bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frequency and distribution of medial and lateral patellar luxation in dogs: 124 cases (1982–1992)
Authors: Hayes Andrea G. , Boudrieau Randy J. , Hungerford Laura L.
Published: December 2023

From the medical records of 124 dogs, patellar luxations were classified as congenital or acquired, medial or lateral, and unilateral or bilateral; were graded 1 to 4; and were subdivided according to size of dog. The 4 breed-size categories were based on guidelines from American Kennel Club standards for adult height and weight. Findings from these records were compared with the results from dogs with other orthopedic problems.

A majority of dogs had congenital (91; 82%), as opposed to acquired (17; 15%) patellar luxations. Distribution of dogs with patellar luxations according to breed size included 54 (98%) with medial patellar luxations (mpl) and 1 (2%) with lateral patellar luxation (lpl) in small breeds, 17 (81%) with mpl and 4 (19%) with lpl in medium breeds, 35 (83%) with mpl and 7 (17%) with lpl in large breeds; and 4 (67%) with mpl and 2 (33%) with lpl in giant breeds. Medial patellar luxation was observed in 110 dogs and 14 dogs had lpl. Cases of mpl and lpl in the same stifle or of medial and lateral patellar luxation in contralateral stifles in the same dog were not observed. Surgical correction was performed primarily in dogs with grade-3 and grade-4 patellar luxations.

Medial patellar luxations and lpl were detected in all breed categories. Small-breed dogs were admitted almost exclusively with mpl. Lateral patellar luxation was found uncommonly; however, it was observed more often in larger-breed dogs. Prevalence of mpl was greater, when compared with that for lpl, in every size/breed category.
Platelet concentration and hemoglobin function in Greyhounds
Authors: Sullivan Patrick S. , Evans Heather L. , McDonald T. P.
Published: December 2023

Hematologic characteristics of 36 Greyhounds were studied and compared with characteristics of 22 non-Greyhound controls. Fourteen of the Greyhounds were tested and found to be seronegative for Ehrlichia canis and Babesia canis. Compared with the non-Greyhounds, Greyhounds had higher mean hemoglobin concentration, pcv, mean corpuscular volume, and mean cellular hemoglobin, and lower mean rbc count, hemoglobin P50 value, Hill coefficient, platelet count, and total plasma protein concentration. The lower mean hemoglobin P50 value in Greyhounds suggested that the higher mean hemoglobin concentration and pcv were not solely a result of selective breeding for superior racing abilities, but that Greyhound hemoglobin may have a greater affinity for oxygen than does the hemoglobin of non-Greyhounds.
An echocardiographic and electrocardiographic study of cardiovascular function in hypothyroid dogs
Authors: Panciera David L.
Published: December 2023

Echocardiograms and ecg were obtained for 11 hypothyroid dogs before and after levothyroxine supplementation (0.022 mg/kg of body weight, q 12 h for 64 ± 12 days). Evidence of impaired left ventricular function was found in the dogs before treatment. A significant decrease in shortening fraction and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, increase in left ventricular end-systolic diameter, and prolongation of preejection period was noted when comparing measurements before and after levothyroxine supplementation. Amplitude of the P and R waves was significantly higher after treatment than before. It was concluded that changes in cardiac function can be reversed in hypothyroid dogs.
Plasma von Willebrand factor antigen concentration in dogs with hypothyroidism
Authors: Panciera David L. , Johnson Gary S.
Published: December 2023

Plasma von Willebrand factor antigen concentration was measured in 10 dogs with hypothyroidism, before and after administration of a replacement dose of levothyroxine for 67 ± 12 days. Results were reported as a percentage of normal activity, with plasma pooled from clinically normal dogs given a value of 100%. Plasma von Willebrand factor antigen concentration was within reference limits in dogs with hypothyroidism (126 ± 41%) and was significantly (P < 0.01) decreased (94 ± 39%) after treatment with levothyroxine. Contrary to findings in some other studies, a deficiency of plasma von Willebrand factor did not appear to result from hypothyroidism.
Association of mean platelet volume and bone marrow megakaryocytopoiesis in thrombocytopenic dogs: 60 cases (1984-1993)
Authors: Sullivan Patrick S. , Manning Kendra L. , McDonald T. P.
Published: December 2023

Medical records of 60 thrombocytopenic dogs in which platelet volume analysis was performed between 1984 and 1993 were reviewed. Information collected from the records included signalment, mean platelet volume, the clinical pathologist's assessment of the adequacy of the megakaryocyte population in the bone marrow, and the causes of thrombocytopenia. In all dogs, the bone marrow aspirate had been collected within 48 hours of platelet volume analysis. Sensitivity and specificity of using platelet volume analysis (mean volume ≤ 12.00 μm3 vs mean volume > 12.00 μm3) as a test for bone marrow megakaryocyte response (adequate vs inadequate) in thrombocytopenic dogs was determined. Sensitivity was 88%, specificity was 80%, predictive value of a positive test was 96%, and predictive value of a negative test was 57%. Results suggested that megathrombocytosis in a thrombocytopenic dog was a good predictor of adequate bone marrow response (normal or hyperplastic bone marrow megakaryocyte population); however, a mean platelet volume ≤ 12.00 μm3 in thrombocytopenic dogs was not strongly predictive of inadequate bone marrow response.
Productivity and profitability differences between pseudorabies-infected and pseudorabies-noninfected farrow-to-finish swine herds
Authors: Miller G. Y. , Forster D. L. , Tsai J. , Bowman G.
Published: December 2023

