bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimizing pectin lyase production using the one‐factor‐at‐a‐time method and response surface methodology
Authors: Gül Ertuğrul , Dursun Arzu Yadigar , Tepe Ozlem , Akaslan Gonca , Pampal Fadile Gül
Published: October 2024

Pectinases are commonly industrially synthesized by molds. This study aimed to optimize pectin lyase synthesis by a bacterium, Pseudomonas fluorescens, using both the one‐factor‐at‐a‐time (OFAT) method and response surface methodology. First, on optimization of pectin lyase fermentation by the OFAT method, the effects of pectin, peptone, yeast extract, (NH4)2SO4, pH, and salts were investigated. The highest pectin lyase activity was determined to be 28.63 U/mL at pH 8, 30°C, with 1% (w/v) pectin and 0.14% (w/v) (NH4)2SO4 concentration at the 90th hour. The effect of substrate inhibition on the microbial growth was also investigated, and the results showed that the process can be described by noncompetitive inhibition model. The values of kinetic constants were determined as µm = 0.175 h−1, KS = 6.931 g/L, and, KI = 6.932 g/L by nonlinear regression analysis. It was reported that pectin lyase enzymes exhibited peak activity at 50°C and pH 8. Finally, response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to optimize pH, concentrations of ammonium sulfate, and pectin, which were chosen as independent variables. The interactions between these variables were also examined. According to RSM, the optimum values of the parameters to achieve a maximum pectin lyase activity of 35.62 U/mL were determined to be pH 7.97, 1.25% (w/v) pectin concentration, and 0.25% (w/v) (NH4)2SO4 concentration.
Microbiome‐gut‐brain axis as a novel hotspot in depression
Authors: Ma Yue , Xu Peng , Bai ZhenJun , Fang JiLiang
Published: October 2024

As a prevalent psychiatric disorder, the etiology of depression remains largely elusive, necessitating further investigation into its pathophysiological underpinnings. Notably, the comorbidity of depression with other mental health conditions and chronic diseases often presents alongside gastrointestinal symptoms. Research on the microbiome‐gut‐brain axis (MGBA) has emerged as a promising avenue for elucidating the pathophysiology of depression. In this study, bibliometric analysis tools, including HistCite, VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and the bibliometrix R package, were employed to comprehensively explore the MGBA‐depression connection. A comprehensive survey identified 980 relevant publications concerning the MGBA‐depression relationship, with a significant increase in research output observed since 2014. This analysis pinpointed five key factors within the MGBA‐depression domain: cytokines, maternal separation, neuroinflammation, probiotics, and the vagus nerve. The insights presented herein offer valuable perspectives on prevailing research models that investigate the intricate interplay among the microbiome, gastrointestinal system, and brain within the context of depression. Based on these findings, future investigations should prioritize developing microbial‐based interventions and innovative therapeutic modalities aimed at alleviating depression. By leveraging interdisciplinary collaboration and enhancing our understanding of MGBA–depression connections, we can pave pathways toward more effective treatments. Furthermore, improving outcomes for individuals with depression may be achieved by deepening our comprehension of the complex relationships between depression itself, the gut‐brain axis, and gastrointestinal microbiota.
Promoting the welfare of animals utilized in neuroscience research
Authors: Zhang Tianshuo , Zhang NianNian , Feng Ruoqing , Wang Hao , Bi Fangfang , Wang Shuangqing
Published: October 2024

The safeguarding of animal welfare holds a deep‐rooted history within public institutions and legislative structures, with the objective of enhancing the comfort and overall wellbeing of animals throughout the entire experimental process. It is paramount to harmonize the enhancement of animal welfare with medical research practices, as this is pivotal in mitigating factors that impede modeling precision and prioritizing their welfare. This commitment has nurtured innovation in advanced experimental methodologies and welfare evaluation techniques. The classic 3Rs principle‐replacement, reduction, and refinement‐serves as a fundamental cornerstone for advancing the welfare of model animals. The establishment of appropriate metrics for animal welfare, rooted in the 3Rs principle, will propel progress in related fields. This review delves into the evolution of animal ethics and the 3R principles, alongside strategies to elevate the welfare of various model animals utilized in neuroscience, encompassing non‐human primates, rodents, zebrafish, and other species. The aim of this review is to clarify the notion of welfare in this context and to evaluate the merits and constraints of utilizing model animals in neuroscience research. This, in essence, may contribute to bolstering animal protection and standardizing their use in research endeavors. Additionally, the pursuit of novel modeling methodologies is imperative to provide superior alternatives for neuroscience research.
Comparing in silico flowsheet optimization strategies in biopharmaceutical downstream processes
Authors: Keulen Daphne , Apostolidi Myrto , Geldhof Geoffroy , Le Bussy Olivier , Pabst Martin , Ottens Marcel
Published: October 2024

The challenging task of designing biopharmaceutical downstream processes is initially to select the type of unit operations, followed by optimizing their operating conditions. For complex flowsheet optimizations, the strategy becomes crucial in terms of duration and outcome. In this study, we compared three optimization strategies, namely, simultaneous, top‐to‐bottom, and superstructure decomposition. Moreover, all strategies were evaluated by either using chromatographic Mechanistic Models (MMs) or Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). An overall evaluation of 39 flowsheets was performed, including a buffer‐exchange step between the chromatography operations. All strategies identified orthogonal structures to be optimal, and the weighted overall performance values were generally consistent between the MMs and ANNs. In terms of time‐efficiency, the decomposition method with MMs stands out when utilizing multiple cores on a multiprocessing system for simulations. This study analyses the influence of different optimization strategies on flowsheet optimization and advices on suitable strategies and modeling techniques for specific scenarios.
Review rulings involving torts and athletics
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: October 2024

