxo-20-norkaur-16-en-18-oic acid -lactone (2) from P. curatellifolia and two compounds Sericic acid (3) and sericoside (4) from T. sericea were isolated and their structures identified and confirmed by spectral data obtained and from the literatures. Strong antifungal activity was shown by Sericic acid (3) with MIC value of0.07 mg/ml against C. albicans and C. neoformans. Isolation of toddalolactone (1) from Parinari curatellifolia as well as the antifungal activity of Sericic acid (3) from Terminalia sericea is being reported for the first time. Bioactivity of these compounds support traditional use of the studied plants.

Keywords: Sericic acid, toddalolactone, fungi, antifungal, Parinari curatellifolia, Terminalia sericea.
Corrosion behavior of austempered ductile iron (ADI) in iron ore slurry
Authors: Pooja M. , Vijeesh V. , Surendranathan A. O. , Udupa K. R. , Samuel K. G.
Published: May 2021

Corrosion behavior of austempered ductile iron (ADI) in iron ore slurry was studied as a function of the microstructure developed by austempering at 380 and 300°C for different exposure time in the slurry. The corrosion rates of the ADI balls immersed in the iron ore slurry was determined using weight loss method. It was found that the pH of the iron ore slurry increased with time and the corrosion behavior is also influenced by the pH of the slurry and the austempering treatment. The ADI austempered at higher temperature showed better corrosion resistance than the ones austempered at lower temperature. The complex nature of corrosion of ADI is influenced by contents of retained austenite, ferrite and the carbon content in a collective way.Keywords: Austempered ductile iron, iron ore slurry, weight-loss method
Economic potentials of mushroom (Pleurotus floridanus) production among Rumuekini women group in Obio/Akpo, Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Adedokun O.M. , Ndubueze-Ogaraku M.E.
Published: May 2021

The study assessed economic potentials of mushroom production using farm produce waste in Obio/Akpor LGA of Rivers State, Nigeria. Specifically, socioeconomic characteristics of mushroom farmers in the LGA were identified, perception of farmers about mushroom cultivation was analyzed and cost-return analysis of mushroom cultivation was estimated. Purposive sampling technique was adopted in the selection of 32 farmers who participated in the training of mushroom cultivation in Rumuekini community was selected. Data was analyzed with the use of descriptive statistics such means, and percentage and gross margin model was used to determine profit level. The result showed that mushroom farmers were mainly women aged between 50 years and above. Gross margin analysis of mushroom cultivation showed that estimated total variable cost of production was four thousand nine hundred and fifty naira (₦4,950 .00 = 12.4 USD) per 100 substrate bags of cultivated mushroom. Estimated total revenue realized was twenty-two thousand, five hundred naira (₦22,500= 56.3 USD) per 100 substrate bags of cultivated mushroom and gross margin was seventeen thousand, five hundred and fifty naira (₦17,550=43.9 USD) per 100 substrate bags of cultivated mushroom. It was found that mushroom cultivation has the potential to improve income status of the women. Also, the materials for mushroom production could be sourced locally and farmers preferred cultivated mushroom to wildly sourced types. It is recommended that more awareness be created, and support services be given to the women in the area to encourage their participation in mushroom production. Mushroom cultivation could be extended to interested smallholder women for the purpose of augmenting nutrition, and economic empowerment.

Keywords: Mushroom, Economic, Potentials, Production, Farmers.
Assessment of plant population on growth, fibre and seed yield of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) in Ibadan western Nigeria
Authors: Olanipekun S.O. , Togun A.O. , Adejumo S.A. , Adeniyan O.N. , Adebayo A.K.
Published: May 2021

