bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review of Document Structure for Flight Data Analysis Program
Authors: Zheng Lin Lin , Yao Dong Lin
Published: June 2014

This paper summarizes ten necessary documents for flight data analysis program. These documents can give guidance on the policy, preparation and introduction of flight data analysis program within an operator. The document structure can outline civil aviation authority’s view on how flight data analysis program, which may be embodied within an operator’s safety management system. The document structure can also describe the principles that should underpin an flight data analysis system acceptable to the civil aviation authority (CAA). This paper outlines good practice relating to first establishing and then obtaining worthwhile safety benefits from an operator’s flight data analysis program. It will be regularly reviewed and revised by CAA and the industry to reflect the wider use of flight data analysis and developing technologies and methodologies.
Design Research of Linear Motion Unit Based on Magnetic Suspension Principle
Authors: Zhao Yu Xin , Shen Min De , Shen Xue Hui
Published: June 2014

In order to minimize the friction when the linear motion unit in the movement, the new type unit based on permanent magnet was designed. The Halbach Array magnet structure was adopted in the unit. It can realize the stable suspension with the combination of gravitation and repulsion. The new type units have good performance and broad application prospects.
Dynamic Changes of Relative Carrying Capacity of Resources in Dongting Lake
Authors: Yu Yuan Jun , Wu Lin
Published: June 2014

The relative carrying capacity of resources was used to analyze the Dynamic Changes of in Dongting Lake idea. The relative carrying capacity of natura resources, economy resources and synthetic capacity and their dynamic changes of Dongting Lake idea from 2004 to 2011 were calculated. The results shown that the Dongting Lake Area is in population relatively overloaded state. The consultation was drawn as strengthen the flood management and water conservancy facilities, transform economic growth mode, strict control population should be taken to reduce population growth pressures on resources in the Dongting Lake area.
Research on Carrying Capacity of Resources and Problems of Sustainable Development in Hunan Province
Authors: Yu Yuan Jun , Wu Lin
Published: June 2014

The relative carrying capacity of resources was used to analyze the dynamic changes of Hunan province. The relative carrying capacity of land resources, water resources, economy resources and synthetic capacity of Hunan province compared with Whole County and Jiangsu province from2004 to 2011 were calculated. The results shown that the Hunan province is in population relatively overloaded state. The consultation was drawn as transform economic growth mode, strict control population in resources lack and environmental vulnerability areas should be taken to reduce population growth pressures on resources.
Path Design of Municipal Life Waste Recycling System
Authors: Liu Min , Lei Li , You Yi
Published: June 2014

The design of the municipal life waste recycling path is an integral part of the whole recycling system, it occupies an important position, and its improvement and optimization play a vital role on efficient operation of municipal waste recycling system. Based on analysis, combined with modern logistics theory, aiming at optimization, this paper sets up models for collecting and transshipping paths of municipal waste recycling system.
The Research of the Influence Condition on the Nitrification Stage of the “SH-A” Craft Processing the Coal Based Needle Coke Wastewater
Authors: Zhu Xiu Hui , Li Dong Yu , Jin Yan Wen , Wang Shu Cheng , Shan Ming Jun
Published: June 2014

The SH-A (Energy-saving enhanced denitrification carbon removal process)technology is high efficiency and energy saving. It replaces the nitrification liquor back, the operation is simple , the running cost is low . When the influent CODcr concentration is 2300 mol/L, NH4+-N concentration is 370 mol/L and phenol concentration is 130 mol/L, the all indicators of the effluent are up to the national integrated wastewater discharge standard (GB8978--1996 first-level).
The Research of the Intelligent Given and Control for the Dissolved Oxygen in the Aeration Process of Sewage Treatment
Authors: Li Cong , Zhang Hui , Dai Hou Zhao , Huang Ming Jian
Published: June 2014

Based on these characteristics of dissolved oxygen control in sewage treatment aeration process, such as nonlinearity, large time delay in a timely manner and difficult to model accurately, this paper puts forward an intelligent control strategy of dissolved oxygen. First, according to feed water quality parameters and environmental factors, we build a rule-based multistage fuzzy controller to make intelligent dynamic dissolved oxygen value setting. Then the feedforward tracking and constant value control are proceed, according to error source and threshold we use fuzzy tracking, fuzzy PID separation control and compound control of the major and minor loop cascade control to stabilize the given value of dissolved oxygen. The system is fast and steady which is proved by simulation and experiment results.
Coach Evaluation Model Based on the Comprehensive Weights
Authors: Tang Yu
Published: June 2014

In this paper, an evaluation model is established to choose the best college coach. Taking times background into consideration, the whole previous century is divided into ten segments. Using the method of coefficient of variation and the subjective weighting method in each segment, objective and subjective weight of each basic evaluating factor are obtained respectively. Then based on modified T-test, we integrate them and get the comprehensive weights, which conduct the selection. Thus, one coach is chosen as a representative of each segment.
A Study of Bilingual Education in Electrical Information Courses Based on Information Technology
Authors: Wang Kun , Yang Yi
Published: June 2014

