bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Women on the Weimar Right: The Role of Female Politicians in the Deutschnationale Volkspartei (DNVP)
Authors: Scheck Raffael
Published: April 2009

The DNVP, until 1930 the predominant party of the Weimar Right, attracted a crowd of able women politicians with experience in religious and professional leagues, housewives' associations, and nationalist pressure groups. The article examines to what degree these women partook in right-wing ideology and politics. It first presents statements by party women on the issues that tended to split the party into a moderate and an intransigent wing and concludes that women usually committed themselves to party unity and to a stand on principle that tended to favour the intransigents. An inner view of women's activism in the DNVP then focuses on two programmatic statements, one from 1921 and one from 1933, and argues that the politics of DNVP women shifted emphasis from practical women's rights demands to radical right-wing ideology. The ideological parameters of 1933, however, were always present, whereas the equal rights demands of 1921 were increasingly condensed in the claim of women to make a contribution to the nazi racial state not only as mothers and housewives. The evidence thus shows that women from the DNVP partook in right-wing ideology and politics, mostly by stressing racism and militarism, even though they rejected nazism on the grounds of the nazis' hostility to women's rights.
`Grievance Gravy Train Picking up Speed': Myths and Reality around Employment Disputes in New Zealand
Authors: Shulruf Boaz , Woodhams Bernard , Howard Christina , Johri Roopali , Yee Beven
Published: April 2009

Since the late 1980s there has been a growing concern among employers in New Zealand that employees take advantage of personal grievance provisions to make more claims and gain higher compensation when problems arise in employment relationships. The current study used data from a national sample of employers within the private sector and found that the cost of resolving employment problems for employers was relatively low, particularly when disputes were resolved in-house. Further it was found that employers' satisfaction with the dispute resolution was mostly affected by the method by which the resolution was achieved, rather than by the cost or benefits resulting from the disputes. Possible explanations for this phenomenon are discussed.
Urban Disadvantage and Types of Race-Specific Homicide: Assessing the Diversity in Family Structures in the Urban Context
Authors: Parker Karen F. , Johns Tracy
Published: April 2009

The family is a mechanism of social control and is essential for reducing crime in urban areas. Recent urban disadvantage and violence research has shifted attention to family disruption as a predictor of crime. Unexplored by this literature is the impact of diversity in family structures on violence. Because the family has taken on multiple forms in urban areas, the authors incorporate this literature into the study of types of race-specific homicide. They estimate constructs of family structure, separate from family disruption, on race-specific family-, acquaintance-, and stranger-related homicide rates. The results indicate that measures of family structure differ both theoretically and empirically from constructs of family disruption. Moreover, when controlling for urban disadvantage, family types do not contribute to homicide in the same manner as family disruption, with differences emerging along racial lines. The authors call for a more inclusive look at the family in the study of urban violence.
Tourism, Heritage Buildings, and Tax Relief
Authors: McDonald Marc
Published: April 2009

A generous tax relief was created by the Irish parliament in 1982 to cover the costs of repair/restoration work on heritage buildings and gardens. A central feature of the tax relief is that the building must be kept open, within prescribed limits, for tourist visits during the following 5 years. Both tourism and heritage protection gain from the measure. Ireland appears to be one of only a few states (France is another) that offer such a tax relief. This analytical and discursive article examines the nature, scope, and development of this tax relief, with particular reference to the issue of public access.
The Impact of Memory on Expenditures Recall in Tourism Conversion Studies
Authors: Zhou Zongqing
Published: April 2009

One critical element in conversion studies involves visitor spending that is used in combination with the conversion rate to assess the economic impact of marketing efforts. This article compares expenditure data collected from sample respondents who visited Frankenmuth, Michigan, during two different periods of time: 1992-93 and 1993-94. The purpose of the article is to assess the impact of the length of lapsed time between the visits and when respondents were asked to recall trip expenditures on the accuracy and direction of the reported data. The finding suggests that, contrary to past findings in the literature, the longer the lapsed time between the visit and the recall of trip spending, the more likely the respondents will overestimate trip expenditures. This finding suggests that the most common criticisms regarding the underreporting of expenditures by respondents due to lapsed time are not necessarily true and should be examined on a case-by-case basis.
Residents’ Support for Legalized Gaming and Perceived Impacts of Riverboat Casinos: Changes in Five Years
Authors: Hsu Cathy H. C.
Published: April 2009

Modern riverboat casinos have been in operation since 1991. This study investigates the changes in residents’ perceived impacts of riverboat casinos on community quality over time. Data were collected in 1993 (n = 231) and 1998 (n = 272) from randomly selected residents in Iowa and Illinois. Residents were significantly less positive about the legalization of gaming in these states in 1998 than in 1993. Of the 24 community quality attributes rated, five underlying factors were identified, and three of these were rated as significantly worse in 1998 than in 1993. Multiple linear regression analysis results indicate that respondents’ perceptions on “free of crime” and “community amenities and activities” were significant predictors of their support for legalized gaming. Implications for gaming proponents and opponents are provided.
An Exploration of Cross-Cultural Destination Image Assessment
Authors: MacKay Kelly J. , Fesenmaier Daniel R.
Published: April 2009

