bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Labour Force Occupation, 2001 - Social Sciences, Education, Government Services and Religion (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

As of May 15, 2001, Canada's labour force consisted of almost 15.6 million people, up 9.5% from 14.2 million a decade earlier. Of the 15.6 million people in the labour force, more than 2.5 million were in highly skilled occupations that normally required
university education. This was a 33% increase from 1991, triple the rate of growth for the labour force as a whole. The map shows by census division the percentage of the population employed in social sciences, education, government services and religion.
Labour Force Occupation, 2001 - Sales and Services (by census subdivision)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

As of May 15, 2001, Canada's labour force consisted of almost 15.6 million people, up 9.5% from 14.2 million a decade earlier. Of the 15.6 million people in the labour force, more than 2.5 million were in highly skilled occupations that normally required
university education. This was a 33% increase from 1991, triple the rate of growth for the labour force as a whole. The map shows by census subdivision the percentage of the population employed in sales and services.
Labour Force Occupation, 2001 - Sales and Services (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

As of May 15, 2001, Canada's labour force consisted of almost 15.6 million people, up 9.5% from 14.2 million a decade earlier. Of the 15.6 million people in the labour force, more than 2.5 million were in highly skilled occupations that normally required
university education. This was a 33% increase from 1991, triple the rate of growth for the labour force as a whole. The map shows by census division the percentage of the population employed in sales and services.
Labour Force Occupation, 2001 - Primary Industry (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

As of May 15, 2001, Canada's labour force consisted of almost 15.6 million people, up 9.5% from 14.2 million a decade earlier. Of the 15.6 million people in the labour force, more than 2.5 million were in highly skilled occupations that normally required
university education. This was a 33% increase from 1991, triple the rate of growth for the labour force as a whole. The map shows by census division the percentage of the population employed in primary industry.
Labour Force Occupation, 2001 - Natural and Applied Sciences and Related Occupations (by census subdivision)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

As of May 15, 2001, Canada's labour force consisted of almost 15.6 million people, up 9.5% from 14.2 million a decade earlier. Of the 15.6 million people in the labour force, more than 2.5 million were in highly skilled occupations that normally required
university education. This was a 33% increase from 1991, triple the rate of growth for the labour force as a whole. The map shows by census subdivision the percentage of the population employed in natural and applied sciences and related occupations.
Labour Force Occupation, 2001 - Health Occupations (by census subdivision)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

As of May 15, 2001, Canada's labour force consisted of almost 15.6 million people, up 9.5% from 14.2 million a decade earlier. Of the 15.6 million people in the labour force, more than 2.5 million were in highly skilled occupations that normally required
university education. This was a 33% increase from 1991, triple the rate of growth for the labour force as a whole. The map shows by census subdivision the percentage of the population employed in health occupations.
Labour Force Occupation, 2001 - Health Occupations (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

As of May 15, 2001, Canada's labour force consisted of almost 15.6 million people, up 9.5% from 14.2 million a decade earlier. Of the 15.6 million people in the labour force, more than 2.5 million were in highly skilled occupations that normally required
university education. This was a 33% increase from 1991, triple the rate of growth for the labour force as a whole. The map shows by census division the percentage of the population employed in health occupations.
Labour Force Occupation, 2001 - Business, Finance and Administration (by census subdivision)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

As of May 15, 2001, Canada's labour force consisted of almost 15.6 million people, up 9.5% from 14.2 million a decade earlier. Of the 15.6 million people in the labour force, more than 2.5 million were in highly skilled occupations that normally required
university education. This was a 33% increase from 1991, triple the rate of growth for the labour force as a whole. The map shows by census subdivision the percentage of the population employed in business, finance and administration.
Labour Force Occupation, 2001 - Art, Culture, Recreation and Sport (by census subdivision)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

As of May 15, 2001, Canada's labour force consisted of almost 15.6 million people, up 9.5% from 14.2 million a decade earlier. Of the 15.6 million people in the labour force, more than 2.5 million were in highly skilled occupations that normally required
university education. This was a 33% increase from 1991, triple the rate of growth for the labour force as a whole. The map shows by census subdivision the percentage of the population employed in art, culture, recreation and sport.
Labour Force Occupation, 2001 - Art, Culture, Recreation and Sport (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

