bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endoscopic Intraductal Radiation Therapy for Unresectable Cholangiocarcinoma Using a Remote Afterloading Device
Authors: KUBOTA Yoshitsugu , KIN Hideyuki , TAKAOKA Makoto , INOUE Kyoichi , MURATA Takashi , TANAKA Yoshimasa
Published: August 2007

Abstract: The transpapillary technique of intracavitary irradiation has not gained wide acceptance due mainly to the development of the instruments used being in a relatively early stage. Intracavitary irradiation using a new high‐dose rate remote afterloading 192‐iridium brachytherapeutic device was performed utilizing an endoscopic transpapillary technique in four patients with cholangiocarcinomas obstructing the bile ducts. Via a prepositioned 10‐Fr nasobiliary catheter, a 12 Gy dose was administered at a distance of 1.0 cm from the radiation source at each procedure. Irradiation lasted several minutes (7.8 minutes on average). The procedure was repeated at 3‐day intervals, and the total dose ranged from 24 to 36 Gy. Cholangiography, performed immediately after completion of a series of irradiation treatments, disclosed various degrees of recanalization of the bile duct, and transpapillarily obtained biopsy specimens showed disappearance of tumor cells. All patients tolerated the radiation procedure well, and no procedure‐related complications were observed. The present preliminary experience suggests that transpapillary intracavitary irradiation has become technically feasible. Further experience in a larger series may demonstrate a role for this therapeutic modality in the treatment of unresectable cholangiocarcinoma.
Laparoscopic Findings as a Predictor of the Efficacy of Interferon Therapy and Laparoscopic Changes in Sustained Responders after Interferon Therapy
Authors: SAKAI Shino , WATANABE Makoto , FUKUMOTO Shiro
Published: August 2007

Abstract: Factors predicting the efficacy of Interferon (IFN) therapy were studied in 137 (62 sustained responders, SR, and 75 non‐responders, NR) cases with chronic hepatitis C, in whom laparoscopy was done following IFN therapy. Univariate analysis demonstrated statistically significant differences in pre‐IFN therapy levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), HCV genotype and laparoscopic findings between the SR and NR. The SR rate in cases with Code numbers (Code Nos.) 201, 201.5 and 201.6 was 69.2% and that in cases with Code Nos. 317 and 317.4 was 10.7%, both being statistically significant in relation to other Code No. groups. Multivariate analysis was conducted in only 54 cases and statistically significant differences were demonstrated for laparoscopic findings (Odds ratio 0.051, p=0.037) and HCV genotype (Odds ratio 0.083, p = 0.012). These factors were considered useful for predicting the efficacy of IFN therapy. Laparoscopic changes after IFN therapy in the SR group were studied in 12 cases, in whom increments in whitish markings and the appearance of peliosis hepatis were observed in 75% and 42%, respectively, whereas the values in nine NR group cases were 11 % and 0%. These findings differed significantly between the SR and NR groups (both, p<0.05) and were thought to be characteristic of SR.
High‐cycle fatigue mechanisms in 1045 steel under non‐proportional axial‐torsional loading
Authors: VERREMAN Y. , GUO H.
Published: August 2007

Detailed microscopic analyses have been made on the high‐cycle mechanisms in 1045 steel under various stress‐controlled axial‐torsional loadings. A special attention has been paid to a critical example of non‐proportional loading, i.e., 90° out‐of‐phase loading with different stress ratios. The replica technique has been used to monitor crack initiation and propagation from the microstructure scale. The orientations of persistent slip bands and Stage I cracks are in good agreement with the critical plane concept. The evolutions of crack length with cycle life as well as the crack aspect ratios depend on the loading condition. However at a given life, the data are consolidated in terms of crack depth versus cycle life. The McDiarmid parameter correlates stress‐life data under proportional loadings. However, it underestimates fatigue lives under out‐of‐phase loading at high stress ratio and it overestimates them in the case where all planes experience the same shear stress amplitude (stress ratio = 0.5). More damaging mechanisms are involved in crack initiation and crack propagation. It is recommended to test the fatigue performance of materials in this last condition that involves the worst damage mechanisms.
Cultural Differences in the Impact of Social Support on Psychological and Biological Stress Responses
Authors: Taylor Shelley E. , Welch William T. , Kim Heejung S. , Sherman David K.
Published: August 2007

Social support is believed to be a universally valuable resource for combating stress, yet Asians and Asian Americans report that social support is not helpful to them, resist seeking it, and are underrepresented among recipients of supportive services. We distinguish between explicit social support (seeking and using advice and emotional solace) and implicit social support (focusing on valued social groups) and show that Asians and Asian Americans are psychologically and biologically benefited more by implicit social support than by explicit social support; the reverse is true for European Americans. Our discussion focuses on cultural differences in the construal of relationships and their implications for social support and delivery of support services.
Contextualizing Research on Social Capital in Regional Clusters
Authors: STABER UDO
Published: August 2007

Numerous works in economic geography and regional studies have considered social capital a salient factor in the performance of regional business clusters. Theoretical arguments have focused on those structural, relational and cognitive features of social capital that are expected to facilitate cooperation and innovation as a basis for cluster success. However, the available empirical evidence on the performance implications of social capital is weak and largely inconsistent. I argue that one reason for the observed cross‐study inconsistencies is the neglect of the situational context in which social capital evolves. I discuss how acontextual studies can lead to analytical error and flawed conclusions concerning the performance outcomes of social capital. I propose several approaches to contextualizing research and discuss how they would advance our understanding of the performance implications of social capital in a cluster setting.