Productivity and economic effects of pseudorabies were estimated for a mean-size, farrow-tofinish swine enterprise. A Delphi technique was used to elicit productivity effects from an expert panel. Enterprise budgets for pseudorabies-infected and noninfected herds were constructed by use of these productivity estimates, as well as by use of economic data from secondary sources. Data examined to determine effects on productivity included preweaning, nursery, and growing/ finishing pig mortality; breeding hog mortality; feed conversion; labor; and veterinary services and medication expenses. Results indicated that profitability was lowered in infected herds by approximately $6/cwt of swine produced.
Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema in dogs and cats: 26 cases (1987-1993)
Authors: Drobatz Kenneth J. , Saunders H. Mark , Pugh Charles R. , Hendricks Joan C.
Published: December 2023

Medical records of 23 dogs and 3 cats treated for noncardiogenic pulmonary edema (npe) resulting from airway obstruction (n = 8), cranial trauma (7), electric shock (7), or seizures (4) between 1987 and 1993 were reviewed. There were 18 purebred dogs, 5 mixed-breed dogs, 2 domestic shorthair cats, and 1 Siamese. Sixteen animals were male, and 10 were female. All but 7 were less than 1 year old. Time between the inciting incident and onset of respiratory tract signs ranged from minutes to several hours. Respiratory distress was the primary clinical sign for all animals with npe resulting from airway obstruction, cranial trauma, or seizures, and for 2 of the 7 animals with npe resulting from electric shock. The only consistent clinicopathologic abnormality was hyperglycemia, which was detected in 12 animals. Arterial blood gas partial pressures were measured in 11 animals; 10 were hypoxemic. On thoracic radiographs, the predominant pattern of pulmonary infiltration was alveolar. Symmetry of involvement, which was assessed by examining dorsoventral or ventrodorsal radiographic projections, could be determined for 23 animals. In 18, involvement was asymmetric, and in 13 of those 18, the right side was predominantly involved. On lateral radiographic projections, the caudodorsal quadrant of the lung field was involved primarily or as part of a diffuse distribution in all but 1 animal. Generally, animals with npe resulting from airway obstruction had the greatest degree of radiographic involvement, followed in decreasing order, by animals with npe resulting from cranial trauma, animals with npe resulting from seizures, and animals with npe resulting from electric shock. Overall, 9 animals died. Four of the 8 animals with npe resulting from airway obstruction and 2 of the 7 animals with npe resulting from cranial trauma died or were euthanatized because of the severity of the pulmonary compromise. One animal with npe resulting from electric shock developed seizures and died. Two of the 4 animals with npe resulting from seizures were euthanatized because of the underlying cause of the seizures. Overall, 20 of the 26 animals were discharged, died, or were euthanatized within 48 hours of admission to the hospital.
Case-control study of risk factors for development of pleuropneumonia in horses
Authors: Austin Scott M. , Foreman Jonathan H. , Hungerford Laura L.
Published: December 2023

Risk factors for development of pleuropneumonia were determined by reviewing medical records of 45 horses with pleuropneumonia and 180 control horses examined between Jan 1, 1980 and Jan 1, 1990. Factors considered included age, breed, sex, occupation, transport farther than 500 miles within the previous week, racing within the previous 48 hours, viral respiratory tract infection or exposure to horses with viral respiratory tract disease within the previous 2 weeks, and vaccination against influenza or rhinopneumonitis within the previous 6 months. Results indicated that Thoroughbreds were at a greater risk of developing pleuropneumonia than were other horses, and Standardbreds were at a reduced risk. Transport farther than 500 miles and viral respiratory tract disease or exposure to horses with respiratory tract disease were determined to be risk factors for the development of pleuropneumonia.
Paraneoplastic bullous stomatitis in a horse
Authors: Williams Mary Amelia , Dowling Patricia Mary , Angarano Donna Walton , Yu Anthony Alexander , DiFranco Brad Joseph , Lenz Stephen Dana , Anhalt Grant James
Published: December 2023

Bullous stomatitis is uncommon in horses. Differential diagnoses include autoimmune disorders, erythema multiforme, drug reactions, and various viral diseases.

Systemic signs directly caused by the remote effects of malignancy are referred to as paraneoplastic syndromes.
Intravascular and peritoneal coagulation and fibrinolysis in horses with acute gastrointestinal tract diseases
Authors: Collates Chrysann , Barton Michelle H. , Prasse Keith W. , Moore James N.
Published: December 2023