As of May 15, 2001, Canada's labour force consisted of almost 15.6 million people, up 9.5% from 14.2 million a decade earlier. Of the 15.6 million people in the labour force, more than 2.5 million were in highly skilled occupations that normally required
university education. This was a 33% increase from 1991, triple the rate of growth for the labour force as a whole. The map shows by census division the percentage of the population employed in art, culture, recreation and sport.
July Mean Total Precipitation
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The map shows the mean total precipitation in the month of July. Throughout much of the continental interior of Canada, precipitation reaches its annual maximum in the summer months and falls as rain. On the Prairies, the maximum monthly precipitation is usually
in June or July, but this shifts to August at more northerly latitudes and in Ontario and Quebec. On both the west and east coasts, summer is the driest time of the year, particularly on Vancouver Island and the Sunshine Coast of southwestern British Columbia. In the Arctic Archipelago, rainfall
tends to be dominant, but snowfall is still significant and can occur in any summer month.
July Mean Daily Minimum Temperatures
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The map shows the mean daily maximum temperatures for July. Maximum temperatures in July are above freezing across all of Canada except for high elevations on Ellesmere Island. Maximum temperatures exceed 25ºC in the valley bottoms of southern British
Columbia, across the southern Prairies, in southern Ontario and along the St. Lawrence River valley almost to the City of Québec and over parts of central New Brunswick. For many of these southern regions, this is the height of summer, with plentiful sunshine and warm dry days. Maximum
temperatures along coastal regions of Atlantic Canada and British Columbia are moderated by the oceans but, even there, maximum temperatures near or above 20ºC are the norm.
July Mean Daily Maximum Temperatures
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The map shows the mean daily maximum temperatures for July. Maximum temperatures in July are above freezing across all of Canada except for high elevations on Ellesmere Island. Maximum temperatures exceed 25ºC in the valley bottoms of southern British
Columbia, across the southern Prairies, in southern Ontario and along the St. Lawrence River valley almost to the City of Québec and over parts of central New Brunswick. For many of these southern regions, this is the height of summer, with plentiful sunshine and warm dry days. Maximum
temperatures along coastal regions of Atlantic Canada and British Columbia are moderated by the oceans but, even there, maximum temperatures near or above 20ºC are the norm.
Initial Probes 1497 to 1501
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

This map shows the first phase of exploration of what is now Canada, which was largely confined to the east coast of the island of Newfoundland and to southeastern Labrador. Shown here are the routes of three explorers: Cabot (1497), Corte-Real (1500 to 1501) and
Fernandes (1500). The map also shows the extent of territory known to Europeans in the period 1497 to 1650; and the navigation of all exploration routes during the period of maritime exploration between 1497 and 1599. The historical names found on the map are derived from contemporaneous maps and
written documents of the period.
Initial Penetration of the St. Lawrence Valley 1534 to 1583
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The third phase of exploration in what is now Canada consisted of the initial penetration of the St. Lawrence valley. This was initiated by Jacques Cartier in two voyages - 1534 and 1535 to 1536. Bellenger (1583) made a later voyage of exploration extending
Cartier's knowledge. The map also shows the extent of territory known to Europeans in the period 1497 to 1650; and the navigation of all exploration routes during the period of maritime exploration between 1497 and 1599. The historical names found on the map are derived from contemporaneous maps and
written documents of the period.
Hydrogeological Regions
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Hydrogeological regions are areas in which the properties of sub-surface water, or groundwater, are broadly similar in geology, climate and topography. Hydrogeology is the branch of geology that deals with the distribution and movement of water beneath the earths
surface. This map shows Canadas nine hydrogeological regions.
Human Activities in Ecosystems - Mining Sites
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In Canada, mines are most heavily concentrated in the Mixedwood Plains, Boreal Shield, Prairie, and Montane Cordillera ecozones. Mines require accessibility, and are therefore strongly correlated with transportation routes. While most mines are designed as closed
systems, occasionally water pollution results from problems in the mining, or milling processes, and aquatic ecosystems can be affected. The map shows the number of mines per ecoregion.
Health Status: Low Birthweight Mothers Aged 20 to 39 Years
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

There are low numbers of low birthweight babies in this age category, but this is not unexpected since the younger and older mothers, who have higher rates of low birthweight births, have been excluded. Low birthweight (LBW) is a health status indicator, and is
defined as babies born with weight under 2500 grams. The proportion of low birthweight babies born to mothers 15 years of age and older indicates the health and well-being of a population. Health status refers to the state of health of a person or group, and measures causes of sickness and death. It
can also include peoples assessment of their own health.
Health Status: Low Birthweight Mothers 40 Years of Age and Older
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

