bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Contribution of Poultry, Swine and Rabbit Production to the Short-term Solution of Meat Scarcity in Nigeria
Authors: Obioha F. C.
Published: March 2021

THE current public concern about meat shortage in Nigeria is a clear indication that the endemic animal protein deficiency which Nutritionists had long diagnosed at the nutrient level, is now being felt at the commodity level. Estimates on the animal protein intake in Nigeria vary between 7 gm and 8.27 gm. A short-term strategy to narrow this gap has to involve a rapid expansion in the production of those farm animals which are known to possess a high level of biological and economic efficiency in their production. Other important considerations are fecundity, maturity rate, generation interval and general acceptability of the animal products. From these considerations poultry, pigs and rabbits emerge as having unquestionable propensity for this objective. Proposals are made for the immediate establishment of an urban poultry in every state and urban piggeries in ten southern states of Nigeria. These additional sources of animal protein are estimated to add about 2 gm to the present animal protein intake, and as such cannot be claimed to provide all the solutions. Other potent sources of animal protein, particularly the importation of dry fish should be expanded Above all, the Governments of the Federation should explore means of involving the masses in the production of their own meat along similar lines with the poultry revolution of the early sixties in the then Eastern Region or the current food drive in Bendel State.
Supplying Fish to Combat Meat Shortage
Authors: Dada B. F.
Published: March 2021

No abstract
Household Livestock in the Eruwa District of the Ibarapa Division, Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Sellers K. G. , Dipeolu O. O. , Falade S. , Babalola R.
Published: March 2021

NUMBERS of sheep, goats, pigs, chicken, dogs and cats classified as adult males, adult females and young were counted in Eruwa Ibarapa Division, Oyo State, Nigeria and its associated villages during July and August 1974. Counts involved a total of 1975 households, 769 in the town and 506 in the villages; 9.42 per cent kept sheep, 58.44 per cent goats, 4.32 per cent pigs, 88.00 per cent chickens, 28.16 per cent dogs and 27.38 per cent cats. Means of animals per town household were 4.59 sheep, 3.58 goats, 11.95 pigs, 14.73 chickens, 1.89 dogs and 1.62 cats; means per village household were 6.75 sheep, 5.01 goats, no pigs, 17.60 chickens, 2.0r dogs and 1.81 cats, The investigation has provided a sampling frame from which samples can be drawn for specific investigations and continuing surveillances.
The Potential Significance of Biting Midge (Culicoides Latrielle) Population in Nigeria
Authors: Ogunrinade A. F.
Published: March 2021

CULICOIDES species are well-known as troublesome biters and transmitters of various diseases to man and animals. Surveys in Nigeria show Culicoides species to be well distributed throughout the vegetational zones. The possible direct and indirect effects of such a distribution on production are discussed.
Endogenous Losses of Nitrogen and Protein Requirement for Maintenance of Sheep
Authors: Adegbola T. A. , Mba A. U. , Olubajo F. O.
Published: March 2021

FOUR fistulated and four intact West African dwarf Sheep, maintained on hay and concentrate supplements were used for a study of metabolic faecal nitrogen (MEN) endogenous urinary nitrogen (EUN). The composition of the faecal losses was examined. The values obtained enabled calculation of nitrogen requirement of the sheep for maintenance, as well as the value of the experimental rations in the nutrition of the sheep. Values of MFN obtained by two methods were 3.31 and 3.10 g/kg Dry matter (DM) intake. Endogenous urinary nitrogen value was 0.024 g/day per metabolic weight (Wkg0.75.) Analysis of the faeces of the sheep showed that 21.1% of faecal nitrogen (N) were present as microbial and endogenous nitrogen (MEN) and 17.3% was present as water-soluble nitrogen. The biological values (BV) of the rations ranged from 85.7% to 100.0% and the digestibility for maintenance, were 1.20 and 0.41 g/day/Wkg 0.75 during the feeding trials. Values obtained for endogenous N losses and N requirement for low maintenance were low compared with reported values and this may indicate adaptation of the dwarf sheep for survival under inadequate dietary protein supply.
Influence of Spacing on Performance of Elephant Grass (Pennisetum Purpureurm Schum) during the Year of Establishment in the Northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria
Authors: Akinola J. O.
Published: March 2021

A STUDY was conducted using a split-plot design to determine the effect of within-row spacings of 90, 60 and 30cm at a constant 60cm inter-row distance on the forage yield and growth components of two elephant grass varieties, "Shika" and "Ngala", during establishment, at Shika in the northern guinea savanna of Nigeria. With closer spacing, dry matter (DM) yield increased from 11300 kg to 16700 kg /ha and 12300kg to 15300 kg/ha whilst crude protein (CP) yield increased from 517 kg to 644 kg/ha and 600 kg to 698 kg/ha, for "Shika" and "Ngala", respectively, during the wet season when most of the annual growth occurred. The data suggest that "Shika" was more sensitive to denser planting than "Ngala". The stem and the green leaf made the greatest contribution to forage yield during the growing season. However, the green leaf accounted for a greater proportion of yield during the dry season when DM production fell drastically and crude protein content attained a peak. Considerable stand mortality occasioned early July-planted "Ngala" and this provides evidence that it would not be beneficial to establish this more succulent variety at Shika until ample rainfall has been received during the growing season. The low DM content of 18 per cent in 2.6 m tall "Ngala" suggests that successful ensilage of this crop would necessitate pre-wilting. Wider spacing resulted in lower herbage yield and significantly greater weed competition.
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT STORAGE CONDITIONS ON THE COMPOSITION AND KEEPING QUALITY OF PROCESSED MILK
Authors: Olaloku E. A. , Fagbohun A. F.
Published: March 2021