Components of the coagulation and fibrinolytic cascades, prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times, endotoxin activity, and albumin concentration were measured in blood and peritoneal fluid from 20 healthy horses and from 153 horses with acute gastrointestinal tract diseases at admission. Overall, 77% (117/153) of affected horses survived to discharge from the hospital, and 85% (82/97) of horses discharged were reported to be normal 9 to 14 months later. Significant differences in hemostatic factors were more common in peritoneal fluid than in blood. Tissue plasminogen activator, plasminogen, protein C, antithrombin III, and α2-arunliplasmin activities and concentrations of fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products were significantly (P < 0.05) greater in peritoneal fluid from horses with colic, and, with the exception of fibrinogen concentration, were associated with detection of endotoxin. Higher values for these variables, except tissue plasminogen activator activity, were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with survival. Plasminogen, antithrombin III, and α2-antiplasmin activities were significantly (P < 0.05) greater in peritoneal fluid from horses with inflammatory or strangulating lesions, compared with those in horses with simple colic. Plasminogen-activator inhibitor type 1 activity, fibrin degradation products concentration, and prothrombin time were significantly (P < 0.05) greater in the blood of horses with colic. Survival was inversely associated with significantly (P < 0.0.5) greater intravascular concentrations of fibrin degradation products and fibrinogen and prothrombin time. This study revealed marked contrasts between peritoneal and intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis in horses with colic, indicating that inferences regarding the peritoneal environment, particularly with respect to fibrinolytic capacity, should not be made on the basis of factors measured in blood.
Repeat laparotomy for gastrointestinal disorders in cattle: 57 cases (1968-1992)
Authors: Blikslager Anthony T. , Anderson Kevin L. , Bristol David G. , Fubini Susan L. , Anderson David E.
Published: December 2023

A study was conducted to investigate indications for, typical findings during, and outcome of repeat laparotomies in 57 cattle with gastrointestinal disorders. Cattle were grouped according to the reason the initial laparotomy had been performed. Group-1 cattle (n = 46) had had left or right displacement of the abomasum (lda or rda) or right volvulus of the abomasum. Group-2 cattle (n = 10) had had ruminal, reticular, or abomasal obstruction or perforation. Group-3 cattle (n = 7) had had obstruction, volvulus, distention, or perforation of the small or large intestine.

Median interval between laparotomies was 1 month (range, 1 day to 38 months). Intraoperative findings during repeat laparotomy in group-1 cattle included lda (n = 18), rda (9), right volvulus of the abdomen (5), pneumoperitoneum (1), diffuse abdominal adhesions (1), cecal adhesions (1), adhesions of the rumen to the body wall (1), abscess in the cranial portion of the abdomen (1), reticular adhesions (1), localized necrosis (1), and idiopathic rumen distention (1). Intraoperative findings during repeat laparotomy in group-2 cattle included abscess in the cranial portion of the abdomen (4), no abnormalities (1), distended rumen (1), ruptured abomasum (1), recurrent abomasal impaction (1), diffuse abdominal adhesions (1), and pyloric fat necrosis (1). Intraoperative findings during repeat laparotomy in group-3 cattle included lda (3), rda (1), cecal volvulus (1), anastomotic rupture (1), and impacted colocolostomy (1).

Seven cows and 1 calf underwent additional repeat laparotomies. Forty-four (77%) of the 57 cattle were discharged following final laparotomy. Fourteen of the 20 group-1 cattle, 1 of the 6 group-2 cattle, and 2 of the 3 group-3 cattle for which follow-up information was available were productive after repeat laparotomy.
Ultrasonography of the brain and vertebral canal in dogs and cats: 15 cases (1988-1993)
Authors: Gallagher Jack G. , Penninck Dominique , Boudrieau Randy J. , Schelling Scott H. , Berg John
Published: December 2023

Medical records of 3 cats and 12 dogs with lesions of the brain (3 cats, 2 dogs) or vertebral canal (10 dogs) that underwent intraoperative ultrasonography were reviewed. Ultrasonography was performed after craniotomy, a ventral slot procedure, or laminectomy, using a real-time sector scanner with a 7.5- or 10-MHz transducer. In the 3 cats and 2 dogs with brain lesions, cerebral masses were hyperechoic, compared with normal brain, and were easily located. In the 2 dogs, ultrasonography was necessary to localize deep-seated cerebral lesions that could not be seen following craniotomy. In 7 dogs that underwent a ventral slot procedure because of prolapse of an intervertebral disk, ultrasonography was successfully used to assess completeness of disk removal. The remaining 3 dogs underwent dorsal laminectomy because intradural enlargement of the spinal cord (1 dog) or an intradural mass (2 dogs) could be seen myelographically. In the 2 dogs with intradural masses, intraoperative ultrasonography helped to delineate the extent of the tumor. In the third dog, spinal cord swelling was seen ultrasonographically; the histologic diagnosis was spinal cord edema.
Accuracy of clinicians in predicting site and type of lesion as well as outcome in horses with colic
Authors: Blikslager Anthony T. , Roberts Malcolm C.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To assess the ability of clinicians to predict the site and type of lesion as well as outcome in horses with colic.

Design—

Prospective case study.

Sample population—

139 horses admitted for evaluation of signs of colic.

Procedure—

Six interns and residents examined horses with colic and predicted the segment of intestine that was affected, the type of lesion, and whether the horse would survive to discharge. Accuracy of prediction of site and type of lesion and survival prediction was compared between the first and second halves of the year, using X2 analysis and 95% confidence intervals on sensitivity and specificity. X2 Analysis was used to assess accuracy between predicted site and type of lesion and intraoperative or necropsy findings and to assess accuracy between predicted survival and actual outcome.

Results—

Significant association existed between predicted segment of affected intestine or type of lesion and intraoperative findings (P < 0.05). There was a significant association between predicted survival and outcome (P < 0.001). Accuracy of survival prediction improved significantly (P = 0.002) during the year.