De nombreux travaux de géographie économique et études régionales voient dans le capital social un facteur fondamental de la réussite des pôles d'entreprises régionaux. Les discussions théoriques ont porté sur les caractéristiques structurelles, relationnelles et cognitives du capital social qui sont censées faciliter coopération et innovation, composantes de base de la réussite de ces pôles. Toutefois, les preuves empiriques disponibles des implications du capital social dans cette réussite sont fragiles et peu cohérentes. Cet article affirme que les incohérences des études croisées tiennent, pour une part, à l'ignorance du contexte situationnel dans lequel évolue le capital social. Il expose comment des études hors contexte peuvent conduire à une erreur analytique et à des conclusions incorrectes quant aux résultats générés par le capital social. Il propose plusieurs approches pour placer les recherches en contexte et analyse comment, grâce à elles, nous pourrions mieux comprendre la part de réussite propre au capital social dans le cadre d'un pôle donné.
Patient participation in nursing care from a patient perspective: a Grounded Theory study
Authors: Larsson Inga E. , Sahlsten Monika J. M. , Sjöström Björn , Lindencrona Catharina S. C. , Plos Kaety A. E.
Published: August 2007

The study's rationale:  Patients’ active participation in their own care is expected to contribute to increased motivation to improve their own condition, better treatment results and greater satisfaction with received care. Knowledge of patients’ understanding of participation is of great importance for nurses in their efforts to meet patient expectations and for quality of nursing care.

Aim:  The aim was to explore the meaning of patient participation in nursing care from a patient point of view.

Methodological design and justification:  Six tape‐recorded focus group interviews with 26 Swedish informants described opinions on and experiences of patient participation. The informants consisted of patients in somatic inpatient care as well as discharged patients from such a setting. The Grounded Theory method was used and the data were analysed using constant comparative analysis.

Ethical issues and approval:  The ethics of scientific work was followed. Each study participant gave informed consent after verbal and written information. The Ethics Committee of Göteborg University approved the study.

Findings:  The patients emphasised the importance of collaboration to improve participation. The core category, Insight through consideration, was generated from four inter‐related categories: (i) Obliging atmosphere; (ii) Emotional response; (iii) Concordance; and (iv) Rights and their 15 subcategories.

Conclusions:  The meaning structures of patient participation in nursing care revealed from a patient point of view, seemed to mainly consist of not only external factors presented by the institutions – by the professionals – but also internal patient factors. The patients’ view of participation should be considered to a greater degree in nursing practice and education, as should also further development of nursing care policy programmes, evaluation and quality assurance criteria. For further development, studies are needed in similar and other settings.
Assessing patient's care requirements: a comparison of instruments
Authors: Perroca Marcia Galan , Ek Anna‐Christina
Published: August 2007

The purpose of this study was to compare two patient classification instruments developed in different countries, Perroca's (Brazil) and the Beakta (Sweden) systems and to investigate if both instruments equally assess patients’ care requirements. The survey sample comprised 85 patients from a university hospital in southeast Sweden. Statistical analysis used Spearman's correlation and Kappa. The Spearman's correlation coefficient for total scores and classifications were 0.83 and 0.80, respectively (P‐value < 0.01). The level of agreement between the instruments related to the different care categories pointed to an overall kw of 0.60 (95% CI: 0.50–0.71). The findings indicate a high degree of association between the total scores and patient classification assessment using the Beakta and Perroca systems and also a moderate level of agreement between the two instruments in the different care categories. There are few surveys that compare classification instruments between countries making it difficult to know to what extent cultural differences influence measurement approaches.
NOTES ON GAULISH SAMIAN POTTERY AND ITS ANALYSIS BY NEUTRON ACTIVATION
Authors: SIMPSON GRACE , Hall Lady Margaret
Published: August 2007

Introductory Note: Samian pottery was good quality mass‐produced tableware made in Roman Gaul from about the beginning of the Christian era.
MAGNETIC DATING
Authors: AITKEN M. J.
Published: August 2007

This note, the first of three contributions about Magnetic Dating, briefly reviews basic principles and emphasizes that a‘magnetic date’can never be more reliable than the archaeological or other chronology on which the magnetic reference curve is based; the continued collaboration of archaeologists in strengthening and extending the reference curve is invited. The second contribution — by M. R. Harold — reports an effect of which it is important to take cognizance when sampling kilns and will illustrate to archaeologists, mindful of their kilns, why sampling needs to be so comprehensive. The third contribution describes the Spinning Magnetometer that is used to measure the samples in the Laboratory: it is intended primarily for the scientific reader.
THE “ZIRKELSONDE”: A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR RESISTIVITY SURVEYING
Authors: SCHWARZ G. THEODOR
Published: August 2007

In recent years renewed attention has been given to the principles of resistivity surveying on archaeological sites (see, for example, Palmer, 1960). Yet the tedious business of probe insertion remains. The contribution below, by an archaeologist using resistivity detection from day to day on an extended excavation, describes a new device — revolutionary — which takes us a step nearer‘resistivity without probes’.
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF PREHISTORIC FLINT MINE PRODUCTS
Authors: ASPINALL A. , FEATHER S. W.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

