bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric COGARCH processes
Authors: Behme Anita , Klüppelberg Claudia , Mayr Kathrin
Published: December 2014

Financial data are as a rule asymmetric, although most econometric models are symmetric. This applies also to continuous-time models for high-frequency and irregularly spaced data. We discuss some asymmetric versions of the continuous-time GARCH model, concentrating then on the GJR-COGARCH model. We calculate higher-order moments and extend the first-jump approximation. These results are prerequisites for moment estimation and pseudo maximum likelihood estimation of the GJR-COGARCH model parameters, respectively, which we derive in detail.
Aggregation of log-linear risks
Authors: Embrechts Paul , Hashorva Enkelejd , Mikosch Thomas
Published: December 2014

In this paper we work in the framework of a k-dimensional vector of log-linear risks. Under weak conditions on the marginal tails and the dependence structure of a vector of positive risks, we derive the asymptotic tail behaviour of the aggregated risk and present an application concerning log-normal risks with stochastic volatility.
General inverse problems for regular variation
Authors: Damek Ewa , Mikosch Thomas , Rosiński Jan , Samorodnitsky Gennady
Published: December 2014

Regular variation of distributional tails is known to be preserved by various linear transformations of some random structures. An inverse problem for regular variation aims at understanding whether the regular variation of a transformed random object is caused by regular variation of components of the original random structure. In this paper we build on previous work, and derive results in the multivariate case and in situations where regular variation is not restricted to one particular direction or quadrant.
Continuum AB percolation and AB random geometric graphs
Authors: Penrose Mathew D.
Published: December 2014

Consider a bipartite random geometric graph on the union of two independent homogeneous Poisson point processes ind-space, with distance parameterrand intensities λ and μ. We show ford≥ 2 that if λ is supercritical for the one-type random geometric graph with distance parameter 2r, there exists μ such that (λ, μ) is supercritical (this was previously known ford= 2). Ford= 2, we also consider the restriction of this graph to points in the unit square. Taking μ = τ λ for fixed τ, we give a strong law of large numbers as λ → ∞ for the connectivity threshold of this graph.
Exact estimation for Markov chain equilibrium expectations
Authors: Glynn Peter W. , Rhee Chang-Han
Published: December 2014

We introduce a new class of Monte Carlo methods, which we call exact estimation algorithms. Such algorithms provide unbiased estimators for equilibrium expectations associated with real-valued functionals defined on a Markov chain. We provide easily implemented algorithms for the class of positive Harris recurrent Markov chains, and for chains that are contracting on average. We further argue that exact estimation in the Markov chain setting provides a significant theoretical relaxation relative to exact simulation methods.
Evolutionary changes in TGFα distribution underlie morphological diversity in eggshells from Drosophila species
Authors: Niepielko Matthew G. , Yakoby Nir
Published: December 2014

Drosophila eggshells display remarkable morphological diversity among species; however, the molecular origin of this structural diversification is mostly unknown. Here, we analyzed the dorsal ridge (DR), a lumen-like structure along the dorsal side of eggshells, from numerous Drosophila species. This structure varies in length and width across species, and is absent from D. melanogaster eggshells. We associated DR formation with distinct spatiotemporal changes in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation, which acts as a key receptor in eggshell patterning. We show that changes in the distribution of the TGFα-like ligand Gurken (GRK), a crucial ligand for axis formation, underlies EGFR activation and DR formation in D. willistoni. Furthermore, we demonstrate that GRK from D. willistoni rescues a grk-null D. melanogaster fly and, remarkably, it is also sufficient to generate a DR-like structure on its eggshell.
Spatiotemporal oscillations of Notch1, Dll1 and NICD are coordinated across the mouse PSM
Authors: Bone Robert A. , Bailey Charlotte S. L. , Wiedermann Guy , Ferjentsik Zoltan , Appleton Paul L. , Murray Philip J. , Maroto Miguel , Dale J. Kim
Published: December 2014

During somitogenesis, epithelial somites form from the pre-somitic mesoderm (PSM) in a periodic manner. This periodicity is regulated by a molecular oscillator, known as the ‘segmentation clock’, that is characterised by an oscillatory pattern of gene expression that sweeps the PSM in a caudal-rostral direction. Key components of the segmentation clock are intracellular components of the Notch, Wnt and FGF pathways, and it is widely accepted that intracellular negative-feedback loops regulate oscillatory gene expression. However, an open question in the field is how intracellular oscillations are coordinated, in the form of spatiotemporal waves of expression, across the PSM. In this study, we provide a potential mechanism for this process. We show at the mRNA level that the Notch1 receptor and Delta-like 1 (Dll1) ligand vary dynamically across the PSM of both chick and mouse. Remarkably, we also demonstrate similar dynamics at the protein level; hence, the pathway components that mediate intercellular coupling themselves exhibit oscillatory dynamics. Moreover, we quantify the dynamic expression patterns of Dll1 and Notch1, and show they are highly correlated with the expression patterns of two known clock components [Lfng mRNA and the activated form of the Notch receptor (cleaved Notch intracellular domain, NICD)]. Lastly, we show that Notch1 is a target of Notch signalling, whereas Dll1 is Wnt regulated. Regulation of Dll1 and Notch1 expression thus links the activity of Wnt and Notch, the two main signalling pathways driving the clock.
SIRT1 suppresses self-renewal of adult hippocampal neural stem cells
Authors: Ma Chen-yan , Yao Mao-jin , Zhai Qi-wei , Jiao Jian-wei , Yuan Xiao-bing , Poo Mu-ming
Published: December 2014