Clinical Implications—

Clinicians can accurately predict horses with colic that will survive surgery on the basis of clinical impressions. The ability to predict those horses that will survive improves with training.
Evaluation of liver function tests in neonatal calves
Authors: Pearson Erwin G. , Dirksen Gerrit , Meyer Joachim , Seitz Adolf , Rowe Kenneth E.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To evaluate the efficacy of tests for hepatic disease in young calves

Design—

Prospective case-control study.

Animals—

28 clinically normal calves and 47 calves with histologically proven hepatic disease.

Procedure—

Liver function tests and serum activity of liver-derived enzymes were determined on 28 clinically normal calves at birth and at 2 weeks of age. These values were compared with the results from 47 calves with hepatic disease verified by histologic examination. Upper limit of confidence interval was determined for the results on the clinically normal calves, and Student's t-test was used to identify significant differences in the data from calves of various age-groups.

Results—

None of the results of the common tests for liver damage or function (measurement of bilirubin, γ-glutamyltransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase [
gmd], alkaline phosphatase, L-Iactate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, or alanine transaminase) were clinically useful when used alone for detection of hepatic disease in calves less than 6 weeks old. Sensitivity of γ-glutamyltransferase,
gmd, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase as indicators of hepatic disease in this population of calves was 0, 59, 80, and 9%, respectively. Direct bilirubin (sensitivity, 87%) was more sensitive than total bilirubin (sensitivity, 66%). Serum enzyme activity of most enzymes (P < 0.01), total bilirubin concentration (P < 0.001), and sulfobromophthalein sodium clearance half-life were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in newborn calves than in 2-week-old calves.

Clinical Implications—

Clinical findings that indicate hepatic disease in calves that are less than 6 weeks old could be confirmed by measurement of serum activity of
gmd or concentrations of total serum bile acids or direct bilirubin. Percutaneous liver biopsy may still be needed and may provide the most information.
Inheritance of cystinuria and renal defect in Newfoundlands
Authors: Casal Margret L. , Giger Urs , Bovee K. C. , Patterson D. F.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To describe clinical features, characterize metabolic renal abnormalities, and evaluate mode of inheritance of cystinuria in Newfoundlands.

Design

Prospective study.

Animals

Two families of Newfoundlands including 11 dogs with dysuria, stranguria, or obstruction attributable to cystine calculi.

Procedure

Urinalysis and nitroprusside spot tests were performed to evaluate cystinuria in the affected dogs. All calculi were analyzed by crystallography. Amino acid concentrations in urine and plasma of affected dogs were compared with those in clinically normal related dogs. Renal fractional excretion and reabsorption of amino acids were determined in 5 affected Newfoundlands.

Results

Nine dogs had pure cystine calculi in the bladder, and 4 of these had renal cystine calculi. Affected dogs persistently excreted excessive amounts of cystine (> 500 nmol/mg of creatinine; reference = 54 ± 38 nmol/mg of creatinine) and had typical cystine crystals in acidic urine. Urinary excretion of ornithine, lysine, and arginine was also high. Dogs with cystinuria had complete lack of reabsorption and active secretion of cystine, and reabsorption of lysine, ornithine, and arginine was moderately impaired. Although clinical signs of urinary obstruction were observed only in males, cystinuric male and female offspring were produced from noncystinuric parents, consistent with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Obligate heterozygotes did not have clinical signs, and had normal urinary cystine content and renal amino acid reabsorption.

Clinical Implications

Because detection of carriers by routine urinalysis is currently not possible, Newfoundlands with cystinuria and their parents and offspring should be excluded from breeding.
Use of a modified toggle pin for repair of coxofemoral luxation in dogs with multiple orthopedic injuries: 14 cases (1986-1994)
Authors: Beckham Huey P. , Smith Mark M. , Kern Douglas A.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To develop modifications of the toggle pin procedure for use as a ligament of the head of the femur (LHF) prosthesis and to assess outcomes when used for coxofemoral luxation (CFL) in dogs with multiple orthopedic injuries.

Design

Retrospective case series.

Sample Population

14 dogs with CFL as a component of orthopedic polytrauma.

Procedure

Modifications to previous descriptions of the technique for use of a toggle pin for LHF prosthesis included deletion of the osteotomy of the greater trochanter in 12 of 16 joints with CFL, drilling of the femoral tunnel from a distal-to-proximal direction, deletion of a second femoral bone tunnel for suture placement, and use of a 2-hole polypropylene button to secure the LHF prosthetic suture.

Results

Mean age at time of injury, weight, and duration between injury and definitive surgery was 4.1 ± 1.1 years, 19.7 ± 2.8 kg, and 5.8 ± 2.7 days, respectively. Weightbearing began 3.0 ± 0.4 days after surgery. Mean postoperative follow-up period for dogs with maintained coxofemoral reduction of longer than 1 month (n = 13) was 19.5 ± 6.1 months. Owners reported good or excellent clinical results, which were confirmed by semi-quantitative assessment methods. Radiographic signs of degenerative joint disease were minimal. There was no significant difference between hind limbs when comparing mid-thigh limb circumference at the time of follow-up examination.