Samples of four major brands of tinned evaporated milk purchased from the local markets in Ibadan and cartons of pasteurized fresh milk from the Iwo Road dairy were left sealed or unsealed after opening. The samples were then stored on the shelf, in a bowl of water or in a refrigerator (storage conditions commonly used in many Nigerian homes). At 0, 24, and 48 hours, the samples were assessed for percentage fat and protein as well as bacterial quality using the plate count and the dye reduction tests. The results showed that percentage milk fat remained unchanged after 48 hours of storage under the different conditions. Changes in percentage milk  protein were also minor. Keeping quality in terms of total counts and dye reduction times, were poorest under shelf storage and best under refrigeration. Sealing the samples resulted in better keeping quality.
AN ABATTOIR STUDY OF BOVINE MASTITIS IN INDIGENOUS BREEDS OF CATTLE IN NIGERIA
Authors: Olufemi B. E.
Published: March 2021

An abattoir survey of the macroscopic examination of the udder of cattle was carried out on, 2,392 heads of cattle originating from different states in Nigeria. 38.75% of these were female animals. The overall incidence of bovine mastitis was 12.30%. Majority of the confirmed cases were aged cows, (70.18%). The view was expressed that the White Fulani breed offers tremendous potential for the dairy industry in Nigeria.
FEED UTILIZATION AND THE COMPOSITION OF ORGANS OF THREE STRAINS OF LAYING HENS FED CONSTANT ZINC AND VARYING LEVELS OF CALCIUM
Authors: Ogunmodede B. K. , Ijagbuji E. G.
Published: March 2021

At about 16 mg, zinc per 100 gm of diet feed consumed by laying hens increased until a level of 2.0% dietary calcium. Increasing the dietary calcium to 2.0% also stimulated more egg production. When less than 2.0% dietary calcium was fed more feed was required to produce a dozen egg and the eggs were of small sizes. The egg shell strength and the bone calcium were improved when at least 2.0% dietary calcium was given to the laying hen. These results were correlated with tissue accumulation of zinc thus establishing that for profitable egg production in the tropics 2.0% dietary calcium is required when 16 mg zinc per 100 grains of feed is given
INTAKE AND DISTRIBUTION OF ENERGY IN MILK, BODY TISSUE AND FAECES OF LACTATING WHITE FULANI (BUNAJI) ZEBU CATTLE AT IBADAN
Authors: Olaloku E. A.
Published: March 2021

The daily gross energy intake, milk production, faecal output and liveweight changes of two sets of 16 White Fulani (Bunaji) Zebu Cattle, designated Groups A and B sub-divided into four stages of lactation were measured in feeding trials over a period of 16 week. Group A received supplementary concentrates at pasture whilst B received no supplementation. Relating energy output as milk, body tissue and faeces to the gross energy consumed, showed that faecal energy accounted for 37.97 to 38.61 percent of the losses for Group A and 34.76 to 37.43 percent in Group B. Energy output in milk averaged 6.89 to 10.21 percent of gross consumed for Group A and only 4.25 to 5.85 percent for Group B. Energy deposited as body tissue was low, averaging 1.18 to 1.92 percent for Group A cows and 0.14 to 0.67% for Group B
REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF INDIGENOUS SHEEP AND THEIR CROSSES
Authors: Adu I. F. , Brinckman W. L. , Kuteyi I. S.
Published: March 2021

THE reproductive performance of the indigenous Uda and Yankasa Sheep and their crosses with Suffolk were studied using data from 661 ewes bred, 791 lambs born and 614 lambs weaned. Single lambs survived better from birth to weaning than twin lambs. For the indigenous purebred mating, the Yankasa were fertile while the Udas were more prolific. Fertility, livability and overall production efficiency were generally higher in the crossbreds than for the indigenous breeds. Single lambs and ram lambs were heavier at birth and at Weaning than twin lambs and ewe lambs respectively. On the whole, crossbreeding seems to have improved the performance of the indigenous breed in terms of the indices of production reported in this study.
PUBERAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE NIGERIAN DWARF SHEEP
Authors: Orji B. I. , Steinbach J.
Published: March 2021

Testicular measurements were made on the testis of 47 ram lambs aged between 2 and 36 weeks and 4 to 14kg body weight in situ and after excision, with a view to assessing both the growth and development of the testis and how closely the actual measurements on the excised testis could be approximated by those made on the testis of live rams. The results showed that the measurements made on the live animals were very closely related to the actual measurements on the excised testis but that the precision in this improved with increase in size of the testis. Testis growth could be adequately monitored by linear measurements of the circumference, width and length of the testis.
SARCOPTIC MANGE IN PIGS IN IBADAN
Authors: Oduye O. O. , Soremekun A. O. , Olufemi B. E.
Published: March 2021

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A NOTE ON THE EFFECT OF FEEDING DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PROTEIN ON THE GROWTH OF WEANED CALVES ON PASTURE
Authors: Umoh J. E.
Published: March 2021

