bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crossreacting Antibody and Saliva Agglutinins
Authors: Jakobowicz Rachel , Ehrlich Mira , Graydon J. J.
Published: March 2009

183 samples of saliva were collected from women 2–6 days post‐partum and examined for the presence of anti‐A and/or anti‐B antibodies. The presence or absence of such antibodies was correlated to the presence or absence of maternal immune antibodies and cord antibodies of anti‐A and/or anti‐B specificity.

In 27 group A mothers there were four with saliva anti‐B three of whom belonged to subgroup A2. Two group A mothers had children of group O who had anti‐A in the cord serum.

In 11 group B mothers there were three with anti‐A agglutinins in their saliva.

In 145 group O mothers there were 75 with saliva anti‐A, anti‐B, or anti‐A + anti‐B agglutinins. In the majority of cases, but not in all the saliva antibodies were destroyed by mercapto‐ethanol.

The incidence of saliva antibodies varies with the blood groups, increasing from A1 to B to A2 to O. The significance of these findings is discussed.

In group O persons there was a statistically significant association between the presence of saliva antibodies of the ABO system and

the presence of immune anti‐A + anti‐B in the corresponding maternal sera;

cross‐reacting eluates obtained from A cells after contact with corresponding maternal sera;

agglutination of Ax cells by corresponding maternal sera;

and – in group O children – the presence of anti‐A and/or anti‐B antibodies in the corresponding cord sera.

In the majority of cases the presence of saliva antibodies is closely associated with all four of these serological features; there are, however, instances when there is only association with one or two of them, in agreement with Landsteiner's statement, that antibodies formed in response to one determinant group are not absolutely identical but vary around a main pattern.
A Two‐Component System of Human Serum Agglutinating Gelatine‐Coated Erythrocytes
Authors: Wolff I. , Timpl R. , Pecker I. , Steffen C.
Published: March 2009

In normal and pathologic human sera a heat‐labile Anti‐Gelatine Factor could be demonstrated, which agglutinates red cells coated with parent gelatine. In several properties it differs from the collagen antibody observed in rheumatoid arthritis sera and from the experimentally induced rabbit antibody against parent gelatine.

By fractionation procedures it could be demonstrated that the Anti‐Gelatine Factor is a two‐component system, consisting of an agglutinator and an activator. The two components showed different solubilities in ammonium sulfate solution.

The heat‐labile agglutinator shows in immunoelectrophoresis and gelfiltration properties corresponding to Immunoglobulin M, and precipitates as euglobulin.

It possesses a lower agglutinating activity as the whole serum. The serologic reactivity between agglutinator and parent gelatine can be significantly increased by addition of the heat‐stable activator, which by itself possesses no agglutinating activity. It can activate agglutinators from different human sera. Various methods for the inactivation of hemolytic complement had no influence upon the agglutinating activity of the Anti‐Gelatine Factor.
Immunochemical Studies of Lectins
Authors: Miller J. T. , Boyd W. C.
Published: March 2009

A method for the partial purification of Sophora japonica lectin is described. Tests on the partially purified lectin showed it to possess an increased specific activity for A and B erythrocytes but to have a low activity for group O erythrocytes. Chromatographic analysis on G‐200 sephadex showed two distinct peaks for the purified lectin and only one for the crude lectin, suggesting that partly purified lectin had a slightly smaller molecular size than did the crude material. Differences were also found between crude lectin and partly purified lectin by electrophoretic analysis and DEAE cellulose chromatography employing bromphenol blue staining of the protein and erythrocyte staining to locate the hemagglutinating activity.
Three New Phenotypic Systems in the Blood of Sheep1
Authors: Tucker E. M. , Suzuki Y. , Stormont C.
Published: March 2009

Three new phenotypic systems detectable in the blood of sheep by means of the technique of zone electrophoresis in starch gels are described.

One of these systems, designated EsA (A or arylesterase), involves a broad, smudge‐like zone of esterase which developed rapidly during staining and was observed in the serum of about ¼ of the animals sampled. The 2 phenotypes, referred to as EsA‐positive and EsA‐negative, are inherited as if controlled by a pair of alleles, EsA+ and EsA‐, with EsA+ being dominant to EsA‐. A quick tube test for the diagnosis of the 2 phenotypes is described. It is shown that the 2 phenotypes correspond respectively with the earlier described phenotypes Halon‐high and Halon‐low discovered by Lee in studies of the hydrolytic activity of ovine serum on di‐(2‐chloroethyl) aryl phosphates.

A second system, designated CA, involves 2 electrophoretic forms, CA‐F and CA‐S, of erythrocytic carbonic anhydrase observed in 3 phenotypes CA‐F, CA‐FS and CA‐S. The 3 phenotypes are inherited as if controlled by co‐dominant autosomal alleles designated CAF and CAS. Allele CAS was at or near fixation in 6 of the 9 breeds surveyed in this study. This system has its analogue in the earlier described CA system of cattle.