An overview of the key topics faced by college athletics administrators with citations to noteworthy cases, statutes, regulations, and additional sources.
Low sense of mattering in society and delinquency among young people: An initial investigation
Authors: Virat Mael , Flett Gordon , Massez Lisa , Przygodzki‐Lionet Nathalie
Published: October 2024

Background

Studies of mattering and delinquency among young people have, to date, focused solely on whether teenagers think that they matter to each other. No one has yet examined the extent to which young people think that they matter to society generally and how this relates to delinquency.

Aims

To explore relationships between young peoples' sense of being of value to society and their delinquent intentions. First, we tested relationships between such ‘societal mattering’ scores and delinquent intentions; secondly, we tested self‐rated attitudes towards the criminal justice system and associating with delinquent peers as possible mediators of any relationship.

Methods

Four hundred and twenty‐eight 10‐ to 21‐year‐olds were recruited by social media, flyers or in one school in France. They were asked to complete a schedule online, in private, first rating themselves on a five‐point Likert scale according to the statement ‘I feel like I matter in society’. They were then asked to rate the frequency and variety of their own delinquency and delinquent intentions, then the extent to which they related to peers with positive or negative attitudes towards the law and its representatives and their own attitudes towards the criminal justice system.

Results

Under one in three of these young people felt that they mattered in society. Regression analyses showed that lower sense of such mattering was associated with delinquent intentions, even after controlling for own past delinquency, age and gender. Peers' attitudes and personal attitudes towards the justice system partially mediated this link.

Conclusion

Our findings add to literature on sense of place in society and criminal behaviours by showing, for the first time, that a sense of not mattering in society, or mattering little, is likely to be associated with delinquency. Although we recommend extending this study to international, population‐based samples, we suggest school and community initiatives to ensure that young people do feel valued by society, which may contribute to community safety.
Mechanochemical Radical Transformations in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Sheikhaleslami Sahra , Sperry Jonathan
Published: October 2024

Organic synthesis has historically relied on solution‐phase, polar transformations to forge new bonds. However, this paradigm is evolving, propelled by the rapid evolution of radical chemistry. Additionally, organic synthesis is witnessing a simultaneous resurgence in mechanochemistry, the formation of new bonds in the solid‐state, further contributing to this shift in the status quo. The aforementioned advances in radical chemistry have predominantly occurred in the solution phase, while the majority of mechanochemical synthesis advances feature polar transformations. Herein, we discuss a rapidly advancing area of organic synthesis: mechanochemical radical reactions. Solid‐state radical reactions offer improved green chemistry metrics, better reaction outcomes, and access to intermediates and products that are difficult or impossible to reach in solution. This review explores these reactions in the context of small molecule synthesis, from early findings to the current state‐of‐the‐art, underscoring the pivotal role solid‐state radical reactions are likely to play in advancing sustainable chemical synthesis.
Analysis of the impact of geological and engineering parameters on productivity in tight oil reservoirs
Authors: Li Chuan , Zhou Xiaofeng , Lv Changsheng , Xiang Kui
Published: October 2024

Tight oil resources are abundant, but the factors affecting production capacity are complex. In this paper, focusing on tight oil reservoirs, three research works were conducted. First, using the numerical simulation software, a numerical model of tight oil reservoirs was established. Second, the influence of geological parameters such as porosity and permeability on oil production were analyzed. Third, the influence of rock compression coefficient and injection fluid on tight oil production were analyzed. Results show that: (a) When the porosity is 0.05, the cumulative oil production in the first 6 years is the highest, while in the later stage of the simulation, the cumulative oil production with a porosity of 0.1 is the highest. (b) The higher the permeability, the greater the cumulative oil production. The cumulative oil production under different permeability conditions are 1392.044, 2178.805, 2939.1704, and 4038.0878 m3, respectively. (c) Under tight reservoir conditions, the impact of different rock compression coefficients on the daily oil production of oil and gas reservoirs is not very significant. (d) The recovery effect is optimal when using the N2 injection scheme. The effectiveness of the CH4 scheme is second, and there is a certain gap compared to the N2 scheme. The development plan of injecting water has the worst effect. However, compared to the depletion development model, the cumulative oil production by injecting N2, CO2, CH4, and water has all increased.
Individual color matching functions from cross‐media color‐matching experiment
Authors: Shen Che , Fairchild Mark D.
Published: October 2024