The balance between self-renewal and differentiation of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) is essential for the maintenance of the aNSC reservoir and the continuous supply of new neurons, but how this balance is fine-tuned in the adult brain is not fully understood. Here, we investigate the role of SIRT1, an important metabolic sensor and epigenetic repressor, in regulating adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice. We found that there was an increase in SIRT1 expression during aNSC differentiation. In Sirt1 knockout (KO) mice, as well as in brain-specific and inducible stem cell-specific conditional KO mice, the proliferation and self-renewal rates of aNSCs in vivo were elevated. Proliferation and self-renewal rates of aNSCs and adult neural progenitor cells (aNPCs) were also elevated in neurospheres derived from Sirt1 KO mice and were suppressed by the SIRT1 agonist resveratrol in neurospheres from wild-type mice. In cultured neurospheres, 2-deoxy-D-glucose-induced metabolic stress suppressed aNSC/aNPC proliferation, and this effect was mediated in part by elevating SIRT1 activity. Microarray and biochemical analysis of neurospheres suggested an inhibitory effect of SIRT1 on Notch signaling in aNSCs/aNPCs. Inhibition of Notch signaling by a γ-secretase inhibitor also largely abolished the increased aNSC/aNPC proliferation caused by Sirt1 deletion. Together, these findings indicate that SIRT1 is an important regulator of aNSC/aNPC self-renewal and a potential mediator of the effect of metabolic changes.
Forelimb muscle architecture and myosin isoform composition in the groundhog (Marmota monax)
Authors: Rupert Joseph E. , Rose Jacob A. , Organ Jason M. , Butcher Michael T.
Published: December 2014

Scratch-digging mammals are commonly described as having large, powerful forelimb muscles for applying high force to excavate earth, yet studies quantifying the architectural properties of the musculature are largely unavailable. To further test hypotheses about traits that represent specializations for scratch-digging, we quantified muscle architectural properties and fiber type in the forelimb of the groundhog (Marmota monax), a digger that constructs semi-complex burrows. Architectural properties measured were muscle moment arm, muscle mass (MM), belly length (ML), fascicle length (lF), pennation angle, and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), and these metrics were used to estimate maximum isometric force, joint torque, and power. Myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform composition was determined in selected forelimb muscles by SDS-PAGE and densitometry analysis. Groundhogs have large limb retractors and elbow extensors that are capable of applying moderately high torque at the shoulder and elbow joints, respectively. Most of these muscles (e.g., latissimus dorsi and pectoralis superficialis) have high lF/ML ratios, indicating substantial shortening ability and moderate power. The unipennate triceps brachii long head has the largest PCSA and is capable of the highest joint torque at both the shoulder and elbow joints. The carpal and digital flexors show greater pennation and shorter fascicle lengths than the limb retractors and elbow extensors, resulting in higher PCSA:MM ratios and force production capacity. Moreover, the digital flexors have the capacity for both appreciable fascicle shortening and force production indicating high muscle work potential. Overall, the forelimb musculature of the groundhog is capable of relatively low sustained force and power, and these properties are consistent with the findings of a predominant expression of the MHC-2A isoform. Aside from the apparent modifications to the digital flexors, the collective muscle properties observed are consistent with its behavioral classification as a less specialized burrower and these may be more representative of traits common to numerous rodents with burrowing habits or mammals with some fossorial ability.
Migratory blackcaps tested in Emlen funnels can orient at 85 but not at 88 degrees magnetic inclination
Authors: Lefeldt Nele , Dreyer David , Steenken Friederike , Schneider Nils-Lasse , Mouritsen Henrik
Published: December 2014

Migratory birds are known to use the Earth's magnetic field as an orientation cue on their tremendous journeys between their breeding and overwintering grounds. The magnetic compass of migratory birds relies on the magnetic field's inclination, i.e. the angle between the magnetic field lines and the Earth's surface. As a consequence, vertical or horizontal field lines corresponding to 0° or 90° inclination should offer no utilizable information on where to find North or South. So far, very little is known about how small deviations from horizontal or vertical inclination migratory birds can detect and use as a reference for their magnetic compass. Here we ask: what is the steepest inclination angle at which a migratory bird, the Eurasian blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla), can still perform magnetic compass orientation in Emlen funnels? Our results show that blackcaps are able to orient in an Earth's strength magnetic field with inclination angles of 67° and 85°, but fail to orient in a field with 88° inclination. This suggests that the steepest inclination angle enabling magnetic compass orientation in migratory blackcaps tested in Emlen funnels lies between 85 and 88 degrees.
Efficient backsplicing produces translatable circular mRNAs
Authors: Wang Yang , Wang Zefeng
Published: December 2014