The third system, designated X (unknown) protein, involves 3 zones in electrophoresed red cell lysates which were either present together or absent together. The 2 phenotypes, designated X‐positive and X‐negative, are inherited as if controlled by a pair of alleles, X and x, with X being dominant to x. (This nomenclature is tentative and should be changed when the protein involved becomes identified.) The 2 phenotypes were observed in each of the 9 breeds in the population survey.
An Examination of Bovine Blood Typing Antibodies by Gel‐Filtration Analysis
Authors: Hines H. C.
Published: March 2009

Twenty bovine blood typing antisera were examined by gel filtration techniques. Sixteen of these were prepared by isoimmunization, two contained naturally occurring antibodies, one was prepared by heteroimmunization in a rabbit, and one by heteroimmunization in a sheep. Seventeen of the antisera contained detectable hemolytic antibodies in only the 7S class. Two of the isoimmune antisera exhibited both 7S and 19S hemolytic activities. One of the isoimmune antisera contained only 19S detectable antibodies. All of the 19S hemolytic activity was associated with E′ specificity.
A New Rare Blood Group Antigen Toa (Torkildsen) and an Unsolved Factor Skjelbred
Authors: Kornstad L. , Øyen R. , Cleghorn T. E.
Published: March 2009

Summary. A previously unrecognized, rare blood group antigen, Toa (Torkildsen), and a rare, so far unsolved erythrocyte factor, Skjelbred, have been described. The Toa antigen seems to be inherited as a Mendelian dominant character. Sera containing anti‐Toa and anti‐Skjelbred, showing the characteristics of ‘naturally occurring’ antibodies, are relatively frequently found.
High Incidence Cold Autoagglutinins of Anti‐IT Specificity in Yanomama Indians of Venezuela
Authors: Layrisse Z. , Layrisse M.
Published: March 2009

Summary. A cold auto‐agglutinin that reacts with human group O red cells from both adult and cord bloods was found in high incidence (84%) among 90 group O Yanomama Indians from several villages on the upper Orinoco River of Venezuela. The serological characteristics of the cold antibody revealed anti‐IT specificity. This type of cold agglutinin was absent among 30 Warao Indians who inhabit the Orinoco Delta of Venezuela, and among 50 donors residents from the city of Caracas. In preliminary tests, no correlation was found between the cold agglutinins and antibodies against Trypanosoma cruzi or several ARBO virus antibodies.
New Allele in the Transferrin System of Pigs, TfEAmes, an Apparent Mutation1
Authors: Baker L. N.
Published: March 2009

Summary. Evidence is presented for a new allele, TfEAmes, in the transferrin system of pigs. The spontaneous occurrence of this allele is shown to be the result of a probable mutation.
A New Phenotype in the Ii Blood Group System
Authors: Jørgensen J. R.
Published: March 2009

Summary. A new Ii phenotype is described in a patient with Turner's syndrome. The patient's erythrocytes reacted negatively with anti‐i; reactions with anti‐I were weaker than those of cord cells and stronger than adult i cells.

The patient had no haematological disorder. Genetical investigation revealed no explanation of the new phenotype. The parents and siblings of the patient were all normal I, and chromosome analysis of the patient was normal.
The Specificity of the Haemagglutinin of the Castor Bean, Ricinus communis
Authors: Drysdale R. G. , Herrick P. R. , Franks D.
Published: March 2009

Summary. The haemagglutinating and precipitating activity of an extract of Castor beans is shown to be inhibited specifically by galactose and other sugars with the same structure at carbon atoms 2, 3, and 4. It appears that the castor bean haemagglutinin reacts with any molecule containing this structure.
Erythrophagocytosis in vitro.
Authors: Lee C. L. , Zandrew F. , Gernand L. , Davidsohn I.
Published: March 2009

Summary. We developed a capillary method by which erythrophagocytosis can be induced consistently and the inducing agent studied quantitatively. By examining human and rabbit sera containing anti‐erythrocyte antibodies reacting with blood cells of man, guinea pigs, mice, and hamsters, we demonstrated the high specificity and sensitivity of erythrophagocytosis. Hamster blood cells were found especially suitable for the study of erythrophagocytosis in vitro.
On the Antigen Goa and the Rh System1
Authors: Chown B. , Lewis M. , Kaita H. , Hahn D. , Shackelton K. , Shepeard W. L.
Published: March 2009

Summary. A study, primarily based on two negro families in which the propositae were D‐positive and had produced ‘anti‐D’, make it certain that the antigen called Goa (Gonzales) is part of the D complex of the Rh system and that it is characteristic of those people who make up Category IV of Tippett and Sanger.

Goa is shown to be synonymous with earlier reported RoCor. Anti‐Goa is therefore renamed anti‐RoCor or anti‐DCor or anti‐Rh 30, and the ‘anti‐D’ antibody that DCor‐positive people, such as at least one of the propositae of the study, produce is considered antithetical to anti‐DCor and is named anti‐DRoc.
Serological and Immunochemical Characterisation of the Lima Bean Anti‐A Lectin1
Authors: Bhatia H. M. , Kim Y. C. , Boyd W. C.
Published: March 2009

Summary. The column chromatography of the partially purified lectin showed two peaks and anti‐A agglutinin was present in the first peak having 22.4 S, 15.4 S and 6.9 S. Second peak having 4.2 S was nonspecific.

Further studies on the ‘specific’ preparation from column chromatography showed that lectin was more specific for hog A than neopeptone A substance and was not affected by mercaptoethanol treatment. Immunoelectrophoresis showed variations in the A substance from hog and neopeptone.
An Autoaggressive Anti‐BI(O) Antibody
Authors: Drachmann O.
Published: March 2009

Summary. An autoaggressive cold agglutinin, found in the serum of a group A1B, I‐positive subject is described.

The antibody preferentially reacted with I‐positive red cells, which also contain B and H; it could be specifically bound to and eluted from I‐positive B and A2B cells; B substance from secretor salivas neutralized the agglutinin while no neutralization occurred with Animal Blood Group Substance B.