Human color vision exhibits substantial variability, challenging the accurate measurement and reproduction of individual color appearances. This paper introduces a novel cross‐media color‐matching experiment that combines physical pigments and digital displays, providing a practical and efficient solution to measure individual color matching functions (CMFs). By using the Kubelka–Munk theory to synthesize broadband spectral pigments, optimized metameric pairs can be created to significantly differentiate categorical observers. Psychophysical experiment results reveal the superiority of specific CMFs for individual observers, surpassing standard models like the CIE 1931 2‐degree CMFs. This study also underscores the significance of employing CMFs for personalized color reproduction and explores the potential benefits of using higher bit‐depth displays, narrower‐band displays, and increasing repetition counts to enhance the accuracy of the color matching process.
Spatial Risk Effects From Lions Compound Impacts of Prey Depletion on African Wild Dogs
Authors: Goodheart Ben , Creel Scott , Schuette Paul , Droge Egil , Becker Justine A. , Banda Kambwiri , Kusler Anna , Matsushima Stephi , Banda Kachama , Kabwe Ruth , Donald Will , Reyes de Merkle Johnathan , Kaluka Adrian , Chifunte Clive , Becker Matthew S.
Published: October 2024

Prey depletion threatens many carnivore species across the world and can especially threaten low‐density subordinate competitors, particularly if subordinates are limited to low densities by their dominant competitors. Understanding the mechanisms that drive responses of carnivore density to prey depletion is not only crucial for conservation but also elucidates the balance between top‐down and bottom‐up limitations within the large carnivore guild. To avoid predation, competitively subordinate African wild dogs typically avoid their dominant competitors (lions) and the prey rich areas they are associated with, but no prior research has tested whether this pattern persists in ecosystems with anthropogenically‐reduced prey density, and reduced lion density as a result. We used spatial data from wild dogs and lions in the prey‐depleted Greater Kafue Ecosystem to test if wild dogs continue to avoid lions (despite their low density), and consequently avoid habitats with higher densities of their dominant prey species. We found that although lion density is 3X lower than comparable ecosystems, wild dogs continue to strongly avoid lions, and consequently avoid habitats associated with their two most important prey species. Although the density of lions in the GKE is low due to prey depletion, their competitive effects on wild dogs remain strong. These effects are likely compounded by prey‐base homogenization, as lions in the GKE now rely heavily on the same prey preferred by wild dogs. These results suggest that a reduction in lion density does not necessarily reduce competition, and helps explain why wild dogs decline in parallel with their dominant competitors in ecosystems suffering from anthropogenic prey depletion. Protecting prey populations within the few remaining strongholds for wild dogs is vitally important to avoid substantial population declines. Globally, understanding the impacts of prey depletion on carnivore guild dynamics should be an increasingly important area of focus for conservation.
The higher oxygen consumption during multiple short intervals is sex‐independent and not influenced by skeletal muscle characteristics in well‐trained cyclists
Authors: Urianstad Tomas , Hamarsland Håvard , Odden Ingvill , Lorentzen Håvard Crantz , Hammarström Daniel , Mølmen Knut Sindre , Rønnestad Bent R.
Published: October 2024

It has been suggested that time spent at a high fraction of maximal oxygen consumption (%O2max) plays a decisive role for adaptations to interval training. However, previous studies examining how interval sessions should be designed to achieve a high %O2max have exclusively been performed in males. The present study compared the %O2max attained during three different 6 × 8 min interval protocols, in female (n = 11; O2max, 62.5 (6.4) mL · min−1·kg−1) and male (n = 8; O2max, 81.0 (5.2) mL · min−1·kg−1) cyclists. Mean power output during work intervals were identical across the three interval protocols, corresponding to the cyclist's 40 min maximal effort (PO40min): (1) 30 s intervals at 118% of PO40min interspersed with 15 s active recovery at 60% (30/15), (2) constant pace at 100% of PO40min (CON), and (3) altering between 60 s intervals at 110% and 60 s at 90% of PO40min (60/60). Additionally, the study explored whether the m. vastus lateralis characteristics of the cyclists (fiber type proportion, capillarization, and citrate synthase activity) were associated with the %O2max attained during the interval sessions. Overall, mean %O2max and time ≥90% of O2max were higher during 30/15 compared to CON (86.7 (10.1)% and 1123 (787) s versus 85.0 (10.4)% and 879 (779) s, respectively; both p ≤ 0.01) and 60/60 (85.6 (10.0)% and 917 (745) s, respectively; both p ≤ 0.05), while no difference was observed between 60/60 and CON (both p ≥ 0.36). During interval sessions, %O2max and time ≥90% of O2max did not differ between sexes. Skeletal muscle characteristics were not related to %O2max during interval sessions. In conclusion, well‐trained cyclists demonstrate highest %O2max during 30/15, irrespective of sex and skeletal muscle characteristics.
Minimizing voltage losses in Sn perovskite solar cells by Cs2SnI6 passivation
Authors: Heo Jin Hyuck , Park Sang Woo , Lee Hyong Joon , Park Jin Kyoung , Im Sang Hyuk , Hong Ki‐Ha
Published: October 2024

Stability and oxidation are major bottlenecks in improving the performance of Sn‐based perovskite solar cells. In this study, we present the formation of an n‐type Cs2SnI6 double‐perovskite (Sn‐DP) layer on a (PEAI)0.15(FAI)0.85SnI2 perovskite (Sn‐P) layer using an orthogonal solution‐processable spray‐coating method. This novel approach achieves a minimized Voc loss of 0.38 V and a PCE of 12.9% under 1 sun conditions. The n‐type DP layer effectively passivates tin vacancies, suppresses Sn2+ oxidation, reduces defects, and enhances electron extraction. Furthermore, the Sn‐DP/Sn‐P‐based solar cells exhibit excellent light‐soaking stability for 1000 h in the air under continuous one sun illumination, which is attributed to the stable Sn4+ state of the DP layer. Our experimental and theoretical investigations reveal that the type‐II band alignment between Sn‐DP and Sn‐P enhances the stability of the solar cells. The proposed Sn‐DP/Sn‐P architecture offers a promising pathway for developing Sn‐based solar cells.

