bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stationärer Entzug, der Start in ein suchtfreies Leben? Arbeitsfeld Entzug und Entwöhnung
Authors: Kaufmann Markus
Published: December 2020

Das therapeutische Angebot der Klinik Zugersee beinhaltet Behandlungen für sämtliche Formen psychischer Erkrankungen (z. B. Depressionen, Ängste, Psychosen, Abhängigkeitserkrankungen und verschiedene Demenzformen) sowie psychosomatischer Erkrankungen (z. B. Schlafstörungen und Schmerzstörungen).
Soziale Arbeit in einem stationären therapeutischen Reintegrationsprogramm Arbeitsfeld Betreutes Wohnen
Authors: Bingler Fabienne , Engler Hans Peter
Published: December 2020

Der Stadtlärm ist ein über Gemeinden und Kantone finanziertes Angebot der Suchthilfe Region Basel und bietet Menschen mit einer Suchterkrankung (Alkohol, illegale Substanzen und/oder Verhaltenssucht) im Anschluss an eine stationäre Therapie oder in Ausnahmefällen auch direct nach dem Entzug die Möglichkeit, ihre Alltags‐ und Lebenskompetenzen in einem abstinenten Umfeld zu stärken, weiter auszubauen und sich auf das selbstständige Wohnen vorzubereiten. Da im drogen‐ und alkoholfreien Stadtlärm‐Haus bereits ein hohes Mass an Eigenverantwortung und Suchtverständnis gefordert ist, wird eine fundierte Auseinandersetzung mit der persönlichen Suchtgeschichte im Sinne einer Therapie als sehr empfehlenswert erachtet. Diese kann entweder in der Suchthilfe Region Basel oder in einer der zahlreichen schweizweiten Angebote erfolgen. Auch Personen mit einem straf‐ und/oder massnahmerechtlichen Hintergrund (StGB Art.59‐61) können aufgenommen werden und ihre Auflagen im Stadtlärm erfüllen.
Conformal field theory complexity from Euler-Arnold equations
Authors: Flory Mario , Heller Michal P.
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Defining complexity in quantum field theory is a difficult task, and the main challenge concerns going beyond free models and associated Gaussian states and operations. One take on this issue is to consider conformal field theories in 1+1 dimensions and our work is a comprehensive study of state and operator complexity in the universal sector of their energy-momentum tensor. The unifying conceptual ideas are Euler-Arnold equations and their integro-differential generalization, which guarantee well-posedness of the optimization problem between two generic states or transformations of interest. The present work provides an in-depth discussion of the results reported in arXiv:2005.02415 and techniques used in their derivation. Among the most important topics we cover are usage of differential regularization, solution of the integro-differential equation describing Fubini-Study state complexity and probing the underlying geometry.
Magnetic lattices for orthosymplectic quivers
Authors: Bourget Antoine , Grimminger Julius F. , Hanany Amihay , Kalveks Rudolph , Sperling Marcus , Zhong Zhenghao
Published: December 2020

Abstract

For any gauge theory, there may be a subgroup of the gauge group which acts trivially on the matter content. While many physical observables are not sensitive to this fact, the choice of the precise gauge group becomes crucial when the magnetic lattice of the theory is considered. This question is addressed in the context of Coulomb branches for 3d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 quiver gauge theories, which are moduli spaces of dressed monopole operators. We compute the Coulomb branch Hilbert series of many unitary-orthosymplectic quivers for different choices of gauge groups, including diagonal quotients of the product gauge group of individual factors, where the quotient is by a trivially acting subgroup. Choosing different such diagonal groups results in distinct Coulomb branches, related as orbifolds. Examples include nilpotent orbit closures of the exceptional E-type algebras and magnetic quivers that arise from brane physics. This includes Higgs branches of theories with 8 supercharges in dimensions 4, 5, and 6. A crucial ingredient in the calculation of exact refined Hilbert series is the alternative construction of unframed magnetic quivers from resolved Slodowy slices, whose Hilbert series can be derived from Hall-Littlewood polynomials.
Note on the Labelled tree graphs
Authors: Feng Bo , Zhang Yaobo
Published: December 2020

Abstract

In the CHY-frame for the tree-level amplitudes, the bi-adjoint scalar theory has played a fundamental role because it gives the on-shell Feynman diagrams for all other theories. Recently, an interesting generalization of the bi-adjoint scalar theory has been given in [1] by the “Labelled tree graphs”, which carries a lot of similarity comparing to the bi-adjoint scalar theory. In this note, we have investigated the Labelled tree graphs from two different angels. In the first part of the note, we have shown that we can organize all cubic Feynman diagrams produces by the Labelled tree graphs to the “effective Feynman diagrams”. In the new picture, the pole structure of the whole theory is more manifest. In the second part, we have generalized the action of “picking pole” in the bi-adjoint scalar theory to general CHY-integrands which produce only simple poles.
Geriatric polytrauma patients should not be excluded from aggressive injury treatment based on age alone
Authors: van Wessem Karlijn J. P. , Leenen Luke P. H.
Published: December 2020

Purpose

Age in severely injured patients has been increasing for decades. Older age is associated with increasing mortality. However, morbidity and mortality could possibly be reduced when accurate and aggressive treatment is provided. This study investigated age-related morbidity and mortality in polytrauma including age-related decisions in initial injury management and withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy (WLST).

