bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synergistic effect of insect herbivory and plant parasitism on the performance of the invasive tree Schinus terebinthifolius
Authors: Manrique Veronica , Cuda J. P. , Overholt W. A. , Ewe S. M. L.
Published: July 2009

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) is an introduced tree from South America that has invaded many ecosystems throughout central and south Florida, USA. Exploratory surveys in the plant’s native range identified several potential biocontrol agents, including the leaflet rolling moth, Episimus unguiculus Clarke (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The larval stages of E. unguiculus tie together the plant leaflets while feeding and can completely defoliate small plants. The native love vine, Cassytha filiformis L. (Lauraceae), has been found parasitizing S. terebinthifolius in Florida. Natural processes such as plant parasitism may be one of the components of an integrated approach for S. terebinthifolius management in Florida. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the combined effects of insect herbivory and plant parasitism on the performance of S. terebinthifolius. A factorial design experiment was conducted in the greenhouse to determine the effect of C. filiformis parasitism and E. unguiculus feeding damage on the growth and biomass of S. terebinthifolius. Results showed that plant parameters, including leaflet biomass, growth rate, and flower production, were negatively affected by plant parasitism and insect herbivory. Moreover, the decrease in S. terebinthifolius performance was greater when these two factors were combined, indicative of a synergistic relationship. In addition, the combined effect of C. filiformis and E. unguiculus suppressed plant performance for at least 2 months after the moths were removed. Therefore, increased control of S. terebinthifolius stands may be achieved in those areas where C. filiformis is present in Florida (e.g., pinelands, hammock forests) if the biocontrol agent E. unguiculus is approved for release.
Odor‐mediated patch choice in the parasitoid Venturia canescens: temporal decision dynamics
Authors: Liu Yin‐Quan , Thiel Andra , Hoffmeister Thomas S.
Published: July 2009

Parasitoids foraging for hosts in a heterogeneous environment would greatly benefit if they could decide already from a distance in which areas search for resources would be most profitable and to avoid areas of low fitness returns. Interestingly, the temporal dynamics of the decision process in parasitoid patch choice have rarely been investigated. In a Y‐tube olfactometer, we tested whether thelytokous and arrhenotokous females of the parasitoid wasp Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) respond to differences in cues indicating the quality of a host‐containing patch and choose more profitable patches. Special attention was given to the time it took females to make their choices (patch choice time) when differences in patch quality were either qualitative (absence vs. presence of hosts and kairomone) or quantitative (various concentrations of hosts and kairomone, and presence of competitors). We found that both thelytokous and arrhenotokous wasps only chose the higher‐quality patch based on odor cues when the difference was qualitative. When patches differed only with respect to the number of hosts, or the presence or absence of competing female parasitoids, no significant preference could be found in females of either strain of the parasitoid. In contrast, both the time until females reached the junction of the Y‐tube olfactometer (response time) and the time until females decided for either patch (decision time) varied with parasitoid strain and odor treatment. Thelytokous wasps were faster than arrhenotokous wasps in their response time and in their decision time. However, females of both strains responded faster with increasing number of total hosts releasing kairomone. Yet, decision time for patches did not significantly vary as a function of patch quality offered to Venturia wasps.
Life table assay of field‐caught Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata, reveals age bias
Authors: Kouloussis Nikos A. , Papadopoulos Nikos T. , Müller Hans‐Georg , Wang Jane‐Ling , Mao Meng , Katsoyannos Byron I. , Duyck Pierre‐François , Carey James R.
Published: July 2009

Though traps are used widely to sample phytophagous insects for research or management purposes, and recently in aging research, possible bias stemming from differential response of individuals of various ages to traps has never been examined. In this paper, we tested the response of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) males and females of four ages (spanning from 1 to 40 days) to McPhail‐type traps baited with a synthetic food attractant in field cages and found that the probability of trapping was significantly influenced by age. The type of food on which flies were maintained before testing (sugar or protein) also had a strong effect and interacted with age. In another experiment, we collected wild C. capitata adults of unknown age using 1–3 methods and then reared them in the laboratory until death. The survival schedules of these flies were subsequently used in a life table assay to infer their age at the time of capture. Results showed that on a single sampling date, males captured in traps baited with a food attractant were younger compared with males aspirated from fruiting host trees, or males captured in traps baited with a sex attractant. Likewise, females captured in food‐baited traps were younger compared with aspirated females. In addition to providing the first evidence of age‐dependent sampling bias for a phytophagous insect species, this paper also provides a novel approach to estimate the differences in the age composition of samples collected with different techniques. These findings are of utmost importance for several categories of insects, medically important groups notwithstanding.
Female dispersal and isolation‐by‐distance of Nasonia vitripennis populations in a local mate competition context
Authors: Grillenberger Bernd K. , Gadau Jürgen , Bijlsma R. , Van De Zande Louis , Beukeboom Leo W.
Published: July 2009