Kenaf is a multi-purpose crop with numerous industrial uses. Its production is constrained by poor cultural and agronomic practices which reduce yield. Inappropriate spacing among others could result in low yield. Effect of plant spacing on growth and yield of kenaf was investigated in Ibadan, Nigeria. Kenaf seed was sown (2 plants/stand) at three plant spacing: 50×15, 50×20, 50×25 cm was assessed for seed and bast fibre yields using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The analysis was done using statistical analysis system (SAS). Plant spacing differed significantly for bast fibre and seed yields. Highest bast fibre yield (0.9±0.03) and seed yield (0.5±0.01) were obtained at 50×20 cm and 50×25 cm spacing, respectively, while the lowest bast fibre yield (0.7±0.01) and seed yield (0.3±0.01) were obtained at 50×15 cm spacing. Spacing of 50 × 15 cm and 50 × 20 cm are appropriate when planting for fibre while 50 × 25cm is appropriate for seed production.

Keywords: Kenaf, Spacing, Fibre and Seed yield.
Evaluation of maize-soybean intercropping systems and fertilizer rates on maize grain yield using competitive indices
Authors: Takim F.O. , Omeke J.O. , Tunku P. , Shebaya J.A. , Olaoye G. , Tologbonse D. , Onyibe J.E.
Published: May 2021

Field trials were conducted in savanna ecologies of Nigeria during the 2015 and 2016 seasons using maize (PVA8) and soybean (TGX 1448-2E) intercropping systems with different fertilizer rates to evaluate the yield of maize and assess the best intercropping system for resource management. Single plant stands and two plants/stand and 2 arrangements of rows (one row on a ridge and two rows on a ridge) were used to impose maize plant densities evaluated in strip inter-crop with soybean. The trial was factorial, laid out in a randomized complete block design and replicated three times. Thus, 8 maize-soybean strip cropping systems and application of 3 NPK rates were evaluated at Saki-Oyo, Ilorin, and Nasarawa (southern Guinea savanna), Kaduna in the northern Guinea savanna, Funtua (Katsina) and Gusau (Zamfara) located within Sudan savanna ecologies of Nigeria. Data on yields and yield components were collected. The intercropping systems were assessed using existing intercropping indices such as Land Equivalent Ratio (LER), Relative Crowding Coefficient (K), Aggressivity (A), Competitive Ratio (CR), Actual Yield Loss (AYL), Intercropping Advantage (IA) and Monetary Advantage Index (MAI). The result showed that Nasarawa and Kaduna were most ideal locations for maize production in the Nigeria savannas. The highest grain yield of 4.04 tons/ha maize and 1.36 tons/ha soybean were obtained from seeding 1 plant/stand in 2-rows per ridge x 4 ridges of maize alternated with 2 rows of soybean with the application of NPK at 100:50:50. The LER was 1.11, AYL (1.10) and MAI (208) gave a profit of ₦312,102.00 (US$990.80) ha-1 with a benefit-cost ratio of 2.38 and production efficiency of 29.56%. The study concluded that, seeding 80% maize and 20% soybean per ha will lead to sustainable maize crop production with limited use of fertilizer. It can be adopted by the farmers in Nigeria savannas as a relatively profitable intercropping system.

Keywords: Maize production, Ideal location, Fertilizer rate, Competitive indices, Savanna ecologies, Nigeria
Marketing Analysis of Ducks in Akinyele Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Jatto K.A , Adeoye A.S , Oke O.O , Oke O.S , Abegunrin O.O , Kareem A.T
Published: May 2021

The study assessed the marketing activities of ducks in Akinyele Local Government Area. The study was carried out in three selected main markets (Ojoo, Moniya, and Shasha). Information was generated from ninety-four (94) duck marketers in the study area using structured questionnaire to determine the socio-economic characteristics of duck sellers, profitability, market performance and problems militating against duck marketing. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Gini coefficient, budgetary analysis and marketing margin. The result showed that 52.1% of respondents were males while about 47.9% of respondents were females. Age range of 40-50 (38.3%) is the majority which means that adult dominate the duck business. Majority of them are married (63.8%), with no formal education (31.9%) and with marketing experience (40.4%) of less than five years. The result of the Gini coefficient was 0.52 which implied that the degree of income inequalities is high in sales revenue of the respondents and hence high level of concentration. Moniya market is more efficient among the other market visited. Duck selling business in Moniya is more profitable as sellers on the average realized gross revenue of ₦280,700; followed by Ojoo, ₦147,582; and Shasha, ₦116,640. The problems encountered include, low patronage, low price, disease infestation, mortality and theft. It was recommended that there should be general awareness of the business as a means of employment which would serve as poverty alleviation in the society.