It is suggested that the antibody detects a compound antigen, BI(O), which is produced by the ‘H’, B and I genes.
Complexities of the MN Locus
Authors: Metaxas M. N. , Metaxas‐Bühler M. , Ikin E. W.
Published: March 2009

Fifteen examples of rare alleles of M and N were found in serial tests on 3,895 blood donors. They include: (1) a third example of Mc, which differs from the two previously known ones in that it is inherited as a McS (instead of Mcs) gene complex; (2) an example each of two genes whose phenotypic expression consists of the antigens M, N and Sta (Stones), but which differ so markedly, particularly as to the ‘amount’ of N formed, that they have been given separate symbols, namely, Mz and Mr; (3) an example of N2, a gene defined as giving rise to N, in a form weaker than ‘normal’, but not to any M antigen. The antigens arising from each of these four genes were studied in detail, by means of parallel tests with large panels of M and N reagents on blood samples from persons found in the 3,895 series, selected members of their families, and unrelated carriers of Mc, Mr, and N2.

Also included in these studies were cell samples heterozygous for Mg and Mk, and ‘special’ sera such as anti‐Mg, anti‐Mk, anti‐M’, etc. Anti‐M’ subdivides groups M and MN in much the same way as anti‐M1 does; in one respect at least, however, it differs clearly from the latter, namely, in its reactions with NMc and NMz cells. The results of tests with anti‐Mk on cells of all available MNSs genotypes suggest the possibility that Mk is a precursor substance of the MNSs system.
The Blood Group Antigen Ula (Karhula)
Authors: Furuhjelm U. , Nevanlinna H. R. , Nurkka Riitta , Gavin June , Tippett Patricia , Gooch Ann , Sanger Ruth
Published: March 2009

The serum of a Finnish patient contains an antibody to a previously unknown red cell antigen provisionally called Ula. The antigen is possessed by 2.6% of 2620 Helsinki blood donors though in certain Finnish isolates it is more frequent: it is inherited as a dominant character. The symbol Ula is provisional because, although the antigen was shown by independent segregation in families not to belong to the ABO, MNSs, P, Rh, Lutheran, secretor, Duffy, Kidd or Dom‐brock systems, nor to be X‐ or Y‐linked, it has yet to be shown to be genetically independent of the versatile Kell system and of the Yt and Diego systems.
The Simultaneous Presence of Anti‐I and Anti‐i in Sera1
Authors: Jackson Valerie A. , Issitt P. D. , Francis Betty J. , Garris Mary Lou , Sanders C. W.
Published: March 2009

The specificity of antibodies that detect the antigens I, i, IT, IH (10), IA, IB, iH (iO), and IP1, [23, 10, 21, 11, 12, 3, 16, 17, 2, 5, 18, 22, 4, 20, 6, 7] can be established with little difficulty. There remain, however, many cold agglutinins that do not have specificity directed against any one of these antigens; this paper describes studies on 22 such sera, 3 of which react equally with I and i cells (regardless of ABO group) and 19 of which have anti‐I specificity but react with significant strength with i cells as compared to a ‘standard’ anti‐I. Absorption and elution experiments with selected erythrocytes show that all 22 sera contain separable anti‐I and anti‐i.
Quantitative Studies of Hemagglutination
Authors: Greendyke R. M. , Swisher S. N.
Published: March 2009

Summary. A series of factors influencing antibody‐mediated red cell agglutination has been investigated quantitatively, employing an electronic cell counting technic. Increasing duration of red cell storage was shown to decrease mean red cell number per agglutinate more significantly than it did total percentage agglutination. The expected enhancement by lowered temperatures of agglutination in a saline‐agglutinating system was demonstrated. Hydrogen ion concentration had little effect on agglutination in the pH ranges 6.2 to 8.3 in either a saline agglutinating system or one employing antiglobulin serum. Hypotonic suspending media resulted in enhanced agglutination in both types of systems. In a saline agglutinating system increased phosphate concentrations enhanced agglutination, while isotonic solutions of NaCl, KCl or MgCl2 yielded results comparable to those obtained employing triethanolamine‐buffered saline. Increased agglutination in both systems was produced by increasing the duration or speed of centrifugation, while more violent agitation during the disaggregation phase of the experiments yielded less fully agglutinated systems after equilibrium was attained.
A Study of the Antibodies of the H'O‘I‐B Complex with Special Reference to Their Occurrence and Notation
Authors: Voak D. , Lodge T. W. , Hopkins Jean , Bowley C. C.
Published: March 2009

Summary. Studies on seventy‐five sera containing antibodies of the H‘O’I‐B complex together with a survey of studies by other workers show that many of the antibodies formerly called anti‐‘O’ and some of those called anti‐H are in fact reacting with a joint product of the H and I genes.

The serological specificities of these antibodies were shown by agglutination tests with cells of known H and I or B and I status, together with the use of neutralisation and absorption techniques. These tests revealed that many of the sera contain mixtures of antibody specificities.

The occurrence of anti‐H‐HI antibodies is probably associated with pregnancy.