Specimens of flint from English and Continentai prehistoric factory/mine sites have been analysed using neutron activation and element compositions compared. The possible use of element concentration patterns as a means of characterising such sites is discussed.
NON‐DESTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN PAINTINGS AND ENAMELS
Authors: CESAREO R. , FRAZZOLI F. V. , MANCINI C. , SCIUTI S. , MARABELLI And M. , MORA P. , ROTONDI P. , URBANI G.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

X‐ray fluorescence analysis is a non‐destructive method, very useful for qualitative and quantitative determination of chemical elements in paintings, frescoes, enamels, etc.

Measurements have been carried out on ancient Persian mural painting allowing the identification of about ten different pigments.

Furthermore, many oil paintings have been examined. For example, about thirty regions of different colour tonalities concerning the ‘Deposizione’by Raffaello Sanzio have been analysed; in this way it has been possible to determine the composition of several pigments used by the author and to identify some restored regions.

The enamels of a ligneous Egyptian panel have also been studied; the results are in good agreement with those obtained using conventional methods.
THE UTILIZATION OF TRACE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION TO CORRELATE BRITISH POST‐MEDIEVAL POTTERY WITH EUROPEAN KILN SITE MATERIALS
Authors: POOLE A. B. , FINCH L. R.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

This study uses X‐ray fluorescent analysis to compare the trace chemical composition of seventeen pottery sherds excavated from sites in Britain with the trace analyses of twenty four sherds from continental sources. Results indicate that certain elements, notably zirconium, titanium, rubidium, and strontium show little variation within a particular sherd and are consistent among samples from the same source. Certain other elements appear to show wide variation which is possibly attributable to firing conditions, burial or is connected with the glaze. The comparisons of analyses indicate that nine of the seventeen British sherds can be closely correlated with particular continental sources. Tentative correlation is suggested for five sherds. The remaining three sherds clearly do not come from any of the sources investigated.
MINERALOGICAL ANALYSES OF CERAMIC MATERIALS FROM QUINUA, DEPARTMENT OF AYACUCHO, PERU
Authors: ARNOLD D. E.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

Mineralogical analyses of clays, tempers and paints from contemporary sources in the vicinity of Quinua, Peru, were carried out by means of X‐ray diffraction, microscopic examination and physical separation. The data indicates that (1) there is a substantial amount of mineralogical variability in these materials, (2) the differences between the clays and tempers consist of the differences between the relative amounts of plastics and non‐plastics present in each of these kinds of materials, (3) the paints contain a mineral known for its superior spreading qualities. The study concludes that (1) the region had the ceramic resources to support a tradition of several polychrome styles like those made during the Peruvian Middle Horizon (a.d. 600–800), (2) ancient pastes made in the region had a great deal of mineralogical variability, (3) archaeologists should redefine their notion of ‘temper’, and (4) modern mineralogical differences between pastes tempered by the potter and those not tempered by the potter can also apply to ancient pastes of the region.
COMPARISON OF METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF SILVER AND GOLD IN SILVER COINS
Authors: SCHWEIZER F. , FRIEDMAN A. M.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

A series of silver coins was analysed for silver and gold contents by three methods—chemical wet analysis, activation analysis and X‐ray fluorescence using a point source linear spectrometer (milliprobe). The results indicate that while the X‐ray fluorescence technique gives better agreement with chemical analysis for major components the use of activation analysis with automated equipment results in a considerable saving of time and has a high sensitivity for some minor components.
THERMOLUMINESCENCE FROM UNIRRADIATED FLINTS: REGENERATION THERMOLUMINESCENCE
Authors: GÖKSU H. Y. , FREMLIN J. H.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

The ‘spurious’thermoluminescent glow from ground samples of flint is responsible for dating errors in the region of 10 000 years for grains less than 45 μm diameter or of 4000 years for larger grains. The glow is partly tribothermoluminescence and partly regeneration thermoluminescence and the conditions in which these arise or are accelerated have been found. It is shown that if thin polished slices are used rather than powder, the amount of such glow is negligible.
PREHISTORIC FLINT MINES AND THEIR IDENTIFICATION AS SOURCES OF RAW MATERIAL
Authors: SIEVEKING G. DE G. , BUSH P. , FERGUSON J. , CRADDOCK P. T. , HUGHES M. J. , COWELL M. R.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

This paper is a statistical and geological study of the results of analysis of flint from British and West European flint mines, carried out by emission and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Groups of flint specimens were studied from each geographically separate flint mining area. Flints were analysed for a group of easily measured trace elements shown by previous work to be generally present. The ratios between the trace elements form a consistent pattern for each flint mine and statistically valid differences of pattern can be recognized between different flint mines. A geological investigation shows that the measured trace elements may be derived from clay minerals and explains geographical and statistical variation in the composition of flint in terms of its mode of origin in the chalk. An advanced statistical technique allows individual flint specimens of unknown origin to be attributed by their composition to one or other of the identified flint sources. The archaeological implications of this study are discussed.
THE INFLUENCE OF GEOLOGY ON THE MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SOILS ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES
Authors: TITE M. S.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