IN the experiment reported, the effect of feeding different levels of protein, on the performance of young growing calves on pasture, was investigated. Thirty-six calves, mainly Friesian x Bunaji Zebu crosses, of age 3 - 4 months were divided into 3 groups for the concentrate treatments used. The 3 treatments were high protein: low grain feed (HPF), medium protein: medium grain feed (MPF) and low protein: high grain feed (LPF). The dietary protein: grain levels were obtained by mixing groundnut cake (GNC) and sorghum grain, by weight, in the ratios of 75:25; 50:50; and 25:75; respectively. Calves received 1kg DM of concentrate mixture plus free access to Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) grazing. The average daily live-weight gains of calves were 0.84, 0.75 and 0.87kg for treatments 1,2 and 3 respectively. These did not differ significantly when tested statistically. The results indicate that the lowest of the three protein levels was adequate for the calves for optimum performance in this experiment.
The Application of the Immunoperoxidase (IP) Antibody Technique for the Etiological Diagnosis of Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) in Chickens
Authors: Okeke E. N. , Lang G.
Published: March 2021

The Indirect IP – technique was employed in demonstrating a site where IBD antigen reacted with Its untbody in IBD-affected barya of Fabricius. In the, rabbit - wot-chicken IgG, which was conjugated to borwer dish peroxidase, was used as the Immunochemical tracers of the antigen-antibody la teraction between IBD chicken underum wad wc tions of bursa of Fabricius (BF) from IBD infected chicken. The technical details were examined and compared with the immunofluorescent (IF) and body technique. The IP – technique was simpler to perform, gave permanently stained specimens, and was answer to interpret because it was less subject to background staining than the IF - technique However both the IP and the IF — techniques were of equal diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. Some attempts made to use the IP - technique for detecting IBD teld virus isolates in cell-culture solatoh yarns were unsuccessful. The IP - technique was, however, capable of demonstrating vll-culture adapted IBD viruses lo cell monotavers.
Feed Intake and Nutrient Utilization by Three Breeds of Cattle
Authors: Ikhatua U. J. , Olubajo F. O.
Published: March 2021

Two feeding and digestibility trials were carried out to investigate the effects of groundnut cake (GNC) supplementation on feed intake, DM digestibility, nutrient utilization and liveweight gain of three breeds of cattle fed on all-roughage rations (hay and fresh grass) of Cynodon nlemfuensis var robustus. The results showed a decrease in mean DM intake of the basal ration by approximately 13.14%; 1.9% and 6.4% and an increase in total dry matter intake (basal + GNC supplement) of approximately 0.42%), 11.56% and 11.04% for the indigenous, crosses and exotic animals respectively. The results also showed non-significent increases in the apparent digestibilities of the nutrients. Both the total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) kg/W0.75 and Metabolizable Energy (ME) Kcal/W0.75 intake by the three breeds of cattle were increased with supplementation and mean daily liveweight increased by 18.92%, 13.15% and 16.27% respectively.
DEVELOPMENT OF HAIR AND OTHER EXTERNAL FEATURES IN PRENATAL ZEBU CATTLE AS AIDS IN FETAL AGEING
Authors: Ojo S. A.
Published: March 2021

THE sequence and rate of hair growth studied in 150 fetuses, 100 to 231 days of age, from slaughtered Rahaji, Bunaji and Wadara cows. Initial appearance of the following external features were observed in embryo and fetuses from day 24 to 230 gestation: limb buds, mammary ridge, olfactory pits, eyes, eyelids, facial closure, intradigital grooves, ear pinnae, genital tubercle, teats, scrotum, testicular descent, hoof formation, boro buds, teeth eruption, fusion of hard palate, carpal and patella separation, and meconium detection, pattern of hair growth was founded to be indecisive as an aid to ageing Zebu fetuses. Initial appearance of certain external features could serve as a rough but quick ageing guide.
ANALISIS MIKROBIOLOGI JAJANAN MINUMAN DI SEKITAR SEKOLAH DASAR PADA WILAYAH JEMURWONOSARI, SURABAYA
Authors: Prayekti Endah
Published: March 2021

Snack as food and beverages, present vastly in Surabaya. Start from street vendor to famous stores. The distribution of these snacks trader often found in schools, from primary to high school. Common problems from these food dan baverages sales is their hygine. With a low sales price, other raised problem are the using of raws material for snack production which lead to hazard microbial contamination. This reaserch aim is to monitors the quality of beverages on microbiology that been sold in around primary school of Jemur Wonosari District, Surabaya. Two microbiology parameters that been analize were coliform bacterial and Escherichia coli number. Beverages sample that been used were 9 samples, then analize using most propable number using 15 tube series. The Results then analize descriptively. From 9 samples, all were exceed the standar quality according to Kepmenkes RI No.492/MENKES/PER/2010.
POTENSI SARI LIDAH BUAYA DAN SARI LEMON DALAM MEREDUKSI FORMALIN PADA TAHU
Authors: Daniela Connie , Rusmarilin Herla , Sinaga Hotnida
Published: March 2021