An H notation based on that proposed by Wiener et al. is recommended for use in the classification of these antibodies.
A New Inherited Serum Beta‐Lipoprotein Antigen in Man and its Relation to the Ag(xy) System
Authors: Contu L.
Published: March 2009

Summary. A new anti‐Ag serum, R. M., which reacts against an antigen present in about 42% of unrelated Caucasian individuals has been discovered. This antigen, provisionally called Ag(m), is controlled by an autosomal dominant gene, and it seems to occur in all sera positive to serum L.L. and be lacking in all sera negative to serum L.L. However the antibody specificities of these two anti‐Ag sera are not identical. Two different beta‐lipoprotein molecules are precipitated by serum L.L., only one of which is precipitated by serum R.M. It seems that serum L.L. has both the anti‐x and the anti‐m specificities. The relation between Ag(x) and Ag(m) factors is, at present, not entirely clear. It is possible that these factors are produced by the same gene or by two very closely linked genes.
Observations on Australia Antigen in Japanese
Authors: Okochi K. , Murakami S.
Published: March 2009

Summary. Frequency of Australia antigen in blood donors of the Tokyo area was estimated nearly 1%. A higher frequency in male donors was observed. The antigen was not an invariable serum antigen in patients who received blood transfusion and in patients with viral hepatitis. The antigen was found often only in the early phase of viral hepatitis. The appearance of Australia antigen did not always accompany clinical nor biochemical hepatitis. The antibodies against Australia antigen were found not only in the recipients of Australia antigen positive but also of Australia antigen negative blood. The nature of the antigen and its significance in blood transfusion were discussed.
Haemagglutinins from Marine Sponges
Authors: Dodd R. Y. , MacLennan A. P. , Hawkins D. C.
Published: March 2009

Summary. Two species of marine sponge, Cliona celata and Axinella sp. produce haemagglutinins and a third species, Tethya aurantium produces a haemolysin. A crude Axinella sp. preparation agglutinates goose erythrocytes at 0.5 μg/ml. The two haemagglutinins differ from each other in their relative activities against erythrocytes from a range of vertebrate species but show no specificity of action within the Landsteiner ABO system. The substances do not diffuse through dialysis membranes; they possess unusually high electrophoretic mobilities. The inactivation of Cliona celata haemagglutinin at low pH and at elevated temperatures suggests that it may be a protein.
Phytohemagglutinins – A Survey of Recent Progress
Authors: Dechary J. M.
Published: March 2009

Summary. This paper is a review of recent articles by other investigators on phytohemagglutinins and is by necessity selective in nature.

Previously known hemagglutinins of members of the family Leguminosae (Phaseolus, Soja) have been purified and some of their physical and chemical properties determined. The mitosis‐stimulating factor of P. vulgaris has been purified and the hemagglutinating component separated from it. Another member of Leguminosae (Wistaria) has been found to possess mitogenic and blastogenic properties and the pokeweed mitogen has been isolated and characterized.

Concanavalin A, the nonspecific hemagglutinin of jack bean, has been highly purified and its quaternary structure determined. The determination of stereo‐chemical requirements for inhibition studies with hemagglutinins now provides a new tool for the solution of unresolved problems in carbohydrate identification and structure. Toxic proteins have been isolated from several members of the family Euphorbiacae. Ricin B, the toxic, nonhemagglutinating protein of the castor bean has been highly purified and some of its physical properties determined.
Hemolytic and Hemagglutinating Activities of 222 Plants
Authors: Hossaini A. A.
Published: March 2009

Summary. The saline, the 30% albumin, and the enzyme Bromelin methods were used to detect the presence of hemagglutinins and hemolysins in the saline extracts of 222 plant seeds. Of these, 146 were non‐agglutinating, 56 agglutinating and 20 hemolytic. Of the 56 agglutinating lectins, one was of the specific type reacting with cells possessing blood group A1 antigen only, and 55 were non‐specific. Of the latter group, 33 failed to agglutinate cells suspended in saline. Twenty‐eight of these required the addition of bromelin while five required the addition of either albumin or bromelin. Of the 20 hemolytic extracts, 19 showed hemolytic activity by all three methods of testing, while one hemolyzed red cells only when bromelin was added. Attempts to find lectins of anti‐U, anti‐k, and anti Lub specificity failed.

These results indicate that the enzyme technic is the most sensitive, followed by the albumin and saline methods.
Serologic Specificity of Platelets1
Authors: Milgrom F. , Campbell W. A. , Witebsky E.
Published: March 2009

Summary. In double diffusion gel precipitation and tanned cell hemagglutination tests, rabbit immune sera to human platelet extract identified a platelet‐specific antigen which had an electrophoretic mobility in the range of serum α globulins. The platelet antiserum was successfully used to distinguish between platelet extracts prepared from normal and from thrombocytopenic human blood.
Estimation of Gene Frequencies in the MN System
Authors: MORTON N. E. , MIKI CAROLINE
Published: March 2009

Summary. Negro and Caucasian samples typed with anti‐M, N, S, s, M1, Us, Hu, He, Sj, and Tm indicate at least 14 and perhaps more than 26 alleles at the MNS locus, for which a notation is proposed. Gene frequencies are estimated by maximum likelihood, using the ALLTYPE computer program. The methodology, uses, and limitations of such estimates are discussed. There is a clear distinction between idiomorphs (with frequencies less than 0.01), many alternative sets of which can account for the rare phenotypes with or without typing errors, and polymorphs (alleles with frequencies between 0.01 and 0.99) which cannot fail to be recognized in a large sample. Idiomorphs require confirmatory family studies.
Antigens on Human Fibroblasts Demonstrated with HL‐A Antisera and Anti‐Human Lymphocytic Sera
Authors: THORSBY E. , LIE S.
Published: March 2009

Summary. Fibroblasts cultured from the skin of six persons were typed with cytotoxic iso‐antisera detecting several of the human HL‐A antigens. A nearly complete concordance with the outcome of lymphocyte‐typing of the same persons was found; HL‐A antigens are thus present on human fibroblasts. This signifies a wide distribution of HL‐A antigens in human tissues, and supports the conception of HL‐A antigens being important transplantation antigens in man.