The propensity of destinations to use the same visuals to lure tourists to their destinations, and the variety of cultures represented by target market countries, heightens the issue of meaning plurality in destination image perception. This article proffers multidimensional scaling analyses as a technique for examining cross-cultural image perception and provides an example to illustrate how the number and interpretation of image dimensions may differ between two cultures.
Segmenting the Mature Market: 10 Years Later
Authors: Shoemaker Stowe
Published: April 2009

A review of the literature on senior travelers revealed no studies that investigated how the senior market has changed over time. Nor did the search reveal any replications of previous studies. While this is not surprising, it is somewhat disappointing, especially given that measuring how attitudes change over time can be very enlightening. The study presented in this article adds to the prior literature on the mature market by examining how the mature market has changed over a 10-year period. While the study does not track the same people over a 10-year period (obviously, this would have been the ideal situation), it does replicate a study that was undertaken in 1986 (published in 1989).
A Structural Analysis of Value, Quality, and Price Perceptions of Business and Leisure Travelers
Authors: Kashyap Rajiv , Bojanic David C.
Published: April 2009

Customer value has become the focus of firm strategies in recent years. This study investigates the relationships between travelers’ perceptions of value, quality, and price and their influence on travelers’ ratings of similar hotels and revisit intentions in two segments, business and leisure travelers. The findings suggest that value plays a pivotal role in travelers’ decision schema, emphasizing the need to shift efforts from managing quality alone to managing customer value. Differences in the value perceptions of business and leisure travelers emphasize the need to develop segment-based strategies for managing price and quality.
Information and Communications Technology Research in the Travel and Tourism Domain: Perspective and Direction
Authors: Frew Andrew J.
Published: April 2009

This article explores the research corpus emerging through the application and interaction of information and communications technologies (ICT) with tourism. The purpose is to place such research within current perceptions of this overall ICT area, giving a framework through which to position a perspective and to offer both the prospect of a rational foundation and a catalyst for further applied research—a research agenda.
Internet-Based Evaluation of Tourism Web Site Effectiveness: Methodological Issues and Survey Results
Authors: Tierney Patrick
Published: April 2009

There is growing reliance on the Internet and Web sites for promotion of tourism. Evaluation of Web site effectiveness is necessary because of the significant costs for setup, advertising, and maintenance. Research suggests there is a great need for evaluations to go beyond hits and page viewings. The objectives of this study were to develop and apply a low-cost, automated, Internet-based survey methodology to investigate effectiveness of a tourism promotional Web site. Both online and email surveys were used to gather data from visitors to a state Web site. Although responses were received from 833 persons, response rates were low. A check for nonresponse bias indicated that respondents were different from nonrespondents. Respondents primarily learned about the Web site through two sources and reported that the Web site significantly influenced their travel plans. However, study findings suggest that there are substantial methodological challenges in conducting Web-based surveys. Suggestions to improve evaluation methods are provided.
The Organization of Information in Memory for Pictures of Tourist Destinations: Are There Age-Related Differences?
Authors: Smith Malcolm C. , MacKay Kelly J.
Published: April 2009

Older adults are a key leisure travel market segment. As a growth market for the travel industry, it is imperative to understand how older travelers respond to pictures and illustrations in destination advertising used to prompt the destination selection decision. This study investigated age-related differences in memory for pictures of tourist destinations. After receiving encoding instructions, 90 younger and 90 older adults viewed four pictures of tourist destinations and later recalled the content of the pictures. With destination familiarity and education variables statistically controlled, there were no age differences found in pictorial memory performance. Implications of, and possible explanations for, the results are discussed.
Travelers to Las Vegas and to Atlantic City
Authors: Reece William S.
Published: April 2009

This article measures the impacts of demographic, lifestyle, and distance variables on travel to Las Vegas and to Atlantic-Cape May, New Jersey, using data at two levels of aggregation and at the household level. The source of the travel data is the 1995 American Travel Survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Bureau of Transportation Statistics. The most consistent finding is the strong negative effect of distance for both destinations. The lifestyle variables examined here have little effect on travel to Las Vegas, but they indicate that travelers to Atlantic-Cape May come from areas with high proportions of casino gamblers and low proportions of people who travel regularly. The estimated effects of demographic variables vary with the destination and the level of aggregation. Results of this kind can be useful in destination marketing.
Motivation to Attend the 1996 Summer Olympic Games
Authors: Neirotti Lisa Delpy , Bosetti Heather A. , Teed Kenneth C.
Published: April 2009