Key words: Market structure, Market performance, Profitability, Ducks
Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Analysis of Fadogia andersonii Robyn Plant Extrac
Authors: Nzeako J. , Ndukwe G.I. , Habila J.D. , Oluwabukola E.A. , Owoicho I.
Published: May 2021

Medicinal plants extracts are now generally considered as effective medicines that play a major role in modern pharmacy. The plant Fadogia andersonii belonging to the Family Rubiaceae, which is used in ethno-medicine was studied. Preliminary phytochemical analyses of the whole plant revealed the presence of the following metabolites: Saponins, terpenes, steroids, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides and carbohydrates. Anthraquinones was found to be absent. Antimicrobial screening of the methanol plant’s extract carried out (in vitro) on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Candida albican and Aspergillus flavus showed that the extract has activity on the tested microorganisms. However, it showed no inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli. The extract was found to inhibit the growth of S. aureus, B. cereus, S. pyogenes and C. albican at 25mg/ml with a corresponding MBC at 50mg/ml. S.typhi and S. pneumonia were inhibited at 50mg/ml with a corresponding MBC at 100mg/ml. It also inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonia and A. flavus at 100mg/ml with a corresponding MBC at 200mg/ml. The observed antimicrobial effects were believed to be due to the presence of active principles which were detected in the phytochemical screening.

Keywords: Phytochemicals, Antimicrobials, Fadogia andersonii Robyn
Physicochemical and Mineral Analysis of Fish Pond Water; Implications for the Environment
Authors: Mgbemena N.M. , Ilechukwu I. , Amalu E.U. , Anierobi C.
Published: May 2021

This study examined the physicochemical parameters of fish pond water to ascertain if they pose any risk to the environment after disposal. Water samples were collected from metallic, tarpaulin and concrete ponds from Anambra, Imo and Lagos states, Nigeria and analysed for minerals and physicochemical parameters using standard analytical methods. The results obtained were as follows; pH 6.30±0.06 – 6.94±0.01, turbidity 40.00±0.01-315.00±1.73 NTU, TSS 324.00±9.59 – 1346.00±20.53 mg/L, TDS 24.2 ±2.20 – 45.6 ±17.2 mg/L, hardness 18.6±3.9 – 24.3±3.80, phosphate 0.12±0.01 - 0.23±0.01, nitrate 0.42±0.02 – 1.17±0.01, BOD 1.43.33±1.41 – 577.67±2.8, DO  27.67±1.41 – 57.67±0.02, Zn 0.12±0.03-0.92±0.02, Cu 0.18±0.03 – 0.53±0.01, Fe 0.24±0.02 – 0.55±0.02 and Ca 0.19±0.02 – 0.51±0.02. The results varied from one pond to another depending on the residence time of the samples and the nature of the pond. All parameters were within the established limit for effluent disposal except biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)and dissolved oxygen (DO).

Keywords: Physicochemical parameters, Fish pond, Aquaculture, Freshwater, Fish
Proximate and Elemental Analysis of African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum)
Authors: Ibrahim H. , Haruna A. , Abdullahi N.
Published: May 2021

The proximate and elemental analysis of African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) using standard analytical techniques was investigated. The proximate composition of the plant showed the values of 54.57 % for carbohydrate, 13.25 % of fat, and 3.85 % of crude protein. The crude fiber and ash content indicates the values of 6.60 % and 4.70 % respectively. The moisture content present (17.03 %) reveals the possibility of having low antimicrobial activities of the plant. The mineral elements present in different concentrations are Ca (706.850 mg/kg), Mg (325.500 mg/kg), Fe (40.875 mg/kg), Cu (3.275 mg/kg), and Zn (4.625 mg/kg). The result shows that the fruit have essential minerals required by human for normal life activities.