Clinical Implications

A modified toggle pin procedure for LHF prosthesis can maintain coxofemoral reduction and allow early weightbearing in dogs with coxofemoral luxation as a component of multiple orthopedic injuries.
Surgical treatment of tracheal collapse in dogs: 90 cases (1983-1993)
Authors: Buback Janice L. , Boothe Harry W. , Hobson H. Phil
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To determine factors associated with long-term outcome in dogs with tracheal collapse treated with extraluminal polypropylene C-shaped stents.

Design—

Retrospective case series.

Animals—

90 dogs.

Procedure—

Medical records of dogs with surgically treated tracheal collapse were reviewed. Follow-up was obtained either by recheck at the veterinary teaching hospital only (n = 10) or by telephone interviews with referring veterinarians and owners (n = 35), referring veterinarians alone (n = 23), or owners alone (n = 16). The χ2 test was used to determine which factors were associated with long-term outcome.

Results—

11 breeds were represented. Yorkshire Terriers, Poodles, and Pomeranians were most common. Median age at the time of surgery was 6.8 years. Median weight was 2.9 kg. Severity of collapse ranged from grade II to grade IV. Dogs < 6 years old had more severe collapse than did dogs ≥ 6 years old. Dogs ≥ 6 years old had more postoperative complications and a poorer long-term outcome than did dogs < 6 years old. 17 dogs required permanent tracheostomy, 10 within 24 hours after surgery.

Clinical Implications—

Surgical placement of extraluminal polypropylene C-shaped stents was an effective method of attenuating clinical signs of tracheal collapse. Dogs < 6 years old had more severe tracheal collapse but did better after surgery than did dogs ≥ 6 years old. U Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:380-384)
Evaluation of dogs and cats with tumors of the ear canal: 145 cases (1978-1992)
Authors: London Cheryl A. , Dubilzeig Richard R. , Vail David M. , Ogilvie Gregory K. , Hahn Kevin A. , Brewer William G. , Hammer Alan S. , O'Keefe Deborah A. , Chun Ruthanne , McEntee Margaret C. , McCaw Dudley L. , Fox Leslie E. , Norris Alan M. , Klausner Jeffery S.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To characterize the frequency, clinical signs, biologic behavior, and response to treatment of tumors of the ear canal in dogs and cats.

Design

Retrospective analysis of medical records.

Animals

Medical records of 81 dogs (48 malignant tumors, 33 benign tumors) and 64 cats (56 malignant tumors, 8 benign tumors).

Procedure

Data were analyzed for cats and dogs with malignant tumors, and risk factors were analyzed for their potential impact on survival time.

Results

Malignant tumor types most commonly reported included ceruminous gland adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and carcinoma of undetermined origin. Median survival time of dogs with malignant aural tumors was > 58 months, whereas that of cats was 11.7 months. A poor prognosis was indicated by extensive tumor involvement (dogs) and by neurologic signs at time of diagnosis, diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma or carcinoma of undetermined origin, and invasion into lymphatics or blood vessels (cats).

Clinical Implications

Malignant tumors of the ear canal in dogs and cats have a propensity for local invasion, but tend not to metastasize. Squamous cell carcinoma and carcinoma of undetermined origin were the most locally aggressive tumors. Malignant tumors of the ear canal are best managed by aggressive surgical excision. Radiotherapy may be useful when tumors cannot be completely removed. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:1413-1418)
Evaluation of shelf arthroplasty as a treatment for hip dysplasia in dogs
Authors: Oakes Matt G. , Lewis Daniel D. , Elkins A. Derrell , Hosgood Giselle , Dial Sharon M. , Oliver Julian
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate effects of shelf arthroplasty on coxofemoral joint laxity and progression of degenerative joint disease in young dogs with hip dysplasia.

Design

Prospective, controlled study.

Animals

10 dogs between 10 and 24 months old and weighing between 20 and 27 kg. All dogs had bilateral coxofemoral joint laxity (ie, an Ortolani's sign).

Procedure

In all dogs, shelf arthroplasty was performed on the right coxofemoral joints, and a sham procedure was performed on the left. Dogs were evaluated before and after surgery by means of lameness assessment, coxofemoral joint palpation and goniometry, thigh circumference measurement, and radiography.

Results

There were no significant changes in coxofemoral joint mobility, range of motion, joint laxity, degree of degenerative joint disease, or thigh circumference during the study. A greater amount of periacetabular bone formed on the right side than on the left side; however, dogs did not develop large bony shelves, and the amount of periarticular bone decreased over time. The polymer implants remained in their original position and were encapsulated by fibrous tissue. There was no histologic evidence of osteoconduction by the implants.

Clinical Implications

The polymer implants used in this procedure do not appear to be osteoinductive. Shelf arthroplasty was associated with minimal morbidity and was not associated with serious adverse sequelae in this study, but the procedure did not alter the progression of hip dysplasia in these dogs. We cannot advocate shelf arthroplasty using this polymer as a treatment for dogs with hip dysplasia. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208: 1838-1845)
Factors associated with perioperative mortality in dogs with surgically managed gastric dilatation-volvulus: 137 cases (1988-1993)
Authors: Brourman Jeff D. , Schertel Eric R. , Allen David A. , Birchard Stephen J. , DeHoff William D.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate factors associated with perioperative mortality in dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus and to determine the influence of treatment differences between university and private specialty practices on outcome.

Design

Retrospective analysis of medical records.