This age group of mothers has tendency towards higher proportions (often 8.0% and over) of low birthweight babies. On this map only the cities are represented because there is a low number of women in this group in rural and remote areas and hence the data
has been suppressed due to reasons of confidentiality. Low birthweight (LBW) is a health status indicator, and is defined as babies born with weight under 2500 grams. The proportion of low birthweight babies born to mothers 15 years of age and older indicates the health and well-being of a
population. Health status refers to the state of health of a person or group, and measures causes of sickness and death. It can also include peoples assessment of their own health.
Health Status: Breast Cancer Rates, 1986 to 1995
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

One woman in nine can expect to develop breast cancer during her lifetime and one in 25 will die from the disease. Statistically low incidences of breast cancer are found in Newfoundland and Labrador, the territories, and northern areas of most provinces.
Otherwise, each province has one or more pockets of significantly high breast cancer incidence. These are often located in more southerly areas, but they do not seem to be restricted to either urban or rural areas alone. Breast cancer rates are a health status indicator. They can be used to help
assess health conditions. Health status refers to the state of health of a person or group, and measures causes of sickness and death. It can also include peoples assessment of their own health.
Health Services Utilization: Physician Utilization, 1996 to 1997
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

During 1997 close to 80% of Canadians made use of the services of a family physician. For Canada as a whole, and for each province, the majority of the population, close to 58%, visited a family physician more than twice during that time period. Health
services utilization patterns, for both individuals and for regions, are influenced by factors like age, gender, self-rated health status, education, and income.
Health Services Utilization: Dental Services Utilization, 1996 to 1997
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The use of the services of a dentist or orthodontist for Canada as a whole was just under 60%. It was far lower than physician utilization in 1997. Use ranges from a low of 46% in Newfoundland and Labrador to highs of 63% in British Columbia and
Ontario. The reason for low dental utilization is partially due to the fact that dental coverage is not universal across Canada. Having dental coverage not only increases likelihood of visiting a dentist/orthodontist, it also increases the likelihood of making two or more visits. In addition, dental
services utilization patterns, for both individuals and regions, are influenced by factors like age, gender, and self-rated health status.
Health Resources: Population-to-physician Ratios, 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Major cities are associated with comparatively few people per physician; every province has one or more census divisions in which the ratio is less than or equal to 550:1. None of the territories has a ratio this low. At the same time, each province has a
significant number of areas with ratios higher than 550:1 and these tend to be located in the more rural and/or northern areas.
Health Resources: Population-to-nurse Ratios, 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Areas with a ratio of 100:1 or lower are found mainly in eastern Canada and Manitoba. These are areas where the number of registered nurses per capita is higher than the national rate. At the other end of the scale, regions with relatively few nurses per
capita-with ratios greater than 200:1-predominate in the territories and the northern portions of many provinces. In general, higher numbers of nurses occur in locations throughout Canada where there are relatively high number of physicians and specialists.
Health Resources: Population-to-family Physician Ratios, 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Neither rural areas nor urban areas predominate with respect to any specific range of the family physician ratios. The Federal and Provincial Advisory Committee on Health Manpower recommended that a ratio of 1307:1 would be a suitable target for family
physicians. In contrast to the distribution of physician specialists, family physicians are more prevalent in terms of their presence in virtually all areas of Canada.
Health Behaviours: Prevalence of Smoking, 1996 to 1997
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Prevalence of smoking is measured as the proportion of all persons 12 years of age and older who smoked daily or occasionally in 1996 to 1997 for each province. Smoking is a health behaviour that deteriorates health. Smoking is the most important cause of
preventable illness, disability and premature death.
Health Behaviours: Population Who Were Overweight, 1996 to 1997
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Many health professionals in Canada consider that obesity has reached or is nearing epidemic proportions in this country. Most scientific evidence is supportive of physical activity as a positive determinant. Greater health benefits can be achieved by increasing
the amount; duration, frequency, or intensity-of physical activity. Lack of physical activity has negative health consequences. Population in the Atlantic Provinces tends to be more overweight and inactive, at least in relative terms.
Health Behaviours: Physically Active Population, 1996 to 1997
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The proportion of population « physically active » is based on the energy demands of a series of leisure-time activities that people participated in during the three months previous to the survey. Most scientific evidence is supportive of physical
activity as a positive determinant of health. Greater health benefits can be achieved by increasing the amount-duration, frequency, or intensity-of physical activity. In Alberta and British Columbia, the 12+ years age group is far more active than their counterparts in other
provinces.
Growth Rates of the Service Industries, 1986 to 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The maps of growth rates for the period 1986 to 1996 tell us how many jobs each city has added relative to its size, so that cities can be compared. Those cities that have special advantages for service activity will be the places that grow in the future. The
