bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward A General Understanding of Parity and War
Authors: Lemke Douglas
Published: April 2009

Questions about the relationship between power distribution and war have been a major focus of empirical research in international relations for decades. Thus far no consistent relationship has been uncovered at the systemic level. At the dyadic level of analysis, however, many independent studies suggest a relationship between power parity and war. One conceptual framework, power transition theory, is consistent with this evidence. However, power transition theory is unduly limited by an exclusive focus on the power and conflict relations of the very strongest of states. The present effort attempts to generalize power transition theory so that the power and conflict relations of minor powers can be included within its empirical domain. The extension involves the introduction of a Multiple Hierarchy Model. This multiple hierarchy model is discussed conceptually, empirical evaluations are reviewed, and its implications for a general understanding of power and conflict relations are assessed.
Alliances That Never Balance: The Territorial Settlement Treaty
Authors: Gibler Douglas M.
Published: April 2009

An extensive body of evidence has been accumulated showing that alliances are more often followed by war than by peace (Singer and Small, 1966b; Levy, 1981). It has also been convincingly demonstrated that alliances are associated with the expansion of war (Siverson and King, 1979; 1980; Siverson and Starr, 1990), and alliance polarization and the buildup of alliances in the system are associated with world wars (Kegley, 1994; Wayman, 1984; Midlarsky, 1983; 1986). Nevertheless, a significant number of alliances are not followed by war. Levy (1981) reports that 44 percent of neutrality and defense pacts in the 17th century, 33 percent in the 18th century, 72 percent in the 19th century, and 13 percent in the 20th century are not followed by a war involving an ally within five years. The variation across centuries, especially the large percentage of peaceful 19th century alliances, suggests that not all alliances are created equal. This article identifies a large portion of the peaceful alliances as territorial settlement treaties. By resolving territorial disputes between alliance members, these treaties remove one of the most contentious issues from the agenda of states and pacify some of the most traditionally belligerent states in the system. It is argued that the identification of these alliances is an important step toward re-conceptualizing the alliance variable since the territorial settlement treaties behave very differently from what realist theories would predict. Instead of trying to balance power in a region or in the system, these alliances exhibit the robust and multifaceted nature of diplomacy, demonstrating that a common practice having the same form (forming an alliance) can have very different motivations behind it. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that researchers remove these alliances from their data analyses (or, at the very least, control for them) if they are investigating the paths or correlates to war. The presence of these irenic alliances would tend to mute most findings.
Finding Harbingers of Violent Conflict: Using Pattern Recognition to Anticipate Conflicts
Authors: Brecke Peter
Published: April 2009

This paper describes a particular use of pattern recognition techniques to identify pre-conflict situations. The goal is to find particular circumstances (which appear as patterns) in the descriptions of individual countries' situations before the outbreak of violent conflicts. If we find such patterns, we can then scan for them in current news reports. If we find a pattern in the current description of a country, we can then say “When we have seen this pattern before, 'x' percent of the time a conflict has erupted within 12 months.” To accomplish this, the paper describes methods for getting alerts that a conflict is about to erupt, the information needed to get those alerts, how to organize that information, and a procedure for searching for patterns in that information.
Bringing Power to Planning Research
Authors: Flyvbjerg Bent
Published: April 2009

This article provides an answer to what has been called the biggest problem in theorizing and understanding planning: the ambivalence about power found among planning researchers, theorists, and students. The author narrates how he came to work with issues of power and gives an example of how the methodology he developed for power studies—phronetic planning research—may be employed in practice. Phronetic planning research follows the tradition of power studies running from Machiavelli and Nietzsche to Michel Foucault and Pierre Bourdieu. It focuses on four value-rational questions: (1) Where are we going with planning? (2) Who gains and who loses, and by which mechanisms of power? (3) Is this development desirable? (4) What should be done? These questions are exemplified for a specific instance of Scandinavian urban planning. The author finds that the questions, and their answers, make a difference to planning in practice. They make planning research matter.
Rhetoric, Service, and Social Justice
Authors: Swan Susan
Published: April 2009

This article looks at how the discipline of rhetoric may be helpful when thinking about methods for social justice. Specifically, it explores how rhetoric and composition can help those interested in social justice to construct knowledge that is both multidisciplinary and intercultural, to view the constructive processes of research participants, and to develop reflective research methods. One such method may be the Community Problem-Solving Dialogue, a rhetorically strategic method for sharing and building knowledge between the community and university. Specifically, this article studies how students in graduate policy courses both successfully and unsuccessfully used the strategies in the Community Problem-Solving Dialogue in community-university collaborations.
“Get Comfortable With Uncertainty”
Authors: Wilder Laura
Published: April 2009