A heating mechanism for the enhancement of the magnetic susceptibility of soils on archaeological sites is assumed. Data for the iron oxide concentration which is available for conversion to the strongly ferrimagnetic form is presented for soils derived from a wide range of geological strata. These data are then used, in conjunction with the concept of the fractional conversion of the iron oxide that has occurred as a result of fires associated with human habitation, to explain the wide range of soil susceptibilities observed on archaeological sites. The feasibility of employing magnetic surveying techniques for the location of buried features on archaeological sites, situated on the different geological strata, is then discussed.
THERMOLUMINESCENT DATING OF BAKED CLAY BALLS OF THE POVERTY POINT CULTURE
Authors: HUXTABLE J. , AITKEN M. J. , WEBER J. C.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

Seven sites in Mississippi, Louisiana and Arkansas have been dated. For six sites (Terral Lewis, Poverty Point, Jaketown, Teoc Creek, Shoe Bayou, and Claiborne) the results are not inconsistent with contemporaneity; excluding Claiborne the average date is 1000 b.c., with an error limit in absolute terms of ± 200 years. The seventh site (Loggy Bayou), in which sherds and balls were found in association, gave a date some fifteen hundred years more recent.
THERMOLUMINESCENT DATING OF FIRED ROCK‐CRYSTAL FROM BELLAN BANDI PALASSA, CEYLON
Authors: WINTLE A. G. , OAKLEY K. P.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

Fired rock‐crystal was found within the matrix of a Balangodese (pre‐Vedda) burial in a Mesolithic midden in Ceylon; thermoluminescent measurements indicated a date of about 7000 years before present.
RADIOCARBON DATING BY THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSIMETRY
Authors: WINTER J.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

Work is presented that tests the possibility of performing radiocarbon dating measurements by using the thermoluminescence induced in sensitive phosphors, using existing thermoluminescence equipment. It is concluded that, for such a technique to be viable, a more specifically designed, and more elaborate, system will be necessary. Some comparative results on certain TLD phosphors are also given.
PORE‐SIZE DISTRIBUTION DETERMINATIONS IN NEOLITHIC, IRON AGE, ROMAN AND OTHER POTTERY
Authors: SANDERS H. P.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

A method of evaluating the pore‐size distribution of pottery is described and results obtained from a number of samples ranging from Neolithic to modern pottery shown graphically. The method may serve to distinguish between similar‐looking sherds if no other means of identification exists, but further work is needed before a series of determining curves can be established.
X‐RAY FLUORESCENT ANALYSIS OF ANGLO SAXON JEWELLERY
Authors: BROWN P. D. C. , SCHWEIZER F.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

X‐ray fluorescence analysis of 30 pieces of Anglo Saxon jewellery, from the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, is followed by a comparison with similar results obtained from contemporary coinage. The standards of fineness for the coinage are applied to the jewellery and used to date its manufacture. An appendix describes repeatanalyses of some coins which, at first, had widely differing results from XRF and specific gravity methods.
TRACE ELEMENT CONTENT OF ROMAN LEAD BY NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
Authors: WYTTENBACH A. , SCHUBIGER P. A.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

The trace element contents of 13 lead pigs and 20 water pipes, all of Roman origin, were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The contents of Cu, As, Ag, Sn, Sb, and Au were determined with an experimental reproducibility of ±7%; the analytical values are given for all samples. The results are discussed with respect to the homogeneity of samples, the difference between pipes and pigs, the difference between bulk and joint material in pipes, and the possible correlation of the trace element contents with the place of origin.
CHARACTERIZATION OF SAMIAN WARE SHERDS BY MEANS OF NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
Authors: BANTERLA G. , STENICO A. , TERRANI M. , VILLANI S.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

Neutron activation analysis has been employed for the characterization of Samian ware sherds. The analysed samples were classified in ten groups, seven of which belonged to the Arretine production, according to archaeological evidence. By means of high resolution gamma‐ray spectroscopy, 22 elements have been identified and analysed. Compositional characterization was looked for by taking counting rate ratios of different nuclides in the samples. The compositional pattern of the sherds was found to be fairly uniform both for each pot and for each group so that, at least in the examined cases, it can be assumed to be characteristic of a given workshop.
THE METALLURGICAL EXAMINATION OF A DEBASED SILVER COIN OF MAXIMINUS DAZA ISSUED BY CONSTANTINE I
Authors: COPE L. H.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

Non‐destructive methods of chemical analysis always involve uncertainties, and in some circumstances they can be quite unsuitable for a true analysis. The greater value of a completely destructive chemical analysis and a comprehensive metallographic study for revealing the intentions of the moneyers and the entire metallurgical history of an ancient coin is demonstrated for the case of a rare silver‐coated debased silver issue of the early fourth century A.D.
THE SUBTRACTION TECHNIQUE OF THERMOLUMINESCENT DATING
Authors: FLEMING S. J. , STONEHAM D.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

Combination of the routine approaches of thermoluminescence dating, the fine‐grain and inclusion methods, allows an age to be determined that is independent of knowledge of the environmental dose‐rate. This socalled subtraction technique is exampled by several terracottas of museum origin and some pottery collected from archaeological contexts without associated burial media. Age determination is estimated to have an accuracy of around ± 12%, in favourable conditions.
THERMOLUMINESCENT AUTHENTICITY STUDY AND DATING OF RENAISSANCE TERRACOTTAS
Authors: FLEMING S. J. , STONEHAM D.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