This paper explores the ways to improve efficiency of bilingual education in electrical information courses. Based on the bilingual education practice of Electric Circuits and Data Communications and Networking, a questionnaire was done to illustrate the current problems of bilingual education in our college. After analyzing the factors, the paper argues that bilingual teachers’ training is necessary; bilingual textbooks have to be introduced; dual language immersion works well and autonomous learning platform needs to be developed. The integration of those strategies with information technology contributes to the improvement of bilingual education.
Research and Design on Reciprocating Oilless Air Compressors
Authors: Zhu Yu Feng
Published: June 2014

Research was made in order to design a good reciprocating oilless air compressor. Grease lubrication bearings are used in connecting rod larger heads, smaller heads and main shaft necks, its structures are designed, so the oilless lubrications are achieved over there. Self-lubricating materials are used to make piston pings and guiding pings, the lap-joint structure is used in piston pings, so the problems of oilless lubrication and seal between piston component and cylinders can be solved. The structure of unloading slots for guiding pings, smaller radius-length ratios and lower pressure ratios can make piston pings and guiding pings run long time. Series products of oilless air compressors which are made as above have gone into mass production.
Prospect Analysis of IOT Application in Fixed Assets Management of Colleges and Universities
Authors: Peng Yun
Published: June 2014

The fixed assets management of colleges and universities is still adopted by the method of semi-manual operation, at relatively low management efficiency. To solve this problem, we propose to introduce IOT technology into assets management. After comparing the advantages of RFID tag relative to bar code label, we analyze the change that IOT application brings to fixed assets management in colleges and universities, and current constraint of IOT applied in assets management. Research shows that IOT technology can help to improve efficiency of fixed assets management of colleges and universities. Though current IOT technology is still deficient, along with continuous improvement, in the near future, IOT technology will increasingly be promoted and popularized in the field of fixed assets management of colleges and universities.
The Research on the Effectiveness of Brand Triangle Model for Product Life Cycle Design
Authors: Liu Xiao Bin , Li Wei
Published: June 2014

This paper analyzes brand structure of product (enterprise) brand, industrial brand, urban brand for product life cycle design, on the basis of Brand Symbol Triangle Model, analysis of the relationship among three brands, and further analyzes from product brand to industrial brand, urban brand evolutionary path. This paper argues a (enterprise) brand managers to guide the angle of the product in regional industrial brand promotion, urban brand enhancement strategies.
Mapping the Open Innovation Ecosystem: An Analysis of the Technical and Strategic Level
Authors: Nerone Murilo Agio , Canciglieri Osíris , Arns Steiner Maria Teresinha , Young Robert I.M.
Published: June 2014

The scope of this paper is to further extend the classification of the open innovation activities in order to provide a template to the case studies and theories, in the field, to come. Also, it serves as guidance to practitioners deploy supportive capabilities to their exact needs. A review of the literature, indexed by ISI Web of Knowledge and Scopus, of the studies that could respond the why’s and how’s of the open innovation process was done. Based on this review, we propose an extension of the current view (inbound, outbound and coupled) encompassing two other variables, called levels (technical level and strategy level). These two new variables crossed against the current archetype (inbound, outbound and coupled) provide a six type classification. We further analyze each of these types, examining their usefulness and exemplifying how it has been applied by companies.
Research on Suitability Ecological Updating Technology System of Traditional Wooden Residence
Authors: Li Zhe , Lei Shi
Published: June 2014

This paper analyzes the basic feature of the traditional residence in western Hunan “North Dong”. Besides, under the premise of protecting the traditional feature of the residence and special living patterns of the nation, it studies and introduces the modern living facilities, improves the indoor air environment, promotes the material performance, reduces the construction cost, and thus puts forward the suitability ecological updating technology system of the traditional wooden residence.
Study of the Relationship between the Vibration Response and Milling Instability
Authors: Nong Sheng Long , Gao Shang Han
Published: June 2014

This paper is concerned with the milling instability of spindle-ball bearing milling system. The finite-element analyzes is adopted. It is verified that there existed close relationships between the vibration response and the milling instability contributed by the same spindle mode. The spindle mode, which excites the maximum peak spectrum value, will produce the milling instability most likely. The front bearing preload has much more remarkable influences on spindle modes and milling stability than the rear one. It is therefore very important to adjust the front bearing preload according to the actual processing situations and stability demands in the spindle system design stage.
Optimization Analysis on Gyroscope’s Three Dimensions Complicated Motion and Lash-Force
Authors: Yang Wen Li , Lu Xiang Hui
Published: June 2014

The complicated motion of the gyroscope includes the rotation, the precession, the nutation and the sliding motion which are coupled, and it is affected by the lash-force by the whip. Taking the gyroscope which is moving stably as the research subject, according to the motion characteristics of the gyro’s rotation and precession, the gyro is assumed to be the two-force bar, and the coupled relationship of the gyroscope is analyzed quantitatively. The three-dimensional complicated motion in the different categories is analyzed. The nonlinear differential equations in the different categories is derived and linearized by the minor variables method, and then the three-dimensional motion equations on the rotation, precession, nutation and slipping of the gyroscope in the different categories is established. Take the big gym gyroscope as the example, the influence of the force, time and position of the whip on the motion state of the gyroscope is analyzed in detail, and provides the basis for the design of the gyroscope.
Dynamic Characteristic Analysis of Irregularity under Turnout by Vehicle-Turnout Rigid-Flexible Coupling Model
Authors: Chen Meng , Luo Yan Yun , Zhang Bin
Published: June 2014