While the human transcriptome contains a large number of circular RNAs (circRNAs), the functions of most circRNAs remain unclear. Sequence annotation suggests that most circRNAs are generated from splicing in reversed orders across exons. However, the mechanisms of this backsplicing are largely unknown. Here we constructed a single exon minigene containing split GFP, and found that the pre-mRNA indeed produces circRNA through efficient backsplicing in human and Drosophila cells. The backsplicing is enhanced by complementary introns that form double-stranded RNA structure to bring splice sites in proximity, but such structure is not required. Moreover, backsplicing is regulated by general splicing factors and cis-elements, but with regulatory rules distinct from canonical splicing. The resulting circRNA can be translated to generate functional proteins. Unlike linear mRNA, poly-adenosine or poly-thymidine in 3′ UTR can inhibit circular mRNA translation. This study revealed that backsplicing can occur efficiently in diverse eukaryotes to generate circular mRNAs.
Why are neurotransmitters neurotoxic? An evolutionary perspective
Authors: Harris Keith D. , Weiss Meital , Zahavi Amotz
Published: December 2014

In the CNS, minor changes in the concentration of neurotransmitters such as glutamate or dopamine can lead to neurodegenerative diseases. We present an evolutionary perspective on the function of neurotransmitter toxicity in the CNS. We hypothesize that neurotransmitters are selected because of their toxicity, which serves as a test of neuron quality and facilitates the selection of neuronal pathways. This perspective may offer additional explanations for the reduction of neurotransmitter concentration in the CNS with age, and suggest an additional role for the blood-brain barrier. It may also suggest a connection between the specific toxicity of the neurotransmitters released in a specific region of the CNS, and elucidate their role as chemicals that are optimal for testing the quality of cells in that region.
Formation of Human Adaptation Mechanism as Bio-social System: Educational and Philosophical Interpretation
Authors: Пронин  , Pronin E. , Костючков  , Kostyuchkov S. , Лепницкий  , Lepnitskiy I.
Published: December 2014

This paper discusses problems affecting philosophical and

educational aspects of the formation of adaptation mechanism of

a human considered as a biosocial system. In the core of

authors’reflections lies a belief that education and training is a

process of continuous improvementof a human. Authors substantiate

the idea according to which the continued growth and development

of the individual are attributive characteristics of the adaptation

process as a set of components of a productive in teraction

between the individual and the environment, self-actualization,

self-development and self-organization of people in a particular

social setting. From the standpoint of Philosophy authors treat

adaptation as a social phenomenon, a form of interaction between

the individual and the social group with the environment in which

the coordinated and consistent requirements and expectations of

its members. Authors emphasize that the system of education and

training, inparticular in philosophical aspect, is intended to form

a new identity as well as another, different from the present, image

of worldorder. Emphasis is put that a modern man, especially an

individual of the new generation, is not a passive contemplative,

but an activeactor of political change, a form of expression which

is a course on the development of a progressive institution of social

life, which is an association of free and equal individuals, the rate

of development of civil society. Authors conclude that education

and training are closely interrelated processes of continuous improvement

of man, in other words – improvement of bio-social

skills of an individual, and, respectively, of human populations.
RATIONALIZATION SELECT A MATHEMATICAL ALGORITHM FOR CONTROL OF LF SIGNALS
Authors: Табаков  , Tabakov Yu. , Лавлинский  , Lavlinskiy V.
Published: December 2014

The article discusses the developed algorithm based on wavelet transform Daubechies and Morlaix for analysis of low-frequency signals and presents a method of rational choice of control algorithms for low-frequency signals intellectual trainer
The architecture sphere: The tourism attraction issues
Authors: Казакова Светлана , Kazakova Svetlana
Published: December 2014

The article is devoted to the architectural sphere development key idea as one of the main tourist interest components. The article tells us that today it is increasing the importance of the visual urban environment perception and impressions, tourist social experience forming. These conditions provoke a significant meaning of architecture as an attractor. Modern requirements dictate the introduction of modern marketing management mechanism architectural forms need, including their optimal using in the tourism industry. It contents a lot of world and domestic practice examples. It mentions a special interest to the architectural forms creation processes and modification on the purposes of it integration in tourism. These processes could be realized through the urban environment museumification, remake-building constructing, the unrealized architectural projects implementation, architectural reset", as well as through the design of new attractions.
The assortments strategy improving of the hotel business for the clients needs individualisation
Authors: Коновалова Елена , Konovalova Elena , Макушева Ольга , Makusheva Olga
Published: December 2014