This study describes the extent to which shared assumptions of literary scholars form part of an introductory literature course. Fahnestock and Secor, in The Rhetoric of Literary Criticism, describe five special topoi of literary criticism (appearance/reality, paradigm, ubiquity, contemptus mundi, and paradox) that characterize the warrants of literary criticism appearing in a sample of major literary studies journals. This study triangulates ethnographic data of a class's meetings, analyses of students' essays, and questionnaires to discover whether these topoi are communicated to students in a survey course, whether students recognize and use them, and whether students are rewarded for using them. The special topoi of literary criticism appear in the discourse of instructors and students. Though textual analysis did not reveal a connection between using the special topoi in writing assignments and receiving a higher grade, questionnaires revealed that students adept at recognizing literary values and discourse conventions were more successful.
Early Working Memory in Children Born With Extremely Low Birth Weight: Assessed by Object Permanence
Authors: Lowe Jean , MacLean Peggy C. , Shaffer Michele L. , Watterberg Kristi
Published: April 2009

Object permanence is considered the earliest method for assessing working memory. Factors affecting object permanence performance in a sample of two hundred and thirty-three 18- to 22-month olds born with extremely low birth weight were examined. It was hypothesized that object permanence would be directly related to emotional and attention regulation, that children with lower birth weight and higher illness severity would have more difficulty on the object permanence task, and that no ethnic/racial differences would be found, as this is considered a culturally unbiased task. Attainment of object permanence had a significant positive association with emotional and attention regulation, even after controlling the medical severity and socioeconomic factors. More girls than boys passed the object permanence items. There was no ethnic/racial difference on object permanence. Our findings indicate that object permanence may be a culturally fair way of assessing development, and emotional and attention regulation are potential avenues of intervention for such skill.
Extraventricular Neurocytoma in a Child: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Mpairamidis Evriviadis , Alexiou George A. , Stefanaki Kalliopi , Sfakianos George , Prodromou Neofytos
Published: April 2009

Neurocytomas are relatively rare central nervous system tumors first described in intraventricular sites but increasingly recognized in the brain and spinal cord parenchyma. Herewith, we report a case of a 3-year-old girl with generalized seizures. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a lesion in the left frontal lobe. Angiography showed minimal vascularity. The tumor was totally excised. Histopathologic examination demonstrated an extraventricular neurocytoma. On follow-up magnetic resonance imaging after 1 year, no evidence of tumor recurrence was noted. Cerebral neurocytomas are histologically low-grade tumors and radical surgery is curative; they should be included in the differential diagnosis of cerebral tumors in children.
Current Literature: Immunonutrition in the Critically Ill: A Systematic Review of Clinical Outcome
Authors: Beale RJ , Bryg DJ , Bihari DJ
Published: April 2009

Objective: To perform a meta‐analysis addressing whether enteral nutrition with immune‐enhancing feeds benefits critically ill patients after trauma, sepsis, or major surgery. Data Sources: Studies were identified by MEDLINE search (1967 to January 1998) for original articles in English using the search terms “human,” “enteral nutrition,” “arginine,” “nucleotides,” “omega‐3 fatty acids,” “immunonutrition,” “IMPACT,” and “Immun‐Aid.” Additionally, the authors of the studies and the manufacturers of the feedings were contacted for addition Information. Access to original databases was obtained for the three largest studies. Study Selection: Fifteen randomized controlled trials comparing patients receiving standard enteral nutrition with patients receiving a commercially available immune‐enhancing feed with arginine with or without glutamine, nucleotides, and omega‐3 fatty acids ? were identified by two independent reviewers (Dr. Beale and Dr. Bryg). Data Extraction: Descriptive and outcome data were extracted independently from the papers by the same two reviewers, one of whom (Dr. Bryg) analyzed the original databases. Three studies were excluded from analysis, leaving 12 studies containing 1557 subjects, 1482 of whom were analyzed. Main outcome measures were mortality, infection, ventilator days, intensive care unit stay, hospital stay, diarrhea days, calorie intake, and nitrogen intake. The meta analysis was performed on an intent‐to‐treat basis. Data Synthesis: There was no effect of immunonutrition on mortality (relative risk = 1.05, confidence interval [CI] = 0.78, 1.41; p = .76). There were significant reductions in infection rate (relative risk = 0.67, CI = 0.50,0.89; p = .006), ventilator days (2.6 days, CI = 0.1, 5.1; p = .04), and hospital length of stay (2.9 days, CI = 1.4, 4.4; p = .0002) in the immunonutrition group. Conclusions: The benefits of enteral immunonutrition were most pronounced in surgical patients, although they were present in all groups. The reduction in hospital length of stay and infections has resource implications. (Crit Care Med 27:2799–805, 1999)
Clinical Observations: Nutritional Status, Nutrition, and Pressure Ulcers
Authors: Mathus‐Vliegen E.M.H.
Published: April 2009