Key words: Chrysophyllum albidum, Star apple, Proximate compositions, Mineral elements
Influence of Hydrological Variables on Macrophytes in a Black Water River Ecosystem
Authors: Anwana E.D. , Ogbemudia F.O. , Ita R.E. , Sunday P.E.
Published: May 2021

This study assessed the influence of hydrological variables on macrophytes in a Black Water River ecosystem of Enyong River in Itu and Ibiono Local Government Areas of Akwa Ibom and Cross Rivers States, Nigeria. Four vegetation plots were chosen and in each of the plots, four belt transect were laid. In each transect, macrophyte were systematically sampled in four 10 m × 10 m quadrat at regular intervals. Macrophytes were identified to species level and their frequency and density determined. Water samples were obtained in each quadrat where the macrophytes were sampled and analyzed for their physicochemical properties using standardized methods. Altogether, 10 macrophyte species were encountered. Vossia cuspidata had the highest density (100.00±8.00 st/ha) and frequency values (100 %). Sacciolepis africana had the least density of 7.10±0.45 st/ha while Ludwigia octovalvis, Persicaria senegalensis, andSacciolepis africana had the least frequency of 25 %, respectively. The pH of the water was strongly acidic (5.54±0.03), electrical conductivity was low (20.00±5.77 µs/cm), temperature (29.00±1.10 ºC), Dissolved Oxygen (DO) (9.20±0.12 mg/l) and turbidity (7.10±0.06 NTU) values were high while Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) (2.00±0.29 mg/l) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) (10.00±0.29 mg/l) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) were low (5.00±1.15 mg/l). Water Nutrients followed this decreasing order; chloride (3.55±0.02 mg/l) > nitrate (2.45±0.03 mg/l) > sulphate (2.02±0.06 mg/l) > phosphate (0.08±0.01 mg/l) and sulphide (0.03±0.02 mg/l). Heavy metals also followed this descending order; Pb (0.50±0.03 mg/l) > Zn (0.07±0.02 mg/l) > Cu (0.03±0.02 mg/l). Canonical Correspondence Analysis delineated 11 hydrological variables (temperature, pH, sulphate, turbidity, phosphate, BOD, nitrate, DO, TDS, sulphide and TSS) which exerted great influence on macrophyte distribution. V. cuspidata had affinity to pH and temperature, Sacciolepis africana had affinity to turbidity and BOD, Ludwigia octovalvis and Nymphaea lotus had affinity to sulphate and chloride, respectively, while Ipomoea aquatica and Alternanthera sessils had affinity to phosphate. On the other hand, Persicaria senegalensis, Salvinia molesta, Azolla pinnata and Ceratophyllum demersum had affinities to sulphide, DO, TSS and TDS, respectively. Since hydrological variables regulate macrophyte diversity and distribution, this study calls for consistent, monitoring and management of this ecosystem against future environmental changes.

Keywords: Aquatic plants, Black water, Canonical Correspondence Analysis, Ordination
Health Risk Evaluation of Selected Heavy Metals in Infant Nutrition Formula in Cross River State, Nigeria
Authors: Akpe M.A. , Ubua P.U. , Ivara S.E.
Published: May 2021