Finite element model of track in frog zone is built by vehicle-turnout system dynamics. Considering variation of rail section and elastic support, bending deformation of turnout sleeper, spacer block and sharing pad effects, the track integral rigidity distribution in longitudinal direction is calculated in the model. Vehicle-turnout rigid-flexible coupling model is built by finite element method (FEM), multi-body system (MBS) dynamics and Hertz contact theory. With the regularity solution that different stiffness is applied for rubber pad under sharing pad of different turnout sleeper zone, analysis the variation of vertical acceleration of bogie and wheelset, rail vertical displacement and wheel-rail interaction force, this paper proves that setting reasonable rubber pad stiffness is an efficient method to solve rigidity irregularity problem.
Study on Modular Design of Trimming Die Structure for Automotive Panels
Authors: Wang Yi Lin , Wang Geng Yun
Published: June 2014

This paper describes an automated design system for trimming die structure. Considering the complexity of trimming dies, a modular design method was used to define module’s functions and determine the design processes of trimming dies. Through analyzing the relationship of structure and function of trimming dies, the systematic analysis of modularization for trimming dies is achieved from assembly-level division. By using parametric design method, the internal connection between modules is analysis from part-level division, and the module-based design process of complex part is accomplished. The CAD system for trimming dies is developed on platform of UGNX software. The application results show the high efficiency and design flexibility.
The 3D Modeling Design of Cutting Machine Based on Solidworks
Authors: Wang Jian Jun , Wang Xue Jun
Published: June 2014

According to design requirements of the slicer,3D model was assembled in SolidWorks;Alternating motion of the slicer applies slider-crank mechanism.With the friction wheel cover,friction wheel can be arbitrary thickness within a certain range of sections. Using the SolidWorks software development can shorten design time and save money.
Effect of Face Width on Bending Stress of Spur Gear Using AGMA and FEA
Authors: Umar Abdurrahman Ahmad , Ahmad Abdulrahaman Shuaibu , Yusuf Auwalu Gidado , Bibi Farouk Zulfiqar Ibrahim
Published: June 2014

Spur gears are widely used in industry where the power transmission is required at heavy loads with smoother and noiseless operation. The study in this paper shows that the complex design problem of spur gear requires superior software skills for modeling and analysis. The problem been has solved using Pro/E and ANSYS software which provides equivalent results to that of AGMA. In this paper, spur gear was modeled using Pro/Engineer wildfire 4.0 and stress analysis was carried out using ANSYS 11.0. The results obtained from both AGMA and FEM were compared and found to be approximately similar.
Vibration Response Analysis of Crack Gear with Internal Excitation
Authors: Sun Ye , Hu Hao , Yin Feng Long , Feng Xiao
Published: June 2014

In this paper, a model of a gear with a crack for dynamic analysis is established based on finite element method. Internal dynamic excitation in the process of transmission is calculated by numerical simulation method. Dynamic response analysis with a crack is carried out and simulated by using a full method successfully. Fault signals are analyzed in time and frequency domain, and compared with signals from a normal gear. Results show that cracks have obvious dynamic effects on gear structure, which lay the foundation for the fault diagnosis and analysis.
Design and Analysis of Double Wishbone Suspension Module with Wheel-Track Variant Wheels
Authors: Shi Cai Hong , Kang Shao Hua , Li Chun Hui , Hu Jun Zhong , Huang Lin , Zhang Xi Zheng
Published: June 2014

Based on the new type of wheel-track variant wheel prototype which is developed independently and creatively, the paper focuses on several problems, including the severe wear of track links, the difficulty in steering under the form of track, and so on, and combines the characteristics of variant wheel, so as to design and analyze the positional parameters of variant wheel-double wishbone suspension module. Besides, through refitting the variant wheel based on a type of all terrain farmer truck (UTV), the paper builds a model for the kinematics analysis of UTV variant wheel—double wishbone suspension model, and takes the minimum of the weighed sum of changes in wheel alignment parameters and the lateral displacement of variant wheel which affect wheel wear and steering as the optimized objective, so as to carry out an optimization calculation for its suspension system. In addition to that, the paper modifies UTV based on the optimization results, solves the problems arising in the experiments of variant wheel, and provides theoretical support and references for the application of wheel-track variant wheel in other types of vehicles.
The Experimental and Design Method Research on Interference Fit of Fabricated Single-Arm Planetary Carrier
Authors: Sun Yuan Tao , Qin Xian Rong , Zhang Ling Dong , Zhang Qing , Zhao Qian Ying
Published: June 2014

To improve load capacity of fabricated single-arm planetary carrier, and enlarge its applied fields, the calculation criterion of load capacity of fabricated single-arm planetary carrier under given interference amount is described according to relevant calculation theories in this paper. Some experiments have been carried out to verify the influence of different interference amounts forced on load capacity, and also the variation of force is confirmed while the planet wheel axle is pressed into the body of planetary carrier with given interference amount. The theoretical basis and reference of fabricated single-arm planetary carrier is ultimately put forward and applied in some relevant engineering practice.
Design of a Pressurized Trapezoidal Shaped Conduit Using the Rough Model Method (Part 1)
Authors: Achour Bachir , Riabi Mohammed
Published: June 2014