Pressure ulcers with a high and increasing prevalence in an aging society have important medical and financial consequences. In subjects with or at increased risk of pressure ulcers, the combination of malnutrition and old age seems highly unpropitious. However, the evidence of malnutrition being a risk factor for pressure ulcers, and nutrition playing a role in the prevention and healing of decubitus is not unanimous. Albeit no causal relationship between nutritional status and the risk of developing pressure ulcers could be established, the impaired intake of energy and protein predisposed to the development of pressure sores. Adequate nutrition was able to reverse the underfed state and seemed to reduce the incidence of decubitus. Adequate energy and protein intake may accelerate the healing of ulcers, but in the case of artificial feeding, the positive effects on wound healing were obscured by the morbidity of tube feeding. None of the specific nutrients such as zinc, vitamin C, and argi‐nine consistently promoted the healing of ulcers. Of the many factors involved in the development of pressure ulcers, nutrition might be one of the few reversible host factors. Therefore, the first goal should be to ensure an adequate intake of energy and protein. A second goal should be to correct the nutrient deficiencies of old age as these nutrients are also involved in wound healing. As yet, there is insufficient valid evidence for the use of specifically composed feeds and supplements.
Reactive Oxygen Species and Glutathione: Potential for Parenteral Nutrition Supplementation?
Authors: Fuhrman M. Patricia , Herrmann Virginia M. , Smith Gregory S.
Published: April 2009

Glutathione has been implicated as an important antioxidant in the body's defense against the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In critically ill patients, the balance between the production of ROS and the availability of antioxidants may shift to favor proliferation of ROS. This in turn may lead to significant tissue injury. Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a feeding modality often required by critically ill patients. PN solutions do not contain the components needed for endogenous glutathione synthesis and, thus, may reduce antioxidant availability and accentuate ROS damage. Supplementation of PN with nutrients that promote glutathione synthesis may attenuate ROS‐induced cell destruction.
Unifying General and Special Education: What Does the Research Tell Us?
Authors: Stayton Vicki D. , McCollum Jeanette
Published: April 2009

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act has provided the impetus to educate all children in more inclusive settings. With the move toward inclusion has come the recognition that changes must occur in the manner in which teachers are prepared. Since the 1970s, efforts have been made to ensure that general educators have some content in their preservice preparation programs related to disabilities either through modifying existing courses or by adding special education courses to the curriculum. However, research suggests that such practices have not resulted in adequately prepared general educators for inclusive settings. A more recent early childhood education trend in preparing preservice students for inclusive settings is to unify general and special education curricula in universities/colleges. An overview of efforts toward unification and a summary of the limited research in this area are provided. The remaining articles in this topical section are introduced with a discussion of the need for further research related to unification.
Unified Early Childhood Personnel Preparation Programs: Perceptions from the Field
Authors: LaMontagne M. J. , Johnson Lawrence J. , Kilgo Jennifer L. , Stayton Vicki , Carr Victoria , Bauer Anne M. , Carpenter Jenny
Published: April 2009

Two complimentary data sets were collected to gain an understanding of unified early childhood (EC) and early childhood special education (ECSE) programs. The first data set, was obtained by interviewing 28 university faculty members who were key faculty administrating these unified programs. These data focused on the development and characteristics of unified EC and ECSE programs. The second data set was obtained from graduates from unified, dual, ECE, or ECSE Master programs. These data focused their perceptions regarding the knowledge base gained from their program of study. These data indicated that providing a unified vision of early childhood education is an on-going process. Respondents described many barriers and successes. All programs had course work from at least two different disciplines and collaboration among disciplines was prominent. Commitment and collaborative problem-solving were described as critical to on-going success. The data from program graduates provided some interesting trends that require further exploration and research. These data indicated that the trend towards unifying ECE and ECSE teacher preparation programs is to provide students with a broader set of competencies to address a diverse set of children and their families.
Inclusive Attitudes, Strengths, and Weaknesses of Pre-service General Educators Enrolled in a Curriculum Infusion Teacher Preparation Program
Authors: Cook Bryan G.
Published: April 2009