A great part of the hotel business being in increasing competitive intensity conditions has to pay more attention to the key clients preferences determination, it provides the their consumption individualization. One of the client loyalty programs methods is the assortment strategy. The hotel business assortment strategy makes the corresponded with its mission potential services market research and formation rules and methods. This strategy identifies the best household managing strategy zones research methods, provides the external flexibility. The modern household zones can be regarded as a rules and standards assortment source. It should rule the hotel in services assortment optimization in order to satisfy the most uncertain clients. One of the assortment strategy tasks is the perspective development objectives correlation with the market potential and the hotel business. In the science article is presented an assortment strategy using as a market complex elements optimization mechanism. The market demands dynamic and connected with it services assortment changers required to fulfill the potential profit size corresponding degree analyses function, what rests in the hotel business budget after the all legal taxies paying and financial resource needs for hospitality and tourism industry complex development. The inquiry result, presented in this article, is the methodological and practical profitability hotel business basing.
The water tourism cluster development
Authors: Пучкин Алексей , Puchkin Aleksey
Published: December 2014

The water tourist resources phenomenon has not been studied in-depth in domestic science, in spite of fact that the water tourist resources are one of the traditional tourist attractors. In particular, there is no any common understanding of the water tourism cluster essence and structure. It often causes the tourist demands misunderstanding, gaps and omissions in such cluster infrastructure design. The article contents the main results of the water tourist cluster composition determination analysis methods, the water tourism cluster participant membership and typology specification, as well as the water tourist industry subjects grouping, based on the tourists needs characteristic.
The main methods of interaction activities between the management subjects in tourism industry
Authors: Тхагапсов Ахмед , Tkhagapsov Akhmed
Published: December 2014

The modern economic conditions want the state and business to improve the effective economy function activities. So, one of the main directions became the state-private partnership. The article is regarding the historical aspect of the managing system in the tourism industry, showing the connection models between the managing subjects in this sphere. The author tried to form a model of relationships, based on the partnership in the tourism sphere. The article tells us about the state and tourists associations as the tourist business representative interaction; it reveals the fundamental tasks and basis for tourist associations creating. The article contents the analysis of the tourism management in Kabardino-Balkar Republic, shows the successful interaction subjects examples, mentions the main tourism industry problems in republic, as well as tells us about this region tourist market association inquiry. It reflects the expert evaluation results, connected with the service supplier and customer interaction and cooperation. Also in the article is determined the state-private partnership role in the tourism as an opportunity of the joint developing of the legal regulation in tourism industry, on contributing to its sustainable development. This fact is important due to high social tourism status, on creating the new working places and stimulating the economic growth. In the article is mentioned the main imperfections of the state tourism management in Russia, like: the vague conditions and mechanisms of the state-private partnership in tourism sphere; lack of principles elaboration of the state-private partnership; lack of information security management decisions organizational foundations.
Practical point of view to moscow region development as tourism industry object
Authors: Сильчева Людмила , Silcheva Lyudmila
Published: December 2014

In the tourism and hospitality industry can be distinguished seven tourist service fields: the natural, cultural, historical, event, recreational, mythological, service, anthropological. At the modern tourist industry developing level exists a special opportunity to pick out the new tourist service fields types. Rostourism developed several programs, connected with difference tourist field aspects development. It allows the tourist amount in Russia increasing, in particular, in Moscow region, due to inner tourism developing. In the Moscow region it is possible to develop various types of tourism, such as winter, summer, child, adventure, ethnographic, floristic, ecological, and religious and photo tours. The modern concept of the Moscow region development provides the priority points of tourist attraction and tourist resources of destinations in the region development. In the Moscow suburbs are determined 12 “tourist attraction points”, named "12 pearls suburbs." The tourist field in Moscow suburb needs a development of such tourist field service parameters like: transport infrastructure; accommodation facilities; catering and trade and ctr. Russian and foreign tourists in the priority points of the Moscow region needs to develop attractive tourist routes, package offers tour programs and excursions. Aimed at the Russian and foreign tourists attraction to the Moscow region priority points, it is necessary to develop the special tourist routes, tourist programs and excursions.
PTSD: epidemiology, co-morbidity and treatment
Authors: Rogers Paul , Hennah Nathan J , Collingbourne Andrew , Gournay Kevin
Published: December 2014

Last month's article was on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), its history and diagnosis. This second article explores the epidemiology, co-morbidity and treatment of PTSD, psychometric measurement, and clinical negligence. Both articles should be seen as a resource to enable the reader to obtain a firm understanding of the history of PTSD, the diagnosis of PTSD, the co-morbidity of other conditions with PTSD and the current knowledge on evidence-based care, treatment and management in order to provide a sound base for further study. The articles are aimed at a wide audience to include students of the health and social care professions and others working in the voluntary sector. They may also be helpful to more experienced professionals who wish to refresh their knowledge and to those in the legal professions. After reading this, the second article, reviewing the literature and reflecting on your practice you will be able to: state the risk of being exposed to a traumatic event; discuss the main findings associated with the prevalence of PTSD in females' vs males and in unintentionally caused vs intentionally caused trauma and PTSD; describe the main evidence based, trauma-focussed psychological treatments; and state the main psychometric measurements used with PTSD.
The stress experience of the wives of service personnel
Authors: Thomas Greg
Published: December 2014

