bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maine,Henry (1822–88)
Authors: Knight Chris
Published: September 2018

Sir Henry Sumner Maine was a British comparative jurist and historian whose most influential work,Ancient Law, pioneered the field of comparative jurisprudence and effectively founded the anthropology of law. Holding conservative views that would now be considered racist, he identified progress and civilization with people of Aryan descent and saw no reason to study the customs of other racial groups. Property in the modern or civilized sense, Maine argued, was formed by the gradual disentanglement of the separate rights of individuals from the collective rights of the traditional communal family, such progress leading to free agents who were able to establish contractual bonds with other individuals of their choice. Maine's most influential idea was that historical progress consisted essentially of this momentous transition from inherited “status” to consensual “contract” as the basis of modern law.
Tetradic Theory
Authors: James Wendy
Published: September 2018

Following the impact of Lévi‐Straussian structuralism on the comparative study of kinship systems and, in particular, the search for their elementary features, Nicholas J. Allen was among those anthropologists who sought a more historical and indeed evolutionary approach to these questions. Allen offered an alternative to the mainstream view that kinship systems must have developed through the extension of egocentric terms to individuals. He proposed a model of tetradic society as the logically simplest way in which early human beings might have organized a coherent system of social relations based upon the creation and maintenance of sociocentric categories based simply on rules concerning marriage and reproduction.
Sustainable Development
Authors: Barrow C. J.
Published: September 2018

Laissez‐faire development, although largely the norm, is unwise in a crowded, vulnerable world. Strategies, tools, and methods are needed that avoid conflict with environmental limits that could cause a disaster for humans. Sustainable development seeks to stretch what nature provides to the optimum and to maintain that improvement indefinitely without environmental breakdown in order to maximize human wellbeing, security, and adaptability. While the concept of sustainable development is now established, the interpretation varies and the tools, policies, and methods for practical implementation are evolving.
Cognition and Visual Art
Authors: De Smedt Johan , Jucker Jean‐Luc
Published: September 2018

Cognitive and other scientifically informed approaches to the visual arts and aesthetics have the potential to explain the emergence, development, and cross‐cultural distribution of art forms. Neuroaesthetics explores the neural underpinnings of art appreciation and how the architecture of the brain may constrain the cross‐cultural success of art forms. Approaches in evolutionary psychology focus on the ultimate causes of artistic behavior and explain the emergence of art as either an adaptation or a by‐product of other evolved adaptations. Interdisciplinary work has attempted to address the limitations of these approaches by taking into account cultural differences and the role of context and history, with the aim of developing an integrative science of art.
Paternalism
Authors: Phillips Kristin D.
Published: September 2018

Paternalism refers to a type of dominating behavior legitimated (as the root implies) in terms of a father's presumptive authority to determine his child's interests and to direct the child's behavior accordingly. It is an active form of subordination. Anthropologists have studied two key forms and functions of paternalism—political and economic.
W
ashburn,
S
herwood (1911–2000)
Authors: Tuttle Russell H.
Published: September 2018

Sherwood Washburn was the twentieth century's preeminent North American physical anthropologist and leading proponent of a biological anthropology free of typology and biological determinism. He was foremost a promoter of ideas, who championed the application of scientific knowledge to purge the world of destructive discrimination based on folk beliefs about race and constitution, and of naive applications of poorly processed genetic information. He played a major role in situating primatology in the human sciences.
Agroecology
Authors: Anderson E. N. , Sbrogna Kristen
Published: September 2018

Agroecology is the study of the ecology of agricultural systems. It has developed with agricultural science, biology, and anthropology. It focuses on the total picture of agricultural resource use and management, including direct and indirect effects on the environment, and thus addresses concerns of sustainability over different scales and the advantages of low‐input, low‐impact practices.
WorldHealthOrganization (WHO)
Authors: Skolnik Richard , Heung Stephanie
Published: September 2018

The World Health Organization (WHO) was established in 1948 and is the specialized agency of the United Nations that is responsible for health. WHO provides international leadership and coordination, sets technical standards and norms, engages in research and promotes the research agenda, disseminates knowledge, and provides technical support to member states. The WHO headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland, and there are six regional offices and 150 country field offices. WHO has played an important role in many global health initiatives, including the Health for All campaign, efforts to eradicate communicable diseases such as smallpox and polio, and initiatives to address noncommunicable diseases, such as the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. WHO has also faced criticism for perceived weaknesses in its effectiveness on selected issues, such as pandemic influenza and Ebola.
Civil Society
Authors: Hann Chris
Published: September 2018

“Civil society” is a complex term in the European history of ideas. It entered popular parlance and was taken up by anthropologists only at the end of the twentieth century, when it was initially used to indicate a liberal society based on freedom of association, in opposition to the totalitarian socialist state. Anthropologists later applied the term in studies of democratization and development in other regions, but some remain suspicious of the ethnocentricity of its normative implications. Two main usages may be distinguished in contemporary anthropology. The first consists in applying the label “civil society” to a whole gamut of more or less well‐researched institutions between those of kinship and the state. The second is a narrower usage that focuses on forms of “nongovernmental organization.”
Design of Bacterial Inclusion Bodies as Antigen Carrier Systems
Authors: Chen Shuxiong , Sandford Sarah , Kirman Joanna , Rehm Bernd H. A.
Published: September 2018