A comparative study is made of the thermoluminescence (TL) of terracottas of the Renaissance era and some known limitations of such ware dating to the middle of the last century. The data shows that conclusions on authenticity of an unknown work can be reliably obtained using this scientific method. Also examples are presented of accurate dating of genuine terracottas despite a lack of knowledge about the environmental circumstances of each piece's archaeological past.
POSSIBLE CARBON‐14 ENRICHMENT IN HIGH ALTITUDE WOOD
Authors: HARKNESS D. D. , BURLEIGH And R.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

It has been suggested that utilization of the bristlecone pine calibration for 14C age correction can result in dates which are up to several hundred years too early in comparison with archaeological evidence. Among other possible causes in situ production of 14C due to the high altitude growth region of the bristlecone pine has been proposed to explain this effect. Although theoretical evaluation indicates that a significant amount of 14C could be produced by this mechanism, irradiation of bristlecone pine wood with a neutron dose equivalent to the calculated cosmic ray maximum received by a 6000‐year‐old tree did not produce any detectable effect.

Other geochemical considerations related to the growth environment of these trees may offer a possible explanation for enhanced 14C levels. These inherent uncertainties in the 14C record of the bristlecone pine emphasize the need for an alternative source of tree‐rings for comparative correlation with the 14C time‐scale.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS OF TEN SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS DENARII
Authors: CARTER G. F. , CARTER W. H.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

X‐ray fluorescence analyses of ten Septimius Severus denarii, all having the catalog number Cohen 777, and all minted in a.d. 196, show the following: (1) copper and silver concentrations in the ten coins cover a rather broad range, (2) lead and gold concentrations correlate with the silver concentrations, (3) no elements, except silver, correlate directly with the copper contents, (4) two coins have very nearly the same compositions, but this could actually be explained by chance, given the precision of the analyses and the range of compositions found for all ten denarii, (5) weights, thicknesses, and diameters of the coins varied over a relatively wide range, but densities varied only slightly. Assuming reasonably homogeneous melts of coinage alloy, X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses of many more Severus denarii of a.d. 196 should enable one to deduce several details of the mint operation such as (1) the number of dies in use of C. 777 coins at one time, (2) the overall batch size of coins, and (3) the number of different Severus denarii minted from the same batch of alloy. With improved precision of XRF analyses now possible, it only remains for a source of Severus denarii to be found to enable testing of this hypothesis.
CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF IMPURITY PATTERNS IN ARMORICO‐BRITISH DAGGERS
Authors: OTTAWAY B.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

Employing cluster analysis, patterns and relationships have been looked for within the trace and alloying elements of about eighty bronze daggers of the Wessex and contemporary cultures in Brittany. The results showed that only one of the four types of daggers could be linked with a particular metal cluster, that various types of daggers were used parallel to one another over considerable periods and that the more advanced metal clusters have an almost entirely British distribution.
PALAEOMAGNETIC STUDY OF HOXNIAN LACUSTRINE SEDIMENTS
Authors: THOMPSON R. , AITKEN M. J. , GIBBARD P. L. , WYMER J. J.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

The remanent magnetization of samples spanning Zones I to III of the Hoxnian Interglacial at Hoxne has declination values that lie within 30° of the present‐day declination, and inclination values that are not more than 10° steeper or 20° shallower than the present‐day inclination.
ON THE NUMBER AND SIZES OF ANIMALS IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL FAUNAL ASSEMBLAGES
Authors: CASTEEL R. W.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

This paper presents a method for dealing with unpaired skeletal elements in order to approach the questions of (1) how many animals are represented in an assemblage; and (2) how large these individuals were. The method is designed for use with fish remains and can easily be extended to paired elements. It is shown how the interplay between the data appropriate to the solution of both problems may be compared in order to provide a method of verification of the results arrived at by standard methods of assessment of the minimum number of individuals.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF VARIOUS SAMPLES OF ETRUSCAN BUCCHERO BY X‐RAY DIFFRACTION, X‐RAY SPECTROMETRY, AND THERMOANALYSIS
Authors: FRANCAVIGLIA V. , MINARDI M. E. , PALMIERI A.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

In order to ascertain whether the technology of Etruscan bucchero was similar everywhere or showed local variation, a comparative study was carried out on 23 samples of bucchero from different sites. The use of carbon dust as a black pigment in this type of pottery was confirmed in all samples, while the hypothesis of the addition of MnO2 as a colouring was disproved. Further information on the nature of the basic constituents of Etruscan bucchero was also provided.
ON THE ORIGIN OF GREY AND BLACK ‘COLOURS’ OF ANCIENT POTTERY: ROLE OF Fe AND Ti4+ IONS
Authors: MANNING P. G.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

It is shown, from comparisons with the optical absorption of minerals, that the black and grey colours of pottery can arise from Fe2+ Fe3+ and Fe2+ Ti4+ charge‐transfer (or electron‐hopping) processes, the cations being located at the centres of adjacent edge‐sharing octahedra.
RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS ON A FLOATING TREE‐RING CHRONOLOGY FROM NORTH‐EAST SCOTLAND
Authors: CAMPBELL J. A. , BAXTER M. S. , HARKNESS D. D.
Published: August 2007