The aim of this study is to ascertain the level of some heavy metals namely; Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt and Lead in baby milk or infant formulas used in the country and evaluate the health risk associated with their consumption. Five (5) brands of popularly consumed and most preferred or recommended infant formula foods for children in Nigeria were bought from the main (Watt) market in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria and were coded and labeled V, W, X, Y and Z respectively. The samples were digested in the fume cupboard using aqua regia and analyzed for heavy metals using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). The results showed that the concentration of Arsenic was less than 0.001mgkg-1 across all the five (5) brands. Cadmium concentration ranged between 0.010 - 0.052 mgkg-1 , and it was detected in all the samples. Cobalt ranged between 0.002 - 0.010 mgkg-1 , and it was detected in 3 out of the 5 samples. Chromium concentration ranged between 0.002 - 0.004 mgkg-1 was detected in 4 out of the 5 samples or brands of infant formula studied. Lead amount ranged between 0.080 - 0.014 mgkg-1 and was less than 0.001 mgkg-1 in 2 brands out of the five brands sampled. These results are low and within the permissible limits of WHO. The Target Hazard Quotients (THQ) of these metals were all less than 1 except for Cadmium in brand V that was 1. This indicates that there is no health danger associated with the imgestion of the infant formulas at the moment

Keywords: Health risk, Heavy metals, Infant formula, Calabar-Nigeria
Analysis of Soil Erodibility Factor for Hydrologic Processes in Kereke Watershed, North Central Nigeria
Authors: Songu G.A. , Abu R.D. , Temwa N.M. , Yiye S.T. , Wahab S. , Mohammed B.G.
Published: May 2021

: Soil erodibility factor plays essential role in determining how susceptible soil is to hydrological processes such as detachment and removal by rainfall and runoff that could influence soil erosion and sediment entrainment by flooding in an area. This paper therefore determined the erodibility k-value of soil in the Kereke watershed with the purpose of assessing its susceptibility to hydrological processes. Data was collected on some soil properties such as soil texture, soil structure, soil organic matter content, soil carbon content, soil porosity, soil bulk density, soil moisture content and soil erodibility k-value. The systematic sampling procedure was used to select thirty-two settlements which served as catchment areas for data collection; from which thirty-two soil samples were collected for analysis. Tables and graph were used to present the data, and percentages were used to depict variations in the data set. Results of the study shows that the soil samples have high percent sand particles (71.6%), moderate amount of clay particles (15.7%), silt(12.7%), organic carbon (0.6%), organic matter (1.1%), bulk density (1.4 gcm-3 ), porosity (45.2%), moisture content (14.0%) and low soil erodibility k-value of 0.018. The soil erodibility k-value in the study area was considered to be low, and therefore the soils are moderately erodible. This probably accounts for the moderate intensity of soil erosion channels and entrained sediments by flooding observed in the study area. It is therefore recommended that soil management practices should be encouraged by farmers especially planting of cover crops, shifting cultivation and fallowing system. This will allow nutrients gain and improved bulk density to limit soil erodibility capacity and good soil management in the area.

Key words: Soil erodibility factor, hydrological processes, Kereke watershed, North Central Nigeria
Comparative Analysis of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Temperature between Forest and Non-Forested Domains in Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Awosusi B.M. , Adamu I.S. , Orunkoyi A.R. , Atiba D.O. , Obe A.A. , Amori M.D. , Adedoyin E.D.
Published: May 2021

This study was carried out to assess the concentration levels of CO2 and temperature and also to correlate their values among selected locations in Oyo State, Nigeria. CO2 and temperature readings were taken using a portable CO2 meter, and a GPS was use to capture co-ordinates of sample points, this was done twice a day. Data were collected from 7am to 11am for morning session while afternoon session data were collected between 1pm and  5pm making a total of 8 hours monitoring. There were negative correlation between CO2 and temperature in all the forests while we have positive correlation between CO2 and temperature in non-forested domains, this,  by implication, means that presence of trees in the forest reserve help to reduce Carbon dioxide during the day since trees  manufacture their food using CO2 in the presence of sunlight. Also, the positive correlation between CO2 and temperature in the towns is due to high rate of human anthropogenic activities during the day. The values of CO2 obtained in this study were higher when  compared with IPCC limit of 435 ppm (parts per million) of CO2 emission. Routine monitoring of carbon dioxide and public education is recommended.