This research note reports the results of a survey measuring the motivations of spectators who attended the 1996 Summer Olympic Games. A 33-item pencil-and-paper data collection instrument previously piloted at two other Olympic Games measured and assessed motivational perspectives associated with the Olympic Games. A panel of Olympic scholars, international business experts, and university academics undertook evaluation, validation, and refinement of the measurement tool. Administration and questionnaire training was used to establish the optimal conditions for the acquisition of data. Three hundred twenty valid responses were analyzed to determine factors influencing spectators’ decisions to attend the Olympic Games. Recommendations for further research are provided.
Meta-Evaluations of Performance Audits of Government Tourism-Marketing Programs
Authors: Woodside Arch G. , Sakai Marcia Y.
Published: April 2009

A meta-evaluation is an assessment of evaluation practices. Meta-evaluations include assessments of validity and usefulness of two or more studies focused on the same issues. This article describes specific recommendations on how to achieve effective performance audits of government tourism-marketing departments and programs, as well as how to achieve effective tourism-marketing programs.
Service Quality Evaluation at Events through Service Mapping
Authors: Getz Donald , O’Neill Martin , Carlsen Jack
Published: April 2009

Service mapping is described and illustrated in the context of evaluating and improving service quality at special events. Results of participant observation at the 1998 Margaret River Masters surfing event in Western Australia are combined with concurrent visitor survey data and direct observations to generate recommendations for improving its management. Conclusions are drawn on the utility and application of the service-mapping technique for events and on the nature of service quality at events.
Research Paradigms and the Tourism Curriculum
Authors: Tribe John
Published: April 2009

A critique of tourism curriculum proposals in the literature enables different methodological approaches to curriculum design to be identified and evaluated. Three methodological paradigms for researching into the curriculum emerge. These are the scientific positivist, the interpretive, and the critical. The analysis of this article points to differences between research paradigms, the implications of using each of them for curriculum design, and the limitations of scientific-positivist approaches. It finds that methods that are exclusively scientific-positivist may have only limited application because of their lack of attention to meaning and values and underlines the importance of approaching curriculum design mindful of the full range of research paradigms.
Overnight Ecotourist Market Segmentation in the Gold Coast Hinterland of Australia
Authors: Weaver David B. , Lawton Laura J.
Published: April 2009

Very little is known about the characteristics of overnight ecolodge patrons. This study reports on the results of a questionnaire that was completed by 1,180 individuals who had stayed at least one night in either of two well-known ecolodges in Lamington National Park, Australia. A cluster analysis on 37 items pertaining to ecotourism behavior revealed three distinct groups. “Harder” ecotourists reflect a high level of environmental commitment and affinities with wilderness-type experiences, while “softer” ecotourists are much less committed on either dimension. “Structured” ecotourists, by comparison, reveal a strong pattern of commitment but a level of desire for interpretation, escorted tours, and services/facilities that is usually more associated with mass tourism. The marketing implications of these findings are considered.
The “Pull” of Tourism Destinations: A Means-End Investigation
Authors: Klenosky David B.
Published: April 2009

Means-end theory provides a practical framework for examining the relationships between the pull attributes of a destination (i.e., “the means”) and the higher level motivational forces important to the individual traveler (“the ends”). To the extent that these higher level forces correspond to the push factors that influenced one’s decision to travel in the first place, the means-end perspective provides a useful alternative approach for examining the relationship between push and pull factors in motivating and guiding travel behavior. This article examines the potential of using the means-end approach to examine push-pull relationships, demonstrates the use of the approach in an empirical study of spring break destination choice, and discusses key implications for future research and application.
The Effects of Governmental Restrictions on Outbound Tourist Expenditures
Authors: Dávila Víctor R. , Asgary Nader , de los Santos Gilberto , Vincent Vern
Published: April 2009

Without a considered analysis of the costs and benefits of policies that restrict tourist activity, the various parties that influence and are influenced by the development of the tourism industry may be frustrated in their search for productive dialogue and consensus. Although restrictive policies on outbound tourism are common and widespread, little prior work has examined the effectiveness and consequences of such policies. This article evaluates the impacts on outbound tourist behavior of lowered duty-free import limits in the case of Mexican cross-border visitors to the United States. Results suggest that (a) stable cross-border expenditures and compensatory behavior by outbound tourists may limit the effectiveness of restrictions on duty-free imports and that (b) these restrictions may increase overall tourism imports, implying that attempts to restrict or regulate tourist activity may produce results that are the opposite of those intended.
Tourism in Crisis: Managing the Effects of Terrorism
Authors: Sönmez Sevil F. , Apostolopoulos Yiorgos , Tarlow Peter
Published: April 2009