The inclusive attitudes of 181 undergraduate preservice general educators were measured using modified versions of the Opinions Relative to Integration of Students with Disabilities scale. A series of 4 $$ 4 ANOVA equations indicated that (a) pre-service teachers were more positive toward the inclusion of students with learning disabilities than of students with behavior disorders, mental retardation, and multiple disabilities and (b) pre-service teachers of different class standings did not have significantly different attitudes toward inclusion. In addition, four themes emerged from the comments of 136 participants regarding their strengths and weaknesses related to inclusive teaching. The most frequently mentioned strengths were in the area of Personal Characteristics, Dispositions, and Talents. The most commonly noted weaknesses were in regard to Teaching Experience, Teacher-training, and Instructional Knowledge and Skills. A chi-square analysis indicated that strengths and weaknesses did not differ corresponding to class standing with the exception of seniors tending to express more strengths related to Experiences Unrelated to Teaching or Teacher-training than expected by chance. The implications of these results and infusion models of teacher preparation for inclusion policies are discussed.
Using Problem-Based Learning as a Tool for Learning to Teach Students with Special Needs
Authors: Levin Barbara , Hibbard Katherine , Rock Tracy
Published: April 2009

This article describes how Problem-based learning (PBL) was used as a pedagogical tool to help prospective teachers (a) define various disabilities, (b) learn teaching strategies for inclusion settings, and (c) value collaboration with other professionals. Qualitative and quantitative data are reported about the influence of the PBL experience on 44 preservice teachers during a semester-long PBL experience. Our findings indicate that engagement in PBL can help prospective teachers begin to acquire the knowledge, skills, and attitudes needed to work with children with disabilities in a problem-solving atmosphere that models and emphasizes peer collaboration.
Software Evaluation for Special Needs: Preparing the Preservice Teacher from an Inservice Perspective
Authors: Weber Roberta K. , Forgan James W. , Schoon Perry L.
Published: April 2009

For most experienced educators, choosing software for children with disabilities is challenging as the number of programs in our technology rich marketplace increases dramatically. Purchasing titles for entertainment is much less complicated than selecting effective educational materials based upon sound instructional objectives through a systematic review of characteristics of learner and learning environment. This study was designed to investigate the software selection process engaged in by special education teachers. Questionnaires were completed by 144 respondents with a return rate of 69% to (a) identify characteristics perceived as important to consider when determining which programs to select for use by students with high incidence disabilities, and (b) ascertain a list of software titles used in special education classrooms currently. Based upon qualitative data analysis, results indicated ten themes inservice teachers consider when selecting software titles. Those themes include: (a) welcoming; (b) sensory stimulating; (c) learner program design; (d) learner empowerment; (e) technology adaptation; (f) diversity; (g) individual instructional integration; (h) narration; (i) curriculum encompassing; and (j) teacher functionality. Additionally this paper provides a list of software titles used in classrooms currently and describes implications for integrating a software evaluation component into a methods course.
A School-University Collaboration for Preparing Teachers of Students with Visual Impairments: Linking the University and a State Residential School
Authors: Fueyo Vivian , Lewis Sandra
Published: April 2009

To address calls for restructuring and reform in the mid 1980's, educators proposed joining schools and universities in collaborative partnerships to improve education. Little attention has been given in the educational reform literature, however, to the field of teacher education for teachers of students with blindness or low vision. Reform efforts in this field have been directed at redefining the relationship between universities and state residential schools. In this paper, the authors examine the identification of partners and the establishment of partnerships for teacher preparation, and the resulting lessons learned from developing a school-university collaboration between a state residential school for students who are blind or who have low vision and a university teacher preparation program for the teachers of these students. The authors follow the progress of this residential school-university collaboration through its stages and analyze the implications of the lessons learned for all teacher educators.
Preservice General Educators' Perceptions of Structured Reflective Logs as Viable Learning Tools in a University Course on Inclusionary Practices
Authors: Kolar Christine , Dickson Shirley V.
Published: April 2009

Seeking to strengthen preparation of preservice general educators for the realities of inclusive school settings, two special education teacher educators from different universities used content-based structured reflective log writing as an integral course requirement. Faced with teaching intensive course content within a limited time frame, the log writing was structured to enhance the preservice general educators' knowledge base/understanding and problem solving/reflective skills. In this article, we delineate findings from a qualitative analysis of 80 preservice general educators' perceptions of the strengths and limitations of the structured log writing. Our findings validate our objectives for using structured logs and indicate that the preservice educators perceived more strengths than limitations to writing structured reflective logs. The benefits included perceiving the logs as essential multi-purpose learning and study tools for reflecting, connecting, and collecting/maintaining information. Limitations spanned a broad range with time being the most noted limiting factor.
On the Emotional Value of Owning a Firm
Authors: Zellweger Thomas M. , Astrachan Joseph H.
Published: April 2009

This article examines how owners of firms subjectively value their ownership stake in monetary terms. We utilize endowment and possession attachment literature to investigate how emotional benefits and costs related to organizational ownership affect emotional value. We define emotional value as that part of willingness to accept unexplained by the financial value of the ownership stake and the private financial benefits of control accruing to the owner. Our research provides new insight into firm owners' psychology and value considerations where an owner values nonfinancial aspects of the ownership stake.
A ‘limit attitude’: Foucault, autonomy, critique
Authors: Healy Paul
Published: April 2009