Synthetic subunit vaccines hold great promise to prevent infectious diseases, but they often induce only weak immune responses. Here bioengineering techniques to develop immunogenic antigen particles comprised of self‐assembling antigenic peptides are exploited. A bioparticle platform is developed to present repetitive copies of subunit antigens, which mimic the host‐pathogen surface interaction to provide enhanced immunogenicity. Herein, mycobacterial fusion proteins H4 (consisting of Ag88B‐TB10.4) and H28 (containing Ag88B‐TB10.4‐Rv2660c) are bioengineered to assemble H4 and/or H28 antigens into particulate vaccines inside an endotoxin‐free Escherichia coli strain, to serve as a novel vaccine against tuberculosis (TB). A bioprocess for particle isolation is developed. The physicochemical properties of the particles are investigated. Antigen particles formulated with the adjuvant dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide are used to subcutaneously immunize C57BL/6 mice. Both soluble and particulate vaccines elicit production of functional and specific antibodies, which only interact with target antigens and not production host cell proteins. Particulate vaccines induce strong production of interferon gamma (IFNγ) and interleukin 17A (IL17A) cytokines. When compared to soluble antigens, the antigen particle vaccines show increased immunogenicity. Overall, this study provides proof of concept that selected antigens can be engineered to self‐assemble into inclusion bodies to serve as particulate vaccines with improved immunological properties compared to the respective soluble antigens.
Mechanical and Functional Tradeoffs in Multiphase Liquid Metal, Solid Particle Soft Composites
Authors: Tutika Ravi , Zhou Shihuai H. , Napolitano Ralph E. , Bartlett Michael D.
Published: September 2018

Soft materials with high thermal conductivity are critical for flexible electronics, energy storage and transfer, and human‐interface devices and robotics. However, fundamental heat transport limitations in soft and deformable materials present significant challenges for achieving high thermal conductivity. Here, a systematic study of soft composites with solid, liquid, and solid–liquid multiphase metal fillers dispersed in elastomers reveals key strategies to tune the thermal‐mechanical response of soft materials. Experiments supported by thermodynamic and kinetic modeling demonstrate that multiphase systems quickly form intermetallics that solidify and degrade mechanical response with modest gains in thermal conductivity. In contrast, liquid metal inclusions provide benefits over solid and multiphase fillers as they can be loaded up to 80% by volume with the composites being electrically insulating, soft (<1 MPa modulus), and highly thermally conductive (k = 6.7 ± 0.1 W m−1 K−1). The thermal‐mechanical response of the composites is summarized and quantitative design maps are presented for soft, highly thermally conductive materials. This leads to soft materials with unique thermal‐mechanical combinations, highlighted by a liquid metal composite with an unprecedented thermal conductivity of 11.0 ± 0.5 W m−1 K−1 when strained. These materials and approach enable diverse applications from soft conformal materials for stretchable electronics to thermal interface materials in integrated circuits.
Tosyl Hydrazine‐Promoted Tandem Condensation and Cyclization of Acyl Azobenzenes Enabling Access to 2H‐Indazoles under Metal‐Free Aerobic Conditions
Authors: Son Jeong‐Yu , Kim Hyunseok , Baek Yonghyeon , Um Kyusik , Ko Gi Hoon , Han Gi Uk , Han Sang Hoon , Lee Kooyeon , Lee Phil Ho
Published: September 2018

Tosyl hydrazine‐promoted tandem condensation and cyclization of 2‐acyl azobenzenes under metal‐free aerobic conditions was demonstrated to give 2‐aryl‐2H‐indazoles having alkyl‐ or aryl groups at the 3‐position in quantitative yields through the release of water, molecular nitrogen, and sulfinic acid. All of the examples produced the corresponding 2H‐indazoles in quantitative yields. The present reaction was determined to have a wide substrate scope and good functional group tolerance.

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Evolution of root apical meristem structures in vascular plants: plasmodesmatal networks
Authors: Imaichi Ryoko , Moritoki Nobuko , Solvang Hiroko Kato
Published: September 2018

Premise of the study

The apical meristem generates indeterminate apical growth of the stem and root of vascular plants. Our previous examination showed that shoot apical meristems (SAMs) can be classified into two types based on plasmodesmatal networks (PNs), which are important elements in symplasmic signaling pathways within the apical meristem. Here, we examined the PNs of root apical meristems (RAMs) in comparison with those of SAMs.

Methods

Root apical meristems of 18 families and 22 species of lycophytes and euphyllophytes were analyzed. Plasmodesmata (PD) in cell walls in median longitudinal sections of RAMs were enumerated using transmission electron micrographs, and the PD density per 1 μm2 of each cell wall was calculated.

Key results

Root apical meristems with prominent apical cells of monilophytes (euphyllophytes) and Selaginellaceae (lycophytes) had high PD densities, while RAMs with plural initial cells of gymnosperms and angiosperms (euphyllophytes), and of Lycopodiaceae and Isoetaceae (lycophytes) had low PD densities. This correlation between structures of apical meristems and PD densities is identical to that in SAMs already described.