Through the Rough Model Method (RMM) an explicit calculation is proposed to solve the complex problem of the design of a pressurized trapezoidal shaped conduit characterized by three linear dimensions. Firstly, the method is applied to a rough model of the same shape in order to establish the equations governing its geometric and hydraulic characteristics. These equations are then secondly used to easily deduce the required linear dimensions of the current conduit by introducing a non-dimensional correction factor. The application of the obtained relationships requires only a strict minimum of data. All relationships provided in this article are applicable to the entire domain of the turbulent flow. Practical examples are taken to enable the hydraulic engineer to better understanding the advocated method and to observe the facility with which design of such a geometric profile can be performed.
Numerical Simulation of Magnetic Gravity Compensation for Ferrofluid
Authors: Shi Yong Chao , Xu Chun Long , Lei Zuo Sheng , Zhong Yun Bo , Guo Jia Hong
Published: June 2014

Under reduced or micro gravity, bubble dynamic behaviors in liquid melts or liquid solutions are important and common problems on optimizing many processes in space science and technology. Due to limited availability experiments under reduced or micro gravity condition, the studies in this area is still quiet fragmentary. For this reason, we develop two pairs of Helmholtz-Maxwell (H-M) coils, which can produce a uniform gradient magnetic field for the ferrofluid filled in a closed Hele-Shaw cell, so as to achieve reduced or micro gravity condition. Afterwards, we establish the multi-physics mathematic model to calculate the magnetic field and the gravity compensation rate, which shows a 30mm×40mm well-distributed region for 90% gravity compensation rate exists.
Accumulator Absorb Shocks Simulation Analysis on Pavement Hydraulic Power System
Authors: Fang Gui Hua , Hu Juan , Wang Xing Chun
Published: June 2014

By analyzing the pavement hydraulic power generation system working principle and accumulator mathematical model, full account of the system actual operating conditions, use Matlab/Simulink software simulation the accumulator working process, obtain accumulator absorbs shock pressure effect with accumulator body parameters and working parameters relationship.
Application of Finite Element Analysis Software MSC.Marc in Material Tests
Authors: Sun Qi Lei , Liu Ze Rui , Yang Long
Published: June 2014

The process of using finite element analysis software MSC.Marc to simulate Q345 smooth cylinder tensile sample damage. The result shows that the breaking and crack growth process of materials may be well simulated by using Gurson model and improved damage parameters. The nucleation of internal holes in the material, growth, polymerization and the damage of the material is a very quick process. The material damage process may be accurately simulated by taking the strain of the necking of the tensile sample as the nucleation strain of the holes in the material.
The Development of Hydraulic Control System for Large Highland Hydraulic Intelligent Pesticide Spraying Machine
Authors: Wang Zhi Wei , Sun Lu , Li Jing Hui
Published: June 2014

In this paper, we research and develop a new machine called large highland hydraulic intelligent pesticide spraying machine. The pesticide spraying machine adopts hydraulic electric control technology, and adapts to all tall or short crops for pesticide spraying. The machine employs large intelligent computer control technology, and adjusts the spraying dose according to the pest density measured by intelligent sensors. Furthermore, the machine adopts the technology of self-filter and dilutes the pesticide with absorption water automatically. This paper presents hydraulic control system, and puts forward the hydraulic control principle of the walking part, the hydraulic control principle of the work part and main technical parameters.
The Selection of the Optimal Load Matching Parameter Based on MATLAB
Authors: Gao Jun Xia
Published: June 2014

During design the electro-hydraulic servo system, usually choose components based on load matching principle. This paper introduces a selection method of power element parameters based on MATLAB. Compared with the previous analytic method, it greatly save the design time and improve the accuracy.
Modeling the Clinical Phenotype of BTK Inhibition in the Mature Murine Immune System
Authors: Benson Micah J. , Rodriguez Varenka , von Schack David , Keegan Sean , Cook Tim A. , Edmonds Jason , Benoit Stephen , Seth Nilufer , Du Sarah , Messing Dean , Nickerson-Nutter Cheryl L. , Dunussi-Joannopoulos Kyri , Rankin Andrew L. , Ruzek Melanie , Schnute Mark E. , Douhan John
Published: June 2014

Inhibitors of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) possess much promise for the treatment of oncologic and autoimmune indications. However, our current knowledge of the role of BTK in immune competence has been gathered in the context of genetic inactivation of btk in both mice and man. Using the novel BTK inhibitor PF-303, we model the clinical phenotype of BTK inhibition by systematically examining the impact of PF-303 on the mature immune system in mice. We implicate BTK in tonic BCR signaling, demonstrate dependence of the T3 B cell subset and IgM surface expression on BTK activity, and find that B1 cells survive and function independently of BTK. Although BTK inhibition does not impact humoral memory survival, Ag-driven clonal expansion of memory B cells and Ab-secreting cell generation are inhibited. These data define the role of BTK in the mature immune system and mechanistically predict the clinical phenotype of chronic BTK inhibition.
Porcine Cathelicidins Efficiently Complex and Deliver Nucleic Acids to Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and Can Thereby Mediate Bacteria-Induced IFN-α Responses
Authors: Baumann Arnaud , Démoulins Thomas , Python Sylvie , Summerfield Artur
Published: June 2014