Methods

A 6.5-year prospective cohort study included consecutive severely injured trauma patients admitted to a Level-1 Trauma Center ICU. Demographics, data on physiology, resuscitation, MODS/ARDS, and infectious complications were prospectively collected. Patients were divided into age subgroups (< 25, 25–49, 50–69, and ≥ 70 years) to make clinically relevant comparisons.

Results

391 patients (70% males) were included with median ISS of 29 (22–36), 95% sustained blunt injuries. There was no difference in injury severity, resuscitation, urgent surgeries, nor in ventilator days, ICU-LOS, and H-LOS between age groups. Adjusted odds of MODS, ARDS and infectious complications were similar between age groups. 47% of patients ≥ 70 years died, compared to 10–16% in other age groups (P < 0.001). WLST increased with older age, contributing to more than half of deaths ≥ 70 years. TBI was the most common cause of death and decision for treatment withdrawal in all age groups.

Conclusions

Patients ≥ 70 years had higher mortality risk even though injury severity and complication rates were similar to other age groups. WLST increased with age with the vast majority due to brain injury. More than half of patients ≥ 70 years survived suggesting geriatric polytrauma patients should not be excluded from aggressive injury treatment based on age alone.
Modular verification of programs with effectsand effects handlers
Authors: Letan Thomas , Régis-Gianas Yann , Chifflier Pierre , Hiet Guillaume
Published: December 2020

Modern computing systems have grown in complexity, and even though system components are generally carefully designed and even verified by different groups of people, thecompositionof these components is often regarded with less attention. Inconsistencies between components’ assumptions on the rest of the system can have significant repercussions on this system, and may ultimately lead to safety or security issues. In this article, we introduce FreeSpec, a formalismbuilt upon the key idea that components can bemodeled as programs with algebraic effects to be realized by other components. FreeSpec allows for the modular modeling of a complex system, by defining idealized components connected together, and the modular verification of the properties of their composition. In addition, we have implemented a framework for the Coq proof assistant based on FreeSpec.
Configurable verification of timed automata with discrete variables
Authors: Tóth Tamás , Majzik István
Published: December 2020

Algorithms and protocols with time dependent behavior are often specified formally using timed automata. For practical real-time systems, besides real-valued clock variables, these specifications typically contain discrete data variables with nontrivial data flow. In this paper, we propose a configurable lazy abstraction framework for the location reachability problem of timed automata that potentially contain discrete variables. Moreover, based on our previous work, we uniformly formalize in our framework several abstraction refinement strategies for both clock and discrete variables that can be freely combined, resulting in many distinct algorithm configurations. Besides the proposed refinement strategies, the configurability of the framework allows the integration of existing efficient lazy abstraction algorithms for clock variables based on $${\textit{LU}}$$
LU
-bounds. We demonstrate the applicability of the framework and the proposed refinement strategies by an empirical evaluation on a wide range of timed automata models, including ones that contain discrete variables or diagonal constraints.
Anti-VEGF-Therapie bei fibrovaskulärer und serös-vaskularisierter Pigmentepithelabhebung bei neovaskulärer AMD
Authors: Barth T. , Reiners M. , Zeman F. , Greslechner R. , Helbig H. , Gamulescu M.-A.
Published: December 2020

Hintergrund

Die neovaskuläre altersabhängige Makuladegeneration (nAMD) ist die häufigste Ursache für das Auftreten einer Pigmentepithelabhebung (PED). Die Therapie der fibrovaskulären PED (fPED) und serös-vaskularisierten PED (svPED) mit intravitrealen VEGF(„vascular endothelial growth factor“)-Inhibitoren hat in der klinischen Praxis eine eingeschränkte Prognose.

Ziel der Arbeit

Die Datenlage zum PED-Langzeitverlauf ist überschaubar. Diese Arbeit erfasst den Verlauf therapierter PEDs bei nAMD über einen Zeitraum von 5 Jahren.

Methodik

Bei allen Augen, die im Zeitraum von 2006 bis 2015 aufgrund einer fPED oder svPED eine Behandlung mit Anti-VEGF-Präparaten erhielten, erfolgte eine retrospektive Analyse des klinischen Verlaufs und der Morphologie mittels optischer Kohärenztomographie (OCT). Es galten die folgenden Einschlusskriterien: OCT-Nachweis einer PED, angiographische Bestätigung einer nAMD, klinische Dokumentation über 5 Jahre sowie gute Bildqualität.

Ergebnisse

Bei 23 Augen von 22 Patienten wurden die Einschlusskriterien erfüllt. Nach 5 Jahren zeigte sich im Gesamtkollektiv und in der Subgruppe der Augen mit fPED eine signifikante Verschlechterung des Visus (p = 0,007; p = 0,045). Bei den Augen mit svPED war die Visusabnahme nicht signifikant (p = 0,097). Im Gesamtkollektiv wurde eine statistisch signifikante Reduktion der PED-Höhe (p = 0,006) bei gleichzeitig signifikanter Zunahme des PED-Durchmessers (p = 0,002) gemessen, wobei innerhalb der Subgruppen die Abnahme der PED-Höhe und Zunahme des PED-Durchmessers nur für die Messwerte der svPED signifikant waren (p = 0,004; p = 0,013). Bei den Augen mit fPED war die Veränderung der OCT-Parameter nicht signifikant (p = 0,616; p = 0,097). Bei 17 (74 %) der Augen fand sich bei der finalen OCT-Beurteilung eine Fibrose oder Atrophie.