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Vine Tea Extract Enhanced the Fermentation of Skimmed Milk by Lacticaseibacillus casei
Authors: Wang Kun , Ma Chengjie , Zhang Man
Published: October 2024

Vine tea extract (VTE), from the traditional Chinese herbal tea, was added to reconstituted skimmed milk; the mixture was fermented with Lacticaseibacillus casei, and fermentation characteristics, flavonoid content, antioxidant capacity (AOC), and viability of L. casei were measured. 2 mg/mL VTE promoted L. casei growth and 8 mg/mL VTE inhibited growth, an effect consistent with observed pH changes. Total flavonoid content and AOC increased with increasing VTE dosage. Dihydromyricetin was partially metabolized during fermentation and accounted for most of the antioxidant function of VTE. 2 mg/mL VTE was optimal for maintenance of probiotic culture and pH stability during cold storage and improved AOC during product shelf life. VTE has the potential to increase the health benefits of probiotic dairy products, and the resulting mixture may be suitable to use as a daily milk‐based health drink.
Fabrics and Origin of Troctolites in the Keketoukeleke Ultramafic–Mafic Complex, South Altyn Tagh, Northwest China
Authors: Geng Guojian , Liu Liang , Xu Haijun
Published: October 2024

Troctolite is relatively rare compared with other ultramafic–mafic rocks, but its origins and rheological deformation are significant for understanding melt–rock interactions and fractional crystallization of mafic magmas. The Keketoukeleke ultramafic–mafic complex in the South Altyn Tagh, northwest China, consists mainly of dunite, coarse‐ and fine‐grained troctolite. Based on petrographic observations, major and trace element variations of the dunites and troctolites, and low olivine Zr/Y and Ti/Y ratios, we propose that the troctolites were formed by fractional crystallization and late localized water‐bearing melt injection. In addition, the olivine in the dunites has A‐ and E‐type fabrics, whereas the olivine in the troctolites has a weak fabric and plagioclase has a pronounced fabric with the [010] axes aligned subnormal to the foliation and [100] axes subparallel to the lineation. The results suggest that the troctolite rheological deformation was concentrated mainly in plagioclase, and the olivine only underwent grain rotation or grain boundary slip. Furthermore, the dating of baddeleyite in troctolite suggests they crystallized at 378.6 ± 2.3 Ma, suggesting the Keketoukeleke ultramafic–mafic complex emplaced the continental crust extension after deep subduction–exhumation process of South Altyn.
Suspected Pseudobulbar Affect in Neurodegenerative Disease
Authors: O’Connor Maureen K. , Frank Brandon , DeCaro Renée , Vives‐Rodriguez Ana , Hurley Landon , Turk Katherine W. , Budson Andrew E.
Published: October 2024

Objective

To investigate the association between suspected pseudobulbar affect (PBA), clinical diagnosis, cognitive testing, and self‐reported mood in older adults presenting for evaluation of dementia.

Participants

Patients presenting to an outpatient memory disorders clinic (N = 311).

Methods

We used traditional and novel network modeling approaches to examine associations between neuropsychological (NP) tests, patient and clinician rating scales, and the Center for Neurological Study‐Lability Scale (CNS‐LS) among patients with suspected AD (n = 133) and other neurocognitive diagnosis (n = 178). We then examined differences in test performance between patients with and without suspected PBA (CNS‐LS cut‐off of ≥ 13), while accounting for demographic and psychiatric covariates with propensity score matching. Group differences were assessed with Bayesian models.

Results

Prevalence of suspected PBA in AD was slightly less than half (44.4%) and at a similar rate in other dementias (e.g., 46.9% in CVD and 45.5% in LBD). In network models, the CNS‐LS was associated with higher anxiety and better word list recall. After accounting for covariates, AD patients with suspected PBA performed better on word list recall βM = 0.40, 95% CI [0.15, 0.66], and committed fewer false positive errors on recognition βM = −1.51, 95% CI [−2.34, −0.59] than AD patients without suspected PBA. There were no differences in patients with any other diagnostic impression, nor group differences on other NP measures.

Conclusions

Patients with suspected PBA and AD diagnosis had better memory recall and recognition than those without suspected PBA, suggesting that impaired emotional regulation may be an early sign of AD in patients with less prominent memory decline. Better understanding PBA in neurodegenerative diseases, including prevalence and comorbidity with psychiatric conditions, could help with early identification, education, and initiation of treatment.
Selective Brain Activations and Connectivities Related to the Storage and Recall of Human Object‐Location, Reward‐Location, and Word‐Pair Episodic Memories
Authors: Rolls Edmund T. , Zhang Ruohan , Deco Gustavo , Vatansever Deniz , Feng Jianfeng
Published: October 2024