Dispersal behavior directly influences the level of inbreeding, but the effect of inbreeding avoidance on dispersal is less well studied. The parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae) is known to mate exclusively on the natal patch, and females are the only dispersing sex. A previous study has shown that foundresses on a patch are typically unrelated, implying that females disperse for a considerable distance from their natal patch after mating. We investigated dispersal of N. vitripennis on two scales. On a local scale we used a mark‐release‐recapture experiment, and on the larger scale we investigated isolation by distance using a population genetic approach. We found that N. vitripennis females are long‐distance dispersers, capable of covering at least 2 km in 48 h. Populations within a range of 100 km showed no substructure, but larger distances or major geographical barriers restricted gene flow and led to significant population structure. The results provide a basis for future research on dispersal of parasitoids and are discussed in the context of dispersal abilities and inbreeding avoidance in Nasonia.
Life‐history traits in closely related secondary parasitoids sharing the same primary parasitoid host: evolutionary opportunities and constraints
Authors: Harvey Jeffrey A. , Wagenaar Roel , Martijn Bezemer T.
Published: July 2009

Thus far, few studies have compared life‐history traits amongst secondary parasitoids attacking and developing in cocoons of their primary parasitoid hosts. This study examines development and reproduction in Lysibia nana Gravenhorst and Acrolyta nens Hartig (both Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), two related and morphologically similar secondary parasitoids that attack pupae of the gregarious endoparasitoid, Cotesia glomerata L. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). On black mustard, Brassica nigra L. (Brassicaceae) plants in a field plot, adults of L. nana and A. nens frequently emerged from the same cocoon broods of C. glomerata. Based on similarities in their phylogeny and morphology, it was hypothesized that both species would exhibit considerable overlap in other life‐history traits. In both L. nana and A. nens, adult wasp size increased with host cocoon mass at parasitism, although L. nana wasps were slightly larger than A. nens wasps, and completed their development earlier. Adult females of both species emerged with no eggs but matured eggs at similar rates over the following days. When provided with 20 host cocoons daily, fecundity in female L. nana was slightly more skewed towards early life than in A. nens, although lifetime fecundity did not differ between the two species. Longevity was significantly reduced in females of both species that were provided with hosts. Both parasitoids were found to exhibit strong similarities in life‐history and development traits and in their ecological niche, thereby supporting our general hypothesis. Competition between L. nana and A. nens is presumably diffused because their preferred host (C. glomerata) is relatively abundant in open habitats.
Breeding performance of Tomicus destruens at different densities: the effect of intraspecific competition
Authors: Faccoli M.
Published: July 2009

In many bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), intraspecific competition is a limiting factor governing their population dynamics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing infestation densities on the breeding performance of Tomicus destruens (Wollaston), one of the main pests of Mediterranean pine forests. Six densities (ranging from 0.25 to 1.50 females dm−2) were tested under laboratory conditions on stone pine logs, assessing the mortality of eggs, larvae, and pupae, and recording the number of emerging adults. Density significantly affected the fertile tract of the maternal galleries, i.e., those containing eggs, which was shorter at densities higher than 0.75. Numbers of eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults per female decreased markedly when density increased from 0.25 to 1.5, although differences were statistically significant only at a density of 0.75 and higher. The lowest mortality was found in larvae reared at a density of 0.25 (17.7%) and the highest in pupae at 1.5 (84.8%). Increasing density affected the pre‐emergence stages in different ways, with pupae and larvae suffering the highest increases in mortality (39.5 and 163.6%, respectively). The breeding performance of T. destruens (number of eggs laid reaching adulthood) progressively decreased from 17 to 4% with increasing densities, although at low infestation, the mean number of emerging adults per dm2 of bark increased with density, showing a positive trade‐off between female fecundity and female density. In conclusion, breeding densities higher than 0.75 female dm−2 decreased female fecundity and elicited high mortality, mainly in larvae.
Broad histopathologic patterns of non‐glabrous skin and glabrous skin from patients with a new variant of endemic pemphigus foliaceus‐part 1
Authors: Howard Michael S. , Yepes Maria M. , Maldonado‐Estrada Juan G. , Villa‐Robles Edinson , Jaramillo Andrés , Botero Jorge H. , Patiño Pablo J. , Hashimoto Takashi , Abreu‐Velez Ana M.
Published: July 2009

A prospective, controlled epidemiologic survey performed in El Bagre, Colombia revealed a new variant of endemic pemphigus disease, occurring in a gold mining region. The disease resembled Senear‐Usher syndrome, and occurred in an endemic fashion. The aim of this study is to describe the most frequent histopathologic patterns in non‐glabrous skin and in glabrous skin observed in these patients, and their clinical correlation. The study was performed on non‐glabrous skin biopsies of 30 patients from the dominantly clinical affected areas (either on the chest, arms or face). Simultaneously, biopsies from the palms were obtained in 10 randomly chosen patients of the 30 total patients. The specimens were examined following hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The most common blisters observed were subcorneal, although in some cases intraspinous and subepidermal blisters were visualized. Our results showed a very heterogeneous pattern of histopathologic patterns in non‐glabrous skin, which seemed to correlate with the clinical features. The most common pattern was typical pemphigus foliaceus‐like, with some lupus erythematosus‐like features. A non‐specific, chronic dermatitis pattern prevailed in the clinically controlled patients taking daily corticosteroids. In the patients who have had the most severe and relapsing pemphigus, early sclerodermatous changes and scleredermoid alterations prevailed in their reticular dermis. In addition to the scleredermoid alterations, the reticular dermis showed a paucity of appendageal structures. On the contrary, in the palms, a similar pattern was seen in all cases, including thickening of the stratum corneum, hypergranulosis, edema in the papillary and reticular dermis and a dermal perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate. The direct immunofluorescence of the glabrous vs. the non‐glabrous skin also showed some differences. We conclude that the histopathologic features of this new variant of endemic pemphigus are complex, therefore, classical histopathologic features previously described for superficial, endemic pemphigus cannot be used alone to diagnose this disease.