While tourists are free to avoid destinations associated with risk, the consequences of disastrous events on tourist destinations are inescapable and can be profound. Terrorism that targets tourism can be viewed as a disaster for a destination and ensuing events can create a serious tourism crisis. This article argues that tourist destinations—especially those vulnerable to politically motivated violence—should incorporate crisis management planning into their overall sustainable development and marketing/management strategies to protect and rebuild their image of safety/attractiveness, to reassure potential visitors of the safety of the area, to reestablish the area’s functionality/attractiveness, and to aid local travel and tourism industry members in their economic recovery. Recommendations include having a crisis management plan in place, establishing a tourism crisis management task force, developing a crisis management guidebook, and partnering with law enforcement officials.
After Political Turmoil: The Lessons of Rebuilding Tourism in Three Asian Countries
Authors: Richter Linda K.
Published: April 2009

Rebuilding tourism requires more than a technical process of repairing facilities, negotiating investments, and marketing. The nature of the political unrest and what if any role tourism played in it must be understood. This article uses the experiences of the Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan to demonstrate the complexity of the issues involved. With each case the factors that exacerbated the problem for tourism development are noted and suggestions are made as to what steps need to be taken to provide a better foundation for future tourism.
Policy Formulation at the Tourism/Environment Interface: Insights and Recommendations from the Banff-Bow Valley Study
Authors: Ritchie J. R. Brent
Published: April 2009

The need for formal tourism policy is being increasingly acknowledged. Nowhere is the need more pressing than in cases where economic and environmental forces clash to create social conflicts and industry inefficiencies. This article reviews one of the most complex and most costly policy studies undertaken in recent years. The Banff-Bow Valley Study (BBVS) encompassed a complex set of integrated research efforts designed to provide a foundation for policies to ensure the long-term protection and development of national parks in the Canadian Rockies. In addition to providing a tourism perspective on the various approaches employed, it summarizes the major conclusions and recommendations pertaining to tourism. Finally, it seeks to extract a number of insights from the study that, it is hoped, will be helpful to others who must formulate policies in situations where tourism and environmental priorities must be reconciled.
Artificial Neural Networks versus Multiple Regression in Tourism Demand Analysis
Authors: Uysal Muzaffer , El Roubi M. Sherif
Published: April 2009

This study explores and demonstrates the usefulness of artificial neural networks (ANNs) as an alternative approach to the use of multiple regression (MR) in tourism demand studies. The study uses Canadian tourism expenditures in the United States as a measure of demand to demonstrate its application. The results revealed that the use of ANNs in tourism demand studies may result in better estimates in terms of prediction bias and accuracy. Further applications of ANNs in the context of tourism demand analysis are needed to establish and confirm the results.
The Relative Influence of Achievement Motivation and Irritability-Impatience on the Selling Performance of Travel Agents: Implications of the Type A Behavior Pattern
Authors: Bartkus Kenneth R. , Howell Roy D.
Published: April 2009

Travel managers are interested in recruiting agents who have both the motivation to work hard and the ability to get along well with others. In this regard, the Type A Behavior Pattern (TABP) may have important implications. Specifically, its achievement motivation component should result in higher levels of selling performance, while its impatience-irritability component should result in lower levels of selling performance. In addition, since prior research has shown that achievement motivation and impatience-irritability are correlated, the TABP can be problematic. This study reviews the theoretical foundation of the TABP as it relates to personal selling and provides an empirical test of the relationships in a travel service selling context. The results show that (1) achievement motivation and impatience-irritability are correlated, (2) achievement motivation has a positive influence on travel selling performance, and (3) impatience-irritability has a negative influence on travel selling performance. Managerial implications are also provided.
Redefining Ecotourism: The Need for a Supply-Side View
Authors: Sirakaya Ercan , Sasidharan Vinod , Sönmez Sevil
Published: April 2009

This article reviews the existing literature on ecotourism definitions and provides a supply-side view of ecotourism based on the findings of a nationwide survey of 282 U.S.-based ecotour operators. A content analysis of ecotourism definitions revealed that ecotourism is a new form of nonconsumptive, educational, and romantic tourism to relatively undisturbed and undervisited areas of immense natural beauty, and cultural and historical importance for the purposes of understanding and appreciating the natural and sociocultural history of the host destination. The current view of ecotourism by the sample of tour operators reflects and confirms definitions of ecotourism found in existing literature. If the definitions provided by this sample of ecotour operators are to be considered representative of their business vision or mission statement, it is plausible to expect their business objectives and operational behavior to be congruent with their description of ecotourism. Whether or not their actual behavior will reflect their visions remains to be determined.
Thematizing Embeddedness
Authors: Lewandowski Joseph D.
Published: April 2009

This article examines the interpretive dimensions of human action. Although it takes the reflexive sociology of Pierre Bourdieu as its starting point, the article attempts to develop a more robust hermeneutical account of the reflexivity of social actors and those who study them than Bourdieu himself has considered. It is argued that interpretation is best understood not as the homologous expression of inculcated structures but rather as context-sensitive and reflexively context-transforming action—or what the author wishes to characterize, respectively, as first- and second-order thematizations of embeddedness. The article concludes by contrasting the author’s position with the thick description of Clifford Geertz.
Ten Modes of Individualism—None of Which Works—And Their Alternatives
Authors: Bunge Mario
Published: April 2009