Different cortical systems to the hippocampus were activated using fMRI during different types of episodic memory task. For object with scene location episodic memory, the activations were high in cortical systems involved in spatial processing, including the ventromedial visual and medial parahippocampal system. These activations for the medial parahippocampal system were higher in the right hemisphere. The activations in the face and object processing ventrolateral visual cortical stream regions FFC, PIT, V8 and TE2p were higher in the object‐location in scene task than the reward‐location task, and were higher in the right hemisphere. For reward‐location in scene episodic memory, activations were also high in the ventromedial visual cortical spatial stream to the hippocampus, but were also selectively high in storage in key reward cortical regions (ventromedial prefrontal 10r, 10v, 10d; pregenual anterior cingulate d32, p24, p32, s32; and medial orbitofrontal cortex reward‐related pOFC, 11l, OFC). For word‐pair episodic memory, activations were lower in the ventromedial visual and medial parahippocampal spatial cortical stream, and were higher in language‐related regions in Broca's area (44, 45, 47l), and were higher in the left hemisphere for these regions and for the many highly connected inferior frontal gyrus regions in the left hemisphere. Further, effective connectivity analyses during the episodic memory tasks showed that the direction of connectivity for these systems was from early visual cortical regions V2–V4 to the ventromedial visual cortical regions VMV1–3 and VVC for spatial scene processing; was from the pregenual anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal cortex reward systems to the hippocampal system; and was from the FFC/V8/PIT system to TE2p in the visual inferior temporal visual cortex, which has connectivity to lateral parahippocampal TF, which in turn has forward effective connectivity to the hippocampus.
Exploring the feasibility of integrating ultra‐high field magnetic resonance imaging neuroimaging with multimodal artificial intelligence for clinical diagnostics
Authors: Yuan Yifan , Chen Kaitao , Zhu Youjia , Yu Yang , Hu Mintao , Chu Ying‐Hua , Hsu Yi‐Cheng , Hu Jie , Yue Qi , Liu Mianxin
Published: October 2024

Background

The integration of 7 Tesla (7T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with advanced multimodal artificial intelligence (AI) models represents a promising frontier in neuroimaging. The superior spatial resolution of 7TMRI provides detailed visualizations of brain structure, which are crucial forunderstanding complex central nervous system diseases and tumors. Concurrently, the application of multimodal AI to medical images enables interactive imaging‐based diagnostic conversation.

Methods

In this paper, we systematically investigate the capacity and feasibility of applying the existing advanced multimodal AI model ChatGPT‐4V to 7T MRI under the context of brain tumors. First, we test whether ChatGPT‐4V has knowledge about 7T MRI, and whether it can differentiate 7T MRI from 3T MRI. In addition, we explore whether ChatGPT‐4V can recognize different 7T MRI modalities and whether it can correctly offer diagnosis of tumors based on single or multiple modality 7T MRI.

Results

ChatGPT‐4V exhibited accuracy of 84.4% in 3T‐vs‐7T differentiation and accuracy of 78.9% in 7T modality recognition. Meanwhile, in a human evaluation with three clinical experts, ChatGPT obtained average scores of 9.27/20 in single modality‐based diagnosis and 21.25/25 in multiple modality‐based diagnosis. Our study indicates that single‐modality diagnosis and the interpretability of diagnostic decisions in clinical practice should be enhanced when ChatGPT‐4V is applied to 7T data.

Conclusions

In general, our analysis suggests that such integration has promise as a tool to improve the workflow of diagnostics in neurology, with a potentially transformative impact in the fields of medical image analysis and patient management.
Protective effect and mechanism of CoQ10 in mitochondrial dysfunction in diquat‐induced renal proximal tubular injury
Authors: Wu Jin , Jia Yingmao , Liao Ya , Yang Denghui , Ren Honglin , Xie Zhihui , Hu Jie , Lu Yuanlan
Published: October 2024

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) plays an important role in improving mitochondrial function and has many beneficial effects on the kidney. However, whether CoQ10 protects against diquat (DQ)‐induced acute kidney injury (AKI) remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the protective effects and mechanism of action of CoQ10 against DQ‐induced AKI. Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were intraperitoneally injected with DQ to induce AKI. The expression levels of serum creatinine (Cr), urea, and kidney injury molecule‐1 (KIM‐1) increased, those of aquaporin 1 (AQP‐1) decreased, and those of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased with increased depolarization of mitochondrial membranes and mitochondrial rupture. In contrast, treatment with CoQ10 significantly improved DQ‐induced AKI. CoQ10 treatment reduced serum Cr, urea, and KIM‐1 contents, increased the AQP‐1 expression, and reduced ROS contents in mice with DQ poisoning. Our results suggest that AKI caused by DQ poisoning may be related to the disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis and that CoQ10 treatment protects against AKI caused by DQ poisoning by improving mitochondrial kinetic homeostasis. Thus, CoQ10 represents a new therapeutic option for the prevention and treatment of AKI caused by DQ poisoning.
Spatio‐Temporal Variations and El Niño Modulation of Meteorological Droughts in Malaysia
Authors: Zakaria Nurul Ain Basirah , Tangang Fredolin , Salimun Ester , Amirudin Abdul Azim , Xiang Chung Jing , Juneng Liew , Tan Mou Leong , Zulkafli Zed , Marzuki Marzuki , Santisirisomboon Jerasorn , Akhir Mohd Fadzil , Abdullah Muhamammad Firdaus Ammar , Jamaluddin Ahmad Fairudz , Mohd Mohd Syazwan Faisal
Published: October 2024