Howard MS, Yepes MM, Maldonado‐Estrada JG, Villa‐Robles E, Jaramillo A, Botero JH, Patiño PJ, Hashimoto T, Abreu‐Velez AM. Broad histopathologic patterns of non‐glabrous skin and glabrous skin from patients with a new variant of endemic pemphigus foliaceus‐part 1.
Fibroblastic rheumatism: fibromatosis rather than non‐Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Authors: Kluger Nicolas , Dumas‐Tesici Alexandra , Hamel Dominique , Brousse Nicole , Fraitag Sylvie
Published: July 2009

Background: Fibroblastic rheumatism is a unique fibro‐proliferative disease affecting the skin and joints. It is characterized by distinctive clinical and histological features related to benign spindle‐shaped cells proliferation. Pediatric reports are scarce in the literature.

Objective: We describe here a new case in a 10‐year‐old boy and discuss the potential origin of the cell proliferation.

Methods: Clinical findings, radiology, microscopic examination and outcome are reviewed. Histopathology and immunochemistry studies were performed on skin biospies using CD68, CD163, desmin, factor XIIIa, CD34, smooth muscle actin, PS100, epithelial membrane antigen, and calponin.

Results: Histological sections disclosed a rather circumscribed nonencapsulated nodular infiltrate, invading the dermis and the upper subcutaneous tissue, consisted of a proliferation of spindle or stellate‐shaped cells and thickened collagen fibers. Orcein staining showed disappearance of the elastic network. Aponeurosis and muscle were normal. A mild perivascular lymphohistiocytic infiltrate was noted. Calponin‐staining was less strongly expressed as SMA, and some of them but not all were CD68 positive, as well. On the other hand, all were CD34, CD163, FXIIIa, PS100, EMA and desmin‐negative.

Conclusion: The true origin of these cells remains unclear. Some authors have speculated a histiocytic origin. However, immuno‐chemical staining in our case failed to confirm this hypothesis and instead supported a fibroblastic/myofibroblastic origin. Given the clinical course and the histological and immunohistochemical results, we suggest that FR should be added to the group of fibromatoses.

Kluger N, Dumas‐Tesici A, Hamel D, Brousse N, Fraitag S. Fibroblastic rheumatism: fibromatosis rather than non‐Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
Detection of Human Papillomavirus infection in trichilemmomas and verrucae using in situ hybridization
Authors: Stierman Sarah , Chen Shaoxiong , Nuovo Gerard , Thomas Jean
Published: July 2009

Background: It is hypothesized that trichilemmomas are ‘burned out’ verrucae. By performing in situ hybridization using HPV type‐specific probes, we explored this concept.

Methods: Verrucae vulgaris and plantaris were positive controls, and inverted follicular keratoses (IFKs) were negative controls. Additionally, all lesions were tested for HPV genital types (low and high risk).

Results: We analyzed 9 trichilemmomas, 20 verrucae vulgaris, 8 verrucae plana, 3 verrucae plantaris and 6 IFKs. All trichilemmomas were negative for HPV types 1, 2 and genital types. Conversely, 9/20 verrucae vulgaris, 2 verrucae plantaris, and 1 verruca plana were positive for HPV type 2. Among HPV‐2 positive lesions, 2/2 verrucae plantaris and 1 verruca vulgaris (chin) were strongly positive for genital‐type HPV. One verruca plana (shin) was positive for genital‐type HPV only. All 6 IFKs were HPV negative.

Conclusions: Using HPV type 1 and 2‐specific probes and mixed genital‐type probes, we were unable to detect HPV in trichilemmomas. This suggests that HPV‐1, HPV‐2 and low and high risk genital‐type HPVs are not involved in the histogenesis of trichilemmoma. We also showed that genital HPV types could be present in non‐genital verrucae.
Transitional cell neoplasm of the nasolacrimal duct associated with human papillomavirus type 11
Authors: Vickers Jennifer L. , Matherne Ryan J. , Allison Ashley W. , Wilkerson Michael G. , Tyring Stephen K. , Bartlett Brenda L. , Rady Peter L. , Kelly Brent C.
Published: July 2009

Background: Tumors of the lacrimal sac are rare but noteworthy because of their significant potential to become malignant or life‐threatening if treatment is delayed. Dermatologists may be the first to encounter such neoplasms.

Observations: We report a case of a 53‐year‐old Caucasian woman who presented with a seven‐year history of an asymptomatic, subcutaneous nodule near her right medial canthus. Histology of the lesion revealed transitional epithelium in a papillary growth pattern with numerous goblet cells, scattered mitoses and focal full‐thickness atypia. The patient was diagnosed with transitional cell neoplasm (inverted papilloma‐type) of the nasolacrimal duct. PCR evaluation identified HPV type 11 in the lesion.

Conclusion: Our report is one of a growing number of case reports and series detecting HPV DNA in these tumors which further supports HPV as an etiologic agent in epithelial lacrimal sac tumors. We believe that dermatopathologists need to be aware of this entity, as dermatologists may be the first to encounter these neoplasms.

Limitations: The association of HPV with this tumor does not prove causality.