There is a paucity of research exploring the mental health of military spouses and partners. This article seeks to answer the question: what is the stress experience of the wives of British Army personnel serving in Germany? Methods included a critical literature review and reflections from the author's own practice as a community psychiatric nurse working with this community. It was found that military spouses are presented with a number of situations and stressors associated with, and unique to, their husbands' job. Increased stress among military families on a day-to-day basis is a potential trigger for the development of mental health problems. While the association between stress and mental disorders is well-documented, it is not well studied in British military families. Key issues identified include: communication, visible and invisible wounds, fatalities and homecoming. It can be concluded that current, limited research tends to focus on the stress and coping of spouses and partners during operations but not on the day-to-day stresses faced. Further research is needed into the impact of isolation, deployment, mobility and military culture on partners, and indeed, wider families.
Experiences and observations of a nurse prescriber in CAMHS
Authors: Funnell Frazer
Published: December 2014

This article derives from experiences and observations of a nurse prescriber within child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS). Nurse prescribing enhances care, but is not perceived positively by all. Some prescribing experiences of this nurse are detailed and observations made in the context of the background to nurse prescribing. This article provides an outline of the author's prescribing activity, and is intended as a prelude to more formal investigation of emergent themes.
Midwifery revalidation
Authors: Foster David
Published: December 2014

Revalidation is approaching fast. It will affect every registered midwife but it is not yet widely understood. Here, David Foster, Deputy Director of Nursing and Midwifery Advisor, Department of Health explains the new process.
Engaging critically with the concept of advancing professional practice
Authors: Homeyard Claire
Published: December 2014

The concept of advancing professional practice is pivotal to the development of midwifery practice and should not be confused with simply extending the midwife's role. This article takes a critical stance in examining the concept within the context of midwifery practice. It emphasises the importance of integrating theoretical, empirical and practical knowledge to enable this to be achieved.
An audit into supervisors of midwives experience of supervision
Authors: Ngwenya Ilene , Abbott Laura
Published: December 2014

An audit of supervisors of midwives' (SoMs') experience of supervision and their understanding of their role as leaders in clinical practice was undertaken. Particular attention was paid to their experiences as newly appointed SoMs during the preceptorship period. The amount of protected time that SoMs have to undertake the role was explored, including how the SoMs achieved the expectations of being leaders in clinical practice.

An online audit questionnaire was sent to all the SoMs within the local supervising authority. The findings of the audit demonstrated that a significant number of SoMs did not have preceptorship or supernumerary time as newly-appointed SoMs. The audit results confirmed the findings of previous research illustrating that SoMs had inadequate time to undertake their role. There was a variation in engaging with different leadership aspects of supervision depending on the SoM's substantive post. The SoMs participating in the audit gave examples of factors that impede them in achieving the standards for their role as set out by the Nursing and Midwifery Council. The SoMs participating in the audit expressed the empowering effect of being able to facilitate women's birth choices and supporting midwives to provide high quality midwifery care.
Born before arrival: Supervision in action
Authors: Clarke Paula , Carr Natasha
Published: December 2014

Clinical incident reporting at Birmingham Women's Foundation NHS Trust alerted supervisors of midwives (SOMs) to an increase in the numbers of reported babies born before arrival (BBA) of a midwife. A subsequent clinical audit surrounding BBA was undertaken that highlighted the importance of midwifery care and expertise in ensuring timely and optimal care for women and babies. Documentation about the sequence of events around the time of birth for women who had experienced a BBA was also considered to be in need of improvement.

This article describes the background to the audit, methodology, and the main findings. It also provides evidence of SOMs maintaining the profile of supervision ( Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) 2009 ; NMC, 2012a )

The audit has been instrumental in enabling service improvement. The timeliness of the audit has since resulted in funding being secured locally for midwives to attend all imminent births and BBAs as part of the new dedicated homebirth service. The aim is that locally, women who give birth at home unexpectedly will receive a skilled midwifery assessment at home. A clinical decision will be made regarding an ongoing plan of care, whether that is to either remain at home or to be transferred to hospital. The new service aims to provide prompt midwifery care at the point of need at home. For many, it is envisaged that this development will avoid disruption for the woman and her family as well as unnecessary hospital admission.
Volatile Compounds in Takju (Rice Wine) using Different Types of Fermentation Starters
Authors: Lee Sul-mee , Han Hye-Young , Lee Seung-Joo
Published: December 2014