Individualism comes in at least 10 modes: ontological, logical, semantic, epistemological, methodological, axiological, praxiological, ethical, historical, and political. These modes are bound together. For example, ontological individualism motivates the thesis that relations are n-tuples of individuals, as well as radical reductionism and libertarianism. The flaws and merits of all ten sides of the individualist decagon are noted. So are those of its holist counterpart. It is argued that systemism has all the virtues and none of the defects of individualism and holism. One such virtue is the ability to recognize that individualism is a system rather than an unstructured bag of opinions—which raises the question whether thorough and consistent individualism is at all possible.
On Going Native
Authors: Tresch John
Published: April 2009

In this article, Thomas Kuhn’s theory of incommensurable paradigms learned through exemplars is discussed as a theory of acculturation akin to those of cultural anthropology. Yet his hermeneutic approach results in a classic problem, referred to here as the paradox of objective relativism. A solution, at least for observers of contemporary cultures, is drawn from Kuhn’s own writings: a fieldwork method of “going native.” It is argued that Kuhn’s views are as important a corrective for anthropologists studying native systems of knowledge as they have been for philosophers and sociologists of science. The epistemological and disciplinary implications of such a methodology are discussed.
Between Social Science and Social Technology
Authors: Pickel Andreas
Published: April 2009

This analysis examines fundamental questions at the intersection of social science and social technology as well as problems of disciplinary divisions and the challenge of cross-disciplinary cooperation. Its theoretical-empirical context is provided by post-communist transformations, a set of profound societal changes in which institutional design plays a central role. The article critically reappraises the contribution of Karl Popper’s philosophy to this problem context, examines neoliberalism as social science and social technology, and examines the role of experts and disciplinary divisions in the reform process. Building on Mario Bunge’s social philosophy, it sketches basic elements of a cross-disciplinary approach to “social change by design.”
Norms, Normative Principles, and Explanation
Authors: Henderson David
Published: April 2009

It seems that hope springs eternal for the cherished idea that norms (or normative principles) explain actions or regularities in actions. But it also seems that there are many ways of going wrong when taking norms and normative principles as explanatory. The author argues that neither norms nor normative principles—insofar as they are the sort of things with normative force—is explanatory of what is done. He considers the matter using both erotetic and on tic models of explanation. He further considers various understandings of norms.
Autonomy, Adaptation, and Rationality—A Critical Discussion of Jon Elster’s Concept of “Sour Grapes,” Part I
Authors: Sandven Tore
Published: April 2009

This article argues against Jon Elster’s contention that there is a fundamental incompatibility between, on the one hand, autonomy and rationality, and, on the other hand, adaptation to the conditions of one’s existence in the sense that one’s desires or preferences are adjusted to what it is possible to achieve. It is claimed that Elster’s conclusions are premised on a defective conception of human faculties and powers, including a defective conception of human experience and rationality. Moreover, the claim is made that these defects are also characteristic of “rational choice theory” more generally.
Socializing Democracy: Jane Addams and John Dewey
Authors: Seigfried Charlene Haddock
Published: April 2009

The author argues that the contributions of Jane Addams and the women of the Hull House Settlement to pragmatist theory, particularly as formulated by John Dewey, are largely responsible for its emancipatory emphasis. By recovering Addams’s own pragmatist theory, a version of pragmatist feminism is developed that speaks to such contemporary feminist issues as the manner of inclusion in society of diverse persons, marginalized by gender, ethnicity, race, and sexual orientation; the strengths and limitations of standpoint theory; and the need for feminist ethics to embrace the social nature of morality. The model of social democracy that informs the pragmatist shift from a detached theory of knowing to an engaged theory of understanding differentiates it from both liberal individualism and communitarianism. Dewey’s repeated attacks on the incoherence of the model of classical liberal individualism, for example, are even more persuasive when seen in the context of the model of the intersubjective constitution of the individual that Addams develops from examining the relation of personal development to social interaction among the women residents of Hull House.
A Perceptual Dialect Map of North East England
Authors: Pearce Michael
Published: April 2009

This study presents perceptual dialect maps derived from a questionnaire completed by almost 1,600 people across North East England. Respondents were given the names of fifty-one locations and asked to provide numerical judgments on the “similarity” or “difference” of the dialect of speakers from these locations compared to speakers from the respondents' hometowns. The questionnaire also invited respondents to comment on accents and dialects in the region. The numerical data are mapped, revealing a perceptual landscape consisting of three broad areas further subdivided into smaller perceptual zones. These perceptual areas are described and discussed in relation to salient geographical, social, and cultural factors. The article concludes by placing this research in the context of dialectological and variationist studies of English in the North East.
Recidivism Among Adolescent Serious Offenders
Authors: Benda Brent B. , Corwyn Robert Flynn , Toombs Nancy J.
Published: April 2009