Formalin compounds that are carcinogenic, but often used as preservative tofu to extanding shelf life. This study aims to determine the effect of concentration and duration immersion of aloe vera and lemon in reducing formalin. Tofu first soaked 5% formalin then added aloe vera and lemon juices. This experiment used completely randomized design consisting of two factors, concentration of aloe vera and lemon juices, 100%:0%, 80%:20%, 60%:40%, 40%:60%, 20%:80%, 0%:100% and immersion time 30, 60, 90 (minutes) and completely nonfactorial design, treatment for storage duration 0, 3, 6, 9 (days). The parameters used are formalin test using HPLC, protein, and total microbes. The sample on storage treatment is the greatest formaldehyde reduction. Formaldehyde, protein, total microbes, of tofu 5% formalin soaked 84.214 mg/kg, 3,7939%, 1,6x104 (cfu/ml). The best treatment in decreasing formalin content is 100% aloe vera with 90 minute immersion, the remainder of formalin 28.678 ppm or 67% decreased levels of formalin in tofu, 5,5815% protein, total microbes 0, 3, 6, and 9 (days) were 7,0x104, 1,8x105, 9,3x105, and 1,5x106 (cfu/ml). Aloe vera contains saponins that act as surfactants capable of reducing formaldehyde to tofu.
DAYA BUNUH EKSTRAK DAUN TOMAT (Solanum lycopersicum L.) TERHADAP LARVA NYAMUK Aedes aegypti
Authors: Santoso Setyo Dwi , Chamid Abdul , Pratiwi Dwi Viddi Kusuma
Published: March 2021

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a very dangerous disease, caused by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. One alternative to controlling Aedes aegypti mosquitoes is to use insecticides. But it would be much better if the insecticides used are natural and environmentally friendly, one of them by using Tomato Leaf Extract (Solanum lycopersicum l.). Tomato leaves contain chemical compounds class Alkaloids and Saponins and can serve as anti larvacide. This research is a laboratory experiment which aims to find out the effect of tomato leaf extract (Solanum lycopersicum L.) activity on the death of III instar larvae of Aedes aegypti mosquito. the effectiveness of samples on Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae by treatment of variation of extract concentration 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1% with repetition 2 times. In the results of research showed that the smallest concentration that can kill Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae is 0.6% at 16 hours and probit analysis showed that significance is 0,608 greater than intercept 0.003, it shows that the extract of tomato leaves affects the death of III instar larvae of Aedes aegypti mosquito.
IDENTIFIKASI Staphylococcus aureus DAN HITUNG TOTAL JUMLAH KUMAN PADA BAKPIA KACANG HIJAU
Authors: Lestari Richa Dwi , Ekawati Evy Ratnasari , Suryanto Imam
Published: March 2021

Kue bakpia merupakan kue tradisional yang dikenal di beberapa daerah di Indonesia. Kue bakpia terbuat dari bahan-bahan seperti terigu, minyak sayur, gula halus, air dan garam. Isian dari kue bakpia ini umumnya adalah kacang hijau. Bakpia ada dua jenis, yaitu bakpia basah dan bakpia kering. Daya tahan dari bakpia basah dan bakpia kering berbeda. Bakpia basah bertahan sampai empat hari dan bakpia kering dapat bertahan hingga tiga minggu, terkadang juga kurang dari seharusnya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui adanya kontaminasi kuman Staphylococcus aureus dan menghitung jumlah total kuman dengan metode ALT pada kue bakpia basah. Hasil pemeriksaan identifikasi kuman Staphylococcus aureus terhadap 5 (lima) sampel bakpia kacang hijau basah didapatkan 2 (dua) sampel, yaitu sampel BP3 dan BP4 terkontaminasi Staphylococcus aureus. Sedangkan dari hasil hitung total jumlah kuman pada 5 (lima) kue bakpia kacang hijau basah belum memenuhi Standart Nasional Indonesia (SNI 7388:2009) tentang pangan, khususnya bakpia kacang hijau dengan batas maksimum cemarannya adalah 1 x 104 cfu/g sampel.
MIKROORGANISME PENDEGRADASI TPH (TOTAL PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON) SEBAGAI AGEN BIOREMEDIASI TANAH TERCEMAR MINYAK BUMI (Review Article)
Authors: Handrianto Prasetyo
Published: March 2021

Exploitation and exploration activities will produce sewage sludge and crude oil spills that cause pollution to the environment and upgrading to the environment, biology and soil chemistry. Monitoring of oil pollution conditions on the soil can be done by detection of all hydrocarbon components, or what is called the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH). According to its components, this total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) can be classified into 3 points, aliphatic, alicyclic, and aromatic. One of the biological efforts that can be used to overcome petroleum pollution is by using bioremediation technology. There are several methods in bioremediation, one of which is the biostimulation method, where the growth of the original hydrocarbon decomposers is stimulated by adding nutrients, oxygen, pH optimization and temperature. Hydrocarbonoclastic microorganisms have characteristic not possessed by other microorganisms, namely their ability to excrete hydroxylase enzymes, which are hydrocarbon oxidizing enzymes, so that these bacteria can degrade petroleum hydrocarbons. Biodegradation can be formed if there is a structural transformation so that cahnges in molecular integrity occur. This process is a series of enzymatic or biochemical reaction that require ideal environmental conditions with the growth and proliferation of microorganisms. Something that need to be known before remediation are pollutants (organic or inorganic), degraded/ not, dangerous/ not, how many pollutants pollute the soil, the ratio of carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), and phophorus (P), soil type, soil conditions (wet dry), and how long pollutants have been deposited in these locations
IDENTIFIKASI Salmonella sp. Dan Staphylococcus aureus Serta HITUNG JUMLAH TOTAL BAKTERI PADA MARGARIN
Authors: Martanda Fines Dwi
Published: March 2021