Diskussion

Nach 5 Jahren Anti-VEGF-Behandlung bei nAMD-assoziierter PED zeigten sich in der Hälfte der Fälle eine Visusabnahme und in drei Viertel der Augen eine ungünstige OCT-Morphologie. Die mittlere Anzahl an Injektionen und Visiten war niedriger als in klinischen Studien und anderen Real-life-Erhebungen. Insgesamt beobachteten wir eine Unterbehandlung mit schlechterem funktionellem und anatomischem Outcome in unserer klinischen Praxis verglichen mit anderen Studien.
A conceptual framework for resilience: fundamental definitions, strategies and metrics
Authors: Andersson Jesper , Grassi Vincenzo , Mirandola Raffaela , Perez-Palacin Diego
Published: December 2020

The resilience system property has become more and more relevant, mainly because of the increasing dependance on a rapidly growing number of software-intensive, complex, socio-technical systems, which are facing uncertainty about changes they are expected to experience during their life-cycle and ways to deal with them. Methodologies for the systematic design and validation of resilience for such systems are thus highly necessary, and require contributions from several different fields. This paper contributes to current resilience research by providing a conceptual framework intended to serve as a common ground for the development of such methodologies. Its main points are: the identification of the main categories of changes a system should face; a clear definition of the different facets of resilience one could want to achieve, expressed in terms of the system dynamics; a mapping of each of these facets to design strategies that are better suited to achieve it; and the corresponding identification of possible metrics that can be used to assess its achievement.
Circular economy: national and global policy—overview
Authors: Braun Artur , Toth Rita
Published: December 2020

The motivation for this special issue on circular economy, and national and global policy, originated during the international stakeholder meeting (Ochoa 2019) for our SUNRISE flagship project (Abbott 2019; Kupferschmidt 2019) in Bruxelles in June 2019. At the same day, one mile away from our meeting, Deutsche Energie Agentur (DENA) held a panel round table meeting on regulation for renewable fuels (Powerfuels 2019), at which the author could participate. The SUNRISE flagship is a European initiative for the sustainable production of solar fuels and base chemicals. The yet to be developed technology is based on the chemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) from concentrated sources and from the atmosphere, and solar water splitting for hydrogen production. Hydrogen and carbon dioxide will be synthesized to hydrocarbons for industrial use. When the synthetic hydrocarbons are consumed, carbon dioxide will be generated and fed back in a circular process, powered by renewable energy. In this extended carbon cycle (Calvin 1961), CO2is a valuable asset and remains part of the global biogeochemical cycle and becomes part of the circular economy. CO2concentration in the atmosphere will be reduced to an acceptable, climate neutral value once the cycle is in operation (Faber et al. 2020).
Morphology Reveals the Unexpected Cryptic Diversity in Ceratophyllus gallinae (Schrank, 1803) Infested Cyanistes caeruleus Linnaeus, 1758 Nest Boxes
Authors: Pawełczyk Olga , Postawa Tomasz , Blaski Marian , Solarz Krzysztof
Published: December 2020

Purpose

The main aim of our study was to examine morphological differentiation between and within sex of hen fleas—Ceratophyllus gallinae(Schrank, 1803) population collected from Eurasian blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleusLinnaeus, 1758), inhabiting nest boxes and to determine the morphological parameters differentiating this population.

Methods

A total of 296 fleas were collected (148 females and 148 males), determined to species and sex, then the following characters were measured in each of the examined fleas: body length, body width, length of head, width of head, length of comb, height of comb, length of tarsus, length of thorax and length of abdomen.

Results

The comparison of body size showed the presence of two groups among female and male life forms of the hen flea, which mostly differed in length of abdomen, whereas the length of head and tarsus III were less variable.

Conclusion

Till now, the only certain information is the presence of two adult life forms ofC. gallinae. The genesis of their creation is still unknown and we are not able to identify the mechanism responsible for the morphological differentiation of fleas collected from the same host. In order to find answer to this question, future research in the field of molecular taxonomy is required.
Nematode Parasites in Baltic Sea Mammals, Grey Seal (Halichoerus grypus (Fabricius, 1791)) and Harbour Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena (L.)), from the German Coast
Authors: Gabel Michael , Theisen Stefan , Palm Harry Wilhelm , Dähne Michael , Unger Patrick
Published: December 2020

Purpose

Endoparasitic nematodes of six harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena and four grey seals Halichoerus grypus, stranded at the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea in Germany in winter 2019, were analysed in order to identify nematode parasites and to compare with recent studies from the same area.

Methods

Endoparasitic nematodes were identified by using both morphological and molecular characters. The successfully obtained sequences of the rDNA marker regions ITS-1, 5.8S, ITS-2 from 29 anisakid and the rDNA marker region ITS-2 of 11 pseudalid nematodes were amplified.