In this study, four types of Takju (rice wine) were developed using different fermentation starters; two traditional nuruk (SS and SJ), one ipguk (JE), and one crude amylolytic enzyme (HK), respectively. Sample rice wines were analyzed for ethanol, titratable acidity, pH, soluable solids, and Hunter colorimeter values. The Takju made with HK showed the highest ethanol level, while the titratable acidity of Takju made with JE was twice that of the other samples. The volatile compounds in the four types of Takju were isolated by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HSSPME) and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 49 volatile components were identified, including 27 esters, 3 acids, 10 alcohols, and 9 miscellaneous compounds. Ethyl esters and alcohols such as ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, ethyl decanoate, 2-methyl-1-pentanol, 1-pentanol, isoamyl alcohol, and 2-phenyl ethanol were the largest groups among the quantified volatiles. Although the numbers of detected volatile compounds were similar in the four types of Takju, the amount of quantified volatiles showed a great difference among samples.
Stability of Anthocyanin Pigment in Aronia Makgeolli
Authors: Lee Seul-Ae , Kim Gye Won , Hwang심 Eun-Sun재용 , Shim Jae-Yong
Published: December 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of koji on the stability of anthocyanin pigments in aronia makgeolli. Adding a 12% amount of aronia was determined due to its feasible alcohol fermentation and color discrimination. Redness and total anthocyanin contents of sul-dut decreased with the fermentation period. In the nuruk group, adjustment of initial pH to 3.0, 3.5, and 4.5 resulted in higher redness and anthocyanin contents than nonpH adjustment at the initial fermentation period, whereas no significant differences in redness and anthocyanin contents were found between the two groups at the termination of fermentation. The ipguk group showed higher stability of pigments than the nuruk groups. The residual cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside of the ipkuk group was determined to be more than three times that of the nuruk groups. Furthermore, cyanidin-3-O-xyloside was only detected in the ipkuk group at the termination of fermentation. Therefore, it was thought that ipguk was a more suitable leavening agent than nuruk for the maintenance of anthocyanin stability on brewing of aronia makgeolli.
Characteristics of Components of Wheat Bran Fractions at Various Grinding and Air Classification Conditions
Authors: Lee Jae-Kang , Choi Yong-Seok , Kim Young-Wha , Kang Min-Soo , Ryu Gi-Hyung
Published: December 2014

Using an air-classifier system equipped with both ultra-fine grinding and air-classification, wheat bran was ground at a mill speed (MS) of 3,800, 4,800, 5, 800 rpm and a separator reverse wheel speed (SRWS) of 2,500, 3,000, 3,500 rpm. Ground barn was classified by air classifier reverse wheel speed (ARWS) of 200, 400, 600 rpm. The effects of MS, SRWS and ARWS on the characteristic of air-classified bran were examined by a three-level, threefactor full factorial experimental design and a response surface regression analysis. The crude protein content was 11.87-14.08% in the coarse fraction. In addition, it was significantly influenced by the MS (p<0.05) and the SRWS (p<0.01). The crude ash content was 4.08-4.79% in the fine fraction, and 3.51-4.24% in the coarse fraction. The fine fraction had a significant probability (p<0.01) in terms of the MS, SRWS and ARWS. The coarse fraction was influenced by the MS (p<0.01), SRWS (p<0.01) and ARWS (p<0.05). The fat content was 4.56-5.05% in the fine fraction, which had a high significant probability (p<0.01) in terms of the MS, SRWS and ARWS. The total starch content was 22.47-30.94% in the fine fraction, and 9.35-16.83% in the coarse fraction. In both the fine and coarse fractions, the total starch content was significantly influenced by the MS and ARWS (p<0.01). The relationship between the ultra-fine grinding air classification process parameters for wheat bran and the components of the fractions were investigated in this study.
State-Corporate Environmental Cover-Up: The Response to the 2010 Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill
Authors: Bradshaw Elizabeth A.
Published: December 2014

Developing the concept of state-corporate environmental crime, this article examines the government and corporate response to the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill. US federal responders functioned in coordination with BP and an extensive array of privately contracted oil spill response organizations to systematically conceal the environmental damage caused by the spill through various means. State-corporate responders applied unprecedented amounts of toxic chemical dispersants in an effort to hide the oil, blocked public and media access to response operations, and relied upon a network of federal, state and local law enforcement agencies alongside private security firms to enforce the ban. In combination, these efforts constitute a state-corporate cover-up of environmental crimes in the Gulf of Mexico oil spill.
State-Corporate Crime and Social Harm in the Spanish Crisis
Authors: Bernal Camilo , Forero Alejandro , Rivera Iñaki
Published: December 2014

Since 2008, Spain has been facing a deep economic and financial crisis, which has generated significant levels of social harm among its inhabitants. This article highlights the destructive connections which exist between the financial crisis and state-corporate crimes; specifically, it focuses upon the criminal symbiosis between private banking and political power, in the contexts of both the state's financial crisis and in the participation of private banking in financing the Spanish military industry.
M. Malloch and B. Munro (EDS),
Crime, Critique and Utopia
Authors: McCulloch Jude
Published: December 2014

None
M. B. Steger, J. Goodman and E. K. Wilson,
Justice Globalism: Ideology, Crises, Policy
Authors: Poynting Scott
Published: December 2014