Vickers JL, Matherne RJ, Allison AW, Wilkerson MG, Tyring SK, Bartlett BL, Rady PL, Kelly BC. Transitional cell neoplasm of the nasolacrimal duct associated with human papillomavirus type.
Melatonin reduces cardiac inflammatory injury induced by acute exercise
Authors: Veneroso C. , Tuñón María J. , González‐Gallego Javier , Collado Pilar S.
Published: July 2009

Abstract:  Cardiac muscle tissue, when stimulated by acute exercise, presents increased signs of cell damage. This study was designed to investigate whether overexpression of inflammatory mediators induced in the heart by acute exercise could be prevented by melatonin and whether the protective effect of melatonin was related with inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) activation. Male Wistar rats received melatonin i.p. at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg body weight 3 min before being exercised for 60 min on a treadmill at a speed of 25 m/min and a 10% slope. Exercise was associated with a significant increase in myeloperoxidase activity and in TNF‐α, IL‐1 and IL‐6 mRNA levels. Both mRNA level and protein concentrations of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase‐2 were also significantly elevated. A significant activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) was observed in exercised rats. These effects were totally or partially prevented by melatonin administration. Data obtained indicate that melatonin protects against heart damage caused by acute exercise. Impaired production of noxious mediators involved in the inflammatory process and down‐regulation of the NF‐κB signal transduction pathway appear to contribute to the beneficial effects of melatonin.
Therapeutic potential of melatonin in traumatic central nervous system injury
Authors: Samantaray Supriti , Das Arabinda , Thakore Nakul P. , Matzelle Denise D. , Reiter Russel J. , Ray Swapan K. , Banik Naren L.
Published: July 2009

Abstract:  A vast literature extolling the benefits of melatonin has accumulated during the past four decades. Melatonin was previously considered of importance to seasonal reproduction and circadian rhythmicity. Currently, it appears to be a versatile anti‐oxidative and anti‐nitrosative agent, a molecule with immunomodulatory actions and profound oncostatic activity, and also to play a role as a potent neuroprotectant. Nowadays, melatonin is sold as a dietary supplement with differential availability as an over‐the‐counter aid in different countries. There is a widespread agreement that melatonin is nontoxic and safe considering its frequent, long‐term usage by humans at both physiological and pharmacological doses with no reported side effects. Endeavors toward a designated drug status for melatonin may be enormously rewarding in clinics for treatment of several forms of neurotrauma where effective pharmacological intervention has not yet been attained. This mini review consolidates the data regarding the efficacy of melatonin as an unique neuroprotective agent in traumatic central nervous system (CNS) injuries. Well‐documented actions of melatonin in combating traumatic CNS damage are compiled from various clinical and experimental studies. Research on traumatic brain injury and ischemia/reperfusion are briefly outlined here as they have been recently reviewed elsewhere, whereas the studies on different animal models of the experimental spinal cord injury have been extensively covered in this mini review for the first time.
Dental management of patients at risk of osteochemonecrosis of the jaws: a critical review
Authors: Fedele S , Kumar N , Davies R , Fiske J , Greening S , Porter S
Published: July 2009

Osteonecrosis of the jaw bones is a complication of bisphosphonate (BP) drug usage characterised by trans‐mucosal exposure of necrotic bone, often followed by infection and pain. Osteonecrosis is observed in cancer patients on high‐potency intravenous BP more frequently than in osteoporotic individuals using low‐potency oral BP. The management of osteonecrosis caused by BP is often unsatisfactory and control of risk factors is considered the most effective means of prevention. Surgical manipulation and dental infection of the jawbone are the major risk factors, hence it is suggested that careful management of oral health and relevant dental procedures may decrease the risk of osteonecrosis in individuals on BP. Recommendations for dentists and oral surgeons have been suggested by different groups of clinicians but they are often controversial and there is no clear evidence for their efficacy in reducing the likelihood of osteonecrosis development. This report critically reviews current dental recommendations for individuals using BP with the aim of helping the reader to transfer them into practice as part of pragmatic and non‐detrimental clinical decisions making.
Influence of ovariectomy and masticatory hypofunction on mandibular bone remodeling
Authors: Patullo IMF , Takayama L , Patullo RF , Jorgetti V , Pereira RMR
Published: July 2009

Introduction:  This study was designed to examine the effect of masticatory hypofunction and estrogen deficiency on mandible bone mass and compare this site with spine and femoral bone.

Methods:  Twenty‐four rats were ovariectomized (OVX) or Sham‐operated (Sham) and analyzed after feeding with hard diet (Hard) or soft diet (Soft). They were divided into four groups: (GI)Sham‐Hard; (GII)OVX‐Hard; (GIII)Sham‐Soft and (GIV)OVX‐Soft. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in the spine and femur in the baseline and at the end of the study, and ΔBMD (final BMD − baseline BMD) was calculated. In mandible bone, BMD and histomorphometry were analyzed at the end of the experiment.

Results:  Sham rats showed higher spine (GI: 13.5%vs GII: 0.74%, P < 0.01; GIII: 10.67%vs GIV: −4.36%, P < 0.001) and femur ΔBMD (GI: 14.43%vs GII: 4.42%, P < 0.01; GIII: 10.58%vs GIV: 0.49%, P < 0.001) than OVX, but no difference was observed in mandible BMD among these groups (P > 0.05). Soft‐diet groups showed decreased mandible BMD compared with hard‐diet groups (GIV vs GII, P < 0.01; GIII vs GI, P < 0.01). Similarly, mandibular condyle histomorphometry showed that soft‐diet groups presented a significant decrease in trabecular thickness and volume (GIV vs GII, P < 0.05; GIII vs GI, P < 0.01) compared with hard diet.