Radiocarbon measurements have been performed on a 250 year ‘floating’ tree‐ring section recovered from an archaeological site in north‐east Scotland. Short term fluctuations in atmospheric concentration appear to be superimposed on a general trend of decreasing ambient 14Cparallel with tree growth. The most significant finding is the range of dates obtained from the sequence, namely 400 years, since it implies that the error on a single radiocarbon date is considerably greater than at present accepted on the basis of analytical precision alone.
PERSPECTIVES ON THE DATING OF PREHISTORIC GREAT BASIN PETROGLYPHS BY NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
Authors: BARD J. C. , ASARO F. , HEIZER R. F.
Published: August 2007

The possible relative dating of petroglyphs by nuclear measurements on desert varnish is explored. The abundances of 30 major and trace elements in desert varnish samples from the Grimes Point petroglyph site in western Nevada were measured by neutron activation analysis techniques. Samples of both desert varnish and heart rock from a non‐artifactual test boulder of andesite were studied and the elements tungsten, arsenic, antimony, thorium, uranium, manganese and cerium exhibited the greatest enrichments in the surface samples and may be of use for dating purposes.
A SAMPLING STYLUS FOR USE WITH THE ELECTRON PROBE
Authors: MILLS A. A. , WILSON R. N.
Published: August 2007

A simple device is described which enables inconspicuous samples of entire objects to be taken for electron microprobe analysis without introducing background contamination. Transport of artefacts and their exposure to vacuum are thereby obviated.
THE ENVIRONMENTAL STABILITY OF ANCIENT CERAMICS
Authors: FRANKLIN U. M. , VITALI V.
Published: August 2007

A series of corrosion experiments was carried out using identical samples of a ceramic of known composition, structure and density which were subjected to a variety of simulated soil solutions. The action of the solutions was monitored by measuring their pH as a function of time at 25 °C and 90 °C. Under all conditions the pH stabilized rapidly. Microscopic and electron microscopic studies showed the presence of reaction/alteration products that would account for the observed pH changes. The findings indicate that ancient ceramics that exhibit no physical deterioration will have below their surface a composition corresponding to the composition of the sherd at the time of its burial.
MOESSBAUER SPECTROSCOPIC, CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF IBERIAN POTTERY
Authors: GANCEDO J. R. , GRACIA M. , HERNANDEZ‐LAGUNA A. , RUIZ‐GARCIA C. , PALOMARES J.
Published: August 2007

Three types of Iberian pottery from the same excavation and archaeological level have been studied by Moessbauer spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and transmitted‐light polarizing microscopy. The results are compatible with a common origin, a firing temperature below 850 °C, and a different fabrication technique for each pottery type.
AN ANALYSIS OF THIRTY‐ONE COINS FROM THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD
Authors: BUCKLEY J. A.
Published: August 2007

Thirty‐one silver coins of the Hellenistic period were examined by the particle induced X‐ray emission (PIXE) method, and the results incorporated into a wider study of the coins. Some tentative conclusions reached in the study are mentioned, together with an outline of the PIXE method. A number of patterns emerged in the results, the most important being an apparent deterioration in silver content among the later Seleucid and Ptolemaic issues; some high concentrations of particular elements were also noted.
GOLD AND SILVER ALLOY COATINGS OVER COPPER: AN EXAMINATION OF SOME ARTEFACTS FROM ECUADOR AND COLOMBIA
Authors: SCOTT D. A.
Published: August 2007

An examination, by metallography, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and electron probe microanalysis of some decorative metalwork and small items such as needles and fish‐hooks from Ecuador and Colombia revealed that ‘fusion‐gilding’ or ‘wash‐gilding’ was employed in the manufacture of many artefacts. The coatings found included silver alloy coatings over copper and gold alloys over copper. The coatings are often themselves superficially enriched at the surface; they are thick, and completely different from the surfaces found on depletion gilded objects which are far more common in ancient Colombia. The evidence from Ecuador is piecemeal and a considerable number of additional analyses must be carried out to clarify the extent of use of this surface treatment technology.
THE CHARACTERISATION OF ARGILLACEOUS INCLUSIONS IN CERAMIC THIN SECTIONS
Authors: WHITBREAD I. K.
Published: August 2007

Using descriptive methods derived from soil micromorphology, argillaceous inclusions (argillaceous rock fragments, grog, clay pellets and clay temper) can be characterised by the study of boundaries, roundness, shape, optical density, internal and external features, constituents and colour. Examination of the argillaceous inclusions in Corinthian A and A’ transport amphorae, through the description of their properties, permits the conclusion that they consist of mudstone in both A and A', together with clay temper in the A fabric and clay pellets in A'.
WHAT IS THE BEST COIL ORIENTATION IN THE SLINGRAM ELECTROMAGNETIC PROSPECTING METHOD?
Authors: TABBAGH A.
Published: August 2007