Cathelicidins constitute potent antimicrobial peptides characterized by a high cationic charge that enables strong interactions with nucleic acids. In fact, the only human cathelicidin LL-37 triggers rapid sensing of nucleic acids by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC). Among the porcine cathelicidins, phylogenetic analysis of the C-terminal mature peptide showed that porcine myeloid antimicrobial peptide (PMAP)-36 was the most closely related of the 11 porcine cathelicidins to human LL-37. Despite several investigations evaluating potent antimicrobial functions of porcine cathelicidins, nothing is known about their ability to promote pDC activation. We therefore investigated the capacity of the proline-arginine–rich 39-aa peptide, PMAP-23, PMAP-36, and protegrin-1 to complex with bacterial DNA or synthetic RNA molecules and facilitate pDC activation. We demonstrate that these peptides mediate a rapid and efficient uptake of nucleic acids within minutes, followed by robust IFN-α responses. The highest positively charged cathelicidin, PMAP-36, was found to be the most potent peptide tested for this effect. The peptide–DNA complexes were internalized and also found to associate with the cell membranes of pDC. The amphipathic conformation typical of PMAP-36 was not required for IFN-α induction in pDC. We also demonstrate that PMAP-36 can mediate IFN-α induction in pDC stimulated by Escherichia coli, which alone fail to activate pDC. This response was weaker with a scrambled PMAP-36, relating to its lower antimicrobial activity. Collectively, our data suggest that the antimicrobial and nucleic acid–complexing properties of cathelicidins can mediate pDC activation-promoting adaptive immune responses against microbial infections.
Coordinated Histone H3 Methylation and Acetylation Regulate Physiologic and Pathologic Fas Ligand Gene Expression in Human CD4+ T Cells
Authors: Ghare Smita S. , Joshi-Barve Swati , Moghe Akshata , Patil Madhuvanti , Barker David F. , Gobejishvili Leila , Brock Guy N. , Cave Matthew , McClain Craig J. , Barve Shirish S.
Published: June 2014

Activation-induced Fas ligand (FasL) mRNA expression in CD4+ T cells is mainly controlled at transcriptional initiation. To elucidate the epigenetic mechanisms regulating physiologic and pathologic FasL transcription, TCR stimulation–responsive promoter histone modifications in normal and alcohol-exposed primary human CD4+ T cells were examined. TCR stimulation of normal and alcohol-exposed cells led to discernible changes in promoter histone H3 lysine trimethylation, as documented by an increase in the levels of transcriptionally permissive histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation and a concomitant decrease in the repressive histone 3 lysine 9 trimethylation. Moreover, acetylation of histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9), a critical feature of the active promoter state that is opposed by histone 3 lysine 9 trimethylation, was significantly increased and was essentially mediated by the p300-histone acetyltransferase. Notably, the degree of these coordinated histone modifications and subsequent recruitment of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II were significantly enhanced in alcohol-exposed CD4+ T cells and were commensurate with the pathologic increase in the levels of FasL mRNA. The clinical relevance of these findings is further supported by CD4+ T cells obtained from individuals with a history of heavy alcohol consumption, which demonstrate significantly greater p300-dependent H3K9 acetylation and FasL expression. Overall, these data show that, in human CD4+ T cells, TCR stimulation induces a distinct promoter histone profile involving a coordinated cross-talk between histone 3 lysine 4 and H3K9 methylation and acetylation that dictates the transcriptional activation of FasL under physiologic, as well as pathologic, conditions of alcohol exposure.
Superimposed Epitopes Restricted by the Same HLA Molecule Drive Distinct HIV-Specific CD8+ T Cell Repertoires
Authors: Sun Xiaoming , Fujiwara Mamoru , Shi Yi , Kuse Nozomi , Gatanaga Hiroyuki , Appay Victor , Gao George F. , Oka Shinichi , Takiguchi Masafumi
Published: June 2014

Superimposed epitopes, in which a shorter epitope is embedded within a longer one, can be presented by the same HLA class I molecule. CD8+ CTL responses against such epitopes and the contribution of this phenomenon to immune control are poorly characterized. In this study, we examined HLA-A*24:02–restricted CTLs specific for the superimposed HIV Nef epitopes RYPLTFGWCF (RF10) and RYPLTFGW (RW8). Unexpectedly, RF10-specific and RW8-specific CTLs from HIV-1–infected HLA-A*24:02+ individuals had no overlapping Ag reactivity or clonotypic compositions. Single-cell TCR sequence analyses demonstrated that RF10-specific T cells had a more diverse TCR repertoire than did RW8-specific T cells. Furthermore, RF10-specific CTLs presented a higher Ag sensitivity and HIV suppressive capacity compared with RW8-specific CTLs. Crystallographic analyses revealed important structural differences between RF10– and RW8–HLA-A*24:02 complexes as well, with featured and featureless conformations, respectively, providing an explanation for the induction of distinct T cell responses against these epitopes. The present study shows that a single viral sequence containing superimposed epitopes restricted by the same HLA molecule could elicit distinct CD8+ T cell responses, therefore enhancing the control of HIV replication. This study also showed that a featured epitope (e.g., RF10) could drive the induction of T cells with high TCR diversity and affinity.
RETRACTION: Challenges of combined everolimus/endocrine therapy in hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer
Authors: Porta Camillo
Published: June 2014