Conclusion:  Our results suggest that mandibular bone loss resulted from decreased of mechanical loading during mastication, and was not affect by estrogen depletion.
Differential gene expression in the perichondrium and cartilage of the neonatal mouse temporomandibular joint
Authors: Hinton RJ , Serrano M , So S
Published: July 2009

Structured Abstract

Authors – 
Hinton RJ, Serrano M, So S

Our goal was to discover genes differentially expressed in the perichondrium (PC) of the mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC) that might enhance regenerative medicine or orthopaedic therapies directed at the tissues of the temporomandibular joint. We used targeted gene arrays (osteogenesis, stem cell) to identify genes preferentially expressed in the PC and the cartilaginous (C) portions of the MCC in 2‐day‐old mice. Genes with higher expression in the PC sample related to growth factor ligand‐receptor interactions [FGF‐13 (6.4×), FGF‐18 (4×), NCAM (2×); PGDF receptors, transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β and IGF‐1], the Notch isoforms (especially Notch 3 and 4) and their ligands or structural proteins/proteoglycans [collagen XIV (21×), collagen XVIII (4×), decorin (2.5×)]. Genes with higher expression in the C sample consisted mostly of known cartilage‐specific genes [aggrecan (11×), procollagens X (33×), XI (14×), IX (4.5×), Sox 9 (4.4×) and Indian hedgehog (6.7×)]. However, the functional or structural roles of several genes that were expressed at higher levels in the PC sample are unclear [myogenic factor (Myf) 9 (9×), tooth‐related genes such as tuftelin (2.5×) and dentin sialophosphoprotein (1.6×), VEGF‐B (2×) and its receptors (3–4×) and sclerostin (1.7×)]. FGF, Notch and TGF‐β signalling may be important regulators of MCC proliferation and differentiation; the relatively high expression of genes such as Myf6 and VEGF‐B and its receptors suggests a degree of unsuspected plasticity in PC cells.
Salivary diagnostics
Authors: Lee JM , Garon E , Wong DT
Published: July 2009

Structured Abstract

Authors –  Lee JM, Garon E, Wong DT

The ability to monitor health status, disease onset and progression, and treatment outcome through non‐invasive means is a most desirable goal in the health care promotion and delivery. There are three prerequisites to materialize this goal: specific biomarkers associated with a health or disease state; a non‐invasive approach to detect and monitor the biomarkers; and the technologies to discriminate the biomarkers. A national initiative catalyzed by the National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) has created a roadmap to achieve these goals through the use of oral fluids as the diagnostic medium to scrutinize the health and/or disease status of individuals. Progress has shown this is an ideal opportunity to bridge state of the art saliva‐based biosensors, optimized to disease discriminatory salivary biomarkers, for diagnostic applications. Oral fluid being the ‘mirror of body’ is a perfect medium to be explored for health and disease surveillance. The translational applications and opportunities are enormous.
Pathways in external apical root resorption associated with orthodontia
Authors: Hartsfield Jr JK
Published: July 2009

Structured Abstract

Author –  Hartsfield JK Jr.

To review studies investigating if genetic factors play a role in external apical root resorption (EARR) during orthodontic treatment. Heritability estimation in human sib‐pairs, comparison of multiple inbred mouse strains, human sib‐pair linkage and parents‐child trio association studies, and two gene (Il‐1b, and P2rx7) knock out mouse models. Heritability for EARR of the maxillary central incisors concurrent with orthodontic treatment is 0.8. DBA/2J, BALB/cJ, and 129P3/J inbred mouse strains are highly susceptible (p < .05) to histological root resorption (RR) associated with orthodontic force (RRAOF), whereas A/J, C57BL/6J and SJL/J mice are resistant. Non‐parametric sibling pair linkage analysis identified evidence of linkage (LOD = 2.5; p = 0.02) of EARR with microsatellite D18S64 (tightly linked to TNFRSF11A, also known as RANK). There is significant linkage disequilibrium of IL‐1B (p = 0.0003), and OPG (p = 0.003) with EARR. RRAOF increases in Il1b KO (p ≤ 0.013), and increases in P2rx7 KO (p < 0.02) mice compared to wild‐type. Genetic factors play a marked role in EARR concurrent with orthodontic force, accounting for one‐half to two‐thirds of the variation. Two pathways for this may involve: 1) activation control of osteoclasts through the ATP/P2XR7/IL‐1B inflammation modulation pathway; and 2) RANK/RANKL/OPG osteoclast activation control. Histological RR occurs and is typically healed. If resorption outpaces healing, then EARR develops. Normal and parafunctional forces, as well as orthodontic forces, may add to or interact with the individual’s susceptibility to pass the threshold of developing EARR.
Enamel matrix proteins; old molecules for new applications
Authors: Lyngstadaas SP , Wohlfahrt JC , Brookes SJ , Paine ML , Snead ML , Reseland JE
Published: July 2009