In the Slingram electromagnetic method the appropriate coil orientation must be chosen. Until now, the choice of this parameter has not been discussed but as it influences the shape of the anomalies and their magnitude, it is important to try to define the best possible arrangement. Theoretical studies of the 1D layered model, the response of a dipole and the response of a 3D body are used to define the best arrangement. The perpendicular configuration with a vertical moment transmitter gives better results in most cases and the building of an apparatus with this coil arrangement should give very interesting results.
CHARACTERISATION OF EARLY VITREOUS MATERIALS
Authors: TITE M.S.
Published: August 2007

The microstructure and chemical composition of a range of early vitreous materials, principally from Egypt and dating from mid‐second millennium B.C. onwards, have been examined in polished section in a scanning electron microscope with attached X‐ray spectrometer. Faience is defined as a material with a quartz core which contains varying amounts of interstitial glass and which is covered with alkali‐based coloured glaze and frit as a polycrystalline material which is coloured throughout and has no glaze covering. The amount of interstitial glass and hence the chemical compositions of the faience cores depends on the methods of production used. Frits which, on the basis of the above definition, include Egyptian blue and glassy faience differ from faience cores in containing significantly higher concentrations of lime and copper oxide. The nature of the frit, including its colour, depends on the relative amounts of lime and copper oxide.
CARBON AND OXYGEN ISOTOPIC RATIOS: A DATA BASE FOR CLASSICAL GREEK AND ROMAN MARBLE
Authors: HERZ N.
Published: August 2007

An isotopic data base of δ13C and δ18O analyses of 528 samples collected from 39 classical Greek and Roman quarries of Turkey, Greece, Italy and Tunisia has been accumulated. The discriminative possibilities of the data base vary from quarry to quarry. Most quarries have a distinctive pattern for either or both variables, but some have more than one grouping. The data also overlap for many quarries preventing a unique provenance assignment. If the alternatives are known so that the total pool of possible sources is reduced, the data base can then discriminate and assign a provenance for most classical marble artifacts.
PATTERNING OF SKELETAL LEAD CONTENT IN BARBADOS SLAVES
Authors: CORRUCCINI R. S. , AUFDERHEIDE A. C. , HANDLER J. S. , WITTMERS L. E.
Published: August 2007

Skeletal lead levels are unexpectedly high (averaging 118 ppm and reaching 424 ppm maximum) in seventeenth to nineteenth century Caribbean slave skull remains. Younger specimens show significantly lower lead concentrations. Historical data confirm the supposition from skeletal lead measurements that blood lead levels probably resulted in lead intoxication symptoms in a significant fraction of this population.
INITIAL NOTES ON THE X‐RAY FLUORESCENCE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE RHYODACITE SOURCES OF THE TAOS PLATEAU, NEW MEXICO
Authors: NEWMAN J. R. , NIELSEN R. L.
Published: August 2007

A preliminary statement of the energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence characterization of six spatially discrete rhyodacite sources of the Taos Plateau, New Mexico is presented. Geochemical characterization serves to determine the sources of an initial sample of 30 rhyodacite artifacts from three archaeological sites some 20–40 km distant from the sources. The initial results indicate that barium, strontium and zirconium are particularly effective in identifying and discriminating among the various northern Rio Grande‐Taos Plateau rhyodacite sources.
THE BILZINGSLEBEN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE: NEW DATING EVIDENCE
Authors: SCHWARCZ H. P. , GRÜN R. , LATHAM A. G. , MANIA D. , BRUNNACKER K.
Published: August 2007

New absolute dates have been obtained for the Bilzingsleben (D.D.R.) archaeological site, using uranium‐series analyses of travertine, and electron spin resonance (ESR) analyses of travertine and tooth enamel of rhinoceros. The results indicate that the site was apparently occupied during interglacial isotope stages 9 or 11. The surrounding terrain has been subsequently dissected by at least three discrete stages of fluvial erosion during succeeding glacial stages. Bilzingsleben is thus shown to be significantly older than the Lower Travertine at the nearby site of Ehringsdorf, assigned to isotope stage 7 by uranium‐series dating. The latter assignment is confirmed by new ESR data presented here.
ANALYSIS OF EUROPEAN AMBER BY CARBON‐13 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: LAMBERT J. B. , BECK C. W. , FRYE J. S.
Published: August 2007

Amber, a class of fossil resins, comprises largely terpenoid components. The structure of the major, insoluble portion has not been defined previously. We report the analysis of European amber by carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy directly on solid samples. Two major types are defined, depending on the appearance of the alkene resonances. Baltic amber (succinite), along with other northern ambers such as gedanite, has a pronounced resonance from an exomethylene group. The southerly ambers (rumanite, schraufite, walchowite, delatynite and true simetites) lack the exomethylene resonances. The succinite group gives spectra consistent with a labdane‐type precursor and the rumanite‐like ambers give spectra consistent with an abietane‐type precursor. These results are best explained by at least two different palaeobotanical sources of the fossil resins.
SOLDERING WITH GOLD ALLOYS IN ANCIENT SOUTH AMERICA: EXAMINATION OF TWO SMALL GOLD STUDS FROM ECUADOR
Authors: SCOTT D. A. , DOEHNE E.
Published: August 2007