To our readers:With deep regrets, we inform our Readers that the article Challenges of combined everolimus/endocrine therapy in hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/oncol.2014.236), which has been published Ahead of Print in the first issue of Oncology Reviews (2014), contains verbatim text plagiarized from another paper.1The manuscript must be considered as retracted. On behalf of the Editorial Board of Oncology Reviews, I apologize to the Author of the manuscript whose text was plagiarized by Y. Abubakr and Y. Albushra that this was not picked up in the peer review process. I also apologize to the affected journal for the violation of copyright due to plagiarism. Oncology Reviews is uncompromising in its commitment to scientific integrity. When credible evidence of misconduct is brought to our attention, our commitment to the scientific record and to our readership requires immediate notification. Oncology Reviews is increasingly employing sophisticated software to detect plagiarism. Other journals use similar tools. Authors should be aware that most journals routinely employ plagiarism detection software, and that any plagiarism is likely to be detected.Camillo Porta, Editor-in-Chief Oncology Reviews Reference 1. André F. Enhancing effectiveness of endocrine therapy in hormone receptor-positive advanced breast cancer. Medscape Education Oncology. CME Released: 05/24/2013; Valid for credit through 05/24/2014. http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/804496
Jump-Landing Mechanics After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Landing Error Scoring System Study
Authors: Bell David Robert , Smith Mason D. , Pennuto Anthony P. , Stiffler Mikel R. , Olson Matthew E.
Published: June 2014

Context:

The Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) is a clinical evaluation of jump-landing mechanics and may provide useful information in assisting with return-to-sport decisions in patients after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). However, it is currently unknown how patients with ACLR perform on the LESS compared with healthy controls.

Objective:

To determine if the total LESS score differed between individuals with ACLR and healthy controls and to determine the types of errors that differ between groups.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

Research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

A total of 27 individuals with unilateral ACLR (age = 19.8 ± 1.8 years, height = 170 ± 5.5 cm, mass = 68.8 ± 11.9 kg) and 27 controls (age = 20.5 ± 1.7 years, height = 169 ± 8.4 cm, mass = 66.6 ± 9.0 kg) with no history of ACLR.

Intervention(s):

Each participant completed 3 trials of a standardized jump-landing task.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Each jump landing was assessed for specific postures using standardized LESS criteria by a blinded evaluator. Individual LESS items were summed to create a total LESS score. The dominant limb was assessed in the control group, and the reconstructed limb was assessed in the ACLR group.

Results:

The ACLR group had higher LESS scores compared with controls (ACLR: 6.7 ± 2.1 errors, control: 5.6 ± 1.5 errors, P = .04). Additionally, the ACLR group was more likely to err when landing with lateral trunk flexion (Fisher exact test, P = .002).

Conclusions:

Individuals with ACLR had worse landing mechanics as measured by the LESS. Lateral trunk deviation may be related to quadriceps avoidance in the reconstructed limb or poor trunk neuromuscular control. The LESS is useful for evaluating landing errors in patients with ACLR and may help to identify areas of focus during rehabilitation and before return to sport.
African Primary Care Research: Writing a research report
Authors: Couper Ian , Mash Bob
Published: June 2014

Presenting a research report is an important way of demonstrating one’s ability to conduct research and is a requirement of most research-based degrees. Although known by various names across academic institutions, the structure required is mostly very similar, being based on the Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion format of scientific articles.This article offers some guidance on the process of writing, aimed at helping readers to start and to continue their writing; and to assist them in presenting a report that is received positively by their readers, including examiners. It also details the typical components of the research report, providing some guidelines for each, as well as the pitfalls to avoid.This article is part of a series on African Primary Care Research that aims to build capacity for research particularly at a Master’s level.
All Irrational Extended Rotation Algebras are AF Algebras
Authors: Elliott George A. , Niu Zhuang
Published: June 2014

Let θ ∊ [0, 1] be any irrational number. It is shown that the extended rotation algebra Bθ introduced by the authors in J. Reine Angew. Math. 665(2012), pp. 1–71, is always an AF algebra.
Letter to the editor. Mehendale Aw, Goldman MP, Mehendale RP: OPIOID Overuse Pain Syndrome (Oops): The story of opioids, Prometheus unbound. J Opioid Manag. 2013; 9(6): 421-438.
Authors: Manchikanti, MD Laxmaiah , Atluri, MD Sairam , Boswell, MD, PhD Mark V. , Hansen, MD Hans C. , Mehendale, MD Anand , Goldman, PhD Mark P. , Mehendale, BA Rachel P.
Published: June 2014

Author's response also included
It made my life a little easier: Primary care providers’ beliefs and attitudes about using opioid treatment agreements
Authors: Starrels, MD, MS Joanna L. , Wu, MS Bryan , Peyser, BA Deena , Fox, MD, MS Aaron D. , Batchelder, MA, MPH Abigail , Barg, PhD, MEd Frances K. , Arnsten, MD, MPH Julia H. , Cunningham, MD, MS Chinazo O.
Published: June 2014