Results

Analyses revealed the presence of three parasite species, the anisakid nematode Contracaecum osculatum from grey seals and the pseudalid nematodes Pseudalius inflexus and Stenurus minor from the harbour porpoises. Other anisakid nematodes regularly occurring in the Baltic Sea, e.g. Anisakis simplex or Pseudoterranova decipiens, were not found.

Conclusions

The prevalence of 100% and a severe parasite load in grey seals demonstrated a very high C. osculatum infection of Baltic Sea fish as their regular prey. Prevalence of 33% for parasites in harbour porpoises and minor infection rates, combined with a distinct lack of anisakid nematodes, are typical for the current situation of the porpoise parasite fauna in the Baltic Sea. Invasive parasite species as possible indicators for climate change could not be detected.
Molecular Detection of Bartonella spp. in Rodents in Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, Ukraine
Authors: Szewczyk Tomasz , Werszko Joanna , Slivinska Kateryna , Laskowski Zdzisław , Karbowiak Grzegorz
Published: December 2020

Purpose

Bacteria of the genus Bartonella are obligate parasites of vertebrates. Their distribution range covers almost the entire world, from the Americas to Europe and Asia. Many Bartonella species use rodents as reservoirs, and while much is known about Bartonella infection of rodents in central Europe, its extent is poorly understood in Eastern Europe.

Methods

The present study examines five rodent species (Apodemus flavicollis, Myodes glareolus, Microtus arvalis, Apodemus agrarius, Apodemus sylvaticus) in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone in Ukraine. Total of 36 small mammals were captured in September 2017.

Results

The overall prevalence of Bartonella spp. was 38.9% (14/36) in rodents. Obtained four sequences from Apodemus flavicollis, were identical to Bartonella grahamii and B. taylorii.

Conclusion

This is the first report to confirm the presence of Bartonella spp. in rodents in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, Ukraine by molecular methods. The sequences show similarity to Bartonella strains occurring in Europe.
Massive Demodicosis of the Eyes in a Patient with Sjögren Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Ziaja-Sołtys Marta , Kołodziejczyk Magdalena , Rymgayłło-Jankowska Beata , Wróbel-Dudzińska Dominika , Suchodoła-Ratajewicz Ewa , Szlonzak Dominika , Żarnowski Tomasz , Bogucka-Kocka Anna
Published: December 2020

Purpose

Demodex mites infestation, typically asymptomatic, is a problem for patients with weakened immune systems because it often takes the form of symptomatic, massive infection. The Demodex mites play an important role in the occurrence of a range of eye surface diseases such as Demodex blepharitis, Meibomian gland dysfunctions, conjunctivitis and corneal changes. The ocular infection is closely related to the systemic invasion. Our goal was to minimize infestation and alleviate the symptoms of massive demodicosis so as to prevent further damage to the cornea.

Methods

Our research note involves a 61-year old woman diagnosed with secondary Sjögren syndrome due to rheumatoid arthritis. On the background of the autoimmune disease, corneal perforation of the left eye occurred that was cured by surgery. Then during the follow-up visit the patient was found (microscopically) massively infected with Demodex mites and the developed symptoms were particularly severe.

Results

Adequate dry eye syndrome and massive demodicosis therapy significantly reduced the number of Demodex mites and improved the patient’s condition.

Conclusion

We would like to draw the attention of the physicians of different specialties that special care should be taken with respect to the therapy of dry eye syndrome and ocular demodicosis in patients with immunological disorders to achieve therapeutic success and avoid particularly dangerous consequences of these diseases.
Endoparasitic Insights of Free-Living Fin (Balaenoptera physalus), Humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae) and North Atlantic Right Whales (Eubalaena glacialis) from Eastern Canadian Waters
Authors: Kleinertz S. , Silva L. M. R. , Köpper S. , Hermosilla C. , Ramp C.
Published: December 2020

Purpose

To date, little is still known on parasite infections affecting free-living large whale populations worldwide. Data presented should be considered as a baseline study for future monitoring surveys on endoparasites affecting whales, thereby enhancing investigations on impacts of zoonotic parasitoses not only on vulnerable or endangered baleen whale population health but also on public health.

Methods

The presented study is a first report on gastrointestinal parasites infecting different free-living baleen whales inhabiting East Canadian waters using non-invasive methods. Individual faecal samples from fin (n = 3; Balaenoptera physalus), humpback (n = 4; Megaptera novaeangliae) and North Atlantic right whales (n = 1; Eubalaena glacialis) were collected without animal disturbance, within their natural habitats on an ecological expedition during annual surveys in summer 2017. Faecal samples were assessed by standardized diagnostic methods, such as sodium acetate acetic formalin (SAF) technique, carbol fuchsin-stained faecal smears, Giardia/Cryptosporidium coproantigen ELISAs and were applied for further identification.

Results

Parasitological infections included three different potentially zoonotic parasite species, one protozoa (Entamoeba spp.) and two metazoans (Diphyllobothriidae gen. sp., Ascaridida indet.). No positive Giardia/Cryptosporidium coproantigen ELISA could be found in the studied whales.