Animals

137 dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus.

Procedure

Signalment; frequency of preoperative and postoperative treatments and complications; intraoperative findings; surgical technique; and hematologic, serum biochemical, and electrocardiographic results were recorded, evaluated for association with mortality, and compared between institutions.

Results

Mortality did not differ between institutions, and overall mortality was 18% (24/137). Surgical techniques differed between institutions, but were not associated with mortality. Gastric necrosis was associated with significantly higher mortality (46%; 13/28). When partial gastrectomy or splenectomy was performed, mortality (35 and 32% or 8/23 and 10/31, respectively) was significantly increased. Splenectomy was performed in 11 of 23 dogs requiring partial gastrectomy, and when both procedures were performed, mortality (55%; 6/11) was significantly increased. Preoperative cardiac arrhythmias were associated with significantly higher mortality (38%; 6/16). Mortality in dogs > 10 years old was not significantly greater than that in younger dogs.

Clinical Implications

Patient management differences between practices did not seem to influence survival in dogs with surgically managed gastric dilatation-volvulus. Signalment, including age, did not influence mortality. Gastric necrosis, gastric resection, splenectomy, and preoperative cardiac arrhythmias were associated with mortality > 30%. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:1855-1858)
Postoperative complications of elective surgeries in dogs and cats determined by examining electronic and paper medical records
Authors: Pollari Franklin L. , Bonnett Brenda N. , Bamsey Sheena C. , Meek Alan H. , Allen Dana G.
Published: December 2023

Postoperative complications (POC) that developed in dogs and cats that underwent elective ovariohysterectomy, castration, and declaw at a veterinary teaching hospital were determined by examining the computerized abstracts of the medical records and by examining a random sample of the paper medical records.

When the computerized abstracts were examined, POC were found to have occurred in 62 (6.1%) of 1,016 dogs. One dog died and 6 others developed major complications. Postoperative complications were found to have occurred in 38 (2.6%) of 1,459 cats. Two cats died and 1 was euthanatized. Four other cats developed major complications.

Complete paper medical records for 218 dogs and cats were examined. When the paper medical records were examined, the proportions of dogs and cats with POC were 19.4% and 12.2%, respectively. These proportions were 4 to 7 times higher than when the computerized abstracts were the data source.

Results of this study indicate that the frequency of clinically relevant POC of elective surgeries in dogs and cats is substantial. Examination of the computerized abstracts of medical records at this hospital allowed us to rapidly identify cases that could be included in the study but the frequency of POC would be significantly underestimated if paper records were not also assessed.
Effect of illness not associated with the thyroid gland on serum total and free thyroxine concentrations in cats
Authors: Mooney Carmel T. , Little Christopher J. L. , Macrae Arlene W.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine circulating concentrations and fate of total and free thyroxine (T4) in cats with various illnesses not associated with the thyroid glands (non-thyroidal illnesses).

Design

Prospective study.

Animals

98 cats with nonthyroidal illness and 50 clinically normal cats.

Procedure

Serum total T4 concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay, and serum free T4 concentrations were measured by direct equilibrium dialysis. Free T4 fraction was calculated from these 2 values.

Results

Serum total T4 concentrations were significantly (P < 0.001) lower in sick cats (mean ± SD, 17.18 ± 8.14 nmol/L), compared with healthy cats (mean ± SD, 26.00 ± 7.62 nmol/L). Serum total T4 concentrations were inversely correlated with mortality. Differences in serum free T4 concentrations in sick cats (mean ± SD, 27.70 ± 13.53 pmol/L), compared with healthy cats (mean ± SD, 24.79 ± 8.33 pmol/L), were not significant. A few sick cats had serum free T4 concentrations greater than the reference range. Calculated free T4 fraction was significantly (P < 0.001) greater in sick cats (mean ± SD, 0.24 ± 0.30%), compared with healthy cats (mean ± SD, 0.10 ± 0.06%).

Clinical Implications

Euthyroidism is maintained in sick cats, despite low serum total T4 concentrations. Measurement of serum total T4 concentrations is a valuable prognostic indicator. Serum free T4 concentrations should be used cautiously as a sole diagnostic criterion for confirmation of hyperthyroidism. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:2004-2008)
Effect of intravenous administration of fluids on packed cell volume, blood pressure, and total protein and blood glucose concentrations in healthy halothane-anesthetized dogs
Authors: Gaynor James Scott , Wertz Etta Mae , Kesel Lynne Martha , Baker Geri Elizabeth , Cecchini Chris , Rice Kathy , Mallinckrodt Craig M.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine the effects of IV administration of fluids on PCV, serum total protein and blood glucose concentrations, and systolic arterial pressure in healthy anesthetized dogs undergoing elective surgical procedures.

Design

Prospective, randomized controlled trial.

Animals

70 clinically normal dogs.

Procedure

Dogs received IV administration of 0, 5, 10, or 15 ml/kg of body weight/h of a polyionic crystalloid solution or 5% dextrose in water. Blood samples were collected before and after administration of medication, prior to anesthetic induction, after anesthetic induction, at the end of the surgical procedure, and 2 hours after surgery to determine PCV and serum total protein and blood glucose concentrations. Blood pressure was measured before and after anesthetic induction and at the end of the surgery.