Conclusions

Irrespective of their diversified structures, the RAMs of vascular plants can be classified into two types with respect to PNs: the fern (monilophyte) type, which has a lineage‐specific PN with only primary PD, and the seed‐plant type, which has an interspecific PN with secondary PD in addition to primary PD. PNs may have played a key role in the evolution of apical meristems in vascular plants.
Ocular manifestations of Emanuel syndrome
Authors: Saffren Brooke D. , Capasso Jenina E. , Zanolli Mario , Levin Alex V.
Published: September 2018

Emanuel syndrome is caused by a supernumerary der(22)t(11;22) and typically manifests with intellectual disability and craniofacial dysmorphism. Ocular abnormalities have infrequently been described. We report a 36‐year‐old man with severe intellectual disability, aphasia, and facial dysmorphism, with high myopia and juvenile open angle glaucoma (JOAG). Microarray analysis results included 47,XY,+der(22)t(11;22)(q23;q11.2), and a 269 kb deletion of 7q31.33(125,898,014‐126,166,829). Two candidate genes were identified as possible etiologies for the ocular pathologies in our patient: a MFRP duplication on chromosome 11, which may play a role in high myopia and dysregulation of emmetropization, and a GRM8 deletion on chromosome 7, which may cause glutamate‐induced excitotoxicity and therefore have a role in the development of JOAG, unrelated to the Emanuel syndrome genotype. We provide the first detailed description these ocular abnormalities in a patient with Emmanuel syndrome.
Decarboxylative Negishi Coupling of Redox‐Active Aliphatic Esters by Cobalt Catalysis
Authors: Liu Xu‐Ge , Zhou Chu‐Jun , Lin E. , Han Xiang‐Lei , Zhang Shang‐Shi , Li Qingjiang , Wang Honggen
Published: September 2018

A cobalt‐catalyzed decarboxylative Negishi coupling reaction of redox‐active aliphatic esters with organozinc reagents was developed. The method enabled efficient alkyl–aryl, alkyl–alkenyl, and alkyl–alkynyl coupling reactions under mild reaction conditions with no external ligand or additive needed. The success of an in situ activation protocol and the facile synthesis of the drug molecule (±)‐preclamol highlight the synthetic potential of this method. Mechanistic studies indicated that a radical mechanism is involved.
Discovery of Cu3Pb
Authors: Tamerius Alexandra D. , Clarke Samantha M. , Gu Mingqiang , Walsh James P. S. , Esters Marco , Meng Yue , Hendon Christopher H. , Rondinelli James M. , Jacobsen Steven D. , Freedman Danna E.
Published: September 2018

Materials discovery enables both realization and understanding of new, exotic, physical phenomena. An emerging approach to the discovery of novel phases is high‐pressure synthesis within diamond anvil cells, thereby enabling in situ monitoring of phase formation. Now, the discovery via high‐pressure synthesis of the first intermetallic compound in the Cu‐Pb system, Cu3Pb is reported. Cu3Pb is notably the first structurally characterized mid‐ to late‐first‐row transition‐metal plumbide. The structure of Cu3Pb can be envisioned as a direct mixture of the two elemental lattices. From this new framework, we gain insight into the structure as a function of pressure and hypothesize that the high‐pressure polymorph of lead is a possible prerequisite for the formation of Cu3Pb. Crucially, electronic structure computations reveal band crossings near the Fermi level, suggesting that chemically doped Cu3Pb could be a topologically nontrivial material.
Direct Photocatalytic Synthesis of Medium‐Sized Lactams by C−C Bond Cleavage
Authors: Wang Na , Gu Qiang‐Shuai , Li Zhong‐Liang , Li Zhuang , Guo Yu‐Long , Guo Zhen , Liu Xin‐Yuan
Published: September 2018

Reported is a novel two‐step ring‐expansion strategy for expeditious synthesis of all ring sizes of synthetically challenging (hetero)aryl‐fused medium‐sized lactams from readily available 5–8‐membered cyclic ketones. This step‐economic approach features a remote radical (hetero)aryl migration from C to N under visible‐light conditions. Broad substrate scope, good functional‐group tolerance, high efficiency, and mild reaction conditions make this procedure very attractive. In addition, this method also provides expedient access to 13–15‐membered macrolactams upon an additional one‐step manipulation. Mechanistic studies indicate that the reaction involves an amidyl radical and is promoted by acid.
Einelektronenübertragungsreaktionen in frustrierten und klassischen Silyliumion/Phosphan‐Lewis‐Paaren
Authors: Merk Anastasia , Großekappenberg Henning , Schmidtmann Marc , Luecke Marcel‐Philip , Lorent Christian , Driess Matthias , Oestreich Martin , Klare Hendrik F. T. , Müller Thomas
Published: September 2018

Silyliumionen unterliegen einer Einelektronenreduktion mit Phosphanen unter Bildung von kurzlebigen Silylradikalen und den entsprechenden stabilen Phosphanradikalkationen. Experimentelle Untersuchungen, unterstützt durch DFT‐Rechnungen, zeigen, dass Phosphane mit elektronenreichen 2,6‐disubstituierten Arylgruppen ausreichend starke Reduktionsmittel sind, um diese Einelektronenübertragung zu ermöglichen. Frustration, wie sie in kinetisch stabilisierten Triarylsilyliumion/Phosphan‐Lewis‐Paaren auftritt, ist nicht zwingend erforderlich. So gehen Silylphosphoniumionen, die durch konventionelle Lewis‐Adduktbildung aus lösungsmittelstabilisierten Trialkylsilyliumionen und Phosphanen gebildet werden, ebenfalls diesen radikalischen Mechanismus ein. Das Tritylkation, eine Lewis‐Säure mit höherer Elektronenaffinität, oxidiert sogar Trialkylphosphane wie tBu3P, das weder mit B(C6F5)3 noch mit Silyliumionen reagiert.
Thousand‐fold Conductivity Increase in 2D Perovskites by Polydiacetylene Incorporation and Doping
Authors: Ortiz‐Cervantes Carmen , Román‐Román Priscila I. , Vazquez‐Chavez Josué , Hernández‐Rodríguez Marcos , Solis‐Ibarra Diego
Published: September 2018