None
Comparison of Cardiac Troponins I and T Measured with High-Sensitivity Methods for Evaluation of Prognosis in Atrial Fibrillation: An ARISTOTLE Substudy
Authors: Hijazi Ziad , Siegbahn Agneta , Andersson Ulrika , Lindahl Bertil , Granger Christopher B , Alexander John H , Atar Dan , Gersh Bernard J , Hanna Michael , Harjola Veli-Pekka , Horowitz John , Husted Steen , Hylek Elaine M , Lopes Renato D , McMurray John J V , Wallentin Lars
Published: December 2014

BACKGROUND

Although cardiac troponin is associated with outcomes in atrial fibrillation (AF), the complementary prognostic information provided by cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and cTnT is unknown. This study investigated the distribution, determinants, and prognostic value of cTnI and cTnT concentrations in patients with AF.

METHODS

Samples were collected. At the time of randomization, we analyzed cTnI and cTnT concentrations of 14806 AF patients in the Apixaban for Reduction in Stroke and Other Thromboembolic Events in Atrial Fibrillation (ARISTOTLE) trial using high-sensitivity assays. Correlations (Spearman), determinants (multivariable linear regression), and outcomes (adjusted Cox models and c-statistics) were investigated.

RESULTS

Concentrations of cTnI and cTnT were correlated (r = 0.70) and measurable in most participants [cTnI 98.5% (median 5.4 ng/L, ≥99th percentile in 9.2%) and cTnT 93.5% (median 10.9 ng/L, ≥99th percentile in 34.4%)]. Renal impairment was the most important factor affecting the concentrations of both troponins. cTnI increase was more associated with heart failure, vascular disease, and persistent/permanent AF, and cTnT with age, male sex, and diabetes. Over a median 1.9 years of follow-up, patients with both troponins above the median had significantly higher risk for stroke/systemic embolism [hazard ratio (HR) 1.72 (95% CI 1.31–2.27)], cardiac death [3.14 (2.35–4.20)], and myocardial infarction [2.99 (1.78–5.03)] than those with both troponins below median (all P < 0.005). Intermediate risks were observed when only 1 troponin was above the median. When combined with clinical information, each marker provided similar prognostication and had comparable c-index.

CONCLUSIONS

cTnI and cTnT concentrations are moderately correlated and measurable in plasma of most AF patients. The risk of stroke and cardiovascular events is highest when both troponins are above median concentrations. Each troponin provides comparable prognostic information when combined with clinical risk factors.

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00412984
Monitoring IgA Multiple Myeloma: Immunoglobulin Heavy/Light Chain Assays
Authors: Katzmann Jerry A , Willrich Maria A V , Kohlhagen Mindy C , Kyle Robert A , Murray David L , Snyder Melissa R , Rajkumar S Vincent , Dispenzieri Angela
Published: December 2014

BACKGROUND

The use of electrophoresis to monitor monoclonal immunoglobulins migrating in the β fraction may be difficult because of their comigration with transferrin and complement proteins.

METHODS

Immunoassays specific for IgGκ, IgGλ, IgAκ, IgAλ, IgMκ, and IgMλ heavy/light chain (HLC) were validated for use in the clinical laboratory. We assessed sample stability, inter- and intraassay variability, linearity, accuracy, and reference intervals for all 6 assays. We tested accuracy by verifying that the sum of the concentrations for the HLC-pairs accounted for the total immunoglobulins in each of 129 healthy sera, and that the HLC-pair ratios (rHLCs) were outside the reference interval in 97% of 518 diagnostic multiple myeloma (MM) samples.

RESULTS

We assessed diagnostic samples and posttreatment sera in 32 IgG and 30 IgA patients for HLC concentrations, rHLC, and total immunoglobulins and compared these nephelometry results with serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) and immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE). In sample sets from patients with IgG MM, the sensitivity of SPEP was almost the same as for rHLC, and no additional advantage was conferred by running HLC assays. In pre- and posttreatment samples from patients with IgA MM, the SPEP, rHLC, and IFE identified clonality in 28%, 56%, and 61%, respectively. In addition, when M-spikes were quantifiable, the concentration of the involved HLC was linearly related to that of the SPEP M-spike, with a slope near 1.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of IgA HLC assays for monitoring β-migrating IgA monoclonal proteins can substitute for the combination of SPEP, IFE, and total IgA quantification.
Entwurf konvergenzoptimaler weich strukturvariabler Regelungen für lineare Systeme mit Stellgrößenbeschränkung
Authors: Röthig Andreea , Adamy Jürgen
Published: December 2014