Results

There were not any significant differences in PCV, total protein concentration, or systolic arterial pressure among treatment groups. Hyperglycemia developed in dogs receiving 5% dextrose in water, but resolved 2 hours after discontinuing administration of fluids.

Clinical Implications

Intravenous administration of fluids may not be necessary to maintain normal blood pressure in young, healthy dogs undergoing elective surgery. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:2013-2015)
Comparison of milk with serum ELISA for the detection of paratuberculosis in dairy cows
Authors: Hardin Laura Ellen , Thorne James Garrett
Published: December 2023

Objective

To compare milk with serum ELISA for detection of antibodies to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.

Design

Epidemiologic survey.

Animals

821 Missouri dairy cattle of 12 herds that were brucellosis certified and Dairy Herd Improvement Association members.

Procedure

Milk and serum samples obtained concurrently from Missouri dairy herds were tested by use of a standard ELISA procedure. Concurrent collection of milk and serum samples controlled for interactions such as colostral antibodies and the effect of time. On the basis of milk and serum ELISA values, disease prevalence and correlation between milk and serum test results were determined.

Results

Correlation measures on Individual animals indicated low correlation of milk and serum ELISA values. McNemarÆs χ2 of 7.6 was significant (P = 0.05). Analysis correlation was low (κ = 0.08), as was regression analysis (R2 = 0.02).

Clinical Implications

Milk ELISA for the detection of exposure to M paratuberculosis lacked correlation with serum ELISA. Further evaluation to determine sensitivity and specificity of milk ELISA will augment the usefulness of milk ELISA as a herd screening test. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:120–122)
Evaluation of gentamicīn-induced nephrotox¡cosis in toadfish
Authors: Reimschuessel R. , Chamie S. J. , Kinnel M.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate the nephrotoxic effects of various dosages and regimens of gentamicin in kidneys of toadfish (Opsanus tau).

Design

Prospective, randomized, controlled trial.

Animals

45 clinically normal toadfish.

Procedure

Gentamicin was administered at dosages of 2.5, 5, 15, and 50 mg/kg of body weight, IP, and 3.5 mg/kg, IM. Fish were euthanatized at various periods (2, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days) after gentamicin administration. Four hours prior to euthanasia, each fish received 100 mg of bromodeoxyuridine/kg, IP. Histologic evaluation for signs of toxicosis was performed on samples of renal tissue.

Results

Extensive necrosis was evident in the proximal tubules in each fish injected with gentamicin at every time period, regardless of route of administration. By 28 days after injection of gentamicin, sections of kidney that were examined were essentially devoid of proximal tubules. Bromodeoxyuridine staining was detected in collecting duct epithelial cells, but repair along nephrons was not observed.

Clinical Implications

Toadfish kidneys are extremely susceptible to gentamicin-índuced nephrotoxicosis. Fish in this study did not have overt clinical signs of nephrotoxicosis, but sustained massive tubular necrosis when given the exact therapeutic dose that has been used for channel catfish. There are substantial risks of inducing iatrogenic renal injury in fish species for which therapeutic dosages of gentamicin have not been determined. (J Am Vet Med Assoc I996;209: 137–139)
Epidural administration of bupivacaine, morphine, or their combination for postoperative analgesia in dogs
Authors: Hendrix Paula K. , Raffe Marc R. , Robinson Elaine P. , Felice Lawrence J. , Randall Debbie A.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To compare the analgesic effects of epidural administration of morphine (MOR), bupivacaine hydrochloride (BUP), their combination (COM), and 0.9% sterile NaCl solution (SAL) in dogs undergoing hind limb orthopedic surgeries.

Design

Blinded, randomized clinical trial.

Animals

41 healthy dogs admitted for elective orthopedic surgeries involving the pelvis or hind limbs.

Procedure

Analgesic and control agents were administered postoperatively prior to recovery from isoflurane anesthesia. Ten dogs received MOR, 0.1 mg/ kg of body weight; 10 received BUP, 0.5%, 1 ml/10- cm distance from the occipital protuberance to the lumbosacral space; 11 received COM; and 10 received SAL epidurally. Dogs were monitored for 24 hours after epidural injection for pain score, heart and respiratory rates, blood pressure, time to required administration of supplemental analgesic agent, total number of supplemental doses of analgesic agent required, and plasma concentrations of cortisol, MOR, and BUP.

Results

Pain scores were significantly lower in dogs in the COM and BUP groups than in dogs in the SAL group. Pain scores also were significantly lower in dogs in the COM group than in dogs in the MOR group. Time to required administration of supplemental analgesic agent was longer for dogs in the COM group than for dogs in the MOR and SAL groups. Total number of supplemental doses of analgesic agent required was lower for dogs in the BUP and COM groups than for dogs in the SAL group.

Clinical Implications

Postoperative epidural administration of COM or BUP alone provides longerlasting analgesia, compared with MOR or SAL. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:698-607)
Alterations in blood lymphocyte subpopulations and hematologic values in neonatal calves after administration of a combination of multiple-antigen vaccines
Authors: Allen Larry J. , Kabbur Mahendra B. , Cullor James S. , Gardner Ian A. , Stott Jeffrey L. , George Lisle W.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate alterations in lymphocyte subpopulations, CBC results, and clinical signs in neonatal calves inoculated with 3 commercially available proprietary multiple-antigen vaccines containing known quantities of endotoxin.