Objective: To understand primary care providers (PCPs)’ experiences, beliefs, and attitudes about using opioid treatment agreements (OTAs) for patients with chronic pain.Design: Qualitative research study. Participants: Twenty-eight internists and family medicine physicians at two health centers.Approach: Semistructured telephone interviews, informed by the Integrative Model of Behavioral Prediction. Themes were analyzed using a Grounded Theory approach, and similarities and differences in themes were examined among OTA adopters, nonadopters, and selective adopters.Results: Participants were 64 percent female and 68 percent white, and practiced for a mean of 9.5 years. Adoption of OTAs varied: seven were adopters, five were nonadopters, and 16 were selective adopters. OTA adoption reflected PCPs’ beliefs and attitudes in the following three thematic categories: 1) perceived effect of OTA use on the therapeutic alliance, 2) beliefs about the utility of OTAs for patients or providers, and 3) perception of patients’ risk for opioid misuse. PCPs commonly believed that OTAs were useful for physician self-protection, but few believed that they prevent opioid misuse. Selective adopters expressed ambivalent beliefs and made decisions about OTA use for individual patients based on both observed data and a subjective sense of each patient’s risk for misuse.Conclusions: Substantial variability in PCP use of OTAs reflects differences in PCP beliefs and attitudes. Research to understand the impact of OTA use on providers, patients, and the therapeutic alliance is urgently needed to guide best practices.
Analysis of feedbacks between nucleation rate, survival probability and cloud condensation nuclei formation
Authors: Westervelt D. M. , Pierce J. R. , Adams P. J.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Aerosol nucleation is an important source of particle number in the atmosphere. However, in order to become cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), freshly nucleated particles must undergo significant condensational growth while avoiding coagulational scavenging. In an effort to quantify the contribution of nucleation to CCN, this work uses the GEOS-Chem-TOMAS global aerosol model to calculate changes in CCN concentrations against a broad range of nucleation rates and mechanisms. We then quantify the factors that control CCN formation from nucleation, including daily nucleation rates, growth rates, coagulation sinks, condensation sinks, survival probabilities, and CCN formation rates, in order to examine feedbacks that may limit growth of nucleated particles to CCN. Nucleation rate parameterizations tested in GEOS-Chem-TOMAS include ternary nucleation (with multiple tuning factors), activation nucleation (with two pre-factors), binary nucleation, and ion-mediated nucleation. We find that nucleation makes a significant contribution to boundary layer CCN(0.2%), but this contribution is only modestly sensitive to the choice of nucleation scheme, ranging from 49 to 78% increase in concentrations over a control simulation with no nucleation. Moreover, a two order-of-magnitude increase in the globally averaged nucleation rate (via changes to tuning factors) results in small changes (less than 10%) to global CCN(0.2%) concentrations. To explain this, we present a simple theory showing that survival probability has an exponentially decreasing dependence on the square of the condensation sink. This functional form stems from a negative correlation between condensation sink and growth rate and a positive correlation between condensation sink and coagulational scavenging. Conceptually, with a fixed condensable vapor budget (sulfuric acid and organics), any increase in CCN concentrations due to higher nucleation rates necessarily entails an increased aerosol surface area in the accumulation mode, resulting in a higher condensation sink, which lowers vapor concentrations and growth rates. As a result, slowly growing nuclei are exposed to a higher frequency of coagulational scavenging for a longer period of time, thus reducing their survival probabilities and closing a negative feedback loop that dampens the impact of nucleation on CCN. We confirm quantitatively that the decreases in survival probability predicted by GEOS-Chem-TOMAS due to higher nucleation rates are in accordance with this simple theory of survival probability.
Linear trends in cloud top height from passive observations in the oxygen A-band
Authors: Lelli L. , Kokhanovsky A. A. , Rozanov V. V. , Vountas M. , Burrows J. P.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Measurements by the hyperspectral spectrometers GOME, SCIAMACHY and GOME-2 are used to determine the rate of linear change (and trends) in cloud top height (CTH) in the period between June 1996 and May 2012. The retrievals are obtained from Top-Of-Atmosphere (TOA) backscattered solar light in the oxygen A-band using the Semi-Analytical CloUd Retrieval Algorithm SACURA. The physical framework relies on the asymptotic equations of radiative transfer, valid for optically thick clouds. Using linear least-squares techniques, a global trend of −1.78 ± 2.14 m yr−1 in deseasonalized CTH has been found, in the latitude belt within ±60°, with diverging tendencies over land (+0.27 ± 3.2 m yr−1) and ocean (−2.51 ± 2.8 m yr−1). The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), strongly coupled to CTH, forces clouds to lower altitudes. The global ENSO-corrected trend in CTH amounts to −0.49 ± 2.22 m yr−1. At a global scale, no explicit regional pattern of statistically significant trends (at 95% confidence level, estimated with bootstrap technique) have been found, which would be representative of typical natural synoptical features. One exception is North Africa, which exhibits the strongest upward trend in CTH sustained by an increasing trend in water vapour.
Development of a 10 year (2001–2010) 0.1° dataset of land-surface energy balance for mainland China