Meteorological droughts in Malaysia have significantly impacted critical sectors such as agriculture, water resources, health, the environment, tourism and various socio‐economic sectors, affecting the population's livelihood and well‐being. This study analyses drought characteristics over a 39‐year period, from 1982 to 2021, using the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) derived from 5‐km resolution Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS). The droughts were assessed on 3‐, 6‐, 9‐ and 12‐month timescales to investigate spatio‐temporal variations in characteristics such as frequency, duration, peak, severity and intensity. The study also provides an in‐depth analysis of large‐scale drought modulation, particularly associated with the El Niño phenomenon and its teleconnection in the Maritime Continent. Depending on the location and timescale, the number of meteorological drought occurrences varied from 10 to 22 for the 3‐month timescale and 4 to 14 for the 12‐month timescale. Generally, as the timescale of a drought increases, the peak intensity decreases, while the duration and severity increase. Additionally, drought intensity decreases over longer timescales. These characteristics show significant spatial variations. Results indicate that meteorological droughts in Malaysia were almost entirely modulated by the El Niño phenomenon through its induced teleconnection over the Maritime Continent. Drought characteristics exhibit a strong seasonality linked to changes in the Walker circulation and the strengthening and weakening of anticyclonic circulations associated with Rossby waves induced by heating in the Pacific Ocean. Very strong El Niño events had the most significant influence on the droughts. The positive Indian Ocean Dipole (pIOD) strengthened the effects of El Niño but it itself had no significant influence on the droughts. In most regions, there were no significant trends in the characteristics of meteorological droughts. However, in northeast Peninsular Malaysia and some scattered areas along the west coast of the peninsula, significant trends are observed in peak, duration and severity.
Mesoscale Variations in the Number of Thunder Days Over the Japanese Archipelago During the Past Fifty‐Six Years
Authors: Iwasaki Hiroyuki
Published: October 2024

The spatial and temporal variations of cumulonimbus clouds (Cbs) that produce lightning have mesoscale characteristics due to the nature of Cbs and the influence of topography; however, previous studies have lacked a mesoscale perspective because historical lightning observations relied on human observation. In this study, mesoscale variations in the number of thunder days (TDs) over the Japanese Archipelago over a 56‐year period were investigated using manned observation data (Period 1: 1954–1963) and radio‐wave observation data (Period 2: 2010–2019). A comparison of the two periods of Period 1 and Period 2 revealed that the locations of mesoscale areas with high TDs did not change significantly; however, the number of TDs increased in most mesoscale areas and it was not possible to identify any mesoscale areas with a significant decreasing trend. The characteristics of mesoscale variation varied with the season as follows: (1) Winter (November–January): the number of TDs along the coastal lands of the Sea of Japan increased significantly. The variations in the synoptic‐scale winter pressure pattern with low stability were one of the factors contributing to the increasing trend of TDs. (2) In the first half of the Baiu season (June), the number of TDs increased in two regions: one region was the south of Japan associated with the Baiu front, while the second region was the northern area of Japan, where the influence of the Baiu front is limited. (3) Summer (August): the number of TDs in mountainous areas tended to increase significantly, and the variation in the water vapour content was significantly correlated with the variation in the number of TDs. The number of TDs in the foothills did not increase significantly. (4) Akisame season (September): the number of TDs along the Pacific Ocean coast significantly increased.
Oral responsive delivery systems for probiotics targeting the intestinal tract
Authors: Han Mengzhen , Hou Mengxin , Yang Shuang , Gao Zhenpeng
Published: October 2024

The increasing prevalence of health issues, driven by sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy diets in modern society, has led to a growing demand for natural dietary supplements to support overall health and well‐being. Probiotic dietary supplements have garnered widespread recognition for their potential health benefits. However, their efficacy is often hindered by the hostile conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. To surmount this challenge, biomaterial‐based microencapsulation techniques have been extensively employed to shield probiotics from the harsh environments of stomach acid and bile salts, facilitating their precise delivery to the colon for optimal nutritional effects. With consideration of the distinctive gastrointestinal tract milieu, probiotic delivery systems have been categorized into pH‐responsive release, enzyme‐responsive release, redox‐responsive release and pressure‐triggered release systems. These responsive delivery systems have not only demonstrated improved probiotic survival rates in the stomach, but also successful release in the intestines, facilitating enhanced adhesion and colonization of probiotics within the gut. Consequently, these responsive delivery systems contribute to the effectiveness of probiotic supplementation in intervening with gastrointestinal diseases. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the diverse oral responsive delivery systems tailored for probiotics targeting the intestinal tract. Furthermore, the review critically examines the limitations and future prospects of these approaches. This review offers valuable guidance for the effective delivery of probiotics to the intestinal tract, enhancing the potential of probiotics as dietary supplements to promote gastrointestinal health and well‐being. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Grazer‐induced toxin production is energetically costly and significantly reduces growth of cylindrospermopsin‐producing cyanobacteria
Authors: Lei Lamei , Liu Wei , Chen Zihan , Peng Liang , Xiao Li‐Juan , Han Bo‐Ping , Neilan Brett A.
Published: October 2024