This is a 2-year follow-up study of 414 adolescents, age 17 years, to determine what static and dynamic factors predict recidivism or entry into the correctional system for adults. The strongest predictor is prior incarcerations, followed by age persons started committing crime, gang membership, age they started using alcohol/drugs, their MMPIpd scores, and chemical abuse score. The denial and asocial subscales of the Jesness Inventory and all the subscales of the Carlson Psychological Inventory are significantly associated with recidivism. Implications of the study are discussed.
Women's Roles in Certain Second Testament Passages
Authors: Love Stuart L.
Published: April 2009

The role of women in early Christianity remains a contested topic among Second Testament scholars. This paper creates a cross-cultural, macrosociological model of the role of women in agrarian societies against which appropriate Second Testament passages are examined. The model centers upon three aspects of the role of women growing out of the social structure of agrarian households: (1) the care of households; (2) the bearing of children; and, (3) the public and private behavioral expectations of women. Through the delegated authority of her husband a wife manages the domestic realm. A woman's "salvation" is through bearing children, many children if possible, and especially sons. A woman's place is within the private world of the household. The public realm belongs to men. The Second Testament evidence supports the model as described. Significant passages which appear to negate the model do not do so upon closer examination.
In Defense of an Egalitarian Interpretation of 1 Cor 14:34-36
Authors: Odell-Scott David W.
Published: April 2009

In "Interpolations in 1 Cor" ( CBQ 48:81-94) Murphy-O'Connor rejected the egalitarian interpretation of 1 Cor 14:33b-36 argued by Odell-Scott in "Let the Women Speak In Church" (BTB 13:3) and re-asserted that the text is a post-Pauline interpolation. Odell-Scott argues that (1) Murphy-O'Connor's arguments that the text is an interpolation do not hold up under critical scrutiny, and that (2) the critical problems which the interpolation hypothesis attempts to solve are better resolved by the egalitarian interpretation.
Feminist Ideology Criticism and Biblical Hermeneutics
Authors: Schneiders Sandra M.
Published: April 2009

Can a text such as the Second Testament function as a norm for the believing community once ideology criticism developed by feminists unmasks its intrinsically oppressive presuppositions? If the text is not understood as a linguistic object containing a fixed semantic content, and if the leads provided by Ricoeur's theory of distanciation are applied, the believer may find the Second Testament to be a symbolic structure that mediates the Christ-event as an event that offers possibilities of liberation, even from the patriarchal ideology intrinsic to the text.
Israel's God: Mother and Midwife
Authors: Benjamin Don C.
Published: April 2009

The social institution of midwifery in the ancient world can be reconstructed by using not only the Bible, but social sciences like archaeology, anthropology and health care research as well. Then, with this reconstruction in mind, some selections of ancient Near Eastern and Biblical literature—like Psalm 29 and Genesis 2—4—can be re-read to appreciate how much the communities who developed these texts drew on the work of the midwife to describe the work of God as creator!
The Social Setting of Malachi
Authors: Berquist Jon L.
Published: April 2009

Malachi perceived his social setting to reflect three distinct groups: an inner-group of the pious and the faithful whose blessedness was assured, an in-group of skeptics whose salvation was questionable but still possible if they repented, and an out-group of arrogant evildoers for whom only condemnation was possible. This three-group model was an essential element of Malachi's thought. An exegesis of Malachi 3:13-4:3 is offered as an example.
Causes of Tolerance and Intolerance Toward Gentiles in the First Testament
Authors: Malchow Bruce V.
Published: April 2009

First Testament writers make intolerant statements about Gentiles because they have previously acted against Israel, they pose a religious threat to God's people, and the writers are marginalized and persecuted people. Some prophets deliver oracles against foreign nations for several different reasons, including the fact that offering such sayings is the most traditional part of a prophet's role. FT authors make tolerant assertions about Gentiles as a response to the intolerance of others and because the writers' education has made them better informed about other peoples. Today Christians often have less reason than ancient Israelites for the Christians' intolerance toward other world religions. Education about them in interfaith dialogue could relieve much of the problem.
The Herodians and Mediterranean Kinship Part Iii: Economics
Authors: Hanson K.C.
Published: April 2009

This is the third of a three-part, cross-cultural study analyzing kinship in the Mediterranean world. The Herodian family serves as a test case for analyzing Jewish kinship structures and family systems of the Second Temple period, and thus providing the data for an analysis of biblical kinship. In this third part, the focus is on the economics of kinship, specifically: dowry, indirect dowry, bridewealth, inheritance, and the symbolic values they communicate.
The Enemy in the Psalms
Authors: Hobbs T.R. , Jackson P.K.
Published: April 2009