On Foucault’s own telling, his distinctive approach to critique is to be characterized as a ‘limit attitude’. Definitive of this limit attitude is a problematizing, transgressive style of thinking oriented toward challenging existing ways of being and doing, with a view to liberating new possibilities for advancing ‘the undefined work of freedom’. From the outset, however, the efficacy of this problematizing approach to critique has been beset by doubts about the adequacy of its normative resources. In the present article, it is argued that progress can be made toward a productive resolution of this contested issue if adequate account is taken of both the Nietzschean and the Kantian dimensions of Foucault’s thought. Specifically, it is argued that the balance between these potentially conflictual elements must be appropriately (re)negotiated, if the normative efficacy of Foucauldian critique is to be ensured, while its distinctive problematizing thrust is preserved. In defending this view, the Foucauldian concept of autonomy is seen to have a pivotal role to play both in advancing the task of problematization and, in its relation to intersubjectivity, in securing its normative efficacy. In thus vindicating the integrity of Foucault’s distinctive approach to critique, new light is shed on the structure, dynamics and logic of a contemporary mode of inquiry committed to the problematizing exercise of critical reason.
The hegemony of hegemony
Authors: Valentine Jeremy
Published: April 2009

A distinctive characteristic of Laclau and Mouffe’s theory of hegemony is its insistence on the denial of an essence or ground of the subject. This element of their theory is derived from their notion of antagonism, in which a relation with a ground is brought into question by revealing its contingency. This article argues that the political dimension of this argument makes sense only in the context of Laclau and Mouffe’s notion of modernity. However, the universalizing of modernity as the form of hegemony reduces the ontological notion of antagonism to a dialectical or empirical notion of contradiction. This article examines two key moves in this process: first, the reduction of the subject to Lacan’s account of the subject; and second, the reduction of modernity to an ontotheologicalpolitical structure derived from Lefort as the support of the hegemonic subject. From this the article examines Laclau’s response to the exhaustion of political modernity in the figure of complexity, from which antagonism is evacuated through the hegemony of the category of myth. Finally, the article discusses a nonhegemonic approach to antagonism derived from the work of Foucault, Wolin and Rancière.
Scientists and the cultural politics of academic disciplines in late 19th-century Germany: Emil Du Bois-Reymond and the controversy over the role of the cultural sciences
Authors: Veit-Brause Irmline
Published: April 2009

This article is concerned with interactions between the natural and the human sciences. It examines a specific late 19th-century episode in their relationship and argues that the schism between the two branches of knowledge was due to cognitive factors, but consolidated through the social dynamics of institutionalized disciplines. It contends that the assignment of a social function to the human sciences to compensate for the self-destructive tendencies inherent in the technological society was expressed even by those, at the end of the 19th century, who were fervent advocates of a science- and technology-driven modernization.
Meno and the Internet: between memory and the archive
Authors: Caygill Howard
Published: April 2009

This article is an analysis of the Internet as a mnemonic system and an assessment of its debt to and impact upon the classical tropes of memory established by Plato in the dialogue Meno.
Maturity and education, citizenship and enlightenment: an introduction to Theodor Adorno and Hellmut Becker, ‘Education for maturity and responsibility’
Authors: French Robert , Thomas Jem
Published: April 2009

In a series of radio broadcasts, one of which is translated for the first time in this issue (pp. 21-34), Adorno and Becker claimed that modern education is profoundly inadequate. Their views on education draw heavily on Kant’s notion of Enlightenment as a process for the development of personal and social maturity and responsibility. As such, education cannot just be a training but must itself be a developmental process which takes into account not only social and political realities but also the complex psychodynamics involved in learning. However, Adorno and Becker arrive at a position that is close to self-contradictory, unable to solve the paradox inherent in the idea of an education that is at once authoritative and non-conformist. This might arise from their failure to reflect on the nature of their own dialogue, and it is suggested that friendship offers the social model of a dynamic relationship of the type they sought to articulate. Despite the fact that the discussion took place in 1969, in a climate of educational debate radically different from today’s, their work raises issues and poses questions of the profoundest importance 30 years on.
Cadmium Concentrations in Human Kidneys from the UK
Authors: Scott R. , Aughey E. , Fell G.S. , Quinn M.J.
Published: April 2009