Margarine is a product of emulsion, both semisolid and liquid made from vegetable fats. The composition of margarine includes fats, water, vitamins A and vitamin E as well as other ingredients. At SNI 7388:2009 on the maximum limit of microbial contamination there are some bacteria that are often found in foodstuffs margarine including Salmonella sp. and Staphylococcus aureus. Salmonellasp. bacteria can lead to deman enteric, diarrhea, nausea, stomach cramps. Staphylococcus aureusbacteria are the most frequently used agents to cause skin sepsis, enteric infections, septic and pneumonia. The purpose of research is to know the contamination of Salmonella sp. and Staphylococcus aureus as well as ALT bacteria in margarine. The method used is laboratory experiments. From the results of the identification of 10 samples of Salmonella sp. and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. As well as the result ALT bacteria meet the quality requirements of margarine.
Vertical dependence of horizontal variation of cloud microphysics: observations from the ACE-ENA field campaign and implications for warm-rain simulation in climate models
Authors: Zhang Zhibo , Song Qianqian , Mechem David B. , Larson Vincent E. , Wang Jian , Liu Yangang , Witte Mikael K. , Dong Xiquan , Wu Peng
Published: March 2021

Abstract. In the current global climate models (GCMs), the nonlinearity effect of
subgrid cloud variations on the parameterization of warm-rain process, e.g.,
the autoconversion rate, is often treated by multiplying the resolved-scale
warm-rain process rates by a so-called enhancement factor (EF). In this
study, we investigate the subgrid-scale horizontal variations and
covariation of cloud water content (qc) and cloud droplet number
concentration (Nc) in marine boundary layer (MBL) clouds based on the
in situ measurements from a recent field campaign and study the implications
for the autoconversion rate EF in GCMs. Based on a few carefully selected
cases from the field campaign, we found that in contrast to the enhancing
effect of qc and Nc variations that tends to make EF > 1, the strong positive correlation between qc and Nc results in a
suppressing effect that tends to make EF < 1. This effect is
especially strong at cloud top, where the qc and Nc correlation can
be as high as 0.95. We also found that the physically complete EF that
accounts for the covariation of qc and Nc is significantly smaller
than its counterpart that accounts only for the subgrid variation of
qc, especially at cloud top. Although this study is based on limited
cases, it suggests that the subgrid variations of Nc and its
correlation with qc both need to be considered for an accurate
simulation of the autoconversion process in GCMs.
Biodegradation by bacteria in clouds: an underestimated sink for some organics in the atmospheric multiphase system
Authors: Khaled Amina , Zhang Minghui , Amato Pierre , Delort Anne-Marie , Ervens Barbara
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Water-soluble organic compounds represent a significant fraction
of total atmospheric carbon. The main oxidants towards them in the gas and
aqueous phases are OH and NO3 radicals. In addition to chemical
solutes, a great variety of microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, viruses, fungi)
have been identified in cloud water. Previous lab studies suggested that for
some organics, biodegradation by bacteria in water is comparable to their
loss by chemical processes. We perform model sensitivity studies over large
ranges of biological and chemical process parameters using a box model with
a detailed atmospheric multiphase chemical mechanism and biodegradation
processes to explore the importance of biodegradation of organics in the
aqueous phase. Accounting for the fact that only a small number fraction of
cloud droplets (∼0.0001–0.001) contains active bacterial cells, we consider only a few bacteria-containing droplets in the model cloud. We demonstrate that biodegradation might be most efficient for water-soluble organic gases with intermediate solubility (∼104≤KH(eff) [M atm−1] ≤106, e.g., formic and acetic acids). This can be explained by the transport limitation due to evaporation of organics from bacteria-free droplets to the gas phase, followed by the dissolution into bacteria-containing droplets. For
cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)-derived compounds, such as dicarboxylic acids, the upper limit of
organic loss by biodegradation can be approximated by the amount of organics dissolved in the bacteria-containing droplets (<0.1 %). We
compare results from our detailed drop-resolved model to simplified model
approaches, in which (i) either all cloud droplets are assumed to contain
the same cell concentration (0.0001–0.001 cell per droplet), or (ii) only droplets with intact bacterial cells are considered in the cloud (liquid water content ∼10-11 vol / vol). Conclusions based on these approaches generally overestimate the role of biodegradation, particularly for highly water-soluble organic gases. Our model sensitivity studies suggest that current atmospheric multiphase chemistry models are incomplete for organics with intermediate solubility and high bacterial activity.
Effectiveness of emission control in reducing PM2.5 pollution in central China during winter haze episodes under various potential synoptic controls
Authors: Yan Yingying , Zhou Yue , Kong Shaofei , Lin Jintai , Wu Jian , Zheng Huang , Zhang Zexuan , Song Aili , Bai Yongqing , Ling Zhang , Liu Dantong , Zhao Tianliang
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Currently, mitigating severe particle pollution in autumn and winter is
the key to further improving the air quality of China. The source
contributions and transboundary transport of fine particles
(PM2.5) in pollution episodes are closely related to large-scale
or synoptic-scale atmospheric circulation. How to effectively reduce emissions to control haze pollution under different synoptic
conditions is
rarely reported. In this study, we classify the synoptic conditions over
central China from 2013 to 2018 by using Lamb–Jenkinson method and the
National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for
Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) Final (FNL) operational global analysis data. The effectiveness of
emission control to reduce PM2.5 pollution during winter haze episodes
under potential synoptic controls is simulated by GEOS-Chem model. Among the
10 identified synoptic patterns, four types account for 87 % of the total
pollution days. Two typical synoptic modes are characterized by
low surface wind speed and stable weather conditions or high relative
humidity (A or C type) over central China due to a high-pressure system or a
southwest trough and low-pressure system, blocking pollutants dispersion.
Sensitivity simulations show that these two heavy pollution processes are
mainly contributed by local emission sources with ∼82 % for
A type and ∼85 % for C type, respectively. The other two
patterns lead to pollution of transport characteristics affected by
northerly or southerly winds (NW or SW type), carrying air pollution from
northern or southern China to central China. The contribution of pollution
transmission from northern and southern China is 36.9 % and 7.6 %, respectively of PM2.5, and
local emission sources contribute 41 % and 69 %, respectively. We also estimate the
effectiveness of emission reduction in these four typical severe pollution
synoptic processes. By only reducing SO2 and NOx emission and not
controlling NH3, the enhanced nitrate counteracts the effect of sulfate
reduction on PM2.5 mitigation, with a less than 4 % decrease in
PM2.5. In addition, to effectively mitigate haze pollution of
NW- and SW-type synoptic-controlled episodes, local emission control actions
should be in coordination with regional collaborative actions.
The 3D groundwater salinity distribution and fresh groundwater
volumes in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, inferred from geostatistical
analyses
Authors: Gunnink Jan L. , Pham Hung Van , Oude Essink Gualbert H. P. , Bierkens Marc F. P.
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Over the last decades, economic developments in the Vietnamese Mekong delta have led to a sharp increase in groundwater pumping for domestic, agricultural and industrial use. This has resulted in alarming rates of land subsidence and groundwater salinization. Effective groundwater management, including strategies to work towards sustainable groundwater use, requires knowledge about the current groundwater salinity distribution, in particular the available volumes of fresh groundwater. At the moment, no comprehensive dataset of the spatial distribution of fresh groundwater is available. To create a 3D model of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), an existing geological model of the spatial distribution and thickness of the aquifers and aquitards is updated. Next, based on the sedimentological description of the borehole data, maps of drainable porosity for each aquifer are interpolated. Measured TDS in groundwater, inferred TDS from resistivity measurements in boreholes and soft incomplete data from domestic wells are combined in an indicator kriging routine to obtain the full probability distribution of TDS for each (x,y,z) location. This statistical distribution of TDS combined with drainable porosity yields estimates of the volume of fresh groundwater (TDS
GRQA: Global River Water Quality Archive
Authors: Virro Holger , Amatulli Giuseppe , Kmoch Alexander , Shen Longzhu , Uuemaa Evelyn
Published: March 2021