The fibroblasts were also examined with some heterologous anti‐human lymphocytic sera. It was found that these antisera were cytotoxic against human fibroblasts, which demonstrates lack of cell specificity in vitro of such antisera.
Studies on Agglutination by Macromolecular Antibodies
Authors: Tönder O.
Published: March 2009

Summary. Hemagglutination by γM‐antibodies is inhibited by fresh serum, particularly rabbit and horse sera. The antibodies react with the erythrocytes and are not eluted from them in the presence of the inhibitor. The inhibitor combines firmly with the γM‐sensitized erythrocytes and blocks the second‐stage agglutination by agglutinator. Inhibiting activity is increased in some immune sera, particularly in rabbit antisera to human serum. Hemagglutination by γG‐antibodies is not affected. The heat lability and the reactivity with antigen‐antibody complexes indicated that the inhibitor is of complement nature, possibly related to C'lq.
HL‐A Antigens and Genes
Authors: Thorsby E.
Published: March 2009

Summary. To study the relations between the antigens MH and PA 4C, 297 unrelated Norwegians and 30 selected families were examined. Association analysis showed a complete inclusion of MH in the antigen 4C. This could be explained by the 4C serum containing two antibodies of different specificity, anti‐MH and anti‐X, which was supported by absorption experiments. Family studies showed that the supposed genetic determinants for MH and X were inherited in a Mendelian way, and population studies suggested that the two genes might be alleles at the 4 sub‐locus. One family further supported this concept. It was also found that MH is probably identical to the antigen designated HL‐A5, and by skin grafting within an MH incompatible donor‐recipient pair it was possible to reproduce antibodies of this specificity. This shows that HL‐A5 is a separate and well‐defined transplantation antigen of the HL‐A system.
Complement‐Fixing Platelet Iso‐Antibodies1
Authors: Svejgaard A.
Published: March 2009

Summary. The amount of one of the human transplantation antigens, HL‐A2, was estimated in platelets from 69 HL‐A2‐positive individuals using titrations of platelets and complement fixation with constant amounts of two sera containing anti‐HL‐A2. The HL‐A2 zygosity was deduced from HL‐A typing and HL‐A chromosome segregation in 50 individuals belonging to 13 families. Within these families, HL‐A2‐homozygous individuals had, on an average, twice as much HL‐A2 antigen on their platelets as heterozygous individuals. There was about a two‐fold variation in the amount of HL‐A2 antigen on platelets from HL‐A2‐heterozygous individuals, whether they were related or not. Evidence is presented that part of this variation is due to the amount of HL‐A2 antigen being influenced by the simultaneous presence on the platelets of certain other HL‐A antigens controlled by genes belonging to the same series of mutually exclusive genes as the HL‐A2 gene.
Antibody/Latex Erythrocyte Label
Authors: Fimmel P. J.
Published: March 2009

Summary. A new technique, employing antibody coated latex particles, for the labelling and precise estimation of minor red cell populations is described. The technique is shown to be capable of detecting minor populations diluted to at least 1 in 1,000,000 in the major population. Labelled cells are easily differentiated from unlabelled cells in a blood film and there seems to be no inherent limit to the sensitivity of this technique. Examinations of artificial cell mixtures revealed labelled cells in expected numbers.
A Serum Agglutinin Inhibited by Ionized Calcium
Authors: Gunson H. H.
Published: March 2009

Summary. Experiments have been carried out to determine the reactions and nature of a serum property which will agglutinate erythrocytes only when ionized calcium is absent from the reacting mixture. The agglutinin has the specificity of anti‐H, and appears to be a 19 S γM globulin.

The calcium ion itself seems to be the inhibitory factor and presumably combines with the agglutinin molecule at its erythrocyte binding sites, but can be removed by the addition of salts which have the ability to chelate calcium.
Saline Anti‐Rh(D) and Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn
Authors: Hopkins D. F.
Published: March 2009

Summary. The majority of Rh(D) negative immunised mothers have some saline agglutinating anti‐D in their sera during subsequent pregnancies. This saline antibody is related to a complex effect on the severity of haemolytic disease of the foetus: the stillbirth rate is reduced while the severity of disease among liveborn infants increases slightly with rising titres of saline anti‐D. Also, when the observed saline anti‐D titre is I the severity of disease is markedly incresed while the protective effect of saline anti‐D on the stillbirth rate fails to operate. The significance of this is discussed.

Mothers of group A and especially group B are more liable to form saline anti‐D, while the severity of HDN increases if the mother is of group B or AB.
Simultaneous Agglutination Tests with Human Antiglobulins
Authors: Gold E. , Fudenberg H.
Published: March 2009

Summary. Simultaneous agglutination tests have been performed with several non‐inhibitable antiglobulins and with several antiglobulins detected by screening with anti‐D Ri. coats. The latter are similar to non‐inhibitable antiglobdins in that they give a positive simultaneous agglutination test but their positive reaction can be inhibited by high concentrations of serum and myeloma globulins.
Interrelationship of Erythrocyte Blood Group Substances A, B, and H Studied with Immunofluorescence1
Authors: Cohen Flossie , Warezak Wanda , Zuelzer W. W.
Published: March 2009