Keywords: Carbon dioxide, Temperature, Forest, Non-Forest, Forest Reserve
Effects of Zeros in Phase Space Reconstruction for Small and Large Solar Radiation Data Points during Wet and Dry Seasonal Modeling and Prediction
Authors: Adeniji A.E.
Published: May 2021

The effect of zeros in the behaviour of nature system has been a major global concern which have been reported to bias the output of the analysis. This study examines the effect of zeros on small and large solar radiation data points in Nsukka from a nonlinear dynamic perspective. The solar radiation data used were collected from National Research for Space and Development Agency (NARSDA) and covers the period of two years (January 2012–December 2013). The influence of zeros on average mutual information method for delay time (𝜏), False nearest neighbour (FNN) for embedding dimension (𝑚), and phase space reconstruction is investigated by considering two different cases (one hour and five minutes interval for small and large data points on monthly basis respectively). The results reveal that the phase space trajectories of the raw and non-zero small data points for dry and wet seasons show evidence of an attractorin a well-defined region while raw and non-zero large data points have no attractor like shape but regular patterns and well-defined shapes are visible in dry and wet seasons. These imply low-dimensional and deterministic chaotic nature of the underlying dynamics of raw and non-zero data for small and large data points during wet and dry seasons. It is observed that there is little or no significant difference in the phase space reconstruction of raw and non-zero data for both small and large data points due to the low percentage of zeros in the time series data.

Keywords: mutual information method, Phase space reconstruction, False nearest neighbour, chaotic nature.
Ameliorative Effects of Aqueous Extract of Date Palm Fruits (phoenix dactylifera) on high fat diet- induced Liver Damage in Adult Wistar Rats
Authors: Onyilo P.O. , Innih S.O. , Ihemeson G. , Ogereka L.U. , Nweke S.M. , Obele E.I. , Nwalie I.N.
Published: May 2021

Elevated cholesterol level is a major cause of disease burden in developing Nations. This study seeks to evaluate the ameliorative and hepatoprotective potentials of aqueous extract of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) on high fat diet-induced liver damage. Thirty (30) adult wistar rats weighing 110-180g were randomly divided into six group of five animals each, group A served as control while B was exposed to high fat diet only (using margarine brand); Groups C, D and E were given high fat diet with co-treated with the extract at low, medium and high doses respectively while group F was received the drug Atrovastin as a gold standard to enable comparative effects of date palm administration. At the end of the treatment period, the animals were anaesthetized using chloroform blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture to investigate the activities of liver enzymes, and liver tissue was harvested through a midline incision for histological analysis. There were evidence of vascular congestion and periportal infiltration in rats given margarineonly indicative of hepatocellular disruption. Animals that received moderate to high dose of the fruit extract show mild to total reversal of the damaged liver cells and activation of kupffer cells with concurrent changes in serum albumin level. Aqueous extract of phoenix dactylifera was seen to ameliorate the fat induced liver damage with notable changes in hepatocyte configuration as observed when treated with standard drug.

Keywords: Phoenix dactylifera, Hyperlipedermia, Liver, Wistar rat
Comparative Assessment of Hydrocarbon Generation Potential of Organic Matter from Shale Sediments along Isugwuato – Okigwe Axis, Anambra Basin, SE Nigeria
Authors: Uzoegbu M.U. , Ugwueze C.U.
Published: May 2021