difference in the employment totals (1996 value minus 1986 value) is called the absolute growth; and the absolute growth divided by the 1986 value is called the growth rate (absolute growth / 1986 value). Almost all places with a growth rate of more than 40% in total service employment over the
decade are located in Alberta, British Columbia or within 200 kilometres of Toronto or Montréal. Saskatchewan and Manitoba do very poorly, and the Atlantic provinces and other parts of Ontario and Quebec display a variety of growth rates, some being high but most low.
Growth Rate of Wholesaling Employment, 1986 to 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Commercial services, the activities operating within the private sector, are attracted to markets according to the population of the area they serve and the level of market income. The growth rates for wholesaling varied regionally, with the higher rates in
British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario and Quebec contrasting with those in Saskatchewan, Manitoba and the Atlantic provinces. The highest rates of growth occurred in British Columbia and Alberta, and in or near Toronto, Ottawa and Montréal. These are some of the places with the highest per capita
incomes, and generally the places with highest rates of population growth during this period. The highest growth rates are found in small peripheral cities, which had a very small employment base in 1986 (for example, La Baie, Quebec, and Port Alberni and Fort St. John, British
Columbia).
Growth Rate of Retailing Employment, 1986 to 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Commercial services, the activities operating within the private sector, are attracted to markets according to the population of the area they serve and the level of market income. Growth in retailing varied regionally, with declines in Manitoba and Saskatchewan
contrasting with rapid growth in the rest of the country. The highest growth rates are found in the urban centres near the largest cities: Varennes, Quebec; Airdrie, Alberta; and Buckingham, Quebec (near Ottawa).
Growth Rate of Public Administration Employment, 1986 to 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The pattern of growth rates for public administration shows the most distinctive pattern of change. There were substantial declines, with more than half of the cities losing employment during the period 1986 to 1996. The federal capital (Ottawa) and the
provincial capitals Halifax and Winnipeg suffered the greatest losses. The highest rates of growth occurred in coastal British Columbia and in small cities on the fringes of Toronto and Montréal.
Growth Rate of Personal Services Employment, 1986 to 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Commercial services, the activities operating within the private sector, are attracted to markets according to the population of the area they serve and the level of market income. Growth rates for personal services show much the same regional pattern, the
relatively slow growth in the eastern Prairie provinces contrasting with the rapid growth in British Columbia, Alberta and southern Ontario and Quebec. The very highest rates of growth occurred in coastal British Columbia and around Toronto, Ottawa, and Montréal, where population growth was
rapid.
Growth Rate of Leisure Services Employment, 1986 to 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Commercial services, the activities operating within the private sector, are attracted to markets according to the population of the area they serve and the level of market income. Growth rates for leisure services were relatively slow in the eastern Prairie
provinces and rapid in British Columbia and southern Ontario and Quebec. The very highest rates of growth were widely dispersed in the urban centres on the edge of metropolitan regions. These high-growth places are often those that cater to the recreational needs of nearby large
cities.
Growth Rate of Financial Services Employment, 1986 to 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Commercial services, the activities operating within the private sector, are attracted to markets according to the population of the area they serve and the level of market income. Growth in financial services varied from decline or slow growth in the Prairie
provinces to rapid growth in British Columbia and southern Ontario and Quebec. The highest rates of growth occurred in coastal British Columbia and in the urban centres near the largest cities (for example, Toronto, Ottawa and Montréal).
Growth Rate of Education Services Employment, 1986 to 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Fifteen small and peripheral cities lost jobs between 1986 and 1996 in the education sector, but none more than 300. Toronto added almost 25 000 jobs in education during this period. Areas of slow growth, mostly rural or smaller centres, lost jobs in education as
the birth rate declined, especially rural Quebec and across the northern periphery of the country. Nationally, the growth in the education sector more or less reflected the overall distribution of population growth across the country in, for example, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Toronto, Ottawa and
Montréal. Nevertheless, many growing cities across the country (for example, Prince George, British Columbia and Fredericton, New Brunswick) also added jobs in these activities.
Growth Rate of Commercial Service Employment, 1986 to 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Commercial services, the activities operating within the private sector, are attracted to markets according to the population of the area they serve and the level of market income. The growth rates in commercial services between 1986 and 1996 indicate that growth
was widely dispersed across Canada. Generally, commercial service activities were disproportionately attracted to the larger centres (Toronto, Montréal); however, growth was less in these larger cities. High growth rates occurred throughout Alberta and British Columbia, and around Toronto and
Montréal where the urban markets have grown most rapidly.
Government Transfer Payments as Proportion of Total Income, 2000 (by census subdivision)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