Design

Prospective, randomized controlled field trial.

Animals

36 healthy Holstein heifer calves between 3 and 31 days old.

Procedure

Vaccines were administered to 18 calves according to label instructions, except for the recommended age of administration. The 18 other calves served as unvaccinated controls. Two weeks after entry into the study, calves were given secondary doses of the same vaccines. Calves in both groups were examined and blood samples were collected for determination of lymphocyte subpopulations and hematological parameters once daily for 5 days beginning on the day that both the primary and the secondary vaccinations were given. Lymphocyte subpopulations, including BoCD2*, BoCD4+, BoCD8+, B cells, and γ/δ T cells, were determined by use of flow cytometry, using monoclonal antibodies as markers.

Results

Vaccinated calves did not develop clinical signs of illness. There were no significant differences in absolute numbers of lymphocyte subpopulations between vaccinated and unvaccinated calves. Vaccinated calves had significantly higher rectal temperatures, total WBC counts, and absolute neutrophil counts than did control calves. These differences persisted for 3 to 4 days after vaccination.

Clinical Implications

Findings confirm empirical observations that vaccination with multiple products at the same time may induce evidence of an inflammatory response in most calves. Additional research is indicated to further evaluate the safety of using multiple vaccines simultaneously. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:638-642)
Usefulness and limitations of three serologic methods for diagnosing or excluding chlamydiosis in birds
Authors: Grimes James E. , Arizmendi Francisco
Published: December 2023

Diagnostic serology by use of elementary body agglutination is the most useful serologic method for diagnosis of chlamydiosis in birds, because it detects only lgM activity. A titer of 10 in budgerigars, cockatiels, and lovebirds and of ≥ 20 in other types of birds is interpreted as being indicative of current infection.

Latex agglutination, which detects lgM and lgG activity, may be useful in detecting large changes in titer. Direct complement fixation, detecting only lgG activity, is usable to detect past infection whenever elementary body agglutination and latex agglutination titers are < 10.

Limitations of serologic results necessitating additional confirmatory testing are lack of titers in the acute phase of disease and diagnostic titers in clinically normal birds with low-grade chronic infections and in birds with prolonged maintenance of titers. Additional suggested examinations are chlamydial culture by use of choanal/oropharyngeal swab samples, WBC count, determination of hepatic-associated enzyme activity, chlamydial ELISA by use of the aforementioned swab samples, and additional serologic testing. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:747–750)
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in horses: 538 cases (1982-1993)
Authors: Aleman Monica , Spier Sharon J. , Wilson W. David , Doherr Marcus
Published: December 2023

Objective

To describe clinical manifestations of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in horses and to evaluate diagnostic methods for identification of this disease.

Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

538 horses with a diagnosis of C pseudotuberculosis infection.

Results

Median age of horses with external abscesses was similar to that in horses with internal abscesses. Breed and sex did not appear to be associated with infection. Cases were detected during all 12 months; however, the disease was most common in the fall and early winter, with the highest incidence in September, October, and November in every year. Most horses (492/538, 91.4%) had a single episode of infection, without recurrence in subsequent years. Of 538 horses, 308 had pectoral abscesses, although infection was documented in many other anatomic locations. Forty-two horses had internal abscesses involving the abdomen or thoracic cavity. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection was readily identified by bacterial culture of aspirate samples from abscesses. The synergistic hemolysis inhibition test was useful for diagnosis of internal abscesses; however, it was unreliable for the diagnosis of external abscesses. Horses with external abscesses responded well to conventional treatment, in contrast to those with internal abscesses. The overall case fatality was low (3.9%), and was considerably lower for horses with external abscesses (0.8%) than for horses with internal abscesses (40.5%).

Clinical Implications

Serology (synergistic hemolysis inhibition titers ≥ 512) is useful for diagnosis of internal abscesses, but not reliable for diagnosis in horses with exernal abscesses. Prognosis for horses with internal abscesses is considerably poorer than for those with external abscesses. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:804–809)
Severe, recessive von Willebrand’s disease in German Wirehaired Pointers
Authors: Brooks Marjory , Raymond Sharon , Catalfamo James
Published: December 2023

Objective

To characterize the biochemical and genetic basis of a clinically severe form of von Willebrand’s disease (VWD) in German Wirehaired Pointers.

Design

Case series.

Sample Population

Plasma samples from 335 German Wirehaired Pointers (8 clinically affected).

Procedure

Plasma samples were evaluated, using an ELISA, to determine von Willebrand factor (WVF) antigen concentration. Additional studies performed on samples from clinically affected dogs included coagulation screening tests, factor VIlI coagulant activity assays, and immunoelectrophoresis to determine VWF multimeric composition.

Results

Mucosal bleeding and bleeding at sites of cutaneous injury were observed in affected dogs by 6 months old. Plasma vWF antigen concentration was markedly reduced, and there was a lack of high molecular weight vWF multimers; findings compatible with type-ll vWD. Inheritance and expression pattern of vWD in this breed was most compatible with that of an autosomal recessive trait.

Clinical Implications

Von Willebrand's disease should be included in the differential diagnoses of bleeding diatheses in German Wirehaired Pointers, with definitive diagnosis confirmed on the basis of canine-specific vWF assays. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996; 209:926-929)