Structured Abstract Authors –  Lyngstadaas SP, Wohlfahrt JC, Brookes SJ, Paine ML, Snead ML, Reseland JE

Emdogain® (enamel matrix derivative, EMD) is well recognized in periodontology, where it is used as a local adjunct to periodontal surgery to stimulate regeneration of periodontal tissues lost to periodontal disease. The biological effect of EMD is through stimulation of local growth factor secretion and cytokine expression in the treated tissues, inducing a regenerative process that mimics odontogenesis. The major (>95%) component of EMD is Amelogenins (Amel). No other active components have so far been isolated from EMD, and several studies have shown that purified amelogenins can induce the same effect as the complete EMD. Amelogenins comprise a family of highly conserved extracellular matrix proteins derived from one gene. Amelogenin structure and function is evolutionary well conserved, suggesting a profound role in biomineralization and hard tissue formation. A special feature of amelogenins is that under physiological conditions the proteins self‐assembles into nanospheres that constitute an extracellular matrix. In the body, this matrix is slowly digested by specific extracellular proteolytic enzymes (matrix metalloproteinase) in a controlled process, releasing bioactive peptides to the surrounding tissues for weeks after application. Based on clinical and experimental observations in periodontology indicating that amelogenins can have a significant positive influence on wound healing, bone formation and root resorption, several new applications for amelogenins have been suggested. New experiments now confirm that amelogenins have potential for being used also in the fields of endodontics, bone regeneration, implantology, traumatology, and wound care.
Bone morphogenetic proteins for periodontal and alveolar indications; biological observations – clinical implications
Authors: Wikesjö UME , Qahash M , Huang Y‐H , Xiropaidis A , Polimeni G , Susin C
Published: July 2009

Structured Abstract

Authors –  Wikesjö UME, Qahash M, Huang Y‐H, Xiropaidis A, Polimeni G, Susin C

Surgical placement of endosseous oral implants is governed by the prosthetic design and by the morphology and quality of the alveolar bone. Nevertheless, often implant placement may be complexed, if at all possible, by alveolar ridge irregularities resulting from periodontal disease, and chronic and acute trauma. In consequence, implant positioning commonly necessitates bone augmentation procedures. One objective of our laboratory is to evaluate the biologic potential of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) and other candidate biologics, bone biomaterials, and devices for alveolar ridge augmentation and implant fixation using discriminating large animal models. This focused review illustrates the unique biologic potential, the clinical relevance and perspectives of recombinant human BMP‐2 (rhBMP‐2) using a variety of carrier technologies to induce local bone formation and implant osseointegration for inlay and onlay indications. Our studies demonstrate a clinically relevant potential of a purpose‐designed titanium porous oxide implant surface as stand‐alone technology to deliver rhBMP‐2 for alveolar augmentation. In perspective, merits and shortcomings of current treatment protocol including bone biomaterials and guided bone regeneration are addressed and explained. We demonstrate that rhBMP‐2 has unparalleled potential to augment alveolar bone, and support implant osseointegration and long‐term functional loading. Inclusion of rhBMP‐2 for alveolar augmentation and osseointegration will not only enhance predictability of existing clinical protocol but also radically change current treatment paradigms.
Predictors of plant phenology in a diverse high‐latitude alpine landscape: growth forms and topography
Authors: Iversen Marianne , Bråthen Kari Anne , Yoccoz Nigel G. , Ims Rolf A.
Published: July 2009

Question: Different plant growth forms may have distinctly different functioning in ecosystems. Association of phenological patterns with growth form will therefore help elucidate the role of phenology in an ecosystem. We ask whether growth forms of common vascular plants differ in terms of vegetative and flowering phenology, and if such phenological differences are consistent across environmental gradients caused by landscape‐scale topography.

Location: A high‐latitude alpine landscape in Finnmark County, Norway (70°N).

Methods: We assessed vegetative and flowering phenology repeatedly in five growth forms represented by 11 common vascular plant species across an altitudinal gradient and among differing slope aspects.

Results: Species phenology clustered well according to growth form, and growth form strongly explained variation in both flowering and vegetative phenology. Altitude and aspect were poor predictors of phenological variation. Vegetative phenology of the growth forms, ranked from slowest to fastest, was in the order evergreen shrubs <sedges‐deciduous shrubs <grasses <forbs, while a reverse ranking was found for flowering phenology.

Conclusion: Growth form‐specific phenological patterns are associated with fundamentally different abilities for resource acquisition and resource conservation. The weak effect of landscape‐scale topographic factors indicates that variation within growth forms is mainly influenced by local environmental factors not accounted for in this study. On the basis of these results, we argue that growth forms should be considered as predictors of phenology together with the customary use of topography and normalized difference vegetation index, especially when assessing the role of phenology in an ecosystem.
On geometric ergodicity of the commodity pricing model
Authors: Nishimura Kazuo , Stachurski John
Published: July 2009

We provide a simple proof of geometric ergodicity for Samuelson's (1971) commodity pricing model. The proof yields a rate of convergence to the stationary distribution stated in terms of model primitives. We also provide a rate of convergence for prices to the stationary price process, and for the joint distribution of the state process to the stationary state process.
Immunological Response to (1,4)‐α‐d‐Glucan in the Lung and Spleen of Endotoxin‐Stimulated Juvenile Rats
Authors: Velazquez Ectis A. , Kimura Dai , Torbati Dan , Ramachandran Cheppail , Totapally Balagangadhar R.
Published: July 2009