TRACT: The Cretaceous sediments in the Anambra Basin (SE Nigeria) consist of a cyclic succession of coals, carbonaceous shales, silty shales and siltstones  interpreted as deltaic deposits. The objective of this study is to compare the hydrocarbon generation potential of organic matter from shale sediments along Isugwuato-Okigwe axis in the Anambra Basin, Nigeria. Data obtained indicates the presence of Type III kerogen with Tmax values are between 424 and 441ºC indicating that the shales are thermally immature to marginally mature with respect to petroleum generation. Hydrogen Index (HI) values range from 14 to 388.9mgHC/gTOC while S1 + S2 yields values ranging from 0.2 to 1.0mgHC/g rock, suggesting that the shale have gas generating potential. The TOC values rangesfrom 1.3 to 3.0%, an indication of a good source rock of terrestrially derived organic matter. The high oxygen index (OI) (16.3 mgCO2g-1TOC), TS (1.35) and TOC/TS (1.5) suggest deposition in a shallow marine environment. Based on the kerogen type, shales from the studied area will equally generate oil and gas if its organic matter attained sufficient thermal temperature.

Keywords: Shale, kerogen type, maturity, oil generation.
Statistical Modelling of Comorbidity Effect on Second Cancer
Authors: Oguntade E.S. , Oladimeji D.M.
Published: May 2021

Second cancer is a new cancer that occurs in someone who had history of cancer. The incidence of cancer is on the increase in the global scene and especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. This phenomenon constitutes huge health problems especially with comorbidity effects with other health conditions which have made the diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients a complex issue. Hence, this study determined the comorbidity effect on second cancer based on a retrospective study of 474 patients attending University of Abuja Teaching Hospital (UATH). These patients were first treated of cancer, and after one year developed another cancer or cancer free. The results revealed that the incidence of second cancer was approximately 39.5% and 41.4% of the patients with one or more other  disease(s) had second cancer. Adjusted and unadjusted odds ratio from logistic regression showed that patients with history of smoking were 3.58 times more likely to develop second cancer when no adjustment was made to the model while the risk increased after adjustment. Furthermore, cormobid patients are 1.56 times more likely to develop second cancer than cancer patients without other diseases. Based on the area under the receiver characteristics curve, logistic regression model effectively distinguished between the two groups of cancer patients. Comorbidity and smoking were identified as significant factors on the incidence of second cancer among cancer patients attending UATH. Therefore, emphasis should be given to formulating policies on controlling tobacco smoking and to create health awareness on the effect of clinical factors on second cancer within the study area.

Keywords: Comorbidity, Cancer, Statistical modelling, Sensitivity, Specificity, Odd Ratio
Thermal Radiation Effect on Fully Developed Natural Convection Flow in a Vertical Micro-Channel
Authors: Aina B.
Published: May 2021

The effect of thermal radiation on steady fully developed natural convection flow in a vertical micro-channel is presented in this article. Effects of velocity slip and temperature jump conditions are taken into account due to their counter effects on both the volume flow rate and the rate of heat transfer. Due to the presence of thermal radiation, the momentum and energy equations are coupled system of ordinary differential equations. Governing coupled nonlinear equations are solved analytically by employing the perturbation analysis method to obtain an expression for fluid temperature, fluid velocity, rate of heat transfer and skin friction on the microchannel walls. The effect of various parameters controlling the physical situation such as thermal radiation, temperature difference, Knudsen number, and fluid wall interaction are discussed with the aid of line graphs and Tables. Results indicate that both velocity and temperature enhanced with the increase of the thermal radiation parameter.

Keywords: Thermal radiation, Natural convection, Micro-channel, Velocity slip, Temperature jump
Marketing Expansion Strategies for Local Crops-Based Couscous in Tahoua State, Niger Republic
Authors: Amadou Z. , Mohammed B.H.
Published: May 2021

This study investigates the own-price and cross-price elasticities for locally grown crops-based couscous and compares confidence intervals computation for willingness-to-pay and market shares under Krinsky Robb and Delta bootstrapping methods. Syntheses of previous literature and a focus group with consumers had helped to identify nine brands of couscous included in this research. The fractional factorial design was used to collect data from three hundred consumers, while the multinomial logit was used to analyze data. Results indicate that rice, cowpea and millet-based couscous were the most preferred by consumers and their market share accounts of more than fifty percent. The Results from simulation showed that confidence intervals under Krinsky and Robb stabilize as a sample size increases and thereby adjusting for skewness. However, confidence intervals under Delta computation are constant regardless of sample size, thereby failing to adjust for skewness. Finally, results also indicate that skewness was also accommodated in confidence intervals for market share because its values progressively adjust as sample size increases. These findings may be useful to boost cropbased couscous demand in the study area and beyond and thereby improving farmers’ revenue and offering diet  diversification opportunity.