Conclusion

This study adds to the current knowledge of intestinal and zoonotic parasite infections of vulnerable to partly endangered free-ranging baleen whales. Only few or no parasitological studies exist for these whale species, usually dealing with only one dead specimen. We call for more research in this field especially for the importance of conservation of free-living marine mammals using non-invasive methods.
Challenges in conceptualizing and measuring meanings and understandings of democracy
Authors: Osterberg-Kaufmann Norma , Stark Toralf , Mohamad-Klotzbach Christoph
Published: December 2020

Research on meanings and understandings of democracy is growing. But besides useful theoretical and empirical insights, this research produces open questions concerning the conceptualization and the measurement of meanings of democracy. This special section—and especially this introductory paper and the different contributions—reflect on several key challenges and thereby go beyond the debate about advantages and disadvantages of open and closed questions measuring meanings of democracy in surveys. Both conceptualization and measurement have different challenges which researchers should take into account when developing research designs, specifically by doing cross-cultural comparisons. Other challenges are connected to the debate on universalism versus relativism and the usage of various terms, which are often not clearly defined. This paper offers an analytical framework to distinguish between meanings and understandings of democracy, thereby integrating comparative political theory and empirical democracy research through inductive and deductive approaches. And it gives an overview of the contributions of this special section. In sum, research on meanings and understandings of democracy is needed to gain a better picture of political cultures around the world.
Communication about breast cancer genetic counseling with patients with limited health literacy or a migrant background: evaluation of a training program for healthcare professionals
Authors: van der Giessen Jeanine , Fransen Mirjam P. , Spreeuwenberg Peter , Velthuizen Mary , van Dulmen Sandra , Ausems Margreet G. E. M.
Published: December 2020

Access to breast cancer genetic counseling is suboptimal for patients with limited health literacy or a migrant background due to ineffective communication and lack of healthcare professionals’ recommendation. This study examines the effect of a blended training program (Erfo4all) for healthcare professionals on their awareness, knowledge, and self-efficacy towards communication about genetic counseling with patients with limited health literacy or a migrant background. In total, 59 breast surgeons and specialized nurses from 16 Dutch hospitals completed an online module and group training. Knowledge, self-assessed awareness, and self-efficacy were assessed before the training and 33 participants also completed a posttest questionnaire 6 months after the training program. We also assessed the perceived applicability and relevance of the training program from healthcare professionals’ perspectives. We found a significant increase in self-assessed awareness of the prevalence and impact of limited health literacy and in healthcare professionals’ self-efficacy to recognize limited health literacy and to communicate effectively with patients with limited health literacy or a migrant background. We did not find an increase in knowledge score. Almost all healthcare professionals reported that they use the techniques learned in the training, such as the teach-back method and plain language, and felt more confident discussing breast cancer genetic counseling. Our results suggest that a blended training program for healthcare professionals has potential to improve their ability to communicate effectively about breast cancer genetic counseling with patients with limited health literacy or a migrant background and offers a promising way to increase the referral rate for these groups of patients.
Are antibacterial effects of non-antibiotic drugs random or purposeful because of a common evolutionary origin of bacterial and mammalian targets?
Authors: Dalhoff Axel
Published: December 2020

Purpose

Advances in structural biology, genetics, bioinformatics, etc. resulted in the availability of an enormous pool of information enabling the analysis of the ancestry of pro- and eukaryotic genes and proteins.

Methods

This review summarizes findings of structural and/or functional homologies of pro- and eukaryotic enzymes catalysing analogous biological reactions because of their highly conserved active centres so that non-antibiotics interacted with bacterial targets.

Results

Protease inhibitors such as staurosporine or camostat inhibited bacterial serine/threonine or serine/tyrosine protein kinases, serine/threonine phosphatases, and serine/threonine kinases, to which penicillin-binding-proteins are linked, so that these drugs synergized with β-lactams, reverted aminoglycoside-resistance and attenuated bacterial virulence. Calcium antagonists such as nitrendipine or verapamil blocked not only prokaryotic ion channels but interacted with negatively charged bacterial cell membranes thus disrupting membrane energetics and inducing membrane stress response resulting in inhibition of P-glycoprotein such as bacterial pumps thus improving anti-mycobacterial activities of rifampicin, tetracycline, fluoroquinolones, bedaquilin and imipenem-activity against Acinetobacter spp. Ciclosporine and tacrolimus attenuated bacterial virulence. ACE-inhibitors like captopril interacted with metallo-β-lactamases thus reverting carbapenem-resistance; prokaryotic carbonic anhydrases were inhibited as well resulting in growth impairment. In general, non-antibiotics exerted weak antibacterial activities on their own but synergized with antibiotics, and/or reverted resistance and/or attenuated virulence.