Summary. Adult O cells generally showed strong anti‐H reactions; A cells showed an inverse relationship between A and H reactivity; B cells often lacked the expected inverse relationship, showing both weak and strong anti‐H reactions. Newborn O cells usually reacted weakly with anti‐H; A cells generally lacked a reciprocal relationship, and reacted weakly with both anti‐A and anti‐H; B cells reacted strongly with anti‐B and weakly with anti‐H. All this suggests a special property of B that produces strong reactions regardless of the number of antigenic molecules. Seemingly, the high reactivity of the B antigen accounts for the behavioral divergence between erythrocytes and soluble substances. The findings in groups A, 4B, and O support the Watleins and Morgan theory.
Graft Versus Host Reaction in Wiskott‐Aldrich Syndrome: Antemortem Diagnosis of Human GVH in an Immunologic Deficiency Disease1
Authors: Douglas S. D. , Fudenberg H. H.
Published: March 2009

Summary. A patient with Wiskott‐Aldrich syndrome developed a syndrome resembling a Graft versus Host reaction following therapy with paternal plasma containing leukocytes.
Another Example of Lewis Negative Bombay Bloods
Authors: Pretty H. M. , Taliano V. , Fiset Denise , Baribeau G. , Guévin R.
Published: March 2009

Summary. Two more examples of Le(a‐b‐) Bombay bloods in siblings are described. Titrations of A, B and H red cell antigens by conventional technics failes to identify heterozygote Hh individuals in their family.
Direct Antiglobulin Consumption Test: Tests on Leucocytes and Platelets from Patients with Malignant Disease and Some Observations on Quantitation
Authors: Culley G. A. , Chalmers D. G.
Published: March 2009

Summary. Using the direct antiglobulin consumption test the leucocytes and platelets of 50 patients suffering from disseminated malignant disease have been tested for the presence of a coating gamma globulin. There was a positive incidence of approximately 50%. In 15 control normal subjects no positive results were obtained.

No relationship was found between the presence of the globulin and either the type of neoplasm, the amount of radiation or the amount of transfusion.

Elution experiments carried out failed to establish whether the globulin has antibody properties or specificity.

A comparison of different methods of antiglobulin consumption suggests that this test is not reliable for the quantitative assessment of fixed antibody globulin.
Possible Genetical Pathways in the MNSsUu System
Authors: Uhlenbruck G.
Published: March 2009

Summary. Possible genetical and immunochemical pathways in the MNSsUu blood group system are discussed. The importance of a common precursor substance, which is modified by the MN, then by the Uu and finally by the Ss genes, is emphasized. The dominant role which N‐acetyl‐neuraminic acid plays in the biosynthesis of several blood group and myxovirus receptors of human and animal origin is discussed.
A New Variant in the ABO Blood Group System: Bh
Authors: Beranová Gerda , Prodanov P. , Hrubiško M. , ŠMálik S.
Published: March 2009

Summary. The authors describe an assumed but hitherto undiscovered variant of incomplete ‘Bombay’ phenotype, designated as Bh, with partial suppression of the B antigen. The erythrocytes contain a very weak B antigen, at quantitative level B20; they are H‐negative and Lea‐positive. The serum contains anti‐A, anti‐B and anti‐H antibodies. The patient is a secretor of Lea and a non‐secretor of ABH. The quantitative and immunogenetic properties of the variant are discussed. It is supposed that the variant is the effect of the gene combinations Hxh, or HxHx at the Hh locus.

We wish to thank the physicians attending the patient K. M., Dr. V. Kluge from Tatranská Kotlina and Dr. L. Dráč; from Vel'ký. Šariš for assistance in obtaining the necessary blood samples.
Studies on the Human Red Cell Agglutinins of the Swan Mussel (Anodonta cygnea)
Authors: Pemberton R. T.
Published: March 2009

Summary. Extracts of the swan mussel Anodonta cygnea specifically agglutinated enzyme treated human erythrocytes of phenotypes A1, A2, B, A1B and A2B. Absorption with A2 or B cells left a specific agglutinin for A1 cells, but separable agglutinins against A and B cells could not be demonstrated. Of 29 sugars tested in parallel with anti‐A from Helix aspersa, only lactose inhibited the A. cygnea agglutinins, whereas the H. aspersa anti‐A was inhibited by N‐acetyl‐d‐galactosamine, N‐acetyl‐d‐glucosamine, raffinose and stachyose.
Mechanism of the Albumin Agglutination Phenomenon
Authors: Golde D. W. , McGinniss M. H. , Holland P. V.
Published: March 2009

Summary. The albumin agglutination phenomenon is due to antibodies which cause agglutination of all human red cells when these cells are suspended in an albumin medium. Two sera with this property were studied. We suggest that the reaction is due to non‐specific adsorption of antigen‐antibody complex onto red cells. The antibody is a gamma globulin directed at albumin which has been altered by the addition of acetyl tryptophanate or caprylate. These chemicals are added as stabilizers in the manufacture of albumin to prevent denaturation when the albumin is heated.