Two‐dimensional (2D) organic–inorganic perovskites have rapidly become an attractive alternative to traditional three‐dimensional (3D) perovskite solar‐cell absorbers owing to their improved stability and processability. Despite their advantages, the insulating nature of the organic cations and diminished light absorption limit their overall performance. Herein, it is demonstrated that the incorporation of conjugated diynes in hybrid 2D perovskites, and subsequent thermal treatment results in the formation of 2D perovskites that incorporate polydiacetylenes in their structure. Furthermore, it is shown that oxygen or iodine doping results in the formation of stable radicals within the material alongside a drastic shift of the band gap from 3.0 to 1.4 eV and in‐plane conductivity improvements of up to three orders of magnitude, which lead to record conductivities for 2D halide perovskites (n=1).
Tracking Local Mechanical Impact in Heterogeneous Polymers with Direct Optical Imaging
Authors: Filonenko Georgy A. , Lugger Jody A. M. , Liu Chong , van Heeswijk Ellen P. A. , Hendrix Marco M. R. M. , Weber Manuela , Müller Christian , Hensen Emiel J. M. , Sijbesma Rint P. , Pidko Evgeny A.
Published: September 2018

Structural heterogeneity defines the properties of many functional polymers and it is often crucial for their performance and ability to withstand mechanical impact. Such heterogeneity, however, poses a tremendous challenge for characterization of these materials and limits our ability to design them rationally. Herein we present a practical methodology capable of resolving the complex mechanical behavior and tracking mechanical impact in discrete phases of segmented polyurethane—a typical example of a structurally complex polymer. Using direct optical imaging of photoluminescence produced by a small‐molecule organometallic mechano‐responsive sensor we observe in real time how polymer phases dissipate energy, restructure, and breakdown upon mechanical impact. Owing to its simplicity and robustness, this method has potential in describing the evolution of complex soft‐matter systems for which global characterization techniques fall short of providing molecular‐level insight.
Defect‐Rich Bi12O17Cl2 Nanotubes Self‐Accelerating Charge Separation for Boosting Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Authors: Di Jun , Zhu Chao , Ji Mengxia , Duan Meilin , Long Ran , Yan Cheng , Gu Kaizhi , Xiong Jun , She Yuanbin , Xia Jiexiang , Li Huaming , Liu Zheng
Published: September 2018

Solar‐driven reduction of CO2, which converts inexhaustible solar energy into value‐added fuels, has been recognized as a promising sustainable energy conversion technology. However, the overall conversion efficiency is significantly limited by the inefficient charge separation and sluggish interfacial reaction dynamics, which resulted from a lack of sufficient active sites. Herein, Bi12O17Cl2 superfine nanotubes with a bilayer thickness of the tube wall are designed to achieve structural distortion for the creation of surface oxygen defects, thus accelerating the carrier migration and facilitating CO2 activation. Without cocatalyst and sacrificing reagent, Bi12O17Cl2 nanotubes deliver high selectivity CO evolution rate of 48.6 μmol g−1 h−1 in water (16.8 times than of bulk Bi12O17Cl2), while maintaining stability even after 12 h of testing. This paves the way to design efficient photocatalysts with collaborative optimizing charge separation and CO2 activation towards CO2 photoreduction.
Cationic Charges Leading to an Inverse Free‐Energy Relationship for N−N Bond Formation by MnVI Nitrides
Authors: Chantarojsiri Teera , Reath Alexander H. , Yang Jenny Y.
Published: September 2018

MnVN Schiff‐base complexes incorporating a Na+ (1Na), K+ (1K), Ba2+ (1Ba), or Sr2+ (1Sr) ion in the ligand framework are reported. The MnVI/V reduction potentials for 1Na, 1K, 1Ba, and 1Sr are 0.591, 0.616, 0.805, and 0.880 V vs. Fe(C5H5)2+/0, respectively, exhibiting significant positive shifts compared to a MnN Schiff‐base complex in the same primary coordination environment but with no associated alkali or alkaline earth metal ion (A, E1/2=0.427 V vs. Fe(C5H5)2+/0). One‐electron oxidation of the MnVN complexes results in bimolecular coupling to form N2 with rates (k2) at 20 °C of 2166, 684, 857, and 99.7, an 87 m−1 s−1 for A, 1Na, 1K, 1Ba, and 1Sr respectively, following an inverse linear free energy relationship. Thus, increasing charge through proximal cations results in MnVIN complexes that are both more oxidizing and more stable to bimolecular coupling, a trend diametrically opposed to when complexes were modified by ligand substituents through inductive effects.
Electron Cartography in Clusters
Authors: Hernández Sánchez Raúl , Champsaur Anouck M. , Choi Bonnie , Wang Suyin Grass , Bu Wei , Roy Xavier , Chen Yu‐Sheng , Steigerwald Michael L. , Nuckolls Colin , Paley Daniel W.
Published: September 2018