Toxins have been proposed as a defense mechanism for phytoplankton against zooplankton grazing. However, the associated costs are not understood. Here, we aim to reveal the costs in terms of both physiological and molecular responses in the cylindrospermopsin (CYN)‐producing cyanobacterium Raphidiopsis raciborskii. Exposure of R. raciborskii to Daphnia magna resulted in a significant increase in its CYN cell quota which was grazer cell density‐dependent, indicating an inducible effect on CYN production. A negative and significant relationship between cellular growth rate and CYN production suggested a growth‐defense trade‐off, highlighting the costly nature of toxin production. Despite strong transcriptional responses (121 differentially expressed genes) in R. raciborskii under grazing pressure, the CYN gene cluster remained largely unaffected, implying post‐transcriptional regulation of CYN biosynthesis. Significant variation was observed in transcripts for phosphorus metabolism and photosynthesis‐related genes, and evidenced that energy (ATP) metabolic processes were stimulated. This study is the first to demonstrate the high energy requirements for CYN production and provide insight into the molecular basis underlying the costs of toxin production.
Expert Consensus on Clinical Recommendations for Fractional Ablative CO2 Laser, in Facial Skin Rejuvenation Treatment
Authors: Levy Tal , Lerman Ilana , Waibel Jill , Gauglitz Gerd G. , Clementoni Matteo T. , Friedmann Daniel P. , Duplechain Kevin , Peng Peter , Lim Davin , Al‐Niaimi Firas , Lin Shangli , Munavalli Gilly , Biesman Brian S. , Goodman Greg J. , Fratila Alina , Beachkofsky Thomas M. , Ross E. Victor , Hussein Asif , Kauvar Arielle , Kilmer Suzanne L. , Langdon Robert , Moy Ronald L. , Artzi Ofir
Published: October 2024

Background

For three decades, fractional ablative CO2 lasers have been used for skin rejuvenation. With breakthroughs in laser technology and expanding popularity, new recommendations and suggestions arise on a regular basis.

Objective

To develop up‐to‐date clinical recommendations on safety measures, therapeutic framework, and techniques to improve treatment outcomes.

Methods

Using Google Forms, a questionnaire with 188 questions was given to a varied sample of 21 dermatologists and plastic surgeons from various countries and practice contexts. A second questionnaire with 11 items was created to resolve any gaps or discrepancies.

Results

Active face infections are considered a treatment contraindication by 95% of panelists. Burns, recent sun exposure, and pregnancy or breastfeeding were also considered contraindications (according to 67% of panelists). Over 90% employ bacterial and viral prophylaxis, however the majority (67%) do not prescribe antifungal prophylaxis. The most often stated anesthetic treatments by panelists are topical anesthetic cream, nerve blocks, and oral analgesics (according to 95%, 81%, and 62% of panelists respectively). Over 90% of panel members suggested treatment setting alterations for individuals with Fitzpatrick skin types III–IV. Following reepithelization, which happens between 8 and 42 days after the treatment, the majority (76%) of panelists advocate continuing standard skin care routines including active ingredients. Eighty‐one percent of panelists recommend using supplementary treatment to maximize results. Supplementary treatment recommendations included use of neuromodulators (76% of panelists), Intense Pulsed Light Therapy treatments pre and postprocedure (61% of panelists), and injection‐based therapies such as (Hyaluronic Acid fillers, and biostimulatory fillers) (recommended by 48% of panelists). 60% of panelists perform FACL to improve skin laxity treatment in nonfacial areas and adjust their settings accordingly.

Limitations

Our results reflect only a modest panel size; with a focus on a specific device. Although experienced, the small number of panelists, recommendations, and personal adverse reactions encounters for resurfacing indication, might be biased.

Conclusion

Fractional CO2 laser is a popular and effective skin rejuvenation treatment with minimal downtime and side effects. This study presents new therapy recommendations to resolve treatment uncertainty and provide complete care suggestions for best results.
Enhancing amide proton transfer imaging in ischemic stroke using a machine learning approach with partially synthetic data
Authors: Viswanathan Malvika , Yin Leqi , Kurmi Yashwant , Afzal Aqeela , Zu Zhongliang
Published: October 2024

Amide proton transfer (APT) imaging, a technique sensitive to tissue pH, holds promise in the diagnosis of ischemic stroke. Achieving accurate and rapid APT imaging is crucial for this application. However, conventional APT quantification methods either lack accuracy or are time‐consuming. Machine learning (ML) has recently been recognized as a potential solution to improve APT quantification. In this paper, we applied an ML model trained on a new type of partially synthetic data, along with an optimization approach utilizing recursive feature elimination, to predict APT imaging in an animal stroke model. This partially synthetic datum is not a simple blend of measured and simulated chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) signals. Rather, it integrates the underlying components including all CEST, direct water saturation, and magnetization transfer effects partly derived from measurements and simulations to reconstruct the CEST signals using an inverse summation relationship. Training with partially synthetic data requires less in vivo data compared to training entirely with fully synthetic or in vivo data, making it a more practical approach. Since this type of data closely resembles real tissue, it leads to more accurate predictions than ML models trained on fully synthetic data. Results indicate that an ML model trained on this partially synthetic data can successfully predict the APT effect with enhanced accuracy, providing significant contrast between stroke lesions and normal tissues, thus clearly delineating lesions. In contrast, conventional quantification methods such as the asymmetric analysis method, three‐point method, and multiple‐pool model Lorentzian fit showed inadequate accuracy in quantifying the APT effect. Moreover, ML methods trained using in vivo data and fully synthetic data exhibited poor predictive performance due to insufficient training data and inaccurate simulation pool settings or parameter ranges, respectively. Following optimization, only 13 frequency offsets were selected from the initial 69, resulting in significantly reduced scan time.
The relationship between job crafting and work engagement among nurses in China: A latent profile analysis
Authors: Zhang Hong‐li , Liu Jun‐hua , Ma Wen‐jing , Xu Xiao‐ling , Guo Xiao‐lan , Lang Hong‐juan
Published: October 2024