Abstract:  We investigated the effects of (1,4)‐α‐D‐glucan (α‐DG), a novel immune stimulatory drug from Tinospora cordifolia, on the concentration of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]‐1β, IL‐6, tumour necrosis factor‐α [TNF‐α], γ‐interferon [IFN‐γ] and IL‐10) in the lung and spleen of endotoxin‐stimulated juvenile rats. Experimental groups (n = 16/group) included controls with an intraperitoneal injection of saline, endotoxaemic rats with a non‐lethal dose of 10 mg/kg Escherichia coli endotoxin, and endotoxaemic rats treated with two doses of 10 mg/kg α‐DG, intraperitoneally, 2 and 4 hr after endotoxin injection. At 24 hr of treatment, rats were euthanized and lungs and spleen were removed for cytokines determination and lung injury. Endotoxaemia increased IL‐1β concentration by fivefold in both organs, while creating a moderate pulmonary hypercellularity (demonstrated by about 11% increase in the alveolar‐septal thickening and 11% decrease in the alveolar‐interstitial space ratio). In the lung, α‐DG treatment reduced concentrations of IL‐1β by 30% (p > 0.05), IL‐6 by 43% (p < 0.01), IFN‐γ by 46% (p < 0.01) and the anti‐inflammatory cytokine, IL‐10, by 31% (p > 0.05) compared to endotoxaemia. In the spleen, α‐DG treatment decreased the ratio of IL‐1β to IL‐10 by 55% (p < 0.05), demonstrating an anti‐inflammatory trend. These data suggest that α‐DG differentially modulates cytokine response in the lung and spleen and modifies the pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory balance during an early period of endotoxaemia in juvenile rats.
Vaginal Dryness: A Comparison of Prevalence and Interventions in 11 Countries
Authors: Leiblum Sandra R. , Hayes Richard D. , Wanser Rita A. , Nelson Jennifer S.
Published: July 2009

Introduction

There is limited research comparing cross-cultural differences in women’s experiences of vaginal dryness.

Aim

To examine international differences in the prevalence of vaginal dryness, the degree to which it is experienced as problematic or bothersome, the use of lubricants to alleviate it, and women’s discussion of this problem with physicians.

Main Outcome Measures

Questionnaire measuring the level of vaginal dryness and degree to which it is perceived as bothersome.

Methods

The Global Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Practices was administered to 6,725 women from 11 countries: UK, Germany, Japan, Australia, Canada, Spain, Italy, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil and Thailand.

Results

Prevalence of self-reported vaginal dryness varied from a minimum of 5.8% in Italy to a maximum of 19.7% in Brazil. The proportion of women with self-reported vaginal dryness who found it very bothersome varied as well (e.g., 5.6% UK, 26.4% Germany). Pain during intercourse ranged from a reported low of 3.6% in Australia to 18.6% in Brazil. Older women (50–65 years) as compared with younger women (18–34 years) reported significantly more vaginal dryness in the UK, Australia, Canada, Italy, Spain, Argentina, and Thailand (P values <0.02). The majority of women under 50 attributed vaginal dryness to inadequate sexual arousal while women over 50 believed it was because of aging or menopause. Cross-culturally, women differed substantially in the likelihood of discussing their sexual life/concerns with a physician.

Conclusion

Women from different countries differ substantially in their experiences, concerns, and reports of vaginal dryness/sexual pain, as well as their familiarity with personal lubricants as a treatment. Researchers should assess the prevalence and degree of the bother of vaginal dryness in order to make international comparisons of the burden of this condition.
Influenza virus assays based on virus‐inducible reporter cell lines
Authors: Li Yunsheng , Larrimer Audrey , Curtiss Teresa , Kim Jaekyung , Jones Abby , Baird‐Tomlinson Heather , Pekosz Andrew , Olivo Paul D.
Published: July 2009

Background  Virus‐inducible reporter genes have been used as the basis of virus detection and quantitation assays for a number of viruses. A strategy for influenza A virus‐induction of a reporter gene was recently described. In this report, we describe the extension of this strategy to influenza B virus, the generation of stable cell lines with influenza A and B virus‐inducible reporter genes, and the use of these cells in various clinically relevant viral assays. Each of the cell lines described herein constitutively express an RNA transcript that contains a reporter gene coding region flanked by viral 5′‐ and 3′‐untranslated regions (UTR) and therefore mimics an influenza virus genomic segment. Upon infection of the cells with influenza virus the virus‐inducible reporter gene segment (VIRGS) is replicated and transcribed by the viral polymerase complex resulting in reporter gene expression.

Findings  Reporter gene induction occurs after infection with a number of laboratory strains and clinical isolates of influenza virus including several H5N1 strains. The induction is dose‐dependent and highly specific for influenza A or influenza B viruses.

Conclusions  These cell lines provide the basis of simple, rapid, and objective assays that involve virus quantitation such as determination of viral titer, assessment of antiviral susceptibility, and determination of antibody neutralization titer. These cell lines could be very useful for influenza virus researchers and vaccine manufacturers.
Usefulness of the hyperechoic rim for assessing the therapeutic efficacy of radiofrequency ablation in hepatocellular carcinoma patients
Authors: Uehara Takahide , Hirooka Masashi , Kisaka Yoshiyasu , Abe Masanori , Hiasa Yoichi , Onji Morikazu
Published: July 2009

Aim:  During radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a hyperechoic rim develops around the HCC nodules. The usefulness of the hyperechoic rim to guide treatment was assessed.