Deconvoluting the atom‐specific electron density within polynuclear systems remains a challenge. A multiple‐wavelength anomalous diffraction study on four clusters that share the same [Co6Se8] core was performed. Two cluster types were designed, one having a symmetric ligand sphere and the other having an asymmetric ligand sphere. It was found that in the neutral, asymmetric, CO‐bound cluster, the Co−CO site is more highly oxidized than the other five Co atoms; when an electron is removed, the hole is distributed among the Se atoms. In the neutral, symmetric cluster, the Co atoms divide by electron population into two sets of three, each set being meridional; upon removal of an electron, the hole is distributed among all the Co atoms. This ligand‐dependent tuning of the electron/hole distribution relates directly to the performance of clusters in biological and synthetic systems.
Cu1.5PMo12O40‐catalyzed condensation cyclization for the synthesis of substituted pyrazoles
Authors: Yang Guo‐Ping , He Xing , Yu Bing , Hu Chang‐Wen
Published: September 2018

A convenient and direct approach has been developed for the preparation of pyrazole derivatives by the condensation cyclization of hydrazines/hydrazide and 1,3‐diketones in the presence of Cu1.5PMo12O40 (0.33 mol%) under mild conditions (r.t.‐60 °C, 10–30 min). Notably, the reaction was found to be scalable as 99% yield was obtained when the reaction was performed at a 5‐mmol scale. This solvent‐free and halogen‐free catalytic system represents an effective economic and environmentally friendly method for the construction of pyrazoles.
Smalltooth sawfish (Pristis pectinata Latham, 1794) in the Casamance River, Senegal: A historical perspective
Authors: Downing Nigel , Leeney Ruth H.
Published: September 2018

A study of euryhaline elasmobranchs was conducted in the Casamance River, southern Senegal, between June 1974 and October 1975.

Data were collected from 159 sawfish, comprising 158 smalltooth sawfish (Pristis pectinata Latham, 1794) and one largetooth sawfish (Pristis pristis Linnaeus, 1758).

The mean total rostral tooth count for P. pectinata was 46 (range 41–53), significantly lower than the total tooth counts for the western Atlantic population. No sexual dimorphism in rostral tooth counts was apparent, in contrast to findings from the western Atlantic.

The total rostral length averaged 22.9% of the total length.

One hundred and forty‐four individuals were caught within the river system itself, all of them were juveniles. Fifteen adults, including the single largetooth sawfish documented during the study, were caught at the river mouth or at sea.

Six sawfish, caught between May and July, bore rostral sheaths, indicating that they had recently been born.

Although the Casamance and Gambia rivers are only 120 km apart, the findings from this study combined with published data collected from the Gambia River during the same period suggest the partitioning of juvenile habitats by the two sawfish species present in the region, to the level of different river systems. Both species are likely to have used the same coastal habitats as adults.

The Casamance River was clearly an important habitat for smalltooth sawfish some 40 years ago, but it is unknown whether the species persists there. Intensive artisanal fisheries for sharks and rays in the region poses a significant threat to any remaining sawfishes, and a challenge for elasmobranch fisheries management.
A combined proof of concept and dose finding study with multiple endpoints: A Bayesian adaptive design in chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome
Authors: Martina Reynaldo , Houbiers Jos , Melis Joost , van Till Olivier
Published: September 2018

There is a need for identifying effective drugs or terminating ineffective drugs as early as possible to optimize efficient and cost effective drug development. The aim of the proposed trial was to simultaneously establish Proof of Concept (PoC) and dose finding (DF) for a new drug with a novel mode of action in a new indication. We simulated and executed an adaptive allocation design to investigate the effects of a drug on male patients suffering from chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS). This manuscript describes the clinical trial simulations and primary analysis results. A Bayesian adaptive allocation procedure was employed to allocate patients to treatment using a normal dynamic linear model. The study was to stop early for efficacy if the probability of a clinically significant difference between an experimental arm and placebo was at least 90%. The study was to stop for futility if the probability that the maximum effective dose was better than placebo by at least the futility difference was less than 20%. During the execution phase the study was stopped early, that is 32% less than planned maximum sample size, due to futility. The final results confirmed that the predefined stopping rules were met. In conclusion, the simulations showed that, if the drug was effective, this adaptive design could accomplish both the goals of PoC and DF. However, the study stopped early for futility in line with the simulation predictions for stopping. This resulted in the early stopping of a trial recruiting patients on ineffective treatment.
Anatomical analysis of gastric lymph nodes in cancer–free individuals
Authors: Herbella Fernando A.M. , Lourenço Laercio G. , Bonini Andre L. , Schlottmann Francisco , Patti Marco G.
Published: September 2018

Lymphadenectomy is a crucial part of the surgical therapy for gastric cancer. The number of normal lymph nodes could indicate the number of nodes that need to be retrieved during the procedure. The aim of this study is to analyze the number of lymph nodes in cadavers without gastric cancer according to the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association guidelines. Twenty fresh adult cadavers (14 males, mean age 55, range 24–93 years) were used. Abdominal lymph nodes were dissected and classified according to the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association. For total gastrectomy, the median number of lymph nodes that comprised D1 + dissection was 27 (range 15–42). The median and mean number of lymph nodes that comprised D2 dissection was 33, ranging from 18 to 50. For distal gastrectomy, the D1 + level comprised a median of 21 lymph nodes (range 11–38), and the D2 level 22 lymph nodes (range 11–39). In conclusion, considering gastrectomy + D2 lymphadenectomy as the standard treatment for gastric cancer, our results show that adequate lymphadenectomy must encompass around 30 lymph nodes. Clin. Anat., 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enzyme Fusions in Biocatalysis: Coupling Reactions by Pairing Enzymes
Authors: Aalbers Friso S. , Fraaije Marco W.
Published: September 2018