The concentration of cadmium in the cortex and medulla of nearly 1000 kidneys obtained at autopsy was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Particular care was taken over the analytical procedures to ensure the accuracy and precision of the results; intrakidney variability was examined and found to be small. The frequency distributions of cadmium concentrations were approximately lognormal. There was much variability in cadmium concentrations between individuals, with geometric coefficients of variation for both cortex and medulla of around 100%. Cadmium concentrations varied with age and smoking habits, but not sex. Values were successively higher than those in the previous age-group up to 50-59 years (geometric mean 19 μg/g), after which they were successively lower; on average, heavy smokers had cadmium concentrations some 15-20% higher than those in light smokers who in turn had values some 15-20% higher than those in non-smokers. No definite conclusions could be reached on the variation of cadmium concentrations with either cause of death or location, or over time. The present study, the first of its kind in the UK, has provided benchmark data; its results are broadly in line with those from previous but smaller studies in other countries.
Gendered Time in the Age of Deconstruction
Authors: Odih Pamela
Published: April 2009

Representational linear time is premised on the rational ordering and control of space and time and the denial of différance; it knows no Other. Linear time's claim to neutrality has, in recent years, been the subject of much feminist debate. Davies and Leccardi have, for example, argued the incompatibility of `women's time' with a linear perspective which separates work from leisure, the public from the private, and task from clock-based orientations to time. But many of these feminist challenges are epistemologically grounded in the very same representational tradition, which has secured the hegemony of linear time. For these feminist discourses tend towards either a strategy of reversing the phallocentricity of linear time and or synthesizing the binary elements of their discourse (i.e., its male/female opposition) into mutually inclusive dualistic pairs. The problem that unites these respective strategies is that they fail to displace the dualistic epistemology that is at the heart of Enlightenment thought. Conversely, this paper argues that a way to destroy the male/female time opposition is not to invert it but to deconstruct it. Deconstruction, as defined by Derrida, is a strategy, which attacks the classical oppositions of the metaphysics of presence and in doing so, destroys the phallocentric binary that it creates. The alternative discourse of gendered time presented in this paper defines masculine and feminine time(s) as elements that represent multiple differences, pluralities of characteristics that cross and re-cross the alleged boundary between the two. It is in this sense that discourses of gendered time can fracture the masculine fiction of unity that is linear time and reveal how these unities have repressed an Other.
Time Allocation in Times of Structural Transformation
Authors: Peters Pascale
Published: April 2009

This study focuses on time allocation in 1995 by married or cohabiting, employed or homemaking Dutch women and men aged between 25 and 44. It asks (1) What role does gender play in time-allocation decisions? (2) What effects do situational factors have on time allocation, and do these effects differ between the sexes? Time-allocation models were developed for women and men separately, such that paid work affected unpaid work and free time, and free time, in turn, was affected by paid and unpaid work. It was found that women's unpaid work, rather than their free time, acts as a time buffer when more time is allocated to paid work, whereas men's free time rather than unpaid work time assumes this function. Although time allocation is still gendered, time-use patterns of both women and men at the end of the 20th century are differentiated by situational factors. In the present-day institutional Dutch context, the combination of having children and performing market work implies a relative loss of free time for women and men alike which is believed to be connected with a loss of control over time.
Scientists are talking, but mostly to each other: a quantitative analysis of research represented in mass media
Authors: Suleski Julie , Ibaraki Motomu
Published: April 2009

Journal publication has long been relied on as the only required communication of results, tasking journalists with bringing news of scientific discoveries to the public. Output of science papers increased 15% between 1990 and 2001, with total output over 650,000. But, fewer than 0.013—0.34% of papers gained attention from mass media, with health/medicine papers taking the lion’s share of coverage. Fields outside of health/medicine had an appearance rate of only 0.001—0.005%. In light of findings that show scientific literacy declining despite growing public interest and scientific output, this study attempts to show that reliance on journal publication and subsequent coverage by the media as the sole form of communication en masse is failing to communicate science to the public.
Crowning Glory: Public Law, Power and the Monarchy
Authors: Murphy Thérèse , Whitty Noel
Published: April 2009

‘New public law’ has a keen interest in the deployment of power and the shifting nature of the public and private. In this article, we argue that the historical legacy of the Crown has hindered the ability of public lawyers to respond to changes in modes of governance in the UK. The constitutional law textbook tradition has played a key role in limiting critiques of the Crown because of the obfuscation that surrounds the legal and political status of the Monarch. However, instead of discounting the significance of the monarchy, we use it as a resource for exploring governing power, the blurring of boundaries and constitutional renewal. Our starting point is the life, death and, most importantly, the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales. The latter event exposed the political relevance of the ‘personal’ in a most dramatic way, generating claims about the ‘feminisation of the government’ and ‘emotions augmenting democracy’. We follow through on these claims in order to focus on the effects of adopting private, intimate-sphere norms in the public sphere, in particular public-sphere decision making. While aware of the risks associated with this ‘transformation’ of democracy, we conclude that the increasing centrality of the intimate merits consideration in new public law’s search for progressive tools of modern governance.
Regulating Dangerous Futures: The German Embryo Protection Act of 1990 - Legislation in Risk Society
Authors: Augst Charlotte
Published: April 2009

This article summarises the outcome of a research project which analyses the legislative debates about the German Embryonenschutzgesetz (Embryo Protection Act) in 1990. From 1988 to 1990 the German Parliament discussed legislation for the practices of assisted conception and embryo research. The term ‘risk’ is central to the discourse. For Ulrich Beck (1986) this emphasis on risk is a sign of the reflexivity which contemporary western societies have reached.