Aim

To identify subtypes of job crafting among Chinese nurses and to explore the characteristics of different subtypes and their relationship with work engagement.

Design

A cross‐sectional study.

Methods

A survey of 350 clinical nurses was conducted between December 2022 and January 2023. Identify profile categories for nurses' job crafting using a latent profile analysis. Logistic regression and ANOVA were used to explore the characteristics of different categories of nurses' job crafting in terms of sociodemographic, work engagement variables.

Results

Ultimately 3 latent profiles are identified: low job crafting (Class 1, N = 177, 50.7%), moderate job crafting (Class 2, N = 136, 38.9%), high job crafting (Class 3, N = 37, 10.5%). Nurses who are female, aged 31 to 40 and married are more likely to be grouped into Class 2. Nurses with a middle level of title are more likely to be grouped as Class 3. Nurses with high levels of work engagement are more likely to be grouped as Class 2 and Class 3 rather than Class 1.

Conclusion

The job crafting has a distinctly classified character among Chinese nurses. 89.6% of nurses were at a low to medium level of job crafting, work engagement is an important predictor of nurses' job crafting. Nursing Managers should focus on the low job crafting group and develop targeted interventions to help nurses improve their job crafting and work engagement levels.

Patient or Public Contribution

None.
Metabolic obesity phenotypes and thyroid cancer risk: A systematic exploration of the evidence
Authors: Hedayati Mehdi , Valizadeh Majid , Abiri Behnaz
Published: October 2024

Background

Obesity is recognized as a risk factor for various cancers, including thyroid cancer. However, the association between different metabolic obesity phenotypes and thyroid cancer risk remains unclear. This systematic review aimed to comprehensively evaluate the existing literature to elucidate the association between metabolic obesity phenotypes and thyroid cancer risk.

Methods

This systematic review was conducted following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for relevant studies until April 2024. Studies examining the link between metabolic obesity phenotypes and thyroid cancer risk were included.

Results

Five cohort studies involving 831,510 participants met the inclusion criteria. Metabolically unhealthy obesity was consistently associated with an increased risk of thyroid cancer in both men and women. Central adiposity emerged as a significant predictor of thyroid cancer risk. Mechanistically, chronic inflammation, dysregulated adipokine secretion, hormonal imbalances, and altered signaling pathways may contribute to thyroid carcinogenesis. There is an ongoing debate regarding the risk associated with metabolically healthy obesity, with some suggesting potential protective effects due to favorable metabolic profiles.

Conclusion

This systematic review highlights the complex relationship between metabolic obesity phenotypes and thyroid cancer risk. The findings highlighted the importance of considering metabolic status alongside obesity in thyroid cancer risk assessment and intervention strategies.
Effect of Prehydrolysis VTMS on the Structure–Property of Silane‐Terminated Polyurethane
Authors: Karna Namita , Mohanty Jyoti D. , Joshi Girish M. , Mhaske S. T.
Published: October 2024

Silane‐terminated Polyurethane (SPU) is in high demand in the sealant and adhesive industries because of its exceptional cohesive strength and excellent adhesive properties. To close a self‐curable SPU resin was synthesized using a two‐step solution polymerization process for 12 h at pH 2.8 using the sol–gel method. Subsequently, the polyurethane prepolymer's NCO moiety was terminated by VTMS silanol to prepare SPU resin. FTIR and liquid state NMR were used to study VTMS hydrolysis in an acidic medium. Explored the effects of VTMS on SPU properties, including crystallinity, Mn and Mw, viscosity, gel fraction, thermal, surface, and mechanical. FTIR and NMR (1H and 13C) spectra confirmed the successful termination of the prepolymer's unreacted diisocyanate with the hydroxyl moiety of silanol. XPS and FTIR were used to analyze the chemical structures of urethane, urea, siloxane, and the hydrogen bonds between SPU moiety. Increased wt% of silanol exhibits increased gel fraction (80%–91%) with a decreased degree of swelling (76%–45%) showing the formation of a cross‐linked structure. Including siloxane in polyurethane showed a synergetic effect, resulting in enhanced thermal stability through reduction of weight loss. The SPU exhibited a three‐stage degradation pattern, accompanied by decreased glass transition temperature and crystallinity. Siloxane enrichment increased SPU surface roughness (Rq‐218 and Ra‐69 nm) and hydrophobicity (94°–103°). Silane wt% increase causes significant changes in Young's (2.19–51 N/mm2) modulus, strain %, and adhesive strength (4.60–5.62 MPa). Silane‐terminated polyurethane can be used successfully as an adhesive and sealant.