One approach to bringing enzymes together for multienzyme biocatalysis is genetic fusion. This enables the production of multifunctional enzymes that can be used for whole‐cell biotransformations or for in vitro (cascade) reactions. In some cases and in some aspects, such as expression and conversions, the fused enzymes outperform a combination of the individual enzymes. In contrast, some enzyme fusions are greatly compromised in activity and/or expression. In this Minireview, we give an overview of studies on fusions between two or more enzymes that were used for biocatalytic applications, with a focus on oxidative enzymes. Typically, the enzymes are paired to facilitate cofactor recycling or cosubstrate supply. In addition, different linker designs are briefly discussed. Although enzyme fusion is a promising tool for some biocatalytic applications, future studies could benefit from integrating the findings of previous studies in order to improve reliability and effectiveness.
The Lipid A Structure from the Marine Sponge Symbiont Endozoicomonas sp. HEX 311
Authors: Pallach Mateusz , Di Lorenzo Flaviana , Duda Katarzyna A. , Le Pennec Gaël , Molinaro Antonio , Silipo Alba
Published: September 2018

Endozoicomonas sp. HEX311 is a Gram‐negative bacterium known to establish a commensal interaction with the marine demosponge Suberites domuncula. The molecular bases of the sponge–microbe interaction events are still poorly defined. Nevertheless, it has been proved that S. domuncula possesses an innate immune system with similarities to the mammalian one and is able to recognize the main component of the Gram‐negative bacteria cell wall: the lipopolysaccharide. Whether this recognition occurs in a structure‐dependent manner, which is typical for mammalian immune system receptors, is still under investigation. Herein, we report the Endozoicomonas sp. HEX311 lipid A structure obtained by a combination of data attained from chemical, MALDI MS, and MS2 approaches. The lipid A is a complex family of species decorated by pyrophosphate and phosphate units and carrying (R)‐3‐hydroxydodecanoic acid, (R)‐3‐hydroxytetradecanonic acid, iso‐2‐hydroxyundecanoic acid, iso‐(R)‐3‐hydroxyundecanoic acid, and iso‐nonanoic acid as acyl chains.
Ultrasmall Ru Nanoclusters on Nitrogen‐Enriched Hierarchically Porous Carbon Support as Remarkably Active Catalysts for Hydrolysis of Ammonia Borane
Authors: Zhang Lei , Wang Yingying , Li Jinglong , Ren Xueying , Lv Hao , Su Xingsong , Hu Yichen , Xu Dongdong , Liu Ben
Published: September 2018

The development of the highly active nanocatalysts for effective hydrogen (H2) production is of great significance for its practical applications in fuel cells. Herein, we reported a facile and scale‐up synthetic methodology to grow in situ the remarkably active nanocatalysts of ultrasmall Ru nanoclusters on nitrogen (N)‐enriched hierarchically macroporous‐mesoporous carbon supports (Ru@hPCN). The resultant Ru@hPCN combines structural and chemical merits of well‐dispersed 0.7‐nm Ru nanoclusters, N‐enriched functional surface and 3D hierarchically porous framework, all of which synergistically boost the catalytic performance toward the hydrolysis of ammonia‐borane (AB). An unprecedented activity with a turnover frequency of 1850 min−1 was achieved for the Ru@hPCN, which was 6.0 folds over that of commercialized Ru/C catalyst. Mechanism studies showed that the remarkably enhanced activity can be ascribed to the easier dissociation of electropositive Hδ+ from H2O and the breakage of the B−N bonds as well as favorable mass transport in the Ru@hPCN during AB hydrolysis.
Efficient Concentration of an Amino Acid Using Reactive Extraction Coupled with Bipolar Electrodialysis
Authors: Buchbender Florian , Wiese Martin
Published: September 2018

One intention of the PRODIAS (processing diluted aqueous systems) project is to develop and establish a toolbox of innovative and tailored separation technologies applicable to design energy‐efficient water removal and product recovery techniques. Within this project, the recovery of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) was investigated. Using both synthetic as well as fermented solutions, reactive extraction of GABA with the solvent di‐(2‐ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid + isododecane was performed. For back extraction, different mineral acids were examined. Multistage countercurrent reactive extraction using pH adjustments along the stages to increase extraction efficiency as well as back extraction were then run on pilot‐plant scale with fermented GABA solutions. The resulting GABA salt from back extraction was finally split by means of bipolar electrodialysis.
A Multicriteria Decision Framework for the Selection of Biomass Separation Equipment
Authors: Hutahaean Junko , Cilliers Jan , Brito-Parada Pablo R.
Published: September 2018

For the first time, a two‐stage decision support framework for equipment selection, applied to biomass separation, is presented. In the first stage, the framework evaluates from a number of equipment based on the process requirements and outputs only those that offer a technically feasible separation. In the second stage, the analytic hierarchy process is applied for performing a multicriteria decision analysis to select amongst the feasible equipment based on separation performance and energy consumption criteria. This approach systematically considers the relative importance of those different alternatives and selection criteria by pairwise comparisons. The output of the framework is an overall ranking of equipment as well as a sensitivity analysis of the results for different weighting of the criteria. These results can be used to equip practitioners in the field of bioseparations with a tool for making more consistent and better‐informed equipment selection decisions.
Recent Advances in Nanowire‐Based, Flexible, Freestanding Electrodes for Energy Storage
Authors: Li Qi , Hu Zhiquan , Liu Ziang , Zhao Yunlong , Li Ming , Meng Jiashen , Tian Xiaocong , Xu Xiaoming , Mai Liqiang
Published: September 2018