Abstract. A major problem related to global water quality analysis and modelling has been the lack of available good quality and consistent water quality measurement datasets with a global spatial coverage. Current study aims to contribute into improving the global datasets on water quality by aggregating and harmonizing five national, continental and global datasets: CESI, GEMSTAT, GLORICH, WATERBASE and WQP. The GRQA compilation involved converting observation data from the five sources into a common format and harmonizing the corresponding metadata, flagging outliers, calculating time series characteristics and detecting duplicate observations from sources with a spatial overlap. The final dataset extends the spatial and temporal coverage of previously available water quality data and contains 42 parameters and over 16 million measurements around the globe covering the 1898–2020 time period. Metadata in the form of statistical tables, maps and figures are provided along with observation time series. The GRQA dataset, supplementary metadata and ﬁgures are available for download on the DataCite and OpenAire enabled repository of the University of Tartu, DataDOI, http://dx.doi.org/10.23673/re-273 (Virro et al., 2021).
PMIP4 experiments using MIROC-ES2L Earth system model
Authors: Ohgaito Rumi , Yamamoto Akitomo , Hajima Tomohiro , O'ishi Ryouta , Abe Manabu , Tatebe Hiroaki , Abe-Ouchi Ayako , Kawamiya Michio
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Following the protocol of the fourth phase of the Paleoclimate
Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP4), we performed numerical experiments
targeting distinctive past time periods using the Model for
Interdisciplinary Research on Climate, Earth System version 2 for Long-term
simulations (MIROC-ES2L), which is an Earth system model. Setup and basic
performance of the experiments are presented. The Last Glacial Maximum was one of the most extreme climate states during
the Quaternary and conducting numerical modeling experiments of this period
has long been a challenge for the paleoclimate community. We conducted a
Last Glacial Maximum experiment with a long spin-up of nearly 9000 years.
Globally, there was reasonable agreement between the anomalies relative to the present day derived from model climatology and those derived from proxy data archives, while some regional discrepancies remained. By changing orbital and greenhouse gas forcings, we conducted experiments
for two interglacial periods: 6000 and 127 000 years before present. Model
anomalies relative to the present day were qualitatively consistent with
variations in solar forcing. However, anomalies in the model were smaller
than those derived from proxy data archives, suggesting that processes that
play a role in past interglacial climates remain lacking in this
state-of-the-art model. We conducted transient simulations from 850 to 1850 CE and from 1850
to 2014 CE. Cooling in the model indicated a clear response to huge volcanic
eruptions, consistent with paleo-proxy data. The contrast between cooling
during the Little Ice Age and warming during the 20th to 21st
centuries was represented well at the multidecadal timescale.
DecTree v1.0 – Chemistry speedup in reactive transport simulations:
purely data-driven and physics-based surrogates
Authors: De Lucia Marco , Kühn Michael
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The computational costs associated with coupled reactive transport simulations are mostly due to the chemical subsystem: replacing it with a pre-trained statistical surrogate is a promising strategy to achieve decisive speedups at the price of small accuracy losses and thus to extend the scale of problems which can be handled. We introduce a hierarchical coupling scheme in which full physics, equation-based geochemical simulations are partially replaced by surrogates. Errors on mass balance resulting from multivariate surrogate predictions effectively assess the accuracy of multivariate regressions at runtime: inaccurate surrogate predictions are rejected and the more expensive equation-based simulations are run instead. Gradient boosting regressors such as xgboost, not requiring data standardization and being able to handle Tweedie distributions, proved to be a suitable emulator. Finally, we devise a surrogate approach based on geochemical knowledge, which overcomes the issue of robustness when encountering previously unseen data, and which can serve as basis for further development of hybrid physics-AI modelling.
Interannual Variability in contributions of the Equatorial
Undercurrent (EUC) to Peruvian Upwelling
Authors: Rosales Quintana Gandy Maria , Marsh Robert , Icochea Salas Luis Alfredo
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Time-varying sources of upwelling waters off the coast of northern Peruvian are analysed in a Lagrangian framework, tracking virtual particles backwards in time for 12 months. Particle trajectories are calculated with temperature, salinity and velocity fields from a hindcast spanning 1988–2007, obtained with an eddy-resolving (1/12º) global configuration of the NEMO ocean model. At 30 and 100 m, where late-December coastal upwelling rates exceed 50 m per month, particles are seeded in proportion to the upwelling rate. Ensemble maps of particle concentration, age, depth, temperature, salinity and density reveal that a substantial but variable fraction of the particles upwelling off Peru arrive via the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC). Particles follow the EUC core at around 250 m, characterised by temperatures of around 15–17 ºC, salinities in the range 34.9–35.2, and densities of σ = 25.5–26.5. Additional inflows are via two slightly deeper branches further south from the main system, at around 3º S and 8º. The annual percentage of particles recruited by the EUC (17.5–47 % and 16.5–54.6 %, from 30 and 100 m respectively) reveal that more of the Peruvian upwelling can be tracked back to the EUC during El Niño and weak La Niña events. In contrast, upwelling waters are of more local origin during a strong La Niña. Annually averaging EUC transport at specific longitudes, a notable negative-to-positive transition is evident during the major El Niño/La Niña events of 1997–99. On short timescales, a degree of longitudinal coherence is evident in EUC transport, with transport anomalies at 160º W evident at the Galapagos Islands (92º W) around 30–35 days later. It is concluded that the Peruvian upwelling system is subject to a variable EUC influence, on a wide range of timescales, most notably the interannual timescale of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Identifying this variability as a driver of shifts in population and catch data for several key species, during the study period, these new findings may inform sustainable management of commercially-important fisheries off northern Peru.
L’immaginario devoto tra mafie e antimafia 2. Narrazioni e rappresentazioni
Authors: Orecchia Donatella
Published: March 2021