After employment income (earnings), government transfer payments make up the next largest component of total income for individuals. Government transfer payments, such as old-age pensions, employment insurance benefits, child tax benefits and Goods and Services
Tax credits, contributed 10 cents of every dollar (on average) to family income. Family income is the combined income of all family members from all sources before income taxes are deducted.
Government Transfer Payments as Proportion of Total Income, 2000 (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

After employment income (earnings), government transfer payments make up the next largest component of total income for individuals. Government transfer payments, such as old-age pensions, employment insurance benefits, child tax benefits and Goods and Services
Tax credits, contributed 10 cents of every dollar (on average) to family income. Family income is the combined income of all family members from all sources before income taxes are deducted.
Government transfer payments as a proportion of total income of households (by census division), 2005$
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In 2005, an estimated 18 201 000 people reported employment income (earnings), an increase of more than 1.5 million from five years ago. The national median earnings of persons 15 years and over was $26 850. These earnings were one component of household total
income. The national median income for 12 437 470 households in 2005 was $53 634 up 2.3% from 2000. The map shows by census division the proportion of total income derived from government transfer payments of households in 2005 constant dollars.
Generating Stations, 2007 - Power Source
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

A generating station is an industrial facility built and operated to generate electricity. The map shows the 916 generating stations (power plants) operating in 2007. There were 479 hydroelectric stations, 375 thermal plants (combustion, internal combustion and
steam), 7 nuclear plants, 54 wind turbines and 1 tidal power plant.
Forestry-reliant Communities, 2001
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

There are 652 forestry-reliant communities, of which 324 have a reliance of 50% or greater, and 328 have a reliance of 30 to 49%. The communities are spread across Canada and closely match the distribution of commercially usable
forests.
Forest-Reliant Communities, 1996 - Income Index
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The income index compares the average employment income value of each community to that for Canada. The value for Canada as a whole is set at 1.00. The range of the index is from 0.12 to 1.65, with the median value for these communities being 0.73. Income index
values are generally higher in Western Canada.
Forest-Reliant Communities, 1996 - Education Index
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The education index is a measure of the proportion of the population 15 years of age and over who have post-secondary qualifications compared to the Canadian proportion meeting the same criteria. The index values are generally lower than the Canadian average. The
median value is 0.78, and 88% of the communities have a value of less than 1.00 which is the Canadian norm. The values tend to be higher in Western Canada, especially in the southern part of British Columbia, and also in the larger communities with a population of 5000 or
greater.
Forest-Reliant Communities, 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

This map indicates the degree of reliance of each of the 298 communities on forest-related industries. The index range spans the complete range from 50% up to 100% with most communities having values in the lower half of this range. Even though there are
two widely-separated zones of these communities in Eastern Canada and Western Canada, there is little difference between the two zones in the overall degree of reliance. Many of these places depend on local forestry activity such as logging and on manufacturing industries such as pulp and paper
production for their economic sustainability.
Forested Ecozones
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In Canada, there are 20 ecozones, consisting of 15 terrestrial and 5 marine units. The vegetation varies from one ecozone to another. Forests cover totally or partially nine ecozones: Pacific Maritime, Montane Cordillera, Boreal Cordillera, Taiga Plains, Boreal
Plains, Prairie, Boreal Shield, Mixedwood Plains, and Atlantic Maritime.
Forest Fire Severity Level, 1980 - 1989
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Climate warming can bring more frequent and severe forest fires. This map shows the change in forest fire severity levels across Canada from 1980 to 1989, based on Global Generation Circulation Models. The Seasonal Severity Rating (SSR) is a measure of fire
danger conditions over a complete fire season. The SSR is developed by averaging daily values over the season. The scale shown is relative, with values above 6 being extreme. A real value of zero is only possible in remote cold regions where no fire danger exists in the summer
months.
Forest Fire Hotspots, 2009
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

A hotspot is a mark on an infrared satellite image indicating a heat source typical of burning vegetation. A hotspot may represent one fire or be one of several hotspots representing a larger fire. Hotspots are located and mapped as part of the Fire Monitoring,
Mapping and Modeling System (Fire M3), which is a component of a national fire information system that identifies, monitors and maps large forest fires using the hotspots. The Atlas of Canada has mapped each year from 2001 to 2009 the forest fire hotspots in partnership with the Canadian Forest
Service, Natural Resources Canada. Only the forest fire hotspots for the last recorded day of forest fire activity for the year 2009 have been archived. The original data from 2001 to 2009 are available from the Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada.
Fishery-reliant Communities, 2001
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