The rational design of flexible electrodes is essential for achieving high performance in flexible and wearable energy‐storage devices, which are highly desired with fast‐growing demands for flexible electronics. Owing to the one‐dimensional structure, nanowires with continuous electron conduction, ion diffusion channels, and good mechanical properties are particularly favorable for obtaining flexible freestanding electrodes that can realize high energy/power density, while retaining long‐term cycling stability under various mechanical deformations. This Minireview focuses on recent advances in the design, fabrication, and application of nanowire‐based flexible freestanding electrodes with diverse compositions, while highlighting the rational design of nanowire‐based materials for high‐performance flexible electrodes. Existing challenges and future opportunities towards a deeper fundamental understanding and practical applications are also presented.
Significant Enhancement of Absorption and Luminescence Dissymmetry Factors in the Far‐Red Region: A Zinc(II) Homoleptic Helicate Formed by a Pair of Achiral Dipyrromethene Ligands
Authors: Ito Hiroaki , Sakai Hayato , Okayasu Yoshinori , Yuasa Junpei , Mori Tadashi , Hasobe Taku
Published: September 2018

A homoleptic zinc(II) helicate organized by a pair of achiral dipyrromethene ligands through zinc(II) coordination was synthesized to evaluate the chiroptical properties. This zinc complex showed strong exciton‐coupled chiroptical responses from the helical configuration with a large absorption dissymmetry factor |gabs| (up to 0.20). More importantly, intense polarized luminescence in the far‐red region (700–850 nm) with a fluorescence quantum yield ΦFL of 0.23 was observed for this helicate with a dissymmetry factor |glum| of 0.022, the largest value among rare‐earth‐ and precious‐metal‐free small molecules. These unprecedentedly large g values were supported by theoretical calculations.
Experimental Investigation of the Froth Height in Columns with Sandwich Packings
Authors: Sohr Johanna , Schubert Markus , Flechsig Steve , Kenig Eugeny Y. , Hampel Uwe
Published: September 2018

Sandwich packings, consisting of alternatingly stacked conventional structured packings with different geometric surface areas, are promising for increasing capacity and efficiency of separation columns. Film flow and froth flow evolve along a stack, which requires comprehensive fluid dynamic analysis. In particular, the froth height is an essential parameter to determine the spatial extent of the flow regimes. Ultrafast X‐ray tomography and a 3D‐printed pressure drop profile measurement module were applied to independently estimate this parameter. The results are compared with existing correlations.
Application of provenance in social computing: A case study
Authors: Riveni Mirela , Nguyen Tien‐Dung , Aktas Mehmet S. , Dustdar Schahram
Published: September 2018

Complex systems such as Collective Adaptive Systems that include a variety of resources, are increasingly being designed to include people in task‐execution. Collectives, encapsulating human resources/services, represent one type of an application within which people with different type of skills can be engaged to solve one common problem or work on the same project. Mechanisms of managing social collectives are dependent on functional and non‐functional parameters of members of social collectives. In this work, we investigate the benefits provenance can offer to social computing and trade‐off implications. We show experimental results of how provenance data can help better visualize interaction and performance data during a collective's run‐time. We present novel metrics that can be derived from provenance, and lastly, we discuss privacy implications. If utilized ethically, provenance can help in developing more efficient provisioning and management mechanisms in social computing.
Formation of Nanofibers with High Water Adhesion by Electrodeposition of Films of Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxypyrrole) and Poly(3,4‐propylenedioxypyrrole) Substituted by Alkyl Chains
Authors: Sane Omar , Diouf Alioune , Dieng Samba Yandé , Guittard Frédéric , Darmanin Thierry
Published: September 2018

Invited for this month's cover are the collaborating groups of Dr. Thierry Darmanin at Université Côte d'Azur, France, and Dr. Alioune Diouf at Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Senegal. The front cover shows nanofibrous surfaces prepared by the electropolymerization of 3,4‐ethylenedioxypyrrole (EDOP) and 3,4‐propylenedioxypyrrole (ProDOP) derivatives in which an alkyl chain is grafted to the 3,4‐alkylenedioxy bridge. Depending on whether an EDOP or a ProDOP monomer is used, and the length of the alkyl chain, the surface properties of the resulting polymer are very different. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/cplu.201800279.
Data Rich, Information Poor: Can We Use Electronic Health Records to Create a Learning Healthcare System for Pharmaceuticals?
Authors: Eichler Hans‐Georg , Bloechl‐Daum Brigitte , Broich Karl , Kyrle Paul Alexander , Oderkirk Jillian , Rasi Guido , Santos Ivo Rui , Schuurman Ad , Senderovitz Thomas , Slawomirski Luke , Wenzl Martin , Paris Valerie
Published: September 2018