Nella cultura mafiosa, eventi religiosi come battesimi, funerali, feste patronali, pellegrinaggi ricoprono da sempre un ruolo importante. Lo stesso si può dire per il mondo dell’antimafia, nel quale i rituali devozionali occupano uno spazio simbolico irrinunciabile. Nel tempo queste tipologie di interazione hanno però trovato forme di rappresentazione anche in media diversi rispetto a quelli tradizionalmente vocati alle pratiche religiose e devozionali. A essere investiti di questa funzione sono così stati teatro popolare e di ricerca, letteratura agiografica e romanzo d’inchiesta, stampa quotidiana e fotografia, cinema e fiction tv, reportage documentario e servizi del tg, graphic novel e pagine dei social web. Muovendosi a largo spettro fra i vari luoghi di questa complessa mediasfera, il presente volume propone uno sguardo trasversale proprio su questo fenomeno, integrando fra loro, nell’analisi, saperi e linguaggi tipici del mondo dello spettacolo, delle arti visive e della storia dei media con quelli legati alla storia contemporanea e delle religioni.
Politiche culturali e conservazione del patrimonio storico-artistico a Roma dopo l’Unità. Il Titolo 12 “Monumenti Scavi Antichità Musei” 1871-1920
Authors: Francescangeli Laura
Published: March 2021

L’inventario della serie archivistica del Titolo 12 documenta la vicenda della tutela del patrimonio storico-artistico di Roma dopo il 1870 ed illustra l’ampiezza e la valenza dei programmi e delle strutture organizzative poste in essere dagli amministratori della città divenuta Capitale d’Italia nel settore della conservazione del patrimonio archeologico, dell’arte e della cultura. Dallo studio condotto sulle fonti possedute dall’Archivio Storico Capitolino emerge il nodo storico centrale della politica e della gestione dei beni culturali che si intreccia con il tema del modello di sviluppo economico, sociale ed urbanistico della città umbertina.
How Not to Watch Feminist Pornography
Authors: Heck Richard Kimberly
Published: March 2021

This paper has three goals. The first is to defend Tristan Taormino and Erika Lust (or some of their films) from criticisms that Rebecca Whisnant and Hans Maes make of them. Toward that end, I will be arguing against the narrow conceptions that Whisnant and Maes seem to have of what “feminist” pornography must be like. More generally, I hope to show by example why it is important to take pornographic films seriously as films if we're to understand their potential to shape, or misshape, socio-sexual norms.
Duas ditaduras e uma só liberdade: Mário Pedrosa, o fascismo colonial e o bonapartismo militar
Authors: Andrade Everaldo De Oliveira
Published: March 2021