Methods:  RFA was first performed in pig livers to determine the significance of the hyperechoic rim. Fifty‐five patients with 75 HCC nodules had received RFA for the treatment of HCC. For those patients, we evaluated whether conventional ultrasonography (US) could be used instead of contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CECT) and contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) using virtual imaging. Finally, 31 patients with 45 HCC nodules received RFA, and the degree of ablation was assessed based on the hyperechoic rim. Repeated RFA was done when ablation appeared incomplete.

Results:  In the pig livers, the hyperechoic rim was found to be related to the presence of dead cells. The preliminary study showed that US could be used instead of CECT and CEUS to evaluate the degree of ablation caused by RFA. Because hepatic vessels in the back side of the hyperechoic rim were not clear by the artifact, we used the distance from the surface of the liver to the hyperechoic rim for evaluation. By analyzing the extent of the hyperechoic rim, it was noted that incomplete ablation was achieved in 17 of 31 patients (21 of 45 HCC nodules). These patients were re‐treated with RFA within 5–15 min of the first RFA.

Conclusion:  This study shows that the hyperechoic rim is related to the presence of dead and necrotic tissues. Thus, assessment of the hyperechoic rim's characteristics allows one to evaluate the efficacy of RFA.
Clinical application of an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay detecting hepatoma‐specific γ‐glutamyltransferase
Authors: Wang Nian‐Yue , Zhang Dai , Zhao Wei , Fang Guo‐Xiang , Shi Yu‐Ling , Duan Mu‐Hao
Published: July 2009

Aim:  To develop a sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measuring hepatoma‐specific datura stramonium agglutinin–tightly bounding γ‐glutamyltransferase (DSA‐GGT) and evaluate its clinical application for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) diagnosis.

Methods:  Serum DSA‐GGT concentrations were measured with the sandwich ELISA system in 96 patients with HCC, 240 patients with chronic liver diseases and 119 healthy subjects. The diagnostic performance of DSA‐GGT for HCC was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The diagnostic accuracy of DSA‐GGT was compared with serum α‐fetoprotein (AFP).

Results:  The area under the ROC curve of DSA‐GGT in discriminating patients with HCC from non‐HCC was 0.865 (95% confidence interval: 0.818–0.915, P < 0.001). Serum DSA‐GGT was positive in 67 out of 96 patients with HCC and 23 out of 240 patients with non‐HCC diseases. The sensitivity and specificity of DSA‐GGT and AFP for the diagnosis of HCC were 69.8% and 90.5%, and 72.9% and 89.1%, respectively. A higher sensitivity (93.8%) in the identification of HCC was observed by combining DSA‐GGT and AFP.

Conclusion:  The sandwich ELISA system showed good reliability and reproducibility, and using the measurement, we found that serum DSA‐GGT was a valuable marker of HCC, as a usable complementary to AFP. The sensitivity for identifying HCC could be significantly improved by combining DSA‐GGT and AFP, and the combination could be used in large‐scale screening for HCC in susceptible individuals.
Plumbagin inhibits invasion and migration of liver cancer HepG2 cells by decreasing productions of matrix metalloproteinase‐2 and urokinase‐ plasminogen activator
Authors: Shih Yuan‐Wei , Lee Yi‐Chieh , Wu Pei‐Fen , Lee Yuan‐Bing , Chiang Tai‐An
Published: July 2009

Aim:  To investigate the inhibitory effects of plumbagin (5‐hydroxy‐2 methyl‐1,4‐naphthoquinone) on the invasion and migration and its correlation with matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) and urokinase‐plasminogen activator (u‐PA) in liver cancer HepG2 cells under non‐cytotoxic concentrations.

Methods:  The cell viability was determined by 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The adhesion, migration and invasion were measured by cell‐matrix adhesion assay and Boyden chamber assay. The MMP‐2 and u‐PA activities were estimated by gelatin and casein‐plasminogen zymography. The mRNA and protein levels of MMP‐2, u‐PA, urokinase‐plasminogen activator receptor (u‐PAR), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐2 (TIMP‐2), plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1), nuclear factor κ B (NF‐κB), c‐Fos and c‐Jun were evaluated by semi‐quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Also, the binding abilities of NF‐κB and activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) were analyzed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA).

Results:  In this study, plumbagin had exhibited an inhibitory effect on the abilities of adhesion, migration and invasion. The results from zymography showed plumbagin treatment may decrease the activities of MMP‐2 and u‐PA. Further, the mRNA and protein levels of MMP‐2, u‐PA and u‐PAR were significantly reduced, while TIMP‐2 and PAI‐1 were elevated by plumbagin treatment. Next, plumbagin significantly decreased the nuclear levels of NF‐κB, c‐Fos and c‐Jun. Also, treating HepG2 cells with plumbagin leads to dose‐dependent inhibition on the binding abilities of NF‐κB and AP‐1.

Conclusion:  We demonstrated the inhibitory effects of plumbagin on the invasion, migration and adhesion of HepG2 cells, while plumbagin treatment may decrease the expressions of MMP‐2 and u‐PA and enhance the expressions of TIMP‐2 and PAI‐1.