Keywords: Marketing expansion, Strategies, Local crops, Couscous, Willingness-to-pay
Phytochemical composition of tubers of selected accessions of African yam bean, Sphenostylis stenocarpa (Hochst.ex A. Richmond) harms (family fabaceae)
Authors: Konyeme T.E. , Nyananyo B.L. , Tanee F.B.G.
Published: May 2021

This study is on the quantitative determination of phytochemical composition in tubers of 17 accessions of the African Yam Bean (AYB), Sphenostylis stenocarpa (Hochst.ex A. Richmond) Harms. Standard laboratory methods were followed to ascertain the presence and quantity of some phytochemicals in the tubers of the 17 AYB accessions. The result showed that variations existed among the studied accessions for the eleven phytochemical constituents. The ranges were: total alkaloid (22.195-183g\100g), Glycosides (4.338- 14.733g\100), Flavonoids (7.732- 14.037g/100), Phenols (16.448-32.287g/100), Oxalate (2.519-8.938ppm), Tannin (1.22- 4.340ppm), Saponin (1.475-5.232ppm), Hydrogen Cyanide (0.261-0.928ppm), Phytate (1.532- 5.435ppm), Trypsin Inhibitor (1.088-3.858ppm), and Organic Acid (11.537-23.904ppm). A high significant correlation was observed among the first three principal component axes whichaccounted for 90.4% of the total variation among the accessions. The cluster analysis showed the existence of two significant divergent groups. The accessions in cluster II recorded the least values for oxalate, tannins, saponins, hydrogen cyanide, phytate, trypsin inhibitor, glycoside, flavonoid and phenols while cluster I had higher values for them. The identified phytochemicals with the significant intra-specific variations seem to provide clues which underscores the possibilities of selection and improvement of these tubers for food and medicine for humans.

Keywords: African Yam Bean, tubers, underexploited organ, nutritional, anti-nutritional factor, diversity, phytochemicals.
A 3-D geoelectric model over mineralized zone of Ugonoba, Edo State, Nigeria
Authors: Olaseni V.B. , Airen J.O.
Published: May 2021

The occurrence of solid minerals in Ugonoba community was investigated using the 3D electrical resistivity method. Data was acquired  using PASI 16GL Terrameter using the wenner electrode configuration with a view to delineating mineral deposits in the study area.  During the reconnaissance survey, the outlook of some geological features in the form of outcrops on the surface formed part of the motivation for the geophysical survey within the Ugonoba area. Ten traverses of 200 m maximum spread and 10m electrode spacing with total depth of 40.07 m were obtained in the study area to form a square grid. The acquired data was first processed and inverted using RES2DINV software to generate ten 2-D model images and later collated into 3-D using the inversion code of RES3DINV software which automatically determines a horizontal 3D depth slice, cubes and block models of resistivity distribution. These models generated were interpreted and used to ascertain the true resistivity, lithologic formation, depth extent to any buried mineral and aggregate deposited in the study area. The extracted 3D model images revealed evidence of some geological materials/minerals in the study area which fall within the high resistivity range of 2500 Ωm to 14376 Ωm. It can therefore be inferred from the standard resistivity table that the lithology of study area is composed of non-metallic type of mineral resources which are: clayey sand, lateritic clayey sand,  sandstone and limestone. The estimated quantity in metric ton for the dominant lithology (sandstone, granite and limestone) is ± 10% of 1,257,142.9 which can be commercially explored.

Keywords: Wenner-wenner array, outcrop, minerals, RES3DINV, block models.