Since unaltered (native) albumin does not react with these antibodies, blood or plasma transfusion to patients with this serologic abnormality should present no unusual hazard. A non‐reactive albumin should be used in crossmatching blood for such patients. Therapeutic human serum albumin and plasma products containing stabilized albumin are probably contraindicated in these patients.
Immunodiffusion Tests with Rh Antigens and Antibodies1
Authors: Milgrom F. , Loza Ulana
Published: March 2009

Summary. Double diffusion tests in Agarose gel were performed using stromata of trypsinized human erythrocytes and Rh antisera: anti‐CD, anti‐D and anti‐C. Reaction lines were observed which corresponded well to the anticipated interaction of Rh antigens and their corresponding antibodies. From the reaction pattern observed, the conclusion was derived that stromata of R1r erythrocytes are split into particles with different antigenic specificities.
A High Frequency of Cold Agglutinins of Anti‐IA Specificity in a New Guinea Highland Population
Authors: Baumgarten A. , Curtain C. C.
Published: March 2009

Summary. A high incidence (37 out of 188) of anti‐IA cold agglutinins was found in the sera of indigenous New Guineans living at Minj (alt. 1,600‐1,800 m) in the Western Highlands District of New Guinea. Anti‐IA did not occur in three other populations tested, although these possessed a high incidence of anti‐I antibodies. The earlier findings concerning the incidence of specificity of cold haemagglutinins in New Guinea are reviewed and it is suggested that they may be induced by different agents, probably of a parasitic nature, in different localities. It is predicted that cold agglutinins should be found in other populations which are subject to high rates of infection similar to those in New Guinea.
New HL‐A Alleles
Authors: THORSBY E. , KISSMEYER‐NIELSEN F.
Published: March 2009

Summary. By immunization within specially selected donor‐recipient pairs it was possible to produce antibodies against three new HL‐A antigens. One of these was later found identical to Dn17, the other two are called Li of the LA series, and LND of the Four series of antigens. The antigens behaved in population and family studies as if they were determined by alleles at the LA and Four nib‐loci. The present status of the HL‐A system seems to be that 8 La alleles and 9 Four alleles are well defined. However, unknown HL‐A antigens of low frequency still remain to be identified. The reported method seems to he very useful for this purpose.
The Influence of Modifying the Surface Properties of Sheep Red Cells Upon Hemolytic Antibody Production in Mice1
Authors: WILKINS D. J. , BLIZNAKOV E. G.
Published: March 2009

Summary. The studies reported here indicate that the sheep red blood cell surface can be modified with poly‐L‐lysyl gelatin, and such changes can be monitored by the technique of microelectrophoresis. When these cells are injected into mice, enhanced levels of hemolytic antibody are obtained over control unmodified cells for the primary, early, and late secondary responses. Although the experiments were designed primarily to demonstrate the phenomena, rather then to determine the mechanism, it seems unlikely that the enhancement is due to physical modification of the antigen.
The Effect of Storage on Adhesion and Aggregation of Platelets1
Authors: Shively J. A. , Gott Cora L. , de Jongh D. S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Aggregation and adhesion of stored platelets were studied by a modified Wright technique. Comparisons of platelet rich plasma collected in ACD solution were made with and without aggregating agents, and at storage temperatures of 5°C, 24°C and 37°C. Platelets showed a loss of response to 0.5 μg ADP/ml, collagen and agar after storage for 4–6 h at the three temperatures with the greatest loss at 37°C and the least change at 5°C. The response to 5μg ADP/ml also was best maintained at 5°C. After 6–8 h of storage at 5°C. there was some decrease in free (single) platelets after rotation in the absence of aggregating agents, with a marked decrease after 48 hours storage. With storage at 24°C and 37°C, decrease in single platelets after rotation was not demonstrated during the first 24 h. A response to 5 μg ADP/ml was maintained for more than a week with the 5°C preparations. Acidification diminished the response to ADP for the first few days of storage and also depressed platelet aggregation and adhesion in the absence of aggregating agents on prolonged storage. The results of this in vitro study would appear to correlate with the loss of hemostatic effect of stored platelets on transfusion. The sustained response to 5 μg ADP/ml at 5°C suggests that this may be the best temperature for short term storage, although there is less spontaneous aggregation of platelets at the end of 24 h with 24°C storage. Also the ‘storage lesion’ appears to include loss of ADP or inability to release this substance from platelets.
Agglutinins for Antigens of Two Different Human Blood Group Systems in the Seeds of Moluccella laevis
Authors: Bird G. W. G. , Wingham June
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The seeds of Moluccella laevis contain an anti‐(A + N) agglutinin. The presence of agglutinins specific for antigens of two different human blood group systems has never before been found in seed extracts. The anti‐N agglutinin appears to make a sharp estimate of the N‐antigen strength of human B or O cells.
The Detection of Chagas' Disease:
Authors: Knierim F. , Rubinstein P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A rapid slide test for the detection of Chagas' antibodies is described. It uses tanned human red cells coated with an aqueous extract of T. cruzi cultures. The sensitivity and specificity of this new method are compared to those of the classical hemagglutination reaction and the C fixation and are found to be just as adequate. The method can be used in any blood bank and requires no special skills or instruments.
Studies on the Secretion of Blood Group Substances
Authors: Sturgeon Ph. , Arcilla M. B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Semiquantitative serological studies are reported on the red cells and saliva of eight Le(a + b+x +) individuals from two families of Japanese and one of northern European ancestry and on one infant followed serially from birth through nine months of age. In the case of the infant, the data suggest that the Le gene has two determinants (cistrons) for which one product is Leaand the other Lex. Under the influence of the Se‐H genes, Leasubstance is converted to Lebsubstance but Lexremains unchanged. Both Leaand Lexare active antenatally in the salivary tissues but only Lexis active in the production of erythrocyte Lewis substance. Production of erythrocyte Leasubstance activates perinatally and becomes fully active soon after birth (by four months in our case).

The Se‐H gene system also is active at birth in the salivary gland but compared with the rate of activation of the Lewis gene, its maturation to full production of erythrocyte Lebsubstance is at a slower rate. This takes place over a period of months during which time the Lewis positive, ABH secretor infant's erythrocytes are Le(a + b + x +) pending their becoming Le(a‐b + x +).