Conclusions

Data summarized in this review support the theory that prokaryotic proteins represent targets for non-antibiotics because of a common evolutionary origin of bacterial- and mammalian targets resulting in highly conserved active centres of both, pro- and eukaryotic proteins with which the non-antibiotics interact and exert antibacterial actions.
Influence of insolvency of a football club in Poland on the right to participate in league games
Authors: Adamus Rafał
Published: December 2020

The study is devoted to the issue of the impact of sports club insolvency in Poland on the right to participate in league games. In this respect, not only the regulation of insolvency law is of the key importance. There are also crucial organizational rules established by the sports association (the Polish Football Association—Polski Związek Piłki Nożnej) determining admission to league games of only such sports clubs which have adequate financial liquidity. It should be stressed that the Polish Football Association (hereinafter “PZPN”) regulations do not allow to take part in competitions sports club in bankruptcy. This topic has become particularly relevant in 2020 in the context of the economic consequences of the unexpected pandemic of SARS-CoV-2. The paper deals with some legal aspects of lex sportiva and with the basic model of organization of the professional football league in Poland as well.
Universal discriminative quantum neural networks
Authors: Chen H. , Wossnig L. , Severini S. , Neven H. , Mohseni M.
Published: December 2020

Recent results have demonstrated the successful applications of quantum-classical hybrid methods to train quantum circuits for a variety of machine learning tasks. A natural question to ask is consequentially whether we can also train such quantum circuits to discriminate quantum data, i.e., perform classification on data stored in form of quantum states. Although quantum mechanics fundamentally forbids deterministic discrimination of non-orthogonal states, we show in this work that it is possible to train a quantum circuit to discriminate such data with a trade-off between minimizing error rates and inconclusiveness rates of the classification tasks. Our approach achieves at the same time a performance which is close to the theoretically optimal values and a generalization ability to previously unseen quantum data. This generalization power hence distinguishes our work from previous circuit optimization results and furthermore provides an example of a quantum machine learning task that has inherently no classical analogue.
Israeli Foreign Policy since the End of the Cold War
Authors: Aran Amnon
Published: December 2020

This is the first study of Israeli foreign policy towards the Middle East and selected world powers including China, India, the European Union and the United States since the end of the Cold War. It provides an integrated account of these foreign policy spheres and serves as an essential historical context for the domestic political scene during these pivotal decades. The book demonstrates how foreign policy is shaped by domestic factors, which are represented as three concentric circles of decision-makers, the security network and Israeli national identity. Told from this perspective, Amnon Aran highlights the contributions of the central individuals, societal actors, domestic institutions, and political parties that have informed and shaped Israeli foreign policy decisions, implementation, and outcomes. Aran demonstrates that Israel has pursued three foreign policy stances since the end of the Cold War - entrenchment, engagement and unilateralism - and explains why.
The Moral Economy of Elections in Africa
Authors: Cheeseman Nic , Lynch Gabrielle , Willis Justin
Published: December 2020

Do elections turn people into democratic citizens? Elections have long been seen as a way to foster democracy, development and security in Africa, with many hoping that the secret ballot would transform states. Adopting a new approach that focusses on the moral economy of elections, Nic Cheeseman, Gabrielle Lynch and Justin Willis show how elections are shaped by competing visions of what it means to be a good leader, bureaucrat or citizen. Using a mixed-methods study of elections in Ghana, Kenya and Uganda, they explore moral claims made by officials, politicians, civil society, international observers and voters themselves. This radical new lens reveals that elections are the site of intense moral contestation, which helps to explain why there is such vigourous participation in processes that often seem flawed. Demonstrating the impact of these debates on six decades of electoral practice, they explain why the behaviour of those involved so frequently transgresses national law and international norms, as well as the ways in which such transgressions are evaluated and critiqued – so that despite the purported significance of 'vote-buying', the candidates that spend the most do not always win.
III. Ecumenism, Liturgy, and Sacraments in the Twenty-Five Years since Ut Unum Sint Was Written
Authors: Baldovin John F.
Published: December 2020

“The entire ecumenical liturgical conversation and dialogue is over—finished, dead, done.”
High-energy hybrid femtosecond laser system demonstrating 2 × 10 PW capability
Authors: Lureau François , Matras Guillaume , Chalus Olivier , Derycke Christophe , Morbieu Thomas , Radier Christophe , Casagrande Olivier , Laux Sébastien , Ricaud Sandrine , Rey Gilles , Pellegrina Alain , Richard Caroline , Boudjemaa Laurent , Simon-Boisson Christophe , Baleanu Andrei , Banici Romeo , Gradinariu Andrei , Caldararu Constantin , Boisdeffre Bertrand De , Ghenuche Petru , Naziru Andrei , Kolliopoulos Georgios , Neagu Liviu , Dabu Razvan , Dancus Ioan , Ursescu Daniel
Published: December 2020

We report on a two-arm hybrid high-power laser system (HPLS) able to deliver 2 × 10 PW femtosecond pulses, developed at the Bucharest-Magurele Extreme Light Infrastructure Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP) Facility. A hybrid front-end (FE) based on a Ti:sapphire chirped pulse amplifier and a picosecond optical parametric chirped pulse amplifier based on beta barium borate (BBO) crystals, with a cross-polarized wave (XPW) filter in between, has been developed. It delivers 10 mJ laser pulses, at 10 Hz repetition rate, with more than 70 nm spectral bandwidth and high-intensity contrast, in the range of 1013:1. The high-energy Ti:sapphire amplifier stages of both arms were seeded from this common FE. The final high-energy amplifier, equipped with a 200 mm diameter Ti:sapphire crystal, has been pumped by six 100 J nanosecond frequency doubled Nd:glass lasers, at 1 pulse/min repetition rate. More than 300 J output pulse energy has been obtained by pumping with only 80% of the whole 600 J available pump energy. The compressor has a transmission efficiency of 74% and an output pulse duration of 22.7 fs was measured, thus demonstrating that the dual-arm HPLS has the capacity to generate 10 PW peak power femtosecond pulses. The reported results represent the cornerstone of the ELI-NP 2 × 10 PW femtosecond laser facility, devoted to fundamental and applied nuclear physics research.
Phylogeny and biogeography of some Cretaceous spatangoid echinoids with special emphasis on taxa from the Western Interior Seaway
Authors: Byrum Steven , Lieberman Bruce S.
Published: December 2020