In diesem Beitrag wird eine einfache nichtlineare Zustandsrückführung für lineare Strecken mit Stellgrößenbeschränkung vorgestellt. Ziel ist es, schnelle Ausregelvorgänge durch die Verwendung immer schnellerer Regler bei gleichzeitiger maximaler Ausnutzung des Stellgrößenbereichs zu erzielen. Dies wird durch einen einfachen parameterabhängigen Zweipunktregler erreicht. Die Stabilitätsbedingungen und Entwurfsmethodik werden vorgestellt. Komparativ zu anderen nichtlinearen Regelungen erfolgt schließlich die Analyse dieser Konvergenzrate, die eine untere Grenze der tatsächlichen Konvergenzrate des Systems innerhalb des Einzugsgebietes der Ruhelage darstellt.
(Verkehrs)sicherheit als regelungstechnische Aufgabe
Authors: Schnieder Eckehard
Published: December 2014

Ausgehend von einer
allgemeinen Begriffsdefinition der Verkehrssicherheit mit ihren
Ziel- und Messgrößen wird die Entstehung der
Verkehrssicherheit diskutiert und auf der Grundlage des Modellkonzeptes der
Risikogenese mittels stochastisch und probabilistisch attribuierter
Petrinetze beschrieben. Dieses wird in ein nichtlineares
Mehrgrößenregelungssystem überführt. Die
vielfältigen Einflussmöglichkeiten auf die Schadenshäufigkeit
und ihr Schadensausmaß als Risikokenngrößen werden
abschließend auf unterschiedlichen Abstraktionsebenen im Sinne eines
kaskadierten Regelungssystems diskutiert.
The Foundations and Funding of Basic Income as Primary Income
Authors: Monnier Jean-Marie , Vercellone Carlo
Published: December 2014

The thesis of cognitive capitalism leads to a radical reform of the distribution of wealth. A basic primary income (BPI) scheme is the keystone of such reform. This paper shows that the justification of a BPI can also be founded on a re-examination of the notion of productive labor linked to the rise of the cognitive dimension of labor. This conception of basic income as primary income completes ethical and social justifications of BI. Our argumentation is structured in two connected parts. After an overview of cognitive capitalism, the first part is dedicated to the main foundations of our proposal of BPI. The second part concerns the articulation between our proposal for BPI and the modalities of funding one. We explain how the question of funding BPI is closely linked to its theoretical justifications.
Resonant marker design and fabrication techniques for device visualization during interventional magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Kaiser Mandy , Detert Markus , Rube Martin A. , El-Tahir Abubakr , Elle Ole Jakob , Melzer Andreas , Schmidt Bertram , Rose Georg H.
Published: December 2014

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has great potential as an imaging modality for guiding minimally invasive interventions because of its superior soft tissue contrast and the possibility of arbitrary slice positioning while avoiding ionizing radiation and nephrotoxic iodine contrast agents. The major constraints are: limited patient access, the insufficient assortment of compatible instruments and the difficult device visualization compared to X-ray based techniques. For the latter, resonant MRI markers, fabricated by using the wire-winding technique, have been developed. This fabrication technique serves as a functional model but has no clinical use. Thus, the aim of this study is to illustrate a four-phase design process of resonant markers involving microsystems technologies. The planning phase comprises the definition of requirements and the simulation of electromagnetic performance of the MRI markers. The following technologies were considered for the realization phase: aerosol-deposition process, hot embossing technology and thin film technology. The subsequent evaluation phase involves several test methods regarding electrical and mechanical characterization as well as MRI visibility aspects. The degree of fulfillment of the predefined requirements is determined within the analysis phase. Furthermore, an exemplary evaluation of four realized MRI markers was conducted, focusing on the performance within the MRI environment.
Nanoporous silica nanoparticles with spherical and anisotropic shape as fillers in dental composite materials
Authors: Timpe Nico , Fullriede Hendrik , Borchers Lothar , Stiesch Meike , Behrens Peter , Menzel Henning
Published: December 2014

The objective of this study was to test whether nanoporous silica nanoparticles can be employed as fillers in dental composite materials to improve their mechanical properties. These nanoporous silica nanoparticles were synthesized using sol-gel methods, in part modified by silanization, and thoroughly characterized. The nanoporous nanoparticles were added to dental resins to form nanocomposites (resins impregnated with nanoparticles) and hybrid composites (containing in addition conventional microfillers). The incorporation of these nanoporous nanoparticles in dental resins or composites was characterized by investigation of the complex viscosity and double bond conversion as well as by determination of flexural strength and Young’s modulus. The dispersion of the nanofillers was examined by SEM and EDX imaging of fracture surfaces. Incorporation of small contents (1–3 wt%) of unmodified nanoporous particles leads to improved mechanical properties. However, the incorporation of larger contents results in particle agglomeration and declining mechanical properties. This effect is less pronounced when the surface of the particles is modified with methacrylate residues, resulting in a lower agglomeration tendency and a more homogeneous filler dispersion. Surface properties and, concomitantly, dispersibility of the nanoparticles have a strong influence on mechanical properties. But the incorporation of nanoporous instead of solid nanoparticles into dental composite materials is indeed a possibility to improve the mechanical behavior. However, modification of the surface is necessary and the key to achieving uniform dispersion and, thereby, improving mechanical properties.