There are 207 fishery-reliant communities, of which 80 have a reliance of 50% or greater and 127 have a reliance of 30 to 49%. The communities are almost all located near salt water. Only one, Grand Rapids, Manitoba on the shores of Lake Winnipeg, is in
the interior of Canada.
Exploration West and Southwest Beyond the Great Lakes 1673 to 1688
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Exploration in the period 1673 to 1688 was dominated by the return of the intendant, Jean Talon, to New France. In order to keep out the English and promote the fur trade to Montréal, he encouraged a series of expeditions. The routes of nine expeditions are
shown on this map: Louis Jolliet and Marquette (1673); Nouvel (1675); Dulhut (1678 to 1679); La Salle (1679); Tonty (1679); La Salle (1680); Accault, Aguel and Hennepin (1680); Dulhut (1680) and De Noyon (1688). The map also shows the extent of territory known to Europeans and the navigation of all
exploration routes in the period 1651 to 1760. The historical names found on the map are derived from contemporaneous maps and written documents of the period.
Ecosystem Components: Land Cover Diversity
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Ecoregions vary in their make up and complexity. Some are relatively uniform in their composition, structure and processes. Others contain extreme variations in relief, soils, climate, vegetation, and species. This map shows the number of land cover types (up to
29 types are possible) per ecoregion and gives an indication of the level of diversity within a particular ecosystem.
Ecosystem Components - Rare Plant Diversity
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Some plants are rare because they naturally occur in very specialized habitats or in very low numbers; others may be rare because they have suffered setbacks because of natural processes or pressures from human activities. The highest number of rare plant species
is in southern Ontario, where human activity is intensive and extensive. Farming, deforestation, draining of wetlands, and the use of insecticides and herbicides has reduced the populations and areas of distribution of numerous species. The map shows the rare plant diversity per
ecoregion.
Ecological Framework
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Fifteen ecozones make up terrestrial Canada, and five make up the marine waters bordering Canada. Canadas 15 terrestrial ecozones can be subdivided into 53 ecoprovinces, which can be further broken into 194 ecoregions. Ecozones are useful for general national
reporting and for placing Canadas ecosystem diversity in a North American or global context. Ecoprovinces are useful units at an intermediate scale for national and regional planning and reporting purposes. Ecoregions are a useful ecosystem scale for national, provincial, and regional planning and
reporting purposes. Regardless of the level in the hierarchy, each unit is distinguished from others by its unique mosaic of plants, wildlife, climate, landforms, and human activities.
Earnings as Proportion of Total Income, 2000 (by census subdivision)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In 2000, an estimated 16 416 000 people reported employment income, an increase of more than 1.5 million from a decade earlier. During this decade, the overall average employment income of individuals rose 7.3% to $31 757. Earnings refers to the total of
wages and salaries as well as net income from self-employment.
Earnings as Proportion of Total Income, 2000 (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In 2000, an estimated 16 416 000 people reported employment income, an increase of more than 1.5 million from a decade earlier. During this decade, the overall average employment income of individuals rose 7.3% to $31 757. Earnings refers to the total of
wages and salaries as well as net income from self-employment.
Distribution of Freshwater - Wetlands
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Wetlands are lands permanently or temporarily submerged or permeated by water, and characterized by plants adapted to saturated-soil conditions. Wetlands are the only ecosystem designated for conservation by international convention because they absorb the impact
of hydrologic events, filter sediments and toxic substances, supply food and essential habitat for many species, provide products for food, energy, and building material, and are valuable recreational areas. Some wetlands help recharge groundwater, while others receive groundwater discharge.
Wetlands are vulnerable to climatic variations and extreme events. Wetlands occur across most of Canada. Their location usually depends on local factors of drainage, topography, and surface material.
Distribution of Freshwater - Drainage Patterns
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