Este artigo analisa a produção política e intelectual de Mário Pedrosa tendo como referência sua atuação no período da década de 1930 que desembocou na ditadura varguista (1937-1945|) e depois no período da ditadura militar iniciada em 1964. Busca-se refletir sobre a possível originalidade das suas abordagens, em particular através do uso de conceitos como bonapartismo e desenvolvimento desigual e combinado no estudo do autoritarismo e da perenidade de traços e práticas fascistas nos governos brasileiros nos dois períodos. São utilizadas como fontes documentais a coleção de jornais O Homem Livre (1933-1934) e textos e obras do próprio autor produzidas no período em análise.
Do museu de reproduções ao Museu das Origens: reflexões sobre projetos institucionais de Mário Pedrosa
Authors: Sant’anna Sabrina Parracho , Vasconcelos Marcelo Ribeiro
Published: March 2021

O artigo faz uma análise sobre a proposta de Mário Pedrosa para o Museu de Brasília (1958). O projeto, apresentado por Pedrosa por meio de uma carta enviada a Oscar Niemeyer, se caracteriza pela recusa em constituir um acervo próprio de obras de arte e pela intenção de utilizar em suas exposições e projetos didáticos reproduções de obras de arte. O artigo procurou estabelecer entendimentos sobre papel desempenhado por tal instituição dentro do projeto de Brasília, mas também como parte de um projeto estético mais amplo, em que eram privilegiadas as potencialidades comunicativas das artes visuais não figurativas, como o abstracionismo geométrico Para compreender como o projeto do museu de reproduções responderia às demandas históricas identificadas por Pedrosa a partir de sua interpretação sobre a função da arte moderna na construção de novas sensibilidades, foram estabelecidas comparações com outros dois projetos institucionais realizados e idealizados por Pedrosa: o Museo de la Solidaridad e o Museu das Origens.
Angioleiomyoma masquerading as shoulder pain
Authors: Ravi Surekh , Chandy Lazar J , Kumar Gautam , Jacob Biju , Emmanuel Ami M
Published: March 2021

Angioleiomyoma is a benign soft tissue tumor originating from vascular smooth muscle. We report a case of a 20-year-old student who presented with pain in the right shoulder of 4 years duration. Shoulder movements were pain-free throughout the range of motion except resisted external rotation. Magnetic resonance imaging visualized a well-circumscribed lesion over the infraspinatus tendon. The lesion was surgically removed and sent for histopathological analysis. Morphology and immunohistochemistry results were suggestive of angioleiomyoma. The most common location for such a lesion is the lower limb, with less than 1% being reported in the upper arm, of which an angioleiomyoma of the shoulder is extremely rare.
Resident Wellness During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Nationwide Survey of Orthopaedic Residents
Authors: Nolte Michael T. , Tornetta Paul , Mehta Samir , Ponce Brent A. , Grabowski Gregory , Turner Norman S. , Spitnale Michael J. , Kogan Monica
Published: March 2021

Introduction:

The COVID-19 pandemic has influenced the resident workforce to a particularly powerful and unexpected extent. Given the drastic changes to resident roles, expectations, and responsibilities, many valuable lessons regarding resident concerns and wellness can be garnered from this unique experience.

Methods:

A voluntary survey was sent to 179 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited orthopaedic surgery residency program directors to distribute to their residents. Questions focused on issues that may have occurred, program's responses, and expectations of programs during the pandemic.

Results:

In total, 507 residents completed the survey, and 10% reported being deployed to do nonorthopaedic-related care, with junior classes being more likely to receive this assignment (P < 0.001). The greatest concern for respondents was the possibility of getting family members sick (mean = 3.89, on scale of 1-5), followed by personally contracting the illness (mean = 3.38).

Discussion:

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in numerous changes and novel sources of adversity for the orthopaedic surgery resident. Contrary to popular opinion, most residents are comfortable with the proposition of providing nonorthopaedic care. The possibility of bringing a pathogen to the home environment and infecting family members seems to be an overarching concern, and efforts to ensure resident and family safety are key.
Regional variation of beekeeping in Poland
Authors: Kobylińska Małgorzata
Published: March 2021

Beekeeping is of great significance for the development of agriculture. On the one hand, it may be considered in the context of the acquisition of bee products by beekeepers, and on the other, in terms of the role bees play in the natural environment , i.e. their contribution to the production of higher and better crops. The aim of the paper is to present the beekeeping sector across Poland's regions and to describe the changes it underwent in the studied period. The research was conducted in 2012, 2016 and 2019. The study uses secondary data from reports produced by the Apicultural Division of the Apicultural Division of the Research Institute of Horticulture in Puławy that relate to selected issues concerning the beekeeping sector in Poland. The differences in beekeeping in different parts of Poland were subject to one- and two-dimensional analysis. The latter was performed using methods based on the measurements of the depth of observations in the sample. The research demonstrates that the number of bee colonies and the number of beekeepers were on the rise in the studied years. The largest number of bee colonies was observed in Lubelskie, Małopolskie, Podkarpackie and Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodships, while the largest production of honey was registered in Lubelskie Voivodship.