This article reads back into the risk discourse the values hidden in risk terminology: they are identified as fears about modernisation processes. The focus on risk in this article allows observation of late modernity’s unease about its own potential and a growing ambiguity about modern ideas of progress and control (Bauman, 1991). This ambiguity also becomes apparent in the strategies of policing which the German legislature offers as solutions to the perceived risks: different legislative strategies are developed to tackle the contradictory risk scenarios. These different strategies of policing are understood as the construction of ‘places of safety’ in the face of identified dangers: the ‘traditional family’, the ‘good doctor’, ‘professional’ judgement. Defining those boundaries allows the German legislature to juggle contradictory agendas. This explains the inconsistent and fragmented nature of the Embryo Protection Act 1990.
The Enigma of Free Speech: Speakers’ Corner, The Geography of Governance and a Crisis of Rationality
Authors: Roberts John Michael
Published: April 2009

Officially sanctioned in 1872 by the Royal Parks and Gardens Regulation Act, Speakers’ Corner in Hyde Park, London is often seen as a potent symbol for free speech in Britain. Yet this image is highly problematic. Nowhere in the original 1872 Act does the term ‘free speech’ appear. In this article it is argued that this enigma is in fact perfectly understandable for two reasons. First, the sign ‘speech’ had carved out a distinct geographical and moral space in Hyde Park over a century before 1872. Constituted through the ‘last dying speeches’ of the criminal class of 18th-century London, this subaltern rationality rendered visible the class character of law by disrupting the distancing of legal discourse from governance. Secondly, by undertaking a genealogical investigation of the sign ‘speech’ at Hyde Park, the traces left by scaffold culture were re-combined to slowly translate ‘last dying speeches’ into a more overtly political proletarian public sphere. The political mediation of the sign ‘speech’ meant that the state had to respond to this sign by overcoming the failures of Tyburn and impose a successful mode of governance at Hyde Park. The 1872 Royal Parks and Gardens Regulation Act was an attempt by the state to accomplish this task.
My Body and Other Stories: Anorexia Nervosa and the Legal Politics of Embodiment
Authors: Keywood Kirsty
Published: April 2009

In a series of cases in the 1990s, English law confirmed the legality of tube feeding, detention and restraint of anorexic women. In declaring such practices lawful, English law has provided a space in which anorexic identity is constituted by reference to dominant discursive regimes of medical positivism and dualistic conceptions of the mind and body. This article examines critically law’s engagement with the anorexic body. It also considers possible modes of resistance, in particular the potential of poststructuralism, to make space for the resignifying of anorexic bodies in law.
Contesting the Rule of Emotions? The Press and Enforced Caesareans
Authors: Gies Lieve
Published: April 2009

The mass media are becoming increasingly interested in legal trials. This has led to concerns that legal rationality could be threatened by an emotionally driven media spectacle. The dichotomy between emotions and law has recently come to the fore in the enforced caesarean case of St George’s Healthcare NHS Trust v S[1998]. Studying the press reports on this case, my argument is that maintaining this dichotomy can produce the undesirable effect of justifying coercive medical treatment of pregnant women as an authentic, natural and spontaneous response. Emotions in this respect have to be denaturalized. Coercive surgery for pregnant women is neither a universal nor a necessary response, but one that has to be situated in its appropriate ideological, cultural and philosophical context. This requires attention to be focused on the fluidity and possible interconnections of law and emotions, and not so much on their polarity and mutual exclusion.
The Not-Mother Puzzle
Authors: Belcher Alice
Published: April 2009

Feminist debate has moved away from an emphasis on how women differ from men and towards acknowledgement of differences among women. This article explores a division of growing importance for the new millennium: the division between women who choose to remain childless and those who choose to become mothers. The article demonstrates that more women are choosing to remain childless in the UK and the USA. It claims that the increase in childlessness is a demographic trend that is affecting the whole of the western, developed world. The main point of the article is to suggest that the way sex discrimination law is currently structured means that the demographic change identified will work to the disadvantage of both mothers and not-mothers.
Men Behaving Badly: An Analysis of English Undue Influence Cases
Authors: Auchmuty Rosemary
Published: April 2009