A drainage basin is an area that drains all precipitation received as a runoff or base flow (groundwater sources) into a particular river or set of rivers. Canadas major drainage regions are the Atlantic Ocean, Hudson Bay, Arctic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, and Gulf of
Mexico. A lake can be defined as any inland body of water, usually fresh water, larger than a pool or pond. Canada is covered by as many as two million lakes. The largest set of lakes, the Great Lakes, straddle the Canada-US boundary and contain 18% of the worlds fresh water in lakes. Most
Canadian rivers have developed since the last ice age. Almost 75% of the Canadian landmass contains water that drains northward into either the Arctic Ocean or into Hudson and James bays.
Current Water Levels, 2008
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The map shows 3172 hydrometric stations, 1491 active and 1681 inactive, located on rivers and lakes across the country. All the stations on the map are situated in a drainage area of 200 square kilometres or more. For 1200 stations shown on the map, surface water
level measurements are recorded in real time, every three hours daily, when in operation, although the number of stations recording data varies throughout the year. Hydrometric stations record information on the water level, flow velocity and discharge. Water level is the elevation at the waters
surface; flow velocity is the rate of water flow; and discharge is the amount of water flowing past a point in a unit of time. For both active and inactive stations recorded water data are available. The hydrometric network is run and operated through a federal-provincial cost-sharing
program.
Crude Oil and Natural Gas Resources
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Canada has significant proven reserves of crude oil (178 billion barrels), second only to those of Saudi Arabia. Canadian natural gas reserves were 58 trillion cubic feet as of year-end 2006. These resources are found in the countrys seven major sedimentary
basins. The primary petroleum-producing sedimentary basin is the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB), which extends from the Canadian Shield to the Rocky Mountains through Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and northeastern British Columbia. There are also producing basins in southern Ontario,
offshore Newfoundland, and the Scotian Shelf. Potential reserves are also found in Northern Canada, where an estimated 30 per cent of Canadas conventional oil resources are located. The map shows the major petroleum-producing fields (or pools) of conventional natural gas, crude oil and the oil
sands, as well as the extensive pipeline network.
Commercial Land Use: Shopping Centres
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

This map shows how commercial activity is distributed within urban areas and the impact of commercial services on the urban landscape, by mapping what proportion of stores (hence jobs) in an urban area that are found in shopping centres. Shopping centres are
designed, built and managed as a single unit, primarily for retail purposes; they are therefore easy to identify. As a relatively modern innovation, introduced to most cities in the 1960s or later, they are usually located at the edge of the city closer to the suburbs. Most cities have about 10%
of their stores in shopping centres; this value is slightly higher in larger cities and in cities with a high growth rate.
Combined Resource-reliant Communities, 2001
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Each of the 84 communities shown on this map has a 30% or higher reliance on two of the resource sectors of agriculture, energy, fisheries, forestry or mining. The large majority of these communities are located in the four western provinces (48) or in Quebec
(25). Most are small communities in terms of population: only Brant, Ontario and Val-dOr, Quebec, have more than 12 000 people; five other communities in western Canada have 10 000 to 12 000 people. Almost all other communities have 2 000 or fewer inhabitants. The large majority of the communities
are rural areas.
Coal Resources
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Canada has about 1% of the worlds coal resources. Ninety-seven per cent of Canadas coal is found in the Western Provinces, although it is also found in Ontario, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. There are coal resources in Northern Canada, but they are not well
explored. Coal is used to generate electricity (thermal or steam coal) and to make steel (metallurgical or coking coal, used to produce the coke that, in turn, serves as a heat source and reducing agent in the steel manufacturing process). Depicted on the map are the major coal deposits in Canada,
categorized by rank, and the locations of major coal fields and coal mines, major coal transportation routes and major coal-powered electrical generating stations.
Climate Warming - National Winter Precipitation Scenario: 2050
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

A simulation of projected changes in winter (December to February) precipitation from the period 1961 to 1990 to the period 2040 to 2060 for Canada is shown on this map. In general, precipitation would increase as the century progresses and the climate warms.
Projected precipitation changes are not evenly distributed geographically or seasonally. Precipitation is projected to decrease slightly for some higher latitude regions. Warmer surface temperature would speed up the hydrological cycle at least partially, resulting in faster evaporation and more
precipitation. The results are based on climate change simulations made with the Coupled Global Climate Model developed by Environment Canada.
Climate Warming - National Summer Temperature Scenario: 2050
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

A simulation of projected changes in summer (June to August) temperatures from the period 1961 to 1990 to the period 2040 to 2060 for Canada is shown on this map. The temperature changes would not be evenly distributed geographically. The model shows broadly
similar but weaker and less geographically structured pattern than the winter pattern, which is warming for the interior and northern parts of the country. Temperatures would generally increase as a consequence of the projected increase in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. The results
are based on climate change simulations made with the Coupled Global Climate Model developed by Environment Canada.
Climate Warming - National Annual Temperature Scenario: 2050
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