Members of the echinoid order Spatangoida, a highly diverse and abundant marine invertebrate clade, were important denizens of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway (WIS), an epicontinental seaway that divided North America in two during an interval of greenhouse conditions between roughly 100 and 65 million years ago. A phylogenetic analysis of spatangoids was conducted using a character matrix of 32 characters from 21 species. Species that occur in the WIS were considered comprehensively, and species from other regions such as South America, Europe, and North Africa were also incorporated into the analysis. Phylogenetic patterns retrieved are largely congruent with preexisting family-level classifications; however, species within several genera, especiallyHemiasterandHeteraster, need to be reassigned so that classification better reflects phylogeny. The generaWashitasterandHeterasterare closely related, as areMecaster,Palhemiaster, andProraster;Pliotoxaster,Macraster, andHemiaster; andMicrasterandDiplodetus. Biogeographic patterns were also considered using the phylogeny, and several episodes of vicariance and range expansion were identified. These were possibly related to some of the various major episodes of sea-level rise and fall during the Cretaceous. In particular, Valangian–mid-Aptian regressions may have caused vicariance withinHeterasterandWashitasterwhile other early spatangoid vicariance may be related to regressions during the late Aptian–early Cenomanian. Further, vicariance caused by regressions during the mid-Cenomanian–Maastrichtian may have driven diversification withinMicrasterandDiplodetus. Last, transgressions during the late Aptian–early Cenomanian seem to have spurred prominent range expansions inMecasterandHemiaster.
Oriostoma (Gastropoda) with an in situ operculum from the Silurian of Indiana
Authors: Rohr David M. , Wahlman Gregory P.
Published: December 2020

A single specimen of Oriostoma globosum (von Schlotheim, 1820) from the Silurian-age (Wenlockian) Laurel Limestone in southeastern Indiana preserves a partial, multispiral operculum in situ within the aperture. Only eight specimens of in situ Oriostoma opercula have previously been illustrated from Canada and Europe, and this is the first from the United States. Oriostoma huntingtonensis Kindle, 1904, from younger Silurian (Ludlovian–Pridolian) strata in northern Indiana is considered a synonym of the more widespread O. globosum, and it was described as having associated loose multispiral calcareous opercula in the same strata.
Δίψυχος: Moving beyond Intertextuality
Authors: List Nicholas
Published: December 2020

Investigation into the origins of the rare compound δίψυχος and cognate forms has been dominated by intertextual methodologies. With a sole focus upon issues of literary dependency, previous scholarship has attempted to trace the neologism to a specific text or author. Such an approach is misguided, given the inherent methodological difficulties of establishing the direction of borrowing between texts of uncertain dates, as well as the tenuous historical record for the attestation of the lexeme. Moving away from intertextuality, in this article it is suggested that recent advances in the study of lexical formation, including translational compounding and prototype lexical semantics, present themselves as a more productive avenue of enquiry.
Patient and caregiver engagement in the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) Health Care Horizon Scanning System (HCHSS) process
Authors: Tipton Kelley , De Lurio Jennifer , Erinoff Eileen , Hulshizer Randy , Robertson Diane , Beales Donna , Carlson Damian , Cuevas Christian , DeHaan Eloise , Druga Andrea , Lynch Marcus , Mehta Misha , Middleton Maria , Wilkinson Brian , Schoelles Karen
Published: December 2020

Objective

The Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) horizon scanning system is an early warning system for healthcare interventions in development that could disrupt standard care. We report preliminary findings from the patient engagement process.

Methods

The system involves broadly scanning many resources to identify and monitor interventions up to 3 years before anticipated entry into U.S. health care. Topic profiles are written on included interventions with late-phase trial data and circulated with a structured review form for stakeholder comment to determine disruption potential. Stakeholders include patients and caregivers recruited from credible community sources. They view an orientation video, comment on topic profiles, and take a survey about their experience.

Results

As of March 2020, 312 monitored topics (some of which were archived) were derived from 3,500 information leads; 121 met the criteria for topic profile development and stakeholder comment. We invited fifty-four patients and caregivers to participate; thirty-nine reviewed at least one report. Their perspectives informed analyst nominations for fourteen topics in two 2019 High Potential Disruption Reports. Thirty-four patient stakeholders completed the user-experience survey. Most agreed (68 percent) or somewhat agreed (26 percent) that they were confident they could provide useful comments. Ninety-four percent would recommend others to participate.