Adults who are red cell type Le(a + b + x +) are postulated to have quantitative Se gene variants which, although fully activated, are capable of inducing only partial conversion of Leato Lebsubstance. Among our two Oriental families the erythrocytes are strongly Leabut weakly Lebpositive and, correspondingly in their salivas, Leagenerally predominates over Lebsubstance and the content of ABH substance is minimal. A weak secretor variant (Sew) is postulated to be responsible for the phenotype which is manifest in blood types A, O and B subjects. In the Caucasian family the quantitative relationships, both on the red cells and in the saliva, of Leato Lebis the converse but the ABH content is low; an intermediate variant (Se1) is postulated. It is anticipated that further studies as these could disclose a more or less continuous gradation of Se variants rather than the two suggested here.
The Micro‐Complement Fixation Test1
Authors: D'Amaro J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A micro complement fixation test has been developed for the simple and rapid determination of HL‐A and other groups on platelets. The additional advantages of its requirement for only 0.5 μ(1 of serum or serum dilution, easy storage and stability of platelet antigens, frequent monospecificity of complement fixing anti‐sera, and the possibility of quantitation and automation makes the micro‐complement fixation method idealy suited for widespread, rapid and simple HL‐A typing.
MNSs Frequencies in 3,895 Swiss Blood Donors
Authors: Metaxas M. N. , Metaxas‐Bühler M. , Edwards J. H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In a series of MNSs tests on 3,895 Swiss blood donors, in which use was made of the dosage effect of anti‐M and anti‐N sera for distinguishing rare heterozygotes within groups M and N, 19 phenotypes were recognized. Ten of these were rare, involving only 15 persons, and the corresponding genotypes were ascertained. The frequencies of the alleles thus recognized at the MN and the Ss locus were obtained by counting. The number of possible combinations of these ‘single genes’ to gene complexes is 15, and 10 of them occurred in the series. The frequencies of these complexes were estimated by computer. The genotype proportions expected from the gene and gene complex frequencies were shown to agree closely with the observed proportions. The possibility that, owing to the special methods employed, certain very rare genotypes escaped detection is discussed.
A British Family Possessing two Variants of the MNSs Blood Group System, Mv and a New Class Within the Miltenberger Complex
Authors: Crossland J. D. , Pepper M. D. , Giles C. M. , Ikin E. W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A naturally‐occurring anti‐Mv was identified. The family of the Mv propositus was studied and shown to contain another variant of the MNSs blood group system. A weak N antigen was associated with a reaction with anti‐Hil, part of the Miltenberger complex. A new class (V) was revealed which is Vw(‐) Mi(a‐) Mur(‐) Hil(+).
Uncommon Gm Gene Complexes
Authors: van Loghem Erna , Natvig J. B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Random Dutch donors were typed for Gm markers of γ1, γ2 and γ3 heavy chains. The relatives of individuals with uncommon phenotypes were collected and typed. The uncommon gene complexes, deducted from the pedigrees, were classified into several groups according to their possible generation. It was concluded that multiple genetic events, notably recombination, although rare, occur in γ subclass cistrons.
A Rapid Radioimmunoassay for Measuring Nanogram Levels of Antigens1
Authors: Levin A. S. , Pipkins M. O. , Fudenberg H. H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A technique is described which allows quantitation of antigens in the nanogram range using a simple radioimmuno‐inhibition assay. All the reactants can be prepared in large batches in one day and are stable for months. The test is highly reproducible over periods of months and correlates closely with the thousand‐fold less sensitive Mancini technique.
The Demonstration of Plasmin Agglutinators in Human Sera1
Authors: Waller M. , Curry N.
Published: March 2009

Plasmin agglutinators are natural IgG anti‐Fab antibodies. These antibodies bind to erythrocytes which are coated with the Fab fragments of anti‐Rh antibodies that have been hydrolyzed with plasmin. The plasmin agglutinators are demonstrable in most human sera albeit in low titer. These agglutinators can be inhibited with Fab fragments that have been hydrolyzed with subtilisin, bromelin, trypsin, and plasmin but cannot be inhibited by Fab fragments from pepsin, ficin, chymotrypsin, papain or elastase digests.

The Fab fragments from naturally fragmented immune serum globulin gave identical inhibition reactions to those produced by plasmin hydrolysis.
Comparison of Different Methods Used in the Preparation of Leucocyte‐Free Whole Blood and Erythrocyte Concentrates
Authors: Langfelder M. , Jakschitz M. , Jánossy A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The authors studied the degree of qualitative and quantitative deleucocytation of whole blood that can be obtained by washing and filtering. Based on the studies of 20 samples of blood it was established that successful deleucocytation can be expected only it combined procedures of washing and filtering are employed.

The purpose of our present investigations was to determine to what extent can whole blood be deleucocyted by using current methods of blood preservation, or by combining these methods, as well as to assess the degree of damaging effects on red blood cells produced by these methods.
The Effect of Environment on ABO Antibodies
Authors: Tovey L. A. D. , Taverner J. M. , Longster G. H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. ABO agglutinin titres and haemolysin tests on individuals living in urban areas of Northern England showed no significant variation. There was, however, a small but significant seasonal variation in individuals who lived in rural areas with outdoor occupations and it is suggested that this may be related to climatic factors. This might explain the variable results reported from different areas of the world.
The ‘Naturally Occurring’ Anti‐E
Authors: Harrison J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A study of 146 antenatal patients having anti‐E strongly suggests that most anti‐E's, particularly those of the papain reactive type, are initially due to a ‘natural’ stimulus, and are further stimulated by pregnancy and transfusion.