A simulation of projected changes in annual mean temperatures from the period 1961 to 1990 to the period 2040 to 2060 for Canada is shown on this map. The temperature changes would not be evenly distributed geographically. The largest warming projected is for the
interior and northern parts of the country. Temperatures are projected to continue increasing as the century progresses. Temperatures would generally increase as a consequence of the projected increase in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. The results are based on climate change
simulations made with the Coupled Global Climate Model developed by Environment Canada.
Climate Warming - National Annual Precipitation Scenario: 2050
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

A simulation of projected changes in annual mean precipitation from the period 1961 to 1990 to the period 2040 to 2060 for Canada is shown on this map. In general, precipitation would increase as the century progresses and the climate warms and this is reflected
in the annual average pattern. Also, the simulations show there are regions of both increasing and decreasing precipitation. Warmer surface temperature would speed up the hydrological cycle at least partially, resulting in faster evaporation and more precipitation. The results are based on climate
change simulations made with the Coupled Global Climate Model developed by Environment Canada.
Climate Warming - Global Winter Temperature Scenario: 2050
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

A simulation of the projected changes in December to February mean temperatures from the period 1975 to 1995 to the period 2040 to 2060 is shown on this map. According to this projection, the Arctic would experience the greatest warming followed by other areas in
northern Canada and central and northern Asia. Temperatures would generally increase as a result of the projected increases in greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere. The results are based on climate change simulations made with the Coupled Global Climate Model developed by Environment
Canada.
Climate Warming - Global Summer Temperature Scenario: 2100
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

A simulation showing the projected changes in June to August mean temperatures from the period 1975 to 1995 to the period 2080 to 2100 is shown on this map. There would be typically more warming over land than over oceans, at higher latitudes than at lower
latitudes, but the warming would be smaller in the summer than in the winter. Temperatures would generally increase as a consequence of the projected increase in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. The results are based on climate change simulations made with the Coupled Global Climate
Model developed by Environment Canada.
Climate Warming - Global Summer Temperature Scenario: 2050
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

A simulation of projected changes in June to August mean temperatures from the period 1975 to 1995 to the period 2040 to 2060 is shown on this map. According to this projection, there would be typically more warming over land than over oceans, at higher latitudes
than at lower latitudes, and in winter compared to summer. Temperatures would generally increase as a consequence of the projected increase in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. The results are based on climate change simulations made with the Coupled Global Climate Model developed by
Environment Canada.
Climate Warming - Global Summer Precipitation Scenario: 2100
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

A simulation of the projected changes in June to August precipitation from the period 1975 to 1995 to the period 2080 to 2100 is shown on this map. On average, precipitation increases, but it is not evenly distributed geographically. There are marked regions of
decreasing, as well as increasing precipitation, over both land and ocean. Annual average precipitation generally increases over northern continents, and particularly during the winter. Warmer surface temperature would speed up the hydrological cycle at least partially, resulting in faster
evaporation and more precipitation. The results are based on climate change simulations made with the Coupled Global Climate Model developed by Environment Canada.
Climate Warming - Global Annual Precipitation Scenario: 2100
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

A simulation of projected changes in mean annual precipitation from the period 1975 to 1995 to the period 2080 to 2100 is shown on this map. On average, precipitation increases, but it is not evenly distributed geographically. There are marked regions of
decreasing, as well as increasing precipitation, over both land and ocean. Annual average precipitation generally increases over northern continents, and particularly during the winter. Warmer surface temperature would speed up the hydrological cycle at least partially, resulting in faster
evaporation and more precipitation. The results are based on climate change simulations made with the Coupled Global Climate Model developed by Environment Canada.
Change in Market Share of Compact Cars 1990-2010 (Human Activities Leading to Emissions)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The projected change in the market share of compact cars in total light-duty vehicle sales, from the model year 1990 to 2010 based on the business-as-usual scenario is shown on this map. This scenario assumes that there are no major policy changes during the 1990
to 2010 period, which would affect vehicle preferences. Light-duty vehicles include all cars and light trucks. The projection shows that, between the model years 1990 and 2010, the market share of compact cars in Canada would decrease from 27% to 20%, specifically, areas in the Atlantic
Provinces and Quebec. There are also significant proportional reductions of market share in some areas of Alberta and British Columbia.
Change in Area of Potatoes, 1991 to 2001
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Potatoes, especially processing potatoes, have become a major Canadian commodity; the 2002 crop had a total farm value of 978.0 million Canadian dollars. In the 1999 to 2000 crop year, Canada exported 637.3 million Canadian dollars worth of frozen fries and
imported 18.1 million Canadian dollars worth, for a healthy trade surplus of 619.2 million dollars.