Judicious use of real‐world data (RWD) is expected to make all steps in the development and use of pharmaceuticals more effective and efficient, including research and development, regulatory decision making, health technology assessment, pricing, and reimbursement decisions and treatment. A “learning healthcare system” based on electronic health records and other routinely collected data will be required to harness the full potential of RWD to complement evidence based on randomized controlled trials. We describe and illustrate with examples the growing demand for a learning healthcare system; we contrast the exigencies of an efficient pharmaceutical ecosystem in the future with current deficiencies highlighted in recently published Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) reports; and we reflect on the steps necessary to enable the transition from healthcare data to actionable information. A coordinated effort from all stakeholders and international cooperation will be required to increase the speed of implementation of the learning healthcare system, to everybody's benefit.
Fire history influences large‐herbivore behavior at circadian, seasonal, and successional scales
Authors: Spitz Derek B. , Clark Darren A. , Wisdom Michael J. , Rowland Mary M. , Johnson Bruce K. , Long Ryan A. , Levi Taal
Published: September 2018

Recurrent environmental changes often prompt animals to alter their behavior leading to predictable patterns across a range of temporal scales. The nested nature of circadian and seasonal behavior complicates tests for effects of rarer disturbance events like fire. Fire can dramatically alter plant community structure, with important knock‐on effects at higher trophic levels, but the strength and timing of fire's effects on herbivores remain unclear. We combined prescribed fire treatments with fine‐scale location data to quantify herbivore responses to fire across three temporal scales. Between 2001 and 2003, 26 stands of fir (Abies spp.) and Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were thinned and burned; 27 similar stands were left untreated as experimental controls. Analyzing female elk (Cervus canadensis) locations across 21 yr (1996—2016), we found crepuscular, seasonal, and successional shifts in behavioral responses to fire. Elk displayed “commuting” behavior, avoiding burns during the day, but selecting them at night. Elk selection for burns was strongest in early summer and the relative probability of elk using burns peaked quickly (5 yr post burn) before gradually returning to pre‐treatment levels (15 yr post burn). Our results demonstrate that fire history has complex, persistent effects on herbivore behavior, and suggest that herbivores benefit from heterogeneous landscapes containing a range of successional stages.
Organic matter and nutrient inputs from large wildlife influence ecosystem function in the Mara River, Africa
Authors: Subalusky Amanda L. , Dutton Christopher L. , Njoroge Laban , Rosi Emma J. , Post David M.
Published: September 2018

Animals can be important vectors for the movement of resources across ecosystem boundaries. Animals add resources to ecosystems primarily through egestion, excretion, and carcasses, and the stoichiometry and bioavailability of these inputs likely interact with characteristics of the recipient ecosystem to determine their effects on ecosystem function. We studied the influence of hippopotamus excretion/egestion and wildebeest carcasses, and their interactions with discharge, in the Mara River, Kenya. We measured nutrient dissolution and decomposition rates of wildlife inputs, the influence of inputs on nutrient concentrations and nutrient limitation in the river and the influence of inputs on biofilm growth and function in both experimental streams and along a gradient of inputs in the river. We found that hippopotamus excretion/egestion increases ammonium and coarse particulate organic matter in the river, and wildebeest carcasses increase ammonium, soluble reactive phosphorus, and total phosphorus. Concentrations of dissolved carbon and nutrients in the water column increased along a gradient of wildlife inputs and during low discharge, although concentrations of particulate carbon decreased during low discharge due to deposition on the river bottom. Autotrophs were nitrogen limited and heterotrophs were carbon limited and nitrogen and phosphorus colimited upstream of animal inputs but there was no nutrient limitation downstream of inputs. In experimental streams, hippo and wildebeest inputs together increased biofilm gross primary production (GPP) and respiration (R). These results differed in the river, where low concentrations of hippo inputs increased gross primary production (GPP) and respiration (R) of biofilms, but high concentrations of hippo inputs in conjunction with wildebeest inputs decreased GPP. Our research shows that inputs from large wildlife alleviate nutrient limitation and stimulate ecosystem metabolism in the Mara River and that the extent to which these inputs subsidize the ecosystem is mediated by the quantity and quality of inputs and discharge of the river ecosystem. Thus, animal inputs provide an important ecological subsidy to this river, and animal inputs were likely important in many other rivers prior to the widespread extirpation of large wildlife.
Plant root and rhizome strength: Are there differences between and within species and rivers?
Authors: Gurnell A.M. , Holloway J.V. , Liffen T. , Serlet A.J. , Zolezzi G.
Published: September 2018

The strength and architecture of roots and other below‐ground organs of riparian and aquatic plants affect plant resistance to uprooting and contribute to reinforcing river bank, bar and bed materials. Therefore, root properties are an important element in models for estimating river bank stability and such models may focus on the role of plants by using root strength–diameter relationships for the particular plant species that are present.

Here we explore the degree to which there appear to be significant differences in strength–diameter relationships between and within species‐specific data sets obtained for two riparian tree/shrub (Populus nigra, Salix alba) and two emergent aquatic macrophyte (Sparganium erectum, Phalaris arundinacea) species in different European river environments.

While the analysed data sets were not specifically collected to answer these research questions, the results are sufficiently compelling to make the case for the collection of a more comprehensive data set and its rigorous analysis. This would allow recommendations to be made on the degree to which (i) species‐specific or more general relationships between root/rhizome strength and diameter are appropriate, (ii) such relationships are applicable within and between rivers in different geographical regions and subject to different local environmental conditions, and (iii) further (minimalist) field observations are needed to calibrate such relationships for investigations of new locales or species. © 2018 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.