This paper presents the results of electron microprobe analysis of two gold studs, and their associated gold alloy solders. from La Tolita in Ecuador. Metallographic and compositional data are presented and the types of solders used are discussed.
STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF THE PRESENTLY ACCUMULATED LEAD ISOTOPE DATA FROM ANATOLIA AND SURROUNDING REGIONS
Authors: SAYRE E. V. , YENER K. A. , JOEL E. C. , BARNES I. L.
Published: August 2007

Several hundred new stable lead isotope ratio determinations of ore and slag specimens from ancient mining sites throughout Anatolia and of samples of artefacts of the Chalcolithic, Bronze Age and Early Iron Age from museum collections in Turkey and the United States have been combined with the accumulated published isotope determinations of such specimens from throughout the eastern Mediterranean and Aegean regions to form a data base of nearly 1000 analyses. It is the purpose of this paper to evaluate the practical effectiveness of using this now extensive data base to discriminate between the many sources of metals throughout this region and to propose methods to enhance this discrimination. By using the full three‐dimensional isotopic data in multivariate statistical treatments and by separating isotopically resolvable source groups within some of the source areas and isolating statistically outlying specimens from them, it has been possible to characterize some ore sources more precisely and compactly and thereby achieve better resolution between ore sources. It has also been possible to isolate isotopically compatible artefact groups which possibly relate to ore sources that, as yet, have not been well defined by isotopic analysis.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONAL DATA AND THE COMPARISON OF ANALYSES
Authors: BAXTER M. J.
Published: August 2007

Recent statistical work on approaches to analysing compositional data ‐ where variables sum to a constant for each row of a data matrix ‐ may encounter difficulties when applied to data of the kind typically arising in scientific archaeology. The reason is that results obtained may be unsatisfactory from a substantive viewpoint for identifiable technical reasons. This paper explores and illustrates some possible resolutions of the problem. A feature of the approach used is to analyse subsets of the variables on separate scales. A synthesis of the results obtained from separate analyses is essential and the use of multiple correspondence analysis for this purpose is illustrated.
EVIDENCE FOR CHURCH ORIENTATION BY MAGNETIC COMPASS IN TWELFTH‐CENTURY DENMARK
Authors: ABRAHAMSEN N.
Published: August 2007

The orientations of some 570 Romanesque churches (one‐third of the total) from four regions in Denmark show significant differences in the claimed east‐west orientation, being typically rotated 5‐15° clockwise from true east‐west. Magnetic declination was predominantly easterly between AD 1000 and 1600; the church deviations probably originate from sometimes using a magnetic compass, other simple and plausible causes for this ‘skewness’, for example orientation by the sun at specific periods of the year or astronomical alignment, being hard to design. Hence, some 25% of the churches were probably oriented by means of a magnetic compass. As a tool for dating, the orientations have not yet been successful due to statistical scatter.

Church building in Denmark boomed in the twelfth century. The early history of the compass is somewhat uncertain. The first European reference known is from about 1190‐1200, while the oldest Norse source is from about 1225 (Landnámabók), saying that the lodestone was not known before. Danish churches thus bring new information about the early use of the magnetic compass in Europe.
URANIUM‐SERIES DATING OF FOSSIL BONES FROM ALPINE CAVES
Authors: LEITNER‐WILD E. , STEFFAN I.
Published: August 2007

During the course of an investigation of fossil cave bear populations the uranium‐series method for absolute age determination has been applied to bone material. The applicability of the method to bone samples from alpine caves could be demonstrated by the concordance of U/Th and U/Pa ages and cross‐checks with the radiocarbon method. Stratigraphic agreement between bone ages and carbonate speleothetn ages also indicates the potential of the uranium‐series method as a suitable tool for the age determination of fossil bones from alpine cave environments.
STUDY OF ANCIENT GREEK COPPER COINS FROM NIKOPOLIS (EPIRUS) AND THESSALONIKI (MACEDONIA)
Authors: KALLITHRAKAS‐KONTOS N. , KATSANOS A. A. , ARAVANTINOS A. , OECONOMIDES M. , TOURATSOGLOU I.
Published: August 2007

Ancient copper coins from the Greek cities Nikopolis in Epirus and Thessaloniki in Macedonia, minted during Roman imperial times (31 BC to AD 268), were analysed non‐destructively by proton induced X‐ray emission, after removal of the patina. An intercompar‐ison study using different analytical methods was also performed on five coins. Eleven elements were analysed quantitatively on all coins. Statistical analysis of the results was performed for their presentation in the form of dendrograms. Finally, the variations in the concentrations of some individual elements from emperor to emperor were examined.
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF SIXTEENTH‐ AND SEVENTEENTH‐CENTURY EUROPEAN BLUE GLASS TRADE BEADS FROM THE EASTERN GREAT LAKES AREA OF NORTH AMERICA*
Authors: HANCOCK R. G. V. , CHAFE A. , KENYON I.
Published: August 2007

Sixteenth‐ and seventeenth‐century European blue glass trade beads from aboriginal sites in the eastern Great Lakes area of North America have been analysed non‐destructively using low neutron dose instrumental neutron activation analysis, so that the beads could be returned to their keepers. Dark blue (cobalt‐coloured) beads are readily separable from turquoise (copper‐coloured) beads. Differences in the chemistries of the turquoise blue beads appear to be useful in separating glass beads from the two centuries. Low calcium, sixteenth‐century turquoise beads tend to distintegrate by a leaching of the alkali metals.