Enmity laces the texture of the biblical psalms with a frequency that begs explanation. Recognizing that the enemy image abounds elsewhere in the First Testament leads to the identification of an enemy profile that includes the alien, aggressor, and desecrator. Biblical texts characteristically symbolize enemies with stereotyped animal and deviant imagery. This portrayal reveals a broad cultural pattern. Modem readers of the psalms do well to seek means of diffusing this Middle Eastern cultural process before the psalms can serve elsewhere as useful guides in prayer.
The City in the Second Testament
Authors: Rohrbaugh Richard L.
Published: April 2009

While interest in the ancient city has been strong in recent Second Testament scholarship, such work has not always been informed by a social-scientific understanding that allows us to distinguish the pre-industrial cities of the the past from the modem ones we now inhabit. This BTB Reader's Guide is thus intended to give the student of Second Testament who is a non-specialist in urban studies a review of the basic literature needed for understanding the pre-industrial city in the Second Testament. After a description of the use of the term city by ancient writers and comment about anachronistic perceptions prevalent today, two types of literature are surveyed: (1) historical literature on the rise of the ancient city and (2) social-science literature on the nature of the pre-industrial city and urban system.
The Liberation of Illegitimacy: Women and Rulers in Matthew 1-2
Authors: Blomberg Craig L.
Published: April 2009

The stigma of suspicion of bearing illegitimate children is the common feature which all the women of Matthew's genealogy share. This theme links the genealogy with the rest of Matthew 1-2, in which the question of illegitimacy shifts from the Messiah's birth to his kingship. At least as prominent in chapter two as the fulfillment quotations and geographical references is the repeated mention of Herod. Along with his personally installed religious leaders, Herod is seen as an illegitimate ruler, in contrast with Jesus, the one legitimately "born" king of the Jews. He whose birth is clouded with accusations of illegitimacy comes to identify with and save all who suffer due to similar accusations and to overthrow those who abuse their power and exploit the oppressed.
Is There a Circum-Mediterranean Person? Looking for Stereotypes
Authors: Malina Bruce J.
Published: April 2009

The purpose of this presentation is to develop further insight into the way Mediterranean persons of antiquity understood each other. The Mediterranean world has been radically group oriented and the documents of the past deal rather exclusively with elite males. One gets to know a human being by observing how he has much in common with certain categories of persons who have much in common with certain categories of animals who have much in common with certain categories of ethnic groups whose common traits are fixed. Physiognomics is a replication of ascribed identity. It too ascribes identity to persons on the basis of features having little or nothing to do with any internal sense of self. Finally, in the ancient Mediterranean, most non-enslaved people subject to direct or indirect control by Roman and local elites in the cities of the empire fell into a realm of external responsibility and external control. Theirs was an experience of personal powerlessness and system-blame.
Was Jesus a Peasant?
Authors: Oakman Douglas E.
Published: April 2009

The meaning of the Jesus tradition, especially the parables of Jesus, depends upon a world of experience, values, and institutions far different from our own. Anachronistic assumptions regarding, or inadequate understanding of, social context and audience can potentially mask the original meaning inherent in authentic Jesus material. This article proposes to examine conceptions of peasantry currently entertained by the social sciences. On this basis, it is argued that Jesus is best seen as a peasant artisan and that peasant assumptions and values urge a very different reading for the Samaritan Story in Luke.
The Household: A Major Social Component for Gender Analysis in the Gospel of Matthew
Authors: Love Stuart L.
Published: April 2009

Employing macrosociology as a methodology, gender specific behavior in Matthew is examined through an analysis of the household. Three steps are taken: (1) an advanced agrarian "model" of the status and roles of women (and men) is created; (2) the model is then used as a comparative index of household data in Matthew; and (3) possible exceptional or deviant examples are explored. The Gospel presupposes a rigid, hierarchical, authority-centered social structure largely based on the paradigm of the household. Although exceptional or deviant gender behavior exists, it does not burst the societal boundaries of the household of advanced agrarian societies.
The Place of Women in Public Settings in Matthew's Gospel: a Sociological Inquiry
Authors: Love Stuart L.
Published: April 2009

This study makes a gender analysis of the place of women among three character groups: the disciples, the crowds, and the religious leaders as they are taught by Jesus or interact with him in three representative public settings: the Sermon on the Mount (5:1-7:28), the Parables Discourse (13:1-52), and the clash between Jesus and the authorities in the temple (21:12-23:29). The study opens with a description of two gender-specific analogies to provide a social index for analyzing the Matthean data: a macrosociological model of the public status of women in advanced agrarian societies, and a social summary of the public place of women in mishnaic culture. The religious authorities parallel advanced agrarian gender expectations without variation. The disciples are like and unlike the religious authorities. The crowds open a real but limited social alternative for women. The writing's treatment of women in public settings draws upon an old androcentric framework but emphasizes a new inclusion. To neglect either of these dimensions limits our understanding of this aspect of the social setting of the Matthean church.
The Exodus and Biblical Theology
Authors: Collins John J.
Published: April 2009