Undue influence in mortgage cases is a major issue for women in turn-of-the-century English Land Law. The case reports reveal a catalogue of bad behaviour by men - not simply the perpetrators but also solicitors and bank officials - which courts allow to go unchecked, indeed almost unnoticed. This is because men’s bad behaviour in this area (as in others) is taken for granted in our society. Law uses a number of mechanisms to obscure and condone men’s bad behaviour: claiming the neutrality of doctrine and the ‘special tenderness’ of equity towards women, pretending ‘balance’ where in reality there is none, using language in clever and manipulative ways, and managing to ignore women’s pain by shifting the focus of the law from the wrong itself to the ways in which creditors can avoid being affected by it. The undue influence test is manifestly unsuitable for the protection of women; equity’s role appears to be the defence of business interests, not the weak and vulnerable. While there are some recent and welcome signs of legal engagement with the problems of masculinity, the solutions to women’s problems lie largely outside law, in women’s greater financial independence and a realignment of the relationship of men and women to what Joan Williams calls ‘domesticity’.
The Truth Will Out? The Role of Judicial Advocacy and Gender in Verdict Construction
Authors: Winter Jo
Published: April 2009

This article considers the largely neglected role of judicial summing up in contested trials. The rhetoric of the role of the judge is of independent arbiter. Using the trials of Myra Hindley and Rose West the article examines the relationship between this rhetoric and reality in the light of the discretion allowed by the broad nature of the rules ‘regulating’ the summing up. The article explores how this rhetorical space can be used or exploited so that it becomes a form of judicial advocacy, creating new narratives or lending support to the narratives of the prosecution or defence. In particular, the article argues that a crucial distinction in the narratives evident in the summings up in the trials of Rose West and Myra Hindley is the appearance of the sexed or gendered identities of the two women.
Risk Havens: Offshore Financial Centres, Insurance Cycles, the ‘Litigation Explosion’ and a Social Democratic Alternative
Authors: Van Fossen Anthony B.
Published: April 2009

Risk havens in offshore financial centres play an increasingly important role in capitalist risk management. They gain strength from cycles in the insurance industry (during hard markets) and from the mystified notion of a ‘litigation explosion’ that is used to reduce the rights of injured plaintiffs, particularly in times when insurers experience low income from investments. The captive insurance company (which has become the most prominent in Bermuda) and the asset protection trust (pioneered in the Cook Islands) have become important instruments through which the wealthy increase their own security and reduce the compensation that they pay for misfortunes that befall the general population. While risk havens promote laissez-faire, the article concludes that democratic socialism provides the most equitable and efficient solution to the problems of risk and insurance. democratic socialist perspective, risk havens are not part of the solution. They are part of the problem.
Walking the Straight and Narrow: Performative Sexuality and the First Amendment After Hurley
Authors: Yalda Christine A.
Published: April 2009

This article looks at a US Supreme Court case, Hurley v GLIB (1995), to consider the United States Constitution’s First Amendment both as a tool and as a site for contesting hegemonic ideas about sexuality. In Hurley, the Court allowed Boston St Patrick’s-Evacuation Day Parade organizers to exclude a group of openly gay Irish-Americans (and their supporters) who wished to march in the annual parade. The parade organizers maintained that they were not excluding the gay group as such, but rather the pro-gay message. The Court accepted this argument, ostensibly on First Amendment grounds. I argue that the holding has much broader implications. In Hurley, the Court equated the heterosexual parade organizers with their speech act, the parade. By conflating heterosexual act and identity, the Court maintained the parade as a heterosexual spectacle. At the same time, the Court rejected gay participants’ claims that public self-identification was a critical component of their identity. By separating the homosexual (speech) act of self-identification from homosexual identity, the Court was able to exclude openly gay participants while claiming only to exclude their message. In this way, the Court transformed a seemingly public celebration into a private landscape, constituted the parties as sexual subjects within this landscape, and defined the boundaries between the parties, in effect, to exclude identifiable homosexuals from marching in the parade. I suggest that, in addition to narrowing the political space for gay and lesbian expression and resistance, the decision serves to reinscribe a normalized homosexuality. It also shows the act/identity distinction to be a troubling strategy - not only a means of creating new political opportunities for collective action but a discursive tool for anti-homosexual forces as well. I conclude that tactics of inclusion may be necessary to reclaim meaningful political space.

Parades are public dramas of social relations, and in them performers define who can be a social actor and what subjects and ideas are available for communication and consideration. (Davis, 1986)

Nowadays, the First Amendment is the First Refuge of Scoundrels. (Fish, 1994)