Conclusions

The system has successfully engaged patients and caregivers, who contributed unique and important perspectives that informed the selection of topics deemed to have high potential to disrupt clinical care. Most participants would recommend others to participate in this process. More research is needed to inform optimal patient and caregiver stakeholder recruitment and engagement methods and reduce barriers to participation.
Update on the campylobacter epidemic from chicken meat in New Zealand: The urgent need for an upgraded regulatory response
Authors: Baker M. G. , Grout L. , Wilson N.
Published: December 2020

New Zealand has a long-running campylobacter infection (campylobacteriosis) epidemic with contaminated fresh chicken meat as the major source. This is both the highest impact zoonosis and the largest food safety problem in the country. Adding to this burden is the recent rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance in these campylobacter infections acquired from locally-produced chicken. Campylobacteriosis rates halved in 2008, as compared with the previous 5 years, following the introduction of regulatory limits on allowable contamination levels in fresh chicken meat, with large health and economic benefits resulting. In the following decade, disease rates do not appear to have declined further. The cumulative impact would equate to an estimated 539 000 cases, 5480 hospitalisations, 284 deaths and economic costs of approximately US$380 million during the last 10 years (2009–2018). Additional regulatory interventions, that build on previously successful regulations in this country, are urgently needed to control the source of this epidemic.
A longer time spent at childcare is associated with lower diet quality among children aged 5–6 years, but not those aged 1.5–2 and 3–4 years: Dietary Observation and Nutrient intake for Good health Research in Japanese young children (DONGuRI) study
Authors: Yoshii Yui , Murakami Kentaro , Asakura Keiko , Masayasu Shizuko , Sasaki Satoshi
Published: December 2020

Objective:

To examine the association between the amount of time spent at childcare and diet quality in 668 Japanese children aged 1·5–6 years.

Design:

A cross-sectional design was used. Dietary information was collected using dietary records (1 d for children aged 1·5–2 years and 2 d for children aged 3–6 years). Diet quality was assessed by counting the number of nutrients not meeting the Japanese Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI). Each child’s guardian reported the average amount of time spent at childcare per d for the previous 1 month.

Setting:

In total, 315 childcare centres located in twenty-four areas in Japan.

Participants:

In total, 753 children aged 1·5–6 years who attend childcare facilities.

Results:

After adjustment for potential confounders, OR for the low diet quality (≥ 5 of twenty nutrients not meeting DRI) in long (≥10 h/d) v. medium (8–10 h/d) childcare hours was 4·81 (95 % CI 1·96, 11·8) among children aged 5–6 years. There was no significant association in children aged 1·5–2 and 3–4 years.

Conclusion:

This study showed that long time spent at childcare was strongly associated with low diet quality among children aged 5–6 years, but not those aged 1·5–2 and 3–4 years. More research is needed to clarify different associations in each age group.
When Does Backsliding Lead to Breakdown? Uncertainty and Opposition Strategies in Democracies at Risk
Authors: Cleary Matthew R. , Öztürk Aykut
Published: December 2020

In recent decades, prominent national leaders like Turkey’s Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Venezuela’s Hugo Chávez gained power through democratic institutions, only to undermine those institutions once in office as part of a broader effort to consolidate authoritarian power. Yet attempts at “executive aggrandizement” have failed in other countries, with varying consequences for democratic institutions. We develop an agency-based perspective to enhance the understanding of aggrandizement and to explain when it results in democratic breakdown. Relying on comparative case studies of five countries—Bolivia, Ecuador, Thailand, Turkey, and Venezuela—our analysis suggests that the contingent decisions of opposition actors during the process of aggrandizement have a significant effect on regime outcomes. Irregular opposition attempts to remove incumbents from office, which are especially likely after electoral defeats, contribute to democratic breakdown. More moderate responses to aggrandizement, on the other hand, help the opposition actors to buy time until the next election, hence offering the possibility for democratic survival.
An Updated Assessment of Near‐Surface Temperature Change From 1850: The HadCRUT5 Data Set
Authors: Morice C. P. , Kennedy J. J. , Rayner N. A. , Winn J. P. , Hogan E. , Killick R. E. , Dunn R. J. H. , Osborn T. J. , Jones P. D. , Simpson I. R.
Published: December 2020

We present a new version of the Met Office Hadley Centre/Climatic Research Unit global surface temperature data set, HadCRUT5. HadCRUT5 presents monthly average near‐surface temperature anomalies, relative to the 1961–1990 period, on a regular 5° latitude by 5° longitude grid from 1850 to 2018. HadCRUT5 is a combination of sea‐surface temperature (SST) measurements over the ocean from ships and buoys and near‐surface air temperature measurements from weather stations over the land surface. These data have been sourced from updated compilations and the adjustments applied to mitigate the impact of changes in SST measurement methods have been revised. Two variants of HadCRUT5 have been produced for use in different applications. The first represents temperature anomaly data on a grid for locations where measurement data are available. The second, more spatially complete, variant uses a Gaussian process based statistical method to make better use of the available observations, extending temperature anomaly estimates into regions for which the underlying measurements are informative. Each is provided as a 200‐member ensemble accompanied by additional uncertainty information. The combination of revised input data sets and statistical analysis results in greater warming of the global average over the course of the whole record. In recent years, increased warming results from an improved representation of Arctic warming and a better understanding of evolving biases in SST measurements from ships. These updates result in greater consistency with other independent global surface temperature data sets, despite their different approaches to data set construction, and further increase confidence in our understanding of changes seen.