Recent debates about the Exodus have centered on the shape of the story. One such debate concerned von Rad's attempt to separate the Exodus from the giving of the Law. Another concerns the use of the Exodus in Liberation Theology. Scholars who take a canonical approach (Childs, Levenson) argue that the "canonical shape" of the story in the final form of the Torah is decisive. Examination of the way the Exodus motif was used within the biblical tradition itself, however, suggests that the "canonical approach" is not the only permissible way to construe the tradition. The reformulation of the traditio-historical approach by such scholars as J. A. Sanders and M. Fishbane does more justice to the way in which the Exodus was understood by later biblical writers, and in much of Jewish and Christian tradition. The Liberation theologians can claim an authentic biblical basis just as well as the "canonical" interpreters, but neither can claim a monopoly on biblical authority.
Disgraced Yet Graced. The Gospel according to 1 Peter in the Key of Honor and Shame
Authors: Elliott John H.
Published: April 2009

Honor and shame constituted pivotal values of ancient Circum-Mediterranean societies, including the biblical communities. After summarizing relevant research on this phenomenon by both anthropologists and exegetes, this study focuses attention on the honor/shame vocabulary of 1 Peter and its broader semantic field. The thesis is advanced that the author of this letter perceived and interpreted this conflict between the Christians of Asia Minor and their detractors as one over honor denied and honor claimed, and in so doing also transposed the issue of honor and shame, grace and disgrace, into a theological key.
The Trials (Forensic) and Tribulations (Honor Challenges) of Jesus: John 7 in Social Science Perspective
Authors: Neyrey Jerome H.
Published: April 2009

John 7-8 is unified on the narrative level in terms of the Feast of Tabernacles, at which prayers were made for rains and sunlight. Jesus declares himself to be the source of those benefactions and thus deserving of the nation's petitions and praise: he is the living water (7:36-38) and the light of the world (8:12). More importantly, the events at the feast are all structured in terms of forensic processes against Jesus. The trial that began in John 5 continues, but with a Johannine twist. Jesus warns the audience on judging justly. We examine each scene in John 7 in light of forensic process, noting the unity of the narrative in light of forensic process and assessing the ideological perspective of the narrator on whether the witnesses and judges judge justly; for it is a Johannine twist to "judge the judges of Jesus." Finally, forensic process should itself be assessed in terms of the dominant values of the ancient world, honor and shame. The push and shove of forensic charge and defense should be seen as the Johannine version of the ubiquitous challenge and riposte recorded by the Synoptics. Thus narrative, literary, and cultural considerations are brought to bear on behalf of an adequate interpretation of John 7.
Altered States of Consciousness: A "Kitbashed" Model
Authors: Pilch John J.
Published: April 2009

In previous publications on altered states of consciousness, I presented a model originally constructed by Erika Bourguignon, modified by E. Mansell Pattison, and further adapted by myself to two different biblical research projects (1955: 52; 1993: 241). My explanation of how I appropriated the model was succinct and left many questions unanswered. In this article, I explain how Bourguignon designed the model, how Pattison sought to use it, and how I began and continue the process of "kitbashing" it into a form more suited to biblical research.
Making Widows: The Patriarchal Guardian at Work
Authors: Rook John
Published: April 2009

Considering two texts that view a widow as having a legal guardian, the article looks at the question of how this might be possible. The Hebrew word for 'widow' ('almanah) suggests that a woman so designated is marginal or peripheral to the kin group and without a male guardian. A woman becomes an 'almanah, not when her husband dies, but when she has no male guardian from the kin group to look out for her interests.
The Social Implication of Idolatry in Revelation 2:14: Christ or Caesar?
Authors: Coutsoumpos Panayotis
Published: April 2009

The prohibition of eating meat sacrificed to idols appears in various passages in the Second Testament and also in the Apostolic Teachings (Aune: 16-32). Paul treated the issue of food sacrificed to idols in 1 Corinthians 8:1-13 and 10:19-22. It was of course essential to the apostolic decrees of Acts 15:20 and 29. The word is also found in Revelation 2:14 and 20. In this article I seek to work out more clearly the social setting of the problem. I argue that the dilemma is not over the idolatry issue only, but over the attitude toward socio-cultural and religious concessions on the part of the Christians in Pergamum.
Paul's Riposte and Praise of the Thessalonians
Authors: Crook Zeba Antonin
Published: April 2009

An honor and shame reading of 1 Thessalonians reveals that Paul wrote the letter as a riposte to a series of challenges that emanated from the young congregation. In combining this reading with a consideration of the role of praise and blame as ancient epistolary devices, this study reconciles the letter's defensiveness with what has long been recognized as its "warmth."