Authors: Chen X. , Su Z. , Ma Y. , Liu S. , Yu Q. , Xu Z.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. In the absence of high resolution estimates of the components of surface energy balance for China, we developed an algorithm based on the surface energy balance system (SEBS) to generate a dataset of land-surface energy and water fluxes on a monthly time scale from 2001 to 2010 at a 0.1° × 0.1° spatial resolution by using multi-satellite and meteorological forcing data. A remote-sensing-based method was developed to estimate canopy height, which was used to calculate roughness length and flux dynamics. The land-surface flux dataset was validated against "ground-truth" observations from 11 flux tower stations in China. The estimated fluxes correlate well with the stations' measurements for different vegetation types and climatic conditions (average bias = 15.3 W m−2, RMSE = 26.4 W m−2). The quality of the data product was also assessed against the GLDAS dataset. The results show that our method is efficient for producing a high-resolution dataset of surface energy flux for the Chinese landmass from satellite data. The validation results demonstrate that more accurate downward long-wave radiation datasets are needed to be able to accurately estimate turbulent fluxes and evapotranspiration when using the surface energy balance model. Trend analysis of land-surface radiation and energy exchange fluxes revealed that the Tibetan Plateau has undergone relatively stronger climatic change than other parts of China during the last 10 years. The capability of the dataset to provide spatial and temporal information on water-cycle and land–atmosphere interactions for the Chinese landmass is examined. The product is free to download for studies of the water cycle and environmental change in China.
Evaluation of OMI operational standard NO2 column retrievals using in situ and surface-based NO2 observations
Authors: Lamsal L. N. , Krotkov N. A. , Celarier E. A. , Swartz W. H. , Pickering K. E. , Bucsela E. J. , Martin R. V. , Philip S. , Irie H. , Cede A. , Herman J. , Weinheimer A. , Szykman J. J. , Knepp T. N.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. We assess the standard operational nitrogen dioxide (NO2) data product (OMNO2, version 2.1) retrieved from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) onboard NASA's Aura satellite using a combination of aircraft and surface in situ measurements as well as ground-based column measurements at several locations and a bottom-up NOx emission inventory over the continental US. Despite considerable sampling differences, NO2 vertical column densities from OMI are modestly correlated (r = 0.3–0.8) with in situ measurements of tropospheric NO2 from aircraft, ground-based observations of NO2 columns from MAX-DOAS and Pandora instruments, in situ surface NO2 measurements from photolytic converter instruments, and a bottom-up NOx emission inventory. Overall, OMI retrievals tend to be lower in urban regions and higher in remote areas, but generally agree with other measurements to within ± 20%. No consistent seasonal bias is evident. Contrasting results between different data sets reveal complexities behind NO2 validation. Monthly mean vertical NO2 profile shapes from the Global Modeling Initiative (GMI) chemistry-transport model (CTM) used in the OMI retrievals are highly consistent with in situ aircraft measurements, but these measured profiles exhibit considerable day-to-day variation, affecting the retrieved daily NO2 columns by up to 40%. This assessment of OMI tropospheric NO2 columns, together with the comparison of OMI-retrieved and model-simulated NO2 columns, could offer diagnostic evaluation of the model.
Arctic low-level boundary layer clouds: in-situ measurements and simulations of mono- and bimodal supercooled droplet size distributions at the cloud top layer
Authors: Klingebiel M. , de Lozar A. , Molleker S. , Weigel R. , Roth A. , Schmidt L. , Meyer J. , Ehrlich A. , Neuber R. , Wendisch M. , Borrmann S.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Aircraft borne optical in-situ size distribution measurements were performed within Arctic boundary layer clouds, with a special emphasis on the cloud top layer, during the VERtical Distribution of Ice in Arctic Clouds (VERDI) campaign. The observations were carried out within a joint research activity of seven German institutes to investigate Arctic boundary layer-, mixed-phase clouds in April and May 2012. An instrumented Basler BT-67 research aircraft operated out of Inuvik over the Mackenzie River delta and the Beaufort Sea in the Northwest Territories of Canada. Besides the cloud particle and hydrometeor size spectrometers the aircraft was equipped with instrumentation for aerosol, radiation and other parameters. Inside the cloud, droplet size distributions with monomodal shapes were observed for predominantly liquid-phase Arctic stratocumulus. With increasing altitude inside the cloud the droplet mean diameters grew from 10 μm to 20 μm. In the upper transition zone (i.e. adjacent to the cloud-free air aloft) changes from monomodal to bimodal droplet size distributions were observed. It is shown that droplets of both modes co-exist in the same (small) air volume and the bimodal shape of the measured size distributions cannot be explained as an observational artifact caused by accumulating two droplet populations from different air volumes. The formation of a second size mode can be explained by (a) entrainment and activation/condensation of fresh aerosol particles, or (b) by differential evaporation processes occurring with cloud droplets engulfed in different eddies. Activation of entrained particles seemed a viable possibility as a layer of dry Arctic enhanced background aerosol was detected directly above the stratus cloud might form a second mode of small cloud droplets. However, theoretical considerations and a model simulation revealed that, instead, turbulent mixing and evaporation of larger droplets most likely are the main reasons for the formation of the second droplet size mode in the uppermost region of the clouds.